bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Distance Based One-Sample Test of Means Difference for Multivariate Datasets
Authors: Novoselsky Alexander , Kagan Eugene
Published: February 2025

In this note, we suggest a one-sample version of the recently proposed two-sample test for comparison of the means of multivariate samples. The test checks a hypothesis that the mean of multivariate sample is equal to a certain value with the alternative hypothesis that the mean does not equal to this value. The suggested test is illustrated by analysis of real-world and simulated data.
Long-Term Inspection and Monitoring of Transition Zones with a Sudden Change in Railway Track Stiffness
Authors: Hodas Stanislav , Izvoltova Jana , Vrchovsky Erik
Published: February 2025

Transition zones are in the places on the track with a change in the main composition of the railway body. There are many sections with a sudden change in the stiffness of the structures built. When the trains are running, a longitudinal shock wave is created from the wheels, which hits these building objects with a higher stiffness and deforms the surroundings of these zones. The most outstanding attention should be paid mainly to the transition points from the fixed track to the classic track with a track bed, including objects of the railway substructure such as bridges, portals of tunnels, etc. As part of the research sections on the main corridor lines, a long-term inspection and monitoring were carried out using the KRAB trolley with a continuous measurement system [1]. Height changes in the deflections of rails are evidence of their behaviour. The measurements took place on a fixed track and a track with a ballast. Changes in the height jumps between the fixed railway track and the track with a gravel bed are significant and have been recorded since the tracks were put into operation. These certain height deflections allow designers to develop new, more durable construction designs.
Regular Physical Activity and Life Satisfaction: Unpacking the Roles of Self-Control and Emotion Regulation
Authors: Potoczny Wiktor , Herzog-Krzywoszańska Radosława , Krzywoszański Łukasz
Published: February 2025

Physical activity is an essential component of a healthy lifestyle. Regular exercise and physical activity have many benefits for both the body and mind. This study examined the possible mediating effects of self-control and the forms of emotion regulation on life satisfaction. A total of 186 adults participated in the online survey. Subjects answered questions regarding their regular participation in various forms of physical activity and completed questionnaires assessing self-control, emotional regulation, and life satisfaction. The Satisfaction with Life Scale and the Brief Self-Control Scale were used to assess life satisfaction and dispositional self-control. The Emotion Regulation Questionnaire was used to measure two different forms of emotion regulation: cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression. Based on self-reported average minutes spent exercising per week, participants were classified into four levels of physical activity according to the World Health Organization guidelines. The mediation analysis results showed that dispositional self-control and cognitive reappraisal fully mediated the relationship between physical activity level and life satisfaction. This suggests that regular physical activity may increase levels of self-control and cognitive reappraisal, which, in turn, leads to greater life satisfaction. These findings highlight the importance of regular exercise in promoting well-being and increasing life satisfaction through its beneficial effects on self-control and emotion regulation.
Two Novel Avastrovirus Species Expand the Host Range of Astroviridae to Psittaciformes
Authors: Jenns K. , Eden John-Sebastian , Olsson Annabelle , Phalen David
Published: February 2025

Metatranscriptomics has recently expanded the species richness and host range of the Avastrovirus genus, quadrupling the number of avian orders known to host them in less than a decade. Despite this growing awareness of astrovirus presence in wild birds, limited attention has been paid to these viruses in the context of disease in Australian avifauna. Here we used unbiased RNA sequencing of intestinal samples from a galah (Eolophus roseicapilla) and an Australian king parrot (Alisterus scapularis) with a chronic diarrhoeal and wasting disease to detect the entire genomes of two novel astrovirus species, Avastrovirus eolorosei (PQ893528) and Avastrovirus aliscap (PQ893527). The phylogenetic positions of these viruses highlight the importance of current and future metatranscriptomic virus screening in investigations of avian host landscapes beyond Galloanserae. This is also the first documentation of avastrovirus infections in Psittaciformes and the first to report their potential role as disease agents in them.
The Impact of Healthcare Simulation on Practical Training: Enhancing Medical Students’ Proficiency in In-Vitro Male by Catheterization Procedures
Authors: Mohammad Imran , Ansari1 Md Rizwan , Bari Md. Nadeem , Anwar Mohammad , Khan Mohammed Sarosh
Published: February 2025

Our research explores the impact of healthcare simulation on medical and nursing student’s proficiency in in-vitro male catheterization, a vital clinical skill. Healthcare simulation offers a risk-free, experiential learning approach, and our study delves into its effectiveness. We adopted a comprehensive methodology, including pre-post assessments, objective exams, and self-assessed confidence surveys. Results indicate significant improvements in skill proficiency, confidence levels, knowledge retention, and patient safety awareness among simulation-trained students. Healthcare simulation emerges as a cornerstone in modern medical education, preparing future practitioners to excel in complex clinical scenarios while prioritizing patient well-being.
Are We Inclusive? Accessibility Challenges in Philippine E-Government Websites
Authors: Bokingkito Paul Bandal , Beloy Jerame B , Ecleo Jerina Jean , Alce Apple Rose , Borinaga Nenen , Galido Adrian
Published: February 2025

Website accessibility is critical for e-government in the Philippines to ensure all citizens, including those with disabilities, can access essential information and services. This study evaluates government website accessibility based on the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), which provide comprehensive checkpoints for assessment. A combination of automated testing tools and visual inspection was employed to achieve a thorough evaluation. Compliance percentages for web accessibility ranged from 28.00% to 82.67%, with an average of 53.43%, highlighting a need for improvement, particularly in advanced web presence stages. Usability compliance was higher, ranging from 62.32% to 97.10%, with an average of 82.50%. Significant usability checkpoints with low compliance rates were identified, emphasizing areas where government agencies must focus to enhance user experience and accessibility. The study recommends specific tools for evaluating these accessibility checkpoints and underscores the importance of improving government website usability. Enhancing accessibility is vital for fostering inclusivity, increasing citizen engagement, and promoting trust through transparent governance. Improved accessibility is expected to positively impact local and regional development by enabling better service delivery and encouraging active public participation in government initiatives.
Please Stop Sacrificing Our Children for Profit: The Critical Need to Mitigate Commercial Technology Threats to Child and Youth Wellbeing
Authors: Halsall Tanya , Holmgren Alexis , Arseneau Zac , Jan Misha , Khanna Nishad , Obeid Nicole , Thorisdottir Ingibjorg E. , Zenone Marco , Bellefeuille Amanda
Published: February 2025

Youth mental health is in crisis. Although the influence of social media on youth mental health has been under debate in the scientific community over the last several years, there is now a growing consensus that it is causing significant harms to many children and youth, demanding immediate action to address these effects. We outline the complex pathways of influence and how they are increasing health inequities in children and young people. We apply the commercial determinants of health (CDoH) framework to highlight the mechanisms of influence driving the crisis and offer solutions to address it. This approach places the focus on the business practices of critical actors in the tech industry that create health inequities while accumulating power and wealth. These business practices will have an impact on us all. Young people are the canary in the coal mine.
Cross-Cultural Adaptation of a Health-Related Quality-of-Life Questionnaire for Children with Obstructive Sleep Disorders: Spanish Version of the OSD-6
Authors: Boira Ignacio , Sancho-Chust Jose N. , Esteban Violeta , Pastor Esther , Martínez-García Miguel Ángel , Chiner Eusebi
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: To translate the OSD-6 questionnaire (6-item quality of life questionnaire for children with obstructive sleep disorders) to Spanish and analyze the reliability and validity of the Spanish version. Methods: We included children with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). All underwent polysomnography before and after adenotonsillectomy. Study variables included age, sex, symptoms, polysomnography values, body measurements, and Mallampati and Brodsky classification. Parents or caregivers completed the OSD-6 at baseline and 3 to 6 months after adenotonsillectomy. Following translation and back-translation of the instrument, we evaluated its internal consistency, reliability, construct validity, concurrent validity, predictive validity, and sensitivity to change. Results: We included 45 boys and 15 girls. Mean body mass index was 18 (standard deviation [SD] 4) kg/m2 and mean neck circumference was 28 (SD 5) cm. Seven per cent of children had Brodsky grade 0, 12% had grade 1, 27% had grade 2, 45% had grade 3, and 6% had grade 4. Mean apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) was 12 (SD 7) h-1 before adenotonsillectomy. The overall Cronbach's alpha was 0.8. We found significant concurrent validity in each questionnaire domain and in the overall score. Predictive validity was significant for Mallampati scores (ANOVA p = 0.011) and borderline significant for AHI levels (ANOVA p = 0.069). Sensitivity to change was excellent, both overall (p < 0.001) and in each domain (p < 0.001). Test-retest reliability was also excellent. Conclusions: Our results suggest the Spanish version of the OSD-6 is equivalent to the original and can be used in Spanish-speaking countries.
Multipurpose X-Ray Stage and Its Application for In-Situ Poling Studies
Authors: Iacomini Antonio , Sanna Davide , Mureddu Marzia , Caggiu Laura , Cau Costantino , Enzo Stefano , Eduardo Villalobos-Portillo Edgar , Pardo Lorena , Garroni Sebastiano
Published: February 2025

A 3D-printable, ARDUINO-based multipurpose X-ray stage of compact dimensions enabling in-situ electric field and temperature dependent measurements is put into practice and tested here. It can be routinely applied in combination with a technique of structural characterization of materials. Using high-performance X-ray laboratory equipment, two investigations were conducted to illustrate the device performance. The lattice characteristics and microstructure evolution of piezoelectric ceramics of barium titanate, BaTiO3 (BT), and barium calcium zirconate titanate, with compositions of (Ba0.92Ca0.08)(Ti0.95Zr0.05)O3 (BC8TZ5), were studied as a function of the applied electric field and temperature. The stage is amenable as an off-the-shelf device for a diffraction line in a synchrotron. It provides valuable information for poling piezoceramics and subsequent optimization of their performance.
Automorphisms Group and Radical Polynomial of Standard Trilinear Forms
Authors: Noureddine Midoune
Published: February 2025

Let V be a vector space of dimension n over a field K and let ω be a trivector of ∧³V. For such trivectors, we can associate three invariants, the automorphism group Aut(ω), the radical polynominal P(ω) and the commutant C(ω). We use the classification of trivectors of rank ≤9, we give a general rule for the standard trivector ω_{3k} in dimension 3k, the trivector with the transitive automorphism group and the trivector with an isotropic hyperplane ω_{2k+1} in dimension 2k+1. We compute their radical polynomials and the sizes of the groups automorphisms. We demonstrate that there exists a vector space V and a trivector ω of ∧³V where C(ω) is not a Frobenius algebra and dimV≤3dimC(ω). Finally, We give a classification of trivectors in dimension 8 over a finite field of characteristic 2 and its applications in the theory of codes.
Role of Individual, Social and Health Factors as Determinants of COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy: Results from the Second Phase of the Italian EPICOVID19 Web-Based Survey
Authors: Adorni Fulvio , Cavigli Chiara , Jesuthasan Nithiya , Cori Liliana , Sojic Aleksandra , Bianchi Fabrizio , Curzio Olivia , Prinelli Federica
Published: February 2025

Background Despite scientific breakthroughs in vaccine development, some people remain reluc-tant to accept the anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. This study evaluates attitudes and behaviours to-wards the vaccine and factors associated with refusal/hesitancy at the start of Italy's vaccination campaign.
Methods: EPICOVID19 is a two-phase observational web-based study where adult volunteers completed questionnaires in April-June 2020 and January-February 2021. Refusal/hesitancy to-wards the vaccine was assessed among those not yet vaccinated. We analysed factors associated with refusal/hesitancy by applying multivariate multinomial logistic regression models.
Results: Among 36,820 survey participants (mean age 51 years, 59.7% women, 63.6% highly ed-ucated), 2,449 (6.7%) were against or hesitant, 4,468 (12.1%) were inclined but unsure, and 29,903 (81.2%) were willing to be vaccinated. Factors positively associated with refusal/hesitancy included female sex, middle age, at-risk occupations, medium and low education, deprived status, being underweight, previous SARS-CoV-2 positivity, poor perceived health, no fear of contracting SARS-CoV-2, fear of contaminated food and natural disasters, and low trust in science, media, government, or institutions. Low hesitancy was associated with student and retired status, over-weight and obesity, moderate and high alcohol consumption, no concern about economic and working conditions, and sensitivity to climate change/environmental pollution and epidemics.
Conclusions: This survey showed that during the first month of Italy's vaccination campaign, some individuals were reluctant to receive the anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. The study highlights po-tential target groups for tailored communication and prevention campaigns.
AI Applications in Supply Chain Management: A Survey
Authors: Daios Adamos , Kladovasilakis Nikolaos , Kelemis Athanasios , Kostavelis Ioannis
Published: February 2025

The advent of Industry 4.0 and the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) is transforming Supply Chain Management (SCM), improving efficiency, resilience, and strategic decision-making capabilities. This research provides a comprehensive overview of AI applications in key SCM processes, including customer relationship management, inventory management, transportation networks, procurement, demand forecasting and risk management. AI technologies such as Machine Learning, Natural Language Processing and Generative AI offer transformative solutions to streamline logistics, reduce operational risk and improve demand forecasting. In addition, the study identifies barriers to AI adoption, such as implementation challenges, organizational readiness and ethical concerns, and highlights the critical role of AI in promoting supply chain visibility and resilience in the midst of global crises. Future trends emphasize human-centric AI, increasing digital maturity, and addressing ethical and security concerns. This review concludes by confirming the critical role of AI in shaping sustainable, flexible and resilient supply chains, while providing a roadmap for future research and application in SCM.
Temporal Ramsey Graphs: Ramsey Kinematic Approach to the Motion of Systems of Material Points
Authors: Bormashenko Edward
Published: February 2025

We propose the Ramsey approach for the analysis of the kinematics of the systems built of non-relativistic, motile point masses/particles. The approach is based on the colored graphs theory. Point masses/particles serve as the vertices of the graph. The time dependence of the distance between the particles determines the coloring of the links. The vertices/particles are connected with an orange link, when the particles move away from each other or remain at the same distance. The vertices/particles are linked with the violet edge, when the particles converge. The sign of the time derivative of the distance between the particles dictates the color of the edge. Thus, the complete, bi-colored, Ramsey, temporal graph emerges. The suggested coloring procedure is not transitive. The coloring of the link is time dependent. The proposed coloring procedure is frame independent and insensitive to Galilean transformations. At least one monochromatic triangle will inevitably appear in the graph emerging from the motion of six particles, due to the fact that the Ramsey number R(3,3)=6. The approach is extended for the analysis of the systems, containing infinite number of the moving point masses. Infinite monochromatic (violet or orange) clique will necessarily appear in the graph.
Study on the Physical Properties of the Melange Yarn
Authors: Islam Rofi MD Rofiul
Published: February 2025

Mélange yarn, produced by blending fibers of different colors before spinning, is widely used in the textile industry for its unique aesthetic and functional advantages. This study investigates the physical properties of mélange yarn, focusing on tensile strength, elongation, evenness, hairiness, and abrasion resistance. The influence of different spinning techniques, including ring and compact spinning, on these properties is thoroughly examined. Additionally, the impact of fiber composition, particularly cotton-polyester and wool-acrylic blends, on yarn performance is analyzed. Through standardized testing methods, including universal tensile testing, Uster evenness measurement, and Martindale abrasion testing, the mechanical and surface characteristics of mélange yarn are assessed. The findings indicate that compact-spun mélange yarn exhibits superior strength, lower hairiness, and better evenness compared to ring-spun mélange yarn. Moreover, the study highlights the role of synthetic fibers in enhancing abrasion resistance, making mélange yarn more durable for high-performance applications. These insights provide valuable guidance for optimizing mélange yarn production, ensuring better quality and performance in various textile applications. Future research should explore sustainable fiber alternatives and advanced spinning modifications to further enhance mélange yarn properties.
Microstructure of Sea Cucumber Parastichopus Tremulus Peptide Hydrogels and Bioactivity in Caco-2 Cell Culture Model
Authors: Atanassova Miroslava R. , Mildenberger Jennifer , Hansen Marianne D. , Tamm Tarmo
Published: February 2025

Wider availability of marine proteins for development of food and biomedical applications has high importance. Sea cucumber body wall proteins have specific functional properties which could be very promising for such product development. However, protein extraction from whole animals is costly and complex, whereas peptide hydrogel production by biotechnological methods can be considered an economically viable approach. Body-wall derived peptides from sea cucumber Parastichopus tremulus have been suggested as a nontraditional source of potentially edible hydrocolloids. In the current work four peptides were produced through custom synthesis. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) of the combined mix of the four peptides (1:1 ratio; 15 mM concentration) in calcium ion-containing buffer confirmed untargeted self-assembly with long, thick fibrillar formations at micro scale (measured mean cross section 2.78 µm and length sizes of 26.95 µm). The antioxidant activity of the peptides separately, and in combination (1:1 molar ratio), was studied in vitro through ORAC, ABTS and DPPH assays, and confirmed for protection against oxidation in a Caco-2 cell culture model. Angiotensin-I converting enzyme-inhibitory activity was also confirmed for two of the four peptides, with highest IC 50 of 7.11 ± 0.84 mg/ml. This is the first report exploring microstructures of P. tremulus peptide hydrogels.
Relationship Between 8-iso-Prostaglandin-F2a and Predicted 10-Year Cardiovascular Risk in Hypertensive Patients
Authors: Geraci Giulio , Sorce Alessandra , Zanoli Luca , Cuttone Giuseppe , Calabrese Vincenzo , Pallotti Francesco , Paternò Valentina , Ferrara Pietro , Dominguez Ligia J. , Polosa Riccardo , Mulè Giuseppe , Carollo Caterina
Published: February 2025

8-iso-prostaglandin-F2α (8-iso-PGF2α) is a recognized marker of oxidative stress. Previous studies suggested that 8-iso-PGF2α plays an important role in the pathogenesis of hypertension and cardiovascular (CV) diseases. However, limited data exist on the prognostic role of 8-iso-PGF2α in hypertensive patients undergoing primary prevention. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between 8-iso-PGF2α and 10-year CV risk, as predicted by validated equations in hypertension patients without CV diseases. Materials and methods. A total of 432 individuals aged 40-75 years were enrolled. Plasma 8-iso-PGF2α was assessed through ELISA method. CV risk was calculated by using the Framingham Risk Score (Fr-S) and the Atherosclerosis Cardiovascular Disease Risk Score (ASCVD-S). Low, moderate, or high CV risks were defined according to validated cutoffs. Results. Individuals with higher CV risk had significantly greater 8-iso-PGF2α values compared to those with low or moderate CV risk (p<0.001). 8-iso-PGF2α correlated strongly with Fr-S and ASCVD-S in the entire population and in patients with normal renal function (all p<0.001), but not in patients with eGFR<60 mL/min/1.73m2. These associations remained significant after adjustment for traditional factors included in the CV risk equations in the overall population and in patients with normal renal function. The 8-iso-PGF22α cutoffs that best distinguished patients with high CV risk were 310 pg/mL for Fr-S and 264 pg/mL for ASCVD-S in the overall population, with significant differences between the groups divided by eGFR (all p<0.001). Conclusion. 8-iso-PGF2α may have a prognostic role in primary prevention of CV events in hypertensive patients, particularly in those with normal renal function.
K-Volume Clustering Algorithms for scRNA-seq Data Analysis
Authors: Chen Yong , Li Fei
Published: February 2025

Clustering high-dimensional and structural data remains a key challenge in computational biology, especially for complex single-cell and multi-omics datasets. In this study, we present $K$-volume clustering, a novel algorithm that uses the total convex volume defined by points within a cluster as a biologically relevant and geometrically interpretable criterion. This method simultaneously optimizes both the hierarchical structure and the number of clusters at each level through nonlinear optimization. Validation on real datasets shows that $K$-volume clustering outperforms traditional methods across a range of biological applications. With its theoretical foundation and broad applicability, $K$-volume clustering holds great promise as a core tool for diverse data analysis tasks.
From Task Distributions to Expected Paths Lengths Distributions: Value Function Initialization in Sparse Reward Environments for Lifelong Reinforcement Learning
Authors: Mehimeh Soumia , Tang Xianglong
Published: February 2025

This paper studies value function transfer within reinforcement learning frameworks, focusing on tasks continuously assigned to an agent through a probabilistic distribution. Specifically, we focus on environments characterized by sparse rewards with a terminal goal. Initially, we propose and theoretically demonstrate that the distribution of the computed value function from such environments, whether in cases where the goals or the dynamics are changing across tasks, can be reformulated as the distribution of the number of steps to the goal generated by their optimal policies, which we name expected optimal path length. To test our propositions, we hypothesize that the distribution of the expected optimal path lengths resulting from the task distribution is normal. This claim leads us to propose that if the distribution is normal, then the distribution of the value function follows a log-normal pattern. Leveraging this insight, we introduce "LogQInit" as a novel value function transfer method, based on the properties of log-normality. Finally, we run experiments on a scenario of goals and dynamics distributions, validate our proposition by providing an a dequate analysis of the results, and demonstrate that LogQInit outperforms existing methods of value function initialization, policy transfer, and reward shaping.
GB Virus C; Discussing the Possibility of Using GB Virus-C (GBV-C) as a Vaccine Against HIV and Reawakening the Scientific Community About GBV-C
Authors: Kayed Yousef , AbdElRaouf Sahar , ElTayeb Wafaa
Published: February 2025

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV ) is one of the pathogenic viruses that enter the human body and replicate in T-cells, leading to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome ( AIDS). On the other hand, GB-virus C (GBV-C) is a virus that enters the human body without known pathogenic effects on the human body. It is mostly related to the Flaviviridae family, especially hepatitis C (HCV).To our knowledge, studies show that this virus is not associated with any disease. The viral composition differs from most known RNA viruses as it encodes a single polyprotein. The virus could be transmitted through blood and sexual contact. The GBV-C includes three different strains: GBV-C, Hepatitis G virus (HGV), and non-studied one. HGV strain has been detected in patients with liver cirrhosis. However, there is no evidence that it causes liver disease. GBV-C reduces immunity activation in HIV-infected patients. It has been found that it has a marked effect on the target cell receptors for HIV indicating that it could be studied to design a vaccine against HIV. However, there is a lack of information and studies concerning the virus. Many challenges are faced when developing a vaccine based on a virus. These challenges include safety and efficacy, mechanism of action for GBV-C, immunogenicity, variability in HIV Strains, ethical and regulatory issues, production and delivery, long-term outcomes, and public perception and acceptance. However, bioinformatics techniques can play a crucial role in overcoming these challenges by several methods that are: comparative genomics, epitope mapping, structural bioinformatics, and vaccine design and optimization.
Conventional Chemoradiotherapy Versus hypofractionated Chemoradiotherapy in Glioblastoma Multiforme Patients: Are We Ready to Change a Paradigm?
Authors: Di Guglielmo Fiorella Cristina , Bonaparte Ilaria , Davì Valerio , Guida Pietro , Ciliberti Maria Paola , Gregucci Fabiana , Surgo Alessia , Caliandro Morena , Carbonara Roberta , Giraldi David , Fanelli Vincenzo , Surico Giammarco , Gentile Maria Annunziata , Calbi Roberto , Internò Valeria , Laera Letizia , Talienti Tiziana , Signorelli Francesco , Lombardi Giuseppe , Fiorentino Alba
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: Hypofractionated radiation therapy (Hypo-RT) schedules may offer radiobiological, patient convenience, and healthcare resource advantages over standard fractionated radiation therapy (S-RT) for glioblastoma (GBM). Additionally, simulated integrated boost (SIB) Hypo-RT is proven to be an effective and safe treatment. We report on our experience regarding progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and RT-related toxicities in GBM patients treated with Hypo-RT and S-RT. Methods: Patients with IDH-wildtype GBM received either Hypo-RT (40.05-52.5 Gy/15 fractions) or S-RT (60-70 Gy/30 fractions). Volumetric modulated arc therapy was performed for all patients. Concomitant temozolomide (75 mg/m²/day) and adjuvant chemotherapy (TMZ 150-200 mg/m² for 5 days every 28 days) were administered. OS and PFS were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Results: Ninety-five patients were treated (Hypo-RT: 52, S-RT: 43). With a median follow-up of 25 months (range 9-63), the median age was 65 and 54 years for the Hypo-RT and S-RT groups, respectively. All patients tolerated the treatment well; no significant adverse effects were observed in either group. No acute or late neurological side effects of grade ≥ 2 were reported during RT. Grade 3-4 hematologic toxicity occurred in five cases, all of which interrupted concomitant TMZ (all occurring in the S-RT arm). The time to progression for the S-RT and Hypo-RT groups was 13.7 and 11.1 months, respectively (p=0.243). Regarding OS, the S-RT group had a median OS of 28.8 months compared to 17.5 months in the Hypo-RT group (p=0.007). Conclusions: Although further investigations are ongoing, a statistically significant difference exists in OS between Hypo-RT and S-RT. Hypo-RT could potentially become the standard of care not only for elderly patients but also for those with poor prognosis. Additional investigation with more data is necessary in this context to determine the best standard approach.
Retention of Viral Heterogeneity in an Avian Reovirus Isolate despite Plaque Purification
Authors: Khalid Zubair , Alvarez-Narvaez Sonsiray , Harrell Telvin L. , Chowdhury Erfan U. , Conrad Steven J. , Hauck Ruediger
Published: February 2025

Avian reovirus (ARV) remains a significant concern in the poultry industry due to its economic impact and genetic diversity. Three rounds of plaque purification are routinely employed to obtain clonal populations of a viral isolate for experimental purposes. However, the effectiveness of this approach in achieving viral homogeneity has not been evaluated. This study aimed to determine the purity of a plaque-purified ARV isolate (strain AL) using conventional PCR, Sanger sequencing, and whole genome sequencing (WGS). While conventional PCR targeting the sigma C (σC) gene failed to amplify the AL isolate using standard primers, de novo primers based on WGS successfully detected its presence. Sanger sequencing of the σC gene confirmed sequence divergence from the reference S1133 strain with only ~44% amino acid identity. This placed the AL isolate in genetic cluster GC4, which was phylogenetically farthest from the vaccine group GC1. WGS analysis revealed the presence of mixed viral populations despite three rounds of plaque purification on chicken embryo liver cells (CELi) and both S1133-like and divergent contigs were found in the assembled genome. These findings indicate that plaque purification in chicken embryo liver cells may not ensure clonal isolation of ARV.
From RAG to Multi-Agent Systems: A Survey of Modern Approaches in LLM Development
Authors: Aquino Gustavo de Aquino e , Azevedo Nádila da Silva de , Okimoto Leandro Youiti Silva , Camelo Leonardo Yuto Suzuki , Bragança Hendrio Luis de Souza , Fernandes Rubens , Printes Andre , Cardoso Fábio , Gomes Raimundo , Torné Israel Gondres
Published: February 2025

The rapid evolution of intelligent chatbots has been largely driven by the advent of Large Language Models (LLMs), which have greatly enhanced natural language understanding and generation. However, the fast-paced advancements in generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) and LLM technologies present challenges for developers to stay up-to-date and to select optimal architectures or approaches from a wide range of available options. This survey article addresses these challenges by providing a overview of cutting-edge techniques and architectural application choices in modern generative chatbot development. We explore various approaches involving retrieval strategies, chunking methods, context management, embeddings, and the utilization of LLMs. Furthermore, we analyze paradigms such as naive Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) compared to Graph-Based RAG, as well as single-agent versus multi-agent systems. We examine agent-based methodologies, comparing single-agent systems with multi-agent architectures, and analyze how multi-agent systems can proficiently handle intricate tasks, enhance scalability, and mitigate faults such as hallucinations through collaborative efforts. Additionally, we review tools and frameworks such as LangGraph that facilitate the implementation of stateful, multi-agent LLM applications. By categorizing and analyzing these modern techniques, this survey aims to present the current landscape and future directions in chatbot development.
Kinetics of Precipitation Hardening Phases in Recycled 2017A Aluminum Alloy
Authors: Mrówka-Nowotnik Grażyna , Boczkal Grzegorz , Nabel Damian
Published: February 2025

Kinetic parameters that describe phase transformation and precipitation rates include the activation energy. In Al based alloys, volume fractions of precipitates, the melting temperature of specific phases and the activation energy of reactions can, in most cases, be determined by the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) technique. In this investigation, DSC measurments were performed on a SETARAM SETSYS Evolution-1200 thermal analyzer on recycled aluminium alloy 2017A in the range of temperature from room ~25 to 700°C and different scan rates of heating at 5,10,15, 20 and 25°C min-1. The peak temperatures of the clusters, GP zones and hardening phases ’"and  Q from each heating rate were collected to calculate the activation energy associated with precipitation reactions in aluminium alloy 2017A using various mathematical models: the Kissinger, Ozawa and Boswell. The results (XRD, LM, TEM, DSC) show that both the θ and Q phases are strengthening phases, but the strengthening effect of the ",  phases is dominant. The strengthening phases, mainly ", ' increase the hardness during natural aging. The maximum hardness value 128HB was obtained after ~25h of natural ageing. The activation energy of precipitation of strengthening phase θ” in 2017A aluminum alloy determined by Kissinger, Ozawa and Boswell models are: 89.94  kJ· mol−1, 98.7  kJ· mol−1 and 94.33  kJ· mol−1 respectively and for θ’: 72.5  kJ· mol−1, 81.9  kJ· mol−1 and 77.2  kJ· mol−1 .
A 7T MRI Study of Fibular Bone Thickness and Density: Impact of Age, Sex and Body Weight, and Correlation with Bone Marrow Expansion and Muscle Fat Infiltration
Authors: Johnson Talon , Su Jianzhong , Henning Anke , Ren Jimin
Published: February 2025

Reduced bone mass and density, hallmark features of osteopenia and osteoporosis, significantly increase the risk of fractures, falls, and loss of mobility, especially in postmenopausal women and the elderly. This quantitative 7T MRI study examines fibular bone thinning and density decrease in 107 individuals (43F/64M) across various ages, body mass indices (BMI), and ethnicities. Women had significantly lower cross-sectional bone-wall thickness (BT) and bone-tissue area (BA) along with greater bone density decrease compared to men, with significant differences observed only in those over age 50 (n = 77), not in the younger group (n = 30). The bone g-factor, defined as the ratio of inner-to-outer bone diameters, increased with bone thinning, bone marrow expansion (BME), and muscle fat infiltration (MFI), but was independent of subcutaneous fat thickness (SFT). Bone density decrease correlated with bone mass loss, with a stronger association observed with BT than BA. These findings offer insights into the effects of aging and sex on skeletomuscular health, with implications for strategies to mitigate bone loss in osteoporosis and osteosarcopenia.
Implications of Spaceborne High-resolution Solar Spectral Irradiance Observation for the Assessment of Surface Solar Energy in China
Authors: Kong Chenxi , Jing Xianwen , Niu Xiaorui , Jing Jing
Published: February 2025

Accurate solar spectral irradiance (SSI) input is key to modelling climate systems. Traditional SSI data used in the climate modelling community are based on solar model calculations joined by limited observations. Recent advances in spaceborne high-resolution solar spectrum observations, such as the National Administration for Space and Aeronautics (NASA)’s Total and Spectral Solar Irradiance Sensor (TSIS), have provided more accurate and reliable SSI alternatives. Here, we investigate the differences between the observed and the model-based SSIs, and how these affect the modelled downward surface solar radiation (DSSR) over different regions of China. Special interest is dedicated to the implications for solar power estimation from solar farms. We conduct idealized calculations using the RRTMG-SW radiative transfer model, with the traditional China Meteorological Administration standard solar spectrum (CMA_STD) and the observed TSIS-1 Hybrid Solar Reference Spectrum (TSIS-1_HSRS). Results show that the CMA_STD SSI yields 4.45 Wm-2 less energy than the TSIS-1_HSRS, and systematically overestimate energy in the infrared bands and underestimate that in the visible bands. These discrepancies result in an annual regional mean visible DSSR underestimation of ~0.44 Wm-2, with localized underestimation for a particular month exceeding 2 Wm-2. The estimated solar power productions with the two SSIs differ by 0.25%~0.35% and 0.36%~0.55% of the total power production capacity for fixed-angle and solar tracking panels, respectively. These findings suggest that long-term and high-resolution spaceborne SSI observations are crucial to improve surface climate modelling, especially on local scales, and to service climate change mitigations.
Christian Education in a Secular Democracy. Balancing Secular Citizenship and Sacred Belief
Authors: Simut Ciprian , Albulescu Ion
Published: February 2025

The essay examines the challenges and opportunities that Christian education faces in balancing religious teachings with the demands of secular democratic values. It explores how Christian schools nurture students in Christian virtues, while equipping them to participate actively and responsibly in a pluralistic, but democratic, society. It also points to the role of the curriculum design, dialogical teaching, and civic engagement in integrating Christian virtues with civic responsibilities. By analyzing these pedagogical strategies, the essay argues that Christian education can train and prepare individuals, who are committed to their faith, but also are well-prepared for life in a secular democracy.
Development of Model Predictive Control by Reinforcement Learning to Treat Cancer with Mixed of Chemotherapy and Anti-Angiogenic
Authors: Haghighatdoust Sarina , Ramezani Amin , Hadian Mohsen
Published: February 2025

Cancer is a major global health concern and one of the leading causes of death worldwide. As such, the study of cancer treatment and control has become an essential area of research in biomedical engineering. One critical aspect of cancer treatment is the prevention of cancer cell proliferation. This article proposes a novel approach in a cancer model with zero initial conditions once and another with random initial conditions by a Model Predictive Controller(MPC) developed by Reinforcement Learning. Models are treated by 3 different treatment methods including chemotherapy, anti-angiogenic and the combination of both treatment methods is used to evaluate the effectiveness and reduction of the number of cancer cells and the improvement of disease outcomes. Our results show that although chemotherapy is necessary to weaken cancer cells, the combination of both treatment methods reduces the number of cancer cells by approximately 65%, and this shows the effectiveness of the combination of two treatment methods with the help of a Model Predictive Controller(MPC) developed by Reinforcement Learning by reducing the number of tumor cells in the targeted location.
Response of Neuromuscular Junctions to BaCl2 and Capacity of Mitochondrial Transfer Therapy to Mitigate the Negative Effects of that Insult
Authors: Deschenes Michael Robert , Rackley Max , Fernandez Sophie B. , Heidebrecht Megan K. , Hamilton Kate L. , Paez Hector G. , Pitzer Christopher R. , Alway Stephen E.
Published: February 2025

Neuromuscular diseases and damage affect many people of all ages and are responsible for an exorbitant medical cost, more than $200 million annually. Finding an appropriate model to investigate potential curative interventions is necessary. One currently used involves the application of toxic agents on skeletal muscle followed by treatment interventions. A question regarding this model is whether such toxins impact not only muscle tissue, but also the neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) responsible for exciting the muscle tissue. This question was addressed here by forming 4 experimental groups: 1) Controls whose muscles had not been injured or treated, 2) muscles taken from mice that were injured and then treated with mitochondrial supplement, 3) muscles that had not been injured but still treated with mitochondria, and 4) muscles that were injured and received no mitochondrial treatment. Several pre- and post-synaptic features of NMJs received immunofluorescent staining before having morphological features assessed with confocal microscopy. Results revealed that only pre-synaptic acetylcholine (ACh) receptors showed any significant (p0.05) among treatment groups and structural features were not different between groups with the exception of dispersion of post-synaptic receptors. Overall, these results suggest that skeletal muscles damaged with toxin accurately mimic what occurs during toxin-induced damage and post-injury recovery.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Stability Study of Selenium Nanoparticles Coated with Purified Polysaccharides from Ononis natrix
Authors: Bhiri Nour , Masquelez Nathalie , Nasri Moncef , Hajji Mohamed , Li Suming
Published: February 2025

Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) are of significant interest due to their potential applications in biomedicine, driven by their unique properties and antioxidant activities. However, their practical use is often hindered by issues such as instability and aggregation. In this study, a polysaccharide, P2, extracted from Ononis natrix was used to stabilize SeNPs to address these limitations. P2-SeNPs were prepared through a green synthesis method involving sodium selenite, P2 and ascorbic acid, and characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction (XRD). P2-SeNPs exhibited smaller particle size and enhanced stability compared to unmodified SeNPs. UV-Vis spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) demonstrated the presence of Se–O bonds, suggesting effective stabilization by covalent bonding between SeNPs and P2. Stability tests revealed that P2-SeNPs maintained good dispersion under various conditions, with optimal stability observed at refrigerated temperatures and neutral pH. Moreover, P2-SeNPs exhibited better antioxidant activities than unmodified SeNPs, as evidenced by higher DPPH radical scavenging, ABTS radical scavenging, and metal chelation ratios. This difference is attributed to both the reduced aggregation and smaller size of P2-SeNPs. Therefore, it is concluded that P2-SeNPs exhibit significant potential as an effective antioxidant agent for biomedical applications.
Forest Fire Monitoring UAV System Using Forest PSO-GA Algorithm
Authors: Luo Zitong , Xu Haining , Xing Yanqiu , Zhu Chuanhao , Jiao Zhupeng , Cui Chengguo
Published: February 2025

This study introduces an enhanced Forest PSO-GA algorithm for forest fire monitoring, integrating Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Genetic Algorithm (GA), and forest wind dynamics, while considering the impact of terrain variations on energy con-sumption, into an adaptive search framework. By incorporating wind-driven fire propagation and smoke diffusion models into a cellular automata simulation platform, the algorithm effectively evaluates its performance and further accounts for elevation and energy consumption. This enables more accurate simulation of fire and smoke spread, ensuring efficiency and sustainability in remote forest areas. Simulations using data from the Harbin Liangshui Forest show that the enhanced Forest PSO-GA out-performs APSO, AFSA, and PSO-PID in search speed by 91.34%, 340.89%, and 52.21%, respectively. It achieves an average localization accuracy of 9 meters (±1.2 meters), which is sufficient for the precise deployment of fire-extinguishing devices. The algo-rithm also reduces the search area by 35.4-72.3% and converges within 50 iterations 80% of the time, representing a 28.7% efficiency gain over PSO-PID. Additionally, the algo-rithm boasts a success rate of 94.3% and a 61.8% improvement in wind resistance, ef-fectively supporting pre-disaster warnings and early fire detection. These advance-ments significantly enhance fire detection accuracy, reduce the burden on forest fire prevention efforts, and improve precision firefighting and ecological recovery capabil-ities, offering a highly efficient and reliable solution for forest fire management.
Higher Self-Reported Mental Health Predicts Better Perceived Physical Health in Aging Adults
Authors: Young Audrey , Qawasmeh Tamara , McCalla Serena
Published: February 2025

Aging is a global phenomenon that has driven interest in successful aging (SA), characterized by optimal physical, psychological, and social functioning without major disabilities. This study leveraged Machine Learning (ML) models to predict factors influencing SA using self-reported physical health data from the University of Michigan’s 2022 Wave 10 National Poll on Healthy Aging (n = 2,277). ``Logistic Regression (LR), Decision Tree (DT), and Random Forest (RF) models were evaluated, with LR achieving the highest accuracy (77.7%) and F1 score (78.2%). LR identified significant predictors of physical health outcomes, demonstrating a moderate positive correlation (r = 0.29) between physical and mental health, especially in individuals with “Very good” and “Fair” mental health ratings. These findings underscore the critical role of mental well-being in SA and highlight the potential of ML models to enhance healthcare strategies by identifying key health interdependencies.