bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chirality Transfers through Sequential Sigmatropic Rearrangements of Allylic Vicinal Diols: Development and Application to Total Synthesis of (–)‐Kainic Acid
Authors: Kitamoto Katsunori , Nakayama Yasuaki , Sampei Mana , Ichiki Masato , Furuya Naoya , Sato Takaaki , Chida Noritaka
Published: June 2012

A detailed description is presented of two sequential sigmatropic rearrangements starting from enantiopure allylic vicinal diols. Starting from the same allylic diol, the sequential Claisen/Claisen rearrangement can install two identical functional groups in a one‐pot reaction, whereas, the sequential Claisen/Overman rearrangement can introduce two different functional groups, both occurring without protecting group manipulation. Both sequential reactions proceeded with complete stereoselectivity, which was easily predictable by the judicious choice of two factors regarding the allylic diols: (1) the stereochemistry of the hydroxy groups and (2) the geometry of the olefin. To demonstrate this sequential rearrangement methodology, we accomplished the total synthesis of (–)‐kainic acid, whose three contiguous stereocenters were completely established by three chirality transfer reactions (SN2′ and sequential Claisen/Overman reactions) of flexible acyclic intermediates derived from D‐arabinose.
Effect of dietary polyphenols on K562 leukemia cells: A Foodomics approach
Authors: Valdés Alberto , Simó Carolina , Ibáñez Clara , Rocamora‐Reverte Lourdes , Ferragut José Antonio , García‐Cañas Virginia , Cifuentes Alejandro
Published: June 2012

In this work, a global Foodomics strategy has been applied to study the antiproliferative effect of dietary polyphenols from rosemary on two human leukemia lines, one showing a drug‐sensitive phenotype (K562), and another exhibiting a drug‐resistant phenotype (K562/R). To this aim, whole‐transcriptome microarray together with an MS‐based nontargeted analytical approach (via CE‐TOF MS and UPLC‐TOF MS) have been employed to carry out transcriptomics and metabolomics analyses, respectively. Functional enrichment analysis was done using ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) software as a previous step for a reliable interpretation of transcriptomic and metabolomic profiles. Rosemary polyphenols altered the expression of approximately 1% of the genes covered by the whole transcriptome microarray in both leukemia cell lines. Overall, differences in the transcriptional induction of a number of genes encoding phase II detoxifying and antioxidant genes, as well as differences in the metabolic profiles observed in the two leukemia cell lines suggest that rosemary polyphenols may exert a differential chemopreventive effect in leukemia cells with different phenotypes. IPA predictions on transcription factor analysis highlighted inhibition of Myc transcription factor function by rosemary polyphenols, which may explain the observed antiproliferative effect of rosemary extract in the leukemia cells. Metabolomics analysis suggested that rosemary polyphenols affected differently the intracellular levels of some metabolites in two leukemia cell sublines. Integration of data obtained from transcriptomics and metabolomics platforms was attempted by overlaying datasets on canonical (defined) metabolic pathways using IPA software. This strategy enabled the identification of several differentially expressed genes in the metabolic pathways modulated by rosemary polyphenols providing more evidences on the effect of these compounds.
Effect of pretreatment on the physical properties of biomass and its relation to fluidized bed gasification
Authors: Bronson Benjamin , Preto Fernando , Mehrani Poupak
Published: June 2012

Biomass gasification is a thriving energy conversion technology with many successful demonstrations. However, there are various constraints that may be encountered which continue to cause significant problems originating from fuel properties. Raw biomass fuels usually have high moisture content, low bulk density, low ash melting points, chemical composition with potentially high chlorine content, etc. The constraints related to gasification can include fuel preparation, handling, storage, and feeding problems. In many cases, these constraints can be significantly reduced by pretreatment. Some pretreatment processes commonly pursued are comminution, drying, and pelletization which alter physical properties of biomass that are important to fluid bed gasification. The prior investigations and analysis of the effect of size reduction (comminution), drying, and pelletization on the physical properties of biomass and its effect on gasification performance in fluid bed systems are summarized here. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2012
Corrosion resistance, chemistry, and mechanical aspects of Nitinol surfaces formed in hydrogen peroxide solutions
Authors: Shabalovskaya Svetlana A. , Anderegg James W. , Undisz Andreas , Rettenmayr Markus , Rondelli Gianni C.
Published: June 2012

Ti oxides formed naturally on Nitinol surfaces are only a few nanometers thick. To increase their thickness, heat treatments are explored. The resulting surfaces exhibit poor resistance to pitting corrosion. As an alternative approach to accelerate surface oxidation and grow thicker oxides, the exposure of Nitinol to strong oxidizing H2O2 aqueous solutions (3 and 30%) for various periods of time was used. Using X‐Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Auger spectroscopy, it was found that the surface layers with variable Ti (6–15 at %) and Ni (5–13 at %) contents and the thickness up to 100 nm without Ni‐enriched interfaces could be formed. The response of the surface oxides to stress in superelastic regime of deformations depended on oxide thickness. In the corrosion studies performed in both strained and strain‐free states using potentiodynamic and potentiostatic polarizations, the surfaces treated in H2O2 showed no pitting in corrosive solution that was assigned to higher chemical homogeneity of the surfaces free of secondary phases and inclusions that assist better biocompatibility of Nitinol medical devices. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 100B: 1490–1499, 2012
Load‐bearing capacity and biological allowable limit of biodegradable metal based on degradation rate in vivo
Authors: Cho Sung Youn , Chae Soo‐Won , Choi Kui Won , Seok Hyun Kwang , Han Hyung Seop , Yang Seok Jo , Kim Young Yul , Kim Jong Tac , Jung Jae Young , Assad Michel
Published: June 2012

In this study, a newly developed Mg‐Ca‐Zn alloy for low degradation rate and surface erosion properties was evaluated. The compressive, tensile, and fatigue strength were measured before implantation. The degradation behavior was evaluated by analyzing the microstructure and local hardness of the explanted specimen. Mean and maximum degradation rates were measured using micro CT equipment from 4‐, 8‐, and 16‐ week explants, and the alloy was shown to display surface erosion properties. Based on these characteristics, the average and minimum load bearing capacities in tension, compression, and bending modes were calculated. According to the degradation rate and references of recommended dietary intakes (RDI), the Mg‐Ca‐Zn alloy appears to be safe for human use. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 100B: 1535–1544, 2012.
Cognitive function in young men and the later risk of fractures
Authors: Nordström Peter , Franks Paul W , Gustafson Yngve , Nordström Anna
Published: June 2012

Dementia has been associated with an increased risk of fractures. These associations may be explained by an impaired cognitive function, as well as comorbid illness and toxic reaction from drugs. To investigate whether cognitive function in young, healthy individuals already affects the risk of fractures, overall cognitive function scores were calculated from four cognitive tests accomplished during a national conscriptions test in 960,956 men with a mean age of 18 years. Incident fractures were searched in national registers. During a median follow-up of 30 years (range 0 to 41 years), 65,313 men had one fracture and 2589 men had a hip fracture. Compared with men with no fracture, overall cognitive function at baseline was 3.5% lower for men sustaining one fracture and 5.5% lower for men sustaining a hip fracture (p < 0.001 for both). When comparing the lowest and the highest decile, low overall cognitive function scores increased the risk one fracture (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.55, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.50–1.61) and a hip fracture (HR = 2.12, 95% CI 1.77–2.55), after adjustment for confounders. A higher education (university level versus elementary school) was associated with a decreased risk of a fracture (HR = 0.67, 95% CI 0.65–0.69) and a hip fracture (HR = 0.51, 95% CI 0.45–0.57). The effects of education and cognitive function were reduced when also adjusting for total income and disability pension. In summary, low cognitive function and education in young men were associated with the later risk of especially hip fractures. These associations may partly be mediated by socioeconomic factors. © 2012 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Influence of Doping Different Rare Earth Ions on the Luminescence of CaTiO3‐based Phosphors
Authors: Korkmaz Esra , Kalaycioglu Nilgun Ozpozan
Published: June 2012

This paper reports the Gd3+, Dy3+, Tb3+ and Lu3+ doped CaTiO3 based phosphors were synthesized by modified solid‐state reaction method and its crystal structure and luminescent properties were investigated. The X‐ray diffraction patterns (XRD) showed that the phosphors sintered at 1000 °C for 2 h were a pure CaTiO3 phases. The optimization of reaction conditions were carried out by thermal gravimetry and differential thermal analysis methods (DTA/TG). Surface and elemental analyses were performed by using on SEM instrument. The excitation and emission spectras were recorded by photoluminescence spectrophotometer (PL).
Four phenolic acids determined by an improved HPLC method with a programmed ultraviolet wavelength detection and their relationships with lignin content in 13 agricultural residue feeds
Authors: Wang Rui , Yang Hong‐Jian , Yang Xin , Cao Bing‐Hai
Published: June 2012

BACKGROUND: Lignification‐associated phenolic acids are widely distributed in graminaceous plant cell walls. This study developed a rapid and sensitive reversed‐phase method for the simultaneous quantification of protocatechuic (PRA), vanillic (VA), ferulic (FA) and p‐coumaric (PCA) acids and investigated the relationship between these compounds and lignin contents in 13 fibrous feeds.

RESULTS: The phenolic acids were identified at a column temperature of 15 °C in a single run, in which the wavelength was programmed at 260 nm for PRA and VA, then switched to 310 nm for FA and PCA determinations. Satisfactory precision, recovery, and linearity were obtained with this method. Among 13 feeds, PCA was most abundant, followed by FA, VA and PRA. Great variations in phenolic acid and lignin contents were found. FA content was much richer than PCA content in maize and wheat brans, and the highest PCA content occurred in maize stalks. Lignin content was correlated with proportions of FA (r = − 0.95) and PCA (r = 0.90) in the summed phenolic acids and the PCA:FA ratio (r = 0.91).

CONCLUSION: The improved method appears to be useful for simultaneous quantification of target phenolic compounds. Both FA and PCA may be good indicators for plant cell wall lignification associated with feed digestibility. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Characteristic aroma compounds of cooked and fermented soybean (Chungkook‐Jang) inoculated with various Bacilli
Authors: Yoon Ki‐Hong , Chang Yeong‐Il , Lee Gyu‐Hee
Published: June 2012

BACKGROUND: For selecting Chungkook‐jang products with a less undesirable odour, the volatile compounds that affect the overall consumer acceptance of Chungkook‐jang products were analysed. The volatile compounds of Chungkook‐jang were extracted by using solid phase microextraction and direct solvent extraction and were detected by using gas chromatography‐olfactometry. The results were represented as the mean of the log3 flavour dilution factors; principal component analysis was used to determine the effective components.

RESULTS: Fifteen and 14 volatile compounds were detected in the extracts using solid phase microextraction and direct solvent extraction, respectively. The Bacillus species 2‐M1L, which has the most overall acceptance, might have a nutty initial top note and nutty and cheesy long‐lasting note aromas. In correlation analysis between the characteristic aromas and the overall acceptance, trimethyl pyrazine (nutty, pungent), butanoic acid (cheesy, butyric), and methyl pyrazine (burnt, roasted) were positively correlated with overall acceptance. In contrast, 3‐hydroxy‐2‐butanone (buttery, fatty) and 2,3‐butanediol (chemical, fatty) were negatively correlated with overall acceptance.

CONCLUSION: Consumers might prefer Chungkook‐jang that has a more nutty and cheesy flavour and a less fatty one. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Chromatographic determination of hydrophobicity of dialkylimidazolium ionic liquids using selected stationary phase
Authors: Studzińska Sylwia , Buszewski Bogusław
Published: June 2012

The determination of hydrophobicity of ionic liquids (ILs) is essential for the reason that some of these salts’ classes are of toxic character. The conventional shake flask method of logP estimation fails in case of ILs. This is connected with their ionic character. Therefore other methods need to be developed and optimized. Chromatographic methods seem to be the proper ones. For that reason, several specific stationary phases (octadecyl, octyl, aminopropyl, alkylamide, cholesterolic, immobilized artificial membrane, phenyl) have been used for the determination of logkw of alkylimidazolium ILs. Then, logkw were used for the correlation with calculated logP for ILs. Depending on applied calculation procedure, high values of determination coefficient were obtained for alkyl‐based silica stationary phases or for more specific column packing. This result is very promising as it has already been proven that several, different in nature, stationary phases can be successfully used for estimation of logP of IL cations.
Rapid preparative isolation of a new phenylpropanoid glycoside and four minor compounds from Sparganium stoloniferum using high‐speed counter‐current chromatography as a fractionation tool
Authors: Wu Hao , Feng Ruihong , Guan Shuguang , Yu Wenbo , Man Wei , Guo Jiling , Liu Xuan , Yang Min , Jiang Baohong , Wu Wanying , Zhang Lianxue , Guan Shuhong , Guo Dean
Published: June 2012

A rapid high‐speed counter‐current chromatography (HSCCC) method was used to isolate five minor compounds from rhizome of Sparganium stoloniferum namely San Leng in Chinese, including two phenylpropanoid glycosides, sparganiaside A (1) and 1‐O‐feruloyl‐3‐p‐coumaroylglycerol (2), and three aromatic acids, vanillic acid (3), p‐hydroxylcinnamic acid (4), and p‐hydroxybenzoic acid (5), of which, compound 1 was a new one. Five compounds were preparatively enriched at top efficiency by one‐step HSCCC operation in the isolation procedure. A suitable solvent system composed of chloroform–methanol–water (4:3.5:1.8, v/v/v) was used. And the operation time was less than 4 h. The purities of compounds (1–5) in the enriched fractions were determined to be 75.8%, 66.3%, 90.6%, 79.9%, and 98.2%, respectively. The mean recoveries of the five compounds were 84.8%, 87.3%, 81.8%, 90.3%, and 92.7%, respectively. Compounds 1–4 were further purified by semi‐preparative high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). This is the first report on the use of HSCCC as a fractionation tool for preparative isolation of minor compounds from S. stoloniferum. The method was proved to be rapid, convenient, high yield, and low cost. HSCCC was shown to be a quick and effective tool in isolation of natural products even though the compounds were not abundant.
Correlates of posttraumatic stress disorder in forensic psychiatric outpatients in the Netherlands
Authors: Henrichs Jens , Bogaerts Stefan
Published: June 2012

Using a sample of 154 Dutch forensic psychiatric outpatients aged 18–62 years, this study investigated whether risk factors of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), mainly identified in nonforensic research, forensic psychiatric factors, and potential comorbid mental disorders were associated with PTSD. Data on demographics, victimization during childhood or adolescence, and forensic psychiatric factors were derived from electronic medical records. Mental disorders were assessed using structured psychiatric interviews and consensus diagnoses were established during weekly case consultations. The PTSD rate was 75% in the sample. Whereas the PTSD group was significantly more likely to be older, female, not Dutch, and to have a history of victimization, previously perpetrated family violence, and lower psychosocial and occupational functioning than the non‐PTSD group, the latter group had significantly higher rates of psychiatric history, attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), antisocial personality disorder, drug abuse, and previous repeated nonfamily violence perpetration. Effect sizes ranged from Nagelkerke R2 = .04 for psychosocial and occupational functioning to Nagelkerke R2 = .70 for ADHD. This study demonstrated differences between those with and without PTSD in demographic, victim, forensic, and psychological characteristics. Future studies should examine the complexity between early victimization, delinquency patterns, and psychopathology regarding the prediction of PTSD among forensic psychiatric outpatients.
An imaging‐based approach to the evaluation of xerostomia
Authors: Duong Steven , Youssef Joseph , Pimenta Paloma , Aguigam Holly , Zhang Jun , Calantog Alden , Pilch Shira , Masters James G. , Wilder‐Smith Petra
Published: June 2012

Background and Objective

Goal was to evaluate the potential of in vivo optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging to determine the response of patients with xerostomia to a dry mouth toothpaste versus fluoride toothpaste placebo.

Study Design/Materials and Methods

Ten subjects with xerostomia participated in this double‐blind, crossover, placebo‐controlled study. After examination and OCT imaging, subjects used the first product for 15 days, followed by a 7‐day washout period, and then they used the second product for 15 days. Data were acquired at 5‐day intervals, also before and after the washout.

Results

Visual examination and tongue blade adhesion test did not reflect response to the product. Two imaging‐based markers were identified: (i) In OCT images, epithelial thickness increased significantly (P < 0.05) after use of the dry mouth toothpaste, but did not change significantly (P > 0.05) after the use of a fluoride toothpaste and (2) Optical backscattering data showed progressive characteristic changes from baseline with use of the active product.

Conclusions

In this pilot study using in vivo OCT imaging, it was possible to detect and measure oral epithelial response to the dry mouth product versus placebo in patients with xerostomia.

Clinical Implications

This approach may permit site‐specific assessment of xerostomia, individualized treatment planning and monitoring, and sequential mucosal mapping in patients with dry mouth. Lasers Surg. Med. 44: 482–489, 2012. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Flattened facial colliculus on magnetic resonance imaging in Machado–Joseph disease
Authors: Ogawa Yoshitsugu , Ito Shoichi , Makino Takahiro , Kanai Kazuaki , Arai Kimihito , Kuwabara Satoshi
Published: June 2012

Atrophy of the pontine tegmentum and facial colliculus is a characteristic pathological feature of Machado–Joseph disease. We assessed whether this finding can be detected by conventional brain magnetic resonance imaging. A total of 17 patients with genetically confirmed Machado–Joseph disease, 15 disease controls (spinocerebellar ataxia type 6 and dentatorubral‐pallidoluysian atrophy), and 17 normal subjects were examined using a 1.5‐Tesla magnetic resonance imaging scanner. The widths of the facial colliculus, pontine tegmentum, and pontine base and the area of the fourth ventricle were measured on axial T2‐weighted imaging. Pathological examination was performed in 9 Machado–Joseph disease patients. In addition, visual inspection of the facial colliculus was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic analysis. The width of the facial colliculus was significantly smaller in Machado–Joseph disease patients (0.37 ± 0.16 mm; mean ± standard deviation) than in normal subjects (0.73 ± 0.30 mm; P < .01), whereas the width of the pontine tegmentum was smaller in both Machado–Joseph disease (4.85 ± 0.58 mm) and dentatorubral‐pallidoluysian atrophy (4.72 ± 0.59) patients than in normal subjects (6.35 ± 0.74 mm; P < .01). Visual evaluation of the facial colliculus showed sufficient area under the receiver operating characteristic curves to differentiate Machado–Joseph disease from dentatorubral‐pallidoluysian atrophy (0.78) and spinocerebellar ataxia type 6 (0.87). Pathological evaluation showed significant atrophy of the facial colliculus in all Machado–Joseph disease patients. Atrophy of the facial colliculus is a feasible magnetic resonance imaging finding for diagnosing Machado–Joseph disease, and it is easily found as a flattening of the fourth ventricular floor. © 2012 Movement Disorder Society
Indications for revision of artificial urinary sphincter and modifiable risk factors for device‐related morbidity
Authors: Anusionwu Ifeanyichukwu I. , Wright E. James
Published: June 2012

Aims

The aim of the study is to evaluate the causes for artificial urinary sphincter (AUS) failure in a contemporary series, and to detect modifiable risk factors for device‐related complications. The aim is to also report outcome after AUS revision.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of consecutive patients who underwent AUS revision at a tertiary care institution by a single surgeon from 2006 to 2011. There were 53 AUS revisions performed on 34 patients at a median age of 69 years.

Results

Urethral atrophy was the most common indication for revision. Fourteen patients (41%) underwent more than one revision. Seven patients had urethral catheterization in the setting of an active AUS while admitted to a non‐urologic service; these patients all developed cuff erosion. Fifty‐four percent of urethral erosions were associated with such traumatic catheterizations. After revision, 80% of patients with an AUS in place were using one or no pad daily at mean follow up of 27 months.

Conclusion

Urethral atrophy remains the most common reason for AUS revision. More than half of all urethral erosions are secondary to urethral catheterization in the setting of an active sphincter, suggesting that some of the risk of device‐related morbidity may be modifiable. Neurourol. Urodynam. 32: 63–65, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The application of radiation therapy to the pediatric preclinical testing program (PPTP): Results of a pilot study in rhabdomyosarcoma
Authors: Kaplon Rita , Hadziahmetovic Mersiha , Sommerfeld Jim , Bondra Kathryn , Lu Lanchun , Leasure Justin , Nguyen Phuong , McHugh Kelsey , Li Ning , Chronowski Christopher , Sebastian Nikhil , Singh Mamta , Kurmasheva Raushan , Houghton Peter , Pelloski Christopher E.
Published: June 2012

Background

The Pediatric Preclinical Testing Program (PPTP) has been successfully used to determine the efficacy of novel agents against solid tumors by testing them within a mouse‐flank in vivo model. To date, radiation therapy has not been applied to this system. We report on the feasibility and biologic outcomes of a pilot study using alveolar and embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma xenograft lines.

Procedures

We developed a high‐throughput mouse‐flank irradiation device that allows the safe delivery of radiotherapy in clinically relevant doses. For our pilot study, two rhabdomyosarcoma xenograft lines from the PPTP, Rh30 (alveolar) and Rh18 (embryonal) were selected. Using established methods, xenografts were implanted, grown to appropriate volumes, and were subjected to fractionated radiotherapy. Tumor response‐rates, growth kinetics, and event‐free survival time were measured.

Results

Once optimized, the rate of acute toxicity requiring early removal from study in 93 mice was only 3%. During the optimization phase, it was observed that the alveolar Rh30 xenograft line demonstrated a significantly greater radiation resistance than embryonal Rh18 in vivo. This finding was validated within the standardized 30 Gy treatment phase, resulting in overall treatment failure rates of 10% versus 60% for the embryonal versus alveolar subtype, respectively.

Conclusions

Our pilot study demonstrated the feasibility of our device which enables safe, clinically relevant focal radiation delivery to immunocompromised mice. It further recapitulated the expected clinical radiobiology. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2013; 60: 377–382. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Self‐assembled nanoparticles from folate‐decorated maleilated pullulan–doxorubicin conjugate for improved drug delivery to cancer cells
Authors: Li Fei , Zhang Haitao , Gu Chunhu , Fan Li , Qiao Youbei , Tao Yangchun , Cheng Chong , Wu Hong , Yi Jun
Published: June 2012

The goal of this study was to develop doxorubicin conjugate nanoparticles with increased antitumor effects, reduced side effects and the ability to overcome multidrug resistance (MDR). In this regard, folate‐decorated maleilated pullulan–doxorubicin conjugate nanoparticles were developed as carriers for co‐delivery of pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate and doxorubicin (FA‐MP‐DOX/PDTC + DOX NPs). The resultant nanoparticles showed spherical geometry, with an average diameter of 152 nm. The two drugs were released from the nanoparticles in a slow, pH‐dependent sustained release. To test the efficacy of these nanoparticles, in vitro tests including cell viability and folate receptor‐mediated endocytosis were conducted against both A2780 cells and A2780/DOXR cells. Compared to free DOX, the FA‐MP‐DOX/PDTC + DOX NPs showed effective but less potent cytotoxicity against A2780 cells. For A2780/DOXR cells, they showed enhanced cellular uptake, increased targeting capacity and cytotoxicity. These results suggest that co‐delivery of PDTC and DOX may further overcome MDR by transporting an increased amount of DOX within cells in addition to the folate receptor‐mediated endocytosis process. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Connecting students to the real world: Developing gifted behaviors through service learning
Authors: Bruce‐Davis Micah N. , Chancey Jaclyn M.
Published: June 2012

Learning in today's classrooms can be disconnected from students' real world experiences. Providing students the opportunity to address real‐world problems may provide avenues for students to engage in their communities while developing academic skills and knowledge. Additionally, for students whose interests are piqued by the nature of their community's problems, these activities have the potential to offer students meaningful, motivating work in a supportive environment. This article explores how providing students with interest‐based service‐learning opportunities may help them develop and demonstrate gifted behaviors. In addition, methods for integrating student interests and service‐learning projects are presented. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Abnormal SDS‐PAGE migration of cytosolic proteins can identify domains and mechanisms that control surfactant binding
Authors: Shi Yunhua , Mowery Richard A. , Ashley Jonathan , Hentz Michelle , Ramirez Alejandro J. , Bilgicer Basar , Slunt‐Brown Hilda , Borchelt David R. , Shaw Bryan F.
Published: June 2012

The amino acid substitution or post‐translational modification of a cytosolic protein can cause unpredictable changes to its electrophoretic mobility during SDS‐PAGE. This type of “gel shifting” has perplexed biochemists and biologists for decades. We identify a mechanism for “gel shifting” that predominates among a set of ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) mutant hSOD1 (superoxide dismutase) proteins, post‐translationally modified hSOD1 proteins, and homologous SOD1 proteins from different organisms. By first comparing how 39 amino acid substitutions throughout hSOD1 affected SDS‐PAGE migration, we found that substitutions that caused gel shifting occurred within a single polyacidic domain (residues ∼80–101), and were nonisoelectric. Substitutions that decreased the net negative charge of domain 80–101 increased migration; only one substitution increased net negative charge and slowed migration. Capillary electrophoresis, circular dichroism, and size exclusion chromatography demonstrated that amino acid substitutions increase migration during SDS‐PAGE by promoting the binding of three to four additional SDS molecules, without significantly altering the secondary structure or Stokes radius of hSOD1‐SDS complexes. The high negative charge of domain 80–101 is required for SOD1 gel shifting: neutralizing the polyacidic domain (via chimeric mouse‐human SOD1 fusion proteins) inhibited amino acid substitutions from causing gel shifting. These results demonstrate that the pattern of gel shifting for mutant cytosolic proteins can be used to: (i) identify domains in the primary structure that control interactions between denatured cytosolic proteins and SDS and (ii) identify a predominant chemical mechanism for the interaction (e.g., hydrophobic vs. electrostatic).
Dialing in to a Circle of Trust: A “medium” tech experiment and poetic evaluation
Authors: Love Christine T.
Published: June 2012

“Found poetry” illustrates how an experimental series of reflective audio teleconference retreats became a transforming experience.
Abstractions of non-interference security: probabilistic versus possibilistic
Authors: Hoang T. S. , McIver A. K. , Meinicke L. , Morgan C. C. , Sloane A. , Susatyo E.
Published: June 2012

The Shadow Semantics (Morgan, Math Prog Construction, vol 4014, pp 359–378,
2006
; Morgan, Sci Comput Program 74(8):629–653,
2009
) is a possibilistic (qualitative) model for noninterference security. Subsequent work (McIver et al., Proceedings of the 37th international colloquium conference on Automata, languages and programming: Part II,
2010
) presents a similar but more general
quantitative
model that treats probabilistic information flow. Whilst the latter provides a framework to reason about quantitative security risks, that extra detail entails a significant overhead in the verification effort needed to achieve it. Our first contribution in this paper is to study the relationship between those two models (qualitative and quantitative) in order to understand when qualitative Shadow proofs can be “promoted” to quantitative versions, i.e. in a probabilistic context. In particular we identify a subset of the Shadow’s refinement theorems that, when interpreted in the quantitative model, still remain valid even in a context where a passive adversary may perform probabilistic analysis. To illustrate our technique we show how a semantic analysis together with a syntactic restriction on the protocol description, can be used so that purely qualitative reasoning can nevertheless verify probabilistic refinements for an important class of security protocols. We demonstrate the semantic analysis by implementing the Shadow semantics in Rodin, using its special-purpose refinement provers to generate (and discharge) the required proof obligations (Abrial et al., STTT 12(6):447–466,
2010
). We apply the technique to some small examples based on secure multi-party computations.
The manner in which DNA is packaged with TFAM has an impact on transcription activation and inhibition
Authors: Furukawa Ryo , Yamada Yuma , Matsushima Yuichi , Goto Yu-ichi , Harashima Hideyoshi
Published: June 2012

For successful mitochondrial transgene expression, an optimal packaging exogenous DNA is an important issue. We report herein on the effects of DNA packaged with mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM), which packages mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), on the transcription process. Our initial findings indicated that the transcription of the TFAM/DNA complex was activated, when the complex was formed at an optimal ratio. We also found that TFAM has a significant advantage over protamine, a nuclear DNA packaging protein, from the viewpoint of transcription efficiency. This result indicates that TFAM can be useful packaging protein for exogenous DNA to achieve mitochondrial transgene expression.
Implementing Single Session Therapy
Authors: Young Jeff , Weir Shane , Rycroft Pam
Published: June 2012

In recent decades, discussion about clinical practice has been dominated by a focus on evidence‐based treatments, whilst the translation of evidence‐based treatments into practice has been neglected or avoided. The single session therapy (SST) field reflects this general trend. As a result, the community has not benefited from available service improvements simply because they have not found their way into core practice or been translated across state‐wide services. This article draws on a range of implementation projects managed by The Bouverie Centre, in particular a successful state‐wide SST implementation project conducted in collaboration with Victorian community health counselling services, to raise implementation dilemmas and suggest practical ideas about the translation of SST ideas into mainstream clinical practice. It is hoped this discussion will be of interest to those wanting to translate any new idea into practice.
On energetics and inertial-range scaling laws of two-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic turbulence
Authors: Blackbourn Luke A. K. , Tran Chuong V.
Published: June 2012

We study two-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic turbulence, with an emphasis on its energetics and inertial-range scaling laws. A detailed spectral analysis shows that dynamo triads (those converting kinetic into magnetic energy) are associated with a direct magnetic energy flux while anti-dynamo triads (those converting magnetic into kinetic energy) are associated with an inverse magnetic energy flux. As both dynamo and anti-dynamo interacting triads are integral parts of the direct energy transfer, the anti-dynamo inverse flux partially neutralizes the dynamo direct flux, arguably resulting in relatively weak direct energy transfer and giving rise to dynamo saturation. This result is consistent with a qualitative prediction of energy transfer reduction due to Alfvén wave effects by the Iroshnikov–Kraichnan theory (which was originally formulated for magnetohydrodynamic turbulence in three dimensions). We numerically confirm the correlation between dynamo action and direct magnetic energy flux and investigate the applicability of quantitative aspects of the Iroshnikov–Kraichnan theory to the present case, particularly its predictions of energy equipartition and ${k}^{\ensuremath{-} 3/ 2} $ spectra in the energy inertial range. It is found that for turbulence satisfying the Kraichnan condition of magnetic energy at large scales exceeding total energy in the inertial range, the kinetic energy spectrum, which is significantly shallower than ${k}^{\ensuremath{-} 3/ 2} $, is shallower than its magnetic counterpart. This result suggests no energy equipartition. The total energy spectrum appears to depend on the energy composition of the turbulence but is clearly shallower than ${k}^{\ensuremath{-} 3/ 2} $ for $r\approx 2$, even at moderate resolutions. Here $r\approx 2$ is the magnetic-to-kinetic energy ratio during the stage when the turbulence can be considered fully developed. The implication of the present findings is discussed in conjunction with further numerical results on the dependence of the energy dissipation rate on resolution.
Wicking of a liquid bridge connected to a moving porous surface
Authors: Gat A. D. , Navaz H. K. , Gharib M.
Published: June 2012

We study the coupled problem of a liquid bridge connected to a porous surface and an impermeable surface, where the gap between the surfaces is an externally controlled function of time. The relative motion between the surfaces influences the pressure distribution and geometry of the liquid bridge, thus affecting the shape of liquid penetration into the porous material. Utilizing the lubrication approximation and Darcy’s phenomenological law, we obtain an implicit integral relation between the relative motion between the surfaces and the shape of liquid penetration. A method to control the shape of liquid penetration is suggested and illustrated for the case of conical penetration shapes with an arbitrary cone opening angle. We obtain explicit analytic expressions for the case of constant relative speed of the surfaces as well as for the relative motion between the surfaces required to create conical penetration shapes. Our theoretical results are compared with experiments and reasonable agreement between the analytical and experimental data is observed.
A RESTRICTION OF EUCLID
Authors: CAIRNS GRANT , HO NHAN BAO
Published: June 2012

Euclid is a well-known two-player impartial combinatorial game. A position in Euclid is a pair of positive integers and the players move alternately by subtracting a positive integer multiple of one of the integers from the other integer without making the result negative. The player who makes the last move wins. There is a variation of Euclid due to Grossman in which the game stops when the two entries are equal. We examine a further variation which we called M-Euclid where the game stops when one of the entries is a positive integer multiple of the other. We solve the Sprague–Grundy function for M-Euclid and compare the Sprague–Grundy functions of the three games.
SOME PROPERTIES OF A SEQUENCE ANALOGOUS TO EULER NUMBERS
Authors: SUN ZHI-HONG
Published: June 2012

Let $\{U_n\}$ be given by $U_0=1$ and $U_n=-2\sum _{k=1}^{[n/2]} \binom n{2k}U_{n-2k}\ (n\ge 1)$, where $[\cdot ]$ is the greatest integer function. Then $\{U_n\}$ is analogous to the Euler numbers and $U_{2n}=3^{2n}E_{2n}(\frac 13)$, where $E_m(x)$ is the Euler polynomial. In a previous paper we gave many properties of $\{U_n\}$. In this paper we present a summation formula and several congruences involving $\{U_n\}$.
‘Singing Stones’: Contexting Body-Language in Romano-British Iconography
Authors: Aldhouse-Green Miranda
Published: June 2012

Two stone sculptures from Caerwent — a disembodied human head and a seated female figure — are the focus of this article. Using icon-theory, it is proposed that the Caerwent sculptures (albeit recovered from different chronological horizons) were perhaps produced at the same time, maybe even by a single stonemason. Issues of materiality, including choice of stone and style, are seen as key to their understanding, in terms of Silurian identity and religion. Moreover, the emphasis on mouths and ears invites interpretation of these images as those of speaking and listening Oracles, conduits between earthly and spiritual worlds.
Habitat occupancy of the Dusky-legged Guan in the lower delta of the Paraná River, Argentina
Authors: MALZOF SILVINA L. , BOLKOVIC MARIA L. , THOMPSON JEFFREY J. , QUINTANA RUBEN D.
Published: June 2012

The Dusky-legged Guan Penelope obscura is the southernmost species of the family Cracidae, reaching its southern distributional limit in the delta of the Paraná River. Habitat loss, together with uncontrolled harvest, has led to local-scale decreases or extirpation of the species, but no quantitative evaluation of habitat preferences has been made. We surveyed Dusky-legged Guans in the Delta del Paraná Biosphere Reserve, Argentina, by motorboat along 543.9 km of nine waterways during both January and July 2009 and used occupancy modelling to estimate habitat and seasonal effects on occupancy. Detectability was 21–22% on average and occupancy estimates were highly variable within habitats, but highest in secondary forest, followed by mature plantation, and lowest in occupied residences. There were no significant differences in occupancy or detectability among habitats or seasonally. There was a strong positive effect of length of riparian habitat segments on occupancy and detectability. Habitat management efforts should address increasing the suitability of mature plantation forest for guans by increasing their similarity to native forest in structure and composition. Furthermore, we illustrate that surveys by boat can be logistically effective for surveying cracids associated with riverine habitats and that it is important to account for incomplete detectability since in our case failing to do so would have underestimated occupancy by 78–79% on average. Given this, the use of commonly accepted methodologies for surveying cracids that do not account for incomplete detectability should be reconsidered and methodologies that can produce robust, reliable estimates applied.
Hypoxia in the Lower St. Lawrence Estuary: How physics controls spatial patterns
Authors: Lefort S. , Gratton Y. , Mucci A. , Dadou I. , Gilbert D.
Published: June 2012

A laterally integrated advection‐diffusion two‐dimensional model was implemented to simulate the spatial distribution of dissolved oxygen and the development of hypoxic conditions in the deep waters of the Laurentian Channel (Estuary and Gulf of St. Lawrence, Eastern Canada). Our simulations reveal that the horizontal distribution of dissolved oxygen in the bottom waters of the Laurentian Channel is determined by a combination of physical and biogeochemical processes, whereas its vertical distribution is governed by the deep water circulation. This result strongly suggests that the physics of the system and the source water properties are mostly responsible for the generation of a mid‐water column oxygen minimum and the oxygen distribution pattern in the deep water column.
The roles of cloud drop effective radius and LWP in determining rain properties in marine stratocumulus
Authors: Rosenfeld Daniel , Wang Hailong , Rasch Philip J.
Published: June 2012

Numerical simulations described in previous studies showed that adding cloud condensation nuclei to marine stratocumulus can prevent their breakup from closed into open cells. Additional analyses of the same simulations show that the suppression of rain is well described in terms of cloud drop effective radius (re). Rain is initiated when re near cloud top is around 12–14 μm. Cloud water starts to get depleted when column‐maximum rain intensity (Rmax) exceeds 0.1 mm h−1. This happens when cloud‐top re reaches 14 μm. Rmax is mostly less than 0.1 mm h−1 at re < 14 μm, regardless of the cloud water path, but increases rapidly when re exceeds 14 μm. This is in agreement with recent aircraft observations and theoretical studies in convective clouds so that the mechanism is not limited to describing marine stratocumulus. These results support the hypothesis that the onset of significant precipitation is determined by the number of nucleated cloud drops and the depth (D) above cloud base within the cloud that is required for cloud drops to reach re of 14 μm. In turn, this can explain the conditions for initiation of significant drizzle and opening of closed cells providing the basis for a simple parameterization for GCMs that unifies the representation of both precipitating and non‐precipitating clouds as well as the transition between them. Furthermore, satellite global observations of cloud depth (from base to top), and cloud‐top re can be used to derive and validate this parameterization.
Electrostatic precursors to granular slip events
Authors: Shinbrot Troy , Kim Nam H. , Thyagu N. Nirmal
Published: June 2012

It has been known for over a century that electrical signals are produced by material failure, for example during crack formation of crystals and glasses, or stick-slip motion of liquid mercury on glass. We describe here new experiments revealing that slip events in cohesive powders also produce electrical signals, and remarkably these signals can appear significantly in advance of slip events. We have confirmed this effect in two different experimental systems and using two common powdered materials, and in a third experiment we have demonstrated that similar voltage signals are produced by crack-like defects in several powdered materials.
Arylsulfatase G inactivation causes loss of heparan sulfate 3-
O
-sulfatase activity and mucopolysaccharidosis in mice
Authors: Kowalewski Björn , Lamanna William C. , Lawrence Roger , Damme Markus , Stroobants Stijn , Padva Michael , Kalus Ina , Frese Marc-André , Lübke Torben , Lüllmann-Rauch Renate , D’Hooge Rudi , Esko Jeffrey D. , Dierks Thomas
Published: June 2012

Deficiency of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) degradation causes a subclass of lysosomal storage disorders called mucopolysaccharidoses (MPSs), many of which present with severe neuropathology. Critical steps in the degradation of the GAG heparan sulfate remain enigmatic. Here we show that the lysosomal arylsulfatase G (ARSG) is the long-sought glucosamine-3-
O
-sulfatase required to complete the degradation of heparan sulfate.
Arsg
-deficient mice accumulate heparan sulfate in visceral organs and the central nervous system and develop neuronal cell death and behavioral deficits. This accumulated heparan sulfate exhibits unique nonreducing end structures with terminal
N
-sulfoglucosamine-3-
O
-sulfate residues, allowing diagnosis of the disorder. Recombinant human ARSG is able to cleave 3-
O
-sulfate groups from these residues as well as from an authentic 3-
O
-sulfated
N
-sulfoglucosamine standard. Our results demonstrate the key role of ARSG in heparan sulfate degradation and strongly suggest that ARSG deficiency represents a unique, as yet unknown form of MPS, which we term MPS IIIE.
Specific mitochondrial DNA mutation in mice regulates diabetes and lymphoma development
Authors: Hashizume Osamu , Shimizu Akinori , Yokota Mutsumi , Sugiyama Atsuko , Nakada Kazuto , Miyoshi Hiroyuki , Itami Makiko , Ohira Miki , Nagase Hiroki , Takenaga Keizo , Hayashi Jun-Ichi
Published: June 2012

It has been hypothesized that respiration defects caused by accumulation of pathogenic mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations and the resultant overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) or lactates are responsible for aging and age-associated disorders, including diabetes and tumor development. However, there is no direct evidence to prove the involvement of mtDNA mutations in these processes, because it is difficult to exclude the possible involvement of nuclear DNA mutations. Our previous studies resolved this issue by using an mtDNA exchange technology and showed that a G13997A mtDNA mutation found in mouse tumor cells induces metastasis via ROS overproduction. Here, using transmitochondrial mice (mito-mice), which we had generated previously by introducing G13997A mtDNA from mouse tumor cells into mouse embryonic stem cells, we provide convincing evidence supporting part of the abovementioned hypothesis by showing that G13997A mtDNA regulates diabetes development, lymphoma formation, and metastasis—but not aging—in this model.