bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Possible pathways from agreeing to non‐agreeing genitive appositives as seen in laȝamon's Brut
Authors: Shinkawa Seiji
Published: January 2015

In Old English, genitive nouns in apposition are both marked for case. King Arthur's men, for example, would be Arþures cyninges menn, Arþures menn þæs cyninges, among a few other possibilities. Non‐agreeing genitive appositives such as Arþur kinges men and Arþures men (þe) king began to appear in the Early Middle English period. The analysis in two versions of Laȝamon's Brut suggests two possible pathways through which they were established. One is the development of the name and the title as a compound‐like unit, which marks genitive only at the end of the second element as in Arþur kinges men, and the other is ambiguous appositive or predicative expressions such as Arþures men (þe) king, interpretable as either ‘King Arthur's men’ or ‘men of Arthur, (who is) (the) king’, which seem to have led post‐head constituents of split genitives to appear in the nominative or unmarked case, resulting in genitive marking only on the pre‐head components. These new usages are thus originally and essentially independent of the developments of the case‐marking system itself.
What is for for?: Reconstructing the development of what for construction in russian
Authors: Kwon Kyongjoon
Published: January 2015

The present article addresses the question of what for is for in the so‐called what for construction of Russian, namely, za in the čto za construction. Establishing that za in certain contexts is in fact a predicator that connects a subject to its predicate, this paper argues that the same element in the čto za construction also belongs to this grammatical category and should not be considered a preposition with an eccentric case assigning property. This analysis crucially assumes that the construction starts out as a wh‐question of a small clause base. Various aspects concerning the suggested development of the čto za construction are addressed in detail: (i) how a wh‐predication transforms into a wh‐modification, (ii) how the expressive semantics can be imbued by the expression, and (iii) whether German provided a source of the construction for other languages, including Russian.

a crazy synchronic state of the grammar has arisen via diachronic changes that are highly natural and, presumably, motivated independently by various communicative factors. (Givón 1979: 235, emphasis added)
Singulativen‐stems in indo‐european
Authors: Pronk Tijmen
Published: January 2015

Most Indo‐Europeann‐stem nouns are either individualizing, e.g. Avestanmarətan‐‘mortal’, i.e. ‘the dead one’, or they denote body parts, e.g. Greekōlḗn‘elbow’. In this article, it is argued that most Indo‐Europeann‐stems denoting body parts originally had a singulative function, denoting a single instance of a body part of which the body has more than one. This analysis allows us to connect the ‘body part’ function of the Indo‐European suffix *‐n‐to its well‐established individualizing function. The following evidence in favour of a singulative suffix *‐n‐will be discussed: (1) the productive singulative suffix *‐(e)n‐i̯o‐in Celtic; (2) suppletive paradigms in various Indo‐European languages in which a singular is (based on) ann‐stem, e.g. Armenianduṙn, pl.durk‘‘door, gate’, Gothickaurno‘single grain’,kaurn‘corn’, Russiansúdno, pl.sudá‘vessel’; and 3) words for body parts naturally occurring in pairs or larger quantities which are attested with and without the nasal suffix, e.g. Armenianakn, Gothicaugoand Old Prussianagins‘eye’, but without a nasal Greekósseand Old Church Slavicoči‘eyes’.
Determining hormone metabolite concentrations when enzyme immunoassay accuracy varies over time
Authors: Davidian Eve , Benhaiem Sarah , Courtiol Alexandre , Hofer Heribert , Höner Oliver P. , Dehnhard Martin
Published: January 2015

Enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) are widely used to quantify concentrations of hormone metabolites. Modifications in laboratory conditions may affect the accuracy of metabolite concentration measurements and lead to misinterpretations when results of different accuracy are combined for a statistical analysis. This issue is of great relevance to studies in behavioural and evolutionary ecology because these usually aim at understanding how hormone concentrations vary between individuals, environments or experimental conditions.

We present a method based on re‐assaying a subset of samples to standardize hormone metabolite concentrations when changes in EIA accuracy occur. We used glucocorticoid metabolite concentrations (fGMCs) measured in faeces of spotted hyaenas (Crocuta crocuta) between 2011 and 2013 with a previously validated EIA. Changes in accuracy were assessed by monitoring the metabolite concentration of faecal control ‘pools’ that were systematically assayed with faecal samples. A cluster analysis on these pools identified two distinct sample sets with different EIA accuracy; ‘Cluster 1’ and ‘Cluster 2’. We then re‐assayed all samples of Cluster 1 (n = 138) with an EIA accuracy similar to that of Cluster 2 and fitted a linear regression to the remeasured fGMCs against the initial fGMCs to predict fGMCs in Cluster 2. To determine the minimum number of samples to re‐assay that allows reliable predictions, we assessed the variation in the quality of model predictions by fitting linear regressions on decreasing numbers of re‐assayed samples. This revealed that re‐assaying 27 samples would be sufficient to generate reliable predictions considering our data set.

To test the robustness of our method, we fitted a new linear regression to 27 randomly chosen samples and used its equation to standardize all fGMCs of Cluster 1. The standardized fGMCs were similar to the remeasured fGMCs, and the regression on 27 samples was as effective at standardizing fGMCs as the regression fitted on the complete data set.

Our standardization method permits the combination of results of different accuracy. It is a simple and reliable alternative to the costly, time‐consuming and often impractical re‐assaying of complete sample sets that can be applied to a wide variety of species and sample types.
Molecular evolution of Pepino mosaic virus during long‐term passaging in different hosts and its impact on virus virulence
Authors: Minicka J. , Rymelska N. , Elena S.F. , Czerwoniec A. , Hasiów‐Jaroszewska B.
Published: January 2015

In this study the effect of host changes and multiple passages on Pepino mosaic virus (PepMV) evolution was analysed. A population of a mild isolate of PepMV was used to generate five independent evolution lineages on three tomato cultivars, which differ in rate of appearance of symptoms and their severity during viral infection (Beta Lux, Moneymaker and Malinowy Ożarowski) and on Datura inoxia. Twenty serial passages were performed over a period of 217–220 days. Symptom severity was monitored along the entire experiment. After the last series of passages total RNAs from each lineage and host were isolated and the triple gene block 3 (TGB3) and coat protein (CP) were amplified, cloned and 10 clones for each gene sequenced. Among the 400 clones for both genes, 143 individual mutations (61 synonymous and 82 nonsynonymous) were identified, with the largest number of nonsynonymous mutations being observed for the tomato cultivars Malinowy Ożarowski and Beta Lux. In two of the lineages evolving in the most susceptible variety of tomato (Beta Lux) necrotic changes in leaf blades appeared after 17 passages, leading to death of the plants. In these two lineages the mutation responsible for necrotic symptoms was K67E in TGB3. The appearance of this convergent mutation in independently evolving lineages may suggest that selection in this experimental set up favours more aggressive PepMV variants. We found a positive association between the severity of symptoms and the amount of genetic variability contained on viral populations. Indeed, the severity of symptoms turned out to be a good predictor for several indices of molecular variability. In addition, mapping all observed mutations in CP and TGB3 protein structures revealed that most were located on the surface, indicating a possible implication in viral–viral or viral–host interactions.
Estimation of changes in maternal mortality in a rural district of northern Tanzania during the last 50 years
Authors: Melkert Peter , Melkert Dennis , Kahema Leonard , van der Velden Koos , van Roosmalen Jos
Published: January 2015

Objective

Maternal mortality remains a major challenge worldwide. Reliable information concerning ratios and trends is essential for resource mobilization and assessment of progress towards the Millennium Development Goals.

Design

Assessment of levels and trends in maternal mortality during the last 50 years.

Setting

Sengerema district, rural North Tanzania.

Population

Number of deliveries, births, admissions, maternal deaths and causes of maternal mortality in the only hospital in the area.

Methods

We compiled a database from the annual hospital reports for the period of 1962–2011 to obtain estimated maternal mortality ratio for each decade.

Main outcome measures

Maternal mortality ratio for each decade and classification of maternal deaths.

Results

Of 629 maternal deaths, 490 (77.9%) could be classified as either direct or indirect and causes of mortality ascertained. Of the 361 direct causes (73.7%), hemorrhage (29.8%) and sepsis (20.4%) were the leading causes. Of the 129 indirect causes (26.3%), anemia during pregnancy (6.5%), meningitis (4.1%), HIV‐AIDS (3.5%), malaria (2.9%), heart diseases (2.4%) and relapsing fever (2.0%) were most often diagnosed. Since 1962, a 63% decrease in maternal mortality ratio has been achieved. The hospital‐based maternal mortality ratio decreased from 770/100 000 to 282/100 000 in the last decade (95% confidence interval 244/100 000, 320/100 000). The yearly decline since 1962 was 1.3%.

Conclusions

During the last 50 years we have witnessed a reduction of maternal mortality and improvements in maternal health. Progress has been made towards improving Millennium Development Goal 5, although only a prospective population‐based survey will provide the ultimate answer.
Aqueous humor concentration of VEGF and retinal oxygen saturation after unilateral acute primary angle closure
Authors: Wang Jiawei , Gao Xinbo , Du Shaolin , Li Xingyi , Huang Wenbin , Zhou Minwen , Wang Wei , Chen Sida , Zhang Yichi , Gao Qianying , Zhang Xiulan
Published: January 2015

Purpose

To measure the levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in aqueous humor in patients with unilateral acute primary angle closure (APAC) and retinal oxygen saturation (SO2) after trabeculectomy.

Methods

Twelve patients, with unilateral trabeculectomy‐required APAC, were recruited as the study group. Aqueous humor samples were collected prospectively for every subject. VEGF concentrations were analysed via enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and retinal SO2 was measured using oximeter (Reykjavik, Iceland) at 1 month after trabeculectomy.

Results

In the APAC eyes, the mean aqueous humor concentration of VEGF was 388.4 ± 260.1 pg/ml and positively correlated with preoperative intraocular pressure (ρ = 0.658, p = 0.020). In the normal controls, the mean SO2 levels in the larger arterioles and venules were 93.0 ± 5.9% and 59.5 ± 5.4% and the arteriovenous [A‐V] difference was 33.5 ± 6.3%. In the study group, the arteriolar SO2 at 1 month after surgery (97.6 ± 19.4%, p = 0.147) did not differ significantly from the values in the control group. However, the mean venular SO2 was significantly lower than the control eyes (50.0 ± 9.1% versus 59.5 ± 5.4%, p = 0.004), and a remarkable increased A‐V difference (47.6 ± 22.7% versus 33.5 ± 6.3%) was found in the APAC eyes (p = 0.037).

Conclusions

Lower venular SO2 and increased A‐V difference existed in the APAC eyes after surgery, and it is possible that the saturation was even lower during the attack. Together with the elevated VEGF concentrations in aqueous humor, these provided indirect evidence that ocular hypoxia was constantly present during APAC attack.
Antiproliferative Activity of Polyether Antibiotic – Cinchona Alkaloid Conjugates Obtained via Click Chemistry
Authors: Skiera Iwona , Antoszczak Michał , Trynda Justyna , Wietrzyk Joanna , Boratyński Przemysław , Kacprzak Karol , Huczyński Adam
Published: January 2015

A series of eight new conjugates of salinomycin or monensin and Cinchona alkaloids were obtained by the Cu(I)‐catalysed 1,3‐dipolar Huisgen cycloaddition (click chemistry) of respective N‐propargyl amides of salinomycin or monensin with four different Cinchona alkaloid derived azides. In vitro antiproliferative activity of these conjugates evaluated against three cancer cell lines (LoVo, LoVo/DX, HepG2) showed that four of the compounds exhibited high antiproliferative activity (IC50 below 3.00 μm) and appeared to be less toxic and more selective against normal cells than two standard anticancer drugs.
The other side of the story – maternal perceptions of safety advice and information: a qualitative approach
Authors: Ablewhite J. , Kendrick D. , Watson M. , Shaw I.
Published: January 2015

Background

A qualitative study of maternal perceptions of home safety advice. The aim was to gain an understanding of maternal perceptions of and possible barriers to the implementation of home safety advice.

Methods

Semi‐structured interviews with 37 mothers with a child aged less than 5 years of age; 16 were mothers living in an area of socio‐economic disadvantage (with a high rate of childhood unintentional injury), 21 were mothers living in an area of relative affluence (with a low rate of childhood unintentional injury). Thematic analysis was used to analyse the data.

Results

Although some mothers living in both areas found talking to a health professional about child home safety was helpful, mothers in both areas tended to find talking to other mothers as being more helpful and they preferred this to talking to a professional. Barriers to obtaining safety advice from professionals exist for mothers living in both areas. Mothers living in the advantaged area describe ‘feeling silly’ and that they should ‘know it already’ when talking to professionals. Mothers living in the disadvantaged area are less likely to access home safety advice due to fear of being perceived as an incompetent mother and the fear of social service involvement.

Conclusions

Mothers find home safety advice from other parents more useful and prefer this to advice from professionals. This suggests greater use could be made of appropriately trained parents to deliver safety advice and education. Fear and mistrust can limit access to child safety advice in parents living in disadvantaged areas and this may be a potential explanation for differential unintentional injury rates as those who need the advice and support most may be least likely to access it. Further research should explore how professionals can build trust, gain parents' confidence and provide child safety advice and education that is targeted appropriately to parents living circumstances and their child safety needs.
Productivity of Noun Slots in Verb Frames
Authors: Theakston Anna L. , Ibbotson Paul , Freudenthal Daniel , Lieven Elena V. M. , Tomasello Michael
Published: January 2015

Productivity is a central concept in the study of language and language acquisition. As a test case for exploring the notion of productivity, we focus on the noun slots of verb frames, such as __want__, __see__, and __get__. We develop a novel combination of measures designed to assess both the flexibility and creativity of use in these slots. We do so using a rigorously controlled sample of child speech and child directed speech from three English‐speaking children between the ages of 2–3 years and their caregivers. We find different levels of creativity and flexibility between the adult and child samples for some measures, for some slots, and for some developmental periods. We discuss these differences in the context of verb frame semantics, conventionality versus creativity and child errors, and draw some tentative conclusions regarding developmental changes in children's early grammatical representations.
Training Program for Cardiology Residents to Perform Focused Cardiac Ultrasound Examination with Portable Device
Authors: Siqueira Vicente N. , Mancuso Frederico J. N. , Campos Orlando , De Paola Angelo A. , Carvalho Antonio C. , Moises Valdir A.
Published: January 2015

Introduction

Training requirements for general cardiologists without echocardiographic expertise to perform focused cardiac ultrasound (FCU) with portable devices have not yet been defined. The objective of this study was to evaluate a training program to instruct cardiology residents to perform FCU with a hand‐carried device (HCD) in different clinical settings.

Methods

Twelve cardiology residents were subjected to a 50‐question test, 4 lectures on basic echocardiography and imaging interpretation, the supervised interpretation of 50 echocardiograms and performance of 30 exams using HCD. After this period, they repeated the written test and were administered a practical test comprising 30 exams each (360 patients) in different clinical settings. They reported on 15 parameters and a final diagnosis; their findings were compared to the HCD exam of a specialist in echocardiography.

Results

The proportion of correct answers on the theoretical test was higher after training (86%) than before (51%; P = 0.001). The agreement was substantial among the 15 parameters analyzed (kappa ranging from 0.615 to 0.891; P < 0.001). The percentage of correct interpretation was lower for abnormal (75%) than normal (95%) items, for valve abnormalities (85%) compared to other items (92%) and for graded scale (87%) than for dichotomous (95%) items (P < 0.0001, for all). For the final diagnoses, the kappa value was higher than 0.941 (P < 0.001; 95% CI [0.914, 0.955]).

Conclusion

The training proposed enabled residents to perform FCU with HCD, and their findings were in good agreement with those of a cardiologist specialized in echocardiography.
‘The city has been wronged and abused!’: institutional corruption in the eighteenth century
Authors: Latham Mark
Published: January 2015

Corruption by office holders in eighteenth‐century British institutions, from state to local level, played an instrumental role in the emergence of modern bureaucracy, and the development of accountable, professionalized systems of administration. Due to the similarities between the institutional culture of eighteenth‐century Britain and those within many contemporary developing societies, social scientists have also sought to draw lessons from Britain's historical experience of corruption. Yet little is known about the extent, impact, and causes of corruption by eighteenth‐century office holders. This article presents the first detailed research into the topic. It utilises the rich administrative and financial records associated with the institution charged with funding and undertaking the maintenance of London Bridge—the Bridge House—to conduct a systematic qualitative and quantitative study of corruption by office holders. The article identifies an ingrained culture of corruption amongst Bridge House officers, and provides quantitative evidence of the substantial impact corruption had on the organization's finances. However, contrary to existing studies on corruption, this article concludes that, although extensive and significant, corruption did not perform a functional role in the context of this institution. The article also provides a methodology and comparator for future studies into this topic.
Prioritising the rehabilitation of fish passage in a regulated river system based on fish movement
Authors: O'Connor Justin , Amtstaetter Frank , Jones Matthew , Mahoney John
Published: January 2015

Environmental rehabilitation budgets are often limited, and management actions need to be prioritised to achieve the best outcomes. Prioritisation can best be done when evidence informs the decision‐making process. We acoustically tagged twenty Golden Perch (Macquaria ambigua) in the Loddon River, Australia, and tracked their movements to gain an understanding on the requirements for fish passage at a major regulating structure, the Box Creek regulator. The movements of these fish were monitored through a network of receivers located throughout the lower Loddon River and Pyramid Creek system. Five fish moved 50–120 km upstream, four of which reached the Box Creek regulator before moving back downstream to the entrance of the Kerang Lakes system. Most long distance upstream movements were associated with an increase in river discharge. The remaining 15 fish moved <20 km, with all fish being detected at least once. This pilot study indicates that Box Creek regulator is acting as a barrier for some fish within the Loddon River system. Movement data also indicate that Golden Perch migration pathways may be influenced by river discharge. The management implications of this work includes the need to reinstate fish passage at Box Creek regulator and the potential use of environmental flows to enhance colonisation of native fish species throughout the Murray Darling Basin.
The Nile: Its Role in the Fortunes and Misfortunes of the Fatimid Dynasty During its Rule of Egypt (969–1171)
Authors: Cortese Delia
Published: January 2015

The Fatimids have been consistently studied as powerful contenders in the commercial and political control of the Mediterranean Sea. It is therefore surprising to find that only passing attention has been paid so far to the use of the Nile the Fatimids made as the ‘avenue’ through which goods from Africa and the Indian Ocean could be transported from Upper Egypt, to Cairo, then Alexandria and from there distributed to other Mediterranean ports. My argument in this paper is that the imperial aspirations of the Fatimids in Cairo and beyond were in many ways dependant on the unpredictability of the natural cycles that are characteristic of the river to this day but also on the Fatimids' success or failure in politically and economically managing the varied social, political and trading activities that took place along the Egyptian section of the Nile valley. Beside commercial navigation, throughout the history of Egypt during the Fatimid period, the river was used for transport of people, water supply, the staging of state rituals and parades, as holiday destination for the imam‐caliphs and their courts but also as a vehicle through which pilgrims form various regions of the Islamic world continued to penetrate Egypt whilst back and forth on their way to Mecca.
In vitro performance of QLF system and conventional methods for detection of occlusal caries around tooth‐colored restorations in primary molars
Authors: Lenzi Tathiane L. , Piovesan Chaiana , Mendes Fausto M. , Braga Mariana M. , Raggio Daniela P.
Published: January 2015

Background

Secondary caries is the main reason for restoration replacement, and therefore, an accurate detection of this type of condition is fundamental.

Aim

To compare in vitro the performance of different conventional and quantitative light‐induced fluorescence‐based (QLF) methods in detecting occlusal caries around resin composite restorations in primary molars.

Design

Two examiners evaluated independently 42 sites adjacent to tooth‐colored restorations using visual inspection (ICDAS‐CARS), radiographic examination, and QLF. Histological examination was used as reference standard method. Area under the ROC curve (Az), sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the methods were calculated at enamel (D1) and dentin caries (D3) lesions thresholds. Intra‐ and interexaminer reproducibility were calculated using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and kappa statistics.

Results

There was no difference among the methods considering Az at D1 threshold. Visual inspection, radiograph, and QLF (scores) methods presented similar sensitivities and significantly higher than those obtained with the QLF (∆F%). At D3 threshold, there were no differences among the methods regarding sensitivities, specificities, and accuracy, except for the examiner 2 with the QLF (∆F%) who achieved a very low sensitivity value.

Conclusion

Conventional methods are similar to QLF methods for detecting caries around tooth‐colored restorations in primary teeth.
Intergranular Stress Induced Phase Transition in CaZrO3 Modified KNN‐Based Lead‐Free Piezoelectrics
Authors: Chen Feng , Li Yuan‐Hang , Gao Guan‐Yin , Yao Fang‐Zhou , Wang Ke , Li Jing‐Feng , Li Xiao‐Long , Gao Xing‐Yu , Wu Wenbin
Published: January 2015

The phase transition temperatures of CaZrO3‐doped (Na0.49K0.49Li0.02)(Nb0.8Ta0.2)O3 lead‐free piezoelectrics (LKNNT‐CZ5) have been studied with X‐ray diffraction and Raman scattering. It is found that LKNNT‐CZ5 ceramics and powders with the same crystallite size (~2–5 μm) exhibit distinctly different phase transition behaviors versus temperature. The ceramic bulk changes its orthorhombic phase to tetragonal structure abruptly after being pulverized to powders at room temperature(RT), and follows a phase transition sequence with increasing temperature: orthorhombic (RT–65°C), orthorhombic and tetragonal (65°C–105°C), and tetragonal phase (105°C to ~220°C). Contrastively, the powders hold a tetragonal structure without any phase transition within the whole temperature region (RT–220°C). These differences might be induced by the existing internal stress or residual strain, which could be released during the grinding process.
Reproductive biology of the greeneye spurdog Squalus chloroculus (Squaliformes, Squalidae)
Authors: Rochowski B. E. A. , Graham K. J. , Day R. W. , Walker T. I.
Published: January 2015

The reproduction of the greeneye spurdog Squalus chloroculus was studied based on animals caught in the multispecies and multi‐gear southern and eastern scalefish and shark fishery on the upper continental slope off southern Australia. One hundred and ninety‐nine females (502–990 mm, total length, LT) and 189 males (515–810 mm LT) were examined. The female reproductive cycle, based on 41 breeding animals, is continuous and triennial, with the pregnancy period estimated to be 31–34 months, seasonal and synchronous with the ovarian cycle; a third of the breeding female population is estimated to give birth between September and December each year. The estimated LT at which 50% of females are mature is 799 mm (95% c.i.: 794, 804), whereas the LT at which 50% are maternal is 825 mm (95% c.i.: 817–833), but these estimates are probably biased by the phenomenon of apparent change of LT at maternity and LT at maturity following severe length‐selective fishing mortality. Litters ranged from four to 15 embryos with a 1:1 sex ratio, and litter size increased with maternal length. The breeding cycle of males is neither seasonal nor synchronous with the female cycle. The estimated LT of males where 50% are mature was 629 mm (95% c.i.: 603, 645).
How does salinity influence habitat selection and growth in juvenile American eelsAnguilla rostrata?
Authors: Boivin B. , Castonguay M. , Audet C. , Pavey S. A. , Dionne M. , Bernatchez L.
Published: January 2015

The influence of salinity on habitat selection and growth in juvenile American eelsAnguilla rostratacaptured in four rivers across eastern Canada was assessed in controlled experiments in 2011 and 2012. Glass eels were first categorized according to their salinity preferences towards fresh (FW), salt (SW) or brackish water (BW) and the growth rate of each group of elvers was subsequently monitored in controlledFWandBWenvironments for 7 months. Most glass eels (78–89%) did not make a choice,i.e. they remained inBW. Salinity preferences were not influenced by body condition, although a possible role of pigmentation could not be ruled out. Glass eels that did make a choice displayed a similar preference forFW(60–75%) regardless of their geographic origin but glass eels from the St Lawrence Estuary displayed a significantly higher locomotor activity than those from other regions. Neither the salinity preferences showed by glass eels in the first experiment nor the rearing salinities appeared to have much influence on growth during the experiments. Elvers from Nova Scotia, however, reached a significantly higher mass than those from the St Lawrence Estuary thus supporting the hypothesis of genetically (or epigenetically) based differences for growth betweenA. rostratafrom different origins. These results provide important ecological knowledge for the sustained exploitation and conservation of this threatened species.
Characterization of Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum Causing Watermelon Soft Rot Disease in Iran
Authors: Dana Hamed , Khodakaramian Gholam , Rouhrazi Kiomars
Published: January 2015

The aim of this study was characterized Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum (Pcc) the causal pathogen of watermelon soft rot disease in Iran. Of fifty bacterial isolates with white grey and convex colonies on nutrient agar obtained from symptomatic watermelon, ten isolates were selected for further tests. Pathogenicity tests results showed that all test isolates developed typical water‐soak symptoms after 2 days and signs of soft rot began 4 days after inoculation on watermelon fruits. Based on the phenotypic properties, the isolates were identified as Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum. The 16S rDNA sequences of isolates were 99% similar to the corresponding 16S rDNA sequence of the reference Pcc isolate. BOX and ERIC‐PCR analysis indicated that genetic diversity was present among the isolated Pcc isolates did not relate to the geographic location isolated from. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study of biochemical and genotypic characterization of Pcc isolates the causal agents of soft rot disease on watermelon, in Iran.
Oospore dimensions and morphology in North AmericanTolypella(Charophyceae, Charophyta)
Authors: Pérez William , Hall John D. , McCourt Richard M. , Karol Kenneth G.
Published: January 2015

Characteristics of the oospores have been used to delimit sections and, in some cases, species in the genusTolypellaA. Braun. To test the utility of oospore characters for identifying North American species ofTolypella, we investigated oospores from field‐collected and herbarium specimens. Oospore dimensions (length, width, and length to width ratio) and morphology (color, ridge number and shape, wall ornamentation, and basal impression number) were measured. Oospore dimensions were statistically analyzed and oospore morphology was studied with light and scanning electron microscopy. Statistical analyses showed significant differences in length, width, and length to width ratios among mostTolypellaspecies and populations but there was considerable overlap, which suggested that species identification based on oospore measurements alone is not wholly reliable. In addition, oospore morphology was not unique for every species.
Dosage assessment of valnemulin in pigs based on population pharmacokinetic and Monte Carlo simulation
Authors: Yuan L. G. , Tang Y. Z. , Zhang Y. X. , Sun J. , Luo X. Y. , Zhu L. X. , Zhang Z. , Wang R. , Liu Y. H.
Published: January 2015

To estimate the valnemulin pharmacokinetic profile in a swine population and to assess a dosage regimen for increasing the likelihood of optimization. This study was, respectively, performed in 22 sows culled by p.o. administration and in 80 growing‐finishing pigs by i.v. administration at a single dose of 10 mg/kg to develop a population pharmacokinetic model and Monte Carlo simulation. The relationships among the plasma concentration, dose, and time of valnemulin in pigs were illustrated as Ci,v = X0(8.4191 × 10‐4 × e−0.2371t + 1.2788 × 10−5 × e−0.0069t) after i.v. and Cp.o = X0(−8.4964 × 10−4 × e−0.5840t + 8.4195 × e−0.2371t + 7.6869 × 10−6 × e−0.0069t) after p.o. Monte Carlo simulation showed that T>MIC was more than 24 h when a single daily dosage at 13.5 mg/kg BW in pigs was administrated by p.o., and MIC was 0.031 mg/L. It was concluded that the current dosage regimen at 10–12 mg/kg BW led to valnemulin underexposure if the MIC was more than 0.031 mg/L and could increase the risk of treatment failure and/or drug resistance.
Exhausting Silence: Emotional Costs of Withholding Complaints
Authors: Liu Esther , Roloff Michael E.
Published: January 2015

Individuals often withhold relational complaints rather than disclosing them. Withholding relational complaints not only impacts relationships but can also have implications for individual behaviors and emotions. This study examined cognitive activities and behavioral aggression involved in withholding relational complaints and the emotional impact of withholding. The student‐based sample consisted of 395 participants who completed a survey about emotion regulation responses (rumination and reappraisal) to an irritating experience, passive aggressive behaviors (silent treatment and stonewalling), and emotional exhaustion. The findings provide evidence for posited mediated relationships between rumination and emotional exhaustion through passive aggressive behaviors. Implications for managing challenging emotional situations and examining complaint withholding in the workplace are discussed.
Conceptualizing Conflict Management and Conflict Resolution as Distinct Negotiation Processes in the Context of the Enduring Israeli–Palestinian Conflict
Authors: Ben‐Artzi Ruth , Cristal Moty , Kopelman Shirli
Published: January 2015

Negotiations in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict are historically traced and compared through an analysis of conflict resolution (CR) and conflict management (CM), defined as distinct negotiation processes. The assumption thatCMis a stepping‐stone toCRis challenged: Linking the two processes has not only entrenched but exacerbated this enduring conflict. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Ecology and evolution of floral volatile‐mediated information transfer in plants
Authors: Schiestl Florian P.
Published: January 2015

Floral volatiles are complex, multi‐functional signals that are often used by pollinators in combination with other signals, such as color. Floral visitors use floral scent to estimate the amount of reward present in flowers, to facilitate the identification of a specific host flower or as signals that chemically resemble those important for pollinator insects in other ecological contexts. There is good evidence that floral scent evolves under selection imposed by both mutualists and antagonists. Antagonists may often limit the amount of scent emitted by flowers, thus contributing to spatial population variation, and select for phenotypic plasticity after enemy attack. Floral scent is also an important component of pollinator‐mediated reproductive isolation, as it often co‐varies with color and morphology in sister species with different pollination systems.

Contents

Summary
571

I.
Introduction
571

II.
Why do pollinators use floral scent?
572

III.
Conflicting selection imposed by mutualists and antagonists
575

IV.
Floral scent and reproductive isolation
575

V.
Conclusions
575

Acknowledgements
576

References
576
Barley: a translational model for adaptation to climate change
Authors: Dawson Ian K. , Russell Joanne , Powell Wayne , Steffenson Brian , Thomas William T. B. , Waugh Robbie
Published: January 2015

Barley (Hordeum vulgare ssp. vulgare) is an excellent model for understanding agricultural responses to climate change. Its initial domestication over 10 millennia ago and subsequent wide migration provide striking evidence of adaptation to different environments, agro‐ecologies and uses. A bottleneck in the selection of modern varieties has resulted in a reduction in total genetic diversity and a loss of specific alleles relevant to climate‐smart agriculture. However, extensive and well‐curated collections of landraces, wild barley accessions (H. vulgare ssp. spontaneum) and other Hordeum species exist and are important new allele sources. A wide range of genomic and analytical tools have entered the public domain for exploring and capturing this variation, and specialized populations, mutant stocks and transgenics facilitate the connection between genetic diversity and heritable phenotypes. These lay the biological, technological and informational foundations for developing climate‐resilient crops tailored to specific environments that are supported by extensive environmental and geographical databases, new methods for climate modelling and trait/environment association analyses, and decentralized participatory improvement methods. Case studies of important climate‐related traits and their constituent genes – including examples that are indicative of the complexities involved in designing appropriate responses – are presented, and key developments for the future highlighted.

Contents

Summary
913

I.
Introduction
913

II.
Barley resources for climate change interventions
915

III.
Predictions for barley production and genetic resources based on environmental modelling
917

IV.
Examples of important genes and traits under climate change
919

V.
Practical approaches for responding to climate change
922

VI.
Looking to the future
926

Acknowledgements
927

References
927
New insights from bone microanatomy of the Late Triassic Hyperodapedon (Archosauromorpha, Rhynchosauria): implications for archosauromorph growth strategy
Authors: Mukherjee Debarati
Published: January 2015

Bone microanatomy of multiple postcranial skeletal elements of several individuals of Hyperodapedon collected from India is reported. This reveals that fibrolamellar bone tissue is predominant in the mid‐ and inner cortices, whereas the peripheral region of the cortex is composed of either parallel‐fibred and/or lamellar bone. The pattern of primary osteons mostly ranges between laminar and subplexiform. Such predominance of fibrolamellar bone tissue in the cortex suggests an overall fast growth, which slowed down considerably later in ontogeny. Four distinct ontogenetic stages are identified based on the bone microstructure. During the juvenile stage, growth was fast and continuous, but it became punctuated during the early and late sub‐adult stages. In adult individuals, growth was slow and showed periodic interruption but did not stop completely, suggesting that Hyperodapedon had an indeterminate growth strategy. Interelemental histovariations affecting cortical thickness, organization of the vascular network, incidence of growth rings and extent of secondary reconstruction are noted. Throughout ontogeny, the femora show higher cortical thickness than humeri and tibiae, suggesting differential appositional growth rate between the skeletal elements. Differences in cortical thickness are noted in the ribs, which suggest differential functional constraints based on anatomical site‐specific occurrences. Although fibrolamellar bone tissue became progressively more dominant towards the archosaurs, there are considerable variations in the growth patterns of the archosauromorphs. This is exemplified by the bone microstructure of Hyperodapedon, which deviates from the generalized slow‐growth pattern proposed for all basal archosauromorphs, suggesting that rapid growth was already present in the archosauromorphs. The cortical thickness of various long bones of Hyperodapedon bears similarity with that of several extant terrestrial quadrupeds, suggesting that Hyperodapedon was essentially a terrestrial quadruped.
Increased circulating Th17 cells and elevated serum levels of TGF‐beta and IL‐21 are correlated with human non‐segmental vitiligo development
Authors: Zhou Li , Shi Yu‐Ling , Li Kai , Hamzavi Iltefat , Gao Tian‐Wen , Huggins Richard H. , Lim Henry W. , Mi Qing‐Sheng
Published: January 2015

Although non‐segmental vitiligo (NSV) results from the autoimmune destruction of melanocytes, the detailed immune mechanisms have not yet been fully elucidated. Th17 cells have been identified to be implicated in human autoimmune diseases. In this study, the frequencies of peripheral blood Th17 cells and serum levels of IL‐17A and Th17 cell‐related cytokines were examined in 45 patients with active NSV compared to 45 race‐, gender‐, and age‐matched healthy controls. Our results showed increased circulating Th17 cell frequencies and elevated serum IL‐17A, TGF‐β1, and IL‐21 levels in patients with NSV. Meanwhile, the increased Th17 cell frequencies are positively correlated with serum TGF‐β1 level, and the body surface area of lesions is positively correlated with elevated TGF‐β1 and IL‐21 levels and Th17 cell frequencies. Furthermore, positive correlation was identified between Th17 and Th1 cell frequencies in patients with NSV. These results further indicate the potential involvement of Th17 cells and the collaborative contribution of Th17 and Th1 in NSV development, and suggest that the elevated serum TGF‐β1 and IL‐21 levels could contribute to enhanced Th17 cell differentiation in NSV.
Possible relation between olfaction and anxiety in healthy subjects
Authors: Takahashi Tsutomu , Itoh Hiroko , Nishikawa Yumiko , Higuchi Yuko , Nakamura Mihoko , Sasabayashi Daiki , Nishiyama Shimako , Mizukami Yuko , Masaoka Yuri , Suzuki Michio
Published: January 2015

Aims

While olfaction is a sense closely associated with the limbic system and emotions, the relation between emotional status and olfactory functioning has not been well documented. This study aimed to examine the possible effect of anxiety on olfaction in healthy subjects.

Methods

We investigated the effect of state and trait anxiety on the detection and recognition thresholds for five different odors in 124 healthy subjects (62 men and 62 women, mean age = 27.2 years) using a T&T olfactometer.

Results

While the influences of age, socioeconomic status, IQ, and smoking history on olfaction were not significant, women had a lower recognition threshold for the odor of sweet fruit and a higher detection threshold for that of rotten food as compared with men. Both state and trait anxiety ratings were significantly associated with reduced olfactory ability, especially for identification of rose odor.

Conclusions

These findings suggest that emotional status affects olfactory functioning in healthy subjects. Our findings may also partly explain the mild olfactory impairment reported in clinical conditions, such as anxiety disorders.
Magnetoencephalographic evidence of early right hemisphere overactivation during metaphor comprehension in schizophrenia
Authors: Zeev‐Wolf Maor , Faust Miriam , Levkovitz Yechiel , Harpaz Yuval , Goldstein Abraham
Published: January 2015

Whereas language processing in neurotypical brains is left lateralized, individuals with schizophrenia (SZ) display a bilateral or reversed pattern of lateralization. We used MEG to investigate the implications of this atypicality on fine (left hemisphere) versus coarse (right hemisphere) semantic processing. Ten SZ and 14 controls were presented with fine (conventional metaphor, literal, and unrelated expressions) and coarse (novel metaphor) linguistic stimuli. Results showed greater activation of the right hemisphere for novel metaphors and greater bilateral activation for unrelated expressions at the M170 window in SZ. Moreover, at the M350, SZ showed reduced bilateral activation. We conclude that SZ are overreliant on early‐stage coarse semantic processing. As a result, they jump too quickly to remote conclusions, with limited control over the meanings they form. This may explain one of the core symptoms of the disorder—loose associations.
When experimentalist governance meets science‐based regulations; the case of food safety regulations
Authors: Wengle Susanne
Published: January 2015

This paper examines a central regulatory mechanism that shapes food economies. Food safety regulations in the United States rely on a science‐based transnational regulatory system known as Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP), which bears central features of what Sabel and Zeitlin identified as experimentalist governance: a new form of regulation that is flexible, responsive, and involves stakeholders in iterative and direct democratic deliberation. The core theoretical question the paper examines is what the reliance on science means for the promise of an experimentalist policy regime to enable a new form of democratic politics. Based on a case study of the HACCP system implemented by the US Department of Agriculture's Food Safety and Inspection Service since the late 1990s, HACCP's reliance on food science has acted as an effective divider between producers who were able to take advantage of the system's flexibility and others for whom this was challenging. There is clear evidence that HACCP posed a disproportionate burden on small processors and that some of them were unable to adapt to the requirements of the regulatory system. In so far as the HACCP‐based food safety regulations delineated the kind of producer that thrived in the system and contributed to the demise of another set of producers, the regulatory system shaped market outcomes.
Editing worlds: participatory mapping and a minor geopolitics
Authors: Gerlach Joe
Published: January 2015

Cartography and geopolitics have a troubled relationship. While maps have been complicit in the worst excesses of colonial venturing and Cold War politicking, they have also been deployed as inscriptions of recalcitrance and resistance. Yet regardless of the ends to which they have been deployed, mapping and cartography are creative, aesthetic performances and sometimes outwardly experimental and artistic. To what extent then, might contemporary forms of cartographic practice be producing spaces that are simultaneously creative and geopolitical? This article employs the wiki‐based OpenStreetMap as a fieldwork intervention in exploring how online, virtual, crowd‐sourced cartographies can be conjured as ‘ethico‐aesthetic projects’ (Guattari 1995) that valorise creative processes in negotiating emergent problems, politics, events and spaces. It shows how OpenStreetMap is at once a technology, a set of performances and a series of communities that allows users to create and alter maps, thereby generating capacities to edit worlds. The article explores how these capacities inflect geographical imaginations while being generative of a minor geopolitics. ‘Minor’ in this context alludes not to scale or tenor, but instead refers to the non‐representational registers of cartography so as to spotlight the unspoken, anticipatory geopolitics of mapping.
Effects of mesenchymal stem cells in renovascular hypertension
Authors: Oliveira‐Sales Elizabeth B. , Varela Vanessa A. , Bergamaschi Cassia T. , Campos Ruy R. , Boim Mirian A.
Published: January 2015

New Findings

What is the topic of this review?

The major topic of this review addresses the effects of mesenchymal stem cell treatment in renovascular hypertension.

What advances does it highlight?

This therapy may be a promising strategy to treat renovascular hypertension and its renal consequences in the near future.

Renovascular hypertension induced by the two‐kidney, one‐clip technique is a renin–angiotensin system‐dependent model that leads to renal vascular rarefaction, fibrosis and renal failure. Treatment of renovascular hypertension remains a challenge, and thus, new therapies are needed. In this report, we discuss the beneficial effects of mesenchymal stem cells on the reconstruction of the renal parenchyma of the stenotic kidney to improve vascular rarefaction and fibrosis. Mesenchymal stem cell therapy prevented the progressive increase in systolic arterial pressure, reduced sympathetic hyperactivity, improved renal morphology, induced neovascularization and reduced fibrosis in stenotic kidneys. Although this therapy may be a promising strategy to treat renovascular hypertension and its renal consequences, further studies are necessary to improve the efficiency of mesenchymal stem cells.