bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fresnoite: Unusual Titanium Coordination
Authors: Moore Paul B. , Louisnathan John
Published: October 2006

The crystal structure of fresnoite, Ba
2
(TiO)[Si
2
O
7
], consists of [Si
2
O
7
]
6-
double groups and titanium-centered square pyramids linked to form flat sheets. Intercalated between these sheets are Ba
2+
ions in highly distorted pentagonal antiprisms. The structure of fresnoite is related to that of melilite, (Ca,Na)
2
(Mg,Al)[Si
2
O
7
].
Planktonic Foraminifera: Field Experiment on Production Rate
Authors: Berger Wolfgang H. , Soutar Andrew
Published: October 2006

In a study of the rate of production of four species of planktonic Foraminifera in the region of the California Current it was found that their life spans are of the order of 1 month. Reproduction seems to take place mainly in the upper hundred meters. Results are in contrast to previous evidence presented in favor of yearly life cycles and maturing at great depth in other species of planktonic Foraminifera.
Mosquitoes: Female Monogamy Induced by Male Accessory Gland Substance
Authors: Craig George B.
Published: October 2006

Male accessory glands were implanted in virgin females of
Aedes aegypti
. When exposed to males, females copulated readily but were not inseminated; they remained sterile for life. Extract from one male could sterilize more than 64 females. The active principle may be a protein or peptide. Intraspecific transplant prevented insemination in 12 species, including
Aedes
,
Anopheles
, and
Culex
; interspecific transplant gave partial protection.
Conversion of Beta Sitosterol to Cholesterol Blocked in an Insect by Hypocholesterolemic Agents
Authors: Svoboda J. A. , Robbins W. E.
Published: October 2006

Two vertebrate hypocholesterolemic agents (triparanol and 22,25-diazacholesterol) block the conversion of β-sitosterol to cholesterol in the larva of the tobacco hornworm,
Manduca sexta
(Johannson). A primary site of inhibitory action is the terminal step in this conversion—the reduction of desmosterol (24-dehydrocholesterol) to cholesterol. This is also the site at which these compounds inhibit de novo cholesterol biosynthesis in higher animals. Both agents severely inhibit growth and maturation of the tobacco hornworm.
Erratic Display as a Device against Predators
Authors: Humphries D. A. , Driver P. M.
Published: October 2006

Prey animals in many different taxonomic groups behave erratically when attacked by predators. This reaction is not accidental, but acts as a specific antipredator device. Observational data and theoretical considerations indicate that such protean displays function to confuse and disorient the predator and to increase its reaction time. Thus the survival of the prey is assisted, and the selective advantage whereby such erratic patterns of the prey animals may have evolved is created.
Genetic Recombination in
Escherichia coli
: Clone Heterogeneity and the Kinetics of Segregation
Authors: Wood Thomas H.
Published: October 2006

Several recombinant types may be produced from a single
Escherichia coli
zygote when the donor parent is Hfr-Hayes and segregation is delayed; usually only one type is produced with Hfr-Cavalli. Statistical experiments confirm well-known pedigree analyses by micromanipulation and suggest that DNA synthesis is required before final genetic integration.
Mutant Enzymatic and Cytological Phenotypes in Cultured Human Fibroblasts
Authors: Leroy Jules G. , DeMars Robert I.
Published: October 2006

Fibroblasts were cultured from the cells of two children who shared some characteristics of Hurler syndrome, but they did not show corneal clouding and excessive excretion of mucopolysaccharides. The fibroblasts differ from those of controls and of patients with typical Hurler syndrome or other mucopolysaccharidoses in that they have abundant cytoplasmic inclusions, striking diminutions in beta-glucuronidase, and elevations in acid phosphatase.
Immunoglobulin Structure: Variation in Amino Acid Sequence and Length of Human Lambda Light Chains
Authors: Putnam Frank W. , Shinoda Tomotaka , Titani Koiti , Wikler Maurice
Published: October 2006

Variation and conservation in the primary structure of human lambda light chains is revealed by complete amino acid sequence of three Bence Jones proteins. These proteins differ in amino acid sequence in from 38 to 48 positions; they are of unequal length in the amino-terminal half of the chain but have identical sequence in the last 105 amino acids.
Growth of a Thermophilic Bacterium on Hydrocarbons: A New Source of Single-Cell Protein
Authors: Mateles R. I. , Baruah J. N. , Tannenbaum S. R.
Published: October 2006

A species of the genus
Bacillus
, capable of growth on normal alkanes at 70°C, was isolated by the method known as enrichment culture. Preliminary analyses of its amino acid composition indicate that it would be a good source of protein for human nutrition. Possible advantages of the use of such organisms for the production of single-cell protein include simplification of fermentor cooling and asepsis.
Quartz: Extreme Preferred Orientation Produced by Annealing
Authors: Green H. W.
Published: October 2006

Annealing of samples of flint under high pressure, after hot-working in the β-quartz stability field, produced an exceedingly strong concentration of
c
-axes parallel to the direction of compression. A specimen deformed under identical conditions, but not annealed, exhibited a much weaker orientation. The strength of the annealed orientation rivals that of the remarkable "cube texture" produced by annealing some face-centered cubic metals after extreme reduction by rolling.
X-Ray Structure of T4 Endonuclease V: an Excision Repair Enzyme Specific for a Pyrimidine Dimer
Authors: Morikawa K. , Matsumoto O. , Tsujimoto M. , Katayanagi K. , Ariyoshi M. , Doi T. , Ikehara M. , Inaoka T. , Ohtsuka E.
Published: October 2006

The x-ray structure of T4 endonuclease V, an enzyme responsible for the first step of a pyrimidine-dimer-specific excision-repair pathway, was determined at a 1.6-angstrom resolution. The enzyme consists of a single compact domain classified into an all-α structure. This single domain has two distinct catalytic activities; it functions as a pyrimidine dimer glycosylase and as an apurinic-apyrimidinic endonuclease. The amino-terminal segment penetrates between two major helices and prevents their direct contact. The refined structure suggests the residues involved in the substrate binding and the catalysis of the glycosylation reaction.
Regeneration of Rat Liver: Transfer of Humoral Agent by Cross Circulation
Authors: Moolten Frederick L. , Bucher Nancy L. R.
Published: October 2006

Carotid-to-jugular cross circulation between partially hepatectomized and normal rats, via polyethylene cannulas, stimulated incorporation of
14
C-thymidine into hepatic DNA in the normal partners when it was maintained for 19 hours at a flow rate of about 2 milliliters per minute. Cross circulation for 7 hours or less was ineffective.
Fracture Planes in an Ice-Bilayer Model Membrane System
Authors: Deamer David W. , Branton Daniel
Published: October 2006

Experiments with transferred stearate layers were performed to determine the location of fracture planes in frozen ice-lipid systems. Bilayers and multilayers of carbon-14-labeled stearate were frozen in contact with an aqueous phase and then fractured. The distribution of radioactivity on both sides of the fracture showed that the stearate layers were cleaved apart predominantly in the plane of their hydrocarbon tails. Because bilayers split in this manner, it was possible to measure time-dependent exchange of label between the layers. Exchange occurred with a half-time of 50 minutes in the presence of calcium and 25 minutes in the absence of calcium. Since stearate bilayers and multilayers are models of hydrophobically stabilized structures, the strong influence of their hydrophobic region on the fracture plane provides an explanation of how the freeze-etch technique of electron microscopy can expose inner, hydrophobic faces of cell membranes.
"Reminiscence" in the Cold Flour Beetle (
Tenebrio molitor
)
Authors: Alloway Thomas M. , Routtenberg Aryeh
Published: October 2006

Retention of a T-maze task by adults of the species
Tenebrio molitor
was facilitated by exposure to 1.7°C. The facilitation effect was seen after 1, 3, 4, or 5 days of retention, but is was reversed after 2 days. The increment from day 2 to day 5 was termed "reminiscence." That these effects represented alterations in memory and not nonspecific motivational factors was determined by requiring another group of beetles to reverse their learning of the original task. Since reversal performance was inversely related to relearning, it was concluded that "reminiscence" represented alterations in memory. A multistage memory mechanism in the beetle was postulated.
Newts: Sun-Compass Orientation
Authors: Landreth Hobart F. , Ferguson Denzel E.
Published: October 2006

Rough-skinned newts, captured from breeding ponds, oriented on courses that would have intersected the familiar shorelines at right angles, when released in a circular arena on land under the sun or moon. Pondward migrants oriented similarly. Reorientation failed under complete cloud cover and after 7 days of darkness in an environmental chamber, but persisted in newts whose eyes were excised and in those displaced more than 27 kilometers in darkness. Both normal and blind animals compensated for displacement in sunshine. Preliminary evidence suggests that alternative light receptors in blinded animals may be associated with the optic tectum. No evidence of olfactory guidance was observed.
Pemoline Levels in Brain: Enhancement by Dimethyl Sulfoxide
Authors: Brink John J. , Stein Donald G.
Published: October 2006

Pemoline-C
14
dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide and injected intraperitoneally into rats was found in larger amounts in the brain than was a similar dose given in 0.3 percent tragacanth suspension. This appeared to be related to a partial breakdown of the blood-brain barrier in vivo by the dimethyl sulfoxide.
Hormone-Mediated Nutritional Control of Sexual Behavior in Male Dung Flies
Authors: Foster Woodbridge
Published: October 2006

Male
Scatophaga stercoraria
must prey on other Diptera before they display sexual behavior, develop the accessory cells of their ejaculatory ducts, and achieve full elongation of the testes. The corpus allatum also becomes enlarged after predation and is necessary for the onset of sexual behavior and development of reproductive organs. The complex diet consumed during predation apparently activates the corpus allatum, and the hormone released acts independently on organ growth and sexual behavior.
Mariner V: Plasma and Magnetic Fields Observed near Venus
Authors: Bridge H. S. , Lazarus A. J. , Snyder C. W. , Smith E. J. , Davis L. , Coleman P. J. , Jones D. E.
Published: October 2006

Abrupt changes in the amplitude of the magnetic fluctuations, in the field strength, and in the plasma properties, were observed with Mariner V near Venus. They provide clear evidence for the presence of a bow shock around the planet, similar to, but much smaller than, that observed at Earth. The observations appear consistent with an interaction of the solar wind with the ionosphere of Venus. No planetary field could be detected, but a steady radial field and very low plasma density were found 10,000 to 20,000 kilometers behind Venus and 8,000 to 12,000 kilometers from the Sun-Venus line. These observations may be interpreted as relating to an expansion wave tending to fill the cavity produced by Venus in the solar wind. The upper limit to the magnetic dipole moment of Venus is estimated to be within a factor of 2 of 10
-3
items that of Earth.
Salicylanilides: A New Group of Active Uncouplers of Oxidative Phosphorylation
Authors: Williamson Robert L. , Metcalf Robert L.
Published: October 2006

Investigations using housefly mitochondria revealed several salicylanilide derivatives as the most effective uncoupling agents of oxidative phosphorylation reported so far. Even greater inhibition of the associated P
i
-adenosine triphosphate exchange was shown with these compounds in both housefly and rat-liver mitochondria, and close similarity was observed between the two types of organelles.
Solution structure of a calmodulin-target peptide complex by multidimensional NMR
Authors: Ikura Mitsuhiko , Clore G. Marius , Gronenborn Angela M. , Zhu Guang , Klee Claude B. , Bax Ad
Published: October 2006

The three-dimensional solution structure of the complex between calcium-bound calmodulin (Ca
2+
-CaM) and a 26-residue synthetic peptide comprising the CaM binding domain (residues 577 to 602) of skeletal muscle myosin light chain kinase, has been determined using multidimensional heteronuclear filtered and separated nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The two domains of CaM (residues 6 to 73 and 83 to 146) remain essentially unchanged upon complexation. The long central helix (residues 65 to 93), however, which connects the two domains in the crystal structure of Ca
2+
-CaM, is disrupted into two helices connected by a long flexible loop (residues 74 to 82), thereby enabling the two domains to clamp residues 3 to 21 of the bound peptide, which adopt a helical conformation. The overall structure of the complex is globular, approximating an ellipsoid of dimensions 47 by 32 by 30 angstroms. The helical peptide is located in a hydrophobic channel that passes through the center of the ellipsoid at an angle of ∼45° with its long axis. The complex is mainly stabilized by hydrophobic interactions which, from the CaM side, involve an unusually large number of methionines. Key residues of the peptide are Trp
4
and Phe
17
, which serve to anchor the amino- and carboxyl-terminal halves of the peptide to the carboxyl- and amino-terminal domains of CaM, respectively. Sequence comparisons indicate that a number of peptides that bind CaM with high affinity share this common feature containing either aromatic residues or long-chain hydrophobic ones separated by a stretch of 12 residues, suggesting that they interact with CaM in a similar manner.
Uptake of Protein by Mammalian Cells: An Underdeveloped Area
Authors: Ryser H. J.-P.
Published: October 2006

Although it is accepted on the basis of biological and morphological evidence that mammalian cells will take up macromolecules, little is known about the kinetics, the specificity, and the functions of this uptake. With labeled proteins used as models, it is found that the transport proceeds at very low rates, requires little energy, and is markedly enhanced by polybasic compounds. Molecular charge and size are important factors: cells clearly favor cationic macromolecules of large molecular weights. Neither factor, however, can fully account for the selectivity detected in the uptake of different proteins. Ingested albumin undergoes rapid and extensive degradation. This fact suggests that macromolecules have only a limited chance to express their biological activity in target cells, a finding that is relevant also to the role of foreign nucleic acids and the possibility of achieving genetic transformation in animal cells. There are concrete indications, however, that in spite of their short half-life, proteins can act as carriers, as precursors of active agents, and as regulators of metabolic functions in host cells. They may also be important in the control of growth and differentiation. These functions of exogenous proteins are still largely unexplored.
Baroreceptors in the Adrenal Gland
Authors: Niljima A. , Winter D. L.
Published: October 2006

Afferent activity from dissected filaments of nerves to the adrenal gland was recorded. Firing rates of single fibers followed changes in systemic blood pressure. Chemically and mechanically induced changes in blood pressure were reflected by an appropriate directional change in unit activity.
Solid-State Energy-Dispersion Spectrometer for Electron-Microprobe X-ray Analysis
Authors: Fitzgerald Ray , Keil Klaus , Heinrich Kurt F. J.
Published: October 2006

Improved lithium-drifted silicon solid-state detectors allow detection and energy dispersion of x-rays of about 3 to 30 kiloelectron volts in the electron-microprobe x-ray analyzer. Energy resolution is sufficient to separate peaks of characteristic x-rays of elements adjacent in the periodic system at atomic number 20 and higher. The detected x-ray spectrum emitted from an unknown sample can be recorded with a multichannel analyzer in approximately 60 seconds.
Lateral Hypothalamus: Food Current Intensity in Maintaining Self-Stimulation of Hunger
Authors: Coons Edgar E. , Cruce J. A. F.
Published: October 2006

Rats displaying stimulus-bound eating will press bars for currents slightly above eating threshold only when food is near the bar. At higher currents self-stimulation is maintained without food. Such currents may spread to activate consummatory feedback appropriate to the drive elicited; or, for more intensely stimulated drive mechanisms, wider ranges of sensory feedback may be reinforcing.
Dimethyl Sulfoxide: An Inhibitor of Liver Alcohol Dehydrogenase
Authors: Perlman Robert L. , Wolff J.
Published: October 2006

Dimethyl sulfoxide inhibits horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase. In the direction of aldehyde reduction, this inhibition is competitive with aldehyde, with an inhibition constant of 5 × 10
-3
M
. Dimethyl sulfoxide reacts with the binary complex consisting of enzyme and the reduced form of nicotinamide -adenine dinucleotide to form a highly fluorescent ternary complex, with a dissociation constant similar to the inhibition constant. The inhibition of aldehyde reduction can be interpreted as due to competition between aldehyde and dimethyl sulfoxide for the carbonyl binding site of the above-mentioned binary complex.
Beta Mercaptolactate-Cysteine Disulfide: Analog of Cystine in the Urine of a Mentally Retarded Patient
Authors: Crawhall John C. , Parker Robin , Sneddon Walter , Young Elizabeth P. , Ampola Mary G. , Efron Mary L. , Bixby Emily M.
Published: October 2006

β-Mercaptolactate-cysteine disulfide, a hitherto undescribed analog of cystine, was isolated from the urine of a mentally retarded patient. The properties of this substance are described, and its structure is confirmed by mass spectrometry and by partial synthesis.
Visual Adaptation to an Altered Correlation between Eye Movement and Head Movement
Authors: Hay John C.
Published: October 2006

A visual target was moved left and right in exact synchrony with vertical movements of the head. A few minutes' exposure to this novel head-movement feedback led to a change in the visual discrimination of head movement from object movement. The critical factor in the adaptation is the novel correlation of eye and head movement elicited during the period of exposure.
Adaptation and Negative Aftereffect to Lateral Optical Displacement in Newly Hatched Chicks
Authors: Rossi Patrick J.
Published: October 2006

Chicks wearing hoods containing 8.5-degree wedge prisms from the day of hatching showed both significant reduction in the average lateral displacement of pecking (adaptation) and significant pecking overcompensation in the direction opposite to the original displacement (negative aftereffect) when matched 0-degree plates were substituted for the prisms on the 8th day.
Mitotic Synchrony in Mammalian Cells Treated with Nitrous Oxide at High Pressure
Authors: Rao Potu N.
Published: October 2006

Mammalian cells grown in suspension or monolayer cultures were synchronized for cell division by the application of nitrous oxide under pressure. The metaphase block induced by nitrous oxide was dependent on pressure and was reversible. Exposure of HeLa cells to nitrous oxide had no significant effect on the synthesis of DNA, RNA, or protein. The progress of cells through the mitotic cycle was also unaffected. A high degree of mitotic synchrony was obtained in suspension cultures of HeLa cells treated with thymidine during exponential growth, resuspended in fresh medium, and then exposed to nitrous oxide.
Granites: Relation of Properties
in situ
to Laboratory Measurements
Authors: Simmons Gene , Nur Amos
Published: October 2006

The velocity of compressional waves and electrical resistivity in granite
in situ
measured in two 3-kilometer boreholes exhibits very little variation with depth, in contrast with the variation predicted from laboratory measurements on dry samples. These observations can be explained either by the absence of small open cracks in the rocks in situ or by the effects of complete saturation with water. The seismic velocities of many granites at shallow depths in the earth's crust may be significantly larger than was previously believed. Other properties are also affected; correction for the effect of cracks on thermal conductivity raises the average heat flow in shield areas by as much as 20 percent.
Diabetes Mellitus: Induction in Mice by Encephalomyocarditis Virus
Authors: Craighead John E. , McLane Mary Frances
Published: October 2006

Hyperglycemia and lesions of the pancreatic islets of Langerhans developed in some, but not all, adult mice infected with a variant of the encephalomyocarditis virus. Large amounts of virus were recovered from the pancreas during acute stages of infection. At this time blood glucose concentrations were markedly elevated and the islets of Langerhans exhibited focal necrosis and degranulation of beta cells. Evidence of abnormal glucose metabolism persisted for varying periods after recovery from the infection. The islets of Langerhans of chronically hyperglycemic mice were distorted and decreased in size, and the beta cells were degranulated. Encephalomyocarditis virus appears to cause diabetes mellitus by reducing the mass of functional beta cells of the islets of Langerhans.
Toxins of a Blue-Green Alga: Similarity to Saxitoxin
Authors: Jackim Eugene , Gentile John
Published: October 2006

Toxins were isolated from the freshwater blue-green alga
Aphanizomenon flos-aquae
. The toxic fractions were characterized by paper and thin-layer chromatography, isolation characteristics, infrared spectra, physiological activity, and reactivity with specific color reagents. The toxic fractions appear to be similar, if not identical, to saxitoxin (paralytic shellfish toxin), which is produced by the marine dinoflagellate
Gonyaulax catenella
.
Amino Acid Composition of Organic Matrix in Calcareous Oolites
Authors: Mitterer Richard M.
Published: October 2006

Examination of the organic matter in some modern and fossil oolites has shown that it contains protein, with a high content of acidic amino acids. Artificial oolites from a water-processing plant contained no amino acids. The protein matrix may influence the formation of natural oolites by concentrating calcium ions.
Algae: Amounts of DNA and Organic Carbon in Single Cells
Authors: Holm-Hansen Osmund
Published: October 2006

An analysis of ten different unicellular algae, varying in size and containing from 10 to 6000 picograms of carbon per cell, indicates that the amount of DNA per cell is in direct proportion to cell size. The content of DNA is equal to approximately 1 to 3 percent of the cellular organic carbon.
Mole Rat
Spalax ehrenbergi
: Mating Behavior and Its Evolutionary Significance
Authors: Nevo Eviatar
Published: October 2006

Mating behavior of the subterranean mole rat,
Spalax ehrenbergi
, consists of three distinct stages-agonistic, courtship, and copulation.
Spalax
sexual behavior reflects certain cricetid affinities, some features general in rodents, and others presumably related to its subterranean, territorial life. Within four groups of
Spalax ehrenbergi
, each with different numbers of chromosomes, recently found in Israel, mating behavior seems to provide partial reproductive barriers. Selective matings between chromosome forms may complement a cytologic isolating mechanism to prevent widespread natural hybridization.
Thiamine Triphosphate Deficiency in Subacute Necrotizing Encephalomyelopathy
Authors: Cooper Jack R. , Itokawa Yoshinori , Pincus Jonathan H.
Published: October 2006

Extracts of tissue fluids from a patient with subacute necrotizing encephalomyelopathy inhibit thiamine pyrophosphate-adenosine triphosphate phosphotransferase of rat brain. Brain tissue from the patient, in contrast to normal brain tissue, contained essentially no thiamine triphosphate, although thiamine and its other phosphate esters were present in normal concentrations. These findings suggest a relation between this disease and thiamine triphosphate.
Interocular Transfer of Orientational Effects
Authors: Gilinsky Alberta S. , Doherty R. S.
Published: October 2006

Prolonged exposure of one eye to a diagonal line grating produces masking or decreased sensitivity for similar test gratings presented to the contralateral eye. These aftereffects are orientationally selective and suggest that narrow orientationally tuned channels found by electrophysiological methods in the visual cortex of the cat and the monkey may have neural correlates in the human brain.
Membrane Alterations in Hemolysis: Internalization of Plasmalemma Induced by Primaquine
Authors: Ginn F. L. , Hochstein P. , Trump B. F.
Published: October 2006

Incubation of normal human erythrocytes with primaquine, a derivative of 8-aminoquinoline, results in internalization of the cell membrane and the formation of intracellular vacuoles. These changes are similar to those observed in other types of cells in pinocytosis. The reduction in surface cell membrane which accompanies internalization of plasmalemma may be generally significant in the destruction of red cells.
CREB: a Ca
2+
-Regulated Transcription Factor Phosphorylated by Calmodulin-Dependent Kinases
Authors: Sheng Morgan , Thompson Margaret A. , Greenberg Michael E.
Published: October 2006

The mechanism by which Ca
2+
mediates gene induction in response to membrane depolarization was investigated. The adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cAMP) response element-binding protein (CREB) was shown to function as a Ca
2+
-regulated transcription factor and as a substrate for depolarization-activated Ca
2+
-calmodulin-dependent protein kinases (CaM kinases) I and II. CREB residue Ser
133
was the major site of phosphorylation by the CaM kinases in vitro and of phosphorylation after membrane depolarization in vivo. Mutation of Ser
133
impaired the ability of CREB to respond to Ca
2+
. These results suggest that CaM kinases may transduce electrical signals to the nucleus and that CREB functions to integrate Ca
2+
and cAMP signals.
Uranium Distribution in Separated Clinopyroxenes from Four Eclogites
Authors: Condie Kent C. , Kuo C. S. , Walker R. M. , Murthy V. Rama
Published: October 2006

Uranium concentrations and distributions in separated clinopyroxenes of eclogites from four different sites have been studied by the fission track method. Types of uranium occurrences included (i) inhomogeneously distributed clusters, (ii) line concentrations at cracks, and (iii) uniform distributions in the body of the mineral. Different grains from the same sample generally vary by factors of 2 to 4 in uniformly distributed uranium concentration. Samples from different locations vary in their average uniformly distributed uranium concentration by a factor of approximately 1000 (that is, from 0.01 to 20 parts per billion of uranium). The degree of homogeneity also varies markedly from one site to the next. The clinopyroxenes from the only oceanic locality studied (Salt Lake Crater) contained both the largest concentration of uranium (15 to 20 parts per billion) and the most uniform uranium distribution. This study suggests that, if total uranium concentrations in eclogitic clinopyroxenes are less than a few parts per billion, much if not most of the uranium may occur as contaminants along cracks or in microinclusions of unknown origin.
Pecoraite, Ni
6
Si
4
O
10
(OH)
8
, Nickel Analog of Clinochrysotile, Formed in the Wolf Creek Meteorite
Authors: Faust George T. , Fahey Joseph J. , Mason Brian , Dwornik Edward J.
Published: October 2006

Pecoraite is a new phase in the natural system H
2
O-NiO-MgOSiO
2
, the nickel analog of clinochrysotile. It occurs in cracks in the Wolf Creek meteorite in Australia where it was formed under hydrothermal conditions. Particles of pecoraite are very small curved plates which have begun to coil; some have achieved spiral form.
Mammary Cancer Induction by 7,12-Dimethylbenz(
a
)anthracene: Relation to Age
Authors: Dao Thomas L.
Published: October 2006

Mammary glands were transplanted from donors treated with 7,12-dimethylbenz(
a
)anthracene to untreated isologous recipients. Incidence of mammary tumors in mammary grafts from 56-day-old donors was significantly higher than that in grafts from 120-day-old donors, regardless of the age of the recipient hosts. When mammary glands were transplanted from untreated donors to isologous recipients that subsequently received 7,12-dimethylbenz(
a
)anthracene, a similar difference in tumor incidence in the grafts was observed. In contrast to mammary glands of older females, mammary glands of young adult female rats are highly vulnerable to the carcinogenic effect of 7,12-dimethylbenz(
a
)anthracene.
Visual Motion Perception: Experimental Modification
Authors: Masland Richard H.
Published: October 2006

If a human observer fixates a moving spiral pattern for 15 minutes, a negative aftereffect of motion is perceived when he inspects a stationary spiral 20 hours later. The illusory motion is seen only when the stationary test stimulus falls upon the portion of the retina which had been stimulated by real motion. Thus previous stimulation can cause a relatively long-term modification of vision.
Sarcoma-Producing Cell Lines Derived from Clones Transformed in vitro by Benzo[
a
]pyrene
Authors: DiPaolo Joseph A. , Nelson Richard L. , Donovan Paul J.
Published: October 2006

Cells derived from mixed Syrian hamster embryo cultures were treated with pyrene (control) or with benzo[
a
]pyrene. Transformed clones were obtained only with the carcinogen. Some of the transformed clones were responsible for cell lines that produced tumors when injected into hamsters. These observations provide evidence that chemical-induced oncogenesis can be studied by an in vitro model.
Diphosphonates Inhibit Formation of Calcium Phosphate Crystals in vitro and Pathological Calcification in vivo
Authors: Francis Marion D. , Graham R. , Russell G. , Fleisch Herbert
Published: October 2006

Two diphosphonates containing the P-C-P bond, CH
3
C(OH)(PO
3
HNa)
2
and H
2
C(PO
3
HNa)
2
, inhibit the crystallization of calcium phosphate in vitro and prevent aortic calcification of rats given large amounts of vitamin D
3
. The diphosphonates therefore have effects similar to those described for compounds containing the P-O-P bond but are active when administered orally.
Nosema cuniculi
: In vitro Isolation
Authors: Shadduck John A.
Published: October 2006

A mammalian microsporidian was propagated for the first time in vitro with rabbit choroid plexus monolayer cultures. Tentative classification as
Nosema cuniculi
(Levaditi, 1923) was established by morphologic and tinctorial characteristics and by extrusion of single polar filaments with attached sporoplasin from living spores. The method permits propagation of large numbers of organisms in pure culture.
Host Finding by Odor in the Myrmecophilic Beetle
Atemeles pubicollis
Bris. (Staphylinidae)
Authors: Hölldobler Bert
Published: October 2006

The beetle
Atemeles publicollis
orients to the odor of its host ants by positive anemotaxis and osmoclinotaxis. The chemical response changes with age of the beetles. After hatching they are attracted by
Myrmica
odors, and, after hibernating, by
Formica
odors.
Intestinal Calcium Absorption: Nature of Defect in Chronic Renal Disease
Authors: Avioli Louis V. , Scott Susan , Lee Sook Won , De Luca H. F.
Published: October 2006

When compared to that of normal animals, calcium-binding protein activity of duodenal mucosa obtained from uremic rats was decreased. There was no change in this activity after vitamin D
3
therapy. In contrast, prior treatment with 25-hydroxycholecalciferol resulted in increased transport of calcium-45 and calcium-binding protein activity in the intestine.
Altered Ribosomal Protein in Streptomycin-Dependent
Escherichia coli
Authors: Birge E. A. , Kurland C. G.
Published: October 2006

We have compared the 30
S
ribosomal proteins of strains of
Escherichia coli
sensitive to and dependent on streptomycin and identified a single protein that is functionally altered in the ribosomes dependent on streptomycin. This protein (30
S
-15) is the same protein that is functionally altered in ribosomes resistant to streptomycin.
Compulsive Sexual Activity Induced by
p
-Chlorophenylalanine in Normal and Pinealectomized Male Rats
Authors: Tagliamonte Alessandro , Tagliamonte Paola , Gessa Gian L. , Brodie Bernard B.
Published: October 2006

p
-Chlorophenylalanine depletes brain serotonin and induces longlasting sexual excitation in male rats. The effect of
p
-chlorophenylalanine is potentiated by pargyline. Administration of 5-hydroxytryptophan to rats treated with
p
-chlorophenylalanine plus pargyline blocks the sexual excitation.
p
-Chlorophenylalanine also elicits sexual excitation in pinealectomized rats; this effect is not mediated by the lack of indole hormones in the pineal but may be the consequence of depletion of 5-hydroxytryptophan in the brain and the resulting imbalance between 5-hydroxytryptophan and catecholamine activity in the central nervous system.
Marijuana Use Among Urban Adults
Authors: Manheimer Dean I. , Mellinger Glen D. , Balter Mitchell B.
Published: October 2006

A relatively high proportion of young adults in San Francisco have used marijuana one or more times. The proportion in this age group who have used marijuana is as great among nonstudents as among students.
Nalorphine: Increased Sensitivity of Monkeys Formerly Dependent on Morphine
Authors: Goldberg Steven R. , Schuster Charles R.
Published: October 2006

Three rhesus monkeys
Macaca mulatta
, formerly dependent on morphine, had increased sensitivity to nalorphine's effect of suppressing operant responding for food, as compared with two monkeys with no history of morphine exposure. Within the dose range employed, nalorphine injections produced emesis, salivation, and hyperirritability in formerly morphine-dependent monkeys but not in controls.
Satellite-like Particle of Tobacco Ringspot Virus That Resembles Tobacco Ringspot Virus
Authors: Schneider I. R.
Published: October 2006

A satellite-like nucleoprotein serologically indistinguishable from multicomponent tobacco ringspot virus, also resembles it in size, shape, and electrophoretic mobility. Although the protein shell of the nucleoprotein is similar to, if not identical to that of tobacco ringspot virus, each shell of the nucleoprotein contains many small strands of nucleic acid, which replicate only in mixed infections with the virus.
Self-Assembly of Qβ and MS2 Phage Particles: Possible Function of Initiation Complexes
Authors: Hung P. P. , Ling C. M. , Overby L. R.
Published: October 2006

Four kinds of particles were reconstituted with RNA and protein from the genetically unrelated bacteriophages Qβ and MS2, namely, two homologous and two heterologous, with respect to RNA and protein. However, once Qβ RNA (or MS2 RNA) reacted with a few molecules of either Qβ or MS2 protein to form a nucleoprotein complex (initiation complex), it formed a phagelike particle only with subsequent addition of the same protein.
Absorption of Proteins and Peptides in the Far Ultraviolet
Authors: Woods A. H. , O'Bar P. R.
Published: October 2006

An absorption peak for the peptide bond at 187 nanometers has been confirmed; a protein assay at this wavelength allows quantitation of proteins in aqueous solution at concentrations between 0.1 and 25 micrograms per milliliter. Assays are conducted at 6°C to take advantage of the reduction of end-absorption of water with temperature.
"Antidotal Thirst": A Response to Intoxication
Authors: Smith Donald F. , Balagura Saul , Lubran Myer
Published: October 2006

Albino rats increased their intake of water soon after they were given a load of 0.12 molar lithium chloride in the stomach. Alterations in blood volume and tonicity could not account for the magnitude of the thirst observed, which served to facilitate the renal excretion of the toxic lithium ions.
Perceptual Restoration of Missing Speech Sounds
Authors: Warren Richard M.
Published: October 2006

When an extraneous sound (such as a cough or tone) completely replaces a speech sound in a recorded sentence, listeners believe they hear the missing sound. The extraneous sound seems to occur during another portion of the sentence without interfering with the intelligibility of any phoneme. If silence replaces a speech sound, the gap is correctly localized and the absence of the speech sound detected.
Impact Metamorphism of Lunar Surface Materials
Authors: Quaide William , Bunch Theodore , Wrigley Robert
Published: October 2006

Silicate grains from Tranquillity Base have shock-induced features ranging from internal fragmentation through complete disruption of the lattice to thermal melting. Half the crystalline grains with diameters less than 125 micrometers have features of shock equivalent to those produced in the laboratory at pressures greater than about 40 kilobars. One quarter have features indicative of pressures greater than 90 kilobars. These properties together with great quantities of melt glass and aluminum-26 in the fine-grained material are indicative of repeated shock-loading by meteoritic bombardment over long periods of time.
Evidence and Implications of Shock Metamorphism in Lunar Samples
Authors: Short Nicholas M.
Published: October 2006

Lunar microbreccias and loose regolith materials contain abundant evidence of shock metamorphism related to crater-forming meteorite impacts. Diagnostic shock effects include (i) planar features in a silica phase and feldspars, and lamellae in clinopyroxene, (ii) thetomorphic feldspar glass, (iii) heterogeneous glasses of rock and mineral composition, (iv) distinctive recrystallization textures, and (v) characteristic changes in crystal structure as indicated by x-ray diffraction analysis and measurements of refractive index. The microbreccias are produced from regolith materials (ejected from craters) by shock lithification. Some feldspar-rich fragments may represent ejecta introduced from nonlocal sources, such as the lunar highlands.
Late DNA Replication in Male Mouse Meiotic Chromosomes
Authors: Odartchenko N. , Pavillard M.
Published: October 2006

Parts of the male mouse meiotic complement comprising the Y chromosome, the whole X chromosome, and near-centromeric parts of autosomal bivalents are synthesized late, as judged by tritiated thymidine autoradiography. This confirms the occurrence of end-to-end association between X and Y chromosomes and suggests that paired heterochromatic segments in autosomes must synthesize DNA at the same time.
Preparation of Beating Heart Cells from Adult Rats
Authors: Vahouny George V. , Wei Robert , Starkweather Roger , Davis Christopher
Published: October 2006

Suspensions of cardiac cells have been prepared from fragments of hearts from adult rats by prolonged incubation with trypsin and collagenase. In these preparations, about 50 percent of the viable cells routinely exhibit spontaneous contractions ranging from 20 to 120 beats per minute at room temperature. The contractile activity is essentially lost at 2°C but returns to normal as the temperature is increased. The rate of cellular contractions and the percentage of total cells exhibiting contractility are influenced by experimental conditions of cell preparation and the composition of the suspending medium.
Sleep Stage Characteristics of Long and Short Sleepers
Authors: Webb W. B. , Agnew H. W.
Published: October 2006

The possibility of different sleep stage characteristics being associated with different sleep lengths was explored by comparing two groups of high school seniors, who characteristically slept 6½ hours or less or who slept 8½ hours or more, with an age-matched control group not selected on the basis of sleep length. All-night electroencephalography was used to examine the sleep stage characteristics of these groups. Compared with the unselected age-matched group, the short sleepers showed no significant diminution in their stage 4 (deep) or rapid eye movement (dream) sleep. The long sleepers were observed to obtain significantly more rapid eye movement sleep than did the other groups.
1,3-Bis(
p
-chlorobenzylideneamino)guanidine Hydrochloride (Robenzidene): New Poultry Anticoccidial Agent
Authors: Kantor Sidney , Kennett Robert L. , Waletzky Emanuel , Tomcufcik Andrew S.
Published: October 2006

At 66 parts per million in the feed, robenzidene is highly effective in preventing chicken coccidiosis caused by any one of eight
Eimeria
species. Three times this dose is safe for broiler chickens. In dogs and rats, the toxicity was relatively low over a period of 90 days. In laboratory trials, the drug completely prevents oocyst production by seven species and greatly reduces oocyst production by
Eimeria maxima
.
Dentary-Squamosal Joint and the Origin of Mammals
Authors: Barghusen Herbert R. , Hopson James A.
Published: October 2006

The dentary-squamosal jaw joint evolved more than once in advanced cynodont therapsids or their descendants, probably as a buttress against the reaction force created at the articulation by the adductor jaw musculature. The multiple origin of this joint suggests that additional criteria are required to separate early mammals from advanced therapsids.
DDT-Induced Inhibition of Avian Shell Gland Carbonic Anhydrase: A Mechanism for Thin Eggshells
Authors: Bitman Joel , Cecil Helene C. , Fries George F.
Published: October 2006

The shell-forming glands of Japanese quail fed
p
,
p
′-DDT or
p
,
p
′-DDE had carbonic anhydrase activity 16 to 19 percent lower than shell glands of quail on a diet free of pesticides.
Vasopressin: Effect on Deformability of Urinary Surface of Collecting Duct Cells
Authors: Grantham Jared J.
Published: October 2006

In isolated renal collecting ducts vasopressin decreased the negative pressure required to suck a hemispherical bulge of the epithelial cells' urinary surface into the tip of a micropipette. Increased surface deformability may be related to the increased permeability to water which also occurs in the apex of the cells in response to the hormone.
Marihuana and Temporal Disintegration
Authors: Melges Frederick T. , Tinklenberg Jared R. , Hollister Leo E. , Gillespie Hamp K.
Published: October 2006

High oral doses of marihuana extract, calibrated for content of 1 (—)-Δ
1
-tetrahydrocannabinol, significantly impaired the serial coordination of cognitive operations during a task that required sequential adjustments in reaching a goal. This disintegration of sequential thought is related to impaired immediate memory.
Interstellar Scattering of Pulsar Radiation and Its Effect on the Spectrum of NP0532
Authors: Cronyn Willard M.
Published: October 2006

Angular scattering in the interstellar medium results in multipath dispersion which can amount to more than one pulse period for pulsars of short period and high dispersion measure. The dispersion, if operative, imposes on the pulsation flux a cutoff inversely proportional to the fourth power of the observing wavelength. The low-frequency pulse shape of pulsar NP0532 suggests that this pulsar is subject to such scattering and that the observed low-frequency cutoff in the apparent spectrum is not an intrinsic property of the pulsar. In fact, there is evidence that NP0532 may be identified as the compact, low-frequency source in the Crab Nebula and that the pulsar may radiate in accordance with its high-frequency spectrum down to frequencies as low as 10 megahertz, although the periodic time variations are suppressed by the scattering below 100 megahertz.
Diphenylhydantoin and Diazepam: Molecular Structure Similarities and Steric Basis of Anticonvulsant Activity
Authors: Camerman Arthur , Camerman Norman
Published: October 2006

Diphenylhydantoin and diazepam are two useful antiepileptic drugs. Though not obviously related chemically, their molecular conformations exhibit marked similarities. These similarities indicate a steric basis for their anticonvulsant activity and lead to conclusions about the receptor sites for this type of pharmaceutical.
Compensating Persons Injured in Human Experimentation
Authors: Havighurst Clark C.
Published: October 2006

Without disparaging the ethical importance of informed consent or of care and supervision in research design, it is possible to assert that ethics requires also that the investigator furnish financial protection to research subjects. Lacking mechanisms for providing this protection, investigators have seldom made such provision in the past, and have left research subjects to rely on the institution's sense of moral obligation or on poorly defined legal rights. Research institutions and research sponsors, especially the federal government and the drug industry that it regulates, could provide for insurance or indemnification through mechanisms yet to be developed. In pursuit of this goal, serious study should begin on the problems of implementing compensation arrangements for all injured research subjects. The Public Health Service and the FDA have not fully discharged their responsibility in the direction of creating conditions under which clinical research can proceed with adequate regard for the subjects' rights.
Petrified Peat from a Permian Coal Bed in Antarctica
Authors: Schopf J. M.
Published: October 2006

Petrified plant remains that composed a Permian peat deposit occur at a coal horizon in a local area of Mount Augusta near the Beardmore Glacier in Antarctica. This discovery is the first in the entire Gondwana area that yields plant materials as exquisitely preserved as the materials of the well-known coal-ball localities of the Northern Hemisphere. A sampling of anatomical details is illustrated.
Lunar Atmosphere as a Source of Argon-40 and Other Lunar Surface Elements
Authors: Manka R. H. , Michel F. C.
Published: October 2006

The lunar atmosphere is the likely source of excess argon-40 in lunar surface material; about 8.5 percent of the argon-40 released into the lunar atmosphere will be implanted in the surface material by photoionization and subsequent interaction with fields in the solar wind. The atmosphere is also likely to be the source of other unexpected surface elements or of solar wind elements that impact from non-solar wind directions.
Photoperiod Manipulation of Insect Diapause: A Method of Pest Control?
Authors: Hayes D. K. , Sullivan W. N. , Oliver M. Z. , Schechter M. S.
Published: October 2006

Extension of day length by artificial light in selected field plots in the fall prevented 76 percent of European corn borer [
Ostrinia nubilalis
(Hübner)] larvae and 70 percent of codling moth [
Laspeyresia pomonella
(L.)] larvae from entering diapause. Nondiapausing insects cannot survive rigorous winter conditions.
Multiple Mimetic Forms in an Ant-Mimicking Clubionid Spider
Authors: Reiskind Jonathan
Published: October 2006

Castianeira rica
mimics about five classes of ant models. The multiple mimetic forms result from (i) sexual dimorphism, (ii) color variation in the adult female, and (iii) developmental changes in the preadult instars. A congeneric, sympatric, and nonmimetic species,
Castianeira alba
, acts as an evolutionary "control" for comparison.