bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Intensity Detection methods of Tropical Cyclone in Western North Pacific with Deviation Angle Variance Technique
Authors: Zhong Wei , Qian Qian , Yao Yao , Sun Yuan , He Hongrang , Wang Shilin
Published: February 2023

In this paper, standardized infrared cloud images from Fengyun (FY) Series geostationary satellites and Best-Track Data from China Meteorological Administration (CMA-BST) within 2015-2017 are used to investigate the effects of two multi-factor models, generalized linear model (GLM) and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) model, for tropical cyclone (TC) intensity estimation. The typical single-factor Sigmoid function model (SFM) with map minimum value (MMV) of deviation angle variance (DAV) is also reproduced for comparison. Through applying the sensitivity experiments to DAV calculation radius and different training data groups, the estimation precision and their optimum calculation radius for DAV in Western North Pacific (WNP) are analyzed. The results show that the root mean square error (RMSE) of single-factor SFM is between 8.79 and 13.91 by using individual years as test sets and the remaining two years as training sets with the optimum calculation radius of 550 km. However, after selecting and using high-correlation factors by GLM, the RMSE of GLM and LSTM model decreases to 5.93~8.68  and 4.99~7.00 , respectively with their own optimum calculation radius of 350 km and 400 km. All sensitivity experiments indicate that the estimation results of SFM can be significantly influenced by DAV calculation radius and the characteristics of training set data, while the results of multi-factor models appear more stable. Furthermore, the multi-factor models reduce the optimum radius within the process of DAV calculation and improve the precision of TC intensity estimation in WNP, which can be an effective way for TC intensity estimation in marine area.
Assessing effective radiative forcing from aerosol-cloud interactions over the global ocean
Authors: Wall Casey , Norris Joel , Possner Anna , McCoy Daniel , McCoy Isabel , Lutsko Nicholas
Published: February 2023

How clouds respond to anthropogenic sulfate aerosols is one of the largest sources of uncertainty in the radiative forcing of climate over the industrial era. This uncertainty limits our ability to predict equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS) – the equilibrium global warming following a doubling of atmospheric CO2. Here we use satellite observations to quantify relationships between sulfate aerosols and low-level clouds while carefully controlling for meteorology. We then combine the relationships with estimates of the change in sulfate concentration since about 1850 to constrain the associated radiative forcing. We estimate that the cloud-mediated radiative forcing from anthropogenic sulfate aerosols is −1.11 ± 0.43 W m-2 over the global ocean (95% confidence). This constraint implies that ECS is likely between 2.9 and 4.5 K (66% confidence). Our results indicate that aerosol forcing is less uncertain and ECS is probably larger than the ranges proposed by recent climate assessments.
Deep learning for uncertainty quantification of satellite retrievals of precipitation: Case studies in two complex terrain regions
Authors: Chen Haonan , Wang Liping , Chen Yun-Lan , Xie Pingping , Chen Chia-Rong , Liao Tony
Published: February 2023

The performance of various composite satellite precipitation products is severely limited by their individual passive microwave (PMW)-based retrieval uncertainties because the PMW sensors have difficulties in resolving heavy rain and/or shallow orographic precipitation systems, especially during small scale precipitation events. Characterizing the error structure of PMW retrievals is crucial to improving precipitation mapping at different space-time scales. This paper presents an ensemble learning framework to quantify the uncertainties associated with satellite precipitation products with an emphasis on orographic precipitation. A deep convolutional neural network is devised, which utilizes ground-based radar and gauge blended precipitation estimates as target labels to train satellite precipitation products in order to extract the uncertainty features involved in the satellite products. An ensemble strategy is designed to boost the performance of individually trained deep learning models. The ensemble model is then applied to multiple domains with different geophysical characteristics. The precipitation products derived using the NOAA/Climate Prediction Center morphing technique (CMORPH) over Taiwan and the coastal mountain region in the western United States are used to demonstrate the deep learning-based bias correction performance. The impact of topography on satellite-based precipitation retrievals is quantified. The results show that the orographic gradients have a strong influence on precipitation retrievals in complex terrain regions. The accuracy of CMORPH is dramatically enhanced after applying the ensemble learning-based bias correction technique, indicating the great potential of machine learning in improving satellite precipitation retrievals.
Bacterial viability and air quality: experimental approach and results at the atmospheric simulation chamber ChAMBRe.
Authors: Gatta Elena , Vernocchi Virginia , Brunoldi Marco , Massabò Dario , Parodi Franco , Prati Paolo
Published: February 2023

Bio-aerosols consist of airborne particles such as pollens, fungi, bacteria, viruses and debris from biological matter, such as metabolites and toxins, that are present ubiquitously in the environment. In last decades, the interest in bioaerosols has increased rapidly to broaden the pool of knowledge on their identification, quantification, distribution, but also to understand how bioaerosols impact human health in both indoor and outdoor settings. Experiments conducted inside confined artificial environments, such as the Atmospheric Simulations Chambers (ASCs), where atmospheric conditions and composition are controlled, can provide valuable information on bio-aerosol viability, dispersion, and impact. At ChAMBRe (Chamber for Aerosol Modelling and Bio-aerosol Research), a 2.3 m3 stainless steel ASC, managed by INFN at the Physics Department of the University of Genoa, Italy, the research on bioaerosol is focused on the investigation of the airborne bacteria behavior in different atmospheric conditions (Massabò et al., AMT, 2018). Our experiments were performed with two types of bacteria, Bacillus Subtilis and Escherichia Coli evolutionarily divergent model organisms, Gram-negative and Gram-positive respectively, to compare cellular viability by varying of the atmospheric conditions in the simulation chambre. A great effort has been put in the assessment of an experimental protocol which includes bacteria cultivation, injection in the chamber of viable cells, exposure to peculiar environmental conditions and final verification of the loss/gain in viability. With first experiments, bacteria were exposed to high concentration of characterized soot particles (Black carbon ~ 600 μg m-3) and NOx exhausts, both produced by propane combustion (Vernocchi et al., 2021). The effects of NOx only were also separately investigated, in another set of experiments, in which different concentration of NOx were tested. Evidence of an impact of NOx concentration on the viability of the Gram-negative Bacillus Subtilis were observed and will be fully reported at the conference.  
Locating the Lhasa Block within the Neo-Tethys Ocean at ~268 Ma: Paleomagnetism and Its Paleogeographic Implications
Authors: Xing Longyun , Cheng Xin , Wu Hanning
Published: February 2023

The origin and drift history of the Lhasa block in South Tibet is crucial towards unraveling the evolution of the Neo-Tethys Ocean, which has not yet been well constrained by the paucity of paleomagnetic data, especially for the late Paleozoic. Hence, a systematic paleomagnetic investigation of 50 sandstone samples (6 sites), 166 volcanic samples (21 sites) and 76 limestone samples (9 sites) from the middle Permian (267.8 ± 5.0 Ma) Luobadui Formation was conducted in the Lhunzhub area. The results reveal an Eocene re-magnetization component in the sandstone samples, but stable high temperature (field) components obtained from most volcanic and limestone samples can successfully pass the fold, reversal and paleosecular variation tests, which likely represents primary magnetization. On this basis, the middle Permian paleomagnetic pole position (Plat= 40.9°N, Plong=324.5°E, N=27 sites (dp/dm=3.3/6)) and paleolatitude (~15.9°S) of the Lhasa block are presented. Combined with published paleomagnetic data from other Tethyan continental blocks, this new constraint reveals that the Lhasa block was located in the interior of the Neo-Tethys Ocean at about 268 Ma. In further considering the geological records of the Lhasa block, we propose that the block rifted from the northwestern margin of the Gondwana-Australian plate prior to the middle Permian, and the Neo-Tethys Ocean represented by the Bangong Co-Nujiang and Yarlung-Zangbo Suture Zones coexisted during the middle Permian.
the fate of erosion products
Authors: fayemendy nicolas
Published: February 2023

The Victor Duruy high school is located in the Landes department, known in particular for its surfing beaches on the Atlantic Ocean. But students are often mistaken about the origin of the sand that forms our beaches, seeing it being pushed back by the waves. It will take levers to the brakes which are the temporal dimension (geological process of alteration, erosion, transport) and the spatial dimension (mountain range often far from the ocean). During a geological outing in the Pyrenees, we take sand from different sites along a river, up to the mouth of the river; each sample is numbered, and identified concerning the place of sampling. Back in high school, each group of students works on a sample: using a column of sieves, they will perform a grading of the grains taken: what sizes of grains are present? In what proportion? They can make a histogram of the proportions of each grain size. By comparing the results of the groups, they will thus be able to compare the future of erosion products along the watercourse. They can also observe the grains under a binocular magnifying glass to see their shape and appearance. They can also constitute a geologic model recreating the fate of the products of erosion from the mountain range to the ocean. On this model, zooms are made on the different sampling locations, with a Petri dish containing the grains of sand sampled.
Assessing the climate benefit of rewetting peatlands: Analysis of suitable metrics and implications of non-permanence for carbon farming schemes
Authors: Leifeld Jens
Published: February 2023

Peatland rewetting is a nature based solution and considered a low hanging fruit that may substantially contribute to reaching the net zero goal. Its overall climate impact is very much determined by the interplay of CO2 and CH4 emissions that both strongly and non-linearly depend on water table depth. Rewetting peatlands acts instantaneously, and its overall climate effect depends on the considered time horizon.In this study, which extends an approach developed for carbon sequestration in mineral soils (Leifeld & Keel 2022), the radiative forcing [W m-2] of peatland rewetting is calculated along a gradient of water table depths of between -60 and +2 cm, based on recently published parameterizations for the temperate zone (Tiemeyer et al. 2020; Evans et al. 2021), for a time horizon of up to 1000 years. Two metrics, the cumulated radiative forcing and the switchover time, are considered.Switchover times, i.e. the length of time after which the positive radiative forcing due to increases in CH4 emissions at a restored peatland is overtaken by the cumulative negative radiative forcing due to CO2 uptake, range from 398 to almost 798 years, depending on water table. Switchover can only be reached when the system is a net CO2 sink, i.e. at water table depths of -7 cm or less. Both metrics, the cumulative radiative forcing and the switchover time, reveal optimum water table depths of between -6 and -2 cm (i.e., below surface). However, relative to a business-as-usual scenario with a water table of -60 cm, any water table raise improves the overall radiative balance of the rewetted system from the very beginning.In case of non-permanence of rewetting (e.g., accidental drainage), radiative forcing calculations can be used to derive suitable, biophysically based risk buffer accounts for carbon markets. For example, keeping a peatland rewetted for only 30 instead of 100 years as contractually settled still yields a 51 % climate benefit relative to a business-as-usual. The implications of these findings are discussed in the light of the carbon farming schemes proposed by the EU. ReferencesEvans, C.D. et al., 2021, Nature 593, 548–552. Leifeld, J. & Keel, S.G., 2022, Geoderma 423, 115971. Tiemeyer, B. et al., 2020, Ecological Indicators 109, 105838.
Disruption of a high-pressure unit during exhumation: petrology and geochronology of garnets within the Cycladic Blueschist Unit (Thera, Ios and Naxos islands, Greece)
Authors: Peillod Alexandre , Patten Clifford , Drüppel Kirsten , Beranoaguirre Aratz , Zeh Armin , Gudelius Dominik , Hector Simon , Majka Jarosław , Kleine Barbara , Karlson Andreas , Gerdes Axel , Kolb Jochen
Published: February 2023

Understanding the disruption of a tectonic nappe that experiences a subduction-related pressure temperature (P-T) loop is challenging. Thrust imbrications may disrupt single nappes during its subduction and/or exhumation which can be revealed by detailed petrological and geochronological work. Garnet commonly forms during subduction. It most likely hosts early prograde, peak high-pressure (HP) and subsequent metamorphic mineral inclusions making such assemblages a useful tool for detailed petrological and geochronological investigations. Multiple approaches were used to determine the detailed P-T loop of the Cycladic Blueschist Unit passive margin sequence (Greece) such as Zr-in-rutile thermometry coupled with quartz-in-garnet elastic barometry, average P-T and phase equilibrium thermodynamic modeling. U-Pb garnet and zircon geochronology age data were in addition determined to complement already existing age data.The results of this approach reveal that the passive margin sequence in Thera (Santorini), Ios and Naxos was subducted as a coherent continental fragment at a subduction rate of ~2.1 km/My and a heating rate of ~12 °C/My. Prograde and peak HP metamorphism occurs at c. 50 and c. 40 Ma respectively.  Along Thera, Ios and Naxos, prograde and peak P-T condition increase from sub-blueschist to upper blueschist facies metamorphism. Subsequently, the sequence was disrupted by one or several thrust faults during its exhumation. The passive margin sequence of Naxos was thrust onto the Ios sequence during the Oligocene at c. 30 Ma. This imbrication is revealed by different exhumation rates of ~6 km/My for the passive margin sequence of Naxos and of ~3 km/My for the one of Ios. The passive margin sequence of Thera, Ios and the upper part of Naxos was exhumed to upper crustal levels, whereas the lower part of the Naxos passive margin sequence was exhumed to the lower crust leading to thermal relaxation of 9–96°C following tectonic accretion. This indicates that thermal relaxation following tectonic accretion in the Cyclades controlled the thermal evolution of the evolving Cycladic orogen during a tectonically quiet period before lithospheric extension.
Impacts of asbestos mining activities on lake ecosystems: insights from a multi-proxy paleolimnological investigation
Authors: Pienitz Reinhard , Jacques Olivier
Published: February 2023

The impacts of asbestos mining activities and wastes on aquatic ecosystems are generally assumed to be minimal, yet have been poorly studied. To evaluate their importance, we analyzed several sediment cores collected in the Bécancour River Basin, notably in 4 fluvial lakes located downstream from Thetford Mines (Quebec, Canada): Stater Pond, Trout Lake, Lake William, and Lake Joseph. This region has been the center of more than a century of asbestos mining activities (1877–2011 CE), which resulted in the accumulation of huge piles of wastes (tailings and waste rock) on riverbanks. Age-depth models, primarily derived from radiometric dating (137Cs, 210Pb, 14C), revealed extreme increases in sediment accumulation rates in Stater Pond and lakes Trout and William, corresponding with the 1955–1959 CE drainage and excavation of an upstream lake for mining purposes. This event also corresponded with their strong eutrophication, as revealed by sudden changes in diatom assemblage composition (e.g., proliferation of Cyclostephanos invisitatus/makarovae, Cyclotella meneghiniana). ICP-MS/ICP-AES analyses revealed that post-1960 sediments at Stater Pond and lakes Trout and William, which maintained very high accumulation rates, were distinctively enriched in magnesium, chromium, and nickel. This provided evidence that they are contaminated by asbestos mining wastes, hence that the piles on the riverbanks are exposed to heavy erosion. Analyses by transmission electron microscopy demonstrated that post-1960 sediments contain important asbestos fiber concentrations (up to 6.9 wt%). Evidence of asbestos mining contamination has also been found in Lake Joseph, which showed that it spreads over ≥ 25 km in the Bécancour River system. We conclude that asbestos mining activities and wastes are susceptible to cause high sediment loads, as well as metal and fiber contamination in aquatic ecosystems (among other undesirable effects). Therefore, more efforts should be invested in the restoration of such mining sites and in controlling pollution they cause.
Considering uncertainty in the Quantitative Risk Analysis process to inform decision-making for landslide risk mitigation strategies
Authors: Macciotta Renato
Published: February 2023

The adoption of quantitative risk assessments (QRA) for land-slide management decision-making has increased over the last few decades, particularly when projects threaten sensitive built environments and heritage sites. The QRA process provides a quantitative estimate of the level of risk that can then be evaluated against adopted criteria for decision-making purposes regarding the need for prevention and mitigation. Although the QRA process provides for considerations of uncertainty in landslide hazard (occurrence probability, volumes, velocities, runout distances, etc.) and consequence (e.g. quantity and vulnerability of exposed population and infrastructure); The uncertainty associated with quantification in the QRA process is seldom understood or quantified.  This presentation shares the outcome of a research project where the uncertainties associated with the QRA process were quantified in order to gain an understanding of the reliability in landslide QRA. The results are evaluated in terms of typical ranges within common risk tolerability criteria. The knowledge gained on this project was used to develop a simplified approach to consider uncertainty in QRA for practical purposes, which is illustrated for a section of highway exposed to rock fall hazards in Canmore, Alberta, Canada. The QRA was selected to inform decision-making for the selection of rock fall protection strategies at a location where environmental concerns, tourism activities, and economic activities are of significant value for the public. This significantly increased the complexity of the decision-making process, and therefore required a robust, clear approach for balancing public socio-economic expectations and safety. In the QRA process, uncertainty was associated with hazard and consequence quantification. The work elicited the plausible ranges for the input variables for risk calculation. The expected and the range in risk were calculated for the current conditions and considering the implementation of the mitigation option. The individual risk to highway users was considered low because of the limited exposure of any particular individual. The calculated current total risk (probability of fatality) was 2.9 × 10−4 with a plausible range between 2.0 × 10−5 and 5.5 × 10−3. The residual total risk considering implementation of the slope protection was calculated between 9.0 × 10−4 and 2.9 × 10−6, with an expected value of 4.5 × 10−5.The risk levels considering implementation of the mitigation options were evaluated against criteria previously used in Canada. These were considered an adequate balance between project costs, public safety, environmental concerns, tourism, and economic activities.
Exploring the synergy of EnMAP hyperspectral imagery with Machine Learning for land use- land cover mapping in a Mediterranean setting
Authors: Lekka Christina , Detsikas Spyridon E. , Petropoulos George P.
Published: February 2023

The Environmental Mapping and Analysis Program (EnMAP), is a new spaceborne German hyperspectral satellite mission for monitoring and characterizing the Earth’s environment on a global scale. EnMAP mission supports the retrieval of high-quality and abundant detailed spectral information in VNIR and SWIR ranges within a large-scale area in wide temporal coverage and high spatial resolution. Taking advantage of high-quality data freely available to the scientific community great potential is revealed in a wide range of ecological and environmental applications, such as i.e. accurate and up-to-date LULC thematic maps.The objectives of the present study are to explore the accuracy of EnMAP in land cover mapping over a heterogeneous landscape. As a case study is used a typical Mediterranean setting located in Greece. The methodology is based on the synergistic use of machine learning techniques and ENMAP imagery coupled with other ancillary data and was carried out in EnMAP Box-3, a toolbox designed within a GIS open-source software. Validation of the derived LULC maps has been carried out using the standard error matrix approach and also via comparisons versus existing LULC operational products.To our knowledge, this research is one of the first to explore the advantages of the hyperspectral EnMAP satellite mission in the context of LULC mapping. Results of the present study are expected to provide valuable input for applications of LULC mapping and demonstrate the potential of hyperspectral EnMAP data for improved performance and the highest accuracy of LULC mapping. KEYWORDS: EnMAP, Land cover, Land use, Hyperspectral remote sensing, Machine Learning
A comparative rainfall threshold study for the initiation of landslides in parts of West Sikkim, Indian Himalaya
Authors: Biswakarma Prakash , Joshi Varun
Published: February 2023

Rainfall is the primary cause of landslides in the Indian Himalayan Region. As a result, it is crucial to learn how precipitation is connected to the onset of landslides. The precipitation level over which landslides begin is a critical factor. An attempt is made in this study to establish the rainfall threshold at which landslides become likely in the Geyzing weather station region of the Sikkim Himalaya. The study's main objective is to evaluate and contrast several threshold models to identify the most appropriate one for the region under examination. Antecedent rainfall, intensity-duration (I-D), accumulative rainfall-duration (E-D), intensity-date (I-date), and accumulative rainfall-date (E-date) were used as thresholds in the present investigation. The India Meteorological Department of the Indian government provided the data on the average daily rainfall. The information on landslides was gathered from the Sikkim State Disaster Management Authority, Government of Sikkim, India, including the exact date of the event. The current analysis examined rainfall data collected over a period of eight years, from 2011 to 2018. Within a 9-kilometer radius of the Geyzing rain gauze station, data on 19 landslides were gathered, including their precise locations, dates of occurrence, and affected areas. The intensity duration approach has the highest reliability index (about 95% accuracy) of the methods tested. According to the intensity-duration technique, the threshold for precipitation that could cause a landslide in the study area was determined to be an average of 16.95 mm per day. Similarly, a landslide will occur once it has rained for 38.9 mm over the course of three days, as found by the three-day antecedent rainfall threshold study. Ordinary kriging, a popular form of interpolation, provided additional support for the study with an accuracy of 66.1%. Studies of this nature can greatly aid in providing early warning and reducing the severity of any resulting landslide damage.
Global variation in the ratio of sapwood to leaf area explained by optimality principles
Authors: Xu Huiying , Wang Han , Prentice I. Colin , Harrison Sandy P. , Rowland Lucy , Mencuccini Maurizio , Sanchez-Martinez Pablo , He Pengcheng , Wright Ian J. , Sitch Stephen , Ye Qing
Published: February 2023

The sapwood area supporting a given leaf area (vH) reflects a coordinated coupling between carbon uptake, water transport and loss at a whole plant level. Worldwide variation in vH reflects diverse plants strategies adapt to prevailing environments, and impact the evolution of global carbon and water cycles. Why such a variation has not been convincingly explained yet, thus hinder its representation in Earth System Models. Here we hypothese that optimal vH tends to mediate between sapwood conductance and climates so that leaf water loss matches both sapwood hydraulics and leaf photosynthesis. By compiling and testing against two extensive datasets, we show that our hypothesis explains nearly 60% of vH variation responding to light, vapor pressure deficit, temperature, and sapwood conductance in a quantitively predictable manner. Sapwood conductance or warming-enhanced hydraulic efficiency reduces the demand on sapwood area for a given total leaf area and, whereas brightening and air dryness enhance photosynthetic capacities consequently increasing the demand. This knowledge can enrich Earth System Models where carbon allocation and water hydraulics play key roles in predicting future climate-carbon feedback.
DNA tracer degradation and adsorption in environmental matrices
Authors: Pang Liping , Heiligenthal Laura , Premaratne Aruni , Hanning Kyrin , Abraham Phillip , Sutton Richard , Hadfield John , Billington Craig
Published: February 2023

Synthetic DNA tracers are a promising tool for tracking water contamination pathways. However, quantitative data are lacking on their degradation and adsorption in environmental matrices. Laboratory experiments were conducted to exam the degradation of multiple DNA tracers in stream water, groundwater, and domestic and dairy-shed effluent, and adsorption to stream sediments, soils, coastal sand aquifer media and alluvial sandy gravel aquifer media. The selected DNA tracers were double stranded 302 base pair (bp) and 352 bp in lengths. Their internal amplicons used for qPCR detection were almost the same, but the 352 bp tracers had longer non-amplified flanking regions.Overall, 352 bp tracer degradation was significantly slower than that of the 302 bp tracers (p = 0.018). Results of thermodynamic analysis indicated that the 352 bp tracers had greater tracer stability. These findings are consistent with our previous field observations that 352 bp tracer reductions were consistently lower than 302 bp tracer reductions in stream water, groundwater, and soils. These findings suggest that longer non-amplified flanking regions may better protect DNA tracers from environmental degradation. In general, the DNA tracers degraded more quickly in the stream water and effluent samples than in the groundwater samples, and fast DNA tracer degradation was associated with high bacterial concentrations.The two sets of DNA tracers differed little in their adsorption to stream sediment-stream water or aquifer media-groundwater mixtures (p > 0.067). However, the 352 bp tracers adsorbed significantly less to soil-effluent mixtures than the 302 bp tracers (p = 0.005). Compared to their adsorption to the aquifer media-groundwater and stream sediment-stream water mixtures, DNA tracer adsorption to soil-effluent mixtures was relatively less. A plausible explanation is that DNA tracers may compete with like-charged organic matter for adsorption sites, thus were less adsorbed to environmental media in the presence of organic matter.Our study findings provide insights into the fate of DNA tracers in the aquatic environment and may assist with the future design of DNA tracers for environmental studies. The DNA tracer degradation rates established in this study for a range of environmental conditions could be used to inform the design of future field investigations, such as injection concentrations, sampling distances and experimental durations.
Petrogenesis of the enclave-bearing granitoids from the Chinese Altai: implications for the differentiation of mantle-derived magmas and formation of calc-alkaline plutons in subduction zones
Authors: Cui Xing , Sun Min , Zhao Guochun , Zhang Yunying , Yao Jinlong , Wong Jean
Published: February 2023

The chemical differentiation of mantle-derived magmas in subduction zones during the generation, transport, and emplacement has always been a concern, which is closely related to the petrogenesis of calc-alkaline granitoids. A systematic study of petrography, mineralogy, and geochemistry is conducted on typical arc granitoids and associated mafic microgranular enclaves (MME) from the Chinese Altai, Central Asian Orogenic Belt. Magma hybridization modeling using major and trace element compositions suggests that the parental magma of granitoids is a mixture of a mafic and a felsic endmember. The sharp decrease of plagioclase An values from cores to rims (e.g., from ca. 80 to 40) implies polybaric crystallization of water-saturated magmas accompanied by degassing. Petrographic evidence and plagioclase in situ Sr isotopic compositions ((87Sr/86Sr)i = 0.7053–0.7071) show the involvement of isotopically different magmas during the mineral crystallization. The positive zircon εHf(t) values of MME (+2.3 to +5.4) and granitoids (+0.6 to +4.6) further show that the mafic melts are mantle-derived, while felsic melts should originate from juvenile lower crust with the slightly more evolved isotopic composition. An evolution scenario of the mantle-derived mafic magma and formation of enclave-bearing calc-alkaline plutons in arc settings is demonstrated: Hydrous mantle melts rose to the deep crustal-mantle boundary, where they effectively mixed with juvenile lower crustal melts to form the hybrid parental magma of the granitoids. In the high crustal-level chambers, decompression-dominated crystallization, mingling, and limited mixing of mafic magma blobs and enclosing granitic melts ultimately determined the rock texture, mineral composition, and enclave morphology. This work was financially supported by Hong Kong RGC GRF (17302317), National Key R&D Program of China (2017YFC0601205), NSFC Projects (41730213, 42072264, 41902229, and 41972237).
Addition of biochar as thin preamble layer into sand filtration columns could improve the microplastics removal from water
Authors: Hsieh Lichun , Tong Meiping
Published: February 2023

The release of microplastics (MPs) especially those with sizes less than 10 μm from effluent of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) is one of the major sources of plastics into aquatic environment. To reduce the discharge of MPs into environment, it is essential to further enhance their removal efficiencies in WWTPs. In present study, to boost the removal performance of MPs in sand filtration systems (units that commonly employed in WWTPs to remove colloidal pollutants), six types of biochar fabricated from three raw biomass materials (i.e. lignin, cellulose, and woodchips) at two pyrolysis temperatures (400 °C and 700 °C) was respectively amended into sand columns as thin permeable layer. We found that adding all six types of biochar into sand columns as thin permeable layer could greatly improve the retention of MPs with the diameter of 1 μm under either slow (4 m/d) or fast flow rates (160 m/d) due to the high adsorption capability of biochar. Woodchip-derived biochar exhibited the highest MPs retention performance, which was followed by cellulose-derived biochar and then lignin-derived biochar. Moreover, for biochar derived from three raw biomasses, increasing pyrolysis temperature could improve MPs retention performance. The direct observation of real-time plastics retention processes on different types of biochar via a visible flow chamber showed that woodchip-derived biochar especially that fabricated at 700 °C exhibited more MPs trapping processes relative to lignin and cellulose-derived biochar due to their more complex surface morphology. Thus, the highest MPs retention performance was achieved in sand columns with amendment by 1 wt% woodchip-derived biochar fabricated at 700 °C. More importantly, we found that for these modified sand filtration column systems, complete MPs removal could be achieved in real river water and actual sewage water, in multiple filtration cycles, longtime filtration process (100 pore volumes injection) as well as with interval flow conditions. Moreover, biochar could be regenerated and reused as thin permeable layer to effectively remove MPs. The results of this study clearly showed that biochar especially woodchip-derived biochar fabricated at 700 °C had the potential to immobilize MPs especially those with small sizes in WWTPs.
Late Miocene to Present erosion of the Masirah allochthon and its cover based on clay minerals and thermal modeling, Batain area, eastern Sultanate of Oman
Authors: Scharf Andreas , Aldega Luca , Mattern Frank , Carminati Eugenio
Published: February 2023

The Batain area of easternmost Arabia was overthrust from the ESE by deep-sea basin rocks and the Masirah Ophiolite in the course of left-lateral transpression between Arabia and India during the Cretaceous/Paleogene transition. A ~40 km-wide fold-and-thrust belt covers the Batain area of easternmost Oman. The original thickness of this belt including the Masirah Ophiolite and the post-nappe cover, and the timing of its erosion is largely unknown. We performed X-ray diffraction analyses of deep-water sediments to define the thermal history of the Batain fold-and-thrust belt by constraining its thermal signature, maximum burial conditions and post-nappe development. The shaly Warah and Sal formations record random-ordered, mixed layer illite-smectite (I-S) with an illite content ranging between 30-40%. One-dimensional thermal modeling documents that the Batain area was covered by a ~300 m thick nappe of the Masirah Ophiolite which was eroded immediately after its emplacement during the Danian. Furthermore, the Batain area was uniformly blanketed by ~700 m-thick post-nappe rocks. Erosion of most of these Cenozoic post-nappe rocks and some allochthonous rocks occurred after peak-thermal conditions during the late Miocene. We conclude that the Batain area underwent erosion (erosion rate of 0.06 mm/a) since the Tortonian, due to monsoonal climate conditions combined with regional uplift related to the Arabia-India convergence. The clastic sediments accumulated offshore, eastwards of the Batain area, were massive Neogene to Quaternary sedimentary rocks occur.
Carbon of Our Planet
Authors: Jovic Sladjana , Mitriceski Andjelkovic Bojana
Published: February 2023

Poster presentation   is about the impact of carbon dioxide on the environment and its production and consumption in nature and how the gas carbon dioxide can be good or bad depending on its amount in the air.  The participants can see how to use the thermal imaging camera HD app with their mobile phones or their PC  and then how  to investigate the spectrum of colors that they reflect. The analysis of color of the app which they could  see should be red, orange  or blue due to the temperature of the chosen object of the observation. Participants could  imagine how to  produce carbon dioxide  and see the color of the gas in different situation(eg. in cold environment or warm environment  carbon monoxide present red color or blue  color due to different temperature released). The conclusion is that by connecting the color of the gases teacher shows  students  how  the increasing of the carbon gas  in air  is connect with rising temperature  as well as distinguish the climate zones according to the temperature zones around our planet. The topic about carbon gas is applicable for working with students of all ages as well as for students with special needs. Students can also visually learn about the impact of carbon dioxide on our lives in this way. Let s learn together how mobile app can be use in teaching.
European altimetry-derived tide model for improved tide and water level forecasting along the Dutch Continental Shelf
Authors: Laan Stendert , Hart-Davis Michael , Schwatke Christian , Backeberg Björn , Dettmering Denise , Zijl Firmijn , Verlaan Martin , Seitz Florian
Published: February 2023

With the continued rise in global mean sea level, accurate operational predictions of tidal height and total water levels have become crucial for early warning of potential extreme events in the coastal region. Ocean tides play an important role in extreme sea level events, with high oceanic tides increasing the likelihood of coastal ﬂooding. The Dutch Continental Shelf Model in Flexible Mesh (DCSM-FM) is developed at Deltares to operationally estimate the total water levels to help trigger early warning systems to combat these extreme events along the Dutch coastline. At the boundaries of this model, a tidal forcing is applied from global ocean tide models to better incorporate the ocean tidal height estimations within the model.In this study, a regional Empirical Ocean Tide model for the Northwest European Continental Sea (EOT-NECS) is developed with the aim to apply better tidal forcing along the boundary of the regional DCSM-FM. EOT-NECS is developed at DGFI-TUM by using thirty years of multi-mission along-track satellite altimetry to derive tidal constituents which are estimated both empirically and semi-empirically. Compared to the previous global iteration, EOT20, EOT-NECS showed a reduction in the root-square-sum error for the eight major tidal constituents of 0.525 cm compared to in-situ tide gauges.Water levels of DCSM-FM are forced from a number of sources. At the open model boundaries, a combination of water levels from multiple global tide models, an estimation of the surge levels through an Inverse Barometer Correction based on the local atmospheric pressure, and the forcing of the density driven mean sea surface height from a global ocean recirculation model is used. A part of the water level signal is generated within the model domain. This is based on tidal potential within the model domain, meteorological forcing and baroclinic processes. In the 2D depth-averaged version of the model, the contribution of the latter is forced through a static water level field from the 3D version of the model, representing the Mean Dynamic Topography.When applying constituents from EOT-NECS at the boundaries of DCSM-FM, an overall improvement of 0.42 cm was seen in the root-mean-square error of tidal height estimations made by DCSM-FM, with some regions exceeding a 1 cm improvement. The results demonstrate that there is a large importance in using the appropriate tide model(s) as boundary forcings and in this manuscript, the use of EOT-NECS has a clear positive impact on the total water level estimations made in the northwest European continental seas.
Hunting the Magnetic Field
Authors: Tauxe Lisa
Published: February 2023

Petrus Perigrinus de Maricourt, a French physicist and mathematician wrote the first descriptions of the properties of magnets, now known as the Epistola de Magnete in 1269.  He summarized what was known at the time concerning the use of the compass, writing “that while the investigator in this subject must understand nature and not be ignorant of the celestial motions, he must also be very diligent in the use of his own hands, so that through the operation of this stone he may show wonderful effects.” (translation by J. Gimpel, 1976).  This is still true today, particularly for those of us who study the ancient magnetic field through ‘accidental’ records in geological and archaeological materials.  In this lecture I will review efforts to use ‘our own hands’ to understand the structure of the time averaged Earth’s magnetic field over the last five million years, using both directions (obtained with compasses!) and intensities.
Climate and environmental changes during the past 19,000 years reflected d18O, d13C and scanning XRF elements of a 14C dated stalagmite from south Altai, Russia
Authors: Li Hong-Chun , Chen You-Syuan , Blyakharchuk Tatiana , Yin Jian-Jun , Mii Horng-Sheng , Shen Chuan-Chou
Published: February 2023

A 22-cm long stalagmite (L2) from Lunnaya Cave (52º41’ N, 88º44’ E, 481 m a.s.l.) located in south Altai mountains of Russia was dated by AMS 14C because 230Th/U dating was not successful due to low U but high Th contents. The stalagmite grew since 19 kyr BP with very slow rate before 12 kyr BP and a growth hiatus during 5.5~7 kyr BP. A total of 1150 samples have been measured for δ18O and δ13C, revealing climatic and vegetation changes under the influence of Westerly, Polar Front and Siberian High. Although the δ18O trends show a depletion trend from early Holocene to middle Holocene, reached the lightest values between 7 and 8.5 kyr BP, and then an enrichment trend from 7 kyr BP toward the late Holocene, the δ18O trends are complicated for interpretation of climatic conditions. High-resolution (0.2-mm interval) scanning XRF Sr/Ca, Fe and Ti profiles illustrate that the weathering condition of overlying soil and limestone bedrock had significant change from pre-Holocene to late Holocene. The long-term trends of δ18O and δ13C records were related to moisture source and seasonal precipitation. Thus, both δ18O and δ13C records are needed to be de-trended in order to reflect precipitation amount effect and vegetation development, being negative values representing wet condition with more abundant vegetation, and vice versa. The growth hiatus of the stalagmite during 5.5~7 kyr BP was probably due to arid condition. Based on the δ18O, δ13C and scanning XRF elemental records, the climatic condition was very cold with only summer-month stalagmite growth during 19-13 kyr BP; cold and dry between 13-12 kyr BP (Younger Dryas); wet during 12-11.5 kry BP; mainly dry between 11.5 and 9.5 kyr BP; mainly warm and wet between 9.5 and 7 kyr BP. During 2.8~5.5 kyr BP, the climate was strongly fluctuated on centennial scales around an average condition. Dry climates were prevailed during 2.8~1.8 and 1~0.2 kyr BP, whereas wet climates were dominated during 1.8~1 and 0.2~0 kyr BP. The climatic conditions shown by the stalagmite agree well with the lake records in western and central Siberia.
Assessment of climate change impact on barley using the DSSAT model
Authors: Lee Eunjeong , Lee Eunseon , Sung Hyun Chan , Jeon Seongwoo
Published: February 2023

The IPCC Sixth Assessment Report (AR6) reported that global surface temperature continues to increase. Also, recent climate change is widespread and accelerating (IPCC, 2021). Thus, the impact of climate changes we are experiencing will increase in the future. In particular, since agriculture is closely related to the climate and is directly or indirectly affected, climate change is expected to have diverse and severe effects on crops. Therefore, it is necessary to simulate the potential productivity of barley according to climate change, identify the climate change impact, and establish appropriate management and cultivation methods accordingly. In this study, we aim to simulate barley production based on the SSP5-8.5 climate change scenario, which represents the high end of the range of future pathways. As the study area, we selected Jeollabuk-do, an administrative district with the highest barley cultivation in Korea.

We used the DSSAT-CERES-Barley (Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer-Crop Environment Resource Synthesis) model for simulating barley production. It requires the Minimum Data Set as input data (i.e., weather, soil, crop management, and experimental data). Thus, we used the data as follows; (1) the High-Resolution SSP Climate Change Scenario, acquired by the Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA), was used for weather data. It has a 1km spatial resolution, (2) Soil data were generated using the information on physical and chemical properties of each soil texture, acquired by the National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, and (3) crop management data was applied according to the standard cultivation methods for barley, and field experimental data from the Rural Development Administration (RDA) were used. In addition, since the genotype-specific parameters have a significant impact on the result, the parameter for the Korean barley cultivar was used suggested by Kim et al. (2013).

Furthermore, the mask maps for barley were generated by extracting only cultivated grids in the current and future land use map, and the steps for pre-processing and generating spatial data were done using R programming language and ArcGIS v10.8.

The findings of this study are expected to be useful in implementing adaptation plans in the agricultural sector and/or establishing measures to ensure stable barley production under climate change.

※ This work was supported by Korea Environment Industry &Technology Institute (KEITI) through "Climate Change R&D Project for New Climate Regime.", funded by Korea Ministry of Environment (MOE) (No. 202201344001)
Drilling project for deep environmental geoscientific investigation for each type of bedrock for HLW geological disposal in Korea
Authors: Park Jai-Yong , Cheon Dae-Sung
Published: February 2023

In order to provide basic data for selecting candidate sites for high-level radioactive waste geological disposal, the drilling project is being carried out to investigate the deep environment for each type of bedrock existing on the Korean Peninsula. Securing 10 boreholes with a depth of 750 m is the final goal of the drilling project, which is planned for 5 years from 2020 to 2024. Two boreholes are being secured for sedimentary, plutonic, volcanic, metamorphic rock, respectively, and two additional boreholes will be secured for the rock types that require further investigation. As of December 2022, three boreholes were secured for sedimentary rocks, two for plutonic rocks, and one for metamorphic rocks. The boreholes were targeted for shale, granite and gneiss, respectively. To provide precise and reliable basic data, multidisciplinary (geological, geophysical, geochemical, hydrogeological, rock mechanics, etc.) studies have been conducted using drilling holes and cores. These research results are expected to be used as important basic data for selecting candidate sites for high-level radioactive waste geological disposal in Korea.