bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Persistence of the Open Syllable Reinterpreted as a Symptom of Language Disorder
Authors: Panagos John M.
Published: August 2014

Renfrew in 1966 hypothesized that the “persistent open syllable” (misarticulation or omission of syllable final consonants) was symptomatic of a unique articulation disorder resistant to conventional articulation therapies. Examination of relevant syllable data drawn from the clinical literature suggests a more extensive disorder of phonology and language, in which the syllable grammar is generally simplified through the use of elementary and, according to Jakobson, universal syllable shapes and phonic features. Evidence of “global language deficit” and the need to consider broader-based linguistic approaches to therapy are discussed.
Three Case Studies in Language Training: Applied Linguistics
Authors: Gottsleben Robert H. , Tyack Dorothy , Buschini Gail
Published: August 2014

Language sampling procedures were applied before and after training with three children. Training was based directly on linguistic analysis of the children’s pretraining language samples. Data from the posttraining samples showed that the children applied certain grammatical rules more frequently after training.
Velopharyngeal Insufficiency in Patients with Neurologic, Emotional, and Mental Disorders
Authors: Heller Joyce C. , Gens George W. , Moe Diana G. , Lewin Michael L.
Published: August 2014

The management of patients with velopharyngeal insufficiency coexistent with neurologic, emotional, or mental disorders was investigated, and changes in the voice quality of patients who had pharyngeal flap surgery were evaluated. Half achieved normal or near normal voice quality; 36%, although not reaching normal voice quality, did show improvement. Thus 86% snowed either improved or normal voice. These results fall within the upper range of improvement reported by previous investigators of nonhandicapped patients. Judging from the results of this study, previously reported decisions not to perform surgery on patients with coexisting handicaps may have been too conservative.
American Indian Sign (Amerind) as a Facilitator of Verbalization for the Oral Verbal Apraxic
Authors: Skelly Madge , Schinsky Lorraine , Smith Randall W. , Fust Rita Solovitz
Published: August 2014

Six oral and verbal apraxic patients with no speech on admission to the project achieved varying degrees of verbalization with American Indian Sign as a synchronous facilitator. Gains were measured by comparing patients' verbal scores on the Porch Index of Communicative Ability (PICA) on entering and leaving the project. Family and hospital observers noted improvement in the patient’s daily spontaneous speech.
The Establishment of Fluency with Time-Out Procedures: Three Case Studies
Authors: Costello Janis
Published: August 2014

A successful application of time-out procedures is illustrated by three case studies with high school and college-age male stutterers. The method of administering the time-out procedure is described in detail, and typical results are illustrated by data collected from clinical sessions. Modifications of the basic procedure are tested and their results discussed.
Cineradiography Assessment of Articulatory Mobility in the Dysarthrias
Authors: Kent R. D. , Netsell R. , Bauer L. L.
Published: August 2014

This paper describes cineradiographic techniques for the assessment of articulatory mobility in dysarthric subjects. Sample data for the mobility ranges of articulatory points on the tongue, lower lip, and jaw are presented for four normal speakers and four dysarthric speakers. In addition, fleshpoint displacements during the articulatory movements of the dysarthric subjects are used to illustrate abnormalities in the range, rate, and direction of speech movements. Discussion of the point-parameterized cineradiographic data emphasizes possibilities for the clinical evaluation of dysarthric impairments.
Acquisition of Lipreading in a Deaf Multihandicapped Child
Authors: Johnson C. Merle , Kaye James H.
Published: August 2014

Operant techniques were used to develop lipreading in a nine-year-old deaf boy who had failed to respond appropriately to previous speechreading training. Remediation was initiated with two experiments: the first entailed a reversal and the second a multiple baseline. A component analysis revealed that both tokens and social reinforcers presented simultaneously or separately were effective in shaping lipreading. In addition, the child learned to lip-read either voiced or nonvoiced names of objects.
The Stutterer as a Character in Contemporary Literature: A Bibliography
Authors: Trotter William D. , Silverman Franklin H.
Published: August 2014

This 27-item bibliography includes contemporary novels, biographies, short stories, and plays in which there are characters who stutter. Several aspects of how stutterers are depicted in these works are described.
Imitative and Spontaneous Articulatory Assessment of Three-Year-Old Children
Authors: Paynter Earlene Tash , Bumpas Terri C.
Published: August 2014

One hundred children (25 three-year-old girls, 25 three-year-old boys, 25 three-and-a-half-year-old girls, and 25 three-and-a-half-year-old boys) were administered an articulation test using the spontaneous method and then the imitative method of stimulus presentation. No significant differences were found between the methods of stimulus presentation on the subjects' total articulation scores. Articulatory performance was significantly influenced by age, sex, and the interaction of age and sex.
Planning a First Lexicon: Which Words to Teach First
Authors: Lahey Margaret , Bloom Lois
Published: August 2014

Various criteria are presented for selecting the first words to be taught to a child with a language disorder. In accordance with these criteria, recommendations are made for the inclusion of certain lexical items, the exclusion of other lexical items, and the organization of a first lexicon.
Bioelectronic Measurement of Nasality in Trainable Mentally Retarded Children
Authors: Daly David A.
Published: August 2014

Fifty trainable mentally retarded children were evaluated with TONAR II, a bioelectronic instrument for detecting and quantitatively measuring voice parameters. Results indicated that one-half of the children tested were hypernasal. The strikingly high prevalence of excessive nasality was contrasted with results obtained from 64 nonretarded children and 50 educable retarded children tested with the same instrument. The study demonstrated the need of retarded persons for improved voice and resonance.
Marked High-Frequency Hearing Loss in Children: A Problem in Early Identification
Authors: Coleman Ralph O. , Pelson Rodney O.
Published: August 2014

In the August 1977 issue, the article by Ralph O. Coleman and Rodney O. Pelson, “Marked High-Frequency Hearing Loss in Children: A Problem in Early Identification,” contains an error. In the second line of the abstract, the word “spectral” should be substituted for the word “special.” The sentence should read, “The limitations of noisemakers and speech in detecting marked high-frequency hearing impairment in young children are illustrated by spectral analysis.”
Effects of Instructional Set on the Comfortable Loudness Range
Authors: Lucker Jay R. , Grzybmacher Natan , Ventry Ira M.
Published: August 2014

Ten normal-hearing young adult subjects measured their Comfortable Loudness Ranges (CLRs) using two instructional sets. The first instructional set (range tracking) was similar to the Bekesy Comfortable Loudness tracking method described by Jerger and Jerger (1974). The second instructional set (limit tracking) required the subjects to perform separate trackings of each limit (upper and lower) of their CLRs. Results demonstrated a 34.4 dB difference between CLRs for the two instructional sets. The range tracking method yielded the narrowest CLR. Both instructional sets yielded similar upper limits of the CLR, but there was a large (32 dB) difference between the lower limits of the CLR. The results of the present investigation demonstrate the importance of instructions employed in research and clinical measurements of the CLR.
Measurement of Speech Thresholds of Spanish-Speaking Children by Non-Spanish Speaking Clinicians
Authors: Martin Frederick N. , Hart Donna Beth
Published: August 2014

This study investigated the feasibility of a prerecorded speech threshold procedure that was used in a picture-pointing format, and was administered to Spanish-speaking children by non-Spanish-speaking clinicians. The derived Spanish word list was compared for equivalency to English spondees on a group of bilingual adults. The test, administered to 16 children ages three to six years, resulted in good agreement between SRT and pure-tone average. The test was found to be feasible, rapid, and reliable.
Bone Conduction Calibration: Current Status
Authors: Dirks Donold D. , Lybarger Samuel F. , Olsen Wayne O. , Billings Bradley L.
Published: August 2014

Attempts to specify normal threshold sensitivity by bone conduction have been unsuccessful because of problems in obtaining reliable measurements from commercially available artificial mastoids. Recent design modifications incorporated in the Bruel and Kjaer 4930 artificial mastoids have resulted in greater uniformity among these units. However, the new design has resulted in impedances that are higher than those recommended in current standards. Bone-conduction thresholds referenced to measurements made on B x00026 K 4930 artificial mastoids with the new design were performed on 60 normal listeners by three participating laboratories. The results are reported for consideration in the development of a reference threshold for hearing by bone conduction.
Variables Influencing Phonemic Discrimination Performance in Normal and Learning-Disabled Children
Authors: Atchison Margaret J. , Canter Gerald J.
Published: August 2014

Twenty-five learning-disabled and 25 normal first-grade-age children took a phonemic discrimination test that manipulated word-pairs systematically according to degree of phonetic difference, position of phoneme contrast, and lexical familiarity. Results indicated that (1) the significantly lower performance of the learning-disabled to children as a group was due to the impaired performance by a small subgroup, (2) all three stimulus variables had significant effects on performance, (3) all combinations of stimulus variables interacted significantly, and (4) discrimination performance did not correlate with measures of receptive vocabulary or reading achievement for either group.
Temporal Characteristics of Auditory Adaptation
Authors: Wiley Terry L. , Lilly David J.
Published: August 2014

Auditory-adaptation, or tone-decay, measurements are reported for a patient with an 8th-nerve tumor in the left ear and a sensorineural hearing loss of cochlear origin in the right ear. Data for the patient suggested that the temporal features of auditory adaptation were more effective in differentiating adaptation processes for the two ears and associated lesions than was the magnitude classification of auditory adaptation in dB for the two ears. It is recommended that tests of auditory adaptation include an analysis of the temporal characteristics of the adaptation process.
Professional and Lay Observers' Impressions of Preschoolers Wearing Hearing Aids
Authors: Danhauer Jeffrey L. , Blood Gordon W. , Blood Ingrid M. , Gomez Nancy
Published: August 2014

This study determined whether professional and lay observers had similar impressions of preschoolers wearing hearing aids and if the size of the aid affected ratings. Stimuli consisted of three photographic slides of nine normally-hearing and speaking male preschoolers wearing (1) a body-type hearing aid, (2) a post-auricular type aid, and (3) no aid. Slides were accompanied by taped speech samples. Stimuli were presented to 75 professional and 75 lay observers who rated the children on a semantic differential scale containing 15 adjectives. Ratings were submitted to a factor analysis revealing Factor I as achievement and Factor II as appearance. Results of MANOVAs revealed that neither professional nor lay observers discriminated against the children on appearance regardless of the presence of a hearing aid, but that both groups rated them significantly poorer on achievement when an aid was present. Lay observers' ratings showed a bias against the size of the aid, while professionals exhibited negative impressions whenever an aid was present, regardless of its size. These findings indicate that the "hearing aid effect" was present on variables of achievement even for normal-hearing preschoolers.
The S/Z Ratio as an Indicator of Laryngeal Pathology
Authors: Eckel Frances C. , Boone Daniel R.
Published: August 2014

The use of the s/z ratio as a clinical indicator of laryngeal pathology was investigated with 28 dysphonic subjects with laryngeal pathology (nodules or polyps), 36 dysphonic subjects without laryngeal pathology, and 86 normal-speaking subjects. While no statistical difference was found between the three groups in their ability to sustain /s/, the subjects with laryngeal pathology had significantly lower duration times for /z/ than subjects in the other two groups. The computed s/z ratios were significantly higher for the dysphonic subjects with laryngeal pathology; subjects with functional dysphonia free of laryngeal pathology demonstrated the same s/z ratios (approximately 1.0) as the normal-speaking control subjects. The dysphonic subjects with laryngeal pathology produced s/z ratios in excess of 1.4 ninety-five percent of the time. It appeared from these data that when an additive mass developed along the glottal margin, vocal fold approximation was less efficient. This decrement in efficiency appears to result in a decrease in glottal resistance, increasing air flow, and a shortened phonatory duration time. The clinical usefulness of the s/z ratio as a duration measure for identifying voice clients who may have laryngeal lesions is considered.
English, Spanish, and Bilingual Speakers' Performance on a Nonsense Syllable Test (NST) Speech Sound Discrimination
Authors: Danhauer Jeffrey L. , Crawford Sandra , Edgerton Bradly J.
Published: August 2014

This study investigated the ability of a 25-item open-set CVCV Nonsense Syllable Test (NST; Edgerton & Danhauer, 1979) to assess English, Spanish, and bilingual native speakers' speech sound discrimination skills (i.e., both the subjects and the NST were evaluated). The NST was presented at five sensation levels (SLs) between 25 and 65 dB to 29 normally hearing individuals from three native language backgrounds: monolingual English speakers, bilingual Spanish-English speakers having equal experience in each language, and Spanish speakers having little exposure to English. Articulation functions were plotted for each group and compared across SLs, groups, and scoring methods. Results indicated that the phoneme scoring method best described the responses, and all groups' scores improved with increases in SL until they reached a plateau at 45 dB SL. The bilingual group performed similarly to the English speakers; but, as expected, the Spanish group scored significantly poorer than the other two groups. Thus, while the NST may not be highly useful for Spanish speakers, it can help describe the speech sound discrimination abilities of bilingual (Spanish-English) speakers.
The Role of Iconicity in Early Sign Language Acquisition
Authors: Orlansky Michael D. , Bonvillian John D.
Published: August 2014

A longitudinal study of sign language acquisition was conducted with 13 very young children (median age 10 months at outset of study) of deaf parents. The children's sign language lexicons were examined for their percentages of iconic signs at two early stages of vocabulary development. Iconic signs are those that clearly resemble the action, object, or characteristic they represent. Analysis of the subjects' vocabularies revealed that iconic signs comprised 30.8% of the first 10 signs they acquired. At age 18 months, the proportion of iconic signs was found to be 33.7%. The finding that a majority of signs in the subjects' early vocabularies were not iconic suggests that the role of iconicity in young children's acquisition of signs may have been overrated by some investigators, and that other formational features may be of greater importance in influencing young children's ability to acquire signs.
Articulation Testing by Microcomputer
Authors: Shriberg Lawrence D. , Kwiatkowski Joan , Snyder Tereza
Published: August 2014

The picture naming articulation test, one of the most widely used speech assessment procedures, provides an excellent paradigm to study the potential of microcomputers with young, speech involved children. The stimulus-response format of the articulation test is structurally similar to assessment and management procedures crossing the spectrum of speech disorders. Findings from three studies comparing booklet-presented pictures to microcomputer-presented graphics indicate that microcomputers have certain control advantages in motivating children's repeated trials. However, spontaneous articulation testing by microcomputer may take more time than booklet testing if the graphics are less readily identifiable and due to associated novelty effects. Discussion of findings includes suggestions for enhancing the client-clinician-computer interface as this discipline experiences the entry of microcomputers into the speech-language clinic.
A Factorial Study of the Carrow Auditory-Visual Abilities Test with Normal and Clinical Children
Authors: Woodward Paul J. , Svinicki Jay G. , Carrow-Woolfolk Elizabeth
Published: August 2014

A factor analysis was conducted on the Carrow Auditory-Visual Abilities Test for the purpose of identifying common factors measured by the test. Two sets of scores were used, one from a normal population of 1,032 children and one from a clinical population of 141 children. Two basic factors accounted for a good portion of the total variance. The subtests that loaded on Factor 1 were Visual Discrimination Matching, Visual Discrimination Memory, Visual Motor Copying, Visual Motor Memory, Motor Speed Accuracy, Picture Memory, and Auditory Blending. The subtests that loaded on Factor 2 were Picture Sequence Selection; Digits Forward; Sentence Repetition; Word Repetition 1, 2, 3; and Total. Subtests that did not fall clearly into either factor were Digits Backward and the two Auditory Discrimination subtests. Except for the Auditory Discrimination subtests, there were no essential differences in the factor matrix between normal and clinical populations.
Factors Associated with Dysphonia in High School Cheerleaders
Authors: Campbell Shari L. , Reich Alan R. , Klockars Alan J. , McHenry Monica A.
Published: August 2014

Questionnaire responses that encompassed the severity of acute, cheering-related dysphonia, typical vocal use, vocal history, medical history, smoking and drinking behaviors, and A-Scale personality characteristics were obtained from 146 female high school cheerleaders. Multiple-regression analysis was chosen to examine the degree to which the dysphonia severity items could be associated with the remaining items. The results indicated that acute, cheering-related dysphonia may be preceded or accompanied by a compact set of clinical signs that could be incorporated easily into a screening protocol for prospective cheerleaders.
Identification of Correct and Misarticulated Semivowels
Authors: Chaney Carolyn
Published: August 2014

This study examined the identification of correctly produced and misarticulated /w, r, l, j/ in several subject groups: 4 normal children who produced correct /w, r, l, j/, 4 normal children with developmental w/r and w/l substitutions, 4 articulation-impaired children who misarticulated /r/ and /1/, a parent of each child, and two raters who were trained in phonetic transcription. Immediately following a production experiment in which the child subjects had produced minimally contrastive /w, r, l, j/ words in sentences, a selection of each child's utterances was randomly mixed with productions by an adult female speaker and were presented in minimally paired sets to each subject for identification of /w, r, l, j/. The children, parents, and raters were much more successful in identifying correctly produced semivowels than misarticulated ones. Misarticulating children and their parents differed from raters in approach to the task and in success. Analysis of individual subject data found that children who identified self-produced semivowels most successfully were the same children whose semivowels exhibited the most second formant frequency and transition rate differences in the previous production experiment. These results have both theoretical and therapeutic implications.
Predicting the Western Aphasia Battery Aphasia Quotient
Authors: Crary Michael A. , Gonzalez Rothi Leslie J.
Published: August 2014

Administration of the Western Aphasia Battery (WAB) yields a total score termed the Aphasia Quotient (AQ), which is said to reflect the severity of the spoken language deficit in aphasia. This score is a weighted composite of performance on 10 separate WAB subtests. Based on data from 100 patients, all 10 subtests were found to correlate highly with each other and with the AQ, but the score from one subtest, Information Content, was the best predictor of the AQ. Time postonset had no influence on the relationships among the subtests or between the 10 subtests and the AQ. These findings are useful in understanding the Western Aphasia Battery and in interpreting the Aphasia Quotient.
Cephalometric and Cineradiographic Study of Deviant Resonance in Hearing-Impaired Speakers
Authors: Subtelny Joanne , Li Walter , Whitehead Robert , Subtelny J. Daniel
Published: August 2014

To study the physiological basis for deviant resonance in hearing-impaired speakers, cephalometric roentgenography and cineradiography were applied to analyze oral/pharyngeal relationships during vowels produced in isolation and within a sentence context. The films, synchronized with sound recording, were traced and measured for 10 normal hearing and 4 hearing-impaired women with deviant resonance. Vocal tract conformations and dimensions were defined by measures of the lips, tongue, mandible, velum, hyoid bone, epiglottis, and laryngeal sinus. Means, standard deviations, and analyses of variance were applied to facilitate descriptions and comparisons between the groups.

The hearing-impaired speakers had near normal lip openings for/i/and/u/but more open positions for//. The tongue tended to retract for the front vowel and front for the back vowel/u/. For high vowels, most of the hearing-impaired speakers had an elevated hyoid, an unusually large vertical dimension between hyoid and laryngeal sinus, and a retracted tongue root, which was associated with a marked retraction or deflection of the epiglottis toward the pharyngeal wall.

The cine analysis of the normal hearing speakers showed rather well defined and consistent shifts in tongue position for the front vowels produced in the sentence context. The hearing-impaired speakers with deviant resonance showed greater variation among speakers in tongue body position and a significant retrusion of the dorsum of the tongue at a site significantly lower than observed in hearing speakers. The consistent tongue root retraction during static as well as dynamic speech production is interpreted as support for Boone's hypothesized cause of pharyngeal resonance in speech of the hearing impaired.
The Interplay of Communication Device Output Mode and Interaction Style between Nonspeaking Persons and their Speaking Partners
Authors: Higginbotham D. Jeffery
Published: August 2014

This study sought to determine how augmentative communication device output modes differentially affected various aspects of interactions between nonspeaking persons (NSPs) and their speaking partners (SPs). It was hypothesized that when an electronic output display (EOD) was added to a communication board, the semipermanent display of information would lessen the dyad's need to adopt specialized turn and message formulation conventions, permitting the NSP to construct more complex messages with fewer communication breakdowns. A series of 10 interactional teaching tasks were recorded for two adult male nonhandicapped dyads performing under the two output conditions (±EOD). Interaction transcripts were analyzed with regard to quantitative differences within and between dyads with respect to turn taking, message formulation, propositional content, and several types of insertion sequences (guessing, confirmation queries, message reformulations).

With the exception of message reformulation, changes due to output mode were nonexistent or inconsistent for the variables measured within and across dyads. The addition of the EOD significantly lowered the rate of message reformulation and the total number of reformulation-related turns. Results are discussed with regard to research and clinical implications for augmentative communication.
Factors Influencing Fundamental Frequency Range Estimates in Children
Authors: Reich Alan R. , Mason Julie A. , Frederickson Robert R. , Schlauch Robert S.
Published: August 2014

Selected elicitation conditions were manipulated to determine their effect on fundamental frequency (F
o
) range estimates in children. Forty normal children each responded to five autiotaped tone conditions: (a) discrete steps, (b) slow steps, (c) fast steps, (d) slow glissando, and (e) fast glissando. These tonal stimuli were devised to elicit each child's maximal and minimal F
o
. The traditional discrete-steps condition was associated with a lower maximal F
o
, higher minimal F
o
, and a more restricted F
o
range than all other conditions.
Comprehension of Reversible Sentences in Specifically Language-Impaired Children
Authors: Lely Heather K. J. van der , Harris Margaret
Published: August 2014

This study investigated comprehension of reversible sentences in specifically language-impaired (SLI) children. Two experiments, using different paradigms, were undertaken. In Experiment 1, 14 SLI children (aged 4:10–7:10) were compared with children matched on chronological age and language age (LA). Subjects acted out 36 semantically reversible sentences that varied in thematic content (transitives, locatives, and datives) and in the order of thematic roles (canonical and noncanonical). The SLI children performed at a significantly lower level than both control groups. In Experiment 2, the same sentences were presented using a picture-pointing task. A single word vocabulary test preceded the test sentences to assess semantic knowledge of the predicates. Sixteen SLI children were compared with language age controls. No significant differences were found between the performance of the two groups on the vocabulary test, and in general, the results of Experiment 2 supported those of Experiment 1. Analysis of individual children's error patterns identified qualitative differences between the SLI children and the LA controls. The majority of SLI children had a very high proportion of word order errors. The proportion of word order errors of the SLI children, unlike those of the LA controls, was unrelated to language age. These findings are considered in relation to the processes involved in sentence comprehension.
Speech Analyses of Four Children with Repaired Cleft Palates
Authors: Powers Gene R. , Dunn Carla , Erickson Cathy B.
Published: August 2014

Four males with surgically repaired cleft palates, between 3 years 2 months and 3 years 11 months of age, served as subjects. Speech samples were collected and subjected to a number of analyses, including phonetic inventories and analysis of phonological processes. Frequency counts of error types, including gross or compensatory substitutions, were also tallied.

The results revealed that the subjects were similar to one another with respect to their phonetic inventories. They differed considerably, however, in the frequency and types of phonological processes used. Those differences may be attributed to variations in language skills. The data strongly suggest that not all of the articulatory problems among the children can be explained solely on the basis of present or past structural deficits.
An Evaluation of the Bekesy Ascending Descending Gap
Authors: Hood William H. , Campbell Richard A. , Hutton Charles L.
Published: August 2014

A Bekesy Ascending Descending Gap Evaluation (BADGE) procedure is described for distinguishing between organic and nonorganic hearing loss. This BADGE procedure involves a comparison of the differences between the following 1 000 cps discrete frequency Bekesy tracing types: (1) continuous tone with tracing begun well below threshold, (2) pulsed tone with tracing begun well below threshold, and (3) pulsed tone with tracing begun well above threshold. These gaps were examined for two groups of 27 each, one containing those individuals judged to display only organic hearing loss and the other containing those individuals judged to display nonorganic hearing loss. Relationships between Bekesy thresholds, differences between Bekesy thresholds, and estimates of “best hearing loss” were examined. The continuous ascending thresholds early in the one minute tracing were found to correlate most closely with the best hearing loss estimates. Correlations between the size of the gaps between tracings and the discrepancy between a Bekesy threshold and the best estimates were low. The nonorganic group more commonly displayed greater, readily visible, gaps between the ascending and descending tracings than did the organic group. The BADGE test is offered as a clinically useful device for differentiating between non-organic and organic hearing losses.
Non-Organic Hearing Loss and the Consistency of Behavioral Auditory Responses
Authors: Shepherd David C.
Published: August 2014

The method of limits and the method of constant stimuli were employed to investigate test-retest consistency in behavioral auditory responsivity within 18 normal hearing subjects, 18 subjects with sensory-neural hearing loss and 18 subjects with non-organic hearing loss. A 1 000 cps pure-tone stimulus was used for all measurements. Findings suggest that: (1) individuals with non-organic hearing loss are as consistent as normal hearing subjects and subjects with sensory-neural hearing loss when reproducing pure-tone thresholds measured at 1 000 cps by identical psychophysical methods; (2) response patterns obtained with two procedures utilizing the method of constant stimuli clearly differentiate the performance of subjects with non-organic hearing loss from that of normal hearing subjects and subjects with sensory-neural hearing loss, while the response patterns produced by normal hearing subjects are practically identical to those produced by subjects with sensory-neural hearing loss; (3) “shock threat” included in one procedure employing the method of constant stimuli failed to significantly affect responsivity patterns within either of the three groups.
Performance-Intensity Characteristics of Synthetic Sentences
Authors: Speaks Charles , Jerger James , Jerger Susan
Published: August 2014

Performance-intensity (P-I) characteristics of synthetic-sentence message sets were defined by a crew of four experienced listeners. P-I functions were sigmoidal and relatively steep. The sound pressure level corresponding to 50% correct identification varied from approximately 16 to 20 dB, depending upon experimental conditions and characteristics of the message set. The strategies employed by listeners in the identification task are discussed.
Early Components of Averaged Evoked Responses to Rapidly Repeated Auditory Stimuli
Authors: Goldstein Robert , Rodman Leslie B.
Published: August 2014

Averaged evoked responses to clicks were elicited from 20 normal-hearing subjects between the ages of 16 and 41. Two thousand clicks were presented to the right ear at the rate of 10 per sec at 60, 30, 10, 5, 0, −5, and −10 dB SL. Sensation levels were varied randomly. In each series two control conditions without stimulation were randomly interspersed. Electroencephalic potentials were recorded from an electrode on the vertex of the skull referred to the left earlobe. The response pattern was relatively consistent with a vertex-negative peak (N
a
) at about 20–24 msec, and a vertex-positive peak (P
a
) at about 31–35 msec. Another vertex-negative peak (N
b
) at about 46–50 msec was seen less frequently. Criteria for response were established on the basis of the occurrence of N
a
and P
a
within prescribed latencies as well as the interval between the two peaks of about 12–13 msec. The number of identifiable responses diminished with diminishing sensation levels but responses were observed in about one-half of the subjects as low as −5 dB SL.
Loci of Disfluencies in the Speech of Nonstutterers During Oral Reading
Authors: Silverman Franklin H. , Williams Dean E.
Published: August 2014

The purpose of the present study was to determine whether “disfluencies” in the speech of nonstutterers occur most frequently on words possessing the four linguistic attributes which Brown (1945) reported were related to the occurrence of “stutterings” in the speech of his stutterers. A group of 24 male nonstutterers, ranging in age from 18 to 34 years, read the same 1000-word passage used by Brown. All words judged to have been spoken disfluently, a total of 226, were analyzed for the presence of Brown’s four word characteristics, i.e., initial phoneme, grammatical function, sentence position, and word length.

Disfluencies were not randomly distributed in the speech of these nonstutterers. Disfluencies occurred most frequently on words possessing the same attributes (except sentence position) as the words on which Brown reported his stutterers stuttered. The findings of this study demonstrate the essential similarity of the loci of the normal speaker’s disfluencies and the stutterer’s “stutterings.”
Audiometric Gelle Test with a New Transducer
Authors: Stephens Charlene B. , Arnold Godfrey E.
Published: August 2014

The audiometric Gelle Test was administered to 10 young adults with normal hearing. Threshold measurements were obtained by air and bone conduction using ±40 cm H
2
O pressure at 250, 500, 750, and 1000 Hz. Positive and negative pressures were varied in steps of 10 cm H
2
O up to 50 cm H
2
O over the frequency range of 100–1000 Hz. This was done to determine the amount of pressure that produced the greatest temporary threshold shift. Results suggested: (1) pressures of ±30 cm H
2
O are satisfactory and optimal for clinical practice; (2) contrary to previous reports, low tones were not found to be more affected than moderately higher frequencies; (3) maximum shift occurs from 250–1000 Hz and reveals a uniform pressure effect over this frequency range; (4) negative pressures are more effective than positive; (5) air conduction is more affected than is bone conduction; (6) bone conduction evaluation continues to be fraught with many difficulties, most prominent being the occlusion effect; (7) an improved pressure transducer has been accomplished; and (8) test norms for air and bone conduction have been established.
Predicting Cinefluorographic Measures of Velopharyngeal Opening from Lateral Still X-Ray Films
Authors: Lubker James F. , Morris Hughlett L.
Published: August 2014

The purpose of this project was to estimate how well one can predict measures of velopharyngeal opening during cinefluorographic films from measures taken from single-exposure, still, x-ray films. Both types of films were obtained for 37 subjects with surgically repaired cleft palate. Single-exposure films were taken during sustained /u/, sustained /s/, and at rest. Cinefluorographic films were taken during a variety of speech tasks. Obtained correlations between measurements of velopharyngeal opening taken from still and cine films were in the order of 0.70, and mean differences between the two types of measurements were not significant for still /s/, but were significant for still /u/. If only one single-exposure film is to be used for estimating velopharyngeal opening shown during cinefluorography, a still film taken during sustained /s/ seems the best choice.
Effects of Random and Response Contingent Noise upon Disfluencies of Normal Speakers
Authors: Brookshire Robert H.
Published: August 2014

Twenty normal speakers read a passage during a 30-min session divided into Baserate (5 min), Conditioning (15 min), and Extinction (10 min). Each read in Random Condition and Contingent Condition. During Conditioning in Random Condition, subjects received 0.75 sec, 95 dB bursts of white noise according to a random schedule. During Conditioning in Contingent Condition, subjects received a burst of 95 dB white noise each time they were disfluent. Ten subjects (Group RC) read in Random Condition on one day and in Contingent Condition on a subsequent day. The other 10 subjects read in the opposite order of conditions on the two days. Results indicated that the effects of random and contingent noise were influenced by the order of conditions. Random aversive stimuli caused increases in disfluency for subjects in both groups. Response contingent aversive stimuli caused a decrement in disfluency for subjects in Group CR, but not for subjects in Group RC. Analysis of poststimulus disfluency indicated that random aversive stimuli caused disorganization of the speech of subjects in Group RC.
Speech Discrimination in an Aging Population
Authors: Blumenfeld Vera Gruber , Bergman Moe , Millner Elliott
Published: August 2014

The Rhyme Test of speech discrimination was used to study the relationship between speech discrimination scores and aging in 55 elderly adults. Test-retest reliability of the scores, the relationships of the scores obtained under test conditions of quiet and of competing noise, and the agreement between the scores and the subjects' self-estimate of hearing handicap in everyday listening situations were examined. Rhyme Test scores tended to decrease as age increased, particularly in the age group over 60, for the test in quiet as well as in noise. Correlations between test scores and aging were higher for the quiet condition than for the noisy condition. Test-retest correlations in the quiet condition were high, despite retest intervals as long as nine months. Subjects' self-estimates of hearing handicap correlated with their speech discrimination scores.
A Standardized Method for Obtaining a Spoken Language Sample
Authors: Wilson Margo E.
Published: August 2014

The stimulus picture from the Picture Story Language Test was used to elicit a spoken language sample from 40 subjects ranging in age from three to seventeen years. Our results showed the stimulus picture to be useful for the standardized elicitation of a spoken language sample which seems to be representative of the subject’s language maturity. The method was found to have temporal reliability with the exception of the Words Per Sentence measure. The method required a minimum amount of time and equipment. The scoring procedures, with the exception of the Syntax Quotient, were found to be highly reliable with regard to interscorer and intrascorer agreement. All the language measures used in this study correlated satisfactorily with judged language maturity.
Comparative Bekesy Typing with Broad and Modulated Narrow-Band Noise
Authors: Grimes Charles T. , Feldman Alan S.
Published: August 2014

This study explored the effectiveness of modulated narrow-band noise as a masking source for sweep-frequency Bekesy audiometry. Five sophisticated normal-hearing subjects traced Bekesy audiometry thresholds for pulsed and continuous tone with no masking and under three conditions of contralateral masking: (1) white noise, (2) modulated narrow-band noise with a constant band-width of ±150 Hz, and (3) modulated narrow-band noise with a band-width of ±300 Hz. Results indicated that the continuous tone tracing obtained under the second condition separated from the pulsed tracing supportive of a Type II tracing. With the third condition, pulsed-continuous differences were somewhat smaller. Under the first condition, the difference between pulsed and continuous tracings was not apparent. When two unsophisticated subjects were tested with the modified band-width noise, results indicated extreme variation between pulsed and continuous tracings. We concluded that the masking effect of a constant band-width modulated narrow-band noise is about the same as that of white noise for a pulsed tone tracing. However, the use of a modulated narrow-band noise masking source may cause false Type II Bekesy audiograms due to the greater masking effect on a continuous tone threshold.
Follow-up Report on Modified Earpieces and CROS for High-Frequency Hearing Losses
Authors: Dodds Elizabeth , Harford Earl
Published: August 2014

Questionnaires were sent to 86 persons with high-frequency hearing losses for whom hearing aids utilizing standard, vented or open earmolds had been recommended. The purpose was to learn whether one earmold gives more satisfactory performance than another in everyday listening situations. Although interpretation of results is complicated by the limited number of usable questionnaires returned, a tendency for persons using an open earmold to obtain more beneficial results from amplification in everyday communication than those using standard or vented molds is evident. This conclusion is based on the report that a larger percentage use the aid on a full-time basis.
Lipreading Performance as Related to Measurements of Vision
Authors: Hardick Edward J. , Oyer Herbert J. , Irion Philip E.
Published: August 2014

The Utley test “How Well Can You Read Lips?” was administered to a group of 53 undergraduate college students. The 8 subjects who obtained the highest scores and the 8 who obtained the lowest scores were given complete optometric examinations. Optometric testing indicated the subjects differed primarily along the visual acuity parameter. A significant difference was found in lipreading performance as it related to visual acuity differences. A significant relationship was found between acuity and lipreading performance.
Punishment, Stuttering, and Disfluency
Authors: Siegel Gerald M.
Published: August 2014

Punishment is accorded a prominent place in most contemporary theories in attempts to explain both the origin and the persistence of stuttering behavior. A frequent observation about stuttering is that it increases and becomes more severe as the “penalty” or “punishment” for stuttering is increased. Theories of punishment, on the other hand, suggest that behaviors that are punished should decrease in frequency. The purpose of this article is to examine the role of punishment in relation to stuttering and to consider the apparent paradox between traditional views of stuttering and modern treatments of punishment. The initial portion of the paper reexamines the research usually cited in discussions of punishment and stuttering. Then, more recent research, emanating primarily from the laboratories of the University of Minnesota, is reviewed and juxtaposed against these earlier treatments. Finally, an attempt is made to reconcile some of the apparent discrepancies between the two bodies of literature, and some theoretical models are proposed for examining further the relationship between punishment and the development of stuttering.
Perception of Simultaneous Dichotic and Monotic Monosyllables
Authors: Lowe Sena S. , Cullen John K. , Berlin Charles I. , Thompson Carl L. , Willett Mary E.
Published: August 2014

Competing rhyming pairs of both natural and synthetic speech were presented both monotically and dichotically to normal right-handed listeners. When the onsets of the words were simultaneous (±2½ msecs), the right ear scores were generally higher than the left ear scores. However, voiceless consonants were much more intelligible dichotically than voiced consonants, regardless of which ear received the voiceless consonant. When both consonants competed monotically, the difference between voiced and voiceless consonant perception was either reversed or markedly attenuated. An explanation based on lagging of the aperiodic-to-periodic transition of the voiceless CV is offered.
Stability and Validity of Two Measures of Intelligence Used with Children Whose Language Development is Delayed
Authors: Weiner Paul S.
Published: August 2014

An assessment was made of reliability and validity of the Arthur Adaptation of the Leiter International Performance Scale (AALIPS) and the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT) when used with preschool, language delayed children. The tests were used to examine a group of such children on three occasions. Six months elapsed between the first two administrations and approximately two years, on the average, between the first and third. On the last occasion, the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) was also administered. The AALIPS proved to be quite useful as a gauge of intelligence level for this population. Measurements on it were stable through time and also predictive of later functioning on the WISC, particularly on the nonverbal section of that test. Useful in the group study, the AALIPS was also helpful in individual cases if interpretations were limited to judgments of normal and subnormal functioning. The PPVT was equally stable as a measure of group functioning. However, it was much less successful in predicting later functioning on the verbal section of the WISC. It seems to be much more limited than the AALIPS as a measure of intellectual functioning of preschool, language delayed children. Its scope is a restricted though possibly helpful one.
Articulation Without Oral Sensory Control
Authors: Scott Cheryl M. , Ringel R. L.
Published: August 2014

Oral sensory deprivation was induced in two subjects by nerve block injections, and the effect on articulation was investigated. Twenty-four bisyllabic words produced under control and nerve block conditions were phonetically transcribed according to a close transcription scheme. Wide-band spectrograms provided acoustic information which was helpful in clarifying certain articulatory events. Articulatory changes caused by deprivation were largely nonphonemic in nature and included the loss of retroflexion and liprounding gestures, less close fricative constrictions, and retracted place of articulation. Results were interpreted to suggest that speech control involves a closed-loop component which is operative for certain types of articulatory events and not for others.
Children’s Recall of Approximations to English
Authors: Carrow Elizabeth , Mauldin Michael
Published: August 2014

As a general index of language development, the recall of first through fourth order approximations to English was examined in four, five, six, and seven year olds and adults. Data suggested that recall improved with age, and increases in approximation to English were accompanied by increases in recall for six and seven year olds and adults. Recall improved for four and five year olds through the third order but declined at the fourth. The latter finding was attributed to deficits in semantic structures and memory processes in four and five year olds. The former finding was interpreted as an index of the development of general linguistic processes.
Effects of Off-Frequency Detection in Brief-Tone Audiometry
Authors: Spence Michele , Feth Lawrence L.
Published: August 2014

Many studies of auditory temporal integration by pathological ears have used listeners with an abrupt high-frequency hearing loss. While this configuration may lend itself to use of the listener as his own control, it presents the opportunity for detection of the low-frequency energy of the brief-tone bursts. This study was designed to assess the role of low-frequency energy in the determination of brief-tone thresholds of listeners with such abrupt high-frequency losses. Low-frequency energy was reduced to subthreshold levels by passing the brief tones through a filter system which had a sharp high-pass characteristic. For both normal and impaired listeners, no significant differences in threshold were found between filtered and unfiltered brief tones. Thus, we must conclude that although the opportunity for off-frequency detection is present, the abnormal temporal integration functions cannot be attributed to stimulus artifact.