Atomic oxygen in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere measured by terahertz heterodyne spectroscopy &#160;&#160;
Authors: Hübers Heinz-Wilhelm , Richter Heiko , Buchbender Christof , Güsten Rolf , Higgins Ronan , Klein Bernd , Stutzki Jürgen , Wiesemeyer Helmut 
Published: March 2021

&lt;p&gt;Atomic oxygen is a main component of the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT). The photochemistry and the energy balance of the MLT are governed by atomic oxygen. In addition, it is a tracer for dynamical motions in the MLT. It is difficult to measure with remote sensing techniques. Concentrations can be inferred indirectly from the oxygen air glow or from observations of OH, which is involved in photochemical processes related to atomic oxygen. Such measurements have been performed with several satellite instruments such as SCIAMACHY, SABER, WINDII and OSIRIS. However, the methods are indirect and rely on photochemical models and assumptions such as quenching rates, radiative lifetimes, and reaction coefficients. The results are not always in agreement, particularly when obtained with different instruments.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;We have explored an alternative approach, namely the observation of the &lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;P&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; &amp;#8594; &lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;P&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; fine-structure transition of atomic oxygen at 4.7 THz (63&amp;#160;&amp;#181;m) using the German Receiver for Astronomy at Terahertz Frequencies (GREAT) on board of SOFIA, the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy. GREAT is a heterodyne spectrometer providing high sensitivity and high spectral resolution as low as 76&amp;#160;kHz. This method enables the direct measurement without involving photochemical models to derive the atomic oxygen concentration. The night-time measurements have been performed during a SOFIA flight along the west coast of the US. These are the first measurements which resolve the line shape of the 4.7-THz transition. From the spectra the concentration profiles and radiances of atomic oxygen were derived with a radiative transfer model. The observed radiances range from 1.5 to 2.2&amp;#160;nW&amp;#160;cm&lt;sup&gt;-2&amp;#160;&lt;/sup&gt;sr&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; and the the altitude profiles agree within the measurement uncertainty with SABER data and the NRLMSISE-00 model [1].&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In conclusion, THz heterodyne spectroscopy is a powerful method to measure atomic oxygen in the MLT. With the current progress in THz technology balloon-borne and space-borne 4.7-THz heterodyne spectrometers become feasible [2, 3]. Combining such a THz spectrometer with optical instruments similar to SABER or SCIAMACHY will be even more advantageous for the determination of atomic oxygen in the MLT.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;[1] H. Richter et al., Direct measurements of atomic oxygen in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere using terahertz heterodyne spectroscopy, accepted for publication in Communications Earth &amp; Environment (2021).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;[2] M. Wienold et al, A balloon-borne 4.75 THz-heterodyne receiver to probe atomic oxygen in the atmosphere, to appear in: Proceedings of the 45&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; International Conference on Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves (IRMMW-THz) (Buffalo, NY, 2020).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;[3] S. P. Rea et al., The low-cost upper-atmosphere sounder (LOCUS), Proceedings of the 26th International Symposium on Space Terahertz Technology (Cambridge, MA, 2015).&lt;/p&gt;