bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Environmental Inequality in France: A Theoretical, Empirical and Policy Perspective
Authors: Laurent Éloi
Published: February 2016

This article highlights the challenge of environmental inequality in France within the framework of social-ecology, an approach relating ecological crises to social issues, especially inequality. It starts by defining the notions of environmental inequality and environmental justice within the framework of the; ‘capability approach’ and then reviews recent empirical studies that show how air pollution, chemical and noise pollutions, access to environmental resources and exposure to social-ecological disasters are socially differentiated in France and can be understood, under the definition adopted in this article, as a form of injustice. It concludes by reviewing issues raised by environmental inequality in France and exploring policy solutions able to address this challenge.
When Is ‘Yes to the Mill’ Environmental Justice? Interrogating Sites of Acceptance in Response to Energy Development
Authors: Malin Stephanie
Published: February 2016

Though grassroots organizations have mobilized against US environmental injustices since; the 1980s, academic definitions of environmental justice (EJ) remain limited in important ways, including: a tendency to privilege cases where activists achieve a successful, ‘tidy’ outcome; inattention to roles natural resource dependence and free market systems play in structuring environmental inequality; and a tendency to under-analyze alternative notions of EJ that result, utilized by activists who prioritize local autonomy and procedural justice in land-use decision making. Here, I argue that these alternative notions of EJ help mobilize divergent forms of EJ activism-‘sites of resistance’ to industrial production systems and their risks, and ‘sites of acceptance’ to those same practices. To illustrate, I explore extensive mixed method data in the context of energy development and sites of acceptance related to uranium production in the southwestern United States. I show how alternative notions of EJ are shaped by identification with uranium production, persistent poverty and economic insecurity, and faith that increased uranium production will fuel US nuclear power production and help combat global climate change.
Why Participate in Pro-Environmental Action? Individual Responsibility in Unstructured Collectives
Authors: Leist Anton
Published: February 2016

The degradation of natural resources in the environment is, technically speaking, a form of depleting a public good. Public goods are notorious for free-riding among egoists, but the marginality of individual contributions provides no less an obstacle, both to moral duty and motivation. This article discusses the problems of minimized and missing causal involvement on the empirical side; and, in the applicability of classical moral arguments, on the ethical side. It. suggests that individual responsibility is derived on the basis of implicit advantage-taking from participation in collective action.
Marx and Mendacity: Can There Be a Politics without Hypocrisy?
Authors: Jay Martin
Published: February 2016

As demonstrated by Marx’s fierce defence of his integrity when anonymously accused of lying in 1872, he was a principled believer in both personal honesty and the value of truth in politics. Whether understood as enabling an accurate, ‘scientific’ depiction of the contradictions of the present society or a normative image of a truly just society to come, truth-telling was privileged by Marx over hypocrisy as a political virtue. Contemporary Marxists like Alain Badiou continue this tradition, arguing that revolutionary politics should be understood as a ‘truth procedure’. Drawing on the alternative position of political theorists such as Hannah Arendt, who distrusted tin; monologic and absolutist implications of a strong notion of truth in politics, this paper defends the role that hypocrisy and mendacity, understood in terms of lots of little lies rather than one big one, can play in a pluralist politics, in which, pace Marx, rhetoric, opinion and the clash of values resist being subsumed under a singular notion of the truth.
Why Marxism Still Does Not Need Normative Theory
Authors: Leiter Brian
Published: February 2016

Marx did not have a normative theory, that is, a theory that purported to justify, discursively and systematically, his normative opinions, to show them to be rationally obligatory or objectively valid. In this regard, Marx was obviously not alone: almost everyone, including those who lead what are widely regarded as exemplary ‘moral’ lives, decide and act on the basis of normative intuitions and inclinations that fall far short of a theory. Yet self-proclaimed Marxists like G. A. Cohen and Jurgen Habermas have reintroduced a kind of normative theory into the Marxian tradition that Marx himself would have ridiculed. This essay defends Marx’s position and tries to explain the collapse of Western Marxism into bourgeois practical philosophy, i.e., philosophizing about what ought to be done that is unthreatening to capitalist relations of production.
G. A. Cohen and Marxism
Authors: Tarrit Fabian
Published: February 2016

The philosopher Gerald A. Cohen died on the 5th of August 2009. His contributions were at first based on Marx’s thought. He really appeared on the intellectual stage in 1978 with his Karl Marx’s Theory of History: A Defence. Later on, he gradually departed from Marx’s theory. He discussed the libertarian concept of self-ownership and the; possibility of associating it. with a Marxist approach, before entering into the normative debate around Rawls’s Theory of Justice, while his Marxism was withering away. Based on Kantian philosophy, his critique of Rawls was that he allowed too little autonomy to individual choices. This paper discusses the; consistency of Jerry Cohen’s intellectual journey with regards to his Relation with Marx’s work.
Thoughts on G. A. Cohen’s Final Testament
Authors: Roemer John E.
Published: February 2016

I present briefly G. A. Cohen’s theory of distributive justice, discuss the relationship that I think he believed held between human nature and justice, and offer thoughts on the feasibility of Cohenesque justice, or Cohenesque socialism. I introduce the idea of Kantian equilibrium, as a way of explaining how people cooperate. Expanding the domain of activities in which humans cooperate will, I believe, go a long way towards achieving Cohenesque socialism, and the history of human society suggests it is feasible to do so.
Equality, Community, and Diversity in Cohen’s Socialist Ideal
Authors: Brennan Jason
Published: February 2016

The ‘community principle’ is crucial to G. A. Cohen’s argument for socialism, because it is the best independent argument he has adduced for his strongly egalitarian conclusions. Cohen argues that even small differences in wealth ought to be prohibited because they bring us out of community with one another. In this paper, I show that his underlying premises lead to some repugnant conclusions, and thus should be rejected. If Cohen is right that even small differences in wealth can upset community, then, by the very psychological mechanisms he identifies, we should think that other differences, such as differences in religion, conceptions of the good, race, or taste, should also upset community. Cohen is thus caught in a trap: the more strongly egalitarian his community principle is, the more it not only prohibits differences of wealth, but diversity of any kind, including the forms of diversity we should celebrate rather than reject.
The Theory of Marxian Liberalism
Authors: Reiman Jeffrey
Published: February 2016

Marxian Liberalism is a theory of justice that results from combining the liberal belief that people have a natural right to be free from unwanted coercion, with the Marxian belief that property is coercive. This combination implies that property must be consented to by all people who do or will exist-and thus such consent must be theoretical. Theoretical consent occurs in a Marxian-liberal original position among parties whose knowledge includes Marxian and liberal beliefs. The parties find it rational to consent to a state that protects liberty, and to a system of property governed by the difference principle interpreted according to a moral version of the labor theory of value.
Libertarianism on the Brink
Authors: Sterba Jamas P.
Published: February 2016

I argue that recent developments in my on-going debate with Jan Narveson have brought libertarianism to the brink where it is now able to cross over and join forces with welfare liberalism and even socialism. I summarize my debate with Narveson and then argue that a public concession Narveson made at recent meeting along with a new argument he advanced in response to that public concession have now brought libertarianism to this momentous brink where it can now be seen to cross over into the welcoming arms of welfare liberals and socialists.
A Response to Jan Narveson: Why Libertarians Are and Are Not Like Turnips
Authors: Sterba James P.
Published: February 2016

I show how Jan Narveson’s critique fails to unseat my central argument that harm cuts both ways in our assumed idealized conflict situations, such that sometimes the poor harm the rich and sometimes the rich harm the poor. I further show how this supports my overall argument that libertarianism has gone over the brink into the waiting arms of welfare liberals and socialists. I also reject the; other reasons that Narveson provides for not recognizing the welfare rights of distant peoples and future generations which are independent of my argument about harm.
In Company of the Funny Sunny Surfer off Malibu: A Response to Michael Howard (and Some Others)
Authors: Donselaar Gijs van
Published: February 2016

In ‘Exploitation, Labor, and Basic Income’ Michael Howard undertakes to defend an Unconditional Basic Income (UBI) as non-exploitative, and on a revised conception of what Marx called ‘exploitation’. Without taking issue with the revision itself, I point out that Howard, like many others, fails to defend UBI as non-exploitative. All his arguments fail to establish that the so-called ‘Surfer off Malibu’, a figure who is full-time dedicated to leisure, is not an exploiter in receiving UBI. The strategies to include him as a rightful recipient of a labor-free income rely on the (sometimes far-fetched) attribution of certain contingent features to him that would entitle him to compensation or reward, but that he might also not have. I argue that the best strategy for UBI-advocates is to admit that ‘slackers’ should be merely tolerated as non-deserving recipients, because the UBI-policy will otherwise have good effects. Finally, I raise some questions about these good effects, as they are conceived by UBI-advocates such as Howard.
Contracting elements and random walks
Authors: Sisto Alessandro
Published: February 2016

We define a new notion
of contracting element of a group and we show that contracting elements coincide with
hyperbolic elements in relatively hyperbolic groups, pseudo-Anosovs in mapping class groups, rank one isometries
in groups acting properly on proper

CAT
⁢

(
0
)

{\mathrm{CAT}(0)}

spaces, elements acting hyperbolically on the Bass–Serre tree in graph
manifold groups. We also define a related notion of weakly contracting element, and show that those coincide with
hyperbolic elements in groups acting acylindrically on hyperbolic spaces and with iwips in

Out
⁢

(

F
n

)

{\mathrm{Out}(F_{n})}

,

n
≥
3

{n\geq 3}

. We show that each weakly contracting element is contained in a hyperbolically embedded elementary subgroup, which allows us to answer a problem in [16].
We prove that any simple random walk in a non-elementary finitely generated subgroup containing
a (weakly) contracting element ends up in a non-(weakly-)contracting element with exponentially decaying probability.
Rekrutierung von Sportmanagern – eine quantitative Analyse der Anforderungsprofile in Stellenausschreibungen/ Recruiting sport managers: A quantitative analysis of the requirements stated in job advertisements
Authors: Packheiser Alexander , Hovemann Gregor
Published: February 2016

Die Rekrutierung von geeignetem Personal stellt eine der essentiellen Aufgaben von Organisationen dar. Es entstehen hierbei sowohl Suchkosten für den Arbeitgeber als auch für den Arbeitnehmer. Der Arbeitnehmer sucht eine adäquate Stelle, welche seinen Fähigkeiten entspricht. Der Arbeit­geber hingegen benötigt einen Bewerber, welcher die Anforderungen der Stelle erfüllt. Aufgrund der Heterogenität der Sportanbieter stellt sich die Frage, welche Anforderungen in Berufsfeldern des Sportmanagements verlangt werden. Um diese Frage zu beantworten, wurden Stellenanzeigen (N=700) hinsichtlich der angeführten Qualifikationen codiert und quantitativ analysiert. Die cluster­analytischen Ergebnisse weisen branchenspezifische Profiltypologien für einzelne Berufsfelder nach.
Die ,50+1‘-Regelung im deutschen Profifußball -Ein Reform Vorschlag auf Basis eines Vergleichs der europäischen Top 5 Fußballligen/ ‘50+1-rule in German football - a reform proposal based a comparison of the European Big 5 football leagues
Authors: Lopatta Kerstin , Buchholz Frerich , Storz Benjamin
Published: February 2016

Aus juristischer Perspektive wird die in der Satzung des Deutschen Fußball-Bundes e. V. (DFB) verankerte ‚50+1‘-Regelung kritisiert, weil sie zu Unterschieden in der Kapitalbeschaffung und zu begrenzter Wettbewerbsfähigkeit gegenüber dem europäischen Ausland führt. Laut europäischem Recht sind jedoch wettbewerbsbeschränkende Maßnahmen verboten und eine Kapital- und Niederlassungsfreiheit vorgeschrieben. In dieser Studie wird ein umfassender Lösungsansatz für eine neuartige Regelung aufgezeigt, die auf die Rechtskonformität abzielt und gleichermaßen ökonomische und gesellschaftliche Aspekte kombiniert, sodass die Integrität des Fußballsports gewahrt und die Verbindung zwischen Breiten- und Spitzensport erhalten bleiben. Basierend auf derzeitig geltenden Regularien der Top 5 Fußballligen in Europa wird herausgestellt, dass die Gesellschaftsform der Kommanditgesellschaft auf Aktien Kapitalinvestitionen in Einklang mit geltendem Europarecht bringt. Um nicht gegen den allgemeinen vereinsrechtlichen Gleichbehandlungsgrundsatz zu verstoßen, sollten allerdings keine weiteren Gesellschaftsformen zugelassen werden. Des Weiteren werden die Notwendigkeit und Umsetzungsmöglichkeit des Verbots von Mehrfachbeteiligungen, einem dezentralen Vermarktungssystem der Fernsehrechte mit anschließender Umverteilung, einer Orientierung an internationalen Rechnungslegungsvorschriften und der Einführung von Gehaltsbegrenzungen erörtert
‘Sport’ as a Medium of Health Promotion. The Perspectives of the Sport and Health Systems in Germany / ‚Sport‘ als Gesundheitsmedium. Die Perspektiven der Sport- und Gesundheitssysteme in Deutschland
Authors: Michelini Enrico
Published: February 2016

Within the health-related promotion of physical activity (more intensive) forms of sport activities are not seen as a necessary option (Michelini, 2015). In this paper, this position is compared with the perspective of the sport system on sport as medium of health promotion. Within a systems theoretical framework (Luhmann, 1984), the German Olympic Sports Confederation and German Health Ministry programmes are analysed and contrasted (Mayring, 2003). The documents reveal different perspectives on sport as a medium of health promotion. Moreover, different systemic logics lead to communications which often aim to protect organisational meanings and competences from the external interference of other systems. In this context, the health system's logic appears to be more dominant. This may lead to an evolution of sport system programmes that is shaped by reacting to the operations of the health system.
„Die Ansagen sind einfach blind“ -Konflikte in der Trainer-Athlet-Kommunikation1/ “The Calls Are Simply Blind”— Conflicts in Coach-Athlete Communication
Authors: Borggrefe Carmen , Cachay Klaus , Bahlke Steffen
Published: February 2016

In dem Beitrag wird untersucht, wie Trainer im Spitzensport mit Konflikten umgehen und wie sie versuchen, diese strategisch, das heißt in Orientierung am übergeordneten Ziel des sportlichen Erfolgs, zu regulieren. Ausgehend von der systemtheoretischen Konflikttheorie Messmers, der Sach-, Beziehungs- und Machtkonflikte unterscheidet, werden auf der Basis empirischer Daten, die Video- und Audioaufzeichnungen unterschiedlicher Trainings- und Wettkampfkommunikationen sowie Interviews mit Trainern und Spielern umfassen, authentische Konfliktbeispiele aus den Sportarten Handball und Hockey analysiert. Die Ergebnisse dieser Analysen münden in Empfehlungen an Trainer zur effektiven Regulierung von Konflikten.
Klimawandel: Anpassungsstrategien im Alpentourismus. Ergebnisse einer alpenweiten Delphi-Befragung
Authors: Siegrist Dominik , Gessner Susanne
Published: February 2016

Die Auswirkungen des Klimawandels sind von großer Bedeutung für die Zukunft des Alpentourismus. Neben der Vermeidung der Klimaänderung geht es darum, geeignete Anpassungsstrategien für die alpinen Tourismusdestinationen zu entwickeln. Unter Beteiligung von Tourismus- und Klimaexperten aus sechs Alpenländern beschäftigte sich eine Delphi-Analyse mit Anpassungsstrategien im alpinen Sommer- und Wintertourismus. Im Zentrum der Analyse stand die Frage nach der Reaktion der Gäste auf die Folgen der Klimaänderung, nach den verschiedenen Formen von Anpassungsstrategien und nach der Rolle der einzelnen Akteure im Anpassungsprozess. Als Ergebnis der Studie werden elf Aktionsfelder dargestellt und maßgebliche Akteursgruppen benannt.
Erlebnisforschung neu betrachtet – ein Ansatz zu ihrer räumlichen Kontextualisierung
Authors: Popp Monika
Published: February 2016

Trotz immer wieder überzeugender Hinweise auf die Individualität des Erlebens, war die Erlebnisforschung lange Zeit stark von der Logik der Erlebnisökonomie geprägt, die von einem vergleichsweise simplen Reiz-Reaktions-Mechanismus ausgeht. Dies ist eine Hauptursache dafür, dass wir bis heute erstaunlich wenig darüber wissen, was Touristen tatsächlich erleben und was ein herausragendes Erlebnis für sie ausmacht. Der Ruf nach einer neuen Erlebnisforschung wird dementsprechend immer lauter. Der Artikel zeigt die Anforderungen an eine solche Neuorientierung auf, die insbesondere das Zusammenspiel von Individuum und Raum in den Mittelpunkt rückt. Mit einem Fokus auf das Erleben konkreter Orte eröffnet sich für die Geographie die Möglichkeit, einen Beitrag zur aktuellen Debatte zu leisten. Zur Erforschung des Erlebens im engen räumlichen Kontext wurde die Methode der bewegten in situ-Interviews entwickelt.
Kfz-Kennzeichen als Marketinginstrument
Authors: Bochert Ralf
Published: February 2016

Die Ortskennung auf deutschen Kfz-Kennzeichen kann als Symbol für die Marke einer Stadt interpretiert werden. Der Beitrag befasst sich mit der daraus zu folgernden Vermarktungswirkung für die durch das Kennzeichen repräsentierte Gebietskörperschaft. Es wird vorgeschlagen, mit mehr als einer Ortskennung pro Zulassungsbezirk die in einem Landkreis vorhandenen räumlichen Produkte differenzierter zu repräsentieren.
Verlieren Destinationen als Kooperationseinheiten an Bedeutung?
Authors: Volgger Michael , Pechlaner Harald , Pichler Sabine
Published: February 2016

In Südtirol finden Hoteliers zunehmend Gefallen an über-örtlicher Kooperation in destinationsübergreifenden Angebotsgruppen. Im Gegensatz dazu scheinen die Zeiten für lokale Kooperation in Destinationen härter zu werden. Die vorliegende explorative Studie zielt darauf ab, die Wechselwirkungen zwischen diesen beiden interorganisationalen Kooperationsformen genauer zu beleuchten. Die Ergebnisse deuten auf eine teilweise abnehmende Bedeutung von kleinräumigen Destinationen als Kooperationseinheiten hin: Komplementär zu Destinationen werden unter veränderten Markt- und Angebotsbedingungen auch andere Kooperationsformen wie Hotel-Angebotsgruppen bedeutsam. Sie scheinen für Hoteliers ein Mittel zu sein, um wieder mehr Kontrolle über die Wertkette zu gewinnen und die geographische Reichweite der Kooperationsbeziehungen auszudehnen.
Destination Branding als Teil eines regional ausgerichteten Destination Governance-Ansatzes in Zypern
Authors: Kagermeier Andreas , Gronau Werner
Published: February 2016

Bei dem Beitrag handelt es sich um eine Art ersten „Werkstattbericht“ aus einem anlaufenden Projekt zur Analyse der in Zypern vor einigen Jahren angelaufenen Regionalisierungsansätze im Tourismus. Durch regionale DMOs und eine Regionalisierung des Marketings sollen die touristischen Potentiale im Hinterland der bislang vom küstenständigen (Bade-) Tourismus geprägten Mittelmeerinsel besser erschlossen werden. Allerdings scheinen die entsprechenden Ansätze bislang erst sehr partiell zu greifen.
Das Image des Naumburger Doms im Spannungsfeld von Wissensaneignung und Ergriffenheit – Implikationen für die Gestaltung des Produktes Kirchenbesichtigung
Authors: Hans Christina
Published: February 2016

Der Naumburger Dom zählt zu den bedeutendsten Kulturdenkmälern des Hochmittelalters. Da er keine Einnahmen aus der Kirchensteuer erhält, ist der Dom auf touristische Einnahmen angewiesen. Vor diesem Hintergrund steht das Image des Bauwerks im Mittelpunkt des Beitrags. Dieses wird mit Hilfe von Spontanassoziationen erhoben, die in einer Netzwerkstruktur analysiert werden und zentrale Imageinhalte und -dimensionen aufzeigen. Basierend auf strukturellen Löchern im Netzwerk werden zwei Besuchertypen identifiziert, die den Dom im Spannungsfeld von Wissensaneignung und Ergriffenheit wahrnehmen. Aufbauend auf diesem Ergebnis können touristische Angebote an Ansprüche und Erwartungen der Nachfrager angepasst werden. Insgesamt stellt der Beitrag einen methodischen Zugang zur Ausgestaltung touristischer Produkte dar und trägt damit zur angewandten Forschung im Bereich des (sakralen) Kulturtourismus bei.
Wassermanagement in mongolischen Tourist Ger Camps – eine interdisziplinäre Aufgabe
Authors: Karthe Daniel , Londong Jörg , Reeh Tobias , Hufert Frank
Published: February 2016

Ein besonderes Merkmal der Tourismusentwicklung in der Mongolei ist das Aufkommen von „Tourist Ger Camps“. Diese sind den traditionellen Mongolischen Filz-Jurten nachempfunden und werden v.a. von der aufstrebenden Mittelklasse des Landes wie auch ausländischen Reisenden besucht. Typischerweise liegen sie deutlich von der nächsten Siedlung entfernt. Einerseits macht das ihren besonderen Reiz aus: Touristen kommen, um dem hektischen Stadtleben zu entkommen und „unberührte“ Natur zu genießen. Andererseits bedingt die Lage der Ger Camps, dass sie meist nicht an zentrale Infrastrukturen wie z.B. der Wasserver- und Abwasserentsorgung angeschlossen sind. Aufgrund der rasch ansteigenden Zahl der Camps sind angepasst und dezentrale Lösungen für das Wassermanagement im Sinne des Umwelt- und Gesundheitsschutzes unabdinglich.
Die Bedeutung des Wintersports für den Tourismus im Südschwarzwald und Überlegungen zu potentiellen schneeunabhängigen Alternativen – Eine Analyse von Wahrnehmungen im Hinblick auf den Klimawandel
Authors: Heuchele Linda , Nothacker Klemens , Renner Christina , Konold Werner , Lupp Gerd
Published: February 2016

Der Wintersport stellt einen wichtigen wirtschaftlichen Faktor für den Tourismus im Südschwarzwald dar. Alpinskilauf und andere schneegebundene Aktivitäten sind jedoch sehr vulnerabel gegenüber klimatischen Veränderungen, gleichzeitig stellen sie die Haupteinnahmequelle im Wintertourismus dar. Daher wurde untersucht, inwieweit sich der Wintertourismus im Zuge des Klimawandels im Südschwarzwald wandeln könnte. Im Mittelpunkt standen hierbei die unterschiedlichen Standpunkte und Einschätzungen von Tourismus-Experten, die durch qualitative Interviews erhoben wurden. Ein weiterer Schwerpunkt lag auf der Erfassung der bisherigen (schneeunabhängigen) Alternativangebote, wobei festgestellt wurde, dass sich lediglich in den tiefer gelegenen Skigebieten erste Ansätze finden, während die verantwortlichen Akteure in den Hochlagen aus verschiedenen Gründen bisher kaum Handlungsbedarf in diese Richtung sehen.
Nachhaltige Kundenbindung für Städtereisende im Schienenpersonenfernverkehr
Authors: Müller Susanne
Published: February 2016

Der Beitrag skizziert die Kernergebnisse einer Studie zur Weiterentwicklung von touristischen Angeboten im Schienenpersonenfernverkehr. Fokus liegt dabei auf Städtereisenden, die über ihre Buchung bei einem Reiseveranstalter ein Kooperationsticket für ihre Zugfahrt erhalten. Auf Basis einer Bestandskundenbefragung werden die analysierten Kunden-Charakteristika aufgezeigt sowie Segmente identifiziert. Es lassen sich Handlungsempfehlungen für die Angebotsausweitung sowie Ansätze zur Ansprache der identifizierten Zielgruppen aufzeigen, um die Attraktivität der Anreisealternative Bahn zu steigern und nachhaltige Kundenbindung zu erzielen.
Explorer-Touristen im Städtetourismus
Authors: Stors Natalie
Published: February 2016

Tourismus außerhalb der Innenstädte wird bereits seit einiger Zeit diskutiert. Allerdings reichen die wissenschaftlichen Befunde hinsichtlich der neuen räumlichen Verhaltensmuster der Besucher kaum über Motivdiskussionen hinaus. Aus diesem Grund liefert der vorliegende Artikel eine kurze Beschreibung unterschiedlicher Touristengruppen in verschiedenen Stadtvierteln Kopenhagens und nimmt mittels einer Clusteranalyse eine Typologisierung vor.
Die Bedeutung regionaler Produkte bei der touristischen Entwicklung am Beispiel von Lesbos (Griechenland)
Authors: Klein Anna , Rein Hartmut
Published: February 2016

Der folgende Text beinhaltet eine Analyse der bisherigen Nutzung der regionalen Produkte bei der touristischen Entwicklung auf Lesbos (Griechenland), insbesondere unter den Gesichtspunkten der Strategien zur Regionalisierung der Ernährung: Kennzeichnung von regionalen Produkten und Schließung regionaler Wertschöpfungskreisläufe. Darüber hinaus werden Angebotspotenzial im Hinblick auf regionale Produkte der Insel aufgezeigt.
NGOs and the making of “development tourism destinations”
Authors: Becklake Sarah
Published: February 2016

This article explores the role of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in the making of global tourism destinations. First, it draws together diverse insights in order to substantiate the importance of NGOs in the making of global tourism destinations and, second, it empirically highlights the role of NGOs in the (re)making of one particular destination: “destino Guatemala”. NGOs in La Antigua Guatemala are increasingly engaging with tourism as a NGO resource. In focusing on the NGO touristic practice of hosting storytelling events/activities in Antigua, some of which come to form virtual/actual “poverty tours”, the article argues that while Antigua NGOs develop and host these poverty tours as a means of moving “hearts and wallets”, they are doing considerably more. Most notably, they are helping to (re)make Guatemala into a “development tourism destination”.
Slumming the Global North? Überlegungen zur organisierten Besichtigung gesellschaftlicher Problemlagen in den Metropolen des Globalen Nordens
Authors: Burgold Julia
Published: February 2016

Der folgende Beitrag betrachtet die organisierte Besichtigung von Berlin-Neukölln, einem Stadtviertel, welches in öffentlichen Diskursen häufig mit sozialen Problemlagen, wie Armut, Arbeitslosigkeit, Kriminalität und Integrationsproblemen von MigrantInnen verknüpft wird. Die organisierte Besichtigung gesellschaftlicher Problemlagen fordert gängige Vorstellungen von Tourismus als Erholungssuche heraus. Der vorliegende Beitrag verzichtet daher darauf, das Phänomen vorschnell als ein touristisches Phänomen zu bestimmen und zielt stattdessen darauf ab, im Sinne einer Beobachtung II. Ordnung diejenigen Sinnbezüge zu rekonstruieren, welche die Besichtigungspraxis in Berlin-Neukölln konstituieren. Dazu werden die Stadteilführungen des Vereins kulturbewegt e. V. exemplarisch betrachtet. Es kann gezeigt werden, dass diese Stadtführungen in der Logik einer Organisation stehen, die sich zum Erhalt ihrer Strukturen primär an das System der Sozialen Arbeit ankoppelt und darüber ihre Legitimation bezieht. Die sozialpädagogische Ausrichtung der Stadtführung zeigt sich dabei in zweierlei Hinsicht. Einerseits in der Qualifikation von Frauen mit Migrationshintergrund zu Stadtführerinnen und andererseits in der durch die Stadtführungen betriebenen öffentlichen Aufklärungsarbeit, welche die Besucher zu anderen Einstellungen gegenüber Neukölln und seinen Bewohnern erziehen will. Der Sinn der Stadtführungen besteht demnach primär darin, über Erziehung die gesellschaftlichen Teilhabechancen der Bewohner Neuköllns zu bearbeiten. Dazu bedient sich die Organisation der touristischen Form der Stadtführung.
Touristische Trendforschung durch Trendscreening: Von Innovationen zu Trends
Authors: Alms Natalia , Groß Sven , Dreyer Axel
Published: February 2016

Die vorliegende Studie thematisiert die Bedeutung von Innovationen in der Entstehung von Modeerscheinungen und Trends. Das entwickelte Trendscreening-Tool berücksichtigt dabei die Rolle der Medien, die den Prozess der Verbreitung einer Innovation maßgeblich beeinflussen und untersucht 27 deutschsprachige tourismusrelevante Fach- bzw. Verbandszeitschriften im Zeittraum von Juli 2012 bis Juni 2013. Die Analyse der 428 erfassten Artikel gibt Aufschluss darüber, welche Innovationen in den ausgewählten Zeitschriften publiziert werden, und ob durch die Auswertung der erfassten Materials erste Anzeichen von touristischen Trends abgeleitet werden können. Ferner geben die Ergebnisse Aufschluss über die Anwendbarkeit des Tools für die Tourismuswirtschaft.
Empfehlungen für den Umgang mit freiwillig und ehrenamtlich Engagierten in Tourismusorganisationen
Authors: Wagenseil Urs , Taufer Barbara , Hausmann Christin
Published: February 2016

Erstmals wurde in einem interdisziplinären Forschungsprojekt das Freiwilligenengagement im Schweizer Tourismus spezifischer untersucht. Das Resultat: Viele touristische Angebote und Events in einer Destination könnten ohne Freiwillige gar nicht mehr durchgeführt werden. Tourismusorganisationen stehen deshalb vor der Herausforderung, weiterhin genügend freiwillig und ehrenamtlich Engagierte zu finden. Um den Verantwortlichen aufzuzeigen, welche Möglichkeiten sich ihnen bieten, dieses Engagement zu pflegen, vorrausschauend zu managen und langfristig zu fördern, wurden Handlungsempfehlungen für die Praxis formuliert. Im vorliegenden Artikel werden diese beleuchtet.
Romanticism as Modern Re-Enchantment: Burke, Kant, and Emerson on Religious Taste
Authors: Dumler-Winckler Emily
Published: February 2016

This essay traces the contours of a trans-Atlantic Romantic legacy of aesthetic, moral and religious taste from its inception in Edmund Burke, through its modifications by Immanuel Kant, to its culmination in Ralph Waldo Emerson’s Divinity School Address. In A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of our Ideas of the Sublime and the Beautiful Burke suggests that religious experience is an aspect of aesthetic and moral taste. Immanuel Kant follows suit in the Critique of Judgment, offering a distinct account of religious taste. Emerson alludes to yet significantly refines aspects of both accounts in his Divinity School Address. Whereas Kant and Burke’s variously stoic accounts depict good religious taste as an experience of alienation from God and from the world, Emerson’s religious agent cultivates a modern spirituality quite at home in the world. Adapting Burke’s re-enchanted moral psychology of taste, Emerson offers a distinctively religious, indeed Christian, form of this modern re-enchantment. Yet for Emerson, refined religious taste allows agents to recognize the full spectrum of normative demands in nature and thus to make a home of such a world.
Mind the Gap: Two Dissociable Mechanisms of Temporal Processing in the Auditory System
Authors: Anderson Lucy A. , Linden Jennifer F.
Published: February 2016

High temporal acuity of auditory processing underlies perception of speech and other rapidly varying sounds. A common measure of auditory temporal acuity in humans is the threshold for detection of brief gaps in noise. Gap-detection deficits, observed in developmental disorders, are considered evidence for “sluggish” auditory processing. Here we show, in a mouse model of gap-detection deficits, that auditory brain sensitivity to brief gaps in noise can be impaired even without a general loss of central auditory temporal acuity. Extracellular recordings in three different subdivisions of the auditory thalamus in anesthetized mice revealed a stimulus-specific, subdivision-specific deficit in thalamic sensitivity to brief gaps in noise in experimental animals relative to controls. Neural responses to brief gaps in noise were reduced, but responses to other rapidly changing stimuli unaffected, in lemniscal and nonlemniscal (but not polysensory) subdivisions of the medial geniculate body. Through experiments and modeling, we demonstrate that the observed deficits in thalamic sensitivity to brief gaps in noise arise from reduced neural population activity following noise offsets, but not onsets. These results reveal dissociable sound-onset-sensitive and sound-offset-sensitive channels underlying auditory temporal processing, and suggest that gap-detection deficits can arise from specific impairment of the sound-offset-sensitive channel.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe experimental and modeling results reported here suggest a new hypothesis regarding the mechanisms of temporal processing in the auditory system. Using a mouse model of auditory temporal processing deficits, we demonstrate the existence of specific abnormalities in auditory thalamic activity following sound offsets, but not sound onsets. These results reveal dissociable sound-onset-sensitive and sound-offset-sensitive mechanisms underlying auditory processing of temporally varying sounds. Furthermore, the findings suggest that auditory temporal processing deficits, such as impairments in gap-in-noise detection, could arise from reduced brain sensitivity to sound offsets alone.
Inactivation of the Dorsal Premotor Area Disrupts Internally Generated, But Not Visually Guided, Sequential Movements
Authors: Ohbayashi Machiko , Picard Nathalie , Strick Peter L.
Published: February 2016

As skill on a sequence of movements is acquired through practice, each movement in the sequence becomes seamlessly associated with another. To study the neural basis of acquired skills, we trained two monkeys (Cebus apella) to perform two sequential reaching tasks. In one task, sequential movements were instructed by visual cues, whereas in the other task, movements were generated from memory after extended practice. Then, we examined neural activity in the dorsal premotor area (PMd) and the effects of its local inactivation during performance of each task. Comparable numbers of neurons in the PMd were active during the two tasks. However, inactivation of the PMd had a marked effect only on the performance of sequential movements that were guided by memory. These results emphasize the importance of the PMd in the internal generation of sequential movements, perhaps through maintaining arbitrary motor–motor associations.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe dorsal premotor cortex (PMd) has long been thought to be a critical node in the cortical networks responsible for visually guided reaching. Here we show that PMd neurons are active during both visually guided and internally generated sequential movements. In addition, we found that local inactivation of the PMd has a marked effect only on the performance of sequential movements that were internally generated. These observations suggest that, although the PMd may participate in the generation of visually guided sequences, it is more important for the generation of internally guided sequences.
miR-124Regulates the Phase ofDrosophilaCircadian Locomotor Behavior
Authors: Zhang Yong , Lamba Pallavi , Guo Peiyi , Emery Patrick
Published: February 2016

Animals use circadian rhythms to anticipate daily environmental changes. Circadian clocks have a profound effect on behavior. InDrosophila, for example, brain pacemaker neurons dictate that flies are mostly active at dawn and dusk. miRNAs are small, regulatory RNAs (≈22 nt) that play important roles in posttranscriptional regulation. Here, we identifymiR-124as an important regulator ofDrosophilacircadian locomotor rhythms. Under constant darkness, flies lackingmiR-124(miR-124KO) have a dramatically advanced circadian behavior phase. However, whereas a phase defect is usually caused by a change in the period of the circadian pacemaker, this is not the case inmiR-124KOflies. Moreover, the phase of the circadian pacemaker in the clock neurons that control rhythmic locomotion is not altered either. Therefore,miR-124modulates the output of circadian clock neurons rather than controlling their molecular pacemaker. Circadian phase is also advanced under temperature cycles, but a light/dark cycle partially corrects the defects inmiR-124KOflies.Indeed,miR-124KOshows a normal evening phase under the latter conditions, but morning behavioral activity is suppressed. In summary,miR-124controls diurnal activity and determines the phase of circadian locomotor behavior without affecting circadian pacemaker function. It thus provides a potent entry point to elucidate the mechanisms by which the phase of circadian behavior is determined.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTIn animals, molecular circadian clocks control the timing of behavioral activities to optimize them with the day/night cycle. This is critical for their fitness and survival. The mechanisms by which the phase of circadian behaviors is determined downstream of the molecular pacemakers are not yet well understood. Recent studies indicate that miRNAs are important regulators of circadian outputs. We found thatmiR-124shapes diurnal behavioral activity and has a striking impact on the phase of circadian locomotor behavior. Surprisingly, the period and phase of the neural circadian pacemakers driving locomotor rhythms are unaffected. Therefore,miR-124is a critical modulator of the circadian output pathways that control circadian behavioral rhythms.
Cholinergic Neurons in the Basal Forebrain Promote Wakefulness by Actions on Neighboring Non-Cholinergic Neurons: An Opto-Dialysis Study
Authors: Zant Janneke C. , Kim Tae , Prokai Laszlo , Szarka Szabolcs , McNally James , McKenna James T. , Shukla Charu , Yang Chun , Kalinchuk Anna V. , McCarley Robert W. , Brown Ritchie E. , Basheer Radhika
Published: February 2016

Understanding the control of sleep–wake states by the basal forebrain (BF) poses a challenge due to the intermingled presence of cholinergic, GABAergic, and glutamatergic neurons. All three BF neuronal subtypes project to the cortex and are implicated in cortical arousal and sleep–wake control. Thus, nonspecific stimulation or inhibition studies do not reveal the roles of these different neuronal types. Recent studies using optogenetics have shown that “selective” stimulation of BF cholinergic neurons increases transitions between NREM sleep and wakefulness, implicating cholinergic projections to cortex in wake promotion. However, the interpretation of these optogenetic experiments is complicated by interactions that may occur within the BF. For instance, a recentin vitrostudy from our group found that cholinergic neurons strongly excite neighboring GABAergic neurons, including the subset of cortically projecting neurons, which contain the calcium-binding protein, parvalbumin (PV) (Yang et al., 2014). Thus, the wake-promoting effect of “selective” optogenetic stimulation of BF cholinergic neurons could be mediated by local excitation of GABA/PV or other non-cholinergic BF neurons. In this study, using a newly designed opto-dialysis probe to couple selective optical stimulation with simultaneousin vivomicrodialysis, we demonstrated that optical stimulation of cholinergic neurons locally increased acetylcholine levels and increased wakefulness in mice. Surprisingly, the enhanced wakefulness caused by cholinergic stimulation was abolished by simultaneous reverse microdialysis of cholinergic receptor antagonists into BF. Thus, our data suggest that the wake-promoting effect of cholinergic stimulation requires local release of acetylcholine in the basal forebrain and activation of cortically projecting, non-cholinergic neurons, including the GABAergic/PV neurons.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTOptogenetics is a revolutionary tool to assess the roles of particular groups of neurons in behavioral functions, such as control of sleep and wakefulness. However, the interpretation of optogenetic experiments requires knowledge of the effects of stimulation on local neurotransmitter levels and effects on neighboring neurons. Here, using a novel “opto-dialysis” probe to couple optogenetics andin vivomicrodialysis, we report that optical stimulation of basal forebrain (BF) cholinergic neurons in mice increases local acetylcholine levels and wakefulness. Reverse microdialysis of cholinergic antagonists within BF prevents the wake-promoting effect. This important result challenges the prevailing dictum that BF cholinergic projections to cortex directly control wakefulness and illustrates the utility of “opto-dialysis” for dissecting the complex brain circuitry underlying behavior.
Cell-Surface and Secreted Isoforms of CSF-1 Exert Opposing Roles in Macrophage-Mediated Neural Damage in Cx32-Deficient Mice
Authors: Groh Janos , Basu Ranu , Stanley E. Richard , Martini Rudolf
Published: February 2016

Previous studies in myelin-mutant mouse models of the inherited and incurable nerve disorder, Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) neuropathy, have demonstrated that low-grade secondary inflammation implicating phagocytosing macrophages amplifies demyelination, Schwann cell dedifferentiation and perturbation of axons. The cytokine colony stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1) acts as an important regulator of these macrophage-related disease mechanisms, as genetic and pharmacologic approaches to block the CSF-1/CSF-1R signaling result in a significant alleviation of pathological alterations in mutant peripheral nerves. In mouse models of CMT1A and CMT1X, as well as in human biopsies, CSF-1 is predominantly expressed by endoneurial fibroblasts, which are closely associated with macrophages, suggesting local stimulatory mechanisms. Here we investigated the impact of cell-surface and secreted isoforms of CSF-1 on macrophage-related disease in connexin32-deficient (Cx32def) mice, a mouse model of CMT1X. Our present observations suggest that the secreted proteoglycan isoform (spCSF-1) is predominantly expressed by fibroblasts, whereas the membrane-spanning cell-surface isoform (csCSF-1) is expressed by macrophages. Using crossbreeding approaches to selectively restore or overexpress distinct isoforms in CSF-1-deficient (osteopetrotic)Cx32defmice, we demonstrate that both isoforms equally regulate macrophage numbers dose-dependently. However, spCSF-1 mediates macrophage activation and macrophage-related neural damage, whereas csCSF-1 inhibits macrophage activation and attenuates neuropathy. These results further corroborate the important role of secondary inflammation in mouse models of CMT1 and might identify specific targets for therapeutic approaches to modulate innate immune reactions.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTMouse models of Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy have indicated that low-grade secondary inflammation involving phagocytosing macrophages amplifies demyelination, Schwann cell dedifferentiation, and perturbation of axons. The recruitment and pathogenic activation of detrimental macrophages is regulated by CSF-1, a cytokine that is mostly expressed by fibroblasts in the diseased nerve and exists in three isoforms. We show that the cell-surface and secreted isoforms of CSF-1 have opposing effects on macrophage activation and disease progression in a mouse model of CMT1X. These insights into opposing functions of disease-modulating cytokine isoforms might enable the development of specific therapeutic approaches.
Frontostriatal White Matter Integrity Predicts Development of Delay of Gratification: A Longitudinal Study
Authors: Achterberg Michelle , Peper Jiska S. , van Duijvenvoorde Anna C.K. , Mandl René C.W. , Crone Eveline A.
Published: February 2016

The ability to delay gratification increases considerably across development. Here, we test the hypothesis that this impulse control capacity is driven by increased maturation of frontostriatal circuitry using a fiber-tracking approach combined with longitudinal imaging. In total, 192 healthy volunteers between 8 and 26 years underwent diffusion tensor imaging scanning and completed a delay-discounting task twice, separated by a 2-year interval. We investigated dynamic associations between frontostriatal white matter (WM) integrity and delay of gratification skills. Moreover, we examined the predictive value of frontostriatal WM integrity for future delay of gratification skills. Results showed that delay discounting increases with age in a quadratic fashion, with greatest patience during late adolescence. Data also indicated nonlinear development of frontostriatal WM, with relative fast development during childhood and early adulthood and—on average—little change during mid-adolescence. Furthermore, the positive association between age and delay discounting was further increased in individuals with higher WM integrity of the frontostriatal tracts. Predictive analysis showed that frontostriatal WM development explained unique variance in current and future delay of gratification skills. This study adds to a descriptive relation between WM integrity and delay of gratification by showing that maturation of frontostriatal connectivity predicts changes in delay of gratification skills. These findings have implications for studies examining deviances in impulse control by showing that the developmental path between striatum and prefrontal cortex may be an important predictor for when development goes astray.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTDuring the transition from childhood to adulthood, individuals generally show increased patience and become better in delaying gratification. The exact neural correlates of delay of gratification, however, remain poorly understood. By measuring both frontostriatal white matter (WM) integrity and delay of gratification skills at two time points, we were able to provide links for our understanding of the neural mechanisms underlying this type of impulse regulation capacity. We demonstrate that the ability to delay gratification improves between childhood and young adulthood and this improvement is predicted by the integrity of frontostriatal WM connections. This study adds to a descriptive relation between WM quality and delay of gratification by showing that maturation of frontostriatal connectivity predicts improvements in delay of gratification skills.