bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Morality
Authors: Carmody Denise Lardner , Carmody John Tully
Published: November 2023

The five basic precepts in which Buddhism has couched the morality it has found the dharma to impose are known as sila (custom, conduct). Traditionally, Buddhists describe them negatively: not to kill, not to lie, not to steal, not to be unchaste, and not to take intoxicants. Before describing how these precepts orient Buddhist holiness for action, let us reflect briefly on morality itself.
West Virginia
Authors: Emblidge David
Published: November 2023

View from Jefferson Rock, Harpers Ferry: the Potomac River, West Virginia, and Maryland. Trail miles: 2.4 in West Viriginia, shortest one-state distance on the AT, with 23-24 miles sharing the border with Virginia in two places Trail maintenance: Potomac AT Club, Harpers Ferry National Historical Park Highest point: Peter’s Mt., 3,484 ft. (southern West Virginia, near Lindside) Broadest rivers: Shenandoah, crossable on auto bridge; Potomac, crossable on 600-ft.-long Goodloe Byron Pedestrian Walkway Features: Lovely woodland stroll culminating at the tiny historic town of Harpers Ferry, home base of the Appalachian Trail Conference, the psychological midpoint for north- or southbound AT thru-hikers.
A New Testament Rule of Divine Love
Authors: Wattles Jeffrey
Published: November 2023

Jesus is a controversial figure partly because the records of his teachings juxtapose intuitively appealing statements with controversial ones. The golden rule, for example, is associated with more problematic teachings. Therefore, whoever would take the initial, obvious sense of Jesus’ golden rule as its final sense faces a challenge when interpreting the rule in context. Matthew’s Sermon on the Mount (chaps. 5–7) and Luke’s comparable Sermon on the Plain (6.20–49) may appear to associate the rule with inferior standards: Give to others, or face the punishment of God (Matthew), and Give generously in order that you may receive abundantly (Luke). But these contexts also associate the rule with a high standard, including the command to be perfect and to love your enemies. Thus, two main questions arise about the New Testament golden rule: How does the rule relate to notions of reciprocity? And how does the rule relate to the high standard of the Sermon on the Mount and the Sermon on the Plain, a standard some have called unreasonably high? It is necessary to sort things out in some detail to show that a progressive, reasonable, and high standard emerges from the rule in Matthew and Luke.
A Theological Principle
Authors: Wattles Jeffrey
Published: November 2023

What difference does the presence or absence of religious faith make in the practice of the golden rule? While the question focuses on personal experience, the discussion of the question is not insulated from social and political issues. As theologians labored during the medieval period in Europe, the Christian church sought and eventually gained dominant cultural power. In that process, theologians and philosophers were occupied with efforts to integrate Christianity intellectually with Greek philosophy and politically with unbelievers. These aims affected interpretations of the golden rule. Theologians affirmed that faith had a transforming effect on the practice of the rule, even though the rule as a datum of common reason could serve as a principle for believer and unbeliever alike.

The West learned the universal scope of the golden rule as much from Stoicism as from classical Judaism and Christianity, since exclusivistic notions of “the chosen people” and “the church of the saved” complicated otherwise clear humanitarian messages about the need to extend welcome and concern to strangers, widows, and orphans; lost sheep and prodigal sons; Jew and Greek; slave and free; male and female. The emphasis on the golden rule as a leading ethical principle, however, derived primarily from the New Testament repetition of Hillel’s teaching that the golden rule is the quintessence of the law and the prophets.
The Golden Rule In a Philosophy of Morality
Authors: Wattles Jeffrey
Published: November 2023

Working with a single fragment, such as a fossilized jaw bone, a paleobiologist may be struck by how sharp the teeth still are, quite apart from the rest of the animal. It nevertheless remains interesting to envision the whole skeleton. Similarly, the golden rule hints at a fuller philosophy of moral living and requires one for its full functioning. Previous chapters have made much use of the notions of growth, evolution, development, and progress, all of which presuppose value commitments. It is time now to render a fuller account of the religious philosophy operative in these histories and to return to some of the objections raised in chapter I.

It cannot be a question of proving the reality of God: the primal decision to acknowledge the validity of spiritual experience cannot be extorted by logic, any more than the decision to honor the validity of moral consciousness, or to affirm the validity of our perception that we live in a realm of causally interconnected things of nature. Attemped proofs of such basic affirmations or axioms assume too much or prove too little. Reason and wisdom can only operate once these windows to experience are open.
Examination of Suffering
Authors: Garfield Jay L
Published: November 2023

Some say suffering is self-produced, Or produced from another or from both. Or that it arises without a cause. It is not the kind of thing to be produced. If suffering came from itself, Then it would not arise dependently. For those aggregates Arise in dependence on these aggregates
Examination of Connection
Authors: Garfield Jay L
Published: November 2023

The seen, seeing, and the seer: These three-pairwise or All together-Do not connect to one another. Similarly desire, the desirous one, the object of desire, And the remaining afflictions And the remaining sources of perception Are understood in this threefold way. Since different things connect to one another, But in seeing, etc., There is no difference, They cannot connect.
Examination of Errors
Authors: Garfield Jay L
Published: November 2023

Desire, hatred and confusion all Arise from thought, it is said. They all depend on The pleasant, the unpleasant, and errors. Since whatever depends on the pleasant and the unpleasant Does not exist through an essence, The defilements Do not really exist. The self’s existence or nonexistence Has in no way been established.
Examination of Conditions
Authors: Garfield Jay L
Published: November 2023

Central to this first chapter is the distinction between causes and conditions (Skt: hetu and pratyaya, Tib: rgyu and rkyen). This distinction is variously drawn and is controversial,14 and it is arguably differently understood in Sanskrit and Tibetan. The way I will understand it here, I argue, makes good, coherent sense not only of this chapter, but of Mūlamadhyamakakārikiā as a whole. Briefly, we will understand this distinction as follows: When Nagarjuna uses the word “cause” (hetu, rgyu), he has in mind an event or state that has in it a power (kriya, bya-ba)15 to bring about its effect and has that power as part of its essence or nature (svabhava, rang bzhin).
Examination of the Conditioned
Authors: Garfield Jay L
Published: November 2023

Having begun the text with an examination of the relation of dependency between phenomena, and having then conducted an analysis of the fundamental ontological constituents of reality, Nāgārjuna’ now brings these two analyses together in a long chapter investigating the nature of the world of conditioned things as a whole. The target position is the view that dependent arising itself, as well as dependently arisen things, are either inherently existent or completely nonexistent. There are really two positions here with which Nāgārjuna’ must contend: First, the reificationist opponent charges that even if we grant Nāgārjuna’s earlier arguments for the conclu-sion that phenomena themselves are empty because they are dependently arisen, dependent arising itself must inherently exist. For only if phenomena are truly dependently arisen, one might argue, are they truly empty. Second, Nāgārjuna’ must answer the following objection: If dependent arising is empty, then arising, stasis, and cessation are nonexistent. Hence there are, in fact, no phenomena since phenomena are defined-particularly in a Buddhist context-as those things that arise, remain, and cease. But clearly there are actual empirical phenomena; indeed, such phenomena must exist for Nāgārjuna’ claim that they are empty to make any sense at all.
Examination of Suffering
Authors: Garfield Jay L
Published: November 2023

The first of the Four Noble Truths is that “all this is suffering.” So one can imagine an interlocutor granting all that has gone before, but in defense of Buddhist orthodoxy, insisting that suffering is inherently existent. After all, the Four Noble Truths are, from a Buddhist perspective, truths. Nāgārjuna’ of course, is a Buddhist and accepts the Four Noble Truths. (In fact, the principal chapter of this work, Chapter XXIV, is devoted to an exposition of the Four Noble Truths from the standpoint of emptiness and to the argument that only on Nāgārjuna’s analysis can these truths be maintained at all.) So he must, without denying the reality of suffering, explain its emptiness. L Some say suffering is self-produced, Or produced from another or from both. Or that it arises without a cause.
Examination of the Four Noble Truths
Authors: Garfield Jay L
Published: November 2023

While Chapter XXIV ostensibly concerns the Four Buddhist Truths and the way they are to be understood from the vantage point of emptiness, it is really about the nature of emptiness itself and about the relation between emptiness and conventional reality. As such, it is the philosophical heart of MūlamadhyamakakārikiāThe first six verses of the chapter (XXIV: 1-6) present a reply to Nāgārjuna’ doctrine of emptiness by an opponent charging the doctrine with nihilism. The next eight verses (XXIV: 7-14) are primarily rhetorical, castigating the opponent for his misunderstanding of Mūlamadhyamakakārikiā. The positive philosophical work begins with XXIV: 15. From this point Nāgārjuna’ offers a theory of the relationship between emptiness, dependent origination, and convention and argues not only that these three can be understood as corelative, but that if conventional things (or emptiness itself) were nonempty, the very nihilism with which the reificationist opponent charges Mūlamadhyamakakārikiāwould ensue. This tactic of arguing not only against each extreme but of arguing that the contradictory extremes are in fact mutually entailing is, as we have seen in earlier chapters, a dialectical trademark of Nāgārjuna’;s philosophical method. In this chapter, it is deployed with exceptional elegance and acuity.
Women’s Lives In The Ancient Mediterranean
Authors: Hallett Judith P
Published: November 2023

When referring to the Greeks and Romans of the first century BCE through the second and third centuries CE who did not follow the teachings of Jesus Christ, we frequently speak of them as “pagans.” The term pagan has several meanings, a variety of connotations, and an intriguing history. In the most recent edition of the American Heritage Dictionary, the noun pagan is defined as “one who is not a Christian, Moslem, or Jew; a heathen.” It is also defined as “a hedonist,” that is, “one who pursues or is devoted to pleasure, especially the pleasures of the senses.” Other, unabridged dictionaries-such as Webster’s New International—expand on these brief definitions.
Jewish Women and Women’s Judaism(S) At The Beginning of Christianity
Authors: Kraemer Ross S
Published: November 2023

The previous chapter considers some of the dangers of writing about Jewish women and women’s Judaisms in the context of the study of women in early Christianity. This chapter, which I hope will not be read independently of the prior one, concerns itself primarily with critical, historical questions; with what we know about Jewish women in the period ca. 100 BCE to 150 CE that is particularly germane to the study of early Christianity in general and to the study of women and Christian origins more specifically.
Rereading Paul
Authors: MacDonald Margaret Y
Published: November 2023

As it expanded and moved into the second century CE, the form known as “Pauline” Christianity underwent an institutionalization that has been understood as having important consequences for the lives of women. The literature it produced includes New Testament writings that date from the middle of the first century CE to the first half of the second century CE. Among these are several of Paul’s letters to communities located in various cities around the eastern Mediterranean, but also documents attributed to Paul, often understood as having been composed by one of his students or disciples to keep his teaching alive in the generations that followed his death (a practice that was not without precedent in the ancient world).
A Boiling Hot Religion
Authors: Wigger John H
Published: November 2023

In October 1789, after a journey of some 46 days from Massachusetts to Baltimore and then on to Muskingum, Ohio, Thomas Wallcut sat down to write a letter to James Freeman, a Unitarian minister in Boston. Everywhere he went, Wallcut reported, one topic seemed to dominate conversation-the spread of Methodism. It seemed that wherever two or three were gathered together, “you would certainly hear some, thing about Methodists-sometimes one of the Company would defend them, but I most generally fell among those that disliked & spoke against them.” From what he could discern, the spread of Methodism in Virginia and Mary, land seemed “unparrelled & astonishing.” “Some go so far as to say that full half the People are Methodists already & that Methodism will be the established Religion of Virginia in a few years,” wrote Wallcut. Though he doubted that this would ever be the case, he was nonetheless alarmed at the “enthusiasm & intemperate zeal” of the Methodists. Methodist meetings, recounted Wallcut after witnessing several, were “attended with all that confusion, violence and distortion of the body, voice & gestures that characterizes such a boiling hot religion.
Policing at Century’s End
Authors: Skogan Wesley G , Hartnett Susan M
Published: November 2023

One cold March evening, several Chicago beat-team police officers visited a four-story apartment building in a decaying section of their district. For months, neighbors had been complaining about the building at the area’s community beat meetings (formal gatherings of police and citizens), so the officers decided to make a careful inspection of it as they followed up on a specific incident. They were appalled at what they found. Inside, the building was in a state of collapse. The doors had been torn off most of the apartments, and the appliances and electrical fittings had been scavenged. Ceilings in the top-floor units were coming down. The halls were littered with hypodermic syringes. None of the exterior doors locked, but that would have made little difference because garbage was piled so high in the alley that anyone could clamber through a rear window. One resident later reported that cockroaches in the building “look like little Volkswagen cars.” The officers soon found that the paying tenants had all fled and that they had been replaced by a rotating cast of squatters, gang members, drug dealers and users, and runaway youths.
Worldview and Socioeconomic Development The Evidence Explained
Authors: Sherman Amy L
Published: November 2023

As the studies described in the previous chapters attest, anecdotal accounts of the positive consequences of conversion to Evangelicalism are fairly easy to find. Such reports are often colorful and express the multifaceted experiences of converts. Conversion is decidedly personal and impassioned; each convert has his or her own story to tell. While each is unique, nonetheless, many stories are similar. Chapter 5 describes some of the common themes emerging from conversations with converts throughout rural Guatemala. I include this material to put a human face on the quantitative data presented in this chapter.
Outback Journeys the Evidence Experienced
Authors: Sherman Amy L
Published: November 2023

Standing on the dirt-packed airstrip just below Chajul-an adobe and-tile town of some 4000 residents nestled in among the Altos Cuchumatanes mountains in west-central Guatemala-I welcomed a breath of fresh air after having spent days in stifling, smog-infested Guatemala City. Here in the country of the Ixil Indians, the blue sky seemed bluer, and the green mountains greener. I immediately fell in love with the Ixils’ striking red tipico traje (“typical dress”)-perhaps because they were the first I encountered in Guatemala, or perhaps because they really were the most beautiful. Nearly two years later, after seeing the traditional garb of ten other Mayan areas, I have yet to find their equal.
Evangelicals and Civic Culture
Authors: Sherman Amy L
Published: November 2023

While the previous two chapters have examined some of the “private” effects of Christian orthodoxy (i.e., those on individual sand families), the next two look at “public” effects (i.e., those related to political and economic life). The most serious defenders of democratic capitalism assert that it requires a certain moral-cultural soil in which to flourish. They are interested in discerning what the likely impact of the Evangelical explosion in Latin America on the region’s prospects for consolidating democracy and capitalism will be. With some exceptions,1 the prevailing view in the elite media (and parts of academia) is that Protestant growth will, at worst, actively threaten democracy or, at best, hinder its development.
The Spiritual Magnates of Cracow
Authors: Sherwin Byron L
Published: November 2023

We walk to Kazimierz, the district of Cracow that once was the matrix of Jewish life in that city.1 We cross the peaceful municipal park, lined with chestnut trees and flanked by a large brick wall originally used to shield the city from attack. On Jewish Sabbaths before the Holocaust, when 25 percent of the city’s population was Jewish, this park would be overrun with Jewish children at play, new mothers pushing baby carriages, young people dreaming of a better world, old people enjoying their only encounter with nature, married men thinking about how to provide for their families, and Talmudic scholars in an ongoing contest of debate and display of erudition. But now they are there no more. They are gone, vanished.
Sparks in Ashes
Authors: Sherwin Byron L
Published: November 2023

Within the ashen remains of Polish Jewry, sacred sparks await rescue and reclamation. Like diamonds seared by fire, the luminescence of these nuggets remains tin dulled. Their recovery may hold forth the promise for the spiritual resuscitation of the contemporary Jewish soul.
Transforming the Law
Authors: Farber Daniel A , Sherry Suzanna
Published: November 2023

Radical multiculturalism may have spread from one university department to another, but it took on a different character once it left the humanities departments and reached the law schools, where the cloistered world of the academy meets the world of law and coercion. In the rest of the university, the direct effects of radical multiculturalism are mostly internal to the academy, for better or worse. Per­ haps literary multiculturalism results in fewer students taking Shakespeare classes, or offers interpretations of classical literature that offend traditionalists, or overglorifies some works by women or minorities. In the long run, the result might be a significant cultural change.
Screening and Docketing Cases
Authors: Vasoli Robert H
Published: November 2023

Few Catholics today have not heard of the American Church’s change of heart in granting annulments. Those entertaining thoughts of an annulment probably first broach the matter with friends and relatives. At this stage, an ideal informant would be a person who had a marriage annulled. The first Church functionary with whom an annulment proceeding is explored will probably be a parish priest. Some test the waters more directly by calling or visiting the tribunal office. In these times most priests approached by a candidate for annulment are inclined to defer to the diocesan marriage tribunal.
The Pleasant
Authors: Carter John Ross , Palihawadana Mahinda
Published: November 2023

Separated from the monastic order ( siisana) on account of such conduct and having reached the lay status, one later envies those who obtain the respect of gods and humans, developing [higher] virtue, and so forth, involved in the engagement [that is beneficial] for oneself-that is, one wishes, “Oh, would that I too were such as this!” That is the meaning.
Charting the Intellectual Waters: Premodernism, Modernism, and Postmodernism
Authors: Feldman Stephen M
Published: November 2023

Premodernism can be divided into two consecutive substages, which I call, respectively, the cyclical and the eschatological.1 The first was marked by an abiding faith in nature or God (or the gods) as a stable and foundational source of knowledge and value. Universals were presumed to exist and to be evident in all modes of life, both physical and normative. Plato, for instance, posited the existence of Ideas (or Forms)—such as absolute beauty, goodness, and equality—that are distinct from sensible things. The Ideas are universal, unchanging, and stable, while sensible things are particular, ephemeral, and in flux. In a fashion, the particular or sensible things participate in or are imperfect manifestations of the universal Ideas.2 More broadly, the classical Greek concept of the kosmos encompassed “the ordered totality of being,” including universal and eternal moral and aesthetic values as well as the physical world. The Greek kosmos included “the physis of organic being, the ethos of personal conduct and social structures, the nomos of normative custom and law, and the logos, the rational foundation that normatively rules all aspects of the cosmic development.”3
Moments of Marriage
Authors: Regan Milton C
Published: November 2023

The sense that we are capable of taking both an external and internal stance toward an attachment reflects the fact that, as Thomas Nagel has put it, we are “complex beings without a naturally unified standpoint.”‘ Nagel suggests that desire for a sense of control over one’s life leads a person to seek detachment from the pull of particular connections, in an ef­ fort to subject motives, values, and desires to “critical examination so that nothing moves me to action without my agreeing to it.” In this sense, the external stance can be seen as closely associated with the liberal ideal of autonomy. Despite this aspiration to gain critical distance from the particularities of our lives, however, “[w]e remain ... creatures inside the world who have not created ourselves “.3 We can never secure a point from which we take an external stance toward the entirety of our concrete existence. The ground on which we stand in order to gain an external view of one set of commitments necessarily consists of other commitments toward which we take an internal stance.
The Demise Of Stewa Dship
Authors: Wuthnow Robert
Published: November 2023

Roy Steuben, thirty, attended Sunday school every week at the Lutheran church near his home while he was growing up. After high school, he switched to the Mennonite church because the girl he was dating (and would eventually marry) was from that denomination. He is a thoughtful, articulate, hard-working man who earns a decent living as a pastry chef With his wife and three boys (ages eleven, seven, and four), he lives in a modest house in a semirural Pennsylvania town near the restaurant where he works. The church is an important part of his life. He attends services faithfully with his family except on the occasional Sundays when he has to work. Most of his friends belong to the same church. He enjoys greeting them on Sunday mornings and talking with them at church dinners.
The Gospel Of Giving
Authors: Wuthnow Robert
Published: November 2023

When Jacob Brodsky was growing up, the church was his life. His parents, his brother and sister, his grandparents, and his seventeen aunts and uncles all belonged to the same parish on the south side of Chicago. He remembers not being allowed to eat or even drink water after midnight on Saturdays until he took communion on Sunday morning. Nobody ate meat on Friday, and if you weren’t’t a good Catholic, you couldn’t’t be buried in the cemetery.
Giving To The Poor
Authors: Wuthnow Robert
Published: November 2023

If it were in Mexico City or Soweto, it would be calleda shantytown. Here in a prosperous Midwestern city that prides itself on commerce, insurance, and being one of the pharmaceutical capitals of the world, it is known simply (when anyone thinks about it at all) as a low-income area. In livable space, the house amounts to no more than 700 square feet, a tiny, one-story clapboard structure with walls so thin the cold arctic air that comes sweeping across the plains blows right through. But at least it’s a house. Conley, a ninth grader, sleeps in a small room with a mattress on the floor, a couple of posters on the wall, and some plastic milk cartons stuffed with books. There is no other furniture. He lives here with his mother, father, and sister. Next door is an identical dwelling occupied by a frail woman in her late seventies. Next door to that is a vacant lot where Conley and his neighbor have vegetables growing. Trucks rumble by on the expressway. The rest of the neighborhood consists of boarded-up buildings, vacant lots, and four-story project dwellings put up during Lyndon Johnso’s Great Society period.
Strategies For Survival
Authors: Wuthnow Robert
Published: November 2023

Is the church going to be a vital part of American society in the future? We asked this question of the clergy we interviewed. To a person, they said yes. But many also expressed concern about the future. They worried that the church would have a diminishing influence on society. They also wondered if certain strategies would prove more effective than others. It is troubling, however, to hear how clergy talk about the future of the church.
Preface of Rufinus To The History Of Eusebius
Authors: Amidon Philip R
Published: November 2023

It is the business of skillful physicians, they say, to provide some sort of medicine or potion when they see that cities or regions are threatened by epidemics, so that people may be protected by it from the death that threatens them. This is the sort of medical art which you have practiced, my reverend father Chromatius,* at this time when the Goths have burst through the harriers into Italy with Alaric at their head, and a lethal plague is spreading far and wide, to the ruin of fields, herds, and men: you have sought some remedy to protect from cruel death the people God has entrusted to you, a remedy by which ailing spirits may be diverted from the thought of impending evil and give their attention to something better. Thus you have charged me to translate into Latin the church history which that most learned man Eusebius of Caesarea composed in Greek, that the attention of those who hear it may be occupied and they may for a while come to forget present evils while their interest is directed to the affairs of the past. At first I wanted to beg off the work as being unequal to it and as having lost fluency in Latin after so many years, but then it occurred to me that *Bishop of Aquileia ca. 388-407 and Rufinus’s patron.
Ritual Reification
Authors: Bell Catherine
Published: November 2023

Discussions of ritual density and change inevitably imply that there is something essential and stable that undergoes variations according to time and place. These discussions and each of the theories of ritual outlined in part I reify ritual, that is, assume there is a substantive phenomenon at stake, not simply an abstract analytical category. The spectrum of ritual and ritual-like activities explored in part II appears to give little cause for inferring the substantive existence of some universal form of action best known as ritual. Nonetheless, the reification of ritual has become an important factor in our understanding of the rites around us today and even in the way we are apt to go about doing them. For this reason, the study of ritual as a universal mode of action has become an influential part of the context of ritual practice in contemporary Europe and America.
The Divided Mind of New South Pastors
Authors: Schweiger Beth Barton
Published: November 2023

In 1870 the editor of the Religious Herald gave his readers a history lesson. “Let us form just opinions of our fathers,” he wrote. “We hold them in highest veneration ... but it would be absurd for us to regard them as infallible religious guides. We are, in one aspect, the fathers and they are the children.” Baptists, he noted in triumph, “have been borne along by the cur­ rent of the age. The increase of general intelligence, the multiplication of books and periodicals” and the advantages of “wider intellectual culture have... added much to the good taste and dignity of pulpit exhibitions.”
“Affording public amusement ... [and] gratifying the curiosity” Revivalism in the News
Authors: Long Kathryn Teresa
Published: November 2023

On Saturday, February 27, 1858, James Gordon Bennett featured the r 8 57-5 8 Revival in the pages of his New York Herald, the most successful daily paper in the United States. The story got a full column of coverage on page one, topped by multiple stacked headlines: Great Revival of Religion in New York. Progress of the Movement. Remarkable Conversions Among the Unrighteous. Sinners Brought to the Way of Grace. One of the ‘Forty Thieves’ Repentant.
A “Desire ... that the ladies would keep away” Gender Tensions and the Masculinization of Urban Piety
Authors: Long Kathryn Teresa
Published: November 2023

The Involvement Of church and family in the awakening at the local level reflected patterns with deep roots in American revivalism and also revealed an allegiance to evangelical values, including a commitment to revivals, through out much of the nation in r 858. However, while traditional practices continued to prevail in many villages and towns, the face of Protestant piety in cities was changing. One of the most striking new departures, highlighted by the success of the Fulton Street prayer meeting and the spread of the YMCA, was its apparent masculinization. In an era when women often were considered innately more spiritual than men and religion fell within the female “sphere,” urban men suddenly seemed to have experienced a dramatic transformation.1 Typical was the editorial assessment of the Christian Advocate and Journal that the revival “prevails chiefly among a class of men who are usually the least affected by revivals-the practical business men [sic] of the cities.” Repeatedly, observers of the revival pointed to an unusual degree of male involvement as a distinguishing characteristic of the event. Although businessmen received the most notice, religious interest among other specifically male enclaves of urban America-firefighters, policemen, and, in the port cities, sailors-was highlighted as well.3 For the most part, women were invisible.
Lay “Rebellion” and Clerical Reaction: Antinomianism and Its Aftermath
Authors: Cooper James F
Published: November 2023

Though Writing Well After “the monster” had been banished to Rhode Island and harmony had been restored to the colony, John Winthrop made certain that interested observers recognized the severity of the crisis Anne Hutchinson and her “multitudes” had precipitated: Indeed, of all the examples illustrating the workings of clerical authority and congregational autonomy, the most notorious has been the “Antinomian” controversy. Essentially all historical analyses suggest that the episode extended well beyond theological disagreement; scholars have traditionally described the Antinomian affair as a major turning point in the development of the Congregational Way and in lay clerical relations generally.
Fruit From the Goddess
Authors: Nabokov Isabelle
Published: November 2023

To each of the four cāmis profiled in the last chapter, the arrival of the goddess caused a profound and irreversible rupture in their lives. Some fell unconscious for days, all were struck mute, lost their appetites, and were left in a daze. But this initial shock wore off, to be followed by a striking splurge of vitality: Basha soon felt “different ” and “stronger ”; Suresh and Raghavan quickly recovered from their “sicknesses,” revitalized and reenergized and in possession of strange new abilities. All claimed direct empowerment by the goddess in the professing of kyri. What is this gift of divine speech in Tamilnadu? The paramount meaning of kyri is “sign. ” The Reverend Carl Diehl translates kyri collutal (literally “saying signs ”) as “interpreting signs ” (1956: 59), a gloss that seems preferable to “‘foretelling’ ” the future (Moffat 1979: 230) since kyri collutal, as we will see, is more often used to disclose what has already happened.1 Thus kwi collutal can be more generously defined as speech that decodes “signs ” whose referents are generally obscure to ordinary humans. In Tamil practice it specializes in identifying causes of personal affliction and misfortune, in revealing, for example, why a young bride is withdrawn, why a child is sick, why a married couple frequently disputes, why a merchant has lost his business or a court case, why a home erupted into flames-in short, in making cultural and psychological sense of the host of issues that clients bring to these consultations.
From Schools To University
Authors: McEvoy James
Published: November 2023

The University of Oxford was not in any way predestined, either in the form it eventually came to take or in its very existence; on the other hand, its emergence was not wholly fortuitous, for it had a prehistory in the various schools that were conducted there in the course of the twelfth century. If the story of the university, properly speaking, begins in 1214, with the ordinance of the papal legate that gave the masters and their students the outline of a corporate identity, the remote beginnings of theological teaching in the town can be traced back as far as circa 1130, in ways that illuminate both the foundation of the university, when it eventually came about, and the character of its earliest faculty of theology, in the years after 1220.

By around 1100 Oxford was growing, after a lengthy period of depopulation. Within a few years three new religious houses were established, a new parish church (St. Giles) came into existence, and the king built a residence, so that the town became a center of royal administration (even though only one among many) from this time onward.
A Life Poorly Known
Authors: McEvoy James
Published: November 2023

Had Robert Grosseteste not lived to be over eighty, and had he not become bishop of Lincoln, our knowledge of him, as a writer and thinker, and especially as a man, would have been as sketchy as it remains for most of his direct contemporaries, the known facts of whose lives can for the most part be written down on a page or two. As it is, a great deal is known of his activities, journeys, and undertakings from about the year 1230 (when he was already over sixty) onward due to the fact that his fame was growing and his influence spreading. As his activities increased, records relating to him naturally became more numerous. However, despite the redoutable efforts and enterprise shown by modern historians, only a very few certain facts are known about his life, up to the point when he could no longer be overlooked.
The Council of Lyons and Its Aftermath, Through Grosseteste’s Eyes
Authors: McEvoy James
Published: November 2023

Grosseteste’s participation in the First Council of Lyons is one of the least researched aspects of his career as bishop. There can be little doubt, however, that it was in his own eyes the most important moment in the ten years that had intervened since his consecration. For a Catholic bishop, to take part in a general council should be a high moment of the experience of ecclesial unity with the pope, the patriarchs, and many other bishops and dignitaries of the Chrch. I will attempt in what follows to bring out the preoccupations that accompanied Grosseteste both as a Council Father and as a visitor to the curia in its exile at Lyons. Some of his activities there can be discerned clearly enough, even though none of them can be reconstructed in any great detail on the basis of our present knowledge.

In the Latin Christian consciousness of the year 1245 the memory of the Fourth Council of the Lateran (convened in 1215 by Pope Innocent III) would have remained sufficiently strong to arouse considerable expectations regarding its successor, and also to present a model for what was about to happen under the new Pope Innocent.
Pastoral Writings
Authors: McEvoy James
Published: November 2023

The impact of the Fourth Council of the Lateran upon the life of Grosseteste has not up to the present been given its full weight. The year 1215 marked the culmination of the activity and influence of the most imposing and innovative pope since Gregory VII. The council Innocent III convened carried his message of pastoral renewal, of ecclesiastical liberty of action and of administrative centralization to every corner of the Latin Patriarchate. Grosseteste’s pastoral writings and his activity as bishop (including the influential set of statutes he promulgated for the diocese of Lincoln) all bore the stamp of the great reforming council and shared its conviction that the guidance of souls (regimen animarum) was the art of arts. The postconciliar period witnessed the proliferation of a pastoral literature expounding the sacraments, the articles of faith, the commandments, and the virtues and vices. This new literature was aimed at the academic and practical formation of priests-for parish priests were to be given a new consciousness of their vital local role, and supplied with the means of instructing the faithful in simple and memorable terms. Thanks to a number of recent editions, principally of writings on confession, Grosseteste’s part in this general movement can at last be appreciated.
Anglo-Norman Works
Authors: McEvoy James
Published: November 2023

Robert Grosseteste was intensely conscious of the burgeoning of lay life in his own times. One way in which he sought directly to influence the mental and spiritual life of the laity was through his poems and other writings in Anglo-Norman, his native dialect of the French language. We should assume that the few surviving writings represent a larger output.

Up to thirty years ago it was widely accepted that England was a bilingual country until around the middle of the thirteenth century.
The Authorial Identity of Aseneth Reconsidered
Authors: Wolff Christian
Published: November 2023

As was true in the debate over date, the current consensus that Aseneth was authored by a Jew was not reached quickly. Early scholars of the Greek texts took varying stances on this question, which to some degree seem to correlate with their own religious identification.
The Provenance of Aseneth Reconsidered
Authors: Wolff Christian
Published: November 2023

Despite Burchard’s recognition that the possibilitity of alternative provenance had never been properly explored, Philonenko’s insistence that Aseneth was composed in Egypt has garnered general acceptance. Not surprisingly, the assumption that Aseneth was composed in Egypt is particularly susceptible to critique, linked as it is to the highly questionable assumptions that the text is both Jewish and relatively early. In this brief chapter, I will propose that while it is certainly possible that Egypt was the site where Aseneth was composed, it is no more likely than several other locations and is perhaps less likely than at least one, namely, Syria.
Aseneth Reconsidered
Authors: Wolff Christian
Published: November 2023

When Robert Kraft first introduced me, in the early 1970s, to the study of the assortment of texts conveniently but inaccurately labeled pseudepigrapha, I found myself extraordinarily discomfited. Works like Aseneth struck me as frustratingly free-floating, lacking any obvious historical and social context by which to ground my study of them. Years of reading at least some of these texts has muted my sense of alienation and deepened my appreciation for these texts, but as I contemplate the conclusion of this study, I am acutely aware that, despite all our scrupulous and meticulous analysis, Aseneth continues to resist our attempts to see through its forms to the ancient worlds and authors behind it. Like the ancient image of the chameleon, its texts tend to resemble whatever we lay them against, leaving me more and more resigned to our inability to pin the texts down to a particular interpretation and a particular context.
The Jewish Messiahs
Authors: Lenowitz Harris
Published: November 2023

In this book, Harris Lenowitz explores the fascinating history of Jewish messianic movements. Looking in detail at all of the Jewish messiahs about whom anything is known, he introduces each of these figures in turn, and offers extensive excerpts of the original texts that tell their stories. The messiahs whom we meet in these pages range from the inspiring to the tragic and bizarre. By examining the messianic idea in the tradition which gave birth to it, Lenowitz both sheds new light on this engrossing aspect of Jewish history and provides a firmer basis for understanding contemporary messianic groups.
The Days of Messiah
Authors: Munk Linda
Published: November 2023

The final reward and the ultimate good, endless and perfect, is the life of the World to Come; but the Days of Messiah belong to this world, and will be as the world customarily is, except that sovereignty will be restored to Israel.

Moses Maimonides’

Maimonides, who is accounted one of the wisest and soberest Writers amongst the Jews since their last fatal Dispersion in Tract. Saned. cap. 10. saith that Their wise Men are of the Belief that the Kingdom of the Messiah shall continue for a thousand Years.
Rolland and the Emer9in9 Psycholo9y and Reli9ion Movement
Authors: Parsons William b.
Published: November 2023

We have seen that Rolland, in his letter of December 5, 1927, indicated he was researching a book on the Hindu saints Ramakrishna and Vivekananda. It has generally been assumed that the references to Freud and psychoanalysis in those books are a direct response to Civilization and Its Discontents, much as Rolland’s description of the oceanic feeling has been presented as a reflex action to The Future of an Illusion. This view is untenable because Rolland finished revising his biographies for publication almost two months before he learned of Freud’s interest in analyzing the oceanic feeling. In fact, Rolland did not read Civilization and Its Discontents until late December of 1929, approximately a week before the last volume of his biography of Vivekananda was issued.
A Greater Upset
Authors: Almeida Manuel Antonio De
Published: November 2023

One day Leonardo came home highly mortified because, having gone to visit Dona Maria, he had spent a long time with her without Luisinha’s appearing, so that after some hours he was obliged to leave without seeing her. Anyone who has ever been in love, no matter how slightly, and has had to undergo such a disappointment; anyone who has been obliged to endure for long the conversation of an old woman, having to agree with her on every tiny point in order not to incur her displeasure, all only with the goal of exchanging with “someone” a quick glance, a fugitive smile, or some other such; and who, after all was said and done, had not succeeded even in that, will agree that Leonardo had every reason to be put out at what had just happened to him and will forgive him for whatever mood might come over him on that occasion. There are, however, spirits so perverse that they take pleasure in building on someone else’s ill humor and who, the more irritable the unhappy person they see, the more they enjoy throwing brickbats at him.
Jealousy
Authors: Almeida Manuel Antonio De
Published: November 2023

By the following day Vidigal knew every detail of all that had happened to Leonardo, and he put himself on the alert, since the opportunity was ripe. Leonardo had entered the royal pantries with his left foot first. The storm he had weathered there was nothing in comparison with the one that came down upon his head when the true cause of his dismissal was learned at home. It is a great misfortune when the woman whom we love does not return that love, but it is also no small mischance when we fall into the hands of a woman who takes it into her head to love us truly. Leonardo could provide testimony to the latter truth. Vidinha was jealous in the highest degree. Now women possess an infinite number of ways of manifesting that sentiment.
The Algonquin Round Table and the Politics of Sophistication
Authors: Miller Nina
Published: November 2023

In recent years, traditional notions of modernism and its meanings have given way under the challenges posed by once-unrecognized, nondominant literatures-those of women, African Americans, and immigrants. And yet the cultural register known as “middle-brow”-or, as I will call it, popular modernism-still goes missing from our accounts of early-twentieth-century literary history. The periodical forms of popular modernism-cartoons, newspaper columns, farcical sketches, short fiction, and the glossy magazines of urban life-comprised the most prominent arena in the 1920s for the negotiation of modern selfhood, a selfhood that came to be (and in many ways, still is) defined by irony, urbanity, and humor. More visibly than any other discursive project of the time, middle-brow culture made modern selfhood its explicit and relentless business. Meeting modernity head-on, it answered the crisis of value and dislocation with the heartbreakingly (and deceptively) simple panacea of style.’
Initiation and Self Discovery
Authors: Mcpherson Dolly A
Published: November 2023

We are a tongued folk. A race of singers. Our lips shape words and rhythms which elevate our spirits and quicken our blood. . . . I have spent over fifty years listening to my people. -Maya Angelou think of my life and the lives of everyone who has ever lived, or will ever live, as not just journeys through time but as sacred journeys.
Where Liturgy and Ecumenism Embrace
Authors: Wainwright Geoffrey
Published: November 2023

FROM ITS INTERNATIONAL BEGINNINGS IN PROTESTANTISM AT THE TURN OF THE nineteenth century into the twentieth, the motto of the modem ecumenical movement has been “that they may be one.” That invocation of John 17:21 immediately evoked then extclause, namely, “so that the world may believe that thou hast sent me.” Thus ecumenism was placed in the service of evangelization. The restoration of Christian unity was necessary not only for the practical purposes of cooperation in missionary work but, more profoundly, for the sake of a more credible witness to the Gospel of reconciliation. If the churches could not demonstrate unity among themselves, how could they testify to the reconciliation of the world to God?
The Lima Text in the History of Faith and Order
Authors: Wainwright Geoffrey
Published: November 2023

ON 12 JANUARY 1982 THE 120 MEMBERS OF THE WORLD COUNCIL OF Churches Commission on Faith and Order, meeting at Lima (Peru), voted with strict unanimity that the text on Baptism, Eucharist and Ministry (BEM) was sufficiently “mature” to be transmitted to the churches for their response and reception. That decision marked the provisional climax of a journey that had begun at least fifty-five years earlier, at the First World Conference on Faith and Order in Lausanne (Switzerland) in 1927. My purpose now is to retrace that itinerary, speaking first of the long approach, next of the conditions of travel, then of a first arrival (Lima itself), and finally of the continuation of the journey; for BEM has turned into a document that many churches are willing to carry with them on the voyage toward fuller unity.