bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Newly found sunspot observations by Peter Becker from Rostock for 1708, 1709, and 1710
Authors: Neuhäuser R. , Arlt R. , Pfitzner E. , Richter S.
Published: September 2015

We present a few newly found old sunspot observations from the years AD 1708, 1709, and 1710, which were obtained by Peter Becker from Rostock, Germany. For 1709, Becker gave a detailed drawing: he observed a sunspot group made up of two spots on January 5, 6, and 7, and just one of the two spots was observed on January 8 and 9. We present his drawing and his explanatory text. We can measure the latitude and longitude of these two spots and estimate their sizes for all five days. While the spots and groups in 1708 and the spot on four of the five days in January 1709 were known before from other observers (e.g. Hoyt & Schatten 1998), the location of the spots in early January 1709 were not known before, so that they can now be considered in reconstructed butterfly diagrams. The sunspots detected by Becker on 1709 January 5 and 1710 September 10 were not known before at all, as the only observer known for those two dates, La Hire, did not detect that spot (group). We estimate new group sunspot numbers for the relevant days, months, and years. The time around 1708–1710 is important, because it documents the recovery of solar activity towards the end of the Maunder Grand Minimum. We also show two new spot observations from G. Kirch for 1708 September 13 and 14 as described in his letter to Wurzelbaur (dated Berlin AD 1708 December 19). (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Hydrothermal liquefaction of bagasse using ethanol and black liquor as solvents
Authors: Kosinkova Jana , Ramirez Jerome A. , Nguyen Jenny , Ristovski Zoran , Brown Richard , Lin Carol S.K. , Rainey Thomas J.
Published: September 2015

The objective of this study was to examine the hydrothermal liquefaction of sugarcane bagasse using ethanol and black liquor (BL) in a pilot scale. Combinations of co‐solvents (ethanol/water, ethanol/BL) were studied at various concentrations and reaction conditions. The maximum oil yield of 61% was achieved with a reaction temperature of 300 °C for 30 min and using pure BL as a solvent, while the highest higher heating value (HHV) was obtained from a 50:50 ethanol‐BL mixture. The oils contained alcohols, esters, phenolic compounds, aromatics, and heterocyclics. The O/C and H/C ratios of the oil were comparable with traditional biodiesel and commercial diesel. Although this study showed there are some improvements to be made to improve the chemical composition, the approach has potential for large‐scale production of a substitute for fossil‐fuel‐based diesel. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Competence‐induced type VI secretion might foster intestinal colonization by Vibrio cholerae
Authors: Blokesch Melanie
Published: September 2015

The human pathogen Vibrio cholerae exhibits two distinct lifestyles: one in the aquatic environment where it often associates with chitinous surfaces and the other as the causative agent of the disease cholera. While much of the research on V. cholerae has focused on the host‐pathogen interaction, knowledge about the environmental lifestyle of the pathogen remains limited. We recently showed that the polymer chitin, which is extremely abundant in aquatic environments, induces natural competence as a mode of horizontal gene transfer and that this competence regulon also includes the type VI secretion system (T6SS), a molecular killing device. Here, I discuss the putative consequences that chitin‐induced T6SS activation could have on intestinal colonization and how the transmission route might influence disease outcome. Moreover, I propose that common infant animal models for cholera might not sufficiently take into account T6SS‐mediated interbacterial warfare between V. cholerae and the intestinal microbiota.
On‐site Colorimetric Forensic Sensor (II): Quantitative Detection of Toxic S2– Ion in Blood Plasma Using Metal‐Ion‐modified Silica Powders
Authors: Ryu Seung‐Jin , Arifin Eric , Ha Shin‐Woo , Lee Jin‐Kyu
Published: September 2015

Immensely sensitive, accurate, and simple on‐site colorimetric sensor has been developed for the quantitative detection of the sulfide ion in human blood plasma. The colorimetric sensor consists of lead‐ion‐modified silica‐gel powders placed in a glass tube. The powder color changes upon reaction with sulfide ions in blood plasma. It is capable of easily detecting toxic sulfide ion by using a glass tube with an inner diameter of 3 mm. By employing the type of colorimetric sensor to a blood sample, it is possible to detect the sulfide ion with a concentration limit of 0.1 ppm and excellent reproducibility, thus making it superior to conventional analysis methods that need multiple preparation processes and various sophisticated instruments. Since the sensor reported here is insensitive to environmental conditions such as temperature or humidity, and is featured by simplicity, fast response, high sensitivity, and easily understandable results based on absolute affirmative/negative response, it is expected to be effectively used for on‐site applications such as detecting poisonous ions in blood samples.
N‐Capping Effects of Stapled Heptapeptides on Antimicrobial and Hemolytic Activities
Authors: Dinh Thuy T. T. , Kim Do‐Hee , Nguyen Thang Q. , Lee Bong‐Jin , Kim Young‐Woo
Published: September 2015

In our previous study, we showcased the potential of an all‐hydrocarbon stapled heptapeptide as a privileged scaffold for the design of artificial antimicrobial peptides. We demonstrated that the amphipathic helicity and the subtle balance between hydrophobicity and hydrophilicity are important structural features for the antimicrobial activities of this class of antimicrobial agents. In this study, we show that elimination of the N‐acetyl cap can further improve the pharmacological properties of the most potent stapled heptapeptides. The structure–activity relationships newly established in this study would serve as a critical asset for the further development of a new class of antimicrobial agents to combat the rising problem of antibiotic resistance.
Investigating the Role of Conformational Effects on Laccase Stability and Hyperactivation under Stress Conditions
Authors: Ferrario Valerio , Chernykh Alexey , Fiorindo Federica , Kolomytseva Marina , Sinigoi Loris , Myasoedova Nina , Fattor Diana , Ebert Cynthia , Golovleva Ludmila , Gardossi Lucia
Published: September 2015

Fungal laccase from Steccherinum ochraceum 1833 displays remarkable stability under different harsh conditions: organic/buffer mixtures, thermal treatment, and microwave radiation. The behavior is particularly significant in the light of the sharp inactivation observed for two different fungal laccases. Laccase from S. ochraceum 1833 also displays hyperactivation under mild thermal treatment (60 °C). Molecular dynamics simulations at 80 °C explained how this laccase retains the geometry of the electron transfer pathway, thereby assuring electron transfer through the copper ions and thus maintaining its catalytic activity at high temperature. Spectroscopic studies revealed that the thermal activation corresponds to specific conformational changes in the protein. The results indicate that this laccase is potentially applicable under denaturing conditions that might be beneficial for the biotransformation of recalcitrant substrates.
Bridging Efficiency within Multinuclear Homogeneous Catalysts in the Photocatalytic Reduction of Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Meister Simon , Reithmeier Richard O. , Ogrodnik Alexander , Rieger Bernhard
Published: September 2015

A trinuclear complex consisting of one [Ru(dmb)3]2+ (dmb=4,4′‐dimethyl‐2,2′‐bipyridine) (Ru) and two [Re(dmb)(CO)3Cl] (Re) building blocks, [Re(CO)3Cl(dmb−dmb)Ru(dmb)(dmb−dmb)Re(CO)3Cl](PF6)2 (Re−Ru−Re), is presented. Photophysical properties of Re−Ru−Re and the individual components with different or no covalent linkages are thoroughly investigated and compared. To elucidate the role of the single covalent bonds, photocatalytic reduction of CO2 is performed with the trinuclear complex and a series of model systems featuring systematic absence of linkages between the metal centers. Photoluminescence spectra and quantum yields reveal efficient energy transfer from the excited state of Re to Ru if these fragments are covalently linked. Moreover, intramolecular electron transfer from the one‐electron reduced species of Ru to Re occurs if there is covalent bonding, leading to a higher photostability and thus the highest turnover number in photocatalytic CO2 reduction of 199 for the trinuclear complex Re−Ru−Re within the systems under investigation. Optimized experimental conditions reveal the highest turnover number (315) reported to date for ReI/RuII‐based homogeneous catalysts in photocatalytic CO2 reduction.
A Monolithic Hybrid Cellulose‐2.5‐Acetate/Polymer Bioreactor for Biocatalysis under Continuous Liquid–Liquid Conditions Using a Supported Ionic Liquid Phase
Authors: Sandig Bernhard , Michalek Lukas , Vlahovic Sandra , Antonovici Mihaela , Hauer Bernhard , Buchmeiser Michael R.
Published: September 2015

Mesoporous monolithic hybrid cellulose‐2.5‐acetate (CA)/polymer supports were prepared under solvent‐induced phase separation conditions using cellulose‐2.5‐acetate microbeads 8–14 μm in diameter, 1,1,1‐tris(hydroxymethyl)propane and 4,4′‐methylenebis(phenylisocyanate) as monomers as well as THF and n‐heptane as porogenic solvents. 4‐(Dimethylamino)pyridine and dibutyltin dilaurate (DBTDL), respectively, were used as catalysts. Monolithic hybrid supports were used in transesterification reactions of vinyl butyrate with 1‐butanol under continuous, supported ionic liquid–liquid conditions with Candida antarctica lipase B (CALB) and octylmethylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([OMIM+][BF4−]) immobilized within the CA beads inside the polymeric monolithic framework and methyl tert‐butyl ether (MTBE) as the continuous phase. The new hybrid bioreactors were successfully used in dimensions up to 2×30 cm (V=94 mL). Under continuous biphasic liquid–liquid conditions a constant conversion up to 96 % was achieved over a period of 18 days, resulting in a productivity of 58 μmol mg−1(CALB) min−1. This translates into an unprecedented turnover number (TON) of 3.9×107 within two weeks, which is much higher than the one obtained under standard biphasic conditions using [OMIM+][BF4−]/MTBE (TON=2.7×106). The continuous liquid–liquid setup based on a hybrid reactor presented here is strongly believed to be applicable to many other enzyme‐catalyzed reactions.
Heterolysis of H2 Across a Classical Lewis Pair, 2,6‐Lutidine⋅BCl3: Synthesis, Characterization, and Mechanism
Authors: Ginovska Bojana , Autrey Tom , Parab Kshitij , Bowden Mark E. , Potter Robert G. , Camaioni Donald M.
Published: September 2015

We report that 2,6‐lutidine⋅trichloroborane (Lut⋅BCl3) reacts with H2 in toluene, bromobenzene, dichloromethane, and Lut solvents producing the neutral hydride, Lut⋅BHCl2. The mechanism was modeled with density functional theory, and energies of stationary states were calculated at the G3(MP2)B3 level of theory. Lut⋅BCl3 was calculated to react with H2 and form the ion pair, [LutH+][HBCl3−], with a barrier of ΔH≠=24.7 kcal mol−1 (ΔG≠=29.8 kcal mol−1). Metathesis with a second molecule of Lut⋅BCl3 produced Lut⋅BHCl2 and [LutH+][BCl4−]. The overall reaction is exothermic by 6.0 kcal mol−1 (ΔrG°=−1.1). Alternate pathways were explored involving the borenium cation (LutBCl2+) and the four‐membered boracycle [(CH2{NC5H3Me})BCl2]. Barriers for addition of H2 across the Lut/LutBCl2+ pair and the boracycle BC bond are substantially higher (ΔG≠=42.1 and 49.4 kcal mol−1, respectively), such that these pathways are excluded. The barrier for addition of H2 to the boracycle BN bond is comparable (ΔH≠=28.5 and ΔG≠=32 kcal mol−1). Conversion of the intermediate 2‐(BHCl2CH2)‐6‐Me(C5H3NH) to Lut⋅BHCl2 may occur by intermolecular steps involving proton/hydride transfers to Lut/BCl3. Intramolecular protodeboronation, which could form Lut⋅BHCl2 directly, is prohibited by a high barrier (ΔH≠=52, ΔG≠=51 kcal mol−1).
Systematic Investigation of High‐Sensitivity Luminescent Sensing for Polyoxometalates and Iron(III) by MOFs Assembled with a New Resorcin[4]arene‐Functionalized Tetracarboxylate
Authors: Zhang Shuai‐Tong , Yang Jin , Wu Hua , Liu Ying‐Ying , Ma Jian‐Fang
Published: September 2015

A new family of resorcin[4]arene‐based metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), namely, [Eu(HL)(DMF)(H2O)2]⋅3 H2O (1), [Tb(HL)(DMF)(H2O)2] 3 H2O (2), [Cd4(L)2(DMF)4(H2O)2] 3 H2O (3) and [Zn3(HL)2(H2O)2] 2 DMF⋅7 H2O (4), have been constructed from a new resorcin[4]arene‐functionalized tetracarboxylic acid (H4L=2,8,14,20‐tetra‐ethyl‐6,12,18,24‐tetra‐methoxy‐4,10,16,22‐tetra‐carboxy‐methoxy‐calix[4]arene). Isostructural 1 and 2 exhibit charming 1D motifs built with the cup‐like HL3− anions and rare earth cations. Compounds 3 and 4 show a unique sandwich‐based 2D layer and a fascinating 3D framework, respectively. Remarkably, compounds 1 and 2 display intensive red and green emissions triggered by the efficient antenna effect of organic ligands under UV light. More importantly, systematic luminescence studies demonstrate that Ln‐MOFs 1 and 2, as efficient multifunctional fluorescent materials, show highly selective and sensitive sensing of Fe3+, polyoxometalates (POMs), and acetone, which represents a rare example of a sensor for quantitatively detecting three different types of analytes. This is also an exceedingly rare example of Fe3+ and POMs detection in aqueous solutions employing resorcin[4]arene‐based luminescent Ln‐MOFs. Furthermore, the possible mechanism of the sensing properties is deduced.
Synthesis of Amphiphilic RuII Heteroleptic Complexes Based on Benzo[1,2‐b:4,5‐b′]dithiophene: Relevance of the Half‐Sandwich Complex Intermediate and Solvent Compatibility
Authors: Urbani Maxence , Medel María , Kumar Sangeeta Amit , Ince Mine , Bhaskarwar Ashok N. , González‐Rodríguez David , Grätzel Michael , Nazeeruddin Mohammad Khaja , Torres Tomás
Published: September 2015

The detailed synthesis and characterization of four ruthenium(II) complexes [RuLL′(NCS)2] is reported, in which L represents a 2,2′‐bipyridine ligand functionalized at the 4,4′ positions with benzo[1,2‐b:4,5‐b′]dithiophene derivatives (BDT) and L′ is 2,2′‐bipyridine‐4,4′‐dicarboxylic acid unit (dcbpy) (NCS=isothiocyanate). The reaction conditions were adapted and optimized for the preparation of these amphiphilic complexes with a strong lipophilic character. The photovoltaic performances of these complexes were tested in TiO2 dye‐sensitized solar cell (DSSC) achieving efficiencies in the range of 3–4.5 % under simulated one sun illumination (AM1.5G).
Complete and Rapid Conversion of Hydrazine Monohydrate to Hydrogen over Supported Ni–Pt Nanoparticles on Mesoporous Ceria for Chemical Hydrogen Storage
Authors: Jiang Yuan‐Yuan , Dai Hong‐Bin , Zhong Yu‐Jie , Chen De‐Min , Wang Ping
Published: September 2015

The development of active, selective, and robust catalysts is a key issue in promoting the practical application of hydrazine monohydrate (N2H4⋅H2O) as a viable hydrogen carrier. Herein, the synthesis of a supported Ni–Pt bimetallic nanocatalyst on mesoporous ceria by a one‐pot evaporation‐induced self‐assembly method is reported. The catalyst exhibits exceptionally high catalytic activity, 100 % selectivity, and satisfactory stability in promoting H2 generation from an alkaline solution of N2H4⋅H2O at moderate temperatures. For example, the Ni60Pt40/CeO2 catalyst enabled complete decomposition of N2H4⋅H2O to generate H2 at a rate of 293 h−1 at 30 °C in the presence of 2 M NaOH, which compares favorably with the reported N2H4⋅H2O decomposition catalysts. Phase/structural analysis by XRD, TEM, and Auger electron spectroscopy was conducted to gain insight into the excellent catalytic performance of the Ni–Pt/CeO2 catalyst.
tBuLi‐Mediated One‐Pot Direct Highly Selective Cross‐Coupling of Two Distinct Aryl Bromides
Authors: Vila Carlos , Cembellín Sara , Hornillos Valentín , Giannerini Massimo , Fañanás‐Mastral Martín , Feringa Ben L.
Published: September 2015

A Pd‐catalyzed direct cross‐coupling of two distinct aryl bromides mediated by tBuLi is described. The use of [Pd‐PEPPSI‐IPr] or [Pd‐PEPPSI‐IPent] as catalyst allows for the efficient one‐pot synthesis of unsymmetrical biaryls at room temperature. The key for this selective cross‐coupling is the use of an ortho‐substituted bromide that undergoes lithium–halogen exchange preferentially.
Systematic Assessment of Molecular Selectivity at the Level of Targets, Bioactive Compounds, and Structural Analogues
Authors: Hu Ye , Bajorath Jürgen
Published: September 2015

Through systematic mining of compound activity data, the target selectivity of bioactive compounds was systematically explored. The analysis was facilitated by applying, extending, and combining the concepts of target cliffs, selectivity cliffs, and matched molecular pairs. Selectivity relationships were explored at different levels including targets, individual bioactive compounds, and pairs of structural analogues. A variety of targets were identified for which active compounds were consistently nonselective or, by contrast, exclusively selective, making it possible to prioritize, or de‐prioritize, targets for compound development. Furthermore, many chemical modifications were detected that altered compound selectivity in a well‐defined manner including small structural changes that converted nonselective into target‐selective compounds or inverted the target selectivity of active compounds. A large knowledge base of selectivity relationships across pharmaceutical targets and chemical modifications that alter selectivity was generated; this has been made freely available to the scientific community as a part of this investigation.
Ultrafast Structural Fluctuations of Myoglobin‐Bound Thiocyanate and Selenocyanate Ions Measured with Two‐Dimensional Infrared Photon Echo Spectroscopy
Authors: Maj Michał , Kwak Kyungwon , Cho Minhaeng
Published: September 2015

Structural dynamics within the distal cavity of myoglobin protein is investigated using 2D‐IR and IR pump–probe spectroscopy of the N≡C stretch modes of heme‐bound thiocyanate and selenocyanate ions. Although myoglobin‐bound thiocyanate group shows a doublet in its IR absorption spectrum, no cross peaks originating from chemical exchange between the two components are observed in the time‐resolved 2D IR spectra within the experimental time window. Frequency–frequency correlation functions of the two studied anionic ligands are obtained by means of a few different analysis approaches; these functions were then used to elucidate the differences in structural fluctuation around ligand, ligand–protein interactions, and the degree of structural heterogeneity within the hydrophobic pocket of these myoglobin complexes.
Platinum‐conjugated antibodies for application in mass cytometry
Authors: Mei Henrik E. , Leipold Michael D. , Maecker Holden T.
Published: September 2015

Mass cytometry has overcome limitations of fluorescent single cell cytometry by allowing for the measurement of up to currently ∼40 different parameters on a single cell level. However, the cellular proteome comprises many more potential analytes, and current mass cytometry instrumentation allows for theoretically up to 121 different mass detection channels. The labeling of specific probes with appropriate metal ions is a significant hurdle for exploiting more of mass cytometry's analytical capacity. To this end, we here describe the labeling of antibody with natural abundance or isotopically purified platinum as formulated in cisplatin and circumventing the use of chelator‐loaded polymers. We confirm the utility of cisplatin–antibody‐conjugates for surface, intracellular, and phosphoepitope‐specific immunophenotyping, as well as for application in cell surface CD45‐based barcoding. Cisplatin‐labeling of antibody increases the analytical capacity of the CyTOF® platform by two channels based on available reagents, and has the potential to add a total of six channels for detection of specific probes, thus helping to better extend the analytical mass range of mass cytometers. © 2015 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Childhood maltreatment, pubertal development, HPA axis functioning, and psychosocial outcomes: An integrative biopsychosocial model
Authors: Negriff Sonya , Saxbe Darby E. , Trickett Penelope K.
Published: September 2015

The timing and pace of pubertal development has been associated with psychosocial functioning, with pubertal variables represented both as predictors (e.g., earlier puberty linked with poor outcomes) and as sequelae (e.g., early stress linked with earlier puberty). However, the literature has largely not tested mediational models or prospective mechanisms of associations between puberty and psychosocial variables. In a longitudinal study including 454 youth followed over four timepoints (mean ages 10–18), structural equation modeling tested a hypothesized path from childhood maltreatment to cortisol (Time 1) to pubertal stage (Time 2), and psychosocial outcomes (Times 3 and 4). There was not support for the full hypothesized pathway in either gender. However, for boys, maltreatment was associated with attenuated cortisol, and more pubertal change predicted subsequent delinquency. For girls, cortisol predicted more pubertal change which then predicted substance use. This study demonstrates links between HPA axis function, pubertal development, and risky outcomes. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 57: 984–993, 2015.
Biological activities and pharmacokinetics of aconitine, benzoylaconine, and aconine after oral administration in rats
Authors: Zhang Hai , Sun Sen , Zhang Wen , Xie Xiangqun , Zhu Zhenyu , Chai Yifeng , Zhang Guoqing
Published: September 2015

Aconitine (AC), benzoylaconine (BAC), and aconine (ACN) are three representative alkaloids in Aconitum tubers. Knowing that the drug disposal process in vivo is closely related to the toxicity and efficacy of a drug, it is important to classify the disposal properties of these alkaloids. In this study, the pharmacokinetics of the three alkaloids was investigated. The results showed that the three alkaloids could be quickly absorbed, especially BAC, whose Tmax was 0.31 ± 0.17 h. Their Cmax was 10.99, 3.99, and 4.29 ng·mL‐1 respectively, indicating that AC had better absorption than BAC and ACN. Subsequently, we further investigated their absorption mechanism using the Caco‐2 cell monolayer model in vitro. The results showed that they were poorly absorbed, and the absorption of AC and BAC was inhibited by P‐gp, while the absorption of ACN was in a form of passive diffusion. The t1/2 of AC, BAC and ACN was 1.41, 9.49, and 3.32 h, respectively, indicating that the metabolic or excretion rate of AC was quicker than that of BAC and ACN. Therefore, their metabolic stability was further investigated by using rat liver microsomes in vitro, which showed that AC was easier to be metabolized than BAC and ACN. The excretion experiments showed that AC and ACN were primarily excreted in urine, while BAC was excreted in faeces. In addition, the results of tissue distribution experiments showed that the three alkaloids distributed throughout all the organs, although the distribution rate of AC was slower than that of BAC and ACN. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How to Overcome the Water–Gas‐Shift Equilibrium using a Conventional Nickel Reformer Catalyst
Authors: Cunha Adelino F. , Moreira Miguel N. , Mafalda Ribeiro Ana , Ferreira Alexandre P. , Loureiro José M. , Rodrigues Alírio E.
Published: September 2015

The catalytic water–gas‐shift (WGS) reaction into hydrogen and carbon dioxide was investigated using a commercial nickel reformer catalyst. The effects of temperature, flow rate, and catalyst nature on the course of reaction were evaluated. Hydrogen and carbon dioxide were generated in the temperature range between 125 and 475 °C. A reaction scheme was used to explain the formation of methane. The WGS reaction and the methanation reaction (MTN) were used to calculate the equilibrium composition at these conditions. A commercial hydrotalcite‐like sorbent arranged in a multilayer pattern of catalyst plus sorbent was used for carbon dioxide capture to enhance the WGS reaction. The performance of the catalyst was assessed by comparing the measured conversions, hydrogen yields, and selectivities at steady‐state conditions with equilibrium values and with selected results reported recently, as well as conversions, hydrogen yields, and selectivities during the transient period as the hybrid system consisting of catalyst plus sorbent is arranged in a multilayer pattern system. The multilayer pattern system consisting of catalyst plus sorbent can easily overcome the thermodynamic restrictions of the WGS reaction at an operating temperature of 400 °C because of the enhanced sorption effect during the reaction process. In addition, lower flow rate regimes, and higher pressures and steam/carbon ratios increase the initial breakthrough period. This sorption‐enhanced technique makes the use of Ni‐based catalysts for the WGS reaction attractive, and suitable for the adjustment of the hydrogen ratio in synthesis gas streams.
Fuel Electrode Carbon Corrosion in High Temperature Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells—Crucial or Irrelevant?
Authors: Engl Tom , Gubler Lorenz , Schmidt Thomas J.
Published: September 2015

In this study the cause and effect of fuel electrode carbon corrosion in high temperature polymer electrolyte fuel cells are highlighted for the first time. Here, measurements of the CO2 concentration in the fuel electrode effluent and spatially resolved current mapping suggest that the reverse‐current decay mechanism, which is responsible for the well‐known air electrode carbon corrosion, is not responsible for the observed fuel electrode carbon corrosion. We propose a chemical carbon oxidation mechanism, caused by the alternating exposure of the fuel electrode to hydrogen and air during start‐up/shut‐down cycling. Furthermore, a degradation study was performed which indicates a severe performance decrease, up to 40 %, due to fuel electrode carbon corrosion after 600 start‐up/shut‐down events under reformate conditions.
ETV/Pea3 family transcription factor‐encoding genes are overexpressed in CIC‐mutant oligodendrogliomas
Authors: Padul Vijay , Epari Sridhar , Moiyadi Aliasgar , Shetty Prakash , Shirsat Neelam Vishwanath
Published: September 2015

Oligodendrogliomas with combined loss of chromosome arms 1p and 19q are known to be particularly sensitive to chemotherapy, and the CIC gene located on 19q is known to be mutated in over 50% of the 1p/19q codeleted oligodendrogliomas. However, the role of CIC in the oligodendroglioma pathogenesis is not known. Exome sequencing of 11 oligodendroglial tumors identified 9 tumors with combined loss of 1p and 19q. Somatic mutations were found in the CIC and FUBP1 genes. Recurrent somatic mutations were also identified in the Notch signaling pathway genes NOTCH1 and MAML3, the chromatin modifying gene ARID1A and in KRAS. Comparison of the transcriptome profiles of CIC‐mutant and CIC‐wild type oligodendrogliomas from the study cohort as well as 65 1p/19q codeleted oligodendrogliomas from the TCGA cohort identified genes encoding the ETV transcription factor family to be significantly upregulated in the CIC‐mutant tumors. Upregulation of a number of negative regulators of the receptor tyrosine kinase signaling pathway like Sprouty and SPRED family members in the CIC‐mutant oligodendrogliomas is likely due to the constitutive activation of the pathway resulting from inactive CIC protein. Higher expression of the oncogenic ETV transcription factors in the CIC‐mutant oligodendrogliomas may make these tumors more aggressive than the CIC‐wild type tumors. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Connectedness and Isomorphism Properties of the Zig‐Zag Product of Graphs
Authors: D'Angeli Daniele , Donno Alfredo , Sava‐Huss Ecaterina
Published: September 2015

In this article, we investigate the connectedness and the isomorphism problems for zig‐zag products of two graphs. A sufficient condition for the zig‐zag product of two graphs to be connected is provided, reducing to the study of the connectedness property of a new graph which depends only on the second factor of the graph product. We show that, when the second factor is a cycle graph, the study of the isomorphism problem for the zig‐zag product is equivalent to the study of the same problem for the associated pseudo‐replacement graph. The latter is defined in a natural way, by a construction generalizing the classical replacement product, and its degree is smaller than the degree of the zig‐zag product graph. Two particular classes of products are studied in detail: the zig‐zag product of a complete graph with a cycle graph, and the zig‐zag product of a 4‐regular graph with the cycle graph of length 4. Furthermore, an example coming from the theory of Schreier graphs associated with the action of self‐similar groups is also considered: the graph products are completely determined and their spectral analysis is developed.
The Impact of Remittances on Children's Human Capital Accumulation: Evidence from Morocco
Authors: Bouoiyour Jamal , Miftah Amal
Published: September 2015

Using a nationally representative household data set from Morocco, the present study seeks to estimate the effects of migrants' remittances on household investments in children's human capital. Three findings emerge. First, children in remittance‐receiving households are more likely to attend school and less likely to drop out compared with those in non‐remittance‐receiving households. Second, children's participation in labour market decreases in the presence of international remittances. Third, remittances are associated with significantly lower level of no schooling for girls. These findings support the growing view that remittances can help increase the educational opportunities, especially for female children. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cold active hydrolytic enzymes production by psychrotrophic Bacilli isolated from three sub‐glacial lakes of NW Indian Himalayas
Authors: Yadav Ajar Nath , Sachan Shashwati Ghosh , Verma Priyanka , Kaushik Rajeev , Saxena Anil Kumar
Published: September 2015

The diversity of culturable, cold‐active enzymes producing Bacilli was investigated from three sub‐glacial lakes of north western Indian Himalayas. Amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis (ARDRA) using three restriction enzymes Alu I, Msp I, and Hae III led to the clustering of 136 Bacilli into 26, 23, and 22 clusters at 75% similarity index from Chandratal Lake, Dashair Lake, and Pangong Lake, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing led to the identification of 35 Bacilli that could be grouped in seven families viz.: Bacillaceae (48%), Staphylococcaceae (14%), Bacillales incertae sedis (13%), Planococcaceae (12%), Paenibacillaceae (9%), Sporolactobacillaceae (3%), and Carnobacteriaceae (1%), which included twelve different genera Bacillus, Desemzia, Exiguobacterium, Jeotgalicoccus, Lysinibacillus, Paenibacillus, Planococcus, Pontibacillus, Sinobaca, Sporosarcina, Staphylococcus, and Virgibacillus. Based on their optimal temperature for growth, 35 Bacilli were grouped as psychrophilic (11 strains), psychrotrophic (17 strains), or psychrotolerant (7 strains), respectively. The representative isolates from each cluster were screened for cold‐active enzyme activities. Amylase, β‐glucosidase, pectinase, and protease activities at 4 °C were detected in more than 80% of the strains while approximately 40, 31, 23, 14, 11, and 9% of strains possessed cellulase, xylanase, β‐galactosidase, laccase, chitinase, and lipase activity, respectively. Among 35 Bacilli, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Bacillus marisflavi, Exiguobacterium indicum, Paenibacillus terrae, Pontibacillus sp., Sporosarcina globispora, and Sporosarcina psychrophila were efficient producers of different cold‐active enzymes. These cold‐adapted Bacilli could play an important role in industrial and agricultural processes.
Evidence for the negative regulation of phytase gene expression in Streptomyces lividans and Streptomyces coelicolor
Authors: Boukhris Ines , Dulermo Thierry , Chouayekh Hichem , Virolle Marie‐Joëlle
Published: September 2015

Sco7697, a gene encoding a phytase, enzyme able to degrade phytate (myo‐inositol 1,2,3,4,5,6‐hexakis phosphate), the most abundant phosphorus storing compound in plants is present in the genome of S. coelicolor, a soil born bacteria with a saprophytic lifestyle. The expression of this gene was previously shown to be induced in conditions of Pi limitation by the response regulator PhoP binding to an operator sequence, the PHO box, located upstream of the −35 promoter sequence. A close examination of the promoter region of sco7697 revealed the presence of another putative operator site, a Direct Repeat (DR), located downstream of the −10 promoter sequence. In order to determine whether this DR played a role in regulation of sco7697 expression, different variants of the phytase gene promoter region were transcriptionally fused to the ß‐glucuronidase reporter gene (GUS). As expected, deletion of the PHO box led to abolition of sco7697 induction in conditions of Pi limitation. Interestingly, alteration of the DR correlated with a dramatic increase of GUS expression but only when PhoP was present. These results demonstrated that this DR is the site of strong negative regulation by an unknown repressor. The latter would impede the necessary activation of phytase expression by PhoP.
Ahiflower oil: A novel non‐GM plant‐based omega‐3+6 source
Authors: Cumberford Greg , Hebard Andrew
Published: September 2015

Ahiflower oil, a novel and proprietary dietary oil with the richest effective combined essential fatty acids from a single non‐GM plant, has been developed agronomically in a unique vertically integrated “soil to oil” model at commercial scale by Nature's Crops International. Ahiflower oil helps resolve a persistent dilemma in sustainable global omega‐3 nutrition from marine sources while dramatically improving dietary omega‐3 EPA conversion from plant sources and while supplying beneficial anti‐inflammatory GLA not found in fish or algal oils. Having achieved key regulatory clearances in the US and EU, Ahiflower oil is launching in the latter half of 2015 in supplements and foods.
Transformed and generalized localization for ensemble methods in data assimilation
Authors: Nadeem Aamir , Potthast Roland
Published: September 2015

The task of this paper is to study and analyse transformed localization and generalized localization for ensemble methods in data assimilation. Localization is an important part of ensemble methods such as the ensemble Kalman filter or square root filter. It guarantees a sufficient number of degrees of freedom when a small number of ensembles or particles, respectively, are used. However, when the observation operators under consideration are non‐local, the localization that is applicable to the problem can be severly limited, with strong effects on the quality of the assimilation step. Here, we study a transformation approach to change non‐local operators to local operators in transformed space, such that localization becomes applicable. We interpret this approach as a generalized localization and study its general algebraic formulation. Examples are provided for a compact integral operator and a non‐local Matrix observation operator to demonstrate the feasibility of the approach and study the quality of the assimilation by transformation. In particular, we apply the approach to temperature profile reconstruction from infrared measurements given by the infrared atmospheric sounding interferometer (IASI) infrared sounder and show that the approach is feasible for this important data type in atmospheric analysis and forecasting. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Validation of the NIMH‐ChEFS adolescent face stimulus set in an adolescent, parent, and health professional sample
Authors: Coffman Marika C. , Trubanova Andrea , Richey J. Anthony , White Susan W. , Kim‐Spoon Jungmeen , Ollendick Thomas H. , Pine Daniel S.
Published: September 2015

Attention to faces is a fundamental psychological process in humans, with atypical attention to faces noted across several clinical disorders. Although many clinical disorders onset in adolescence, there is a lack of well‐validated stimulus sets containing adolescent faces available for experimental use. Further, the images comprising most available sets are not controlled for high‐ and low‐level visual properties. Here, we present a cross‐site validation of the National Institute of Mental Health Child Emotional Faces Picture Set (NIMH‐ChEFS), comprised of 257 photographs of adolescent faces displaying angry, fearful, happy, sad, and neutral expressions. All of the direct facial images from the NIMH‐ChEFS set were adjusted in terms of location of facial features and standardized for luminance, size, and smoothness. Although overall agreement between raters in this study and the original development‐site raters was high (89.52%), this differed by group such that agreement was lower for adolescents relative to mental health professionals in the current study. These results suggest that future research using this face set or others of adolescent/child faces should base comparisons on similarly‐aged validation data. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dynamic mechanical properties of sisal fiber cellulose microcrystalline/unsaturated polyesterin‐situcomposites
Authors: Zeng Deming , Lv Jian , Wei Chun , Yu Chuanbai
Published: September 2015

Sisal is a natural material and a potential additive to reinforce composites. In this paper, sisal fiber cellulose microcrystalline (SFCM) was obtained from sisal fiber, and SFCM/unsaturated polyester (SFCM/UPR)in‐situresins were prepared viain‐situpolymerization. Moreover, SFCM/UPR composites were produced with methods of rolling and molding. Effect of SFCM on dynamic mechanical properties of composites was studied. It is demonstrated that SFCM could significantly improve the dynamic mechanical properties of composites; the effect is closely related with the amount of SFCM, its dispersion in UPR matrix, and interfacial interaction. When the content of SFCM was 3 wt%, at 50°C, the storage modulus of SFCM/UPR composite was 33.22% higher than that of pure UPR. In addition, the glass transition temperature (Tg) was shifted to a higher temperature by 7.5°C, and loss modulus was decreased by 16.24%. The equilibrium value of relaxation modulus at 120 min was 30.52% higher than that of pure UPR composite. Besides, the equilibrium value of creep strain at 120 min was decreased by 41.61% compared with pure UPR composite. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of different formulation PEDOT:PSS hole transport layers on photovoltaic performance of organic solar cells
Authors: Ongul Fatih , Yuksel Sureyya Aydin , Kazici Mehmet , Bozar Sinem , Gunbatti Anil , Gunes Serap
Published: September 2015

In this study, the effects of the various types of PEDOT:PSS with different conductivities on the photovoltaic parameters of organic solar cells were investigated. The performances of five various commercially available PEDOT:PSS with formulations such as FET, PT2, PH1000, PH500 and PH were compared. It was observed that the device employing PH1000 as an interlayer between ITO and the active layer exhibited the highest photovoltaic performance as compared to other devices with FET, PT2, PH500 and PH. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of health‐related quality of life and symptoms of anxiety and depression among persons diagnosed with cancer during adolescence: a 10‐year follow‐up study
Authors: Ander Malin , Grönqvist Helena , Cernvall Martin , Engvall Gunn , Hedström Mariann , Ljungman Gustaf , Lyhagen Johan , Mattsson Elisabet , von Essen Louise
Published: September 2015

Objective

The main aim was to investigate the development of health‐related quality of life (HRQOL) and symptoms of anxiety and depression in a cohort diagnosed with cancer during adolescence from shortly after up to 10 years after diagnosis.

Methods

Participants (n = 61) completed the SF‐36 and the HADS shortly; six, 12, and 18 months; and two, three, four, and 10 years (n = 28) after diagnosis. Polynomial change trajectories were used to model development.

Results

Polynomial change trajectories showed an initial increase which abated over time into a decrease which abated over time for the SF‐36 subscales Mental Health and Vitality; an initial decline which abated over time into an increase for HADS anxiety; and an initial decline which abated over time into an increase which abated over time for HADS depression. The SF‐36 mental component summary showed no change from two to 10 years after diagnosis whereas the SF‐36 physical component summary showed an increase from two years after diagnosis which declined over time. Ten years after diagnosis 29% reported possible anxiety.

Conclusions

Development of HRQOL and symptoms of anxiety and depression appears to be non‐linear among persons diagnosed with cancer during adolescence. Well into permanent survivorship an increase in symptoms of anxiety is shown and approximately a third of the participants report possible anxiety. The findings indicate the need for: studies designed to pinpoint the times of highest psychological risk, clinical follow‐up focusing on psychological problems, and development of effective psychological interventions for survivors of adolescent cancer. © 2015 The Authors. Psycho‐Oncology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Fabrication and characterization of a corner architecture Schottky barrier diode structure
Authors: Nicley Shannon , Zajac Stephen , Rechenberg Robert , Becker Michael , Hardy Aaron , Schuelke Thomas , Grotjohn Timothy A.
Published: September 2015

The corner architecture Schottky barrier diode (SBD) structure is proposed as an alternative vertical architecture for the realization of high power, high temperature, single crystal diamond diodes. The lightly doped layer of the diode is grown in a direction perpendicular to the previous epitaxial growth of the heavily doped layer, to reduce the threading‐type dislocations in the active region of the fabricated diodes. The first ever corner architecture SBD is fabricated and evaluated for diode performance. The fabrication steps are described, including homoepitaxial diamond films deposited at high and low doping levels. Depositions are performed in microwave plasma‐assisted chemical vapor deposition (MPACVD) plasma disc bell‐jar reactors, with feedgas mixtures including hydrogen, methane, and diborane.

Schematic diagram of the corner architecture Schottky barrier diode.
Global exponential stabilization of freeway models
Authors: Karafyllis Iasson , Kontorinaki Maria , Papageorgiou Markos
Published: September 2015

This work is devoted to the construction of feedback laws, which guarantee the robust global exponential stability of the uncongested equilibrium point for general discrete‐time freeway models. The feedback construction is based on a control Lyapunov function approach and exploits certain important properties of freeway models. The developed feedback laws are tested in simulation, and a detailed comparison is made with an existing feedback law reported in the literature and employed in practice. The robustness properties of the corresponding closed‐loop system with respect to measurement errors are also studied. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optical and surface properties of the in doped GaAs layer deposition using thermionic vacuum arc method
Authors: Pat Suat , Özen Soner , Şenay Volkan , Korkmaz Şadan , Şimşek Veli
Published: September 2015

A broadband optical transparent InGaAs semiconductor layer production of micron thicknesses was produced in only 75 s by thermionic vacuum arc (TVA) method at the first time. The optical and surface properties of the produced layers have been investigated. InGaAs structure is using in electronics and optoelectronics devices. The main advantage of TVA method is its fast deposition rate, without any loss in the quality of the films. Doping is a very simple and fast according to common production methods. InGaAs is an alloy of indium arsenide (InAs) and gallium arsenide (GaAs). InAs with (220) crystallographic direction and GaAs with (024)/(022) crystallographic directions were detected using by XRD analysis. GaAs and InAs are in the cubic and zinc blende crystal system, respectively. According to the transmittance spectra, sample has a broadband transparency in the range of 1000–3300 nm. According to results, defined TVA method for In doping to GaAs is proper fast and friendly method. SCANNING 38:297–302, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Theoretical Analysis of the Role of Characteristics in Entrepreneurial Propensity
Authors: Van Ness Raymond K. , Seifert Charles F.
Published: September 2015

Research summary

The literature reveals a broad range of inconsistencies in defining entrepreneurship and in identifying personal characteristics that predict and explain the phenomena of entrepreneurship. The purpose of this work is to propose a model for consistency in predicting entrepreneurial propensity. This article acknowledges categories of entrepreneurs such as: business enterprise creating entrepreneurs, social entrepreneurs, student entrepreneurs, academic entrepreneurs, and corporate entrepreneurs. The proposed theory is specifically focused on business enterprise creating entrepreneurs, defined as Type One. These are individuals who risk their personal capital, time, and reputation in the pursuit of business ventures. Existing theories and observations regarding affect and personality as characteristics of entrepreneurs are reviewed and a new three‐dimensional taxonomy of personal characteristics for predicting Type One entrepreneurial propensity is introduced.

Managerial summary

The academic literature has revealed a wide range of definitions of entrepreneurship and this has resulted in inconsistent conclusions for defining and predicting entrepreneurial propensity. This has likely proven problematic for educational institutions interested in expanding entrepreneurial programs, governmental agencies interested in promoting localized economic activity, and lending institutions that wish to strengthen their confidence in entrepreneurs to whom they lend operating capital. This theory article is designed to propose a path to clarity and offer a model for predicting business enterprise creating entrepreneurs. These individuals are defined as Type One entrepreneurs, represented by those who risk their personal capital, time, and reputation in the pursuit of business ventures. A new three‐dimensional taxonomy of personal characteristics of these individuals is proposed.
Gender Wage Gap Accounting: The Role of Selection Bias
Authors: Bar Michael , Kim Seik , Leukhina Oksana
Published: September 2015

Mulligan and Rubinstein (2008) (MR) argued that changing selection of working females on unobservable characteristics, from negative in the 1970s to positive in the 1990s, accounted for nearly the entire closing of the gender wage gap. We argue that their female wage equation estimates are inconsistent. Correcting this error substantially weakens the role of the rising selection bias (39 % versus 78 %) and strengthens the contribution of declining discrimination (42 % versus 7 %). Our findings resonate better with related literature. We also explain why our finding of positive selection in the 1970s provides additional support for MR’s main hypothesis that an exogenous rise in the market value of unobservable characteristics contributed to the closing of the gender gap.