bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Play of Transference: Some Reflections on Enactment In the Psychoanalytic Situation
Authors: Mclaughlin James T.
Published: June 2009

The incessant play of nonverbal activity between patient and analyst actualizes and amplifies the primary verbal data of the psychoanalytic dialogue. Both parties must inevitably register this kinesic level of communication, and read with capacities acquired in and elaborated from earliest childhood. The analyst's apperceptive (unfocused) looking, as part of his freely hovering attentiveness, utilizes these capabilities gradually to perceive and organize patterns combining the verbal and nonverbal data. It is through the recognizing and eventual understanding of these gestalts that the analyst builds up his knowledge of his patients.

In these patterns can be identified: (a) conspicuous behaviors, idiosyncratic for the individual, which often yield to psychoanalytic inquiry to reveal their dynamic-historical antecedents; and (b) inconspicuous background kinesics, habitual to the individual, which ordinarily are opaque to analytic exploration, yet hold rich meaning. Observing these small behaviors in relation to verbal content provides evidence of their linkage to, and enactment of, pregenital-and genital-level conflicts over diadic and triadic object relations, even in highly structured personalities. These enactments combine elements of play, miming, and drama to constitute an experiential dimension that actualizes and externalizes the patients' inner life of conflict and relation to objects.
Psychoanalytic Contributions to Psychiatric Nosology: Forms of Masochistic Behavior
Authors: Simons Richard G.
Published: June 2009

This paper summarizes the major strengths and weaknesses of current psychiatric nosology, and then discusses various forms of masochistic behavior as one illustration of how psychoanalysis can contribute to the continuing evolution of psychiatric nosology. Masochistic behavior is separated into behavior in which there is a predominantly conscious link between pleasure and pain, and behavior in which that link is predominantly unconscious. Both categories are further separated into normal and pathological forms. The current diagnostic category of dysthymic disorder is then discussed, with consideration given to the contribution that psychoanalysis can make toward the clarification and delineation of this heterogeneous diagnostic category.
Falling Off The Couch
Authors: Waugaman Richard M.
Published: June 2009

The patient's therapeutic regression intensifies certain unconscious meanings of the analytic couch. In addition to representing the analysis or the analyst in general, the couch can represent the unconscious, or it may lake on the symbolic significance of the analyst's or mother's arms, lap, breasts, or womb. When the genetic roots of the patient's transference include substantial experiences of disappointment, narcissistic injury, and mistrust, the theme of falling from the couch may emerge as a dream, an association, or even an enactment. This theme usually implies the presence of a deepening but mistrustful transference, based on earlier disappointments by the patient's primary objects. Falling off the couch may be associated with being dropped as an infant, rolling out of bed as a child, birth, miscarriage, castration, death, termination, defending against passive wishes, punishment for sexual or aggressive transgressions, escaping an attack, descending into the unconscious, or wanting to be picked up and comforted.
Fantasy or Structural Defect? The Borderline Dilemma as Viewed From Analysis of an Experience of Nonhumanness
Authors: Singer Melvin
Published: June 2009

The experience of nonhumanness, a crucial aspect of the phenomenal self of borderline states, is studied in two cases to test assumptions concerning the application of the classic ego-psychological or object-relations and self-psychological models. Are these experiences to be seen as fantasy and treated as manifest content, with dynamically active unconscious conflict and meaning, requiring interpretation, or as a developmental arrest in which structural disturbances are ameliorated through clarifying and empathic interventions?

The first case is of a patient with a neurotic depression and hysterical and obsessional character traits, treated in a classic psychoanalysis. Even though dyadic oral and anal fantasies were strongly in evidence, the ego was well integrated.

The second case is of a severe borderline patient who showed. depressive panic and agoraphobia. Her major ego disturbances, poorly integrated and differentiated self- and object representations, and primitive defenses prevented effective psychoanalytically oriented treatment. Interventions were used to consolidate self-representations, internalize tension-regulating structures, promote adaptive ego functions and reality testing. These clarifications were necessary to move the patient to where she could tolerate facing unconscious dynamic conflicts. Only at that point could repression be lifted, memory emerge, and interpretation be utilized.
Kohut's Method of Interpretation: A Critique
Authors: Rubovits-Seitz Philip
Published: June 2009

To cope with the obscure, complexly overdetermined, and unstable nature of unconscious meanings, Freud developed a pluralistic methodology that employs a wide variety of interpretive strategies and procedures. Conversely, Kohut proposed a radically abbreviated interpretive approach based on the single, subjective method of empathy. This report reevaluates Kohut's monistic interpretive methodology: (1) The principal features of Kohut's interpretive method are reviewed and evaluated. (2) Case material and interpretations from Kohut's final book are used to compare his unidimensional approach with the pluralistic methodology of traditional interpretation. (3) The epistemologic liabilities of Kohut's interpretive method are delineated and discussed. (4) Methodologically more appropriate strategies for improving clinical interpretation are presented.
Clinical Dimensions of Masochism
Authors: Kernberg Otto F.
Published: June 2009

In this paper, I propose a general classification of masochistic psychopathology and describe relations between this clinical domain and, other types of psychopathology. My main objective is to provide an outline relevant for diagnostic, prognostic, and treatment considerations of masochistic pathology. This includes descriptions of and relations among a wide variety of masochistic phenomena from the depressive-masochistic personality to extreme forms of self-de-structiveness. Ego organization, object relations, superego development, narcissistic organization, and polymorphous perverse infantile sexuality are considered as codeterminants of the levels and clinical features of masochistic pathology. Finally, the relations between masochistic pathology and negative therapeutic reactions are reexamined.
Pitfalls of a One-Sided Image of Science: Adolf Grünbaum's Foundations of Psychoanalysis
Authors: Wallace Edwin R.
Published: June 2009

Adolf Grünbaum's (1984) The Foundations of Psychoanalysis has received extensive attention in psychoanalytic and philosophical circles. Aspects of Grünbaum's argument are reviewed and criticized. While his volume is an important contribution to the epistemological assessment of psychoanalysis, it reflects serious shortcomings in at least four areas: its treatment of the role of suggestion in the analytic enterprise, its scrutiny of the psychoanalytic genetic method, its appreciation of analytic methodology as actually practiced, and, above all, its predication on a unidimensional, positivistic vision of science. Alternative approaches to the philosophy of psychoanalysis are suggested.
The Development of the Ego: Biological and Environmental Specificity in the Psychopathological Developmental Process and the Selection and Construction of Ego Defenses
Authors: Greenspan Stanley I.
Published: June 2009

This paper suggests that differences in early sensory processing, integration, and differentiation, contribute, in highly specific ways, to characteristics of the ego, deficits in ego functions, and the ego's tendency to employ certain defenses (when certain pathogenic environmental experiences are present). Specifically (1) auditory-verbal-affective vulnerabilities may be associated with disorders of thought and obsessive-compulsive patterns, especially when coupled with environments that tend to confuse affective meanings at behavioral-gestural and symbolic levels; (2) visual-spatial-affective vulnerabilities may be associated with disorders of affect regulation and hysterical patterns, especially when coupled with environments that lack empathy and/or limit setting; (3) spatial, motor movement (vestibular) vulnerabilities may be associated with phobic and/or counterphobic tendencies. The author contends that these hypotheses are sufficiently specific and testable to lead to new research opportunities.
Character, Character Type, and Character Organization
Authors: Baudry Francis
Published: June 2009

This paper explores the relevance of the concept of character organization for psychoanalysis and argues for its usefulness in preserving what is specific to character. Character organization is viewed as a bridge concept between the observable and the structural, the role of fantasy and object relations in development, and as a convenient way of describing certain global phenomena not easily encompassed by the structural theory or compromise formation.
Aliens Among US: A Representation of Children in Science Fiction
Authors: Bick Ilsa J.
Published: June 2009

As a literary genre, science fiction has been largely ignored by psychoanalysis. Science fiction lends itself well to analytic interpretations since its structure embraces an attitude of “cognitive estrangement” (a term that defines the genre). Science fiction allows for the exploration of new and different permutations of seemingly ageless conflicts and concerns. One of the conflicts science fiction seems to address revolves about our fears regarding our children. These children become the “aliens” among us, as they seek to usurp parental power and authority. This issue is addressed through a study of two of Ray Bradbury' short stories. By manipulating the reader's experience of the “uncanny,” Bradbury succeeds in tapping what appear to be prevalent and potent fears regarding children and, reflexively, the adults who produce them. Mechanisms involved in this play on “alienness” include projective identification of destructive aspects of the self, a resurgence of archaic superego forerunners constituted around primal scene material, and a reawakening of oedipal struggles.
The Multiple Meanings of Neutrality
Authors: Franklin Girard
Published: June 2009

Throughout the evolution of psychoanalysis, its theories and methods have been deeply influenced by ideas about psychoanalytic neutrality. However, considerable dissension has surrounded the concept of neutrality. This paper defines five distinct categories of neutrality the author considers relevant to all theoretical perspectives on psychoanalysis: behavioral, attitudinal, interpersonal, interactional, and essential.
Evaluation and Diagnosis of Sexual Abuse of Little Girls
Authors: Shkrkow Susan P.
Published: June 2009

In recent years, increasing evidence of sexual abuse of children has created a new field of medicolegal inquiry requiring a new expertise. In psychoanalysis, one of our specific tasks is to address the issues of diagnosis and of the pathogenic effect of sexual abuse as it is ultimately reflected in the intrapsychic dynamics of the developing ego. My hypothesis is that it may be possible to determine early in the treatment whether sexual abuse has taken place. The case of a two-and-three-quarters-year-old girl, suspected of having been molested by her father, is presented in depth. The evolution of material confirming the diagnosis is presented by way of documenting evidence of sexual abuse. Issues elaborating the difficulty in making the diagnosis are also explored. Finally, a synthesis of diagnostic considerations useful for arriving at a diagnosis of sexual abuse is presented in the hope that these factors will serve as diagnostic guidelines.
Abstract Art and Emotion: Expressive Form and the Sense of Wholeness
Authors: Rose Gilbert J.
Published: June 2009

This paper limits itself to abstract art the better to concentrate on the relation between the emotionally expressive power of esthetic form–apart from its narrative content-and emotional responsiveness.

The emotionally expressive power of art—not to be confused with the artist's own emotions–has to do with the way sensuous esthetic forms highlight the rhythmic changes of tension and release inherent in ordinary perceptual experience.

Tension and release are useful terms in thinking about how the perception of an esthetic structure is transformed (transduced) into feelingful psychological meanings, and contributes to the subjective sense of wholeness.

The sense of wholeness may be illusory and/or authentic depending on the mix of elements in the individual's responsiveness. It comes about through a unified organization of tension and release, as embodied in expressive forms such as rhythm and rhyme, resonating with tension and release evoked in the observer's associations to such psychological issues as separation and reunion. Having stirred the viewer's emotional responsiveness, the art work provides a reliable “container” for the objectification of latent emotions.
The Concept of the Self in Psychoanalytic Theory and its Philosophical Foundations
Authors: Kirshner Lewis A.
Published: June 2009

Concepts of “the self” in psychoanalytic theory have important philosophic underpinnings which may not be adequately appreciated. Both self psychology and ego psychology, with their contrasting positions on the self as a menial structure, retrace paths taken by Western philosophy beginning at least with Hume and Descartes. They reflect traditional philosophic questions, notably of a homuncular self internal to consciousness and the isolation of the subject from other selves. Psychoanalysis has not utilized Hegel's conception of the intersubjective origins of the self, in which the self emerges only in an encounter with another subject, although this approach is implicit in the work of Winnicott on the mother-infant dyad. This movement from a one- to a two-person psychology also presents conceptual problems, as illustrated by the psychoanalytic theories of Sartre and Lacan, who take up opposing positions on the stains of consciousness arid on intersubjectivity in the formation of the self. Sartre's phenomenology, with its emphasis on the questing nature of the subject in search of an identity, resonates with contemporary theories of narcissism in which the painful isolation of self from self-affirming and mirroring objects is central to clinical practice. Lacan's insight into the role of acquisition of language helps us to understand the formation of the subject in pursuit of a virtual selfhood, as Sartre described, but embedded within an intersubjective matrix.
Sadomasochism in the Neuroses Conceived of as a Pathological Compromise Formation
Authors: Rothstein Arnold
Published: June 2009

Masochistic phenomena in adults are discussed as derivatives of conscious and/or unconscious fantasies. These masochistic fantasies are always associated with conscious and/or unconscious narcissistic and sadistic fantasies. These fantasies, like all fantasies in adults, are conceived of as compromise formations. After a selected review of the literature, analytic data are presented to highlight the clinical advantages of a contemporary elaboration of the structural hypothesis for the understanding of sadomasochistic and sadomasochistic phenomena.
The Eclectic Analyst, or the Many Roads to Insight and Change
Authors: Pulver Sydney E.
Published: June 2009

Common wisdom has it that psychoanalysis is composed of a number of discrete bodies of theoretical and technical thought, or “schools.” I argue that psychoanalytic schools are not as different from one another as they are commonly supposed to be, particularly in matters of technique. In their daily practice, most analysts do not adhere strictly to the precepts of a specific school, even though they profess to be adherents of that school. Instead, they read widely and adopt those technical procedures and principles that fit their own personality and prove most efficacious with their patients, regardless of the school from which those ideas come. In short, they are eclectic. I present a case to illustrate this eclecticism in my own practice, discuss the widespread nature of such eclecticism among the professions in general, and briefly discuss the significance of eclecticism for psychoanalysis itself. Eclectic: In ancient use, the distinguishing epithet of a class of philosophers who neither attached themselves to any recognized school, nor constructed independent systems, but 'selected such doctrines as pleased them in every school.'-The Oxford English Dictionary
Paranoia: A Part of Most Analyses
Authors: Cooper Arnold M.
Published: June 2009

Paranoid defenses appear during most analyses, sometimes with great intensity, but often subtly, and require specific analytic attention. Preoedipal conflicts, inner fears around passivity, narcissistic injury and rage, and subsequent masochistic and projective defenses lie at the core of these patients' pathology. In addition, specific cognitive, object-relational, and affective distortions reflecting multiple developmental levels emerge during analysis. A case vignette is provided to demonstrate the analysis of a neurotic patient without borderline features who showed prominent paranoid formation.
What is Sublimated in Sublimation?
Authors: Kaplan Donald M.
Published: June 2009

Sublimation has always been an elusive idea in psychoanalytic thought. This is because psychoanalysis is most systematic as a clinical psychology, while sublimation signifies an obverse of neurosogenesis. Nevertheless, the idea of sublimation remains a concern of psychoanalysis inasmuch as sublimation entails a version of socialization and cultural experience that answers to various principles of psychoanalytic theory. For reasons developed here, the creation and experience of art figure prominently in reflections on sublimation. Clinical material from the analyses of several artists is presented to demonstrate how neurosis takes a toll of sublimation and how sublimation takes a toll of the analytic process. Sublimatory experiences are then reconstructed from the devices of art. Two achievements of sublimation are especially noted: reduction of the ordinary instrumental functions of affects, and heightened consciousness of endopsychic processes.
Developmental Transformations: The Isakower Phenomenon as an Example
Authors: Glenn Jules
Published: June 2009

A review of the literature, and clinical analytic material suggest that the Isakower phenomenon and its variants consist of representations or sense memory traces of the orginal infantile feeding experiences integrated with later representations of experiences during the anal and oedipal stages, latency, and even later. With progressive development, memories of earlier experiences are transformed with regard to function, form, content, and meaning.
Psychoanalysis, Psychobiology, and Homosexuality
Authors: Friedman Richard C. , Downey Jennifer
Published: June 2009

The potential role of biological influences in human sexual orientation was considered more seriously during the early phases of psychoanalysis than in the years since World War II.

Recently studies of homosexuality and heterosexuality in the neurosciences have attracted widespread attention both in the scientific and lay communities. The salience of these new data for psychoanalytic theory and practice is just beginning to be explored.

In this article, we review research on sexual orientation in the following areas: genetics, crosscultural studies, studies of development in individuals with abnormal prenatal hormone exposure, childhood play patterns, and brain studies in both nonhumans and humans. Differences between male and female homosexuality are explored.

We propose that psychoanalytic theory can grow and profit from a careful consideration of new findings in the psychobiology of sexuality, and that the interaction between mind and body is the appropriate purview of psychoanalysis.
Signal Affects and Our Psychoanalytic Confusion of Tongues
Authors: Jacobson Jacob G.
Published: June 2009

Difficulties psychoanalysts of different points of view have in communicating with one another are reviewed. Reexamination of the structural theory distinguishes the tripartite theory of 1923 from the signal affect model of 1926; the latter concept is traced through the post-Freudian relational points of view. This signal affect model provides a base for what the author sees as a core commonality among the diverse current theories, as well as a basis for sharper, more empirically arguable differentiation of the divergences and incompatibilities among them. The interest in and acceptance, in recent years, of Ferenczi's contributions in his 1933 paper on confusion of tongues reflect a shift in our views of psychoanalytic technique over the intervening years, toward an interactional view of the psychoanalytic process. The relational points of view have been instrumental in this shift, by direct contributions, and indirectly by challenging and inspiring the classical viewpoint to develop and change. The relational points of view, in addition to focusing on different contents, also prescribe differences in technical approach and in the climate within which an analysis is conducted, presenting valuable alternatives in clinical work. Finally, arguments are offered in favor of clinicians using multiple theoretical points of view for access to the varied clinical tasks demanded by analytic work.
Postoedipal Transformations: Latency, Adolescence, and Pathogenesis
Authors: Novick Kerry Kelly , Novick Jack
Published: June 2009

There is a tendency in psychoanalysis to seek ever earlier determinants of pathology. One effect of this search is to relegate adult memories of latency and adolescence to serving mainly a defensive screen function. Psychoanalytic material from child and adolescent cases is used in this paper to illuminate postoedipal developmental transformations. These findings are applied to the understanding and technique of work with adults. Alertness to latency elements can affect the timing of interpretations, the understanding of neurosogenic factors, and the forces for health available in the patient's personality. Alertness to adolescent phenomena highlights the adult patient's difficulty in integrating adolescent realities with childhood fantasy solutions to preoedipal and oedipal conflicts. We conclude that no one phase has preeminence over others, that earlier is not necessarily more important, and that there cannot be pure recapitulation, revival, or "reanimation" (Freud, 1925) of the past in the present. However, knowledge of the transformations appropriate to each phase in the past gives us additional access to the determinants and functions of the patient's pathology in the present, increases the specificity of genetic interpretation, and gives both patient and analyst greater conviction about the accuracy of the essential analytic work of reconstruction.
Experiencing Self and Others: Contributions From Studies of Autism to The Psychoanalytic Theory of Social Development
Authors: Mayes Linda C. , Cohen Donald J.
Published: June 2009

Psychoanalysts have long been interested in autism as a disorder in which the development of a sense of self and other is altered dramatically. This paper outlines how our psychoanalytic understanding of the process of emergence and maintenance of the self and of inner world may be informed by recent findings from developmental psychology about how normal and autistic children develop the capacity to attribute mental stales such as desires, feelings, and beliefs to others. Because autistic individuals frequently fail to develop an understanding of the relation between feelings or beliefs and the behaviors of themselves or others, studies of autism provide a clinical model for how these neurocognitively based functions, related to acquiring a so-called theory of mind, are involved in the elaboration of an inner world and in the ongoing definition of self. Understanding how both autistic and normal children develop, or fail to develop, the capacity to attribute meaning to others' actions, beliefs, and feelings speaks to psychoanalytic notions of internalization, identification, and introjection and provides a neurocognitive frame for now representations of self and others are created in the inner world. Conversely, the psychoanalytic view that the infant's emerging sense of self is also shaped by the infant's desire for mother underscores that affective precursors are absolutely necessary for a theory of mind to emerge.
OBSERVING THE OTHER: REFLECTIONS ON ANTHROPOLOGICAL FIELDWORK
Authors: Buckley Peter
Published: June 2009

Aspects of anthropological fieldwork are examined from a psychoanalytic viewpoint using two sources: (1) Malinowski's A Diary in the Strict Sense of the Term, a fieldwork journal he kept in New Guinea and the Trobriand Islands "as a means of self-analysis"; (2) the analysis of an anthropologist both before and after she returned from the field. Malinowski's Diary, written in a virtually free-associative form, illustrates how fieldwork stimulates derivatives of significant early infantile conflicts. The patient's analysis revealed the unconscious meaning of, and motivation for, fieldwork for this particular individual. Based on these data, it is postulated that during fieldwork a new, emotionally charged object relationship, with its concomitant transference responses, may be unconsciously established by the anthropologist with the alien society being studied.

"But the wilderness had found him out early---I think it had whispered to him things about himself which he did not know, things of which he had no conception till he took counsel with this great solitude---and the whisper had proved irresistibly fascinating."---J. Conrad---Heart of Darkness
OEDIPUS AND THE SPHINX: TRIUMPH AND CATASTROPHE
Authors: Palombo Stanley R.
Published: June 2009

The downfall of Oedipus in Sophocles' most famous play, Oedipus Tyrannus, is the reversal of his triumphant entry into the city of Thebes 17 years earlier. The oracle at Delphi has told the Thebans that the plague will end only when the murderer of Laius is identified and punished. The unconscious collusion between Oedipus and the Thebans to ignore the unsolved murder breaks down. Told by Teiresias that he is the culprit, Oedipus begins a desperate effort to find evidence to refute this accusation. When other witnesses come forward, his cause is lost.

The effect of Oedipus's collusive interaction with the Thebans is balanced in Sophocles' account by the story of the riddle of the Sphinx. The Sphinx is a goddess of discontinuity. She represents the unconscious forces at work both in Oedipus's personal fantasies and in the collective fantasies of the Thebans. The tragedy results from the interaction of these fantasies in the government of the polis.

Sophocles' play thus exemplifies the intricate intertwining of the child's innate wishes and the reaction they evoke from the environment during the oedipal period. The neurotic patient's illusion of sexual triumph over his or her father or mother as a child can be best understood through the interaction of these factors.
Critical Notes on The Psychoanalysts Theorizing
Authors: Barratt Barnaby B.
Published: June 2009

The extant literature on psychoanalytic methodology scarcely addresses the question as to when, or under what conditions, the psychoanalyst's inner activities of theoretical formulation might be resistive to or facilitative of the psychoanalytic process. These notes are a preliminary exploration of what might be at issue in answering such questions. General problems concerning the status of theorizing in contemporary philosophy of science and in psychoanalysis are reviewed, and some elementary ways in which theorizing activity might govern the psychoanalyst's functioning are discussed. It is suggested that there are currently three radically divergent attitudes toward such activity, and these are depicted as the computational, the engaged, and the cadaverized psychoanalyst. It is argued that these attitudes foster or fixate the psychoanalyst's illusions, and are therefore resistive to the psychoanalyst's radical responsibility to interrogate free-associatively his or her own suppositions and discursive maneuvers.
Medication Use in Training Cases A: Survey
Authors: Roose Steven P. , Stern Robin Horwitz
Published: June 2009

Though the introduction of psychotropic medication for the treatment of depression and anxiety was first greeted by the psychoanalytic community with overt opposition, in recent years the belief that medication and psychoanalysis are incompatible is being reconsidered. A study at the Columbia University Center for Psychoanalytic Training and Research showed that in 29% of candidate training cases medication was used in combination with psychoanalysis. In most cases the indication for medication was a diagnosis of depression, and an antidepressant was prescribed. The implication of these data with respect to the impact of medication on analytic process and candidate training is discussed.
The Higher and Lower in Mental Life: An Essay on J. Hughlings Jackson and Freud
Authors: Goldstein Robert G.
Published: June 2009

Freud's familiarity with the work of the eminent neurologist J. Hughlings Jackson enabled him to make substantial contributions to apha-siology and inspired Freud's earliest insights into the emotional determinants of speech disruptions. However, Jackson's hierarchical model, which came to dominate Freud's topographic system of mental organization, created a number of insoluable difficulties in the early psychoanalytic writings. Despite the contention of some that Jackson's influence lent additional rigor to Freud's cognitive psychology, it is argued that the Jacksonian trend in Freud's thought contributed to a narrow notion of repression based on rather untenable notions of how thoughts attain or do not attain consciousness. It contributed also to certain problems in the dream theory, particularly regarding the role of language in dreaming.
When Do Interpretations Make a Difference? A Partial Answer to Fliessapos;s Achensee Question
Authors: Spence Donald P.
Published: June 2009

Interpretations seem to matter most (at least in the case of Mrs. C) when the analyst feels included in the patientapos;s thoughts. During hours of this kind (Related hours, scoring high on the cooccurrence of first- and second-person pronouns such as me/you), the analystapos;s interpretations are more comprehensive and probing; he intervenes earlier and more often within the session; and his specific interpretations have a greater effect on the patientapos;s associations, as measured by an increased frequency of specific discourse markers. Low-scoring hours, with relatively few pronominal references to the analyst, were characterized by more superficial interpretations; later and fewer interventions; a greater tendency for the analyst to misunderstand the patientapos;s productions; and a decreased effect of specific interventions. Special care was taken to protect the findings from the dangers of suggestion (the Achensee question).
The Therapeutic Action of Psychoanalysis: Abstinence and Informative Experiences
Authors: Chused Judith Fingert
Published: June 2009

In recent years a number of analytic concepts have been subject to scrutiny, with the value of interpretations, the usefulness of abstinence, the possibility of neutrality, all questioned. One reason for the skepticism about interpretations, in particular, is that before a patient can use an interpretation for psychic change, his perceptual frame must change, a process that is rarely initiated by the verbal content of an interpretation alone. Instead, alterations in perception usually require experiences which are discordant with expectations. In this paper the author demonstrates how the nonverbal elements of an intervention, the action communications, provide informative experiences, creating the dissonance between expectation and eventuality which makes psychic cnange possible. Case vignettes are presented to illustrate this point as well as to support the idea that when nonverbal experiences contribute to lasting change within a patient, the therapeutic benefit does not accrue primarily from the gratification provided by the experience, but from how the experience informs the patient about his mode of thinking, perceiving, and reacting.
The Perverse Subject of Analysis
Authors: Ogden Thomas H.
Published: June 2009

In this paper I suggest that the analysis of perversion necessarily involves the elaboration and analysis of a perverse transference countertransference. Both analyst and analysand contribute to and participate in the perverse transference-countertransference which intersubjective construction is powerfully shaped by the perverse structure of the patient's unconscious internal object world. In the fragment of an analysis that is presented, I illustrate the way in which the analyst makes use of his experience in (of) the transference-countertransference in gaining understanding of the perverse scenario that the patient is utilizing as a form of psychic organization, defense, communication, and object relatedness. I discuss the analyst's use of his own unobtrusive, mundane thoughts, feelings, fantasies, ruminations, sensations, and so on, in the service of understanding the perverse transference-countertransference, which understanding is utilized in the formulation of transference interpretations.

The perversity of the transference-countertransference is viewed as deriving from the patient's defensive use of particular forms of sexualization as a way of protecting himself or herself against the experience of psychological deadness. Compulsive erotization is understood as representing a method of creating an illusory sense of vitality. The subversion of the recognition of the experience of psychological deadness is achieved in part through compulsively enlisting others in the enactment of exciting, erotized. and often dangerous substitutes for the experience of being alive.
Freud And Psychoanalysis: Into The 21st Century
Authors: Reisner Steven
Published: June 2009

Freud's psychoanalysis has been criticized as quintessentially “twentieth-century,” reflecting a Zeitgeist of scientism, authoritarianism, and modernism that is being challenged and transformed as we enter the twenty-first century. Yet embedded within the modernist twentieth-century Freud can be found a more radical twenty-first-century Freud, whose greatest contribution, psychoanalysis itself—a way of thinking about our ways of thinking and being—endures. In its relentless attention to the analytic process—to that which is left out of any discourse, even its own—Freud's psychoanalysis ultimately undermines all concrete valuations of authority and knowledge. In this it fits well with postmodernist notions such as perspectivism, deconstruction, and gender theory. To some extent, it is this twenty-first-century Freud hidden within the twentieth-century one who prepared the way for the readings that inform the postmodern era. Freud's concepts of drive and gender are examined here to illustrate a process within his writings that Casey (1990) termed “auto-deconstructive.” In it, theoretical positions, once asserted, are progressively undermined and subverted, leading not to a progression of thesis, antithesis, and synthesis, but rather to the evolution of multiple vectors of thought and language, which arise, disappear, and reappear transformed, progressively expanding our understanding of how we think and the terrain of what can be thought.
Facilitating African Identity Development
Authors: Myrick Cecilia J.
Published: June 2009

Henry A. Giroux defined critical literacy as the understanding of the historical roots andconsequences of one's values andbeliefs andthe values and beliefs of others. This is a summary of a critical literacy, teacher-research study, in which the perspectives and reactions of African students at different points in their African identity development were explored. In this African literacy study, certain books were found to be more appropriate for college students at certain points in their African identity development.
A Patient Fights Back: Neurology in the Court of Public Opinion in France during the First World War
Authors: Roudebush Marc
Published: June 2009

The controversial trial of a French soldier who resisted treatment of his ‘hysterical’ condition during the first world war illuminates fault lines in French society concerning the meaning of masculinity, honour, and the doctor– patient relationship. Drawing on contemporary press coverage and military archives, the author summarizes the trial and argues that class differences persisted beneath a veneer of national unity, while deeply held gender codes provided a common frame of reference, even among cultural enemies.
Incompetent Jail and Prison Doctors
Authors: DABNEY DEAN A. , VAUGHN MICHAEL S.
Published: June 2009

Previous research has questioned the clinical qualifications and professional competence of physicians who work in correctional facilities. This article further explores these issues by analyzing social control mechanisms that are employed against prison and jail physicians who (a) have been sued in state court by prisoners for medical malfeasance and malpractice, and (b) have had disciplinary action taken against their license to practice medicine. Physicians who were subject to suit are categorized by type of suit, medical complaint, plaintiff's injury, and disposition of the litigation. Drawing on previous research, the authors also classified physicians' rationalizations to prisoner litigation within Sykes and Matza's techniques of neutralization framework. Reporting that prison and jail doctors have higher rates of disciplinary action taken on their license than physicians at large, the article uses the principle of less eligibility to question the ethics of restricting problem doctors to work exclusively in correctional facilities.
Sexual Coercion Rates in Seven Midwestern Prison Facilities for Men
Authors: STRUCKMAN-JOHNSON CINDY , STRUCKMAN-JOHNSON DAVID
Published: June 2009

Sexual coercion rates in seven prison facilities for men in midwestern states were assessed. Anonymous written surveys were distributed to the total population of 7,032 inmates and 1,936 security staff in the facilities. Usable surveys were returned by 1,788 inmates (25%) and 475 staff (25%). Results showed that 21% of the inmates had experienced at least one episode of pressured or forced sexual contact since incarcerated in their state, and 16% reported that an incident had occurred in their current facility. At least 7% of the sample had been raped in their current facility. Seven percent of the sample had experienced sexual coercion, and at least 4% had been raped during the most recent 26 to 30 months. Factors that appeared to increase sexual coercion rates were large population size, racial conflict, barracks housing, inadequate security, and having a high percentage of inmates incarcerated for a crime against persons.
Sexual Assault and Coercion among Incarcerated Women Prisoners: Excerpts from Prison Letters
Authors: ALARID LEANNE FIFTAL
Published: June 2009

There are few existing studies that address sexual misconduct of women offenders toward other women prisoners. This qualitative study examined themes of sexual coercion and sexual assault among women offenders that surfaced in letters sent by one woman offender from prison during a period of 5 years. Four themes emerged from the data: (a) female apathy toward sexual coercion and sexual assault, (b) the femme as the sexual aggressor, (c) insight into one female rape situation, and (d) institutional factors contributing to sexual coercion. To prevent incidences of sexual assault by other offenders, policy suggestions specific to the study included a staff focus on identifying and consistently curbing sexual coercion and installing monitored cameras in restriction dorms.
The Changing Nature of Interpersonal Relationships in a Women's Prison
Authors: GREER KIMBERLY R.
Published: June 2009

It is generally assumed that the subcultures experienced by men and women in prison are diametrically opposed. Previous research indicates that incarcerated women create more stable interpersonal relationships. Thirty-five women imprisoned in the Midwest were interviewed, and their comments suggest the subculture found in women's prisons might be changing. While their observations support the notion that prisons for women are generally less violent, involve less gang activity, and do not facilitate the racial tensions evident in men's prisons, the respondents indicated their interpersonal relationships may be less stable and less familial than in the past. Specifically, participants discussed the high degree of mistrust inherent in their friendships with other female inmates. In addition, they reported numerous reasons women engage in sexual relationships; however, they believe the primary motivation involves economic manipulation. Finally, respondents did not report a significant or formal enactment of familial networks. Factors which might influence such changes are considered.
Balanced Approach and Restorative Justice Efforts in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania
Authors: SEYKO RONALD J.
Published: June 2009

On November 17, 1995, the governor of Pennsylvania signed into law Special Session Act 33 of 1995, which redefined the purpose of Pennsylvania's juvenile justice system to incorporate the principles of the Balanced Approach and Restorative Justice (BARJ) philosophy. This article describes the genesis of the new law, explains the BARJ model, and illustrates the effect that the law is having on the juvenile court system in Allegheny County. The article specifically focuses on the numerous projects that the Allegheny County juvenile probation department has instituted to meet the BARJ obligation.
Situational Influences on the Implementation of a Prison-Based Therapeutic Community
Authors: LINHORST DONALD M. , KNIGHT KEVIN , JOHNSTON J. SCOTT , TRICKEY MYRNA
Published: June 2009

Therapeutic communities (TCs) are emerging as one of the primary approaches for the treatment of substance abuse for criminal offenders. However, the achievement of positive TC outcomes is predicated on their successful implementation. This study examines the effect of two situational influences on the implementation of a TC program in a state prison—the enactment of a smoking ban and a change in treatment providers. Results suggest that the smoking ban led to a loss of inmates' focus on treatment goals and strained inmate-custody staff relationships, whereas the change in treatment providers resulted in an immediate turnover of one third of the counselors and a disruption of relationships between custody and treatment staff.
Assessing Therapeutic Integrity in Modified Therapeutic Communities for Drug-Involved Offenders
Authors: Taxman Faye S. , Bouffard Jeffrey A.
Published: June 2009

Many recent evaluations have suggested that therapeutic community programs, particularly those programs followed by aftercare treatment, can be effective in reducing drug use and recidivism. Despite the successes of the well-established programs, there exists a need to examine the actual implementation (therapeutic integrity) of many newer programs labeled therapeutic communities. This study developed and implemented a structured observation and interview methodology to more adequately measure therapeutic integrity and thus fill several gaps identified in the previous literature. The article concludes by discussing the benefits of using a systematic social observation technique in the evaluation of treatment programs for offenders.
The Effects of Weight-Training Exercise on Aggression Variables in Adult Male Inmates
Authors: WAGNER MATTHEW , McBRIDE RON E. , CROUSE STEPHEN F.
Published: June 2009

This study examined the effects of weight training on aggression levels in adult males incarcerated in the Texas Department of Criminal Justice (TDCJ). Of the 240 voluntary participants, 202 completed two psychometric instruments to assess changes in aggression levels. Measures of verbal aggression, hostility, and anger significantly decreased in the weight-training group, whereas vigor scores significantly decreased in the non-weight-training group. Results offer some support to the belief that engaging in weight training, or at least engaging in voluntary physical activity, may have an effect on reducing inmate aggression levels.
Fear In Prison
Authors: O'DONNELL IAN , EDGAR KIMMETT
Published: June 2009

It is widely accepted that prisoners are at risk of victimization from their fellow prisoners. However, little is known about the psychological consequences of exposure to such risk. In particular, what is the relationship between prisoners' feelings of anxiety and their observations or experiences of victimization? How is the level of incivility in penal institutions related to perceptions of safety? The findings from a survey of 1,182 inmates shed some light on the dynamics of fear in prison. Most prisoners reported feeling safe most of the time, although a small number of prison locations consistently were rated as unsafe. Prisoners with direct experience of victimization were more fearful than those without. An attempt is made to outline possible explanations for these and other findings.
The Relative Effects of Three Approaches to the Parole Supervision of Narcotic Addicts and Cocaine Abusers
Authors: HANLON THOMAS E. , NURCO DAVID N. , BATEMAN RICHARD W. , O'GRADY KEVIN E.
Published: June 2009

This study examined the 1-year parole outcomes of 504 newly released parolees with a history of heroin and/or cocaine abuse who were randomly assigned, within gender, race, and primary drug of choice, to one of the following three interventions: a program of “social support,” combining weekly urine monitoring with counseling, case management, and case advocacy; weekly urine monitoring alone; and routine parole. Results indicated a superiority of social support treatment over the other two comparison conditions, particularly urine monitoring alone. Supplemental analyses indicated a general superiority of substance abuse treatment over no treatment, whether or not treatment was delivered within the social support framework.
Privatizing Correctional Institutions: An Organizational Perspective
Authors: SHICHOR DAVID
Published: June 2009

The privatization of jails and prisons became a growth industry during the second half of the 1980s and the 1990s. Although the private sector has provided diverse services for adult correctional institutions for a long time during the 20th century, the operation and management of entire facilities is a relatively new phenomenon. This article analyzes, on a theoretical level, the organizational changes that occur when private corporations are contracted to operate adult correctional facilities. The major theoretical concepts reviewed are goal orientation, cui bono—who are the primary beneficiaries of the organization, the organization-set, and “steering versus rowing.” This article concludes with some suggestions that should be taken into consideration when correctional privatization decisions are being made.