bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Love, the Great Leveller, or the Fortunes of Excellence in the University
Authors: Summers-Bremner Eluned
Published: January 2007

My essay considers the role of excellence in the managerialized University, focusing particularly on the field of literary studies. It considers excellence not only as a term that has been recently devalued but as one that functions opaquely. The opacity of excellence's function in the University is demonstrated by means of an analogy with the Lacanian psychoanalytic understanding of love as the motor of psychoanalytic labor and as a working blindness. Lacan's reading of Plato's Symposium is the literary source for the understanding of love as transference or the working opacity at the heart of psychoanalytic practice. I argue that the relation between writer and reader is also transferential and that the love relation invisibly sustained by scholarly work in the field of literary studies provides an operational excess that cannot be entirely recaptured by the audit regime's reduction of excellence to a quantitative measure of academic work.
Found Objects: (Jem Cohen, Ben Katchor, Walter Benjamin)
Authors: Beeck Nathalie op de
Published: January 2007

Jem Cohen's film Lost Book Found and Ben Katchor's comic strip Julius Knipl, Real Estate Photographer theorize American memory and urban decay. In moving images and sequential panels respectively, Cohen and Katchor comment on melancholy, nostalgia, commodity fetishism, and the meanings extracted from physical objects and lived space. Their works of cinema and graphic art draw attention to urban shopping centers, the repetitious work of salespeople in those ritualized environments, and the mass public's transitory consumer experiences. This essay examines Cohen's and Katchor's work in light of Walter Benjamin's historical materialist criticism.
Comics Architecture, Multidimensionality, and Time: Chris Ware's Jimmy Corrigan: The Smartest Kid on Earth
Authors: Bredehoft Thomas A
Published: January 2007

Focusing on the unique architecture of comics, in which panels are both sequenced linearly and meaningfully juxtaposed on a two-dimensional page, this essay explores Chris Ware's use of two- and three-dimensional narrative strategies to complicate linear understandings of narrative structure. In Jimmy Corrigan: The Smartest Kid on Earth, Ware employs such multidimensional narrative strategies to effectively thematize the novel's engagement with issues of narrative time, circularity, and continuity, as well as to call into question the very notion of a "narrative line."
Paul Auster's City of Glass: The Graphic Novel
Authors: Coughlan David
Published: January 2007

In adapting Paul Auster's postmodern detective story City of Glass as a graphic novel, Paul Karasik and David Mazzucchelli succeeded in producing a visual translation of an often non-visual text. Focussing on Auster's text rather than Auster's story, it is argued, the artists make inventive use of visual metaphors, visual styles, and comic conventions to translate Auster's words into pictures. The text's investigation into, and interrogation of, language is brought to bear on the comic version's own visual language, and City of Glass: The Graphic Novel emerges as valuable source material for a future poetics of comics.
Archives, Collectors, and the New Media Work of Comics
Authors: Gardner Jared
Published: January 2007

This essay considers the obsession with historical and archival work in contemporary graphic narratives, focusing on examples from graphic narratives by Ben Katchor and Kim Deitch. The essay argues that the comics form has an especially important role to play in the new century, in large measure because of its longstanding negotiation of the interplay between word and image—a hybrid language increasingly central in the age of new media.
Black Female Authorship and the African American Graphic Novel: Historical Responsibility in Icon: A Hero's Welcome
Authors: Ryan Jennifer D
Published: January 2007

This article, a study of the Milestone Media graphic novel Icon: A Hero's Welcome, argues that African-American graphic novels are an important literary forum for black women's voices. I examine the ways in which Rocket, Icon's female narrator, revises the conventions of both the slave narrative and the conventional superhero comic story in order to locate black women within the American histories from which they traditionally have been absent. Rocket, sidekick to the superhero Icon, both helps her alien counterpart to assimilate into a black male identity and rewrites their adventures together to reflect her own process of self-discovery.
Comic Visions and Revisions in the work of Lynda Barry and Marjane Satrapi
Authors: Tensuan Theresa M
Published: January 2007

Lynda Barry's "autobiofictionalography" One! Hundred! Demons! (2002) and Marjane Satrapi's memoir Persepolis (2004) recast the visual and narrative conventions of comics to provide critical commentary on issues ranging from the social construction of gender to the forces subtending forms of prejudice. The works literally as well as figuratively draw out the ways in which the transition from childhood to adulthood becomes overdetermined by narratives of development that set gendered roles, articulate racial demarcations, inscribe religious differences, and authorize imperialist vision; they also highlight the ways in which figures resist, subvert, and capitulate to forces of social coercion and normative visions.
Art Spiegelman's In the Shadow of No Towers: 9-11 and the Representation of Trauma
Authors: Versluys Kristiaan
Published: January 2007

This paper demonstrates how in his graphic novel In the Shadow of No Towers Art Spiegelman reads the events of 9/11 through the conceptual screen of the Holocaust. The questions that are raised in this connection concern the legitimacy of speaking about catastrophes, the stylistic means necessary to avoid sensationalism and kitsch, and finally the role of political commitment in the process of mourning or working-through.
The Narrative Imagination across Media
Authors: Walsh Richard
Published: January 2007

This article challenges the strong presumption that narrative, capable as it is of expression in different media, is constituted by a medium-independent content. It draws upon Neil Gaiman's Sandman comics series in order to interrogate the role of the medium in narrative, and the foundational narrative concept of the event, and elaborates a concept of narrative as a cognitive faculty. This approach to narrative facilitates a rhetorical model of its medium-contingency, and occasions an exploration of the narrative quality of dreams, which emerge as proto-fictions, and as the paradigm for a rhetoric-driven model of fictionality.
Autographics: The Seeing "I" of the Comics
Authors: Whitlock Gillian
Published: January 2007

Recently Marianne Hirsch has argued it is necessary to think anew about words and images and their expressivity in the specific cultural and historical context of the 'war on terror'. Here Marjane Satrapi's Persepolis and Art Speigelman's In the Shadow of No Towers are read in terms of 'autographics': the distinctive technology and aesthetics of life narrative that emerges in the comics. Unique mediations of cultural difference occur in the grammar of comics, which make demands on the reader to navigate across gutters and frames, and shuttle between words and images, in an active process of imaginative engagement with others.
The Shameful Art: McSweeney's Quarterly Concern, Comics, and the Politics of Affect
Authors: Worden Daniel
Published: January 2007

This essay examines McSweeney's Quarterly Concern Number Thirteen, edited by Chris Ware, and its use of intimacy, shame, and gender melancholy to make a case for the artistic merit of comics. Through readings of contributions to the issue by artists such as Lynda Barry, Ivan Brunetti, Charles Burns, Joe Matt, John Porcellino, Archer Prewitt, and Chris Ware, the essay finds that the McSweeney's comics issue interpellates readers through "comic shame" and uses modernist tropes to establish comics as high art. Affect is central to contemporary independent comics and the readerly participation they elicit.
The Origin of the Kelabit Voiced Aspirates: A Historical Hypothesis Revisited
Authors: Blust R. A
Published: January 2007

Kelabit, an Austronesian language spoken in northern Sarawak, has a typologically rare series of true voice aspirates. Contrary to claims in the general phonetics literature, these segments cannot be analyzed as consonant clusters. In earlier publications such as Blust (1969, 1974a,b), the origin of the Kelabit voiced aspirates was attributed to ancestral clusters of voiced obstruent + sibilant that arose from syncope in the reflexes of PAN *bVS, *dVS, *jVS, *zVS, and *gVS. This hypothesis required the expansion of a number of Proto-Austronesian reconstructions through the addition of a vowel after *S, or the addition of a syllable with *S, as in PAN *tebuSu > Proto-North Sarawak *tÉbSu > Kelabit tÉbhuh (for earlier PAN *tebuS) 'sugarcane', *qapejuSu > Proto-North Sarawak *pÉdSu > Kelabit pÉdhuh (for earlier PAN *qapeju) 'gall (bladder)', or PMP *ijuSuÅ > Proto-North Sarawak *idSuÅ > Kelabit idhuÅ (for earlier *ijuÅ) 'nose'. Problems with this analysis were pointed out by other scholars, but the alternatives that they proposed were not entirely satisfactory. Some aspects of these alternative proposals, together with additional observations, have now led to a new analysis, in which Kelabit bh, dh, gh, and the historically related segments in other North Sarawak languages are derived from earlier voiced geminates.
On the Multifunctionality of Compound Prepositions in Indonesian
Authors: Djenar Dwi Noverini
Published: January 2007

This paper examines the assumption that the function of compound prepositions in Indonesian (e.g., di atas 'on top of', ke dalam 'into') is to add specificity. It is argued that, although compounds indeed serve this semantic function, they are not limited to it. Based on a study of a corpus of spoken and written Indonesian, it is shown that in many instances compounds do not add any semantic information other than what is expressible by their simple form counterparts. Compounds may be used simply to render explicit what is inferable from general knowledge. It is further argued that compounds are a marked category. Their distribution tends to be correlated with medium and type of discourse. In addition, as the more explicit or marked member of the simple/compound opposition, compounds serve a similar anaphoric function to full NPs. They can be considered as nonnominal markers that track locations and serve a number of other discourse functions, which include confirming a previously mentioned location, adding an affective dimension to an utterance, and marking discourse transitions. Compounds are therefore claimed to be multifunctional; and while in some instances either the semantic or pragmatic function predominates, in other instances both functions interact to produce the desired interpretation.
The Semantics and Pragmatics of Irrealis Mood in Nyulnyulan Languages
Authors: McGregor William , Wagner Tamsin
Published: January 2007

The languages of the small Nyulnyulan family of the far northwest of Western Australia all exhibit a grammatical category traditionally dubbed irrealis. In this paper we describe the grammatical expression of this category, and its range of meanings and uses. It is argued that these can be accounted for as contextual senses or pragmatic inferences based on a single encoded core meaning, that the referent situation is construed by the speaker as unrealized. This semantic component remains invariant across all uses of the category, and is not defeasible. Contra claims by some investigators, the realis-irrealis mood contrast is fundamental, and encapsulates a viable conceptual contrast between real and unreal events; epistemic and deontic notions of probability, necessity, desirability, and the like are secondary pragmatic inferences. The irrealis is thus a modal category that can grammaticalize in human languages; indeed, it is a communicatively useful category. We explicate the nature of the conceptual contrast between the construed real and unreal. It is further argued that the notion of scope is essential to an understanding of the irrealis, and its interaction with other mode-like categories. Finally, we situate the Nyulnyulan irrealis in the wider cross-linguistic context of irrealis.
Bound Nominal Elements in Ãiwoo (Reefs): A Reappraisal of the "Multiple Noun Class Systems"
Authors: Næss Ãshild
Published: January 2007

The little-described Reefs-Santa Cruz (RSC) languages are usually assumed to be of mixed Papuan-Austronesian origin, though attempts at linking them systematically either to known Papuan or Austronesian languages have yielded meager results. One of the main arguments in the literature for the presence of "Papuan structures" in the RSC languages has been the claim that the languages have complex systems of noun classes, described in any detail only for the largest RSC language, Reefs or Ãiwoo. This paper examines the claim that Ãiwoo has one or more noun class systems, based on fieldwork material. It draws two main conclusions: First, the phenomena in question cannot be felicitously analyzed as noun classes in the usual sense of the term, and bear no obvious resemblance to the Papuan-style gender systems to which they have been compared. Rather, they are bound nominal elements of which some have a mainly nominalizing function, whereas others show characteristic properties of classifiers or class terms. Second, there is little or no evidence that the presence of these elements in the language indicates a non-Austronesian origin or infuence. On the contrary, the classifier or class-term system, in fact, has obvious parallels in a number of Oceanic languages of Vanuatu. While this does not entail any conclusions about the genetic status of Ãiwoo, or of RSC in general, it is clear that the so-called noun classes do not constitute evidence of a Papuan link.
Niuean and Eastern Polynesian: A View from Syntax
Authors: Otsuka Yuko
Published: January 2007

While the Tongic subgroup of Polynesian, consisting of Niuean and Tongan, is defined by a number of shared innovations, Niuean is known to exhibit phonological and lexical features that can be taken as evidence of Eastern Polynesian (EPN) influence. Niuean also shows syntactic features that are prominent among EPN languages, but absent in Tongan. This paper examines whether these syntactic features can be taken to be shared innovations and hence constitute a basis for a subgroup including EPN and Niuean. The current study suggests that convergent development is the probable explanation for the syntactic similarities between Niuean and EPN.
On the Origin of Philippine Vowel Grades
Authors: Reid Lawrence Andrew
Published: January 2007

The concept of vowel grade by which morphological features in some Indo- European languages are signaled by change in the quality of the vowel of a given form has long been recognized. More recently, the term has also been applied to the variation in vowels that occur in some case-marking prepositional forms in Austronesian languages. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate some of the processes by which vowel grades developed in some Philippine languages. These processes include what has been referred to elsewhere as vowel-grade harmony, an assimilatory process by which the vowel of one case-marking preposition copies that of another. Noun phrases in many Philippine languages are commonly described as being introduced by "phrase markers" that specify certain syntactic and semantic features of the noun phrase they introduce. These are typically unstressed clitic forms having a CV or CVC shape. However, the quality of the vowel varies from language to language. Thus, in Ivatan, the forms that introduce common noun phrases all have an u vowel, while those that introduce personal noun phrases all have an i vowel; in Tagalog the forms that introduce common noun phrases all have an a vowel, while those that introduce personal noun phrases all have an i vowel, like Ivatan. Recognizing that the similarity in vowel quality of "phrase markers " in these languages is commonly the result of vowel-grade harmony and not necessarily the result of regular phonological change provides an explanation for the multiple irregularities that are found in attempting to reconstruct the protoforms of "phrase markers."
The Benefactive Construction in South Efate
Authors: Thieberger Nick
Published: January 2007

The benefactive construction in South Efate employs a prepositional phrase in the position immediately preceding the main verb. This position facilitates the expression of an additional participant in a sentence without competing for slots held by other participants (core arguments or adjuncts). Possessive morphology encoding the benefactive has been noted for other Oceanic languages, with distinct word-order marking a final stage of grammaticalization of the benefactive. While South Efate shares features with southern Vanuatu languages, it is shown that a preverbal benefactive is an areal feature of several languages to the north of South Efate, potentially supporting South Efate's position in the Central Vanuatu subgroup.
The Pronoun System in Galeya: Arguments against a Clitic Analysis
Authors: Yamada Fumiko S
Published: January 2007

There are two types of pronominal elements for marking subject and object in Galeya (an Oceanic language spoken on Fergusson Island, Papua New Guinea): those that occur independently (full pronouns), and those that must be attached to verbs. As the latter show characteristics shared by both pronouns and agreement affixes, they can be considered to be pronominal clitics. Although the distinction between pronominal clitics and agreement affixes has not always been made explicitly in previous studies of Oceanic languages, it is important for the analysis of the sentence structure of Galeya, in which both types of pronominal elements are present. If we assume that one type of pronominal element is an independent pronoun and the other is an agreement affix, the former should be an argument. If, on the other hand, we take the former to be an independent pronoun and the latter a pronominal clitic, the clitic is taken to be an argument and the independent pronoun an adjunct. By applying certain tests, it is determined that the subject and object markers attached to verbs are grammatical agreement affixes rather than pronominal clitics. This analysis leads us to the conclusion that the word order in Galeya is SOV, the same pattern as is found in neighboring languages.
Contemporary Art and the Ethics of Anatomy
Authors: Barilan Y. Michael
Published: January 2007

The ethics of anatomy bears on the ways in which we present and behold human bodies and human remains, as well as on the duties we have with regard to the persons whose bodies or body parts are presented. Anatomy is also a mode of thought and of social organization. Following Merleau-Ponty's assertion that the human body belongs both to the particular and to the metaphysical, I contend that art's ways of rendering of the particular in human anatomy often bring into relief metaphysical and ethical insights relevant to clinical medicine. This paper discusses the art of Gideon Gechtman, Mary Ellen Mark, Shari Zolla, and Christine Borland. It considers the relationship of these artists to earlier artistic traditions and the implications of their work for contemporary medicine and the biopsychosocial paradigm. Andrew Wyeth, the Visible Male Project, the Isenheim Altarpiece by Grünewald, and an anonymous Dutch Baroque portrait are also discussed.
"Sweeping Up After the Parade": Professional, Ethical, and Patient Care Implications of "Turfing"
Authors: Caldicott Catherine V
Published: January 2007

"Turfing" denotes a patient transfer or triage from one physician to another when the care of that patient feels more troublesome than it is worth. A widespread phenomenon in medical training programs, turfing appears to allocate patient care to meet physicians' rather than patients' needs. Although turfing reportedly causes inter-physician discord and inter-specialty stereotyping, its deeper consequences are poorly understood. Turfing is an interpersonal conflict masquerading as a medical issue. After examining turfing alongside other patient-related slang, I analyze the distinction between "the turf," a person, and "to turf," a practice. Several explanatory models from medical practice are explored in order to illuminate turfing's implications for medical professionalism, ethics, and patient care. I suggest that a physician's medical specialty or practice type—that is, professional culture—may link to that physician's degree of altruism. If so, then what it means fundamentally to be a physician might vary across medical specialties. Such a link calls for a new notion of cultural competence, one that physicians may apply not to patients but to each other.
Conflicts of Interest in Health Care: Who Guards the Guardians?
Authors: Epstein Richard Allen
Published: January 2007

Conflicts of interest are rife in all areas of human endeavor, including medicine. Dealing with them is often difficult, because various disclosure remedies are sometimes too weak, while explicit prohibitions against participation in certain forms of research could block the needed synergies between scientists who work in universities, government, and industry. The situation is made still more difficult, because any effort to control one set of conflicts will necessarily generate another in its stead, as is well captured in Juvenal's famous question, "Who will guard the guardians?" That problem is more acute today, because many of our social watchdogs are in fact complex organizations that are rife with their own internal conflicts of interest. The problem is acute for the FDA, for example, which so fears the release of harmful drugs that it often keeps beneficial ones off the market. The problem can also arise in connection with the review of medical research by major journals, which is well illustrated by the recent effort of the New England Journal of Medicine to attack a Vioxx study it published in order to protect its own reputation.
Medicine and Industry: A Necessary but Conflicted Relationship
Authors: Fisher Morris A
Published: January 2007

Medicine and industry are bound together by mutual needs. The development and utilization of new drugs and medical devices requires both the scientific and clinical expertise of physicians, and the resources and entrepreneurial ethos of business. The medicine-industry partnership has contributed to dramatic improvements in medical care. The increasing influence of the pharmaceutical and medical equipment industry in medicine has, however, raised concerns about costs and regulation, as well as about medicine's traditional independence and objectivity. Some critics feel that the fundamental obligation of business to provide profit for shareholders conflicts with physicians' traditional role as disinterested advocates of patients' interests. Nonetheless, with about 15% of the U.S. economy now devoted to health care, an ongoing and ro-bust relation between business and medicine seems inevitable. A mutually productive relationship between medicine and industry is essential for continued innovation and improvement in health care. Continuous and open dialogue, such as that in the following articles, is necessary to resolve conflicts and achieve this goal.
Medical Education and the Pharmaceutical Industry
Authors: Goodman Robert L. (Robert Leonard)
Published: January 2007

Interactions with industry begin early in medical training, and attitudes toward these interactions among students and trainees are permissive, which is not surprising given the "informal curriculum" received from peers and role models. Though the Accreditation Council on Graduate Medical Education has recommended explicit policies on interactions between trainees and industry, past studies have shown that most schools and training programs do not have such policies. Given that accep-tance of gifts from industry can create conflicts of interest, that promotional information may be biased, and that non-promotional sources of prescribing information are readily available, medical schools and training programs should develop and implement explicit policies restricting interactions between trainees and industry representatives.
Professional Societies and Industry Support: What Is the Quid Pro Quo?
Authors: Kassirer Jerome P.
Published: January 2007

Professional medical societies have become increasingly dependent on pharmaceutical, device, and biotechnology companies for ongoing support of their programs, but the internal influence of this financial largesse on medical societies' practices is well hidden. Many examples exist in which societies' educational products, including clinical practice guidelines and professional publications, have been tainted by involvement by industry-paid individuals. These examples show that professional judgments of organizations can be affected in ways that are not in the best interests of our patients. Society leaders should develop policies that leave critical decisions, especially those that affect patient care, in the hands of members without financial ties to industry. Society leaders should not accept funds designated for specific industry-recommended projects unless such programs are already part of their planned agenda. These leaders, who typically serve for only a year or two, should delve into arrangements that salaried society executives make with industry, and insure that no promises are made that compromise an organization's professional goals. Professional societies should also find ways of reducing the vast, embarrassing industry involvement at their national meetings, especially the vulgar circus-like displays and the drug company-sponsored symposia. We must reduce commercialism and restore professionalism to our medical meetings.
Point-of-Service Nerve Conduction Studies: An Example of Industry-Driven Disruptive Innovation in Health Care
Authors: Lesser Eugene A , Starr Jennifer , Kong Xuan , Megerian J. Thomas , Gozani Shai N
Published: January 2007

Nerve conduction studies (NCS) and needle electromyography are useful and established diagnostic procedures for evaluating patients with signs and symptoms of neuromuscular disease. Although technological advances have occurred since the introduction of commercial electromyography instrumentation in the 1950s, most improvements have been evolutionary and were designed to benefit traditional users—neurologists and physiatrists specializing in electromyography. In the past seven years, instruments have been introduced that automate NCS and thereby enable a broader group of physicians, including internists and orthopedic surgeons, to perform these studies and utilize electromyographic data in the care of their patients. Automated NCS devices are an example of what Clayton Christensen terms a "disruptive innovation." In this article, automated NCS is contrasted with traditional electromyography, and the challenges and opposition to its widespread adoption are explored.
Toward a Broader Notion of Community
Authors: Levine Beverly Rockhill
Published: January 2007

Both leading scientific journals and the popular press now regularly report the convincing evidence of massive environmental degradation and decline. Yet despite the seriousness of the problems, despite their anthropogenic nature, and despite their profound implications for present and future population health, such topics are rarely discussed in the leading public health journals. When these issues are mentioned, they are examined in the same limited framework as other questions in public health—questions of models and tests of independent causal associations dominate. This approach will not suffice, for both scientific and ethical reasons. If public health scientists wish to sustain human health in the face of such crises, and to retain our integrity as scholars who speak truthfully about public health matters, we will have to broaden the notions of "health" and "community" to include nonhumans. I draw on recent scholarship in moral philosophy and in the philosophy of science to support my argument. Scholars in the health professions must take seriously the words of theologian Andrew Linzey, who states that the attempt to place human well-being in a special and absolute category of its own is perhaps the primary cause of our ecological travail.
Ghost Marketing: Pharmaceutical Companies and Ghostwritten Journal Articles
Authors: Moffatt Barton , Elliott Carl
Published: January 2007

The use of ghostwriters by industry is subject to increasing public attention and scrutiny. This article addresses the practice and ethics of scientific ghostwriting. We focus on the type of ghostwriting that involves a pharmaceutical company hiring a medical education and communications company to write a paper favorable of their product, who then hires a well-known academic to publish it under his or her name without disclosing the paper's true origins. We argue that this practice is harmful both to the public and to the institutions of science and that it is not justified by an analogy to accepted scientific authorship practices. Finally, we consider ways to discourage the practice.
Regulation of Financial Conflicts of Interest in Medical Practice and Medical Research: A Damaging Solution in Search of a Problem
Authors: Stossel Thomas P
Published: January 2007

The free market, which includes most practicing physicians, publicly supported biomedical researchers, and private drug and device companies, has succeeded spectacularly in delivering new medical technologies to the public. Increased interactions between doctors (physicians and biomedical researchers), epitomized by the founding of the biotechnology revolution, have and can continue to accelerate this delivery. A powerful anti-commercial advocacy movement that has blossomed over the past 20 years threatens this momentum. This movement has succeeded in inverting reality by demonizing the market and by promoting distorted and damaging views of professionalism and of science. Most ominously, it has imposed onerous and counterproductive regulations on medical education and translational research.
A Hormone for All Seasons
Authors: Tata Jamshed R. (Jamshed Rustom)
Published: January 2007

Thyroid hormone (TH) elicits an extraordinary multiplicity of biochemical, cellular, and physiological responses in the simplest to the most complex organisms. The diverse actions of the biologically active thyroid hormone, L-triiodothyronine (T3), can be divided into two groups: growth and development, and regulation of metabolism. A large number of mechanisms, some mutually contradictory, have been proposed to explain the actions of this hormone. A chronological examination of the mechanisms of action of TH and other hormones reflects the rapid increase in our knowledge of biological regulatory processes. The discovery in the 1980s that the two TH receptors, TRa and TRb, share the same modular structure as other members of the large nuclear receptor multigene family of transcription factors focused attention on transcriptional regulation by TH. TH receptors function together with co-activators and co-repressors in multi-protein complexes, which are organized along with hormonal target genes into the structure of chromatin. Many new facets of TH action are beginning to attract our attention, so that investigators will still be busy attempting to explain the mechanism of its action for decades to come.
Negativity and Dialectical Materialism: Zhang Shiying's Reading of Hegel's Dialectical Logic
Authors: Button Peter
Published: January 2007

Studies of Chinese dialectical materialism have long neglected the important philosophical dimension of Hegelian thought and its influence on Chinese Marxism. This essay examines the work of Zhang Shiying of Beijing University, whose studies of Hegel's works on dialectical logic in the 1950s sought to clarify the nature of Hegel's speculative dialectic and its relation to dialectical materialism. Like Lenin before him, Zhang believed that Hegel's works on logic offered a more profound reflection on materialism than had previously been recognized by Marxist critics of German idealism. Zhang's sensitive reading of both Hegel's Science of Logic and the Encyclopedia Logic highlights the problem of the speculative dialectic and negativity. Examined here is Zhang's analysis of the Hegelian dialectic in light of contemporary accounts of the role of Hegelian negativity in poststructuralist thought.
The Illumination of Consciousness: Approaches to Self-Awareness in the Indian and Western Traditions
Authors: MacKenzie Matthew D
Published: January 2007

Philosophers in the Indian and Western traditions have developed and defended a range of sophisticated accounts of self-awareness. Here, four of these accounts are examined, and the arguments for them are assessed. Theories of self-awareness developed in the two traditions under consideration fall into two broad categories: reflectionist or other-illumination theories and reflexivist or self-illumination theories. Having assessed the main arguments for these theories, it is argued here that while neither reflectionist nor reflexivist theories are adequate as traditionally formulated and defended, the approaches examined here give important insights for the development of amore adequate contemporary account of self-awareness.
Al-Ghazali on Power, Causation, and 'Acquisition'
Authors: Moad Edward Omar
Published: January 2007

Al-Ghazali on Power, Causation, and 'Acquisition' Edward Omar Moad In Al-Iqtişādfial-I'tiqād (Moderation in belief ), at the end of his chapter on divine power, Abu Hamid al-Ghazali writes, "No created thing comes about through another [created thing]. Rather, all come about through [divine] power." A precise understanding of what al-Ghazali means by this statement requires an understanding of his conception of power. Here, we will articulate this conception of power and show how it renders a distinctive occasionalist thesis that follows from al-Ghazali's doctrine of the pervasiveness of divine power. Second, we will review an argument by al-Ghazali against natural necessity and show that the argument turns on the clear implication that, on empirical grounds, al-Ghazali's conception of power is the only understanding of causation that we have. This follows from an epistemology of power held by al-Ghazali that bears basic similarities to that of John Locke. Third, we will address the tension between such an epistemology of power and the implications of occasionalism with a look at al-Ghazali's discussion of the theory of kash, or 'acquisition.'
Confucian Ethics and "The Age of Biological Control"
Authors: Nuyen A. T
Published: January 2007

Ronald Dworkin claims that if we are able to control our own biology, "our most settled convictions will . . . be undermined [and] we will be in a kind of moral free-fall." This is so because he takes moral convictions to be determined by the choices we make against a fixed biological background. It would seem that if Confucian ethics is grounded in ren xing (human nature) and if ren xing refers to a fixed biological background, then the Confucian moral agent will be in a state of moral free-fall in the age of biological control—that is, if Dworkin is right. We can try to read ren xing as a creative process rather than a fixed nature, but any such reading inevitably grounds ren xing in something else that is biological. There is a way out for Confucians: the Dworkinian choice/chance distinction that is crucial for morality can be relocated away from the boundary between free choice and fixed biology to the boundary between the choices that we make and the fixed background of tradition.
Rewalking Thoreau and Asia: 'Light from the East' for 'A Very Yankee Sort of Oriental'
Authors: Scott David
Published: January 2007

Thoreau's engagement with and perspectives on the Orient are considered here. Within Thoreau's Hindu appropriations, the 'practical' importance for Thoreau of yogic practices is reemphasized. Thoreau's often-cited Buddhist links are questioned. Instead, it is Thoreau's explicit use of Confucian and Persian Sufi materials that deserve reemphasis, as do, in retrospect, some striking thematic convergences with Taoism. Thoreau's 'Light from the East' focuses on ethical and mystical techniques, infused with lessons from Nature for 'a very Yankee sort of Oriental.'
Three's a Crowd: Third Parties and WTO Dispute Settlement
Authors: Busch Marc L. , Reinhardt Eric
Published: January 2007

Disputes filed at the World Trade Organization (WTO) are attracting a growing number of third parties. Most observers argue that their participation influences the institution's rulings. The authors argue that third parties undermine pretrial negotiations; their influence on rulings is conditioned by this selection effect. They test their hypotheses, along with the conventional wisdom, using a data set of WTO disputes initiated through 2002. Consistent with the authors' argument, they find that third-party participationlowersthe prospects for early settlement. Controlling for this selection effect, the evidence also suggests that third-party support increases the chances of a legal victory at the WTO.
From Unanimity to Consensus: An Analysis of the Negotiations at the EU's Constitutional Convention
Authors: König Thomas , Slapin Jonathan B.
Published: January 2007

In spite of the recent failure of two referendums, the drafting of a constitution for the second biggest economic power in the world, the European Union (EU), remains a major event in the history of European integration. Whether the constitution or a revised version of it will come into force or not, several important questions emerge. How did an increased number of twentyfive member states reach a conclusion, whereas a lower number of fifteen had failed at previous intergovernmental attempts? In particular, how did the constitutional convention differ from previous intergovernmental conferences (iGCs) at which the EU exclusively bargained its treaty documents in the past? How can one explain the outcomes of the convention, which proposes redistribution of power and resources among twenty-five or more member states? This article uses the positions of the delegates of the EU's constitutional convention to examine bargaining in a setting with few formal rules. The authors use theoretical insights from a spatial model and new survey data to determine the implicit voting rule used at the convention. They find that the convention differed from previous IGCs because the convention was governed by consensus, whereas previous EU bargains on treaties had always required unanimous support. The level of consensus was higher than simple majority rule but lower than unanimity. Since this threshold impacted who won and who lost at the convention, the authors also examine the sources of bargaining power, such as delegates' distance to the status quo, distance to the median, population size, and domestic constraints. The results confirm several findings in the EU bargaining and two-level game literature, for example, that actors closer to the status quo hold a stronger bargaining position and that actors from larger member states are neither more likely nor less likely to win at the negotiating table than are actors from smaller states. The findings on the irrelevance of domestic constraints also indicate why the popular votes in France and the Netherlands failed.
Pocket Protests: Rhetorical Coercion and the Micropolitics of Collective Action in Semiauthoritarian Regimes
Authors: Lyall Jason M. K.
Published: January 2007

This article examines how repression in semiauthoritarian regimes affects collective action by comparing antiwar protesting during Russia's first (1994–96) and second (1999–) Chechen wars. Vladimir Putin's creeping authoritarianism acts as a "natural experiment" where we can study collective action before, during, and after the introduction of restrictive measures. Two key findings emerge. First, despite the Kremlin's increasingly heavy hand, antiwar actions have grown in size and frequency over the course of Putin's tenure. Second, the movement's failure to replicate its Yeltsin-era success in forcing a peace, albeit temporary, in Chechnya is due to organizational culture, not state repression. Indeed, the antiwar movement's prevailing cultural norms have undercut mobilization by locking activists into using symbolic appeals that ring hollow among Russians. Activists are thus unable to wield latent antiwar sentiment as a cudgel to entrap the Kremlin into reversing course. This argument is supported by a protest data set, primary documents, interviews, and participant observation.
Covenants Without the Sword International Law and the Protection of Civilians in Times of War
Authors: Valentino Benjamin , Huth Paul , Croco Sarah
Published: January 2007

Do the international laws of war effectively protect civilian populations from deliberate attack? In a statistical analysis of all interstate wars from 1900 to 2003 the authors find no evidence that signatories of The Hague or Geneva Conventions intentionally kill fewer civilians during war than do nonsignatories. This result holds for democratic signatories and for wars in which both sides are parties to the treaty. Nor do they find evidence that a state's regime type or the existence of ethnic or religious differences between combatants explains the variation in civilian targeting. They find strong support, however, for their theoretical framework, which suggests that combatants seek to kill enemy civilians when they believe that doing so will coerce their adversaries into early surrender or undermine their adversaries' war-related domestic production. The authors find that states fighting wars of attrition or counterinsurgency, states fighting for expansive war aims, and states fighting wars of long duration kill significantly more civilians than states in other kinds of wars.
A Facile Deposition of Silver onto the Inner Surface of a Glass Capillary Tube for Micro-Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Measurements
Authors: Park Hyoung Kun , Lee Hyang Bong , Kim Kwan
Published: January 2007

Silver can be deposited very efficiently onto glass substrates using only ethanolic solutions of AgNO3 and butylamine. This paper reports that the inner surface of a glass capillary can also be coated evenly with silver by shaking it after soaking in ethanolic solutions of AgNO3 and butylamine; the silver deposited outside the capillary can be easily wiped off with cotton wool before drying. The grain size of the silver deposited onto the inner surface can be readily controlled within the range from 20 to 100 nm by varying the relative molar ratio of butylamine and AgNO3 used as reactants. Due to its nanoaggregated structure, the Ag coated capillary is a very efficient surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) active substrate, particularly usable in the microanalysis of chemicals; the detection limit of adenine is as low as 1.0 × 10−7 M based on a signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio of 3. Since the proposed method is cost-effective and is suitable for the mass production of Ag coated capillaries, we fully expect it to play a significant role in the development of SERS based microchip analyzers and even in the fabrication of Ag coated hollow glass waveguides.
Increasing Selectivity for TNT-Based Explosive Detection by Synchronous Luminescence and Derivative Spectroscopy with Quantum Yields of Selected Aromatic Amines
Authors: Sheaff Chrystal N. , Eastwood Delyle , Wai Chien M.
Published: January 2007

The detection of explosive material is at the forefront of current analytical problems. A detection method is desired that is not restricted to detecting only explosive materials, but is also capable of identifying the origin and type of explosive. It is essential that a detection method have the selectivity to distinguish among compounds in a mixture of explosives. The nitro compounds found in explosives have low fluorescent yields or are considered to be non-fluorescent; however, after reduction, the amino compounds exhibit relatively high fluorescence. We discuss how to increase selectivity of explosive detection using fluorescence; this includes synchronous luminescence and derivative spectroscopy with appropriate smoothing. By implementing synchronous luminescence and derivative spectroscopy, we were able to resolve the reduction products of one major TNT-based explosive compound, 2,4-diaminotoluene, and the reduction products of other minor TNT-based explosives in a mixture. We also report for the first time the quantum yields of these important compounds. Relative quantum yields are useful in establishing relative fluorescence intensities and are an important spectroscopic measurement of molecules. Our approach allows for rapid, sensitive, and selective detection with the discrimination necessary to distinguish among various explosives.
Raman Microspectroscopic Analysis of Triterpenoids Found in Plant Cuticles
Authors: Yu Marcia M. L. , Schulze H. Georg , Jetter Reinhard , Blades Michael W. , Turner Robin F. B.
Published: January 2007

The above-ground organs of plants are covered by a cuticle, an extracellular membrane performing important physiological and ecological functions, that consists of the fatty acid-derived polymer cutin and waxes. In the cuticular wax of many species, including the leaves of Prunus laurocerasus, triterpenoids are found at high concentrations. This paper investigates the potential of Raman microspectroscopy for the simultaneous detection of structurally similar triterpenoids in plant cuticles. Relative composition analysis was first performed on artificial triterpenoid mixtures consisting of α-amyrin and oleanolic acid, as well as oleanolic acid and ursolic acid, the two triterpenoids abundantly found in the cuticles of P. laurocerasus. The different triterpenoids could be distinguished in the mixture spectra and the resulting calculated triterpenoid ratios were consistent with the expected values. Qualitative analysis of the Raman spectra of P. laurocerasus cuticle demonstrated the in situ detectability of the triterpenoids using this approach. It is shown here that Raman microspectroscopy has the potential to provide useful information concerning the spatial distribution of some key chemical components of plant cuticles. This technique thus offers a valuable complement to the current standard analytical methods used for analyzing the bulk composition of plant cuticles.
Application of Two-Photon Laser-Induced Fluorescence for Single-Shot Visualization of Carbon Monoxide in a Spark Ignited Engine
Authors: Richter M. , Li Z. S. , Aldén M.
Published: January 2007

Carbon monoxide detection through the use of two-photon laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) has been investigated for engine diagnostics applications. Two-dimensional single-shot LIF imaging of CO was achieved in a spark ignited (SI) engine. The interference from C2 and photolysis of hot CO2 was found to be negligible through the spectrally and spatially resolved measurements.