bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Immunogenic Subtypes of Breast Cancer Delineated by Gene Classifiers of Immune Responsiveness
Authors: Miller Lance D. , Chou Jeff A. , Black Michael A. , Print Cristin , Chifman Julia , Alistar Angela , Putti Thomas , Zhou Xiaobo , Bedognetti Davide , Hendrickx Wouter , Pullikuth Ashok , Rennhack Jonathan , Andrechek Eran R. , Demaria Sandra , Wang Ena , Marincola Francesco M.
Published: April 2016

The abundance and functional orientation of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in breast cancer is associated with distant metastasis-free survival, yet how this association is influenced by tumor phenotypic heterogeneity is poorly understood. Here, a bioinformatics approach defined tumor biologic attributes that influence this association and delineated tumor subtypes that may differ in their ability to sustain durable antitumor immune responses. A large database of breast tumor expression profiles and associated clinical data was compiled, from which the ability of phenotypic markers to significantly influence the prognostic performance of a classification model that incorporates immune cell–specific gene signatures was ascertained. Markers of cell proliferation and intrinsic molecular subtype reproducibly distinguished two breast cancer subtypes that we refer to as immune benefit-enabled (IBE) and immune benefit-disabled (IBD). The IBE tumors, comprised mostly of highly proliferative tumors of the basal-like, HER2-enriched, and luminal B subtypes, could be stratified by the immune classifier into significantly different prognostic groups, while IBD tumors could not, indicating the potential for productive engagement of metastasis-protective immunity in IBE tumors, but not in IBD tumors. The prognostic stratification in IBE was independent of conventional variables. Gene network analysis predicted the activation of TNFα/IFNγ signaling pathways in IBE tumors and the activation of the transforming growth factor-β pathway in IBD tumors. This prediction supports a model in which breast tumors can be distinguished on the basis of their potential for metastasis-protective immune responsiveness. Whether IBE and IBD represent clinically relevant contexts for evaluating sensitivity to immunotherapeutic agents warrants further investigation. Cancer Immunol Res; 4(7); 600–10. ©2016 AACR.
Identifying Behavioral Phenotypes and Heterogeneity in Heart Valve Surface Endothelium
Authors: Blancas Alicia A. , Balaoing Liezl R. , Acosta Francisca M. , Grande-Allen K. Jane
Published: April 2016

Heart valvular endothelial cells (VECs) are distinct from vascular endothelial cells (ECs), but have an uncertain context within the spectrum of known endothelial phenotypes, including lymphatic ECs (LECs). Profiling the phenotypes of the heart valve surface VECs would facilitate identification of a proper seeding population for tissue-engineered valves, as well as elucidate mechanisms of valvular disease. Porcine VECs and porcine aortic ECs (AECs) were isolated from pig hearts and characterized to assess known EC and LEC markers. A transwell migration assay determined their propensity to migrate toward vascular endothelial growth factor, an angiogenic stimulus, over 24 h. Compared to AECs, Flt-1 was expressed on almost double the percentage of VECs, measured as 74 versus 38%. The expression of angiogenic EC markers CXCR4 and DLL4 was >90% on AECs, whereas VECs showed only 35% CXCR4+ and 47% DLL4+. AECs demonstrated greater migration (71.5 ± 11.0 cells per image field) than the VECs with 30.0 ± 15.3 cells per image field (p = 0.032). In total, 30% of VECs were positive for LYVE1+/Prox1+, while these markers were absent in AECs. In conclusion, the population of cells on the surface of heart valves is heterogeneous, consisting largely of nonangiogenic VECs and a subset of LECs. Previous studies have indicated the presence of LECs within the interior of the valves; however, this is the first study to demonstrate their presence on the surface. Identification of this unique endothelial mixture is a step forward in the development of engineered valve replacements as a uniform EC seeding population may not be the best option to maximize transplant success.
Skin Wound Repair Is Not Altered in the Absence of Endogenous AnxA1 or AnxA5, but Pharmacological Concentrations of AnxA4 and AnxA5 Inhibit Wound Hemostasis
Authors: Kreft Sandra , Klatt Andreas R. , Straßburger Julia , Pöschl Ernst , Flower Rod J. , Eming Sabine , Reutelingsperger Chris , Brisson Alain , Brachvogel Bent
Published: April 2016

Skin injury induces the cell surface exposure of phosphatidylserine (PS) on damaged and dying cells to activate coagulation and repair processes. Annexins can bind to PS and may modulate the healing response. Here, we determine the relevance of annexins for skin wound healing using AnxA1- and AnxA5-deficient mice and recombinant annexins with distinct PS binding properties. Wound inflammation, closure and the formation of granulation tissue were not altered in AnxA1- or AnxA5-deficient mice or after increasing AnxA5 serum concentrations (100 nM) in wild-type mice. Increased serum concentrations (1 µM) of AnxA5 induced massive bleeding, but wound hemostasis was not delayed by AnxA1. Both annexins interact with PS, but only AnxA5 can form 2-dimensional (2D) arrays on the cell surface. The injection of an AnxA5 mutant that binds to PS but lacks the ability of 2D array formation failed to induce bleeding. 2D lattice-forming AnxA4, with high affinity to PS also caused bleeding, while hemostasis was not affected by AnxA8 with low affinity or the AnxA8 mutant with medium affinity for PS and the lack of 2D formation. Increased concentrations of AnxA4 and AnxA5 also delayed coagulation pathway activation in vitro. This effect was attenuated for the AnxA5 mutant as well as for AnxA1 and AnxA8. In conclusion, endogenous AnxA1 and AnxA5 are dispensable for wound hemostasis and repair, but pharmacologically excessive concentrations of AnxA4 and AnxA5 inhibit hemostasis in skin wounds.
On the Automatic Decellularisation of Porcine Aortae: A Repeatability Study Using a Non-Enzymatic Approach
Authors: O'Connor Mooney Rory , Davis Niall Francis , Hoey David , Hogan Lisa , McGloughlin Timothy M. , Walsh Michael T.
Published: April 2016

Objective: To investigate the repeatability of automatic decellularisation of porcine aortae using a non-enzymatic approach, addressing current limitations associated with other automatic decellularisation processes. Materials and Methods: Individual porcine aortae (n = 3) were resected and every third segment (n = 4) was allocated to one of three different groups: a control or a manually or automatically decellularised group. Manual and automatic decellularisation was performed using Triton X-100 (2% v/v) and sodium deoxycholate. Protein preservation and the elimination of a galactosyl-α(1,3)galactose (GAL) epitope were measured using immunohistochemistry and protein binding assays. The presence of residual DNA was determined with gel electrophoresis and spectrophotometry. Scaffold integrity was characterised with scanning electron microscopy and uni-axial tensile testing. Manual and automatic results were compared to one another, to control groups and to current gold standards. Results: The results were comparable to those of current gold standard decellularisation techniques. Successful repeatability was achieved, both manually and automatically, with little effect on mechanical characteristics. Complete acellularity was not confirmed in either decellularisation group. Protein preservation was consistent in both the manually and automatically decellularised groups and between each individual aorta. Elimination of GAL was not achieved. Conclusion: Repeatable automatic decellularisation of porcine aortae is feasible using a Triton X-100-sodium deoxycholate protocol. Protein preservation was satisfactory; however, gold standard thresholds for permissible residual DNA levels were not achieved. Future research will focus on addressing this issue by optimisation of the existing protocol for thick tissues.
Chronic Inflammation in an Anophthalmic Socket due to a Room Temperature Vulcanized Silicone Implant
Authors: Galindo-Ferreiro Alicia , AlGhafri Laila , Elkhamary Sahar M. , Maktabi Azza , Gálvez-Ruiz Alberto , Galindo-Alonso Julio , Schellini Proff Silvana
Published: April 2016

Two case reports are used to illustrate the signs and symptoms, complications and treatments of chronic socket inflammation due to intraorbital implants. The ophthalmic examination, surgeries and treatments are documented. Two anophthalmic cases that underwent enucleation and multiple orbital surgeries to enhance the anophthalmic socket volume developed pain, intense discharge and contracted cavities with chronic inflammation in the socket which was nonresponsive to medical therapy. Computed tomography indicated a hypodense foreign body in both cases causing an intense inflammatory reaction. The implants were removed by excisional surgery and a room temperature vulcanized silicone implant was retrieved in both cases. Socket inflammation resolved in both cases after implant removal. An intraorbital inflammatory reaction against an intraorbital implant can cause chronic socket inflammation in patients with a history of multiple surgeries. Diagnosis requires imaging and the definitive treatment is implant removal.
Chromosome Banding in Amphibia. XXXIII. Demonstration of 5-Methylcytosine-Rich Heterochromatin in Anura
Authors: Schmid Michael , Steinlein Claus
Published: April 2016

An experimental approach using monoclonal anti-5-methylcytosine (5-MeC) antibodies and indirect immunofluorescence was elaborated for detecting 5-MeC-rich chromosome regions in anuran chromosomes. This technique was applied to mitotic metaphases of 6 neotropical frog species belonging to 6 genera and 4 families. The hypermethylation patterns were compared with a variety of banding patterns obtained by conventional banding techniques. The hypermethylated DNA sequences are species-specific and located exclusively in constitutive heterochromatin. They are found in centromeric, pericentromeric, telomeric, and interstitial positions of the chromosomes and adjacent to nucleolus organizer regions. 5-MeC-rich DNA sequences can be embedded both in AT- and GC-rich repetitive DNA. The experimental parameters that have major influence on the reproducibility and quality of the anti-5-MeC antibody labeling are discussed.
Cafuas, guetos e santuários – atualização do sagrado num artista iconoclasta: produção, recepção e repercussão da obra de Tom Zé
Authors: Araújo Filho José Valdimir
Published: April 2016

O presente artigo focaliza-se na figura solitária e peculiar de artistas que destoam dos movimentos estéticos em bloco, dominantes ou vanguardistas, aqui ilustrado pelo músico Tom Zé. O objetivo desse artigo é analisar o propósito de um projeto artístico que inclui, na performance, o exagero da auto-referencialidade como procedimento para intensificar o alcance do próprio discurso. Os referenciais teóricos que norteiam a pesquisa são encontrados nos apontamentos de Antonio Gramsci e Nestor Garcia Canclini, do primeiro na sistematização da Filosofia da Práxis e do segundo nos estudos das Culturas Híbridas. Os dois esclarecem o papel de um novo tipo de intelectual e artista imbricados nas seguintes dimensões: a do intelectual orgânico em relação com o oprimido, quando estabelece empatia a partir de uma autêntica sintonia, na qual o intelectual percebe no outro a potência e, dessa forma, valorizando o saber popular que lhe confere identidade, lutando pela socialização do conhecimento com vistas ao descortinamento de um novo horizonte ético-político; por outro lado, a obra do artista moderno inclui a celebridade individual, a conversão da história imediata do artista e a textualização da vida social, como estratégias para ampliar o alcance do discurso, para essa breve pesquisa interessam os aspectos político e pedagógico dessas estratégias. O esforço desse artigo consiste em aproveitar os esclarecimentos dos teóricos acima citados para ilustrar, com a obra e a trajetória de Tom Zé, uma espécie de artista complexo que, ao perseguir o prevalecimento do seu ideal estético, incorporou as adversidades dos que enfrentam e resistem aos apelos da massificação; dos que ousaram entrar em confrontos com a indústria cultural e, não raro, com o cenário político e social.
Social Watch: espaço alternativo para a comunicação da sociedade civil global
Authors: Vicente Maximiliano Martin
Published: April 2016

O presente texto tem por finalidade apresentar como o site alternativo Social Watch contribui para a construção da cidadania mundial ao publicar propostas de Organizações Não Governamentais (ONGs), identificadas com coletivos excluídos dos meios tradicionais de comunicação de massa. Para tanto se analisa a estrutura do site e se aprofunda o estudo de uma de suas publicações, o boletim de agosto, utilizando alguns dos componentes principais da análise do enquadramento e do conteúdo.  A análise permite concluir que, de fato, o site se apresenta como uma possibilidade real para que a sociedade civil use seu espaço e cobre do poder público projetos e propostas destinados a incrementar a cidadania global.
Mídia e discurso – Reinventando a cidade
Authors: Carvalho Conceição Belfort , Cutrim Ilza Galvão
Published: April 2016

Este artigo põe em relevo o papel do discurso midiático na produção de identidades, desejos e subjetividades. Nosso foco de discussão consiste em verificar como a cidade de São Luís é promovida pelo discurso como lugar da festa do bumba-meu-boi, identidade que tenta agregar a esse espaço todos os gostos, tempos, crenças, comportamentos, tornando-o aberto a diferentes possibilidades, assemelhando-o a uma heterotopia. Para alcançarmos nosso objetivo, analisamos enunciados do jornal O Estado do Maranhão (2014).
A Educação na era da interatividade: Reflexões sobre as novas formas de interação na escola mediante o uso das tecnologias digitais e interativas
Authors: Zilli Amanda Larissa , Martins Rosane Fonseca de Freitas
Published: April 2016

Sob as análises de Marshall McLuhan e Pierre Lévy, este estudo investiga as novas formas de interação na escola mediante a interferência das novas tecnologias digitais e interativas e os perigos da superficialidade no uso dos recursos tecnológicos capazes de subverter sua função educativa/ formativa. Após uma revisão de literatura foram analisados os vídeos intitulados A vision of students today (Uma visão dos estudantes hoje), de 2008 e A escola é um saco, de 2010 que possibilitaram importantes reflexões sobre as novas relações com o saber mediada pelo uso das tecnologias.
Os conflitos culturais da década de 1960 na revista Realidade
Authors: Rosa Márcia Eliane
Published: April 2016

Este artigo faz um recorte de alguns aspectos do cenário conflitante cultural da década de 1960 no Brasil a partir da revista Realidade, importante publicação jornalística do país no período.  Os textos da revista Realidade, uma publicação diferente de todas outras do gênero à época, conseguiram reunir material jornalístico e histórico que retratou o cotidiano de uma época e captou flagrantes da cultura do país, evidenciando, entre 1966-1968, partes ou ângulos desses acontecimentos culturais em uma sociedade criativa e efervescente.
Gollum e Sméagol: O Expressionismo no Inquietante
Authors: Villalon Renan Claudino
Published: April 2016

Este artigo é um estudo em análise sobre o personagem Gollum/Sméagol de acordo com as suas possíveis características imagéticas e psicanalíticas de acordo com o movimento cinematográfico do expressionismo alemão e da teoria freudiana O Inquietante. O estudo tem como justificativa o reconhecimento de outras perspectivas conceituais relacionado à uma adaptação literária para o cinema como uma forma de abranger outros assuntos sobre adaptações de personagens, indo além de teorias sobre adaptação. Seu objetivo principal é verificar as características do movimento cinematográfico e da tese psicanalítica freudiana mencionados, de acordo com a forma como o personagem Gollum/Sméagol foi adaptado ao cinema. Para a escrita do artigo foram pesquisados os conceitos sobre: expressionismo alemão, O Inquietante (de Freud) e sobre a técnica para efeitos especiais performance-capture,  isto para a análise do personagem da forma como é visto na trilogia cinematográfica em sua versão estendida.
O Papel do Jornalismo Cultural e a relação com a Cultura Popular
Authors: Cerigatto Mariana Pícaro
Published: April 2016

A cobertura centrada na agenda e no entretenimento dificulta o tratamento contextualizado e menos estereotipado de temáticas relacionadas à cultura popular. A partir disso, este artigo discute as regularidades do jornalismo cultural e traz as recomendações da Unesco  para a valorização de conteúdos relacionados à diversidade cultural.
Em busca do tesouro: rock e juventude em dois momentos do cinema musical brasileiro.
Authors: Maia Guilherme , Coelho Sandra Straccialano
Published: April 2016

Ação de uma investigação que visa a um mapeamento crítico de filmes musicais latino-americanos que deixaram marcas importantes na História do Cinema da América Latina, este dedica-se a falar brevemente sobre a chegada do rock’n roll ao cinema lusófono e hispanohablante das Américas e a refletir sobre dois momentos nos quais o rock e outros gêneros abrigados sob o manto da então chamada “música jovem” dominaram trilhas sonoras de musicais brasileiro.
(Não) é só uma piada: humor e posicionamento político no talk show
Authors: Lery Júlia
Published: April 2016

Com o objetivo de compreender o posicionamento político e as estratégias discursivas do humor politicamente incorreto na televisão, este artigo busca examinar os talk shows Agora é Tarde e The Noite. Os efeitos causadores da comicidade são analisados semiótica e politicamente, bem como o humor em estilo stand-up, o hibridismo com a realidade e a fragilidade do pacto ficcional nesses programas.
Biopoder e biopolítica na práxis da comunicação comunitária no ciberespaço
Authors: Pichler Patrícia Franck , Fossá Maria Ivete Trevisan
Published: April 2016

Este artigo apresenta o estudo dos conceitos biopoder e biopolítica, através dos autores Foucault, Hardt, Negri, Antoun e Malini. O objetivo é compreender a evolução teórica dos conceitos e sua atuação na prática comunicacional, propondo uma discussão inicial a respeito do tensionamento entre liberdade e controle no direcionamento de práticas sociais e culturais no ciberespaço.
Reflexões sobre a construção da imagem da cidade de São Paulo: a instalação “Giganto” em foco
Authors: Drigo Maria Ogécia , Souza Luciana Coutinho Pagliarini de
Published: April 2016

Considerando-se o contexto urbano como um sistema concreto de signos e tomando-se como objeto de estudo as fotografias gigantes de rostos de moradores das cercanias do Elevado Costa e Silva, expostas nos pilares deste elevado conhecido como “Minhocão”, objetiva-se explicitar fragmentos da imagem da cidade de São Paulo, construída pelos seus usuários. Para tanto, apresentam-se aspectos do processo de construção da imagem da cidade e elaboram-se conjeturas sobre representações de São Paulo a partir de análise de cinco fotos selecionadas.
As TICs e a possibilidade do jornalismo participativo enquanto prática cidadã
Authors: Medeiros Amanda , Larceda Juciano
Published: April 2016

O presente artigo objetiva desenvolver uma discussão teórica acerca da ideia do jornalismo participativo enquanto prática cidadã. Para tanto, discutimos inicialmente as mudanças ocasionadas na prática jornalística devido à presença marcante das TICs, e seguimos com uma abordagem acerca do (web)jornalismo participativo. Encerramos a nossa exposição teórica ao apresentar o conceito de cidadania comunicativa e concluir que o jornalismo participativo pode sim ser considerado como prática cidadã, desde que tomado em sua essência.
Reduction of joint nociception induced by formalin in rats treated ith low level laser therapy 670 or 830 nm
Authors: Karvat Jhenifer , Kakihata Camila M. M. , Malanotte Jéssica A. , Pelissar Daniele , Escher Assis R. , Bertolini Gladson R. F.
Published: April 2016

Study design: experimental study of cross-cutting nature. Objective: To evaluate the low level laser therapy (LLLT) effects, with a wavelength of 670 and 820nm, in nociception of Wistar rats submitted to hypernociception in his right knee. Methods: 18 Wistar rats, separated into 3 groups: G1 – untreated; G2 – treated with LBP 670 nm; G3 – treated with LBP 830 nm. For the hypernociception induction was injected into the tibiofemoral articular space 100 µL of 5% formalin. To evaluate nociception was used digital von Frey filament, both with pressure on the knee, as in the plantar region. The evaluations occurred: pre-injury (EV1), 15 (EV2), 30 (EV3) and 60 (EV4) minutes after hypernociception induction. For the treatment with LBP was used to 8 J/cm2, after EV2. Results: the withdrawal threshold, when the pressure was held at the knee, showed that 670 nm produced threshold elevation in EV3 and EV4, returning to values similar to those of EV1. For the plantar region, only 830 nm showed restoration of values in EV4, and was higher in EV3 when comparing with G1. Conclusion: Both wavelengths produced raising the paw withdrawal threshold in rats with knee hypernociception
Prevalence of Pain. and analgesic therapy adequacy in patients hospitalized in a university hospital
Authors: Sousa-Muñoz Rilva Lopes de , Rocha Geyhsy Elaynne Silva , Garcia Bruno Braz , Maia Anne Diniz
Published: April 2016

Objectives: To evaluate the prevalence of Pain. and adequacy of analgesic therapy administered to patients at a university hospital, as well to assess the agreement between the painful self-reporting and data from medical records regarding Pain. manifestation. Methods: Observational and cross-sectional study, from structured interviews with adult patients who expressed a complaint of Pain. up to 24 hours prior to hospital admission or at any time after admission to the Lauro Wanderley University Hospital (LWUH) interviews. Socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of patients, type of analgesics, treatment regimens, intensity and characteristics of Pain. were evaluated. The medical records of medication use were collected through the notes in the medical report and lists of prescriptions. Pain. was assessed by visual analogue scale (VAS ) and the Multidimensional Pain. Scale (EMADOR). To assess the adequacy of analgesia used the Index of Pain. Management (IMD). The Analgesic Ladder of the World Health Organization was used in evaluating requirements. Results: In the period of the study, 480 patients admitted up to 18 years or more wards for adults of the LWUH. Of these, 115 (24%) complained of Pain. and were included in the sample. The age of the 115 participants ranged from 18 to 90 years, with a mean of 48,7 (± 17,7). It was found that 60 (52,2 %) had severe Pain. and 39 ( 33,9% ) had moderate pain. The assessment of agreement between the painful self-reporting and data from medical records regarding Pain. showed that only 45 (39,1% ) and 42 ( 36,1 %) of the times of admission and in the hospital course respectively, were recorded information about pain. Concerning the adequacy of analgesic therapy, it was found negative IMD in 85 (82,6 % ) patients. There was inappropriate prescribing in 78,3% of patients. The use of monotherapy use of non-opioid analgesics (dipyrone / acetaminophen) and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in 87,8 % of patients was predominant, while opiates were used in only 14,7% of patients. Conclusions: The initial assumptions of this research were partially supported. The prevalence of Pain. in hospitalized patients was not high as assumed, but the analgesic adequacy was unsatisfactory. Moreover, there was no agreement between self-reported Pain. and records data, indicating that doctors do not to ask about this symptom or register it in the records. It has been shown inadequate treatment regimens and the need for greater knowledge of the analgesics use in Pain. therapy in the LWUH
Arte, mito e educação entre os fons do Benin: a estátua de Gu
Authors: Almeida Rogério de , Boaro Júlio Cesar Nogueira
Published: April 2016

O presente artigo tem como esco­po a reflexão sobre a relação entre arte, mito e ancestralidade entre um dos povos mais tra­dicionais da costa oeste africana, os Fons do Benin. Nesta reflexão, que tomará a estatuária beninense como mote, foi escolhida a estátua de Gu, um ancestral mítico presente na cultu­ra dos fons, surgido no contexto do hibridismo cultural com seus vizinhos iorubás, em rela­ções historicamente marcadas por guerras e enfrentamentos. A etnia fon, como sendo uma das várias etnias africanas trazidas para o Brasil para servirem como escravos no Brasil colônia, é constituinte de uma parte da popula­ção negra brasileira e, consequentemente, nos deixou uma herança cultural representativa, principalmente na religiosidade de matriz afri­cana.
Entre o diálogo e a discordância: um debate sobre as teses de Roberto Mangabeira Unger
Authors: Melo William , Rodrigues Fabiana Malha
Published: April 2016

Este artigo apresenta as principais teses do pensador Roberto Mangabeira Unger relacionadas a uma interpretação dos novos parâmetros da democracia ocidental, das insti­tuições e da sociedade brasileira como um todo. Também desenvolve um diálogo com o autor, questionando alguns dos seus fundamentos. Mangabeira, ao pretender requalificar o de­bate sobre a democracia, a partir da adoção de novas alternativas institucionais, coloca-se num viés experimentalista. Utilizando-se de pressupostos marxistas numa mistura com pressupostos schumpeterianos, este autor é qualificado, nas palavras de Anderson (1992), como: “um profeta do primeiro mundo, a partir de uma abordagem filosófica do terceiro mun­do”. É nesse sentido que compreender suas teo­rias e dialogar/discordar tornam-se objetivos chaves deste trabalho.
Arte, cultura e política na história do rap nacional
Authors: Loureiro Bráulio Roberto Castro
Published: April 2016

Como fruto de pesquisa de mestrado no Departamento de Antropologia Social da Universidade de São Paulo, o livro Se liga no som: as transformações do rap no Brasil, do antropólogo e músico Ricardo Teperman, se insere num campo temático que vem sendo marcado pelo volume crescente de produções. Se na década de 1990 a análise teórica sobre o rap e o hip-hop no Brasil dava seus primeiros passos2, nos últimos quinze anos o gênero musical e o movimento cultural que o abrange atraíram a atenção de um número significativo de pesquisadores – acadêmicos e não acadêmicos. Estes os têm investigado a partir de múltiplos enfoques, notadamente aspectos étnicos, etários, artísticos, históricos, culturais, educacionais e políticos.Transitar pela história do rap nacional a fim de problematizar lugares-comuns, registrar mudanças e analisar significados é a proposta central do livro de Teperman. Nas palavras do autor: “flagrar as transformações das maneiras de fazer, ouvir e falar sobre rap no Brasil”
Short‐Term Exposure to Air Pollution and Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress: The Framingham Heart Study
Authors: Li Wenyuan , Wilker Elissa H. , Dorans Kirsten S. , Rice Mary B. , Schwartz Joel , Coull Brent A. , Koutrakis Petros , Gold Diane R. , Keaney John F. , Lin Honghuang , Vasan Ramachandran S. , Benjamin Emelia J. , Mittleman Murray A.
Published: April 2016

Background

Short‐term exposure to elevated air pollution has been associated with higher risk of acute cardiovascular diseases, with systemic oxidative stress induced by air pollution hypothesized as an important underlying mechanism. However, few community‐based studies have assessed this association.

Methods and Results

Two thousand thirty‐five Framingham Offspring Cohort participants living within 50 km of the Harvard Boston Supersite who were not current smokers were included. We assessed circulating biomarkers of oxidative stress including blood myeloperoxidase at the seventh examination (1998–2001) and urinary creatinine‐indexed 8‐epi‐prostaglandin F
2α
(8‐epi‐
PGF
2α
) at the seventh and eighth (2005–2008) examinations. We measured fine particulate matter (
PM
2.5
), black carbon, sulfate, nitrogen oxides, and ozone at the Supersite and calculated 1‐, 2‐, 3‐, 5‐, and 7‐day moving averages of each pollutant. Measured myeloperoxidase and 8‐epi‐
PGF
2α
were log
e
transformed. We used linear regression models and linear mixed‐effects models with random intercepts for myeloperoxidase and indexed 8‐epi‐
PGF
2α
, respectively. Models were adjusted for demographic variables, individual‐ and area‐level measures of socioeconomic position, clinical and lifestyle factors, weather, and temporal trend. We found positive associations of
PM
2.5
and black carbon with myeloperoxidase across multiple moving averages. Additionally, 2‐ to 7‐day moving averages of
PM
2.5
and sulfate were consistently positively associated with 8‐epi‐
PGF
2α
. Stronger positive associations of black carbon and sulfate with myeloperoxidase were observed among participants with diabetes than in those without.

Conclusions

Our community‐based investigation supports an association of select markers of ambient air pollution with circulating biomarkers of oxidative stress.
Hematoma Changes During Clot Resolution After Experimental Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Authors: Cao Shenglong , Zheng Mingzhe , Hua Ya , Chen Gao , Keep Richard F. , Xi Guohua
Published: April 2016

Background and Purpose—

Hematoma clearance occurs in the days after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and has not been well studied. In the current study, we examined changes in the hematoma in a piglet ICH model. The effect of deferoxamine on hematoma was also examined.

Methods—

The ICH model was induced by an injection of autologous blood into the right frontal lobe of piglets. First, a natural time course of hematoma changes ≤7 days was determined. Second, the effect of deferoxamine on hematoma changes was examined. Hemoglobin and membrane attack complex levels in the hematoma were examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Immunohistochemistry and Western blotting were used to examine CD47 (a regulator of erythrophagocytosis), CD163 (a hemoglobin scavenger receptor), and heme oxygenase-1 (a heme degradation enzyme) in the clot.

Results—

After ICH, there was a reduction in red blood cell diameter within the clot with time. This was accompanied by membrane attack complex accumulation and decreased hemoglobin levels. Erythrophagocytosis occurred in the hematoma, and this was associated with reduced clot CD47 levels. Activated macrophages/microglia were CD163 and hemeoxygenase-1 positive, and these accumulated in the clot with time. Deferoxamine treatment attenuated the process of hematoma resolution by reducing member attack complex formation and inhibiting CD47 loss in the clot.

Conclusions—

These results indicate that membrane attack complex and erythrophagocytosis contribute to hematoma clearance after ICH, which can be altered by deferoxamine treatment.
International Responsibility and the Constitution of Power
Authors: d’Aspremont Jean
Published: April 2016

This article contests mainstream accounts of international responsibility and argues that the act of subjecting certain forms of conduct to the regime of international responsibility has a constitutive dimension. It argues that international responsibility constitutes, rather than constrains, power. More than legal personality, it is international responsibility that makes international organizations huge hubs of power. This article starts with some introductory remarks on the extent to which responsibility ought to be understood as a set of formal modes of legal reasoning through which the determination and allocation of the burden of compensation is debated, as well as a few reminders of the political choices that informed the design of its main formal modes of legal reasoning. After showing how the rules regarding the responsibility of States are constitutive of the power of States, attention turns to the claim that the regime of responsibility of international organizations similarly constitutes the power of international organizations and their member States. This article ends with some remarks on the divergent constitutive roles of personality and responsibility, and on the consequences of a shift in perspective from accountability to power in studies on international responsibility.
A new species of Cangshanaltica Konstantinov et al., a moss-inhabiting flea beetle from Thailand (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae: Alticini)
Authors: DAMAŠKA ALBERT , KONSTANTINOV ALEXANDER
Published: April 2016

Moss cushions represent an interesting, but poorly understood habitat, which hosts many species of flea beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae: Alticini). However, the diversity of moss-inhabiting flea beetles is not well studied, and collecting in tropical and subtropical locations that were not sampled in the past led to the discovery of many new species (Konstantinov et al. 2013). Here, a new species of a moss-inhabiting flea beetle from the genus Cangshanaltica Konstantinov et al. 2013 is described and illustrated. This genus is one of the recently described moss-inhabiting flea beetle genera and before this study, only one species was known (Konstantinov et al., 2013). This publication raises the number of flea beetle species that are known to occur in moss cushions around the world to 30, distributed among 15 genera.
Life Cycle Characteristics of MCSs in Middle East China Tracked by Geostationary Satellite and Precipitation Estimates
Authors: Ai Yufei , Li Wanbiao , Meng Zhiyong , Li Jun
Published: April 2016

By combining high temporal and spatial resolution Multifunctional Transport Satellite-1R (MTSAT-1R) infrared (IR) images and precipitation data from the Climate Prediction Center morphing technique (CMORPH), this study tracked mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) from May to August in 2008 and 2009 in the middle of east China with an automatic tracking algorithm based on an areal overlapping methodology. This methodology is adjusted to include those MCSs with a relative weak intensity before formation. The unique advantage of combining high temporal and spatial resolution geostationary satellite brightness temperature images and the precipitation measurements for tracking MCSs is that the cloud-top height along with the coverage and the precipitation intensity can be well identified. Results showed that the MCSs formed most frequently in the southwest Henan Province and at the border of four provinces—Shandong, Henan, Anhui, and Jiangsu—which is east of the convergence zone near the terrain’s edge. Locations of the highest cloud tops and of the heaviest precipitation rates did not always match. In addition, the MCSs in the study region tended to first reach the maximum precipitation rate, followed soon by the minimum brightness temperature, then the maximum associated precipitation area, and finally the maximum in system area.
The Extreme Wind Events in the Ross Island Region of Antarctica
Authors: Weber Nicholas J. , Lazzara Matthew A. , Keller Linda M. , Cassano John J.
Published: April 2016

Numerous incidents of structural damage at the U.S. Antarctic Program’s (USAP) McMurdo Station due to extreme wind events (EWEs) have been reported over the past decade. Utilizing nearly 20 yr (~1992–2013) of University of Wisconsin automatic weather station (AWS) data from three different stations in the Ross Island region (Pegasus North, Pegasus South, and Willie Field), statistical analysis shows no significant trends in EWE frequency, intensity, or duration. EWEs more frequently occur during the transition seasons. To assess the dynamical environment of these EWEs, Antarctic Mesoscale Prediction System (AMPS) forecast back trajectories are computed and analyzed in conjunction with several other AMPS fields for the strongest events at McMurdo Station. The synoptic analysis reveals that McMurdo Station EWEs are nearly always associated with strong southerly flow due to an approaching Ross Sea cyclone and an upper-level trough around Cape Adare. A Ross Ice Shelf air stream (RAS) environment is created with enhanced barrier winds along the Transantarctic Mountains, downslope winds in the lee of the glaciers and local topography, and a tip jet effect around Ross Island. The position and intensity of these Ross Sea cyclones are most influenced by the occurrence of a central Pacific ENSO event, which causes the upper-level trough to move westward. An approaching surface cyclone would then be in position to trigger an event, depending on how the wind direction and speed impinges on the complex topography around McMurdo Station.
Ergonomics and Beyond
Authors: Ross Jennifer A. , Shipp Eva M. , Trueblood Amber B. , Bhattacharya Amit
Published: April 2016

Objective:

To honor Tom Waters’s work on emerging occupational health issues, we review the literature on physical along with chemical exposures and their impact on functional outcomes.

Background:

Many occupations present the opportunity for exposure to multiple hazardous exposures, including both physical and chemical factors. However, little is known about how these different factors affect functional ability and injury. The goal of this review is to examine the relationships between these exposures, impairment of the neuromuscular and musculoskeletal systems, functional outcomes, and health problems with a focus on acute injury.

Method:

Literature was identified using online databases, including PubMed, Ovid Medline, and Google Scholar. References from included articles were searched for additional relevant articles.

Results:

This review documented the limited existing literature that discussed cognitive impairment and functional disorders via neurotoxicity for physical exposures (heat and repetitive loading) and chemical exposures (pesticides, volatile organic compounds [VOCs], and heavy metals).

Conclusion:

This review supports that workers are exposed to physical and chemical exposures that are associated with negative health effects, including functional impairment and injury. Innovation in exposure assessment with respect to quantifying the joint exposure to these different exposures is especially needed for developing risk assessment models and, ultimately, preventive measures.

Application:

Along with physical exposures, chemical exposures need to be considered, alone and in combination, in assessing functional ability and occupationally related injuries.
Additive manufacturing of carbon fiber-reinforced plastic composites using fused deposition modeling: Effects of process parameters on tensile properties
Authors: Ning Fuda , Cong Weilong , Hu Yingbin , Wang Hui
Published: April 2016

Carbon fiber-reinforced plastic composites have been intensively used for many applications due to their attractive properties. The increasing demand of carbon fiber-reinforced plastic composites is driving novel manufacturing processes to be in short manufacturing cycle time and low production cost, which is difficult to realize during carbon fiber-reinforced plastic composites fabrication in common molding processes. Fused deposition modeling, as one of the additive manufacturing techniques, has been reported for fabricating carbon fiber-reinforced plastic composites. The process parameters used in fused deposition modeling of carbon fiber-reinforced plastic composites follow those in fused deposition modeling of pure plastic materials. After adding fiber reinforcements, it is crucial to investigate proper fused deposition modeling process parameters to ensure the quality of the carbon fiber-reinforced plastic parts fabricated by fused deposition modeling. However, there are no reported investigations on the effects of fused deposition modeling process parameters on the mechanical properties of carbon fiber-reinforced plastic composites. In the experimental investigations of this paper, carbon fiber-reinforced plastic composite parts are fabricated using a fused deposition modeling machine. Tensile tests are conducted to obtain the tensile properties. The effects of fused deposition modeling process parameters on the tensile properties of fused deposition modeling-fabricated carbon fiber-reinforced plastic composite parts are investigated. The fracture interfaces of the parts after tensile testing are observed by a scanning electron microscope to explain material failure modes and reasons.
War and Third-party Trade
Authors: Feldman Nizan , Sadeh Tal
Published: April 2016

Few studies explain how wars affect trade with third parties. We argue that wartime trade policies should raise trade with friendly and enemy-hostile third parties but reduce trade with hostile and enemy-friendly third parties. At the same time, the private motivation of firms and households may be incompatible with national wartime trade policies and constrain the effectiveness of wartime trade policies. Our directed dyadic data set consists of almost all of the states from 1885 to 2000. Running a high definition fixed effects regression with two-way clustering of standard errors, we find that hostile third parties tended to reduce trade with a combatant state by roughly 30 percent. In addition, trade with third parties friendly to the enemy fell by a similar magnitude. In contrast, on average, war hardly affected trade with third parties because of substitution of war-ridden markets with third-party business partners.
Design of an adaptive chattering avoidance global sliding mode tracker for uncertain non-linear time-varying systems
Authors: Mobayen Saleh , Tchier Fairouz
Published: April 2016

In this paper, a novel adaptive global sliding mode control technique is suggested for the tracking control of uncertain and non-linear time-varying systems. The proposed scheme composed of a global sliding mode control structure to eliminate reaching mode and an adaptive tracker to construct the auxiliary control term for eliminating the impacts of unwanted perturbations. Using the Lyapunov direct method, the tracking control of the non-linear system is guaranteed. Moreover, superior position tracking performance is obtained, the control effort is considerably decreased and the chattering phenomenon is removed. Furthermore, using adaptation laws, information about the upper bounds of the system perturbations is not required. To indicate the effectiveness of the suggested scheme, three simulation examples are presented. Simulation results demonstrate the superiority and capability of the offered control law to improve the transient performance of a closed-loop system using online adaptive parameters.
Decreased maximum clot firmness in rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM®) is associated with bleeding during extracorporeal mechanical circulatory support
Authors: Laine Antti , Niemi Tomi , Suojaranta-Ylinen Raili , Raivio Peter , Soininen Leena , Lemström Karl , Hämmäinen Pekka , Schramko Alexey
Published: April 2016

Background:

We aimed to characterize the coagulation disturbances which may increase the risk of bleeding, thrombosis or death shortly after implantation of an extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) or ventricular assist (VAD) device.

Methods:

Antithrombotic treatment was started in 23 VAD and 24 ECMO patients according to the hospital protocol. Additionally, conventional laboratory testing, rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM®) and platelet function analysis (Multiplate®) were performed at predetermined intervals.

Results:

Four out of twenty-four (16.7%) of ECMO patients and 6/23 (26.1%) of VAD patients had severe bleeding after the procedure. When all the patients were analyzed together, low maximum clot firmness (MCF) in ExTEM and FibTEM analyses was associated with severe bleeding (p<0.05) and low MCF in FibTEM with 30-day mortality. Low platelet count and hematocrit levels were also associated with severe bleeding. When VAD and ECMO patients were separated into different groups, the association between ROTEM® parameters, bleeding and survival was found only in limited time points. Four patients with VAD had cerebral ischemia indicative of thromboembolism. However, this had no significant correlation with ROTEM® or Multiplate® parameters.

Conclusion:

Hypocoagulation shown by ROTEM® was associated with bleeding complications in patients with mechanical circulatory support. In contrast, hypercoagulation did not correlate with clinical thrombosis.
Caregiving demands and caregivers’ psychological outcomes: the mediating role of perceived injustice
Authors: Mohammadi Somayyeh , de Boer Maaike J , Sanderman Robbert , Hagedoorn Mariët
Published: April 2016

Objectives:

This study hypothesized that higher caregiving demands are related to higher perceived injustice. Furthermore, this study investigated the mediating role of perceived injustice in the link between caregiving demands and caregivers’ psychological well-being.

Design:

A cross-sectional design.

Setting:

The Pain Centre of the university medical centre.

Subjects:

Participants were 184 family caregivers of patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain.

Main measures:

Participants completed questionnaires that assessed caregiving demands (i.e. The Dutch Objective Burden Inventory), perceived injustice (i.e. The Injustice Experience Questionnaire), how much they considered different sources responsible for the injustice they experienced (i.e. A newly developed inventory), perceived burden (i.e. The Zarit Burden Interview), distress (i.e. The Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale), and anger (i.e. The Hostility subscale of the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised).

Results:

The findings showed that caregiving demands are significantly related to perceived injustice in family caregivers (r = .44; P < .001). Only a small group of family caregivers considered the patient or themselves responsible, but more than half of the caregivers considered healthcare providers at least somewhat responsible for the unjust situation. Finally, perceived injustice mediated the association between caregiving demands and burden (b = .11, CI: .04-.23) and distress (b = .05, CI: .006-.12), but not anger (b = .008, CI: -.01-.06).

Conclusion:

The findings suggest that perceived injustice plays an important role in the well-being of family caregivers and caregivers’ well-being may be improved by changing their perceptions about their caregiving tasks and their condition.
Examining the Impact of Prior Criminal Justice History on 2-Year Recidivism Rates: A Comparison of Drug Court Participants and Program Referrals
Authors: Shannon Lisa M. , Jackson Jones Afton , Newell Jennifer , Neal Connie
Published: April 2016

Drug courts seek to break the cycle of substance use and crime by providing a community-based intervention to individuals with criminal justice involvement and substance-related issues. This study examined recidivism over a 2-year follow-up period as well as factors associated with recidivism for a sample of drug court participants (i.e., graduates and terminators) and a non-equivalent comparison group (i.e., individuals referred/assessed for the program who did not enter). In the 2-year follow-up window, fewer drug court graduates had any convictions compared with program terminators and referrals; specifically, fewer drug court graduates had drug trafficking convictions compared with program terminators and referrals. Fewer graduates were arrested and incarcerated in jail and/or prison in the 2-year follow-up; furthermore, graduates had spent less time incarcerated compared with program terminators and referrals. Demographics (i.e., age, race, marital status) and prior criminal justice system involvement were associated with recidivism; however, these factors had differential impacts for the three groups (i.e., graduates, terminators, and referrals). Drug court shows promise as a community-based intervention that helps keep individuals out of the criminal justice system during a 2-year follow-up period.