bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Frequency‐dependent selection acting on the widely fluctuating sex ratio of the aphid Prociphilus oriens
Authors: Li Y. , Akimoto S.
Published: April 2017

Frequency‐dependent selection is a fundamental principle of adaptive sex ratio evolution in all sex ratio theories but has rarely been detected in the wild. Through long‐term censuses, we confirmed large fluctuations in the population sex ratio of the aphid Prociphilus oriens and detected frequency‐dependent selection acting on these fluctuations. Fluctuations in the population sex ratio were partly attributable to climatic factors during the growing season. Climatic factors likely affected the growth conditions of host plants, which in turn led to yearly fluctuations in maternal conditions and sex ratios. In the process of frequency‐dependent selection, female proportion higher or lower than ca. 60% was associated with a reduction or increase in female proportion, respectively, the next year. The rearing of aphid clones in the laboratory indicated that mothers of each clone produced an increasing number of females as maternal size increased. However, the mean male number was not related to maternal size, but varied largely among clones. Given genetic variance in the ability to produce males among clones, selection should favour clones that can produce more numerous males in years with a high female proportion. Population‐level sex allocation to females was on average 71%–73% for three localities and more female‐biased when maternal conditions were better. This tendency was accounted for by the hypothesis of competition among foundresses rather than the hypothesis of local mate competition. We conclude that despite consistent operation of frequency‐dependent selection, the sex ratio continues to fluctuate because environmental conditions always push it away from equilibrium.
Anthropogenic spreading ofanguillid herpesvirus 1by stocking of infected farmed European eels,Anguilla anguilla(L.), in the Schlei fjord in northern Germany
Authors: Kullmann B , Adamek M , Steinhagen D , Thiel R
Published: April 2017

The Schlei fjord in northern Germany is the recipient water of a comprehensive eel,Anguilla anguilla(L.), stocking programme. Since 2015, stocked eels become alizarin red S marked, but to date no control mechanism is implemented in this stock enhancement measure to prevent anthropogenic spreading of diseases. Consequentially, it was possible that farmed stocking cohorts of 2015 and 2016 (in total ca. 1040 kg) were subsequently tested positive foranguillid herpesvirus 1(AngHV1). For this study, 100 eels [total length (TL) 24.3–72.9 cm, age ca. 1–6 years] were caught in 2016 and investigated with regard to AngHV1 infection, parasite load (Anguillicoloides crassus) and body conditions. 68% of the eels were found to be virus positive while larger specimens were more often infected. In addition, a fitted generalized linear model (area under the curve = 0.741) demonstrated that an increase in individual TL is accompanied with an increased risk of clinically relevant virus loads.Anguillicoloides crassusturned out to be an important stressor for eels, because parasite and virus load revealed a significant positive correlation. The results of this study evidently show the urgent need of a disease containment strategy for eel stocking programmes.
Stepwise application of fibrosis index based on four factors, red cell distribution width–platelet ratio, and aspartate aminotransferase–platelet ratio for compensated hepatitis B fibrosis detection
Authors: Chen Yong‐Peng , Hu Xiao‐Min , Liang Xie‐Er , Huang Li‐Wen , Zhu You‐Fu , Hou Jin‐Lin
Published: April 2017

Background and Aim

Fibrosis index based on four factors (FIB‐4) and aspartate aminotransferase–platelet ratio (APRI) were validated with unsatisfactory efficiency. Routine hematology index red cell distribution width–platelet ratio (RPR) had been tried in liver fibrosis detection. This study tries to evaluate the stepwise application of FIB‐4, RPR, and APRI in detecting chronic hepatitis B (CHB) fibrosis.

Methods

A total of 246 compensated CHB patients who underwent liver biopsies, transient elastography, and routine blood tests including complete blood count were included. Dual cut‐offs were determined to exclude or include cirrhosis diagnosis. Performance of stepwise combining routine biomarkers including RPR, FIB‐4, and APRI were statistically analyzed.

Results

The Metavir F0, F1, F2, F3, and F4 were identified in 2.4%, 22.0%, 32.1%, 24.0%, and 19.5% of the eligible patients, respectively. The area under receiver operating characteristics curves for detecting significant fibrosis and cirrhosis were 0.853 and 0.883 for transient elastography; 0.719 and 0.807 for FIB‐4; 0.638 and 0.791 for RPR; 0.720 and 697 for APRI; and 0.618 and 0.760 for mean platelet volume–platelet ratio, respectively. The proportion of patient determined as cirrhosis or non‐cirrhosis was 65.9% by transient elastography, 36.9% by FIB‐4, 30.5% by RPR, and 19.5% by APRI, respectively. These numbers for determining significant fibrosis were 49.6%, 24.2%, 21.5%, and 23.6% in the same order. Detected by stepwise application of FIB‐4, RPR, and APRI, 41.5% and 52.8% of patients could be determined the state of significant fibrosis and cirrhosis, respectively.

Conclusions

In source‐limited settings without transient elastography, stepwise applying FIB‐4, RPR, and APRI could free nearly half of CHB patients from liver biopsies in detecting significant fibrosis and cirrhosis.
Impact of gluten consumption in patients with functional dyspepsia: A case–control study
Authors: Du Lijun , Shen Jinhua , Kim John J , He Huiqin , Chen Binrui , Dai Ning
Published: April 2017

Background and Aim

Dietary factors and immune dysfunction may induce symptoms in patients with functional dyspepsia (FD). The aim of the study was to evaluate whether gluten consumption impacts symptom onset in patients with FD and to evaluate for possible histologic alterations in the duodenum of patients with FD.

Methods

We prospectively enrolled 101 patients newly diagnosed with FD and 31 asymptomatic controls. Specific FD symptoms and gluten consumption patterns were evaluated by self‐reported questionnaires. Tight junction protein (claudin‐1) expression and presence of intraepithelial lymphocyte (IEL) infiltration in the bulb (D1) and second portion (D2) of the duodenum were assessed by immunohistochemistry.

Results

Wheat bun consumption had higher frequency (P = 0.047) and increased average consumption (P = 0.01) scores in patients with FD compared with the control group. Of the 101 patients with FD, early satiety (P = 0.03) was associated with increased wheat bun consumption frequency score. On histologic evaluation, claudin‐1 expression was decreased in D1 (0.003 ± 0.001 vs 0.012 ± 0.002, P = 0.003) and D2 (0.002 ± 0.0004 vs 0.012 ± 0.001, P < 0.001), while duodenal IEL counts were increased in D1 (15.5 ± 7.8 vs 3.1 ± 2.5, P < 0.001) and D2 (20.6 ± 7.7 vs 5.8 ± 3.4, P < 0.001) among patients with FD compared with the control group. Finally, Helicobacter pylori infection was associated with increased IELs in D1 (20.6 ± 7.0 vs 14.2 ± 7.4, P = 0.001) among patients with FD.

Conclusions

Among patients with FD, gluten‐rich food may lead to symptom onset, specifically early satiety. Intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction characterized by decreased claudin‐1 expression and mucosal immune activation demonstrated by IEL infiltration may contribute to the pathogenesis of FD.
Integrating Backcasting and Eco‐Design for the Circular Economy: The BECE Framework
Authors: Mendoza Joan Manuel F. , Sharmina Maria , Gallego‐Schmid Alejandro , Heyes Graeme , Azapagic Adisa
Published: April 2017

The circular economy (CE) is essential for decoupling economic growth from resource consumption and environmental impacts. However, effective implementation requires a systemic change across supply chains, involving both technological and nontechnological innovations. Frameworks are beginning to emerge to foster CE thinking in organizations. However, literature review carried out as part of this research has revealed gaps in their ability to fulfil CE requirements. Furthermore, few frameworks provide support on how CE requirements may be implemented. To address these issues, this article presents a new framework, BECE (backcasting and eco‐design for the circular economy), to ensure that businesses can implement CE requirements more readily. BECE empowers organizations to tackle the CE holistically by embedding the concept into corporate decision making and by bringing operational and systems thinking together, thus increasing the likelihood of successful implementation. The potential of the BECE framework was tested through a pilot workshop focusing on the development of a CE business model through redesign of products and supply chains. Using vacuum cleaners as an illustrative case study, several product design and supply‐chain alternatives were identified, including the development of scenarios and action plans for their implementation at the business level. Although the case study focuses on a particular product, the BECE framework is generic and applicable across different products and business sectors.
Coming Full Circle: Why Social and Institutional Dimensions Matter for the Circular Economy
Authors: Moreau Vincent , Sahakian Marlyne , van Griethuysen Pascal , Vuille François
Published: April 2017

In light of the environmental consequences of linear production and consumption processes, the circular economy (CE) is gaining momentum as a concept and practice, promoting closed material cycles by focusing on multiple strategies from material recycling to product reuse, as well as rethinking production and consumption chains toward increased resource efficiency. Yet, by considering mainly cost‐effective opportunities within the realm of economic competitiveness, it stops short of grappling with the institutional and social predispositions necessary for societal transitions to a CE. The distinction of noncompetitive and not‐for‐profit activities remains to be addressed, along with other societal questions relating to labor conditions, wealth distribution, and governance systems. In this article, we recall some underlying biophysical aspects to explain the limits to current CE approaches. We examine the CE from a biophysical and social perspective to show that the concept lacks the social and institutional dimensions to address the current material and energy throughput in the economy. We show that reconsidering labor is essential to tackling the large share of dissipated material and energy flows that cannot be recovered economically. Institutional conditions have an essential role to play in setting the rules that differentiate profitable from nonprofitable activities. In this context, the social and solidarity economy, with its focus on equity with respect to labor and governance, provides an instructive and practical example that defies the constraints related to current institutional conditions and economic efficiency. We show how insights from the principles of the social and solidarity economy can contribute to the development of a CE by further defining who bears the costs of economic activities.
Hierarchical organization and genetically separable subfamilies of PSD95 postsynaptic supercomplexes
Authors: Frank René A. W. , Zhu Fei , Komiyama Noboru H , Grant Seth G. N.
Published: April 2017

PSD95 is an abundant postsynaptic scaffold protein in glutamatergic synapses that assembles into supercomplexes composed of over 80 proteins including neurotransmitter receptors, ion channels and adhesion proteins. How these diverse constituents are organized into PSD95 supercomplexes in vivo is poorly understood. Here, we dissected the supercomplexes in mice combining endogenous gene‐tagging, targeted mutations and quantitative biochemical assays. Generating compound heterozygous mice with two different gene‐tags, one on each Psd95 allele, showed that each ~1.5 MDa PSD95‐containing supercomplex contains on average two PSD95 molecules. Gene‐tagging the endogenous GluN1 and PSD95 with identical Flag tags revealed N‐methyl D‐aspartic acid receptors (NMDARs) containing supercomplexes that represent only 3% of the total population of PSD95 supercomplexes, suggesting there are many other subtypes. To determine whether this extended population of different PSD95 supercomplexes use genetically defined mechanisms to specify their assembly, we tested the effect of five targeted mouse mutations on the assembly of known PSD95 interactors, Kir2.3, Arc, IQsec2/BRAG1 and Adam22. Unexpectedly, some mutations were highly selective, whereas others caused widespread disruption, indicating that PSD95 interacting proteins are organized hierarchically into distinct subfamilies of ~1.5 MDa supercomplexes, including a subpopulation of Kir2.3‐NMDAR ion channel‐channel supercomplexes. Kir2.3‐NMDAR ion channel‐channel supercomplexes were found to be anatomically restricted to particular brain regions. These data provide new insight into the mechanisms that govern the constituents of postsynaptic supercomplexes and the diversity of synapse types.

Read the Editorial Highlight for this article on page 500.

Cover Image for this issue: doi. 10.1111/jnc.13811.

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Effect of Thickness of Zirconia Ceramic on Its Masking Ability: An In Vitro Study
Authors: Tabatabaian Farhad , Dalirani Sara , Namdari Mahshid
Published: April 2017

Purpose

Color‐masking ability of zirconia ceramics as coping materials has not been clearly understood in zirconia‐based restorations. This in vitro study aimed to evaluate the effect of zirconia ceramic thickness on its masking ability, and to define a thickness cutoff for the tested ceramic.

Materials and Methods

Ninety zirconia disc specimens, in nine thickness groups including 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1, 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, 1.8, and 2 mm were fabricated. A white substrate and a black substrate were prepared. The disc specimens were placed onto the substrates for spectrophotometric measurements. A spectrophotometer measured L*, a*, and b* color attributes for the specimens. ΔE value was calculated to determine the color difference of specimens on the white and black substrate. Then the ΔE values were compared with an acceptable clinical threshold (ΔE = 5.5) and an ideal threshold (ΔE = 2.6). Welch test, Games‐Howell Post Hoc, one‐sample t‐test, and a regression analysis were performed (p < 0.05).

Results

The means of ΔE values for the thickness groups of 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1, 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, 1.8, and 2 mm were 13.0, 11.9, 9.7, 5.0, 4.2, 3.9, 2.2, 1.9, and 1.5, respectively. A significant difference was found in the ΔE value among the groups (p < 0.0001). An exponential relation was detected between the thickness and the ΔE by the regression analysis (∆E = 25.68e−1.45 (thickness)).

Conclusions

The masking ability increased as the zirconia ceramic thickness increased. The tested zirconia ceramic had an acceptable clinical masking ability with a minimum thickness of 1 mm, and an ideal masking ability with a minimum thickness of 1.6 mm.
Consistency stability of water thickened with maltodextrin, xanthan gum and potassium chloride
Authors: Alves Dauana Cássia , Alves Nattália Araujo , Dantas Roberto Oliveira
Published: April 2017

Thickened water used for hydration of patients with dysphagia and airway aspiration may change its consistency after preparation. The objective of this investigation was to evaluate the consistency stability of water thickened with maltodextrin, xanthan gum, and potassium chloride using the method developed by the International Dysphagia Diet Standardization Initiative (IDDSI). The IDDSI flow test consists of placing 10 ml of liquid inside a graduated syringe and measuring how much volume remains after a flow duration of 10 s. Pure and thickened water was tested with 1.2 g (nectar), 2.4 g (honey), and 3.6 g (pudding) of food thickener in 100 ml of water. Each consistency was measured at 8 a.m. ten times immediately after preparation, and hourly for 12 hr (from 8 a.m. to 8 p.m.), and every 24 hr for 96 hr, always at 8 a.m. With the thin liquid, nothing was left in the syringe at 10 s (zero), with the consistency nectar, the volume remaining was 5.43(0.64) ml (level 2, mildly thick), with the consistency of honey, 8.14(0.57) ml remained (level 3, moderately thick), and with the consistency pudding 9.48(0.07) ml (level 3, moderately thick). There was a small increase in consistency after 10 hr of the preparation. The consistency changed after 24 hr in preparations with mildly thick consistency (level 2) and after 48 hr with the moderately thick consistency (level 3). In conclusion, there was good stability of the thickened water at least during a 12‐hr period.

Practical applications

This investigation demonstrated that thickened water with 1.2, 2.4, and 3.6 g of thickener with maltodextrin, xanthan gum, and potassium chloride in 100 ml of water maintains its consistency for at least 12 hr. The consistency increases after 24 hr of preparation with 1.2 g of thickener, and 48 hr with 2.4 g of thickener. As thickened water is used for treatment of patients with dysphagia and air way aspiration of liquids, it is important to know how long the preparation maintains its consistency. It is practical to prepare the thickened water only once a day for patients use. Change in consistency with time may cause ingestion problems and does not agree with the prescription given by the group of professionals who is in charge to treat the patient. Deficiency in water ingestion causes dehydration and its consequences.
Pond drying cues and their effects on growth and metamorphosis in a fast developing amphibian
Authors: Székely D. , Denoël M. , Székely P. , Cogălniceanu D.
Published: April 2017

The hydroperiod of breeding habitats imposes a strong selection on amphibians and pond‐breeding species usually exhibit a high degree of plasticity in the duration of larval period. However, the potential for phenotypic plasticity in fast developing species was investigated only in a small number of anurans, and the specific response to environmental cues such as low water versus decreasing water level, as well as the effects of such cues on particular developmental stages, are even less understood. In this context, we investigated the plastic response to pond desiccation in a neotropical species (Ceratophrys stolzmanni) by raising tadpoles in three water level treatments: constant high, constant low, and decreasing. The growth rates were the highest reported for amphibian tadpoles (up to 0.3 g day−1) and the time to metamorphosis was short in all treatments, with the fastest developing tadpole metamorphosing in only 16 days after egg deposition. Individuals from the constant high water level treatment had a higher growth rate than those in the other two treatments, whereas decreasing and constant low water levels had similar effects on development, speeding up metamorphosis. In turn, this involved a cost as these tadpoles had a lower body size and mass at metamorphosis than the ones raised in constant high water levels. The final stages of metamorphosis, when tadpoles are the most vulnerable, were shorter in tadpoles exposed to a decreasing water level, allowing them to leave water quickly. Our experiment demonstrates that phenotypic plasticity is maintained even in environments devoid of permanent aquatic habitats. Ceratophryd tadpoles are able to shorten their developmental time when they perceive a risk of desiccation and react similarly to cues coming from the two unfavorable water conditions showing their adaptation to ephemeral and unpredictable breeding habitats.
Congruent population structure across paralogous and nonparalogous loci in Salish Sea chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta)
Authors: Waples R. K. , Seeb J. E. , Seeb L. W.
Published: April 2017

Whole‐genome duplications are major evolutionary events with a lasting impact on genome structure. Duplication events complicate genetic analyses as paralogous sequences are difficult to distinguish; consequently, paralogs are often excluded from studies. The effects of an ancient whole‐genome duplication (approximately 88 MYA) are still evident in salmonids through the persistence of numerous paralogous gene sequences and partial tetrasomic inheritance. We use restriction site‐associated DNA sequencing on 10 collections of chum salmon from the Salish Sea in the USA and Canada to investigate genetic diversity and population structure in both tetrasomic and rediploidized regions of the genome. We use a pedigree and high‐density linkage map to identify paralogous loci and to investigate genetic variation across the genome. By applying multivariate statistical methods, we show that it is possible to characterize paralogous loci and that they display similar patterns of population structure as the diploidized portion of the genome. We find genetic associations with the adaptively important trait of run‐timing in both sets of loci. By including paralogous loci in genome scans, we can observe evolutionary signals in genomic regions that have routinely been excluded from population genetic studies in other polyploid‐derived species.
Brachypodium distachyon as alternative model host system for the ergot fungus Claviceps purpurea
Authors: Kind Sabine , Schurack Selma , Hinsch Janine , Tudzynski Paul
Published: April 2017

To investigate its susceptibility to ergot infection, we inoculated Brachypodium distachyon with Claviceps purpurea and compared the infection symptoms with those on rye (Secale cereale). We showed that, after inoculation of Brachypodium with Claviceps, the same disease symptoms occurred in comparable temporal and spatial patterns to those on rye. The infection rate of Claviceps on this host was reduced compared with rye, but the disease could be surveyed by fungal genomic DNA quantification. Mutants of Claviceps which were virulence attenuated on rye were also affected on Brachypodium. We were able to show that pathogenesis‐related gene expression changed in a typical manner for biotrophic pathogen attack. Our results indicated that the Claviceps–Brachypodium interaction was dependent on salicylic acid, cytokinin and auxin. We consider Brachypodium to be a suitable and useful alternative host; the increased sensitivity compared with rye will be valuable for the identification of infection mechanisms. Future progess in understanding the Claviceps–plant interaction will be facilitated by the use of a well‐characterized model host system.
Age‐specific risk of renal graft loss from late acute rejection or non‐compliance in the adolescent and young adult period
Authors: Ritchie Angus G. , Clayton Philip A. , McDonald Stephen P. , Kennedy Sean E.
Published: April 2017

Aims

The aims of this study were to identify if an age‐specific high‐risk window for graft loss is present in Australia and New Zealand and identify the aetiology for such graft loss using the Australia and New Zealand Dialysis and Transplant Registry.

Methods

Retrospective cohort analysis of all renal transplants were performed in Australia and New Zealand during 1985–2010 in which the graft survived >3 months and the patient spent at least some time aged 10–30 years inclusive while the graft was functioning. Adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) for graft loss according to age, sex, race, cause of end‐stage kidney disease, transition, era of transplantation, donor type and human leucocyte antigen mismatch were calculated using an extended Cox proportional hazards model for graft loss from any cause and graft loss from late acute rejection (LAR) or non‐compliance.

Results

A total of 3289 grafts in 3048 recipients were included. A total of 757 grafts failed including 110 (15 %) from LAR or non‐compliance. Age was strongly associated with graft loss from LAR or non‐compliance (p < 0.001). Compared with age 10–12 years, the risk of graft loss from LAR or non‐compliance was significantly increased from 16–24 years, peaking at 19–21 years (aHR 11.3, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.5–84.3, p < 0.001). Indigenous race was associated with LAR or non‐compliance (aHR 3.5, 95% CI 2.1–5.6) whereas paediatric‐to‐adult transition with a functioning transplant was not (aHR 1.2, 95% CI 0.4–3.5, p = 0.68).

Conclusion

The high risk of graft loss during adolescence and young adulthood is primarily due to LAR or non‐compliance. The elevated risk continues well into the 20s and is independent of paediatric‐to‐adult transition.
N‐acetylcysteine versus ascorbic acid or N‐acetylcysteine plus ascorbic acid in preventing contrast‐induced nephropathy: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Feng Ye , Huang Xing , Li Lin , Chen Zhi
Published: April 2017

Aim

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of N‐acetylcysteine (NAC) versus ascorbic acid (VC) or NAC plus (+) VC on the prevention of contrast‐induced nephropathy (CIN) in patients undergoing contrast administration.

Methods

We searched databases including Medline, Embase and Cochrane Library up to Feb 22 (th), 2017. Pooled risk ratios (RRs) or weighted mean difference (WMD) with their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using fixed‐effects model or random‐effects model when appropriate. All analyses were performed using the Review Manager 5.2.

Results

A totalof six randomized controlled trials including 919 patients (478 cases received NAC administration and 441 cases received VC or NAC + VC administration) were considered in the meta‐analysis. Results showed that there was no significant difference in preventing CIN between NAC and NAC + VC administration as well as between NAC and VC administration. In addition, significant difference was found in serum creatinine level between NAC and VC or NAC + VC administration (WMD = −0.31, 95% CI: ‐0.48 to −0.14, P = 0.0003) as well as NAC and VC administration (WMD = −0.05, 95% CI: –0.08 to −0.02, P = 0.002). Besides, NAC and NAC + VC administration also has significant difference (WMD = −0.72, 95% CI: –1.33 to −0.11, P = 0.02).

Conclusion

In conclusion, the prevention effect of NAC administration and VC or NAC + VC administration on CIN was similar in patients undergoing contrast administration. But NAC administration was associated with a significantly lower serum creatinine levels compared to VC and NAC + VC administration.
Impact of bradycardia or asystole on neonatal cardiopulmonary resuscitation at birth
Authors: Kumar Vasantha HS , Skrobacz Annie , Ma Changxing
Published: April 2017

Background

Fetal hypoxia from intrapartum events can lead to absent heart rate (HR) or bradycardia at birth requiring aggressive neonatal resuscitation. Neonatal resuscitation guidelines do not differentiate bradycardia (HR <100 beats/min) from absent HR at birth. Given that HR is the primary determinant of resuscitation, we hypothesize that infants with no HR at 1 min would require more extensive resuscitation with worse clinical outcome than infants with bradycardia at 1 min.

Methods

A retrospective analysis was performed in infants born between 1 January 2000 and 31 December 2015 with no HR at 1 min (defined as Apgar score [AS] = 0 at 1 min; absent HR [AHR] group) or bradycardia at 1 min (AS = 1 at 1 min). Patient demographics, resuscitation characteristics and clinical outcomes were analyzed in both the groups.

Results

Apgar score was significantly lower in the AHR group over time. The AHR group had significantly higher rates of intubation, chest compression (CC) and i.v. epinephrine (i.v. epi); resulting in longer duration of CC, time to HR > 100 beats/min and duration of resuscitation. Systematic hypotension and death were higher in the AHR group. On logistic regression, CC and cord pH were significantly correlated with AS = 0 at 1 min. Gestational age, birthweight, AS at 5 min, cord pH and first blood gas pH after resuscitation were related to overall mortality.

Conclusions

Infants with AHR at 1 min did worse than infants with bradycardia. Education focused on effective positive pressure ventilation and early use of i.v. epinephrine is essential for successful resuscitation of the depressed newborn.
Efficacy and safety of oral propranolol for infantile hemangioma in Japan
Authors: Kaneko Tsuyoshi , Sasaki Satoru , Baba Naoko , Koh Katsuyoshi , Matsui Kiyoshi , Ohjimi Hiroyuki , Hayashi Nobukazu , Nakano Atsuko , Ohki Kentaro , Kuwano Yoshihiro , Morimoto Akira , Tamaki Zenshiro , Kakazu Mariko , Kishi Kazuo , Oyama Tomoki , Sato Atsushi , Kato Rumiko , Higuchi Takeshi
Published: April 2017

Background

There have been few reports on the efficacy and safety of oral propranolol at 3 mg/kg/day for infantile hemangioma (IH) in Japanese patients.

Methods

A multicenter, open‐label phase III study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of oral propranolol solution in Japanese infants aged 35–150 days with proliferating IH. Thirty‐two patients were enrolled in the study, received propranolol solution for 24 weeks at 3 mg/kg/day, and completed the study.

Results

The success rate (complete or nearly complete resolution) at week 24 (primary endpoint) was 78% (95%CI: 60–91%). The improvement rate since the previous visit was 100% (32/32) after week 5. Overall, the IH surface area, maximum diameter, and color intensity all decreased over time. Consistency in assessment between the centralized and the investigator on‐site assessments was observed in 26 patients. Of the 32 patients, 11 needed further treatment other than the study drug. The incidence of adverse events (AE) and drug‐related AE was 97% and 31%, respectively. AE that occurred in ≥two patients were either typical of propranolol use (such as blood pressure decrease) or common events in infants. AE that resulted in dose reduction were observed in two patients, but no serious AE or AE that led to study drug discontinuation were observed.

Conclusion

Oral propranolol solution at 3 mg/kg/day is effective and safe in Japanese IH patients.
Kidney transplant after hematopoietic cell transplant in pediatrics: Infectious and immunosuppressive considerations
Authors: Ebens Christen L. , Smith Angela R. , Verghese Priya S.
Published: April 2017

Pediatric patients requiring kidney transplant after hematopoietic cell transplant receive multiple courses of immunosuppression placing them at risk for infection. To elucidate potential risk factors for infection, we compared the immunosuppressive regimens and infectious complications of pediatric kidney transplant recipients at a single institution who had previously undergone hematopoietic cell transplant from different donors to similar patients reported in the literature. Among the initial four post‐hematopoietic cell transplant kidney transplant patients reviewed, viremia episodes were universal, including BK virus, Epstein‐Barr virus, and human herpesvirus‐6, with one death from presumed BK virus encephalitis. No viremia was reported in five similar cases in the literature. Risk factors for increased infection include use of lymphodepleting serotherapy in HCT conditioning, multiple HCTs, limited immune reconstitution time between transplants, increased pre‐KTx viral burden, and use of T‐cell‐depleting versus ‐suppressive induction immunosuppression for KTx. These findings suggest that pediatric post‐HCT KTx recipients are at increased risk for viral infections, likely benefitting from thorough pre‐KTx evaluation of immune reconstitution and preferential use of non‐T‐cell‐depleting induction therapy for KTx. We applied these recommendations to one subsequent post‐HCT patient requiring KTx at our institution with excellent outcomes one year post‐KTx.
Elevated cerebrospinal fluid tumour necrosis factor is associated with acute and long‐term neurocognitive impairment in cerebral malaria
Authors: Shabani E. , Ouma B. J. , Idro R. , Bangirana P. , Opoka R. O. , Park G. S. , Conroy A. L. , John C. C.
Published: April 2017

Systemic tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) may contribute to the pathogenesis of cerebral malaria (CM) by promoting endothelial activation and parasite sequestration. However, less is known about the role of central nervous system (CNS) TNF‐α in CM. We assessed plasma (n=249) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) (n=167) TNF‐α levels in Ugandan children with CM, plasma TNF‐α in Ugandan community control children (n=198) and CSF TNF‐α in North American control children who had recovered from leukaemia (n=13). Plasma and CSF TNF‐α were measured by magnetic bead assay. We compared plasma and CSF TNF‐α levels in children with CM to mortality, acute and chronic neurologic deficits and long‐term neurocognitive impairment. Plasma and CSF TNF‐α levels were higher in CM than control children (P<.0001 for both). CSF TNF‐α levels were higher in children who had neurologic deficits at discharge or 6‐month follow‐up (P≤.05 for both). Elevated CSF but not plasma TNF‐α was associated with longer coma duration (Spearman's rho .18, P=.02) and deficits in overall cognition in children 5 years and older (β coefficient −.74, 95% CI −1.35 to −0.13, P=.02). The study findings suggest that CNS TNF‐α may be involved in the development of acute and chronic neurologic and cognitive sequelae in children with CM.
Description of 15 DNA‐positive and antibody‐negative “window‐period” blood donations identified during prospective screening for Babesia microti
Authors: Moritz Erin D. , Tonnetti Laura , Hewins Mary Ellen , Berardi Victor P. , Dodd Roger Y. , Stramer Susan L.
Published: April 2017

BACKGROUND

Blood donation screening detecting only antibodies fails to identify donors in the earliest stage of infection, before a detectable immunologic response, that is, the “window period” (WP). We present data on WP donations identified during prospective screening for Babesia microti, a transfusion‐transmissible parasite of increasing concern in the United States.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

Blood donations collected in Connecticut, Massachusetts, Minnesota, and Wisconsin were screened using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and arrayed fluorescence immunoassay (AFIA) to detect B. microti DNA and antibodies, respectively. Parasite loads were estimated using quantitative PCR. Red blood cell (RBC) samples were inoculated into hamsters to assess infectivity. Donors screening reactive were indefinitely deferred, tested by supplemental methods, and followed to assess DNA and antibody clearance. Demographic data from WP donors (i.e., those screening PCR positive and AFIA negative) were compared to data from other positive donors.

RESULTS

Of 220,479 donations screened from June 2012 to August 2016, a total of 700 were positive, of which 15 (2% of positive donations or 1 per 14,699 screened donations) were confirmed WP donations. The median estimated parasite load in WP donations was 350 parasites/mL, no different than AFIA‐positive and PCR‐positive donors. Parasite loads in RBC samples from WP units ranged from 14 to 11,022 parasites/mL; RBC samples from three of 10 (30%) WP donations infected hamsters. The mean age of WP donors was 48 years (range, 17‐75 years); three (20%) were female. WP donor demographics did not differ significantly from demographics of other donors.

CONCLUSIONS

We report one per 15,000 B. microti WP infections in blood donors in endemic areas, demonstrating the importance of nucleic acid testing to mitigate the risk of transfusion‐transmitted babesiosis.
Seroprevalence of hepatitis E virus among blood donors in Qatar (2013‐2016)
Authors: Nasrallah Gheyath K. , Al Absi Enas S. , Ghandour Rula , Ali Nadima H. , Taleb Sara , Hedaya Laila , Ali Fatima , Huwaidy Mariam , Husseini Abdullatif
Published: April 2017

BACKGROUND

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an RNA virus transmitted mainly through zoonotic transmission or fecal–oral route. More than 80% of Qatar's population are expatriates, including many coming from hyperendemic countries; thus, it is important to estimate the seroprevalence and to compare between different nationalities. The results can be useful in alerting blood banks to the importance of HEV screening.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

Samples from 5854 blood donations provided by Hamad Medical Corporation were tested in the period between June 2013 to June 2016. Samples were tested for the presence of anti‐HEV immunoglobulin (Ig)G and IgM antibodies and viral RNA using real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Descriptive statistics, bivariate analysis, and multivariate logistic regression were used.

RESULTS

Anti‐HEV seroprevalence was 20.7%. A total of 1198 and 38 donations tested positive for IgG and IgM antibodies, respectively. Of the IgM‐positive donations four tested positive by PCR. A significant association was detected between HEV seroprevalence with age and nationality.

CONCLUSION

The seroprevalence of anti‐HEV was high in Qatar. Since HEV IgM and RNA were detected, this suggests the possibility of HEV transmission by transfusion. Blood banks in Qatar and the region should consider screening for HEV, especially when transfusion is intended to pregnant women or immunocompromised patients.
Temporary impact of blood donation on physical performance and hematologic variables in women
Authors: Stangerup Ida , Kramp Nana L. , Ziegler Andreas K. , Dela Flemming , Magnussen Karin , Helge Jørn Wulff
Published: April 2017

BACKGROUND

No former studies have examined how blood donation influences physical performance in women, who due to menstruation may have a slower recovery of performance. Therefore, the aim of this study was to clarify how VO2peak, time trial (TT) performance, and hematologic variables are affected in 18 iron‐sufficient (plasma ferritin [P‐ferritin] > 30 µg/L) women after a standard 450‐mL blood donation.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

VO2peak, TT performance, and blood variables were measured at baseline and 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after blood donation in 18 iron‐sufficient women. Anthropometrics were measured at baseline and Day 28.

RESULTS

VO2peak was reduced by 7.5 ± 1.1% from 2973 ± 87 mL/min at baseline to 2765 ± 73 mL/min 3 days after blood donation and remained below baseline until 28 days. The TT performance was reduced by 5.2 ± 1.0% from baseline (868 ± 31 sec) to Day 3 (915 ± 29 sec), but was not different from baseline 14 days after blood donation. Blood hemoglobin (B‐Hb) concentration declined by 7.6 ± 2.1% from 8.4 ± 0.1 to 7.8 ± 0.1 mmol/L at baseline and on Day 3, respectively. P‐ferritin at baseline was 58 ± 7 µg/L and it decreased (55 ± 3%) to a nadir of 24 ± 3 µg/L 28 days after blood donation and remained lower at 36 ± 4 µg/L after 90 days.

CONCLUSION

VO2peak and B‐Hb were only recovered 28 days after a blood donation whereas TT performance was back to baseline 14 days after blood donation.
Preparation and Distribution Analysis of Thermal Barrier Coatings Deposited on Multiple Vanes by Plasma Spray-Physical Vapor Deposition Technology
Authors: Mao J. , Liu M. , Deng C. G. , Deng C. M. , Zhou K. S. , Deng Z. Q.
Published: April 2017

The multicomponent NiCoCrAlTaY coating as bond layer as well as the zirconia stabilized by yttrium oxide (YSZ) coating as top ceramic layer was deposited on duplex vane surface by plasma spray-physical vapor deposition (PS-PVD) system. The thickness and microstructure of thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) under the influence of duplex vane geometry were presented in this article. It has been proven that the entire surface of duplex vane was covered by NiCoCrAlTaY and YSZ coatings. The position with thickest coating was found close to the leading edge and trailing edge of the vane. In those places, the coating was approximately 80–100% thicker than in the other areas on duplex vane. The obtained results indicate that it is possible to manufacture the TBCs including metallic bond layer and top ceramic layer by PS-PVD process on multiple vanes for gas turbines.
Application of Houston's Method to the Calculation of the Direction-Dependent Thermal Conductivity in Finite Crystals at Low Temperatures
Authors: Kazan M.
Published: April 2017

This paper presents significant advances in the analytical calculation of the low-temperature lattice thermal conductivity in finite crystals. It shows that an accurate prediction of the direction-dependent lattice thermal conductivity can be obtained at low temperatures when Houston's method is used to account for the anisotropy of the Brillouin zone in the calculation of the phonon spectrum. It also provides an approach to predict from a spatial-dependent Boltzmann equation the rate at which phonons are scattered by the sample boundary in the presence of intrinsic scattering mechanisms, which is crucial for the calculation of the lattice thermal conductivity in finite crystals.
Binary agonist surface patterns prime platelets for downstream adhesion in flowing whole blood
Authors: Eichinger Colin D. , Hlady Vladimir
Published: April 2017

As platelets encounter damaged vessels or biomaterials, they interact with a complex milieu of surface-bound agonists, from exposed subendothelium to adsorbed plasma proteins. It has been shown that an upstream, surface-immobilized agonist is capable of priming platelets for enhanced adhesion downstream. In this study, binary agonists were integrated into the upstream position of flow cells and the platelet priming response was measured by downstream adhesion in flowing whole blood. A nonadditive response was observed in which platelets transiently exposed to two agonists exhibited greater activation and downstream adhesion than that from the sum of either agonist alone. Antibody blocking of one of the two upstream agonists eliminated nonadditive activation and downstream adhesion. Crosstalk between platelet activation pathways likely led to a synergistic effect which created an enhanced activation response in the platelet population. The existence of synergy between platelet priming pathways is a concept that has broad implications for the field of biomaterials hemocompatibility and platelet activity testing.
High performance flexible copper indium gallium selenide core–shell nanorod array photodetectors
Authors: Badradeen Emad , Brozak Matthew , Keles Filiz , Al-Mayalee Khalidah , Karabacak Tansel
Published: April 2017

In this study, the authors fabricated high performance core–shell nanostructured flexible photodetectors on a polyimide substrate of Kapton. For this purpose, p-type copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) nanorod arrays (core) were coated with aluminum doped zinc oxide (AZO) films (shell) at relatively high Ar gas pressures. CIGS nanorods were prepared by glancing angle deposition (GLAD) technique using radio frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering unit at room temperature. AZO films were deposited by RF sputtering at Ar pressures of 1.0×10−2 mbar (high pressure sputtering) for the shell and at 3.0×10−3 mbar (low pressure sputtering) to create a top contact. As a comparison, the authors also fabricated conventional planar thin film devices incorporating CIGS film of similar material loading to that of CIGS nanorods. The morphological characterization was carried out by field-emission scanning electron microscope. The photocurrent measurement was conducted under 1.5 AM sun at zero electrical biasing, where CIGS devices were observed to absorb in the ultraviolet-visible-near infrared spectrum. GLAD core–shell nanorod photodetectors were shown to demonstrate enhanced photoresponse with an average photocurrent density values of 4.4, 3.2, 2.5, 3.0, and 2.5 μA/cm2 for bending angles of 0°, 20°, 40°, 60°, and 80°, respectively. These results are significantly higher than the photocurrent of most of the flexible photodetectors reported in the literature. Moreover, our nanorod devices recovered their photoresponse after several bending experiments that indicate their enhanced mechanical durability. On the other hand, thin film devices did not show any notable photoresponse. Improved photocurrent of CIGS nanorod devices is believed to be due to their enhanced light trapping property and the reduced interelectrode distance because of the core–shell structure, which allows the efficient capture of the photo-generated carriers. In addition, enhanced mechanical durability is achieved by the GLAD nanorod microstructure on a flexible substrate. This approach can open a new strategy to boost the performance of flexible photodetectors and wearable electronics.
Characterization of PECVD a-C:H:Si:O:Cl films
Authors: Rossi Diego , Landers Richard , Bortoleto José R. R. , Durrant Steven F.
Published: April 2017

Thin films were produced by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition of tetramethylsilane, chloroform, and argon mixtures. The partial pressure of chloroform in the chamber feed, CCl, was varied from 0% to 40%. Amorphous hydrogenated carbon films also containing silicon, oxygen, and small amounts of chlorine, a-C:H:Si:O:Cl, were produced at deposition rates of up to about 220 nm min−1 (for a CCl of 40%). Transmission infrared analyses revealed the presence of OH groups in chlorinated films, along with, among others, CH, C=C, Si-CH, Si-CH2, and Si-O-Si groups. As revealed by energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, the films could be doped with chlorine to a maximum of about 3 at. %. Surface morphology and roughness were examined using scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. Tauc band gaps, calculated from transmission ultraviolet–visible near infrared spectra, tend to decrease from ∼3.4 eV for unchlorinated films to around 2.5 eV for those doped with chlorine.
A Generative Synthesis for Kinesiology: Lessons from History and Visions for the Future
Authors: Lawson Hal A. , Kretchmar R. Scott
Published: April 2017

Debates-as-battles have characterized the histories of physical education and kinesiology. This colorful part of the field’s history was characterized by leaders’ narrow, rigid views, and it paved the way for divisiveness, excessive specialization, and fragmentation. Today’s challenge is to seek common purpose via stewardship-oriented dialogue, and it requires a return to first order questions regarding purposes, ethics, values, moral imperatives, and social responsibilities. These questions are especially timely insofar as kinesiology risks running on a kind of automatic pilot, seemingly driven by faculty self-interests and buffered from consequential changes in university environments and societal contexts. A revisionist history of kinesiology’s origins and development suggests that it can be refashioned as a helping discipline, one that combines rigor, relevance, and altruism. It gives rise to generative questions regarding what a 21st century discipline prioritizes and does, and it opens opportunity pathways for crossing boundaries and bridging divides. Three sets of conclusions illuminate unrealized possibilities for a vibrant, holistic kinesiology—a renewed discipline that is fit for purpose in 21st century contexts.
Bulk layered heterojunction as an efficient electrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution
Authors: Bae Changdeuck , Ho Thi Anh , Kim Hyunchul , Lee Seonhee , Lim Seulky , Kim Myungjun , Yoo Hyunjun , Montero-Moreno Josep M. , Park Jong Hyeok , Shin Hyunjung
Published: April 2017

A composite chalcogenide with bulk layered heterojunctions exhibits an excellent catalytic activity for hydrogen production.
Complete Genome Sequence of the Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid-Producing Strain Streptococcus thermophilus APC151
Authors: Linares Daniel M. , Arboleya Silvia , Ross R. Paul , Stanton Catherine
Published: April 2017

Here is presented the whole-genome sequence of
Streptococcus thermophilus
APC151, isolated from a marine fish. This bacterium produces gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in high yields and is biotechnologically suitable to produce naturally GABA-enriched biofunctional yogurt. Its complete genome comprises 2,097 genes and 1,839,134 nucleotides, with an average G+C content of 39.1%.
Draft Genome Sequence of the Uropathogenic Herbaspirillum frisingense Strain
ureolyticus
VT-16-41
Authors: Tetz Victor , Tetz George
Published: April 2017

Herbaspirillum frisingense
strain
ureolyticus
VT-16-41 is a clinical cystitis isolate. Here, we report the draft genome sequence of the uropathogenic
H. frisingense
strain
ureolyticus
VT-16-41, which contains various antibiotic resistance genes and virulence factors that enable it to colonize and persist in the urinary tract.