bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The relevance of development of critical initiatives in meat packing industry for the purpose of implementation of a new Food Security Doctrine of the Russian Federation
Authors: Solomennikov Aleksandr Emel'yanovich
Published: September 2020

The goal of this article consists in carrying out comparative characteristics of the Russian Food Security Doctrines adopted in 2010 and 2020; specification of their role, purpose, relevance, and flaws in the national security development strategy, as well as setting priorities, tasks and objectives of the new Food Security Doctrine and its meaning for the development of Russian meat packing industry. The author reveals a multifactor (multicriteria) method of assessment of the development of food production markets for ensuring food security. Using such tools as the balance method, logical, comparative and economic-statistical analysis, the author examines uncertainty factor in the meat packing industry in management decision-making with regards to its sustainable development, as well as functional dependencies of factors affecting fluctuation in stability and planning of the situations that define importance of the development of meat packing companies. It is concluded that the objectives of national security of the country, described in the new Food Security Doctrine, require a comprehensive solution of multifactor and multilevel tasks, including the establishment of centralized management of administrative and financial resources as an integrated and effective tool for the development of meat packing industry, as well as creation of nationally-oriented centralized food industry with a unified operation office and human resource reserve.
China’s participation in the international economic system: historical stages and modern strategy
Authors: Wu Youruo
Published: September 2020

This article explores the peculiarities of China’s participation in the international economic system on the various stages and practice of People’s Republic of China on the changes in the international economic system. The author notes that the history of China’s participation in the international economic system consists of four stages: first stage – from 1949 to 1971; second stage – from the reinstatement of China’s lawful place in the UN (1971) to 1978; third stage – from the implementation of the policy of “reform and opening-up” (1978) to 2008; and forth stage – from the global economic crisis of 2008 to the present time. The goal of this research is to explain the causes for China’s dissatisfaction towards current international economic system, search for ways to resolve this problem, as well as determine the role that China wants to play on the international arena in the future. The author concludes that with the growth of the economic power and elevation of China’s international position, it attempts to develop its own variant or such reform of the international economic system that would correspond to the common interests of developing countries. At the same time, being the economic leader of the developing countries China will play an important role in the international economic system.  
On the impact of socioeconomic policy upon national security (based on the example of Turkish currency and debt crisis of 2018)
Authors: Okhrimenko Igor Viktorovich
Published: September 2020

This article is dedicated to examination of the impact of social factors upon the state of national economic security, which is a vital segment within the overall system of national security. Insurance of national economic security implies activities aimed at elimination of factors that negatively affect the development and independence of the national economy. Such factors, of internal or external origin, are views as threats to national economic security. The subject of this research is internal threats that emerged as a result of unfavorable socioeconomic policy of the state. The author describes the impact of Turkish socioeconomic policy upon the state of its economic security by means of establishing a causal connection between certain manifestations of the unfavorable socioeconomic policy of the country and the emergence of threats to national economic security. The scientific novelty consists in definition of socioeconomic policy of the state as a factor affecting both, economic and national security. This hypothesis is substantiated by the following conclusions: 1) Effectiveness of socioeconomic policy of the state depends on differentiation of the distribution of benefits in the course of its realization; serving the interests of particular population group results in destabilization of the society and risks of civil confrontation, which leads to negative consequences for the national economy and adversely affects the state of national economic security. 2) Excessive burden on state budget with social and economic expenditures may negatively affect the state of national economy in the conditions of upcoming macroeconomic cataclysms. This is what happened in Turkey, when a substantial part of state budget dragged national economy to the bottom in terms of the United States economic sanctions and subsequent crisis of 2018.
“Social Credit System”: historical prerequisites and doctrinal grounds of the phenomenon
Authors: Rouvinsky Roman Z. , Tarasov Alexey A.
Published: September 2020

This article is dedicated to identification and examination of doctrinal grounds and historical prerequisites of the" Social Credit System (trustworthiness)” – a project introduced in the People’s Republic of China in the early 2000s, and currently being “exported” from People’s Republic of China to other countries. In the course of this research, the author analyzed the specific Chinese sources and prerequisites for the creation of modern social rating and control system, as well as non-national sources mostly attributed to the history of Western European political legal thought and Western social institutions. Viewing "Social Credit System" as a technique for exercising social control and oversight, the authors discover its origins in J. Bentham’s project" Panopticon ", Taylor’s philosophy of management, Confucian and legalistic traditions of Imperial China, ideas and institutions of the era of Chinese cultural revolution, as well as U.S. credit scoring systems. This article is the first within Russian science to study the historical and doctrinal prerequisites of China’s "Social Credit System”, taking into account the works of foreign scholars dedicated to the history of its establishment.  A new perspective is given on the Confucian ideas the ideas of Fajia (Legalism) School, which are interpreted as complementary sources of the modern system of social control developed in PRC. The authors believe that China’s “Social Credit System” and the related techniques of control represent a so-called “bridge” that connects “Western” history of the development of social institutions with typically “Eastern” political and sociocultural tradition. In conclusion, attention is turned to the positive aspects, as well as “shadow” side of implementation of the mechanism of “Social Credit System”, “reverse” of this process and all accompanying problems thereof.
Digital sociology: capabilities, risks and prospects
Authors: Orlova Irina , Fomin Egor
Published: September 2020

The subject of this article is theoretical provisions of the new scientific field – digital sociology, developed by the leading foreign and Russian experts in the area of sociology, anthropology, public administration, as well as political, social and information technologies (K. Michael, R. Clark, M. Fourcade, K. Healy, L. Manovich, L. Sloan, J. Morgan). Along with theoretical positions, the author examines the results of empirical research in the area of digital sociology, acquired by the representatives of government structures, corporations, medical institutions, and secret services (K. Garattini, E. M. Chereshnev, G. Greenwald, and C. Sunstein). Leaning on the texts that are unfamiliar to Russian audience, the authors explore the theoretical positions of digital sociology, determine its object field, methodological capabilities, identify risks and boundaries, as well as outline the prospects for future development. The article analyzes the current trends in the area of cyborgization and chipping of humans, and assesses the risks of utilization of digital tools to controlling citizens in real and virtual environments. It is demonstrated that the interface and software of modern technologies pattern and determine reality. The authors reveal the methods used by a number of secret services in foreign countries that control and manipulate discussions in the social networks. The approaches of the theoreticians of sociology – J. Bentham, M. Foucault, and B. Latour are being adapted to the context of research. The authors also assess methodological traps related to big data analysis, and propose the ways for increasing validity of the results of research, obtained using the methods of digital sociology.
To the question on classification of digital footprint
Authors: Ivanov Vladislav Yur'evich
Published: September 2020

The subject of this research is the digital footprint and its place in the traditional classification trace evidence in forensic science that is divided into material and ideal. The advent of computer technology led to the need for detailed examination of the trace pattern formed as a result of human activity in computer space, and thus to supplement trace evidence analysis with the new type of trace evidence. A number of forensic experts advances the original concepts on determination of place and role of these traces in trace evidence analysis. The author analyzes different points of view expressed by forensic experts on the matter, as well as presents an original substantiated opinion. The main conclusion of this research consists in the need for rapid adaptation of the approaches of forensic science to the current conditions of information society. The established within forensic science traditional approaches lose their relevance in the current context of the development of computer technology. Commission of unlawful actions in the computer space, particularly with application information and telecommunications technology on the Internet, contributes to the emergence of a specific trace evidence pattern that cannot be attributed to either material or ideal traces. Therefore, it is necessary to supplement the existing classification with a separate section – the digital footprint, which has substantially different characteristics than material or ideal trace evidence.
Going through training for the purpose of carrying out terrorist activity
Authors: Moskalev Georgii
Published: September 2020

The subject of this research is the provision on criminal liability for training for the purpose of carrying out terrorist activities. In the course of this research, the author determines the content of the elements of a crime stipulated by the Article 205.3 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, defines boundaries of this criminal violation, as well as makes recommendations on the improvement of its legal regulation. The article is based on the component legal analysis of the body of crime, stipulated by the Article 205.3 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, with application of such methods of legal hermeneutics as grammatical and systemic interpretation. It was revealed that de facto, a direct object of crime envisaged by the Article 205.3 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation differs depending on the type of crime for which the subject is undergoing training; while the objective side of crime consists in training, including self-training of the subject. The article criticizes the legislator’s decision to establishing a minimum age threshold (14 y.o.) for the subject of crime, as well as the method to describe the purpose in disposition of the Article 205.3 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. The author describes the cases when introduction of the Article 205.3 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation allows double prosecution for the same offence, as well as regulation of a stiffer penalty for preparation, in comparison with the completed substantive crime, which in both cases violates the principle of justice (Article 6 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation).  A proposal is made to exclude the Article 205.3 from the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, as well as introduce a special rule on the boundaries of punishment for preparation of terrorist acts.
Language globalization and language globalistics
Authors: Dolgenko Aleksandr Nikolaevich , Kosyreva Marina Sergejevna
Published: September 2020

This article analyzes the results of quarter of a century long analysis of the phenomenon of language globalization within the framework of new branch of interlinguistics – language globalistics. Emphasis is made on the analysis of established linguistic and extralinguistic factors of language globalization, reasons and circumstances of acquisition the status of global by English language. Attention is also paid to the concept of the global language network and sub-global languages in the Internet communication and global linguocultural and lexical-semantic exchange. The author examines the prospects of language globalization in the context of achievements of language globalistics. It is concluded that if for acquisition of the status of global by English language, the crucial role was played extralinguistic factors, then for consolidation and retention of this status linguistic factors were more significant. It is noted that the "users" are more important than "native speakers" for the language globalization. Internet communication, for which English language has historically become the key tool, continues to expand the composition of “users” of the global language. This would arise new challenges for the linguistic globalistics.
V. S. Baevsky and M. L. Gasparov: to the history of scientific communication in prosody
Authors: Gusev Evgenii Ivanovich
Published: September 2020

Based on the biographies of the prominent philologists V. S. Baevsky and M. L. Gasparov, this article examines the relationships of the Soviet scholars of humanities in the late XX century, and verifies the facts from the history of prosody. The archive of V. S. Baevsky with collection of 146 letters of M. L. Gasparov is deposited in Smolensk State University. It preserved handwritten and printed documents that tell about their shared scientific interests and sincere relationship. Gasparov’s dedicatory inscriptions on the books resembling the token reverence and friendship also serve as important and informative sources in studying this topic. The library of V. S. Baevsky accounts to 35 such books. There is also extensive memoir literature dedicated to V. S. Baevsky and M. L. Gasparov. The article analyzes peer reviews of V. S. Baevsky on the monographs of M. L. Gasparov, responses to the jubilees of the scholar, and obituary in his memory. The conclusion was made that mutual respectful dialogue established between V. S. Baevsky and M. L. Gasparov contributed to the synergy of efforts on the development of prosody as a research method, integration of university and academic science for the advancement of humanities in Russia. The study of various scientific contacts and relationships between the Soviet philologists allows having a new perspective upon the history of philology in Russia, examine the problem of opposition of Soviet science as a social institution, which was controlled by the government and its founding scholars, as well as clarify important facts in the establishment of prosody.
Proper names as a part of telescopic nomination in English-language publicistic texts of the modern mass media
Authors: Volova Viktoriia Mikhailovna , Vasil'eva Yuliya Sergeevna
Published: September 2020

This article examines the telescopic nominations as a peculiar type of tropeic utilization of proper names, in which anthroponyms are used as the foundation from the perspective of the method of introduction into a publicistic text, as well as specificities of their functionality within modern English-language mass media. It is demonstrated that telescopy as a special type of abbreviation is one of the most productive means of enrichment of the mass media language, as telescopic nominations in publicistic texts combine high expressiveness and informativeness of provided material. This article analyzes the form and function of onyms as a part of telescopic nominations in modern English-language publicistic culture. It is established that in the modern English, telescopic nominations represent a rapidly growing layer of the lexicon, confirmed by the active use of this word-forming model that includes proper names. The scientific novelty of the research consists in a comprehensive lexical stylistic analysis of the process of formation and proliferation of the linguistic novelties, peculiarities of their application in speech, as well as character and dynamics of the global linguistic processes. The practical importance of the acquired results lies in the fact that they can be used within the framework of teaching such disciplines lexicology, linguoculturology, stylistics, as well as creation of textbooks on these disciplines.
Introduction of the concept of “Putin’s Games” in the foreign media discourse: aspect of relevance
Authors: Palanchuk Nadezhda Valerevna
Published: September 2020

The subject of this research is the representation of the linguocultural concept of “Putin’s Games” in the English-language media dedicated to 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi. Within the framework of linguoculturological approach, analysis is conducted on the aspect of relevance of the concept of “Putin’s Games”, reflected in the number of linguistic means of appeal to this concept. Consideration of over 160 English-language articles from the leading British and U.S. publishers allowed determining such peculiarities in representation of the concept of “Putin’s Games” as the diversity of linguistic means appealing to the concept in a relatively low frequency of utilization of individual linguistic units; accentuation of close affinity between the name of the Russian President and the 2014 Winter Olympics. Foreign media discourse verbalizes the concept of "Putin's Games” on different linguistic levels. A wide variety of lexical expressions appealing to the concept, reflect connection between the President and the Olympics not only in an explicit way (through the President's first and last name), but also implicitly (metaphoricity, irony). Neologisms and phraseologisms used by journalists for describing "Putin's Games" bring in additional emotional coloring to the content of this concept. The stylistic techniques applied for verbalization of the concept involve different linguistic levels: the discourse presents phonetic, lexical, and syntactic visual means. Precedent phenomena contribute to enhancement of negative connotation, and also describe the geopolitical interests of Sochi Olympics. The acquired results underline the relevance of the concept of “Putin’s Games” for the English-language media discourse.
Ways of constructing the past in V. Pikul’s novel “The Favorite”
Authors: Akimova Taiana Ivanovna
Published: September 2020

The subject of this article is the key methods of constructing the past applied by Valentin Pikul in chronological novel “The Favorite”: theatricality technique, actualization of male and female beginnings of the main characters, adventurous beginning that includes special chronotope, creation of mystical atmosphere, introduction of the motifs of meeting and partings, and “modernization” of history – the approach of parallel description of the plot of the XVIII century as a storyline of the time of a reader. The goal is to demonstrate the origin of techniques within the depths of Pukil’s writing methods that are in demand by modern cinematography and brought to life in multiple TV series; and how the enlightening content of historical compositions of the XVIII century, particularly the “Memoirs of Catherine the Great” are replaced by the entertaining presentation. The use of cultural-historical, comparative-historical, and structural methods allow determining the main semantic bonds of the novel and genesis of these phenomena, as well as draw parallels with the indicated realias in the modern mass literature. In the course of comprehensive analysis of the novel “The Favorite”, the conclusion is made on the intentional fictionalization of the historical material by V. Pikul: externally –  through convergence of the novel with theatrical staging via using compositional techniques; and internally –  through the techniques of mass literature writing, creation of adventurous chronotope, diminishment of the heroic beginning of historical characters to the behavioral level of typical characters of the romantic novel, introduction of the element of scandal, mystery and adventure. For the first time, the novel is examined through the prism of the time of its creation – the era of post-Perestroika, and the tradition the author leans upon: country-style and “youth” prose. The acquired conclusions directly relate to the modern situation, work of screenwriters on historical material, which was significantly simplified for the mass literature audience.
Manifestation of allophrony in German colloquial language (stylistic aspect)
Authors: Massal'skaya Yuliya Vladimirovna
Published: September 2020

The subject of this research is the functionality of allophronic elements German colloquial language. The object of this research is lexical units of German colloquial language. The goal consists in determination of allophronic elements in German colloquial language from the stylistic perspective. .The author outlines the theoretical framework of the category of “allophrony”, its key characteristics and manifestations in the stylistic aspect of German colloquial language. The relevance this work is substantiated by the fact that the concept of allophrony is of great interest to modern linguistics from both, practical and theoretical perspectives. It is important to study this phenomenon in the colloquial language, since this communication layer involves all aspects of speech and language. Namely in conversational style, allophrony is manifested not only on usual level, but also occasionally. This work is first to analyze the contradictory elemnents in German colloquial language within the framework of studying the theory of allophrony. Allophrony is a linguistic category, introduced by the Professor of Philology B. T. Ganeev, which encompasses language and speech manifestations of contradictions. Analysis is conducted on the linguistic units of German colloquial speech in existence of allophronic elements. It is established that allophrony is present in the colloquial language and manifests in form of such stylistic means as enantiosemy, oxymoron, and irony. The contradictions of colloquial language, on the one hand, can be associated with certain contradictions of today’s world, and on the other hand – with the peculiarities of speech that are in constant “motion”.d
Phraseological and non-phraseological methods of translating phraseological units in the works of D. H. Lawrence
Authors: Gololobova Nailya Irekovna
Published: September 2020

This article is dedicated to the methods of translating phraseological units in the works of D. H. Lawrence. Based on examination of the scientific works of leading scholars in the area of phraseology, the author reviews classification of the methods of translating phraseological units, and underlines the preference of using phraseological method. Having analyzed the literary works of D. H. Lawrence, the author highlights all instances of translation of phraseological units into Russian language. For achieving the set goal, the author found two versions of translation of each work conducted by different translators. Such instances were illustrated by examples of the selected literary works in the source language and target language. The patterns and difficulties of translation of same phraseological units faced by different translator were determined. The author carried out statistical analysis of using different methods of translation, and concluded on the frequency of usage of the most preferable technique of translating phraseological units. The main conclusion lies in the fact that the most preferred method of translation appears to be the rarest (total 17%), while the percentage of use of this method varies from translator to translator. However, the author notes that inability to use a phraseological method of translation does not always mean a poor quality translation,  and in many instances is justified; but, at the same time, the author proves that translators should pay more attention to recognition of phraseological units and seek for phraseological equivalents and analogues of translated phraseological units in the target language.
Incidence, Clinical Features, and Outcomes of Late‐Onset Neutropenia From Rituximab for Autoimmune Disease
Authors: Zonozi Reza , Wallace Zachary S. , Laliberte Karen , Huizenga Noah R. , Rosenthal Jillian M. , Rhee Eugene P. , Cortazar Frank B. , Niles John L.
Published: September 2020

Objective

Late‐onset neutropenia (LON) is an underrecognized complication of rituximab treatment. We undertook this study to describe its incidence, risk factors, clinical features, management, and recurrence.

Methods

We conducted a single‐center retrospective cohort study of 738 adult patients with autoimmune disease who were treated with rituximab to induce continuous B cell depletion. The primary outcome measure was LON, defined as an unexplained absolute neutrophil count of <1,000 cells/µl during B cell depletion. Secondary outcome measures included incidental diagnosis, fever, sepsis, filgrastim use, and recurrent LON. We assessed predictors of LON using Cox proportional hazards regression models. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated.

Results

We identified 107 episodes of LON in 71 patients. The cumulative incidence at 1 year of B cell depletion therapy was 6.6% (95% CI 5.0–8.7). The incidence rate during the first year was higher compared to thereafter (7.2 cases per 100 person‐years [95% CI 5.4–9.6] versus 1.5 cases per 100 person‐years [95% CI 1.0–2.3]). Systemic lupus erythematosus and combination therapy with cyclophosphamide were each independently associated with an increased risk of LON (adjusted HR 2.96 [95% CI 1.10–8.01] and 1.98 [95% CI 1.06–3.71], respectively). LON was not observed in minimal change disease or focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. The majority of episodes (59.4%) were asymptomatic. Fever and sepsis complicated 31.3% and 8.5% of episodes, respectively. Most patients (69%) were treated with filgrastim. Rituximab rechallenge occurred in 87% of patients, of whom 21% developed recurrent LON.

Conclusion

LON is common and often incidental. Most cases are reversible and respond well to filgrastim. However, LON can be associated with serious infections and thus warrants vigilant monitoring.
Benefit and risk of early intravenous heparin after thrombolysis in patients with acute ischemic stroke
Authors: Tong Xu , Cao Yibin , Wang Wenzhi , Wang David , Wang Yongjun , Wang Yilong ,   the Thrombolysis Implementation, Monitor of Acute Ischemic Stroke in China (TIMS‐China) Investigators
Published: September 2020

Background and purpose

We performed a retrospective analysis of the “Thrombolysis Implementation and Monitor of Acute Ischemic Stroke in China (TIMS‐China)” registry to explore the benefit and risk of intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) followed by intravenous heparin (IVH) in acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients.

Methods

In the TIMS‐China database, the patients who received IVH immediately after IVT (Early IVH group) and those who initiated antithrombotic therapy (ATT) until 24 hr after IVT (Standard ATT group) were screened for this comparison. Propensity score (PS) matching was performed between both groups. The logistic regression analysis was performed in the matched population to compare all the efficacy and safety outcomes.

Results

Of 1,437 patients in this study, 119 received early IVH and 1,318 cases initiated standard ATT. After PS matching (1:2), 117 pairs were identified. The early IVH group had higher proportions of neurological improvement at 24 hr (OR = 2.24, 95% CI = 1.42–3.53) and 7 days (OR = 1.92, 95% CI = 1.22–3.03), better chance of excellent recovery (OR = 1.69, 95% CI = 1.07–2.67) and functional independence (OR = 1.77, 95% CI = 1.13–2.78) at 90 days, and a lower 90‐day mortality (OR = 0.44, 95% CI = 0.21–0.92) than standard ATT group. Additionally, early IVH did not increase the risk of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (OR = 0.92, 95% CI = 0.34–2.48).

Conclusions

IVH immediately after thrombolysis seems to be safe and potentially more effective as compared with standard ATT delay of 24 hr for a subset of AIS patients.
Is aripiprazole a key to unlock anorexia nervosa?: A case series
Authors: Tahıllıoğlu Akın , Özcan Tuğçe , Yüksel Gamze , Majroh Noorjahan , Köse Sezen , Özbaran Burcu
Published: September 2020

Aripiprazole contributes an increase in body mass index and attenuation in anorexia nervosa (AN) symptoms, leading clinical improvements with lower side‐effect profile; but it is not enough to cure comorbid depressive symptoms in AN.
Research of coal‐direct chemical looping hydrogen generation with iron‐based oxygen carrier modified by NaAlO2
Authors: Li Jinshuai , Zhang Xiuli , Li Xiao , Wu Jilai , Ma Jingjing , Guo Qingjie , Liu Xinmin
Published: September 2020

This study reports a high‐performance modified oxygen carrier (OC) in a three‐cycle chemical looping process in which coal is used as the raw feedstock to produce hydrogen. A series of experiments of coal‐direct chemical looping hydrogen generation (CLHG) were conducted in a batch fluidized bed reactor, in the absence or presence of the NaAlO2. The experimental results indicated that the carbon conversion and hydrogen yield reached 87.0% and 1.30 L · g−1, respectively, when the coal/oxygen carrier (Fe4Al6) mass ratio was 1:20. However, FeO was the main product of the reduction process with Fe4Al6, which limits the production of hydrogen during steam oxidation. Therefore, NaAlO2 was used to improve the reaction performance of the OC. The carbon conversion and hydrogen production of NaAlO2‐loaded oxygen carriers were 10.7% and 9.6% higher than Fe4Al6, respectively. X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Brunauer‐Emmett‐Teller (BET), and temperature‐programmed reduction (TPR) techniques were used to characterize the oxygen carriers. According to the XRD analysis results, the addition of 5 wt% NaAlO2 can generate NaFeO2. The unique layer structure of NaFeO2 can loosen the structure between Fe2O3 and Al2O3. Thus, the surface morphology and pore structure of the oxygen carrier were improved, which are responsible for the enhancement in reactivity rather than the catalytic effects of the alkali metal. The cycle performance of the Na0.5Fe4Al6 remained stable after multi‐redox cycles, and no serious sintering phenomena were observed; in addition, the carbon conversion and hydrogen yield remained above 86% and 1.40 L · g−1, respectively.
How Machine Learning Accelerates the Development of Quantum Dots?†
Authors: Peng Jia , Muhammad Ramzan , Wang Shu‐Liang , Zhong Hai‐Zheng
Published: September 2020

With the rapid developments in the field of information technology, the material research society is looking for an alternate scientific route to the traditional methods of trial and error in material research and process development. Machine learning emerges as a new research paradigm to accelerate the application‐oriented material discovery. Quantum dots are expanded as functional nanomaterials to enhance cutting‐edge photonic technology. However, they suffer from uncertainty in industrial fabrication and application. Here, we discuss how machine learning accelerates the development of quantum dots. The basic principles and operation procedures of machine learning are described with a few representative examples of quantum dots. We emphasize how machine learning contributes to the optimization of synthesis and the analysis of material characterizations. To conclude, we give a short perspective discussing the problems of combining machine learning and quantum dots.
Secondary metabolites in a neotropical shrub: spatiotemporal allocation and role in fruit defense and dispersal
Authors: Maynard Lauren D. , Slinn Heather L. , Glassmire Andrea E. , Matarrita‐Carranza Bernal , Dodson Craig D. , Nguyen Trang T. , Burroughs Megan J. , Dyer Lee A. , Jeffrey Christopher S. , Whitehead Susan R.
Published: September 2020

Deciphering the ecological roles of plant secondary metabolites requires integrative studies that assess both the allocation patterns of compounds and their bioactivity in ecological interactions. Secondary metabolites have been primarily studied in leaves, but many are unique to fruits and can have numerous potential roles in interactions with both mutualists (seed dispersers) and antagonists (pathogens and predators). We described 10 alkenylphenol compounds from the plant species Piper sancti‐felicis (Piperaceae), quantified their patterns of intraplant allocation across tissues and fruit development, and examined their ecological role in fruit interactions. We found that unripe and ripe fruit pulp had the highest concentrations and diversity of alkenylphenols, followed by flowers; leaves and seeds had only a few compounds at detectable concentrations. We observed a nonlinear pattern of alkenylphenol allocation across fruit development, increasing as flowers developed into unripe pulp then decreasing as pulp ripened. This pattern is consistent with the hypothesis that alkenylphenols function to defend fruits from pre‐dispersal antagonists and are allocated based on the contribution of the tissue to the plant’s fitness, but could also be explained by non‐adaptive constraints. To assess the impacts of alkenylphenols in interactions with antagonists and mutualists, we performed fungal bioassays, field observations, and vertebrate feeding experiments. In fungal bioassays, we found that alkenylphenols had a negative effect on the growth of most fungal taxa. In field observations, nocturnal dispersers (bats) removed the majority of infructescences, and diurnal dispersers (birds) removed a larger proportion of unripe infructescences. In feeding experiments, bats exhibited an aversion to alkenylphenols, but birds did not. This observed behavior in bats, combined with our results showing a decrease in alkenylphenols during ripening, suggests that alkenylphenols in fruits represent a trade‐off (defending against pathogens but reducing disperser preference). These results provide insight into the ecological significance of a little studied class of secondary metabolites in seed dispersal and fruit defense. More generally, documenting intraplant spatiotemporal allocation patterns in angiosperms and examining mechanisms behind these patterns with ecological experiments is likely to further our understanding of the evolutionary ecology of plant chemical traits.
Maximum endurance time modeling for push and pull tasks considering gender and handle height
Authors: Li Kai Way , Yi Cannan , Liu Meiyin
Published: September 2020

The strengths of both push and pull using both hands at handle heights of 75, 90, and 135 cm were measured for 11 female and 8 male participants. In addition, simulated push and pull tasks were performed on one of the three heights as in the strength measurements. In these tasks, the participants either pushed or pulled a swing suspended with one of the two loads (32.5 and 42.5 kg) until they could no longer do so. Then, the strength of push or pull was measured again. The participants also reported bodily discomfort on their body parts on a CR‐10 rating scale. It was found that hands and leading leg had the highest CR‐10 scores among the body parts and were the bottleneck body parts for the push and pull tasks, respectively. Models of maximum endurance time incorporating gender and handle height, in addition to force ratio, were developed. These models may be adopted in predicting the endurance time in job design concerning work/rest arrangement.
Calcium oxalate kidney stones, where is the organic matter?: A synchrotron based infrared microspectroscopy study
Authors: H. Valido Iris , Resina‐Gallego Montserrat , Yousef Ibraheem , Luque‐Gálvez Maria Pilar , Valiente Manuel , López‐Mesas Montserrat
Published: September 2020

Kidney stones are collections of microcrystals formed inside the kidneys, which affect 6% to 12% of the population worldwide, with an increasing recurrence (50%‐72%) after the first episode. The most abundant type is calcium oxalate (66%), described as monohydrated (COM) and dihydrated (COD). An issue in their chemistry is the transformation process of the metastable specie (COD) into the stable one, which is chemically, and in appearance, monohydrated. Since the origin of these species is different, it is important to differentiate between the transformation stage (and what stabilize COD) to understand the physiopathology and prevent the patients' recurrence. This work focuses on the organic matter distribution along these nephroliths by synchrotron radiation‐based infrared microspectroscopy. Differences in the asymmetric stretching of the aliphatic hydrocarbons suggest that lipids may participate in the stabilization of COD and as inhibitors of COM formation/development; however, the presence of proteins in the nucleus could indicate a promoting role.
Inhibition of NF‐κB is required for oleanolic acid to downregulate PD‐L1 by promoting DNA demethylation in gastric cancer cells
Authors: Lu Xirong , Li Yuyi , Yang Wei , Tao Minghao , Dai Yanmiao , Xu Jinkang , Xu Qianfei
Published: September 2020

Gastric cancer is one of the most common causes of cancer‐related death worldwide. Immunotherapy via programmed cell death protein 1 (PD‐1)/programmed cell death‐ligand 1 (PD‐L1) blockade has shown benefits for gastric cancer. Epigenetic DNA methylation critically regulates cancer immune checkpoints. We investigated how the natural compound oleanolic acid (OA) affected PD‐L1 expression in gastric cancer cells. Interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) at 20 ng/mL was used to stimulate human gastric cancer MKN‐45 cells. IL‐1β significantly increased PD‐L1 expression, which was abolished by OA. Next, OA‐treated MKN‐45 cells were co‐cultured with activated and PD‐1‐overexpressing Jurkat T cells. OA restored IL‐2 levels in the co‐culture system and increased T cell killing toward MKN‐45 cells. Overexpression of PD‐L1 eliminated OA‐enhanced T cell killing capacity; however, PD‐1 blocking antibody abrogated the cytotoxicity of T cells. Moreover, OA abolished IL‐1β‐increased DNA demethylase activity in MKN‐45 cells. DNA methyltransferase inhibitor 5‐azacytidine rescued OA‐reduced PD‐L1 expression; whereas DNA demethylation inhibitor gemcitabine inhibited PD‐L1 expression, and, in combination with OA, provided more potent inhibitory effects. Furthermore, OA selectively reduced the expression of DNA demethylase TET3 in IL‐1β‐treated MKN‐45 cells, and overexpression of TET3 restored OA‐reduced PD‐L1 expression. Finally, OA disrupted nuclear factor κB (NF‐κB) signaling IL‐1β‐treated MKN‐45 cells, and overexpression of NF‐κB restored OA downregulation of TET3 and PD‐L1. The cytotoxicity of T cells toward MKN‐45 cells was also weakened by NF‐κB overexpression. Altogether, OA blocked the IL‐1β/NF‐κB/TET3 axis in gastric cancer cells, leading to DNA hypomethylation and downregulation of PD‐L1. Our discoveries suggested OA as an epigenetic modulator for immunotherapy or an adjuvant therapy against gastric cancer.
Privacy is a Concern: An Introduction to the Dialogue on Privacy
Authors: Krishna Aradhna
Published: September 2020

This article is part of a Research Dialogue:

Acquisti et al. (2020): https://doi.org/10.1002/jcpy.1191

Oyserman & Schwarz (2020): https://doi.org/10.1002/jcpy.1189

Mulligan et al. (2020): https://doi.org/10.1002/jcpy.1190

Jagadish (2020): https://doi.org/10.1002/jcpy.1188

Acquisti et al. (2020): https://doi.org/10.1002/jcpy.1187
Identity‐Based Motivation and the Logic of Conversations Obfuscate Loss of Online Privacy and What Policy‐Makers Can Do About It
Authors: Oyserman Daphna , Schwarz Norbert
Published: September 2020

People care about their privacy, but when they are online, they do not act as if they do. We apply the psychology of meaning‐making to shed light on why that is. Acquisti, Loewenstein, and Brandimarte (2020) review of factors relevant to gaps between privacy attitudes and behaviors highlights both the importance of the problem of online privacy and its intractability, given current thinking about what can be done. Connecting their discussion with the psychology of meaning‐making, operationalized by integrating identity‐based motivation theory with the logic of communication and anthropomorphizing, this commentary addresses why people narrowly conceptualize what privacy they are losing and fail to act as if privacy matters, as well as what can be done about it at a policy level.
Single‐cell Raman spectrum extraction from clinic biosamples
Authors: Han Xinxin , Wu Yihui , Chi Mingbo , Gao Sujun , Wang Quan
Published: September 2020

Raman spectra of clinical samples are often affected by both the substrate and background fluorescence. The overlay of the substrate spectrum, biological Raman spectrum, and the fluorescence spectrum significantly affects the identification of biometrics. In this paper, we propose a specific‐scale analysis algorithm and a zero‐order Savitzky–Golay filtering algorithm combining local minima to separate the substrate and background fluorescent, respectively. The specific‐scale analysis algorithm based on wavelet transform can realize the linear separation of the substrate spectrum through multiresolution analysis. The zero‐order Savitzky–Golay filter algorithm combining local minima is an empirical algorithm. It estimates the background fluorescence by building a smooth curve that passes through local minima. We tested our algorithms with simulated spectra and with the Raman spectra of clinical biosamples recorded on glass. The analysis results of three gastric cancer cell lines indicated that the classification error of the processed spectrum decreased significantly.
Development of duplex real‐time polymerase chain reaction for simultaneous detection of oilfish‑ and escolar‐derived components
Authors: Yao Lin , Xin Hongmei , Qu Meng , Jiang Yanhua , Guo Yingying , Li Fengling , Li Na , Tan Zhijun , Wang Lianzhu
Published: September 2020

BACKGROUND

Oilfish (Ruvettus pretiosus) and escolar (Lepidocybium flavobrunneum) are often used to adulterate high‐value aquatic products, causing serious economic losses to consumers, and even keriorrhea in severe cases. It was difficult to identify them by morphological features for these two fish were processed into steak or fillet. The purpose of this study, therefore, is to develop an accurate and efficient method for detecting the oilfish‑ and escolar‐derived components.

RESULTS

By comparing the mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequences of oilfish, escolar, and 16 varieties susceptible to adulteration, specific primers/probes were designed, and a duplex real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method was established to detect oilfish‑ and escolar‐derived components. The specificity and sensitivity of the method were analyzed, and the method was used to analyze 70 commercial samples to evalutate its applicability to actual samples in the market. The method developed was highly specific, without any cross‐reaction on the other 16 species, with a limit of detection (LOD) for DNA of 0.0002 ng μL−1 for R. pretiosus and 0.002 ng μL−1 for L. flavobrunneum. In addition, the LOD for mixed muscle tissues was 0.1 g kg−1. Oilfish‑ and escolar‐derived components were detected in 12 of the 70 commercial samples, a result that is consistent with the classic DNA barcoding test results.

CONCLUSION

The duplex real‐time PCR method developed can be used to detect oilfish and escolar specifically, sensitively and accurately; it provides a good technical support for the identification of authentic aquatic products. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Global analysis of FSH‐regulated gene expression and histone modification in mouse granulosa cells
Authors: Madogwe Ejimedo , Tanwar Deepak K. , Taibi Milena , Schuermann Yasmin , St‐Yves Audrey , Duggavathi Raj
Published: September 2020

Follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH) regulates ovarian follicular development through a specific gene expression program. We analyzed FSH‐regulated transcriptome and histone modification in granulosa cells during follicular development. We used super‐stimulated immature mice and collected granulosa cells before and 48 h after stimulation with equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG). We profiled the transcriptome using RNA‐sequencing (N = 3/time‐point) and genome‐wide trimethylation of lysine 4 of histone H3 (H3K4me3; an active transcription marker) using chromatin immunoprecipitation and sequencing (ChIP‐Seq; N = 2/time‐point). Across the mouse genome, 14,583 genes had an associated H3K4me3 peak and 63–66% of these peaks were observed within ≤1 kb promoter region. There were 72 genes with differential H3K4me3 modification at 48 h eCG (absolute log fold change > 1; false discovery rate [FDR] < 0.05) relative to 0 h eCG. Transcriptome data analysis showed 1463 differentially expressed genes at 48 h eCG (absolute log fold change > 1; FDR < 0.05). Among the 20 genes with differential expression and altered H3K4me3 modification, Lhcgr had higher H3K4me3 abundance and expression, while Nrip2 had lower H3K4me3 abundance and expression. Using ChIP‐qPCR, we showed that FSH‐regulated expression of Lhcgr, Cyp19a1, Nppc, and Nrip2 through regulation of H3K4me3 at their respective promoters. Transcript isoform analysis using Kallisto‐Sleuth tool revealed 875 differentially expressed transcripts at 48 h eCG (b > 1; FDR < 0.05). Pathway analysis of RNA‐seq data demonstrated that TGF‐β signaling and steroidogenic pathways were regulated at 48 h eCG. Thus, FSH regulates gene expression in granulosa cells through multiple mechanisms namely altered H3K4me3 modification and inducing specific transcripts. These data form the basis for further studies investigating how these specific mechanisms regulate granulosa cell functions.