bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Parsimonious powertrain modeling for environmental vehicle assessments: part 2—electric vehicles
Authors: Geyer Roland , Malen Donald E.
Published: June 2020

Purpose

Environmental assessments of electric vehicles (EV) require scientifically sound and robust fuel consumption models. The purpose of this paper is to introduce a novel method and model for calculating energy demand of battery electric (BEV) and series plug-in hybrid electric (PHEV) vehicles.

Methods

This paper presents an open-source simulation model for BEV and series PHEV powertrains. It is based on driving and powertrain physics, such as a net force approach to calculate force demand at the tire patch, and the use of motor maps to model motor efficiency. The modeling approach is well suited to include important EV powertrain aspects, such as regenerative braking and battery charging and discharging losses.

Results

The presented method provides parsimonious open-source EV powertrain modeling to the environmental assessment community. It enables the calculation of vehicle energy demand (in MJ/100 km) and so-called energy reduction values (in MJ/100 km and 100 kg vehicle mass reduction) that are specific to each EV configuration and design change.

Conclusions

The presented EV powertrain model complements the ICV powertrain model introduced in part 1 of this paper series. It uses the same modeling methods as the ICV model, which gives it the same modeling advantages, and also facilitates environmental comparisons across powertrain types.
Tracking and visualization of the sensing area for a tethered laparoscopic gamma probe
Authors: Huang Baoru , Tsai Ya-Yen , Cartucho João , Vyas Kunal , Tuch David , Giannarou Stamatia , Elson Daniel S.
Published: June 2020

Purpose

In surgical oncology, complete cancer resection and lymph node identification are challenging due to the lack of reliable intraoperative visualization. Recently, endoscopic radio-guided cancer resection has been introduced where a novel tethered laparoscopic gamma detector can be used to determine the location of tracer activity, which can complement preoperative nuclear imaging data and endoscopic imaging. However, these probes do not clearly indicate where on the tissue surface the activity originates, making localization of pathological sites difficult and increasing the mental workload of the surgeons. Therefore, a robust real-time gamma probe tracking system integrated with augmented reality is proposed.

Methods

A dual-pattern marker has been attached to the gamma probe, which combines chessboard vertices and circular dots for higher detection accuracy. Both patterns are detected simultaneously based on blob detection and the pixel intensity-based vertices detector and used to estimate the pose of the probe. Temporal information is incorporated into the framework to reduce tracking failure. Furthermore, we utilized the 3D point cloud generated from structure from motion to find the intersection between the probe axis and the tissue surface. When presented as an augmented image, this can provide visual feedback to the surgeons.

Results

The method has been validated with ground truth probe pose data generated using the OptiTrack system. When detecting the orientation of the pose using circular dots and chessboard dots alone, the mean error obtained is $$0.05^{\circ }$$

0
.

05
∘

and $$0.06^{\circ }$$

0
.

06
∘

, respectively. As for the translation, the mean error for each pattern is 1.78 mm and 1.81 mm. The detection limits for pitch, roll and yaw are $$360^{\circ }, 360^{\circ }$$

360
∘

,

360
∘

and $$8^{\circ }$$

8
∘

–$$82^{\circ }\cup 188^{\circ }$$

82
∘

∪

188
∘

–$$352^{\circ }$$

352
∘

.

Conclusion

The performance evaluation results show that this dual-pattern marker can provide high detection rates, as well as more accurate pose estimation and a larger workspace than the previously proposed hybrid markers. The augmented reality will be used to provide visual feedback to the surgeons on the location of the affected lymph nodes or tumor.
Die Repräsentation der Bürgerinnen und Bürger durch organisierte Interessen in Deutschland
Authors: Pakull Dominic , Goldberg Felix , Bernhagen Patrick
Published: June 2020

In dieser Studie analysieren wir das Potenzial organisierter Interessen als Transmissionsriemen zwischen der Bevölkerung und politischen Institutionen im parlamentarischen System der Bundesrepublik zu fungieren. Wir verwenden Daten aus Experteninterviews mit Lobbyistinnen und Lobbyisten und einer repräsentativen Bevölkerungsumfrage, um die Kongruenz zwischen den Themenfeldern zu ermitteln, welche die Bürgerinnen und Bürger und organisierten Interessen in Deutschland jeweils als wichtig ansehen. Ferner analysieren wir, ob sich die Kongruenz hinsichtlich der öffentlichen Salienz des Themas sowie des soziökonomischen Status oder der politischen Einstellungen der Bürgerinnen und Bürger unterscheidet. Dabei differenzieren wir zwischen Unternehmer- und Nichtunternehmerinteressen. Die Ergebnisse deuten auf eine moderate Themenkongruenz zwischen den Agenden der Bürgerinnen und Bürger und der organisierten Interessen hin. Diese Repräsentationsleistung wird jedoch überwiegend von Nichtunternehmerorganisationen erfüllt, die verstärkt an Themen arbeiten, die für die Bevölkerung salient sind. Ferner sind Bürgerinnen und Bürger mit extremeren Einstellungen besser repräsentiert als jene, die sich in der ideologischen Mitte befinden. Hingegen zeigen sich keine Unterschiede hinsichtlich des Einkommens und Geschlechts oder zwischen Ost- und Westdeutschland.
Combining participatory games and backcasting to support collective scenario evaluation: an action research approach for sustainable agroforestry landscape management
Authors: Andreotti Federico , Speelman Erika N. , Van den Meersche Karel , Allinne Clementine
Published: June 2020

The combined and interacting effects of land-use change, resource extraction and climate change threaten the sustainability of millions of mainly smallholder farms in tropical agroforested landscapes. In many of these landscapes, coordinated action among stakeholders at landscape level would help to address challenges such as pests and diseases, price crises and climate change. However, methods to facilitate the co-production of sustainable landscape management in such complex multi-stakeholder systems are currently largely lacking. In this paper, we present a novel approach to explore pathways for the sustainability transition of agroforestry systems. By combining participatory forecasting and backcasting approaches, based on serious games and future vision development, we explore relevant agroforestry management strategies for reaching sustainable future coffee-based agroforestry landscapes. We focused our research on the challenges faced in the main coffee-producing area in Nicaragua. Here, we organized five participatory game sessions to explore farmer decision-making processes, farming strategies and to develop new networks and stimulate social learning among farmers. In the associated backcasting workshop, the most influential game session participants joined technicians, researchers and municipality officials to collectively envision sustainable future landscape management. In all game sessions, farmers developed diversified coffee-based agroforested landscapes characterised by increased density and diversity of shade trees, for the purpose of income diversification as well as forest conservation. During the backcasting workshop, the participants identified policy instruments and community-based solutions for the transition to sustainable landscapes. Our participatory approach facilitated discussion on landscape planning among farmers and other stakeholders and allowed the outline of a pathway towards the collective envisioned future landscape. The combination of participatory forecasting and backcasting proved to be a helpful tool to support multi-stakeholder processes towards sustainable landscape management in this and other complex landscapes.
Lead (Pb) Accumulation in Human THP-1 Monocytes/Macrophages In Vitro and the Influence on Cell Apoptosis
Authors: Metryka Emilia , Kupnicka Patrycja , Kapczuk Patrycja , Aszakiewicz Beata , Piotrowska Katarzyna , Tkacz Marta , Gutowska Izabela , Chlubek Dariusz , Baranowska-Bosiacka Irena
Published: June 2020

In this study, we investigated the ability of THP-1 monocytes and macrophages to accumulate lead (Pb) in vitro, relative to Pb concentration and length of exposure. Moreover, we also evaluated the effect of Pb accumulation on cell viability and apoptosis. THP-1 monocytes and macrophages were cultured in the presence of Pb at 1.25 μg/dL, 2.5 μg/dL, 5 μg/dL, and 10 μg/dL. Pb accumulation was examined by inductively coupled plasma and confocal microscopy. The influence of Pb on cell viability, apoptosis, and necrosis was assessed using flow cytometry. The results showed that Pb was toxic to THP-1 monocytes/macrophages even at very low environmental concentrations. Despite the use of low concentrations, both monocytes and macrophages showed dose-dependent and time-dependent decreases in viability, with a simultaneous increase in the percentage of early and late apoptotic cells. Macrophages reacted more strongly to Pb than monocytes. When exposed to the same Pb concentrations, they showed lower viability and a higher percentage of necrotic cells. The incubation time positively correlated with Pb accumulation in a dose-dependent manner. The obtained results indicate that environmental exposure to low Pb concentrations may significantly impair the function of macrophages, with the increased number of apoptotic cells potentially contributing to the development of many pathologies in the brain and whole body.
Quantitative evaluation of anti-resorptive agent-related osteonecrosis of the jaw using bone single photon emission computed tomography in clinical settings: relationship between clinical stage and imaging
Authors: Okui Taro , Kobayashi Yoshikazu , Tsujimoto Masakazu , Satoh Koji , Toyama Hiroshi , Matsuo Koichiro
Published: June 2020

Objective

This study aimed to use quantitative values, calculated from bone single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging, to estimate the reliability of progression evaluation for anti-resorptive agent-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (ARONJ).

Methods

The study population consisted of 21 patients (23 lesions), clinically diagnosed with mandibular ARONJ, who underwent SPECT/CT scanning. Diagnosis and staging of ARONJ were performed according to the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons (AAOMS) definition and the recommendations of the International Task Force on ONJ. Hybrid SPECT/CT imaging quantitative analyses were performed on a workstation. Each volume of interest (VOI) was semi-automatically placed over a lesion with areas of high tracer accumulation, using the GI-BONE® software default threshold method settings. Additionally, control VOI was manually set over an unaffected area. Measured parameters included standardized uptake values (SUV)—maximum (SUVmax) and mean (SUVmean), metabolic bone volume (MBV)—the total volume above the threshold, and total bone uptake (TBU) as calculated by MBV × SUVmean. We also calculated the SUV ratio (rSUV) between the lesion and control area, factoring for differences in individual bone metabolism; the ratios were termed rSUVmax and rSUVmean, accordingly. The product of multiplying the rSUVmean by MBV of a lesion was defined as the ratio of TBU (rTBU). Quantitative values were compared between clinical stages by the Kruskal–Wallis test and subsequent post hoc analysis.

Results

MBVs (cm3) were: median, [IQR] Stage 1, 8.28 [5.62–9.49]; Stage 2, 15.28 [10.64–24.78]; and Stage 3, 34.61 [29.50–40.78]. MBV tended to increase with stage increase. Furthermore, only MBV showed a significant difference between clinical stages (p < 0.01). Subsequent post hoc analysis showed no significant difference between stages 1 and 2 (p = 0.12) but a significant difference between stages 2 and 3 (p = 0.048). rSUVmax and rTBU tended to increase with stage increase, but the differences between the stages were not significant (p = 0.10 and p = 0.055, respectively).

Conclusion

MBV, which includes the concept of volume, showed significant differences between clinical stages and tended to increase with the stage increase. As an objective and reliable indicator, MBV might be an adjunct diagnostic method for staging ARONJ.
Influence of an External Perpendicular Oscillation on Stability of a Vertical Falling Liquid Film
Authors: Liu Jiebin , Yang Xiaoming , Ma Rubing , Yuan Yidan , Ma Weimin
Published: June 2020

A vertical falling Newtonian liquid film flow is inherently unstable to surficial long-wave disturbances. Imposing external oscillation can stabilize the long-wave instability, but also triggers additional parametric instabilities. The effect of oscillation frequency on the stability is subtle. By using the “viscosity-gravity” scaling, the effect of oscillation frequency on the stability can be investigated exhaustively by separating it from other control parameters. In this paper, the effects of external perpendicular oscillation on the stability of a vertical falling liquid film are then investigated by a combination of linear stability analyses based on Floquet theory and numerical simulations with an unsteady weighted residual model (WRM). The linear analyses show that, increasing oscillation amplitude always has a stabilizing effect on the long-wave instability. On the other hand, increasing or decreasing oscillation frequency can suppress the long-wave instability, depending on whether the oscillation amplitude or the acceleration is fixed. The effect of varying oscillation frequency on the long-wave instability is opposite to that on the parametric instabilities. The long-wave and parametric instabilities compete with each other as the oscillation amplitude and frequency are varied with the Reynolds number fixed. A weakness of the long-wave instability always accompanies enhancements of the parametric instabilities, and vice versa. As a contrast, an increase of Reynolds number always results in more unstable long-wave and parametric instabilities. The numerical simulations with the WRM show that the wave amplitudes and the minimal local thickness of film are proportional to the unstable wavenumbers range rather than the growth rate of the instability. For a given oscillation frequency and Reynolds number, there exist a critical oscillation amplitude above which externally imposed oscillations perpendicular to the transversal direction of the film can also trigger a chaotic behavior in the film, just like what happens in the case where the oscillation is parallel to the stream-wise direction of the film.
Source Characterisation of February 06, 2017 Rudraprayag Earthquake in Northwest Himalaya and Ground Motion Prediction for a Scenario Earthquake (Mw 6.8)
Authors: Sutar Anup K. , Verma Mithila , Bansal B. K. , Pandey Ajeet P.
Published: June 2020

We have studied a moderate earthquake of February 06, 2017 occurred in Rudraprayag, Uttarakhand of northwest Himalaya that created prominent ground shakings not only around the epicentral region but also to far distances in different parts of the National Capital Territory (NCT) of Delhi, which is an unusual experience. Full waveform inversion and source study suggest, moment magnitude of the event to be Mw 5.5 with the centroid depth of 19 km. The waveform analysis also reveals the oblique faulting mechanism associated with the down-dip apex of the detachment. The source parameters, namely, source radius, stress drop, and seismic moment of the event have been estimated to be 2.3 km, 63 bars, and 2.05 E + 17N-M respectively. The epicenter of the event falls in the seismically active zone between two major thrusts of the Himalaya, viz., Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) and Main Central Thrust (MCT). In the present study, strong ground motion was simulated using Empirical Green’s Function (EGF) approach for a scenario earthquake of Mw6.8 magnitude in the same source, considering it similar to the Chamoli earthquake (M 6.8) of March 29, 1999 that had occurred in the neighborhood. The peak ground acceleration (PGA) has been estimated at the recording sites and a contour map is generated for the entire study region, covering the cities located up to ~ 700 km from the source. The predicted strong ground motion varies between 22 gals to 352 gals within the epicentral region up to ~ 150 km, which may lead to moderate to severe ground shaking. However, weak to light shaking expected in the remaining parts of the study region with PGA ranging between (0.50 – 22) gals.
Revealing the Basement in Barapukuria: A Geochemical Study of a Gondwana Coal Basin Basement from Northwest Bangladesh
Authors: Shahriar Md. Shams , Ameen S. M. Mahbubul , Hossain Md. Sakawat , Hossain Md. Sakaouth , Zaman Mohammad Nazim , Alam Md. Sha
Published: June 2020

The Precambrian basement in the northwest Bengal basin is concealed under mainly Tertiary and in places overlain by Gondwana sediments in the half graben basins. The present work reports the study of the petrographic and geochemical investigations of the basement of Barapukuria, one of the major Gondwana coal basins, for the first time. The basement at the Barapukuria, encountered at a depth of ~200 to 656 m in several drill holes, comprises of tonalite, granodiorite, and leucogranite, which are primarily composed of the variable amounts of plagioclase, quartz, biotite, and amphibole with accessory leucoxene, calcite, epidote, muscovite, and allanite. The lower part of the felsic sequence in the drill hole GDH 43 was dissected by a hornblendite dike. The tonalite and granodiorites have likely chemical composition with silica, which varies within a moderate range from ~54 to 63 wt% and ~64 to 68 wt%, respectively. Both tonalite and granodiorites have high iron content ranging from ~9 to 16 wt% and ~6 to 12 wt% respectively. Leucogranite, on the other hand, is siliceous (70.32 to 72.10 wt%) and relatively iron rich (4.91 to 6.89 wt%). Collectively, the felsic rocks mostly show a calc-alkaline, I-type character and a moderate degree [(La/Yb)CN = 17] of LREEs enrichment. The Barapukuria basement rocks share similar petrographic and geochemical signatures to the nearby (~14km east) ~1.72 Ga felsic basement in Maddhapara. The scarcity of data on the Gondwana coal basin basement from the northeastern Indian shield, however, precludes a comparison between these basements in northeast India and Barapukuria in northwest Bangladesh.
Delineation of Groundwater Prospect Zones in Arang Block, Raipur District, Chhattisgarh, Central India, Using Analytical Network Process
Authors: Singha Sudhakar , Pasupuleti Srinivas
Published: June 2020

The increasing trend of population growth, freshwater demand and unscientific land use planning lead to the shortage of precious groundwater resources. Present research aims to delineate the groundwater prospect zones with the help of analytic network process (ANP) based multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) coupled with geographical information system (GIS) and remote sensing (RS) in Arang block of Raipur district, India. Various hydrogeological and earth surface features including aquifer, soil texture, geomorphology, slope, drainage density, land use land cover (LULC), normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and rainfall distribution are selected and assigned with the ANP-based weights and integrated into GIS platform by layer overlaying operation to develop the groundwater prospect zone index (GPZI) map. A total of five sub-categories of GPZI, namely excellent, good, moderate, poor and very poor are considered to understand the existing scenario of groundwater potentiality of the study area. Results indicate that about 64% of the total area having groundwater potentiality within moderate to excellent GPZI category, whereas; 36% area falls within poor to very poor GPZI category. Model accuracy measurement is verified by groundwater level data of 21 locations and the accuracy value with r=0.73 is achieved using a linear regression plot, which justifies the precision of the ANP-based model.
Two-Dimensional Tunable and Temperature-Insensitive Lyot Filter for FM-to-AM Compensation
Authors: Fan Mengqiu , Tian Xiaocheng , Zhou Dandan , Wei Jiatian , Xia Handing , Lv Hongwei , Zhao Hao , Xu Dangpeng , Zheng Wanguo
Published: June 2020

Utilizing polarization maintaining photonic crystal fiber (PM-PCF) with the low temperature coefficient of birefringence, a two-dimensional tunable and temperature-insensitive Lyot filter aiming to compensate the frequency modulation to amplitude modulation (FM-to-AM) conversion in high power laser facility is demonstrated. The Jones matrix is applied to analyze the relationship between optical characteristics of the filter and physical parameters (including amplitude ratio, phase delay, and susceptibility of the birefringence to temperature) of the polarization optical field. Both the transmission peak wavelength and extinction ratio of the spectral transmission are able to be changed simultaneously, hence, it shows more efficient FM-to-AM compensation ability. Besides, the transmission peak shift is about 18pm/°C with the PM-PCF configuration, which is about two orders of magnitude less than the normal polarization maintaining fiber (PMF) configuration. The demonstrated filter presents a practical application potential in large scale laser driven facility.
Vitamin D pathway-related gene polymorphisms and their association with metabolic diseases: A literature review
Authors: Alathari Buthaina E. , Sabta Aji A. , Kalpana Chinnappan A. , Vimaleswaran Karani Santhanakrishnan
Published: June 2020

Purpose

Given that the relationship between vitamin D status and metabolic diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) remains unclear, this review will focus on the genetic associations, which are less prone to confounding, between vitamin D-related single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and metabolic diseases.

Methods

A literature search of relevant articles was performed on PubMed up to December 2019. Those articles that had examined the association of vitamin D-related SNPs with obesity and/or T2D were included. Two reviewers independently evaluated the eligibility for the inclusion criteria and extracted the data. In total, 73 articles were included in this review.

Results

There is a lack of research focusing on the association of vitamin D synthesis-related genes with obesity and T2D; however, the limited available research, although inconsistent, is suggestive of a protective effect on T2D risk. While there are several studies that investigated the vitamin D metabolism-related SNPs, the research focusing on vitamin D activation, catabolism and transport genes is limited. Studies on CYP27B1, CYP24A1 and GC genes demonstrated a lack of association with obesity and T2D in Europeans; however, significant associations with T2D were found in South Asians. VDR gene SNPs have been extensively researched; in particular, the focus has been mainly on BsmI (rs1544410), TaqI (rs731236), ApaI (rs7975232) and FokI (rs2228570) SNPs. Even though the association between VDR SNPs and metabolic diseases remain inconsistent, some positive associations showing potential effects on obesity and T2D in specific ethnic groups were identified.

Conclusions

Overall, this literature review suggests that ethnic-specific genetic associations are involved. Further research utilizing large studies is necessary to better understand these ethnic-specific genetic associations between vitamin D deficiency and metabolic diseases.
Transcriptome‐wide association studies: a view from Mendelian randomization
Authors: Zhu Huanhuan , Zhou Xiang
Published: June 2020

Background

Genome‐wide association studies (GWASs) have identified thousands of genetic variants that are associated with many complex traits. However, their biological mechanisms remain largely unknown. Transcriptome‐wide association studies (TWAS) have been recently proposed as an invaluable tool for investigating the potential gene regulatory mechanisms underlying variant‐trait associations. Specifically, TWAS integrate GWAS with expression mapping studies based on a common set of variants and aim to identify genes whose GReX is associated with the phenotype. Various methods have been developed for performing TWAS and/or similar integrative analysis. Each such method has a different modeling assumption and many were initially developed to answer different biological questions. Consequently, it is not straightforward to understand their modeling property from a theoretical perspective.

Results

We present a technical review on thirteen TWAS methods. Importantly, we show that these methods can all be viewed as two‐sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis, which has been widely applied in GWASs for examining the causal effects of exposure on outcome. Viewing different TWAS methods from an MR perspective provides us a unique angle for understanding their benefits and pitfalls. We systematically introduce the MR analysis framework, explain how features of the GWAS and expression data influence the adaptation of MR for TWAS, and re‐interpret the modeling assumptions made in different TWAS methods from an MR angle. We finally describe future directions for TWAS methodology development.

Conclusions

We hope that this review would serve as a useful reference for both methodologists who develop TWAS methods and practitioners who perform TWAS analysis.
Dynamo models of the solar cycle
Authors: Charbonneau Paul
Published: June 2020

This paper reviews recent advances and current debates in modeling the solar cycle as a hydromagnetic dynamo process. Emphasis is placed on (relatively) simple dynamo models that are nonetheless detailed enough to be comparable to solar cycle observations. After a brief overview of the dynamo problem and of key observational constraints, I begin by reviewing the various magnetic field regeneration mechanisms that have been proposed in the solar context. I move on to a presentation and critical discussion of extant solar cycle models based on these mechanisms, followed by a discussion of recent magnetohydrodynamical simulations of solar convection generating solar-like large-scale magnetic cycles. I then turn to the origin and consequences of fluctuations in these models and simulations, including amplitude and parity modulation, chaotic behavior, and intermittency. The paper concludes with a discussion of our current state of ignorance regarding various key questions relating to the explanatory framework offered by dynamo models of the solar cycle.
Microbial community types and signature-like soil bacterial patterns from fortified prehistoric hills of Thuringia (Germany)
Authors: Köhler J. Michael , Beetz Nancy , Günther P. Mike , Möller Frances , Schüler Tim , Cao Jialan
Published: June 2020

16S rRNA profiling has been applied for the investigation of bacterial communities of surface soil samples from forest-covered areas of ten prehistorical ramparts from different parts of Thuringia. Besides the majority bacterial types that are present in all samples, there could be identified bacteria that are highly abundant in some places and absent or low abundant in others. These differences are mainly related to the acidity of substrate and distinguish the communities of lime stone hills from soils of sand/quartzite and basalt hills. Minority components of bacterial communities show partially large differences that cannot be explained by the pH of the soil or incidental effects, only. They reflect certain relations between the communities of different places and could be regarded as a kind of signature-like patterns. Such relations had also been found in a comparison of the data from ramparts with formerly studied 16S rRNA profiling from an iron-age burial field. The observations are supporting the idea that a part of the components of bacterial communities from soil samples reflect their ecological history and can be understood as the “ecological memory” of a place. Probably such memory effects can date back to prehistoric times and might assist in future interpretations of archaeological findings on the prehistoric use of a place, on the one hand. On the other hand, the genetic profiling of soils of prehistoric places contributes to the evaluation of anthropogenic effects on the development of local soil bacterial diversity.
Relapse of Hodgkin lymphoma after autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation
Authors: Iqbal Madiha , Kharfan-Dabaja Mohamed A.
Published: June 2020

Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is a highly responsive disease with nearly 70% of patients experiencing cure after front-line chemotherapy. Patients who experience disease relapse receive salvage chemotherapy followed by consolidation with autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation (auto-HCT). Nearly 50% of patients relapse after an auto-HCT and constitute a subgroup with poor prognosis. Novel treatments such as immune checkpoint inhibitors and an anti-CD30 monoclonal antibody are currently approved for patients relapsing after auto-HCT; however, the duration of remission with these therapies remains limited. Allogeneic HCT is currently the only potentially curative treatment modality for patients relapsing after a prior auto-HCT. Early clinical trials with chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy targeting CD30 are underway for patients with relapsed/ refractory HL and are already demonstrating safety and promising efficacy.
The rise of telemedicine: how to mitigate potential fraud
Authors: Pointer Philipp
Published: June 2020

The global market for telehealth is expected to grow by $95.72bn between 2020 and 2024. 1 Driven by the rapid growth in remote patient monitoring, virtual GP consultations and online prescription services, we have already begun to see this growth take off. But these figures were estimated before the full Covid-19 pandemic ensued. With 1.5 million people in the UK now socially shielding, and with the rest of the country in lockdown for weeks, it is not surprising that there has been a surge in online medical advice and services. 2

Driven by the rapid growth in remote patient monitoring, virtual GP consultations and online prescription services, the telehealth market has enjoyed a significant boom.

However, this has created a lucrative opportunity for fraudsters. Over 1 billion patient health records can be easily accessed on the dark web and millions of additional records are being added daily. Medical records command a high value to bad actors. The future of telemedicine can only be assured if trust can be reliably established between the medical expert and the patient, says Philipp Pointer of Jumio.
Work reflection during leisure time and employee creativity: The role of psychological capital
Authors: Wang Zhining , Meng Lijun , Cai Shaohan , Jiang Ling (Alice)
Published: June 2020

This paper explores the relationships among positive and negative work reflection during leisure time, psychological capital, and radical and incremental creativity. We collected data from 500 dyads of employees and their direct supervisors, and employed the structural equation model to test our research hypotheses. The results reveal that positive work reflection during leisure time is positively related to radical and incremental creativity, while negative work reflection during leisure time is negatively related to the two types of creativity. Our findings also suggest that psychological capital mediates the effects of positive and negative work reflection during leisure time on radical and incremental creativity.
Differentiating anxiety from fear: an experimental–pharmacological approach
Authors: Lippold Julia V. , Ettinger Ulrich , Hurlemann René , Corr Philip J. , Reuter Martin , Perkins Adam M.
Published: June 2020

Gray’s theory of personality postulates that fear and anxiety are distinct emotional systems with only the latter being sensitive to anxiolytic drugs. His work was mainly based on animal research, and translational studies validating his theory are scarce. Previous work in humans showed an influence of the benzodiazepine lorazepam on both systems, however, dependent on dosage (1 and 2 mg) and personality differences in negative emotionality. The present study aims to replicate these findings, and in addition tests the drug threshold effect by introducing a lower dosage of 0.5 mg lorazepam. Fifty healthy adults (23 males, agemean 22.40, SD ± 3.68) participated in an experimental threat-avoidance paradigm designed to dissociate risk assessment intensity (RAI, reflecting anxiety) and flight intensity (FI, reflecting fear) and completed two self-report questionnaires assessing facets of negative emotionality (Spielberger State Trait Anxiety Inventory and Fear Survey Schedule). In a randomized placebo-controlled within-subjects design, 0.5 and 1 mg of lorazepam were applied per os. Saccadic peak velocity was assessed by means of eye-tracking in order to control for sedating drug effects. Results showed the expected and specific anxiolytic effect of lorazepam on RAI, however, only in the 0.5 mg condition. FI was not influenced by lorazepam, and previous findings of interaction effects of lorazepam with self-reported negative emotionality could not be corroborated. Overall, this study demonstrates anxiolytic effects of lorazepam in dosages ≤1 mg in the absence of a drug effect on fear using a translational behavioural task. However, a putative moderating role of personality on defensive behaviour has to be clarified in future research.
LIVY ON SCIPIO AFRICANUS. THE COMMANDER'S PORTRAIT AT 26.19.3–9
Authors: Beltramini Luca , Rocco Marco
Published: June 2020

According to Livy (26.18.3–26.19.2), in late 211 Publius Cornelius Scipio was electedpriuatus cum imperio pro consuleby thecomitia centuriataand sent to Spain in charge of the legions formerly led by his father Publius and his uncle Gnaeus. This was the beginning of a new phase in the Hannibalic War, which would ultimately lead Rome to victory against its most dangerous enemy. As has long been recognized, Livy assigns Scipio a central role in the narrative development of the Third Decade. For most critics, this centrality coincides with (and is the result of) Livy's admiration: in his view, Scipio is thefatalis dux, the commander sent by Providence to lead Rome to victory; he is Hannibal's rival par excellence, the only leader capable of matching the enemy's military genius and blocking his relentless advance against the Republic; he is, above all, the most shining example of the Roman virtues.
Predictors of new onsets of irritable bowel syndrome, chronic fatigue syndrome and fibromyalgia: the lifelines study
Authors: Monden Rei , Rosmalen Judith G. M. , Wardenaar Klaas J. , Creed Francis
Published: June 2020

Background

It has been claimed that functional somatic syndromes share a common etiology. This prospective population-based study assessed whether the same variables predict new onsets of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) and fibromyalgia (FM).

Methods

The study included 152 180 adults in the Dutch Lifelines study who reported the presence/absence of relevant syndromes at baseline and follow-up. They were screened at baseline for physical and psychological disorders, socio-demographic, psycho-social and behavioral variables. At follow-up (mean 2.4 years) new onsets of each syndrome were identified by self-report. We performed separate analyses for the three syndromes including participants free of the relevant syndrome or its key symptom at baseline. LASSO logistic regressions were applied to identify which of the 102 baseline variables predicted new onsets of each syndrome.

Results

There were 1595 (1.2%), 296 (0.2%) and 692 (0.5%) new onsets of IBS, CFS, and FM, respectively. LASSO logistic regression selected 26, 7 and 19 predictors for IBS, CFS and FM, respectively. Four predictors were shared by all three syndromes, four predicted IBS and FM and two predicted IBS and CFS but 28 predictors were specific to a single syndrome. CFS was more distinct from IBS and FM, which predicted each other.

Conclusions

Syndrome-specific predictors were more common than shared ones and these predictors might form a better starting point to unravel the heterogeneous etiologies of these syndromes than the current approach based on symptom patterns. The close relationship between IBS and FM is striking and requires further research.
The quiet failures of early neoliberalism: From rational expectations to Keynesianism in reverse
Authors: Best Jacqueline
Published: June 2020

While the last few decades of political economic history give the impression that the logic of neoliberalism is inexorable, this article argues that once we look further backwards and dig into recently declassified archives documenting the early days of neoliberal theory and practice, we find a messier picture. Economic policymakers in Thatcher and Reagan's administrations in the early 1980s did not set out to ‘fail forwards’ by generating a crisis that would enable a statist kind of neoliberalism. The key ideas that they drew on and the policies that they used to put them into practice sought to transform the economy indirectly, through a set of performative policy devices that they believed would generate a dramatic shift in people's inflationary expectations, lowering inflation without provoking a major recession. Archival records make it clear that these efforts were not only a failure, but also one that policymakers were acutely aware of at the time. By examining these quiet failures in economic policy, we can better understand how these governments simultaneously failed in their early efforts to introduce neoliberal economics and yet ultimately succeeded in transforming their economies in important respects – and in legitimising those transformations by narrating failure as a kind of inevitable success.
Two different areas of the nucleus glomerulosus in the South American pufferfish, Colomesus asellus
Authors: Schmidt Matthias
Published: June 2020

The nucleus glomerulosus (NG) in paracanthopterygian and acanthopterygian teleost fishes receives afferents from neurons of the nucleus corticalis (NC), whose dendrites extend to the layers, stratum fibrosum et griseum superficiale (SFGS) and stratum griseum centrale (SGC), of the tectum opticum. A re-examination in this study revealed, by means of tracer experiments using biotinylated dextran amine, a separation among both tectal layers, portions of the NC, and target areas in a laminated type of the NG in the South American pufferfish, Colomesus asellus. Neurons of the lateral part of the NC send their dendrites to the SFGS and project to an area located dorsolaterally and centrally in the NG. In contrast, dendrites from neurons of the medial part of the NC run to the SGC, and projections from these neurons terminate in the NG in an area extending from dorsomedial to ventrolateral in the outer portion. Therefore, these two areas in the NG receive input from different sources. The NG in the visual system of tetraodontids may be involved in higher cognitive functions requiring much energy, becoming apparent by its very high level of cytochrome c oxidase activity.
Perioperative care of the newborns with CHDs in the time of COVID-19
Authors: Dilli Dilek , Taşoğlu Irfan
Published: June 2020

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by a novel betacoronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), has led to an unexpected outbreak affecting people of all ages. The first data showed that COVID-19 could cause severe pulmonary disease, cardiac injury, and death in adults, especially the elderly and those with concomitant diseases. Currently, it was demonstrated that severe COVID-19 may also develop in neonatal age, although rarely. Newborns with CHD are known to be at high risk for increased morbidity from viral lower respiratory tract infections because of underlying anatomical cardiac lesions. There are limited data on the implications of COVID-19 on patients with cardiovascular disease, especially for those with CHD. Herein, we aimed to summarise the COVID-19-specific perioperative management issues for newborns with CHD by combining available data from the perspectives of neonatology and paediatric cardiovascular surgery.
The political economy of restricting marketing to address the double burden of malnutrition: two case studies from Fiji
Authors: Thow Anne Marie , Waqa Gade , Browne Jennifer , Phillips Tarryn , McMichael Celia , Ravuvu Amerita , Tutuo Jillian , Gleeson Deborah
Published: June 2020

Objective:

To draw lessons from Fiji regarding the challenges and opportunities for policy initiatives to restrict (i) food marketing to children and (ii) marketing of breast milk substitutes, to inform policy for the double burden of malnutrition.

Design:

Qualitative political economy analysis of two policy case studies.

Setting:

Fiji.

Participants:

Eleven key informants from relevant sectors, representing public health, economic and consumer interests.

Results:

This study used two policy initiatives as case studies to examine factors influencing decision-making: Marketing Controls (Foods for Infants and Young Children) Regulations 2010, amended in 2016 to remove guidelines and restrictions on marketing in the form of labelling, and the draft Advertising and Promotion of Unhealthy Foods and Non-Alcoholic Beverages to Children Regulation developed in 2014 but awaiting review by the Solicitor General’s Office. Factors identified included: a policy paradigm in which regulation of business activity contradicts economic policy goals; limited perception by key policy actors of links between nutrition and marketing of breast milk substitutes, foods and beverages; and a power imbalance between industry and public health stakeholders in policymaking. Regulation of marketing for health purposes sits within the health sector’s interest but not its legislative remit, while within the economic sector’s remit but not interest. Opportunities to strengthen restrictions on marketing to improve nutrition and health include reframing the policy issue, strategic advocacy and community engagement.

Conclusions:

Restricting marketing should be recognised by public health actors as a public health and an industry policy issue, to support strategic engagement with economic policy actors.
The prevalence of overweight and obesity in Irish children between 1990 and 2019
Authors: O’Donnell Aisling , Buffini Maria , Kehoe Laura , Nugent Anne , Kearney John , Walton Janette , Flynn Albert , McNulty Breige
Published: June 2020

Objective:

The present study aimed to examine the temporal prevalence of overweight and obesity in Irish children through different methodologies and evaluate the change in rates between 1990 and 2019.

Design:

Anthropometric data from three Irish national food consumption surveys were used to examine the change in the prevalence of BMI and waist circumference-derived overweight and obesity levels.

Setting:

Three cross-sectional food consumption surveys from the Republic of Ireland: the Irish National Nutrition Survey (1990), the National Children’s Food Survey (2005) and The Second National Children’s Food Survey (2019).

Participants:

A demographically representative sample of Irish children aged 5–12 years: 1990 (n 148), 2005 (n 594) and 2019 (n 596).

Results:

Twelve percentage of children had overweight/obesity in 1990, which was significantly higher in 2005 at 25 % and significantly lower in 2019 at 16 % (P = 0·003). In 2019, more girls had overweight/obesity in comparison with boys (19 v. 14 %), whilst children from the lowest social class group had the highest levels of overweight/obesity (P = 0·019). Overall, the proportion of children with abdominal overweight/obesity was significantly lower in 2019 in comparison with 2005 (P ≤ 0·001).

Conclusions:

Evidence from the most recent national survey suggests that overweight and obesity levels are plateauing and in some cases reducing in children in Ireland. Despite this, rates remain high, with the highest prevalence in 2019 observed in girls and in those from the lowest social class group. Thus, overweight/obesity prevention and intervention policies are necessary and should be continued.
Schumann and the Myth of Madness
Authors: Ferris David
Published: June 2020

Despite the recent flurry of revisionism in Schumann biography, the last months of his career are still misunderstood. Biographers describe a gradual psychological decline, which led to Schumann's removal from his position. But there is no evidence that Schumann was suffering from mental illness before 10 February 1854. According to Clara's diary and correspondence, Schumann was healthy and contented in the fall of 1853, and his psychotic break came as a shock. Two recently published sources – a report to the Düsseldorf city council and correspondence between Schumann and a Berlin colleague – suggest that Schumann decided to resign and seek his fortune elsewhere. The fall of 1853 was one of the most prolific periods in his career and he may have felt that he could support his family on his earnings as a composer. Schumann's resignation was not the irrational response of a desperate man, but a reasonable course of action.
Catholic Women, Hidden Work, and Separate Spheres: The Columbian Catholic Congress of 1893
Authors: Cossen William S.
Published: June 2020

In September 1893, Catholic laypeople, clergy, and prelates met at the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago as the Columbian Catholic Congress to discuss their church's history and chart its course into the future. The leadership of Catholic laywomen in shaping the course of the Congress has been virtually absent in scholarship, much as it was hidden from contemporaries in the past. The act of a Catholic woman speaking among both men and women in a public space was significant, as it demonstrated an increasing assertiveness on the part of Catholic women, including those holding to a conception of gendered, separate spheres, that women had key roles to play in shaping public Catholicity and Catholics’ ideas about their own community of faith. A core group of Catholic women played a hitherto underappreciated part in bringing the Congress to life. This study therefore centers women in the history of, more narrowly, Catholicism's place at the World's Columbian Exposition and, more broadly, the Catholic public of the early Progressive Era, and demonstrates the often-invisible labor in which women engaged to develop their church's intellectual life in the early Progressive Era.
‘An ombudsman for Mauritius?’ Decolonization and state human rights institutions in the 1960s
Authors: Kirby James
Published: June 2020

Mauritius had a pivotal role in the evolution and spread of state human rights institutions in the 1960s. The island offered an influential model for how an ombudsman, a Scandinavian mechanism, could be transported to postcolonial, economically developing, and multi-racial countries. However, this was a compromised mechanism that fell short of local ambitions for an effective guarantee of individual rights, minority protections, and socioeconomic justice. This article argues that the Mauritian ombudsman embodied the uneven power-laden struggles of the postcolonial transition, where British colonial imperatives and jealousy over sovereign authority predominated. With the use of private papers, British archival records, and Mauritian legislative debates, the article examines the relationship between decolonization and the early precursors to national human rights institutions, later popularized in the 1990s. The findings are critical for recognizing the inherent limitations of these institutions and the forgotten possibilities imagined by some anti-colonial actors for remaking postcolonial society.