bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ABA signal in rice under stress conditions
Authors: Ye Nenghui , Jia Liguo , Zhang Jianhua
Published: February 2012

Ever since its discovery, abscisic acid (ABA) has been intensively studied due to its versatile functions in plant developmental and physiological processes. Many signaling details of ABA have been well elucidated and reviewed. The identification of ABA receptors is a great breakthrough in the field of ABA study, whereas the discovery of ABA transporter has changed our concept that ABA is delivered solely by passive transport. The intensity of ABA signaling pathway is well known to be controlled by multi-regulators. Nonetheless, the interaction and coordination among ABA biosynthesis, catabolism, conjugation and transportation are seldom discussed. Here, we summarize the biological functions of ABA in response to different stresses, especially the roles of ABA in plant defense to pathogen attack, and discuss the possible relationships of these determinants in controlling the specificity and intensity of ABA signaling pathway in the rice.
Ultimately Simple One-pot Synthesis of Spherical Mesoporous TiO2 Nanoparticles in Supercritical Methanol
Authors: Wang Pengyu , Kobiro Kazuya
Published: February 2012

Mesoporous TiO2 nanoparticles were synthesized using different carboxylic acids as organic additives in a very short reaction time (10 min) in supercritical methanol. Solid spherical mesoporous TiO2 nanoparticles were obtained using phthalic acid, whereas hollow spherical mesoporous TiO2 nanoparticles were obtained using formic acid.
Polymer-free Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Materials with High Refractive Indices and Thermoplastic Properties
Authors: Oda Shinya , Uchiyama Hiroaki , Kozuka Hiromitsu
Published: February 2012

We prepared a new class of organic–inorganic hybrid materials with high refractive indices and thermoplasticity. Titanium and zirconium alkoxides were hydrolyzed in the presence of β-diketones of high melting and boiling points, followed by concentration and heating over 100 °C. Transparent, glass-like solid materials were obtained, exhibiting softening or melting behavior on heating in spite of the absence of organic polymers. The refractive indices of the thermoplastic hybrid materials were as high as 1.7.
Arthroscopy of the hip for paediatric and adolescent disorders
Authors: Jayakumar P. , Ramachandran M. , Youm T. , Achan P.
Published: February 2012

Hip arthroscopy is particularly attractive in children as it confers advantages over arthrotomy or open surgery, such as shorter recovery time and earlier return to activity. Developments in surgical technique and arthroscopic instrumentation have enabled extension of arthroscopy of the hip to this age group. Potential challenges in paediatric and adolescent hip arthroscopy include variability in size, normal developmental change from childhood to adolescence, and conditions specific to children and adolescents and their various consequences. Treatable disorders include the sequelae of traumatic and sports-related hip joint injuries, Legg–Calve–Perthes’ disease and slipped capital femoral epiphysis, and the arthritic and septic hip. Intra-articular abnormalities are rarely isolated and are often associated with underlying morphological changes.

This review presents the current concepts of hip arthroscopy in the paediatric and adolescent patient, covering clinical assessment and investigation, indications and results of the experience to date, as well as technical challenges and future directions.
Outcomes of open arthrolysis of the elbow without post-operative passive stretching
Authors: Higgs Z. C. J. , Danks B. A. , Sibinski M. , Rymaszewski L. A.
Published: February 2012

The use of passive stretching of the elbow after arthrolysis is controversial. We report the results of open arthrolysis in 81 patients. Prospectively collected outcome data with a minimum follow-up of one year were analysed. All patients had sustained an intra-articular fracture initially and all procedures were performed by the same surgeon under continuous brachial plexus block anaesthesia and with continuous passive movement (CPM) used post-operatively for two to three days. CPM was used to maintain the movement achieved during surgery and passive stretching was not used at any time. A senior physiotherapist assessed all the patients at regular intervals. The mean range of movement (ROM) improved from 69° to 109° and the function and pain of the upper limb improved from 32 to 16 and from 20 to 10, as assessed by the Disabilities of the Arm Shoulder and Hand score and a visual analogue scale, respectively. The greatest improvement was obtained in the stiffest elbows: nine patients with a pre-operative ROM < 30° achieved a mean post-operative ROM of 92° (55° to 125°). This study demonstrates that in patients with a stiff elbow after injury, good results may be obtained after open elbow arthrolysis without using passive stretching during rehabilitation.
Interpretation of patient-reported outcomes for hip and knee replacement surgery
Authors: Judge A. , Arden N. K. , Kiran A. , Price A. , Javaid M. K. , Beard D. , Murray D. , Field R. E.
Published: February 2012

We obtained information from the Elective Orthopaedic Centre on 1523 patients with baseline and six-month Oxford hip scores (OHS) after undergoing primary hip replacement (THR) and 1784 patients with Oxford knee scores (OKS) for primary knee replacement (TKR) who completed a six-month satisfaction questionnaire.

Receiver operating characteristic curves identified an absolute change in OHS of 14 points or more as the point that discriminates best between patients’ satisfaction levels and an 11-point change for the OKS. Satisfaction is highest (97.6%) in patients with an absolute change in OHS of 14 points or more, compared with lower levels of satisfaction (81.8%) below this threshold. Similarly, an 11-point absolute change in OKS was associated with 95.4% satisfaction compared with 76.5% below this threshold. For the six-month OHS a score of 35 points or more distinguished patients with the highest satisfaction level, and for the six-month OKS 30 points or more identified the highest level of satisfaction. The thresholds varied according to patients’ pre-operative score, where those with severe pre-operative pain/function required a lower six-month score to achieve the highest levels of satisfaction.

Our data suggest that the choice of a six-month follow-up to assess patient-reported outcomes of THR/TKR is acceptable. The thresholds help to differentiate between patients with different levels of satisfaction, but external validation will be required prior to general implementation in clinical practice.
The influence of acetabular inclination angle on the penetration of polyethylene and migration of the acetabular component
Authors: Kadar T. , Furnes O. , Aamodt A. , Indrekvam K. , Havelin L. I. , Haugan K. , Espehaug B. , Hallan G.
Published: February 2012

In this prospective study we studied the effect of the inclination angle of the acetabular component on polyethylene wear and component migration in cemented acetabular sockets using radiostereometric analysis.

A total of 120 patients received either a cemented Reflection All-Poly ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene or a cemented Reflection All-Poly highly cross-linked polyethylene acetabular component, combined with either cobalt–chrome or Oxinium femoral heads. Femoral head penetration and migration of the acetabular component were assessed with repeated radiostereometric analysis for two years. The inclination angle was measured on a standard post-operative anteroposterior pelvic radiograph. Linear regression analysis was used to determine the relationship between the inclination angle and femoral head penetration and migration of the acetabular component.

We found no relationship between the inclination angle and penetration of the femoral head at two years’ follow-up (p = 0.9). Similarly, our data failed to reveal any statistically significant correlation between inclination angle and migration of these cemented acetabular components (p = 0.07 to p = 0.9).
The medium-term results of the Stanmore non-invasive extendible endoprosthesis in the treatment of paediatric bone tumours
Authors: Picardo N. E. , Blunn G. W. , Shekkeris A. S. , Meswania J. , Aston W. J. , Pollock R. C. , Skinner J. A. , Cannon S. R. , Briggs T. W.
Published: February 2012

In skeletally immature patients, resection of bone tumours and reconstruction of the lower limb often results in leg-length discrepancy. The Stanmore non-invasive extendible endoprosthesis, which uses electromagnetic induction, allows post-operative lengthening without anaesthesia. Between 2002 and 2009, 55 children with a mean age of 11.4 years (5 to 16) underwent reconstruction with this prosthesis; ten patients (18.2%) died of disseminated disease and one child underwent amputation due to infection. We reviewed 44 patients after a mean follow-up of 41.2 months (22 to 104). The mean Musculoskeletal Tumor Society score was 24.7 (8 to 30) and the Toronto Extremity Salvage score was 92.3% (55.2% to 99.0%). There was no local recurrence of tumour. Complications developed in 16 patients (29.1%) and ten (18.2%) underwent revision.

The mean length gained per patient was 38.6 mm (3.5 to 161.5), requiring a mean of 11.3 extensions (1 to 40), and ten component exchanges were performed in nine patients (16.4%) after attaining the maximum lengthening capacity of the implant. There were 11 patients (20%) who were skeletally mature at follow-up, ten of whom had equal leg lengths and nine had a full range of movement of the hip and knee.

This is the largest reported series using non-invasive extendible endoprostheses after excision of primary bone tumours in skeletally immature patients. The technique produces a good functional outcome, with prevention of limb-length discrepancy at skeletal maturity.
Atypical femoral fractures and bisphosphonate treatment
Authors: Thompson R. N. , Phillips J. R. A. , McCauley S. H. J. , Elliott J. R. M. , Moran C. G.
Published: February 2012

We performed a retrospective review of all patients admitted to two large University Hospitals in the United Kingdom over a 24-month period from January 2008 to January 2010 to identify the incidence of atypical subtrochanteric and femoral shaft fractures and their relationship to bisphosphonate treatment. Of the 3515 patients with a fracture of the proximal femur, 156 fractures were in the subtrochanteric region. There were 251 femoral shaft fractures. The atypical fracture pattern was seen in 27 patients (7%) with 29 femoral shaft or subtrochanteric fractures. A total of 22 patients with 24 atypical fractures were receiving bisphosphonate treatment at the time of fracture. Prodromal pain was present in nine patients (11 fractures); 11 (50%) of the patients on bisphosphonates suffered 12 spontaneous fractures, and healing of these fractures was delayed in a number of patients. This large dual-centre review has established the incidence of atypical femoral fractures at 7% of the study population, 81% of whom had been on bisphosphonate treatment for a mean of 4.6 years (0.04 to 12.1).

This study does not advocate any change in the use of bisphosphonates to prevent fragility fractures but attempts to raise awareness of this possible problem so symptomatic patients will be appropriately investigated. However, more work is required to identify the true extent of this new and possibly increasing problem.
Preservation of the original femoral cement mantle during the management of infected cemented total hip replacement by two-stage revision
Authors: Morley J. R. , Blake S. M. , Hubble M. J. W. , Timperley A. J. , Gie G. A. , Howell J. R.
Published: February 2012

The removal of all prosthetic material and a two-stage revision procedure is the established standard management of an infected total hip replacement (THR). However, the removal of well-fixed femoral cement is time-consuming and can result in significant loss of bone stock and femoral shaft perforation or fracture. We report our results of two-stage revision THR for treating infection, with retention of the original well-fixed femoral cement mantle in 15 patients, who were treated between 1989 and 2002. Following partial excision arthroplasty, patients received local and systemic antibiotics and underwent reconstruction and re-implantation at a second-stage procedure, when the infection had resolved.

The mean follow-up of these 15 patients was 82 months (60 to 192). Two patients had positive microbiology at the second stage and were treated with six weeks of appropriate antibiotics; one of these developed recurrent infection requiring further revision. Successful eradication of infection was achieved in the remaining 14 patients.

We conclude that when two-stage revision is used for the treatment of peri-prosthetic infection involving a THR, a well-fixed femoral cement mantle can be safely left in situ, without compromising the treatment of infection. Advantages of this technique include a shorter operating time, reduced loss of bone stock and a technically more straightforward second-stage procedure.
Sliding hip screw versus the Targon PF nail in the treatment of trochanteric fractures of the hip
Authors: Parker M. J. , Bowers T. R. , Pryor G. A.
Published: February 2012

In a randomised trial involving 598 patients with 600 trochanteric fractures of the hip, the fractures were treated with either a sliding hip screw (n = 300) or a Targon PF intramedullary nail (n = 300). The mean age of the patients was 82 years (26 to 104). All surviving patients were reviewed at one year with functional outcome assessed by a research nurse blinded to the treatment used. The intramedullary nail was found to have a slightly increased mean operative time (46 minutes (sd 12.3) versus 49 minutes (sd 12.7), p < 0.001) and an increased mean radiological screening time (0.3 minutes (sd 0.2) versus 0.5 minutes (sd 0.3), p <  0.001). Operative difficulties were more common with the intramedullary nail. There was no statistically significant difference between implants for wound healing complications (p = 1), or need for post-operative blood transfusion (p = 1), and medical complications were similarly distributed in both groups. There was a tendency to fewer revisions of fixation or conversion to an arthroplasty in the nail group, although the difference was not statistically significant (nine versus three cases, p = 0.14). The extent of shortening, loss of hip flexion, mortality and degree of residual pain were similar in both groups. The recovery of mobility was superior for those treated with the intramedullary nails (p = 0.01 at one year from injury).

In summary, both implants produced comparable results but there was a tendency to better return of mobility for those treated with the intramedullary nail.
Detection of Reversible Nonlinear Dynamic Responses of Polymer Films by Using Time-Resolved Soft-Pulse Compression Attenuated Total Reflection Step-Scan Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: Nishikawa Yuji , Nakano Tatsuhiko , Noda Isao
Published: February 2012

An improved time-resolved soft-pulse dynamic compression attenuated total reflection (ATR) step-scan Fourier transform rheo-optical system has been developed. This system was used to observe reversible dynamic responses of poly(ethyleneterephthalate) (PET) and poly(p-phenylene biphenyltetracarboximide) (BPDA-PDA) films. In the case of PET, reversible nonlinear dynamic responses were observed in the C=O stretching vibration. The nonlinear responses decreased with decreasing compressive strain from 0.045 to 0.018. For the C–O stretching bands associated with the backbone structure of the PET, the nonlinear responses were very small. Characteristic burst-like reversible nonlinear dynamic responses can be seen in the in-phase and out-of-phase C=O stretching vibrations of cyclic imides, and phenyl ring deformation bands in the PDA parts of the BPDA-PDA. The results suggest the presence of inter-molecular interaction between C=O of cyclic imides and the phenyl ring groups of the PDA parts. The present method shows promise for characterizing a wide variety of polymeric materials, including polymer alloys, blends, composites, and copolymers and semicrystalline polymers.
From Travel to Tourism: The Social and Cultural Impact of Photography as a New Medium of Communication in 19th-Century America
Authors: BROWN KAREN
Published: February 2012

This article examines the relationship between the introduction of photography into American society in 1839 and changes in the concept of travel during the 19th century. Principles about the social consequences of photography formulated from the works of Roland Barthes, Walter Benjamin,
Marshall McLuhan, Lewis Mumford, and Susan Sontag serve as a framework to compare and contrast the predominant concepts of travel presented in magazine articles of travel advice published before and after the advent of photography. The principles focus on the medium's capacity to influence
social and cultural thought and activity.
Watch the Birdie: Imagemaking and Wildlife Conservation
Authors: SPRINGER CLAUDIA
Published: February 2012

Photography and the modern wildlife conservation movement became entwined soon after their shared emergence in the middle of the 19th century. This article analyzes how photography, film, video, and digital imaging have shaped the movement and continue to exert influence. Images often
dictate our knowledge of animal species in the wild, but they can be deceptive, and they have hindered as well as helped conservation efforts. The profusion of wildlife conservation imagery and continued politicized debates over appropriate strategies make it important to investigate the conflicted
alliance between mechanical reproduction and the conservation movement.
Key research in music technology and music teaching and learning
Authors: Webster Peter R.
Published: February 2012

Research on the use of technology in music teaching and learning continues to grow in both quality and quantity. This article summarizes some of the important work since 2000, placing an emphasis on studies completed in the last few years. Both conceptual and philosophical publications
are included as well as qualitative and quantitative work on technology in service to composition, listening and performance. One major conclusion is that we need more substantial studies on teaching strategies that use technology, issues of gender and technology, equity in accessibility to
the best resources and the real effect of technology's use on long-term learning in music for professional musicians and the educated public as a whole.
The non-traditional music student in secondary schools of the United States: Engaging non-participant students in creative music activities through technology
Authors: Williams David Brian
Published: February 2012

This article discusses the 'non-traditional music' (NTM) student in secondary education in the United States as a unique population of students who are 'non-participants' in traditional music ensembles. Through the use of current music technology, teachers are offering technology-based
music classes (TBMCs) and are successfully engaging NTM students in performing, recording and composing. Eight attributes are proposed to characterize NTMs. An estimate of the non-participant music population and the validity of the proposed NTM attributes are examined through an analysis
of anecdotal and empirical data from several extant studies. The results suggest that these attributes reasonably describe NTMs with some modification. NTMs are in the sixth through twelfth grades, do not typically participate in traditional performing ensembles, and most likely do not read
standard music notation. More than 67 per cent of these students may play an instrument or sing, 28 per cent have an active music life outside of school, and many aspire to a career in music industry or performance. There is also evidence that TBMCs are motivationally beneficial to academic-
and discipline-challenged students. Revisions to the set of attributes for NTMs are offered and suggestions for future research are proposed with special attention to parallels in music programmes internationally.
Conceptual frameworks, theoretical models and the role of YouTube: Investigating informal music learning and teaching in online music community
Authors: Waldron Janice
Published: February 2012

In this article, I discuss framework models, approaches and theories advanced by new media and social science researchers for conceptualizing and investigating online communities, including the role of YouTube – and the implications this has for music learning and teaching in
online and offline contexts. I will draw on my research of one online community – the Online Academy of Irish Music – (www. oaim.ie) to illustrate how these ideas, frameworks and artefacts such as YouTube videos are relevant for and applicable to music education research and practice.
Navigating the emerging futures in music education
Authors: Leong Samuel
Published: February 2012

Our globalized world is having to rediscover and reinvent itself in the face of emergent futures resulting from multiple dynamics, including the breakdown of traditional structures, new capabilities of advanced technologies, new educational agendas and new human needs. This article
navigates through several key predictions and recent developments relevant to music education and technology, and urges for a new music education future that is strongly linked with the global knowledge economy in the digital and conceptual age. The new future should give more attention to
learners who were under-served in the past, be more coherent with real-world issues and problems, harness the powers of ICT to actualize worthy educational and societal transformation, and locate music effectively as an essential, integral and vibrant aspect of human lives and civilization.
Extending AFM Phase Image of Nanocomposite Structures to 3D using FIB
Authors: Bailey Russell J. , Geurts Remco , Stokes Debbie J. , de Jong Frank , Barber Asa H.
Published: February 2012

The mechanical behavior of nanocomposites is critically dependent on their structural composition. In this paper we use Focused Ion Beam (FIB) microscopy to prepare surfaces from a layered polymer nanocomposite for investigation using phase contrast atomic force microscopy (AFM). Phase contrast AFM provides mechanical information on the surface examined and, by combining with the sequential cross-sectioning of FIB, can extend the phase contract AFM into three dimensions.
Phylogeny, ecology, and the origins of climate–richness relationships
Authors: Kozak Kenneth H. , Wiens John J.
Published: February 2012

Many studies show that species richness is correlated with climate, especially among local sites within a region. However, few studies have addressed how these climate–diversity relationships actually arise. Only a few processes can directly change species richness (i.e., speciation, extinction, dispersal), and these processes may be best studied by incorporating a phylogenetic perspective. Here, we used a phylogenetic approach to address the causes of climate–diversity relationships in plethodontid salamanders by combining data on richness, climate, and phylogeny for 250 species. Our results suggest that species richness patterns in plethodontids are explained primarily by how long each region and climatic zone has been occupied, rather than by the effects of either area, species density (i.e., ecological limits), or climate on the rates of speciation or extinction. Across regions, diversity is related to time rather than climate. Within regions, significant climate–diversity relationships are also related to time, with higher richness in climatic regimes that have been occupied longer. Although some might think that phylogeny is unimportant at local scales and when climate and diversity are strongly correlated, we show that niche conservatism and phylogenetic history (time) combine to create species pools of different sizes in different habitats (climatic regimes), leading to variation in local species richness across these habitats within a region.
Seeing the forest for the heterogeneous trees: stand‐scale resource distributions emerge from tree‐scale structure
Authors: Boyden Suzanne , Montgomery Rebecca , Reich Peter B. , Palik Brian
Published: February 2012

Forest ecosystem processes depend on local interactions that are modified by the spatial pattern of trees and resources. Effects of resource supplies on processes such as regeneration are increasingly well understood, yet we have few tools to compare resource heterogeneity among forests that differ in structural complexity. We used a neighborhood approach to examine understory light and nutrient availability in a well‐replicated and large‐scale variable‐retention harvesting experiment in a red pine forest in Minnesota, USA. The experiment included an unharvested control and three harvesting treatments with similar tree abundance but different patterns of retention (evenly dispersed as well as aggregated retention achieved by cutting 0.1‐ or 0.3‐ha gaps). We measured light and soil nutrients across all treatments and mapped trees around each sample point to develop an index of neighborhood effects (NI). Field data and simulation modeling were used to test hypotheses that the mean and heterogeneity of resource availability would increase with patchiness because of greater variation in competitive environments. Our treatments dramatically altered the types and abundances of competitive neighborhoods (NI) in each stand and resulted in significantly nonlinear relationships of light, nitrogen and phosphorus availability to NI. Hence, the distribution of neighborhoods in each treatment had a significant impact on resource availability and heterogeneity. In dense control stands, neighborhood variation had little impact on resource availability, whereas in more open stands (retention treatments), it had large effects on light and modest effects on soil nutrients. Our results demonstrate that tree spatial pattern can affect resource availability and heterogeneity in explainable and predictable ways, and that neighborhood models provide a useful tool for scaling heterogeneity from the individual tree to the stand. These insights are needed to anticipate the outcomes of silvicultural manipulations and should become more holistically integrated into both basic ecological and management science.
Invasional interference due to similar inter‐ and intraspecific competition between invaders may affect management
Authors: Rauschert Emily Sofia Jalics , Shea Katriona
Published: February 2012

As the number of biological invasions increases, the potential for invader–invader interactions also rises. The effect of multiple invaders can be superadditive (invasional meltdown), additive, or subadditive (invasional interference); which of these situations occurs has critical implications for prioritization of management efforts. Carduus nutans and C. acanthoides, two congeneric invasive weeds, have a striking, segregated distribution in central Pennsylvania, USA. Possible hypotheses for this pattern include invasion history and chance, direct competition, or negative interactions mediated by other species, such as shared pollinators. To explore the role of resource competition in generating this pattern, we conducted three related experiments using a response‐surface design throughout the life cycles of two cohorts. Although these species have similar niche requirements, we found no differential response to competition between conspecifics vs. congeners. The response to combined density was relatively weak for both species. While direct competitive interactions do not explain the segregated distributional patterns of these two species, we predict that invasions of either species singly, or both species together, would have similar impacts. When prioritizing which areas to target to prevent the spread of one of the species, it is better to focus on areas as yet unaffected by its congener; where the congener is already present, invasional interference makes it unlikely that the net effect will change.
Impact of climate change on Cannonsville Reservoir thermal structure in the New York City water supply
Authors: Samal N. R. , Pierson D. C. , Schneiderman E. , Huang Y. , Read J. S. , Anandhi A. , Owens E. M.
Published: February 2012

Global Circulation Model values of mean daily air temperature, wind speed and solar radiation for the 2081–2100 period are used to produce change factors that are applied to a 39 year record of local meteorological data to produce future climate scenarios. These climate scenarios are used to drive two separate, but coupled models: the Generalized Watershed Loading Functions-Variable Source Area model in order to simulate reservoir tributary inflows, and a one-dimensional reservoir hydrothermal model used to evaluate changes in reservoir thermal structure in response to changes in meteorological forcing and changes in simulated inflow. Comparisons between simulations based on present-day climate data (baseline conditions) and future simulations (change-factor adjusted baseline conditions) are used to evaluate the development and breakdown of thermal stratification, as well as a number of metrics that describe reservoir thermal structure, stability and mixing. Both epilimnion and hypolimnion water temperatures are projected to increase. Indices of mixing and stability show changes that are consistent with the simulated changes in reservoir thermal structure. Simulations suggest that stratification will begin earlier and the reservoir will exhibit longer and more stable periods of thermal stratification under future climate conditions.
Effect of roughness geometry on heat transfer and friction characteristics of PCM storage unit for night coolness storage in summer season
Authors: Shukla Shailndra , Singh Satish
Published: February 2012

This paper presents a theoretical analysis of thermal storage unit using
phase change material (PCM) as storage medium. Storage unit consists of
parallel rectangular channels for the air flow which are separated by phase
change storage material. The purpose of storage unit is to absorb the night
coolness and to provide cooled air at comfort temperature during day time in
summer season. MATLsimulation tool has been used to compute the air
temperature variation with location as well as time, charging and discharging
time of storage unit. Phase change material used for analysis is selected in
such a way that it?s Melting point lies between comfort temperature and
minimum night ambient temperatures. The air flow rate needed for charging of
PCM is approximately four times greater than the flow rate required during
day time to achieve comfort temperature for approximately eight hours, due to
limited summer night time (only eight hours). The length of storage unit for
which NTU value is greater than or equal to five will give the exit air
temperature equal to PCM temperature for the case of latent heat utilization.
It is found that artificial roughness on the duct surface effectively reduces
the length of storage unit in the cost of some extra pressure drop across the
duct.
Qualitative analysis of coal combusted in boilers of the thermal power plants in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Authors: Djuric Slavko , Stanojevic Petko , Djuranovic Dragan , Brankov Sasa , Milasinovic Srdjan
Published: February 2012

In this paper we have looked into the qualitative analysis of coals in Bosnia
and Herzegovina (B-H). The analysis includes the following characteristics:
moisture (W), ash (A), combustible matter (Vg) and lower heating value (Hd).
From the statistic parameters we have determined: absolute range (R),
arithmetic mean (X), standard deviation (S) and variations coefficient
(Cv). It has been shown that the coal characteristics (W, A, Vg, Hd) have
normal distribution. The analysis show that there are considerable deviations
of ash characteristics: moisture (36.23%), ash (34.21%), combustible matter
(16.15%) and lower heating value (25.16%) from the mean value which is shown
by the variations coefficient (Cv). Large oscilations of mass portions: W, A,
Vg and Hd around the mean value can adversely influence the function of a
boiler plant and an electric filter plant in thermal power plants in B-H in
which the mentioned types of coal burn. Large ash oscilations (34.21%) around
the mean value point out to the inability of application of dry procedures of
desulphurisation of smoke gasses (FGD) due to the additional quantity of ash.
It has been shown that the characteristics of Bosnian types of coal do not
deviate a lot from the characteristics of coal in the surrounding countries
(coals of Serbia and Monte Negro). The results can be used in analysis of
coal combustion in thermal power plants, optimisation of electrical-filtre,
reduction of SO2 in smoke gas and other practical problems.
Hybrid wind-power-distillation plant
Authors: Ninic Neven , Klarin Branko , Tolj Ivan
Published: February 2012

This paper reports and elaborates on the idea of a solar distiller and an
offshore wind power plant operating together. The subject under discussion is
a single-stage solar distillation plant with vaporization, using adiabatic
expansion in the gravitational field inside a wind power plant supporting
column. This scheme divides investment costs for electric power and
distillate production. In the region of the Adriatic Sea, all electric power
produced could be ?converted? to hydrogen using less than 10% of the
distillate produced.
Volumetric 3-component velocimetry measurements of the flow field on the rear window of a generic car model
Authors: Tounsi Nabil , Fourrié Grégoire , Oualli Hamid , Keirsbulck Laurent , Hanchi Samir , Labraga Larbi
Published: February 2012

Volumetric 3-component Velocimetry measurements are carried out in the flow
field around the rear window of a generic car model, the so-called Ahmed
body. This particular flow field is known to be highly unsteady, three
dimensional and characterized by strong vortices. The volumetric velocity
measurements from the present experiments provide the most comprehensive data
for this flow field to date. The present study focuses on the wake flow
modifications which result from using a simple flow control device, such as
the one recently employed by Fourri? et al. [1]. The mean data clearly show
the structure of this complex flow and confirm the drag reduction mechanism
suggested by Fourri? et al. The results show that strengthening the separated
flow leads to weakening the longitudinal vortices and vice versa. The present
paper shows that the Volumetric 3-component Velocimetry technique is a
powerful tool used for a better understanding of a threedimensional unsteady
complex flow such that developing around a bluffbody.
Evaluation of infusions of xylazine with ketamine or propofol to modulate recovery following sevoflurane anesthesia in horses
Authors: Wagner Ann E. , Mama Khursheed R. , Steffey Eugene P. , Hellyer Peter W.
Published: February 2012

Objective—To determine whether infusion of xylazine and ketamine or xylazine and propofol after sevoflurane administration in horses would improve the quality of recovery from anesthesia.

Animals—6 healthy adult horses.

Procedures—For each horse, anesthesia was induced by administration of xylazine, diazepam, and ketamine and maintained with sevoflurane for approximately 90 minutes (of which the last 60 minutes were under steady-state conditions) 3 times at 1-week intervals. For 1 anesthetic episode, each horse was allowed to recover from sevoflurane anesthesia; for the other 2 episodes, xylazine and ketamine or xylazine and propofol were infused for 30 or 15 minutes, respectively, after termination of sevoflurane administration. Selected cardiopulmonary variables were measured during anesthesia and recovery. Recovery events were monitored and subjectively scored.

Results—Cardiopulmonary variables differed minimally among treatments, although the xylazine-propofol infusion was associated with greater respiratory depression than was the xylazine-ketamine infusion. Interval from discontinuation of sevoflurane or infusion administration to standing did not differ significantly among treatments, but the number of attempts required to stand successfully was significantly lower after xylazine-propofol infusion, compared with the number of attempts after sevoflurane alone. Scores for recovery from anesthesia were significantly lower (ie, better recovery) after either infusion, compared with scores for sevoflurane administration alone.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Xylazine-ketamine or xylazine-propofol infusion significantly improved quality of recovery from sevoflurane anesthesia in horses. Xylazine-ketamine or xylazine-propofol infusions may be of benefit during recovery from sevoflurane anesthesia in horses for which a smooth recovery is particularly critical. However, oxygenation and ventilation should be monitored carefully.
Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in relation to virulence genes and phylogenetic origins among urogenital Escherichia coli isolates from dogs and cats in Japan
Authors: Harada Kazuki , Niina Ayaka , Nakai Yuka , Kataoka Yasushi , Takahashi Toshio
Published: February 2012

Objective—To assess the status of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), identify extraintestinal virulence factors (VFs) and phylogenetic origins, and analyze relationships among these traits in extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) isolates from companion animals.

Sample—104 E coli isolates obtained from urine or genital swab samples collected between 2003 and 2010 from 85 dogs and 19 cats with urogenital infections in Japan.

Procedures—Antimicrobial susceptibility of isolates was determined by use of the agar dilution method; a multiplex PCR assay was used for VF gene detection and phylogenetic group assessment. Genetic diversity was evaluated via randomly amplified polymorphic DNA analysis.

Results—Of the 104 isolates, 45 (43.3%) were resistant to > 2 antimicrobials. Phylogenetically, 64 (61.5%), 22 (21.2%), 13 (12.5%), and 5 (4.8%) isolates belonged to groups B2, D, B1, and A, respectively. Compared with other groups, group B2 isolates were less resistant to all tested antimicrobials and carried the pap, hly, and cnf genes with higher frequency and the aer gene with lower frequency. The aer gene was directly associated and the pap, sfa, hly, and cnf genes were inversely associated with AMR. Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA analysis revealed 3 major clusters, comprised mainly of group B1, B2, and D isolates; 2 subclusters of group B2 isolates had different VF and AMR status.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Prevalences of multidrug resistance and human-like phylogenetic origins among ExPEC isolates from companion animals in Japan were high. It is suggested that VFs, phylogenetic origins, and genetic diversity are significantly associated with AMR in ExPEC.
Editorial Vol.8(3)
Authors: Editor The
Published: February 2012

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jie.v8i3.5925 JIE 2011; 8(3):
Introduction and Application of the PMF Model to Estimate the Source Apportionment of PM2.5 at Various Sites
Authors: Hwang Injo
Published: February 2012

To manage ambient air quality and establish effective emissions reduction strategies, it is necessary to identify sources and to apportion the ambient PM mass. To do so, receptor models have been developed that analyze various measured properties of the pollutants at the receptor site, identify the sources, and estimate their contributions. Receptor modeling is based on a mathematical model that analyzes the physicochemical properties of gaseous and/or particulate pollutants at various atmospheric receptors. Among the multivariate receptor models used for PM source identification and apportionment, positive matrix factorization (PMF) has been developed by Paatero in 1997. PMF have been developed for providing a new approach to multivariate receptor modeling based on explicit least-squares technique. Also, PMF shown to be a powerful technique relative to traditional multivariate receptor models. PMF has been implemented in two different algorithms: PMF2 (or PMF3) and the multilinear engine (ME). Since the release of PMF2 and ME, these programs have been successfully applied to assess ambient PM source contributions at many locations in the world. In this study, I would like to introduce about outline of the PMF model and application of the PMF model to estimate the source apportionment of ambient PM2.5 at various sampling sites in USA and Korea. This study suggests the possible role for maintain and manage ambient air quality and achieve reasonable air pollution strategies. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jie.v8i3.5928 JIE 2011; 8(3): 25-31
Aerosol Characterization over a High Altitude Location in Central Himalayas
Authors: Pant P
Published: February 2012

Our climate is strongly influenced by the manner in which solar radiation is absorbed and scattered in the Earth’s atmosphere. Atmospheric aerosols play an important role in modifying the radiation budget of the earth-atmosphere system. Aerosols have a direct impact on the atmosphere as they scatter and absorb solar and infrared radiations and indirectly affect the size distribution of cloud droplets. Hence, the knowledge of aerosols’ characteristics is the basic requirement for understanding the impact of aerosols on our environment. In order to delineate the optical and physical properties of aerosols, the collocated measurements of aerosols are carried out at Manora Peak (29.36 N; 79.45 E, altitude ~ 1960 meters), Nainital: a high altitude location in central Himalayas. Since the observing site is located geographically in the free troposphere, thus the aerosol measurements from such a region have the importance for providing a sort of background level of aerosol-parameters against which the impact of aerosol-loading from far-off low laying regions can be assessed. The retrieved parameters of aerosols at ARIES are comprised of aerosol optical depth, mass/number concentrations of composite aerosols, BC mass concentration, total suspended particulate matter, total columnar ozone and water vapor content, meteorological parameters, traces gases etc. The analyzed results have been summarized in the present talk. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jie.v8i3.5935 JIE 2011; 8(3): 87-93
Comparison of UV Index and Total Ozone Column of Aura/OMI and Ground Measurement from Nepal Himalayas
Authors: Sharma Rishi R , Kjeldstad Berit , Bhattarai Binod K
Published: February 2012

Ground UV index and total ozone measured from four stations of Nepal Himalaya using NILU UV Multiband Filter Radiometer (MBFR) were compared with that of the Aura/OMI satellite products using the data from October 2008 to December 2010. The main goal of the validation was to find how the satellite products deviate with that of ground measurement in the mountainous sites where the stations have unique set of geographical and environmental conditions. The altitudes of the stations vary from 72 m to 2850 m in a short span of horizontal distance. The comparison was done for clear-sky and cloudy-sky condition using Cloud Transmission Factor (CLT) as a proxy. It was found that UV indices estimated by the satellite have higher values compared to ground instrument. The relative difference (bias) of the four stations are varied from 34.5 ± 24.0% to 47.9 ± 17.4% for cloud free condition and from 106.4 ± 81.44 % to 286.4 ± 254.8% for cloudy condition. The correlation coefficients are more than 0.8 for cloud free condition. The total ozone column comparison showed the mean relative difference (bias) range from -2.17 ± 3.52% to 2.97 ± 3.92% under cloud free condition and -4.42 ± 5.64% to 1.36 ± 6.14% under cloudy condition. The possible factors for this discrepancy are discussed and some important factors are highlighted. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jie.v8i3.5938 JIE 2011; 8(3): 114-129
Synchronization Of Estrus In Black Bengal Does
Authors: Khandoker MAMY , Sultana A , Akter QS , Tareq KMA , Mia MM , Husain SS , Notter DR
Published: February 2012

The present study was undertaken to measure estrus response (%), interval to estrus (hr), duration of estrus and conception rate (%) after synchronization in Black Bengal does. Synchronization of estrus was done by intramuscular injection of synthetic PGF2α as dinoprost®. Two trials were conducted with twenty cyclic fertile adult Black Bengal does. The age and body weight of the does were between 18 to 21 months and 11-13 kg, respectively. After synchronization all the does were observed closely up to 48 hours to note the estrus behavior. All the signs or behavior of synchronized estrus were recorded in details. Out of 20 does, 19 does showed behavioral signs of heat and expressed estrus behavior after synchronizing with synthetic PGF2α as dinoprost® injection. The behavioral estrus was found after 45.5 hours and 45 hours injected with 2 ml and 1 ml dinoprost®, respectively. The duration of estrus was recorded 51 hours and 23 hours for does treated with 2 ml and 1 ml dinoprost®, respectively. The conception rate was observed 42.86% and 40.00% treated with 2 ml and 1 ml, respectively. From the result of this study it can be concluded that synchronization of estrus with 1 ml of dinoprost®, may be used for inducing estrus of Black Bengal doe under Bangladesh condition. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjas.v38i1-2.9907 BJAS 2009; 38(1-2): 7-14
Effect Of Different Methods Of Preservation On The Quality Of Cattle And Goat Meat
Authors: Faisal S Bin , Akhter A , Hossain MM
Published: February 2012

The study was conducted to evaluate the effect of drying, curing and freezing on the quality of cattle and goat meat collected and designed as. Cattle and goat meat samples were: dried cattle meat with salt (M1), dried cattle meat without salt (M2), dried goat meat with salt (M3), dried goat meat without salt (M4), cured cattle meat with salt (M5), cured cattle meat with sugar (M6), cured goat meat with salt (M7), cured goat meat with sugar (M8), frozen cattle meat with salt (M9), frozen cattle meat without salt (M10), frozen goat meat with salt (M11) and frozen goat meat without salt (M12) and analyze on every 30 days interval up to the period of 120 days. Chemical constituents of meat samples (dry matter, protein, ash and fat) decreased gradually with the increasing of storage time, but dry matter increased gradually during freezing period. The initial dry matter, ash, protein and fat contents of the samples (M1, M2, M3, M4, M5, M6, M7, M8, M9, M10, M11, M12) ranged from 81.26 to 98.50%, 15.01 to 22.46%, 60.28 to 77.30% and 3.04 to 6.70% and final value were ranged from 80.03 to 88.12%, 10.92 to 18.50%, 57.98 to 68.93% and 2.50 to 5.90%, respectively. The elapse of storage time quality parameters of meat samples degraded significantly (P<0.05 to 0.01). Quality parameters also varied among the samples (P<0.05 to 0.01). Considering fat and protein value of cattle and goat meat, salt drying and sugar curing were better than other preservation methods. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjas.v38i1-2.9916 BJAS 2009; 38(1-2): 86-91
Anaesthesia for Live Related Liver Transplantation: Experience at a Teaching Hospital in Abroad
Authors: Sadar K , Hannan MA , Aneja S
Published: February 2012

ordinary, challenging and very much special for anaesthesiologists. The liver transplantation programme at Indraprastha Apollo Hospital, Delhi, India has been running since 1998. Both live related and cadveric liver transplantations are performed and it is about 100 to 120 per year. In this prospective study, the anaesthetic aspects of 10 live related liver transplantations are reviewed. Here we focused on anaesthetic technique used; indications for liver transplantation and type of graft transplanted; survival rate; duration of anaesthesia and cost; intra-operativeLive related liver transplantation is no longer experimental. It is the therapeutic option for patients with chronic liver failure. Adequate logistic and prompt laboratory service, availability of blood products, maximum invasive and non invasive monitoring is mandatory for better outcome.BMJ 2010; 39(3)