bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of the Ecological State of the Environment on COVID-19 Distributions
Authors: KAPELISTA Iryna
Published: April 2021

The article analyzes the impact of the ecological state of the environment on the spread of COVID-19 in Ukraine and the world. As of June 1, 2020, 24,012 diseases with COVID-19 were registered in Ukraine, 718 people died. According to the Ministry of Health of Ukraine, there is a gradual increase in the incidence of COVID-19. According to the Ministry of Health of Ukraine, this is due to non-compliance by people with such quarantine measures as the rules of personal protection and social distance. However, finding out the exact causal relationships requires detailed research. Although COVID-19 is thought to be mainly spread by airborne droplets and through infected surfaces or direct personal contact from person to person, high levels of urban air pollution, weather, and specific climatic conditions appear to have a significant impact on increasing levels confirmed COVID-19. Since solid particles with a diameter of less than 2.5 are a very significant concomitant indicator and a prerequisite for the number of confirmed cases of COVID-19 and hospitalizations. It is estimated that the incidence of COVID-19 will increase by almost 100 percent when the concentration of air pollution increases by 20 percent. The results of the research are relevant for the formation of recommendations to public authorities to improve the state environmental policy in terms of modernization of monitoring systems for drinking water quality, water bodies, soils, air. Generalizations will be useful in the implementation of European standards in the field of environmental protection, analytical report for parliamentary hearings, recommendations for the regions of Ukraine to reduce emissions of pollutants into the air and watercourses, compliance with environmental safety requirements to combat the spread of viral infections. As a result of optimization of the environmental monitoring network (air, water, soils, sediments) it will be possible for all competent authorities to make more informed management decisions based on data on the state of the environment. And specific vector recommendations for improving the geo-ecological state of the environment (air quality, reservoirs, soils) in the regions of Ukraine, taking into account the specifics of the ecological state of each region will help combat the spread of viruses and infections, will have a positive impact on public health.
Analysis and Forecast of Marketing Strategies and PR in the Condition of the Coronavirus Pandemic
Authors: ROMANIUK Iryna , AZIZOV Otabeh , ZAIIKA Olena , MANDYCH Oleksandra
Published: April 2021

The current coronavirus crisis is forcing many companies to adjust their strategies and marketing plans. It would be a big mistake to abandon promotion altogether, because for the market, a crisis is not a destruction, but a changing environment. Who will be able to adapt to change and most importantly — to prepare for the next stage, success awaits. But we must act carefully and with a view to the future. Thus, the aim of the article is to identify the role of marketing strategies and PR during coronavirus, analyze the advantages and disadvantages of existing marketing strategies, as well as to develop a mechanism for selecting the most successful of them. It is investigated that the increase of online purchases leads to an increase in the impact of in-app advertising, more developed logistics in the regions; consumers also prefer remote methods of product selection more often than personal shopping. It is determined that non-standard vector for improving the brand reputation are educational or commercials. It is also investigated that socially-oriented marketing successfully replaces part of traditional communications; however, the proportion of routine interactions still requires routine audience work practices. Socially-oriented topics should include: communication about the internal structure of the company and measures to adapt to the conditions, assistance and special conditions for its employees; publications on external prosocial, such as donations; use of the platform as a training platform, dissemination of educational material; manifestation of sectoral solidarity. It is considered that thematic strategies optimally fit into anti-crisis procedures. It is determined that a more tolerant attitude to the private sector allows to level the negative with less effort and produce an organic positive through communication with people; the population spends more time and effort on consumption and content creation, but is oversaturated with dry and pragmatic formats. It has been investigated that search engine promotion supports the position of the site for the sake of filling the marketing funnel, not just conversions; the combination of channels reduces the cost of context and targeting, allowing you to clearly specify the audience and spend organic resources only on the target segment.
Features of Marketing Activities of Companies in the Condition of the Coronavirus Pandemic
Authors: BABKO Natalia , KVIATKO Tetiana , DUZKRIATCHENKO Viktoriia , MYKYTAS Akradii
Published: April 2021

The article identifies the features of marketing in a coronavirus pandemic. The negative consequences of the coronary crisis for enterprises of different spheres of activity have been studied. The main indicators of the efficiency of companies, which showed their growth in the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as changes in marketing activities, which they had to make in order to adapt to the conditions of quarantine, were analyzed. Examples of practical marketing activities of the world's leading companies are given. The main results of activities in terms of sales of goods and services are presented. The tendencies of development of the leading companies for the period of pandemic are defined, the basic factors of influence on demand and adjustment of the offer in the corresponding markets are formed. Features and practical mechanisms of transition to online business are given, the basic components of tools of transition to online marketing are grouped. The influence of crisis phenomena on market activity of consumers is proved. Marketing tools and methods of influencing consumer behavior, which has undergone significant changes in quarantine are identified. Theoretical features of formation of marketing activity in the conditions of pandemic and directions of marketing transformations in business are worked out. Comparison of the existing theoretical principles and practices of leading companies, resulting in the need to move away from the classical theory of marketing to the introduction of a strategic approach, taking into account the conditions of uncertainty is conducted. The necessity of finding new systems and means of communication and sales promotion through changing the model of consumer behavior and customer demand, in general, is proved. It is determined that under the conditions of the pandemic, e-commerce received a significant development and increase in demand, which also affected the marketing model in terms of business processes between individual market participants. The directions of development of the marketing component in the field of media are outlined, the means of information transfer more popular in the conditions of a pandemic are presented. Examples of leading companies on the reorganization of their marketing activities with emphasis on certain streaming tools, which during this period were in greater demand among consumers are given. The structure of consumption in the field of media is analyzed and the results in the field of marketing policy of communications and advertising are formalized. Recommendations for marketing activities of companies in the conditions of forced transformation of their activities with a focus on total digital are developed.
Theoretical Approaches to the Essence of the Concept of ‘Methodology’ in Modern Jurisprudence
Authors: MELNYK Nadiia
Published: April 2021

The article investigates theoretical approaches to the essence of the concept of ‘methodology’ in modern jurisprudence based on the analysis of the views of domestic and foreign scientific researchers. It is proposed under the methodology to understand the set of methods, means, principles and procedures of scientific research, used in the process of scientific knowledge of a particular problem, with the help of which the researcher substantiates the phenomenon under investigation. It is determined that the development of modern legal science requires a well-formed research methodology, since the term ‘methodology’ is often changed with the term ‘methods/ technique’. It is established that there are different and not always unambiguous interpretations of the concept of methodology in the modern world and they are provoked by the rapid globalization development of society, the introduction of new information resources, digitalization, etc. The basic categories on which the methodology is based, which is endowed with a certain apparatus of research, which include: methods and ways of organizing scientific research; principles and forms of organization of scientific research; techniques and procedures of scientific research. It is substantiated that all the components of scientific research constitute the foundation of methodological apparatus and collectively make up a certain tool for the knowledge of the phenomena and processes under study. The significance and difference of the concepts of ‘scientific method’ and ‘method of science’ have been considered and the main requirements for these concepts have been characterized. It is determined that the right choice of research methods will lead the scientist to deep and verified results, provided that these methods will be used together with another elements of scientific research in order to solve certain problems. It was revealed that there are a considerable number of methods, the unity and interrelation of which form the specificity and integrity of the cognitive activity in science, the determining of which are general scientific, theoretical, experimental and specific. The key principles on which the methodology of scientific research should be formed are specified, i.e. the principle of consistency, the principle of development, the principle of unity of theory and practice, the principle of objectivity, the principle of abstraction, the principle of decomposition. The main functions the methodology is based on are characterized. It is defined that modern scientific research is impossible without a clearly formed methodology, which should have a systemic nature in scientific research and be carried out in certain logical sequences.
Types of Contractual Obligations with the Participation of the State of Ukraine
Authors: ROMAS Mariia
Published: April 2021

It is established that the state of Ukraine can be a party to civil agreements. It is determined that agreements with the participation of the state of Ukraine are mostly bilateral, paid, can be both real and consensual, and are concluded in writing. At the same time, the state of Ukraine cannot be a party to public contracts, and therefore is not a party to the contract of retail sale, rental agreement, household contract, bank deposit, etc. In the vast majority of cases, agreements with the participation of the state of Ukraine are mixed, as they contain elements of different types of agreements. The legal framework on the types of agreements in which the state of Ukraine may be a party is analyzed, and the methods underlying the division are identified. Thus, according to the method of concluding agreements with the participation of the state of Ukraine are divided into: concluded at the auction and accession agreements. According to the obligation to conclude agreements with the participation of the state of Ukraine, they are obligatory and voluntary. According to the method of fixing the terms of the contract they are standard and model contracts. By main areas of application the agreements can be fuel and energy; defensive (military); banking, etc. By territory of action the agreements are divided into domestic and foreign. The article provides a general description of each type of agreement with the participation of the state of Ukraine. In particular, the following subject classification of agreements with the participation of the state of Ukraine was introduced: agreements on transfer of property to ownership; agreements on the transfer of property for temporary possession and use; agreements for the performance of works and provision of services. Thus, agreements with the participation of the state of Ukraine on the transfer of property to ownership are a contract of sale and gift. In this case, contracts of sale may be concluded in the form of contracts for the purchase, redemption, supply, contracting of agricultural products. A lease agreement and a loan are included to the agreements with the participation of the state of Ukraine on the transfer of property into temporary possession and use. Agreements with the participation of the state of Ukraine on the performance of works and provision of services include a concession agreement, production sharing agreements, joint venture agreement, storage agreements, commission instructions, property management, as well as credit, loan. It is investigated that the state of Ukraine cannot be a party to the contract of supply of electric or other resources through the connected network, rent, lifetime maintenance, some lease agreements, insurance contract, agreements on disposition of intellectual property rights, etc.
The Concept and Content of Adaptation of Ukrainian Civil Legislation to EU Legislation in the Field of Sales
Authors: ABROSIMOV Serhii
Published: April 2021

The article investigates the legal nature of the processes of adaptation of the civil legislation of Ukraine to the EU legislation in the field of purchase and sale. The issues studied in the scientific work are updated through the prism of re-encoding of civil legislation in Ukraine. The author emphasizes the importance of the process of approximation of legal orders within integration associations or other international organizations. Legislative approximation with EU law means the transposition, implementation and enforcement of EU law in the national legal practice of third countries; legislative process aimed at gradually approximating and bringing the legal framework of partner countries in line with EU law. The author studies the draft Common European sales law (CESL) through the prism of its importance for the harmonization of EU law and the adaptation of national legal orders. In the article the author emphasizes the ambiguity of interpretations of the content of the adaptation of national legislation. The author takes the position that adaptation is not limited to issues of legislation, as it is about law enforcement practice and legal techniques. The author proposes to perceive adaptation as a component of the harmonization process, which is aimed at purposeful convergence and harmonization of legal regulations in order to achieve consistency of legislation in a particular area. In fact, adaptation is the final stage of harmonization of legislation, because without the harmonization of national legislation with a single body of legislation, there will be no process of harmonization within a particular international community or community. Given the content of the Association Agreement, the author points out the main areas of adaptation of civil law in the field of purchase and sale: consumer protection in the field of electronic commerce; consumer protection against unfair pricing methods; consumer protection in the field of product safety, etc. The author defines the concept of adaptation of civil legislation of Ukraine to EU legislation in the field of purchase and sale as a process of gradually achieving compatibility of existing civil legislation and new acts of Ukraine with EU acts in the field of sale.
Peculiarities of Civil Law Status of Customs Intermediary under the Legislation of Ukraine and the EU
Authors: SHUTIAK Dmytro
Published: April 2021

The article explores the features of civil law regulation of customs mediation under the legislation of Ukraine and the EU. The author identifies the characteristics that distinguish customs mediation from similar institutions in other areas of management. The author substantiates the position that the legal relationship established between customs authorities and participants of foreign economic activity with the participation of a third party is a type of economic binding legal relationship, i.e. the legal relationship for the provision of intermediary services. Within the framework of customs legal relations, contracts of a civil law nature are considered as a specific way of the state's influence on this sphere of public relations. With the participation of customs intermediaries, certain economic and legal relations are established between customs authorities and participants in foreign economic activity. The content of customs intermediary activities should be determined through the provision of services mediated by civil law agreements, representing the interests of foreign economic activity in relations with customs authorities, the provision of customs and related services, the implementation of legally significant actions aimed at customs procedures. The analysis of EU legislation in the study area led the author to conclude that at the EU level not only general qualification requirements for customs intermediaries are set, but also principles, values and rules of conduct that encourage customs intermediaries to achieve high standards of professional ethics and proper implementation their responsibilities. Given the specifics of customs mediation in the EU, the author concludes that at EU level it is impossible to unify the standards of customs services, so to date access to the profession of customs agent in each entity, the Member State is subject to national jurisdiction with its requirements for candidates to the level of their skills and knowledge. The author emphasizes that at the national level it is advisable to integrate certain elements of the legal regulation of customs brokerage to ensure competitiveness, provide quality services and overcome gaps in legislation.
Certain Issues of the Feasibility of Using Sociolectisms of the Criminal Subculture in the Text of the Criminal Law
Authors: VYHOVSKYI Dmytro
Published: April 2021

The article is devoted to certain issues of law-making in the context of the use of specific words and inverse words in the text of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. The author notes that in today’s context, the norms of criminal subculture are extremely widespread. This process is objective, therefore, despite the negativity of the «pollution» of the business and literary Ukrainian language by the jargon of the criminal subculture, its distribution must be approached in a balanced and versatile manner. In this case, representatives of law enforcement and law enforcement agencies in the implementation of operational-search events and investigative events should understand the significance of jargon statements, which are common among professional criminals, because without this, they will not be able to carry out duties effectively. It is proposed to consider individual jargon statements as «sociolectisms», by which it is suggested to mean manifestations of a specific dialect common in certain social groups. Attention is focused on the fact that individual sociolectisms of the criminal subculture, somehow: «thief in law», «gathering», are not impossible to replace with analogues in the literary or business Ukrainian language, without a significant loss of their content. It is argued that the terms of the criminal subculture quite firmly entered the Russian spoken language, and, through it, into the Ukrainian, what can be judged, in particular, by the use of such terms in literary works that have already become classical, not only in post-Soviet countries, but also in world literature (in particular, O. Solzhenitsyn’s «Gulag Archipelago»). Based on this, it is concluded that it is possible to use individual sociolectisms of the criminal subculture including in the text of the law, subject to a number of requirements: 1) they must not violate generally accepted standards of decency (they cannot contain obscene and offensive vocabulary); 2) there are no analogues of such terms in the literary language, it is not possible to replace these sociolectisms without losing their content; 3) their application should be of social benefit, help accurately define crime, help in general in countering crime and certain types of crime.
Serious Consequences Caused by the Crime as an Aggravating Circumstance
Authors: ZAKHARCHUK Viktor
Published: April 2021

The judicial practice of sentencing is analyzed in the case when a criminal offense has serious consequences that are outside the objective side of a certain socially dangerous act. Given the evaluative nature of this circumstance and the lack of legislative explanation of its content, there are typical mistakes that courts make in classifying the serious consequences of the crime as an aggravating circumstance. The order of sentencing in the case when the death of the victim was caused by a criminal offense, property damage in large or especially large amounts, etc. was investigated. The procedure for distinguishing serious consequences as an aggravating circumstance and as a mandatory feature of the objective side of the relevant criminal offense is analyzed. It is established that in some cases the task of a serious criminal offense requires additional qualification under other articles of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. The article proposes the criteria with serious consequences of the crime should be considered as an aggravating circumstance. It is established that the grave consequences caused by the crime as an aggravating circumstance do not form a new basis for criminal liability, as the court imposes punishment within the sanction of the article. Also, when the court decides the issue of criminal responsibility of the perpetrator, the signs of the composition of the criminal offense will be crucial, and not the presence of aggravating circumstances. After all, the court must impose a penalty within the limits provided by the sanction of the article containing the elements of a particular offense. It is argued that the main feature that distinguishes serious consequences from other criminal offenses and from other aggravating circumstances is the significance of these circumstances, i.e. the significant strength of influence compared to other circumstances that characterize the severity of the crime and the perpetrator. Recognition of certain consequences as grave and classifying them as aggravating circumstances belongs to the court, which must thoroughly examine the evidence of the occurrence of such consequences and make a final decision.
Comparison of the Nutrition on Different Fats on Lipid Profile, and Some Biochemical Parameters and their Relationship with Liver and Kidney Function in Male Rats
Authors: Batoul Khalaf Mohammed Al-Bayati  , Wahbi Abdul Qadir Salman Al-Hamdani
Published: April 2021

This study was conducted on forty-nine healthy male albino males rats, from 1/11/2019 to 12/30/2019 fortwo months in the animal house of the College of Veterinary Medicine - University of Tikrit, their agesranged from 3-4 months and weights of 250-350 g current study aimed to determine the effect of nutritionon the different types of fat in the levels of blood lipids, kidney function, and liver enzymes. The resultsshowed a significant increase with a level of 0.05 (p?) in blood sugar concentration in the two groups ofanimal fat and vegetable oil group with a concentration of 8% g / kg of diet, and the two olive oil groupsdid not show significant differences compared to the control group. Levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, lowdensity lipoproteins, and very low-density lipoproteins in a group that was given fat animal by 8% g / kg ofdiet and a significant decrease in the group of olive oil by 4% g / kg of diet, significant increase (p? 0.05) inthe concentration of high-density lipoproteins in the two groups that have been treated with Olives oil by:4% and 8% g / kg, respectively. There were no significant differences in the rest of the other study treatmentscompared to the control group, and a significant increase of (p?0.05) in the concentrations of urea, creatinineand uric acid in the animal fat group by 8% g/kg of the diet, and a significant decrease in the group that wastreated with olive oil. As for the liver enzymes activity ALT, AST, and ALP there was a significant increase(p? 0.05) in the group that was treated as animal fat by 4% g / kg of diet, while we did not observe significantdifferences in the group that was treated with olive oil by 4% g / Kg of diet compared to a control group.
Teledentistry: The Need of An Hour During Pandemic COVID-19
Authors: Jyoti Prajapat, S  , Rajesh Prajapat  , Sowmya H K  , Sanjeev B Khanagar  , Prabhadevi C Maganur  , Satish Vishwanathaiah
Published: April 2021

The epidemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), originating in Wuhan, China, has become a majorpublic health challenge. According to WHO, “It is possible to halt the virus spread, by adopting measuresto detect disease early, isolate and treat the cases, tracing the people who came in contact with those whoare infected, wearing gloves and masks, limitation of people going outside their home and promote socialdistancing measures.” Due to the characteristics of dental settings, the risk of cross infection can be highbetween patients and dental practitioners and can spread from patient to patient.As part of its efforts tomitigate the spread of the COVID-19 pandemicthe American Dental Association (ADA) provided essentialguidance on (i) emergency vs. nonemergency dental care and (ii) the use of teledentistry. In response to thecurrent health crisis, teledentistry is emerging as a viable care option in an effort to help “flatten the curve”of the COVID-19 pandemic.During the COVID-19 outbreak, teledentistry is an effective way to triagepatients and conduct problem-focused evaluations in order to limit office visits to patients needing urgent oremergency care. This article, based on relevant guidelines and research, introduces the essential knowledgeabout COVID-19, and focuses on how teledentistry can be helpful in preventing dental emergencies byproviding effective dental care to patients during quarantine, and also educate and motivate people to optnecessary dental hygiene measures.
The Effectiveness of Zeolite in Treating Some Physical and Chemical Properties of Wastewater Discharged from General Sharqat Hospital
Authors: Mariam Adnan Ibrahim  , Mohammed Ahmed Mustafa  , Muofak Nhab Saleh
Published: April 2021

The current study where done to evaluation of sewage water and processing it in General Sharqat hospital/ Salah El Din governorate –Tikrit –Iraq on 2018-2019. The study include analysis and measurement somephysical and chemical properties to processing with natural, cheap and have no side effect to reducedharmful of water pollution of Tigris river .The results of present study showed conductivity and turbidityof sewage water was decreases from (1596) µc/cm to (727) µc/cm from (343) to (19) Nut , (633) to (491)ml/L respectively , and has risen concentration of dissolved oxygen (BOD5) (T.S.S) (T.D.S) and nitratespreprocessing (104 , 0.53 , 966 and 25.2) which varied significantly with results post processing (52, 0.03 ,361 and 12.0) respectively . The results showed efficient processing of sewage water in station when treatedwith zeolite rocks powder. Sharqat hospital . discharged.
Recent Advances of Therapeutic Strategies Based on the Molecular Signature in Non-Syndromic Congenital Neutropenia
Authors: Mohammad Darvish  , Mohammadreza Nazer  , Hamzeh Shahali  , Ebrahim Karimi  , Alireza Dadashi  , Seyed Zia Hejripour  , Majid Noori
Published: April 2021

Neutropenia has been defined to be classified into transient and chronic forms based upon duration andacquired or congenital forms. Chronic neutropenia is considered as congenital, cyclic, autoimmune andidiopathic categorizes, where congenital and cyclic categories are hereditary forms of neutropenia, but theidiopathic and autoimmune are known as acquired neutropenia. In the present review, we focus highly onthe genetic subtypes of non-syndromic congenital neutropenia and therapeutic strategies regarding to recentevidence. All aspects of molecular pathogenesis and biology have not been clarified so far; therefore, furtherin-depth understanding of the molecular mechanisms is needed to reveal roles of molecular mechanisms,and pathways involved in the development of congenital neutropenia and to provide a basis for achievingnovel therapeutic strategies.
Using of Procalcitonin Level in Differentiation between Bacterial Vaginitis Due to Pathogenic Bacteria and Normal Flora
Authors: Eman Ghadhban Salih  , Mohammed Ismael Dawood  , Nihad Khalawe Tektook
Published: April 2021

This study conducted to view the role of PCT level in initial finding of bacterial vaginitis in pregnantwomen. A total of 150 deep vaginal swabs (100 pregnant women and 50 pregnant women as controlgroup) were collected from the beginning of February 2019 to the end of May 2019 from inpatients andoutpatients women attended to Al-Fallujah teaching hospital. Media were organized & purified according toproducer’s guidance. The ready media were utilized for segregation , definition of the viable enumeration, identifying & sensibility workout these media were achieved in the wake of being solidified. Swabs wasinoculated bacteriological agars for isolation of causative bacterial types . Blood samples collected by veinpuncture for determination of PCT by using ELISA technique. The study showed that that 57% of pregnantwomen have vaginal swab for culture as compared with 48 of the control group (non- pregnant women). Theresults demonstrated that, 54.39% of pathogenic bacteria isolated from vagina of pregnant women was G-vebacteria and 45.61% was G+ve bacteria. S. aureus represented the highest rate of pathogenic isolates 45.61%in cases (43.86%) while 29.17 of the control group were infected equally by E coli and K. pneumonia.Thehighest rate of antibiotic sensitivity toward S. aureus isolates was occurred in levofloxacin (88.46%) whileit was completely resistant to ampicillin and lincomycin, 94.11% of E. coli isolates was sensitive to each oflevofloxacin and cefotaxime and 100% resistant to lincomycin, 92.85% of Klebsiella isolates was sensitive toamoxicalve while it was 100% resistant to ampicillin, erythromycin and lincomycin. Procalcitonin level washighly elevated among pregnant ones followed by healthy ones (26.79±9.4 v.s 9.236±0.6 pg/ml) at P value<0.01. The highest mean of Procalcitoninlevel is found among pregnant women with pathogenic bacteriaisolates of HVS culture (30.15±9.84 pg/ml) and the lowest mean is recorded among pregnant women withnormal flora isolates (23.72±7.25 pg/ml).Conclusions: Serum PCT was highly elevated in pregnant womenwith vaginitis especially who diagnosed with pathogenic bacteria.
Assessing Patient Preoperatively and Role in Decreasing Risks on Patients and Preventing Post-Operative Complications for Cholecystectomy
Authors: Alaa Hussein Alwan  , Mohanned H Alwan  , Ihab Saeed Ahmed
Published: April 2021

Background: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy has many difficulties which include port Insertion, Dissectionof the Calot’s Triangle , Grasping of the Gallbladder , Wall thickness, Adhesion and extraction of theGallbladder. Aim of the Study: To predict how difficult cholecystectomy will be from assessing the patientpreoperatively which, in turn, help in decreasing the risks on the patients and preventing post-operativecomplications. Patients and Methods: A prospective study conducted in the department of General Surgeryat Al-Ramadi Teaching Hospital for the period of nine months from 15th of May 2018 till the 15th of February2019. It included 60 patients, all of them were undergone laparoscopic cholecystectomy for Gallstone. Patientswith common bile duct calculus, dilated common bile duct, current attack of acute cholecystitis, those withabsolute contraindications to laparoscopic cholecystectomy, The data were collected prospectively to predictthe significance of association with patients’ characteristics. The time of operation was calculated from thefirst port site incision until the last port closure. All the intra operative events were recorded. Conversionsto open cholecystectomy were done by median or subcostal laparotomy according to the surgeon’s decisionand each patient’s condition. Results: In this study, the highest proportion of operations was categorizedas easy (58.3%), 28.3% of operations were considered difficult and 13.3% of them were very difficult. Asignificant association (P < 0.05) between operation difficulty and all of the following characteristics: Aging,obesity, history of previous biliary hospitalization, thickened bladder wall, pericholecystic collection, andlarge stones. Conclusions: The difficult laparoscopic cholecystectomy can be predicted preoperativelybased on number of factors, like: obesity, previous biliary admission, gall bladder wall thickness, ultrasoundfindings (stone size and pericholecystic fluid) and aging process, evaluating of such factors minimize thecomplications of laparoscopic cholecystectomy and conversion to the open procedure.
A Retrospective Study of Pattern of Cranio-Cerebral Injuries Due to Road Traffic Accident in a Tertiary Care Hospital
Authors: Vaidehi Singh  , Siddesh Revpla Channabasappa
Published: April 2021

Head injury is defined as sudden injury due to an external force that affects the functioning of brain. It may beeither caused by sudden blow or impact (closed head injury) or by an object penetrating the skull (Penetrating injury).The common causes of head injury include road traffic accidents, fall from height and assault. The mortality fromhead injury is reported to be between 1-2% of death from all the causes. Not only it is one of the major causes ofdeath in young adults but also may cause permanent disability in survivors. The importance of head injury as a publichealth problem cannot be overstated. In the studies of Road Traffic accidents provide valuable data for implementingeffective emergency services to reduce the trauma related mortality and strengthening legal measures in peak hoursof fatal accidents. We aimed to study, pattern of injuries especially cranio- cerebral injuries occurring in vehicularaccidents. Patients case records with history of head injury and MLC records of victims of road traffic accidentreported to Saveetha hospital, Chennai from 1st Jan 2019 to 31st Dec 2019 period were analysed retrospectively.Out of total 1846 Road Traffic Accidents cases reported to Emergency Medicine department, SaveethaMedical college hospital, Chennai, 10.40% cases had history of head injury. The male/female ratio was9:1. Commonest age group affected was between 21-40 years involving 126 (65.62%n=192) cases. Fataltraumatic brain injuries were seen in 178 (92.70%, n=192) cases. Amongst 192 head injury cases, scalpinjury noted in 167 (86.97%) cases, most common bone fractured was temporal bone 94(48.95%), followedby other bone parts. The commonest variety of intracranial haemorrhage was subdural haemorrhage 173(n=192, 90.10%) followed by Subarachnoid haemorrhage and Extradural haemorrhage. In 26 (13.54%)patients of head injury, craniotomy surgery was done. The timings between 3PM to 6PM showed the highestnumber of cases accounting to 61.7% of the cases followed by 26.0% of cases between 6PM to 9PM. Thetwo-wheeler accidents accounted for 69.9% of the head injury cases followed by that due to other vehicles(16.7%)
Association Between CT Scan Findings and Mortality in Covid-19 Cases
Authors: Seyed Zia Hejripour  , Elyas Aslinezhad  , Mohammadreza Azimi Aval  , Hamid Moradi  , Mohammad Darvishi
Published: April 2021

Background: Covid-19 epidemia is a worldwide infectious viral disease initiating from December 2019from Wuhan, China. Recognition of the prognostic role of imaging findings is important to improve theoutcomes in patients. Accordingly, regarding the lack of studies in this era among Iranian patients, this studywas done to determine the association between CT scan findings and mortality in Covid-19 cases.Methods: In this prognostic prospective cohort study, 192 consecutive patients with established Covid-19disease by clinical findings, and laboratory results in Besat Hospital, Tehran, Iran in March and April 2020were enrolled. The findings in CT scan were involved zone and lobe, ground glass, consolidation, groundglass with reticular, reverse hallo sign, microvascular dilation sign, fibrotic streaks, sub pleural line, airbronchogram, Bronchus distortion, broncheiectasis, pleural thickening, pleural reaction, and pleural effusion.According to involvement degree the points in CT scan were 0, 1, and 2 for lack of lung parenchymainvolvement, less than 50 percent involvement, and more than 50 percent involvement.Results: The involved zones were significantly differed between survived and dead cases (P=0.001). Asshown in Table 4, the scores of CT scan for lung involvement and also number of involved lobes werediffered across the alive and dead cases (P=0.001) the mean hospital stay was 7.1 (5.6) and 5.7 (2.5) days thatwas same across the groups (P=0.325). There were significant differences between groups for consolidation,ground glass plus reticular pattern, fibrotic streaks, sub-pleural line, air bronchogram, bronchiectasis, pleuralthickening, pleural effusion, and pleural reaction (P < 0.05).Conclusion: Totally, according to the obtained results it may be concluded that CT scan is useful prognosticmodality to predict the mortality among patients with Covid-19 disease. Consolidation, ground glass plusreticular pattern, fibrotic streaks, sub-pleural line, air bronchogram, bronchiectasis, pleural thickening,pleural effusion, and pleural reaction are the man CT scan findings predicting higher mortality rate in thesepatients.
Interleukin-8 Concentration Correlation with the Size of Hydatid Cyst in Patients with Hydatidosis and Hepatitis C Mixed Infection (Case Control Study)
Authors: Eman Hasani AL-Salami  , Marwa Rahman Mohamed Alsaedi  , Nadia Habeeb Sarhan Sarhan Alshabanii  , Saif Jabbar Yasir
Published: April 2021

Background:Hydatid cyst is a disease that is transmitted from the lactating animals that come into contactwith a person, and its danger is to generate hydatid cysts that may put pressure on some vital organs inthe human body. Here comes the role of joint infection with other pathogens such as the hepatitis C virus,especially in the same organs that are infected with the parasite, which may result from these mixed infectionsserious disease complicationsAim of study: The present study aimed to examine the possibility of a relationship between interleukin-8concentration level with the size of Hydatid cyst patients with mixed infection of hydatidosis and hepatitisC virus.Patients and Methods: The current research was run for the period January 2019 to January 2020. Thepatients were referred to AL-Furat al-awsat Hospital , Al-Sadder medical city, Public Health Laboratoryand Al-Hakeem Hospital in Al- Najaf governorate, Iraq. Eighty samples were divided into two groups. Thisfirst group was comprised of 40 patients with hydatidosis, the second group comprised of 40 patients withhydatidosis and hepatitis c virus mixed infection. The patients were aged 10 to 60 years old.Result: A higher interleukin-8 concentration was observed in patients with hydatidosis compared to thehealthy group, as the interleukin-8 concentration was (89.36) While the concentration of interleukin- 8reached in the healthy group (30 .14) ,while A high concentration of interleukin 8 is observed in combinedinfection of hydatidosis and hepatitis C virus compaer with healthy group , As the concentration of interleukin8 in the combined infection of hydatidosis and hepatitis C virus (108.73) while in the healthy group (30.14 ).Conclusion: The presence of a high level of interleukin-8 in mixed-infection patients is higher than insingle-infection patients, which may lead to exacerbation and complications of hydatidosis disease.
Cephalometric Assessment of Iraqi Sample from Basrah City for Orthodontic and Surgical Treatment Planning
Authors: Riad Al-Taee  , Aqeel Ibrahim Lazim Al-Saedi  , Mohammed Nahidh
Published: April 2021

Objectives: The aims of the present study were to establish the cephalometric norms for Iraqi sample fromBasrah city and to study the sexual dimorphism.Materials and Methods: Fifty dental students having normal occlusion were recruited and examinedclinically then digital true lateral cephalometric X-rays were taken and analyzed using Smile streamsoftware. Mean values and standard deviations were obtained and unpaired t-test was applied to assess thegenders difference.Results: Most of the skeleto-dental measurements lie within the normal range with almost proclinedmandibular incisors and no significant gender differences.Conclusions: Assessing the skeleto-dental relationships is far important to arrange accurate diagnosis andtreatment planning for orthodontic and orthognathic cases.
The Association between Teeth Loss and Oral Health Problems
Authors: Aesa Alzaroug Jaber  , Alshame M.J.Alshame  , Khaled Owidat Abdalla  , Prabhu Manickam Natarajan
Published: April 2021

Background: The teeth play various functional roles, from the most basic functions to more subtle functions.One of the most tragic events that can happen to the teeth are loss it, as a result trauma or dental diseases.Tooth loss has esthetic, functional, positional and psychological impacts on the life of individuals.Objectives: To investigate the association between tooth loss and oral health problems among partiallyand completely edentulous patients. Method: (Questionnaire and Clinical Examination). Self-administeredquestionnaire was distributed to the patients to collect information relating to demography and cause oftooth loss, in addition to mastication and speech state after tooth loss. Four clinical conditions includingsupra-eruption, drifting teeth, temporomandibular disorders and bone resorption were used to recognize theeffects of missing teeth. Patients seeking dental treatment at General Hospital, Morzuk, Libya were recruitedfor the study. Criteria included age of 16 years and above with one or more missing teeth except for thirdmolars. Results: altogether 58 participants, 31 (53.4 %) were males while 27 (46.6%) were females. Theparticipants were aged 16–>45 years, among them, 44 patients (75.9%) are partially edentulous, and 14patients (24.1%) were completely edentulous. The patients with complete teeth loss and the patients withmissing both the anterior and posterior teeth are most groups suffer problems among patients who involvedin the study. patients who loss posterior teeth are the lowest group had, suffer of health problems due to lossof teeth among all of them.The general relationship between tooth loss and the oral health problems was positive and strong. Conclusions:there are statistically significant relationship between tooth loss and oral health problems, where the strongvalue of this relationship (0.614) and significance within less than (0.05).
Impact Evaluation of Gender and Age on Percentage Distribution of Candidiasis and their Control by Medicinal Mushroom in Laboratory
Authors: Ali H. Hamoudi  , Ahmed K. Abdulrazzaq  , Kareem T. Shnawa  , Mohammed J. Hanawi
Published: April 2021

Biological control represents an important approach for controlling many pathogenic fungi. Pleurotusostreatus is the most promising and effective bioagents against many pathogenic fungi. In this paper seventyclinical specimens were collected from hospitalized patients, who were aged between (1 and 71) years oldfor both genders. The results of this study showed that out of 70 specimens that collected from urine, Skin,Vaginal and Oral specimens, (61) specimens (87.14%) were positive for fungal infections and (9) specimens(12.86%) were negative. Out of (61) positive specimens, (50) specimens (82%) were positive for Candidaspp, (7) specimens (11%) were Trichophyton spp and (4) specimens (7%) were Microsporum spp. Out of(50) positive specimens for candidal infections, Candida albicans was the more prevalence fungus (66%)followed by the fungus Candida glabrata (14%). The maximum infection incidence has been recorded inthe age group of (21- 40) years and the women have been considerably more than the male in all testedage groups. Pleurotus ostreatus culture filtrate affected the growth of Candida spp and the effect had beenincreased with the increasing of the filtrate concentrations. The more sensitive species was C. tropicalis andC. krusei than the other species.
Breast Cancer Screening: Comparison of Screening Modalities in Taiwan
Authors: Abdallah Ahmed Elbakkoush  , Anas Khaleel  , Lin Chia-Hsing  , Yazan S Batarseh  , Husni S Farah  , Talal Salem Al-Qaisi
Published: April 2021

Background: Screening for breast cancer is an important method for reducing the death rate in the Westernworld over the past 20-30 years. On this basis, since 2004 , the National Health Bureau of Taiwan has alsobegun providing free screening service. The purpose of the current research is to compare the efficacy of thethree-mammography modalities for breast cancer identification.Methods: Between July 2004 and December 2010, a total of 23,513 eligible women underwent screeningmammography. 6804 of these received screen-film mammography (SFM), 1610 received computedradiography (CR) mammography, and 15,099 received digital mammography (DM). The detection rate ofcarcinoma-in-situ, early detection rate of cancer, and the overall cancer detection rate of each modality wascalculated. To determine the statistical significance of performance differences between these modalitiesChi-square test was used.Results: SFM callback rate was 12.23%, cancer detection rate was 5.29%, Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS)detection rate was 1.76%. Computed radiography’s callback rate was 12.67%, with a cancer detection rateof 6.21% and DCIS detection rate of 1.24%. DM has the highest callback rate of 16.2%, but also the highestrate of cancer detection and DCIS detection rate of 9.21% and 3.58% respectively. DM was found to havebetter cancer detection rate and DCIS detection rate as compared to SFM and CR, it is only statisticallysignificant when compared to SFM. Although DM has better cancer and DCIS detection rates, it is alsoassociated with higher callback rate.Conclusions: In terms of image quality and greater contrast, optical mammography has many advantageswhen opposed to screen-film and computed radiography mammography. In the Asian population, wherewomen have higher breast densities, this is particularly vital. The incidence of Taiwanese breast cancer issteadily growing
Risk Factor Analysis for Placenta Retention in Maternal Delivery at the Tenriawaru Regional Hospital in Bone Regency
Authors: Andi Misnawati  , Rosdiana
Published: April 2021

Placenta retention issues have complications that can endanger mothers after delivery because of theirstrong association with bleeding. This research aims to determine the risk factors for placental retention inmaternal. This research was an observational analytic study with a case-control design with a sample size of68 mothers. The research was conducted at the Tenriawaru Hospital in 2020. Data collection was carried outby interview using a questionnaire. Then it was analyzed using the chi-square test. The results of the researchfor the Age variable (p-value = 0.027) show that there is a relationship between age and the incidence ofplacental retention, with the OR value: 3.4 (CL: 1.26–9.41) and for the parity variable (p-value = 0.44) therewas no relationship between parity and the incidence of placental retention, with the OR value: 0.47 (CL:0.12–1.82). It can be concluded that of the two factors the incidence of placental retention including age andparity, only age is associated with the incidence of retained placenta.