bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Contribution of bone marrow‐derived endothelial progenitor cells to neovascularization and astrogliosis following spinal cord injury
Authors: Kamei Naosuke , Kwon Sang‐Mo , Kawamoto Atsuhiko , Ii Masaaki , Ishikawa Masakazu , Ochi Mitsuo , Asahara Takayuki
Published: September 2012

Spinal cord injury causes initial mechanical damage, followed by ischemia‐induced, secondary degeneration, worsening the tissue damage. Although endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) have been reported to play an important role for pathophysiological neovascularization in various ischemic tissues, the EPC kinetics following spinal cord injury have never been elucidated. In this study, we therefore assessed the in vivo kinetics of bone marrow‐derived EPCs by EPC colony‐forming assay and bone marrow transplantation from Tie2/lacZ transgenic mice into wild‐type mice with spinal cord injury. The number of circulating mononuclear cells and EPC colonies formed by the mononuclear cells peaked at day 3 postspinal cord injury. Bone marrow transplantation study revealed that bone marrow‐derived EPCs recruited into the injured spinal cord markedly increased at day 7, when neovascularization and astrogliosis drastically occurred in parallel with axon growth in the damaged tissue. To elucidate further the contribution of EPCs to recovery after spinal cord injury, exogenous EPCs were systemically infused immediately after the injury. The administered EPCs were incorporated into the injured spinal cord and accelerated neovascularization and astrogliosis. These findings suggest that bone marrow‐derived EPCs may contribute to the tissue repair by augmenting neovascularization and astrogliosis following spinal cord injury. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
β‐Amyloid induced effects on cholinergic, serotonergic, and dopaminergic neurons is differentially counteracted by anti‐inflammatory drugs
Authors: Hochstrasser Tanja , Hohsfield Lindsay A. , Sperner‐Unterweger Barbara , Humpel Christian
Published: September 2012

β‐Amyloid (Aβ) is a small peptide that plays a potent role in synaptic plasticity as well as forms amyloid plaques in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recent studies suggest that Aβ deposition is deleterious not only in AD, but also in Parkinson's disease (PD) and depression. This Aβ effect is associated with inflammatory processes. However, further evaluation is needed to understand how Aβ and inflammation interact and contribute to the regulation of the cholinergic, serotonergic, and dopaminergic neuronal populations. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of Aβ1–42 on cholinergic neurons of the nucleus basalis of Meynert (which degenerate in AD), on serotonergic neurons of the dorsal raphe nucleus (which play a role in depression), and on dopaminergic neurons of the ventral mesencephalon (which degenerate in PD) in rat organotypic brain slices. Furthermore, we investigated whether anti‐inflammatory drugs (celecoxib, citalopram, cyclooxygenase‐2 inhibitor, ibuprofen, indomethacin, piclamilast) modulate or counteract Aβ‐induced effects. Two‐week‐old organotypic brain slices of the nucleus basalis of Meynert, dorsal raphe nucleus, and ventral mesencephalon were incubated with 50 ng/ml Aβ1–42 with or without anti‐inflammatory agents for 3 days. Our results reveal that Aβ significantly decreased the number of choline acetyltransferase‐positive cholinergic, tryptophan hydroxylase‐positive serotonergic, and tyrosine hydroxylase‐positive dopaminergic neurons and that anti‐inflammatory drugs partially counteracted the Aβ‐induced neuronal decline. This decline was not due to apoptotic processes (as evaluated by TUNEL, propidium iodide, caspase), oxidative stress (as measured by nitrite, catalase, or superoxide dismutase‐2), or inflammation, but was most likely caused by a downregulation of these key enzymes. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Quadruplex CARS micro‐spectroscopy
Authors: Rocha‐Mendoza Israel , Borri Paola , Langbein Wolfgang
Published: September 2012

We demonstrate a technique for simultaneous detection of coherent anti‐Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) at four vibrational frequencies, using simple passive optical elements and without spectrally resolved detection. The technique is based on pump and Stokes femtosecond pulses selectively exciting vibrational resonances through spectral focusing. By replicating the pump and Stokes pair into four pairs, each traveling through appropriate glass elements, we simultaneously excite four different vibrational frequencies. The resulting CARS is a periodic train of intensities detected by a single photomultiplier and frequency analyzed to retrieve its Fourier coefficients. We demonstrate detection of methanol and ethanol mixtures in water and quantitative determination of their concentration owing to the improved chemical selectivity of this quadruplex CARS scheme. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simultaneous determination of six toxic alkaloids in human plasma and urine using capillary zone electrophoresis coupled to time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry
Authors: Yu Zhuhong , Wu Zhongping , Gong Feijun , Wong Rong , Liang Chen , Zhang Yurong , Yu Yunqiu
Published: September 2012

A novel capillary zone electrophoresis separation coupled to electro spray ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry method was developed for the simultaneous analysis of six toxic alkaloids: brucine, strychnine, atropine sulfate, anisodamine hydrobromide, scopolamine hydrobromide and anisodine hydrobromide in human plasma and urine. To obtain optimal sensitivity, a solid‐phase extraction method using Oasis MCX cartridges (1 mL, 30 mg; Waters, USA) for the pretreatment of samples was used. All compounds were separated by capillary zone electrophoresis at 25 kV within 12 min in an uncoated fused‐silica capillary of 75 μm id × 100 cm and were detected by time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry. This method was validated with regard to precision, accuracy, sensitivity, linear range, limit of detection (LOD), and limit of quantification (LOQ). In the plasma and urine samples, the linear calibration curves were obtained over the range of 0.50–100 ng/mL. The LOD and LOQ were 0.2–0.5 ng/mL and 0.5–1.0 ng/mL, respectively. The intra‐ and interday precision was better than 12% and 13%, respectively. Electrophoretic peaks could be identified by mass analysis.
Photoresponsive Azopolyester–PMMA Block Copolymers Obtained by Combination of ATRP, Polycondensation, and “Click” Chemistry
Authors: Berges Cristina , Javakhishvili Irakli , Hvilsted Søren , Sánchez Carlos , Alcalá Rafael
Published: September 2012

Novel azobenzene‐containing block copolymers (BCs) with a polyester block bearing azobenzene moieties in the side chain and a poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) block have been synthesized by the combination of atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), polycondensation, and “click” chemistry. Two azide‐terminated polyesters with different molecular weight (obtained by polycondensation) were coupled to an alkyne‐functionalized PMMA (obtained by ATRP). Blends of the BC with the highest azo content (wt%) and an azopolyester homopolymer were also prepared. All these compounds were investigated by polarized light optical microscopy (POM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Polarized light‐induced anisotropy was studied by birefringence and dichroism measurements.
Stabilizing branch‐and‐price for constrained tree problems
Authors: Leitner Markus , Ruthmair Mario , Raidl Günther R.
Published: September 2012

We consider a rather generic class of network design problems in which a set or subset of given terminal nodes must be connected to a dedicated root node by simple paths and a variety of resource and/or quality of service constraints must be respected. These extensions of the classical Steiner tree problem on a graph can be well modeled by a path formulation in which individual variables are used for all feasible paths. To solve this formulation in practice, branch‐and‐price is used. It turns out, however, that a naive implementation of column generation suffers strongly from certain degeneracies of the pricing subproblem, leading to excessive running times. After analyzing these computational problems, we propose two methods to accelerate and stabilize column generation by using alternative dual‐optimal solutions. The resulting branch‐and‐price approach is practically tested on the rooted delay‐constrained Steiner tree problem and a quota‐constrained version of it. Results indicate that the proposed methods in general speed‐up the solution process dramatically, far more than a piecewise linear stabilization to which we compare. Furthermore, our branch‐and‐price approach exhibits on most test instances a better performance than a state‐of‐the‐art branch‐and‐cut approach based on layered graphs. As the new stabilization technique utilizing alternative dual‐optimal solutions is generic in the sense that it easily adapts to the inclusion of a large variety of further constraints and different objective functions, the proposed method is highly promising for a large class of network design problems. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, 2013
Benders decomposition approach for the robust network design problem with flow bifurcations
Authors: Lee Chungmok , Lee Kyungsik , Park Sungsoo
Published: September 2012

We consider a network design problem in which flow bifurcations are allowed. The demand data are assumed to be uncertain, and the uncertainties of demands are expressed by an uncertainty set. The goal is to install facilities on the edges at minimum cost. The solution should be able to deliver any of the demand requirements defined in the uncertainty set. We propose an exact solution algorithm based on a decomposition approach in which the problem is decomposed into two distinct problems: (1) designing edge capacities; and (2) checking the feasibility of the designed edge capacities with respect to the uncertain demand requirements. The algorithm is a special case of the Benders decomposition method. We show that the robust version of the Benders subproblem can be formulated as a linear program whose size is polynomially bounded. We also propose a simultaneous cut generation scheme to accelerate convergence of the Benders decomposition algorithm. Computational results on real‐life telecommunication problems are reported, and these demonstrate that robust solutions with very small penalties in the objective values can be obtained. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Networks, 2013.
Coverage of social marketing efforts in the mainstream media
Authors: Basil Michael
Published: September 2012

How well known is the field of social marketing? Given the recent rise to prominence of social media, could there be name confusion between “social marketing” and “social media marketing?” To what extent do people believe that social change efforts are coercive or reflect a “nanny state?” We use a content analysis of newspaper coverage as a measure of public opinion to assess these issues. To investigate how much coverage social marketing efforts receive and how these efforts are portrayed in the mainstream media, a content analysis of the 10 largest circulation newspapers in the USA was conducted. A search examined the term “social marketing.” The results show that there is generally very limited coverage of social marketing. In fact, the term “social marketing” is currently being used primarily to describe social media marketing efforts. The results also show that there is a considerable amount of criticism of social change efforts, especially those with structural or “upstream” efforts. Finally, the likelihood of criticism depends on the orientation of the newspaper (with the Chicago Sun‐Times and the New York Times more typically supportive and the New York Post and the Wall Street Journal more critical of these efforts).

Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thermo‐physical properties of polypropylene fibers containing a microencapsulated flame retardant
Authors: Salaün F. , Creach G. , Rault F. , Almeras X.
Published: September 2012

A microencapsulated flame retardant with a melamine‐formaldehyde shell was prepared by in situ polymerization, then incorporated into an iPP matrix with a coupling agent to manufacture multifilament yarns by melt spinning. The influence of the post‐treatment on the resulted microcapsules with an alcoholic solution was also studied. The spinnability of these formulations based on the interface characterization from contact angle measurements, tensile test and thermal characterizations was explored to determine the maximum draw ratio (DR) to apply. Finally, knitted fabrics were processed from multifilaments, and their flame‐retardant properties were evaluated by performing fire tests according to the FMVSS 302 and Din 4102 part B experiments. The different mechanical and thermal behaviors were discussed in terms of the influence of the DR and the post‐treatment applied on fibers during the spinning process and during the recovery of the microcapsules, respectively. The results showed that it was possible to obtain multifilament yarns with a DR of 4, but the best properties were obtained with a DR of 3 and for un‐treated microcapsules. Furthermore, the samples containing un‐treated microcapsules reach a B rating at the FMVSS test with a fast flame progression and a very low duration of burning. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Novel polyarylates containing aryl ether units: synthesis, characterization and properties
Authors: Liu Pengqing , Wu Ting , Ye Guangdou , Xu Jianjun
Published: September 2012

To improve the processability of the poly(p‐hydroxybenzoic acid), copolyarylates containing m‐aryl ether units were synthesized using p‐acetoxybenzoic acid, 1,4‐diacetoxybenzene and 1,3‐bis(4'‐carboxyphenoxy)benzene by melt transesterification reaction. The structure and properties of these polyarylates were characterized using infrared spectra, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analyses, wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction and polarized optical microscopy etc. The results showed that all polyarylates were semicrystalline materials and could form a thermotropic liquid crystalline intermediate state. As the content of aryl ether units increased, the crystallization and melting temperatures of the polyarylate decreased; meanwhile, the crystalline ability became lower. The introduction of the aryl ether could restrain the formation of a liquid crystalline structure and reduce the thermal stability to some extent. After solid state polymerization (SSP), the intrinsic viscosity, melting temperature, crystallinity and thermal stability of the polyarylate increased while the melting range narrowed. However, the SSP reaction might be accompanied by degradation and crosslinking.
Synthesis and characterization of Au–alumina nanocomposites prepared by atom beam co‐sputtering
Authors: Tiwari Manisha , Agarwal D. C. , Mohapatra S. , Pivin J. C. , Avasthi D. K. , Annapoorni S.
Published: September 2012

Nanocomposite thin films of Au–alumina with varying Au contents were synthesized by atom beam co‐sputtering. The Au content and the thickness of nanocomposite films were determined by Rutherford backscattering spectrometry. Transmission electron microscopy studies reveal the presence of Au nanoparticles with bimodal size distribution in nanocomposites for lower Au content. Overlapping Au nanoparticles were observed for higher Au content. The increase in size of Au nanocrystals is observed with increase in Au concentration as also evident by glancing angle X‐ray diffraction studies. Ultraviolet (UV)‐visible absorption studies revealed surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peak which showed a red shift from 519 to 602 nm with increasing Au content of the nanocomposites. Preliminary study exploring the interaction between Au nanoparticles in the nanocomposites and bovine serum albumin (BSA) showed the Au nanoparticles to be BSA sensitive, indicating their possible applications in biosensors.
Effects of gate shaping and consequent process changes on AlGaN/GaN HEMT reliability
Authors: Möreke Janina , Ťapajna Milan , Uren Michael J. , Pei Yi , Mishra Umesh K. , Kuball Martin
Published: September 2012

The effect of gate shape and its necessary fabrication process on the reliability of AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors (HEMT) was studied on devices fabricated on the same wafer, using DC and pulsed HEMT analysis. Simulations were used to determine the difference in electric field on the surface and in the barrier for the three gate shapes studied, I‐shaped, slanted, and recessed slanted. Prior to each electrical characterization during stress, devices were exposed to ultraviolet illumination to probe only newly generated traps rather than the filling of pre‐existing electronic traps. Degradation was seen to increase with electric field strength; in each device type traps were generated by device stress at the location of the peak electric field. It was found that HEMTs with I‐shaped gates showed larger degradation under the same stress conditions than devices with slanted gates. This was due to a higher electric field at the interface between the SiNx passivation and the AlGaN barrier layer resulting in higher surface trap generation. HEMTs with slanted recessed gates showed indications of barrier trapping while surface trapping effects played a smaller role.
Coherent phonon scattering in ZnO and ZnS at sulfite and oxygen impurities
Authors: Bachmann M. , Czerner M. , Heiliger C.
Published: September 2012

We employ an atomistic Green's function (AGF) method which is based on ab initio interatomic force constants (IFCs) to calculate coherent phonon scattering in ZnO at sulfur impurities and ZnS at oxygen impurities. For our calculations we consider different geometries and different transport directions. In particular, we investigate the impact of the change in the mass of the impurities on the transmission function and also the change in the IFCs due to the impurities. We show that if we only consider a change in the mass the transmission function for the high energy phonons is strongly reduced. If we further take into account the change in the IFCs also the low energy phonons are affected. From these results we conclude that incorporation of sulfur in ZnO and incorporation of oxygen in ZnS can reduce the thermal lattice conductivity and therefore increase the figure of merit substantially. In addition, our results demonstrate that for a realistic description just the change of the mass is not enough but the IFCs of the impurities have to be calculated.
A non‐smooth lower bound on ν
Authors: Lemos Rodrigo G.S. , Simões Alberto M. , Apkarian Pierre
Published: September 2012

A non‐smooth optimization technique to directly compute a lower bound on the skew structured singular value ν is developed. As corroborated by several real‐world challenging applications, the proposed technique can provide tighter lower bounds when compared with currently available techniques. Moreover, in many cases, the determined lower bound equals the true value of ν. Thanks to the efficiency of the non‐smooth technique, the algorithm can be applied to problems involving even a significant number of uncertain parameters. Another appealing feature of the proposed non‐smooth approach is that the dimension of repeated scalar uncertainties in the overall structured uncertainty matrix has little impact on the computational time. The technique can be used to compute a lower bound on the structured singular value μ as well. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fatigue recognition using EMG signals and stochastic switched ARX model
Authors: Okuda Hiroyuki , Inagaki Shinkichi , Suzuki Tatsuya
Published: September 2012

The man–machine cooperative system is attracting great attention in many fields, such as industry, welfare, and so on. The assisting system must be designed so as to accommodate the operator's skill, which might be strongly affected by fatigue. This paper presents a new fatigue recognizer based on the electromyogram (EMG) signals and the stochastic switched ARX (SS‐ARX) model which is one of the extended models of the standard hidden Markov model (HMM). Since the SS‐ARX model can represent complex dynamic relationship which involves switching and stochastic variance, it is expected to show higher performance as a fatigue recognizer than when using simple statistical characteristics of the EMG signal and/or standard HMM. The usefulness of the proposed strategy is demonstrated by applying it to a peg‐in‐hole task. © 2012 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
P2Y receptors in bone
Authors: Orriss Isabel R. , Arnett Timothy R.
Published: September 2012

Bones are formed and remodeled by the coordinated actions of three key cell types. Osteoblasts, specialized connective tissue cells, deposit and then mineralize the collagenous bone matrix. Osteoclasts, which are derived from promonocytes, resorb mineralized matrix by excavating characteristic pits on bone surfaces. The third cell type, osteocytes, differentiates from osteoblasts that become trapped in bone matrix, forming a three‐dimensional network that is thought to detect deformations due to mechanical loading. This brief review summarizes what is known of the roles played by the G‐protein‐coupled P2Y receptors in modulating bone cell function. Current indications are that both osteoblasts and osteoclasts express P2Y1, P2Y2, P2Y4, P2Y6, and P2Y12–14 receptors. The UTP/ADP‐sensitive P2Y2 receptor, expression of which is highly upregulated in mature, bone‐forming osteoblasts, may play a significant role in limiting bone mineralization by inhibiting alkaline phosphatase expression. Extracellular adenosine triphosphate additionally exerts significant physicochemical (i.e., nonreceptor mediated) effects on mineralization via its hydrolysis product, pyrophosphate. The roles, if any, of P2Y receptors in osteocyte function are not well investigated, mainly because of the inaccessibility of these cells within bone. In osteoclasts, available evidence indicates that the P2Y1, P2Y6, and, possibly, P2Y13 receptors could act to promote resorptive function. P2Y receptor‐mediated signaling has numerous and complex effects on bone cells; however, many of the key findings to date indicate that a large proportion of these actions may well be negative for bone. WIREs Membr Transp Signal 2012, 1:805–814. doi: 10.1002/wmts.67

For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
On semiclassical analysis of pure spinor superstring in an AdS
5 × S
5 background
Authors: Aisaka Yuri , Bevilaqua L. Ibiapina , Vallilo Brenno C.
Published: September 2012

Abstract

Relation between semiclassical analyses of Green-Schwarz and pure spinor formalisms in an AdS
5 × S
5 background is clarified. It is shown that the two formalisms have identical semiclassical partition functions for a simple family of classical solutions. It is also shown that, when the classical string is furthermore rigid, this in turn implies that the two formalisms predict the same one-loop corrections to spacetime energies.
Large N Free Energy of 3d $ \mathcal{N} $ = 4 SCFTs and AdS4/CFT3
Authors: Assel Benjamin , Estes John , Yamazaki Masahito
Published: September 2012

Abstract

We provide a non-trivial check of the AdS4/CFT3 correspondence recently proposed in [1] by verifying the GKPW relation in the large N limit. The CFT free energy is obtained from the previous works [2, 3] on the S
3 partition function for 3-dimensional N =4SCFTT[SU(N)]. ThisismatchedwiththecomputationofthetypeIIBactionon the corresponding gravity background. We unexpectedly find that the leading behavior of the free energy at large N is
$ \frac{1}{2}{N^2}\ln N $
. We also extend our results to richer
$ T_{\rho}^{\hat{\rho }} $
[SU (N )] theories and argue that
$ \frac{1}{2}{N^2}\ln N $
ln N is the maximal free energy at large N in this class of gauge theories.
Pouring out Postsocialist Fears: Practical Metaphysics of a Therapy at a Distance
Authors: Jasarevic Larisa
Published: September 2012

This paper examines the healing practice ofstrava, which translates as “great fear.” With a long oral history in Bosnia, it has become particularly popular since the end of socialism and the 1990s war. This postsocialist therapy, informed by gifting dispositions, is a bustling business that intervenes into disorders that people commonly relate to the new economy.Stravatreatment presupposes distance, since the therapist rarely touches the bodies at hand, and concerned intimates commonly arranged interventions in a patient's absence. Inspired by Bruno Latour's advice to expand our notion of agency in directions indicated by those we study, I depart from the earlier accounts ofstravaas a traditional and symbolic folk practice. Instead, I explore its claims to efficacy in competition with psycho-pharmaceutical treatments of anxiety and depression in contemporary Bosnia. Of particular interest is a commonplace therapeutic blunder—the accidental mixing of “fears” water and Coke, which therapists shrug off as inconsequential. This points to a model of action best explored outside the pragmatics of science studies, employing insights gained from a rereading of Mauss', Tylor's, and Frazer's classic theories of sympathetic magic. I examine what makesstravawater—carefully prepared with prayers and handled by the therapist's and patient's wishing breaths—ritually potent, while Coke remains ineffectual. I show that this therapy is the domain of wishing, which does not interrupt a sphere of new political economy, but nevertheless intervenes in the bodies that suffer from it, and effectively redraws the limits of the social.
Properties of the extremal solution for a fourth-order elliptic problem
Authors: Lai Baishun , Du Zhuoran
Published: September 2012

Let λ* > 0 denote the largest possible value of λ such that the system

has a solution, where $\mathbb{B}$ is the unit ball in ℝn centred at the origin, p > 1 and n is the exterior unit normal vector. We show that for λ = λ* this problem possesses a unique weak solution u*, called the extremal solution. We prove that u* is singular when n ≥ 13 for p large enough and actually solve part of the open problem which Dávila et al. left unsolved.
Harmonic analysis operators associated with multidimensional Bessel operators
Authors: Betancor Jorge J. , Castro Alejandro J. , Curbelo Jezabel
Published: September 2012

We establish that the maximal operator and the Littlewood–Paley g-function associated with the heat semigroup defined by multidimensional Bessel operators are of weak type (1, 1). We also prove that Riesz transforms in the multidimensional Bessel setting are of strong type (p, p), for every 1 < p < ∞, and of weak type (1, 1).
A new criterion for the existence of multiple solutions in cones
Authors: Franco Daniel , Infante Gennaro , Perán Juan
Published: September 2012

We provide new sufficient conditions for the existence of multiple fixed points for a map between ordered Banach spaces. An interesting feature of this approach is that we require conditions not on two boundaries, but rather on one boundary and a point with some extra information on the monotonicity of the nonlinearity on a certain set. We apply our results to prove the existence of at least two positive solutions for a nonlinear boundary-value problem that models a thermostat.
From Skinhead-Subculture to Radical Right Movement: The Development of a ‘National Opposition’ in East Germany
Authors: BOTSCH GIDEON
Published: September 2012

As the regime collapsed in 1989/90, it became clear that an extreme right movement had already developed in East Germany. Its origins and development have been variously interpreted as, first, an outcome of the conditions the GDR, second, a result of the Wende, the great change, and third, an outcome of the unification process. This article integrates all three interpretations. It shows how a heterogeneous, politically diffuse skinhead milieu arose as the first extreme right cliques began to develop in the GDR; how, at the time of the Wende, it acquired a radically nationalistic political orientation; and how it became part of a pan-German ‘national opposition’ in the reunited Germany.
Corporate Capitalism or Coca-Colonisation? Economic Interests, Cultural Concerns, Tax Policies and Coca-Cola in Denmark from 1945 to the Early 1960s
Authors: SØRENSEN NILS ARNE , PETERSEN KLAUS
Published: September 2012

The history of Coca-Cola in Denmark in the early post-war years offers a fascinating case for studying the close links between Cold War politics, business interest and cultures of consumption. In the early 1950s, the well-organised Danish beverage industry lobbied effectively to protect their home market against the American soft-drink giant. The result was a special cola tax that made production of cola drinks unprofitable in Denmark. This tax came under growing pressure in the late 1950s and was eventually abandoned in 1959. Resistance to ‘America's advance’ continued after 1959 as the Coca-Cola Company came to face strong competition from the local Jolly Cola brand, produced by exactly the same business interests that had lobbied for the cola tax six years earlier.
How warming and steric sea level rise relate to cumulative carbon emissions
Authors: Williams Richard G. , Goodwin Philip , Ridgwell Andy , Woodworth Philip L.
Published: September 2012

Surface warming and steric sea level rise over the global ocean nearly linearly increase with cumulative carbon emissions for an atmosphere‐ocean equilibrium, reached many centuries after emissions cease. Surface warming increases with cumulative emissions with a proportionality factor, ln 2), ranging from 0.8 to 1.9 K (1000 PgC)−1 for surface air temperature, depending on the climate sensitivity and the buffered carbon inventory IB. Steric sea level rise similarly increases with cumulative emissions and depends on the climate sensitivity of the bulk ocean, ranging from 0.4 K to 2.7 K; a factor 0.4 ± 0.2 smaller than that for surface temperature based on diagnostics of two Earth System models. The implied steric sea level rise ranges from 0.7 m to 5 m for a cumulative emission of 5000 PgC, approached perhaps 500 years or more after emissions cease.
How may low‐cloud radiative properties simulated in the current climate influence low‐cloud feedbacks under global warming?
Authors: Brient F. , Bony S.
Published: September 2012

The influence of cloud modelling uncertainties on the projection of the tropical low‐cloud response to global warming is explored by perturbing model parameters of the IPSL‐CM5A climate model in a range of configurations (realistic general circulation model, aqua‐planet, single‐column model). While the positive sign and the mechanism of the low‐cloud response to climate warming predicted by the model are robust, the amplitude of the response can vary considerably depending on the model tuning parameters. Moreover, the strength of the low‐cloud response to climate change exhibits a strong correlation with the strength of the low‐cloud radiative effects simulated in the current climate. We show that this correlation primarily results from a local positive feedback (referred to as the “beta feedback”) between boundary‐layer cloud radiative cooling, relative humidity and low‐cloud cover. Based on this correlation and observational constraints, it is suggested that the strength of the tropical low‐cloud feedback predicted by the IPSL‐CM5A model in climate projections might be overestimated by about fifty percent.
Experimental craters formed by single and multiple buried explosions and implications for volcanic craters with emphasis on maars
Authors: Valentine Greg A. , White James D. L. , Ross Pierre‐Simon , Amin Jamal , Taddeucci Jacopo , Sonder Ingo , Johnson Peter J.
Published: September 2012

Craters at many volcanoes, including most maars, are formed by multiple subsurface explosions. Experiments compared the crater formed by a single large, buried explosion, with craters formed by multiple explosions with the same cumulative energy. Explosive charges were detonated in pads composed of layered aggregates, in three configurations: (1) a single large charge buried near its optimal crater excavation depth; (2) three charges, each with 1/3 the energy of the first one, buried at approximately the same depth with respect to the original pad surface; (3) the same three charges buried successively deeper. Final crater size in the multiple explosion cases is not a good indicator of the energy of individual explosions. However, crater morphology, and ejecta volume and distribution can be good indicators of explosion energy and depth. These results directly impact the estimate of the energy released by past maar eruptions and future hazard assessments.
Icequake locations and discrimination of source and path effects with small aperture arrays, Bering Glacier terminus, AK
Authors: Richardson Joshua P. , Waite Gregory P. , Pennington Wayne D. , Turpening Roger M. , Robinson James M.
Published: September 2012

The complex source processes associated with both glacier calving and the breakup of icebergs, combined with commonly heterogeneous periglacial seismic velocity structure, can result in complicated seismic records. Key features of the waveforms, which are typically characterized by low‐amplitude or emergent first‐arrivals and long‐duration, narrow‐band codas, have been attributed to either source processes or propagation path effects. This uncertainty must be addressed in order for seismic data to be effective for studying the calving process as it relates to terminus dynamics. In this study, we use sets of 3‐element arrays of 3‐component geophones and infrasound sensors to locate calving and iceberg breakup events and isolate path effects in the seismic records obtained near the Bering Glacier terminus in the summer of 2010. Using waveform correlation, we treat each array as an antenna and determine the direction to the source and apparent velocity of the wavefield across the array. The initial few (∼3) cycles ofPwaves recorded from an array, beam formed to identify coherent arrivals for each event, are useful for deriving a propagation azimuth and apparent velocity, allowing for location of events using a small number of similar arrays. We locate 125 calving and iceberg breakup events near the terminus with this method. We also demonstrate that the longer‐lived narrow‐band coda is not coherent across individual arrays, suggesting that the narrow‐band coda observed at the Bering Glacier is attributable to a path effect rather than to the source process. The large number of iceberg breakup events that we located has important implications for other calving glaciers where icebergs are present, and calving rates may be erroneously overestimated from the seismic data if their contribution is not taken into account.
Audiovisual Perception of Congruent and Incongruent Dutch Front Vowels
Authors: Valkenier Bea , Duyne Jurriaan Y. , Andringa Tjeerd C. , Başkent Deniz
Published: September 2012

Purpose

Auditory perception of vowels in background noise is enhanced when combined with visually perceived speech features. The objective of this study was to investigate whether the influence of visual cues on vowel perception extends to incongruent vowels, in a manner similar to the McGurk effect observed with consonants.

Method

Identification of Dutch front vowels /i, y, e, Y/ that share all features other than height and lip-rounding was measured for congruent and incongruent audiovisual conditions. The audio channel was systematically degraded by adding noise, increasing the reliance on visual cues.

Results

The height feature was more robustly carried over through the auditory channel and the lip-rounding feature through the visual channel. Hence, congruent audiovisual presentation enhanced identification, while incongruent presentation led to perceptual fusions and thus decreased identification.

Conclusions

Visual cues influence the identification of congruent as well as incongruent audiovisual vowels. Incongruent visual information results in perceptual fusions, demonstrating that the McGurk effect can be instigated by long phonemes such as vowels. This result extends to the incongruent presentation of the visually less reliably perceived height. The findings stress the importance of audiovisual congruency in communication devices, such as cochlear implants and videoconferencing tools, where the auditory signal could be degraded.
Cell-type specific deletion of
GABA(A)α1
in corticotropin-releasing factor-containing neurons enhances anxiety and disrupts fear extinction
Authors: Gafford Georgette M. , Guo Ji-Dong , Flandreau Elizabeth I. , Hazra Rimi , Rainnie Donald G. , Ressler Kerry J.
Published: September 2012

Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) is critical for the endocrine, autonomic, and behavioral responses to stressors, and it has been shown to modulate fear and anxiety. The CRF receptor is widely expressed across a variety of cell types, impeding progress toward understanding the contribution of specific CRF-containing neurons to fear dysregulation. We used a unique CRF-Cre driver transgenic mouse line to remove floxed
GABA(A)α1
subunits specifically from CRF neurons [CRF
-GABA(A)α1
KO]. This process resulted in mice with decreased
GABA(A)α1
expression only in CRF neurons and increased
CRF
mRNA within the amygdala, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) and paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. These mice show normal locomotor and pain responses and no difference in depressive-like behavior or Pavlovian fear conditioning. However, CRF
-GABA(A)α1
KO increased anxiety-like behavior and impaired extinction of conditioned fear, coincident with an increase in plasma corticosterone concentration. These behavioral impairments were rescued with systemic or BNST infusion of the CRF antagonist R121919. Infusion of Zolpidem, a GABA(A)α1-preferring benzodiazepine-site agonist, into the BNST of the CRF
-GABA(A)α1
KO was ineffective at decreasing anxiety. Electrophysiological findings suggest a disruption in inhibitory current may play a role in these changes. These data indicate that disturbance of CRF containing GABA(A)α1 neurons causes increased anxiety and impaired fear extinction, both of which are symptoms diagnostic for anxiety disorders, such as posttraumatic stress disorder.
Financial Deprivation Prompts Consumers to Seek Scarce Goods
Authors: Sharma Eesha , Alter Adam L.
Published: September 2012

Consumers assess their well-being subjectively, largely by comparing the present state of their lives to the state of comparable others and to their own state earlier in time. The authors suggest that consumers similarly assess their financial well-being, and when these evaluations highlight a deficit in their financial position, they pursue strategies that mitigate the associated sense of financial deprivation. Specifically, consumers counteract the relative deficit in their financial resources by acquiring goods that are consequently unavailable to other consumers in their environment. The results from five studies suggest that the inferiority and unpleasant affect associated with financial deprivation motivates consumers to attend to, choose, and consume scarce goods rather than comparable abundant goods. These effects diminish when scarce goods are limited because other people have already obtained them and when consumers attribute their unpleasant feelings to a source unrelated to financial deprivation.
One-step purification of assembly-competent tubulin from diverse eukaryotic sources
Authors: Widlund Per O. , Podolski Marija , Reber Simone , Alper Joshua , Storch Marko , Hyman Anthony A. , Howard Jonathon , Drechsel David N.
Published: September 2012

We have developed a protocol that allows rapid and efficient purification of native, active tubulin from a variety of species and tissue sources by affinity chromatography. The affinity matrix comprises a bacterially expressed, recombinant protein, the TOG1/2 domains from Saccharomyces cerevisiae Stu2, covalently coupled to a Sepharose support. The resin has a high capacity to specifically bind tubulin from clarified crude cell extracts, and, after washing, highly purified tubulin can be eluted under mild conditions. The eluted tubulin is fully functional and can be efficiently assembled into microtubules. The method eliminates the need to use heterologous systems for the study of microtubule-associated proteins and motor proteins, which has been a major issue in microtubule-related research.
Yeast Irc6p is a novel type of conserved clathrin coat accessory factor related to small G proteins
Authors: Gorynia Sabine , Lorenz Todd C. , Costaguta Giancarlo , Daboussi Lydia , Cascio Duilio , Payne Gregory S.
Published: September 2012

Clathrin coat accessory proteins play key roles in transport mediated by clathrin-coated vesicles. Yeast Irc6p and the related mammalian p34 are putative clathrin accessory proteins that interact with clathrin adaptor complexes. We present evidence that Irc6p functions in clathrin-mediated traffic between the trans-Golgi network and endosomes, linking clathrin adaptor complex AP-1 and the Rab GTPase Ypt31p. The crystal structure of the Irc6p N-terminal domain revealed a G-protein fold most related to small G proteins of the Rab and Arf families. However, Irc6p lacks G-protein signature motifs and high-affinity GTP binding. Also, mutant Irc6p lacking candidate GTP-binding residues retained function. Mammalian p34 rescued growth defects in irc6∆ cells, indicating functional conservation, and modeling predicted a similar N-terminal fold in p34. Irc6p and p34 also contain functionally conserved C-terminal regions. Irc6p/p34-related proteins with the same two-part architecture are encoded in genomes of species as diverse as plants and humans. Together these results define Irc6p/p34 as a novel type of conserved clathrin accessory protein and founding members of a new G protein–like family.
COGNITIVE BIAS MODIFICATION
Authors: Suway Jenna G. , Fox Nathan A.
Published: September 2012

Biased social information processing is thought to underlie the development and maintenance of anxiety and depression. Two such biases that have been frequently linked to anxiety and depression are selective attention to threatening stimuli, and negative interpretation of ambiguous situations. This chapter covers the basic methodological and conceptual background of attention and interpretive biases to threat and then explores how cognitive bias modification has been used to attenuate these biases and in turn decrease anxiety and, in some cases, depression.
ONTOGENESIS AND MICROGENESIS OF VISUAL PERCEPTUAL ORGANIZATION
Authors: Kimchi Ruth
Published: September 2012

One approach to understanding the psychological processes involved in perceptual organization, and the one presented in this chapter, is to study the evolution of perceptual organization in two different time scales: microgenetically (the unfolding of perceptual organization during the act of perception in adult observers) and ontogenetically (the developmental course of perceptual organization). The chapter begins with a brief review of major findings that have emerged from microgenetic research and developmental research on perceptual organization. Next, two series of studies are described that seek to reveal the processes involved in perceptual grouping and individuation in hierarchical organization and grouping of shape by perceptual closure by exploring their microgenesis and ontogenetic development. The findings of these studies are consistent with a view of perceptual organization as a multiplicity of processes that vary in time course, attentional demands, and developmental trajectory. In closing, implications for linking microgenesis and ontogenesis are discussed.
INVESTIGATING SOCIAL ATTENTION
Authors: Birmingham Elina , Ristic Jelena , Kingstone Alan
Published: September 2012

Gaze following, a key component of social attention, has received substantial research interest over the past few decades. There has been an increasing trend to study gaze following using controlled computer-based laboratory tasks. While these methods offer more control over the experimental setting, they remove much of what is unique about real-world social situations. This chapter argues that the use of highly simplified, structured social attention experiments may be reducing the natural variance in behavior that is expected in real-world social settings, thus limiting what social attention researchers can discover. Examples are drawn from research with healthy individuals and individuals with known social attention difficulties (i.e., autism spectrum disorders [ASD]). These examples illustrate that the most interesting and robust social attention findings may come from an approach that seeks to incorporate the complexity and ambiguity of real-world social situations. This approach, Cognitive Ethology, is discussed.
The Burden of Mental Disorders
Authors: Eaton William W. , Alexandre Pierre , Joseph Bienvenu O. , Clarke Diana , Martins Silvia S. , Nestadt Gerald , Zablotsky Benjamin
Published: September 2012

This chapter briefly describes the features of seventeen major mental disorders and summarizes current data on the burden of disease associated with each. Key diagnostic features of six selected disorders are based on the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. This review expands upon the range of mental disorders considered in the Global Burden of Disease study, updates the literature, and provides information on the range and depth of sources of information on burden. To the extent possible, the chapter builds on existing reviews that most often focused on a single disorder. The examination of prevalence for each disorder presents essential summary data, including the number of studies conducted, the median prevalence or relative risk, and the interquartile range.
The Perspectives of Psychiatry: The Public Health Approach
Authors: Mchugh Paul R.
Published: September 2012

Current efforts to improve the mental and behavioral well-being of the public confront an awkward but conspicuous problem. Although contemporary psychiatric epidemiologic research indicates that some kind of mental disorder afflicts more than 50% of the American people at some time in their lives, it fails to suggest any pathways for either preventing or remedying these matters. The reason why is because the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) functions as a field guide in which psychiatric diagnoses are made based on the clinical presentations rather than on any aspects of the generative nature of the disorders. The situation is ripe for change and this chapter demonstrates how the field of clinical psychiatry is ready to effect that change. It describes four perspectives that together represent a heuristic approach, which those at the Johns Hopkins School of Public Health have suggested as a response to the current psychiatric nosology.
Global Mental Health Issues: Culture and Psychopathology
Authors: Bass Judith K. , Eaton William W. , Abramowitz Sharon , Sartorius Norman
Published: September 2012

This chapter begins with a definition of culture that is useful in exploring the issue of global mental health, followed by a delineation of approaches to clarify the interrelationship of culture and mental health. The chapter then examines current knowledge of mental disorders in low-resource contexts using approaches from anthropology (the culture-bound approach) and epidemiology (the cross-cultural or transnational approach). This is followed by discussion of both social behaviors and functionality, issues associated with mental health that are affected by the culture in which a person lives. What follows is an exploration of risk and resiliency factors, including an examination of the difficulty inherent in differentiating between culture-specific vulnerabilities and vulnerabilities associated more generally with the effects of poverty in a low-resource environment. Finally, the chapter delineates how culture and context can influence the selection and adaptation of behavioral interventions and treatments.