bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Azotaemic Inhibition of Organic Anion Transport in the Kidney of the Rat: Mechanisms and Characteristics
Authors: Orringer E. P. , Weiss F. R. , Preuss H. G.
Published: August 2015

1. While azotaemic sera depressed the in-vitro Na-iodohippurate transport of rat kidney slices at any concentration, normal sera excited transport at low concentrations and depressed transport at high concentrations. The depression of transport by azotaemic sera was partially overcome by neomycin feeding in contrast to the depression by normal sera, which was not altered by neomycin feeding.

2. Plotting the reciprocal of sodium-iodohippurate accumulated by slices against the reciprocal of the media concentrations of sodium iodohippurate suggested that the depression of hippurate transport produced by normal and azotaemic sera was competitive in nature.

3. Normal sera slowed the efflux of Na-iodohippurate from kidney slices while azotaemic sera affected it very little.

4. The depression produced by normal and azotaemic sera and the stimulation produced by low concentrations of normal sera were seen with serum ultrafiltrates and dialysates, and after passage through cation exchange columns, but not anion exchange columns.

5. The effects on Na-iodohippurate accumulation by normal and azotaemic sera could be reproduced with metabolizable (lactate), and nonmetabolizable (hippurate) organic anions as well as combinations of these.

6. The implications of these observations on the altered renal transport of Na-iodohippurate produced by azotaemic and normal sera are discussed.
Enzymes of Glycogen Metabolism in Human Skin with Particular Reference to Differential Diagnosis of the Glycogen Storage Diseases
Authors: Leathwood P. D. , Ryman Brenda E.
Published: August 2015

1. A vacuum skin-blistering technique has been successfully applied and the human epidermal tissue so obtained has been examined for glycogen content and some of the enzymes involved in glycogen metabolism.

2. Normal values for glycogen phosphorylase, acid α-glucosidase and amylo-1,6-glucosidase (debranching enzyme) in epidermis are reported. Glucose 6-phosphatase activity was not detected.

3. Examination of two patients with Type II glycogen storage disease (Pompe's Disease—lack of lysosomal acid α-glucosidase) revealed an absence of the acid α-glucosidase in their skin.

4. The enzymic lesion in Type V glycogen storage disease (McArdle's Disease—lack of muscle phosphorylase) was not reflected in the epidermal tissue of a patient and a normal level of the enzyme was observed.
Chronic Hypertension Elicited by Infusion of Angiotensin into Vertebral Arteries of Unanaesthetized Dogs
Authors: Fukiyama K. , McCubbin J. W. , Page I. H.
Published: August 2015

1. Synthetic angiotensin II was infused chronically through catheters implanted into a vertebral artery and an external jugular vein of unanaesthetized dogs. Arterial pressure was recorded daily from an indwelling catheter in the abdominal aorta before, during and after the infusions.

2. Infusion of angiotensin 1 μg kg−1 day−1 into a vertebral artery caused mean arterial pressure to increase by an average of 12 mmHg in five dogs, and the rise was sustained throughout the infusion period of 7 days in all dogs.

3. When the infusion rate of angiotensin was increased to 10 μg kg−1 day−1, arterial pressure during vertebral artery infusion rose initially to a slightly greater extent but decreased at the end of the infusion, indicating tachyphylaxis.

4. During infusion of angiotensin into the vertebral circulation, arterial pressure rose rather than fell during sleep; awakening was accompanied by sharp fall in pressure.

5. It is concluded that there is an area in the central nervous system responsive to angiotensin that can cause a sustained rise in arterial pressure.
Calcium Oxalate Crystalluria and Urine Saturation in Recurrent Renal Stone-Formers
Authors: Robertson W. G. , Peacock M. , Nordin B. E. C.
Published: August 2015

1. The degree of saturation with calcium oxalate has been determined in fresh urine samples from six patients with recurrent calcium oxalate-containing renal stones and six normal control subjects who were studied under the same conditions of diet and fluid intake.

2. The degree of saturation of urine with calcium oxalate was significantly higher in the group of stone-formers than in the control series and more often exceeded the amount needed for spontaneous crystallization of calcium oxalate (formation product). This was accounted for by the higher concentration of calcium and oxalate in the urine of the stone-formers.

3. Crystals of calcium oxalate were observed in all freshly examined urines in which the formation product of calcium oxalate was exceeded. Since the formation product of calcium oxalate was exceeded more often in the urines of stone-formers than in the urines of the control subjects, this accounted for the greater calcium oxalate crystalluria of the stone-formers.

4. Addition of a small quantity of sodium oxalate to the basal diets of the two groups resulted in a greater increase in the urine saturation and calcium oxalate crystalluria of the stone-formers, thus accentuating the difference observed between the two groups when they were given the basal diet.

5. Calcium oxalate crystalluria was related quantitatively to the degree of over-saturation of urine with calcium oxalate, although uric acid solubility may play a small role at low pH values.

6. The results are consistent with a ‘hyperexcretion—crystallization’ mechanism of stone formation.
Intestinal Absorption of Oligopeptides in Cystinuria
Authors: Asatoor A. M. , Crouchman M. R. , Harrison A. R. , Light F. W. , Loughridge L. W. , Milne M. D. , Richards A. J.
Published: August 2015

1. The intestinal transport of oligopeptides containing either lysine or arginine has been compared with that of the corresponding free amino acids in six homozygous cystinuric patients and in six normal adult subjects by use of the oral tolerance test technique.

2. No difference was found in the absorption of lysine from l-lysylglycine and an equivalent mixture of free lysine and glycine.

3. In comparisons of serum increments of lysine and arginine after oral casein and an equivalent free amino acid mixture there was no difference in the case of lysine but rise of serum arginine was higher in three cystinuric patients after the whole protein than after the amino acids.

4. Studies of urinary piperidine and pyrrolidine output in a single cystinuric patient supported the results of the tolerance tests.

5. Absorption rates of the dipeptides l-lysylglycine and l-arginyl-l-aspartate from an isolated loop of rat gut are compared with those of an equivalent free amino acid mixture. No difference was found for the former peptide, but in the latter absorption rates of arginine were higher after the amino acid mixture.
Cardiovascular Reflexes in Parkinsonism
Authors: Reid J. L. , Calne D. B. , George C. F. , Pallis C. , Vakil S. D.
Published: August 2015

1. Cardiovascular reflex activity has been studied in thirty Parkinsonian patients, none of who had received levodopa or sympatholytic drugs.

2. Changes in blood pressure and pulse rate in response to Valsalva's manoeuvre and head-up tilt were investigated by intra-arterial recording.

3. Cardiovascular reflex function deteriorated with advancing age, but there was no correlation with either the duration or the severity of the Parkinsonism.

4. These results are discussed in relation to previous reports of hypotension in Parkinsonism.
Magnesium Metabolism in Patients on Regular Dialysis Treatment
Authors: Schmidt P. , Kotzaurek R. , Zazgornik J. , Hysek Herta
Published: August 2015

1. In eight patients being treated by chronic dialysis the relation of magnesium metabolism to the magnesium concentration of the dialysate was investigated. During four periods of 2–6 weeks the magnesium concentrations of the dialysis fluid were 0.44±0.15 mg/100 ml, 0.70±0.24 mg/100 ml, 1.83±0.18 mg/100 ml and 1.97±0.21 mg/100 ml.

2. During all periods the concentration of plasma magnesium and ultrafiltrable magnesium was above normal. The concentration of erythrocyte magnesium was below normal with the lowest concentration in the bath, while all other dialysate concentrations yielded readings above normal values.

3. During dialysis the concentration of plasma magnesium and ultrafiltrable magnesium dropped only during the periods with low concentrations of magnesium in the dialysate. During dialysis with the lowest concentration the values for erythrocyte magnesium showed a significant rise whereas with high concentrations the concentration fell significantly. The changes in erythrocyte magnesium proved to be independent of the calcium content of the dialysis fluid.

4. The maximum loss of magnesium to the bath solution amounted to 710 mg, with the magnesium content of the bath being only 0.27 mg/100 ml. The net transfer of magnesium to the blood of the patient amounted to 102 mg with a dialysate magnesium concentration of 1.86 mg/100 ml.

5. It is concluded that low dialysate magnesium concentrations result in erythrocyte magnesium deficiency whereas high concentrations cause magnesium overloading. A magnesium concentration of 0.7 mg/100 ml is suggested for the bath solution used in regular dialysis treatment.
Magnesium Depletion in the Rhesus Monkey: Induction of Magnesium-Dependent Hypocalcaemia
Authors: Dunn M. J.
Published: August 2015

1. Magnesium depletion was induced through dietary magnesium deprivation in intact, thyroidectomized and thyroparathyroidectomized (T-PTx) rhesus monkeys.

2. Serum Mg2+ fell to 33% (0.22±0.01 min) of control values and serum Ca2+ decreased to 79% (1.86±0.03 mM) of control values in Mg2+-depleted monkeys. Serum Mg2+ and Ca2+ concentrations were highly correlated (r = 0.65, P < 0.001).

3. Thyroidectomy did not prevent the hypocalcaemia. T-PTx diminished but did not abolish the decrease in serum Ca2+ after Mg2+ depletion. Exogenous parathyroid hormone (PTH) increased the serum Ca2+ during Mg2+ depletion to the same extent as during control periods.

4. Serum Mg2+ was unaffected by T-PTx during control as well as depletion periods. PTH did not substantially affect serum Mg2+ in intact or T-PTx monkeys during control or Mg2+-depletion studies.

5. It is concluded that Mg2+ depletion similarly affects monkeys and humans. PTH exerts little influence on magnesium homeostasis. A state of ‘PTH resistance’ could not be demonstrated.
Iron Metabolism in Patients with Chronic Renal Failure on Regular Dialysis Treatment
Authors: Lawson D. H. , Boddy K. , King P. C. , Linton A. L. , Will G.
Published: August 2015

1. By using a whole-body monitoring technique iron metabolism has been investigated in patients suffering from chronic renal failure who required regular dialysis treatment.

2. Oral absorption of inorganic iron was low.

3. The incorporation of radioactive iron into erythrocytes was diminished.

4. The rate of loss of radioactive iron from the body was significantly greater than in normal control and non-dialysed patients with chronic renal failure.

5. Iron exchange between dialysate and patient was studied.

Patients with chronic renal failure are known to have a decreased rate of erythropoiesis and to develop abnormalities in iron metabolism (Kaye, 1958; Logue, Lange & Moore, 1958; Boddy, Lawson, Linton & Will, 1970). However, considerable controversy exists about the effect of haemodialysis on iron metabolism in such patients (Shaldon, 1966; Eschbach, Funk, Adamson, Kuhn, Scribner & Finch, 1967; Eschbach, Cook & Finch, 1970).

The use of a whole-body monitor permitted measurement in a single study of the oral absorption of a tracer dose of 59Fe, its incorporation into erythrocytes and the subsequent long-term rate of loss of 59Fe from the body. We have previously reported the results of an investigation of iron metabolism by using this method in patients with chronic renal failure (Boddy et al., 1970). We now report the results of a similar investigation of iron metabolism in patients with chronic renal failure undergoing regular haemodialysis therapy.
Substrate Utilization in Paretic Human Forearm Muscle during Electrically Induced Exercise
Authors: Hagenfeldt L. , Landin S. , Wahren J.
Published: August 2015

1. Forearm muscle substrate utilization was studied during exercise induced by median nerve stimulation in five patients with paretic forearm muscles due to upper motor lesions and in five healthy control subjects.

2. The patients showed lower oxygen uptake during exercise, larger lactate production and higher blood lactate/pyruvate ratio in comparison with the control group. Free fatty acid uptake and release did not differ between the groups but the patients showed a markedly lower capacity to oxidize the free fatty acids taken up by the muscle.

3. The results are interpreted to indicate a more pronounced shift to the reduced state of the muscle-cell cytoplasmic redox systems in the patient group, possibly caused by a disturbance in muscle-cell oxygen utilization.
The Effect of Ammonium Salts on Cerebral and Hind-Limb Consumption of Oxygen and Glucose in the Ventilated Dog
Authors: James I. M. , Garassini M. , Larbi E.
Published: August 2015

1. Ammonium acetate (13 mmol) was injected intravenously over 10 min into fourteen dogs. This consistently caused a transient depression in both cerebral and limb oxygen consumption.

2. An equivalent dose of ammonium chloride given to five dogs caused a similar decrease but ammonium hydroxide caused a slight increase.

3. The decreased cerebral oxygen consumption and blood flow caused by ammonium acetate infusion was abolished by simultaneous intravenous administration of sodium bicarbonate (five dogs). Sodium chloride did not abolish it. Bicarbonate alone did not alter oxygen consumption or blood flow.
Assessment of Renal Function during Trimetaphan Infusion in Prognostic Evaluation of Surgical Management of Renovascular Hypertension
Authors: Fiorani P. , Faraglia V. , Benedetti-Valentini F. , Pistolese G. R. , Semprebene L. , Spartera C. , Citone G. , Salvo R. Di , Cinotti G. A.
Published: August 2015

1. Differential renal function tests and renography were carried out during infusions of trimetaphan camsylate (Arfonad, Roche) in twenty-three patients with renovascular hypertension resulting from unilateral obstructive disease of the main renal artery. Renal plasma flow, glomerular filtration rate, urinary volume and sodium excretion were measured. Peak-time and slope index were assessed on renograms. Ten patients underwent revascularization of the kidney; nephrectomy was done in thirteen.

2. Patients were divided into two groups according to the response of the contralateral kidney during trimetaphan infusion. Patients in whom vasodilatation occurred were cured both by revascularization and by nephrectomy, whereas no patient who failed to show vasodilatation was benefited by nephrectomy.

3. Renal plasma flow measured under basal conditions was not a reliable index of the anatomical condition of the contralateral kidney, whereas its modification during trimetaphan infusion provided an accurate means of predicting surgical results.

4. When renal plasma flow of the contralateral kidney decreases during trimetaphan infusion, revascularization is still advisable, but nephrectomy fails to correct hypertension.
The Response of Normal Subjects to the Short Ammonium Chloride Test: The Modifying Influence of Renal Ammonia Production
Authors: Tannen R. L.
Published: August 2015

1. The response to the short ammonium chloride acidification procedure in seventeen normal young men was carefully defined by performing this test with rigid control.

2. Wide variation in the response was observed, emphasizing the difficulty of interpretation of small changes when using this procedure.

3. After ingestion of ammonium chloride, urine pH correlated positively with both net acid and ammonium excretion contrary to present concepts. It is suggested that the renal capacity to produce ammonia dictates the relation of urine pH to net acid and ammonium excretion, respectively.
The Effects of Oophorectomy and Long-Term Mestranol Therapy on the Serum Lipids of Middle-Aged Women
Authors: Aitken J. M. , Lorimer A. R. , Hart D. McKay , Lawrie T. D. V. , Smith D. A.
Published: August 2015

1. Serum lipid concentrations were measured in groups of women who had undergone oophorectomy and hysterectomy or hysterectomy alone. Measurements were repeated in some of the oophorectomized women after treatment for 1 year with either mestranol or a placebo.

2. A significant correlation was found between serum cholesterol concentrations and age in the women with intact ovaries. Although such a correlation was not apparent in the oophorectomized women, the younger women in this group had significantly higher cholesterol concentrations than the younger women with intact ovaries.

3. A significant correlation was found between serum triglyceride concentration and age in both groups of women, but the oophorectomized women showed a significantly slower rate of increase of triglyceride with age than women with intact ovaries.

4. Administration of 20–40 μg of mestranol daily for 1 year was associated with a significant fall in serum cholesterol and a significant rise in serum triglyceride.
The Association of a Humoral Sodium Transport Inhibitory Activity with Renal Escape from Chronic Mineralocorticoid Administration in the Dog
Authors: Buckalew V. M. , Lancaster C. D.
Published: August 2015

1. Previous studies in dogs given large intravenous saline infusions had shown the presence of an inhibitor of toad bladder sodium transport in jugular venous plasma. In the present study plasma of six dogs on a constant sodium intake was tested for this humoral sodium transport inhibitory (HSTI) activity before and during chronic administration of desoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA).

2. Renal escape from mineralocorticoid antinatriuresis occurred 2–7 days after beginning treatment with DOCA. No HSTI activity was present in plasma drawn at 9 a.m. during a control period before DOCA administration but it was found in every case on the morning of the day on which escape occurred. A positive correlation was shown between HSTI activity of 9 a.m. plasma and the rate of sodium excretion for the subsequent 24 h period (r = 0·66, P < 0·002).

3. When DOCA administration was continued for several days after escape had occurred in three dogs, oscillations in HSTI activity correlated with oscillations in renal sodium excretion.

4. The degree of antinatriuresis on any given day correlated with the amount of HSTI activity the following morning (r = 0·61, P < 0·0002). This finding suggests that extracellular fluid volume expansion resulting from DOCA-induced antinatriuresis leads to HSTI activity. These results fit the hypothesis that HSTI activity is a natriuretic hormone which plays a role in the mechanism of DOCA escape.
Intestinal Ammonia in Uraemia: The Effect of a Urease Inhibitor, Acetohydroxamic Acid
Authors: Swales J. D. , Tange J. D. , Evans D. J.
Published: August 2015

1. The effects of intestinal ammonia in uraemia have been studied by administering a urease inhibitor, acetohydroxamic acid, to bilaterally nephrectomized rats.

2. Ammonia concentration was significantly decreased in the colon although it remained slightly higher than in normal animals. Caecal ammonia concentration was not altered. Total ammonia content was decreased in both colon and caecum.

3. A study in vitro indicated that ammonia production could be totally inhibited by acetohydroxamic acid. This suggests that the failure to suppress ammonia production in vivo is due to failure of the inhibitor to reach the site of urease production in sufficient concentration.

4. The animals treated with high doses of acetohydroxamic acid survived for a shorter time. Blood urea was higher and total serum protein lower in the treated group. The incidence of colitis was not affected.
Parathyroid-Hormone Concentrations in Nutritional Rickets
Authors: Joffe B. I. , Hackeng W. H. L. , Seftel H. C. , Hartdegen R. G.
Published: August 2015

1. Elevated concentrations of immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (P.T.H.) were detected in the pre-treatment plasma samples of seven out of ten children with nutritional rickets. The three normal values occurred in an inactive case, an infant with associated kwashiorkor and a child with late onset juvenile rickets.

2. Five children, reinvestigated after 6 weeks of vitamin D treatment, showed highly significant falls in P.T.H. concentration, confirming the functional nature of the secondary hyperparathyroidism. The activity of plasma alkaline phosphatase was less consistently decreased after treatment in these cases.

3. Convincing radiological evidence of (secondary) hyperparathyroidism was not detected in the hand bones of any of the rachitic children.

4. The possible diagnostic value of plasma P.T.H. measurement in active rickets is indicated.
Differential Efect of Noradrenaline and Renal Nerve Stimulation on Vascular Resistance in the Dog Kidney and the Release of a Prostaglandin E-Like Substance
Authors: McGiff J. C. , Crowshaw K. , Terragno N. A. , Malik K. U. , Lonigro A. J.
Published: August 2015

1. The concentrations of prostaglandin E(PGE)- and prostaglandin F(PGF)-like substances in renal venous blood were determined by parallel bioassay of extracts of renal venous effluent before and during adrenergic stimulation of the kidney and were related to simultaneous measurements of renal blood flow and urine flow.

2. When noradrenaline was infused continuously into the renal artery, its initial vasoconstrictor and antidiuretic effects diminished on seven of eight occasions in six dogs. Rapid recovery of renal blood flow and urine flow was invariably associated with increasing concentration in renal venous blood of a substance having the physicochemical, chromatographic and biological properties of a prostaglandin of the E series. In the one instance when rapid early recovery of renal blood flow was not observed the concentration of PGE-like substance was not increased.

3. In contrast, during renal nerve stimulation early rapid recovery of renal blood flow and urine flow did not occur and the concentration of a PGE-like substance in renal venous blood did not increase. The concentration of a PGF-like substance in renal venous effluent did not increase in response to either stimulus.

4. Since PGE2, unlike PGF2α, is a potent renal vasodilator and diuretic, the intrarenal release of this substance by noradrenaline in concentrations similar to those determined for a PGE-like substance (>0·50 ng/ml assayed as PGE2 equivalents) would account for the changes in renal blood flow and urine flow in these experiments when the renal actions of noradrenaline were attenuated.

5. These results support the proposal that renal prostaglandins function in an intrarenal negative feedback control system which regulates antidiuretic and vasoconstrictor systems.
Effect of Increased Sodium ION on Arterial Sodium and Reactivity
Authors: Harris G. S. , Palmer W. A.
Published: August 2015

1. Isolated rabbit arterial segments were perfused with buffer containing sodium (155 mmol/l) and vasoconstrictor responses to noradrenaline, histamine and electrical stimulation were measured. When the concentration of sodium in the perfusing medium was raised by 8 mmol/l, the vasoconstrictor responses to all stimuli were significantly increased, though response to electrical stimulation was less enhanced than the responses to the other stimuli.

2. The constrictor response of the isolated perfused rabbit ear to angiotensin was also enhanced by perfusion with buffer of a similarly enriched sodium content.

3. Ileal responses to electrical stimulation and atrial responses to electrical stimuli and noradrenaline were also examined after exposure to similar changes of environmental sodium. No change in responsiveness was demonstrated.

4. Isotope-exchange studies with 22Na showed that this small increase in sodium concentration of the environmental fluid caused an increased sodium ion content of 20% in arterial wall, 5% in ileum and 11% in atrium.

5. It is suggested that a relationship exists between increased exchangeable sodium ion in arterial wall and arterial reactivity.
Intravascular Haemolysis and Urinary Iron Losses after Replacement of Heart Valves by a Prosthesis
Authors: Slater S. D. , Fell G. S.
Published: August 2015

1. The haemolytic complications of Starr—Edwards ball and cage prostheses have been studied in ninety-five patients.

2. Intravascular haemolysis has been found to be common and particularly marked after an aortic valve replacement.

3. A simple and reliable method for estimating urinary iron is described, and excessive urinary iron loss was found to be common especially in aortic valve replacements.

4. The urinary haemosiderin test has proved to be a useful screening procedure, the degree of haemosiderinuria correlating with the severity of haemolysis and also giving an indication of the amount of urinary iron lost.

5. Iron therapy is recommended where there is haemolytic anaemia with secondary iron deficiency, or prophylactically in the presence of persistent appreciable haemosiderinuria or abnormal urinary iron excretion.
Metabolic Effect and Uptake of [3H]Digoxin in the Forearm of Man
Authors: Ogilvie R. I. , Klassen G. A.
Published: August 2015

1. The forearm perfusion technique was used to study the effect of intra-arterial injections of ethanol with or without digoxin on the metabolism and electrolyte flux of forearm tissues in normal male volunteers.

2. In six subjects infusion of ethanol alone (2·9 mg/min over 30 min) resulted in no alterations of forearm blood flow, O2 consumption, carbohydrate metabolism, or flux of potassium and calcium. Although there was no change in extraction of [14C]oleic acid, a significant net output of oleic and total free fatty acids was observed from both deep venous and superficial venous systems.

3. In six subjects the intra-arterial infusion of [3H]digoxin (0·09 μg/min with ethanol, 2·9 mg/min over 30 min) resulted in no alteration of forearm blood flow. During the steady state achieved after 5–8 min of perfusion, 50·3% of the calculated local arterial plasma digoxin concentration of 2·73 μg/l was extracted by the deep venous system with a significant increase in glucose extraction. The respiratory quotient and fractional utilization of O2 by glucose increased. No change in extraction of [14C]oleic acid from arterial blood was observed. However, the net output of oleic and total free acids from both deep and superficial venous systems was insignificant in comparison with that observed in the ethanol control subjects. The changes in K+ flux were similar to those noted in the ethanol group. In the post-digoxin period there was a significantly increased uptake of Ca2+ by forearm tissues.

4. This is the first demonstration of the stimulatory effects of digoxin on glucose metabolism, the antilipolytic effects of this drug and its effect on Ca2+ fluxes in vivo in man.
Metabolic Changes in Active Chronic Hepatitis
Authors: Alberti K. G. M. M. , Record C. O. , Williamson D. H. , Wright R.
Published: August 2015

1. The metabolic and hormonal responses to intravenous glucose (0·5 g/kg body wt.) were studied in ten normal subjects and thirteen patients with active chronic hepatitis. Untreated patients showed a decreased initial insulin response and glucose intolerance (KG, 0·89 ± 0·10%/min compared with 2·34 ± 0·24%/min), together with a paradoxical rise in growth hormone.

2. Fasting blood lactate and pyruvate were normal but both metabolites showed a diminished rise after glucose. The rate of rise of lactate was directly related to initial insulin secretion in both hepatitis subjects and controls.

3. Fasting blood ketone bodies, blood glycerol, plasma triglycerides and free fatty acids were all significantly elevated in the patient group. Results were similar to those found in mild diabetes mellitus.

4. In two patients with a more severe cirrhosis fasting values of serum insulin, growth hormone, blood lactate, pyruvate and glycerol were raised.

5. After corticosteroid therapy hyperinsulinism was found together with a return towards normal of glucose tolerance (KG, 1·49 + 0·10%/min), ketone bodies, free fatty acids and triglycerides; blood glycerol remained elevated and lactate response to glucose was excessive.

6. It is suggested that in active chronic hepatitis there might be pancreatic dysfunction on an autoimmune basis.
The Effect of Defibrination on Nephrotoxic Serum Nephritis in Rabbits
Authors: Naish P. , Penn G. B. , Evans D. J. , Peters D. K.
Published: August 2015

1. Nephrotoxic serum nephritis was induced in rabbits.

2. Treatment with Arvin to produce defibrination provided structural and functional protection to the glomeruli.
A Study by Perfusion Techniques of the Absorption Abnormalities in the Jejunum in Adult Coeliac Disease
Authors: Russell R. I. , Allan J. G. , Gerskowitch V. P. , Robertson J. W. K.
Published: August 2015

1. The transport of water, sodium and chloride across the jejunal mucosa was studied in fourteen patients with untreated adult coeliac disease by using a triple-lumen tube perfusion system. The results were compared with those obtained by identical methods in fifteen normal control volunteers.

2. Evidence was obtained suggesting that not only was absorption impaired in the adult coeliac disease group, but that in some patients there was secretion of water and electrolytes.

3. No significant improvement had occurred in six patients 2–4 months after withdrawal of gluten, nor in one patient after 8 months, in spite of histological improvement and clinical remission.
A Study of the Acid Dose-Response Curve to Small Doses of Pentagastrin in Duodenal Ulcer Patients
Authors: Elder J. B. , Gillespie G. , Campbell E. H. G. , Gillespie I. E. , Crean G. P. , Kay A. W.
Published: August 2015

1. The acid secretory responses to a range of small doses of pentagastrin in 0·15 m-NaCl have been studied in thirty-one preoperative duodenal ulcer subjects. Acid output increased significantly above basal values when a dose of 0·064 μg h−1 kg−1 was given.

2. Control observations in sixteen duodenal ulcer patients using the saline solvent alone at identical rates of infusion showed no significant increase in acid output.

3. From the dose-response curves sub-threshold and threshold doses of pentapeptide are suggested for duodenal ulcer patients before truncal vagotomy.

4. Considerable variation in acid response was noted between patients given the same body-weight dose of pentapeptide. The results suggest that a ‘twilight zone’ of stimulation exists between the dose of pentagastrin by which few patients are stimulated and the dose by which the majority are stimulated. This may reflect some variation in the sensitivity to stimulation by pentagastrin from one patient to another.
Factors affecting the Absorption of Vitamin B12
Authors: Adams J. F. , Clow D. J. , Ross Sheila K. , Boddy K. , King Priscilla , Mahaffy Maureen A.
Published: August 2015

1. The absorption of radioactive cobalamin was measured by a whole-body counting technique in control subjects and in patients with pernicious anaemia.

2. The absorption of cyanocobalamin by patients with pernicious anaemia was decreased by charcoal but not by bile or saliva.

3. The absorption of cyanocobalamin by control subjects was not affected by food but was significantly increased by pentagastrin. With pentagastrin the absorption of cyanocobalamin was significantly greater than that of hydroxocobalamin. The hog intrinsic factor-mediated absorption of cyanocobalamin by patients with pernicious anaemia was significantly depressed by pentagastrin.

4. The effect of increasing the mass of hog intrinsic factor concentrate on the absorption of cyanocobalamin by patients with pernicious anaemia could be described by a function relating the amount absorbed, the mass of intrinsic factor and two constants. The relationship implies that when the mass of intrinsic factor is small the amount of cyanocobalamin absorbed is directly proportional to the mass of intrinsic factor but that absorption approaches a saturation value with increasing mass of intrinsic factor. In physiological terms the function implies that absorption is proportional to the amount of cyanocobalamin attached to receptor sites but that cyanocobalamin attached to receptor sites may become detached and either reattached or lost to absorption.

5. With oral doses of 25 μg and 50 μg, control subjects absorbed more cyanocobalamin and hydroxocobalamin than patients with pernicious anaemia. At both dose levels control subjects absorbed more cyanocobalamin than hydroxocobalamin but no difference was observed in patients with pernicious anaemia. The intrinsic factor mechanism therefore influences amounts absorbed at such dose levels and appears to be a factor in the differences in absorption of cyanocobalamin and hydroxocobalamin.

6. The use of double-tracer techniques makes it possible for each subject to act as his own control in studies of vitamin B12 absorption. The value of this technique is stressed.
Inositol Phosphates and Phytic Acid as Inhibitors of Biological Calcification in the Rat
Authors: Van Den Berg C. J. , Hill L. F. , Stanbury S. W.
Published: August 2015

1. Partial hydrolysates of phytic acid, containing mixtures of different polyphosphate esters of inositol, have been shown to be potent inhibitors of the calcification in vitro of ricketic rat cartilage and rat aorta; phytate itself was inert.

2. Phytic acid, as well as its hydrolysates, when injected parenterally, prevented aortic calcification in rats with vitamin D intoxication.

3. The rat appears able to dephosphorylate parenterally administered phytate. It may be necessary to reconsider the biological role of phytate.
Relationship between the Adrenergic Nervous System and Renin during Adaptation to Upright Posture: A Possible Role for 3,4-Dihydroxyphenethylamine (Dopamine)
Authors: Cuche J. L. , Kuchel O. , Barbeau A. , Boucher R. , Genest J.
Published: August 2015

1. The role of the adrenergic nervous system in the regulation of plasma renin activity was investigated in fourteen healthy volunteers. Special attention was devoted to 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine (dopamine) because this amine is not only a precursor of noradrenaline, but also a catecholamine with its own functions. The adrenergic nervous system was activated by a change of posture because this offers a simple and reproducible stimulus; its effects were studied during a normal diet and also after restriction of sodium.

2. With both diets, the expected increase in plasma renin activity was observed after changing from recumbency to an upright posture. This was associated with a decrease in the urinary excretion of dopamine and an increase in the urinary excretion of noradrenaline and adrenaline. In addition, a positive and significant correlation was found between the urinary excretion of dopamine and sodium.

3. Our data suggest that dopamine and noradrenaline may play a complementary role in the regulation of renin secretion, but they do not necessarily act in the same direction or through similar mechanisms. Dopamine is known to be a pharmacological natriuretic agent. It may have a similar role in the physiological regulation of urinary sodium excretion.
Calcium Oxalate Crystalluria and Inhibitors of Crystallization in Recurrent Renal Stone-Formers
Authors: Robertson W. G. , Peacock M.
Published: August 2015

1. The particle size distributions of calcium oxalate crystals were measured at 37°C in fresh urine from recurrent, idiopathic stone-formers and their controls under the same conditions of dietary and fluid intake. The crystals excreted by the controls were small and belonged to a unimodal distribution, whereas those excreted by the stone-formers belonged to a distribution which contained a second peak of much larger particles. The proportion of large crystals in the urines of the stone-formers was significantly higher than in the urines of the controls.

2. The difference in the proportion of large particles passed by the two groups was accentuated by adding a small quantity of sodium oxalate to their diets. Whereas the controls continued to excrete only small crystals of calcium oxalate, the stone-formers passed most of their crystals as large particles.

3. Further investigations showed that the urines of the controls contained a potent inhibitor of the growth and aggregation of calcium oxalate crystals in vitro and that the inhibitor was deficient in the urines of the recurrent stone-formers.

4. It is suggested that the inhibitor in normal urine may allow calcium oxalate to be passed harmlessly in the form of small particles, whereas the lower inhibitory activity in the urines of the recurrent stone-formers is insufficient to prevent the growth of the primary crystals into the large aggregates seen in these urines. By blocking the formation of abnormally large crystals and aggregates the inhibitor may therefore play an important role in preventing crystalluria leading to stone formation.
The Absorption of Orally Administered [12α-3H]Digoxin in Man
Authors: Beermann B. , Hellström K. , Rosén A.
Published: August 2015

1. [12α-3H]Digoxin and polyethylene glycol (nonabsorbable marker) dissolved in water were administered orally to five healthy subjects.

2. The ratio between the amount of radioactivity/mg of polyethylene glycol in gastro-intestinal aspirates and that of the test solution demonstrated that 40–60% of the radioactivity administered was absorbed in the stomach and the proximal part of the small intestine.

3. Evidence for additional possible uptake in the lower gut was obtained by intrajejunal instillation of [3H]digoxin into the jejunum of one subject.

4. The recovery of radioactivity in the urine ranged between 43 and 62%. The total absorption might exceed the amount excreted in the urine since there was evidence of biliary excretion of radioactivity.

5. Some of the radioactivity in gastrointestinal aspirates was attached to digoxigenin and its derivatives with one or two digitoxoside groups. Studies in vitro indicated that these compounds were produced during the exposure of radioactive digoxin to the acid gastric content.

6. [12α-3H]Digoxigenin was administered orally to one subject. The uptake of radioactivity was essentially the same as that after the administration of [3H]digoxin.

7. It was concluded that the absorption of radioactivity following the administration of labelled digoxin reflects the combined uptake of the glycoside and metabolites.

8. The uptake of the intact glycoside was calculated to be approx. 50%.
The Role of Pancreatic Glucagon in the Pathogenesis of Acute Pancreatitis
Authors: Day J. L. , Knight M. , Condon J. R.
Published: August 2015

1. A reliable, reproducible and specific method for determination of pancreatic glucagon in plasma by radioimmunoassay is described and plasma glucagon was measured in normal subjects and patients with acute pancreatitis.

2. In patients with acute pancreatitis the normal relationship between glucagon and glucose was impaired and disturbance of alpha-cell function was indicated by relative hyperglucagonaemia in patients with moderately severe disease.

3. In patients with severe pancreatitis glucagon concentrations were low and the possible relationship between hyper- and hypo-glucagonaemia and the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis is discussed.

4. Insulin values in acute pancreatitis, although increased, were not as high as would be expected for the raised glucose concentrations.

5. It is concluded that both alpha- and beta-cell dysfunction may account for the high incidence of carbohydrate intolerance in acute pancreatitis.
Baroreflex Sensitivity in Patients on Long-Term Haemodialysis
Authors: Pickering T. G. , Gribbin B. , Oliver D. O.
Published: August 2015

1. Serial studies of the baroreflex control of heart rate (baroreflex sensitivity) were made in thirty-two patients on long-term haemodialysis by relating the reflex slowing of the heart to the arterial pressure rise produced by repeated sudden injections of phenylephrine.

2. Baroreflex sensitivity was less in the older patients and in those with higher pressures. The response was about 50% of that found previously for other subjects of comparable ages and arterial pressures without renal failure.

3. Haemodialysis improved reflex sensitivity over the long term, but did not have any consistent immediate effect.

4. Patients who had malignant hypertension in the past had lower reflex sensitivities than others (with similar ages and pressures at the time of study) whose blood pressures had never been raised, but there were individual exceptions.

5. Reflex sensitivity changed very little with different blood pressures in any one subject.

6. Three patients in whom hypertension was thought to have preceded renal failure had reflex sensitivities similar to eleven others in whom the hypertension was secondary to renal disease.

7. Reflex sensitivity was no different in three patients whose blood pressure could be controlled only by bilateral nephrectomy from that in others in whom the pressure could be controlled by salt restriction.

8. Reflex sensitivity was slightly reduced in two patients studied in the diuretic phase of acute renal failure; it was markedly reduced in a third who was also pregnant.
Isolation and Characterization of a Serum Antibactericidal Factor
Authors: Taylor P. W.
Published: August 2015

1. An antibactericidal factor in the serum of patients with urinary-tract infection could be partially purified by absorbing the serum with the homologous organism and treating the absorption complex with a weak acid buffer.

2. Material obtained in this way contained mainly immunoglobulin G.

3. Lipopolysaccharide extracted from the homologous organism was as effective as whole bacterial cells in removing the factor from patient's serum.
Quantitative Histology of Bone: The use of a Computer Program and Results in Normal Subjects
Authors: Garrick R. , Doman P. , Posen S.
Published: August 2015

1. A simple system is described for the quantitative histological assessment of three skeletal disorders. It is based on the preparation of undecalcified sections of iliac crest biopsies, photography of cancellous bone and scanning of standard prints by a sensing device attached to a digital computer.

2. Areas of uncalcified osteoid are quantified by visual inspection during photography and the skeletal lesions of hyperparathyroidism are assessed semi-quantitatively.

3. This system makes it possible to define osteoporosis and osteomalacia according to quantitative histological criteria and provides some assistance in the assessment of the severity of hyperparathyroidism.
Evidence for Active Transport of the Dipeptide Glycylsarcosine by Hamster Jejunum in Vitro
Authors: Addison Jill M. , Burston D. , Matthews D. M.
Published: August 2015

1. Glycylsarcosine, a peptide which is slowly hydrolysed by the intestine, is transported into the jejunal mucosal cells of the hamster by an active Na+-dependent process.

2. Uptake of glycylsarcosine is inhibited by l-methionyl-l-methionine but not by l-methionine, suggesting that l-methionyl-l-methionine and glycylsarcosine share an uptake mechanism which is independent of that for free methionine, and that l-methionyl-l-methionine may also enter the cells.
The Effects of 30% Oxygen on the Respiratory Response to Treadmill Exercise in Chronic Respiratory Failure
Authors: King A. J. , Cooke N. J. , Leitch A. G. , Flenley D. C.
Published: August 2015

1. Minute ventilation, carbon dioxide output, and gas tensions, pH, lactate and pyruvate concentrations of arterial blood were measured in ten severely hypoxic bronchitic patients, both at rest and during slow level-treadmill walking, when breathing either air or 30% oxygen.

2. Hypoxaemia was aggravated by exercise, without change in the mean CO2 tension. Hypoxaemia was improved when 30% oxygen was breathed on exercise, but again there was no significant rise in the average arterial CO2 tension.

3. Arterial lactate concentrations, normal at rest in seven cases, were significantly increased in the last minute of exercise when breathing air, but were decreased by breathing oxygen on exercise in eight of nine cases. Arterial lactate/pyruvate ratios were not significantly changed by exercise during either air or oxygen breathing.

4. Both ventilation and CO2 output fell consistently when exercise was done breathing 30% oxygen, despite random allocation of the order of air and oxygen breathing, and the maintenance of a constant treadmill speed.

5. It is concluded that an intact chemoreceptor drive to ventilation mediated this fall in minute volume. The fall in CO2 output on exercise with oxygen does not arise from technical errors, changes in body CO2 stores, or the high work of breathing, and remains unexplained.
The Development of a Radioimmunoassay for the Measurement of Urinary Tammhorsfall Glycoprotein in the Presence of Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate
Authors: Grant Anne M. S. , Neuberger A.
Published: August 2015

1. A specific and quantitative radioimmunoassay was developed for the measurement of low concentrations of human and rabbit Tamm—Horsfall glycoprotein in the presence of other proteins. Antibody-coated tubes were used as a solid phase in the assay and the optimum antibody concentration and duration of antibody coating were established.

2. Pure Tamm—Horsfall glycoprotein was labelled with 125I and, because of its apparent susceptibility to radiation damage, was labelled at weekly intervals.

3. Sodium dodecyl sulphate, an ionic detergent, was included in the assay at a final concentration of 0.0005% to disaggregate the glycoprotein. An overnight preincubation step in the presence of the detergent was necessary before the disaggregated glycoprotein solutions were allowed to react with the antibody. Pretreatment of the tracer with detergent was not necessary.

4. Two glycoprotein standards were prepared fresh for each assay from freeze-dried material. The average linear range of the assay was between approx. 150 ng/ml and 2.5 μg/ml. Albumin was only shown to interfere with the assay at concentrations greater than 100 μg/ml.

5. Urines were dialysed against water for 3 days before assay to remove inhibitory material. Urines were never frozen as this was found to affect the assay.

6. A recovery experiment showed that the pure freeze-dried standard behaved in an immunologically identical way to the urinary glycoprotein.

7. Human Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein cross-reacted with guinea-pig anti-(rabbit Tamm—Horsfall) antiserum and rabbit Tamm—Horsfall glycoprotein cross-reacted with guinea-pig anti-(human Tamm—Horsfall) antiserum, but not with rabbit anti-(human Tamm—Horsfall) antiserum. This showed a partial immunological identity between Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein from humans and rabbits which was only evident when the antiserum was raised in a third species.

8. The excretion rate of Tamm—Horsfall glycoprotein in normal humans was found to be 48.1 ± 9.6 (SD) mg/24 h for males and 50.5 ± 14.8 (SD) mg/24 h for females. The mean excretion rate of the glycoprotein in New Zealand White rabbits was 34.8 ± 7.9 mg/24 h.
Renin, Noradrenaline and Adrenaline Responses to Simulated Altitude
Authors: Kotchen Dr T. A. , Hogan R. P. , Boyd A. E. , Li T.-K. , Sing Helen C. , Mason J. W.
Published: August 2015

1. Plasma renin activity, plasma adrenaline and noradrenaline concentrations, and urinary adrenaline and noradrenaline excretion rates were measured in ten subjects during 3 days of exposure to a simulated altitude of 12 000 ft.

2. In both the supine and standing positions, renin activities were suppressed during all 3 days at altitude.

3. Plasma noradrenaline and adrenaline concentrations were significantly increased by the third day at altitude.

4. Urinary adrenaline excretion tended to be increased during the entire 3 days at altitude, with no significant change between the first and third day. Noradrenaline excretion was significantly increased on the third day.

5. The finding of decreased renin levels suggests that the enhanced activity of the sympathetic nervous system at high altitude does not stimulate renin release.