bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Early Palaeozoic magmatism in the English Lake District
Authors: Millward D.
Published: December 2009

The Lower Palaeozoic rocks of the Lake District record the rifting of the microcontinental terrane of Avalonia from Gondwana early in the Ordovician, its drift northwards across the Iapetus Ocean and collision with Laurentia and Baltica in the Silurian, and its Acadian deformation in Early Devonian times. Three discrete episodes of magmatism occurred during these events. In late Ordovician (Caradoc) times large volumes of magma were generated in response to subduction of Iapetus oceanic crust beneath Avalonia. Large-scale eruptions formed the basalt–andesite–rhyolite volcanic fields that are now preserved as the Eycott and Borrowdale volcanic groups. Large bodies of mainly granitic magma were emplaced beneath the Borrowdale Volcanic Group as part of the largely Ordovician Lake District batholith; these include, for example, the Eskdale and Ennerdale intrusions. Less than 10 Ma later, a brief episode of silicic volcanism is recorded within the marine sedimentary strata of the lowest part of the overlying Windermere Supergroup. A period of about 40 million years of apparent quiescence then ensued before further granitic masses, the Shap and Skiddaw plutons were emplaced around the margins of the batholith in Early Devonian times. All of these magmatic episodes were accompanied by minor intrusions. The Eycott and Borrowdale volcanic groups are rare examples in the geological record of the products of subaerial volcanism. Preservation is entirely due to subsidence keeping pace with the emplacement of new material. Subsidence resulted both from extensional tectonic processes and, locally, during the movement
Allochthonous and indigenous palynomorphs from the Devensian of the Warham Borehole, Stiffkey, north Norfolk, England; evidence for sediment provenance
Authors: Riding J. B. , Rose J. , Booth S. J.
Published: December 2009

Late Devensian glaciolacustrine sediments proved by the Warham Borehole, near Stiffkey, north Norfolk, have yielded abundant and diverse recycled palynomorphs of Carboniferous, Permian, Triassic, Jurassic, Early Cretaceous and Palaeogene age. Indigenous Quaternary palynomorphs are a relatively minor component of the palynofloras; Carboniferous and Jurassic palynomorphs are the most commonly occurring forms. Middle Jurassic spores and pollen and Toarcian (Lower Jurassic) and Kimmeridgian (Upper Jurassic) dinoflagellate cysts are prominent, and the latter may indicate derivation from particularly resistant Toarcian and Kimmeridgian lithologies. Surprisingly, few grains were derived from the Chalk Group, which crops out locally. The recycled palynomorphs are interpreted as having been derived from local glacial deposits and then incorporated into the glaciolacustrine sediments of proglacial Lake Stiffkey, at the margin of the Late Devensian ice sheet. The lowest sample studied was the most productive palynologically. It was probably derived from nearby Lowestoft Till, an interpretation that agrees with the sedimentological evidence. The allochthonous palynomorphs from samples collected higher in the glaciolacustrine succession were probably derived from glaciogenic sediments deposited at the margin of the Late Devensian ice sheet. Based on the palynofloras, the Late Devensian ice flowed south from Scotland across the northern Pennines and NE England, down the western flank of the North Sea Basin to north Norfolk. The terrestrial nature of the indigenous Quaternary palynomorphs recovered is consistent with an ice-marginal and glaciolacustrine depositional setting.
Late Visean and Early Namurian trilobites from the northern and eastern margins of the Derbyshire Dome
Authors: Tilsley J. W. , Owens R. M.
Published: December 2009

Strata of late Visean (P
1c
and P
2
) and early Namurian (E
l
and E
2
) age that crop out on the northern and eastern flanks of the Derbyshire Dome have yielded trilobites from several horizons in the Monsal Dale Limestones Formation (dark lithofacies), the Eyam Limestones Formation, the Longstone Mudstone Formation and the lower part of the Edale Shale Group. Certain levels are crowded with disarticulated exoskeletal parts, accompanied by some articulated specimens.
Paladin
is the most widespread genus in these formations, both geographically and stratigraphically, with
Cummingella, Baliothyreus
gen. nov. and
Eocyphinium
having more limited distributions. The dark lithofacies at the top of the Monsal Dale Limestones Formation is established as the type lithology for
Paladin bakewellensis
Osmólska,
Eocyphinium seminiferum
(Phillips) and for Martin’s ‘
Entomolithus Onicites
(
Derbiensis
)’, now referred to
Paladin.
In this paper,
Paladin derbiensis
(Phillips),
P. bakewellensis
Osmólska,
P. eakringensis
Osmólska,
Baliothyreus becki
gen. et sp. nov. and
B. fissisolanum
gen. et sp. nov. are described. The
Paladin
species contrast with those present in coeval strata in the Askrigg Block and farther north, in north and south Wales, and in the Bristol district; they appear to be restricted to Derbyshire and the adjacent East Midlands.
Baliothyreus
has not been found outside Derbyshire.
Platycrinitid crinoid cups from the Lower Carboniferous of Yorkshire and Derbyshire
Authors: Donovan S. K. , Lewis D. N. , Tilsley J. W.
Published: December 2009

Platycrinitid camerate crinoids, with distinctive elliptical columnals and large dorsal cups are a characteristic feature of the Lower Carboniferous of the British Isles. Two new occurrences are reported here. Disarticulated basal circlets and low radials from the Brigantian of Coverdale, Yorkshire, have been reconstructed as a dorsal cup, identified as
Platycrinites
sp. Although both smooth and tuberculated plates are present, intermediate morphologies suggest that these represent one variable species. It is rare that pelmatozoan thecae or cups can be reconstructed from disarticulated elements.
Platycrinites
sp. is believed to be the first such reconstruction to be published from the Palaeozoic of the British Isles. The second new occurrence comprises cups of a platycrinitid species from Lathkill Dale in the Peak District, Derbyshire, preserved in a stile in a dry stone wall. This occurrence is notable as being one of the few reports of identifiable crinoid remains from the Lower Carboniferous of the Peak District since the 19th century.
Complex extensional faulting of Triassic rocks north of York, North Yorkshire, UK
Authors: Hawkins T. R. W. , Saul G. H.
Published: December 2009

Borehole records, seismic reflection traverses and surface resistivity surveys have established the presence of previously unknown graben complexes north of York. A major NE–SW to E–W trending complex with vertical displacements of up to around 200 m is traceable for 22 km through Beningbrough and Strensall. A narrower NW-SE trending graben with similar displacements can be traced for at least 8 km through Lilling, south of Sheriff Hutton. A large part of the Beningbrough-Strensall Graben Zone is complexly faulted on both large and small scales. It is located at the southern edge of the Howardian-Flambor-ough Head Fault Zone and may have been within an area of maximum ‘sag’ deformation along the hinge between the subsiding Cleveland Basin to the north and the more rigid Market Weighton Block to the south. Major consequences of the faulting are: (i) a 10 km sinistral shift of the sub-drift crop of the Triassic Mercia Mudstone Group, (ii) substantial changes to ground water levels and flow, and (iii) the presence of small fault bounded blocks of Rhaetian Penarth Group rocks many kilometres from their main sub-drift crop.
The evolution of the Carlisle Basin, NW England and SW Scotland
Authors: Holliday D. W. , Holloway S. , McMillan A. A. , Jones N. S. , Warrington G. , Akhurst M. C.
Published: December 2009

Seismic reflection profiles show that the Permo-Triassic rocks of the ENE-trending Carlisle Basin occur in several
en echelon
synclines and intervening anticlines, rather than the relatively simple syncline generally shown in the literature. At least two of the synclines correspond to Permo-Triassic depocentres, which probably continued into the Early Jurassic. The western depocentre is the more pronounced, interpreted as locally containing >500 m of Appleby Group strata (Brockram and Penrith Sandstone) that are completely concealed beneath younger strata. Rocks of this age were not deposited in the other synclines and there is no subsurface continuity with Appleby Group strata in the nearby Vale of Eden Basin. The western depocentre may have been formerly contiguous with the NNW-trending Dumfries Basin prior to post-Triassic footwall uplift and erosion on the crosscutting North-East Axial-Waterbeck Fault. Both the Sherwood Sandstone and Mercia Mudstone groups locally exceed 500 m in thickness in the western syncline and 400 m in the central syncline, reducing to
c.
250 m in the intervening saddle area. The depocentres were also the principal loci of Cainozoic inversion during which
c.
2500 m of mainly Jurassic and Cretaceous strata were removed locally. Unlike other nearby Permo-Triassic basins, there is no evidence of synsedimentary displacements on basin margin faults. The NNW-trending Crummock Fault, which cuts across the basin, provides the best evidence for synsedimentary movement, but only during deposition of the Appleby Group. This fault, and a suite of adjacent parallel faults, may be a southerly continuation of the Dumfries Fault, which forms the western boundary of the Dumfries Basin. The outlier of the youngest preserved rocks, the Penarth and Lias groups, is preserved in the saddle area between the main depocentres where less inversion is inferred to have occurred.
New algal and foraminiferal assemblages and evidence for recognition of the Asbian-Brigantian boundary in northern England
Authors: Cózar P. , Somerville I. D.
Published: December 2009

A detailed micropalaeontological analysis (foraminifera and calcareous algae) has been made of the Brigantian Basal Stratotype section at Janny Wood in the Stainmore Trough, and sections in the Rookhope, Allenheads, Feizor and Back Scar boreholes on the Alston and Askrigg blocks of northern England. The sections contain a complete composite succession from the upper Asbian to the Pendleian. Using the first appearances, last appearances and the acmes of the foraminiferal and algal taxa, it is possible to recognize eight assemblages in the shallow-water platform facies of the Alston and Askrigg blocks. Several taxa occur earlier in the Janny Wood section (Stainmore Trough) than in the boreholes on the adjacent blocks and many common taxa in what is currently regarded as the highest Asbian part of the Janny Wood section are more typical of the Brigantian. All the palaeontological data suggest that the Birkdale Limestone and possibly the Robinson Limestone in the Janny Wood section could be Brigantian, although there is an absence of basal Brigantian foraminiferal markers (e.g.
Loeblichia
and
Janischewskina).
Nevertheless, the basal Brigantian Stratotype boundary could be moved from its current position at the base of the Peghorn Limestone to a lower level, preferably at the base of the Birkdale Limestone.
Barremian and Aptian (Cretaceous) sharks and rays from Speeton, Yorkshire, NE England
Authors: Underwood C. J.
Published: December 2009

Bulk sampling of several levels in the upper part of the Speeton Clay type section has yielded teeth and other remains of sharks and rays. At least 10 shark and two ray species were recorded, with two sharks,
Pteroscyllium speetonensis
sp. nov. and
Palaeobrachaelurus mitchelli
sp. nov. being described as new. The oldest occurrences of the family Anacoracidae and the genus
Pteroscyllium,
as well as the youngest occurrence of the genus
Palaeobrachaelurus,
were recorded. The palaeoenvironmental significance of the faunas is briefly discussed.
Scarborough’s first geologist? The life and works of the Rev. Frederick Kendall (1790–1836)
Authors: Torrens H. S.
Published: December 2009

Among the abundant literature on Yorkshire geology, one man’s contribution has been forgotten, that of Rev. Frederick Kendall who published a
Catalogue of the Minerals and Fossils of Scarborough
and its vicinity in 1816 and 1817. The circumstances behind its production are rather remarkable since Kendall had just before, in 1813, been expelled from Cambridge University for several times wilfully setting fire to his College, despite having been legally cleared at his trial. His origins and ancestry are described in this paper as well as his Cambridge ‘career’. The
Catalogue,
in its several different guises, is described and then his subsequent career briefly discussed. In a final section, his work is contrasted with William Smith’s work and influence at Scarborough, which started in 1817 and led to the creation of the Rotunda Museum there, now a potential shrine to Smithian studies.
Palynomorph and ostracod biostratigraphy of the Ballagan Formation, Midland Valley of Scotland, and elucidation of intra-Dinantian unconformaties
Authors: Stephenson M. H. , Williams M. , Monghan A. A. , Arkley S. , Smith R. A. , Dean M. , Browne M. A. E. , Leng M.
Published: December 2009

An interdisciplinary biostratigraphical study of Tournaisian–early Viséan sedimentary rocks from six sections in central Scotland has established the ranges of important palynomorph and ostracod taxa that can be used to refine the existing palynomorph-based biozonation scheme. The work highlights the value of joint ostracod-palynomorph studies in correlating sequences where a single biostratigraphical discipline alone cannot provide the resolution needed. To this end, a new joint palynomorph/ostracod stratigraphical assemblage, the
Acanthotriletes cf. macrogaleatus – Sulcella affiliata
Assemblage, has been established. This assemblage correlates with the upper part of the CM Biozone and allows the CM–Pu biozonal boundary to be positioned more reliably in the Midland Valley of Scotland (MVS) than previously. The distribution of the assemblage, and the palaeontological characteristics of the Ballagan Formation and stratigraphically higher formations in the Dinantian of the MVS, show that significant but localized hiatuses, correlating with the Pu, TS and TC biozones, occur in parts of the western MVS, while generally smaller hiatuses, correlating with the TS Biozone and possibly part of the Pu Biozone, exist in the east of the MVS and in parts of the Cockburnspath Outlier (Dunbar-Oldhamstocks Basin).
Aquatic plant microfossils of probable non-vascular origin from the Ballagan Formation (Lower Carboniferous), Midland Valley, Scotland
Authors: Stephenson M. H. , Williams M. , Leng M. , Monghan A. A.
Published: December 2009

Seven previously undescribed palynomorphs,
Brazilea
sp. B,
?Carbaneuletes
sp. A,
?Reduviasporonites
sp. and Algal palynomorph spp. 1 to 4, some of which are closely similar to the spores and filaments of extant fresh or brackish water algae, are described and illustrated from the Lower Carboniferous Ballagan Formation of central Scotland. The palynomorphs occur in a succession yielding δ
18
O and δ
13
C values from carbonate that indicate a brackish water depositional origin. They occur in several sections with a low diversity ostracod fauna dominated by
Beyrichiopsis, Cavellina, Knoxiella, Shemonaella
and
Sulcella
species, but lacking typical fully marine forms such as
Bairdia
and
Amphissites.
In addition, the sequences contain
Botryococcus
and
Circulisporites,
which are fresh to brackish water indicators, but lack spinose acritarchs that indicate marine conditions. The palynomorphs, which lack trilete marks or other haptotypic features, are thus likely to be of aquatic algal origin, and were probably produced to allow algae growing in ephemeral ponds to survive periods of desiccation and to colonize successive waterbodies in an arid coastal plain palaeoenvironment. The palynomorphs may be of value in further palaeoenvironmental studies as indicators of fresh to brackish conditions.
The Caradoc volcanoes of the English Lake District
Authors: Millward D.
Published: December 2009

During Late Ordovician (Caradoc) time, the English Lake District was the focus for one of the most intense episodes of magmatism seen during the geological history of the British Isles. There, two thick subaerial volcanic successions aggraded within opposing half-graben. In the northern half-graben, the Eycott Volcanic Group (EVG) comprises basaltic, andesitic and dacitic lavas and sills with subordinate pyroclastic rocks having geochemical affinities that are transitional between medium-K, continental-margin tholeiitic and calc-alkaline suites. In the southern half-graben, in the central Lake District, the Borrowdale Volcanic Group (BVG) comprises more than 6 km of basaltic to rhyolitic lavas, sills and pyroclastic rocks of medium- to high-K calc-alkaline continental margin type. Initial BVG eruptions were phreatomagmatic, but once conduits were opened, the volcanism became dominated by andesite lava effusion from clusters of low-profile volcanoes. The EVG compares to this early phase of BVG volcanism. A switch then occurred to paroxysmal eruptions, which produced many widespread sheets of densely welded silicic ignimbrite. This phase saw the development of major silicic, piecemeal calderas at Scafell and Haweswater. One of the later units, the Lincomb Tarns Formation, which is 150–800 m thick, is the most voluminous ignimbrite preserved within the Lake District. Other large-magnitude silicic eruptions are recorded within depocentres that lay along the current southern margin of the BVG outcrop. During intervals between the major silicic eruptions, andesitic tephra deposits were reworked and re-sedimented by mass-flow and fluvial processes, and were deposited within fluvio-lacustrine basins developed through regional extensional faulting and caldera collapse. Throughout, substantial volumes of magma were intruded contemporaneously into the volcanic piles. Towards the end of the volcanic episode, the granitic Lake District batholith was emplaced beneath the succession. Subsidence during cooling of this mass allowed renewed marine sedimentation across the region.
Disarticulated crinoid stems from the Devonian and Carboniferous of north Devon, England
Authors: Głuchowski E. , Racki G.
Published: December 2009

Fourteen stem-based crinoid taxa from the Devonian and Carboniferous of north Devon are described.
Salairocrinus
cf.
kervenensis
Le Menn, is from the Givetian Ilfracombe Beds at Combe Martin, and the remaining taxa occur in the Famennian–Tournaisian Pilton Beds (Baggy Point, Saunton Sands and Fremington Quay).
Stenocrinus altus
Sisova,
Glyphidodrinus
sp. and
Taranshicrinus
sp. are reported from the Famennian only.
Gllbertsocrinus
sp. A,
Rlcebocrinus
sp. and
Urushlcrinus
sp. are known from both the Famennian and Tournaisian.
Cyclocaudex medius
Głuchowski,
Cyclocaudiculus varius
Głuchowski,
Cycloscapus
sp.,
Floricyclus
sp.,
Gilbertsocrinus cassiope
Moore & Jeffords,
Gilbertsocrinus
sp. B. and
Platycrinites
? sp. only occur in the Tournaisian. The crinoid faunas of the Pilton Beds are similar to other European, North American and some Asian Famennian to Tournaisian echinoderm assemblages. This confirms their cosmopolitan character and also possible eastward migration along the south Laurussian shelf.
Catalogue of type, figured and referred fossils in the Geological Department of the Manchester Museum: supplement
Authors: Nudds J. R.
Published: December 2009

The present work is a supplement to the catalogues published by Jackson (1952) and Nudds (1992
a
). It includes all specimens referred to or figured in publications or designated as types since 1990, up to the end of 2003 when the Manchester Museum Keeperships were terminated. It does, however, exclude those non-marine bivalves published by R.M.C. Eagar which form the basis of a separate catalogue (Nudds 1992
b
; 2004).

The present catalogue also includes type, figured and referred specimens published prior to 1990, but which were not previously recognized as such or which have only recently been acquired. It is inevitable when dealing with old collections that this catalogue will be similarly incomplete and the Museum would be grateful to receive references to material that has been omitted.

The following are included as explanatory notes:

(1) Specimens are listed by the latest name under which they have been described in publication, but are cross-referenced under all earlier names published for that specimen.

(2) Stratigraphical and locality information have been updated from the original label or catalogue entry wherever possible. For specimens from Great Britain, National Grid References, where known, are given in square brackets following the locality information.

(3) Some specimens included in the earlier catalogues (Jackson 1952; Nudds 1992
a
,
b
) have since been refigured or referred to again in subsequent publications. Only the new reference is given herein, but a cross-reference to the earlier catalogue entry is included.

(4) Manchester Museum Geology Department palaeontological specimens are registered in 5 series [‘L’ …
Derbiocrinus diversus
Wright from the Lower Carboniferous (Viséan, Asbian) of Derbyshire
Authors: Donovan S. K. , Lewis D. N. , Hill D.
Published: December 2009

The monospecific genus
Derbiocrinus
Wright, type species
D. diversus
Wright, formerly lacked adequate locality and stratigraphical data within its type area. New specimens from the Treak Cliff area near Castleton, Derbyshire, come from the Asbian Bee Low Limestones. The column, hitherto undescribed, is pentagonal in outline and proximally heteromorphic; other features, apart from those of the dorsal cup, remain unknown.
Derbiocrinus diversus
lived in a fore reef environment.
Provenance of Upper Carboniferous sandstones in east Derbyshire: role of the Wales–Brabant High
Authors: Chisholm J. I. , Hallsworth C. R.
Published: December 2009

Analysis of heavy mineral suites and palaeocurrents from Namurian and Westphalian (Millstone Grit and Coal Measures) sandstones at outcrop in eastern Derbyshire reveals four main sources of sediment supply to this part of the Pennine Basin. Three of these are known to have affected the adjacent Yorkshire Coalfield to the north, and were responsible for introducing sediment from distant source areas located in general terms to the north, west and south-east of the Pennine Basin. Northern sediment entered the basin both from the north and the east. The fourth source region was situated not far to the south of the basin, probably in the part of eastern Avalonia that included the Wales–Brabant High. Local sediment from different parts of this area was incorporated into both the westerly and northerly derived supplies at intervals through Namurian and Westphalian times. The northern source dominated through the Namurian and earliest Westphalian, providing the bulk of the Millstone Grit and lowest Coal Measures, but its influence waned in the early Langsettian, earlier in east Derbyshire than in Yorkshire. Local material, probably derived from the Wales–Brabant High to the south, was added to the northern sediment during the late Namurian and early Westphalian. Sediment from the western source first appeared in east Derbyshire in the Wingfield Flags (early Langsettian) and dominated Coal Measures deposition from the Kilburn Coal through to about the level of the Aegiranum Marine Band (i.e. from mid-Langsettian to end-Duckmantian). Sediment containing garnets of distinctive composition, and inferred to be of local southern origin in the Wales–Brabant High or a comparable region farther west, was apparently added to the western sediment through much of this period. A marked change took place at about the level of the Aegiranum Marine Band, with the incoming in early Bolsovian times of material from the Variscan orogen to the south-east. In Yorkshire, this transition took place earlier, at about the level of the Maltby Marine Band (late Duckmantian).
The eastern end of the Cleveland Dyke, North Yorkshire, UK
Authors: Milsom J. , Holdsworth J. , Shorter J.
Published: December 2009

The eastern termination of the Cleveland Dyke on Fylingdales Moor, North Yorkshire, has been mapped by ground magnetic surveys. Two distinct anomalies have been identified, one of which is directly along strike from known outcrops of the dyke. The other, not yet fully defined, lies about 100 m farther south. In contrast to the well-known and commonly surveyed outcrop on nearby Goathland Moor, but in common with perhaps most British members of the Palaeogene Hebridean dyke swarms, the anomalies on Fylingdales Moor are caused by reversely magnetized bodies. The nature of the transition between the magnetization directions, which presumably represent differences in age, could be investigated by magnetic surveys in the forested area between the Fylingdales Moor and Goathland Moor.
The Late Devensian terminal moraine ridge at Garret Hill, Stiffkey valley, north Norfolk, England
Authors: Pawley S. M. , Candy I. , Booth S. J.
Published: December 2009

Glacial stratigraphy and ice-marginal processes within the limit of the Late Devensian Glaciation in eastern England were investigated at Garret Hill, situated on the eastern flank of the Stiffkey valley, north Norfolk. Glacial sediments are divided into four lithofacies units. LFA-1 and 2 consist of chalk-rich diamicton and flint-rich outwash deposits, respectively. These extend beyond the Late Devensian ice-limit and are attributed to glaciation during the Middle Pleistocene. LFA-3 and 4 comprise a red diamicton and meltwater deposits that are equated to the Holkham Till and Ringstead Sand and Gravel respectively, deposited during the Late Devensian Glaciation.

It is proposed that a terminal moraine ridge was formed during the Late Devensian Glaciation as a Scottish-sourced ice sheet flowed southwards along the western margin of the North Sea Basin. The moraine is identified by the distribution of ridges and hummocks that border the outcrop of Holkham Till. At Garret Hill, these landforms contain folded chalk-rich diamicton (LFA-1) and flint-rich outwash sediments (LFA-2) overlain by Holkham Till. This event is likely to have been accompanied by the formation of glacial lakes in the Stiffkey valley, impounded between the blocking ice sheet to the north and the Cromer Ridge to the south. The site is only the second site where the Holkham Till has been found overlying glacial deposits of Middle Pleistocene age.
Landslide geomorphology of Cayton Bay, North Yorkshire, UK
Authors: Fish P. R. , Moore R. , Carey J. M.
Published: December 2009

The geomorphology of a large coastal landslide complex at Cayton Bay, North Yorkshire, is described. The area inland of the complex is occupied by a main road and a number of properties, so knowledge of current and possible future landslide behaviour is important for planning and risk assessment. Instability at the site is associated with a number of faults that bring argillaceous Upper Jurassic rocks to sea level. These soft rocks are overlain by more resistant sandstones. The sequence is capped by a thick and variable succession of glacial sediments, comprising tills with interbedded sand and gravel lenses that were deposited during the Dimlington Stadial of the Late Devensian. In connection with a study aimed at understanding cliff instability and recession, coastal erosion and the risk to people and assets at Cayton Bay, detailed geomorphological field mapping was conducted. This identified two major landslide systems, which include a periodically active mudslide complex at Cayton Cliff, recognized by shallow scarps and benches with occasional back-tilted blocks, and an area of dormant, deep-seated landslides at Tenants’ Cliffs, which includes a number of graben and horst structures. The origins of the landslides are unclear, but probably involved a variety of processes that led to a reduction in material shear strength or increases in pore water pressures. The original failure probably occurred in the middle Holocene, around 3000 years ago, when sea level reached its approximate current position. This would have initiated erosion of Jurassic argillaceous rocks (Oxford Clay) now exposed at sea level on the coast, and probable deep-seated failure of the overlying, more competent strata (Lower Calcareous Grit). Alternatively, it is possible that retreat of the Late Devensian ice sheet triggered instability, and that the landslide complex is a paraglacial landform produced during deglaciation, around 13 000 years BP. However sea levels were then lower so erosion of the Oxford Clay is unlikely to have been a factor in its development. Contemporary instability is likely to be due to the combined effects of coastal erosion and high groundwater levels, both of which are predicted to increase in the future due to the impact of climate change, implying an increased risk to coastal assets and a need to manage and mitigate such risks.
Ammonoid assemblages from the Asbian B
2b
(Early Carboniferous: Mississippian) buildups of the Peak District, England
Authors: Korn D. , Tilsley J. W.
Published: December 2009

Ammonoids from the late Asbian (B
2b
Assemblage Biozone) Cracoean buildups or reefs of the Peak District (Derbyshire and Staffordshire, England) are revised. Utilizing new collections and additional museum material, enhanced descriptions and illustrations are possible. Details of conch morphology, growth characteristics, suture development and shell ornament are presented for species belonging to the genera
Bollandites, Bollandoceras, Beyrichoceras, Goniatites, Sygambrites, Nomismoceras
and
Prolecanites.
The new species
Bollandites rileyi
sp. nov.,
Bollandoceras fordi
sp. nov.,
Bollandoceras crowdecotense
sp. nov. and
Sygambrites mundyi
sp. nov. are described. A neotype is proposed for
Bollandites castletonensis
and a lectotype for
Beyrichoceras delicatum.
Hydromagnesite and dypingite from the Northern Pennine Orefield, Northern England
Authors: Green D. I. , Young B.
Published: December 2009

The rare basic hydrated magnesium carbonate minerals hydromagnesite and dypingite are reported from low temperature hydrothermal Pb–Zn deposits in the Alston Block of the Northern Pennine Orefield. Both minerals occur as very late stage constituents of deposits rich in barium carbonates. Apparently similar though uncharacterized magnesium carbonates are noted in very small amounts from elsewhere in the orefield.
Beaverite from Cumbria and Yorkshire
Authors: Green D. I. , Young B. , Ixer R. A.
Published: December 2009

The rare lead copper iron sulphate mineral beaverite is reported from the oxidized zones of low temperature lead and copper bearing veins near Malham, North Yorkshire and in Borrowdale, Cumbria. It occurs as a component of supergene mineral assemblages that are typical of oxidation in near neutral conditions.
Discovery of the largest theropod dinosaur track known from the Middle Jurassic of Yorkshire
Authors: Whyte M. A. , Romano M. , Hudson J. G. , Watts W.
Published: December 2009

A tridactyl dinosaur track from the Long Nab Member of the Scalby Formation, Burniston Bay, Yorkshire is described and figured. The specimen is the largest known theropod track from the Middle Jurassic (Bathonian) of the Cleveland Basin. It is at least 55 cm long, and has a total divarication of
c.
70°, a sub-triangular heel and distinctly clawed digits with digital nodes. The track is used to characterize and redefine morphotype Bxviii of the Cleveland region. The large carnivore that made the print is estimated to have been at least 2.2 m high at the hip. Distinctive underprinted and transmitted preservational features allow the surface on which the track was made to be identified.
‘Screwstones’ from the Lower Carboniferous (Mississippian; Visean, Brigantian) at Bradford Dale, Youlgrave, Derbyshire, and a new species of
Gilbertsocrinus
Phillips (Echinodermata, Crinoidea)
Authors: Donovan S. K.
Published: December 2009

Screwstones are chert clasts from the Lower Carboniferous (Mississippian) of Derbyshire in which the internal moulds of the axial canal of crinoid pluricolumnals have a screw-like appearance. They are commonly regarded as curiosities, but chert can preserve the morphological details of crinoid ossicles exquisitely. The thecae of
Gilbertsocrinus
occur only in the Tournaisian (Ivorian to Chadian) of the British Isles, yet their distinctive columnals range from Upper Devonian (Famennian) to Visean (Brigantian) in the same region. The youngest such columnals, rounded in outline with a narrow to moderately broad marginal crenularium, a broad pentalobate lumen, and heteromorphic with two orders of internodal, are described as
Gilbertsocrinus fionae
sp. nov. from cherts of the Monsal Dale Limestone Formation of Youlgrave, Derbyshire.
Stratigraphical and geographical distribution of Mississippian (Lower Carboniferous) Crinoidea from England and Wales
Authors: Ausich W. I. , Kammer T. W.
Published: December 2009

Sixty genera of Mississippian crinoids, comprising 191 species, are evaluated from 83 localities in England and Wales, based on modern revisions from the literature, study of museum collections and new field work. These genera occurred through ten time units in the Mississippian (Tournaisian–Serpukhovian). Among the 191 species, 161 are considered valid with 28 requiring new combinations of genus and species names. Twelve species are considered
nomina dubia,
one species is considered a
nomen nudum,
three species cannot be assigned with certainty to a genus, and 14 can only be assigned at the generic level. Hastarian (Times 1 and 2) faunas have a very low generic richness with only one genus known. Ivorian (Time 3) faunas have a substantially higher generic richness with 21 genera known. Chadian faunas have the highest generic richness with 28 genera from the lower Chadian (Time 4) and 19 genera from the upper Chadian (Time 5). Post-Chadian faunas include those from the Arundian (Time 6), Holkerian (Time 7), Asbian (Time 8), Brigantian (Time 9) and Pendleian (Time 10); all have low generic richness with 0, 4, 7, 13 and 7 genera known, respectively. The dominant Mississippian crinoid faunas are on Ivorian carbonate ramps, Chadian Waulsortian and Waulsortian-related facies, and in the Pendleian marine beds that supported
Woodocrinus.
In comparable facies, the composition of faunas is similar in England and Wales and North America, although generic richness is commonly lower in England and Wales. The overall crinoid fauna has much lower generic richness in England and Wales than in North America because the stratigraphical record of England and Wales preserves a much lower diversity of crinoid-bearing facies. The critical Arundian-Holkerian interval for Palaeozoic crinoid history is poorly represented in England and Wales.
The ammonite succession in the ‘Oxford Clay’ at South Cave Station Quarry, Yorkshire
Authors: Phipps K. J.
Published: December 2009

The argillaceous succession at South Cave Station Quarry, East Yorkshire, historically described as the Oxford Clay, can be divided into the Callovian Oxford Clay Formation (upper part of the Peterborough Member and the Stewartby Member) and the Brantingham Formation of Oxfordian age. Of the standard Jurassic chronostratigraphical zones, the Coronatum Zone may be present as a thin bed of clayey sandstone at the base of the Oxford Clay Formation. The overlying beds of this formation belong to the Athleta Zone (Phaeinum and Proniae subzones), and the Brantingham Formation at South Cave Station Quarry belongs to the Cordatum Subzone of the Cordatum Zone. Two significant non-sequences have been recorded. The lower non-sequence, spanning the Jason Zone and perhaps part of the Coronatum Zone, is also present in North Yorkshire and Lincolnshire. The higher non-sequence, from the Spinosum Subzone of the Athleta Zone to the Costicardia Subzone of the Cordatum Zone, appears to be restricted to the South Cave and the Acklam area, near Malton, in North Yorkshire. Clear links have been established between the ammonite assemblages of the Proniae Subzone at South Cave and those at Peckondale Hill and Acklam, both near Malton, and in the area between Peterborough and Oxford.
The Pleistocene glaciations of eastern Yorkshire: a review
Authors: Catt J. A.
Published: December 2009

The Pleistocene deposits of eastern Yorkshire and adjacent areas have been studied intensively for about 150 years, but numerous problems of dating and correlation remain. Holderness provides the British type site for deposits of the Last Glacial Maximum (the Dimlington Stadial, part of Marine Isotope Stage 2) here dated to between 18,500 and 13,000 radiocarbon years (
c.
23,000–15,000 calendar years) BP, but older glacial deposits are still very difficult to date precisely. An earlier Devensian glaciation of east Lincolnshire and south-west Yorkshire has been suggested, but remains uncertain. The most extensive pre-Devensian glacial deposit is the Basement Till of Holderness and other eastern coastal areas. This is overlain by the raised beach of the Ipswichian Stage (MIS 5e; 128,000–117,000 years ago) at Sewerby, by the pre-Ipswichian Calcethorpe Till at Welton-le-Wold, Lincolnshire, and by boulders weathered in interglacial conditions at Warren House Gill, Durham, so it was deposited during MIS 6 or an earlier cold stage. Late Devensian (MIS 2) amino-acid dates for marine shells from the Basement Till at Dimlington may be explained by intrusion during subglacial disturbance of the till’s upper layers by the Late Devensian glacier. In coastal areas of east Yorkshire, the Skipsea and Withernsea tills and their equivalents between Flamborough Head and the Tees Estuary are attributed to the Dimlington Stadial, and there is considerable evidence that they were deposited by a single surge of a two-tiered ice sheet. The lower (Skipsea) tier originated in south-east Scotland and north-east England, and the upper (Withernsea) tier from Lake District ice that crossed the Pennines via the Stainmore Gap and overrode the Skipsea Till glacier in the Lower Tees Valley area. Stainmore ice was also diverted southwards into the Vale of York. The patchy 'Older Drift' in the Vale of York (mainly grey till with Permian, Carboniferous and Lake District erratics) was also deposited by Stainmore ice flowing southwards, probably in MIS 12.
Palynomorphs from the Penarth Group (Rhaetian, Late Triassic) at outcrop in north-west Lincolnshire, England
Authors: Warrington G.
Published: December 2009

Palynomorphs have previously been documented from only two sections of the Penarth Group in Lincolnshire, in the Blyborough and Tetney Lock boreholes. These records are now augmented by the first from the group at crop in that county, from temporary exposures near Scotter and between Kettlethorpe and Thorney, north-west Lincolnshire. By comparison with those from the Blyborough and Tetney Lock sections and other records nearby in Yorkshire and Nottinghamshire, an assemblage from near Scotter is considered to be from a level low in the Westbury Formation, and those from a site between Kettlethorpe and Thorney to be from higher levels in the Penarth Group, within the Cotham Member of the Lilstock Formation. The assemblages include spores, pollen and organic-walled microplankton that are indicative of a Rhaetian (late Late Triassic) age. The organic-walled microplankton include acritarchs and dinoflagellate cysts, indicating a marine depositional environment.
A field guide to the Silurian Echinodermata of the British Isles: Part 2 – Crinoidea, minor groups and discussion
Authors: Donovan S. K. , Lewis D. N. , Crabb P. , Widdison R. E.
Published: December 2009

Crinoids are the most common and diverse group of echinoderms in the Silurian of the British Isles. This guide describes examples of all nominal crinoid groups recognized from this interval and region (48 genera, about 100 species). In contrast, coronate, edrioasteroid, mitrate and cyclocystoid echinoderms are rare, the first three higher taxonomic groups being represented by a single species each, and the last by two species. Of 145 species of echinoderms in the Silurian of the British Isles, 74 are known from the Much Wenlock Limestone Formation of Wenlock age at Dudley in the West Midlands. For comparison, the most diverse faunas from the Llandovery Series (North Esk Inlier, Pentland Hills, Scotland) and Ludlow Series (Lower Leintwardine Formation, Leintwardine, Herefordshire) consist of only 16 and 17 species, respectively. If the echinoderm-rich succession at Dudley was unknown, the three older series of the Silurian, the Llandovery, Wenlock and Ludlow, would each include about 30 known species of echinoderm. It is the extreme diversity of the Much Wenlock Limestone Formation at Dudley that makes the eehinoderm diversities of the Llandovery and Ludlow appear depauperate.
Gryphaea
beds (upper Scunthorpe Mudstone Formation; Lower Jurassic) at Scunthorpe, North Lincolnshire, north-east England
Authors: Radley J. D.
Published: December 2009

The upper part of the Scunthorpe Mudstone Formation (Sinemurian, Lower Jurassic) beneath the Frodingham Ironstone at Scunthorpe, north-east England, comprises richly fossiliferous mudrocks and limestones. These strata were recently exposed in temporary sections north of Scunthorpe and yielded large numbers of gryphaeid oysters and other invertebrate fossils. Many of the oysters are extensively bioeroded and disarticulated, and locally constitute coarse-grained bioclastic limestones. These features indicate establishment of a periodically agitated, shallow-water, photic setting, presaging deposition of the ooidal Frodingham Ironstone during the culmination of mid-Sinemurian shallowing.
A conundrum from the Llandovery (Lower Silurian) of Devil’s Dingle, Shropshire
Authors: Donovan S. K. , Lewis D. N.
Published: December 2009

A root-like structure from the Llandovery (Telychian) of Devil’s Dingle, Shropshire, may be an invertebrate attachment structure or a trace fossil close to
Chondrites
isp. von Sternberg, although the possibility that it is a Recent plant root trace is also considered. The specimen is preserved as an external mould in a medium-grained sandstone bed, oriented perpendicular to bedding on a joint surface. The structure has a central shaft that is inflated at branching points; lateral branches are directed sub-horizontally at shallower depths and at progressively greater angles to the horizontal in deeper parts of the structure. Multiple branches are regularly distributed down the shaft. With insufficient definitive features to determine whether it is a body or, more probably, a trace fossil, the specimen is named, conservatively, as
Chondrites
? sp., although a Recent botanical origin is not discounted.
Microfossils and geochemistry of some modern, Holocene and Pleistocene travertines from North Yorkshire and Derbyshire
Authors: Pentecost A. , Zhao-Hui Zhang
Published: December 2009

The geochemistry of some modern, Holocene (4–4.5 ka) and Pleistocene (>100 ka) travertines from the UK is described. Four facies were recognized: one bryophyte, two algal and one clastic.

In the Holocene travertine, from Gordale, Yorkshire, concentrations of Fe, Mn, Sr, Zn and the travertine porosity showed significant differences between facies that were related to the content of acid-insoluble residues and differences in meteoric diagenesis. The modern, active travertines, also from Gordale, similarly showed significant geochemical differences between facies types. All geochemical determinands in the modern travertines were higher by a factor of about two compared with the Holocene travertine. This is believed to be due to increased catchment erosion over the past few centuries and travertine deposits may therefore provide information on rates of soil erosion. The stable isotopic compositions of the travertine averaged −5.9‰ for δ
18
O and −9.6‰ for δ
13
C, but there were no significant differences between the facies.

Seventeen diatom taxa were found in the Holocene deposits but numbers were low when compared with the modern deposits, which were higher by a factor of about 1000. Dissolution of diatoms after burial would be sufficient to account for all of the authigenic quartz observed in these deposits. Four classes of organic matter were identified in the Holocene and Pleistocene samples: filaments, perforated plates, spores and amorphous forms. Their abundance differed little between facies. Some of the filamentous structures were probably post-depositional fungal hyphae utilizing carbon resources within the deposits.
The concentration of folding and faulting in the Chalk at Staple Newk (Scale Nab), near Flamborough, East Yorkshire
Authors: Starmer I. C.
Published: December 2009

At Staple Newk [TA 205 737], intensive folding and thrusting of the Chalk were restricted to a 200 m long section. The ENE-WSW folding and NNW-SSE thrusting resulted from dextral transpressive reactivation of the underlying ENE-WSW Bempton Fault. Detachment folding in the Welton Chalk Formation produced a monocline with a vertical limb that locked and was then cut by a thrust. This parallel style of folding contrasted with that in the overlying, more thinly bedded Burnham Chalk Formation, where tight and disharmonic, angular folding developed between the vertical limb and the north-north-west propagating thrust. When the tight, angular folding locked, south-south-eastward back-thrusts combined with the main thrust, but both diminished and died out upwards. Later, low-angle extensional faulting was followed by steep normal faulting.

Folding and thrusting also developed in the Chalk at Selwicks Bay, 6 km to the south-east. Here, four deformation phases (‘D1–D4’) can be separated and the later phases can be correlated with those that affected Staple Newk. At both localities, folding and thrusting were produced by a ‘D3’ N–S contraction which was more than cancelled later by ‘D4’ N–S extension, causing low-angle extensional faulting and subsequent steep normal faulting.

Within the Howardian Hills-Flamborough Fault Belt, contractional features (folds and thrusts) and subsequent low-angle extensional faults were local developments and were replaced en echelon by similar structures. The later, steep normal faults produced the more-continuous E–W fault pattern.
Phenotypic and pathomorphological characteristics of a novel mutant mouse model for maturity-onset diabetes of the young type 2 (MODY 2)
Authors: van Bürck L. , Blutke A. , Kautz S. , Rathkolb B. , Klaften M. , Wagner S. , Kemter E. , Hrabé de Angelis M. , Wolf E. , Aigner B. , Wanke R. , Herbach N.
Published: December 2009

Several mutant mouse models for human diseases such as diabetes mellitus have been generated in the large-scale Munich ENU ( N-ethyl- N-nitrosourea) mouse mutagenesis project. The aim of this study was to identify the causal mutation of one of these strains and to characterize the resulting diabetic phenotype. Mutants exhibit a T to G transversion mutation at nt 629 in the glucokinase ( Gck) gene, leading to an amino acid exchange from methionine to arginine at position 210. Adult Munich GckM210Rmutant mice demonstrated a significant reduction of hepatic glucokinase enzyme activity but equal glucokinase mRNA and protein abundances. While homozygous mutant mice exhibited growth retardation and died soon after birth in consequence of severe hyperglycemia, heterozygous mutant mice displayed only slightly elevated blood glucose levels, present from birth, with development of disturbed glucose tolerance and glucose-induced insulin secretion. Additionally, insulin sensitivity and fasting serum insulin levels were slightly reduced in male mutant mice from an age of 90 days onward. While β-cell mass was unaltered in neonate heterozygous and homozygous mutant mice, the total islet and β-cell volumes and the total volume of isolated β-cells were significantly decreased in 210-day-old male, but not female heterozygous mutant mice despite undetectable apoptosis. These findings indicate that reduced total islet and β-cell volumes of male mutants might emerge from disturbed postnatal islet neogenesis. Considering the lack of knowledge about the pathomorphology of maturity-onset diabetes of the young type 2 (MODY 2), this glucokinase mutant model of reduced total islet and total β-cell volume provides the opportunity to elucidate the impact of a defective glucokinase on development and maintenance of β-cell mass and its relevance in MODY 2 patients.