bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Netflix Stock Valuation
Authors: Fu Jingyuan
Published: April 2024

The COVID-19 pandemic wrought significant changes in people’s lifestyles, leading them to turn to entertainment options, with online streaming emerging as a popular choice during quarantine periods. In the initial half of 2020, Netflix experienced a surge, gaining over 26 million global subscribers (ACCA, 2020). This surge was mirrored in its stock price, skyrocketing from $287 per share in September 2019 to $690 in October 2021. Despite a subsequent decline to $482 as of January 2024, the stock still maintains nearly double its value from five years ago. As the pandemic’s influence wanes and more leisure options become available, questions arise about the justifiability of Netflix’s current stock valuation. This report employs two approaches to assess the fairness of Netflix’s stock: discounted cash flow valuation (DCF) and comparable companies analysis (CCA). The DCF method indicates a slightly lower intrinsic value than Netflix’s current stock price by half a dollar. The CCA model, utilizing data from Netflix and its six major competitors’ annual reports spanning 2017 to 2023, including the pre and post-pandemic periods, suggests that Netflix is significantly overvalued. Considering Netflix’s overall trend and underlying assumptions, the conclusion is drawn that Netflix’s stock price is overvalued.
Louis Vuitton’s Collaboration with Streetwear Culture
Authors: Ma Zimeng
Published: April 2024

Luxury brands have long been associated with exclusivity, craftsmanship, and heritage. In the past, luxury goods were a symbol of status and wealth. The audience may be more elite. However, with the popularity of internet shopping growing and the attention that luxury brands receive from mass media increasing, the audience of luxury goods has become wider, and luxury brands have become accessible. In recent years, many luxury brands have begun to embrace cultural trends and collaborate with artists, designers, and influencers to reach new audiences and stay relevant in a rapidly changing marketplace. One such brand is Louis Vuitton, which has successfully linked its products with the streetwear culture, a trend that has gained significant traction in recent years. This way, Louis Vuitton can attract more young people, the group with the strongest consumption ability. This paper will explore Louis Vuitton’s initiative to link its products with streetwear culture and show its success.
Research and application of optimizing economic measurement with night light data
Authors: Guo Yujie
Published: April 2024

The essay delves into the strengths and weaknesses of key economic indicators, arguing that a combination of GDP, Human Development Index (HDI), and satellite-based nightlight observations offers the most comprehensive perspective. Nightlight observations in regions like Asia and Ukraine positively correlate with GDP, indicating timely economic dynamics and changes. Using night luminosity images as a proxy for GDP growth quantity and HDI as a proxy for GDP growth quality can enhance our understanding of economic measurement, providing a broader and more nuanced picture of a nation’s economic health and vitality.
Optimization Model of Emergency Evacuation Network Based on Genetic Algorithm
Authors: Yin Haoning
Published: April 2024

Aggregation and dispersion are the normal states. In economic production and social life, the evacuation of people and materials deserves extensive attention. From the perspective of mathematics and economics, arranging a thoughtful evacuation is essential for the best balance between personal satisfaction and cost. In this paper, evacuation is deeply studied by a genetic algorithm;  the balance, cost, and willingness (satisfaction) priority models, which consider both satisfaction and cost, are established.
In this paper, based on the field investigation and questionnaire survey conducted by Oriental Sports Center, overall satisfaction is inferred by the satisfaction of each person in the tested sample, and the time cost from the evacuation point to different reception points is inferred through actual investigation. Based on these data, a balance model is established, and the calculation is performed. The ratio of the total willingness value of the evacuated individuals to the total cost is taken as the function of the optimization objective. When the optimization objective function is complex, the genetic algorithm is used to search for the optimal solution by simulating the process of natural evolution. At the same time, the cost priority and willingness priority models are established to compare the advantages and disadvantages of different evacuation schemes and their applicable situations.
The evacuation of Oriental Sports Center is studied using a genetic algorithm. The objective function value of equilibrium model optimization is 0.2155 (optimal solution), significantly different from willingness priority model optimization (0.0300). After calculating the optimization objective function value and cost value under the conditions of cost priority and willingness priority, a “People-oriented and cost-balanced” suggestion is put forward for a large crowd evacuation scheme.
The Spatial Writing of Traditional and Modern Civilization in Love in a Fallen City by Eileen Chang
Authors: Li Linyi
Published: April 2024

This paper explores the urban space depicted in Eileen Chang’s novella Love in a Fallen City, delving into the interplay between traditional and modern civilizations. Through close textual analysis and literary research methods, it examines the psychological landscapes of the main characters. Furthermore, it analyzes how Eileen Chang portrays the relationship between traditional and modern spaces in her works and how this portrayal influences the characters’ behavior and fate. While existing academic research on Eileen Chang’s works and ideas has been abundant and deeply insightful, there are relatively lacking cases to analyze her novels from the perspective of spatial writing. To deepen the understanding of Eileen Chang’s works and her creative style and provide a new perspective for the interpretation of her other works, this research conducts an in-depth discussion on the spatial writing depicting traditional and modern civilizations in her work, Love in a Fallen City.
The principle of non-refoulement: the legitimacy of refugee policies in Western countries
Authors: Liu Jinhao
Published: April 2024

In recent years, affected by the influx of refugees, some Western countries have suffered blows in the security, economic, and other fields and are faced with the dilemma of safeguarding national interests and fulfilling the principle of non-refoulement under international law. Western countries are broadly adopting the following three policies to restrict and control the entry of refugees into their territories: the policy of extraterritorial refoulement, the policy of interception at sea, and the policy of safe third countries. They are adopting several flexible measures to circumvent the application of the principle of non-refoulement, believing that they are not violating the principle of non-refoulement. However, the United Nations and human rights organizations are still skeptical of the abovementioned policies. This thesis will mainly discuss the legality of these behaviors and make some suggestions based on the full understanding and respect of national sovereignty and territorial integrity, which can deal with the refugee problem more humanely and provide feasible ideas for solving the refugee problem.
Study on the Development Status, Inheritance, and Protection of Twelve Muqam in Shache County, Xinjiang
Authors: Li Zhuoyuan
Published: April 2024

The Twelve Muqam is one of the world’s intangible cultural heritages and a cultural treasure inherited by the Uyghurs. Setting the field site in the inheritance center of Twelve Muqam - Shache County, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, this article carries out an in-depth investigation and observation of the inheritors of Twelve Muqam, folk artists and ordinary people in Shache County through independent personal channels. This study found that the Twelve Muqam is well popularized among the Uyghurs in Shache County. However, the difficulty in cultivating Twelve Muqam artists makes it challenging to pass down Twelve Muqam. In addition, the inheritors of Twelve Muqam and folk artists take it as a personal belief rather than just a form of art, making them advocate strict preservation of the original state of this intangible cultural heritage. To some extent, this study engages in dialog and comparison with previous research conducted from the perspective of “the others”. It provides some enlightening insights for the subsequent inheritance and protection of Twelve Muqam.
A Mountain Standing: Paramount
Authors: Yin Mingyi
Published: April 2024

With the rapid growth and evolution of the global media industry, Paramount Pictures, Inc. is facing unprecedented opportunities and challenges. As a long-established film production and distribution giant, Paramount is breaking new ground to maintain its leadership position in the global entertainment industry. This paper will explain why Paramount can be expected to become a dominant entertainment business after over a decade in terms of its corporate background, current strategy, reasons why it can continue to thrive, future challenges, and development proposals.
Review of Research on the Development of Cold-Chain Logistics of Agricultural Products in China
Authors: Wang Sike
Published: April 2024

The growth of cold-chain logistics of agricultural products in China has become a central issue from all walks of life. With the constant growth of the economy and the growth in the standard of living, it has become increasingly prominent as a key link to ensure food safety and enhance the added value of agricultural products. Although the acceleration of urbanization and the trend of consumption upgrading have facilitated the rapid growth of the market needs for cold-chain logistics of agricultural goods, the government has accordingly entered a series of support policies to stimulate the application of modern information technology in cold-chain logistics of farm products, compared to developed nations, a significant disparity exists in terms of infrastructure, technical level, and management system in China. Therefore, it has become urgent to enhance the cold-chain logistics of farm produce in China to strengthen infrastructure construction, enhance the degree of data technology utilization, and facilitate the application of new technologies and models. This paper conducts and analyzes the rising status of cold-chain logistics of agricultural goods nationally and internationally, conducts an in-depth analysis of existing problems by existing scholars, finds out the deep-seated reasons behind it, and points out the direction for the continuous improvement and innovative development of cold-chain logistics of agricultural products in China.
Main Causes and Corresponding Strategies of “Dumb English” Phenomenon among Secondary School Students in Mainland China: A Review of Relevant Research Findings
Authors: Huang Yujun
Published: April 2024

This paper reviews selected literature published since 2000 to explore the increasing concern among scholars and educators in Mainland China, regarding the phenomenon of “dumb English” among secondary school students. Existing research primarily analyses the main causes of “dumb English” from the perspectives of deficiencies in English teaching in rural areas, the absence of native language culture in English instruction, deviations in students’ focus during oral English training, and psychological factors, etc. Corresponding strategies have been proposed to address these issues. Future research could focus on adjusting and optimizing the traditional English teaching models and evaluation systems in secondary school classrooms.
Application and progress of CAR therapy on malignances: from CAR-T to CAR-NK
Authors: Zhang Qi
Published: April 2024

For some malignances that are highly aggressive and metastatic are usually considered incurable. However, with the advent of immunotherapy, this therapy could be possibly effective after other three major therapies: surgery, radiation, chemotherapy. As an emerging immunotherapy, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells have been applied to treat hematologic malignances and some patients achieved long-term remission and temporary cure. However, CAR-T cells also bring side effects such as cytokine release syndrome (CRS), neurotoxicity, etc. Moreover, CAR-T cells did not perform well in solid tumors, for the reason that CAR-T cells are difficult to break through external barrier of solid tumors, at the same time maintain cytotoxicity and persistence inside. Therefore, we introduce CAR-NK cells therapy on the basis of CAR-T cells. At present all CAR-NK cell therapies are in clinical trials, its effectiveness has been initially observed. Compared with CAR-T cells, patients with hematologic malignances received CAR-NK cell therapies showed few side effects such as CRS and neurotoxicity.
Applying and analyzing the Model Portfolio Theory (MPT) by using Markowitz Model and index Model
Authors: Wang Shengyuan
Published: April 2024

In this study, I apply the Markovitz Model(“MM”) and Index Model(“IM”). These Portfolio Optimization models estimate and optimize U.S. equity portfolios with some realistic additional constraints.
I was given a recent 20 years of historical daily total return data for ten stocks, which belong in groups to three different sectors (according to Yahoo! Finance), one (S&P 500) equity index (a total of eleven risky assets), and a proxy for risk-free rate (1-month Fed Funds rate). I aggregate the daily data to the monthly observations, and based on those monthly observations, I calculate all proper optimization inputs for the full Markowitz Model (“MM”) alongside the Index Model (“IM”). We use the optimization inputs (“IM”) and (“MM”) to explore some additional constraints.
How to Build a Healthy Corporate Culture
Authors: Shao Weiqian
Published: April 2024

Corporate culture refers to a set of shared beliefs, values, and behaviors shared within the organization. Corporate culture differs across organizations, depending on the national culture, the industrial sector, the company size, and the leadership. An increasing number of organizations have incorporated business ethics into their corporate culture. Building an ethical corporate culture can raise employee morale, reduce misconduct, and improve corporate brand. The failure to address business ethics may result in the organization’s collapse. To build an ethical corporate culture, management should model their behaviors to promote business ethics. In addition to setting up good role models, the human resources department should provide necessary training to enhance employees’ understanding of the organization’s business ethics and corporate culture.
The Impact of Autonomous Vehicle Popularization on Safety, Comfort, and Overall Traffic Development
Authors: Liu Guanzheng
Published: April 2024

With the high-speed development of AI, machine learning, visual identification, and varieties of technology, autonomous vehicles are becoming more and more perfect in their design, safety performance, and function, and some autonomous vehicle companies have some chances to test the reliability of their products on roads with vehicle piloted by humans in some countries. The paper aims to understand the impact of autonomous vehicle popularization on safety, comfort, and overall traffic development and the feasibility of solving some existing problems that autonomous vehicles are facing. The paper offers some suggestions for future autonomous vehicle research and accomplishing autonomous vehicle popularization. The paper shows the futural traffic system and people’s travel experience.
Importância da magnificação da imagem e uso dos insertos ultrassônicos no tratamento endodôntico de molar com nódulo e calcificação pulpar
Authors: Peixoto Fernanda Lacerda de Almeida Romanó , Mordente Bárbara Morsani , Nunes Eduardo , Silveira Frank Ferreira
Published: April 2024

Calcificações fisiológicas são processos de deposição de dentina que reduzem o volume da câmara pulpar. A utilização de recursos como microscópio clínico e ultrassom permitem a visualização aumentada do campo operatório com maior previsibilidade nos casos de dentes com calcificações pulpares e canais atrésicos. O presente artigo relata um tratamento endodôntico de um dente molar com cálculo pulpar e obliteração radicular, onde o emprego do microscópio e pontas ultrassônicas foram importantes para a resolução bem-sucedida do caso clínico.
recurso da utilização dos fitoterápicos para tratamento das doenças periodontais
Authors: Spezzia Sérgio
Published: April 2024

A fitoterapia constitui uma terapia com cunho preventivo, alternativo ou complementar, que pode deter a instalação das doenças periodontais. Os compostos fitoterápicos são preparados e baseados em substâncias contidas nas plantas. Ela tem sido empregada, visando minimizar o acúmulo do biofilme dentário. O objetivo do presente artigo foi averiguar como o emprego dos fitoterápicos pode ocorrer para tratamento das doenças periodontais. Realizou-se revisão narrativa da literatura com levantamento de estudos e artigos sobre o uso de fitoterápicos para tratamento das doenças periodontais nas bases de dados bibliográficas: Google Acadêmico, LILACS. Fitoterápicos são empregados preventivamente e curativamente, visando deter a ação do biofilme dentário e a instalação de doenças orais, envolvendo doenças periodontais e cárie dentária. Na área da Odontologia geralmente utilizam-se como medicamentos fitoterápicos, a camomila, o romã, a própolis, a malva e o cravo da índia. Concluiu-se que a atuação dos fitoterápicos em boca possibilita a minimização da ocorrência de problemas periodontais, uma vez realizadas técnicas de escovação dentária de maneira correta pelos pacientes concomitantemente no ato da execução do seu autocuidado com a higienização bucal, evitando maiores desconfortos e tratamentos mais complexos.
Efeitos da atividade física na população idosa com hipertensão arterial: uma breve revisão narrativa
Authors: Santos Lucas Duarte
Published: April 2024

A Prática regular de atividade física é um assunto bastante estudado, pois muitos efeitos são considerados na saúde e bem estar nas diversas faixas etárias. Na população idosa a realização dessas práticas tem uma estratégica que promove saúde e qualidade de vida em idosos com hipertensão arterial. O objetivo dessa revisão foi narrar os efeitos da atividade física em idosos com hipertensão arterial. Esta pesquisa é caracterizada como uma revisão narrativa que tem um sentido qualitativo feito através da base de dados Google Acadêmico, entre os anos de 2006 a 2019. Diante dos resultados é interessante frisar que toda e qualquer programa de exercício físico deve ser supervisionado por um profissional. Deste modo, conclui-se que a atividade física promove um efeito hipotensor em idosos com hipertensão e melhora em outros parâmetros morfofuncionais que envolve os indivíduos.

Palavras chaves: Atividade Física. Idosos. Hipertensão Arterial.
De la „Cortina de fier” la „Cortina de nailon”.România și Marea Britanie în anii destinderii, 1960-1970
Authors:   Institutul de Istorie „Nicolae Iorga”, Anton Mioara
Published: April 2024

The article analyses the evolution of Romanian-British relations in the context of the détente. The mirror image of general and special interests, the way in which the diplomatic agenda of the two countries was structured in the light of the dynamics of the Cold War, and the transformations the world went through in the 1960s show that British interests toward Romania must be seen in the broader context of the redefinition of the UK’s foreign policy towards the countries of Central and South-Eastern Europe. If at the beginning of the Cold War, relations between Romania and the UK were completely frozen, limited to minimal diplomatic representation, in the second half of the 1960s, a completely different dynamic can be detected.
The opening to the East was dictated by both specific interests and the traditional lines of British diplomacy in the region. On the other hand, access to technology was a priority for the Romanian Government and, as can be seen from the evolution of economic data, Romania bought industrial plant and equipment from the British market on a massive scale. On the other hand, while becoming an important partner in technology transfer, Bucharest pushed for trade liberalisation and allowing Romanian products access to the British market.
Noi culegeri de documente privind încheierea Armistițiului și activitatea Comisiei Aliate de Control în Bulgaria, 1944-1947
Authors:   Universitatea ,,Sfântul Kliment Ohhridski” din Sofia, Ognianov Liubomir
Published: April 2024

This is a review of three books published in Bulgaria by Publishing House of BAS „Prof. Marin Drinov”: The Great Powers and Bulgaria, 1944-1947. The Armistice Between the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, the United States and Bulgaria (January-October 1944), 2014; The Allied Control Commission in Bulgaria (November 1944-December 1947). Documents. The First Part, 2018; The Allied Control Commission in Bulgaria (November 1944-December 1947). Documents. The Second Part, 2018.
Reflexiones sobre los 65 años de la misión arqueológica japonesa en Perú
Authors: Kaulicke Peter
Published: April 2024

Este trabajo está dedicado a la celebración de los 65 años de la Misión Arqueológica Japonesa en Perú, que coincide con el 150 aniversario de las relaciones diplomáticas entre Perú y Japón. Presenta breves repasos de la arqueología en ambos países hasta la llegada de los japoneses a Perú en 1958, quienes hasta la actualidad han ejecutado muchos proyectos, pero los más destacados son el de Kotosh en Huánuco y los de la Sierra y Costa del norte del país, en particular en Huacaloma, Kuntur Wasi y, de modo más reciente, en Pacopampa. Sus aportes a la cronología y a la naturaleza diversificada del periodo Formativo en Perú son extraordinarios.
¿Por qué la IA generará una crisis del empleo en América Latina y cómo enfrentarla?
Authors: García Marengo Sebastián Andrés
Published: April 2024

La inteligencia artificial (IA) es una tecnología facilitadora de múltiples industrias que podría ayudarnos a producir un nivel de riqueza sin precedentes. No obstante, al realizar diversas tareas con mayor eficiencia que los humanos y sin exigir derechos laborales, la IA reemplazará a una enorme cantidad de puestos de trabajo y generará una crisis del empleo a mediano plazo. Esta crisis será especialmente importante en América Latina por las condiciones estructurales del mercado laboral de la región. Adicionalmente, el avance de la IA creará una desigualdad sin precedentes, debido a que las empresas en este campo tienden al monopolio. Frente a ello, en el artículo se proponen criterios y líneas de acción para que los gobiernos latinoamericanos se preparen para la ola que se avecina.
Desinteligencia de datos: cómo los esfuerzos por regular la privacidad de datos viene fragmentando el desarrollo de la inteligencia artificial
Authors: Pella Plenge Javier
Published: April 2024

Las últimas noticias y debates en torno a la inteligencia artificial (IA), particularmente desde el lanzamiento de ChatGPT en noviembre de 2022, han incrementado los temores existentes respecto a su potencial impacto económico y social, motivando con ello un mayor interés de regular o incluso contener su desarrollo. Sin embargo, la IA es sólo la parte visible de una cadena de valor digital en donde el acceso a los datos digitales constituye un factor fundamental. Sin datos, la IA no tendría materia prima para procesar; sin IA, los datos no tendrían valor. La mayoría de los datos que usan los algoritmos de la IA son de naturaleza transfronteriza, por lo que se requiere un marco de gobernanza global. Sin embargo, la falta de consensos globales sobre los alcances de la regulación de datos viene propiciando aproximaciones normativas fragmentadas, limitando su interoperabilidad tecnológica, particularmente entre Estados Unidos, China y la Unión Europea. El presente articulo plantea que la formación de estos silos de datos derivará en un desarrollo diferenciado de la IA y repercutirá en la competencia estratégica entre Estados Unidos y China por la supremacía tecnológica global. Mientras tanto, tarde o temprano, los países menos avanzados tecnológicamente tendrán que adoptar una posición política de apoyo a alguna de las visiones existentes, con eventuales consecuencias en el desarrollo económico y social para algunos de ellos.
Analisis Pendapatan Petani Padi Sawah Di Kelurahan Sawidago Kecamatan Pamona Utara
Authors: Perori Jef Vebrianto , Sangkide Charis Elfis Fajar , Kawani Fredrik Bastian
Published: April 2024

Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui pendapatan bersih (keuntungan) yang di peroleh petani padi sawah di kelurahan sawidago, kecamatan pamona utara setiap kali panen. Data yang di gunakan yaitu data primer dan data sekunder yang di peroleh melalui wawancara langsung kepada responden serta melalui kantor kelurahan, petugas PPL dan kepustakaan. Analisis yang di gunakan dalam penelitian ini secara kuantitatif yakni untuk menghitung pendapatan bersih (keuntungan) yang di peroleh rata-rata tiap petani padi sawah. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwabesarnya pendapatan bersih rata-rata petani padi sawah sebesar Rp 2.179.250 setiap kali panen. Angka tersebut membuktikan usaha tani di kelurahan sawidago telah dapat memberikan keuntungan. Namun keuntungan tersebut masih belum dapat memenuhi seluruh kebutuhan keluarga.
Pengaruh Modal Terhadap Peningkatan Produksi Cengkeh Di Kelurahan Sawidago Kecamatan Pamona Utara
Authors: Walenta Abdi Sakti , Tobondo Yuyun Alfasius , Kawani Fredrik Bastian , Dera Wildawati
Published: April 2024

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh luas lahan, modal, tenaga kerja terhadap hasil produksi cengkeh. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di kelurahan sawidago kecamatan pamona utara. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah survey 45 petani responden. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan secara acak dari lokasi penelitian. Data dianalisis dengan menggunakan analisa regresi sederhana dan berganda dan dilanjutkan dengan uji F. Hasil penelitian menunjukan variabel luas lahan modal tenaga kerja memiliki pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap hasil produksi cengkeh. Nilai R2 sebesar 0,960 berarti bahwa sebesar 96% variasi hasil produksi cengkeh dapat dijelaskan oleh variabel luas lahan, modal dan tenaga kerja. Sedangkan sisanya adalah sebesar 4% dijelaskan olehsebab-sebab lain diluar modal.
Kepemimpinan Kepala Desa Dalam Perencanaan Pembangunan Desa Watutau Kecamatan Lore Peore
Authors: Tandiborong Lisda Prisilia , Ruagadi Henry A. , Balingki Arifin
Published: April 2024

Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh karena perkembangan pembangunan di Desa Watutau Kecamatan Lore Peore yang dianggap tidak berjalan sacara efisien atau belum berjalan sebagaimana mestinya ditandai dengan belum memadainya sarana dan prasarana untuk pertanian serta infrastruktur jalan desa yang cukup memprihatikan yang membuat peneliti tertarik membahas masalah tersebut dengan judul “Kepemimpinan Kepala Desa Dalam Perencanaan Pembangunan Desa Watutau Kecamatan Lore Peore”.Teori yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah teori kepemimpinan dan teori perencanaan pembangunan dengan menggunakan metode pendekatan deskriptif kualitatif dan teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan cara observasi, wawancara dan dokumentasi. Dari hasil penelitian ditemukan bahwa kepemimpinan kepala desa dalam perencanaan pembangunan di desa Watutau Kecamatan Lore Peore tidak demokratis, serta faktor yang mempengaruhi kepemimpinan kepala desa dalam perencanaan pembangunan adalah kurangnya SDM. Pemerintah desa tidak memahami kondisi sosial budaya masyarakat. Dengan demikian penulis memberikan saran kepada pemerintah dalam hal ini kepala desa sebagai pemimpin di desa watutau agar bersifat demokratis dalam menerima dan mendengar aspirasi masyarakat, bersikap transparan terhaap perencanaan pembangunan dan dapat mengelolah sumber daya alam yang dimiliki desa watutau untuk mnegembangkan pertumbuhan ekonomi masyarakat desa.
Gender Discrimination in Politics: A Critical Review of Liberalism
Authors: Makulilo Alexander
Published: April 2024

Liberal political theory assumes that the separation of the public from the private sphere is natural and therefore woman’s subordination to man is inherent. The backdrop of this dichotomy appears to reinforce gender stereotyping since it constructs woman to reflect an apolitical nature of a subject in a political system. Man’s behaviour, on the other hand, is portrayed as the standard political behaviour against which a woman is supposed to measure. Viewed from the perspective of the dichotomy, politics is reduced to “man” and hence its masculinisation. Camouflaging its exclusionary tendencies, liberal theory purports to employ “universal”- neutral static language which is “sexual-blind” such as “individual”, “citizen”, “worker”, “equality”, and “representation”. Liberalism therefore makes universal rationality the essence of humanity and the basis of its epistemology and politics. This article examines the core of liberalism as one of the sources of gender discrimination in politics.
Challenges facing Wastewater Management in Fast Growing Cities in Tanzania: A Case of Dodoma City Council
Authors: Wawa Anna I.
Published: April 2024

The main objective of this study was to examine the challenges facing the Urban Water Supply Authorities in fast growing cities on wastewater management, Dodoma City as a case study. The study used field observation and interview methods to collect data. The primary data were complimented by literature search to enrich the findings. Purposive sampling to Dodoma Urban Water supply and Sewerage Authority (DUWASA) and City Council Health officials was adopted to obtain the required information for this study. The findings revealed the major challenge facing DUWASA to include rapid expansion of the city associated with lack of funds for extension and rehabilitation of infrastructure. However, there is a minimal use of the available wastewater systems by the current population due to high cost of installation. The study recommends collaborative efforts by DUWASA and Dodoma City Council on the expansion of sewerage system to match with the current growing speed of the City. The study recommends for The Ministry of Water and Irrigation Tanzania to support DUWASA to execute its planned project of constructing larger waste stabilization ponds away from the residential areas.
Impacts of Climate Change on Food Security and Adaptation Options for Smallholder Farmers in Malawi
Authors: Twinomugisha Ben Busizori , Mushy Reguli Baltazar
Published: April 2024

This article is based on the study that assessed the impact of climate change on food security and adaptation strategies among smallholder farmers in Salima district, Malawi. The research design deployed literature review and case study survey. A mixed approach of both qualitative and quantitative research methods was used for data collection and analysis. Findings revealed a felt slight increase in temperature. Rainfall seasonality changes (inter annual and intra variation) are suspected to lead to more frequent and intensified droughts and floods that affect four pillars of food security i.e., food availability, access, utilization and stability. Perceived climate change risks are based on smallholder farmers’ experience and knowledge of their local farming. Majority of smallholder farmers in the study areas depend on subsistence farming that is rainfed and vulnerable to seasonality changes. Farmers are taking adaptation measures to ensure food security that includes indigenous knowledge based on past experiences and adoption of climate smart modern technologies. Adaptation limiting factors include limited livelihoods-based capitals, knowledge and skills of climate smart agriculture. There is need for reforming agriculture extension services provided by government through formal integration of climate smart agriculture in policy linkages to smallholder farmers.
Assessment of Wildfires in Tanzania Forest Plantations: A Case of Sao Hill in Mufindi District
Authors: Mgina Maximillan , Wawa Anna I.
Published: April 2024

The study investigated the wildfires in Sao Hill Forest Plantation (SHFP) in Mufindi District with a focus on causes, impacts, and challenges in fire-fighting. The inadequate data and studies on forest fires rationalized the choice of the study area. Mixed approach and a case study design were used. The sample of 45 respondents were purposively selected out of which 15 were key informants as an entrance point and 30 were other respondents snowballed as proposed by key informants. Descriptive and thematic analysis was used for quantitative and qualitative data respectively. Land preparation which involved clearing of forest harvest debris for tree replanting; slash and burning practice that farmers use traditionally for farm preparation was the major cause of wildfire in SHFP. The negative impacts outweighed the positive through the loss of trees which was ecologically and economically destructive. Inadequate facilities and community participation were the frequently mentioned challenges. The study recommended for the prerequisites in controlled burning to be followed, enhanced rational allocation of resources like equitable harvesting permits and farming land to avoid arsonism. More researches on biological means of land preparation are suggested to reduce fuel load through efficient technology and improved recovery.
Implication Analysis of Pre and Post-Harvest Losses of Maize to Household Food Security in Kongwa and Kondoa Districts-Tanzania
Authors: Johnson Namkunda , Nyomora Agnes , Lyimo James
Published: April 2024

The contribution of food losses occurring in the food system to reduced household food security is undoubted. This study therefore investigated the status of the pre- and post-harvest losses in maize and their implication on household food availability, utilization and access in Kongwa and Kondoa districts. The study sites were selected because of their potential in maize production and losses.  A mixed method approach was used to collect data for the study including secondary and primary data.  Secondary data collection was achieved through literature review of published papers, reports, proceeding, policy documents and strategies relevant to agriculture. Primary data collection was achieved through discussion with key informants (14 people), focus group discussion (6 groups from each village comprising of 4 males and 4 females). A total of 376 (5.9%) households were surveyed and Transect Walk was also done to verify information obtained. Qualitative data was analyzed thematically using NVIVO software whereas quantitative data was descriptively analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software. The cumulative pre and post-harvest losses estimates were compared against provided pre and post-harvest losses threshold values. The comparison between pre and post-harvest losses was confirmed by two ways ANOVA analysis using Levene test. Findings showed that status of maize pre and post-harvest losses are below the thresholds of 31.2% and 40% whereby maize post-harvest losses are significantly (p = 0.015) higher than pre harvest losses. Pre harvest losses in maize were also significantly (p < 0.011) associated with reduced food availability while post-harvest losses are significantly (p < 0.000) associated with reduced food utilization. The study recommends increased awareness among farmers on the implication of food losses to household food security through trainings and seminars from agriculture extension officers.
Factoring the Trust in the Regulatory Relationships: A Reflection from Tanzania’s Mining Sector
Authors: Julius Furaha
Published: April 2024

This paper argues on the complementarities between regulatory structures and relationships which stems upon the reciprocated trust between the mining regulators and operators. One key question addressed by this paper is how can trust relationships better complement the regulatory structures towards improving the natural resource governance for socio-economic development and transformation?  Drawing mainly on the case of Tanzania, the paper indicates the trust gaps and offers some perspectives on the role of trust in the regulation of mining activities in a resource-rich lower-middle-income economy. The paper looks at both the cause and effects of trust relationships within a regulatory system in the mining sector of Tanzania and sheds light on the practical challenges and opportunities of building the trust. In the light of the increasing allure of collaborative regulation, the paper also takes a brief navigation into the manner in which trust relationships are established or destroyed by various regulatory stakeholders. Conclusions are drawn by underlining the importance of trust relationships for effective regulation in less developed resource-endowed countries like Tanzania
Investigation on The Level of Insecticide Resistance to Malaria Vectors in Ruangwa District Lindi Region Tanzania
Authors: Clement Godfrida R. , Kigadye Emmanuel S. , Govella Nicodem J.
Published: April 2024

High malaria prevalence remains a major problem in Ruangwa District, despite the high coverage rates of malaria control interventions. The objective of this study was to assess the level of insecticide resistance in malaria vectors in southern, Tanzania. The study was conducted in three villages of Likangara, Nandagara and Chienjere. Resistance level to insecticides in An. gambiae s.l was evaluated using a standard WHO Susceptibility Test Kit. These mosquitoes were reared from larvae collected in varoius breeding sites in a major rice, vegetable and leguminous plant cultivation area in which pesticides use is intensive. Each test was run in four replicates of 25 adult non-blood fed female Anopheles gambiae s.l mosquitoes per tube. In total, 100 specimens were exposed for standard concentration of 1% fenitrothion, 0.1% bendiocarb, 0.75% permethrin and 0.05% deltamethrin  using WHO susceptibility test kit.  The number of knocked down mosquitoes were recorded at 10,15,20,30,50  and 60 min  and mortality rates were determined after 24 hours and results were classified according to WHO guidelines, as susceptible (97-100%), possible resistance (90%-98%) and resistance (<90%). The results indicate suggestive levels of mosquitoes resistance to Bendiocarb at (75%), possible resitance levels of Deltamethrin  at (95%), Permethrin at (97%) and Fenitrothion at (96%) (p < 0.05). This implies that there is reduced effectiveness of insecticides used in vector control interventions in   the   district.   Superior   insecticides   should   made   available and introduced in order to promote the sustainable management of malaria vectors and elimination malaria transmission in the district.
Seasonal Variability of Water Quality in the Zigi River, Northern Tanzania
Authors: Nyambukah Ramadhan , Mihale Matobola J.
Published: April 2024

Water quality parameters (colour, total suspended solids (TSS), turbidity, electrical conductivity (EC), pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), total dissolved solids (TDS), temperature, nitrate, phosphate and faecal coliform) were evaluated during wet and dry seasons in relation to human activities in Zigi River and its tributaries. Samples were taken from nine strategic sampling points located in different areas of river. The samples were processed and analysed using established procedures. Results of temperature, EC, TDS, TSS, nitrate, colour, turbidity and E. coli were higher in wet season than in dry season. Significant variations (p < 0.05) of temperature, EC, TDS, nitrates, colour and turbidity with changing seasons were observed. Also, results on variations of other parameters were more or less the same in both seasons. Temperature, EC, TDS, nitrate and E. coli were increasing and DO decreasing downstream in both seasons probably due to increased anthropogenic activities along the river. High Pearson correlation coefficient (r2 > 0.53) observed between these parameters indicated that these values are closely related. Results on assessment of water using water quality index have revealed that the river water in both seasons is unsuitable for use as drinking water and that the water is more unsuitable for use during the wet season than during the dry season. Implications of the findings on water treatment are vivid and immediate measures are recommended to minimise the further diminishing quality of the water in this river and thus reduce the costs of treating the water for domestic use
Estimation of Persistent Organic Pollutants releases and emission levels from Healthcare Waste in Mwananyamala and Temeke Regional Hospitals in Tanzania
Authors: Saria Josephat Alexander
Published: April 2024

This study estimated the amount of polychlorinated dibenzodioxin (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) from healthcare wastes generated in Mwananyamala and Temeke regional hospitals located in Dar es Salaam using Standardized Toolkit for sources of persistent organic pollutant (POPs) developed by UNEP. Healthcare wastes were collected in different categories and measured for fourteen (14) consecutive days. By using a weighing scale machine, the assessment of the healthcare waste generation rate in each hospital was measured. The average amount of healthcare waste were  67.12  Tons/year and 105.34 Tons/year at Mwananyamala and Temeke hospitals respectively. The recommended tolerable daily intake (TDI) of dioxin/furans for an adult is 1.75 x 10-10 g I-TEQ/day. The value obtained in this study (2.38 x 10-4 g 1-TEQ/day) at Mwananyamala hospital and 3.62 x 10-4 g 1- TEQ/day at Temeke is about 1.36 x 106 and 2.07 x 106 times higher than the recommended value for adults respectively. It is hereby recommended the emission of dioxin/furan from hospitals must be controlled and if possible, reduced to below the recommended limit. More detailed studies and the permanent monitoring of air quality around different healthcare facilities would be appropriate.
Internal Audit Attributes on the Performance of Projects in Local Government Authorities in Tanzania
Authors: Mbogella Amani Patrick , Kira Alex , Ngomuo Sarah
Published: April 2024

This study examined the attributes of internal audit on the performance of the projects in Local Government Authorities in Tanzania, in the way projects are operated and managed, based on the prevailed internal control systems. The role of an internal audit is to ensure the entity provides independent assurance towards risk management,   governance and internal controls of the entity. In Tanzania, the Performance of projects are inadequate regardless of massive investments done by the Government. Internal control systems are not strong enough to ensure the performance of projects is compounded at paramount. Hence internal control systems should be addressed to cater the inadequate performance of projects in Local Government. Through examination of the attributes of internal audit work and the performance of projects in Local Government authorities in Tanzania, the study revealed that internal audit had positive influence on the performance of projects. This implied that a unit change in internal audit will increase project performance by the rate of 0.168. Therefore, the study showed that there is a significant direct relationship of internal audit and the performance of the projects in   Local Government Authorities. Quantitative data, Likert scale, and multiple linear regression model was used under the study. Likert scales from questionnaires were used whereby data was analyzed by using SPSS V.26 software. These software packages have features that accommodate variables under the study and they are user–friendly.  The study concluded that a great use of value-added strategies (rather than consecutive strategies) in audit results to greater performance of the projects implemented into various Local Government Authorities in Tanzania.
Analysis of Profit Efficiency of Grape Production: A Case of Smallholder Grape Farmers in Dodoma, Tanzania
Authors: Nalyoto Aristides , Ngaruko Deus D.
Published: April 2024

The aim of this study was to assess the contribution of production and profit efficiency of grapes production from farmers in Dodoma region. However, the study was specifically conducted in Dodoma region at Dodoma municipal council, grape farmers were the focal point of the study. The research used two approaches, quantitative approach and qualitative approach. Through purposive and simple random sampling, four (4) respondents from four villages (one officer in each village) who were government extension service officers were interviewed. Moreover, in this study, a sample of 118 respondents from grape farmers were provided with questionnaire. Data were collected through interviews and questionnaires and the results were analyzed using the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) program version 20. The results show that grape production contributes a lot to the economics of the household since it increases the income of the household up to a profit of Tsh 667,419 per acre. Therefore, we recommend some strategies which should be used to boost grape production in the country. The strategies include the formation of groups or cooperative agriculture; agricultural experts (such as agricultural extension officers) should establish close relationship with farmers to understand farmers’ challenges fully and involve them in obtaining solutions. Finally, simple storage facilities should be provided through collaboration with different partners like individuals, private sectors and government.
An Assessment of Mentoring Programmes for Novice Secondary School Teachers’ Competencies in Mbeya Region, Tanzania
Authors: Ally Mussa Shabani , Mabagala Daphina Libent
Published: April 2024

Mentoring programmes are cost- effective and interesting in helping one to grow in different teaching methodologies for practicing secondary school teachers and learning processes for novice teachers. When mentoring is carried out in one’s early career development, novice teachers become competent and execute their work with confidence. Yet, there are a few studies which have so far been conducted concerning the assessment of mentoring programmes for novice secondary school teachers’ competencies. Specifically, the study examined the forms of mentoring offered to novice teachers in secondary schools in Mbeya region; and established stakeholders’ perceptions on mentoring programmes in developing novice teachers’ teaching competencies in secondary schools in Mbeya region. A descriptive survey research design utilizing quantitative and qualitative approaches was used to a sample size of 110 respondents. Quantitative data were analysed descriptively while qualitative data being analysed through content analysis. The findings revealed that different forms of mentoring were practiced in Mbeya region. These included formal and informal mentoring, instance and group mentoring, situational and supervisory mentoring where each form of mentoring benefited novice teachers towards teaching and learning. Also, the study revealed positive perception of mentoring programs towards developing novice teachers’ competence in secondary schools from stakeholders. Further, novice teachers viewed their mentors as models to help understanding of their own strengths and weakness, as well as acquiring problem solving skills, thereby filling the gap created by limited practices and experiences not covered during teacher training. It was recommended that there is a need to strengthen programmes in secondary schools in order to support novice teachers’ progress in the beginning of their teaching career.