bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Iridium Complexes Containing a PNP Pincer Ligand: Syntheses, Structural Chemistry, and Bond Activations
Authors: Grüger Nora , Wadepohl Hubert , Gade Lutz H.
Published: September 2013

The coordination chemistry of the monoanionic PNP pincer ligand 3,6‐di‐tert‐butyl‐1,8‐bis[(diphenylphosphanyl)methyl]carbazole (Cbzdiphos) was investigated for different iridium(I) and iridium(III) complexes. Reaction of the protio ligand with [Ir(acac)(cod)] (acac = acetylacetonate; cod = 1,5‐cyclooctadienyl) gave [(Cbzdiphos)Ir(cod)] (1). Upon hydrogenation the dihydrido complex [(Cbzdiphos)IrH2] (2) was obtained, and its reactivity in different organometallic transformations was examined. Treating 2 with ammonia afforded [(Cbzdiphos)IrH2(NH3)] (3), whereas treatment with diphenylacetylene (dpa) yielded the IrI compound [(Cbzdiphos)Ir(dpa)] (4) and trans‐stilbene. Furthermore, the conversion with norbornene led to a reactive species, which activated C–H and C–Cl bonds. The reaction with THF gave a Fischer carbene [(Cbzdiphos)Ir{=C(OC3H6)}] (8) after double C–H bond activation, whereas treatment with benzene or chlorobenzene afforded the oxidative addition products [(Cbzdiphos)Ir(Ph)H] (5) and [(Cbzdiphos)Ir(Ph)Cl] (7).
Enrichment of pan‐frying refined oils with olive leaf phenolic‐rich extract to extend the usage life
Authors: Zribi Akram , Gargouri Boutheina , Jabeur Hazem , Rebaï Ahmed , Abdelhedi Ridha , Bouaziz Mohamed
Published: September 2013

Refined olive and refined soybean oils (RSO) have been analyzed in order to evaluate their physicochemical behavior during potatoes pan‐frying. These refined oils exhibit significant variations in the physicochemical parameters when heated. A significant decrease (p<0.001) was practically observed in all analytical determination values except the induction time which showed a significant increase (p<0.001) with the enrichment with hydrolyzate olive leaf hydroxytyrosol‐rich extract at 500 ppm during pan‐frying. In fact, such enrichment has shown a remarkable resistance to oxidative deterioration, and the formation of trans‐fatty acids (TFA) was found to be lower in the enriched refined oil samples during pan‐frying. Such results have proven that not only is hydroxytyrosol‐rich extract excellent antioxidant enrichment for refined olive and RSOs during pan‐frying, but also it can be useful as substitute for synthetic ones. This study has shown that enriching refined oils with easily‐found and cheap natural plant extracts could extend their usage life.

Practical applications: The results of this research study have shown that refined pan‐frying oils can successfully be enriched with hydrolyzate olive leaf hydroxytyrosol‐rich extract at 500 ppm in order to enhance thermo‐oxidative stability and reduce significantly the formation of trans‐fatty acids. The hydrolyzate extract was found to be very suitable for this purpose. These materials are common agro‐food by‐products and can be produced very easily at a low cost. Besides, this type of enrichment may enable consumers to get some beneficial phenolic compounds through fried food consumption. In addition, these types of applications may open another area for marketing the named extract of natural origin.
Comparison of saponification methods for characterization of the nonsaponifiable fraction of virgin olive oil
Authors: de Medina Verónica Sánchez , Priego‐Capote Feliciano , Luque de Castro María Dolores
Published: September 2013

Despite the interest of the nonsaponifiable fraction of olive oil (composed by sterols, tocopherols, fatty alcohols, hydrocarbons, phenols, pigments, and volatile compounds) there are no studies in the literature dealing with comparison of methods to isolate this fraction. Four saponification methods (viz. hot and cold saponification, and microwave‐ and ultrasound‐assisted saponification) have been compared by analysis of the resulting extracts using LC–MS in high‐resolution mode and data treatment with multivariate statistical tools. Principal component analysis and Venn diagrams were employed to compare qualitatively and/or semiquantitatively the metabolite profiles provided by the different methods. Hot saponification was the approach which provided the highest efficiency of this step in qualitative and quantitative terms. On the other hand, cold and microwave‐assisted saponification led to nonsaponifiable extracts with similar composition according to unsupervised analysis. These results revealed that microwave assistance does not promote chemical alteration of the nonsaponifiable fraction. Finally, ultrasound‐assisted saponification provided the extract with a more different composition.
Oxazolone‐Based Photoswitches: Synthesis and Properties
Authors: Blanco‐Lomas Marina , Funes‐Ardoiz Ignacio , Campos Pedro J. , Sampedro Diego
Published: September 2013

The synthesis, photophysics and photochemistry of a family of molecular switches inspired by the green fluorescent protein (GFP) chromophore is presented. These compounds can be synthesized in one step and good yields, their photophysical properties may be tuned by the substituents, solvent and wavelength of irradiation, and they show very efficient and fast photoisomerization. Furthermore, their high thermal stability and limited photodecomposition could allow these switches to be used in a range of applications. Finally, oxazolone photoswitches may be activated by the use of light and deactivated by either heat or light of a different wavelength.
Synthesis of Four Stereoisomers of (S)‐2‐Methylpent‐3‐yl 3,13‐Dimethylpentadecanoate, a Sex Pheromone of the Bagworm Moth Clania variegate, Using Stereospecific Inversion of Secondary Sulfonates as a Key Step
Authors: Taguri Tomonori , Yamamoto Masanobu , Fujii Toru , Muraki Yuta , Ando Tetsu
Published: September 2013

Females of some lepidopteran species produce novel sex pheromones with a methyl‐branched structure, such as 2‐methylpent‐3‐yl 3,13‐dimethylpentadecanoate secreted by the bagworm moth Clania variegate. Recently, we have established a simple preparative method for the synthesis of methyl‐branched building blocks by utilizing an SN2 reaction of chiral secondary tosylates derived from (S)‐ and (R)‐propylene oxides. The usefulness of these building blocks was demonstrated by their application in the synthesis of all four stereoisomers of an acid moiety in the bagworm pheromone. The enantiomeric purities of all building blocks were confirmed by enantioselective HPLC analysis. We found that a secondary mesylate was superior to the corresponding tosylate because it avoided an elimination side reaction, and racemization in the SN2 reaction was not observed even at high temperature (150 °C). Finally, each optically active acid was esterified with (S)‐2‐methyl‐3‐pentanol, which was synthesized by a new route starting from (S)‐valine.
Genome‐wide identification and functional analyses of microRNA signatures associated with cancer pain
Authors: Bali Kiran Kumar , Selvaraj Deepitha , Satagopam Venkata P. , Lu Jianning , Schneider Reinhard , Kuner Rohini
Published: September 2013

Cancer pain remains a major challenge and there is an urgent demand for the development of specific mechanism‐based therapies. Various diseases are associated with unique signatures of expression of microRNAs (miRNAs), which reveal deep insights into disease pathology. Using a comprehensive approach combining genome‐wide miRNA screening, molecular and in silico analyses with behavioural approaches in a clinically relevant model of metastatic bone‐cancer pain in mice, we now show that tumour‐induced conditions are associated with a marked dysregulation of 57 miRNAs in sensory neurons corresponding to tumour‐affected areas. By establishing protocols for interference with disease‐induced miRNA dysregulation in peripheral sensory neurons in vivo, we functionally validate six dysregulated miRNAs as significant modulators of tumour‐associated hypersensitivity. In silico analyses revealed that their predicted targets include key pain‐related genes and we identified Clcn3, a gene encoding a chloride channel, as a key miRNA target in sensory neurons, which is functionally important in tumour‐induced nociceptive hypersensitivity in vivo. Our results provide new insights into endogenous gene regulatory mechanisms in cancer pain and open up attractive and viable therapeutic options.
Ion‐exchange softening of human urine to control precipitation
Authors: Boyer Treavor H. , Taylor Kyle , Reed Alesandra , Smith Daniel
Published: September 2013

A major barrier to widespread implementation of urine source‐separation is the uncontrolled precipitation of magnesium (Mg) and calcium (Ca) minerals in waterless urinal plumbing, which results in clogging that increases maintenance requirements. The goal of this research was to investigate the use of ion‐exchange softening of undiluted, fresh human urine to control precipitation reactions in hydrolyzed urine. The working hypothesis was that selective removal of Ca and Mg from undiluted, fresh urine by cation exchange resin would decrease the precipitation of Ca and Mg minerals in hydrolyzed urine. Ion‐exchange experiments and precipitation experiments were used to investigate ion‐exchange reactions in synthetic urine. Cation exchange resin (Amberlite A200C) removed both Ca and Mg from undiluted, fresh urine with a greater affinity for Ca over Mg. Precipitation experiments showed that struvite, MgNH4PO4·6H2O, and hydroxyapatite, Ca5(PO4)3(OH), were the dominant minerals in untreated and ion‐exchange treated hydrolyzed urine. Overall, ion‐exchange softening decreased the mass of solids that would be deposited in the urinal plumbing and increased the phosphate available for nutrient recovery. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 33: 564–571, 2014
Pyrolysis of olive pomace and copyrolysis of olive pomace with refuse derived fuel
Authors: Kabakcı Sibel Başakçılardan , Aydemir Hilal
Published: September 2013

Pyrolysis of olive pomace and copyrolysis of olive pomace with RDF blends were investigated by TGA. To see the effect of heating rate on pyrolysis behavior and kinetic parameters of olive pomace, TG and DTG curves were obtained at three different heating rates (10, 20, and 30°C min−1) between 20°C and 800°C. The results showed that activation energy decreased as the heating rate was increased. In the pyrolysis profile of olive pomace, weight loss was observed almost in one stage where two peaks overlapped between temperatures 170–372°C, having a highest peak at 342°C. In the case of olive pomace‐RDF blends, copyrolysis experiments were conducted under N2 atmosphere at a heating rate of 10°C min−1 from 20°C to 800°C. The pyrolysis profile of the blends presented three peaks (except moisture removal) meaning three consecutive reactions: cellulose‐hemicellulose decomposition, plastics decomposition and CaCO3 decomposition. Lignin decomposition comprised all the stages. Because of its high activation energy, using olive pomace alone in the pyrolysis reaction required a high temperature operation or long reaction time in the reactor. Blending it with RDF decreased the activation energy, decreased the peak temperatures, increased the number of pyrolysis stages (decomposition of plastics and inorganic carbonate based additives), and increased the time required for higher conversion rates. RDF which had a high ash content and low calorific value was found as more useful as a fuel when it was blended with olive pomace. Lower activation energies observed in the relevant decomposition stages indicated that the reaction became faster upon blending. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 33: 649–656, 2014
Preparation of carbon sphere from lactose by hydrothermal reaction and its performance in gas separation
Authors: Sun Yong , Yang Gang , Wen Chao , Zhang Lian , Wang Yun Shan
Published: September 2013

Carbon spheres were produced from mild hydrothermal reaction of biomass lactose, followed by carbonization with low‐activation temperatures (400°C). The Brunauer‐Emmett‐Teller (BET)‐specific surface area of carbon at optimum condition was 403 m2/g. The resultant carbon shows good performance in preferential adsorption of CO2 to CH4 below 50 kPa at 293 K. The results of the isosteric enthalpies of adsorption for different gases on prepared carbon indicate mildly heterogeneous surfaces. The relatively good performance of the resultant carbon in kinetics indicates its potential for low‐pressure kinetic separation of carbon dioxide from carbon dioxide and methane mixture at room temperature.. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 33: 581–587, 2014
Raw material selection for pulping and papermaking using TOPSIS multiple criteria decision making design
Authors: Anupam Kumar , Lal Priti Shivhare , Bist Vimlesh , Sharma Arvind Kumar , Swaroop Vinay
Published: September 2013

General approach for determining the suitability of a feedstock for pulping and papermaking includes chemical‐morphological analysis, cooking experiments, pulp characterization, and physico‐chemical properties evaluation. This work attempts to simplify this raw material selection problem using a multi‐criteria decision making (MCDM) approach exclusively on the basis of chemical–morphological analysis. Technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) has been applied to the decision making unit comprising chemical and morphological characteristics of three Eucalyptus and Leucaena varieties to evaluate and rank them according to preference for pulping and papermaking. The applicability of the proposed methodology has been illustrated through three examples collected from literature. Results obtained in this investigation are in confirmation of the results published in literature. It reveals that the proposed method is practical, feasible, and easy to apply for pulp and paper based raw material selection. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 33: 1034–1041, 2014
Continuous Co‐biodegradation of linear and cyclic naphthenic acids in circulating packed‐bed bioreactors
Authors: D'Souza Leisha , Sami Yaseen , Nemati Mehdi , Headley John
Published: September 2013

Continuous co‐biodegradation of a linear and three cyclic surrogate naphthenic acids namely octanoic acid, trans‐4‐methyl‐1‐cyclohexane carboxylic acid (trans‐4MCHCA), and cis‐ and trans‐4‐methyl‐1‐cyclohexane‐acetic acids (cis‐4MCHAA and trans‐4MCHAA) at concentrations of 100, 50, and 50 mg/L, respectively, was investigated in two circulating packed‐bed bioreactors. Using different combinations of naphthenic acids in the bioreactor influent effects of loading rate on biodegradation of each compound was evaluated. In all tested mixtures biodegradation of octanoic acid proceeded with the fastest rate, followed by trans‐4MCHCA, trans‐4MCHAA, and cis‐4MCHAA. Biodegradation of the linear compound (octanoic acid) was not influenced by the presence of any cyclic compound, even the most recalcitrant naphthenic acid with the highest removal rate of 372.8 mg/L‐h observed at a loading rate of 666.7 mg/L‐h. Presence of octanoic acid negatively impacted the biodegradation of trans‐4MCHCA, with the removal rates of trans‐4MCHCA in the presence and absence of octanoic acid being 74.6 and 208.8 mg/L‐h, respectively. With cis‐ and tran‐4MCHAA, presence of octanoic acid improved the biodegradation of these compounds. In a mixture containing all three cyclic compounds, the maximum removal rates for cis‐ and trans‐4MCHAA were 0.5 and 1.3 mg/L‐h, respectively, which improved to 1.7 and 2.4 mg/L‐h when octanoic acid was included in the mixture. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 33: 835–843, 2014
Variations in lethal and sublethal effects of cypermethrin among aquatic stages and species of anuran amphibians
Authors: Biga Lindsay M. , Blaustein Andrew R.
Published: September 2013

Despite the use of model species to predict the effects of chemicals in the environment, unpredicted variation in levels of risk to organisms from xenobiotics can be observed. Physiological and morphological differences between species and life stages may lead to differences in sensitivity, while seasonal and spatial variation in pesticide concentrations may affect the level of risk faced by organisms in the environment. Because anurans breed in aquatic habitats subject to contamination by runoff and spraying, they are particularly vulnerable to pesticides. In the present study, embryos, newly hatched larvae, and larvae with limb buds of 3 anuran amphibian species—Pseudacris regilla, Rana cascadae, and Rana aurora—were exposed for 48 h to either 0.5 µg/L or 5.0 µg/L cypermethrin under laboratory conditions. The authors monitored hatching success, larval survival, and measured growth. Additionally, they assayed avoidance behavior 2 wk after exposure or 2 wk after hatching for individuals exposed as embryos. Hatching and survival were not affected in animals of any species exposed as embryos. After exposure as embryos and as newly hatched larvae, however, P. regilla displayed behavioral abnormalities in response to prodding. Cypermethrin increased mortality in P. regilla exposed in both larval stages. Cypermethrin also increased mortality in larval R. cascadae when exposed at the early stage. These results indicate variation in sensitivity to environmentally relevant concentrations of cypermethrin among anuran species and life stages. Environ Toxicol Chem 2013;32:2855–2860. © 2013 SETAC
Previous exposure of predatory fish to a pesticide alters palatability of larval amphibian prey
Authors: Hanlon Shane M. , Parris Matthew J.
Published: September 2013

Habitat preferences of organisms are reliant on a variety of factors. For amphibians specifically, preferences can depend on factors such as food availability, water quality, and the presence of potential predators. Because some amphibians breed in permanent bodies of water (e.g., ponds), the threat of predation (e.g., from fish) is constant. Thus, some amphibians are unpalatable to many predators, allowing them to coexist in the same habitats. However, the addition of anthropogenic stressors (i.e., pesticides) may alter the perceived palatability of prey items to predators. The authors tested the hypothesis that bluegill fish (Lepomis macrochirus), previously exposed to the pesticide carbaryl, would consume more unpalatable prey (Fowler's toad [Anaxyrus fowleri] tadpoles) than unexposed predators. Carbaryl is a pesticide that attacks the nervous system and is linked to taste sense in organisms. Moreover, the authors conducted an identical test using palatable prey (gray treefrog [Hyla versicolor] tadpoles) and predicted that no change in preference would be observed. In support of the primary hypothesis, bluegill exposed to the highest concentration of carbaryl consumed more A. fowleri tadpoles compared with those exposed to carbaryl at the lowest concentration or water control. Moreover, an effect of carbaryl on predation success on H. versicolor tadpoles was not observed. The present study shows that an anthropogenic stressor (carbaryl) can alter the perceived palatability of noxious prey to fish predators, potentially altering predator–prey relationships in natural settings. Environ Toxicol Chem 2013;32:2861–2865. © 2013 SETAC
3G network traffic sources measurement and analysis
Authors: Goleva Rossitza , Atamian Dimitar , Mirtchev Seferin , Dimitrova Desislava , Grigorova Lyubina
Published: September 2013

In this paper, we show statistical analyses of several types of traffic sources in a 3G network, namely voice, video and data sources. For each traffic source type, measurements were collected in order to, on the one hand, gain better understanding of the statistical characteristics of the sources and, on the other hand, enable forecasting traffic behaviour in the network. The latter can be used to estimate service times and quality of service parameters. The probability density function, mean, variance, mean square deviation, skewness and kurtosis of the interarrival times are estimated by Wolfram Mathematica and Crystal Ball statistical tools. Based on evaluation of packet interarrival times, we show how the gamma distribution can be used in network simulations and in evaluation of available capacity in opportunistic systems. As a result, from our analyses, shape and scale parameters of gamma distribution are generated. Data can be applied also in dynamic network configuration in order to avoid potential network congestions or overflows. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intensive mixing along an island chain controls oceanic biogeochemical cycles
Authors: Nishioka Jun , Nakatsuka Takeshi , Watanabe Yutaka W. , Yasuda Ichiro , Kuma Kenshi , Ogawa Hiroshi , Ebuchi Naoto , Scherbinin Alexey , Volkov Yuri N. , Shiraiwa Takayuki , Wakatsuchi Masaaki
Published: September 2013

The subarctic Pacific is a high‐nutrient low‐chlorophyll (HNLC) region in which phytoplankton growth is broadly limited by iron (Fe) availability. However, even with Fe limitation, the western subarctic Pacific (WSP) has significant phytoplankton growth and greater seasonal variability in lower trophic levels than the eastern subarctic Pacific. Therefore, differences in Fe supply must explain the west‐to‐east decrease in seasonal phytoplankton growth. The Fe flux to the euphotic zone in the WSP occurs at a “moderate” value, in that it is significantly higher than its value on the eastern side, yet it is not sufficient enough to cause widespread macronutrient depletion, that is, HNLC status is maintained. Although we recognize several Fe supply processes in the WSP, the mechanisms that account for this moderate value of Fe supply have not previously been explained. Here we demonstrate the pivotal role of tidal mixing in the Kuril Islands chain (KIC) for determining the moderate value. A basin‐scale meridional Fe section shows that Fe derived from sediments in the Sea of Okhotsk is discharged through the KIC into the intermediate water masses (~ 800 m) of the western North Pacific. The redistribution of this Fe‐rich intermediate water by intensive mixing as it crosses the KIC is the predominant process determining the ratio of micronutrient (Fe) to macronutrients (e.g., nitrate) in subsurface waters. This ratio can quantitatively explain the differences in surface macronutrient consumption between the western and eastern subarctic, as well as the general formation and biogeochemistry of HNLC waters of the subarctic North Pacific.
Der Selbstfiltrationsindex als Suffosionskriterium für nichtbindige Erdstoffe
Authors: Witt Karl Josef
Published: September 2013

Suffosionsempfindliche Böden sind durch eine Struktur aus einem tragenden Skelett der groben Kornfraktion und aus einer darin eingelagerten Feinfraktion gekennzeichnet. Bei der Durchströmung solcher Böden können Teile der Feinfraktion erodieren und ausgetragen werden, wenn das Skelett nicht in der Lage ist, die mobilen Körner an den Engstellen des Porenraums zurückzuhalten. Der Beitrag gibt einen kurzen Überblick über die gängigen Kriterien und beschreibt eine einfache Methode, mit der das Suffosionspotenzial eines nichtbindigen Bodens anhand der Steigung der Korngrößenverteilung im unteren Bereich bewertet wird. Suffosion wird als Filtration im dreidimensionalen Porensystem betrachtet. Der Nachweis der Stabilität wird damit auf die Filtration an einer Grenzschicht zurückgeführt. Der Selbstfiltrationsindex IFS drückt das Abstandsverhältnis der aufgetrennten Korngrößenverteilung des zu beurteilenden Bodens aus. Die innere Stabilität lässt sich anhand dieser Kenngröße quantifizieren. Die potenziell erodierbare Masse kann durch die Identifikation des relevanten Trenndurchmessers abgeschätzt werden.

The Self‐Filtration‐Index as an internal stability criterion for granular soils. Soils susceptible to internal erosion are characterized by a structure consisting out of a load bearing skeleton formed by the coarser particles and embedded fine‐grained material. Due to seepage through such soils, fine particles can be eroded if the skeleton is unable to catch these moving grains at the constrictions of the pore network. This process of washing out fine particles is called suffusion. If suffusion cannot occur due to geometrical considerations, soils are called internally stable. The article describes a simple method to assess the internal stability of non‐cohesive soils based on the slope of the lower part of its grain size distribution. Suffusion is considered as spatial filtration, were the skeleton acts as filter to catch the embedded mobile particles. A Self‐Filtration‐Index ISF is introduced which expresses the geometric ratio of the separated grain‐size‐distribution into the skeleton and the mobile fines. Internal stability of a representative grain‐size‐distribution and the potential of suffusion can be quantified by ISF. The amount of eroded mass can be estimated.
Constructing the global distribution of chorus wave intensity using measurements of electrons by the POES satellites and waves by the Van Allen Probes
Authors: Li W. , Ni B. , Thorne R. M. , Bortnik J. , Green J. C. , Kletzing C. A. , Kurth W. S. , Hospodarsky G. B.
Published: September 2013

We adopt a physics‐based technique to infer chorus wave amplitudes from the low‐altitude electron population (30–100 keV) measured by multiple Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellites (POES), which provide extensive coverage over a broad region in L‐shell and magnetic local time (MLT). This technique is validated by analyzing conjunction events between the Van Allen Probes measuring chorus wave amplitudes near the equator and POES satellites measuring the 30–100 keV electron population at the conjugate low altitudes. We apply this technique to construct the chorus wave distributions during the 8–9 October storm in 2012 and demonstrate that the inferred chorus wave amplitudes agree reasonably well with conjugate measurements of chorus wave amplitudes from the Van Allen Probes. The evolution of the chorus wave intensity inferred from low‐altitude electron measurements can provide real‐time global estimates of the chorus wave intensity, which cannot be obtained from in situ chorus wave measurements by equatorial satellites alone, but is crucial in quantifying radiation belt electron dynamics.
Production of methanol, acetaldehyde, and acetone in the Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Dixon Joanna L. , Beale Rachael , Nightingale Philip D.
Published: September 2013

The biogeochemistry of oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) like methanol, acetaldehyde, and acetone in marine waters is poorly understood. We report the first in situ gross production rates for methanol, acetaldehyde, and acetone of 49–103, 25–98, and 2–26 nmol L−1 d−1 over contrasting areas of marine productivity, including oligotrophic gyres and eutrophic upwellings. Photochemical production estimates are mostly negligible for methanol, up to 68% for acetaldehyde and up to 100% of gross production rates for acetone. Microbial surface OVOC oxidation to CO2 accounts for between 10–50% and 0.5–13% of the methanol and acetone losses, respectively, but largely control acetaldehyde concentrations (49–100%). Biological lifetimes in a coastal upwelling vary between ≤1 day for acetaldehyde, to approximately 7 days for methanol and up to ~80 days for acetone. In open oceanic environments, the lifetime of acetaldehyde ranges between 2 and 5 h, compared to 10–26 days for methanol and 5–55 days for acetone.
Standardized uptake value based evaluation of lymphoma by FDG and FLT PET/CT
Authors: Wang Ruimin , Zhu Haiyan , Chen Yingmao , Li Can , Li Fei , Shen Zhihui , Tian Jiahe , Yu Li , Xu Baixuan
Published: September 2013

Although 18F‐FDG PET/CT imaging is the conventional method for evaluating lymphoma, PET/CT imaging with radiopharmaceuticals other than FDG is being investigated. We evaluated the utility of different standardized uptake value (SUV) measurements in 18F‐FLT PET/CT scans compared with PET/CT scans performed with FDG. Two scans, each using one of the radiopharmaceuticals, were performed on each of 114 patients with histologically proven lymphoma. Maximum and mean SUV (SUVmax) and (SUVmean) of all visualized lesions, with backgrounds of mediastinal blood pool, liver, spleen and vertebra were calculated. The ratios of the SUVs of the lesions to those of each reference region were statistically analyzed. Using receiver operating characteristic curves, we analyzed the differences in uptake of the two agents in aggressive and indolent B‐cell non‐Hodgkin lymphoma. We found that the SUVmax measurements of FDG were significantly different between aggressive and indolent B‐cell non‐Hodgkin lymphoma. The receiver operating characteristic curve of SUVmax of tumour/liver for FDG studies resulted in the most area under the curve. The SUVmax of the tumour/mediastinum ratio for FLT studies resulted in the most area under the curve (0.781). There was no significant correlation between FDG and FLT uptake in most types of lymphoma we studied. Further studies of the characteristics of 18F‐FLT should employ the tumour/mediastinum SUVmax ratio for accurate uptake measurement. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tracing contributions to hydro‐isotopic differences between two adjacent lakes in the southern Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Shi Xiaonan , Zhang Fan , Tian Lide , Joswiak Daniel R. , Zeng Chen , Qu Dongmei
Published: September 2013

Hydrological processes of lakes in the Tibetan Plateau are an important indicator of climate change. Due to the high elevation, inaccessibility and limited availability of historical observations, water budget evaluation of typical lake basins has been inadequate. In this study, stable isotopes are used to trace the multiple water sources contributing to two adjacent lakes on the north slope of the Himalayas, Gongmo‐tso and Drem‐tso. The two lakes have nearly the same elevation, lake area and climatic condition. However, the isotopic composition of the two lakes presents significant differences. Qualitative observations attribute the differences to hydrological discrepancies: Gongmo‐tso is a through‐flow lake, whereas Drem‐tso is a terminal lake. Quantitative analyses, including water and isotope mass balance modelling, clarify the fluxes and isotopic compositions among the various hydrological elements. The isotopic composition of input water, calculated as the summation of rainfall and upstream runoff, is estimated using the local meteoric water line (LMWL) combined with the time series of lake water isotope values. The isotopic composition of evaporation is calculated with a linear resistance model using local meteorological data. The results show that Drem‐tso is a closed lake in a hydrological steady state with relatively more enriched lake water isotope values resulting mainly from evaporation. In contrast, through‐flow accounts for more than 88% of the water input into Gongmo‐tso. The large amount of upstream runoff with lower isotopic composition and enrichment due to evaporation are the major contributions to the observed lake water isotope values. Isotopic modelling of the two neighbouring lakes is effective for isotopic and hydrological research in this region with limited in situ observations. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adlerian Lifestyle, Stress Coping, and Career Adaptability: Relationships and Dimensions
Authors: Stoltz Kevin B. , Wolff Lori A. , Monroe Ann E. , Farris Harold R. , Mazahreh Laith G.
Published: September 2013

In the new millennium, workers are vested with the responsibility of managing their own careers. Additionally, workers are expected to engage in the continual development of skills applicable across various work environments. With this need for continual development come frequent work transitions and the need for building career adaptability. Stress can ensue from this constant need to update skills and transition to new work environments. The purpose of this study was to explore relationships among Adlerian lifestyle attributes, stress coping, and career adaptability. Canonical correlation was used to explore the relationships among these variables. The results indicated that 3 dimensions were significant and interpretable: socially attuned, compliant, and impassive. The results partially support the hypothesis that high feelings of belongingness are associated with high coping resources. However, the results also highlight that a high need for acceptance from others and for following social norms may impede the development of career adaptability.
Social Class and Expectations of Rural Adolescents: The Role of Parental Expectations
Authors: Schmitt‐Wilson Sarah
Published: September 2013

This study investigated mechanisms involved in the intergenerational transmission of social class, specifically addressing the prediction of career expectations. The results indicated that among rural high school students (N= 200) in Grades 10–12, there was no direct effect of socioeconomic status (SES; as measured by parent education and occupation) on career expectations. However, there was a direct effect of educational expectations on occupational expectations. Building on the importance of educational expectations in the prediction of occupational expectations, the results suggested that perceived parental expectations explain variance in educational expectations. Overall, it seems that the effect of SES on occupational expectations was mediated by educational expectations; therefore, individuals of lower SES who have increased educational expectations are more likely to have occupational expectations similar to those of their higher SES peers. Moreover, increased parental expectations were positively associated with educational expectations among individuals of various SES levels.
Getting Unemployed Job Seekers Back to Work: The Development of a Process Model of Employment Counseling Behavior
Authors: Noordzij Gera , Van Hooft Edwin A. J. , Van Mierlo Heleen , van Dam Arjan , Born Marise Ph.
Published: September 2013

The aim of this study was to propose a tentative model of employment counseling based on 31 critical incident interviews with supervisors, employment counselors, and unemployed job seekers. The incidents (N= 599) mentioned in the interviews were inductively used to develop a category framework describing behaviors of employment counselors. On the basis of the interviews, categories, and incidents within these categories, the authors proposed a 4‐phase preliminary model of the employment counseling process. Findings suggest that employment counseling is a complex and dynamic process involving several distinct and consecutive steps focused on clients, governmental funding agencies, colleagues, and employers.
Photoacoustic imaging of breast microcalcifications: A validation study with 3‐dimensional ex vivo data and spectrophotometric measurement
Authors: Kang Jeeun , Kim Eun‐kyung , Kim Ga Ram , Yoon Changhan , Song Tai‐kyong , Chang Jin Ho
Published: September 2013

This paper investigates whether photoacoustic imaging (PAI) can provide the visualization of microcalcifications in breast tissue. For this, the geometrical correlation between the 3‐D PA images of breast microcalcifications within ex vivo specimens and the corresponding mammograms was ascertained. Also, the optical absorbance of the calcification compositions (i.e., hydroxyapatite and calcium oxalate) was measured and compared with the PA responses of the microcalcifications. The experimental results demonstrated that the PA images discriminated between the microcalcifications and the surrounding tissue, and their locations in PA images reasonably meshed with those of the microcalcifications appeared in the mammograms. Also, the change in PA signal amplitude along the laser wavelength agreed with the absorbance of hydroxyapatite associated with the relatively high potential of malignant cancers, but not calcium oxalate with only benign cases. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Preparation and characterization of multiactive electrospun fibers: Poly‐ɛ‐carpolactone fibers loaded with hydroxyapatite and selected NSAIDs
Authors: Karavasili Chirstina , Bouropoulos Nikolaos , Kontopoulou Ioanna , Smith Ashleigh , van der Merwe Susanna M. , Rehman Ihtesham U. R. , Ahmad Zeeshan , Fatouros Dimitrios G.
Published: September 2013

Electrospun poly‐ε‐caprolactone fibers were employed as hosts for hydroxypatite and nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) ibuprofen (IBU) and indomethacin (INDO) (separately). The fibers (size range between 400 and 20 µm) were characterized by means of X‐ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The physicochemical characterization of the fibers indicated that the drugs are associated with the fibers in an amorphous state. The release of IBU and INDO was monitored in PBS pH 7.4. A rapid release was observed for both drugs. Finally, bioactivity studies in simulated body fluid revealed the formation of hydroxyapatite, indicating that the fibers could be further utilized as materials for coupled (or multipurpose) biomedical and biomaterial engineering applications. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 102A: 2583–2589, 2014.
Do collagen meshes offer any benefits over preclude® ePTFE implants in contaminated surgical fields? A comparative in vitro and in vivo study
Authors: García‐Pumarino Rubén , Pascual Gemma , Rodríguez Marta , Pérez‐Köhler Bárbara , Bellón Juan Manuel
Published: September 2013

The surgical repair of an abdominal wall defect may be complicated by infection. We examined the in vitro and in vivo behavior of Staphylococcus aureus (Sa) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (Se) when placed in contact with three collagen bioprostheses. For the in vitro study, 1 cm2 fragments of the collagen meshes (Collamend®, Surgisis®, and Permacol®) and a control polytetrafluoroethylene mesh, Preclude®(ePTFE) were incubated on blood agar plates inoculated with Sa or Se. In the in vivo study, 2 partial 3 × 3 cm defects were created in the abdominal wall of 72 rabbits and infected with a suspension‐containing 106 Colony‐forming unit (CFU) of Sa or Se. The defects were then repaired using the above materials. At 14 and 30 days postimplant, mesh specimens were obtained for histological, morphometric, and biomechanical analysis. The incubated collagen meshes showed significantly greater bacterial loads than the ePTFE. In vivo, large abscesses comprised of bacteria (Sa/Se), detritus and white cells could be seen 14 days post‐implant. At 30 days, the bacterial infiltrate was reduced in the Se group. In conclusion, in presence of bacterial contamination, no benefits were observed of the use of the collagen bioprostheses tested over the use of a non porous ePTFE mesh (Preclude®). © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 102B: 366–375, 2014.
Mechanical effect of static loading on endodontically treated teeth restored with fiber‐reinforced posts
Authors: Chieruzzi Manila , Rallini Marco , Pagano Stefano , Eramo Stefano , D'Errico Potito , Torre Luigi , Kenny José M.
Published: September 2013

The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanical behavior of a dental system built up with fiber‐reinforced composite (FRC) endodontic posts with different types of fibers and two cements (the first one used with a primer, the second one without it). Six FRC posts were used. Each system was characterized in terms of structural efficiency under external applied loads similar to masticatory forces. An oblique force was applied and stiffness and maximum load data were obtained. The same test was used for the dentine. The systems were analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) to investigate the surface of the post and inner surface of root canal after failure. The mechanical tests showed that load values in dental systems depend on the post material and used cement. The highest load (281 ± 59 N) was observed for the conical glass fiber posts in the cement without primer. There was a 50 and 85% increase in the maximum load for two of the conical posts with glass fibers and a 229% increase for the carbon fiber posts in the cement without primer as compared with the cement with primer. Moreover, almost all the studied systems showed fracture resistances higher than the typical masticatory loads. The microscopic analysis underlined the good adhesion of the second cement at the interfaces between dentine and post. The mechanical tests confirmed that the strength of the dental systems subjected to masticatory loads was strictly related to the bond at the interface post/cement and cement/dentine. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 102B: 384–394, 2014.
Inactivation of Vhl in Osteochondral Progenitor Cells Causes High Bone Mass Phenotype and Protects Against Age-Related Bone Loss in Adult Mice
Authors: Weng Tujun , Xie Yangli , Huang Junlan , Luo Fengtao , Yi Lingxian , He Qifen , Chen Di , Chen Lin
Published: September 2013

Previous studies have shown that disruption of von Hippel–Lindau gene (Vhl) coincides with activation of hypoxia-inducible factor α (HIFα) signaling in bone cells and plays an important role in bone development, homeostasis, and regeneration. It is known that activation of HIF1α signaling in mature osteoblasts is central to the coupling between angiogenesis and bone formation. However, the precise mechanisms responsible for the coupling between skeletal angiogenesis and osteogenesis during bone remodeling are only partially elucidated. To evaluate the role of Vhl in bone homeostasis and the coupling between vascular physiology and bone, we generated mice lacking Vhl in osteochondral progenitor cells (referred to as Vhl cKO mice) at postnatal and adult stages in a tamoxifen-inducible manner and changes in skeletal morphology were assessed by micro–computed tomography (µCT), histology, and bone histomorphometry. We found that mice with inactivation of Vhl in osteochondral progenitor cells at the postnatal stage largely phenocopied that of mice lacking Vhl in mature osteoblasts, developing striking and progressive accumulation of cancellous bone with increased microvascular density and bone formation. These were accompanied with a significant increase in osteoblast proliferation, upregulation of differentiation marker Runx2 and osteocalcin, and elevated expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and phosphorylation of Smad1/5/8. In addition, we found that Vhl deletion in osteochondral progenitor cells in adult bone protects mice from aging-induced bone loss. Our data suggest that the VHL-mediated signaling in osteochondral progenitor cells plays a critical role in bone remodeling at postnatal/adult stages through coupling osteogenesis and angiogenesis. © 2014 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Therapeutic plasma exchange in the management of sepsis and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome: A report of three cases
Authors: De Simone Nicole , Racsa Lori , Bevan Scott , Matevosyan Karén , Valley Thomas , Girod Carlos , Sarode Ravi
Published: September 2013

Sepsis with multi organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) is the most common cause of death in patients in noncoronary intensive care units. Currently, there are no specific treatments that reduce mortality in patients with sepsis and MODS. We report three patients who received therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) for sepsis with MODS who completely recovered. The first patient, a 3‐year‐old male presented with Methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus‐associated respiratory, renal, coagulation, hepatic, and neurologic dysfunction. After 5 TPEs, the patient fully recovered. The second patient was a 36‐year‐old pregnant female who developed MODS at 22 weeks of gestation. She had developed respiratory, hepatic, renal, cardiovascular, neurologic, and coagulation dysfunction following pneumonia and concurrent urinary tract infection resulting in an intrauterine fetal demise. After 8 TPEs, the patient was discharged home with only mild residual hepatic dysfunction. The third patient, a 50‐year‐old female with a history of seizure disorder, was found unresponsive in over 100°F heat and diagnosed with Staphylococcus aureus‐associated MODS. Her respiratory, coagulation, neurologic, renal, and hepatic systems were affected. The patient underwent 6 TPEs after which she had marked improvement. In conclusion, TPE may be an effective adjunct therapy in MODS by possibly removing toxic mediators and replacing deficient factors using donor plasma. J. Clin. Apheresis 29:127–131, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Dominant Negative MCP‐1 Blocks Human Osteoclast Differentiation
Authors: Morrison Nigel A. , Day Christopher J. , Nicholson Geoff C.
Published: September 2013

Human osteoclasts were differentiated using receptor activator of NFκB ligand (RANKL) and macrophage colony stimulating factor (M‐CSF) from colony forming unit‐granulocyte macrophage (CFU‐GM) precursors of the myeloid lineage grown from umbilical cord blood. Gene expression profiling using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (Q‐PCR) showed more than 1,000‐fold induction of chemokine MCP‐1 within 24 h of RANKL treatment. MCP‐1 mRNA content exceeds that of other assayed chemokines (CCL1, 3, 4, and 5) at all time points up to day 14 of treatment. MCP‐1 induction preceded peak induction of calcium signaling activator calmodulin 1 (CALM1) and transcription factors JUN and FOS, which were at 3 days. Key osteoclast related transcription factors NFATc1 and NFATc2 showed peak induction at 7 days, while marker genes for osteoclast function cathepsin K and tartrate resistance acid phosphatase (TRAP) were maximally induced at 14 days, corresponding with mature osteoclast function. To test whether the early and substantial peak in MCP‐1 expression is part of human osteoclast differentiation events, a dominant negative inhibitor of MCP‐1 (7ND) was added simultaneously with RANKL and M‐CSF, resulting in blockade of CALM1, JUN and NFATc2 induction and strong inhibition of human osteoclast differentiation. These data show that a cascade of gene expression leading to osteoclast differentiation depends on intact early MCP‐1 induction and signaling in human osteoclasts. J. Cell. Biochem. 115: 303–312, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Endoscopic sonography and sonographically guided fine‐needle aspiration biopsy in the diagnosis of unusual pancreatic metastases from synovial sarcoma
Authors: Krishna Somashekar G. , Rao Bhavana B. , Lee Jeffrey H.
Published: September 2013

Pancreatic metastases are commonly solitary solid lesions frequently derived from primary renal cell carcinoma, lung cancer, or melanoma. Very few case reports have described cystic‐appearing metastases in the pancreas and even fewer have reported a combination of cystic and solid metastatic lesions. Synovial sarcoma is a rare and aggressive soft tissue neoplasm, frequently metastasizing to the lungs and bones. We present a case of primary synovial sarcoma with multiple solid and cystic‐appearing pancreatic metastases diagnosed by endoscopic ultrasound and sonographically guided fine‐needle aspiration. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 42:180–182, 2014