bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Seasonal and Ontogenic Shifts in Microhabitat Selection by Fishes in the Shallow Waters of the Detroit River, a Large Connecting Channel
Authors: Lapointe Nicolas W. R. , Corkum Lynda D. , Mandrak Nicholas E.
Published: February 2007

We examined the relationship between microhabitat variables and fish distributions in a large connecting channel, the Detroit River. Fishes were sampled by boat seine at 60 sites in shallow (<2.5 m) Canadian waters in May, July, and September 2004. Length‐frequency distributions were used to separate species into small‐ and large‐species size categories. Fish–microhabitat associations were examined by applying canonical correspondence analysis separately for each season. Small fishes were often more strongly associated with microhabitat variables than large conspecifics. For example, small centrarchids were more strongly associated with complex macrophytes than large centrarchids in the spring; however, this pattern varied among seasons. We attribute the stronger microhabitat associations of small fishes to predator avoidance. Small‐bodied species also selected habitats that provided protection against predation: The spotfin shiner Cyprinella spiloptera preferred shallow water, and the round goby Neogobius melanostomus preferred coarse substrate. We observed a strong difference in microhabitat preferences between the small and large size categories of a species. Fish size played a greater role than season in determining fish–microhabitat associations. We found that macrophytes with a complex morphological structure were the most important factor in determining fish distributions in all seasons, while depth ranked second or third in importance. Fishes use an array of microhabitats in the Detroit River, and habitat heterogeneity is essential for promoting a diverse fish assemblage.
Factors Affecting Survival Rates of a Recovering Lake Trout Population Estimated by Mark–Recapture in Lake Superior, 1969–1996
Authors: Pollock Kenneth H. , Yoshizaki Jun , Fabrizio Mary C. , Schram Stephen T.
Published: February 2007

We used data from a long‐term Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources mark–recapture study to examine the dynamics of survival in a recovering population of lake trout Salvelinus namaycush in western Lake Superior from 1969 to 1996. Survival rates were estimated using the Cormack–Jolly–Seber method, and a series of models were constructed to examine the effect of year, size, sex, and origin (hatchery versus wild) on the survival rates of lake trout captured within the Gull Island Shoal refuge established in 1976. To select among the models, we used Akaike's information criterion corrected for small sample size and overdispersion. Our estimates of survival rates were adjusted using previously published tag loss rates for the three types of tags used since 1969. Survival estimates for wild fish varied widely among years; the lowest survival rates were observed in 1973 and 1974 and again in 1985 and 1986. Survival rates of wild fish were dependent on sex and size: Survival rates for male lake trout were 7% lower on average than those for female fish (means, 0.76 and 0.83), and large‐sized fish tended to have higher survival rates. Survival rates of hatchery‐reared fish could not be estimated for the entire time period owing to sample‐size issues; however, between 1983 and 1996 we found that hatchery fish survival rates were on average about 3% lower than those for wild fish. Survival estimates within the refuge were higher than estimates reported by others for fish outside the refuge and slightly higher than estimates from other Great Lakes studies.
Fish and Amphibian Tolerance Values and an Assemblage Tolerance Index for Streams and Rivers in the Western USA
Authors: Whittier Thomas R. , Hughes Robert M. , Lomnicky Gregg A. , Peck David V.
Published: February 2007

Aquatic species' tolerances to overall human disturbance are key components of biological assessments of aquatic ecosystems. These tolerance classifications enable development of metrics for use in multimetric indexes, such as the index of biotic integrity (IBI). Usually, species are classified as being tolerant, moderately tolerant, or intolerant (sensitive) to human disturbance. Traditionally, for fish‐based IBIs, these assignments are based on a combination of professional judgment and information from state fish books. We used fish and amphibian species data in conjunction with chemical, physical, and landscape indicators of human disturbance collected at 1,001 stream and river sites in 12 western states (USA) sampled by the Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program in 2000–2004. Using principal components analyses, we created synthetic disturbance variables for water nutrients, site‐scale physical habitat, catchment‐scale land use, and overall human disturbance. We calculated species' tolerance values for the four synthetic disturbance variables as weighted (by relative abundances) averages plus SDs. For each site, we used the tolerance values (based on the overall synthetic disturbance variables) and relative abundances of species to calculate an assemblage tolerance index (ATI) score. We discuss (1) how the tolerance values could be used in establishing species tolerance classifications appropriate for regional species pools and (2) potential application of the ATI to the IBI and to bioassessments in general.
Value‐added integration of functions for silicon‐on‐glass (SOG) based on LTPS technologies
Authors: Nishibe Tohru , Nakamura Hiroki
Published: February 2007

Abstract— Low‐temperature polycrystalline‐silicon (LTPS) TFT‐LCDs are on their way to becoming advanced displays, which will lead to the use of system‐on‐glass (SOG) technology. Improvement in poly‐Si TFT performance is essential in order for them to become value‐added displays, where circuits for various functions are integrated onto the substrate. In this paper, the key processes of the applications for future displays will be described, including the recent development of SOG.
GaN‐based high‐output‐power blue laser diodes for display applications
Authors: Miyoshi Takashi , Kozaki Tokuya , Yanamoto Tomoya , Fujimura Yasushi , Nagahama Shin‐ichi , Mukai Takashi
Published: February 2007

Abstract— We succeeded in fabricating high‐output‐power blue (445 nm) laser diodes (LDs) with an output power of 500 mW. The operating current, voltage, and wall‐plug efficiency of these LDs were 480 mA, 4.8 V, and 21.7%, respectively. The lifetime of these LDs was estimated to be 10,000 hours under continuous‐wave operation at 25°C. From examination of the degradation mode, we found that the operating current seriously affects the lifetime of LDs. In the next stage, we will focuse on the optimization and sophistication of the manufacturing processes to fabricate longer‐lifetime (>30,000 hours) blue LDs.
Multi-Offset Vertical Radar Profiling for Subsurface Reflection Imaging
Authors: Böniger Urs , Tronicke Jens , Holliger Klaus , Becht Andreas
Published: February 2007

The vertical radar profiling (VRP) technique uses surface-to-borehole acquisition geometries comparable to vertical seismic profiling (VSP). Major differences between the two methods do arise due to the fundamentally differing nature of the velocity-depth gradients and transmitter∕receiver directivities. Largely for this reason, VRP studies have so far essentially been limited to the reconstruction of velocity-depth profiles by inverting direct arrival times from single-offset VRP surveys. In this study, we investigate the potential to produce high-resolution subsurface reflection images from multi-offset VRP data. Two synthetic data sets are used to evaluate a processing strategy suitably adapted from VSP processing. Despite the fundamental differences between VRP and VSP data, we found that our processing approach is capable of reconstructing subsurface structures of comparable complexity to those routinely imaged by VSP data. Finally, we apply our processing flow to two multi-offset VRP data sets recorded at a well constrained hydrogeophysical test site in SW-Germany. The inferred VRP images are compared with high-quality surface georadar reflection images and lithological logs available at the borehole locations. We find that the VRP images are in good agreement with the surface georadar data and reliably detect the major lithological boundaries. Due to the significantly shorter ray-paths, the depth penetration of the VRP data is, however, considerably higher than that of the surface georadar data. VRP reflection images thus provide an effective means for the depth-calibration and extension of conventional surface georadar data in the vicinity of boreholes.
Getting Off: Portrayals of Masculinity in Hip Hop Dance in Film
Authors: LaBoskey Sara
Published: February 2007

Imagine you are fourteen years old. You are standing outside a general store with a group of friends. Some are chatting. Others are licking the drips off of melting popsicles. Suddenly, one starts the voice beat, a syncopated scattering of long and short huffs deep in his throat. You stop, turn, and begin to bob your head to the beat. Others chime in with claps, back beats, and “uh-huh's” and “oh-yeah's.” Someone takes a small cardboard floor mat from under his arm and sets it on the concrete sidewalk. You begin to congregate in a circle around the board. A few kids run over from across the street and add their faces to the anxious crowd. You wait for the first fighter to take the ring.

For B-boys and B-girls in the South Bronx in the early 1980s, this type of event was common. This cardboard square became a haven for self-expression and hope, a source of life. Within these rings of familiar faces, young black and Latino teenagers, almost exclusively male, used breakdance—in Nelson George's words “a serious game, a form of urban vernacular dance” (George 1985, 83)—to earn respect and authority in a neighborhood that provoked feelings of insignificance and hopelessness. Hip hop dance, George continues, “symbolizes hope for the future…. As Fab Five Freddy puts it…what's at stake is a guy's honor and his position in the street. Which is all you have. That's what makes it so important, that's what makes it feel so good” (George 1985, 111). For male teenagers growing up in poor, dangerous neighborhoods, the desire to become someone, to overcome and make it out as a somebody is a powerful drive.

Bronx teenagers found their voices through their bodies. They built up and perfected a large vocabulary of hip hop moves to communicate a wide variety of emotions and messages. Each move merged with the next to create a fluid, poetic language. From the inception of the hip hop culture, and persisting through its various eras—”Old School to the New School through gangsta rap to the latest innovators” (Bing 1998, 58)—hip hop dance has provided the arena for the expression and affirmation of masculinity. Built into this artistry is competition and domination, sexuality and libido, and hero worship.
Do Peer Relationships Foster Behavioral Adjustment in Children with Learning Disabilities?
Authors: Wiener Judith
Published: February 2007

This article reviews the literature on peer relations and social skills of children with learning disabilities (LD). Two risk models are discussed. The single-risk model suggests that for some children with LD, social skills deficits are inherent in the disability. These deficits lead to problems with social relationships, which foster internalizing behavior problems. The multiple-risk model suggests that internalizing and externalizing behavior problems typically result when more than one risk factor is present. These additional risks might include comorbid attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, poverty, English as a second language, inadequate educational accommodations, and ineffective parenting. However, the risk of behavior problems is reduced if children with LD are able to establish healthy social relationships.
The Connection between Social-Emotional Learning and Learning Disabilities: Implications for Intervention
Authors: Elias Maurice J.
Published: February 2007

The majority of students with learning disabilities have difficulties with social relationships. In this article, three key skill areas in social-emotional learning are identified as the main source of these difficulties: recognizing emotions in self and others, regulating and managing strong emotions (positive and negative), and recognizing strengths and areas of need. Research supporting their connection with learning disabilities is reviewed. In addition, three examples of interventions that are comprehensive and link academic and social-emotional learning are presented. The first is from language arts. The others are pedagogical procedures that draw upon the multiple intelligences to assist students with tasks such as projects or reports and working through academic and social challenges.
Effects of a Motivational Intervention for Improving the Writing of Children with Learning Disabilities
Authors: García Jesús-Nicasio , de Caso Ana María
Published: February 2007

Given that affective and cognitive processes interact in writing, it is important that interventions for developing writing ability focus both on strategies for developing motivation and cognitive processes. This article provides evidence for the efficacy of an instructional program that combines training in composition processes with strategies for developing motivation to achieve. Motivational training focused on multiple attributes: value and functional character, standards of performance, expectations, beliefs, self-efficacy, self-esteem and writing-related factors. Sixty-six fifth- and six-grade students with learning disabilities were assessed on a series of measures prior to and following the motivational intervention. Compared with a control group ( n=61), trained students showed significant improvements in the quality of their writing (measured in terms of text structure and coherence) and in their attitudes towards writing. They did not, however, show significant changes in productivity (quantity of text produced), self-esteem, beliefs and expectations, or in writing- related attributions.
Identifying Reading Disabilities by Responsiveness-to-Instruction: Specifying Measures and Criteria
Authors: Fuchs Douglas , Fuchs Lynn S. , Compton Donald L.
Published: February 2007

First, we describe two types of assessment (problem solving and standard treatment protocol) within a “responsiveness-to-instruction” framework to identify learning disabilities. We then specify two necessary components (measures and classification criteria) to assess responsiveness-to-instruction, and present pertinent findings from two related studies. These studies involve databases at grades 1 and 2, which were analyzed to compare the soundness of alternative methods of assessing instructional responsiveness to identify reading disabilities. Finally, conclusions are drawn and future research is outlined to prospectively and longitudinally explore classification issues that emerged from our analyses.
Nonlocal transplantation and outbreeding depression in the subshrubLotus scoparius(Fabaceae)
Authors: Montalvo Arlee M. , Ellstrand Norman C.
Published: February 2007

The genetic background of transplants used to create or augment wild populations may affect the long‐term success of restored populations. If seed sources are from differently adapted populations, then the relative performance of progeny from crosses among populations may decrease with an increase in genetic differences of parents and in the differences of parental environments to the transplant location. We evaluated the potential for such outbreeding depression by hybridizing individuals from six different populations ofLotus scopariusvar.scopariusandL. s.var.brevialatus.We used allozyme data to calculate genetic distances between source populations, and compiled climatic data and measured soil traits to estimate environmental distances between source populations. We found significant outbreeding depression following controlled crosses. In the greenhouse, the success of crosses (seeds/flower × seedlings/seed) decreased with increasing genetic distance between populations revealing genetically based outbreeding depression unrelated to local adaptation. After outplanting to one native site (in situ common garden), field cumulative fitness of progeny (survival × fruit production) decreased significantly with mean environmental distance of the parental populations to the transplant site, but not with genetic distance between the crossed populations. This result is consistent with a disruption of local adaptation. At the second, ecologically contrasting common garden, where low survival reduced statistical power, field cumulative fitness (survival × progeny height) did not decrease significantly with either environmental distance or genetic distance. Overall, intervariety crosses were 40 and 50% as fit (seeds/flower × seedlings/seed × survival × fruits at the first garden or × height at the second) as intravariety crosses. These results suggest that the cumulative outbreeding depression was caused by a combination of genetically based ecological differences among populations and other genomic coadaptation. We conclude that mixing genetically differentiated seed sources ofLotus scopariusmay significantly lower the fitness of augmented or restored populations. Genetic and environmental similarities of source populations relative to the transplant site should be considered when choosing source materials, a practice recommended by recent seed transfer policies. Geographic separation was not a good surrogate for either of these measures.
Phylogenetic relationships and evolution in Chrysosplenium (Saxifragaceae) based on matK sequence data
Authors: Soltis Douglas E. , Tago‐Nakazawa Miyuki , Xiang Qiu‐Yun , Kawano Shoichi , Murata Jin , Wakabayashi Michio , Hibsch‐Jetter Carola
Published: February 2007

Chrysosplenium (Saxifragaceae) consists of 57 species widely distributed in temperate and arctic regions of the Northern Hemisphere, with two species restricted to the southern part of South America. Species relationships within the genus are highly problematic. The genus has traditionally been divided into two groups, sometimes recognized as sections (Oppositifolia and Alternifolia), based on leaf arrangement, or, alternatively, into 17 series. Based on morphological features, Hara suggested that the genus originated in South America and then subsequently migrated to the Northern Hemisphere. We conducted phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequences of the chloroplast gene matK for species of Chrysosplenium to elucidate relationships, test Hara's biogeographic hypothesis for the genus, and examine chromosomal and gynoecial diversification. These analyses revealed that both sections Oppositifolia and Alternifolia are monophyletic and form two large sister clades. Hence, leaf arrangement is a good indicator of relationships within this genus. Hara's series Pilosa and Macrostemon are each also monophyletic; however, series Oppositifolia, Alternifolia, and Nepalensia are clearly not monophyletic. MacClade reconstructions suggest that the genus arose in Eastern Asia, rather than in South America, with several independent migration events from Asia to the New World. In one well‐defined subclade, species from eastern and western North America form a discrete clade, with Old World species as their sister group, suggesting that the eastern and western North American taxa diverged following migration to that continent. The South American species forms a clade with species from eastern Asia; this disjunction may be the result of ancient long‐distance dispersal. Character mapping demonstrated that gynoecial diversification is dynamic, with reversals from inferior to half‐inferior ovaries, as well as to ovaries that appear superior. Chromosomal evolution also appears to be labile with several independent origins of n = 12 (from an original number of n = 11) and multiple episodes of aneuploidy.
Phylogeny and patterns of floral diversity in the genus Piper (Piperaceae)
Authors: Jaramillo M. Alejandra , Manos Paul S.
Published: February 2007

With ∼1000 species distributed pantropically, the genus Piper is one of the most diverse lineages among basal angiosperms. To rigorously address the evolution of Piper we use a phylogenetic analysis of sequences of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA based on a worldwide sample. Sequences from a total of 51 species of Piper were aligned to yield 257 phylogenetically informative sites. A single unrooted parsimony network suggested that taxa representing major geographic areas could potentially form three monophyletic groups: Asia, the South Pacific, and the Neotropics. The position of Pothomorphe was well supported among groups of New World taxa. Simultaneous phylogenetic analysis of an expanded alignment including outgroups suggested that taxa from the South Pacific and Asia formed a monophyletic group, provisionally supporting a single origin of dioecy. Within the Neotropical sister clade, resolution was high and strong bootstrap support confirmed the monophyly of several traditionally recognized infrageneric groups (e.g., Enckea [including Arctottonia], Ottonia, Radula, Macrostachys). In contrast, some of the species representing the highly polytypic subgroup Steffensia formed a clade corresponding to the previously recognized taxon Schilleria, while others were strongly associated with several of the more specialized groups of taxa. The distribution of putatively derived inflorescence and floral character states suggested that both umbellate and solitary axillary inflorescences have multiple origins. Reduction in anther number appears to be associated with highly packaged inflorescences or with larger anther primordia per flower, trends that are consistent with the suppression of later stages of androecial development.
Phylogenetic relationships in family Magnoliaceae inferred from ndhF sequences
Authors: Kim Sangtae , Park Chong‐Wook , Kim Young‐Dong , Suh Youngbae
Published: February 2007

The ndhF sequences of 99 taxa, representing all sections in extant Magnoliaceae, were analyzed to address phylogenetic questions in the family. Magnolia macrophylla and M. dealbata, North American species of Magnolia section Rytidospermum, are placed at the base in the subfamily Magnolioideae although its supporting value is low. In the remaining taxa, several distinctive lineages are recognized: (1) Magnolia, the biggest genus in the family, is not monophyletic; (2) Michelia, including section Maingola of Magnolia subgenus Magnolia, is closely related with Elmerrillia and sections Alcimandra and Aromadendron of Magnolia subgenus Magnolia; (3) the associates of Michelia are grouped with Magnolia subgenus Yulania and section Gynopodium of Magnolia subgenus Magnolia; (4) Pachylarnax forms a clade with sections Manglietiastrum and Gynopodium of Magnolia; (5) a well‐supported Manglietia clade is recognized; (6) Caribbean species of section Theorhodon of Magnolia subgenus Magnolia, which are section Splendentes sensu Vázquez‐Garcia, are closely allied with New World members of Magnolia subgenus Talauma; and (7) section Rytidospermum of Magnolia subgenus Magnolia and subgenus Talauma are polyphyletic. The separated clades in the molecular tree are considerably different from traditional taxonomic dispositions in the family. The molecular data strongly suggest that a taxonomic realignment of infrafamilial delimitations and compositions should be considered.
Spatial genetic structure of allozyme polymorphisms within populations of Pinus Strobus (Pinaceae)
Authors: Epperson Bryan K. , Gi Chung Myong
Published: February 2007

The population structure of genetic variation for four allozyme loci was investigated for two populations (one old growth, OG, and the other logged, SS) of eastern white pine (Pinus strobus). Both seedlings and reproductive adults were studied for both study populations. Spatial autocorrelation statistics were used to examine the distribution of allozyme polymorphisms. The spatial genetic structure in adults of population OG indicated that individual genotypes were distributed in a structured, isolation‐by‐distance manner, consistent with observed levels of pollen and seed dispersal. In contrast, adult genotypes in population SS were nearly randomly distributed, probably as a result of logging. Nonetheless, spatial structuring of genotypes of seedlings occurred at both sites, indicating the power of limited seed flow, as well as temporal Wahlund effects, to create structure. None of four loci in both seedling populations showed a significant departure from Hardy‐Weinberg proportions, whereas one and two significant deviations were found for loci in the two respective adult populations. These departures may be attributed to episodic reproductive events.
Geographical variation in autonomous self‐pollination levels unrelated to pollinator service in Helleborus foetidus (Ranunculaceae)
Authors: Herrera Carlos M. , Sánchez‐Lafuente Alfonso M. , Medrano Mónica , Guitián Javier , Cerdá Xim , Rey Pedro
Published: February 2007

Autonomous self‐pollination may be considered as a mechanism enhancing plant reproductive success when plant access to pollen sources may limit seed production. We have studied the relationship between geographical patterns of variation in pollinator service to Helleborus foetidus and self‐pollination ability in three widely spaced regions in the Iberian Peninsula. As could be expected from its early flowering period, pollinator visitation rates to both plants and flowers of H. foetidus were very low at all sites. Pollinator composition remained consistent among regions, but there was significant variation among regions in pollinator service. Despite the low visitation rates, fruit set did not appear to be pollen limited in any of the study areas, which may be explained by the long duration of flowers (up to 20 d). When pollinators were excluded experimentally, fruit set decreased significantly, but substantial levels of self‐pollination occurred at all regions. Autonomous self‐pollination levels were lowest in the two regions with lowest pollinator service and highest in the region with highest pollinator service. This disagreement between our results and the expectations derived from the reproductive assurance hypothesis may reflect a nonequilibrium situation of the northern H. foetidus populations in relation to their current pollinating environment.
Compound pollen cone in a Paleozoic conifer
Authors: Hernandez‐Castillo Genaro R. , Rothwell Gar W. , Mapes Gene
Published: February 2007

A rich fossil biota from a Pennsylvanian age deposit of eastern North America contains numerous vegetative and fertile specimens that conform to a single species of primitive walchian conifers. Among the specimens is a compound pollen cone that comprises closely spaced, helically arranged, leaf‐like bracts with axillary dwarf shoots. The specimen looks superficially similar to an ultimate vegetative conifer shoot, but there are small appendages in the axil of each bract that represent the fertile dwarf shoots. Dwarf shoots consist of an axis that bears sterile scales and sporophylls with erect pollen sacs. Pollen found in the sacs is monosaccate and conforms to the sporae dispersae genusPotonieisporitesBhardwaj. This cone is a compound shoot system that is morphologically equivalent to the ovulate cones of conifers and to the pollen cones of Paleozoic cordaitaleans and modern gnetophytes. Therefore, it is fundamentally different from the simple pollen cones of other fossil and modern conifers. Discovery of this specimen unexpectedly supports molecular studies that predict a close relationship between Coniferales and Gnetales, and provides fossil evidence to help reconcile the discordant phylogenetic hypotheses of seed plant systematics that have been developed from morphological and molecular data.
Interspecific and intraspecific variation in seed size and germination requirements of Sarracenia (Sarraceniaceae)
Authors: Ellison Aaron M.
Published: February 2007

Seed size and germination requirements of eight (of nine) Sarracenia species, and 13 populations of S. purpurea were studied. All species except for S. purpurea are restricted to the southeastern United States, whereas S. purpurea ranges across Canada, southward along the eastern United States into Maryland and Virginia (S. purpurea ssp. purpurea), and from New Jersey southward into northern Florida and the coast of the Gulf of Mexico (S. purpurea ssp. venosa). I tested the hypotheses that dormancy‐breaking requirements vary predictably among species across a latitudinal gradient. I also sought to determine whether seed size and germination requirements were useful characters for resolving systematic and phylogenetic questions within this genus. Seed size varied significantly among species, but variability in seed size within S. purpurea exceeded the variability in seed size observed across all eight species studied. Seeds of all species are morphophysiologically dormant upon dispersal. Length of required cool, moist pretreatment varied among species, and germination in higher latitude populations is enhanced with longer pretreatment. In contrast, variability in germination requirements of subspecies, varieties, and populations of the geographically wide‐ranging S. purpurea was not related clearly to geographic location (latitude or elevation). Germination requirements do not map onto a proposed phylogeny of Sarracenia, but observed differences in germination requirements of S. purpurea ssp. venosa var. burkii relative to other populations of S. purpurea support the recent proposal to elevate this variety to species status.
Variation in performance of the tree fern Cyathea caracasana (Cyatheaceae) across a successional mosaic in an Andean cloud forest
Authors: Crystal Arens Nan
Published: February 2007

In Andean forests, Cyathea caracasana grows across a range of successional habitats. This study documents variation in several measures of plant performance (stem growth, leaf production, leaf longevity, and spore production) in C. caracasana growing in open habitat, low‐canopy secondary forest, and high‐canopy secondary forest, based on 33 mo of observation. In open habitat, C. caracasana displayed significantly higher growth rates, leaf production rates, and leaf turnover than in either of the forested habitats. The highest rates of spore production were also observed in open‐habitat individuals, with only one plant in the forest understory producing spores during the study. Despite low growth and no reproduction, I observed no mortality among ferns in the forest understory. These data show that C. caracasana performs best under conditions of full sun but can persist under the closed canopy. This suggests a life history in which periods of rapid growth, spore production, and recruitment in forest gaps alternate with low growth rate and persistence in the understory. A phylogenetic perspective suggests that the habitat flexibility, which might conventionally mark C. caracasana as a habitat generalist, is better interpreted as specialization for the dynamic forest in which it grows.
Pollen development of Rondeletia odorata (Rubiaceae)
Authors: El‐Ghazaly Gamal , Huysmans Suzy , Smets Erik F.
Published: February 2007

Pollen wall ontogeny of Rondeletia odorata was studied with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) from tetrad stage until maturity. The ontogenetic sequence of wall development in Rondeletia follows, to some extent, the basic scheme in the angiosperms, i.e., development starts centripetally with the pro‐columellae in a plasmalemma surface coating (primexine) at the early tetrad stage when the microspores are still enveloped by callose, until intine formation in young pollen grains. The main ontogenetical features of Rondeletia odorata pollen are (1) the very thin irregular foot layer, (2) development of a continuous layer of radially oriented membranous granular material under the thick endexine, (3) initiation of intine before first mitosis with characteristic radial plasmalemma invaginations, and (4) a strong stretching force upon engorgement just prior to dehiscence, which leads to reduction in thickness of all wall layers. The possible function of Golgi vesicles in the considerable increase in surface area of the plasmalemma at intine initiation is discussed. The endocingulum observed on acetolyzed and sectioned mature grains is explained ultrastructurally.
Characterization of a non‐abscission mutant in Lupinus angustifolius. I. Genetic and structural aspects
Authors: Clements Jon , Atkins Craig
Published: February 2007

A spontaneous mutant, Abs−, that does not abscise any organs despite an apparently normal pattern of growth and senescence was isolated from among plants of Lupinus angustifolius cv. ‘Danja’. Abs− was found to be a recessive single gene mutation, and it was proposed that the gene for the original mutant phenotype, referred to as Abs−, be designated abs1. An artificially induced mutant allelic to abs1 was also obtained and a non‐allelic mutant phenotype, Delabs (delayed abscission), which was designated abs2. Morphological and cytological features of the abscission process under conditions of natural and ethylene‐induced senescence were compared in the wild‐type parent and Abs− mutant. In the parent genotype abscission under natural conditions is similar to many other species, consisting of a stage of cell division forming an abscission zone, activation of the cytoplasm of zone cells, dissolution of the middle lamella, disorganization of fibrillar wall structure, and cell separation. A slightly different pattern of abscission zone development was observed for ethylene‐treated explants of the parent, mainly with respect to features of cell division and cell enlargement. In Abs− no abscission occurred for any abscission sites under conditions of natural senescence or with ethylene treatment of small shoot explants. However, relatively normal abscission zones were differentiated at all sites in the mutant except that extensive cell wall disorganization did not occur. Ethylene production by leaves or other organs of the mutant was no different from that of Danja. Application of copper salts or hydrogen peroxide, droughting, waterlogging, or application of abscisic acid (ABA) increased ethylene production equally in both genotypes but did not result in abscission in the mutant. Release of root cap border cells, the only other cell separation process examined, was similar in each genotype. The study concludes that the mutation is quite specific to the abscission process and may be due to a lack of or delay in the expression of hydrolytic enzyme(s) associated specifically with abscission zone differentiation and separation.
Species and series boundaries of Solanum series Longipedicellata (Solanaceae) and phenetically similar species in ser. Demissa and ser. Tuberosa: implications for a practical taxonomy of Section Petota
Authors: Spooner David M. , Van Den Berg Ronald G. , Miller Joseph T.
Published: February 2007

Species boundaries were assessed by phenetic analyses of morphological data for all species of wild potatoes (Solanum section Petota) assigned to ser. Longipedicellata: S. fendleri, S. hjertingii, S. matehualae, S. papita, S. polytrichon, and S. stoloniferum. These six tetraploid species grow in the southeastern United States (S. fendleri) and Mexico (all six species). We also analyzed morphologically similar species in ser. Demissa (S. demissum) and ser. Tuberosa (S. avilesii, S. gourlayi, S. verrucosum). We chose S. verrucosum and S. demissum as Mexican representatives, and S. avilesii and S. gourlayi as South American representatives of other series that are difficult to distinguish from ser. Longipedicellata. We also analyzed morphologically more dissimilar species in ser. Tuberosa (S. berthaultii) and ser. Yungasensia (S. chacoense). The results support only three species in ser. Longipedicellata: (1) S. polytrichon, (2) S. hjertingii + S. matehualae, (3) S. fendleri + S. papita + S. stoloniferum. Solanum avilesii, S. gourlayi, and to a lesser extent S. demissum and S. verrucosum are very similar to members of ser. Longipedicellata and are difficult to distinguish practically from them, despite differences in chromosome numbers and crossability relationships. These data help document and explain the extensive taxonomic difficulty in sect. Petota, highlight conflicts between biological and morphological species concepts, and add to a growing body of evidence that too many wild potato species are recognized.
Sima Tan and the Invention of Daoism, “Legalism,”et cetera
Authors: Smith Kidder
Published: February 2007

Here's a short version: The “-ism” we invoke when we posit things like “Daoism” was glimpsed for the first time by Sima Tan. (d. 110b.c.e.), lord grand astrologer (taishigong) to the Han court. His essay “Yaozhi”(Essential points), included in the final chapter of his son Sima Qian'sTaishigong, analyzes the strengths and weaknesses of six approaches to governance:

Yinyang,

Ru(known to us as Confucians),

Mo(the Mohists),

Fajia(called Legalists),

Mingjia(called Sophists), and

Daojia(or Daode, the supposed Daoists).
Social Memory as Ritual Practice: Commemorating Spirits of the Military Dead at Yasukuni Shinto Shrine
Authors: Nelson John
Published: February 2007

For architects of citizenship and nationhood, there is no shortage of conflicts and wars from which to build modern myths about submerging individual suffering and loss to greater causes. The grief, anger, and despair of individuals can be integrated over time into collectively shared assumptions about the indebtedness of the living to their heroic compatriots and ancestors. To remember these conflicts and those who (depending on the political context) either “lost” or “gave” their lives has been throughout recent history a vital act of citizenship, both “affirming the community at large and asserting its moral character” (Winter 1995, 85). Certainly from an American perspective, national identity remains “inexorably intertwined with the commemoration and memory of past wars” (Piehler 1995, 3). This observation applies even more intensely elsewhere in the world (e.g., Russia, China, France, Japan) where the loss of combatant and civilian life has been far greater.
The Volatile State in Southeast Asia: Evidence from Sumatra, 1600–1800
Authors: Colombijn Freek
Published: February 2007

Thecommunis opinioof historians is that early modern, or precolonial, states in Southeast Asia tended to lead precarious existences. The states were volatile in the sense that the size of individual states changed quickly, a ruler forced by circumstances moved his state capital, the death of a ruler was followed by a dynastic struggle, or a local subordinate head either ignored or took over the central state power; in short, states went through short cycles of rise and decline. Perhaps nobody has helped establish this opinion more than Clifford Geertz (1980) with his powerful metaphor of the “theatre state.” Many scholars have preceded and followed him in their assessment of the shakiness of the state (see, for example, Andaya 1992, 419; Bentley 1986, 292; Bronson 1977, 51; Hagesteijn 1986, 106; Milner 1982, 7; Nagtegaal 1996, 35, 51; Reid 1993, 202; Ricklefs 1991, 17; Schulte Nordholt 1996, 143–48). The instability itself was an enduring phenomenon. Most polities existed in a state of flux, oscillating between integration and disintegration, a phenomenon which was first analyzed for mainland Southeast Asia by Edmund Leach (1954) in his seminal work on the Kachin chiefdoms. This alternation of state formation and the breaking up of kingdoms has been called the “ebb and flow of power” and the “rhythm” of Malay history (Andaya and Andaya 1982, 35). In this article, I will probe into the causes of the volatility of the Southeast Asian states, using material from Sumatra to make my case.
Rethinking the Imbrication of Orality and Literacy: Historical Discourse in Early Modern Makassar
Authors: Cummings William
Published: February 2007

In the sixteenth century, Makassarese in the South Sulawesi courts of Gowa and Talloq began to write. What they chose to write were historical texts that chronicled their origins and preserved the words of their ancestors. Scholars once knew how to make sense of such an event: it could not be but a watershed, a fundamental change or turning point of the first magnitude. Such is the nature of what we liked to call the “transition from orality to literacy,” yet more careful examinations have suggested that this confidence in the very idea of a shift from orality to literacy was misplaced. Literacy and orality are not states of being that are simply manifested in places like Makassar. This article extends the efforts of scholars to grapple with the considerable overlap, symbiosis, and exchange that seem to characterize a boundary once believed to demarcate firmly orality and literacy. Considerable work has gone into documenting the inadequacy of trying to delineate what formal characteristics mark oral and literate productions. For example, Wendy Doniger notes that it is only when we distinguish among texts that werecomposedorally,preservedorally, orperformedorally “that we begin to glimpse the complexity of the problem” (1991, 31). Similarly, what should we do about traditions such as Javanesewayangin which oral performances are based on stories in texts, even though few puppeteers own, consult, or have even seen the written texts (Sears 1996)?
In the Bud? Disk Array Producers as a (Possibly) Emergent Organizational Form
Authors: McKendrick David G. , Jaffee Jonathan , Carroll Glenn R. , Khessina Olga M.
Published: February 2007

This article develops and tests theory on when and where a new organizational form will emerge. Recent theory holds that as the number of organizations using a particular external identity code first increases beyond a critical minimal level, the code becomes an organizational form. Going beyond this formulation, we theorize about how an external identity code is established. We argue that when the identities of individual organizations are perceptually focused, they will more readily cohere into a distinct collective identity. We develop ideas about how two observable aspects of organizations might generate perceptually focused identities in a common market: (1) de novo entry and (2) agglomeration in a geographic place with a related identity. Using comprehensive data from the market for disk drive arrays, we test these ideas and an alternative by estimating effects of different specifications of organizational and product densities on rates of entry and exit for array producers. Overall, the analysis supports the notion that firms with perceptually focused identities aid in establishing an organizational form.
Reconceptualizing Organizational Routines as a Source of Flexibility and Change
Authors: Feldman Martha S. , Pentland Brian T.
Published: February 2007

In this paper, we challenge the traditional understanding of organizational routines as creating inertia in organizations. We adapt Latour's distinction between ostensive and performative to build a theory that explains why routines are a source of change as well as stability. The ostensive aspect of a routine embodies what we typically think of as the structure. The performative aspect embodies the specific actions, by specific people, at specific times and places, that bring the routine to life. We argue that the ostensive aspect enables people to guide, account for, and refer to specific performances of a routine, and the performative aspect creates, maintains, and modifies the ostensive aspect of the routine. We argue that the relationship between ostensive and performative aspects of routines creates an on-going opportunity for variation, selection, and retention of new practices and patterns of action within routines and allows routines to generate a wide range of outcomes, from apparent stability to considerable change. This revised ontology of organizational routines provides a better explanation of empirical findings than existing theories of routines and has implications for a wide range of organizational theories.
Recognizing and Utilizing Expertise in Work Groups: A Status Characteristics Perspective
Authors: Bunderson J. Stuart
Published: February 2007

This paper develops and tests a theory of expertise recognition and utilization in groups that focuses on the critical role of members' status cues as indicators of task expertise. The theory draws on status characteristics theory and past research on groups to propose that while attributions of expertise in work groups will be informed by both specific (i.e., task-relevant) and diffuse (i.e., social category) status cues, the strength of this association will be contingent on the type of cue as well as on characteristics of the group context. So, whereas specific status cues will better predict attributions of expertise in decentralized, longer-tenured groups, diffuse status cues will better predict attributions of expertise in centralized, shorter-tenured groups. Further, attributions of expertise should fully mediate the relationship between members' status cues and intragroup influence. A multilevel test of these hypotheses in a sample of self-managed production teams in a Fortune 100 high-technology firm provides strong support. Group-level analyses confirm that the alignment of intragroup influence with specific status cues is positively associated with group performance.
A Healthy Divide: Subgroups as a Stimulus for Team Learning Behavior
Authors: Gibson Cristina , Vermeulen Freek
Published: February 2007

This paper examines the relationship between subgroups and team learning behavior, defined as a cycle of experimentation, reflective communication, and codification. We develop the construct of “subgroup strength,” defined as the degree of overlap across multiple demographic characteristics among a subset of team members. Contrary to conventional wisdom, we propose that the presence of subgroups within a team may stimulate learning behavior and that organizational design features, such as performance management by an external leader, team empowerment, and the availability of a knowledge management system, may have different effects on teams, depending on subgroup strength. Data on 156 teams in five pharmaceutical and medical products firms confirmed that moderately strong demographic subgroups in teams fostered learning behavior. In addition, both very homogeneous and very heterogeneous teams were more inclined to engage in learning behavior, but only if we controlled for the concurrent effect of subgroup strength. Finally, subgroup strength moderated the impact of organizational design features on team learning. Overall, this study contributes to the literature on team composition, design, and learning by highlighting the importance of subgroups for understanding team behavior.
Gordon Creek Woman Meets Spirit Cave Man: A Response to Comment by Owsley and Jantz
Authors: Swedlund Alan , Anderson Duane
Published: February 2007

Owsley and Jantz (2001) allege that we (Swedlund and Anderson 1999) misunderstand and misrepresent the events surrounding the controversy over Kennewick Man, and that we misconstrue statements they have made regarding Spirit Cave Man. They then move to their own analysis of Gordon Creek Woman to demonstrate the value of their morphometric techniques in addressing questions of biological affinity. In this reply we clarify and amplify our position on the key issues on which they challenge us, and we evaluate their morphometric analysis of Gordon Creek Woman. To our previous call for bioarchaeologists to more explicitly acknowledge the political environment in which questions of biological affinity currently arise, we add our concern that the methodologies used have their own set of problems and limitations.