bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reduced egomotion estimation drift using omnidirectional views
Authors: Bastanlar Yalin
Published: December 2014

Estimation of camera motion from a given image sequence is a common task for multi-view 3D computer vision applications. Salient features (lines, corners etc.) in the images are used to estimate the motion of the camera, also called egomotion. This estimation suffers from an error built-up as the length of the image sequence increases and this causes a drift in the estimated position. In this letter, this phenomenon is demonstrated and an approach to improve the estimation accuracy is proposed. The main idea of the proposed method is using an omnidirectional camera (360° horizontal field of view) in addition to a conventional (perspective) camera. Taking advantage of the correspondences between the omnidirectional and perspective images, the accuracy of camera position estimates can be improved. In our work, we adopt the sequential structure-from-motion approach which starts with estimating the motion between first two views and more views are added one by one. We automatically match points between omnidirectional and perspective views. Point correspondences are used for the estimation of epipolar geometry, followed by the reconstruction of 3D points with iterative linear triangulation. In addition, we calibrate our cameras using sphere camera model which covers both omnidirectional and perspective cameras. This enables us to treat the cameras in the same way at any step of structure-from-motion. We performed simulated and real image experiments to compare the estimation accuracy when only perspective views are used and when an omnidirectional view is added. Results show that the proposed idea of adding omnidirectional views reduces the drift in egomotion estimation.
FMIRS: A Fuzzy indexing and retrieval system of mosaic-image database
Authors: Maghrebi Wafa Abbassi
Published: December 2014

This work is dedicated to present a fuzzy-set based system useful for image indexing and retrieval pertaining to historical Roman-mosaics. This exceptional collection of mosaics dates back from the first to fourth centuries AD. Considering the state of these images (i.e. noise, color degradation, etc.) a fuzzy features definition is necessary. Thereby, we use a robust to rotation, scale and translation fuzzy extended curvature scale space (CSS) as shape descriptor. Furthermore, we propose a fuzzy color-quantization approach, applied on mosaics, using HSV color space.  The system allows for two user-friendly querying modes: a drawing based mode and the mode that fusion both shape and color features using a unified fuzzy similarity measure. Based on queries of variable complexity, the advanced fuzzy system has managed to achieve interesting recall, precision and F-measure rates.
Afterword
Authors: Naiman Eric
Published: December 2014

Platonov studies continue to revolve around questions of resistance. Each article in this special section begins by articulating the parameters of a paradigm and then shows how Andrei Platonov distorts or subverts the model in significant ways. The author otDzhan remains an unruly figure, impatient with the stereotypes that nonetheless fuel his work, if only primarily through opposition. Once, the question was how to determine Platonov's attitude toward Soviet communism. Now that our understanding of both Platonov's oeuvre and Soviet culture has become richer and more complex, the issue of resistance remains but it has gained more facets.
Stalin's Answer to the National Question: A Case Study on the Editing of the 1938 Short Course
Authors: Brandenberger David , Zelenov Mikhail V.
Published: December 2014

As a cornerstone of early Bolshevik propaganda, nationality policy allowed the revolutionary regime to cast the Soviet “experiment” as emancipatory in both ethnic and class terms. Paradoxically, much of the attention paid to the national question vanished from the party canon in 1938, for reasons that have never been fully explained. In this article we investigate this dramatic turnabout by examining how party historians and Iosif Stalin himself drafted what was to be the official narrative on nationality policy in the infamous Short Course on the History of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks). In so doing, we not only supply a new answer to the national question but also highlight a key new source for other investigations of the Stalin period.
Does Identification With Rwanda Increase Reconciliation Sentiments Between Genocide Survivors and Non-Victims? The Mediating Roles of Perceived Intergroup Similarity and Self-Esteem During Commemorations
Authors: Kanazayire Clémentine , Licata Laurent , Mélotte Patricia , Dusingizemungu Jean Pierre , Azzi Assaad E.
Published: December 2014

A questionnaire survey (N = 247) investigated the influence of identification with the Rwandan nation on reconciliation sentiments between members of the survivor and of the non-victim groups of the 1994 genocide in Rwanda. Results showed that, whereas the two groups did not differ in their level of identification with the nation, members of the non-victim group were more willing to reconcile than members of the survivor group. Perceived intergroup similarity mediated the effect of national identification on reconciliation sentiment for both groups, but this effect was stronger among non-victims. Finally, self-esteem during commemorations also mediated this effect, but only among non-victims. We discuss the importance of people’s motivation to reconcile with out-group members in post-genocidal contexts in light of the common in-group identity model (Gaertner & Dovidio, 2000) as well as the needs-based model of intergroup reconciliation (Nadler & Schnabel, 2008).
Twenty Years After Genocide: The Role of Psychology in the Reconciliation and Reconstruction Process in Rwanda
Authors: McGarty Craig
Published: December 2014

This Special Thematic Section brings together eight papers that showcase different aspects of the contribution of psychology to the processes of recovery in Rwanda following the 1994 genocide. The Section is noteworthy in part because a majority of the papers have Rwandan authors. In summarizing the contributions I make six observations about the remarkable context of the genocide and its aftermath: a) it was distinctive from previous mass violence in its intensity and character; b) it has been characterized by bystander inaction and the problems of positioning outsiders to help; c) hundreds of thousands of accused or convicted perpetrators have lived alongside survivors; d) electronic media played a profound role not only in promoting violence but also in building peace; e) Rwanda has been the site of unprecedented societal interventions with political goals that have the character and content of social psychological experiments; and f) the role of memorialization in repairing or sustaining harm needs further examination. I conclude by noting that the study of recovery is clear proof that the genocide in Rwanda, as is the case with genocides of the past, failed to achieve its aims.
Unemployment Duration and Attitudes Towards Work among People Over 45 Years Old
Authors: Izquierdo-Rus Tomas , Moya-Faz Francisco J.
Published: December 2014

The situation of global economic crisis and the rapid increase of the unemployment rate cause changes in people´s attitudes about the labor market. These changes, sometimes, are motivated by the influence of certain individual variables such as the duration of unemployment. The objective of this research is to analyze the mediator influence of unemployment duration in the attitudes towards work among unemployed people over 45 years old. The people who participate in the research are 161 unemployed that agreed voluntarily in taking part in the interview of attitudes towards work. The data took out from the interviews were analyzed with the statistical software ATLAS.ti 6.2. The results demonstrate that unemployment duration plays an important mediator role in the attitudes towards work when conditioning the job search behavior and favor the chances of finding a job. The conclusion is about practical suggestions and the continuity of research in this area.
Portrait comparatif des activités de développement professionnel privilégiées en enseignement en contextes préscolaire, primaire et secondaire
Authors: Murray Nathalie
Published: December 2014

Cet article présente une recherche quantitative qui a permis de dresser un portrait comparatif des activités privilégiées par les enseignants en exercice, en contextes préscolaire, primaire et secondaire pour le développement des compétences professionnelles, en lien avec le profil du référentiel de la formation en enseignement au Québec. L’utilité perçue de ces activités a été mesurée. Cette recherche fait appel à la technique d’enquête, et nous avons élaboré un questionnaire dans ce but. Les résultats indiquent que les activités proposées sont utilisées à des fréquences variables selon le genre, le nombre d’années d’expérience, l’ordre et le champ d’enseignement. Néanmoins, le développement de certaines compétences est délaissé, ce qui soulève de nombreuses questions. Nous vous exposons la démarche et quelques résultats.
DISCURSO E PSICOSE: CONTRIBUIÇÕES PARA A PRÁTICA CLÍNICA
Authors: Arioli Heck Fernanda , Regina de Leão D’Agord Marta
Published: December 2014

O artigo relata uma investigação sobre as transformações na leitura psicanalítica do discurso e suas relações com a conceituação de psicose no transcorrer das elaborações de Jacques Lacan. Primeiramente, Lacan propõe que o discurso aparece na articulação diacrônica dos significantes. Mais adiante, afirma que na psicose há ruptura do discurso no momento do atravessamento da cadeia inferior do Grafo do Desejo, de modo que o sujeito não ascende ao desejo. O artigo problematiza a referência de Lacan em O aturdito ao fora-do-discurso da psicose. É indagada a pertinência de entender o fora-do-discurso como fora dos quatro discursos, isto é, como impossibilidade de ocupar o lugar de agente do discurso devido à insustentabilidade do semblante. Como resultado da investigação, encontra-se uma contribuição para a psicopatologia, fundamentada em uma clínica não mais fundada exclusivamente no olhar sobre os fenômenos elementares, mas que preconiza a escuta do sujeito em sua relação com o Outro, isto é, com o discurso.
A genuine layer 4 in motor cortex with prototypical synaptic circuit connectivity
Authors: Yamawaki Naoki , Borges Katharine , Suter Benjamin A , Harris Kenneth D , Shepherd Gordon M G
Published: December 2014

The motor cortex (M1) is classically considered an agranular area, lacking a distinct layer 4 (L4). Here, we tested the idea that M1, despite lacking a cytoarchitecturally visible L4, nevertheless possesses its equivalent in the form of excitatory neurons with input–output circuits like those of the L4 neurons in sensory areas. Consistent with this idea, we found that neurons located in a thin laminar zone at the L3/5A border in the forelimb area of mouse M1 have multiple L4-like synaptic connections: excitatory input from thalamus, largely unidirectional excitatory outputs to L2/3 pyramidal neurons, and relatively weak long-range corticocortical inputs and outputs. M1-L4 neurons were electrophysiologically diverse but morphologically uniform, with pyramidal-type dendritic arbors and locally ramifying axons, including branches extending into L2/3. Our findings therefore identify pyramidal neurons in M1 with the expected prototypical circuit properties of excitatory L4 neurons, and question the traditional assumption that motor cortex lacks this layer.
Book review. Design for Care: Innovating Healthcare Experience
Authors: Ulloa Manuela Aguirre
Published: December 2014

Adapted from a review on the same book published by The Design Observer Group on April 4th, 2014. You can access the original publication online at http://designobserver.com/feature/design-for-care/38382/ Peter Jones´ recently published book represents a timely and comprehensive view of the value design brings to healthcare innovation. The book uses an empathic user story that conveys emotions and life to a structure that embraces the different meanings of Design for Care: Spanning from caring at the personal level to large-scale caring systems. The author has a main objective for each of its three main target audiences: Designers, companies and healthcare teams. Firstly, it allows designers to understand healthcare in a holistic and patient-centered way, breaking down specialized silos. Secondly, it shows how to design better care experiences across care continuums. Consequently, for companies serving the healthcare sector, the book presents how to humanize information technology (IT) and services and meet the needs of health seekers. Finally, the book aims to inform healthcare teams (clinical practitioners and administrators) the value design brings in research, co-creation and implementation of user and organizational experiences. It also proposes that healthcare teams learn and adopt design and systems thinking techniques so their innovation processes can be more participatory, holistic and user-centered.
Book Review: The Design Way. Intentional Change in an Unpredictable World (second edition)
Authors: Cucchiara Salvatore
Published: December 2014

The premise of The Design Way is that in today’s rapidly changing world, current intellectual traditions are becoming increasingly inadequate – if still important – approaches to managing human affairs.  For example, hard and soft sciences can help us understand how the world works, but generally offer little guidance on intentionally changing it.  To address this shortcoming, the authors advance design as a distinct tradition that finds its key feature in making a novel idea concrete.
Systems Thinking in Design: Service Design and self-Services
Authors: Darzentas John , Darzentas Jenny Siobhane
Published: December 2014

The purpose of this paper is twofold. Firstly, it seeks to use a practical real-world example to demonstrate the power of a systems thinking perspective in design, and more specifically in the design of services. It makes use of the paradigm of e-accessibility, in the application domain of publicly available self-services. Secondly, the benefits of this perspective will be discussed, through some theoretical tenets of systems thinking, such as the use of emerging properties, the law of requisite variety and notions of second order cybernetics, in terms of the richness that they offer to the conceptualisation and praxis of design in general, and service design in particular. Finally, we speculate on the implications of systems thinking to question the nature of the interdisciplinarity and even transdisciplinarity of design.
Drawing as a “head over heels” thought process: understanding the meaning of fragmentation in the act of drawing
Authors: Montarou Christian
Published: December 2014

This article examines the significance of free-hand drawing from perspectives that go beyond the technical considerations of perspective, proportion and chiaroscuro. These perspectives include the artist’s mental process while drawing, exploring the relationship between the artist and the artwork in order to understand the significance of fragmentation as a creative element in this process. Another perspective examines the conditions for seeing and drawing, that is, the cognitive and psychological aspects of the act of drawing. In addition, various theoretical concepts are applied to analyse the creative process. References to psychoanalysis are used to explain the state of fragmentation inherent in the condition of human beings as subjects, while language theory is applied to reveal the motives underlying the need for self-expression through drawing. Theories about mental development during childhood are applied to shed light on artistic practice and increase our understanding of the psychological mechanisms behind creativity. Finally, the “creative mode” as such is questioned: How can this state of mind be induced and what is its relevance for encouraging creative thinking? The theoretical approach is illustrated with images taken from student work at the Department of Landscape Architecture and Spatial Planning at the Norwegian University of Life Sciences (UMB), as well as my own paintings and one historical painting.
The art of/in educational research: assemblages at work
Authors: Sandvik Ninni
Published: December 2014

The purpose of this article is to challenge the present western policy to control and tame educational research practices. It suggests a research methodology approach inspired by Deleuzian immanent ontology and the concept of  ́assemblage ́. Based on my PhD-project  ́Assemblages of desire in pedagogical practices: Inspirations from Deleuze and Guattari ‘ the article draws on the overlaps between research, philosophy and art. After a brief introduction to Deleuzian ontology of immanence, arguments for a decentring of the researcher as a subject, and the idea of a research assemblage are suggested. To accelerate the production of thoughts in the research analysis a piece of artwork is included in the assemblage, to make possible an investigation at the sensations produced when paintings, field notes and the researcher work together as a ‘thinking-machine’. The assemblage is here put to work by investigating different circular and horizontal movements in the process of analysis.
From the curve of the snake, and the scene of the crocodile: musings on learning and losing space, place and body
Authors: Gannon Susanne
Published: December 2014

Where else can educational research begin and end, if not with the body of the researcher, if not with the particular material/ corporeal/ affective assemblages that this body is and has been part of? This paper traces the mutual constitution of bodies, identities and landscapes through memory as the body of this educator travels through multiple scenes of geo-spatial-temporal movement, and down the east coast of Australia. This movement parallels the movement from being a school teacher to becoming an academic. Throughout the paper landscape is foregrounded, and the body in landscape is evoked through poetic and literary modes of writing around the themes of learning and losing. The body in landscape is not merely the body of the writer. Other bodies in the landscape include ‘the curve of the snake’ - the row of protective hills that were said to protect her tropical home from cyclones – and the ‘scene of the crocodile’ – the rock that hung over the valley she passed on her way to school that she had learned of from Indigenous teachers. The political and ethical consequences of memory work, of body and place writing, and of genres of writing in educational research, are also considered. The paper argues for an embodied and reflexive literacy of place that incorporates multiple modes of knowing, being and writing.
Children’s bodies in time and place; an onto- epistemological approach
Authors: Rossholt Nina
Published: December 2014

Working with concepts from Foucault and Deleuze I analyze how the youngest children relate to matter and the environment around them in a preschool context. The children are always connected to space, time and place and here I analyze how space, time and place are linked to the body in an epistemological and ontological sense. I research the daily life in preschools, analyzing early childhood spaces in an environment comprising water, sand, spades, leaves, trees, clothes, buildings, other bodies, etc. These relate further to how movements are situated, not only in language, but in bodily practices. From this angle I also make my selves as a researcher visible both during my fieldwork and in the writings.
Charting a politics of hope through representation
Authors: Wadick Phillip
Published: December 2014

Editor’s summary: Phillip Wadick comments ‘I have been forced to insert my body into the frame as I contemplate what facilitates safe bodies’.  His various representational forms support a position towards workplace health and safety research that offers alternatives to dominant structuralist and positivist paradigms that tend to objectify and commodify the body. His ‘wanderings and wonderings’ occur in a field where workers’ are so sceptical of the about ‘visibility politics’ around safety they expose themselves to bodily risks.  The disjunction between the ‘theoretical and impersonal bodies’ of dominant technical and medical discourses of workplace safety and the human encounters and social interactions affecting ’individual and personal bodies’ led him to disrupt ‘old certainties’ and fixed oppositions in favour of poststructuralist thinking and alternative forms of representing knowledge. Hope emerged where workers ‘found energy for change in the space between the arbitrary and unhelpful oppositions’.
Future increase of supertyphoon intensity associated with climate change
Authors: Tsuboki Kazuhisa , Yoshioka Mayumi K. , Shinoda Taro , Kato Masaya , Kanada Sachie , Kitoh Akio
Published: December 2014

Increases of tropical cyclone intensity with global warming have been demonstrated by historical data studies and theory. This raises great concern regarding future changes in typhoon intensity. The present study addressed the problem to what extent supertyphoons will become intense in the global warming climate of the late 21st century. Very high resolution downscale experiments using a cloud‐resolving model without convective parameterizations were performed for the 30 most intense typhoons obtained from the 20 km mesh global simulation of a warmer climate. Twelve supertyphoons occurred in the downscale experiments, and the most intense supertyphoon attained a central pressure of 857 hPa and a wind speed of 88 m s−1. The maximum intensity of the supertyphoon was little affected by uncertainties that arise from experimental settings. This study indicates that the most intense future supertyphoon could attain wind speeds of 85–90 m s−1 and minimum central pressures of 860 hPa.
Small lakes show muted climate change signal in deepwater temperatures
Authors: Winslow Luke A. , Read Jordan S. , Hansen Gretchen J. A. , Hanson Paul C.
Published: December 2014

Water temperature observations were collected from 142 lakes across Wisconsin, USA, to examine variation in temperature of lakes exposed to similar regional climate. Whole lake water temperatures increased across the state from 1990 to 2012, with an average trend of 0.042°C yr−1 ± 0.01°C yr−1. In large (>0.5 km2) lakes, the positive temperature trend was similar across all depths. In small lakes (<0.5 km2), the warming trend was restricted to shallow waters, with no significant temperature trend observed in water >0.5 times the maximum lake depth. The differing response of small versus large lakes is potentially a result of wind‐sheltering reducing turbulent mixing magnitude in small lakes. These results demonstrate that small lakes respond differently to climate change than large lakes, suggesting that current predictions of impacts to lakes from climate change may require modification.
Rupture of the Pitáycachi Fault in the 1887Mw7.5 Sonora, Mexico earthquake (southern Basin‐and‐Range Province): Rupture kinematics and epicenter inferred from rupture branching patterns
Authors: Suter Max
Published: December 2014

During the 3 May 1887Mw7.5 Sonora earthquake (surface rupture end‐to‐end length: 101.8 km), an array of three north‐south striking Basin‐and‐Range Province faults (from north to south Pitáycachi, Teras, and Otates) slipped sequentially along the western margin of the Sierra Madre Occidental Plateau. This detailed field survey of the 1887 earthquake rupture zone along the Pitáycachi fault includes mapping the rupture scarp and measurements of surface deformation. The surface rupture has an endpoint‐to‐endpoint length of ≥41.0 km, dips ~70°W, and is characterized by normal left‐lateral extension. The maximum surface offset is 487 cm and the mean offset 260 cm. The rupture trace shows a complex pattern of second‐order segmentation. However, this segmentation is not expressed in the 1887 along‐rupture surface offset profile, which indicates that the secondary segments are linked at depth into a single coherent fault surface. The Pitáycachi surface rupture shows a well‐developed bipolar branching pattern suggesting that the rupture originated in its central part, where the polarity of the rupture bifurcations changes. Most likely the rupture first propagated bilaterally along the Pitáycachi fault. The southern rupture front likely jumped across a step over to the Teras fault and from there across a major relay zone to the Otates fault. Branching probably resulted from the lateral propagation of the rupture after breaching the seismogenic part of the crust, given that the much shorter ruptures of the Otates and Teras segments did not develop branches.
Gold Core‐DNA‐Silver Shell Nanoparticles with Intense Plasmonic Chiroptical Activities
Authors: Wu Xiaoling , Xu Liguang , Ma Wei , Liu Liqiang , Kuang Hua , Yan Wenjing , Wang Libing , Xu Chuanlai
Published: December 2014

The strong plasmonic chiroptical activities of gold core‐DNA‐silver shell nanoparticles (NPs) are reported for the first time, using cytosine‐rich single‐stranded DNA as the template for the guidance of silver shell growth. The anisotropy factor of the optically active NPs at 420 nm reaches 1.93 × 10−2. Their chiroptical properties are likely induced by the DNA–plasmon interaction and markedly amplified by the strong electromagnetic coupling between the gold core and silver shell.
Controlled Assembly of Poly(3‐hexylthiophene): Managing the Disorder to Order Transition on the Nano‐ through Meso‐Scales
Authors: Choi Dalsu , Chang Mincheol , Reichmanis Elsa
Published: December 2014

Self‐assembly of conjugated organic semiconductors into ordered, larger scale entities is a critical process to achieve efficient charge transport at the nano‐ through macro‐scales, and various methodologies aimed at enhancing molecular ordering have been introduced. However, mechanistic understanding is limited. Here, a mechanistic elucidation of poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT) molecular self‐assembly is proposed based on experimental demonstration of controlled, solution‐based P3HT self‐assembly into rod‐like polycrystalline nanostructures. The synergistic combination of nonsolvent addition and ultrasonication facilitates rod‐like P3HT nanostructure formation in solution. Importantly, through sequential application of both treatments, nanostructure length can be easily modulated, and the assembly process is shown to follow a simple 2‐step crystallization model, which depends upon nucleation followed by growth. Through arrays of experimental results, the validity of 2‐step crystallization is confirmed and is proposed as a comprehensive platform to understand self‐assembly processes of conjugated polymers into larger, ordered mesoscale entities.
Self‐Assembly of Functional Molecules into 1D Crystalline Nanostructures
Authors: Guo Yanbing , Xu Liang , Liu Huibiao , Li Yongjun , Che Chi‐Ming , Li Yuliang
Published: December 2014

Self‐assembled functional nanoarchitectures are employed as important nanoscale building blocks for advanced materials and smart miniature devices to fulfill the increasing needs of high materials usage efficiency, low energy consumption, and high‐performance devices. One‐dimensional (1D) crystalline nanostructures, especially molecule‐composed crystalline nanostructures, attract significant attention due to their fascinating infusion structure and functionality which enables the easy tailoring of organic molecules with excellent carrier mobility and crystal stability. In this review, we discuss the recent progress of 1D crystalline self‐assembled nanostructures of functional molecules, which include both a small molecule‐derived and a polymer‐based crystalline nanostructure. The basic principles of the molecular structure design and the process engineering of 1D crystalline nanostructures are also discussed. The molecular building blocks, self‐assembly structures, and their applications in optical, electrical, and photoelectrical devices are overviewed and we give a brief outlook on crucial issues that need to be addressed in future research endeavors.
Capturing Collabportunities: A method to evaluate collaboration opportunities in information search using pseudocollaboration
Authors: González‐Ibáñez Roberto , Shah Chirag , White Ryen W.
Published: December 2014

In explicit collaborative search, two or more individuals coordinate their efforts toward a shared goal. Every day, Internet users with similar information needs have the potential to collaborate. However, online search is typically performed in solitude. Existing search systems do not promote explicit collaborations, and collaboration opportunities (collabportunities) are missed. In this article, we describe a method to evaluate the feasibility of transforming these collabportunities into recommendations for explicit collaboration. We developed a technique called pseudocollaboration to evaluate the benefits and costs of collabportunities through simulations. We evaluate the performance of our method using three data sets: (a) data from single users' search sessions, (b) data with collaborative search sessions between pairs of searchers, and (c) logs from a large‐scale search engine with search sessions of thousands of searchers. Our results establish when and how collabportunities would significantly help or hinder the search process versus searches conducted individually. The method that we describe has implications for the design and implementation of recommendation systems for explicit collaboration. It also connects system‐mediated and user‐mediated collaborative search, whereby the system evaluates the likely benefits of collaborating for a search task and helps searchers make more informed decisions on initiating and executing such a collaboration.
Nature of influence of out‐of‐vehicle time‐related attributes on transit attractiveness: a random parameters logit model analysis
Authors: Hossain Mohammad Shafayat , Hunt John Douglas , Wirasinghe S. C.
Published: December 2014

This paper describes the nature of the impacts of walking distances and waiting time on transit use. The relative trade‐offs of walking and transfer components with other transit service attributes are also discussed. A total of 449 completed stated‐preference interviews were collected; with six observations from each respondent, the total number of observations was 2694. This data set was used to estimate the coefficients in different utility functions using a random parameters logit model. The results demonstrated that walking distances to and from transit stops have important and significant nonlinear negative influences on the attractiveness of transit. Transfer waiting time was also shown to have a significant nonlinear negative impact on transit attractiveness. The random parameters logit model had a better model fit than the standard logit model. Some of the findings obtained here are novel, while others are consistent with previous works. These findings have implications for both theory and practice. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improved waveform‐feature‐based vehicle classification using a single‐point magnetic sensor
Authors: He Yao , Du Yuchuan , Sun Lijun , Wang Yibing
Published: December 2014

Vehicle classification systems have important roles in applications related to real‐time traffic management. They also provide essential data and necessary information for traffic planning, pavement design, and maintenance. Among various classification techniques, the length‐based classification technique is widely used at present. However, the undesirable speed estimates provided by conventional data aggregation make it impossible to collect reliable length data from a single‐point sensor during real‐time operations. In this paper, an innovative approach of vehicle classification will be proposed, which achieved very satisfactory results on a single‐point sensor. This method has two essential parts. The first concerns with the procedure of smart feature extraction and selection according to the proposed filter–filter–wrapper model. The model of filter–filter–wrapper is adopted to make an evaluation on the extracted feature subsets. Meanwhile, the model will determine a nonredundant feature subset, which can make a complete reflection on the differences of various types of vehicles. In the second part, an algorithm for vehicle classification according to the theoretical basis of clustering support vector machines (C‐SVMs) was established with the selected optimal feature subset. The paper also uses particle swarm optimization (PSO), with the purpose of searching for an optimal kernel parameter and the slack penalty parameter in C‐SVMs. A total of 460 samples were tested through cross validation, and the result turned out that the classification accuracy was over 99%. In summary, the test results demonstrated that our vehicle classification method could enhance the efficiency of machine‐learning‐based data mining and the accuracy of vehicle classification. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sinistral portal hypertension after pancreaticoduodenectomy with splenic vein ligation
Authors: Ono Y , Matsueda K , Koga R , Takahashi Y , Arita J , Takahashi M , Inoue Y , Unno T , Saiura A
Published: December 2014

Background

Splenic vein ligation may result in sinistral (left-sided) portal hypertension and gastrointestinal haemorrhage. The aim of this study was to analyse the pathogenesis of sinistral portal hypertension following splenic vein ligation in pancreaticoduodenectomy.

Methods

Patients who underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy for pancreatic cancer between January 2005 and December 2012 were included in this retrospective study. The venous flow pattern from the spleen and splenic hypertrophy were examined after surgery.

Results

Of 103 patients who underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy with portal vein resection, 43 had splenic vein ligation. There were two predominant venous flow patterns from the spleen. In the varicose route (27 patients), flow from the spleen passed to colonic varices and/or other varicose veins. In the non-varicose route, flow from the spleen passed through a splenocolonic collateral (14 patients) or a spontaneous splenorenal shunt (2 patients). The varicose route was associated with significantly greater splenic hypertrophy than the non-varicose route (median splenic hypertrophy ratio 1·52 versus 0·94; P < 0·001). All patients with the varicose route had colonic varices, and none had a right colic marginal vein at the hepatic flexure.

Conclusion

Pancreaticoduodenectomy with splenic vein ligation may lead to sinistral portal hypertension. To avoid the development of varices, it is important to preserve the right colic marginal vein. Reconstruction of the splenic vein should be considered if the right colic marginal vein is divided.
Clinorotation impacts root apex respiration and the ultrostructure of mitochondria
Authors: Brykov Vasyl , Kordyum Elizabeth
Published: December 2014

Mitochondrial respiration in plants provides energy for biosynthesis, and its balance with photosynthesis determines the rate of plant biomass accumulation. However, there are very limited data on the influence of altered gravity on the functional status of plant mitochondria. In the given paper, we presented the results of our investigations of root respiration, the mitochondrion ultrastructure, and AOX expression of pea 1‐, 3‐ and 5‐day old seedlings grown under slow horizontal clinorotation by using an inhibitor analysis, electron microscopy, and quantitative real‐time RT‐PCR. It was in the first time shown that enhancement of the respiration rate in root apices of pea etiolated seedlings at the 5th day of clinorotation does not connected with increasing of both alternative oxidize capacity and AOX expression. We assumed this phenomenon is provided by more intensive oxidation of respiratory substrates. At the structural level, mitochondria in cells of the distal elongation zone were the most sensitive to clinorotation that confirms the special physiological status of this zone. The performed investigation revealed an enough resistance of plant mitochondria to the influence of altered gravity that, on our opinion, is one of components providing plant adaptation to microgravity in space flight.
Sexual homicide in the USA committed by juveniles and adults, 1976–2007: Age of arrest and incidence trends over 32 years
Authors: Myers Wade C. , Chan Heng Choon ( Oliver) , Mariano Timothy Y.
Published: December 2014

Background

Reliable epidemiological data on sexual homicide are sparse, especially on trends in its incidence over time and age at arrest.

Aims

Our main aims were to study age at arrest and incidence trends for sexual homicide in the USA over about three decades (1976–2007).

Methods

We conducted longitudinal analyses of data from the largest USA homicide database available for the years 1976–2007.

Results

The mean age at arrest for a sexual homicide was 26.3 years (range 7–76; modal 21 years). Three quarters of these offenders were young adults aged 18–35. Age at probable first arrest for a sexual homicide rose significantly from a mean of 25 to a mean of 29 years over the study period. The last decade of the three studied accounted for just one quarter of the homicides as charged in the whole period, but the proportion of sexual homicides specifically fell with each decade, so that the first period accounted for 56% of those in the whole period, the second for 33% and the final decade for just 11%. This was reflected in a reduction in the proportion of all homicides that were sexual, from 1.4% in the first decade to 0.8% in the second and 0.4% in the third, declining by a factor of five for adults and seven for juveniles.

Conclusions

Use of official national criminal statistics has limitations in studying the epidemiology of any particular behaviour. Nonetheless, our findings of falling sexual homicide rates and of changes in at least one important demographic of these killers indicate a need for a considered reappraisal of such crimes. Establishment of accurate epidemiology and a study of associated factors may assist in the improvement of investigative and preventive strategies. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Solvent‐Free One‐Step Photochemical Hydroxylation of Benzene Derivatives by the Singlet Excited State of 2,3‐Dichloro‐5,6‐dicyano‐p‐benzoquinone Acting as a Super Oxidant
Authors: Ohkubo Kei , Hirose Kensaku , Fukuzumi Shunichi
Published: December 2014

Photoinduced hydroxylation of neat deaerated benzene to phenol occurred under visible‐light irradiation of 2,3‐dichloro‐5,6‐dicyano‐p‐benzoquinone (DDQ), which acts as a super photooxidant in the presence of water. Photocatalytic solvent‐free hydroxylation of benzene derivatives with electron‐withdrawing substituents such as benzonitrile, nitrobenzene, and trifluoromethylbenzene used as neat solvents has been achieved for the first time by using DDQ as a super photooxidant to yield the corresponding phenol derivatives and 2,3‐dichloro‐5,6‐dicyanohydroquinone (DDQH2) in the presence of water under deaerated conditions. In the presence of dioxygen and tert‐butyl nitrite, the photocatalytic hydroxylation of neat benzene occurred with DDQ as a photocatalyst to produce phenol. The photocatalytic reactions are initiated by oxidation of benzene derivatives with the singlet and triplet excited states of DDQ to form the corresponding radical cations, which associate with benzene derivatives to produce the dimer radical cations, which were detected by the femto‐ and nanosecond laser flash photolysis measurements to clarify the photocatalytic reaction mechanisms. Radical cations of benzene derivatives react with water to yield the OH‐adduct radicals. On the other hand, DDQ.− produced by the photoinduced electron transfer from benzene derivatives reacts with the OH‐adduct radicals to yield the corresponding phenol derivatives and DDQH2. DDQ is recovered by the reaction of DDQH2 with tert‐butyl nitrite when DDQ acts as a photocatalyst for the hydroxylation of benzene derivatives by dioxygen.
Simple Access to Highly Functional Bicyclic γ‐ and δ‐Lactams: Origins of Chirality Transfer to Contiguous Tertiary/Quaternary Stereocenters Assessed by DFT
Authors: Le Goff Ronan , Martel Arnaud , Sanselme Morgane , Lawson Ata Martin , Daïch Adam , Comesse Sébastien
Published: December 2014

This paper describes the synthesis of both polysubstituted oxazolo‐pyrrolidinones and ‐piperidinones by a domino process. The methodology is based on the reaction between hydroxyl halogenoamides and Michael acceptors, which leads efficiently to bicyclic lactams. The process is compatible with unsymmetrical electron‐withdrawing groups on the Michael acceptor, which allows the formation of two contiguous and fully controlled tertiary and quaternary stereocenters. In the case of tetrasubstituted Michael acceptors, two adjacent quaternary stereocenters are formed in good yield. Starting from (R)‐phenylglycinol derived amides results in the formation of enantioenriched bicyclic lactams in low to good yields and with high levels of stereoselectivity, thus greatly increasing the scope and interest of this strategy. The origins of chirality transfer and diastereoselectivity were studied by DFT calculations and have been attributed to a kinetic control in one of the last two steps of the reaction sequence. This selectivity is dependent upon both the substituents on the Michael acceptor and the sodium cation chelation.
Leadership effectiveness and motivation in Africa and the African Diaspora (LEAD): An introduction
Authors: Lituchy Terri R. , Punnett Betty Jane
Published: December 2014

The LEAD research project was developed in order to broaden management research in areas such as Africa. This special issue brings together the early findings of the research team. The present article reviews the literature and discusses the importance of understanding organizational leadership and motivation in under researched areas of the world. We explain the use of both emic (Delphi Technique and focus groups) and etic (large scale survey) research and describe the LEAD project and methodology in detail. Here we advocate the use of emic and etic research, and also consider the practical realities of using such approaches. Copyright © 2014 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Introducing WLab—Going from Wpt (Waypoint) to a uniform material color equivalency space
Authors: Derhak Maxim W. , Berns Roy S.
Published: December 2014

A set of invertible non‐linear transforms was derived that adjusts Wpt (Waypoint) coordinates (based on Wpt normalization) to and from a perceptually more uniform coordinate system (WLab or Waypoint‐Lab) than that provided by Wpt that allows for the advantageous features of Wpt to be directly applied to situations where other standard color spaces are typically used. The proposed transformations were found by optimizing for perceptual uniformity over both large and small color difference scales. The Munsell color order system was used as a representation for optimizing large‐scale perceptual uniformity. Correlations with Munsell value, chroma and hue along with comparisons with CIELAB and CAM02‐UCS were used to correct and assess overall large‐scale uniformity. The ΔE*94 color difference formula was used for optimization purposes for small‐scale uniformity. A STRESS analysis was applied to compare color differences based on Euclidean WLab distances with color differences based upon ΔE*ab, ΔE*94, ΔE00, DIN99o, CIECAM02, and CAM02‐UCS. It was found that WLab is a reasonably uniform material color equivalency space with small Euclidean WLab distances not being statistically different from ΔE*94, ΔE00, and Euclidean distances of DIN99o and CAM02‐UCS under reference observing conditions. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 40, 550–563, 2015
Trop2: From development to disease
Authors: McDougall Annie R.A. , Tolcos Mary , Hooper Stuart B. , Cole Timothy J. , Wallace Megan J.
Published: December 2014

Background: Trop2 was first discovered as a biomarker of invasive trophoblast cells. Since then most research has focused on its role in tumourigenesis because it is highly expressed in the vast majority of human tumours and animal models of cancer. It is also highly expressed in stem cells and in many organs during development. Results: We review the multifaceted role of Trop2 during development and tumourigenesis, including its role in regulating cell proliferation and migration, self‐renewal, and maintenance of basement membrane integrity. We discuss the evolution of Trop2 and its related protein Epcam (Trop1), including their distinct roles. Mutation of Trop2 leads to gelatinous drop‐like corneal dystrophy, whereas over‐expression of Trop2 in human tumours promotes tumour aggressiveness and increases mortality. Although Trop2 expression is sufficient to promote tumour growth, the surprising discovery that Trop2‐null mice have an increased risk of tumour development has highlighted the complexity of Trop2 signaling. Recently, studies have begun to identify the mechanisms underlying TROP2's functions, including regulated intramembrane proteolysis or specific interactions with integrin β1 and claudin proteins. Conclusions: Understanding the mechanisms underlying TROP2 signaling will clarify its role during development, aid in the development of better cancer treatments and unlock a promising new direction in regenerative medicine. Developmental Dynamics 244:99–109, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Catalytic Synthesis of Bi‐ and Teraryls in Aqueous Medium with Palladium(II) Complexes of 2‐(Pyridine‐2‐ylmethylsulfanyl)benzoic Acid
Authors: Prakash Om , Joshi Hemant , Sharma Kamal Nayan , Sharma Alpesh Kumar , Singh Ajai K.
Published: December 2014

Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reactions of phenylboronic and 1,4‐phenylenediboronic acid with ArBr to form bi‐ and teraryls have been efficiently catalyzed by the air‐ and moisture‐insensitive complexes [PdCl2L1] [1, L1 = 2‐(pyridine‐2‐ylmethyl)sulfanylbenzoic acid; 0.05–0.5 mol‐%] and [Pd(L2‐H)2] (2, L2‐H = 2‐pyridin‐2‐yl‐benzo[b]thiophen‐3‐ol; 0.01–0.5 mol‐%). The complexes were formed by the reaction of [Pd(CH3CN)2Cl2] with L1, and the catalysis proceeds in water for 1. The loading of 0.1–0.5 mol‐% of Pd is very promising for the coupling reactions to form teraryls. The COOH group imparts solubility to 1 in water. Ligand L2 is formed by the unprecedented cyclization of L1 in the course of the complexation reaction. The yield of 2 increases with the reaction time (5 h: 70 %; 24 h: 85 %). The two complexes and L1 have been characterized by NMR spectroscopy (1H and 13C{1H}). The single‐crystal structures of 1 and 2 have been solved, and the Pd–S, Pd–N, and Pd–O bond lengths are 2.269(2), 1.999(6)–2.057(2), and 1.9787(17) Å, respectively. Nanoparticles (NPs) with a narrow size distribution (ca. 3.0–5.5 nm for 80–85 % of the particles) formed at the start of these reactions and appear to be important for the catalytic coupling. Poisoning experiments and a two‐phase test have shown that the catalysis is largely homogeneous and involves [Pd0–PdII] processes. The bond lengths and angles calculated by DFT are consistent with the experimental ones.