bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Demografia i conservació de Simethis mattiazzi (Liliaceae), espècie d’interès per a la flora vascular de Catalunya
Authors: Garrido L. , Mercadal G.
Published: April 2017

Aportamos nuevos datos corológicos, demográficos, fenológicos, fitosociológicos, ecológicos y de gestión ambiental sobre Simethis mattiazzi en Cataluña, una planta vascular amenazada en la región mediterránea. En la comarca de la Selva hemos localizado 27 rodales, cuyos recuentos nos dan una estimación de 176.052 individuos (22 rodales). El área de ocupación es de 43.594 m2 y se distribuyen en 10 cuadrados UTM de 1 km de lado. Simethis es una especie característica de la asociación Lavandulo stoechadis-Ericetum scopariae y se puede encontrar presente en tres hábitats diferentes (32k Brezales de Erica scoparia, 45b Bosques de Quercus suber con sotobosque de matorral acidófilo y 45i Bosques mixtos de Q. suber y Pinus spp.), prefiriendo claramente el 32k. Aun así, produce más flores por individuo en los ambientes que le son menos favorables (45b y 45i). Por lo que parece, el factor predominante de su distribución en Europa y África es el clima, el cual siempre tiene que ser atlántico o submediterráneo con tendencia oceánica. Asimismo, damos propuestas para su conservación y confirmamos el estatus actual UICN de «En Peligro» (EN) de Simethis en Cataluña.

[ca] Aportem noves dades corològiques, demogràfiques, fenològiques, fitosociològiques, ecològiques i de gestió ambiental sobre Simethis mattiazzi a Catalunya, una planta vascular amenaçada a la regió mediterrània. A la comarca de la Selva hem localitzat 27 rodals, els recomptes dels quals ens donen una estimació de 176.052 individus (22 rodals). L’àrea d’ocupació és de 43.594 m2 i es distribueix en 10 quadrats UTM d’1 km de costat. Simethis és una espècie característica de l’associació Lavandulo stoechadis-Ericetum scopariae i es pot trobar present en tres hàbitats distints (32k Bruguerars d’Erica scoparia, 45b Boscos de Quercus suber amb sotabosc de brolla acidòfila i 45i Boscos mixtos de Q. suber i Pinus spp.), tenint una clara preferència pel 32k. Malgrat això, produeix més flors per individu en els ambients que li resulten menys favorables (45b i 45i). D’altra banda, pel que sembla, el factor predominant de la seva distribució a Europa i Àfrica és el clima, el qual sempre ha de ser atlàntic o submediterrani de tendència oceànica. Així mateix, donem propostes de conservació i confirmem l’estatus actual UICN de «En Perill» (EN) de Simethis a Catalunya.
Estudio de la eficacia de la aplicación de hidrofugantes para impedir la entrada de agua de lluvia en muros de ladrillo de tejar por albardillas y remates
Authors: Camino Olea M. S. , León Vallejo F. J. , Llorente Álvarez A. , Olivar Parra J. M.
Published: April 2017

En los edificios históricos construidos con ladrillos de tejar es muy frecuente que los muros y las cornisas estén rematados con el mismo ladrillo, sentado a soga o a tizón, con el que está ejecutada la fachada y que estos ladrillos estén más deteriorados que el resto. La causa del deterioro es la acción del agua combinada con la suciedad, la vegetación y otras lesiones relacionadas con la humedad. Uno de los posibles sistemas para conservar y proteger estos elementos es proyectar un hidrofugante. En este artículo se van a exponer los resultados de los ensayos realizados en laboratorio a probetas formadas por muretes de ladrillos, rematados en la parte superior por una albardilla formada por una hilada inclinada, también de ladrillo, con la aplicación de un tratamiento hidrofugante o sin él.
Metodología para el análisis de puentes históricos aplicada al puente de Jaraicejo. Historia y evolución de fases constructivas
Authors: Méndez-Hernán V. , Plasencia-Lozano P.
Published: April 2017

El texto propone un método para el análisis de puentes históricos. Esta metodología se aplica para estudiar el Puente de Jaraicejo, situado en el río Almonte en la provincia de Cáceres, España. Los estudios previos sobre la estructura se han apoyado en la documentación histórica. Sin embargo, en este texto se realiza un análisis global que parte de las fuentes históricas originales, y continúa con un trabajo de campo que incluye un análisis visual y un levantamiento topográfico. La interpretación de los datos recogidos permite llegar a nuevas conclusiones acerca de la evolución histórica del puente. La investigación realizada puede ser incluida en los métodos de la arqueología de la arquitectura.
Producción y caracterización de láminas delgadas de LaMnO3 preparadas por la técnica de Sol-Gel
Authors: Ebeoğlugil M. Faruk
Published: April 2017

Se prepararon películas delgadas de manganita de lantano (LaMnO3) mediante el método Sol-gel para la tecnología del imán. Se sintetizaron soluciones precursoras con bajos ángulos de contacto a partir de sales de nitrato de los respectivos cationes (La, Mn), utilizando etanol como disolvente y acetil acetona como agente quelante. Se depositó una película amorfa y densa sobre sustrato de silicio (Si). La cristalización de las láminas se llevó a cabo a temperaturas entre 850 y 1000 ºC. El comportamiento térmico, especies químicas, microestructura y propiedades magnéticas se determinaron mediante TG / DTA, FTIR, XRD, XPS, SEM y VSM respectivamente. Los resultados muestran que láminas policristalinas de perovskita crecieron sobre los sustratos de Si orientados en el plano [100]. Finalmente, las láminas muestran un comportamiento ferromagnético.
Endothelial MAPKs Direct ICAM-1 Signaling to Divergent Inflammatory Functions
Authors: Dragoni Silvia , Hudson Natalie , Kenny Bridget-Ann , Burgoyne Thomas , McKenzie Jenny A. , Gill Yadvinder , Blaber Robert , Futter Clare E. , Adamson Peter , Greenwood John , Turowski Patric
Published: April 2017

Lymphocyte transendothelial migration (TEM) is critically dependent on intraendothelial signaling triggered by adhesion to ICAM-1. Here we show that endothelial MAPKs ERK, p38, and JNK mediate diapedesis-related and diapedesis-unrelated functions of ICAM-1 in cerebral and dermal microvascular endothelial cells (MVECs). All three MAPKs were activated by ICAM-1 engagement, either through lymphocyte adhesion or Ab-mediated clustering. MAPKs were involved in ICAM-1–dependent expression of TNF-α in cerebral and dermal MVECs, and CXCL8, CCL3, CCL4, VCAM-1, and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) in cerebral MVECs. Endothelial JNK and to a much lesser degree p38 were the principal MAPKs involved in facilitating diapedesis of CD4+ lymphocytes across both types of MVECs, whereas ERK was additionally required for TEM across dermal MVECs. JNK activity was critical for ICAM-1–induced F-actin rearrangements. Furthermore, activation of endothelial ICAM-1/JNK led to phosphorylation of paxillin, its association with VE-cadherin, and internalization of the latter. Importantly ICAM-1–induced phosphorylation of paxillin was required for lymphocyte TEM and converged functionally with VE-cadherin phosphorylation. Taken together we conclude that during lymphocyte TEM, ICAM-1 signaling diverges into pathways regulating lymphocyte diapedesis, and other pathways modulating gene expression thereby contributing to the long-term inflammatory response of the endothelium.
Sex-Based Differences in Susceptibility to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection
Authors: Channappanavar Rudragouda , Fett Craig , Mack Matthias , Ten Eyck Patrick P. , Meyerholz David K. , Perlman Stanley
Published: April 2017

Pathogenic human coronaviruses (CoVs), such as the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV and the Middle East respiratory syndrome–CoV, cause acute respiratory illness. Epidemiological data from the 2002–2003 SARS epidemic and recent Middle East respiratory syndrome outbreak indicate that there may be sex-dependent differences in disease outcomes. To investigate these differences, we infected male and female mice of different age groups with SARS-CoV and analyzed their susceptibility to the infection. Our results showed that male mice were more susceptible to SARS-CoV infection compared with age-matched females. The degree of sex bias to SARS-CoV infection increased with advancing age, such that middle-aged mice showed much more pronounced differences compared with young mice. Enhanced susceptibility of male mice to SARS-CoV was associated with elevated virus titers, enhanced vascular leakage, and alveolar edema. These changes were accompanied by increased accumulation of inflammatory monocyte macrophages and neutrophils in the lungs of male mice, and depletion of inflammatory monocyte macrophages partially protected these mice from lethal SARS. Moreover, the sex-specific differences were independent of T and B cell responses. Furthermore, ovariectomy or treating female mice with an estrogen receptor antagonist increased mortality, indicating a protective effect for estrogen receptor signaling in mice infected with SARS-CoV. Together, these data suggest that sex differences in the susceptibility to SARS-CoV in mice parallel those observed in patients and also identify estrogen receptor signaling as critical for protection in females.
Когомологическая жeсткость многообразий, задаваемых трeхмерными многогранниками
Authors: Buchstaber Victor Matveevich , Erokhovets Nikolai Yur'evich , Masuda Mikiya , Panov Taras Evgenievich , Park Seonjeong
Published: April 2017

Семейство замкнутых многообразий называется когомологически жeстким, если изоморфизм колец когомологий влечeт диффеоморфизм для любых двух многообразий из этого семейства. В центре внимания обзора - результаты о когомологической жeсткости для широких семейств шестимерных и трeхмерных многообразий, задаваемых трeхмерными многогранниками. Рассматривается класс $\mathscr{P}$ трeхмерных комбинаторных простых многогранников $P$, отличных от тетраэдра, грани которых не образуют $3$- и $4$-поясов. Этот класс содержит все математические фуллерены, т. е. простые трeхмерные многогранники, имеющие лишь пятиугольные и шестиугольные грани. Согласно теореме Погорелова, многогранник из класса $\mathscr{P}$ допускает прямоугольную реализацию в пространстве Лобачевского, которая единственна с точностью до изометрии. Изучаемые семейства гладких многообразий ассоциированы с многогранниками из класса $\mathscr{P}$. Первое семейство составляют трeхмерные малые накрытия над многогранниками из $\mathscr{P}$ или, эквивалентно, гиперболические 3-многообразия типа Лeбелля. Второе семейство состоит из шестимерных квазиторических многообразий над многогранниками из $\mathscr{P}$. Наш основной результат заключается в том, что оба эти семейства являются когомологически жeсткими, т. е. два многообразия $M$ и $M'$ из любого из этих семейств диффеоморфны тогда и только тогда, когда изоморфны их кольца когомологий. Более того, доказывается, что если $M$ и $M'$ диффеоморфны, то соответствующие многогранники $P$ и $P'$ комбинаторно эквивалентны. Эти результаты переплетаются с классическими сюжетами геометрии и топологии, которые составили обзорную часть нашей статьи. Речь идeт о комбинаторике трeхмерных многогранников, теореме о четырeх красках, асферических многообразиях, классификации гладких шестимерных многообразий и инвариантности классов Понтрягина. Доказательства в основной части статьи используют технику торической топологии.
Библиография: 68 названий.
Прямоугольные многогранники и трехмерные гиперболические многообразия
Authors: Vesnin Andrei Yurievich
Published: April 2017

Рассматриваются трехмерные гиперболические многообразия, фундаментальные группы которых являются подгруппами конечного индекса в прямоугольных группах Коксетера. Построение таких многообразий связано с правильными раскрасками граней многогранников, в том числе с четырехцветными раскрасками. Обсуждаются следующие вопросы: структура множества прямоугольных многогранников в пространстве Лобачевского; примеры ориентируемых и неориентируемых многообразий, включая классическое многообразие Лeбелля, построенное в 1931 г.; связь гамильтоновости многогранника с наличием гиперэллиптических инволюций у многообразий; объемы и сложность многообразий; изометричность гиперболических многообразий, построенных по четырехцветным раскраскам.
иблиография: 88 названий.
Теория фильтраций подалгебр, стандартность и независимость
Authors: Vershik Anatolii Moiseevich
Published: April 2017

Обзор посвящен комбинаторной и метрической теории фильтраций - убывающих последовательностей сигма-алгебр в пространствах с мерой или убывающих последовательностей подалгебр некоторых алгебр. Одно из центральных понятий - стандартность - играет роль обобщения понятия независимости последовательности случайных величин. Обсуждается вопрос о возможности классификации фильтраций, об их инвариантах и о разнообразных связях с задачами алгебры, динамики и комбинаторики.
Библиография: 101 название.
О диссипативных эффектах в бесконечномерных гамильтоновых системах
Authors: Saulin Sergey Mikhaylovich
Published: April 2017

Показано, что потенциальное взаимодействие классических механических систем (осциллятора и термостата), одна из которых (термостат) является линейной бесконечномерной, способно вызывать диссипацию энергии в конечномерной подсистеме (осцилляторе). Таким образом, при естественных предположениях финальная динамика осциллятора сводится к стремлению к положению равновесия. Д. В. Трещев ранее получил результаты, касающиеся динамики осциллятора с одной степенью свободы и квадратичным или при некоторых дополнительных предположениях полиномиальным потенциалом. Затем В. А. Дымов рассмотрел случай линейного осциллятора с произвольным (конечным) числом степеней свободы. Мы обобщаем эти результаты на случай термостата, состоящего из нескольких компонент и многомерного (линейного или нелинейного) осциллятора.
Характеристики устойчивости периодического течения жидкостей в пористых средах
Authors: Alkharashi Sameh Ahmed , Gamiel Yasser
Published: April 2017

Изучается линейная устойчивость трехслойного течения несмешивающихся жидкостей, находящихся в периодическом нормальном электрическом поле. Рассматриваются некоторые пористые среды, относительно которых предполагается, что они однородны, гомогенны и изотропны. Проводится аналитическое и численное моделирование системы линейных уравнений эволюции такой среды. Линеаризованная задача приводит к системе двух уравнений Матье с комплексными коэффициентами перед затухающими членами. Изучается влияние скорости течения, проницаемости пористой среды и электрических свойств течения тонкого слоя (пленки) жидкости на неустойчивость течения. Рассматриваются несколько частных случаев таких систем. В качестве одного из частных случаев рассматривается однородное электрическое поле, при этом уравнения для кривой перехода решаются с точностью до второго порядка относительно малого безразмерного параметра. Показано, что отношение диэлектрических постоянных, как и само электрическое поле, играет дестабилизирующую роль в критериях устойчивости, тогда как пористость оказывает двойственное влияние на движение волн. В случае переменного электрического поля и периодической скорости течения применяется метод кратных временных масштабов для вычисления приближенных решений и анализа критериев устойчивости в нерезонансном и резонансном случаях; также получены кривые перехода для этих случаев. Показано, что увеличение скорости течения и величины электрического поля способствуют возникновению колебаний и, следовательно, имеют дестабилизирующий эффект.
Ионизация в двухмодовом квантованном электромагнитном поле
Authors: Makarov D N , Matveev Viktor Ivanovich
Published: April 2017

Найдено аналитическое решение уравнения Шредингера для электрона в двухмодовом квантованном электромагнитном поле. Полученное решение позволяет рассчитывать спектры фотоэлектронов и скорости ионизации атомов в сильных электромагнитных полях.
О теории возмущений в задаче рассеяния для системы трех частиц
Authors: Gradusov Vitalii Aleksandrovich , Yakovlev Sergei Leonidovich
Published: April 2017

Рассматривается задача рассеяния для системы трех нерелятивистских частиц при энергиях ниже порога развала системы на три свободные частицы. Считается, что потенциалы взаимодействия представимы суммой двух слагаемых, одно из которых является малым возмущением. Разработана схема теории возмущений для решения задачи рассеяния на базе трехчастичных уравнений Фаддеева.
Полиномиальные формы для квантовых эллиптических гамильтонианов Калоджеро-Мозера
Authors: Matushko Mariya Georgievna , Sokolov Vladimir Vyacheslavovich
Published: April 2017

Высказана гипотеза о форме преобразования, которое сводит эллиптический $A_N$-оператор Калоджеро-Мозера к дифференциальному оператору с полиномиальными коэффициентами. Эта гипотеза проверяется для $N\le 3$. При этом явно указываются соответствующие полиномиальные операторы.
Probing into the aging dynamics of biomass burning aerosol by using satellite measurements of aerosol optical depth and carbon monoxide
Authors: Konovalov Igor B. , Beekmann Matthias , Berezin Evgeny V. , Formenti Paola , Andreae Meinrat O.
Published: April 2017

Abstract. Carbonaceous aerosol released into the atmosphere from open biomass burning (BB) is known to undergo considerable chemical and physical transformations (aging). However, there is substantial controversy about the nature and observable effects of these transformations. A shortage of consistent observational evidence on BB aerosol aging processes under different environmental conditions and at various temporal scales hinders development of their adequate representations in chemistry transport models (CTMs). In this study, we obtain insights into the BB aerosol dynamics by using available satellite measurements of aerosol optical depth (AOD) and carbon monoxide (CO). The basic concept of our method is to consider AOD as a function of the BB aerosol photochemical age (that is, the time period characterizing the exposure of BB aerosol emissions to atmospheric oxidation reactions) predicted by means of model tracers. We evaluate the AOD enhancement ratio (ER) defined as the ratio of optical depth of actual BB aerosol with respect to that of a modeled aerosol tracer that is assumed to originate from the same fires as the real BB aerosol but that is not affected by any aging processes. To limit possible effects of model transport errors, the AOD measurements are normalized to CO column amounts that are also retrieved from satellite measurements. The method is applied to the analysis of the meso- and synoptic-scale evolution of aerosol in smoke plumes from major wildfires that occurred in Siberia in summer 2012. AOD and CO retrievals from MODIS and IASI measurements, respectively, are used in combination with simulations performed with the CHIMERE CTM. The analysis indicates that aging processes strongly affected the evolution of BB aerosol in the situation considered, especially in dense plumes (with spatial average PM2. 5 concentration exceeding 100 µg m−3). For such plumes, the ER is found to increase almost 2-fold on the scale of ∼ 10 h of daytime aerosol evolution (after a few first hours of the evolution that are not resolved in our analysis). The robustness of this finding is corroborated by sensitivity tests and Monte Carlo experiments. Furthermore, a simulation using the volatility basis set framework suggests that a large part of the increase in the ER can be explained by atmospheric processing of semi-volatile organic compounds. Our results are consistent with findings of a number of earlier studies reporting considerable underestimation of AOD by CTMs in which BB aerosol aging processes have either been disregarded or simulated in a highly simplified way. In general, this study demonstrates the feasibility of using satellite measurements of AOD in biomass burning plumes in combination with aerosol tracer simulations for the investigation of BB aerosol evolution and validation of BB aerosol aging schemes in atmospheric models.
Global source attribution of sulfate concentration, direct and indirect radiative forcing
Authors: Yang Yang , Wang Hailong , Smith Steven J. , Easter Richard , Ma Po-Lun , Qian Yun , Yu Hongbin , Li Can , Rasch Philip J.
Published: April 2017

Abstract. The global source-receptor relationships of sulfate concentration, direct and indirect radiative forcing (DRF and IRF) from sixteen regions/sectors for years 2010–2014 are examined in this study through utilizing a sulfur source-tagging capability implemented in the Community Earth System Model (CESM) with winds nudged to reanalysis data. Sulfate concentrations are mostly contributed by local emissions in regions with high emissions, while over regions with relatively low SO2 emissions, the near-surface sulfate concentrations are primarily attributed to non-local sources from long-range transport. The export of SO2 and sulfate from Europe contributes 16–20 % of near-surface sulfate concentrations over North Africa, Russia/Belarus/Ukraine (RBU) region and Central Asia. Sources from the Middle East account for 15–24 % of sulfate over North Africa, Southern Africa and Central Asia in winter and autumn, and 19 % over South Asia in spring. Sources in RBU account for 21–42 % of sulfate concentrations over Central Asia. East Asia accounts for about 50 % of sulfate over Southeast Asia in winter and autumn, 15 % over RBU in summer, and 11 % over North America in spring. South Asia contributes to 11–24 % of sulfate over Southeast Asia in winter and spring. Regional source efficiencies of sulfate concentrations are higher over regions with dry atmospheric conditions and less export, suggesting that lifetime of aerosols, together with regional export, is important in determining regional air quality. The simulated global total sulfate DRF is −0.42 W m−2, with  0.31 W m−2 contributed by anthropogenic sulfate and −0.11 W m−2 contributed by natural sulfate, relative to a state with no sulfur emissions. In the Southern Hemisphere tropics, dimethyl sulfide (DMS) contributes 17–84 % to the total DRF. East Asia has the largest contribution of 20–30 % over the Northern Hemisphere mid- and high-latitudes. A 20 % perturbation of sulfate and its precursor emissions gives a sulfate incremental IRF of −0.44 W m−2. DMS has the largest contribution, explaining −0.23 W m−2 of the global sulfate incremental IRF. Incremental IRF over regions in the Southern Hemisphere with low background aerosols is more sensitive to emission perturbation than those over the polluted Northern Hemisphere.
Modelling the diurnal and seasonal dynamics of soil CO2 exchange in a semiarid ecosystem with high plant-interspace heterogeneity
Authors: Gong Jinnan , Wang Ben , Jia Xin , Feng Wei , Zha Tianshan , Kellomäki Seppo , Peltola Heli
Published: April 2017

Abstract. This study represents a first attempt to model the diurnal and seasonal dynamics of soil CO2 exchange (FS) in a dryland ecosystem with a high plant-interspace heterogeneity. The modelling used an integrated process-based approach, in which the CO2 production, transport and surface exchanges (e.g. biocrust photosynthesis, respiration and photodegradation) are considered simultaneously. The model was parameterized and validated with multivariate data measured during year 2013–2014 in a semiarid shrubland ecosystem in Yanchi, northwestern China. We also investigated the sensitivity of simulated FS to a set of stand-specific parameters and investigated the relative contribution of different flux components. The model explained reasonably well the two-year dynamics of FS measured from a non-crusted and two lichen-crusted plots. Simulations showed that the temporal pattern of FS could deviate from that of the total CO2 production from rooting-zone soil. Such deviations could be explained by the variations of CO2 dissolution and the CO2 exchanges of biocrust during wetting-drying cycles, and the root uptake and transport of dissolved CO2. Moreover, the FS was spatially sensitive to the plant-interspace differences and the variations in root biomass, soil organic matter and pH. These results emphasized that, the processes beyond autotrophic and heterotrophic respirations and the heterogeneities of soil at plant-interspace can strongly affect the FS dynamics and their climatic sensitivities. Such variability should be carefully considered in extrapolation of findings from chamber to ecosystem level and from seasonal to inter-annual scales. Based on this work, our model can serve as a useful tool to simulate FS dynamics in dryland ecosystems.
Late Holocene intensification of the westerly winds at the subantarctic Auckland Islands (51° S), New Zealand
Authors: Browne Imogen M. , Moy Christopher M. , Riesselman Christina R. , Neil Helen L. , Curtin Lorelei G. , Gorman Andrew R. , Wilson Gary S.
Published: April 2017

Abstract. The Southern Hemisphere westerly winds (SHWW) play a major role in controlling wind-driven upwelling of Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW) and outgassing of CO2 in the Southern Ocean on interannual to glacial-interglacial timescales. Despite their significance in the global carbon cycle, our understanding of millennial-scale changes in the strength and latitudinal position of the westerlies during the Holocene (especially since 5000 yr BP) is limited by a scarcity of paleoclimate records from comparable latitudes. Here, we reconstruct middle to late Holocene variability in the SHWW using a fjord sediment core collected from the subantarctic Auckland Islands (51° S, 166° E), located in the modern centre of the westerly wind belt. Drainage basin response to variability in the strength of the SHWW at this latitude is reconstructed from downcore variations in magnetic susceptibility (MS) and bulk organic δ13C and atomic C/N, which monitor influxes of lithogenous and terrestrial vs marine organic matter, respectively. The hydrographic response to SHWW variability is reconstructed using benthic foraminifer δ18O and δ13C, both of which are influenced by the isotopic composition of shelf water masses entering the fjord. Using these data, we provide marine and terrestrial-based evidence for increased wind strength from ~ 1600–900 yr BP at subantarctic latitudes that is broadly consistent with previous studies of vegetation response to climate at the Auckland Islands. Comparison with a SHWW reconstruction using similar proxies from Fiordland suggests a northward migration of the SHWW over New Zealand at the beginning of the Little Ice Age (LIA). Comparison with paleoclimate and paleoceanographic records from southern South America and the western Antarctic Peninsula indicates a late Holocene strengthening of the SHWW after ~ 1600 yr BP that appears to be broadly symmetrical across the Pacific basin, although our reconstruction suggests that this symmetry breaks down during the LIA. Contemporaneous increases in SHWW at localities either side of the Pacific in the late Holocene are likely controlled atmospheric teleconnections between the low and high latitudes and by variability in the Southern Annular Mode (SAM) and El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO).
Fractal Scaling Analysis of Groundwater Dynamics in
Confined Aquifers
Authors: Tu Tongbi , Ercan Ali , Kavvas M. Levent
Published: April 2017

Abstract. Groundwater closely interacts with surface water and even climate systems in most hydro-climatic settings. Fractal scaling analysis of groundwater dynamics is of significance in modeling hydrological processes by considering potential temporal long-range dependence and scaling crossovers in the groundwater level fluctuations. In this study, it is demonstrated that the groundwater level fluctuations of confined aquifer wells with long observations exhibit site-specific fractal scaling behavior. Detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA) was utilized to quantify the monofractality; and Multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis (MF-DFA) and Multiscale Multifractal Analysis (MMA) were employed to examine the multifractal behavior. The DFA results indicated that fractals exist in groundwater level time series, and it was shown that the estimated Hurst exponent is closely dependent on the length and specific time interval of the time series. The MF-DFA and MMA analyses showed that different levels of multifractality exist, which may be partially due to a broad probability density distribution with infinite moments. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the underlying distribution of groundwater level fluctuations exhibits either non-Gaussian characteristics which may be fitted by the Lévy stable distribution or Gaussian characteristics depending on the site characteristics. However, fractional Brownian motion (fBm), which has been identified as an appropriate model to characterize groundwater level fluctuation is Gaussian with finite moments. Therefore, fBm may be inadequate for the description of physical processes with infinite moments, such as the groundwater level fluctuations in this study. It is concluded that there is a need for generalized governing equations of groundwater flow processes, which can model both the long-memory behavior as well as the Brownian finite-memory behavior.
Radiometric flight results from the HyperSpectral Imager for Climate Science (HySICS)
Authors: Kopp Greg , Smith Paul , Belting Chris , Castleman Zach , Drake Ginger , Espejo Joey , Heuerman Karl , Lanzi James , Stuchlik David
Published: April 2017

Abstract. Long-term monitoring of the Earth-reflected solar spectrum is necessary for discerning and attributing changes in climate. High radiometric accuracy enables such monitoring over decadal timescales with non-overlapping instruments, and high precision enables trend detection on shorter timescales. The HyperSpectral Imager for Climate Science (HySICS) is a visible and near-infrared spatial/spectral imaging spectrometer intended to ultimately achieve ∼ 0.2 % radiometric accuracies of Earth scenes from space, providing an order-of-magnitude improvement over existing space-based imagers. On-orbit calibrations from measurements of spectral solar irradiances acquired by direct views of the Sun enable radiometric calibrations with superior long-term stability than is currently possible with any manmade spaceflight light source or detector. Solar and lunar observations enable in-flight focal-plane array (FPA) flat-fielding and other instrument calibrations. The HySICS has demonstrated this solar cross-calibration technique for future spaceflight instrumentation via two high-altitude balloon flights. The second of these two flights acquired high-radiometric-accuracy measurements of the ground, clouds, the Earth's limb, and the Moon. Those results and the details of the uncertainty analyses of those flight data are described.
The role of glacier dynamics and threshold definition in the characterisation of future streamflow droughts in glacierised catchments
Authors: Van Tiel Marit , Teuling Adriaan J. , Wanders Niko , Vis Marc J. P. , Stahl Kerstin , Van Loon Anne F.
Published: April 2017

Abstract. Glaciers are essential hydrological reservoirs, storing and releasing water at various time scales. Short-term variability in glacier melt is one of the causes of streamflow droughts, defined as below normal water availabilities. Streamflow droughts in glacierised catchments have a wide range of interlinked causing factors related to precipitation and temperature on short and long time scales. Climate change affects glacier storage capacity, with resulting consequences for discharge regimes and drought. Future projections of streamflow drought in glacierised basins can, however, strongly depend on the modelling strategies and analysis approaches applied. Here, we examine the effect of different approaches, concerning the glacier modelling and the drought threshold, on the characterisation of streamflow droughts in glacierised catchments. Streamflow is simulated with the HBV-light model for two case study catchments, the Nigardsbreen catchment in Norway and the Wolverine catchment in Alaska, and two future climate change scenarios (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5). Two types of glacier modelling are applied, a constant and dynamical glacier area conceptualisation. Streamflow droughts are identified with the variable threshold level method and their characteristics are compared between two periods, a historical (1975–2004) and future (2071–2100) period. Two existing threshold approaches to define future droughts are employed, (1) the threshold from the historical period and (2) a transient threshold approach, whereby the threshold adapts every year in the future to the changing regimes. Results show that drought characteristics differ among the combinations of glacier area modelling and thresholds. The historical threshold combined with a dynamical glacier area projects extreme increases in drought severity in the future, caused by the regime shift due to a reduction in glacier area. The historical threshold combined with a constant glacier area results in a drastic decrease of the number of droughts. The drought characteristics between future and historic periods are more similar when the transient threshold is used, for both glacier dynamics conceptualisations. With the transient threshold causing factors of future droughts, can be analysed. This study revealed the different effects of methodological choices on future streamflow drought projections and it highlights how the options can be used to analyse different aspects of future droughts: the transient threshold for analysing future drought processes, the historical threshold to assess changes between periods, the constant glacier area to analyse the effect of short term climate variability on droughts and the dynamical glacier area to model realistic future discharges under climate change.
Impact of ENSO regimes on developing and decaying phase precipitation during rainy season in China
Authors: Cao Qing , Hao Zhenchun , Yuan Feifei , Su Zhenkuan , Berndtsson Ronny , Hao Jie , Nyima Tsring
Published: April 2017

Abstract. This study investigated the influence of five El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) types (i.e., Central Pacific Warming (CPW), Eastern Pacific Cooling (EPC), Eastern Pacific Warming (EPW), conventional ENSO, and ENSO Modoki) on rainy-season precipitation in China. The multi-scale moving t-test was applied to determine the onset and withdrawal of rainy season. Results showed that there is a higher probability for flooding during decaying CPW and EPW phases in most parts of China with a largest precipitation anomaly reaching 30 % above average precipitation. Developing EPW could trigger droughts over large areas in China with 10–30 % lower than average precipitation in most areas. Conventional El Niño in the developing phase had the largest influence on ENSO-related precipitation among developing ENSO and ENSO Modoki regimes. Decaying ENSO also showed larger effect on the occurrence of drought and flood, compared to decaying ENSO Modoki. The difference between rainy-season precipitation under various ENSO regimes may be attributed to the combined influence of anti-cyclone in the western North Pacific and the Indian monsoon. Stronger monsoon and anti-cyclone are associated with enhanced rainy-season precipitation. The results suggest a certain predictability of rainy-season precipitation related to ENSO regimes.
Scenario approach for the seasonal forecast of Kharif flows from Upper Indus Basin
Authors: Ismail Muhammad Fraz , Bogacki Wolfgang
Published: April 2017

Abstract. Snow and glacial melt runoff are the major sources of water contribution from the high mountainous terrain of Indus river upstream of the Tarbela reservoir. A reliable forecast of seasonal water availability for the Kharif cropping season (April–September) can pave the way towards the better water management and subsequently boost the agro-economy of Pakistan. The use of degree-day models in conjunction with the satellite based remote sensing data for the forecasting of seasonal snow and ice melt runoff has proved to be a suitable approach for the data scarce regions. In the present research, Snowmelt Runoff Model (SRM) has not only been enhanced by incorporating the “glacier (G)” component but also applied for the forecast of seasonal water availability from the Upper Indus Basin (UIB). Excel based SRM + G takes into account of separate degree-day factors for snow and ice melt processes. The UIB has been divided into Upper and Lower part because of the different climatic conditions in the Tibetan plateau. The application of seasonal scenario based approach proved to be very adequate for long term water availability forecast. The comparison between different models of operational seasonal forecasts for the UIB for the period in consideration show that SRM + G tends to slightly underestimate the flow volume on average by about 2 % with an overall mean absolute error MAE of 9.6 %, while the two other approaches overestimate the Kharif flow volume on average by about 6 %. More important, the standard deviation of SRM + G forecast errors is 5.7 % only, which is an important indicator for the forecasting skill.
Pesticide fate at catchment scale: conceptual modelling of stream CSIA data
Authors: Lutz Stefanie R. , van der Velde Ype , Elsayed Omniea F. , Imfeld Gwenaël , Lefrancq Marie , Payraudeau Sylvain , van Breukelen Boris M.
Published: April 2017

Abstract. Compound-specific stable isotope analysis (CSIA) has proven beneficial in the characterization of contaminant degradation in groundwater, but it has never been used to assess pesticide transformation at catchment scale. This study presents concentration and carbon CSIA data of the herbicides S-metolachlor and acetochlor from three locations (plot, drain, and catchment outlets) in a 47-ha agricultural catchment (Bas-Rhin France). Herbicide concentrations at the catchment outlet were highest (62 μg L−1) in response to an intense rainfall event following herbicide application. Increasing δ13C-values of S-metolachlor and acetochlor by more than 2 ‰ during the study period indicated herbicide degradation. To assist the interpretation of these data, discharge, concentrations and δ13C-values of S-metolachlor were modelled with a conceptual mathematical model using the transport formulation by travel time distributions. Testing of different model setups supported the assumption that degradation half-lives (DT50) increase with increasing soil depth, which can be straightforwardly implemented in conceptual models using travel time distributions. Moreover, model calibration yielded an estimate of a field-integrated isotopic enrichment factor as opposed to laboratory-based assessments of enrichment factors in closed systems. Thirdly, the Rayleigh equation commonly applied in groundwater studies was tested by our model for its potential to quantify degradation at catchment scale. It provided conservative estimates on the extent of degradation as occurred in stream samples. However, largely exceeding the simulated degradation within the entire catchment, these estimates were not representative of overall degradation at catchment scale. The conceptual modelling approach thus enabled us to upscale sample-based CSIA information on degradation to the catchment scale. Overall, this study demonstrates the benefit of combining monitoring and conceptual modelling of concentrations and CSIA data, and advocates the use of travel time distributions for assessing pesticide fate and transport at catchment scale.
Methodology for Earthquake Rupture Rate estimates of fault
networks: example for the Western Corinth Rift, Greece
Authors: Chartier Thomas , Scotti Oona , Lyon-Caen Hélène , Boiselet Aurélien
Published: April 2017

Abstract. Modelling the seismic potential of active faults is a fundamental step of probabilistic seismic hazard assessment (PSHA). An accurate estimation of the rate of earthquakes on the faults is necessary in order to obtain the probability of exceedance of a given ground motion. Most PSHA studies consider faults as independent structures and neglect the possibility of multiple faults or fault segments rupturing simultaneously (Fault to Fault -FtF- ruptures). The latest Californian model (UCERF-3) takes into account this possibility by considering a system level approach rather than an individual fault level approach using the geological , seismological and geodetical information to invert the earthquake rates. In many places of the world seismological and geodetical information long fault networks are often not well constrained. There is therefore a need to propose a methodology relying only on geological information to compute earthquake rate of the faults in the network. In this methodology, similarly to UCERF-3, a simple distance criteria is used to define FtF ruptures and consider single faults or FtF ruptures as an aleatory uncertainty. Rates of earthquakes on faults are then computed following two constraints: the magnitude frequency distribution (MFD) of earthquakes in the fault system as a whole must follow an imposed shape and the rate of earthquakes on each fault is determined by the specific slip-rate of each segment depending on the possible FtF ruptures. The modelled earthquake rates are then confronted to the available independent data (geodetical, seismological and paleoseismological data) in order to weigh different hypothesis explored in a logic tree. The methodology is tested on the Western Corinth Rift, Greece (WCR) where recent advancements have been made in the understanding of the geological slip rates of the complex network of normal faults which are accommodating the ~15 mm/yr North-South extension. Modelling results show that geological, seismological extension rates and paleoseismological rates of earthquakes cannot be reconciled with only single fault rupture scenarios and require hypothesising a large spectrum of possible FtF rupture sets. Furthermore, in order to fit the imposed regional Gutenberg-Richter MFD target, some of the slip along certain faults needs to be accommodated either with interseismic creep or as post-seismic processes. Furthermore, individual fault’s MFDs differ depending on the position of each fault in the system and the possible FtF ruptures associated with the fault. Finally, a comparison of modelled earthquake rupture rates with those deduced from the regional and local earthquake catalogue statistics and local paleosismological data indicates a better fit with the FtF rupture set constructed with a distance criteria based on a 5 km rather than 3 km, suggesting, a high connectivity of faults in the WCR fault system.
First year of practical experiences of the new Arctic AWIPEV-COSYNA cabled Underwater Observatory in Kongsfjorden, Spitsbergen
Authors: Fischer Philipp , Schwanitz Max , Loth Reiner , Posner Uwe , Brand Markus , Schröder Friedhelm
Published: April 2017

Abstract. A combined year-round assessment of selected oceanographic data and a macrobiotic community assessment was performed from October 2013 to November 2014 in the littoral zone of the Kongsfjorden polar fjord system on the western coast of Svalbard (Norway). State of the art remote controlled cabled underwater observatory technology was used for daily vertical profiles of temperature, salinity, and turbidity together with a stereo-optical assessment of the macrobiotic community, including fish. The results reveal a distinct seasonal cycle in total species abundances, with a significantly higher total abundance and species richness during the polar winter when no light is available underwater compared to the summer months when 24 h light is available. During the winter months, a temporally highly segmented community was observed with respect to species occurrence, with single species dominating the winter community for restricted times. In contrast, the summer community showed an overall lower total abundance as well as a significantly lower number of species. The study clearly demonstrates the high potential of cable connected remote controlled digital sampling devices, especially in remote areas, such as polar fjord systems, with harsh environmental conditions and limited accessibility. A smart combination of such new digital sampling methods with classic sampling procedures can provide a possibility to significantly extend the sampling time and frequency, especially in remote and difficult to access areas. This can help to provide a sufficient data density and therefore statistical power for a sound scientific analysis without increasing the invasive sampling pressure in ecologically sensitive environments.
Trello
Authors: Johnson, MLIS Heather A.
Published: April 2017

Trello, a cloud-based tool that uses the Kanban method of project management. With Trello, users can visually organize projects into boards, divide projects into groups, and subdivide groups into tasks.
Making Sense of Medicine: Bridging the Gap Between Doctor Guidelines and Patient Preferences
Authors: Hoogland, MLS, AHIP Margaret Arleen
Published: April 2017

This book outlines prevalent health issues and discusses the problems inherent with acceptable and new ways of providing patient care.
Anticipating the third century of the National Library of Medicine: a call for engagement
Authors: Flatley Brennan Patricia
Published: April 2017

What is the foundation of the NLM of 2036 that will ensure that it continues to serve medicine, health care, discovery, and citizens?
Culturally competent library services and related factors among health sciences librarians: an exploratory study
Authors: Mi Misa , Zhang Yingting
Published: April 2017

Objective: This study investigated the current state of health sciences libraries’ provision of culturally competent services to support health professions education and patient care and examined factors associated with cultural competency in relation to library services and professional development.Methods: This was a cross-sectional study. Data were collected with a survey questionnaire that was distributed via SurveyMonkey to several health sciences librarian email discussion lists.Results: Out of 176 respondents, 163 reported serving clients from diverse cultural backgrounds. Various services were provided to develop or support initiatives in cultural competency in health professions education and patient care. A considerable number of respondents were unsure or reported no library services to support initiatives in cultural competency, although a majority of respondents perceived the importance of providing culturally competent library services (156, 89.1%) and cultural competency for health sciences librarians (162, 93.1%). Those who self-identified as nonwhites perceived culturally competent services to be more important than whites (p=0.04). Those who spoke another language in addition to English had higher self-rated cultural competency (p=0.01) than those who only spoke English.Conclusions: These findings contribute to our knowledge of the types of library services provided to support cultural competency initiatives and of health sciences librarians’ perceived importance in providing culturally competent library services and cultural competency for health sciences librarians. The results suggest implications for health sciences libraries in fostering professional development in cultural competency and in providing culturally competent services to increase library use by people from a wide range of cultures and backgrounds.
Weill Cornell Medicine: A History of Cornell’s Medical School
Authors: Becker Danielle
Published: April 2017

Discovering the history of not only Cornell’s Medical School, but also its hospital and the evolution of these institutions and their place in medical history promised to be an engaging read.