bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Allelopathic effect of Aconitum pendulum (Ranunculaceae) on seed germination and seedlings of five native grass species in the Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Shang Zhan‐Huan , Tang Yan , Long Rui‐Jun
Published: September 2011

Aconitum pendulum is a dominant weed in bare‐land meadows on the Tibetan plateau and infected areas are very difficult to restore because of the allelopathic effects of this weed. We wanted to select native grasses to restore bare‐land meadows dominated by this toxic weed and tested the allelopathic effect of A. pendulum on seed germination and growth of roots and shoots of five native forage grasses (Elymus nutans, E. sibiricus, Poa crymophila, Festuca sinensis, Bromus inermis). Leaf exudates and high concentrations of root and stem exudates of A. pendulum inhibited seed germination as well as growth of roots and shoots. The allelopathic effect of A. pendulum leaf exudates was stronger than that of roots and stems. Poa crymophila was most resistant to inhibition by A. pendulum, whereas F. sinensis was the most susceptible grass. We conclude that P. crymophila is more suitable than the other four native grasses for sowing in pastures when restoring bare‐land meadows dominated by A. pendulum in the Tibetan plateau.
Potamogeton×exilis (P. alpinus×P. natans), a new hybrid pondweed from Finland
Authors: Kaplan Zdenek , Uotila Pertti
Published: September 2011

A Potamogeton hybrid recently discovered in Finland was proven to be a new taxon, which has a different parentage than the most similar P.×vepsicus (=P. natans×praelongus) described from Russia. Based on molecular and morphological investigation, the new hybrid was identified as P. alpinus×natans and is here described as P.×exilis nothosp. nov. The hybrid is known only from several nearby localities in a single river system. All discovered colonies almost certainly originate from a single hybridization event that occurred in the upper part of the river system. Other localities downstream have been established through fragmentation and dispersal of stems and rhizomes of this sterile hybrid. A detailed morphological comparison of the new hybrid with similar hybrids and species is provided.
Canine reference intervals for the Sysmex XT‐2000iV hematology analyzer
Authors: Bourgès‐Abella Nathalie , Geffré Anne , Concordet Didier , Braun Jean‐Pierre , Trumel Catherine
Published: September 2011

Background: The laser‐based Sysmex XT‐2000iV hematology analyzer is increasingly used in veterinary clinical pathology laboratories, and instrument‐specific reference intervals for dogs are not available.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to establish canine hematologic reference intervals according to International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines using the Sysmex XT‐2000iV hematology analyzer.

Methods: Blood samples from 132 healthy purebred dogs from France, selected to represent the most prevalent canine breeds in France, were analyzed. Blood smears were scored for platelet (PLT) aggregates. Reference intervals were established using the nonparametric method. PLT and RBC counts obtained by impedance and optical methods were compared. Effects of sex and age on reference intervals were determined.

Results: The correlation between impedance (I) and optical (O) measurements of RBC and PLT counts was excellent (Pearson r=.99 and .98, respectively); however, there were significant differences between the 2 methods (Student's paired t‐test, P<.0001). Differences between sexes were not significant except for HCT, PLT‐I, and PLT‐O. WBC, lymphocyte, and neutrophil counts decreased significantly with age (ANOVA, P<.05). Median eosinophil counts were higher in Brittany Spaniels (1.87 × 109/L), Rottweilers (1.41 × 109/L), and German Shepherd dogs (1.38 × 109/L) than in the overall population (0.9 × 109/L). PLT aggregates were responsible for lower PLT counts by the impedance, but not the optical, method.

Conclusion: Reference intervals for hematologic analytes and indices were determined under controlled preanalytical and analytical conditions for a well‐characterized population of dogs according to international recommendations.
Canine differential leukocyte counting with the CellaVision DM96Vision, Sysmex XT‐2000iV, and Advia 2120 hematology analyzers and a manual method
Authors: Tvedten Harold W. , Lilliehöök Inger E.
Published: September 2011

Background: For differential leukocyte counts, automated blood smear evaluation systems have been too slow or inaccurate to replace or supplement the manual differential count. The CellaVision DM96Vision (DM96V), a new instrument, is an automated image analysis system that is rapid and accurate enough to be used for enumerating human leukocytes and may be useful for analysis of canine blood.

Objectives: The aims of this study were to evaluate the performance of the DM96V in differential counting of canine leukocytes, to compare its performance with that of other methods, and to analyze interoperator variability.

Methods: Four methods of determining the leukocyte differential count of 108 canine blood samples were compared based on agreement, precision, and errors as well as relative performance. Differential counts were obtained using the DM96V, the manual method, and automated methods performed by the Advia 2120 and Sysmex XT‐2000iV.

Results: All leukocyte types were detected by the DM96V and the manual method, and all 4 methods had similar mean and median results in most cases. The automated methods were more precise than either the DM96V or manual method when comparing identification of a single type of leukocyte, especially neutrophils and lymphocytes. However, precision of the automated methods was only fair for monocytes, and the Advia and Sysmex failed to identify basophils. The Advia reported fewer monocytes and eosinophils than did the other methods. Significantly fewer lymphocytes were identified by the manual method than by the Sysmex, Advia, and DM96V. The DM96V occasionally presented duplicate images of the same neutrophils.

Conclusions: The CellaVision DM96V is a satisfactory system for facilitating canine differential leukocyte counting. The DM96V differential count was more similar to the manual count than to automated counts, which were more precise but had errors and omissions in detecting some types of leukocytes.
Thermal and impact histories of reheated group IVA, IVB, and ungrouped iron meteorites and their parent asteroids
Authors: YANG J. , GOLDSTEIN J. I. , SCOTT E. R. D. , MICHAEL J. R. , KOTULA P. G. , PHAM T. , McCOY T. J.
Published: September 2011

Abstract– The microstructures of six reheated iron meteorites—two IVA irons, Maria Elena (1935), Fuzzy Creek; one IVB iron, Ternera; and three ungrouped irons, Hammond, Babb’s Mill (Blake’s Iron), and Babb’s Mill (Troost’s Iron)—were characterized using scanning and transmission electron microscopy, electron‐probe microanalysis, and electron backscatter diffraction techniques to determine their thermal and shock history and that of their parent asteroids. Maria Elena and Hammond were heated below approximately 700–750 °C, so that kamacite was recrystallized and taenite was exsolved in kamacite and was spheroidized in plessite. Both meteorites retained a record of the original Widmanstätten pattern. The other four, which show no trace of their original microstructure, were heated above 600–700 °C and recrystallized to form 10–20 μm wide homogeneous taenite grains. On cooling, kamacite formed on taenite grain boundaries with their close‐packed planes aligned. Formation of homogeneous 20 μm wide taenite grains with diverse orientations would have required as long as approximately 800 yr at 600 °C or approximately 1 h at 1300 °C. All six irons contain approximately 5–10 μm wide taenite grains with internal microprecipitates of kamacite and nanometer‐scale M‐shaped Ni profiles that reach approximately 40% Ni indicating cooling over 100–10,000 yr. Un‐decomposed high‐Ni martensite (α2) in taenite—the first occurrence in irons—appears to be a characteristic of strongly reheated irons. From our studies and published work, we identified four progressive stages of shock and reheating in IVA irons using these criteria: cloudy taenite, M‐shaped Ni profiles in taenite, Neumann twin lamellae, martensite, shock‐hatched kamacite, recrystallization, microprecipitates of taenite, and shock‐melted troilite. Maria Elena and Fuzzy Creek represent stages 3 and 4, respectively. Although not all reheated irons contain evidence for shock, it was probably the main cause of reheating. Cooling over years rather than hours precludes shock during the impacts that exposed the irons to cosmic rays. If the reheated irons that we studied are representative, the IVA irons may have been shocked soon after they cooled below 200 °C at 4.5 Gyr in an impact that created a rubblepile asteroid with fragments from diverse depths. The primary cooling rates of the IVA irons and the proposed early history are remarkably consistent with the Pb‐Pb ages of troilite inclusions in two IVA irons including the oldest known differentiated meteorite (Blichert‐Toft et al. 2010).
The densest meteorite collection area in hot deserts: The San Juan meteorite field (Atacama Desert, Chile)
Authors: GATTACCECA Jérôme , VALENZUELA Millarca , UEHARA Minoru , JULL A. J. Timothy , GISCARD Marlène , ROCHETTE Pierre , BRAUCHER Régis , SUAVET Clement , GOUNELLE Matthieu , MORATA Diego , MUNAYCO Pablo , BOUROT‐DENISE Michèle , BOURLES Didier , DEMORY François
Published: September 2011

Abstract– We describe the geological, morphological, and climatic setting of the San Juan meteorite collection area in the Central Depression of the Atacama Desert (Chile). Our recovery activities yielded 48 meteorites corresponding to a minimum of 36 different falls within a 3.88 km2 area. The recovery density is in the range 9–12 falls km−2 depending on pairing, making it the densest among meteorite collection areas in hot deserts. This high meteorite concentration is linked to the long‐standing hyperaridity of the area, the stability of the surface pebbles (> Ma), and very low erosion rates of surface pebbles (approximately 30 cm Ma−1 maximum). The San Juan meteorite population is characterized by old terrestrial ages that range from zero to beyond 40 ka, and limited weathering compared with other dense collection areas in hot desert. Chemical weathering in San Juan is slow and mainly controlled by the initial porosity of meteorites. As in the Antarctic and other hot deserts, there is an overabundance of H chondrites and a shortage of LL chondrites compared with the modern falls population, suggesting a recent (< few ka) change in the composition of the meteorite flux to Earth.
The Antarctic achondrite, Grove Mountains 021663: An olivine‐rich winonaite
Authors: LI Shijie , WANG Shijie , BAO Huiming , MIAO Bingkui , LIU Shen , COULSON Ian M. , LI Xiongyao , LI Yang
Published: September 2011

Abstract– The Grove Mountains (GRV) 021663 meteorite was collected from the Grove Mountains region of Antarctica. The meteorite is composed primarily of olivine (Fa5.4), orthopyroxene (Fs4.7Wo3.0), chromian diopside (En53.6Fs2.4Wo44), troilite, kamacite, and plagioclase (Ab74.5Or4An21.5). Minor phases include schreibersite and K‐feldspar. The meteorite is highly weathered (W3) and weakly shocked (S2). We determine a whole rock oxygen isotopic composition of δ18O = 7.50‰, δ17O = 3.52‰. Comparisons of these data with other primitive achondrites have resulted in the reclassification of this meteorite as a member of the winonaite group. The occurrences of troilite, metal, and schreibersite in GRV 021663 indicate that these minerals were once completely molten. Euhedral inclusions of pyroxene within plagioclase further suggest that these may have crystallized from a silicate melt, while the depletion of plagioclase, metal, and troilite indicates that GRV 021663 could represent a residuum following partial melting on its parent asteroid. Trace element distributions in silicate minerals do not, however, confirm this scenario. As with other winonaite meteorites, the formation of GRV 021663 probably relates to brecciation and mixing of heterogeneous lithologies, followed by varying degrees of thermal metamorphism on the parent body asteroid. Peak metamorphic conditions may have resulted in localized partial melting of metal and silicate mineralogies, but our data are not conclusive.
EMPATHY AS A MORAL CONCEPT: COMMENTS ON JOHN DEIGH'S “EMPATHY, JUSTICE, AND JURISPRUDENCE”
Authors: SCHAPIRO TAMAR
Published: September 2011

abstract

In these brief comments, I explore some ambiguities concerning John Deigh's notion of empathy in relation to morality and justice. First, does Deigh conceive of empathy as a morally neutral capacity that can be used for good or bad purposes or, rather, as a capacity that presupposes a moral orientation? I look to his previous work and find evidence supporting both readings. I suggest that the right way to understand empathy is as a moral notion. Empathy is the product of an activity—the activity of empathizing. This activity in turn presupposes a certain moral orientation: one that involves placing a certain kind of value on others. I then ask whether Deigh equates empathy with the sense of justice. I do not believe he does, but still he does not say much about the relation between them. I suggest that while the two are not the same, and while there can be tension between them, they ultimately stem from the same basic moral orientation, one that at least vaguely resembles the morality of cooperation.
PSYCHOPATHY, RESPONSIBILITY, AND THE MORAL/CONVENTIONAL DISTINCTION
Authors: SHOEMAKER DAVID W.
Published: September 2011

abstract

In this paper, I attempt to show that the moral/conventional distinction simply cannot bear the sort of weight many theorists have placed on it for determining the moral and criminal responsibility of psychopaths. After revealing the fractured nature of the distinction, I go on to suggest how one aspect of it may remain relevant—in a way that has previously been unappreciated—to discussions of the responsibility of psychopaths. In particular, after offering an alternative explanation of the available data on psychopaths and their judgments of various sorts of norm transgressions, I put forward a hybrid theory of their responsibility, suggesting how they might be criminally responsible, while nevertheless failing to meet the conditions for an important arena of moral responsibility.
THE SELVES AND THE SHOEMAKER: PSYCHOPATHS, MORAL JUDGMENT, AND RESPONSIBILITY
Authors: FINLAY STEPHEN
Published: September 2011

abstract

David Shoemaker argues from (a) psychopaths' emotional deficiency, to (b) their insensitivity to moral reasons, to (c) their lack of moral responsibility. This response observes three important ambiguities in his argument, involving the interpretation of (1) psychopaths' emotional deficit, (2) their insensitivity to reasons, and (3) their moral judgments. Resolving these ambiguities presents Shoemaker with a dilemma: his argument either equivocates or it is falsified by the empirical evidence. I then propose an alternative perspective on psychopaths' moral and criminal responsibility.
EMPATHY, APPROVAL, AND DISAPPROVAL INMORAL SENTIMENTALISM
Authors: D'ARMS JUSTIN
Published: September 2011

abstract

This discussion explores the moral psychology and metaethics of Michael Slote'sMoral Sentimentalism. I argue that his account of empathy has an important lacuna, because the sense in which an empathizer feels the same feeling that his target feels requires explanation, and the most promising candidates are unavailable to Slote. I then argue that the (highly original) theory of moral approval and disapproval that Slote develops in his book is implausible, both phenomenologically and for the role it accords to empathy. Finally, I suggest that these problems in moral psychology undermine Slote's metaethical argument for identifying rightness and wrongness with agential warmth and coldness in action.
COMMENTS ON MICHAEL SLOTE'S MORAL SENTIMENTALISM
Authors: WATSON LORI
Published: September 2011

abstract

I present two challenges to the theory of moral sentimentalism that Michael Slote defends in his book. The first challenge aims to show that there are cases in which we empathize with an agent and yet judge her actions to be morally wrong. If such cases are plausible, then we have good reason to doubt Slote's claim that moral judgments are an affective attitude of warmth or chill and, thus, are purely sentiments. The second challenge is more of a suggestion. At the end of my paper, I suggest that perhaps one important role that empathy plays in our moral phenomenology is to mitigate the scope of our moral judgments. If this is right, it tells not only against Slote's account but against moral sentimentalist approaches more broadly.
IMAGINATION, EMPATHY, AND MORAL DELIBERATION: THE CASE OF IMAGINATIVE RESISTANCE
Authors: STUEBER KARSTEN R.
Published: September 2011

abstract

This essay develops a new account of the phenomenon of imaginative resistance. Imaginative resistance is best conceived of as a limited phenomenon. It occurs when we try to engage imaginatively with different moral worlds that are insufficiently articulated so that they do not allow us either to quarantine our imaginative engagement from our normal moral attitudes or to agree with the expressed moral judgment from the perspective of moral deliberation. Imaginative resistance thus reveals the central epistemic importance that empathy plays for our understanding of rational agents in a context where we try to make sense of the moral appropriateness of their reasons for acting. Reflecting on the phenomenon of imaginative resistance allows us to recognize important features of the relationship between imaginative perspective taking and ordinary moral deliberation.
EMPATHY WITH ONE'S PAST
Authors: GOLDIE PETER
Published: September 2011

abstract

This paper presents two ideas in connection with the notion of empathic access to one's past, where this notion is understood as consisting of memories of one's past from the inside, plus a fundamental sympathy for those remembered states. The first idea is that having empathic access is a necessary condition for one's personal identity and survival. I give reasons to reject this view, one such reason being that it in effect blocks off the possibility of profound personal progress through radical change. The second idea is that empathy with one's past should, as a matter of necessity, be modeled on empathy with another person. I reject this two‐state model, arguing for the alternative possibility of a one‐state model, according to which one's thoughts and memories of one's past can become infused with one's present thoughts about and attitudes toward one's past.
STABILITY AND OPENNESS OF CHARACTER
Authors: ROBERTS ROBERT
Published: September 2011

abstract

This paper clarifies how stability of character is a good thing and how it is related to being open to change for the better by considering four ways character can be stable or unstable and four stable characteristics that are forms of openness to improvement of character.
AGAINST EMPATHY
Authors: PRINZ JESSE
Published: September 2011

abstract

Empathy can be characterized as a vicarious emotion that one person experiences when reflecting on the emotion of another. So characterized, empathy is sometimes regarded as a precondition on moral judgment. This seems to have been Hume's view. I review various ways in which empathy might be regarded as a precondition and argue against each of them: empathy is not a component, a necessary cause, a reliable epistemic guide, a foundation for justification, or the motivating force behind our moral judgments. In fact, empathy is prone to biases that render it potentially harmful. Another construct—concern—fares somewhat better, but it is also of limited use. I argue that, instead of empathy, moral judgments involve emotions such as anger, disgust, guilt, and admiration. These, not empathy, provide the sentimental foundation for morality.
THE SECRET CHAIN: A LIMITED DEFENSE OF SYMPATHY
Authors: DRIVER JULIA
Published: September 2011

abstract

This paper responds to criticisms of sympathy‐based approaches to ethics made by Jesse Prinz, focusing on the criticism that emotions are too variable to form a basis for ethics. I draw on the idea, articulated by early sentimentalists such as Hutcheson and Hume, that proper reliance on sympathy is subject to a corrective procedure in order, in part, to avoid the variability problem.
HOBBES AND GAME THEORY REVISITED: ZERO‐SUM GAMES IN THE STATE OF NATURE
Authors: EGGERS DANIEL
Published: September 2011

abstract

The aim of this paper is to critically review the game‐theoretic discussion of Hobbes and to develop a game‐theoretic interpretation that gives due attention both to Hobbes's distinction between “moderates” and “dominators” and to what actually initiates conflict in the state of nature, namely, the competition for vital goods. As can be shown, Hobbes's state of nature contains differently structured situations of choice, the game‐theoretic representation of which requires the prisoner's dilemma and the assurance game and the so‐called assurance dilemma. However, the “state of war” ultimately emerges from situations that cannot be described by any of these games because they represent zero‐sum games in which the outcome of mutual cooperation does not exist.
Welfare issues related to transport and handling of both trained and unhandled horses and ponies
Authors: Weeks C. A. , McGreevy P. , Waran N. K.
Published: September 2011

Dehydration and increased risk of respiratory problems are common outcomes of transport, and both appear to be related to journey duration, emotional effects, such as fear, and challenging environmental conditions. Welfare may be improved by familiarising equines with transport vehicles and loading procedures before travel starts, and by providing thermally comfortable and well ventilated conditions during the journey. For long road journeys, rest breaks with drinking water should be given. Both trained and unhandled animals should have sufficient space and freedom to adjust their posture and to lower their heads, but maximum safe space allowances are unknown. Mares and foals should be transported together. Injury during transport is relatively common, particularly in groups of horses travelling to slaughter, and is usually associated with driver error, internal fittings and vehicle type or design, but also with mixing of animals of different sex and weight leading to fighting. There needs to be better training and monitoring to prevent such avoidable risks to horse welfare. There is also a need for more research into appropriate prophylaxis and post transport therapy as knowledge of accumulated stress and depressed immune function following prolonged and repeated transport is poorly understood.
Social comparison and anxious mood in pulmonary rehabilitation: The role of cognitive focus
Authors: Petersen Sibylle , Taube Karin , Lehmann Kirsten , Van den Bergh Omer , von Leupoldt Andreas
Published: September 2011

Objectives.  Comorbid anxiety is highly prevalent in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), and it is related to increased morbidity and mortality. It has consistently been found that social comparison has substantial impact on mood. However, despite the strong social component of pulmonary rehabilitation, the effect of social comparison processes on anxiety has not been explored in this context.

Design.  Participants were 43 COPD patients enrolled in a 3‐week pulmonary rehabilitation programme. We tested in a longitudinal design the relationship between social comparison and assimilation and contrast at the beginning of rehabilitation and anxious mood at the end of the programme.

Methods.  Using moderator analysis, we tested whether perceived similarities and differences to upward and downward social comparison standards influence the relationship between comparison direction at the beginning of the programme and anxious mood at the end of the programme.

Results.  The relationship between social comparison at the start of rehabilitation and anxious mood at the end of the programme was dependent on assimilation and contrast to upward and downward standards. Downward assimilation and upward contrast were related to a stronger relationship of upward and downward social comparison and anxious mood.

Conclusion.  This study demonstrates the important role of social comparison focus in moderating beneficial effects of pulmonary rehabilitation. Downward assimilation and upward contrast might be important targets in reducing anxiety in pulmonary rehabilitation.
Promoting a culture of innovation: BJSP and the emergence of new paradigms in social psychology
Authors: Reicher Stephen
Published: September 2011

In this paper, I start by describing the role played by British Journal of Social Psychology (BJSP) in nurturing two important new paradigms in social psychology – the social identity approach and discourse psychology. I then consider the forces in contemporary academia, in general, and psychology, in particular, that militate against innovation. I conclude by suggesting some ways in which individual social psychologists and our journals, particularly BJSP, can contribute to the development of an innovative and intellectually dynamic discipline
BJSP and the changing face of the group in social psychology
Authors: Spears Russell
Published: September 2011

I reflect on the contribution that BJSP has made to the conceptualization of the group within social psychology by highlighting two cases studies from the social identity tradition published in 1990. These illustrate BJSP's distinctive strength and openness to theoretical innovation over the last decades.
Development and validation of the Interpersonal Emotion Management Scale
Authors: Little Laura M. , Kluemper Don , Nelson Debra L. , Gooty Janaki
Published: September 2011

Interpersonal Emotion Management (IEM) strategies represent behaviours targeted at managing negative emotions in others. This paper describes the development and validation of the four‐dimensional IEM strategies scale. Four studies were conducted to assess the psychometric properties of the scale, including content, discriminant, and criterion validity. Results provided strong support for the four‐dimensional measure of IEM strategies, distinct from conceptually related constructs, and predictive of subordinates’ trust in their supervisor.
Magnetohydrodynamic Turbulence Decay Under the Influence of Uniform or Random Magnetic Fields
Authors: Richard Jacques C. , Riley Benjamin M. , Girimaji Sharath S.
Published: September 2011

We perform direct numerical simulations of decaying magnetohydrodynamic turbulence subject to initially uniform or random magnetic fields. We investigate the following features: (i) kinetic–magnetic energy exchange and velocity field anisotropy, (ii) action of Lorentz force, (iii) enstrophy and helicity behavior, and (iv) internal structure of the small scales. While tendency toward kinetic–magnetic energy equi-partition is observed in both uniform and random magnetic field simulations, the manner of approach to that state is very different in the two cases. Overall, the role of the Lorentz force is merely to bring about the equi-partition. No significant variance anisotropy of velocity fluctuations is observed in any of the simulations. The mechanism of enstrophy generation changes with the strength of the magnetic field, and helicity shows no significant growth in any of the cases. The small-scale structure (orientation between vorticity and strain-rate eigenvectors) does not appear to be influenced by the magnetic field.
A Review of High-Heat-Flux Heat Removal Technologies
Authors: Ebadian M. A. , Lin C. X.
Published: September 2011

In recent years, high-heat-flux cooling techniques have received great attention from researchers around the world due to its importance in thermal management of both commercial and defense high-power electronic devices. Although impressive progress has been made during the last few decades, high-heat-flux removal still largely remains as a challenging subject that needs further exploration and study. In this paper, we have reviewed recent developments in several high-heat-flux heat removal techniques, including microchannels, jet impingements, sprays, wettability effects, and piezoelectrically driven droplets. High-heat-flux removal can be achieved effectively by either single-phase flow or two-phase flow boiling heat transfer. Better understandings of the underlying heat transfer mechanisms for performance improvement are discussed.
Combined Experimental/Numerical Development of Propulsor Evaluation Capability
Authors: Dropkin Amanda M. , Huyer Stephen A. , Henoch Charles
Published: September 2011

This paper presents a method to combine computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling with subscale experiments to improve full-scale propulsor performance prediction. Laboratory experiments were conducted on subscale models of the NUWC Light underwater vehicle in the 0.3048 m × 0.3048 m water tunnel located at the Naval Undersea Warfare Center in Newport, Rhode Island. This model included an operational rim-driven ducted post-swirl propulsor. Laser Doppler Velocimetry was used to measure several velocity profiles along the hull. The experimental data were used in this project to validate the CFD models constructed using the commercial CFD software package, Fluent®. Initially, axisymmetric two-dimensional simulations investigated the bare hull, hull only case, and a shrouded body without the propulsor. These models were selected to understand the axisymmetric flow development and investigate methods to best match the propulsor inflow. A variety of turbulence models were investigated and ultimately the numerical and experimental velocity profiles were found to match within 3%. Full 3D flow simulations were then conducted with an operating propulsor and compared with the corresponding subscale experimental data. Finally, simulations were conducted for full-scale tests and compared with actual open-water data. While the open-water data was limited to propulsor rpm and vehicle velocity, the operating advance ratio could be determined as well as the estimated vehicle thrust. This provided a method to utilize CFD/experiments to bridge the gap between subscale and full-scale tests. The predicted open-water advance ratio was 10.3% higher than the experimental value, as compared with the 28% difference previously found from a linear extrapolation of Reynolds number from model scale to full scale. This method was then applied to two different research propulsor geometries and led to agreement between computational and experimental advance ratios on the order of 2%.
Reversibility of Power-Split Transmissions
Authors: Bottiglione F. , Mantriota G.
Published: September 2011

Recent applications of continuously variable transmissions with large ratio spread, such as mechanical Kinetic Energy Recovery Systems or recent hybrid architectures, need the transmission to be perfectly reversible. This short paper deals with the mechanical efficiency of power-split continuously variable transmissions with particular emphasis on the switching from forward to reverse power flow. Forward and reverse transmission efficiency are calculated and compared, and the conditions which make it impossible to switch to reverse mode are studied. In particular, it is suggested that, although less efficient at high transmission ratios, a forward power circulation should be preferred because it has almost the same efficiency in forward and reverse operation.
Glutamatergic and Dopaminergic Neurons Mediate Anxiogenic and Anxiolytic Effects of CRHR1
Authors: Refojo Damian , Schweizer Martin , Kuehne Claudia , Ehrenberg Stefanie , Thoeringer Christoph , Vogl Annette M. , Dedic Nina , Schumacher Marion , von Wolff Gregor , Avrabos Charilaos , Touma Chadi , Engblom David , Schütz Günther , Nave Klaus-Armin , Eder Matthias , Wotjak Carsten T. , Sillaber Inge , Holsboer Florian , Wurst Wolfgang , Deussing Jan M.
Published: September 2011

An imbalance between CRHR1-controlled anxiogenic glutamatergic and anxiolytic dopaminergic systems might lead to emotional disturbances.
ER Tubules Mark Sites of Mitochondrial Division
Authors: Friedman Jonathan R. , Lackner Laura L. , West Matthew , DiBenedetto Jared R. , Nunnari Jodi , Voeltz Gia K.
Published: September 2011

Mitochondrial division occurs at positions where endoplasmic reticulum tubules contact mitochondria and mediate constriction.
A multinuclear NMR and quantum chemical study of solid trimethylammonium chloride
Authors: Penner Glenn H. , Webber Renee , O’Dell Luke A.
Published: September 2011

The solid salt, trimethylammonium chloride (TMAC), is investigated by a combination of NMR spectroscopic techniques and quantum chemical calculations. Chemical shift and nuclear quadrupolar interaction parameters have been measured for35Cl,1H/2H, and15N/14N. These parameters have also been calculated as a function of the hydrogen position in the N···H···Cl fragment. Overall, the measured parameters are consistent with a structure in which the hydrogen is completely transferred to the nitrogen (i.e., N–H···Cl). The high hydrogen chemical shift (10.9 ppm by2H CP/MAS) and relatively small deuterium quadrupolar coupling constant (127 kHz) indicate a moderately strong N–H···Cl hydrogen bond. A pronounced deuterium isotope effect on the35Cl quadrupolar coupling constant is observed.
Water molecular reorientation in ice and tetrahydrofuran clathrate hydrate from lineshape analysis of 17O spin-echo NMR spectra
Authors: Ba Yong , Ripmeester John A. , Ratcliffe Christopher I.
Published: September 2011

Lineshape analysis of 17O spin-echo NMR spectra has been used to study water molecular reorientations in ice-Ih and THF Structure II clathrate hydrate. The kinetics was determined by the changes of the lineshapes of the 17O central transitions at different temperatures. A model involving 12 orientations and 4-step jumps of water molecular orientations was proposed. Semi-classical exchange formalism was employed to simulate the lineshape of the central transitions of the 17O nuclei. Lineshape analysis gave the quadrupolar coupling constant CQ = 6.43 MHz and the asymmetry parameter η = 0.935, for both ice-Ih and THF gas hydrate. The theoretical lineshape simulations resulted in activation energies of water molecular reorientations Ea = 55.2 ± 2.1 kJ mol–1 and Ea = 30.5 ± 0.8 kJ mol–1 for ice-Ih and THF hydrate, respectively. The range of dynamic rates in THF clathrate hydrate is such that before melting, a pseudo-isotropic lineshape is observed that retains a second-order quadrupolar shift. The water reorientation process is discussed in light of recent results on Bjerrum defect injection obtained from molecular dynamics simulation and structural studies.
The refocused discrimination induced by variable amplitude minipulses (DIVAM) experiment — Improved domain selection in semicrystalline fluoropolymers by 19F solid state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Authors: Montina Tony , Hazendonk Paul , Wormald Philip , Iuga Dinu
Published: September 2011

The discrimination induced by variable amplitude minipulses (DIVAM) filter can be tuned to select for signals from a particular domain, therefore it is possible to obtain signals specific to different domains using only one experiment. An early description of the DIVAM sequence, where the filter terminates with cross-polarization, explains this tune ability using a simple one-spin-relaxation model, thereby limiting the selection mechanism to incoherent processes. Recently, a more complete description of the selection behaviour was offered for the DIVAM filter, when it was directly applied to the observed nucleus (direct DIVAM), taking into account both the incoherent and coherent terms. Direct DIVAM experiments on poly(vinylidenefluoride) (PVDF) show significant phase distortions when large excitation angles were used. The signal from the amorphous domain is seen to nutate in a normal fashion with respect to the excitation angle, while those from the crystalline and defect units did not. The refocused DIVAM sequence is introduced to restore normal nutation for all signals. The selection behaviour is investigated using SIMPSON (simulation program for solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy) simulations. These illustrate that the isotropic shift terms have been effectively removed and the dipolar term attenuated, such that the chemical shift anisotropy (CSA) leads to domain selection; however, in a different manner than seen in direct DIVAM. Therefore, this sequence provides a method to select on the basis of the CSA term in the presence of both strong dipolar couplings and a large range of isotropic shifts.
High-field multinuclear solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and first principle calculations in MgSO4 polymorphs
Authors: Pallister Peter J. , Moudrakovski Igor L. , Ripmeester John A.
Published: September 2011

A combination of solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and first principles calculations was applied to obtain 17O, 25Mg, and 33S NMR parameters for two polymorphs of anhydrous magnesium sulfate. Working at the very high magnetic field of 21.14 T results in a dramatic improvement of resolution through a reduction of the effects of quadrupolar interactions and significant improvement in sensitivity. Experimental 25Mg and 33S spectra are dominated by quadrupolar interactions with quadrupolar parameters unique for each polymorph. In the case of 17O, there is a substantial contribution of the chemical shift anisotropy. The use of multiple-quantum magic-angle spinning (MQMAS) experiments allows the resolution of distinct oxygen species and assignment of signals in the experimental 17O spectrum. Chemical shielding constants and quadrupolar parameters for all three nuclei were calculated using plane wave pseudopotential density functional theory as implemented in the CASTEP computational package. The calculated NMR parameters are in very good agreement with the experimental results and help in signal assignment of the 17O spectrum. The results suggest applicability of such a combined computational and experimental solid-state NMR approach for the refinement of crystallographic data.
Obtaining accurate chemical shifts for all magnetic nuclei (1H, 13C, 17O, and 27Al) in tris(2,4-pentanedionato-O,O′)aluminium(III) — A solid-state NMR case study
Authors: Wong Alan , Smith Mark E. , Terskikh Victor , Wu Gang
Published: September 2011

We report a complete set of high-resolution solid-state NMR spectra for all magnetic nuclei (1H, 13C, 17O, and 27Al) in the α-form of tris(2,4-pentanedionato-O,O′)aluminium(III), α-Al(acac)3. These high-resolution NMR spectra were obtained by using a host of solid-state NMR techniques: standard cross-polarization under the magic-angle spinning (CPMAS) method for 13C, 1-D homonuclear decoupling using the windowed DUMBO sequence for 1H, double-rotation (DOR) for 17O and 27Al, and multiple-quantum MAS for 27Al. Some experiments were performed at multiple magnetic fields. We show that the isotropic chemical shifts obtained for 1H, 13C, 17O, and 27Al nuclei in α-Al(acac)3 are highly resolved and accurate, regardless of the nature of the targeted nuclear spins (i.e., spin-1/2 or quadrupolar) and, as such, can be treated equally in comparison with computational chemical shifts obtained from a gauge-including projector-augmented wave (GIPAW) plane-wave pseudopotential DFT method.
An improved scheme for the calculation of NMR chemical shifts in periodic systems based on gauge including atomic orbitals and density functional theory
Authors: Skachkov Dmitry , Krykunov Mykhaylo , Ziegler Tom
Published: September 2011

We report here on an improved first principles method that can determine NMR shielding tensors for periodic systems. Our scheme evaluates the shielding tensor as the second derivative of the total electronic energy with respect to a nuclear magnetic moment and an external magnetic field. Both the induced current density J(α) due to the first perturbation from the nuclear magnetic moment as well as the interaction of J(α) with the second perturbation in the form of an external magnetic field are evaluated analytically. Our approach is based on Kohn–Sham density functional theory and gauge-including atomic orbitals. It employs a Bloch basis set made up of Slater-type or numeric atomic orbitals and represents the Kohn–Sham potential fully without the use of effective core potentials. The method is implemented into the periodic program BAND. The new scheme represents an improvement over a previously proposed method in that use can be made of the zero-order Kohn–Sham orbitals from a calculation based on a primitive cell instead of a supercell. Further, J(α) is evaluated analytically rather than by a finite difference approach. The improvements reduce the required computational time by up to two orders of magnitude for three-dimensional systems. Such a reduction is made possible by the fact that we are using atomic centered basis functions. The new implementation is further able to take into account scalar relativistic effects within the zero-order regular approximation. Results from calculations of NMR shielding constants based on the present approach are presented for systems with one-, two-, and three-dimensional periodicity. The reported values are compared to experiment and results from the previously proposed scheme.
Reconnaissance of diverse structural and electronic environments in germanium halides by solid-state 73Ge NMR and quantum chemical calculations
Authors: Greer Brandon J. , Michaelis Vladimir K. , Terskikh Victor V. , Kroeker Scott
Published: September 2011

Solid-state 73Ge nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is an attractive technique for the characterization of solid germanium-containing materials, but experiments can be exceedingly difficult in practice due to the unfavourable NMR properties of the 73Ge nucleus. Presented herein is a series of solid-state 73Ge NMR experiments on germanium halides (GeX4 and GeX2, where X = I, Br, and Cl) conducted at moderate (9.4 and 11.7 T) and ultrahigh (21.1 T) magnetic fields, intended to characterize the 73Ge NMR response in highly symmetric and asymmetric coordination environments. Quadrupole coupling constants range from 0.16 to 35 MHz. Isotropic chemical shifts for the GeX4 series trend with halide electronegativity, as found for the analogous silicon and tin halides. The indirect spin-spin coupling constant 1J(73Ge, 127I) is estimated from 73Ge MAS NMR to be 35 ± 10 Hz in GeI2, with the reduced coupling constant agreeing with those of other group 14 halides. Quantum chemical calculations using GIPAW DFT are in reasonable accord with experimental quadrupole couplings, but fail for chemical shielding. A preliminary NMR crystallographic study of GeI2 and GeCl2 incorporating 127I and 35Cl NMR spectra has led to plausible conclusions reflecting the structural homology of these compounds, although definitive characterization remains elusive.
Sensitivity enhancement in MAS NMR of half-integer quadrupolar nuclei using sideband selective double-frequency sweeps
Authors: Goswami M. , van Bentum P.J.M. , Kentgens A.P.M.
Published: September 2011

Sensitivity enhancement of the NMR signal of the half-integer spin quadrupolar nuclei under magic angle spinning (MAS) conditions is demonstrated using the DFS (Double Frequency Sweep) enhancement scheme. It has been shown, both through numerical simulations and by experiments, that with a sinusoidal amplitude profile a narrow band DFS scheme performs much better than a DFS scheme with a large bandwidth. The total enhancement compares favorably to the hyperbolic secant (HS) pulse scheme under MAS. Finally, we report the robustness of this DFS scheme with respect to variation of different experimental parameters, making it a very attractive choice for acquiring sensitivity-enhanced NMR experiments of half-integer quadrupolar nuclei.
A1H NMR study of the fatty acid distribution in developing flax bolls before and after a cooking treatment
Authors: Kirby Christopher W. , McCallum Jason L. , Fofana Bourlaye
Published: September 2011

Flax is an important Canadian crop that contains a large percentage of fatty acids (FAs) by seed weight. Gas chromatography (GC) methods have traditionally been used to study FA distributions in oil seed crops. These methods, however, require sample preparation involving saponification and methyl ester formation. Recently,1H NMR has been shown to be an excellent way to directly measure FA distributions in edible oils using a nondestructive and experimentally faster methodology. As such, we have examined the FA profiles in developing bolls of flax cultivar AC McDuff using1H NMR and assessed the effect of cooking on FA stability and distribution. The data confirmed the high percentage of linolenic acid in mature AC McDuff flax seed compared to early stages of development and showed that FAs at early stages of boll development are more prone to thermal degradation. Triacylglycerol was found to be important to FA stability to heat. It was also observed that the FAs did not convert from cis to trans under the cooking process used herein. The usefulness of1H NMR spectroscopy in oils chemistry is highlighted.
129Xe and 2H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) of xenon and deuterated-chloroform solutes in a thermotropic biaxial nematic liquid crystal
Authors: Tallavaara P. , Kantola A.M. , Jokisaari J. , Meyer T. , Wilson D.A. , Mehl G.H.
Published: September 2011

Properties of a thermotropic nematic liquid crystal (LC) TM35 (organosiloxane tetrapode) were investigated by means of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy of probe atoms and molecules. 129Xe isotope enriched xenon gas and 2H isotope enriched chloroform were used as probes. Both 129Xe and 2H NMR measurements were carried out over a wide temperature range, covering isotropic, nematic, and glass phases. A clear change in the behavior of the LC is observed within the nematic phase at 289 K by changing the temperature from low to high and inspecting the spectral line width. The derivative curve of the 129Xe chemical shift also reveals a change at 289 K. These changes may be an indication of hindered molecular rotation around the long axis, and the appearance of a biaxial nematic phase.
Assessment of claw growth-layer groups from ringed seals (Pusa hispida) as biomonitors of inter- and intra-annual Hg, δ15N, and δ13C variation
Authors: Ferreira Elizabeth O. , Loseto Lisa L. , Ferguson Steven H.
Published: September 2011

The ringed seal ( Pusa hispida (Schreber, 1775)) is a sentinel species of arctic marine mammals; therefore, methods to monitor its life-history changes are crucial to establish effective conservation strategies. We evaluate the potential use of claws of ringed seals as a proxy for counts of tooth growth-layer groups (age) and a biomonitor of total mercury burden (THg) and diet (stable isotope ratios expressed as δ15N and δ13C). The count of claw growth-layer groups was indicative of age up to 8 years and we infer differentiation of dark and light annuli as being associated with the spring moult. No differences of THg, δ15N, or δ13C were observed among flipper digits. The proximal claw annulus representing the most recent growth had δ13C values that were correlated to both muscle and liver δ13C, supporting the use of claws to monitor visceral δ13C. Claw log10THg from the proximate annulus was significantly correlated to liver and whisker log10THg, while significant interannual THg accumulation was observed in 18 of 32 seals ≥4 years, suggesting the claws receive and disperse Hg from active tissues of the body. Results support the use of claw tissue from ringed seal to provide a chronological record of inter- and intra-annual variations representing seal diet, contaminant load, and life history.