bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Seropositivity is associated with insulin resistance in patients with early inflammatory polyarthritis: results from the Norfolk Arthritis Register (NOAR): an observational study
Authors: Mirjafari Hoda , Farragher Tracey M , Verstappen Suzanne MM , Yates Allen , Bunn Diane , Marshall Tarnya , Lunt Mark , Symmons Deborah PM , Bruce Ian N
Published: September 2011

Introduction

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in patients with inflammatory polyarthritis (IP), especially in seropositive disease. In established rheumatoid arthritis (RA), insulin resistance (IR) is increased and associated with CVD. We investigated factors associated with IR in an inception cohort of patients with early IP.

Methods

Patients with early IP (two or more swollen joints for four or more weeks), aged 18 to 65 years, seen within 24 months of symptom onset were recruited from the Norfolk Arthritis Register (NOAR), a primary-care-based inception cohort. Assessment included joint examination, current and prior therapy and completion of the Health Assessment Questionnaire. Fasting blood was taken for measurement of CVD risk factors, rheumatoid factor (RF), anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA), C-reactive protein (CRP), and insulin levels. IR was calculated using the homeostatic model assessment (HOMA-IR). We examined factors associated with IR using univariate and multivariable linear regression models.

Results

A total of 196 patients, including 59 (30%) males, were studied with a median (interquartile range, IQR) age and IP symptom duration of 49 (40 to 57) years and 6.7 (4.6 to 10.7) months, respectively. After age and gender adjustment, HOMA-IR was associated with obesity, (β-Coefficient (95% CI); 1.60 (0.96, 2.24)), higher systolic and diastolic blood pressure (0.03 (0.01, 0.05) and 0.04 (0.01, 0.08) respectively), triglycerides (1.06 (0.54, 1.57)), and HDL (-1.38 (-2.17,-0.58)). HOMA-IR was associated with serological status and this association persisted after adjustment for classic CVD risk factors and other IP-related variables (RF β-Coefficient (95% CI); 0.87 (0.20, 1.53) and ACPA β-Coefficient (95% CI); 1.42 (0.70, 2.15)).

Conclusions

Seropositivity for RF or ACPA was associated with IR in this early IP cohort. This association may, in part, explain why seropositive patients have excess CVD mortality.
Short-term effects of combining upright and prone positions in patients with ARDS: a prospective randomized study
Authors: Robak Oliver , Schellongowski Peter , Bojic Andja , Laczika Klaus , Locker Gottfried J , Staudinger Thomas
Published: September 2011

Introduction

Prone position is known to improve oxygenation in patients with acute lung injury (ALI) and the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Supine upright (semirecumbent) position also exerts beneficial effects on gas exchange in this group of patients. We evaluated the effect of combining upright and prone position on oxygenation and respiratory mechanics in patients with ALI or ARDS in a prospective randomized cross-over study.

Methods

After turning them prone from a supine position, we randomized the patients to a prone position or combined prone and upright position. After 2 hours, the position was changed to the other one for another 6 hours. The gas exchange and static compliance of the respiratory system, lungs, and chest wall were assessed in the supine position as well as every hour in the prone position.

Results

Twenty patients were enrolled in the study. The PaO2/FiO2 ratio improved significantly from the supine to the prone position and further significantly increased with additional upright position. Fourteen (70%) patients were classified as responders to the prone position, whereas 17 (85%) patients responded to the prone plus upright position compared with the supine position (P = n.s.). No statistically significant changes were found with respect to compliance.

Conclusions

Combining the prone position with the upright position in patients with ALI or ARDS leads to further improvement of oxygenation.

Trial registration

Clinical Trials No. NCT00753129
Circulating Concentrations of Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1, Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1, and Soluble Leukocyte Adhesion Molecule-1 in Overweight/Obese Men and Women Consuming Fructose- or Glucose-Sweetened Beverages for 10 Weeks
Authors: Cox Chad L. , Stanhope Kimber L. , Schwarz Jean Marc , Graham James L. , Hatcher Bonnie , Griffen Steven C. , Bremer Andrew A. , Berglund Lars , McGahan John P. , Keim Nancy L. , Havel Peter J.
Published: September 2011

Context:

Results from animal studies suggest that consumption of large amounts of fructose can promote inflammation and impair fibrinolysis. Data describing the effects of fructose consumption on circulating levels of proinflammatory and prothrombotic markers in humans are unavailable.

Objective:

Our objective was to determine the effects of 10 wk of dietary fructose or glucose consumption on plasma concentrations of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), E-selectin, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, C-reactive protein, and IL-6.

Design and Setting:

This was a parallel-arm study with two inpatient phases (2 wk baseline, final 2 wk intervention), conducted in a clinical research facility, and an outpatient phase (8 wk) during which subjects resided at home.

Participants:

Participants were older (40–72 yr), overweight/obese (body mass index = 25–35 kg/m2) men (n = 16) and women (n = 15).

Interventions:

Participants consumed glucose- or fructose-sweetened beverages providing 25% of energy requirements for 10 wk. Blood samples were collected at baseline and during the 10th week of intervention.

Main Outcome Measures:

Fasting concentrations of MCP-1 (P = 0.009), PAI-1 (P = 0.002), and E-selectin (P = 0.048) as well as postprandial concentrations of PAI-1 (P < 0.0001) increased in subjects consuming fructose but not in those consuming glucose. Fasting levels of C-reactive protein, IL-6, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 were not changed in either group.

Conclusions:

Consumption of fructose for 10 wk leads to increases of MCP-1, PAI-1, and E-selectin. These findings suggest the possibility that fructose may contribute to the development of the metabolic syndrome via effects on proinflammatory and prothrombotic mediators.
Incidence and Clinical Characteristics of Thyroid Cancer in Prospective Series of Individuals with Cowden and Cowden-Like Syndrome Characterized by Germline PTEN, SDH, or KLLN Alterations
Authors: Ngeow Joanne , Mester Jessica , Rybicki Lisa A. , Ni Ying , Milas Mira , Eng Charis
Published: September 2011

Context:

Thyroid cancer is believed to be an important component of Cowden syndrome (CS). Germline PTEN and SDHx mutations and KLLN epimutation cause CS and CS-like phenotypes. Despite the established association, little is known about the incidence and clinical features of thyroid cancer found in CS/CS-like patients.

Objective:

The aim of the study was to compare incidence, clinical, and histological characteristics of epithelial thyroid cancers in CS/CS-like individuals, in the context of PTEN, SDHx, and KLLN status.

Design and Participants:

The study encompassed a 5-yr, multicenter, prospective accrual of 2723 CS and CS-like patients, all of whom had comprehensive PTEN analysis. SDHx mutation analysis occurred in those without PTEN mutations/variations and elevated manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) levels. KLLN epimutation analysis was performed in the subset without any PTEN or SDHx mutation/deletion/ variant/polymorphism.

Main Outcome Measures:

Gene-specific thyroid cancer histologies, demographic and clinical information, and adjusted standardized incidence rates were studied.

Results:

Of 2723 CS/CS-like patients, 664 had thyroid cancer. Standardized incidence rates for thyroid cancer were 72 [95% confidence interval (CI), 51–99; P < 0.001] for pathogenic PTEN mutations, 63 (95% CI, 42–92; P < 0.001) for SDHx variants, and 45 (95% CI, 26–73; P < 0.001) for KLLN epimutations. All six (16.7%) diagnosed under age 18 yr carried pathogenic PTEN mutations. Follicular thyroid cancer was overrepresented in PTEN mutation-positive cases compared to those with SDHx and KLLN alterations. PTEN frameshift mutations were found in 31% of patients with thyroid cancer compared to 17% in those without thyroid cancer.

Conclusions:

CS/CS-like patients have elevated risks of follicular thyroid cancer due to PTEN pathogenic mutations and of papillary thyroid cancer from SDHx and KLLN alterations. Children presenting with thyroid cancer should be tested for PTEN mutations.
Modeling Petroleum Resources in Provinces of the Former Soviet Union
Authors: Aguilera Roberto F.
Published: September 2011

This paper estimates petroleum endowment volumes for provinces of the Former Soviet Union (FSU) that have not been previously assessed by other organizations. The study uses the United States Geological Survey World Petroleum Assessment (USGS, 2000) as a starting point. It then utilizes nonlinear regression to estimate parameters of a Variable Shape Distribution (VSD) model that calculates the total petroleum endowment throughout the FSU. Earlier size distribution models used to evaluate unassessed petroleum resources relied mainly on the fractal and lognormal distributions. In fact, all the methods used historically have been based on an assumed form of the size distribution of nature's endowment of petroleum resources. The VSD model is different in that it allows the actual petroleum resource data from USGS (2000) to determine the form of the size distribution of petroleum resources. The model is validated by a good fit of actual data, supported by coefficients of determination ( R2) equal to 0.98 or greater. It is concluded that there is a large petroleum endowment in the FSU that will last for several decades and can contribute significantly to domestic energy needs as well as export requirements.
Estimation of Some Coal Parameters Depending on Petrographic and Inorganic Analyses by Using Genetic Algorithm and Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference Systems
Authors: Chelgani S. Chehreh , Dehghan F. , Hower James C.
Published: September 2011

Adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference systems (ANFIS) in combination with genetic algorithm (GA); provide valuable modeling approaches of complex systems for a wide range of coal samples. Evaluation of this combination (GA-ANFIS) showed that the GA-ANFIS approach can be utilized as an efficient tool for describing and estimating some of coal variables such as Hardgrove grindability index, gross calorific value, free swelling index, and maximum vitrinite reflectance with various coal analyses (proximate, ultimate, elemental, and petrographic analysis). Statistical factors (correlation coefficient, mean square error, and variance accounted for) and differences between actual and predicted values demonstrated that the GA-ANFIS can be applied successfully, and provide high accuracy for prediction of those coal variables.
The Distribution of Trace Elements in Various Peat Swamps of the No. 11 Coal Seam from the Antaibao Mine, Ningwu Coalfield, China
Authors: Wang Jinxi , Deng Xiaoli , Kalkreuth W.
Published: September 2011

Twenty-one coal samples obtained from the Antaibao Mine, Ningwu coalfield, China, were analyzed for 46 trace elements by Inductively Coupled Plasma–Mass Spectrometer (ICP–MS), and the macerals were identified and coal facies were defined by microscopic method. Compared with the average content of trace element in the No. 11 coal, the dry forest swamp is rich in some elements (Sc, V, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Nb, Mo, Cd, Sb, Cs, Ba, Ta, W, Tl, Bi, Th, U, Zr, Hf and REE). Since the provenance is dominated by the terrigenous clastic, most of the trace elements were associated with terrigenous clastic and clay. The wet forest swamp contained lower concentrations in some elements (V, Cr, Ni, Zn, Ga, Rb, Nb, Mo, Cd, Cs, Ba, Ta, W, Re, Bi, Th, U, Zr and Hf) because the elements were influenced by sea water. The low swamp was enriched in REE because of the influences of both terrigenous environment and sea water.
Kinetics, Isotherms and Thermodynamics of the Adsorption of Lead(II) Ions onto Porous Mono-Sized Microspheres Possessing Imidazole Functional Groups
Authors: Kara Ali , Tuncel Ali
Published: September 2011

A modified two-step seeded polymerization was used for the preparation of porous mono-sized microspheres of poly(ethylene glycol dimethacrylate- co-1-vinylimidazole) [poly(EGDMA- co-VIM)] of 7 μm in size. The specific surface area and the EGDMA/VIM molar ratio of the microspheres were determined as 64.5 m2/g and 1.5:1.0 mol/mol, respectively. The adsorption of Pb(II) ions from aqueous solution onto the porous mono-sized poly(EGDMA- co-VIM) microspheres was examined. The maximum adsorption capacities of the microspheres towards Pb(II) ions were determined as 21.74, 30.52, 49.23 and 56.48 mg/g at 293 K, 303 K, 318 K and 338 K, respectively. The dynamic and equilibrium adsorption behaviours of the system were adequately described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and the Langmuir isotherm, respectively. The apparent activation energy was determined as 6.212 kJ/mol, which is characteristic of a chemically controlled reaction. The values of Efe obtained from the Dubinin–Radushkevich equation in the non-linear form were 9.153 kJ/mol at 293 K, 10.34 kJ/mol at 303 K, 10.18 kJ/mol at 318 K and 10.91 kJ/mol at 333 K, thereby indicating that the adsorption of Pb(II) ions onto the porous monosized poly(EGDMA- co-VIM) microspheres occurred via a chemical process at all the temperatures studied. Various thermodynamic parameters, such as the Gibbs' free energy change (ΔG0), the standard enthalpy change (ΔH0) and the standard entropy change (ΔS0) were also determined. The thermodynamic parameters obtained indicated that the adsorption process was endothermic in nature. These results demonstrate that the material studied could be used as a purifier for the removal of Pb(II) ions from water and wastewater.
Adsorption Characteristics of Acid Orange 10 from Aqueous Solutions onto Montmorillonite Clay
Authors: Kaur Manpreet , Datta Monika
Published: September 2011

Azo dyes have been identified as the most toxic of all dyes since they may be converted into potentially carcinogenic and/or mutagenic amines as a result of the reductive cleavage of the azo linkages after being released into the aquatic environment. Azo dyes are extensively used in industries such as textile, paint, plastic, cosmetic and paper. The aim of the present work was to develop a clay-based methodology which could successfully be employed for the removal of dyes from aqueous solution. The adsorption characteristics of C.I. Acid Orange 10 (AO 10) onto montmorillonite (MMT) and surfactant-modified MMT have been studied as a function of the dye concentration, the pH of the aqueous dye solution and the contact time. The dye adsorption efficiency of MMT was found to be much less than that of surfactant-modified MMT (CTAB-MMT and CPC-MMT), with 100% adsorption efficiency being observed for the removal of 160 ppm and 220 ppm of the dye by CTAB-MMT and CPC-MMT, respectively. In both cases, the adsorption data could be fitted by the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.
Interaction of Molybdo-Phosphoric and Molybdo-Antimono-Phosphoric Heteropoly Acids with Silica Gels Modified with Aliphatic and Heterocyclic Quaternary Ammonium Salts
Authors: Zaporozhets Olga A. , Kachan Igor A. , Zinko Lionel S. , Bas Julia P. , Davydov Valentyn I.
Published: September 2011

The interaction of molybdo-phosphoric and molybdo-antimonophosphoric heteropoly acids with aliphatic (tetradecylammonium nitrate and trinonyloctadecylammonium iodide) and heterocyclic (lucigenine and safranine) quaternary ammonium salts immobilized onto silica has been studied using adsorption and spectroscopic methods. It has been shown that the formation of ionassociates between the quaternary ammonium cations and the heteropoly anions is accompanied by their interaction with surface silica groups which accounts for the tight binding of heteropoly acids to the surface. Such interfacial reactions can successfully be applied to the development of spectroscopic and semi-quantitative visual test techniques for detecting trace amounts of phosphorus and antimony.
Removal of Cobalt-60 and Caesium-134 Ions from Contaminated Solutions by Sorption Using Activated Carbon
Authors: El-Zakla T. , Yakout S.M. , Rizk M.A. , Lasheen Y.F. , Gad H.M.H.
Published: September 2011

Date pits (DP) and sawdust (SD) were used as precursors for activated carbons which were prepared by steam pyrolysis of DP and chemical activation of SD, respectively. Surface characterization of both activated carbons was undertaken using the BET method. Adsorption of the radionuclides onto the activated carbon was studied as a function of shaking time, adsorbent mass and pH employing the batch technique. Such adsorption was strongly dependent on the pH of the aqueous medium in contact with the adsorbent, with the removal efficiency attaining a maximum at pH 6. The process was very fast initially, with maximum adsorption being attained within 180 min of initial contact. The adsorption rate could be best fitted by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The equilibrium data were analyzed using the Freundlich, Langmuir, Langmuir–Freundlich, Dubinin– Radushkevich, Temkin and Frumkin isotherms. The Langmuir–Freundlich and Frumkin equations were found to best represent the equilibrium data for both radionuclides. The isotherm model constants were determined and used to characterize the distribution of 60Co and 134Cs ions onto the adsorbent surfaces and to provide an insight into the affinity of the adsorbents towards these ions.
Effects of Steel Fibers on Shear Behavior of High-Strength Reinforced Concrete Beams
Authors: Dancygier A. N. , Savir Z.
Published: September 2011

The paper describes an experimental study that consisted of beam specimens made of Normal Strength Concrete (NSC) and of High Strength Concrete (HSC), with and without steel fibers that were subjected to predominant shear in four-point loading tests. HSC specimens included the four combinations of beams with and without fibers, with and without stirrups. The experimental program included study of the effects of concrete strength and inclusion of steel fibers on the load capacity, load-deflection curve and mode of failure. The results show that the effect on the shear capacity of the hooked-end steel fibers that were used in the tests was more pronounced when no shear reinforcement was used and that in the presence of stirrups fibers affected mainly the structural ductility and mode of failure. The results from the current study are also compared with the predictions of various theoretical models and of the American and European design codes. Examination of the results also shows that a required contribution of the shear reinforcement, which is determined according to the concrete capacity, leads to an increased amount of minimum shear reinforcement. However, the overall response of the beams that were tested shows otherwise.
A Model-Based Simulation of CFRP-Steel Bond Failure Using the Material Point Method
Authors: Faleh Haydar , Shen Luming , Al-Mahaidi Riadh
Published: September 2011

Based on the recent observation of CFRP-steel bond failure in the double lap shear tests, a numerical approach using the Material Point Method (MPM) is proposed in this study to simulate the delamination process of the combined CFRP/epoxy layer from steel plate. In the proposed approach, an elasto-plasticity von Mises model with linear hardening and softening laws is used to model the bonded materials. The MPM, one of the meshfree particle methods, is adopted as a robust spatial discretization method to accommodate the multi-scale discontinuities involved in the CFRP-steel system failure process. To demonstrate the potential of the proposed model-based simulation approach, a parametric study is conducted to investigate the effects of bond length and loading rate on the behaviour of CFRP-steel joint system. The simulation results not only match the available experimental data well but also provide a better understanding on the physics behind the combined CFRP/epoxy layer delamination process.
Rehabilitation of Steel Moment Connections with Cover Plates under Initial Loading
Authors: Shi Yongjiu , Wang Meng , Wang Yuanqing , Yang Wen , Shi Gang
Published: September 2011

Rehabilitated steel moment connections differentiate from newly erected and strengthened ones in that the connections are subject to initial loading during the rehabilitation process. In this circumstance, significant stress redistribution will take place. Therefore, the design method for a newly erected and strengthened connection is not applicable. This paper investigates cover-plate rehabilitation. Finite element analysis was conducted to simulate the rehabilitation process with initial loading. The moment distributions between the cover plates and the original connections take the different initial loading into account. A revised design procedure for rehabilitation process using cover plates is proposed.
Evaluation of Modal and Traditional Pushover Analyses in Frame-Shear-Wall Structures
Authors: Miao Zhiwei , Ye Lieping , Guan Hong , Lu Xinzheng
Published: September 2011

Nonlinear static analysis (or pushover analysis) has been widely used in the last decade as a simplified and approximate method to evaluate the structural seismic performance and to estimate inelastic structural responses under severe ground motions. However most currently used pushover procedures with invariant lateral load patterns cannot fully reflect the effect of higher-order modes on structural dynamic responses. To overcome such a problem, a so-called Modal Pushover Analysis (MPA) was proposed based on the modal decoupling response spectrum method where the effect of higher modes was considered. To date, most research on MPA has been focused on frame structures. In engineering practice, however, most medium-to high-rise building structures are in the form of frame-shear-wall. Therefore it is necessary to extend the current research activity to implement the MPA to frame-shear-wall structures. In this study, two reinforced concrete frame-shear-wall structures of 10 and 18 stories are analyzed to evaluate the performance of the MPA method and the pushover procedures with invariant load patterns. The evaluation is based on the “exact” solutions of a nonlinear dynamic time-history analysis. The results show that the MPA method including higher-order modes is more accurate than the other pushover procedures. This is more evident when estimating structural responses for high-rise structures than the medium-rise counterparts.
Simple Approaches for Efficiently Reliability-Based Design Optimization of Bridges
Authors: Van Son Nguyen , Park Heung Min , Jeong Min Chul , Kong Jung Sik
Published: September 2011

This paper presents the simple approaches to undertake reliability-based design optimization (RBDO) of bridges by integrating the first order reliability approximation and optimal algorithms of Matlab optimization toolbox. The approaches are applied to solve three RBDO problems that represent almost the practical designs of bridges. At every step of the optimal algorithm, reliability index is calculated without increasing the number of constraints to reduce the computational cost. Moreover, these approaches allow users to formulate the real RBDO problems with the separation or combination of component and system failure probabilities as well as equality and inequality probabilistic constraints. Numerical examples indicate the improvement of approaches due to lower design variables and lower cost for comparing to existing results with the same value of target reliability index. The proposed approaches are simple but efficient for solving RBDO problems to produce the better results than existing approaches and the obtained results may be closer to the exact optimization results.
DNN Based Fault Tolerant Control of Nonlinear Structural Vibration with Actuator Faults
Authors: Li Luyu , Song Gangbing , Ou Jinping
Published: September 2011

Recently, structural control systems have been widely applied in civil engineering. However, there are still many important issues to be solved such as the design of controller with sensor and actuator faults. In this paper, an innovative fault tolerant controller using dynamic neural network (DNN) is developed for a nonlinear structure with actuator faults. Firstly, a DNN based identification method is proposed to estimate nonlinear structural responses with different actuator faults. Training algorithms of the neural network were derived utilizing the Lyapunov's first method. Secondly, based on the above DNN model, a fault tolerant controller is proposed to control the nonlinear structural vibration with actuator faults. Numerical simulation was conducted on a 3-story benchmark nonlinear structure to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed intelligent algorithms. Simulation results show that the proposed DNN based identification method was able to identify nonlinear structural responses with different actuator faults. Moreover, the fault tolerant controller was able to maintain stability and an acceptable degree of control performance not only when the structure was fault-free but also when there were actuator faults.
Remaining Fatigue Life of Corroded Steel Structural Members
Authors: Rahgozar R. , Sharifi Y.
Published: September 2011

In this study seventy six standard specimens were taken from flanges and webs of three severely corroded steel beams that were recovered from a petrochemical site. The specimens were measured carefully for data on depth of corrosion and corrosion pitting; and also they were subjected to cyclic loads using a servo-hydraulic machine in order to obtain each specimen's fatigue capacity. Because of the irregularities on corroded surfaces, the measured roughness was expressed as maximum roughness, Rmax, mean roughness, Rm, and standard deviation of roughness, Sd. These measurements were found to increase linearly with increase in corrosion depth. It was observed from fatigue tests that there is a reduction in fatigue life of corroded steel specimens with corrosion pitting that are due to the “notch factor” effect. This method can indirectly yield a quantitative relationship between the pitting corrosion and the corresponding remaining fatigue life of a corroded steel structure by simple measuring of the loss in thickness.
Research Needs for Use of Capacity Design of RC Frame Structures in China
Authors: Dong Ping
Published: September 2011

Standards for seismic design of building structures have been applied in China since 1978 However, the Chinese seismic design philosophy is quite different from the capacity design philosophy incorporated in New Zealand's Standards. In this paper, the disadvantages of Chinese Standards designed RC frame structures (potential structural flexural and shear collapses when subjected to “large earthquakes” at ultimate limit state level) are discussed when compared to New Zealand Standards designed frame structures. To suppress the potential flexural collapse, a cycling research project is presented, comprising of member experimental tests for hysteresis loops (further for hysteresis models), inelastic dynamic time-history analyses for seismic damage assessment purposes (taking overall structural displacement ductility as principle damage measurement), redesign of members if flexural collapse is predicted, experimental tests again of redesigned members etc. Meanwhile, having the potential shear collapse suppressed, the capacity design procedure needs to be applied to seismic design, leading to quantify the structural displacement ductility capacities.
Numerical Studies of Deep Concrete Coupling Beams Retrofitted with a Laterally Restrained Steel Plate
Authors: Cheng B. , Su R.K.L.
Published: September 2011

Existing deep reinforced concrete (RC) coupling beams with low shear span ratios and conventionally reinforced shear stirrups tend to fail in a brittle manner with limited ductility and deformability under reversed cyclic loading. Experimental studies have shown that a laterally restrained steel plate (LRSP) can be used to retrofit existing deep RC coupling beams. In this way, the deformability and energy dissipation of the retrofitted beams are greatly enhanced. In this paper, a nonlinear finite element package ABAQUS was used to model the behaviour of plate buckling by considering the plate's geometric and material nonlinearity. The effects of adding lateral restraints and the influence of tension field actions on the shear carrying capacity of the steel plate were quantified. The numerical results confirm the effectiveness of adding lateral restraints. By using the nonlinear finite element package ATENA, the overall behaviour of LRSP-retrofitted coupling beams was simulated. To obtain accurate results, the effects of plate buckling and bolt slipping were incorporated into the simulations. Finally, the effect of the plate's thickness and the bolt's stiffness on the performance of LRSP coupling beams was investigated in detail.
Adaptive Newton-Raphson Method for Analysis of Structures with Material Nonlinearity Using Stiffness-Equivalent Load
Authors: Kim Chee Kyeong , Kim Yeong Min , Kim Jinkoo
Published: September 2011

This paper presents a new material nonlinear analysis algorithm which utilizes equivalent load for stiffness. The proposed algorithm requires calculation of the inverse of the global stiffness matrix only once regardless of the loading steps and provides the same results as those by the conventional method. The efficiency of the proposed algorithm depends on the ratio of the boundary DOFs – the DOFs directly connected to the elements where stiffness changed – to the total DOFs. If the number of boundary DOFs is less than about 1/8 of the band width of the global stiffness matrix the proposed algorithm is more efficient than the conventional method. The analysis results of the model structure showed that the linear analysis of a structure using the proposed algorithm produced identical responses as those by conventional plastic hinge analysis method.
Technical Feasibility of Baling Vetiver Grass for Use as Load-Bearing Walls
Authors: Vitt Cory Michael
Published: September 2011

This paper presents the technical feasibility of baling vetiver grass to be used in load-bearing plastered bale walls. The vetiver grass species used for this research at the time was called Vetiveria zizanioides Nash. A baling technique for vetiver grass was developed using a conventional square baling machine and a standard tractor. The moisture content and density of the vetiver bales were determined and compared to various codes. Two plastered vetiver bale walls, 1.8 m high × 3.2 m long × 0.5 m thick, were constructed and uniformly loaded in compression along the top surface of the wall until the walls reached the ultimate failure load. The loading, deflection, and cracking behaviour of the walls were recorded and analyzed. The ultimate failure loads for the plastered vetiver bale walls were compared to plastered non-vetiver bale walls from literature and the allowable design load from code.
Analysis of Circular Concrete-Filled Steel Tube Specimen under Lateral Impact
Authors: Qu Haiyan , Li Guoqiang , Chen Suwen , Sun Jianyun , Sozen Mete. A.
Published: September 2011

This paper mainly discusses the derivation and usage of simplified analysis model of circular concrete-filled steel tube specimen under lateral impact. At first, the robust software, LS-DYNA, is employed in this paper to simulate a test of circular concrete-filled steel tube (CFT) specimen under drop impact carried out by Li (2007). The numerical simulations results agree well with the experiment results and it shows good prediction of dynamic response of the CFT specimen under lateral impact could be achieved. Further analysis based on LS-DYNA model is then made to investigate the stain rate effect of the CFT column with fixed-simple supported ends. At last, a simplified analytic model is derived based on the combination of the tests results, the numerical simulation and theoretical analysis. The comparison between the maximum deflections at the mid-span obtained from the proposed simple analytical model and the numerical simulation shows that the proposed method gives good predictions of the maximum deflection of the CFT specimen under lateral impact.
Theoretical Prediction on the Shear Capacities of Shear Connectors in Steel Column Bases
Authors: Xiao Nan , Chen Hua-Peng , Li Sha
Published: September 2011

Shear connectors are extensively used in steel column bases of steel structures to transfer loading from superstructure to concrete foundations, however the behavior and shear capacity of the steel shear connector subject to complex external loading are not well understood. This paper presents an approach for theoretically predicting the shear capacities as well as behavior of the shear connector in steel column bases subject to external loading such as both shear force and bending moment at the top. The load-displacement behavior at the top of the shear connector and the internal force distribution along the depth of the connector are also investigated at various states with different cases of boundary conditions. Two states of concrete compressive strain, i.e. the critical and ultimate states, are considered for evaluating the critical and ultimate shear capacities of the shear connector. The theoretical predictions for the behavior and load capacities of the shear connector are then compared with finite element results. The results from the verification study show that the proposed approach can provide satisfactory theoretical predictions for the behavior of the shear connector.
Noise Radiation from a Continuous Mold-Line Link Flap Configuration
Authors: Hutcheson Florence V. , Brooks Thomas F. , Humphreys William M.
Published: September 2011

The results of an experimental study of the noise from a Continuous Mold-Line Link (CML) flap are presented. Acoustic and unsteady surface pressure measurements were performed on a main element wing section with a half-span CML flap in NASA Langley's Quiet Flow Facility. The acoustic data were acquired with a medium aperture directional array (MADA) of microphones. The Deconvolution Approach for the Mapping of Acoustic Sources (DAMAS) method is applied to determine the spatial distribution and strength of the noise sources over the surface of the test model. A Coherent Output Power (COP) method which relates the output from unsteady surface pressure sensors to the output of the MADA is also used to obtain more detailed characteristics of the noise source distribution in the trailing edge region of the CML. These results are compared to those obtained for a blunt flap to quantify the level of noise benefit that is achieved with the CML flap. The results indicate that the noise from the CML region of the flap is 5 to 17 dB lower (depending on flap deflection and Mach number) than the noise from the side edge region of the blunt flap. Lower noise levels are obtained for all frequencies. Spectral analysis of the noise from the cove region of the CML and blunt flap models also reveal a spectral peak in the high frequency range that is related to noise scattering at the trailing edge of the main element. The peaks in the CML and blunt flap cove noise spectra are close in level and often exceed blunt side edge noise. Applying a strip of serrated tape to the trailing edge of the CML flap model main airfoil reduced the peak but increased other noise somewhat. Directivity measurements show that the CML flap can be more directional than the blunt flap.
Hybrid LES — RANS of Complex Geometry Jets
Authors: Eastwood Simon J. , Tucker Paul G.
Published: September 2011

Large eddy simulation (LES) type studies are made of a realistic geometry coaxial nozzle with a pylon. For the LES, since the solver being used tends towards having dissipative qualities, the subgrid scale (SGS) model is omitted, giving Numerical LES (NLES). To overcome near wall streak resolution problems a near wall RANS (Reynolds averaged Navier Stokes) model is used giving a hybrid NLES-RANS approach.

The pylon is shown to influence the flow development, having a significant impact on peak turbulence levels and spreading rates. The results show that real geometry effects are influential and should be taken into account when moving towards real engine simulations. If their effects are ignored then, based on the studies here, key turbulence parameters will have significant error.
Aviva Stadium: A Parametric Success
Authors: Shepherd Paul , Hudson Roly , Hines David
Published: September 2011

The Aviva Stadium, Dublin, is the first stadium to be designed from start to finish using commercially available parametric modelling software. A single model in Bentley's Generative Components was shared between architects and engineers, which allowed the optimised design of form, structure and façade. The parametric software was extended where necessary to integrate with structural analysis and to automate fabrication. By reducing the overhead associated with design iterations, this approach allowed detailed exploration of options and early identification and resolution of potential problems. In this paper, the authors add to the body of scientific knowledge by describing in detail the methods which led to the construction of the Aviva Stadium. This paper is written in light of the completed building and provides information on the generation and control of the envelope geometry, development and analysis of structure and documentation for construction. Whilst these components have been discussed independently previously [1–4], here these aspects are drawn together for the first time and are presented alongside thoughts on the manufacturing and construction processes from the project architect.
Aviva Stadium: A Case Study in Integrated Parametric Design
Authors: Hudson Roly , Shepherd Paul , Hines David
Published: September 2011

The nature of large complex buildings requires specialized skills across a multi-disciplinary team and high levels of collaboration and communication. By taking a parametric approach to design and construction, high quality results can be delivered on budget on time. This type of approach facilitates the opportunity for design teams to work in an iterative manner. A parametric model reduces the time associated with complex design changes while providing a centralized method for coordinating communication. In this paper the recently completed Aviva Stadium is used to illustrate the ways in which these benefits manifest themselves on built work. The authors identify the moments in the design and construction process that truly justify the effort in implementing a parametric approach. By approaching design in this way a “design conversation” can take place between parties involved, resulting in a better building.
The Value of Emotional Intelligence for High Performance Coaching
Authors: Chan Jonathan T. , Mallett Clifford J.
Published: September 2011

Similar to an effective leader in business, a high-performance sports coach requires qualities beyond technical and tactical acumen, such as leadership and the ability to facilitate a functional leader-follower relationship. Underpinning this dynamic relationship that exists between the coach and athlete is a leader's acumen associated with emotional intelligence (EI). This article aims to highlight the utility of EI for high-performance sport coaches, and provide concrete examples as to how EI might enhance a coaches' ability to lead and direct the production of high-performance with their staff and athletes. First, a brief overview of the link between EI and leadership quality is presented. Second, Mayer and Salovey's (1997) four-branch model of EI (i.e., perceiving, using, understanding, and managing emotions) will be used as a framework for demonstrating how a coach may use such abilities to lead and produce high-performance.
Using Sports Science and Training Theory to Develop Elite Performance: A Case Study of a 2005 World Championship Finalist in the Women's Shot Put
Authors: Judge Lawrence W. , Young Michael , Wanless Elizabeth
Published: September 2011

Conclusions from biomechanical data can make a significant difference in the performance of athletes in the shot put if properly understood by coaches. By utilizing this scientific approach, the throws coach will be able to determine more accurate adjustments and devise training stimuli to better accommodate the athlete. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of a comprehensive training protocol on a performer that integrated physical capacity development and technical interventions based on a quantitative biomechanical analysis. In this case study, we have attempted to bridge the gap between the researcher and the coach in our approach to teaching and training the shot put, by integrating biomechanical analysis. This USATF Women's development shot put project is an example, in which the cooperation between sport science and coaching helped to produce a World Championship (18.58 m) berth by Elizabeth Wanless in the women's shot put in 2005.
Periodized Training Programme and Technical Performance of Age-Group Gymnasts
Authors: Lacordia Roberto C. , Godoy Erik S. , Vale Rodrigo G. S. , Sposito-Araujo Carlos A. , Dantas Estélio H. M.
Published: September 2011

The present study evaluates the influence of a periodized training programme on the technical performance of beginner gymnasts. The sample population, consisting of 17 artistic gymnasts, all female, between 8 and 13 years of age, was divided into two groups: An experimental group (EG; n = 9) and a control group (CG; n = 8). Initially, both groups underwent a diagnostic evaluation to determine the baseline technical level of the athletes. Both groups then underwent a 24-week training programme involving three hour-long sessions per week. The EG participated in a periodized programme, while the CG had no periodization. At the end of the training period, both groups underwent another diagnostic evaluation (post-test), which revealed a higher technical level among those who had taken part in the periodized training programme.
Performance Enhancement following a Strength and Injury Prevention Program: A 26-Week Individualized and Supervised Intervention in Adolescent Female Volleyball Players
Authors: Augustsson Sofia Ryman , Augustsson Jesper , Thomeé Roland , Karlsson Jon , Eriksson Bengt I , Svantesson Ulla
Published: September 2011

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a 26-week individualized and supervised strength and injury prevention program on performance enhancement in young female volleyball players who completed resistance training with either a supervised and individualized training program (experimental group, n=10) or an unsupervised non-individualized training program (control group, n=17). Exposure and injury data were collected during the 2006–2007 season (baseline season) and the 26-week program was conducted during the 2007–2008 season (intervention season). All players were tested for physical performance. At post-test, the players in the experimental group had improved significantly more than the players in the control group for squat (p<0.0001), bench press (p=0.048), push-ups (p=0.02) and sit-ups (p<0.0001) but not for the vertical jump test. Thirty-five percent (6/17) of the players from the control group and 80% (8/10) of the players in the experimental group completed the resistance training with compliance of no less than 50%. The present study shows the importance of individualization and supervision for resistance training in young female athletes when it comes to compliance, strength gains and performance.
Competitive Swimmers' Perception of Motivational Climate and Their Personal Achievement Goals
Authors: Trenz Rebecca C. , Zusho Akane
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship of perceived motivational climate with personal achievement goals in competitive youth swimmers. A total of 119 competitive swimmers (mean age = 14.76) participated in this study. Participants completed the Perceived Motivational Climate in Sport Questionnaire-2 and the Achievement Goal Questionnaire-S. Overall, swimmers perceived the motivational climate on their team to be more mastery-oriented than performance-oriented. Regression analyses indicated that a mastery-oriented motivational climate was a positive predictor of mastery-approach goals and a negative predictor of mastery-avoidance goals. Perception of a performance-oriented motivational climate was a positive predictor of performance-approach goals. In addition, mastery-approach goals were positively related to satisfaction and persistence and negatively related to practice avoidance while mastery avoidance goals were negatively related to satisfaction.
The Influence of a Simulated ‘Pep Talk’ on Athlete Inspiration, Situational Motivation, and Emotion
Authors: Gonzalez Stephen P. , Metzler Jonathan N. , Newton Maria
Published: September 2011

Coaches routinely use pep talks to inspire and motivate athletes, but the efficacy of this strategy has not been empirically examined. Conceptually based on Thrash and Elliot's [3, 4] inspiration research this study explored the impact of a simulated pep talk on inspiration, inspiration to perform, situational autonomous motivation, and emotion. Collegiate football players ( n = 151) were randomly assigned to a treatment ( n = 74, viewed a movie clip of coach giving an inspirational speech) or control ( n = 77, viewed a movie clip of a coach giving game instructions) group and completed assessments pre and post treatment. A one-way ANOVA revealed an overall significant group effect for the change scores, [ F(6,134) = 6.53, p < .001]. The experimental group was more inspired by the movie clip [ F(1, 139) = 29.06, p < .001], more inspired to perform [ F(1, 139) = 24.10, p = .000], and indicated greater emotional dominance [ F(1,139) = 7.19, p = 008] than the control group. Motivation, pleasure, and arousal were not influenced by the movie clip.
American High School Football Coaches' Attitudes toward Sport Psychology Consultation and Intentions to Use Sport Psychology Services
Authors: Zakrajsek Rebecca A. , Martin Scott B. , Zizzi Sam J.
Published: September 2011

This study examined 235 American high-school football coaches' attitudes toward sport psychology (SP) consultation, intentions to use SP, and actual use of SP services. The coaches' attitudinal data fit the a priori hypothesized four factor model (i.e., stigma tolerance, confidence in SP consultation, personal openness, and cultural preferences). Of the coaches surveyed, 13% reported being familiar with the Association of Applied Sport Psychology (AASP) certification for SP consultants, 3% had used SP services, and 62% did not intend to use SP services within the next six months. Past coaching experience, age, and education level influenced their stigma tolerance, confidence, and personal openness of using SP services. American high-school football coaches who were confident in SP outcomes and open to suggestions were more likely to consider using SP services.
Deception, Individual Differences and Penalty Kicks: Implications for Goalkeeping in Association Football
Authors: Dicks Matt , Uehara Luiz , Lima Carlos
Published: September 2011

The purpose of the current article is to review findings from the visual anticipation literature with a particular focus on penalty kick goalkeeping in Association football. We give a brief introduction to the area of research before providing reviews of two recent studies. First, we focus on the applied implications of a study that examined the effect of deception and non-deception penalty kick strategies on goalkeeping performance. Second, we consider further limiting factors on the accuracy of goalkeeper visual anticipation through examination of the relationship between goalkeeper action capabilities and the timing and accuracy of goalkeeper responses. Finally, the implications of the results are considered with recommendations for coaching practices aimed at improving visual anticipation skills.