bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the Efficiency of Food Conversion of Young Plaice (Pleuronectes Platessa)
Authors: Colman J. A.
Published: May 2009

During studies on the biology of young plaice (P. platessa L.) in Manx waters an experiment was begun in August 1965 to determine the efficiency of food conversion of O-group plaice. The experiment was repeated in a slightly modified form in August 1966. The objects of these investigations were to determine the weight of chopped mussel required by O-group plaice to increase their body weight by 1 g and to show whether the efficiency of conversion varied with changes in the water temperature and with the quantities of the particular type of food that were supplied to the plaice.
Some Aspects of the Reproductive Biology of Actinia Equina [Cnidaria: Anthozoa]
Authors: Chia Fu-Shiang , Rostron M. A.
Published: May 2009

It has been known for a long time that the commonest British sea anemone, Actinia equina L., incubates its young in the gastric cavity (Dalyell, 1848).
On the Oxidation of Ammonia in Sea Water
Authors: Darnell-Smith G.P.
Published: May 2009

Whilst working at the Laboratory this summer on the function of iodine in Algæ, it was suggested to me by the Director that I should study the influence of Algæ on the ammonia in sea water. I here tender my thanks to Mr. E. J. Bles for his kind advice and assistance.
The structure of the spine of the spur dogfish (Squalus Acanthias L.) and its use for age determination
Authors: Holden M. J. , Meadows P. S.
Published: May 2009

The external and internal structure of the spines of Squalus acanthias are described. Internally the spines consist of a series of dentine cones laid down one within the other. This series is reflected in the external structure by bands of pigment associated with ridges of enamel. The latter are proved to be annual.

The use of the spines for age determination is discussed and the growth parameters and growth curves calculated. The results obtained differ from those of previous authors, whose work is critically discussed.
Aspects Of the biology ofLaminaria hyperboreaI. vertical distribution
Authors: Kain Joanna M.
Published: May 2009

Profiles of bottoms near the shore of the Isle of Man and two areas of Scotland are described, together with the vertical distribution of species of Laminariaceae. Laminaria digitata dominates over a narrow zone near lowwater springs. Unstable bottoms, providing they are sheltered enough to be habitable, support mainly L. saccharina. Stable bottoms of either boulders or solid rock support L. saccharina when sheltered (by topography or depth) from wave action and L. hyperborea when exposed. Near Port Erin, Isle of Man, the downward penetration of L. hyperborea on exposed rocks and boulders is limited by an as yet unknown factor which might possibly be associated with a slope of more than to the horizontal.
The functional morphology of the larva, and the post-larval development of Venus striatula (Da Costa)
Authors: Ansell Alan D.
Published: May 2009

The functional morphology of the veliger, pediveliger, and early post-larva of Venus striatula is described. Settlement takes place at a length of 220- 240 /u, and is marked by the rapid loss of the velum, functioning of the byssus gland, and commencement of secretion of the post-larval shell (dissoconch). With the exception of the loss of the velum, the changes which occur at metamorphosis take place relatively slowly. The significance to phylogeny of the mode of development of certain organs in the post-larva is discussed. It is concluded that the form of many of the organs in development, especially of those organs concerned in producing a respiratory and feeding current, are juvenile adaptations, resulting in the early functional re-adjustment of the free-swimming larval habit to a bottom-living habit, but having little or no phylogenetic significance.
On a New Deep-Water Trachymedusa
Authors: Russell F. S.
Published: May 2009

Anew species of deep-water txachymedusa from the North Atlantic is described and named Colobonema apicatum. Most specimens occurred deeper than 1500 m.
The Distribution of some Plankton Animals in the English Channel and Western Approaches: I. Samples Taken with Stramin Nets in 1955 and 1957
Authors: Southward A. J.
Published: May 2009

Previous plankton work at Plymouth is reviewed briefly, and the limitations of the stramin ring trawl as a quantitative sampler discussed. The distribution of certain zooplankton ‘indicator’ species caught in hauls of the 2 and 1 m ring trawl during cruises in 1955 and 1957 is described in comparison with regular 2 m hauls taken throughout the same years at two stations near Plymouth.

The results support previous suggestions that ‘western’ water at Plymouth is derived from a region to the south of Ireland, i.e. from the north-west, and is not now in the direct path of the flow of water into the English Channel from the west.

An apparent northward spread of the warm-water copepodEuchaeta hebesduring the past 50 years may be connected with the rise in sea temperature over the same period. It is suggested that related changes in distribution might be responsible in part for changes in the macroplankton community off Plymouth since the 1920's.
An Underwater Survey on the Lulworth Banks
Authors: Forster G. R.
Published: May 2009

A brief account is given of the sessile animals and algae found by diving on the Lulworth Banks. The numbers of a sponge, a sabellid worm and bryozoari were counted over a total area of 650 m2.
Reproduction, Growth and Mortality ofVenus Striatula(Da Costa) in Kames Bay, Millport
Authors: Ansell Alan D.
Published: May 2009

Seasonal changes in the gonads of both sexes ofVenus striatulawere followed by macroscopic and microscopic examination, in over 700 animals from a population consisting mainly of one year-group. The sex ratio was approximately equal, and no hermaphrodite adults were found.
Variations and Relationship of the Flounder and the Plaice.
Authors: Stead F. B.
Published: May 2009

There can be no question of the importance of the subjects treated of in this paper; and the results are certainly such as to attract attention. This fact makes it all the more disappointing that the author's method is not calculated to inspire confidence in the accuracy of his conclusions. Before attempting to justify this statement, we may give a brief account of the paper as it stands.

After giving an extensive bibliography, the author passes on in his second chapter to a statement of the method of the investigation, and of the notation by which he finds it necessary to state his results. In the next chapter a table is given showing the extent of variation of particular characters in the species considered, and the degree in which the variations of these same characters in both forms may coincide. The influence of sex and age, and the character and development of the scales, is next treated of, and the following chapter is devoted to a statement of the differences which obtain between the different “local forms” in the North Sea and the Baltic. The rest of the paper is taken up with a consideration of the relations between the local forms and the species, an account of Pleuronectes pseudoflesus, certain morphological and biological observations, and a summary of results. We may now consider the more important parts of this paper in detail,

The method of investigation consisted in examining “a large number” of specimens of each species in respect of no less than thirty-six characters.
Concentration gradients and their significance in Laminaria saccharina (L.) Lamour.
Authors: Black W. A. P.
Published: May 2009

In previous publications the author (Black, 1948a-c, 1949, 1950a) has reported the seasonal variations in chemical composition that occur in certain of the common Phaeophyceae. In the sublittoral and littoral zones it has been found that a correlation exists between the chemical composition and the depth of immersion of the plant (Black, 1950&, and unpublished work). Differences in composition, particularly during the summer months, also occur in the same species taken at the same time and depth but from different habitats (Black, loc. cit.), and there is also evidence that in the laminarians the stage of development of the plant has a profound influence on the composition. In all the above-mentioned analyses the entire plants have been separated into stipe and frond, dried under controlled conditions, milled, and a well-mixed representative sample of each taken for analysis.
Notes on the early stages of the commensal polynoid Acholoë Astericola (Delle Chiaje)
Authors: Davenport Demorest
Published: May 2009

Little is known about the development of polynoids. A large number of unidentifiable polynoid trochophores and nectochaetes have been described by Nolte (1936) and others. As Thorson (1946) states, Nolte has done little to clear up the confusion that prevails in this group and his 'numerous figures, all more or less incorrect, and accordingly difficult to recognize, merely serve to further obscure our picture'.

A search of the literature with the aid of Hartman (1951) has so farrevealed only one clearly identifiable member of the family whose early larval stages have been described. Sars (1845a, b), making some of the earliest observations on polychaete life histories, described under the name Polynoe cirrata Fab. the early stages of Harmothoe imbricata (L.). Further studies in some detail on this or a closely allied species were made in turn by Miiller (1851), Mclntosh (1900) and Izuka (1912). The certainty of identification of the parent in this case stemmed from the fact that the early stages, with the exception of those studied by Miiller, were not taken in the plankton but were observed attached to the brooding parent after release from it. In this polynoid the eggs are carried in large masses beneath the elytra, and larvae leave the parent as actively swimming trochophores. This method of carrying the young has also been observed in H. imbricata by Saemundsson (1918) in Greenland and by M. Pettibone (personal communication) in Puget Sound. Desor (1857) quotes the observations of Sars on the brooding habit, and describes the release of trochophores by Polynoe squamata (= Lepidonotus squamatus L. ?) on the New England coast.
The ecology of British species of Ensis
Authors: Holme N. A.
Published: May 2009

In a recent paper describing the distinguishing characters of British species of Ensis (Holme, 1951), it was concluded that three valid species occur in British waters: E. siliqua (L.), E. arcuatus (Jeffreys) and E. ensis (L.). This paper is an attempt to analyse the ecological factors controlling the distribution of these species, particular attention being paid to the effect of soil grade.
Effect of external milieu on luminescence in Chaetopterus
Authors: Nicol J. A. C.
Published: May 2009

In a previous paper some effects of anisosmotic and unbalanced salt solutions ontheluminescent responses of Chaetopterus variopedatus have been described (Nicol, 1952). Similar experiments have been carried out on polynoid elytra, andthe results are described elsewhere in this Journal, together with a brief review ofthe relevant scientific literature (Nicol, 1954b). The present experimentswere undertaken to investigate the effects of single salts in physiological concentrations, balanced by the addition of some inert substance, and to explain the possible mechanism of stimulation by hypo-osmotic solutions.
Fatigue of the luminescent response ofChaetopterus
Authors: Nicol J. A. C.
Published: May 2009

When stimulated in some suitable mannerChaetopterussecretes a luminescent material into the surrounding sea water. The luminescent secretion is discharged fromglands which are widely dispersed over the surface of the animal; the most conspicuous are two glandular patches on the dorsal surface of segment XII. Secretory materialis forced out of the cells by some contractile process; discharge is not merely theresult of secretion pressure. Under repetitive stimulation the intensity of the luminescent response decreases owing to the intervention of fatigue. Fatigue has been interpreted as a gradual exhaustion of luminescent material in the glandular cells (Nicol, 1952b,c).The present investigation seeks to analyse the onset and progress of fatigue in greater detail.
The crevice faunas of the upper intertidal zone at Wembury
Authors: Morton J. E.
Published: May 2009

The main picture of the zonation of life between tide marks on British shores has been added to by a good deal of recent work, such as that of Colman (1932) and Evans (1947) at Plymouth, and the regional studies by Stephenson & Stephenson (1949). Of the more restricted special habitats within the tidal area there have been fewer accounts, though Colman (1940) has made a detailed survey of the faunas inhabiting intertidal seaweeds, which was later followed by Wieser (1952). Most recently there has appeared a paper by Glynne-Williams & Hobart (1952), working at Anglesey, which for the first time analysed clearly the composition and food relations of the restricted fauna living in crevices in this habitat. This part of the tidal zone forms an interesting meeting place of two faunal elements, those intertidal animals of terrestrial origin and those which are truly marine. In the summer of 1950 and 1951 the present writer had made a similar study in the Plymouth area, at Wembury and some other localities. The work was begun as part of an ecological study of the two marine pulmonates Leucophytia bidentata and Otina otis, and was later extended to take account of the other animals hidden in crevices and those living on the exposed rock surface throughout the upper half of the tidal zone.
On ampullary tissue in the larva of Polyclinum aurantium Milne Edwards
Authors: Carlisle D. B.
Published: May 2009

The larva of the compound ascidian Polyclinum aurantium Milne Edwards (1842) has been described by Berrill (1950), and his figures and description indicate a dissociation between the ampullae and epidermal vesicles. A reexamination of the larvae of this form shows that this is a false disjunction. This is most evident in the younger stages. Berrill describes (p. 46) a ring of eight ampullae, in the larva of Polyclinum, surrounding the anterior tip of the trunk, and ‘numerous epidermal vesicles growing out or detached from two long strands reflected posteriorly” (p. 89).
Underwater observations on the swimming of marine zooplankton
Authors: Bainbridge Richard
Published: May 2009

Many experiments have been made in the laboratory by different workers to study the swimming behaviour of plankton animals in relation to light and other factors. At the present time the special apparatus described by Hardy & Bainbridge (1951) is being used for a study of vertical migration, and other experimental work on the inter-relationships of zooplankton and phyto-plankton (Bainbridge, 1949) is also in progress. Both this type of work and current theories (see Cushing, 1951) on the migrations of zooplankton make it of some consequence to learn the actual nature of the movements of these animals in the sea itself; and it is of special importance to compare their swimming behaviour in the different types of apparatus with their behaviour in the sea.
Studies onChaetopterus variopedatus(Renier). III. Factors affecting the light response
Authors: Colin Nicol J. A.
Published: May 2009

Luminescence inChaetopterusis an extracellular phenomenon and is due to the secretion of photogenic material by certain glandular cells in definitely circumscribed regions of the body. These gland cells are eosinophihc elements scattered singly or massed together in dense aggiegations in certain regions. They are particularly abundant in the epithelium covering the distal surface of posterior notopodia, and in two glandular areas on the dorsal surface of the aliform notopodia. These two regions also display the brightest luminescence (Nicol, 1952 a).
Investigations on the microfauna inhabiting seaweeds on rocky coasts (Untersuchungen über die algenbewohnende Mikrofauna mariner Hartböden). IV. Studies on the vertical distribution of the fauna inhabiting seaweeds below the Plymouth Laboratory
Authors: Wieser W.
Published: May 2009

The present study forms part of a more extensive one on the ecological factors which govern the distribution of the microfauna inhabiting seaweeds on rocky sea-coasts. This part of marine ecology is lagging far behind other branches. I wish to stress two points in particular: fasirst, that our understanding of the composition of the littoral (intertidal) fauna would increase very much if this fauna can be linked with the true infralittoral fauna, and, secondly, problems involving the synecological aspects of marine biology cannot be approached before more is known about the autecology of the animals composing the cryptofauna (i.e. those living in the shelter of algae) and the causal factors determining their occurrence and distribution within a given area under stated conditions. On this point the work of T. A. Stephenson is especially relevant: as a result of his extensive investigations on the composition of the intertidal flora and macrofauna he has come to stress the importance of autecological rather than of biocenological work on the shore (Stephenson et al. 1942; Stephenson, T. A. & A., 1949). Moreover, he has clarified the intertidal terminology and introduced the most useful terms “supra-” and ‘infralittoral fringe”. Since his terminology appears to be the best suited to meet the needs of ecologists, I hope it will be generally applied in future. Most work on littoral ecology has been limited to macro-organisms, valuable data on the ecology of microfaunas of seaweeds have been supplied by Colman (1940), Kitching, Macan & Gilson (1934), and Dahl (1948).
Contributions to our knowledge of the smaller marine algae
Authors: Butcher R. W.
Published: May 2009

Our lack of knowledge of nanoplankton organisms is due largely, no doubt, to the necessity for examining them alive and the comparative difficulty of observing them, and also to their being, apparently, of no more than indirect importance in the ecology of fishes, except when their occasional presence in great abundance has been accompanied by unfavourable hydrographical changes. An adequate survey of life in the sea is bound to take them into account. Since they are frequently abundant, at least in inshore waters, and propagate rapidly, they probably form an important constituent of the food of adult filter-feeding invertebrates. They are likely to be of still greater importance as the essential food of many planktonic larvae, particularly in the early stages. Oyster larvae(Ostrea edulisL.) can ingest nothing larger than about 10 μ and appear to rely for food on minute flagellates (Cole, 1936,1939; Bruce, Knight & Parke, 1940). The food of other marine larvae has not been closely investigated.
Recording work done at the Plymouth Laboratory
Authors: Abbott B. C. , Ritchie J. M.
Published: May 2009

When a striated muscle is stimulated at one point, the excitation travels away from that point at a finite speed. The whole of the muscle is active when the wave of contraction has travelled the length of the muscle. Doubt has been cast as to whether the electrical wave associated with membrane excitation travels at the same velocity as the wave of contraction.
On the Development of Palinurus vulgaris, the Rock Lobster or Sea Crayfish
Authors: Cunningham J. T.
Published: May 2009

1. Historical Review.

The history of our knowledge of this subject is complicated and curious, and is not quite correctly narrated in any English publication, not even by Balfour in his account of the development of Crustacea (Comparative Embryology, vol. i). The story begins with the establishment and definition of the genus Phyllosoma by Leach in 1818. Various succeeding zoologists included descriptions of species of Phyllosoma in their works, but the result of all previous investigations are included by Milne Edwards in the comprehensive account of the genus given in his Hist. Nat. des Crustacés, vol. ii, 1837. The state of knowledge at that time may be briefly summarised as follows:—The Crustaceans known by the name Phyllosoma had been found near the surface of the ocean in various parts of the world. They varied in size from less than half an inch to two inches. They were, when alive, of glassy transparency; the body was remarkably flat, and expanded horizontally, while the limbs were long, slender, and biramous. The body consisted of three parts; firstly, a head having the form of an oval leaf, bearing at its anterior extremity a pair of eyes on long stalks and two pairs of simple antennæ. The mouth was situated beneath the middle or posterior third of the head, and surrounded by an upper and lower lip, a pair of maxillæ, and the first pair of maxillæ. The second pair of maxillæ and the first pair of maxillipeds were rudimentary and situated behind the mouth. The second part of the body was the thorax, quite as flat but not so large as the head; it was usually broader than long.
The Distribution of Crystallogobius Nilssonii
Authors: Cunningham J. T.
Published: May 2009

When trawling with a small beam trawl on July 9th last, a couple of miles north of the Eddystone, I obtained a large number of specimens of a fish which was quite unfamiliar to me. I found it was Crystallagobius Nilssonii. The chief characters distinguishing the species are the presence of only two rays in the anterior dorsal fin of the male, and the almost complete absence of this fin and of the pelvic fins in the female. The adult male is 4.4 cm. long, the female about 3 cm. When alive the fish is very translucent, and it is entirely destitute of scales. The species was first described by Düben and Koren in 1844 from half a dozen specimens taken near Bergen. Robert Collett has well described it in the Proceedings of the Zoological Society for 1878, having taken twenty-eight specimens at about 30 fathoms in the Christiania Fjord in the years 1875—1877. Only forty-five specimens altogether had been taken off the south and west coast of Norway at the time when Collett wrote. I captured 201 specimens in a single haul of the trawl, 188 of which were female and 13 male. Nearly all were adult, the eggs being visible through the integuments in the female. A few not quite full grown are included among the 188 reckoned as female, and some of these may prove on closer examination to be young males. In any case the excess of females is very great.
The incidence of dead and dying fish in the Moray Firth, September 1963
Authors: Rae B. B. , Johnston R. , Adams J. A.
Published: May 2009

Dead and dying fish were reported from the Moray Firth during a period of 15 days in September 1963. The initial mortalities were in the inner Firth, but they later spread outwards, especially eastwards along the southern shores of the Firth. Mass mortalities of the lugworm (Arenicola marina) also occurred in Scottish waters in 1962 and 1963, and at Balintorein Easter Ross fish and lugworm mortalities were contemporary.
Self- and cross-fertilization inSpirorbis borealisandS. pagenstecheri
Authors: Gee J. M. , Williams G. Brinley
Published: May 2009

Evidence is presented that eggs and sperm ofSpirorbis borealisare shed through the nephridioducts, and that fertilization occurs externally to the body but inside the tube.

The eggs fail to developin vitrounless sperm is present. In individuals collected in winter and maintained at 15 or 19° C, the male and female gonads mature more or less simultaneously. Among groups of individuals sperm is usually shed first and soon afterwards a large proportion may be observed to have extruded ova.
On the Rate of Growth of some Sea Fishes, and the Age and Size at which they begin to Breed
Authors: Cunningham J. T.
Published: May 2009

The following paper is to be regarded as the sequel of that published in the preceding number of this Journal, on the rate of growth and distribution of young marine fishes. I am still continuing inquiries of this character, and have now to record the additional results obtained up to the end of March, 1892. I have also described and criticised some of the results of other workers in the same field.
Report on Physical Investigations
Authors: Dickson H. N.
Published: May 2009

The unusually severe weather of the last eight months has made it impossible to continue the observations in the Channel with any degree of regularity; only two trips have been made since that in June, of which a preliminary report was published in the last number of the Journal. The first of these, in November, included station VIII of the previous cruise, off the Bill of Portland in mid-channel, and the previous stations XIII and XIV, in Start Bay, also station I off Bolt Head. Besides these, soundings were taken at an additional station in mid-channel, south of Start Bay, and at four points in Start Bay itself, near land. The cruise was unfortunately interrupted by a gale which necessitated taking shelter for thirty-six hours in Portland Roads.
Notes on some British Nudibranchs.
Authors: Eliot C.
Published: May 2009

The following notes are the result partly of an examination of various living specimens at Plymouth in the spring of 1905, and partly of the study of preserved material most kindly placed at my disposal by Mr. E. J. Allen and Mr. W. I. Beaumont, of the Laboratory, Plymouth, Mr. W. E. Hoyle, of the Manchester University Museum, and the Council of the Hancock Museum at Newcastle. I must also express my thanks and obligations to Mr. T. J. Evans, lecturer in Biology at the University of Sheffield, who has prepared for me sections of the smaller specimens and embodied the results in drawings which will add very materially to any value which this paper may have.
The Colours of Ophiocomina Nigra (Abildgaard): I Colour Variation and its Relation to Distribution
Authors: Fontaine A. R.
Published: May 2009

The ophiuroid, Ophiocomina nigra, is noted for its variability of colour, a phenomenon most pronounced where the species also has its greatest distribution in depth. Observations have been made on two geographically distinct populations, from the vicinities of Millport and Plymouth. The body colour of the observed animals ranges in a continuously graded series from black to orange-yellow. While both populations exhibit analogous variations, there is a distinct difference in the range and tone of coloration which each displays. It is suggested that this geographical difference is correlated in some degree with differences in colour tone of the substratum. It was observed that the incidence of light-coloured phases in each population increased with increasing depths, and some statistical evidence supports this conclusion. Thus, at least two factors, depth and substratum, may affect the distribution of colour variations in O. nigra

In addition to the variations in general body colour, there are two distinct colour patterns found on the disk. These are probably truly polymorphic and may be of cryptic value.

A scheme of colour classification is described which facilitates observations in the field and in the laboratory.
The Colours ofOphiocomina Nigra(Abildgaard): II. The Occurrence of Melanin and Fluorescent Pigments
Authors: Fontaine A. R.
Published: May 2009

The ophiuroid,Ophiocomina nigra, displays a colour variation ranging from black to yellow-orange. The pigment responsible for the dark colours has been studied histochemically and by means of chemical techniques applied to extracts. The solubility, oxidation-reduction, fluorescence and other chemical properties of this pigment indicate that it is a true melanin. The visible colour of die melanin depends upon its oxidation state in the integument. Fully oxidized pigment is dark brown; partially reduced pigment is fawn coloured.
Ionic Regulation and Mode of adjustment to Reduced Salinity of the StarfishAsterias RubensL.
Authors: Binyon John
Published: May 2009

The perivisceral and ambulacral fluids ofAsterias rubenshave been shown to be not only isosmotic but isoionic with sea water, even if that medium is diluted by nearly half. However, there is a slight accumulation and regulation of calcium in the perivisceral fluid and to a much more marked extent, potassium in the water vascular system. The rapidity with which the potassium diffuses away when the ambulacral fluid is dialysed against sea water suggests that its presence in the water vascular system is due to an active accumulatory mechanism. This mechanism is capable of functioning when the animal encounters sea water of significantly reduced salinity, over the temperature range 0—20° C and extends throughout the season apparently uninfluenced by the breeding cycle or sex of the animal. Smaller animals tend to have a higher concentration of potassium in the water vascular system than do larger ones. Direct and indirect measurements of salt loss under various conditions, together with observations on the rate of lithium transfer, suggests that the integument is very permeable to many ions as well as to water. This supports the hypothesis that the ionic regulation observed results from an active process and not merely from an impermeability of the integument, although measurements with potassium itself have not yet been made.
On The Primitive Significance of the Byssus in the Bivalvia and its Effects in Evolution
Authors: Yonge C. M.
Published: May 2009

The byssal apparatus appears during post-larval life when its secretion permits brief attachment during metamorphosis when the animal assumes the form which fits it for life in the adult habitat.

The byssus persists for continued temporary attachment in animals which may lose it in adult life, e.g. Mya arenaria, or in which it becomes an organ of permanent fixation, e.g. Mytilus edulis, Pododesmus macroschisma and Tridacna crocea
The Ecology ofOnchidoris Fusca[Nudibranchia]
Authors: Potts G. W.
Published: May 2009

Opisthobranchs are mostly unsuitable animals for detailed ecological work since it is unusual to come across an adequate population for quantitative analysis. This difficulty is reflected in the generalized surveys that may be found described in the literature and which deal with a large number of species, each in little detail (Garstang, 1889; Swennen, 1961; Miller, 1961; Thompson, 1964; Schmekel, 1968). Very few detailed works on a single species are found of the kind published by Thompson (1966) onArchidoris pseudoargus(Rapp). Most often ecological notes are available as a by-product of works involved chiefly with anatomy and taxonomy. The result is that, in the absence of facts, hypotheses are formed to cover portions of the life histories of nudibranchs about which little is known. The problematical migrations attributed to nudibranchs is a case in point and, as the summaries of Costello (1938) and Miller (1961) show, there would appear to be several ways of interpreting the scant data.
Studies on the Growth of Phaeodactylum Tricornutum VI. the Relationship to Sodium, Potassium, Calcium and Magnesium
Authors: Hayward J.
Published: May 2009

The growth of certain unicellular marine algae has been shown to occur in culture solutions whose total ionic content and chemical composition departs markedly from that of natural sea water. In fact, some of these algae apparently grow more rapidly in half-strength sea water media than in a medium of salinity equal to 35‰. This ability, on the part of the algae, to grow at widely different salinities suggests that the algal cells are able to maintain an internal ionic composition despite wide variation in the external composition of the surrounding culture medium in which they are growing. Droop (1958) has shown that the major cations present in sea water can be varied within wide limits and it was decided to concentrate on the cations, sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium. A series of analyses of Phaeodactylum tricornutum has been carried out to determine the concentrations of the four cations present in the cells and also to determine whether these concentrations vary during the growth of cells in culture over a period of time. In addition the analyses have been carried out on cells which have been grown at two different salinities, to compare internal cellular concentrations at different salinity levels of the media.
The Biology ofMysidopsis Gibbosa, M. DidelphysandM. Angusta[Crustacea, Mysidacea]
Authors: Mauchline J.
Published: May 2009

Only three of the twenty species at present ascribed to the genusMysidopsishave been recorded around the coasts of Britain; these areM. gibbosaG. O. Sars,M. didelphysNorman andM. angustaG. O. Sars. The latter species is rare and has never been caught in large numbers. Large catches ofM. gibbosaare made in certain sandy bays in the Firth of Clyde and the species is quite common in Gaineamh Smuagh, a sandy bay in Loch Ewe, Wester Ross (Mauchline, 1965 a). The largest species,M. didelphys, occurs at greater depths than the other two and, likeM. gibbosa, is often common in certain areas, especially in the deep troughs of the Firth of Clyde and in some of the west coast lochs of Scotland, for example the upper part of Loch Etive.
Mucus Glands in the Central Nervous System of the Alciopid Polychaete Rhynchonerella Angelini
Authors: Clark R. B.
Published: May 2009

One of the puzzling features of polychaetes and some other animals is the tendency for epidermal mucus cells to become incorporated into the central nervous system (Clark, 1966). In a number of species of Nephtys an extensive prostomial mucus gland system has come into close association with the supraoesophageal ganglion of which it sometimes forms two enormous posterior lobes (Clark, 1955, 1958). Cells which are comparable to, if not homologous with, those in Nephtys are even more completely incorporated into the supraoesophageal ganglion of nereids (Bobin & Durchon, 1953; Durchon & Frezal, 1955; Hauenschild & Fischer, 1962; Herlant-Meewis & Van Damme, 1962) and glycerids (Simpson, 1959), though, unlike the situation in nephtyids, the connexion between these cells and the exterior is tenuous or even problematical in nereids and glycerids. In Pisione, superficial gland cells near the median ocelli of the trochophore larva are incorporated into the supraoesophageal ganglion at metamorphosis and form two well-defined glandular masses near the posterior eyes in the adult, losing their ducts to the exterior in the process, but retaining the appearance of gland cells (Åkesson, 1961).
Toxicity Studies with an Oil-Spill Emulsifier and the Green Alga Prasinocladus Marinus
Authors: Boney A. D.
Published: May 2009

There is now much information from field observations and laboratory experiments on pollution by oil and oil-spill removers (‘detergents’) in inshore waters and littoral habitats in SW England following the wreck of the Torrey Canyon on the Seven Stones Reef. Field observations with particular reference to plant life were reported by O' Sullivan & Richardson (1967), Spooner (1967), Nelson-Smith (1967), and Bellamy et al. (1967). A detailed survey of the biological effects of the disaster has been published (Smith, 1968). Further data dealing with littoral and sublittoral algae have been reported by Ranwell (1968), Bellamy & Whittick (1968), Boney (1968) and Nelson-Smith (1968). It has been shown from both field observations and laboratory experiments that the larger fucoid algae were more tolerant of both the oil and the oil-spill removers than the smaller algae in the region of high-water mark.
The Annual Reproductive Patterns of Bathyporeia Pilosa and Bathyporeia Pelagica [Crustacea: Amphipoda]
Authors: Fish J. D. , Preece G. S.
Published: May 2009

The genus Bathyporeia has featured in many reports on the ecology of sandy beaches, yet little is known of the annual reproductive cycles of the species in British waters. Watkin (1938,1939a, b, 1941, 1942) has studied the taxonomy and aspects of the ecology of the genus, and more recently Salvat (1967) has described the annual reproductive cycle of B. pilosa Lindstrom, B. pelagica (Bate), B. sarsi Watkin and B. guilliamsonia (Bate) on the west coast of France. The present report is the result of an investigation into the vertical distribution and annual reproductive patterns of B. pilosa and B. pelagica on a sandy beach at Ynyslas, Cardiganshire. Whilst enabling comparisons to be made with Salvat's data, this study also forms the basis for an investigation into the ecophysiological complex of B. pilosa and B. pelagica.
An Investigation of the Detritus in Menai Straits Plankton Samples
Authors: Kenchington R. A.
Published: May 2009

Suspended organic matter in the oceans has been studied by many authors. In a review of the subject Parsons (1963) states that the occurrence of detritus particles in the oceans seems to be a universal characteristic of sea water. The greatest concentrations of suspended organic matter are to be found in turbulent inshore water masses.
Director's Report.—No. II.
Authors: Bles Edward J.
Published: May 2009

Some explanation is due to the members of the Association for the delay in the publication of the Journal, which in the ordinary course would have appeared in November, 1893. It is proposed for the future to issue the half-yearly parts in July and January, and accordingly the publication of the present number was deferred from November of last year to January, 1894. Unforeseen circumstances affecting myself have caused a further postponement, but the customary punctuality in the appearance of the Journal will be observed in the future.
North Sea Investigations
Authors: Holt Ernest W. L.
Published: May 2009

I. On The Destructionof Immature fishin the North Sea

Introductory.—Owing to enforced idleness during the period which would otherwise have been devoted to preparing my reports for publication, I am under the necessity of reserving much of the information collected during the last four months for a future occasion, and of treating only in the briefest possible manner the few subjects selected for present discussion. I have again to express my obligations for much courtesy and assistance received from members of the Grimsby fishing community, and to the Marine Fisheries Society of the same town for cordial co-operation in the work carried on at their laboratory and aquarium at Cleethorpes.
The Effect of China Clay on the Bottom Fauna of St Austell and Mevagissey Bays
Authors: Howell B. R. , Shelton R. G. J.
Published: May 2009

This investigation of the bottom fauna of St Austell and Mevagissey Bays was prompted by the feeling among local fishermen that the increasing amount of china-clay waste being deposited in the bays was adversely affecting the local fishery. Physical pollution on a large scale can harm a fishery in a number of ways. The smothering of shellfish grounds is often to be expected, and where the pollutant contains a high proportion of very fine particles there is the danger that unstable clay banks will build up and constitute a purely mechanical hazard to trawling and potting. In this paper, however, we are concerned only with the effects of clay-waste pollution upon the bottom fauna, since it had been suggested that clay deposition might be impairing St Austell and Mevagissey Bays as feeding grounds for demersal fish.

Previous work on the biological effects of china-clay waste includes that of Miss N. Sproston (1945, unpublished), who examined the effects of suspended clay upon some species of pelagic fish. This worker was unable to demonstrate any recognizable effect of mica particles (present in clay waste) upon the gill tissues of fish taken from polluted water at Pentewan. However, Herbert et al. (1961) recorded cases of gill damage in Salmo trutta from china-clay-polluted reaches of the River Fal. These workers also showed that ‘the bottom fauna in the control streams was on average 3.3 times greater than in the polluted part of the Fal and 19 times greater than in the polluted part of the Par’.
Population Densities and Breeding in Eurydice Pulchra and Eurydice Affinis in Britain
Authors: Jones D. A.
Published: May 2009

Despite the widespread occurrence of Eurydice pulchra Leach on sand beaches along the Atlantic coasts of Europe and around Britain (Jones & Naylor, 1967), there has been no detailed work on growth and reproduction in this species until a recent account by Salvat (1966), who carried out investigations on breeding populations of this species and the closely allied E. affinis at Arcachon, south-west France. Apart from this there are some brief generalized observations on the reproductive cycle of E. pulchra in ecological studies upon the fauna of sandy beaches (Watkin, 1941, 1942; Scott, 1960; Lagardère, 1966), and some reference to reproduction in other species of the genus is given by Fage (1933), Bacesco (1948), and Soika (1955). In view of some contrasting accounts given by previous authors and the lack of detailed observations on British material, present investigations were carried out into the reproduction and life cycle of E. pulchra and E. affinis in South Wales. Estimates of the reproductive potential of each species are made and discussed in relation to actual population densities recorded on the beaches.
Sediment Distribution in Christchurch Bay, S. England
Authors: Dyer K. R.
Published: May 2009

The area of Christchurch and Poole Bays has been cut by the sea in the period since the breaching of the Chalk ridge between the Isles of Wight and Purbeck late in the Flandrian transgression. Erosion of the soft Tertiary rocks must have been fast and is still active. In the Barton area the cliffs have been receding at about 1 m/year since 1895 (May, unpublished). There the cliffs are composed of badly cemented sands and sandy clays, capped with plateau gravels about 3 m thick, and erosion of them has released large quantities of sand and gravel, sufficient to maintain features such as Hurst Spit. This Spit approaches within 1.3 km of the Isle of Wight, but is separated from it by the tidal channel of the West Solent, in this area up to 60 m deep. In these narrows the south west flowing ebb current reaches 2.25 m/sec, whereas the flood current only reaches 2 m/sec.
A Note on the British Species of Cucumarians, Involving the Erection of Two New Nominal Genera
Authors: Rowe F. W. E.
Published: May 2009

While preparing a report on Echinodermata from the Stilly Isles, based on collections made by the University of London Sub-Aqua Club but including also earlier records by various authors (F. W. E. Rowe,J. nat. Hist., in the Press), it became apparent that the species generally known asCucumaria saxicolaBrady & Robertson andC. normaniPace, from Mortensen's classic handbook (1927), have not been satisfactorily reassigned generically since the break-up ofCucumaria sensu extensoand need new generic names in conformity with current views on generic distinctions in the Dendrochirotida.

Mortensen (1927), in his survey of the Echinoderms of the British Isles, includes seven species in the genusCucumaria: C. frondosa(Gunnerus);C. elongataDüben & Koren;C. hyndmanniThompson;C. saxicolaBrady & Robertson;C. normaniPace;C. lactea(Forbes) andC. planci(Brandt), this last species being wrongly credited to von Marenzeller.

C. frondosais a plump to barrel-shaped animal with ten large, bushy tentacles, podia, at least in the older specimens, not restricted to the ambulacral areas, a calcareous ring with no posterior bifurcations on the radial plates or any fusion of the ventralmost radial and adjacent interradial plates and spicules of the body wall comprising thin, multilocular, smooth or slightly thorny plates, these being more or less restricted to the posterior region and to the podia in older animals. It has been designated type-species of the genus by Panning (1949), thus delimitingCucumaria sensu stricto. The other species included by Mortensen cannot be treated as being congeneric withfrondosaby virtue of their elongate body, ten relatively small tentacles of which the ventralmost two are smaller than the remaining eight, podia restricted to the ambulacral areas, calcareous ring showing a tendency, in some forms, to develop posterior bifurcations on the radial plates and fusion of the ventral-most radial and adjacent interradial plates and the differing form and combinations of spicules of the body wall.
The Seasonal Variation of the Free and Combined Dissolved Amino Acids in the Irish Sea
Authors: Riley J. P. , Segar D. A.
Published: May 2009

Dissolved amino acids, in both the free state and combined as polypeptides, play an important part in the marine biochemistry of nitrogen. These compounds are excreted by phytoplankton (Fogg, 1962, 1966; Stewart, 1963; Hellebust, 1965) and zooplankton (Johannes & Webb, 1965; Webb & Johannes, 1965) and are utilized by algae (Syrett, 1962), bacteria (Proom & Woiwood, 1949) and marine invertebrates (Stephens & Schinske, 1961). Experiments with cultures have shown, indeed, that some species of phyto-plankton will not grow, or grow only with difficulty, if certain amino acids are absent (Harvey, 1938; Provasoli & Gold, 1957; Droop, 1957, 1959, 1962). In addition to their direct biochemical role, amino acids may also serve to complex trace metals, such as copper and iron, and keep them readily available for assimilation by marine organisms (Harvey, 1938; Fogg, 1959; Provasoli, 1963; Kent & Hooper, 1965; Saunders, 1957).
Megrim (Lepidorhombus Whiff-Iagonis) Populations in the English Channel and Approaches—Lactate Dehydrogenase and Glycerol-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Polymorphisms
Authors: Dando P. R.
Published: May 2009

Two distinct forms of the megrim, Lepidorhombus whiff-iagonis (Walbaum), exist, a southern form which ranges from the Mediterranean to the British Isles and a northern form which ranges northwards from the north of Ireland and the North Sea (Richardson, 1860; Kyle, 1913; Furnstein, 1935; Dwivedi, 1964). Kyle and Richardson considered these forms to be separate species. The southern form of megrim extends into the English Channel with Start Point, 3° 40' W, the approximate eastern limit of its distribution (Cligny, 1905). However, this fish is common only at the western entrance of the Channel since it is abundant only in depths below loom (Dwivedi, 1964). Little is known of the separate megrim populations in the geographical range of the southern form. Studies of meristic characters indicate the existence of at least three populations, one in the Mediterranean and along the coast of Portugal, another in the Bay of Biscay and the third south of Ireland and in the entrance to the English Channel (Cligny, 1905; Dwivedi, 1964).
On the Unusual Patterns of Phosphate Vertical Distribution in the Tamar Estuary
Authors: Mommaerts J. P.
Published: May 2009

In two previous papers on the distribution of some nutrients and phytoplankters in the Tamar estuary, anomalies in the vertical profile of phosphate concentration have been demonstrated (Mommaerts, 1969a, b). In the top three metres the water column was stratified so that a dip of no more than 50 cm revealed a PO43- (calculated as phosphorus) variation that would normally be accompanied by a marked change in salinity. On the other hand, salinity determinations revealed no dilution at all. Such unexpected variations occurred two or three times in the layer studied. There was an excellent correlation between the PO43- and NO3- (calculated as nitrogen) concentrations on the one hand and between the silicate concentration and salinity on the other hand. Such a phenomenon could indicate either pollution or biological activity distributed along specific layers. The idea of pollution seemed to be most likely but, to fit the observations, the pollutant would have to match the salinity of the estuary at the precise spot where it enters.