bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CELL-WALL COMPOSITION AND THE GROUPING ANTIGENS OF STREPTOCOCCI
Authors: Slade Hutton D. , Slamp William C.
Published: January 2020

Slade, Hutton
D. (Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Ill.)
and William C. Slamp
. Cell-wall composition and grouping antigens of streptococci. J. Bacteriol.
84:
345–351. 1962.—The carbohydrates present in the cell walls of streptococci belonging to serological groups A–H and K–S, and unclassifiable strains, have been identified. The sugars found were rhamnose, glucose, galactose, arabinose, and mannose. All sugars vary considerably in their distribution among the groups; glucose, galactose, and rhamnose occur most frequently. Strains were found which contained each of the latter sugars singly or in combination with one or both of the other sugars. Variation within a single group occurred in one-half of the groups. A strain containing only glucose and another only galactose were found. Except for groups A and C, in which only rhamnose is present in the great majority of strains, the presence or absence of the sugars does not aid in the identification of the groups. The cell walls of all groups examined also contained alanine, glutamic acid, lysine, glucosamine, galactosamine, and muramic acid. The cell walls of all groups, except D, agglutinated in the presence of specific group antisera, indicating the presence of the group antigen in the cell wall. Strains in groups F, K, and M gave a weak reaction. The structure and chemical composition of the group antigens of the streptococci are discussed.
POLYMORPHISM IN A MARINE BACTERIUM IN RELATION TO POPULATION GROWTH
Authors: Greenfield Leonard J. , Hines Janet J. , Boral Linda L.
Published: January 2020

Greenfield, Leonard
J. (University of Miami, Miami, Fla.),
Janet J. Hines, and Linda L. Boral
. Polymorphism in a marine bacterium in relation to population growth. J. Bacteriol.
84:
357–363. 1962.—A marine pseudomonad, MB-1, from South Florida waters, exists in three forms: orange (
y
), lemon-yellow (
xy
), and white (
x
), each of which is polymorphic. Replicate growth curves of each form were obtained by culturing at 25 C in 1% peptone-sea water using a controlled inoculum. The controlled inoculum was obtained by growing an isolate on a 1% peptone-sea water agar (1.5%) slant for 24 hr at 25 C, transferring a wire loopful of culture to 50 ml of 1% peptone-sea water in a 125-ml flask, and incubating at 25 C for another 24 hr. The resulting bacterial suspension in 0.5-ml amounts was used to inoculate 50 ml of 1% peptone-sea water broths in which growth was measured. The logarithmic growth phase occurred in
x
and
xy
between 12 and 18 hr of incubation; in
y
, this period was between 18 and 24 hr. The stage of growth could also be characterized by the percentage of cell types present at a given period. In late lag phase, single cells outnumbered binary types by about two to one. During logarithmic growth, the single cells predominated by 2.5 or 2.4 to 1. In the stages following this ratio increased, but all cells showed considerable variation in size. Chains of cells were present in all stages but were reduced in number during the logarithmic phase.
UTILIZATION OF CARBOHYDRATES AND METABOLIC INTERMEDIATES BY PILIATED AND NONPILIATED BACTERIA
Authors: Wohlhieter J. A. , Brinton C. C. , Baron L. S.
Published: January 2020

Wohlhieter
, J. A. (Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, D.C.), C. C.
Brinton, Jr., and L. S. Baron
. Utilization of carbohydrates and metabolic intermediates by piliated and nonpiliated bacteria. J. Bacteriol.
84:
416–421. 1962.—The rate of aerobic and anaerobic metabolism of piliated and nonpiliated bacteria was studied in an effort to determine whether the presence of these surface structures altered the metabolic activity of bacteria. Respiration was measured manometrically when various piliated and nonpiliated strains metabolized glucose and several Krebs-cycle intermediates. Spontaneously produced nonpiliated variants of piliated cells were examined, but no difference in the rate of either aerobic or anaerobic metabolism was observed.

Piliated and nonpiliated recombinants of a mating of
Escherichia coli
and
Salmonella typhosa
had different metabolic rates than the parent strains, but it was shown that these differences were not related to piliation. Clones of piliated and nonpiliated cells isolated from other crosses showed no difference between their respiration rate and that of either parent. Piliated and nonpiliated strains could mutate to higher rates of substrate utilization with no concomitant change in piliation.

Since respiration and piliation can mutate independently and segregate independently in genetic crosses, we therefore conclude that there is no direct physiological relationship between them.
OCCURRENCE OF CATALASE IN PLEUROPNEUMONIA-LIKE ORGANISMS AND BACTERIAL L FORMS
Authors: Weibull C. , Hammarberg Kerstin
Published: January 2020

Weibull
, C. (Central Bacteriological Laboratory of Stockholm City, Stockholm, Sweden)
and Kerstin Hammarberg
. Occurrence of catalase in pleuropneumonia-like organisms and bacterial L forms. J. Bacteriol.
84:
520–525. 1962.—The catalase activity of six pleuropneumonia-like organisms (PPLO), four stable Proteus L forms, and four normal strains of
Proteus mirabilis
was determined quantitatively. The PPLO (strains of the species
Mycoplasma agalactiae, hominis, laidlawii, mycoides
, and strains isolated from tissue cultures) exhibited no measurable catalase activity. The L forms decomposed H
2
O
2
approximately ten times as rapidly as the normal bacteria from which they were derived.
NUTRITION OF FIVE
BACTEROIDES
STRAINS
Authors: Quinto Grace
Published: January 2020

Quinto, Grace
(University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington). Nutrition of five
Bacteroides
strains. J. Bacteriol.
84:
559–562. 1962.—Some of the nutritional requirements of five gram-negative anaerobic bacilli, including
Ristella perfoetens, Zuberella clostridiformis
, and three
Bacteroides
strains freshly isolated from clinical exudates, were investigated. A fluid maintenance medium was developed in which the three freshly isolated strains, C-4, C-7, and C-2795, grew maximally in 12 to 24 hr. The maintenance medium contained 2.0% Trypticase and Proteose Peptone, 0.5% glucose, and 0.1% sodium thioglycolate; it was adjusted to pH 7.2 and supplemented with 0.1 μg of hemin/ml. Strains C-4, C-7, and C-2795 were cultivated through 14 serial cultures in fluid maintenance medium containing 0.1 μg of hemin/ml. The most satisfactory inoculum was a 1:100 or 1:1,000 dilution of a 24-hr seed culture. All the strains except
Z. clostridiformis
grew serially in a defined medium.
R. perfoetens
required pantothenic acid, nicotinic acid, and the following amino acids: histidine, tryptophan, tyrosine, valine, phenylalanine, cystine, and probably arginine, glutamic acid, methionine, glycine, isoleucine, leucine, and lysine. The C-4, C-7, and C-2795 strains required the hemin supplement in defined medium, but not vitamins, purines, or pyrimidines.
REDUCTION OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS WITH MOLECULAR HYDROGEN BYMICROCOCCUS LACTILYTICUSI
Authors: Woolfolk C. A. , Whiteley H. R.
Published: January 2020

Woolfolk, C. A. (University of Washington, Seattle)and H. R. Whiteley. Reduction of inorganic compounds with molecular hydrogen byMicrococcus lactilyticus. I. Stoichiometry with compounds of arsenic, selenium, tellurium, transition and other elements. J. Bacteriol.84:647–658. 1962.—Extracts ofMicrococcus lactilyticus(Veillonella alcalescens) oxidize molecular hydrogen at the expense of certain compounds of arsenic, bismuth, selenium, tellurium, lead, thallium, vanadium, manganese, iron, copper, molybdenum, tungsten, osmium, ruthenium, gold, silver, and uranium, as well as molecular oxygen. Chemical and manometric data indicate that the following reductions are essentially quantitative: arsenate to arsenite, pentavalent and trivalent bismuth to the free element, selenite via elemental selenium to selenide, tellurate and tellurite to tellurium, lead dioxide and manganese dioxide to the divalent state, ferric to ferrous iron, osmium tetroxide to osmate ion, osmium dioxide and trivalent osmium to the metal, uranyl uranium to the tetravalent state, vanadate to the level of vanadyl, and polymolybdate ions to molybdenum blues with an average valence for molybdenum of +5. The results of a study of certain other hydrogenase-containing bacteria with respect to their ability to carry out some of the same reactions are also presented.
OXIDATIVE METABOLISM IN
PEDIOCOCCUS PENTOSACEUS
II. ,
Authors: Dobrogosz Walter J. , Stone Robert W.
Published: January 2020

Dobrogosz, Walter
J. (The Pennsylvania State University, University Park)
and Robert W. Stone
. Oxidative metabolism in
Pediococcus pentosaceus
. II. Factors controlling the formation of oxidative activities. J. Bacteriol.
84:
724–729. 1962.—Studies were conducted on some factors which regulate the formation of oxidative activities in
Pediococcus pentosaceus
, a homofermentative lactic acid organism. Oxidative abilities were defined as the capacities to oxidize glucose and glycerol, and to exhibit catalase activity. Factors such as the type of growth substrate, the growth substrate concentration, pH, and oxygen tension were considered. The results suggested that the development of oxidative activities in this organism is under adaptive control and subject to repression by the well-known “glucose effect,” as well as by anaerobiosis. In addition to the necessity for the formation of aerobic systems for the metabolism of glycerol, which can be utilized only under aerobic conditions, data are presented which suggest that aerobic reactions may play a physiologically important role toward the induction of growth on other substrates such as
d
-xylose and lactose.
OXIDATIVE ASSIMILATION OF GLUCOSE BY
PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA
Authors: Duncan Margaret G. , Campbell J. J. R.
Published: January 2020

Duncan, Margaret
G. (The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada)
and J. J. R. Campbell
. Oxidative assimilation of glucose by
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
. J. Bacteriol.
84:
784–792. 1962—Oxidative assimilation of glucose by washed-cell suspensions of
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
was studied using C
14
-labeled substrate. At the time of glucose disappearance, only small amounts of radioactivity were present in the cells, and α-ketoglutaric acid accumulated in the supernatant fluid. Most of the material synthesized by the cells during oxidative assimilation was nitrogenous, the ammonia being supplied by the endogenous respiration. The cold trichloroacetic acid-soluble fraction and the lipid fraction appeared to be important during the early stages of oxidative assimilation, and the largest percentage of the incorporated radioactivity was found in the protein fraction. In the presence of added ammonia, assimilation was greatly increased and no α-ketoglutaric acid was found in the supernatant fluid. Sodium azide partially inhibited incorporation into all major cell fractions, and at higher concentrations depressed the rate of glucose oxidation. During oxidative assimilation, chloramphenicol specifically inhibited the synthesis of protein. Oxidative assimilation of glucose by this organism did not appear to involve the synthesis of a primary product such as is found in the majority of bacteria.
SIMPLIFIED ANTISTREPTOCOCCAL DEOXYRIBONUCLEASE ASSAY
Authors: Olitzky Irving , Berkman Sam , Bass Doris
Published: January 2020

Olitzky, Irving(Bio-Science Laboratories, Los Angeles, Calif.),Sam Berkman, and Doris Bass. Simplified antistreptococcal deoxyribonuclease assay. J. Bacteriol.84:1011–1015. 1962.—A simple antistreptococcal deoxyribonuclease assay has been devised in which dilutions of the patient's serum are reacted with deoxyribonuclease, and residual active enzyme is then detected by the Di Salvo technique using commercially available agar medium containing deoxyribonucleic acid. Use of this test as supplemental to antistreptolysin-O titrations leads to increased positive findings when searching for streptococcal antibodies.
LIVE TULAREMIA VACCINE I
Authors: Eigelsbach H. T. , Tulis J. J. , McGavran M. H. , White J. D.
Published: January 2020

Eigelsbach, H. T. (Fort Detrick, Frederick, Md.),J. J. Tulis, M. H. McGavran and J. D. White. Live tularemia vaccine. I. Host-parasite relationship in monkeys vaccinated intracutaneously or aerogenically. J. Bacteriol.84:1020–1027. 1962.—Bacteriological, histological, immunohistochemical, and serological studies were made on monkeys administered live tularemia vaccine strain LVS by either of two routes. Comparative data are presented on nonvaccinated monkeys exposed via the respiratory route to a highly virulent strain ofPasteurella tularensis. Tissue changes resulting from either aerogenic or intracutaneous vaccination were mild, and consisted primarily of the proliferation of histiocytes without the formation of granulomas. The vaccine strain was isolated from the site of vaccination of animals inoculated dermally, from the lungs of animals vaccinated aerogenically, and from the regional lymph nodes, liver, and spleen of both groups; it was not isolated from the blood or bone marrow. Proliferation of the vaccine strain at the site of dermal inoculation and in the lungs of animals exposed aerogenically was observed within 24 hr; in both groups, the maximal viable population was reached within 3 days and maintained through the 10th day. A reduction in the number of viable vaccine organisms had begun by the 14th day; isolations were obtained only from the regional lymph nodes on the 28th day, and the vaccine strain was not isolated from any of the tissues cultured on the 90th day. Because the monkey is less resistant to tularemia than is man, the benign response of this animal to live tularemia vaccine indicates that the vaccine might also be safe for man when administered by either the dermal or respiratory route.
COMPARATIVE TAXONOMY OF CRYSTALLOGENIC STRAINS OF
PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA
AND
PSEUDOMONAS CHLORORAPHIS
Authors: Haynes William C. , Rhodes Lenora J.
Published: January 2020

Haynes, William
C. (Northern Utilization Research and Development Division, Peoria, Ill.)
and Lenora J. Rhodes
. Comparative taxonomy of crystallogenic strains of
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
and
Pseudomonas chlororaphis
. J. Bacteriol.
84:
1080–1084. 1962.—Only 11 of 39 strains received in the Agricultural Research Service Culture Collection under the designation
Pseudonomas chlororaphis
proved to be authentic; 28 were typical, pyocyanogenic strains of
P. aeruginosa
. The reason for this disproportionately high rate of misidentification apparently arises from an erroneous belief that the ability to produce green and yellow crystals of chlororaphin and oxychlororaphin is confined to
P. chlororaphis
. The ability of many strains of
P. aeruginosa
to do likewise is not well known. Inasmuch as the characteristic is not unique to
P. chlororaphis
, other criteria are required to distinguish crystallogenic strains of these species. After a taxonomic comparison of 18 strains of
P. chlororaphis
and 47 crystallogenic strains of
P. aeruginosa
, it was determined that there are three main distinctions: (i)
P. aeruginosa
grows well at 42 C but fails to grow upon serial transfer at 5 C, whereas
P. chlororaphis
fails to grow at 42 C, but grows well at 5 C: (ii) most strains of
P. aeruginosa
produce pyocyanin, whereas
P. chlororaphis
strains do not; (iii)
P. aeruginosa
cells possess only one or two polar flagella, whereas
P. chlororaphis
usually has at least four, sometimes as many as eight, polar flagella.
MODE OF ACTION OF ETHAMBUTOL
Authors: Forbes M. , Kuck N. A. , Peets E. A.
Published: January 2020

Forbes
, M. (Lederle Laboratories Division, Pearl River, N.Y.), N. A.
Kuck, and E. A. Peets
. Mode of action of ethambutol. J. Bacteriol.
84:
1099–1103. 1962.—Ethambutol [2,2′-(ethylenediimino) di-1-butanol] arrested multiplication of
Mycobacterium smegmatis
cells and eventually effected their death. The inhibitory effect of the drug on multiplication did not become apparent until several hours after its addition to the culture. The drug had no effect on the survival of nonproliferating cells. It had little or no effect on the metabolism of nonproliferating cells, but cells from cultures whose growth had been inhibited by ethambutol showed evidence of impaired metabolism. C
14
-labeled ethambutol was taken up rapidly by both proliferating and nonproliferating cells. The observations are consistent with the hypothesis that ethambutol exerts its antibacterial effect by interfering with the synthesis of a metabolite(s) needed for multiplication. Depletion of the metabolite(s) results in arrest of multiplication, impairment of metabolism, and loss of viability. Resistance to ethambutol cannot be explained by the failure of the cells to take up the drug, since the drug was equally bound by resistant and sensitive cells.
TRYPTOPHANASE-TRYPTOPHAN SYNTHETASE SYSTEMS INESCHERICHIA COLII
Authors: Freundlich Martin , Lichstein Herman C.
Published: January 2020

Freundlich, Martin(University of Minnesota, Minneapolis)and Herman C. Lichstein. Tryptophanase-tryptophan synthetase systems inEscherichia coli. I. Effect of tryptophan and related compounds. J. Bacteriol.84:979–987. 1962.—The effect of tryptophan and related compounds on tryptophanase and tryptophan synthetase formation inEscherichia coliwas determined. Several of these compounds stimulated the formation of tryptophanase while concomitantly decreasing the production of synthetase. A number of tryptophan analogues were found to inhibit growth. The possible mode of action of these substances was examined further. 5-Hydroxytryptophan greatly inhibited the formation of synthetase and also reduced growth. Its inhibitory action on growth was attributed, at least partially, to the false feedback inhibition of anthranilic acid formation. Tryptamine was found to be a potent inhibitor of the activity of synthetase, as well as of the enzyme(s) involved in the synthesis of anthranilic acid from shikimic acid. However, growth reduction was only partially reversed by tryptophan. Indole-3-acetic acid and indole-3-propionic acid decreased growth and increased the formation of synthetase six- to eightfold. The action of these compounds was ascribed to their ability to block the endogenous formation of tryptophan.
REVERSAL OF THE ANTIBIOTIC, BACILLIN, BY
N
-ACETYLGLUCOSAMINE
Authors: Walton Robert B. , Rickes Edward L.
Published: January 2020

Walton, Robert
B. (Merck Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, Rahway, N.J.)
and Edward L. Rickes
. Reversal of the antibiotic, bacillin, by
N
-acetylglucosamine. J. Bacteriol.
84:
1148–1151. 1962.—Antibacillin, previously shown to reverse the antibiotic action of bacillin, was isolated from powdered milk and identified as
N
-acetylglucosamine, a substance that is present in almost all microbial and animal cells.
ISOCITRATE LYASE AND MALATE SYNTHASE IN
PSEUDOMONAS INDIGOFERA
I
Authors: Howes William V. , McFadden Bruce A.
Published: January 2020

Howes, William
V. (Washington State University, Pullman)
and Bruce A. McFadden
. Isocitrate lyase and malate synthase in
Pseudomonas indigofera
. I. Suppression and stimulation during growth. J. Bacteriol.
84:
1216–1221. 1962.—Specific activities of isocitrate lyase and malate synthase from
Pseudomonas indigofera
were studied as a function of growth. Each activity maximized in the mid to late exponential phase. Effects upon levels of isocitrate lyase and malate synthase of each of several compounds supplied with ethanol to
P. indigofera
were next investigated. Compounds tested were glucose, glyoxylate, malate, and yeast extract. Each was added at various concentrations to ethanol. At higher concentrations, glucose, malate, and yeast extract suppressed both enzymatic activities. Malate synthase was more sensitive to suppression. Glyoxylate, at higher concentrations, suppressed isocitrate lyase but substantially stimulated malate synthase. There was no evidence for diauxic growth. Each substrate furnished with ethanol stimulated growth. The possibility that in vivo control of isocitrate lyase activity was partially exerted through feedback inhibition by succinate was examined. Succinate at 5.2 × 10
−3
m
inhibited the enzyme in “soluble” preparations. Intracellular succinate concentrations did not vary significantly at each of three growth phases when exogenous succinate was supplied. Thus, regulation of isocitrate lyase activity through feedback inhibition by succinate seems unlikely.
NUTRITION OF CELLULAR SLIME MOLDS I
Authors: Hohl Hans-Rudolf , Raper Kenneth B.
Published: January 2020

Hohl, Hans-Rudolf
(University of Wisconsin, Madison)
and Kenneth B. Raper
. Nutrition of cullular slime molds. I. Growth on living and dead bacteria. J. Bacteriol.
85:
191–198. 1963.—Methods for growing selected species of cellular slime molds in liquid culture on living and dead bacteria are described. Species investigated included
Polysphondylium pallidum, P. violaceum, Dictyostelium discoideum
, and
D. purpureum
. Maximal growth of myxamoebae occurred in suspensions of 10
10
living bacteria (
Escherichia coli
B/r)/ml in Sörensen's phosphate buffer (pH 6.0), reaching a density of 10
7
to 2 × 10
7
cells/ml in 48 hr. The generation time for the different slime molds ranged from 2.4 hr for
P. violaceum
to 2.9 hr for
D. discoideum
(strain V-12). Good growth of
P. pallidum
occurred between pH 3.6 and 7.8. The slime molds grew less well on dead (autoclaved) than on living bacteria and, except for
P. pallidum
, the amount and rate of growth decreased markedly as the time of autoclaving was increased from 2.5 to 80 min. Bacteria killed with propylene oxide supported growth equal to those autoclaved for a few minutes. The myxamoebae were very sensitive to the osmotic pressure of the culture medium, especially in the presence of living bacteria, and addition of as little as 0.01
m
NaCl caused a measurable decrease in slime mold growth. The culture techniques employed afford useful methods for investigating the nutritional requirements of the cellular slime molds, and the experiments described provide the bases for subsequent studies relating to the axenic cultivation of these singular microorganisms.
SULFATE REQUIREMENT FOR IRON OXIDATION BY
THIOBACILLUS FERROOXIDANS
Authors: Lazaroff Norman
Published: January 2020

Lazaroff, Norman
(British Columbia Research Council, Vancouver, B.C., Canada). Sulfate requirement for iron oxidation by
Thiobacillus ferrooxidans
. J. Bacteriol.
85:
78–83. 1963.—The growth of
Thiobacillus ferrooxidans
is initially inhibited in media containing ferrous chloride in place of ferrous sulfate. This inhibition of growth is due to the requirement of a high relative proportion of sulfate ions to chloride (or other anions) for iron oxidation. Adaptation takes place, producing strains which are able to oxidize iron in media containing an initially unfavorable anionic composition. Adaptation is possibly due to the selection of spontaneous mutants capable of oxidizing iron in high chloride, low sulfate media. Such cells are found at a frequency of 10
−5
of the population of unadapted cultures.
BIOSYNTHESIS OF GRAMICIDIN AND TYROCIDINE IN THE DUBOS STRAIN OF
BACILLUS BREVIS
I
Authors: Okuda Kiyoshi , Edwards Gordon C. , Winnick Theodore
Published: January 2020

Okuda, Kiyoshi
(Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Hawaii, Honolulu),
Gordon C. Edwards, and Theodore Winnick
. Biosynthesis of gramicidin and tyrocidine in the Dubos strain of
Bacillus brevis
. I. Experiments with growing cultures. J. Bacteriol.
85:
329–338. 1963.—A simple chromatographic method was developed for the isolation of gramicidin and tyrocidine from tyrothricin of
Bacillus brevis
. A Tryptone-yeast extract-glucose medium containing mineral salts gave the best yields of peptides in a stationary culture of the organism. The incorporation of suitable C
14
-labeled amino acids into gramicidin and tyrocidine was studied Several analogues of tyrocidine amino acids (β-hydroxyglutamic acid, pipecolic acid, β-2-thienylalanine,
p
-fluorophenylalanine, and phenyl glycine) selectively reduced tyrocidine synthesis, when added to the nutrient medium. At the same time, the production of gramicidin was augmented. Growth and protein synthesis were not affected. Two analogues in isotopic form, β-2-thienylalanine and isoleucine, were shown to give rise to high degrees of labeling in tyrocidine.
FERMENTATION OF ETHYLENE GLYCOL BYCLOSTRIDIUM GLYCOLICUM, SP. N
Authors: Gaston Lamont W. , Stadtman E. R.
Published: January 2020

Gaston, LamontW. (National Heart Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md.)and E. R. Stadtman. Fermentation of ethylene glycol byClostridium glycolicum, sp. n. J. Bacteriol.85:356–362. 1963.—An anaerobic organism which utilizes ethylene glycol as a source of energy and carbon has been isolated from mud. It is a long (5 μ), slender, motile, gram-positive, spore-forming rod, with peritrichous flagellae. It grows well from 22 to 37 C at pH 7.4 to 7.6, and ferments glucose, fructose, sorbitol, dulcitol, and cellulose. It does not reduce nitrates, form indole, or cause hemolysis or proteolysis except for a slight attack on coagulated egg albumin. Fifteen amino acids and the vitamins biotin and pantothenate are required for optimal growth on ethylene glycol. Analogues other than propylene glycol do not support growth. Ethylene glycol and propylene glycol are stoichiometrically converted to equal amounts of the respective acid and alcohol.
ANTIGENICITY OF SOMEBRUCELLA MELITENSISCELL FRACTIONS
Authors: Glenchur Harry , Seal Ulysses S. , Zinneman Horace H. , Hall Wendell H.
Published: January 2020

Glenchur, Harry(Minneapolis Veterans Administration Hospital, and University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis),Ulysses S. Seal, Horace H. Zinneman, and Wendell H. Hall. Antigenicity of someBrucella melitensiscell fractions. J. Bacteriol.85:363–368. 1963.—The components of aBrucella melitensisstrain were obtained by differential centrifugation and diethylaminoethyl-cellulose ion-exchange chromatography. Rabbit antisera to theseBrucellafractions were tested for agglutinins, precipitins, and blocking phenomena. Dermal hypersensitivity was also determined in rabbits. Insoluble (cell-wall) fractions provoked agglutinins, blocking antibodies and skin sensitivity, and precipitins for soluble antigens. Most soluble antigen fractions were capable of producing all the secondary immunological phenomena.
INTRACELLULAR HEMOLYSIN OF
PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA
Authors: Berk Richard S.
Published: January 2020

Berk, Richard
S. (Wayne State University, Detroit, Mich.). Intracellular hemolysin of
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
. J. Bacteriol.
85:
522–526. 1963.—Disruption of cells (2 to 6 days old) of
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
grown in Tryptose Broth devoid of blood yielded an intracellular hemolysin active on sheep and human erythrocytes. The intracellular agent was not usually detectable in cells grown under highly aerobic conditions. However, activity was observed after 48 hr of growth and appeared to reach a peak at 96 hr when grown under static conditions. Centrifugation of hemolytic extracts at 20,000 ×
g
for 30 min resulted in a fractionation of activity into particulate and soluble components. Similar fractionation of activity occurred after adjustment of the pH of crude extracts to 1.40. In addition, hemolytic preparations were not inactivated by boiling for 90 min, by treatment with ethylenediaminetetraacetate, or by heating in equal volumes of 20% KOH. Activity over a wide pH range was noted, with a maximum occurring at approximately 6.0. However, some preparations occasionally exhibited a second peak on the alkaline side.
EFFECT OF OZONE ON SURVIVAL AND PERMEABILITY OF
ESCHERICHIA COLI
Authors: Scott D. B. McNair , Lesher E. C.
Published: January 2020

Scott, D. B. McNair
(University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia)
and E. C. Lesher
. Effect of ozone on survival and permeability of
Escherichia coli
. J. Bacteriol.
85:
567–576. 1963.—
Escherichia coli
cultures in the logarithmic phase or resting were treated with various concentrations of ozone in saline solution. Approximately 2 × 10
7
molecules of ozone per bacterium killed 50% of the cells. Ozone caused leakage of cell content into the medium, and lysis of some cells. Low concentrations of ozone did not react with the glutathione within the cells, although reaction with glutathione in solution was immediate and stoichiometric. The effect on nucleic acid within the cells was to change the solubility and to cause the release of ultraviolet-absorbing material into the medium. Ozone attacked the ring structure of the base or the carbohydrate only when the substance was in the medium. Nucleic acids released into the medium were reabsorbed by cells which were not lysed. Viable cells resumed growth immediately, and grew at rates determined by the nutrients either added to the medium or which resulted from leakage and lysis of nonviable cells. It is postulated that the primary attack of ozone was on the cell wall or membrane of the bacteria, probably by reaction with the double bonds of lipids, and that leakage or lysis of the cells depended on the extent of that reaction.
NUCLEOTIDE COMPOSITION OF RIBONUCLEIC ACID FROM
NEUROSPORA CRASSA
Authors: Henney H. , Storck R.
Published: January 2020

Henney
, H. (The University of Texas, Austin)
and R. Storck
. Nucleotide composition of ribonucleic acid from
Neurospora crassa
. J. Bacteriol.
85:
822–826. 1963.—The nucleotide composition of total, ribosomal, and soluble ribonucleic acid (RNA) from the conidia and the hyphae of
Neurospora crassa
was determined. The corresponding RNA classes from the two morphological types had the same base ratio. Total, ribosomal, and soluble RNA from hyphae contained, respectively, 51.0, 50.2, and 61.6% guanylic acid (G) plus cytidylic acid (C), and from conidia, 50.6, 49.9, and 62.1%. The proportion of nucleotides in ribosomal RNA was in close agreement with that reported for ribosomal RNA from other organisms. Soluble RNA contained 2.8% pseudouridylic acid, 36.0% C, and 25.5% G, and differed from soluble RNA from other sources in its high C content. Centrifugation of purified RNA from conidia and hyphae, through a linear sucrose-density gradient, yielded identical sedimentation profiles.
RELATIVE HUMIDITY AND THE KILLING OF BACTERIA: THE SURVIVAL OF
SERRATIA MARCESCENS
DEHYDRATED BY CONCENTRATED GLYCEROL AND SUCROSE SOLUTIONS
Authors: Bateman J. B. , White F. Elizabeth
Published: January 2020

Bateman
, J. B. (U.S. Army Biological Laboratories, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Md.)
and F. Elizabeth White
. Effect of relative humidity on the survival of
Serratia marcescens
in concentrated glycerol and sucrose solutions. J. Bacteriol.
85:
918–926. 1963.—The effects of sucrose and glycerol upon the ability of
Serratia marcescens
to grow when restored to a normal medium after exposure to solutions of these substances were examined, with special attention to the prevailing thermodynamic activity of water in these solutions as a factor of supposed primary importance in influencing survival or death of cells. The data were notable for the absence of any zones of instability such as those found when the water activity is changed by exposure of washed cells to water vapor at controlled relative humidities (RH). The cells survived indefinitely at room temperature in concentrated sucrose solutions; in glycerol solutions of equilibrium RH values from 20 to 90, the first-order decay constants were about 0.03 to 0.1 hr
−1
. These results, considered together with the contrasting phenomenon of narrow lethal humidity zones found in vapor-phrase equilibration experiments, were explained generally in terms of competitive interactions involving concentrated intrinsic and adventitious solutes, the cell water, and the organized structures of the cell, whose integrity was considered to depend ultimately upon the net effect of these various interactions.
LIPID CONTENT OF FOUR STRAINS OF
BLASTOMYCES DERMATITIDIS
OF DIFFERENT MOUSE VIRULENCE
Authors: Di Salvo Arthur F. , Denton J. Fred
Published: January 2020

Di Salvo, Arthur
F. (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta)
and J. Fred Denton
. Lipid content of four strains of
Blastomyces dermatitidis
of different mouse virulence. J. Bacteriol.
85:
927–931. 1963.—Four strains of
Blastomyces dermatitidis
showing marked differences in virulence for mice were studied to determine whether there was any relationship between lipid content and virulence. Replicate samples of heat-killed yeast and mycelial cells, after rupturing by grinding, were extracted with a chloroform-methanol mixture (2:1) in a Soxhlet apparatus for 48 hr. Total extractable lipid was computed by evaporating samples of the extracts to dryness and weighing; the phospholipid fraction was determined by a modified photometric technique. The amount of lipid in the yeast phase of each strain was relatively constant and characteristic as determined by extraction of four samples of each. The extractable lipid increased from 6.8% in the avirulent strain Ga-1 to 12.3% in the highly virulent strain SL-1, the lipid content correlating directly with increased mouse virulence. There was no similar correlation of phospholipid content with mouse virulence. The mycelial phases of two strains contained more than double the lipid and phospholipid present in the corresponding yeast phases. Data presented suggest that the lipid fraction of the yeast phase of
B. dermatitidis
, in addition to being related to the granulomatous reaction, is possibly related to virulence.
VITAMIN REQUIREMENTS OF
LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES
Authors: Welshimer H. J.
Published: January 2020

Welshimer
, H. J. (Medical College of Virginia, Richmond). Vitamin requirements of
Listeria monocytogenes
. J. Bacteriol.
85:
1156–1159. 1963.—Semidefined and completely defined media were used to determine the growth response of
Listeria monocytogenes
to several vitamins. All strains tested failed to grow for more than one or two passages in the absence of any one of the following vitamins: riboflavine, biotin, thiamine, and thioctic acid. The thioctic acid requirement and the antagonistic effect of its analogue, 8-methylthioctic acid, could be modified by altering the thiamine concentration.
COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY OF ANTIBIOTIC-RESISTANT STRAINS OF
STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS
Authors: Brown Ruby L. , Evans James B.
Published: January 2020

Brown, Ruby
L. (North Carolina State College, Raleigh)
and James B. Evans
. Comparative physiology of antibiotic-resistant strains of
Staphylococcus aureus
. J. Bacteriol.
85:
1409–1412. 1963.—A collection of antibiotic-resistant strains of
Staphylococcus aureus
isolated from clinical sources was studied with respect to nutritional requirements and common diagnostic tests. Contrary to numerous reports in the literature indicating changes in these characteristics in antibiotic-resistant mutants, the present cultures were typical members of the taxonomic species
S. aureus
. They were coagulase-positive, fermented both glucose and mannitol under anaerobic conditions, produced acetoin from glucose, grew and produced black colonies on tellurite glycine agar, required both thiamine and nicotinic acid, and did not require other vitamins or purines. It is suggested that in most instances these cultures from clinical sources represent spontaneous mutants having genetic changes limited largely to loci concerned with antibiotic resistance. Most reports of extensive changes in physiology and nutritive requirements by antibiotic-resistant strains of
S. aureus
are based on studies of resistant strains selected after exposing a large population of the parent sensitive strain to toxic levels of antibiotics, chemical mutagens, or irradiation. Such isolates may have widespread genetic damage at other loci in addition to those concerned with their antibiotic resistance.
ACCUMULATION OF INORGANIC POLYPHOSPHATE INAEROBACTER AEROGENESI
Authors: Harold F. M.
Published: January 2020

Harold, F. M. (National Jewish Hospital, Denver, Colo.). Accumulation of inorganic polyphosphate inAerobacter aerogenes. I. Relationship to growth and nucleic acid synthesis. J. Bacteriol.86:216–221. 1963.—Growing cells ofAerobacter aerogenescontain traces of inorganic polyphosphate, but large amounts often accumulate when growth ceases as the result of a nutritional deficiency. The reciprocal relationship between growth and polyphosphate accumulation was traced to competition between nucleic acid synthesis and polyphosphate for intracellular phosphorus. Polyphosphate accumulated only after nucleic acid synthesis had ceased. Resumption of nucleic acid synthesis (with or without concurrent cell growth) induced rapid degradation of the polyphosphate with transfer of the phosphorus to ribonucleic acid (RNA). At the same time, incorporation of P32into polyphosphate was reduced, though not abolished. Competition for adenosine triphosphate may be part of the explanation. In addition, it appears that polyphosphate degradation is accelerated under conditions which permit rapid nucleic acid synthesis, the phosphorus released being trapped in RNA.
PHAGOCYTOSIS INHIBITION AND REVERSAL I
Authors: Sbarra Anthony J. , Shirley William
Published: January 2020

Sbarra, Anthony
J. (St. Margaret's Hospital, Boston, Mass.)
and William Shirley
. Phagocytosis inhibition and reversal. I. Effect of glycolytic intermediates and nucleotides on particle uptake. J. Bacteriol.
86:
259–265. 1963.—By microscopically monitoring phagocytosis and following the biochemical changes associated with this process, the inhibition of phagocytosis by fluoride or iodoacetate was shown to be partially reversed by pyruvate. This reversal occurred with both inhibitors, either aerobically or anaerobically. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) apparently increased the degree of pyruvate reversal when fluoride, but not iodoacetate, was the inhibitory agent. Lactate under some conditions was also shown to reverse the inhibition. It is suggested that pyruvate and NAD are key compounds for the phagocytic process.
INCORPORATION OF DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID IN THE
BACILLUS SUBTILIS
TRANSFORMATION SYSTEM
Authors: Young F. E. , Spizizen John
Published: January 2020

Young
, F. E. (Western Reserve University Cleveland, Ohio)
and John Spizizen
. Incorporation of deoxyribonucleic acid in the
Bacillus subtilis
transformation system. J. Bacteriol.
86:
392–400. 1963.—The optimal conditions for the incorporation of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) were studied. In competent cells, the irreversible binding of DNA was influenced by temperature, hydrogen ion concentration, and aeration. Divalent cations, such as barium, strontium, calcium, or magnesium, were required. Under suboptimal environmental conditions and with metabolic inhibitors, the process of transformation was decreased to a greater extent than was incorporation of DNA. Under conditions of phosphate depletion, the incorporation of P
32
increased. However, the frequency of transformation decreased. This inducible process was not related to competence.
FINE STRUCTURE OF
LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES
Authors: Edwards Mercedes R. , Stevens Roy W.
Published: January 2020

Edwards, Mercedes
R. (New York State Department of Health, Albany)
and Roy W. Stevens
. Fine structure of
Listeria monocytogenes
. J. Bacteriol.
86:
414–428. 1963.—Cells of
Listeria monocytogenes
, at different stages of growth, were fixed with osmium tetroxide and treated with uranyl acetate. The material was dehydrated in alcohol, embedded in prepolymerized methacrylate, and studied in thin sections. In most of the micrographs, the plasmalemma (or plasma membrane) showed a pattern of three dense lines, each ca. 25 A thick, alternating with two light zones, each ca. 30 A thick. The outer light zone was regularly bridged by strands of dense material, and the inner one was not. The dense line at the edge of the cytoplasm was not always discernible because of its similarity in density with the ground cytoplasm, although it could be easily demonstrated in lysed cells and in protoplasts. The latter were found to be limited by a pair of dense lines, each ca. 25 A thick, bounding a light core ca. 30 A thick. This structure corresponds to a “unit” membrane, but it represents only a part of the plasmalemma of the intact cell; it was therefore interpreted as being more complex than a single unit membrane. Intracytoplasmic membranes of various configurations were clearly shown to be extensions of the plasmalemma. They may branch repeatedly and anastomose to form a complicated honeycomb-like organelle or organelles of different appearances, sometimes lamellate. The lamellar bodies are envisioned as resulting from spiraled ingrowths. The various kinds of ingrowths of the plasmalemma were designated “plasmalemmosomes” to indicate their origin; however, some of these organelles in
Listeria
were similar to those described in different bacteria by other authors. Plasmalemmosomes have been found in both aerobically and anaerobically grown cells. Another outstanding feature in many micrographs was the nucleoid, which contains dense fibrils measuring 25 to 50 A in diameter. These fibrils frequently appeared to be coiled and were of the order of magnitude ascribed to deoxyribonucleic acid molecules.
PRODUCTION OF DELAYED HYPERSENSITIVITY TOCRYPTOCOCCUS NEOFORMANSIN EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS
Authors: Lomanitz Rachel , Hale John M.
Published: January 2020

Lomanitz, Rachel(University of Oklahoma School of Medicine, Oklahoma City)and John M. Hale. Production of delayed hypersensitivity toCryptococcus neoformansin experimental animals. J. Bacteriol.86:505–509. 1963.—Rabbits and guinea pigs have been sensitized to somatic, as well as whole-cell, antigens of a small-capsuled variant ofCryptococcus neoformansODH-DV. Rabbits have also been sensitized to soma and to whole cells of a large-capsuled patient isolate. The time required for appearance of skin reactivity, after intracutaneous injection of antigenic material, indicated that the hypersensitivity developed was of the delayed type. This was subsequently demonstrated in both rabbits and guinea pigs by passive transfer of the hypersensitivity to normal animals. Efforts to transfer the skin sensitivity to normal rabbits with serum from sensitized animals were unsuccessful, indicating that humoral antibodies are not involved. Preliminary studies suggest that the sensitizing antigen resides in the cell wall and is highly specific.
SURVEY OF THE BACTERIOCINES OF ENTEROCOCCI
Authors: Brock Thomas D. , Peacher Barbara , Pierson Deborah
Published: January 2020

Brock, Thomas
D. (Indiana University, Bloomington),
Barbara Peacher, and Deborah Pierson
. A survey of the bacteriocines of enterococci. J. Bacteriol.
86:
702–707. 1963.—A survey has been made of bacteriocine production by a wide variety of well-characterized strains of group D streptococci. On the basis of spectrums and sensitivity to chloroform, heat, and proteolytic enzymes, five distinct bacteriocines can be defined. Type 1 is produced by all
Streptococcus zymogenes
(
S. faecalis
var.
zymogenes
) strains, is active against a wide variety of gram-positive bacteria, and is also a hemolysin. Type 2 is produced by some
S. liquefaciens
(
S. faecalis
var.
liquefaciens
) strains, and acts on many enterococci as well as on certain other lactic acid bacteria. Type 3 is produced by certain strains of both
S. faecalis
and
S. faecium
, and inhibits a wide variety of group D streptococci, but is inactive against all other lactic acid bacteria tested except
Leuconostoc citrovorum
. Type 4 is produced by certain
S. faecium
strains and resembles in certain ways the type 3 activity, but differs from it in other ways. Type 5 has been found to be produced by only one proteolytic strain of
S. zymogenes
, and this bacteriocine has a very narrow spectrum. The strain that produces this bacteriocine also produces type 1 activity. No strain is sensitive to a bacteriocine of the type it produces.
EFFECT OF SODIUM CHLORIDE ON STAPHYLOCOCCUS-PHAGE RELATIONSHIPS
Authors: West B. , Kelly Florene C. , Shields Doris A.
Published: January 2020

West, B. (University of Oklahoma Medical Center, Oklahoma City),Florene C. Kelly, and Doris A. Shields. Effect of sodium chloride on staphylococcus-phage relationships. J. Bacteriol.86:773–780. 1963.—Phage patterns of 21 phage-propagating strains of staphylococci on medium with high NaCl content appeared to be an expression of the staphylococcal cells, as well as of the salt tolerance of the phages. Serological group A phages, previously found to be NaCl-tolerant in the free state, were capable of lysing susceptible staphylococci on 3, 7.5, and 10% NaCl Trypticase Soy Agar. None of the other phages tested was active when the medium contained 7.5 and 10% NaCl. Increasing the NaCl content of the medium rarely resulted in nonspecific reactions; rather the effect was, generally, a narrowing of the phage spectrum of the cells, with persistence in the phage pattern of the phage, or phages, which were propagated on the cells being tested. Although NaCl tolerance of the phages was the chief limiting factor of phage activity in the presence of 7.5 and 10% NaCl, reactions on salt medium also depended on the degree of susceptibility of cells to phage on routine typing medium and to certain other unexplained factors. In some instances, under the influence of increased NaCl, significant lysis at 1000 RTD was replaced by thinning of growth (inhibition), with or without the presence of plaques. Conversely, certain phage-cell combinations, which gave inhibition at 1000 RTD on standard medium produced some degree of lysis when the NaCl concentration was increased. Studies of phage 81 and its propagating strain showed that replication of phage occurred in 10% NaCl medium, although adsorption diminished as salt concentration was increased, and the time required to reach maximal lytic activity was delayed.
PROLINE METABOLISM IN
ESCHERICHIA COLI
II
Authors: Frank Leonard
Published: January 2020

Frank, Leonard
(The Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore, Md.). Proline metabolism in
Escherichia coli
. II. Regulation of total growth of a proline auxotroph by a proline-oxidizing system. J. Bacteriol.
86:
781–784. 1963.—With a simple kinetic model, it was shown that a proline-requiring mutant of
Escherichia coli
was subject to growth limitation on proline by a proline-oxidizing system active in the growing cells.
PHYSICAL SURFACE FEATURES AND CHEMICAL DENSITY OF DRY BACTERIAL SPORES
Authors: Berlin E. , Curran H. R. , Pallansch M. J.
Published: January 2020

Berlin
, E. (U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.), H. R.
Curran, and M. J. Pallansch
. Physical surface features and chemical density of dry bacterial spores. J. Bacteriol.
86:
1030–1036. 1963.—Gas-displacement and gas-adsorption techniques were used to determine the chemical density and physical surface properties of the spores of
Bacillus subtilis
15U,
B. cereus
720, and
B. stearothermophilus
1518 held in the dry state. Neither the observed densities nor the specific surface areas measured could be correlated with the heat resistance of the spores studied. Analysis of data obtained from a study of the adsorption of nitrogen by spores held at −195 C led to the postulate that the surface of the dry spore is relatively smooth and impervious, and is characterized by the presence of a few pores having radii of approximately 300 A. The presence of such orifices could account for the permeability of the spore form reported by other workers.