bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ecology and Peace Research
Authors: Gjessing Gutorm
Published: March 2007

Starting with Johan Galtung's 'Structural theory of aggression', the article empha sizes the ecological background of conflicts, particularly conversion of energy through plants and animals. The role of the horse is dealt with more extensively and exemplified by pastoral nomads, Plains Indians, etc. Group conflicts seem to be concomitant to the introduction of new mechanisms of conversion of energy. One of the most striking characteristics of industrialism is precisely the constant and strongly accelerating stream of new methods of converting energy.

'The white race' has been considered beyond comparison the most warlike of all 'races', and there is much evidence to suggest that its warlike traditions lead back even to the earliest Indo-European migrations in Late Neolithic time and the Bronze Age.

As the acquisition of new instruments of conversion of energy seems to promote belligerence - whereas again war means an enormous stimulus to technological development - the 'output — feedback - input' model probably should be applicable to the study of war.

Since war is a structural phenomenon apparently endemic in Western industrialized countries, their structures, and accordingly their values, have to be changed in correla tion to inter-state structures in the direction of social and economical equality. This would mean values which make for cooperation rather than rivalry; creative, constructive activity instead of aggression.
Foreign Policy Thinking in the Elite and the General Population
Authors: Hveem Helge
Published: March 2007

This article presents a profile of the peace thinking of a Norwegian elite sample, and tests some hypotheses derived from Galtung's center-periphery theory. Data were collected in 1967 by interviews and questionnaires, mostly structured, among a foreign policy elite sample and — for comparative purposes — among a so-called opinion- maker sample. These data are to some degree compared with Norwegian opinion survey data.

The main findings are that the elite's peace thinking, as shown by its operational peace profile, is centered around stability, evolutionary change, and gradualistic peace policies. Middle-range or regionalistic policies are preferred to long-range (globalistic) and short-range (intra-national or individual); tough policies to soft (or 'idealistic')- ones. The so-called projection hypothesis derived from the center-periphery theory is given substantial backing, and it is established — although with some important modifications — that the elite may be seen as an ultra-center of society.
The Role of I.L.O. Standards in the Global Integration Process
Authors: Dahl Karl Nandrup
Published: March 2007

This article investigates how the I.L.O. standards have been utilized by the member states as instruments in the integration process. Data are presented to illuminate two basic questions:

1) Which states ratify which conventions, and why?

2) Is the impetus behind the development of the system of I.L.O. conventions into an instrument in the global integration process, political or functional in nature ?

The study is based partly on a historical survey and partly on an investigation carried out by methods used in political science and in international law. The two main hypotheses are these:

1) As the I.L.O. conventions are principally adapted to fit into the systems in 'rich countries', the conventions play their greatest rôle in integration processes involving industrialized countries.

2)What is decisive for a government's acceding to an I.L.O. convention is whether the convention calls for expensive national measures, and whether the state has sufficient administrative capacity and/or adequate basis in its national economy.

From this survey and investigation we may establish the following: The 'club' of dominating industrial states which created the I.L.O. and formulated its policy managed to get the rest of the world to accept their programme. The number of member states outside Europe grew slowly during the first thirty years of the I.L.O.'s existence, and no strong group of states entered the I.L.O. en bloc, or otherwise con stituted a threatening faction to the established organization.

I.L.O. conventions are mostly in use as instruments in the process of integration among the industrialized countries. As the reason for low ratification frequency is not political differences between the member states, we must seek it in lacking adminis trative capacity or weak economy.

There is clear correlation between ratification frequencies and the gross domestic product of states concerned. Again, a state's economic conditions are decisive for its ratifying I.L.O. conventions, while political systems seem to be unimportant in this respect. Indeed, it seems quite rare that political considerations prevent ratification of vital I.L.O. conventions.
Victory in Modern War
Authors: O'Connor Raymond G.
Published: March 2007

O'Connor attempts three main things here: (1) a discussion of the variety of meanings attributed to the term "victory"; (2) a survey of how various war endings from the American Revolution to contemporary wars of national liberation measure up to these conceptions of victory (what did " victory" mean in each case to the belligerents? did the outcome constitute "victory"?); and (3) a discussion of various factors influencing the outcome of warfare today. In treating these subjects, O'Connor provides the reader with some two dozen definitions or conceptions of victory; about the same number of different observations concerning war aims, changes in war aims, and their role; and some six dozen circumstances or factors influencing the termination of wars. In addition, he offers a variety of generalizations about how wars end which may serve as subjects for further investigation.
What Is a Conflict of Interest ?
Authors: Bergström Lars
Published: March 2007

It is often pointed out that conflicts of interest are - or should be - of great importance in social science. However, it seems to be far from clear what a conflict of interest is. The main purpose of this paper is to present a preliminary but fairly systematic survey of dif ferent interpretations or definitions of 'conflict of interest'. Intra-party conflicts are not discussed. As a point of departure it is assumed that there is a conflict of interest between two parties if, and only if, their interests are incompatible. The problematic terms here are 'interest' and 'incompatible'. These are very seldom defined in social science. The meaning of 'interest' is discussed in sections 3 and 4; subjectivistic, objectivistic, naturalistic, and normative interpretations of this term are distinguished and exemplified. The meaning of 'incompatible' is discussed in section 5. It is sometimes held that conflict theorists tend to neglect 'real' conflicts of interest. The content of this claim is discussed in the last section.
Financial and Industrial Oligarchy: Present Structure and Some Trends
Authors: Arosalo Uolevi , Väyrynen Raimo
Published: March 2007

The paper contains an analysis, based on the 300 biggest industrial corporations and commercial banks, of the degree of concentration of various types of capital. First some techniques of concen tration are explored. At the transnational level, the most conspicuous phenomenon is the forma tion of new types of international teams between banks, teams which imply ever-closer ties between banks. Contributing to increasing concentration are the foreign operations - establishment of repre sentative offices and branches - of major banks.

Some long-term aspects on the degree of con centration are also touched on. These explorations indicate that the degree of concentration has increased considerably since the beginning of the 20th century. Especially (West) Germany and Great Britain have declined in importance, while countries like the US, Japan, and Italy have increased their financial power. The overall con centration of capital power among nations is marked. In the field of banking and multinational business corporations, the degree of concentration is not so conspicuous, although US banks and BINGOs account for 35-40 % of the total activi ties. Neither is the rank order of various nations completely the same; for example Japan has a more dominant role in banking than in other fields, and Great Britain has gained relatively more dominance in the system of BINGOs.

The bulk of the article consists of descriptive analysis of the degree of concentration of capital power and changes in it, but the authors also carry out some explanatory investigations. These investigations indicate, among other things, that the 'free flow' of capital - advocated by OECD - does not change the structure of capital con centration, and that industrial capital alone determines the extent of outflowing capital. Furthermore, the data clearly indicate a division of labor between smaller West European states: relatively speaking, the Netherlands and Switzer land are centers of industrial capital; whereas e.g. Belgium, a political centrum of Western Europe, is much weaker in this respect. The authors also indicate the impact of the war in Vietnam on the banking activities in this region: the most im portant banks of the area have grown very rapidly. This finding is clearly connected with the tendency of finance capital to become involved in large-scale violent conflicts.
The Concept of Violence
Authors: Pontara Giuliano
Published: March 2007

In recent years the problem of defining 'violence' has occupied a growing number of political philosophers, political scientists, and peace researchers. Unfortunately, thinking in this field has been vitiated by the methodological shortcoming that none or too little attention has been paid to the problem of clearly stating the conditions of adequacy that, relative to a given context, it is reasonable to demand that a definition of violence should satisfy in order to be acceptable (in that context). In this paper three conditions of adequacy are stated, i. e. a condi tion of normative adequacy, a condition of theoretical adequacy, and a condition of descriptive adequacy. The first one is introduced on the basis of a normative assumption which seems often to be made by peace researchers. The second one is introduced on the basis of some important empirical hypotheses on violence and nonviolence which peace researchers have discussed. The third one is introduced in order to keep in touch with common usage. It is then argued that recently proposed definitions of violence do not satisfy some or any of these requirements. Finally, definitions of violence and nonviolence are proposed which seem to satisfy the stated requirements and therefore to be particularly fruitful in the context of peace research.
Problems in Large-Scale Social Economic Systems
Authors: Gottinger Hans W.
Published: March 2007

This paper attempts to show how complexity can defeat the analysis, prediction and control of large-scale dynamic systems. Some characteristics and facets of complexity are explored, and three research strategies are discussed which lead to a satisfactory treatment of complexity in dynamic systems. The research strategies relate to

(i) the control-theoretic, hierarchical approach,

(ii) the design-oriented, algebraic approach,

(iii) models using catastrophe theory.

The virtues of these approaches are compared, and some practical difficulties in dealing with complex systems are discussed.
Research Communication: Global Compassion and Compulsion
Authors: Eckhardt William
Published: March 2007

Research mostly by Canadian peace researchers on attitudes and policies at the personal, group and national level toward international issues in summarized and discussed.

The organizing concept is the compassion — compulsion dimension, compassionate views representing values such as freedom, justice, peace, and globalism, whereas compulsion tends to stand for militarism, pushishment, religiousness. The main part of this RC deals with compassion at the global level, drawing upon a 19 nation study covering 14 policy areas. Among other things, the analysis shows that China is the most, the United States the least 'compassionate' nation, the developing countries on the whole being more compas sionate than the developed ones.
Rationality, Bureaucratic Politics and Belief System: Explaining the Chinese Policy Debate, 1964-66
Authors: Chan Steve
Published: March 2007

An understanding of the belief systems of foreign policy elites is necessary for any meaningful application of both the rational actor and the bureaucratic politics approaches of analysis. This argument is pursued through a case study of the policy debate between Chinese leaders during 1964-66. The analysis identifies the cognitive-analytic bases for the policy disagree ments between Peking officials, thus indicating which issues seem particularly likely to generate bureaucratic politics disputes. At the same time, this effort delineates the key logics and rationales in the Peking government's policy calculation. Such clarification is necessary if rational actor models are to yield accurate and powerful predictions of govern mental policy responses.
Incompatibility, Confrontation, and War: Four Models and Three Historical Systems, 1816—1976
Authors: Wallensteen Peter
Published: March 2007

Incompatibilities based on the functions of the state and the system of states are often thought to give rise to confrontations and war. Departing from the exclusive characteristics of the state, four models built around different incompatibilities can be constructed: the Geopolitik, Realpolitik, Kapitalpolitik, and Idealpolitik models. The inter-state system since 1816 can, furthermore, be seen as three consecutive systems, where the four models predict conflict behaviour in different pairs of major states. Carrying out such a test, with the use of Correlates of War data, all models have some explanatory power, but only one version of the Idealpolitik model manages to capture more than two-thirds of all war relations between major states. Also, the results demonstrate how the three systems relate to each other in a logical evolution, with only one more step to take, but at the cost of humankind.
Elements of the Modern Concept of Peace
Authors: Bönisch Alfred
Published: March 2007

This article surveys and criticizes classical bourgeois definitions of peace as well as those in common use in Western peace research today, seeing their main weakness in a lack of comprehension of the relationship between peace and societal forces and the class struggle. Today, political and military détente must be seen as basic elements of peace, and must be assembled in an adequate relationship to each other, bearing in mind the changing cor relation of forces. Increasing economic and scientific cooperation between the opposed systems has an important role to play in this respect. In order to create the conditions for lasting peace, antagonistic class structures have to be abolished.
The Reporting of Military Expenditures
Authors: Brzoska Michael
Published: March 2007

Strong assumptions about the military sector are often made from weak data. This is as true for military expenditure data as for other data series. This judgement holds true despite the number of well known and highly reputed institutions putting out military expenditure data. These institutions must either rely totally on figures released by national governments or on information by secret services which cannot be controlled. Besides the problems associated with data origins (definitions of military expenditures, bad reporting by governments), there are problems associated with data preparation. Different sources on military expend iture utilize different modes of data preparation. Rearrangements in time, inflation correction and conversion into a common currency increase the uncertainties about data on military expenditures. The problem revolves around purposes of the data services.

Two primary issues for interest in military expenditure data include military strength and opportunity costs. The second issue should be singled out; there are large conceptual dif ficulties with the former. However, some sources frequently confuse the issues. The inter national comparability of military expenditure data is severely limited when common exchange rates are used. This should suggest extreme care for researchers who use military expenditure data taken from what is generally viewed as authoritative sources.
Confrontational Behavior and Escalation to War 1816-1980: A Research Plan
Authors: Singer J. David
Published: March 2007

The understanding of international war, like many complex social events, may be - and has been - ap proached from a range of theoretical perspectives and via a variety of research strategies. Outside of the work of Bloch (1898), Sorokin (1936), Richardson (1941), and Wright (1942), however, there was little re search of a scientific nature until the mid-1960s. And while these past fifteen years have certainly not given us a compelling theory of international war, they have seen a steady growth in cumulative knowledge regar ding the correlates of war. These results, despite the expected mix of inconsistencies and anomalies, provide us with some sense of the factors that are most consistently associated with war over the last century and a half, along with some tentative insights into the rising and declining potency of these factors.
Military-Industrial Cooperation
Authors: Barth Magne
Published: March 2007

The article begins with the observation that arms production is today characterized by increasing multinationalization and export orientation. The case of Norway as a small arms producing country is then investigated with regard to the military-industrial schemes of cooperation with West Germany. The bilateral production arrangements - be it mere compensation or more advance forms of co production or joint development - are linked to the pattern of general economic interaction and in dustry-and-energy cooperation between the two countries. It is pointed out that Norwegian arms in dustries have come to export an increasing share of their total military production, even if military production as share of overall production has gone up and down. It is argued that political initiatives are crucial in establishing the framework for bilateral cooperation, due to the strong element of pro tectionism in the international armaments market. Even with strong political support, however, Norwegian arms production is a business with inherent risks. The export orientation of these indus tries, West Germany's long established role as a partner, and the bargaining power inherent in the Norwegian energy resources, lead to the conclusion that West Germany will be an important partner for Norway also in the future.
State-Based Accumulation and Economic Dependence: Toward an Optimal Policy
Authors: Sylvan David J.
Published: March 2007

This paper develops and evaluates an optimal strategy for the reduction of economic dependence in under developed countries where accumulation is solely under the control of the state. The paper is divided into several parts: 1) the derivation from the dependencia literature of criteria for assessing dependence reduc tion ; 2) the specification of a particular type of situation in which dependence reduction could be pursued, along with the likely constraints on such a situation on any regime attempting to implement such a goal; 3) the derivation and explication of the optimal strategy; 4) assessment of the validity and stability of the strat egy. It is concluded that for the specific type of country considered, the optimal strategy for dependence re duction would be beneficial to the peasants, but for that reason, unstable over the long run.
The Many-Pronged Spear: External Military Intervention in Civil Wars in the 1970s
Authors: Dunér Bertil
Published: March 2007

When external powers intervene in a civil war, this fact seldom remains unknown to the world. There is an abundant documentation of at least the large-scale civil wars which have taken place in modern times. How ever, students of international politics have been fairly slow to make use of this material in order to try to discover the overall patterns.

One point of missing knowledge concerns the anatomy of the intervention itself. In this article I am deal ing with the variety of the forms of incursion from abroad. If one distinguishes between various forms (in struments) a more detailed picture of the phenomenon can be arrived at. But differentiation also opens up possibilities of a new kind. Aspects such as the level of intervention and the combination of instruments can be brought into the picture, for instance.

A framework for the analysis of military intervention is outlined and an analysis with reference to seven civil wars during the 1970s is presented. The focus is upon hypotheses and questions of different kinds, re lating to scholarly discussions about the nature of external involvement, the interveners, and to aspects of escalation.
Stopping the Arms Race in Outer Space
Authors: Din Allan M.
Published: March 2007

The militarization of outer space has been accelerating in recent years and is likely to reach a climax sometime during the second half of this decade. The advent of spacebased weapon systems is particularly disquieting and a consequence of such a development will be an increasing risk for triggering — either accidentally or intentionally — a nuclear war. Existing arms control treaties, like the ABM treaty, appear to offer a gradually diminishing protection against this growing military buildup and a special effort will be needed to stop the trend.
Diffusion of War: Some Theoreticai Considerations and Empirical Evidence
Authors: Faber Jan , Houweling Henk W. , Siccama Jan G.
Published: March 2007

In quantitative research into the causes of war there is a tradition in asking the question whether there is any systematic pattern in time. Do wars come in cycles? Is there an upward trend in the frequency of warfare or are wars disappearing gradually? In addition, some investigations have been made on the war-proneness of nations. Are some nations inclined to fight more than others? Or are chances that states resort to violence equal? Using the data collected in the Correlates of War (COW) Project, this study attempts to test the interactive effects of temporal and spatial aspects of warfare over the period 1816-1980. Results show that outbreaks of war within specific regions (Europe, the Americas, Asia, the Middle East and Africa) are not related to outbreaks elsewhere in the international system. Furthermore, warfare in Europe has a distinct epidemiological character, while in other regions it has not.
Twenty-Five Years of Peace Research: Ten Challenges and Some Responses
Authors: Galtung Johan
Published: March 2007

The article is an effort to discuss ten major dilemmas of peace research as the field has evolved over the last 25 years: the definition of peace research; peace as absence of violence (including structural violence); violence as obstacles to basic needs satisfaction; extension to peace in nature, human and social spaces (not only the global space); the dialectic between research, education and action; the social role of the peace researcher; the basic strategies of peace action; the methods of peace research; the choice of intellectual style; the conception of peace in various civilizations. The central conclusion is that the basic concern of peace research is the reduction of violence of all kinds; this is done by progressively removing barriers in space (transnational, global studies), in the organization of knowledge (transdisciplinary, holistic studies), in time (integrating empirical studies of the past, critical studies of the present and constructive studies for the future). As such peace research can also be seen as an effort, along with development, future and woman studies, to counteract fragmentation in the social sciences.
The Political Economy of Information: The Impact of Transborder Data Flows
Authors: Wilson Laurie J. , Al-Muhanna Ibrahim
Published: March 2007

Developments in communication technology as change agents in international relations have been given little more than passing reference in much of the international studies literature. Such advances, however, and especially the most recent developments, are believed by these authors to be critical factors in changing and shaping the world system. The authors isolated transborder data flows to illustrate the overall impact of technological developments, and examined the technology itself, and its political and economic role in the world system. Specifically discussed are the relationships between multinational corporations and states, the information policies of governments, and the current and potential ramifications of transborder data flows technology on policy making. Finally, the authors make recommendations for policy makers on three levels: international, regional, and national. Specifically recommended are: 1) increased involvement of international organizations; 2) establishment of an international mechanism for the cooperative management of transborder data flows; 3) regional cooperation to employ transborder data flows in development and trade; 4) increased awareness on the part of developing nations of the impacts of transborder data flows on economic and political development; 5) concrete and cooperative national policy to ward off international tension and disharmony over transborder data flows and direct them toward facilitating world peace and development.
The US Catholic Bishops and the Nuclear Crisis
Authors: Kim Samuel S.
Published: March 2007

In May 1983 the National Conference of Catholic Bishops of the United States issued its comprehensive Pastoral Letter on War and Peace, The Challenge of Peace: God's Promise and Our Response. The main purpose of this essay is to apply a world order perspective in critically evaluating three sets of key issues. First, which tradition of Christian thinking on war and peace did the bishops follow and how relevant is this tradition as the dominant pa radigm for charting an alternative, effective response to the nuclear crisis? Second, what kind of moral assessment did the bishops make of the nuclear crisis, in particular on the legitimacy of nuclear weapons, nuclear deterrence, and the use of nuclear weapons? And third — and by way of conclusion — the paper assesses the impact of the Pastoral on the current nuclear debate, on public policy, and on long-term system transformation.
100th Issue of the Review : Was the Recession Forecast?
Authors: Surrey M.J.C.
Published: March 2007

This paper is concerned with two limited but complex questions: to what extent was the recession of 1979–81 foreseen in the forecasts made while I was Editor in 1977–9, and does the experience of that episode provide any general lessons for forecasters?
Educating for Productivity: Comparisons of Japanese and English Schooling and Vocational Preparation
Authors: Prais S.J.
Published: March 2007

The high technical quality and reliability of Japanese manufactures raises questions of how the training and education of their workforce differs from Britain's. The standards reached by Japanese 15-18 year-olds in their technical and vocational secondary schools—and the number of pupils reaching them—are described in this paper and compared with Britain, as well as the standards reached in mathematics during compulsory schooling till 15. This article follows earlier studies of German and French schooling and vocational preparation (see this Review, August 1983, February and May 1985, and May 1986).

Japan … can hardly fail to become a teacher ere long. Alfred Industry and Trade, 1923.
Chapter II. The World Economy
Authors: Barrell R.J. , Gurney Andrew
Published: March 2007

The overall outlook: longer-term prospects The second half of the 1980s has seen relatively strong, and rising growth in most of the major seven economies. This performance has been accompanied by a slow increase in the average rate of inflation. This combination was aided by the fall in world oil prices in 1986 and weak commodity prices. Only toward the end of the decade did strong growth begin to put pressure on commodity prices, and then only temporarily because of stock shortages of metals and minerals. The world economy was also operating with some degree of spare capacity in 1986 and 1987, allowing a period of sustained non-inflationary growth.
Welfare Benefits the Duration of Single Parenthood
Authors: Ermisch John , Wright Robert E.
Published: March 2007

The number of one parent families has risen by about 80 per cent since 1971, reaching just over a million in 1986. (Haskey 1989). In 1986, they made up 14 per cent of all families with dependent children, and the primary reason for this large increase is marital breakup: about 70 per cent of the increase is attributable to the growth in the number of divorced and separated mothers. At present, 90 per cent of single parents are women, and ¾ of mothers heading one parent families have previously been married.
The UK Economy
Authors: Young Garry
Published: March 2007

Most of the economic news since our last forecast in May points to an earlier reduction in the rate of economic growth in the UK than we had been expecting at that time. At the aggregate level, GDP growth for the first quarter of the year was revised downwards slightly to 0.7 per cent and growth in the second quarter is estimated to have fallen to 0.6 per cent. Recent business surveys indicate less optimism than was apparent in the earlier part of the year. Other recent figures are indicative of a lack of optimism among households: the weakness of retail sales has continued, house prices have fallen again and the decline in the level of unemployment has abated. A similar pattern is being observed outside of the UK with growth falling more quickly than expected in most of the G7 countries.
Black Power: The Politics of Existence
Authors: Sivanandan A.
Published: March 2007

"Enclosing an article which appeared in The Liberator in June 1970, A. Sivanandan, a Ceylonese living in England since 1958, wrote a covering letter which ran as follows:"

I have written this piece with great trepidation. I am not, in the literal sense of the term, a Black man, or an American. Nor do I merit, in terms of action, that title of revolutionary which might allow me an entry into your parleys. I have, further, no right to talk to you about your problems.

But if you will extend to me Malcolm X's definition of color, then I see no dichotomy between your concern for your people and mine-united as we are by a common oppression and a common hope.

For too long the peoples of South Asia have kept out of your conference chambers—for too long you have kept them out. America is not only in Vietnam and Laos and Cambodia. America is in our countries too-the

power behind all our thrones. And the elites of our countries appear less likely to give up power than those in the countries of Nyerere and Obote and Boumedienne. To be Western and English-speaking is still their ambition. Identity-tribal, communal, linguistic-is a ploy to keep native peoples apart.

In these circumstances, the thinking, the experience of Black Americans has become very much a part of our own. You reflect our problems, our concerns, our possible solutions. Your furious debate between cultural and revolutionary nationalism has particular bearing on the linguistic nationalism that threatens to tear my own country (Ceylon) apart. Your problem, you see, is mine-in more ways than one. That is my justification for intruding these reflections on you.
Qualitative Simulation of Electrical and Mechanical Systems
Authors: James Paul
Published: March 2007

This paper describes a qualitative simulation method for electrical switching circuits in which variables have atomic values such as low and high. Although this method can be applied to switching circuits, it cannot be used to simulate the behavior of a system such as an hydraulic system. This is because the values of the variables need to be described in more detail. This paper explains why more numerical information is required for the hydraulic system and then describes a qualitative simulation method for simulating one. In this method, fuzzy sets are used to represent approximate values and behavior is described using fuzzy arithmetic operators and fuzzy rules.
Simulation Study Aids Halon Replacement Effort for Combat Aircraft
Authors: Crawford Angela B. , Bauer Kenneth W.
Published: March 2007

In cooperation with the Montreal Protocol to eliminate ozone depleting compounds, the Air Force is searching for feasible alternatives to halon fire suppressants. The effort reported here was the first step in developing an overall simulation model to help screen fire suppressant alternatives. A continuous simulation model was developed to predict fuel fire ignition in an aircraft dry bay and fuel tank caused by the detonation of a high explosive incendiary (HEI) projectile. The model, written in the SLAM II simulation language, predicts temperature and pressure conditions in the dry bay and fuel tank continuously by integrating a set of four simultaneous equations. The matrix of equations is based on the ideal gas law and conservation of inass, energy, and species equations. The simulation is unique in that it combines an HEI threat with continuously modeled dry bay and fuel tank environments. This simulation has been validated against available empirical data. Future enhancements are underway to better characterize the HEI fragmentation and blast wave pressures and also to add the fire suppression subroutines needed to evaluate the halon alternatives.
Automatic Simulator Generation System
Authors: Kang Sungho , Szygenda Stephen A.
Published: March 2007

The Automatic Simulator Generation System (ASG) is the first CAD tool which can automatically generate simulators, along with all simulation models. Also, as in the case that a certain simulator is already being used, it can be used as an automatic model generator to upgrade the capability of the simulator. Using this system, simulation automation can be achieved by providing the same environment for model generation and simulation.
Generating Antithetic Random Variates in Simulation of a Replacement Process by Rejection Method
Authors: Mahlooji Hashem
Published: March 2007

Analysis of a replacement process provides the needed insight into prediction of the replacement requirements of a system. Accurate prediction of such requirements can lead to cost savings as well as improved system performance. When the component lives are not exponentially distributed, simulation becomes a potentially suitable method of analysis. This paper deals with Gamma distributed component lives whose deviates are generated through the so-called Rejection Method. It will be shown that antithetic random deviates can be generated through the rejection method to estimate the renewal function in a single component replacement process. A theorem proved by George is modified and extended to the case at hand. Finally, an algorithm is developed, and along with the experimental results, will be presented. A replacement process is chosen as an example through which to verify the merits of the proposed algorithm.
Simulation and Verification of Protocol Using Deductive Machine
Authors: Lai R. , Li X.
Published: March 2007

This paper describes the technique of simulating and verifying communication protocols using a computer-aided tool, called Deductive Machine, which implements some verification theories that are based on Deductive Systems. The merit of using Deductive Machine is that it simulates the execution of a protocol and at the same time verifies the protocol against certain properties by observing the outcome of the execution. By simply adding one or more new rules concerning the new situations, conducting the simulation exercise again and checking the outcomes against some protocol verification theories, one can conclude whether the protocol still works well under the new conditions. Simulation and verification of a protocol can thus be performed in an incremental manner. The results of using the Deductive Machine to simulate and verify the extended alternating bit protocol, with real life conditions taken into consideration, are reported in this paper in order to demonstrate the usefulness of the tool and the viability of this technique to simulate and verify complex communication protocols.
Power Simulation for All Electric Combat Vehicles
Authors: Fish Scott
Published: March 2007

Research and development of electric weapons is currently in progress in several countries for their benefits of higher muzzle velocities and insensitive munitions compared with conventional chemical guns. The integration of these weapons aboard land based vehicles will likely require careful consideration of the energy balances and power flows to all of the major loads aboard. Leveraging against ongoing research in electric drive trains capitalizes on a common power system bus and sharing of prime power between these loads, and such conceptual vehicles are classified as "all electric". Early conceptual studies of "all electric" vehicle power systems under the complex dynamic loadings experienced in real mission profiles are needed to optimally configure and size their components. This paper describes a power simulation model built in the Matlab/ Simulink programming environment, which allows these early studies to be rapidly conducted. This tool can also be used to evaluate the relative penalty in mobility and firepower performance for degradation in selected component characteristics, thus highlighting weak links in the power system architecture. An example case study is presented showing the influence of reduced weapon pulsed energy storage on the mobility and firing performance of the vehicle in an offensive type mission profile.
Integrating Concurrent and Conservative Distributed Discrete-Event Simulators
Authors: Hoeger Herbert R. , Jones Douglas W.
Published: March 2007

There have been many attempts to apply parallel computers to discrete-event simulation. These may be divided into two main approaches, distributed simulation and concurrent simulation. Distributed simulation relies on a spatial decomposition and partitions the simulation model into components that can be executed on different processors. Concurrent simulation is based on a temporal decomposition.

This paper focuses on the integration of these two approaches; we call our result an integrated conservative distributed concurrent simulator. This is a distributed simulator with concurrency added to each model component. To do so, a shared- memory environment was used, and both approaches were unified to an event- centered view. We also partitioned the global concurrent pending-event set of the concurrent simulator and provided each model component in the distributed simulator with a local concurrent pending-event set, allowing us to add concurrency to each model component.
Dynamic Simulation of Hanford Tank Waste Remediation System
Authors: Harmsen Robert W. , Zimmerman Bruce D.
Published: March 2007

Cleaning up and disposing of approximately 50 years of nuclear waste is the main mission at the U.S.

Department of Energy's Hanford Nuclear Reserva tion, located in the southeastern part of the State of Washington. A major element of the total cleanup effort involves retrieving, processing, and disposing of radioactive and hazardous waste stored in 177 underground storage tanks. This effort, referred to as the Tank Waste Remediation System (TWRS), is expected to cost billions of dollars and take approxi mately 25 years to complete.

Several computer simulations of this project are being created, focusing on both programmatic and detailed engineering issues. This paper describes one such simulation activity, using the ithink™ computer simulation software.

The ithink™ simulation includes a representation of the complete TWRS cleanup system, from retrieval of waste through intermediate processing and final vitrification of waste for disposal. Major issues addressed to date by the simulation effort include the need for new underground storage tanks to support TWRS activities, and the estimated design capacities for various processing facilities that are required to support legally mandated program commitment dates. This paper discusses how the simulation was used to investigate these questions.
Simulation Study of Task Scheduling and Resequencing in a Multiprocessing System
Authors: Karatza Helen D.
Published: March 2007

The performance of parallel programs such as fork-join jobs is significantly affected by the choice of policy used to schedule tasks.

In this paper we present the results of a simulation study comparing three basic policies that schedule independent tasks in conjunction with resequencing of jobs. A closed queuing network model is considered; the CPU consists of homogeneous and independent processors, each serving its own queue.

The simulation results reveal that the performance of the three policies is affected by the resequencing delay. It is shown that over a wide range of system parameters the first-come-first-served policy exhibits better performance than the policy that gives priority to tasks of a job having the smallest number of tasks. It is also shown that the policy that gives priority to the smallest task performs best when there are large variations in the task service times.
A Discrete-Event Simulation Model for Seaport Operations
Authors: Nevins Michael R. , Macal Charles M. , Joines Joseph C.
Published: March 2007

Discrete-event simulation has been used to assess detailed processes at seaports. Seaport operations are labor-intensive and require extensive use of personnel and machinery. The ability to conduct seaport operations efficiently can be improved significantly through proper utilization of seaport assets. The simulation described has been written in MODSIM II and

addresses seaport operations in the context of military mobility. The simulation allows for multiple cargo types as well as multiple ship types. The overall goal of the simulation has been to determine seaport throughput capability.
Estimating the Size of the HIV/AIDS Epidemic: Complementary Use of the Empirical Bayesian Back-Calculation and the Mover-Stayer Model for Gathering the Largest Amount of Information
Authors: Pasqualucci Cristina , Ravà Lucilla , Rossi Carla , Schinaia Giuseppe
Published: March 2007

The HIV/AIDS epidemic has reached the end of its second decade, and estimations of its size and dynam ics are very important, particularly for developing and planning prevention and therapeutic interventions. Since the HIV infection is characterized by a long asymptomatic period and latency time, observational studies are not suitable to study the epidemic. Dy namic models and the Back-Calculation (BC) methods are two general methodologies which provide estimates and projections of HIV/AIDS incidence and prevalence, while focusing attention on different aspects of the epidemic. For example, the Mover-Stayer (MS) Model, a dynamic compartmental model developed to study the epidemic's spread among a general population, is a useful tool to perform scenario analysis, while the Empirical Bayesian Back-Calculation (EBBC) method allows investigation of the dynamics of the epidemic by risk category. Both methods, with timely updating to reflect changes in the natural history of the HIV/ AIDS epidemic, were recently applied within the EU Concerted Action on Multinational AIDS Scenario Analysis and the Italian Consensus Conference. An overview of some dynamic models and BC methods, and an application of the MS Model and EBBC method to the Italian HIV/AIDS epidemic, are presented here.
Synthetic Traffic Generation Techniques For ATM Network Simulations
Authors: Williamson Carey
Published: March 2007

This paper presents a synthetic traffic modeling approach to generate bursty, long-range depen dent (LRD) traffic flows for ATM network simulations. The approach uses Fractional- ARIMA processes and a set of mathematical transformations to generate traffic streams with a wide range of user-specified traffic char acteristics. With this modeling approach, the user can control the short-range and long- range correlation structure in the generated traffic, as well as the marginal distribution. A description of the techniques is provided, along with a case study illustrating the use of these traffic generation techniques in a capacity planning study for ATM networks.
Simulating Authentication Delay in GSM Networks
Authors: Al-Tawil Khalid
Published: March 2007

Simulation measures are needed to evaluate the authentication protocol used in the Global System for Mobile communication (GSM). A simulation model is presented and used to evaluate the delay introduced by the authenti cation protocol used in GSM. The simulation results show the amount of signaling traffic introduced by the authentication messages in GSM systems.
Integration of the Genetic Algorithm and Discrete-Event Computer Simulation for Decision Support
Authors: McHaney Roger
Published: March 2007

The genetic algorithm, a search algorithm based on the mechanics of natural selection and popula tion genetics, is implemented using a discrete- event computer simulation language. The impe tus behind this study is to integrate a tool typi cally used in the development of descriptive stud ies with a potentially powerful method of optimi zation. The facilities needed to implement a genetic algorithm using a traditional computer language are remarkably similar to a set of functions already existing in most discrete-event computer simula tion languages. Three methods of integrating the genetic algorithm and computer simulation are discussed, then a two-phase study is conducted to assess the feasibility of the theoretical discussion. A free-ranging automated guided vehicle example illustrates the results. Computational experience suggests the genetic algorithm is relatively adapt able for use in a discrete-event computer simula tion environment. Within this environment, ad ditional support for the decision maker is pro vided by combining the power of representational modeling with optimization capability.
Functional analysis in the sociology of religion
Authors: Tufari P.
Published: March 2007

Dans ce second article consacré à l'analyse fonction nelle en sociologie religieuse, l'auteur aborde le rôle de la religion dans la personnalité, la société et la culture.

Beaucoup de psychologues actuels considèrent la « per sonnalité » comme un système fonctionnel. La religion peut être l'élément dominant qui oriente l'intégration de la personnalité. La fonction de la religion dans le « système social » est de rassembler ceux qui partagent les mêmes valeurs. Cette fonction varie grandement selon les types de sociétés et peut parfois rendre plus difficile l'ajustement du groupe religieux à la société globale rassemblant d'autres groupes.

Le « système culturel », défini comme l'ensemble des connaissance, normes, valeurs et croyances, peut aussi être affecté par la religion. Certaines conceptions reli gieuses peuvent être facteurs de dynamisme ou de frein culturel.

L'article aborde ensuite la question de l'évaluation de la religion dans la personnalité, la société et la cul ture, c'est-à-dire le jugement que l'on porte sur sa fonction. Tout dépend du point de vue dont on part : la religion comme système ou la réalité profane. Les deux sont légitimes.
Méthode de planning paroissial urbain
Authors: Sokolski Alex
Published: March 2007

The planning of churches is a typical case of applied socio-religious research. The article describes, briefly, the method used. As this cannot always be applied integrally, the second part analyses a shor tened process for urgent parish-planning.