bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Early Restrictions on Drug Speech, 1900–1956
Authors: Siff Stephen
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses the media's contribution to America's naiveté about illegal drugs—heroin, cocaine, marijuana—and drug effects before psychedelic drugs were introduced. Until the 1960s, pressure from U.S. government agencies and industry self-regulation discouraged information about drug use in television and film. Government officials and prohibition ideologues played determinative roles in setting a news-media agenda that was hostile toward drug use and drug users, and omitted acknowledgment of drugs' potentially enticing effects. Themes about drug use that were initially raised in antinarcotics crusades following World War I were revived in the 1950s by public officials in highly publicized hearings reported by newspapers and covered live in broadcast media.
The Politics of Intimate Care
Authors: Threat Charissa J.
Published: May 2017

This chapter traces the early evolution of nursing from the mid-nineteenth century through the early twentieth century, with particular emphasis on how nursing care became both gendered and racialized in civilian society. Focusing on the history of the Army Nurse Corps (ANC), it explores the relationship between the military and civilian populace to illuminate trends in nursing practices, debates about work, and concerns about war taking place in the larger civil society. It also examines how war and military nursing needs shaped the evolution of the modern nursing profession and how nursing became embroiled in the politics of intimate care, along with the implications for gender roles and race relations that permeated social relationships and interactions in civilian society. The chapter points to the Civil War as the transformative moment in the history of nursing in the United States, moving nursing from an unpaid obligation to a paid occupation. Finally, it discusses the impact of the introduction of formal nurse training during the last quarter of the nineteenth century on African American nurses.
The Quality of a Person
Authors: Threat Charissa J.
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on the Army Nurse Corps's (ANC) attempt to deal with not only civil rights activism but also women's rights and gender equality in a fast-changing society. Between the mid-1950s and the late 1960s, the ANC and its members simultaneously endorsed and impeded attempts to restructure race and gender roles and standards while endeavoring to meet the practical nursing needs of the U.S. Army. At the advent of the Vietnam War, following the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the ANC represented a new frontier of integration in the labor force. Yet the reality of the situation proved more complex. This chapter examines integration issues within the ANC in relation to the complicated nature of a broader domestic civil rights struggle. It shows that changing military policies regarding the race and sex of military nurses reveal a recurring negotiation between traditional race and gender relationships and shifting cultural norms.
Blason Sonore
Authors: Boutin Aimée
Published: May 2017

Street cries had long defined the ambiance of Paris in the nineteenth century. From the Middle Ages through to the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, street cries were used by hawkers to publicize announcements or news and to sell merchandise of all kinds. Each trade had a distinctive cry, a combination of words and a characteristic tune, such that buyers could identify each peddler by a sound marker. The peddling sounds of the streets constituted shared memories that evoked childhood and fostered a sense of place for Parisians. A nostalgic longing for better days combined with the antiquarian's interest in Old Paris also motivated efforts to document and preserve traces of sounds perceived as having survived through the ages, but now at risk of disappearing. This chapter traces street criers' functions as noisemakers, place-makers, and “sound souvenirs,” in the musical, graphic, and textual traditions of the Cris de Paris.
“Cry Louder, Street Crier”
Authors: Boutin Aimée
Published: May 2017

This chapter follows representations of peddlers from Baudelaire to François Coppée, Charles Cros, and Jean Richepin, and finally to symbolists such as Stéphane Mallarmé and Joris Karl Huysmans. It considers whether they perceived the city-as-concert as harmonious or dissonant by analyzing the extent to which their poems reflect or inflect the discourse on the picturesque. Poetry about peddlers incorporates the vitality of street noise, the formal experimentation of popular song, and the aural acuity of flâneur-writing into the art of the establishment or the avant-garde. Such mixing of high and low registers is especially salient when Mallarmé's Chansons bas are read alongside Jean-François Raffaëlli's illustrations of types in the tradition of the Cris de Paris. The parodic poetry of Cros and Richepin, written in reaction to Coppée's moralizing sentimental dizain, in a way sets the stage for Mallarmé's “lowly songs.”
Publishing Chamber Music
Authors: Lott Marie Sumner
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the institution of chamber music publishing by looking closely at three internationally significant publishers. In all three cases, publishers sought to balance their production of “monumental” and “ephemeral” products to establish and maintain a reliable source of income and new musical material for themselves and, by extension, the musicians who relied upon them. Individually, the three firms represent different models with diverse priorities and business strategies: a small business established by a chamber music lover and copyright activist (Hofmeister); a larger firm that grew with the musical marketplace, changing hands at several points and evolving to address the needs of a growing public (Peters); and a midsize firm that specialized in practical music for private and public use (Schlesinger, later Lienau-Schlesinger). Together, these three companies provides a picture of the music business as it developed throughout the Romantic era.
Redefining the “Progressive” Style in Responses to Beethoven’s Late Quartets
Authors: Lott Marie Sumner
Published: May 2017

This chapter shows how composers who considered themselves progressive in different ways shared a single goal of fostering musical progress in the string quartet genre and how they communicated that goal to fellow composers and musicians in a musical dialogue that continued throughout nineteenth century. Their works often demonstrate a response to Beethoven and to more recent composers, representing a private conversation not just among the four members of the performing quartet but also among the composers of the past, present, and future. Whereas Liszt, Wagner, and their successors avoided addressing Beethoven head-on in genres associated with his achievements, composers in the Mendelssohn-Schumann circle responded directly to the innovations of Beethoven and his predecessors on their own terms and in the genres where those innovations were introduced.
Creating “Progressive” Communities through Programmatic Chamber Music
Authors: Lott Marie Sumner
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines three programmatic works for strings, each with a different relationship to the cultural and political scene of its day: George Onslow's string quintet “The Bullet” deals with a hunting accident; Niels Gade's string quartet “Willkommen und Abschied” (Welcome and departure) interprets a Goethe poem; and Bedřich Smetana's string quartet “From My Life” provides a politically charged autobiography in tones. In all three cases, the composer has addressed a particular group of performers or listeners by using musical style and the written word to create a narrative that would resonate with a shared experience or identity. As such, these three works demonstrate the range of possibilities for programmaticism throughout the nineteenth century, as well as different points along the spectrum of depiction, from “characteristic” works that narrate a series of events with mimetic devices to more abstract works that attempt to translate a poetic ideal into musical sounds.
“Qualify them for the duties of life”
Authors: Birk Megan
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the child welfare situation in the Midwest, including the transition of care from poor farms to children-only institutions. Beginning in the mid-1870s but increasing considerably during the 1880s and 1890s, poor farms were used less frequently for children, as counties, states, and charities opted to build children's institutions. Putting children from county-poor farms in institutions marked an important step in efforts to increase farm placement. This chapter first considers how indentures were made between county infirmaries and local residents before discussing the various concerns that arose from the construction of county children's homes. It also explores the changes made in the terms of an indenture contract; the placement of African American children; how religion and ethnicity affected child placements; the role of the institutional manager in finding a suitable family for a child; and the problems of institutional life. The chapter concludes by explaining what happened after placement parents got a child.
The Farm, the Federal Government, and the Decline of Placement
Authors: Birk Megan
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines how Progressive efforts at studying child welfare and farm life contributed to the decline of farm placements. In particular, it looks at two separate federal efforts that provided justifications for finding a substitute to farm placement: that of the Country Life Commission and that of the Children's Bureau. The chapter begins with a discussion of problems in farming and the diminishing influence of the farm. It then considers the Country Life Commission's efforts to address the problems affecting rural people with the specific goal of improving the efficiency of farming and the standards of farm life, along with agricultural education for farmers through outreach programs and the extension service. It also describes the initiatives of the Children's Bureau with regard to child labor, family preservation, and mother and child health. Finally, it highlights increased federal research after World War I which revealed compelling evidence that placement homes did not offer the best choice for dependent children.
Epilogue
Authors: Birk Megan
Published: May 2017

This epilogue examines how changes in child welfare policy were affected by the decline of the farm home as a symbol of American prosperity, the appropriate levels of work and education for children, the expense of placement, the problems with supervision, and efforts at family preservation. It explains how the decisions made during the Progressive Era to rationalize, study, centralize, and professionalize institutionalization and placement permanently altered the methods of care for dependent children throughout the country. It suggests that the farm placement system changed in part because the farm itself was in transition, and that foster care was also unsuccessful in ways similar to the practice it was purported to replace. Finally, it considers problems with dependent child care policy that persist until today, in which foster children are trapped in a web of bureaucracy that undermines conscientious foster parents from being able to parent.
Bastards of U.S. Imperialism
Authors: Caronan Faye
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores the possibilities and limitations for Filipino American and U.S. Puerto Rican cultural critique by focusing on two documentary films: Camilla Benilao Griggers's Memories of a Forgotten War (2001) and Rosie Perez's Yo soy Boricua, pa'que tu lo Sepas! (I'm Puerto Rican, Just So You Know!) (2006). It considers how these two films resurrect a metaphor used to justify U.S. colonialism in the Philippines and Puerto Rico, one that imagined colonialism as paternal relationship, to discuss the notion of colonial illegitimacy. It shows how the films connect their narrators' familial illegitimacy to the metaphorical illegitimacy that manifests as illegitimate narratives that are disavowed by hegemonic narratives of U.S. benevolent assimilation and exceptionalism. The chapter argues that the films resurrect the metaphors of imperialism as heterosexual romance and paternal benevolence to question the narrative of U.S. colonial benevolence.
Photography’s Viewers, Photography’s Histories
Authors: Finnegan Cara A.
Published: May 2017

This book has investigated how viewer engagement with photography happens at the local, historically specific level. It has shown how, from the Civil War to the Great Depression, photography shaped a collective consciousness that enabled viewers to negotiate anxieties of the period, from war, poverty, and economic depression to national identity and citizenship. By closely reading traces of viewers' encounters with photography, the book has written a rhetorical history of photographic viewership showing that viewers were active agents who used their experiences of photography to deliberate about issues of common concern. This conclusion reflects on what such project tells us about the nature of the viewer, how it challenges our definitions of what a photograph is, and how the rhetorical study of viewership enriches our histories of photography. It argues that viewership is not the same in all places and situations; rather, it emerges from the photographic encounter in ways that are simultaneously contextual, communal, contestable, and contingent.
An Introduction to Lois MCmaster Bujold
Authors: James Edward
Published: May 2017

This chapter sketches the life and career of Lois McMaster Bujold. Lois McMaster was born in Columbus, Ohio, on November 2, 1949, the third child and only daughter of Robert Charles McMaster and Laura Gerould McMaster. She began reading science fiction when she was nine years old. Her favorite writers in the field included Poul Anderson and James H. Schmitz. In 1971, she married John Bujold, whom she had met at a science fiction convention two years earlier. Bujold's first professional sale was a short story, “Barter,” which was published in Twilight Zone Magazine in spring 1985. It was later bought, adapted, and mutilated almost beyond recognition for the TV series Tales from the Darkside. She sold her first three books, Shards of Honor, The Warrior's Apprentice, and Ethan of Athos to Baen Books, which were released in paperback, in 1986, at three-month intervals, in June, August, and December.
Women, Uterine Replicators, and Sexuality
Authors: James Edward
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the feminist themes explored in Bujold's fictional work. For Bujold, feminism involves far more than writing about women. Bujold herself wondered if, in her writing, disability works as “a personal metaphor for being born female.” But what makes her works stand out in the context of contemporary science fiction and fantasy is not the number of women or their strength of personality; it is the importance of pregnancy, childbirth, and motherhood in her narratives. Bujold is unusual, too, within the world of space opera and indeed in the wider world of science fiction, in creating a number of very plausible and engaging child characters.
On Tour before European Audiences
Authors: Macleod Beth Abelson
Published: May 2017

This chapter describes some of the situations encountered by Fannie Bloomfield-Zeisler during her European tour in 1893–1894, 1899, 1902, and 1912. Bloomfield-Zeisler made her Berlin debut at the Singakademie in a concert featuring Frederic Chopin's F Minor and Anton Rubinstein's D Minor piano concertos with the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra; the performance was a success with both audience and critics. In 1902, she faced a hostile audience when making her Paris debut with the Lamoureux Orchestra. The chapter recounts Bloomfield-Zeisler's initial reluctance to play before Berlin critics, who were notorious for their harshness and their susceptibility to bribes; her interpretation of Rubinstein's piano concerto with the composer in the audience; and her controversial orchestral debut in Paris at a time when France was experiencing a time of intense musical nationalism, and Parisian audiences viewed a soloist performing with orchestra as synonymous with a shallow display of virtuosity.
Introduction
Authors: Meyer Sabine N.
Published: May 2017

This book interrogates the interplay of various identity categories in the development of the temperance movement—America's largest and longest sustained reform movement—from the nineteenth into the twentieth century. It expands the analytical framework for writing the history of the American temperance movement by adopting a holistic view. Focusing on alcohol consumption from one point in space, Minnesota, and the multiple perspectives occupying and defining this point, the book explores the myriad and ever-shifting ways that ethnicity, gender, class, religion, and place all interacted with each other in the temperance struggle. It situates the temperance movement within the public/private paradigm by analyzing the development of women's temperance activism in Minnesota from its beginnings until the onset of prohibition. The book argues that ethnicity, gender, and identity of place exerted an equal, if not at times more important, impact on contemporaries' attitudes toward temperance.
Equating Temperance with Patriotism
Authors: Meyer Sabine N.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the consequences of World War I for Minnesota's temperance movement during the period 1916–1919. The specter and, consequently, the reality of military involvement enhanced the tolerance of many Americans toward restrictive liquor laws they would otherwise not have accepted. The chapter considers how the struggle for prohibition became entangled with the United States's looming military efforts in the Great War and how the war provided an opportunity for temperance reformers to fight for the preservation of military discipline in army camps throughout the United States. Reformers insisted that military efficiency could be achieved only through young soldiers' abstinence and purity, an argument that convinced Congress to pass the Hobson-Sheppard bill, the Selective Service Act, and the Lever Food and Fuel Control Act in 1917. In addition, Progressive reformers waged a social purification campaign. In September 1918, Congress passed the National Prohibition Act, which would function as the enforcement act of the Eighteenth Amendment. The period also saw the demise of German Americans' opposition to Minnesota's temperance movement.
Conclusion
Authors: Meyer Sabine N.
Published: May 2017

This conclusion ponders the question of whether we are really what we drink by reviewing the insights gained from the analysis of the interwoven and constantly interacting identity discourses, among them ethnic identity, gender, class, civic and religious identity, within Minnesota's temperance movement and by reflecting on the repercussions of these insights on our understanding of identity. The temperance movement served as a catalyst of ethnic identity construction and negotiation for both German and Irish Americans. It caused German Americans to invent and Irish Americans to renegotiate their ethnic identities and to reposition themselves in the Anglo-American society. Intense intraethnic debates on the role of liquor and liquor consumption and the many exhortations and appeals of Irish American temperance reformers fractured long-held beliefs that excessive alcohol consumption was respectable and an integral constituent of Irishness. The campaigns for or against liquor also contributed to the construction of a female public identity and influenced the shape of civic identity in Minnesota.
Introduction
Authors: Zimmer Kenyon
Published: May 2017

This introductory chapter discusses the history of anarchism from the perspective of migration history. Utilizing sources in half a dozen languages and from archives on both sides of the Atlantic, it outlines the transnational origins and local development of Yiddish and Italian anarchism in America. As a study of a mobile group of revolutionaries belonging to a global movement, the book describes how people, ideas, literature, institutions, and assets traversed the United States along the myriad connections of anarchists' expanding informal networks. To illustrate, the chapter alternates between referring to linguistically defined Italian and Yiddish anarchist movements; the geographically defined American, Italian, and Russian anarchist movements with which the Italian- and Yiddish-speaking movements overlapped; and the global anarchist movement of which all were constituent parts.
Like Drifting Snow My Head Falls
Authors: Bingham Robert
Published: May 2017

In this chapter, the author focuses on the somatic activity of imaging, which has played an important role in his engagement with dance and performance. He describes the feeling in the body as images arise in the mind and the stories that these images tell through a first-person phenomenological narrative. In particular, he discusses the somatic dimensions of mental imaging, highlighting the fickle, unpredictable nature of images as well as their affinity with somatic awakenings. He also talks about the use of image as a means to bring the body’s voice to the page and to dance, along with his research that aims document dreamlike image experiences. He concludes that somatic image generation requires trust and compares images to his arms, which he claims can support a shift in his consciousness and help him connect to himself and beyond.
Sexual Violence beyond Consent and Coercion
Authors: Bueno-Hansen Pascha
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines how the Peruvian Truth and Reconciliation Commission (PTRC) treated the issue of sexual violence committed within the internal armed conflict, both in the preparation of an emblematic case and through its final report. Although the PTRC was not mandated to investigate sexual violence, it included the violation under the umbrella of torture and other grave violations in compliance with international human rights law. Of the forty-seven legal cases that the PTRC prepared for prosecution and passed to the state prosecutor, two cases address rape. The PTRC labeled the Manta and Vilca case as emblematic of sexual violence as it took place in the rural context by military personnel. This chapter considers the binary of consent/coercion and conceptual myopia around sexual violence as the two most significant limiting factors regarding the implementation of the international human rights regime to investigate and prosecute sexual violence.
Finding Each Other’s Hearts
Authors: Bueno-Hansen Pascha
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines how DEMUS wove interculturality into its feminist human rights work as it sought to address the challenges involved in cases of sexual violence during the internal armed conflict. When the Peruvian Truth and Reconciliation Committee (PTRC) finished its mandate to research the causes and consequences of the internal armed conflict, it submitted the final report with recommendations for reform and reparations to Peruvian President Alejandro Toledo and passed forty-seven human rights cases to the state prosecutor. Women who decided to pursue their cases through Peru's judicial system are currently represented by feminist and human rights organizations. This chapter considers how DEMUS confronted the legacy of colonialism and describes subsequent efforts to rework its project on the Manta and Vilca case of sexual violence given linguistic and sociocultural gaps.
Paradox and Temporality
Authors: Bueno-Hansen Pascha
Published: May 2017

This book has addressed the paradox of rights: the tension between the need for human rights law to document and prosecute violations and the inability of the human rights framework to address the full scope of harm. Since the roots of transitional justice grow out of international human rights law, this same paradox is manifested in transitional justice mechanisms, such as the Peruvian Truth and Reconciliation Committee (PTRC). The story of Rosa Cuchillo and her endless search for her daughter, who disappeared during the armed conflict, highlights the endurance of love, the importance of legal avenues to register human rights violations, and the central role played by human rights advocates. This conclusion discusses the structural, procedural, and methodological implications of the book's analysis of Peruvian feminist and human rights movements, the PTRC, and DEMUS's Manta project in terms of future transitional justice endeavors both within and outside of Peru.
Early Contact and Migration
Authors: Chung Sue Fawn
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on the early contact between Chinese and Americans, the lumber trade, the Chinese immigration to the American West, the recruitment of workers to North America, chain migration, and the importance of early Chinese organizations. It examines why and how the Chinese first came to the American West, what kinds of organizations they established, how they were recruited for work, and what they contributed to the building of the new frontier. It also considers how trade between the West Coast and China, and especially the latter's eastern coastal cities, developed and shows that most Chinese immigrants harbored the “American dream” and thus came voluntarily to the American West. Finally, it discusses some of the factors that worked against the Chinese's acculturation and assimilation, including, language and value differences.
Work and Workers
Authors: Chung Sue Fawn
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on the number of Chinese workers, the types of jobs they performed, and their lived experiences. From the 1860s to the 1890s, Chinese immigrants comprised 70 percent to 100 percent of the workers in some parts of the forests of the American West performing a variety of tasks and having some upward mobility. Although working in the woods was a transient occupation and probably not appealing to many Chinese whose ancestors lived in the same locality for generations, some of them liked the work and pay in a rapidly changing western frontier. This chapter first discusses legislation that contributed to the rapid growth of logging in the American West before citing statistics on the employment of Chinese laborers in logging production in the region, the types of jobs they performed and their wages, and their working and living conditions in the lumber trade.
Rise of the Rural-Industrial Workers
Authors: Martin Lou
Published: May 2017

This chapter looks at the rise of the rural-industrial workers. In the early 1900s, industrialists had believed that building new potteries and tinplate mills in rural Hancock County would result in more disciplined and loyal workforces, but they soon discovered that many of the conflicts they had had with craftsmen in urban centers followed them to the countryside. In the 1920s, owners in both industries began another round of technological innovation that reduced the power of skilled craftsmen and allowed managers to hire more unskilled laborers and semiskilled operatives, mostly from a large pool of rural migrants. In contrast to the skilled jiggermen and rollers, few of these rural migrants had any factory experience, but local employers were grateful for a steady stream of new workers that would accept low wages and harsh working conditions.
Prosperous, Independent Rural-Industrial Workers
Authors: Martin Lou
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores the variety of methods used by semiskilled operatives and unskilled laborers to improve their working conditions and to extract better wages and benefits from their employers during the 1940s and 1950s. Unlike millions of urban-industrial workers, they did not join truly national labor organizations and participate in national strikes. Instead, they relied on a system of local negotiations, often informal, occasionally invoking state and federal agencies to influence the outcome. Because this system delivered many of the same material benefits that American Federation of Labor (AFL) and Congress of Industrial Organization (CIO) unionists won in these decades, local steel and pottery workers saw no need to make fundamental changes to their systems of collective bargaining, and they come to value the local nature of labor relations.
Constructive Engagements
Authors: Robolin Stéphane
Published: May 2017

This chapter considers the outcomes of some interactions among black South African and African American writers discussed in preceding chapters, but “updated” here in the context of the 1980s. It explores how earlier transnational engagements led to a series of subsequent texts and interpersonal relationships as the global antiapartheid movement began to reach its apex. Those works—by Richard Rive, Michelle Cliff, Audre Lorde, and Gwendolyn Brooks—attest to the impress of earlier writers (Langston Hughes, Richard Wright, Keorapetse Kgositsile, and Bessie Head) and, by returning us to the matter of cultural influence, point to the considerable role South Africa and its writers played in shaping African American writerly imaginations. Furthermore, it is argued that Cliff's poem “Constructive Engagement” plays with the name of the Reagan-era U.S. foreign policy toward South Africa to powerful effect.
Able and Militant Fighters for Workers
Authors: Bussel Robert
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines how their time in Chicago led Harold Gibbons and Ernest Calloway to the shared experience of industrial union organizing and reinforced their faith in the potential of working-class mobilization. It begins with an account of the Memorial Day Massacre in 1937 and how Chicago provided Calloway with his first opportunity to exercise leadership in a union setting. It then considers Gibbons's involvement in Chicago's labor community as member of American Federation of Teachers Local 346 as well as his role in helping Chicago workers organize under the banner of the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO). It also discusses Gibbons's work as an organizer for the Textile Workers Organizing Committee (TWOC) and looks at two men who played instrumental roles in shaping Calloway's career: Willard Townsend and John Yancey. Finally, it describes Calloway's involvement with the United Transport Service Employees of America (formerly International Brotherhood of Red Caps), during which he also began to articulate a concept of working-class citizenship.
“The Other Sixteen Hours”
Authors: Bussel Robert
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines Teamsters Local 688's community stewards program, Harold Gibbons and Ernest Calloway's ambitious initiative to promote the exercise of working-class citizenship and the practice of total person unionism. Early in the 1950s, an internal Teamsters Local 688 memo discussed what it called “the wide view and the narrow view” of the union movement's mission. “The narrow view” “would train stewards to do the job in the shop and nothing else,” while the “wide view” states that “[the union member] is willing to assume his or her responsibility in the maintenance of a democratic union and a democratic society.” This chapter considers how the Teamsters's “wide view” of member responsibility led Gibbons and Calloway to establish a community stewards program that mobilized Local 688 members to address issues affecting their lives during the “other sixteen hours” they spent off the job. It also explores how Calloway's leadership role within the St. Louis NAACP created new possibilities for the labor and civil rights movements to shape social policy in St. Louis after World War II.
Epilogue
Authors: Bussel Robert
Published: May 2017

This epilogue reflects on the legacy of Harold Gibbons and Ernest Calloway. It begins with a discussion of some valuable insights that the two men's experience provides. As far back as the 1960s, Gibbons and Calloway lamented the stagnation of union organizing amid structural changes in the economy that were diluting labor's strength. They thought creatively about how the Teamsters could exercise decisive economic leverage, and their concept of treating workers as total persons might find new political resonance in tackling the work–family divide that has arisen as dual earner families have become a social norm. The epilogue also considers several sobering aspects of Gibbons and Calloway's careers, including the short-lived successes of total person unionism as well as its limited reach, both within St. Louis and elsewhere. Finally, it suggests that Gibbons and Calloway's most powerful legacy was their insistence on the essential interrelationships between work, citizenship, and democracy.
Beyond the Canon
Authors: Merchant Tanya
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines traditional music as a means to construct a cohesive pre-Soviet past in Uzbekistan. Traditional music encompasses three maqom traditions with roots in cities that currently exist within the borders of Uzbekistan: Xorazm maqom, Shashmaqom, and Tashkent-Ferghana maqom. The chapter first considers the history of the construction of the canon of traditional music in Uzbek institutions before discussing traditional music and maqom's links to nationalism in the city of Tashkent. It then looks at women's roles performing the great works in the maqom tradition, along with two masters of this tradition, Yunus Rajabi and Munojat Yulchieva. It also explores the role of maqom in the shift in cultural capital in Uzbekistan after independence. The chapter concludes with an assessment of dutar ensembles as an area of contested gender identity that is very much context dependent.
Ancient Treasures, Modernized
Authors: Merchant Tanya
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the role of women in the arranged folk music in Uzbekistan in the post-Soviet era. It looks at the rhetoric of Ro'za opa and her students, which focuses much more on musical literacy, virtuosity, and international standards. These priorities stem from the emancipatory impetus, during the Soviet period, to include women in the ethnonational project of creating folk orchestras. The chapter begins with a discussion of the assumptions of youth and femininity associated with certain dutar ensembles. It then traces the origins of dutar ensembles as they share history with similar ensembles from other former Soviet republics. It also presents the accounts of three prominent women musicians of the Soviet period: Faizila Shukurova, Firuza Abdurahimova, and Ro'zibi Hodjayeva. Finally, it considers the importance of Western art music to Tashkent's soundscape, and role that women play in this.
From Neutrality to Collaboration
Authors: Boje John
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines how the Boers went from neutrality to collaboration with the British during the South African War. It considers the many gradations in the process of alienation from the national cause as well as the essential unity of the phenomenon. Before discussing gradations of culpability, the chapter looks at some general issues relating to economic considerations, pan-republican nationalism, and level of commitment that underlay the phenomenon of collaboration in all its forms. It then describes manifestations of Boer disloyalty: evading combat, opting out of the war, the “objective collaboration” of working with the new authorities, participation in the peace movement, providing intelligence, service with the British Army, and service under arms.
Working Girls
Authors: Ferriss Suzanne
Published: May 2017

This chapter argues that chick lit offers an inherent critique of women's economic precarity. Chick-lit novels have been criticized for glamorizing consumption and irresponsibly promoting unchecked consumerism in the young women presumed to be their audience. Certainly chick lit, like all popular media, is inextricably entangled in the capitalist system—an inevitable consequence, it could be argued, of postmodern culture itself. But critics have taken its references to brand-name goods and status as an endorsement of global capitalism. Sustained, critical attention to the texts, however, suggests otherwise. Far from sanctioning aspirational spending or endorsing economic empowerment, prominent chick-lit examples dramatize the precarious economic and social position of young, college-educated, British and American women (of various classes and ethnicities) under late capitalism.
Keeping Up with the Kardashians
Authors: Leppert Alice
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores the ways the Kardashians' insistence on the importance of sisterhood serves as both a counterweight and an aid to their brand's example of feminine productivity. The Kardashians have become models for young women seeking success through self-branding, albeit with a novel twist—sister-branding and sister-entrepreneurship. In contrast to the potentially alienating individual empowerment ideal of postfeminist neoliberal culture, the Kardashians privilege sisterhood—a fact that might account for their massive popularity among young women and girls. Though the Kardashians clearly exemplify postfeminist culture, they also fill in some of its shortcomings, which may be central to their appeal. Whereas postfeminist entrepreneurial culture tells young women they don't need to build connections with other women, the overwhelming popularity of the Kardashians' investment in sisterhood suggests that young women do value and desire bonds with each other, even though those bonds may be in the name of a brand.
Pinning Happiness
Authors: Wilson Julie , Yochim Emily Chivers
Published: May 2017

This chapter unpacks the cultural power of the “mamasphere,” drawing on network theory and affect theory to explore what happens to the work of mothering in this environment, where the labors of domesticity and child-rearing are continuously and constantly shared, put on display, and narrated through digital packets of information. Circulating mediated happy family scenes into complicated and difficult everyday lives, the mamasphere distributes happiness, bolstering the family in a world that feels increasingly precarious. By thinking through the affective potential unlocked when online worlds meet everyday life, this chapter demonstrates how the mamasphere works to stabilize the family as a “happy object.”
Sweet Sisterhood
Authors: Nathanson Elizabeth
Published: May 2017

This chapter accounts for the “cupcake craze” by analyzing the distinctly feminized pleasures the confections signify in the postfeminist cultural context. Feminist media scholars have critiqued postfeminist popular culture for producing hegemonic representations that depoliticize feminist ideals. While cupcakes may indeed reify postfeminist ideologies, the chapter argues that they also point toward resistant pleasures; cupcakes invite cultural consumers to take pleasure in depictions of sisterhood that challenge neoliberal individuality by celebrating bonds between women and the liberating potential of difference. By tracing popular representations of cupcakes as items of consumption and production, this chapter finds moments in which viewers are invited to take pleasure in sweet indulgences and feminine friendships that reproduce but also expose the cracks in contemporary gender politics.
Conclusion
Authors: Margaretten Emily
Published: May 2017

This concluding chapter presents the endings to the stories of the Point Place youth, while highlighting the connections between everyday relatedness and companionship—or nakana—on the streets. Notably, a substantial number of the Point Place youth are still seeking shelter in the city center. Some of them had happy and hopeful endings, while many had perished. However, most of them returned to the streets since they have nowhere else to go. The chapter reviews the housing options for the urban poor, emphasizing the lived disparities between political rhetoric and practice that make the basic right of dignified life, including the right to shelter, an unlikely reality for South Africa's older street youth population.
A Clearing beyond the Melancholic Haze
Authors: Singleton Jermaine
Published: May 2017

Through an analysis of Suzan-Lori Parks's Venus and Tony Kushner's Caroline, or Change, this chapter contemplates how cultural practice might be used to cut through and deactivate the unresolved grief that consolidates the racial divide in interracial community. It builds on a short theoretical account of the sexual and cultural underpinnings of the discourse of racial difference to consider the unique role contemporary theater might play in exhuming and mourning the social loss it has consolidated. To that end, the analysis draws on the racial scene and unseen to situate the plays as art of profound cultural change. Parks' and Kushner's plays enact racial conflict to unearth disavowed social losses and assign them ideological origins. The plays uniquely allow spectators to explore what Kobena Mercer calls “those messy spaces in-between” black and white and acknowledge the culturally embedded web of gender, sexual, economic, and religious anxieties and prohibitions that discreetly underpin the discourse of racial difference and contemporary racial grievances. In doing so, the plays summon and neutralize the disavowed social loss and hidden affect that structure our racial identifications to engender a coalition of racial grieving.
Mercy, Mercy, Mercy
Authors: Shaw Carolyn Martin
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the experiences of working wives and mothers (“Mercy”/“Nyasha”) as the epitome of middle-class lifestyles, virtues, and contradictions in Harare. Mercy is the last of the four types of women addressed in this book. Grouped under the sign of Mercy—a translation of the chiShona name Nyasha, the most popular contemporary female name in Zimbabwe—are working wives and mothers who represent the ideal qualities many parents hope to cultivate in a daughter: compassion, modesty, and obedience. Drawing on interviews with twenty women in the category of Mercy in 2000–2001, this chapter considers the advantages and disadvantages of being a woman, along with other topics such as work ethic, sex in the workplace, marriage and fidelity, HIV/AIDS, and togetherness and shared responsibility in marriage. It also discusses Mercy women's sentimental attachments to family, religion, and ethnicity.
“Sores in the City”
Authors: Shabazz Rashad
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the role of carceral power in the rise of Black gangs and particularly in the sociospatial production of Black masculinity. Focusing on the period between 1960 and the early 1980s, it considers how carceral power contributed to the emergence of the Almighty Black P. Stone Rangers street gang. It also explores how policing in Black Chicago and the growing prison industrial complex led to the incarceration of many gang members and Black men in Chicago. In Chicago (as well as other cities throughout the Black diaspora) gangs played a crucial role in the performance of Black masculinity. They did so not simply because of their swagger, clothing, or saturation, but because they were the group who had the strongest relationship with the criminal justice system. This chapter discusses the interrelationships among carceral space, Black gangs, prison masculinity, and the elements of masculinity in carceral institutions.
Ghost Mapping
Authors: Shabazz Rashad
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines how high rates of Black male incarceration, enabled by the war on drugs that swept tens of thousands of Black men into state prisons, exacerbated the HIV/AIDS epidemic among Black Chicagoans. As HIV/AIDS emerged in the early 1980s, prisons became key sites where the disease could hide and spread. The high rates of Black incarceration created a geography of risk—the sociospatial production of HIV infection—for prisoners and the communities they returned to. Although HIV/AIDS could affect anyone, the combination of geographic (segregation and the war on drugs) and structural forces (mass incarceration, premature death, lack of healthcare, and politics) increased the risk in Black Chicago. The risk of transmission of HIV is fourteen times higher in prison. Diseases like small spaces, and the confined space of Illinois prisons encouraged transmission. This was compounded by vexing political realities the returning prisoners faced at home.
Epilogue
Authors: Shabazz Rashad
Published: May 2017

This epilogue focuses on Chicago's changing racial geography, arguing that this change is creating not only gentrification in parts of the city, but also openings for Black Chicagoans to augment their geography. Since the mid-1990s abandoned lots all over Chicago have been turned into spaces of agricultural production. Not limited to middle-class white neighborhoods, urban gardens have sprung up in poor and working-class communities on the South and West Sides of the city. This is not the first time Chicagoans have performed agriculture in the city. The city has a long history of urban agriculture. This epilogue shows that green spaces can undo the consequences of carceral space by enabling Black Chicagoans to eat fresh fruits and vegetables in places with little retail access to them and creating environments of stress reduction for the entire community. It also demonstrates that the poor and the working class can be architects and planners, that they can augment their geographies in ways that produce healthy people and vital, vibrant communities—on their own terms.
Conclusion
Authors: Page Michael R.
Published: May 2017

This conclusion reflects on Frederik Pohl's legacy as a science fiction writer, editor, agent, and fan. Pohl died on September 2, 2013, leaving a chasm in the world of science fiction. Among those who paid tribute were Joe Haldeman, James Gunn, Mack Hassler, and Christopher McKitterick. But Pohl's legacy continues and will continue for many decades to come: through the readers who discover his work for the first time on a library shelf or paperback rack; through the writers who are influenced by his writing, his editing, his advice, and his mere presence in the field; and through the scholars who will find in Pohl an astute critic of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries and an advocate for future alternatives to the roads humanity now travels. Pohl lived a life in science fiction, building and shaping it for over three-quarters of a century.
Seeing Sarah Bernhardt
Authors: Duckett Victoria
Published: May 2017

The most famous theater actress of the nineteenth century, Sarah Bernhardt enjoyed a surprising renaissance when the 1912 multi-reel film Queen Elizabeth brought her international acclaim. The triumph capped her already lengthy involvement with cinema while enabling the indefatigable actress to reinvent herself in an era of technological and generational change. Placing Bernhardt at the center of the industry's first two decades, this book challenges the perception of her as an anachronism unable to appreciate film's qualities. Instead, cinema's substitution of translated title cards for her melodic French deciphered Bernhardt for Anglo-American audiences. It also allowed the aging actress to appear in the kinds of longer dramas she could no longer physically sustain onstage. As the book shows, Bernhardt contributed far more than star quality. Her theatrical practice on film influenced how the young medium changed the visual and performing arts. Her promoting of experimentation, meanwhile, shaped the ways audiences looked at and understood early cinema.