bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
NIGERIAN UNIVERSITY STUDENTS' ATTITUDES TOWARD HUSBAND-WIFE RELATIONS: EFFECTS OF EDUCATIONAL AND CULTURAL ORIENTATIONS
Authors: Ugwuegbu Denis Chimaeze E.
Published: May 2006

In a 5 × 3 × 2 factorial design, patterns of Nigerian attitudes toward the husband-wife family relationship were investigated. The subjects were 457 university students selected from different faculties in such a way as to represent three major cultural groups in Nigeria.
The purpose of the study was to determine the effects of cultural group membership, educational orientation and sex on the subjects' attitudes toward the husband-wife family relationship. The results showed that subjects from the northern culture and those in the faculties of education
and social sciences tended to maintain more traditional views than other subjects. Strong Koranic school and home socialization influences on the subjects from the north, and the reinforcing influences of the training colleges on Nigerian traditional perception of the role of women in the
family were discussed as responsible for the observed views and attitudes of the Nigerians toward man-woman family relationships.
ON THE MECHANISM OF THOUGHT-INDUCED ATTITUDE CHANGE
Authors: Valenti Angelo C. , Tesser Abraham
Published: May 2006

The process of thought-induced attitude change was examined by having subjects rate the similarity of adjective descriptions of persons (or groups) with each other and with a hypothetical ideal. Subjects either thought about or were distracted from thinking about a target stimulus for
90 seconds. Following this, subjects related all pairs of descriptions. An analysis of change on similarity ratings revealed that the target stimulus moved toward the ideal while the ideal did not move as a result of thought. Support for other possibilities was not obtained.
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS ON COGNITIVE AND AFFECTIVE STATES: THE EXPERIENTIAL TIME SAMPLING APPROACH
Authors: Prescott Suzanne , Csikszentmihalyi Mihaly
Published: May 2006

Twenty professionals, half men and half women, half above and half below the age of thirty, were signaled at random during their normal waking hours by an electronic paging device or “eeper” over the course of a week. Self reports on seven cognitive and affective measures
were analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance. Environment was demonstrated to have a highly significant impact on respondents' reports. Age and sex within age group effects as well as significant interactions between environment and age and sex appeared. A characteristic profile
of life experiences of professionals emerged in which there appeared significant contrasts in cognitive and affective states, particularly at home and work, but in recreation and transportation as well. The research is introduced as a new method for examining personality in the normal range
of environments which persons typically inhabit. The results serve to reinforce the belief that personality is not expressed consistently across environments, and underscores the limitations of measuring personality in a single and often atypical testing situation. The introduction of this
new method provides some promise for advancing personality research through providing a more representative picture of persons' typical experience than has been possible previously.
PERSONALITY OF THE JUDGE IN RECOGNITION OF DEPARTURE FROM ROLE EXPECTATION
Authors: Heslin Richard , Collins Jack
Published: May 2006

It was proposed that an observer must be unusually sensitive to role requirements to be able to use information from an actor's behavior when he deviates from role expectations in a more subtle way than failing to follow role-playing instructions. Other-directed (interpersonally
sensitive) or inner-directed (interpersonally less sensitive) students observed a videotape of a person acting in either a role-consonant or a role-deviant manner. As expected, there was significantly (p < 0.005) less variance among the ratings when other-directed observers viewed rote-deviant
behavior than in the other three conditions. There was also greater polarization in the ratings of true position of the role-deviant interviewers by the other-directed observers than in the other three conditions (p < 0.01).
CONSTRUING AND ACTING TOWARD OTHERS
Authors: Cochran L.
Published: May 2006

A variant of Kelly's (1965) grid methodology was used to assess the relationship between two construct subsystems, one for construing people and one for establishing policies of action toward them. Twenty-eight students rated 12 personal acquaintances on six elicited personality
constructs and on six elicited constructs of action. The main finding was that central personality constructs, those with strong internal relations within the subsystem correlated strongly with central action constructs. Peripheral personality constructs, those with weaker internal relations,
tended to correlate more weakly with action constructs. Central personality constructs had strong behavioral implications while peripheral personality constructs had weaker behavioral implications.
THE STRUCTURE OF MASCULINITY-FEMININITY: MULTIDIMENSIONALITY AND GENDER DIFFERENCES
Authors: Ratliff Elyse Sutherland , Conley James
Published: May 2006

In an investigation of the structure of sex role self-descriptors, the responses of 176 female and 103 male undergraduates to the Bern Sex Role Inventory (BSRI) were factor analyzed. Seven factors emerged: Personal Warmth, Social Dominance, Autonomy, Affect, M-F, Vulnerability, and
Responsibility, four of which are composed of sex-typed BSRI items. Sex differences were found in the scores on the Personal Warmth and M-F factors, and somewhat different factor structures emerged for males than for females. Scores on the Social Dominance factor were found to be very strongly
correlated with the androgyny scores of both males and females. The BSRI appears to be heterogeneous in content, and the structure of sex role self-descriptors is more complex than the conception of independent “masculine” and “feminine” dimensions. The analysis of
the BSRI according to specific content factors may provide explanations for some of the findings of research on psychological androgyny.
COGNITIVE MEDIATION OF SEX-ROLE ORIENTATION
Authors: Neimeyer Greg J. , Banikiotes Paul G. , Merluzzi Thomas V.
Published: May 2006

Seventy-two androgynous and sex-role stereotyped male undergraduates participated in a study which sought to explore the possible cognitive mediation of sex-role orientation. After reading a paragraph consisting of contrived thought listings of an individual considering the purchase
of a car, Ss rated the individual on a set of 60 neutral and sex-typed bipolar constructs, each presented along 13-point Likert-type scales. It was predicted that: (1) Sex-role Stereotyped individuals would employ sex-typed constructs more frequently and more meaningfully
(a) than they would utilize neutral constructs, and (b) than would their Androgynous counterparts; and (2) Androgynous individuals would employ neutral constructs more frequently and more meaningfully (a) than they would employ sex-typed constructs, and (b) than
would their Sex-role Stereotyped counterparts. Results support all predictions with one exception: androgynous subjects employed sex-typed and neutral constructs with equal meaningfulness. Results were interpreted as lending support to the suggested cognitive mediation of sex-role orientation.
THE EFFECT OF CLOTHING VARIATION ON FIRST IMPRESSIONS OF FEMALE JOB APPLICANTS: WHAT TO WEAR WHEN
Authors: Rucker M. , Taber D. , Harrison A.
Published: May 2006

Male and female subjects rated a standardized, professionally drawn female in each of 12 outfits as to impressions they would make in job interview situations. The 12 jobs represented combinations of high- and low-status and male-dominated and female-dominated occupations. Formfitting
outfits were rated more favorably than loose outfits, and the layered look more favorably than the nonlayered look. High necklines were seen as more appropriate than moderate or low necklines, except when seeking a low-status, male-dominated job. Regardless of outfit, the woman was seen as
likely to make a more favorable impression when applying for a female-dominated rather than male-dominated job, and her relative disadvantage in the latter situation was seen as particularly pronounced by male subjects.
RETARDING THE ESCALATION OF AGGRESSION
Authors: Goldstein Jeffrey H. , Davis Roger W. , Kernis Michael , Cohn Ellen S.
Published: May 2006

Three experiments examined the inhibition of escalation of aggression. Subjects either punished incorrect or rewarded correct responses made by a confederate on a learning task. In Experiment 1, some subjects were interrupted midway through the learning trials, and some of the interrupted
subjects coded their responses up to that point. The interruption and coding had no effect on escalation of reinforcement intensity over trials. In Experiment 2, half the subjects were individuated and half were de-individuated. Hall of each group expected to meet the “victim”
following the trials and half did not. Neither variable impeded escalation. In Experiment 3, half the subjects were provided with a “hot-line” that could be used to summon the experimenter. Some subjects were also videotaped during the experiment. The presence of the hot-line reduced
the overall intensity of aggression relative to the no hot-line group.
THE PHENOMENON OF WITHDRAWAL IN RELATION TO THE AGING PROCESS: A DEVELOPMENTAL PERSPECTIVE
Authors: McMordie William R.
Published: May 2006

The disengagement theory of adaptation in the aging process developed by Cumming and Henry (1961) is challenged. It is suggested that the withdrawal phenomenon exhibited by the elderly simply reflects reduced environmental opportunities for social interaction. Despite a reduced social
sphere and the prevailing negative attitudes of old age, the vast majority of the elderly make a satisfactory adjustment to their later years and are happy. Interpersonal intimacy is viewed as the key to satisfactory adjustment. A longitudinal developmental approach to the development of intimacy
in the elderly is presented.
BIAS IN THE COURTROOM: RACE AND SEX EFFECTS OF ATTORNEYS ON JUROR VERDICTS
Authors: Cohen David L. , Peterson John L.
Published: May 2006

The evidence on the effects of a defendant's race and sex on juror verdicts prompted the current study on the influence of the attorney's race and sex on juridical decisions. In a mock jury trial, 127 subjects evaluated the guilt or innocence of a defendant accused of murder.
The attorney's race (black or white) and sex (male or female) were systematically varied. Results indicated a significant main effect for the influence of the race of the attorney on jurors' verdicts. It was revealed that defendants represented by black attorneys are more likely
to be found guilty than defendants represented by white attorneys. The findings, however, failed to reveal a significant main effect for attorney sex or a significant sex by race interaction effect on jurors' perceptions of the defendant's guilt. It was concluded that future research
should consider the effects of the race of attorneys on juror verdicts.
THE GOLDEN SECTION HYPOTHESIS FROM A DEVELOPMENTAL PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Romany S. , Adams-Webber J.
Published: May 2006

In previous experiments adult subjects have shown a tendency to use the positive poles of bipolar dimensions such as happy-sad to categorize persons approximately 62% of the time, which supports Benjafield and Adams-Webber's (1976) “golden section hypothesis”.
In this study, their hypothesis was tested further in terms of the social judgments of children. A repertory grid was administered to 126 subjects: 15 girls, 15 boys aged ten and 15 girls, 15 boys aged fifteen in Trinidad; and 16 girls, 15 boys aged ten and 18 girls, 17 boys aged fourteen
in Canada. In both countries, ten-year-old children assigned significantly more persons to the positive poles of dimensions than did mid-adolescents. The latter applied the positive poles of dimensions to persons approximately 62% of the time. These results, which are consistent with
related findings, are discussed in terms of their developmental implications.
CORRELATES OF WOMEN'S REPRESENTATION IN LOWER STATE LEGISLATIVE CHAMBERS
Authors: Jones Woodrow , Nelson Albert J.
Published: May 2006

This comparative, quantitative analysis complements the varied literature concerning women in politics by illustrating the importance of two domains in that literature: state socio-economic development and political-cultural factors. This analysis supports the observations made in some case studies that women's representation is bound by certain socio-economic parameters. Factors which operationalize the socio-economic development of a state are found more important than political-cultural dimensions of state politics. By supplementing case studies with the comparative aggregate data of this paper, one contributes to a more holistic understanding of women in state politics.
PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS IMPORTANT IN MATE PREFERENCE AMONG COLLEGE STUDENTS
Authors: Hoyt Les Leanne , Hudson John W.
Published: May 2006

This study seems to suggest that, over the last ten years at least, several important changes have taken place. Students in this sample appear to be less concerned with the home and children aspects of family life and more concerned with the social aspects. They want more intelligent
and better educated mates. Men are much more interested in a woman's looks than in knowing if she is a good cook and housekeeper. Chastity does not seem to be of great concern to either sex and in this sense it does appear that these students have departed from traditional values.
The differences emerging in important characteristics in mate selection reflect changes in sex roles, influence by the mass media, increased idealization of romantic love, and current social and economic conditions.
FUTURE TIME ORIENTATION, SOCIAL CLASS AND ANOMIA
Authors: Koenig Frederick , Swanson William , Harter Carl
Published: May 2006

One hundred seventy-two (172) subjects in a southern metropolitan area were given the Circles Test to determine future dominance and the “Srole Anomia Scale.” They were then assigned a social class ranking based on their education and occupation. It was found that social
class was related inversely to anomia and directly to future time orientation. These results suggest that the avoidance of thinking about the future among the lower class is a defense reaction, both to the predominancy of anomia in their group and to the lack of power in their class.
THE SOCIAL CONTEXT OF MODELING
Authors: Walker Jon E.
Published: May 2006

Social learning theory assumes that modeled behavior serves as information which the observer acquires via symbolic representations rather than specific stimulus-response associations, it would appear, then, that this process should follow rules governing social communication. It is
also to be expected that the social context and the characteristics of both the social situation and the model will affect modeling behavior. It is posited in this paper that such influences operate through three cognitive processes: attention-instigation, behavior discrimination, and information
via model characteristics.
SAFETY NEED RESOLUTION AND COGNITIVE ABILITY AS INTERWOVEN ANTECEDENTS TO MORAL DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Green Logan L
Published: May 2006

Develops and tests the argument that moral development is a non-additive, interactive function of both recognized cognitive abilities and interpersonal security (i.e., resolved safety needs). Uneven emphasis during preservice teacher education on either the cognitive or the affective and conative realms will impede personal moral progression. The 139 preservice teachers (sophomores and juniors) had a mean moral development score at about the national norm. However, there were great divergences from this mean within the various conative and achievement groups. Principled reasoning scores that matched or exceeded the national norms for persons of their age and educational status were produced by (1) high achievers, provided that a relatively moderate level of safety need satisfaction was reached, and (2) average achievers with resolved safety needs. Thus, for the large majority of persons, whose academic success history is “average”, culturally high levels of safety need satisfaction is an important antecedent of post-conventional reasoning. Both the insecure and moderately secure among these average achievers received scores similar to those of senior high school students. These data suggest that the constraints placed on moral thought by one's prepotent conative level must be seriously considered in curricular planning for preservice teachers and children and youth in general; without proper intervention, the average beginning teacher will be reasoning at a moral level a shade above that of the average 17-year-old today. Implications for teacher education and the development of democratic reasoning in the face of social turmoil are pointed out.
AUTHORITARIANISM REVISITED: EVIDENCE FOR AN AGGRESSION FACTOR
Authors: Raden David
Published: May 2006

A principal components factor analysis was performed on the scores of 245 undergraduates to a short version of the F Scale and measures of prejudice, attitude toward welfare, toleration of political deviance, punitiveness toward criminals, and support of the Vietnam War. The analysis
produced two factors. One was an authoritarian aggression factor which was consistent with the Berkeley levels of personality approach and previous factorial research. All of the measures except the welfare items had substantial loadings on this factor. The second was an attitude toward welfare
factor which appeared to be unrelated to authoritarianism.
PERSONALITY CORRELATES OF MACHIAVELLIANISM: II. MACHIAVELLIANISM AND ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVATION IN BUSINESS
Authors: Skinner Nicholas F.
Published: May 2006

Previous studies have failed to demonstrate a relationship between Machiavellianism and achievement motivation. In the present research, a significant positive correlation was found between the Mach V and Achievement Motivation Inventory scores of senior undergraduate Business students;
among individuals with non-business occupational preferences no association existed between the two variables. The equivocal results of earlier investigations are discussed in terms of the necessity for differentiating between heterogeneous and homogeneous subject samples.
THE EFFECTS OF VERBAL PAIN STIMULI ON THE BEHAVIOR OF CHILDREN
Authors: Dubanoski Richard A. , Tokioka Abe B
Published: May 2006

In this experiment young boys and girls were presented with either verbal pain or non pain stimuli contingent or noncontingent on a target response. These stimuli were delivered within an aggressive or nonaggressive setting and with or without affect. The pain stimuli had both a reinforcing
and an instigating effect on the behavior of the boys. For the girls, the pain stimuli served a reinforcing function but had a tendency to inhibit overall responding. Although type of setting did not influence the behavior of the children, the stimuli delivered in an affective manner facilitated
the responding more than did a non-affective presentation.
EFFECTS OF AGE OF BENEFACTOR, ATTRACTIVENESS OF THE RECIPIENT, AND THE RECIPIENT'S NEED FOR ASSISTANCE ON PROSOCIAL BEHAVIOR IN CHILDREN'S DYADS
Authors: Tabor Carole , Shaffer David R.
Published: May 2006

The present study was designed to investigate the effects of age of benefactor, instrumental attractiveness of the prospective recipient, and the recipient's need for assistance on children's prosocial behavior. Children aged 5-6 years, 7-8 years, and 9-10 years were first
given an opportunity to share a valuable commodity with either an attractive or an unattractive peer. Moments later, the peer, who was in the next room, appeared to fall from a chair and to have either high or low need for assistance. The only significant result for the sharing index was age
of benefactor: Older children shared more of their resources than did their younger counterparts. In contrast, children's helpful responses to the peer's “emergency” were affected only by the peer's apparent need for assistance. Finally, children's sharing and
their responses to the emergency were positively correlated with the scores the children obtained on a test of empathic abilities. The implications of these results and the role played by empathy in children's prosocial behavior are discussed.
EMBARRASSMENT IN DYADIC INTERACTION
Authors: Edelmann Robert J. , Hampson Sarah E.
Published: May 2006

The effect of embarrassment upon dyadic interaction was studied in a semi-naturalistic setting. Subject pairs participated in an alternating question and answer session at one of two interactional distances (1 or 2 in), utilizing questions which increased in their intimacy content.
A control group who had only non-intimate questions was also investigated. It was found that topic intimacy, but not interactional distance affected the embarrassment potential of the situation. Increases in embarrassment caused typical changes in nonverbal behavior (decreased eye contact,
increased gestural activity, and increased smiling) for both pair members while speaking and listening, and also an increase in speech disturbances. Also, as embarrassment increased mutual gaze decreased, whilst mutual disregard and reciprocated body motion increased; reciprocated looking
and reciprocated smiling were not affected. Increases in embarrassment did not affect the amount of self-disclosure for each individual, although verbal output was suppressed relative to the control group. Significant reciprocation of self-disclosure occurred in less than one-third of the
interacting pairs. The possibility of evolving coping strategies for embarrassment are discussed in the light of the results.
SELF-DISCLOSURE AND LIKING DURING INITIAL ENCOUNTERS: AN ATTRIBUTIONAL APPROACH
Authors: Burger Jerry M.
Published: May 2006

The disclosure of intimate information during initial encounters was examined within an attributional framework. One week after a short structured interaction with another (actually a tape recording) subjects were given either veridical or false feedback concerning their level of intimacy
in that interaction. Results indicate that this feedback had a greater effect on the reported degree of liking for the other and the disclosure level in a second interaction than did the subjects' actual initial disclosure level. No sex differences were found.
THE STATUS OF AROUSAL IN RECENT SOCIAL FACILITATION LITERATURE: A REVIEW AND EVALUATION OF ASSUMPTIONS IMPLIED BY THE CURRENT RESEARCH MODEL
Authors: Kushnir T.
Published: May 2006

Zajonc has suggested that the presence of others is innately arousing, and that general arousal controls performance. The following review evaluates this hypothesis in the light of empirical evidence from current social facilitation research. It appears that in most studies arousal
level is not related to audience presence or to the quality of performance. It is suggested that these mainly negative results are probably due to the simplistic and inadequate nature of the current social facilitation research model. It restricts itself to the study of only one mediational
process and views the subject as a passive receiver of information. This model emphasizes the intensity of behavior but neglects the directional aspect. Cognitive, strategic aspects of behavior are largely neglected. It is suggested that the model should consider at least two operationally
distinct mediational processes. The first can be defined in terms of the effort invested voluntarily in task performance and controlled by strategic plans and intentions. The second can be defined in terms of arousal and reflects what happens to the subject unintentionally.
RESEARCH ON POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE SOCIAL BEHAVIOR
Authors: Wispe Lauren G.
Published: May 2006

“Positive” and “negative” social behavior was defined, and the key words in 3353 studies abstracted in the Psychological Indexes and Abstracts for the decades 1900-1975 were categorized accordingly. Studies were also categorized for their methodological
orientation, and whether they used animals, children, or adults as subjects. Results: (a) prior to about 1920, there was little difference between the number of positively and negatively marked studies, (b) since about 1920 there have been more negative than positive social behavior studies,
(c) recently there has been a significant increase in positively designated studies, (d) among the latter there has been an increase in experimental and psychotherapy studies using adult human subjects. These results are discussed in terms of certain influences upon research during this period,
and the broadening of behavioral sciences theories.
SELF-ESTEEM AND SHARING IN FOURTH-GRADE CHILDREN
Authors: Miller Shirley M. , Ginsburg Harvey J. , Rogow Sharon G.
Published: May 2006

Sixty-four fourth-grade children were given 20 tokens for drawing a picture. They then had the option of donating any or all of the tokens to either “needy children” or for “a class prize.” Any remaining tokens could be exchanged for various prizes. The teacher
of each child completed the Coo per-smith Behavior Rating Form measure of self-esteem. Sharing with needy children was positively' correlated with self-esteem while the children's retaining tokens for themselves was negatively correlated with self-esteem. Thus, generosity may be
related to self-esteem in situations where an individual does not directly profit from the situation.
POLARIZATION OF RESPONSE AS A FUNCTION OF COGNITIVE TUNING SET AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES
Authors: Innes J. M.
Published: May 2006

The present paper examines the thesis that the opportunity to think about an issue or object polarizes subjects' evaluation of that issue. Two variables hypothesized to affect the thought/polarization relationship were examined: the cognitive tuning set (Zajonc, 1960) given
to the person prior to thinking, and individual differences in the ability to generate associations. It was hypothesized that an expectation to provide information to another would, by the required structuring of the material, induce more polarization with thought than would a set which induced
an expectation to receive information. It was also hypothesized that subjects able to generate more associations would be less influenced by the tuning set. The data showed that thinking did not produce a polarization of evaluation compared with a distraction condition, contrary to hypothesis,
but that the tuning sets enabled the subjects who were relatively more capable of generating associations to avoid depolarization after thought. For the less capable subjects, however, reception tuning aided polarization, contrary to hypothesis.
MEASURING SELF-STABILITY: A METHODOLOGICAL NOTE
Authors: Cheung Tak-Sing
Published: May 2006

This paper brings together three major measures of the concept of self-stability, namely, the discrepancy measure, the syndromatic measure, and the longitudinal measure, and assesses their relative strengths as well as weaknesses. It is found that the discrepancy measure is incompatible
with the conceptual definition of self-stability. For the remaining two, the syndromatic measure is very likely to be contaminated by social desirability effect, whereas the longitudinal measure fails to take into consideration the fluctuation during the interim between test occasions. It
is suggested that the longitudinal measure may be used to check the degree of social desirability effect of the syndromatic measure.
GOOD NEWS OR BAD NEWS FIRST?
Authors: Marshall Linda L. , Kidd Robert F.
Published: May 2006

Commonsense reasoning predicts that people prefer hearing bad news before good news rather than the reverse. In two role-playing experiments, subjects were asked if they preferred to hear good news/bad news or bad news/good news. In a third experiment, subjects believed they
would be receiving good and bad information about themselves from a personality, social sensitivity, or intelligence test. Results from all three studies showed that subjects overwhelmingly preferred to hear bad news first. Two possible interpretations of the results were offered. One interpretation
derived from the gain-loss phenomenon in interpersonal attraction and the other from Helson's adaptation-level theory.
A THEORETICAL-HISTORICAL APPROACH TO BLACK LYNCHING
Authors: Peretti Peter O. , Singletary Deborah
Published: May 2006

In America, mob violence sometimes took the form of lynching. It was often directed toward blacks of the society. Consideration is given in this paper to some legal, biological, environmental, and psychological bases for such collective mob behavior.
THE GOLDEN SECTION: A CONVENIENT IDEAL?
Authors: Pomeroy Edward , Benjafield John , Rowntree Chris , Kuiack Joanne
Published: May 2006

The observation that subjects conserve the golden section in an interpersonal judgment task calling for the employment of a broad range of judgment outcomes implies a compensation model of interpersonal judgment. Benjafield and Pomeroy (l978) suggest that the GS serves as an ideal around
which such judgments are organized. This hypothesis is tested in two experiments, both of which indicate that subjects conserve the golden section by excluding from consideration extreme trials which would demand extensive compensatory judgments. Results are discussed in terms of our seemingly
natural predilection for moderate judgments.
JUSTICE NORMS IN ALLOCATION DECISIONS: NEED CONSIDERATION AS A FUNCTION OF RESOURCE ADEQUACY FOR COMPLETE NEED SATISFACTION, RECIPIENTS' CONTRIBUTIONS, AND RECIPIENTS' INTERPERSONAL ATTRACTION
Authors: Schwinger Thomas , Lamm Helmut
Published: May 2006

The assumption was examined that allocations based on the need principle of distributive justice are dependent upon characteristics of the allocation situation. In a questionnaire experiment, 96 male subjects indicated how they would allocate money between two hypothetical persons
who needed different sums of money. Experimental variations included: The possibility/impossibility of entirely satisfying the recipients' needs with the available amount of money; and the interpersonal attraction between the recipients. It was found that the needier person received
a larger share (a) when the available sum of money was sufficient to satisfy the persons' needs as opposed to when it was insufficient; (b) when the needier person contributed as much as his partner toward earning the money rather than less; and (c) when the recipients were close friends
rather than superficial acquaintances.
SWIMMING UPSTREAM AGAINST THE FUNDAMENTAL ATTRIBUTION ERROR: SUBJECTS' WEAK GENERALIZATIONS FROM THE DARLEY AND BATSON STUDY
Authors: Pietromonaco Paula R. , Nisbett Richard E.
Published: May 2006

Subjects read about the Darley and Batson findings that (a) the degree to which people were in a hurry strongly influenced the likelihood that they would help a person in need of aid, while (b) several personality variables studied failed to influence helping. In predicting helping
rates for other, similar situations, informed subjects (a) estimated only somewhat less helping when the target individual was in a hurry than when he was not, and (b) continued to emphasize personality variables in their predictions about helping.
THE BEHAVIORAL EFFECTS OF FATHER ABSENCE ON CHILDREN AND THEIR MOTHERS
Authors: McCarthy E. Doyle , Gersten Joanne C. , Langer Thomas S.
Published: May 2006

This study investigates the effects of the presence or absence of the father in the home in two samples of New York City families: a sample of 1000 Welfare AFDC families and a subsample of lower-middle income families from a random cross-section sample. The effects of natural fathers,
surrogate fathers and absent fathers were examined for mothers and their children, respectively. The variables included measures derived from mothers' home interviews: 18 child behavior factors and 13 familial factors. The results indicate that children of surrogate fathers revealed significantly
more behavioral difficulties than those reported for children living with natural fathers and for children with no father in the home. The effect of father absence as well as the effect of the presence of a father surrogate in the home were found to differ within the two samples studied. While
children in both samples were found to benefit from the presence of both natural parents in the home, cross-section children and mothers were more adversely affected by father absence than Welfare children. Implications of these findings are discussed with reference to the role of the poor
family in sustaining intergenerational patterns of economic inequality.
SOCIOLOGICAL CONCEPTIONS OF PERSONALITY
Authors: Ventimiglia Joseph C. , DiRenzo Gordon J.
Published: May 2006

Sociological conceptions of personality are identified and synthesized by means of a number of pro positions derived from definitional and theoretical themes in the literature. These propositions are tested in content analyses of references to personality found in textbooks of introductory
sociology. Questions addressed include the extent to which personality lies within the domain of sociology, the degree of conceptual consensus, and the distinctiveness of sociological approaches to personality. Is there a good fit between expected and observed conceptions? The answers
are in the main negative. It is suggested that the trait-bound conception of personality has diffused from classical personology to sociology and that conceptions of personality within sociology remain quite traditional in this and other respects. Conclusions of the study assess the implications
for the field of sociology of personality as well as for the status of personality in sociology more broadly.
ANAL EROTISM AND ANAL CHARACTEROLOGY
Authors: Juni Samuel
Published: May 2006

Psychosexual developmental theory implies that adult anxiety concerning a particular body part may derive from preoedipal fixation during childhood around the corresponding erotogenic area. Since flight is the most common reaction to anxiety, it was hypothesized that persons with high
anal fixation would spend less time in the lavatory than others, since the lavatory would be expected to raise anxiety levels in that area. In this study 53 men and 55 women who had been timed for the duration they spent in public lavatories completed Kline's Ai3 Anality Scale. Results
showed that lavatory time was an inverse function of anality for men, but did not confirm the hypothesis for women. The possible role of reaction formation in confounding results for women is discussed.
THE ROLE OF DEPRESSION, ATTRIBUTIONS, AND SEX IN RELATION TO NEGATIVE AROUSAL IN PROBLEMATIC SOCIAL SITUATIONS
Authors: Calhoun James F. , Stafford Stephen , Moss Robert A.
Published: May 2006

The present study was designed to evaluate the role of depression, internal/external attributions and sex differences in relation to reported negative arousal in problematic social situations. A group of 215 undergraduate psychology students were divided into depressed (n
= 30) and nondepressed (n = 185) groups on the basis of results on the Beck Depression Inventory. Each participant was presented a series of 12 brief vignettes depicting potentially problematic social situations. After reading each vignette, participants rated them as to internal/external
causality and reported arousal reactions along three dimensions (i.e., very uptight/very relaxed, very displeased/very pleased, and very uncomfortable/very comfortable). Results failed to find a relationship between depression and negative arousal in problematic social situations.
However, findings did support the proposition that individuals who attributed causality to internal factors in problematic social situations lend to experience more negative arousal than do individuals who attribute causality to external factors. Finally, some support for sex differences in
reported arousal was found with females experiencing more negative arousal than males. The need for further research on the relationship of each of these areas to negative arousal is discussed.
MOOD AND EXPECTED ACHIEVEMENT
Authors: Sjoberg Lennart , Svensson Erland , Persson Lars-Olof
Published: May 2006

Starting from a three-dimensional conception of mood (pleasantness, activation, and calmness) it was assumed that activation and/or calmness should reflect strength and centrality of desires present, while pleasantness should reflect expected goal achievement. These assumptions
were tested in a study where a mood questionnaire and rating scales concerning task aspects were administered to students before and after an undergraduate exam. It was found that expected goal achievement correlated with calmness. The subjects who did not accord to this postulated pattern
gave indications in their data and in their verbal comments that the task studied was of less importance for them, a finding also in accordance with the present approach to mood.
CONTROL AND BELIEF IN THE JUST WORLD: WHAT'S GOOD ALSO CAN BE BAD
Authors: Feinberg Richard A. , Powell Amy , Miller Franklin G.
Published: May 2006

The just world hypothesis provides an explanation for the finding that observers derogate victims. By admitting the appropriateness of a victim's fate., observers may develop a sense of control over the possibility of similar fates. Two experiments investigated the relationship
between, the magnitude of motivation for control over the environment and tendency to derogate victims. In Experiment One, situational controllability and uncontrollability were manipulated within a learned helplessness procedure and derogation of a victimized stranger assessed. In Experiment
Two, subjects completed the Need for Control and Belief in the Just World scales, measures of the motivation for environmental control and the tendency to derogate victims. The results indicate that motivation and need for control underlie victim derogation.
HUMOR PREFERENCE AS A FUNCTION OF PREOEDIPAL FIXATION
Authors: Juni Samuel
Published: May 2006

Psychoanalytic theory predicts that humor preference is a derivative of unresolved childhood conflicts. Students' Rorschach protocols were analyzed to yield measures of preoedipal fixation. The students were given decks of jokes to rank from most to least funny. Results showed
that the ranking of jokes was a function of the fixation measures on the Rorschach for women only but not for men.
THE APPROPRIATENESS OF SITUATIONAL DISCLOSURES AND THE PERCEPTIONS OF INTERPERSONAL ATTRACTION AND ADJUSTMENT
Authors: Winum Paul C. , Banikiotes Paul G. , Neimeyer Greg J.
Published: May 2006

As an elaboration of the concept of self-disclosure, self-disclosure flexibility, defined as the modulation of disclosure in accordance with target and setting conditions, has been related to greater social perceptiveness and generally successful interpersonal functioning. The present
study investigated the manner in which the appropriateness of self-disclosure relates to the concept of disclosure flexibility. Subjects rated contrived protocols which varied disclosure appropriateness with respect to target and setting conditions. Significant main effects for target and
setting dis closure appropriateness for both adjustment and attraction variables were observed. Results are interpreted as indicating that differential perceptions of self-disclosure are largely contingent on the appropriateness of the disclosure and not the flexibility per se. Implications
of the study are discussed in terms of the current method of assessing self-disclosure flexibility.
THE ROLE OF DEPRESSION AND SEX DIFFERENCES IN ATTRIBUTIONS RELATED TO PROBLEMATIC SOCIAL SITUATIONS
Authors: Calhoun James F. , Paralade Rafael J. , Moss Robert A.
Published: May 2006

The present study was designed to evaluate the hypothesis that a group of depressed subjects would tend to make more internal and stable attributions of causality in potentially problematic social situations than would a group of nondepressed subjects. A group of 215 undergraduate psychology
students were divided into depressed (n=30) and nondepressed (n=185) groups on the basis of results on the Beck Depression Inventory. Each subject was presented a series of 12 brief vignettes depicting potentially problematic social situations. After reading each vignette, subjects rated then?
as to internal/external causality and along a stable/unstable dimension. Although the results provide support for the hypothesis, the need to replicate the findings with non-student populations was emphasized prior to generalizing the results to more general depressive populations.
INTERPERSONAL CORRELATES OF FROMM'S CHARACTER TYPES
Authors: Akin Gib
Published: May 2006

Fromm proposed a personality theory based on the productive and nonproductive use of jour character types. The interpersonal correlates of the productive facet of these four life-style orientations were studied using LIFO, a survey of life orientations, and FIRO-B, a measure of interpersonal
relations orientations. Four relationships suggested by Fromm's theory have been supported.
VARIABLES ASSOCIATED WITH MALE AND FEMALE CHRONIC ZOOPHILIA
Authors: Peretti Peter O. , Rowan Maurice
Published: May 2006

Zoophilia as a form of sexual expression continues to this day. The present research was conducted to determine: (1) Specific variables associated with male and female chronic zoophilia, and (2) a comparison of the similarities and/or differences of each, as well as (3) their influences
on the individuals in sustaining and maintaining zoophiliac practices. Results suggested six of the most frequently stated variables for both males and females, similarities or significant differences between them by sex of 5, and their relevancy to zoophilia in its sustained practice.
THE EFFECTS OF SELF-PREOCCUPATION ON TASK PERFORMANCE AND INTERPERSONAL PERCEPTION
Authors: Williams David , Jaremko Matt E.
Published: May 2006

Two studies are described in which level of self-preoccupation (SP) is shown to be related to how feedback is perceived. Based on past research, it was hypothesized that high SP subjects would perceive negative feedback as more negative and positive feedback as more positive than low
SP per sons. In one study subjects were exposed to an impossible discrimination task in which they received bogus feedback. High SP persons negatively distorted all feedback more than medium or low SP persons. The second study involved subjects imagining they had received either positive or
negative feedback from a same sex person after they had interacted with the person for one hour. Each subject received both a positive and negative evaluation, balanced for order effects. Results showed that all subjects who received negative feedback first showed higher evaluation to both
positive and negative feedback. There was a tendency for high SP persons who received negative feedback first to offer the most positive evaluations when given the positive feedback. Results are discussed in terms of feedback perception and focus of attention.
CRISIS COMMUNICATIONS: ETHNIC DIFFERENTIALS IN INTERPRETING AND ACTING ON DISASTER WARNINGS
Authors: Perry Ronald W. , Lindell Michael K. , Greene Marjorie R.
Published: May 2006

This report examines the problem of communicating emergency information to communities which are multi-ethnic. A probability sample of flood evacuation warning recipients (n=200) was taken from a small Western United States town with a large segment of Mexican-American citizens. Analyses
of these data revealed three primary differentials by ethnicity: (1) Mexican-Americans were more sceptical than whites about believing warning messages, no matter how specific the message; (2) Mexican-Americans interpreted the same warning messages as indicating lower levels of personal danger;
and (3) Mexican-Americans were less likely to under take a protective action (that is, evacuate) than whites. These findings suggest that there is a need for studies which explore the warning response decision-making process used by minorities, examine the criteria on which minorities interpret
warning message content, and review the ways in which minorities evaluate the validity and accuracy of any given message.
ASSESSMENT OF THE EXISTENCE OF THE ANXIETY COMPONENT IN EVALUATION APPREHENSION
Authors: Christensen Larry
Published: May 2006

The present study attempted to verify the existence of the arousal of anxiety which is supposed to accompany high evaluation apprehension. Two hundred and fifty subjects were randomly assigned to a high or low evaluation apprehension condition. Within each evaluation apprehension condition
a different group of subjects was administered the state form of the state-trait anxiety inventory. Subjects took this anxiety scale before reading the background information sheet, after reading the back ground information sheet but before completing the photo rating task or after reading
the background information sheet and completing the photo rating task. Analysis of the photo rating revealed the cueing effect with high evaluation apprehension subjects rating the photographs more positively than low evaluation apprehension subjects. Analysis of the anxiety scores failed
to reveal any significant differences. Consequently, the anxiety arousal that was postulated to have accompanied high evaluation apprehension was not supported. In light of this a positive self-presentation drive was proposed to account for the cueing effect.
BUSINESS PARTNERSHIPS: SEX AND ATTRACTIVENESS STEREOTYPES
Authors: Kushnir T.
Published: May 2006

Three studies are presented, all concerned with the preference for men over women as business partners. In the first study subjects made up names of imaginary partners in a law office. The majority of men and women made up masculine names. While these results support the hypothesized preference for men, they could be due to a confounding of the effects of sex bias and the masculine image of the legal profession. Therefore, in the second study a more neutral line of business (export/import) was employed. Subjects chose an imaginary partner from a set of photographs. As expected, attractive males were chosen most often while unattractive females least often, by men and women. The subjects tended to justify their choices by attributing desirable personal qualities to the chosen individual. The third study looked at the sex composition of existing dyadic partnerships. 90% of the partnerships investigated were of the same sex. It was argued that the paucity of mixed partnerships may be due, at least in part, to fear of rejection or actual rejection of the female member by a potential male partner. The findings tend to support the existing preference for men over women as business partners.
DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGES IN HOW CHILDREN UNDERSTAND TELEVISION
Authors: Bearison David J. , Bain Jean M. , Daniele Richard
Published: May 2006

The purpose of the present research was to study how children under stand scenes of social interaction that are portrayed on television and how their understanding changes as a function of age and cognitive development. Measures were obtained from children's spontaneous reconstructions
of television scenes and also from their responses to a series of specific questions regarding the thoughts and feelings of particular television characters. It was found that younger and less cognitively mature viewers were more likely to structure televised social content in terms of overt
descriptive features, action, and literal repetition of dialogue. Older children and adolescents were more likely to consider the inferential aspects of social interaction and to offer interpretations based on people's psychological qualities.