bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DR NICOLAES TULP OF AMSTERDAM, 1593–1674: ANATOMIST AND DOCTOR OF MEDICINE
Authors: Mellick Sam A.
Published: October 2007

The renowned Dr Nicolaes Tulp of seventeenth century was a practising surgeon and physician, a civic leader and an anatomist who was appointed Praelector in Anatomy to regularize public dissections, and he was also charged by the Surgeons’ Guild to apprentice surgeons. Rembrandt’s famous painting ‘The Anatomy of Dr Tulp’ brought growing recognition not only to the painter for his artistry, but also to the surgeon for it introduced a new dimension into anatomical paintings by displaying both anatomical detail and muscle function. Tulp’s interests included botany, drug therapy and the production of the official Dutch Pharmacopoea. In civic affairs too, he played an important role, becoming the Mayor of Amsterdam as well as a judge – he was indeed a most noteworthy citizen of his time.
PARÉ AND PROSTHETICS: THE EARLY HISTORY OF ARTIFICIAL LIMBS
Authors: Thurston Alan J.
Published: October 2007

There is evidence for the use of prostheses from the times of the ancient Egyptians. Prostheses were developed for function, cosmetic appearance and a psycho‐spiritual sense of wholeness. Amputation was often feared more than death in some cultures. It was believed that it not only affected the amputee on earth, but also in the afterlife. The ablated limbs were buried and then disinterred and reburied at the time of the amputee’s death so the amputee could be whole for eternal life. One of the earliest examples comes from the 18th dynasty of ancient Egypt in the reign of Amenhotep II in the fifteenth century bc. A mummy in the Cairo Museum has clearly had the great toe of the right foot amputated and replaced with a prosthesis manufactured from leather and wood. The first true rehabilitation aids that could be recognized as prostheses were made during the civilizations of Greece and Rome. During the Dark Ages prostheses for battle and hiding deformity were heavy, crude devices made of available materials ‐ wood, metal and leather. Such were the materials available to Ambroise Paré who invented both upper‐limb and lower‐limb prostheses. His ‘Le Petit Lorrain’, a mechanical hand operated by catches and springs, was worn by a French Army captain in battle. Subsequent refinements in medicine, surgery and prosthetic science greatly improved amputation surgery and the function of prostheses. What began as a modified crutch with a wooden or leather cup and progressed through many metamorphoses has now developed into a highly sophisticated prosthetic limb made of space‐age materials.
Retrograde axonal transport obstruction of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its TrkB receptor in the retina and optic nerve of American Cocker Spaniel dogs with spontaneous glaucoma
Authors: Iwabe Simone , Moreno‐Mendoza Norma A. , Trigo‐Tavera Francisco , Crowder Cheryl , García‐Sánchez Gustavo A.
Published: October 2007

Objective To determine the degree of retrograde optic nerve axonal transport obstruction at the scleral lamina cribosa level by examining levels of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its tyrosine kinase receptor type B (TrkB) in dogs presenting with high intraocular pressure.

Animals studied A total of 10 eyes, four normal and six glaucomatous eyes, from normal and affected American Cocker Spaniels with primary glaucoma were studied. All eyes were assessed by neuro‐ophthalmic examination, tonometry, gonioscopy, slit‐lamp biomicroscopy, and indirect ophthalmoscopy prior to enucleation.

Methods Immunocytochemistry analysis was performed to evaluate BDNF and TrkB receptor expression in retina and optic nerve in normal and glaucomatous dogs.

Results In all normal eyes BDNF immunostaining was detected in the cytoplasm of retinal ganglion cells (RGC), inner plexiform layer (IPL), inner nuclear layer (INL), nerve fiber layer (NFL), optic nerve head cells, and lamina cribosa cells. In all glaucomatous eyes BDNF was more evident in RGC, NFL and lamina cribosa cells. TrkB receptor was detected in the cytoplasm of RGC, NFL and ONH bundles in all normal eyes, and in a more intense pattern in all glaucomatous eyes.

Conclusions BDNF retrograde axonal transport is substantially inhibited by intraocular pressure elevation. TrkB accumulation at the ONH in glaucoma suggests a role for neurotrophin deprivation in the pathogenesis of RGC death in canine glaucoma, as well as a possible paracrine and/or autocrine signaling within the lamina cribosa. Neurotrophin signaling may regulate more than neuronal development, survival and differentiation. BDNF neurotrophin and its TrkB receptor expression by lamina cribosa cells and ONH astrocytes in glaucomatous eyes may help to determine the role of these cells as a paracrine source in terms of retinal ganglion cell survival, during episodes of elevated intraocular pressure.
Blood flow velocity response of the ophthalmic artery and anterior optic nerve head capillaries to carbogen gas in the rhesus monkey model of optic nerve head ischemia
Authors: Brooks Dennis E. , Komaromy Andras M. , Kallberg Maria E. , Miyabashi Taka , Ollivier Franck J. , Lambrou George N.
Published: October 2007

Purpose  To determine the effect on blood flow velocity of the ophthalmic artery and anterior superficial optic nerve head (ONH) capillaries by changing inhaled gas from 100% oxygen to carbogen (95% oxygen, 5% CO2) in rhesus monkeys receiving chronic unilateral orbital endothelin‐1 administration.

Methods  The right eye of six young male rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) received endothelin‐1 (ET‐1) by osmotic minipumps to the perineural optic nerve (0.3 µg/day) for 8 months. Three additional monkeys (control group) received the ET‐1 vehicle (Sham) solution to the right optic nerve for the same period of time. The left eye served as a nontreated control in both groups. The blood flow velocities of the anterior ONH capillaries and ophthalmic artery were assessed in both eyes using confocal laser scanning flowmetry (CSLF) and color Doppler imaging (CDI), respectively.

Results  A slight increase in the CDI blood flow velocities and a small decrease in the resistive index of the ophthalmic artery, and increased flow of the ONH capillaries in rhesus monkeys were detected when inhaled gas was changed from 100% oxygen to carbogen. The difference in CSLF blood flow in the nasal ONH between the endothelin‐1 (ET‐1) treated right eye and the normal left eye of the same individual monkeys was significantly greater than the difference in blood flow between the Sham‐treated right eye and the normal left eye in control animals under the conditions of carbogen and oxygen inhalation.

Conclusion  Carbogen inhalation slightly influences the microcirculation of the globe and ONH in rhesus monkeys. These data suggest that low dose ET‐1 administration has a subtle vasorelaxing effect in the ONH microcirculation in this animal model of ONH ischemia.
Immunolocalization of myocilin protein in the anterior eye of normal and primary open‐angle glaucomatous dogs
Authors: Hart H. , Samuelson D. A. , Tajwar H. , MacKay E. O. , Lewis P. A. , Kallberg M. , Gelatt K. N.
Published: October 2007

Objective  The presence of myocilin was investigated in a colony of Beagles, a canine model for inherited primary open‐angle glaucoma (POAG). The myocilin protein was localized in the normal and glaucomatous canine eyes by immunohistochemistry and immunocytochemistry.

Methods  Paraffin‐ and plastic‐embedded specimens from the anterior uveas of 10 Beagles with inherited glaucoma (3 months to 13 years old) and 6 age‐matched normal dogs were sectioned, and were then incubated with primary antibody, rabbit polyclonal antihuman MYOC IgG, overnight at 4 °C. Specimens were incubated with secondary antibody with one of the following: biotinylated link followed by peroxidase‐labeled streptavidin and then by substrate‐chromogen for light microscopy; fluorescent marker Texas red; or 18 nm colloidal gold‐labeled goat antirabbit IgG for transmission electron microscopy.

Results  With normal, pre‐ and early glaucomatous canine specimens, cell membranes of smooth muscle cells of the iris and ciliary body stained positively, as well as most resident stromal and vascular endothelial cells. The cytoplasm of cells within the nonpigmented ciliary epithelium of the ciliary body processes stained intensely, being weaker along the pars plana. Trabecular meshwork (TM) cells and surrounding extracellular matrix labeled, as well as the sclera adjacent to the angular aqueous plexus. In specimens with moderate and advanced glaucoma, greater intensity of staining was observed within TM cells and adjacent sclera, and portions of the nonpigmented epithelium of the ciliary processes. Fibrinous material labeled intensely within the posterior chamber.

Conclusions  Myocilin in the normal and glaucomatous canine eye was successfully immunolocalized. These findings with regard to the normal eye are nearly identical to those previously reported in humans, and support the original hypothesis that there is an increase in both accumulation and localization of myocilin in glaucomatous canine eyes. It also supports the possibility that changes in the activity of myocilin within the aqueous humor outflow pathway of individuals with spontaneous glaucoma are associated with the rise of intraocular pressure and subsequent development of this disease, but may not be the primary event in the initial raise in intraocular pressure in POAG in the Beagle.
Ocular melanosis in the Cairn Terrier: clinical description and investigation of mode of inheritance
Authors: Petersen‐Jones Simon M. , Forcier Janice , Mentzer A. Lexi
Published: October 2007

Objective  To describe the clinical features of ocular melanosis in Cairn Terriers.

Animal studied  One hundred and fourteen Cairn Terriers diagnosed with ocular melanosis.

Procedure(s)  A complete eye examination was performed on each dog. Four dogs (and two unaffected control dogs) underwent a high frequency ultrasound examination of the anterior segment. The pedigrees of affected dogs were analyzed.

Results  Forty‐four (38.6%) dogs were male and 67 (58.7%) female; the sex of three dogs (2.6%) was not provided. A four‐stage grading system of the ocular changes was developed. There was a variable age of onset, and the earliest change was a dark‐colored thickening of the iris root. This was followed by the development of episcleral/scleral pigment plaques, release of pigment into the aqueous and deposition in the drainage apparatus, particularly ventrally. Secondary glaucoma developed in the most severely affected dogs. A slow progression of pigmentation in the tapetal fundus was observed and in some dogs pigment on the surface of the optic nerve head was seen. Three dogs developed uveal melanocytic neoplasms. Pedigree analysis suggested a possible autosomal dominant mode of inheritance.

Conclusions  Ocular melanosis is an inherited, probably autosomal‐dominant condition with a variable age of onset and rate of progression. It results in a thickening and pigmentation of the iris, release of pigmented material into the aqueous, pigment deposition in the sclera/episclera, and to a lesser extent posterior segment pigment deposition. Following extensive pigment deposition in the aqueous drainage pathways it can result in secondary glaucoma.
Primary intraocular primitive neuroectodermal tumor (retinoblastoma) causing unilateral blindness in a gelding
Authors: Knottenbelt Derek C. , Hetzel Udo , Roberts Veronica
Published: October 2007

A 14‐year‐old gray gelding was presented for investigation of a visible, pale‐colored ocular mass in the right eye. An intraocular mass was identified clinically and ultrasonographically as originating from the superior nasal quadrant of the ciliary body and retina. The mass occupied the majority of the vitreous chamber and some of the superior anterior chamber of the eye. The affected eye was blind. Following exenteration, a primary intraocular primitive neuroectodermal tumor (i.e. a retinoblastoma/medulloepithelioma), a rarely described intraocular mass in adult horses, was identified by pathologic examination. The gelding returned to normal use following a short recovery period.
Wooden orbital foreign body in a Weimaraner
Authors: Hartley Claudia , McConnell J. Fraser , Doust Ross
Published: October 2007

A 2‐year‐old, male Weimaraner presented with acute‐onset nonaxial exophthalmos with dorsal deviation of the left globe. Periorbital swelling, pain and a profuse purulent ocular discharge were present on the left side. A draining sinus tract was present in the left ventral conjunctival fornix and another in the left pterygopalatine fossa. The right eye was normal on complete ophthalmic examination. Orbital ultrasonography revealed large, double, linear, parallel echogenic bands with shadowing present in the ventrolateral aspect of the left orbit suggestive of a foreign body. Deformation of the posterior segment was also present. Removal of the orbital foreign body was attempted under ultrasound guidance via the discharging sinuses in the ventral conjunctival fornix and the pterygopalatine fossa. Neither approach was successful; however, a small amount of organic material was retrieved confirming the diagnosis of orbital foreign body. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a linear foreign body of 8 × 1.5 × 0.8 cm extending from the orbit to the level of the oropharynx. A modified lateral orbitotomy with zygomatic arch resection on the left side allowed removal of the wooden foreign body.
Ophthalmic examination findings in a group of retired racing Greyhounds
Authors: Lynch Gwendolyn L.
Published: October 2007

Objective  To characterize the frequency and types of ophthalmic findings in a group of retired racing Greyhounds.

Materials and methods  Complete ophthalmic examinations of both eyes of 100 retired racing Greyhounds were performed. Anterior segment examinations were performed by slit‐lamp biomicroscopy. Tear production was measured by Schirmer tear test. Intraocular pressures were obtained by applanation tonometry. The posterior segments were examined by binocular indirect ophthalmoscopy following pharmacologic dilation. A photographic record of abnormalities was obtained whenever possible.

Results  Mean tear production by Schirmer tear test was 21 mm/min (range 11–30 mm/min). Mean intraocular pressure by applanation tonometry was 16 mmHg (range 9–28 mmHg). The most prevalent anterior segment findings were cataracts (17% dogs, 11% eyes), corneal degeneration/scarring (6% dogs, 4% eyes), and suspected typical and atypical ‘pannus’ (total 4% dogs, 4% eyes). The most prevalent posterior segment abnormalities were vitreal degeneration (31% dogs, 38% eyes) and chorioretinal degeneration/scarring (7% dogs, 4% eyes). Other findings included anterior chamber vitreal strands, stretched lens zonules, periocular alopecia, a case of mild unilateral chemosis, and a distichium.

Conclusions  Ophthalmic abnormalities are not uncommon in retired racing Greyhounds.
Retrobulbar dermoid cyst in a horse: a case report
Authors: Muñoz E. , Leiva M. , Naranjo C. , Peña T.
Published: October 2007

A 4‐year‐old Andalusian horse was presented for examination following a 3‐month history of exophthalmos of the right eye and a soft swelling of the right supraorbital fossa noted after blunt head trauma. Ultrasonographic examination of the swelling showed an anecogenic mass of 5 cm in diameter involving the retrobulbar space. Centesis of the mass through the supraorbital fossa was performed and yielded a serous fluid with 7.2 g/dL of total protein and density of 1040. No cells were seen in the sample. A tentative diagnosis of cyst was made. The cyst was surgically removed and the definitive histologic diagnosis was retrobulbar dermoid cyst. No recurrence has developed 18 months following the complete removal of the cyst capsule. To the authors’ knowledge, there are no previous reports of retrobulbar dermoid cysts in horses. Localization, causes and success of surgical treatment of dermoid cysts are discussed.
Retinal detachment in horses: 40 cases (1998–2005)
Authors: Strobel Brian W. , Wilkie David A. , Gilger Brian C.
Published: October 2007

Objective To determine clinical features, ophthalmic examination findings, etiology, treatment, and outcome of horses diagnosed with retinal detachment (RD).

Animals studied Forty horses, presented to the North Carolina State University and The Ohio State University Veterinary Teaching Hospitals from 1998 to 2005 that were diagnosed with RD.

Procedure(s) Horses with documented RD, confirmed either on ophthalmic examination or by ultrasonography, and with a complete medical record were included. Information retrieved from the medical records included signalment, presenting complaint, duration of clinical signs, ophthalmologic examination findings, diagnostics performed, identified cause of the retinal detachment, treatment given, and outcome.

Results Forty horses (46 eyes) were diagnosed with RD. Mean ± SD duration of clinical signs of ocular disease was 10.5 ± 14.7 months. Thirty‐four horses presented with unilateral involvement, 6 with bilateral, 14 with partial and 32 with complete RD. Ultrasonography was used to make the diagnosis in 26 eyes, while RD was diagnosed on routine ocular examination in 20 eyes. Bullous RD was the only type of RD observed, although small vitreal traction bands were considered secondary to the underlying inflammation or trauma. RD caused by equine recurrent uveitis (ERU) was diagnosed in 27 of 40 (67.5%) horses. Trauma‐induced RD involved 10 of the 40 horses (25%). Presenting problems included known ERU (n = 16), acute or progressive vision loss (n = 9), known ocular trauma (n = 6), cataract (n = 6), and a cloudy cornea (n = 3). No horses regained vision after RD despite therapy. Many eyes were enucleated or eviscerated, or the horses were euthanized. Seven eyes with complete RD were noted to be unchanged and comfortable with medical therapy.

Conclusions The visual prognosis of RD in horses is grave; however, horses with nontraumatic RD (most commonly ERU) may be able to maintain a comfortable but blind globe with anti‐inflammatory medical therapy.
Postenucleation orbital sialocele in a dog associated with prior parotid duct transposition
Authors: Guinan Justin , Willis A. Michelle , Cullen Cheryl L. , Walshaw Richard
Published: October 2007

An orbital sialocele developed in a dog following enucleation for protracted glaucoma. This eye had historically been treated for keratoconjunctivitis sicca by parotid duct transposition approximately 5 years previously, and the duct was ligated distally at the time of enucleation. One month following enucleation, the dog presented with a fluctuant conical‐shaped swelling ventrolateral to the orbital socket. Surgical exploration revealed a dilated, fibrotic distal portion of the previously transposed parotid duct, and saliva, within the enucleated orbit. The distal portion of the duct and saliva‐containing tissues from within the orbit were excised. The remaining proximal normal portion of the parotid duct was re‐routed into the oral cavity. Clinicopathologic and histologic examination of the excised orbital contents and dilated portion of duct revealed a sterile sample of saliva and moderate chronic periductal fibrosis. At a 6‐month re‐evaluation there was no evidence of recurrence of the sialocele, and the parotid duct was functional.
Effects of topical 2% dorzolamide hydrochloride alone and in combination with 0.5% timolol maleate on intraocular pressure in normal feline eyes
Authors: Dietrich Ursula M. , Chandler Matthew J. , Cooper Tanya , Vidyashankar Anand , Chen Guorong
Published: October 2007

Objective To evaluate the effect of topical 2% dorzolamide alone, and in combination with topical 0.5% timolol, on intraocular pressure (IOP) in normal cats.

Animals Twenty‐four healthy Domestic Short‐haired cats.

Procedure Baseline values of IOP were established at 7 am, 10 am, 1 pm, 5 pmand 9 pmduring pretreatment phase (days 1–2). During treatment phase (days 3–10) cats received 2% dorzolamide HCl q 12 h in group A (n = 6), q 8 h in group B (n = 6), and combined with 0.5% timolol maleate q 12 h in group C (n = 6). Cats in control group D (n = 6) received artificial tears q 8 h. During treatment phase IOP measurements were continued at the same time‐points as in the pretreatment phase.

Results Mean pretreatment IOP in all cats was 18.46 ± 2.99 mmHg. Mean IOP decreased significantly (P < 0.0086) in all treatment groups compared to pretreatment values (group A: 16.40 ± 0.49 mmHg, group B: 16.04 ± 0.49 mmHg, group C: 17.76 ± 0.49 mmHg). IOP did not decrease in control group D (18.55 ± 0.49 mmHg). The difference in IOP between treatment groups (A, B, C) was not statistically significant, but comparison of IOP between each treatment group and the control group was statistically significant (A–D;P = 0.0057; B–D,P = 0.0012; C–D,P = 0.0212).

Conclusion Topical 2% dorzolamide significantly lowers IOP in normal cats but the effect is mild. Concomitant application of 2% dorzolamide and 0.5% timolol does significantly decrease IOP, but the effect is not significantly greater than q 8 h administration of dorzolamide alone.
Recovery of canine retina and optic nerve function after acute elevation of intraocular pressure: implications for canine glaucoma treatment
Authors: Grozdanic Sinisa D. , Matic Milan , Betts Daniel M. , Sakaguchi Donald S. , Kardon Randy H.
Published: October 2007

Purpose To characterize the timing and extent of functional recovery in healthy canine eyes exposed to acute elevation of intraocular pressure (IOP).

Methods Acute elevation of IOP was induced in 14 healthy Beagles by elevating IOP above the levels of systolic blood pressure for 60 min (average elevation was between 100 and 160 mmHg). Menace, dazzle and pupillary light reflexes (PLR) were tested at 1, 7, 14 and 28 days post elevation. Optical coherence tomography was used to evaluate retinal thickness preoperatively and at 15 and 30 days post elevation.

Results One day post elevation all animals were blind in the operated eye (no positive menace), 5/14 had positive PLR and 10/14 had positive dazzle response. Seven days post elevation 4/14 animals had positive menace response and all animals (14/14) had positive dazzle and PLR responses. Fourteen and 28 days post elevation all animals had positive menace, PLR and dazzle responses. Optical coherence tomography analysis revealed significant thinning of the inferior retina (pre elevation: 156.3 ± 4.8 µm; 15 days post elevation:  125 ± 10.4 µm; 30 days post elevation 123 ± 11.9 µm;P < 0.01,anova). The superior retina, however, did not show any detectable decrease in thickness compared to control eyes (pre elevation: 193.8 ± 2.6 µm; 15 days post elevation: 176.9 ± 8.5 µm; 30 days post elevation 176.9 ± 7 µm;P = 0.057,anova).

Conclusions Detailed functional and morphologic analysis revealed precise information about retinal damage after acute elevation of IOP. Canine retina has the capacity to recover at least some visual function even at 14 days after acute elevation of the IOP. More aggressive medical and surgical treatment of canine glaucomatous patients may be indicated despite complete loss of visual function, PLR and dazzle responses in early days after development of an acute glaucomatous attack.
Identification of ocular matrix metalloproteinases present within the aqueous humor and iridocorneal drainage angle tissue of normal and glaucomatous canine eyes
Authors: Weinstein William L. , Dietrich Ursula M. , Sapienza John S. , Carmichael K. Paige , Moore Phillip A. , Krunkosky Thomas M.
Published: October 2007

Purpose  The purpose of this study was to identify the most active matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) within the aqueous humor and iridocorneal angle tissue involved in the normal canine eye, and to compare these results to the MMP activity in dogs with glaucoma.

Animal studied  Aqueous humor samples from 32 normal eyes and 26 glaucomatous eyes were obtained through aqueous centesis and analyzed for MMP activity. Iridocorneal angle tissue from 16 enucleated normal canine eyes and 5 enucleated glaucomatous eyes were dissected and homogenized into solution.

Procedure  Bradford total protein assays were determined for aqueous humor samples and iridocorneal angle tissue samples. Substrate gelatin zymography was performed using 0.2 µL volumes of an MMP‐2/MMP‐9 control, 2 µL volumes of aqueous humor samples, and 10 µg weights of total protein from iridocorneal angle tissue. The presence of MMP gel bands were identified visually and measured quantitatively by densitometry technique. A statistical analysis was performed on the data using Student's t‐test, multiple logistic Wald's chi‐squared regression, Pearson correlations, and repeated measures analysis.

Results  Within the aqueous humor of canine eyes, MMP‐2 latent form was found to be the most relevant MMP. The quantity of latent MMP‐2 within the aqueous humor of the glaucoma samples was significantly increased compared to the normal aqueous samples (P < 0.0001). Glaucoma occurrence was associated with elevated aqueous humor latent MMP‐2 (P = 0.0002). Within the canine iridocorneal angle tissue, MMP‐9 latent form and MMP‐2 active form were found to be the most relevant MMPs. MMP‐2 active form was found to be significantly increased in the glaucoma tissue samples when compared to the normal tissue samples (P = 0.0044). MMP‐9 latent form was also found to be significantly increased in glaucomatous tissue when compared to the normal eyes (P = 0.0002). Tissue MMP‐9 latent form was found to be associated with glaucoma status (P = 0.042).

Conclusion  Glaucoma aqueous humor samples expressed a statistically increased latent MMP‐2 when compared to normal eyes. Iridocorneal angle tissue from glaucomatous eyes expressed a statistically significant increase in active MMP‐2 and latent MMP‐9 when compared to normal eyes. These data demonstrate that there is an association between elevated levels of intraocular MMP‐2 and MMP‐9 and the presence of glaucoma.
Where is the Romance for Women Leaders? The Effects of Gender on Leadership Attributions and Performance‐Based Pay
Authors: Kulich Clara , Ryan Michelle K. , Haslam S. Alexander
Published: October 2007

This paper extends prior research on the romance of leadership by examining (a) whether the romance of leadership holds for women as well as for men, and (b) the impact of the romance of leadership on performance‐based pay. An experimental study (N= 210) suggests that the romance of leadership does exist for both men and women but that the process of pay allocation differs as a function of gender. For a female leader, the allocation of a performance‐related bonus is based on perceptions of her charisma and leadership ability rather than resulting directly from company performance. However, for a male leader bonus allocation reflects the romance of leadership such that improved company performance leads to increased perceived charisma, increased leadership ability, and a larger bonus. Practical implications for the gender pay gap are discussed.

Cet article élargit les recherches antérieures sur la romance du leadership en se demandant si celle‐ci vaut aussi pour bien les femmes que pour les hommes et en étudiant l’impact de la romance du leadership sur la rémunération liée à la performance. Une étude expérimentale (N = 210) laisse entendre que la romance du leadership concerne à la fois les hommes et les femmes, mais que la procédure d’attribution du salaire diffère en fonction du genre. Pour une femme leader, l’obtention d’une prime relative à la performance découle plus de la perception de son charisme et de son aptitude au leadership que d’un lien direct avec les résultats de l’entreprise. Alors que pour un leader masculin l’attribution d’une gratification renvoie à la romance du leadership en ce sens que les performances de l’entreprise accentuent le charisme perçu et l’aptitude au leadership, puis débouchent sur une gratification plus substantielle. On réfléchit aux conséquences pratiques en ce qui concerne les différences de salaire en fonction du genre.
Developing a strategy to reduce the high morbidity of patients with long‐term urinary catheters: the BioMed catheter research clinic
Authors: Khan Azhar A. , Mathur Sunil , Feneley Roger , Timoney Anthony G.
Published: October 2007

OBJECTIVE

To assess the idea of managing patients having problems with long‐term catheterization (LTC, normally used when all other methods of bladder management have failed or are unsuitable) in a dedicated clinic, to present a prospective analysis of consecutive new patients attending between February 2002 and October 2006, and to establish the incidence of bladder stones in patients who have recurrent catheter encrustation and blockage.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Patients treated with LTC are a large heterogeneous group, mainly consisting of elderly people who have chronic disabilities, and catheter‐associated complications occur in > 70% of them. In all, 260 consecutive new patients having problems with LTC were assessed; the evaluation consisted of basic demographics, a detailed history, clinical examination, urine analysis and flexible cystoscopy (FC) via the catheterization route. Patients with bladder stones were screened with FC for recurrence of stones at 3, 6 and 12 months after treatment.

RESULTS

In all, 117 men and 143 women (mean age 67.7 years, range 23–97) were assessed; 147 (55.5%) had catheter encrustation. FC showed that 66 of the 147 patients (45%) had bladder stones. Forty‐eight patients (73%) were successfully treated at the same clinic appointment and their stones were removed with the help of a tip‐less stone basket. Eighteen patients (27%) were referred for inpatient treatment of bladder stones under general anaesthesia. Twenty of 66 patients with bladder stones (30%) formed recurrent bladder stones at a mean (range) follow‐up of 8.1 (3–18 months). In addition, 36 patients had successful insertion of suprapubic catheter (SPC) under local anaesthetic in the clinic, and 11 were referred for SPC insertion under general anaesthesia. Two patients were diagnosed with bladder transitional cell carcinoma.

CONCLUSION

The introduction of a dedicated catheter clinic, equipped with facilities such as FC and a hoist, enables patients to be treated in an environment that meets their needs and potentially reduces the risk of more complex stone removal and catheter problems at a later date. It can also act as a potential source of data for use in research and development. A significant proportion (45%) of patients with catheter encrustation and blockage had formed bladder stones. Our study provides a rationale for FC of all such patients to detect and remove stones.
Major shifts in the treatment and prognosis of prostate cancer due to changes in pathological diagnosis and grading
Authors: Berney Daniel M. , Fisher Gabrielle , Kattan Michael W. , Oliver R. Timothy D. , Møller Henrik , Fearn Paul , Eastham James , Scardino Peter , Cuzick Jack , Reuter Victor E. , Foster Christopher S. ,   Trans‐Atlantic Prostate Group
Published: October 2007

OBJECTIVE

To examine data on the changes in the accuracy of the diagnosis of prostate cancer and of Gleason grading in the modern era.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

The study comprised a pathological review within a multicentre study of patients with clinically localized prostate cancer diagnosed in the UK from 1991 to 1996 (inclusive) and treated by watchful‐waiting or hormonal therapy alone. The clinical follow‐up was available, histopathological appearances were reviewed and the Gleason score at diagnosis was compared with the Gleason score as analysed by a panel of genitourinary pathologists using internationally agreed criteria. In all, 1789 patients diagnosed with prostate cancer between 1991 and 1996 were reviewed, with disease‐specific survival as the main outcome measure.

RESULTS

In all, 133 patients (7%) were reassigned a nonmalignant diagnosis. There was a significant reassignment in the Gleason score for those with cancer, with increases of Gleason score across a wide spectrum. In multivariate analysis the revised Gleason score was a more accurate predictor of prognosis than the original score.

CONCLUSION

Misdiagnosis and reassignment of Gleason score at diagnosis would have guided clinicians into large‐scale changes in the management of patients. Current rates of misdiagnosis are unknown. If applicable nationally, these changes would have profound effects on the workload of prostate cancer management in the UK.
Oncological efficacy and safety of nephron‐sparing surgery for selected patients with locally advanced renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Margulis Vitaly , Tamboli Pheroze , Jacobsohn Kenneth M. , Swanson David A. , Wood Christopher G.
Published: October 2007

Authors from the USA evaluated complication and survival rates in a large group of patients who had nephron‐sparing surgery or radical nephrectomy for locally advanced RCC. They found that in a highly selected group of patients with locally advanced disease, nephron‐sparing surgery is safe and has equivalent outcomes to radical nephrectomy.

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate perioperative complication rates, recurrence‐free and cancer‐specific survival (CSS) in a large group of matched patients who had nephron‐sparing surgery (NSS) or radical nephrectomy (RN) for pT2‐T3bN0M0 renal cell carcinoma (RCC).

PATIENTS AND METHODS

With approval from the institutional review board, the institutional nephrectomy database of 3470 patients treated at the authors’ institution from 1990 to 2006 was searched for patients who had NSS or RN for unilateral, sporadic, pathological T2‐T3bN0M0 RCC. Patients with non‐metastatic, node‐negative RCC and a follow‐up of ≥6 months were included in the analysis.

RESULTS

In all, 601 patients treated with RN (567) or NSS (34) for pT2‐T3bN0M0 RCC and a mean (median, range) follow‐up of 43.4 (31.8, 6.1–172.6) and 62.1 (37.5, 7.0–192.0) months, respectively, met the study inclusion criteria. Disease recurred in four of 34 (12%) patients treated with NSS and in 164/567 (28.9%) managed with RN at a median of 24.2 and 13.2 months, respectively. There were no local recurrences among patients treated with NSS. On multivariate Cox proportional‐hazards regression analysis, when adjusted for the effects of stage, grade, size and tumour histology, procedure type (NSS vs RN) was not an independent predictor of disease recurrence or RCC‐specific death. Patients treated with NSS had a higher procedure‐related complication rate, but similar estimated intraoperative blood loss, transfusion rate, equal duration of surgical procedure and hospital stay compared with patients managed with RN.

CONCLUSION

In highly selected patients with locally advanced RCC, NSS is safe and provides oncological outcomes equivalent to patients managed with RN.
Developing theories of change in clinical psychology training
Authors: Atkin Tim
Published: October 2007

Family therapists and clinical psychologists alike have struggled for many years with the task of integrating therapeutic ideas and practices in a coherent, useful way. Rather than tread the modernist path of searching for the universally correct integrated model, this paper sets out a framework to support trainee clinical psychologists in addressing this task by reflexively developing their own theories of change to fit with their own experiences, learning, clients and contexts. Methods of guiding this process without being prescriptive are described, along with feedback from both trainee and qualified clinical psychologists who have used this approach.
Family therapy training on a clinical psychology programme
Authors: Carr Alan
Published: October 2007

The report describes the intake interviewing exercise in a family therapy training unit developed for postgraduates in clinical psychology. The teaching method includes pre‐class reading, video modelling, and simulated practice with live feedback. The academic material and other similar practice exercises are contained in the core textbook for this unit.
‘Polyphonic dialogue’ as a means for teaching systemic and social‐constructionist ideas
Authors: Tseliou Eleftheria
Published: October 2007

The paper presents the idea of using ‘polyphonic dialogue’, namely Jaakko Seikkula's development of the reflecting team approach, as a way to introduce systemic–social constructionist ideas in the context of academic teaching to ‘audiences’ with little or no familiarity with such ideas.
Meditative dialogue: A tool for engaging students in collaborative learning processes
Authors: Lord Susan A.
Published: October 2007

This paper describes a teaching tool that uses meditation practices and postmodern practices to promote a sense of collaboration and mutual responsibility for learning in a final Master's in Social Work class at the University of New Hampshire. It outlines a process through which students and instructor aim to become equal partners in developing collective knowledges, and participate in the collaborative practices they are learning as they move from positions of inexpert learners to expert colleagues. It includes a discussion of students' evaluation of the meditative dialogue process and its impact on their professional development.
Therapeutic Groundhog Day – exploring the impact of the theory/approach on the self of the therapist
Authors: Boston Paula
Published: October 2007

The ‘use of self’ of the therapist is a concept that can be considered from numerous directions. An underrepresented aspect of ‘the self of the therapist’ is the influence of the theoretical orientation and associated skills. As part of a recursive process, the theory and techniques shape the therapist's emergent self in the therapeutic relationship. This teaching event was designed to provide an opportunity for trainee therapists to experience contrasting ‘selves’. This is developed through role play where ‘family’ and ‘therapists’ attempt to reproduce the same episode but each is responded to with a different model and skill.
Dialogical construction of the selves of trainees as competent researchers
Authors: Stratton Peter
Published: October 2007

There is a widespread perception among family therapy trainees and practitioners of research as an alien activity. This perception is both damaging and unnecessary. Exercises to enhance the relationship of trainees to research were conducted in stages. Concepts of dialogically constructed selves were introduced, and exercises explored the trainees' construction of ‘self as a systemic therapist’. The idea of an extensive repertoire of selves was proposed. During subsequent research training the fact that all trainees had successfully completed a collaborative research project was exploited. Pairs successfully conducted a dialogue in which they actively and imaginatively constructed their selves as researchers.
Bringing the self into family therapy training: personal and professional consultations with trainee families
Authors: Woodcock Jeremy , Rivett Mark
Published: October 2007

The qualifying level of training in family therapy at Bristol University requires trainees to attend three ‘therapeutic consultations’ with their families with a recognized systemic practitioner, to consider issues pertinent to their development as therapists. This innovation is synchronic with the course philosophy which foregrounds the training in the development of ‘self’. Survey results on the consultations suggest that trainees report significant ‘news of difference’ and all recommend it as a mechanism for other trainees. The consultants also affirmed the value of the sessions they have facilitated. The paper describes the practicalities of how the consultations are organized.
Application of family therapy theory to complex social issues: using the WebQuest in family therapy training
Authors: Lim Soh‐Leong , Hernández Pilar
Published: October 2007

This paper describes how the WebQuest is used to foster critical thinking and application of theory to complex social problems in a Master's level class on contemporary family therapy theories. The issue of child trafficking and prostitution is explored through the web‐based inquiry learning where scaffold learning is provided. Scaffolding includes resource links and guidance on cognitive and social skills, which are provided to facilitate the learner's development. The WebQuest design includes the task, the process and the evaluation rubrics. Student feedback on the WebQuest was positive and included increased motivation in learning, critical thinking and global awareness.
White is a colour too: engaging actively with the risks, challenges and rewards of cross‐cultural family therapy training and practice
Authors: Nolte Lizette
Published: October 2007

Due to increased global mobility and displacement there is a growing cultural diversity within therapeutic encounters between therapists and clients. Literature on cross‐cultural therapy traditionally focuses on the culture of clients. However, due to recent theoretical shifts in the family therapy field, the importance of including the culture of therapists in the discourse about cross‐cultural therapy has been highlighted. Drawing on the experience of the author, as therapist, trainee and trainer, as well as recent developments in the literature, this paper reflects on cross‐cultural training and practice within family therapy in Britain. The author argues that white is a colour too, thus challenging ‘white’ therapists not to leave thinking about and addressing cross‐cultural issues in family therapy to their colleagues ‘of colour’, but to actively engage with the risks and uncertainties of cross‐cultural learning and practice. Ways to facilitate this process are suggested. In particular a multi‐dimensional approach that allows for complexity and contradiction is promoted and the potential of using the personal life experiences of therapists as a safe, non‐pathologizing training tool is discussed.
Dilemmas in kinship care: negotiating entitlements in therapy
Authors: Ziminski Jeanne
Published: October 2007

This paper considers how ideological dilemmas that arise in therapy can be analysed usefully for therapeutic practice. The focus is on the particular situation of kinship care families where family or friends are caring for children without birth parents being present. In the process of family members negotiating the entitlement to care and to be cared for, multiple possibilities about family constructions and authorities throw up many dilemmas for therapists and families. Based on the author's research study with kinship care families, a method for linking discourse theory and therapeutic practice through the use of discourse analysis and positioning theory is explored, with reference to the hierarchical method of the Co‐ordinated Management of Meaning model. The paper contends that a consideration of ideological dilemmas in conversation is a core part of any therapeutic encounter, which needs to be recognized and considered in order that those involved in therapy may reflect on several possible futures and so open up the space for future decision‐making.
Behavioral Economics and Perverse Effects of the Welfare State
Authors: Beaulier Scott , Caplan Bryan
Published: October 2007

Critics often argue that government poverty programs perversely make the poor worse off by encouraging unemployment, out‐of‐wedlock births, and other ‘social pathologies.’ However, basic microeconomic theory tells us that you cannot make an agent worse off by expanding his choice set. The current paper argues that familiar findings in behavioral economics can be used to resolve this paradox. Insofar as the standard rational actor model is wrong, additional choices can make agents worse off. More importantly, existing empirical evidence suggests that the poor deviate from the rational actor model to an unusually large degree. The paper then considers the policy implications of our alternative perspective.
The Economic Effects of Human Rights
Authors: Blume Lorenz , Voigt Stefan
Published: October 2007

There are three positions concerning the economic effects of human rights discussed among economists. Some economists argue that only property rights matter for economic growth and basic human rights can even make the legal system less efficient. Others argue that negative rights are generally welfare increasing while positive rights tend to reduce income and growth over time. Yet a third group of economists argues that elements of all groups of human rights are a precondition for making productive use of one's resources and are thus efficiency‐enhancing. Based on a cross‐country analysis, the effects of different groups of human rights on economic growth are estimated in this paper. The transmission channels through which the different rights affect growth are identified by estimating their effects on investment and overall productivity. Basic human rights have indeed a positive effect on investment, but do not seem to contribute to productivity. Social rights, in turn, are not conducive to investment in physical capital but do contribute to productivity improvements. None of the four groups of rights covered in this analysis ever has a significant negative effect on any of the economic variables included.
The Great Divide Revisited: Ottoman and Habsburg Legacies on Transition
Authors: Dimitrova‐Grajzl Valentina
Published: October 2007

The former socialist countries of South East and Central Europe exhibit great variation in institutional quality. Unlike the sparse existing literature, I claim that the variation can be explained by the legacies of the Ottoman and Habsburg Empires. I identify historical legacies of the Empires, which have affected the current institutional quality of the successor states. I show empirically that the Empires' legacies are key determinants of institutional quality, and that the Habsburg successors have institutions that are more efficient in a market economy than the Ottoman successors. In contrast, I find an insignificant effect of socialism on institutional quality.
Legal Restrictions and Investment Growth
Authors: Lensink Robert , Scholtens Bert
Published: October 2007

We analyze the impact of legal restrictions on investment growth at the firm level. With the help of a unique firm‐level survey database, we analyze whether firm investments are related to the efficiency and quality of the judiciary. Furthermore, we analyze whether the investment behavior of large and small firms is influenced in the same manner and degree. Our results provide strong support for the hypothesis that investment growth may be hampered by laws that are experienced as negative by firms. We find that it especially is the smaller firms which are restricted by laws in their investment behavior. Larger (international) firms are better able to cope with the rules. These results are robust to different estimators.
Temporal discrimination increases in precision over development and parallels the development of numerosity discrimination
Authors: Brannon Elizabeth M. , Suanda Sumarga , Libertus Klaus
Published: October 2007

Time perception is important for many aspects of human behavior, and a large literature documents that adults represent intervals and that their ability to discriminate temporal intervals is ratio dependent. Here we replicate a recent study by

vanMarle and Wynn (2006

) that used the visual habituation paradigm and demonstrated that temporal discrimination in 6‐month‐old infants is also ratio dependent. We further demonstrate that between 6 and 10 months of age temporal discrimination increases in precision such that by 10 months of age infants succeed at discriminating a 2:3 ratio, a ratio that 6‐month‐old infants were unable to discriminate. We discuss the potential implications of the fact that temporal discrimination follows the same developmental progression that has been previously observed for number discrimination in infancy (

Lipton & Spelke, 2003

).