bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Loss of CD26 protease activity in recipient mice during hematopoietic stem cell transplantation results in improved transplant efficiency
Authors: Yoo Eunsun , Paganessi Laura A. , Alikhan Wasfia A. , Paganessi Elizabeth A. , Hughes Frank , Fung Henry C. , Rich Elizabeth , Seong Chu Myong , Christopherson 2nd Kent W.
Published: August 2012

BACKGROUND: A firm understanding of the biology of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSC/HPC) trafficking is critical to improve transplant efficiency and immune reconstitution during hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Our earlier findings suggested that suppression of CD26 (dipeptidyl peptidase IV) proteolytic activity in the donor cell population can be utilized as a method for increasing transplant efficiency. However, factors in the recipient should not be overlooked, given the potential for the bone marrow (BM) microenvironment to regulate HSCT.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: We first evaluated CD26 expression and then investigated the effects of the CD26 inhibitor diprotin A and the absence of CD26 (CD26−/−) in recipient mice on HSC/HPC homing and engraftment using an in vivo congenic mouse model of HSCT.

RESULTS: A significant increase in donor cell engraftment into the peripheral blood (PB), and to a lesser extent homing into the BM, was observed in CD26−/− mice or CD26 inhibitor–treated mice. Increased PB engraftment of CD26−/− mice was significant at 3 and 6 months, but not 1 month, after transplant. It was noted that the increased homing was statistically greater with donor cell manipulation (CD26−/− donor cells) than with recipient manipulation (CD26−/− recipient mice). Conversely, donor and recipient manipulation both worked well to increase PB engraftment at 6 months.

CONCLUSION: These results provide preclinical evidence of CD26, in the HSCT recipient, as a major regulator of HSC/HPC engraftment with minor effects on HSC/HPC homing and suggest the potential use of CD26 inhibitors in HSCT patients to improve transplant efficiency.
The clinical significance of platelet counts in the first 24 hours after severe injury
Authors: Stansbury Lynn G. , Hess Aaron S. , Thompson Kwaku , Kramer Betsy , Scalea Thomas M. , Hess John R.
Published: August 2012

BACKGROUND: Admission platelet (PLT) counts are known to be associated with all‐cause mortality for seriously injured patients admitted to a trauma center. The course of subsequent PLT counts, their implications, and the effects of PLT therapy are less well known.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Trauma center patients who were directly admitted from the scene of injury, received 1 or more units of uncrossmatched red blood cells in the first hour of care, survived for at least 15 minutes, and had a PLT count measured in the first hour were analyzed for the association of their admission and subsequent PLT counts in the first 24 hours with injury severity and hemorrhagic and central nervous system (CNS) causes of in‐hospital mortality.

RESULTS: Over an 8.25‐year period, 1292 of 45,849 direct trauma admissions met entry criteria. Admission PLT counts averaged 228 × 109 ± 90 × 109/L and decreased by 104 × 109/L by the second hour and 1 × 109/L each hour thereafter. The admission count was not related to time to admission. Each 1‐point increase in the injury severity score was associated with a 1 × 109/L decrease in the PLT count at all times in the first 24 hours of care. Admission PLT counts were strongly associated with hemorrhagic and CNS injury mortality and subsequent PLT counts. Effects of PLT therapy could not be ascertained.

DISCUSSION: Admission PLT counts in critically injured trauma patients are usually normal, decreasing after admission. Low PLT counts at admission and during the course of trauma care are strongly associated with mortality.
Transfusion‐related biologic effects and free hemoglobin, heme, and iron
Authors: Ozment Caroline P. , Mamo Lisa B. , Campbell Mary Lee , Lokhnygina Yuliya , Ghio Andrew J. , Turi Jennifer L.
Published: August 2012

BACKGROUND: Red blood cell (RBC) transfusion is common in intensive care unit (ICU) patients and is associated with complications that appear related to the duration of blood storage. We hypothesize that hemolysis of stored RBCs results in increases in the availability of non–heme‐bound iron, which inhibits macrophage activation.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: RBCs were sampled at multiple time points to evaluate hemolysis and iron release. Activation of THP‐1 monocytic cells was assessed in the presence of plasma from aged RBCs. Age of transfused blood in our pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) from 2001 to 2006 was analyzed to assess relevance to our patient population.

RESULTS: Hemolysis increased significantly during storage time as demonstrated by increases in free heme and hemoglobin. While there was a trend toward elevated levels of non–heme‐bound iron, this was not significant (p = 0.07). THP‐1 cell activation was inhibited by exposures to both plasma and a ferric compound; the effect of plasma on macrophage activation was not reversed by the iron chelator desferroxamine. Thirty‐one percent of our PICU patients received blood older than 2 weeks.

CONCLUSION: Hemolysis products increased significantly over time in our stored RBCs. Ferric compounds and plasma from stored blood inhibit THP‐1 cell activation. Plasma inhibition does not appear to be due primarily to increased iron. Further studies are needed to define the inhibitory effect of stored blood plasma on macrophage function. Complications related to blood storage are relevant to our PICU patients.
Maintenance of storage properties of pediatric aliquots of apheresis platelets in fluoroethylene propylene containers
Authors: Skripchenko Andrey , Myrup Andrew , Thompson‐Montgomery Dedeene , Awatefe Helen , Wagner Stephen J.
Published: August 2012

BACKGROUND: Platelet (PLT) aliquots for pediatric use have been shown to retain in vitro properties when stored in gas‐impermeable syringes for up to 6 hours. As an alternative, PLT aliquots can be stored for longer periods in containers used for storage of whole blood–derived PLTs. These containers are not available separate from whole blood collection sets and PLT volumes less than 35 mL either have not been evaluated or may be unsuitable for PLT storage. Gas‐permeable fluoroethylene propylene (FEP) containers have been used in the storage of cell therapy preparations and are available in multiple sizes as single containers but have not been evaluated for PLT storage.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A single apheresis unit was divided on Day 3 into small aliquots with volume ranging from 20 to 60 mL, transferred using a sterile connection device, and stored for an additional 2 days either in CLX (control) or in FEP containers. PLT storage properties of PLTs stored in FEP containers were compared to those stored in CLX containers. Standard PLT in vitro assays were performed (n = 6).

RESULTS: PLT storage properties were either similar to those of CLX containers or differed by less than 20% excepting carbon dioxide levels, which varied less than 60%.

CONCLUSION: Pediatric PLT aliquots of 20, 30, and 60 mL transferred on Day 3 into FEP cell culture containers adequately maintain PLT properties for an additional 2 days of storage.
In vitro and in vivo quality of leukoreduced apheresis platelets stored in a new platelet additive solution
Authors: Dumont Larry J. , Cancelas Jose A. , Graminske Sharon , Friedman Kenneth D. , Vassallo Ralph R. , Whitley Pamela H. , Rugg Neeta , Dumont Deborah F. , Herschel Louise , Siegal Alan H. , Szczepiorkowski Zbigniew M. , Fender Logan , Razatos Anna
Published: August 2012

BACKGROUND: Platelets (PLTs) stored in additive solutions (PASs) may reduce the risk of several plasma‐associated adverse transfusion reactions such as allergic reactions and potentially transfusion‐associated lung injury. The objective of this study was to determine the in vitro characteristics and the in vivo radiolabeled recovery and survival of apheresis PLTs (APs) stored in a new PAS and compare the latter to Food and Drug Administration (FDA) criteria.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Hyperconcentrated APs were collected from healthy subjects in a paired crossover study comparing PAS (35% plasma) and 100% plasma‐stored APs (Part 1) up to 7 days and, in Part 2, to determine the in vivo recovery and survival of PAS stored AP at 5 days compared to fresh PLT controls. In vitro and in vivo assays were performed following standard methods.

RESULTS: Sixty‐six and 25 evaluable subjects successfully completed Parts 1 and 2, respectively. pH for PAS AP was maintained above 6.6 for 5 days of storage. P‐selectin values were consistent with published values for commonly transfused PLT products. The PAS in vivo PLT recovery (54.3 ± 8.1%) was 86.7% of the fresh control, and survival (6.4 ± 1.3 days) was 78.0% of the fresh control, both meeting the FDA performance criteria.

CONCLUSION: APs stored in PAS with 35% plasma carryover maintained pH over 5 days of storage and met current FDA criteria for radiolabeled recovery and survival. The use of PAS for storage of single‐donor PLTs in clinical practice represents an acceptable transfusion product that reduces the volume of plasma associated with PLT transfusion.
Impact on storage quality of red blood cells and platelets by ultrahigh‐frequency radiofrequency identification tags
Authors: Wang Quan‐Li , Wang Xiao‐Wei , Zhuo Hai‐Long , Shao Chun‐Yan , Wang Jie , Wang Hai‐Ping
Published: August 2012

BACKGROUND: Compared to ISBT128 code labels, radiofrequency identification (RFID) tags have incomparable advantages and gradually applied in blood management system. However, there is no global standard for the uses of RFID frequency. Even though ISBT recommended high‐frequency RFID with 13.56 MHz, 820‐ to 960‐MHz ultrahigh frequency (UHF) RFID technology in many ways has even more advantages. For this reason, we studied the effect of UHF RFID tags with 820‐ to 960‐MHz exposure on storage quality of red blood cells (RBCs) and platelets (PLTs).

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Thirty units of collected and prepared suspended RBCs (sRBCs) and PLTs were divided into two bags, one each for the test and control groups. The sRBCs were stored in 4 ± 2°C refrigerator and the PLTs in a 22 ± 2°C rocking box. The test groups were exposed to RF reader continuously during storage. Sampling at different time points and biologic changes were tested.

RESULTS: As the extension of storage and the pH and chlorine levels in the supernatant of sRBCs were reduced, free hemoglobin, potassium, and sodium increased, but were not significant between test and control groups (p > 0.05). During the storage period, the pH levels, PLT count, and PLT aggregation rate were decreased in both test and control groups, but were not significant (p > 0.05).

CONCLUSION: When exposed to 820‐ to 960‐MHz RF, the biologic and biochemical indexes are not found to be exacerbated during 35 days of storage for sRBCs and 5 days for PLTs, respectively.
A Savings Plan With Targeted Contributions
Authors: Owadally Iqbal , Haberman Steven , Gómez Hernández Denise
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACT

We consider a simple savings problem where contributions are made to a fund and invested to meet a future liability. The conventional approach is to estimate future investment return and calculate a fixed contribution to be paid regularly by the saver. We propose a flexible plan where contributions are systematically adjusted and targeted. We show by means of stochastic simulations that this plan has a reduced risk of a shortfall and is relatively insensitive to errors in the planner's estimate of future returns. Sensitivity analyses in terms of parameter values, stochastic return models and investment horizons are also performed.
Corporate Insurance With Safety Loadings: A Note
Authors: Arnold Lutz G. , Hartl Johannes
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACT

In a article in this journal, Schnabel and Roumi () assert that if uninsured debt is risky, a levered firm takes a casualty insurance with a positive safety loading if, and only if, the amount of debt is sufficiently high. This note shows that in marked contrast to this assertion, the correct conclusion from their model is that the firm generally takes insurance for low levels of risky debt, and it depends on the magnitude of the loading whether it also takes insurance for high levels of debt.
Effects of GO FASTER on Morpheme Definition Fluency for High School Students with High‐Incidence Disabilities
Authors: Fishley Katelyn M. , Konrad Moira , Hessler Terri , Keesey Susan
Published: August 2012

Although vocabulary plays an important role in literacy and content instruction, there is a paucity of research identifying effective methods for teaching vocabulary. One promising strategy is morphemic analysis, which involves breaking words into morphemes, the smallest meaningful parts of words, and teaching students the meanings of those parts. The current study used a multiple probe across morphemes experimental design to determine the effects of an intervention package, GO FASTER (Graphic Organizers; Flashcards Added up and Self‐graphed to Track progress; Errors Reviewed). Findings showed that with three to four instructional sessions, three high school students with high‐incidence disabilities successfully defined morphemes at a predetermined fluency rate and generalized these definitions to untaught words. Implications for practice and future research are discussed.
An Oral Reading Fluency Assessment for Young Adult Career and Technical Education Students
Authors: Mellard Daryl , Woods Kari , Md Desa Zairul (Deana)
Published: August 2012

Educators confront a difficult challenge of quickly and efficiently identifying students with literacy skill deficits in academically diverse career and technical education classes. A statistical examination of oral reading fluency (ORF) of 296 at‐risk students participating in Job Corps tests the hypothesis that a 2‐minute, two‐dimensional ORF task is a useful tool for differentiating the basic literacy skills of these students. This study formed four student groups on this basis and statistically demonstrated the groups were distinct in terms of standardized assessments of reading and cognitive processing: phonological processing, processing speed, memory, and integrated and fluent reading with comprehension. We discuss the implications of these findings for further diagnostic reading assessments and instructional planning.
Response to Intervention in Middle Schools: Practices and Outcomes
Authors: Prewett Sara , Mellard Daryl F. , Deshler Donald D. , Allen Justin , Alexander Ryan , Stern Amelia
Published: August 2012

Response to intervention (RTI) is advocated in elementary school as a system‐wide, multitiered model of academic and behavioral interventions. Middle schools have begun adopting RTI models based on these existing elementary models. This investigation into current middle school RTI practices describes technical aspects as well as some of cultural and contextual issues surrounding implementation. The study included multiple data collection procedures including surveys, discussion groups, phone interviews, and site visits. Although many schools reported substantial progress with implementation, they recognized rigorous implementation of RTI posed such on‐going challenges as changes in staffing, curricular realignments, very limited selections of screening and progress monitoring tools aligned with their curriculum, and scheduling of secondary and tertiary level interventions.
An Investigation of Model Forensic Bone in Soil Environments Studied Using Infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: Howes Johanna M. , Stuart Barbara H. , Thomas Paul S. , Raja Sophil , O'Brien Christopher
Published: August 2012

Infrared spectroscopy has been used to examine changes to bone chemistry as a result of soil burial. Pig carcasses were buried as part of a controlled field study, and pig bone was used in soil environments established in the laboratory. The variables of species type, bone pretreatment, soil type and pH, moisture content, temperature, and burial time were investigated. The crystallinity index (CI) and the organic and carbonate contents of the bones were monitored. The data revealed decreasing trends in the organic and carbonate contents and an increase in the CI of the bone with burial time. An acidic soil environment and soil type are the factors that have the most influence on bone chemistry as a result of burial. The study demonstrates the potential of infrared spectroscopy as a straightforward method of monitoring the changes associated with aging of bones in a variety of soil environments.
LSD and 9,10‐dihydro‐LSD Analyses in Street Drug Blotter Samples via Easy Ambient Sonic‐Spray Ionization MassSpectrometry (EASI‐MS)
Authors: Romão Wanderson , Sabino Bruno D. , Bueno Maria Izabel M.S. , Vaz Boniek G. , Júnior Amadeu C. , Maldaner Adriano O. , de Castro Eustáquio V.R. , Lordeiro Rogério A. , Nascentes Clésia C. , Eberlin Marcos N. , Augusti Rodinei
Published: August 2012

Normally, the identification of the LSD drug is performed by forensic laboratories, using the Ehrlich spot test. However, this is a nonspecific analysis. Additionally, the Brazilian Federal Police has identified the presence of a new compound in seized blotters: 9,10‐dihydro‐LSD, an uncontrolled substance. In this work, easy ambient sonic‐spray ionization mass spectrometry in the positive ion mode, EASI(+)‐MS, was used to characterize LSD and 9,10‐dihydro‐LSD compositions directly from the surface of blotters. The presence of LSD in the seized blotter samples were also confirmed via high‐performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detector. In a set of 41 blotters analyzed by EASI(+)‐MS, 28 showed positive results for LSD, seven for 9,10‐dihydro‐LSD, and another six samples showed negative results for both LSD and 9,10‐dihydro‐LSD. The combination of thin layer chromatography with EASI‐MS also demonstrated to be a relatively simple and powerful screening tool for forensic analysis of street drugs.
The Identification of Chlorinated Acetones in Analyses of Aged Triacetone Triperoxide (TATP)
Authors: Fitzgerald Mark , Bilusich Daniel
Published: August 2012

The organic peroxide explosive triacetone triperoxide (TATP) is regularly encountered by law enforcement agents in various stages of its production, storage, or usage. In a previous study, it has been demonstrated that isolated, rigorously purified, TATP may degrade to form a series of chlorinated acetones when directly treated with excess concentrated hydrochloric acid. The current study extends this work to examine whether this phenomenon may be measured during the more feasible scenario of aging of rudimentarily purified TATP contaminated with trace reaction mixture. It was demonstrated that solid‐phase microextraction gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analyses of aged TATP that was synthesized utilizing hydrochloric acid catalyst may identify the presence of the degradation products chloroacetone and 1,1‐dichloroacetone. Upon aging of TATP synthesized utilizing either sulfuric or nitric acid catalyst, no acid specific degradation products could be identified. These findings may be exploited by forensic chemists in the analyses of TATP samples.
In Love With Hatred: Rethinking the Role Hatred Plays in Shaping Political Behavior1
Authors: HALPERIN ERAN , CANETTI DAPHNA , KIMHI SHAUL
Published: August 2012

This paper addresses the problem of isolating and measuring the influence of hatred on political behavior by analyzing a nationwide panel study conducted during the 2006 election campaign in Israel. We argue that collective hatred is composed of 2 distinct emotional aspects: chronic and immediate. The core of this paper is an analysis of the influence of these 2 types of group‐based hatred on 3 aspects of political behavior: political learning, party identification stability, and partisan support. The results indicate that both aspects of collective hatred—chronic and immediate—are incongruously crucial for the understanding of political outcomes, particularly political learning. We discuss the broader implications of these findings in assessing the impact of group‐based hatred on the political process.
Production technology option value: the case of rbST in Michigan
Authors: Olynk Nicole J. , Wolf Christopher A. , Tonsor Glynn T.
Published: August 2012

Agricultural producers are increasingly required to adjust production practices to satisfy retailer, and ultimately consumer, preferences. This article highlights the option value that underlies decisions related to production technologies using the case of Michigan dairy farmers and recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST). Welfare impacts were calculated for dairy producers when milk production systems which allowed the use of rbST were eliminated from the producer choice set. Those dairy producers using rbST just before its elimination realized a higher welfare loss than those not using the technology. However, significant welfare impacts were found for all dairy producers indicating that all producers valued the option to use this production technology.
Do stronger intellectual property rights promote seed exchange: evidence from U.S. seed exports?
Authors: Galushko Viktoriya
Published: August 2012

With increased private investment in crop breeding research in the developed world, intellectual property rights have gained importance in seed sector. Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS)‐plus provisions included in recent free trade agreements between the developed and developing countries show a tendency of the developed world to impose their high standards for protection of plant intellectual property on the developing world. While stronger intellectual property rights can increase international exchange in seed, market power effect can lead to a reduction in exports of seed to foreign markets. This article estimates the impact of intellectual property rights on U.S. seed exports. The estimation is performed at a crop level using Heckman selection model. The results reveal that the impact of intellectual property rights varies across different types of crops—open‐pollinated, genetically modified, and hybrid crops. While TRIPS provisions are important to facilitate transfer of genetically modified crops, they play a minor role for open‐pollinated and hybrid crops. The results also show that plant breeders’ rights envisioned by the UPOV system can be important to promote seed exchange when proper mechanisms are put in place to enforce these rights.
Long‐term and large‐scale analyses of nest predation patterns in Australian songbirds and a global comparison of nest predation rates
Authors: Remeš Vladimír , Matysioková Beata , Cockburn Andrew
Published: August 2012

Juvenile mortality is one of crucial drivers of life‐history evolution, and predation is the main cause of nest loss in birds. Thus, understanding how nest predation and failure vary in nature is important for understanding life history evolution and, moreover, for effective conservation. We used published data and unpublished records to study factors influencing nest predation and total failure in 138 populations of 90 species of Australian songbirds. Daily predation (average 2.0% d−1) and failure rates (2.9%) increased from temperate regions to the tropics, over the last four decades, and were lowest in temperate south‐western Australia. Predation and failure were higher in smaller species, and failure rates were lower in species with closed nests than in species with open nests. There was no effect of nest height or nest site (ground, shrub, canopy) or social organization on nest predation or failure rates. Nest predation caused on average 72% of total nest failure, similar to other tropical, subtropical, and temperate areas. Our study spanning from the tropics to temperate regions and using > 10 000 nests confirmed that tropical birds faced higher nest failure rates. We identified an increase in nest depredation rates in the last four decades in Australia, suggesting that a large‐scale ecological phenomenon must be responsible. It may include increases in predator abundances and/or ranges, possibly connected with human‐caused habitat change. A global comparison of nest failure rates confirmed that predation is the main source of nest mortality in songbirds worldwide. We discuss implications of our results for the evolution of reproductive strategies and for the conservation of Australian birds.
A comparison of life‐history and parental care in temperate and tropical wrens
Authors: Gill Sharon A. , Haggerty Thomas M.
Published: August 2012

Comparing closely related species that live in different environments is a powerful way to understand selective pressures that influence life‐history evolution. We examined a suite of life‐history traits and parental care in neotropical buff‐breasted wrens Cantorchilus leucotis and north‐temperate Carolina wrens Thryothorus ludovicianus (Family Troglodytidae), to test hypotheses about life‐history evolution. As expected, buff‐breasted wrens exhibited smaller clutch sizes and higher annual adult survival than Carolina wrens. We found minimal support for the nest predation hypothesis, as nest survival and age‐corrected provisioning rates to whole broods were similar between species, and number of breeding attempts and breeding season length were greater in temperate wrens. Critical predictions of the food limitation hypothesis were not supported; in particular age‐corrected provisioning rates per nestling were higher in the tropical than temperate species. The adult survival and offspring quality hypothesis garnered the most support, as buff‐breasted wrens exhibited greater age‐corrected provisioning rates per nestling, a longer nestling period, longer re‐nesting intervals following nest success, and lower annual fecundity than Carolina wrens. Despite similarly prolonged breeding seasons, reproductive strategies differ between species with buff‐breasted wrens investing considerably in single broods to optimize first‐year survival and Carolina wrens investing in multiple small broods to optimize annual fecundity.
Dark tree cavities – a challenge for hole nesting birds?
Authors: Wesołowski Tomasz , Maziarz Marta
Published: August 2012

Holes provide the safest nest sites for birds, but they are an underutilized resource; in natural forests there are usually more holes than birds that could use them. Some bird species could be prevented from nesting in holes because of their inability to operate in the low light conditions which occur in cavities. As no visual system can operate in complete darkness some nest cavities could be too dark to be useable even by hole‐nesters. Thus, the light conditions within tree cavities could constrain both the evolution of the hole nesting habit, and the nest site choice of the hole‐nesting birds. These ideas cannot be tested because little is known about the light conditions in cavities. We took an opportunity provided by ongoing studies of marsh tits Poecile palustris and great tits Parus major breeding in a primeval forest (Białowieża National Park, Poland) to measure illumination inside their nest cavities. We measured illuminance in cavities at daybreak, which is just after the parents commenced feeding nestlings. Only ca 1% of incoming light reached the level of the nest. Illuminance at nests of both species (median = 0.1–0.2 lx) fell within mesopic‐scotopic range, where colour vision is impaired. Measurements in model cavities showed strong declines in illumination with distance from the entrance, with light levels typically as low as 0.01 lx at 40 cm from the cavity entrance. Thus cavities can be very dark, often too dark for the use of colour vision, and we suggest that ‘lighting’ requirements can affect the adoption of specific nest sites by hole nesting birds. We discuss implications of the findings for understanding the adaptations for hole‐breeding in birds.
Attitudes of general dental practitioners towards implant dentistry in an environment with widespread provision of implant therapy
Authors: Lang‐Hua Bich Hue , Lang Niklaus P. , Lo Edward C. M. , McGrath Colman P. J.
Published: August 2012

Objectives

To determine attitudes of general dental practitioners in a community where provision dental implants is a well‐known treatment modality; and to identify variations in the attitudes with respect to dentists' factors, training factors and implant provision factors.

Methods

A questionnaire survey to a random sample of registered dentists In Hong Kong was performed. Attitudes towards implant dentistry with respect to (i) perceived superiority of implant therapy, (ii) perceived outcomes of dental implant therapy, (iii) perceived complications & maintenance issues and (iv) placement issues were ascertained. In addition, information was collected on dentists' factors, training factors and implant provision factors. Variations in attitudes towards implant dentistry were explored in bivariate and regression analyses.

Results

Among eligible practitioners (n = 246), the response rate was 46.3%. Dentists perceived implants to be superior to conventional prostheses for the replacement of a single missing posterior tooth (80%, 67) and likewise, for the replacement of a single missing anterior tooth (67%, 67), P < 0.05. Variations in attitudes with respect to attitudes exists with respect to dentists' factors (years in practice [P < 0.05]), place of graduation (P < 0.05); implant trainings factors (“hand‐on” training [P < 0.05]); number of days of training (P < 0.05) and implant experience factors (Number of patients treated [P < 0.05]) and number of implants placed (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

In a community where provision of dental implants is widespread among its General Dental Practitioners (GDPs), their attitudes are not wholly in line with evidence‐based knowledge. Variations in their attitudes existed with respect to dentist factors, training and experience issues.
Influence of surface properties of resin‐based composites on in vitro Streptococcus mutans biofilm development
Authors: Ionescu Andrei , Wutscher Elisabeth , Brambilla Eugenio , Schneider‐Feyrer Sibylle , Giessibl Franz J. , Hahnel Sebastian
Published: August 2012

The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the influence of physicochemical surface properties of resin‐based composites on Streptococcus mutans biofilm formation. Specimens were prepared from each of four resin‐based composites by polymerization against Mylar strips. Half of the number of specimens received no further surface treatment, whereas the other half were subjected to a polishing treatment. Surface roughness (SR) and topography were assessed using profilometry and atomic force microscopy. Surface free‐energy (SFE) was determined, and the chemical surface composition was analysed by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). S. mutans biofilms were formed on the surface of the resin‐based composite specimens for either 48 or 96 h using an artificial mouth system (AMS). Polishing caused a significant decrease in SFE, and XPS analysis indicated an increase of surface silicon and a decrease of surface carbon. Only for Grandio was a significant increase in SR identified after polishing, which was probably related to the higher concentration of filler particles on its surface. Significantly less S. mutans biofilm formation was observed on polished resin‐based composites than on unpolished resin‐based composites. These results indicate that the proportions of resin matrix and filler particles on the surface of resin‐based composites strongly influence S. mutans biofilm formation in vitro, suggesting that minimization of resin matrix exposure might be useful to reduce biofilm formation on the surface of resin‐based composites.
Fluoridated toothpaste: usage and ingestion of fluoride by 4‐ to 6‐yr‐old children in England
Authors: Zohoori Fatemeh V. , Duckworth Ralph M. , Omid Narges , O'Hare William T. , Maguire Anne
Published: August 2012

Fluoridated toothpaste is effective for dental caries control, yet may be a risk factor for dental fluorosis. This study aimed to quantify fluoride ingestion from toothpaste by children and to investigate the effects of age, gender, and social class on the amount of fluoride ingested per toothbrushing session. Sixty‐one children, 4–6 yr of age, were recruited: 38 were from low socio‐economic (LSE) areas of Newcastle, UK, and 23 were from high socio‐economic (HSE) areas of Newcastle, UK. All expectorated saliva, rinse water (if used), and residual toothpaste were collected after brushing at home and were analysed for fluoride. Of the children, 74% and 69% from HSE and LSE areas, respectively, claimed that they brushed twice per day. The mean (SD) weight of toothpaste dispensed was 0.67 (0.36) g. The mean (SD) amount of fluoride ingested per toothbrushing session and per day was 17.0 (14.7) and 29.3 (32.8) μg kg−1 of body weight, respectively. Daily fluoride intake per kilogram of body weight did not differ significantly between children from LSE and HSE areas. Fluoride intake per toothbrushing session was significantly influenced by weight of toothpaste, its fluoride concentration, and the child's age. Whilst the average amount of toothpaste used per toothbrushing session was more than twice the recommended amount (of 0.25 g), only one child had a daily fluoride intake that exceeded the tolerable upper intake level of 0.1 mg kg−1 of body weight for this age group.
Prevalence and diversity of Synergistetes taxa in periodontal health and disease
Authors: You M. , Mo S. , Watt R. M. , Leung W. K.
Published: August 2012

Background and Objective

Members of the phylum Synergistetes have previously been identified within periodontitis subgingival plaque and are considered putative periodontopathogens. This study compared the diversity of subginigval Synergistetes in a cohort of subjects with periodontitis (n = 10) vs. periodontitis‐free controls (n = 10).

Material and Methods

Pooled subgingival plaque samples from all deep periodontal pockets or all sulci were collected from the periodontitis and periodontitis‐free subjects, respectively. Bacterial 16S rRNA genes were PCR‐amplified from purified subgingival plaque DNA using a Synergistetes ‘selective’ primer set. PCR products were cloned and sequenced to analyze the prevalence and diversity of Synergistetes operational taxonomic units (OTUs) present in plaque samples of both subject groups.

Results

A total of 1030 non‐chimeric 16S rRNA clones were obtained, of which 162 corresponded to members of the phylum Synergistetes. A significantly larger number of Synergistetes clones were obtained from periodontitis subgingival plaque than from periodontitis‐free controls (25.4% vs. 5.9%, p < 0.001). All Synergistetes clones corresponded to cluster A oral Synergistetes, and fell into 31 OTUs (99% sequence identity cut‐off). Twenty‐nine Synergistetes OTUs were detected in the periodontitis group while eight were detected in the periodontitis‐free group (p < 0.001). Five Synergistetes OTUs; including one OTU corresponding to the recently‐characterized species Fretibacterium fastidiosum, were more prevalent in the periodontitis subjects (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

OTUs belonging to oral Synergistetes cluster A were more readily detectable and were more diverse in subgingival plaque from periodontitis subjects compared with periodontitis‐free controls. Specific Synergistetes OTUs appear to be associated with periodontitis.
Circadian parameters are altered in two strains of mice with transgenic modifications of estrogen receptor subtype 1
Authors: Blattner M. S. , Mahoney M. M.
Published: August 2012

There are sex differences in free‐running rhythms, activity level and activity distribution that are attributed, in part, to the action of gonadal hormones. We tested the hypothesis that non‐classical estrogenic signaling pathways at estrogen receptor subtype 1 (ESR1) modify the amplitude and phase of activity. We used ESR1 knock‐out mice (ERKO) and non‐classical estrogen receptor knock‐in mice (NERKI). ERKO animals are unable to respond to estrogen at the ESR1 and NERKI animals lack the ability to respond to estrogens via the estrogen response element‐mediated pathway, but can still respond via non‐classical mechanisms. We compared intact male and female ERKO, NERKI and wildtype (WT) mice with respect to total wheel‐running activity, activity distribution across the 24‐h day, phase angle of activity onset and free‐running period (τ) and the duration of activity in constant conditions. WT females had significantly greater activity than WT males, and this activity was more consolidated to the dark phase of the light:dark cycle. These sex differences were absent in the NERKI and ERKO animals. Among females, NERKI and ERKO animals had greater activity during the light phase than WT counterparts. Additionally, we have identified a novel contribution of non‐classical estrogen signaling pathways on the distribution of activity. Our data suggest that total activity is ESR1‐dependent and daily activity patterns depend on both classical and non‐classical actions of estrogens. These data will aid in identifying the mechanisms underlying sex differences in sleep–wake cycles and the influence of steroid hormones on circadian patterns.
Spatial distribution of radioactive cesium fallout on grasslands from the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant in 2011
Authors: Tsuiki Mikinori , Maeda Takeki
Published: August 2012

Large releases of radionuclides from the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant have resulted in serious radioactive pollution of a wide region of Eastern Japan, and the livestock industry has suffered serious damage as a result. In this study, the distribution of deposited radioactive cesium (Cs) and its transfer to vegetation were surveyed on a pasture and a meadow in Iwate Prefecture. Air radiation dose rates measured at a height of 1 cm in μSv h–1 were used to estimate the deposited radioactive Cs contamination in kBq m–2. The means and coefficients of variation (CV) of deposited radioactive Cs were higher in the pasture (163 kBq m–2, CV = 38.7%) than in the meadow (67 kBq m–2, CV = 10.2%). In the pasture, high radioactive Cs contamination was observed at the southeastern edge, demonstrating the heterogeneous nature of radioactive fallout. In both the pasture and the meadow, Cs contamination was higher in the low elevation area compared to the high elevation area. The part of the meadow to which potassium chloride and lime were applied showed higher radioactive Cs contamination compared to surrounding areas. Application of potassium and lime may reduce absorption of radioactive Cs by plants. High radioactive Cs levels were observed in pasture vegetation in the area with relatively high radioactive Cs contamination. Further studies are necessary to clarify the relationship between radioactive Cs contents in vegetation and soil/land dependent parameters such as radioactive Cs level, soil soluble K concentration, pH, clay and organic matter contents.
Health Shocks, Out‐of‐Pocket Medical Expenses and Consumer Debt Among Middle‐Aged and Older Americans
Authors: KIM HYUNGSOO , YOON WONAH , ZURLO KAREN A.
Published: August 2012

We examine two important issues related to health and financial burden in middle‐aged and older Americans: (1) whether or not new health events affect a consumer's unsecured debt, and (2) to what extent the associated out‐of‐pocket medical expenses (OOP) contribute to unsecured debt. We use six biennial waves (1998, 2000, 2002, 2004, 2006 and 2008) from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS). We estimated fixed effects models and conducted mediation analyses. We find that new health events affect the accumulation of unsecured debt. Our estimates suggest that new health events increase unsecured debt by 6.3% ($230) to 9.3 % ($339); approximately 20% of the increase in unsecured consumer debt comes from OOP when experiencing new health events. New severe health events increase debt for the 50–64 age group, but do not increase it for the 65+ group.
THE COLLATERAL CONSEQUENCES OF INCARCERATION REVISITED: A QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTS ON CAREGIVERS OF CHILDREN OF INCARCERATED PARENTS*
Authors: TURANOVIC JILLIAN J. , RODRIGUEZ NANCY , PRATT TRAVIS C.
Published: August 2012

While policy makers have long extolled the benefits of incarceration, criminologists have expended considerable effort demonstrating the harmful collateral consequences of incarceration. Sampson (2011) recently challenged researchers to move beyond this dichotomy and to assess the “social ledger” of incarceration, where both the potential benefits and harms associated with incarceration are examined. To shed light on the variation in the collateral consequences of incarceration, we focus on the experiences of a valuable group of individuals directly impacted by imprisonment: those caring for children of incarcerated parents. Drawing from in‐depth interviews with a diverse group of caregivers (N= 100), we examine the various consequences (both positive and negative) that occur in their lives as a result of incarceration, as well as the causal processes responsible for the outcomes we observe. Our findings reveal marked variation in the effects of incarceration on caregivers. Such effects are shaped by (1) the prisoner's prior parental involvement, (2) the interpersonal relationship between caregiver and prisoner, and (3) the caregiver's family support system. These findings have important implications for future work conducted on the collateral consequences of incarceration for caregivers, children, and families.
POLICING RACE: THE RACIAL STRATIFICATION OF SEARCHES IN POLICE TRAFFIC STOPS*
Authors: ROJEK JEFF , ROSENFELD RICHARD , DECKER SCOTT
Published: August 2012

Research on race effects in police traffic stops is theoretically underdeveloped. In this study, we derive propositions from Donald Black's theory of law to explain the interaction effects of officer and driver race on searches in traffic stops in St. Louis, Missouri. Our citywide results and those for stops in predominantly White communities are generally consistent with the theory: Searches are more likely in stops of Black drivers than in those of White drivers, especially by White officers, controlling for other characteristics of the officer, driver, and stop. In predominantly Black communities, however, stops of White drivers by White officers are most likely to result in a search. We interpret both sets of results as manifestations of racial profiling in segregated communities and suggest that Black's theory of law remains a promising theoretical framework for future research on the continuing significance of race‐based policing in the United States.
Testing reliability and validity of Lorensen’s Self‐care Capability Scale (LSCS) among older home‐living, care‐dependent individuals in Norway
Authors: Dale Bjørg , Sævareid Hans I. , Söderhamn Olle
Published: August 2012

dale b., sævareid h. i., söderhamn o. (2013) Testing reliability and validity of Lorensen’s Self‐care Capability Scale (LSCS) among older home‐living, care‐dependent individuals in Norway. International Journal of Older People Nursing 8, 166–173  doi: 10.1111/j.1748‐3743.2012.00339.x

Aim and objective.  The aim of this study was to test reliability and validity of the Lorensen’s Self‐Care Capability Scale (LSCS).

Background.  The assessment of self‐care capability among older people living at home is essential for maintaining independence for as long as possible.

Method.  The study sample consisted of 242 home nursing patients who were 75 + years old and living at home. The responsible home nurses documented their answers. In addition to the LSCS, help dependency, subjective health and demographic characteristics were recorded. Various statistical analyses were used to assess reliability and validity of the LSCS.

Results.  Reliability of the LSCS was supported by a Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0.97. Regarding validity, six factors extracted in the factor analysis explained 69.8% of the variance in the group. The extracted factors supported the underlying theoretical assumptions of the instrument. Construct validity was supported by significant differences between groups with expected low and expected high LSCS scores, respectively. Concurrent validity was established by a significant correlation between LSCS and Barthel’s ADL Index.

Conclusion and implications for practice.  This study has shown that LSCS is a reliable and valid instrument for assessing self‐care capability in older people living at home.
Measurement of prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time in citrated whole blood samples from clinically ill dogs following storage
Authors: Maunder C. L. , Costa M. , Cue S. M. , Crawford E. M. , Papasouliotis K. , Murphy K. F.
Published: August 2012

Objectives

To assess the reliability of prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time results generated from citrated whole blood samples following short‐term storage at room temperature.

Methods

Clotting times were measured in blood samples from 40 dogs that showed a variety of clinical signs. Before measurement of prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time in citrated plasma, whole blood samples were split in three aliquots; one was processed within 30 minutes of collection (fresh) while the remaining two were stored unseparated at room temperature for 24 (24RT) or 48 (48RT) hours.

Results

The median prothrombin time for the 24RT (7 seconds) and 48RT (7·2 seconds) samples were not significantly different to those obtained from the fresh (7·1 seconds) samples but the median activated partial thromboplastin time for the 24RT (12·6 seconds) and 48RT (12 seconds) samples were significantly shorter than those obtained from the fresh samples (14·2 seconds).

Clinical Significance

Storage of citrated whole blood at room temperature for 24 or 48 hours did not significantly alter the measurement of prothrombin time but resulted in significantly shorter activated partial thromboplastin time results. Extrapolating from these findings, it is proposed that unseparated clinical samples that are submitted to an external diagnostic laboratory for the performance of clotting times, may generate reliable prothrombin time but unreliable activated partial thromboplastin time results.
Dye‐Enhanced Multimodal Confocal Imaging as a Novel Approach to Intraoperative Diagnosis of Brain Tumors
Authors: Snuderl Matija , Wirth Dennis , Sheth Sameer A. , Bourne Sarah K. , Kwon Churl‐Su , Ancukiewicz Marek , Curry William T. , Frosch Matthew P. , Yaroslavsky Anna N.
Published: August 2012

Intraoperative diagnosis plays an important role in accurate sampling of brain tumors, limiting the number of biopsies required and improving the distinction between brain and tumor. The goal of this study was to evaluate dye‐enhanced multimodal confocal imaging for discriminating gliomas from nonglial brain tumors and from normal brain tissue for diagnostic use. We investigated a total of 37 samples including glioma (13), meningioma (7), metastatic tumors (9) and normal brain removed for nontumoral indications (8). Tissue was stained in 0.05 mg/mL aqueous solution of methylene blue (MB) for 2–5 minutes and multimodal confocal images were acquired using a custom‐built microscope. After imaging, tissue was formalin fixed and paraffin embedded for standard neuropathologic evaluation. Thirteen pathologists provided diagnoses based on the multimodal confocal images. The investigated tumor types exhibited distinctive and complimentary characteristics in both the reflectance and fluorescence responses. Images showed distinct morphological features similar to standard histology. Pathologists were able to distinguish gliomas from normal brain tissue and nonglial brain tumors, and to render diagnoses from the images in a manner comparable to haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) slides. These results confirm the feasibility of multimodal confocal imaging for intravital intraoperative diagnosis.