bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Vitamin B9 and E on the Yield and Its Components of the Wheat Crop
Authors: Zeboon Najat Hussein , Baqir Hayder Abid Al-Razzaq
Published: April 2023

During the 2016–2017 and 2017–2018 winter semesters, researchers from the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences at the University of Baghdad conducted a field experiment at the university’s research station. This inquiry set out to examine how spraying wheat plants with vitamins B9 (Folic acid) and E (Tocopherol) affected certain yield characteristics (Al-Fourat variety). The studies were set up as three repetitions of a factorial experiment using a Randomized Full Block Design. Vitamin E was sprayed at 0, 1, and 2 ml.L-1, while vitamin B9 was sprayed at 0, 1, and 3 ml.L-1 (0, 250, and 500 mg. L-1). While the plants were in the tillering and early blooming stages, both elements were sprayed. Supplementing with 500 mg of vitamin B9 was more effective than lesser doses in every category (the spike length, the number of spikelets per spike, the number of grains per spike, the weight of 1000 grains, the grain yield, biological yield and harvest index). Everything else being equal, the 250 mg. L-1 concentration was best, with the highest average number of spikes found to be 419.06. and 419.65. m-2. There was an influence on growth characteristics from spraying vitamin E; a concentration of 2 ml.L-1 was superior to the others in all but one of the yield characteristics and its studied components. One thousand grains, however, had the greatest average concentration of 1 ml.L-1. The interaction between the components was shown to be significant for the majority of the aspects studied, and the optimal dosage was 500 mg of vitamin B9 and 1 ml of vitamin E. The highest grain yields (5.41 and 5.25 Mg. ha-1) were obtained with a dosage of vitamin E at the L-1 level.
Application of RAPD Parameters to Estimate the Genetic Dimension of Sunflower Genotypes
Authors: Kaht Ola Nayef , Al-Khafaji Hamzah Mohsin Kadhim
Published: April 2023

The experiment was conducted in the Genetics Laboratory/Department of Biology/College of Education for Girls/University of Kufa in 2021. The aim of the experiment is to know the genetic changes between six strains of sunflower for the purpose of benefiting from them in the production of hybrids. The technique of random polymorphism of the DNA chain based on PCR technology and 5 primers were used in the study, as the UPGMA method was used to know genetic similarity and kinship between strains. As they were separated into two main groups, A, B and secondary and sub-secondary groups, and based on RAPD indicators and common traits, the variance ratio for the first component was 36.619% While the second component gave a genetic variance percentage of 29.379%, totaling 65.998%, the Euclidean distance reached the highest distance between strain C and F, which amounted to 0.158, and the lowest distance between strain A, B and strain D, G, which amounted to 0.021
Morphological and Molecular Diagnosis of Root-Knot Nematodes on Okra with Evaluation of the Efficacy of Olive, Sesame and Garlic Extract for Disease Control
Authors: Ismail Salih M. , Khairi Maher A.
Published: April 2023

This study aimed to isolate and diagnose root knot nematodes on the okra plant based on the phenotypic diagnosis according to the perineal pattern and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method, and toevaluate the efficiency of olive stock, sesame, garlic extract, and the chemical pesticide Voual 24 SL in controlling the disease. The phenotypic diagnosis based on the perineal pattern showed that the diagnosed nematodes belong to Meliodogyen Incognita. The results of the Molecular diagnosis (PCR) were also confirmed by using the initiator Mel F/R to detect the S rDNA18 gene. The results of the partial diagnosis showed isolateion belonged to the nematode M. Incognita. A new Iraqi isolate was recorded in the global gene bank under number a (MW737418.1). The results of applying the following treatments Voual 24 SL, garlic extract, olive stock and sesame meal showed a reduction in complexity index and improvement in growth characteristics and plant yield. The Voual 24 SL pesticide and garlic extract treatment recorded a reduction in complexity index of 1.49, 1.83 and the highest plant height and plant yield recorded by the garlic extract treatment was 54.66 cm. The highest weight of wet roots was recorded in the treatment of sesame meal, which was 13.45 gm.
Morphology Root-Knot Nematode Meloidogyna incognita on Cucumber Plant in Southern Iraq
Authors: Abed Ali Zuhair , Fayyadh Mohammad Amer , Heydari Ramin
Published: April 2023

Isolated root-knot nematodes. Meloidogyne sp from the roots of the cucumber plant from different regions of southern Iraq, and the morphological study showed the presence of type M. incognita. It showed the perineal pattern characterized by the presence of a squarish dorsal arch located at the dorsal apex of the perineal pattern, and jagged and jagged cuticle lines, in addition to the unclear lateral fields and the presence of wrinkles or breaks instead. The measurements of the second larvae phase showed that the average body length (L) was 444 μm, while the largest body length was 496 μm and the lowest body length was 386 μm, the average length of the spear was 11.8 μm, the largest length of the shaft was 12.5 μm and the minimum length was 11 μm. The average tail length was 61.9 μm, the largest tail length was 66 μm, and the minimum tail length was 60 μm. As for hyaline, the largest length was 13 μm and the lowest length was 11 μm.
Effect of Crude and Volatile Oil Extract of Casuarina cunninghamiana Leaves on Candida albicans
Authors: Almehanya Farqad Hayder
Published: April 2023

This research involved extracting the crude and volatile oil from Casuarina cunninghamiana leaves, which are part of the Casuarinaceae family. It also involved doing a phytochemical screen to determine the yield of the crude and volatile oil extract., The antifungal effects of crude and volatile oil extract depended on concentration; for example, a methanol crude extract of leaves expressed its maximal inhibitory zone at 400 mg/ml, which was 20.12 mm, but at low concentrations of 100 mg/ml, it was 13.2 mm. While the inhibitory zone against C. albicans at a high concentration of ethanol crude extract of leaf reached a diameter of 1 9.12 mm. In contrast, the inhibition zone width against C. albicans in the high concentration of hexan volatile oil extract reached 22.15 mm despite the low concentration of reported 12.3 mm. The low concentration of 13.12 mm was however measured. In hexan volatile oil extract, C. albicans exhibited great activity. The width of the inhibitory zone, however, is against C. albicans obtained a diameter of 21.13 mm at a low concentration of 14.12 mm of ether volatile oil extract. The study’s objective is to determine the best extract (crude or volatile oil extract), as well as the best alcoholic extract (methanol, ethanol, ether, and hexan), and the best concentration of the study extracts.
Isolation and Identification of Endophytic Bacteria from Okra Plant and Evaluation of Its Efficiency Against Spiny Bollworm Erias insulana (Boisd)
Authors: Hassan Abdullah Abdulkareem , Mansor Mohammed Shaker , Atia Saleh Khalaf
Published: April 2023

Twenty-eight endophytic bacteria were isolated from Okra plant grown in several regions in Salah El-Din-governorate fields including Balad, Ishaqi, Tikrit and Baiji. Bacterial cell treatment of isolate SB1 gave the highest rates of mortality on the third instar larvae of the spiny bollworm E. insulana reached to 66.66%, followed by isolate SB 3, which reached to 53.33%, while the isolates ST2, ST5, ST6, SB4, SJ2, SJ3, SJ5, SS2, SS3, as well as the control did not achieve any mortality rate. The results of the treatment of bacterial filtrates in the third instar larvae of the spiny bollworm showed the highest mortality rate was 93.33% by the isolate SB1, followed by 80.00% by the isolate SB3, while the filtrates of bacterial isolates SS5, SS1, SJ7, SJ3, SB5, ST4, and ST3 did not achieve any mortality rate. The results of the molecular diagnosis according to the nucleotide sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA gene and the conformity with the strains recorded in the World Genetic Bank (NCBI) showed the highest bacterial isolates in killing the insect, which included the isolates SB1, SB3, SB6, SJ6, and ST7 return to the species Brevibacillus laterosporus, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Bacillus thuringiensis, Bacillus subtilis and Lysinibacillus sphaericus and recorded in the World Genetic Bank under the accession numbers ON844995.1, ON844985.1, ON844996.1, ON844994.1. ON845438.1, respectively.
Bio-Mass Production of Spirulina Platensis and Its use in Inducing Hostility Resistance Against Potyvirus Potato virus y
Authors: Al-Dulami Ali Kadhem Eliwii , Al-Fahd maadh Abdul Wahab
Published: April 2023

The study aimed to produce Spirulina platensis as a local preparation for the first time in Iraq and to know its effect on the resistance of the potato virus y as well as the study of evaluating the efficiency of three types of algae (Spirulina platensis, Alga300, Alga600) and the application on three varieties of the potato crop in stimulating resistance to a rate of infection. It reached 14.45% compared to the positive control treatment, the infection rate was 29.36%, the infection rate was 80.73%. The percentage of love, which amounted to 184.0 g.
The Effect of Spirulina platensis and Atonik Growth Regulator in Inducing the Resistance of Several Varieties of Grape Bushes Against the Helicopter leaf virus Grapevine fanleaf virus
Authors: Al-Qaisi Zuhair Akreem Brisim , Al-Fahad Maadh Abdul Wahab
Published: April 2023

The study aimed to find out the effect of Spirulina platensis and growth regulator Atonik on the Grapevine fanleaf virus where it gave indicators of effect against the virus or induced the resistance of the plant against the virus. The treatment of the moss S. platensis + Atonik gave more efficiency in reducing the percentage and severity of the infection where it reached in the two qualities 48.88% and 51.55% respectively compared to the control treatment, which reached 100% in the rate of infection and in the severity of the infection 81.77%, The interference treatment between S. platensis + Atonik also gave the highest rate of peroxidase enzyme where the enzyme rate was 4.48 mg / protein compared to the proper comparison treatment in which the enzyme rate was 0.48 mg / protein, the treatment with S. platensis + Atonik moss in the characteristic of leaf area and chlorophyll scale gave the highest effect ratio (+) with 68.74 cm and 35.01 spad respectively
The Use of Alcoholic, Chloroform Extracts of Flowers and Leaves of Basilicum Ocimum Plant in the Control of the Southern Cowpea Beetle Callosobruchus maculatus
Authors: Rashid Youssef Dakhil , Dawood Hayder Hasan
Published: April 2023

The current investigation is an endivour to determine the efficacy of chloroform and alcoholic extracts of basil flowers and leaves in suppressing the southern cowpea beetle. The study demonstrated the influence of extract concentration, as the maximum average number of eggs deposited per female was 72,8 at a concentration of 0.25%. In terms of the extract type factor, alcoholic extract of basil leaves resulted in the greatest average egg production of 71,9 eggs per female. Due to the interaction, an alcoholic extract of basil leaves at a concentration of 0.25% resulted in the highest rate of egg production of 81.6 eggs per female and a chloroform extract of basil flowers at a dose of 1% resulted in the lowest rate of egg production of 28 eggs per female. The proportion of eggs that hatched from C. maculatus-treated adults varied on the extract’s kind and concentration. At a dosage of 0.25%, the greatest hatch rate of eggs was 77.6%. In terms of extract factor, alcoholic basil leaf extract resulted in the highest percentage of eggs hatching 71.5%, whereas chloroform basil flower extract resulted in the lowest percentage of eggs hatching 65.6%. The largest percentage of eggs that hatched as a result of the interaction was 81.6%, and it happened at a dose of 0.25% basil leaf alcoholic extract. The lowest percentage of eggs that hatched was 36.6% when an extract of chloroform from basil flowers was present at a concentration of 1%. The current study examined the impact of extract type and concentration on larval mortality from eggs of adults treated with C. maculatus, with 1% being the highest percentage. The extract type had the greatest percentage of larval death, with alcoholic basil leaf extract having 32.7% and chloroform basil leaf extract having 30.0%. The interaction caused the most larvae to die when the alcoholic extract of basil flowers was at 1% concentration and the fewest larvae to die when it was at 0.25% concentration.
Evaluating the Performance of Combined Equipment (RAU) and Field Tested
Authors: Al-Azzawi Ruaa A. R. , Zeinaldeen Laith A.
Published: April 2023

An experiment was carried out evaluate the performance of RAU combined equipment under three levels of practical speed, (V1) 4.06 km. h-1, (V2) 4.43 km. hr-1 and (V3) 5.76 km. hr-1, and three levels of depth with 10,20and 30 cm. It is denoted by D1, D2, D3 respectively. A split plot design was used within the RCBD design with three replications. The experiment results showed that the first practical speed 4.06 km.hr-1 achieved the lowest slippage percentage from 9.61%, lowest traction power 14.65hp, lowest soil penetration resistance to1.34 kg.cm-2, and the highest total operating costs (40803.4 ID.ha-1, while the third speed achieved the opposite results. The first treatment depth achieved the lowest results for slippage percentage 8.52%, traction power 15.34hp, soil penetration resistance 1.17 kg. cm-2, and total operating costs 37215.0ID. ha-1, while the third depth achieved the opposite results. Interaction between treatment depth and practical speed showed that the first treatment depth with the first practical speed has the lowest average of slippage percentage 7.63%, the lowest value of the traction power 13.77 hp, and the lowest average of soil resistance to penetration 1.03 kg.cm-2, while the first treatment depth and third practical speed has lowest average of the operating costs 34533.4 ID.ha-1.
An Economic Analysis of the Factors Affecting the Organization and Cultivation of the Wheat Crop in Iraq Using Logistic Regression
Authors: Ali Noor Amer , Al-Hiyali Ali Darub Kassar , Muhammed Muhammed Khalid
Published: April 2023

The research aimed to analyze the factors affecting the organization and cultivation of the wheat crop in Iraq by using one of the appropriate econometric analysis methods for this type of research, which is the logistic regression, through which it is possible to know the results of the application of agricultural legislation and the variables affecting compliance with those legislation as well as knowing the role of agricultural legislation in supporting policy steps agriculture in Iraq. The results showed that among the model variables, there was a set of factors described as the most influential on the farmer’s decision to adhere to the government agricultural plan, including the variable delay in receiving marketing amounts and the variable providing loans, as well as the variable value of the returns achieved in the presence of government support in favour of adhering to the agricultural plan. As for the farmers’ decision to market their crops to the state, it was found that the most influential variables were the commitment to the agricultural plan, the state’s selling price variable, and the total area. The research concluded that paying attention to the aspect of financing and providing agricultural loans to farmers will lead to farmers getting rid of the financial restrictions imposed on them by the private sector, and thus increasing the likelihood of their commitment to implementing agricultural legislation. Also, the continued provision of government support, especially in the aspect of output, will lead to an improvement in the level of farm income for farmers, which makes them needless to search for other means to obtain income and thus comply with the government legislation drawn up. The research recommended the need to work on improving the reality of agricultural crop production by providing government support for the use of modern technologies to increase production rates per unit area and achieve greater returns for farmers. As well as the need for a strict supervisory body working to ensure that farmers do not violate the government legislation imposed in order to regulate production and develop the agricultural sector.
Evaluation of Substrates for Production and Quality Characteristics of Oyster Mushrooms Pleurotus spp. Under Conditions of the Infection with Pathogenic Fungi
Authors: Hassan Abdullah Abdulkareem , Ibrahim Maha Talib
Published: April 2023

This study was conducted to evaluate the type of culture medium in the growth and production of the oyster mushroom Pleurotus spp. and the pathogenic fungi P. glabrum and T. longibrachiatum, the results showed that the medium of corn cob (CCA) - prepared in the laboratory - is one of the media that encourage the growth of pathogenic fungi and P. ostreatus, the diameter of both T. longibrachiatum and P. ostreatus colony reached 9 cm and reached 5.3 cm for P. glabrum and these diameters are the same as those recorded in the standard medium (MEA). The activity of laccase for oyster mushrooms P.ostreatus, P. pulmonarius and P. eryngii was significantly superior to 4.56, 4.02 and 3.7 unit/ml, respectively, compared to the lowest activity 0.89 and 1.32 units/ml which was recorded in pathogenic fungi P. glabrum and T. longibrachiatum, respectively. P. eryngii recorded the highest biological efficiency in the wheat straw inoculated with pathogen P. glabrum, reached to 64.67%, while the lowest biological efficiency was 5.56% of P. pulmonarius grown in corn cobs inoculated with the pathogen T. longibrachiatum. It is noted from the results that the highest infection percentages were 73.54, 74.34 and 75.78% in the corn cobs inoculated with the pathogen T. longibrachiatum, while the lowest infection was 17.37% in the rice husks inoculated with the P. glabrum. The results showed the superiority of the protein content in the fruit bodies of P. eryngii grown in the corn cobs inoculated with the pathogen P. glabrum which reached 30.27%, while the lowest protein content was recorded in the rice husks inoculated with T. longibrachiatum for all oyster mushrooms studied.
Measuring the Economic Efficiency and Total Productivity of Effective Inputs for Wheat Farms in Nineveh Governorate for the Agricultural Season (2019-2020)
Authors: Zaidan Aswan Abdel Qader , Hamdoun Amna Abdel Elah , Younis Ahmed Abdel Aziz
Published: April 2023

Wheat is the food of the era and every era that has passed and every era will come and the need for it increases and worsens annually with the high population growth rate in developing countries, including Iraq, so the research aims to study a comparative study of technical efficiency (TE) and economic efficiency (EE) of wheat in Nineveh governorate for the 2019-agricultural season. 2020) as well as achieving growth in the total productivity (TFP) of the effective inputs involved in the production process for a number of (60) farms, Both technical and specialized competence was estimated and then access to economic efficiency, where the estimation of these two efficiencies was made using the DEAP data envelope method with input directive assuming constant volume returns to the capacity of the CRS, and from which it was found that the average technical efficiency reached (0.735) and the average economic efficiency reached (0.575). And that the full technical efficiency has been achieved at a rate of 26.66% and the remaining 83.14% has been distributed between less than 100% and more than 20%, and this is a large percentage indicating the farmers’ negligence in using economic resources efficiently. Less than 100% and more than 20%, and this indicates that there is a waste in the resources used, As for economic efficiency, it has been achieved at a rate of 21.8% and the rest is 89.4% distributed between 100% and more than 20% and this percentage is large and the reason for this is the high production costs of the resources used because of the high prices, which led to a decrease in Allocative efficiency, which was reflected in the economic efficiency, as for the total productivity. (TFP) The analysis was done using the Malquist Productivity Index, and from it it was found that (TFP) lies between a maximum of (0.992) for farm No. (14) and a minimum of (0.301) for farm No. (42), while the average total productivity of a farmer reached (0.688). It is the result of the great effect of the change in technical efficiency (TEC), which reached (1,000) and the technical change that reached (0.688). Therefore, the research recommends increasing the unit area for this crop by using effective resources in the quantities recommended by specialists after carefully studying the properties of the soil and the extent of its needs for those resources.
Comparative Study of Income of Organic and Conventional Cabbage Farming in Getasan, Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia
Authors: Winahyu W. , Rahayu E.S. , Darwanto D. H. , Harisudin M.
Published: April 2023

The impacts of climate change, such as high rainfall, threaten the sustainability of cabbage crops, as they can slow down the growth and development of cabbage plants. This study aims to analyze the differences in income and feasibility of organic and conventional cabbage farming in Getasan, Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia. The research location was determined purposively in the cabbage production center of Semarang Regency, namely the Getasan District. The sample number was 120 respondents, consisting of 73 organic cabbage farmers and 47 conventional cabbage farmers from 4 villages, namely Batur, Wates, Kopeng, and Tajuk. The data obtained are analyzed descriptively and financial feasibility. The results showed that the income of the organic cabbage farming business is higher than conventional cabbage. The feasibility of organic cabbage farming is more elevated than conventional cabbage by 1.16 and 1.01, respectively. Both cabbage farming businesses are worth working on because they have R/C > 1. In the future, organic cabbage farming needs to be developed in Semarang, Indonesia, because it is worth trying and profitable.
The Potency of Visible and Near-Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy to Profiling and Classify the Common Rice Flour
Authors: Amdani R Z , Rahmawati L , Zahra A M , Susanti N D , Hariadi H , Listanti R
Published: April 2023

Visible and Near Infrared (Vis-NIR) is a rapid and non-destructive technology has a potential to profiling and classify the four rice flour (brown rice flour, white rice flour, red rice flour, and black rice flour) by means the wavelength 400-1000nm for measurement. Chemometrics analysis (PCA, PCA-DA, and PLS-DA) were used to preprocessing spectra. The wavelengths responsible for profiling and classifying the samples were found 410-450nm, 570-600nm, 660-680 nm, and 970-990nm in the PCA and PCA-DA model. The result showed that using Vis-NIR with the PCA, PCA-DA and PLS-DA model was able to be profiling with a recognition rate 98-100% was achieved.
Application of boron fertilizer and topping on female parent seed production of watermelon
Authors: Rahayu S , Firdhauzy Y L , Prasetyo H , Setyohadi D P S , Cahyaningrum D G
Published: April 2023

High quality watermelon fruit can be influenced by the quality of the seeds planted. The purpose of this research was to obtain the dose of Boron fertilizer and topping on the seed production of watermelon female parent. The research was conducted from September 2021 to December 2021. This research was conducted using a factorial randomized block design consisting of 2 factors (Boron fertilizer dose and topping) which was repeated 4 times. Treatment of Boron Fertilizer consisted of 3 levels (0 kg.ha-1, 2 kg.ha-1, and 4 kg.ha-1). Topping treatment consists of 2 levels, without topping and using topping. The data were analyzed using ANOVA and LSD at 5%. The results showed that the dose of Boron fertilizer 2 kg.ha−1 gave the best effect on flowering age of male flower (20 DAP), flowering age of female flower (23 DAP), fruit weight (1.13 kg), seed weight per fruit (5.46 g), seed production per hectare (182.04 kg), and weight of 1000 seeds (39.50 g). The dose of Boron fertilizer 4 kg.ha−1 gave the best effect on seed germination (97%) and seed vigor (79%). Topping treatment did not affect all the parameters observed.
Characterization of five local varieties of rice (Oryza sativa L.) in east java, Indonesia
Authors: Rahmawati Dwi , Santika Putri , Fauzi Divanda Rifka Ramadhan , Rosyadi Adnan dan Moch
Published: April 2023

Some regions in Indonesia, especially East Java, have abundant local varieties of rice. However, these germplasms have not been optimally developed in plant breeding. Characterization ranked as the first step in plant breeding to identify morphological and agronomic characteristics of the germplasms. This study aims to characterize several local rice varieties in East Java, including ‘Ketan Genjah’ (V1), ‘PIM’ (V2), ‘Pendok’ (V3), ‘Padi Hitam’ (V4), and ‘Padi Merah’ (V5) to point out each strength in several parameters to be used as a potential gene source for plant breeding. The results of this study indicated that the varieties studied have several distinct morphological and agronomic characters with each other. In terms of plant height, leaf length, pithy grain percentage, grain loss percentage, and the weight of 1000 grain, ‘Pendok’ showed superiorities compared to other varieties. In addition, ‘Pendok’ also had the highest yield per clump together with ‘Ketan Genjah’ at 151.32 g and 150.82 g, respectively. ‘PIM’ had the longest panicle length, whereas in terms of number of tillers, ‘Ketan Genjah’, ‘Padi Hitam’, and ‘Padi Merah’ were the highest among the varieties studied.
The physical and chemical characteristics of eco-enzyme fermentation liquids from several compositions of local fruits and vegetables in banyuwangi
Authors: Indraloka A B , Istanti A , Utami S W
Published: April 2023

The high population and horticultural production in Banyuwangi indirectly contribute to the number of landfills, where as much as 60% of the waste in the dump is organic, such as vegetables, fruit, and food. Therefore, a solution is needed to utilize waste from human activities as a helpful product and valuable, such as eco-enzymes. Eco-enzyme is the product of fermentation from organic waste such as vegetable, fruit, and sugar. Eco-enzyme can be used in agriculture, medicine, and others. This study aimed to analyze the compositions of fruit and vegetable that produce the highest quality eco-enzyme. The experimental design used Complete Randomized Design with four fruits and vegetables compositions replicated three times. The treatments were vegetable waste + orange peel; vegetable waste + dragon fruit peel, vegetable waste + mangosteen peel; and vegetable waste only as control. The results showed that the composition of vegetable waste + orange peel produced an eco-enzyme solution with the highest nitrogen content, amylase enzyme activity, and acidic pH. The color of eco-enzymes varied from light to dark brown. Meanwhile, the aroma of eco-enzymes has produced the smell of acid, which indicates that the fermentation process is taking place correctly.
Agronomy characteristics of samurai sorghum as feed crop harvested with the ratoon management system
Authors: Harahap A E , Abdullah L , Karti P D M H , Despal
Published: April 2023

Sorghum is a forage plant that can improve the ability to high temperatures, dry resistance, and the ability of ratoons. Ratoon is the ability of sorghum to regrowth due to being cut several times at different periods. This study aimed to evaluate the agronomic characteristics of samurai I sorghum harvested in each harvest period until the 1st ratoon. The research method used in each harvest period was utterly randomized with a factorial design (3 x 3) with 4 replications. Factor A is the age of harvest consisting of 80, 85 and 90 days of treatment and Factor B is the dose of fertilization consisting of 200, 300 and 400 kg/ha. The research area is 3 x 3 m2 in each experimental plot. The results showed that up to the 1st ratoon, samurai sorghum produced better plant height, leaf width and length than the primary and first ratoon cuttings, although there was a decrease in stem diameter in the first ratoon. The conclusion is that samurai I have good stability of agronomic characteristics up to the first ratoon so that it has the potential to be harvested in the next ratoon.
The nutrient quality of edamame (Glycine max L. Merill) waste as a potential local feedstuff with using the different drying processes
Authors: Andriani M , Syahniar T M , Lestari D , Ratri P R
Published: April 2023

This study purposed to evaluate the effect of both different drying processes on the nutrient content of edamame waste (Glycine max L. Merill). The level treatment of the drying process was divided into sun drying or control (P0) and oven drying at 70°C (P1). Every single level treatment has been dried for 48 hours. The variables observed were DM, CP, EE, and CF content of edamame waste. The results presented that the drying process had no significant effect on DM, CP, EE, and CF content of edamame waste by both sun drying and oven drying at 70°C. These results concluded that both drying process of edamame waste were very applicable for smallholder farmers and livestock industries. Smallholder farmers can apply sun drying processes for drying and preserving edamame waste without worrying about nutritional damage and used during times of famine, especially which were in tropical region. Additionally, livestock industries can exploit the nutritional value of edamame waste using thermal processing up to 70°C by example through oven drying.
Brix level on dragon fruit and moringa oleifera soft candy to prevent children dental caries
Authors: Elisanti A D , Ardianto E T , Rindiani R
Published: April 2023

Candy is more commonly referred to as “fun food,” in addition to known as confectionary food. Excessive consumption of candy has a negative impact, in which it can causes obesity and dental caries. This study aimed to identify the brix levels in soft candies made from dragon fruit and moringa oleifera using different sugars. In this case, a complete randomized design was applied into 3 treatments; T (cane sugar candy), Tl (cassava sugar candy), and E (erythritol sugar candy). Each treatment consisted of 3 levels of Brix (P1: 5, P2: 10, P3: 20 grams), mixed with 100 ml of aquades. Brix levels were further analyzed using a refractometer, and further using one-way ANOVA. The results obtained showed that the smallest brix of the first, second, and third levels were; T of 3 brix + 0.00 SD, Tl of 5.05 brix + 0.07 SD, and Tl of 10.3 brix + 0.28 SD. Furthermore, the one-way ANOVA test showed there were differences in the brix levels of cane, cassava, and erythritol sugar candy (p: 0.000). Hence, it is concluded that cassava sugar can be a choice of the basic ingredients for making low-sugar candy, but erythritol sugar is more recommended as a basic ingredient to prevent dental caries.
Enhancing of micro water management in dry season at Dadahup lowland irrigation area
Authors: Ansari H , Istiarto  , Wignyosukarto B S
Published: April 2023

The Indonesian government in 2020 initiated a food estate program to revitalize Ex-PLG areas in order to strengthen national food security. Dadahup lowland irrigation area (DIR Dadahup) was part of the food estate program. Water insufficiency during the dry season has been Dadahup’s problem to date. The channel’s water level during the dry season drops to +0.48 m, which is lower than the average ground level of +1.00 m and +1.30 m at the left and right banks, respectively. This causes stunted growth of the cultivated paddy. The use of gates in secondary and tertiary channels serves to maintain the water level of the channels so that it is possible to irrigate paddy fields whose elevation is +1.00 to +1.20 m. This can be achieved by placing and regulating the opening and closing of the gates with the assistance of flow simulation using the HEC-RAS program.
Environmental awareness and intention to reduce food waste among urban people
Authors: Purwanto E , Yulianto A , Biasini N , Octavia J R , Wati V O
Published: April 2023

Environmental issues and food waste are still crucial issues today. Indonesia, which is still facing problems of food security and stunting, is reported to be ranked second in the world as a contributor to food waste. This study aimed to measure the level of environmental awareness and intention to reduce food waste among urban people in Indonesia. One thousand ninety-eight samples were collected from five major provincial cities: Jakarta, Bandung, Semarang, Yogyakarta, and Surabaya. The results show that environmental awareness and intention to reduce food waste are already high. The results also prove that the effect of environmental awareness on the intention to reduce food waste is positive and significant. The limitation of the report in this paper does not include actual behavior to see whether high environmental awareness and intention to reduce food waste automatically creates actual behavior to reduce food waste. The actual behavior to reduce food waste in Indonesia is still concerning. So the recommendation for future research is to include actual behavior to reduce food waste in the research model..
Analysis and Testing Using Boundary Value Analysis Methods for Geographic Information System
Authors: Puspitasari T D , Kurniasari A A , Puspitasari P S D
Published: April 2023

Perusahaan Daerah Perkebunan (PDP) Kahyangan is a Regional Owned Enterprise (BUMD) in Jember. It was formed to realize the welfare of the community. Based on interviews, PDP’s given profit contribution has declined in recent years due to the absence of good management of its potential. As a result of the challenges, it can be determined that PDP Jember requires a management system that can assist in acquiring data on the distribution of plantation and forestry land commodities in Jember, as well as mapping existing commodities using GIS. The method would test the suitability between the application’s purpose and the functions in the GIS. Software Testing is the process of implementing a program that aims to find an error in the application. The testing technique is called Boundary Value Analysis (BVA) method. BVA is a black box testing technique that aims to test the input value by determining the upper and lower limit values for each input data. Other diagrams in UML are considered to evaluate the application’s complete functionality. The test results give the GIS application a good standard and software quality before being launched or provided to users.
The climate change effects on agricultural drought in the Be River Basin
Authors: Sam Truong Thao , Nhi Pham Thi Thao , Mai Nguyen Thi Huynh , Linh Do Quang , Loi Pham Thi
Published: April 2023

Drought is one of the extreme weather events that has been occurring with increasing frequency and complexity as well as having negative effects on water resources and agricultural production. The focus of the present study is to investigate the climate change effects on agricultural drought in the Be River Basin. The SWAT model was applied to simulate the soil moisture content and Standardized Soil Water Index (SSWI) was utilized to estimate the characteristics of agricultural drought. In addition, the future climate conditions for the three periods (2022–2040, 2042–2060, and 2062–2080) were generated by the delta change method based on the outputs of five global climate models. The results show that agricultural drought is anticipated to increase in the frequency, intensity, and duration (up to 168.82%, depending on time and emission scenarios). Moreover, drought events and water shortage in the dry season tend to be more likely to happen soon in the Be River Basin. These results are consistent with the changing trends of related soil moisture. Besides, the results contribute reliable scientific evidence to help managers and policy makers having appropriate plans in the future.
Assessment of the benefits from energy recovery based on the greenhouse gas emission reduction scenario in urban landfills – A case study in Bac Lieu Province, Vietnam
Authors: Nguyen Phong Hoang , Bui Long Ta
Published: April 2023

Bac Lieu is one of the provinces with the fastest rate of socio-economic development and urbanization in the Ca Mau Peninsula and the coastal areas of the Mekong Delta Region (MDR). Like many other urban regions in Vietnam, Bac Lieu has always faced significant challenges in the management and treatment of municipal solid waste (MSW) and controlling greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from landfills. This study was carried out to analyze and assess the profits gained from the scenario of minimizing GHG contributions in the Hoa Binh landfill, which is one of the largest landfills in Bac Lieu Province. On the basis of the circular economy orientation and planning MSW management with a vision to 2030, the EnLandFill 2019 software (ENvironmental information – model integrated system for air emission and dispersion estimation from LandFill) was applied. The highlight outcomes presented that from 2020 to 2035, the total GHG emission potential for the landfill gas recovery scenario was 19.270 thousand tonnes of CO2-eq, which was 7.978 times lower than the case of no recovery. Furthermore, the benefits achieved from the maximum capacity of electricity generation potential in 2032 are up to 1.932 million kWh/year with a power plant size of 220.540 MW. The research provided theoretical and practical implications, playing a crucial role as a driving force in promoting the development of provincial public policies and investments. Moreover, thereby oriented with a multi-objective approach to an integrated relationship of environment, economy, and society, as well as toward an urban of sustainable development.
Exploring relations between land use changes and agricultural policy implementation in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam: A case of An Giang province
Authors: Pham Van H T , Pham Tien D , Duong Trang H , Ho Hoa V
Published: April 2023

The economy of Vietnam relies mainly on agriculture and the Mekong Delta contributes a crucial part. The region is facing to decline in water resources together with the demand for economic development. Land use changes and policies in agriculture have been implemented in response to natural risks. The study applied a mixed-approach, using both quantitative and qualitative data to explore relations between the status of land use (LU) changes and the implementation of agricultural policies. Multi-temporal Landsat image data including Landsat-5, 7, 8 collected from Google Earth Engine (GEE) database. LU change classification using the Random Forest (RF) method to examine changes in LU in An Giang province from 2000 to 2021. The qualitative data were gathered from individual and group discussions with local authorities, officers and farmers. The results expressed that LU in An Giang province has been changed toward reducing rice areas. Linkages existed between the agricultural policies and the types of LU related to policies of agricultural restructuring. Inappropriate areas for rice have been replaced by upland crops and fruit trees throughout the province. Ecological conditions and specificities of the region contribute to the difference from LU in the province. For agricultural development, value chain and cooperation are necessary to build adaptive and efficient agriculture.
Spatial and temporal morphological changes in the lower Mekong River under the influence of sediment load reduction in the upstream
Authors: Hang Nguyen Thị Thuy , Nga Tra Nguyen Quynh , Thi Kim Tran , Tung Ton That Thanh , Vuong Nguyen Dinh , Ky Phung Nguyen , Thi Bay Nguyen
Published: April 2023

Due to the natural and anthropogenic activities, especially the rapid development of hydropower dams in the upper Langcang Mekong, the sediment flux in the lower Mekong has declined alarmingly. This factor is one of the main reasons causing the river morphological changes in the lower Mekong. In this study, we used the MIKE 21 model to simulate the spatial and temporal morphological changes of the Hau River crossing Tra Vinh and Soc Trang, Hau Giang, and a part of Can Tho and Vinh Long provinces of Vietnam, considering the impact of sediment load decrease from the upper boundary. The models were calibrated and validated using the data of the year 2017, and the scenario of a fifty percent reduction of sediment flux from upstream was considered. The results show that the erosion occurrence in the flood season is more significant compared to that in the dry season. However, the spatial distribution tendency of erosion and accretion was similar in the two seasons. Under the impact of reduced sediment load entering the investigated region, the spatial distributions of erosion and accretion locations were estimated to significantly change during dry and flood seasons. However, the riverbed change level changed apparently. The change is more considerable in the flood season; especially, the erosion was estimated to be more severe in all zone of the study area. The erosion level was estimated to increase up to 0.15m in the flood season in zone 1 compared to that under the historical condition. The accretion level increases up to 0.09m in zone 2 and 0.07m in zone 3 under flood season. The erosion level increases up to approximately 0.1m over six months of the dry season and flood season. The results of the study can contribute to the future management strategy for the local governments in particular and for the whole Mekong region in general.
Design and performance analysis of eight channel demultiplexer using 2D photonic crystal with trapezium cavity
Authors: Kavitha V , Balaji V R , Dhanabalan Shanmuga Sundar , Sridarshini T , Robinson S , Radhouene Massoudi , Hegde Gopalkrishna , Sugesh R G Jesuwanth
Published: April 2023

In this work, an eight-channel dense wavelength division multiplexing demultiplexer is designed with a 2D photonic crystal triangular lattice. The proposed demultiplexer consists of a centre bus waveguide, an isosceles trapezium resonant cavity, and an eight-circular ring cavity (CR1, CR2, CR3, CR4, CR5, CR6, CR7, and CR8). The point defect resonant cavity consists of seven rods to drop different wavelengths from eight cavities, each of eight drop waveguides. The design is very simple to realise. The finite difference time domain and plane wave expansion method methods were used to analyse the proposed design’s band structure and transmission spectrum. The resonant wavelengths are 1.5441 μm, 1.5443 μm, 1.544 49 μm, 1.5447 μm, 1.5449 μm, 1.5451 μm, 1.5453 μm, and 1.5455 μm respectively. The proposed device provides a high-quality factor, transmission efficiency, and low crosstalk. The device’s footprint is 490.0 μm2, which can be easily incorporated into photonic integrated circuits.
Assessing the long- and short-run effects of climate change and institutional quality on economic growth in Somalia
Authors: Warsame Abdimalik Ali , Sheik-Ali Ibrahim Abdukadir , Hussein Hassan Abdikadir , Barre Galad Mohamed
Published: April 2023

Climate change is considered one of the most defining challenges in this century because it poses a threat to the health and well-being of every person in the world by posing a large aggregate risk to the economy. Developing and least developed countries such as Somalia are the most vulnerable countries to climate change consequences. Besides the vulnerability to climate change, government institutions in Somalia have been malfunctioning since 1991 hence affecting economic growth. Hence, this empirical work addresses the long-and short-run effects of institutional quality and climate change on economic growth in Somalia for the period 1985–2017 using the autoregressive distributed lag model (ARDL), Johansen and Juselius Cointegration, and dynamic ordinary least square (DOLS). The empirical results found that institutional quality and climate change are cointegrated into economic growth in the long run. Furthermore, average rainfall, instutional quality , and capital stimulate economic growth in Somalia in the long run; whereas the average temperature has a devastating effect on economic growth in the long run. These results are robust for various econometric methods. However, the study proposes implementing policies related to climate adaptability and mitigation strategies, and improving institutional quality such as; law and order, government effectiveness, and bureaucratic quality, as these will confirm sustainable economic growth in the long run.
Neglecting complex network structures underestimates delays in a large-capital project
Authors: Ellinas C , Avraam D , Nicolaides C
Published: April 2023

Completing large-scale projects on time is a daunting challenge, partly due to the intricate network of dependencies between a project’s activities. To support this challenge, existing theory focuses on predicting whether a delay in completing a single activity is likely to spread and impact downstream activities. Using fine-grained information from 68 546 activities and 84 934 pairs, associated with the delivery of a $1.86Bn infrastructure project, we show that the core mechanism that underpins existing theory underestimates delay propagation. To elucidate the mechanisms that drive delay, we generated null models that destroyed the structural and temporal correlations of the original project activity network. By doing so, we argue that this underestimation is the result of neglecting endogenous structural features within the project’s activity network. Formulating a new mechanism that utilizes both temporal and structural features may help improve our capacity to predict how delays spread within projects.
Variations of Customary Tenure, Chiefly Power, and Global Norms for Responsible Land Investments in Sierra Leone
Authors: Dieterle Carolin
Published: April 2023

In response to debates around land grabbing, the international community has increasingly developed and promoted global governance norms and guidelines for more responsible land investments. This concern on the part of the international community has particularly taken hold in Sierra Leone—in a post-war context, in which international donor agencies are already steering much of the country’s politics. Yet, despite the enormous influence of international guidelines and the actors promoting their use, there is a spatial variation in the conformity to and effectiveness of such norms in cases of land investments. While some projects seem to resemble ‘showcases’ for their exemplary use, these guidelines seem to be absent in other projects. This article analyses the political economy of customary land tenure, land investments, and international ‘soft laws’ in Sierra Leone. Based on 6 months of fieldwork in Sierra Leone in 2019, I compare several cases of large-scale land investments. I argue that there are important variations in the customary tenure system in the degree to which political authority over land is centralized in the authority of the paramount chief or is devolved to landholding families. This, I suggest, holds important implications for the uptake of global norms for ‘responsible’ investments.