bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Correlation of benign prostatic obstruction‐related complications with clinical outcomes in patients after transurethral resection of the prostate
Authors: Guo Run‐Qi , Yu Wei , Meng Yi‐Sen , Zhang Kai , Xu Ben , Xiao Yun‐Xiang , Wu Shi‐Liang , Pan Bai‐Nian
Published: February 2017

We aim to investigate the correlation of benign prostatic obstruction (BPO)‐related complications with clinical outcomes in patients after transurethral resection of the prostate in China. We reviewed the medical history of all patients who underwent surgery from 1992 to 2013. We assessed the preoperative clinical profile, clinical management, and operative complications. Overall, 2271 patients were enrolled in the study. Of these patients, 1193 (52.5%) had no BPO‐related complications and 1078 (46.3%) had BPO‐related complications. Compared with patients without BPO‐related complications, those with BPO‐related complications were older (p = 0.001) and usually had other urologic comorbidities (p = 0.003). Additionally, they tended to have more tissue resected (p < 0.001), a higher American Society of Anesthesiologists grade (p = 0.002), and larger prostates (p < 0.001). Nonetheless, there was no obvious difference in surgical complications between both groups (p > 0.05). Among patients with BPO‐related complications, compared with the bladder stone group, only the bladder stone+ group tended to have a greater urinary infection risk after transurethral resection of the prostate. Compared with patients with one or two BPO‐related complications, those with three BPO‐related complications tended to have a higher risk of pulmonary embolism and acute coronary syndrome (p < 0.05). Despite the widespread use of medication, patients with BPO‐related complications were older and had larger prostates; however, transurethral resection of the prostate is still considered a safe and recommended surgical treatment. Nevertheless, those with three or more complications were at a higher risk of severe complication after surgery, and active surgical intervention is needed once BPO‐related complications develop.
Diseño de un ECOE para evaluar habilidades clínicas en neurología en estudiantes del quinto año
Authors: Hernández Gutiérrez Laura S. , Trejo Juan Andrés , Marín Campos Yolanda
Published: February 2017

Introducción: Las habilidades clínicas que los alumnos aprenden durante su formación, son las herramientas para el diagnóstico, prevención y tratamiento oportuno de las enfermedades neurológicas. Su evaluación es indispensable en el proceso enseñanza-aprendizaje. El Examen Clínico Objetivo Estructurado (ECOE), es una forma de evaluar las habilidades clínicas, puede utilizarse en una evaluación sumativa, como formativa, está constituido por estaciones que forman un circuito, en cada estación el alumno enfrenta un escenario que evalúa la habilidad clínica en tres áreas de dominio: cognitivo, actitudinal y psicomotriz. Su implementación es de gran ayuda en la evaluación de competencias profesionales de un plan de estudios con cualidades clínicas.
Objetivo: El objetivo del presente estudio fue diseñar y pilotear un ECOE para evaluar las habilidades clínicas neurológicas en estudiantes del internado médico.
Método: Se formó un comité de examen integrado por 12 expertos en neurología, que se capacitaron para el diseño de un ECOE. Se realizó una tabla de especificaciones de habilidades clínicas para evaluar con los casos clínicos, y se diseñó un ECOE donde se incluyeron siete habilidades clínicas: interrogatorio, exploración física, diagnóstico, tratamiento, interpretación de estudios, toma de decisiones y prevención. En cada estación del examen, se validó su contenido y las listas de cotejo, por el comité. Se aplicó una prueba piloto a 14 estudiantes del internado médico, se obtuvieron los promedios de cada estación y el alfa de Cronbach general de la prueba.
Resultados: Se diseñó un ECOE de 18 estaciones y en la prueba piloto se obtuvo un promedio de 6.53, con un alfa de Cronbach general del examen 0.62.
Conclusiones: El ECOE permite evaluar las habilidades clínicas de forma planificada. Los elementos fundamentales para su diseñó son: el comité de examen, tabla de especificaciones, diseñó de estaciones y logística del examen.
Remarks on W1, p-quasiconvexity, interpenetration of matter, and function spaces for elasticity
Authors: James R.D. , Spector S.J.
Published: February 2017

We show that, under mild hypotheses on the elastic energy function, the minimizer of the energy in the space

\{\mathbf{f} \in \mathrm{W}^{1,\:p}:\det \:\nabla \:\mathbf{f} > 0,1≦p < n\}

of a nonlinear elastic ball subject to the severe compressive boundary conditions

\mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) = \mathrm{\lambda }\:\mathbf{x},\mathrm{\lambda } \ll 1

will not be the expected uniform compression

\mathbf f (\mathbf x) = λ\mathbf x

. To show this, we construct competitors in this space that reduce the energy but interpenetrate matter.

We also prove that the

\mathrm W^{1, p}

-quasiconvexity condition of Ball and Murat [1984] is a necessary condition for a local minimum in a setting that includes nonlinear elasticity. This theorem is well suited to analyses of the formation of voids in nonlinear elastic materials. Our analysis illustrates the delicacy of the choice of function space for nonlinear elasticity.

On montre que, sous des hypothèses faibles pour le potentiel d’énergie élastique, le minimum énergétique dans l’espace

\{\mathbf{f} \in \mathrm{W}^{1,\:p}:\det \:\nabla \:\mathbf{f} > 0,1≦p < n\}

pour une sphère élastique soumise à une compression très forte à sa surface

(\mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x}) = \mathrm{\lambda }\:\mathbf{x},\mathrm{\lambda } \ll 1)

n’est pas une compression uniforme

\mathbf f (\mathbf x) = λ\mathbf x

. A cet effet on construit dans cet espace des champs de déplacement à plus faible énergie. Ces champs ne respectent cependant pas la non interpénétrabilité de la matière.

Nous démontrons également que la condition de

\mathrm W^{1, p}

-quasi-convexité de Ball et Murat [1984] est une condition nécessaire d’existence d’un minimum local, ce dans un contexte qui inclue notamment l’élasticité non linéaire. Notre théorème est particulièrement bien adapté à l’analyse de la formation de cavités dans des matériaux non linéairement élastiques. Notre analyse illustre le caractère critique du bon choix d’espace fonctionnel en élasticité non linéaire.
Infinite cup length in free loop spaces with an application to a problem of the N-body type
Authors: Fadell E. , Husseini S.
Published: February 2017

Cup lengths in the cohomology of the space of free loops (over fields of finite characteristic) are computed and results applied to prove the existence of infinitely many solutions of a Hamiltonian system of

N

-body type.

« Cup » longueurs dans la cohomologie de l’espace des lacets libres (sur corps de caractéristique finie) sont obtenues et sont appliquées à démontrer, l’existence d’une infinité de solutions d’un système Hamiltonien à

N

-corps.
POPULATION GROWTH, EMPLOYMENT, AND LIVELIHOODS: THE TRIPLE CHALLENGE
Authors: Cleland John
Published: February 2017

Over the next 35 years, the total population of sub-Saharan Africa is projected to increase by 118%, with a greater rise of of 156% of people in the prime working ages. To cope with population growth and exploit the slowly unfolding, favorable change in age structure, countries face a triple challenge. Agricultural productivity has to improve. Prospects are good, though climate change remains a threat. Manufacturing jobs need to be created on a far larger scale than hitherto. Success is uncertain because much depends on foreign investors and the actions of competing low-wage countries in Asia. The third challenge concerns the non-agricultural informal sector, which, even under optimistic assumptions about manufacturing, will continue to provide livelihoods for a large segment of the population. Entrepreneurship needs to be encouraged so that an increasing proportion of family enterprises evolve into larger businesses. There is no blueprint to achieve this evolution and much will depend on the hard work and ingenuity of individuals.
AFRICA'S PROSPECTS FOR ENJOYING A DEMOGRAPHIC DIVIDEND
Authors: Bloom David E. , Kuhn Michael , Prettner Klaus
Published: February 2017

We assess Africa's prospects for enjoying a demographic dividend. While fertility rates and dependency ratios in Africa remain high, they have started to decline. According to UN projections, they will fall further in the coming decades such that by the mid-21st century, the ratio of the working age to dependent population will be greater than in Asia, Europe, and Northern America. This projection suggests Africa has considerable potential to enjoy a demographic dividend. Whether and when it actually materializes, and also its magnitude, hinges on policies and institutions in key realms that include macroeconomic management, human capital, trade, governance, and labor and capital markets. Given strong complementarities among these areas, coordinated policies will likely be most effective in generating the momentum needed to pull Africa's economies out of a development trap.
TRANSFORMATION OF AFRICAN FARM HOUSEHOLDS: A SHORT SURVEY OF ECONOMIC CONTRIBUTIONS
Authors: Guirkinger Catherine , Platteau Jean-Philippe
Published: February 2017

This paper reviews the scant economic literature on the transformations of farming households under the influence of land pressure, market development or technical change. Theoretical as well as empirical contributions are summarized with a special attention to the African context.
AFRICA'S PROSPECTIVE URBAN TRANSITION
Authors: Collier Paul
Published: February 2017

The headline demographics of sub-Saharan Africa appear to be reason for concern. Looking back, since Independence in the 1960s, the region has been the major exception to the global demographic trend of rising height: In some countries, average height has even been declining [eLife (2016)]. Looking forward, between now and 2050, the population is set to grow more rapidly than that of any other region. But the demographic transition that is typically of most concern to African governments is not about the size or stature of overall population, it is urbanization. Politicians fear the consequences of a restive urban youth: an Arab Spring repeated south of the Sahara. Many would like to slow the pace of urbanization.
URBANIZATION IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA AND THE CHALLENGE OF ACCESS TO BASIC SERVICES
Authors: Parienté William
Published: February 2017

The majority of the urban population of Sub-Saharan Africa lives in slums where access to basic services, such as water, sanitation, or electricity is low. There is a growing body of evidence showing that access to these basic services has significant effect on the well-being of the poor. As the progress to universal access is still very slow, this essay contributes to the understanding of the persistence of the situation by reviewing the recent empirical evidence on both supply and demand issues related to the provision of basic infrastructure in urban areas of developing countries.
Immigrant Education and Race: Alternative Approaches to “Americanization” in Los Angeles, 1910–1940
Authors: Gutfreund Zevi
Published: February 2017

This article explores citizenship's multiple meanings in Los Angeles by describing five different types of Americanization, or immigrant education, in the city of angels from 1910 to 1940. The federal racialization of access to citizenship influenced these alternative approaches to Americanization at a local level. In the context of Supreme Court rulings and federal laws that made it difficult for immigrants of color to naturalize in the United States during the Progressive Era, Anglo officials in the school district and settlement houses developed an English-only curriculum that benefited only European immigrants. In response to such restrictions, Mexican and Japanese educators in turn developed programs that showed how learning Spanish and Japanese made their children loyal Americans worthy of citizenship. In the decades before internment and the Zoot Suit Riots, language instruction was one of the few vehicles that allowed Mexican and Japanese Angelinos the opportunity to take control of their Americanization experiences despite the racialized constraints they faced.
Proton probing of laser-driven EM pulses travelling in helical coils
Authors: Ahmed H. , Kar S. , Giesecke A.L. , Doria D. , Nersisyan G. , Willi O. , Lewis C.L.S. , Borghesi M.
Published: February 2017

The ultrafast charge dynamics following the interaction of an ultra-intense laser pulse with a foil target leads to the launch of an ultra-short, intense electromagnetic (EM) pulse along a wire connected to the target. Due to the strong electric field (of the order of

$\text{GV m}^{-1}$

) associated to such laser-driven EM pulses, these can be exploited in a travelling-wave helical geometry for controlling and optimizing the parameters of laser accelerated proton beams. The propagation of the EM pulse along a helical path was studied by employing a proton probing technique. The pulse-carrying coil was probed along two orthogonal directions, transverse and parallel to the coil axis. The temporal profile of the pulse obtained from the transverse probing of the coil is in agreement with the previous measurements obtained in a planar geometry. The data obtained from the longitudinal probing of the coil shows a clear evidence of an energy dependent reduction of the proton beam divergence, which underpins the mechanism behind selective guiding of laser-driven ions by the helical coil targets.
Toward the First International Congress of Africanists
Authors: Potekhin I. I.
Published: February 2017

(The following article on the forthcoming First International Congress of Africanists is reprinted from the Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, No. 2, 1962, pp. 88-9. Previous accounts of planning for the Congress, by Conrad Reining and William O. Jones, may be found in this Bulletin, October I960 and December 1961.)

African Studies until very recent times were developed as a part of Oriental Studies. To some extent this is explained by the fact that the northern, most developed areas of Africa are populated by Arabic-speaking peoples, and there are not a few reasons for regarding them in historical, cultural, and political aspects as part of the general Arab world. Northern Africa was usually included in the rather vague concept of “the Orient,” and then, this time without any reason for it, the whole continent began to be included in “the Orient.”

But the main reason for including African Studies in Oriental Studies is that the study of the countries of Asia and Africa was pursued primarily by the scientists of the colonial powers, and inasmuch as their work fundamentally served the aims of ruling enslaved countries in the interests of imperialist monopolies, both the great continents were regarded as one single colonial complex.
ON EXTENSIONS OF THE GENERALISED JENSEN FUNCTIONS ON SEMIGROUPS
Authors: BRZDĘK JANUSZ , JABŁOŃSKA ELIZA
Published: February 2017

Assume that $(G,+)$ is a commutative semigroup, $\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}$ is an endomorphism of $G$ and an involution, $D$ is a nonempty subset of $G$ and $(H,+)$ is an abelian group uniquely divisible by two. We prove that if $D$ is ‘sufficiently large’, then each function $g:D\rightarrow H$ satisfying $g(x+y)+g(x+\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}(y))=2g(x)$ for $x,y\in D$ with $x+y,x+\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}(y)\in D$ can be extended to a unique solution $f:G\rightarrow H$ of the generalised Jensen functional equation $f(x+y)+f(x+\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}(y))=2f(x)$.
Species composition and abundance of mosquito larvae in relation with their habitat characteristics in Mazandaran Province, northern Iran
Authors: Nikookar S.H. , Fazeli-Dinan M. , Azari-Hamidian S. , Mousavinasab S.N. , Arabi M. , Ziapour S.P. , Shojaee J. , Enayati A.
Published: February 2017

Mosquitoes transmit a variety of diseases to humans. Their abundance and distribution are related to the characteristics of larval habitats. Mosquito larvae were collected from 120 natural and artificial habitats in 30 villages of 16 counties using standard 350 ml dippers and pipette, on a monthly basis from May–December 2014 in Mazandaran Province, northern Iran. Larval habitat characteristics were recorded separately, based on the conditions of the habitats (permanent or temporary, stagnant or running), type of habitats (natural or artificial), vegetation, exposure to sun, type of bed, water condition (clear or turbid), expanse (m), depth (cm, m) and temperature (°C) of habitats. The relationship between larval density and environmental variables was assessed by Chi-square tests. Totally, 19,840 larvae from three genera and 16 species were collected and identified.Anopheles maculipennis s.l.andCulex pipienswere the dominant species and collected with the highest density in plain areas. The highest number of larvae were collected from natural habitats (60.34%), including; river edge, marsh, pit and wetlands; with temporary and stagnant water, expanse of 0–5 m, depth of 1–25 cm, without plant, shadow-sun, muddy floor, turbid water, temperature 20–25°C and in sunny conditions. River edge and rice fields forAn. maculipennis s.land, wetlands and discarded tires forCx. pipienswere the main larval habitats in the province. Statistical analysis revealed significant relation between occurrence ofAn. maculipennis s.l., Cx. pipiens, Culex torrentium, Culex mimeticusandCs. annulatawith each of the environmental variables (P< 0.001). These findings are essential in expanding our knowledge of the vectors ecology specially the type of habitat preference and will be beneficial in larval control programs.
The Relationship between IHL and IHRL in Peacekeeping Operations: Articulating the Emerging AU Position
Authors: Fowkes James
Published: February 2017

Modern peacekeeping is increasingly expansive, and much of it occurs in Africa. The African Union's attitude to the challenges of regulating this modern peacekeeping is therefore an important source for the associated legal debates, but one that is often neglected (in part because the sources are limited and often in draft form). This article seeks to articulate and then critique the AU's emerging view on the application of international humanitarian law and international human rights law to peacekeeping activity and the relationship between the two bodies of law in this context. It argues that the AU's emerging position treats international humanitarian law as a narrowedlex specialis, only displacing international human rights law in relation to peacekeepers while they are actively engaged in armed conflict. Even this position, however, underestimates the extent to which the pervasive rights-based concerns in AU sources imply a still more pervasive application of international human rights law to its peacekeeping activities.
Anthony Wood and the Catholics
Authors: Kiessling Nicolas
Published: February 2017

Anthony Wood (1632–1695), the Oxford biographer and historian, was accused of being a ‘papist’ from the early 1670s until his death on 29 November 1695. These accusations were given credence because Wood had many Catholic friends and acquaintances; had a genuine affection for manuscripts and monuments of the pre-reformation past; wrote bio-bibliographies of many noteworthy Catholics who were graduates of Oxford colleges or were associated with the university; had a view of the reformation that Gilbert Burnet, later the bishop of Salisbury, saw as ‘unseemly’; and never joined any campaign against Catholics before or after James II reigned in Great Britain. This essay deals with Wood's relationships with Catholics and his attitude towards Catholicism.
The Derwentwater Library, 1732
Authors: Gooch Leo
Published: February 2017

Professor Birrell has remarked that there is ‘an extensive literature on how to describe a book, but there is no literature whatever on how to describe a library or a library catalogue’. Well, what follows is an account of a library in a Northumbrian-Catholic-Jacobite peer's house, not, admittedly, a common category but one having some cultural and recusant interest nevertheless.
Defenders of the Mystery
Authors: Gardiner Anne B.
Published: February 2017

The 1688 Revolution was the culmination of an eighteen-year campaign against James and his co-religionists as idolaters of bread. The Test Acts of 1673 and 1678 required an oath against Transubstantiation for public employment, and the parliamentary debate in 1673 showed that the ground for this was idolatry. It was a strange accusation, because the age was more inclined to atheism than idolatry and because virtually all the Christian world—Catholics, Orthodox, and Lutherans—worshiped Christ as bodily present in the Sacrament. In three recent councils between 1639 and 1672, the Orthodox Churches had accepted the term transubstantiation and condemned Calvinist teaching on the Eucharist. Stranger still, the accusation of idolatry was being raised not by Puritans, but by Anglican churchmen and a Cavalier parliament. The first Test Act of 1673 (25 Charles II, c. 2) excluded Catholics from all civil and military employment under the Crown under penalty of £500 pounds and disability in law, unless they would take this oath against Transubstantiation: ‘I do believe that there is not any transubstantiation in the sacrament of the Lord's supper, or in the elements of bread and wine, at or after the consecration thereof by any person whatsoever’.
Catholicism, Apostasy and Politics in Late Eighteenth-Century England: The Case of Sir Thomas Gascoigne and Charles Howard, Earl of Surrey
Authors: Lock Alexander
Published: February 2017

Apostasy among the English Catholic gentry in the late eighteenth century was not uncommon. In this period contemporary Catholic observers were concerned by what they perceived to be a great qualitative decrease of English Catholic gentry and they regarded apostasy as ‘a major and catastrophic cause of the decline’. Conformity to the established religion was a social virtue and was rewarded with social advantages; it was part and parcel of one's rise in the social scale and so was a great temptation for gentlemen outside the Anglican fold who were desirous of a service or parliamentary career. In almost every county in England many heads of old English Catholic families conformed. Indeed, in the West Riding of Yorkshire, of the twenty-four Catholic gentry families that existed in the Riding in. 1706 only twelve remained by 1780. Between the years 1754–1790 seven members of the House of Commons had renounced Roman Catholicism in order to pursue political careers and according to the contemporary Catholic priest Joseph Berington, by 1780 there were but 177 landed Catholic families in England ten of which had either died out or recently abjured their faith. Just a few conversions could have devastating consequences for Catholic communities. As David Butler points out, often ‘Catholic missions were over-dependent on the Catholic aristocracy and gentry for the continuance of Catholic worship’ and for Butler, in eighteenth-century London alone, if ‘just eight prominent families had apostatised … the Catholic missions would have lost about half of their numbers’.
‘Bound by the Wrongs We Have Done in the Past’: English Catholics and the Anti-Slavery Movement in Victorian Britain
Authors: Tenbus Eric G.
Published: February 2017

This article examines the growing involvement of English Catholicism in the antislave trade and anti-slavery campaigns of the nineteenth century. Early in the century, Catholics in England were conspicuously absent from the Wilberforce-inspired crusade to eradicate the slave trade. By the end of the century, Catholics in England played a leading role in that continuing crusade. The article examines several events that led to growing Catholic participation as the century progressed, including the restoration of the hierarchy, the American Civil War, Herbert Vaughan’s missionary endeavours, the death of Charles Gordon in Khartoum, and the celebrated efforts of French Cardinal Charles Lavigerie to end the slave trade in northern Africa. This argument is placed within the greater context of papal encyclicals on the subject of slavery from the nineteenth century and earlier. The article surveys the work and words of Cardinals Wiseman, Manning and Vaughan, as well as the Catholic press, including theTablet, theDublin Review, and theMonth.
Scholars and Spies – Three Humanists in the Service of James VI/I
Authors: McInally Tom
Published: February 2017

Three humanist scholars, alumni of the Scottish Catholic college of St Andrew in the Spanish Netherlands, were recruited into the spy service of King James VI/I as intelligencers and couriers. As members of the ‘Republic of Letters’ Thomas Dempster, Thomas Reid and Thomas Seget were well placed to travel throughout Europe as well as correspond with fellow humanists at all the major courts. In doing so they were able to provide intelligence which helped James in his ambitions of becoming king of England and obtaining dynastic marriages for his children but they also pandered to his vain belief that he was a scholar of distinction. This paper attempts to show how their relationships to the King developed and what benefits these scholars derived from their service.
The Conversion of England: John Carmel Heenan and the Catholic Missionary Society, 1947–1951
Authors: Hagerty James
Published: February 2017

The career of John Carmel Heenan (1905–1975) tends to be remembered for the period of his tenure as Archbishop of Westminster. This was a difficult time for Heenan, who having lived and ministered in an unchanging Church for over sixty years, took up the appointment in September 1963, at a time of rapid and unprecedented change in the Catholic Church in England and Wales following Vatican II. Contemporary commentators naturally gravitated to to the problems he faced in Westminster. Inevitably, in reviews rather than full-scale biographies, historians have concentrated on this later phase of his life. This paper examines one of Heenan's earlier achievements, that of his role of Superior of the Catholic Missionary Society from 1947 to 1951, and shows how his talents were placed at the disposal of the post-war Catholic community in an attempt to recover lapsed Catholics and attract converts to the faith.
Elizabeth Inchbald's Catholic Novel’ and Its Local Background
Authors: Young Francis
Published: February 2017

Elizabeth Inchbald'sA Simple Story(1791) was the first novel written by an English Catholic with Catholic characters. It was set in the world of the Catholic gentry, a world that Inchbald knew well from her upbringing in Suffolk on a farm adjacent to the estate of an ancient Catholic family. Inchbald herself acknowledged that one of the book's characters, the ex-Jesuit Sandford, was based on an individual from her childhood, and some effort has been made by Inchbald scholars (notably Patricia Sigl and Michael Tomko) to research her Catholic background and the Gage and Rookwood families whose history may have inspired aspects of the novel. However, the Gage family's papers have not been considered for the light they can throw on Inchbald and the eighteenth-century Catholic community in Suffolk. These sources contain references to the Simpson family and have the potential to enliven our understanding of the immediate environment of Inchbald's youth. This article corrects misconceptions transmitted by James Boaden and other biographers of Inchbald, proposes a new identity for the man who became the model for Sandford, and draws attention to possible correspondences between the circumstances and relationships of the Gage family and the characters inA Simple Story.
Veneration, Translation and Reform: TheLivesof Saints and the English Catholic Community, c.1600–1642
Authors: Ferguson Elizabeth
Published: February 2017

This article considers the impact of Catholic reform within the English Catholic community in the first half of the seventeenth century through an examination of hagiographical works published between c.1600 and 1642. In addition to the continuing popularity of regional saints in English Catholic devotion, a significant number of hagiographical texts were produced from the early seventeenth century onward, offering English Catholics a varied subject matter of contemporary and traditional saints. Particular attention is given to hagiographical accounts translated into English, the largest sub-category within this genre of literature. In doing so, this article illustrates that there was a conscious choice made by Catholic reformers and translators to place the cult of saints in England within the wider initiatives of Tridentine reform. This study also considers the accessibility of continental works for an English audience, and stresses the importance of examining the development of English Catholicism in its wider European context.
The Protestant Reception of Catholic Devotional Literature in England to 1700
Authors: Yamamoto-Wilson John R.
Published: February 2017

Discussion of the dispersal of Catholic literature in post-Reformation England tends to focus on the tenacity of recusants and ‘church papists’ in perpetuating allegiance to Rome. Relatively little attention has been paid to the extent to which Catholic texts, either in their original form or modified for a Protestant readership, formed a part of the mainstream culture of the reformed Church. This paper attempts to demonstrate the significance of Catholic literature in the Protestant context by showing the range of Protestant adaptations, the extent of Protestant readership and the influences of Catholic literature on Protestant writers.
Lunulae Reconsidered
Authors: Taylor Joan J.
Published: February 2017

Lunulae are commonly considered to be Early Bronze Age gold sheet collars produced solely in Ireland in imitation of jet and amber spacer-plate necklaces found elsewhere in the British Isles. Decorated with a distinctive style of incised geometric designs, they are more carefully and intricately ornamented than Beaker gold sheet-work, but less sophisticated than the superior Wessex gold objects. The term lunula has come to distinguish the Early Bronze Age gold crescent collar from the term Halskragen, a probably distantly-related type of copper crescent collar found in north-west Germany.
Prehistoric Roads and Tracks in Somerset, England: 2. Neolithic
Authors: Coles John M. , Hibbert F. Alan , Clements Colin F.
Published: February 2017

The Somerset Levels are the largest area of low-lying ground in south-west England, covering an extensive region between the highlands of Exmoor, the Brendon Hills and the Quantock Hills to the west, and the Cotswold and Mendip Hills to the east (Pl. XXIII, inset). The Quantock Hills and the Mendip Hills directly border the Levels themselves, and reach heights of over 250 metres above sea level. The valley between extends to 27 metres below sea level, but is filled to approximately the height of the present sea by a blue-grey clay. The Levels are bisected by the limestone hills of the Poldens, and both parts have other smaller areas of limestone and sand projecting above the peat deposits that cap the blue-grey clay filling. In this paper we are concerned with the northern part of the Levels, an area at present drained by the River Brue.

The flat, peat-covered floor of the Brue Valley is some six kilometres wide and is flanked on the north by the Wedmore Ridge, and on the south by the Polden Hills (Pl. XXIII). In the centre of the valley, surrounded by the peat, is a group of islands of higher ground, Meare, Westhay, and Burtle. These islands, which would always have provided relatively dry ground in the Levels, are linked together by Neolithic trackways of the third millennium B.C. Several of these trackways formed the basis of a paper in these Proceedings in 1968 (Coles and Hibbert, 1968), which continued the work of Godwin and others (Godwin, 1960; Dewar and Godwin, 1963).
Bone Dice and the Scottish Iron Age
Authors: Clarke D. V.
Published: February 2017

Parallelopiped bone dice form a small but important group in the bonework of the Scottish Iron Age. The overwhelming mass of this material has been produced by excavations in which the stratigraphy has not, save in exceptional circumstances, been recorded. Moreover, the large assemblages are from sites which give every indication of being multi-period, notably the brochs and wheelhouses of the Atlantic Province (the Province is defined in Piggott, 1966, 5, 4, fig. 1). This lack of meaningful cultural or chronological groups has been an open invitation to select those objects, with parallels in the supposedly better defined and dated groups to the south, in order to draw wide-ranging inferences concerning the pre-history of Scotland. Such a procedure enables the bulk of the material to be ignored assui generis. It is not the writer's intention to produce another study of the might-have-beens of the Scottish Iron Age, but rather to present a corpus of the dice and to consider the previous interpretations in which these dice have formed part of the evidence.
The Excavation of a Beaker Settlement at Belle Tout, East Sussex, England
Authors: Bradley Richard
Published: February 2017

Belle Tout is the second of a series of headlands where the South Downs meet the English Channel between Eastbourne and Brighton. Three kilometres to its east, the chalk downland comes to an end at Beachy Head, while Birling Gap immediately to the west provides direct access to the shoreline. Belle Tout, in between, is a gorse-capped plateau of virgin downland, 40 hectares in area with chalk cliffs rising to a maximum height of 84 metres (fig. 1).

The even lines of the headland are only broken against the cliffs where a shallow valley runs down towards Birling Gap from the highest point at Belle Tout lighthouse. At a height of 40 metres this valley veers to the south and is cut by the present cliff edge. It was within the valley at this point that the Beaker site was discovered and excavated (NGR TV557956). The natural subsoil throughout is Upper Chalk save within this valley where the chalk is covered by a drift deposit of loam with patches of flint debris laid down under periglacial conditions. Under normal vegetation this surface loam would be acid, but a mildly alkaline reaction in the soil has been brought about by gorse roots penetrating to the underlying chalk.
The Dawning of the Age of Dynamic Theory: Its Implications for Agricultural Economics Research and Teaching
Authors: Trapp James N.
Published: February 2017

The opportunity to present a presidential address provides a rare and unique opportunity. It is perhaps the only time one gets to speak to the profession without your material either being reviewed and corrected before its presentation, or reviewed and corrected by a discussant after your presentation. Indeed the freedom that a presidential address offers takes a little getting used to, but it provides a wonderful opportunity to express one's biases. To you, the members of the profession who took the risk to allow me this opportunity, let me say thank you. I have chosen to use this opportunity to address a topic that I think provides one of the most exciting and potentially productive challenges our profession will face in our lifetimes, that is “The Dawning of the Age of Dynamic Theory.”
Relevancy of the Social Sciences in the Policy Arena: Implications for Agricultural Economics
Authors: Bonnen James T.
Published: February 2017

For decades this society has underinvested in the social sciences relative to the biological and physical sciences. In partial consequence, today the changing agenda of problems of the society falls increasingly into the domain of the social sciences. Ironically the cumulative effect of this underinvestment is now creating a unique window of opportunity for the social sciences.
Price and Value Effects of Pecan Crop Forecasts, 1971–1987
Authors: Shafer Carl E.
Published: February 2017

Price equations incorporating USDA October crop forecasts and June pecan stocks provided reasonable formulations for pecan price explanation and forecasting. USDA crop forecasts exceeded final reported production in 12 of the 18 seasons from 1970 to 1987, probably resulting in slightly lower prices and crop values. Large crop forecast errors in both direction and level in 1986 and 1987 confounded the price determination process. Nevertheless, producer prices may have been lower absent the October crop forecasts, which somewhat reduce buyers' uncertainty regarding supply. Early crop estimates provided a better explanation of price behavior than postseason revised production data.
Varietal Sales and Quality Differentiation: The Case of Certified Soybean Seed in the Southeastern U.S.
Authors: Houston Jack E. , Jeong Kihong , Fletcher Stanley M.
Published: February 2017

Variation in annual soybean plantings contributes to uncertainty in supplies of and demand for soybean seed in the southeastern U.S. This study used an expenditure valuation approach in an hedonic analysis framework to estimate returns to soybean seed quality differentiation. Analysis of pooled cross-sectional and time series observations narrowed important quality characteristics to yield and disease resistance attributes. In general, unexpected environmental factors affect seed crops over time, and the demand for other performance attributes is less predictable than for expected yield attributes. The results also suggest that geographical location is not significantly related to sales of varietal soybean seed in the study area.
Consumer Expenditures at Direct Produce Markets
Authors: Schatzer Raymond Joe , Tilley Daniel S. , Moesel Douglas
Published: February 2017

Interviews of customers at direct produce markets were conducted to determine why expenditure patterns vary. Frequency of shopping at outlets, income, uses of produce, household composition, and distance to the outlet are important determinants of expenditures at direct product outlets.
A Software Package for Teaching Farm Planning
Authors: Levins Richard A. , Johnson Dale M.
Published: February 2017

“Finding Your Agricultural Advantage” is a collection of four programs—one to generate case studies, one to do “trial-and-error” solutions, one to display linear programming solutions, and one to maintain case study data files. The four programs can be used together or individually as instructor preferences dictate in teaching farm planning. A step-by-step method for teaching with the software is presented as an example of its use.
Budget Planner: User-Oriented Whole-Farm Budgeting Software
Authors: Hoag Dana L.
Published: February 2017

Budget Planner is a whole-farm or enterprise budgeting software program that is simple to use for farmers, extension agents, and other budgeters who are sometimes inexperienced, but that also provides the detail necessary to be accurate. Program defaults eliminate repetitive questions that change little from budget to budget. Defaults can be temporarily overridden, or they can be permanently changed with a detailed modify program. The program leads a user through a sequence similar to that a producer might utilize. Input forms were created to enlarge the user clientele and eventually increase computer use by farmers and extension agents.
An Analysis of Lenders' Influence on Agricultural Producers' Risk Management Decisions
Authors: Knight Thomas O. , Lovell Ashley C. , Rister M. Edward , Coble Keith H.
Published: February 2017

Agricultural lenders have a stake in and are in a position to influence their borrowers' management decisions. Risk management practice adoption is an area in which lenders might want to exercise this influence. This study employs logistic statistical models to estimate lenders' influence on crop producers' decisions regarding use of three alternative risk management practices: federal multiple-peril crop insurance, crop hail and fire insurance, and forward contracting. Results suggest lenders can exert significant influence on these decisions but that poor communication between lenders and borrowers likely reduces this influence.
Impact of Reverse Osmosis on Southeast Milk Markets
Authors: Schiek William A. , Babb Emerson M.
Published: February 2017

The Southeast is a net importer of milk and milk products. Milk must be imported from other regions at certain times of the year. Reverse osmosis (RO) is a new processing technology which could significantly reduce milk transportation costs between regions by removing half the water from raw milk prior to shipment. A network flow algorithm, which incorporates federal milk orders and solves for the least cost procurement pattern, was used to assess the impact of RO on southeast milk marketing orders under alternative raw product pricing scenarios.
A Further Look at the Effect of Federal Tax Laws on Optimal Machinery Replacement
Authors: VanTassell Larry W. , Nixon Clair J.
Published: February 2017

Self-employment taxes, “effective” marginal tax rates, and discounting schemes which allow for alternative purchase and disposal dates of machinery are incorporated into the traditional optimal replacement interval model. Empirical results indicate that these alterations decrease the optimal replacement intervals by up to three years from those obtained with traditional modeling assumptions. Inclusion of self-employment taxes decreases both the penalty attached to early replacement and the net present value (cost) of tractor ownership.
Testing for Aggregation and Simultaneous Bias in U.S. Soybean Export Equations
Authors: Arnade Carlos A. , Davison Cecil W.
Published: February 2017

Most previous estimates of elasticities of export demand for U.S. soybeans have emanated from single import equations subject to aggregation and simultaneous equation bias. This analysis tests U.S. soybean export data for aggregation and simultaneous equation bias and divides the aggregate data into six market equations to reduce these biases. Elasticity estimates from the six equations are compared with elasticity estimates from single equation OLS and 2SLS estimations using the same aggregate data. Results suggest that distortions from unjustified 2SLS estimation may exceed those from aggregation bias.
Reduced Risk Rotations for Fresh Vegetable Crops: An Analysis for the Sand Mountain and Tennessee Valley Regions of Alabama
Authors: Zwingli Michael E. , Hardy William E. , Adrian John L.
Published: February 2017

A mixed integer linear programming model was developed to simulate the decision environment faced by an entry-level vegetable producer contemplating production for the whole-sale market. The model included activities which permitted consideration of 13 vegetable crops within a spring, summer, and fall rotational system. Rotations were permitted within given bounds established by marketing, rotational, and price risk constraints. Rotations were generally stable with respect to markets and relative to crop mixes as target income and acceptable negative deviation levels were varied. Spring and fall broccoli and turnip greens and late spring-summer yellow and zucchini squash were dominant crops in the triple crop rotations in the Atlanta and Cincinnati markets.
Irrigation and Potential Diversification Benefits in Humid Climates
Authors: Vandeveer Lonnie R. , Paxton Kenneth W. , Lavergne David R.
Published: February 2017

Income variability and means for managing risk continue to receive much attention in farm management research. In this paper, irrigation is presented as a risk-management strategy that offers potential diversification benefits. Potential diversification opportunities largely result from a wider range of enterprise production activities. A portfolio analysis of dryland and irrigated farm scenarios indicates that income stabilizing and diversification effects of irrigation substantially modify the risk-return position of a typical farm in northeast Louisiana. Safety-first considerations along with Target MOT AD programming procedures also are used to evaluate the impact of irrigation on the farm's financial performance.
XLAYER: An Expert System Providing Management Advice to Commercial Layer Managers
Authors: Schmisseur Ed , Pankratz John
Published: February 2017

XLAYER, an expert/knowledge-based microcomputer program, was designed and developed to diagnose layer management problems and recommend expert remedial management advice. The program also provokes management action by calculating the economic loss attributed to major management problems. It analyzes data generated by a commercially marketed layer performance financial microcomputer program and has demonstrated the ability to emulate poultry management experts in the diagnoses of 80 individual layer management problems. The program provides scarce expert poultry management advice to poultry layer managers regardless of size and scale of operation.
The Retail Price Effect of the Kentucky and Tennessee Milk Marketing Laws
Authors: Edwards W.F. , Thompson James F.
Published: February 2017

Retail prices of milk in Kentucky and Tennessee are compared following the abolishment of Kentucky's Milk Marketing Law. Data and comparisons are also presented from the six adjacent states having no milk marketing law.
Monopsonistic Food Processing and Farm Prices: The Case of the West Alabama Catfish Industry
Authors: Kinnucan Henry , Sullivan Gregory
Published: February 2017

Increasing concentration in food processing has important economic implications for agricultural producers and consumers. This paper addresses the issue by focusing on a case where pure monopsony conditions appear to hold–catfish processing in West Alabama. Farm-level impacts of the market power imbalance are described via a six equation theoretical model. Results show price elasticity of farm supply governing the economic incentive to the processor for exploiting its market power: less (more) elastic supply implies greater (lesser) divergence between competitive and monopsony price. The theoretical model is operationalized using an indirect procedure recently suggested by Houck for estimating farm level supply elasticities. Based on these supply elasticities and historical prices, the model predicts a 12-35 percent potential reduction in prices received by West Alabama producers as a result of market power imbalance.
Financial Analysis of On-Farm Grain Drying
Authors: Kiker Clyde , Lieblich Mark
Published: February 2017

Artificial drying of corn in the Southeastern Coastal Plain was shown to be financially feasible for average annual per farm production levels of greater than 10,000 bushels. Net present values for four types of drying systems were evaluated using simulation modeling in which weather conditions, yield levels, and prices were entered as stochastic variables. Scale of production and irrigation substantially influenced crop drying potential. Stochastic efficiency analysis was used to evaluate the riskiness of the investment.
A Mixed-Integer Programming Analysis of the Structure of a Florida-Based Cattle Feeding Industry
Authors: Moseley Anne E. , Spreen Thomas H. , Pheasant Jim W.
Published: February 2017

Florida is typical of many southeastern states in that it exports feeder cattle and imports carcass and boxed beef. The objective of this paper is to estimate the cost of retaining feeder cattle in Florida, feeding these cattle to slaughter weights, slaughtering them, and distributing the meat to retail outlets. A mixed integer programming model is developed. The optimal number and location of feedlots and slaughter plants are determined. The results indicate that at production levels exceeding 600,000 head, the cost of producing carcass beef in the State is comparable to the average for the United States.
Validation of Linear Programming Models
Authors: McCarl Bruce A. , Apland Jeffrey
Published: February 2017

Systematic approaches to validation of linear programming models are discussed for prescriptive and predictive applications to economic problems. Specific references are made to a general linear programming formulation, however, the approaches are applicable to mathematical programming applications in general. Detailed procedures are outlined for validating various aspects of model performance given complete or partial sets of observed, real world values of variables. Alternative evaluation criteria are presented along with procedures for correcting validation problems.