bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A study to compare the oral health impact profile and satisfaction before and after having replacement complete dentures constructed by either the copy or the conventional technique
Authors: Scott B.J.J. , Forgie A.H. , Davis D.M.
Published: May 2006

Aims:  To assess the oral health impact profile (OHIP) on edentulous subjects who needed to have their dentures replaced either by a copy technique or a conventional technique, and to determine whether any change in the subjects’ assessment of their original and replacement dentures impacted on oral health related quality of life parameters.

Background:  The OHIP is an instrument used to measure subjects’ perceptions of the social impact of oral disorders on their well being. Changes in the OHIP may occur when subjects need to have their complete dentures replaced. Furthermore, it is possible that the method by which the dentures are constructed may impact on this.

Methods:  A total of 65 edentulous subjects were studied. Thirty‐three subjects had their dentures constructed by a copy technique and 32 by a conventional technique. Subjects completed the OHIP‐14 questionnaires before and after being provided with a set of replacement complete dentures. They also assessed specific features of the upper and lower dentures. Responses were recorded on a Likert scale.

Results:  For many subjects, the responses in the before treatment questionnaires were at the lower end of the Likert scale, indicating that there were no major impacts on oral health related quality of life parameters. There were no major differences between the copy denture subjects and the conventional denture subjects in relation to the change in OHIP scores before and after treatment. Generally subjects expressed improved satisfaction with the new lower denture. However, for the copy denture group there were significant improvements for all seven assessments compared with only five out of seven assessments for subjects in the conventional group.

Conclusion:  For these groups of edentulous subjects, although they may need dentures to be replaced after a period of wear, this does not necessarily have significant impacts on oral health related quality of life parameters. It seems likely that this is the main reason why the provision of new dentures by either a copying or conventional technique did not result in major changes to the OHIP.
The Bush Effect: Polarization, Turnout, and Activism in the 2004 Presidential Election
Authors: ABRAMOWITZ ALAN I. , STONE WALTER J.
Published: May 2006

The 2004 presidential election produced a dramatic increase in voter turnout and in a variety of campaign activities beyond voting. In this article, we demonstrate that the main reason for this increased turnout and activism was the intense polarization of the American electorate over George W. Bush. George Bush in 2004 was the most polarizing presidential candidate in modern political history and a much more polarizing candidate than he had been four years earlier. Americans either loved him or hated him and they went to the polls in record numbers to express those feelings. Our findings do not support Morris Fiorina’s suggestion that polarization turns off voters and depresses turnout. Instead, they support the rational choice theory of turnout proposed by Anthony Downs: polarization energizes voters and stimulates participation. Whether turnout and activism remain at the levels seen in 2004 will depend on whether future presidential candidates produce a similar degree of polarization in the electorate.
Contributions and Contributors in the 2004 Presidential Election Cycle
Authors: PANAGOPOULOS COSTAS , BERGAN DANIEL
Published: May 2006

The 2004 presidential election was unique in that the main contenders—Howard Dean, John Kerry, and George W. Bush—decided to reject public financing during the primary elections. In fact, fundraising did not appear to be problematic for either major party nominee during the entire election cycle, and both major parties collected and spent unprecedented sums of money to execute campaign activities. This study will assess data available from the Federal Election Commission to examine the amounts and sources of funding for the 2004 presidential election. Using available survey data from the 2004 National Election Study, we also investigate the characteristics of contributors and analyze their motivations for giving.
Hispanic Voters in the 2000 and 2004 Presidential General Elections
Authors: KENSKI KATE , TISINGER RUSSELL
Published: May 2006

In 2004, the vote margin between the major party presidential candidates was slim but wider than in 2000, leading scholars, pundits, and politicians to ask: among which demographic groups did George W. Bush specifically and the Republican party more generally make gains? Using data from the 2000 and 2004 National Annenberg Election Surveys (NAES), we examine the extent to which Bush and the Republicans made gains among an increasingly important group and growing segment of the U.S. population, Hispanic Americans. Results from the NAES demonstrate that Bush made inroads with Hispanics in 2004. While Bush improved his support among Hispanics, Hispanic party identification in 2004 was comparable to identification in 2000.
A War Too Far? Bush, Iraq, and the 2004 U.S. Presidential Election
Authors: McALLISTER IAN
Published: May 2006

Following 9‐11 and the decision to go to war with Iraq, the Bush administration had to gain public support to legitimize its policy. This was achieved by priming the public on Iraq and by associating the Iraqi regime with terrorism, views about which most voters had clearly defined, preexisting views. In the run‐up to the 2004 presidential election, the Iraq issue also became closely associated with Bush’s personal qualities as president. Analyses of the 2004 American National Election Study show that voters were primed on Iraq through television coverage. Evaluations of Bush’s personal qualities declined between 2000 and 2004, and judgments about his honesty and intelligence in 2004 were significantly related to opinions about Iraq. Iraq had an important influence in promoting turnout in the election, which increased Bush’s vote, and in shaping the election outcome. However, the influence of the Iraq issue was indirect and mediated by personal evaluations of George W. Bush.
Patent Foramen Ovale: A Primer for Headache Physicians
Authors: Sommer Robert J.
Published: May 2006

Evidence continues to mount relating the patent foramen ovale (PFO), a small flap‐valve in the wall separating the right and left atria of the heart, and number of neurologic syndromes including thromboembolic stroke, migraine headache, and decompression illness in divers. With increasing focus on the migraine relationship, both industry and patients are looking to neurologists for additional information about this cardiac defect. This review will examine the PFO in detail: its role in the fetal circulation, the formation of the atrial septum, the disease processes felt to be associated with it and their probable mechanisms, current closure techniques, and upcoming trials of these techniques.
A single amino acid exchange shifts the serological reactivity of the novel HLA‐B*4442 allele product from HLA‐B44 to HLA‐B21
Authors: Mrazek F. , Fae I. , Ambruzova Z. , Raida L. , Kriegova E. , Indrak K. , Fischer G. F. , Petrek M.
Published: May 2006

A novel HLA‐B (human leukocyte antigen‐B) allele, HLA‐B*4442, was identified both in a Czech patient with leukaemia and in his mother. The presence of a novel allele was initially suspected because conflicting results were obtained by serological and DNA typing techniques. The HLA typing using the polymerase chain reaction–sequence‐specific primers (PCR–SSP) at the two‐digit level indicated an allele belonging to the HLA‐B*44 group, whereas serological typing indicated HLA‐B21. Typing with PCR–sequence‐specific oligonucleotides (PCR–SSO) resulted in a unique reaction pattern that could not be assigned to a known allele, PCR–SSP typing at the four‐digit level did not match any known B*44 allele, either. The sequencing‐based typing of the HLA‐B locus then revealed the novel B*4442 allele that is identical with B*4405 except a single C→G nucleotide exchange at position 572. This exchange results in an amino acid substitution from serine to tryptophan at position 167 of the expressed HLA‐B protein. The B21 serological reactivity of the novel B*4442 allele product was confirmed by employing an additional serological panel of typing sera. Our findings support previous reports claiming that serine at the position 167 in the alpha‐2 domain of the HLA‐B protein is a major determinant of the HLA‐B44(12) serological epitope.
Identification of Bruton tyrosine kinase mutations in 12 Chinese patients with X‐linked agammaglobulinaemia by long PCR‐direct sequencing
Authors: Chan K‐W. , Chen T. , Jiang L. , Fok S. F‐S. , Lee T‐L. , Lee B‐W. , Yang X. , Lau Y‐L.
Published: May 2006

X‐linked agammaglobulinaemia (XLA) is an immunodeficiency caused by Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) gene mutations. The disease is characterized by recurrent bacterial infections and profound hypogammaglobulinemia with marked reduction or lack of mature B‐cells in the peripheral blood. Molecular characterization of BTK gene provides an opportunity for definitive diagnosis of XLA patients, especially for those with atypical phenotype resulting in a milder or late‐onset form of the disease. The diagnosis allows accurate carrier detection with subsequent genetic counselling and prenatal diagnosis. In this study, long polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐direct sequencing analysis of the BTK gene in 12 unrelated Chinese XLA patients had been performed. Eight recurrent mutations and four novel mutations were identified. This is the first report of Chinese cases from three different East Asia regions together, including Hong Kong, Singapore and mainland China. Future clinical and genetic information from the undiagnosed Chinese XLA patients may provide insight into the genotype–phenotype correlations of BTK gene.
Dinucleotide repeat polymorphism in intron II of human Toll‐like receptor 2 gene and susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Lee E. Y. , Yim J‐J. , Lee H. S. , Lee Y. J. , Lee E. B. , Song Y. W.
Published: May 2006

Human Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) participate in innate immune response and signal the activation of adaptive immunity. The presence of a functional intronic polymorphism consisting of guanine–thymine repeats in TLR2 gene was recently reported. Here, we investigated a dinucleotide repeat polymorphism in intron II of TLR2 in Korean patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

The numbers of guanine–thymine [(GT)n] repeats in intron II of the TLR 2 gene were counted in 183 patients with RA and in 148 healthy controls, using the gene scanning technique. We classified alleles into two subclasses for further analysis, 12–16 GT repeats (S allele) and 17–28 repeats (L allele). By subgroup analysis, we also examined whether the S allele is associated with the presence of shared epitope (SE), rheumatoid factor (RF), joint erosion and extra‐articular complications.

S‐allele frequency was significantly increased in patients with RA than in healthy controls [30.3% vs. 23.0%, P = 0.03, or 1.46, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.03–2.07], and genotypes containing S alleles were more frequent in patients with RA than in healthy controls (54.4% vs. 46.5%. P = 0.04, or 1.57, 95% CI 1.01–2.42). A skewed S‐allele distribution was not found to be related to the presence of SE. Subgroup analysis showed no genotypic or allele frequency differences between patients with/without RF, joint erosion, or extra‐articular complications.

Genotype containing shorter GT repeats in intron II of the TLR2 gene may confer susceptibility to RA in Koreans.
Effects of ageing on touch
Authors: Wickremaratchi M M , Llewelyn J G
Published: May 2006

A decline in the main sensory modalities is well reported to occur with ageing. This article outlines the normal pathways involved in touch sensation and includes a review of available evidence relating to the study of ageing and touch. The authors try to use what is known about the neuroanatomy and neurophysiology of ageing to explain the impact on some broad functional deficits seen in the elderly population. The importance of understanding how the normal ageing process affects touch sensation is emphasised.
THE COMPOSITIONAL HETEROGENEITY OF BUTADIENE-STYRENE COPOLYMERS SYNTHESIZED AT −18°C. IN EMULSION
Authors: Orr R. J. , Williams H. Leverne
Published: May 2006

A study has been made of butadiene-styrene copolymers formed at −18°C. From analyses for bound styrene in the product for various conversions and initial butadiene-styrene ratios the reactivity ratios were calculated to be r1 = 1.37 and r2 = 0.38 compared with 1.8 and 0.6 at 45°C. Q and e for butadiene were 1.38 and 0.008 relative to styrene at 1 and −0.8. Increment bound styrene curves calculated for each stage of the reaction indicated that the polymers were remarkably homogeneous at low conversions. The chain transfer reaction using mixed tertiary mercaptans as the modifier was studied. Regulating indices were found to have decreased with polymerization temperature. Number average [Formula: see text] and viscosity average [Formula: see text] molecular weights were calculated from mercaptan disappearance and vistex intrinsic viscosity data respectively. The molecular weight heterogeneity increased with increasing conversion and initial mercaptan content. The increment number average molecular weights were found to diminish with conversions, whereas the increment viscosity average increased at higher conversions as conversion increased.
HYDROGEN OVERVOLTAGE AND POTENTIAL BUILD-UP AT COPPER CATHODES
Authors: Wiebe A. K. , Gauvin W. , Winkler C. A.
Published: May 2006

A given current (e.g., 10−1 amp.) results generally in a nonlinear hydrogen overvoltage – time relation at a copper cathode immersed in N/5 sulphuric acid. After a steady state value of the potential is reached, which may require several minutes, breaking the circuit allows the potential to fall slowly to the zero potential value. On again closing the circuit, a current of the same order as before causes, in a time of the order of seconds, a linear potential build-up to a value equal to the steady state hydrogen overvoltage. Taking the capacitance of a uniplanar surface as 20 μf. per cm.2, the rate of the linear potential build-up permits estimation of cathode surface areas (Bowden and Rideal method). If it is now assumed that the nonlinear increase of hydrogen overvoltage with time is accompanied by deposition of a monatomic layer of hydrogen on the surface, the area occupied by this layer can be estimated. The area so calculated agrees as well as may be expected with that determined by the Bowden–Rideal method. It is concluded from these observations that the Bowden–Rideal measurement depends on the rate of charging a condenser, as distinct from the rate of increase of hydrogen overvoltage, which may be associated with deposition of a layer of hydrogen on the cathode surface. Evidence is further presented to indicate that the surface is completely covered with the layer of hydrogen at the maximum of hydrogen overvoltage, and that the Bowden–Rideal method therefore measures the true surface area of the cathode.
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE "MERCURINIUM ION" IN OXYMERCURATION
Authors: Brook A. G. , Wright George F
Published: May 2006

The complex formed by mercuric nitrate with cyclohexene seems not to resemble similar argentous, cuprous, and platinous salt complexes, since it is stabilized by nitric acid while they are decomposed by acidic media. Furthermore, the cyclohexene – mercuric nitrate – nitric acid system is not stable as are the others in absence of air but decomposes to yield two equivalents of mercurous salt and one equivalent of formylcyclopentane. One or both of these products are presumed to be the material which earlier workers by implication defined as 1-hydroxy-2-nitratomercuricylohexane. It has now been found that this product could not have been formed under the reaction conditions used by these earlier workers. Finally the solubilization of cyclohexene in aqueous mercuric nitrate, on which the earlier workers based their concept of an alkene-mercurinium ion, does not have its counterpart in the solubilization of cyclohexene in aqueous mercuric acetate, since the rate of solution in the latter case is not faster than the rate of hydroxymercuration. In consequence there is no present evidence that such an ion is involved in oxymercuration of alkenes.
THE POLYMERIZATION OF STYRENE SENSITIZED BY ACETYL RADICALS
Authors: Osberg G. L. , Roy D. J. Le
Published: May 2006

A study has been made of the polymerization of styrene in the liquid phase, initiated by acetyl radicals from the photolysis of diacetyl. The rate of consumption of monomer was proportional to the square root of the rate of light absorption; the rate of consumption of diacetyl was proportional to the first power of the rate of light absorption. The ratio of the rate constant for chain propagation to the square root of the rate constant for chain termination was found to be 3.9 × 10−3 liter1/2 mole−1/2 sec.−1/2 at 20°C. The quantum yield of diacetyl consumption was 4.0 × 10−3. By relating the kinetic data to the observed intrinsic viscosities, the exponent of the number average molecular weight in the modified Staudinger equation was found to be 0.65. The values of the corresponding K factors for homogeneous and heterogeneous polymers were 6.5 × 10−3 and 8.2 × 10−3, respectively, when the assumption was made that chain termination was by recombination; for chain termination by disproportionation the values were 8.7 × 10−3and 12.9 × 10−3, respectively, for concentrations in base moles per liter.
STUDIES OF RDX AND RELATED COMPOUNDS: III. THE REACTION TO FORM RDX FROM AMMONIUM NITRATE AND FORMALDEHYDE IN ACETIC ANHYDRIDE
Authors: Gillies A. , Williams H. L. , Winkler C. A.
Published: May 2006

This reaction at 35°C. exhibits a behavior indicative of the presence of an intermediate in the reaction. Reaction of paraformaldehyde and ammonium nitrate in glacial acetic acid resulted in the isolation of hexamine dinitrate. Evidence is presented to indicate that formation of hexamine dinitrate, accompanied by the production of nitric acid, is responsible for the production of RDX in the acetic anhydride system.
PREPARATION AND NITRATION OF 1-SUBSTITUTED-2-NITRAMINO-2-IMIDAZOLINES
Authors: Mckay A. F. , Bryce J. R. G. , Rivington D. E.
Published: May 2006

A series of 1-substituted-2-nitramino-2-imidazolines have been prepared and nitrated in mixed-acid and nitric acid – acetic anhydride media. These compounds gave the corresponding 1-substituted-2-nitrimino-3-nitroimidazolidines which proved to be quite stable. The hydrolysis products of some of these compounds are described.
SOME FREEZING POINT AND CONDUCTANCE MEASUREMENTS IN THE SYSTEM NITRIC ACID – ACETIC ACID
Authors: Taylor Edward G. , Follows Alan G.
Published: May 2006

An independent investigation of the phase diagram for the solid–liquid system nitric, acid – acetic acid has confirmed the findings of Miskidzh'yan and Trifonov (4), namely, that a 1: 1 molecular compound exists. Conductance measurements at 0°, 25°, and 40°C. have been made for the same system. It does not appear possible to predict compound formation from the conductance measurements alone. A preliminary investigation of the liquid–vapor equilibrium for the system nitric acid – acetic acid indicates the existence of a maximum boiling azeotrope. Diacetylorthonitric acid—(CH3COO)2N(OH)3—discovered by Pictet and Genequaud (8) is, in all probability, identical with this binary azeotrope. Some molecular weight measurements tend to confirm this view.
THE DIELECTRIC CONSTANT OF DISULPHUR DECAFLUORIDE
Authors: Hollies N. R. S. , Mcintosh R. L.
Published: May 2006

A method is described for obtaining the dielectric constant and conductivity of disulphur decafluoride in both liquid and gaseous forms. The freezing point of the liquid and the molecular weight of the vapor are established as criteria of purity. All the measurements lead to the conclusion that disulphur decafluoride is non-polar. Its molar polarizations in the two forms are compared with those of other members of the sulphur fluoride and carbon fluoride homologous series as well as with hexane, benzene, and toluene.
3-BROMOMETAMECONINE
Authors: Manske R. H. , McRae J. A. , Moir R. Y.
Published: May 2006

3-Bromo-m-meconine was prepared in three ways: (a) by direct brominalion of metameconine, (b) from 5-bromoveratric acid and formaldehyde, and (c) from 6-amino-m-meconine by a method which amounted to an independent derivation of the structures of 6-amino-m-meconine and its products of transformation. The structures obtained agreed with those previously reported by us. Carefully purified 6-bromo-m-meconine was found to melt at 207°C. in agreement with our previous work, rather than at 223°C. as reported by Rây and Robinson. During the investigation, a convenient synthesis of metaopianic acid was discovered, and the following new compounds were characterized: 6-acetamino-m-meconine, 6-diacetylamino-m-meconine, 6-acetamino-3-bromo-m-meconine, 6-amino-3-bromo-m-meconine, 2-iodoveratric acid, and 5-iodoveratric acid.
THE MEASUREMENT OF THE ABSOLUTE RATES OF REMOVAL OF LEAD AND TELLURIUM MIRRORS BY A FREE RADICAL STREAM
Authors: Miller D. M. , Winkler C. A.
Published: May 2006

Two new methods for measuring the rates of removal of mirrors in a Paneth apparatus have been developed. By measuring the rates of removal of lead and tellurium mirrors it was shown that the same number of radicals react with each atom of both metals. It is suggested that lead dimethyl and tellurium dimethyl are the compounds formed.
A NEW APPARATUS FOR RAPID CARBON DETERMINATION BY WET COMBUSTION
Authors: Thorn J. A. , Shu Ping
Published: May 2006

A simple, compact apparatus has been designed for the estimation of carbon in organic materials by a wet combustion procedure employing the Van Slyke–Folch oxidation liquid. Oxidation of the sample and absorption of the resultant carbon dioxide take place under reduced pressure. The carbon dioxide is transferred from the oxidation Mask by diffusion and is absorbed in stirred sodium hydroxide, the excess alkali being determined by titration with hydrochloric acid after addition of barium chloride. Samples containing from 0.3 mgm. to 15 mgm. of carbon may be analyzed with a probable error of 0.35%. Volatile compounds in aqueous solution may also be analyzed. Sulphur, nitrogen, and halogens do not interfere. Determinations were made on the following compounds; sucrose, succinic acid, cysteine hydrochloride, cholesterol, stearic acid, and acetone. An analysis requires from 20 to 25 min.
ISOTOPIC EXCHANGE REACTIONS IN THE SYSTEM BROMINE – BROMATE – HYPOBROMOUS ACID
Authors: Betts R. H. , Mackenzie Agnes N.
Published: May 2006

Radiotracer studies with Br82 show that bromine and bromate ion in perchloric acid solution undergo isotopic exchange at a measurable rate. The kinetics of the process suggest that secondary chemical reactions occur, leading to the formation of significant concentrations of hypobromous acid in the system. The isotopic exchange between hypobromous acid and bromine is complete within the time required to separate these species.
FORMATION AND STABILITY OF HYPOBROMOUS ACID IN PERCHLORIC ACID SOLUTIONS OF BROMINE AND BROMATE IONS
Authors: Betts R. H. , Mackenzie Agnes N.
Published: May 2006

Spectral and chemical data are presented which show that bromine and bromate ion in acid solution are unstable with respect to, formation of hypobromous acid. At higher concentrations of hypobromous acid, the reaction is reversed, and this species decomposes relatively rapidly to bromine and bromate. Some aspects of the kinetics of these reactions are described, from which deductions are made regarding possible mechanisms of the two processes.
BIOCHEMISTRY OF THE USTILAGINALES: IV. THE CONFIGURATIONS OF SOME β–HYDROXYACIDS AND THE BIOREDUCTION OF β–KETOACIDS
Authors: Lemieux R. U. , Giguere Jacques
Published: May 2006

The phytochemical reduction of the β-keto-n-caproic and β-keto-n-caprylic acids yielded the corresponding D-β-hydroxyacids. This observation is contrasted to bioreduction of β-ketobutyric acid to L-β-hydroxybutyric acid. The basis for the assignment of the above configurations is discussed. L-α-Hydroxy-n-valeramide was reduced with lithium aluminium hydride and the product was acetylated to yield L-1-acetamido-2-acetoxypentane. The enantiomorphic form of the latter compound was obtained through the Curtius degradation of D-β-hydroxy -n-caprohydrazide. The configurations assigned to the β-hydroxy-n-caprylic acids are based on the Levene–Marker Rule for the optical rotations of homologous compounds. The β-hydroxy-n-caproic and β-hydroxy-n-caprylic acids derived from ustilagic acid were thus shown to belong to the L-series. The use of infrared spectroscopy in configurational correlations is discussed and the infrared spectra of L-β-hydroxybutyrhydrazide, L-β-hydroxy-n-caprohydrazide, L- and DL-β-hydroxy-n-caprylhydrazides and D-, L-, and DL-1-acetamido-2-acetoxypentane are given.
STUDIES ON RDX AND RELATED COMPOUNDS: V. THE EFFECT OF DELAYED ADDITION OF AMMONIUM NITRATE, AND THE RATE OF DISAPPEARANCE OF HEXAMINE, IN THE BACHMANN REACTION
Authors: Ralph A. O. , MacHutchin J. G. , Winkler C. A.
Published: May 2006

Ammonium nitrate can be withheld from the Bachmann reaction at 35°C. for several hours without reducing the yield of RDX below approximately 50% of the normal value for the given amount of ammonium nitrate added. The rates of formation of RDX, on the addition of ammonium nitrate from 15 min. to five hours after the reaction has started in its absence, are approximately the same and are approximately one-half that when ammonium nitrate is present initially. A low temperature analysis for hexamine in the Bachmann mixture, by precipitating hexamine as the styphnate, indicates that hexamine disappears from the reaction mixture within five seconds at 35°C, either in the presence or absence of ammonium nitrate.
THE STRUCTURES OF NITROGUANIDINE AND ITS DERIVATIVES
Authors: McKay A. F. , Picard J. P. , Brunet P. E.
Published: May 2006

The ultraviolet absorption spectra of a number of derivatives of nitroguanidine were determined. An analysis of the effects of substituents on the absorption spectrum of nitroguanidine has led to the conclusion that it exists as a resonance hybrid of several structures including (a) and (b).[Formula: see text]The bearing of these structures on the nomenclature of nitroguanidine and its derivatives is discussed. Also the structures of some of the derivatives of nitroguanidine have been interpreted from their absorption spectra.
INFLUENCE OF SHEAR ON THE DIELECTRIC CONSTANT OF LIQUIDS
Authors: Funt B. L. , Mason S. G.
Published: May 2006

The effects of a velocity gradient upon the dielectric constant were studied in solutions of macromolecules, in suspensions and in liquid crystals. Decreases in dielectric constant under shear were observed for polar polymers in polar and nonpolar solvents. For solutions of ethyl cellulose an increase in dielectric constant was obtained. Nonpolar polymers showed no changes of dielectric constant under shear. Large changes in dielectric constant at low rates of shear were observed in carbon black suspensions. The experimental results are discussed on the basis of particle orientation in a velocity gradient and in an electric field.
STUDIES IN THE POLYOXYPHENOL SERIES: V. PREPARATION FROM PYROGALLOL OF THE ISOMERIC CYCLOHEXANE-1,2,3-TRIOLS AND -1,2-DIOLS, AND OF SEVERAL ISOPROPYLIDENE AND MONOMETHYL DERIVATIVES
Authors: Christian W. R. , Gogek C. J. , Purves C. B.
Published: May 2006

A study of the high pressure hydrogenation of pyrogallol over nickel, copper – chromium oxide, and palladium catalysts showed that yields of 35% to about 60% of cis-cis-cis-cyclohexane-l,2,3-triol were attainable, but that the cis-cis-trans and cis-trans-cis isomers were formed only in minor amount. Partial hydrogenolysis of these primary products incidentally yielded some cis-cyclohexane-l,2-diol, a smaller amount of the trans form, but none of the 1,3-diols. The following derivatives were prepared apparently for the first time: cis-cis-isopropylidene-cis-cyclohexane-l,2,3-triol, an oil, and its monobenzoate, m.p. 103 °C.; cis-cis-isopropylidene-trans-cyclohexane-l,2,3-triol, m.p. 51°C., and its monobenzoate, m.p. 72° to 76°C.; cis-monomethyl-cis-cis-cyclohexanetriol, m.p. 71°C., and its bis-3,5-dinitrobenzoate, m.p. 190°C.; trans-monomethyl-cis-cis-cyclohexane-l,2,3-triol, m.p. 37°C.;and isopropylidene-trans-cyclohexane-1,2-diol, an oil. Formation of the latter compound occurred when p-toluene-sulphonic acid, and not the customary hydrogen chloride, was used as catalyst in the condensation of the trans diol with acetone.
THE PAPILIONACEOUS ALKALOIDS: XIV. CONCERNING SPATHULATINE AND NONALUPINE
Authors: Marion Léo
Published: May 2006

The two alkaloids nonalupine and spathulatine reported in the literature have been found to be identical and to consist of the monohydrochloride of pusilline, C15H28N2. On heating invacuo the hydrochloride undergoes disproportionation, giving rise to the free base and the dihydrochloride. The peculiar reactions of spathulatine are explained by the fact that they simply liberated the base from its salt. Pusilline forms a dipicrate containing an additional mole of picric acid, which accounts for the necessity of using a solution of that acid for its recrystallization.
REACTIONS IN DISSOCIATED WATER VAPOR
Authors: Jones R. A. , Winkler C. A.
Published: May 2006

Water vapor dissociated by an electric discharge and passed into a cold trap yielded products which gave off oxygen at temperatures above −120°C. and at room temperature consisted of hydrogen peroxide and water. With products formed under given conditions, the amount of oxygen evolved with warming was proportional to the total amount of product and independent of the warming procedure. The evolution proceeded to completion at −78°C. Water was found at all trap temperatures between −78°C. and −195°C. Hydrogen peroxide was formed only if the trap temperature was below −120°C., and oxygen was evolved only from products formed below −150°C. The yields of water, hydrogen peroxide, and evolved oxygen all increased with decreasing trap temperature. As the volume of reaction chambers inserted between the discharge tube and the trap was increased, the yield of hydrogen peroxide decreased continuously, while the yield of water at first decreased and then increased to a limiting value. Packing a given reaction chamber with glass wool drastically reduced the yield of hydrogen peroxide, but had little effect on the yield of water. Packing the trap itself had only a slight effect on the yields. The results are compared with those obtained by others with the H–O2 system at low temperatures, and a mechanism is proposed to correlate the two systems.
CINÉTIQUE DE L'OXYDATION DE LA FORMALDÉHYDE PAR L'EAU OXYGÉNÉE EN SOLUTION ALCALINE
Authors: Jaillet par Jean-B. , Ouellet Cyrias
Published: May 2006

not available
THE REACTION OF TETRAHYDROPYRAN WITH PRIMARY AROMATIC AMINES OVER ACTIVATED ALUMINA
Authors: Bourns A. N. , Embleton H. W. , Hansuld Mary K.
Published: May 2006

The vapor-phase reaction over activated alumina of tetrahydropyran with aniline and the toluidines has been investigated. Under optimum conditions, N-arylpiperidines were obtained in over 90% yield from aniline, m-toluidine, and p-toluidine. The cyclic ether and o-toluidine gave N-o-tolylpiperidine in a maximum yield of 66%. N-Phenylpyrrolidine was obtained in 88% yield from tetrahydrofuran and aniline as compared to 45.5% previously reported by Yur'ev.
MECHANISM OF GUANIDINE NITRATION: I. AZO-BIS-NITROFORMAMIDINE
Authors: Wright George F
Published: May 2006

Although azo-bis-formamidine dinitrate cannot be converted to the dinitro derivative directly it can be chlorinated in water to azo-bis-chloroformamidine and thence to azo-bis-nitroformamidine in nitric acid and acetic anhydride. When the latter substance is treated with 2-methylpentadiene-1,3 an alkali-soluble compound is obtained which is specified as 1-imino-3-nitrimino-4,6(or 5,7)-dimethyl-2,8,9-triaza-4,6,8,9-tetrahydroindandione-1,3. The characteristics of this reaction indicate that azo-bis-nitroformamidine exists as the nitrimino tautomer. The Diels-Alder reaction with 2-methylpentadiene-1,3 has its counterpart in the similar reaction whereby azo-bis-formamidine is converted to 1,3-diimino-4,6-dimethyl-2,8,9-triaza-4,6,8,9-tetrahydroindandione-1,3mononitrateand ammonium nitrate. The entire sequence of reactions is offered as evidence that the imino group in guanidines is the site of nitration, and its chemistry of nitration is analogous with that of aliphatic secondary amines.
DIELECTRIC DISPERSION IN SOLID POLYVINYL BUTYRAL
Authors: Funt B. L.
Published: May 2006

Dielectric dispersion in solid polyvinyl butyral was investigated at frequencies of 0.3, 1, 3, 10, 30, and 100 kc. at temperatures from 20° to 140 °C. The data indicated severely restricted dipole rotation and yielded an extrapolated relaxation time of 104  sec. at 25 °C. The application of the theory of absolute reaction rates yielded an enthalpy of dielectric relaxation of 65.2 kcal. and a constant entropy of 139 e.u. These values furnish a basis for a quantitative measure of dipole hindrance and were compared with data available for other polymers.
THE PAPILIONACEOUS ALKALOIDS: XV. THE STRUCTURE AND THE PARTIAL SYNTHESIS OF RHOMBIFOLINE
Authors: Cockburn William F. , Marion Léo
Published: May 2006

Rhombifoline is isomeric with thermopsine and anagyrine, and, like both these alkaloids, contains an α-pyridone ring. It can be dealkylated to cytisine, and, on catalytic hydrogenation, yields octahydrodesoxyrhombifoline, which is identical with hexahydrodesoxy-N-(n-butyl)-cytisine, the hydrogenation product of N-(n-butyl)-cytisine. The results of the hydrogenation thus indicate that the molecule of rhombifoline contains a third double bond, which is shown by its infrared spectrum to be located at a terminal methylene group. Rhombifoline is therefore N-(but-3-enyl)-cytisine, a conclusion which was confirmed by the partial synthesis of the alkaloid from cytisine.
The Nitrosation of Hexamine
Authors: Downing D. C.
Published: May 2006

not available
THE CHEMISTRY OF ETHYLENE OXIDE: V. THE REACTION OF ETHYLENE OXIDE WITH HALIDE IONS IN NEUTRAL AND ACID SOLUTION
Authors: Eastham A. M. , Latremouille G. A.
Published: May 2006

The rates of reaction of halide ions with ethylene oxide in neutral aqueous solution and the rate of hydrolysis of ethylene oxide in acid solution have been measured and the activation energies determined. From these data and from the ratio of glycol to chlorohydrin formed when ethylene oxide reacts with excess aqueous hydrogen halide, the rates of the acid-catalyzed addition of halide ions to ethylene oxide at 25 °C. have been estimated.
SOME METHYL ETHERS AND ACETATES OF PURPUROGALLIN
Authors: Thorn G. Denis , Barclay L. R. C.
Published: May 2006

The preparation and ultraviolet absorption spectra of a number of methyl ethers and acetates of purpurogallin are given. The following derivatives of purpurogallin are, to our knowledge, not mentioned in the literature: a mono-acetate, m.p. 182-183 °C.; a diacetate I, m.p. 159–160 °C; a diacetate II, m.p. 208–209 °C.; a triacetate, m.p. 161.5–162.5 °C.; a monomethyl ether diacetate, m.p. 156–157 °C.; a dimethyl ether diacetate, m.p. 194-196 °C. Comparison of the ultraviolet absorption spectra with those determined for derivatives of known structure suggested the positions of the acetyl groups in the new substances now prepared.
THERMAL DECARBOXYLATION OF URONIC ACIDS
Authors: Perlin A. S.
Published: May 2006

A novel decarboxylation of uronic acids by merely heating the material without the use of a solvent or added catalyst is described. At approximately 255 °C. decarboxylation for uronic and polyuronic acids and salts within 15 min. reaction time is nearly quantitative. Vigorous dehydration occurs simultaneously, the residue corresponding basically to a 5-carbon skeleton that contains 1.5 atoms of oxygen. Other products of the reaction are minor and include carbon monoxide, and traces of acid and oils. Sugar acids, such as gluconic and ascorbic, are not as extensively decarboxylated. The reaction is employed for analysis of several nitrogen dioxide oxidized celluloses and starches and the results are in good agreement with those given by titration and the 12% hydrochloric acid method.
SYNTHESIS OF PARA-BRIDGED BENZENE COMPOUNDS. III
Authors: Bartlett M. F. , Figdor S. K. , Wiesner K.
Published: May 2006

2-5-Octamethylene tetrahydrophthalic anhydride does not form even a trace of the corresponding phthalic anhydride on dehydrogenation, but partly dissociates back into cyclododecadiene and maleic anhydride. 2-5-Nonamethylene tetrahydrophthalic anhydride dehydrogenates with considerable difficulty.
THE FLOW OF FLUIDS THROUGH ACTIVATED CARBON RODS: III. THE FLOW OF ADSORBED FLUIDS
Authors: Flood E. A. , Tomlinson R. H. , Leger A. E.
Published: May 2006

Total flow rates of gases through activated charcoal rods are regarded as consisting of the sums of comparatively independent flows through macropores and micropores. The flow rate through the macropore system is related to the relevant adsorption isotherm by means of an empirical equation having three arbitrary constants. The empirical equations can be fitted to all of our observed results within the experimental error. Assuming that the adsorbate behaves as a one-component fluid such as a gas in a gravitational field, it is shown that compressive surface forces give rise to large fluid pressures within micropores. A very simple flow equation is derived which is qualitatively in agreement with observed results and which indicates a mean micropore diameter, of the order of 10−7 cm. The derived equation illustrates the nature of the physical factors involved and shows that surface forces may increase flow rates of adsorbable gases by very large factors. The increased flow rates are due mainly to the greatly increased densities and to the increased pressure gradients resulting from the action of surface forces. A model porous adsorbent is presented which exhibits many properties of real adsorbent systems and illustrates especially the relations between adsorbate densities and the various tensions and pressures existing within micropore systems.
ISOTOPE EFFECTS: REACTION AT THE CARBONYL GROUP
Authors: Brown F. , Holland D. Alma
Published: May 2006

It is shown that benzophenone containing the C14 O group reacts with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine more slowly than does ordinary benzophenone. The ratio of the rate constants is 1.099 ±.011 at 27.8 °C.
THE REACTION OF PYRIDINE AND PICOLINES WITH 2-BROMO-2-NITRO-1,3-INDANDIONE
Authors: Metro Stephen J. , Taurins Alfred
Published: May 2006

2-Bromo-2-nitro-1,3-indandione (I) reacts with pyridine in a complex reaction at ordinary temperature. The main reaction products are 2-nitro-1,3-indandione pyridine salt, pyridine hydrobromide, phthalic acid, and a black tar consisting of oxidized polymer of pyridine hydrobromide. The reaction of (I) with picolines follows the same route.The electronic theory has been applied to demonstrate the structure of 2-nitro-1,3-indandione (II). In water solutions or in salts (II) exists in the form of an anion which is stabilized by several resonating structures.
THE REACTIONS OF ACETALDEHYDE WITH METHANOL
Authors: Meadows G. W. , Darwent B. Deb
Published: May 2006

The nature of the products obtained from reactions of acetaldehyde with methanol have been investigated in neutral and acidic solutions by titration with iodine and sodium bisulphite, ultraviolet absorption, and infrared spectroscopy. In neutral and buffered solution the hemiacetal is the only important product; in the presence of a high concentration of hydrogen ions the acetal is produced nearly quantitatively.
THE ESTIMATION OF FREE AMINO ACIDS USING A MICRODIFFUSION TECHNIQUE
Authors: McConnell W. B.
Published: May 2006

The carbon dioxide evolved when α-amino acids were heated for one hour at 85 °C. with ninhydrin was determined in a partially evacuated microdiffusion cell. Distillation of solvent from one chamber to the other was minimized by keeping the ionic concentrations of the reaction mixture and absorbing mixture approximately equal. The method was useful for samples of amino acids which liberated from 0.06 to 0.3 mgm. of carbon dioxide. The average deviation from the mean was somewhat less than 1% for samples liberating 0.2 mgm. of carbon dioxide. Use of the method for routine analysis of enzymatic digests resulted in substantial saving of time and material.
THE DECARBOXYLATION OF ANTHRANILIC ACID
Authors: Stevens W. H. , Pepper J. M. , Lounsbury M.
Published: May 2006

Anthranilic acid is known to decarboxylate on being heated above its melting point, or on being boiled in water. We have found that the aqueous decomposition can be acid catalyzed, but that, after the concentration of added mineral acid approximates that of the anthranilic acid, the reaction rate decreases with increasing mineral acid concentration. A mass spectrometer study of the carbon dioxide produced in the decomposition has shown that C12-carboxyl anthranilic acid decomposes at the same rate as C13-carboxyl anthranilic acid. Thus, unlike all other organic acid decarboxylations in which an "isotope effect" has been searched for thus far, the decarboxylation of anthranilic acid does not show an "isotope effect". From the experimental facts available, it appears that the mechanism of the decarboxylation is best explained as bimolecular electrophilic substitution, with the attack of a proton being the rate determining step. While other possibilities are not entirely excluded, a proton attack on the α carbon of the zwitterion is the detailed mechanism suggested as being most probable.
THE METHOXYMERCURATION OF 2-METHYL-1-PHENYLPROPENE-1
Authors: Berman L. , Hall R. H. , Pyke R. G. , Wright George F
Published: May 2006

The addition of the elements of methoxymercuric acetate to 2-methyl-1-phenylpropene-1 occurs to give 2-methyl-2-methoxy-1-phenylpropylmercuric acetate. This structure could not be demonstrated by replacement of chloromercuri by halogeno because 2-methyl-1,2-dimethoxy-1-phenylpropane and 2-methyl-2-phenylpropanal or 3-phenylbutanone-2 were obtained instead of the expected halides. Indeed the 2-methyl-2-methoxy-1-phenylpropyl iodide which Tiffeneau, Orekhoff, and Lévy reported as the reaction product of 2-methyl-1-phenylpropene-1, mercuric acetate, and iodine in methanol is yet unknown, since their product actually comprised the di-ether and aldehyde described above. The structure proof of 2-methyl-2-methoxy-1-phenylpropylmercuric chloride has been accomplished by treatment with hydrazine hydrate. The isolation of 2-methoxy-2-methyl-1-phenylpropane and the two diastereomeric 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-dimethoxy-3,4-diphenylhexanes shows that this reaction has proceeded through intermediate formation of the 2-methoxy-2-methyl-1-phenylpropyl radical.
X-RAY DIFFRACTION PATTERNS OF DINITROPHENYL DERIVATIVES OF AMINO COMPOUNDS
Authors: Rice H. M. , Sowden F. J.
Published: May 2006

The 2,4-dinitrophenyl derivatives of a number of amino compounds have been prepared and their X-ray powder diffraction measurements made. This appears to be the first time this information has been obtained and it is submitted as a method of identification.
AN ULTRAMICRO METHOD FOR QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF AMINO ACIDS
Authors: Wellington Eunice F.
Published: May 2006

A simple, quantitative method for determination of amino acids in about 300 µgm. protein is described. The amino acids are separated by two-dimensional paper chromatography. The chromatograms are sprayed with 2% ninhydrin and the color is developed under controlled and standardized conditions. The colored areas are cut out, eluted, and the color intensity is read in a photometer. The following factors have been shown to affect the color reaction of ninhydrin with amino acids on paper chromatograms: the quality of the ninhydrin; its concentration; time of color development; and the environmental temperature and humidity. Complete oxidation of the hydrolyzate is necessary for accurate quantitative determinations of cysteine, cystine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, methionine, and valine. Strict standardization of the length of the solvent run is also important for reproducibility in the analyses of some amino acids.Bovine serum albumin has been analyzed by this method and the results found to be in excellent agreement with previously published values.
GARRYA ALKALOIDS: I. THE STRUCTURE OF GARRYINE AND VEATCHINE
Authors: Wiesner K. , Figdor S. K. , Bartlett M. F. , Henderson D. R.
Published: May 2006

By means of hydrogenation, oxidation, and isomerization experiments it has been established that the chemistry of veatchine and garryine parallels the chemistry of atisine and isoatisine.Dehydrogenation of the Garrya alkaloids yields a base C16H15N, which, on the basis of comparison of ultraviolet spectra, might be a substituted phenanthridine. 1-Methyl-7-ethyl phenanthrene has also been obtained. The chemistry and structure of the aconite and Garrya alkaloids is discussed in the light of the present work.
STUDIES ON THE FORMATION OF HEXAMINE
Authors: Ingraham T. R. , Winkler C. A.
Published: May 2006

Rate curves have been determined for the reaction of ammonium nitrate with formaldehyde in glacial acetic acid solution at 25 °C., 35 °C., 45 °C., and 55 °C. over a range of Initial mole ratios (formaldehyde: ammonia) of 0.75:1 to 9.0:1. Data obtained at 25 °C. show a definite induction period in the formation of hexamine. The length of the induction period is not changed by increasing ammonium nitrate concentrations above the theoretical (1.5:1), but may be appreciably shortened by initial additions of excess formaldehyde or of sodium acetate. From 35 °C. upward, the induction period is not apparent. The order of the reaction with respect to formaldehyde has been determined from initial rate data, and an activation energy calculated. The reactions in general appear analogous to those found in slightly acid aqueous systems.
THE REACTIONS OF TITANIUM TETRAIODIDE ON HEATED TITANIUM AND TUNGSTEN SURFACES
Authors: Ingraham T. R. , Pidgeon L. M.
Published: May 2006

When TiI4 is passed over a hot bar of Ti metal, the reactions observed depend on whether the temperature of the bar is above or below 1100 °C. If the temperature is below 1100 °C., Ti is rapidly etched from the bar to form TiI2, which through further reaction with TiI4 is converted to TiI3. A mixture of TiI2 and TiI3 can be recovered from the reaction vessel. The proportions in the mixture depend on the temperature, since TiI3 is appreciably more volatile than TiI2. At bar temperatures above 1100 °C., TiI4 is decomposed to Ti and I2. No evidence of intermediates in the decomposition has been obtained. By replacing the titanium bar with a tungsten one, the etching and deposition reactions of Ti have been separated. Estimates of activation energies for these reactions have been made.
Optical Stability In Bipyridyl Compounds
Authors: Stone A. L. , Breckenridge J. G.
Published: May 2006

not available