bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Learning a Motor Skill with Spatial and Temporal Parameters
Authors: Ramella Reno J.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to determine how individuals learned a motor skill having temporal and spatial parameters. For scores of 10 adult males one-way repeated-measures multivariate analysis indicated that subjects learned the skill but follow-up analysis showed acquisition occurred on accuracy only. Some processing limitations were possible with the number of trials a possible limiting factor.
Overt Rehearsal in Short-Term Motor Memory
Authors: Reid Greg , Marisi Dan Q.
Published: September 2011

Two experiments were conducted to examine the role of overt rehearsal of kinesthetic information on recall. In Exp. 1 preselected criterion movements were recalled with greater precision than constrained criterion movements but the benefits of overt rehearsal were negligible. In Exp. 2, 5 overt rehearsals improved replication of preselected movements (compared to 0 or 3) but rehearsal did not differ from immediate recall.
Hyperlexia: Precocious Word Recognition in Developmentally Delayed Children
Authors: Fontenelle Scuddy , Alarcno Mollie
Published: September 2011

Seven children who had unusually precocious word-recognition skills and otherwise had multiple significant developmental deviations were identified. Past findings are reviewed along with psychometric results and clinical observations of the seven hyperlexic children. Implications concerning the syndrome of hyperlexia and how this behavioral pattern may disrupt the acquisition of appropriate modalities of communication are discussed.
Reaction Time of Wrist Flexion during Passive Elbow Movements
Authors: Kitahara Tadashi , Hosokawa Toru , Nakamura Ryuichi
Published: September 2011

The effect of passive elbow movements on EMG-reaction times (EMG-RTs) of the wrist flexors was investigated for 10 subjects. Each subject flexed his left wrist responding to a tone stimulus during passive elbow flexion or extension in the pronated or supinated forearm position. The variation of EMG-RTs could not be attributed to passive lengthening or shortening of the wrist flexors but to the combination of movement directions between the active wrist flexion and the passive elbow movements. EMG-RTs decreased when both the active and passive movements were in the same direction and increased when they were in the opposite directions.
Response Stereotypes for Rotary Controls Involving the Application of Force
Authors: Webb R. D. G. , Martin J. , Fisher W.
Published: September 2011

This study examined the response stereotype for turning a key to unlock a door. Biomechanical research suggests that, when force has to be applied with the right hand to rotary control, then a clockwise response is likely. 108 right-handed subjects (55 male, 53 female) were asked to turn a key to unlock a box. 56 subjects were asked to use the left hand and 52 the right hand. Each subject unlocked the box only in one of four key-to-door configurations: top-centre, bottom-centre, left-centre, right-centre. Regardless of sex, hand, or configuration, approximately 80% of responses were clockwise. When using the left hand, all subjects employing a clockwise movement changed the initial grip from pronation to supination. All subjects used a combined wrist and forearm turning movement rather than a finger and thumb movement.
Geophysical Variables and Behavior: VI. Lunar Phase and Accident Injuries: A Difference between Night and Day
Authors: Templer Donald I. , Veleber David M. , Brooner Robert K.
Published: September 2011

There was an excess of injuries during the full and new moons in hours of darkness, but either a deficit or no significant difference occurred during these phases in daylight hours. Implications for research were suggested, and conjecture regarding explanations for the apparent dark-light interaction with phase of moon were offered.
Scales for Subjective Distance in a Large Open Field from the Fractionation Method: Effects of Type of Judgment and Distance Range
Authors: Da Silva José Aparecido
Published: September 2011

By means of the method of fractionation, scales for subjective distance were derived from five different types of judgment accomplished with two ranges of distance estimated in a large open field. It was found (a) that the scales for subjective distance are to a considerable extent influenced by ways of obtaining the judgments, (b) that the scales are relatively uninfluenced by range of distance, (c) that the exponents of the scales for egocentric distances are different from those for exocentric distances, (d) that the functions for egocentric distances are slightly decelerated but for exocentric distances slightly accelerated, and (e) that the average exponent for all subjects was 0.98.
Hemispheric Functionality Patterns between Dextrals and Sinistrals in Tactile-Visual Tasks at Lower or Higher Level of Mental Processes
Authors: Fogliani A. M. , Fogliani-Messina T. M. , Barletta F. , Caruso G.
Published: September 2011

Two different patterns of unilateral tactile-visual recognition tasks with random shapes were administered to 64 subjects, 32 right-handed (16 males, 16 females) and 32 left-handed (16 males, 16 females). The main effects were found in the over-all performance: dextral subjects performed better than sinistral subjects; males performed better than females. On the task at a lower level of mental process dextral subjects performed better over-all than the sinistral subjects; however, neither group showed superiority of one hand over the other. On the task at a higher level of mental process performance of sinistral subjects improved to a level equivalent to that of the dextral subjects. Dextral subjects tended to perform better with their left hands, whereas the sinistral subjects scored equally with both hands. The findings are discussed in terms of quantitative and qualitative differences in patterns of hemispheric functionality between dextral and sinistral subjects, and the more specific cerebral activation for tasks at a higher level of mental process is hypothesized.
Functional Cerebral Space and Athletic Achievement
Authors: Hughes Richard L. , Berry Gene A. , Jackson Linda D. , Dahle Lee J.
Published: September 2011

Reflective gaze preference was assessed for 37 undergraduates who were subsequently assigned to a right-looking, left-looking, or mixed group. Existing records for each of these subjects indicated that subjects who had more clearcut reflective gaze preferences had superior records of past athletic achievement than did subjects without reflective gaze preference. These results are consistent with the model of functional cerebral space which predicts superior performance on simultaneous tasks for more cerebrally lateralized individuals.
Pupillometric Analysis of Two Theories of Obesity
Authors: Metalis Spero A. , Hess Eckhard H. , Beaver Paul W.
Published: September 2011

A pupillometric analysis was conducted on the effects of internal and external food-related cues on overweight and normalweight subjects. Specifically, half of the subjects in each of these groups were sated and the other half hungry when they viewed slides of main courses and snacks. Only normalweight hungry subjects responded with markedly increased pupillary dilation, indicating heightened affect/interest, but to pictures of main courses, not to snacks. The lack of marked dilations among overweight subjects, even the so-called hungry group, seems to support Schachter's 1971 theory of obesity over Nisbett's 1972 one.
Morning versus Afternoon Testing and Children's Intelligence Test Performance
Authors: Leigh Cheryl J. , Reynolds Cecil R.
Published: September 2011

WISC-R Verbal, Performance, and Full Scale IQs for 34 matched pairs of subjects were compared to evaluate differences in performance between morning and afternoon testing. No significant differences occurred in mean IQs as a function of time of day of testing. Greater variability in performance on the Verbal and Full Scale measures occurred for morning testing.
The Petrie Block Task: A Modification
Authors: Penn Nolan E. , Stafford Claire
Published: September 2011

This paper reports the comparison of a 10-min. versus 45-min. waiting period on the Petrie Block Task to remove previous effects of stimulation and to elicit an aftereffect. For 51 university undergraduate students who volunteered to participate results indicate that a 10-min. waiting period was effective in eliciting an aftereffect.
Effect of Presentation Time and Gestalt Principles of Proximity, Similarity, and Closure on Perceptual Accuracy
Authors: O'Shaughnessy Mark P. , Kayson Wesley A.
Published: September 2011

The present study investigated Gestalt principles of proximity, similarity and closure. 32 subjects reproduced distances between dots and lines. Two stimulus exposure times were used. Time was significant for proximity, similarity, and closure. Type of distance estimated was significant for proximity and closure and the interaction of time and type of distance was significant for similarity. Most accurate estimations were consistently found for fast exposure times, and internal distances were estimated more accurately than external distances.
XXI: Pain
Authors: Bartley S. Howard
Published: September 2011

A basis for distinguishing pain from anguish is given.
Memory-For-Designs, Intelligence, and Achievement of Educable Mentally Retarded Children
Authors: Ong Jin , Jones Lowell
Published: September 2011

Relationships between Memory-for-Designs test, Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC), and Wide Range Achievement Test (WRAT) were determined for classes of 12 and 14 educable mentally retarded children. Rank-difference rs showed that Memory-for-Designs errors correlated significantly with WISC Verbal IQs (—0.78), WISC Performance IQs (—0.85), and WISC Full Scale IQs (—0.96) for Class 1, and with WRAT Reading (—0.79) and WRAT Arithmetic (—0.70) for Class 2, implying that Memory-for-Designs may supplement the other tests in placement of children into educable mentally retarded classes. The high r (—0.96) between Memory-for-Designs and WISC Full Scale IQs indicates that a major component in intelligence is visual memory, which accounts for 84% of the variance of intelligence and suggests the possibility of improving intelligence through visual memory training in the schools.
Job Satisfaction of High School Assistant Principals as Related to Their Perceptions of Principals' Behavior as Leaders
Authors: Dorminy Fred N. , Brown Sidney E.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to determine whether in Georgia the job satisfaction of high school assistant principals was related to the perception of the principals' behavior as leaders. Perceptions of the leaders' behavior were measured by responses to the Leader Behavior Description Questionnaire. The Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire was administered to obtain job satisfaction scores. Pearson correlations indicated that job satisfaction is associated with leaders' behavior and that race, experience in education, size of school, level of education, and years of experience as assistant principals have little effect on job satisfaction. Considerate behavior of leaders was most related to job satisfaction.
Testing Construct Theories
Authors: Stenner A. Jackson , Smith Malbert
Published: September 2011

This paper presents and illustrates a novel methodology, construct-specification equations, for examining the construct validity of a psychological instrument. Whereas traditional approaches have focused on the study of between-person variation on the construct, the suggested methodology emphasizes study of the relationships between item characteristics and item scores. The major thesis of the construct-specification-equation approach is that until developers of a psychological instrument understand what item characteristics are determining the item difficulties, the understanding of what is being measured is unsatisfyingly primitive. This method is illustrated with data from the Knox Cube Test which purports to be a measure of visual attention and short-term memory.
Reactions to Men and Women Who Cry: A Study of Sex Differences in Perceived Societal Attitudes versus Personal Attitudes
Authors: Cretser Gary A. , Lombardo William K. , Lombardo Barbara , Mathis Sharon
Published: September 2011

This study examined sex differences and similarities in sex-role attitudes using reactions to males' and females' crying as the stimulus situation. 285 male and 307 female students completed questionnaires. Subjects were asked to indicate their reactions to the sight of a woman crying and to the sight of a man crying. They were also asked to indicate how they thought “people” react to the sight of a man or a woman crying. Subjects perceived “people” as holding a double standard of crying, with much greater acceptance of females' than of males' crying. The proportion of subjects of both sexes who considered crying by males acceptable was significantly greater than the proportion who felt “people” would find it acceptable. Women seemed to hold a unisex standard of crying, while male subjects endorsed a double standard.
Chronic Lead Exposure of Rats: Open-Field Performance
Authors: Geist Charles R. , Praed Jeffrey E.
Published: September 2011

Three groups of male hooded rats were chronically exposed to lead in the acetate form prenatally, as well as postnatally via the dam's milk and in the drinking water, at concentrations of 0 ppm, 19 ppm, and 38 ppm for 35 days. No significant differences were found in weight gain, although significant increases in food consumption were noted in animals receiving 19 ppm lead acetate and increased ingestion of lead acetate in animals receiving 19 ppm and 38 ppm. When subjects were tested in an open-field task, no significant differences were found in emotionality, the number of squares traversed, frequency and duration of rearing, or in frequency of grooming. However, subjects receiving 38 ppm lead displayed a significant reduction in duration of grooming when compared to animals receiving either 19 ppm or 0 ppm. The results suggest that prenatal lead exposure, followed by postnatal exposure, may affect some elements of activity, while having little effect on others.
Implicational Concepts: Acquisition versus Application, and the Relation of These Skills to Language Proficiency
Authors: Zepp Raymond A.
Published: September 2011

There seems to be no relation between ability to learn implicational concepts and to apply implicational sentences using logical connectives ( N = 87). Instruction improved scores on the test material but did not show transfer. Correlations with language scores were small.
The Relation of Grammatical Errors in Protocols of the Rotter Incomplete Sentences Blank: High School Form and Grades in Language Arts of Junior High School Students
Authors: Eno Lawrence , Woehlke Paula
Published: September 2011

186 seventh and eighth grade students were administered the Rotter Incomplete Sentences Blank: High School Form with instructions amended so that the students would be aware of the importance of supplying grammatically correct responses. Rotter protocols were scored for errors in grammar and were submitted to a school psychologist, who through clinical inspection only estimated semester language arts grades for the students. Most types of grammatical errors correlated significantly with semester grades earned in language arts class, but clinical inspection of the Rotter protocols yielded the highest correlation (.54) with the criterion. Girls earned significantly higher language arts grades than boys.
Circadian-Referenced Predictive Tests of Adjustment: Some Further Explorations
Authors: Cocklin Barry , Kirkland John
Published: September 2011

An earlier questionnaire approach designed to assess adjustment to shift-work produced three factors: rigidity/flexibility of sleeping habits, ability to overcome drowsiness, morningness/eveningness derived by Folkard, Monk, and Lobban in 1979. Using the same items and additional ones made an extended version of this questionnaire, which was then administered to 68 university undergraduates and, separately, to 62 mothers having young infants. None of the previously reported factors emerged. A second version of the questionnaire was developed. It contained the same Folkard, et al. items and nine “additional” items which emerged from our first analysis. This version was administered to two further groups: 170 university undergraduates and 31 working nurses. Again, the three main factors did not appear. However, two main factors arose from all four analyses. Each was a state transition: one was from wake-to-sleep, the other from sleep-to-wake. It appears future work should focus on these two transitional states as well as on specific task-related indices.
Males' and Females' Stereotypes of Game-Playing Abilities
Authors: Knouse Stephen B.
Published: September 2011

College students completed a questionnaire tapping stereotypes of male and female game-playing ability. Both the 40 male and the 53 female respondents perceived males to be more competitive in game playing. Although male respondents also perceived males to be better game players, female respondents perceived females to be slightly better game players.
Comparison of McCarthy and Goodenough-Harris Scoring Systems for Kindergarten Children's Human Figure Drawings
Authors: Piersel Wayne C. , Santos Lande
Published: September 2011

Comparison of the Goodenough-Harris and McCarthy scoring procedures for 60 kindergarten children's drawings yielded substantial agreement between the two scoring systems. The streamlined McCarthy scoring system should be utilized when large numbers of children are being evaluated within short periods of time.
Reverse-Process Sinistral Cursive in Dextrads: A Mirror-Writing Variant
Authors: Ball Thomas S. , Kesterson Betty
Published: September 2011

A loop executed clockwise in conventional (left to right) cursive writing is performed counterclockwise in classical (right to left) mirror writing. This rotational reversal appears integral to and inseparable from the mirror-writing phenomenon. Yet in Reverse Process Sinistral Cursive, which proceeds left to right, the rotational component escapes its embeddedness in the conventional mirror form and finds individual, overt expression. The product represents a compromise between the competing and often contradictory demands of innate rotational tendencies, legibility, continuity of movement, and conventional writing style. In dextrads, it reflects difficulty in meeting the unaccustomed demands of translating right-sided movement patterns into left-handed writing performance.
Computer-Controlled TVSS and Some Characteristics of Vibrotactile Letter Recognition
Authors: Saida Shinya , Shimizu Yutaka , Wake Tenji
Published: September 2011

A computer-controlled vibrotactile display against the abdomen was used to investigate recognition performance of Katakana characters as a function of 3 display modes. The superior performance (about 95% correct) is achieved when the letter is presented sequentially as if it were being written. The other two modes (the entire letter is presented at once, the letter is moved horizontally across the display) allow only 20 to 40% correct recognition.
Effects of Ambient Illumination over Days on Human Vigilance Performance
Authors: Chavez Matthew E. , Delay Eugene R.
Published: September 2011

Detection rates of 36 college students were measured for three days in an auditory vigilance task under one of three conditions of ambient illumination: dark (less than .33 lx), low (86 lx), and high (170 lx) intensity levels. Within-session performance decrements were seen in all conditions. Increasing the intensity of ambient illumination improved vigilance performance, an effect which became more potent over days. These results are discussed in terms of arousal theory and habituation.
Two Strategies for Learning a Visually Guided Motor Task
Authors: Day B. L. , Marsden C. D.
Published: September 2011

The principal question asked is whether in a visually-guided motor task, a subject tracking a known target employs a different strategy of movement to that used when tracking an unknown target. 22 subjects performed a series of 150 visual tracking tasks each 5 sec. long. The target-move-ment patterns used for the first 50 trials were all different, but for the remaining 100 trials they were identical. Subjects, however, were not informed of the repetition until the final 50 trials. When the task was made repetitive, even though the subjects were unaware of the repetition, learning occurred as evidenced by a progressive reduction in tracking error, although tracking lag remained above the mean reaction-time. Once subjects were aware of the repetition, tracking lags often reached zero or even negative values and tracking error dropped even further. It is argued that the former learning is confined to subconscious improvement in the intermittent response to visual inspection of tracking error, whereas the latter is achieved by adopting a truly predictive mode of tracking. Further experiments were devised to evaluate the role of visual information in movement control when using the predictive strategy. The main finding was that even when moving predictively, visual information was used to regulate motor output, largely to modify the timing of the predictive response to synchronize with the stimulus.
How Senegalese Adolescents Perceive Travelling and Adventure
Authors: D'Hondt Walter , Vandewiele Michel
Published: September 2011

Senegalese adolescents, like many others, have a keen interest in travelling and adventure. However, where in Europe travelling is usually for pleasure's sake and appeals to youth's romantic imagination, it is for them a means of initiation into a better, fuller social life within their society at large. Only a minority (15%) rejected the idea of travelling, but also, paradoxically, for the reason of social integration.
Gesturing and Self-Contact of Right and Left Halves of the Body: Relationship with Eye-Contact
Authors: Ruggieri Vezio , Celli Carlotta , Crescenzi Antonella
Published: September 2011

We examined the correlations among eye-contact, gesturing, and self-contact behaviors for 26 female university students during different neutral and emotional situations. There was a statistically significant positive correlation between eye-contact and right gesturing in two of four situations ( rs, .37, .33) and a significant positive correlation (.33) between left self-contact and eye-contact during an initial relational contact.
The Axis Feature: Illusionary Effects on Children's Judgments of Length
Authors: Scher Anat
Published: September 2011

The effect of the position of lines on length estimation was investigated. 40 5-yr.-olds were asked to compare the two arms of an L-shaped figure presented inside circular frames of different diameters. For each figure one of the arms was on the axis, that is, the diameter, and the other arm was perpendicular to that axis. In making perceptual judgments about the relative length of two lines the children tended to describe the on-axis line as longer than the off-axis line. This illusion which, presumably, reflects a perceptual force induced by the characteristics of the structural pattern, supports the context model of visual anomalies.
Test-Retest Reliability of the Hand Test with Acting-Out Adolescent Subjects
Authors: McGiboney Garry Wade , Carter Clifford
Published: September 2011

The Hand Test was administered to 40 students (30 male, 10 female) in Grades 8, 9, and 10 transferred to an alternative school for acting-out behavior. 21 days later the students were again administered the test. Responses were significantly consistent over a 3-wk. interval. Results support the reliability of the Hand Test variables related to acting-out behavioral tendencies and adjustment problems.
Separation of Brain-Damaged from Psychiatric Patients: Value of the Wiggins MMPI Content Scales
Authors: Horton Arthur MacNeill , Timmons Michalle
Published: September 2011

The value of the 13 Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory Wiggins Content Scales for the separation of brain-damaged from psychiatric patients was investigated. A sample of 40 males, evenly divided between brain-damaged and psychiatric patients, was administered the MMPI. Statistical analysis yielded a significant difference only for the phobia content scale. Practical implications of the results are discussed.
Correlations among Scores on the 1966, 1973, and 1979 Norms of Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices for Economically Disadvantaged Students
Authors: Karnes Frances A. , Lee Leta A. , May Brookes
Published: September 2011

The correlations between the scores on the 1966, 1973, and 1979 norms on Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices for economically disadvantaged students in Grades 3 to 5 were significantly high. It seems appropriate to use any of the three sets of norms with economically disadvantaged students.
Lucid Dreaming and Alpha Activity: A Preliminary Report
Authors: Ogilvie Robert D. , Hunt Harry T. , Tyson Paul D. , Lucescu Melodie L. , Jeakins Daniel B.
Published: September 2011

10 good dream recallers spent 2 nights in the sleep lab during which they were awakened 4 times per night from REM sleep, twice during their highest alpha activity in REM, and twice during low REM alpha. 5 were given alpha feedback training prior to sleep onset. Arousals from high alpha REM sleep yielded significantly higher lucidity ratings. Alpha feedback had no effect upon lucidity or REM alpha levels. Similarities between lucid dreams and meditative phenomena are discussed.
Shyness and Love on a College Campus
Authors: Maroldo Georgette K.
Published: September 2011

Shyness and Love scales were administered to investigate the relation between shyness and love for 153 men and 217 women on a college campus. Three groups, Love, Dating, and Friendship, were identified on the Love scale, which was composed of 5 subscales, Respect, Congeniality, Altruism, Physical Attraction, and Attachment. For the Love and Friendship groups shyness appears to be a barrier to congeniality and physical attraction, which are aspects of love, as well as to love itself. Shyness did not appear to inhibit the Dating group.
Procedures and Problems in Behavioral Training for Parents
Authors: McLoughlin Caven S.
Published: September 2011

Parent-mediated programs in behavior modification are routinely prescribed for parents whose children exhibit inappropriate behavioral repertoires. Empirical evidence exists in abundance to support the efficacy and utility of alternative procedures for handicapped and normal children with a variety of academic, social, and behavioral difficulties. Specific and general reservations are reviewed, with considerations for the prescription and implementation of behavioral training programs for parents. Regard is given to the attractive nature of parents' self-instructional behavioral approaches.
Children's Production on Verbal and Non-Verbal Fluency Tasks
Authors: Regard Marianne , Strauss Esther , Knapp Paul
Published: September 2011

Children aged 6 to 13 yr. were given verbal and non-verbal fluency tasks as well as the Vocabulary and Block Design subtests of the WISC-R. The results, providing normative data, showed that the fluency tasks are age-, but not sex-dependent, and are only modestly correlated to one another and to standard measures of intelligence.
Does the Distribution of Fixation Times Refer to the Underlying Process of Information Input?
Authors: Cohen A. S. , Merz L. , Fischer H.
Published: September 2011

Two experiments were conducted to assess whether the distribution of fixation times might be related to the prevailing cognitive activity involved with two different tasks, i.e., driving and observing colored fields. The results suggest that the distribution of fixation times can be associated with the prevailing cognitive activity while viewing.
A Study on the Averaged Visual Evoked Potential as a Correlate of Experience
Authors: Holt-Hansen Kristian
Published: September 2011

The averaged visual evoked potentials of 5 subjects were recorded during perception of a tachistoscopically presented stationary, vertical straight line. The subjects had been trained to experience movement of the stimulus, i.e., on each exposure of the straight line they experienced it as lengthening from the fixation area to full length and then shortening back to the fixation area. Subjects' frequencies of experience (duration of perception expressed in Hertz) were 2.4, 2.2, 2.4, 1.6, and 1.7, respectively. For 3 of the 5 subjects the averaged visual evoked potential contained an oscillation at a frequency similar to the subject's frequency of experience.
Toward a Psychophysiology of Waking Fantasy: EEG Studies
Authors: Starker Steven
Published: September 2011

EEG investigations into the psychophysiology of waking fantasy have yielded interesting but inconclusive results. The most promising lines of research are reviewed with particular reference to the methodological complexities involved. Studies of alpha blocking, alpha states, theta states, and cerebral asymmetries are described. Comparisons are drawn between these lines of investigation and the methods of experimental dream research.
Variations in Locus of Control and Repression-Sensitization in Acute Schizophrenics, Schizophrenic Criminals, and Criminal Psychiatric Offenders
Authors: Valliant Paul M. , Simpson-Housley Paul , Cooper Douglas
Published: September 2011

A total of 73 male acute schizophrenics, schizophrenic-criminal, criminal-psychiatric persons and university students were compared on Rotter's locus of control and Byrne's repression-sensitization questionnaires. The criminal-psychiatric population and university students appeared more repressed than the schizophrenic-criminal and acute schizophrenic groups on the repression-sensitization measure. No significant differences were observed for the locus of control measure. Results suggest that criminal-psychiatric offenders exhibit greater repression than the acute and criminal-schizophrenic groups. Computation of Internal/External Locus of Control and Repression-Sensitization correlations for groups showed significance only for the criminal-psychiatric group and accounted for 72% of the covariance. These results are discussed in the context of research on criminality.
Dream Test
Authors: Živković Momčilo
Published: September 2011

A method of analysing dreams, called the Dream Test and utilizing the Initial Letter Word Association Test, was presented. Four interpreting rules were discussed, taking into account manifest dream content, Freud's and Jung's symbolism, associations, and Hall and Van de Castle's content analysis of dreams. In this way data from the Dream Test and the initial-letter word associations are analysed in a way which makes possible verification of each interpretation taken separately from either test.
Defense Mechanisms, Somatic Symptoms and Lateral Eye Movements in Females
Authors: Thompson Michael , Greenberg Roger P. , Fisher Seymour
Published: September 2011

Research with male subjects has related lateral eye movements to preferred mode of defense and psychosomatic symptoms. However, previous research has systematically excluded female subjects which precluded the investigation of hypothesized but not yet confirmed patterns of sex differences. The present study examined the relationship between lateral eye movements, psychological defenses, and somatic symptoms in females. Lateral eye-movement patterns were assessed for 32 female undergraduate students, who were then administered the Defense Mechanism Inventory and Body Symptom Questionnaire. The data indicated no relationship between eye-movement patterns and either defensive style or somatic symptoms. Previous concerns about using female subjects in lateral eye-movement studies appear justified as this may decrease the probability of finding effects of lateralization.
Temporal Auditory Acuity in Blind and Sighted Subjects: A Signal Detection Analysis
Authors: Bross Michael , Borenstein Myra
Published: September 2011

Temporal auditory sensitivity was compared in five adventitiously blind and five normally sighted subjects in a signal-detection paradigm. Following determination of individual auditory flutter fusion (AFF) thresholds the subjects were required to make forced-choice responses between a fluttering and fused white noise under stimulus probabilities of 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75. From these data indices of sensory sensitivity ( d') and response bias (Beta) were computed and compared. Analysis indicated no significant differences in auditory sensitivity between the two groups. These findings further weaken the traditional hypothesis of sensory compensation.
Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation Effects upon Linear Positioning Performance
Authors: Ho Linda , Luttges Marvin W. , Shea John B.
Published: September 2011

The effects of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) upon linear-positioning performance was investigated. 30 right-handed subjects were trained and tested on a linear-positioning apparatus either under constant stimulus conditions or mixed stimulus—no-stimulus conditions. The nerve stimulation, administered by a Staodyn Model 4000 stimulator, was positioned to stimulate the brachial plexus. Subjects' task was to learn a position 300 mm along a trackway while blindfolded. 20 acquisition trials with knowledge of results, which consisted of a verbal report of the magnitude of the subjects' errors, were given followed by 20 retention trials without knowledge of results. During acquisition subjects receiving nerve stimulation required a greater number of trials to achieve asymptotic error reductions than subjects who did not receive this stimulation. However, during retention, the acquisition group, no longer receiving transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, consistently exhibited longer responses than control subjects. Subjects receiving the electrical stimulation for the first time during retention exhibited responses which were shorter than those exhibited by controls and acquisition-stimulated groups. Findings are discussed in terms of implications for motor-control mechanisms.
Flicker Fusion Thresholds and Mental Arousal
Authors: Payne James L.
Published: September 2011

Investigated the finding of Busch and Wachholder that flicker fusion thresholds increase under conditions of mental activity and decrease during inactivity. Flicker fusion thresholds for each eye of 21 undergraduates were measured after 2-min. rests, then after the performance of a mathematical counting exercise, and then after another 2-min. rest. The average thresholds for both the right and left eyes were significantly higher following the counting exercise than after the rests. Features of the experiment included a training/screening session for the subjects to detect and correct “pseudothreshold” problems, and an automatic adjustment of the light frequency to minimize possible experimenter effects.
Spatial Frequency Selectivity of Spiral Aftereffect
Authors: Brigner Willard L.
Published: September 2011

The spiral aftereffect was noted for test spirals differing from the inducing spiral by approximately ±1 octave. These findings are consistent with previous investigations which indicate spatial frequency mechanisms in the human visual system are responsive to a spatial frequency range of approximately ±1 octave.
Effects of Verbal Labeling on Visual Recall with Reading Disabled Subgroups
Authors: Hatt Clifford V. , Obrzut John E. , Swanson H. Lee
Published: September 2011

Effects of learning names for random nonsense shapes prior to a probe-type serial-recall task were investigated in disabled readers. 33 10-yr.-old, right-handed boys were subjects in a 3 (reading groups) × 2 (training conditions) × 6 (serial positions) repeated-measures, split-plot level analysis of covariance design. No differences among reading groups on recall strength or primary recall were found, suggesting similar verbal skills. Deficiencies in verbal mediation did not appear to account for the reading disability of these subgroups.
Generalizability of Cognitive Complexity in the Political Domain
Authors: Freeman Douglas N. , Barnes Richard D.
Published: September 2011

Communication theorists long have recognized the importance of cognitive structure and its effect on perceptual processes and communicative behavior. Generalizability of cognitive complexity, that is, the degree of differentiation of constructs employed in forming impressions of persons and social issues, was assessed as the number of constructs employed by subjects in describing a close friend, Jimmy Carter, Gerald Ford, a news broadcaster, and a self-selected social issue. Correlations suggest that levels of cognitive complexity in interpersonal relations may be related to cognitive complexity in forming impressions of political figures. Within the political domain, complexity was consistent across subjects' perceptions of political officeholders and newscasters. However, cognitive complexity regarding a social issue did not correlate with perceptions of newscasters and political figures.
Marker Items for Appraisal of Teaching in Law School Courses
Authors: Meredith Gerald M.
Published: September 2011

Two brief scales were proposed to assess effectiveness of teaching in legal education courses.
Experimental Manipulation of the “Motive to Avoid Success”
Authors: Byrd Lois Muir , Touliatos John
Published: September 2011

The “motive to avoid success” is seen as a conflict between femininity and sex-inappropriate behavior in achievement situations. Since the concept has frequently been confused with the method of scoring, this problem was avoided by employing an experimental test of the motive that artificially induced the conflict with false feedback concerning sexual identity. 80 female college students then performed a task that was sex-typed by the experimenter. Results confirmed that the motive to avoid success is a useful construct for explaining achievement motivation in women. The method demonstrated that avoidance of success by these women is manipulated by environmental events, therefore eliminating the need for use of an internal motive as an explanation of the phenomenon.
Autokinesis and Some Conditions of Fatigue
Authors: Jain Santosh
Published: September 2011

Effects of physical, mental, and vigilance fatigue on the autokinetic reports of 48 undergraduate students are described. Eight response measures were taken of the subjects with an apparatus that permitted recording of the apparent motion of the autokinetic stimulus in the same plane as the light source. Presence of the fatigue states was verified by independent measurements. Fatigue conditions facilitated quick and continuous perception of the autokinetic movements. The most perceptual complexity in the patterns of apparent motion was observed under mental fatigue followed by physical and vigilance fatigue, with least in the neutral condition.
Communication through Physical Activity for Learning Disabled Children
Authors: Hendry Joan , Kerr Robert
Published: September 2011

To measure the extent to which an integrated program of motor and cognitive tasks might enhance the learning disabled children's motor and basic cognitive skills, a treated group of 8 had three ½-hr. sessions per week for 6 mo. 8 control subjects continued regular physical education and reading programs with their classroom teacher. All subjects were tested before and after 6 mo. Over-all the treated group showed greater improvement on tests of both motor and cognitive skills than the control group. This study suggests a physical activity program can influence basic cognitive skills as well as motor skills.
Effects of Passive Physical Exercise on Peripheral Vision in Muscular Dystrophic Children
Authors: Eickelberg Warren , Kaylor Patricia , Less Mel , Baruch Ingrid , Megarr Jack
Published: September 2011

To investigate the effects of passive exercise of the extremities on peripheral vision of muscular dystrophic children aged 9 to 13 yr. these subjects were either not exercised (control days) for a 6-min. period or were exercised (experimental days) for a 6-min. period after a 5-min. rest. Peripheral vision was recorded after each condition. Analysis of variance with repeated measures on the exercise and no exercise conditions was computed for each measure. 6 min. of passive exercise significantly increased peripheral vision. It was assumed that exercise increased blood flow through the lungs allowing for greater oxygen diffusion in the brain and other facilitory responses which increased effective cerebral activity. Curriculum revisions for such children indicate the importance of activity in facilitating subsequent learning.
The Genain Quadruplets at Age 51: Report of Handwriting Assessment
Authors: Lewinson Thea Stein
Published: September 2011

A set of monozygotic female quadruplets developed schizophrenia at age 26 and were treated at the National Institute of Mental Health for several years. Using graphic material of these unusual subjects, this study demonstrates how handwriting, statistically in graph forms, expresses the developmental stages before (at age 16), during the acute phase of the disease (age 26 to 28) and 25 yr. later (age 51) when they functioned outside a hospital setting in various degrees of competency.
Geophysical Variables and Behavior: IX. Expected Clinical Consequences of Close Proximity to UFO-Related Luminosities
Authors: Persinger M. A.
Published: September 2011

Transient and localized plasma-like luminosities associated with intense electromagnetic fields appear to be systematically associated with tectonic strain within the earth's crust. Although contact proximity to these UFO-like luminosities is fatal, less terminal encounters have generated many religious and cosmic references. Unfortunately, the biobehavioral effects produced by these hazardous exposures have not been considered seriously. One hypothesis is that close-encounter experiences displayed near a luminosity are evoked by direct stimulation through current induction within the observer's brain. Because of the architectural and electrical characteristics of temporal lobe structures, their functions should dominate clinical profiles. Whereas the immediate experience would involve dream-like sequences, terror, perceptual changes, depersonalization, vestibular alterations, auditory sensations, and profound meaningfulness, post-episodic effects would include amnesia, time loss, confabulation, crisis suggestibility, and electroconvulsive shock symptoms. Progressive personality deterioration could be characterized by enhanced religiosity, “sense of the personal,” a compulsion to proselytize, affective disorders and modifications of memory from before the event.
Rate and Distribution of Body Movements during Sleep in Humans
Authors: Wilde-Frenz Johanna , Schulz Hartmut
Published: September 2011

Body movements were measured during sleep with a mechanoelectrical transducer in 11 healthy adults. Also measured were the electroencephalogram (EEG), electrooculogram (EOG), and electromyogram (EMG). Each subject slept alone in a quiet room for 21 to 44 consecutive nights. Body movements were classified as minor movements (actogram signal or head leads artifact), major movements (actogram signal plus head leads artifact), or movement time (MT). There was a strong relationship between rate of body movements and sleep stages, with the rate decreasing along the following sequence of stages: W > S1 > REM > S2 > S (3 + 4). If the body movements for all nights are pooled per subject, the distribution of body movement rates shows hardly any overlap for the Stages 1, REM, 2, and (3 + 4). The relative frequency of body movements seems to be regulated by a stage-dependent mechanism. The reliability of the body movement rate was determined by computing correlations between pairs of adjacent nights, which resulted in a r = .69. When 2 to 9 nights were pooled stepwise according to a split-half procedure, the mean r increased and reached values between .80 and .90, which means that body movements are a reliable sleep measure especially if the time base is large enough.
Affective-Symbolic Connotations of the Rorschach Inkblots: Fact or Fantasy
Authors: Wallach Judith D.
Published: September 2011

The Rorschach inkblots were rated for their similarity to 40 concepts by 111 female and 116 male students. A 5-point scale was used to compare the inkblots with eight concepts in each of five categories: psychoanalytic affective-symbolic connotations, an alternate set of affective-symbolic connotations, “popular” Rorschach responses, affectively toned concepts, and randomly selected nouns. A one-way repeated-measures analysis of variance for each inkblot provided the error terms for Dunn's multiple-comparison test. Although results varied considerably from inkblot to inkblot, the cards were rated over-all more similar to the derived concepts than to their traditionally assumed connotations. These findings and the results of other studies suggest that reliance on any set of hypothesized a priori meanings in Rorschach interpretation may be hazardous or, at best, premature.
Effects of Instructional Set and Personality Variables on the Use of Touching
Authors: Hoddinott Elizabeth , Follingstad Diane R.
Published: September 2011

The effects of demand characteristics and relevant personality variables on the use of touching were explored. Half of the 32 male and 32 female subjects received instructions discussing touching as one method of expressing emotions. All subjects pretended that an assistant was a friend with whom they roleplayed six emotional feelings. Subjects completed the Mosher Sex-guilt Scale and the Body Accessibility Questionnaire. Those subjects given additional instructions touched more but felt less comfortable with the assistant. Sex of the subject, sex of the assistant, amount of sex guilt, and degree of body accessibility did not have significant effects on touching. However, differential touching was produced by different emotional cues. The results contradict previous suggestions that touching is a function of a stable personality characteristic. Also, unlike clinical literature which suggests that touching produces intimacy and comfort, these findings suggested that instructional set can increase touching but decrease comfort.
Developing an Instrument for Eliciting Children's Description of Pain
Authors: Tesler Mary , Ward Judith , Savedra Marilyn , Wegner Carole Buss , Gibbons Patricia
Published: September 2011

Expanding on the work of Melzack, Schultz, Scott, and Eland and Anderson, we devised an instrument that would elicit from school age children a description of their pain experience. After three stages of testing the pain questionnaire, high agreement was achieved on 45 measured responses that were not influenced by the children's sex. Although the instrument would need further refinement before use in the assessment of pain, the results show that children can remember and identify a wide range of events that have caused them pain and can describe specific painful situations, using suggested words as well as their own.
Manipulation of Dominant/Non-Dominant Hand and Ipsilateral/Contralateral Movement as a Function of Response Organization in Fourth Grade Children
Authors: Brunt Denis , Housner Lynn D. , McElroy Joe
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to measure response organization effects in 30 children in Grade 4. On a reaction time task, subjects were pre-cued as to the forthcoming response, being either an ipsilateral or contralateral response, which hand to use, or on which side the response would be. In each condition, there were varying degrees of response uncertainty and predictability. Analysis indicated that knowing which hand to use played a major role in response organization. However, when the subject was unsure of which hand to use but the other variables were pre-cued, reaction time increased significantly.