bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tropical Soil Fertility Changes Under Monocultures and Successional Communities of Different Structure
Authors: Ewel John J. , Mazzarino Maria J. , Berish Cory W.
Published: April 2006

For 5 yr we monitored the fertility of a volcanic—ash derived Inceptisol at a site in the humid tropics of Costa Rica. After forest felling and burning, we established four treatments in a randomized block design with six blocks: a sequence of monocultures (two crops of maize [Zea mays] followed by cassava [Manihot esculenta], then the tree species Cordia alliodora), successional vegetation, a mimic of successional vegetation that was physiognomically similar to the model but shared no species with it, and a species—enriched version of successional vegetation. In addition, one plot was maintained free of vegetation. Species—rich successional vegetation was effective at maintaining soil fertility, although we observed general trends of soil—nutrient decline beneath all treatments, presumably because of plant uptake. It proved possible to imitate the fertility—maintaining characteristics of successional vegetation by creating an equally species—rich community of different floristic composition, but the maintenance of fertility was not enhanced by further species enrichment. Successive peaks of nitrate—nitrogen in soil solution, extractable phosphorus, and extractable potassium occurred during the 1st yr, perhaps driven by an early increment of organic matter from postburn debris and roots. Organic matter, total nitrogen, and extractable sulfur were remarkably stable during the 5—yr period. Depletions of cations, decreases in effective cation exchange capacity (CECe), and increases in acid saturation were related to treatment in the following order: bare soil > monocultures > the three diverse, successional communities. In the bare—soil plot, fertility decreased dramatically: there was a net loss of exchangeable cations and inorganic nitrogen, the phosphorus—fixation capacity increased, and acid saturation reached a potentially toxic 86%. At the start of the study, three of the blocks had soil with lower pH, lower CECe, and higher acid saturation. During the study this less fertile soil lost proportionally more cations and increased more in acid saturation and phosphorus—fixation capacity. The less fertile soil under monocultures proved exceptionally vulnerable to loss of fertility; after 5 yr under monocultures, for example, acid saturation reached 38% in the more fertile soil and 75% in the less fertile soil. In the species—rich communities, however, changes in soil fertility were far less marked.
Assessing the Indicator Properties of Species Assemblages for Natural Areas Monitoring
Authors: Kremen Claire
Published: April 2006

The diversity of organisms and complexity of ecosystems prevent through inventory and monitoring of protected areas, yet sound databases are needed to manage ecosystems for long—term persistence. One strategy is therefore to focus monitoring on indicator organisms, but guidelines are lacking for selecting appropriate species or groups. This paper presents a simple protocol based on ordination techniques for establishing the indicator properties of a group of organisms and for selecting an indicator species subset for more intensive monitoring. Use of ordination allows inclusion of many more taxa than have been traditionally used for natural areas monitoring, and need not rely on detailed knowledge of species biology. As an example, I studied the indicator properties of a butterfly taxocene in a rain forest in Madagascar. Butterflies have been suggested as particularly good environmental indicators due to their sensitivity to micro—climate and light level changes, and their interactions as larvae and adults with different sets of host plants. The indicator properties of butterfly assemblages were evaluated in this study with respect to a known pattern of environmental heterogeneity along topographic/moisture and disturbance gradients. Butterfly assemblages were found to be excellent indicators of heterogeneity due to the topographic/moisture gradient, limited indicators of heterogeneity due to anthropogenic disturbance, and poor indicators of plant diversity. The protocol defined in this study is widely applicable to other groups of organisms, spatial scales, and environmental gradients. By examining the environmental correlates of the distribution of species assemblages, this protocol can assess the indicator properties of target species groups.
Power of Sign Surveys to Monitor Population Trends
Authors: Kendall Katherine C. , Metzgar Lee H. , Patterson David A. , Steele Brian M.
Published: April 2006

The urgent need for an effective monitoring scheme for grizzly bear (Ursus arctos) populations led us to investigate the effort required to detect changes in populations of low—density dispersed animals, using sign (mainly scats and tracks) they leave on trails. We surveyed trails in Glacier National Park for bear tracks and scats during five consecutive years. Using these data, we modeled the occurrence of bear sign on trails, then estimated the power of various sampling schemes. Specifically, we explored the power of bear sign surveys to detect a 20% decline in sign occurrence. Realistic sampling schemes appear feasible if the density of sign is high enough, and we provide guidelines for designs with adequate replication to monitor long—term trends of dispersed populations using sign occurrences on trails.
The Large Marine Ecosystem Concept: Research and Management Strategy for Living Marine Resources
Authors: Sherman Kenneth
Published: April 2006

The principles adopted by coastal nations under the terms of the United Nations Convention for the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) have been interpreted as supportive of the management of living marine resources from an ecosystems perspective. Large marine ecosystems (LMEs) are described as regional units for the conservation and management of living marine resources in accordance with the legal mandates of UNCLOS. The principal forces driving large—scale changes in living marine resources vary among LMEs. Progress in the research and management of living marine resources and their biomass yields can be enhanced by comparing the multiple stable states among LMEs with regard to the causes of stress or perturbation on the system and the feedback of the system to stress. Ecological considerations that are presently shaping the management of biomass yields in several LMEs in the Pacific, Atlantic, and Southern Oceans are discussed.
River Margins and Environmental Change
Authors: Decamps Henri
Published: April 2006

The paper discusses how variability of river margins interacts with riparian function at the landscape level, in order to develop inferences about the future of this interaction with respect to potential effects of a global climatic change. A riparian approach to the ecology of river landscapes should be useful in that it offers an opportunity to improve our understanding and management of the effects of environmental change at the ecosystem level.
Validating Diurnal Climatology Logic of the MT‐CLIM Model Across a Climatic Gradient in Oregon
Authors: Glassy Joseph M. , Running Steven W.
Published: April 2006

This study tests diurnal climatology assumptions made in the MT—CLIM model by examining two microclimate variables driven by diurnal atmospheric dynamics: incident solar radiation (in kilojoules per square metre), and humidity, expressed as vapor pressure deficit, VPD (in kilopascals). The relative VPD humidity comparison was used to test our hypothesis that night minimum temperatures can function as a surrogate for dew—point temperatures. VPD was chosen as the humidity measure for these tests since plants are more directly sensitive of this measure than relative humidity. For the observed vs. examined vapor pressure deficit models, we obtained coefficients of determination (R2) ranging from 0.66 to 0.84. Incident solar radiation is calculated in the model using an algorithm that relates diurnal temperature amplitude to atmospheric transmissivity, coupled with a potential radiation model to compute diffuse and direct radiation. Correlations for incident solar radiation models indicate generally good agreement, with coefficients of determination ranging from R2 = 0.82 to 0.89. These results suggest that MT—CLIM may be a useful way to provide the climatology that many ecological/hydrological models require, particularly for larger scale spatial modeling applications where precise meteorology may not be as important as a good general characterization of the regional climatology.
Habitat Fragmentation, Native Insect Pollinators, and Feral Honey Bees in Argentine 'Chaco Serrano'
Authors: Aizen Marcelo A. , Feinsinger Peter
Published: April 2006

In subtropical dry forest (Chaco Serrano) of Tucuman province, northwestern Argentina, we assessed responses of the flower—visitor assemblage to habitat fragmentation by monitoring insect visits to two spring—flowering tree species and by sampling insects with yellow pan traps. Each of four study sites contained a tract of continuous forest, one large (>2.2 ha) forest fragment, and one small (<1 ha) fragment, with fragments isolated for 5—20 yr preceding the study. During its respective flowering peak each tree species examined, Prosopis nigra (Mimosoideae) and Cercidium australe (Caesalpinoideae), dominated the sites' entomophilous flora. Results indicate that flower—visitor assemblages respond to landscape features on the scale of hectares; specifically, forest fragmentation in the Chaco Serrano leads to an insect flower—visitor fauna increasingly dominated by the exotic honey bee (Apis mellifera). Bees as a group made >90% of observed flower visits to both plant species. The honey bee alone made 82% of all visits to the early—flowering tree species P. nigra and 44% to the later flowering C. australe. Frequency and taxon richness of native flower—visitors at both plant species declined with decreasing forest—fragment size, but frequency of honey bee visits tended to increase in complementary fashion, such that the total frequency of insect visits to flowers of either plant species varied little with fragment size. Frequencies of visits by honey bees and those by native insects were also negatively correlated across individual trees. In both plants, visits by native insects were most consistent (varied the least among plants or over time) in large forest tracts, whereas honey bee visits to C. australe were most consistent in small fragments. In pan trap samples the relative frequency of honey bees increased with decreasing fragment size. Native flower—visitors sampled by pan traps increased in numbers and taxon richness both with increasing patch size and as spring progressed. Thus, fragmentation of the Chaco Serrano appears to (a) affect native flower—visitors adversely and to (b) facilitate honey bees' access to floral resources. It is not clear that these two effects are directly related to each other, however.
The Importance of Soil Water in the Recruitment of Bouteloua Gracilis in the Shortgrass Steppe
Authors: Lauenroth W. K. , Sala O. E. , Coffin D. P. , Kirchner T. B.
Published: April 2006

In the shortgrass steppe region of North America there is a controversy about the ability of the dominant species to recruit from seedlings. The prevailing view is that Bouteloua gracilis is incapable of recruitment from seedlings in areas receiving <380 mm of annual precipitation. A common explanation for this situation is that environmental conditions permitting seedling establishment are infrequent. To assess the frequency of environmental conditions appropriate for the recruitment of B. gracilis we used a soil water simulation model and long—term climatic data in conjunction with detailed information about the ecophysiological requirements for seed germination and growth of seminal and adventitious roots. We found that recruitment events occur as frequently as every 30—50 yr on silty clay, silty clay loam, and silty loam soils, but less than once in 5000 yr on sandy soils. Simulated frequencies of recruitment were sufficient to account for the observed abundance of B. gracilis in 7 of 11 soil textures evaluated. The differences in silt content and available water holding capacity accounted for the difference among soil textures in the probability of occurrence of recruitment events. Therefore, soil texture variability may explain the spatial pattern of recruitment and of population recovery after disturbance that occur at the soil type and microsite scales. Annual precipitation explained a large fraction of the temporal variability in recruitment. On average, recruitment occurred in years when precipitation was above the mean. The occurrence of recruitment events in some dry years (precipitation < mean), and their absence during some wet years (precipitation > mean), emphasizes the importance of the intraseasonal distribution of precipitation. The sensitivity of recruitment to soil water availability suggests that climate change, particularly changes that increase or decrease the amount or the effectiveness of soil water, could have important effects on the future of populations of B. gracilis.
Involving Academic Scientists in Conservation Research: Perspectives of a Plant Ecologist
Authors: Huenneke Laura Foster
Published: April 2006

While academic scientists often wish to contribute to conservation efforts, differences between the academic and conservation arenas can sometimes frustrate their efforts. To increase awareness of both the opportunities and the potential pitfalls of such interactions, I examined and contrasted the perspectives of biologists in academia and in land management and conservation. Those responsible for protecting "sensitive" plants and vegetation possess a wealth of empirical evidence that could be used to test predictions of ecological and conservation biology theory. Real‐life management issues offer perfect laboratories for research by academic scientists in population and community ecology, e.g., identifying factors important in regulating population size or assessing community responses to disturbance or to the introduction of a species. While such research combines basic questions with tangible application and (sometimes) financial support, it may also offer obstacles to participation by academic ecologists. Some of these are: difficulty of obtaining permits for experimentation on protected species; logistic and ethical questions of experimenting in preserves; and the sometimes small influence of science in decision‐making in a multiple‐use environment. Communication and collaboration between managers and scientists might be facilitated by state Heritage programs and recovery teams and by scientists taking advantage of existing agency outreach mechanisms.
A Quantitative Approach to Developing Regional Ecosystem Classifications
Authors: Host George E. , Polzer Philip L. , Mladenoff David J. , White Mark A. , Crow Thomas R.
Published: April 2006

Ecological land classification systems have recently been developed at continental, regional, state, and landscape scales. In most cases, the map units of these systems result from subjectively drawn boundaries, often derived by consensus and with unclear choice and weighting of input data. Such classifications are of variable accuracy and are not reliably repeatable. We combined geographic information systems (GIS) with multivariate statistical analyses to integrate climatic, physiographic, and edaphic databases and produce a classification of regional landscape ecosystems on a 29 340‐km2 quadrangle of northwestern Wisconsin. Climatic regions were identified from a high‐resolution climatic database consisting of 30‐yr mean monthly temperature and precipitation values interpolated over a 1‐km2 grid across the study area. Principal component analysis (PCA) coupled with an isodata clustering algorithm was used to identify regions of similar seasonal climatic trends. Maps of Pleistocene geology and major soil morphosequences were sued to identify the major physiographic and soil regions within the landscape. Climatic and physiographic coverages were integrated to identify regional landscape ecosystems, which potentially differ in characteristic forest composition, successional dynamics, potential productivity, and other ecosystem‐level processes. Validation analysis indicated strong correspondence between forest cover classes from an independently derived Landsat Thematic Mapper classification and ecological region. The development of more standardized data sets and analytical methods for ecoregional classification provides a basis for sound interpretations of forest management at multiple spatial scales.
Soil Erosion in the Kingdom of Lesotho and Development of Historical Environmental Impact Assessment
Authors: Showers Kate B.
Published: April 2006

Solutions to past environmental problems affect the landscape. Their evaluation is often limited by a lack of scientific data. Yet valid scientific questions remain for which alternative research methods must be found. Soil erosion and the effects of conservation methods in the Kingdom of Lesotho, southern Africa, posed such problems. Three separate but complementary studies used field observations, archival research, and interviews with rural people to obtain information about past conditions of the landscape and the effects of soil conservation programs. At the time of the first conservation program in the 1930s, soil erosion was not widespread. The primary cause of gully erosion was roads and paths. A structure‐based conservation program to protect the landscape actually caused gully initiation in some fields. While official documents provided general descriptions, older people gave detailed descriptions of erosion processes. They also described their own monitoring of the structures and efforts to mitigate their ill effects. The removal or modification of structures was an act of conservation, not of destruction. These studies led to the formulation of an historical environmental impact assessment (HEIA) to reconstruct the effects of past interventions in landscapes. The steps of conventional impact assessments were modified for work in the past, HEIAs could provide information about undocumented environments, extend baselines of modern EIAs, and identify past failures and successes to guide modern programs.
Effects of Nutrients and Hydroperiod on Typha, Cladium, and Eleocharis: Implications for Everglades Restoration
Authors: Newman S. , Grace J. B. , Koebel J. W.
Published: April 2006

The recent expansion of Typha domingensis (Typha) into areas of the Everglades previously dominated by Cladium jamaicense (Cladium) communities has led to competing hypotheses about the importance of nutrient concentration vs. hydroperiod in controlling the distribution of these species. In this study, experimental mixtures of Typha domingensis, Cladium jamaicense, and Eleocharis interstincta (Eleocharis), a member of the Cladium community, were subjected to two levels of nutrient concentration and three contrasting hydroperiods to determine how these variables might affect Typha's ability to displace the Cladium community. Mixtures of the three species were established in outdoor tanks containing soil from the northern Everglades region where the experiment was conducted. Nutrient treatments consisted of nutrient additions to adjust ambient water concentrations to either 50 μg/L phosphorus (P) or 100 μg/L P plus nitrogen (N). The three hydroperiods were achieved by maintaining water depths within ranges observed in the northern Everglades. Maximum water depths of 15, 30, and 60 cm were established throughout the wet season (May‐November) followed by lowering to 5 cm during the dry season. Over a 2‐yr period, biomass was monitored nondestructively and aboveground material was harvested at the end of the experiment. Analysis of the biomass changes over time showed that differences between the species developed by the end of the first growing season. Typha and Eleocharis had initial growth rates substantially higher than those observed for Cladium. Typha's growth in mixtures responded positively to both elevated nutrients (by as much as 45%) as well as to increased water depth (by as much as 60%), while Cladium and Eleocharis did not increase in response to these variables. Tissue P concentrations were found to be higher for Typha and Eleocharis than for Cladium under nearly all conditions. Net accumulation of P in Typha shoots was 2‐3 times greater than in the other species. The enhancement of Typha by elevated nutrients and increased flooding is associated with a syndrome of life history characteristics that includes rapid growth rates, high tissue concentrations of P, tall leaves, and a greater response to contrasting environmental conditions. Cladium, in contrast, showed a slow growth rate, low tissue concentrations of P, a greater capacity to resist invasion by Typha in shallow waters, and less of a growth response to contrasting environmental conditions, traits that would seem to be well suited to the nutrient‐poor, hydrologically unstable conditions natural to the Everglades. Results from this study suggest that attempts to limit the spread of Typha should consider hydrologic restoration as well as reduction in surface water nutrients.
Water Use by Tamarix Ramosissima and Associated Phreatophytes in a Mojave Desert Floodplain
Authors: Sala Anna , Smith Stanley D. , Devitt Dale A.
Published: April 2006

Water use by the introduced shrub Tamarix ramosissima and three co‐occurring, native phreatophytes was measured in the lower Virgin River floodplain (southern Nevada) using the stem‐heat‐balance method. During the 1993 growing season, measurements were conducted on Tamarix in a closed, monospecific stand and in a mixed community with the native species Pluchea sericea, Prosopis pubescens, and Salix exigua. Our objectives were (1) to determine whether leaf‐area‐based water use of Tamarix is higher than that of co‐occurring native riparian taxa, (2) to assess the role of Tamarix stand leaf area index (LAI, leaf area per unit ground area) on Tamarix water loss, and (3) to verify whether Tamarix is capable of using large amounts of water under the extreme evaporative demands that characterize arid environments. Leaf‐area‐based sap flow rates were comparable in the four species despite large differences in individual leaf area and total water loss. Daily water use of Tamarix (in grams per day) weighted by the daily potential evapotranspiration (PET) increased linearly with the total leaf area per plant, suggesting that water uptake was sufficient to compensate for water loss at the leaf level, even during times of extreme atmospheric water demand. Under high PET, maximum sap flow rates of Tamarix on a leaf‐area basis were significantly higher at locations where Tamarix LAI was lower, indicating that highly transpiring Tamarix stands may reduce leaf‐level evaporative demand. However, daily estimates of transpiration of dense Tamarix stands (LAI up to 3.5 m2/m2) in our study site exceeded PET by a factor ranging from 1.6 to 2.0, which confirms that mature Tamarix stands can lose very high quantities of water due to the maintenance of high leaf area. Results from this and other studies demonstrate that, at least under moderate to high water tables, key variables controlling water use by riparian stands include structural characteristics such as LAI and density. Management practices aimed at conserving water should be geared towards avoiding the development of dense Tamarix thickets along arid water courses, particularly if it is confirmed that these tend to attain higher LAI than native riparian communities.
Ecological Issues in Wetland Mitigation: An Introduction to the Forum
Authors: Zedler Joy B.
Published: April 2006

Wetland mitigation projects are changing the nation's landscapes, with habitat in one area being created or restored to compensate for damages in another. Ecologists are beginning to document substantial differences between what is lost and gained in the process, and the balance sheet often comes up short. Of great concern is whether either wetland area or wetland functions are sustained by such trades. The following papers comprise a forum of responses to mitigation policies and projects. The authors are scientists who have conducted research on mitigation sites, followed mitigation projects, and/or reviewed literature on the subject. This introductory paper defines mitigation in the regulatory context; identifies ecological issues under four headings relative to our ability to create specific ecosystems at will: predictability, structure and function, limiting factors, and landscape issues; and points out the declining status of wetlands and their nationally recognized value. The subsequent six forum papers are: Simenstad and Thom's long‐term performance evaluation of a constructed tidal wetland, Bedford's discussion of hydrologic equivalence for freshwater wetland mitigation, Brinson's advice on reference wetlands, Mitsch and Wilson's reflections on how to improve functioning of mitigation wetlands, Zedler's call for regional mitigation planning in southern California, and Race and Fonseca's long‐term perspective on mitigation policy.
More on an undecidability result of Bateman, Jockusch and Woods
Authors: Boffa M.
Published: April 2006

Let P be the set of prime numbers. Theorem 1 of [1] shows that the linear case of Schinzel's Hypothesis (H) implies that multiplication is definable in 〈ω,+,P〉 and therefore that the first-order theory of this structure is undecidable. Let m be any fixed natural number >2, let R be the set of natural numbers <m which are prime to m, and let r be any fixed element of R. The set

is infinite (Dirichlet). Theorem 1 of [1] can be improved as follows:

Proposition. The linear case of Schinzel's Hypothesis (H) implies that multiplication is definable in 〈ω,+,Pm,r〉 and therefore that the first-order theory of this structure is undecidable.

Proof. We follow [1] with the following new ingredients. Let k be the number of elements of R, i.e. k = ϕ(m) where ϕ is Euler's totient function. Since k is even, the polynomial g(n) = nk + n satisfies g(0) = g(−1) = 0, so (by Lemma 1 of [1]) it follows from the linear case of (H) that there are natural numbers al (l ϵ ω) such that al+g(0), al+g(1),…, al+g(l) are consecutive primes. Since R is finite, we may assume that all the al's have the same residue t in R, so that al+g(i) ≡ t+1+i (mod m) for i ϵ R. This implies that the function t+1+i (reduced mod m) gives a permutation of R, so we can find s ϵ R such that al+g(s) ≡ r (mod m). Consider the polynomial h(n) = g(s + mn) and let bl = as+ml. Then bl + h(0), bl + h(1),…, bl + h(l) are elements of Pm,r. They are not necessarily consecutive elements of Pm,r, but they are separated by a fixed number of elements of Pm,r. This implies that {h(n) ∣ n ϵ ω} is definable in 〈ω,+,Pm,r〉(by adapting the proof of Theorem 1 of [1]), and the result follows.
Relativised quantification: Some canonical varieties of sequence-set algebras
Authors: Andréka Hajnal , Goldblatt Robert , Németi István
Published: April 2006

This paper explores algebraic aspects of two modifications of the usual account of first-order quantifiers.

Standard first-order quantificational logic is modelled algebraically by cylindric algebras. Prime examples of these are algebras whose members are sets of sequences: given a first-order model U for a language that is based on the set {υκ: κ < α} of variables, each formula φ is represented by the set

of all those α-length sequences x = 〈xκ: κ < α〉 that satisfy φ in U. Such a sequence provides a value-assignment to the variables (υκ is assigned value xκ), but it may also be viewed geometrically as a point in the α-dimensional Cartesian spaceαU of all α-length sequences whose terms come from the underlying set U of U. Then existential quantification is represented by the operation of cylindrification. To explain this, define a binary relation Tκ on sequences by putting xTκy if and only if x and y differ at most at their κth coordinate, i.e.,

Then for any set X ⊆ αU, the set

is the “cylinder” generated by translation of X parallel to the κth coordinate axis in αU. Given the standard semantics for the existential quantifier ∃υκ as

it is evident that
Some Methods Used in Excavating Eastern Shell Heaps
Authors: Byers Douglas S. , Johnson Frederick
Published: April 2006

This paper is intended as an aid for those conscientious amateur archaeologists who are interested in preserving their specimens and the data which goes with them. In answer to many questions, and in the hope that this paper may be of some help to those desiring to systematize their field methods, there are here set down some of the practices that have been applied to shell heap excavation with fair success.
Physiography and Some Archaeologic Implications in the Kentucky Basin
Authors: Osborne Douglas
Published: April 2006

Results in the synthetic studies of archaeology and phases of Recent physiography and geology are not unfamiliar to investigators in many parts of the world. These are generally concerned, however, with somewhat ideal conditions, cave or arid, for both archaeologic discovery and the revealing of physiographic succession.
A Note on Extinct Fauna and Man
Authors: Smith Marian W.
Published: April 2006

In the last issue of American Antiquity, Cressman and Laughlin describe probable artifacts in association with mammoths in the Williamette Valley, Oregon. This association reminded me of a queer detail picked up in Puget Sound, Washington.

While giving incidental vocabulary, a Puyallup informant named one too many members of the local cat family: cougar, panther, mountain lion, and a fourth, lion. The Salish term for the latter, he explained, was currently used for the maned lion seen in zoos, etc., but had previously referred to a much larger animal with enormous teeth. In his boyhood, people had told of the ferocious attacks of this cat on children and adults, although actual encounters, he insisted, had ceased “long, long” before.
Evidences of Pre-Pottery Cultures in Louisiana
Authors: Webb C. H.
Published: April 2006

Studies of Louisiana's prehistory have been devoted largely to the pottery-making and mound-building cultures. The topography of the state is primarily responsible for this fact, since the delta lands of southern Louisiana and the wide, fertile river valleys of the northern part were particularly suitable for the agricultural peoples whose numerous sites have attracted attention. Witness to this fact is the long sequence of pottery-containing cultures (Tchefuncte, Marksville, Troyville, Coles Creek, Plaquemine, historic Natchez) delineated by Ford, Willey, and Quimby in central and southern Louisiana, while the Red and Ouachita River valleys in the northern portion present another series of culture periods (Marksville, Coles Creek, Gahagan, Bossier, Belcher, Glendora) which culminate in the historic Caddo.

Despite these facts, evidences of pre-pottery cultures are appearing in the state and these may be expected to increase as more careful investigations are pursued. This could be anticipated from the situation in surrounding states—the Edwards Plateau culture of central Texas, the Ozark Bluff Dweller culture of Arkansas and the several strata which underlie the pottery containing cultures in the Southeast, recently reviewed by Haag.
A Stone Carving in Bas-Relief from the Upper Gila Area
Authors: Nesbitt P. H.
Published: April 2006

The stone carving in bas-relief pictured herewith (Plate 19) was found during the summer of 1936 by the writer while in the course of conducting archaeological explorations at Starkweather ruin in the Reserve district of the Upper Gila area, New Mexico. Newspapers learning of this rather unusual find sensationally spread the story throughout the country that Aztec and Toltec art objects had been found in New Mexico. It is really amusing to note how they jumped at conclusions, for there is nothing in the find that would indicate any relation to the Aztec or Toltec. The writer hopes that all such inaccurate information will be corrected through the following description of the find and the conditions under which it was made.
A Chronological Outline for the Northwest Florida Coast
Authors: Willey Gordon R. , Woodbury R. B.
Published: April 2006

The northwestern part of Florida is a strip of land about 225 miles long, extending from Pensacola Bay to Apalachee Bay, in which are recognized two physiographic regions, “Flatwoods and Hammock Lands,” along the coast, and “Southern Pine Hills,” inland. The coastal region, in which are located most of the sites to be considered, is quite flat and of uniformly low elevation, and includes several contrasting types of landscape. The greater part of the land is occupied by the flatwoods or open groves of longleaf and other pines interspersed with grassy meadows and the hammock lands, which support a denser vegetation characterized by palmetto and hardwoods. Along the major rivers are swamps through which wind creeks and bayous.
An Archaeological Reconnaissance of Northeastern Baja California and Southeastern California
Authors: Treganza Adan E.
Published: April 2006

This paper deals with the. archaeology of the northeastern region of Lower California and the southeastern portion of California. Evidence derived from these aboriginal remains indicates two possible cultural horizons, late prehistoric Yuman pottery making groups and an earlier non-ceramic group.

Most of the data have been derived from Baja California, because the area north of the International Boundary line has been so severely pot-hunted that sites fail to yield data in sufficient quantities for analysis. The area covered in this report comprises some nine hundred square miles, bounded by the Coast or Peninsular Ranges, the Superstition Mountains, and the Sierra de los Cocopas, and including the southwestern part of Imperial Valley and the northern half of Laguna Salada in Baja California.
An Inquiry into the Status of the Santa Barbara Spear-Thrower
Authors: Heizer Robert F.
Published: April 2006

When, in November 1793, Vancouver's Discovery, in company with the Chatham and Daedalus, lay off Santa Barbara for eight days, George Goodman Hewett, Surgeon's First Mate, had an opportunity to augment his private ethnographical collections formed during the voyage through the South Seas and along the American west coast. This collection was in private hands until 1891, when it became the property of the British Museum. At this time C. H. Read delivered to the Royal Anthropological Institute (1) a brief historical sketch of the collection and a short description of the more significant items. It is from this paper that we hear first of the Chumash spear-thrower, foreshafted dart with bone barb and flint point, sinew-backed bow, and doublebladed paddle.
Middle Tres Zapotes and the Pre-Classic Ceramic Sequence
Authors: Drucker P.
Published: April 2006

When in the past I have listened to writers of scientific reports bewailing the fact that their writings have been misunderstood or misinterpeted, I have been inclined to pass severe judgment: An author should be able to express what he thinks in a clear manner—no reader can be expected to read with the report in one hand and a crystal ball zeroed in on the author's mind in the other. Consequently when, on re-reading Wauchope's recent (1950) stimulating attempt at coordinating the welter of data on Mesoamerican ceramics, I find myself in the unhappy situation of having been misunderstood, I cannot but feel embarrassed. Wauchope obviously cannot be blamed for not being able to guess what I had been thinking while writing on the stratigraphy of Tres Zapotes pottery. It seems important to clarify the matter in order to avoid perpetuation of my error.
Fluted Points in Ontario
Authors: Kidd Kenneth E.
Published: April 2006

Up to the present no fluted points have been discovered in Ontario. A small number having some affinities to the type have been found in various parts of the Province, but none has come to light under conditions of controlled excavation. It is with a view to making available what information there is concerning those we have that this note is submitted and the illustrations published. The originals of all those shown, in addition to three not illustrated, are in the collections of the Royal Ontario Museum of Archaeology at Toronto.
Re Archaeology of the Galapagos Islands
Authors: Gifford E. W.
Published: April 2006

I am indebted to my former Galapagos colleague, Mr. Joseph R. Slevin, Curator of Herpetology, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, for the following data which may have some pertinence in the moot problem of Amerindian archaeology in the Galapagos Islands. Mr. Slevin, recently in London, excerpted portions of the original logs and diaries of early voyagers to the Galapagos for his book on that group.

From the log book of the Ship Rattler, Captain James Colnett, R. N., April 26, 1794, referring to James Island: “At several places he [the chief mate] stopped found numbers of jars, old iron, and a decayed dagger and several other articles decayed with time and which we still conjecture was left here by the buccaneers.” The whaling master of the Rattler also found broken pieces of jars.

Apropos of buccaneers leaving supplies are the following quotations from the diaries of buccaneer Captains Davies and Ambrose Cowley.
“Unused” Hammerstones
Authors: Leechman Douglas
Published: April 2006

A number of archaeological sites, particularly in the northwestern part of the continent, have yielded smooth ovoid stones which look suitable in every way for use as hammerstones, but which show no signs of having been used. In excavating a site it is a common experience to come across one of these, thinking one has found an actual hammerstone, only to discover, after it has been washed, that it is merely an ovoid cobblestone. Yet it is quite clear that the stone is part of the archaeological series and not merely a stone lying in situ. So frequent are these in some sites that students on the dig have adopted the habit of calling them “unused” hammerstones.
On the Source of Copper at the Etowah Site, Georgia
Authors: Hurst Vernon J. , Larson Lewis H.
Published: April 2006

For some time it has been almost tacitly accepted that most or all of the pre-Columbian copper artifacts found in the eastern United States were manufactured of native copper recovered from the glacial drifts of the western Great Lakes region (Martin, Quimby, and Collier 1947: 40–2). This assumption can be attributed to a number of factors: (1) the abundance of copper artifacts in the Old Copper and Middle Woodland cultures which center in or are immediately adjacent to this region; (2) the quantity and availability of the copper; (3) the notion that other deposits were not accessible to pre-Columbian users, or were at least not numerous; and finally, (4) all the copper artifacts so far analysed show compositional similarities to the Great Lakes copper.
Shakespeare's Inner Stage
Authors: Harbage Alfred
Published: April 2006

These two excellent papers illustrate how data from widely separated and apparently unrelated areas of theatrical activity may combine to help solve a crucial problem: the original method employed in staging Shakespeare's plays. The problem hinges largely upon the nature of the so-called ‘inner stage’ and the extent of its use at such theatres as the Globe. Mr. Nagler's survey reinforces the impression that Renaissance acting, whether on medieval, neo-classical, or ‘mixed' stages was, in the main, pro-scenium acting. Normally the setting did not contain the action as in the modern theatre but simply supplied the actors with access to their playing space and, in some cases, an illustrative background. Such being the tradition of the time, the type of court performance ‘in the round’ suggested by Mr. Hotson's important discovery seems less surprising. And if Shakespearean plays could be per formed at court upon a centrally placed stage surrounded by its audience, presumably these same plays could be performed at the Globe wïthout extensive use of an inner stage.
Henry FitzRoy and Henry VIII's ‘Scruple of Conscience’
Authors: Derrett J. Duncan M.
Published: April 2006

The history of Henry VIII's first ‘divorce’, a topic of so many implications, naturally has mysteries to be solved. Further study of contemporary documents can be expected to clarify much that still tantalizes us. Yet there is another aspect of the subject of Henry's marital status which has hardly been investigated, namely the state of the law on Henry's capacity to act if he were really incestuously married. If it were a fact that he was incestuously married, it must needs follow that he lacked some of the powers he would have had if he were not subject to this disability: and this is a fact of which his advisers will have taken notice. To bring legal material bearing on this aspect of the problem back into light may help to clear up one of the mysteries, namely how we are to explain the king's ambiguous attitude towards his marriage between the years 1525 and 1527.
The Morgan Trenchers
Authors: Bühler Curt F.
Published: April 2006

For visitors to the historical museums of many English cities, trenchers are familiar objects; a small body of scholarly literature has also grown up concerning them. Those who are interested in the subject may find a convenient summary in Professor Sir Arthur H. Church's chapter on ‘Old English Fruit Trenchers’ (Some Minor Arts as Practised in England [London, 1894], PP. 47-54). The use to which these tablets were put, whether in the serving of fruits and sweetmeats or as a source of entertainment for the guests, is uncertain; certain it is, however, that they were extremely popular in Tudor and Stuart days. In most cases, the trenchers were adorned with mottoes, proverbs, epigrams, Biblical and classical quotations, or bits of English verse.
Jonson's Antimasques
Authors: Furniss W. Todd
Published: April 2006

In the introduction to his Masque of Queens (1609) Ben Jonson says that the Queen commanded him to ‘thinke on some Daunce, or shew, that might praecede hers, and have the place of a foyle, or false-Masque.’ In complying, he presents twelve witches, ‘not as a Masque, but as a spectacle of strangeness, producing multiplicitie of Gesture, and not vnaptly sorting with the current, and whole fall of the Deuise,’ and he refers to his earlier ‘foyle’ in the Haddington Masque (1608) as an 'Anti-Masque of Boyes.’ Over a period of twenty-six years Jonson gave his royal masters many such spectacles of strangeness. The differences among the several kinds of antimasque which Jonson produced in his career have often been pointed out but the similarities have never been satisfactorily explained.
Chateau du Louvre
Authors: Lowry Bates
Published: April 2006

For French Renaissance architecture no single building occupies a more important position than that of the Chateau du Louvre. This fact long has been recognized and the Louvre has become the example of French architecture of this period in all surveys of architecture. Little attention, however, has been paid to the role of the Louvre in the history of Renaissance architecture generally or to its place in the yet to be written history of the palace type. However, before these latter objectives may be attained a clarification of the problems involved in the actual construction of the Louvre during its initial phases in the Renaissance is necessary.
Richard Johnson's ‘Musarum Plangores’
Authors: Bryant Jerry H.
Published: April 2006

Although Richard Johnson (ca. 1573–1659) has received little critical or scholarly attention, his own output was quite large and various, and probably popular. He authored two chivalric romances; several volumes of poetry, including a collection of fast-moving ballads; some descriptive topographical verse; a satiric tract or two; a jest book; and several elegies.

To this list can now be added one more piece. That is the recently recovered elegy of 234 lines entitled Musarum Plangores, a memorial on the death of Sir Christopher Hatton. What is probably the unique copy of this work now lies in the Folger Shakespeare Library. It lacks a title page and bears no colophon. The date of publication, however, was probably 1591, the year in which Hatton died, although there is no record of its being printed. The author is ‘R. Johnson’, for that name, followed by the letters Sa., occurs at the end of the poem.
Pedro de Mexía and Spanish Golden Age Historiography
Authors: Schuster Edward James
Published: April 2006

Those who study the humanities are continually reminded that great events do not always find historians of commensurate stature to record and interpret them. In this respect, however, Spain's Golden Age was exceptionally privileged. Names such as Pulgar, López de Gómara, Zurita, Mariana, Sandoval, and Diego Hurtado de Mendoza recall an era of diligent, conscientious historical scholarship combined with elegance and grace of expression. Publications in Spain once more have directed attention to this outstanding period of historiography. It will be recalled that in this field the pioneer investigations of Irving, Prescott, and Ticknor have been amply developed by Armstrong, H. Baumgarten, Konrad Häbler, Roger Bigelow Merriman, as well as other American and European scholars. A typical Golden Age historian is Pero (Pedro) de Mexía (1497?-1551), whose historical works are the object of new research.
New Light on ‘O Mistresse mine’
Authors: Duckles Vincent
Published: April 2006

Mr.John H. Long's plea for more documentary evidence in ‘the case of “O Mistresse mine” ‘ has prompted me to supply some of that evidence which has come to my attention in connection with a study of John Gamble's Commonplace Book (New York Public Library MS Drexel 4257). I offer it as a postscript to Mr.Long's comments (RN VII, 15-16) and to Mr. Sidney Beck's stimulating paper on the subject (RN VI, 19-23). The Gamble MS contains a seventeenth-century setting of the ‘O Mistresse mine’ tune which has hitherto escaped the notice of investigators. This setting is, in fact, the only known contemporary source of the tune with an accompanying text. It will be recalled that the versions upon which all previous speculation has been based are instrumental versions, the first from Morley's Consort Lessons (1599), the second from the Fitzwilliam Virginal Book (ca. 161).
Henry Shirley's ‘The Martyred Soldier’
Authors: Cutts John P.
Published: April 2006

There is such a paucity of information about Henry Shirley and his one extant play that one hesitates to add anything to the present state of our knowledge lest one be accused of abusing Bullen's confession that ‘Henry Shirley's claim to attention is not a very pressing one’. Bullen's apologia for presenting Henry Shirley's work in that ‘yet there is a certain dignity of language in this old play’ must be my excuse, too, for this attempt to redeem something of the play from ‘utter oblivion’ and my more specific warrant hales from the last words of Bullen's introduction—‘the songs, too, are smoothly written’.

The songs do in fact constitute the major part of the play's quite extensive use of thematic music connected with the supernatural ascent and descent of angels to comfort and exhort the much beleaguered Christians.
Early English Keyboard Music
Authors: Tuttle Stephen D.
Published: April 2006

This, the most recent in the series of recordings of English music which have been issued by the British Council, is one of the most interesting. It is made up of twelve 12-inch 78 rpm. shellac records pressed by Decca. The entire set consists of music by the virginalists with the following composers represented; Byrd, Bull, Phillips, Farnaby, Gibbons, Tomkins, Peerson, Weelkes and Robert Johnson. Several short anonymous works are also included.