bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Study on the Corroded Hollow Section RC Columns Strengthened by ICCP-SS System
Authors: Chen Ju , Wang Jun , Zhu Ji-Hua , Feng Yuan , Liu Cheng-Bin
Published: May 2021

In this paper, the behavior of corroded hollow section RC (reinforced concrete) columns strengthened by an Impressed Current Cathodic Protection and Structural Strengthening (ICCP-SS) system was investigated. The Carbon Fabric-Reinforced Cementitious Matrix (C-FRCM) composite serves dual functions in the intervention method. The axial compression behavior of strengthened columns was firstly investigated through axial compression tests. The influence of corrosion ratio and C-FRCM strengthening on the test results, such as failure mode, load–displacement curve, ultimate load, and ultimate strain, were analyzed. Test results showed that the ultimate load of the corroded specimens could be enhanced significantly by C-FRCM, and the ductility of the strengthened specimens was larger than the specimens without strengthening, especially for the specimens with higher corrosion ratios. Secondly, the effects of the ICCP-SS system on the migration and distribution laws of chloride ions (Cl−) in hollow section RC columns were analyzed by the potentiometric titration method. The main parameters include charging time, current density, and salt addition. Results showed that the rebar would have a certain blocking effect on the migration of Cl−, which resulted in that the content of Cl− in the inner side of the rebar was always larger than that of the outer side; and research results also showed that the increase of impressed current density and charge time would reduce the Cl− content on both sides of the rebar, while the impressed current would cause the Cl− near the rebars to constantly move toward the vicinity of CFRP.
Molybdenum Disulfide Quantum Dots: Properties, Synthesis, and Applications
Authors: Kabel Jeff , Sharma Sambhawana , Acharya Amit , Zhang Dongyan , Yap Yoke Khin
Published: May 2021

Molybdenum disulfide quantum dots (MoS2 QDs) are a unique class of zero-dimensional (0D) van der Waals nanostructures. MoS2 QDs have attracted significant attention due to their unique optical, electronic, chemical, and biological properties due to the presence of edge states of these van der Waals QDs for various chemical functionalization. Their novel properties have enabled applications in many fields, including advanced electronics, electrocatalysis, and biomedicine. In this review, the various synthesis techniques, the novel properties, and the wide applications of MoS2 quantum dots are discussed in detail.
Alterations of the Platelet Proteome in Lung Cancer: Accelerated F13A1 and ER Processing as New Actors in Hypercoagulability
Authors: Ercan Huriye , Mauracher Lisa-Marie , Grilz Ella , Hell Lena , Hellinger Roland , Schmid Johannes , Moik Florian , Ay Cihan , Pabinger Ingrid , Zellner Maria
Published: May 2021

In order to comprehensively expose cancer-related biochemical changes, we compared the platelet proteome of two types of cancer with a high risk of thrombosis (22 patients with brain cancer, 19 with lung cancer) to 41 matched healthy controls using unbiased two-dimensional differential in-gel electrophoresis. The examined platelet proteome was unchanged in patients with brain cancer, but considerably affected in lung cancer with 15 significantly altered proteins. Amongst these, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) proteins calreticulin (CALR), endoplasmic reticulum chaperone BiP (HSPA5) and protein disulfide-isomerase (P4HB) were significantly elevated. Accelerated conversion of the fibrin stabilising factor XIII was detected in platelets of patients with lung cancer by elevated levels of a coagulation factor XIII (F13A1) 55 kDa fragment. A significant correlation of this F13A1 cleavage product with plasma levels of the plasmin–α-2-antiplasmin complex and D-dimer suggests its enhanced degradation by the fibrinolytic system. Protein association network analysis showed that lung cancer-related proteins were involved in platelet degranulation and upregulated ER protein processing. As a possible outcome, plasma FVIII, an immediate end product for ER-mediated glycosylation, correlated significantly with the ER-executing chaperones CALR and HSPA5. These new data on the differential behaviour of platelets in various cancers revealed F13A1 and ER chaperones as potential novel diagnostic and therapeutic targets in lung cancer patients.
Prognostic Potential of Tumor-Infiltrating Immune Cells in Resectable Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Caruntu Ana , Moraru Liliana , Lupu Mihai , Vasilescu Florina , Dumitrescu Marius , Cioplea Mirela , Popp Cristiana , Dragusin Alexandra , Caruntu Constantin , Zurac Sabina
Published: May 2021

(1) Background: The immune microenvironment plays an important role in carcinogenesis and has prognostic potential in many types of cancer. In this study we assess the prognostic character of tumor-infiltrating immune cells CD4+, CD8+ and CD56+ in resectable oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC); (2) Methods: We have evaluated the densities of CD4+, CD8+ and CD56+ in two distinct compartments, intratumor and invasion front, in 90 patients with OSCC; (3) Results: Significant differences were found between the tumor compartments for the CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes. An improved outcome (OS) was seen in patients with high densities of intratumor CD8+ lymphocytes (p = 0.0086), CD8+ lymphocytes at the front of invasion (p = 0.0011) and for intratumor CD56+ cells (p = 0.0016). Multivariate analysis confirmed the independent prognostic role of CD8+ at the front of invasion (OR = 3.75, CI95% 1.17–12.35, p = 0.026) and for intratumor CD56+ cells (OR = 3.669, CI95% 1.09–15.37, p = 0.035); (4) Conclusions: Tumor-infiltrating CD8+ lymphocytes at the front of invasion and CD56+ in the intratumor compartment display predictive traits in OSCC. A reach immune infiltration with these types of cells is associated with an improved patient outcome.
Melanoma Progression under Obesity: Focus on Adipokines
Authors: Olszańska Joanna , Pietraszek-Gremplewicz Katarzyna , Nowak Dorota
Published: May 2021

Obesity is a growing problem in the world and is one of the risk factors of various cancers. Among these cancers is melanoma, which accounts for the majority of skin tumor deaths. Current studies are looking for a correlation between obesity and melanoma. They suspect that a potential cause of its development is connected to the biology of adipokines, active molecules secreted by adipose tissue. Under physiological conditions, adipokines control many processes, including lipid and glucose homeostasis, insulin sensitivity, angiogenesis, and inflammations. However, when there is an increased amount of fat in the body, their secretion is dysregulated. This article reviews the current knowledge of the effect of adipokines on melanoma growth. This work focuses on the molecular pathways by which adipose tissue secreted molecules modify the angiogenesis, migration, invasion, proliferation, and death of melanoma cells. We also discuss the role of these factors as markers of incidence, metastasis, and melanoma patient survival. Understanding the functions of adipokines will lead to knowledge of whether and how obesity promotes melanoma growth. Further studies may contribute to the innovations of therapies and the use of adipokines as predictive and/or prognostic biomarkers.
Molecular and Hormonal Mechanisms Regulating Fleshy Fruit Ripening
Authors: Li Shan , Chen Kunsong , Grierson Donald
Published: May 2021

This article focuses on the molecular and hormonal mechanisms underlying the control of fleshy fruit ripening and quality. Recent research on tomato shows that ethylene, acting through transcription factors, is responsible for the initiation of tomato ripening. Several other hormones, including abscisic acid (ABA), jasmonic acid (JA) and brassinosteroids (BR), promote ripening by upregulating ethylene biosynthesis genes in different fruits. Changes to histone marks and DNA methylation are associated with the activation of ripening genes and are necessary for ripening initiation. Light, detected by different photoreceptors and operating through ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 5(HY5), also modulates ripening. Re-evaluation of the roles of ‘master regulators’ indicates that MADS-RIN, NAC-NOR, Nor-like1 and other MADS and NAC genes, together with ethylene, promote the full expression of genes required for further ethylene synthesis and change in colour, flavour, texture and progression of ripening. Several different types of non-coding RNAs are involved in regulating expression of ripening genes, but further clarification of their diverse mechanisms of action is required. We discuss a model that integrates the main hormonal and genetic regulatory interactions governing the ripening of tomato fruit and consider variations in ripening regulatory circuits that operate in other fruits.
Microglia in Aging and Alzheimer’s Disease: A Comparative Species Review
Authors: Edler Melissa K. , Mhatre-Winters Isha , Richardson Jason R.
Published: May 2021

Microglia are the primary immune cells of the central nervous system that help nourish and support neurons, clear debris, and respond to foreign stimuli. Greatly impacted by their environment, microglia go through rapid changes in cell shape, gene expression, and functional behavior during states of infection, trauma, and neurodegeneration. Aging also has a profound effect on microglia, leading to chronic inflammation and an increase in the brain’s susceptibility to neurodegenerative processes that occur in Alzheimer’s disease. Despite the scientific community’s growing knowledge in the field of neuroinflammation, the overall success rate of drug treatment for age-related and neurodegenerative diseases remains incredibly low. Potential reasons for the lack of translation from animal models to the clinic include the use of a single species model, an assumption of similarity in humans, and ignoring contradictory data or information from other species. To aid in the selection of validated and predictive animal models and to bridge the translational gap, this review evaluates similarities and differences among species in microglial activation and density, morphology and phenotype, cytokine expression, phagocytosis, and production of oxidative species in aging and Alzheimer’s disease.
The RNA-Binding Protein SBR (Dm NXF1) Is Required for the Constitution of Medulla Boundaries in Drosophila melanogaster Optic Lobes
Authors: Mamon Ludmila , Yakimova Anna , Kopytova Daria , Golubkova Elena
Published: May 2021

Drosophila melanogaster sbr (small bristles) is an orthologue of the Nxf1 (nuclear export factor 1) genes in different Opisthokonta. The known function of Nxf1 genes is the export of various mRNAs from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. The cytoplasmic localization of the SBR protein indicates that the nuclear export function is not the only function of this gene in Drosophila. RNA-binding protein SBR enriches the nucleus and cytoplasm of specific neurons and glial cells. In sbr12 mutant males, the disturbance of medulla boundaries correlates with the defects of photoreceptor axons pathfinding, axon bundle individualization, and developmental neurodegeneration. RNA-binding protein SBR participates in processes allowing axons to reach and identify their targets.
Regulation of Adult Mammalian Neural Stem Cells and Neurogenesis by Cell Extrinsic and Intrinsic Factors
Authors: Matsubara Shuzo , Matsuda Taito , Nakashima Kinichi
Published: May 2021

Tissue-specific stem cells give rise to new functional cells to maintain tissue homeostasis and restore damaged tissue after injury. To ensure proper brain functions in the adult brain, neural stem cells (NSCs) continuously generate newborn neurons that integrate into pre-existing neuronal networks. Proliferation, as well as neurogenesis of NSCs, are exquisitely controlled by extrinsic and intrinsic factors, and their underlying mechanisms have been extensively studied with the goal of enhancing the neurogenic capacity of NSCs for regenerative medicine. However, neurogenesis of endogenous NSCs alone is insufficient to completely repair brains damaged by neurodegenerative diseases and/or injury because neurogenic areas are limited and few neurons are produced in the adult brain. An innovative approach towards replacing damaged neurons is to induce conversion of non-neuronal cells residing in injured sites into neurons by a process referred to as direct reprogramming. This review describes extrinsic and intrinsic factors controlling NSCs and neurogenesis in the adult brain and discusses prospects for their applications. It also describes direct neuronal reprogramming technology holding promise for future clinical applications.
LN-Derived Fibroblastic Reticular Cells and Their Impact on T Cell Response—A Systematic Review
Authors: Ferreira Bianca O. , Gamarra Lionel F. , Nucci Mariana P. , Oliveira Fernando A. , Rego Gabriel N. A. , Marti Luciana
Published: May 2021

Fibroblastic reticular cells (FRCs), usually found and isolated from the T cell zone of lymph nodes, have recently been described as much more than simple structural cells. Originally, these cells were described to form a conduit system called the “reticular fiber network” and for being responsible for transferring the lymph fluid drained from tissues through afferent lymphatic vessels to the T cell zone. However, nowadays, these cells are described as being capable of secreting several cytokines and chemokines and possessing the ability to interfere with the immune response, improving it, and also controlling lymphocyte proliferation. Here, we performed a systematic review of the several methods employed to investigate the mechanisms used by fibroblastic reticular cells to control the immune response, as well as their ability in determining the fate of T cells. We searched articles indexed and published in the last five years, between 2016 and 2020, in PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane, following the PRISMA guidelines. We found 175 articles published in the literature using our searching strategies, but only 24 articles fulfilled our inclusion criteria and are discussed here. Other articles important in the built knowledge of FRCs were included in the introduction and discussion. The studies selected for this review used different strategies in order to access the contribution of FRCs to different mechanisms involved in the immune response: 21% evaluated viral infection in this context, 13% used a model of autoimmunity, 8% used a model of GvHD or cancer, 4% used a model of Ischemic-reperfusion injury (IRI). Another four studies just targeted a particular signaling pathway, such as MHC II expression, FRC microvesicles, FRC secretion of IL-15, FRC network, or ablation of the lysophosphatidic acid (LPA)-producing ectoenzyme autotaxin. In conclusion, our review shows the strategies used by several studies to isolate and culture fibroblastic reticular cells, the models chosen by each one, and dissects their main findings and implications in homeostasis and disease.
Far from Health: The Bone Marrow Microenvironment in AML, A Leukemia Supportive Shelter
Authors: Sendker Stephanie , Waack Katharina , Reinhardt Dirk
Published: May 2021

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the second most common leukemia among children. Although significant progress in AML therapy has been achieved, treatment failure is still associated with poor prognosis, emphasizing the need for novel, innovative therapeutic approaches. To address this major obstacle, extensive knowledge about leukemogenesis and the complex interplay between leukemic cells and their microenvironment is required. The tremendous role of this bone marrow microenvironment in providing a supportive and protective shelter for leukemic cells, leading to disease development, progression, and relapse, has been emphasized by recent research. It has been revealed that the interplay between leukemic cells and surrounding cellular as well as non-cellular components is critical in the process of leukemogenesis. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of recently gained knowledge about the importance of the microenvironment in AML whilst focusing on promising future therapeutic targets. In this context, we describe ongoing clinical trials and future challenges for the development of targeted therapies for AML.
Wear Characterization of Chromium PVD Coatings on Polymeric Substrate for Automotive Optical Components
Authors: Baptista Andresa , Pinto Gustavo , Silva Francisco J. G. , Ferreira Andreia A. , Pinto Arnaldo G. , Sousa Vitor F. C.
Published: May 2021

The automotive industry is a pioneer in solutions that meet market expectations. However, in the automotive industry, some less environmentally friendly technologies are still used, such as electroplating. Due to legislative restrictions in several countries, thin coatings made in a vacuum have been replacing coatings traditionally made by electroplating, mainly in decorative terms. This work is more focused on the use of these coatings made in vacuum for optical applications, namely on headlights and exterior backlit components. Although these components are protected during the period of use, there may be situations of contact during the assembly of the components or their repair, necessary to safeguard and to ensure that these coatings have the scratch and wear resistance needed to withstand any treatment deficiency during the operations referred to above. Therefore, this work is essentially focused on the study of the wear resistance of Cr coatings made by PVD (Physical Vapour Deposition) on polymeric substrates. To this end, the coatings previously studied have now been subjected to micro-abrasion tests, with a view to assessing their wear resistance. For this purpose, alumina abrasive has been used, and the wear mechanisms observed in the coatings were studied. The abrasion and scratch tests showed that the most stable film has the one provided with 10-layers, showing greater wear resistance as well, greater adhesion to the substrate and less cohesive failures in the performed tests. Given the nature of the substrate and the coating, the results obtained are very promising, showing that these 10-layer Cr thin coatings can overcome any careless operation during manufacturing, assembly and repair processes, when applied in lightning or backlit components in motor vehicles.
Glossiness Evaluation of Coated Wood Surfaces as Function of Varnish Type and Exposure to Different Conditions
Authors: Salca Emilia-Adela , Krystofiak Tomasz , Lis Barbara , Hiziroglu Salim
Published: May 2021

The objective of this study was to evaluate the glossiness of black alder wood (Alnus glutinosa L.) samples coated with two varnish types as a function of exposure to dry heat and artificial aging. The chemical resistance of the coated samples to cold liquids was also evaluated. Based on the findings in this work, it appears that the varnish types and their structural differences influenced the overall glossiness of the coated samples. The UV varnish exhibited higher gloss values than those coated with the water-borne product within the range of silky gloss and silky matte grades. The heat exposure influenced the surface glossiness of the UV-coated samples more than the samples coated with water-borne varnish. The overall gloss values of the samples decreased with the exposure time to artificial aging, resulting in no layer cracks. The cold household liquids left less visible traces on the surfaces and alcohol was found to be the strongest agent. This study could have practical applications in the furniture industry to produce value-added furniture units according to their specific conditions of indoor use.
Synchrotron Microbeam Diffraction Studies on the Alignment within 3D-Printed Smectic-A Liquid Crystal Elastomer Filaments during Extrusion
Authors: Prévôt Marianne E. , Ustunel Senay , Yavitt Benjamin M. , Freychet Guillaume , Webb Caitlyn R. , Zhernenkov Mikhail , Hegmann Elda , Pindak Ron
Published: May 2021

3D printing of novel and smart materials has received considerable attention due to its applications within biological and medical fields, mostly as they can be used to print complex architectures and particular designs. However, the internal structure during 3D printing can be problematic to resolve. We present here how time-resolved synchrotron microbeam Small-Angle X-ray Diffraction (μ-SAXD) allows us to elucidate the local orientational structure of a liquid crystal elastomer-based printed scaffold. Most reported 3D-printed liquid crystal elastomers are mainly nematic; here, we present a Smectic-A 3D-printed liquid crystal elastomer that has previously been reported to promote cell proliferation and alignment. The data obtained on the 3D-printed filaments will provide insights into the internal structure of the liquid crystal elastomer for the future fabrication of liquid crystal elastomers as responsive and anisotropic 3D cell scaffolds.
Ojo Guareña: A Hotspot of Subterranean Biodiversity in Spain
Authors: Camacho Ana Isabel , Puch Carlos
Published: May 2021

Ojo Guareña Natural Monument in Burgos (Spain) is an important and large karstic system. It consists of more than 110 km of surveyed galleries, and it has rich sources of organic material from the surface and permanent water circulation. It is the fourth largest cave system in the Iberian Peninsula, and one of the 10 largest in Europe. Ojo Guareña also ranks 23rd among the world’s largest caves. To date, only volcanic caves in the Canary Islands, in which between 28 and 38 subterranean species occur, are considered subterranean diversity hotspots in Spain. Here, we provide the first list of subterranean taxa present in Ojo Guareñ, which is comprised of 54 taxa that includes 46 stygobiotic and eight troglobiotic species (some still unidentified at the species level), revealing Ojo Guareña as the largest known subterranean biodiversity hotspot in Spain and Portugal. In addition, we provide a list of an additional 48 taxa, 34 stygophiles and 14 troglophiles, found in the system, whose ecological status could change with detailed biological studies, which may change the number of strictly subterranean species present in the system. Indeed, at present, these numbers are provisional as they correspond to a small part of this sizeable cave system. The biodiversity of large areas of the system remains unknown as these areas have yet to be explored from the biological point of view. In addition, a large number of samples of both terrestrial and aquatic fauna are still under study by specialists. Furthermore, evidence of cryptic species within Bathynellacea (Crustacea) indicates an underestimation of biodiversity in the karstic system. Despite these limitations, the data available reveal the typical uneven distribution of subterranean aquatic fauna, and suggest that the great heterogeneity of the microhabitats in this wide and highly connected karstic extension led to the great richness of aquatic subterranean species.
TP53-Mutated Circulating Tumor DNA for Disease Monitoring in Lymphoma Patients after CAR T Cell Therapy
Authors: Chen Liting , Mu Wei , Gu Jia , Xiao Min , Huang Liang , Zheng Miao , Li Chunrui , Xiao Yi , Zhou Jianfeng , Long Xiaolu
Published: May 2021

Chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR T) cell immunotherapy has shown remarkable efficacy in non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) patients. Minimal residual disease (MRD) monitoring in NHL is essential after CAR T cell therapy, which can be achieved by monitoring circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA). The mutation of TP53 in NHL has been suggested to be associated with a poor prognosis. However, whether TP53-mutated ctDNA can be used as a biomarker remains undetermined. In this study, a total of 40 patients with mutated TP53 who received CAR T cell treatment were analyzed, and specific probes targeting 29 different TP53 mutation sites in the 40 patients were designed and verified. Then, the presence of TP53-mutated ctDNA in longitudinal plasma samples was tracked by droplet digital PCR. Patients were stratified into two groups, favorable or unfavorable, based on their highest ctDNA level using a MAF cutoff of 3.15% according to the ROC curve. The unfavorable group had significantly worse PFS than the favorable group (p < 0.001). Our results suggest that patients with mutated TP53 with a favorable ctDNA profile in the first trimester have better prognostic outcomes than patients with an unfavorable profile, and ctDNA can be a reliable predictor of the subsequent clinical outcome.
Blood Procalcitonin Level as a Diagnostic Marker of Pediatric Bacterial Meningitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Kim Heeyeon , Roh Yun-Ho , Yoon Seo-Hee
Published: May 2021

Early diagnosis and treatment of bacterial meningitis in children are essential, due to the high mortality and morbidity rates. However, lumbar puncture is often difficult, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) culture takes time. This meta-analysis aims to determine the diagnostic accuracy of blood procalcitonin for detecting bacterial meningitis in children. We conducted a systematic search on electronic databases to identify relevant studies. Pooled sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) were calculated, and a hierarchical summary receiver operating characteristic curve and area under the curve (AUC) were determined. Eighteen studies with 1462 children were included in the analysis. The pooled sensitivity, specificity, and the DOR of blood procalcitonin for detecting bacterial meningitis were 0.87 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.78–0.93); 0.85 (95% CI: 0.75–0.91), and 35.85 (95% CI: 10.68–120.28), respectively. The AUC for blood procalcitonin was 0.921. Blood procalcitonin also showed higher diagnostic accuracy for detecting bacterial meningitis than other conventional biomarkers, including serum C-reactive protein and leukocyte count, CSF leukocyte and neutrophil count, and CSF protein and glucose levels. Blood procalcitonin can be a good supplemental biomarker with high diagnostic accuracy in detecting bacterial meningitis in children.
Epigenetics of Sleep Disorders: An Emerging Field in Diagnosis and Therapeutics
Authors: Cortese Rene
Published: May 2021

The role of epigenetic regulation in sleep disorders is starting to be recognized [...]
Comparing UAS LiDAR and Structure-from-Motion Photogrammetry for Peatland Mapping and Virtual Reality (VR) Visualization
Authors: Kalacska Margaret , Arroyo-Mora J. Pablo , Lucanus Oliver
Published: May 2021

The mapping of peatland microtopography (e.g., hummocks and hollows) is key for understanding and modeling complex hydrological and biochemical processes. Here we compare unmanned aerial system (UAS) derived structure-from-motion (SfM) photogrammetry and LiDAR point clouds and digital surface models of an ombrotrophic bog, and we assess the utility of these technologies in terms of payload, efficiency, and end product quality (e.g., point density, microform representation, etc.). In addition, given their generally poor accessibility and fragility, peatlands provide an ideal model to test the usability of virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) visualizations. As an integrated system, the LiDAR implementation was found to be more straightforward, with fewer points of potential failure (e.g., hardware interactions). It was also more efficient for data collection (10 vs. 18 min for 1.17 ha) and produced considerably smaller file sizes (e.g., 51 MB vs. 1 GB). However, SfM provided higher spatial detail of the microforms due to its greater point density (570.4 vs. 19.4 pts/m2). Our VR/AR assessment revealed that the most immersive user experience was achieved from the Oculus Quest 2 compared to Google Cardboard VR viewers or mobile AR, showcasing the potential of VR for natural sciences in different environments. We expect VR implementations in environmental sciences to become more popular, as evaluations such as the one shown in our study are carried out for different ecosystems.
Optimal Energy Management of a Grid-Tied Solar PV-Battery Microgrid: A Reinforcement Learning Approach
Authors: Muriithi Grace , Chowdhury Sunetra
Published: May 2021

In the near future, microgrids will become more prevalent as they play a critical role in integrating distributed renewable energy resources into the main grid. Nevertheless, renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind energy can be extremely volatile as they are weather dependent. These resources coupled with demand can lead to random variations on both the generation and load sides, thus complicating optimal energy management. In this article, a reinforcement learning approach has been proposed to deal with this non-stationary scenario, in which the energy management system (EMS) is modelled as a Markov decision process (MDP). A novel modification of the control problem has been presented that improves the use of energy stored in the battery such that the dynamic demand is not subjected to future high grid tariffs. A comprehensive reward function has also been developed which decreases infeasible action explorations thus improving the performance of the data-driven technique. A Q-learning algorithm is then proposed to minimize the operational cost of the microgrid under unknown future information. To assess the performance of the proposed EMS, a comparison study between a trading EMS model and a non-trading case is performed using a typical commercial load curve and PV profile over a 24-h horizon. Numerical simulation results indicate that the agent learns to select an optimized energy schedule that minimizes energy cost (cost of power purchased from the utility and battery wear cost) in all the studied cases. However, comparing the non-trading EMS to the trading EMS model operational costs, the latter one was found to decrease costs by 4.033% in summer season and 2.199% in winter season.
Evaluation Method of Production Pressure Differential in Deep Carbonate Reservoirs: A Case Study in Tarim Basin, Northwest China
Authors: Weng Haoyang , Deng Jingen , Zhang Chunfang , Tan Qiang , Chen Zhuo , Liu Wei
Published: May 2021

Deep and even ultra-deep petroleum resources play a gradually increasing and important role with the worldwide continuous advancement of oil and gas exploration and development. In China, the deep carbonate reservoirs in the Tarim Basin are regarded as the key development areas due to their huge reserves. However, due to the unreasonable design of production pressure differential, some production wells suffered from severe borehole collapse and tubing blockage. Therefore, the main purpose of this paper is to optimize a more practical method for predicting the critical production pressure differential. The commonly used analytical methods with different failure criteria for predicting production pressure differential were summarized. Furthermore, their advantages and disadvantages were analyzed. A new numerical model is established based on the finite element theory in order to make the prediction of production pressure differential more accurate. Additionally, both analytical and numerical methods were applied to evaluating the production pressure differential of deep carbonate reservoirs in the Tarim Basin, and the results were discussed compared with field data. In addition, a series of laboratory tests, including porosity and permeability measurements, electron microscope scanning, XRD for mineral analysis, uniaxial and triaxial compressive strength test, etc., were carried out by using the collected carbonate cores from formations deeper than 7000 m to obtain the input parameters of the simulation such as the rock properties. The experimental results showed that the carbonate rocks exhibited a remarkable brittleness and post-peak strain softening. The calculation results revealed that the Mogi-Coulomb criterion is slightly conservative; however, it is more suitable than other criteria to evaluate pressure differential. Furthermore, it has been confirmed by the field data that the finite element numerical method can not only reveal the instability mechanism of the wellbore but also predict the critical production pressure differential accurately. Unfortunately, the on-site operators sometimes require a more convenient way, such as an analytical method, to figure out the pressure differential, even though the evaluation of the numerical method is more accurate. Therefore, the discussion in this paper can provide a basis for the operators to determine the production pressure differential flexibly.
Chemical Properties and Microbial Analysis of Waterlogged Archaeological Wood from the Nanhai No. 1 Shipwreck
Authors: Han Yeqing , Du Jing , Huang Xinduo , Ma Kaixuan , Wang Yu , Guo Peifeng , Li Naisheng , Zhang Zhiguo , Pan Jiao
Published: May 2021

The Nanhai No. 1 was a wooden merchant ship of the Southern Song Dynasty, which wrecked and sank in the South China Sea, Yangjiang City, Guangdong Province, China. The Nanhai No. 1 shipwreck was salvaged as a whole in 2007 and began to be excavated in 2013. During the archaeology excavation, some of the hull wood fell off the hull. These waterlogged archaeological woods (WAW) were immersed in the buffer containing EDTA-2Na and isothiazolinone K100 for moisture stabilization, preliminary desalination, and microbial inhibition. We evaluated the properties of these WAW through testing the chemical components (including lignin, holocellulose, and ash content) of the wood, and monitoring the iron element content, anion and cation content in the buffer. At the same time, the microbial composition in the desalination buffer was also detected. The results showed that the holocellulose content in these WAW were much lower than in fresh wood. The ash content in these WAW decreased after desalination treatment. The iron element content, anion and cation content in the buffer were high and kept at a certain level after desalination treatment. At the same time, the problem of biodegradation in the buffer should be paid attention to. The comprehensive protection of WAW requires to combine wood properties and microbial problems. This study provides a reference for the protection of WAW from the Nanhai No. 1 shipwreck and other similar historical wood.
Genetic Diversity and Population Genetic Structure of Ancient Platycladus orientalis L. (Cupressaceae) in the Middle Reaches of the Yellow River by Chloroplast Microsatellite Markers
Authors: Cui Bei , Deng Ping , Zhang Sheng , Zhao Zhong
Published: May 2021

Ancient trees are famous for their life spans of hundreds or even thousands of years. These trees are rare, a testament to history and are important for scientific research. Platycladus orientalis, with the longest life span and a beautiful trunk, has become the most widely planted tree species and is believed to be sacred in China. Extensive declines in habitat area and quality pose the greatest threats to the loss of genetic diversity of ancient P. orientalis trees in the middle reaches of the Yellow River. Strengthening the protection of P. orientalis genetic resources is of great significance for the long-term development of reasonable conservation and breeding strategies. To better understand the genetic diversity and population structure of P. orientalis, we successfully analyzed four polymorphic chloroplast simple sequence repeat (cpSSR) loci and applied them to diversity and population structure analyses of 202 individuals from 13 populations in the middle reaches of the Yellow River. Based on the cpSSR data, 16 alleles were detected across 202 individuals, and a moderate level of genetic diversity was inferred from the genetic diversity parameters (H = 0.367 and AR = 1.964). The mean pairwise genetic differentiation coefficient (Fst) between populations was 0.153, indicating relatively high genetic population differentiations. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed that only 8% of the variation occurred among populations. Structure analysis divided the 13 P. orientalis populations into two groups with no significant geographic population structure, which was consistent with the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) and Mantel test results. These results may indicate that transplanting and cultivation by ancient human activities are the main factors responsible for the revealed pattern of genetic differentiation of ancient P. orientalis populations. Our research is of great significance for the future establishment of protection schemes and scientific breeding of P. orientalis.
Exogenous GbHMGS1 Overexpression Improves the Contents of Three Terpenoids in Transgenic Populus
Authors: Wu Ya-Qiong , Wang Tong-Li , Xin Yue , Huang Shu-Jing , Wang Gui-Bin , Xu Li-An
Published: May 2021

Ginkgo biloba L. has attracted much attention due to its medicinal properties, particularly those of its terpenoid and flavonoid contents. However, the content and utilization efficiency of terpenoids remain low. The enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA synthase (HMGS) is a major rate-limiting factor, and RNA-seq has revealed that the mRNA expression of this enzyme is differentially expressed during terpenoid biosynthesis. Here, we investigated the function of the GbHMGS1 gene and its overexpression in Populus. We compared the metabolite contents of nontransgenic (CK) Populus with those of transgenic Populus lines through metabolomics analysis. Our results indicate that the GbHMGS1 protein is localized in the cytoplasm. Significant differences in chemical characteristics were found between the transgenic and CK plants, and a total of 31 differentially expressed metabolites were upregulated in the transgenic plants. We also found higher contents of lanosterol (triterpenoid), dehydroabietic acid (diterpenoid), and phytol (diterpenoid) in the transgenic Populus plants than in their CK counterparts. We thus speculate that GbHMGS1 might regulate plant-related product formation and increase metabolite contents. This study revealed the molecular mechanism governing metabolite synthesis and suggested that one triterpenoid and two diterpenoids with significant upregulation can be used as markers for the breeding of plants with specific terpenoid metabolism-related characteristics.
Effects of Different Energy Intensities of Microwave Treatment on Heartwood and Sapwood Microstructures in Norway Spruce
Authors: Ganguly Sauradipta , Balzano Angela , Petrič Marko , Kržišnik Davor , Tripathi Sadhna , Žigon Jure , Merela Maks
Published: May 2021

Microwave modification can increase the permeability of wood by delaminating and rupturing its anatomical microstructures at their weak points. A high degree of intensity of microwave modification can cause significant structural damage to the microstructures of wood, resulting in poorer strength properties. The objective of this study was to evaluate the changes in the anatomical structure of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) heartwood and sapwood after microwave modification in order to develop the most effective treatment in terms of applied energy without causing significant structural damage. Analysis with light and scanning electron microscopy were performed to evaluate the effect of microwave treatment for two different energy intensities, moderate and high intensity. The results indicated structural changes in the tracheid cells. Microscopy showed varying degrees of modification within the wood microstructure, with the heartwood samples showing a greater anatomical distortion compared to their sapwood counterparts. Furthermore, the samples were subjected to pycnometric density measurements, which indicated a reduction in skeletal and absolute density after microwave modification, for both high and moderate intensity treatment on sapwood and heartwood samples. With increasing microwave energy, a gradual increase in specific pore volume and porosity percentage of the samples were also detected.
Existing Improvements in Simulation of Fire–Wind Interaction and Its Effects on Structures
Authors: Ghodrat Maryam , Shakeriaski Farshad , Nelson David James , Simeoni Albert
Published: May 2021

This work provides a detailed overview of existing investigations into the fire–wind interaction phenomena. Specifically, it considers: the fanning effect of wind, wind direction and slope angle, and the impact of wind on fire modelling, and the relevant analysis (numerical and experimental) techniques are evaluated. Recently, the impact of fire on buildings has been widely analysed. Most studies paid attention to fire damage evaluation of structures as well as structure fire safety engineering, while the disturbance interactions that influence structures have been neglected in prior studies and must be analysed in greater detail. In this review article, evidence regarding the fire–wind interaction is discussed. The effect of a fire transitioning from a wildfire to a wildland–urban interface (WUI) is also investigated, with a focus on the impact of the resulting fire–wind phenomenon on high- and low-rise buildings.
Sinc Based Inverse Laplace Transforms, Mittag-Leffler Functions and Their Approximation for Fractional Calculus
Authors: Baumann Gerd
Published: May 2021

We shall discuss three methods of inverse Laplace transforms. A Sinc-Thiele approximation, a pure Sinc, and a Sinc-Gaussian based method. The two last Sinc related methods are exact methods of inverse Laplace transforms which allow us a numerical approximation using Sinc methods. The inverse Laplace transform converges exponentially and does not use Bromwich contours for computations. We apply the three methods to Mittag-Leffler functions incorporating one, two, and three parameters. The three parameter Mittag-Leffler function represents Prabhakar’s function. The exact Sinc methods are used to solve fractional differential equations of constant and variable differentiation order.
Indigenous Identity as Country: The “Ing” within Connecting, Caring, and Belonging
Authors: Rey Jo Anne
Published: May 2021

Within the Australian Indigenous community, it is often said that Aboriginality is a verb. It is a “doing” word, not a noun. As such, identifying actively is at the heart of being Australian Aboriginal. Doing identification, rather than owning a label of identification, is critical to understanding the relationality that underpins Indigenous identity. It is the ‘Ing’ of relationality which acts as an interconnected web of presences (including people), places, and practices. When this web is ancestral, it marks our belonging. For Dharug, this is our “Country”, our Dharug Ngurra. It is physical and metaphysical. It is also known as most of the Sydney basin, Australia. The agency that connects us, strengthens our caring, and generates our belonging helps us co-become as a Country. This paper engages the author’s “Ing” as Ngurra through her connections to three sites, their presences, places and practices, that activate her belonging to/with the Dharug community: Brown’s Waterhole, Blacktown Native Institution, and Yallomundee. Using undergraduate teaching experiences and a current post-doctoral research project for specific context, questions around the ‘Ing’ of being Indigenous as Country-in-the-city are raised, while the significance of changing relationships for custodial caring in a climate challenging reality are discussed.
Essential Role of the 14q32 Encoded miRNAs in Endocrine Tumors
Authors: Krokker Lilla , Patócs Attila , Butz Henriett
Published: May 2021

Background: The 14q32 cluster is among the largest polycistronic miRNA clusters. miRNAs encoded here have been implicated in tumorigenesis of multiple organs including endocrine glands. Methods: Critical review of miRNA studies performed in endocrine tumors have been performed. The potential relevance of 14q32 miRNAs through investigating their targets, and integrating the knowledge provided by literature data and bioinformatics predictions have been indicated. Results: Pituitary adenoma, papillary thyroid cancer and a particular subset of pheochromocytoma and adrenocortical cancer are characterized by the downregulation of miRNAs encoded by the 14q32 cluster. Pancreas neuroendocrine tumors, most of the adrenocortical cancer and medullary thyroid cancer are particularly distinct, as 14q32 miRNAs were overexpressed. In pheochromocytoma and growth-hormone producing pituitary adenoma, however, both increased and decreased expression of 14q32 miRNAs cluster members were observed. In the background of this phenomenon methodological, technical and biological factors are hypothesized and discussed. The functions of 14q32 miRNAs were also revealed by bioinformatics and literature data mining. Conclusions: 14q32 miRNAs have a significant role in the tumorigenesis of endocrine organs. Regarding their stable expression in the circulation of healthy individuals, further investigation of 14q32 miRNAs could provide a potential for use as biomarkers (diagnostic or prognostic) in endocrine neoplasms.
Intestinal Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Enrichment of Genes Associated with Immune and Lipid Mechanisms, Favoring Soybean Meal Tolerance in High-Growth Zebrafish (Danio Rerio)
Authors: Valenzuela Luis , Pacheco Sebastian , Rincón Gonzalo , Pavez Leonardo , Lam Natalia , Hernández Adrián J. , Dantagnan Patricio , González Felipe , Jilberto Felipe , Ravanal M. Cristina , Ramos Cecilia , Garcia Héctor , Araneda Cristian , Ulloa Pilar E.
Published: May 2021

The molecular mechanisms underlying fish tolerance to soybean meal (SBM) remain unclear. Identifying these mechanisms would be beneficial, as this trait favors growth. Two fish replicates from 19 experimental families were fed fishmeal-(100FM) or SBM-based diets supplemented with saponin (50SBM + 2SPN) from juvenile to adult stages. Individuals were selected from families with a genotype-by-environment interaction higher (HG-50SBM + 2SPN, 170 ± 18 mg) or lower (LG-50SBM + 2SPN, 76 ± 10 mg) weight gain on 50SBM + 2SPN for intestinal transcriptomic analysis. A histological evaluation confirmed middle intestinal inflammation in the LG- vs. HG-50SBM + 2SPN group. Enrichment analysis of 665 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identified pathways associated with immunity and lipid metabolism. Genes linked to intestinal immunity were downregulated in HG fish (mpx, cxcr3.2, cftr, irg1l, itln2, sgk1, nup61l, il22), likely dampening inflammatory responses. Conversely, genes involved in retinol signaling were upregulated (rbp4, stra6, nr2f5), potentially favoring growth by suppressing insulin responses. Genes associated with lipid metabolism were upregulated, including key components of the SREBP (mbtps1, elov5l, elov6l) and cholesterol catabolism (cyp46a1), as well as the downregulation of cyp7a1. These results strongly suggest that transcriptomic changes in lipid metabolism mediate SBM tolerance. Genotypic variations in DEGs may become biomarkers for improving early selection of fish tolerant to SMB or others plant-based diets.
Identification and Functional Annotation of Genes Related to Bone Stability in Laying Hens Using Random Forests
Authors: Jansen Simon , Baulain Ulrich , Habig Christin , Ramzan Faisal , Schauer Jens , Schmitt Armin Otto , Scholz Armin Manfred , Sharifi Ahmad Reza , Weigend Annett , Weigend Steffen
Published: May 2021

Skeletal disorders, including fractures and osteoporosis, in laying hens cause major welfare and economic problems. Although genetics have been shown to play a key role in bone integrity, little is yet known about the underlying genetic architecture of the traits. This study aimed to identify genes associated with bone breaking strength and bone mineral density of the tibiotarsus and the humerus in laying hens. Potentially informative single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) were identified using Random Forests classification. We then searched for genes known to be related to bone stability in close proximity to the SNPs and identified 16 potential candidates. Some of them had human orthologues. Based on our findings, we can support the assumption that multiple genes determine bone strength, with each of them having a rather small effect, as illustrated by our SNP effect estimates. Furthermore, the enrichment analysis showed that some of these candidates are involved in metabolic pathways critical for bone integrity. In conclusion, the identified candidates represent genes that may play a role in the bone integrity of chickens. Although further studies are needed to determine causality, the genes reported here are promising in terms of alleviating bone disorders in laying hens.