bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluating the clinical efficacy of a primary care‐focused, nurse‐led, consultation liaison model for perinatal mental health
Authors: Harvey Simone T. , Fisher Lisa J. , Green Vicki M.
Published: September 2011

In Australia, perinatal mental illness is common, although poorly identified and treated. Improved perinatal mental health depends on service provision models that reflect a focus on promotion, prevention, and early intervention, while facilitating improved referral pathways between primary health and specialist mental health services. In 2008, a contemporary community‐based model of mental health service provision was developed as an alternative to the pre‐existing hospital‐based service model. The model is delivered primarily by mental health nurses using a consultation liaison framework. It provides for specialist mental health assessment and brief intervention in collaboration with the general practitioner, who remains the primary health provider. It also aims to raise community awareness and build capacity for the management of perinatal disorders in the primary care sector. Evaluation of the clinical effectiveness of the model, and the improvement in access for primary health providers and women, was conducted at 2 years from its implementation. Clinical effectiveness was evaluated by using comparative data from the Edinburgh Depression Scale and Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale, and the results demonstrated clinical efficacy. Improved attendance rates indicated that women preferred this community‐based service model as an alternative to the pre‐existing service model.
Microbial diversity and stratification of South Pacific abyssal marine sediments
Authors: Durbin Alan M. , Teske Andreas
Published: September 2011

Abyssal marine sediments cover a large proportion of the ocean floor, but linkages between their microbial community structure and redox stratification have remained poorly constrained. This study compares the downcore gradients in microbial community composition to porewater oxygen and nitrate concentration profiles in an abyssal marine sediment column in the South Pacific Ocean. Archaeal 16S rRNA clone libraries showed a stratified archaeal community that changed from Marine Group IArchaeain the aerobic and nitrate‐reducing upper sediment column towards deeply branching, uncultured crenarchaeotal and euryarchaeotal lineages in nitrate‐depleted, anaerobic sediment horizons. Bacterial 16S rRNA clone libraries revealed a similar shift on the phylum and subphylum level within the bacteria, from a complex community ofAlpha‐,Gamma‐ andDeltaproteobacteria,ActinobacteriaandGemmatimonadetesin oxic surface sediments towards unculturedChloroflexiandPlanctomycetesin the anaerobic sediment column. The distinct stratification of largely uncultured bacterial and archaeal groups within the oxic and nitrate‐reducing marine sediment column provides initial constraints for their microbial habitat preferences.
Regenerative medicine in urology
Authors: Wezel Felix , Southgate Jennifer , Thomas David F.M.
Published: September 2011

What's known on the subject? and What does the study add?

Urology was one of the first specialties to report the introduction of regenerative medicine into clinical practice and has been at the forefront of scientific innovation. Despite the scale of investment and research effort, the promise of regenerative medicine remains largely unfulfilled. We review recent developments underpinning the emerging science of regenerative medicine and evaluate critically both the potential for novel regenerative therapies to transform urological practice and the outstanding challenges that remain to be addressed.

The term ‘regenerative medicine’ encompasses strategies for restoring or renewing tissue or organ function by: (i) in vivo tissue repair by in‐growth of host cells into an acellular natural or synthetic biomaterial, (ii) implantation of tissue ‘engineered’in vitro by seeding cultured cells into a biomaterial scaffold, and (iii) therapeutic cloning and stem cell‐based tissue regeneration. In this article, we review recent developments underpinning the emerging science of regenerative medicine and critically assess where successful implementation of novel regenerative medicine approaches into urology practice might genuinely transform the quality of life of affected individuals. We advocate the need for an evidence‐based approach supported by strong science and clinical objectivity.
Forecasting Heavy‐Tailed Densities with Positive Edgeworth and Gram‐Charlier Expansions*
Authors: Ñíguez Trino‐Manuel , Perote Javier
Published: September 2011

This article presents a new semi‐nonparametric (SNP) density function, named Positive Edgeworth‐Sargan (PES). We show that this distribution belongs to the family of (positive) Gram‐Charlier (GC) densities and thus it preserves all the good properties of this type of SNP distributions but with a much simpler structure. The in‐ and out‐of‐sample performance of the PES is compared with symmetric and skewed GC distributions and other widely used densities in economics and finance. The results confirm the PES as a good alternative to approximate financial returns distribution, specially when skewness is not severe.
The role of intima‐media‐thickness, ankle‐brachial‐index and inflammatory biochemical parameters for stroke risk prediction: a systematic review
Authors: Sander D. , Poppert H. , Sander K. , Etgen T.
Published: September 2011

Background:  Despite important advances in therapeutic approaches in stroke, the options of acute treatment are still limited. Primary prevention represents another potentially highly efficient strategy. For effective prevention the early detection of subjects at risk is of utmost importance. Coinciding with a change in current understanding of atherosclerosis as an inflammatory, cross‐organ disease, new parameters to assess the individual risk are emerging.

Methods:  Systematic review of the potential of selected parameters for prediction of cerebrovascular events beyond detection of traditional risk factors that might expand the repertoire of primary prevention programs in stroke.

Results:  An absolute carotid intima‐media thickness difference of 0.1 mm increases the future risk of stroke by 13–18%. An ankle‐brachial index <0.9 was associated with a relative risk of 2.33 (95% CI 2.02–2.68) for stroke. In patients with acute stroke and ABI values < 0.9 the risk for a new vascular event is significantly increased (HR 2.1; 95% CI 1.6–2.8). Measurements of several molecular biomarkers may be used to predict future vascular events independently of traditional risk factors.

Conclusions:  Based on the data presented, there is clear evidence that measurement of the ankle‐brachial index identifies subjects of increased stroke risk in primary and secondary care settings as well as of stroke recurrence in acute stroke.
Electrocortical reactivity to emotional faces in young children and associations with maternal and paternal depression
Authors: Kujawa Autumn , Hajcak Greg , Torpey Dana , Kim Jiyon , Klein Daniel N.
Published: September 2011

Background:  The late positive potential (LPP) is an event‐related potential component that indexes selective attention toward motivationally salient information and is sensitive to emotional stimuli. Few studies have examined the LPP in children. Depression has been associated with reduced reactivity to negative and positive emotional stimuli, including reduced LPPs in response to emotional faces. The current study sought to identify the time course and scalp distribution of the LPP in response to emotional faces in young children and to determine whether reduced reactivity is observed among children at risk for depression.

Methods:  Electrocortical reactivity to emotional faces was examined in a large sample of young children and as a function of maternal and paternal depression.

Results:  In the overall sample, emotional faces were associated with increased positivities compared to neutral faces at occipital sites 200–600 ms after stimulus onset and at parietal sites 600–1,000 ms after stimulus onset. Children of mothers with a history of depressive disorders exhibited reduced differentiation in the early occipital LPP for emotional compared to neutral faces.

Conclusions:  Results suggest that children as young as 6 years exhibit LPPs to emotional faces, and patterns of electrocortical reactivity to emotional stimuli may be associated with vulnerability to depressive disorders.
β‐Lactotensin derived from bovine β‐lactoglobulin exhibits anxiolytic‐like activity as an agonist for neurotensin NTS2 receptor via activation of dopamine D1 receptor in mice
Authors: Hou I‐Ching , Suzuki Chihiro , Kanegawa Norimasa , Oda Ayako , Yamada Ayako , Yoshikawa Masaaki , Yamada Daisuke , Sekiguchi Masayuki , Wada Etsuko , Wada Keiji , Ohinata Kousaku
Published: September 2011

J. Neurochem. (2011) 119, 785–790.

β‐Lactotensin (His‐Ile‐Arg‐Leu) is a bioactive peptide derived from bovine milk β‐lactoglobulin, acting as a natural agonist for neurotensin receptors. We found that β‐lactotensin exhibited anxiolytic‐like activity in an elevated plus‐maze test after its intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration in mice. β‐Lactotensin was also orally active. The anxiolytic‐like activity of β‐lactotensin after i.p. administration was blocked by levocabastine, an antagonist for the neurotensin NTS2 receptor. β‐Lactotensin had anxiolytic‐like activity in wild‐type but not Ntsr2‐knockout mice. β‐Lactotensin increased intracellular Ca2+ flux in glial cells derived from wild‐type mice but not Ntsr2 knockout mice. These results suggest that β‐lactotensin acts as an NTS2 receptor agonist having anxiolytic‐like activity. The anxiolytic‐like activity of β‐lactotensin was also blocked by SCH23390 and SKF83566, antagonists for dopamine D1 receptor, but not by raclopride, an antagonist for D2 receptor. Taken together, β‐lactotensin may exhibit anxiolytic‐like activity via NTS2 receptor followed by D1 receptor.
Ethanol‐Induced Loss‐of‐Righting Response During Ethanol Withdrawal in Male and Female Rats: Associations with Alterations in Arc Labeling
Authors: Walls Shawn A. , Macklin Zachary L. , Devaud Leslie L.
Published: September 2011

Background:  There is increasing evidence for relevant sex differences in responses to ethanol. Several investigations have found differences in expression and recovery from ethanol withdrawal (EW) in people and across various animal models. We have found that female rats recover more quickly than male rats and show differential responses to various behavioral assessments and pharmacological challenges during withdrawal. The purpose of this study was to determine whether sex differences in EW behaviors extend to the hypnotic effects of acute ethanol administration.

Methods:  We used a repeated measures design to assess duration and latency for loss‐of‐righting reflex following an acute injection of ethanol (4.2 g/kg; 20% w/v) to pair‐fed control or ethanol‐withdrawn animals at 1 and 3 days EW in male, female, and ovariectomized female (OVX) rats. We determined protein levels of the activity‐regulated cytoskeletal protein (Arc), used as a marker for synaptic activity in glutamatergic synapses, in the motor cortex and prefrontal cortex across these same treatment conditions.

Results:  Ethanol‐withdrawn animals had a reduced ethanol‐induced sleep time compared to controls at 1 day EW. Sleep time remained shortened at 3 days EW for males and OVX, but not females. Arc protein levels in motor cortex and preoptic nuclei significantly increased at 1 day EW across all sex conditions, suggestive of an association with the reduced ethanol‐induced sleep times during EW. Arc levels increased further for males and OVX, but not females, at the 3 days EW time point.

Conclusions:  These findings add further support to sex differences in effects of and responses to ethanol. They suggest that the more rapid recovery from EW for females than males also includes expression of tolerance to the hypnotic effects of ethanol. These sex differences may involve some differential neuroadaptations in glutamatergic signaling.
Legitimating Inequality: Fooling Most of the People All of the Time
Authors: WISMAN JON D. , SMITH JAMES F.
Published: September 2011

Abstract

Over the three decades leading up to the crisis of 2008, inequality dramatically increased in the United States and Great Britain. What stands out, but is seldom noted, is that this occurred within democracies where the relative losers—the overwhelming majority—could in principle have used the political system to block or reverse rising inequality. Why did they not do so? A glance at history reveals that peoples have only very infrequently contested inequality because they were led to believe that their inferior status in terms of income, wealth, and privilege was just, that it was not really so bad, or that it was necessary for their future well‐being. Ideological systems legitimated a status quo of inequality, or in more modern times even increasing inequality. This article surveys the manner in which inequality has been historically legitimated, first predominantly by religion, then predominately by economic thought. Attention is then focused on the manner in which contemporary economic science and its popular interpretations in the media have served to legitimate inequality in the U.S. since the mid‐1970s. The article concludes with a reflection on the unique conditions that enable the legitimation of inequality to be delegitimated.
Open Source Software Production, Spontaneous Input, and Organizational Learning
Authors: GARZARELLI GIAMPAOLO , FONTANELLA RICCARDO
Published: September 2011

Abstract

This work shows that the modular organization of voluntary open source software (OSS) production, whereby programmers supply effort of their accord, capitalizes more on division than on specialization of labor. This is so because voluntary OSS production is characterized by an organizational learning process that dominates the individual one. Organizational learning reveals production choices that would otherwise remain unknown, thereby increasing productivity and indirectly reinforcing incentives to undertake collective problem solving.
Efficacy of inactivated whole HIV‐2 vaccines with various adjuvants in cynomolgus monkeys
Authors: Putkonen Per , Nilsson Charlotta , Walther Lilian , Ghavamzadeh Lili , Hild Kerstin , Broliden Kristina , Biberfeld Gunnel , Thorstensson Rigmor
Published: September 2011

Twenty‐one cynomolgus monkeys were immunized with whole inactivated HIV‐2 preparations administered with various adjuvants (incomplete Freund's adjuvant, Alum, Ribi, MDP, or Iscoms) and challenged with 10 or 100 MID50 of a homologous monkey‐cell grown, cell‐free HIV‐2. Seven animals were completely protected against infection, three showed reduced virus replication. The vaccines elicited neutralizing and ADCC antibodies; the titers did not correlate with protection. Immunization with a whole inactivated vaccine can protect primates from intravenous challenge with a monkey‐cell grown cell‐free human immunodeficiency virus type 2.
Antiviral activity of primate γδ T lymphocytes isolated by magnetic cell sorting
Authors: Wallace Marianne , Gan Yunn‐Hwen , Pauza C. David , Malkovsky Miroslav
Published: September 2011

The exposure of human or rhesus monkey peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) to interleukin 2 (IL‐2) in vitro resulted in a selective outgrowth of γδ lymphocytes. Using positive selection by monoclonal antibodies and magnetic beads, γδ T lymphocytes were isolated from these cultures. Without priming by viral antigens, the purified γδ T lymphocytes lyse immunodeficiency virus‐infected cells substantially better than the uninfected counterparts.
Cell type‐dependence for Vpu function
Authors: Geraghty Robert J. , Talbot Katrin J. , Callahan Michael , Harper Wade , Panganiban Antonito T.
Published: September 2011

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Vpu has been shown to facilitate virus release from HeLa cells. We demonstrated that Vpu expression is not required for efficient virus release from Cos 1 and CV‐1 cells. A yeast GAL4 transcriptional activation system was used to screen for cellular proteins that may interact with Vpu. One such protein was identified which we provisionally designate “Vpu interactive protein” or VIP.
Passive immunization of macaques against SIV infection
Authors: Gardner Murray B. , Rosenthal Ann , Jennings Myra , Yee JoAnn , Antipa Linda , MacKenzie Malcolm
Published: September 2011

Passive immunization with plasma from an inactivated‐whole SIVmac vaccine protected monkey conferred complete or partial protection to rhesus macaques challenged intravenously 4 or 18 hours later with 10 AID50 of homologous cell‐free virus. In contrast, passive immunization with inactivated plasma or purified immunoglobulin (Ig) from SIVmac infected asymptomatic monkeys failed to protect any recipients similarly challenged and may have enhanced infection and accelerated disease. Administered 24 hours post challenge, anti‐SIV Ig may also have enhanced the infection.
Asian macaque pepsinogens and pepsins
Authors: Kageyama Takashi
Published: September 2011

Five pepsinogens were purified from the gastric mucosa of eight species of Asian macaques. The chromatographic behavior of each pepsinogen was essentially the same but differed from human and other mammalian pepsinogens. The major pepsinogen in each species was pepsinogen A‐1, accounting for 29–48% of the total. Amino acid compositions and some enzymatic properties of derived pepsins were similar for the various monkey species. This high degree of similarity confirms that these species are closely related to one another.
The effect of serial passage on Sabin oral poliomyelitis vaccine virus in secondary monkey kidney versus Vero cells as measured by the monkey neurovirulence test
Authors: Dommann C.J.
Published: September 2011

The three Sabin strains of poliomyelitis seed virus were serially passaged in either secondary monkey kidney or Vero cell cultures and the tenth passage of each virus harvest compared to non‐passaged Sabin reference virus of the same type using the monkey neurovirulence test. All three types were further attenuated by passage in Vero cells, whereas only type 2 became further attenuated after passage in secondary monkey kidney cells. After passage in Vero cells, type 3 poliomyelitis virus became more heat stable, as measured by its replicative capacity at 40°C.
Training adaptations of baboons to light and moderate treadmill exercise
Authors: Ivy John L. , Coelho Anthony M. , Easley Stephen Phillip , Carley K. Dee , Rogers Walter R. , Shade Robert E.
Published: September 2011

We evaluated training adaptations by 18 baboons (Papio cynocephalus anubis) to low and moderate quadrupedal walking exercise on a motorized treadmill. Moderate training produced 47% increases in lactate threshold, 63% increases in muscle citrate synthetase activity, increases in percentage of Type IIc muscle fibers, and reduced plasma insulin concentrations. Low training produced only reduced plasma insulin concentrations. Our results indicate that the baboon response to exercise training was similar to that of Homo sapiens, and dependent on exercise intensity.
Hydranencephaly in two rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Binhazim Awadh A. , Buchl Stephanie J.
Published: September 2011

Spontaneously occurring hydranencephaly was diagnosed at necropsy and confirmed histologically in two stillborn fetuses that were delivered from young female rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta).
Observations on the ascending aortic fold in two chacma baboons (Papio hamadryas ursinus)
Authors: Lebona G.T.
Published: September 2011

Baboons (Papio) were used to study the ascending aortic fold. The fold was present in two out of 20 hearts examined. Its position and shape was comparable to that observed in human subjects. The principal difference was the absence of paraganglia. The functional role of the baboon fold is unclear.
Aortic aneurysm in a Cebus apella monkey with experimentally induced atherosclerosis
Authors: Borda Juan T. , Ruiz Julio C. , Sánchez‐Negrette Marcial
Published: September 2011

The sudden death of a Cebus apella female (>19 years old) on an experimental hyperlipidic diet during three years is described. The gross lesions were hemothorax, atherosclerotic plaques in the aortic curve, and an aneurysm in the ascending aorta.

Histologically, an enlargement of the intima in the ascending aorta with hyalinization and a thrombus were observed. The media was thinned and showed sclerosis and hemorrhage extending to the tunica adventicia.
Melanotic ependymoma in a Goeldi's marmoset (Callimico goeldii)
Authors: Nichols Donald K. , Dias José L.C.
Published: September 2011

A spontaneous melanotic ependymoma was observed in the brain of an adult female Goeldi's marmoset (Callimico goeldii). The mass completely occupied the left lateral ventricle, rupturing the fornix and corpus callosum, and compressing the adjacent neuropil. Special histochemical techniques, including melanin bleach, periodic acid‐Schiff, Perls iron and phosphotungstic acid hematoxylin, demonstrated the neoplasms to be an ependymoma with a rare melanotic differentiation.
Generation of monoclonal antibodies to Macaca mulatta (rhesus) IgA
Authors: Ward Dawn C. , Jackson Susan , Eldridge John H. , Radl Jiri , Michalek Suzanne M.
Published: September 2011

One IgG1 and five IgM murine monoclonal antibodies (mAb) specific for rhesus (Rh) IgA were generated. These mAbs bound to Rh IgA but not IgG or IgM when tested by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.

Immunoblotting revealed that the mAbs reacted with the alpha heavy chain of Rh but not human IgA. The IgG1 anti‐Rh IgA mAb detected IgA‐producing cells in sections of monkey gut examined by immunofluorescent staining. These mAbs should be useful for characterizing IgA responses in the Rh monkey.
MHC expression of African green monkeys of Barbados is limited in heterogeneity
Authors: Lekutis Christine , Letvin Norman L.
Published: September 2011

Major histocompatibility complex expression of activated peripheral blood lymphocytes of captive African green monkeys from Barbados and from Africa were analyzed biochemically; class I molecules by one‐dimensional isoelectric focusing and class II DR molecules by one‐dimensional nonequilibrium pH gradient electrophoresis. Much less diversity was observed in the major histocompatability molecule expression of the African green monkeys of Barbados than in the African cohort.
AIDS‐like disease following mucosal infection of pig‐tailed macaques with SIVsmmPBj14
Authors: Fultz Patricia N. , Schwlebert Rebecca , Stallworth Jackie
Published: September 2011

Abstract: Following exposure of the rectal or vaginal mucosa to cell‐free SIVsmmPBj14, four male and two female pig‐tailed macaques developed a characteristic acute disease, including mucoid diarrhea, lymphopenia, and anorexia. Two macaques infected by the rectal route died within 14 days, and one female died of an AIDS‐like disease at five months after inoculation. The three other animals have survived more than nine months, but all are exhibiting lymphadenopathy, thrombocytopenia, and progressive declines in percentages and numbers of CD4+ lymphocytes.
Differences in viral distribution and cell adhesion molecule expression in the intestinal tract of rhesus macaques infected with pathogenic and nonpathogenic SIV
Authors: Stone Joel D. , Heise Carla C. , Canfield Don R. , Elices Mariano J. , Dandekar Satya
Published: September 2011

We investigated SIV infection and expression of adhesion molecules in the small intestine of rhesus macaques infected with pathogenic SIV (SIVmac) or nonpathogenic clone (SIV1A11). There was a wider dissemination and marked difference in tissue localization of SIVmac relative to SIV1A11. Our results also indicate that viral pathogenicity is associated with increased migration of inflammatory cells expressing VLA‐α4, LFA‐1α, Mac‐1α, ICAM‐1, and β2 integrin into the intestinal mucosa.
Assessing genetic‐based therapies for AIDS using the simian immunodeficiency virus
Authors: Endres Carla L. , Bergquam Eric , Axthelm Michael K. , Wong Scott W.
Published: September 2011

Abstract: A plasmid encoding the full‐length infectious molecular proviral clone of SIVmac239 was generated. Virus derived from cells transfected with this clone replicated to high levels and was cytopathic for some transformed human CD4+ cell lines and primary rhesus macaque peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Since replication of SIV requires the functional expression of the viral encoded rev protein, transient co‐transfection studies were initiated with the infectious proviral clone and a well‐characterized trans‐dominant negative HIV‐1 rev mutant.
Do cytotoxic T lymphocytes clear some HIV/SIV infections?
Authors: Ada Gordon
Published: September 2011

Early work on the roles of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) in acute viral infections in animal models showed that i) the clearance of virus coincided with the increase in CTL activity rather than specific antibody levels, ii) transfer of CTLs after infection could protect from a lethal dose of virus, and iii) in primed, compared to naive, animals, CTL activity appeared 1–3 days earlier after a challenge infection. There is now a series of findings with individuals who have been exposed to HIV but are HIV‐seronegative that suggest a protective role for CTLs. Usually after in vitro culture, HIV‐specific CTLs have been isolated from i) infants born of infected mothers, ii) long‐time partners of HIV‐infected people, iii) some prostitutes in Africa, and iv). Most recently, 7/20 seronegative health care workers exposed once to HIV have been shown to possess HIV env‐specific CTLs. The findings suggest that CTLs (a type I T cell response) may rapidly clear a low dose of HIV. Experiments with SIV are proposed that may provide more direct supporting data for this possibility.
Development of a chronically catheterized maternal‐fetal macaque model to study in utero mother‐to‐fetus HIV transmission: A preliminary report
Authors: Ho Rodney J.Y. , Agy Michael B. , Morton William R. , Scheibel Mark , McClure Jan , Watson Andrew , Hu Shiu‐Lok , Nosbisch Connie , Dorofeeva Natalia , Unadkat Jashvant D.
Published: September 2011

Abstract: The lack of a representative animal model that permits frequent in utero fetal blood sampling is a major limiting factor for the study of maternal‐fetal HIV transmission. Therefore, we have developed a maternal‐fetal virus infection model using chronically catheterized macaques to simultaneously study the time‐course of viral infection in the mother and the response of the fetus to maternal HIV infection. Pregnant macaques were infected with 103 infectious units of HIV‐2287; every 3 days blood samples from both the mother and the fetus as well as amniotic fluid samples were collected. We found a varying degree of peak and time‐to‐peak virus load, virus‐infected PBMCs, and free virus (determined by QC‐RNA‐PCR method) in maternal blood. Two of the three mothers with more than 108 copies of viral RNA/ml of plasma at peak viremia transmitted the virus to their fetuses at about 14 days post‐infection. As observed with HIV‐2287 infected mothers, virus‐infected fetuses also produced a rapid rate of CD4+ cell decline in utero.
Noninvasive markers of bone metabolism in the rhesus monkey: Normal effects of age and gender
Authors: Cahoon Scott , Boden Scott D. , Gould Kenneth G. , Vailas Arthur C.
Published: September 2011

Abstract: Measurement of bone turnover in conditions such as osteoporosis has been limited by the need for invasive iliac bone biopsy to reliably determine parameters of bone metabolism. Recent advances in the area of serum and urinary markers of bone metabolism have raised the possibility for noninvasive measurements; however, little nonhuman primate data exist for these parameters. The purpose of this experiment was to define the normal range and variability of several of the newer noninvasive bone markers which are currently under investigation in humans. The primary intent was to determine age and gender variability, as well as provide some normative data for future experiments in nonhuman primates.

Twenty‐four rhesus macaques were divided into equal groups of male and female according to the following age groupings: 3 years, 5–10 years, 15–20 years, and > 25 years. Urine was collected three times daily for a four‐day period and measured for several markers of bone turnoverm including pyridinoline (PYD), deoxypyrodinoline (DPD), hydroxyproline, and creatinine. Bone mineral density measurements of the lumbar spine were performed at the beginning and end of the study period. Serum was also obtained at the time of bone densitometry for measurement of osteocalcin levels by radioimmunoassay.

There were no significant differences in bone mineral density, urine PYD, or urine DPD based on gender. Bone density was lowest in the youngest animals, peaked in the 15–20‐year group, but again decreased in the oldest animals. The osteocalcin, PYD, and DPD levels followed an inversely related pattern to bone density. The most important result was the relative age insensitivity of the ratio of PYD:DPD in monkeys up to age 20 years. Since bone density changes take months or years to become measurable and iliac biopsies are invasive, the PYD/DPD marker ratio may have important implications for rapid noninvasive measurement of the effects of potential treatments for osteoporosis in the non‐human primate model.
Nesidioblastosis associated with hyperglycemia in two squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus)
Authors: King C. S. , Streett J. W. , Moody K. D. , Barthold S. W.
Published: September 2011

Abstract: Nesidioblastosis associated with progressive weight loss and hyperglycemia was diagnosed in two mid‐adult, wild‐caught, male squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus). Hyperglycemia, glucosuria, and abnormal glucose tolerance test results were found when the monkeys were presented for clinical evaluation for chronic weight loss, episodic dehydration, hypothermia, and lethargy. Immunohistochemical studies of the pancreatic tissue demonstrated that the proliferating endocrine cells stained predominantly glucagon‐positive in the most severely affected monkey.
Colonic adenocarcinoma in a rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Johnson Eugene H. , Morgenstern Susan E. , Perham Jill M. , Barthold Stephen W.
Published: September 2011

Abstract: A spontaneous colonic adenocarcinoma and endometriosis was diagnosed in a 34‐year‐old female rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta). The tumor caused partial obstruction of the ascending colon and histologically resembled the commonly described napkin‐ring tumors of the descending and sigmoid colon found in humans. Serum levels of CA 125, a high‐molecular‐weight glycoprotein antigen that has been reported elevated in a variety of pathological conditions of the pelvic cavity in humans, was severely elevated. Both the adenocarcinoma and the endometriosis may have contributed to this finding.
A mobile cage facilitates periodic social contact and exercise for singly caged adult Vervet monkeys
Authors: Seier J. V. , de Lange P.W.
Published: September 2011

Abstract: A mobile exercise cage that expands the quantity and improves the quality of the space available to singly caged adult Vervet monkey males is described. It was easily fitted into an existing caging system and the addition of a resident consort female made it possible for the males to mate and have regular social contact.
Functional immaturity in neonatal polymorphonuclear leukocytes of rhesus monkeys
Authors: Cheung Anthony T.W. , Ayin Susan A. , Kessell Peter R.
Published: September 2011

Abstract:Despite major advances in the management and care of critically ill and low‐birthweight human and nonhuman primate infants over the past two decades, infection remains a major source of neonatal morbidity and mortality. Although the causes of enhanced susceptibility and dissemination of neonatal infections are incompletely defined in the literature, substantial evidence from this and other laboratories has implied that functional abnormalities of neonatal polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) may be a major contributor. Increased understanding of the functional characteristics of neonatal PMNs should, therefore, provide significant insight into the pathogenesis and possible therapy of infections in neonates. Our laboratory has been actively involved in evaluating the functional competence of PMNs in neonatal human and nonhuman primates. This report describes a study in which we have confirmed and characterized the functional compromises in neonatal PMNs of rhesus monkeys, including deficiencies in chemotaxis, membrane deformability, phagocytosis, and killing.
Tracking of dye‐labeled lymphocytes in rhesus macaques
Authors: Salvato Maria S. , Rater Michael , Pauza C. David
Published: September 2011

Abstract: Lymphocytes were isolated from rhesus monkeys and marked with a fluorescent lipophilic dye to monitor their distribution in vivo. Dye‐labeled cells were either monitored by blood draws over a three‐month period, or identified within peripheral organs upon autopsy. Lymphocyte labeling conditions were optimized. Dye‐labeled lymphocytes could be detected in the circulation for at least 100 days by flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy. Activated lymphocytes were removed from the circulation more rapidly than lymphocytes that had not been activated.
Evaluation of trophoblast invasion in placental bed biopsies of the baboon, with immunohistochemical localisation of cytokeratin, fibronectin, and laminin
Authors: Pijnenborg R. , D'Hooghe T. , Vercruysse L. , Bambra C.
Published: September 2011

Abstract: Biopsies of placentas (n = 21), placental bed (n = 17) and decidua (n = 26) of various gestation periods (30 to 140 days) were used to study trophoblast invasion in the baboon. Application of immunohistochemical staining for cytokeratin allowed proper identification of trophoblast. Earlier reports showing restricted trophoblast invasion in this species were confirmed by the finding that endovascular trophoblast was present in only one third of biopsies containing spiral arteries. Moreover, immunostaining for cytokeratin revealed that in several arteries only a few isolated trophoblastic cells were present, while the vessel had not undergone the normal physiological change. Trophoblast invasion could only be detected within decidual, but not in myometrial, segments of spiral arteries. Interstitial trophoblast invasion was very limited and multinuclear giant cells were absent. Immunohistochemical staining suggested a contribution of laminin to the fibrinoid deposition within the physiologically changed spiral arteries, while fibronectin was present intracellularly in the invaded trophoblast. Because of differences in the trophoblast invasion pattern, the baboon cannot be regarded as a satisfactory experimental model to explore results of inadequate endovascular trophoblast invasion which, in the human, leads to pregnancy complications such a preeclampsia.
Reproductive and neonatal outcomes in captive bred baboons (Papio hamadryas)
Authors: Birrell Alexandra M. , Hennessy Annemarie , Gillin Adrian , Horvath John , Tiller David
Published: September 2011

Abstract:Baboons are widely used in biomedical research. Although it is widely held thatPapio hamadryasbreed well in captivity, each established colony has a different reproductive success often hypothesised to be due to husbandry practices. The National Baboon Colony in Australia is a unique colony that housesPapio hamadryasto mimic that structure seen in the wild. In this article; we have analysed their reproductive parameters and neonatal outcomes. The success of the colony husbandry practices was demonstrated by lack of maternal mortality, low foetal morbidity, and known maternal and paternal linage.
Immunohistochemical characteristics of the constituents of senile plaques and amyloid angiopathy in aged cynomolgus monkeys
Authors: Nakamura Shinichiro , Kiatipattanasakul Wijit , Nakayama Hiroyuki , Ono Fumiko , Sakakibara Ippei , Yoshikawa Yasuhiro , Goto Naoaki , Doi Kunio
Published: September 2011

Abstract: In this study, we immunohistochemically examined the several constituents of senile plaques (SPs) and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) in aged cynomolgus monkeys. Apolipoprotein E (apoE) deposited in all mature plaques and CAA, and in half of the diffuse plaques. Alpha‐1‐antichymotripsin (αACT) deposited in half of the mature plaques and in one third of the CAA. Amyloid precursor protein (APP), ubiquitin (Ub), and microtubule‐associated protein‐2 (MAP‐2) accumulated in the swollen neurites of mature plaques. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) was detected in the astrocytes and their processes surrounding the mature plaques. Tau was detected in neither the SPs nor CAA. Therefore, mature plaques involved extracellular Aβ, apoE, and αACT, and also astrocytes and swollen neurites. However, diffuse plaques involved only extracellular Aβ and apoE. Since these features, except for tau, were consistent with those in humans, this animal model will be useful for studying the pathogenesis of cerebral amyloid deposition.
Osteoarthritis of the hand in nonhuman primates: A clinical, radiographic, and skeletal survey of Cayo Santiago rhesus macaques
Authors: Lim Keith K.T. , Kessler Matt J. , Pritzker Kenneth P.H. , Turnquist Jean E. , Dieppe Paul A.
Published: September 2011

Abstract: We describe the relative prevalence and pattern of distribution of osteoarthritis (OA) in the hands of elderly (>15 years) rhesus macaques using clinical, radiographic, and skeletal examinations. In the clinical study the prevalence of nodes was 72% and 16% in the distal inter‐phalangeal joints (DIPJ) and proximal inter‐phalangeal joints (PIPJ), respectively, 31% of all monkeys had polyarticular nodes. Radiographic OA was present in 55%, 9.1%, and 0% of the DIPJs, PIPJs, and thumb bases, respectively. Skeletal OA as defined by joint surface eburnation for the DIPJ, PIPJ, and thumb base were 16%, 8%, and 2%, respectively. A similar pattern of hand OA with humans is described except for the thumb base OA. This may be due to the relatively rudimentary manipulative role of the macaque thumb. The finding of polyarticular nodal OA raises the possibility of a common pathogenensis for IPJ OA amongst primates.
Growth and hormone characteristics of pubertal development in the hamadryas baboon
Authors: Crawford Bronwyn A. , Harewood Winthrop J. , Handelsman David J.
Published: September 2011

Abstract: The semi‐longitudinal collection of growth measurements in male and female hamadryas baboons has enabled documentation of the timing of puberty and the development of sexually dimorphic growth patterns in body weight, crown‐rump length (CRL), limb lengths, and muscle mass. In addition, another sexually dimorphic characteristic appears to be the presence of a pubertal growth spurt in body weight, and possibly CRL, in male but not female baboons. Serum testosterone levels rose during male development; however, there was a progressive decrease in dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate levels indicating the absence of adrenarche. Insulin‐like growth factor‐I (IGF‐I) and its major binding protein, IGFBP‐3, both rose during pubertal development; however, a simultaneous rise in the IGF‐I:IGFBP‐3 molar ratio suggests other factors may enhance the bioactivity of IGF‐I during puberty. A distinct rise in serum osteocalcin levels was also associated with puberty in male baboons. These growth and hormonal changes during puberty in the hamadryas baboon indicate that this species provides a close primate model for human puberty.
Effects of chair‐restraint on gastrointestinal transit time and colonic fermentation in male rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Rabot Sylvie , Viso Michel , Martin Franck , Blanquie Jean‐Pierre , Popot Françoise , Bensaada Martine , Vaissade Pierre , Searby Nancy , Szylit Odette
Published: September 2011

Abstract: The incidence of an 18 day chair‐restraint on the digestive physiology of male rhesus monkey was investigated for space research purposes, comparing four trained restraint subjects with two vivarium controls. Chair‐restraint induced a 2.5‐fold acceleration of the gastrointestinal transit time, which persisted throughout the 7 day postrestraint period, and an increase of the fecal dry matter content, which mean value rose from 40.7% to 69.6%. Fecal pH remained unaltered throughout the experiment. Modifications of fermentative metabolites produced by the colonic microflora and excreted through the breath (hydrogen and methane) or in the feces (short chain fatty acids and ammonia) could not be reliably related to chair‐restraint and probably involved side‐stress factors. On the whole, alterations due to chair‐restraint are shown to be different from those reported in the literature, following a modification of the dietary composition. These data may help to predict the alterations of digestive physiology likely to occur in immobilized human patients.
The brachial plexus in the chacma baboon (Papio ursinus)
Authors: Booth K.K. , Baloyi F.M. , Lukhele O.M.
Published: September 2011

Abstract: The brachial plexus in each of ten embalmed, mature chacma baboons was dissected to document the structure and branching pattern of this nerve plexus in this increasingly used research animal. In general, the brachial plexus in the chacma baboon was similar to the plexuses in the vervet and other Old World monkeys. However, several aspects were comparable to those observed in domestic animals. Thus the bipedal and quadrupedal abilities of the chacma baboon were reflected in the structure of its brachial plexus.
Langur prostate and its hormonal modulation
Authors: Ansari A.S. , Jayaprakash D. , Lohiya N.K.
Published: September 2011

The normal histoarchitecture of langur prostate of different growth phases, viz., juvenile, sub‐adult, and adult, and the hormonal modulation of adult prostate were studied in order to explore its suitability of a surrogate for human prostate. The histological observations revealed that the langur prostate is histoarchitecturally homogeneous. The volumetric composition of stroma (%) was found to be decreased significantly from juvenile to adult and that of epithelium and lumen was found to be increased significantly. The absolute volume (c.c.) of stroma, epithelium, and lumen increased significantly from juvenile to adult. A marked depletion in the various prostatic fluid biochemical parameters was observed in castration groups, which were recovered to control level following testosterone enanthate administration. The castration induced significant increase in volumetric composition of stroma; conversely that of the epithelium and lumen decreased significantly. The absolute volume of stroma did not show any appreciable variation, while that of epithelium and lumen decreased significantly. The inter acinar stroma decreased from juvenile to adult, while the lumen diameter increased significantly from juvenile to adult. Castration increased the inter acinar and lumen diameter; conversely the epithelial height decreased. The testosterone supplementation restored the prostate. However, the volumetric composition of stroma remained high, while the luminal volume remained low. Various prostatic parameters in normal and under altered hormonal conditions suggest that the langur prostate is similar to the human and therefore could be used as surrogate for the human prostate.
Stenosing colonic adenocarcinoma in a female rhesus monkey
Authors: Lembo Thomas M. , Tinkey Peggy T. , Cromeens Douglas M. , Gray Kenneth N. , Price Roger E.
Published: September 2011

Abstract: Laparoscopic surgery was performed on a 16 year‐old female rhesus monkey presenting with chronic lethargy and inappetence. The procedure revealed a “napkin‐ring” stricture located in the ascending large colon. Histologic evaluation of the colonic lesion exhibited large numbers of irregular acini lined by a single layer of well‐differentiated neoplastic epithelial cells. Based on the gross and histopathologic findings a diagnosis of adenocarcinoma of the proximal colon was made.
Advanced gastric carcinoma in a de Brazza's guenon (Cercopithecus neglectus)
Authors: Yanai Tokuma , Noda Ayako , Sakai Hiroki , Murata Koichi , Hama Natuki , Isowa Koichi , Masegi Toshiaki
Published: September 2011

Abstract: A necropsy case of advanced gastric carcinoma in a 20‐year‐old female de Brazza's guenon (Cercopithecus neglectus) was studied. Grossly, an excavated carcinoma mass, 60 × 55 × 35 mm in size, was located in the cardiac region of the stomach. Multiple disseminated nodules had implanted on the diaphragm and omentum. The tumor consisted of intestinal‐type adenocarcinoma cells and showed infiltrative growth beyond the serosa. The morphologic features of this tumor closely resembled those of advanced gastric carcinomas in human patients.
Spontaneous anaplastic large cell lymphoma in a chimpanzee: A clinicopathological and immunohistochemical study
Authors: Binhazim A.A. , Lee D.R. , Bernacky B.J. , Rizvi T.A.
Published: September 2011

Abstract: An anaplastic large cell lymphoma with disseminated abdominal metastases was diagnosed in a 35‐year‐old male chimpanzee. Clinically, the animal displayed lethargy, weight loss, ascites, and abdominal distention. Imaging studies showed several large abdominal masses. At necropsy, variably sized masses of neoplastic mesenteric lymph nodes that encompassed several intestinal loops were present throughout the abdomen. The largest mass measured 9 × 5 cm and had cauliflower‐like protrusions into the jejunal lumen. The entire abdominal cavity was covered by a sheet of neoplastic tissue. Histopathologically, the tumor consisted of solid sheets of proliferating lymphoid cells forming a cohesive growth that filled the lymph node sinuses. The tumor had invaded the intestinal wall. Anaplastic large cell lymphoma was diagnosed from immunohistochemistry findings on the basis of positive reaction to the CD3 and CD30 markers and negative reaction to the CD20 marker. Serologic analysis revealed positive titers for Epstein‐Barr, cytomegalo‐, and varicella‐zoster viruses. Both serologic and virologic studies showed no evidence of detectable retroviral infection. This type of tumor has not been reported before in the chimpanzee.
Localization of testosterone and 3β‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/Δ5‐Δ4‐isomerase in cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis) testes
Authors: Liang Ji‐Hong , Sankai Tadashi , Yoshida Takashi , Cho Fumiaki , Yoshikawa Yasuhiro
Published: September 2011

The enzyme 3β‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase /Δ5‐Δ4‐isomerase (3β‐HSD) is essential for the biosynthesis of all classes of steroid hormones, including androgens. We localized testosterone and 3β‐HSD by light microscopic immunocytochemistry in the testes of adult cynomolgus monkeys. Immunoreactive testosterone was located as intense deposits in the labeled cytoplasm of Leydig cells, and located weakly in the interstitial tissues, basement membranes, and the regions near tubular walls within tubules. Immunoreactive 3β‐HSD was located in the cytoplasm of all Sertoli cells and was especially intense in the parts near tubular walls and located weakly to intensely in the cytoplasm of some Leydig cells. This is the first immunocytochemical evidence that Sertoli cells of cynomolgus monkeys, as well as Leydig cells, are involved in biosynthesis of androgens.