bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CavelI and American Philosophy
Authors: Goodman Russell B
Published: November 2023

In the philosophical landscape of most English-speaking philosophers, American philosophy does not exist, certainly not in the way that Greek philosophy or even post-Kantian German philosophy exists: as a tradition of thought important for much of subsequent philosophy, in which certain founding thinkers (Socrates, Plato, Kant, Hegel) set the terms for continuing discussion. The minority of professional philosophers who study or continue “American philosophy” tend to see a distinctive American tradition emerging in the writings of the pragmatists and other professional philosophers of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries: C. S. Peirce, William James, Josiah Royce, George Santayana, G. H. Mead, John Dewey. It is a mark of Stanley Cavell’s originality, if also of his isolation from much of professional philosophy, that he falls into neither of these two camps. For although he seeks to “inherit” an undiscovered tradition of American thought, it is not Peirce, James, and Dewey to whom he attends, but Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau-figures whose status even as philosophers is not secure, and who have been neglected not only by Anglo-American analytic philosophers but for the most part by students of “classical American philosophy.”‘ Cavell speaks of the repression of Emerson and Thoreau by American culture generally.
Introduction
Authors: Brown Thomas J
Published: November 2023

Once likened to a dark and bloody ground, scholarship on Reconstruction now thrives less as a form of combat than as a collective building on a solid foundation. The making of that foundation is one of the most familiar chapters in the history of American historical literature. Many historiographical essays have recounted the rise and fall of the view of Reconstruction associated with William A. Dunning, one of the few renderings of the national past developed so systematically and comprehensively that it is customarily called a school of interpretation. The Dunning school studies that began to appear around the turn of the twentieth century featured assiduous research and an impressive breadth of attention to political, social, and economic transformations. But the critical perspective of the work was often badly distorted by the same racial prejudice that had shaped partisan characterizations of Reconstruction as a sordid era of misrule and disorder. Only in the mid–twentieth century did scholars begin to build on participants’ defenses of Reconstruction and identify its promise and collapse as, in the words of C. Vann Woodward, “the moral core of national history.”
“A General Remodeling Of Every Thing”:Economy and Race in the Post-Emancipation South
Authors: West Stephen A
Published: November 2023

The first day of 1865 dawned cold and clear over the upper piedmont of South Carolina. The sun shone brightly, but it did little to lift the spirits of Emily Harris, the wife of a middling slaveowner who had departed eight months earlier to enter the Confederate cavalry. During his absence, Emily Harris struggled to manage the family’s farm and oversee its slaves in the straitened circumstances of wartime, and the new year appeared to offer no prospect of improvement. “The war goes on with unabated fury,” she wrote in the farm journal she kept during her husband’s absence. “Many are willing to unite again with the hated Yankees rather than continue the hard and seemingly hopeless struggle.” Her comments echoed the same gloom and apprehension she had recorded a few weeks earlier. “I go forth into the ‘shadowy future’ but not without a fear. I can see no more beyond the next crop. After that there will have to be a general remodeling of every thing, Every thing.”
Reconstruction as a Constitutional Crisis
Authors: Vorenberg Michael
Published: November 2023

The one-handed historian of Reconstruction is as elusive as the one-handed economist asked for by President Harry S. Truman, who had heard one too many assessments of the nation’s financial condition that begin with “on one hand . . . but on the other.” When asked to describe Reconstruction as a success or failure, we historians, like Truman’s economists, tend to follow our list of the impressive achievements of the period with caveats and disclaimers. Slavery was abolished, but, on the other hand, African Americans did not fare as well as some had hoped. The economic system became more modern, more industrialized, but, on the other hand, workers were slow to reap any benefits from industrialization. The nation became stronger, but, on the other hand, it was weakened by persistent corruption, sectionalism, and factionalism. Even with one hand tied behind the back, however, the historian can offer one undisputable result of Reconstruction: a new United States Constitution. Between 1865 and 1870, three constitutional amendments were adopted, securing the most far-reaching personal rights ever written into the nation’s charter. Attached to each of these measures was powerful congressional enforcement legislation. The federal court system, which the victors in the Civil War had once regarded as a mere tool of the “Slave Power,” came to be regarded as a coequal branch of government. Naysayers at the start of the Civil War who had bewailed the inadequacy of the Constitution and predicted its demise now sang a different tune.
Civil War Remembrance as Reconstruction
Authors: Brown Thomas J
Published: November 2023

Reconstruction centered on questions of how to remember the Civil War. Etymology underscored that memory defined the issue of amnesty for ex-Confederates, which characterized the prosecutorial forbearance of the federal government as an act of forgetting. Other problems of the period similarly revolved around the continuing meanings to be attached to wartime events. The United States made crucial decisions about the governance of states previously in rebellion, the rights of African Americans formerly held in slavery, and the entitlements due to military veterans. If forward-looking in its essence, the process of Reconstruction was also a process of retrospection. Memory of the war went far beyond policy-making channels. Many Americans regarded the war as the most momentous period of their lives and looked back to it constantly. Shortly before Walt Whitman died in 1892, a friend asked if the poet ever returned in his mind to the war years. Whitman replied, “I have never left them.” Explicitly postbellum forms of culture and society began to multiply while the war was still underway. Civil War stories quickly emerged as a major American literary genre, flexible enough to explore and connect a wide range of public and personal crises. Civic monuments, military cemeteries, and battlefield parks made the war a prominent feature of the national landscape, and community rituals in honor of fallen soldiers and in celebration of emancipation made the war a prominent feature of the national calendar. Several different Civil War commemorative associations ranked among the most important voluntary social organizations of the postwar era. All of these initiatives envisioned the war as a part of the past that remained a part of the present.
The Effects Of Institutionalization On Children
Authors: Miller Laurie C
Published: November 2023

Most internationally adopted children are placed with their families after residing for months or years in or phanages or other institutions. Many of the problems seen in these children after arrival in the United States have been attributed, rightly or wrongly, to institutional care during critical early phases of development. The adverse effects of institutionalization on young children have been recognized for many years. However, many factors contribute to outcome, including prenatal exposures, genetics, the reasons that the child was consigned to the institution, and the individual experience of the child within the institution prior to adoption. Although institutions are never optimal settings for children, in some cases they may be preferable to other local alternatives. In this chapter, the background of children placed in institutions, the history of institutions for abandoned children, the risks of institutionalization, and the outcome of children raised in orphanages will be reviewed (see Chapter 8 for a review of critical periods during development).
Travel And Transition To The Adoptive Family
Authors: Miller Laurie C
Published: November 2023

The moment the adopted child is placed with his or her new parents is an unforgettable emotional event for families. As in the delivery room, a scene familiar to pediatricians, the addition of a child to a family is one of the peak experiences of human life. An international adoption may follow months or years of waiting, often after the painful losses of infertility and the many anxieties and uncertainties related to bureaucratic hurdles. Parents have just arrived in a new and unfamiliar culture, and may be jet-lagged and exhausted. In some cases, parents will have already have met their child on a previous trip, as required in some countries (presently Russia and Vietnam). Usually, however, this is the first moment the parent beholds the child. Fantasies, expectations, and dreams suddenly confront the reality of the actual child.
Intestinal Parasites And Other Enteric Infections
Authors: Miller Laurie C
Published: November 2023

Intestinal parasites are found in 25% of internationally adopted children after arrival in the United States (Table 17–1). Parasites are spread by poor hygiene in crowded environments, conditions common in many orphanages. Infection with Giardia lamblia is most frequent (especially in children from Eastern Europe), but other parasites are often found. The incidence of parasite infection and likelihood of multiple parasites increases with the duration of institutionalization2 (Fig. 17–1). Intestinal parasite infections are ubiquitous throughout the world. The distribution varies depending on climate, topography, and other factors (Table 17–2). Although parasites may cause anemia, diarrhea, poor growth, and other clinical problems, most infected children in the developing world are not treated, because the rate of reinfection is so high. In some populations of children, parasite infection is universal. Infection with multiple parasites is common (Fig. 17–2).
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Authors: Miller Laurie C
Published: November 2023

Human immunodeficiency virus infection (HIV) is now endemic in many countries of the world. One of the principal concerns of parents adopting internationally is that their child will have unrecognized HIV infection. Physicians counseling prospective adoptive parents may also wonder how to assess the risks of HIV infection in an individual child. Such concerns are valid. Medical information about a prospective child rarely contains detailed information about the birth mother’s HIV status or associated risk factors. Although most children are tested for HIV antibodies on one or more occasions in the birth country, test results may not be reliable. The timing of tests for HIV infection in relation to possible exposures and adoptive placement is also problematic: a negative test result does not prevent subsequent exposure. Furthermore, HIV infection may not be recognized clinically prior to adoption as the child’s physicians may lack training, experience, or access to suitable diagnostic tests. Moreover, some characteristics of HIV infection overlap with the effects of institutionalization, making differentiation of these conditions difficult. Finally, the prevalence of HIV infection in many of the sending countries is increasing rapidly, statistically increasing the risk of infection.
Inherited Disorders Of Erythrocytes
Authors: Miller Laurie C
Published: November 2023

Anemia is the most common noninfectious medical condition in newly arrived international adoptees (Table 23–1). Most cases are due to iron deficiency (see Chapter 11); however, a number of inherited erythrocyte disorders also occur among internationally adopted children. Thalassemias, hemoglobinopathies, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency are relatively common disorders in the countries of origin of many international adoptees. Thalassemias and hemoglobinopathies are disorders of hemoglobin synthesis; G6PD deficiency is an enzymatic defect of erythrocytes.
Uncertain Age
Authors: Miller Laurie C
Published: November 2023

Correct age is often uncertain for internationally adopted children. Age is seldom known with certainty for Chinese children; many children from other countries also have uncertain ages. The most common reason for uncertain age is discrepant documents, e.g., discordant dates are found on different records. Often, this is due to transcription or translation errors, or misinterpretation of month/date format (09/03 being alternately translated as September 3 or March 9). Many sending countries in Eastern Europe use the convention of Roman numerals for the month and Arabic numerals for the day (e.g., 4 X is October 4). These puzzles are relatively easy to unravel, and generally a satisfactory interpretation of the child’s actual birthdate may be formed.
Culture And Identity
Authors: Miller Laurie C
Published: November 2023

Adoption issues emerge repeatedly during various life stages of the child and the adoptive family. The issues differ at different times. This chapter reviews some diverse topics that may arise for adoptive family members, including culture, race, identity, and searching for the birth family. Cultural issues only occasionally arise in domestic adoption. The latter three topics, however, have been extensively investigated in relation to domestic adoption; much less is known about these subjects for internationally adopted children. In this chapter, a brief overview of these subjects is provided to assist the pediatrician caring for the internationally adopted child. Several excellent texts and reviews address these topics individually;1–11 the interested reader is referred to these and other resources for more complete explorations of these complex topics.
Why This Guide?
Authors: Hunter David
Published: November 2023

IN MASTER CLASSES and in textbooks on song, young singers are frequently reminded to take great care over the poetic texts of the songs they wish to perform. “Study the poem away from the music, so that you know what the words really mean,” advised the great French singer Claire Croiza. “The literary text deserves the same care, the same scrupulous accuracy, in short the same respect that is demanded by the musical text,” wrote her equally distinguished compatriot, Pierre Bernac.
Nat Turner in a Hemispheric Context
Authors: Egerton Douglas R
Published: November 2023

I ... wrapped myself in mystery,” Nat Turner once admitted, and ever since, historical fact has remained the captive of his myth. With the possible exception of Abraham Lincoln, Turner, more than any other antislavery activist of the nineteenth century, resides largely in legend and popular imagination. Long before the publication of William Styron’s 1967 Pulitzer Prize-winning fiction, novelists from G. P.R. James to Harriet Beecher Stowe to Mary Spear Tiernan tried their hand at fabricating the lost world of old Southampton, and over the years few historians have proven immune to the infection of popular culture. Indeed, Styron’s well-known characterization of Turner as a mentally unstable “nut” is only one of many attempts to depict the slave general as a dangerously irrational rebel; three decades earlier, Arna Bontemps, one of the leading voices of the Harlem Renaissance, begged off writing about Turner. There was the problem of Nat’s “visions and dreams,” Bontemps lamented, as he explained why he chose instead to pen a fictional history of Gabriel’s far more secular conspiracy of 1800.
Reporting from Washington
Authors: Ritchie Donald A
Published: November 2023

Donald Ritchie here offers a vibrant chronicle of news coverage in our nation’s capital, from the early days of radio and print reporting and the heyday of the wire services to the brave new world of the Internet. Beginning with 1932, when a newly elected FDR energized the sleepy capital, Ritchie highlights the dramatic changes in journalism that have occurred in the last seven decades. We meet legendary columnists--including Walter Lippmann, Joseph Alsop, and Drew Pearson (voted “the best ratcatching reporter in town”)--as well as the great investigative reporters, from Paul Y. Anderson (who broke the Teapot Dome scandal) to the two green Washington Post reporters who launched the political story of the decade--Woodward and Bernstein. We read of the rise of radio news--fought tooth and nail by the print barons--and of such pioneers as Edward R. Murrow, H. V. Kaltenborn, and Elmer Davis. Ritchie also offers a vivid history of TV news, from the early days of Meet the Press, to Huntley and Brinkley and Walter Cronkite, to the cable revolution led by C-SPAN and CNN. In addition, he compares political news on the Internet to the alternative press of the ‘60s and ‘70s; describes how black reporters slowly broke into the white press corps (helped mightily by FDR’s White House); discusses path-breaking woman reporters such as Sarah McClendon and Helen Thomas, and much more. From Walter Winchell to Matt Drudge, the people who cover Washington politics are among the most colorful and influential in American news. Reporting from Washington offers an unforgettable portrait of these figures as well as of the dramatic changes in American journalism in the twentieth century.
Retrospective and Concurrent Self-Reports: The Rationale for Real-Time Data Capture
Authors: Schwarz Norbert
Published: November 2023

Self-reports are the dominant method of data collection in the social and behavioral sciences, where they are used to assess respondents’ behaviors, attitudes, and subjective experiences, like moods, emotions, or pain. Whereas overt behaviors can, in principle, be assessed with other methods, individuals’ self reports provide the only window on their inner states. Unfortunately, this window is often foggy, especially when respondents are expected to report on extended time periods. For example, the Health Interview Survey conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics asks respondents, “Now, I’d like to read you a short list of different kinds of pain. Please say for each one, on roughly how many days-if any-in the last 12 months you have had that type of pain. How many days in the last year have you had headaches?” (This question is repeated for backaches, stomach pains, joint pains, muscle pains, and dental pains.) I encourage readers to answer this question.
Designing Protocols for Ecological Momentary Assessment
Authors: Shiffman Saul
Published: November 2023

Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) methods emphasize capture of real-time data in real-world settings, using multiple assessments of momentary states collected over time to characterize human behavior and experience (Stone & Shiffman, 1994). Investigators apply EMA methods to many different research areas and with diverse objectives. The objectives of EMA methods may be the reliable assessment of the individual with minimal retrospective bias, documenting the flow of behavior and experience over time, or studying the impact of environmental events, among others. Most often, EMA studies focus on variation in behavior or experience over time and across contexts. To achieve their goals, investigators must think carefully about the arrangements for collecting EMA data: what moments will be sampled and how they will be sampled and assessed. This chapter deals with the design of EMA protocols for data collection.
Real-Time Data Capture and Adolescent Cigarette Smoking: Moods and Smoking
Authors: Mermelstein Robin , Redeker Donald , Flay, Brian , Shiffman Saul
Published: November 2023

Cigarette smoking among adolescents remains a pressing public health challenge, considering the enormous toll smoking takes on health and health care resources. Most adolescents try smoking cigarettes. In 2003, almost 60 percent of twelfth graders reported ever smoking (Johnston, O’Malley, & Bachman, 2003). However, not all of those who try smoking progress to regular use; 15.8 percent of twelfth graders report daily smoking, and 8.4 percent report smoking half a pack or more a day (Johnston et al., 2003). Despite more than three decades of research on adolescent smoking, it is surprising how little is known about factors that predict the different trajectories or patterns of cigarette smoking beyond initial experimentation.
Personality, Mood States, and Daily Health
Authors: Larsen Randy J
Published: November 2023

In this chapter I present an example of the use of Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) methods to study health and emotion. In this context, the questions I pursue are not as important as the examples they provide of the different ways that EMA can be used to open up new areas for investigation. Previously I have illustrated the use of experience sampling to study such diverse processes as emotional variability (Larsen, 1987), the within-subject linkage between life events and moods (Larsen & Cowan, 1988), the existence of weekly cycles in moods (Larsen & Kasimatis, 1990), and the within-subject factor structure of emotions over time (Larsen & Cutler, 1996). None of these topics can be adequately addressed without the use of intensive time sampling through some form of real-time EMA data capture.
Discovering América, 1799–1805
Authors: Chasteen John Charles
Published: November 2023

In 1799, travel accounts were the basic source of information about América for readers in Europe and the fledgling United States. In that year, Alexander von Humboldt, surely the most influential traveler ever to visit América, began his famous journey through territories that remained little known to the outside world. Humboldt never used the name Latin America, because it did not yet exist and would not, in fact, during the entire period covered by this book. Within a very few years after Humboldt’s visit, América would give birth to a dozen new nations in a painful labor. But none of that was evident in 1799.
Introduction: Albion Tourgée and Color-Blind Citizenship
Authors: Elliott Mark
Published: November 2023

The Negro finds a friend indeed in the person of the gallant and noble hero Albion W. Tourgée . . . he has sacrificed him-self for the Negro’s rights as a loyal citizen. The general mass of the white papers denounce him as a crank, fool, lunatic, and etc. But, however, he bears the burden that is heaped on him by his own race and continues to speak for a race that has been oppressed and is yet oppressed. Surely indeed the heart that beats within him is of the purest and loftiest kind.
The Unfinished Revolution
Authors: Elliott Mark
Published: November 2023

As an interracial coalition of Republican delegates rewrote the State Constitution at the 1868 Convention in Raleigh, Conservatives could do little but condemn the proceedings. Both in the press and on the convention floor, they attacked the integrated body of delegates and discoursed at length about the innate physiological differences between blacks and whites. After suffering through one such discourse by a Conservative delegate, Tourgée returned to his room and composed a passionate refutation of racism. His chance to reply arrived two days later, at the late evening session of the convention on Friday, February 21.
Beginning the Civil Rights Movement
Authors: Elliott Mark
Published: November 2023

Not long after he published AN APPEAL TO CAESAR, Tourgée mused, “[I have probably] done my last work and written my last word” on the subject of race.1 Having made his case for national education repeatedly and at length, he imagined little else he could do to advance the cause of racial equality. He hoped that steady economic and educational progress, aided by the federal government, would enhance African Americans’ ability to exercise their hard-won civil and political rights. Yet, he failed to anticipate just how far back the counterrevolution against Reconstruction was about to swing.
The Lupus Book
Authors: Wallace Daniel J
Published: November 2023

Lupus, a disease of the immune system, can be quite deadly, claiming the lives of thousands of patients annually. Dr. Daniel J. Wallace is one of the world’s leading authorities on this disorder, an eminent clinician who has treated over 2000 lupus patients, the largest such practice in America. His The Lupus Book, originally published in 1995, immediately established itself as the most readable and helpful book on the disease. Now Dr. Wallace has once again completely revised The Lupus Book, incorporating a wealth of new information. This Third Edition discusses the newest breakthroughs in drug treatments and alternative therapies as well as updated information on the immune system--all laid out in user-friendly language that any patient could understand. Readers will discover new blood tests and new drugs introduced since the last edition, an extensive table of herbs that can be used for the disorder, and a large section on cognitive therapy and biofeedback. And as in past editions, the book provides absolutely lucid answers to such questions as: What causes lupus? How and where is the body affected? Can a woman with lupus have a baby? And how can one manage this disease? There is also a glossary of terms and an appendix of lupus resource materials compiled by the Lupus Foundation of America. 50,000 Britons and over 1 million Americans have lupus and thousands of patients die every year from the disease. The Third Edition of The Lupus Book offers these patients and their families a wealth of reliable, up-to-date information that will help them manage the disease and live a happier life.
Reconstructing Early Hominin Diets: Evaluating Tooth Chemistry and Macronutrient Composition
Authors: Schoeninger Margaret J
Published: November 2023

The elevated health risks associated with high-fat, energy-dense, and possibly protein-dense diets underscore the need to determine the natural diet for humans (Gaulin and Konner, 1977; Eaton, Shostak, and Konner, 1988), if one actually exists. The fossil record indicates that our early apelike ancestors ate largely fruit and leaves (Milton, 1984). By 1.8 million years ago, however, Homo erectus looked similar to us from the neck down and was hunting/scavenging significant quantities of meat from large animals in addition to gathering plant foods and, when available, seasonally, smaller fauna such as insects (Shipman and Walker, 1989). This change involves a transition from diets based largely on simple sugars, complex carbohydrates, and plant proteins to diets that include animal fat and protein (Schoeninger et al., 2001b). As other chapters in this volume indicate, data from living primates, fossil primates, modern human foragers, and bone chemistry all have been used to elucidate when various dietary changes occurred throughout human evolution. For each of these approaches, however, we must assess the quality of the data and, based on that assessment, clearly identify what we know versus what is, perhaps, unknown but knowable.
Zooarchaeology and the Ecology of Oldowan Hominin Carnivory
Authors: Blumenschine Robert J , Pobiner Briana L
Published: November 2023

Zooarchaeology is the study of animal-body and trace fossils found in association with hominin body or trace fossils. Zooarchaeology in the nineteenth century served to assign antiquity to stone artifacts associated with extinct animals and to evaluate the paleoenvironmental setting of archaeological occurrences (Daniels, 1975). The current role of zooarchaeology has expanded to include evaluations of the physical and biotic processes responsible for the formation of paleoanthropological assemblages, including most centrally the suite of hominin behaviors and ecological interactions recorded by the animal remains. For the dietary ecology of Quaternary hominins, zooarchaeology is the principle source of evidence for documenting the origin and evolution of larger-mammal carnivory. Larger-mammal carnivory signals a major niche expansion within the hominin lineage. The likely frugivorous ancestral diet (e.g., Andrews and Martin, 1991) that probably included small animals (<5 kg body weight) was supplemented by foods from animals of similar and far greater body size than hominins. The novel stonetool slicing technology of the Oldowan Industry enabled this niche shift (e.g., Isaac, 1983). It involved often distant transport of stone materials to carcass-processing locales. Carcass foods were also likely transported at times from acquisition sites to places affording safer processing and consumption (Isaac, 1983; Peters and Blumenschine, 1995, 1996). Stone-tool-assisted butchery of larger mammals is highly distinctive from the small-animal faunivory of nonhuman primates, limiting the usefulness of predation by chimpanzees and baboons for modeling its ecology and evolutionary consequences (cf. Stanford, 1996).
Lithic Archaeology, or, What Stone Tools Can (and Can’t) Tell Us about Early Hominin Diets
Authors: Shea John J
Published: November 2023

Stone tools are the most durable residues of hominin behavior. Our ancestors left these “Stone Age visiting cards,” as Isaac (1981) called them, on every major land mass humans have inhabited, except Antarctica. Before the advent of cheap and efficient methods for producing metal implements, stone tools were employed in subsistence tasks by all known human societies. Stone tools are also still used as subsistence aids by chimpanzees, our nearest primate relatives. To the extent that we believe major changes in hominin evolution have been accompanied by dietary shifts, it is reasonable to seek clues to these changes in stone-tool design and variability. In seeking these clues, however, we need to be alert to the complicating effects of behavioral variability. Recent stone-tool-using humans exhibit considerable variability, not only in the kinds of tasks for which stone tools are used but also in the choice of technological strategies they deploy in their land-use strategies and subsistence adaptations. To cite one particularly well-phrased example, observed by the archaeologist/soldier T. E. Lawrence in Arabia, during World War I:
The Cooking Enigma
Authors: Wrangham Richard
Published: November 2023

This chapter considers the role of cooking in the evolution of human diet. People in every culture know how to make fire, and everywhere they use it to improve their food (Tylor, 1878; Gott, 2002; Wrangham and Conklin-Brittain, 2003; fig. 16.1). But “no beast is a cook,” as Boswell (1773) asserted. This difference between humans and other animals has long been appreciated, and some have even used it to define us: Boswell (1773) called humans the “cooking animal.” But while cooking is indisputably unique to humans, its evolutionary significance is a matter of debate. There are two contrasting views. The first, which is conventional wisdom, sees cooking as merely one of many extra-oral food-processing techniques (such as pounding, grinding, or drying) that can raise food quality. According to this view, cooking may be valuable in facilitating meal preparation but it is not important for understanding human adaptation. For example, it would not be considered to have led to fundamental changes in the human digestive system. In line with this idea, the ecological effect of human diet choice and foraging strategies is often discussed without considering the influence of cooking (e.g., Kaplan et al., 2000).
With The Native Americans
Authors: Gaustad Edwin S
Published: November 2023

Whiib Still In His Late Twenties, Roger Williams Began A Series of close contacts with the American Indians. His two years in the Plymouth Colony, from 1631 to 1633, gave him time to work out some theological problems, to welcome his firstborn (a son) into the world, and to begin a friendship with the Indians. “Friendship” was not the word usually applied to the relations between the English and the Indians, but Williams was the exception here, as in many other respects.
Ronald Reagan’s South: The Tangled Roots Of Modern Southern Conservatism
Authors: Crespino Joseph
Published: November 2023

In August 1980, Ronald Reagan’s first campaign stop after winning the Republican Party presidential nomination was at the Neshoba County Fair in Philadelphia, Mississippi. Addressing a crowd of over 15,000 enthusiastic supporters, Reagan invoked the “states’ rights “ mantra that had sustained a generation of southern segregationists.1 Just 16 years earlier, the discovery of three murdered civil rights workers in Neshoba County had horrified the nation. Reports on the men’s disappearance and the federal manhunt to find them revealed a white population in Mississippi dramatically out of step with the rest of America.
Reaganizing Religion: Changing Political And Cultural Norms Among Evangelicals In Ronald Reagan’s America
Authors: Winner Lauren F
Published: November 2023

The 1980s saw the rise of the Religious Right—a movement within American Christianity that yoked together conservative theology with conservative politics, and that encouraged evangelical Christians to organize on behalf of a conservative social and political agenda. Evangelical Christians, who had for the fifty years largely eschewed involvement in politics, emerged by the early 1980s as a political force to be reckoned with. Their support for Ronald Reagan helped reshape American politics and culture—and their encounter with Reagan’s America also reshaped, if more subtly, the culture and priorities of the evangelical church.
The Lute in England before 1500
Authors: Spring Matthew
Published: November 2023

No actual lute music from Britain survives before the earliest sixteenth-century tablatures. We must rely on literary and iconographical evidence to build a picture of lute practice in the medieval period. This chapter surveys what material there is. Conclusions are few and questions are many. There is no trace of the lute or gittern in Britain before 1285. Certainly these instruments were largely unknown, or at best insignificant, before the fourteenth century. They may have been introduced directly from Spain: the medieval English court had good contacts with those of Spain, and Plantagenet kings often intermarried with the northern Spanish to bolster themselves against the French. Richard I, the son of Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine, married Berengaria, daughter of Sancho VI of Navarre, in u91. Another of Henry II’s offspring, his daughter Eleanor, married Alfonso VIII of Castile in 1169. Perhaps more important was the unusually happy marriage of Edward I to Eleanor, sister of Alfonso X of Castile in 1254. This Alfonso was the king for whom the Cantigas manuscripts were compiled. Indeed it may be more than coincidence that it was during Edward’s reign that the lute is first mentioned in England. Alternatively, the instrument may have been introduced via France. The terms ‘leiit’ or ‘leiiz’ appear in the French language around 1270.2 Many of the English aristocracy had extensive lands and connections in France, and many did not begin to speak English as their first language or think of themselves as primarily English until the thirteenth century. French was the language at court until the late fourteenth century.
From Medieval to Renaissance: A Continental Excursus, 1480-1530
Authors: Spring Matthew
Published: November 2023

besides all Bolonia Lutes arc in the shape of aparc and those arc the best Lutes but there goodnes is not attributed to there figure but to there antiquity to the skill of those Lutcmakers to the quality of the wood and seasoning of it and to the varnishing of it ... which is darkish red Towards the end of the fifteenth-century lute technique underwent a fundamental change from one suited to playing a single line to one which allowed a solo player to play two or more parts at once. The new technique may have originated first among lutenists at the Burgundian court in the 1460s and 1470s, but was then developed in Italy in the closing decades of the fifteenth century and early years of the sixteenth. During the first half of the sixteenth century the technique was adopted throughout western Europe, and the old monophonic style, normally associated with the use of a plectrum, was gradually discontinued. This development is part of the general move from monophony to polyphony that characterizes the transition from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance, a transition that saw the emergence of new families of string and wind instruments that were specifically designed to play polyphonic music.
The Lute in Song Accompaniment
Authors: Spring Matthew
Published: November 2023

Pricksong is a faire musicke, so it be done upon the booke surely and after a good sorte. But to sing to the lute is much better, because all the sweetnes consisteth in one alone, and a man is much more heedfull and understandeth better the feat manner, and the aire or veyne of it, when the eares are not busied in hearing any moe than one voice: and beside every litle errour is soone perceived, which happeneth not in singing with company, for one beareth out another.
From Renaissance to Baroque: A Continental Excursus, 1600-1650
Authors: Spring Matthew
Published: November 2023

French ideas and fashions were largely responsible for the transformation of the lute and lute music during the first half of the seventeenth century. The famous manuscript of Anne de Chambure entitled ‘la Rhetorique des Dieux’ by Denis Gaultier of 1652, marks the apogee of French solo lute brisé style. Here the music is decked out with pictures and commentaries that build an elaborate web of associations with classical rhetoric, ancient modes, and allegorical personifications of these modes. As the title suggests, the music was held to be of such refinement that it was almost beyond mortal comprehension. The rise of the lute to this exalted position in France in the first half of the century involved a fundamental rethinking of all aspects of the lute and its music. The changes that led to the development of the French Baroque lute style had their origins in the work of Parisian lute makers and players of the first three decades of the century. The magnitude of this change can be seen by comparing Antoine Francisque’s Le Trésor d’Orphée of 1600, the only source of solo lute music printed in France in the first decade of the century, with Pierre Ballard’s Tablature de luth de differents autheurs, sur des accords nouveaux (1631). Francisque’s book is organized by genre, like the German and Dutch anthologies listed in Table 7.2, and is for a 9-course lute, though many pieces only require eight courses. Ballard’s 1631 publication groups pieces according to composer, then tuning, then key, and finally by genre, and requires a IO-course lute.
House on Fire
Authors: Dowbiggin Ian
Published: November 2023

As the 1950s wore on, the sterilization movement continued to drift. Revelations about Nazi atrocities created a stigma that hung heavily over the procedure itself. Official support for state sterilization laws was waning rapidly. Medical and religious opposition to sterilization appeared as strong as ever. Public ignorance about surgical birth control seemed pervasive. The nation was in the midst of a baby boom. Mainstream birth control groups such as Planned Parenthood Federation of America (PPFA), though privately supportive, refused to publicly endorse sterilization as a contraceptive method.
African Slavery in Latin America and the Caribbean
Authors: Klein Herbert S , Ben Vinson III
Published: November 2023

This is an original survey of the economic and social history of slavery of the Afro-American experience in Latin America and the Caribbean. The focus of the book is on the Portuguese, Spanish, and French-speaking regions of continental America and the Caribbean. It analyzes the latest research on urban and rural slavery and on the African and Afro-American experience under these regimes. It approaches these themes both historically and structurally. The historical section provides a detailed analysis of the evolution of slavery and forced labor systems in Europe, Africa, and America. The second half of the book looks at the type of life and culture which the salves experienced in these American regimes. The first part of the book describes the growth of the plantation and mining economies that absorbed African slave labor, how that labor was used, and how the changing international economic conditions affected the local use and distribution of the slave labor force. Particular emphasis is given to the evolution of the sugar plantation economy, which was the single largest user of African slave labor and which was established in almost all of the Latin American colonies. Once establishing the economic context in which slave labor was applied, the book shifts focus to the Africans and Afro-Americans themselves as they passed through this slave regime. The first part deals with the demographic history of the slaves, including their experience in the Atlantic slave trade and their expectations of life in the New World. The next part deals with the attempts of the African and American born slaves to create a viable and autonomous culture. This includes their adaptation of European languages, religions, and even kinship systems to their own needs. It also examines systems of cooptation and accommodation to the slave regime, as well as the type and intensity of slave resistances and rebellions. A separate chapter is devoted to the important and different role of the free colored under slavery in the various colonies. The unique importance of the Brazilian free labor class is stressed, just as is the very unusual mobility experienced by the free colored in the French West Indies. The final chapter deals with the differing history of total emancipation and how ex-slaves adjusted to free conditions in the post-abolition periods of their respective societies. The patterns of post-emancipation integration are studied along with the questions of the relative success of the ex-slaves in obtaining control over land and escape from the old plantation regimes.
Slavery and the Plantation Economy in the Caribbean in the 19th Century
Authors: Klein Herbert S , Ben Vinson III
Published: November 2023

In 1789 the revolution that swept through France had a profound impact on a bitterly divided elite in Saint Domingue. The world’s largest, most dynamic, and most efficient sugar plantation society would tear itself apart. White planters fought each other over colonial self-government, and then they fought mulatto planters over the rights and privileges of the very aggressive free colored population. In 1789 the three French West Indies islands were the >rst colonials to send elected representatives to a European parliament.
Creation of a Slave Community and Afro-American Culture
Authors: Klein Herbert S , Ben Vinson III
Published: November 2023

Although they spoke a multitude of different languages and came from different cultural systems and nationalities, the African slaves arriving in the Americas sometimes shared a number of commonalties that may have helped bind them together in the New World. The opening up of Atlantic trade, for instance, contributed to the development of interregional contacts within Africa by creating ever-larger market areas. Meanwhile, the fairly constant expansion and reorganization of African states and societies over time brought many different groups into contact.
Syracuse
Authors: Davis Paul K
Published: November 2023

After the defeat of the Persians at Salamis and Plataea in 480 and 479 B.C., Athens rose to the top in Greek politics. As the leading naval power she made herself the strongest member of the Delian League, a grouping of Greek polises (city-states) dedicated to continuing the war against Persia, offensively and defensively. Athens reached the point where she could demand virtually any dues to the League and did not have to account for the money sent to the League treasury. The Athenians spent much of that money turning their city into a cultural and architectural showplace, which did not please the polises contributing the money. Athens entered into a shifting set of alliances, some voluntary and some forced on weaker neighbors. Between 460 and 445, Athens challenged Sparta and her allies in a number of battles, at the same time providing aid to Egyptians rebelling against Persia. With no clear winner, Sparta and Athens agreed to a truce in 445, but their political rivalry continued. It is difficult to find a more convoluted set of circumstances than the ones that set off the Peloponnesian War. Athenian domination over the northern Greek polises kept them resentful, yet more diplomatic maneuvering and alliance-making resulted in Athens being poised to establish a Greek Empire.
Veii
Authors: Davis Paul K
Published: November 2023

Athens’ fortunes waned. The ships and crews lost in Sicily were not irreplaceable, but Athens found her naval power and prestige badly damaged. Delian League members seized the opportunity to break away, Persian forces opened an offensive to regain their lost territory in Asia Minor, and Sparta began investing in sea power, with both their own ships and others provided by Persia. That refocused Athens’ attention on her eastern possessions, and when her lost ships were replaced that was where she sent them. The replacement crews, however, did not match the quality of those lost in Sicily, and Athens was destroyed as a naval power at Aegospotami in 405. There, in the Hellespont connecting the Aegean and the Black seas, a Spartan fleet commanded by Lysander attacked the last Athenian fleet, capturing intact 170 ships while their crews were ashore. Without their fleet, the city of Athens could not resist the siege that Sparta was then conducting. The city held out through the winter of 405-404, but surrendered in the spring.
Carthage
Authors: Davis Paul K
Published: November 2023

For many years two powers slowly grew in strength and ambition, one on the southern coast of the central Mediterranean, the other directly north on the Italian peninsula. Carthage grew wealthy by the sea, her ships trading from Spain in the west to Lebanon and Egypt in the east. Her income allowed her to hire the best mercenaries in the world, primarily from colonies she established in Iberia. Rome, on the other hand, grew strong through the hardiness of her farmer citizenry, upon which rested the city’s economic and military strength. They coexisted peacefully until 254 B.C., when a dispute over the island of Sicily brought about the First Punic War. After twenty-four years of fighting the Romans prevailed, although both sides were seriously weakened. After twenty-four years of peace they began fighting again, this time in a dispute over allies in Spain. The Second Punic War lasted seventeen years, with the great Carthaginian Hannibal rampaging through Italy but unable to capture Rome itsel£ Rome again prevailed, when Scipio invaded Carthaginian territory and forced Hannibal to return to defend his homeland. After the Roman victory at Zama in 202 B.C. Carthage was forced to surrender her navy and pay a heavy indemnity.