bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Benzo[c]carbazole Derivatives Produced by an Effective Diels—Alder Reaction: Synthesis and Structure—Activity‐Relationship for Surface Coating.
Authors: Feng Xue‐Qing , Zhang Fei , He Xiao‐Peng , Chen Guo‐Rong , Wu Xin‐Yan , Sha Feng
Published: December 2016

Heteroatom‐fused benzocarbazole derivatives are prepared as effective surface‐coating materials against copper corrosion in an acidic medium.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Fluorinated Triazole and Isoxazole Derivatives by Electrochemical Fluorination.
Authors: Kuribayashi Shunsuke , Shida Naoki , Inagi Shinsuke , Fuchigami Toshio
Published: December 2016

Partially fluorinated triazoles are prepared through anodic fluorination of alkynes possessing an arylthio group and subsequent Cu(I)‐catalyzed azide‐alkyne cycloaddition with benzyl azide.
ChemInform Abstract: Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Direct and Selective C—H Cyanation of N‐(Hetero)aryl‐7‐azaindoles.
Authors: Mishra Aniket , Vats Tripta Kumari , Deb Indubhusan
Published: December 2016

The cyanation occurs regioselectively at the least hindered ortho‐position of the aryl substituent.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed External‐Oxidant‐Free Coupling Reactions Between Isoquinoline/Quinoline N‐Oxides with Olefins.
Authors: Guo Tao , Liu Yu , Zhao Yun‐Hui , Zhang Pan‐Ke , Han Shu‐Lei , Liu Hong‐Min
Published: December 2016

A novel and straightforward way for the construction of 1‐alkenylisoquinolines and 2‐alkenylquinolines via palladium‐catalyzed coupling reaction between isoquinoline/quinoline N‐oxides with olefins is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Zirconocene‐Mediated Carbonylative Coupling of Grignard Reagents.
Authors: Moss Melissa , Han Xinping , Ready Joseph M.
Published: December 2016

The transmetalation of Grignard reagents with zirconocene dichloride under a CO atmosphere generates acyl zirconium(IV) complexes that are inaccessible with the Schwartz reagent, including those derived from secondary and tertiary alkyl and aryl Grignard reagents.
ChemInform Abstract: Nickel‐Catalyzed Reductive Amidation of Unactivated Alkyl Bromides.
Authors: Serrano Eloisa , Martin Ruben
Published: December 2016

A user‐friendly, Ni‐catalyzed reductive amidation of unactivated primary, secondary, and tertiary alkyl bromides with isocyanates is described.
ChemInform Abstract: RhIII‐Catalyzed Hydroarylation of Internal Alkynes Through C—H Bond Activation.
Authors: Wang Cheng‐Qiang , Feng Chao , Loh Teck‐Peng
Published: December 2016

RhIII‐catalyzed hydroarylation of internal alkynes through C—H bond activation is described herein by using N,N‐dimethylaminocarbonyl as a directing group without the need of an external oxidant.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic C(sp3)—H Arylation of Free Primary Amines with an exo Directing Group Generated in situ.
Authors: Xu Yan , Young Michael C. , Wang Chengpeng , Magness David M. , Dong Guangbin
Published: December 2016

A range of aliphatic primary amines are site‐selectively arylated in the γ‐position using diaryl iodonium salts, and the products are isolated as the N‐benzoylated derivatives in moderate to high yields.
ChemInform Abstract: The Stereoselective Formation of β‐Lactams with Acyl Ketenes Generated from 5‐Acyl‐Meldrum′s Acids.
Authors: Zakaszewska Anna , Najda Ewelina , Makowiec Slawomir
Published: December 2016

A new process for the stereoselective formation of 3‐acyl‐β‐lactams using 5‐[hydroxy‐(phenyl/1‐naphthylmethyl)methylene] ‐2,2‐dimethyl‐1,3‐dioxa‐4,6‐diones and chiral aldimines under pyrolytic conditions is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Petasis Three‐Component Reaction Accelerated by Trifluoroacetic Acid: Synthesis of Indoline‐Derived Glycines.
Authors: Zhang Jing , Yun Fan , Xie Rui , Cheng Chunhui , Chen Guangyao , Li Jingxuan , Tang Pingwah , Yuan Qipeng
Published: December 2016

TFA is an effective catalyst to accelerate Petasis reaction to prepare indoline derived arylglycines starting with glyoxylic acid, 5‐nitroindoline, and substituted boronic acid.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Asymmetric [4 + 1] Annulation of Sulfur Ylides with Copper—Allenylidene Intermediates.
Authors: Wang Qiang , Li Tian‐Ren , Lu Liang‐Qiu , Li Miao‐Miao , Zhang Kai , Xiao Wen‐Jing
Published: December 2016

Copper(II) triflate/(R,R)‐Pybox has been used as catalytic system in the synthesis of 1‐tosyl‐2‐acyl‐3‐ethynylindolins in high yields and excellent dia‐ and enantioselectivities form corresponding acylsulfur ylides and 4‐ethynyl‐1‐tosyl‐1,4‐dihydro‐2H‐benzo[d][1,3]oxazin‐2‐ones.
ChemInform Abstract: Acid‐Mediated N—H/α,β‐C(sp3)—H Trifunctionalization of Pyrrolidine: Intermolecular [3 + 2] Cycloaddition for the Construction of 2,3‐Dihydro‐1H‐pyrrolizine Derivatives.
Authors: Zheng Kai‐Lu , Shu Wen‐Ming , Ma Jun‐Rui , Wu Yan‐Dong , Wu An‐Xin
Published: December 2016

A one‐pot, three‐component reaction of pyrrolidine with in‐situ‐generated azomethine ylides and acrylates efficiently gives 2,3‐dihydro‐1H‐pyrrolizines under mild conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Construction of Isoxazolidines Through Formal [3 + 2] Cycloaddition Reactions of in situ Generated Nitrosocarbonyls with Donor—Acceptor Cyclopropanes: Synthesis of α‐Amino‐γ‐butyrolactones.
Authors: Varshnaya Rohit Kumar , Banerjee Prabal
Published: December 2016

Functionalized isoxazolidines are obtained through [3 + 2] cycloaddition reactions of donor‐acceptor cyclopropanes with in situ generated nitrosocarbonyl compounds in the presence of a Lewis acid.
ChemInform Abstract: Meglumine Sulfate Catalyzed Solvent‐Free One‐Pot Synthesis of Coumarins under Microwave and Thermal Conditions
Authors: Moradi Leila , Rabiei Khadijeh , Belali Fateme
Published: December 2016

via Pechmann reaction of phenols with β‐keto esters
ChemInform Abstract: An Environmentally Friendly Approach to Pyrrolo[1,2‐a]quinoxalines Using Oxygen as the Oxidant.
Authors: Wang Chao , Li Yun , Zhao Jianfei , Cheng Bin , Wang Huifei , Zhai Hongbin
Published: December 2016

A green and practical method to construct pyrrolo[1,2‐a]quinoxalines is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Sigmatropic Rearrangement of Vinyl Aziridines: Expedient Synthesis of Cyclic Sulfoximines from Chiral Sulfinimines.
Authors: Moragas Toni , Liffey Ryan M. , Regentova Dominika , Ward Jon‐Paul S. , Dutton Justine , Lewis William , Churcher Ian , Walton Lesley , Souto Jose A. , Stockman Robert A.
Published: December 2016

A novel rearrangement of 2‐vinyl aziridine 2‐carboxylates to unusual chiral cyclic sulfoximines is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Indium(III) Chloride‐Catalyzed Facile Synthesis of Oxabicyclo[3.3.1]nonenes via (3,5)‐Oxonium‐ene Cyclization.
Authors: Singaram Kulathooran , Marimuthu Dhamodaran
Published: December 2016

Advantages of the introduced method are mild reaction conditions, shorter reaction times (4 to 5 hours), and convenient workup.
ChemInform Abstract: Flow Chemistry on Multigram Scale: Continuous Synthesis of Boronic Acids within 1 s.
Authors: Hafner Andreas , Meisenbach Mark , Sedelmeier Joerg
Published: December 2016

A continuous flow setup for organolithium chemistry on a multigram scale is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and X‐Ray Characterization of Alkali Metal 2‐Acyl‐1,1,3,3‐tetracyanopropenides.
Authors: Karpov Sergey V. , Grigor'ev Arthur A. , Kayukov Yakov S. , Karpova Irina V. , Nasakin Oleg E. , Tafeenko Victor A.
Published: December 2016

Li, Na, Rb, and Cs salts are also prepared with yields <90% in the final step.
ChemInform Abstract: A Bioinspired Synthesis of (.+‐.)‐Rubrobramide, (.+‐.)‐Flavipucine, and (.+‐.)‐Isoflavipucine.
Authors: Mizutani Shoma , Komori Kenta , Taniguchi Tohru , Monde Kenji , Kuramochi Kouji , Tsubaki Kazunori
Published: December 2016

A biomimetic synthesis of racemic samples of the naturally occurring lactams rubrobramide (I), flavipucine (II), and isoflavipucine (III) is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Cyaneodimycin, a Bioactive Compound Isolated from the Culture of Streptomyces cyaneofuscatus Associated with Lichina confinis.
Authors: Parrot Delphine , Legrave Nathalie , Intertaglia Laurent , Rouaud Isabelle , Legembre Patrick , Grube Martin , Suzuki Marcelino T. , Tomasi Sophie
Published: December 2016

Two new compounds, cyaneodimycin (I) and cyaneomycin bearing a rare methacrylate residue, are isolated from cultures of the title bacterium associated with the marine lichen L.
ChemInform Abstract: Polynuclear Halide Complexes of Bi(III): From Structural Diversity to the New Properties
Authors: Adonin Sergey A. , Sokolov Maxim N. , Fedin Vladimir P.
Published: December 2016

Review: 183 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Chalcogenide and Phosphide Solid‐State Electrocatalysts for Hydrogen Generation
Authors: You Bo , Sun Yujie
Published: December 2016

Review: [51 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Self‐Assembly of Proteins: Towards Supramolecular Materials
Authors: Yang Liulin , Liu Aijie , Cao Shuqin , Putri Rindia M. , Jonkheijm Pascal , Cornelissen Jeroen J. L. M.
Published: December 2016

Review: 80 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Bioinspired Mn‐Aminopyridine Catalyzed Epoxidations of Olefins with Various Oxidants: Enantioselectivity and Mechanism
Authors: Ottenbacher Roman V. , Talsi Evgenii P. , Bryliakov Konstantin P.
Published: December 2016

Review: 60 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: N‐Heterocyclic Carbenes; Partakers Not Just Spectators
Authors: Lake Benjamin R. M. , Chapman Michael R. , Willans Charlotte E.
Published: December 2016

Review: an account of the fascinating reactivity of NHCs at transition metal centers
ChemInform Abstract: Gold π.‐Complexes as Model Intermediates in Gold Catalysis
Authors: Jones Amanda C.
Published: December 2016

Review: 104 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) GyrB Inhibitors: An Attractive Approach for Developing Novel Drugs Against TB
Authors: Chaudhari Kavita , Surana Sanjay , Jain Pritam , Patel Harun M.
Published: December 2016

Review: 114 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Thermoelectric Plastics: From Design to Synthesis, Processing and Structure—Property Relationships
Authors: Kroon Renee , Mengistie Desalegn Alemu , Kiefer David , Hynynen Jonna , Ryan Jason D. , Yu Liyang , Mueller Christian
Published: December 2016

Review: 51 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Protein Cages and Synthetic Polymers: A Fruitful Symbiosis for Drug Delivery Applications, Bionanotechnology and Materials Science
Authors: Rother Martin , Nussbaumer Martin G. , Renggli Kasper , Bruns Nico
Published: December 2016

Review: 401 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Gas Chromatography with Derivatized Cyclodextrins in the Flavour and Fragrance Field
Authors: Cagliero Cecilia , Sgorbini Barbara , Cordero Chiara , Liberto Erica , Rubiolo Patrizia , Bicchi Carlo
Published: December 2016

Review: [56 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Stationary Phases for Complexation Gas Chromatography and Microextraction Methods
Authors: Rykowska Iwona , Wasiak Wieslaw
Published: December 2016

Review: 84 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Phase Transition and Negative Thermal Expansion in Orthorhombic Dy2W3O12.
Authors: Cao Weigang , Li Qiang , Lin Kun , Liu Zhanning , Deng Jinxia , Chen Jun , Xing Xianran
Published: December 2016

The title compound is prepared by repeated calcination of stoichiometric amounts of Dy2O3 and WO3 (1100 °C, 10 h) followed by quenching or slow cooling to 25 °C.
ChemInform Abstract: Transition from Superlithiophobicity to Superlithiophilicity of Garnet Solid‐State Electrolyte.
Authors: Wachsman Eric D. , et al.
Published: December 2016

The garnet‐type solid‐state electrolyte Li6.85La2.9Ca0.1Zr1.75 Nb0.25O12 is prepared by calcination of LiOH, La2O3, CaCO3, ZrO2, and Nb2O5 in air (900 °C, 10 h) followed by pelletizing and further annealing at 1050 °C (12 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Homogeneous Cobalt/Vanadium Complexes as Precursors for Functionalized Mixed Oxides in Visible‐Light‐Driven Water Oxidation.
Authors: Pavliuk Mariia V. , Mijangos Edgar , Makhankova Valeriya G. , Kokozay Vladimir N. , Pullen Sonja , Liu Jia , Zhu Jiefang , Styring Stenbjoern , Thapper Anders
Published: December 2016

(NH4)2[Co(H2O)6]2 [V10O28]·4H2O (I) and (NH4)2 [Co(H2O)5(β‐HAla)]2 [V10O28]·4H2O (II) are used for the preparation of mixed oxides as catalysts for water oxidation.
ChemInform Abstract: The Indium Borate In19B34O74(OH)11 with T2 Supertetrahedra.
Authors: Vitzthum Daniela , Wurst Klaus , Prock Johannes , Brueggeller Peter , Huppertz Hubert
Published: December 2016

Polycrystalline In19B34O74(OH)11 is prepared by hot pressing of stoichiometric amounts of In2O3 and H3BO3 (Au foil in multianvil press, 13 GPa within 12 h, 1150 °C, 6 min; cooling to 850 °C within 40 min; decompression within 21 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Giant Hollow Heterometallic Polyoxoniobates with Sodalite‐Type Lanthanide—Tungsten—Oxide Cages: Discrete Nanoclusters and Extended Frameworks.
Authors: Jin Lu , Li Xin‐Xiong , Qi Yan‐Jie , Niu Ping‐Ping , Zheng Shou‐Tian
Published: December 2016

A series of Nb—W—Ln heterometallic polyoxometalates {Ln12W12O36(H2O)24 (Nb6O19)12} (Ln: Y, La, Sm, Eu, Yb) is prepared by e.g. hydrothermal reaction of K7HNb6O19, Na2WO4, Cu(OAc)2, SmCl3, trimesic acid, and en in a carbonate buffer at pH 10.5 (autoclave, 160 °C, 72 h, 70% yield).
ChemInform Abstract: Chemo‐ and Regio‐Selective Synthesis of Hexacyclic Indeno‐Fused Coumarins via Domino Diels—Alder Dimerization/Baeyer—Villiger Oxidation.
Authors: Chanda Tanmoy , Chowdhury Sushobhan , Koley Suvajit , Singh Maya Shankar
Published: December 2016

Two parallel chemoselective synthetic transformations using substituted indenones as a synthon in Diels—Alder reactions is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Base‐Controlled [3 + 3] Cycloaddition of Isoquinoline N‐Oxides with Azaoxyallyl Cations.
Authors: An Yuanyuan , Xia Hongguang , Wu Jie
Published: December 2016

Oxadiazinoisoquinolinones are obtained in the presence of Na2CO3, while (isoquinolinoolinyloxy)acetamides are produced when Cs2CO3 is used as the base.
ChemInform Abstract: Manganese‐Catalyzed Carboacylations of Alkenes with Alkyl Iodides.
Authors: McMahon Caitlin M. , Renn Matthew S. , Alexanian Erik J.
Published: December 2016

A carboacylation of iodoalkyl olefins with carbon monoxide provides 5‐ to 7‐membered cyclic compounds under mild reaction conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Cyclic‐Protected Hexafluoroacetone as an Air‐Stable Liquid Reagent for Trifluoromethylations.
Authors: Negishi Kazuyuki , Aikawa Kohsuke , Mikami Koichi
Published: December 2016

The title reagent is synthesized from gaseous hexafluoroacetone and (L)‐methylproline on a gram scale.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Hydroarylation and Hydroalkenylation of Vinylarenes by Broensted Acid Catalysis.
Authors: Liu Muwen , Zhang Jinlong , Zhou Hui , Yang Huameng , Xia Chungu , Jiang Gaoxi
Published: December 2016

Broensted acid Tf2NH catalyzes Friedel—Crafts type head‐to‐tail hydroalkenylation and hydroarylation of vinylarenes [(I), (III), (V), and (VII)] under mild reaction conditions providing a readily scalable, metal‐free, and practical access to bioactive trans‐1,3‐diaryl‐1‐butenes [(II), (IV), and (IX)] and cyclic analogues [(VI) and (VIII)] and 1,1‐diarylalkanes (XI), resp., in high regioselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Development of a Triazine‐Based tert‐Butylating Reagent, TriAT‐tBu.
Authors: Yamada Kohei , Hayakawa Naoko , Fujita Hikaru , Kitamura Masanori , Kunishima Munetaka
Published: December 2016

The reaction of alcohols and carboxylic acids with the new tert‐butylating reagent tris(tert‐butoxy)triazine in the presence of a catalytic amount of an acid provides the corresponding tert‐butyl ethers and esters, resp., in good to high yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Mild and Efficient Synthesis of Iodylarenes Using Oxone as Oxidant.
Authors: Soldatova Natalia , Postnikov Pavel , Troyan Anna A. , Yoshimura Akira , Yusubov Mekhman S. , Zhdankin Viktor V.
Published: December 2016

An efficient oxidation of iodoarenes to the corresponding iodylarenes is achieved without the need for any catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Suzuki—Miyaura Reaction of Fluorinated Vinyl Chloride: A New Approach for Synthesis α‐ and α,β‐Trifluoromethylstyrenes.
Authors: Li Yang , Zhao Bo , Dai Kun , Tu Dong‐Huai , Wang Bo , Wang Yao‐Yu , Liu Zhao‐Tie , Liu Zhong‐Wen , Lu Jian
Published: December 2016

Optimized conditions including the phosphine ligand (PPC) allow the efficient synthesis of trifluoromethylstyrenes from fluorinated vinyl chlorides and arylboronic acids.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Efficient Catalytic Formation of (Z)‐1,4‐But‐2‐ene Diols Using Water as a Nucleophile.
Authors: Guo Wusheng , Martinez‐Rodriguez Luis , Martin Eddy , Escudero‐Adan Eduardo C. , Kleij Arjan W.
Published: December 2016

A highly stereoselective ring opening of vinyl‐substituted cyclic carbonates using water as a nucleophilic reagent gives (Z)‐but‐2‐ene‐1,4‐diols.
ChemInform Abstract: A Straightforward and Versatile Protocol for the Direct Conversion of Benzylic Azides to Ketones and Aldehydes.
Authors: Gonzalez‐Calderon Davir , Morales‐Reza Marco A. , Diaz‐Torres Eduardo , Fuentes‐Benites Aydee , Gonzalez‐Romero Carlos
Published: December 2016

The reaction of benzylic azides (I) and (III) with NaH leads to intermediate benzylideneamides, which react with water to afford aldehydes (II) and ketones (IV), respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: Ferrocene Catalyzed C—H Arylation of Arenes and Reaction Mechanism Study Using Cyclic Voltammetry.
Authors: Dixit Swati , Siddiqui Qamar Tabrez , Muneer Mohammad , Agarwal Neeraj
Published: December 2016

Ferrocene promotes the formation of aryl radicals from aryldiazonium salts.
ChemInform Abstract: Nickel‐Catalyzed Cross‐Electrophile Coupling with Organic Reductants in Non‐Amide Solvents.
Authors: Anka‐Lufford Lukiana L. , Huihui Kierra M. M. , Gower Nicholas J. , Ackerman Laura K. G. , Weix Daniel J.
Published: December 2016

A high‐yielding cross‐electrophile coupling of aryl or hetaryl halides with functionalized alkyl halides is examined.
ChemInform Abstract: A ZnCl2‐Catalyzed Knoevenagel Condensation/1,5‐Hydride Shift/Cyclization Sequence: Synthesis of Novel Spiroisoxazol‐5‐one Tetrahydroquinolines.
Authors: Zhao Tuan , Zhang Huanrui , Cui Longchen , Wang Changxue , Qu Jingping , Wang Baomin
Published: December 2016

A concise synthesis of novel spiroisoxazolone tetrahydroquinoline derivatives is developed by an efficient ZnCl2‐catalyzed stereoselective Knoevenagel condensation/1,5‐hydride shift/cyclization sequence.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 3′,4′‐Diaryl‐4′H‐spiro[indoline‐3,5′‐[1′,2′,4′]oxadiazol]‐2‐ones via DMAP‐Catalyzed Domino Reactions and Their Antibacterial Activity.
Authors: Shi Guanghao , He Xinwei , Shang Yongjia , Xiang Liwei , Yang Cheng , Han Guang , Du Bing
Published: December 2016

The entitled reaction proceeds via a 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition reaction of imines into aryl nitrile oxides.
ChemInform Abstract: Direct Access to 2‐Amino‐5‐azidomethylfurans Through Palladium‐Catalyzed Azidative Cycloisomerization of Homoallenyl Amides.
Authors: Huang Qianwen , Zheng Hanliang , Liu Shuiyou , Kong Lichun , Luo Fang , Zhu Gangguo
Published: December 2016

A novel azidative cycloisomerization of homoallenyl amides (I) and (III) using TmsN3 as the azidation reagent and a hypervalent iodine reagent as the oxidant giving a series of azidomethyl‐furans (II) and (IV), resp., is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: The Synthesis of Multisubstituted Pyrroles via a Copper‐Catalyzed Tandem Three‐Component Reaction.
Authors: Mou Xue‐Qing , Xu Zheng‐Liang , Xu Li , Wang Shao‐Hua , Zhang Bang‐Hong , Zhang Di , Wang Jie , Liu Wei‐Ting , Bao Wen
Published: December 2016

A nucleophilic addition/cyclization/aromatization cascade of aromatic alkenes/alkynes, trimethylsilyl cyanide, and N,N‐disubstituted formamides gives pyrroles in moderate to good yields with high regioselectivities.
ChemInform Abstract: AgI‐Promoted Cascade for Difluoromethylation of Activated Alkenes to Difluoromethylated Oxindoles.
Authors: Wang Xinglu , Wan Wen , Chen Yunrong , Li Jialiang , Jiang Haizhen , Wang Yong , Deng Hongmei , Hao Jian
Published: December 2016

In this new Ag(I)‐promoted reaction between N‐arylacrylamides and ethyl trimethylsilyldifluoroacetate, the corresponding 3‐(2‐ethoxycarbonyl‐2,2‐difluoroethyl)‐2‐oxo‐2,3‐dihydro‐1H‐indoles have been prepared in good yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Lewis Acid Catalyzed Displacement of Trichloroacetimidates in the Synthesis of Functionalized Pyrroloindolines.
Authors: Adhikari Arijit A. , Chisholm John D.
Published: December 2016

Several C‐3a‐substituted pyrroloindolines are obtained by nucleophilic substitution reaction of appropriate pyrroloindolinol trichloroacetimidates utilizing anilines, alcohols, thiols, and carbon nucleophiles.
ChemInform Abstract: Alkaloid‐Catalyzed Enantioselective [3 + 2] Cycloaddition of Ketenes and Azomethine Imines.
Authors: Mondal Mukulesh , Wheeler Kraig A. , Kerrigan Nessan J.
Published: December 2016

An asymmetric formal cycloaddition of in situ generated ketenes and azomethine imines provides bicyclic pyrazolidinones in good to excellent yields with good to excellent diastereoselectivity and excellent enantioselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave‐Accelerated and Catalyst‐Free Synthesis of Novel tris‐(Pyrazolyl)methanes.
Authors: Beyrati Maryam , Hasaninejad Alireza
Published: December 2016

The title compounds are prepared by condensation of pyrazolecarbaldehydes, hydrazines, and β‐ketoesters in high yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Iodine‐Mediated Aryl C—H Amination for the Synthesis of Benzimidazoles and Pyrido[1,2‐a]benzimidazoles.
Authors: Lv Zhigang , Liu Jing , Wei Wei , Wu Jie , Yu Wenquan , Chang Junbiao
Published: December 2016

An iodine mediated intramolecular C—H amination of N‐2‐pyridyl substituted electron rich anilines is developed to produce pyrido[1,2‐a]benzimidazoles in good yields, in general.
ChemInform Abstract: Simple but Efficient Synthesis of Novel Substituted Benzimidazoles over ZrO2‐Al2O3.
Authors: Thimmaraju N. , Shamshuddin S. Z. Mohamed , Pratap S. R. , Raja K. , Shyamsundar M. , Mohankumar T. E.
Published: December 2016

The ZrO2—Al2O3 solid acid catalytic material is found to be highly active, recyclable and reusable in the entitled formation of benzimidazoles (III).
ChemInform Abstract: 5‐Hydroxyl Hydantoins via One‐Pot Microwave‐Assisted Air Oxidation of Ugi Products.
Authors: Huang Adrian , Wo Kellie , Pierson Allene , Lee So Yeun Christine , Yang Erin , Johnson Catherine
Published: December 2016

11 Hydantoin derivatives are prepared by cyclization of the product of a five‐component Ugi‐type reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient Four‐Component Approach for the Synthesis of Novel 5‐Methyl‐4‐(2‐ (3‐methyl‐4‐nitroisoxazol‐5‐yl)‐1‐arylethyl)‐1H‐pyrazol‐3‐ol Derivatives and Their Antibacterial Study.
Authors: Muthineni Narmada , Satish Kumar Nandigama , Chandrasekhara Rao L. , Dileep Kumar V. , Misra Sunil , Raju Chowhan L. , Meshram H. M.
Published: December 2016

Title compounds have been prepared via 4‐component reaction of hydrazine hydrate, ethyl aceto/benzoyl‐acetate ((I) or (VII)), 3,5‐dimethyl‐4‐nitro‐isoxazole (II) and (het)arylaldehydes ((III) and (V)) including 1‐phenyl‐3‐arylpyrazol‐4‐carbaldehydes (IX).
ChemInform Abstract: Exploration and Optimization of an Efficient One‐Pot Sequential Synthesis of Di/Tri‐Substituted Thiazoles from α‐Bromoketones, Thioacids Salt, and Ammonium Acetate.
Authors: Venkateswararao Eeda , Jalani Hitesh B. , Manoj Manickam , Jung Sang‐Hun
Published: December 2016

24 Substituted thiazoles of type (III)/(V) are prepared by an optimized one‐pot two‐step procedure.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Diverse Benzotriazoles from Aryne Precursors Bearing an Azido Group via Inter‐ and Intramolecular Cycloadditions.
Authors: Yoshida Suguru , Morita Takamoto , Hosoya Takamitsu
Published: December 2016

Starting from 3‐(azidoalkoxy)aryne precursor, a diverse range of bis‐1,2,3‐triazoles (IV) are obtained via a sequential azide‐alkyne and azide‐aryne cycloaddition, while unique ring‐fused benzotriazoles (VI) are obtained via an intramolecular azido‐aryne cycloaddition.
ChemInform Abstract: Regioselective Synthesis of Bifuroxanyl Systems with the 3‐Nitrobifuroxanyl Core via a One‐Pot Acylation/Nitrosation/Cyclization Cascade.
Authors: Fershtat Leonid L. , Larin Alexander A. , Epishina Margarita A. , Kulikov Alexander S. , Ovchinnikov Igor V. , Ananyev Ivan V. , Makhova Nina N.
Published: December 2016

The title reaction involves the acylation of the sodium salt (II) of dinitromethan with furoxanyl hydroxamic acid chlorides, nitrosation of the resulting product, and subsequent cyclization by slight increase of temperature.
ChemInform Abstract: The Acid and/or Thermal Mediated Ring Contraction of 4H‐1,2,6‐Thiadiazines to Afford 1,2,5‐Thiadiazoles.
Authors: Kalogirou Andreas S. , Kourtellaris Andreas , Koutentis Panayiotis A.
Published: December 2016

Ring contraction of 1,2,6‐thiadiazin‐4‐one 1,2‐phenylene ketals affords 3‐(benzo[d][1,3]dioxol‐2‐ylmethyl)‐1,2,5‐thiadiazoles.
ChemInform Abstract: Amino Acid Ligands for Ruthenium(II)‐Catalyzed C—H Arylation of Aryltetrazoles with Chlorides: Expedient Access to Antihypertension Drugs.
Authors: Hubrich Jonathan , Ackermann Lutz
Published: December 2016

Using N‐pivaloyl‐L‐valine as the ligand and 1‐benzyltetrazol‐5‐yl group as the directing group regioselective ortho‐arylation of benzyltetrazolyl‐benzenes with (het)aryl halides has been achieved in good yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Glycerol Mediated Green and One‐Pot Synthesis of 6‐Amino‐1,4‐dihydropyrano[2,3‐c]‐pyrazole‐5‐carbonitriles under Catalyst Free Conditions.
Authors: Vekariya Rajesh H. , Patel Hitesh D.
Published: December 2016

The method proceeds in a green reaction media under mild and catalyst‐free reaction conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient Solvent‐Free Synthesis of Isoxazolyl‐1,4‐dihydropyridines on Solid Support SiO2 under Microwave Irradiation.
Authors: Zhang Dawei , Chen Xiaodong , Guo Xue , Zhang Yumin , Hou Yaya , Zhao Tianqi , Gu Qiang
Published: December 2016

via a multicomponent reaction strategy
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 2,4,6‐Trisubstituted Pyridines by Oxidative Eosin Y Photoredox Catalysis.
Authors: Rohokale Rajendra S. , Koenig Burkhard , Dhavale Dilip D.
Published: December 2016

The title reaction between acetophenone derivatives and benzylamines delivers various 2,4,6‐trisubstituted pyridines moderate to high yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Metal‐Free C(sp3)—H Oxidation of 2‐Methylquinolines with PIDA under Microwave Irradiation.
Authors: Jiang Long , Huang Yingyi , Yan Yiyan , Xie Yuanyuan
Published: December 2016

The title process allows the conversion of 2‐methylquinolines to aldehydes in high yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Sulfonic Acid—Functionalized Wang Resin (Wang‐OSO3H) as Polymeric Acidic Catalyst for the Ecofriendly Multicomponent Synthesis of Polyhydroquinolines via Hantzsch Condensation.
Authors: Dhanunjaya Rao A. V. , et al.
Published: December 2016

In the title reaction, the Wang sulfonic acid acts as a very efficient and green promoter.
ChemInform Abstract: A Facile Preparation of Imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridin‐3‐amine Derivatives via a Three‐Component Reaction with β‐Cyclodextrin—SO3H as Catalyst.
Authors: Wu Jian , Xu Fang‐Zhou , Feng She‐Lei , Xue Wei , Wang Zhen‐Zhen
Published: December 2016

A facile β‐cyclodextrin‐SO3H catalyzed three‐component cyclization of aromatic aldehydes, 2‐pyridylamine, and isocyanides affords imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridin‐3‐amines.
ChemInform Abstract: An Expedient Synthesis and anti‐Microbial Evaluation of Ethoxyphthalimido Derivatives of Pyrimido[4,5‐e]pyrimidine Analogues from 1‐(1H‐Benzimidazol‐2‐yl)guanidine.
Authors: Prajapat Prakash , Kumawat Monika , Kherodiya Bhawana , Talesara Lal Ganpat
Published: December 2016

Some of the new compounds, e.g. (Xd), exhibit high antibacterial and antifungal activity similar to the reference drugs.
ChemInform Abstract: PTSA‐Catalyzed One‐Pot Synthesis of Quinoxalines Using DMSO as the Oxidant.
Authors: Zhang Zeyuan , Xie Caixia , Feng Lei , Ma Chen
Published: December 2016

An efficient TosOH‐catalyzed, one‐pot, two‐step oxidative system for the cyclization of o‐diaminobenzene with 1,2‐diaryl‐2‐hydroxyethanone to quinoxalines (III) is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Electrophile‐Induced Cyclization of 3‐Alkynyl‐2‐arylquinoxalines: A Method for Benzo‐ and Naphthophenazine Synthesis.
Authors: Gulveskaya Anna V.
Published: December 2016

A facile synthesis of benzo[a]‐, naphtho[1,2‐a]‐ and naphtho[2,1‐a]phenazines by ICl‐promoted 6‐endo‐dig cyclization of 3‐alkynyl‐2‐arylquinoxalines is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: A Selective RhI‐Catalyzed Substrate‐Controlled C—C Bond Activation of Benzyl Sulfonamide/Alcohol‐Tethered Alkylidenecyclopropanes.
Authors: Chen Kai , Liu Jia‐Xin , Tang Xiang‐Ying , Shi Min
Published: December 2016

The title method offers access to three structural motifs, namely benzo[c]azepines/oxepines, dihydronaphthalen‐1‐amines and conjugated dienes.
ChemInform Abstract: A Practical Synthesis of 4‐Amino‐2‐methyl‐10H‐thieno[2,3‐b][1,5]benzodiazepine.
Authors: Ye Ping‐Ping , Liu Ning , Chang Yu‐Wei , Xu Wei‐Ming
Published: December 2016

The title compound (II), a key intermediate for the synthesis of the anti‐psychotic drug olanzapine, is prepared by intramolecular cyclocondensation of [(nitrophenyl)amino]thiophenecarbonitrile (I) using tin powder and HCl a reducing system.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Trimethylsilyl Carboxylates by HMDS under Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Jereb Marjan , Lakner Janja
Published: December 2016

An operationally simple protocol is presented for the conversion of a wide range of functionalized aliphatic and aromatic carboxylic acids into their trimethylsilyl esters.
ChemInform Abstract: 1,1‐Dibromoalkenes as Versatile Reagents to a Transition Metal‐Free and Stereoselective Synthesis of (E)‐1‐Bromo‐1‐selenoalkenes and Ketene Selenoacetals.
Authors: Webber Rodrigo , Peglow Thiago J. , Nobre Patrick C. , Barcellos Angelita M. , Roehrs Juliano A. , Schumacher Ricardo F. , Perin Gelson
Published: December 2016

The reaction of dibromoalkenes (I) with diselenides is controlled by stoichiometry and temperature to allow the selective formation of (E)‐1‐bromo‐1‐selenoalkenes (III) or ketene selenoacetals (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Stachartins A—E, Phenylspirodrimanes from the Tin Mine Tailings‐Associated Fungus Stachybotrys chartarum.
Authors: Chunyu Wei‐Xun , Ding Zhang‐Gui , Li Ming‐Gang , Zhao Jiang‐Yuan , Gu Shao‐Jie , Gao Yuan , Wang Fei , Ding Jian‐Hai , Wen Meng‐Liang
Published: December 2016

isolation and structure elucidation
ChemInform Abstract: Campyridones A—D, Pyridone Alkaloids from a Mangrove Endophytic Fungus Campylocarpon sp. HDN13‐307.
Authors: Zhu Meilin , Zhang Xiaomin , Feng Huimin , Che Qian , Zhu Tianjiao , Gu Qianqun , Li Dehai
Published: December 2016

isolation, structure elucidation, cytotoxicity and biosynthetic pathway
ChemInform Abstract: Boryl Anions
Authors: Yamashita Makoto , Nozaki Kyoko
Published: December 2016

Review: synthesis and properties; 127 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Reactions of Alkynylboron Compounds
Authors: Ishida Naoki , Murakami Masahiro
Published: December 2016

Review: 135 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Conjugate Reactions: New Potentials of an Old Idea
Authors: Bruk L. G. , Temkin O. N.
Published: December 2016

Review: 84 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Anion Recognition in Solution via Halogen Bonding
Authors: Taylor Mark S.
Published: December 2016

Review: 61 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Multicomponent Reactions in Organic Synthesis Using Copper‐Based Nanocatalysts
Authors: Das Debjit
Published: December 2016

Review: [86 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Diradical Approach Toward Organic Near Infrared Dyes
Authors: Ni Yong , Wu Jishan
Published: December 2016

Review: [47 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: SuFEx Click: New Materials from SOxF and Silyl Ethers
Authors: Yatvin Jeremy , Brooks Karson , Locklin Jason
Published: December 2016

Review: [24 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: A Mini‐Review on Solid Acid Catalysts for Esterification Reactions
Authors: Sirsam Rajkumar , Hansora Dharmesh , Usmani Ghayas A.
Published: December 2016

Review: 73 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Carbofunctional Sulfur‐containing Organosilicon Compounds: Synthesis and Application Fields
Authors: Vlasova N. N. , Sorokin M. S. , Oborina E. N.
Published: December 2016

Review: 78 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Chiral Ligand‐Modified Metal Nanoparticles as Unique Catalysts for Asymmetric C—C Bond‐Forming Reactions: How Are Active Species Generated?
Authors: Yasukawa Tomohiro , Miyamura Hiroyuki , Kobayashi Shu
Published: December 2016

Review: 152 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Emerging Applications of Metal‐TCNQ Based Organic Semiconductor Charge Transfer Complexes for Catalysis
Authors: Mohammadtaheri Mahsa , Ramanathan Rajesh , Bansal Vipul
Published: December 2016

Review: 116 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Understanding the Magnetic Anisotropy Toward Single‐Ion Magnets
Authors: Meng Yin‐Shan , Jiang Shang‐Da , Wang Bing‐Wu , Gao Song
Published: December 2016

Review: 60 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Are Enzymes Sensitive to the Multivalent Effect? Emerging Evidence with Glycosidases
Authors: Matassini Camilla , Parmeggiani Camilla , Cardona Francesca , Goti Andrea
Published: December 2016

Review: [49 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Heterogeneous Molecular Systems for Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction with Water Oxidation
Authors: Liu Xiao , Inagaki Shinji , Gong Jinlong
Published: December 2016

Review: [292 refs.
Proximity‐Dependent Biotinylation for Identification of Interacting Proteins
Authors: Le Sage Valerie , Cinti Alessandro , Mouland Andrew J.
Published: December 2016

Complex interaction networks orchestrate key cellular processes including but not limited to transcription, translation, metabolism, and cell signaling. Delineating these interactions will aid in deciphering the regulation and function of these pathways and potential for manipulation. Proximity‐dependent biotin identification (BioID) is quickly gaining popularity as a powerful tool for identifying novel protein‐protein and proximity‐based interactions in live cells. This technique relies on a promiscuous biotin ligase, which is fused to a protein of interest and, upon expression in the desired cell, will biotinylate proximal endogenous proteins. In vivo protein‐protein interactions can be very transient and occur momentarily to facilitate signaling or a metabolic function. BioID is useful in identifying these weak and/or transient interactions that are not detected by traditional methods such as yeast two‐hybrid or affinity purification. Here, we outline a BioID protocol that can be used as a workflow to guide a new application. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Measurement of Behavioral Taste Responses in Mice: Two‐Bottle Preference, Lickometer, and Conditioned Taste‐Aversion Tests
Authors: Gaillard Dany , Stratford Jennifer M.
Published: December 2016

The natural like and dislike of foods based on taste is one of the most easily observed behaviors in animals. Animals eat palatable foods and reject aversive foods, which makes measurement of taste perception possible using various behavioral techniques. Three different methods to accurately measure taste behavior are described here. First, two‐bottle preference tests evaluate whether a taste compound (tastant) is preferred over water. Second, lickometer tests quantify the like and dislike for multiple concentrations of the same tastant or multiple tastants at the same time. Finally, conditioned taste aversion tests accurately determine the perceived taste threshold for palatable tastants. Together, these diverse methods enable researchers to observe and measure behavioral taste responses in mice to any tastant. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Determining Functional Aptamer‐Protein Interaction by Biolayer Interferometry
Authors: Lou Xinhui , Egli Martin , Yang Xianbin
Published: December 2016

Short single‐stranded nucleic acids called aptamers are widely being explored as recognition molecules of high affinity and specificity for binding a wide range of target molecules, particularly protein targets. In biolayer interferometry (BLI), a simple Dip‐and‐Read approach in which the aptamer‐coated biosensors are dipped into microplate wells is used to study the interactions between an aptamer and its target protein. Here we describe the protocol for the analysis of the interaction between a well‐characterized anti‐thrombin RNA aptamer with thrombin (Basic Protocol). We also report on the protocol for the affinity screening of a panel of anti‐thrombin RNA aptamers with a single phosphorodithioate (PS2) modification, whereby the position of the modification along the RNA backbone is varied systematically (Support Protocol). The PS2 modification uses two sulfur atoms to replace two non‐bridging oxygen atoms at an internucleotide phosphodiester backbone linkage. The PS2‐modified RNAs are nuclease resistant and several in vitro and in vivo assays have demonstrated their biological activity. For example, combining the PS2 with the 2′‐OMe modification affords increased loading of modified small interfering RNA (siRNA) duplexes into the RNA‐induced silencing complex (RISC) as well as enhanced gene‐silencing antitumor activity. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Gram‐Scale Chemical Synthesis of Base‐Modified Ribonucleoside‐5′‐O‐Triphosphates
Authors: Shanmugasundaram Muthian , Senthilvelan Annamalai , Kore Anilkumar R.
Published: December 2016

This unit delineates a simple, reliable, straight‐forward, general, and efficient chemical method for the synthesis of modified nucleoside‐5′‐O‐triphosphates such as 5‐methylcytidine‐5′‐O‐triphosphate (5‐Me‐CTP), pseudouridine‐5′‐O‐triphosphate (pseudo‐UTP), and N
1‐methylpseudouridine‐5′‐O‐triphosphate (N
1‐methylpseudo‐UTP), starting from the corresponding nucleoside. The reaction utilizes an improved protection‐free “one‐pot, three‐step” Ludwig synthetic strategy that involves the monophosphorylation of the nucleoside with phosphorous oxychloride followed by reaction with tributylammonium pyrophosphate and subsequent hydrolysis of the resulting cyclic intermediate to furnish the corresponding ribonucleoside triphosphate (NTP) in moderate yields. It is noteworthy that the reaction affords high purity (>99.5%) NTPs after DEAE Sepharose column purification. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Waste‐to‐Chemicals for a Circular Economy: The Case of Urea Production (Waste‐to‐Urea)
Authors: Antonetti Elena , Iaquaniello Gaetano , Salladini Annarita , Spadaccini Luca , Perathoner Siglinda , Centi Gabriele
Published: December 2016

The economics and environmental impact of a new technology for the production of urea from municipal solid waste, particularly the residue‐derived fuel (RdF) fraction, is analyzed. Estimates indicate a cost of production of approximately €135 per ton of urea (internal rate of return more than 10 %) and savings of approximately 0.113 tons of CH4 and approximately 0.78 tons of CO2 per ton of urea produced. Thus, the results show that this waste‐to‐urea (WtU) technology is both economically valuable and environmentally advantageous (in terms of saving resources and limiting carbon footprint) for the production of chemicals from municipal solid waste in comparison with both the production of urea with conventional technology (starting from natural gas) and the use of RdF to produce electrical energy (waste‐to‐energy). A further benefit is the lower environmental impact of the solid residue produced from RdF conversion. The further benefit of this technology is the possibility to realize distributed fertilizer production.
Catalyst and Process Design for the Continuous Manufacture of Rare Sugar Alcohols by Epimerization–Hydrogenation of Aldoses
Authors: Lari Giacomo M. , Gröninger Olivier G. , Li Qiang , Mondelli Cecilia , López Núria , Pérez‐Ramírez Javier
Published: December 2016

Invited for this month′s cover are the groups of Javier Pérez‐Ramírez at ETH Zurich and of Núria López at Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology. The image shows a samba singer and dancer shouting “Azúcar!” (Spanish for sugar), which symbolizes the message of their Full Paper dealing with sugar upgrading. The Full Paper itself is available at 10.1002/cssc.201600755.
Multiscale habitat relationships of snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus) in the mixed conifer landscape of theNorthernRockies,USA: Cross‐scale effects of horizontal cover with implications for forest management
Authors: Holbrook Joseph D. , Squires John R. , Olson Lucretia E. , Lawrence Rick L. , Savage Shannon L.
Published: December 2016

Snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus) are an ecologically important herbivore because they modify vegetation through browsing and serve as a prey resource for multiple predators. We implemented a multiscale approach to characterize habitat relationships for snowshoe hares across the mixed conifer landscape of the northern Rocky Mountains,USA. Our objectives were to (1) assess the relationship between horizontal cover and snowshoe hares, (2) estimate how forest metrics vary across the gradient of snowshoe hare use and horizontal cover, and (3) model and map snowshoe hare occupancy and intensity of use. Results indicated that both occupancy and intensity of use by snowshoe hares increased with horizontal cover and that the effect became stronger as intensity of use increased. This underscores the importance of dense horizontal cover to achieve high use, and likely density, of snowshoe hares. Forest structure in areas with high snowshoe hare use and horizontal cover was characterized as multistoried with dense canopy cover and medium‐sized trees (e.g., 12.7–24.4 cm). The abundance of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) was associated with snowshoe hare use within a mixed conifer context, and the only species to increase in abundance with horizontal cover wasEngelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii) and subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa). Our landscape‐level modeling produced similar patterns in that we observed a positive effect of lodgepole pine and horizontal cover on both occupancy and use by snowshoe hares, but we also observed a positive yet parabolic effect of snow depth on snowshoe hare occupancy. This work is among the first to characterize the multiscale habitat relationships of snowshoe hares across a mixed conifer landscape as well as to map their occupancy and intensity of use. Moreover, our results provide stand‐ and landscape‐level insights that directly relate to management agencies, which aids in conservation efforts of snowshoe hares and their associated predators.
The Electric Discharge Detection Method in the Low Vacuum Region of Vacuum Interrupter
Authors: ABE JUNICHI , TANABE TOMOKO , YANO TOMOTAKA , YOSHIDA SATORU , INOUE NAOAKI
Published: December 2016

The vacuum circuit breaker (VCB) achieves the high current interrupting capability in the pressure lower than 10 Pa to 5 Pa. When gas pressure increases, the breakdown voltage of a VCB decreases according to Paschen's law, and in the case of small leak, the partial discharge will occur in the VCB and the high frequency electromagnetic waves are radiated. So, we have developed the partial discharge detection system using an antenna with the region from 200 MHz to 300 MHz placed inside the VCB. However, if the partial discharge occurs outside the VCB, the detection system leads to misdetection as the partial discharge inside the VCB. In order to improve the performance of partial discharge detection, the outputs of antenna voltages inside and outside the VCB are investigated.
The “great flood” of 1926: environmental change and post‐disaster management in british malaya
Authors: Williamson Fiona
Published: December 2016

This paper is an historical case study of a major flood that occurred in British Malaya in 1926. It focuses on two key points. First, that the magnitude and subsequent impacts of the flood were exacerbated by contemporary industrial, agricultural, and hydraulic practices. Second, that this event pushed the British colonial government toward improving their land and river management strategies over the following decades. This article draws on recent research arguing the importance of an historical approach to disaster, as it enables greater insight into a disaster's causes and long‐term political, social, and environmental ramifications. Focussing on December 1926—a month of especially severe flooding likely linked to La Niña—this article will explore how those inundations became disastrous because of man‐made changes enacted on the local environment. It will consider the sequential effect of the inundations, from their immediate to medium‐term impact on the environment, to subsequent government‐led flood mitigation schemes. By viewing the mid‐1920s floods as a catalyst for change, with the benefit of hindsight, it is also possible to assess how far these changes were positive or negative.
Biogenic calcite particles from microalgae—Coccoliths as a potential raw material
Authors: Jakob Ioanna , Chairopoulou Makrina Artemis , Vučak Marijan , Posten Clemens , Teipel Ulrich
Published: December 2016

Synthetic calcite (CaCO3) particles are found in a broad range of applications. The geometry of particles produced from limestone or precipitation are versatile but limited to basic shapes. The microalga Emiliania huxleyi produces micro‐structured calcite platelets, called coccoliths. This article presents the results of an application‐orientated study, which includes characteristic values also used in the calcite industry for particle evaluation. It is demonstrated that coccoliths are significantly different from all industrial particles produced so far. Coccoliths are porous particles, mainly consisted of calcium carbonate, with further elements such as Mg, Si, Sr, and Fe often embedded in their structure. Their structure is extremely sophisticated, while the overall particle morphology and particle size distribution are homogeneous. This study gives a first inside into the potential of these exceptional objects and may set further impulses for their utilization in specific calcite particle applications.
On the “Where” of Social Experiments: The Nature and Extent of the Generalizability Problem
Authors: Bell Stephen H. , Stuart Elizabeth A.
Published: December 2016

Although randomized experiments are lauded for their high internal validity, they have been criticized for the limited external validity of their results. This chapter describes research strategies for investigating how much nonrepresentative site selection may limit external validity and bias impact findings. The magnitude of external validity bias is potentially much larger than what is thought of as an acceptable level of internal validity bias. The chapter argues that external validity bias should always be investigated by the best available means and addressed directly when presenting evaluation results. These observations flag the importance of making external validity a priority in evaluation planning.