bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fear of the Wandering Gay: some reflections on citizenship, nationalism and recognition in same-sex relationships
Authors: Triger Zvi
Published: April 2012

Throughout the history of the modern state, homosexuality has been a legal category, and not simply a medical or a psychiatric one. Fear of that legal subject manifests itself in law and policy not only about ‘the family’ but also about nationhood and citizenship. This is an article about this fear of the ‘Wandering Gay’, about the ways in which this fear has influenced domestic and international law regarding recognition in same-sex relationships, and about ways in which it can be overcome. I begin by introducing the Wandering Gay as a hidden driving cultural concept behind a state's reluctance (and in some places, outright objection) to recognise same-sex relationships. I then compare American and Israeli immigration policies concerning immigrants' sexuality, and discuss the different focuses of each system: while American policy (prior to its reform) was mainly concerned with ‘sexual deviancy’, Israeli policy was concerned with otherness, particularly non-Jewishness, in general. However, as I argue, homosexuality is one way in which individuals are ‘othered’ by Israeli immigration policy, since they cannot acquire legal status based on their marital status. I then contend that marriage is being used as a weapon against LGBT individuals, and that this is done from within a discourse that elevates marriage to a right that only heterosexual citizens are entitled to. I argue that marriage is used as a means of discrimination against minorities, and I question whether the proper solution to this violation of human rights is indeed to add more and more minorities to the privileged class of those who can marry, thus equipping them with the weapon of marriage to use against others.
Did geomagnetic activity challenge electric power reliability during solar cycle 23? Evidence from the PJM regional transmission organization in North America
Authors: Forbes Kevin F. , St. Cyr O. C.
Published: April 2012

During solar cycle 22, a very intense geomagnetic storm on 13 March 1989 contributed to the collapse of the Hydro‐Quebec power system in Canada. This event clearly demonstrated that geomagnetic storms have the potential to lead to blackouts. This paper addresses whether geomagnetic activity challenged power system reliability during solar cycle 23. Operations by PJM Interconnection, LLC (hereafter PJM), a regional transmission organization in North America, are examined over the period 1 April 2002 through 30 April 2004. During this time PJM coordinated the movement of wholesale electricity in all or parts of Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia, and the District of Columbia in the United States. We examine the relationship between a proxy of geomagnetically induced currents (GICs) and a metric of challenged reliability. In this study, GICs are proxied using magnetometer data from a geomagnetic observatory located just outside the PJM control area. The metric of challenged reliability is the incidence of out‐of‐economic‐merit order dispatching due to adverse reactive power conditions. The statistical methods employed make it possible to disentangle the effects of GICs on power system operations from purely terrestrial factors. The results of the analysis indicate that geomagnetic activity can significantly increase the likelihood that the system operator will dispatch generating units based on system stability considerations rather than economic merit.
Library exhibits and programs boost science education
Authors: Dusenbery Paul B. , Curtis Lisa
Published: April 2012

Science museums let visitors explore and discover, but for many families there are barriers—such as cost or distance—that prevent them from visiting museums and experiencing hands‐on science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) learning. Now educators are reaching underserved audiences by developing STEM exhibits and programs for public libraries. With more than 16,000 outlets in the United States, public libraries serve almost every community in the country. Nationwide, they receive about 1.5 billion visits per year, and they offer their services for free.
Gasoline contributes more than diesel to secondary organic aerosol
Authors: Balcerak Ernie
Published: April 2012

Gasoline‐powered vehicles contribute more to secondary organic aerosol formation than diesel‐fueled vehicles do, a new study shows. Organic compounds in gasoline fuel and diesel exhaust can lead to the formation of secondary organic aerosols, which negatively affect air quality, visibility, and health and have impacts on climate; however, few studies have investigated the relative contribution of gasoline and diesel to secondary aerosols. Traffic studies have found that the ratio of gasoline‐to diesel‐powered vehicles changes on weekends. For instance, in the Los Angeles, Calif., area, diesel emissions are about 54% lower on weekends than on weekdays, though gasoline emissions are about the same.
Active faults newly identified in Pacific Northwest
Authors: Balcerak Ernie
Published: April 2012

The Bellingham Basin, which lies north of Seattle and south of Vancouver around the border between the United States and Canada in the northern part of the Cascadia subduction zone, is important for understanding the regional tectonic setting and current high rates of crustal deformation in the Pacific Northwest. Using a variety of new data,Kelsey et al. identified several active faults in the Bellingham Basin that had not been previously known. These faults lie more than 60 kilometers farther north of the previously recognized northern limit of active faulting in the area. The authors note that the newly recognized faults could produce earthquakes with magnitudes between 6 and 6.5 and thus should be considered in hazard assessments for the region. (Journal of Geophysical Reserch‐Solid Earth, doi:10.1029/2011JB008816, 2012)
Voyager 1 measures electron intensity in the outer heliosphere
Authors: Balcerak Ernie
Published: April 2012

The Voyager 1 spacecraft is exploring the outer heliosheath past about 111 astronomical units from the Sun. The heliosheath is the region where the outgoing solar wind is slowed by the interstellar medium. The Voyager spacecraft have been sending back interesting new information about the structure of this previously uncharted boundary region at the edge of the solar system. Webber et al. now report that Voyager 1 recently observed two sudden increases in the intensity of low‐energy cosmic ray electrons as it traveled farther from the Sun. At the outer boundary of the heliosheath, the electron intensity is usually assumed to be equal to that in interstellar space, outside the heliosphere. The authors suggest that the sudden changes in electron intensity are evidence of significantly different regions in the structure of the outer heliosheath and that as of early 2012, Voyager 1 had not quite reached the undisturbed interstellar medium outside of the heliosheath. (Geophysical Research Letters, doi:10.1029/2012GL051171, 2012)
Das Böse im Platonismus
Authors: Bechtle Gerald
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Proclus' complex arguments developed in the context of his theory of evil often seem to reflect various earlier discussions of this topic. Above all, his predecessor Iamblichus seems to be a major source for his concept of evil. This becomes plausible when we attempt to outline Iamblichus' own philosophy of evil as revealed in such works as De mysterüs or De communi mathematica scientia. Particularly the latter work has not been sufficiently exploited in this respect, although the similarities with Proclus are significant. All relevant ideas with regard to Proclus' notion of papnpóstasis are prepared and prefigured in Iamblichus. This essay discusses the mode of the existence of evil, the causation of evil and its relation to being according to Iamblichus. Moreover, comparison of Iamblichus' doctrines with those of his predecessors Plotinus and Porphyry reveals the design of his concept of evil as apparently directed at Plotinus.
Housing Complexes: Redesigning the house of psyche in light of a curious mistranslation of C. G. Jung appropriated by Gaston Bachelard
Authors: Huskinson Lucy
Published: April 2012

Jung's metaphor of house as psyche is often regarded as little more than an arbitrary and reductive ‘diagram’ that imposes structure onto his conception of psyche with its various parts and underpinning libidinal processes. And yet, as this paper argues, the impact and relevance of the architectural metaphor extends beyond a conceptual consideration of psyche into a lived experience of it. It is thus also Jung's phenomenological description of the way human beings dwell and experience their placement or non-placement within the world in which they find themselves.

This paper elucidates these different interpretations. First, through Jung's accounts of his ‘dream-house’ in connection with the likely architectural influences of those houses in which he had lived or had designs to live; and second, through an examination of a curious mistranslation of one of Jung's overlooked descriptions of the architectural metaphor found in the celebrated work, La poetique de l'espace (1957)/The poetics of space (1958) by the renowned French philosopher Gaston Bachelard. The metaphorical description under scrutiny is the relationship between cellar and attic rooms, which Jung uses in his essay ‘Allgemeines zur komplextheorie’ (1934)/‘A review of the complex theory’ (1948a) to expound his understanding of the effects of the complex on ego-consciousness. Bachelard's misreading inadvertently reverts the placement of the two rooms, thereby proffering something akin to a ‘topsy-turvy’ house of psyche. The implications of Bachelard's misreading for an understanding of Jungian complex theory is explored, and the wider conceptual and phenomenological implications for the possible redesign or renovation of Jung's metaphor of house as psyche are ascertained.
Matrix nanotopography as a regulator of cell function
Authors: Kim Deok-Ho , Provenzano Paolo P. , Smith Chris L. , Levchenko Andre
Published: April 2012

The architecture of the extracellular matrix (ECM) directs cell behavior by providing spatial and mechanical cues to which cells respond. In addition to soluble chemical factors, physical interactions between the cell and ECM regulate primary cell processes, including differentiation, migration, and proliferation. Advances in microtechnology and, more recently, nanotechnology provide a powerful means to study the influence of the ECM on cell behavior. By recapitulating local architectures that cells encounter in vivo, we can elucidate and dissect the fundamental signal transduction pathways that control cell behavior in critical developmental, physiological, and pathological processes.
ALIX binds a YPX3L motif of the GPCR PAR1 and mediates ubiquitin-independent ESCRT-III/MVB sorting
Authors: Dores Michael R. , Chen Buxin , Lin Huilan , Soh Unice J.K. , Paing May M. , Montagne William A. , Meerloo Timo , Trejo JoAnn
Published: April 2012

The sorting of signaling receptors to lysosomes is an essential regulatory process in mammalian cells. During degradation, receptors are modified with ubiquitin and sorted by endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT)–0, –I, –II, and –III complexes into intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) of multivesicular bodies (MVBs). However, it remains unclear whether a single universal mechanism mediates MVB sorting of all receptors. We previously showed that protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1), a G protein–coupled receptor (GPCR) for thrombin, is internalized after activation and sorted to lysosomes independent of ubiquitination and the ubiquitin-binding ESCRT components hepatocyte growth factor–regulated tyrosine kinase substrate and Tsg101. In this paper, we report that PAR1 sorted to ILVs of MVBs through an ESCRT-III–dependent pathway independent of ubiquitination. We further demonstrate that ALIX, a charged MVB protein 4–ESCRT-III interacting protein, bound to a YPX3L motif of PAR1 via its central V domain to mediate lysosomal degradation. This study reveals a novel MVB/lysosomal sorting pathway for signaling receptors that bypasses the requirement for ubiquitination and ubiquitin-binding ESCRTs and may be applicable to a subset of GPCRs containing YPXnL motifs.
The intrinsic energy of the gating isomerization of a neuromuscular acetylcholine receptor channel
Authors: Nayak Tapan K. , Purohit Prasad G. , Auerbach Anthony
Published: April 2012

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AChR) channels at neuromuscular synapses rarely open in the absence of agonists, but many different mutations increase the unliganded gating equilibrium constant (E0) to generate AChRs that are active constitutively. We measured E0 for two different sets of mutant combinations and by extrapolation estimated E0 for wild-type AChRs. The estimates were 7.6 and 7.8 × 10−7 in adult-type mouse AChRs (−100 mV at 23°C). The values are in excellent agreement with one obtained previously by using a completely different method (6.5 × 10−7, from monoliganded gating). E0 decreases with depolarization to the same extent as does the diliganded gating equilibrium constant, e-fold with ∼60 mV. We estimate that at −100 mV the intrinsic energy of the unliganded gating isomerization is +8.4 kcal/mol (35 kJ/mol), and that in the absence of a membrane potential, the intrinsic chemical energy of this global conformational change is +9.4 kcal/mol (39 kJ/mol). Na+ and K+ in the extracellular solution have no measureable effect on E0, which suggests that unliganded gating occurs with only water occupying the transmitter binding sites. The results are discussed with regard to the energy changes in receptor activation and the competitive antagonism of ions in agonist binding.
Absolute high spectral resolution measurements of surface solar radiation for detection of water vapour continuum absorption
Authors: Gardiner T. D. , Coleman M. , Browning H. , Tallis L. , Ptashnik I. V. , Shine K. P.
Published: April 2012

Solar-pointing Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy offers the capability to measure both the fine scale and broadband spectral structure of atmospheric transmission simultaneously across wide spectral regions. It is therefore suited to the study of both water vapour monomer and continuum absorption behaviours. However, in order to properly address this issue, it is necessary to radiatively calibrate the FTIR instrument response. A solar-pointing high-resolution FTIR spectrometer was deployed as part of the ‘Continuum Absorption by Visible and Infrared radiation and its Atmospheric Relevance’ (CAVIAR) consortium project. This paper describes the radiative calibration process using an ultra-high-temperature blackbody and the consideration of the related influence factors. The result is a radiatively calibrated measurement of the solar irradiation at the ground across the IR region from 2000 to 10 000 cm
−1
with an uncertainty of between 3.3 and 5.9 per cent. This measurement is shown to be in good general agreement with a radiative-transfer model. The results from the CAVIAR field measurements are being used in ongoing studies of atmospheric absorbers, in particular the water vapour continuum.
Airborne and satellite remote sensing of the mid-infrared water vapour continuum
Authors: Newman Stuart M. , Green Paul D. , Ptashnik Igor V. , Gardiner Tom D. , Coleman Marc D. , McPheat Robert A. , Smith Kevin M.
Published: April 2012

Remote sensing of the atmosphere from space plays an increasingly important role in weather forecasting. Exploiting observations from the latest generation of weather satellites relies on an accurate knowledge of fundamental spectroscopy, including the water vapour continuum absorption. Field campaigns involving the Facility for Airborne Atmospheric Measurements research aircraft have collected a comprehensive dataset, comprising remotely sensed infrared radiance observations collocated with accurate measurements of the temperature and humidity structure of the atmosphere. These field measurements have been used to validate the strength of the infrared water vapour continuum in comparison with the latest laboratory measurements. The recent substantial changes to self-continuum coefficients in the widely used MT_CKD (Mlawer–Tobin–Clough–Kneizys–Davies) model between 2400 and 3200 cm
−1
are shown to be appropriate and in agreement with field measurements. Results for the foreign continuum in the 1300–2000 cm
−1
band suggest a weak temperature dependence that is not currently included in atmospheric models. A one-dimensional variational retrieval experiment is performed that shows a small positive benefit from using new laboratory-derived continuum coefficients for humidity retrievals.
An adiabatic model for calculating overtone spectra of dimers such as (H
2
O)
2
Authors: Tennyson J. , Barber M. J. , Kelly R. E. A.
Published: April 2012

The near-infrared and visible wavelength spectrum of the water dimer is considered to be the major contributor to the so-called water continuum at these wavelengths. However, theoretical models of this spectrum require the simultaneous treatment of both monomer and dimer excitations. A model for treating this problem is proposed which is based upon a Franck–Condon-like separation between the monomer and dimer vibrational motions. In this model, one of the monomers is treated as the chromophore and its absorption is assumed to be given by its, possibly perturbed, vibrational band intensity. The main computational issue is the treatment of separate monomer and dimer motions. Various approaches for obtaining dimer vibration–rotation tunnelling spectra that allow for monomer motion are explored. These approaches include ways of treating the adiabatic separation of dimer vibrational modes from monomer vibrational modes. We classify the adiabatic separation methods under four main approaches: namely
fixed-geometry
,
free-monomer
,
perturbed-monomer
and
coupled-monomer
methods. The latter being the most computationally expensive as the monomer wave functions are dependent on the dimer coordinates. For each of these approaches, expectation values over the full potential are calculated for the given monomer vibrational wave functions. Various full (named VAP 2
p
D in the text) and partial (VAP (+
p
)D) averaging techniques are outlined to calculate the vibrationally averaged, monomer state-dependent, dimer interaction potentials. The computational costs associated with application of these techniques to the water dimer are estimated and the prospects for full calculations based on this approach are assessed.
Water in star- and planet-forming regions
Authors: Bergin Edwin A. , van Dishoeck Ewine F.
Published: April 2012

In this paper, we discuss the astronomical search for water vapour in order to understand the disposition of water in all its phases throughout the processes of star and planet formation. Our ability to detect and study water vapour has recently received a tremendous boost with the successful launch and operation of the
Herschel Space Observatory
.
Herschel
spectroscopic detections of numerous transitions in a variety of astronomical objects, along with previous work by other space-based observatories, will be threaded throughout this paper. In particular, we present observations of water tracing the earliest stage of star birth where it is predominantly frozen as ice. When a star is born, the local energy release by radiation liberates ices in its surrounding envelope and powers energetic outflows that appear to be water factories. In these regions, water plays an important role in the gas physics. Finally, we end with an exploration of water in planet-forming discs surrounding young stars. The availability of accurate molecular data (frequencies, collisional rate coefficients and chemical reaction rates) is crucial to analyse the observations at each of these steps.
The Role of Biotechnology for Conservation and Biologically Active Substances Production ofRhodiola rosea: Endangered Medicinal Species
Authors: Tasheva Krasimira , Kosturkova Georgina
Published: April 2012

At present, more than 50 000 plant species are used in phytotherapy and medicine. About 2/3 of them are harvested from nature leading to local extinction of many species or degradation of their habitats. Biotechnological methods offer possibilities not only for faster cloning and conservation of the genotype of the plants but for modification of their gene information, regulation, and expression for production of valuable substances in higher amounts or with better properties.Rhodiola roseais an endangered medicinal species with limited distribution. It has outstanding importance for pharmaceutical industry for prevention and cure of cancer, heart and nervous system diseases, and so forth. Despite the great interest in golden root and the wide investigations in the area of phytochemistry, plant biotechnology remained less endeavoured and exploited. The paper presents research on initiation ofin vitrocultures inRhodiola roseaand some otherRhodiola species. Achievements in induction of organogenic and callus cultures, regeneration, and micropropagation varied but were a good basis for alternativein vitrosynthesis of the desired metabolites and for the development of efficient systems for micropropagation for conservation of the species.
Traditional Medicinal Herbs and Food Plants Have the Potential to Inhibit Key Carbohydrate Hydrolyzing EnzymesIn Vitroand Reduce Postprandial Blood Glucose PeaksIn Vivo
Authors: Mahomoodally M. Fawzi , Subratty A. Hussein , Gurib-Fakim A. , Choudhary M. Iqbal , Nahar Khan S.
Published: April 2012

We hypothesized that some medicinal herbs and food plants commonly used in the management of diabetes can reduce glucose peaks by inhibiting key carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzymes. To this effect, extracts ofAntidesma madagascariense(AM),Erythroxylum macrocarpum(EM),Pittosporum senacia(PS), andFaujasiopsis flexuosa(FF),Momordica charantia(MC), andOcimum tenuiflorum(OT) were evaluated for α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory effects based on starch-iodine colour changes and PNP-G as substrate, respectively. Only FF and AM extracts/fractions were found to inhibit α-amylase activity significantly (P<0.05) and coparable to the drug acarbose. Amylase bioassay on isolated mouse plasma confirmed the inhibitory potential of AM and FF extracts with the ethyl acetate fraction of FF being more potent (P<0.05) than acarbose. Extracts/fractions of AM and MC were found to inhibit significantly (P<0.05) α-glucosidase activity, with IC50comparable to the drug 1-deoxynojirimycin.In vivostudies on glycogen-loaded mice showed significant (P<0.05) depressive effect on elevation of postprandial blood glucose following ingestion of AM and MC extracts. Our findings tend to provide a possible explanation for the hypoglycemic action of MC fruits and AM leaf extracts as alternative nutritional therapy in the management of diabetes.
Deployment of Municipal Solid Wastes as a Substitute Growing Medium Component in Marigold and Basil Seedlings Production
Authors: Tzortzakis Nikos , Gouma Sofia , Paterakis Costas , Manios Thrassyvoulos
Published: April 2012

The possible use of municipal solid waste compost (MSWC) in the production of marigold and basil seedlings examined. Six medium prepared from commercial peat (CP) and MSWC (0, 15, 30, 45, 60, and 100% v/v). There was not any plant growth when MSWC used alone (100%). The addition of MSWC in low content (15% and 30%) improved seed emergence for marigold and basil respectively, while greater content revealed opposed impacts. Mean emergence time delayed as MSWC content increased into substrates. Addition of MSWC (especially in content greater than 30%) into CP reduced (from 34 to 64%) plant height, leaf number and stem diameter as a consequence reduced plant fresh weight (plant biomass) for both species. The number of lateral stems decreased (up to 81%) in basil when MSWC added into substrate mixtures. Chlorophyll b content decreased (up to 58%) in substrates with MSWC content greater than 15% or 30% while similar reduction observed in content of Chlorophyll a and total carotenoids for basil with MSWC > 60%. However, Chlorophyll a and total carotenoids content increased as MSWC content increased for marigold. K and Na leaf content increased but P equivalent decreased as MSWC content increased. Nursery-produced basil and marigold seedlings grown in 15% MSWC; displayed quality indices similar to those recorded for conventional mixtures of peat and may act as component substitute.
The Release of Trace Elements in the Process of Coal Coking
Authors: Konieczyński Jan , Zajusz-Zubek Elwira , Jabłońska Magdalena
Published: April 2012

In order to assess the penetration of individual trace elements into the air through their release in the coal coking process, it is necessary to determine the loss of these elements by comparing their contents in the charge coal and in coke obtained. The present research covered four coke oven batteries differing in age, technology, and technical equipment. By using mercury analyzer MA-2 and the method of ICP MS As, Be, Cd, Co, Hg, Mn, Ni, Se, Sr, Tl, V, and Zn were determined in samples of charge coal and yielded coke. Basing on the analyses results, the release coefficients of selected elements were determined. Their values ranged from 0.5 to 94%. High volatility of cadmium, mercury, and thallium was confirmed. The tests have shown that although the results refer to the selected case studies, it may be concluded that the air purity is affected by controlled emission occurring when coke oven batteries are fired by crude coke oven gas. Fugitive emission of the trace elements investigated, occurring due to coke oven leaks and openings, is small and, is not a real threat to the environment except mercury.
CD8+T Cells: GITR Matters
Authors: Ronchetti Simona , Nocentini Giuseppe , Petrillo Maria Grazia , Riccardi Carlo
Published: April 2012

As many members of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, glucocorticoid-induced TNFR-related gene (GITR) plays multiple roles mostly in the cells of immune system. CD8+T cells are key players in the immunity against viruses and tumors, and GITR has been demonstrated to be an essential molecule for these cells to mount an immune response. The aim of this paper is to focus on GITR function in CD8+cells, paying particular attention to numerous and recent studies that suggest its crucial role in mouse disease models.
Issues in Delivering Morbidity Management for Lymphatic Filariasis Elimination: A Study in Pondicherry, South India
Authors: Kumari A. Krishna , J Yuvaraj , Das L. K
Published: April 2012

Lymphatic filariasis is a vector borne parasitic disease causing long term disability. The Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis aims to achieve its objective through two strategies; Mass Drug Administration (MDA) to interrupt transmission and Morbidity Management (MM) to manage disability for those already affected. MDA is going on in full swing in endemic areas; but MM is lagging behind. An exploratory study was conducted in Pondicherry through focus group discussions to find out whether there are delivery issues if any, in the MM programme and get suggestions from end users. The study results show that MM has not received the same attention as MDA and there are shortcomings in the delivery mechanism of the programme. The importance of these findings are discussed and suggestions given for improving the programme.
Allelic Variation at theRht8Locus in a 19th Century Wheat Collection
Authors: Asplund Linnéa , Leino Matti W. , Hagenblad Jenny
Published: April 2012

Wheat breeding during the 20th century has put large efforts into reducing straw length and increasing harvest index. In the 1920s an allele ofRht8with dwarfing effects, found in the Japanese cultivar “Akakomugi,” was bred into European cultivars and subsequently spread over the world.Rht8has not been cloned, but the microsatellite marker WMS261 has been shown to be closely linked to it and is commonly used for genotypingRht8. The “Akakomugi” allele is strongly associated withWMS261-192bp. Numerous screens of wheat cultivars with different geographical origin have been performed to study the spread and influence of theWMS261-192bpduring 20th century plant breeding. However, the allelic diversity of WMS261 in wheat cultivars before modern plant breeding and introduction of the Japanese dwarfing genes is largely unknown. Here, we report a study of WMS261 allelic diversity in a historical wheat collection from 1865 representing worldwide major wheats at the time. The majority carried the previously reported 164 bp or 174 bp allele, but with little geographical correlation. In a few lines, a rare 182 bp fragment was found. Although straw length was recognized as an important character already in the 19th century,Rht8probably played a minor role for height variation. The use of WMS261 and other functional markers for analyses of historical specimens and characterization of historic crop traits is discussed.
Corrective Bracing for Severe Idiopathic Scoliosis in Adolescence: Influence of Brace on Trunk Morphology
Authors: Kinel Edyta , Kotwicki Tomasz , Stryła Wanda , Szulc Andrzej
Published: April 2012

Aim. The aim of the work was to study whether wearing a corrective brace by adolescent girls with severe idiopathic scoliosis can influence external shape of the trunk.Methods. Comparison of clinical deformity of two groups of girls matched for age and Cobb angle: group (1) of 23 girls, aged14.9±1.3years, Cobb angle55.0°±6.8°, who refused surgical treatment and have been wearing Chêneau brace for more than 6 months, compared with group (2) of 22 girls, aged14.1±1.8years, Cobb angle59.7°±14.6°never treated with corrective bracing. Clinical deformity was assessed with the Bunnell scoliometer (angle of trunk rotation ATR) and surface topography (posterior trunk symmetry index POTSI and Hump Sum HS).Results.The ATR in the primary curvature was11.9°±3.4°(5°–18°) in group 1 versus15.1°±5.6°(6°–25°) in group 2 (P=0.027). The HS was16.8°±3.8versus19.2°±4.6, respectively,P=0.07. The POTSI value did not differ between groups.Conclusion. Girls with Cobb angle above 45 degrees, who have been subjected to brace treatment, revealed smaller clinical deformity of their back comparing to nontreated girls having similar radiological curvatures.
Autophagic Cell Death Is Induced by Acetone and Ethyl Acetate Extracts fromEupatorium odoratum In Vitro: Effects on MCF-7 and Vero Cell Lines
Authors: Harun Faizah Bt. , Syed Sahil Jamalullail Syed Mohsin , Yin Khoo Boon , Othman Zulkhairi , Tilwari Anita , Balaram Prabha
Published: April 2012

Eupatorium odoratum (EO)contains many biologically active compounds, the anticancer effects of which are not well documented. This study evaluates the cytotoxic effects and mechanism of action ofEOextracts on MCF-7 and Vero cell lines. Evaluation of the cytotoxic activity using MTT assay, morphological alterations, and apoptosis were carried out. Autophagy was evaluated by LC3-A protein expression. Cytotoxic activity, membrane blebbing and ballooning at 24 hours, replacement by mass vacuolation, and double membrane vesicles mimicking autophagy and cell death were observed in the cancer cells. No apoptosis was observed by DNA fragmentation assay. Overexpression of LC3-A protein indicated autophagic cell death. Cell cycle analysis showed G0 and G2/M arrest. The Vero cells did not show significant cell death at concentrations <100 μg/mL. These results thus suggest that acetone and ethyl acetate extracts ofEOinduce cell death through induction of autophagy and hold potential for development as potential anticancer drugs.
Imaging Modalities for the Noninvasive Assessment of Fibrosis in Crohn's Disease
Authors: Stasi Cristina , Falchini Massimo , Milani Stefano
Published: April 2012

The development of strictures in Crohn's disease is a main cause of hospitalization and often represent an indication for surgery. The differentiation between inflammatory and fibrotic strictures is useful to determine the optimal treatment. Today, the availability of noninvasive methods to assess the presence and extension of strictures offers new tools for the diagnosis and follow-up of the disease. Bowel ultrasound, power doppler ultrasound, contrast-enhanced ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging offer the additional advantage that they do not expose patients to ionizing radiation. In this paper we provide an update on the accuracy of these noninvasive methods for the diagnosis of Crohn's disease.
A Simple Method for Enema Administration in One-Day-Old Broiler Chicks
Authors: Marietto-Gonçalves Guilherme Augusto , Grandi Fabrizio , Andreatti Filho Raphael Lucio
Published: April 2012

The present study aimed to describe a simple technique for enema administration in one-day-old broiler chicks. For this purpose we used 455 unsexed health birds divided into four groups submitted to three different experimental protocols: in the first one, we measured the total length of the large intestine in order to establish a secure distance for probe introduction; in the second, we evaluated maximum compliance of large intestine and diffusion range; finally, based on results obtained we tested the hypothesis in 400 birds in order to standardize the method. Enema solutions applied in an intrarectal manner with a stainless steel gavage BD-10 probe into one-day-old broiler chicks at 0.2 mL at a distance of 1.5 cm proved to be a reliable method.
Crop Row Detection in Maize Fields Inspired on the Human Visual Perception
Authors: Romeo J. , Pajares G. , Montalvo M. , Guerrero J. M. , Guijarro M. , Ribeiro A.
Published: April 2012

This paper proposes a new method, oriented to image real-time processing, for identifying crop rows in maize fields in the images. The vision system is designed to be installed onboard a mobile agricultural vehicle, that is, submitted to gyros, vibrations, and undesired movements. The images are captured under image perspective, being affected by the above undesired effects. The image processing consists of two main processes: image segmentation and crop row detection. The first one applies a threshold to separate green plants or pixels (crops and weeds) from the rest (soil, stones, and others). It is based on a fuzzy clustering process, which allows obtaining the threshold to be applied during the normal operation process. The crop row detection applies a method based on image perspective projection that searches for maximum accumulation of segmented green pixels along straight alignments. They determine the expected crop lines in the images. The method is robust enough to work under the above-mentioned undesired effects. It is favorably compared against the well-tested Hough transformation for line detection.
Self-Determination as a Psychological and Positive Youth Development Construct
Authors: Hui Eadaoin K. P. , Tsang Sandra K. M.
Published: April 2012

This paper presents a review of self-determination as a positive youth development construct. The definition and conceptualization of the concept are examined from the perspective of self-determination theory and the functional theory of self-determination. Theories of self-determination from the perspective of motivation and skills enhancement are examined. Factors contributing to self-determination, such as autonomy-supportive teaching and parenting style, culture, efficacy of intervention programmes, and the educational benefits of self-determination for students, are discussed. Strategies to promote self-determination in an educational context and implications for further research and practice are discussed.
Prosocial Involvement as a Positive Youth Development Construct: A Conceptual Review
Authors: Lam Ching Man
Published: April 2012

This paper discusses the concept of prosocial involvement as a positive youth development construct. How prosocial involvement is defined and how the different theories conceptualize prosocial involvement are reviewed. Antecedents of prosocial involvement such as biological traits, personality, cognitive and emotional processes, socialization experience, culture, and their social context are examined. The relationship between prosocial involvement and adolescent developmental outcomes, together with strategies to promote prosocial involvement in adolescents, are discussed. Finally, directions for future research and practice are proposed.
Meta‐analysis: nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs in biliary colic
Authors: Colli A. , Conte D. , Valle S. Della , Sciola V. , Fraquelli M.
Published: April 2012

Background

Biliary colic is a common manifestation of cholelithiasis, developing in about one‐third of patients. Even if nonsteroid anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have widely been used to relieve biliary pain, there is a lack of systematic review of treatments on this issue.

Aim

To assess the potential benefits in terms of both pain control and reduction of complications, and the potential harms of NSAIDs in patients with biliary colic.

Methods

Data from randomised clinical trials (RCTs) comparing NSAIDs with no treatment, placebo or other drugs in patients with biliary colic, were collected from Medline and Embase. The outcome measures were expressed as odds ratio and relative risk and then pooled using fixed or random‐effect models.

Results

Eleven RCTs involving 1076 subjects (268 men, 808 women; 18–86 years), including 442 controls were analysed. In comparison with placebo, NSAIDs led to a significantly higher proportion of patients with complete pain relief (RR 3.77, 95%CI 1.65–8.61; I
2: 73%) and a significantly lower rate of complications (RR 0.53, 95% CI 0.31–0.89; I
2: 35%). In comparison with other drugs, NSAIDs were more efficacious in controlling pain than spasmolytics (RR 1.47, 95% CI 1.03–2.10; I
2: 55%); there was no difference between NSAIDs and opioids (RR 1.05, 95% CI 0.82–1.33; I
2: 74%).

Conclusions

In patients with biliary colic NSAIDs are the first‐choice treatments as they control pain with the same efficacy of opioids and significantly reduce the proportion of patients with severe complications. However, the lack of high‐quality RCTs and the presence of consistent heterogeneity among studies may partially flaw these results.
Perspectives on being a father from men involved with child welfare services
Authors: Cameron Gary , Coady Nick , Hoy Sandy
Published: April 2012

Fathers can make positive contributions to their children's well‐being. However, involving the literature and this research indicate that fathers are much less likely to be engaged with child welfare services than mothers. This paper reports the findings of life story research with 18 fathers involved with child welfare. It focuses on these men's perspectives of fatherhood and their relationships with their children. Also, reactions to these fatherhood stories from father and service provider focus groups are examined. The findings challenge common perceptions of these fathers and highlight similarities and differences in perspectives between fathers and service providers. Implications for engaging fathers in child welfare practice are discussed.
May‐Thurner syndrome resulting in acute iliofemoral deep vein thrombosis during the second trimester of pregnancy
Authors: Nakajima Yoshiyuki , Masaoka Naoki , Tsuzuki Yoko , Morooka Masako , Sakai Masato
Published: April 2012

Described is a 27‐year‐old pregnant woman with May‐Thurner syndrome who experienced extensive pelvic and lower extremity thromboses during the antepartum period. The patient was referred for a symptomatic deep venous thrombosis at 23 weeks of gestation. Ultrasonography demonstrated a massive thrombus in the left iliofemoral vein. Heparin was given intravenously. Due to the possibility of pulmonary embolism during or immediately after delivery, a temporary inferior vena cava filter was inserted at 36 weeks of gestation. Labor was induced at 37 + 5 weeks of gestation; labor proceeded uneventfully and a male infant was born. Postpartum computed tomography (CT) demonstrated compression of the left common iliac vein by the right common iliac artery and lumbar vertebra. CT venogram demonstrated poor flow through the common iliac vein and well‐developed collateral vessels. Critical stenosis at the origin of the left common iliac vein was consistent with a diagnosis of May‐Thurner syndrome.
Endocervical glandular involvement, positive endocervical surgical margin and multicentricity are more often associated with high‐grade than low‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesion
Authors: Kır Gozde , Karabulut Murat Hakan , Topal Cumhur Selçuk , Yılmaz Müberra Segmen
Published: April 2012

Aim: The aim of this study was to compare the relative frequencies of endocervical glandular involvement (EGI), multicentricity, positive endocervical surgical margins (ESM) and positive vaginal surgical margins (VSM), and adenocarcinomain situof the cervix (AIS) between high‐grade and low‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL and LSIL, respectively).

Material and Methods: We identified 238 patients with squamous intraepithelial lesions/cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) who were treated by loop electrocautery excision (LEEP) or conventional cold‐knife conization (CKC). A total of 223 (72 [32.3%] LSIL/CIN I; 85 [38.1%] HSIL/CIN II; 66 [29.6%] HSIL/CIN III; and 151 [67.7%], HSIL/CIN II + III) LEEP/CKC slides were histologically reviewed.

Results: The frequencies of EGI, positive ESM, and multicentricity were significantly higher in the HSIL/CIN II + III group than in the LSIL/CIN I group (P = 0.001, 0.001, and 0.025, respectively). Eighteen of the 72 (25%) LSIL/CIN I patients, 44 of the 85 (51.8%) HSIL/CIN II patients, and 60 of the 66 (90.9%) HSIL/CIN III patients (P = 0.001) showed EGI. In four of the 72 (5.6%) LSIL/CIN I patients, 18 of the 85 (21.2%) HSIL/CIN II patients, and 42 of the 66 (63.6%) HSIL/CIN III patients (P = 0.001), ESM was positive. Two of the 72 (2.8%) LSIL/CIN I patients, seven of the 85 (8.2%) HSIL/CIN II patients, and 11 of the 66 (16.7%) HSIL/CIN III patients (P = 0.016) were multicentric.

Conclusion: The current study showed that EGI, positive ESM and multicentricity were more often associated with HSIL/CIN II + III than with LSIL/CIN I. Moreover, the frequencies of EGI, multicentricity, and positive ESM increased with increasing severity of the cervical lesion. This result may influence the preference for the type of surgical procedure used for patients with cytological diagnosis of HSIL.
Persistent Müllerian duct syndrome: lessons learned from managing a series of eight patients over a 10‐year period and review of literature regarding malignant risk from the Müllerian remnants
Authors: Farikullah Jasmin , Ehtisham Sarah , Nappo Simona , Patel Leena , Hennayake Supul
Published: April 2012

Study Type – Therapy (case series)

Level of Evidence 4

What's known on the subject? and What does the study add?

Approximately 200 cases of persistent Müllerian duct syndrome have been reported over the last 50 years and most authors suggest leaving the Müllerian remnant in situ because of the difficulty in dissection and the presumed absence of risk of malignancy. However, with increasing reports of Müllerian malignancies emerging, we report our 10‐year experience of managing patients with persistent Müllerian duct syndrome, with removal of müllerian remnants.

This case series shows that there is an increased risk of Müllerian malignancy that was previously unknown. With the laparoscopic approach, orchidopexy with simultaneous removal of Müllerian remnants could be accomplished with minimal surgical trauma and the benefit of no malignancy risk in the future. This is a new technique that has not been previously performed. Considering the current evidence of malignancy in the Müllerian remnant, surgeons would need to discuss with families about removal of remnants or long‐term monitoring.

OBJECTIVES

To describe the presentation and management of eight patients with persistent Müllerian duct syndrome (PMDS) seen over a 10‐year period at our tertiary centre.

To review the literature of Müllerian malignancies reported in PMDS.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

The hospital records of eight patients with PMDS were retrospectively reviewed between 2001 and 2011.

Extensive PubMed searches for PMDS and Müllerian malignancy were performed.

RESULTS

Eleven cases with PMDS and malignancy of the Müllerian remnants were identified.

From our own PMDS series: five males presented with bilateral undescended testes and three had unilateral undescended testis.

We found that the Müllerian remnants could be removed by laparoscopy and three patients had simultaneous laparoscopic removal of the Müllerian structures and laparoscopic orchidopexy.

CONCLUSIONS

The principle aim of orchidopexy with simultaneous laparoscopic removal of the Müllerian structures can be accomplished with minimal surgical trauma and the benefit of no malignancy risk in the future.

Surgeons should consider excision of the Müllerian remnants where possible.
Generic and diabetes‐specific well‐being in the AT.LANTUS Follow‐on study: further psychometric validation of the W‐BQ28 indicates its utility in research and clinical practice in Type 2 diabetes in the UK
Authors: Speight J. , Khagram L. A. , Davies M. J.
Published: April 2012

Diabet. Med. 29, e345–e353 (2012)

Aims To undertake further psychometric validation of the W‐BQ28 to determine its suitability for use in adults with Type 2 diabetes in the UK using data from the AT.LANTUS follow‐on study.

Methods A total of 353 people with Type 2 diabetes participated in the AT.LANTUS Follow‐on study, completing measures of well‐being (W‐BQ28), treatment satisfaction (DTSQ) and self‐care (SCI‐R). Confirmatory factor analyses was used to confirm the W‐BQ28 structure and internal consistency reliability was assessed. Additional statistical tests were conducted to explore convergent, divergent and known‐groups validity. Minimal important differences were calculated using distribution and anchor‐based techniques.

Results Structure of the W‐BQ28 (seven four‐item subscales plus 16‐item generic and 12‐item diabetes‐specific scales) was confirmed (comparative fit index = 0.917, root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) = 0.057). Internal consistency reliability was satisfactory (four‐item subscales: alpha = 0.73–0.90; 12/16‐item scales: α = 0.84–0.90). Convergent validity was supported by expected moderate to high correlations (rs = 0.35–0.67) between all W‐BQ28 subscales (except Energy); divergent validity was supported by expected low to moderate correlations with treatment satisfaction (rs = −0.03–0.52) and self‐care (rs = 0.02–0.22). Known‐groups validity was supported with statistically significant differences by sex, age and HbA1cfor expected subscales. Minimal important differences were established (range 0.14–2.90).

Conclusions The W‐BQ28 is a valid and reliable measure of generic and diabetes‐specific well‐being in Type 2 diabetes in the UK. Confirmation of the utility of W‐BQ28 (including establishment of minimal important differences) means that its use is indicated in research and clinical practice.
A survey of lipid composition of Khoa samples in relation to possible adulteration
Authors: AMRUTHA KALA A L
Published: April 2012

The fatty acid composition of Khoa a heat‐desiccated milk product was determined and compared with those obtained with cow milk, buffalo milk and toned milk. Fatty acid methyl esters were analysed by capillary gas chromatography (GC). Among the Khoa samples analysed, 57% showed fatty acid composition characteristic of milk fat. The ratio of major saturated fatty acids to unsaturated fatty acids (S/U) including 18:1 transfatty acids was calculated for all the fats. The GC profiles of 43% Khoa samples showed the composition of fatty acids not conforming to milk fats. The Khoa samples adulterated with nonmilk fats were further confirmed by cholesterol and triglyceride estimation.