bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multi-task Learning and Catastrophic Forgetting in Continual Reinforcement Learning
Authors: Ribeiro João , Melo Francisco , Dias João
Published: December 2019

In this paper we investigate two hypothesis regarding the use of deep reinforcement learning in multiple tasks. The first hypothesis is driven by the question of whether a deep reinforcement learning algorithm, trained on two similar tasks, is able to outperform two single-task, individually trained algorithms, by more efficiently learning a new, similar task, that none of the three algorithms has encountered before. The second hypothesis is driven by the question of whether the same multi-task deep RL algorithm, trained on two similar tasks and augmented with elastic weight consolidation (EWC), is able to retain similar performance on the new task, as a similar algorithm without EWC, whilst being able to overcome catastrophic forgetting in the two previous tasks. We show that a multi-task Asynchronous Advantage Actor-Critic (GA3C) algorithm, trained on Space Invaders and Demon Attack, is in fact able to outperform two single-tasks GA3C versions, trained individually for each single-task, when evaluated on a new, third task—namely, Phoenix. We also show that, when training two trained multi-task GA3C algorithms on the third task, if one is augmented with EWC, it is not only able to achieve similar performance on the new task, but also capable of overcoming a substantial amount of catastrophic forgetting on the two previous tasks.
A Study on the Production Process and Properties of Cement-Based Wood Composite Materials
Authors: ŞAHİN Halil Turgut , KAYA Ali İhsan , YALÇIN Ömer Ümit , KILINÇARSLAN Şemsettin , ŞİMŞEK Yasemin , MANTANİS George İ.
Published: December 2019

Due to the growing environmental concern, lignocellulosic materials have become a common substitute for the conventional reinforcement element in composite strcutures. However, these natural sources are preferred to cost efficient and to increase mechanical performances. In a cement bonded composites, wood is incorporated as an aggregate in the mineral matrix (as fibres, sawdust, shavings or particles), and cement acts as a binder. These are employed due to their ease of production, and the enhanced biodegradability, leading to applications for sustainable purposes in construction applications. Wood-cement composites are considerably better performance on high fire, weathering and bio-deterioration risk applications to which solid wood and resin bonded composites are vulnerable. However, the vast of literature on cement-wood bonded composites has already been reviewed and pointed by a number of researchers. Many valuable fundamental informations have already established for utilizing wood for these products. A comprehensive results was to investigate some wood species that are abundant resources in many countries, for their suitability for manufacturing such composites.
A „Gerundium” Egyetemtöténei Közlemények első évtizedéről (Decennium Gerundii)
Authors: Szeresztők A
Published: December 2019

A „Gerundium” Egyetemtöténei Közlemények első évtizedéről (Decennium Gerundii)
Hatvani István – Egy polihisztor életútja
Authors: Posta József
Published: December 2019

2018. november 21-én ünnepeltük Hatvani Istvánnak, a Debreceni Református Kollégium professzoraszületésének a 300. évfordulóját. Ebből az alkalomból a Kollégium előadásokkal, kiállítással és fizikai éskémiai kísérletek bemutatásával emlékezett meg a nemzetközi hírű tudósról, tanárról, matematikusról,fizikusról,orvosról, filozófusról, református lelkészről és közéleti emberről. A visszaemlékezés Hatvani életútjánakismertetése és művelődéstörténeti jelentőségének hangsúlyozása mellett kitér a tudós személyét övezőlegendákra is, amelyeket később Arany János, Jókai Mór és Mikszáth Kálmán öntött irodalmi formába.
A budapesti tudományegyetem Orvostudományi Karának története 1872–1945
Authors: Molnár László
Published: December 2019

A tanulmány célja, hogy bemutassa a budapesti tudományegyetem Orvostudományi Karának történetét1872-től kezdve egészen 1945-ig. A tanulmányi rendszer korszerűsítésnek bemutatása után rátérünk az infrastruktúra bővítésére, elsősorban a klinikák rendszerének kiépítésére. Az egyetem nagy hangsúlyt fektetett a személyi állomány fejlesztésére, létrejött a „pesti orvosi iskola”, új tanszékeket hoztak létre (pl. közegészségügy),nagy tantárgyakból párhuzamos tanszékeket hoztak létre, jelentősen növekedett a hallgatói létszám.Az első világháborúban tanárok és diákok is vállaltak frontszolgálatot. Az országban állandósult azorvoshiány, ezt a női hallgatók felvételével próbálták ellensúlyozni. A háború után a frontról visszatérőhallgatók, illetve a pozsonyi és kolozsvári menekült egyetemek hallgatóinak elhelyezése okozott nehézséget.A numerus clausus a nők és az alkalmatlan hallgatók létszámának csökkentését érte el. Az 1929-es gazdaságiválság komoly megszorításokat hozott, ami a létszámcsökkenésben és tanszékek bezárásában mutatkozottmeg. A két világháború közötti időszak mégis sikeres volt, mert nemzetközileg elismert iskolák működtekitt. Ebben az időszakban jöttek létre az egyetemi bajtársi szövetségek is. A második világháború alattrészben kiürítették a klinika telepeket és vidékre költöztették azokat. Budapest ostromát az egyetemi épületek,a diákság és a tanárok is megsínylették.
A bukaresti hungarológia tanszék és a magyar nyelvoktatás
Authors: Nagy Éva
Published: December 2019

A Bukaresti Egyetem Keleti Nyelvek Tanszékén 1956 őszén kezdődött meg a magyar nyelv oktatása.Majd csak 1968-ban alakult meg a Hungarológiai Tanszék. Jelen áttekintés az 1968-tól mindmáigműködő tanszék történetét tekinti át. Számba veszi az ott tanító összes oktatót, beleértve a vendégtanárokatis. Tárgyalja a hallgatói motivációkat, mind a román anyanyelvű, mind pedig a magyar anyanyelvűdiákokat illetően, s számot ad az elért eredményekről és nehézségekről egyaránt.
Role of nanostructured modifiers in composite corundum ceramics preparation
Authors: Ulyanova T. M. , Кrutko N. P. , Vityaz P. A. , Shevchenok A. A. , Оvseenko L. V. , Тitova L. V. , Кashaed E. A.
Published: December 2019

Influence of highly disperse nanostructured modifiers of alumina – magnesia, partially stabilized zirconia – on the consolidation processes of composite ceramics of industrial corundum powders annealed at 1600–1700 °C, changes of its microstructure and physico-mechanical properties is investigated. It is established, that due to processes of self-diffusion of active modifiers there is a distribution of their nanograins on the borders of miсroparticles of corundum powder. In addition, nanostructured modifiers fill a pore space that causes sliding of particles under mechanical and thermal loads of material and transfers the mechanism of fragile destruction to pseudo-plastic. The entered nanostructured modifiers promote the process of lamellar zones formation throughout the material that also strengthens its mechanical properties. The correlation of composite ceramics structure and their physico-mechanical characteristics are developed.
Synthesis of acyl derivatives of thiazolo[5.4-b]indole
Authors: Lopatik D. V. , Kuvaeva Z. I. , Bondareva O. M. , Naidenov V. E. , Tychinskaya L. Yu.
Published: December 2019

2-Amino-4-acetylthiazolo[5,4-b]indole and its bromosubstituted analogue contain a free amino group and are initial compounds for chemical modification in order to obtain on their basis functional derivatives having high therapeutic activity. By the interaction of these 2-aminо-4-acetylthiazolo[5,4-b]indoles with succinic and maleic anhydrides, the corresponding imides and amides were obtained, which are of interest for use in order to create on their basis antihypoxic and actoprotective agents.
Synthesis of luminescent polyconjugated compounds with phenyloxadiazole fragments
Authors: Petushok V. G. , Ihnatovich Zh. V. , Koroleva E. V.
Published: December 2019

Synthesis of new asymmetric poly-π-conjugated 1-substituted derivaties of 5,5-dioxodibenzothiophene containing 1,2,3-oxadiazole fragment in the main chain of conjugation and cyclic fragments as the central chromophore are synthesized. The preparative yield of the target compounds was achieved using phosphorus (V) oxychloride as a cyclizing agent. The compounds obtained have high melting points and are blue phosphorescent luminophores.
Production of potassium sulphate by conversion of phosphogypsum and potassium carbonate
Authors: Hotto Z. A. , Hancharyk I. I. , Navnyko A. L. , Osipova E. O.
Published: December 2019

This work shows the possibility of obtaining potassium sulfate by converting phosphogypsum and potassium carbotane by the reaction CaSO4 + K2CO3 → ↓ CaCO3 + K2SO4. The optimal conditions for this process are determined. It is shown that in an aqueous medium at a temperature of 20 °C, a stoichiometric ratio of the initial components, the rotation speed of the stirrer 200 rpm for 15-30 min, the degree of use of Ca2+ ions is 94-95 %. Potassium sulfate contained in the liquid phase is transferred into the solid phase by evaporation and subsequent crystallization.
Accociation between molecular mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance, pnenotypes and serotypes in Streptococcus pneumoniae
Authors: Davydov A. V. , Titov L. P. , Kharkhal A. N. , Baraulya V. G. , Gusakova Y. V.
Published: December 2019

Studies on pneumococcal resistome and molecular antimicrobial resistance mechanisms are relevant and may be used in large-scale epidemiological researches and surveillance of antimicrobial resistance.

A study of antimicrobial molecular resistance in the pneumococcal strains, that were isolated from the patients having the different forms of the pneumococcal infection or carriage, and association of it with phenotypes, clinical and epidemiological features of the strains (serotype, form of the infection).

We studied 546 pneumococcal strains and 5 specimens, that were isolated/obtained from the patients of various age (5 days – 81 years) having the different forms of the pneumococcal infection (meningitis and other invasive forms – 28, pneumonia – 27, acute rhinosinusitis – 18, acute otitis media – 118, conjunctivitis – 26) or carriage (331).

We used multiplex PCR to detect the following molecular pneumococcal antimicrobial resistance determinants – genes mefA, ermB and mutations in the penicillin-binding proteins: pbp1a (574T→N, 575S→T, 576Q→G and 577F→Y); pbp2b (431T→K, 432Q→L) and pbp2x (338T→A).

Among studied strains 60 % of 551 possess at least one resistance mechanism to macrolides/lincosamides, while 22 % were heteroresistant (mefA + ermB). About 65 % of the strains carry at least one pbp modification, 26 % – two modifications and 24 % – three pbp modifications. 23S RNA methylase (ermB gene) were discovered as a dominating mechanism and was detected in 43 % of genetically resistant strains. Pbp 1a + 2x + 2b and pbp 1a + 2x were more frequent modifications among penicillin genetically resistant pneumococci, while pbp2b genotype was not detected.
Comparative evaluation of the results of posterior rotational osteotomy and femoral varus derotation osteotomy at the II type of Kalamchi deformation in children
Authors: Likhacheuski Y. V. , Sakalouski A. A.
Published: December 2019

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of using posterior rotational and femoral varus derotation osteotomy in the treatment of Kalamchi type II deformities in children.

The main group (27 operations in 26 children) included those cases when the posterior rotational osteotomy of the femur was performed according to A.M. Sokolovsky. The control group (39 operations in 36 children) was represented by the cases when femoral varus derotation osteotomy was performed. We evaluated the radiological criteria for stability, centering of the femoral head in the acetabulum, and congruence of the affected hip joints. X-ray control was carried out 3, 6, 12 months after the operation, and then once a year. The clinical treatment results were evaluated on a modified McKay scale, the radiological ones – according to a modified Severin classification. Postoperative follow-up in the main group averaged 7 years 8 months, in the control group – on average 6 years 6 months.

The radiological treatment results in all age subgroups were better in the main group. The clinical treatment results at the age of 10 years were better in the main group, and at the age of 10 years and older, they were comparable in the both groups.

The posterior femoral rotational osteotomy is the surgery of choice in treating Kalamchi type II deformity in children.
Distinction of Justice and Fairness during Umar bin Abdul Aziz�s Reign
Authors: Sali Meirison Alizar
Published: December 2019

The figure of the caliph Umar bin Abdul Aziz was a leader who was able to carry out his religion, fulfill his mandate. He upholds justice which has often been ignored by his predecessors. He was able to challenge the current of tyranny which had become the culture of the ruler. He also remodeled the justice system, especially in the Mazalim (criminal) and civil fields. Not only humans who feel their justice but animals also get justice Umar bin Abdul Aziz. Renewal made by Umar bin Abdul Aziz in the field of justice, restore the rights of people who have been wronged, eradicate corruption, even he equates between worship and the implementation of hudud and qishas law. . This discussion was carried out by literature study by examining the books and analyzing them comparatively in the field of justice carried out before the time of Umar bin Abdul Aziz and what was reformed by Umar bin Abdul Aziz. Umar renewed the execution of the death sentence. The death penalty must be decided by the Caliph himself, fixing the prison administration. Umar bin Abdull Aziz began justice from himself and his family. Even animals feel justice Umar bin Abdul Aziz by limiting the cargo to be transported by camels and donkeys and may not hit the animal with iron.
Da�i�s Responsibility for The Environment of Peat lands In Islamic Perspective
Authors: Saragih Hendra Maujana
Published: December 2019

This paper seeks to emphasize that Dai has serious religious responsibility for environmental damage that has occurred in Indonesia, especially in seven provinces that have peat areas. For those environmental damages, whether intentional or unintentional by anyone, even any group, even the State, was the target of the Da'i's preaching, of course. Dai in the peat land who can preach is one who has participated in training and workshops and is in accordance with his ability to broadcast MUI fatwas on the environment, ecosystems, forests and land fires. The theory used in this paper is da'wah and local train theory whose material content strongly refers to the fatwa of the MUI. The purpose of this paper is to find out the dais religious response to the environment of peat land in an Islamic perspective and dai's serious efforts in preaching is a form of religious and social responsibility carried out by Dai and this is necessary to get serious support also from all walks of course.
Makna Pesan DakwahDalamLirik Lagu �Deen As-salam�cover Nissa Sabyan
Authors: Sari Yuli Puspita
Published: December 2019

Artikel ini berisi tentang analisis semiotik makna pesan dakwah pada lirik lagu Deen Assalam yang di cover Group Band Nissa Sabyan dengan kajian semiotik Ferdinand de Saussure. Sebelumnya lagu tersebut dipopulerkan oleh penyayi asal arab Saudi Sulaiman Al-Mughani. Metode yang akan digunakan dalamPenelitian ini adalah semioticdaripemikiranSaussure.DalamteoriSaussuredijelaskanbahwatandamemiliki unsur yang saling berhubungan yaitupenanda(signifier),petanda(signified). Pada proses semiotik ini mencoba menghubungkan makna dari lirik lagu Deen Assalam pada pesan dakwah yang terkandung. Hasil dari penelitian ini dari lirik lagu Deen Assalam pada setiap bait memiliki makna yang saling berkaitan antara bait satu dan bait selanjutnya. Pesan dakwah pada lirik lagu tersebut adalah agama yang cinta perdamaian dan toleransi di dalam masyarakat. Lirik lagu yang paling bermakna Abmahabbaat Wabtisaam Asyaru Bainil Anamhadahu dinassalamyangartinyasebarkanlahdiantarainsaneinilahislamagamaperdamaian.Teknikanalisis data yang digunakan yaitu analisis dengan menggunakanteorisemiotika ferdinan de Saussure. Model teori dari Saussure lebih memfokuskanperhatian langsungadatandaitusendiri.DalampenelitianterhadapliriklaguDeenAsalamini,penelitimembuatinterprestasidenganmembagikeseluruhanliriklagumenjadibeberapabaitdanselanjutnyaperbaitakandianalisis Dengan menggunakan teori Semiotika dari Saussure.
Respon Pertumbuhan, Produksi dan Kualitas Daun Duduk (Desmodium triquetrum (L.) D.C.) terhadap Ketinggian Tempat Budidaya
Authors: Fauzi  , Subositi Dyah
Published: December 2019

Daun duduk (Desmodium triquetrum (L.) DC.) merupakan tumbuhan obat yang mengandung senyawa flavonoid, saponin, polifenol dan trigonelin. Tanaman ini di Indonesia tersebar di pulau Jawa, Madura dan Sumatera.  Tumbuh dari daerah dataran rendah sampai dataran tinggi pada ketinggian 5 - 1.500 m dpl, sampai  saat ini belum banyak dibudidayakan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui ketinggian tempat tumbuh yang optimal bagi pertumbuhan, produksi dan kualitas daun duduk. Penelitian dilaksanakan di kebun percobaan Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Tanaman Obat dan Obat Tradisional pada bulan Januari – September 2016. Percobaan menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok, faktor perlakuan yang dicobakan adalah ketinggian lokasi penanaman yaitu  200, 450 dan 1.200 m dpl. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ketinggian tempat berpengaruh nyata terhadap pertumbuhan, produksi dan kadar flavonoid daun duduk. Tinggi tanaman tertinggi (179,90 cm) diperoleh pada penanaman di ketinggian 1.200 m dpl. Jumlah dan bobot kering daun tertinggi dihasilkan pada penanaman di ketinggian 200 m dpl. Kadar sari larut air (19,73 %), kadar sari larut etanol (18,28 %), dan kadar flavonoid (0,249 %) yang tertinggi diperoleh di ketinggian 450 m dpl.
Análise Textual Discursiva: um relato sobre um minicurso de reconhecimento de possibilidades do software GeoGebra
Authors: Oliveira Ricardo Augusto de , Gonçalves William Vieira
Published: December 2019

O presente trabalho aponta para a realização de um Minicurso de GeoGebra que analisamos por meio de uma pesquisa qualitativa com a adoção da análise textual discursiva sobre algumas impressões que uma participante (professora de matemática) traz a respeito das possíveis formas de construção de significados em matemática quando na utilização do software GeoGebra como dispositivo de ensino e estudo, e apontamos como principal resultado a percepção de que a construção, manipulação e visualização de diferentes representações de um mesmo objeto matemático e de diferentes conceitos matemáticos que se complementam é uma importante contribuição que o uso deste software disponibiliza.
APPLICATION OF HYPNOTEACHING METHOD IN SPIRITUAL VALUES LEARNING
Authors: Islamy Athoillah , Istiani Nurul
Published: December 2019

This study aims to explain the application of hypnoteaching method in spiritual values learning. This type of research is library research. This research is qualitative research. The primary source used in this study is the thought of Muhammad Noer in his book entitled Hypnoteaching For Success Learning. This research concludes that the hypnoteaching method is a learning method that combines teaching and learning with hypnosis. This method can be used as one of the methods in the process of learning spiritual values. In its application, the hypnoteaching method emphasizes the cognitive, affective and psychomotor aspects of students through positive suggestions. With these steps, it is expected to create a more effective and enjoyable spiritual learning process.

Keywords: Method, Hypnoteaching, Learning, Spiritual
Official Russia and the Lithuanians, 1863-1905
Authors: Weeks Theodore R.
Published: December 2019

The period between 1863 and 1914 in the Russian Empire is often described as one of ‘russification’. In the case of the Lithuanians, this was a period characterized by the prohibition on publishing in the Lithuanian language in the Roman alphabet (until1904). At the time and in later historiography, it has frequently been claimed that the Russian authorities aimed to russify the Lithuanian nation. However, a look at archival sources reveals that the reality behind the term ‘russification’ was less ambitious and far more contradictory. Rather than aiming at the ethnic extinction of the Lithuanians, the Russian authorities attempted (with very little success) to gain Lithuanian support for ‘the Russian cause’ against the Poles.
Student Unrest in Lithuania After Stalin’s Death, 1953-1960
Authors: Kašauskienė Vanda
Published: December 2019

Following Stalin’s death, the political rivalry for the highest posts in the Kremlin and the ‘new political course’, initiated by Lavretii Beria, affected the social activity of Lithuanian students. Tendencies of the anti-Soviet movement again increased in Lithuania. Student national actions (in the documents of the Communist Party and state security referred to as ‘nationalistic anti-Soviet actions’) were detected in all the institutions of higher education in Lithuania in that period. Patriotically-minded students required to introduce Lithuanian in state offices and stop falsifying the history of Lithuania. They collected signatures for the return of the former names of the main streets of Vilnius and Kaunas (instead of being named after Stalin) and for the erection of a monument to the founder of Vilnius, Grand Duke Gediminas, in the capital. In 1955-57 the celebration of All Souls’ Day (2 November) became a peculiar form of student demonstration in the cemeteries of Vilnius and Kaunas. That was the first open action of protest after the suppression of the armed resistance. The ‘nationalistic actions’ of the students were associated with the changes in Eastern European countries. ‘The instigators of the disturbances’ were punished, expelled from the institutions of higher education, deprived of scholarships, dismissed from the hostels, etc. When Khrushchev had clearly established his superiority in 1959-1960, control from Moscow was strengthened and the pressure of the political regime and russification intensified. In some cases heads and teachers of the institutions of higher education were dismissed for their national orientation. Nevertheless, the re-introduction of the Lithuanian spirit and the processes of liberation helped to foster the national intelligentsia, which was at the head of the national re-birth movement in the late 1980s.
Dynastic Bluff? The Road to Mielnik, 1385–1501
Authors: Rowell S.C.
Published: December 2019

This article views the act of Union issued at Mielnik in 1501 in the longue durée of Lithuano-Polish relations from 1385/86. It stresses the need to treat the dynastic aims of Jogaila and his son Casimir seriously, regarding the thrones of Lithuania and Poland within the context of developments in family law and inheritance in the Grand Duchy and the Kingdom in the fifteenth century. Textual echoes are noted between a ‘union’ agreement outlined ca. 1453 and the Mielnik document.
A Vessel of Sins Full of Virtues: The Ideal Image of the Female in the Occasional Writings of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the Late Sixteenth and Early Seventeenth Centuries
Authors: Sarcevičienė Jolita
Published: December 2019

In this study the main attention is paid to the virtues of the ideal female image in occasional literature of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. In the analysis of the wife’s place in the family, her relations with her husband and children, her place in the religious community and her behaviour in the face of death, the author discusses the main social roles of the noblewoman as obedient wife, devoted mother, pious churchgoer and generous patron of the poor. Attention is also paid to training for these social roles and how they are described in the sources. The issues raised in the paper are investigated against the general background of European Christian culture.
Bishop Motiejus Valančius, Catholic Universalism and Nationalism
Authors: Merkys Vytautas
Published: December 2019

The biography of Valančius has been investigated quite extensively by a number of writers (Antanas Alekna, Kazimierz Gieczys, Vaclovas Biržiška, Juozapas Stakauskas, et al.). In 1999 the monograph Motiejus Valančius. Tarp katalikiškojo universalizmo ir tautiškumo was published by the author of this paper, too. In those works ample use was made of previously published and archival materials, therefore the present paper aims at presenting a kind of biographical essay only rarely touching upon concrete events in the life and activity of the Bishop. The Catholic Church, the historical Lithuanian nobility with its prestigious Polish language, the Russian administration (and the Orthodox Church) as a rival of that former Lithuanian political nation, and lastly, the Lithuanian people – these were the four principal factors, which shaped the pastoral and cultural activities of Valančius. In his dealings with the Russian administration he had to uphold the legality of the Church policy and at the same time not to reconcile with the persecution of the Catholic Church and the enforcement of the Orthodox faith. The Bishop was always concerned with promoting a harmonious relationship between universal Catholic values and the cultural values of the historic Lithuanian nation and the Lithuanian people. A distinctive feature of his activity was his attention to the Lithuanian peasantry, treated by him as a potential mainstay of the Catholic Church and as a constituent part of a modern democratic Lithuanian nation and society, without radically conflicting with the local estate society. This societal education of the Lithuanian peasantry was implemented through the temperance movement led by Valančius, through the establishment of schools, the expansion of the social function of the Lithuanian language, the preparation, publication and dissemination of historical, religious and didactic and original fiction writings. Having exhausted all legal possibilities, the Bishop engaged in clandestine widespread anti-governmental Catholic and national activities.
The Orthodox Church in Lithuania During the Soviet Period
Authors: Laukaitytė Regina
Published: December 2019

The present article deals with the history of the Orthodox Church in Lithuania between 1944 and 1990, focusing mainly on the exceptional situation of Orthodoxy conditioned by the Soviet attempts to exploit it via internal policy in the republic.

Consolidating the Stalinist regime in occupied Lithuania in 1944–1948, the government demanded Orthodox archbishops start ‘the struggle against reactionary Catholicism’, i.e., start a critique of its dogmas, to bring the whole faith into disrespect, etc. Nevertheless, even though it enjoyed state support the Orthodox Church was too weak to compete successfully with Catholicism which remained dominant in the country. Small in number, Russian-speaking, alien to Lithuanian society and culture and lacking intellectual potential, the Orthodox Church failed to cope with the task. Besides, strengthening the position of Orthodoxy was not acceptable to the leadership of Soviet Lithuania.

Though subsequently not directly protected, but having already strengthened its structures, the Orthodox Church continued to enjoy its favourable political image as a religion ‘less harmful’ to the interests of the state than Catholicism. Accordingly, the consequences of the antireligious campaign, conducted in the entire Soviet Union from 1958 to 1964, were minimal in the Lithuanian eparchy. Some of the reforms were not implemented here altogether.

In Lithuania the attention of the Soviet regime was concentrated mainly on the struggle against Catholicism, and Orthodoxy for a long time remained outside the sphere of atheistic propaganda. As time went by the Orthodox eparchy was put into the shade entirely by the concern of the KGB and the commissioners about the growing underground of the Catholic Church in Lithuania. Meanwhile the structure of the Orthodox Church in Lithuania suffered comparatively insignificantly (only four parish churches were closed). The Orthodox communities shrank mainly as a result of the rising secularization and urbanization of society. Only communities in the major towns retained their former vitality.
Deportations from Poland and the Baltic States to the Ussr in 1939–1941: Common Features and Specific Traits
Authors: Lebedeva Nataliia
Published: December 2019

The aim of this article is to compare repression policies of the Stalinist regime on the territories annexed by the Soviet Union in September 1939 and June–August 1940. The planning and implementation of deportations from the west of Ukraine and Belorussia, Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia had much in common. All the deportations were prepared and carried out on the basis of decisions carefully worked out by the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist (Bolshevik) Party and was an important element of the sovietization policy on these territories. Deportation was a part of measures designed to destroy political, judicial, social, economic, national, cultural and moral fundamentals and to impose the Soviet order in the annexed territories. Methods of their organization and implementation were absolutely identical. All these deportations were crimes against humanity.

At the same time there were certain differences. The planned capture of armies did not take place at the time of the Soviet invasion of the Baltic states. There were no such mass shootings of officers, policemen and jail inmates as in case of Poland. The scale of deportation was not as large as on territories of eastern Poland. This could be explained by the fact that the peoples of the Baltic states considered Sovietization as national humiliation to much larger extent than the peoples who had suffered under Polish or Romanian yoke. It forced the Stalinist ruling elite of the USSR at first to demonstrate a certain respect towards local customs, carry out nationalization of industry and banking slowly and more cautiously, to refrain from collectivization and not carry out mass deportation until the very eve of war between the Soviet Union and Hitler’s Germany.
The Noblewoman’s Court in the Sixteenth-Century Grand Duchy of Lithuania
Authors: Ragauskienė Raimonda
Published: December 2019

Drawing on an extant list of courtiers (1552) of the wife of the starosta of Žemaitija, references in correspondence, posthumous property inventories and individual pieces of legislation, the present article aims to illustrate the generalized composition of sixteenth-century noblewomen’s court in the GDL, and the functions of those attached to such courts. At the same time an attempt is made to determine the role of noblewomen in appointing officials and co-opting court members and, in general, establishing the limits of their rights and patronage.

The size of the court depended on the social position of the lady as its head – on the office held by her husband and on the role of the noblewoman herself in her family as well as on her personality. Minors were attended merely by a few servants, while the courts of married women and in particular those of widows comprised between 50 and 60 courtiers. As a rule, noblewomen’s courts consisted of several parts that functioned as a single unit: court officials, the male quarters (male courtiers and messengers), court specialists (medical practitioners, clergymen and musicians), the female quarters (ladies, young ladies and lady’s maids) and court staff (servants, craftsmen and coachmen). The role of the husband was crucial in the formation of noblewomen’s court. Noblewomen themselves could transform their court after the death of their husbands.

The maintenance of a large number of court members required massive investment on the part of noblewomen. Nevertheless, such investment, albeit without any obvious dividends, paid off ultimately. The court was a matter of their prestige; it was important in raising noblewomen’s status in society. A court enabled them to develop their clientele and to participate actively in public life and create their own home clientele. Through their mediation their clients could become clients of their husbands or of their friends of the same high social status.
Lithuania’s Cultural Policy: 1927–1940
Authors: Mačiulis Dangiras
Published: December 2019

This article deals with the cultural policy of the authoritarian regime of Antanas Smetona between 1927 and 1940. Treating policy not only as a theoretical and ideological construction but also illustrating its practical implementation (regulation and control, including concrete management, the search for methods and means, the functioning of government institutions), the author investigates the government’s attempts to influence the creative sphere and to reinforce trends acceptable to the authoritarian regime; the government’s contribution to searches for national distinctiveness in Lithuanian culture and freedom of creation in an authoritarian state.

It is maintained that the authoritarian regime endeavoured to control the entire life of the state, including culture. However, cultural policy as defined by specific directives was not developed. The authoritarian regime did not force artists to adhere to compulsory norms of creative activity, but internal censorship haunting artists testified to the authoritarian nature of the political regime. On the other hand, the moderate character of the authoritarian regime itself was attested by the absence of obvious imperative guidelines which could subordinate culture at any cost to the propaganda needs of the regime and fix the norms of creation compulsory for all artists.
The View of Lithuanian Statehood Held by the Polish Underground During 1939–1944
Authors: Bubnys Arūnas
Published: December 2019

This article investigates the Polish underground’s view of Lithuanian statehood, territorial integrity, and Lithuanian-Polish relations during the Second World War. The concept ‘Polish underground’ is applicable not only to the military organisation, which came to be called the Armia Krajowa (AK) in 1942, but also the secret civil administration, called the Delegation of the Government to the Country. The article investiga tes not only the view of Lithuania held by the Polish underground operating in Lithuania (primarily the Vilnius area) but also the Polish underground’s central leadership in Warsaw as well as the view held by the Polish government-in-exile. The author used Lithuanian and Polish archive documents and works by historians from both countries.
British Policy Towards the Baltic States: 1939–1945
Authors: Hiden John
Published: December 2019

Defending the Baltic States militarily after 1918 was not an option for British governments burdened by commitments to Imperial defence, and with only a skeletal British Expeditionary Force available to meet new European obligations incurred by the Treaty of Locarno. London saw stability and economic prosperity in the Baltic region as a whole as the real key to lasting independence for Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. To this goal Britain made a vital contribution after 1918, as a recipient of Baltic agricultural and other exports, thus facilitating Baltic purchases of manufactured products from Germany. When the British-Baltic-German trade ‘triangle’ was destroyed by Hitler’s arrival in power, the British government then used trade policy to try to limit the impact of the Third Reich in the Baltic region. Viewing the interwar period as a whole, it is easier to see both why Britain ultimately chose to resist Hitler over Baltic issues and why London was so reluctant to allow Stalin a free hand in the Baltic States during the Moscow negotiations of 1939. With the onset of war, however, Britain’s very survival was at stake and it remains remarkable under such circumstances that so much effort continued to be expended by British officials in refusing to recognize the Soviet borders of 1941.
The GDL Marshals’ Insignia and their place in Ceremonial between the Sixteenth and Eighteenth Centuries
Authors: Zujienė Gitana
Published: December 2019

This paper examines the origin, development, appearance and functions of the baton of the marshal, one of the highest officials of the Lithuanian Grand Duchy between the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries. Attention is also paid to the ceremony of its conferment and solemn speeches delivered on that occasion. The marshal’s baton was not merely a piece of insignia symbolising the authority and power of the official in performing his duties, and it was not only shown in his portraits, coats of arms and seals or during his funeral, but it was also a means of carrying out his duties. From this point of view the baton had three main functions. Borne before the ruler, it symbolised the respect shown to him. By beating his baton on the floor the marshal regulated the proceedings of the sessions of the sejm and audiences, gave the floor to the speaker or quietened noise-makers. Finally, the baton could be used as an ordinary staff to make way in the crowd or to discipline the rowdy ones. To reveal the functions of the baton, the marshal’s duties in the election, coronation, and burial of the sovereign, in the ceremonials of the court, the reception of envoys and in other public occasions are discussed.
The Encounter Between Forest Lithuanians and Steppe Tatars in the Time of Mindaugas
Authors: Baronas Darius
Published: December 2019

This article investigates the first contacts between the Lithuanians and the Tatars in Mindaugas’ time (ca. 1240-1263). In this period the role of the Tatars seems to be underestimated in historical literature. A study of the situation in the aftermath of the Tatar invasions into Rus’ in 1238-1240 reveals that Lithuanian warlords exploited the chaos there by intensifying their plundering assaults. Such Lithuanian behaviour shows that they did not try to clash with the Tatars, instead, like the Germans or the Swedes, the Lithuanians also sought to strengthen their political influence in Rus. The study also reveals that the Tatars were aware of the Lithuanians, whose lands were not the main target of their aggression. A radical change in the relations between the Lithuanians and the Tatars is obvious in connection with King Mindaugas’ policy (from 1253) characterised by the idea of a crusade against the Tatars, popular in contemporary Christian Europe. The nearness of the Tatar world to the Baltic countries shows that the contacts established in the thirteenth century would yield fruit only in the fourteenth century.
Actual problems оf geography of soils
Authors: Pozniak Stepan
Published: December 2019

The present state of soil-geographical knowledge has been analyzed. The problems of geographical distribution of soils on the earth's surface, the peculiarities of it’s zoning and zonation, soil distribution in accordance with landscape conditions, soil sensority and reflectivity, the ecological principles and approaches in geography of soils have been reviewed. Key words: geography of soils, zoning, soil sensority and reflectivity, soil distribution in accordance with landscape conditions.
Erosion degradation of sod-podzolic soils at Nadsiannia plain
Authors: Lutsyshyn Olena
Published: December 2019

The effects of water erosion processes on the state of sod-weak pidzolic soils at Nadsiannia moraine-outwash plain have been outlined. The morphological description of the explored soils of various erodibility degrees and their comparison has been done. The degradation level has been defined according to the following criteria: power of humus horizon and humus reserves in the soil profile. Key words: degradation, sod-podzolic soils, erosion, morphological description, degree of erodibility.
Erosion degradation of grey soils and correlation with other types of degradation within Western region of Ukraine
Authors: Yamelynets Taras
Published: December 2019

The main types of erosion soil degradation have been described and their reflections on the modern conditions of grey soils of the Western Forest Steppe have been evaluated. On the base of three model areas the actual and predicted criteria and indices of soil erosion degradation have been analyzed. The negative spatial changes of the diagnostic properties and characteristics of the studied soil have been investigated by detailed study and analysis using specific research model areas and modern techniques. The analysis of the set of indicators and criteria for assessing the degree of soil degradation was indicated a high level of its degradation. The high level of soil degradation primarily related to soil compaction/structure and reduction of agronomically valuable soil aggregates. According to these two criteria the studied soils within three model areas have been identified as in pre-crisis and crisis state. Key words: erosion, soil degradation, empirical models.
The history of researches of industrial complexes by scientists L’viv human geographical science school.
Authors: Vovk I.
Published: December 2019

The study of industrial complexes was analyzed by scientists of Lviv human geographical science school. The main research directions were identified. The main achievements of scientists in this area were highlighted. Scientific works in which questions are illuminated from geography of industry were considered. Key words: school of human geography, industry, industrial complex, geography of industry.
Connectivity relief and economic of the local population within mountain basin Mountain basin Cheremosh
Authors: Hiletskyy J. , Tymophiychuk N.
Published: December 2019

The paper explores the relationship that developed between geomorphological features
of mountainous territory within the basin Cheremosh in Verkhovynsky and Putylskyi
administrative districts and main areas of nature. Key words: morphometric characteristics of topography, degree anthropogenization of landscapes, Polonynska surface logging.
Geobotanical research using the concept of sigmassociation. Casus: Nida basin (South Poland)
Authors: Dyguś K. H.
Published: December 2019

This article contains the evaluation of the diversity of the vegetation cover in the agricultural landscape of the Nida Basin (southern Poland). The results of the research have been elaborated with the use of the global phytosociology method and the concept of sigmassociations. On the area of the Nida Basin 14 complex (big) sigmassociations have been identified and within their limits 30 basic (small) sigmassociations have been determined. Within those units three complex forest and scrub sigmassociations with six basic sigmassociations, two complex non-forest sigmassociations with five basic sigmassociations as well as nine complex synanthropic sigmassociations with 19 basic ones have been distinguished. Key words: the Nida Basin, vegetation cover, agricultural landscape, the concept of sigmassociations, the potential cultural vegetation.
Development of geography in Ukraine since independence: structure, schools, achievements, challenges
Authors: Kovalchuk I.
Published: December 2019

The paper describes the background of Lviv geography at the end of XX–beginning of XXI century and the structure of geographical research Lviv scientists of this period. It is shown that the trajectory of development is determined by several factors: 1) the tradition of Lviv geography in which the main areas of research are natural-geographic, social, geographic and cartographic; 2) the influence of global geography of innovation in the development of Lviv geography; 3) existing scientific potential; 4) changes in society, his requests to geography, and changes in the research system and explore the world of technology and so on. Within the geographical research, three areas of blocks were identified: 1) general, social and geographical research; 2) natural-geographical studies; 3) tourism and recreation and environmental studies. Each of these blocks in turn are allocated between four and eight research groups finding that further differentiated on 8–15 branches. The achievements and prospects of the four academic schools are described. Problem and promising areas of geographic research under the Lviv University geography are outlined. Key words: Lviv geography, scientific schools, the structure of geographical research, the problem of Lviv geography
The dependence of the location of settlements of the Northern Bessarabia on altitude above the sea level
Authors: Krul V. , Grigorieva G.
Published: December 2019

Placement of settlements to 17 intervals of altitude terrain was considered. The intervals of the highest and lowest concentration of settlements were identified. Four heightterritorial distribution of settlements span the altitude were investigated. The features of changes in the amount of settlements with the archaeological cultures and without them with the altitude were specified. The location of settlements in terms of absolute height (three levels high rise) within the river basins of the Dniester and Prut was analyzed. Key words: Northern Bessarabia, the primary settlement, locality, absolute altitude, altitude interval, archaeological culture, River Basin, the level of altitude.
Analysis of electoral activism in the light of human development index
Authors: Kuzyshyn A.
Published: December 2019

The article is about to searching regular trends and relationships between quantitative indicators vote in provincial regions of Ukraine and regional human development index. Such comparison can determine the trend line based on electoral activity and the place which the region takes in terms of regional components of the index of human development. Key words: elections, electoral activity, regional human development index, the index of regional human development, trends trends, geospatial analysis.
Cluster analyzes for spatial modelling in Geographic information systems
Authors: Putrenko V. , Tyhohod V.
Published: December 2019

The problems of mathematical analysis of geographic information with using the procedure of cluster analysis were considered. A software module for various types of cluster analysis of geographical objects and the automated construction of thematic maps was programmed in ArcGIS. Based on the data about accumulation of waste in the regions of Ukraine method of cluster analysis using the geographical coordinates of the centroids of objects to take into account their position in content classification was tested. The results of cluster analysis identified groups of regions of Ukraine with similar indicators for waste management and the potential hazards to the environment. Key words: mathematical methods, cluster analysis, GIS, waste management.
Analytical review of remote sensing data sources suitable for mapping of land resource in Chernivtsi region
Authors: Smirnov J.
Published: December 2019

In the article described the sources of remote sensing data and analyzed their suitability for involvement in the process Chernivtsi region land resources mapping. Taken into account space surveying systems of different spatial resolution and aerial photographic surveys. As a result, have been identified the best sources of data that can be used in the Chernivtsi region land resources mapping. Key words: land resources, remote sensing, satellite imagery, mapping of land resources, sources of remote sensing data.
Main stages of formation of geodemographics
Authors: Yavorskaya V.
Published: December 2019

The article discussed in detail the stages of formation and development geodemographics as a modern scientific direction of population geography. In the first stage a central place in the knowledge of the population belongs to demographics. In the second stage increases the interaction of demography with neighboring disciplines, including geography. At their junction, a new discipline ‒ Geography of population is forming. In the third stage is forming a new trend of population geography that focuses on the study of regional differences in population and settlement, and development of regional population policy, which we call geodemographics. Key words: demography, population geography, geodemographics, geodemographic process.