bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Theory of Vital Energy According to Well-Known Modern Armenian Writer
Authors: DOLUKHANYAN Aelita
Published: June 2017

Among all nations representing ancient civilizations, beginning with antic times wise thinkers have examined issues of interrelations between life and death, macrocosm and microcosm, soul and body, and not only from the viewpoint of their own person, but also their nation and even the entire humanity. Razmik Davoyan has created his own theory, having practical significance, which has a unique goal, i.e. to help the modern human being not only in Armenia, but all over the world to solve more easily difficulties of human life and to make the real life more beautiful by correct use of the vital energy.
¿Compromiso o conocimiento?
Authors: Estrada Saavedra Marcos
Published: June 2017

En este artículo me ocupo de las complejas y ambiguas relaciones entre el compromiso ético y político y la generación de conocimiento en las ciencias sociales, respondiendo a la pregunta de si existe una ética que deban asumir los científicos sociales en sus tareas de investigación. Planteo que la ciencia y la política son ámbitos de actividades humanas con lógicas y fines distintos. En consecuencia, el conocimiento científico debe evaluarse, teórica, metodológica y científicamente en términos de su producción de conocimiento. Cualquier otro fin más allá de éste ha de considerarse secundario, aunque no irrelevante. En cambio, la política se ocupa de la convivencia en un mundo compartido y plural y sólo es posible en términos de generación de poder. El científico que actúa políticamente es un ciudadano más en el espacio público y sus intervenciones en éste han de ser consideradas de acuerdo a los criterios propios del mundo político.
Perros asesinos y matanzas de perros en la ciudad de México (siglos XXI-XVIII)
Authors: Exbalin Oberto Arnaud
Published: June 2017

A partir del caso de las víctimas muertas por mordidas de perro en Iztapalapa (Distrito Federal, México) a principios del año de 2013, se intenta repensar la relación entre el humano y los perros en contraste con lo acontecido en la ciudad de México a fines del gobierno español durante los últimos años del siglo XVIII. El ejercicio de contrapunteo sirve para poner sobre la mesa elementos para el debate.
La interpretación del mito en La filosofía náhuatl estudiada en sus fuentes, 1956-2006
Authors: González Díaz Cruz Alberto
Published: June 2017

Este artículo, a través de algunos elementos del análisis historiográfico, aborda la interpretación del mito relativa al origen de los dioses, el cosmos y el hombre realizada por Miguel León-Portilla en las ediciones mexicanas de La filosofía náhuatl estudiada en sus fuentes –publicadas entre 1956 y 2006– donde esta interpretación experimentó cambios o añadió elementos para su reflexión. Se intenta dilucidar el estilo historiográfico utilizado en las diferentes vertientes interpretativas antes enunciadas, a través de la asunción del giro historiográfico pergeñado por Alfonso Mendiola y la teoría tropológica de Hayden White.
“El primer fruto de las libertades conquistadas”. Catolicismo social y aprendizaje político en tiempos de revolución, Zamora (1909-1913)
Authors: Herrera González Patricio
Published: June 2017

Este artículo identifica la intervención –discurso-acción– de los católicos sociales hacia los obreros y campesinos en Zamora de Hidalgo, Michoacán, en- tre 1909-1913. La presencia del obispo José Othón Núñez, en la diócesis, y el activismo político de sacerdotes y laicos, inspiró a muchos católicos para movilizar sus energías en la constitución de numerosas organizaciones católicas que se ocuparon de los problemas que aquejaban a los trabajadores. Pero también fue una oportunidad de la Iglesia, jerarquía y base social, para competir abiertamente en el espacio público, durante la revolución maderista, y legitimar su existencia en la sociedad civil.
Códice Techialoyan de San Francisco Xonacatlán (Estado de México), estudio de Raymundo César Martínez García, México, Gobierno del Estado de México, El Colegio Mexiquense, 2007, 182 p., ilustraciones y mapas.
Authors: Roskamp Hans
Published: June 2017

Desde la década de 1990, el Colegio Mexiquense se ha dado a la tarea de publicar documentos pictográficos que proceden de pueblos que en la actualidad pertenecen al Estado de México. Este proyecto ambicioso, liderado por el reconocido especialista Xavier Noguez, ha producido excelentes resultados en forma de la edición de varios manuscritos de los siglos XVI al XVIII, incorporando no solamente estudios meticulosos de sus contenidos sino también muy buenas reproducciones a color.
La última voluntad del cura del Real de Sombrerete en 1818
Authors: Arenas Hernández Tomás Dimas
Published: June 2017

En el universo del poder notarial, los testamentos ocupan un lugar muy importante, pues junto con las cartas dotales, imposiciones crediticias, contratos de compraventas y cartas poder, todos esos instrumentos ilustran sobre la capacidad económica de las personas, el patrimonio reunido por ellas, así como las relaciones que llevaban con otra gente de lugares cercanos y, a veces, muy distantes; pero sobre todo, nos permiten advertir sobre las formas de pensar y actuar de la sociedad de determinado tiempo.
Trabajo y justicia social: más allá de las fronteras
Authors: Gayol Víctor
Published: June 2017

El periodo de entreguerras de la primera mitad del siglo XX fue, posiblemente, el momento en el que el movimiento obrero internacional tuvo la mejor oportunidad para incidir en la conformación de una política laboral justa garantizada no solamente por las acciones de las organizaciones de trabajadores, sino también por el compromiso de gobiernos y empresarios alrededor del mundo.
El trabajo en el debate panamericano (1923-1936)
Authors: Yáñez Andrade Juan Carlos
Published: June 2017

El presente artículo aborda el proyecto presentado por la delegación mexicana a la Conferencia Panamericana de 1933 de creación de un Instituto Interamericano del Trabajo. Se analiza el panamericanismo y las instancias que ofreció para el análisis de los problemas sociales y laborales desde una perspectiva continental, especialmente desde la Conferencia Panamericana de 1923. Al encuentro de las posiciones que la Organización Internacional del Trabajo (OIT) había ganado en la región, el artículo se plantea la posibilidad que entrega un capítulo desconocido de la historia laboral de los años treinta para repensar el Estado de Bienestar latinoamericano.
Misiva de Martín Lutero sobre el arte de traducir
Authors: Pérez Martínez Heron
Published: June 2017

Este corto escrito de Lutero es conocido en el mundo de la teoría de la traducción con el título de “Carta del traductor”. En alemán fue conocida familiarmente por su nombre corto: Sendbrief vom Dolmetschen. Es uno de los documentos más importantes para la historia occidental de la teoría de la traducción junto con la matriz teórica tradicional que se hace arrancar de Cicerón sobre la traducción donde se enfrentan dos maneras de traducir: la traducción literal y la traducción según el sentido del texto.
Almacenamiento centralizado y comercio multicéntrico en México-Tenochtitlan
Authors: Rovira Morgado Rossend
Published: June 2017

México-Tenochtitlan se valió de diferentes instituciones económicas y administrativas con el fin de abastecer, con un abundante flujo de bienes y servicios, a una población residente superior a los 200,000 individuos. El presente artículo aporta datos arqueológicos y etnohistóricos substanciales para reconstruir el sistema de almacenaje a escala supradoméstica o estatal y de mercados multicéntricos en el seno de esta ciudad mesoamericana.
La construcción de la tecnocracia en León y su proyecto inacabado de participación social
Authors: Téllez Valencia Carlos
Published: June 2017

El presente trabajo explora el proceso de construcción de la tecnocracia en el gobierno de León, así como los instrumentos y vínculos establecidos con los ciudadanos leoneses para que participen en las distintos tareas de la administración pública. Junto con esto, la intención es enriquecer el conocimiento que se tiene acerca de la administración pública de los municipios del país, y sobre los aportes que los actores locales no gubernamentales ejercen en la gestión pública.
Hugo Ernesto Ibarra Ortiz, Trama y urdimbre de una tradición. Los sarapes de Guadalupe, Zacatecas, Zamora, El Colegio de Michoacán, 2010, 384 p.
Authors: Terán Fuentes Mariana
Published: June 2017

Trama y urdimbre de una tradición hace su propio tejido reuniendo hilos de distintas tradiciones para explicar la importancia que a lo largo de más de dos siglos han representado los artesanos textiles en Guadalupe, Zacatecas. Los motivos del autor: pensar las tradiciones desde la historia, conversar con su entorno comunitario, reconocer desde la mirada académica la labor de los artesanos zacatecanos, imaginar la cultura como tramas y urdimbres que producen significados y que así producen al hombre que está, como lo propone el antropólogo norteamericano Clifford Geertz, inserto en esas tramas.
Alexandra Novosseloff y Frank Neisse, Muros entre los hombres, México, El Colegio de la Frontera Norte, Red Alma Mater, 2011, 240 p.
Authors: González Velázquez Eduardo
Published: June 2017

Miles de familias rotas; tejidos sociales desgajados; montones de sueños truncos y divididos; millones de historias fragmentadas; incontables sociedades separadas; persistente desconfianza hacia el vecino; constante adjetivación del diferente; y millones de dólares enviados al fondo de la sospecha y el miedo por la “peligrosa” e inevitable cercanía vecinal, se transmutan en la materia prima necesaria para integrar el libro de Alexandra Novosseloff y Frank Neisse intitulado Muros entre los hombres, con prólogo de César Gaviria y prefacio de Mario Ojeda Gómez, publicado en español (la versión original está en francés) a principios de 2011 por El Colegio de la Frontera Norte y Red Alma Mater.
Actores políticos e intereses en juego durante las guerras civiles del periodo federal colombiano (Santander, 1860 - 1890)
Authors: Ariza Ariza Nectalí
Published: June 2017

En este artículo se hace una revisión general de hechos acaecidos durante las guerras civiles en Santander en el periodo federal (1860, 1876, 1885), y se identifican líderes cuyos apellidos figuraron, tanto en las batallas como en otros escenarios decisorios de la política durante las confrontaciones. Se indaga por sus intereses y se reseñan prácticas, de orden legítimo, como algunas trasgresoras y violentas. Metodológicamente, se consultaron noticias oficiales del gobierno central y del Estado de Santander, notas de prensa, correspondencia y memorias. El artículo insiste en una vía de investigación a partir de los actores políticos regionales y locales, para conocer su capacidad de agencia y profundizar en el conocimiento de la vida política de la segunda mitad del siglo XIX.
El Teatro Bolívar y otros espacios para las representaciones escénicas en Medellín, 1850-1950
Authors: Correa Serna Nancy Yohana
Published: June 2017

Durante la primera mitad del siglo XX, el Teatro Bolívar fue el principal escenario para las representaciones teatrales, de ópera, de zarzuela y de otras actividades artísticas en Medellín. Pese a su importancia en el universo sociocultural de la ciudad, los historiadores de las artes escénicas, por lo regular, refieren del escenario algunos datos puntuales, proporcionados por los cronistas de la época, y presentan información fragmentaria sobre las condiciones del recinto, el aforo y otros aspectos relacionados con las compañías que allí trabajaron. Este artículo tiene como propósito ampliar el conocimiento sobre las transformaciones de este escenario, desde la inauguración del primer Coliseo de la ciudad hasta su demolición y la posterior construcción del Teatro Bolívar en el mismo lugar. Además, se tendrán en cuenta otros espacios dispuestos para las representaciones escénicas en Medellín, al describir la aparición, la transformación y la trascendencia que alcanzaron dichos escenarios en el acontecer cultural local, del cual fueron testigos y protagonistas.
Mauro Vega Bendezú, Discursos sobre “raza” y nación en Colombia, 1880-1930
Authors: Arce Escobar Viviana
Published: June 2017

Reseña del libro "Discursos sobre “raza” y nación en Colombia, 1880-1930" de Mauro Vega Bendezú
Formas sociales organizativas en los palenques de las Sierras de María. Siglo XVII
Authors: Navarrete María Cristina
Published: June 2017

Aun cuando los documentos de archivo no ofrecen información suficiente para estudiar en profundidad la historia y la vida de los palenques ─refugios clandestinos de esclavizados(as) fugitivos─, es importante intentar reconstruir cómo los cimarrones vivieron sus relaciones sociales y las formas organizativas que crearon para la convivencia. El artículo analiza los roles de mujeres y hombres, las familias, los liderazgos, las pautas de comportamiento y los dramas sociales de los habitantes de los palenques en las Sierras de María, provincia de Cartagena de Indias en el siglo XVII. El Caribe neogranadino se caracterizó durante este siglo por la existencia de muchos palenques que pusieron en jaque la institucionalidad y llenaron de temor a los vecinos de ciudades, villas y haciendas. Los diversos palenques del Caribe tuvieron formas particulares de organización dependientes del origen de sus pobladores, de su tiempo de permanencia en el Nuevo Mundo, de su esclavización urbana o rural y del contacto con los europeos y criollos de América. El análisis histórico se realiza con base en fuentes primarias procedentes del Archivo General de Indias en Sevilla y del Nacional de Madrid, especialmente.
Las familias esclavas en Pamplona y San Gil (Nuevo Reino de Granada), 1700-1779
Authors: Carreño Robinson Salazar
Published: June 2017

El artículo busca hacer una aproximación al perfil de las familias esclavas en Pamplona y San Gil (Nuevo Reino de Granada) entre 1700 y 1779, a partir de fuentes notariales. Los protocolos de escribanos permiten identificar a los cautivos que tenían algún vínculo familiar y hacer una tipología de la familia esclava. Me interesa analizar la composición y los diversos tipos de grupos familiares, así como establecer los factores que influyeron en la estructuración de la familia. La asociación de los patrones socioeconómicos regionales, la mulatización de los segmentos esclavos y el peso de la pequeña dotación esclavista perfilaron las particularidades de las familias esclavas en los dos escenarios investigados. El cuadro familiar se caracterizó por la proliferación de vínculos maritales poco duraderos, el reducido tamaño de las unidades domésticas y la jefatura femenina en la familia, haciendo de la esclava el centro del mundo familiar.
Lectura crítica de la historia de los cimarrones de Esmeraldas (Ecuador) durante los siglos XVI-XVIII
Authors: Castro Edizon León
Published: June 2017

En este artículo se intenta hacer una lectura crítica de la historia del cimarronaje en Esmeraldas, desde una perspectiva de la modernidad-colonialidad, visibilizando y poniendo en clave existencial historias subalternas o locales. Dentro de esta mirada crítica del cimarronaje, se trata de resaltar el agenciamiento para la construcción de una hegemonía territorial y política, las formas de resistencia como parte de un proyecto de vida. Uno de los elementos que se trabaja en esta relectura es romper con esa linealidad del tiempo tradicional, donde los hechos del pasado solo son una referencia para recordar. Es por eso que busca que esta narrativa sea un aprendizaje del pasado y, con ello, actualizar el agenciamiento político del cimarronaje, brindando elementos como la actitud cimarrona para ser, pensando desde las dinámicas sociales afroecuatorianas y afrodescendientes. Pensarse críticamente, en estos momentos, el cimarronaje como lucha y reparación, como forma de restituir y reafirmar su existencia, es una narrativa política que pretende aportar desde la historia del cimarronaje elementos para construir proyectos políticos decoloniales. Mostrar que aún la lucha por la libertad y la autonomía es válida en nuestros tiempos y, sobre todo, necesaria.
La constitución del pensamiento afroperuano. Un acercamiento a la formación intelectual y a la producción artística y ensayística de Nicomedes Santa Cruz (1958-1991)
Authors: Arboleda Quiñonez Santiago
Published: June 2017

Este trabajo es una aproximación a la reconstrucción del pensamiento político-cultural del poeta, investigador y artista afroperuano Nicomedes Santa Cruz Gamarra (1925-1992), expresado en su obra ensayística. Busca contribuir a la comprensión de los aportes realizados al pensamiento nacional peruano, en el campo de la valoración de la cultura tradicional afroperuana, desde la cual elaboró su posicionamiento intelectual; deconstruyendo y denunciando el racismo, al tiempo que trazando una política de transformación social, cultural y epistémica para estas poblaciones en aras de la construcción democrática de ciudadanías igualitarias en el Perú. El propósito central es explicar la articulación compleja entre los sentidos de raza, racismo, ciudadanía y nación, como claves de dicha política epistémica y de acción en el ejercicio de la emancipación, la liberación y la descolonización, esbozando sus conexiones y diálogos con la intelectualidad afroglobal y de la diáspora afroamericana, en el contexto socio-histórico de la segunda mitad del siglo XX.
El trabajador en relación de dependencia en el Ecuador
Authors: Carpio Raúl , Delgado Ma. Auxiliadora
Published: June 2017

El presente artículo busca determinar el comportamiento que existe entre la situación de laborar en relación de dependencia y los distintos grupos etarios de la población económicamente activa de las distintas provincias del Ecuador; analiza sus diferencias y desequilibrios dentro del espectro del mercado laboral; con esto se busca  identificar qué grupo objetivo necesita mayor enfoque o atención para así poder aplicar políticas nacionales que disminuyan este desequilibrio.Palabras Claves: Relación de dependencia, mercado laboral, población económicamente activa, desempleo, subempleo.AbstractThis article seeks to determine the behavior between the situation of working in dependent and different age groups of the economically active population of the various provinces of Ecuador, analyzing their differences and imbalances in the labor market spectrum, with this seeks to identify which target group needs more focus and attention in order to implement national policies that reduce this imbalance.
Contradicción y paradoja en el reporte de felicidad mundial, una mirada objetiva
Authors: Carpio Raúl
Published: June 2017

El presente trabajo, presenta un análisis que propone un modelo lineal inverso, mediante correlación simple. Se utilizan las variables, nivel de felicidad de un país, emitido en el Reporte de Felicidad Mundial, de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas, y la tasa de suicidios del país emitida por la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Este estudio, es un intento de probar la utilidad del mencionado ranking de felicidad y si se lo puede usar como un referente de la situación emocional de las naciones.AbstractThis work shows an analysis who proposes an inverse linear model by simple correlation. It uses the variables: country ranking of happiness; publish in the World Happiness Report of the United Nations, and the country suicide rate, published by the World Health Organization. This study tries to probe the usefulness of the happiness ranking, and if it´s a good reference about the emotional situation of the nations.
Determinants of success and sustainability of the WHO multimodal hand hygiene promotion campaign, Italy, 2007–2008 and 2014
Authors: Moro Maria Luisa , Morsillo Filomena , Nascetti Simona , Parenti Mita , Allegranzi Benedetta , Pompa Maria Grazia , Pittet Didier
Published: June 2017

A national hand hygiene promotion campaign based on the World Health Organization (WHO) multimodal, Clean Care is Safer Care campaign was launched in Italy in 2007. One hundred seventy-five hospitals from 14 of 20 Italian regions participated. Data were collected using methods and tools provided by the WHO campaign, translated into Italian. Hand hygiene compliance, ward infrastructure, and healthcare workers’ knowledge and perception of healthcare-associated infections and hand hygiene were evaluated before and after campaign implementation. Compliance data from the 65 hospitals returning complete data for all implementation tools were analysed using a multilevel approach. Overall, hand hygiene compliance increased in the 65 hospitals from 40% to 63% (absolute increase: 23%, 95% confidence interval: 22–24%). A wide variation in hand hygiene compliance among wards was observed; inter-ward variability significantly decreased after campaign implementation and the level of perception was the only item associated with this. Long-term sustainability in 48 of these 65 hospitals was assessed in 2014 using the WHO Hand Hygiene Self-Assessment Framework tool. Of the 48 hospitals, 44 scored in the advanced/intermediate categories of hand hygiene implementation progress. The median hand hygiene compliance achieved at the end of the 2007–2008 campaign appeared to be sustained in 2014.
Clinical and laboratory evidence of Haff disease – case series from an outbreak in Salvador, Brazil, December 2016 to April 2017
Authors: Bandeira Antonio C , Campos Gubio S , Ribeiro Guilherme S , Cardoso Cristiane W , Bastos Claudilson JC , Pessoa Tiago L , Araujo Karine A , Grassi Maria Fernanda R , Castro Alessandra P , Carvalho Rejane H , Prates Ana Paula P B , Gois Luana L , Rocha Veronica FD , Sardi Silvia I
Published: June 2017

We describe a series of 15 Haff disease cases from an outbreak in Salvador, Brazil, starting early December 2016. Eleven cases were grouped in four family clusters of two to four individuals, four were isolated cases. All but one patient consumed cooked fish; 11 within 24h before symptoms onset. Cases consumed ‘Olho de Boi’ (Seriola spp.) and ’Badejo’ (Mycteroperca spp.). A total of 67 cases were detected, the last case was reported on 5 April 2017.
Poultry Production in Nepal: Characteristics, Productivity and Constraints
Authors: Osti Rajani , Bhattarai Dinesh , Chaudhary Harshika , Singh Virendra
Published: June 2017

Poultry farming is integral part of agriculture in Nepal. The objective of this research was to analyze the prevailing production constraints, characterization of poultry farming and its economic analysis using questionnaire-based survey and on-site investigation. 180 farms were selected from 3 major districts. Garrett’s ranking technique was used to analyze the constraints.  Highly significant difference (P<0.01) in size of poultry farm was found. We found significant difference in feeding, housing and drinking system for the chicken. Un-organized chicken marketing channel was observed in the study area.   High chicks’ mortality, wastage of feed, insecure vaccination and frequent drop in egg production were characteristic of laying hens. Newcastle disease and Chronic Respiratory Disease were acknowledged as the biggest constraint of chicken production. Government and concerned agencies need to take active part for the extension service to strengthen the health of chicken and organized marketing channel is essential for selling of poultry products  which can improve the profit to the farmers.Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol. Vol 5(2): 222-226
Survey of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Practice in Vegetable Crops of Rupandehi District, Western Nepal
Authors: Thapa Chandra Bahadur
Published: June 2017

In the present study, documentation of farmer’s knowledge on Integrated Pest Management (IPM) was carried out in Rupandehi district during the year 2016. The objective of this paper is to assess the knowledge of farmers about IPM and its effectiveness in this district. It was carried out by conducting semi-structured interview with the participants of IPM FFS, vegetable growing farmers, stakeholders and local people with the help of standard questionnaire, Focus Group Discussion (FGD) and key informant interview. The IPM program is found to be conducted by an international non-government organization viz. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and government organizations viz. Plant Protection Directorate (PPD), Agronomy Development Directorate (ADD) and District Agriculture Development Organization (DADO) through Farmer’s Field School (FFS) in this district. In total forty IPM FFS was conducted from 1998 to 2015 which provided training about IPM in rice and vegetable crops to 1057 farmers in which 393 were male and 664 female. Although a significant difference has been found in the knowledge about the amount of pesticide used, biological method of pest control for IPM by FFS participant and nonparticipant farmers, it is not observed in their behavior during the cultivation of crops in the farm. The result showed that only 5% of participants of Farmer’s Field School (FFS) are following IPM practices in their own farm after taking training. Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol. Vol 5(2): 237-242
Public Transit Market Research of Low-Income Commuters Using Attitude-Based Market Segmentation Approach: Case Study of Fushun, China
Authors: Cheng Long , Chen Xuewu , Lam William H. K. , Yang Shuo , Lei Da
Published: June 2017

In China, low-income commuters are usually concentrated in peripheral settlements outside downtown areas, where travel services are inadequately provided. These commuters are dependent on fewer travel options, considering their affordability. Based on the recognition that public transit is an important mode to enhance low-income commuters’ travel mobility, a comprehensive attitude-based market segmentation analysis was performed to identify distinct market segments to best serve the needs of each segment and to develop plans to increase transit usage. First, a detailed household survey was conducted in Fushun, China, to obtain commuters’ attitudes toward daily travel. Then, factor analysis was utilized to explore latent attitudinal factors. The structural equation modeling investigated the correlations between attitudes and public transit usage. The k-means clustering was then employed to partition the transit market into several subgroups. Finally, five segments of transit market with distinct attitudes were identified by three dividing variables, namely, the desire for comfort, the need for reliability, and environmental awareness. Low-income commuters in the same segment share homogeneous travel preferences while those in other segments possess different attitudes. The attitudinal characteristics, socioeconomic profile, and mode choice behavior in each segment were examined and discussed. Policies that best meet the needs of each submarket were proposed. These transit-related strategies included building a reliable operation environment, improving the level of service of existing facilities, implementing demand-response transit services, and providing public propaganda and education toward environmental protection.
Global Urban Passenger Travel Demand and CO2 Emissions to 2050: New Model
Authors: Chen Guineng , Kauppila Jari
Published: June 2017

This paper presents long-term scenarios on the development of urban passenger mobility and related carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions by 2050 in global cities that have populations greater than 300,000 on the basis of the International Transport Forum’s new global urban passenger transport model. Results from the policy scenarios analysis show that in the baseline scenario total motorized mobility and related CO2 emissions in cities will grow by 94% and 27% in 2050 compared with 2015. The share of private cars will continue to increase in developing regions while slightly decreasing in developed economies. Policy measures exist to fulfill mobility demand while reducing the carbon intensity of travel. Technology contributes the most to the CO2 mitigation in the most transit-oriented scenarios. Behavioral policies such as fuel tax, lower transit fares, and controlled urban sprawl can bring the additional mitigation efforts required to make cities sustainable and are essential to combat congestion and health issues.
CFD Analysis of Non-Newtonian Pseudo Plastic Liquid Flow through Bends
Authors: Debnath Suman , Bandyopadhyay Tarun Kanti , Saha Apu Kumar
Published: June 2017

Non-Newtonian pseudo plastic liquid flow through different types of 0.0127 m diameter pipe bends as well as straight pipe have been investigated experimentally to evaluate frictional pressure drop across the bends in laminar and water flow in turbulent condition. We have studied here the effect of flow rate, bend angle, fluid behavior on static pressure and pressure drop. A Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) based software is used to predict the static pressure, pressure drop, shear stress, shear strain, flow structure, friction factor, loss co- efficient inside the bends for Sodium Carboxy Methyl Cellulose (SCMC) solution as a non-Newtonian pseudo plastic fluids and water as a Newtonian fluid. Laminar Non-Newtonian pseudo plastic Power law model is used for SCMC solution to numerically solve the continuity and the momentum equations. The experimental data are compared with the CFD generated data and is well matched. The software predicted data may be used to solve any industrial problem and also to design various equipment.
Correlation between Serum Magnesium and Calcium Level in Children with Idiopathic Nephrotic Syndrome during Nephrosis
Authors: Chaudhury Gulshan Nigar , Hanif Mohammed , Afroz Mahenaz , Begum Dilruba
Published: June 2017

Background: Biochemical alteration is a common phenomenon in all kidney disease including nephrotic syndrome (NS).Objective: To evaluate the magnesium (Mg) level in patients with nephrotic syndrome and its relation to calcium.Methods: In this observational cross sectional study,we measured serum magnesium and serum calcium levels in children with nephrotic syndrome.It was conducted in the Department of Pediatrics, Dhaka Shishu(children) Hospital, Dhaka, from January 2015 to June 2015. A total of fifty four diagnosed cases of nephrotic syndrome were divided into initial episode, first relapse,infrequent relapse and frequent relapse. Mean level of serum magnesium and calcium of all four groups were then compared.Results :The mean level of serum magnesium during initial episode was 2.28±0.36mg/ dl and it was 2.04±0.29,2.06±0.29 and 1.76±0.32mg/dl during first relapse, infrequent relapse and frequent relapse respectively. The mean serum magnesium level in different patterns of nephrotic syndrome was found to be statistically significant. Hypomagnesemia was mostly found in frequent relapse nephrotic syndrome patients. The mean level of serum calcium during initial episode was 2.01±0.16 and it was 1.98±0.17,2.06±0.13 and 2.05±0.15 during first relapse, infrequent relapse and frequent relapse respectively. The mean serum calcium level in different patterns of nephrotic syndrome was found to be statistically insignificant. There was no significant corelation between calcium level with magnesium level (r = -0.08, p = 0.28).Conclusion: Hypomagnesemia is commonly found in frequent relapse nephrotic syndrome. There was no significant correlation between calcium with magnesium level.Bangladesh J Child Health 2016; VOL 40 (3) :139-143
Pattern of Antimicrobial Sensitivity of Organisms Causing Urinary Tract Infection in Nephrotic Syndrome in Children
Authors: Barua Tanuka , Sen Sukhendu Shekhar , Sharma Jhulan Das , Arzu Mahmood Ahmed Chowdhury , Lutfanessa - , Dutta Pradip Kumar
Published: June 2017

Background: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common infection in nephrotic syndrome children having a propensity for long term renal damage. Organisms causing UTI in nephrotic syndrome are becoming resistant to common antimicrobial agents and increase the morbidity and mortality. Surveillance of local antibiotic sensitivity pattern is necessary for proper management of UTI in nephrotic children.Objective: To see the pattern of antimicrobials sensitivity of organisms causing UTI in Nephrotic syndrome children.Methods: This was a hospital based cross-sectional study conducted in the department of Paediatrics, Chittagong Medical College Hospital, Chittagong from January 2009 to December 2009. 52 nephrotic children aged 2-6 years with typical clinical features were included. A clean catch midstream urine sample were collected in aseptic procedure and sent for inoculation in culture media. In case of collection failure, urine was collected by sterile catheterization. Bacterial isolates were tested for microbial sensitivity. Data regarding etiological organisms and antibiogram were analyzed using appropriate statistical method.Results: UTI was found in 30.8% nephrotic children. E-coli was the commonest organism isolated in urine culture followed by klebsiella. All organisms isolated on culture were more or less resistant to commonly used antibiotics except to amikacin. E coli were resistant to most of antibiotics and resistance to cotrimoxazol is quite high for all isolates. Ciprofloxacin as oral and amikacin as parenteral are good for first line treatment of UTI in nephrotic syndrome.Conclusion: Resistance among organisms causing UTI in nephrotic syndrome is an emergent problem now a day. Routine urine culture should be advised since treatment failure is likely to occur with commonly used antibiotics. Risk factor for emergence of antibiotic resistance of these pathogens should be evaluated.Bangladesh J Child Health 2016; VOL 40 (3) :154-159
Congenital Toxoplasmosis with Severe Haemolytic Anaemia: An Unusual Presentation
Authors: Rawat Aditi , Thakkar Paresh , Javadekar Bakul B
Published: June 2017

Abstract not availableBangladesh J Child Health 2016; VOL 40 (3) :183-185
Berezinskii–Kosterlitz–Thouless transition and two-dimensional melting*
Authors: Ryzhov V N , Tareyeva E E , Fomin Yu D , Tsiok E N
Published: June 2017

The main aspects of the theory of phase transitions in two-dimensional degenerate systems (Berezinskii–Kosterlitz–Thouless, or BKT, transitions) are reviewed in detail, including the transition mechanism, the renormalization group as a tool for describing the transition, and how the transition scenario can possibly depend on the core energy of topological defects (in particular, in thin superconducting films). Various melting scenarios in two-dimensional systems are analyzed, and the current status of actual experiments and computer simulations in the field is examined. Whereas in three dimensions melting always occurs as a single first-order transition, in two dimensions, as shown by Halperin, Nelson, and Young, melting via two continuous BKT transitions with an intermediate hexatic phase characterized by quasi-long-range orientational order is possible. But there is also a possibility for a first-order phase transition to occur. Recently, one further melting scenario, different from that occurring in the Berezinskii–Kosterlitz–Thouless–Halperin–Nelson–Young theory, has been proposed, according to which a solid can melt in two stages: a continuous BKT-type solid–hexatic transition and then a first-order hexatic-phase–isotropic-liquid phase transition. Particular attention is given to the melting scenario as a function of the potential shape and to the random pinning effect on two-dimensional melting. In particular, it is shown that random pinning can alter the melting scenario fundamentally in the case of a first-order transition. Also considered is the melting of systems with potentials having a negative curvature in the repulsion region–potentials that are successfully used in describing the anomalous properties of water in two dimensions.
Deletion of TXNIP Mitigates High-Fat Diet-Impaired Angiogenesis and Prevents Inflammation in a Mouse Model of Critical Limb Ischemia
Authors: Elshaer Sally , Mohamed Islam , Coucha Maha , Altantawi Sara , Eldahshan Wael , Bartasi Megan , Shanab Ahmed , Lorys Renee , El-Remessy Azza
Published: June 2017

Background: Previous work demonstrated that high-fat diet (HFD) triggered thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) and that silencing TXNIP prevents diabetes-impaired vascular recovery. Here, we examine the impact of genetic deletion of TXNIP on HFD-impaired vascular recovery using hind limb ischemia model. Methods: Wild type mice (WT, C57Bl/6) and TXNIP knockout mice (TKO) were fed either normal chow diet (WT-ND and TKO-ND) or 60% high-fat diet (WT-HFD and TKO-HFD). After four weeks of HFD, unilateral hind limb ischemia was performed and blood flow was measured using Laser doppler scanner at baseline and then weekly for an additional three weeks. Vascular density, nitrative stress, infiltration of CD68+ macrophages, and expression of inflammasome, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), VEGF receptor-2 were examined by slot blot, Western blot and immunohistochemistry. Results: By week 8, HFD caused similar increases in weight, cholesterol and triglycerides in both WT and TKO. At week 4 and week 8, HFD significantly impaired glucose tolerance in WT and to a lesser extent in TKO. HFD significantly impaired blood flow and vascular density (CD31 labeled) in skeletal muscle of WT mice compared to ND but not in TKO. HFD and ischemia significantly induced tyrosine nitration, and systemic IL-1β and infiltration of CD68+ cells in skeletal muscle from WT but not from TKO. HFD significantly increased cleaved-caspase-1 and IL-1 β compared to ND. Under both ND, ischemia tended to increase VEGF expression and increased VEGFR2 activation in WT only but not TKO. Conclusion: Similar to prior observation in diabetes, HFD-induced obesity can compromise vascular recovery in response to ischemic insult. The mechanism involves increased TXNIP-NLRP3 (nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3) inflammasome activation, nitrative stress and impaired VEGFR2 activation. Deletion of TXNIP restored blood flow, reduced nitrative stress and blunted inflammasome-mediated inflammation; however, it did not impact VEGF/VEGFR2 in HFD. Targeting TXNIP-NLRP3 inflammasome can provide potential therapeutic target in obesity-induced vascular complication.
Early and Late Induction of KRAS and HRAS Proto-Oncogenes by Reactive Oxygen Species in Primary Astrocytes
Authors: Messina Samantha , Di Zazzo Erika , Moncharmont Bruno
Published: June 2017

Astrocytes, one of the predominant types of glial cells, function as both supportive and metabolic cells for the brain. Among mammalian tissues, the highest levels of p21Ras protein are detected in the brain. Here, we investigated the expression of KRAS and HRAS proto-oncogenes in primary astrocytes following acute oxidative stimulation. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) changed the expression of proto-oncogenes at both transcriptional and translational levels. De novo protein synthesis analysis measured approximate values of proteins half-life, ranging from 1–4 h, of the different H- and K- isoforms by western blot analysis. Quantitative gene expression analysis of KRAS and HRAS revealed an unexpected short-term induction of KRAS mRNA in primary astrocytes in response to acute stimulation. Indeed, cultured astrocytes responded to proteasomal inhibition by preventing the reduction of c-K-Ras. A fraction of K-Ras protein accumulated in the presence of ROS and cycloheximide, while a substantial proportion was continuously synthesized. These data indicate that ROS regulate in a complementary fashion p21Ras isoforms in primary astrocytes: K-Ras is rapidly and transiently induced by post-translational and post-transcriptional mechanisms, while H-Ras is stably induced by mRNA accumulation. We suggest that K-Ras and H-Ras are ROS sensors that adapt cells to metabolic needs and oxidative stress.
Auditory Distance Control Using a Variable-Directivity Loudspeaker
Authors: Wendt Florian , Zotter Franz , Frank Matthias , Höldrich Robert
Published: June 2017

The directivity of a sound source in a room influences the D/R ratio and thus the auditory distance. This study proposes various third-order beampattern pattern designs for a precise control of the D/R ratio. A comprehensive experimental study is conducted to investigate the hereby achieved effect on the auditory distance. Our first experiment auralizes the directivity variations using a virtual directional sound source in a virtual room using playback by a 24-channel loudspeaker ring. The experiment moreover shows the influence of room, source-listener distance, signal, and additional single-channel reverberation on the auditory distance. We verify the practical applicability of all the proposed beampattern pattern designs in a second experiment using a variable-directivity sound source in a real room. Predictions of experimental results are made with high accuracy, using room acoustical measures that typically predict the apparent source width.
Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System Model Based on the Width and Depth of the Defect in an Eddy Current Signal
Authors: Faraj Moneer , Samsuri Fahmi , Abdalla Ahmed , Rifai Damhuji , Ali Kharudin
Published: June 2017

Non-destructive evaluation (NDE) plays an important role in many industrial fields, such as detecting cracking in steam generator tubing in nuclear power plants and aircraft. This paper investigates on the effect of the depth of the defect, width of the defect, and the type of the material on the eddy current signal which is modeled by an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS). A total of 60 samples of artificial defects are located 20 mm parallel to the length of the block in each of the three types of material. A weld probe was used to inspect the block. The ANFIS model has three neurons in the input layer and one neuron in the output layer as the eddy current signal. The used design of experiments (DOE) software indicates that the model equations, which contain only linear and two-factor interaction terms, were developed to predict the percentage signal. This signal was validated through the use of the unseen data. The predicted results on the depth and width of defect significantly influenced the percentage of the signal (p < 0.0001) at the 95% confidence level. The ANFIS model proves that the deviation of the eddy current testing measurement was influenced by the width and depth of the defect less than the conductivity of the materials.
Ambient Light Rejection Using a Novel Average Voltage Tracking in Visible Light Communication System
Authors: Pham Quan , Rachim Vega , An Jinyoung , Chung Wan-Young
Published: June 2017

The quality of a received signal is one of the most important factors to be considered when designing a receiver for visible light communication (VLC) systems. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the robustness of the VLC receiver circuit in low-signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) communication. The SNR is the quantity characterized by the ratio of the signal power to the noise power of the received signal. The noise generates an offset voltage and distorts the desired signal waveform. Thus, a low SNR makes it difficult to retrieve the data. Among the sources of noise, ambient light has the most negative impact on the VLC data signal. Therefore, the novel receiver proposed by us acts as an ambient light rejection circuit. As our average-voltage tracking circuit is insensitive to the sunlight and indoor fluorescent light, our design could be a solution to enhance the performance of low-SNR VLC systems. Several experiments are conducted using light of same intensity, but with different distances and semi-angles. Experimental results demonstrate that robust interference rejection is possible to send an error-free communication with an On-Off Keying modulation base on microcontroller up to 1 Mbps at an SNR of −2.7 dB.
Seismic Reinforcement of a R.C. School Structure with Strength Irregularities throughout External Bracing Walls
Authors: Sassu Mauro , Puppio Mario Lucio , Mannari Eleonora
Published: June 2017

The effect of irregularities due to the non-uniform distribution of material properties on structural elements of a significant real case is here investigated. Mechanical tests performed on a typical Italian reinforced concrete (r.c.) school building built in the 1960s showed irregularity in the distribution of compression strength in columns, even though the construction is featured by substantially symmetric distribution of the frames. Extreme scenarios in the distribution of irregularities in compression strength of concrete columns are analyzed, with the hypothesis of rigid or deformable slabs. The seismic analysis showed the influence of the response due to the irregular distributions of concrete strength. A proposal of equivalent “material eccentricity” is shown to account for the mentioned irregularity. Furthermore, the practical solution of reinforcement to mitigate the effects of irregularities is also described. It consists of couple of external r.c. walls stiffened by r.c. buttresses added to the building, connected by transverse slabs. An extensive reduction of material eccentricity is achieved, together with a relevant improvement in seismic capacity.
Barrier Heights of Au on Diamond with Different Terminations Determined by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy
Authors: Li Fengnan , Zhang Jingwen , Wang Xiaoliang , Zhang Minghui , Wang Hongxing
Published: June 2017

Barrier heights of Au on hydrogen-/oxygen-/fluorine-/nitrogen-terminated diamond (H-/O-/F-/N-diamond) have been investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. All of the H-/O-/F-/N-diamond surfaces have been formed on different areas of one diamond sample. An Au film with a thickness of 4 nm was evaporated to form Au/diamond contacts. Barrier height values for Au on H-/O-/F-/N-diamond contacts were determined to be −0.19, 1.71, 2.29, and 2.39 eV, respectively. Then, the surface of Au/diamond contacts was treated by 1000 eV Ar+ bombardment with different duration of time, resulting in a pinned barrier height of 1.83 eV independent of contact structures. In the end, the spatial distribution of the energy band diagram has been calculated by solving Poisson’s equation.
Extraction of the Proton and Electron Radii from Characteristic Atomic Lines and Entropy Principles
Authors: Jiménez Edward , Recalde Nicolás , Chacón Esteban
Published: June 2017

We determine the proton and electron radii by analyzing constructive resonances at minimum entropy for elements with atomic number Z ≥ 11.We note that those radii can be derived from entropy principles and published photoelectric cross sections data from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). A resonance region with optimal constructive interference is given by a principal wavelength λ of the order of Bohr atom radius. Our study shows that the proton radius deviations can be measured. Moreover, in the case of the electron, its radius converges to electron classical radius with a value of 2.817 fm. Resonance waves afforded us the possibility to measure the proton and electron radii through an interference term. This term, was a necessary condition in order to have an effective cross section maximum at the threshold. The minimum entropy means minimum proton shape deformation and it was found to be (0.830 ± 0.015) fm and the average proton radius was found to be (0.825 − 0.0341; 0.888 + 0.0405) fm.