bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Endophytic bacterial community of Stellera chamaejasme L. and its role in improving host plants' competitiveness in grasslands
Authors: Jiang Yuejuan , Li Qiaohong , Mao Wenqin , Tang Wengting , White James F. , Li Haiyan
Published: January 2022

Stellera chamaejasme has become a problematic weed in northern and south‐western grasslands of China. To evaluate a possible role of endophytes in its strong competitive capacity, the endophytic bacterial community of S. chamaejasme was investigated by culture‐dependent and independent methods, and the growth‐promoting traits of some culturable isolates as well as the benefit of endophyte ST3CS3 (Brevundimonas sp.) on host plants growth were studied. The results showed that 823 OTUs were generated with a 97% similarity level in the culture‐independent study. They were classified into 29 phyla, 61 classes, 147 orders, 237 families and 440 genera. Among them, Pseudomonas and Ralstonia were the most dominant genera in belowground parts (G) (64.25%) and aboveground parts (S) (26.54%) respectively. The diversity and species richness of endophytes in S were significantly higher than that of G (P < 0.001, t‐test). Contrary to this, the number of culturable bacteria in S was a little lower than that of G (P > 0.05, t‐test). Totally, 176 isolates belonging to 30 morphotypes were obtained in the culture‐dependent study. Among them, Acinetobacter was the most dominant genus in G (51.30%), then followed by Pseudomonas (6.09%) and Brevundimonas (6.09%), while Lysinibacillus (21.31%) was the most dominant genus in S, followed by Pseudomonas (11.48%). Growth‐promoting trait tests indicated that 93.65% of the tested isolates (63) exhibited nitrogen‐fixing, IAA‐synthesizing, phosphorus or potassium solubilizing capacity, in which 77.97% belonged to Proteobacteria, a phylum found to contain more active isolates. Pot experiments demonstrated that endophyte ST3CS3 can significantly improve host plants growth and increase its nitrogen and chlorophyll content (P < 0.01, t‐test). Therefore, we suggest that strong competitiveness of S. chamaejasme may in part be due to possession of high ratios of plant growth‐promoting proteobacterial endophytes such as Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter and Brevundimonas.
Clostridioides difficile infection and One Health: an equine perspective
Authors: Hain‐Saunders Natasza M.R. , Knight Daniel R. , Bruce Mieghan , Riley Thomas V.
Published: January 2022

Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile presents a significant health risk to humans and animals. The complexity of the bacterial–host interaction affecting pathogenesis and disease development creates an ongoing challenge for epidemiological studies, control strategies and prevention planning. The recent emergence of human disease caused by strains of C. difficile found in animals adds to mounting evidence that C. difficile infection (CDI) may be a zoonosis. In equine populations, C. difficile is a known cause of diarrhoea and gastrointestinal inflammation, with considerable mortality and morbidity. This has a significant impact on both the well‐being of the animal and, in the case of performance and production animals, it may have an adverse economic impact on relevant industries. While C. difficile is regularly isolated from horses, many questions remain regarding the impact of asymptomatic carriage as well as optimization of diagnosis, testing and treatment. This review provides an overview of our understanding of equine CDI while also identifying knowledge gaps and the need for a holistic One Health approach to a complicated issue.
A Novel Framework for Parametric Analysis of Coastal Transition Zone Modeling
Authors: Chegini Taher , de Almeida Coelho Gustavo , Ratcliff John , Ferreira Celso M. , Mandli Kyle , Burke Patrick , Li Hong‐Yi
Published: January 2022

Vulnerability of coastal regions to extreme events motivates an operational coupled inland‐coastal modeling strategy focusing on the coastal transition zone (CTZ), an area between the coast and upland river. To tackle this challenge, we propose a top‐down framework for investigating the contribution of different processes to the hydrodynamics of CTZs with various geometrical shapes, different physical properties, and under several forcing conditions. We further propose a novel method, called tidal vanishing point (TVP), for delineating the extent of CTZs through the upland. We demonstrate the applicability of our framework over the United States East and Gulf coasts. We categorize CTZs in the region into three classes, namely, without estuary (direct river–coast connection), triangular‐, and trapezoidal‐shaped estuary. The results show that although semidiurnal tidal constituents are dominant in most cases, diurnal tidal constituents become more prevalent in the river segment as the discharge increases. Also, decreasing the bed roughness value promotes more significant changes in the results than increasing it by the same value. Additionally, the estuary promotes tidal energy attenuation and consequently decreases the reach of tidal signals through the upland. The proposed framework is generic and extensible to any coastal region.
Genotyping‐in‐thousands by sequencing (GT‐seq) of noninvasive faecal and degraded samples: A new panel to enable ongoing monitoring of Canadian polar bear populations
Authors: Hayward Kristen M. , Clemente‐Carvalho Rute B.G. , Jensen Evelyn L. , de Groot Peter V.C. , Branigan Marsha , Dyck Markus , Tschritter Christina , Sun Zhengxin , Lougheed Stephen C.
Published: January 2022

Genetic monitoring using noninvasive samples provides a complement or alternative to traditional population monitoring methods. However, next‐generation sequencing approaches to monitoring typically require high quality DNA and the use of noninvasive samples (e.g., scat) is often challenged by poor DNA quality and contamination by nontarget species. One promising solution is a highly multiplexed sequencing approach called genotyping‐in‐thousands by sequencing (GT‐seq), which can enable cost‐efficient genomics‐based monitoring for populations based on noninvasively collected samples. Here, we develop and validate a GT‐seq panel of 324 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) optimized for genotyping of polar bears based on DNA from noninvasively collected faecal samples. We demonstrate (1) successful GT‐seq genotyping of DNA from a range of sample sources, including successful genotyping (>50% loci) of 62.9% of noninvasively collected faecal samples determined to contain polar bear DNA; and (2) that we can reliably differentiate individuals, ascertain sex, assess relatedness, and resolve population structure of Canadian polar bear subpopulations based on a GT‐seq panel of 324 SNPs. Our GT‐seq data reveal spatial‐genetic patterns similar to previous polar bear studies but at lesser cost per sample and through use of noninvasively collected samples, indicating the potential of this approach for population monitoring. This GT‐seq panel provides the foundation for a noninvasive toolkit for polar bear monitoring and can contribute to community‐based programmes – a framework which may serve as a model for wildlife conservation and management for species worldwide.
Strategies of organic phosphorus recycling by soil bacteria: acquisition, metabolism, and regulation
Authors: Park Yeonsoo , Solhtalab Mina , Thongsomboon Wiriya , Aristilde Ludmilla
Published: January 2022

Critical to meeting cellular phosphorus (P) demand, soil bacteria deploy a number of strategies to overcome limitation in inorganic P (Pi) in soils. As a significant contributor to P recycling, soil bacteria secrete extracellular enzymes to degrade organic P (Po) in soils into the readily bioavailable Pi. In addition, several Po compounds can be transported directly via specific transporters and subsequently enter intracellular metabolic pathways. In this review, we highlight the strategies that soil bacteria employ to recycle Po from the soil environment. We discuss the diversity of extracellular phosphatases in soils, the selectivity of these enzymes towards various Po biomolecules and the influence of the soil environmental conditions on the enzyme's activities. Moreover, we outline the intracellular metabolic pathways for Po biosynthesis and transporter‐assisted Po and Pi uptake at different Pi availabilities. We further highlight the regulatory mechanisms that govern the production of phosphatases, the expression of Po transporters and the key metabolic changes in P metabolism in response to environmental Pi availability. Due to the depletion of natural resources for Pi, we propose future studies needed to leverage bacteria‐mediated P recycling from the large pools of Po in soils or organic wastes to benefit agricultural productivity.
Chronic subdural haematoma: the role of peri‐operative medicine in a common form of reversible brain injury
Authors: Stubbs D. J. , Davies B. M. , Menon D. K.
Published: January 2022

Epidemiological studies project a significant rise in cases of chronic subdural haematoma over the next 20 years. Patients with this condition are frequently older and medically complex, with baseline characteristics that may increase peri‐operative risk. The intra‐operative period is only a small portion of a patient’s total hospital stay, with a majority of patients in the United Kingdom transferred between institutions for their surgical and rehabilitative care. Definitive management remains surgical, but peri‐operative challenges exist which resonate with other surgical cohorts where multidisciplinary working has become the gold standard. These include shared decision‐making, medical optimisation, the management of peri‐operative anticoagulation and the identification of key points of equipoise for examination in the future trials. In this narrative review, we use a stereotyped patient journey to provide context to the recent literature, highlighting where multidisciplinary expertise may be required to optimise patient care and maximise the benefits of surgical management. We discuss the triage, pre‐operative optimisation, intra‐operative management and immediate postoperative care of patients undergoing surgery for a chronic subdural haematoma. We also discuss where adjunctive medical management may be indicated. In so doing, we present the current and emerging evidence base for the role of an integrated peri‐operative medicine team in the care of patients with a chronic subdural haematoma.
Implications of nocebo in anaesthesia care
Authors: Arrow K. , Burgoyne L. L. , Cyna A. M.
Published: January 2022

Nocebo refers to non‐pharmacological adverse effects of an intervention. Well‐intended procedural warnings frequently function as a nocebo. Both nocebo and placebo are integral to the generation of ‘real’ treatment effects and their associated ‘real’ side‐effects. They are induced or exacerbated by: context; negative expectancy; and negative conditioning surrounding treatment. Since the late 1990s, the neuroscience literature has repeatedly demonstrated that the nocebo effect is mediated by discrete neurobiological mechanisms and specific physiological modulations. Although no single biological mechanism has been found to explain the nocebo effect, nocebo hyperalgesia is thought to initiate from the dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex subsequently triggering the brain's descending pain modulatory system and other pain regulation pathways. Functional magnetic resonance imaging shows that expectation of increased pain is accompanied by increased neural activity in the hippocampus and midcingulate cortex which is not observed when analgesia is expected. Functional magnetic resonance imaging studies have shown that the anterior cingulate cortex is pivotal in the perception of affective pain evoked by nocebo words. Research has also explored neurotransmitters which mediate the nocebo effect. The neuropeptide cholecystokinin appears to play a key role in the modulation of pain by nocebo. Hyperalgesia generated by nocebo also increases the activity of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis as indicated by increases in plasma cortisol. The avoidance or mitigation of nocebo needs to be recognised as a core clinical skill in optimising anaesthesia care. Embracing the evidence around nocebo will allow for phrases such as ‘bee sting’ and ‘sharp scratch’ to be thought of as clumsy verbal relics of the past. Anaesthesia as a profession has always prided itself on practicing evidence‐based medicine, yet for decades anaesthetists and other healthcare staff have communicated in ways counter to the evidence. The premise of every interaction should be ‘primum non nocere’ (first, do no harm). Whether the context is research or clinical anaesthesia practice, the nocebo can be ignored no longer.
Peri‐operative management of patients with Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Yim R. L. H. , Leung K. M. M. , Poon C. C. M. , Irwin M. G.
Published: January 2022

Patients with Parkinson’s disease are at higher risk of peri‐operative medical and surgical complications. Multidisciplinary management, early recognition of potential complications, specialised care of medications and intra‐operative protection of the vulnerable brain are all important aspects of the peri‐operative management of patients with Parkinson’s disease. Advances in continuous dopaminergic treatment, development of a peri‐operative Parkinson’s disease pathway and application of telemedicine are starting to play a role in improving peri‐operative care. Management of patients with advanced Parkinson’s disease is also evolving, with potential for incorporation of integrated care and changes in the anaesthetic management for deep brain stimulation surgery. There are new methods for localisation of target nuclei and increasing insight on the effects of anaesthetic drugs on microelectrode recordings and clinical outcomes. Parkinson’s disease is a progressive disease, but management is improving with better peri‐operative care for patients.
aEEG vs cEEG’s sensivity for seizure detection in the setting of neonatal intensive care units: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Falsaperla Raffaele , Scalia Bruna , Giaccone Fabiola , Suppiej Agnese , Pulvirenti Alfredo , Mailo Janette , Ruggieri Martino
Published: January 2022

Aim

Amplitude‐integrated electroencephalography (aEEG)’s accuracy compared to conventional electroencephalography (cEEG) has not been fully established. The aim of our study was to conduct a systematic review on the sensitivity of the aEEG for neonatal seizure detection.

Methods

Studies from PubMed and Google Scholar databases comparing recordings of cEEG and aEEG in newborns were included according to the PRISMA method. A quality assessment using the QUADAS‐2 tool was provided. A random‐effect model was used to account for different sources of variations among studies. Publication biases were represented by a funnel plot, and funnel plot symmetry was assessed.

Results

Fourteen studies were reported; sensitivity of each diagnostic tool used (single‐channel aEEG, two‐channel aEEG, two‐channel aEEG plus raw trace EEG) was compared to that of the gold‐standard cEEG and to those of the other methods used. Overall sensitivity of the aEEG ranged from 31.25% to 90%.

Conclusion

Our study provides evidence that sensitivity of aEEG varies significantly and that seizure detection rate is lower than that of cEEG. The two‐channel aEEG with raw trace EEG shows a high sensitivity and might represent a valid alternative to the cEEG in the setting of neonatal intensive care units (NICUs).
Perceived overqualification, felt organizational obligation, and extra‐role behavior during the COVID‐19 crisis: The moderating role of self‐sacrificial leadership
Authors: Wu Chia‐Huei , Weisman Hannah , Sung Li‐Kuo , Erdogan Berrin , Bauer Talya N.
Published: January 2022

Past research has found that employees who view themselves as overqualified for their jobs tend to hold negative job attitudes and be unwilling to go beyond the call of duty. In challenging situations such as during the COVID‐19 crisis, when having “all hands‐on deck” may be important to an organization's survival, mitigating the negative tendencies of these employees becomes important. Adopting a sensemaking perspective on crisis management, we examine whether supervisors' self‐sacrificial leadership can mitigate these negative tendencies. First, we propose that employee perceived overqualification is associated with lower levels of felt obligation to the organization and thereby lower levels of extra‐role behaviors (i.e., helping and proactivity). We next propose that supervisors' self‐sacrificial leadership during the COVID‐19 crisis can evoke, especially when COVID‐19 more strongly impacts the organization, a sense of collectivism toward the organization, which mitigates the negative association of perceived overqualification with felt obligation and thus extra‐role behaviors. We tested our theorizing in samples from the UK (n = 121, pilot study) and US (n = 382, main study) in studies with a multi‐wave, time‐lagged design. Findings from both studies provide support for our theorizing. We discuss implications for research and practice concerning perceived overqualification during a crisis.
A sequential approach using the age‐adjusted fibrosis‐4 index and vibration‐controlled transient elastography to detect advanced fibrosis in Korean patients with non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Lee Dong Hyeon , Sung Se Un , Lee Yun Kyu , Lim Ik Hyeon , Jang Heejoon , Joo Sae Kyoung , Park Jeong Hwan , Chang Mee Soo , So Young Ho , Kim Won ,   the Innovative Target Exploration of NAFLD (ITEN) Consortium
Published: January 2022

Background and Aims

Vibration‐controlled transient elastography (VCTE) has shown good diagnostic performance in predicting fibrosis stages in patients with non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, an optimal diagnostic approach to detect advanced fibrosis in patients with NAFLD has not been established.

Approach and Results

We prospectively collected data from 539 subjects who underwent liver biopsy at a single centre between January 2014 and December 2019. Diagnostic performance was estimated using the area under the receiver‐operating characteristic curve (AUROC). Several models combining the fibrosis 4 index (FIB‐4) score and liver stiffness measurement (LSM) were analysed to reduce the need for unnecessary liver biopsies. We observed significant fibrosis (≥F2), advanced fibrosis (≥F3) and cirrhosis (F4) in 173 (32.1%), 74 (13.7%) and 46 subjects (8.5%), respectively. The AUROCs (95% CI) for LSMs to diagnose ≥F2, ≥F3 and F4 were 0.82 (0.78‐0.85), 0.92 (0.89‐0.94) and 0.95 (0.93‐0.97), respectively. Optimal LSM cut‐off values were 6.7 (≥F2), 8.3 (≥F3) and 9.8 (F4) kPa. LSMs were affected by waist circumference, serum albumin and fibrosis stage (R2 = 0.315). Abdominal obesity, elevated transaminase, diabetes mellitus and high IQR/Median were associated with the discordance of ≥2 fibrosis stages between LSMs and histologic data. The sequential use of the age‐adjusted FIB‐4 and LSMs yielded the least uncertainty (5.3%) in classifying disease severity with the highest diagnostic accuracy (81%) among a variety of non‐invasive test combinations.

Conclusions

The sequential approach of age‐adjusted FIB‐4 and VCTE could represent a practical diagnostic strategy to detect advanced fibrosis in NAFLD (ClinicalTrials.gov #NCT 02206841).
The negative impact of vitamin D on antipsychotic drug exposure may counteract its potential benefits in schizophrenia
Authors: Gaebler Arnim Johannes , Finner‐Prével Michelle , Lammertz Sarah , Schaffrath Sabrina , Eisner Patrick , Stöhr Felix , Röcher Erik , Winkler Lina , Kaleta Peter , Lenzen Laura , Augustin Marc , Hovancakova Jana , Schwemmer Lara , Stormanns Eva , Keskin Fatih , Hendricks Frederik , Paulzen Michael , Gründer Gerhard , Schneider Frank ,   APIC Consortium, Mathiak Klaus
Published: January 2022

Aims

Patients with schizophrenia frequently show insufficient vitamin D levels, which are associated with somatic comorbidity and may contribute to psychopathology. For many reasons, vitamin D supplementation may be indicated for this patient cohort. However, there is growing evidence for a vitamin D‐mediated increase of drug metabolism by induction of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4. Hence, this study aimed to assess vitamin D's impact on both antipsychotic drug concentrations and psychopathology in a non‐interventional manner.

Methods

Totals of 107 serum concentrations of different antipsychotic drugs (amisulpride, aripiprazole, clozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine and risperidone), 80 serum concentrations of vitamin D and psychopathological assessments were obtained from 80 patients with schizophrenia. The impact of Vitamin D on antipsychotic drug concentrations and symptomatology was assessed using a generalized linear model, path and correlation analyses.

Results

We observed a negative relationship between vitamin D and dose‐adjusted antipsychotic drug concentrations, which was particularly pronounced for drugs which are predominantly metabolized via CYP3A4 (i.e., aripiprazole and quetiapine). A path analysis suggested a relieving effect of vitamin D on symptomatology which was, however, counteracted by its negative impact on antipsychotic drug levels. Finally, patients with vitamin D levels above the median exhibited a significantly higher proportion of therapeutically insufficient dose‐normalized drug concentrations of aripiprazole and quetiapine.

Conclusion

Despite vitamin D's potential benefits on physical and mental health, clinicians should be aware of its negative impact on blood concentrations of antipsychotics metabolized by CYP3A4 in patients with schizophrenia. Therefore, when considering its supplementation, therapeutic drug monitoring should be applied to guide dose adjustment.
Risk of out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest in antidepressant drug users
Authors: Eroglu Talip E. , Barcella Carlo A. , Gerds Thomas A. , Kessing Lars Vedel , Zylyftari Nertila , Mohr Grimur H. , Kragholm Kristian , Polcwiartek Christoffer , Wissenberg Mads , Folke Fredrik , Tan Hanno L. , Torp‐Pedersen Christian , Gislason Gunnar H.
Published: January 2022

Conflicting results have been reported regarding the association between antidepressant use and out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) risk. We investigated whether the use of antidepressants is associated with OHCA.

Methods

We conducted a nationwide nested case–control study to assess the association of individual antidepressant drugs within drug classes with the hazard of OHCA. Cases were defined as OHCA from presumed cardiac causes. Cox regression with time‐dependent exposure and time‐dependent covariates was conducted to calculate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) overall and in subgroups defined by established cardiac disease and cardiovascular risk factors. Also, we studied antidepressants with and without sodium channel blocking or potassium channel blocking properties separately.

Results

During the study period from 2001 to 2015 we observed 10 987 OHCA cases, and found increased OHCA rate for high‐dose citalopram (>20 mg) and high‐dose escitalopram (>10 mg; HR:1.46 [95% CI:1.27–1.69], HR:1.43 [95% CI:1.16–1.75], respectively) among selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (reference drug sertraline), and for high‐dose mirtazapine (>30; HR:1.59 [95% CI:1.18–2.14]) among the serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors or noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressants (reference drug duloxetine). Among tricyclic antidepressants (reference drug amitriptyline), no drug was associated with significantly increased OHCA rate. Increased OHCA rate was found for antidepressants with known potassium channel blocking properties (HR:1.14 [95% CI:1.05–1.23]), but for not those with sodium channel blocking properties. Citalopram, although not statistically significant, and mirtazapine were associated with increased OHCA rate in patients without cardiac disease and cardiovascular risk factors.

Conclusion

Our findings indicate that careful titration of citalopram, escitalopram and mirtazapine dose may have to be considered due to drug safety issues.
Development and validation of an instrument to measure online assessment acceptance in higher education
Authors: Or Caleb , Chapman Elaine
Published: January 2022

Many educational institutions have adopted online assessment in recent years. Previous studies on online assessment have often been tied to studies on learning management systems. As such, questions of online assessment acceptance have typically been overshadowed by a focus on the acceptance of learning management systems in general. The focus of the present research on online assessment is relatively rare. This paper describes the validation of an instrument to measure online assessment adoption by lecturers in higher education. A total of 213 participants responded to a 20‐item online questionnaire. With the data collected and the model fit, the instrument developed was able to meet the expectations to measure online assessment. The preliminary evidence of the validity of the extended Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology model, based on its reliability found in the current study, supports the use of the instrument as a technology acceptance framework for online assessment systems.

Practitioner notes

What is already known about this topic

Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) model has been found to be a reliable and robust model to study and explain technology acceptance and use across various educational contexts.

In the UTAUT model, performance expectancy (PE), effort expectancy (EE), social influence (SI) and facilitating conditions are direct determinants of user acceptance and use behaviour.

Subsequent validation by Venkatesh et al. (2003) in a longitudinal study found that the UTAUT model was a competent model that explained the relationships between PE, EE, SI and user behavioural intention (BI).

What this paper adds

An extended UTAUT model has been proposed, with the removal of EE as many UTAUT studies have shown that its influence has not been as consistent as compared to that of the other original constructs. In its place, constructs such as usability and learnability have been added as potential influences on both BI and use behaviour.

Attitude as a construct has been added, as this was first included in an earlier Technology Acceptance Model but absent in the original UTAUT model.

Development of a validated instrument suitable for assessing educators' acceptance of online assessment based on the extended UTAUT model.

Implications for practice and/or policy

The instrument proposed in this study can be used as a tool to examine educators' perception on online assessment.

The instrument can also be used as a tool to inform educational institutions the factors that influence the successful implementation of online assessment or assessment‐related systems.

Based on its reliability found in the current study, this study supports the use of the instrument as a technology acceptance framework for online assessment systems.
Immersive virtual reality to train preservice teachers in managing students' challenging behaviours: A pilot study
Authors: Chen Chi‐Yuan
Published: January 2022

This pilot study investigated the effects of immersive virtual reality (VR) training on the classroom management ability of preservice teachers, the addition of real‐time audio feedback as reinforcement and whether preservice teachers could apply their training in an actual classroom setting. We employed the Breaking Bad Behaviours' immersive VR system to design a training situation. Managing students' challenging behaviours was the training target, and 10 preservice teachers were invited to participate (five men and five women; age range, 20–26 years). The results revealed that the immersive VR training experience improved the speed and effectiveness of the participants' management of challenging behaviours in students and enabled the participants to transfer their learning to an actual classroom setting. After the training, the teachers were more confident in halting challenging behaviours by approaching the students, taking appropriate actions and using oral commands. Real‐time audio feedback had a positive but weak influence and gave the participants a feeling of encouragement and affirmation regarding their actions; the influence of real‐time feedback is expected to be stronger if the target of the reinforcement is focused on specific classroom management strategies. Finally, more interactive student avatars should be added to the immersive VR system to enhance classroom management communication, thus making the system a more effective teacher training tool.

Practitioner notes

What is already known about this topic

Virtual reality (VR) provides a high degree of realism that increases the effectiveness of teacher training simulations.

Desktop VR technology has been applied in professional development for classroom management; few studies have used immersive VR for classroom management training.

What this paper adds

The immersive virtual training experience could improve preservice teachers' ability to handle students' challenging behaviours, and the classroom management ability learned through immersive VR can be transferred to a real classroom.

Real‐time audio feedback can encourage preservice teachers and provide a feeling of achievement and affirm their actions.

Implications for practice and/or policy

Immersive VR simulations can be used as a training tool to provide preservice teachers with authentic classroom management practice experience.

Through careful design, real‐time audio feedback can be incorporated into the immersive virtual simulation process to reinforce the target behaviours.
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: Current and future treatment
Authors: Glass Daniel S. , Grossfeld David , Renna Heather A. , Agarwala Priya , Spiegler Peter , DeLeon Joshua , Reiss Allison B.
Published: January 2022

Objectives

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic fibrotic lung disease characterized by dry cough, fatigue, and progressive exertional dyspnea. Lung parenchyma and architecture is destroyed, compliance is lost, and gas exchange is compromised in this debilitating condition that leads inexorably to respiratory failure and death within 3–5 years of diagnosis. This review discusses treatment approaches to IPF in current use and those that appear promising for future development.

Data Source

The data were obtained from the Randomized Controlled Trials and scientific studies published in English literature. We used search terms related to IPF, antifibrotic treatment, lung transplant, and management.

Results

Etiopathogenesis of IPF is not fully understood, and treatment options are limited. Pathological features of IPF include extracellular matrix remodeling, fibroblast activation and proliferation, immune dysregulation, cell senescence, and presence of aberrant basaloid cells. The mainstay therapies are the oral antifibrotic drugs pirfenidone and nintedanib, which can improve quality of life, attenuate symptoms, and slow disease progression. Unilateral or bilateral lung transplantation is the only treatment for IPF shown to increase life expectancy.

Conclusion

Clearly, there is an unmet need for accelerated research into IPF mechanisms so that progress can be made in therapeutics toward the goals of increasing life expectancy, alleviating symptoms, and improving well‐being.
To snack or not to snack: Using fNIRS to link inhibitory control to functional connectivity in the toddler brain
Authors: Kerr‐German Anastasia , Namuth August , Santosa Hendrik , Buss Aaron T. , White Stuart
Published: January 2022

Inhibitory control (IC) emerges in infancy, continues to develop throughout childhood and is linked to later life outcomes such as school achievement, prosocial behavior, and psychopathology. Little, however, is known about the neural processes underpinning IC, especially in 2‐year‐olds. In this study, we examine functional connectivity (FC) in 2.5‐year‐olds while recording hemodynamic responses via functional infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) during a traditional snack delay task. We found that functional connectivity strength between left frontal and parietal cortex and bilateral parietal cortex were positively associated with performance on this task. The current findings present the first neural data for toddlers during this IC task. Further, these data are the first to link this self‐regulatory process to differences in brain development within this population. Implications for future directions and work with clinical populations are discussed.
Percutaneous closure of congenital aortic–to–right atrial fistula
Authors: Akyüz Abdurrahman , Çap Murat , Işık Ferhat , Aslan Burhan
Published: January 2022

Transthoracic and transesophageal imaging of a 30‐year‐old patient who presented with palpitations and shortness of breath revealed flow from the aorta to the right atrium. An aortic‐right atrial fistula, which is a rare anomaly, was evaluated. As there was no acquired cause, it was considered a congenital defect. Due to the patient's being symptomatic, a percutaneous closure was performed with the Amplatzer Duct Occluder II device.
Wartime rape in late antiquity: consecrated virgins and victim bias in the fifth‐century west
Authors: Vihervalli Ulriika
Published: January 2022

Late antique clerics rarely discussed wartime rape but singled out consecrated women as victims when they did. This emphasis testifies to the prominence of consecrated women by the fifth century, while inadvertently creating a victim bias. This paper examines this bias and puts forth a wider consideration of victims, including laywomen, children, and men. However, studies on wartime rape have shown that the rape of virgins is often treated differently from the violation of others. These findings are extended to holy virgins in late antiquity to offer new considerations of the grim success of rape as a weapon of war.
Mitochondrial complex I abnormalities underlie neurodegeneration and cognitive decline in Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Terada Tatsuhiro , Therriault Joseph , Kang Min Su , Savard Melissa , Pascoal Tharick Ali , Lussier Firoza , Tissot Cecile , Wang Yi‐Ting , Benedet Andrea , Poltronetti Nina Margherita , Ottoy Julie , Arias Jaime Frenandez , Bezgin Gleb , Matsudaira Takashi , Bunai Tomoyasu , Obi Tomokazu , Tsukada Hideo , Ouchi Yasuomi , Rosa‐Neto Pedro
Published: January 2022

Background and purpose

Abnormal mitochondrial metabolism has been described in the Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain. However, the relationship between AD pathophysiology and key mitochondrial processes remains elusive. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether mitochondrial complex I dysfunction is associated with amyloid aggregation or glucose metabolism and brain atrophy in patients with mild AD using positron emission tomography (PET).

Methods

Amyloid‐ and tau‐positive symptomatic AD patients with clinical dementia rating 0.5 or 1 (N = 30; mean age ± standard deviation: 71.8 ± 7.6 years) underwent magnetic resonance imaging and PET scans with [18F]2‐tert‐butyl‐4‐chloro‐5–2H‐pyridazin‐3‐one (BCPP‐EF), [11C]Pittsburgh Compound‐B (PiB) and [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) to assess brain atrophy, mitochondrial complex I dysfunction, amyloid deposition, and glucose metabolism, respectively. Local cortical associations among these biomarkers and gray matter volume were evaluated with voxel‐based regressions models.

Results

[18F]BCPP‐EF standardized uptake value ratio (SUVR) was positively correlated with [18F]FDG SUVR in the widespread brain area, while its associations with gray matter volume were restricted to the parahippocampal gyrus. Reductions in [18F]BCPP‐EF SUVR were associated with domain‐specific cognitive performance. We did not observe regional associations between mitochondrial dysfunction and amyloid burden.

Conclusions

In symptomatic cases, although mitochondrial complex I reduction is linked to a wide range of downstream neurodegenerative processes such as hypometabolism, atrophy, and cognitive decline, a link to amyloid was not observable. The data presented here support [18F]BCPP‐EF as an excellent imaging tool to investigate mitochondrial dysfunction in AD.
Employment and child support outcomes among noncustodial fathers: An evaluation of the Fathers Advancing Community Together program
Authors: Peterson Bryce E. , Cramer Lindsey , Thompson Paige S.
Published: January 2022

Prior research underscores the importance of fathers’ involvement in their children’s lives. However, there is mixed evidence about the degree to which fatherhood programs improve economic stability and child support outcomes among noncustodial fathers. We attempted to address some of these gaps in the literature by evaluating the Fathers Advancing Community Together (FACT) program. FACT was implemented by Rubicon Programs, a community‐based nonprofit organization in the Bay Area, California known for providing services to help move people out of poverty. The program provided parents economic stability, responsible parenting, and healthy relationship workshops, as well as support services and intensive case management. We relied on data from the Department of Child Support Services to assess whether FACT increased the likelihood of employment, child support modifications, and child support payments among noncustodial fathers during a 6‐month post‐enrollment period. Using 3:1 coarsened exact matching procedures, the total sample resulted in 744 fathers (186 in the intervention group and 558 in the comparison group). Results from logistic regression models indicate that FACT participants were more likely to be employed and more likely to receive a child support modification during the post‐enrollment period than their comparison counterparts, though we found no significant relationship between FACT participation and whether fathers made a child support payment.
An insight into the pharmacological and analytical potential of Andrographolide
Authors: Agrawal Pallavi , Nair Maya S.
Published: January 2022

Andrographis paniculata is an annual medicinal herb from the family Acanthaceae. Andrographolide is generally considered an essential bioactive component of plant A. paniculata. Since ancient times, it has been widely recognized for its therapeutic qualities and has attracted the scientific and medical communities' attention. This review summarizes the molecular, clinical, and in vitro research of compound andrographolide and its mechanism of action. Andrographolide, when combined with other enhancing agents, offers a wide variety of health benefits. The therapeutic potential of andrographolide has been exemplified and exhibited by directly regulating genes and indirectly interacting with small molecules and different enzymes. This review compiles and consolidates the pharmacological action of andrographolide and its analogs and deciphers the gaps that have hindered its use in medicinal research.
Long‐term legacies of seasonal extremes in Arctic ecosystem functioning
Authors: Bokhorst Stef , Cornelissen J. Hans C. , Veraverbeke Sander
Published: January 2022

Extreme climatic events are on the rise in Arctic regions and also outside the main growing season where they directly impact ecosystem functioning but also leave legacies for following seasons. These extreme events challenge organisms depending on strong predictable seasonal patterns. To understand the consequences of multiple seasonal extremes on Arctic ecosystem functioning there is a need for a better fundamental understanding of organisms and ecosystem processes outside the growing season.
A Route Map for Successful Applications of Geographically Weighted Regression
Authors: Comber Alexis , Brunsdon Christopher , Charlton Martin , Dong Guanpeng , Harris Richard , Lu Binbin , Lü Yihe , Murakami Daisuke , Nakaya Tomoki , Wang Yunqiang , Harris Paul
Published: January 2022

Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) is increasingly used in spatial analyses of social and environmental data. It allows spatial heterogeneities in processes and relationships to be investigated through a series of local regression models rather than a single global one. Standard GWR assumes that relationships between the response and predictor variables operate at the same spatial scale, which is frequently not the case. To address this, several GWR variants have been proposed. This paper describes a route map to decide whether to use a GWR model or not, and if so which of three core variants to apply: a standard GWR, a mixed GWR or a multiscale GWR (MS‐GWR). The route map comprises 3 primary steps that should always be undertaken: (1) a basic linear regression, (2) a MS‐GWR, and (3) investigations of the results of these in order to decide whether to use a GWR approach, and if so for determining the appropriate GWR variant. The paper also highlights the importance of investigating a number of secondary issues at global and local scales including collinearity, the influence of outliers, and dependent error terms. Code and data for the case study used to illustrate the route map are provided.
Sintering behavior of Cr2AlC MAX phase synthesized by Spark plasma sintering
Authors: Zakeri‐Shahroudi Fatemeh , Ghasemi Behrooz , Abdolahpour Hassan , Razavi Mansour
Published: January 2022

In the current study, the sintering and mechanical properties of the Cr2AlC MAX phase synthesized by Spark plasma sintering at 1000, 1100, and 1200°C were investigated. The X‐ray diffraction (XRD) patterns showed that the synthesis of the Cr2AlC MAX phase was associated with the presence of impurities such as Cr7C3 and Al2O3. On the basis of the FESEM images equipped with energy dispersive spectrometer, the MAX phases had been formed successfully and the length of these layers increased by enhancing the sintering temperature. The results of the density showed that by increasing the temperature, the density increases from 5.10 to 5.33 g/cm3 and finally decreases to 5.25 g/cm3. Vickers hardness method applied to determine the hardness of the samples showed that the hardness decreases from 8.52 to 8.07 GPa for the prepared samples.
Effect of ultrasonic treatment on enzyme activity and bioactives of strawberry puree
Authors: Tsikrika Konstantina , Chu Boon‐Seang , Bremner David H. , Lemos Adilia
Published: January 2022

The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of ultrasound (US) at different frequencies (20, 370, and 583 kHz) and power levels (35 and 48 W) on the residual activity (RA) of peroxidase (POD) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) in strawberry puree. Total anthocyanin content (TAC), total phenolic content (TPC), ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) were also assessed. Results were compared with untreated, thermally treated at 40 °C (control) and pasteurized (90 °C) strawberry puree. POD and PPO RA were significantly (P < 0.05) reduced, whilst there was a significant (P < 0.05) increase in TAC (5%–19%) in all US‐treated samples in comparison with the untreated samples and the controls. US at 20 kHz (35 W) increased significantly (P < 0.05) TPC (9%) and FRAP (6%) in strawberry puree, whereas the effect of 583 kHz (48 W) on these parameters was insignificant (P > 0.05). Pasteurization inactivated POD and PPO, however, decreased dramatically TAC (14%), TPC (17%) and FRAP (9.5%) in strawberry puree. These findings suggest that US is a promising novel non‐thermal food technology that can be tailored to improve the quality of strawberry puree by inactivating enzymes responsible for food deterioration whilst maintaining the content of bioactive compounds.
Recent advances in plant‐based compounds for mitigation of mycotoxin contamination in food products: current status, challenges and perspectives
Authors: Jafarzadeh Shima , Abdolmaleki Khadije , Javanmardi Fardin , Hadidi Milad , Mousavi Khaneghah Amin
Published: January 2022

There are numerous strategies to control the growth of mycotoxigenic fungi and reduce mycotoxins in food, including physical, chemical and biological treatments. However, consumers prefer organic food and natural inhibitors because they are biodegradable and safe for human and animal health. This review summarises the current advances in plant‐based compounds to mitigate contamination of food products by mycotoxigenic fungi and their toxins. In addition, a clear understanding of the roles of plant‐based extracts in food products, their mechanisms of action and challenges and perspectives in mycotoxin degradation are presented. Essential oils and plant‐based extracts are complex mixtures of major and minor chemical compounds with antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. In general, the mechanisms of antifungal activity of plant‐based compounds are attributed to the reduction of the ergosterol content, disruption of cell membrane integrity, enhancing of membrane ion leakage and permeability, disruption to the organisation of mitochondrial structure, interference in enzymatic reactions of cell wall synthesis, disturbance of oxidative balance, inhibition of carbohydrate metabolism, suppression of mycotoxin biosynthetic genes and alterations in the molecular structure of mycotoxins.
Anthocyanin‐fortified konjac glucomannan/sodium alginate composite edible boba: characteristics of texture, microstructure, in vitro release behaviour and antioxidant capacity
Authors: Liu Sha , Xiao JianHui , Feng YaPing , Zhang MianLing , Li Ying , Tu Jin , Niu LiYa
Published: January 2022

Konjac glucomannan/sodium alginate composite edible boba (KGM/SA‐boba) with good taste is very popular in China, and it is an outstanding carrier for health potential ingredients. In this work, KGM/SA‐boba were fortified with 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.00% purple sweet potato anthocyanin (PSPA), then characterised by the water distribution, texture, microstructure, in vitro release property of PSPA and antioxidant capacity. LF‐NMR analysis demonstrated that the free water of KGM/SA‐boba could transfer to tightly bound water with the addition of PSPA that made it with better water‐binding ability, higher springiness and lower hardness. And the results of SEM and rheology showed that PSPA could stabilise the microstructure of KGM/SA‐boba by forming more amorphous regions and hydrogen bonds proved by the results of DSC and FT‐IR. Furthermore, 50% of PSPA in PSPA‐fortified KGM/SA‐boba can be released at the first hour in a simulated gastrointestinal environment. And the scavenging capacity of DPPH and ABTS of the PSPA‐fortified KGM/SA‐boba after digestion was higher than that of PSPA alone. Generally, PSPA could improve the texture while KGM/SA‐boba in turn would make PSPA more stable in the gastrointestinal digestive system.
Effects of red‐wine grape pomace on the quality and sensory attributes of beef hamburger patty
Authors: Pereira Anisse , Lee Hong C. , Lammert Robert , Wolberg Cailyn , Ma Danyi , Immoos Chad , Casassa Federico , Kang Iksoon
Published: January 2022

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of red‐wine grape pomaces on the quality and sensory attributes of beef hamburger patties. Both phenolic content and antioxidant activity were assessed using Syrah, Merlot and Cabernet Sauvignon pomaces. Following the assessment, hamburger patties were prepared with Merlot pomace at 0%, 2% and 4% for the patty quality and sensory attributes. Grape seeds possessed significantly higher phenolics and antioxidant activities over the seedless pomace (P < 0.05), whereas no significant difference was found for phenolics and antioxidant activities within the seeds and seedless pomaces. The patty pH decreased as the pomace was added for 2% and 4%. Colour values (L*, a* and b*) of patties lowered as the pomace was added. Allo‐Kramer shear force and hardness values increased while cooking yield decreased (P < 0.05) with the addition of pomace. No significant difference between control and Merlot patties was found for flavour, juiciness and colour, whereas lower sensory attributes were observed for texture, taste and overall acceptability. It is observed that the addition of fermented red‐wine grape pomace provides hamburger patties with health promoting factors such as antioxidant and other functional components, but it also provided darker, sourer and lower cooking yield.