bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The First Part of King Henry VI
Authors: Shakespeare William
Published: August 2010

John Dover Wilson's New Shakespeare, published between 1921 and 1966, became the classic Cambridge edition of Shakespeare's plays and poems until the 1980s. The series, long since out-of-print, is now reissued. Each work is available both individually and as a set, and each contains a lengthy and lively introduction, main text, and substantial notes and glossary printed at the back. The edition, which began with The Tempest and ended with The Sonnets, put into practice the techniques and theories that had evolved under the 'New Bibliography'. Remarkably by today's standards, although it took the best part of half a century to produce, the New Shakespeare involved only a small band of editors besides Dover Wilson himself. As the volumes took shape, many of Dover Wilson's textual methods acquired general acceptance and became an established part of later editorial practice, for example in the Arden and New Cambridge Shakespeares.
Geschichte der deutschen Sprache
Authors: Grimm Jacob
Published: August 2010

Jacob Grimm (1785–1863) became a household name around the world through the collections of fairy tales he compiled with his brother Wilhelm. Jacob's specialism was the history of the German language, which he studied in the broader context of Indo-European philology. Others working in this burgeoning field included the older scholar Rasmus Rask and Grimm's contemporary Franz Bopp (also published in this series). Grimm's two-volume Geschichte der deutschen Sprache, reissued here, was first published in 1848. It is noteworthy especially for the chapter on the major sound shift now known as Grimm's Law or die erste deutsche Lautverschiebung, which sets out regular mappings between Germanic consonants and those found in earlier Indo-European languages, such as English father and Latin pater. The book also contains a wealth of comparative material on phonology, vocabulary and grammar within Germanic and across the Indo-European spectrum.
Life and Times of the Right Honourable William Henry Smith, M.P
Authors: Maxwell Herbert Eustace
Published: August 2010

This is a lively two-volume biography, first published in 1893, of the influential Victorian businessman and politician W. H. Smith (1825–1891), whose father and uncle established the well-known stationery and bookselling business. The author, Herbert Maxwell (1845-1932), was a Scottish essayist and Conservative Member of Parliament who greatly admired Smith's human qualities and had access to his personal papers. Volume 1 documents the foundation of the newspaper wholesaling business, Smith's education and his thwarted desire to become a priest. It describes how Smith helped his father expand their efficient and successful business to include a chain of railway station news- and bookstalls and a lending library, as well as becoming sole agents for The Times in 1854. Smith went into Parliament in 1868, and worked for several years at the Treasury. Volume 1 ends with his tour to Cyprus in 1878 as First Lord of the Admiralty.
The Roman Law of Slavery
Authors: Buckland William Warwick
Published: August 2010

W. W. Buckland's highly regarded magisterial work of 1908 is a scholarly and thorough description of the principles of the Roman law with regard to slavery. Chapters systematically address, in Buckland's words, 'the most characteristic part of the most characteristic intellectual product of Rome'. In minute detail, Buckland surveys slaves and the complexity of the position of the slave in Roman law, describing how slaves are treated both as animals and as free men. He begins by outlining the definition of 'slave', their characteristics and conditions, giving examples of particular cases and describing for the reader the sorts of work a Roman slave might do. Carefully and comprehensively referenced throughout, this is a general survey of an important aspect of Roman law by a renowned Cambridge academic, which retains its status as an enduring classic.
Concentrations of bovine lactoferrin and citrate in milk during experimental endotoxin mastitis in early-versuslate-lactating dairy cows
Authors: Hyvönen Paula , Haarahiltunen Taina , Lehtolainen Tanja , Heikkinen Jouni , Isomäki Ritva , Pyörälä Satu
Published: August 2010

Lactoferrin (Lf) is a molecule naturally present in bovine milk that affects the availability and transport systems of iron. Lf also binds endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) of Gram-negative bacteria and modulates the immunological response. In the present study, concentrations of bovine Lf (bLf) and citrate in milk were determined in early (EL) and late (LL) lactating dairy cows, using an experimentally induced endotoxin mastitis model and a crossover design. Nine clinically healthy Finnish Ayrshire cows were challenged twice with 100 μg endotoxin infused into one udder quarter. Milk samples were collected from the challenged and control quarters of each cow before and after endotoxin infusion during 3 d, and bLf and citrate concentrations were measured. In all cows, clinical signs of mastitis were seen at both times of challenge, but the response was more severe in EL than in LL. Concentration of bLf in the milk started to rise approximately 8 h after endotoxin infusion and was still higher than normal on the third day, especially in the late-lactating cows. In milk of the LL group, concentrations of bLf were significantly higher than in the EL group. In contrast, concentrations of citrate were higher in milk of the EL cows compared with the LL cows. Concentration of bLf and citrate varied substantially among cows. The molar ratio of citrate to bLf before and after challenge was significantly higher during the EL period. The results of this study partly explain why cows in early lactation are more susceptible to intramammary infections and why mastitis is more severe in them.
Detailed measurements of a statistically steady Rayleigh–Taylor mixing layer from small to high Atwood numbers
Authors: BANERJEE ARINDAM , KRAFT WAYNE N. , ANDREWS MALCOLM J.
Published: August 2010

The self-similar evolution to turbulence of a multi-mode miscible Rayleigh–Taylor (RT) mixing layer has been investigated for Atwood numbers 0.03–0.6, using an air–helium gas channel experiment. Two co-flowing gas streams, one containing air (on top) and the other a helium–air mixture (at the bottom), initially flowed parallel to each other at the same velocity separated by a thin splitter plate. The streams met at the end of the splitter plate, with the downstream formation of a buoyancy unstable interface, and thereafter buoyancy-driven mixing. This buoyancy-driven mixing layer experiment permitted long data collection times, short transients and was statistically steady. Several significant designs and operating characteristics of the gas channel experiment are described that enabled the facility to be successfully run forAt~ 0.6. We report, and discuss, statistically converged measurements using digital image analysis and hot-wire anemometry. In particular, two hot-wire techniques were developed for measuring the various turbulence and mixing statistics in this air–helium RT experiment. Data collected and discussed include: mean density profiles, growth rate parameters, various turbulence and mixing statistics, and spectra of velocity, density and mass flux over a wide range of Atwood numbers (0.03 ≤At≤ 0.6). In particular, the measured data at the small Atwood number (0.03–0.04) were used to evaluate several turbulence-model constants. Measurements of the root mean square (r.m.s.) velocity and density fluctuations at the mixing layer centreline for the largeAtcase showed a strong similarity to lowerAtbehaviours when properly normalized. A novel conditional averaging technique provided new statistics for RT mixing layers by separating the bubble (light fluid) and spike (heavy fluid) dynamics. The conditional sampling highlighted differences in the vertical turbulent mass flux, and vertical velocity fluctuations, for the bubbles and spikes, which were not otherwise observable. Larger values of the vertical turbulent mass flux and vertical velocity fluctuations were found in the downward-falling spikes, consistent with larger growth rates and momentum of spikes compared with the bubbles.
Testing temporal stability of the larval digenean community in Heleobia conexa (Mollusca: Cochliopidae) and its possible use as an indicator of environmental fluctuations
Authors: MERLO M. J. , ETCHEGOIN J. A.
Published: August 2010

Larval digeneans have been proposed as indicators of abundance and diversity of vertebrate and other hosts as well as environmental disturbances. To evaluate its response to environmental changes and its potential use as an indicator of environmental fluctuations, the temporal stability of the community of larval digeneans in Heleobia conexa was comparatively analysed in 4 separate years (1996, 1999, 2004 and 2005) in Mar Chiquita coastal lagoon (Buenos Aires province, Argentina). In total, 4579 specimens of H. conexa were collected and 22 digenean species were observed. Overall prevalence presented inter-annual and seasonal differences. These differences correlate with seasonal changes in composition of the vertebrate definitive host community and with the elimination of the preferred habitat of H. conexa in 1999. In general, the larval digenean community of H. conexa showed a yearly re-establishment following the annual cycle of H. conexa and the presence of definitive hosts. This annual restructuring allowed inferences about the effects of short-term environmental changes in the lagoon. According to these observations, the larval digenean community of H. conexa could be considered as a good bio-indicator with quick response to environmental disturbances.
The acquisition of pronouns by French children: A parallel study of production and comprehension
Authors: ZESIGER PASCAL , ZESIGER LAURENCE CHILLIER , ARABATZI MARINA , BARANZINI LARA , CRONEL-OHAYON STÉPHANY , FRANCK JULIE , FRAUENFELDER ULRICH HANS , HAMANN CORNELIA , RIZZI LUIGI
Published: August 2010

This study examines syntactic and morphological aspects of the production and comprehension of pronouns by 99 typically developing French-speaking children aged 3 years, 5 months to 6 years, 5 months. A fine structural analysis of subject, object, and reflexive clitics suggests that whereas the object clitic chain crosses the subject chain, the reflexive clitic chain is nested within it. We argue that this structural difference introduces differences in processing complexity, chain crossing being more complex than nesting. In support of this analysis, both production and comprehension experiments show that children have more difficulty with object than with reflexive clitics (with more omissions in production and more erroneous judgments in sentences involving Principle B in comprehension). Concerning the morphological aspect, French subject and object pronouns agree in gender with their referent. We report serious difficulties with pronoun gender both in production and comprehension in children around the age of 4 (with nearly 30% errors in production and chance level judgments in comprehension), which tend to disappear by age 6. The distribution of errors further suggests that the masculine gender is processed as the default value. These findings provide further insights into the relationship between comprehension and production in the acquisition process.
The impact of the articulatory properties of phonemes on the evolution of preschool children's writing
Authors: MARTINS MARGARIDA , SILVA CRISTINA , PEREIRA MIGUEL
Published: August 2010

Our aim was to analyze the impact of the characteristics of occlusive versus fricative phonemes used in writing programs on the evolution of preschool children's writing. The participants were 39 5-year-old graphoperceptive children. Their intelligence, number of letters known, and phonological skills were controlled. Their writing was evaluated in a pretest and a posttest using words beginning with fricatives and occlusives. Between the two tests, experimental Group 1 trained the associations between letters and occlusive phonemes and experimental Group 2 between letters and fricative phonemes. The control group classified geometric shapes. Both experimental groups achieved better results than the control group. There were no differences between the experimental groups concerning the use of F, V, Z, and P; but experimental Group 1 achieved better results for B and D. The program that led children to think about the relationships between speech and writing under linguistically more complex conditions, which involves the mobilization of occlusive phonemes, seems to be more effective in the generalization of phonetization procedures than the program that mobilizes phonemes that are easier to isolate within the acoustic flow, such as fricative phonemes.
Effects of age of acquisition and semantic transparency on reading characters in Chinese dyslexia
Authors: LAW SAM-PO , YEUNG OLIVIA
Published: August 2010

This study examined the effects of the age of acquisition (AOA) and semantic transparency on the reading aloud ability of a Chinese dyslexic individual, TWT, who relied on the semantic pathway to name characters. Both AOA and semantic transparency significantly predicted naming accuracy and distinguished the occurrence of correct responses and semantic errors from other errors. A post hoc analysis of subsets of items orthogonally varied in the AOA and semantic transparency revealed an interaction between the two variables. These findings converge on reports of AOA and semantic effects on deep dyslexic individuals reading alphabetic scripts. The case of TWT, together with recent results of another Chinese dyslexic individual who reads via the nonsemantic route and exhibits the effects of AOA and phonological consistency, supports the arbitrary mapping hypothesis, which states that the AOA effect resides in the connection between two levels of representation.
Efficient walking with optimization for a planar biped walker with a torso by hip actuators and springs
Authors: Narukawa Terumasa , Takahashi Masaki , Yoshida Kazuo
Published: August 2010

This paper focuses on the use of passive dynamics to achieve efficient walking with simple mechanisms. A torso is added to a biped walker; and hip actuators, instead of ankle actuators, are used. A numerical approach is used to find the optimal control trajectories. A comparison between the cost functions of simple feedback control and optimal control is presented. Next, springs are added to the biped walking model at the hip joints to demonstrate the advantage of hip springs in terms of energy cost and ground conditions. The comparison between the torque costs with and without hip springs indicates that hip springs reduce the torque cost, particularly at a high walking speed.
New York City English and second generation Chinese Americans
Authors: Wong Amy Wing-mei
Published: August 2010

Although Chinese Americans set up Chinese heritage language schools as early as 1848 to preserve the heritage language and to promote a sense of ethnic identity among their American-born children (Chao, 1997), there is strong evidence that language shift to English is taking place rather rapidly within the Chinese communities across the U.S. Data from the 2006 ACS show that while only 34.1 percent of first generation (i.e. foreign-born) Chinese Americans reported speaking ‘English very well’, the percentages rise dramatically for those who are American-born (i.e. second generation and beyond) or born overseas but arrived in the U.S. before the age of 16 (i.e. the 1.5 generation). 70.4 percent of the 1.5 generation and 93.8 percent of the American-born Chinese Americans reported speaking ‘English very well’. Additionally, only about 27.6 percent of the ABCs were estimated to speak their heritage language at home. Taken together, these estimates suggest that the rate of shift from Chinese to English is accelerating. Jia (2008) finds that even for first generation Chinese Americans, their Chinese language skills continue to decline with increasing English immersion. Rapid language shift to English means that many ABCs speak English as one of their native languages, if not the only one. This raises interesting sociolinguistic questions concerning the characteristics of the English spoken by ABCs and how ABCs utilize varieties of English to construct and negotiate differences with respect to each other and vis-à-vis the larger social structure.
Arab Americans and sound change in southeastern Michigan
Authors: Samant Sai
Published: August 2010

Arab Americans comprise one of the fastest growing immigrant groups in the United States. Like many of the other groups discussed in the articles in this issue, we know almost nothing about the linguistic practices of Arab Americans. This paper discusses one aspect of language use among U.S.-born and immigrant Arab American youth living in Dearborn, Michigan. I show how the participants in this study use a vowel that is part of the Northern Cities Shift (NCS), a widespread regional sound change in the United States. This study and others like it have repeatedly shown that fine-grained differences in the pronunciation of vowels are a rich resource for the expression of social identities and distinctions (Eckert, 2000; Hay and Drager, 2007; Dodsworth, 2008). Until recently, most studies investigating regional sound changes had not considered the social patterning of these variables among minority speakers. This lack of attention may stem from longstanding views that use of these variables is limited to white speakers (Labov, 2001). This study shows that Arab Americans in Dearborn are making use of NCS variables to express social differences that are not related to mainstream white majority speakers but based on local social information and categories. In the remainder of this paper I describe the community and research site, then present and discuss the results of my statistical analysis.
TESTING FOR WHITE NOISE UNDER UNKNOWN DEPENDENCE AND ITS APPLICATIONS TO DIAGNOSTIC CHECKING FOR TIME SERIES MODELS
Authors: Shao Xiaofeng
Published: August 2010

Testing for white noise has been well studied in the literature of econometrics and statistics. For most of the proposed test statistics, such as the well-known Box–Pierce test statistic with fixed lag truncation number, the asymptotic null distributions are obtained under independent and identically distributed assumptions and may not be valid for dependent white noise. Because of recent popularity of conditional heteroskedastic models (e.g., generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedastic [GARCH] models), which imply nonlinear dependence with zero autocorrelation, there is a need to understand the asymptotic properties of the existing test statistics under unknown dependence. In this paper, we show that the asymptotic null distribution of the Box–Pierce test statistic with general weights still holds under unknown weak dependence as long as the lag truncation number grows at an appropriate rate with increasing sample size. Further applications to diagnostic checking of the autoregressive moving average (ARMA) and fractional autoregressive integrated moving average (FARIMA) models with dependent white noise errors are also addressed. Our results go beyond earlier ones by allowing non-Gaussian and conditional heteroskedastic errors in the ARMA and FARIMA models and provide theoretical support for some empirical findings reported in the literature.
Nosocomial outbreak of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever
Authors: NADERI H. R. , SARVGHAD M. R. , BOJDY A. , HADIZADEH M. R. , SADEGHI R. , SHEYBANI F.
Published: August 2010

We report a nosocomial outbreak of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) that affected six patients in June 2009 in Ghaem Hospital, Mashhad, Iran, apparently related to one index case. The last four cases were healthcare workers. Infection was spread by percutaneous exposure to two cases, and probably by direct contact with blood, clothes and sheets, to three others. The diagnosis in the two fatal cases was not confirmed virologically. The diagnosis in four cases who survived was confirmed by specific reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. The patients were treated with ribavirin. In endemic areas, every patient presenting with a febrile haemorrhagic syndrome should be considered to have a viral haemorrhagic fever until proven otherwise. Patients who meet the criteria for probable CCHF should be admitted to hospital and treated with ribavirin. Appropriate isolation precautions should be immediately initiated.
SPECULATION IN COMMODITIES: KEYNES’ “PRACTICAL ACQUAINTANCE” WITH FUTURES MARKETS
Authors: FANTACCI LUCA , MARCUZZO MARIA CRISTINA , SANFILIPPO ELEONORA
Published: August 2010

In this paper we address the subject of Keynes as a speculator. We look first at the primary sources of information, which are in the form of unpublished letters and broker’s statements. Secondly, we look at the theory Keynes sparingly presented in his writings, but which nevertheless is grounded on his first-hand knowledge of speculative behavior. Thirdly, we examine the focus on speculation in commodities, which had great weight in his portfolio, and have chosen a particular commodity -wheat- for our investigation. In particular, we examine some of Keynes’s dealings in wheat futures with the aim of shedding light on the underlying investment strategy.
Territorial gangs and their consequences for humanitarian players
Authors: Bangerter Oliver
Published: August 2010

Territorial gangs are among today's main perpetrators of urban violence, affecting the lives of millions of other people. They try to gain control of a territory in which they then oversee all criminal activities and/or ‘protect’ the people.

Such gangs are found to differing degrees on every continent, although those given the most media attention operate in Central America. The violence that they cause has a major impact on the population in general and on their members' families, as well as on the members themselves.

Humanitarian organizations may find themselves having to deal with territorial gangs in the course of their ‘normal’ activities in a gang's area, but also when the humanitarian needs per se of people controlled by a gang justify action.

This article looks at some courses of action that may be taken by humanitarian agencies in an environment of this nature: dialogue with the gangs (including how to create a degree of trust), education, services, and dialogue on fundamental issues. Such action only makes sense over the medium to long term; it may have a very positive impact but only allows the symptoms of a deep-seated problem to be treated.
The Effects of Yellow Soybean, Black Soybean, and Sword Bean on Lipid Levels and Oxidative Stress in Ovariectomized Rats
Authors: Byun Jae Soon , Han Young Sun , Lee Sang Sun
Published: August 2010

Soy isoflavones have been reported to decrease the risk of atherosclerosis in postmenopausal women. However, the effects of dietary consumption of soybean have not been explored. In this study, we evaluated the effects of consuming yellow soybeans, black soybeans (Glycine max), or sword beans (Canavalia gladiate) on lipid and oxidative stress levels in an ovariectomized rat model. Forty-seven nine-week-old female rats were ovariectomized, randomly divided into four groups, and fed one of the following diets for 10 weeks: a diet supplemented with casein (NC, n = 12), a diet supplemented with yellow soybean (YS, n = 12), a diet supplemented with black soybean (BS, n = 12), or a diet supplemented with sword bean (SB, n = 11). Plasma triglyceride (TG) levels in the BS and SB groups were significantly lower than that in the NC group. Notably, the BS group had significantly lower plasma total cholesterol (TC), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels than the other groups. Hepatic total lipid levels were significantly lower in the YS and SB groups, and cholesterol levels were significantly lower in the SB group than in the NC group. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities were significantly higher in the groups fed beans compared to the NC group. Hepatic thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) levels were also significantly lower in the BS and SB groups than the NC group. In conclusion, our results suggest that consumption of various types of beans may inhibit oxidative stress in postmenopausal women by increasing antioxidant activity and improving lipid profiles. Notably, intake of black soybean resulted in the greatest improvement in risk factors associated with cardiovascular disease.
The Effects of Low Dose n-3 Fatty Acids on Serum Lipid Profiles and Insulin Resistance of the Elderly: a Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial
Authors: Fakhrzadeh Hossein , Ghaderpanahi Maryam , Sharifi Farshad , Mirarefin Mojde , Badamchizade Zohre , Kamrani Ahmad-Ali Akbari , Larijani Bagher
Published: August 2010

Introduction: N-3 fatty acids have several beneficial effects on dyslipidemia and diabetes, conditions which are prevalent in the elderly. This study assessed the effects of low-dose n-3 fatty acids on serum lipid profile, lipoprotein(a), apolipoprotein B, fasting glucose, insulin, and insulin resistance in a group of elderly Iranians. Materials and Methods: A 6-month randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial was carried out in 124 elderly residents of Kahrizak Charity Foundation aged ≥ 65. The intervention group was supplemented with 1 g/day fish oil capsule (with 180 mg eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA; and 120 mg docosahexaenoic acid, DHA; a total of 300 mg n-3 fatty acids as effective constituents). Fasting blood samples were collected at baseline and after 6 months of the trial. Results: There were no significant effects of fish oil on the studied variables in the intervention group. In the placebo group, serum triglyceride significantly increased and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol significantly decreased (p = 0.01 and p = 0.009, respectively). By repeated measurement analysis after adjustments, the overall decrease in serum triglycerides compared with placebo was significant (p = 0.04). Conclusion: Supplementation with low dose n-3 fatty acids for 6 months could significantly protect elderly Iranians from a rise in serum triglycerides.
Iron, Folate, and B12 Deficiencies and their Associations with Anemia among Women of Childbearing Age in a Rural Area in Northern China
Authors: Zhu Jiang Hui , Hu Dale J. , Hao Ling , Zhang Bao Lan , Cogswell Mary E. , Bailey Lynn B. , Li Zhu , Berry
Published: August 2010

Objective: To assess the prevalence of folate, vitamin B12, and iron deficiencies and their associations with anemia among women of childbearing age in northern China, an area with a reported high incidence of neural tube defects. Methods: Plasma folate, vitamin B12, ferritin, and hemoglobin levels were measured among 1,671 non-pregnant women of childbearing age from Xianghe County, Hebei Province, China in June 2004. Results: Geometric means [95 % confidence interval (CI)] of plasma concentrations were 9.3 (4.0, 21.6) nmol/L for folate, 213.1 (82.4, 550.9) pmol/L for vitamin B12, 17.4 (1.1, 278.6) µg/L for ferritin, and 129.9 (104.6, 161.4) g/L for hemoglobin (Hb). Approximately 24 % of women had biochemical evidence of folate deficiency (<6.8 nmol/L), 21.4 % were deficient (<148 pmol/L) in vitamin B12, 30.2 % had iron depletion (<15 μg/L), and anemia (Hb < 120 g/L) was detected among 15.4 % of women. Of the three nutrients, only iron depletion (ferritin < 15 μg/L) was independently associated with anemia (adjusted odds ratio = 6.4, 95 % CI 4.8, 8.6). Conclusions: Although there were substantial proportions of folate and vitamin B12 deficiencies among women of childbearing age in northern China, iron deficiency was the most important contributor to anemia.
Evidence that crater flux transfer events are initial stages of typical flux transfer events
Authors: Zhang H. , Kivelson M. G. , Khurana K. K. , McFadden J. , Walker R. J. , Angelopoulos V. , Weygand J. M. , Phan T. , Larson D. , Glassmeier K. H. , Auster H. U.
Published: August 2010

Bipolar magnetic perturbations along the normal to the local magnetopause associated with field magnitude enhancements are signatures of typical flux transfer events (T‐FTEs) and are interpreted as evidence of encounters with magnetic flux ropes with strong core fields. If the field magnitude dips at the center of the signature, we identify the event as a crater FTE (C‐FTE). In the multiple‐spacecraft data of the Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions During Substorms (THEMIS) between 1 May and 31 October 2007, we have identified 622 FTEs of which only 23 manifested C‐FTE signatures. We analyze a C‐FTE (30 July 2007) that evolved into a T‐FTE and compare its properties with those of a T‐FTE (May 20, 2007). For all 23 C‐FTEs and 35 confirmed T‐FTEs, we compare solar wind conditions and internal plasma and field properties. The similarity of solar wind properties for events in the two classes suggests that differences in their structures are not related to the solar wind conditions. Systematic differences in internal peak fields (BC‐FTE < BMagnetosphere < BT‐FTE) and averaged number densities (NT‐FTE < 0.5 × NMagnetosheath < NC‐FTE) between the two groups are consistent with the evolution of C‐FTEs into T‐FTEs. We propose that parallel flows inside C‐FTEs deplete the internal ion densities and reduce the thermal pressures as the central field magnitude increases to maintain pressure balance.
On the temporal evolution of midlatitude F region disturbance drifts
Authors: Kumar V. V. , Parkinson M. L. , Dyson P. L.
Published: August 2010

Superposed Epoch Analysis (SEA) is used to examine a 5‐year (1999 to 2003) database of Digisonde drift measurements made at Bundoora (145.1°E, 37.7°S geographic, 49°S magnetic), Australia, to determine the temporal evolution of midlatitude F region electric fields associated with the magnetospheric (lifetimes of about an hour) and ionospheric disturbance (lifetimes of a few to several hours) dynamos. The magnetospheric effects are qualified using AE “step‐up” and “step‐down” temporal filters and the SEA results reveal features fairly consistent with under‐ and over‐shielding conditions described by the Rice Convention Model (RCM). The disturbance dynamo effects are qualified using onset times of AE‐ and Dst‐defined storms. These onset times are further subdivided into three categories: short‐, medium‐ and long‐duration storms. We find there are no noticeable changes in ionospheric electric fields near Bundoora during short‐duration AE‐defined storms. In contrast, the SEA responses for medium‐duration AE‐defined storms and short‐ and medium‐duration Dst‐defined storms are in good agreement with the ionospheric disturbance dynamo predictions. The SEA results associated with long‐duration AE or Dst‐defined storms indicate that the electric field perturbations agree with the effects of the high‐latitude two‐cell convection pattern expanding to the latitude of the station (49° magnetic) for up to 20 h after t = 0 h. Overall, the perturbation drifts are predominantly westward with largest amplitudes in the dusk to midnight sector and continued for nearly 50 h in storm time. These enhancements are also consistent with the influence of the sub‐auroral polarization stream (SAP) extending to the latitude of the station.
Quality control of surface station temperature data with non‐Gaussian observation‐minus‐background distributions
Authors: Qin Z.‐K. , Zou X. , Li G. , Ma X.‐L.
Published: August 2010

The comparison of surface air temperatures derived from surface ground station observations and background fields reveals systematic amplitude and phase differences in the diurnal and semidiurnal oscillations, which are dominant features of surface temperature fields. It is shown that these oscillations are responsible for a non‐Gaussian distribution of observation increments, and the removal of the diurnal and semidiurnal cycles leads to a significant reduction of the non‐Gaussian component in “observations‐minus‐background” (OMB) vectors, i.e., the sum of background error and observation error. A quality control (QC) method applicable for temperature observations from surface ground stations is developed that incorporates the removal of the diurnal and semidiurnal components into the standard OMB QC procedure that requires a Gaussian distribution. It is illustrated by application of one month of surface ground station data. Numerical results show that the removal of the diurnal and semidiurnal cycles using an empirical orthogonal function analysis outperforms the spectral method in that the former method avoids rejection of correct observations in situations where the background fields cannot capture small‐scale or initiation of some weather events, while other outliers (about 0.64%) are effectively identified and removed from data assimilation.
Temperature diurnal variations (migrating tides) in the stratosphere and lower mesosphere based on measurements from SABER on TIMED
Authors: Huang Frank T. , McPeters Richard D. , Bhartia Pawan K. , Mayr Hans G. , Frith Stacey M. , Russell James M. , Mlynczak Martin G.
Published: August 2010

Derived diurnal variations of temperature (diurnal migrating tides) in the stratosphere and lower mesosphere based on satellite measurements from SABER on TIMED are presented. They complement earlier studies by us and by others that concentrated on higher altitudes. The amplitudes range from less than 1°K to a few °K, compared to those in the upper mesosphere, which can reach 20°K. They are important to the understanding of the dynamics and energetics and can be of additional value when used with previous measurements that have records spanning decades but which do not provide adequate information to estimate diurnal variations. We compare with results by others based on satellite and ground‐based measurements. At low altitudes (∼25–12 hPa), the comparisons are generally quite good, even for magnitudes of 1° or less. With increasing altitude, the diurnal amplitudes display asymmetry with respect to the equator on latitude versus day coordinates up to about 1 hPa (∼48 km), where a transition begins, and the morphology becomes reminiscent of the first symmetric propagating mode of the migrating tide. A transition also appears in the diurnal phase gradient with respect to altitude, where the regular progression of the diurnal phase becomes significantly smaller at altitudes from about 2.8 to 0.22 hPa. The seasonal variations can show significant semiannual behavior that peak near equinox but are less obvious at lower altitudes below ∼10 hPa. Interannual variations in the upper stratosphere are qualitatively consistent with those found previously at higher altitudes by us.
Crater population and resurfacing of the Martian north polar layered deposits
Authors: Banks Maria E. , Byrne Shane , Galla Kapil , McEwen Alfred S. , Bray Veronica J. , Dundas Colin M. , Fishbaugh Kathryn E. , Herkenhoff Kenneth E. , Murray Bruce C.
Published: August 2010

Present‐day accumulation in the north polar layered deposits (NPLD) is thought to occur via deposition on the north polar residual cap. Understanding current mass balance in relation to current climate would provide insight into the climatic record of the NPLD. To constrain processes and rates of NPLD resurfacing, a search for craters was conducted using images from the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter Context Camera. One hundred thirty craters have been identified on the NPLD, 95 of which are located within a region defined to represent recent accumulation. High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment images of craters in this region reveal a morphological sequence of crater degradation that provides a qualitative understanding of processes involved in crater removal. A classification system for these craters was developed based on the amount of apparent degradation and infilling and where possible depth/diameter ratios were determined. The temporal and spatial distribution of crater degradation is interpreted to be close to uniform. Through comparison of the size‐frequency distribution of these craters with the expected production function, the craters are interpreted to be an equilibrium population with a crater of diameter D meters having a lifetime of ∼30.75D1.14 years. Accumulation rates within these craters are estimated at 7.2D−0.14 mm/yr, which corresponds to values of ∼3–4 mm/yr and are much higher than rates thought to apply to the surrounding flat terrain. The current crater population is estimated to have accumulated in the last ∼20 kyr or less.
How does vegetation affect sedimentation on tidal marshes? Investigating particle capture and hydrodynamic controls on biologically mediated sedimentation
Authors: Mudd Simon M. , D'Alpaos Andrea , Morris James T.
Published: August 2010

Plants are known to enhance sedimentation on intertidal marshes. It is unclear, however, if the dominant mechanism of enhanced sedimentation is direct organic sedimentation, particle capture by plant stems, or enhanced settling due to a reduction in turbulent kinetic energy within flows through the plant canopy. Here we combine several previously reported laboratory studies with an 18 year record of salt marsh macrophyte characteristics to quantify these mechanisms. In dense stands of Spartina alterniflora (with projected plant areas per unit volume of >10 m−1) and rapid flows (>0.4 m s−1), we find that the fraction of sedimentation from particle capture can instantaneously exceed 70%. In most marshes dominated by Spartina alterniflora, however, we find particle settling, rather than capture, will account for the majority of inorganic sedimentation. We examine a previously reported 2 mm yr−1 increase in accretion rate following a fertilization experiment in South Carolina. Prior studies at the site have ruled out organic sedimentation as the cause of this increased accretion. We apply our newly developed models of particle capture and effective settling velocity to the fertilized and control sites and find that virtually all (>99%) of the increase in accretion rates can be attributed to enhanced settling brought about by reduced turbulent kinetic energy in the fertilized canopy. Our newly developed models of biologically mediated sedimentation are broadly applicable and can be applied to marshes where data relating biomass to stem diameter and projected plant area are available.
Increasing fall‐winter energy loss from the Arctic Ocean and its role in Arctic temperature amplification
Authors: Screen James A. , Simmonds Ian
Published: August 2010

Arctic surface temperatures have risen faster than the global average in recent decades, in part due to positive feedbacks associated with the rapidly diminishing sea ice cover. Counter‐intuitively, the Arctic warming has been strongest in late fall and early winter whilst sea ice reductions and the direct ice‐albedo feedback have been greatest in summer and early fall. To reconcile this, previous studies have hypothesized that fall/winter Arctic warming has been enhanced by increased oceanic heat loss but have not presented quantitative evidence. Here we show increases in heat transfer from the Arctic Ocean to the overlying atmosphere during October–January, 1989–2009. The trends in surface air temperature, sea ice concentration and the surface heat fluxes display remarkable spatial correspondence. The increased oceanic heat loss is likely a combination of the direct response to fall/winter sea ice loss, and the indirect response to summer sea ice loss and increased summer ocean heating.
A computationally compact representation of Magnetic‐Apex and Quasi‐Dipole coordinates with smooth base vectors
Authors: Emmert J. T. , Richmond A. D. , Drob D. P.
Published: August 2010

Many structural and dynamical features of the ionized and neutral upper atmosphere are strongly organized by the geomagnetic field, and several magnetic coordinate systems have been developed to exploit this organization. Quasi‐Dipole coordinates are appropriate for calculations involving horizontally stratified phenomena like height‐integrated currents, electron densities, and thermospheric winds; Modified Apex coordinates are appropriate for calculations involving electric fields and magnetic field‐aligned currents. The calculation of these coordinates requires computationally expensive tracing of magnetic field lines to their apexes. Interpolation on a precomputed grid provides faster coordinate conversions, but requires the overhead of a sufficiently fine grid, as well as finite differencing to obtain coordinate base vectors. In this paper, we develop a compact and robust representation of the transformation from geodetic to Quasi‐Dipole (QD), Apex, and Modified Apex coordinates, by fitting the QD coordinates to spherical harmonics in geodetic longitude and latitude. With this representation, base vectors may be calculated directly from the expansion coefficients. For an expansion truncated at order 6, the fitted coordinates deviate from the actual coordinates by a maximum of 0.4°, and typically by 0.1°. The largest errors occur in the equatorial Atlantic region. Compared to interpolation on a pre‐computed grid, the spherical harmonic representation is much more compact and produces smooth base vectors. An algorithm for efficiently and concurrently computing scalar and vector spherical harmonic functions is provided in the appendix. Computer code for producing the expansion coefficients and evaluating the fitted coordinates and base vectors is included in the auxiliary material.
Response of the thermosphere and ionosphere to an ultra fast Kelvin wave
Authors: Chang Loren C. , Palo Scott E. , Liu Han‐Li , Fang Tzu‐Wei , Lin Chin S.
Published: August 2010

Ultra Fast Kelvin (UFK) waves are eastward propagating planetary waves with periods between 3 and 5 days, which are capable of penetrating into the thermosphere and ionosphere where they may modulate phenomena occurring in this region. A sensitivity study has been conducted to examine the effect of an Ultra Fast Kelvin wave on the thermosphere and ionosphere using the NCAR Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Electrodynamics General Circulation Model (TIME‐GCM) under June solstice solar minimum conditions. It is found that realistic ultra fast Kelvin waves with amplitudes in the MLT region of approximately 20–40 m s−1 in zonal wind fields and 10–20 K in temperature fields, can result in approximately 8–12% perturbations in hourly neutral density at 350 km, as well as hourly total electron content (TEC) perturbations of 25–50% in regions corresponding to the equatorial ionization anomalies (EIAs), with the largest relative changes resolved during the nighttime due to the lower electron densities. The electrodynamical calculations in the model were then disabled to identify the relative importance of ionospheric electrodynamics and direct wave propagation in generating the aforementioned changes. The subsequent results show that changes in thermospheric neutral density are relatively insensitive to the presence of the dynamo electric field, while UFK wave modulation of the dynamo accounts for most of the TEC perturbations due to changes of ionospheric vertical plasma drift.
PEFC/Engine Generator Compound Energy System (2)–Power-Generation Efficiency of an Independent Microgrid Composed of Distributed Engine Generators
Authors: Obara Shin’ya
Published: August 2010

The power generation efficiency and power cost of an independent microgrid that distributes the power from a small diesel engine power generator was investigated using numerical analysis. The independent microgrid built using one to six sets of 20 average houses in Sapporo in Japan and the distributed engine generators were examined using these test results. The operation of a diesel engine power generator controls the number of operations according to the magnitude of the power load of the microgrid. When a diesel engine power generator is distributed, since the power generation capacity per set decreases compared with the central system, the load factor of each engine generator rises. As a result, the operation of an engine at partial load with low efficiency can be reduced.
PEFC/Green Energy Compound System (1) – Operation Planning of a PEFC and Photovoltaics with Prediction of Electricity Production Using GA and Numerical Weather Information
Authors: Obara Shin'ya
Published: August 2010

A fuel cell microgrid with photovoltaics effectively reduces greenhouse gas emission. A system operation optimization technique with photovoltaics and unstable power is important. In this Chapter, the optimal operation algorithm of this compound microgrid is developed using numerical weather information (NWI) that is freely available. A GA (genetic algorithm) was developed to minimize system fuel consumption. Furthermore, the relation between the NWI error characteristics and the operation results of the system was clarified. As a result, the optimized operation algorithm using NWI reduced the energy cost of the system.
NMD: RNA biology meets human genetic medicine
Authors: Bhuvanagiri Madhuri , Schlitter Anna M. , Hentze Matthias W. , Kulozik Andreas E.
Published: August 2010

NMD (nonsense-mediated mRNA decay) belongs to the best-studied mRNA surveillance systems of the cell, limiting the synthesis of truncated and potentially harmful proteins on the one hand and playing an initially unexpected role in the regulation of global gene expression on the other hand. In the present review, we briefly discuss the factors involved in NMD, the different models proposed for the recognition of PTCs (premature termination codons), the diverse physiological roles of NMD, the involvement of this surveillance pathway in disease and the current strategies for medical treatment of PTC-related diseases.
14-3-3 proteins are promising LRRK2 interactors
Authors: Rudenko Iakov N. , Cookson Mark R.
Published: August 2010

Mutations in LRRK2 (leucine-rich repeat kinase 2) are the most common cause of familial PD (Parkinson’s disease). Mutations that cause PD are found in either the GTPase or kinase domains of LRRK2 or an intervening sequence called the COR [C-terminus of ROC (Ras of complex proteins)] domain. As well as the two catalytic domains, LRRK2 possesses several protein–protein interaction domains, but their function and the proteins with which they interact are poorly understood. In this issue of the Biochemical Journal, Nichols et al. study the interaction of the N-terminal region of LRRK2 with 14-3-3 proteins, regulatory proteins that often bind to phosphorylated regions of components of cell signalling pathways. Using a combination of techniques, Nichols et al. have identified two residues (Ser910 and Ser935) that are critically responsible for 14-3-3 binding. The interaction of LRRK2 with 14-3-3 proteins can prevent dephosphorylation of Ser910/Ser935 and stabilize LRRK2 structure, perhaps by influencing the dimerization of LRRK2. The ability to interact with 14-3-3 correlates with the pattern of intracellular LRRK2 distribution. Collectively, these new results identify a potentially important regulatory mechanism of this complex protein and might provide ways to think about therapeutic opportunities for PD.