bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
In Search of Lost Community: The Literary Image between “Proust” and “Baudelaire” in Walter Benjamin’s Modernization Lament
Authors: Ball Karyn
Published: February 2015

This essay takes up the encounter between philosophy and literature through a reconsideration of Walter Benjamin’s remarks from “On Some Motifs in Baudelaire” about Henri Bergson’s Matière et mémoire as an attempt “[t]owering above” other ventures into Lebensphilosophie to “lay hold of the ‘true’ experience, as opposed to the kind that manifests itself in the standardized, denatured life of the civilized masses”. Despite his initial affirmation of Bergson’s understanding of experience as connected with tradition, Benjamin criticizes the philosopher’s account for sidestepping “the alienating, blinding experience of the age of large-scale industrialism” in reaction to which, as Benjamin insists, Bergson’s philosophy of memory developed. Yet even as Bergson shuts out the historical import of modernization, according to Benjamin, he also spotlights a “complementary” visual experience “in the form of its spontaneous afterimage”. Benjamin subsequently defines Bergson’s philosophy as “an attempt to specify this afterimage and fix it as a permanent record”, an endeavor that inadvertently “furnishes a clue to the experience which presented itself undistorted to Baudelaire’s eyes, in the figure of his reader”. If the literary critic might be viewed here as weighing in on a long-running antagonism between philosophy and literature, then his assessment is resolute: by praising the self-conscious historicity of Baudelaire’s lyric, Benjamin declares that poetry succeeds where Lebensphilosophie fails. Notably, Baudelaire is not the only figure to upstage “ahistorical” Bergson, since Marcel Proust and Sigmund Freud facilitate this victory. To contextualize the second section of “Motifs”, where Benjamin discusses the novelist’s “immanent critique of Bergson” this essay offers a reading of “On the Image of Proust” as a propadeutic to Benjamin’s privileging of “Baudelaire” over “Bergson” in the first section of “Motifs” to broach the destinies of diminished perception before he turns to Freud in the third section. Drawing upon Freud’s thermodynamic model of a selective and protective perceptual-conscious system from Beyond the Pleasure Principle, Benjamin explains how perception calcifies in adapting to industrialism. Notably, however, his “energetics” does not remain bound by closed-system economic premises insofar as he conceives Baudelaire’s correspondances as an antidote to reification and modernization fatigue. The resulting configuration emerges against the backdrop of a lament about the decline of tradition-infused, long-term experience [Erfahrung] that accompanies the rise of isolated experience [Erlebnis]. In tracking Benjamin’s seemingly melancholic emplotment of the literary image between “Proust” and “Baudelaire”, the essay ultimately focuses on how he amplifies its sociohistorical potential to attest to the dehiscence of tradition as a community-sustaining force.
Exploiting β-Cyclodextrin in Molecular Imprinting for Achieving Recognition of Benzylparaben in Aqueous Media
Authors: Asman Saliza , Mohamad Sharifah , Sarih Norazilawati
Published: February 2015

The molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) based on methacrylic acid functionalized β-cyclodextrin (MAA-β-CD) monomer was synthesized for the purpose of selective recognition of benzylparaben (BzP). The MAA-β-CD monomer was produced by bridging a methacrylic acid (MAA) and β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) using toluene-2,4-diisocyanate (TDI) by reacting the –OH group of MAA and one of the primary –OH groups of β-CD. This monomer comprised of triple interactions that included an inclusion complex, π–π interaction, and hydrogen bonding. To demonstrate β-CD performance in MIPs, two MIPs were prepared; molecularly imprinted polymer-methacrylic acid functionalized β-cyclodextrin, MIP(MAA-β-CD), and molecularly imprinted polymer-methacrylic acid, MIP(MAA); both prepared by a reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer polymerization (RAFT) in the bulk polymerization process. Both MIPs were characterized using the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET). The presence of β-CD not only influenced the morphological structure, it also affected the specific surface area, average pore diameter, and total pore volume of the MIP. The rebinding of the imprinting effect was evaluated in binding experiments, which proved that the β-CD contributed significantly to the enhancement of the recognition affinity and selective adsorption of the MIP.
Passive Localization of Mixed Far-Field and Near-Field Sources without Estimating the Number of Sources
Authors: Xie Jian , Tao Haihong , Rao Xuan , Su Jia
Published: February 2015

This paper presents a novel algorithm for the localization of mixed far-field sources (FFSs) and near-field sources (NFSs) without estimating the source number. Firstly, the algorithm decouples the direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation from the range estimation by exploiting fourth-order spatial-temporal cumulants of the observed data. Based on the joint diagonalization structure of multiple spatial-temporal cumulant matrices, a new one-dimensional (1-D) spatial spectrum function is derived to generate the DOA estimates of both FFSs and NFSs. Then, the FFSs and NFSs are identified and the range parameters of NFSs are determined via beamforming technique. Compared with traditional mixed sources localization algorithms, the proposed algorithm avoids the performance deterioration induced by erroneous source number estimation. Furthermore, it has a higher resolution capability and improves the estimation accuracy. Computer simulations are implemented to verify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
Monaural Sound Localization Based on Structure-Induced Acoustic Resonance
Authors: Kim Keonwook , Kim Youngwoong
Published: February 2015

A physical structure such as a cylindrical pipe controls the propagated sound spectrum in a predictable way that can be used to localize the sound source. This paper designs a monaural sound localization system based on multiple pyramidal horns around a single microphone. The acoustic resonance within the horn provides a periodicity in the spectral domain known as the fundamental frequency which is inversely proportional to the radial horn length. Once the system accurately estimates the fundamental frequency, the horn length and corresponding angle can be derived by the relationship. The modified Cepstrum algorithm is employed to evaluate the fundamental frequency. In an anechoic chamber, localization experiments over azimuthal configuration show that up to 61% of the proper signal is recognized correctly with 30% misfire. With a speculated detection threshold, the system estimates direction 52% in positive-to-positive and 34% in negative-to-positive decision rate, on average.
Des normes conjugales et parentales en mutation au cours du baby-boom
Authors: De Luca Barrusse Virginie
Published: February 2015

S’appuyant essentiellement sur la presse des années 1950 et 1960, cet article examine les témoignages d’hommes et de femmes qui s’expriment sur leurs manières de concevoir la conjugalité et la parentalité qui apparaît en mutation. Ils et elles justifient et réclament les moyens de la régulation des naissances pour retarder l’arrivée du premier enfant, espacer les suivants afin de mieux s’occuper de chacun d’eux et pour une sexualité libérée des risques d’une nouvelle grossesse, qui n’entrave pas l’harmonie du couple. Des militants de la régulation des naissances vont s’appuyer sur ces nouvelles aspirations, ce nouvel idéal conjugal et parental, pour en faire un impératif social. Ils vont démontrer que ces aspirations reposent sur des valeurs socialement désirables et finissent par produire, à partir d’elles, de nouvelles normes. Lors des débats qui conduiront à l’adoption de la loi Neuwirth en 1967, elles apparaissent comme des normes collectivement partagées.
La réception des normes par les parents : le cas de l’adoption
Authors: Ramos Elsa , Kertudo Pauline
Published: February 2015

Si tous les parents sont aujourd’hui confrontés aux normes liées à la parentalité dont l’articulation se révèle parfois difficile voire délicate, les parents adoptifs y sont confrontés de manière tout à fait spécifique, car explicite. Pour eux, en effet, la création d’une famille ne dépend pas exclusivement d’un choix personnel ; elle peut résulter de la validation ou de l’invalidation de ce choix par un tiers institutionnel. Dans la mesure où il institutionnalise et réglemente la possibilité de «faire famille » , le processus d’adoption offre une grille d’analyse privilégiée des normes existantes en termes de parentalité, et constitue un terrain d’étude propice pour saisir le socle de ce qui fait parentalité. À partir de l’analyse spécifique de trois normes – la disponibilité parentale, la souplesse éducative et la veille permanente –, cet article souligne la manière dont les parents adoptifs vivent et gèrent les injonctions qui leur sont adressées par les spécialistes de l’adoption, et identifie les ajustements auxquels ces parents procèdent pour s’inscrire dans ce qu’ils perçoivent être une «bonne parentalité » . Avec, en perspective, la volonté de répondre à la question suivante : les parents adoptifs sont-ils ou non soumis à une pression spécifique dans l’exercice de leur parentalité ?
Le modèle de Janus de la sociologie du droit
Authors: Commaille Jacques , Perrin Jean-François
Published: February 2015

The authors compare their points of view in order to attempt to express what, in their opinion, is the exact situation of the contemporary sociology of law, the nature and its production. They endeavour to point out the obstacles the discipline is confronted with. First, they note that this discipline is, from its origin, in quest of an identity. They attribute this difficulty to the dual approach of the discipline, which by definition is at the boundary of two learnings, of two fields of knowledge... of two fields of influence. After going through a rational and comprehensive evaluation of the produced literature, the authors try to show that the duality, which has been brought into light, is not necessarily a failing but rather an essential component, a characteristic linked to the nature of sociology of law which cannot work out validly (be validly effective) without going through a double approach, such as Janus who, despite his two faces... is, by no means, a monster.
Théorie et Ontologie du Droit chez Dworkin
Authors: Guastini Riccardo
Published: February 2015

La doctrine de Dworkin n'est au fond qu'une illustration du principe de légalité, puisqu'il soutient que le droit en vigueur est complet et permet au juge de trouver une solution juste pour chacun des litiges. Il est complet parce que, à côté des règles, il contient des principes implicites, que le juge doit découvrir et énoncer. La faiblesse de cette thèse est qu'il n'y a aucune norme préexistant aux énoncés sur les principes. Ceux-ci ne peuvent donc être ni vrais ni faux. Ils sont le fruit de la libre création du droit par les juges.
Les juges pris au sérieux ou la théorie du droit selon Dworkin
Authors: Troper Michel
Published: February 2015

On peut faire apparaître dans l'œuvre de Dworkin une conception cachée de la théorie du droit (ou une métathéorie), qui se distingue de la théorie positiviste par deux aspects : d'une part, elle refuse de distinguer entre la théorie et l'objet de cette théorie, entre droit et morale, entre prescription et description ; d'autre part, elle énonce que la théorie comporte des propositions de droit, mais que celles-ci ont seulement pour objet de justifier des pratiques existantes. Cette métathéorie est critiquable sur ces deux points. Son véritable objet est de justifier le discours par lequel les juges dissimulent leur pouvoir de création du droit.
La recherche de l'efficacité de la loi. Réflexions sur l'étude de la mise en œuvre (le concept "d'implementation")
Authors: Blankenburg Erhard
Published: February 2015

Quand les politologues distinguent l'« élaboration d'une politique » de sa « mise en œuvre », les termes de cette différenciation évoquent celle qu'établit le droit positif entre fonctions « législatives » et fonctions « executives ». Mais c'est dans une intention normative que le droit positif fait reposer la responsabilité des décisions légitimantes sur certains processus politiques, dispensant ainsi de s'auto-légitimer les agents chargés de l'application. Cette distinction normative est volontairement conçue en négligeant le fait que, dans la réalité, les deux phases du processus sont interdépendantes. En effet, les législateurs prennent en considération les facteurs agissant sur les probabilités d'observance de leurs décisions, et ceux qui les appliquent, lorsqu'ils usent de leur marge d'appréciation, sont mis en demeure de légitimer la manière dont ils « exécutent » la loi. Pour les sciences politiques, l'élaboration et la mise en œuvre d'une politique s'inscrivent dans un processus continu en une succession indifférenciée de points de décision. Cette analyse s'appuie sur des exemples empruntés à des domaines relevant de conceptions différentes des fonctions de la loi : politiques traditionnelles, comme le droit pénal et la mobilisation des tribunaux pour les affaires de droit privé, aussi bien que régulatrices, comme la protection de l'environnement, et incitatives, comme la politique de l'emploi.
Quelques problèmes, méthodes et résultats d'une approche sociologique des normes d'équité
Authors: Kellerhals Jean , Coenen-Huther Josette , Modak Marianne
Published: February 2015

At the border-line of sociologies of law and moral life, analyzing the sociogenesis of popular representations of basic normative categories such as contract, legitimacy, responsibility, equity, etc. can play a decisive part in the comprehension of the dynamics of normative systems. It is in this perspective that interest is here focused on the variations — according to group types — in the representations and practices of distributive justice. More precisely, by the means of a study of the solutions given to problematic family situations, it is attempted to show how justice principles and criteria, applied by the actors, can be completely changea according to the nature of interactions within the group. A theoretical examination of the principal stages of the "judgment" of distributive justice within the group is first carried out. It is then shown how preferential actualization of a particular principle of justice — merit, need or membership — depends on the form of cohesion of the group, the type of interindividual adaptation and coordination as well as the nature of the group integration with the social environnement.
Le théorème de Gödel et la norme fondamentale de Kelsen
Authors: Thevenaz Henri
Published: February 2015

The famous Godel's theorem has mainly held the attention of logicians, epistemologists and philosophers. May it also bring a contribution to the thoughts of theorists of Law ? This appears in any case possible in the framework of theories, like that of Kelsen, which are working with the concept of systems of legal norms forming hierarchically an universal legal System, including the international law and ail the other minor legal systems. The main problem is then the validity of these different Systems of legal norms. Thus one may draw up a parallel with the Godel's theorem, which more particularly refers to the validity of systems of mathematical axioms forming also an hierarchical System.

In order to well indicate that his Pure Theory of Law is limited to positive law, Kelsen has conceived a basic norm, which serves, on the theoretical level, to found the validity of the whole of the legal norms. The Godel's theorem does not imply whatever limitation of this kind. Other divergencies result from the materials upon which Godel and Kelsen have built their respective theories.
La part et le rôle joués par les modes informels de règlement des litiges dans le développement d'un pluralisme judiciaire (Etude comparative France-USA)
Authors: Bonafé-Schmitt Jean-Pierre
Published: February 2015

The increase of the number of cases dealt with in court is often presented as an increase in the judiciary character of our social relations. During the last ten years, the number of cases dealt with by the courts has increased by 50%. Without denying the importance of this increase, we can ask ourselves about the real nature of this phenomenon and try to observe if this quantitative increase dots not hide another reality.

Historically, courts have never had the monopoly of the settlementt of disputes. There has always existed an "informal justice" like the disciplinary committee in companies, associations, the different kinds of private arbitrations, particularly in commercial matters.

What might appear as new is the fact that the state itself has been developing for a few years "extra judicial procedures" like "conciliators", "Boite postale 5000"... With these new procedures of settlement, the state tries to obtain more "flexibility" in the judicial System.
La place de Max Weber dans le champ intellectuel français
Authors: Pollak Michael
Published: February 2015

Cette analyse de la réception de Max Weber en France permet de dégager un modèle plus général : parce qu'elle risque de mettre en question des traditions théoriques et les hiérarchies établies dans un champ intellectuel donné, l'introduction d'une oeuvre étrangère coïncide généralement avec des moments de crise et l'avènement de nouvelles générations intellectuelles.
Sémiotique et études critiques du droit
Authors: Jackson Bernard S.
Published: February 2015

Répondant à plusieurs critiques de son ouvrage récent, Semiotics and Legal Theory, l'auteur cherche à montrer que la sémiotique du droit, sceptique par principe devant les effets de vérité produits par les discours qu'elle étudie, se rapproche davantage du réalisme juridique et des études critiques du droit que du positivisme juridique. La question est examinée sous l'angle épistémologique, en relation avec la controverse entre marxisme et structuralisme. Sont ensuite abordés divers domaines d'étude empirique où les approches sémiotique et critique peuvent être regardées comme complémentaires. La sémiotique peut contribuer à la détermination du rôle de l'idéologie, à la compréhension des processus de communication et de traitement des discours juridiques dans divers types d'organisation et de pratiques, à l'analyse de la forme du droit et du contenu de la "conscience" juridique, enfin à l'étude comparative du droit. A la différence des études critiques, la sémiotique juridique ne se donne pas pour but immédiat de réformer le droit, mais sa démarche constitue une étape nécessaire pour toute discipline s'assignant un tel objectif.
Le droit comme activité sociale : pour une approche wébérienne des activités juridiques
Authors: Lascoumes Pierre , Serverin Evelyne
Published: February 2015

French scholars and researchers on law are often unaware of Weber 's sociology of law. For them, this book seems to be too historical, comparatist and theoritical also, they find it hard to relate it with Gurvitch 's or Durkheim 's problematics. One of the biggest reproach, t'a the place given to the dogmatical approach on law in Weber's analysis. Moreover, during the same time, no sociologist ever tried to apply his comprehensive approach to legal practices. This paper emphasizes on the fact that it is possible to use Weber's sociology of law in two ways : to overtake internal/external point of view dispute, wich often opposes lawyers and sociologists, and, also, to analyse legal activities as social interactions.
Le Droit : un ensemble peu convivial
Authors: Arnaud André-Jean
Published: February 2015

On suppose que le Droit peut être considéré, pour les besoins de l'étude, comme un système. Il est fondamental de connaître les possibilités d'ouverture d'un tel système par rapport aux autres systèmes qui constituent son environnement. Or, le Droit apparaît comme un système clos, ce qui en fait un piètre candidat pour une analyse dans les termes des plus récents développements de la théorie des systèmes.

Il n'est, dès lors, pas surprenant de trouver deux types d'approche du Droit : 1 - Dans le cadre de la théorie des systèmes, le Droit est considéré comme un sous-système du système social global. Cette approche fait fi de la normativité spéciale du Droit ; 2 - Une alternative consiste à considérer que le Droit est un ensemble, composé d'éléments possédant une normativité spécifique par rapport aux autres systèmes normatifs. Ainsi considéré, le Droit possède certaines qualités du système, non pas toutes ; il convient, par conséquent, de l'étudier selon une méthodologie particulière, appropriée.
Droit islamique : du politique à l'anthropologique
Authors: Botiveau Bernard
Published: February 2015

Une anthropologie du droit islamique demande de comprendre les origines des perceptions monistes du droit qui ont prévalu dans les sciences islamiques et dans l'islamologie juridique européenne. Il faut aussi resituer le droit islamique dans la culture des sociétés qui l'ont produit et comprendre la légitimation d'un savoir académique constitué en relation avec l'histoire politique de ces sociétés. Ce savoir repose sur une nette distinction entre sharî'a (révélation coranique) et fiqh (jurisprudence), et l'on doit s'interroger sur ce qui ,dans la culture des sociétés arabes et islamiques, fonde cette distinction, à savoir une tension constante entre idéal et réel, tous deux englobés dans la notion de haqq.
L'étude du droit musulman : jalons pour une convergence (entre l'islamologie juridique et l'anthropologie juridique)
Authors: Bleuchot Hervé
Published: February 2015

In order to transcend the standard academic divisions (especially between legal islamology and legal anthropology) , three themes are proposed, with the study of islamic law taken as a point of departure : 1) the epistemological problems of the scholar contending with both eurocentrism and islamocentrism ; 2) the necessity of situating islamic law in a global political context, both internally and externally ; 3) the importance of reexamining the role of religion in islamic law and the need for universal concepts for understanding a legal System which is distinguished equally by customary law and rational rights.
Aspects du droit communautaire dans l'Atlas marocain
Authors: Tozy Mohamed , Mahdi Mohamed
Published: February 2015

The aim of this paper is to present an anthropological approach of the relationship between social structures, rules of conduct and social regulation system, in order to show the composite nature of the Morrocan law System. The system elements are : "modern" law, muslim law and customs. The place of this later is inhibited in jurists' knowledge, then rural collectivities are still producing such a law. The Morrocan communities in Atlas mountain studied illustrate how this kind of law is elaborated. It is almost a survival requirement, this because communities produce, consolidate their identity and legitimate their rights. Therefore, social practices are usually different from the established rules.
Nomades et Etat : l'impensé juridique
Authors: Claudot-Hawad Hélène
Published: February 2015

Is the logic of modem States impervious to the thought of the nomadic condition ? Using the example of the Tuaregs territorial rules, this study aims at demonstrating that in the field of law very much like in other human activities, the rational and the imaginary are always closely interrelated, thus establishing how relative the legitimacy of law is.
Du jeu fini au jeu ouvert. Réflexions additionnelles sur le Droit post-moderne
Authors: Arnaud André-Jean
Published: February 2015

Au modèle de jeu révélé par les législations "modernes" qui l'avaient enserré dans des codes, jeu fermé entre individus appartenant à des statuts en nombre limité, pour faire des opérations en nombre également limité, la société contemporaine tend à substituer un modèle ouvert, où l'informel gagne du terrain, et où les acteurs jouent un rôle jusque dans l'élaboration de la décision complexe qui fonde la règle du jeu. De ces nouveaux rapports fluctuants entre le social et le juridique, naît une nouvelle structure du jeu, qui préfigure ce que pourrait être le Droit d'une société post-moderne.
Le droit saisi par le jeu
Authors: MacKaay Ejan
Published: February 2015

Game theory, rallying point of the social sciences, has corne to the law over the last fifteen years. Its first focus has been the nature of spontaneous orders among individuals, that is the conditions under which individuals will find it profitable to co-operate, much as they are aware of the possibility of exploiting one another. Besides this first topic, research has recently been focused on a second one, that of the origin and functioning of the State. Game theory allows one to investigate the nature of the supposed 'public goods', whose provision is thought to be the justification for the 'social contract' founding the State. Game theory also allows one to study the dynamics of power as a founding cause of the State. Finally, game theory helps one to understand the paradox of the indefinitely growing government in modem social democracies. Altogether, game theory makes plain just how much of our fundamental legal institutions must be seen as responses to the paradoxes of human interaction.
Un jeu d'enfant : une analyse culturelle de la conscience juridique des adolescents américains
Authors: Silbey Susan S.
Published: February 2015

The legal socialization of children has been a subject of scholarly research for nearly three decades. Sortie studies uiere undertaken as part of larger psychological projects attempting to map stages in cognitive and moral development, others as efforts to uncover the grounds of political legitimacy. Rarely, however, have children's legal understandings been examined as examples of légal consciousness or as part of legal culture.

This essay urges examination of children's understandings of law as elements of legal culture ; these understandings are not outside but part of what law makes available for making sense of and conveying meaning to our daily lives and social relationships. Researchers are urged to beware of importing the notions of one culture into another and of assuming cross-cultural translation of legal concepts. The paper concludes with an example of a cultural analysis of some American adolescents' understandings of rights and law. The paper describes the passionate embrace of legal concepts by a group of thirteen year old American adolescents. To these primarily white, middle class children, growing up and being schooled in a community recognized for its liberalism, the law was empowering. It is not obvious, however, that these understandings would be shared by children of different races, classes, or local cultures.
Droit et Société : du constat à la construction d'un champ commun
Authors: Arnaud André-Jean
Published: February 2015

Law and Society : from different Approaches to the Establishment of a common Field. This paper is aimed at those who practice Law as well as at scholars. It shows how a radical change might happen in their practice if they daim new grounds for legal science. Only in this way will lawyers stop carrying out work of "re-production" and become, once again, "juris-prudents" .
A quoi sert l'Epistémologie ?
Authors: Granger Gilles Gaston
Published: February 2015

On Epistemology.

Epistemology, in the continental meaning of "Philosophy of the Sciences" has no direct effects indeed on the advancement of science. But it has an interest, which we propose to suggest, applying epistemology to the case of the social sciences. First, the idea of epistemology as a philosophical discipline, in contradistinction to a science, of the sciences is brought out. Then the specific character of the social sciences qua sciences is analysed, particularly with respect to the notion of explication. In a third section, fact and object in the sciences of man are examined, with a special view to characterize the nature and function in this domain of the concept of structure. The last two sections are devoted to the problem of the status of logical organisation and of normativity in those sciences.
La critique du droit
Authors: Miaille Michel
Published: February 2015

A Critique of the Law.

Undertaking a critical study of the law is a complex task which first requires that its foundations be explored. If a materialistic approach is adopted, it must allow us to conduct an analysis that is both theoretical and practical ; moreover, not being established dogme, it must lead to a real discussion that remains open-ended. Then, it is proper to decide on ways of conducting this study, both from an academic point of view (the usefulness of the concept of legal interconnection) and from a practical point of view (notably the subject of regulation in law).
Collégialité et bureaucratie dans les firmes américaines d'avocats d'affaires
Authors: Lazega Emmanuel
Published: February 2015

Collegiality and Bureaucracy in American Corporate Law Firms.

This article summarizes existing literature pertaining to the organizational form of American corporate law firms (the Cravath model), and the current changes experienced by such firms resulting from market pressures and internal growth processes. These changes correspond to the bureaucratization of structure (increased hierarchical organization, departmentalization, polycentric arrangements) and management policies (concerning such issues as work flow, compensation, marketing, evaluation of work quality, management of associates). The author also describes the resistance offered by the collegial form to this bureaucratization, as well as the emergence of new organizational forms (mega-firms, franchized firms, multi-disciplinary partnerships), and the resulting debates concerning the redefinition of professionalism. Given the future uncertainty of the American model in the United States context and the spreading of the Cravath model in continental Europe, European firms will undoubtedly encounter similar changes and difficulties.
Règles juridiques, catégories statistiques et actions sociales
Authors: Beroujon Christiane , Bruxelles Sylvie
Published: February 2015

Legal Norms, Statistical Categories and Social Actions.

The aim of this article is to provide a reflection upon the status of data obtained from judicial statistics, the reflection being considered as a methodological prerequisite to the use and subsequent analysis of such data. Taking as an example the case of rental litigations, the authors analyze the structure of the juridical mechanism devised to enable rental price fixing, illustrating how the statistical instruments both reflect and contribute to the construction of the social representations of law, representations varying in accordance with the times.
Le contentieux du travail à partir et au-delà des chiffres
Authors: Jeammaud Antoine , Vennin Françoise
Published: February 2015

Labour Disputes front and beyond Statistics

The use within the past few years of judicial statistics has noticeably enriched knowledge concerning civil litigation in the field of labour relations. Whilst the application in this field of statistical techniques brings out their shortcomingd, it nevertheless suggests their possible combination with other practical procedures. Use of judicial statistics nonetheless provides valuable information concerning the distribution of cases amongst the different categories of jurisdictions and of the various subjects of enquiry submitted to labour courts, as well as results of these enquiries and the exercising of grounds of appeal.
Pour une approche socio-juridique de la production des normes dans les relations de travail
Authors: Bonafé-Schmitt Jean-Pierre
Published: February 2015

II existe un flou conceptuel dans le champ de la production des normes car les juristes, les économistes, les sociologues, les historiens ont une approche différente de la production normative. Les juristes défendraient une conception moniste de la création des règles alors que les sociologues et les économistes adopteraient plutôt une conception pluraliste du phénomène juridique en incluant les notions de coutumes et de pratiques d'entreprises. Plaidant pour une approche interdisciplinaire de la production des normes, l'auteur montre, à partir de l'analyse comparée des systèmes français et américain de négociation collective, que les systèmes normatifs sont des constructions sociales. Il souligne que la crise actuelle des systèmes normatifs n'est pas la simple conséquence d'une prolifération de la réglementation mais traduit aussi la remise en cause d'un modèle rationnel, formaliste, hiérarchisé de production des normes.
« Vécu juridique », norme et sens de la justice : à propos de l'avortement au Maroc
Authors: Ferrié Jean-Noël , Boëtsch Gilles , Ouafik Amina
Published: February 2015

« Living with Law », Legal Norm and Sense of Justice : About Abortion in Morocco.

This article reconsiders, from the anthropological point of view, the notion of « vécu juridique ». Starting with a discussion of the « autopoïèse » of the law and field observations made in Casablanca, Morocco, the study attempts to show how the relationship to judicial norms is formed, based on a given idea of justice held by people. This conception depends not on the state of the law, but instead on societal lifestyles. In fact, the actors do not spontaneously distinguish the law from their idea of justice. This relative lack of distinction sets in motion the dynamics of judicial change ; in other words, it determines the acceptible limits of any norm. The social actors do not, therefore, adopt empirical behavior towards the law ; but reconstruct the significance of the norms, either to conform to them or to go against them.
La mobilisation du droit. Les conditions du recours et du non-recours à la Justice
Authors: Blankenburg Erhard
Published: February 2015

Cet article, relatif aux comportements et à la pratique juridiques au sens large, pose la question de la mobilisation du droit. Celle-ci concerne le processus social global, depuis la qualification d'un problème en termes juridiques, jusqu'à la consultation d'un avocat et le recours aux tribunaux. La « mobilisation » ainsi entendue apparaît comme un processus qui dépasse le cadre du seul procès. Entre les deux extrêmes — la prise de conscience de l'aspect juridique d'un conflit et le recours à la Justice — il se produit un important phénomène « d'entonnoir ». L'analyse sociologique de la mobilisation s'appuie sur des travaux d'enquête menés en Allemagne. L'ensemble s'inscrit dans la théorie sociologique du procès.
Ulysse, médiateur ou comment sortir de la logique de la vengeance
Authors: David-Jougneau Maryvonne
Published: February 2015

Gomment sortir d'un conflit dans l'impasse et échapper à la vengeance justicière ? À côté du recours au droit, Sophocle dessine, dans Ajax, une autre voie... Comment Ulysse, ennemi d'Ajax, arrive-t-il à se déprendre de la logique du rapport de force où tous, dieux et hommes, sont enfermés pour accéder à une vertu, à la fois sagesse et justice, qui l'amène à jouer le rôle de médiateur ? Sophocle donne les jalons et les fondements d'une telle démarche qu'une approche tour à tour anthropologique, ontologique, psycho-sociologique met à jour : compassion et réflexion sur la condition humaine commune à tous, conception dialectique de l'Être et du Temps, saut dans une logique d'interaction permettent à Ulysse de relativiser les positions antagonistes, avec un effet en retour sur les autres acteurs et la mise en place d'une solution qui respecte les « dimensions justes » de chacun.
Justice et conflit au Brésil : le pouvoir judiciaire face aux droits de l'homme et aux droits sociaux
Authors: Faria José Eduardo
Published: February 2015

La mise en œuvre des droits de l'homme et des droits sociaux se heurte au Brésil à la rigidité d'un pouvoir judiciaire dominé par une structure logico-formelle trop éloignée de la réalité sociale. Certes des évolutions ont eu lieu, grâce notamment à l'attitude de quelques « petits juges » conscients de la nécessaire adaptation de l'appareil judiciaire. Cependant les changements demeurent trop modestes, et le pouvoir judiciaire trop faible face à l'exécutif. Sous peine de voir disparaître l'État de droit, le pouvoir judiciaire doit se transformer en une force réelle, en adéquation avec la réalité sociale brésilienne.
Le sport et l'État de droit : approche sociologique
Authors: Hourcade Michel
Published: February 2015

Sport and the State of Law : A Sociological Approach.

Through legal proceedings with strong social impacts, sport will often hold in check Basic institutions like the State or the administration of justice. In order to surmount the obstacles illustrated hereafter through case studies, it is necessary to leave the purely legal analysis aside and to turn to the contributions of historical and sociological research which allow an understanding of sports autonomy in its relationship with society and the State. This approach is also instrumental in appraising the specificity and significance of the situation in major European countries, especially in France where the prevailing attitude among judges has so far been characterized by distinct interventionism.
La magistrature et la répression politique de Vichy ou l'histoire d'un demi-échec
Authors: Bancaud Alain
Published: February 2015

La période de Vichy (1940-1944) révèle pourquoi et comment un régime autoritaire, engagé dans une lutte violente pour sa survie, use de la justice, mais aussi comment des juges professionnels réagissent à un gouvernement les impliquant dans une répression partisane et de plus en plus dérogatoire aux principes juridiques traditionnels. Le système d'adaptation apparaît mêler les contraires : l'adhésion et la distance, le zèle et la réserve. Contraires qui prennent des formes différentes selon les conjonctures et les hommes. Contraires qui expliquent que l'expérience vichyssoise du recours à la magistrature se soit soldée par un échec relatif, à moins que ce ne soit un demi-succès.
Justice et politique en Algérie 1954-1962
Authors: Thénault Sylvie
Published: February 2015

Justice and Politics during the Algerian War 1954-1962.

This article studies the links between justice and politics during the Algerian War (1954-1962). Algeria was considered a French « county » which explains why the war could not be declared. Algerian nationalists were seen as criminals and were put on trial. Thus, justice gave in to the political imperative, that of maintaining French sovereignty in Algeria. Indeed, governments had to use legal techniques to enforce repressive laws. Nevertheless, they neither recognized the state of war nor Algeria as a nation. Furthermore, justice had to demonstrate French sovereignty and condemn the nationalists who were contesting it. Finally, the negotiations initiated by general de Gaulle modified the judicial repression. Paradoxally enough, it became both lenient and strict at the same time given that any political negotiations imply both compromise solutions and also the taking of a hard line so as to have the upper hand.
Genre, inégalité et limites du droit
Authors: Dziobon Sheila
Published: February 2015

Les directives du Conseil mettant en œuvre les intentions et les objectifs du Traité de Rome relatifs à l'égalité face à l'emploi sont maintenant en vigueur depuis plus de 20 ans. S'il n'est pas question de nier l'augmentation de la participation des femmes dans la vie politique et économique de l'Union, le fait qu'une telle intégration ait été conduite, ou même encouragée, par l'application du droit doit être soumis au débat. Cet article examine certains arrêts de la jurisprudence récente, en se référant aux idées de la socio-psychologue S. Bem développées dans son ouvrage The Lenses of Gender : Transforming the Debate on Sexual Inequality, et examine des décisions judiciaires et la législation à partir de son analyse.
Jury populaire et souveraineté
Authors: David Marcel
Published: February 2015

La question de savoir sur quels fondements repose le jury populaire a été soulevée en 1996 à l'occasion du projet de « réforme de la procédure en matière criminelle ». De sa création par la Révolution française jusqu'en l'an VIII, le jury est considéré comme ayant pour raison d'être quasi exclusive la souveraineté nationale (ou du peuple). Depuis lors, on a recours fréquemment à la citoyenneté et au civisme de préférence à la souveraineté pour justifier le maintien du jury. L'auteur s'emploie à démontrer que, durant la première période, la souveraineté n'a pas été le seul principe de base du jury et qu'il ne convient pas d'en surestimer la portée. En revanche, depuis l'an VIII, la souveraineté, quoique concurrencée par la citoyenneté et le civisme, demeure, à un double titre, l'un des fondements du jury.
La recherche de la vérité dans le procès civil
Authors: Le Masson Jean-Marc
Published: February 2015

The Search for Truth in the Civil Trial.

The truth apprehended by the civil trial through judicial syllogism is different from the one sought out in other fields, especially regarding History, as it implies the application of a rule of law to contentious facts. Contemporary civil proceeding texts were meant to fight against the traditional notion of a relative judicial truth by conferring on the judge the power to intercede in establishing the contentious subject while also reinforcing his major role in the qualification of the facts. Nevertheless, faithful to ancestral principles, the judge too often refuses to take into account the development of his task. He uses sparingly his prerogative with regard to the proof, and thus denies any obligation to seek out the rule of law applicable to the facts.
La construction du temps de travail : normes sociales ou normes juridiques ?
Authors: Thoemmes Jens
Published: February 2015

The Establishment of Working Time : Social Norms or Legal Norms ?

This study investigates the link between both legal and social types of legitimisation of working time. The analysis first brings out the historical emergence of working time as a social and legal norm in the XIXth century, in order to then examine its hybrid character through a sociological approach to regulations, bargaining and conflicts over working time. Our inquiry into two companies points out where conflicts occur between legal rules and customary practice regarding working time. The paper shows that the evolution of the social use of the law depends on the situation of the company, especially with respect to employment. In conclusion, rather than opposing the social to the legal components of working time, we take into account their mutual interaction within the establishment of the actual rules of working time.
L'entreprise : conflits et régulation(s)
Authors: Groux Guy
Published: February 2015

The Firm : Conflicts and Regulation(s).

Compared to legal laws, the massive intervention of the state was in the past linked to a form of conflict based on the "centrality of labour" and a "specific image of the producer". With the emergence of new paradigms related to the market-place, productivity and employment, original Systems of interactions appear and further extend the relationship between "workers" and "employers". The transformation of the conflict (and the crisis of former types of conflicts) thus questions the role of the state as regulator (itself in crisis). It means changing from a "joint regulation" to a more complicated regulation System and implies new approaches which concern the reconstitution of state functions, links between collective negotiations and the creation of rules, and the emergence in firms of some degree of "self-regulation".
Phylogenetic analysis of Saccharum s.l. (Poaceae; Andropogoneae), with emphasis on the circumscription of the South American species
Authors: Welker Cassiano A. D. , Souza‐Chies Tatiana T. , Longhi‐Wagner Hilda M. , Peichoto Myriam Carolina , McKain Michael R. , Kellogg Elizabeth A.
Published: February 2015

• Premise of the study: Polyploidy and reticulate evolution are often a complication for discovering phylogenetic relationships between genera and species. Despite the huge economic importance of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum—Poaceae, Andropogoneae), the limits of the genus Saccharum and its species are complex and largely unresolved, involving both polyploidy and reticulate evolution. This study aimed to assess the phylogenetic relationships of Saccharum s.l., including Erianthus and Tripidium, as well as investigate the taxonomic circumscription of the South American species of the genus.

• Methods: Molecular cloning and sequencing of five regions of four low‐copy nuclear loci were performed, including Aberrant panicle organization1 (apo1), Dwarf8 (d8), two exons of Erect panicle2 (ep2‐ex7 and ep2‐ex8), and Retarded palea1 (rep1). Concatenated trees were reconstructed using Maximum Parsimony, Maximum Likelihood, and Bayesian Inference analyses.

• Key results: The allopolyploid origin of Saccharum was demonstrated using evidence from nuclear genes. The samples of Saccharum s.l. grouped in two distinct clades, with S. arundinaceum and S. ravennae (= Tripidium, or Erianthus sect. Ripidium) apart from all other species analyzed of the genus. Saccharum angustifolium, S. asperum, and S. villosum correspond to distinct clades (different species). The plants with intermediate morphology between S. angustifolium and S. villosum presented a pattern of paralogues consistent with a hybrid origin.

• Conclusions: Saccharum s.l. is polyphyletic and Tripidium should be recognized as a distinct genus. However, no strong evidence was found to support the segregation of Erianthus. The taxonomic circumscription of the South American species of the genus was resolved and the occurrence of natural hybrids was documented. Better understanding of the phylogenetic relationships of Saccharum and relatives may be useful for sugarcane breeders to identify potential taxa for interspecific and intergeneric crosses in the genetic improvement of sugarcane.
Southern‐by‐Sequencing: A Robust Screening Approach for Molecular Characterization of Genetically Modified Crops
Authors: Zastrow‐Hayes Gina M. , Lin Haining , Sigmund Amy L. , Hoffman Jenna L. , Alarcon Clara M. , Hayes Kevin R. , Richmond Todd A. , Jeddeloh Jeffery A. , May Gregory D. , Beatty Mary K.
Published: February 2015

Molecular characterization of events is an integral part of the advancement process during genetically modified (GM) crop product development. Assessment of these events is traditionally accomplished by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Southern blot analyses. Southern blot analysis can be time‐consuming and comparatively expensive and does not provide sequence‐level detail. We have developed a sequence‐based application, Southern‐by‐Sequencing (SbS), utilizing sequence capture coupled with next‐generation sequencing (NGS) technology to replace Southern blot analysis for event selection in a high‐throughput molecular characterization environment. SbS is accomplished by hybridizing indexed and pooled whole‐genome DNA libraries from GM plants to biotinylated probes designed to target the sequence of transformation plasmids used to generate events within the pool. This sequence capture process enriches the sequence data obtained for targeted regions of interest (transformation plasmid DNA). Taking advantage of the DNA adjacent to the targeted bases (referred to as next‐to‐target sequence) that accompanies the targeted transformation plasmid sequence, the data analysis detects plasmid‐to‐genome and plasmid‐to‐plasmid junctions introduced during insertion into the plant genome. Analysis of these junction sequences provides sequence‐level information as to the following: the number of insertion loci including detection of unlinked, independently segregating, small DNA fragments; copy number; rearrangements, truncations, or deletions of the intended insertion DNA; and the presence of transformation plasmid backbone sequences. This molecular evidence from SbS analysis is used to characterize and select GM plants meeting optimal molecular characterization criteria. SbS technology has proven to be a robust event screening tool for use in a high‐throughput molecular characterization environment.