bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Katyn Massacre – Basic Facts
Authors: Komaniecka Monika , Samsonowska Krystyna , Szpytma Mateusz , Zechenter Anna
Published: September 2014

Katyn is a symbol of the criminal policy of the Soviet system against the Polish nation. The present study aims to demonstrate the basic facts of Katyn massacre – the execution of almost 22,000 people: Polish prisoners of war in Katyn, Kharkov, Kalinin (Tver) and also other Polish prisoners (soldiers and civilians), which took place in the spring of 1940 in different places of the Soviet Ukraine and Belarus republics based on the decision of the Soviet authorities, that is the Political Bureau of All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of March 5, 1940. This article refers not only to the massacre itself, but also its origin, historical processes and the lies accompanying Katyn massacre.
Consequences of the Communist Revolutionary Ideology for the Catholic Community in Slovenia
Authors: Kolar Bogdan
Published: September 2014

The Second World War began in Slovenia on 6 April, 1941 with the occupation of the national territory by the German, Italian and Hungarian occupying forces and resulted not only in the efforts to liberate the country but gave rise to intense revolutionary events. By declaring the liberation movement its exclusive right, the Communist Party, until then banned and working underground, announced a fierce fight against anyone not willing to submit to its plans and leadership. It also used the Civil War to launch a revolution. Following the Church’s teaching, Slovenian Catholics were reluctant to go along with such conduct. Violence against ideological opponents of Communism began already in the autumn of 1941. At the end of war when the Communist Party and its satellite organizations took over the country, the violence against those who disagreed continued and culminated in the summer of 1945. Among them were many Catholic families, priests and members of religious orders. Pressure on the priests started to decline after 1960, yet the pressure on the Catholic laity grew stronger.
Tod der Płocker Bischöfe im Soldauer Konzentrationslager
Authors: Graczyk Waldemar
Published: September 2014

In September 1939 in Działdowo the Nazis established a transit camp for the war prisoners of the Polish September Campaign of 1939 in the former barracks of the 32 infantry regiment on Grunwaldzka Street. At the turn of 1939 and 1940 the police and the SS authorities in Königsberg transformed the Działdowo camp into the transit camp „Durchgangslager“. Priests imprisoned in the Działdowo camp from autumn 1939 to autumn 1941 constituted a special group of political prisoners. The archbishop Antoni Julian Nowowiejski and the bishop Leon Wetmański, Płock bishop suffragan, were brought to the Działdowo camp in 1941. The Płock bishops quickly became spiritual guides and the support for the prisoners in difficult moments of camp life. In order to prevent their contacts with the prisoners, the bishops were put in a separate cell number 12. They were subjected to different kinds of moral and physical torture, including the attempt to profane the cross. Difficult living conditions in the camp soon led to the death of the Płock priests: the archbishop Antoni Julian Nowowiejski died on 28 May 1941 and the bishop Leon Wetmański died on 10 October 1941. Apart from them, 47 priests and 1 seminarian lost their lives in the Działdowo camp in 1939–1945.
Jewish Women in the Kraków Ghetto: an Outline of Research Issues
Authors: Grądzka Martyna
Published: September 2014

This article describes the very varied, and at times, surprising role of Jewish women in the Kraków Ghetto during World War Two.
Research in the tension between measuring the educational status quo and a pedagogical realization of a vision – demonstrated by the example of orientation concerning the life, value and sense of adolescents with regard to the implementation of inclusion
Authors: Feiner Franz
Published: September 2014

In the article, the current KPH Graz Jugendwertestudie is displayed:In the historical development process, as a research from the „Firmungsstudie” to the intercultural and inter-religious Values StudyClassified in an interdisciplinary question, namely the sense and value of lifeTolerance was established as a fundamental value regarding the  studyThe “more” of “tolerance”, namely the “acceptance” from the religions, for example the Islam in terms of the “Projekt Weltethos” (project world ethos) (H. Küng), where all religions shall use their ethical potential for the world’s future.The learning of empathy and solidarity is viewed in an European  dimension and is based on the vision of a worldwide inclusive society and a concretization of “steps into the future” is indicated too. The current European research project ETHOS has investigated the needs of all stakeholders (children, students, teachers, parents) and has developed holistic pedagogical-didactic materials for the age group of 3 to 15.The inspiring principles of the Catholic Social Doctrine as a major impetus towards a “planetarischen Bewusstseins“ (planetary consciousness) (L. Boff) are going to be included, where we see ourselves as “citizens of the world” and can understand and help to form a new, more inclusive society.
La missione del sacerdote nel pensiero del beato don Jerzy Popiełuszko – un martire contemporaneo della Polonia
Authors: Smuniewski Cezary
Published: September 2014

The study entitled: La missione del sacerdote nel pensiero del beato don Jerzy Popiełuszko – un martire contemporaneo della Polonia (“The Mission of the Priest in the thought of Bl. Jerzy Popiełuszko, a modern priest-martyr from Poland”) explores the theology of priesthood in the light of the thought and example of Bl. Father Jerzy Popiełuszko. The essay covers the following issues: 1) Fr Jerzy Popiełuszko in the context of the times he lived in; 2) The mission of the priest is to be close to God and to people; 3) The mission of the priest is to proclaim the Good News; 4) The mission of the priest is to minister the Sacraments; 5) The mission of the priest is to nurture hope; 6) The mission of the priest is to die for the Faith. The Author concludes that the phenomenon of Fr Jerzy Popiełuszko, which came into its full force after his martyr’s death, allows us to see him as a clear model for modern priests. The blessed martyr from Warsaw reminds us that sanctity can be attained and lived in all historical contexts. Fr Jerzy also comes across as an exemplar of a very engaged shepherd of souls who walked the path to holiness whilst also working closely with many lay people who showed a special readiness to work with him and solicitude for the good of the Church in a world at war against God, the Church and its priests.
Die Rechtfertigung der Gier und die Finanzkrise
Authors: Waleszczuk Zbigniew
Published: September 2014

The aim of this article is at first to answer the question of greed (the justification of this “virtue” in the modern economic system), which is meant, in the light of Christian social ethics to be the primary cause of the present economic crisis. In the three steps of catholic social teaching (see, judge, act) we want to interpret the signs of our time (present age problems) in the light of the Gospel (and the teaching and tradition of the Church). The relevant question we have to pose in our statement is: Why does catholic social teaching, in opposite to the modern view of economic and political science, object to a justification of greed? The third (practical) step of our explanations we can paraphrase with the question: what shall we do? The focusing on institutional reforms, the belief in arrangements which exclusively accentuate sociological key aspects and believe in changes of structures (in education, politics, economics and welfare) led not only to market crisis, but also to a crisis of culture. If the human being in his/her deepest dimension (the ecology of person) is suffering, then the Church cannot remain silent, because its mission and way is the person. Not until we – like king Solomon – turn to God and ask for help and the ability to judge between good and evil, just and unjust, shall we find a safe basis to lead us out of despair and disorientation into a more humane civilization of humanity and solidarity.
Declaration
Authors: Michalik + Józef , Martyniak + Jan , Shevchuk + Sviatoslav , Mokrzycki + Mieczysław
Published: September 2014

Declaration of the Major Archbishop Sviatoslav Shevchuk, the Kiev-Halicz Metropolitan of the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church, Archbishop Metropolitan of Przemyśl of the Latins Józef Michalik, the President of Polish Bishops Conference, Archbishop Metropolitan of Lviv of the Latins Mieczysław Mokrzycki, the President of Roman-Catholic Ukrainian Bishops Conference, Archbishop Metropolitan of Przemyśl-Warsaw of the Byzantine-Ukrainian Church Jan Martyniak
Subjectivity in a therapeutic process as a predictor of psychotherapeutic success
Authors: Dzierżanowska-Peszko Joanna , Artymiak Małgorzata
Published: September 2014

Reflections on the uniquely human dimensions of behavior over the last few decades have become a meeting space connecting different sciences. The holistic health model emphasizes the subjectivity of man. Humans are open and active, and remain in relationships with others; they relate to the world they live in and seek meaning. Subjectivity in the psychological perspective can be described in three ways: subjectivity as identity, individuality, specific experience of self; subjectivity as the ability to initiate, regulate, direct, and realize goal-oriented and autonomous activity; subjectivity as the application of one’s own system of values. Subjectivity or causality (core features agency) expresses itself in the ability to make choices and planning, but also to directing actions and the realization of plans. The motivation to begin psychotherapy is influenced by numerous motives and conditions. Internal motivation is the main subjective resource in therapy. People internally motivated function better in better areas of life. They are characterized by greater involvement, activity, trust in their own abilities, persistence, creativity, a feeling of self-worth and general well-being. They experience engagement and immersion in the activities they undertake. The experience of causality – understood as the experience of being the author of events, the experience of having influence over events – is the fundamental cause without which the feeling of self-causality will not appear during development. As noted by R. White, it is a fundamental experience for good functioning and coping with the challenges of life, including illness.
A child’s loneliness in the family as a challenge for modern pedagogy
Authors: Godawa Grzegorz
Published: September 2014

The problem of loneliness has become more and more common in society. It affects the family which is a place of physical and spiritual closeness. A child’s isolation in the family is related to many factors. It may be caused by the parents’ emotional indifference or the child’s serious illness. The disturbances may be painful for the child who often cannot fight the sense of isolation. Attempts to counteract the sense of loneliness are connected with pedagogical action. It should be based on permanent values which extend the scope of support offered to the family. Strengthening the family system makes it possible to overcome the child’s sense of loneliness.
Theological Reflection on Tourism and Leisure
Authors: Ostrowski Maciej
Published: September 2014

Tourism is one of the most popular leisure activities. In this article we intend to point out a few elements that may constitute the founding blocks of a theology of leisure and a theology of tourism: a theology of time, a theology of freedom, a theology of creation, a theology of leisure, a theology of joy, a theology of the journey (homo viator, homo peregrinus). There are many points both in the Bible and in the teachings of the Church that leave room for the development of this notion. According to the Second Vatican Council, tourism is classified as one of the contemporary phenomena which can be described as one of the signs of time. The Council recommends individuals and groups to study them carefully and incorporate them in the general context of pastoral work.
The Historical and religious conditions of the split of Sudan in the context of Christian-Muslim relationships
Authors: Cisło Waldemar
Published: September 2014

The split into the predominantly Muslim Northern Sudan, and Southern Sudan with a Christian and animist majority, had been emerging in the course of many centuries. Without any doubt, one is bound to mention the natural and geographical boundaries, the ethnical diversity of the regions, the influence exercised during the centuries by the Egyptians, Arabs and later on by the British. According to the opinions of some experts on the subject, there can be two distinct matters that have contributed to the split of the North and the South. These were education and religion. Apart from education, also the issue of religion was dividing the Sudan. After the declaration of independence on January 1, 1954 all the Christian private schools in the South were closed down. There remained only state schools with Arabic as the language of instruction and with the upbringing model based on the Koran teaching. Having obtained political independence, the fears of the British administration and Christian missionaries became a reality: Islam was made the state religion. The only way to attain an occupational and social status was to convert to Islam. Frequently, this took place according to the rule of an already accomplished fact or by pressure. In the context of Sudan, one of the biggest country in Africa, with its population of over 37 million, made up of 70 per cent Muslim believers , 14 per cent of Christians, and 12 per cent of animists, it is of great importance for the perception of fundamentalism to be familiar with the history of this country.
El contrato de encomienda de parroquia según el c. 520 del Código de Juan Pablo II
Authors: Kantor Robert
Published: September 2014

A parish is a certain community of the Christian faithful constituted in a particular church, whose pastoral care is entrusted to a pastor (parochus) as its proper pastor (pastor) under the authority of the diocesan bishop. This article takes up the idea of entrusting the parish to an institute or society. The entrusting of a parish can be made either perpetually or for a specific, predetermined time. In either case, it is to be made by means of a written agreement between the diocesan bishop and the competent superior of the institute or society, which expressly and accurately defines, among other things, the work to be accomplished, the persons to be assigned to the parish, and the financial arrangements.
Regulamin organistów w archidiecezji krakowskiej
Authors: Tyrała Robert
Published: September 2014

The proceedings towards the regulation of organists’ status in church life in the Cracow Diocese have had a long and interesting history. The history which featured wise bishops, as well as brave seculars and clergy who have raised this issue. The presented facts perhaps help to understand complexity of the problem and demonstrate what has been accomplished for the last several years.It was the years 1997–2012 that intensive works on changing the attitude towards the significance of sacred music were carried out in the Cracow Archdiocese; Employment contracts were signed in 150 parishes (35% of Archdiocese), contracts for specific works – in 15 parishes; voluntary employment contracts in 90; and others (no regulations, mutual agreements, etc.): in 55 parishes. The total number amounts to 310 (67%). Clearly, upon introducing new regulations an employment contract is the commonest form of employment. Nevertheless, as figures show, in over 150 parishes and other pastoral centers of the archdiocese employment has not been regulated so far. It is perhaps because some parishes are too small to employ an organist, some simply cannot afford the one, yet in many of them the awareness of this problem has systematically risen. The Archdiocesan School of Music of 2nd Degree has 80 students, and the Intercollegiate Institute for Church Music – almost 40. The organists’ posts at primary archdiocesan churches are held by musicians with master degrees who are the organists of great creativity. The members of the Archdiocesan Commission for Church Music are the authorities commonly recognised in the music milieu of the archdiocese (both seculars and clergy). Organists’ self-development and improvement of sacred music towards higher standards have been given constant support from the Cracow diocesan bishop (as proved by his letter of 2005 written of the Feast of St. Cecilia; and by 7 other letters so far). Days of reflection and retreats are organised for about 200 organists. After issuing The Rules and Regulations of Instruments Renovation and Ordering from Abroad care for pipe organist has risen considerably. In autumn 2012 visiting parishes, with regard to music, is planned to be carried out.
Śląski modlitewnik – Skarbiec modlitw i pieśni. Tradycja i współczesność
Authors: Reginek Antoni
Published: September 2014

It has been largely prayer books which helped to preserve faith and Polish culture in the Upper Silesia, Poland, as they often accompanied people throughout their entire lives. A considerable number of Polish sacred songs can be found amongst the Silesian collections of prayers and chants dated from the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. They were mainly chorale books with lyrics, but also music scores in the form of pipe organ accompaniments. Since the beginning of the 20th c. there were two Upper-Silesian prayer books which gained widespread popularity: Droga do nieba (Way to Heaven) and Skarbiec modlitw i pieśni (The Treasure of Prayers and Songs), published in numerous editions, including those targeted exclusively at children and youth, and at the poor-sighted readers. On the occasion of the great jubilee of 2000 the collection of sacred songs with scores was published under the title Śpiewnik archidiecezji katowickiej (The Song Book of the Katowice Archdiocese). It was completed by a collection of organ accompaniments, Chorał Śląski (The Silesian Chorale) in a similar arrangement. So as to popularise more widely the repertoires of songs, the Katowice Publishing House of Księgarnia Św. Jacka developed a project releasing a collection of sole lyrics to songs, Skarbiec pieśni kościelnych (The Treasure of Sacred Songs). All editorial attempts so far, to have been aimed at enlivening liturgical gatherings, have greatly contributed to continuing the glorious tradition of the sacred singing in Silesia.
„Missa pulcherrima” Bartłomieja Pękiela. Historyczny, biograficzny i stylistyczny kontekst utworu
Authors: Zając Andrzej
Published: September 2014

The main aim of this study was to present the outstanding composition created by Bartłomiej Pękiela, Missa Pulcherrima, giving the historical, biographical, and stylistic context. The author succinctly depicted, first the historical background in which the composer lived and created, sketching the rulers of Poland of the time: Sigismund III, Vladislaus IV and John Casimir, against the important political events of the period. Having delivered the most up-to-date research, he carried on to a closer presentation of the composer himself, with a few biographical details, like these of his work as the Royal Choirmaster in Warsaw, and then the Cathedral Choirmaster at the Wawel Castle in Cracow. The author of this paper drew heavily on the studies made by eminent Polish musicologist, Rev. Hieronim Feicht (1894–1967), whose research on the biography and compositions of Bartłomiej Pękiel has not be rivaled so far by anything equally insightful and exhaustive. This study is an attempt to show Pękiel’s Missa Pulcherrima in the context of mass service compositions, proving that in its extraordinary composing and stylistic values it definitely differs from the other mass pieces by this composer written in the old style (stile antico). The said composition was created after 1655, when Pękiel moved from Warsaw to Cracow so as to undertake the position of the Cathedral Choirmaster at the Wawel Castle. Most probably, it was his last composition. A liable review of Bartłomiej Pekiel’s Missa Pulcherrima was rendered by expert in the Old Polish Music, Ewa Obniska: “Without doubt, it is the most outstanding old Polish mass, the stunning composition of outstanding artistry and unparalleled subtlety of melodic side […] the most tremendous religious masterpiece of the Polish Baroque – amongst those few which have lost nothing of their influential power despite centuries passing”.
Guillaume-Gabriel Nivers i jego chorał
Authors: Ferfoglia Susi
Published: September 2014

Guillaume-Gabriel Nivers (ca. 1632–1714), a composer and organist of the Parisian parish of Saint-Sulpice, regarded as one of the keenest advocators of the Gregorian chant in the 17th c. when heated debates on its subject were carried out by the Church. The Gregorianists of Grand Siècle carefully analysed the proper approaches towards this way of singing, how to interpret it, what is the correlation between words and chants, what should be the proper rhythm. Amongst various opinions (e.g. by Jumilhac and Le Clerc) representing purely theoretical approach, Nivers’ main idea was to make a choral regain its place as most appropriate during liturgy. For that reason his theoretical work Dysertacja na temat chorału gregoriańskiego (Treatise on Gregorian Chant) was wholly written in order to present “proper” rules of the chant, cleansing it of all misinterpretations and misuses to have crept into it over the centuries. In his work Guillaume- Gabriel Nivers used his high abilities and paid due respect to tradition when relying on the authorities of the Church, e.g. St. Augustine, St. Gregory or St. Justin. In his approach towards the Gregorian chant he emphasised the principle of Church “correctness” which consisted in:excluding from singing all connections with secular music;focusing on internal sense of lyrics through „affects” included in particular modes, proper punctuation in texts, and making melodies apply to grammar rules;respecting inégalité (inequality) in singing, as resulted from „good taste” and rules of diction.
Starożytne źródła koncepcji harmonii sfer
Authors: Konik Marcin
Published: September 2014

The theory of “music of the spheres” (musica mundana) introduced by Boethius in his treaty De institutione musica is an original contribution in development of mediaeval theory of music. However, it’s roots trace back to the Greek antiquity. When considering the sources of medieval theory of musica mundana, one shall underline three most important sources: (1) mythology with its complex cosmogony (esp. by Homer and Hesiod), (2) early cosmology by pre-Socratic philosophers (incl. Anaximander, Heraclit), (3) Pythagorean school. Despite of the fact that idea of the music of the spheres – as presented by the Pythagoreans – was criticized by Aristotle in his De caelo, it became one of the most influential cosmological concept. One of the most striking results of this situation is the fact, that for many ages (during mediaeval era) music was regarded as a scientific discipline, despite its aesthetical dimension.
Henryk Mikołaj Górecki i jego muzyka
Authors: Siedlik Włodzimierz
Published: September 2014

Henryk Mikołaj Górecki, one of the most renowned Polish composers, died on 12 November 2009. Athough he is no longer present among us, his music lives on. Sadly, many of contemporary musicians did not or did not want to notice the music composed by Professor Górecki. Some listeners got shocked, others were astonished by it. The music, aesthetic and philosophical values of his III Symphony were only discerned after 17 years. The triumphal return to Poland of the III Symphony’s scores arouse the great, unprecedented worldwide, interest in H. M. Górecki’s compositions. This unbelievably modest artist, both in life and in art, remained uncompromising until the end.Henryk Mikołaj Górecki created his compositions while being deeply rooted in the Polish tradition, particularly folk and religious, which was his source of inspiration. Before developing his own style he went a long artistic way. Always openly declared his origin that can be heard in his compositions and in his views of which he was never ashamed. He lived an austere life among his highlanders, disregarding his fame, solemn banquets and presents.During the last 20 years I have been privileged to perform Professor Górecki’s choral music with ten choirs, including 4 professional ones at the distinguished concerts, competitions and festivals. The choral music has been recorded on 12 CD records featuring various performers. With the assistance of the Choir of Polish Radio and as requested by the composer, I delivered several first performances of his works.I am a great debtor to the Professor for his teaching me humbleness towards music, humbleness towards every artist, co-performer and myself.
Ks. prof. dr hab. Karol Mrowiec CM (1919–2011) – sylwetka kapłana, muzykologa, kompozytora
Authors: Kałamarz Wojciech
Published: September 2014

Living in 1919–2011 Rev. Professor Karol Mrowiec C.M. was one of the most distinguished Polish musicologists. Throughout most of his life he worked for the Institute of the Church Musicology at KUL [Catholic University of Lublin] which he organised and managed. Supervised 70 master and 10 doctor degree students, reviewed 24 doctoral and 10 habilitation dissertations, as well as assessed 7 professorial treatises. He also greatly contributed to the music formation of the Polish clergy, devoting several years of his life to this cause. The professor conducted research on the Polish sacred music, particularly of the Baroque and of the 19th c. He made a lot of scientific discoveries in this field, publishing many sourcebooks, by which means increasing the public ad academic knowledge of the Polish church music. A vital part of his life was devoted to Polish religious chants. As the chief editor of songbooks, supervised the research on the Polish religious singing in all regions of Poland. He was a member of many Polish and international musicologist organisations. Actively participated in worldwide conferences, delivering speeches on the Polish sacred music, especially the religious chants. Rev. Professor K. Mrowiec was granted numerous medals and honoured with prestigious awards and titles, including the Honoris Causa doctor’s degree of the Pontifical Institute of Sacred Music.
Teologiczno-estetyczne wyznaczniki sakralności dzieła muzycznego
Authors: Bramorski Jacek
Published: September 2014

In the face of great music, a human being rises in the attitude of contemplative admiration, feeling the border of everyday life is crossed and the land of transcendental beauty entered. Joseph Ratzinger ‒ Benedict XVI is an experienced guide on this way. Recollecting the ancient concept harmonia mundi, he outlined with impressive momentum the cosmic character of church music, in which heaven joins the earth, and the singing of angels with the singing of people so as to admire God the Creator in one ”new song”. Referring to the ancient logos theory, card. J. Ratzinger presented it as the expression of human longing for the possibility of a dialogue with the Absolute. The eternal Logos receives the face of a human being full of love in Jesus Christ. Christ sends the Holy Spirit, to lead the christian to discover the excellence of Divine Beauty reflecting itself in music. The Holy Spirit makes this beauty express itself in the life of the Church being the Mystical Body of Christ. Participating in the beauty of Divine life becomes possible thanks to liturgy, in which ”the new song” of the Poeple of God pilgrimaging to the eternal home in heaven, resounds continually. The above aspects indicate the basic theological and esthetic determinants of the musical work as sacral.
Wymagania teologiczne odnośnie do miejsca celebracji liturgicznej
Authors: Mieszczak Stanisław
Published: September 2014

Talking about music in a sacral space is without doubt necessary to look deeply into the meaning of church building itself. Purpose for which is serving, formats its structure and equipment. In the article reflection was founded on the testimony of christian community of the first centuries and on the texts in the present Pontifical, which is used during dedication of the church and the altar. Christians in the first centuries during designing of the churches distains themselves from pagan buildings and also from the Temple in Jerusalem. They emphasize the spiritual side of their worship. They needed only the building where they could meet together, because the community was the real temple of God. So they gather simply very often in a bigger house or sometimes in a synagogue.The building of the church in a landscape of the towns and villages is undoubtedly the sign. It says by itself about unceasing God’s care for human being. The mystery of Incarnation is the base of the truth that God reveals Himself in a creation. That’s why for believers, although not only, it is the place of the presence of God who saved man. The community lives by celebrating, and they are hold in the church. Church becomes the sign of close relation between God and man.Today is required that the church building should have all what is necessary for celebration. Only that building can be blessed and serve for christian cult. The most important elements of equipment are altar, pulpit and place for leading. It is also necessary to notice and have the proper place for organ, choir and acoustic. Undoubtedly the mark of the church should be inert noble beauty.The sanctity of the church building depends on mystery of the presence of God in certain place. Through holding in it the sacred rites it becomes holy but it can lose holiness if it is used for different purpose.
„Tam, gdzie podążał Szymanowski, zmierzam i ja”
Authors: Malecka Teresa
Published: September 2014

There has been no greater contrast of personality, biography, worldview, and lifestyle. And yet there is no end to similarities, proximities, even kinship; great was Górecki’s fascination with Szymanowski.First was the score of Beethoven’s Ninth, bought for the money earned by selling a ping-pong racket; but Górecki then spent his first savings on Chopin’s Impromptus and Szymanowski’s Mazurkas. He would recount later: “I still have these scores, and that is how my strange story begins: Beethoven’s Ninth Symphony, Chopin’s Impromptus and Szymanowski’s Mazurkas.”28 Yet apart from Górecki’s fascination with Szymanowski music and oeuvre, there is another link still. Both artists fell in love with Podhale, the Tatra Mountains and the culture of the region; so much that its main spa, Zakopane, became their second home. This went hand in hand with their fascination with the music of Podhale.The focal point for Szymanowski’s impact on Górecki brings together two masterpieces of sacred music: Stabat Mater and Symphony of Sorrowful Songs.Stabat Mater is one of Szymanowski’s few religious works; Górecki’s Sorrowful Songs are one of the many sacred works written both before and after the Symphony. Yet they are both instances of the highest artistry, of the apogee in their author’s creative achievements.Outside explicit examples of correlation between the work of Szymanowski and Górecki, there is an analogy between them of a more general nature. Taking into account the historical situation in which the two composers lived and worked, and the meanders of Polish music of the 20th centuries, the stylistic breakthrough that took place both in Szymanowski – before his Stabat Mater – and in Górecki – before his Third Symphony – was of tantamount import to establish their rank and their position in the history of Polish music.
Muzyka sakralna na chór a cappella Krzysztofa Pendereckiego
Authors: Chłopicka Regina
Published: September 2014

Penderecki’s a cappella works have been written over the span of over 50 years since 1958, when the psalm Exaltabo Te Domine from the Psalms of David was composed, followed by the Stabat Mater sequence from St Luke Passion (1962), the multiple movement Missa brevis, intended for a cappella choir in its entirety, being the most recent work in the series (its first performance took place in January 2013). A cappella compositions form distinct movements within the large vocal-instrumental works or they are written as independent pieces, usually dedicated to friends or connected with specific events. Even though the works came into being in different periods and they were often written in different musical languages, they do constitute a group of works which is relatively uniform from the point of view of general style. The article aims at discussing on the one hand the chronology, text sources and a type of musical language used in a cappella works, on the other the general features of style and ways of developing musical narration by the composer.
„Talent to dobro powierzone...” – etyka chrześcijańska w postawie twórczej i życiowej Witolda Lutosławskiego
Authors: Bolesławska-Lewandowska Beata
Published: September 2014

„Talent is a form of wealth entrusted to us” – these words may serve as Witold Lutosławski’s motto. He repeated them often and at many occasions, emphasising that each creative artist is obliged to treat his talent carefully and develop it to produce great results for public consumption. This corresponds well with Biblical parable on talents but does it mean that Lutosławski was a religious man? Was Christian ethic important to him? In his music there is no much connection with religion – only his youthful Lacrimosa for soprano, choir and orchestra, and the arrangements of traditional Polish Christmas carols, composed shortly after the Second World War, present his direct relations to religious inspirations. However, he did not like to talk about his beliefs and worldview, especially in the context of his own music, which for him always was abstract and free from any extra-musical features. But his attitude to composing, as well as to the public activity, reveals many connections with Christianity values. He was brought up in the family of strongly catholic and patriotic beliefs, connected with high moral principles. An atmosphere of Lutosławskis’ family, which belonged to the intellectual elites of pre-war Poland, made strong influence on young Witold. For the rest of his life he felt obliged to pay his duties both as a composer and as a man of a high moral standards. He not only concentrated on his creative work (though it was his main life obligation) but searched for public weal in his social activity, always aiming „to behave decently”. This corresponds perfectly with Christian ethic and indeed in one of his interviews Lutosławski openly admitted that not only his worldview was formed by Catholicism, towards which he remained faithful, but also that in his opinion Christian ethic remains pre-eminent among all ethic systems formed by the humanity.
Muzyka w luterańskim zborze w pierwszych wiekach reformacji
Authors: Ślusarczyk Dawid
Published: September 2014

The article discusses the musical culture of the Church from M. Luther’s reform to mid-18th century. The author presents the premises of the Protestant theology, which made it possible for both music forms and performance practice to develop. The consequence of the theological thought was to award music an exceptionally high status in the hierarchy of the arts. The article also deals with the vocal and instrumental compositions which functioned within the reformed liturgy.
Dzieło Jehana Titelouze’a i jego znaczenie w krystalizacji stylu organowego
Authors: Pawlisz Krzysztof
Published: September 2014

The organ work of Jehan Titelouze has considerable meaning in developement of organ music in France. His two books: Hymnes de l’Eglise pour toucher sur l’orgue, avec les fugues et recherches sur leur plain-chant (1623) and Le Magnificat, ou cantique de la Vierge pour toucher sur l’orgue, suivant les huit tons de l’Eglise (1626) are a great testimony of french organ music at the beginnig of XVIIth century. Titelouze is considered both a traditionalist and an innovator. His organ style is firmly rooted in the structures and the compositional techniques of the renaissance polyphony. The significant inspiration for Titelouze was a new invented type of organ. Composer in a conscious way used its technical and sound possibilities for create new stuctures with diligent counterpoint, organ ornamentation and the linear stucture.
Giovanni Battista Pergolesi i jego theatrum doloris
Authors: Szywalski Paweł
Published: September 2014

Stabat Mater is one of the last compositions by Giovanni Battista Pergolesi and today it is probably the most well-known and valued arrangement of those ancient sequences. The composer translated the incredibly moving medieval poem into the sounds with a great mastery. He managed to create a musical fresco placing us in the centre of the suffering true mystery. The power of his music is so real and stimulating that it is not possible to remain indifferent.The following essay presents the phenomenon of Pergolesi’s artistic genius on the background of that time cultural changes and it focuses on his posthumous fame. The author analyses the composer’s achievement of galant style and discusses Pergolesi’s Stabat Mater in relation to the language of emotions related to sentimental literature. Moreover, he suggests to comprehend that music through the prism of the Italian Marian devotion phenomenon. Scientists are still intrigued by the figure of Giovanni Battista Pergolesi. They try to reconstruct his life story and to deal with the confusion concerning his legacy. The success story of Pergolesi’s Stabat Mater is particularly interesting. Thus, successive generations of musicologists ask a question what the fame origin of this work and its creator could be. The author of this essay presents a few clues that might help us to get closer to the answer to this question.
Muzykalia gidelskie w ujęciu historycznym, dydaktycznym i artystycznym
Authors: Kusz Dawid
Published: September 2014

This article concerns archival musical manuscripts which belonged to a musical ensemble active in the Dominican Priory in Gidle (Poland) during the years 1615 to 1915.First, the collection of manuscripts is briefly presented, with special attention to quantity, condition and typology. The oldest preserved compositions from the period 1754 to 1799 are described and their authors identified.In the second part, the article demonstrates how the study of this collection can contribute to knowledge of late Classical and early Romantic music. An analysis of the manuscript Missa solemnis by the French composer François-Adrien Boieldieu serves as a case study. This musical composition has not been listed in catalogues of Boieldieu’s works.The third part of the article focuses on the question of how archival works of music can be adapted for contemporary liturgy and included in the repertoires of choirs and musical ensembles.
Miejsce i rola solowej muzyki organowej w liturgii Kościoła rzymskokatolickiego
Authors: Zalewski Witold
Published: September 2014

Incorporating solo organ music in Roman Catholic liturgy may constitute a challenge for some organists. The very issue may raise some doubts and problems. “This usually results from insufficient education of professional organists”27. Fortunately, this is an invalid myth, easy to refute, bearing in mind the years of work and impact made by numerous Organist schools operating within dioceses, as well as Institutes of Church Music. Great numbers of broadly educated church musicians graduate from these schools every year. Unfortunately, constant rush and marginalization of the organist’s position in liturgy tend to discourage young organists. The majority of employers seem to be focusing on singing with the people, small choirs with the accompaniment of guitar or, possibly, parish choirs themselves.It is true that we “should intently urge churchgoers to actively participate in liturgy in the form of singing”28. This is probably why the church organist is usually considered the person to set the proper tone and keep up the singing in the church! For churchgoers, however, a good organist is the one who sings well…This is true, but only partially. The Second Vatican Council reminds us of the importance of the organ, an instrument “adding a grandeur dimension to church ceremonies, raising the souls and minds of believers to God and heavenly matters”29. How should we then consider the role of the organ in the liturgy of today, in the light of post-council documents? It may be assumed that the very participation of this majestic instrument in the liturgy adds grandeur, although pipe organ accompanying churchgoers singing tends to perform a secondary role.It is rather solo organ music which could make the Eucharist more dignified and grandly. It could also bring God’s people closer to God. Church documents are, however, very rigid in this matter – “solo music shall only be possible in the beginning, before the chaplain attends the altar, during the oblation, during the Communion and in the end of the mass”.Organ music performances during the Lent seem to be a separate issue since they are strictly prohibited by some church documents. In the opinion of priest I. Pawlak “fasting” from music reduces the liturgy in its integral substance, and a heartless or fanatic approach to fasting undermines the essence of liturgical activities”. Therefore, all church musicians are optimistic to witness the changing stance of the Polish Episcopal Conference, which, in its new Instructions issued in 1979, adopted a more liberal approach.
Początkowe stadia życia ludzkiego według św. Pawła
Authors: Muszala Andrzej
Published: September 2014

The article makes an attempt to decode the concept of the human conception in the mothers womb represented by the Apostle of Nations. His opinion in this issue is based on two fragments from the Old Testament: Jb 10: 8–10 and Ps 139: 13–16. They represent the one seed theory, saying that a new man is formed only from the man’s seed; the role of the mother comes down to be a container receiving male semen. They also express a conviction, that every human life is under God’s special protection from the very beginning. Therefore it demands a total respect, the same respect as for a child already born. The article analyze also three expressions of embryological meaning, used by St. Paul: “from the mother’s womb” (ἐκ κοιλίας μητρός; Ga 1: 15), “Christ is formed in you” (μορφωθῇ; Ga 4: 19) and “child born abnormally” (ἔκτρωμα; 1 Kor 15: 8).
Początki życia ludzkiego w komentarzach patrystycznych
Authors: Sala Roman
Published: September 2014

The article “The Origins of the Human Life in Patristic Comments” tries to show the richness of thoughts and ideas presented by various writers in the early times of Christianity. Their views dealt with the prenatal stadium of a human being. Among main matters concerning the beginning of the human life analyzed by first Christian writers were: time of animation (the moment of union of the body and soul), abortion, the status of the human embryo, pre-existence of the soul referring to the belief that each individual human soul exists before conception, the origin of the soul. Among these issues, very present and lively discussed in the communities of early Christians, we can also find the reflection concerning the embryonic stages of Christ’s life.
The Life of Embryon According to Thomas Aquinas
Authors: Roszak Piotr
Published: September 2014

It is very popular among scholars to reduce the question of medieval embryology only to so called “delayed animation”, with a little reference to important philosophical background of the topic. This article present the concept of “life” in the perspective of thomistic doctrine, especially putting the emphasis on the issue of the soul as the principle of life and what does the virtus generativa means for Aquinas. He exposes in six stage of embryogenesis, which we can discover in his writings, the identity of the embryo in all process of his development. The changes of substantial forms, from vegetative one to human’s form, is contemplated by Aquinas in logical, not chronological order. That’s why for saint Thomas the abortion is considerate always as heavy moral offense contra naturam. For the integral understanding of Thomas’s view on the status of human embryo is important to take account of christological themes.
Los dzieci zmarłych bez chrztu – nieznana historia i współczesne pytania
Authors: Ficoń Marta
Published: September 2014

The article presents a brief history of the question concerning the fate of infants who die without the sacrament of baptism. It includes both the theological dimension of this issue and its existential consequences. Such a presentation of the question serves to formulate responses to the ever-arising problems concerning the baptism of children, the lack of this sacrament, theological perplexities or pastors’ and parents’ behavior. The aim is also to understand that God loves and wills to save everyone, especially the smallest representatives of the human race who has no chance to be baptized.
The Experience of Trinitarian Compassion According to St. Francis of Assisi
Authors: Juzba Krzysztof
Published: September 2014

In this paper I focused on the St. Francis understanding of God`s compassion and mercifulness. Poverello`s idea of the purity and delicacy of God resulted in the description of God`s face as paternal and maternal at the same time. In such a way one and the same God, as portrayed by little poor man of Assisi, approaches each men and every creatures and loves them and compassionates for each His creatures. Trinitarian Compassion according St. Francis means God`s love which creates everything. From the other side all the creatures show God`s love. This love forms the basis of the compassion for man. St. Francis labels such comprehended One God in Three Person: Goodness and Source of all Goodness and Love. Motivated by such an experience of God`s love St. Francis gave away all his belongings to the fellow – creators. St Francis himself contemplated and experienced Divine Mysteries what he described afterwards. He asserted that if somebody loves actually, he is able to give himself to others like Jesus did. True love is the fruit of the act of giving. Francis` mystical experience of God in Three Person lead him to his own inter-trinitarian love. It is impossible to understand the phenomenon of St. Francis compassion to each man and every God’s creations without this Trinitarian dimension.
To Sing the New Song… About the Art of Aggiornamento
Authors: Hastetter Michaela Christine
Published: September 2014

The postmodern comprehension of aggiornamento, which continues the tradition in a certain artistic freedom from the origin, is different from the well-balanced aggiornamento understanding of the Council Fathers. They intend to liberate the Christian from solidification as well as overgrowth and to focus on the essential of the Christian belief, namely Jesus Christ. In the recent time there has been additionally a historicizing tendency of aggiornamento, which looks back again at the historical performance practice and belongs to the field of it. Referring to statements of important Council fathers, aggiornamento is developed as a process with several aspects for the pastoral practice, which also includes an existential level.