bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aerobic Denitrification ofPseudomonas aeruginosaMonitored by Online NAD(P)H Fluorescence
Authors: Chen Fan , Xia Qing , Ju Lu-Kwang
Published: November 2003

Continuous cultures ofPseudomonas aeruginosa(ATCC 9027) maintained at different dissolved oxygen concentrations (DO) were studied for the effects of DO on various culture properties, especially aerobic respiration and denitrification. The DO was varied from 0 mg/liter (completely anoxic conditions) to 1.3 mg/liter and measured with optical sensors that could accurately determine very low DO based on oxygen-quenched luminescence. The strain was found to perform aerobic denitrification; while the specific rate decreased with increasing DO, denitrification persisted at approximately 1/8 of the maximum rate (1.7 mmol/g of cells/h) even at relatively high DO (1 to 1.3 mg/liter). In the presence of nitrate, the culture's Monod half-rate saturation constant for O2was very small, <0.1 mg/liter. Aerobic denitrification appeared to function as an electron-accepting mechanism supplementary to or competitive with aerobic respiration. The shift of the culture's respiratory mechanism was also clearly detected with a fluorometer targeting intracellular NAD(P)H, i.e., the reduced forms of the NAD(P) coenzymes. Comparatively, the NAD(P)H fluorescence under the anoxic, denitrifying conditions (NFUDN) was highest, that under fully aerobic conditions (NFUOX) was lowest, and that under conditions in which both denitrification and aerobic respiration occurred (NFU) was intermediate. Representing a quantitative measure of the culture's “fractional approach” to the fully denitrifying state, the normalized fraction (NFU − NFUOX)/(NFUDN− NFUOX) was correlated with DO and the calculated fraction of electrons accepted by denitrification. The NFU fraction decreased with increasing DO, following an empirical exponential relationship. The fraction of denitrification-accepted electrons increased with the NFU fraction: the increase was gradual and approximately linear at DO of ≥0.1 mg/liter but much sharper at lower DO. Online NAD(P)H fluorescence was demonstrated as a feasible technique for effective monitoring and quantitative description of the microaerobic state of microorganisms.
Environmental Acquisition of Thiotrophic Endosymbionts by Deep-Sea Mussels of the Genus
Bathymodiolus
Authors: Won Yong-Jin , Hallam Steven J. , O'Mullan Gregory D. , Pan Irvin L. , Buck Kurt R. , Vrijenhoek Robert C.
Published: November 2003

Deep-sea
Bathymodiolus
mussels, depending on species and location, have the capacity to host sulfur-oxidizing (thiotrophic) and methanotrophic eubacteria in gill bacteriocytes, although little is known about the mussels' mode of symbiont acquisition. Previous studies of
Bathymodiolus
host and symbiont relationships have been based on collections of nonoverlapping species across wide-ranging geographic settings, creating an apparent model for vertical transmission. We present genetic and cytological evidence for the environmental acquisition of thiotrophic endosymbionts by vent mussels from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Open pit structures in cell membranes of the gill surface revealed likely sites for endocytosis of free-living bacteria. A population genetic analysis of the thiotrophic symbionts exploited a hybrid zone where two
Bathymodiolus
species intergrade. Northern
Bathymodiolus azoricus
and southern
Bathymodiolus puteoserpentis
possess species-specific DNA sequences that identify both their symbiont strains (internal transcribed spacer regions) and their mitochondria (ND4). However, the northern and southern symbiont-mitochondrial pairs were decoupled in the hybrid zone. Such decoupling of symbiont-mitochondrial pairs would not occur if the two elements were transmitted strictly vertically through the germ line. Taken together, these findings are consistent with an environmental source of thiotrophic symbionts in
Bathymodiolus
mussels, although an environmentally “leaky” system of vertical transmission could not be excluded.
Phenylacetic and Phenylpropionic Acids Do Not Affect Xylan Degradation by
Ruminococcus albus
Authors: Reveneau Carine , Adams Sarah E. , Cotta M. A. , Morrison M.
Published: November 2003

Since the addition of either ruminal fluid or a combination of phenylacetic and phenylpropionic acids (PAA/PPA) has previously been shown to dramatically improve cellulose degradation and growth of
Ruminococcus albus
, it was of interest to determine the effects of these additives on xylan-grown cultures. Although cell-bound xylanase activity increased when either PAA/PPA or ruminal fluid was added to the growth medium, total xylanase did not change, and neither of these supplements affected the growth or xylan-degrading capacity of
R. albus
8. Similarly, neither PAA/PPA nor ruminal fluid affected xylan degradation by multiple strains of
R. albus
when xylan prepared from oat spelts was used as a carbohydrate source. These results show that the xylanolytic potential of
R. albus
is not conditional on the availability of PAA/PPA or other components of ruminal fluid.
Detection and Differentiation of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
and Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Isolates by Real-Time PCR
Authors: Shrestha Nabin K. , Tuohy Marion J. , Hall Gerri S. , Reischl Udo , Gordon Steven M. , Procop Gary W.
Published: November 2003

Mycobacteria cause a variety of illnesses that differ in severity and public health implications. The differentiation of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
from nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) is of primary importance for infection control and choice of antimicrobial therapy. Despite advances in molecular diagnostics, the ability to rapidly diagnose
M. tuberculosis
infections by PCR is still inadequate, largely because of the possibility of false-negative reactions. We designed and validated a real-time PCR for mycobacteria by using the LightCycler system with 18 reference strains and 168 clinical mycobacterial isolates. All clinically significant mycobacteria were detected; the mean melting temperatures (with 99.9% confidence intervals [99.9% CI] in parentheses) for the different mycobacteria were as follows:
M. tuberculosis
, 64.35°C (63.27 to 65.42°C);
M. kansasii
, 59.20°C (58.07 to 60.33°C);
M. avium
, 57.82°C (57.05 to 58.60°C);
M. intracellulare
, 54.46°C (53.69 to 55.23°C);
M. marinum
, 58.91°C (58.28 to 59.55°C); rapidly growing mycobacteria, 53.09°C (50.97 to 55.20°C) or 43.19°C (42.19 to 44.49°C). This real-time PCR assay with melting curve analysis consistently accurately detected and differentiated
M. tuberculosis
from NTM. Detection of an NTM helps ensure that the negative result for
M. tuberculosis
is a true negative. The specific melting temperature also provides a suggestion of the identity of the NTM present, when the most commonly encountered mycobacterial species are considered. In a parallel comparison, both the LightCycler assay and the COBAS Amplicor
M. tuberculosis
assay correctly categorized 48 of 50 specimens that were proven by culture to contain
M. tuberculosis
, and the LightCycler assay correctly characterized 3 of 3 specimens that contained NTM.
Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology of Erythromycin-Resistant Beta-Hemolytic Lancefield Group G Streptococci Causing Bacteremia
Authors: Woo Patrick C. Y. , To Amanda P. C. , Tse Herman , Lau Susanna K. P. , Yuen Kwok-yung
Published: November 2003

Among 100 patients with group G beta-hemolytic streptococcal bacteremia in a 6-year period (1997 to 2002), seven had bacteremia caused by erythromycin-resistant strains. Five of the seven patients had cellulitis and/or abscesses. The two isolates resistant to erythromycin and clindamycin possessed
erm
genes, one
ermTR
and the other
ermB
. The five isolates resistant to erythromycin but sensitive to clindamycin and one of those resistant to both erythromycin and clindamycin possessed
mef
genes.
Comparison of PCR-Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay and Real-Time PCR Assay for Diagnosis of an Unusual Case of Cerebral Toxoplasmosis in a Stem Cell Transplant Recipient
Authors: Menotti Jean , Vilela Gustavo , Romand Stéphane , Garin Yves Jean-François , Ades Lionel , Gluckman Eliane , Derouin Francis , Ribaud Patricia
Published: November 2003

A PCR-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and a real-time PCR assay were compared for diagnosis and follow-up of cerebral toxoplasmosis in a stem cell transplant recipient. The sensitivity of detection was similar for both assays but was higher when the assays were performed on buffy coat rather than on whole blood or serum.
NEW EXACT TREATMENT OF THE PERTURBED COULOMB INTERACTIONS
Authors: ÖZER OKAN , GÖNÜL BÜLENT
Published: November 2003

A novel method for the exact solvability of quantum systems is discussed and used to obtain closed analytical expressions in arbitrary dimensions for the exact solutions of the hydrogenic atom in the external potential ΔV(r) = br + cr2, which is based on the recently introduced supersymmetric perturbation theory.
INDUCED QUANTUM GRAVITY ON A RIEMANN SURFACE
Authors: BANDELLONI G. , LAZZARINI S.
Published: November 2003

Induced quantum gravity dynamics built over a Riemann surface is studied in arbitrary dimension. Local coordinates on the target space are given by means of the Laguerre–Forsyth construction. A simple model is proposed and perturbatively quantized. In doing so, the classical [Formula: see text]-symmetry turns out to be preserved on-shell at any order of the ℏ perturbative expansion. As a main result, due to quantum corrections, the target coordinates acquire a nontrivial character.
THE SU(2)0 WZNW MODEL
Authors: NICHOLS ALEXANDER
Published: November 2003

We analyse the correlation functions and operator content of the SU(2)0 model using both the free field description and the solutions to the Knizhnik-Zamolodchikov equations. We show that there is a very close correspondence between this model and the well studied c=-2 theory. We also demonstrate that the quantum Hamiltonian reduction of SU(2)0 leads very directly to the correlation functions of the c=-2 model.
H2 DISSOCIATION ON A Pt OVERLAYER ON Ni(111)
Authors: CASTELLANI N. J. , MEHADJI C. , LÉGARÉ P.
Published: November 2003

The chemisorption of hydrogen atoms and the H 2 molecule was studied by the use of extended Hückel calculations in a cluster model to simulate a Pt (111) surface and a Pt overlayer in epitaxy on Ni (111). The result of epitaxy on the chemisorptive properties of Pt is to disfavor the H atom adsorption on the higher coordination sites, and to increase the activation energy of H 2 dissociation. This is due to two factors. First, the Pt – Pt distance shortening increases the repulsion produced by the Pt neighbors on the adatoms. Second, the study of the local electronic properties of the chemisorption site shows that the pure Pt surface tends to chemisorb the H 2 molecule in the dissociated state whereas the Pt/Ni system would favor the molecular adsorption only.
SURFACE EVOLUTION DURING MBE GROWTH
Authors: ORME C. , ORR B. G.
Published: November 2003

The evolution of surfaces grown using molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) is an interesting scientific issue as well as an important technological concern. In this review article we examine surface evolution during film growth from several different points of view. Experimental, simulational and analytical descriptions of the process are discussed.
MODULATED ELECTRON EMISSION BY SCATTERING-INTERFERENCE OF PRIMARY ELECTRONS
Authors: VALERI SERGIO , di BONA ALESSANDRO
Published: November 2003

We review the effects of scattering-interference of the primary, exciting beam on the electron emission from ordered atomic arrays. The yield of elastically and inelastically backscattered electrons, Auger electrons and secondary electrons shows a marked dependence on the incidence angle of primary electrons. Both the similarity and the relative importance of processes experienced by incident and excident electrons are discussed. We also present recent studies of electron focusing and defocusing along atomic chains. The interplay between these two processes determines the in-depth profile of the primary electron intensity anisotropy. Finally, the potential for surface-structural studies and limits for quantitative analysis are discussed, in comparison with the Auger electron diffraction (AED) and photoelectron diffraction (PD) techniques.
INVESTIGATION OF SYMMETRY PROPERTIES OF SURFACES BY MEANS OF BACKSCATTERED ELECTRONS
Authors: ERBUDAK M. , HOCHSTRASSER M. , WETLI E. , ZURKIRCH M.
Published: November 2003

Secondary-electron imaging is presented as a practical method which allows investigation of the near-surface structure in real time. It is based on the observation that electrons backscattered from surfaces in the keV range show a strong enhancement of intensity along directions defined by atomic rows. The spatial imaging of such electrons reveals the symmetry of near-surface regions in real space. Three-dimensional views of the solid are readily obtained, which makes this method ideally suited for the study of unknown structures and any material system where there is a change of symmetry.
STOCHASTIC EQUATIONS AND DIRICHLET OPERATORS ON INFINITE PRODUCT MANIFOLDS
Authors: ALBEVERIO SERGIO , DALETSKII ALEXEI , KONDRATIEV YURI
Published: October 2003

We discuss elements of stochastic analysis on product manifolds (infinite products of compact Riemannian manifolds). We introduce differentiable structures on product manifolds and prove the existence and uniqueness theorem for stochastic differential equations on them. This result is applied to the construction of Glauber dynamics for classical lattice models with compact spin spaces.
THE LAW OF LARGE NUMBERS AND THE LAW OF THE ITERATED LOGARITHM FOR INFINITE DIMENSIONAL INTERACTING DIFFUSION PROCESSES
Authors: SCHMULAND BYRON , SUN WEI
Published: October 2003

The classical Dirichlet form given by the intrinsic gradient on Γℝd is associated with a Markov process consisting of a countable family of interacting diffusions. By considering each diffusion as a particle with unit mass, the randomly evolving configuration can be thought of as a Radon measure valued diffusion.

The quasi-sure analysis of Dirichlet forms is used to find exceptional sets of configurations for this Markov process. We consider large scale properties of the configuration and show that, for quite general measures, the process never hits those unusual configurations that violate the law of large numbers. Furthermore, for certain Gibbs measures, which model random particles in ℝd that interact via a potential function, we show, for d=1, 2, that the process never hits those unusual configurations that violate the law of the iterated logarithm.
DUAL GEOMETRY OF THE WIGNER–YANASE–DYSON INFORMATION CONTENT
Authors: HASEGAWA HIROSHI
Published: October 2003

We develop a non-parametric information geometry on finite-dimensional matrix manifolds by using the Fréchet differentiation. Taking the simplest prototype Riemannian metric form [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] with the Fréchet derivative D on a pair of smooth functions g(ρ) and g*(ρ) of the density matrix ρ, we prove the WYD identification theorem: this metric is identified with the normalized Wigner–Yanase–Dyson skew information (the WYD metric), if and only if the metric form satisfies the monotonicity under every stochastic mapping T on ρ and A: [Formula: see text]. On this basis, we establish

(a) a fine structure of the partial order in the set ℱ of all monotone metrics such that ℱ power ∪ℱ WYD forms a linearly ordered subset of ℱ with the same mini-max bound, where ℱ power (the power-mean metrics) interpolates the Bures and the WYD metrics

(b) a characterization of the quasi-entropy S (ρ, σ)= Tr F (Δσ, ρ)ρ induced by the metric-characterizing function f WYD (x) of the WYD metric

(c) an affine connection on the above metric which is torsionless to guarantee the quantum version of the ±α-connection, provided α∈[-3, 3].
INTERACTION MEASURES ON THE SPACE OF DISTRIBUTIONS OVER THE FIELD OF p-ADIC NUMBERS
Authors: KOCHUBEI ANATOLY N. , SAIT-AMETOV MUSTAFA R.
Published: October 2003

We construct measures on the space [Formula: see text], n≤4, of Bruhat–Schwartz distributions over the field of p-adic numbers, corresponding to finite volume polynomial interactions in a p-adic analog of the Euclidean quantum field theory. In contrast to earlier results in this direction, our choice of the free measure is the Gaussian measure corresponding to an elliptic pseudo-differential operator over [Formula: see text]. Analogs of the Euclidean P(φ)-theories with free and half-Dirichlet boundary conditions are considered.
IN-PROCESS MODEL GENERATION FOR THE PROCESS PLANNING OF A PRISMATIC PART
Authors: PARK SANG C. , MUKUNDAN GOPALAN , GU SHUXIN , OLLING GUSTAV J.
Published: October 2003

It is very essential to have 3D geometry of In-Process Models (IPMs) for the integration of various activities related to process planning. The accuracy of IPMs is not critical at the initial process planning stage but it becomes very important for the detailed process planning stage since inaccurate IPMs may result in costly mistakes. This paper proposes a procedure to generate accurate IPMs for the detailed process planning of a prismatic part. We transform the IPM generation problem into well-known 2D geometric problems, and use 2D geometric algorithms (2D curve offset, Voronoi diagram and polygonal chain intersection) instead of generalized 3D algorithms. Since highly optimized solutions are available for these 2D geometric problems, the proposed procedure achieves the efficiency and robustness by simply combining proven 2D geometric algorithms.
DATA VISUALIZATION IN MANUFACTURING DECISION MAKING
Authors: SACKETT PETER J. , WILLIAMS DAVID K.
Published: October 2003

Adherence to planned sequence is critical in Just-In-Time Lean Manufacturing (JITLM) environments such as that of the high volume automotive industry. The production efficiencies that Just-In-Time Lean Manufacturing provides are maximized where delivery of components and assemblies to production is matched by assembly of those components to a finished product in a planned order. Deviation from the planned balanced production sequence reduces manufacturing efficiency and may impact product quality where the product mix places a sustained or high demand on certain production resources.

This paper addresses how to process and display manufacturing sequence data for high volume variant manufacture in such a way that an accurate impression of the production status can be readily communicated to manufacturing management, supervision and operations personnel.

The authors review current practice in the field of sequencing for high volume manufacture and the available information presentation technologies. The realization and application of a novel prototype visualization, developed within a leading international automotive company, is described. The system incorporates both graphical and numeric representations of the manufacturing data. The representations clearly illustrate historical performance, indicate trends in performance and in the case of sequence adherence, provide a prediction of the process performance. These outputs are designed to be used locally in the plant and in the context of the global enterprise supply chain.
A NETWORK-BASED APPROACH TO INTEGRATED ENTERPRISE CONCURRENT ENGINEERING
Authors: WU TONG , O'GRADY PETER
Published: October 2003

Concurrent Engineering (CE) is concerned with improving the product development process by considering the early stages of product design, and of the disparate factors associated with the life cycle of the product. Much of the research done so far in CE is focused on the internal operations of an enterprise. However, early participation of suppliers and customers in CE is generally considered to be of significant benefit. While this may be of considerable advantage, there still remains the need for a methodology for modeling the integrated enterprise CE process, connecting suppliers, manufacturers and customers as a seamless network. Such a methodology for modeling the integrated enterprise CE process will give insights on how to improve the system performance. What is giving added urgency to the need for such a methodology are the recent developments in communications, primarily based on Internet technologies, that readily allows for the linking of information systems between organizations. This paper aims to address this need for a methodology by proposing an approach, called Trans-Nets, that allows for an abstraction of information, removing many of the complexities, while retaining the ability to analyze the more important characteristics of the system. In this paper, the basis of Trans-Nets, including the definitions and operations, is described. Then, an example is presented to illustrate how Trans-Nets can be applied to integrated enterprise modeling of the CE process, to identify system bottlenecks and to investigate possible improvements. A test bed system is then described that implements the principles of Trans-Nets. Overall, the Trans-Nets approach offers three main advantages. First, multiple perspectives can be modeled at earlier design stages without undue complexity. Second, an approach that allows users to examine the interaction between different considerations so that important attributes such as costs and lead times can be readily calculated and bottleneck areas identified. Third, it applies a mathematical formalism to the problem, with the potential of being relatively straightforward to computerize.
RECONFIGURABLE MODULES, PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER, AND VISION SYSTEM FOR DUAL ROBOT ASSEMBLY WORKCELL DESIGN
Authors: HSIEH SHENG-JEN
Published: October 2003

Robot workcell system design involves integrating one or more robots with components such as conveyors, pallets, machine tools, and fixtures. Previous work in workcell design has addressed control and operations management issues such as scheduling. There has been relatively little emphasis on overall design, interface, system integration and agility issues. This paper provides a detailed technical description of (1) a cost-effective approach to prototyping a robotic assembly workcell using off-the-shelf modules and sensors; and (2) the process of designing, building, and integrating a dual robot assembly cell using a programmable logic controller. Modules and sensors used include pneumatic devices, solenoids, Hall effect and optical sensors, relays, optical isolators, conveyor, programmable logic controller, and vision system. Ladder diagrams, vision system inspection tools, and an integration interface were developed to synchronize the sequence of operations and communication between hardware devices. A design framework for web-based control of the system is proposed. Future research directions include web-based monitoring, control, and troubleshooting.
On the birthday problem: some generalizations and applications
Authors: Rathie P. N. , Zörnig P.
Published: October 2003

We study the birthday problem and some possible extensions. We
discuss the unimodality of the corresponding exact probability
distribution and express the moments and generating functions by
means of confluent hypergeometric functions U(−; −; −) which
are computable using the software Mathematica. The distribution
is generalized in two possible directions, one of them consists
in considering a random graph with a single attracting center.
Possible applications are also indicated.
Critical global asymptotics in higher‐order semilinear parabolicequations
Authors: Galaktionov Victor A.
Published: October 2003

We consider a higher‐order semilinear parabolic equation ut = −(−Δ)mu − g(x, u) in ℝN × ℝ+, m > 1. The nonlinear term is homogeneous: g(x, su) ≡ |s|p−1sg(x, u) and g(sx, u) ≡ |s|Qg(x, u)
for any s ∈ ℝ, with exponents P > 1, and Q > −2m. We also
assume that g satisfies necessary coercivity and monotonicity
conditions for global existence of solutions with sufficiently
small initial data. The equation is invariant under a group of
scaling transformations. We show that there exists a critical
exponent P = 1 + (2m + Q)/N such that the asymptotic behavior as t → ∞ of a class of global small solutions is not
group‐invariant and is given by a logarithmic perturbation of the
fundamental solution b(x, t) = t−N/2mf(xt−1/2m) of the
parabolic operator ∂/∂t + (−Δ) m, so that for t ≫ 1, u(x, t) = C0(ln t) −N/(2m+Q)[b(x, t) + o(1)], where C0 is a
constant depending on m, N, and Q only.
Unsteady stagnation point flow of a non‐Newtonian second‐gradefluid
Authors: Labropulu F. , Xu X. , Chinichian M.
Published: October 2003

The unsteady two‐dimensional flow of a viscoelastic second‐grade
fluid impinging on an infinite plate is considered. The plate is
making harmonic oscillations in its own plane. A finite difference
technique is employed and solutions for small and large
frequencies of the oscillations are obtained.
Nonassociative algebras: a framework for differential geometry
Authors: Ionescu Lucian M.
Published: October 2003

A nonassociative algebra endowed with a Lie bracket, called a
torsion algebra, is viewed as an algebraic analog of a
manifold with an affine connection. Its elements are interpreted
as vector fields and its multiplication is interpreted as a
connection. This provides a framework for differential geometry
on a formal manifold with a formal connection. A torsion algebra
is a natural generalization of pre‐Lie algebras which appear as
the “torsionless” case. The starting point is the observation
that the associator of a nonassociative algebra is essentially
the curvature of the corresponding Hochschild quasicomplex. It is
a cocycle, and the corresponding equation is interpreted as
Bianchi identity. The curvature‐associator‐monoidal structure
relationships are discussed. Conditions on torsion
algebras allowing to construct an algebra of functions, whose
algebra of derivations is the initial Lie algebra, are
considered. The main example of a torsion algebra is provided by
the pre‐Lie algebra of Hochschild cochains of a K‐module, with
Lie bracket induced by Gerstenhaber composition.
Bioinformatics Resources for In Silico Proteome Analysis
Authors: Pruess Manuela , Apweiler Rolf
Published: October 2003

In the growing field of proteomics, tools for the in silico
analysis of proteins and even of whole proteomes are of crucial
importance to make best use of the accumulating amount of data.
To utilise this data for healthcare and drug development, first
the characteristics of proteomes of entire species—mainly the
human—have to be understood, before secondly differentiation
between individuals can be surveyed. Specialised databases about
nucleic acid sequences, protein sequences, protein tertiary
structure, genome analysis, and proteome analysis represent
useful resources for analysis, characterisation, and
classification of protein sequences. Different from most
proteomics tools focusing on similarity searches, structure
analysis and prediction, detection of specific regions,
alignments, data mining, 2D PAGE analysis, or protein modelling,
respectively, comprehensive databases like the proteome analysis
database benefit from the information stored in different
databases and make use of different protein analysis tools to
provide computational analysis of whole proteomes.
Selective Enrichment of Membrane Proteins by Partition Phase Separation for Proteomic Studies
Authors: Qoronfleh M. Walid , Benton Betsy , Ignacio Ray , Kaboord Barbara
Published: October 2003

The human proteome project will demand faster, easier, and more
reliable methods to isolate and purify protein targets. Membrane
proteins are the most valuable group of proteins since they are
the target for 70–80% of all drugs. Perbio Science has
developed a protocol for the quick, easy, and reproducible
isolation of integral membrane proteins from eukaryotic cells.
This procedure utilizes a proprietary formulation to facilitate
cell membrane disruption in a mild, nondenaturing environment and
efficiently solubilizes membrane proteins. The technique utilizes
a two‐phase partitioning system that enables the class separation
of hydrophobic and hydrophilic proteins. A variety of protein
markers were used to investigate the partitioning efficiency of
the membrane protein extraction reagents (Mem‐PER) (Mem‐PER is a
registered trademark of Pierce Biotechnology, Inc) system. These
included membrane proteins with one or more transmembrane
spanning domains as well as peripheral and cytosolic proteins.
Based on densitometry analyses of our Western blots, we obtained
excellent solubilization of membrane proteins with less than
10% contamination of the hydrophobic fraction with hydrophilic
proteins. Compared to other methodologies for membrane protein
solubilization that use time‐consuming protocols or expensive and
cumbersome instrumentation, the Mem‐PER reagents system for
eukaryotic membrane protein extraction offers an easy, efficient,
and reproducible method to isolate membrane proteins from
mammalian and yeast cells.
An Automated Peak Identification/Calibration Procedure forHigh‐Dimensional Protein Measures From Mass Spectrometers
Authors: Yasui Yutaka , McLerran Dale , Adam Bao-Ling , Winget Marcy , Thornquist Mark , Feng Ziding
Published: October 2003

Discovery of “signature” protein profiles that distinguish
disease states (eg, malignant, benign, and normal) is a key step
towards translating recent advancements in proteomic technologies
into clinical utilities. Protein data generated from mass
spectrometers are, however, large in size and have complex
features due to complexities in both biological specimens and
interfering biochemical/physical processes of the measurement
procedure. Making sense out of such high‐dimensional complex
data is challenging and necessitates the use of a systematic data
analytic strategy. We propose here a data processing strategy for
two major issues in the analysis of such
mass‐spectrometry‐generated proteomic data: (1) separation of
protein “signals” from background “noise” in protein
intensity measurements and (2) calibration of protein mass/charge
measurements across samples. We illustrate the two issues and
the utility of the proposed strategy using data from a prostate
cancer biomarker discovery project as an example.
SELDI ProteinChip® Array Technology: Protein‐Based Predictive Medicine and Drug Discovery Applications
Authors: Reddy Guru , Dalmasso Enrique A.
Published: October 2003

Predictive medicine, utilizing the ProteinChip® Array technology, will develop through the implementation of novel biomarkers and multimarker patterns for detecting disease, determining patient prognosis, monitoring drug effects such as efficacy or toxicity, and for defining treatment options. These biomarkers may also serve as novel protein drug candidates or protein drug targets. In addition, the technology can be used for discovering small molecule drugs or for defining their mode of action utilizing protein‐based assays. In this review, we describe the following applications of the ProteinChip Array technology: (1) discovery and identification of novel inhibitors of HIV‐1 replication, (2) serum and tissue proteome analysis for the discovery and development of novel multimarker clinical assays for prostate, breast, ovarian, and other cancers, and (3) biomarker and drug discovery applications for neurological disorders.
Decreased anticoagulant response to tissue factor pathway inhibitor in patients with venous thromboembolism and otherwise no evidence of hereditary or acquired thrombophilia
Authors: Piccapietra Brigitte , Boersma Johanna , Fehr Joerg , Bombeli Thomas
Published: November 2003

No relevant deficiency of TFPI or genetic polymorphisms could thus far consistently be associated with venous thromboembolism. We hypothesized that the substrates of the TFPI protein, including FVII or FX (rather than the protein itself) could induce a hypercoagulable state. We created a novel TF-based clotting assay that evaluated the anticoagulant response to exogenously added recombinant TFPI. The response to TFPI was expressed as the ratio of the clotting time with and without TFPI. By using 118 healthy controls, we established a reference range between 1.31 and 1.93 (mean value ± 2 standard deviations (SD), 1.62 ± 0.31). We then evaluated samples from 120 patients with a history of venous thromboembolism but no evidence of hereditary and acquired thrombophilia. The range of the patients’ ratios was significantly (P < 0.001) lower, falling between 1.2 and 1.78 (mean value ± 2 SD, 1.49 ± 0.29). Of the 120 patients, 39 (32.5%) had a TFPI sensitivity ratio below the 10th percentile of the controls, compared with 11 (9.3%) of the healthy controls. The crude odds ratio for venous thrombosis for subjects with a TFPI sensitivity ratio below the 10th percentile was 13 (95% CI; range, 3.1 to 54.9) compared with those with a ratio above 1.8 (90th percentile). Patients with idiopathic thromboembolism did not have a decreased TFPI sensitivity ratio more often than patients with thrombosis with a circumstantial risk factor. Based on these results, a reduced response to TFPI may lead to an increased risk of venous thrombosis.
Clot penetration and fibrin binding of amediplase, a chimeric plasminogen activator (K2tu-PA)
Authors: Barrett-Bergshoeff Marrie , Jie A. F. H. , Criscuoli Marco , Sakharov Dmitri , Rijken Dingeman
Published: November 2003

Amediplase (K2tu-PA) is a hybrid plasminogen activator, consisting of the kringle 2 domain of alteplase and the protease domain of urokinase. The objective of this study was to determine the in vitro clot penetration of amediplase in relation to its fibrin binding and to compare the properties with those of alteplase.

The clot lysis activity of amediplase in internal clot lysis models (both purified system and plasma system) was about 10 times less than that of alteplase. The clot lysis activity of amediplase in an external clot lysis model (plasma system) was similar to that of alteplase at therapeutic concentrations around 1 µg/ml. The fibrin-clot binding properties of amediplase and alteplase were studied in a purified system as well as in a plasma system. In both systems amediplase bound to fibrin although to a significantly lower extent than alteplase. The binding of amediplase or alteplase did not increase during plasmin-mediated degradation of fibrin. The binding of amediplase was fully inhibited by epsilon-aminocaproic acid, indicating that the observed binding was specific and occurred via the lysine binding site in the kringle of amediplase. Clot penetration was studied during pressure-driven fluid permeation using syringes containing plasma clots. Amediplase was able to enter the clot without significant hindrance, while alteplase was concentrated on the top of the plasma clot and hardly entered into the inner parts of the clot. Diffusion-driven clot penetration was studied during clot lysis using confocal microscopy. Alteplase was detected on or close to the clot surface, while two-chain urokinase, which has no affinity to fibrin, was also detected deep inside the clot. Amediplase showed a penetration behaviour, which was distinct from that of alteplase and similar to that of two-chain urokinase.

We concluded that the fibrin binding of amediplase is moderate and does not hinder clot penetration under permeationdriven or diffusion-driven transport conditions. Enhanced clot penetration, especially in large clots, could allow a more efficient lysis during thrombolytic therapy.
Two Significant Minor Agreements (Mat. 4:13 Par.; Mat. 26:67-68 Par.)
Authors: Goulder Michael
Published: November 2003

Three of our oldest witnesses, Origen and P70 from the third century, and Eusebius from the fourth, read Nαζαρα at Mat. 2:23, and this should be accepted as the original, as at 4:13. Matthew is probably inferring the form from his (amended) citation of Jg. 13:5,7, Nαζωραîoζ εσται, on analogy with Ioυoυδαîoζ Ioυδα. So Nαζαρα is Matthaean, and Luke's use of the Matthaean form at Lk. 4:16 is an indication that he knows Matthew's Gospel. At 26:67-68 Matthew has divided the mockers into two groups. The first spit in Jesus' face, and punch it, and the evangelist therefore suppresses Mark's blindfolding, which would protect Jesus. The second group belabour Jesus with sticks from around and behind; as he cannot see them, the "Prophesy!" taunt is transferred to them, with its explanatory, "Who is it who smote you?" Luke has the same addition of five words in the same order, including a hapax. It is difficult to resist the conclusion here that Luke knew Matthew's Gospel.
A Figurative and Narrative Language Grammar of Revelation
Authors:   Biguzzi
Published: November 2003

John's Apocalypse puzzles and troubles at every page. The reason is that the author frequently goes against common logic in shaping his images and narratives. Yet this lack of logic is not capriciousness. In fact, since Rev.'s surprising literary phenomena occur repeatedly, one can catalogue and systematise them in a sui generis Johannine figurative and narrative grammar. This contribution analyses two features of Johannine images (1), six features of Johannine ways of narrating (2), and the surreal and oneiric world created by John (3). First, this review helps one understand better John's bewildering language and makes the book of Rev. a more readable book. Second, it suggests that the numerous difficulties of Rev. are to be resolved first of all by collating the parallel traits found within this very same book, and not by hurriedly resorting to possible literary sources.
Historical Perspectives on the Human-Animal Bond
Authors: Hines Linda M.
Published: October 2003

The term human-animal bond (HAB) was used prominently in 1979 in Scotland, but the concept had been articulated by Konrad Lorenz and Boris Levinson earlier. International and national conferences in the 1970s and 1980s and their published proceedings brought wide attention to the HAB, as did media coverage of community animal-assisted activity and therapy programs and service dog training programs. Much of the progress in the HAB can be attributed to veterinary leaders, university centers, conferences, and publications. Other professions were slower to see the value of the HAB. The need for a research base for the field was recognized early by the Delta Society and key individuals. The majority of funding for HAB research, programs, and conferences has come from the pet industry. The HAB field is shifting to a focus on the importance of human-animal interactions to human health and well-being.
Companion Animals and Persons with Dementia of the Alzheimer's Type
Authors: Baun Mara M. , Mccabe Barbara W.
Published: October 2003

Companion animals have the potential to create new meaning and bring comfort in the lives of persons who experience the devastating effects of dementia of the Alzheimer's type (DAT). Research studies conducted using companion animals with persons diagnosed with DAT provide evidence that the presence of a companion animal can increase socialization and decrease agitation behaviors. In addition, caregivers can benefit from reduced physiological stress by petting a companion animal. Using Reisberg's staging system, a caregiver can plan activities with companion animals that correspond to the functional and cognitive ability of the person with DAT.
Teacher Candidates Talk
Authors: Mueller Andrea , Skamp Keith
Published: October 2003

If we are to change the pedagogy of teacher education, then teacher educators need to listen carefully to the students they teach. Drawing on a longitudinal study where prospective teachers talk about their learning across a 2-year teacher education program, this article seeks to illustrate and to interpret interview comments from five prospective teachers about their learning experiences. Data analysis highlights the diversity of needs expressed by prospective teachers and how a teacher educator adapts his or her teaching practices in response to their comments. The relationship between student-teacher voices and the reflecting practitioner’s voice is at the center of this article. Ahermeneutic stance is used to examine the circular nature of learning to teach and the role of a teacher educator in it. Teacher education is continuous, and to change it, teacher educators need to change the ways in which they guide new professionals as they begin to feel and adapt to the unsteady beat of learning to teach.
Emotional Scaffolding
Authors: Rosiek Jerry
Published: October 2003

The practical knowledge that enables good teaching has emerged over the past decade as an area of critical interest to educational researchers. This article reports on insights gathered during a series of teacher practical knowledge research projects that took place over a 10-year period with more than 40 teacher interns and experienced teachers. The groups were convened for the purpose of critiquing and refining the concept of pedagogical content knowledge. One practice that became a focus of inquiry in these groups was the tailoring of pedagogical representations to influence students’ emotional response to some specific aspect of the subject matter being taught. This practice was named emotional scaffolding. Several examples of emotional scaffolding are provided and a typology of approaches to emotional scaffolding is offered. Possible implications for teacher knowledge theory and teacher education curriculum are explored.
Effective White Teachers of Black Children
Authors: Cooper Patricia M.
Published: October 2003

This article is a report of a qualitative case study of the beliefs and practices of three White public primary school teachers. The teachers were nominated as effective by key members of the Black community in which they teach. The purpose of the study was to understand effective teaching of Black children by White teachers in light of community preferences. Findings suggest a complex and interwoven relationship between the participant teachers’ beliefs and practices that fostered their Black students’ learning in ways significantly compatible with the beliefs and practices of effective Black teachers described in the literature. Three subthemes from a total of 25 are highlighted by way of example. They focus, respectively, on discipline, view of teaching self, and literacy education. A fourth subtheme, racial consciousness, is also explored. Findings related to this subtheme differed in part from the discussion of effective Black teachers in the literature.
Challenges Enacting Caring Teacher Education
Authors: Goldstein Lisa S. , Freedman Debra
Published: October 2003

To prepare teachers who will be able to draw on caring to build a strong foundation for their professional practices, teacher education programs must be created specifically focused toward this goal. This article discusses the use of dialogue journals in a course designed to enrich preservice elementary teachers’ understandings of caring. Quite unexpectedly, the dialogue journals demonstrated some of the preservice teachers developing negative, judgmental, and adversarial attitudes toward the parents of the children in their placement classrooms. A close examination of the dialogue journal activity revealed that the weak link was not the activity itself but the specific details of the teaching-learning interactions occurring within the activity. The findings suggest that the core of caring teacher education lies in the nature of the interactions between the teacher educator and her students.
Cross-Cultural Research: Are Researchers Better Served by Knowing Respondents’ Country of Birth, Residence, or Citizenship?
Authors: Crotts John C. , Litvin Stephen W.
Published: October 2003

With the continued growth in global tourism, an increasing number of scholars are incorporating national culture as a key variable in their research. However, researchers confront a fundamental methodological issue: Should they be concerned with their respondents’ national culture of birth, residence, or citizenship? Drawing from a database composed of 847 international travelers whose country of birth, place of residence, and national citizenship differed, this study replicated two recent studies to ascertain which measure best explained traveler attitudes and behaviors. Results indicate that assigning participants’ national culture measures based on their country of residence provides researchers a more robust means to account for cultural differences than does either country of birth or country of citizenship.
Urban Residents’ Attitudes toward Tourism Development: The Case of Crete
Authors: Andriotis Konstantinos , Vaughan Roger D.
Published: October 2003

This article focuses on the identification and explanation of the attitudes of a sample of urban residents toward tourism development on Crete and their grouping with respect to these attitudes. Urban residents of Crete are quite strong in their support for tourism. However, the residents are not homogenous in their perceptions of tourism development. Education and employment in tourism were found to be the major single factors affecting the attitudes of residents of the island. A segmentation procedure based on attitude statements produced three clusters: the Advocates (identified by their high appreciation of tourism benefits), the Socially and Environmentally Concerned (characterized by a consensus toward the environmental and social costs from tourism expansion), and the Economic Skeptics (who showed lower appreciation of tourism’s economic benefits). The findings of the study are discussed with reference to the social exchange and the social representations theories and the conclusions of the study are provided.
Estimating the Distance Equivalence of the Canada-U.S. Border on U.S.-to-Canada Visitor Flows
Authors: Smith Stephen L. J. , Xie Philip Feifan
Published: October 2003

This article describes a method for estimating the impact of the Canada-U.S. border on international travel by American residents to Canada in terms of the “distance equivalence” of the border. On average, the border is equivalent to an additional 1,650 km of travel. State variations are noted, and a possible correlate of these variations is identified.
Diversity in Everyday Research Practice
Authors: Leahey Erin , Entwisle Barbara , Einaudi Peter
Published: October 2003

How should social science researchers deal with data inaccuracies? This article uses Web-based survey data collected from faculty members in three social science disciplines to document variation in views about data editing. Through an analysis of qualitative responses to a hypothetical vignette, the authors demonstrate that a wide range of opinion surrounds the “proper” use of data. Reactions are to some extent contingent on discipline and experience with different types of data and data collection methods. They also depend on characteristics of the data-editing situation—for example, whether the problem is with an independent or dependent variable. Even taking these social and situational factors into account, however, there is still substantial diversity in vignette responses. Normative standards that pervade other aspects of the research process have not yet emerged for data editing.
Statistical Analysis of Longitudinal Network Data With Changing Composition
Authors: Huisman Mark , Snijders Tom A. B.
Published: October 2003

Markov chains can be used for the modeling of complex longitudinal network data. One class of probability models to model the evolution of social networks are stochastic actor-oriented models for network change proposed by Snijders. These models are continuous-time Markov chain models that are implemented as simulation models. The authors propose an extension of the simulation algorithm of stochastic actor-oriented models to include networks of changing composition. In empirical research, the composition of networks may change due to actors joining or leaving the network at some point in time. The composition changes are modeled as exogenous events that occur at given time points and are implemented in the simulation algorithm. The estimation of the network effects, as well as the effects of actor and dyadic attributes that influence the evolution of the network, is based on the simulation of Markov chains.