bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Worldwide research productivity in critical care medicine
Authors: Michalopoulos Argyris , Bliziotis Ioannis A , Rizos Michael , Falagas Matthew E , Falagas Matthew E
Published: April 2005

Introduction

The number of publications and the impact factor of journals are accepted estimates of the quantity and quality of research productivity. The objective of the present study was to assess the worldwide scientific contribution in the field of critical care medicine.

Method

All research studies published between 1995 and 2003 in medical journals that were listed in the 2003 Science Citation Index (SCI®) of Journal Citation Reports under the subheading 'critical care' and also indexed in the PubMed database were reviewed in order to identify their geographical origin.

Results

Of 22,976 critical care publications in 14 medical journals, 17,630 originated from Western Europe and the USA (76.7%). A significant increase in the number of publications originated from Western European countries during the last 5 years of the study period was noticed. Scientific publications in critical care medicine increased significantly (25%) from 1995 to 2003, which was accompanied by an increase in the impact factor of the corresponding journals (47.4%). Canada and Japan had the better performance, based on the impact factor of journals.

Conclusion

Significant scientific progress in critical care research took place during the period of study (1995–2003). Leaders of research productivity (in terms of absolute numbers) were Western Europe and the USA. Publications originating from Western European countries increased significantly in quantity and quality over the study period. Articles originating from Canada, Japan, and the USA had the highest mean impact factor.. Canada was the leader in productivity when adjustments for gross domestic product and population were made.
Phosphoinositide3-kinase regulates actin polymerization during delayed phagocytosis ofHelicobacter pylori
Authors: Allen Lee-Ann H , Allgood J Aaron , Han Xuemei , Wittine Lara M
Published: April 2005

We have shown previously that ulcerogenic (type I) strains of Helicobacter pylori (Hp) retard their entry into macrophages. However, the signaling pathways that regulate Hp phagocytosis are largely undefined. We show here that Hp strongly activated class IA phosphoinositide3-kinases (PI3Ks) in macrophages, coincident with phagocytosis, and endogenous p85 and active protein kinase Bα accumulated on forming phagosomes. PI3K inhibitors, wortmannin and LY294002, inhibited phagocytosis of Hp in a dose-dependent manner, and blockade of engulfment correlated directly with loss of 3′-phosphoinositides in the membrane subjacent to attached bacteria. During uptake of large immunoglobulin G (IgG)-coated particles, PI3Ks regulate pseudopod extension and phagosome closure. In marked contrast, we show here that 3′-phosphoinositides regulated actin polymerization at sites of Hp uptake. Moreover, Hp and IgG beads activated distinct PI3K isoforms. Phagosomes containing IgG-coated particles accumulated 3′-phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10 and Src homology 2 domain-containing inositol 5′-phosphatase, yet Hp phagosomes did not. Finally, rapid uptake of IgG-opsonized Hp or a less-virulent type II Hp was PI3K-independent. We conclude that Hp and IgG beads are ingested by distinct mechanisms and that PI3Ks regulate the actin cytoskeleton during slow phagocytosis of ulcerogenic Hp.
Human neutrophil gene expression profiling following xenogeneic encounter with porcine aortic endothelial cells: the occult role of neutrophils in xenograft rejection revealed
Authors: Al-Mohanna F , Saleh S , Parhar R S , Khabar K , Collison K
Published: April 2005

The role of innate immune cells in the recognition and activation of xenogeneic endothelium has always been considered secondary to the initial insult of xenoreactive natural antibodies (XNA) and complement. It was argued, however, that innate immune cells are capable of recognizing and activating xenogeneic endothelium in the absence XNA and complement. Here, we show that porcine aortic endothelial cells (PAECs) activate human neutrophils directly. This contact-dependent activation causes a transient calcium rise leading to increased reactive oxygen metabolite (ROM) production. Neutrophil gene-expression profiling using an adenylate uridylate-rich element-based microarray revealed a dramatic change in the neutrophil gene profiles upon exposure to PAECs. The PAEC-dependent neutrophil transcriptional activity was further confirmed by real-time polymerase chain reaction, which revealed a rapid increase in the mRNA message of a number of inflammatory cytokines. The activation of human neutrophils by PAECs was independent of galactose α1,3-galactose (Galα1,3-gal) structures, as inclusion of saturating concentrations of anti-Galα1,3-gal l antibodies had no significant effect. Furthermore, this activation was inhibited in the presence of the calcium chelator 1,2-bis(O-aminophenyl-ethane-ethane)-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid-acetoxymethyl ester and the ROM inhibitor diphelylene iodonium. Our data illustrate the direct activation of innate immune cells by PAECs in the absence of XNA and complement and suggest alternative recognition sites between PAECs and human innate immune cells.
The effect of home oxygen therapy on hospitalization in moderate hypoxaemic COPD
Authors: Ringbaek T J , Fabricius P , Lange P
Published: April 2005

Background: The aim of the study was to determine whether home oxygen therapy (HOT) reduces hospitalization in moderate hypoxaemic COPD patients. Methods: We studied 170 consecutive moderate hypoxaemic COPD patients (PaO2 on room air and rest: 7.3-9.5 kPa), who were treated with HOT for at least one month. The patients were acting as their own control. Admission rates,days spent in hospital and number of patients with at least one hospitalization were compared in twoperiods of 10 months before and after initiation of HOT. Results: The admission rates, number of days spent in hospital and number of patients with at least one hospitalization was not reduced(preoxygen period versus postoxygen period): 1.55 (2.00) versus 1.67 (2.26), 14.3 (19.9) versus 14.8(23.7), and 60.6% versus 61.2%-P-level > 0.05 for all three parameters. Conclusions: Our resultsdo not support the hypothesis that home oxygen therapy reduces hospitalization in patients with COPD without severe hypoxaemia. However, as this is not a randomized study, we cannot exclude that oxygen therapy has prevented progression of the disease, and that without this therapy, the hospitalization could have been even higher.
Macrolides in cystic fibrosis
Authors: Bell S C , Senini S L , McCormack J G
Published: April 2005

Macrolide antibiotics have been licensed since the 1950s and have an important role in the treatment of a diverse range of infectious diseases. Macrolide antibiotics have antibacterial activity against grampositive bacteria, some gram-negative bacteria and intracellular pathogens. The spectrum of antibacterial activity combined with excellent intracellular and tissue penetration has led to the extensive use of this class of drugs in respiratory disease. Macrolide antibiotics also have demonstrated anti-inflammatory properties in various in vitro and in vivo model systems. Novel antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties of macrolide may result in clinical benefits, particularly in conditions where the infectious agent is inherently resistant to macrolides. Three randomized control trials have demonstrated improved lung function in patients treated with the macrolide antibiotic, azithromycin. Azithromycin was generally well tolerated and resulted in reduction in the inflammatory response which may be due to an immunomodulatory role. Short term studies (three to six months) have not demonstrated the development of increased bacterial resistance or the emergence of new pathogens following azithromycin.
Small vessel vasculitis of the lung
Authors: Frankel S K , Cosgrove G P , Brown K K
Published: April 2005

Interstitial Lung Disease Program, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado, USA The diagnosis and management of SVV remains one of the most challenging clinical scenarios encountered by a clinician. Careful attention to detail and a thorough knowledge of the specific disorders, their therapies, and complications thereof is required to optimally care for these patients. The recent completion of a number of randomized, controlled, multicenter clinical trials has greatly improved our knowledge base and ability to care for vasculitis patient. The next decade holds even more promise.
TWIST2 Demonstrates Differential Methylation in Immunoglobulin Variable Heavy Chain Mutated and Unmutated Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
Authors: Raval Aparna , Lucas David M. , Matkovic Jennifer J. , Bennett Kristi L. , Liyanarachchi Sandya , Young Donn C. , Rassenti Laura , Kipps Thomas J. , Grever Michael R. , Byrd John C. , Plass Christoph
Published: April 2005

Purpose

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a clinically heterogeneous disease for which natural history can be predicted based on the presence or absence of immunoglobulin (Ig) variable heavy chain (VH) gene mutations. Herein we report selective epigenetic silencing of the transcription factor TWIST2 (DERMO1) in Ig VH mutated CLL and describe a semiquantitative assay to study promoter methylation of this gene in primary tumor cells.

Materials and Methods

TWIST2 promoter methylation was identified by restriction landmark genome scanning. Southern blot (SB), bisulfite sequencing, and combined bisulfite restriction analysis (COBRA), and quantitative SB-COBRA was performed to study methylation of the TWIST2 promoter. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assays were used to study TWIST2 expression in CLL cells.

Results

Following identification and confirmation of TWIST2 methylation in CLL patients, we demonstrated that expression of this transcription factor is related to the degree of promoter methylation. Expression of TWIST2 in a CLL cell line in which the promoter is methylated was increased following decitabine treatment. We next studied 53 patients by COBRA and demonstrated that 72% of patient samples with mutated Ig VH show TWIST2 methylation, while only 16% of patient samples with unmutated Ig VH were methylated (P < .001). In a subset of patients, methylation of TWIST2 correlated with mRNA expression.

Conclusion

TWIST2 is differentially methylated in CLL cells relative to Ig VH mutational status and can be quantitatively monitored by SB-COBRA. Based on the known role of TWIST2 in silencing p53 function in other malignancies, future studies should focus on the role of TWIST2 in CLL and related lymphoproliferative diseases.
Expression of bcl-2 in Classical Hodgkin's Lymphoma: An Independent Predictor of Poor Outcome
Authors: Sup Stephen J. , Alemañy Carlos A. , Pohlman Brad , Elson Paul , Malhi Serena , Thakkar Snehal , Steinle Roxanne , Hsi Eric D.
Published: April 2005

Purpose

Although most classical Hodgkin's lymphoma (CHL) patients are cured, a significant minority fails primary therapy and may die as a result of their disease. Age, stage, and other basic clinical and laboratory parameters, which comprise the International Prognostic Score (IPS), are used at diagnosis to predict outcome. To date, there is no consensus on biologic markers that add value to these parameters.

Patients and Methods

We evaluated 107 CHL patients for bcl-2, p53, and p21 expression by immunohistochemistry using tissue microarrays and correlated the results with outcome. The median follow-up of the 79 surviving patients was 6.8 years.

Results

Univariate analysis showed that age ≥ 45 years, stage III or IV, and IPS ≥ 3 were associated with a poor failure-free survival (FFS) and overall survival (OS). bcl-2 was expressed in 26% of patients and was associated with poor FFS and a trend for OS. p53 expression in combination with lack of p21 expression was not associated with outcome. Multivariate analysis showed that three factors were independently associated with both FFS and OS: age ≥ 45 years, stage III or IV, and bcl-2 expression. Using these three parameters, a scoring system was devised that stratified patients into three risk groups (with zero, one, or two to three of these risk factors) and a progressively worse FFS and OS (P < .001).

Conclusion

Expression of bcl-2 in CHL is a useful, independent prognostic marker and can be used in association with clinical parameters to identify newly diagnosed patients with a good, intermediate, or poor prognosis.
Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation After Nonmyeloablative Conditioning for Advanced Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
Authors: Sorror Mohamed L. , Maris Michael B. , Sandmaier Brenda M. , Storer Barry E. , Stuart Monic J. , Hegenbart Ute , Agura Edward , Chauncey Thomas R. , Leis Jose , Pulsipher Michael , McSweeney Peter , Radich Jerald P. , Bredeson Christopher , Bruno Benedetto , Langston Amelia , Loken Michael R. , Al-Ali Haifa , Blume Karl G. , Storb Rainer , Maloney David G.
Published: April 2005

Purpose

Patients with chemotherapy-refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) have a short life expectancy. The aim of this study was to analyze the outcome of patients with advanced CLL when treated with nonmyeloablative conditioning and hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT).

Patients and Methods

Sixty-four patients diagnosed with advanced CLL were treated with nonmyeloablative conditioning (2 Gy total-body irradiation with [n = 53] or without [n = 11] fludarabine) and HCT from related (n = 44) or unrelated (n = 20) donors. An adapted form of the Charlson comorbidity index was used to assess pretransplantation comorbidities.

Results

Sixty-one of 64 patients had sustained engraftment, whereas three patients rejected their grafts. The incidences of grades 2, 3, and 4 acute and chronic graft-versus-host disease were 39%, 14%, 2%, and 50%, respectively. Three patients who underwent transplantation in complete remission (CR) remained in CR. The overall response rate among 61 patients with measurable disease was 67% (50% CR), whereas 5% had stable disease. All patients with morphologic CR who were tested by polymerase chain reaction (n = 11) achieved negative molecular results, and one of these patients subsequently experienced disease relapse. The 2-year incidence of relapse/progression was 26%, whereas the 2-year relapse and nonrelapse mortalities were 18% and 22%, respectively. Two-year rates of overall and disease-free survivals were 60% and 52%, respectively. Unrelated HCT resulted in higher CR and lower relapse rates than related HCT, suggesting more effective graft-versus-leukemia activity.

Conclusion

CLL is susceptible to graft-versus-leukemia effects, and allogeneic HCT after nonmyeloablative conditioning might prolong median survival for patients with advanced CLL.
Response to 2 Induction Courses of Bacillus Calmette-Guèrin Therapy Among Patients With High-Risk Non–Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer
Authors: Katims Andrew B. , Tallman Jacob , Vertosick Emily , Porwal Shaun , Dalbagni Guido , Cha Eugene K. , Smith Robert , Benfante Nicole , Herr Harry W.
Published: February 2024

Importance

With the ongoing bacillus Calmette-Guèrin (BCG) shortage, alternate therapeutic options for patients with high-risk non–muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) are needed.

Objective

To report the 5-year outcomes of a cohort from a prospective phase 2 trial of patients with high-risk NMIBC who underwent 12 instillations of induction BCG without maintenance.

Design, Setting, and Participants

Between November 2015 and June 2018, patients at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center with primary or recurrent NMIBC (high-grade Ta, T1 tumors, with or without carcinoma in situ) were prospectively enrolled to receive 2 induction courses (12 intravesical instillations) of BCG without maintenance therapy. The analysis itself took place on July 28, 2023.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Recurrence-free survival (RFS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS) was assessed by landmark analysis at 7.5 months. Recurrence was defined as pathologic high-grade disease.

Results

Among 81 patients (65 men [84%] and 12 women [16%] with a median [IQR] age of 72 [64-77] years) who consented to participate in the study, 75 remained evaluable for long-term follow-up analysis. Twenty-one patients experienced high-grade recurrence, yielding a 5-year RFS rate of 69% (95% CI, 58%-81%), with a median (IQR) follow-up of 4.4 (3.8-5.3) years for patients without recurrence. Three patients died of bladder cancer, corresponding to a CSS rate of 97% (95% CI, 93%-100%) with a median (IQR) follow-up of 4.9 (4.2-5.7) years for survivors. Using 2 induction courses reduced the amount of BCG per patient from 27 vials to 12 vials.

Conclusion and Relevance

Twelve induction instillations of BCG without maintenance for patients with high-risk NMIBC reduced the number of vials needed per patient while providing acceptable oncologic outcomes. Given the ongoing BCG shortage, this modified regimen may provide a suitable alternative in this setting.
Risk of Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus Recurrence After Recombinant Zoster Vaccination
Authors: Walia Anushka , Sun Yuwei , Acharya Nisha R.
Published: February 2024

Importance

The recombinant zoster vaccine (RZV) is currently recommended for immunocompetent adults aged 50 years or older and immunocompromised adults aged 19 years or older and is effective in preventing herpes zoster ophthalmicus (HZO). However, questions about the safety of RZV in patients with a history of HZO remain.

Objective

To evaluate whether there is an increased risk of HZO recurrence after RZV in patients with a history of HZO.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This retrospective cohort study used medical and outpatient pharmacy claims data for commercial and Medicare Advantage enrollees from the Optum Labs Data Warehouse. Patients with incident HZO from January 1, 2010, to December 31, 2021, were identified; the study period ended on March 31, 2022. The vaccinated group consisted of patients with at least 1 dose of RZV more than 90 days following the initial HZO diagnosis. The unvaccinated group consisted of patients without any record of RZV in the study period. Vaccinated and unvaccinated patients were matched using exact k:1 matching without replacement.

Exposure

Recombinant zoster vaccination.

Main Outcomes and Measures

The main outcome was the number of HZO recurrences with and without RZV exposure.

Results

A total of 16 408 patients were included in the matched analysis, of whom 12 762 were unvaccinated (7806 [61.2%] female; mean [SD] age at diagnosis, 68.8 [10.3] years) and 3646 were vaccinated (2268 [62.2%] female; mean [SD] age at diagnosis, 67.4 [9.8] years). Within the primary risk period of 56 days after the index date (ie, the start of follow-up for the outcome), the incidence of HZO recurrence after any RZV exposure was 37.7 per 1000 person-years compared with 26.2 per 1000 person-years in the unexposed group. After controlling for race and ethnicity, inpatient stays, emergency department visits, concomitant vaccines, and eye care practitioner visits, the association between vaccination status and HZO exacerbation in the primary risk period had an adjusted hazard ratio for any RZV exposure of 1.64 (95% CI, 1.01-2.67; P = .04).

Conclusions and Relevance

In this study, RZV exposure was associated with a higher likelihood of HZO recurrence in patients with a history of HZO compared with no RZV exposure. These findings support consideration that patients with a history of HZO may benefit from monitoring after receiving RZV in case of HZO recurrence.
Associations of inflammatory cytokines and cortisol with nonmotor features of Huntington's disease
Authors: Bilal Hiba , McDonald Stuart J. , Stout Julie C. , Harding Ian H.
Published: February 2024

Objective

Huntington's disease (HD) is an inherited neurodegenerative disease involving progressive motor abnormalities, cognitive decline, and psychiatric disturbances. Depression and cognitive difficulties are among the most impactful symptoms of HD, yet the pathogenesis of these symptoms is not fully understood. HD involves low‐level chronic inflammation and dysregulation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, which are linked to depression and cognitive impairment in non‐HD populations. However, previous research on the relationships of these pathologies with depression and cognition in HD is limited and inconsistent.

Methods

Fifty‐three adults with the HD gene expansion (30 premanifest and 23 manifest) completed measures of depression and cognitive functioning. Forty‐eight out of 53 participants provided hair samples for quantification of cortisol, and 34 participants provided blood samples for quantification of peripheral inflammatory cytokines. We examined the associations of four cytokines (interleukin [IL]‐6, IL‐10, IL‐1β, and tumor necrosis factor [TNF]‐α) and cortisol levels with depression and cognitive scores.

Results

In unadjusted models, higher levels of plasma IL‐6, IL‐10, and TNF‐α correlated with higher depression scores, and higher levels of IL‐10 and TNF‐α correlated with poorer cognitive performance. After controlling for age, sex, and body mass index, only the correlations of IL‐10 with depression and cognitive performance remained significant. No correlations were evident with hair cortisol.

Interpretations

Peripheral inflammation is associated with depression symptoms and cognitive impairment in HD. Our findings suggest that interactions between the immune and nervous systems are important in HD, and highlight the potential of chronic inflammation as a therapeutic target in early stages of HD.
Ultrafast Carbothermal Shock Synthesis of Wadsley–Roth Phase Niobium‐Based Oxides for Fast‐Charging Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Wu Qilong , Kang Yuanhong , Chen Guanhong , Chen Jianken , Chen Minghui , Li Wei , Lv Zeheng , Yang Huiya , Lin Pengxiang , Qiao Yu , Zhao Jinbao , Yang Yang
Published: February 2024

Wadsley–Roth phase niobium‐based oxides show potential as anode candidates for fast‐charging lithium‐ion batteries. Traditional synthesis methods, however, usually involve a time‐consuming calcination process, resulting in poor production efficiency. Herein, a novel carbothermal shock (CTS) method that enables the ultra‐fast synthesis of various Wadsley–Roth phase Nb‐based oxides within seconds is introduced. The extremely rapid heating rates enabled by CTS alter the reaction mechanism from a sluggish solid‐state process to a swift liquid‐phase assisted one and drive the chemical reactions away from equilibrium, thereby generating abundant oxygen vacancies and dislocations. Theoretical calculations reveal that oxygen vacancies significantly lower the energy barrier for Li+ diffusion and enhance the intrinsic electronic conductivity. Moreover, dislocations help convert the surface tensile stress arising from Li+ intercalation into compressive stress, effectively improving the structural integrity during cycling. Notably, this approach can also be applied to synthesize LiFePO4 cathode materials under ambient conditions, eliminating the requirement for inert atmospheres. Consequently, the CTS‐synthesized Nb14W3O44||LiFePO4 battery demonstrates reversible structural evolution validated by in situ XRD and exceptional cycling ability (e.g., 0.0065% capacity decay per cycle at 4 A g−1 over 3000 cycles). Importantly, the Nb14W3O44||LiFePO4 configuration also shows enhanced thermal stability in the Ah‐level pouch cell nail penetration test, confirming its feasibility.
Harnessing the Power of Nature: Monodisperse Pickering Emulsion Droplets and Yolk‐Shell Microcapsules Utilizing Bee Pollen Particles
Authors: Jiang Hang , Yu Hengxing , Guan Xin , Jiang Weijie , Li Yunxing , Liu Wei , Yang Cheng , Jiang Jianzhong , Binks Bernard P. , Ngai To
Published: February 2024

The preparation of monodisperse Pickering emulsions currently can only be achieved using microfluidics or membrane emulsification, limiting its widespread applications in many fields. Here, by simply introducing naturally occurring pollen grains during mechanical emulsification, it becomes extremely feasible to fabricate uniform Pickering emulsions. The process of shearing and turbulence leads to a constant reduction in the size of the droplets of the dispersed phase. The robust exine of the pollen grains in the continuous phase enables them to retain their structural integrity during emulsification, resulting in the formation of a single pollen‐in‐water‐in‐oil structure. Meanwhile, the intrinsic monodispersity of the pollen grains allows for the resulting emulsions to be similarly uniform, and they can be easily collected through centrifugation. As a result, this novel methodology achieves the effective formulation of monodisperse Pickering emulsions in an unprecedented way. Furthermore, the utilization of sporopollenin exine capsules (SECs) as a replacement for pollen, in conjunction with sol–gel interfacial engineering, enables the attainment of “yolk‐shell” dual‐shell microcapsules. This approach not only effectively addresses the issue of cargo leakage in SECs but also imparts exceptional uniformity and stability to the microcapsules.
Heterovalent Co‐Doped LiLuF4 Composite Flexible Films as Persistent Luminescence Scintillator for X‐Ray High‐Resolution Extension Imaging
Authors: Lu Hao , Xu Xieming , Li Yuxia , Feng Guiqing , Yang Jinhai , Huang Xixi , Luo Qi , Wang Shuaihua , Wu Shaofan
Published: February 2024

Scintillators with high light yield, spatial resolution, and detection sensitivity are desirable for X‐ray imaging. Howerer, it remains challenging to improve the light yield and radiation detection capability of alkali metal rare‐earth fluoride (ALnF4). Herein, a type of Cu2+ ion heterovalent co‐doped LiLuF4:Tb,Cu microcrystalline scintillation material with high light yield, persistent, and thermostimulated luminescence is obtained by defect engineering. The heterovalent codoping strategy not only increases the radioluminescence (RL) intensity, but also introduces more carrier traps in the material to enhance the long‐afterglow and thermoluminescence intensity of LiLuF4:Tb microcrystals. After doping of 3 mol% Cu2+ ions, the RL efficiency is increased by 88.61%, and the X‐ray detection limit of LiLuF4:Tb,Cu reaches 2.7928 nGy·s‒1. This detectivity is considerably lower than the medical imaging requirements (5.5 µGy·s‒1). Furthermore, a large‐area flexible scintillation film of dimensions 30 × 30 cm2 is prepared to achieve high spatial resolution X‐ray imaging of 22 LP mm−1@MTF(modulation transfer function) = 0.2. Besides, this flexible film enables X‐ray imaging of curved objects and stores optical information for >48 h. This work provides a paradigm for improving the RL intensity and X‐ray detection sensitivity of alkali rare‐earth fluorides by crystal defect engineering, and enriches X‐ray high resolution extended imaging applications.
Synergistic Lewis and Brønsted Acid Sites Promote OH* Formation and Enhance Formate Selectivity: Towards High‐efficiency Glycerol Valorization
Authors: Ma Junqing , Wang Xunlu , Song Junnan , Tang Yanfeng , Sun Tongming , Liu Lijia , Wang Jin , Wang Jiacheng , Yang Minghui
Published: February 2024

As a sustainable valorization route, electrochemical glycerol oxidation reaction (GOR) involves in formation of key OH* and selective adsorption/cleavage of C−C(O) intermediates with multi‐step electron transfer, thus suffering from high potential and poor formate selectivity for most non‐noble‐metal‐based electrocatalysts. So, it remains challenging to understand the structure–property relationship as well as construct synergistic sites to realize high‐activity and high‐selectivity GOR. Herein, we successfully achieve dual‐high performance with low potentials and superior formate selectivity for GOR by forming synergistic Lewis and Brønsted acid sites in Ni‐alloyed Co‐based spinel. The optimized NiCo oxide solid‐acid electrocatalyst exhibits low reaction potential (1.219 V@10 mA/cm2) and high formate selectivity (94.0 %) toward GOR. In situ electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and pH‐dependence measurements show that the Lewis acid centers could accelerate OH* production, while the Brønsted acid centers are proved to facilitate high‐selectivity formation of formate. Theoretical calculations reveal that NiCo alloyed oxide shows appropriate d‐band center, thus balancing adsorption/desorption of C−O intermediates. This study provides new insights into rationally designing solid‐acid electrocatalysts for biomass electro‐upcycling.
Improved self‐ and relational regulation: The relationship with the client changes the therapist
Authors: da Cunha Olivia Rodrigues , Vandenberghe Luc
Published: February 2024

Objectives

Several contemporary models of psychotherapy demand psychotherapists and counsellors to navigate an intensely personal involvement with clients. This study considers how this personal involvement impacts the clinician as a person.

Design

We interviewed practitioners about how working with clients in a one‐on‐one therapeutic setting changed them.

Methods

A grounded theory analysis of interviews with behavioural and cognitive therapists (N = 14; 9 women, 5 men) was carried out.

Results

Working with clients may improve practitioners' self‐regulation by generating a clearer view of themselves, providing strategies for effective living and facilitating self‐compassion. These changes are often either clinical work's unavoidable effects or gains from accidental exposure to clients' contents. Clinical work may also improve practitioners' relationships by demonstrating the value of and providing strategies for managing one's input in crucial relationships and non‐judgemental acceptance. Improved relational regulation often occurs as unavoidable learning or results from intentional emulation. Both self‐regulation and relational regulation may contribute to clinical competency. Professionals can also unintentionally reproduce client quirks and accidentally learn practical tips. Possible implications are discussed.

Conclusion

Clients' influence on counsellors and psychotherapists deserves attention in psychotherapy research, training and supervision.
Rice gelatinization temperature prediction using the rapid visco analyzer vis‐à‐vis the traditional DSC method
Authors: Owusu Evans A. , Scott Samantha , Luthra Kaushik , Graham‐Acquah Seth , January Robin , Annor George A. , Atungulu Griffiths
Published: February 2024

Background and Objectives

The measurement of gelatinization temperatures (GTs) of rice using the Rapid Visco Analyzer (RVA) can be a more rapid and efficient method as compared to the traditional method of using Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC). The objective of this research was to determine the accuracy and precision of the RVA technique in comparison to the DSC method for measuring GTs of contemporary rice cultivars produced in Arkansas.

Findings

Rice samples analyzed using the RVA had GT that ranged from 70.48 ± 0.18°C to 75.72 ± 0.11°C, while the DSC‐analyzed samples had GT that ranged from 67.25 ± 0.18°C to 74.72 ± 0.64°C. The values of RVA GT consistently overestimated the values of the DSC‐GT, with the RVA GT values demonstrating higher precision. A calibration equation was developed to correct the overestimation of RVA GT values, and its validity was confirmed through data obtained from both laboratory‐scale tests and industry‐based analysis.

Conclusions

The method of using RVA can serve as a standalone approach for determining the GT of rice from various cultivars.

Significance and Novelty

This technique of using RVA can be beneficial to industrial and educational applications because it is less expensive, easier to follow, and more rapid in analysis as compared to DSC.
Nutritional aspects of composite flours for baked and extruded products: A review
Authors: Amadeu Carolina A. A. , Martelli Silvia M. , Vanin Fernanda M.
Published: February 2024

Background and Objectives

Global hunger and the prevalence of severe food malnutrition have increased worldwide, underlining the need to develop new nutritive food products. Composite flour (CF) is a growing technology that aims to increase the nutritional composition of flours. Thus, this study aimed to systematically search and investigate studies that examined the effects of CF development and its properties. In addition, perspectives for better use of CF as a real source of nutritional ingredients are underlined.

Findings

Different materials have been used for CF elaboration and their use in bakery products improves nutritional composition, mainly protein, fiber, and phenolic compound content, in addition to providing products with good sensory acceptance. However, the higher protein concentration in CF is not accompanied by higher protein digestibility, and generally, this property is not evaluated to guarantee the nutritional improvement of protein aspects.

Conclusions

CF may represent a strategy for food security and nutritional health, particularly in terms of protein intake. However, to ensure protein absorption, further studies on protein digestibility must be conducted. In addition, the extrusion process seems to represent a strategy for the production of cheaper and nutritional CF with improved nutritional value and high protein digestion capacity.
Trifunctional robust electrocatalysts based on 3D Fe/N‐doped carbon nanocubes encapsulating Co4N nanoparticles for efficient battery‐powered water electrolyzers
Authors: Choi Hyung Wook , Lee Hongdae , Lu Jun , Bin Kwon Seok , Jeong Dong In , Park Beum Jin , Kim Jiwon , Kang Bong Kyun , Jang Gun , Yoon Dae Ho , Park Ho Seok
Published: February 2024

Herein, we have designed a highly active and robust trifunctional electrocatalyst derived from Prussian blue analogs, where Co4N nanoparticles are encapsulated by Fe embedded in N‐doped carbon nanocubes to synthesize hierarchically structured Co4N@Fe/N–C for rechargeable zinc–air batteries and overall water‐splitting electrolyzers. As confirmed by theoretical and experimental results, the high intrinsic oxygen reduction reaction, oxygen evolution reaction, and hydrogen evolution reaction activities of Co4N@Fe/N–C were attributed to the formation of the heterointerface and the modulated local electronic structure. Moreover, Co4N@Fe/N–C induced improvement in these trifunctional electrocatalytic activities owing to the hierarchical hollow nanocube structure, uniform distribution of Co4N, and conductive encapsulation by Fe/N–C. Thus, the rechargeable zinc–air battery with Co4N@Fe/N–C delivers a high specific capacity of 789.9 mAh g−1 and stable voltage profiles over 500 cycles. Furthermore, the overall water electrolyzer with Co4N@Fe/N–C achieved better durability and rate performance than that with the Pt/C and IrO2 catalysts, delivering a high Faradaic efficiency of 96.4%. Along with the great potential of the integrated water electrolyzer powered by a zinc–air battery for practical applications, therefore, the mechanistic understanding and active site identification provide valuable insights into the rational design of advanced multifunctional electrocatalysts for energy storage and conversion.
Coronary artery calcium and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with lymphoma undergoing autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation
Authors: Wu Stephanie , Rhee June‐Wha , Iukuridze Aleksi , Bosworth Alysia , Chen Sitong , Atencio Liezl , Manubolu Venkat , Bhandari Rusha , Jamal Faizi , Mei Matthew , Herrera Alex , Rodriguez Fatima , Forman Stephen , Nakamura Ryotaro , Wong F. Lennie , Budoff Matthew , Armenian Saro H.
Published: February 2024

Background

Patients undergoing autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) have a >2‐fold risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD; heart failure, myocardial infarction, and stroke), compared to the general population. Coronary artery calcium (CAC) is predictive of CVD in nononcology patients but is not as well studied in patients who underwent HCT and survivors of HCT.The objective of this study was to examine the association between CAC and CVD risk and outcomes after HCT in patients with lymphoma.

Methods

This was a retrospective cohort study of 243 consecutive patients who underwent a first autologous HCT for lymphoma between 2009 and 2014. CAC (Agatston score) was determined from chest computed tomography obtained <60 days from HCT. Multivariable Cox regression analysis was used to calculate hazard ratio (HR) estimates and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), adjusted for covariates (age, conventional risk factors [e.g., hypertension and dyslipidemia], and cancer treatment).

Results

The median age at HCT was 55.7 years (range, 18.5–75.1 years), 59% were male, and 60% were non‐Hispanic White. The prevalence of CAC was 37%. The 5‐year CVD incidence for the cohort was 12%, and there was an incremental increase in the incidence according to CAC score: 0 (6%), 1–100 (20%), and >100 (32%) (p = .001). CAC was significantly associated with CVD risk (HR, 3.0; 95% CI, 1.2–7.5) and worse 5‐year survival (77% vs. 50%; p < .001; HR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.1–3.4), compared to those without CAC.

Conclusions

CAC is independently associated with CVD and survival after HCT. This highlights the importance of integrating readily available imaging information in risk stratification and decision‐making in patients undergoing HCT, which sets the stage for strategies to optimize outcomes after HCT.
FDA urges higher naloxone doses in fentanyl era
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: February 2024

A small‐scale study funded by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) found that in community settings (as opposed to ambulances or hospital emergency rooms) where there is no oxygen available, the window in which naloxone can reverse injury due to oxygen deprivation and death due to cardiac arrest is limited. The study, conducted with 21 healthy participants, compared administration of different doses of naloxone, which comes in 4 milligram doses intranasally. The study used simulations of fentanyl administrations. It found that more naloxone has to be given right away, without waiting 2 minutes as is currently recommended before administering the next dose. The study looked at naloxone plasma concentrations.
An extendable voltage boosting gain unit with a self‐balanced switched‐capacitors multilevel inverter using a single DC source
Authors: Al‐Tameemi Weam , Babaei Ebrahim , Sabahi Mehran
Published: February 2024

This paper suggests an extendable voltage boosting gain unit (EVBGU) using switched‐capacitors SC with a single DC source. The proposed unit can be extended by a modular pattern to increase the output voltage levels and voltage‐boosting gain of the inverter. The main feature of this work is presenting a unit topology that utilizes multiple and modular subcells to achieve (double, quadruple, hexapole, octapule, etc.) voltage gain at the output by increasing the number of the subcells. All the subcells are connected only with one DC source. A positive feedback technique has been used to charge the capacitors of the unit using the accumulative charging voltage (ACV) method. Furthermore, all the capacitors are self‐balanced, so there is no need for any additional and complex control circuit. Moreover, to decrease the cost factor of the inverter, a low IGBT switch count is taken into consideration and no passive elements such as diodes are used in the proposed structure. The H‐bridge is connected to the unit to achieve bipolar voltage at the output. The operational analysis of the inverter is delineated in detail. A comparative study, with state‐of‐the‐art MLIs in different terms such as the number of components, the total standing voltage, and the gain, shows the particularity of the proposed EVBGU. The simulation of the proposed MLI is performed using PSCAD‐EMTDC software. The simulation results are validated experimentally.
Viral diseases affecting the skin
Authors: Gerlicki Chelsea M.
Published: February 2024

This chapter delves into the complex world of viral exanthems, focusing on their diagnostic challenges and distinctive features, with updated presentations and pearls. From Roseola Infantum's atypical fever‐rash presentation to Rubeola's resurgence, it underscores the importance of prompt diagnosis. Rubella, frequently confused with measles, demands heightened suspicion, especially in adults and pregnant patients. Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease's diverse manifestations warrant accurate differentiation. The discussion extends to Parvovirus B19, Varicella‐Zoster Virus, Epstein‐Barr Virus, and HIV Primary Infection. The resurgence of Mpox, Zika Virus's risks during pregnancy, and the rare but life‐threatening Eczema Herpeticum are explored. Gianotti‐Crosti Syndrome, Unilateral Laterothoracic Exanthem, and other viral conditions complete the landscape. In summary, this chapter offers a comprehensive understanding of viral exanthems, enabling clinicians to distinguish and manage these dermatological challenges. Accurate identification is crucial for providing specialized therapy to a minority of cases and supportive care to the majority. Vigilance, thorough examination, and a nuanced understanding of viral presentations are essential in navigating this intricate landscape.
The gut microbiomes of Channel Island foxes and island spotted skunks exhibit fine‐scale differentiation across host species and island populations
Authors: Pasciullo Boychuck Samantha , Brenner Lara J. , Gagorik Calypso N. , Schamel Juliann T. , Baker Stacy , Tran Elton , vonHoldt Bridgett M. , Koepfli Klaus‐Peter , Maldonado Jesús E. , DeCandia Alexandra L.
Published: February 2024

California's Channel Islands are home to two endemic mammalian carnivores: island foxes (Urocyon littoralis) and island spotted skunks (Spilogale gracilis amphiala). Although it is rare for two insular terrestrial carnivores to coexist, these known competitors persist on both Santa Cruz Island and Santa Rosa Island. We hypothesized that examination of their gut microbial communities would provide insight into the factors that enable this coexistence, as microbial symbionts often reflect host evolutionary history and contemporary ecology. Using rectal swabs collected from island foxes and island spotted skunks sampled across both islands, we generated 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing data to characterize their gut microbiomes. While island foxes and island spotted skunks both harbored the core mammalian microbiome, host species explained the largest proportion of variation in the dataset. We further identified intraspecific variation between island populations, with greater differentiation observed between more specialist island spotted skunk populations compared to more generalist island fox populations. This pattern may reflect differences in resource utilization following fine‐scale niche differentiation. It may further reflect evolutionary differences regarding the timing of intraspecific separation. Considered together, this study contributes to the growing catalog of wildlife microbiome studies, with important implications for understanding how eco‐evolutionary processes enable the coexistence of terrestrial carnivores–and their microbiomes–in island environments.
The ecological–hydrological regime of the Han River basin under changing conditions: The coupled influence of human activities and climate change
Authors: Wang Hongxiang , Yuan Weiqi , Yang Huan , Hong Fengtian , Yang Kefei , Guo Wenxian
Published: February 2024

Because of the confluence of human activities and climate change, the hydrological regime in the Han River basin has substantially evolved, necessitating a multi‐faceted, quantitative analysis of the causative factors. Employing cross‐wavelet analysis, we examined nonlinear relationships between runoff and meteorological variables. Additionally, we assessed hydrological indicators via the IHA index and RVA, then quantified the drivers of runoff variations across different time scales using the Budyko hypothesis and a Generalized Regression Neural Network (GRNN) model. The findings reveal the presence of sustained resonance periods within the climate‐runoff system, notably concentrated in 9‐ to 15‐month intervals during the years 1985–1994, 1995–2012, and 2014–2018, with a confidence level of 95%. Overall, the basin exhibited moderate change (41.66%), with 15 indicators displaying varying degrees of moderate to high transformation. These shifts underscore significant ecosystem transformations. The influence of driving factors on runoff varies across temporal scales. On an annual scale, human activities predominantly shape runoff changes (52.35%), while meteorological factors contribute significantly (47.65%). Conversely, at the monthly scale, climate change emerges as the dominant influence on runoff patterns in June and September, with human activities maintaining a principal role in other months, notably exceeding 90% even in November.
When growth mindset backfires: The effect of the perceived malleability of groups and utilitarian motives on support for collective punishment
Authors: Confino Dan , Schori‐Eyal Noa , Gollwitzer Mario , Falomir‐Pichastor Juan M.
Published: February 2024

Collective punishment (CP) is deemed unfair because it sanctions group members who are not responsible for the wrongdoing. However, CP may be driven by utilitarian motives, aiming to deter other group members from committing offenses. This research investigated whether individuals’ inclination to support CP for utilitarian reasons is influenced by their belief in the malleability of groups (their belief that groups can change; a growth mindset). In Studies 1 and 2, we assessed utilitarian motives and manipulated participants’ perception of group malleability. In Study , we assessed perceived group malleability and manipulated motives for justice (utilitarianism vs. retribution). Across these studies, the dependent variable was participants’ support for CP. Results consistently showed that utilitarian (more than retributive) motives increased support for CP, specifically among participants who believed in the growth mindset of groups. We discuss the relevance of these findings for social justice and growth mindset literature.
Optimization of operational parameters using central composite design in the peroxi‐alternating current‐electrocoagulation process for the pollutant removal with determination of power consumption from industrial wastewater
Authors: Asaithambi Perumal , Desta Wendesen Mekonin , Hussen Mohammed , Yesuf Mamuye Busier , Beyene Dejene
Published: February 2024

The utilization of electrochemical and advanced oxidation technologies for industrial wastewater (IW) treatment has grown in popularity during the last two decades. The effectiveness of several methods for treating IW, including hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), direct‐current (DC) and alternating‐current (AC)‐electrocoagulation (EC), and the combination of H2O2 with DC/AC‐EC (H2O2‐DC/AC‐EC) processes were all investigated. In comparison to the H2O2, DC/AC‐EC, and H2O2‐DC/AC‐EC technologies, the results showed that the H2O2‐AC‐EC process produced 100% total colour and 100% chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency with a low power consumption of 4.4 kWhm−3. The H2O2/AC‐EC technology was optimized for treating IW using a response surface methodology approach based on a central composite design using a five‐factor level. Utilizing statistical and mathematical techniques, the optimum parameters were determined to minimize consumption of power (1.02 kWhm−3) and maximum COD elimination (75%). The experimental parameters comprised the following: H2O2 of 600 mg/L, current of 0.65 Amp, pH of 7.6, COD of 1600 mg/L, and treatment time (TT) of 1.26 h. When using a Fe/Fe electrode combination with the wastewater pH of 7, the COD removal efficiency was shown to be enhanced by increasing the TT, current and H2O2, and decreasing the COD concentration. The synergistic impact, quantified as the combined efficiency of eliminating % COD utilizing the H2O2, AC‐EC, and H2O2/AC‐EC procedures, was found to be 15.75%. Therefore, employing a hybrid H2O2‐AC‐EC approach is considerably more effective in treating IW.