bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Medical Risk Factors for Severe West Nile Virus Disease, United States, 2008–2010
Authors: Lindsey Nicole P. , Staples J. Erin , Lehman Jennifer A. , Fischer Marc
Published: July 2012

We conducted enhanced surveillance to identify medical risk factors for severe illness (i.e., hospitalization or death) and neuroinvasive disease (i.e., encephalitis or meningitis) among all West Nile virus disease cases reported from selected states from 2008 to 2010. Of the 1,090 case-patients included in the analysis, 708 (65%) case-patients were hospitalized, 641 (59%) case-patients had neuroinvasive disease, and 55 (5%) case-patients died. Chronic renal disease (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 4.1; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.4–12.1), history of cancer (aOR = 3.7; 95% CI = 1.8–7.5), history of alcohol abuse (aOR = 3.0; 95% CI = 1.3–6.7), diabetes (aOR = 2.2; 95% CI = 1.4–3.4), and hypertension (aOR = 1.5; 95% CI = 1.1–2.1) were independently associated with severe illness on multivariable analysis. Although the same medical conditions were independently associated with encephalitis, only hypertension was associated with meningitis. The only condition independently associated with death was immune suppression. Prevention messages should be targeted to persons with these conditions.
Interpolating and forecasting lake characteristics using long‐term monitoring data
Authors: Lottig Noah R. , Carpenter Stephen R.
Published: July 2012

It is virtually impossible to quantify the limnological characteristics of every aquatic ecosystem all the time. The goal of this study was to assess the capacity of lake‐monitoring data to predict annually resolved characteristics in systems where measurements are not always made. To address this, we provide an analysis of interpolation (i.e., predicting a current lake characteristic based on current characteristics of other lakes) and forecasting (i.e., predicting a current lake characteristic based on historical trends and characteristics of a set of study lakes) in seven lakes over a 28‐yr time frame. The most effective interpolations are generated using 12–15 yr of training data. Interpolation models are 29% more effective, on average, when historical trends (forecasting) are also incorporated into the models. Forecasting models that predict lake characteristics using long‐term trends in the focal lake were improved by including historical observations from other lakes. Direct comparisons of different prediction models further demonstrated that it is sometimes more effective to generate predictions based on a set of previously measured conditions (forecasts) rather than a set of known regional conditions that have been recently quantified (interpolations). Basic monitoring data have the potential to be upscaled to generate predictions of lake characteristics, but the effectiveness of predictions depend on the training data characteristics and prediction approaches employed.
Floodplain influence on dissolved organic matter composition and export from the Mississippi—Atchafalaya River system to the Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Shen Yuan , Fichot Cédric G. , Benner Ronald
Published: July 2012

Comparisons of the concentrations and compositions of dissolved organic matter (DOM) between the lower Mississippi River (MR) and its distributary, the Atchafalaya River (AR), indicated a strong influence of floodplains on DOM in the AR. Concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), lignin phenols, amino acids, neutral sugars, and chromophoric DOM (CDOM) absorption coefficients were higher in the AR than in the MR. Significantly lower syringyl to vanillyl phenol ratios (S : V) in the AR indicated substantial contributions from gymnosperms (e.g., Taxodium distichum). The lowest S : V values in the AR were measured during maximal litterfall in October‐November when yields of lignin phenols were highest. Lower spectral slope coefficients (S275–295) in the AR were indicative of relatively high‐molecular‐weight CDOM. Yields and compositions of amino acids and neutral sugars indicated DOM in the AR was more bioavailable than in the MR. Nitrogen removal in the floodplain was in part responsible for the significantly lower concentrations of total dissolved nitrogen (TDN) in the AR. Seasonal variability in DOM composition was greater in the AR. About 35% of the DOC and > 44% of the lignin phenols, amino acids, and neutral sugars exported from the Mississippi‐Atchafalaya River system was carried by the AR, thereby revealing the important role of the AR in DOM export from the river system. DOC export from rivers was predominantly controlled by water discharge. The long‐term (1996–2010) average DOC export from the Mississippi‐Atchafalaya River system was 2.70 Tg yr−1 (MR: 1.75 Tg yr−1; AR: 0.95 Tg yr−1), accounting for 0.8–1.1% of global riverine DOC export.
Discharge of dissolved black carbon from a fire‐affected intertidal system
Authors: Dittmar Thorsten , Paeng Jiyoung , Gihring Thomas M. , Suryaputra I G. N. A. , Huettel Markus
Published: July 2012

We report substantial tidal fluxes of dissolved black carbon (DBC) in a fire‐affected marsh in the northern Gulf of Mexico. DBC was molecularly determined as benzenepolycarboxylic acids in a tidal creek, adjacent rivers, and the coastal ocean. Supported by stable carbon isotope and in situ fluorescence measurements, three sources of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were identified that mixed conservatively in the coastal system: groundwater from salt marshes, river water, and seawater. Groundwater was the main source of DBC to the creek. The highest DBC concentrations of up to 41 µmol C L−1 (7.2% of DOC) were found in the creek at low tide, compared with < 18 µmol C L−1 in all other samples. Over the studied tidal cycle, we determined a runoff (load per drainage area) of 3700 moles DBC (44 kg C) km−2 of salt marsh. This is high compared with the Apalachicola River, where the annual DBC runoff is on the order of 104 mol (120 kg C) km−2 yr−1. In the marsh, it would require ∼ 20 tidal cycles similar to the one that we studied to remove all black carbon produced during one fire event. Because a spring tide was studied, our estimate is as an upper limit. DBC is ubiquitous in the global ocean, and dissolution and subsequent lateral transport appear to be important removal mechanisms for soil black carbon. Our study, which provides a snapshot in time and space, demonstrates that tidal fluxes may be primary carriers of DBC, and therefore tidal pumping and groundwater discharge cannot be ignored in assessing the continental runoff of DBC.
Determining water sources in the boundary layer from tall tower profiles of water vapor and surface water isotope ratios after a snowstorm in Colorado
Authors: Noone D. , Risi C. , Bailey A. , Berkelhammer M. , Brown D. P. , Buenning N. , Gregory S. , Nusbaumer J. , Schneider D. , Sykes J. , Vanderwende B. , Wong J. , Meillier Y. , Wolfe D.
Published: July 2012

Abstract. The D/H isotope ratio is used to attribute boundary layer humidity changes to the set of contributing fluxes for a case following a snowstorm in which a snow pack of about 10 cm vanished. Profiles of H2O and CO2 mixing ratio, D/H isotope ratio, and several thermodynamic properties were measured from the surface to 300 m every 15 min during four winter days near Boulder, Colorado. Coeval analysis of the D/H ratios and CO2 concentrations find these two variables to be complementary with the former being sensitive to daytime surface fluxes and the latter particularly indicative of nocturnal surface sources. Together they capture evidence for strong vertical mixing during the day, weaker mixing by turbulent bursts and low level jets within the nocturnal stable boundary layer during the night, and frost formation in the morning. The profiles are generally not well described with a gradient mixing line analysis because D/H ratios of the end members (i.e., surface fluxes and the free troposphere) evolve throughout the day which leads to large uncertainties in the estimate of the D/H ratio of surface water flux. A mass balance model is constructed for the snow pack, and constrained with observations to provide an optimal estimate of the partitioning of the surface water flux into contributions from sublimation, evaporation of melt water in the snow and evaporation from ponds. Results show that while vapor measurements are important in constraining surface fluxes, measurements of the source reservoirs (soil water, snow pack and standing liquid) offer stronger constraint on the surface water balance. Measurements of surface water are therefore essential in developing observational programs that seek to use isotopic data for flux attribution.
Thunderstorms and upper troposphere chemistry during the early stages of the 2006 North American Monsoon
Authors: Barth M. C. , Lee J. , Hodzic A. , Pfister G. , Skamarock W. C. , Worden J. , Wong J. , Noone D.
Published: July 2012

Abstract. In this study, the Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry (WRF-Chem) is applied at 4 km horizontal grid spacing to study the meteorology and chemistry over the continental US and Northern Mexico region for the 15 July to 7 August 2006 period, which coincides with the early stages of the North American Monsoon. Evaluation of model results shows that WRF-Chem reasonably represents the large-scale meteorology and strong convective storms, but tends to overestimate weak convection. In the upper troposphere, the WRF-Chem model predicts ozone and carbon monoxide (CO) to within 10–20% of aircraft and sonde measurements. However, the frequency distribution from satellite data indicates that WRF-Chem is lofting too much CO from the boundary layer (BL). Because ozone mixing ratios agree well with these same satellite data, it suggests that chemical production of O3 in the model is overpredicted and compensates for the excess convective lofting of BL air. Analysis of different geographic regions (West Coast, Rocky Mountains, Central Plains, Midwest, and Gulf Coast) reveals that much of the convective transport occurs in the Rocky Mountains, while much of the UT ozone chemical production occurs over the Gulf Coast and Midwest regions where both CO and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are abundant in the upper troposphere and promote the production of peroxy radicals. In all regions most of the ozone chemical production occurs within 24 h of the air being lofted from the boundary layer. In addition, analysis of the anticyclone and adjacent air indicates that ozone mixing ratios within the anticyclone region associated with the North American Monsoon and just outside the anticyclone are similar. Increases of O3 within the anticyclone are strongly coincident with entrainment of stratospheric air into the anticyclone, but also are from in situ O3 chemical production. In situ O3 production is up to 17% greater within the anticyclone than just outside the anticyclone when the anticyclone is over the Southern US indicating that the enhancement of O3 is most pronounced over regions with abundant VOCs.
Urban aerosol size distributions over the Mediterranean city of Barcelona, NE Spain
Authors: Dall'Osto M. , Beddows D.C.S. , Pey J. , Rodriguez S. , Alastuey A. , Harrison R. M. , Querol X.
Published: July 2012

Abstract. Differential mobility particle sizer (DMPS) aerosol concentrations (N13–800) were collected over a one-year-period (2004) at an urban background site in Barcelona, North-Eastern Spain. Quantitative contributions to particle number concentrations of the nucleation (33–38%), Aitken (39–49%) and accumulation mode (18–22%) were estimated. We examined the source and time variability of atmospheric aerosol particles by using both K-means clustering and Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) analysis. Performing clustering analysis on hourly size distributions, nine K-means DMPS clusters were identified and, by directional association, diurnal variation and relationship to meteorological and pollution variables, four typical aerosol size distribution scenarios were identified: traffic (69% of the time), dilution (15% of the time), summer background conditions (4% of the time) and regional pollution (12% of the time). According to the results of PMF, vehicle exhausts are estimated to contribute at least to 62–66% of the total particle number concentration, with a slightly higher proportion distributed towards the nucleation mode (34%) relative to the Aitken mode (28–32%). Photochemically induced nucleation particles make only a small contribution to the total particle number concentration (2–3% of the total), although only particles larger than 13 nm were considered in this study. Overall the combination of the two statistical methods is successful at separating components and quantifying relative contributions to the particle number population.
CREST-Snow Field Experiment: analysis of snowpack properties using multi-frequency microwave remote sensing data
Authors: Lakhankar T. , Muñoz J. , Romanov P. , Powell A. M. , Krakauer N. , Rossow W. , Khanbilvardi R.
Published: July 2012

Abstract. The CREST-Snow Analysis and Field Experiment (CREST-SAFE) was carried out during winter 2011 at the research site of the National Weather Service office, Caribou ME, USA. In this ground experiment, dual polarized microwave (37 and 89 GHz) observations are conducted along with detailed synchronous observations of snowpack properties. The objective of this long term field experiment is to improve our understanding of the effect of changing snow characteristics (grain size, density, temperature) under various meteorological conditions on the microwave emission of snow and hence to improve retrievals of snow cover properties from satellite observations in the microwave spectral range. In this paper, we presented the overview of field experiment and preliminary analysis of the microwave observations for the first year of experiment along with support observations of the snowpack properties obtained during the 2011 winter season. SNTHERM and HUT (Helsinki University of Technology) snow emission model were used to simulate snowpack properties and microwave brightness temperatures respectively. Simulated brightness temperatures were compared with observed brightness temperature from radiometer under different snow conditions. On the time series, large difference in the brightness temperature were observed for fresh compared to aged snow even under the same snow depth, suggesting a substantial impact of other parameters such as: snow grain size and density on microwave observations. A large diurnal variation in the 37 and 89 GHz brightness temperature with small depolarization factor was observed due to cold nights and warm days, which caused a cycling between wet snow and ice-over-snow states during the early spring. Scattering analysis of microwave brightness temperatures from radiometers were performed to distinguished different snow conditions developed through the winter season.
Significance of Wood Anatomical Features to the Taxonomy of Five Cola Species
Authors: J. Akinloye A. , C. Illoh H. , A. Olagoke O.
Published: July 2012

Wood anatomy of five Cola species was investigated to identify and describe anatomical features in search of distinctive characters that could possibly be used in the resolution of their taxonomy. Transverse, tangential and radial longitudinal sections and macerated samples were prepared into microscopic slides. Characteristic similarity and disparity in the tissues arrangement as well as cell inclusions were noted for description and delimitation. All the five Cola species studied had essentially the same anatomical features, but the difficulty posed by the identification of Cola acuminata and Cola nitida when not in fruit could be resolved using anatomical features. Cola acuminata have extensive fibre and numerous crystals relative to Cola nitida, while Cola hispida and Cola millenii are the only species having monohydric crystals. Cola gigantica is the only species that have few xylem fibres while other species have extensive xylem fibre. These features have proved very functional and strongly of diagnostic value in the classification and delimitation of the studied Cola species.
 
A Phase II Trial of Autologous Transplantation of Bone Marrow Stem Cells for Critical Limb Ischemia: Results of the Naples and Pietra Ligure Evaluation of Stem Cells Study
Authors: Schiavetta Alessandro , Maione Ciro , Botti Chiara , Marino Gennaro , Lillo Stefano , Garrone Alberto , Lanza Lorella , Pagliari Stefano , Silvestroni Andrea , Signoriello Giuseppe , Sica Vincenzo , Cobellis Gilda
Published: July 2012

Critical limb ischemia (CLI) is a vascular disease affecting lower limbs, which is going to become a demanding challenge because of the aging of the population. Despite advances in endovascular therapies, CLI is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Patients without direct revascularization options have the worst outcomes. To date, 25%–40% of CLI patients are not candidates for surgical or endovascular approaches, ultimately facing the possibility of a major amputation. This study aimed to assess the safety and efficacy of autologous bone marrow (BM) transplantation performed in “no-option” patients, in terms of restoring blood perfusion by collateral flow and limb salvage. A multicenter, prospective, not-controlled phase II study for no-option CLI patients was performed. Patients were subjected to intra-arterial infusion of autologous bone marrow and followed for 12 months after the treatment. Variation of blood perfusion parameters, evaluated by laser Doppler flowmetry or transcutaneous oximetry, was set as the primary endpoint at 12 months after treatment and amputation-free survival as the secondary endpoint. Sixty patients were enrolled and treated with BM transplantation, showing improvement in objective and subjective measures of perfusion. Furthermore, survival analysis demonstrated improved amputation-free survival rates (75.2%) at 12 months after the treatment. This study provides further evidence that autologous bone marrow transplantation is well tolerated by CLI patients without adverse effects, demonstrating trends toward improvement in perfusion and reduced amputation rate, confirming the feasibility and safety of the procedure.
Long‐Term Memory Effects of Eye Closure on Children Eyewitness Testimonies
Authors: Natali Valeria , Marucci Francesco S. , Mastroberardino Serena
Published: July 2012

Previous studies conducted on adults and children found that closing the eyes while recalling an event increased memory accuracy for both free and cued recall. One possible explanation to this phenomenon is that eye closure increases the amount of cognitive resources devoted to the task reducing external stimulation, but it is still not clear whether the beneficial effect is only due to a better focus on the task or to a better encoding of the material leading to an advantage over time. In this study, we evaluated the effect of eye closure instruction on children memory accuracy for a short clip in an immediate and delayed recall. We observed that asking participants to close their eyes while performing a memory task helped them to remember more details and that this effect persisted after a time delay. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multisensory Assessment of Acoustic Comfort Aboard Metros: a Virtual Reality Study
Authors: Iachini Tina , Maffei Luigi , Ruotolo Francesco , Senese Vincenzo Paolo , Ruggiero Gennaro , Masullo Massimiliano , Alekseeva Natalia
Published: July 2012

In this study, a multisensory methodology is used to assess acoustic comfort aboard different real‐world metros by means of subjective annoyance and cognitive performance measures. Two experimental conditions were compared: unimodal versus bimodal. Immersive virtual reality was used to simulate journeys aboard metro coaches. Participants performed four tasks (Rey Test, Verbal Fluency, Backward Counting and Auditory Words Discrimination) while listening to metro sounds (unimodal condition) or while listening to metro sounds within a virtual metro coach (bimodal condition). At the end of each journey, participants reported their degree of noise annoyance. The results showed that cognitive performances were worse in the bimodal than in the unimodal condition. Moreover, the bimodal condition affected negatively the capacity to discriminate words and to count backward. However, reported noise annoyance was higher in the unimodal than bimodal condition. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Magnetic Interactions in Ni‐Mn‐Based Magnetic Shape‐Memory Heusler Alloys
Authors: Acet Mehmet , Wassermann Eberhard F.
Published: July 2012

Ni‐Mn‐based Heusler alloys exhibit a variety of features related to martensitic transformations and are materials that are sought to be employed in actuation applications. To be able to exploit their properties, it is necessary to understand the rich variety and subtle magnetic coupling mechanisms occurring in these alloys. We review complementary neutron polarization analysis and ferromagnetic resonance experiments and give an account on the complex magnetism of these alloys in the austenite and martensite states.
A Novel Approach to the Pyridoacridine Ring System: Synthesis of the Topoisomerase Inhibitor 13‐Deazaascididemin
Authors: Raeder Stephan , Bracher Franz
Published: July 2012

A novel approach to the pyridoacridine ring system of the ascididemin‐type marine alkaloids is presented. This approach allows for the introduction of the ring A of the alkaloids by using a simple aromatic aldehyde building block. The viability of this approach is demonstrated with the synthesis of AK37, a bioactive deaza analogue of the alkaloid ascididemin. Starting from 3‐cyano‐4‐methylquinoline, a sequence of regioselective homolytic benzoylation, annulation of a bromopyridine ring, and radical cyclization leads to the pentacyclic ring system.
1,2,4‐Trisubstituted Cyclopentanes as Platforms for Diversity
Authors: Guan Yousheng , Bissantz Caterina , Bergstrom Donald E. , Link Andreas
Published: July 2012

Despite their simplicity, relatively few examples of 1,2,4 (1,3,4)‐amino‐, azido‐, and hydroxy‐substituted cyclopentanes are reported in the literature. We found that cyclopent‐3‐en‐1‐ol can be transformed into a significant variety of compounds of this class by relatively common and efficient synthetic procedures. Stereochemical control of epoxidation of the cyclopentene double bond can be achieved by varying the substitutents at C4. The C4 substituent and epoxide functional group can be converted into a variety of intermediates with differential protection designed for use in applications requiring regiospecific control for further elaboration of the cyclopentane scaffold.
Comparative study on travel time reliability indexes for highway users and operators
Authors: Wakabayashi Hiroshi , Matsumoto Yukimasa
Published: July 2012

Travel time reliability is an emerging evaluation measure for highway network service levels. This paper focuses on travel time reliability indexes for a highway network and proposes new travel time indexes for users. The paper also discusses and compares several previously and newly proposed indexes for use by both highway users and operators. Because this comparative study requires travel time variation, two models are developed for estimating travel time variation. One is the multi‐hierarchical stochastic model for estimating travel time variation under uncertainty in demand and service. The other is the temporal and spatial transition model using actual traffic detector data. Then, new indexes for assessing travel time reliability are proposed. Because operators of highway network are interested in the degree of congestion and delay, the previously proposed indexes are regarded as operator‐side indexes. The highway users are, however, interested in the accuracy of their travel time and in the earlier arrival at their destination. Thus, this paper proposes the user‐side indexes. Travel time reliability indexes, including previously proposed indexes, are calculated on the basis of the cumulative distribution function outcome from these models and are compared and discussed. In two sections, 11 indexes with different characteristics are compared. One of the results is that these indexes behave differently for the same route. This suggests that understanding an index's formulation and characteristics is important for selecting the appropriate index according to both the purpose of use and the characteristics of the study route. Another important result is that indexes useful for the user side do not always agree with the operator‐side indexes. Finally, the results of the comparative study suggest that the combination of average travel time and an appropriate travel time reliability index is very important for both users and operators for assessing the route reliability properly. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Effects of Personal Agency on Regret
Authors: Contractor Sunil H. , Kumar Piyush
Published: July 2012

In this paper, we examine the role of personal agency as a key antecedent of regret that individuals experience when the outcome of their decision is unfavorable. In contrast to previous research that documents its exacerbating role, we find that personal agencymitigatesregret under certain circumstances. A series of experimental studies show that personal responsibility for the decision may attenuate subjective perceptions of the extent of failure and mitigate regret. However, when the superior outcome of the foregone option is known and the failure of the chosen option is irreversible, personal agency may amplify regret. We also find that subjective failure perceptions mediate the relationship between personal agency and regret levels. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
It Was a Most Unusual Time: How Memory Bias Engenders Nostalgic Preferences
Authors: Morewedge Carey K.
Published: July 2012

Nostalgic preferences are widespread—people believe past movies, music, television shows, places, and periods of life to have been better than their present counterparts. Three experiments explored the cognitive underpinnings of nostalgic preferences. Participants rated past experiences to have been superior to similar present and recent experiences. These nostalgic preferences appeared to be due to the belief that the atypically positive experiences that participants recalled at the time of judgment were more representative of their past experiences than of their present experiences. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Living and Learning: Reproducing Beliefs in Selective Experience
Authors: Elwin Ebba
Published: July 2012

People's decisions shape their experience. For example, a recruitment officer decides between job applicants and cannot evaluate the suitability of rejected applicants. The selection decisions thus affect the content of the officer's experience of suitable and unsuitable applicants, and experiential learning is achieved from a selective sample of experiences. It is suggested that people's beliefs are sensitive to the content of the experienced sample, but the mind cannot adjust for the selectivity of the sample even when it results from the individual's own decisions. Two experiments with a recruitment task showed that incorrect prior beliefs survive experiential learning when the beliefs are reproduced and thus appear to be confirmed, in actual experience. When the task was to achieve high performance, incorrect prior beliefs persisted because they were reproduced in a smaller sample of selected job applicants. In contrast, when the task was focused on learning, a greater number of applicants were selected, and a more representative experience therefore revised incorrect beliefs. The actual content of the experienced sample is thus crucial for the persistence, as well as for the revision, of incorrect beliefs. Further, as predicted by the hypothesis of constructivist coding, when feedback was absent for rejected applicants, participants constructed “internal feedback” in line with the expectation that the rejected applicant was unsuitable. Thus, when fewer applicants were hired, participants came to believe that the actual proportion of suitable applicants was low. Finally, the implications for efforts to reduce bias and improve experiential learning are discussed. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells undergo malignant transformation via indirect co‐cultured with tumour cells
Authors: Liu Jianping , Zhang Yalan , Bai Lu , Cui Xiangrong , Zhu Jing
Published: July 2012

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have potential applications in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering as well as being potential carriers for tumour therapy. However, the safety of using MSCs in tumours is unknown. Herein, we analyse malignant transformation of MSCs in the tumour microenvironment. Rat bone marrow MSCs were cultured with malignant rat glioma C6 cells without direct cell–cell contact. After 7 days, the cells were assessed for transformation using flow cytometry, real‐time quantitative PCR, immunofluorescence and chromosomal analysis. In addition, wild‐type (WT) p53, mutant p53 and mdm2 was determined using Western blotting. Almost all MSCs became phenotypically malignant cells, with significantly decreased WT p53 expression and increased expression of mutant p53 and mdm2, along with an aneuploid karyotype. To evaluate tumorigenesis in vivo, the MSCs indirect co‐cultured with C6 cells for 7 days were transplanted subcutaneously into immuno‐deficient mice. The cells developed into a large tumour at the injection site within 8 weeks, with systemic symptoms including cachexia and scoliosis. Pathological and cytological analysis revealed poorly differentiated pleomorphic cells with a dense vascular network and aggressive invasion into the adjacent muscle. These data demonstrate that MSCs became malignant cancer cells when exposed to the tumour microenvironment and suggest that factors released from the cancer cells have a critical role in the malignant transformation of MSCs. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
InCl3‐Mediated Addition of Indole to Isatogens: An Expeditious Synthesis of 13‐deoxy‐Isatisine A
Authors: Kumar Chepuri V. Suneel , Puranik Vedavati G , Ramana Chepuri V.
Published: July 2012

A strategy directed towards the total synthesis of isatisine A that involves several late‐stage metal‐catalyzed transformations that address the key carbon–carbon and carbon–heteroatom bond formations has been developed. As a part of this strategy, methods for the addition of indoles to isatogens that lead selectively to either 2,2‐disubstituted N‐hydroxyindolin‐3‐one or 2,2‐disubstituted indolin‐3‐one compounds have been developed by employing InCl3 as a catalyst or as the reagent. The present methods provide the first examples of the additions of indoles to the isatogen nucleus. To demonstrate its viability, the synthesis of 13‐deoxy‐isatisine A has been completed in ten steps from a known and easily available lactone.
Total Synthesis of Branimycin: An Evolutionary Approach
Authors: Enev Valentin S. , Felzmann Wolfgang , Gromov Alexey , Marchart Stefan , Mulzer Johann
Published: July 2012

The first total synthesis of the macrolactone antibiotic branimycin (4) has been described. The key disconnection leads to a cis‐dehydrodecalone core and a polyketide side chain which are connected via organometallic addition. The dehydrodecalone core was targeted via altogether five different approaches featuring various kinds of chiral elements and ring‐closing methodology. In the end the most successful method starting from diepoxynaphthalene 109 was chosen to carry on with the synthesis. Thus the oxygen functions and carbon appendages were introduced via organometallic desymmetrization reactions to generate epoxy ketone 107, to which vinyl iodide 11 was added after conversion into the organolithium species. The synthesis was completed by introducing the ester side chain via Michael addition and subsequent macrolactonization.
Cytokinesis mechanics and mechanosensing
Authors: West‐Foyle Hoku , Robinson Douglas N.
Published: July 2012

Cytokinesis shape change occurs through the interfacing of three modules, cell mechanics, myosin II‐mediated contractile stress generation and sensing, and a control system of regulatory proteins, which together ensure flexibility and robustness. This integrated system then defines the stereotypical shape changes of successful cytokinesis, which occurs under a diversity of mechanical contexts and environmental conditions. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Practical distributed secret key generation for delay tolerant networks
Authors: Xie Yongming , Wang Guojun
Published: July 2012

Delay tolerant networks (DTNs) are resource‐constrained dynamic networks where a continuous end‐to‐end connectivity is not always available. In such a challenging network, a fixed infrastructure may not be connected when a DTN is partitioned or the message delay in the network is large. Thus, the traditional public key infrastructure system and identity‐based encryption (IBE) system are not suitable for DTNs because they rely on centralized infrastructures and require multiple round‐trip interactions. To address this issue, we propose a distributed secret key generation system with self‐certified identity (SCI‐DKG) that does not require any private key generator and threshold cryptosystem. Initially, each node generates a private key and distributes an initial message including a self‐certified identity and secret sharings to members in a DTN. Receivers independently authenticate the identity and extracts some encryption parameters corresponding to the identity from this initial message. We prove that SCI‐DKG is chosen ciphertext secure in the standard model, and it can resist potential network attacks. Simulation results show that SCI‐DKG has smaller delay and higher successful ratio of secret key generation compared with IBE and hierarchical IBE systems implemented in a DTN. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A comparison of GPU strategies for unstructured mesh physics
Authors: Ferenbaugh Charles R.
Published: July 2012

There have been few efforts to date to write physics algorithms for general unstructured meshes (meshes composed of arbitrary polygons/polyhedra) on graphics processing units (GPUs). Typical strategies for GPU memory management, such as double‐buffering and coalescing memory accesses, are difficult to apply to the irregular memory storage patterns of unstructured meshes. This paper presents results from an initial GPU version of a typical unstructured mesh kernel. Three different memory management strategies are described and implemented. Timing results for all three strategies are presented, in some cases showing speedups of over 20 times compared with the original CPU code.Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Therapeutic mechanisms of classic hallucinogens in the treatment of addictions: from indirect evidence to testable hypotheses
Authors: Bogenschutz Michael P. , Pommy Jessica M.
Published: July 2012

Alcohol and drug addiction are major public health problems, and existing treatments are only moderately effective. Although there has been interest for over half a century in the therapeutic use of classic hallucinogens to treat addictions, clinical research with these drugs was halted at an early stage in the early 1970s, leaving many fundamental questions unanswered. In the past two decades, clinical research on classic hallucinogens has resumed, although addiction treatment trials are only now beginning. The purpose of this paper is to provide a targeted review of the research most relevant to the therapeutic potential of hallucinogens, and to integrate this information with current thinking about addiction and recovery. On the basis of this information, we present a heuristic model which organizes a number of hypotheses that may be tested in future research. We conclude that existing evidence provides a convincing rationale for further research on the effects of classic hallucinogens in the treatment of addiction. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Are Externalizing and Internalizing Difficulties of Young Children with Spelling Impairment Related to their ADHD Symptoms?
Authors: Rietz Chantal Sabrina , Hasselhorn Marcus , Labuhn Andju Sara
Published: July 2012

Children with literacy difficulties often suffer from a variety of co‐occurring externalizing and internalizing difficulties, as well as comorbid ADHD. Therefore, these externalizing and internalizing problems might be more related to comorbid ADHD, rather than being a correlate of literacy difficulties per se. In the present study, we investigated the occurrence of externalizing and internalizing difficulties in elementary school children (third grade) with and without spelling impairment. Taking the high rate of comorbidity between literacy difficulties and ADHD into account, we investigated whether co‐occurring difficulties are associated with spelling impairment per se or with comorbid ADHD symptoms. Results indicated that these young children with spelling impairment showed more co‐occurring difficulties compared with children without spelling impairment. Hierarchical regression analysis indicated that occurrence of externalizing symptoms is more strongly related to comorbid ADHD symptoms than to spelling impairment per se. The pattern of results concerning internalizing problems was not as distinct but showed a similar trend. Preferably, carers and educators should be aware of co‐occurring socio‐emotional and behavioural problems in children with spelling impairment. Particularly children with spelling impairment and comorbid ADHD symptoms seem to have an increased risk of encountering further co‐occurring difficulties. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inundation frequency and viability of microcrustacean propagules in soils of temporary aquatic habitats of lower Okavango Delta, Botswana
Authors: Siziba Nqobizitha , Chimbari Moses J. , Mosepele Ketlhatlogile , Masundire Hillary , Ramberg Lars
Published: July 2012

Microcrustacean emergence from the dry sediments is an important colonization pathway that allows these microfauna to recover and repopulate temporary aquatic habitats after months or years of dryness. Viable microcrustacean propagules in sediments of three different temporary aquatic habitats – rainpools located within the rarely flooded portions, frequently flooded floodplains and rarely flooded floodplains – were assessed experimentally by flooding the soils. Three major groups of microcrustaceans – cladocerans, copepods and ostracods – emerged from the sediments. Species richness and mean total numbers of emerged microcrustaceans per sample varied across the studied temporary aquatic habitats (Kruskal–Wallis, p < 0.05). Both species richness and mean total number of emerged microcrustacean per sample were lowest in sediments of rarely flooded floodplains. The highest species richness of microcrustaceans emerged from the treatments with soils of the frequently flooded floodplains. The mean total number of emerged microcrustaceans per sample was highest from sediments of rainpools followed by frequently flooded floodplains. Findings of this experiment suggest that high flooding frequency of temporary aquatic habitats may be important to sustain high viability of microcrustacean propagules in the sediments. Reduction of regular inundation of temporary floodplains due to the threats of increasing human water abstractions and climate change may have some negative effects on the microcrustaceans of the Okavango Delta by reducing the viable propagules within these systems. The findings of this experimental study will be relevant towards efforts that are aimed at reconciling anthropogenic pressures and conservation of microcrustaceans in the Okavango Delta. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development and characterisation of monoclonal antibodies specific for the murine inhibitory FcγRIIB (CD32B)
Authors: Williams Emily L. , Tutt Alison L. , French Ruth R. , Chan H. T. Claude , Lau Betty , Penfold Christine A. , Mockridge C. Ian , Roghanian Ali , Cox Kerry L. , Verbeek J. Sjef , Glennie Martin J. , Cragg Mark S.
Published: July 2012

Fc receptors (FcRs) play a key role in regulating and coordinating responses from both innate and adaptive arms of the immune system. The inhibitory Fc gamma receptor II (FcγRIIB; CD32) is central to this regulation with FcγRIIB−/− mice demonstrating augmented responses to mAb immunotherapy, elevated incidence and severity of auto‐immunity, and increased response to mAb‐mediated cancer therapy. To date, these observations have remained unexploited therapeutically, partly through a lack of specific mAb reagents capable of exclusively binding mouse FcγRIIB. Thus almost all of the FcγRIIB‐binding mAb currently available, such as 2.4G2, also bind FcγRIII (CD16), and polyclonal reagents have limited availability and are of unproven specificity and avidity, making in vivo manipulation of FcγRIIB impossible. Following an extensive immunisation protocol using FcγRIIB−/− mice, we recently produced three unique mAb that are suitable for this purpose. Here we characterise these novel reagents and demonstrate that they fall into two distinct categories; those which cause phosphorylation and subsequent activation of FcγRIIB (agonistic) and those that block receptor phosphorylation (antagonistic). These two types of mAb exhibit different characteristics in a range of biochemical, cellular, and functional assays relevant to FcγRIIB activity and mAb therapy.
Fine‐Tuning of Photophysical and Electronic Properties of Materials for Photonic Devices Through Remote Functionalization
Authors: Bünzli Andreas M. , Bolink Henk J. , Constable Edwin C. , Housecroft Catherine E. , Neuburger Markus , Ortí Enrique , Pertegás Antonio , Zampese Jennifer A.
Published: July 2012

We report four new iridium(III) complexes of the type [Ir(ppy)2(N∧N)][PF6] in which N∧N is a 4,6‐diphenyl‐2,2′‐bipyridine and the 4‐phenyl ring is substituted at either the para or meta positions [4‐Me, N∧N = 1; 4‐Br, N∧N = 2; 3,5‐Br2, N∧N = 3; 3,5‐(C6H4‐4‐NPh2)2, N∧N = 4]. The complexes have been fully characterized, and single‐crystal diffraction analyses of [Ir(ppy)2(N∧N)][PF6] (N∧N = 1–3) confirmed that each [Ir(ppy)2(N∧N)]+ cation exhibits face‐to‐face π‐stacking between the pendant phenyl substituent of the N∧N ligand and the cyclometallated phenyl ring of an adjacent [ppy]– ligand. In solution, the complexes are short‐lived emitters; the emission maxima for [Ir(ppy)2(1)][PF6], [Ir(ppy)2(2)][PF6], and [Ir(ppy)2(4)][PF6] are similar (λem = 600–608 nm), but the presence of the two bromo substituents in [Ir(ppy)2(3)][PF6] produces a redshift of ca. 30 nm. The solid‐state photoluminescent emission spectra of thin films of the complexes are similar to those in solution. The performances of the complexes as electroluminescent components in light‐emitting electrochemical cells (LECs) have been evaluated. The electroluminescence spectra show slight blueshifts with repect to the photoluminscence bands. LEC turn‐on times vary from instantaneous for N∧N = 2 to 2 h for N∧N = 1. The device data suggest that the incorporation of Br substituents into the N∧N co‐ligand may not be beneficial.
A new American dilemma? The effect of ethnic identification and public service on the national inclusion of ethnic minorities
Authors: Yogeeswaran Kumar , Dasgupta Nilanjana , Gomez Cristian
Published: July 2012

Three experiments integrate research from political science and social psychology to examine the consequences of two competing visions of American national identity. American identity has been defined not only in terms of shared ethnocultural heritage originating in Europe (the ethnocultural prototype) but also in terms of shared commitment to civic service (the civic responsibility prototype). Three experiments tested the consequence of highlighting each of these national prototypes on perceivers' inclusion of ethnic minorities as legitimately American. Experiments 1–3 showed that highlighting ethnic minorities' allegiance to their ethnic subgroup (versus downplaying it) challenges the ethnocultural prototype and makes ethnic minorities appear less American. Process data showed that this effect was mediated by increased threats to American distinctiveness. By contrast, emphasizing ethnic minorities' national service (versus local community service) highlights ethnic minorities' fit with the civic responsibility prototype and makes ethnic minorities appear more American (Experiments 2–3). Process data showed that this effect was mediated by enhanced American distinctiveness. Collectively, these experiments highlight how inclusion of ethnic minorities in the nation can wax and wane depending on which definition of national character is salient in the social context. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Engaging in self‐regulation results in low‐level construals
Authors: Bruyneel Sabrina D. , Dewitte Siegfried
Published: July 2012

Previous research has suggested that self‐regulation results in low‐level construals but has inferred construal levels after self‐regulation only indirectly, through construal‐dependent judgments and choices. In the present paper, we demonstrate a direct link between engaging in self‐regulation and low‐level construals, by manipulating self‐regulation and subsequently assessing construal levels using well‐established and straightforward measures of construal level in three studies. Participants who engaged in self‐regulation subsequently provided lower egocentric spatial distance estimates (Studies 1A and 1B), formed more groups when categorizing objects (Study 2), and used more concrete language when describing cartoon main characters' behavior (Study 3) than participants who did not engage in self‐regulation. These findings provide direct evidence that low‐level construals result from engaging in self‐regulation. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Resource dilemmas with environmental uncertainty and asymmetric players
Authors: Budescu David V. , Rapoport Amnon , Suleiman Ramzi
Published: July 2012

Groups of subjects participated in a series of 30 noncooperative independent single‐trial resource dilemmas. On each trial the subjects in each group requested privately a number of points from a common pool. Individual requests were granted if and only if the total group request was equal to or smaller than the pool size. The pool size on each trial was sampled randomly from a uniform distribution that was common knowledge. Asymmetry in payoff was induced by assigning to each group member a different points‐to‐money exchange rate. The results show that as the uncertainty about the pool size increases subjects (1) overestimate the pool size, (2) increase their requests, and (3) expect others to increase their requests. In addition (4) individual requests and expectations regarding others' requests are inversely related to the exchange rates, reflecting attempts to equate payoffs across group members.
Thermally responsive phospholipid preparations for fluid steering and separation in microfluidics
Authors: Wu Xingwei , Langan Ted J. , Durney Brandon C. , Holland Lisa A.
Published: July 2012

Aqueous phospholipid preparations comprised of 1,2‐dimyristoyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphocholine (DMPC) and 1,2‐dihexanoyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphocholine (DHPC) are prevalent materials for biological characterization and become gel‐like near physiological temperature, but have a low viscosity below 24°C. The rheology of 20% phospholipid preparations of [DMPC]/[DHPC] = 2.5 reveals that, under conditions utilized for fluid steering, the materials are shear‐thinning power‐law fluids with a power‐law index ranging from 0.30 through 0.90. Phospholipid preparations are utilized to steer fluids in microfluidic chips and support hydrodynamic delivery of sample across a double T injection region in a chip. The fact that the phospholipids are fully integrated as a valving material as well as a separation medium is demonstrated through the separation of linear oligosaccharides labeled with 1‐aminopyrene‐3,6,8‐trisulfonic acid.