bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interpersonal Factors Associated with Depression in Adolescents: Are These Consistent with Theories Underpinning Interpersonal Psychotherapy?
Authors: O'Shea Gabrielle , Spence Susan H. , Donovan Caroline L.
Published: June 2013

The aim of this study was to investigate whether depressed adolescents differed from non‐depressed adolescents in terms of constructs consistent with those that are proposed to underpin interpersonal psychotherapy. In particular, it was hypothesized that compared with non‐depressed adolescents, depressed adolescents would demonstrate a greater number of negative life events associated with interpersonal loss and major life transitions, a more insecure attachment style and poorer communication skills, interpersonal relationships and social support. Thirty‐one clinically diagnosed depressed adolescents were matched with 31 non‐depressed adolescents on age, gender and socio‐economic status. The 62 participants were aged between 12 and 19 years and comprised 18 male and 44 female adolescents. On a self‐report questionnaire, depressed adolescents reported a greater number of negative interpersonal life events, a less secure attachment style and scored higher on all insecure attachment styles compared with the non‐depressed adolescents. In addition, depressed adolescents demonstrated lower levels of social skill (on both adolescent and parent report), a poorer quality of relationship with parents (on both adolescent and parent report) and lower social competence (adolescent report only). Parents of depressed adolescents also reported more negative parental attitudes and behaviours towards their adolescent compared with parents of non‐depressed adolescents. Thus, the results of this study are consistent with the constructs underlying interpersonal psychotherapy and suggest their usefulness in the assessment, conceptualization and treatment of adolescent depression. Clinical implications are discussed. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Key Practitioner Message

Issues relating to interpersonal stress and loss, poor interpersonal relationships, insecure attachment style, and poor social skills are evident among depressed adolescents in comparison with their non‐depressed peers.

Although it is not clear whether these factors are causal in the development of depression or if they reflect a consequence or concomitant of the disorder, it is important that clinicians consider these variables in the case formulation.

Interpersonal psychotherapy addresses these variables through a focus on handling interpersonal conflicts, role transitions and interpersonal losses, and building social support and social skills.
Modeling implications of food resource aggregation on animal migration phenology
Authors: Bailleul Frédéric , Grimm Volker , Chion Clément , Hammill Mike
Published: June 2013

The distribution of poikilotherms is determined by the thermal structure of the marine environment that they are exposed to. Recent research has indicated that changes in migration phenology of beluga whales in the Arctic are triggered by changes in the thermal structure of the marine environment in their summering area. If sea temperatures reflect the spatial distribution of food resources, then changes in the thermal regime will affect how homogeneous or clumped food is distributed. We explore, by individual‐based modelling, the hypothesis that changes in migration phenology are not necessarily or exclusively triggered by changes in food abundance, but also by changes in the spatial aggregation of food. We found that the level of food aggregation can significantly affect the relationship between the timing of the start of migration to the winter grounds and the total prey capture of individuals. Our approach strongly indicates that changes in the spatial distribution of food resources should be considered for understanding and quantitatively predicting changes in the phenology of animal migration.
Enantioselective Synthesis of Succinimides by Michael Addition of Aldehydes to Maleimides Organocatalyzed by Chiral Primary Amine‐Guanidines
Authors: Avila Angel , Chinchilla Rafael , Gómez‐Bengoa Enrique , Nájera Carmen
Published: June 2013

The monoguanylation of (1S,2S)‐ and (1R,2R)‐cyclohexane‐1,2‐diamine affords chiral primary amine‐guanidines that are used as chiral organocatalysts in the enantioselective Michael addition of aldehydes, particularly α,α‐disubstituted aldehydes, to maleimides. The reaction is carried out in the presence of imidazole, as an additive, in aqueous N,N‐dimethylformamide, as the solvent, and affords the corresponding enantioenriched succinimides in high or quantitative yields with enantioselectivities up to 96 % ee. Theoretical calculations (DFT and M06–2X) suggest a different hydrogen‐bonding coordination pattern between the maleimide (C=O) and the catalyst (NH groups) is responsible for the enantioinduction switch that is observed when the reaction is carried out using primary amine‐guanidines versus primary amine‐thioureas as the organocatalysts.
The Effect of Lewis Acids on the Cycloaddition of 3,3,6‐Trimethylcyclohex‐5‐ene‐1,2,4‐trione: Hydrogen Transfer versus Cycloaddition with Cyclopentadiene
Authors: Eddy Nicholas A. , Richardson Jay J. , Fenteany Gabriel
Published: June 2013

Exposure of 3,3,6‐trimethylcyclohex‐5‐ene‐1,2,4‐trione to catalytic amounts of Lewis acids revealed two disparate reactions in the presence of cyclopentadiene. The expected cycloaddition was found to be reversible for the title compound, and transfer hydrogenation was the preferred pathway over long periods of time. Other tested substrates were able to undergo facile cycloaddition with considerable yields and without the parallel reduction.
Communicating geomorphology: global challenges for the twenty‐first century
Authors: Gregory Kenneth J. , Lane Stuart N. , Lewin John , Ashworth Philip J. , Downs Peter W. , Kirkby Michael J. , Viles Heather A.
Published: June 2013

The British Society for Geomorphology (BSG), established as the British Geomorphological Research Group (BGRG) in 1960, is considering how best to represent geomorphology and geomorphologists in the light of recent changes in the nature of communication. These changes provide the BSG and other academic societies with challenges and opportunities. Seven drivers of communication change are outlined: the changing position of geomorphology in higher education, the nature of academic interaction, the means of communication available, a transformation in the nature of geomorphological research, changes in funding support, the government role in resource allocation, and developments in quantifying international research impact. Challenges arising from changing communications are identified as occurring beyond the ‘academy’, in the nature of publication within the ‘academy’, and associated with meetings of the ‘academy’. Although national societies now have to contemplate significantly different purposes to provide for their members than in the twentieth century, there are opportunities available that cannot be fulfilled by international organizations alone. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Promoter hypermethylation of CDKN2A, MGMT, MLH1, and DAPK genes in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma and their associations with clinical profiles of the patients
Authors: Pierini Stefano , Jordanov Stanislav H. , Mitkova Atanaska V. , Chalakov Ivan J. , Melnicharov Mincho B. , Kunev Kuncho V. , Mitev Vanio I. , Kaneva Radka P. , Goranova Teodora E.
Published: June 2013

Background

Laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (laryngeal SCC) is a frequently occurring cancer of the head and neck area. Epigenetic changes of tumor‐related genes contribute to its genesis and progression.

Methods

We assessed promoter methylation status of the selected genes (CDKN2A, MGMT, MLH1, and DAPK) using methylation‐sensitive high resolution melting (MS‐HRM) in 100 patients with laryngeal SCC and studied the correlations with clinical characteristics.

Results

The prevalence of promoter methylation in MGMT, CDKN2A, MLH1, and DAPK was 59 of 97 (60.8%), 46 of 97 (47.4%), 45 of 97 (46.4%), and 41 of 97 patients (42.3%), respectively. Significantly increased methylation of CDKN2A was observed in heavy smokers. Epigenetic inactivation of CDKN2A and MLH1 were found to be associated with lymph node involvement. An inverse correlation was present between MLH1 methylation and alcohol consumption.

Conclusion

Our results strongly suggest that deregulation of p16‐associated, and MLH1‐associated pathways, because of promoter hypermethylation, is associated with increased cancer cell migration, tumor invasiveness, and, thus, aggressive phenotype. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 36: 1103–1108, 2014
Unusual case of Cowden‐like syndrome, neck paraganglioma, and pituitary adenoma
Authors: Efstathiadou Zoe A. , Sapranidis Michail , Anagnostis Panagiotis , Kita Marina D.
Published: June 2013

Background

Pituitary tumors, paragangliomas, and Cowden syndrome do not usually occur together.

Methods

The synchronous presentation of papillary thyroid carcinoma and neck paraganglioma was revealed in a 43‐year‐old woman who had been diagnosed with a microprolactinoma one decade before and now presented with a constellation of characteristics that are components of Cowden syndrome, specifically macrocephaly, multiple skin papules, fibrocystic mammary disease, and uterine leiomyofibroma.

Results

Germline mutation analysis of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), succinate dehydrogenase subunit B (SDHB), succinate dehydrogenase subunit C (SDHC), and succinate dehydrogenase subunit D (SDHD) was performed with revelation of 3 polymorphic sites in introns 1, 4, and 8 of the PTEN gene and 1 polymorphic site in exon 1 of the SDHB gene, but absence of known pathogenic mutations.

Conclusion

The coexistence of Cowden‐like syndrome, neck paraganglioma, and pituitary adenoma is described for the first time, and could represent a novel genetic syndrome with an as yet unidentified common genetic basis. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 36: E12–E16, 2014
Psychosocial functioning and vascular endothelial growth factor in patients with head and neck cancer
Authors: Fang Carolyn Y. , Egleston Brian L. , Ridge John A. , Lango Miriam N. , Bovbjerg Dana H. , Studts Jamie L. , Burtness Barbara A. , Einarson Margret B. , Klein–Szanto Andres J. P.
Published: June 2013

Background

Psychosocial functioning is associated with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in various patient populations. This study examined whether psychosocial functioning in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is associated with tumor VEGF expression, a protein that stimulates angiogenesis and is associated with poor prognosis.

Methods

Forty‐two newly diagnosed patients completed assessments of psychosocial functioning (ie, depressive symptoms, perceived stress, anxiety, social support) before surgery. Tumor samples were obtained for VEGF analysis and human papillomavirus (HPV)‐typing.

Results

Poorer psychosocial functioning was associated with greater VEGF expression controlling for disease stage (odds ratio [OR], 4.55; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.72–12.0; p < .01). When examined by HPV status, the association between psychosocial functioning and VEGF remained significant among patients who were HPV negative (OR, 5.50; 95% CI, 1.68–17.3; p < .01), but not among patients who were HPV positive.

Conclusion

These findings inform our understanding of the biobehavioral pathways that may contribute to poor outcomes in non‐HPV‐associated HNSCCs. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 36: 1113–1119, 2014
MicroRNA‐23a modulates tumor necrosis factor‐alpha‐induced osteoblasts apoptosis by directly targeting fas
Authors: Dong Jun , Cui Xingang , Jiang Zhensong , Sun Jianmin
Published: June 2013

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐alpha is a key cytokine regulator of bone and mediates inflammatory bone loss. The molecular signaling that regulates bone loss downstream of TNF‐alpha is poorly defined. Recent studies implicated an important role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in TNF‐alpha‐mediated bone metabolism, including osteoblasts differentiation, osteoclasts differentiation and apoptosis. However, there are very few studies on the complex regulation of miRNAs during TNF‐alpha‐induced osteoblasts apoptosis. In the present study, the clonal murine osteoblastic cell line, MC3T3‐E1, was used. We screened for differentially expressed miRNAs during TNF‐alpha induced MC3T3‐E1 cell apoptosis and identified microRNA‐23a as a potential inhibitor of apoptosis. To delineate the role of microRNA‐23a in apoptosis, we respectively silenced and overexpressed microRNA‐23a in MC3T3‐E1 cells. We found that microRNA‐23a depletion significantly enhances TNF‐alpha‐induced MC3T3‐E1 cell apoptosis and over‐expressing microRNA‐23a remarkably attenuates this phenomenon. Mechanistic studies showed that microRNA‐23a inhibits Fas expression through a microRNA‐23a‐binding site within the 3′‐untranslational region of Fas. The post‐transcriptional repression of Fas was further confirmed by luciferase reporter assay. These results showed that microRNA‐23a, an important protecting factor, plays a significant role in the process of TNF‐alpha induced MC3T3‐E1 cell apoptosis, by regulating Fas expression. J. Cell. Biochem. 114: 2738–2745, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Chemiluminescence of Colloidal MnO2 with Luminol and Determination of Polyhydroxyl Compounds
Authors: Li Yinhuan , Yang Yun
Published: June 2013

The reaction between luminol and colloidal MnO2 (prepared by chemical reduction of KMnO4 with Na2S2O3 under neutral aqueous condition) produced an intense chemiluminescence (CL) emission in alkaline medium. The CL reaction conditions were carefully optimized and the CL reaction mechanism was thoroughly discussed. Manganese(III) was suggested to be involved in the reaction and 3‐aminophthalate anion was the luminophor. Moreover, the effects of 23 compounds on the colloidal MnO2‐luminol CL system were investigated to explore its possible analytical applications. Polyhydroxyl compounds were observed to inhibit the signal significantly, whereas sulfhydryl compounds enhance it slightly. The analytical figures for five polyhydroxyl compounds, namely ascorbic acid, rutin, pyrogallol, quercetin, and L‐adrenaline, were presented. As a preliminary application, the method was applied to the determination of rutin in pharmaceutical formulations.
A Microwave‐assisted Headspace Solid‐phase Microextraction for Rapid Determination of Synthetic Polycyclic and Nitro‐aromatic Musks in Fish Samples
Authors: Wu Ming‐Wei , Yeh Pei‐Chun , Chen Hsin‐Chang , Liu Li‐Lian , Ding Wang‐Hsien
Published: June 2013

Rapid solvent‐free microwave‐assisted headspace solid‐phase microextraction (MA‐HS‐SPME) coupled with gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) was developed to determine synthetic polycyclic and nitro‐aromatic musks in fish samples. Four commonly used synthetic musks, galaxolide (HHCB), tonalide (AHTN), musk xylene (MX) and musk ketone (MK) were employed in the method development and validation. The parameters (microwave irradiation time, irradiation power, amount of water addition, pH value and addition of NaCl) affecting the extraction efficiency of analytes from fish slurry were systematically investigated and optimized. The best extraction conditions were achieved when the fish sample 2‐g mixed with 4‐mL methanol and 15‐mL deionized water (containing 4 g of NaCl, pH 2.0 in a 40‐mL sample‐vial) was microwave irradiated at 80 watt for 5 min. The limits of quantification (LOQ) were 0.4 to 1.2 ng/g in 2‐g of wet tissue. The precision for these analytes, as indicated by relative standard deviations, were less than 9% for both intra‐ and inter‐day analysis. Accuracy, expressed as the mean extraction recovery, was between 80 to 92%. A standard addition method was used to quantitate these four synthetic musks, and the total concentrations ranged from 2.1 to 23.1 ng/g in various fish samples.
Conjugate observations of flow diversion in the magnetotail and auroral arc extension in the ionosphere
Authors: Yao Z. H. , Angelopoulos V. , Pu Z. Y. , Fu S. Y. , Kubyshkina M. , Liu J. , Chu X. N. , Nishimura T. , Cao X. , Du A. M. , Yue C. , Shi Q. Q. , Wei Y.
Published: June 2013

We present a case study of a plasma flow diversion event in the inner magnetosphere to illustrate the effects of near‐Earth pressure evolution, field‐aligned current (FAC) generation, and associated auroral evolution during conjugate observations from THEMIS satellites and All‐Sky Imagers (ASIs) on 29 January 2008. At ~0831 UT, an earthward flow at THC, at X ~ 18 Re, was observed which was likely to be associated with an auroral streamer observed at the ASI station FSMI. Near‐Earth satellites THD and THE, separated in the Y‐direction by ~1 Re, and magnetically mapping onto the preexisting aurora arc, also observed the earthward flow but with a small Alfvén transit time of ~20 s between the magnetotail and the ionosphere. As the earthward flow arrived at THD and THE, the aurora arc near the footprints of THD and THE brightened. A duskward pressure gradient developed between THD and THE in the equatorial magnetotail, corresponding to an upward FAC and consistent with the auroral brightening. At ~0834 UT, an eastward diversion of the flow was observed first at THE and later at THD, further to the East. At the head of that flow, pressure variations, coherent between THE and THD, were observed to propagate Eastward at ~400 km/s, consistent with an eastward auroral expansion near the footprints of THE and THD. Concurrent perturbations of the By component of the magnetic field signify eastward motion of a FAC pair at the two spacecraft locations. We interpret the pressure variations as the generator of the observed FAC that feeds the arc and its eastward expansion.
Additional shear resistance from fault roughness and stress levels on geometrically complex faults
Authors: Fang Zijun , Dunham Eric M.
Published: June 2013

The majority of crustal faults host earthquakes when the ratio of average background shear stress τb to effective normal stress σeff is τb/σeff≈0.6. In contrast, mature plate‐boundary faults like the San Andreas Fault (SAF) operate at τb/σeff≈0.2. Dynamic weakening, the dramatic reduction in frictional resistance at coseismic slip velocities that is commonly observed in laboratory experiments, provides a leading explanation for low stress levels on mature faults. Strongly velocity‐weakening friction laws permit rupture propagation on flat faults above a critical stress level τpulse/σeff≈0.25. Provided that dynamic weakening is not restricted to mature faults, the higher stress levels on most faults are puzzling. In this work, we present a self‐consistent explanation for the relatively high stress levels on immature faults that is compatible with low coseismic frictional resistance, from dynamic weakening, for all faults. We appeal to differences in structural complexity with the premise that geometric irregularities introduce resistance to slip in addition to frictional resistance. This general idea is quantified for the special case of self‐similar fractal roughness of the fault surface. Natural faults have roughness characterized by amplitude‐to‐wavelength ratios α between 10−3 and 10−2. Through a second‐order boundary perturbation analysis of quasi‐static frictionless sliding across a band‐limited self‐similar interface in an ideally elastic solid, we demonstrate that roughness induces an additional shear resistance to slip, or roughness drag, given by τdrag=8π3α2G∗Δ/λmin, for G∗=G/(1−ν) with shear modulus Gand Poisson's ratio ν, slip Δ, and minimum roughness wavelength λmin. The influence of roughness drag on fault mechanics is verified through an extensive set of dynamic rupture simulations of earthquakes on strongly rate‐weakening fractal faults with elastic‐plastic off‐fault response. The simulations suggest that fault rupture, in the form of self‐healing slip pulses, becomes probable above a background stress level τb≈τpulse+τdrag. For the smoothest faults (α∼10−3), τdrag is negligible compared to frictional resistance, so that τb≈τpulse≈0.25σeff. However, on rougher faults (α∼10−2), roughness drag can exceed frictional resistance. We expect that τdrag ultimately departs from the predicted scaling when roughness‐induced stress perturbations activate pervasive off‐fault inelastic deformation, such that background stress saturates at a limit (τb≈0.6σeff) determined by the finite strength of the off‐fault material. We speculate that this strength, and not the much smaller dynamically weakened frictional strength, determines the stress levels at which the majority of faults operate.
Probability of inducing given‐magnitude earthquakes by perturbing finite volumes of rocks
Authors: Shapiro Serge A. , Krüger Oliver S. , Dinske Carsten
Published: June 2013

Fluid‐induced seismicity results from an activation of finite rock volumes. The finiteness of perturbed volumes influences frequency‐magnitude statistics. Previously we observed that induced large‐magnitude events at geothermal and hydrocarbon reservoirs are frequently underrepresented in comparison with the Gutenberg‐Richter law. This is an indication that the events are more probable on rupture surfaces contained within the stimulated volume. Here we theoretically and numerically analyze this effect. We consider different possible scenarios of event triggering: rupture surfaces located completely within or intersecting only the stimulated volume. We approximate the stimulated volume by an ellipsoid or cuboid and derive the statistics of induced events from the statistics of random thin flat discs modeling rupture surfaces. We derive lower and upper bounds of the probability to induce a given‐magnitude event. The bounds depend strongly on the minimum principal axis of the stimulated volume. We compare the bounds with data on seismicity induced by fluid injections in boreholes. Fitting the bounds to the frequency‐magnitude distribution provides estimates of a largest expected induced magnitude and a characteristic stress drop, in addition to improved estimates of the Gutenberg‐Richter a and b parameters. The observed frequency‐magnitude curves seem to follow mainly the lower bound. However, in some case studies there are individual large‐magnitude events clearly deviating from this statistic. We propose that such events can be interpreted as triggered ones, in contrast to the absolute majority of the induced events following the lower bound.
Physical‐biological synchrony in the global ocean associated with recent variability in the central and western equatorial Pacific
Authors: Messié Monique , Chavez Francisco P.
Published: June 2013

Synchrony in the second modes of an empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis of global physical and biological properties is described for the 1993–2010 time period. High correlations are found between the El Niño Modoki index and principal component time series of sea surface temperature, sea surface salinity, photosynthetically active radiation, precipitation, surface currents, surface chlorophyll concentration, and equatorial temperature profiles. Spatial patterns indicate that the second mode is also associated with the North Pacific Gyre Oscillation (NPGO). Biological changes during traditional El Niños (first EOF mode) have been explained on the basis of strong and coherent variations in thermocline depth, wind‐driven upwelling and light, but changes associated with the second mode are more subtle and complex. Equatorial temperature profiles indicate that the warming is confined to the mixed layer and that changes in thermocline depth are small. The biological changes associated with the second mode may be driven by a combination of weak perturbations to vertical nutrient supply and the strength of subtropical gyres. In the western tropical Pacific, the site of some of the strongest perturbations, the biological changes can be associated with the occurrence and thickness of barrier layers and to island effects downstream of the Kiribati Islands. Globally integrated impacts of the second mode are much weaker than those associated with the traditional ENSO. During the positive phase, chlorophyll is strongly enhanced in the tropics and weakly enhanced at the global scale in sharp contrast to traditional El Niño effects. The analysis improves our understanding of global‐scale physical and biological coupling associated with the so‐called El Niño Modoki and the NPGO.
Early summer iron limitation of phytoplankton photosynthesis in the Scotia Sea as inferred from fast repetition rate fluorometry
Authors: Park Jisoo , Park Taewook , Yang Eun Jin , Kim Dongseon , Gorbunov Maxim Y. , Kim Hyun‐Cheol , Kang Sung Ho , Shin Hyoung Chul , Lee SangHoon , Yoo Sinjae
Published: June 2013

We describe variability in the phytoplankton physiological status in the west Scotia Sea of the Southern Ocean in the early austral summer prior to and at the beginning of a phytoplankton bloom. This area is characterized by high concentrations of major nutrients (such as nitrate, phosphate, and silicate), but exhibit chronically low concentrations of dissolved iron and deep vertical mixing. Using a fast repetition rate fluorometry, we measured photosynthetic characteristics of phytoplankton in the euphotic zone. These measurements provide an express diagnostic of the effects of environmental factors, including iron limitation, on photosynthetic processes. The quantum yields of photochemistry in Photosystem II (Fv/Fm) in subsurface phytoplankton were, on average, 40% lower than the maximum values for nutrient‐replete communities. Higher values of Fv/Fm were observed in the frontal mixing zone that may have been caused by the induction of iron into the euphotic layer. Our results suggest physiological signatures of iron limitation of photosynthesis in the western Scotia Sea in the early austral summer. The data imply that, together with light conditions and grazing pressure, iron availability may be important for phytoplankton growth in the Scotia Sea even in the early summer.
A multidecadal study of cirrus in the tropical tropopause layer
Authors: Massie S. T. , Khosravi R. , Gille J. C.
Published: June 2013

Changes in the distributions of cirrus in the upper troposphere centered at 100 hPa in the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) during the last 27 years (1985–2012) are quantified based upon an analysis of five independent data sets. Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment II, Halogen Occultation Experiment, Cryogenic Limb Array Etalon Spectrometer, High Resolution Dynamics Limb Sounder, and Cloud‐Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization data are used to determine cirrus frequency‐of‐occurrence geospatial distributions in the TTL in multiple year segments during 1985–2012. Full width at half maximum (FWHM) tropical widths of cirrus zonal averages of occurrence frequency centered at 100 hPa are calculated for each experiment. The FWHMs have a 2σ trend of 0.28 ± 1.5° decade−1. This statistically insignificant trend is similar to those calculated by Davis and Rosenlof (2012) based upon analyses of reanalysis tropopause height and tropopause latitudinal gradients near 100 hPa.
Time history of the Martian dynamo from crater magnetic field analysis
Authors: Lillis Robert J. , Robbins Stuart , Manga Michael , Halekas Jasper S. , Frey Herbert V.
Published: June 2013

Large impacts simultaneously reset both the surface age and the magnetization of the entire depth of crust over areas comparable to the final size of the resulting craters. These properties make large impact craters (>300 km in diameter) ideal “magnetic markers” for constraining the history of the Martian core dynamo. However, the relationship between crustal magnetization and magnetic field measured in orbit is nonunique, making the measured magnetic field signature of an impact crater only a proxy for the magnetization (or lack thereof) below. Using Monte Carlo Fourier domain modeling of subsurface magnetization, we calculate probability distributions of the magnetic field signatures of partially and completely demagnetized craters. We compare these distributions to measured magnetic field signatures of 41 old impact craters on Mars larger than 300 km in diameter and calculate probabilities of their magnetization state. We compare these probabilities to cratering densities and absolute model ages and in this manner arrive at a robust time history of Martian large‐crater magnetization and hence of the Martian dynamo. We conclude that the most likely scenario was a Mars dynamo active when the oldest detectable basins formed, ceasing before the Hellas and Utopia impacts, between 4.0 and 4.1 Ga (in model age) and not thereafter restarting. The Mars atmosphere was thereafter exposed directly to erosion by the solar wind, significantly altering the path of climate evolution. Further improvements to the history of the Martian dynamo will require better crater age estimates and lower altitude magnetic field data.
Extremal Graphs for Homomorphisms II
Authors: Cutler Jonathan , Radcliffe A.J.
Published: June 2013

Extremal problems for graph homomorphisms have recently become a topic of much research. Let denote the number of homomorphisms from G to H. A natural set of problems arises when we fix an image graph H and determine which graph(s) G on n vertices and m edges maximize . We prove that if H is loop‐threshold, then, for every n and m, there is a threshold graph G with n vertices and m edges that maximizes . Similarly, we show that loop‐quasi‐threshold image graphs have quasi‐threshold extremal graphs. In the case , the path on three vertices in which every vertex in looped, the authors [5] determined a set of five graphs, one of which must be extremal for . Also in this article, using similar techniques, we determine a set of extremal graphs for “the fox,” a graph formed by deleting the loop on one of the end‐vertices of . The fox is the unique connected loop‐threshold image graph on at most three vertices for which the extremal problem was not previously solved.
Osteology of the prowfish, Zaprora silenus (Cottiformes: Zoarcoidei: Zaproridae)
Authors: Hilton Eric J. , Stevenson Duane E.
Published: June 2013

The prowfish, Zaprora silenus, is the sole member of the family Zaproridae. It is a large, relatively elongate species with a robust head and body, and it feeds primarily on jellyfishes. Although the larvae and juveniles are pelagic, the adults are demersal, and the species is widely distributed from Southern California around the Pacific Rim to Hokkaido, Japan. The stichaeid affinities of this species have long been recognized, and the family is currently placed, along with the Stichaeidae, in the Zoarcoidei. Previous anatomical studies of Zaprora have been based on relatively few specimens from a limited geographic range and have not included cleared and stained (c&s) specimens. Here, we provide a complete description of the osteology of the prowfish, based on a large series of specimens representing a broad ontogenetic range, including a series of c&s specimens. Our results contradict the findings of previous authors in the structure of the pharyngeal teeth, presence of the pelvic girdle, and the placement of the first dorsal pterygiophore. However, we concur with the findings of previous morphological and molecular phylogenetic studies, which indicate that the prowfish is probably most closely related to at least some members of the Stichaeidae. J. Morphol. 274:1143–1163, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Impact of climate change on rainfall in Northwestern Bangladesh using multi‐GCM ensembles
Authors: Kumar Dipak , Arya D. S. , Murumkar A. R. , Rahman M. M.
Published: June 2013

Teesta River basin, located in the northwest of Bangladesh, is more vulnerable to floods if compared to other parts of the country. In this context, daily rainfall data of ten raingauge stations located in the catchment of the Jamuneswari River, part of the Teesta River basin, were analysed to study the impact of climate change on rainfall. Length of wet and dry series and mean monthly rainfalls along with their variances were used for validating Long Ashton Research Station Weather Generator (LARS‐WG). The analysis was carried out for A1B, A2 and B1 emission scenarios using 15 Global Climate Models GCMs simulations for the periods 2011–2030 centred at 2020, 2046–2065 centred at 2055 and 2080–2099 centred at 2090. The analysis of the data shows that the uncertainty in the prediction increases with the timescale. It was also found that the variability in the predictions is smaller in annual values followed by seasonal. Ensemble of seasonal analysis shows that most of the GCM are in agreement for changes in monsoon season. The LARS‐WG has reasonable skill to downscale the point rainfall data and the results obtained so are useful to analyse the impact of climate change on the hydrology of the basin.
Coastal vulnerability due to extreme waves at Kalpakkam based on historical tropical cyclones in the Bay of Bengal
Authors: Nayak Sashikant , Bhaskaran Prasad K.
Published: June 2013

The study reports the development of a coastal vulnerability index (CVI) based on extreme waves for the Tamil Nadu coast. Region of interest is Kalpakkam, a coastal town located approximately 70 km south of the metropolis Chennai in Tamil Nadu State, India. The CVI computation performed for a coastal stretch of about 250 km that covers ten identified locations, with coastal Kalpakkam as the focal point. The study uses historical records of past cyclone tracks from 1945 to 2009 that had its landfall in Tamil Nadu State. There were 31 best cyclone tracks identified to construct the most probable synthetic/hypothetical track for this region. This synthetic track used to conduct several numerical experiments for cases of medium‐ and fast‐moving cyclones. The extreme waves computed at these locations using a high‐resolution Simulating Waves Nearshore (SWAN) wave model particularly tuned for this region. Seven key parameters finally identified in the computation of CVI. These include maximum significant wave height, maximum probable surge estimated from 50‐year return period, and other geomorphologic characteristics at all ten stations. This is the metric indicator used in the final estimation of CVI. The study signifies that metropolis Chennai and the adjacent region extending up to 57 km northwards is a high‐risk prone zone. The risk level due to extreme waves is low at Kalpakkam.
Comparison of intermittent intratympanic steroid injection and near‐continual transtympanic steroid perfusion as salvage treatments for sudden sensorineural hearing loss
Authors: Chou Yi‐Fan , Chen Peir‐Rong , Kuo Ian‐Jiun , Yu Szu‐Hui , Wen Yu‐Hsuan , Wu Hung‐Pin
Published: June 2013

Objectives/Hypothesis

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether near‐continual transtympanic steroid perfusion is more effective than intermittent intratympanic steroid injection as a salvage therapy for idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss.

Study Design

Case control study.

Methods

We designed a case‐control study consisting of 60 patients with sudden sensorineural hearing loss who did not respond well to systemic steroid therapy. From November 2008 to October 2010, we prospectively enrolled subjects for the transtympanic steroid perfusion therapy. We retrospectively collected data from age‐ and sex‐matched patients who had undergone intratympanic steroid injection between January 2003 and October 2008. The audiological results of the two groups were compared.

Results

The presalvage pure tone threshold was 65.4 ± 13.5 dB in the transtympanic steroid perfusion group. After the therapy, the hearing threshold was improved by an average of 15.0 ± 9.7 dB, and 53.3% of subjects had improved by 10 dB or more. The speech discrimination score was improved from 12.6% ± 7.0% to 54.4 ± 6.4%. In the intratympanic steroid injection group, the presalvage pure tone threshold was 68.8 ± 16.0 dB. After the therapy, the hearing threshold was improved by an average of 10.7 ± 9.8 dB, and 43.3% of subjects had improved by 10 dB or more. The speech discrimination score was improved from 13.3 ± 6.0% to 46.4 ± 12%. The degree of hearing improvement was significantly greater in the transtympanic group.

Conclusions

Both transtympanic steroid perfusion and intratympanic steroid injection can be used as salvage therapies for idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss. Near‐continual transtympanic steroid perfusions may provide better audiological results.

Level of Evidence: 3b. Laryngoscope, 123:2264–2269, 2013
Management of acute blunt and penetrating external laryngeal trauma
Authors: Schaefer Steven D.
Published: June 2013

Objectives/Hypothesis

Improve the care of acute external laryngeal trauma by reviewing controversies and the evolution of treatment.

Data Source

Internet‐based search engines, civilian and military databases, and manual search of references from these sources over the past 90 years.

Review Methods

Utilizing the above‐mentioned sources, electronic and manual searches of primary topics such as laryngeal trauma or injury, emergency tracheotomy, airway trauma, intubation versus tracheotomy, cricothyrotomy, esophageal trauma, and emergent management of airway injuries in civilian and combat zones. Citations were reviewed, selected reports analyzed, and the most relevant articles referenced.

Results

Optimal treatment of acute laryngeal trauma includes early identification of injuries utilizing a directed history and physical examination. Timely management of the wounded airway is essential. The choice of intubation, tracheotomy, or cricothyrotomy must be individualized. Computed tomography (CT) may assist in differentiating patients who can be observed versus those who require surgical exploration. In selected patients, laryngeal electromyography and stroboscopy may also be useful. Surgery should begin with direct laryngoscopy and rigid esophagoscopy to evaluate the hard and soft tissues of the larynx, and to visualize the pharynx and esophagus. Minor endolaryngeal lacerations and abrasions may be observed, whereas more significant injuries require primary closure via a thyrotomy. Laryngeal skeletal fractures should be reduced and fixated. Endolaryngeal stenting is reversed for massive mucosal trauma, comminuted fractures, and traumatic anterior commissure disruption.

Conclusions

Acute external injury to the larynx is both life threatening and a potential long‐term management challenge. Although a rare injury, sufficient experience now exists to recommend specific treatments, and to preserve voice and airway function. Laryngoscope, 124:233–244, 2014
Optical microcavities with tubular geometry: properties and applications
Authors: Wang Jiao , Zhan Tianrong , Huang Gaoshan , Chu Paul K. , Mei Yongfeng
Published: June 2013

Optical microcavities with whispering‐gallery modes (WGMs) have large potential and, in particular, those with a tubular geometry have attracted increasing attention due to their special geometry and interesting properties such as trimmed resonant modes, simplicity as fluidic channels, three‐dimensionally (3D) mode confinement, unique evanescent wave, and so on. Optical microcavities with the tubular geometry meet the challenge of assembly of conductive, semiconductive and insulating materials into a tubular geometry, thus spurring multifunctional applications to optofluidic devices, optical microdevices like microlasers, and bio/chemical sensors. Fabrication methods such as the fiber‐drawing method, rolled‐up nanotechnology, electrospin technique, and template‐assistant method have been developed to address the various requirements. These tubular optical microcavities enable researchers to explore and construct novel optical microdevices for a wide range of potential applications. This review describes the tubular optical microcavities from the perspectives of theoretical consideration, optical characterization, and potential applications.
Recombinant Thrombomodulin of Different Domains for Pharmaceutical, Biomedical, and Cell Transplantation Applications
Authors: Wang Lin , Jiang Rui , Sun Xue‐Long
Published: June 2013

Thrombomodulin (TM) is a membrane glycoprotein mainly expressed by vascular endothelial cells and is involved in many physiological and pathological processes, such as coagulation, inflammation, cancer development, and embryogenesis. Human TM consists of 557 amino acids divided into five distinct domains: N‐terminal lectin‐like domain (designated as TMD1); six epidermal growth factor (EGF)‐like domain (TMD2); Ser/Thr‐rich domain (TMD3); transmembrane domain (TMD4); and cytoplasmic tail domain (TMD5). The different domains are responsible for different biological functions of TM. In the past decades, various domains of TM have been cloned and expressed for TM structural and functional study. Further, recombinant TMs of different domains show promising antithrombotic and anti‐inflammatory activity in both rodents and primates and a recombinant soluble TM has been approved for therapeutic application. This review highlights recombinant TMs of diverse structures and their biological functions, as well as the complex interactions of TM with factors involved in the related biological processes. Particularly, recent advances in exploring recombinant TM of different domains for pharmaceutical, biomedical, and cell transplantation applications are summarized.
Allelic background of LEPRE1 mutations that cause recessive forms of osteogenesis imperfecta in different populations
Authors: Pepin Melanie G. , Schwarze Ulrike , Singh Virendra , Romana Marc , Jones‐LeCointe Altheia , Byers Peter H.
Published: June 2013

Biallelic mutations in LEPRE1 result in recessively inherited forms of osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) that are often lethal in the perinatal period. A mutation (c.1080+1G>T, IVS5+1G>T) in African Americans has a carrier frequency of about 1/240. The mutant allele originated in West Africa in tribes of Ghana and Nigeria where the carrier frequencies are 2% and 5%. By examining 200 samples from an African‐derived population in Tobago and reviewing hospital neonatal death records, we determined that the carrier frequency of c.1080+1G>T was about one in 200 and did not contribute to the neonatal deaths recorded over a 3‐year period of time in Trinidad. In the course of sequence analysis, we found surprisingly high LEPRE1 allelic diversity in the Tobago DNA samples in which there were 11 alleles distinguished by a single basepair variant in or near exon 5. All the alleles found in the Tobago population that were within the sequence analysis region were found in the African American population in the Exome Variant Project. This diversity appeared to reflect the geographic origin of the original population in Tobago. In 44 individuals with biallelic LEPRE1 mutations identified by clinical diagnostic testing, we found the sequence alterations occurred on seven of the 11 variant alleles. All but one of the mutations identified resulted in mRNA or protein instability for the majority of the transcripts from the altered allele. These findings suggest that the milder end of the clinical spectrum could be due to as yet unidentified missense mutations in LEPRE1.
Bile acids and gut peptide secretion after bariatric surgery: A 1‐year prospective randomized pilot trial
Authors: Steinert Robert E. , Peterli Ralph , Keller Sylvia , Meyer‐Gerspach Anne C. , Drewe Jürgen , Peters Thomas , Beglinger Christoph
Published: June 2013

Objective

Increased delivery of bile acid salts (BA) to distal L‐cells and altered TGR5 receptor activation may contribute to the early and substantial increases in gut peptide secretion seen after bariatric surgery. To further elucidate a potential role of BA in the secretion of GLP‐1 and PYY, we analyzed plasma BA concentrations in 14 morbidly obese patients undergoing gastric bypass or sleeve gastrectomy in a prospective, randomized 1‐year trial.

Design and Methods

Patients received a standard test meal and blood was collected before and after eating, prior to, and 1 week, 3 months, and 12 months after surgery.

Results

Pre‐surgery, basal BA concentrations were significantly lower in bariatric patients than in healthy controls. One year post‐surgery, bariatric patients expressed variably increased BA concentrations (gastric bypass patients ∼2 fold increase, P ≤ 0.05). However, whereas in both patient groups, marked increases in GLP‐1 and PYY and improved glycemic control was seen already 1 week and 3 months post‐surgery, changes in plasma BA followed a different pattern: basal and postprandial plasma BA concentrations increased much slower, more progressively with significant increases only 1‐year post‐surgery.

Conclusions

Based on these findings, BA do not appear to be key mediators of the early increase in GLP‐1 and PYY response in post‐bariatric patients.
Fat cell size and adipokine expression in relation to gender, depot, and metabolic risk factors in morbidly obese adolescents
Authors: Zhang Yiying , Zitsman Jeffrey L. , Hou Jue , Fennoy Ilene , Guo Kaiying , Feinberg Joshua , Leibel Rudolph L.
Published: June 2013

Objective

To understand the regulation of adipocyte size and adipokine expression in relation to gender, anatomic location, adiposity, and metabolic risk factors in adolescents with morbid obesity.

Methods

Adipocyte size and adipokine expression in paired abdominal subcutaneous (SAT) and omental (VAT) surgical adipose tissues were related to gender, anatomic location, adiposity, and metabolic risk factors in a group of morbidly obese adolescents.

Results

Significant depot‐ and/or gender‐related differences in adipocyte size and adipokine expression were detected. Adjusted for body mass index, adipocyte size in both depots was larger in males than in females and was a major predictor of mRNA levels of leptin, plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1, and adiponectin. Gender, but not adipocyte size, was significantly correlated with proinflammatory cytokine expression. Body mass index and waist circumference were correlated positively with VAT adipocyte size and negatively with SAT adipocyte size. VAT adiponectin and interleukin‐6 expression levels were major predictors of high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations, independent of gender, adiposity, and insulin sensitivity.

Conclusions

Adipose tissue morphology and function in obese adolescents are influenced by gender and anatomic location; the pattern of gender‐ and depot‐related differences in adipocyte size and adipokine expression suggests that adolescent males, relative to the females, are at increased risk for obesity‐related metabolic comorbidities.
Clinical factors associated with weight loss outcomes after Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass surgery
Authors: Still Christopher D. , Wood G. Craig , Chu Xin , Manney Christina , Strodel William , Petrick Anthony , Gabrielsen Jon , Mirshahi Tooraj , Argyropoulos George , Seiler Jamie , Yung Marco , Benotti Peter , Gerhard Glenn S.
Published: June 2013

Objective

Gastric bypass surgery is an effective therapy for extreme obesity. However, substantial variability in weight loss outcomes exists that remains largely unexplained. Our objective was to determine whether any commonly collected preoperative clinical variables were associated with weight loss following Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery.

Methods

The analysis was based on a prospectively recruited observational cohort of 2,365 patients who underwent Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass surgery from 2004 to 2009. Weight loss was stratified into three major phases, early (0‐6 months), nadir, and long‐term (>36 months). Multivariate regression models were constructed using a database of over 350 variables.

Results

A total of 12‐14 preoperative variables were independently associated (P < 0.05) with each of the temporal weight loss phases. Preoperative variables associated with poorer nadir and long‐term weight loss included higher baseline BMI, higher preoperative weight loss, iron deficiency, use of any diabetes medication, nonuse of bupropion medication, no history of smoking, age >50 years, and the presence of fibrosis on liver biopsy.

Conclusions

Several variables previously associated with poorer weight loss after RYGB surgery including age, baseline BMI, and type 2 diabetes were replicated. Several others suggest possible clinical interventions for postoperative management of RYGB patients to improve weight loss outcomes.