bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Molecularly imprinted polymers coated on carbon nanotubes for matrix solid phase dispersion extraction of camptothecin from Camptotheca acuminate
Authors: Liu Haochi , Hong Yansuo , Chen Ligang
Published: August 2015

The protocol for the synthesis of MIPs.
Design of biomaterials for intracellular delivery of carbon monoxide
Authors: Inaba Hiroshi , Fujita Kenta , Ueno Takafumi
Published: August 2015

In this mini-review, current development of biomaterials as carbon monoxide-releasing molecules (CORMs) for intracellular applications is summarized and discussed.
Recognition-driven assembly of self-limiting supramolecular protein nanoparticles displaying enzymatic activity
Authors: Piccinini Esteban , Pallarola Diego , Battaglini Fernando , Azzaroni Omar
Published: August 2015

We report the recognition-driven assembly of self-limiting protein nanoparticles displaying enzymatic activity.
Glucosamine condensation catalyzed by 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate: mechanistic insight from NMR spectroscopy
Authors: Jia Lingyu , Pedersen Christian Marcus , Qiao Yan , Deng Tiansheng , Zuo Pingping , Ge Wenzhi , Qin Zhangfeng , Hou Xianglin , Wang Yingxiong
Published: August 2015

[C2C1Im][OAc] could efficiently catalyze GlcNH2into deoxyfructosazine (DOF) and fructosazine (FZ), and the underlying catalysis mechanism was investigated by NMR spectroscopy.
Enhanced conductivity of (110)-textured ScSZ films tuned by an amorphous alumina interlayer
Authors: Yao Lei , Ou Gang , Nishijima Hiroki , Pan Wei
Published: August 2015

We report the enhanced ionic conductivity of Sc2O3-doped ZrO2 films with a (110)-textured structure, which is tuned through the interfacial interaction with an amorphous alumina interlayer.
Palladium–N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)-catalyzed synthesis of 2-ynamides via oxidative aminocarbonylation of alkynes with amines
Authors: Zhang Chunyan , Liu Jianhua , Xia Chungu
Published: August 2015

Palladium–NHC compounds catalyzing the oxidative aminocarbonylation of alkynes and amines have been developed with oxygen as the benign oxidant under mild reaction conditions, which led to an efficient approach toward the formation a series of alphatic and aromatic 2-ynamides with high atom efficiency.
Graphene decorated with Fe nanoclusters for improving the hydrogen sorption kinetics of MgH2 – experimental and theoretical evidence
Authors: Hudson M. Sterlin Leo , Takahashi Keisuke , Ramesh A. , Awasthi Seema , Ghosh Ashish Kumar , Ravindran Ponniah , Srivastava Onkar Nath
Published: August 2015

Graphene decorated with Fe clusters is proposed to be a possible alternative catalyst for the hydrogenation and dehydrogenation reactions of MgH2.
Preparation and catalytic behavior of biomorphic calcium oxide/carbon solid base materials
Authors: Wang Lan , Di Changmiao , Li Ting , Chun Yuan , Xu Qinhua
Published: August 2015

Shaped CaO/carbon catalysts prepared via an in situ transformation exhibit high activities and can be regenerated by steam or CO2 treatment.
Insight into the effect of non-stoichiometric sulfur on a NiMoS hydrodesulfurization catalyst
Authors: Lai Weikun , Xu Yingrui , Ren Yuhong , Yang Lefu , Zheng Jinbao , Yi Xiaodong , Fang Weiping
Published: August 2015

A sulfur dynamic equilibrium between the NiMoS edge and the gas phase which determines the number of CUS, SH groups and HDS activity is elucidated.
New talent: Asia-Pacific
Authors: Nishihara Hiroshi
Published: August 2015

Welcome to this themed issue of Dalton Transactions entitled “New Talent: Asia-Pacific”.
Generation of long, fully modified, and serum-resistant oligonucleotides by rolling circle amplification
Authors: Hollenstein Marcel
Published: August 2015

Nucleoside triphosphates modified at any level of the scaffold were shown to be compatible with the rolling circle amplification method. The combination of modified dNTPs and RCA enables the generation of long, fully modified, single-stranded DNA oligonucleotides.
Acid/redox dual-activated liposomes for tumor-targeted drug delivery and enhanced therapeutic efficacy
Authors: Xu Xuefan , Zhang Lei , Assanhou Assogba G. , Wang Lu , Zhang Yidi , Li Wenyuan , Xue Lingjing , Mo Ran , Zhang Can
Published: August 2015

Acid/redox dual-activated liposomes support enhanced therapeutic efficacy by overcoming multiple barriers to the intravenous delivery of an anticancer drug.
Tribological behavior of molybdenum disulfide bonded solid lubricating coatings cured with organosiloxane-modified phosphate binder
Authors: Jia Yulong , Chen Lei , Feng Xiaozhen , Zhou Huidi , Chen Jianmin
Published: August 2015

Hydroxyl-polysiloxane prepolymers were prepared via refluxing methyltriethoxysilane (METS) and dimethoxydimethylsilane (MSDS) at 75 °C in the presence of hydrochloric acid as the reactant.
Re-usability of zeolites and modified clays for alkylation of cyclohexanol a contrast study
Authors: Venkatesha N. J. , Bhat Y. S. , Jai Prakash B. S.
Published: August 2015

Organic sulfonic acid treatment generates pores on clay surface, these provide access to interlayer active sites and retards coke formation in p-cresol alkylation, while zeolites exhibit diminished activity due to coking caused by pore architecture.
Emulsifiers-free lubrication process using natural oils dispersions in non-aqueous solvents for leather
Authors: Gari Bhargavi Narayana Reddy , Venkatesh Madhu , Sreeram Kalarical Janardhanan , Baskar Geetha , Rao Jonnalagadda Raghava , Nair Balachandran Unni , Mandal Asit Baran
Published: August 2015

Dispersions of natural oils in non-aqueous solvents as emulsifier-free ready-to use lubricants for leather.
One-step Barton decarboxylation by micellar catalysis – application to the synthesis of maleimide derivatives
Authors: Mangin F. , Banaszak-Léonard E. , Len C.
Published: August 2015

Maleimides being studied or used in various applications, for the first time, a facile entry to Barton decarboxylation in aqueous media is described to obtain in one step substituted N-phenylmaleimide synthons.
Quantifying vorticity in magnetic particle suspensions driven by symmetric and asymmetric multiaxial fields
Authors: Martin James E. , Solis Kyle J.
Published: August 2015

A method of quantifying vorticity in triaxial magnetic fields is presented that predicts vorticity for fields that cannot be treated by symmetry theories.
Trains, tails and loops of partially adsorbed semi-flexible filaments
Authors: Welch David , Lettinga M. P. , Ripoll Marisol , Dogic Zvonimir , Vliegenthart Gerard A.
Published: August 2015

Depletion induced adsorption of semi-flexible polymers onto a hard-wall is investigated by a combination of microscopy and computer simulations. In contrast to long flexible filaments which primarily desorb by the formation of loops, the desorption of stiff, finite-sized filaments is largely driven by fluctuating filament tails.
Topology optimization for the design of folding liquid crystal elastomer actuators
Authors: Fuchi Kazuko , Ware Taylor H. , Buskohl Philip R. , Reich Gregory W. , Vaia Richard A. , White Timothy J. , Joo James J.
Published: August 2015

A topology optimization method is used to take advantage of programmable anisotropy in LCEs to achieve target deformations.
Facile synthesis of N-halamine-labeled silica–polyacrylamide multilayer core–shell nanoparticles for antibacterial ability
Authors: Qiu Qiaohua , Liu Tao , Li Zhihui , Ding Xinbo
Published: August 2015

Monodisperse multilayer core–shell nanoparticles with an antimicrobial PAM shell and SiO2 core were fabricated using a layer-by-layer electrostatic self-assembly technique; they exhibited excellent antibacterial activities against Gram-positive bacteria as well as Gram-negative bacteria.
Plasma Concentrations of Radiocalcium after Oral Administration, and Their Relationship to Absorption
Authors: Tothill P. , Dellipiani A. W. , Calvert J.
Published: August 2015

1. Different radioisotopes of calcium were administered orally and intravenously to a series of patients, some normal and others with diseases that might affect calcium absorption or metabolism. Concentrations of the two isotopes in plasma were determined at intervals. A mathematical procedure was developed for deriving from these measurements the total absorption of the oral dose and also the absorption/time relationship.

2. The correlation between absorption and plasma concentration of the oral dose at various times after administration was studied and found to be very good, the 2 hr plasma level giving the best correlation, particularly when account was taken of the patient's weight.

3. The effect of variations in the disappearance curve of the injected isotope upon the shape of the plasma appearance curve of the oral isotope was examined. It is concluded that for the majority of cases, when absorption is not greatly delayed, and the exchange processes determining the shape of the disappearance curve are not markedly abnormal, 2 hr plasma concentration gives a good indication of absorption. When abnormalities in these processes are present, only the double isotope method gives accurate results.

4. The results were applied to examine the validity of other published methods of analysis. It was found that plasma concentrations of orally administered radiocalcium alone can give useful information about absorption, but not about plasma clearance.
Abnormalities in the Sodium Pump of Erythrocytes from Patients with Hyperthyroidism
Authors: Smith E. K. M. , Samuel Pamela D.
Published: August 2015

1. Intracellular cation composition has been measured in the red cells from twenty patients with hyperthyroidism. The mean concentration of sodium was 11·18 m-mole/l red cells; in sixty normal control subjects the mean red cell sodium level was 7·04 m-mole/l. The difference between these two groups was highly significant. There was no measurable difference between the potassium concentration and water content of red cells from thyrotoxic and control groups.

2. Measurements of active sodium efflux were carried out in red cells from ten hyperthyroid subjects and their matched controls. The rate constant for active sodium efflux was significantly lower in the patients than the control group.

3. The total amount of sodium actively pumped from red cells in 1 hr was significantly higher in the patients than the controls.

4. The total amount of sodium moving out of the red cells, both actively and by exchange diffusion, matched the total influx of sodium. This was true for control subjects and those with hyperthyroidism and this would support the view that the intracellular sodium concentration is constant and represents the result of a balance between influx and efflux. In hyperthyroidism this balance persists, but with an abnormally high intracellular sodium concentration.

5. There was a linear relationship between the cell sodium content and the active transport of sodium from the cell in control and hyperthyroid subjects.

6. Triiodothyronine did not produce any change in sodium transport by normal red cells in vitro.

7. It is concluded that there is a depression of the activity of the sodium pump in the red cells of hyperthyroid subjects. This allows the resting intracellular sodium concentration to rise until a new steady state is reached. Evidence is given that these changes are reversed when hyperthyroidism is corrected.
Spleen Blood Flow and Splanchnic Haemodynamics in Blood Dyscrasia and other Splenomegalies
Authors: Blendis L. M. , Banks D. C. , Ramboer C. , Williams R.
Published: August 2015

1. Splenic blood flow and splanchnic haemodynamics have been studied in twenty patients with splenomegaly due to blood dyscrasia or diseases involving the reticuloendothelial system. Thirteen of these patients had portal hypertension, three had abdominal collaterals on arteriovenography and one oesophageal varices.

2. Total spleen blood flow was increased in all with values up to 1550 ml/min, and associated with this liver blood flows increased up to 2·61 1 min−1 m−2. In four patients the cardiac output was raised.

3. In five patients a raised wedged hepatic vein pressure was found which was solely related to the increase in liver blood flow, but in two others, in whom hepatic histology was abnormal, there was also an increase in postsinusoidal resistance. Nine patients had a raised hepatic pre-sinusoidal resistance. This was related to a greatly increased liver blood flow with portal tract fibrosis and cellular infiltration as possible additional factors.

4. The haemodynamic findings in these patients were similar to those found previously in patients with tropical splenomegaly. In both groups spleen blood flow in ml 100 g−1 min−1 was inversely proportional to spleen size. There were similar increases in total spleen and liver blood flows and in the percentage of patients with an increased pre-sinusoidal resistance. In contrast, in cirrhosis there was no inverse relationship between flow in 1 100 g−1 min−1, and of spleen size, and for the degree of splenomegaly total spleen blood flow was relatively greater.
Glomerular Permeability to High Molecular Weight Dextrans in Acute Ischaemic Renal Failure and Postural Proteinuria
Authors: MacLean Pamela R. , Petrie J. J. B. , Robson J. S.
Published: August 2015

1. Renal permeability to dextran of a molecular weight range approximating to that of the plasma proteins has been studied in six patients with acute ischaemic renal failure, four patients with postural proteinuria and six healthy subjects.

2. Results are expressed in terms of dextran selectivity indices which relate the clearance of dextran to its molecular weight. Indices of dextran selectivity were found to be high in acute ischaemic renal failure, postural proteinuria and in normal subjects. Comparable indices of plasma protein selectivity in these groups were low.

3. It is suggested that in postural proteinuria and acute ischaemic renal failure the proteinuria is not glomerular in origin, and that in these conditions macromolecules are filtered quite normally and urinary protein arises from a post glomerular source characterized by a lack of selectivity.
Iron Absorption in Chronic Renal Disease
Authors: Eschbach J. W. , Cook J. D. , Finch C. A.
Published: August 2015

1. Absorption of inorganic iron was studied in thirty-four patients with chronic renal failure by a double isotope technique.

2. Eight patients with normal iron balance had a mean absorption of 3·5%, ten patients with iron overload had a mean absorption of 3·6%, and sixteen patients with iron depletion had a mean absorption of 58%. Thus, alterations in absorption appeared to be related to disturbances in iron balance.

3. The rate of erythropoiesis had no evident effect on iron absorption nor did the degree of anaemia.

4. The presence of renal disease and the degree of azotaemia likewise did not appear to affect absorption.
The Effect of Low Molecular Weight Dextran Infusions on Plasma Lipids and Lipoproteins
Authors: Whitehead T. P. , Dykes P. W. , Gloster J. , Harris P.
Published: August 2015

1. Infusions of Dextran 40 induced a pronounced fall in the plasma concentration of cholesterol, in the absence of marked changes in plasma volume. Similar falls occurred in the plasma concentrations of phospholipids, triglyceride and low density lipoprotein. It was further observed that the return to normal was slow, and at 15 days was still incomplete.

2. Lipoprotein turnover studies failed to demonstrate altered rates of catabolism or evidence for altered synthetic rates. They were better interpreted in terms of redistribution from the plasma to the rest of the extracellular fluid, although there was no indication as to its exact site.
Intrarenal Pressure and Exaggerated Natriuresis in Essential Hypertension
Authors: Lowenstein J. , Beranbaum E. R. , Chasis H. , Baldwin D. S.
Published: August 2015

1. Intrarenal pressure, estimated by measurement of wedged renal vein pressure, was elevated in patients with essential hypertension. Despite increased afferent arteriolar resistance, glomerular pressure was elevated indicating that the higher systemic pressure in essential hypertension is transmitted beyond the arterioles and accounts for elevation of intrarenal pressure.

2. During hypertonic saline loading in hypertensives, renal arteriolar resistance falls, resulting in further increase in intrarenal pressure. Increments in intrarenal pressure paralleled increases in sodium excretion in patients with essential hypertension during the exaggerated natriuresis and in normotensive subjects after the prolonged infusion of hypertonic saline.

3. The marked increase in intrarenal pressure which appears to be responsible for exaggerated natriuresis in essential hypertension is attributable to an altered (exaggerated) response of the renal arterioles. The data suggest that elevated intrarenal pressure may play a role in the regulation of sodium balance in patients with essential hypertension.
Calcium Metabolism and 47Calcium Kinetics before and after Long-Term Thyrocalcitonin Treatment in Senile Osteoporosis
Authors: Caniggia A. , Gennari C. , Bencini M. , Cesari L. , Borrello G.
Published: August 2015

1. Four women suffering from senile osteoporosis have been treated for 55–60 days with 25 MRC Units per day of porcine thyrocalcitonin with the following metabolic results:

(a) slight diminution of plasma, urinary and endogenous faecal calcium levels; (b) slight diminution of plasma phosphate level and urinary phosphate clearance; (c) lowering of serum alkaline phosphatase values; (d) diminution of urinary hydroxyproline excretion; (e) modification of calcium balance toward positive, due to decreased urinary and faecal calcium and to an improvement in intestinal absorption.

2. 47Calcium kinetic studies demonstrated:

(a) a slower decline in the specific activity curve after thyrocalcitonin treatment; (b) a slower decline in bone uptake values; (c) a decrease of ‘calcium miscible pool’, ‘calcium turnover rate’, ‘accretion rate’ and ‘resorption rate’ calculated by the method of Aubert & Milhaud (1960).

3. Differences in radiological bone patterns were not observed despite an improvement in the pain after treatment.
Influence of Dietary Sucrose on Glucose and Fructose Tolerance and Triglyceride Synthesis in the Baboon
Authors: Coltart T. M. , Crossley J. N.
Published: August 2015

1. Male and female baboons were fed a 75% sucrose/fat free diet for 13 weeks. At the end of this period, and when tested by a sucrose meal, the glucose tolerance was improved, but the fructose tolerance impaired.

2. There was no difference between the male and female baboons with regard to the changes observed in glucose tolerance. The impairment of fructose tolerance as a result of the sucrose diet was more marked in the males than in the females.

3. By labelling the sucrose meals uniformly with 14C, a correlation was observed between the level of peripheral blood fructose attained and the degree to which 14C-triglyceride appeared in the serum. No such correlation was found with glucose.

4. A cause-and-effect relationship between fructose tolerance and triglyceride specific activity was demonstrated by means of a high sucrose diet. The resulting impairment of fructose tolerance was reflected by a corresponding increase in triglyceride specific activity. The improvement in glucose tolerance under the same dietary conditions bore no relationship to the change in triglyceride specific activity.

5. Fructose was incorporated into serum triglyceride to a greater extent in the male baboons than in the females because of the higher levels of blood fructose attained in the male animals.
Influence of Anaesthesia on the Regional Distribution of Perfusion and Ventilation in the Lung
Authors: Hulands G. H. , Greene R. , Iliff L. D. , Nunn J. F.
Published: August 2015

1. Distribution of lung volume, pulmonary ventilation and perfusion were studied in supine patients before and during anaesthesia with paralysis and artificial ventilation. Inspired gas and pulmonary blood flow were measured with 133xenon and the chest was scanned with vertically moving counters at a lung volume of 1 litre above functional residual capacity.

2. Ventilation/unit lung volume was slightly greater and perfusion/unit lung volume substantially greater during anaesthesia in the dependent parts of the lungs. The spread of ventilation/perfusion ratios in supine conscious patients was small in comparison with that reported in upright conscious patients. During anaesthesia and artificial ventilation, the inequality of ventilation to perfusion was marginally increased in three of the four patients.

3. Ventilation/perfusion inequality alone was insufficient to explain the alveolar—arterial Po2 difference usually observed during anaesthesia.
Lability of Pulmonary Pressure/Flow Curves during Exercise in Clinically Mild Bronchitis; Evidence for a Pulmonary Vascular Sluice in Man
Authors: Field G. B. , Cotes J. E.
Published: August 2015

1. Pulmonary arterial mean pressure, cardiac output and other variables have been measured at rest and during exercise breathing air and oxygen in eight selected working coalminers with pneumoconiosis; four of the subjects had no respiratory symptoms and four had chronic cough and sputum but a well maintained ventilatory capacity.

2. The relationship of cardiac output to cardiac frequency during exercise was used to estimate cardiac output by interpolation with a residual standard deviation of 0·28 1/min. Used in this way the curves provided additional points for construction of mean pressure/flow curves.

3. In the subjects without respiratory symptoms the pulmonary arterial mean pressure when breathing air was similar to that in normal subjects. In the subjects with respiratory symptoms the pressure was normal at rest but consistently increased on exercise, although the arterial oxygen tension was relatively normal. The findings are interpreted as evidence for an increase in pulmonary vasomotor tone in patients with clinically mild chronic bronchitis.

4. Breathing oxygen during exercise led to a reduction in pulmonary arterial mean pressure in all subjects but not to a change in slope of the mean pressure/flow curve; a similar displacement of the curve was observed in some bronchitic subjects on repetition of the exercise breathing air. The response may be due to the small pulmonary vessels acting as a vascular sluice rather than to a change in calibre of the resistance vessels.
The Effect of Aminophylline on the Respiration and Pulmonary Circulation
Authors: Ježek V. , Ouředník A. , Štěpánek J. , Boudík F.
Published: August 2015

1. We have examined the effects of aminophylline on the respiration and pulmonary circulation of eleven patients with chronic bronchitis and six patients with peripheral bronchial carcinoma; the latter were free from bronchial obstruction at the time of study.

2. Aminophylline caused an increase in total and alveolar ventilation and a decrease in arterial carbon dioxide tension. Lung diffusing capacity was unaltered in subjects with marked respiratory insufficiency but increased slightly in an additional group of less severely affected patients, and in the control subjects.

3. Mean pulmonary arterial pressure decreased significantly in the patients with chronic bronchitis but not those with lung cancer. A positive correlation was observed between the level of pulmonary arterial pressure during the control period and the decrease after aminophylline.

4. For the group as a whole there was no significant change in cardiac output or arterial oxygen saturation or tension. However, in those subjects in whom the cardiac output was increased, the arterial blood oxygen was reduced despite an increase in alveolar ventilation. The data are interpreted as evidence for a disproportionate part of the increase in cardiac output being directed to poorly ventilated areas of the lung.
Renal Handling of Creatinine in Nephrotic and Non-Nephrotic Patients
Authors: Anderson C. F. , Jaecks D. M. , Ballon H. S. , De Palma J. R. , Cutler R. E.
Published: August 2015

1. The endogenous creatinine/GFR (inulin or free [57Co]cyanocobalamin or [125I]iothalamate) clearance ratios were determined in ninety-nine non-nephrotic patients and subjects and in sixteen nephrotic patients. The clearance ratios of the nephrotic patients were not significantly different from those of the non-nephrotic patients and normal subjects.

2. The clearance ratios increased as the GFR fell from 176 to below 15 ml/min, then decreased toward unity at lower GFR values.

3. In an attempt to explain this biphasic relationship, two further studies were performed. Endogenous creatinine/inulin and [14C]creatinine/inulin clearance ratios were simultaneously determined in seventeen additional patients. The [14C]creatinine/inulin clearance ratio was the larger of the two in all patients with a GFR greater than 15 ml/min. In another group of eight patients with unequal-sized kidneys, who were studied during bilateral ureteral catheterization, the endogenous creatinine/inulin clearance ratios were determined and found not to differ significantly.

4. The three studies suggest that there is significant tubular secretion of creatinine at all levels of renal function. The increasing clearance ratio of endogenous creatinine/GFR as the GFR decreases is not due to increased tubular secretion of creatinine nor a result of a difference in creatinine handling by diseased kidneys, but rather a reflection of the decreasing fraction of non-creatinine chromogen to the total creatinine chromogen. The smaller clearance ratio at a very low GFR would be expected if the maximal tubular secretory rate of creatinine was exceeded.
The Effect of Expanding the Blood Volume of a Dog on the Short-Circuit Current across an Isolated Frog Skin Incorporated in the Dog's Circulation
Authors: Nutbourne D. M. , Howse J. D. , Schrier R. W. , Talner L. B. , Ventom M. G. , Verroust P. J. , de Wardener H. E.
Published: August 2015

1. A frog skin was incorporated into the blood circulation of a dog. Each side of the skin was supplied with blood at a constant temperature, flow and pressure.

2. In the experiments in which the blood volume of the dog was expanded with equilibrated blood, there was a fall in the short-circuit current across all eight frog skins. The fall in current began 10 min after the start of the transfusion and reached its lowest value 15–30 min after the end of the transfusion. The dog showed a simultaneous rise in urinary sodium excretion.

3. In the experiments in which the blood volume was not expanded, there was no change in the trend in the short-circuit current in five of the eight skins. There was a fall in current across the other three skins; the pattern of this fall differed from that which occurred when the blood volume was expanded. There was no rise in the rate of urinary sodium excretion in any of the dogs.

4. It is concluded that when a dog's blood volume is expanded the dog alters the concentration of some circulating substance, and that this change causes a fall in the rate of active sodium transport across the frog skin.
A Defect of Glucose Utilization in Adipose Tissue of Adult Diabetics and in Some Conditions Which May Predispose to Diabetes
Authors: Galton D. J. , Wilson J. P. D.
Published: August 2015

1. The effects of glucose, glucose 6-phosphate, and l-glycerol 3-phosphate on the incorporation of [1-14C]palmitate into neutral lipid have been studied in homogenates of adipose tissue obtained from adult diabetics and control patients. In the diabetic, glucose, glucose 6-phosphate and l-glycerol 3-phosphate supported incorporation of 19, 27 and 62% of total counts respectively; whereas in paired non-diabetic controls the respective values were 78, 80 and 84%.

2. Confirmation of these results were provided by finding slower rates of conversion of [U-14C]glucose into phosphate esters in diabetic adipose tissue compared to paired non-diabetic controls. Rates were improved but not restored to normal by treatment of diabetic patients with insulin.

3. These results could not be explained on the basis of differences in isotope dilution in precursor pools or to the presence of raised levels of free fatty acids in diabetic tissue.

4. A group of latent diabetics showed a pattern of substrate utilization more like fully developed diabetes than non-diabetic controls. Rates of glucose phosphorylation were slower in latent diabetics than in paired controls.

5. Studies were also performed with homogenates of adipose tissue prepared from patients with Cushing's disease, obesity and pregnancy, these groups being predisposed to develop adult diabetes.

6. In Cushing's disease (eight patients) glucose, glucose 6-phosphate and l-glycerol 3-phosphate supported incorporation of 9 ± 1 (13), 19·2 ± 3·9 (10) and 23·2 ± 3·3 (9)% of total counts at 2 hr respectively; whereas in paired controls respective values were 19·7 ± 3·4 (10), 25·7 ± 2·8 (10) and 26·4 ± 2·9 (10)%. Support for these results was provided by finding slower rates (by about 50%) of conversion of [U-14C]glucose into phosphate esters in tissue from Cushing's disease compared to paired controls.

7. Ten obese patients with no clinical evidence of diabetes showed a pattern of substrate utilization more like diabetic adipose tissue; whereas another eight obese patients resembled their non-obese controls.

8. Adipose tissue from six pregnant patients (over 10 weeks) showed a diabetic pattern of substrate utilization; and confirmation was provided by rates of [U-14C]glucose conversion into phosphate esters (as counts × 10 min−1 mg protein−1 hr−1) of 929 ± 75 (5) in pregnancy versus 1386 ± 198 (5) in paired controls.
The Kinetics of Organic Anion Excretion by the Liver in Acute Intermittent Porphyria
Authors: Stein J. A. , Bloomer J. R. , Berk P. D. , Corcoran P. L. , Tschudy D. P.
Published: August 2015

1. The kinetics of disappearance from the blood of three organic anions were studied in patients with acute intermittent porphyria. Indocyanine green (ICG) and [14C]bilirubin were cleared normally in this disease, whereas bromsulphthalein (BSP) was cleared at less than the normal rate. The first exponential component of the BSP clearance curve was normal in acute intermittent porphyria, but the second exponential component declined less rapidly than in normals. The abnormality was greater in symptomatic than in asymptomatic patients, but both groups were significantly different from normals.

2. The data are discussed in terms of a previously published model of BSP metabolism. The findings suggest normal BSP uptake initially by the liver with increased regurgitation of dye into the blood and decreased excretion of BSP from the liver cell into the bile.

3. In contrast to human acute intermittent porphyria, plasma clearance of BSP was greatly increased in experimental porphyria. This was associated with an increased level of BSP conjugating enzyme in the liver in experimental porphyria.

4. The BSP retention in acute intermittent porphyria, along with certain other findings, raises the question of the existence of an ‘oestrogen effect’ in this disease, but further studies will be required to determine whether the mechanism of BSP retention is identical to that produced by oestrogen.
The Measurement of Intestinal Calcium Absorption by External Radioisotope Counting: Application to Study of Nephrolithiasis
Authors: Wills M. R. , Zisman E. , Wortsman J. , Evens R. G. , Pak C. Y. C. , Bartter F. C.
Published: August 2015

1. Gastro-intestinal absorption of calcium was studied in man by the measurement of forearm radioactivity in a large-volume liquid scintillation counter following separate oral and intravenous doses of 47CaCl2. From the ratio of the percentages of total radioactivity appearing in the forearm following these separate determinations the fractional absorption of calcium was estimated.

2. Changes of forearm radioactivity with time following the administration of this isotope were studied; evidence is presented that the radioactivity in the forearm at 4 h after administration of the isotope gives a valid assessment of fractional calcium absorption.

3. Fractional calcium absorption determined by this technique correlated well with the net calcium absorption as determined from stool radioactivity after oral administration of isotope.

4. In normal subjects it was shown that fractional calcium absorption measured by this technique varies inversely with the stable calcium load and that the absolute amount of calcium absorbed from given loads increases with the size of the load in the range 20–1000 mg calcium.

5. Gastro-intestinal calcium absorption was measured at various oral calcium loads in a group of fifteen patients with recurrent calcium-containing renal stones. All the patients were normocalcaemic; some had hypercalciuria. In the patients with hypercalciuria, calcium absorption, fractional and absolute, was significantly increased at all calcium loads as compared to that of patients with normal urinary calcium.

6. It is concluded that hyperabsorption of calcium from the gastro-intestinal tract plays a crucial role in the aetiology of hypercalciuria, probably by causing an increase in the renal filtered calcium load.
The Pattern of Porphyrin Isomer Accumulation and Excretion in Symptomatic Porphyria
Authors: Dowdle E. , Goldswain P. , Spong Norma , Eales L.
Published: August 2015

1. Thin-layer chromatography of porphyrin methyl esters provides a useful and rapid technique for resolving mixtures of porphyrins from biological samples.

2. Application of this technique to urinary, faecal and hepatic porphyrins from patients with symptomatic porphyria revealed five porphyrins of interest which could be identified by mass spectrometry as the methyl esters of porphyrins with 8-, 7-, 6-, 5- and 4-carboxyl groups. Millimolar extinction coefficients at the Soret absorption maxima for these porphyrin methyl esters in chloroform solution were measured.

3. A consistent pattern of urinary porphyrin excretion in symptomatic porphyria was seen with 8-, 7-, 6-, 5- and 4-carboxyl porphyrins constituting approximately 60%, 25%, 3%, 3% and 9% of the total respectively. Uroporphyrin (73%), hepta-carboxylic porphyrin (26%) and hexa-carboxylic porphyrin (1%) were the only porphyrins detected in the liver of one patient.

4. Isomer analysis of excreted and hepatic porphyrins revealed that uroporphyrin was approximately 35% isomer III, hepta- and hexa-carboxylic porphyrins almost all isomer III and penta-carboxylic and coproporphyrin approximately 50% isomer III.

5. To explain these findings it is suggested that there are two metabolic pathways for the handling of δ-aminolaevulic acid (ALA) in the liver.
Comparative Effects of Dihydroergotamine and Noradrenaline on Resistance, Exchange and Capacitance Functions in the Peripheral Circulation
Authors: Mellander S. , Nordenfelt I.
Published: August 2015

1. A comparative quantitative study of the effects of dihydroergotamine (DHE) and noradrenaline (NA) on the precapillary and postcapillary resistance vessels, the precapillary ‘sphincters’, and the capacitance vessels was performed in a skeletal muscle and a skin region in healthy humans and in patients with orthostatic symptoms; further, the vascular effects of the drugs were analysed in muscle, skin, intestine and kidney in cats before and after sympathectomy.

2. The two drugs evoked a similar pattern of response in the cutaneous vascular bed, i.e. they both constricted resistance and capacitance vessels, increased the ratio of pre-/post-capillary resistance, but did not significantly influence precapillary sphincters. The reactions were similar in skeletal muscle for NA and also for DHE, with the important exception that the latter drug usually elicited a moderate dilator response in the muscle resistance vessels.

3. The average constrictor responses of the capacitance vessels were significantly larger for DHE than NA in skin and also in muscle despite the fact that DHE did not much affect the resistance vessels in muscle.

4. The effects of DHE on the intestinal and renal vascular circuits in the cat were comparatively small.

5. Since the constrictor effect of DHE seems confined mainly to the capacitance vessels, the drug may have beneficial effects in circulatory disorders characterized by impaired venomotor regulation.
A Whole Body Counter for Serial Studies of Total Body Potassium
Authors: Johny K. V. , Worthley B. W. , Lawrence J. R. , O'Halloran M. W.
Published: August 2015

1. The use of a whole body counter in total body potassium estimations is described. The accuracy and value of the counter in measuring serial changes in total body potassium was assessed.

2. Serial study of twelve normal subjects at varying intervals revealed a normal variability in total body potassium of up to 1·23% (4-weekly measurements over 3 months). The error involved in counting statistics alone was 4%.

3. The whole body counter appears to be an accurate and useful method of assessing total body potassium in clinical studies.
Effect of Brief Hypercalcaemia on Free Water Reabsorption during Solute Diuresis: Evidence for Impairment of Sodium Transport in Henle's Loop
Authors: Guignard J-P. , Jones N. F. , Barraclough M. A.
Published: August 2015

1. The relationship between osmolal clearance (Cosm) and the reabsorption of solute free water (Tch2o) was examined during mannitol and hypertonic saline diureses in both normocalcaemic and hypercalcaemic rabbits.

2. At high values for Cosm (2–4 ml/min) in normocalcaemic rabbits Tch2o during saline diuresis exceeded that during mannitol diuresis as previously shown.

3. Prolonged hypercalcaemia (72–96 h) reduced Tch2o in both mannitol and saline diureses.

4. Brief hypercalcaemia (18–24 h) abolished the increment in Tch2o normally seen during saline, as compared with mannitol diuresis. This impairment of Tch2o during saline diuresis occurred at a time after the start of hypercalcaemia when Tch2o during mannitol diuresis was still unaffected.

5. The results cannot be attributed to an effect of hypercalcaemia on membrane permeability to water, and are best explained by a reversible limitation of sodium transport in Henle's loop. This interpretation is supported by the fact that the hypercalcaemic rabbits excreted a greater percentage of the filtered sodium load than did the controls.
Albumin Metabolism in Chronic Renal Failure
Authors: Coles G. A. , Peters D. K. , Jones J. Henry
Published: August 2015

1. Plasma albumin concentration was measured in fifty-eight patients with chronic renal failure. The mean value was 3·27 g/100 ml (SD 0·44 g/100 ml; range 2·4–4·3 g/100 ml) which is significantly lower (P < 0·001) than normal (mean 3·94 g/100 ml; SD 0·23 g/100 ml; range 3·5–4·4 g/100 ml). In thirty-eight of the fifty-eight patients (65%), plasma albumin concentration was below the normal range. Treatment by maintenance haemodialysis or renal transplantation usually corrected the hypoalbuminaemia.

2. Radioactive iodine-labelled albumin turnover was investigated in twelve patients. Although plasma albumin concentration was reduced in eight of the twelve patients, the plasma half-life (T½) of the labelled albumin was normal or increased in all but one of these patients. Fractional and absolute albumin degradation rates (which include urinary albumin loss) were reduced in six of the twelve patients. In two of the four patients with normal plasma albumin concentrations the fractional albumin degradation rate was reduced.

3. Albumin synthesis was estimated by measuring the rate of incorporation into plasma proteins of 14C in two patients on a 20 g protein diet. The values were low in both.

4. Albumin catabolism and albumin synthesis were normal in two patients who had been on regular haemodialysis for 5 and 8 weeks respectively.

5. We conclude that these abnormalities in albumin metabolism were probably due to severe protein depletion, induced either by prolonged anorexia and vomiting or by deliberate restriction of protein in the diet in the course of treatment.
The Natriuresis of Fasting: Relationship to Changes in Plasma Renin and Plasma Aldosterone Concentrations
Authors: Chinn R. H. , Brown J. J. , Fraser R. , Heron Sheila M. , Lever A. F. , Murchison Lilian , Robertson J. I. S.
Published: August 2015

1. The relationship of changes in plasma renin and plasma aldosterone concentration to electrolyte balance was studied during total fasting and during sodium deprivation followed by total fasting.

2. During simple sodium deprivation obese subjects lost significantly more sodium than lean subjects, but the rise in plasma renin concentration (PRC) was similar in the two groups.

3. During total fasting there was a failure of PRC to increase in the expected manner despite a marked negative sodium balance. In the early stages of the fast, PRC decreased in nine of eleven subjects while subsequently it increased in all subjects.

4. During sodium deprivation PRC and plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC) rose in all subjects studied, but in the first few days of a period of total fasting immediately following, there was a fall in PRC in eight of ten subjects studied, while PAC continued to rise in five of six subjects in whom it was measured.

5. These results are discussed in relation to the concept of the renin-angiotensin system as a regulator of aldosterone secretion.
Lysozyme Excretion as a Measure of Renal Tubular Dysfunction in Children
Authors: Barratt T. M. , Crawford Rita
Published: August 2015

1. Activity of the low molecular weight enzyme lysozyme was measured in the plasma and urine of healthy adults and children and of children with renal disease.

2. No difference was detected between lysozyme excretion (expressed as the lysozyme/creatinine clearance ratio) of healthy adults and neonates, implying that the proximal tubular function of protein reabsorption is mature in the neonate.

3. The lysozyme/creatinine clearance ratio was not elevated in the nephrotic syndrome: thus a heavy load of filtered albumin does not interfere with low molecular weight protein reabsorption.

4. Very high values of lysozyme/creatinine clearance were observed in children with the Fanconi syndrome; there was no overlap with any other group studied.

5. Children with pyuria had a very slight increase in urine lysozyme/creatinine concentration ratio.
The Effect of Vasopressin on the Reabsorption of Sodium, Potassium and Urea by the Renal Tubules in Man
Authors: Barraclough M. A. , Jones N. F.
Published: August 2015

1. Changes in the urinary concentrations or urine/plasma (U/P) ratios of creatinine, urea, sodium and potassium were determined during the transition from water diuresis to antidiuresis when normal subjects and patients with diabetes insipidus were given injections of vasopressin.

2. In confirmation of previous work, it was found that after vasopressin administration the urinary concentration or U/P ratio of urea rose to a lesser degree than that of creatinine, indicating an increase in the tubular reabsorption of urea.

3. The urinary concentration, or U/P ratio, of sodium also rose to a lesser degree than that of creatinine. Thus vasopressin also increases the tubular reabsorption of sodium.

4. In contrast, the urinary concentration or U/P ratio of potassium tended to rise more than that of creatinine, indicating a decrease in the net tubular reabsorption of potassium.

5. Quantitative changes in the tubular handling of these urinary solutes were assessed by calculating the ratio—solute concentration during antidiuresis/solute concentration during diuresis—and then expressing this as a percentage of the corresponding ratio for creatinine. In subjects on a normal or high sodium intake the values thus obtained were: urea 72% (99% confidence limits 65–81%); sodium 79% (99% confidence limits 68–92%) and potassium 119% (99% confidence limits 102–139%).

6. In salt depleted subjects the values for these ratios were: urea 63% (99% confidence limits 60–65%) and sodium 36% (99% confidence limits 33–40%). Vasopressin had no consistent effect on potassium reabsorption in salt depleted subjects.

7. The effects of vasopressin on normal subjects and on patients with diabetes insipidus were similar.

8. It is suggested that these effects of vasopressin on sodium and potassium handling by the kidney occur in the collecting duct.
Estimates of Arterial Pco2 and Their Effect on the Calculated Values of Cardiac Output and Dead Space on Exercise
Authors: Godfrey S. , Davies C. T. M.
Published: August 2015

1. A study of exercise physiology in 117 children aged 6–16 is described including the measurement of cardiac output by the Indirect (CO2) Fick Principle.

2. Computer produced graphs enabled various alternative values for arterial Pco2 (Pa,co2) to be inserted simultaneously into the Fick equation for cardiac output and the Bohr equation for dead space.

3. Dead space could be estimated with reasonable accuracy using end-tidal Pco2.

4. Cardiac output determination was unreliable at rest due to the small venoarterial Pco2 difference but it was very good on exercise when this difference is much larger.

5. The Pa,co2 used for the calculation of cardiac output could be derived either from ear lobe Pco2 or end-tidal Pco2. However, the best estimate of cardiac output was that using the Pa,co2 implied by assuming a normal dead space.
Interrelation between Restitution Time-Constant and Alternating Myocardial Contractility in Dogs
Authors: Mahler Y. , Rogel S.
Published: August 2015

1. In open chest dogs with complete heart block the ventricles were stimulated electrically at various steady rates, and a single premature or delayed beat was interposed to alter myocardial tension. This was followed by transient mechanical alternans. Steady alternans was induced by high stimulation frequencies.

2. It appeared that the recovery of the force of contraction of a beat could be approximated by an exponential function of the preceding time interval. We observed a correlation between the time-constant of this exponential curve and the force of contraction of the previous beat.

3. The results demonstrate that a general rule of mechanical alternans can be expressed by a single equation. This equation describes adequately (1) the duration of transient mechanical alternation produced by a delayed beat, (2) the production of steady alternation at rapid ventricular rates, and (3) the manifestations of post-extrasystolic potentiation during mechanical alternans.

4. Curves relating amplitude of one beat to the successive beat, based on experiments performed in in vivo dog hearts, corresponded to the results predicted by the equation.
The Influence of Adrenergic Receptor Blocking Agents on the Mouse Thyroid
Authors: Kendall-Taylor Pat , Munro D. S.
Published: August 2015

1. The influence of adrenergic receptor blocking drugs on the mouse thyroid gland maintained in vitro has been investigated.

2. Phentolamine, an α adrenergic blocking drug, and propranolol, a β blocking drug, inhibited the release of [131I]iodothyronines from pre-labelled mouse thyroids, which otherwise occurred when the glands were incubated in the presence of thyroid stimulating hormone, long acting thyroid stimulator, or cyclic 3′5′-adenosine monophosphate.

3. Evidence is presented to show that (a) the inhibition is not due to adrenergic blockade, (b) the effect cannot wholly be attributed to the prevention of adenyl cyclase activation, (c) the mechanism of action of the two drugs is dissimilar.

4. The observed clinical response in the treatment of thyrotoxicosis does not appear to be related to this antithyroid effect of propranolol.