bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Coherence of vortex Bessel-like beams in a turbulent atmosphere
Authors: Lukin Igor P.
Published: March 2020

Coherent properties of vortex conical waves propagating through a turbulent atmosphere are theoretically studied with the use of the analytical solution of an equation that describes the evolution of the second-order transverse mutual coherence function of an optical radiation field. The following parameters of vortex conical waves are considered: the degree of coherence, the coherence radius, the integral scale of the degree of coherence, and the integral scale of the squared degree of coherence. The effect of atmospheric turbulence on these coherence characteristics of vortex conical waves is analyzed at different values of their parameters. It turns out that the degree of coherence of a vortex conical wave, formed from a Gaussian beam while passing through a conical lens (axicon) and a spiral phase plate, at its optical axis, is almost independent of the initial radius of the Gaussian beam and the radius of the axicon aperture. In addition, all the coherence characteristics of vortex conical waves depend on the topological charge stronger than on the wave-vector component normal to the radiation propagation direction. A meter of the integral scale of the degree of coherence of vortex Bessel-like optical beams is shown to be a preferred sensor of optical radiation distortions in a turbulent atmosphere as compared to a meter of the coherence radius of such beams. A lower degree of coherence of vortex conical waves than of fundamental (vortex-free) conical waves in a turbulent atmosphere is proven with the use of the integral scale of the degree of coherence of these optical waves as a referent criterion.
All-dielectric bifunctional polarization converter with high transmission efficiency in near-infrared region
Authors: Cui Ying , Jiang Huan , Wang Li , Liu Bingyi , Song Jie , Jiang Yongyuan
Published: March 2020

In this paper, we demonstrate a polarization control device with different functions for oppositely propagating directions by a two-layer twisted silicon column array separated by a silica layer. The proposed structure can rotate the electric field directions of polarized linear wave backwards by 45º and serve as a linear-to-circular converter for the polarized linear wave forwards . The physical mechanism is discussed by the Jones matrix, and the numerical results show that the maximum transmissions

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for the two functions of the proposed structure are achieved in the near-infrared region. The high transmission originates from the all-dielectric materials, which is a major advance compared with previously reported bifunctional converters. The proposed simply shaped device with high transmission efficiency has potential applications in optical imaging, sensing, etc.
High fidelity underwater wireless optical communication with a phase-conjugated frame structure
Authors: Qin Deli , Li Yingchun , Sun You , Li Yifan , Ye Nan , Wang Min , Zhang Junjie
Published: March 2020

In this paper, the influence factors of phase noise are first analyzed in detail and verified by experiments, and its principle is theoretically derived. Besides, we propose a novel, to the best of our knowledge, frame structure for m-quadrature amplitude modulation-orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (m-QAM-OFDM) in underwater wireless optical communication. The frame structure contains OFDM signals and their phase-conjugated signals. At the receiving end, by the simple superposition of phase-conjugated symbols, the noise suppression can be achieved. The feasibility is experimentally demonstrated by transmitting m-QAM-OFDM signal in different modulation formats and scenarios. The results show that bit error rate performance can be significantly improved, and there is also a significant increase in transmission capacity compared to the traditional phase-conjugated method. Moreover, the proposed frame structure can provide a robust and simple compromise between transmission capacity and distance.
Random temporal laser speckles for the robust measurement of sub-microsecond photoluminescence decay
Authors: Junek J. , Ondič L. , Žídek K.
Published: March 2020

Time-resolved photoluminescence (PL) is commonly used to track dynamics in a broad range of materials. Thus, the search for simplification of the acquisition of PL kinetics attracts continuous attention. This paper presents a new robust and straightforward approach to the measurement of PL decay, which is based on randomly fluctuating excitation intensity. The random excitation waveform is attained by using laser speckles generated on a rotating diffuser. Owing to this, the presented technique is able to utilize any coherent excitation source without the necessity to generate short pulses or to controllably modulate the light. PL decay can be computationally reconstructed from the Fourier image of the PL trace. The paper demonstrates the performance of the method, which is able to acquire sub-microsecond dynamics as the impulse response function reaches 300 ns. The reconstructed PL decays were compared to streak camera measurements to verify the method. Finally, potential limitations and applications of the technique are discussed.
Research on the new detection method of suppressing the skylight background based on the shearing interference and the phase modulation
Authors: Dong Lei , Wang Bin
Published: March 2020

In order to effectively suppress the effect of the skylight background on the detection performance of the optical telescope and make it have the advantages of the all-time operation and the high star-magnitude detection, a new detection method based on the shearing interference and the phase modulation is proposed in this paper. This method utilizes the discrepancy of the spatial coherence between the target (smaller size) and the skylight background (larger size). By adjusting the shearing amount reasonably, the target light can form the interference fringes, while the skylight background cannot. Then, the phase modulation technique is used to form the moving interference fringes over the detector. Afterward, the periodical electrical signal is formed by the photoelectrical conversion of the detector. Finally, the weak signal detection equipment can be used to extract the target signal from the skylight background noise. This paper introduces the scheme design and the theoretical analysis of the new detection method and also presents the detection performance simulation of this new method.
Early dynamics of cavitation bubbles generated during ns laser ablation of submerged targets
Authors: Long Jiangyou , Eliceiri Matthew , Vangelatos Zacharias , Rho Yoonsoo , Wang Letian , Su Zhengliang , Xie Xiaozhu , Zhang Yongkang , Grigoropoulos Costas P.
Published: March 2020

In this study, we observe and study the early evolution of cavitation bubbles generated during pulsed laser ablation of titanium targets in different liquid environments utilizing a high-resolution stroboscopic shadowgraphy system. A hydrodynamic model is proposed to calculate the early pressure changes within the bubble and in the surrounding fluid. Our results show that the cavitation bubble is a low-pressure region that is bounded by a high-pressure fluid lamina after the incipient stage, and its evolution is primarily affected by the liquid density. Moreover, the initial bubble pressure increases substantially in high viscosity liquids. This work illuminates how the liquid properties affect the early bubble dynamics and is a step towards a deeper understanding of laser-materials interactions in liquid environments.
Spectrally resolved Hong–Ou–Mandel interferometry for quantum-optical coherence tomography
Authors: Yepiz-Graciano Pablo , Martínez Alí Michel Angulo , Lopez-Mago Dorilian , Cruz-Ramirez Hector , U’Ren Alfred B.
Published: March 2020

In this paper, we revisit the well-known Hong–Ou–Mandel (HOM) effect in which two photons, which meet at a beamsplitter, can interfere destructively, leading to null in coincidence counts. In a standard HOM measurement, the coincidence counts across the two output ports of the beamsplitter are monitored as the temporal delay between the two photons prior to the beamsplitter is varied, resulting in the well-known HOM dip. We show, both theoretically and experimentally, that by leaving the delay fixed at a particular value while relying on spectrally resolved coincidence photon counting, we can reconstruct the HOM dip, which would have been obtained through a standard delay-scanning, non-spectrally resolved HOM measurement. We show that our numerical reconstruction procedure exhibits a novel dispersion cancellation effect, to all orders. We discuss how our present work can lead to a drastic reduction in the time required to acquire a HOM interferogram, and specifically discuss how this could be of particular importance for the implementation of efficient quantum-optical coherence tomography devices.
PCC0208025 (BMS202), a small molecule inhibitor of PD-L1, produces an antitumor effect in B16-F10 melanoma-bearing mice
Authors: Hu Zhengping , Yu Pengfei , Du Guangying , Wang Wenyan , Zhu Haibo , Li Ning , Zhao Huijuan , Dong Zhaoju , Ye Liang , Tian Jingwei
Published: March 2020

The increased PD-L1 expression induces poorer prognosis in melanoma. The small molecule inhibitors of PD-1/PD-L1 pathways have been an encouraging drug development strategy because of good affinity and oral bioavailability without immunogenicity and immunotoxicities of PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies. In this study, we studied the effects of PCC0208025 (BMS202), a small molecule inhibitor of PD-L1, on PD-1/PD-L1 binding and the cytokines secretion in human CD3+ cells in vitro. We also investigated the antitumor and immunomodulatory activity of PCC0208025 and the pharmacokinetics properties in B16-F10 melanoma-bearing mice. The results showed that PCC0208025 inhibited the PD-1/PD-L1 proteins binding, and rescued PD-L1-mediated inhibition of IFN-γ production in human CD3+ T cells in vitro. Furthermore, in B16-F10 melanoma-bearing mice, PCC0208025 presented the antitumor effects, enhanced IFN-γ levels in plasma, increased the frequency of CD3+CD8+ T and CD8+IFN-γ+ T and the ratios of CD8+/Treg, and deceased the CD4+CD25+CD127low/− (Treg) number in tumor. Pharmacokinetics study found that PCC0208025 was absorbed and distributed into the tumors with much higher concentrations than those of the blockade against PD-1/PD-L1 binding. Our work suggests that PCC0208025 exhibited anti-tumor effects through inhibiting Treg expansion and increasing cytotoxic activity of tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells by the blockade of PD-1/PD-L1 binding, which may provide the pharmacological basis to develop small molecule inhibitors of PD-1/PD-L1 binding for PCC0208025 as a lead compound.
THE ELEMENTAL COMPOSITION OF THE VEGETATIVE ORGANS OF SORTS REGAL AIR AND SPEAK TO ME OF HEMEROCALLIS HYBRIDA
Authors: Sedel'nikova Lyudmila Leonidovna , Chankina Ol'ga Vasil'yevna
Published: March 2020

The data on the content of 22 chemical elements in the leaves and rhizomes of Hemerocallis hybrida plants of the Speak to me and Regal Air varieties growing in soil-ecological conditions of the forest-steppe zone of Western Siberia are presented. The General regularities of accumulation and distribution of macro- and microelements in leaves and rhizomes of plants of two varieties of daylilies are established: excess of the content of many microelements (vanadium, chromium, nickel, rubidium) in rhizomes in comparison with leaves. It was revealed that the concentration of chemical elements in plants differed both in organs and between varieties. The peculiarity of the mineral composition of the Regal Air variety was the excess of the total content of trace elements in 1.5–3 times compared to the variety Speak to me. Concentrations of individual elements in the leaves and rhizomes of daylilies differed significantly. It is shown that in both varieties in the leaves the amount of bromine was 4 times higher than in rhizomes, strontium – 1.5–1.8 times. The concentration of toxicant elements in the phytomass of Hemerocallis hybrida varieties was significantly lower than permissible concentration, which makes it possible to use them for medicinal purposes.
DEVELOPMENT OF A METHOD FOR HYDROLYTIC CLEAVAGE OF MOLECULES SAPONINS – DERIVATIVES OF QUILLAJA ACID
Authors: Mironenko Natal'ya Vladimirovna , Shkutina Irina Viktorovna , Brezhneva Tat'yana Aleksandrovna , Selemenev Vladimir Fedorovich
Published: March 2020

The possibility of hydrolytic decomposition of glycosides soap tree Qullaja. The conditions for the complete hydrolysis of saponins: a mixture of hydrochloric acid, water, ethanol in a ratio of 4 :7.35 : 6.65, heating time – at least 6 hours. The composition of the carbohydrate part of saponins was established – xylose, glucuronic acid, galactose, arabinose were identified in all hydrolysates. The analysis of the obtained fraction of aglycone – willieboy acid physico-chemical methods. Based on the calculation results of chromatographic characteristics (mobility, number and height of theoretical plates), a system for elution of aglycone of the following composition is recommended: petroleum ether–chloroform–acetone (20 : 20 : 5). By the method of potentiometric titration in a non-aqueous solvent medium, the percentage of aglycone in the selected fractions was determined-88.23%. A comparative study of the aqueous solution of aglycone and saponins by UV spectrophotometry. A decrease in the intensity of absorption bands in the 230, 290 nm region responsible for the absorption of carbonyl structures is shown. Analyzed the IR spectra of saponins and willieboy acid identified bands assigned to the vibrations of functional groups of the aglycone and the carbohydrate residue.
SYNTHESIS OF TRITERPENE POLYMER CONSTRUCTIONS
Authors: Gorbunova Marina Nikolayevna , Kraynova Gulnaz Faizovna , Voronina Anna Olegovna
Published: March 2020

The pentacyclic triterpenoids betulin and betulonic acid are promising sources of new biologically active compounds. Grafting them onto polymer matrices leads to the formation of effective dosage forms compared to the original drug. On the basis of betulin and betulonic acid, the synthesis of polymer structures with a fragment of triterpene in the side chain was carried out. New triterpene-containing polymer ensembles were obtained by the method of polymer-analogous transformations of copolymers of N-vinylpyrrolidone with N-(n-carboxy) phenylmaleimide and p-aminostyrene. By crosslinking the carboxyl groups of the copolymer of N-vinylpyrrolidone with N-(n-carboxy) phenylmaleimide with betulin hydroxyl groups and the reaction of the amino groups of the copolymer of N-vinyl pyrrolidone with p-aminopyrol with carboxyl groups of betulonic acid, polymer structures with polycyclic triterpene fragments are obtained. The resulting polymer ensembles have higher activity against melanoma compared to the original copolymers. A polymer based on a copolymer of N-vinylpyrrolidone with N-(n-carboxy) phenylmaleimide and betulin at a concentration of 40.48 μM inhibits 50% of MS cells, while 50% of MS cells die under the influence of 68.29 μM betulin. New triterpene-containing polymer ensembles are promising for the development of new biologically active polymer bioconjugates.
Estudos de descrição e análise da língua espanhola
Authors: Prata Nadja Paulino Pessoa , De Oliveira Pontes Valdecy , Gasparini Bastos Sandra Denise
Published: March 2020

Apresentação da edição sobre estudos de descrição e análise da língua espanhola.
Multifuncionalidade de 'aun/aún' e 'todavía' no espanhol peninsular
Authors: Fontes Michel Gustavo
Published: March 2020

Este artigo oferece uma descrição da multifuncionalidade de aun/aún e todavía no espanhol peninsular. Para tanto, são mapeadas propriedades funcionais e formais que permitem distinguir variados usos desses dois itens no interior do sistema gramatical da língua espanhola. Como material de análise, recorre-se ao banco de dados do corpus de textos orais do projeto PRESEEA (Proyecto para el Estudio Sociolinguístico del Español de España y de América), centrando-se em dados de cidades espanholas. Já enquanto suporte teórico-metodológico, adota-se o modelo da Gramática Discursivo-Funcional, de Hengeveld e Mackenzie (2008). Os resultados apontam para quatro distintos usos de aun/aún e todavía no espanhol peninsular: fasal, polar, enfático e expansivo.
Análise do discurso de dois dicionários bilíngues português – espanhol à luz da Linguística Sistêmico Funcional e da Análise Crítica do Discurso
Authors: Pereira de Souza Ivan
Published: March 2020

Os dicionários, antes de oferecer significados, têm seu próprio significado. O objetivo deste estudo foi testar a aplicação da teoria Linguística Sistêmico-Funcional (LSF) aliada a Análise Crítica do Discurso (ACD) na análise do discurso de dois dicionários bilíngues português–espanhol/espanhol–português usados em escolas de ensino fundamental e médio em uma região do Brasil. Para tanto, observou-se os elementos textuais dos dicionários e aplicou-se um modelo de análise baseado nas três variáveis do discurso (campo, relação e modo) no contexto de situação. Espera-se com isso avaliar a pertinência dos modelos teóricos usados na análise e oferecer uma visão discursiva, nem por isso menos lexical sobre dicionários usados para o ensino de língua estrangeira.
marcador ‘por cierto’ e suas versões em português
Authors: Mazzaro Daniel , Ruas Mariana Ferreira
Published: March 2020

O estudo dos marcadores discursivos tem recebido um especial interesse por parte de múltiplos trabalhos linguísticos nos últimos anos; no entanto, ainda são escassos os trabalhos contrastivos entre o espanhol e o português. Neste artigo, pretendemos contribuir para a discussão verificando as traduções do marcador discursivo “por cierto” nas legendas da série espanhola El Ministerio del Tiempo para o português do Brasil. Para tanto, apresentamos algumas características morfossintática, semântica, pragmática e discursiva dos marcadores discursivos em geral e de “por cierto”, especificamente, e tecemos considerações sobre a tradução desse grupo de palavras e de expressões com base em importantes bibliografias, como Martín Zorraquino e Portolés (1999), Portolés (2001; 2002), Estellés Arguedas (2009), Fuentes Rodríguez (2009), Pons Bordería e Estellés (2009) e Borreguero Zuloaga, (2011) para, então, analisarmos as legendas das cenas em que figura esse marcador, cotejando suas funções com as das opções de tradução em língua portuguesa para verificar que estratégias foram usadas. Concluímos que, embora mais da metade das traduções tenham sido adequadas ao contexto comunicativo e ao gênero discursivo (incluindo seu apagamento), há relevantes casos em que a tradução guia a outras inferências por usar marcadores em língua portuguesa que se aproximam mais à estrutura lexical do marcador “por cierto” que a seus significados de processamento.
Políticas públicas para a inclusão de mulheres brasileiras: O Programa Mulheres Mil como interface entre a educação e trabalho
Authors: Tunin Andréa Simoni Manarin , Gouvêa Fernando César Ferreira
Published: March 2020

O presente artigo apresenta ao leitor o Programa Mulheres Mil enquanto uma política de inclusão através da educação e do trabalho. O objetivo é apresentar o histórico das políticas públicas para as mulheres, o retrospecto do Programa Mulheres Mil no país e a experiência desenvolvida no Campus Volta Redonda, assim como avaliar a eficácia das políticas de inclusão de mulheres em situação de vulnerabilidade através da escola. O procedimento metodológico utilizado foi a etnografia, valorizando os dados obtidos através da observação participante e o acompanhamento detalhado do cotidiano do objeto pesquisado. Os resultados obtidos foram interpretados pelo viés da etnografia crítica que levou em consideração os aspectos culturais, políticos e econômicos sobre o tema. Esses resultados apontam para um distanciamento entre as diretrizes do Programa Mulheres Mil e as práticas cotidianas possíveis de serem realizadas, além da condição salvacionista atribuída à escola, resultando então na perpetuação das condições de exclusão e desigualdade das mulheres na sociedade.
LiveGraph
Authors: Zhu Xiaowei , Feng Guanyu , Serafini Marco , Ma Xiaosong , Yu Jiping , Xie Lei , Aboulnaga Ashraf , Chen Wenguang
Published: March 2020

The specific characteristics of graph workloads make it hard to design a one-size-fits-all graph storage system. Systems that support transactional updates use data structures with poor data locality, which limits the efficiency of analytical workloads or even simple edge scans. Other systems run graph analytics workloads efficiently, but cannot properly support transactions.

This paper presents LiveGraph, a graph storage system that outperforms both the best graph transactional systems and the best solutions for real-time graph analytics on fresh data. LiveGraph achieves this by ensuring that adjacency list scans, a key operation in graph workloads, are purely sequential: they never require random accesses even in presence of concurrent transactions. Such pure-sequential operations are enabled by combining a novel graph-aware data structure, the Transactional Edge Log (TEL), with a concurrency control mechanism that leverages TEL's data layout. Our evaluation shows that LiveGraph significantly outperforms state-of-the-art (graph) database solutions on both transactional and real-time analytical workloads.
Understanding and benchmarking the impact of GDPR on database systems
Authors: Shastri Supreeth , Banakar Vinay , Wasserman Melissa , Kumar Arun , Chidambaram Vijay
Published: March 2020

The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) provides new rights and protections to European people concerning their personal data. We analyze GDPR from a systems perspective, translating its legal articles into a set of capabilities and characteristics that compliant systems must support. Our analysis reveals the phenomenon of metadata explosion, wherein large quantities of metadata needs to be stored along with the personal data to satisfy the GDPR requirements. Our analysis also helps us identify new workloads that must be supported under GDPR. We design and implement an open-source benchmark called GDPRbench that consists of workloads and metrics needed to understand and assess personal-data processing database systems. To gauge the readiness of modern database systems for GDPR, we follow best practices and developer recommendations to modify Redis, PostgreSQL, and a commercial database system to be GDPR compliant. Our experiments demonstrate that the resulting GDPR-compliant systems achieve poor performance on GPDR workloads, and that performance scales poorly as the volume of personal data increases. We discuss the real-world implications of these .ndings, and identify research challenges towards making GDPR-compliance efficient in production environments. We release all of our so.ware artifacts and datasets at h.p://www:gdprbench:org
LB+Trees
Authors: Liu Jihang , Chen Shimin , Wang Lujun
Published: March 2020

3DXPoint memory is the first commercially available NVM solution targeting mainstream computer systems. While 3DXPoint conforms to many assumptions about NVM in previous studies, we observe a number of distinctive features of 3DXPoint. For example, the number of modified words in a cache line does not affect the performance of 3DXPoint writes. This enables a new type of optimization: performing more NVM word writes per line in order to reduce the number of NVM line writes. We propose LB
+
-Tree, a persistent B
+
-Tree index optimized for 3DXPoint memory. LB
+
-Tree nodes are 256B or a multiple of 256B, as 256B is the internal data access size in 3DXPoint memory. We propose three techniques to improve LB
+
-Tree's insertion performance: (i) Entry moving, which reduces the number of NVM line writes for insertions by creating empty slots in the first line of a leaf node; (ii) Logless node split, which uses NAW (NVM Atomic Write) to reduce logging overhead; and (iii) Distributed headers, which makes (i) and (ii) effective for multi-256B nodes. Theoretical analysis shows that entry moving reduces the number of NVM line writes per insertion of the traditional design by at least 1.35x in a stable tree. Our micro-benchmark experiments on a real machine equipped with 3DXPoint memory shows that LB
+
-Tree achieves up to 1.12--2.92x speedups over state-of-the-art NVM optimized B
+
-Trees for insertions while obtaining similar search and deletion performance. Moreover, we study the benefits of LB
+
-Tree in two real-world systems: X-Engine, a commercial OLTP storage engine, and Memcached, an open source key-value store. X-Engine and Memcached results confirm our findings in the micro-benchmarks.
David G. Stern, Brian Rogers, and Gabriel Citron, eds., Wittgenstein: Lectures, Cambridge 1930-1933: From the Notes of G. E. Moore
Authors: Engelmann Mauro Luiz
Published: March 2020

Reviewed by Mauro Luiz Engelmann
Muscarinic-Dependent miR-182 and QR2 Expression Regulation in the Anterior Insula Enables Novel Taste Learning
Authors: Gould Nathaniel L. , Elkobi Alina , Edry Efrat , Daume Jonathan , Rosenblum Kobi
Published: March 2020

In a similar manner to other learning paradigms, intact muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) neurotransmission or protein synthesis regulation in the anterior insular cortex (aIC) is necessary for appetitive taste learning. Here we describe a parallel local molecular pathway, where GABAAreceptor control of mAChR activation causes upregulation of miRNA-182 and quinone reductase 2 (QR2) mRNA destabilization in the rodent aIC. Damage to long-term memory by prevention of this process, with the use of mAChR antagonist scopolamine before novel taste learning, can be rescued by local QR2 inhibition, demonstrating that QR2 acts downstream of local muscarinic activation. Furthermore, we prove for the first time the presence of endogenous QR2 cofactors in the brain, establishing QR2 as a functional reductase there. In turn, we show that QR2 activity causes the generation of reactive oxygen species, leading to modulation in Kv2.1 redox state. QR2 expression reduction therefore is a previously unaccounted mode of mAChR-mediated inflammation reduction, and thus adds QR2 to the cadre of redox modulators in the brain. The concomitant reduction in QR2 activity during memory consolidation suggests a complementary mechanism to the well established molecular processes of this phase, by which the cortex gleans important information from general sensory stimuli. This places QR2 as a promising new target to tackle neurodegenerative inflammation and the associated impediment of novel memory formation in diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease.
An Amygdalo-Parabrachial Pathway Regulates Pain Perception and Chronic Pain
Authors: Raver Charles , Uddin Olivia , Ji Yadong , Li Ying , Cramer Nathan , Jenne Carleigh , Morales Marisela , Masri Radi , Keller Asaf
Published: March 2020

The parabrachial (PB) complex mediates both ascending nociceptive signaling and descending pain modulatory information in the affective/emotional pain pathway. We have recently reported that chronic pain is associated with amplified activity of PB neurons in a rat model of neuropathic pain. Here we demonstrate that similar activity amplification occurs in mice, and that this is related to suppressed inhibition to lateral parabrachial (LPB) neurons from the CeA in animals of either sex. Animals with pain after chronic constriction injury of the infraorbital nerve (CCI-Pain) displayed higher spontaneous and evoked activity in PB neurons, and a dramatic increase in after-discharges, responses that far outlast the stimulus, compared with controls. LPB neurons in CCI-Pain animals showed a reduction in inhibitory, GABAergic inputs. We show that, in both rats and mice, LPB contains few GABAergic neurons, and that most of its GABAergic inputs arise from CeA. These CeA GABA neurons express dynorphin, somatostatin, and/or corticotropin releasing hormone. We find that the efficacy of this CeA-LPB pathway is suppressed in chronic pain. Further, optogenetically stimulating this pathway suppresses acute pain, and inhibiting it, in naive animals, evokes pain behaviors. These findings demonstrate that the CeA-LPB pathway is critically involved in pain regulation, and in the pathogenesis of chronic pain.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTWe describe a novel pathway, consisting of inhibition by dynorphin, somatostatin, and corticotropin-releasing hormone-expressing neurons in the CeA that project to the parabrachial nucleus. We show that this pathway regulates the activity of pain-related neurons in parabrachial nucleus, and that, in chronic pain, this inhibitory pathway is suppressed, and that this suppression is causally related to pain perception. We propose that this amygdalo-parabrachial pathway is a key regulator of both chronic and acute pain, and a novel target for pain relief.
Pancreatic islet beta cell-specific deletion of G6pc2 reduces fasting blood glucose
Authors: Bosma Karin J , Rahim Mohsin , Singh Kritika , Goleva Slavina B , Wall Martha L , Xia Jing , Syring Kristen E , Oeser James K , Poffenberger Greg , McGuinness Owen P , Means Anna L , Powers Alvin C , Li Wen-hong , Davis Lea K , Young Jamey D , O’Brien Richard M
Published: March 2020

The G6PC1, G6PC2 and G6PC3 genes encode distinct glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit (G6PC) isoforms. In mice, germline deletion of G6pc2 lowers fasting blood glucose (FBG) without affecting fasting plasma insulin (FPI) while, in isolated islets, glucose-6-phosphatase activity and glucose cycling are abolished and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) is enhanced at submaximal but not high glucose. These observations are all consistent with a model in which G6PC2 regulates the sensitivity of GSIS to glucose by opposing the action of glucokinase. G6PC2 is highly expressed in human and mouse islet beta cells however, various studies have shown trace G6PC2 expression in multiple tissues raising the possibility that G6PC2 also affects FBG through non-islet cell actions. Using real-time PCR we show here that expression of G6pc1 and/or G6pc3 are much greater than G6pc2 in peripheral tissues, whereas G6pc2 expression is much higher than G6pc3 in both pancreas and islets with G6pc1 expression not detected. In adult mice, beta cell-specific deletion of G6pc2 was sufficient to reduce FBG without changing FPI. In addition, electronic health record-derived phenotype analyses showed no association between G6PC2 expression and phenotypes clearly unrelated to islet function in humans. Finally, we show that germline G6pc2 deletion enhances glycolysis in mouse islets and that glucose cycling can also be detected in human islets. These observations are all consistent with a mechanism by which G6PC2 action in islets is sufficient to regulate the sensitivity of GSIS to glucose and hence influence FBG without affecting FPI.
GnRH antagonist alters the migration of endometrial epithelial cells by reducing CKB
Authors: Chen Qian , Fan Yong , Zhou Xiaowei , Yan Zheng , Kuang Yanping , Zhang Aijun , Xu Chen
Published: March 2020

Some studies have demonstrated that the implantation rate of fresh transfer cycles is lower in the gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist (GnRH-ant) protocol than in the GnRH agonist (GnRH-a) protocol during in vitro fertilization (IVF). This effect may be related to endometrial receptivity. However, the mechanisms are unclear. Here, endometrial tissues obtained from the mid-secretory phase of patients treated with GnRH-a or GnRH-ant protocols and from patients on their natural cycle were assessed. Endometrial expression of B-type creatine kinase (CKB), which plays important roles in the implantation phase, was significantly reduced in the GnRH-ant group. At the same time, expression of the endometrial receptivity marker HOXA10 was considerably reduced in the GnRH-ant group. GnRH-ant exposure in endometrial epithelial cells (EECs) in vitro decreased CKB expression and ATP generation and blocked polymerization of actin. Furthermore, in vitro GnRH-ant-exposed Ishikawa cells showed enhanced F-actin depolymerization, and these effects were rescued by CKB overexpression. Similar effects were observed after CKB knockdown, and these effects were rescued by CKB overexpression. Moreover, cell migration was decreased in CKB-knockdown Ishikawa cells compared with that in control cells, and this effect was also rescued by CKB overexpression. Overall, these findings showed that GnRH-ant affected CKB expression in EECs, resulting in cytoskeletal damage and migration failure. These results provide insight into the roles and molecular mechanisms of GnRH-ant treatment in the endometrium.
The dog as a sentinel species for environmental effects on human fertility
Authors: Sumner Rebecca Nicole , Harris Imogen Thea , Van der Mescht Morne , Byers Andrew , England Gary Crane William , Lea Richard Graham
Published: March 2020

Despite the vast body of evidence that environmental toxicants adversely affect reproductive development and function across species, demonstrating true cause and effect in the human remains a challenge. Human meta-analytical data, showing a temporal decline in male sperm quality, are paralleled by a single laboratory study showing a similar 26-year decline in the dog, which shares the same environment. These data are indicative of a common cause. Environmental chemicals (ECs) detected in reproductive tissues and fluids induce similar, short term, adverse effects on human and dog sperm. Both pre- and post-natal stages of early life development are sensitive to chemical exposures and such changes could potentially cause long term effects in the adult. The environmental ‘pollutome’ (mixtures of ECs) is determined by industrialisation, atmospheric deposition and bioaccumulation and characterises real-life exposure. In Arctic ecosystems, dietary and non-dietary chemical contaminants are detectable in biological tissues and linked with adverse health effects in both dogs and their handlers. In the female, such exposure could contribute to disorders such as ovarian insufficiency, dysregulated follicle development, ovarian cancer, and polycystic ovarian syndrome. In the dog, ovarian chemical concentrations are greater in the testis. In addition, preliminary studies indicate that dietary exposures may influence the sex ratio in the offspring in favour of females. Within this article, we review current knowledge on chemical effects on human reproduction and suggest that the dog, as a sentinel species for such effects, is an essential tool for addressing critical data gaps in this field.
La perspectiva Mapu de espacios judiciales y el pensamiento geográfico Mapuche
Authors: De La Ossa Arias Leonarda
Published: March 2020

El artículo explora la perspectiva Mapu a partir de una inmersión etnográfica con Pu11 Mapuche en torno a un espacio judicial que se mueve en relación de antagónismo con los espacios geográficos en plural, presentando tensiones que dan apertura a otras geografías no hegemónicas, que escapan a la centralidad de reivindicar a la geografía como la ciencia del espacio del hombre, desplazando la reflexión, hacia la coexistencia de los seres y todas las formas de vida de y en los espacios, como dicho y practicado por los pensadores de pueblos originarios Quidel (2012),Melin et al (2017).
La epidemia de fiebre amarilla en el puerto del Callao durante 1868
Authors: Inga Rumiche Sally , Carcelén Reluz Carlos
Published: March 2020

En la segunda mitad del siglo XIX fueron redescubiertas las propiedades fertilizantes del guano, para extraer este producto era necesario contar con mano de obra por lo cual se fomentó la migración de trabajadores chinos al Perú. Al coincidir la llegada de ellos con la aparición de la fiebre amarilla se formó el prejuicio de que estos habían introducido la enfermedad al país a través de los miasmas. Al brotar una fuerte epidemia de fiebre amarilla a inicios de 1868, el Estado Peruano, puso en práctica una serie de políticas que buscaban frenar el avance del mal, dichas políticas fueron aplicadas con gran énfasis en el Puerto del Callao, ello debido a que aquí anclaban barcos con tripulación asiática, hecho que lo convertía en un potente foco de infección. Estas políticas consistían por ejemplo en pasar inspección a los buques que arribaban al puerto, y en el caso de ser alguno de estos sospechosos de portar la enfermedad mandarlos a hacer cuarentena a la isla San Lorenzo. Pese a las precauciones tomadas estas no tuvieron el efecto esperado, ya que no contrarrestaban en sí la raíz del problema (la enfermedad se produce por la picadura del mosquito Aedes aegypti) ello debido al desconocimiento científico. Generándose así una serie de prejuicios erróneos hacia los inmigrantes chinos. Para desarrollar el presente trabajo se abordaran tres partes, en la primera se hará una descripción de la coyuntura económica y el proceso de inmigración china, en la segunda parte se describirá la introducción de la fiebre amarilla en el Puerto del Callao y finalmente en la tercera parte se desarrollara las principales medidas que tomó el Estado para frenar la propagación de la fiebre amarilla, asimismo se analizará los prejuicios hacia los pobladores chinos.
La versión facsimilar de la revista Sociedad y Política
Authors: Germaná Cavero César
Published: March 2020

Ha sido un valioso acierto la publicación de la versión facsimilar de los trece números de la revista Sociedad y Política (1972-1983) gracias a la apreciable decisión del Dr. Julio Mejía –decano de la Facultad de Ciencias Sociales- y al excelente trabajo editorial realizado por el director y su equipo del Fondo Editorial de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos.
DESAHUCIADAS. Pobreza y lucro en la ciudad del siglo XXI
Authors: Bernales Rodriguez Brythanye
Published: March 2020

“Me siento sucio al recopilar estas historias y dificultades como si fueran trofeos” -escribe el sociólogo M. Desmond, rememorando el término de las investigaciones que darían vida a Desahuciadas, obra ganadora del premio Pulitzer de No ficción 2017. No era para menos. Desmond se asentó en los barrios marginales de Milwaukee (Wisconsin, Estados Unidos) –primero en el Parque de Viviendas Móviles College en South Side y luego en un apartamento compartido en los guetos del North Side– entre mayo de 2008 y diciembre de 2009, para encontrar respuestas al evento que marcó la ruta de su familia cuando era apenas un niño: el desahucio. Lejos de tratarse de un episodio aislado, el desahucio –o desalojo legal forzado– es una experiencia que impacta en la vida pública y privada de cada vez un mayor número de familias de clase media y baja en los países llamados de «primer mundo», especialmente, tras la crisis financiera global de 2008. En ese sentido, Desahuciadas nos introduce en este gravitante problema a través de las vivencias habitacionales de ocho familias que pese a sus variantes constitutivas (número, género, etnia, formación u ocupación, entre otros) comparten el haberse visto atrapadas en el círculo de la pobreza por pretender aspirar a una vivienda que les brinde alojamiento «cual ratones en una ratonera».
Teorías sobre estructura de capital y rentabilidad en las compañías
Authors: Ramírez Huerta Valiente Pantaleón , Vicente Armas Edgar , Ríos Zarzosa Marcelino Héctor , Fabián Sotelo Luis Ángel , Bustamante  Sánchez Yolanda
Published: March 2020

En este trabajo de investigación, tuvimos como propósito determinar cuáles son las teorías sobre estructura de capital y rentabilidad que vienen aplicando en las compañías en España y América Latina al fijar sus políticas de búsqueda de fondos permanentes (capital), mediante el análisis documental de veintidós investigaciones publicadas sobre el tema entre al año 2005 al 2019. Los resultados muestran que la teoría de compensación se aplica mayoritariamente, seguida de la teoría de orden jerárquico y en tercer y último lugar la teoría de la Independencia e Imperfecciones de Mercado. Las tres teorías se deben armonizarse en un solo cuerpo teórico dado que se complementan.
Santo Domingo, Alma Mater de San Marcos y La Casona, Identidad, Patrimonio y Turismo en Lima
Authors: Castillo Yui Nieves Cecilia
Published: March 2020

Los claustros de Santo Domingo fueron el primer testimonio de la existencia de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, sin duda alguna una joya arquitectónica y artística religiosa de la ciudad de Lima valorada por su patrimonio material inmueble. La Casona es igualmente un valioso testimonio que destacar de la vida virreinal, emancipadora y republicana del Perú, por tanto, es importante reconocer en ambas su valiosa contribución a la cultura peruana y a la identidad nacional por el patrimonio cultural que ostentan. En la actualidad, el turismo, une a ambas, como resultado de este vínculo histórico cultural a través del conocimiento y difusión en la actividad turística.
Factibilidad para la instalación de una industria procesadora de licor de cacao
Authors: Muñoz Murillo José Patricio , Párraga Álava Ramona Cecilia , Zambrano Vélez María Isabel , Alcívar Mendoza Pablo Enrique , Zambrano Rodríguez Virginia Estefanía
Published: March 2020

En el estudio de factibilidad para la instalación de una industria procesadora de licor de cacao se determinó mediante estudio de mercado que existe un 89% de demanda del producto con una capacidad de producción de 19.608 litros por año; se requiere una inversión de $77.344,42 para la implementación y puesta en marcha del proyecto que tendrá una vida útil de 10 años, el valor actual neto es de 4.847,48 y la tasa interna de retorno en un 7.20%.
El Estrés Laboral y su Influencia en el Desempeño de los Trabajadores
Authors: Zuñiga Cristobal Evelyn Carina
Published: March 2020

El estrés tiene una relación directa con el desempeño laboral, y otras variables más; según las diversas investigaciones realizadas y bases teóricas estudiadas sobre el tema. El estrés laboral es un problema cada vez más frecuente, sin embargo, a pesar de que existen programas para tratarlo y prevenirlo, no ha disminuido, según las estadísticas.

Muchos expertos han tratado de definir estrés laboral, pero el concepto más completo es la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS, 2004) que define a esta variable, como: “la respuesta fisiológica, psicológica y de comportamiento de un individuo que intenta adaptarse y ajustarse a presiones internas y externas. El estrés laboral aparece cuando se presenta un desajuste entre la persona, el puesto de trabajo y la propia organización”. (p.4). La globalización e inestabilidad por la que atraviesan las organizaciones en estos años, hace que los trabajadores se frustren y con ello se tensionen emocionalmente; y esto a su vez conlleva a un aumento de los niveles de estrés laboral y por ende un bajo desempeño laboral. Por lo mismo, la consideración por investigar la variable estrés laboral y el desempeño ha aumentado hoy en día.

En esta reflexión se ha revisado bastante información sobre esta problemática, para poder ofrecerles un panorama general y actualizado de ambas variables.

Asimismo, mostraremos los principales enfoques, conceptos del estrés laboral y su relación con el desempeño laboral, y cuáles son las causas y algunas propuestas de prevención para su control.
La Relación del Estrés con el Desempeño Laboral del Personal de Agro Rural
Authors: Rojas Arancibia Katia Sujey
Published: March 2020

El Dr. Francisco Becerra, Subdirector de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS) en el año 2016 mencionó: Hoy el mundo del trabajo con sus avances industriales, la globalización, el desarrollo tecnológico y las comunicaciones virtuales, nos impone retos y condiciones que con frecuencia exceden los límites de nuestras habilidades y capacidades. Su resultado es el estrés, que puede conducirnos a disfunciones físicas, mentales y sociales; mermar nuestra productividad y afectar nuestros círculos familiares y sociales, incluso dañar nuestra salud. Cuando cualquier persona tiene un problema y no puede solucionarlo, su cuerpo comienza a verse afectado tanto física como mentalmente, las primeras manifestaciones son la depresión, dolores musculares, pérdida del apetito, pérdida del interés y la concentración, entre otras. También el estrés induce ataques cardíacos, eleva la presión sanguínea, genera dolores de cabeza y aumenta la presión cardíaca y respiratoria. En el ámbito laboral, el estrés produce que el trabajador disminuya su compromiso con la organización donde labora, así como su rendimiento de desempeño laboral, causa que el trabajador se ausente, rote de puestos, renuncie, etc. Lo que afecta directamente en las organizaciones haciéndolas incompetentes, baja la productividad, y afecta su imagen pública. Por todas estas razones, decidí analizar la relación del estrés con el desempeño laboral de los trabajadores de la Sede Central Lima de Agro Rural, ya que su labor es amplia y su trabajo extenuante, porque ellos coordinan con los especialistas de las diferentes gerencias departamentales del país las acciones técnicas y administrativas para la programación, ejecución, seguimiento, supervisión y evaluación de proyectos a su cargo, todo ello llevado por constante presión por parte de sus superiores.
Rohner, Fred (2017). Jarana. Origen de la música criolla en Lima. Munilibro, 16
Authors: Meza Chávez Eric Sebastian
Published: March 2020

Como parte de la política cultural de la gestión del exalcalde de Lima, Luis Castañeda Lossio, se publicaron una serie de libros cortos que tienen como temática central aspectos históricos de la capital peruana, los Munilibros. Uno de ellos es el Munilibro 16, titulado Jarana: origen de la música criolla en Lima, de Fred Rohner, editado por la Municipalidad Metropolitana de Lima y publicado en 2017. Es importante destacar la labor investigativa del autor, como docente del Departamento de Humanidades de la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, y sus colaboraciones con Gérard Borras, otro investigador de la música peruana; asimismo, recordemos que es Doctor en Lengua, Historia y Cultura Hispánica por la Universidad de Rennes 2.
Incidencia del consumo y el precio del pescado en la desnutrición crónica
Authors: Cruz Castillo Nelson , Llanos Tiznado Jorge
Published: March 2020

Este trabajo de investigación tuvo como objetivo general el determinar la incidencia del consumo y el precio del pescado en los niños con desnutrición crónica de la ciudad de Huaraz – Región Ancash. año- 2017. Habiéndose contrastado la hipótesis general se corroboro que estas variables inciden de manera importante en los niños con desnutrición crónica, existiendo una relación altamente significativa entre las variables. Asimismo, contrastando las hipótesis específicas se estableció que existe una importante incidencia del consumo de pescado. Y que el precio del pescado tiene una relación altamente significativa. El método para la obtención de la información se realizó con el procesamiento de las encuestas a las Madres de los comedores populares, por lo que, se utilizó el programa estadístico convencional, que permitió el análisis univariado de la información. El estudio se complementó con el uso del Word y el Excel de Microsoft. Se realizó el análisis de frecuencias estadísticas y su contrastación de las hipótesis con el método de chi-cuadrado y coeficiente de contingencia. Lo que prevalece en este estudio es el enfoque económico y social.

JEL: I15