bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Equatorial Plasma Bubbles on Multi-GNSS Signals: A Case Study over South China
Authors: Han Hao , Zhong Jiahao , Hao Yongqiang , Wang Ningbo , Wan Xin , Huang Fuqing , Li Qiaoling , Song Xingyan , Chen Jiawen , Wang Kang , Tang Yanyan , Ou Zhuoliang , Du Wenyu
Published: April 2024

Equatorial plasma bubbles (EPBs) occur frequently in low-latitude areas and have a non-negligible impact on navigation satellite signals. To systematically analyze the effects of a single EPB event on multi-frequency signals of GPS, Galileo, GLONASS, and BDS, all-sky airglow images over South China are jointly used to visually determine the EPB structure and depletion degree. The results reveal that scintillations, or GNSS signal fluctuations, are directly linked to EPBs and that the intensity of scintillation is positively correlated with the airglow depletion intensity. The center of the airglow depletion often corresponds to stronger GNSS scintillation, while the edge of the bubble, which is considered to have the largest density gradient, corresponds to relatively smaller scintillation instead. This work also systematically analyzes the responses of multi-constellation and multi-frequency signals to EPBs. The results show that the L2 and L5 frequencies are more susceptible than the L1 frequency is. For different constellations, Galileo’s signal has the best tracking stability during an EPB event compared with GPS, GLONASS, and BDS. The results provide a reference for dual-frequency signal selection in precise positioning or TEC calculation, that is, L1C and L2L for GPS, L1C and L5Q for Galileo, L1P and L2C for GLONASS, and L1P and L5P for BDS. Notably, BDS-2 is significantly weaker than BDS-3. And inclined geosynchronous orbit (IGSO) satellites have abnormal data error rates, which should be related to the special signal path trajectory of the IGSO satellite.
Exploring the Spatiotemporal Alterations in China’s GPP Based on the DTEC Model
Authors: Peng Jie , Xue Yayong , Pan Naiqing , Zhang Yuan , Liang Haibin , Zhang Fei
Published: April 2024

Gross primary productivity (GPP) is a reliable measure of the carbon sink potential of terrestrial ecosystems and is an essential element of terrestrial carbon cycle research. This study employs the diffuse fraction-based two-leaf light-use efficiency (DTEC) model to imitate China’s monthly GPP from 2001 to 2020. We studied the trend of GPP, investigated its relationship with climatic factors, and separated the contributions of climate change and human activities. The findings showed that the DTEC model was widely applicable in China. During the study period, China’s average GPP increased significantly, by 9.77 g C m−2 yr−1 (p < 0.001). The detrimental effect of aerosol optical depth (AOD) on GPP was more widespread than that of total precipitation, temperature, and solar radiation. Areas that benefited from AOD, such as Northwest China, experienced significant increases in GPP. Climate change and human activities had a primary and positive influence on GPP during the study period, accounting for 28% and 72% of the increase, respectively. Human activities, particularly ecological restoration projects and the adoption of advanced agricultural technologies, played a significant role in China’s GPP growth. China’s afforestation plan was particularly notable, with the GPP increasing in afforestation areas at a rate greater than 10 g C m−2 yr−1. This research provides a theoretical foundation for the long-term management of China’s terrestrial ecosystems and helps develop adaptive ecological restoration tactics.
VisionaryVR: An Optical Simulation Tool for Evaluating and Optimizing Vision Correction Solutions in Virtual Reality
Authors: Hosp Benedikt W. , Dechant Martin , Sauer Yannick , Severitt Björn , Agarwala Rajat , Wahl Siegfried
Published: April 2024

In the rapidly advancing field of vision science, traditional research approaches struggle to accurately simulate and evaluate vision correction methods, leading to time-consuming evaluations with limited scope and flexibility. To overcome these challenges, we introduce ‘VisionaryVR’, a virtual reality (VR) simulation framework designed to enhance optical simulation fidelity and broaden experimental capabilities. VisionaryVR leverages a versatile VR environment to support dynamic vision tasks and integrates comprehensive eye-tracking functionality. Its experiment manager’s scene-loading feature fosters a scalable and flexible research platform. Preliminary validation through an empirical study has demonstrated VisionaryVR’s effectiveness in replicating a wide range of visual impairments and providing a robust platform for evaluating vision correction solutions. Key findings indicate a significant improvement in evaluating vision correction methods and user experience, underscoring VisionaryVR’s potential to transform vision science research by bridging the gap between theoretical concepts and their practical applications. This validation underscores VisionaryVR’s contribution to overcoming traditional methodological limitations and establishing a foundational framework for research innovation in vision science.
Smart Sensor-Based Monitoring Technology for Machinery Fault Detection
Authors: Zhang Ming , Xing Xing , Wang Wilson
Published: April 2024

Rotary machines commonly use rolling element bearings to support rotation of the shafts. Most machine performance imperfections are related to bearing defects. Thus, reliable bearing condition monitoring systems are critically needed in industries to provide early warning of bearing fault so as to prevent machine performance degradation and reduce maintenance costs. The objective of this paper is to develop a smart monitoring system for real-time bearing fault detection and diagnostics. Firstly, a smart sensor-based data acquisition (DAQ) system is developed for wireless vibration signal collection. Secondly, a modified variational mode decomposition (MVMD) technique is proposed for nonstationary signal analysis and bearing fault detection. The proposed MVMD technique has several processing steps: (1) the signal is decomposed into a series of intrinsic mode functions (IMFs); (2) a correlation kurtosis method is suggested to choose the most representative IMFs and construct the analytical signal; (3) envelope spectrum analysis is performed to identify the representative features and to predict bearing fault. The effectiveness of the developed smart sensor DAQ system and the proposed MVMD technique is examined by systematic experimental tests.
Chromatic Aberration Correction in Harmonic Diffractive Lenses Based on Compressed Sensing Encoding Imaging
Authors: Chan Jianying , Zhao Xijun , Zhong Shuo , Zhang Tao , Fan Bin
Published: April 2024

Large-aperture, lightweight, and high-resolution imaging are hallmarks of major optical systems. To eliminate aberrations, traditional systems are often bulky and complex, whereas the small volume and light weight of diffractive lenses position them as potential substitutes. However, their inherent diffraction mechanism leads to severe dispersion, which limits their application in wide spectral bands. Addressing the dispersion issue in diffractive lenses, we propose a chromatic aberration correction algorithm based on compressed sensing. Utilizing the diffractive lens’s focusing ability at the reference wavelength and its degradation performance at other wavelengths, we employ compressed sensing to reconstruct images from incomplete image information. In this work, we design a harmonic diffractive lens with a diffractive order of M=150, an aperture of 40 mm, a focal length f0=320 mm, a reference wavelength λ0=550 nm, a wavelength range of 500–800 nm, and 7 annular zones. Through algorithmic recovery, we achieve clear imaging in the visible spectrum, with a peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) of 22.85 dB, a correlation coefficient of 0.9596, and a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.02, verifying the algorithm’s effectiveness.
Semantic Guidance Fusion Network for Cross-Modal Semantic Segmentation
Authors: Zhang Pan , Chen Ming , Gao Meng
Published: April 2024

Leveraging data from various modalities to enhance multimodal segmentation tasks is a well-regarded approach. Recently, efforts have been made to incorporate an array of modalities, including depth and thermal imaging. Nevertheless, the effective amalgamation of cross-modal interactions remains a challenge, given the unique traits each modality presents. In our current research, we introduce the semantic guidance fusion network (SGFN), which is an innovative cross-modal fusion network adept at integrating a diverse set of modalities. Particularly, the SGFN features a semantic guidance module (SGM) engineered to boost bi-modal feature extraction. It encompasses a learnable semantic guidance convolution (SGC) designed to merge intensity and gradient data from disparate modalities. Comprehensive experiments carried out on the NYU Depth V2, SUN-RGBD, Cityscapes, MFNet, and ZJU datasets underscore both the superior performance and generalization ability of the SGFN compared to the current leading models. Moreover, when tested on the DELIVER dataset, the efficiency of our bi-modal SGFN displayed a mIoU that is comparable to the hitherto leading model, CMNEXT.
Comprehensive Assessment of Artificial Intelligence Tools for Driver Monitoring and Analyzing Safety Critical Events in Vehicles
Authors: Yang Guangwei , Ridgeway Christie , Miller Andrew , Sarkar Abhijit
Published: April 2024

Human factors are a primary cause of vehicle accidents. Driver monitoring systems, utilizing a range of sensors and techniques, offer an effective method to monitor and alert drivers to minimize driver error and reduce risky driving behaviors, thus helping to avoid Safety Critical Events (SCEs) and enhance overall driving safety. Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools, in particular, have been widely investigated to improve the efficiency and accuracy of driver monitoring or analysis of SCEs. To better understand the state-of-the-art practices and potential directions for AI tools in this domain, this work is an inaugural attempt to consolidate AI-related tools from academic and industry perspectives. We include an extensive review of AI models and sensors used in driver gaze analysis, driver state monitoring, and analyzing SCEs. Furthermore, researchers identified essential AI tools, both in academia and industry, utilized for camera-based driver monitoring and SCE analysis, in the market. Recommendations for future research directions are presented based on the identified tools and the discrepancies between academia and industry in previous studies. This effort provides a valuable resource for researchers and practitioners seeking a deeper understanding of leveraging AI tools to minimize driver errors, avoid SCEs, and increase driving safety.
The Design and Ground Test Verification of an Energy-Efficient Wireless System for the Fatigue Monitoring of Wind Turbine Blades Based on Bistable Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting
Authors: Plagianakos Theofanis , Chrysochoidis Nikolaos , Bolanakis Georgios , Leventakis Nikolaos , Margelis Nikolaos , Sotiropoulos Manolis , Giannopoulos Fotis , Kardarakos Grigoris-Christos , Spandonidis Christos , Papadopoulos Evangelos , Saravanos Dimitris
Published: April 2024

A wireless monitoring system based on piezoelectric energy harvesting (PEH) is presented to provide fatigue data of wind turbine blades in operation. The system comprises three subsystems, each respectively providing the following functions: (i) the conversion of mechanical to electric energy by exploiting the bistable vibration of a composite beam with piezoelectric patches in post-buckling, (ii) harvesting the converted energy by means of a modified, commercial, off-the-shelf (COTS) circuit to feed a LiPo battery and (iii) the battery-powered acquisition and wireless transmission of sensory signals to the cloud to be elaborated upon by the end-user. The system was verified with ground tests under representative operation conditions, which demonstrated the fulfillment of the design requirements. The measurements indicated that the system provided 23% of the required power for fully autonomous operation when subjected to white noise base excitation of 1 g acceleration in the range of 1–20 Hz.
Altered Haematological Parameters in Gasoline Station Workers Due to Benzene Exposure
Authors: Chaiklieng Sunisa , Tongsantia Umakorn , Suggaravetsiri Pornnapa , Autrup Herman
Published: April 2024

Benzene is harmful to human health and early detection of haematological alterations is important in preventing adverse health effects. This study aimed to investigate the biomarkers of benzene exposure and its effects due to haematological alterations. Gasoline station workers with potential risks according to the biomatrix concerning benzene exposure underwent blood and urine evaluation for the biological monitoring of urinary trans, trans-muconic acid (tt-MA), and haematological and biochemical parameter evaluation. The results were analysed for correlations between biological and haematological effects. The tt-MA biomarker was detected in some workers and approximately 50% of workers had a blood profile that showed abnormal parameters with respect to the haemoglobin (Hb), haematocrit (Hct) and white blood cell parameters, which were outside the normal range. A significant correlation was observed between the tt-MA biomarker’s level and the levels of the haematological and biochemical parameters, which were Hb, Hct, eosinophil, neutrophil, SGOT and blood creatinine. The level of urinary tt-MA as a marker of benzene exposure correlated with haematological and biochemical changes in the blood, suggesting that the gasoline station workers were affected by benzene exposure. Moreover, the current study suggests that early detection of haematological abnormalities may be possible by analysing biomarkers of their effects through regular health surveillance of workers.
Dr. Samuel Henry (Harry) Harris (22 August 1881 to 25 December 1936)
Authors: Sitharthan Darshan , Mitterdorfer Andrew
Published: April 2024

In the original article [...]
Gauging Public Acceptance of Conditionally Automated Vehicles in the United States
Authors: Saravanos Antonios , Pissadaki Eleftheria K. , Singh Wayne S. , Delfino Donatella
Published: April 2024

Public acceptance of conditionally automated vehicles is a crucial step in the realization of smart cities. Prior research in Europe has shown that the factors of hedonic motivation, social influence, and performance expectancy, in decreasing order of importance, influence acceptance. Moreover, a generally positive acceptance of the technology was reported. However, there is a lack of information regarding the public acceptance of conditionally automated vehicles in the United States. In this study, we carried out a web-based experiment where participants were provided information regarding the technology and then completed a questionnaire on their perceptions. The collected data was analyzed using PLS-SEM to examine the factors that may lead to public acceptance of the technology in the United States. Our findings showed that social influence, performance expectancy, effort expectancy, hedonic motivation, and facilitating conditions determine conditionally automated vehicle acceptance. Additionally, certain factors were found to influence the perception of how useful the technology is, the effort required to use it, and the facilitating conditions for its use. By integrating the insights gained from this study, stakeholders can better facilitate the adoption of autonomous vehicle technology, contributing to safer, more efficient, and user-friendly transportation systems in the future that help realize the vision of the smart city.
Vulnerability to Sex Trafficking: Adult Women’s Experiences While They Were Adolescents
Authors: Andrade-Rubio Karla Lorena , Moral-de-la-Rubia José , Izcara-Palacios Simón Pedro
Published: April 2024

The concept of vulnerability to sex trafficking has been the subject of intense academic debate. It is well documented in the literature that child sex trafficking is facilitated by the abuse of a position of vulnerability, though limited research has focused on children’s order of birth as an element of vulnerability to sex trafficking. The objective of this article, based on a sample of 112 Central American women smuggled to the United States for the sex trade before they had attained the age of eighteen years, is to examine whether the order of birth constitutes an element of vulnerability to sex trafficking. Trafficked minors had vulnerabilities linked to structural-level and individual-level factors. We conclude that sisters occupying the first place in the order of birth are the most susceptible to being recruited by an international network that smuggles women for prostitution. On the contrary, the youngest and middle sisters are less at risk due to the protection and guidance of the other sisters.
Anterior Cervical and Upper Thoracic Column Reconstruction Using an Expandable Poly-Ether-Ether-Ketone Vertebral Body Replacement: A Retrospective Single Center Cohort Analysis
Authors: Štefanides Martin , Oswald Katharina A. C. , Luyet Anaïs K. , Albers Christoph E. , Benneker Lorin M. , Deml Moritz C.
Published: April 2024

This study aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of a novel Poly-Ether-Ether-Ketone (PEEK) expandable vertebral body replacement (VBR) for anterior cervico-thoracic vertebral column reconstruction in patients with metastatic, traumatic, or degenerative diseases. Radiographic and clinical outcomes, as well as complication rates, were analyzed in a retrospective analysis of 28 patients (61 ± 13 years; 64% female) who underwent an anterior cervical corpectomy and fusion (ACCF) with the Expandable Corpectomy Device (ECD) from DePuy/Synthes (2011–2020). Correction of the bisegmental kyphotic angle (BKA) was chosen as the primary outcome. Bony fusion, loss of device height, and implant subsidence were evaluated additionally. Clinical outcome was assessed using Odom’s criteria, the numerical pain rating scale (NRS), the American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale (AIS), and the Karnofsky Performance Status Scale (KPSS). Our study found a significant improvement in the BKA (12.3° ± 9.6°; p = 0.0002) at the last follow-up with no statistically relevant loss of device height (p = 0.96) or implant subsidence (p = 0.99). Successful bony fusion was observed in all patients. The KPSS significantly improved in patients with a tumorous disease at the time of discharge (p = 0.0009), and the sensation of pain showed significant improvement at six months post-operatively and at the final follow-up (p = 0.004; p = 0.021). However, four patients needed further secondary posterior stabilization, and one ECD was explanted due to a severe surgical site infection after an accidental esophageal lesion. In conclusion, the ECD proofed the radiographic stability for the anterior column reconstruction of the cervico-thoracic spine with significantly improved clinical outcome.
Genetic Diversity of Dominant Species Betula pendula in River Valley Forests in the Irtysh River Basin and Sustainable Conservation Measures for the Future
Authors: Li Yanming , Xue Zhifang , Liu Tong , Song Jihu , Yuan Ye , Xu Ling , Zhang Zidong
Published: April 2024

Biodiversity is the basis for the maintenance and functioning of ecosystems. Genetic diversity is at the heart of biodiversity, and therefore an understanding of the current state of plant genetic diversity can contribute to the future provision of sustainable ecological values and services by ecosystems. This study was conducted in the Irtysh River basin (five tributaries) with the dominant species of river valley forests, Betula pendula. Sampling points were set up at approximately 10 km intervals within each tributary using a random sampling method for genetic diversity studies based on chloroplast microsatellite molecular markers. The results indicated that (1) nine alleles were identified in 198 samples. The genetic diversity of Betula pendula was relatively rich in all tributaries (I = 0.216~0.546); genetic diversity was significantly higher in the downstream area of the basin than in the midstream and upstream areas of the basin. Genetic differentiation was at a low level in the tributaries except for the Berezek River, where genetic differentiation was high. (2) Genetic variation was mainly derived from within populations, accounting for 62% of the total genetic variation. The genetic distance was significantly positively correlated with the geographical distance (p < 0.05). The Betula pendula population structure was divided into two major groups. (3) Twelve haplotypes were identified in the basin. The dominant haplotypes in the upper tributaries were H2 and H4, while in the lower tributaries these were H1 and H3. Therefore, this paper suggests the future establishment of a germplasm resource bank for populations of the Berezek River, and the implementation of priority conservation measures for the downstream populations with higher genetic diversity, so as to realize the sustainable ecological value of the valley forests of the Betula pendula.
Consumer Willingness-to-Pay for Sustainable Coffee: Evidence from a Choice Experiment on Fairtrade and UTZ Certification
Authors: Merbah Nesrine , Benito-Hernández Sonia
Published: April 2024

Sustainability labels serve as crucial instruments facilitating the presentation of credible product attributes, enabling consumers to assess various aspects of sustainability in their purchasing decisions. This study aims to evaluate consumers’ preferences and willingness to pay for sustainable certifications, specifically Fairtrade and UTZ certification, within the coffee sector in Spain. Employing the choice experiment approach, an online survey involving 547 Spanish consumers was conducted, and a conditional logit model was estimated. The findings indicate that consumers exhibit positive utility towards both sustainability labels examined. Furthermore, the results reveal that consumers are willing to pay a premium of EUR 1.481 per 250 g for the Fairtrade label and EUR 1.379 per 250 g for the UTZ label. The proposed model offers an initial insight into willingness to pay for sustainable coffee in Spain. These results furnish valuable insights for the coffee sector in crafting effective marketing strategies to bolster initiatives promoting sustainable production practices and expanding market access for certified coffee products.
Urban Natural Spaces as Laboratories for Learning and Social Awareness
Authors: Cano-Ortiz Ana , Piñar Fuentes José Carlos , Rodrigues Meireles Catarina I. , Cano Eusebio
Published: April 2024

Mediterranean areas contain a great diversity of flora and phytocenosis, due to the different substrates and the special Mediterranean climate, and it is in the Iberian Peninsula where the greatest diversity is concentrated. The need for didactic techniques that generate awareness and good learning results is considered of great relevance in order to obtain well-trained environmental managers. We proceed to the research on different phytosociological groups. The one with the largest number of associations or plant communities is the one located in nitrified environments near urban areas; the group of communities dominated by Poa bulbosa is of great interest for sheep farming, while, for equine and bovine farming, the communities rich in grasses and legumes that are located in rural environments rich in organic matter are of interest. The latter communities are also interesting because they act as a sink for CO2. Due to the serious alterations in Mediterranean grasslands, we propose cultural, socio-educational, and socio-economic strategies to increase family income, thus avoiding the south–north migratory flow, as well as combining exploitation and conservation, and promoting sustainable development.
Analysis of the Interaction between Humans and Autonomous Vehicles Equipped with External Human–Machine Interfaces: The Effect of an Experimental Reward Mechanism on Pedestrian Crossing Behavior in a Virtual Environment
Authors: Almeida Raul , Sousa Emanuel , Machado Dário , Pereira Frederico , Faria Susana , Freitas Elisabete
Published: April 2024

The advent of autonomous vehicles (AVs) has sparked many concerns about pedestrian safety, prompting manufacturers and researchers to integrate external Human–Machine Interfaces (eHMIs) into AVs as communication tools between vehicles and pedestrians. The evolving dynamics of vehicle–pedestrian interactions make eHMIs a compelling strategy for enhancing safety. This study aimed to examine the contribution of eHMIs to safety while exploring the impact of an incentive system on pedestrian risk behavior. Participants interacted with AVs equipped with eHMIs in an immersive environment featuring two distinct scenarios, each highlighting a sense of urgency to reach their destination. In the first scenario, participants behaved naturally without specific instructions, while in the second scenario, they were informed of an incentive aimed at motivating them to cross the road promptly. This innovative experimental approach explored whether motivated participants could maintain focus and accurately perceive genuine risk within virtual environments. The introduction of a reward system significantly increased road-crossings, particularly when the vehicle was approaching at higher speeds, indicating that incentives encouraged participants to take more risks while crossing. Additionally, eHMIs notably impacted pedestrian risk behavior, with participants more likely to cross when the vehicle signaled it would not stop.
Architectural and Configurational Study of Senior Housing with Steel Volumetric Modular Technology: Towards Age-Ready and Process-Efficient Sustainable Living
Authors: Homiński Bartłomiej , Suchoń Filip , Wawrzkiewicz Karol , Woźniak-Szpakiewicz Ewelina
Published: April 2024

The aging population requires housing developments that can adapt to their changing needs. The study examines the use of steel volumetric modular technology to construct collective senior housing for independent, sustainable living. The authors explore the qualities of senior housing projects through a literature survey and case studies. Projects appreciated in the architectural industry, illustrating the best practices, are considered. For the development part, the feasible design variants are proposed, BIM modeled, and expertly assessed. Optimization of the types and numbers of modules is carried out to make the most effective use. The potential for generating appropriate flow and social interaction in the shared spaces is also tested. The results prove that a single dwelling unit may embody many features of a suitable architecture for older adults and be used to construct collective senior housing buildings. However, a 3D module with two rooms on either end and a corridor in the middle (the most economical form of 3D prefabrication) is unsuitable for senior housing. Additionally, a narrow 3D module cannot accommodate a complete dwelling unit due to increased dimension needs. Designers and builders must balance economics with the requirements of aging residents to widen the range of volumetric prefabrication areas.
Spatiotemporal Variability of Convective Events in Romania Based on METAR Data
Authors: Piticar Adrian , Andrei Simona , Tudor Alexandru
Published: April 2024

Convective weather, through its heavy showers, strong winds and hail, significantly impacts human activities, having the potential to inflict serious damage on social and environmental sectors. Limited research has been conducted on this phenomenon within Romanian territory, and currently there is no referenced climatological study primarily aimed at air traffic management users in this context. This study aims to assess the climatological aspects related to convective events based on sub-hourly observation data recorded at 17 airport weather stations throughout Romania during an 11-year period (2012–2022). The spatiotemporal distribution of convective events was analyzed based on occurrences of Cumulus Congestus (TCU) clouds, Cumulonimbus (CB) clouds, thunderstorms (TSs), heavy showers (+SHs), and hail (GR). With the data being extracted from meteorological aerodrome reports (METARs) and special meteorological aerodrome reports (SPECIs). Short-term trends were determined using Sen’s slope estimator, and statistical significance was assessed through the Mann–Kendall test. The main findings indicated that the highest occurrence of convective events is located over central and western Romania, with June emerging as the extreme month in terms of convective events, while the hourly distribution emphasizes that the highest frequency of convective events occurred in the afternoon. Trend analysis in TCU, CB, and TS show tendencies toward higher frequency of convective events while the results related to +SH and GR indicate a high variability across Romanian territory. Trend analysis disclosed more substantial changes in the TS variable. The results of this study bear potential significance for a broad spectrum of human activities and the management of natural environments.
Sustainable Design of Vertical Greenery Systems: A Comprehensive Framework
Authors: Manouchehri Mitra , Santiago López Joaquín , Valiente López Mercedes
Published: April 2024

The greening of buildings’ facades is not a new practice; it has been used since ancient times for protection and aesthetic purposes. Nowadays, the approach used towards the greening of facades has changed considerably. Vertical greenery systems (VGS) have been proposed as one of the innovative solutions to promote sustainable building functions. Present-day facade greenery not only offers traditional architectural potential but also incorporates advanced materials and technologies to adapt to the requirements of modern urban life. In recent years, the number of buildings that use this technology has increased considerably, and accordingly, the technology involved and the methods of application have changed to be in line with the new necessities. Various types of VGS have been introduced to provide users with a wider range of options that are applicable in different climates and conditions. As a result, different methods of VGS implementation have been adopted; however, there is no established standardization for VGS designs or their variations. Choosing the proper type of VGS is a crucial step in the decision-making process for VGS design. In this research, we provide an overview of the most significant existing classifications of vertical greenery systems and propose a comprehensive classification based on an analysis of their features and classification criteria. Moreover, influential factors in VGS design are investigated. This article presents a comprehensive framework for the sustainable design of vertical greenery systems by outlining the primary parameters that are crucial to identifying and selecting the most suitable type of VGS. The framework also incorporates design aspects, thus stressing the necessity of considering changes to attributes that could affect the overall functionality of a VGS and, as a result, impact the decision-making process. The results of this study provide a valuable resource to systematically study greenery systems, and their parameters, and also to make informed decisions that are aligned with current the sustainability objectives of future research in terms of cost, energy consumption, and maintenance.
Dynamics of a Stochastic SVEIR Epidemic Model with Nonlinear Incidence Rate
Authors: Wang Xinghao , Zhang Liang , Zhang Xiao-Bing
Published: April 2024

This paper delves into the analysis of a stochastic epidemic model known as the susceptible–vaccinated–exposed–infectious–recovered (SVEIR) model, where transmission dynamics are governed by a nonlinear function. In the theoretical analysis section, by suitable stochastic Lyapunov functions, we establish that when the threshold value, denoted as R0s, falls below 1, the epidemic is destined for extinction. Conversely, if the reproduction number R0 of the deterministic model surpasses 1, the model manifests an ergodic endemic stationary distribution. In the numerical simulations and data interpretation section, leveraging a graphical analysis with COVID-19 data, we illustrate that random fluctuations possess the capacity to quell disease outbreaks, underscoring the role of vaccines in curtailing the spread of diseases. This study not only contributes to the understanding of epidemic dynamics but also highlights the pivotal role of stochasticity and vaccination strategies in epidemic control and management. The inherent balance and patterns observed in epidemic spread and control strategies, reflect a symmetrical interplay between stochasticity, vaccination, and disease dynamics.
Trade Fairs, Host Cities and Tourism Development: The Case of Thessaloniki, Greece
Authors: Kourkouridis Dimitris , Frangopoulos Yannis , Salepaki Asimenia
Published: April 2024

The literature has mainly focused on the significant business opportunities that companies obtain from their participation in trade fairs while less interest has been given to their impacts on the host regions. However, trade fairs are events with complex socio-spatial dimensions and an important scope of urban governance that need further analysis. The purpose of this article is to investigate the attitudes, opinions and representations of the exhibitors and visitors of the trade fairs in Thessaloniki, regarding the trade fair itself and its efficiency, the city of Thessaloniki as a destination, as well as the relationship between trade fairs and the city. The method of collecting qualitative material and information involved in-depth interviews with a semi-structured interview guide, while quota sampling was used. In total, 103 interviews were conducted at the trade fairs of Zootechnia and Detrop. Results show that the effect of trade fair activity on the city of Thessaloniki is strong and multi-layered. Also, the relationship between trade fair activity and the city is interactive and two-way, as one feeds and is powered by the other. Moreover, the need for coordination and cooperation between local agencies in an urban governance framework was highlighted.
Splenic Embolism in Infective Endocarditis: A Systematic Review of the Literature with an Emphasis on Radiological and Histopathological Diagnoses
Authors: Moreira Gabriel Santiago , Feijóo Nícolas de Albuquerque Pereira , Tinoco-da-Silva Isabella Braga , Aguiar Cyntia Mendes , da Conceição Francijane Oliveira , de Castro Gustavo Campos Monteiro , de Carvalho Mariana Giorgi Barroso , de Almeida Thatyane Veloso de Paula Amaral , Garrido Rafael Quaresma , Lamas Cristiane da Cruz
Published: April 2024

Infective endocarditis (IE) is characterised by fever, heart murmurs, and emboli. Splenic emboli are frequent in left-sided IE. A systematic review of the literature published on splenic embolism (SE) between 2000 and 2023 was conducted. Search strategies in electronic databases identified 2751 studies published between 1 January 2000 and 4 October 2023, of which 29 were finally included. The results showed that the imaging tests predominantly used to detect embolisms were computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography (PET)/CT, single-photon emission computed tomography/CT, ultrasound, and contrast-enhanced ultrasound. More recent studies typically used 18F-FDG PET-CT. The proportion of SE ranged from 1.4% to 71.7%. Only seven studies performed systematic conventional CT screening for intra-abdominal emboli, and the weighted mean frequency of SE was 22% (range: 8–34.8%). 18F-FDG PET-CT was performed systematically in seven studies, and splenic uptake was found in a weighted mean of 4.5%. There was a lack of uniformity in the published literature regarding the frequency and management of splenic embolisation. CT scans were the most frequently used method, until recently, when 18F-FDG PET-CT scans began to predominate. More data are necessary regarding the frequency of SE, especially focusing on their impact on IE management and prognosis.
Molecular and Entomological Characterization of 2023 Dengue Outbreak in Dhading District, Central Nepal
Authors: Rimal Sandesh , Shrestha Sabin , Paudel Sunita Wagle , Shah Yogendra , Bhandari Govinda , Pandey Kishor , Kharbuja Anjana , Kapandji Merveille , Gautam Ishan , Bhujel Rajshree , Takamatsu Yuki , Bhandari Rudramani , Klungthong Chonticha , Shrestha Sanjaya Kumar , Fernandez Stefan , Malavige Gathsaurie Neelika , Pandey Basu Dev , Urano Takeshi , Morita Kouichi , Ngwe Tun Mya Myat , Dumre Shyam Prakash
Published: April 2024

In 2023, Nepal faced its second largest dengue outbreak ever, following a record-breaking number of dengue cases in 2022, characterized by the expansion of infections into areas of higher altitudes. However, the characteristics of the 2023 circulating dengue virus (DENV) and the vector density remain poorly understood. Therefore, we performed DENV serotyping, clinical and laboratory assessment, and entomological analysis of the 2023 outbreak in central Nepal. A total of 396 fever cases in Dhading hospital suspected of being DENV positive were enrolled, and blood samples were collected and tested by different techniques including PCR. Of these, 278 (70.2%) had confirmed DENV infection. Multiple serotypes (DENV-1, -2, and -3) were detected. DENV-2 (97.5%) re-emerged after six years in Dhading while DENV-3 was identified for the first time. Dengue inpatients had significantly higher frequency of anorexia, myalgia, rash, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and thrombocytopenia (p < 0.05). In this area, Aedes mosquitoes largely predominated (90.7%) with the majority being A. aegypti (60.7%). We also found high levels of Aedes index (20.0%) and container index (16.7%). We confirmed multiple DENV serotype circulation with serotype re-emergence and new serotype introduction, and high vector density in 2023. These findings call for the urgent initiation and scaling up of DENV molecular surveillance in human and mosquito populations for dengue control and prevention in Nepal.
Design and Characterization of a New Formulation for the Delivery of COVID-19-mRNA Vaccine to the Nasal Mucosa
Authors: Altay Benetti Ayça , Tan Eugene Yang Zhi , Chang Zi Wei , Bae Ki Hyun , Thwin Ma Thinzar , Muthuramalingam Ram Pravin Kumar , Liao Kuo-Chieh , Wan Yue , Ng Lisa F. P. , Renia Laurent , Liu Jianping , Chen Xiaoyuan , Yang Yi Yan , White Kevin P. , Pastorin Giorgia
Published: April 2024

Chitosan, a natural polysaccharide derived from chitin, possesses biocompatibility, biodegradability, and mucoadhesive characteristics, making it an attractive material for the delivery of mRNA payloads to the nasal mucosa and promoting their uptake by target cells such as epithelial and immune cells (e.g., dendritic cells and macrophages). In this project, we aimed at developing novel lipid-based nanoformulations for mRNA delivery to counteract the pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus. The formulations achieved a mRNA encapsulation efficiency of ~80.2% with chitosan-lipid nanoparticles, as measured by the RiboGreen assay. Furthermore, the evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 Spike (S) receptor-binding domain (RBD) expression via ELISA for our vaccine formulations showed transfection levels in human embryonic kidney cells (HEK 293), lung carcinoma cells (A549), and dendritic cells (DC 2.4) equal to 9.9 ± 0.1 ng/mL (174.7 ± 1.1 fold change from untreated cells (UT)), 7.0 ± 0.2 ng/mL (128.1 ± 4.9 fold change from UT), and 0.9 ± 0.0 ng/mL (18.0 ± 0.1 fold change from UT), respectively. Our most promising vaccine formulation was also demonstrated to be amenable to lyophilization with minimal degradation of loaded mRNA, paving the way towards a more accessible and stable vaccine. Preliminary in vivo studies in mice were performed to assess the systemic and local immune responses. Nasal bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) wash showed that utilizing the optimized formulation resulted in local antibody concentrations and did not trigger any systemic antibody response. However, if further improved and developed, it could potentially contribute to the management of COVID-19 through nasopharyngeal immunization strategies.
Assessing Recharge Sources and Seawater Intrusion in Coastal Groundwater: A Hydrogeological and Multi-Isotopic Approach
Authors: Porru Maria Chiara , Arras Claudio , Biddau Riccardo , Cidu Rosa , Lobina Francesca , Podda Francesca , Wanty Richard , Da Pelo Stefania
Published: April 2024

One of the crucial challenges of our time is climate change. The consequences of rising sea levels and drought greatly impact water resources, potentially worsening seawater intrusion. Characterizing coastal aquifers is an essential step in devising strategies to address these phenomena. Seawater intrusion poses a critical socio-economic and environmental issue in the coastal plain of Muravera, southeastern Sardinia (Italy). This coastal plain is an important agricultural area in Sardinia, and the health of the crops is compromised by the increasing salinization of shallow groundwater. To enhance our understanding of the hydrogeological conceptual model, which is essential for a sustainable resource management system, hydrogeological investigations were conducted and complemented by the chemical and multi-isotopic analyses of groundwater. The main objectives of this study were to identify groundwater recharge areas, understand salinization mechanisms and trace the evolution of water chemistry. Within this framework, a monthly survey monitoring piezometric level and electrical conductivity was carried out for one year. This survey was integrated with chemical and isotope analyses, including δ18OH2O and δ2HH2O, δ11B, δ18OSO4, δ34SSO4, and 87Sr/86Sr. Hydrochemistry analysis results revealed the occurrence of seawater–freshwater mixing, extending up to 4 km inland. H2O isotope analysis confirmed the mixing processes and indicated the meteoric origin of recharge waters for both shallow and semi-confined aquifers. The strontium isotopes ratio facilitated the identification of four main groundwater flow paths, confirmed by the SIAR model. The results of this combined hydrogeological–geochemical–isotopic survey provide essential elements for the future implementation of an integrated and sustainable management system. These findings enable interventions to slow the process of seawater intrusion and meet the economic needs for the development of local communities.
Torque Ripple Reduction in Brushless Wound Rotor Vernier Machine Using Third-Harmonic Multi-Layer Winding
Authors: Zulqarnain Muhammad , Hammad Sheikh Yasir , Ikram Junaid , Bukhari Syed Sabir Hussain , Khan Laiq
Published: April 2024

This article aims to realize the brushless operation of a wound rotor vernier machine (WRVM) by a third-harmonic field produced through stator auxiliary winding (X). In the conventional model, a third-harmonic current is generated by connecting a 4-pole armature and 12-pole excitation windings serially with a three-phase diode rectifier to develop a pulsating field in the airgap of a machine. However, in the proposed model, the ABC winding is supplied by a three-phase current source inverter, whereas the auxiliary winding (X) carries no current due to an open circuit. The fundamental MMF component developed in the machine airgap creates a four-pole stator field, while the third-harmonic MMF induces the harmonic current in the specialized rotor harmonic winding. The rotor on the other side contains the harmonic and the field windings connected through a full-bridge rectifier. The electromagnetic interaction of the stator and rotor fields generates torque. Due to the open-circuited winding pattern, the proposed machine results in a low torque ripple. A 2D model is designed using JMAG-Designer, and 2D field element analysis (FEA) is carried out to determine the output torque and machine’s efficiency. A comparative performance analysis of both the conventional and proposed topologies is discussed graphically. The quantitative analysis of the proposed topology shows better performance as compared to the recently developed third-harmonic-based brushless WRVM topology in terms of output torque and torque ripples.
Efficacy of mineral metabolism correction in orthopedic patients
Authors:   Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education «Bashkir State Medical University » of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Ufa, Minasov T. B. , Yakupova E. R. ,   Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education «Bashkir State Medical University » of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Ufa, Imaeva A. K. ,   Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education «Bashkir State Medical University » of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Ufa, Faizullin A. A. ,   State Budgetary Healthcare Institution of the Republic of Bashkortostan City Clinical Hospital No. 21, Ufa, Khairutdinov R. F. ,   Chelyabinsk Regional Clinical Hospital, Chelyabinsk, Yatsukova V. E. ,   FSBEI HE South Ural State Medical University, Suyunov R. A. ,   Regional Clinical Hospital, 24, Mineralnye Vody, Mustaev U. R. ,   Veterans’ Hospital, Ufa
Published: April 2024

The study shows that a combination therapy regimen including calcium carbonate and alfacalcidol has a positive effect on functional activity in the perioperative period of knee arthroplasty. The synergism of the studied drugs is due to their effect on mineral metabolism, which has a significant impact on the effectiveness of motor rehabilitation in orthopedic patients.
Prohibition of discrimination in the field of work
Authors:   Department of Labor and Social Security Legislation of the Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law  under the Government of the Russian Federation, Lomakina L.A.
Published: April 2024

The article considers the prohibition of discrimination as one of the basic principles of labor law. The norms of law that enshrine the prohibition of discrimination in the field of work are analyzed, possible causes of this phenomenon. Based on the materials of judicial practice, the main forms of discrimination in the employment of persons with disabilities in quota places are analyzed. A comparative analysis of the legal positions of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation and the materials of judicial practice in cases involving unjustified refusal to conclude an employment contract is provided. A way to solve the problem of restoring a violated right in case of unjustified refusal to conclude an employment contract is proposed.
Bodies for the consideration of individual labor disputes in the Russian Federation and foreign countries
Authors:   Department of Labor Law of the Higher Educational Institution of the Academy of Labor and Social Relations, Zorya E.V.
Published: April 2024

The author, based on the data of judicial statistics of the Russian Federation, formulated indicators of a sufficiently large number of cases for the consideration of individual labor disputes. The article provides a comparative legal description of the bodies for the consideration of individual labor disputes in the Russian Federation and a number of foreign countries. Their features and differences are revealed. The expediency of improving the role of the CCC in the territory of the Russian Federation is argued. A proposal is being made to appoint judges who consider only cases arising in the field of labor relations.