bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis, antispasmodic and antidiarrheal activities of some 1-substituted imidazole derivatives
Authors: Lakshmanan Baskar , Mazumder Papiya , Sasmal Dinakar , Ganguly Swastika
Published: June 2011

Synthesis, antispasmodic and antidiarrheal activities of some 1-substituted imidazole derivatives

A series of 1-substituted imidazoles 1a-d and 2a-d were synthesized and screened for antispasmodic and antidiarrheal activities. Antispasmodic activity was tested at various concentrations on isolated tissue preparations; concentration-response curves were plotted and compared with atropine. All compounds were found to inhibit contraction of the guinea pig ileum. Castor oil-induced diarrhea model in rats was used for evaluation of antidiarrheal activity. Parameters such as intestinal transit and volume of intestinal fluid were measured for antidiarrheal activity at 40 mg kg-1 dose and compared with the standard drug loperamide at 6 mg kg-1 dose. Defecation frequency in the test group was found to be significantly lower (p < 0.01) compared to the control group and comparable with that of the standard. The present study reveals that the compounds exert antidiarrheal activity through possible inhibition of intestinal movement and reduction of capillary permeability in the abdominal cavity.
Compatibility studies of nateglinide with excipients in immediate release tablets
Authors: Pani Nihar , Nath Lila , Acharya Sujata
Published: June 2011

Compatibility studies of nateglinide with excipients in immediate release tablets

Experiments were done to assess the compatibility of nateglinide with selected excipients in the development of immediate release tablets of nateglinide by thermal and isothermal stress testing (IST) techniques. To evaluate the drug-excipient compatibility, different techniques such as differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) study, infra-red (IR) spectrophotometric study and isothermal stress testing were adopted. The results of DSC study showed that magnesium stearate exhibited some interaction with nateglinide. However, the results of IR, and IST studies showed that all the excipients used in the formula were compatible with nateglinide. Optimized formulations developed using the compatible excipients were found to be stable over 3 months of accelerated stability studies (40 ± 2°C and 75 ± 5% RH). Overall, compatibility of excipients with nateglinide was successfully evaluated using a combination of thermal and IST methods and the formulations developed using the compatible excipients were found to be stable.
Formulation and evaluation of mucoadhesive glipizide films
Authors: Rajput Ganesh , Majmudar Falguni , Patel Jayvadan
Published: June 2011

Formulation and evaluation of mucoadhesive glipizide films

Glipizide is mainly absorbed in the proximal areas of the gastrointestinal tract. The purpose of this study was formulation and evaluation of mucoadhesive films to prolong the stay of drug in its absorption area. Glipizide was formulated in a mucoadhesive film that could be retained in the stomach for prolonged intervals. Polymeric films were designed with various compositions of hydroxypropyl cellulose and polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400). Properties of the mucoadhesive film such as tensile strength, percentage elongation, swelling index, moisture content, pH and viscosity of polymeric dispersion, film thickness, content uniformity and mucoadhesion in a simulated gastric environment were characterized. In addition, percentage drug retained in stomach mucosa was estimated using a simulated dynamic stomach system as a function of time. Increase in hydroxypropyl cellulose concentration resulted in a higher tensile strength and elongation at break, while increase in concentration of PEG 400 was reflected in a decrease in tensile strength and increase of elongation at break. Glipizide/hydroxypropyl cellulose/PEG 400 (2.5:1:0.5) (GF5) was found to be the optimal composition for a novel mucoadhesive stomach formulation that showed good peelability, relatively high swelling index, moderate tensile strength, and stayed on rat stomach mucosa up to 8 h.In vivotesting of the mucoadhesive films with glipizide demonstrated a potential hypoglycemic effect.
Synthesis, antibacterial and potential anti-HIV activity of some novel imidazole analogs
Authors: Ganguly Swastika , Vithlani Vatsal , Kesharwani Anup , Kuhu Ritu , Baskar Lakshmanan , Mitramazumder Papiya , Sharon Ashok , Dev Abhimanyu
Published: June 2011

Synthesis, antibacterial and potential anti-HIV activity of some novel imidazole analogs

A series of 1-(2-methyl-4-nitro-imidazol-1-yl)-3-arylaminopropan-2-ones (2a-e), 2-methyl-5-nitro-1-{2-[arylmethoxy] ethyl}-1H-imidazoles (5a-d), and N-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-2-(substituted imidazol-1-yl)alkanamides (8a-e) were synthesized with the aim to develop novel imidazole analogs with broad-spectrum chemotherapeutic properties. Title compounds were evaluated for their anti-HIV and antibacterial activities.
How Do Apolipoproteins ApoB and ApoA-I Perform in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndromes
Authors: Sypniewska Grazyna , Bergmann Katarzyna , Krintus Magdalena , Kozinski Marek , Kubica Jacek
Published: June 2011

How Do Apolipoproteins ApoB and ApoA-I Perform in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndromes

Acute coronary syndromes are the leading cause of hospitalization and death. Results from recent studies suggest that apolipoprotein measurement and apoB:apoA-I are superior to traditional lipids in the estimation of coronary risk. We compared apolipoprotein concentrations and apoB:apoA-I with traditional lipid measures and atherogenic indices in patients diagnosed with acute coronary syndromes (ACS) within 6 hrs from the onset of chest pain. A study group consisted of 227 patients diagnosed with ACS (STEMI=60, NSTEMI=66 and UA=105). Clinically healthy volunteers (n=85) served as controls. Measurements of cardiac TnI, lipid profile, hsCRP, apolipoprotein A-I and apoB100 were performed and apoB:apoA-I, TC-HDL-C, LDL-C:HDL-C ratios were calculated. Patients had increased LDL-C (>3.0 mmol/L) and non-HDL-C (>3.4 mmol/L). Triglycerides were below the cut-off value, but patients had significantly higher TG concentrations and lower HDL-C compared to controls (p<0.001). Apo B and apoA-I concentration in patients remained within the accepted range. Atherogenic indices TC:HDL-C, LDL-C:HDL-C and apoB:apoA-I were significantly increased in patients. ApoB:apoA-I ratio in ACS males was within low risk whereas in females corresponded to medium risk. ApoB:apoA-I and LDL-C:HDL-C ratios were of good diagnostic utility for discrimination between patients and controls (AUC 0.71 and 0.79; respectively). ApoB:apoA-I and LDL-C:HDL-C were of very good diagnostic utility for discrimination between STEMI patients and controls (AUC 0.80 and 0.84). We could not show the superiority of apoB:apoA-I over LDL-C:HDL-C as the discrimination power of both was almost identical. Determination of apolipoproteins should not be recommended for routine clinical use, however, incorporating apoB and apoB:apoA-I into risk assessment could provide additional important information on cardiovascular risk.
The Importance of Content Knowledge for Successful Legal Language Acquisition
Authors: Husinec Snježana
Published: June 2011

One of the most difficult tasks in the instruction of legal language is teaching highly specific legal terminology. Although some legal terms are widely used in ordinary language, there are some words and phrases which seem familiar, but have an unexpected meaning for a layperson. Additionally, there is a number of terms with specific legal meanings which presuppose some knowledge of legal content to be fully understood. On the other hand, since legal language is shaped by the legal system in which it is used, legal terms reflect particular legal systems and differences between them and are therefore inseparable from the law.

This paper examines what implications this interconnection between language and law has on the process of legal language instruction and acquisition. How important is the knowledge of legal content for successful acquisition of legal terminology? What is the best approach to teaching such content-dependant language and what amount of background information needs to be taught? To answer these questions, the author analyses the results of a survey conducted among the law students attending legal language courses at the Faculty of Law in Zagreb and combines it with theoretical research and her teaching experience.
EU Terminology in Interpreter Training: Selected Problem Areas Connected With EU-Related Texts
Authors: Kościałkowska-Okońska Ewa
Published: June 2011

The presentation refers to the entire area of translating legal terminology, in particular to the translation of EU law-related texts that are especially vital for translating the acquis communautaire. This area of translation (and interpreting) services has been developing rapidly. The language used in documents is specialist and, at the same time, specific, due to the terminology used. Both the translator and the interpreter face the responsibility and the obligation to observe and apply translation strategies, consistently selected and considering the already existing and valid names, terms, concepts, definitions etc., by means of such available sources of information as dictionaries, encyclopedias, lexicons or special glossaries. Problems that translators and interpreters may encounter focus, to a large extent, on (un)translatability of certain terms, ambiguity of EU-speak or textual coherence, or the absence of it, which results from unclear, vague or ambiguous style of the original. On the other hand, the challenge for the translator/interpreter is constant care of the quality of the text created in Polish, which substantially affects the standard level and quality of Polish that we use everyday. Quality is the concept in translation and interpreting closely related with successful performance and communication (with all its aspects). The attempt at quality description in this context, apart from subjective impressions resulting from our understanding of the importance of features that good - competent - translation and effective communication should have, cannot be devoid of focusing on three principal factors, i.e., the translator/interpreter (as the text author/producer), translation/interpreting process and product, which is the result of this process and, finally, involvement (and competence) on the part of the translator/interpreter. All the above aspects pose a real challenge for the translator/interpreter focusing on legal terminology.

Selected aspects of the aforementioned issues shall be verified in a case study conducted on trainee interpreters.
Speed Traps and the Right of Silence
Authors: Kurzon Dennis
Published: June 2011

In two English cases which reached the European Court of Human Rights in the mid-2000s, it was argued that the statutory requirement on the part of a motorist who has been caught speeding to give the police information concerning the identity of the driver of the car at the time of the offence is a violation of the right of silence by which a person should not be put into a position that s/he incriminates him/herself. The right of silence is one of the conventional interpretations of Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights.

As well as a study on the right of silence with regard to written texts, this paper also investigates the two cases in terms of icons and indices: a text may be indexical of a basic human right, and then may become an icon of that right. The European Court of Human Rights considers the particular section of the relevant statute as an icon of the "regulatory regime".
Acylation of aromatic compounds by acid anhydrides using Preyssler's anion [NaP5W30O110]14- and heteropolyacids as green catalysts
Authors: Gharib Ali , Jahangir Manouchehr , Scheeren J.
Published: June 2011

Acylation of aromatic compounds by acid anhydrides using Preyssler's anion [NaP5W30O110]14- and heteropolyacids as green catalysts

The Preyssler, Wells-Dowson and Keggin heteropolyacids are efficient and eco-friendly solid acid catalysts for the acylation of electron-rich aromatic compounds with acid anhydrides. The performance of different forms of heteropolyacids was compared. In all the cases, the best results were obtained using the Preyssler heteropolyacid as the catalyst. In the presence of 25 mol% (with respect to H+ equivalency) Preyssler catalyst, highly para-selective acetylation of anisole occurs using two equivalents of acetic anhydride, in 15 min at room temperature. The isolated yield of the p-methoxyacetophenone product is 98%.
The effect of reaction conditions on the precipitation of sodium hexafluorosilicate produced from waste hexafluorosilicic acid
Authors: Batiha Marwan , Al-Harahsheh Mohammad
Published: June 2011

The effect of reaction conditions on the precipitation of sodium hexafluorosilicate produced from waste hexafluorosilicic acid

The purpose of the study is to investigate the optimum conditions for the precipitation of sodium hexafluorosilicate (Na2SiF6) from waste hexafluorosilicic acid, an effluent from the phosphoric acid industry. Sodium chloride and sodium hydroxide were used as reactants to produce Na2SiF6. The effect of various parameters on the precipitation was investigated and includes; the molar ratio of the reactants, contact time, the temperature and the effect of seeding.

The optimum reaction conditions were found to be as follows; excess sodium chloride or sodium hydroxide to hexafluorosilicic acid of 25%, contact time 40 minutes and a reaction temperature of 40°C.

The reaction of hexafluorosilicic acid with an aqueous solution of sodium chloride at optimum conditions gave a maximum yield of 94.26% Na2SiF6 while the reaction of hexafluorosilicic acid with the aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide at optimum conditions gave a maximum yield of 97.3% Na2SiF6. The X-Ray diffraction (XRD) analysis reveals that the only crystals present in the precipitate are Na2SiF6. Also, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) analysis shows that the different morphology of these crystals depend on the precipitation conditions.
An alternative method to determine the diffusion coefficient for the shrinking core model
Authors: Kwiatkowska-Marks Sylwia , Wójcik Marek , Kopiński Leonard
Published: June 2011

An alternative method to determine the diffusion coefficient for the shrinking core model

A new method to determine the effective diffusion coefficient of sorbate in sorbent granule based on the analytical solution of the shrinking core model (SCM) has been proposed. The experimental data presented by Lewandowski and Roe1 concerning the sorption of copper ions by alginate granules have been applied to compare the analytical and numerical methods. The results obtained by both methods are very close.
Pilot study of the influence of thermoplastic starch based polymer packaging material on the growth of diatom population in sea water environment
Authors: Guzman Agnieszka , Janik Helena , Mastalerz Marta , Kosakowska Alicja
Published: June 2011

Pilot study of the influence of thermoplastic starch based polymer packaging material on the growth of diatom population in sea water environment

Novel polymeric packaging materials susceptible to environmentally friendly decomposition appeared on the global market. The paper is devoted to an investigation of the impact of degradable polymer packaging on marine life. The chosen polymer was a commercial packaging based on thermoplastic starch (TPS over 85%). The microorganism chosen was Phaeodactylum tricornutum diatom (identified in many aquatic reservoirs, with a tendency to flow with seawater plankton in places of great saline oscillation). The packaging material was incubated both in natural seawater and in the presence of diatom population. The chlorophyll a content was determined as the criterion of diatom growth in the presence of tested polymers. The polymer surface and the colour changes in the diatom culture were recorded photographically. The presence of polymeric samples significantly changed the kinetic of diatom growth in seawater during incubation affecting its biological balance. During the experiment in seawater, diatom adhered to polymer surfaces and the polymer stimulated their growth.
Novel catalytic method synthesis of calix[4]pyrroles using Preyssler and Wells-Dawson heteropolyacids
Authors: Gharib Ali , Jahangir Manouchehr , Scheeren J.
Published: June 2011

Novel catalytic method synthesis of calix[4]pyrroles using Preyssler and Wells-Dawson heteropolyacids

A catalytic synthesis of calix[4]pyrroles and N-confused calix[4]pyrroles by reaction of dialkyl or cycloalkyl ketones with pyrrole was performed using Preyssler, sodium30-tungsto pentaphosphate, [NaP5W30O110]14- and Wells-Dawson heteropolyacids as acidic catalysts. The process occurred under mild, eco-friendly and environmental friendly conditions and as a reusable, green catalyst at room temperature for 6 hours. The results showed that the yield for this synthesis is excellent with the use of Preyssler and Wells-Dawson type tungstophosphoric heteropolyacid, H6[P2W18O62], catalysts. The synthesis reaction of calix[4]pyrroles and N-confused calix[4]pyrroles was developed using different solvents and the best yields were obtained in chloroform.
THEORY OF EVAPOTRANSPIRATION: 2. Soil and intercepted water evaporation
Authors: Budagovskyi Anatolij , Novák Viliam
Published: June 2011

THEORY OF EVAPOTRANSPIRATION: 2. Soil and intercepted water evaporation

Evaporation of water from the soil is described and quantified. Formation of the soil dry surface layer is quantitatively described, as a process resulting from the difference between the evaporation and upward soil water flux to the soil evaporating level. The results of evaporation analysis are generalized even for the case of water evaporation from the soil under canopy and interaction between evaporation rate and canopy transpiration is accounted for. Relationships describing evapotranspiration increase due to evaporation of the water intercepted by canopy are presented. Indirect methods of evapotranspiration estimation are discussed, based on the measured temperature profiles and of the air humidity, as well as of the net radiation and the soil heat fluxes.
Cardioprotective activity of flax lignan concentrate extracted from seeds of Linum usitatissimum in isoprenalin induced myocardial necrosis in rats
Authors: Zanwar Anand , Hegde Mahabaleshwar , Bodhankar Subhash
Published: June 2011

Cardioprotective activity of flax lignan concentrate extracted from seeds ofLinum usitatissimumin isoprenalin induced myocardial necrosis in rats

The objective of the study was to evaluate the cardioprotective activity of flax lignan concentrate (FLC) in isoprenalin (ISO) induced cardiotoxicity in rats. Male Wistar rats (200-230 g) were divided into three groups. Group I: control, Group II: isoprenalin, Group III: FLC (500 mg/kg, p.o.) orally for 8 days and in group II and III isoprenalin 5.25 mg/kg, s.c. on day 9 and 8.5 mg/kg on day 10. On day 10 estimation of marker enzymes in serum and haemodynamic parameters were recorded. Animals were sacrificed, histology of heart was performed. Isoprenalin showed cardiotoxicity, manifested by increased levels of marker enzymes and increased heart rate. FLC treatment reversed these biochemical changes significantly compared with ISO group. The cardiotoxic effect of isoprenalin was less in FLC pretreated animals, which was confirmed in histopathological alterations. Haemodynamic, biochemical alteration and histopathological results suggest a cardioprotective protective effect of FLC in isoprenalin induced cardiotoxicity.
Company Presence as a Marker of Urban Development in France
Authors: Montagné-Villette Solange
Published: June 2011

Since the Industrial Revolution, entreprises have left their imprint on the urban landscape and local government. This paper begins with an historical context on the subject which is followed by an analysis of the different influences of enterprises on town planning, housing and local urban and social policies.
Urban Authorities and Economic Sectors
Authors: Lebeau Boris
Published: June 2011

Taxation on businesses, which makes up two thirds of local authorities' revenues, urges them to widen the range of their economic interventions. The communauté d'agglomération Plaine Commune is one of the most dynamic in the Parisian metropolis and has had considerable expertise at their disposal for 10 years. In order to ensure their economic influence, they now endeavour to stimulate and even structure some economic industries. Unfortunately, a local tax reform in progress may well jeopardise the pattern of development which is presented in this article.
The contribution of geography to the development of tourism research in Poland
Authors: Jackowski Antoni
Published: June 2011

The article presents, both chronologically and thematically, the contribution of geography to the development of tourism research. The discussion concerns the situation in Poland but is presented in the context of the development of tourism geography in Europe and globally. The analysis includes only theoretical-methodological research. The output of Polish tourism geography after World War II has been considerable and comprises around 800 publications.
SWOT analysis in the formulation of tourism development strategies for destinations
Authors: Goranczewski Bolesław , Puciato Daniel
Published: June 2011

The aim of the paper is to identify the role of SWOT analysis in the formulation of tourism development strategies for destinations. SWOT analysis helps to establish a reliable diagnosis of the internal potential shown by a tourism destination and its environment. In the Polish economic situation, SWOT analysis is frequently used in a fragmentary manner which should be considered as a serious methodological oversight and may jeopardize the value of the entire process related to the strategic management of the tourism destination.
Effect of habitat complexity on the distribution of Ceriodaphnia quadrangula (O. F. Müller, 1785) (Crustacea: Cladocera) in a deep lake
Authors: Adamczuk Małgorzata
Published: June 2011

Effect of habitat complexity on the distribution of Ceriodaphnia quadrangula (O. F. Müller, 1785) (Crustacea: Cladocera) in a deep lake

The aim of the study was to compare the density, body size, and reproduction of the cladoceran, Ceriodaphnia quadrangula (O. F. Müller, 1785), in various habitats of Lake Piaseczno (38.8 m deep) in eastern Poland. Samples were taken in the littoral zone (from emergent and submerged vegetation, as well as from open water and the surface layer of water above submerged vegetation) and in the pelagic zone (from the epilimnion, metalimnion, and hypolimnion). The results show that C. quadrangula prefers the littoral zone, as it achieves there much higher values of the analysed variables than in the pelagic zone. The number and size of adults (including ovigerous females), as well as brood size achieved equally high values in emergent and submerged vegetation, and much lower values in the other habitats (including pelagic ones). Juveniles also preferred to stay in the littoral zone but displayed clear preferences to none of the habitats.
Contribution to the knowledge of ptyctimous mites (Acari, Oribatida) in the Palm House in Poznań
Authors: Niedbała Wojciech
Published: June 2011

Contribution to the knowledge of ptyctimous mites (Acari, Oribatida) in the Palm House in Poznań

In soil samples from the Palm House (Palmiarnia) in Poznań city, six alien and six native mite species of the ptyctimous were found. Nearly half of them are semicosmopolitan but two of them are not native to Europe. One of the species, Phthiracarus phoxos Niedbała 2004, is endemic to Cuba. Supposedly the wellbeing of the exotic fauna depends on the presence of exotic soil and careful addition of native soil.
Behavioural ecology of a tea pest, Andraca bipunctata (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae), in the Sub-Himalayan climate of Darjeeling (India)
Authors: Ghorai Narayan , Raut Srimanta , Bhattacharyya Asit
Published: June 2011

Behavioural ecology of a tea pest, Andraca bipunctata (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae), in the Sub-Himalayan climate of Darjeeling (India)

The summer generation (G1) of Andraca bipunctata Walker in Darjeeling was confined to May-December and the winter generation (G2) extended from August to June. One female laid on average 480 and 526 eggs in G1 and G2, respectively. Larvae fed on Camellia sinensis and C. assamica leaves. Duration of 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th instars were 7, 7, 6, 6 and 6 days in G1, and 20, 20, 24, 72 and 33 days in G2, respectively. Temperature seems to greatly influence the duration of its life stages. A fungus (Paecilomyces tenuipes Samson), garden lizard Calotes versicolor (Daudin), and several bird species (Stachyris nigriceps Blyth, Spelaeornis caudatus (Blyth) and Dendrocitta frontalis Horsefield) were found effective in reducing the population of A. bipunctata.
The Normal Body - Anthropology of Bodily Otherness
Authors: Eichberg Henning
Published: June 2011

The Normal Body - Anthropology of Bodily Otherness

Human biology and medical science focus on the normality of the human body. This focus deserves, however, to be questioned. Cultural studies, in contrast, focus on normalities in plural - normalities of diverse cultures, revealed by comparison and under the historical perspective of change. The normality and otherness of bodily ageing delivers pictures for this analytical problem, among these the figure of the shaman, the elderly as healer.

Normality is connected with power. That is why the cultural analysis of normalization can be connected with the theory of democracy, especially with the understanding of human sovereignty and equality, otherness and recognition.

Likewise, the theory of sports as a field of trialectic tensions opens up concrete, bodily differences. The body of the Japanese sumo wrestler delivers a living picture of how to relate to bodily otherness. This leads to a deeper understanding of the politics of recognition and of bodily relativity. Additionaly, normality in terms of biology and normalities in terms of cultural studies need to be confronted within a critical dialogue.
Identity, Recognition or Redistribution through Sport?
Authors: Jarvie Grant
Published: June 2011

Identity, Recognition or Redistribution through Sport?

Identity has long since been a key concept within historical, sociological and philosophical enquires into sport. This article asserts that identity politics in sport is not enough and alternative forms of thinking about identity need to challenge the conventional wisdom that identity for identity sake is sufficient. By introducing the notions recognition and re-distribution this research attempts to move the field of sport on. Only by looking at alternative conceptions of the links between identity, redistribution and recognition can we meet the requirements of justice for all through and in sport. This article addresses the following concerns (i) sport in the age of identity politics; (ii) from identity politics to recognition through sport and (iii) from recognition through sport to redistribution and social justice.
From Grass Roots to World Class (A Strategy for Delivering Physical Activity)
Authors: Kiraly Istvan , Gál Andrea
Published: June 2011

From Grass Roots to World Class (A Strategy for Delivering Physical Activity)

During the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games, the Hungarian sports team's performance was worse than expected by most of the Hungarian people and the leaders of the Hungarian sports establishment. The Hungarian athletes returned home with a much lower medal tally than in previous decades. More than two years have elapsed since the Olympic Games, but instead of analysing the real reasons for the poor performance, most of the debates in Hungary are about whether we will restore our reputation by taking 8-10 gold medals in the 2012 London Olympics.

People in the United Kingdom are also full of hope for a great medal tally in London, not just because of the "home team advantage" but also by reason of the UK's outstanding performance in 2008. The British team finished fourth in the final medal table at the Beijing Olympic Games despite their poor performance one-and-half decades ago in Atlanta, surprising not just the British but also the whole world. By this time, the British strategy was to invest not just in elite sports but also in grass-roots participation sports. If Hungary wants to enhance its elite sports, it must engage in similar changes. It is clear from the latest data that the Hungarian XXI Sports Strategy's aim of making Hungary a sporting nation seems an illusion. Participation sports, which are the foundation of national sporting success and provide the future talents for the elite sports sector, are in need of urgent and substantive reform.

By means of secondary analyses and document analyses this article discusses the current state of British sport using the latest data. It then examines recent reforms in English participation sports as well as the latest sports strategy in England and its objectives. In all this, it makes comparison with what is happening in Hungary. The upshot is that Hungary and Britain differ at many points throughout the whole process, from strategy planning to implementation. These contrasts explain the differences in the effectiveness of the British and Hungarian processes. We hope that the outcome of this examination of the efficient Western European process and its comparison with the unsuccessful Hungarian system will assist those responsible for the development of participation sports and elite sports in Hungary.
Athletes as tourists: Consumer Behaviour of Participants at the 2007 and 2009 World Universiade Games
Authors: Turco Douglas , Papadimitrou Dimitra , Berber Serkan
Published: June 2011

Athletes as tourists: Consumer Behaviour of Participants at the 2007 and 2009 World Universiade Games

Considerable research has been devoted to sport mega-events including the Olympic Games, the FIFA World Cup, and the Commonwealth Games. Yet few studies have focused on the lesser known or "second tier" international sport events in order to understand the patterns and the impact of participant consumption. Further, few sport event studies are extended beyond a single assessment. This study examines a recurring sport event, the World Universiade Summer Games, that took place in two different countries, Belgrade, Serbia and Bangkok, Thailand. A profile of participants at the 2007 and 2009 Universiades was generated to reveal and compare their consumer behaviour in the host cities and over time. Subjects were queried on-site during selected days of competition (N=441, 2007; N=221, 2009). Findings demonstrate a remarkable consistency in participant characteristics and local spend from 2007 to 2009, though the amount spent per night was considerably less than the average per night spend by other types of tourists in the host countries, suggesting that Universiade athletes are non high-value tourists. Discussion and implications of findings to sport and tourism destination scholars and marketers are presented.
Cyclic Voltammetric Studies of Tellurium in Diluted HNO3 Solutions
Authors: Rudnik E. , Sobesto J.
Published: June 2011

Cyclic Voltammetric Studies of Tellurium in Diluted HNO3Solutions

Electrochemistry of tellurium stationary electrode was studied in nitric acid solutions of pH 2.0 and 2.5. Two sparingly soluble products were formed at potentials above 200 mV (SCE): TeO2and H2TeO3. H2TeO3and TeO2could dissolve to HTeO+2under acidic electrolyte, but this process was hindered at pH 2.5. Cathodic polarization of tellurium electrode below -800 mV was accompanied by evolution of H2Te, which was then oxidized at the potentials approx. -700 mV.
Numerical Models of Hardening Phenomena of Tools Steel Base on the TTT and CCT Diagrams
Authors: Domański T. , Bokota A.
Published: June 2011

Numerical Models of Hardening Phenomena of Tools Steel Base on the TTT and CCT Diagrams

In work the presented numerical models of tool steel hardening processes take into account thermal phenomena, phase transformations and mechanical phenomena. Numerical algorithm of thermal phenomena was based on the Finite Elements Methods in Galerkin formula of the heat transfer equations. In the model of phase transformations, in simulations heating process, isothermal or continuous heating (CHT) was applied, whereas in cooling process isothermal or continuous cooling (TTT, CCT) of the steel at issue. The phase fraction transformed (austenite) during heating and fractions of ferrite, pearlite or bainite are determined by Johnson-Mehl-Avrami formulas. The nescent fraction of martensite is determined by Koistinen and Marburger formula or modified Koistinen and Marburger formula. In the model of mechanical phenomena, apart from thermal, plastic and structural strain, also transformations plasticity was taken into account. The stress and strain fields are obtained using the solution of the Finite Elements Method of the equilibrium equation in rate form. The thermophysical constants occurring in constitutive relation depend on temperature and phase composite. For determination of plastic strain the Huber-Misses condition with isotropic strengthening was applied whereas for determination of transformation plasticity a modified Leblond model was used. In order to evaluate the quality and usefulness of the presented models a numerical analysis of temperature field, phase fraction, stress and strain associated hardening process of a fang lathe of cone shaped made of tool steel was carried out.
Les Incas de Marmontel comme exemple des pratiques matérielles, sociales et interdisciplinaires de l'illustration
Authors: Davis Peggy
Published: June 2011

L'histoire de l'art réserve une place négligeable à l'étude de l'illustration en comparaison de l'histoire du livre et même des études littéraires. Cependant l'interdisciplinarité est inhérente à l'illustration car celle-ci sort du cadre du livre et échappe à la catégorisation. L'indigence des outils d'analyse dans le cloisonnement disciplinaire actuel appelle un travail de réflexion indispensable sur la terminologie et la typologie. L'étude de la production, diffusion et réception de l'illustration dans une société de consommation de l'image imprimée sollicite la sociologie de l'art tandis que l'étude du rôle et des enjeux de l'illustration comme pratique sociale, culturelle voire intermédiale, s'inscrit dans un paradigme d'histoire sociale de l'art et de la culture visuelle. Enfin, dans une perspective esthétique, l'analyse de l'illustration doit transcender le rapport entre le texte et l'image pour inclure les préoccupations théoriques et formelles du contexte de la création artistique. Les illustrations des Incas de Marmontel produites, de la fin du xviiie siècle jusqu'au milieu du xixe siècle, serviront d'exemples pour aborder ces questions de fond.
Jacques Grasset de Saint-Sauveur et les costumes des «Sauvages du Canada»
Authors: Turbide Chantal
Published: June 2011

Cet article s'intéresse à l'œuvre de Jacques Grasset de Saint-Sauveur (1757–1810), particulièrement à sa production graphique et plus spécifiquement à sa représentation des Iroquois du Canada. L'analyse d'un vaste corpus de textes et de gravures a permis de retracer les sources littéraires et iconographiques de la représentation de la femme et de l'homme Iroquois de Grasset de Saint-Sauveur et d'en dégager l'originalité. Alors que l'on s'interroge sur les notions de vérité ou de fiction, on est ici confronté à un artiste qui copie, imite, reproduit, juxtapose et entremêle des éléments empreints de la réalité, d'une certaine réalité. La gravure devient ainsi le véhicule parfait pour partager des connaissances anciennes et propager des idées nouvelles dans l'Europe des Lumières.
Achieving Consensus on Recommendations for the Clinical Management of Overweight and Obese Adults for Canadian Physiotherapy Practice
Authors: Alexander Elliot , Rosenthal Stephanie , Evans Cathy
Published: June 2011

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to reach consensus on the importance and feasibility of clinical practice guideline (CPG) recommendations for physiotherapy practice for the prevention and management of overweight and obesity in Canadian adults. Methods: We used a modified Delphi method to achieve consensus. Participants rated the importance and feasibility of recommendations using a nine-point scale in two rounds of electronic surveys and a conference call. The mean and distribution of ratings were analyzed to determine consensus. Results: Twenty-one physiotherapists experienced in the management of patients with obesity and representing diverse regions of Canada and areas of practice participated. Seventeen (81.0%) completed survey 1. Ten (47.6%) participated in the conference call and survey 2. Eight of 34 strategies received mean ratings of 7.00 or more for both importance and feasibility from at least two-thirds of participants. These strategies were related to physical activity prescription and assessment. Conclusions: A sample of physiotherapists in Canada agreed that obesity-related CPGs contain recommendations that are important to physiotherapy practice. These findings, along with the Canadian Physiotherapy Association's position statement on obesity, provide support for the argument that physiotherapists, as direct-access practitioners or members of multidisciplinary teams, should play a role in the health care of people with obesity and overweight.
Generation of chordoma cell line JHC7 and the identification of Brachyury as a novel molecular target
Authors: Hsu Wesley , Mohyeldin Ahmed , Shah Sagar R. , ap Rhys Colette M. , Johnson Lakesha F. , Sedora-Roman Neda I. , Kosztowski Thomas A. , Awad Ola A. , McCarthy Edward F. , Loeb David M. , Wolinsky Jean-Paul , Gokaslan Ziya L. , Quiñones-Hinojosa Alfredo
Published: June 2011

Object

Chordoma is a malignant bone neoplasm hypothesized to arise from notochordal remnants along the length of the neuraxis. Recent genomic investigation of chordomas has identified T (Brachyury) gene duplication as a major susceptibility mutation in familial chordomas. Brachyury plays a vital role during embryonic development of the notochord and has recently been shown to regulate epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in epithelial-derived cancers. However, current understanding of the role of this transcription factor in chordoma is limited due to the lack of availability of a fully characterized chordoma cell line expressing Brachyury. Thus, the objective of this study was to establish the first fully characterized primary chordoma cell line expressing gain of the T gene locus that readily recapitulates the original parental tumor phenotype in vitro and in vivo.

Methods

Using an intraoperatively obtained tumor sample from a 61-year-old woman with primary sacral chordoma, a chordoma cell line (JHC7, or Johns Hopkins Chordoma Line 7) was established. Molecular characterization of the primary tumor and cell line was conducted using standard immunostaining and Western blotting. Chromosomal aberrations and genomic amplification of the T gene in this cell line were determined. Using this cell line, a xenograft model was established and the histopathological analysis of the tumor was performed. Silencing of Brachyury and changes in gene expression were assessed.

Results

The authors report, for the first time, the successful establishment of a chordoma cell line (JHC7) from a patient with pathologically confirmed sacral chordoma. This cell line readily forms tumors in immunodeficient mice that recapitulate the parental tumor phenotype with conserved histological features consistent with the parental tumor. Furthermore, it is demonstrated for the first time that silencing of Brachyury using short hairpin RNA renders the morphology of chordoma cells to a more differentiated-like state and leads to complete growth arrest and senescence with an inability to be passaged serially in vitro.

Conclusions

This report represents the first xenograft model of a sacral chordoma line described in the literature and the first cell line established with stable Brachyury expression. The authors propose that Brachyury is an attractive therapeutic target in chordoma and that JHC7 will serve as a clinically relevant model for the study of this disease.
Economic Approaches to Understanding Scientific Norms
Authors: Strevens Michael
Published: June 2011

A theme of much work taking an “economic approach” to the study of science is the interaction between the norms of individual scientists and those of society at large. Though drawing from the same suite of formal methods, proponents of the economic approach offer what are in substantive terms profoundly different explanations of various aspects of the structure of science. The differences are illustrated by comparing Strevens's explanation of the scientific reward system (the “priority rule”) with Max Albert's explanation of the prevalence of “high methodological standards” in science. Some objections to the economic approach as a whole are then briefly considered.
A place in Europe: enhancing European collaboration in historical GIS
Authors: Gregory Ian N. , Kunz Andreas , Bodenhamer David J.
Published: June 2011

The recognition that geo-technologies are playing an increasingly important role in historical research led to a meeting in Barcelona in December 2007, attended by fifty leading academics and GIS practitioners from Europe, with additional representation from leading North American experts. The conference benefited from previous meetings in Florence (2000), Ghent (2002), Amsterdam (2004), Belfast (2005), Berlin (2006), and Mainz (2007). The three-day Barcelona conference had three key aims: (1) to survey the use and maturity of historical GIS; (2) to hold an inclusive, facilitated discussion on the feasibility and requirements for a European historical GIS; and (3) to develop a white paper on how to advance historical GIS within Europe. A network of networks was a major proposal to come from the Barcelona meeting, and its outlines and rationale are advanced in this white paper.
Do not make snap decisions about what you are seeing: how digital analysis of the images from the Canadian Shield highlights the difficulties in classifying shapes
Authors: Colson Alicia
Published: June 2011

The act of classification has the widest implications for scholarship. Whatever the format, it involves the totality of our being. The use of our eyes indicates that decisions about whatever it is that we observe have already been made. Yet the interaction between the mechanical act of seeing and the mind or memory has rarely been registered. An object once seen implies that the researcher's consciousness is engaged. The description of mere shape records that interaction.

To establish whether sub-conscious decisions have been made as to the meaning of a shape, it might be placed in an armature. VIPS/ip software, created by both computer scientists and art historians, provides such an armature. The separate roles played by memory, brain, and eye in engaging with the shapes, encountered on the pictograph sites of the Lake of the Woods might then be detected. Subsequent labelling which bears these roles in mind just might isolate the contribution made by memory. The systematic identification and cataloguing of such images by an investigator may also enable us to understand something of the intricate and uncharted past of the Canadian Shield and about ourselves.
Emissions from Ethanol-Gasoline Blends: A Single Particle Perspective
Authors: Dutcher Dabrina D. , Stolzenburg Mark R. , Thompson Samantha L. , Medrano Juan M. , Gross Deborah S. , Kittelson David B. , McMurry Peter H.
Published: June 2011

Due to its agricultural origin and function as a fuel oxygenate, ethanol is being promoted as an alternative biomass-based fuel for use in spark ignition engines, with mandates for its use at state and regional levels. While it has been established that the addition of ethanol to a fuel reduces the particulate mass concentration in the exhaust, little attention has been paid to changes in the physicochemical properties of the emitted particles. In this work, a dynamometer-mounted GM Quad-4 spark ignition engine run without aftertreatment at 1,500 RPM and 100% load was used with four different fuel blends, containing 0, 20, 40 and 85 percent ethanol in gasoline. This allowed the effects of the fuel composition to be isolated from other effects. Instrumentation employed included two Aerosol Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometers covering different size ranges for analysis of single particle composition, an Aethalometer for black carbon, a Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer for particle size distributions, a Photoelectric Aerosol Sensor for particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) species and gravimetric filter measurements for particulate mass concentrations. It was found that, under the conditions investigated here, additional ethanol content in the fuel changes the particle size distribution, especially in the accumulation mode, and decreases the black carbon and total particulate mass concentrations. The molecular weight distribution of the PAHs was found to decrease with added ethanol. However, PAHs produced from higher ethanol-content fuels are associated with NO2− (m/z—46) in the single-particle mass spectra, indicating the presence of nitro-PAHs. Compounds associated with the gasoline (e.g., sulfur-containing species) are diminished due to dilution as ethanol is added to the fuel relative to those associated with the lubricating oil (e.g., calcium, zinc, phosphate) in the single particle spectra. These changes have potential implications for the health effect impacts of particulate emissions from biofuel blends.
Acquisition of Genetic Aberrations by Activation-Induced Cytidine Deaminase (AID) during Inflammation-Associated Carcinogenesis
Authors: Takai Atsushi , Marusawa Hiroyuki , Chiba Tsutomu
Published: June 2011

Genetic abnormalities such as nucleotide alterations and chromosomal disorders that accumulate in various tumor-related genes have an important role in cancer development. The precise mechanism of the acquisition of genetic aberrations, however, remains unclear. Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), a nucleotide editing enzyme, is essential for the diversification of antibody production. AID is expressed only in activated B lymphocytes under physiologic conditions and induces somatic hypermutation and class switch recombination in immunoglobulin genes. Inflammation leads to aberrant AID expression in various gastrointestinal organs and increased AID expression contributes to cancer development by inducing genetic alterations in epithelial cells. Studies of how AID induces genetic disorders are expected to elucidate the mechanism of inflammation-associated carcinogenesis.
Investigation of Spatial and Temporal Trends in Water Quality in Daya Bay, South China Sea
Authors: Wu Mei-Lin , Wang You-Shao , Dong Jun-De , Sun Cui-Ci , Wang Yu-Tu , Sun Fu-Lin , Cheng Hao
Published: June 2011

The objective is to identify the spatial and temporal variability of the hydrochemical quality of the water column in a subtropical coastal system, Daya Bay, China. Water samples were collected in four seasons at 12 monitoring sites. The Southeast Asian monsoons, northeasterly from October to the next April and southwesterly from May to September have also an important influence on water quality in Daya Bay. In the spatial pattern, two groups have been identified, with the help of multidimensional scaling analysis and cluster analysis. Cluster I consisted of the sites S3, S8, S10 and S11 in the west and north coastal parts of Daya Bay. Cluster I is mainly related to anthropogenic activities such as fish-farming. Cluster II consisted of the rest of the stations in the center, east and south parts of Daya Bay. Cluster II is mainly related to seawater exchange from South China Sea.