bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Application of Depth Migration for Processing GPR Data
Authors: Hoai Trung Dang , Van Giang Nguyen , Thanh Van Nguyen
Published: March 2018

Migration methods play a significant role in processing ground penetrating radar data. Beside recovering the true image of subsurface structures from the prior designed velocity model and the raw GPR data, the migration algorithm could be an effective tool in bulding real environmental velocity model. In this paper, we have proposed one technique using energy diagram extracted from migrated data as a criterion of looking for the correct velocity. Split Step Fourier migration, a depth migration, is chosen for facing the challenge where the velocity varies laterally and vertically. Some results verified on field data on Vietnam show that migrated sections with calculated velocity from energy diagram have the best quality.
Detection of Unknown Crypts under the Floor in the Holy Trinity Church (Dominican Monastery) in Krakow, Poland
Authors: Strzępowicz Anna , Łyskowski Mikołaj , Ziętek Jerzy , Tomecka-Suchoń Sylwia
Published: March 2018

The GPR surveying method belongs to non-invasive and quick geophysical methods, applied also in archaeological prospection. It allows for detecting archaeological artefacts buried under historical layers, and also those which can be found within buildings of historical value. Most commonly, just as in this particular case, it is used in churches, where other non-invasive localisation methods cannot be applied. In a majority of cases, surveys bring about highly positive results, enabling the site and size of a specific object to be indicated. A good example are the results obtained from the measurements carried out in the Basilica of Holy Trinity, belonging to the Dominican Monastery in Krakow. They allowed for confirming the location of the already existing crypts and for indicating so-far unidentified objects.
Applying of the Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) to Identify and Characterize Sweet Spots in Shale Gas Formations
Authors: Puskarczyk Edyta
Published: March 2018

The main goal of the study was to enhance and improve information about the Ordovician and Silurian gas-saturated shale formations. Author focused on: firstly, identification of the shale gas formations, especially the sweet spots horizons, secondly, classification and thirdly, the accurate characterization of divisional intervals. Data set comprised of standard well logs from the selected well. Shale formations are represented mainly by claystones, siltstones, and mudstones. The formations are also partially rich in organic matter. During the calculations, information about lithology of stratigraphy weren’t taken into account. In the analysis, selforganizing neural network – Kohonen Algorithm (ANN) was used for sweet spots identification. Different networks and different software were tested and the best network was used for application and interpretation. As a results of Kohonen networks, groups corresponding to the gas-bearing intervals were found. The analysis showed diversification between gas-bearing formations and surrounding beds. It is also shown that internal diversification in sweet spots is present. Kohonen algorithm was also used for geological interpretation of well log data and electrofacies prediction. Reliable characteristic into groups shows that Ja Mb and Sa Fm which are usually treated as potential sweet spots only partially have good reservoir conditions. It is concluded that ANN appears to be useful and quick tool for preliminary classification of members and sweet spots identification.
Application of Laser Scanning for Creating Geological Documentation
Authors: Buczek Michał , Paszek Martyna , Szafarczyk Anna
Published: March 2018

A geological documentation is based on the analyses obtained from boreholes, geological exposures, and geophysical methods. It consists of text and graphic documents, containing drilling sections, vertical crosssections through the deposit and various types of maps. The surveying methods (such as LIDAR) can be applied in measurements of exposed rock layers, presented in appendices to the geological documentation. The laser scanning allows obtaining a complete profile of exposed surfaces in a short time and with a millimeter accuracy. The possibility of verifying the existing geological cross-section with laser scanning was tested on the example of the AGH experimental mine. The test field is built of different lithological rocks. Scans were taken from a single station, under favorable measuring conditions. The analysis of the signal intensity allowed to divide point cloud into separate geological layers. The results were compared with the geological profiles of the measured object. The same approach was applied to the data from the Vietnamese hard coal open pit mine Coc Sau. The thickness of exposed coal bed deposits and gangue layers were determined from the obtained data (point cloud) in combination with the photographs. The results were compared with the geological cross-section.
Vertical Displacement of the Surface Area over the Leakage to the Transverse salt Mine in 1992–2012
Authors: Lipecki Tomasz
Published: March 2018

The leakage of water in the salt mine caused considerable deformation of the surface. This article shows the vertical displacement in the area of leakage to the mine excavation, measured by precision leveling, carried out from the first days of leakage in 1992 until 2012. The geological and hydrogeological conditions of the mine, as well as the associated water hazards were described, which in conjunction with the inconvenient location of the excavation site in the northern frontage of the Carpathians and also inadequately conducted mining operations, contributed to the risk of flooding mine. The analysis of the vertical movements of the surface – subsidence and uplift – were present as well as the process of formation of the depression trough in the form of maps and graphs. The analyzes were based on 49 measurement series, starting from the first days of the disaster within the next 20 years. The course of development of the depression trough and the condition of the surface after stopping the water from the rock mass has been shown, which caused the surface to uplift.
Lebenswert(er) altern
Authors: Gürtler Klaus
Published: March 2018

Theorien des Alter(n)s Lässt es sich individuell steuern, erfolgreich zu altern? Um dieser Frage auf den Grund zu gehen, diskutiert unser Autor diverse
gerontopsychologische Theorien, die unterschiedliche Aspekte der Lebensphase über 65 Jahre thematisieren, und gleicht sie mit der Wirklichkeit ab. Generelle
Antworten gibt es nicht – aber hoffnungsvolle Perspektiven, um das Alter(n) lebenswerter zu machen.
Darstellungen von Sexualität in den Massenmedien: Ansätze, Theorien und Befunde inhaltsanalytischer Forschung
Authors: Lemke Richard , Tornow Tobias
Published: March 2018

Einleitung: Darstellungen von Sexualität in den Massenmedien können als kulturelle Szenarien von Sexualität im Sinne der Theorie sexueller Skripte
angesehen werden.

Forschungsziele: Der Beitrag soll – mit einem Fokus auf diejenigen Skripte, die in alltägliche Unterhaltungsmedien eingebunden sind – einen aktuellen Überblick
über inhaltsanalytische Studien zu Sexualitätsdarstellungen in Massenmedien geben.

Methoden: Verschiedene forschungslogische Ansätze von Inhaltsanalysen werden diskutiert. Darauf aufbauend werden die theoretischen Einbettungen
sexualitätsbezogener Inhaltsanalysen aufgezeigt. Anschließend wird anhand ausgewählter Schlüsselstudien dargestellt, wie sexuelles Verhalten inhaltsanalytisch
bisher operationalisiert wurde, und welche empirischen Befunde vorliegen.

Ergebnisse: Es zeigt sich, dass Sexualitätsdarstellungen in massenmedialen Unterhaltungsformaten allgegenwärtig sind, aber nicht besonders explizit
ausfallen. Weiterhin zeigt sich, dass mediale Sexualitätsdarstellungen bis heute sehr stark geschlechterstereotypisierend ausfallen, allerdings mit deutlichen
Differenzen zwischen verschiedenen Mediengenres. Schließlich deutet der Forschungsstand darauf hin, dass die sexuellen Risiken und Konsequenzen von Sex in
Unterhaltungsmedien verhältnismäßig selten thematisiert werden.

Schlussfolgerung: Die Forschung zu sexuellen Mediendarstellungen im deutschsprachigen Raum weist noch viele Lücken auf. Künftige Studien sind
angezeigt.
Multisymplectic unified formalism for Einstein-Hilbert gravity
Authors: Gaset Jordi , Román-Roy Narciso
Published: March 2018

We present a covariant multisymplectic formulation for the Einstein-Hilbert model of general relativity. As it is described by a second-order singular Lagrangian, this is a gauge field theory with constraints. The use of the unified Lagrangian-Hamiltonian formalism is particularly interesting when it is applied to these kinds of theories, since it simplifies the treatment of them, in particular, the implementation of the constraint algorithm, the retrieval of the Lagrangian description, and the construction of the covariant Hamiltonian formalism. In order to apply this algorithm to the covariant field equations, they must be written in a suitable geometrical way, which consists of using integrable distributions, represented by multivector fields of a certain type. We apply all these tools to the Einstein-Hilbert model without and with energy-matter sources. We obtain and explain the geometrical and physical meaning of the Lagrangian constraints and we construct the multimomentum (covariant) Hamiltonian formalisms in both cases. As a consequence of the gauge freedom and the constraint algorithm, we see how this model is equivalent to a first-order regular theory, without gauge freedom. In the case of the presence of energy-matter sources, we show how some relevant geometrical and physical characteristics of the theory depend on the type of source. In all the cases, we obtain explicitly multivector fields which are solutions to the gravitational field equations. Finally, a brief study of symmetries and conservation laws is done in this context.
Single molecule FRET investigation of pressure-driven unfolding of cold shock protein A
Authors: Schneider Sven , Paulsen Hauke , Reiter Kim Colin , Hinze Erik , Schiene-Fischer Cordelia , Hübner Christian G.
Published: March 2018

We demonstrate that fused silica capillaries are suitable for single molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer (smFRET) measurements at high pressure with an optical quality comparable to the measurement on microscope coverslips. Therefore, we optimized the imaging conditions in a standard square fused silica capillary with an adapted arrangement and evaluated the performance by imaging the focal volume, fluorescence correlation spectroscopy benchmarks, and FRET measurements. We demonstrate single molecule FRET measurements of cold shock protein A unfolding at a pressure up to 2000 bars and show that the unfolded state exhibits an expansion almost independent of pressure.
Stability and activity of lysozyme in stoichiometric and non-stoichiometric protic ionic liquid (PIL)-water systems
Authors: Wijaya Emmy C. , Separovic Frances , Drummond Calum J. , Greaves Tamar L.
Published: March 2018

There has been a substantial increase in enzyme applications within the biochemical and pharmaceutical industries, for example, as industrial biocatalysts. However, enzymes have narrow marginal stability which makes them prone to become inactive and/or denature with a slight change in the solvent environment. Typically industrial applications require harsher solvent environments than enzyme native environments, and hence there is a need to understand solvent-protein interactions in order to develop strategies to maintain, or enhance, the enzymatic activity under industrially relevant solvent conditions. Previously we have shown that protic ionic liquids (PILs) with water can have a stabilising effect on lysozyme, with a large variation dependent on which PIL ions are present, and the water concentration [E. C. Wijaya et al., Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 18(37), 25926–25936 (2016)]. Here we extend on this work using non-stoichiometric aqueous PIL solvents to investigate, and isolate, the role of pH and ionicity on enzymes. We have used the PILs ethylammonium nitrate (EAN) and ethanolammonium formate (EOAF) since our previous work has identified these as good solvents for lysozyme. Solvent libraries were made from these two PILs with an additional precursor acid or base to modify the acidity/basicity of the neutral stoichiometric PIL, and with water added, to have solutions with 4-17 mol. % of the PIL ions in water. Molar ratios of base:acid were varied between 1:1.05 and 2:1 for EAN and 1:1.25 and 2:1 for EOAF, which enabled from highly basic to highly acidic solutions to be obtained. This was to modify the acidity/basicity of the neutral stoichiometric PILs, without the addition of buffers. The structure and stability of hen egg white lysozyme (HEWL) were explored under these solvent conditions using synchrotron small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and activity assays. The radius of gyration and Kratky plots obtained from the SAXS data showed little change with varying ionicity or acid:base ratio. FTIR showed that α-helix was maintained in all, except for the most acidic solvent conditions. The activity data show that HEWL was active between pH 0 and 11 for the EA:N-water system and pH 4.4 and 11 for the EOA:F-water system. This work indicates that ionic liquids have the potential to enable enzymes to maintain activity across a broader range of solvent conditions.
Scalable detection of photonic topological charge using radial phase grating
Authors: Chen R. S. , Zhang X. Q. , Wang J. H. , Zhao Q. , Wang A. T. , Zhan Q. W.
Published: March 2018

A method to detect the photonic topological charges (TCs) of optical vortex beams using a radial phase grating is proposed and demonstrated. The modulus of TCs can be obtained by the number of dark stripes of far-field diffraction patterns, and the sign of TCs is determined by the orientation of the patterns. The detection of TCs up to ±120 is demonstrated with this scheme. In addition, through investigating the evolution of patterns with various azimuthal periods of the grating and the distance between the centers of the grating and vortex beams, we show that this detection scheme has excellent alignment tolerance and does not have stringent requirements on the parameters of the grating.
Thermal effects on longitudinal waves instabilities in rotating beam-plasma interaction
Authors: Jouhary M. , Khorashadizadeh S. M. , Niknam A. R.
Published: March 2018

The thermal effects of charged particles on longitudinal wave instabilities in the interaction of a relativistic rotating electron beam with a magnetized plasma are studied using the standard linearized Vlasov theory. The dispersion relations of longitudinal waves are obtained in two different frequency limits, i.e., when the wave frequency is either much lower or much higher than the electron gyro-frequency. Considering these dispersion relations and finding the growth rates of the instabilities, it is found that for the smaller wave frequency, the instability is not limited to a specific temperature range and the growth rate increases with the beam velocity, while for the larger wave frequency, not only the instability occurs in a specific temperature range, but also the growth rate decreases with the relativistic beam velocity contrary to nonrelativistic beam velocities.
The suppression of radiation reaction and laser field depletion in laser-electron beam interaction
Authors: Ong J. F. , Moritaka T. , Takabe H.
Published: March 2018

The effects of radiation reaction (RR) have been studied extensively by using the interaction of ultraintense lasers with a counter-propagating relativistic electron. At the laser intensity at the order of 1023 W/cm2, the effects of RR are significant in a few laser periods for a relativistic electron. However, a laser at such intensity is tightly focused and the laser energy is usually assumed to be fixed. Then, the signal of RR and energy conservation cannot be guaranteed. To assess the effects of RR in a tightly focused laser pulse and the evolution of the laser energy, we simulated this interaction with a beam of 109 electrons by means of a Particle-In-Cell method. We observe that the effects of RR are suppressed due to the ponderomotive force and accompanied by a non-negligible amount of laser field energy reduction. This is because the ponderomotive force prevents the electrons from approaching the center of the laser pulse and leads to an interaction at the weaker field region. At the same time, the laser energy is absorbed through ponderomotive acceleration. Thus, the kinetic energy of the electron beam has to be carefully selected such that the effects of RR become obvious.
Indirect assessment of bulk strain soliton velocity in opaque solids
Authors: Belashov A. V. , Beltukov Y. M. , Petrov N. V. , Samsonov A. M. , Semenova I. V.
Published: March 2018

This paper presents a methodology allowing for determination of strain soliton velocity in opaque solid materials. The methodology is based on the analysis of soliton evolution in a layer of a transparent material adhesively bonded to the layer of a material under study. It is shown that the resulting soliton velocity in the complex waveguide equals to the arithmetic mean of soliton velocities in the two component materials. The suggested methodology is best suited for analysis of materials with relatively close elastic parameters and can be applied in research of nonlinear wave processes in opaque composites on the basis of transparent matrices.
Rotation and diffusion of naphthalene on Pt(111)
Authors: Kolsbjerg E. L. , Goubert G. , McBreen P. H. , Hammer B.
Published: March 2018

The behavior of naphthalene on Pt(111) surfaces is studied by combining insight from scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and van der Waals enabled density functional theory. Adsorption, diffusion, and rotation are investigated by a series of variable temperature STM experiments revealing naphthalene ability to rotate on-site with ease with a rotational barrier of 0.69 eV. Diffusion to neighbouring sites is found to be more difficult. The experimental results are in good agreement with the theoretical investigations which confirm that the barrier for diffusion is slightly higher than the one for rotation. The theoretical barriers for rotation and translation are found to be 0.75 and 0.78 eV, respectively. An automatic mapping of the possible diffusion pathways reveals very detailed diffusion paths with many small local minima that would have been practically impossible to find manually. This automated procedure provides detailed insight into the preferred diffusion pathways that are important for our understanding of molecule–substrate interactions.
The LAMP instrument at the Linac Coherent Light Source free-electron laser
Authors: Osipov Timur , Bostedt Christoph , Castagna J.-C. , Ferguson Ken R. , Bucher Maximilian , Montero Sebastian C. , Swiggers Michele L. , Obaid Razib , Rolles Daniel , Rudenko Artem , Bozek John D. , Berrah Nora
Published: March 2018

The Laser Applications in Materials Processing (LAMP) instrument is a new end-station for soft X-ray imaging, high-field physics, and ultrafast X-ray science experiments that is available to users at the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) free-electron laser. While the instrument resides in the Atomic, Molecular and Optical science hutch, its components can be used at any LCLS beamline. The end-station has a modular design that provides high flexibility in order to meet user-defined experimental requirements and specifications. The ultra-high-vacuum environment supports different sample delivery systems, including pulsed and continuous atomic, molecular, and cluster jets; liquid and aerosols jets; and effusive metal vapor beams. It also houses movable, large-format, high-speed pnCCD X-ray detectors for detecting scattered and fluorescent photons. Multiple charged-particle spectrometer options are compatible with the LAMP chamber, including a double-sided spectrometer for simultaneous and even coincident measurements of electrons, ions, and photons produced by the interaction of the high-intensity X-ray beam with the various samples. Here we describe the design and capabilities of the spectrometers along with some general aspects of the LAMP chamber and show some results from the initial instrument commissioning.
Driven similarity renormalization group for excited states: A state-averaged perturbation theory
Authors: Li Chenyang , Evangelista Francesco A.
Published: March 2018

The multireference driven similarity renormalization group (MRDSRG) approach [C. Li and F. A. Evangelista, J. Chem. Theory Comput. 11, 2097 (2015)] is generalized to treat quasi-degenerate electronic excited states. The new scheme, termed state-averaged (SA) MRDSRG, is a state-universal approach that considers an ensemble of quasi-degenerate states on an equal footing. Using the SA-MRDSRG framework, we implement second- (SA-DSRG-PT2) and third-order (SA-DSRG-PT3) perturbation theories. These perturbation theories can treat a manifold of near-degenerate states at the cost of a single state-specific computation. At the same time, they have several desirable properties: (1) they are intruder-free and size-extensive, (2) their energy expressions can be evaluated non-iteratively and require at most the three-body density cumulant of the reference states, and (3) the reference states are allowed to relax in the presence of dynamical correlation effects. Numerical benchmarks on the potential energy surfaces of lithium fluoride, ammonia, and the penta-2,4-dieniminium cation reveal that the SA-DSRG-PT2 method yields results with accuracy similar to that of other second-order quasi-degenerate perturbation theories. The SA-DSRG-PT3 results are instead consistent with those from multireference configuration interaction with singles and doubles (MRCISD). Finally, we compute the vertical excitation energies of (E,E)-1,3,5,7-octatetraene. The ordering of the lowest three states is predicted to be 2 1Ag−<1 1Bu+<1 1Bu− by both SA-DSRG-PT2 and SA-DSRG-PT3, in accordance with MRCISD plus Davidson correction.
Understanding the scale of the single ion free energy: A critical test of the tetra-phenyl arsonium and tetra-phenyl borate assumption
Authors: Duignan Timothy T. , Baer Marcel D. , Mundy Christopher J.
Published: March 2018

The tetra-phenyl arsonium and tetra-phenyl borate (TATB) assumption is a commonly used extra-thermodynamic assumption that allows single ion free energies to be split into cationic and anionic contributions. The assumption is that the values for the TATB salt can be divided equally. This is justified by arguing that these large hydrophobic ions will cause a symmetric response in water. Experimental and classical simulation work has raised potential flaws with this assumption, indicating that hydrogen bonding with the phenyl ring may favor the solvation of the TB− anion. Here, we perform ab initio molecular dynamics simulations of these ions in bulk water demonstrating that there are significant structural differences. We quantify our findings by reproducing the experimentally observed vibrational shift for the TB− anion and confirm that this is associated with hydrogen bonding with the phenyl rings. Finally, we demonstrate that this results in a substantial energetic preference of the water to solvate the anion. Our results suggest that the validity of the TATB assumption, which is still widely used today, should be reconsidered experimentally in order to properly reference single ion solvation free energy, enthalpy, and entropy.
Effect of polarization force on head-on collision between multi-solitons in dusty plasma
Authors: Singh Kuldeep , Sethi Papihra , Saini N. S.
Published: March 2018

Head-on collision among dust acoustic (DA) multi-solitons in a dusty plasma with ions featuring non-Maxwellian hybrid distribution under the effect of the polarization force is investigated. The presence of the non-Maxwellian ions leads to eloquent modifications in the polarization force. Specifically, an increase in the superthermality index of ions (via κi) and nonthermal parameter (via α) diminishes the polarization parameter. By employing the extended Poincaré-Lighthill-Kuo method, two sided KdV equations are derived. The Hirota direct method is used to obtain multi-soliton solutions for each KdV equation, and all of them move along the same direction where the fastest moving soliton eventually overtakes the others. The expressions for collisional phase shifts after head-on collision of two, four, and six-(DA) solitons are derived under the influence of polarization force. It is found that the effect of polarization force and the presence of non-Maxwellian ions have an emphatic influence on the phase shifts after the head-on collision of DA rarefactive multi-solitons. In a small amplitude limit, the impact of polarization force on time evolution of multi-solitons is also illustrated. It is intensified that the present theoretical pronouncements actually effectuate in laboratory experiments and in space/astrophysical environments, in particular in Saturn's magnetosphere and comet tails.
Control of magnetism by electrical charge doping or redox reactions in a surface-oxidized Co thin film with a solid-state capacitor structure
Authors: Hirai T. , Koyama T. , Chiba D.
Published: March 2018

We have investigated the electric field (EF) effect on magnetism in a Co thin film with a naturally oxidized surface. The EF was applied to the oxidized Co surface through a gate insulator layer made of HfO2, which was formed using atomic layer deposition (ALD). The efficiency of the EF effect on the magnetic anisotropy in the sample with the HfO2 layer deposited at the appropriate temperature for the ALD process was relatively large compared to the previously reported values with an unoxidized Co film. The coercivity promptly and reversibly followed the variation in gate voltage. The modulation of the channel resistance was at most ∼0.02%. In contrast, a dramatic change in the magnetic properties including the large change in the saturation magnetic moment and a much larger EF-induced modulation of the channel resistance (∼10%) were observed in the sample with a HfO2 layer deposited at a temperature far below the appropriate temperature range. The response of these properties to the gate voltage was very slow, suggesting that a redox reaction dominated the EF effect on the magnetism in this sample. The frequency response for the capacitive properties was examined to discuss the difference in the mechanism of the EF effect observed here.
Density functional theory for hard uniaxial particles: Complex ordering of pear-shaped and spheroidal particles near a substrate
Authors: Schönhöfer Philipp W. A. , Schröder-Turk Gerd E. , Marechal Matthieu
Published: March 2018

We develop a density functional for hard particles with a smooth uniaxial shape (including non-inversion-symmetric particles) within the framework of fundamental measure theory. By applying it to a system of tapered, aspherical liquid-crystal formers, reminiscent of pears, we analyse their behaviour near a hard substrate. The theory predicts a complex orientational ordering close to the substrate, which can be directly related to the particle shape, in good agreement with our simulation results. Furthermore, the lack of particle inversion-symmetry implies the possibility of alternating orientations in subsequent layers as found in a smectic/lamellar phase of such particles. Both theory and Monte Carlo simulations confirm that such ordering occurs in our system. Our results are relevant for adsorption processes of asymmetric colloidal particles and molecules at hard interfaces and show once again that tapering strongly affects the properties of orientationally ordered phases.
Preface: Special Topic on Single-Molecule Biophysics
Authors: Makarov Dmitrii E. , Schuler Benjamin
Published: March 2018

Single-molecule measurements are now almost routinely used to study biological systems and processes. The scope of this special topic emphasizes the physics side of single-molecule observations, with the goal of highlighting new developments in physical techniques as well as conceptual insights that single-molecule measurements bring to biophysics. This issue also comprises recent advances in theoretical physical models of single-molecule phenomena, interpretation of single-molecule signals, and fundamental areas of statistical mechanics that are related to single-molecule observations. A particular goal is to illustrate the increasing synergy between theory, simulation, and experiment in single-molecule biophysics.
Catalyst design by scanning probe block copolymer lithography
Authors: Huang Liliang , Chen Peng-Cheng , Liu Mohan , Fu Xianbiao , Gordiichuk Pavlo , Yu Yanan , Wolverton Chris , Kang Yijin , Mirkin Chad A.
Published: March 2018

Significance

It is a major challenge in catalysis to uncover structure–performance relationships that drive the design and optimization of high-performance/low-cost catalysts. When one considers the number of potential elemental combinations for catalysts and then includes variables, such as particle size and elemental stoichiometry, the number of possibilities is daunting. There are also significant challenges facing the synthetic chemist, who is tasked with making and characterizing such complex architectures. Indeed, a way of substantially narrowing the field is essential. In this work, we introduce an effective approach that combines computational prediction, experimental verification using a well-defined nanomodel, and finally production of high-performance catalysts in bulk as a powerful tool for discovering and designing catalysts for energy conversion and storage.
Speaking, interactional competencies, and mediated action
Authors: van Compernolle Rémi A.
Published: March 2018

This chapter focuses on the development of interactional competence from a Vygotskian perspective. It is argued that interactional competence is a situated activity in which speakers draw on their historically rooted understanding of contextually appropriate communicative resources in order to create a shared conceptual space for interaction. One dimension of this shared conceptual space is the degree of social distance and power, as created through the use of such register features as second-person pronouns in European languages (e.g., French tu and vous). To show how this aspect of register, and therefore interactional competence, can develop in pedagogical context, I draw on recent studies of concept-based pragmatics instruction. Pedagogical implications and future research directions are presented in concluding.
Code-switching in the Spanish heritage language classroom
Authors: Fernández-Dobao Ana
Published: March 2018

Code-switching is a common practice among bilingual speakers, including Spanish heritage language learners. Research on Spanish-English bilinguals in the United States has provided plenty of evidence documenting the use of code-switching in daily conversation with a variety of communicative and social functions. In the Spanish heritage language classroom, however, code switching is generally frowned upon. In this setting, the goal is to minimize the use of English in order to develop the formal academic register, where code switching is not acceptable. However, in this chapter I provide evidence that, in the context of the Spanish heritage language classroom, English can serve important social, communicative, and cognitive functions, and, when used efficiently, mediate Spanish language learning.
The Mirroring Project
Authors: Tarone Elaine , Meyers Colleen
Published: March 2018

The Mirroring Project (Lindgren et al., 2003; Meyers, 2013, 2014) is a pedagogical option helping those who speak in a second language to improve their intelligibility in a holistic, context-sensitive way. Longitudinal, video-recorded evidence shows how the suprasegmental phonology of one adult English L2 learner, an international teaching assistant in a U.S. university, changes over time, as she “mirrors” the speech of an English speaker she herself has selected as a model. Importantly, it is the learner’s suprasegmentals and nonverbal communication movements which were the focus of instruction, and which noticeably improved due to the Mirroring Project. These findings can be accounted for using the Douglas Fir Group’s (2016) transdisciplinary framework, and Baktin’s constructs of double voicing and semantic language play (Cook, 2000; Tarone, 2000; Broner & Tarone, 2001).
Reason-coding in Japanese
Authors: Kawanishi Yumiko , Iwasaki Shoichi
Published: March 2018

This chapter examines how reasons are expressed in Japanese discourse, employing the Multiple Grammar (MG) Model proposed by Iwasaki (2015) as a theoretical foundation. It shows how the model can explain different ways in which reasons are expressed in conversation and newspaper editorials. This research is different from most previous works in that it starts with the function of reason coding rather than forms such as kara and node. In conversations, reasons are coded flexibly by employing mechanisms suited for on-line production while in editorials they are expressed using complex structures such as embedding with complement and relative clauses, made possible because there is almost no time constraint.
The form and meaning of the dangling mitaina construction in a network of constructions
Authors: Matsumoto Yoshiko
Published: March 2018

In recent years the use in Japanese of the prenominal form mitaina of the evidential expression, mitaida ‘(it) look(s) like,’ has been observed at the utterance final position with no noun following it. The pragmatic function of this apparently innovative construction has been described in terms of the speakers’ distancing from a vivid and engaged description in the preceding clause. This chapter suggests as an alternative analysis of the construction, based on spoken and written data, that mitaina signals the speaker’s stance, conveying his/her impressionistic and vivid description of the situation described in the preceding component. The pairing of the form and meaning makes this construction a full-fledged grammatical construction in terms of Construction Grammar, rather than an idiosyncratic phenomenon.
“Late projectability” of Japanese turns revisited
Authors: Nakamura Kanae
Published: March 2018

Examining an interrelation between gaze and syntax in Japanese interaction, this study reveals the tendency that a speaker’s gaze shift to a recipient occurs in association with the final predicate of the turn-constructional unit (TCU), regardless of the grammatical form of the component following the predicate. The finding proposes that a speaker’s gaze projects an imminent onset of transition space in which a recipient may begin a next turn without being regarded as an interruption. While past studies highlighted the interactional significance of the utterance-final elements that “retroactively” mark the immediately preceding verb/adjective/nominal as the TCU-final predicate, this study uncovers that a speaker’s mid-TCU gaze shift serves as another resource to “proactively” mark the upcoming predicate as a TCU-final one.
Negotiating entitlement in Japanese
Authors: Geyer Naomi
Published: March 2018

This study investigates how speakers construct their entitlement (the speaker’s right and/or capacity to perform certain actions) in requests observed in Japanese workplace discourse. It shows that the -te kudasai format frequently appears in requests originally issued by an outside entity and whose content had already been agreed upon. Other forms of request appear when issuers framed their request as their own, and these requests tend to include mitigation elements (e.g., qualification of requested actions and apologies). The study concludes that the speaker’s strong or weak entitlement to issue a request is related to the discourse participants’ understanding of institutional procedures (knowledge of duties, channels of agreement) and institutional identity (their connection to the original issuer of requests).
From subjectivity to intersubjectivity
Authors: Wang Yan
Published: March 2018

This study investigates the discourse-pragmatic functions of the Japanese sentence-final expression kamo (shirenai) ‘maybe’ in natural conversations. By investigating 72 cases of kamo (shirenai) in sequential contexts, my study demonstrates that showing epistemic uncertainty is not the only function that kamo (shirenai) carries in conversational discourse; rather, it mainly serves for intersubjective purposes to downplay the assertiveness of statements, or to present non-full approval in a noncommittal manner. Further, I suggest that kamo (shirenai) shows a new tendency of usage in contexts when the speaker attempts to express personal emotions in a less ego-focused manner.
Metapragmatic discourse in self-help books on Japanese women’s speech
Authors: Okamoto Shigeko
Published: March 2018

Drawing on the indexical view of language (Agha 2007; Eckert 2008, 2012; Silverstein 1979, 2003), I reexamine the notion of (normative) linguistic femininity by analyzing metapragmatic discourse in self-help books on Japanese women’s speech. My analysis demonstrates that what is taught as ideal speech for women by self-help books is broader and more complex than the scholarly characterization of joseego ‘women’s language.’ Based on the findings, I discuss the role of language ideology in the process of linking linguistic forms and social meanings, the multiplicity and variability of indexical meanings, the importance of sexuality for linguistic femininity, the coordination of multiple linguistic and extra-linguistic features to index social meanings, and the use of linguistic (and extra-linguistic) features as creative indexes.
Linguistic nationalism and fictional deception
Authors: Suzuki Satoko
Published: March 2018

In Japan many subscribe to linguistic nationalism expressed in propriety terms: only the ethnically Japanese possess the Japanese language and can speak it competently. This means, conversely, a metapragmatic stereotype regarding non-Japanese exists: non-Japanese cannot speak the language perfectly. While many representations of non-Japanese characters in fiction reflect this stereotype, this chapter analyzes a novel in which the author deliberately exploits the stereotype for dramatic effect. He has a non-Japanese character speak in a casual, natural, and gendered manner, and successfully deceives readers into believing the character is Japanese. When the true identity of the character is revealed, it comes as a complete surprise. The surprise serves as a wake-up call for readers to reflect on their sense of exclusivity.
How does a non-native Japanese literary writer dissimulate and diversify the Japanese language?
Authors: Makino Seiichi
Published: March 2018

This chapter addresses an issue of linguistic dissimulation and diversity created by Nihongo Sakka with an exclusive focus on Hideo Ian Levy. My working hypotheses are: (i) the linguistic differences between the Nihongo Sakka’s native language and the Japanese language should provide him/her conflicting viewpoints that allow the writer to produce something newly amalgamated; (ii) trans-bordering Nihongo Sakka who mentally and physically move from Uchi-Language Space into Soto-Language Space are constantly engaged in translation; (iii) their individual styles are likely to bring in a fresh Japanese style that contributes to dissimulation and diversification of the Japanese language and its style; (iv) the Japanese language has already diversified itself diachronically and synchronically within its social milieu like any other human language.
Futurecast applied to tourism.
Authors: Rate S. , Moutinho L. , Ballantyne R.
Published: March 2018

This chapter deals with the analysis of future trends or 'futurecasting' in the tourism sector. Initially, the chapter considers the evolution of consumer groups through exploring emerging markets, then the megatrends of consumer behaviour. Finally, it considers the impact on marketing strategy and the development of new marketing paradigms in response to the concept of futurecasting.
Towards a new strategic paradigm.
Authors: Pérez R. A. , Pérez-Ferrant A.
Published: March 2018

This chapter analyses how the approach to strategy had diverged and presents criticisms of traditional management. Failures and consequences are dissected. The chapter then introduces the first re-foundation movement and the New Strategic Theory (NST). A number of principles and key changes in the NST approach are discussed. The 2nd Reconstruction Movement is then introduced and the application of the new philosophy to tourism is explained. Some illustrative case studies are also shown.
Crisis management and strategic implications.
Authors: Jiang YaWei Jiang YaWei , Scott N. , Ritchie B. W.
Published: March 2018

This chapter provides definitions of crisis and crisis management and discusses the theoretical foundations of crisis management in tourism. Strategic management insights are intertwined with crisis management, and crisis management research in tourism is explored.
Effect of pulse scheme on the microstructural evolution, residual stress state and mechanical performance of resistance spot welded DP1000-GI steel
Authors: Chabok Ali , van der Aa Ellen , Basu Indranil , De Hosson Jeff , Pei Yutao
Published: March 2018

In the present study, the effect of resistance spot welding scheme (i.e. single and double pulse welding) on the mechanical behaviour of resistance spot-welded DP1000-GI steel is investigated. It is shown that double pulse welding at low welding current decreases the maximum cross-tension strength and mechanical energy absorption capability of the welds. The factors that lead to the lower mechanical performance of double pulse welds are scrutinised. Local residual stress mapping reveals that the compressive residual stress perpendicular to the plane of the pre-crack either decreases or is fully released at the weld edge of double pulse welds. Orientation imaging microscopy analyses show that the martensite formed in front of the pre-crack of double pulse weld has a lower fraction of high-angle grain boundaries and a coarser structure of Bain groups as opposed to the corresponding area of single pulse weld. Lower mechanical performance of double pulse welds produced at lower welding current is ascribed to the lower compressive residual stress normal to the plane of crack and the formation of martensitic structure in front of the pre-crack with a lower fraction of high-angle grain boundaries and coarser Bain groups.
Altered compensatory cytokine signaling underlies the discrepancy between Flt3–/– and Flt3l–/– mice
Authors: Durai Vivek , Bagadia Prachi , Briseño Carlos G. , Theisen Derek J. , Iwata Arifumi , Davidson Jesse T. , Gargaro Marco , Fremont Daved H. , Murphy Theresa L. , Murphy Kenneth M.
Published: March 2018

The receptor Flt3 and its ligand Flt3L are both critical for dendritic cell (DC) development, but DC deficiency is more severe in Flt3l−/− mice than in Flt3−/− mice. This has led to speculation that Flt3L binds to another receptor that also supports DC development. However, we found that Flt3L administration does not generate DCs in Flt3−/− mice, arguing against a second receptor. Instead, Flt3−/− DC progenitors matured in response to macrophage colony–stimulating factor (M-CSF) or stem cell factor, and deletion of Csf1r in Flt3−/− mice further reduced DC development, indicating that these cytokines could compensate for Flt3. Surprisingly, Flt3−/− DC progenitors displayed enhanced M-CSF signaling, suggesting that loss of Flt3 increased responsiveness to other cytokines. In agreement, deletion of Flt3 in Flt3l−/− mice paradoxically rescued their severe DC deficiency. Thus, multiple cytokines can support DC development, and the discrepancy between Flt3−/− and Flt3l−/− mice results from the increased sensitivity of Flt3−/− progenitors to these cytokines.
Association between red blood cell indices and CD4 count in HIV-positive reproductive women
Authors: Lumbanraja S N , Siregar D I S
Published: March 2018

Red blood cell indices, hemoglobin, and hematocrit reflect rapidity of HIV disease progression. This study aims to determine red blood cell indices and CD4 count in HIV-positive reproductive women. This study was a cross sectional study conducted at AIDS outpatient clinic at Haji Adam Malik General Hospital, Medan Indonesia. All seropositive reproductive women within antiretroviral therapy consented for blood count and CD4 examination. Data were collected and analyzed with SPSS 19. In subjects with CD4≤350 mm3, mean hemoglobin was 10.95 ± 2.01, hematocrit was 31.83 ± 5.04%, MCV was 84.17 ± 11.41, MCH was 25.98 ± 2.65, and MCHC was 32.18 ± 2.17. Mean hemoglobin, hematocrit, and MCH value was significantly lower in subjects with CD4 ≤350 mm3 (p=0.014; p=0.001; p=0.01; respectively). Lower Hb, Ht, and MCH associated with thelower CD4 count.
Profile of hepatitis B and C virus infection in prisoners in Lubuk Pakam correctional facilities
Authors: Rey I , Saragih R H , Effendi-YS R , Sembiring J , Siregar G A , Zain L H
Published: March 2018

Prisoners in correctional facilities are predisposed to chronic viral infections because of their high-risk behaviors or unsafe lifestyle. The economic and public health burden of chronic hepatitis B and C and its sequelae need to be addressed, such as by finding the risk factors and therefore reducing the spread of HCV and HBV infection in prisons. This study aimed to see the profile of Hepatitis B and C Virus Infection in prisoners in Lubuk Pakam Correctional Facilities. This cross-sectional study was in Lubuk Pakam Correctional Facilities in 2016. From 1114 prisoners in Lubuk Pakam correctional facility, we randomly examined 120 prisoners for HBV and HCV serology markers. From 120 prisoners, six prisoners were HBV positive, 21 prisoners were HCV positive and one prisoner positive for both HCV and HBV infection. The most common risk factors for prisoners getting HBV infection are tattoos and free sex (36.4% and 36.4%, respectively). The most common risk factors for HCV infection in prisoners are tattoos and free sex (40% and 35%, respectively).
Tuberculous spondylitis in Haji Adam Malik hospital, Medan
Authors: Dharmajaya R
Published: March 2018

Ankylosing tuberculosis is an infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis in one or more components of the vertebrae; it is Pott disease or tuberculous spondylitis. It might become a potential cause of morbidity, including neurological deficits and permanent deformity of the spine. Management of TB Spondylitis, in general, is chemotherapy with antituberculosis drugs (ATG), immobilization, and spine surgical interventions. A retrospective study was conducted to analyze the patients of TB Spondylitis who had undergone surgery at Haji Adam Malik hospital from June 2015 to June 2017. The most common location is thoracal (10%), lumbal (3%), and thoracolumbal junction (3%). Decompression laminectomy with fusion (18%) is the most suitable option for surgical management. The majority, pre- operation ASIA scale is D (8%), and post operation is E (8%). It means that surgical plays an important role in themanagement of tuberculous spondylitis.