bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
FEATURES OF TECHNOLOGIES TACTICAL TRAINING IN MODERN MARTIAL SPORTS
Authors:   Lviv State University of Physical Culture named after Ivan Bobersky, Lviv, Ukraine, Zadorozhna Olga , Pityn Marʺyan ,   Lviv State University of Physical Culture named after Ivan Bobersky, Lviv, Ukraine, Kukurudzyak Igor ,   Lviv State University of Physical Culture named after Ivan Bobersky, Lviv, Ukraine, Tkach Yuliya ,   Lviv State University of Physical Culture named after Ivan Bobersky, Lviv, Ukraine, Kharchenko-Baranetsʹka Lyudmyla ,   Kherson State University, Kherson, Ukraine
Published: November 2020

The relevance of the research is that current trends in the development of Olympic combat sports require a constant search for ways to improve the tactical skills of athletes of different ages and qualifications. The purpose of the study is to identify and characterize the technologies of tactical training in modern combat sports. Research methods and material. Theoretical analysis, documentary method, generalization of literature data and the Internet allowed us to identify the problematic field of tactical training in martial arts and formulate a research hypothesis. Later, an expert assessment was conducted with the involvement of forty experts in modern Olympic combat sports to determine their attitude to the implementation of tactical training of athletes at various stages of long-term improvement. The generalization of the experts' answers allowed us to determine the tactical training technologies used in the training process of athletes of different experience. Research results. Technologies of tactical training of athletes that can be applied at different levels (general pedagogical, stage and local) have been identified. The most sought after in modern Olympic martial arts is pattern technology with elements of modification using a variety of tools – 55.00% of experts (n=40) supported its use. Other technologies are applied by a narrower circle of specialists: variant, with various tools – 30.00% of specialists; template with modification elements with limited range of tools – 7.50%; template, without modification, with limited range of tools – 2.50%; template-variant, with various tools – 5.00%. Conclusions. The universal technology of athletes’ tactical training, relevant for modern martial arts, is a template with modifying elements, which provides the use of various tools. Other technologies (variable, template without modification, template and variable) are in demand for a narrow circle of specialists. Keywords: combat sports, tactics, skills, stages, methods.
THE DISTRIBUTION, QUANTITY AND INFLUENCE ANALYSIS OF NATURAL EMERGENCIES BY REGION
Authors:   Lviv Polytechnic National University, Vytrykush Natalia , Paranyak Nadiia ,   Lviv Polytechnic National University, Datsko Oleksandra ,   Lviv Polytechnic National University, Romaniv Anna ,   Lviv Polytechnic National University, Chayka Оksana ,   Lviv Polytechnic National University
Published: November 2020

The paper examines the dynamics of natural emergencies in Ukraine and the vulnerability of the population and territories to them over the past 20 years. The analysis of the number and distribution of natural emergencies, depending on the region of Ukraine. Indicated on certain patterns of their number and type, depending on the area. The methods of the analysis for the prediction of natural disasters origin and manifestation and risk assessment methodologies that are actively used in the world and Ukraine, is carried out. The risk index of the natural disasters on the territory of Ukraine, according to the scale of the World Risk Index, is considered. The present situation in the country with man-made and natural safety is analyzed. The trend to a temperature average increases and rainfalls decreases throughout the country is noted. There was made a comparison of the last two decades in terms of changes in the average values of the number of meteorological emergencies and fires in natural ecosystems. As a result, it can be noted that in most cases, the resources spent on the disaster relief usually exceed the expenditures allocated for safety. A map with the reflected main types of the natural hazards is proposed, which makes it possible to identify trends that form the greatest threats in a particular territory and to improve the preventing system for the occurrence and elimination of the natural hazards consequences, determining the directions for the risk management mechanism improving at the national and regional levels, forming new management approaches and specific means of their implementation. There are summarized the results of state and regional management and the need to take measures for threats prevention, as well as the need for constant monitoring of all risks and processes occurring in the regions. Which in turn will increase the efficiency of management at the regional level, as well as reduce risks and minimize losses from overcoming the consequences of emergencies for public administration and local government. Accordingly, it will contribute to the development of the risk management system in Ukraine and bring it closer to international standards.
DESIGN OF ADVERTISING OF WALL-CEILING LAMPS: TRADITIONS AND INNOVATIONS
Authors:   National Academy of Culture and Arts Managment, Slivinska Alina , Borovyk Anastasiia ,   National Academy of Culture and Arts Managment
Published: November 2020

A theoretical study of the design of advertising materials for industrial products and goods, namely lighting fixtures, on the example of creative advertising of foreign-made wall-ceiling lamps were conducted during the investigation. The development and formation of advertising from its early inception to the present stage, main points of its development and growth, conventional traditional approaches to creating fully complicated and sophisticated compounds of advertising materials which create the single composition, the main trends in advertising, and aspects of the application of the creative component of advertising in the design of advertising materials for the Ukrainian market of lighting devices are analyzed. The state of the modern Ukrainian market of the specified branch is observed. Also different real and practical examples of outstanding advertising for product of technology-market leaders and very influential major market players, that set trends, such as Ikea and Apple, and their highly effective interaction and combination of brand influence in creating design materials for an advertising campaign were analyzed. Hypotheses concerning the graphic decision of the new concept of advertising design are created in order to provide suitable and reasonable recommendations for this branch of employment the design. Therefore the research and study of the needs of the Ukrainian consumer of lighting products was conducted, as well as the investigation of their tastes and priorities of choice. The also was an analysis of the influence of current trends in global and Ukrainian advertising on the creative design of advertising materials, and the implementation of research results in new design project for advertising wall-ceiling lamps. Suggestions have been created for a gradual change in the approach to the development of advertising materials, in order to increase its effectiveness, as well as the aim to create an advertising design for the new line of wall-ceiling lamps, that would fully meet modern principles and market conditions as well as widespread-known consumer needs.
ORGANIZATION OF LESSONS IN PRIMARY SCHOOL USING THE METHOD OF CASE STUDY
Authors:   Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, Vozniak Larysa
Published: November 2020

Case study is one of the active approaches to learning, which is considered a more effective way to develop professional skills and achieve learning outcomes than traditional teaching methods. However interactive teaching methods require more responsibility, innovation of the primary school teacher and involvement of students in the educational process. The article examines the problem of introducing into the practice of primary school teachers the method of studying situations (case study) as a promising method of forming an educated, creative personality. The expediency of using case-based technologies for the formation of vital competence junior student, improving the quality of education in primary schools. Case study is considered by specialists as a method of interactive learning that provides a combination of theory with practice and knowledge with competencies. This method allows to implement the learning process in primary school on fundamentally different methodological approaches. Features, types, forms and other methodical characteristics of cases are considered, the structure of lessons in elementary school with use of a case method is described. The problems of introduction of the method in the educational process of primary school are also described. It is characterized by the means of the teacher's work in the context of the use of case-methods in more educated students. It was found solutions such research tasks as – understanding of the case as a multi-functional technologies; – characterization of educational opportunities Case technology; Studying of its content, the main types of structure in terms of achieving the objectives of formation of vital competence of the younger schoolboy. Тhe basic components of this technology are analyzed. It is noted that the work with cases in the classroom allows applying the theoretical knowledge to solve practical problems, helps to develop students' independent thinking, linking theory with practice. The work with cases is creative and is a determiner of the high level of teaching.
PHRASEOLOGIES OF THE GERMAN YOUTH SLANG: THEIR MORPHOLOGICALLY STRUCTURAL AND THEMATIC CHARACTERISTICS
Authors:   National Technical University of Ukraine “Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute”, Oliijnyk Lidiia
Published: November 2020

The study is devoted to a topical issue - the study of morphological and structural specifics of the functioning of phraseological units of German-language youth slang. The relevance of the research topic is due to the increased interest of the Ukrainian community in socially determined types of speech, ways and means of enriching their lexical composition. The study consisted of a continuous sample of five dictionaries of the youth language of Germany, Austria and Switzerland. The task of this investigation is to study the morphological and structural characteristics of phraseological units of German-language youth slang, their thematic orientation. Young people use phraseology to attract attention, be witty, give imagery to the image, expressiveness of language, express emotions, etc. It is known that according to the degree of idiomaticity in German linguistics there are idiomatic (idioms), partially idiomatic and non-idiomatic phraseology. However, there is no single, comprehensive classification of phraseology, and the problem of classification of phraseological units has always been and is in the center of attention of phraseologists. Linguistics uses various schemes of division of phraseological units, depending on which classification criteria underlie their classification: semantic, syntactic or pragmatic. The study found that the most common group of phraseology by morphological and syntactic classification are verb phraseology. Analysis of the factual material shows that the most numerous class of phraseological units were models with the structure of the phrase "noun + verb", as well as substantive phraseological units. Almost all the phraseological units that have been the subject of our scientific research consisted of only two components, which speaks of the language economy of young people. Thematically, the phraseological units used by young people are aimed mainly at the negative characteristics of members of the youth community and their actions, but among the phraseological units can be identified and those that do not contain a negative assessment in their semantics.
PEMILIHAN SUPPLIER OBAT MENGGUNAKAN METODE SIMPLE ADDITIVE WEIGHTING (SAW) DI BPM X
Authors: Yusuf Muhammad Hafidz , Muzakki Muhammad Ajir , Narto Narto
Published: November 2020

BPM X is Bidan Praktek Mandiri or Independent Practice Midwife that focuses on the maternal health services, female reproduction services, child health services, and family planning services. BPM X (Independence Practice Midwife) gets medicines from several suppliers. By the presence of several suppliers, BPM X gets the problematic case  in determining the right supplier. To choose the right supplier, we need the right method for making the right decisions. The appropriate  method to determine the right supplier uses Simple Additive Weighting (SAW). The data which is processed in the form of quality data, price data, service data, warranty. Assessment can be obtained by criteria wich will be used as a basis for rank existing suppliers. Assessment with each criterion is obtained from direct assessment by the owner of BPM X. By the selection of suppliers is expected to make the easier way for BPM X to compare the performance of suppliers. The results of this study uses the SAW method wich are able to get the right supplier. In the case to make decision in determining suppliers can help BPM X for evaluating suppliers.
The meaning of antipassive: Evidence from Australian languages
Authors: Denniss Jessica
Published: November 2020

Existing semantic analyses of the antipassive morpheme capture scope facts but are unable to handle the non-culminating event reading which is found in Australian languages (among others). I develop a meaning for the antipassive that is able to capture this reading, and also account for the unexpected high-volitionality reading also found in some Australian languages. Finally, I turn to a typologically rare situation in two languages in which the antipassive construction is interpreted as denoting a culminated event with a fully affected object. I provide an account for this and show that there are formal similarities between the two kinds of antipassive, which may explain why the antipassive operator is used in the latter case even though it produces an interpretation of events which is apparently opposite to the more common non-culminating reading.
The Influence of Machinery and Equipment Degradation on Their Depreciation
Authors: Smolyak Sergey A.
Published: November 2020

The preparation of financial statements in accordance with IFRS involves the choice of such methods of depreciation for assets that are supposed to reflect most accurately the expected pattern of consumption of future economic benefits from the use of assets. However, in relation to machinery and equipment items this requirement is difficult to implement, since it is not clear how to understand and measure the economic benefits associated with such assets and the pattern of their consumption. In our opinion, the consumption of future economic benefits from the use of an asset is reflected in its fair value, and the depreciation of an asset over a period of time expresses a decrease in the fair value of the asset in that period. Having regard to this position, it is necessary to be be choosing such a depreciation method which affords the best correspondence between the carrying amount of assets and their fair values. We show that the often used linear depreciation method does not satisfy this requirement even for an asset that generates equal annual benefits from year to year. The article is devoted to the selection of the most suitable method of depreciation for machinery and equipment items. In our opinion, it is necessary to take into account the dynamics of their degradation processes (deterioration of operational characteristics). In this regard, we provide numerous data on a decrease in productivity and an increase in operating costs with age for various machinery and equipment categories. The analysis of such data allows us to offer a simple linear model of machine impair­ment/de­gradation, as well as a depreciation method based on it. This method turns out to resemble the sum of the years’ digits method and can be considered as a generalization of such a method. Its applicability to measuring the depreciation of real machinery and equipment items is confirmed by the results of economic and mathematical modeling and experimental estimates.
Methodology for the Integral Evaluation of the Financial Stability of the Regional Economy on the Example of Altai Region
Authors: Ibragimov Rashad N.
Published: November 2020

The article defines the need to assess the financial stability of the regional economy using the example of the Altai region. The study is based on the development of assessment methods and criteria to determine the level of financial stability of the regional economy. The methodology of integrated assessment was selected as an effective tool for conducting the assessment, which allowed the most reliable assessment of the financial stability of the region based on statistical data borrowed from official sources of federal state statistics. Based on the presented data, the author investigated gross regional product per capita, indicators of the financial and economic development of the region, production growth rates, structure of budget revenues and expenses. The characteristic of the region made it possible to analyze the processes taking place in the economy of the region. The assessment methodology presented by the author on the basis of financial and economic indicators made it possible to identify the state of the financial system of the regional economy. The application of the integrated assessment methodology made it possible to determine the value of the integral indicator and classify the level of the financial condition of the economy of the Altai region as a crisis. According to the results of an integrated assessment of the financial stability of the economy using the example of the Altai region, a number of problems have been identified that affect the stability of the financial system. As a solution, the author offers a set of necessary measures to ensure the sustainable development of the financial system in the region’s economy. The practical significance of the study lies in the possibility of applying state and regional authority’s assessment methods and research results for further monitoring and adjusting regional policies, which will prevent crisis situations and improve the financial situation of the regional economy of the Russian Federation.
Immediate Direct Peripheral Vasoconstriction in Response to Hyperinsulinemia and Metformin in the Anesthetized Pig
Authors: MARKOS F. , SHORTT C. M. , EDGE D. , RUANE-O’HORA T. , NOBLE M. I. M.
Published: November 2020

Elevated levels of insulin have been reported to induce both an arterial vasodilation mediated by nitric oxide (NO), and vasoconstriction mediated by endothelin and reactive oxygen radicals. Metformin, used to control blood glucose levels in type 2 diabetes, has also been shown to cause NO-mediated dilation of conduit arteries. It is possible that these contradictory vascular effects are due to a non-direct action on arteries. Therefore, the direct effect of high levels of insulin and metformin infusion on resistance artery diameter was evaluated. Experiments were carried out on the anesthetized pig; blood flow and pressure were measured in the iliac artery. An adjustable snare was applied to the iliac above the pressure and flow measurement site to induce step decreases (3-4 occlusions at 5 min intervals were performed for each infusion) in blood flow, and hence iliac pressure, and the conductance (∆flow / ∆pressure) calculated. Saline, insulin (20 and 40 mUSP/l/min), and metformin (1 µg/ml/min) were infused separately downstream of the adjustable snare and their effect on arterial conductance assessed. Insulin at both infusion rates and metformin caused a significant reduction in peripheral vascular conductance. In conclusion, hyperinsulinemia and metformin infusion constrict resistance arterial vessels in vivo.
EFEKTIVITAS PENGGUNAAN MEDIA PEMBELAJARAN JARAK JAUH ( PJJ) DI TENGAH PANDEMI COVID-19 DI SDN 50 MANDAU
Authors: Atina Atina
Published: November 2020

The purpose of this article is to see the effectiveness of long distance learning (PJJ) systems in the midst of the Covid-19 pandemic. The Covid-19 pandemic makes learning carried out using a distance method by utilizing various online learning platforms such as google classrooms, zoom cloud meetings, quisziiz, whatsAap grub and other online learning tools that have their respective functions in supporting the implementation of network learning. The conclusion of this article is that the implementation of online learning activities has been maximal and effective. Online learning runs smoothly, when it feels less than ideal. Obstacles that satisfy students and teachers in bold learning include: internet quota data, unstable networks, and supporting devices such as cellphones and laptops. Limiting learning is effective if applied during the Covid-19 pandemic, but a more varied model is needed to keep it interesting if used in the long term
Estimation the Entropies Parameters of Electroencephalogram Operator Influenced by Noise Electromagnetic Radiation
Authors: Sidorenko A. V. , Saladukha M. A.
Published: November 2020

Parameters of the electroencephalogram (EEG) operator under the influence of noise electromagnetic radiation have been analyzed. The electroencephalogram was analyzed in the following EEG leads: Fp1-A1, Fp2-A2, F3-A1, F4-A2, C3-A1, C4-A2, P3-A1, P4-A2, O1- A1, O2-A2, F7- A1, F8-A2, T3-A1, T4-A2, T5-A1, T6-A2. The background state (healthy person) and the state in the presence of noise electromagnetic radiation were analyzed. Quantitative parameters of influence were the Kolmogorov entropy, approximate entropy and sample entropy; spectral power density of theta-rhythms. The results indicate a possible negative effect of noise electromagnetic radiation on the central nervous system.
African Leadership in Children's Literature: Illustrations from the Shona Ngano (Folktale) Genre
Authors: Makaudze Godwin
Published: November 2020

Feminist scholarship sees African society as traditionally patriarchal, while the colonists saw traditional African leadership as lacking in values such as democracy, tolerance, and accountability, until these were imposed by Europeans. Using Afrocentricity as a theoretical basis, this article examines African leadership as portrayed in the Shona ngano [folktale] genre and concludes that, in fact, leadership was neither age- nor gender-specific and was democratic, tolerant, and accountable. It recommends further research into African oral traditions as a way of arriving at more positive images of traditional Africa and her diverse heritage.
A Detailed View of KIR Haplotype Structures and Gene Families as Provided by a New Motif-Based Multiple Sequence Alignment
Authors: Roe David , Vierra-Green Cynthia , Pyo Chul-Woo , Geraghty Daniel E. , Spellman Stephen R. , Maiers Martin , Kuang Rui
Published: November 2020

Human chromosome 19q13.4 contains genes encoding killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR). Reported haplotype lengths range from 67 to 269 kb and contain 4 to 18 genes. The region has certain properties such as single nucleotide variation, structural variation, homology, and repetitive elements that make it hard to align accurately beyond single gene alleles. To the best of our knowledge, a multiple sequence alignment of KIR haplotypes has never been published or presented. Such an alignment would be useful to precisely define KIR haplotypes and loci, provide context for assigning alleles (especially fusion alleles) to genes, infer evolutionary history, impute alleles, interpret and predict co-expression, and generate markers. In order to extend the framework of KIR haplotype sequences in the human genome reference, 27 new sequences were generated including 24 haplotypes from 12 individuals of African American ancestry that were selected for genotypic diversity and novelty to the reference, to bring the total to 68 full length genomic KIR haplotype sequences. We leveraged these data and tools from our long-read KIR haplotype assembly algorithm to define and align KIR haplotypes at <5 kb resolution on average. We then used a standard alignment algorithm to refine that alignment down to single base resolution. This processing demonstrated that the high-level alignment recapitulates human-curated annotation of the human haplotypes as well as a chimpanzee haplotype. Further, assignments and alignments of gene alleles were consistent with their human curation in haplotype and allele databases. These results define KIR haplotypes as 14 loci containing 9 genes. The multiple sequence alignments have been applied in two software packages as probes to capture and annotate KIR haplotypes and as markers to genotype KIR from WGS.
Celastrol: A Review of Useful Strategies Overcoming its Limitation in Anticancer Application
Authors: Shi Jinfeng , Li Jiaxin , Xu Ziyi , Chen Liang , Luo Ruifeng , Zhang Chen , Gao Fei , Zhang Jinming , Fu Chaomei
Published: November 2020

Celastrol, a natural bioactive ingredient derived from Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F, exhibits significant broad-spectrum anticancer activities for the treatment of a variety of cancers including liver cancer, breast cancer, prostate tumor, multiple myeloma, glioma, etc. However, the poor water stability, low bioavailability, narrow therapeutic window, and undesired side effects greatly limit its clinical application. To address this issue, some strategies were employed to improve the anticancer efficacy and reduce the side-effects of celastrol. The present review comprehensively focuses on the various challenges associated with the anticancer efficiency and drug delivery of celastrol, and the useful approaches including combination therapy, structural derivatives and nano/micro-systems development. The specific advantages for the use of celastrol mediated by these strategies are presented. Moreover, the challenges and future research directions are also discussed. Based on this review, it would provide a reference to develop a natural anticancer compound for cancer treatment.
The Use of Ozenoxacin in Pediatric Patients: Clinical Evidence, Efficacy and Safety
Authors: Davino Giusy , D’Alvano Tiziana , Esposito Susanna
Published: November 2020

Impetigo is the most common childhood skin infection in the world. There are two patterns of impetigo: nonbullous (or impetigo contagiosa) and bullous. The nonbullous type is due to Staphylococcus aureus and group A beta-haemolytic Streptococcus and occurs in 70% of impetigo cases. Impetigo is often a self-limited disease, but complications can sometimes occur. Therapy depends on the extent and site of the lesions and on the presence of systemic symptoms. The increase in multidrug resistance pathogens, such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, mupirocin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus or quinolone-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, requires the development of new antibiotics against these agents. The aim of this review is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of ozenoxacin in children compared to those of other approved topical antimicrobial therapies. The bactericidal activity against both susceptible and resistant organisms is a relevant feature of ozenoxacin because the bacterial strain and potential for resistance are generally not known at the beginning of therapy. Additionally, its minimal dermal absorption and its capability to reach high concentrations in the upper layers of the epidermidis agrees with the recommended practice aimed at avoiding the emergence of bacterial resistance in presence of a good safety profile. Further studies with real-life analyses and pharmacoeconomic evaluation are needed to confirm its role as first-line and second-line therapy in children with impetigo.
Graphs from Features: Tree-Based Graph Layout for Feature Analysis
Authors: Minghim Rosane , Huancapaza Liz , Artur Erasmo , Telles Guilherme P. , Belizario Ivar V.
Published: November 2020

Feature Analysis has become a very critical task in data analysis and visualization. Graph structures are very flexible in terms of representation and may encode important information on features but are challenging in regards to layout being adequate for analysis tasks. In this study, we propose and develop similarity-based graph layouts with the purpose of locating relevant patterns in sets of features, thus supporting feature analysis and selection. We apply a tree layout in the first step of the strategy, to accomplish node placement and overview based on feature similarity. By drawing the remainder of the graph edges on demand, further grouping and relationships among features are revealed. We evaluate those groups and relationships in terms of their effectiveness in exploring feature sets for data analysis. Correlation of features with a target categorical attribute and feature ranking are added to support the task. Multidimensional projections are employed to plot the dataset based on selected attributes to reveal the effectiveness of the feature set. Our results have shown that the tree-graph layout framework allows for a number of observations that are very important in user-centric feature selection, and not easy to observe by any other available tool. They provide a way of finding relevant and irrelevant features, spurious sets of noisy features, groups of similar features, and opposite features, all of which are essential tasks in different scenarios of data analysis. Case studies in application areas centered on documents, images and sound data demonstrate the ability of the framework to quickly reach a satisfactory compact representation from a larger feature set.
Evaluation of Strategies to Reduce the Cost Impacts of Flight Delays on Total Network Costs
Authors: Rosenow Judith , Michling Philipp , Schultz Michael , Schönberger Jörn
Published: November 2020

Competitive price pressure and economic cost pressure constantly force airlines to improve their optimization strategies. Besides predictable operational costs, delay costs are a significant cost driver for airlines. Especially reactionary delay costs can endanger the profitability of such a company. These time-dependent costs depend on the number of sensitive transfer passengers. This cost component is represented by the number of missed flights and the connectivity of onward flights, i.e., the offer of alternative flight connections. The airline has several options to compensate for reactionary delays, for example, by increasing cruising speeds, shortening turnaround times, rebookings and cancellations. The effects of these options on the cost balance of airline total operating costs have been examined in detail, considering a flight-specific number of transfer passengers. The results have been applied to a 24-h rotation schedule of a large German hub airport. We found, that the fast turnaround and increasing cruise speed are the most effective strategies to compensate for passenger-specific delay costs. The results could be used in a multi-criteria trajectory optimization to find a balance between environmentally-driven and cost-index-driven detours and speed adjustments.
On the Design of Aeroelastically Scaled Models of High Aspect-Ratio Wings
Authors: Afonso Frederico , Coelho Mónica , Vale José , Lau Fernando , Suleman Afzal
Published: November 2020

Recently, innovative aircraft designs were proposed to improve aerodynamic performance. Examples include high aspect ratio wings to reduce the aerodynamic induced drag to achieve lower fuel consumption. Such solution when combined with a lightweight structure may lead to aeroelastic instabilities such as flutter at lower air speeds compared to more conventional wing designs. Therefore, in order to ensure safe flight operation, it is important to study the aeroelastic behavior of the wing throughout the flight envelope. This can be achieved by either experimental or computational work. Experimental wind tunnel and scaled flight test models need to exhibit similar aeroelastic behavior to the full scale air vehicle. In this paper, three different aeroelastic scaling strategies are formulated and applied to a flexible high aspect-ratio wing. These scaling strategies are first evaluated in terms of their ability to generate reduced models with the intended representations of the aerodynamic, structural and inertial characteristics. Next, they are assessed in terms of their potential in representing the unsteady non-linear aeroelastic behavior in three different flight conditions. The scaled models engineered by exactly scaling down the internal structure suitably represent the intended aeroelastic behavior and allow the performance assessment for the entire flight envelope. However, since both the flight and wind tunnel models are constrained by physical and budgetary limitations, custom built structural models are more likely to be selected. However, the latter ones are less promising to study the entire flight envelope.
Antifungal Effects of Rhizospheric Bacillus Species Against Bayberry Twig Blight Pathogen Pestalotiopsis versicolor
Authors: Ali Md. Arshad , Ren Haiying , Ahmed Temoor , Luo Jinyan , An Qianli , Qi Xingjiang , Li Bin
Published: November 2020

Bayberry is an attractive, nutritious, and popular fruit in China. The plant fungal pathogen Pestalotiopsis versicolor XJ27 is the causative agent of bayberry twig blight disease, which severely affects bayberry production. Traditional control techniques, such as chemical fungicides, are being used to control this disease; however, these techniques cause environmental and health hazards. In this study, we screened sweet potato rhizospheric bacteria with biocontrol potentials against P. versicolor XJ27, the bayberry twig blight pathogen. Ten isolates showed inhibition; Bacillus siamensis S3 and Bacillus tequilensis S5 showed the highest fungal growth inhibition. The antagonistic bacterial culture suspensions of S3 and S5 inhibited the mycelial growth by 82.9% and 76.2%, respectively. Their extracellular culture filtrates had mycelial growth inhibition of 86.8% and 82.2%, respectively. In detached leaf assay, the extracellular culture filtrates of S3 and S5 inhibited the size of the leaf lesion by 82.3% and 76.2%, respectively. SEM and TEM imaging showed a severe hyphal-damaged structure caused by the antagonistic bacteria. The fungal inhibition mechanisms might employ the hydrolytic enzymes and lipopeptides produced by the bacteria. Both the S3 and S5 have chitinase and protease activity; they produce a series of lipopeptides such as surfactin, iturin, and mycosubtilin. Therefore, we can suggest these bacteria as biocontrol agents for bayberry twig blight disease as an alternative to fungicides based upon their attributes of antifungal activity.
Alkaloid Contents in Epichloë Endophyte-Infected Elymus tangutorum Sampled along an Elevation Gradient on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Shi Qian , Matthew Cory , Liu Wenhui , Nan Zhibiao
Published: November 2020

Alkaloids produced by endophytic fungi can have an important influence on agricultural ecology, and can often be affected by climatic factors. At present, there are no studies that have assessed the relationship between alkaloid production and elevation or climatic factors in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. To address this knowledge gap, we explored ergot alkaloid and peramine production in Epichloë-infected (E+) Elymus tangutorum collected from the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau and assessed the relationship between the concentration of these alkaloids and elevation. The effects of temperature and precipitation on these relationships were also investigated. The concentrations of ergonovine, ergine, and peramine ranged from 0.47–0.84, 0.35–1.72 and 9.18–13.00 µg·g−1, respectively. Fitted cubic regression curves describing an arc-pattern across the elevational series were statistically significant for ergine and peramine concentrations. The elevational trend in peramine concentration was linked to mean daily temperature, while the ergine elevational trend was linked to mean precipitation. Our results provide a new understanding of the climatic factors that influence the alkaloid production of endophytic fungi at different elevations in the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau.
Skin Pigmentation in Gilthead Seabream (Sparus aurata L.) Fed Conventional and Novel Protein Sources in Diets Deprived of Fish Meal
Authors: Pulcini Domitilla , Capoccioni Fabrizio , Franceschini Simone , Martinoli Marco , Tibaldi Emilio
Published: November 2020

The pattern of yellowish pigmentation of the skin was assessed in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) fed for 12 weeks iso-proteic (45%) and iso-lipidic (20%) diets deprived of fish meal and containing either a blend of vegetable protein-rich ingredients or where graded levels of the vegetable protein blend were replaced by insect (Hermetia illucens—10%, 20% or 40%) pupae meal, poultry by-product meal (20%, 30% or 40%), red swamp crayfish meal (10%) and marine microalgae (Tisochrysis lutea and Tetraselmis suecica—10%) dried biomass. Digital images of fish fed diets differing in protein sources were analyzed by means of an automatic and non-invasive image analysis tool, in order to determine the number of yellow pixels and their dispersion on the frontal and lateral sides of the fish. The relationship between the total carotenoid concentration in the diet and the number of yellow pixels was investigated. Test diets differently affected gilthead seabream skin pigmentation both in the forefront and the operculum, due to their carotenoid content. The highest yellow pixels’ number was observed with the diet containing microalgae. Fish fed poultry by-product meal were characterized by the lowest yellow pixels’ number, diets containing insect meal had an intermediate coloring capacity. The vegetable control, the microalgae mix diet and the crayfish diet had significantly higher values of yellow pixels at both inspected skin sites.
Welfare Aspects of Raising Entire Male Pigs and Immunocastrates
Authors: Borell Eberhard , Bonneau Michel , Holinger Mirjam , Prunier Armelle , Stefanski Volker , Zöls Susanne , Weiler Ulrike
Published: November 2020

For a long time, scientists assumed that newborns have a severely limited sense of pain (if any). However, this assumption is wrong and led to a “start of the exit” from piglet surgical castration. Some of the currently discussed or already implemented alternatives such as general or local anaesthesia during surgical castration raise additional welfare concerns as well as legal problems and/or are hardly applicable. The favoured long-term, welfare-friendly “gold standard” is to raise entire male pigs (EM). However, this may also impose certain welfare problems under the current conventional housing and management conditions. The specific types of behaviour displayed by EM such as mounting and aggressive behaviours but also increased exploration, which are partially linked to sexual maturation, increase the risk for injuries. The current status of knowledge (scientific literature and farmer experiences) on housing of EM suggests that environmental enrichment, space, group-stability, social constellation, feeding (diet and feeder space), health and climate control are critical factors to be considered for future housing systems. From an animal welfare point of view, an intermediate variant to be favoured to reduce problematic behaviour could be to slaughter EM before reaching puberty or to immunize boars early on to suppress testicular function. Immunization against endogenous GnRH can reduce EM-specific problems after the 2nd vaccination.
Regression-Derived Ileal Endogenous Amino Acid Losses in Broiler Chickens and Cannulated Pigs Fed Corn Fiber, Wheat Bran, and Pectin
Authors: Adedokun Sunday A. , Adeola Olayiwola
Published: November 2020

The objective of these studies was to determine the effect corn fiber (CF), wheat bran (WB) and pectin (PEC) on basal ileal endogenous amino acid (EAA) losses in broiler chickens (Exp. 1) and cannulated pigs (Exp. 2) using the regression method. Semi-purified diets containing 100 g/kg of CF, WB, or PEC (broiler chickens) and CF or PEC (pigs) were fed to replicate cages consisting of eight birds per cage of 21-d-old broiler chickens and six replicates of pigs consisting of one pig per pen. Ileal endogenous His, Glu, and Pro losses were higher (p < 0.05) for CF and WB compared with birds fed diets containing PEC. Contrasts between CF and WB showed higher (p < 0.05) ileal endogenous nitrogen, total amino acid, His, Ile, Met, Glu, Pro, and Tyr losses in birds fed the CF diets (Exp. 1). Contrasts of EAA losses between birds fed the WB and PEC diets showed higher (p < 0.05) losses for His, Glu, and Pro. In the cannulated pigs, CF resulted in higher (p < 0.05) ileal endogenous His, Leu, and Tyr losses. In summary, CF induced higher ileal EAA losses in broiler chickens and cannulated pigs.
Impact of a Rapid Diagnostic Meningitis/Encephalitis Panel on Antimicrobial Use and Clinical Outcomes in Children
Authors: McDonald Danielle , Gagliardo Christina , Chiu Stephanie , Di Pentima M. Cecilia
Published: November 2020

Rapid molecular diagnostic assays are increasingly used to guide effective antimicrobial therapy. Data on their effectiveness to decrease antimicrobial use in children have been limited and varied. We aimed to assess the impact of the implementation of the FilmArray Meningitis Encephalitis Panel (MEP) on antimicrobial use and outcomes in children. In an observational retrospective study performed at Atlantic Health System (NJ), we sought to evaluate the duration of intravenous antibiotic treatment (days of therapy (DoT)) for patients <21 years of age hospitalized and evaluated for presumptive meningitis or encephalitis before and after the introduction of the MEP. A secondary analysis was performed to determine if recovery of a respiratory pathogen influenced DoT. The median duration of antibiotic therapy prior to the implementation of the MEP was 5 DoT (interquartile range (IQR): 3–6) versus 3 DoT (IQR: 1–5) (p < 0.001) when MEP was performed. The impact was greatest on intravenous third-generation cephalosporin and ampicillin use. We found a reduction in the number of inpatient days associated with the MEP. In the regression analysis, a positive respiratory pathogen panel (RPP) was not a significant predictor of DoT (p = 0.08). Furthermore, we found no significant difference between DoT among patients with negative and positive RPP (p = 0.12). Our study supports the implementation of rapid diagnostics to decrease the utilization of antibiotic therapy among pediatric patients admitted with concerns related to meningitis or encephalitis.
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns and Wild-Type MIC Distributions of Anaerobic Bacteria at a German University Hospital: A Five-Year Retrospective Study (2015–2019)
Authors: Badr Mohamed Tarek , Blümel Benjamin , Baumgartner Sandra , Komp Johanna M. A. , Häcker Georg
Published: November 2020

Local antimicrobial susceptibility surveys are crucial for optimal empirical therapy guidelines and for aiding in antibiotic stewardship and treatment decisions. For many laboratories, a comprehensive overview of local antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of anaerobic bacteria is still lacking due to the long incubation time and effort involved. The present study investigates the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and related clinical and demographic data of 2856 clinical isolates of anaerobic bacteria that were submitted for analysis to the Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene of the Freiburg University Medical Center (a tertiary university medical center in Southern Germany) between 2015 and 2019. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing has been carried out according to the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) guideline. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)50 and MIC90 for penicillin, metronidazole, moxifloxacin, and clindamycin were established for Gram-positive anaerobes and for ampicillin-sulbactam, meropenem, metronidazole, moxifloxacin, and clindamycin for Gram-negative anaerobes. The distribution of MIC-values for various antibiotics against anaerobic bacteria was also established, especially for those having no specific breakpoints according to EUCAST guidelines. Most clinically relevant anaerobic bacteria originated from general surgery, neurological, and orthopedic wards. A high proportion of isolates were resistant to moxifloxacin and clindamycin indicating the importance of their susceptibility testing before administration. Based on our study metronidazole and other β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor combinations such as ampicillin-sulbactam remain suitable for empirical treatment of infections with anaerobic bacteria.
Melatonin Can Modulate the Effect of Navitoclax (ABT-737) in HL-60 Cells
Authors: Lomovsky Alexey , Baburina Yulia , Odinokova Irina , Kobyakova Margarita , Evstratova Yana , Sotnikova Linda , Krestinin Roman , Krestinina Olga
Published: November 2020

Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine MEL) is an indolamine that has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor properties. Moreover, MEL is capable of exhibiting both anti-apoptotic and pro-apoptotic effects. In the normal cells, MEL possesses antioxidant property and has an anti-apoptotic effect, while in the cancer cells it has pro-apoptotic action. We investigated the combined effect of MEL and navitoclax (ABT-737), which promotes cell death, on the activation of proliferation in acute promyelocytic leukemia on a cell model HL-60. The combined effect of these compounds leads to a reduction of the index of mitotic activity. The alterations in the level of anti- and pro-apoptotic proteins such as BclxL, Bclw, Mcl-1, and BAX, membrane potential, Ca2+ retention capacity, and ROS production under the combined action of MEL and ABT-737 were performed. We obtained that MEL in combination with ABT-737 decreased Ca2+ capacity, dropped membrane potential, increased ROS production, suppressed the expression of anti-apoptotic proteins such as BclxL, Bclw, and Mcl-1, and enhanced the expression of pro-apoptotic BAX. Since, MEL modulates autophagy and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in cancer cells, the combined effect of MEL and ABT-737 on the expression of ER stress and autophagy markers was checked. The combined effect of MEL and ABT-737 (0.2 μM) increased the expression of protein kinase R (PKR)-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), leading to a decrease in the level of binding immunoglobulin protein (BIP) followed by an increase in the level of C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP). In this condition, the expression of ERO1 decreased, which could lead to a decrease in the level of protein disulfide isomerase (PDI). The obtained data suggested that melatonin has potential usefulness in the treatment of cancer, where it is able to modulate ER stress, autophagy and apoptosis.