bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Continued rapid growth in 68Ga applications: update 2013 to June 2014
Authors: Velikyan Irina
Published: February 2015

The worldwide utilization of 68Ga‐radionuclide for the fundamental research and clinical applications is growing exponentially. A broad range of 68Ga‐based imaging agents has been explored during recent years. The development of new clinically useful agents is encouraged by many factors; for example, increasing role of positron emission tomography (PET) in nuclear medicine, discovery of new biomarkers, accessibility of 68Ga, and establishment of PET radiopharmaceutical regulation and legislation. The focus of this review resides on the reports regarding 68Ga‐related research and applications published during 2013 to June 2014.
Synthesis of [3‐N‐11C‐methyl]temozolomide via in situ activation of 3‐N‐hydroxymethyl temozolomide and alkylation with [11C]methyl iodide
Authors: Eriksson Jonas , Van Kooij Rolph , Schuit Robert C. , Froklage Femke E. , Reijneveld Jaap C. , Hendrikse N. Harry , Windhorst Albert D.
Published: February 2015

Temozolomide is a chemotherapeutic drug that is mainly used in the treatment of primary glioblastoma multiforme and recurrent high‐grade glioma. Here, we report an efficient good manufacturing practice compliant method for the synthesis of [3‐N‐11C‐methyl]temozolomide from 3‐N‐hydroxymethyl temozolomide that cleaves off formaldehyde in situ and becomes activated towards alkylation with [11C]methyl iodide. The labelling method was developed for an on‐going patient study in which the predictive value of [3‐N‐11C‐methyl]temozolomide and positron emission tomography on the outcome of temozolomide treatment is being investigated. The precursor was reacted with [11C]methyl iodide in the presence of 1,8‐diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec‐7‐ene in acetonitrile, heated at stepwise increasing temperature. Purification by semipreparative HPLC with pharmaceutical grade eluent and filtration gave approximately 10 mL sterile product solution ready for injection containing 1.55 ± 0.38 GBq (n = 5), the specific activity was 88 ± 25 GBq/µmol and the radiochemical purity was 98.5 ± 1.9%. 13C‐NMR spectroscopy confirmed the labelled position after colabelling with 11C and 13C.
RE1 silencing transcription factor/neuron‐restrictive silencing factor regulates expansion of adult mouse subventricular zone‐derived neural stem/progenitor cells in vitro
Authors: Soldati Chiara , Caramanica Pasquale , Burney Matthew J. , Toselli Camilla , Bithell Angela , Augusti‐Tocco Gabriella , Stanton Lawrence W. , Biagioni Stefano , Buckley Noel J. , Cacci Emanuele
Published: February 2015

Adult neural stem cell (aNSC) activity is tuned by external stimuli through the recruitment of transcription factors. This study examines the RE1 silencing transcription factor (REST) in neural stem/progenitor cells isolated from the subventricular zone of adult mouse brain and provides the first extensive characterization of REST‐mediated control of the cellular and molecular properties. This study shows that REST knockdown affects the capacity of progenitor cells to generate neurospheres, reduces cell proliferation, and triggers cell differentiation despite the presence of growth factors. Genome‐ and transcriptome‐wide analyses show that REST binding sites are significantly enriched in genes associated with synaptic transmission and nervous system development and function. Seeking candidate regulators of aNSC function, this study identifies a member of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) family, BMP6, the mRNA and protein of which increased after REST knockdown. The results of this study extend previous findings, demonstrating a reciprocal control of REST expression by BMPs. Administration of exogenous BMP6 inhibits aNSC proliferation and induces the expression of the astrocytic marker glial fibrillary acidic protein, highlighting its antimitogenic and prodifferentiative effects. This study suggests that BMP6 produced in a REST‐regulated manner together with other signals can contribute to regulation of NSC maintenance and fate. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Can climate change cause groundwater scarcity? An estimate for Bihar
Authors: Sharma Bhawna , Jangle Nihar , Bhatt Nidhi , Dror David M.
Published: February 2015

Groundwater is the source of almost 85% of freshwater requirement in rural India and 50% in urban India. Bihar is particularly reliant on groundwater, as it has the lowest supply of piped drinking water among Indian states. We examine the exposure of this resource to stress due to climate change; specifically, we estimate the influence of climate parameters on availability of groundwater in Bihar in about 10 years (2021) and 40 years (2051) from the most recent reference‐point of 2011 for which data are available. Considering the estimated increase in temperature in Bihar of 0.32 °C and 1.28 °C from the reference period under high‐end scenario, annual replenishable groundwater would decrease by 4.6 and 17.8%, respectively, for 2021 and 2051. An estimated increase in annual average precipitation by 1.6 and 6.4% from the reference period under low‐end scenario would increase estimated recharge levels by only 0.6 and 2.4%, respectively, in 2021 and 2051. The combined impact of estimated change in climate parameters (temperature and precipitation) would bring groundwater availability from 24 litres per capita per day (lpcd) now to 23 lpcd by 2021 and 20 lpcd by 2051 under worst‐climate scenario (high‐end temperature and low‐end precipitation). Projections of population growth for the years examined compared to the Indian population in 2011 revealed the reduction in water availability further to an estimated 20 lpcd by 2021 and to 13 lpcd by 2051 under ‘pessimistic scenario’ (worst‐climate and high‐end population). Planned artificial replenishment can fill the gap neither in the shorter nor in the longer term. We therefore conclude that due to the cumulative effects of climate and population, groundwater scarcity in Bihar could reach a level well below the minimum lpcd set by the Government of India and by WHO, unless effective corrective interventions will occur.
The quest for population‐level cancer recurrence data; current deficiencies and targets for improvement
Authors: In Haejin , Simon Cassie A. , Phillips Jerri Linn , Posner Mitchell C. , Ko Clifford Y. , Winchester David P.
Published: February 2015

Background

Cancer recurrence is a critical outcome in cancer care. However, population‐level recurrence information is currently unavailable. Tumor registries provide an opportunity to generate this information, but require major reform. Our objectives were to (1) determine causes for variability in collection of recurrence, and (2) identify targets for intervention.

Methods

On‐site interviews and observations of tumor registry follow‐up procedures were conducted at Commission on Cancer (CoC) accredited hospitals. Information regarding registry resources (caseload, staffing, chart availability), follow‐up methods and perceived causes for difficulty in obtaining recurrence information was obtained.

Results

Seven NCI/academic, 5 comprehensive community and 2 community centers agreed to participate. Hospitals were inconsistent in their investigation of cancer recurrence, resulting in underreporting of rates of recurrence. Hospital characteristics, registry staffing, staff qualifications and medical chart access influenced follow‐up practices. Coding standards and definitions for recurrence were suboptimal, resulting in hospital variability of recurrence reporting. Finally, inability to identify cases lost to follow‐up in collected data prevents accurate analysis of recurrence rates.

Conclusion

Tumor registries collect varying degrees of recurrence information and provide the underpinnings to capture population‐level cancer recurrence data. Targets for intervention are listed, and provide a roadmap to obtain this critical information in cancer care. J. Surg. Oncol. 2015 111:657–662. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
After All, Land Belongs to the State: Examining the Benefits of Land Registration for Smallholders in Ethiopia
Authors: Yami Mastewal , Snyder Katherine A.
Published: February 2015

The role of land registration in reducing rural poverty has been debated for several decades. This article analyses the impacts of land registration on land rentals, security of land tenure, disputes over land, use of credit facilities from formal financial institutions and gender access and control over land. Our findings are based on data collected between April and December 2011 in irrigation systems in three regional states of Ethiopia using in‐depth interviews and field surveys. Land registration has a positive influence on land rentals by reducing the fear of landholders in losing land to renters. Important benefits of land registration also include enhancing tenure security through ensuring usufruct rights over land and addressing the conflicts that arise from the competition to access irrigable land. Joint land titling secures women's access to land and encourages women's decision‐making on land rentals, input use, cropping patterns and the marketing of harvest from irrigable plots. While land registration allows for improved tenure security, gender equity and reduced disputes over land, it does little to facilitate access to credit or increase the use of farm inputs. The findings suggest that more work needs to be carried out to translate the benefits of land registration into improved livelihoods by increasing investment in farm inputs, production of high value, off‐season crops and increase market participation. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Role of intestinal microbiota in the generation of polyphenol‐derived phenolic acid mediated attenuation of Alzheimer's disease β‐amyloid oligomerization
Authors: Wang Dongjie , Ho Lap , Faith Jeremiah , Ono Kenjiro , Janle Elsa M. , Lachcik Pamela J. , Cooper Bruce R. , Jannasch Amber H. , D'Arcy Bruce R. , Williams Barbara A. , Ferruzzi Mario G. , Levine Samara , Zhao Wei , Dubner Lauren , Pasinetti Giulio M.
Published: February 2015

Scope

Grape seed polyphenol extract (GSPE) is receiving increasing attention for its potential preventative and therapeutic roles in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other age‐related neurodegenerative disorders. The intestinal microbiota is known to actively convert many dietary polyphenols, including GSPE, to phenolic acids. There is limited information on the bioavailability and bioactivity of GSPE‐derived phenolic acid in the brain.

Methods and results

We orally administered GSPE to rats and investigated the bioavailability of 12 phenolic acids known to be generated by microbiota metabolism of anthocyanidins. GSPE treatment significantly increased the content of two of the phenolic acids in the brain: 3‐hydroxybenzoic acid and 3‐(3´‐hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid, resulting in the brain accumulations of the two phenolic acids at micromolar concentrations. We also provided evidence that 3‐hydroxybenzoic acid and 3‐(3´‐hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid potently interfere with the assembly of β‐amyloid peptides into neurotoxic β‐amyloid aggregates that play key roles in AD pathogenesis.

Conclusion

Our observation suggests important contribution of the intestinal microbiota to the protective activities of GSPE (as well as other polyphenol preparations) in AD. Outcomes from our studies support future preclinical and clinical investigations exploring the potential contributions of the intestinal microbiota in protecting against the onset/progression of AD and other neurodegenerative conditions.
Abundant storage protein depletion from tuber proteins using ethanol precipitation method: Suitability to proteomics study
Authors: Lee Hye Min , Gupta Ravi , Kim Sun Hyung , Wang Yiming , Rakwal Randeep , Agrawal Ganesh Kumar , Kim Sun Tae
Published: February 2015

High‐abundance proteins (HAPs) hamper in‐depth proteome study necessitating development of a HAPs depletion method. Here, we report a novel ethanol precipitation method (EPM) for HAPs depletion from total tuber proteins. Ethanol showed a dose‐dependent effect on depletion of sporamin from sweet potato and patatin from potato tubers, respectively. The 50% ethanol was an optimal concentration. 2DE analysis of EPM‐prepared sweet potato proteins also revealed enrichment of storage proteins (SPs) in ethanol supernatant (ES) resulting in detection of new low‐abundance proteins in ethanol pellet (EP), compared to total fraction. The ES fraction showed even higher trypsin inhibitor activity than total proteins, further showing the efficacy of EPM in enrichment of sporamin in ES fraction. Application of this method was demonstrated for comparative proteomics of two sweet potato cultivars (Hwang‐geum and Ho‐bac) and purification of SP (sporamin) in its native form, as examples. Comparative proteomics identified many cultivar specific protein spots and selected spots were confidently assigned for their protein identity using MALDI‐TOF‐TOF analysis. Overall, the EPM is simple, reproducible, and economical for depletion of SPs and is suitable for downstream proteomics study. This study opens a door for its potential application to other tuber crops or fruits rich in carbohydrates.
Quantitative proteomics and network analysis of SSA1 and SSB1 deletion mutants reveals robustness of chaperone HSP70 network in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Jarnuczak Andrew F. , Eyers Claire E. , Schwartz Jean‐Marc , Grant Christopher M. , Hubbard Simon J.
Published: February 2015

Molecular chaperones play an important role in protein homeostasis and the cellular response to stress. In particular, the HSP70 chaperones in yeast mediate a large volume of protein folding through transient associations with their substrates. This chaperone interaction network can be disturbed by various perturbations, such as environmental stress or a gene deletion. Here, we consider deletions of two major chaperone proteins, SSA1 and SSB1, from the chaperone network in Sacchromyces cerevisiae. We employ a SILAC‐based approach to examine changes in global and local protein abundance and rationalise our results via network analysis and graph theoretical approaches. Although the deletions result in an overall increase in intracellular protein content, correlated with an increase in cell size, this is not matched by substantial changes in individual protein concentrations. Despite the phenotypic robustness to deletion of these major hub proteins, it cannot be simply explained by the presence of paralogues. Instead, network analysis and a theoretical consideration of folding workload suggest that the robustness to perturbation is a product of the overall network structure. This highlights how quantitative proteomics and systems modelling can be used to rationalise emergent network properties, and how the HSP70 system can accommodate the loss of major hubs.
Response of TEGDN Propellants to Plasma Ignition with the Same Magnitude of Ignition Energy as Conventional Igniters in an Interrupted Burning Simulator
Authors: Xiao Zhenggang , Ying Sanjiu , Xu Fuming
Published: February 2015

In order to consider the potential influence of ignition energy factors on the response of double base propellants plasticized with triethyleneglycol dinitrate (TEGDN propellants), the influence of different ignition methods at the same magnitude of ignition energy level on the response of TEGDN propellants was investigated in an interrupted burning simulator. Compared to conventional ignition methods, plasma ignition exhibits a significantly shorter ignition delay and lower ignition energy. There are stronger ablation and impact interactions of plasma flow with the surface of propellants. For TEGDN propellants coated with titanium dioxide, a greater amount of melted white layer is deposited on the surface of propellants. The content of copper on the surface of recovered plasma‐ignited samples observed by X‐ray Fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy is much larger than that on the surface of recovered conventionally ignited samples, indicating more deposition of copper wire discharge on the surface of the samples. The test results will benefit the design of plasma generator and electrical parameters of pulse power to satisfy certain propellant compositions.
Robust state‐feedback control of stochastic state‐multiplicative discrete‐time linear switched systems with dwell time
Authors: Allerhand L. I. , Gershon E. , Shaked U.
Published: February 2015

Linear discrete‐time switched stochastic systems are considered, where the problems of mean square stability, stochastic l2‐gain and state‐feedback control design are treated and solved. Solutions are obtained for both nominal and polytopic‐type uncertain systems. In all these problems, the switching obeys a dwell time constraint. In our solution, to each subsystem of the switched system, a Lyapunov function is assigned that is nonincreasing at the switching instants. The latter function is allowed to vary piecewise linearly, starting at the end of the previous switch instant, and it becomes time invariant after the dwell. In order to guarantee asymptotic stability, we require the Lyapunov function to be negative between consecutive switchings. We thus obtain Linear Matrix Inequalities conditions. Based on the solution of the stochastic l2‐gain problem, we derive a solution to the state‐feedback control design, where we treat a variety of special cases. Being affine in the system matrices, all the aforementioned solutions are extended to the uncertain polytopic case. The proposed theory is demonstrated by a practical example taken from the field of flight control. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On improving transient performance in tracking control for switched systems with input saturation via composite nonlinear feedback
Authors: Wang Juan , Zhao Jun
Published: February 2015

This paper is concerned with transient performance in tracking problem for switched linear systems with input saturation. A design procedure for constructing the composite nonlinear feedback (CNF) control law is developed. Under the average dwell time scheme, the controlled output of the closed‐loop switched system tracks asymptotically a step reference by CNF control technique without exceeding the saturation limit. At the same time, the desired transient performance with quick response and small overshoot can be achieved. In addition, the proposed method is applied to the control of turntable servo system. The example of turntable demonstrates the feasibility and effectiveness of the results proposed. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessing potentially time‐dependent treatment effect from clinical trials and observational studies for survival data, with applications to the Women's Health Initiative combined hormone therapy trial
Authors: Yang Song , Prentice Ross L.
Published: February 2015

For risk and benefit assessment in clinical trials and observational studies with time‐to‐event data, the Cox model has usually been the model of choice. When the hazards are possibly non‐proportional, a piece‐wise Cox model over a partition of the time axis may be considered. Here, we propose to analyze clinical trials or observational studies with time‐to‐event data using a certain semiparametric model. The model allows for a time‐dependent treatment effect. It includes the important proportional hazards model as a sub‐model and can accommodate various patterns of time‐dependence of the hazard ratio. After estimation of the model parameters using a pseudo‐likelihood approach, simultaneous confidence intervals for the hazard ratio function are established using a Monte Carlo method to assess the time‐varying pattern of the treatment effect. To assess the overall treatment effect, estimated average hazard ratio and its confidence intervals are also obtained. The proposed methods are applied to data from the Women's Health Initiative. To compare the Women's Health Initiative clinical trial and observational study, we use the propensity score in building the regression model. Compared with the piece‐wise Cox model, the proposed model yields a better model fit and does not require partitioning of the time axis. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Life Event Stress and Binge Eating Among Adolescents: The Roles of Early Maladaptive Schemas and Impulsivity
Authors: Zhu Hong , Luo Xingwei , Cai Taisheng , He Jinbo , Lu Yao , Wu Siyao
Published: February 2015

This study examined the relationships between life event stress, early maladaptive schemas, impulsivity and binge eating among adolescents and investigated the effects of early maladaptive schemas and impulsivity on the relationship between life event stress and binge eating. Specifically, we examined a moderated mediation model in which early maladaptive schemas mediated this relationship and impulsivity moderated the mediation effect. Life event stress, early maladaptive schemas, impulsivity and binge eating were investigated in a sample of 2172 seventh‐, eighth‐ and tenth‐grade middle and high school students (mean age = 14.55 years, standard deviation = 1.29). The results indicated that adolescents with greater life event stress, more early maladaptive schemas and higher levels of impulsivity displayed more severe binge eating. In addition, early maladaptive schemas mediated the relationship between life event stress and binge eating, while impulsivity moderated this relationship. Furthermore, impulsivity also moderated the mediation effect of early maladaptive schemas; as impulsivity levels increased, the strength of the association between life event stress and early maladaptive schemas increased. This study illustrates the importance of understanding individual differences and their effects on the relationship between life event stress and binge eating. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An Alternative Technique for Harvesting Marginal Liver Grafts with a Replaced or Accessory Right Hepatic Artery
Authors: Addeo Pietro , Souche Regis , Bachellier Philippe
Published: February 2015

The presence of a replaced or accessory right hepatic artery (R/A RHA) originating from the superior mesenteric artery represents one of the most common anatomical vascular variants of the hepatic artery and comprises the most frequently injured vessels during liver harvesting. Vascular arterial injuries following liver procurement are associated with decreased patient and graft survival and higher retransplantation rates. We describe an alternative technique for harvesting marginal liver grafts with replaced or accessory right hepatic arteries in the absence of pancreatic procurement. The entire procedure is divided and schematically described in six steps for didactical purposes. This technique has been used in 72 liver harvests over a three‐year period with no R/A RHA injury. The technical advantages and limitations of this alternative method are discussed.
Triacetic acid lactone production in industrial Saccharomyces yeast strains
Authors: Saunders Lauren P , Bowman Michael J , Mertens Jeffrey A , Da Silva Nancy A , Hector Ronald E
Published: February 2015

Triacetic acid lactone (TAL) is a potential platform chemical that can be produced in yeast. To evaluate the potential for industrial yeast strains to produce TAL, the g2ps1 gene encoding 2-pyrone synthase was transformed into 13 industrial yeast strains of varied genetic background. TAL production varied 63-fold between strains when compared in batch culture with glucose. Ethanol, acetate, and glycerol were also tested as potential carbon sources. Batch cultures with ethanol medium produced the highest titers. Therefore, fed-batch cultivation with ethanol feed was assayed for TAL production in bioreactors, producing our highest TAL titer, 5.2 g/L. Higher feed rates resulted in a loss of TAL and subsequent production of additional TAL side products. Finally, TAL efflux was measured and TAL is actively exported from S. cerevisiae cells. Percent yield for all strains was low, indicating that further metabolic engineering of the strains is required.
Efficient Standard Error Formulas of Ability Estimators with Dichotomous Item Response Models
Authors: Magis David
Published: February 2015

This paper focuses on the computation of asymptotic standard errors (ASE) of ability estimators with dichotomous item response models. A general framework is considered, and ability estimators are defined from a very restricted set of assumptions and formulas. This approach encompasses most standard methods such as maximum likelihood, weighted likelihood, maximum a posteriori, and robust estimators. A general formula for the ASE is derived from the theory of M-estimation. Well-known results are found back as particular cases for the maximum and robust estimators, while new ASE proposals for the weighted likelihood and maximum a posteriori estimators are presented. These new formulas are compared to traditional ones by means of a simulation study under Rasch modeling.
Common Radiographic Imaging Modalities Fail to Accurately Predict Capitate Morphology
Authors: Niacaris Timothy , Wong Victor W. , Patel Ketan M. , Januszyk Michael , Starnes Trevor , Murphy Michael S. , Higgins James P.
Published: February 2015

Background

There are three morphologies of the capitate based on its lunate and scaphoid articulations: flat, spherical, and V-shaped. Following a proximal row carpectomy (PRC), the capitate articulates with the lunate facet of the radius, altering contact biomechanics at the radiocarpal joint. Therefore, capitate morphology may influence contact pressures at the capitolunate articulation and influence clinical outcomes after PRC. However, it remains unclear which diagnostic imaging technique most reliably distinguishes between capitate morphologies.

Methods

We evaluated the ability of plain radiographs, two-dimensional computed tomography (2D-CT), three-dimensional (3D)-CT reconstruction, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to predict capitate type in 47 fresh frozen cadaver wrists. Two attending hand surgeons and one hand surgery fellow characterized capitate type based on each imaging modality. True capitate type was determined after gross dissection. We determined the reliability of each modality to predict capitate morphology.

Results

We found all four imaging modalities to have a low sensitivity and specificity for predicting capitate morphology. Plain radiographs, 2D-CT, 3D-CT, and MRI had sensitivities/specificities of 0.46/0.57, 0.54/0.72, 0.54/0.52, and 0.56/0.65, respectively. All modalities had high negative predictive values for detecting the more rare V-shaped capitate subtype (range 91–94 %). Inter-rater reliability was poor for all modalities.

Conclusion

These data suggest that plain radiographs, CT, 3D-CT, and MRI are not helpful in preoperative determination of true capitate morphology. Plain radiographs are as effective as more cost-intensive modalities in ruling out V-shaped capitates.
Ulnar Collateral Ligament Strain of the Thumb Metacarpophalangeal Joint: Biomechanical Comparison of Two Postoperative Immobilization Techniques
Authors: Lien John R. , Brunfeldt Alexander , Julka Abhishek , Hughes Richard E. , Ozer Kagan , Lawton Jeffrey N.
Published: February 2015

Background

The aim of this study was to compare postoperative immobilization techniques of the thumb metacarpophalangeal (MP) ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) in a cadaver model of a noncompliant patient.

Methods

A cadaveric model with fresh-frozen forearms was used to simulate pinch under two immobilization conditions: (1) forearm-based thumb spica splint alone and (2) forearm-based thumb spica splint with supplemental transarticular MP Kirschner wire fixation. Pinch was simulated by thumb valgus loading and flexor pollicis longus (FPL) loading. Ulnar collateral ligament displacements were measured and strain values calculated. Statistical analysis was performed using a repeated measures analysis of variance model.

Results

With valgus thumb loading, we noted a significantly lower UCL strain in the splint and pin group compared to splint immobilization alone. Increased load was associated with a statistically significant increase in UCL strain within each immobilization condition. FPL loading resulted in negative displacement, or paradoxical shortening, of the UCL in both immobilization groups.

Conclusions

While immobilized, valgus thumb force, as opposed to MP flexion, is a likely contributor to UCL strain during simulated pinch representing noncompliance during the postoperative period. Supplemental thumb MP pin fixation more effectively protects the UCL from valgus strain. UCL shortening with FPL loading likely represents paradoxical MP extension due to flexion of the distal phalanx against the distal splint, suggesting attempted thumb flexion with splint immobilization alone does not jeopardize UCL repair.

Clinical Relevance

This study provides a foundation to aid clinical decision-making after UCL repair. It reinforces the practice of surgeons who routinely pin their MP joints, but also brings to attention that the use of temporary MP pin fixation may be considered in difficult cases, such as those with potential noncompliance or tenuous repair.
Electron Backscatter Diffraction Study on Microstructure, Texture, and Strain Evolution in Armco Iron Severely Deformed by the Differential Speed Rolling Method
Authors: Polkowski Wojciech , Jóźwik Paweł , Bojar Zbigniew
Published: February 2015

Results of the electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) study on structural changes in Armco iron subjected to severe plastic deformation by differential speed rolling (DSR) with different values of roll speed mismatch (R = 1, 2, 3, and 4) are shown in the present article. Results of the EBSD microstructure evaluation reveal that a differentiation of roll speeds results in an effect of structure refinement—iron samples processed with high roll speed mismatch are characterized by a high fraction of grains with submicron size. A microtexture examination shows that the DSR process leads to an overall texture weakening effect and a displacement (a shifting to different “stable” positions) of the basic rolling texture components, due to an additional presence of a simple shear component in the deformation gradient imposed to the material. Despite the higher hardness of the DSR-processed samples, results of the EBSD strain analysis indicate that some part of the stored deformation energy is released during rolling with an additional presence of shear strain. This finding points toward the possibility of activating a dynamic transformation of the material structure into some more stable state. However, since the observed structural changes take place inside deformation bands and do not lead directly to the formation of a fully equiaxed grain structure, it seems to be more reasonable to call the observed structure transformation a subgrain structure evolution through accumulated shear deformation, which may be related to the dynamic recovery process.
Extraction and Fermentation‐Based Purification of Saponins from Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn.
Authors: Heng Wu , Ling Zhang , Na Wang , Youzhi Guo , Zhen Weng , Zhiyong Sun , Deping Xu , Yunfei Xie , Weirong Yao
Published: February 2015

In the present study, the extraction and purification of saponins from Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn. were examined for effective utilization of the saponin resource. Saponins were extracted from S. mukorossi Gaertn. using water. The conditions of the water extraction process, including extraction temperature, extraction time, number of times of extraction, and solvent‐material ratio were optimized. The yield of total Sapindus saponins (TSS) from the pericarp was 33.41 % and its purity in the extract was 45.71 %. The saponin solution was further concentrated to 1/6–1/7 of its original volume, and dried yeast BV818 that adapted to the concentrated Sapindus saponins solution (SW) was screened. The activation conditions, inoculum amount, fermentation temperature, and fermentation period were optimized. By using the dried yeast under optimized conditions, the purity was increased to 75.50 %. The yield of the byproduct ethanol was 5.33 % (w/v), while the content of TSS in the final product decreased from 18.29 to 15.30 % (w/v). These results could contribute to the development of industrial‐scale production of Sapindus saponins.
Hypocholesterolaemic effect of rat-administered oral doses of the isolated 7S globulins from cowpeas and adzuki beans
Authors: Ferreira Ederlan S. , Amaral Ana Lucia S. , Demonte Aureluce , Zanelli Cleslei F. , Capraro Jessica , Duranti Marcello , Neves Valdir A.
Published: February 2015

The role of seed proteins, especially soyabean 7S globulins, in controlling dyslipidaemia is widely acknowledged. Amino acid sequence homology among the proteins of this family could reflect similar biological functions in other species. The aim of the present study was to unveil a hypolipidaemic effect of the 7S globulins from cowpeas (7S-C) and adzuki beans (7S-A), administered orally to rats fed a hypercholesterolaemic (HC; high cholesterol and TAG) diet for 28 d. A total of forty-five rats were divided into five groups (nine rats per group): (1) standard (STD) diet; (2) HC diet; (3) HC diet + 7S-C (300 mg/kg per d); (4) HC diet + 7S-A (300 mg/kg per d); and (5) HC diet + simvastatin (SVT; 50 mg/kg per d), as a control. Significant decreases in food intake and final body weight of rats receiving HC + 7S-C and HC + 7S-A diets compared with groups fed the HC and STD diets were observed. Significant decreases in serum total and non-HDL-cholesterol of 7S-C, 7S-A and SVT groups were also observed. HDL-cholesterol levels increased in the 7S-C, 7S-A and SVT groups, while hepatic cholesterol and TAG concentrations were significantly lower than in the HC diet group for the 7S-C-supplemented group only. Faecal excretions of fat and cholesterol in HC diet groups were considerably higher in animals consuming the 7S globulins. The results show that cowpea and adzuki bean 7S globulins promote cholesterol-decreasing effects in hypercholesterolaemic rats even at low dosages, as already observed for other legume seed storage proteins of this family. This main effect is discussed in relation to the possible mechanisms of action.
A NEW WEED MANAGEMENT APPROACH TO IMPROVE SOIL HEALTH IN A TROPICAL PLANTATION CROP, RUBBER (HEVEA BRASILIENSIS)
Authors: ABRAHAM JOSHUA , JOSEPH PHEBE
Published: February 2015

The soil health of rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) plantations shows a declining trend, mainly due to the continuous mono crop cultivation and the ‘clean-weeding’ practices. Another weeding approach which allows the under-flora to grow profusely after closing up of the rubber canopy (no-weeding) can establish a multi-flora system that can improve soil health. A case study was undertaken to test this hypothesis. Rubber fields with and without control of under-flora were investigated for different soil properties, biomass and nutrients of under-flora and rubber yield. The ‘no-weeding’ practice for about 10 years in the rubber fields significantly improved the soil OC, N, available forms K and Mg, respiration rate and moisture status. The biomass and associated nutrients of under-flora also were much higher while the rubber yield was not negatively affected in the ‘no-weeding’ fields. The new weed management system is of great significance in improving soil quality, carbon sequestration and biodiversity conservation, besides the economic and energy savings without affecting crop yield.
Language perception in the East Midlands in England
Authors: Braber Natalie
Published: February 2015

Previous research by the author has examined the concept of identity in the East Midlands and how this can be relatively problematic in the region (Braber, 2014). This paper aims to extend this topic by investigating views of young people living in the East Midlands using a folk linguistic approach. Preston (1989, 1999b) claims that perceptual dialectology looks at non-linguists' beliefs and perceptions about the similarities of their own speech to, and differences from, the speech of others. This involves examining where participants believe dialect areas to be and what the characteristics of local speech are. This paper examines dialect identification and investigates the abilities of a sample group of adolescents to place correctly local and regional varieties of English.
A generalized question tag in English
Authors: Achiri-Taboh Blasius
Published: February 2015

In several (colloquial) varieties of English around the world, the tag question is reduced to a single generalized invariant tag ‘isn't it?’. This is used irrespective of the general structure and semantic content of the matrix or main, superordinate clause that embeds it. Linguists started debating seriously on the actual use of tag questions in English since the early 1960s and 70s. The debates then were particularly focused on the use of tags on (elliptical) imperatives, with many concluding that the auxiliary in the imperative main clause is an elliptical will that serves as the source of input for the tag that is appended (Katz & Postal, 1964; Postal, 1966). Arbini (1969) discussed the putative parallel between tag imperatives and tag questions, and other early discussions on tags include Bolinger (1967), Huddleston (1970), and Klima (1964). The present discussion looks to a different direction. As already implied, it focuses on the emergence of isn't it? as a generalized invariant tag.
The Eisenmenger malformation: a morphologic study
Authors: Restivo Angelo , di Gioia Cira R. T. , Anderson Robert H. , Carletti Raffaella , Gallo Pietro
Published: February 2015

We studied 11 autopsied cases of the Eisenmenger malformation, comparing the findings with 11 hearts with intact ventricular septal structures, and nine hearts having perimembranous ventricular septal defects in the absence of aortic overriding. We found variable lengths for the subpulmonary infundibulum in the hearts with Eisenmenger defects. It was well developed in three hearts, of intermediate length in seven, and very short in one of the specimens. The muscular outlet septum was also of variable length compared with the free-standing subpulmonary infundibular sleeve. Except for one, all hearts had fibrous continuity between the aortic and tricuspid valvar leaflets, such that the ventricular septal defect was then perimembranous. In the remaining case, there was a completely subaortic muscular infundibulum, with the ventricular septal defect showing only muscular borders. The medial papillary muscle was absent in the majority of cases, but was well formed in three hearts, all with relatively short muscular outlet septums. We identified mild, intermediate, and severe degrees of rightward rotation of the aortic valve, and these findings correlated with the extent of aortic valvar overriding. In nine of the 11 hearts, the ventriculo-arterial connections were concordant, but there was double-outlet from the right ventricle in the other two specimens. Based on our anatomic and morphometric observations, we conclude that the hearts we have defined as having Eisenmenger defects show marked individual variation in their specific phenotypic anatomy.
Democratization, environmental and income inequality
Authors: Policardo Laura
Published: February 2015

If the demand for environmental goods is increasing with income, democratization shifts the decisive power from a rich autocrat to a poorer individual (decisive voter), so it should be associated with worse environmental conditions. In this paper, it is shown through a theoretical model that: (i) democratization may have mixed effects on the level of environmental quality, depending on the size of the price and income effects on the demand for environmental quality associated with a decrease in the decisive political actor's wealth; and (ii) assuming that society is composed of two classes of individuals with different levels of exposure to pollution, and assuming moreover that the decisive voter belongs to the most exposed class of individuals while the autocrat does not, democratization is beneficial for the environment, and the better the effect on the environment, the bigger the difference in wealth between the two decisive political actors.
Breakfast skipping and the risk of type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of observational studies
Authors: Bi Huashan , Gan Yong , Yang Chen , Chen Yawen , Tong Xinyue , Lu Zuxun
Published: February 2015

Objective

Breakfast skipping has been reported to be associated with type 2 diabetes (T2D), but the results are inconsistent. No meta-analyses have applied quantitative techniques to compute summary risk estimates. The present study aimed to conduct a meta-analysis of observational studies summarizing the evidence on the association between breakfast skipping and the risk of T2D.

Design

Systematic review and meta-analysis.

Setting

Relevant studies were identified by a search of PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and SINOMED up to 9 August 2014. We also reviewed reference lists from retrieved articles. We included studies that reported risk estimates (including relative risks, odds ratios and hazard ratios) with 95 % confidence intervals for the association between breakfast skipping and the risk of T2D.

Subjects

Eight studies involving 106 935 participants and 7419 patients with T2D were included in the meta-analysis.

Results

A pooled adjusted relative risk for the association between exposure to breakfast skipping and T2D risk was 1·21 (95 % CI 1·12, 1·31; P=0·984; I2=0·0 %) in cohort studies and the pooled OR was 1·15 (95 % CI, 1·05, 1·24; P=0·770; I2=0·0 %) in cross-sectional studies. Visual inspection of a funnel plot and Begg’s test indicated no evidence of publication bias.

Conclusions

Breakfast skipping is associated with a significantly increased risk of T2D. Regular breakfast consumption is potentially important for the prevention of T2D.
Macroscopic rotation of photon polarization induced by a single spin
Authors: Arnold Christophe , Demory Justin , Loo Vivien , Lemaître Aristide , Sagnes Isabelle , Glazov Mikhaïl , Krebs Olivier , Voisin Paul , Senellart Pascale , Lanco Loïc
Published: February 2015

Entangling a single spin to the polarization of a single incoming photon, generated by an external source, would open new paradigms in quantum optics such as delayed-photon entanglement, deterministic logic gates or fault-tolerant quantum computing. These perspectives rely on the possibility that a single spin induces a macroscopic rotation of a photon polarization. Such polarization rotations induced by single spins were recently observed, yet limited to a few 10−3 degrees due to poor spin–photon coupling. Here we report the enhancement by three orders of magnitude of the spin–photon interaction, using a cavity quantum electrodynamics device. A single hole spin in a semiconductor quantum dot is deterministically coupled to a micropillar cavity. The cavity-enhanced coupling between the incoming photons and the solid-state spin results in a polarization rotation by ±6° when the spin is optically initialized in the up or down state. These results open the way towards a spin-based quantum network.
Trans-mitochondrial coordination of cristae at regulated membrane junctions
Authors: Picard Martin , McManus Meagan J. , Csordás György , Várnai Péter , Dorn II Gerald W. , Williams Dewight , Hajnóczky György , Wallace Douglas C.
Published: February 2015

Reminiscent of bacterial quorum sensing, mammalian mitochondria participate in inter-organelle communication. However, physical structures that enhance or enable interactions between mitochondria have not been defined. Here we report that adjacent mitochondria exhibit coordination of inner mitochondrial membrane cristae at inter-mitochondrial junctions (IMJs). These electron-dense structures are conserved across species, resistant to genetic disruption of cristae organization, dynamically modulated by mitochondrial bioenergetics, independent of known inter-mitochondrial tethering proteins mitofusins and rapidly induced by the stable rapprochement of organelles via inducible synthetic linker technology. At the associated junctions, the cristae of adjacent mitochondria form parallel arrays perpendicular to the IMJ, consistent with a role in electrochemical coupling. These IMJs and associated cristae arrays may provide the structural basis to enhance the propagation of intracellular bioenergetic and apoptotic waves through mitochondrial networks within cells.
Rutile TiO2 Mesocrystals/Reduced Graphene Oxide with High-Rate and Long-Term Performance for Lithium-Ion Batteries
Authors: Lan Tongbin , Qiu Heyuan , Xie Fengyan , Yang Jie , Wei Mingdeng
Published: February 2015

An in situ hydrothermal route is developed for fabricating rutile TiO2 mesocrystals/reduced graphene oxide nanosheets (TGR) hybrids in the presence of dodecylbenzenesulphonic acid (ADBS). These rutile TiO2 mesocrystals with a Wulff shape are composed of ultra-tiny rod-like subunits with the same oriented direction and closely wrapped by the nanosheets of reduced graphene oxide (RGO). It is found that ADBS played a key role for the formation of mesocrystals during the self-assembly process, which pillared the graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets and involved the aggregation of the mesocrystal subunits. Furthermore, the TGR hybrids are used as an anode material and exhibited a large capacity over 150 mA h g−1 at 20 C after 1000 cycles and high rate capability up to 40 C. These high performance characteristics may be due to the intrinsic characteristics of rutile TiO2 mesocrystals constructed from ultra-tiny subunits and hybridized with super conductive RGO nanosheets.
Toll-like receptor-2 deficiency induces schizophrenia-like behaviors in mice
Authors: Park Se Jin , Lee Jee Youn , Kim Sang Jeong , Choi Se-Young , Yune Tae Young , Ryu Jong Hoon
Published: February 2015

Dysregulation of the immune system contributes to the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric disorders including schizophrenia. Here, we demonstrated that toll-like receptor (TLR)-2, a family of pattern-recognition receptors, is involved in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia-like symptoms. Psychotic symptoms such as hyperlocomotion, anxiolytic-like behaviors, prepulse inhibition deficits, social withdrawal and cognitive impairments were observed in TLR-2 knock-out (KO) mice. Ventricle enlargement, a hallmark of schizophrenia, was also observed in TLR-2 KO mouse brains. Levels of p-Akt and p-GSK-3α/β were markedly higher in the brain of TLR-2 KO than wild-type (WT) mice. Antipsychotic drugs such as haloperidol or clozapine reversed behavioral and biochemical alterations in TLR-2 KO mice. Furthermore, p-Akt and p-GSK-3α/β were decreased by treatment with a TLR-2 ligand, lipoteichoic acid, in WT mice. Thus, our data suggest that the dysregulation of the innate immune system by aTLR-2deficiency may contribute to the development and/or pathophysiology of schizophrenia-like behaviors via Akt-GSK-3α/β signaling.