bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Proterozoic geology of the Lake Panache-Collins Inlet area, Ontario
Authors: Frarey M J ,   Geological Survey of Canada
Published: February 2016

The area covers 2330 km 2 of Canadian Shield north of Georgian Bay, Lake Huron, and contains equal parts of Southern and Grenville structural provinces, separated by the northeast-trending Grenville Front. Southern Province is dominated by 9200 m of Early
Aphebian Huronian Supergroup strata (>2300 Ma) that include the Hough Lake, Quirke Lake, and Cobalt groups. Mainly fluviatile crossbedded arenites of the Mississagi, Serpent , Lorrain and Bar River formations make up more than two-thirds of the supergroup. The Ramsay Lake, Bruce and
Gowganda formations are of glacial, probably periglacial, origin. The Huronian is cut by sheets of 2115 Ma Nipissing Diabase , by felsic intrusions, and by 1230 Ma Sudbury olivine diabase dykes. Tectonic and possible impact breccias are present. The east-trending McGregor Bay Anticline is the
dominant structure: metamorphism ranges up to middle amphibolite grade. Grenville Province consists of the northeasterly trending 1525-1550 Ma Killarney Batholith (quartz monzonite, granite), remnants of Huronian rocks , paragneisses, a few metamorphosed mafic intrusions, and numerous felsic
intrusive gneisses, some probably ea. 1700 Ma old, all cut by olivine diabase (including 1230 Ma Sudbury dykes) and diabase dykes. The Killarney Granite is a high-level potassic intrusion; a major feldspar porphyry component has fragmental border zones suggestive of a subvolcanic origin. The
paragneisses are possible time equivalents of the Huronian Supergroup but cannot be correlated with individual formations. The northeast-trending gneisses have undergone polyphase deformation and upper amphibolite to local granulite facies metamorphism. Rocks of the Grenville Province all lie in the
Grenville Front Tectonic Zone , and the gneisses are characterized by strong cataclasis and ubiquitous southeast lineation. The Grenville Front, placed along the northwest margin of the Killarney Batholith, separates east-trending Southern Province regional structures from northeast-trending
Grenville Province structures. Faulting is prominent along most of its length. The reason for the "disappearance" of Huronian strata across the Front remains uncertain.
Late Proterozoic to early tertiary stratigraphy of Somerset Island and northern Boothia Peninsula, District of Franklin, N.W.T.
Authors: Stewart W D ,   Geological Survey of Canada
Published: February 2016

The geology of Somerset Island and Boothia Peninsula is dominated by Boothia Uplift, a prominent, linear structural feature projecting northward from the mainland into the centre of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. The Archean-Aphebian crystalline core of the
uplift is flanked by sedimentary rocks of the Arctic Platform. The oldest sedimentary units, the Neohelikian Aston and Hunting formations, are cut by two sets of intrusive rocks, the older truncated by the sub-Hunting unconformity, and the younger by the sub Cambrian unconformity. The overlying
Paleozoic succession consists mainly of platform carbonates, although the upper two formations contain elastic sediments, reflecting the influence of Boothia Uplift during Late Silurian to Early Devonian time. The oldest Paleozoic rocks belong to the Turner Cliffs (Upper Cambrian to Lower
Ordovician) and Ship Point (Lower to Middle Ordovician) formations. New evidence suggests that these units are not directly correlative with the type sections established on Baffin Island. The Ship Point Formation is conformably overlain by the Bay Fiord (Lower Ordovician), Thumb Mountain (Upper
Ordovician) and Irene Bay (Upper Ordovician) formations, of the Cornwallis Group. The Bay Fiord and Thumb Mountain formations are separated by a major Middle Ordovician unconformity. The Cornwallis Group is succeeded by the Allen Bay Formation (Upper Ordovician to Upper Silurian). Dolostones of the
upper Allen Bay pass eastward into the evaporitic carbonates of the Cape Crauford Formation (Lower to Upper Silurian). Both formations are succeeded conformably by the Upper Silurian (Ludlovian) Cape Storm and Douro formations; the last carbonate units deposited prior to the rise of Boothia Uplift.
The Douro Formation is overlain conformably by the Late Silurian (late Ludlovian to early Pridolian) Somerset Island and Peel Sound formations. Post-Silurian kimberlite diatremes occur in a northeast-southwest trending belt on Somerset Island. The Upper Cretaceous Kanguk Formation is known only from
a single, isolated outlier in southern Somerset Island. The Eureka Sound Formation (Paleocene) is preserved in minor, fault-bounded structural depressions on both Somerset Island and northern Boothia Peninsula.
Geology of the double Mer White Hills and surrounding region, Grenville Province, eastern Labrador
Authors: Gower C F
Published: February 2016

The Double Mer White Hills map area is located in the Grenville Province, easrem Labrador. Major rock groups recognized are orthogenesis, metasedimentary gneiss, granitoid plutons, granulite facies rocks, gabbroid intrusions and the post-Crenvillian Double Mer
Formation. The dioritic to granitic orthogenesis and the dominantly pelitic to psammitic metasedimentary gneiss, are interpreted as representatives of a sedimentary-plutonic terrane that was subjected to severe tectonothermal activity at ea. J.65 Ca. The granitoid plutons are either the less
deformed parts of the orthogenesis or slightly younger granitoid plutons. Corona-textured gabbroid intrusions generally can be assigned to the ea. 1.4 Ca Michael gabbro, but probably include remnants of the ea. 1.65 Ca Ad/avik intrusive Suite. The Double Mer Formation consists of terrigenous redbeds
confined to a post-Crenvillian halfgraben. The map area includes parts of three major crustal segments, the Trans-Labrador batholith and the Croswater Bay and Lake Melville terranes. These are lithologically and structurally distinct regions with a zonal metamorphic patternfrom greenschistfacies in
the northwest to granulite facies in the southeast. The deepest level rocks exposed were metamorphosed to about 9-10 kb and 800°C. Metamorphism terminated with Crenvillian orogenesis, involving uplift of deeper level metamorphic rocks from the south, and slicing of the region into thrustbound
lithotectonic terranes. Prospects for mineralization of economic interest, which appear low, are confined to minor copper staining associated with pyritic metasedimentary gneiss.
A procedure to lower the limits of detection for silver, cadmium and lead in the analysis of geological materials by atomic absorption spectrometry
Authors: Hall G E M , Bouvier J L
Published: February 2016

The current method by which geological materials are analyzed for silver, cadmium and lead on a large scale at the Geological Survey of Canada is based upon their determination by atomic absorption spectrometry after a "total" decomposition procedure producing a
digestate which is also used for the determination of a suite of other trace elements by ICP-emission spectrometry. Presented here is an efficient and reliable preconcentration method employing extraction of Ag, Cd and Pb as their iodide complexes into an organic medium (Aliquat 336 / IBM KJ from
the same digestate. The extraction significantly lowers the detection levels of these metals; such improvement is demonstrated by application of the procedure to the anazvsis of international reference materials. The limits of deter­mination are: 0.Jµg g-1 for Ag; 0.2µg g-1 for Cd; and 3
µg g-1 for Pb.
Holocene proxy-climate data from the Canadian Arctic
Authors: Ovenden L
Published: February 2016

A review of diverse reports of the Geological Survey of Canada has produced lists of radiocarbondated samples from the Canadian Arctic which indicate four climatically significant occurrences during the Holocene: vascular plant range extensions, peat deposits of
arctic islands, eolian deposition, and thermokarst and thaw. These data suggest warmer and perhaps wetter summers in the western Arctic during the early Holocene and warmer and/ or wetter summers during the midHolocene elsewhere in the Canadian Arctic. This interpretation is limited by gaps in the
database and by uncertainty about the relationship of each data type to climate.
Geology of the Woodburn Lake map area, District of Keewatin
Authors: Fraser J A
Published: February 2016

The area is underlain mainly by a thick sequence of supracrustal rocks, by granitic intrusions and gneisses, and by syenite intrusions, which range in age from Archean to Aphebian. The Woodburn Lake Group comprises a lower(?) sequence consisting chiefly of
intermediate to basic volcanics, komatiitic flows, pelitic and psammitic metasediments, and banded iron (magnetite) formation, and an upper(?) sequence consisting chiefly of quartzite (quartz arenite), metagreywacke, meta-argillite and carbonate/calc-silicate rocks, all of which are intruded by
granitic plutons of late Archean age and transformed in part to gneisses and migmatites. Metamorphism associated with granite emplacement is recorded by subgreenschist to amphibolite facies assemblages stable at low to intermediate pressures. The gneisses grade into a granulite complex metamorphosed
in late Archean time and correlative in part with the Woodburn Lake Group. The supracrustal strata were isoclinally folded around north-easterly trending axes and displaced along northwesterly directed thrust faults, north to northwest trending cross faults, and strike faults. Stocks, sheets, and
dykes of pyroxene syenite and related dykes of lamprophyre belonging to the late Aphebian Martell intrusions postdate deformation. Pyrite and chalcopyrite may occur in the metavolcanics and banded iron-formation of the lower(?) part of the Woodburn Lake Group and in the metagreywacke of the upper(?)
part.
Canadian earthquakes - 1985-86
Authors: Wetmiller R J , Drysdale J A , Horner R B , Lamontagne M
Published: February 2016

During the two year period 1985-86, 169 earthquakes of magnitude 4. 0 and greater occurred in or near Canada. The location and magnitude for these events are listed chronologically in a table following the text and are shown on maps for all regions of the
country. Events smaller than magnitude 4. 0 are also shown on the maps but are not listed in the tables. The larger events included two magnitude 6 events in the Nahanni region of the Northwest Territories and six magnitude 5 events, three in British Columbia, one in the Yukon Territory, one in the
Northwest Territories and one in the Lake Erie region of northern Ohio which affected most of southern Ontario. Information on 69 earthquakes reported felt in Canada during this period is given in a second table. The distribution of felt reports for five widely felt earthquakes are shown on regional
maps. The report also gives information on 32 important earthquakes that have occurred in Canada in this century. The locations of these events are shown on the regional seismicity maps and a summary of the events is given in the Appendix. Also shown are the distribution of seismograph stations in
Canada, the distribution of the active plate boundary features around Canada and the relative distribution of long term seismic hazard in Canada.
Gravity interpretation along seismic refraction lines surveyed near the Canadian Ice Island during 1985
Authors: Sobczak L W , Halpenny J F , Henderson D M
Published: February 2016

The structure of the Queen Elizabeth shelf and slope northwest of Axel Heiberg and Ellesmere islands has been analyzed along three profiles. The geophysical and geological information was largely obtained from the Canadian ice island during 1985 as part of the
Frontier Geoscience Program. Gravity-density analysis constrained by seismic refraction depths indicate a major sedimentary sequence varying in thickness from 3 to 15 km. The lower portion, consisting of the Sverdrup and Franklinian basins, has in some places been thermally metamorphosed and
intruded by mafic rocks. Unmetamorphosed parts of this sequence located over the continental margin have a negative enhanced isostatic gravity signature of anomaly (E/A). These straddle the Sverdrup Rim and extend southward from there to overlie the western Sverdrup Basin within the Queen Elizabeth
Islands, where significant deposits of hydrocarbons, largely in the form of natural gas, have been found. Similar hydrocarbon prospects are proposed for the offshore regions associated with negative EIA. A shallow, high velocity zone detected in a profile normal to the shoreline and interpreted by
seismologists as the expression of uplifted faulted blocks, is here interpreted largely as a wall of migrated evaporites which may contain some mafic intrusions of Eurekan age. Crustal thicknesses vary from 40 km at the shore to 15 km below the Canada Basin.
A provisional physiographic map of Canada
Authors: Bostock H S
Published: February 2016

The physiography of Canada falls naturally into two major units: the Shield Region, a region of low relief formed mainly of granitic rocks and gneisses that form the core of the continent; and the Border Region, which surrounds and laps onto the margin of the
Shield and is formed of generally younger rocks. These regions have been subdivided into provinces; those in the Shield Region are on a rather arbitrary basis, but those in the Border Region are clear-cut physiographic units. Three main areas of folded and faulted sedimentary rocks elevated and
carried into mountain ranges form the eastern, western, and northern flanks of Canada.
Geology of the northern and eastern Cape Breton Highlands, Nova Scotia
Authors: Raeside R P , Barr S M
Published: February 2016

The northern and eastern Cape Breton Highlands lie within the Appalachian orogenic belt, in northern Nova Scotia, and include portions of three major contrasting crustal segments. The Blair River Complex in the northwestern Cape Breton Highlands consists of
metasedimentary gneisses, metamorphosed to upper amphibolite to granulite facies, and intruded by anorthosite, monzadiorite, and syenite. These Helikian rocks are probably correlative with Grenvillian rocks in western Newfoundland. The complex is bounded by blastomylonitic shear zanes. The Aspy
Terrane to the south includes Ordovician to Devonian sedimentary and volcanic units, generally metamorphosed to the middle to upper amphibolite facies, and intruded by Silurian granitic to granodioritic orthogneisses and many Devonian to Carboniferous granitic plutons. This terrane is separated from
the Bras d'Or Terrane to the southeast by blastomylonitic shear zanes which have undergone chlorite grade metamorphism. The Bras d 'Or Terrane includes Hadrynian sedimentary, volcanic, and volcaniclastic lithologies, intruded by mainly late Hadrynian to Cambrian diorite, tonalite, granodiorite, and
granite. Early Ordovician and Siluro-Devonian granite, granodiorite, and rhyolite are present locally in the Bras d'Or Terrane. Devona-Carboniferous volcanic and sedimentary rocks occur in the northwestern and southern highlands, and all zanes are overlain by Early Mississippian elastic, carbonate,
and evaporite lithologies.
Performance of the Cellslide® automated liquid-based cytology system amongst HIV-positive women
Authors: Michelow Pamela , Sherrin Amanda , Rossouw Louise , Mohaleamolla Samson , Evans Denise , Swarts Avril , Rakhombe Ntombiyenkosi , Smith Jennifer S. , Firnhaber Cynthia
Published: February 2016

Background: Many women undergoing cervical screening as part of a national South African screening programme may be positive for HIV. The performance of liquid-based cytology (LBC) on samples from HIV-positive women needs to be determined.Objectives: The performance of the Cellslide® automated LBC system was evaluated as a possible alternative to conventional cytology in a national cervical cancer screening programme.Methods: Split samples from 348 HIV-positive women attending an HIV treatment clinic in Johannesburg, South Africa were examined by conventional cytology and monolayer LBC methods. All samples were stained, examined and reported in the same manner. Cytotechnologists were blinded to the conventional smear diagnosis if the LBC smear was screened and vice versa.Results: The same percentage of inadequate smears (1.4%) was obtained by conventional cytology and LBC. Atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance were observed in 5.2% of conventional smears and 4.0% of LBC smears. Low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions were found in 35.6% of conventional smears and 32.7% of LBC smears. Only one conventional smear was categorised as atypical squamous cells – cannot exclude a high-grade lesion, whereas five such cases were identified on LBC. High-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions were seen in 21.6% of conventional smears and 23.3% LBC smears. No invasive carcinoma was identified.Conclusion: The performance of the Cellslide® LBC system was similar to that of conventional cytology in this population of high-risk HIV-positive women, indicating that it may be introduced successfully as part of a cervical cancer screening programme.
Enzootic Arbovirus Surveillance in Forest Habitat and Phylogenetic Characterization of Novel Isolates of Gamboa Virus in Panama
Authors: Eastwood Gillian , Loaiza Jose R. , Pongsiri Montira J. , Sanjur Oris I. , Pecor James E. , Auguste Albert J. , Kramer Laura D.
Published: February 2016

Landscape changes occurring in Panama, a country whose geographic location and climate have historically supported arbovirus transmission, prompted the hypothesis that arbovirus prevalence increases with degradation of tropical forest habitats. Investigations at four variably degraded sites revealed a diverse array of potential mosquito vectors, several of which are known vectors of arbovirus pathogens. Overall, 675 pools consisting of 25,787 mosquitoes and representing 29 species from nine genera (collected at ground and canopy height across all habitats) were screened for cytopathic viruses on Vero cells. We detected four isolates of Gamboa virus (family: Bunyaviridae; genus: Orthobunyavirus) from pools of Aedeomyia squamipennis captured at canopy level in November 2012. Phylogenetic characterization of complete genome sequences shows the new isolates to be closely related to each other with strong evidence of reassortment among the M segment of Panamanian Gamboa isolates and several other viruses of this group. At the site yielding viruses, Soberanía National Park in central Panama, 18 mosquito species were identified, and the predominant taxa included A. squamipennis, Coquillettidia nigricans, and Mansonia titillans.
Eave Screening and Push-Pull Tactics to Reduce House Entry by Vectors of Malaria
Authors: Menger David J. , Omusula Philemon , Wouters Karlijn , Oketch Charles , Carreira Ana S. , Durka Maxime , Derycke Jean-Luc , Loy Dorothy E. , Hahn Beatrice H. , Mukabana Wolfgang R. , Mweresa Collins K. , van Loon Joop J. A. , Takken Willem , Hiscox Alexandra
Published: February 2016

Long-lasting insecticidal nets and indoor residual spraying have contributed to a decline in malaria over the last decade, but progress is threatened by the development of physiological and behavioral resistance of mosquitoes against insecticides. Acknowledging the need for alternative vector control tools, we quantified the effects of eave screening in combination with a push-pull system based on the simultaneous use of a repellent (push) and attractant-baited traps (pull). Field experiments in western Kenya showed that eave screening, whether used in combination with an attractant-baited trap or not, was highly effective in reducing house entry by malaria mosquitoes. The magnitude of the effect varied for different mosquito species and between two experiments, but the reduction in house entry was always considerable (between 61% and 99%). The use of outdoor, attractant-baited traps alone did not have a significant impact on mosquito house entry but the high number of mosquitoes trapped outdoors indicates that attractant-baited traps could be used for removal trapping, which would enhance outdoor as well as indoor protection against mosquito bites. As eave screening was effective by itself, addition of a repellent was of limited value. Nevertheless, repellents may play a role in reducing outdoor malaria transmission in the peridomestic area.
Taenia solium Taeniasis and Cysticercosis in Southeast Asia
Authors: Aung Ar Kar , Spelman Denis W.
Published: February 2016

Human taeniasis/cysticercosis caused by the pork tapeworm Taenia solium has been identified as a potentially eradicable disease by the International Task Force for Disease Eradication of the World Health Organization. In southeast Asia, T. solium taeniasis/cysticercosis is considered one of the major neglected tropical diseases afflicting the region. In the last few decades, a considerable effort has been invested toward establishing the epidemiology and burden of disease in several southeast Asian countries. Moreover, further evidence is emerging as to understanding the dynamics of disease transmission and cultural, political, and socioeconomic factors influencing the success of control and eradication efforts within the region. However, despite major collaborations by several champion groups, advances have been slow and little remains known about the complete epidemiology of taeniasis/cysticercosis and the barriers to programmatic success. This review article aims to address the above issues with a further focus on the challenges to control and eradicate taeniasis/cysticercosis within the southeast Asia region.
A Systematic Review of Toxocariasis: A Neglected But High-Prevalence Disease in Brazil
Authors: Fialho Paula Mayara Matos , Corrêa Carlos Roberto Silveira
Published: February 2016

Toxocariasis is an anthropozoonosis that occurs in all parts of the world. In particular, this disease can often be found in developing countries and in regions, where basic sanitation conditions are poor. However, industrialized countries have reported seroprevalence rates as high as 14.2% in humans. The definitive hosts of the disease are dogs and cats, whereas humans are a paratenic host. To determine the burden of toxocariasis in Brazil, we followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines to conduct a systematic review of the literature. Using keywords and applying the established criteria, we identified 160 publications and selected 22 articles for further analysis. The seroprevalence of toxocariasis in various regions of the country ranged from 4.2% to 65.4%. The highest prevalence was found in the northeast region, although the majority of the studies identified were from the southeast region. The findings suggest the importance of raising awareness among health professionals and public authorities about the fact that toxocariasis is a health problem.
Role of Occupational Therapy in Case Management and Care Coordination for Clients With Complex Conditions
Authors: Robinson Monica , Fisher Thomas F. , Broussard Kim
Published: February 2016

Specific aspects of the profession of occupational therapy support a distinct value for its practitioners participating fully in the development of case management and care coordination systems. The expectation in the 21st century is that the U.S. health care system must be transformed from one that promotes volume of service to one that promotes value of care. Case management and care coordination will be critical components of that transformation. Occupational therapy’s principles, education, practice, approach, and perspective offer much to benefit this increased attention to case management and care coordination. Occupational therapy practitioners should promote themselves and their profession as these system changes develop.
Iodine's impact on tropospheric oxidants: a global model study in GEOS-Chem
Authors: Sherwen T. , Evans M. J. , Carpenter L. J. , Andrews S. J. , Lidster R. T. , Dix B. , Koenig T. K. , Sinreich R. , Ortega I. , Volkamer R. , Saiz-Lopez A. , Prados-Roman C. , Mahajan A. S. , Ordóñez C.
Published: February 2016

Abstract. We present a global simulation of tropospheric iodine chemistry within the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model. This includes organic and inorganic iodine sources, standard gas-phase iodine chemistry, and simplified higher iodine oxide (I2OX, X = 2, 3, 4) chemistry, photolysis, deposition, and parametrized heterogeneous reactions. In comparisons with recent iodine oxide (IO) observations, the simulation shows an average bias of  ∼ +90 % with available surface observations in the marine boundary layer (outside of polar regions), and of  ∼ +73 % within the free troposphere (350 hPa  <  p  <  900 hPa) over the eastern Pacific. Iodine emissions (3.8 Tg yr−1) are overwhelmingly dominated by the inorganic ocean source, with 76 % of this emission from hypoiodous acid (HOI). HOI is also found to be the dominant iodine species in terms of global tropospheric IY burden (contributing up to 70 %). The iodine chemistry leads to a significant global tropospheric O3 burden decrease (9.0 %) compared to standard GEOS-Chem (v9-2). The iodine-driven OX loss rate1 (748 Tg OX yr−1) is due to photolysis of HOI (78 %), photolysis of OIO (21 %), and reaction between IO and BrO (1 %). Increases in global mean OH concentrations (1.8 %) by increased conversion of hydroperoxy radicals exceeds the decrease in OH primary production from the reduced O3 concentration. We perform sensitivity studies on a range of parameters and conclude that the simulation is sensitive to choices in parametrization of heterogeneous uptake, ocean surface iodide, and I2OX (X = 2, 3, 4) photolysis. The new iodine chemistry combines with previously implemented bromine chemistry to yield a total bromine- and iodine-driven tropospheric O3 burden decrease of 14.4 % compared to a simulation without iodine and bromine chemistry in the model, and a small increase in OH (1.8 %). This is a significant impact and so halogen chemistry needs to be considered in both climate and air quality models. 1 Here OX is defined as O3 + NO2 + 2NO3 + PAN + PMN+PPN + HNO4 + 3N2O5 + HNO3 + BrO + HOBr + BrNO2+2BrNO3 + MPN + IO + HOI + INO2 + 2INO3 + 2OIO+2I2O2 + 3I2O3 + 4I2O4, where PAN  =  peroxyacetyl nitrate, PPN  =  peroxypropionyl nitrate, MPN  =  methyl peroxy nitrate, and MPN  =  peroxymethacryloyl nitrate.
Speciated measurements of semivolatile and intermediate volatility organic compounds (S/IVOCs) in a pine forest during BEACHON-RoMBAS 2011
Authors: Chan A. W. H. , Kreisberg N. M. , Hohaus T. , Campuzano-Jost P. , Zhao Y. , Day D. A. , Kaser L. , Karl T. , Hansel A. , Teng A. P. , Ruehl C. R. , Sueper D. T. , Jayne J. T. , Worsnop D. R. , Jimenez J. L. , Hering S. V. , Goldstein A. H.
Published: February 2016

Abstract. Understanding organic composition of gases and particles is essential to identifying sources and atmospheric processing leading to organic aerosols (OA), but atmospheric chemical complexity and the analytical techniques available often limit such analysis. Here we present speciated measurements of semivolatile and intermediate volatility organic compounds (S/IVOCs) using a novel dual-use instrument (SV-TAG-AMS) deployed at Manitou Forest, CO, during the Bio-hydro-atmosphere interactions of Energy, Aerosols, Carbon, H2O, Organics & Nitrogen – Rocky Mountain Biogenic Aerosol Study (BEACHON-RoMBAS) 2011 campaign. This instrument provides on-line speciation of ambient organic compounds with 2 h time resolution. The species in this volatility range are complex in composition, but their chemical identities reveal potential sources. Observed compounds of biogenic origin include sesquiterpenes with molecular formula C15H24 (e.g., β-caryophyllene and longifolene), which were most abundant at night. A variety of other biogenic compounds were observed, including sesquiterpenoids with molecular formula C15H22, abietatriene and other terpenoid compounds. Many of these compounds have been identified in essential oils and branch enclosure studies but were observed in ambient air for the first time in our study. Semivolatile polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and alkanes were observed with highest concentrations during the day and the dependence on temperature suggests the role of an evaporative source. Using statistical analysis by positive matrix factorization (PMF), we classify observed S/IVOCs by their likely sources and processes, and characterize them based on chemical composition. The total mass concentration of elutable S/IVOCs was estimated to be on the order of 0.7 µg m−3 and their volatility distributions are estimated for modeling aerosol formation chemistry.
Radiative properties of mid-latitude cirrus clouds derived by automatic evaluation of lidar measurements
Authors: Kienast-Sjögren Erika , Rolf Christian , Seifert Patric , Krieger Ulrich K. , Luo Bei P. , Krämer Martina , Peter Thomas
Published: February 2016

Abstract. Cirrus, i.e. high thin clouds that are fully glaciated, play an important role in the Earth's radiation budget as they interact with both long- and shortwave radiation and determine the water vapor budget of the upper troposphere and stratosphere. Here, we present a climatology of mid-latitude cirrus clouds measured with the same type of ground-based lidar at three mid-latitude research stations: at the Swiss high alpine Jungfraujoch station (3580 m a.s.l.), in Zürich (Switzerland, 510 m a.s.l.) and in Jülich (Germany, 100 m a.s.l.). The analysis is based on 13'000 hours of measurements from 2010–2014. To automatically evaluate this extensive data set, we have developed the "Fast LIdar Cirrus Algorithm" (FLICA), which combines a pixel-based cloud-detection scheme with the classic lidar evaluation techniques. We find mean cirrus optical depths of 0.12 on Jungfraujoch and of 0.14 and 0.17 in Zürich and Jülich, respectively. Above Jungfraujoch, subvisible cirrus clouds (τ < 0.03) have been observed during 7 % of the observation time, whereas above Zürich and Jülich significantly less. From Jungfraujoch, clouds with τ < 10−3 can be observed three times more often than over Zürich and Jülich, and clouds with τ < 2 × 10−4 even ten times more often. Above Jungfraujoch, cirrus have been observed to altitudes of 14.4 km a.s.l., whereas only to about 1 km lower at the other stations. These features highlight the advantage of the high-altitude station Jungfraujoch, which is often in the free troposphere above the polluted boundary layer, thus allowing to perform lidar measurements of thinner and higher clouds. In addition, the measurements suggest a change in cloud morphology at Jungfraujoch above ∼ 13 km, possibly because high particle number densities form in the observed cirrus clouds, when many ice crystals nucleate in the high supersaturations following rapid uplifts in lee waves above mountainous terrain. The retrieved optical properties are used as input for a radiative transfer model to estimate the net cloud radiative forcing, CRFNET, for the analysed cirrus clouds. All cirrus detected here have a positive CRFNET. This confirms that these thin, high cirrus have a warming effect on the Earth's climate, whereas cooling clouds typically have lower cloud edges too low in altitude to satisfy the FLICA criterion of temperatures below −38 °C. We find CRFNET = 0.9 Wm−2 for Jungfraujoch and 1.0 Wm−2 (1.7 Wm−2) for Zürich (Jülich). Further, we calculate that subvisibe cirrus (τ < 0.03) contribute about 5 %, thin cirrus (0.03 < τ < 0.3) about 45 % and opaque cirrus (0.3 < τ) about 50 % of the total cirrus radiative forcing.
Interpreting Space-Based Trends in Carbon Monoxide
Authors: Strode Sarah A. , Worden Helen M. , Damon Megan , Douglass Anne R. , Duncan Bryan N. , Emmons Louisa K. , Lamarque Jean-Francois , Manyin Michael , Oman Luke D. , Rodriguez Jose M. , Strahan Susan E. , Tilmes Simone
Published: February 2016

Abstract. We use a series of chemical transport model and chemistry climate model simulations to investigate the observed negative trends in MOPITT CO over several regions of the world, and to examine the consistency of time-dependent emission inventories with observations. We find that simulations driven by the MACCity inventory, used for the Chemistry Climate Modeling Initiative (CCMI), reproduce the negative trends in the CO column observed by MOPITT for 2000–2010 over the eastern United States and Europe. However, the simulations have positive trends over eastern China, in contrast to the negative trends observed by MOPITT. The model bias in CO, after applying MOPITT averaging kernels, contributes to the model-observation discrepancy in the trend over eastern China. The total ozone column plays a role in determining the simulated tropospheric CO trends. A large positive anomaly in the simulated total ozone column in 2010 leads to a negative anomaly in OH and hence a positive anomaly in CO, contributing to the positive trend in simulated CO.
Performance report of the RHUM-RUM ocean bottom seismometer network around La Réunion, western Indian Ocean
Authors: Stähler S. C. , Sigloch K. , Hosseini K. , Crawford W. C. , Barruol G. , Schmidt-Aursch M. C. , Tsekhmistrenko M. , Scholz J.-R. , Mazzullo A. , Deen M.
Published: February 2016

Abstract. RHUM-RUM is a German-French seismological experiment based on the sea floor surrounding the island of La Réunion, western Indian Ocean (Barruol and Sigloch, 2013). Its primary objective is to clarify the presence or absence of a mantle plume beneath the Reunion volcanic hotspot. RHUM-RUM's central component is a 13-month deployment (October 2012 to November 2013) of 57 broadband ocean bottom seismometers (OBS) and hydrophones over an area of 2000  ×  2000 km2 surrounding the hotspot. The array contained 48 wideband OBS from the German DEPAS pool and 9 broadband OBS from the French INSU pool. It is the largest deployment of DEPAS and INSU OBS so far, and the first joint experiment. This article reviews network performance and data quality: of the 57 stations, 46 and 53 yielded good seismometer and hydrophone recordings, respectively. The 19 751 total deployment days yielded 18 735 days of hydrophone recordings and 15 941 days of seismometer recordings, which are 94 and 80 % of the theoretically possible yields. The INSU seismic sensors stand away from their OBS frames, whereas the DEPAS sensors are integrated into their frames. At long periods (>  10 s), the DEPAS seismometers are affected by significantly stronger noise than the INSU seismometers. On the horizontal components, this can be explained by tilting of the frame and buoy assemblage, e.g. through the action of ocean-bottom currents, but in addition the DEPAS intruments are affected by significant self-noise at long periods, including on the vertical channels. By comparison, the INSU instruments are much quieter at periods >  30 s and hence better suited for long-period signals studies. The trade-off of the instrument design is that the integrated DEPAS setup is easier to deploy and recover, especially when large numbers of stations are involved. Additionally, the wideband sensor has only half the power consumption of the broadband INSU seismometers. For the first time, this article publishes response information of the DEPAS instruments, which is necessary for any project where true ground displacement is of interest. The data will become publicly available at the end of 2017.
Adapted ECC ozone sonde for long-duration flights aboard boundary-layer pressurized balloons
Authors: Gheusi François , Durand Pierre , Verdier Nicolas , Dulac François , Attié Jean-Luc , Commun Philippe , Barret Brice , Basdevant Claude , Clénet Antoine , Derrien Solène , Doerenbecher Alexis , El Amraoui Laaziz , Fontaine Alain , Hache Emeric , Jambert Corinne , Jaumouillé Elodie , Meyerfeld Yves , Roblou Laurent , Tocquer Flore
Published: February 2016

Abstract. Since the 1970s, the French space agency CNES has developed boundary-layer pressurized balloons (BLPBs) with the capability to transport lightweight scientific payloads at isopycnic level and offer a quasi-Lagrangian sampling of the lower atmosphere over very long distances and durations (up to several weeks). Electrochemical concentration cell (ECC) ozonesondes are widely used under small sounding balloons. However, their autonomy is limited to few hours owing to power consumption and electrolyte evaporation. An adaptation of the ECC sonde has been developed specifically for long-duration BLPB ﬂights. Compared to conventional ECC sondes, the main feature is the possibility of programming periodic measurement sequences (with possible remote control during the flight). To increase the ozonesonde autonomy, the strategy has been adopted of short measurement sequences (2–3 min) regularly spaced in time (e.g., every 15 min). The rest of the time, the sonde pump is turned off. Results of preliminary ground-based tests are ﬁrst presented. In particular, the sonde was able to provide correct ozone concentrations against a reference UV-absorption ozone analyzer for 4 days on a 15-min time base. Then we illustrate results from 16 BLBP ﬂights launched over the western Mediterranean during three summer ﬁeld cam- paigns of the ChArMEx project ( http://charmex.lsce.ipsl.fr): TRAQA in 2012 and ADRIMED and SAFMED in 2013. BLPB drifting altitudes were in the range 0.25–3.2 km. The longest ﬂight lasted more than 32 hours and covered more than 1000 km. Satisfactory data were obtained when compared to independent ozone measurements close in space and time. The quasiLagrangian measurements allowed a ﬁrst look at ozone diurnal evolution in the marine boundary layer as well as in the lower free troposphere. During some ﬂight segments, there was indication of photochemical ozone production in the marine boundary layer or even in the free troposphere, at rates ranging from 1 to 2 ppbv h−1.
Colored dissolved organic matter in shallow estuaries: relationships between carbon sources and light attenuation
Authors: Oestreich W. K. , Ganju N. K. , Pohlman J. W. , Suttles S. E.
Published: February 2016

Abstract. Light availability is of primary importance to the ecological function of shallow estuaries. For example, benthic primary production by submerged aquatic vegetation is contingent upon light penetration to the seabed. A major component that attenuates light in estuaries is colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM). CDOM is often measured via a proxy, fluorescing dissolved organic matter (fDOM), due to the ease of in situ fDOM sensor measurements. Fluorescence must be converted to CDOM absorbance for use in light attenuation calculations. However, this CDOM–fDOM relationship varies among and within estuaries. We quantified the variability in this relationship within three estuaries along the mid-Atlantic margin of the eastern United States: West Falmouth Harbor (MA), Barnegat Bay (NJ), and Chincoteague Bay (MD/VA). Land use surrounding these estuaries ranges from urban to developed, with varying sources of nutrients and organic matter. Measurements of fDOM (excitation and emission wavelengths of 365 nm (±5 nm) and 460 nm (±40 nm), respectively) and CDOM absorbance were taken along a terrestrial-to-marine gradient in all three estuaries. The ratio of the absorption coefficient at 340 nm (m−1) to fDOM (QSU) was higher in West Falmouth Harbor (1.22) than in Barnegat Bay (0.22) and Chincoteague Bay (0.17). The CDOM : fDOM absorption ratio was variable between sites within West Falmouth Harbor and Barnegat Bay, but consistent between sites within Chincoteague Bay. Stable carbon isotope analysis for constraining the source of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in West Falmouth Harbor and Barnegat Bay yielded δ13C values ranging from −19.7 to −26.1 ‰ and −20.8 to −26.7 ‰, respectively. Concentration and stable carbon isotope mixing models of DOC (dissolved organic carbon) indicate a contribution of 13C-enriched DOC in the estuaries. The most likely source of 13C-enriched DOC for the systems we investigated is Spartina cordgrass. Comparison of DOC source to CDOM : fDOM absorption ratios at each site demonstrates the relationship between source and optical properties. Samples with 13C-enriched carbon isotope values, indicating a greater contribution from marsh organic material, had higher CDOM : fDOM absorption ratios than samples with greater contribution from terrestrial organic material. Applying a uniform CDOM : fDOM absorption ratio and spectral slope within a given estuary yields errors in modeled light attenuation ranging from 11 to 33 % depending on estuary. The application of a uniform absorption ratio across all estuaries doubles this error. This study demonstrates that light attenuation coefficients for CDOM based on continuous fDOM records are highly dependent on the source of DOM present in the estuary. Thus, light attenuation models for estuaries would be improved by quantification of CDOM absorption and DOM source identification.
Methane dynamics in the subarctic tundra: combining stable isotope analyses, plot- and ecosystem-scale flux measurements
Authors: Marushchak M. E. , Friborg T. , Biasi C. , Herbst M. , Johansson T. , Kiepe I. , Liimatainen M. , Lind S. E. , Martikainen P. J. , Virtanen T. , Soegaard H. , Shurpali N. J.
Published: February 2016

Abstract. Methane (CH4) fluxes were investigated in a subarctic Russian tundra site in a multi-approach study combining plot-scale data, ecosystem-scale eddy covariance (EC) measurements, and a fine-resolution land cover classification scheme for regional upscaling. The flux data as measured by the two independent techniques resulted in a seasonal (May–October 2008) cumulative CH4 emission of 2.4 (EC) and 3.7 g CH4 m−2 (manual chambers) for the source area representative of the footprint of the EC instruments. Upon upscaling for the entire study region of 98.6 km2, the chamber measured flux data yielded a regional flux estimate of 6.7 g CH4 m−2 yr−1. Our upscaling efforts accounted for the large spatial variability in the distribution of the various land cover types (LCTs) predominant at our study site. Wetlands with emissions ranging from 34 to 53 g CH4 m−2 yr−1 were the most dominant CH4-emitting surfaces. Emissions from thermokarst lakes were an order of magnitude lower, while the rest of the landscape (mineral tundra) was a weak sink for atmospheric methane. Vascular plant cover was a key factor in explaining the spatial variability of CH4 emissions among wetland types, as indicated by the positive correlation of emissions with the leaf area index (LAI). As elucidated through a stable isotope analysis, the dominant CH4 release pathway from wetlands to the atmosphere was plant-mediated diffusion through aerenchyma, a process that discriminates against 13C-CH4. The CH4 released to the atmosphere was lighter than that in the surface porewater, and δ13C in the emitted CH4 correlated negatively with the vascular plant cover (LAI). The mean value of δ13C obtained here for the emitted CH4, −68.2 ± 2.0 ‰, is within the range of values from other wetlands, thus reinforcing the use of inverse modelling tools to better constrain the CH4 budget. Based on the IPCC A1B emission scenario, a temperature increase of 6.1 °C relative to the present day has been predicted for the European Russian tundra by the end of the 21st Century. A regional warming of this magnitude will have profound effects on the permafrost distribution leading to considerable changes in the regional landscape with a potential for an increase in the areal extent of CH4-emitting wet surfaces.
Annual South American forest loss estimates based on passive microwave remote sensing (1990–2010)
Authors: van Marle M. J. E. , van der Werf G. R. , de Jeu R. A. M. , Liu Y. Y.
Published: February 2016

Abstract. Consistent forest loss estimates are important to understand the role of forest loss and deforestation in the global carbon cycle, for biodiversity studies, and to estimate the mitigation potential of reducing deforestation. To date, most studies have relied on optical satellite data and new efforts have greatly improved our quantitative knowledge on forest dynamics. However, most of these studies yield results for only a relatively short time period or are limited to certain countries. We have quantified large-scale forest loss over a 21-year period (1990–2010) in the tropical biomes of South America using remotely sensed vegetation optical depth (VOD). This passive microwave satellite-based indicator of vegetation water content and vegetation density has a much coarser spatial resolution than optical data but its temporal resolution is higher and VOD is not impacted by aerosols and cloud cover. We used the merged VOD product of the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR-E) and Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) observations, and developed a change detection algorithm to quantify spatial and temporal variations in forest loss dynamics. Our results compared reasonably well with the newly developed Landsat-based Global Forest Change (GFC) maps, available for the 2001 onwards period (r2 =  0.90 when comparing annual country-level estimates). This allowed us to convert our identified changes in VOD to forest loss area and compute these from 1990 onwards. We also compared these calibrated results to PRODES (r2 =  0.60 when comparing annual state-level estimates). We found that South American forest exhibited substantial interannual variability without a clear trend during the 1990s, but increased from 2000 until 2004. After 2004, forest loss decreased again, except for two smaller peaks in 2007 and 2010. For a large part, these trends were driven by changes in Brazil, which was responsible for 56 % of the total South American forest loss area over our study period according to our results. One of the key findings of our study is that while forest loss decreased in Brazil after 2005, increases in other countries partly offset this trend suggesting that South American forest loss as a whole decreased much less than that in Brazil.
Temperature variability of the Iberian Range since 1602 inferred from tree-ring records
Authors: Tejedor E. , Saz M. A. , Cuadrat J. M. , Esper J. , de Luis M.
Published: February 2016

Abstract. Tree-rings are an important proxy to understand the natural drivers of climate variability in the Mediterranean basin and hence to improve future climate scenarios in a vulnerable region. Here, we compile 316 tree-ring width series from 11 conifer sites in the western Iberian Range. We apply a new standardization method based on the trunk basal area instead of the tree cambial age to develop a regional chronology which preserves high to low frequency variability. A new reconstruction for the 1602–2012 period correlates at −0.78 with observational September temperatures with a cumulative mean of the 21 previous months over the 1945–2012 calibration period. The new IR2Tmax reconstruction is spatially representative for the Iberian Peninsula and captures the full range of past Iberian Range temperature variability. Reconstructed long-term temperature variations match reasonably well with solar irradiance changes since warm and cold phases correspond with high and low solar activity, respectively. In addition, some annual temperatures downturns coincide with volcanic eruptions with a three year lag.
LAKE 2.0: a model for temperature, methane, carbon dioxide and oxygen dynamics in lakes
Authors: Stepanenko Victor , Mammarella Ivan , Ojala Anne , Miettinen Heli , Lykosov Vasily , Vesala Timo
Published: February 2016

Abstract. A 1D model for enclosed basin (lake) is presented, reproducing temperature, horizontal velocities, oxygen, carbon dioxide and methane in the basin. All prognostic variables are treated in unified manner via generic 1D transport equation for horizontally averaged property. To the best of our knowledge, this is the most general form of 1D diffusion-type equation for a lake model available in the literature so far. Water body interacts with underlying sediments. These sediments are represented by a set of vertical columns with heat, moisture and methane transport inside. The model is validated vs. comprehensive observational dataset gathered at Kuivajärvi Lake (Southern Finland). Our results suggest that a gas transfer through thermocline under intense seiche motions is a bottleneck in quantifying greenhouse gas dynamics in dimictic lakes, calling for further research.