bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
National Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Surveillance Framework and Recent Estimates
Authors: Iqbal Shahed , Clower Jacquelyn H. , King Michael , Bell Jeneita , Yip Fuyuen Y.
Published: January 2017

Objectives.

Unintentional, non-fire-related (UNFR) carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning is a leading cause of poisoning in the United States. A comprehensive national CO poisoning surveillance framework is needed to obtain accurate estimates of CO poisoning burden and guide prevention efforts. This article describes the current national CO poisoning surveillance framework and reports the most recent national estimates.

Methods.

We analyzed mortality data from the National Vital Statistics System multiple cause-of-death file, emergency department (ED) and hospitalization data from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Projects Nationwide Emergency Department Sample and Nationwide Inpatient Sample, hyperbaric oxygen treatment (HBOT) data from HBOT facilities, exposure data from the National Poison Data System, and CO alarm prevalence data from the American Housing Survey and the National Health Interview Survey.

Results.

In the United States, 2,631 UNFR CO deaths occurred from 1999 to 2004, an average of 439 deaths annually. In 2007, there were 21,304 (71 per one million population) ED visits and 2,302 (eight per one million population) hospitalizations for confirmed cases of CO poisoning. In 2009, 552 patients received HBOT, and from 2000 to 2009, 68,316 UNFR CO exposures were reported to poison centers. Most nonfatal poisonings were among children (<18 years of age) and females; hospitalizations and deaths occurred more frequently among males and elderly people (>65 years of age). More poisonings occurred during winter months and in the Midwest and Northeast.

Conclusions.

UNFR CO poisoning poses a significant public health burden. Systematic evaluation of data sources coupled with modification and expansion of the surveillance framework might assist in developing effective prevention strategies.
Influence of locking and passive soft switching on hydraulic circuit efficiency
Authors: Mahato Anil C , Ghoshal Sanjoy K , Samantaray Arun K
Published: January 2017

Throttling and fluid compressibility losses are the major losses which occur during the valve transition in a switched mode hydraulic circuit. To minimize the throttling energy loss, a soft switch concept with lock and release mechanism was introduced by different researchers. In the literature, two different kinds of soft switches, one locking and another passive, were introduced in a hydraulic circuit. Thereafter, experimental validation was reported considering only a locking-type soft switch. But the influence of the passive soft switch on the performance of the hydraulic system was not reported. In this article, how the passive soft switch would affect the system efficiency has been investigated through bond graph model simulation. It has been shown both numerically and experimentally by other researchers that the use of a passive soft switch and a locking mechanism, depending upon configuration, can lead to more than 66.1% reduction in throttling energy loss. In this article, it has been further shown that an additional 3.25% throttling energy is saved when the passive soft switch is discarded from the system and only the locking mechanism is retained. The critical parameters of the locking soft switch have been optimized through multi-run simulation and, thereafter, a relationship between the critical parameters of the locking soft switch and the throttling energy loss of the valve has been obtained by using multiple regression analysis. Also, the variations of energy losses with respect to different valve orifice areas, duty cycles, and pulse width modulation frequencies are investigated through simulation.
CHOPtrey: contextual online polynomial extrapolation for enhanced multi-core co-simulation of complex systems
Authors: Ben Khaled-El Feki Abir , Duval Laurent , Faure Cyril , Simon Daniel , Ben Gaid Mongi
Published: January 2017

The growing complexity of cyber-physical systems, together with increasingly available parallelism provided by multi-core chips, fosters the parallelization of simulation. Simulation speed-ups are expected from co-simulation and parallelization based on model splitting into weakly coupled submodels, such as in the framework of a functional mockup interface. However, slackened synchronization between submodels and their associated solvers running in parallel introduces integration errors, which must be kept inside acceptable bounds. CHOPtrey denotes a forecasting framework enhancing the performance of complex system co-simulation, with a trivalent articulation. First, we consider the framework of a computationally hasty online prediction system. It allows to improve the tradeoff between integration speed-ups, needing large communication steps, and simulation precision, needing frequent updates for model inputs. Second, smoothed adaptive forward prediction improves co-simulation accuracy. It is obtained by past-weighted extrapolation based on causal hopping oblivious polynomials. Third, signal behavior is segmented to handle the discontinuities of the exchanged signals: the segmentation is performed in a contextual and hierarchical ontology of patterns. Implementation strategies and simulation results demonstrate the framework ability to adaptively relax data communication constraints beyond synchronization points which sensibly accelerate the simulation. The CHOPtrey framework extends the range of applications of standard Waring–Lagrange polynomial extrapolation, often deemed unstable. The embedding of predictions in lag-dependent smoothing and discontinuity handling demonstrates its practical efficiency.
Direct power control of a grid-connected photovoltaic system using a fuzzy-logic based controller
Authors: Farahani Hassan Feshki , Rashidi Farzan
Published: January 2017

In this paper a fuzzy logic-based controller is proposed for direct power control of three-phase grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) inverters. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the control method, a typical grid-connected PV inverter is implemented and the performance of the proposed technique is compared to a traditional proportional–integral (PI) controller. Numerical simulation results illustrate that the proposed fuzzy controller performs well in independently regulating the active and reactive output powers. Moreover, comparisons of simulation results between fuzzy and PI controllers show advantages of the fuzzy-based technique in terms of transient response characteristics, such as fast response, small overshoot, acceptable steady-state fluctuation, and high robustness.
Young Pakistani Men and Irish Identity: Religion, Race and Ethnicity in Post-Celtic Tiger Ireland
Authors: Considine Craig
Published: January 2017

This article contributes to the discussion on Irish identity by considering a set of empirical data from ethnographic research carried out in Pakistani communities in Dublin. The article considers views on ‘Irishness’ through the lens of young second-generation Pakistani Irish men. The data presented highlight how the Celtic Tiger experience reproduced cultural and ethnic narratives of Irish identity, but simultaneously initiated a new, more civic-oriented view of ‘Irishness’. Of particular concern in the minds of young Pakistani men include the secularisation of Irish society and the role that ‘whiteness’ plays in processes of ‘othering’ in Ireland. The article reveals that the current period of Irish history provides an opportunity for the Pakistani Irish to challenge some of the assumptions currently associated with Irish identity. Ultimately, the article calls for a broader understanding of Irish identity through the lens of civic national principles, which can better serve Ireland’s increasingly diverse population.
Towards a Sociology of Institutional Transparency: Openness, Deception and the Problem of Public Trust
Authors: Moore Sarah
Published: January 2017

Transparency has become the watchword of 21st-century liberal democracies. It refers to a project of opening up the state by providing online access to public sector data. This article puts forward a sociological critique of the transparency agenda and the purported relationship between institutional openness and public trust. Drawing upon Simmel’s work, the article argues that open government initiatives routinely prize visibility over intelligibility and ignore the communicative basis of trust. The result is a non-reciprocal form of openness that obscures more than it reveals. In making this point the article suggests that transparency embodies the ethos of a now-discredited mode of what Ezrahi calls ‘instrumental politics’, reliant on the idea that the state constitutes a ‘domain of plain public facts’. The article examines how alternative mechanisms for achieving government openness might better respond to the distinctive needs of citizens living in late modern societies.
Influence of alkaline treatment on surface roughness and wetting properties of hydrophobized silk fabrics
Authors: Lee Suhyun , Park Chung Hee
Published: January 2017

The purpose of this research was to develop silk fabrics with dual-scale surface roughness, hydrophobicity, and self-cleaning properties. The surface roughness of 100% raw silk fabric was controlled by varying the temperature and time of degumming with NaOH solution to adjust the extent of sericin dissolution. Hydrophobization was carried achieved by depositing n-dodecyltrimethoxysilane on the silk fabric. The surface morphology, chemical composition, weight loss, tensile strength, luster, and color change of the fabric were measured, and the surface wettability was evaluated by water contact and shedding angle measurements. It was observed that the sericin on the fiber surface dissolved in the alkaline solution and formed nanoclusters. Consequently, because of the nanoscale roughness induced via the alkaline treatment, the contact angle increased from 0° to 152° after the hydrophobization, and the shedding angle decreased from 90° to 15°, indicating the superhydrophobicity of the resulting fabric. Therefore, alkaline treatment of silk fabric at 70℃ for 10 min was determined as the optimum condition for developing a self-cleaning silk fabric with an outstanding superhydrophobicity. The physical properties, such as tensile strength, luster, and color, were found to be the same even after the treatment.
The Characterization of Bulk
Authors: Brown Peter
Published: January 2017

An attempt is made to define the physical connotations of the aesthetic concept of bulk. In a review of the past usage of this term, it is shown to have originated as a purely aesthetic description of certain properties of fabrics, particularly hosiery fabrics. The linking of bulk to the physical measurement of specific volume is traced, and the wide acceptance of specific volume as the physical equivalent of bulk is demonstrated to be false. By the use of factor analysis techniques, sensory bulk is shown to be related to fabric thickness and to be entirely independent of fabric specific volume, weight, and cover.
Studies on the High-Sulfur Proteins of Reduced Merino Wool
Authors: Haylett T. , Swart L. S.
Published: January 2017

The first complete amino-acid sequence of a wool protein is presented. The high-sulfur protein SCMKB-IIIB2, with a molecular weight of 11,260, consists of 97 residues and has an acetylated amino terminal. A notable feature of the protein is that it has a high- and a low-sulfur region. The sequence was determined by examination of the peptides released by various proteolytic enzymes and separated by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose with volatile buffers.
Reversible Crease Formation in Cotton Cellulose Dicyclopentadienedicarboxylate Fabrics
Authors: Franklin William E. , Mack Charles H. , Rowland Stanley P.
Published: January 2017

Cotton cellulose fabric was reacted with dicyclopentadienedicarboxylic acid and with dicyclopentadienemonocarboxylic acid in the presence of trifluoroacetic anhydride. The fabric cross-linked with dicyclopentadienedicarboxylic acid had wrinkle recovery angles of 223° (wet) and 191° (conditioned). The wet and conditioned wrinkled recovery angles increased to 274° and 264° when the fabric was heated. Sharp creases were obtained when the fabric was held in a folded position and heated at 145 to 160°C for 15 min or more. These creases were durable to ironing, but could be removed by heating the fabric for extended periods while it was held in a flat position. This reversible crease formation is believed to result from the reversible dissociation and rearrangement of the cross links at high temperatures. When cotton cellulose dicyclopentadienemonocarboxylate fabric was heated at 160°C for two hours, it developed high wrinkle recovery and retained sharp creases as a result of the dissociation of the substituent groups and the recombination of the cyclopentadienecarboxylate groups remaining on the cellulose.
A Simple Apparatus and Technique for Contact-Angle Measurements on Small-Denier Single Fibers
Authors: Grindstaff T. H.
Published: January 2017

A simple apparatus and technique are described for measuring contact angles of liquids on small-denier fibers. This technique is based on the level-surface method and can be used to obtain either advancing or receding contact angles. Contact angles determined by this method are accurate and precise and the apparatus is inexpensive, rugged, easy to operate, and suitable for routine work.
Improved Durable-Press Cotton via Polymeric N-Methylol Reagents
Authors: Bertoniere Noelie R. , Rowland Stanley P.
Published: January 2017

Polyethylenimines, degree of polymerization = 7 and 14, were reacted with urea to form polymeric noncyclic analogues of ethyleneurea that were subsequently treated with formaldehyde to yield N-methylol derivatives. These reagents were applied to cotton fabric both alone and in combination with dimethyloldihydroxyethyleneurea. Al2(OH)5Cl·2H2O was the preferred crosslinking catalyst. Fabrics finished with these crosslinking reagent systems had durable-press properties generally comparable to those of fabrics prepared by conventional techniques but were characterized by significantly higher levels of retained strength and abrasion resistance.
Infrared Spectra of Monofilaments
Authors: Carlsson D. J. , Clark F. R. S. , Wiles D. M.
Published: January 2017

Nondestructive methods which may be employed to obtain infrared spectra of textile monofilaments are compared, and modifications are suggested which improve spectral quality and experimental ease. A new method of recording the infrared spectrum of a short length (<2 cm) of a single monofilament is described, and the uses and limitations of this simple technique are discussed.
Physical Chemistry of Crosslinking
Authors: Madan G. L. , Patel S. B. , Baddi N. T. , Mehta P. C.
Published: January 2017

Crosslinked cotton fabrics suffer significant losses in strength and abrasion resistance. In order to understand why these losses occur and also to reduce them, the physical chemistry of the process of crosslinking and the role of adsorption in the crosslinking reaction were studied. An attempt is made to relate adsorption and reactivity of different cyclic urea derivatives (DMEU, DMPU, DHEU, and DMDHEU) to the molecular structure, solution properties, pH, nature and concentration of catalyst, temperature, and time of reaction.

Solution properties of crosslinking compounds were determined from measurements of electrical conductivity and the depression of the freezing points of aqueous solutions of the crosslinking compounds.

A study on chemisorption with different cyclic urea derivatives showed that the maximum chemisorption takes place at pH 2.5 with DMEU and DMPU, and at 0.8 and zero pH with DHEU and DMDHEU, respectively. The kinetics of chemisorption in these crosslinking compounds revealed that the amount of DMEU and DMPU chemisorbed increases initially with time and then decreases and finally reaches an equilibrium value. The chemisorption of DHEU and DMDHEU increase with time and finally reach an equilibrium value. The data show that the chemisorption of these crosslinking compounds are pseudo first-order reactions with respect to the concentration of the crosslinking agent.

Equilibrium physical and chemisorption for all the four crosslinking compounds were studied and found to be of the Langmuir type. The thermodynamic parameters such as affinity, enthalpy, and entropy of chemisorption were calculated. The saturation value for different crosslinking compounds are found to be in the order DMEU > DMPU > DHEU > DMDHEU.
A Convenient Method for Preparing the Cell-Membrane Network of the Wool Fiber, and a Note on the Effect of Ethanol on the Membranes in the Intact Fiber
Authors: Makinson K. Rachel
Published: January 2017

A method is described for the rapid preparation of the cell-membrane network of a wool fiber in an expanded form suitable for microscopy. The form of the network is considerably modified by prior soaking of the fiber in ethanol at ambient temperature; this is ascribed to extraction of lipids from the membranes, so destroying their mutual adhesion by releasing them from the intercellular cement.

A modification of the preparative technique is described that produces cortical cell membranes inside a tube of mutually adhering, relatively unaltered cuticle cells. This modification reveals particularly clearly the bilaterality of the cortex and any differences in reactions of the cuticle around the circumference of the fiber.

Some earlier work on the existence of a “sub-cutis,” “sub-cuticular membrane,” or “zwischenmembran” is discussed and reinterpreted in the light of certain features observed in the course of this work.

Deposition of polymers on the fiber makes the cuticle less extensible, so that it may split during preparation of the membranes.
Static Control Needs for Carpets
Authors: Geoghegan M. C. , Rivet E. , Malone C. P.
Published: January 2017

An extensive subjective test has been carried out to establish static control needs by carpet end use. Results from the test have been analyzed to establish a stochastic relationship between chance of objectionable shock and carpet-static test rating. The relationship, first established under laboratory conditions, was modified to include the effects of key environmental factors such as relative humidity, soiling, and traffic patterns. The effect of each factor on the basic relationship was analyzed separately. The cumulative results show that Antron® III carpets rated ≤3.5 kV by AATCC static propensity test offer shock-free performance in commercial applications. Similar performance in residential areas is achieved with carpets rated ≤4.5 kV.
Implications of Monosaccharides in Sticky Cotton Processing
Authors: Roberts C. W. , Koenig H. S. , Merrill R. G. , Cheung P. S. R. , Perkins H. H.
Published: January 2017

The analytical method for gas chromatography of trimethylsilyl derivatives of the water-surfactant-soluble components and/or natural contaminants of cotton fibers was refined and utilized. Results of this semiquantitative method support the findings that content of reducing sugars is correlated with “stickiness” of cotton, and that growing conditions, processing history, and maturity of cotton directly affect the components present and their concentrations.
Characterization of Proteinaceous Contaminants Extracted from Merino Raw Wool
Authors: Elling L. , Souren I. , Zahn H.
Published: January 2017

This study introduces an isolation method that involves the separation of insoluble and soluble contaminants on raw wool. The contents of inorganic and organic components as well as their removal during different extraction steps are discussed, and an attempt is made to determine the most likely origin of the protein components. These investigations are of practical interest concerning optimal raw wool scouring conditions, especially with regard to the color of scoured wool and waste water treatment.
Minimum Volume Pressing of Greasy Wool
Authors: Walls G. W.
Published: January 2017

Greasy wool preheated to 90°C can be compressed in one press minute to over 1000 kg/m3 using about one-third of the pressure needed at ambient temperatures, and then cooled out-of-press to give long-term stability of compressed density similar to that obtained by maintaining the pressure during in-press heating and cooling. Minimum total volume, the actual volume of wool plus contaminants with air excluded, can almost be achieved at pressures below 5 MPa. At higher pressures, product volume is reduced by the volume of extra grease squeezed out for recovery, resulting in a higher wool yield product of lower weight.
Constructing Literacy Spaces in Low-Income Homes and Communities: A Study of Two Latino First Graders and Their Families
Authors: Volk Dinah
Published: January 2017

This article describes a research study using an ethnographic approach and sociocultural theory with a spatial perspective to explore the ways that two Latino children, with the mediation of their families, constructed literacy spaces in their homes and communities. The families lived in low-income neighborhoods, and their school district was identified as urban emergent. Challenging the profiling of children, families, and neighborhoods, the article details how the children and families expressed their agency by building on the affordances of their homes, neighborhoods, and city. Implications for practice include foregrounding children’s expertise and creating collaborations between schools and community settings.
Parental Involvement and Perceptions of School Climate in California
Authors: Berkowitz Ruth , Astor Ron Avi , Pineda Diana , DePedro Kris Tunac , Weiss Eugenia L. , Benbenishty Rami
Published: January 2017

Parental involvement plays a significant role in students’ social and academic outcomes. Nevertheless, systemic ways of gathering parental views have not been used or highlighted in the policy arena or the literature. Using data from the first major statewide survey of parents in California, drawn from the California School Parent Survey ( N = 15,829), this study examined parental perceptions of school climate, school problems, and school encouragement of parental involvement. The findings question the roles that schools, and federal, state, and local policymakers play in supporting active school involvement of parents and families from nondominant ethnicities in the community.
Purdah, mobility and women's empowerment and reproductive behaviour in rural Bangladesh
Authors: Hossain M. K. , Kabir M.
Published: January 2017

In Bangladesh traditionally women's mobility is restricted. Even if they go out, observance of purdah (the Muslim custom of veiling and segregating women) is common among the Muslims. This situation has prevented them from discussing their reproductive needs to health personnel and the peer groups. Observance of purdah and mobility are associated with the several measures of socio-economic status including husband and wife's occupation and education. Over the last two decades there has been remarkable social change in the use of purdah. With the introduction of micro-credit programmes in the rural areas many poor women do not strictly observe purdah nowadays as found a decade ago. Their mobility has increased outside home and an attitude towards modern views including use of contraception has increased. They now take part in household decision making process. As a result of their independent earnings their status in the family as well in the society has increased and they are now empowered. The results suggest women who are members of the credit group are more likely to be contraceptive users than the women who are not participating in the credit programme. In weekly meetings of the credit programmes several social developmental discussions such as to have a small family size and its benefit, reproductive health issues, children's education and marriages; women's rights and privileges are highlighted. These all contributed to a change at the individual level and consequently in the society. Thus, observance of purdah, mobility and attitude towards modern views and exposures have changed and this change have indirectly contributed to reproductive behavior of women.
The events in China in 1989 and the role of the elite in history
Authors: Shlapentokh Dmitry
Published: January 2017

Events in China in 1989 demonstrate that the role of the leader and, in many ways, accidents can set in motion seminal events in global history. The events restored the validity of a ‘post modernist’ reading of some parts of the historical process. This as well as other implications are discussed in this special article.
Child labour in the hosiery industry of Ludhiana
Authors: Goyal Pratibha
Published: January 2017

More than 50% of the sampled child labourers in the hosiery industry of Ludhiana belonged to families below the poverty line. In 20.44% of the cases, the child was the sole wage earner. Most of the children, it was found, work in congested and crowded places, which affect them physically and psychologically. They are exposed to different types of pollutants like fibers, dyes, wool and cotton fluff, which have an adverse effect on their health. 31.11% of the children reported that they were ill treated by their employer. The children are also exploited by the parents for short and narrow gains - the parents usually secure loans from employers and surrender their children as security.
Literacy attainment among the Birhor, a primitive tribe of Madhya Pradesh : Findings from a sample survey in Raigarh district
Authors: Goel Ajay
Published: January 2017

Educational attainment among the Birhor, a primitive tribe studied in Raigarh district, Madhya Pradesh, has considerably improved over the last 30 years, and especially during the last decade and a half. More particularly, the pace of increase in female literacy has been very promising. However, drop outs are higher among Birhor as compared to non Birhor children. Among the Birhor, enrolment is far better among boys as compared to girls, which is not the case among the Non Birhor. Of the Birhor girls, those of higher birth order are more likely to attend school. Their elder sisters, it seems, are burdened with sibling care and household work.
Post-delivery complications and treatment-seeking behaviour: Scenario among women in India
Authors: Paul Lopamudra , Chellan Ramesh
Published: January 2017

After the ICPD conference in 1994, more attention has been paid to reduce the maternal deaths caused by complications during antenatal, natal and post-natal periods. This paper examines the post-delivery complications and treatment-seeking behaviour among 195031 currently married women with selected socio-economic and demographic characteristics in India from the District Level Household Survey (DLHS-2), 2002-04. The results show that 31.4 per cent women were suffering from some post-delivery complication and among them 50.3 per cent had sought treatment. Place of residence, educational and economic level, place of delivery, full ANC check ups have a significant effect on post-delivery complications and women with high education, high age at marriage, and urban residence are more likely to seek treatment among those who had complications.
Role of social structural variables in entrepreneurial orientation: A study of women entrepreneurs in Punjab
Authors: Kaur Kiranpreet
Published: January 2017

The paper contributes to the debate on women's empowerment and the discourses surrounding it. It examines the role of social structural variables in generating entrepreneurial orientation among women. Based on an extensive survey of debates and empirical findings in Punjab the paper goes on to demonstrate the resistance faced by women entrepreneurs owing to their social location and how they managed to overcome the social structural impediments.
Disparity and development in Uttar Pradesh
Authors: Trivedi Prashant Kumar
Published: January 2017

Assembly elections in Uttar Pradesh are coming closer as India's largest state has to vote before May 2007. Before elections different political parties have to come out with their election manifestoes and it is high time for researchers to present the true picture of development in the state so that development issues find a place on the agenda of the coming assembly elections. Voting on development issues may influence priorities of the coming government.

There have been numerous studies regarding development issues in India and many of them cover UP as well. These studies focus on one or the other aspects of the development and fail to cover different dimensions of development. In this situation this paper attempts to present an overall picture of development in the state on the basis of secondary data provided by Census of India, National Sample Survey Organisation, National Family Health Survey and different reports, papers and books published on the subject. To present the true state of development this paper covers different aspects of development including poverty, land possession, employment, per capita consumer expenditure, education, health, structure of dwelling, access to drinking water and electricity. It also tries to capture differentiation that exists at regional, rural-urban, caste, class and gender levels. After the Introduction, the main body of the paper discusses various development indicators and ends with a few observations of different scholars. This paper notes that despite some development in a few dimensions, UP lags far behind other Indian states. It still houses a large poor population and disparities among different groups are substantially high. This situation is related to the dominant caste-class structure.
Evaluation of Formalin Preserved Allogeneic Bone Graft as a Grafting Material
Authors: Agarwal Sanjeev , Mishra U S , Jain U K
Published: January 2017

Formalin preserved allogeneic (FPA) bone graft was used in 18 patients with benign bone cavities, nine patients with malignant bone cavities, 12 patients with atrophic nonunion of fractures, seven with gap nonunion and 18 with comminuted fractures. The benign bone cavities were obliterated in 20 weeks and malignant cavities in 24 weeks. Union was obtained in atrophic ununited fractures in 29 weeks, in gap nonunion in 40 weeks and in comminuted fractures in 27 weeks. FPA is a simple, inexpensive and easily available alternative to autologous bone and to deep frozen bone in filling bone defects and enhancing fracture union.
The Effectiveness of Weekly Iron Supplementation in Pregnant Women of Rural Northern Malawi
Authors: Young M W , Lupafya E , Kapenda E , Bobrow E A
Published: January 2017

A weekly iron/folate supplement was compared with a standard daily iron/folate supplement in pregnant women living in rural Malawi. Women were enrolled as they attended the local antenatal clinic, stratified by grade of anaemia and then randomized to receive either 60 mg iron/0.25 mg folate per day ( n=211) or 120 mg iron/0.50 mg folate once a week ( n=202). Supplementation was continued for a minimum of 8 weeks (10 weeks on average) and was self administered by the women at home. Initial haemoglobin values for the daily (μ=105.7g/l) and weekly (μ=104.4g/l) groups as well as final haemoglobin values (107.5 g/l and 105.6 g/l, respectively) did not differ significantly between the two groups. Haemoglobin values increased by similar levels in both groups with the subset of anaemic women increasing by an average of 6.3 g/l in the daily group ( n=70) and 5.9 g/l in the weekly group ( n=66) for all women. For compliant, anaemic women, the increases were 7.4 g/l and 6.6 g/l for the daily and weekly groups, respectively.

Compliance, as indicated by self reporting and by regular counts of remaining tablets, was significantly higher in the weekly group (76% compared with 60%, P < 0.05), however compliance was identical in both groups when assessed by a stool test for elemental iron. Reported side effects were significantly reduced in the weekly group (6% compared with 17%, P < 0.05).

We conclude that a weekly iron supplement given to pregnant women in rural Malawi has similar haematologic effects, and an improved side effect profile, in comparison with a standard daily supplement when administered through an existing primary healthcare programme, although both regimens are relatively unsuccessful in the reduction of anaemia prevalence during pregnancy.
Hepatitis A Seroprevalence Rate in Syria
Authors: Antaki Nabil , Kebbewar Mohamad Kamel
Published: January 2017

Hepatitis A is a benign infection, which in the developing world affects mainly children; the majority of adults are immune by the age of 30. In the last decade or so, a shift in the prevalence pattern of hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection from a low- to a high-age group has appeared in the developed countries. This shift has been attributed to an improvement in the socio-economic and hygienic conditions. In the present study, 849 Syrians of all age groups and both sexes were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique for the seroprevalence of hepatitis A IgG antibody (anti-HAV IgG). It was observed that anti-HAV IgG was present in 89% Syrian population; with 50% in the 1–5 year age group and 95% in the 11–15 year age group. These results demonstrate that HAV infection in Syria is mostly acquired during childhood. As yet there is no serological evidence of a shift in HAV infection from a younger to a higher age group.
Impact of Health Education on Mothers' Knowledge of Preventive Health Practices
Authors: Agboatwalla Mubina , Akram Dure Samin
Published: January 2017

A prospective community-based intervention study was conducted in a slum area of Karachi, Pakistan, with the objective of evaluating the impact of health education on the knowledge of mothers. One hundred and fifty households were studied in the intervention and the same in the non-intervention group. The post intervention knowledge scores of the mothers showed a significant difference of P < 0.05. Nearly 50.7% mothers in the intervention group knew of at least four diseases against which vaccination is given as compared to the non-intervention group ( P < 0.05). Similarly, mothers in the intervention group were more aware about the advantages of breast feeding, signs of dehydration, measures for prevention of measles and tuberculosis as compared to the non-intervention group ( P < 0.05). Finally, a comparison was made between the pre- and post-intervention scores between the two groups. The score in the non-intervention group changed from 11.5 to 16.1 ( P > 0.05) as compared to the intervention group in which it changed from 10.2 to 32.2 ( P < 0.05).
Measuring the Impact of Focused Workshops on Rational Drug Use
Authors: Thomas Molly , Cherian A M , Mathai Dilip
Published: January 2017

Rational drug use workshops were conducted in various centres in India. The effects of these workshops on some of the indicators for rational drug use are discussed. An evaluation based on responses to questionnaires does not permit the measurement of the effects on practice changes, and only perceived changes by the respondents are indicated. Within the short period of evaluation, drug use skills and awareness about various aspects of rational drug use are perceived to have improved. There is a need to re-emphasize through personal interaction and workshops the concept of rational drug use.
The Role of Coconut and Coconut Oil in Coronary Heart Disease in Kerala, South India
Authors: Kumar P Dileep
Published: January 2017

Coronary heart disease (CHD) is common in India and, recently, an increase in the incidence of CHD was reported from the South Indian state of Kerala. The traditional Indian diet is low in fat content. The high incidence of CHD in Indians is, therefore, in contrast to western studies that have correlated high fat, saturated fat and cholesterol intake to CHD. Consumption of coconut and coconut oil that contain high amounts of saturated fat and are thought to be strongly atherogenic, are believed to be one of the main reasons for the high incidence of CHD in Kerala. To explore this presumed link, we studied 32 CHD patients and 16 age and sex matched healthy controls. Consumption of coconut and coconut oil was found to be similar in both groups. The groups did not differ in the fat, saturated fat and cholesterol consumption. The results imply no specific role for coconut or coconut oil in the causation of CHD in the present set of Indian patients from Kerala. The exact reason for the high and increasing incidence of CHD among Indians is still unknown.
A 1-Day Survey of Drug Prescribing Patterns in the District General Hospital of the Wassa West District of Ghana
Authors: Bosu W K , Ofori-Adjei D
Published: January 2017

A 1-day prevalence survey of the drug prescribing patterns for 45 in-patients of the Tarkwa Government Hospital was undertaken in November 1995. An average of 3.6 drugs were prescribed per patient. The commonest prescribed drugs were paracetamol, chloroquine, amoxycillin, gentamicin and ampicillin. Of 162 drug items prescribed, 93.2% were on the national Essential Drugs List (EDL) and 61.1% were prescribed by their generic names. Over 60% of the patients received one or more injectable drugs or antibiotics. The use of injectable drugs on the wards ranged from nil on the male surgical ward to 90.9% on the male medical ward. The most frequently prescribed injectable drugs were gentamicin, ampicillin, chloroquine, benzylpenicillin, dextrose and pethidine. The main indications for antibiotic use were post-Caesarean delivery, pneumonia, accidents, abscesses and meningitis. The findings provide the basis for monitoring drug prescribing patterns and for evaluating any interventions to improve prescribing behaviour and the treatment of diseases.
Stability and Fluidity in Syntactic Variation World-Wide
Authors: Heller Benedikt , Szmrecsanyi Benedikt , Grafmiller Jason
Published: January 2017

What are the scope and limits of syntactic variation within and across varieties of English? To address this question, we investigate well-known syntactic variation between the s-genitive ( Mr Barnsley’s management) and the of-genitive ( the management of Mr Barnsley) in nine varieties of English. We specifically gauge the stability of constraints on this variation by analyzing a richly annotated dataset spanning 10,558 interchangeable genitives from nine components of the International Corpus of English. Regression modeling indicates that constraints such as possessor animacy, constituent length, final sibilancy of the possessor, as well as the effect of medium (spoken vs. written) as a language-external factor differ in strength across varieties. The language-internal constraints, however, never change effect direction. We conclude that the probabilistic grammar fueling genitive variation is surprisingly stable overall, but does exhibit some fluidity along the lines of a distinction between English as a native language (ENL) and English as a second language (ESL) varieties: those constraints that tend to favor s-genitive usage tend to be weakened in ESL varieties.
Using Mixed Methods in South African Psychological Research
Authors: Barnes Brendon R.
Published: January 2017

Mixed methods are becoming increasingly popular in social science research. There has recently been a groundswell of literature suggesting that mixed methods should be viewed as a unique form of social enquiry with its own set of philosophical, methodological and practice guidelines, as opposed to the simple combination of quantitative and qualitative methods in one study. In response to three critiques of South African psychological research, this paper argues that regardless of whether we agree that mixed methods is a unique form of social enquiry, the current literature offers useful insights into conceptualising both mixed and mono methods research. It is hoped that this article will stimulate further interest in mixed methods research in South African psychological research.
Authentic Happiness of Managers, and Individual and Organisational Outcomes
Authors: Swart Johannes , Rothmann Sebastiaan
Published: January 2017

The aim of this study was to investigate managers' orientations to happiness and the relationship thereof to individual and organisational outcomes. A cross-sectional survey design was used with managers in the agricultural sector in South Africa ( N = 507). The Orientations to Happiness Questionnaire (Revised), Satisfaction with Life Scale, Affect Balance Scale, Job Satisfaction Scale, Organisational Commitment Scale, and Organisational Citizenship Behaviour Scale were administered. The results showed that orientations to happiness (i.e. pleasure, meaning and engagement) had strong direct effects on subjective well-being, job satisfaction and organisational citizenship behaviour. Orientations to happiness also impacted job satisfaction and organisational commitment indirectly through subjective well-being. Subjective well-being had a strong direct and positive effect on job satisfaction, as well as a positive indirect effect on organisational commitment. The results build on the knowledge regarding individual and organisational outcomes of authentic happiness.
How Do Industrial Psychologists and Human Resource Management Practitioners Perceive Their Status and Job Satisfaction?
Authors: Donald Fiona M. , Bleekers Robin J.
Published: January 2017

The aim of this study was to compare the perceived status and job satisfaction of registered industrial psychologists with that of human resource management (HRM) practitioners who are not registered as industrial psychologists. In South Africa, registration with the Health Professions Council of South Africa (HPCSA) is a statutory requirement which entitles one to call oneself an industrial psychologist and to perform certain psychological acts. However, many personnel who are not registered psychologists also work in the field of HRM and are not required to register with a statutory body. Despite differences in the minimum qualifications required and statutory registration requirements, there is a great deal of overlap between the roles of industrial psychologists and other HRM practitioners in organisations. This raises issues regarding the perceived benefits of registration. This research focuses on perceptions of status as a potential intrinsic benefit of registration. Self-report questionnaires were completed by 46 participants who were registered with the HPCSA and 45 HRM practitioners who were not registered ( n = 91). Results found no significant difference in status or job satisfaction between registered and non-registered participants. The findings are discussed in terms of the motivation to qualify and register as an industrial psychologist and implications for professional identity and practice.
The Relationship between Mixed Model Emotional Intelligence and Personality
Authors: van Zyl Casper J.J. , de Bruin Karina
Published: January 2017

Mixed model emotional intelligence and trait measures of personality have been shown to be substantially correlated in the research literature. At the same time, mixed model EI seems to offer good incremental validity over and above personality. Previous research has used correlation studies and joint factor analysis to examine the relationship between EI and personality and found that EI loaded as a separate construct in personality factor space. Owing to the possibility of method artefact when using joint factor analysis across two variable sets, this study explored the EI-personality relationship by means of interbattery factor analyses. Two trait personality questionnaires, the Hogan Personality Inventory and the Work Personality Index, were used along with the Emotional Quotient Inventory (EQ-i) as a measure of emotional intelligence. Two independent samples were used, each made up of secondary data collected from respondents ( n = 388; n = 615) who completed the assessments for selection or development purposes. Some similar factors emerged in both analyses, pointing to three robust areas of overlap between mixed model EI and personality: (1) behaviours related to internal constraint, (2) interpersonal functioning, and (3) components related to extraverted behaviour. The results of this study facilitate our understanding of the relationship between mixed model EI and personality. They also provide more clarity on the EQ-i's theoretical base in relation to mainstream personality research.
Historicising the Relevance Debate: South African and American Psychology in Context
Authors: Sher Daniel , Long Wahbie
Published: January 2017

The relevance debate in psychology can be described as discourse which calls for the discipline to become more socially valuable and accessible to those who purportedly need it. Literature suggests that there is a socio-historical dimension to relevance discourse that is frequently overlooked by those engaging in the debate, resulting in a typically ahistorical and axiomatic presentation. It is therefore argued that an historical perspective on the relevance debate is necessary for an informed consideration of its attending issues. This paper compares relevance discourse from South Africa (1974–1994) and the United States of America (1960–1980) by means of a thematic analysis of journal articles published during these periods in the South African Journal of Psychology and American Psychologist, respectively. The analysis yielded six key analytic themes: Social upheaval; the pure-applied dichotomy in psychology; the role of psychology in socio-political matters; the place of human values in science; equity in psychology; and indigenising psychology. The first five themes are common to both the American and South African debates. Consequently, it is argued that the two debates arose in similar social contexts and that, in particular, the relevance debate is associated with conditions of social upheaval. This historicisation of relevance discourse permits a more critical and accurate understanding of the relationship between the debate and contemporary society.
Why Are Older People Often So Responsible and Considerate Even When Their Future Seems Limited? A Systematic Review
Authors: Moss Simon A. , Wilson Samuel G.
Published: January 2017

Socioemotional selectivity theory assumes that older individuals tend to perceive their identity or life as limited in time and, therefore, prioritize meaningful relationships. Yet, other research shows that people who perceive their identity as limited in time tend to behave impulsively—contrary to the behavior of many older individuals. To redress this paradox, this article reports a systematic review, comprising 86 papers, that examined the consequences of whether individuals perceive their identity as limited or enduring. To reconcile conflicts in the literature, we propose that, before an impending transition, some individuals perceive their life now as dissociated from their future goals and, therefore, will tend to behave impulsively. Other individuals however, especially if older, tend to pursue a quest or motivation that transcends this transition, fostering delayed gratification, and responsible behavior.
Constructing and Implementing Transgender Policy for Public Administration
Authors: Rishel Elias Nicole M.
Published: January 2017

Sex and gender are increasingly complex topics that prompt new policy and administrative responses within public agencies. As the federal workforce evolves, federal employment policy must accommodate the needs of employees who do not fit traditional sex/gender categories. One emerging area of policy targets transgender employees, particularly policy that guides the employer response throughout the transitioning process. This research seeks to answer the following questions: How can transitioning policy and implementation within federal agencies affect employees? and How should transitioning policy be crafted and implemented? This work addresses organizational behavior and management issues by presenting a successful case of a workplace transition. Interviews of an administrator guiding the transitioning process and one of the first federal employees to complete a transition while in a federal field office are conducted. Ultimately, this research explores challenges with emergent policy and suggests avenues for designing and enacting future transitioning policy.