bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Revue des applications et de l’utilité des drones en conservation de la faune
Authors: Charbonneau Patrick , Lemaître Jérôme
Published: September 2021

Les drones deviennent de plus en plus accessibles et performants. La présente synthèse passe en revue la littérature scientifique récente traitant de l’utilisation des drones pour étudier la faune. Nous avons classé 250 références selon 4 applications : inventaires fauniques, réponse comportementale de la faune face aux drones, éthologie et protection de la faune. Notre revue indique que les drones offrent un fort potentiel pour inventorier la faune, en particulier les oiseaux et les mammifères, et que des développements sont en cours pour la faune aquatique, l’herpétofaune et l’entomofaune. Nous exposons aussi les principaux effets des drones sur la faune et, à la lumière des informations obtenues, nous émettons des recommandations préliminaires pour limiter le dérangement de celle-ci. Les avantages des drones sont multiples, et le développement rapide de la technologie laisse croire que plusieurs limites actuelles seront écartées prochainement. Enfin, nous exposons quelques éléments de la réglementation canadienne sur l’usage des drones. En conclusion, les drones pourraient jouer un rôle prépondérant à moyen terme en conservation de la biodiversité.
Reproduction de l’esturgeon jaune dans la rivière Saint-François : un exemple de participation des peuples autochtones à la conservation d’une espèce emblématique
Authors: Dufour-Pelletier Samuel , Paquin Émilie , Brodeur Philippe , La Haye Michel
Published: September 2021

La reproduction de l’esturgeon jaune (Acipenser fulvescens) à la centrale hydroélectrique de Drummondville, sur la rivière Saint-François, a été étudiée par la communauté abénakise d’Odanak de 2012 à 2018. Les zones de déposition d’oeufs ont été localisées et le contingent reproducteur, la production larvaire ainsi que le pourcentage de succès reproducteur ont été estimés. Cette étude visait à déterminer si les différences interannuelles de l’abondance des reproducteurs et des larves étaient influencées par le débit ou la température de l’eau. De 54 à 188 reproducteurs ont utilisé 3 sites de déposition d’oeufs. Le nombre de larves produites variait de 8 953 à 44 218, selon les années, représentant un succès reproducteur variant de 0,29 % à 4,59 %. Les résultats suggèrent que l’abondance des reproducteurs était influencée positivement par le débit pendant la migration printanière et que les nombres de reproducteurs et de larves n’étaient pas influencés par la température de l’eau. Les plus grandes abondances de larves ont été mesurées lors de débits stables d’environ 85 m3/s durant la dérive larvaire. Grâce aux travaux effectués par la communauté abénakise d’Odanak, la présente étude a permis d’orienter la gestion de la pêche et du débit afin de soutenir la conservation de cette espèce.
Rétablissement du flétan atlantique dans le golfe du Saint-Laurent : état des
connaissances biologiques et défis de gestion
Authors: Gauthier Charlotte , Desgagnés Mathieu , Robert Dominique , Le Bris Arnault , Fisher Jonathan A. D. , Dumont Dany , Sirois Pascal
Published: September 2021

Le flétan atlantique (Hippoglossus hippoglossus) est le poisson de fond
possédant la plus haute valeur commerciale par unité de poids dans le golfe du Saint-Laurent
(GSL). Il constitue ainsi une ressource importante sur le plan socio-économique au Québec et
dans les provinces de l’Atlantique. Les débarquements de flétan atlantique y sont en
constante augmentation depuis les années 2000, après un effondrement du stock au début des
années 1950 qui a été suivi d’une longue période de faible abondance. En 2019, les
débarquements (plus de 1 383 tonnes) étaient les plus importants des 60 dernières années. À
la suite de ce retour marqué, de meilleures connaissances sur l’écologie larvaire et
l’utilisation de l’habitat tout au long de l’ontogénie sont essentielles pour assurer une
gestion durable du stock. Nous présentons l’historique de l’exploitation du stock de flétan
atlantique du GSL et l’état actuel des connaissances de l’espèce dans cette unité de
gestion. Nous abordons également les défis auxquels les gestionnaires font face en vue
d’assurer une exploitation durable, et les projets de recherche en cours visant à combler
les lacunes dans nos connaissances. Finalement, nous abordons les enjeux spécifiques à
l’instauration d’une pêche récréative hivernale durable pour le flétan atlantique dans le
fjord du Saguenay.
Examination of Film Thickness Dependence on Acoustic Impedance of Gold and Chromium Thin Films by Scanning Acoustic Microscopy
Authors: TANÖREN Bükem
Published: September 2021

Thickness induced changes in acoustic impedance of gold (Au) and chromium (Cr) thin films are studied with scanning acoustic microscopy (SAM). Thin films are produced by thermal evaporation technique on BK7 glass substrates with varying thicknesses between 40 nm to 200 nm. In acoustic impedance (AI) mode, the microscope generates two-dimensional acoustic impedance maps of the thin films and micrometer resolution helps determining the surface defects on these films. On the other hand, acoustic impedance value is found to increase as thickness increases for both Au and Cr thin films indicating increased elasticity, therefore, hardness. The mean and standard deviation values of acoustic impedance of Cr thin films were found as 1.901 ± 0.050 MRayl for 40 nm, 1.905 ± 0.045 MRayl for 80 nm, 1.943 ± 0.049 MRayl for 120 nm, 1.964 ± 0.049 MRayl for 160 nm and 1.987 ± 0.052 MRayl for 200 nm. The mean and standard deviation values of acoustic impedance of Au thin films were found as 1.725 ± 0.026 MRayl for 80 nm and 1.954 ± 0.047 MRayl for 200 nm. This success achieved by SAM, demonstrates its potential in monitoring thin film surfaces even with very small thicknesses.
Ultrafast strain dynamics in SrCoO2.5 thin films
Authors: Liu Xu , Huang Yu , Mao Jing-Yi , Chen Li-Ming ,   Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China,   University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China,   Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China,   College of Physics, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China,   Key Laboratory for Laser Plasma, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
Published: September 2021

In order to understand the relationship between the structure of materials and its function, it is necessary to investigate the changes of the transient structure of materials over time. Laser-based plasma X-ray sources are currently widely used in the study of ultrafast structure dynamics in condensed matter due to their miniaturization and ultrahigh spatial-temporal resolution. Strongly correlated transition-metal oxides have attracted enormous attention due to their peculiar properties, among them Co-based oxides has now become one of the most promising candidates for renewable energy applications. With the variation of the oxygen stoichiometry, the physical properties of SrCoO3–x, ferromagnetic metal perovskite SrCoO3 and antiferromagnetic insulator brownmillerite SrCoO2.5 can be reversibly transferred. Besides, the various complex physical properties make SrCoO2.5 quite popular for fundamental research, the development of solid oxide fuel cells, etc. However, the research of its dynamic behavior under transient photo-excitation is still limited. Therefore, it is necessary to study the strain fields of SrCoO2.5 films with different thickness.

This report focuses on the structural dynamics of SrCoO2.5 films induced by ultrashort laser pulses. The ultrafast X-ray diffraction simulations exhibit transient changes of Bragg peak positions of the SrCoO2.5 excited by laser. By studying the 40 nm- and 60 nm-thick samples, we observe a continuous shift of the Bragg peak towards lower angels at first and then a backshift until it reaches a new equilibrium. In contrast, the 100 nm-thick SrCoO2.5 film exhibits a transient splitting of Bragg peak into two distinct parts until the initial peak disappears. For further research, we use Thomsen model to simulate the generation and evolution of acoustic deformation of SCO2.5 thin film on a substrate supporting the LaAlO3 film. In the case of the thicker film, we find that an inhomogeneity of temperature distribution will lead its thermal stress characteristics to change, and result in the transient splitting of Bragg peak. We believe that this work is important for analyzing the laser excited ultrafast dynamics of cobalt-based perovskite materials.
Identifying phase transition point of J1-J2 antiferromagnetic Heisenberg spin chain by machine learning
Authors: Wang Wei , Jie Quan-Lin ,   School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430000, China
Published: September 2021

Studying quantum phase transitions through order parameters is a traditional method, but studying phase transitions by machine learning is a brand new field. The ability of machine learning to classify, identify, or interpret massive data sets may provide physicists with similar analyses of the exponentially large data sets embodied in the Hilbert space of quantum many-body system. In this work, we propose a method of using unsupervised learning algorithm of the Gaussian mixture model to classify the state vectors of the J1-J2 antiferromagnetic Heisenberg spin chain system, then the supervised learning algorithm of the convolutional neural network is used to identify the classification point given by the unsupervised learning algorithm, and the cross-validation method is adopted to verify the learning effect. Using this method, we study the J1-J2 Heisenberg spin chain system with chain length N = 8, 10, 12, 16 and obtain the same conclusion. The first order phase transition point of J1-J2 antiferromagnetic Heisenberg spin chain system can be accurately found from the ground state vector, but the infinite order phase transition point cannot be found from the ground state vector. The first order and the infinite order phase transition point can be found from the first excited state vector, which indirectly shows that the first excited state may contain more information than the ground state of J1-J2 antiferromagnetic Heisenberg spin chain system. The visualization of the state vector shows the reliability of the machine learning algorithm, which can extract the feature information from the state vector. The result reveals that the machine learning techniques can directly find some possible phase transition points from a large set of state vectorwithout prior knowledge of the energy or locality conditions of the Hamiltonian, which may assists us in studying unknown systems. Supervised learning can verify the phase transition points given by unsupervised learning, thereby indicating that we can discover some useful information about unknown systems only through machine learning techniques. Machine learning techniques can be a basic research tool in strong quantum-correlated systems, and it can be adapted to more complex systems, which can help us dig up hidden information.
Telomere length is associated with growth in children in rural Bangladesh
Authors: Lin Audrie , Mertens Andrew N , Arnold Benjamin F , Tan Sophia , Lin Jue , Stewart Christine P , Hubbard Alan E , Ali Shahjahan , Benjamin-Chung Jade , Shoab Abul K , Rahman Md Ziaur , Famida Syeda L , Hossen Md Saheen , Mutsuddi Palash , Akther Salma , Rahman Mahbubur , Unicomb Leanne , Naved Ruchira Tabassum , Mamun Md Mahfuz Al , Parvin Kausar , Dhabhar Firdaus S , Kariger Patricia , Fernald Lia CH , Luby Stephen P , Colford John M
Published: September 2021

Background:

Previously, we demonstrated that a water, sanitation, handwashing, and nutritional intervention improved linear growth and was unexpectedly associated with shortened childhood telomere length (TL) (Lin et al., 2017). Here, we assessed the association between TL and growth.

Methods:

We measured relative TL in whole blood from 713 children. We reported differences between the 10th percentile and 90th percentile of TL or change in TL distribution using generalized additive models, adjusted for potential confounders.

Results:

In cross-sectional analyses, long TL was associated with a higher length-for-age Z score at age 1 year (0.23 SD adjusted difference in length-for-age Z score [95% CI 0.05, 0.42; FDR-corrected p-value = 0.01]). TL was not associated with other outcomes.

Conclusions:

Consistent with the metabolic telomere attrition hypothesis, our previous trial findings support an adaptive role for telomere attrition, whereby active TL regulation is employed as a strategy to address ‘emergency states’ with increased energy requirements such as rapid growth during the first year of life. Although short periods of active telomere attrition may be essential to promote growth, this study suggests that a longer overall initial TL setting in the first 2 years of life could signal increased resilience against future telomere erosion events and healthy growth trajectories.

Funding:

Funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.

Clinical trial number:

NCT01590095
Multicolor fluorescence fluctuation spectroscopy in living cells via spectral detection
Authors: Dunsing Valentin , Petrich Annett , Chiantia Salvatore
Published: September 2021

Signaling pathways in biological systems rely on specific interactions between multiple biomolecules. Fluorescence fluctuation spectroscopy provides a powerful toolbox to quantify such interactions directly in living cells. Cross-correlation analysis of spectrally separated fluctuations provides information about intermolecular interactions but is usually limited to two fluorophore species. Here, we present scanning fluorescence spectral correlation spectroscopy (SFSCS), a versatile approach that can be implemented on commercial confocal microscopes, allowing the investigation of interactions between multiple protein species at the plasma membrane. We demonstrate that SFSCS enables cross-talk-free cross-correlation, diffusion, and oligomerization analysis of up to four protein species labeled with strongly overlapping fluorophores. As an example, we investigate the interactions of influenza A virus (IAV) matrix protein 2 with two cellular host factors simultaneously. We furthermore apply raster spectral image correlation spectroscopy for the simultaneous analysis of up to four species and determine the stoichiometry of ternary IAV polymerase complexes in the cell nucleus.
Sex-specific pubertal and metabolic regulation of Kiss1 neurons via Nhlh2
Authors: Leon Silvia , Talbi Rajae , McCarthy Elizabeth A , Ferrari Kaitlin , Fergani Chrysanthi , Naule Lydie , Choi Ji Hae , Carroll Rona S , Kaiser Ursula B , Aylwin Carlos F , Lomniczi Alejandro , Navarro Víctor M
Published: September 2021

Hypothalamic Kiss1 neurons control gonadotropin-releasing hormone release through the secretion of kisspeptin. Kiss1 neurons serve as a nodal center that conveys essential regulatory cues for the attainment and maintenance of reproductive function. Despite this critical role, the mechanisms that control kisspeptin synthesis and release remain largely unknown. Using Drop-Seq data from the arcuate nucleus of adult mice and in situ hybridization, we identified Nescient Helix-Loop-Helix 2 (Nhlh2), a transcription factor of the basic helix-loop-helix family, to be enriched in Kiss1 neurons. JASPAR analysis revealed several binding sites for NHLH2 in the Kiss1 and Tac2 (neurokinin B) 5′ regulatory regions. In vitro luciferase assays evidenced a robust stimulatory action of NHLH2 on human KISS1 and TAC3 promoters. The recruitment of NHLH2 to the KISS1 and TAC3 promoters was further confirmed through chromatin immunoprecipitation. In vivo conditional ablation of Nhlh2 from Kiss1 neurons using Kiss1Cre:Nhlh2fl/fl mice induced a male-specific delay in puberty onset, in line with a decrease in arcuate Kiss1 expression. Females retained normal reproductive function albeit with irregular estrous cycles. Further analysis of male Kiss1Cre:Nhlh2fl/fl mice revealed higher susceptibility to metabolic challenges in the release of luteinizing hormone and impaired response to leptin. Overall, in Kiss1 neurons, Nhlh2 contributes to the metabolic regulation of kisspeptin and NKB synthesis and release, with implications for the timing of puberty onset and regulation of fertility in male mice.
No adverse effect of a maternal high carbohydrate diet on their offspring, in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
Authors: Callet Therese , Li Hongyan , Surget Anne , Terrier Frederic , Sandres Franck , Lanuque Anthony , Panserat Stephane , Marandel Lucie
Published: September 2021

In order to develop a sustainable salmonid aquaculture, it is essential to continue to reduce the use of the protein-rich fishmeal. One promising solution to do so is the use of plant-derived carbohydrates in diet destined to broodstock. However, in mammals, the reduction of protein content (replaced by carbohydrates) in parental diet is known to have strong adverse effects on offspring phenotypes and metabolism. For the first time, the effect of a paternal and a maternal high carbohydrate-low protein diet was assessed on progeny at long term in the rainbow trout. A 30% protein diminution in both males and females broodstock diet during 10 month and 5 months, respectively, did not trigger adverse consequences on their offspring. At the molecular level, offspring transcriptomes were not significantly altered, emphasizing no effect on metabolism. Tenuous differences in the biochemical composition of the liver and the viscera were observed. The recorded effects remained in the normal range of value and accordingly offspring growth were not negatively affected over the long term. Overall, we demonstrated here that a 30% protein diminution during gametogenesis is feasible, confirming the possibility to increase the proportion of plant-derived carbohydrates in female broodstock diets to replace fishmeal proteins.
Dendrobaena veneta avoids ethyl pentanoate and ethyl hexanoate, two compounds produced by the soil fungus Geotrichum candidum
Authors: Reed Eileen M.S. , O’Connor Mariel O. , Johnson Ione C. , Silver Wayne L. , Saunders Cecil J.
Published: September 2021

Earthworms shape the biological and physicochemical qualities of the soil they choose to reside in, but our understanding of the specific chemicals that attract or repel a particular species of earthworm remains incomplete. Current research indicates that some species feed on and are attracted to fungi, such as Geotrichum candidum. In the present study, as part of our continuing effort to characterize mechanisms of earthworm chemosensation, we tested whether ethyl hexanoate and ethyl pentanoate, two compounds produced by G. candidum, are appetitive to the European nightcrawler (Dendrobaena veneta). In a soil T-maze, both of these compounds significantly repelled individual earthworms in a dosage-dependent manner, this result ran counter to our initial hypothesis. D. veneta also avoided ethyl hexanoate and ethyl pentanoate in an assay we specifically developed to test an earthworms aversion to chemical stimuli in soil. In both of these assays, ethyl hexanoate was aversive at lower concentrations than ethyl pentanoate. These findings further clarify our understanding of the chemical cues that trigger the decision of D. veneta to select a particular soil-environment, and emphasize that different earthworm species may react very differently to commonly encountered chemical stimuli.
Evaluation of Necrosis as a Diagnostic and Prognostic Indicator in Adrenocortical Carcinoma
Authors: Pearlstein Sarah S. , Conroy Patricia C. , Menut Kathryn Chomsky , Kim Jina , Graves Claire E. , Ruiz-Cordero Robert , Duh Quan-Yang
Published: September 2021

This case series examines the presence of necrosis in adrenocortical carcinoma as a diagnostic and prognostic indicator.
Facing up to bias in healthcare: The influence of familiarity appearance on hiring decisions
Authors: Bagnis Arianna , Cremonini Valeria , Pasi Eleonora , Pasquinelli Gianandrea , Rubbi Ivan , Russo Paolo Maria , Mattarozzi Katia
Published: September 2021

Associations between facial appearance and hiring decisions are well‐documented within job literature as a source of decision misjudgment with economic and human costs. Notwithstanding, this aspect is yet to be investigated in healthcare. We collected 90 pictures of new‐graduates nurses faces to be judged on different facial appearance‐based traits by an independent sample. Six months after graduation, the same new‐graduates were interviewed about their job situation. Binomial logistic regression was conducted to examine whether facial appearance ratings would predict the probability to be hired as nurse. Results showed that applicants with a face conveying a feeling of familiarity were more likely to be hired. Considering that people might be inclined to these biases during societal crises and the exceptional need to quickly recruit health professionals during COVID‐19 pandemic, our study recommends special attention to prevent the influence of facial appearance‐based evaluations not reflecting real skills to limit potentially adverse consequences.
The Future of Axial Spondyloarthritis Rehabilitation: Lessons Learned From COVID‐19
Authors: Barnett Rosemarie , Sengupta Raj
Published: September 2021

Supervised physical therapy and rehabilitation are vital for effective long‐term management of axial spondyloarthritis (SpA). However, the unprecedented year of 2020 and the COVID‐19 pandemic has prompted a drastic change in health care provision across all disease areas. In this review, we summarize changes that have been introduced to support rehabilitation in axial SpA during the pandemic and considerations for the future of axial SpA rehabilitation in the wake of COVID‐19. We have witnessed the launch of online virtual physical therapy and education, in addition to an emphasis on remote monitoring. We have been propelled into a new era of digital service provision; not only providing a temporary stop‐gap in treatment for some patients, but in the future, potentially allowing for a wider reach and provision of care and resilience of vital services. Unique collaboration between patients, health care professionals, and researchers will be key to fostering relationships and trust and facilitating wider evaluation and implementation of digital services at each stage in a patient’s journey, which is imperative for relieving pressure from health care providers. Despite the potential of such digital interventions, it is important to highlight the maintained critical need for face‐to‐face services, particularly for vulnerable patients or during diagnosis or a flare of symptoms. It is also vital that we remain vigilant regarding digital exclusion to avoid further widening of existing health inequalities. Optimization of digital infrastructure, staff skills, and digital education alongside promoting accessibility and engagement and building trust among communities will be vital as we enter this new age of blended in‐person and digital service provision.
A Self‐Growth Strategy for Simultaneous Modulation of Interlayer Distance and Lyophilicity of Graphene Layers toward Ultrahigh Potassium Storage Performance
Authors: Qiao Xiaohua , Niu Chaoqun , Liao Dankui , Chen Zhonghui , Sun Lixia , Xu Yuxi
Published: September 2021

Herein, a simple but effective self‐growth strategy to simultaneously modulate the interlayer distance and lyophilicity of graphene layers, which results in ultrahigh potassium‐storage performances for carbon materials, is reported. This strategy involves the uniform adsorption of individual metal ions on the oxygen‐containing groups on graphene oxide via electrostatic/coordination interactions and in situ self‐conversion reaction between the metal ions and the oxygen‐containing groups to form lyophilic ultrasmall metal oxide nanoparticles modified/intercalated graphene skeleton (OM‐G) with precisely regulated interlayer distance. The synergistic effect of expanded interlayer distance and enhanced lyophilicity is revealed for the first time to significantly reduce the ion diffusion barrier and enhance ion transport kinetics by experimental and theoretical analysis. As a result, such unique OM‐G monolith as free‐standing anode for potassium‐ion battery (PIB) delivered an ultrahigh reversible capability of 496.4 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1, excellent rate capability (306.6 mAh g−1 at 10 A g−1), and remarkable long‐term cycling stability (96.3% capacity retention over 2000 cycles at 1 A g−1), which are not only much better than those of previous graphene/carbon materials but also among the best performances for all PIB anodes ever reported. This study provides new fundamental insights for boosting the electrochemical properties of electrode materials.
A Puncture‐Resistant and Self‐Healing Conductive Gel for Multifunctional Electronic Skin
Authors: Hou Ke‐Xin , Zhao Shu‐Peng , Wang Da‐Peng , Zhao Pei‐Chen , Li Cheng‐Hui , Zuo Jing‐Lin
Published: September 2021

Flexible electronic skins (e‐skins) play a very important role in the development of human–machine interaction and wearable devices. To fully mimic the functions of human skin, e‐skins should be able to perceive multiple external stimuli (such as temperature, touch, and friction) and be resistant to injury. However, both objectives are highly challenging. The fabrication of multifunctional e‐skins is difficult because of the complex lamination scheme and the integration of different sensors. The design of skin‐like materials is hindered by the trade‐off problem between flexibility, toughness, and self‐healing ability. Herein, flexible sodium methallyl sulfonate functionalized poly(thioctic acid) polymer chains are combined with rigid conductive polyaniline rods through ionic bonds to obtain a solvent‐free polymer conductive gel. The conductive gel has a modulus similar to that of skin, and shows good flexibility, puncture‐resistance, notch‐insensitivity, and fast self‐healing ability. Moreover, this conductive gel can convert changes in temperature and strain into electrical signal changes, thus leading to multifunctional sensing performance. Based on these superior properties, a flexible e‐skin sensor is prepared, demonstrating its great potential in the wearable field and physiological signal detection.
A Dual‐Nanozyme‐Catalyzed Cascade Reactor for Enhanced Photodynamic Oncotherapy against Tumor Hypoxia
Authors: Chen Miaomiao , Song Jitao , Zhu Jialong , Hong Gaobo , An Jing , Feng Erting , Peng Xiaojun , Song Fengling
Published: September 2021

Tumor hypoxia is a typical characteristic of tumor microenvironment (TME), which seriously compromises the therapeutic effect of photodynamic therapy (PDT). The development of nanozymes with oxygen‐generation ability is a promising strategy to overcome the oxygen‐dependent of PDT but remained a great challenge. Herein, a dual‐nanozymes based cascade reactor HAMF is proposed to alleviate tumor hypoxia for enhanced PDT. The hollow mesoporous silica nanoparticles (HMSNs) are constructed as an excellent nanocarrier to load ultra‐small gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) and manganese dioxide (MnO2) shell via in situ reduction method, and further coordination with an efficient photosensitizer 4‐DCF‐MPYM (4‐FM), a thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) fluorescein derivative. With the response to TME, MnO2 can catalyze endogenous H2O2 into O2 and subsequently accelerating glucose oxidation by Au NPs to produce additional H2O2, which is reversely used as the substrate for MnO2‐catalyzed reaction, thereby constantly producing singlet oxygen (1O2) for enhanced PDT upon light irradiation. This work proposed a cascade reactor based on dual‐nanozyme to relieve tumor hypoxia for effective tumor suppression, which may enrich the application of multi‐nanozymes in biomedicine.
Sequential Growth of 2D/3D Double‐Layer Perovskite Films with Superior X‐Ray Detection Performance
Authors: Xu Xiuwen , Qian Wei , Wang Jian , Yang Jiecheng , Chen Jianwei , Xiao Shuang , Ge Yongshuai , Yang Shihe
Published: September 2021

Perovskite materials in different dimensions show great potential in direct X‐ray detection, but each with limitations stemming from its own intrinsic properties. Particularly, the sensitivity of two‐dimensional (2D) perovskites is limited by poor carrier transport while ion migration in three‐dimensional (3D) perovskites causes the baseline drifting problem. To circumvent these limitations, herein a double‐layer perovskite film is developed with properly aligned energy level, where 2D (PEA)2MA3Pb4I13 (PEA=2‐phenylethylammonium, MA=methylammonium) is cascaded with vertically crystallized 3D MAPbI3. In this new design paradigm, the 3D layer ensures fast carrier transport while the 2D layer mitigates ion migration, thus offering a high sensitivity and a greatly stabilized baseline. Besides, the 2D layer increases the film resistivity and enlarges the energy barrier for hole injection without compromising carrier extraction. Consequently, the double‐layer perovskite detector delivers a high sensitivity (1.95 × 104 μC Gyair−1 cm−2) and a low detection limit (480 nGyair s−1). Also demonstrated is the X‐ray imaging capacity using a circuit board as the object. This work opens up a new avenue for enhancing X‐ray detection performance via cascade assembly of various perovskites with complementary properties.
Bimetallic Mixed Clusters Highly Loaded on Porous 2D Graphdiyne for Hydrogen Energy Conversion
Authors: Gao Yang , Xue Yurui , Liu Taifeng , Liu Yuxin , Zhang Chao , Xing Chengyu , He Feng , Li Yuliang
Published: September 2021

There is no doubt that hydrogen energy can play significant role in promoting the development and progress of modern society. The utilization of hydrogen energy has developed rapidly, but it is far from the requirement of human. Therefore, it is very urgent to develop methodologies and technologies for efficient hydrogen production, especially high activity and durable electrocatalysts. Here a bimetallic oxide cluster on heterostructure of vanadium ruthenium oxides/graphdiyne (VRuOx/GDY) is reported. The unique acetylene‐rich structure of graphdiyne achieves outstanding characteristics of electrocatalyst: i) controlled preparation of catalysts for achieving multiple‐metal clusters; ii) regulation of catalyst composition and morphology for synthesizing high‐performance catalysts; iii) highly active and durable hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) properties. The optimal porous electrocatalyst (VRu0.027Ox/GDY) can deliver 10 mA cm−2 at low overpotentials of 13 and 12 mV together with robust long‐term stability in alkaline and neutral media, respectively, which are much smaller than Pt/C. The results reveal that the synergism of different components can efficiently facilitate the electron/mass transport properties, reduce the energy barrier, and increase the active site number for high catalytic performances.
Pathogenic T Cells in Celiac Disease Change Phenotype on Gluten Challenge: Implications for T‐Cell‐Directed Therapies
Authors: Christophersen Asbjørn , Zühlke Stephanie , Lund Eivind G. , Snir Omri , Dahal‐Koirala Shiva , Risnes Louise Fremgaard , Jahnsen Jørgen , Lundin Knut E. A. , Sollid Ludvig M.
Published: September 2021

Gluten‐specific CD4+ T cells being drivers of celiac disease (CeD) are obvious targets for immunotherapy. Little is known about how cell markers harnessed for T‐cell‐directed therapy can change with time and upon activation in CeD and other autoimmune conditions. In‐depth characterization of gluten‐specific CD4+ T cells and CeD‐associated (CD38+ and CD103+) CD8+ and γδ+ T cells in blood of treated CeD patients undergoing a 3 day gluten challenge is reported. The phenotypic profile of gluten‐specific cells changes profoundly with gluten exposure and the cells adopt the profile of gluten‐specific cells in untreated disease (CD147+, CD70+, programmed cell death protein 1 (PD‐1)+, inducible T‐cell costimulator (ICOS)+, CD28+, CD95+, CD38+, and CD161+), yet with some markers being unique for day 6 cells (C‐X‐C chemokine receptor type 6 (CXCR6), CD132, and CD147) and with integrin α4β7, C‐C motif chemokine receptor 9 (CCR9), and CXCR3 being expressed stably at baseline and day 6. Among gluten‐specific CD4+ T cells, 52% are CXCR5+ at baseline, perhaps indicative of germinal‐center reactions, while on day 6 all are CXCR5−. Strikingly, the phenotypic profile of gluten‐specific CD4+ T cells on day 6 largely overlaps with that of CeD‐associated (CD38+ and CD103+) CD8+ and γδ+ T cells. The antigen‐induced shift in phenotype of CD4+ T cells being shared with other disease‐associated T cells is relevant for development of T‐cell‐directed therapies.
Benefits of alfalfa interseeding include reduced residual soil nitrate following corn production
Authors: Osterholz William , Ruark Matthew D. , Renz Mark , Grabber John H.
Published: September 2021

Interseeding alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) into corn (Zea mays L.) silage can increase forage production, but the effects on soil nitrate pools remain unknown. We compared soil nitrate pools during and after interseeded alfalfa establishment in corn with pools during production of solo‐seeded corn followed by spring‐seeded alfalfa. Nitrogen (N) fertilizer was applied at three rates as a preplant broadcast or a 50:50 split between preplant broadcast and banded sidedress applications. During corn growth, soil nitrate levels from 0 to 30 cm were increased by higher N rates but were usually similar for both production systems. However, growth of interseeded alfalfa after corn harvest resulted in substantially lower residual fall and spring soil nitrate levels to a 90 cm depth, particularly under the highest N rate. Additionally, interseeded alfalfa influenced spring nitrate stratification by reducing nitrate in deeper horizons and increasing nitrate in the surface horizon. Interseeded alfalfa can thereby reduce the risk of nitrate leaching.
The Growth, Composition, and Functional Properties of Self‐Organized Nanostructured ZrO2‐Al2O3 Anodic Films for Advanced Dielectric Applications
Authors: Kamnev Kirill , Sepúlveda Marcela , Bendova Maria , Pytlicek Zdenek , Prasek Jan , Kolibalova Eva , Michalicka Jan , Mozalev Alexander
Published: September 2021

An aluminum‐on‐zirconium bilayer is anodized in oxalic acid solution to transform the Al layer into porous anodic alumina (PAA); this is followed by the PAA‐assisted re‐anodizing of the Zr underlayer at voltages 40–280 V. The process results in an array of amorphous ZrO2 nanocolumns, 45–330 nm long, partly filling the PAA pores and anchored to a continuous bottom oxide layer under the pores, 20–130 nm thick, comprising a ZrO1.8 spongelike sublayer superimposed on a ZrO1.5 compact sublayer. The thicknesses of the nanostructured and bottom oxides increase linearly with re‐anodizing voltage, disclosing a low film formation ratio of 1.65 nm V−1, which is impossible with anodic ZrO2. The amorphous ZrO2 nanocolumns embedded in the highly resistive amorphous PAA matrix combined with the laminated bottom oxide reveal a nearly ideal dielectric performance in a wide frequency range (10−4–104 Hz) complemented by the low leakage currents and high breakdown voltages (up to 280 V). The film permittivity may be tuned, from 11 to 20, by combining the anodizing and pore‐widening techniques. The advantageous architecture, fabrication approach, and functional properties of the films allow the design of a prototype of an emerging hybrid polymer electrolytic microcapacitor for on‐chip integration.
Relationships among tau burden, atrophy, age, and naming in the aphasic variant of Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Martersteck Adam , Sridhar Jaiashre , Coventry Christina , Weintraub Sandra , Mesulam M.‐Marsel , Rogalski Emily
Published: September 2021

Introduction

Examination of pathologic, anatomic, and cognitive relationships has been limited in primary progressive aphasia (PPA) with underlying Alzheimer's disease (AD) neuropathology.

Methods

Spatial relationships between tau positron emission tomography (PET), cortical thickness, age, and naming on the Boston Naming Test (BNT) in PPA with biomarker evidence of AD (PPA‐AD) were examined.

Results

Higher tau PET burden was associated with atrophy and younger age. There was a significant left‐lateralized relationship between lower BNT and more atrophy, and between lower BNT and increased tau burden. Variance in naming was primarily shared between tau and atrophy (51%), but naming was uniquely explained more by atrophy (32%) than tau (16%). Higher left anterior temporal tau burden was associated with greater 1‐year rate of decline in naming.

Discussion

PPA‐AD has a similar relationship between abnormal biomarkers as first described in amnestic AD, with differing spatial extent, reflecting the left‐lateralized nature of the language network.
An Innovative Approach for the Generation of Species of the Interstellar Medium
Authors: Kolesniková Lucie , León Iker , Alonso Elena R. , Mata Santiago , Alonso Jose Luis
Published: September 2021

The large amount of unstable species in the realm of interstellar chemistry drives an urgent need to develop efficient methods for the in situ generations of molecules that enable their spectroscopic characterizations. Such laboratory experiments are fundamental to decode the molecular universe by matching the interstellar and terrestrial spectra. We propose an approach based on laser ablation of nonvolatile solid organic precursors. The generated chemical species are cooled in a supersonic expansion and probed by high‐resolution microwave spectroscopy. We present a proof of concept through a simultaneous formation of interstellar compounds and the first generation of aminocyanoacetylene using diaminomaleonitrile as a prototypical precursor. With this micro‐laboratory, we open the door to generation of unsuspected species using precursors not typically accessible to traditional techniques such as electric discharge and pyrolysis.
Location‐Dependent Lanthanide Selectivity Engineered into Structurally Characterized Designed Coiled Coils
Authors: Slope Louise N. , Daubney Oliver J. , Campbell Hannah , White Scott A. , Peacock Anna F. A.
Published: September 2021

Herein we report unprecedented location‐dependent, size‐selective binding to designed lanthanide (Ln3+) sites within miniature protein coiled coil scaffolds. Not only do these engineered sites display unusual Ln3+ selectivity for moderately large Ln3+ ions (Nd to Tb), for the first time we demonstrate that selectivity can be location‐dependent and can be programmed into the sequence. A 1 nm linear translation of the binding site towards the N‐terminus can convert a selective site into a highly promiscuous one. An X‐ray crystal structure, the first of a lanthanide binding site within a coiled coil to be reported, coupled with CD studies, reveal the existence of an optimal radius that likely stems from the structural constraints of the coiled coil scaffold. To the best of our knowledge this is the first report of location‐dependent metal selectivity within a coiled coil scaffold, as well as the first report of location‐dependent Ln3+ selectivity within a protein.
Sterically hindered (pyridyl)benzamidine palladium(II) complexes: Syntheses, structural studies, and applications as catalysts in the methoxycarbonylation of olefins
Authors: Akiri Saphan O. , Ojwach Stephen O.
Published: September 2021

Reactions of ligands (E)‐N′‐(2,6‐diisopropylphenyl)‐N‐(4‐methylpyridin‐2‐yl)benzimidamide (L1), (E)‐N′‐(2,6‐diisopropylphenyl)‐N‐(6‐methylpyridin‐2‐yl)benzimidamide (L2), (E)‐N′‐(2,6‐dimethylphenyl)‐N‐(6‐methylpyridin‐2‐yl)benzimidamide (L3), (E)‐N′‐(2,6‐dimethylphenyl)‐N‐(4‐methylpyridin‐2‐yl)benzimidamide (L4), and (E)‐N‐(6‐methylpyridin‐2‐yl)‐N′‐phenylbenzimidamide (L5) with [Pd(NCMe)2Cl2] furnished the corresponding palladium(II) precatalysts (Pd1–Pd5), in good yields. Molecular structures of Pd2 and Pd3 revealed that the ligands coordinate in a N^N bidentate mode to afford square planar compounds. Activation of the palladium(II) complexes with para‐tolyl sulfonic acid (PTSA) afforded active catalysts in the methoxycarbonylation of a number of alkene. The resultant catalytic activities were controlled by the both the complex structure and alkene substrate. While aliphatic substrates favored the formation of linear esters (>70%), styrene substrate resulted in the formation of predominantly branched esters of up to 91%.
Synthesis of a sustainable heterogeneous catalyst, titanium dioxide‐loaded hydroxyapatite for functionalised chromen‐dihydropyridines under green conditions
Authors: Madhavi Challa , Ganja Himavathi , Kerru Nagaraju , Maddila Suresh , Jonnalagadda Sreekantha B.
Published: September 2021

We have described the synthesis of composite materials with different titanium dioxide loading on hydroxyapatite (TiO2/HAp). Their structural properties and morphologies were established by powder X‐ray diffraction (p‐XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) analyses. The catalytic efficacy of the as‐prepared composite materials was explored to synthesise novel 4‐oxo‐chromen‐dihydropyridine derivatives by the four‐component reaction. The one‐pot fusion in ethanol medium involved chromene‐3‐carbaldehyde, dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate, malononitrile and different aromatic and heteroaryl amines. The method provided impressive yields (92–97%) of the target products in a short reaction time (<21 min) at room temperature. Further, we examined the efficiency of the separated catalyst, reused up to five runs with similar catalytic activity. This sustainable protocol merits easy workup, fast reaction time, superior yields, catalyst reusability, mild reaction environment and column‐free purification.
Insights into the interaction between PANI and Au NPs of magnetic core‐shell Fe3O4/PANI/Au catalysts with remarkable catalytic performance in 4‐NP reduction
Authors: Sun Libo , Zhang Jie , Yin Zequn , Zhang Miao , Zhang Yan , Gao Yue , Qi Caixia
Published: September 2021

Magnetic Fe3O4/PANI core‐shell composites were prepared as the support of gold catalysts. The Fe3O4 magnetic core was prepared by solvothermal reaction and coated with polyaniline (PANI) shell via in situ aniline polymerization on Fe3O4 surface. Au nanoparticles were loaded on Fe3O4/PANI composites through gold sol adsorption and in situ reduction method to prepare Fe3O4/PANI/Au(Sol) and Fe3O4/PANI/Au(In Situ) catalysts, respectively. We found that the initial activities of Fe3O4/PANI/Au(Sol) were higher than that of Fe3O4/PANI/Au(In Situ) due to the small size effect of Au in catalysts. Although the size of Au in Fe3O4/PANI/Au(In Situ) was bigger than that in Fe3O4/PANI/Au(Sol), it should be noted that both of Fe3O4/PANI/Au(Sol) and Fe3O4/PANI/Au(In Situ) possessed good catalytic recycling stability. The conversion of 4‐NP was still above 97% and 99% after 15 cycles for Fe3O4/PANI/Au(Sol) and Fe3O4/PANI/Au(In Situ), respectively. The good catalytic stability for Fe3O4/PANI/Au(In Situ) could be attributed to the stronger interaction between PANI and Au NPs. We believe that our work provides an effective strategy for the preparation of long‐life catalysts and the investigations can be used to design other conductive polymers supported noble metal catalysts.
Skull osteology of the holotype of the rhynchosaur Hyperodapedon sanjuanensis (Sill, 1970) from the Upper Triassic Ischigualasto Formation of Argentina
Authors: Gentil Adriel R. , Ezcurra Martín D.
Published: September 2021

Rhynchosaurs are bulky quadrupedal herbivores that achieved a cosmopolitan distribution during the Middle and Late Triassic. Rhynchosaurids are characterized by a pair of premaxillae modified into an edentulous beak that had a bone‐to‐bone occlusion with the tips of the dentaries, and a specialized masticatory apparatus composed of groove(s) on the maxilla and ridges(s) on the dentary. The Argentinian fossil record of rhynchosaurs is abundant, but only two nominal species have been named so far. One of them, the hyperodapedontine Hyperodapedon sanjuanensis, is the most abundant tetrapod of the Ischigualasto Formation of northwestern Argentina. However, the anatomy of H. sanjuanensis remains poorly studied. The repreparation and computed tomographic (CT) scanning of its holotypic skull (MACN‐Pv 18185) allowed a detailed description of its anatomy. Among the novel anatomical data presented here, we provide the first tridimensional complete reconstruction of a rhynchosaurid palate. This structure is extremely complex in comparison to the plesiomorphic archosauromorph condition, and more data on other rhynchosaurid palates are needed to shed light on the sequence of character states acquisition that resulted in this peculiar anatomy. The presence of a pair of septomaxillae in H. sanjuanensis is the first report of these bones in a rhynchosaurid, and this new information allowed to identify septomaxillae also in the hyperodapedontines Teyumbaita sulcognathus and Hyperodapedon mariensis. The better understanding of the skull anatomy of the holotype of H. sanjuanensis is a first step towards an improved knowledge of the morphology and taxonomy of the South American rhynchosaurs.
Porous organic cage for enantiomeric fluorescence recognition of amino acid and hydroxy acid
Authors: Liu Yang , Jia Jia , Liao Tong , Luo Jin , Zhang Xinfeng
Published: September 2021

A new method based on the enantioselective recognition of porous organic cages CC3‐R was established for the first time. Porous organic cages are widely used for separation, adsorption and host–guest interaction sensing, but are rarely used for fluorescence sensing. Based on the inherent chiral environment of CC3‐R and the inherent fluorescence properties of the organic ligands constituting the cage, when different chiral monomers diffuse into the cage, different effects occur to produce changes in fluorescence. We found for the first time that the fluorescence of CC3‐R can be enhanced and quenched by tyrosine and mandelic acid, respectively, and that different chiral monomers are enhanced or quenched differently at the same concentration. Unlike the chiral recognition of other composite luminescent materials, the chiral porous organic cage not only utilizes its own host–guest effect for chiral recognition, but also utilizes the organic ligands constituting the cage for luminescence recognition. This work provides an alternative method to accomplish chiral recognition other than chromatography, that is using porous organic cages (POC), but it can show the advantages of simplicity, low cost and high sensitivity. We believe this work could provide valuable thoughts in the exploration of POC in chiral recognition as new FL probes for the future.
How going green builds trusting beliefs
Authors: Jørgensen Sveinung , Pedersen Lars Jacob Tynes , Skard Siv
Published: September 2021

Companies are increasingly making efforts to become more sustainable. In this research, we investigate the effect that these efforts have on consumer trusting beliefs in companies. In one correlational study and two controlled experiments (n = 2174), we test the relationship between sustainability improvements and trusting beliefs and the mediating mechanisms explaining this relationship. Results reveal that perceived innovativeness and self‐connection with the company are mechanisms explaining the effect. Furthermore, in the first experiment, we test whether the effect on trusting beliefs requires a comprehensive change or if a small sustainability improvement is equally effective. In the second experiment, we address whether sustainability improvements are more effective than other types of improvements in terms of building trust. Our findings have important theoretical implications for the understanding of how sustainability efforts build trust and practical implications for companies aiming to trust among consumers.