bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Familial pulmonary arterial hypertension byKDRheterozygous loss of function
Authors: Eyries Mélanie , Montani David , Girerd Barbara , Favrolt Nicolas , Riou Marianne , Faivre Laurence , Manaud Grégoire , Perros Frédéric , Gräf Stefan , Morrell Nicholas W. , Humbert Marc , Soubrier Florent
Published: January 2020

Beyond the major geneBMPR2, several new genes predisposing to PAH have been identified during the last decade. Recently, preliminary evidence of the involvement of theKDRgene was found in a large genetic association study.

We prospectively analysed theKDRgene by targeted panel sequencing in a series of 311 PAH patients referred to a clinical molecular laboratory for genetic diagnosis of PAH.

Two index cases with severe PAH from two different families were found to carry a loss-of-function mutation in theKDRgene. These two index cases were clinically characterised by low diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide adjusted for haemoglobin (DLCOc) and interstitial lung disease. In one family, segregation analysis revealed that variant carriers are either presenting with PAH associated with lowDLCOc, or have only decreasedDLCOc, whereas non-carrier relatives have normalDLCOc. In the second family, a single affected carrier was alive. His carrier mother was unaffected with normalDLCOc.

We provided genetic evidence for consideringKDRas a newly identified PAH-causing gene by describing the segregation ofKDRmutations with PAH in two families. In our study,KDRmutations are associated with a particular form of PAH characterised by lowDLCOc and radiological evidence of parenchymal lung disease including interstitial lung disease and emphysema.
ZDHXB-101 (3′,5-Diallyl-2, 4′-dihydroxy-[1,1′-biphen-yl]-3,5′-dicarbaldehyde) protects against airway remodeling and hyperresponsiveness via inhibiting both the activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase and the signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 signaling pathways
Authors: Jiang Jun-xia , Shen Hui-juan , Guan Yan , Jia Yong-liang , Shen Jian , Liu Qi , Xie Qiang-min , Yan Xiao-feng
Published: January 2020

Airway remodeling consists of the structural changes of airway walls, which is often considered the result of longstanding airway inflammation, but it may be present to an equivalent degree in the airways of children with asthma, raising the need for early and specific therapeutic interventions. The arachidonic acid cytochrome P-450 (CYP) pathway has thus far received relatively little attention in its relation to asthma. In this study, we studied the inhibition of soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) on airway remodeling and hyperresponsiveness (AHR) in a chronic asthmatic model which long-term exposure to antigen over a period of 12 weeks. The expression of sEH and CYP2J2, the level of 14, 15-epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), airway remodeling, hyperresponsiveness and inflammation were analyzed to determine the inhibition of sEH. The intragastric administration of 3 or 10 mg/kg ZDHXB-101, which is a structural derivative of natural product honokiol and a novel soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) inhibitor, daily for 9 weeks significantly increased the level of 14, 15-EETs by inhibiting the expression of sEH and increasing the expression of CYP2J2 in lung tissues. ZDHXB-101 reduced the expression of remodeling-related markers such as interleukin (IL)-13, IL-17, MMP-9 N-cadherin, α-smooth muscle actin, S100A4, Twist, goblet cell metaplasia, and collagen deposition in the lung tissue or in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Moreover, ZDHXB-101 alleviated AHR, which is an indicator that is used to evaluate the airway remodeling function. The inhibitory effects of ZDHXB-101 were demonstrated to be related to its direct inhibition of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk1/2) phosphorylation, as well as inhibition of c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK) and the signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT3) signal transduction. These findings first revealed the anti-remodeling potential of ZDHXB-101 lead in chronic airway disease.
Fast photosynthesis measurements for phenotyping photosynthetic capacity of rice
Authors: Du Tingting , Meng Ping , Huang Jianliang , Peng Shaobing , Xiong Dongliang
Published: January 2020

Background

Over the past decades, the structural and functional genomics of rice have been deeply studied, and high density of molecular genetic markers have been developed. However, the genetic variation in leaf photosynthesis, the most important trait for rice yield improvement, was rarely studied. The lack of photosynthesis phenotyping tools is one of the bottlenecks, as traditional direct photosynthesis measurements are very low-throughput, and recently developed high-throughput methods are indirect measurements. Hence, there is an urgent need for a fast, accurate and direct measurement approach.

Result

We reported a fast photosynthesis measurement (FPM) method for phenotyping photosynthetic capacity of rice, which measures photosynthesis of excised tillers in environment-controlled lab conditions. The light response curves measured using FPM approach coped well with that the curves measured using traditional gas exchange approach. Importantly, the FPM technique achieved an average throughput of 5.4 light response curves per hour, which was 3 times faster than the 1.8 light response curves per hour using the traditional method. Tillers sampled at early morning had the highest photosynthesis, stomatal conductance and the lowest variability. In addition, even 12 h after sampling, there was no significant difference of photosynthesis rate between excised tillers and in situ. We finally investigated the genetic variations of photosynthetic traits across 568 F2 lines using the FPM technique and discussed the logistics of screening several hundred samples per day per instrumental unit using FPM to generate a wealth of photosynthetic phenotypic data, which might help to improve the selection power in large populations of rice with the ultimate aim of improving yield through improved photosynthesis.

Conclusions

Here we developed a high-throughput method that can measure the rice leaf photosynthetic capacity approximately 10 times faster than traditional gas exchange approaches. Importantly, this method can overcome measurement errors caused by environmental heterogeneity under field conditions, and it is possible to measure 12 or more hours per day under lab conditions.
The Italian ICD-11 field trial: clinical utility of diagnostic guidelines for schizophrenia and related disorders
Authors: Luciano Mario , Sampogna Gaia , Del Vecchio Valeria , Giallonardo Vincenzo , Palummo Carmela , Pocai Benedetta , Steardo Luca , Zinno Francesca , Rebello Tahilia , Reed Geoffrey M. , Fiorillo Andrea
Published: January 2020

Background

The 11th revision of the International Classification of Diseases and Related Disorders (ICD-11) has been released. In order to test the clinical consistency and the clinical utility of the proposed guidelines the World Health Organization (WHO) has carried out the Ecological Implementation Field Studies in various countries. In this paper the results of the Italian field trials on the clinical utility of the ICD-11 diagnostic guideline concerning schizophrenia and related disorders will be presented.

Methods

In Italy, field trials have been carried out at the Department of Psychiatry of the University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”. All patients showing any psychotic symptom and referring to the outpatient and inpatient units have been recruited. Patients were interviewed by two clinicians with whom they had not had any prior clinical contact. At the end of each interview, clinicians were asked to complete 12 questions about the clinical utility of the diagnostic guidelines as applied to each patient.

Results

Fourteen clinicians and 100 patients have been involved. The ICD-11 clinical guidelines were perceived as easy to use, with an adequate goodness of fit, clear and understandable and with an adequate level of details and specificity to describe the essential features of the diagnoses. Clinicians rated very positively their usefulness in describing the threshold between patient’s disorder and normality. Despite still very positive, the guidelines have been perceived as less useful to select a treatment, to assess patients’ prognosis and to communicate with other mental health professionals.

Conclusions

The 11th revision of the chapter on Mental, Behavioural and Neurodevelopmental Disorders has made substantive changes to the conceptualization of mental disorders which could have impacted on their reliability and clinical utility. Results of the Italian field studies, in line with those reported by the international sample, highlight that ICD-11 has been rated as highly clinically useful by participating clinician, more than the ICD-10. This could be considered a good reason to be optimistic about the implementation of the ICD-11 among global clinicians.

Trial registration The study has been approved by the Ethical Review Board of the University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli” (N. 416, 2016)
Characterization of the plant homeodomain (PHD) reader family for their histone tail interactions
Authors: Jain Kanishk , Fraser Caroline S. , Marunde Matthew R. , Parker Madison M. , Sagum Cari , Burg Jonathan M. , Hall Nathan , Popova Irina K. , Rodriguez Keli L. , Vaidya Anup , Krajewski Krzysztof , Keogh Michael-Christopher , Bedford Mark T. , Strahl Brian D.
Published: January 2020

Background

Plant homeodomain (PHD) fingers are central “readers” of histone post-translational modifications (PTMs) with > 100 PHD finger-containing proteins encoded by the human genome. Many of the PHDs studied to date bind to unmodified or methylated states of histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4). Additionally, many of these domains, and the proteins they are contained in, have crucial roles in the regulation of gene expression and cancer development. Despite this, the majority of PHD fingers have gone uncharacterized; thus, our understanding of how these domains contribute to chromatin biology remains incomplete.

Results

We expressed and screened 123 of the annotated human PHD fingers for their histone binding preferences using reader domain microarrays. A subset (31) of these domains showed strong preference for the H3 N-terminal tail either unmodified or methylated at H3K4. These H3 readers were further characterized by histone peptide microarrays and/or AlphaScreen to comprehensively define their H3 preferences and PTM cross-talk.

Conclusions

The high-throughput approaches utilized in this study establish a compendium of binding information for the PHD reader family with regard to how they engage histone PTMs and uncover several novel reader domain–histone PTM interactions (i.e., PHRF1 and TRIM66). This study highlights the usefulness of high-throughput analyses of histone reader proteins as a means of understanding how chromatin engagement occurs biochemically.
HLA Class II Allele Analyses Implicate Common Genetic Components in Type 1 and Non–Insulin-Treated Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Jacobi Thomas , Massier Lucas , Klöting Nora , Horn Katrin , Schuch Alexander , Ahnert Peter , Engel Christoph , Löffler Markus , Burkhardt Ralph , Thiery Joachim , Tönjes Anke , Stumvoll Michael , Blüher Matthias , Doxiadis Ilias , Scholz Markus , Kovacs Peter
Published: January 2020

Context

Common genetic susceptibility may underlie the frequently observed co-occurrence of type 1 and type 2 diabetes in families. Given the role of HLA class II genes in the pathophysiology of type 1 diabetes, the aim of the present study was to test the association of high density imputed human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genotypes with type 2 diabetes.

Objectives and Design

Three cohorts (Ntotal = 10 413) from Leipzig, Germany were included in this study: LIFE-Adult (N = 4649), LIFE-Heart (N = 4815) and the Sorbs (N = 949) cohort. Detailed metabolic phenotyping and genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data were available for all subjects. Using 1000 Genome imputation data, HLA genotypes were imputed on 4-digit level and association tests for type 2 diabetes, and related metabolic traits were conducted.

Results

In a meta-analysis including all 3 cohorts, the absence of HLA-DRB5 was associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes (P = 0.001). In contrast, HLA-DQB*06:02 and HLA-DQA*01:02 had a protective effect on type 2 diabetes (P = 0.005 and 0.003, respectively). Both alleles are part of the well-established type 1 diabetes protective haplotype DRB1*15:01~DQA1*01:02~DQB1*06:02, which was also associated with reduced risk of type 2 diabetes (OR 0.84; P = 0.005). On the contrary, the DRB1*07:01~DQA1*02:01~DQB1*03:03 was identified as a risk haplotype in non–insulin-treated diabetes (OR 1.37; P = 0.002).

Conclusions

Genetic variation in the HLA class II locus exerts risk and protective effects on non–insulin-treated type 2 diabetes. Our data suggest that the genetic architecture of type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes might share common components on the HLA class II locus.
Two Voices of the Spanish Crisis
Authors: Seguín Bécquer
Published: January 2020

This essay examines intellectual authority and popular dissent in Spain following the Great Recession. It advances two contrasting theoretical accounts of the voice—the “acousmatic” and “constituent” voice—as ways for understanding how intellectuals have eluded responsibility for their role in Spain’s economic crisis and why collective attempts at holding them accountable have been limited. Through a comparative analysis, the essay traces the meanings and permutations of the acousmatic and constituent voice through four very different examples from historiography (Santos Juliá), film (Pedro Almodóvar), new media (Appgree), and literature (The Winterlings, by Cristina Sánchez-Andrade). The essay, in sum, offers new theoretical tools for identifying the disavowal of authority and showing the limits of certain digital forms of collective decision-making in Spain today.
An Estimation Model for Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Adults with Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: LIFF MARTHE HALSAN , HOFF MARI , FREMO THOMAS , WISLØFF ULRIK , VIDEM VIBEKE
Published: January 2020

Purpose

Cardiopulmonary exercise testing of peak oxygen uptake (V˙O2peak) is the gold standard to measure cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF). For resource-intensive evaluation, equations estimating CRF (eCRF) may be used. The purpose was to investigate if an eCRF equation from a healthy population is useful in persons with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and if necessary, develop new equations for eCRF in this group.

Methods

V˙O2peakresults from 93 persons with RA were compared with eCRF calculated by an established equation for healthy individuals including age, sex, physical activity (PA index), resting HR (RHR), and waist circumference. Because of deviation from the observed V˙O2peak, new equations for eCRF in persons with RA were developed from regression analysis of variables associated with observed V˙O2peak.

Results

The established equation overestimated CRF (R2= 0.48, root mean square error [RMSE] = 7.07). The new RA equation more accurately estimated CRF (R2= 0.81, RMSE = 4.44) (female = 0, male = 1; never smoked = 0, ever smoked = 1): eCRF = 77.961 + (sex × 28.791) − (age × 0.358) − (age–sex interaction × 0.326) − (body mass index [BMI] × 0.700) − (RHR × 0.125) − (smoking × 1.854) + (PA index × 0.211) − (patient global RA assessment × 0.071). Alternative new RA equation (R2= 0.79, RMSE = 4.63): eCRF = 77.851 + (sex × 25.460) − (age × 0.381) − (age–sex interaction × 0.254) − (BMI × 0.743) − (RHR × 0.115) − (smoking × 2.154) + (PA index × 0.209).

Conclusions

The new RA equations better predicted CRF in individuals with RA, preventing overestimation in low-fit persons. The new equation should be preferred when estimating CRF in individuals with RA. The alternative equation, without patient global assessment, is useful for individuals with RA in population-based studies.
Head Impact Exposure in College Football after a Reduction in Preseason Practices
Authors: STEMPER BRIAN D. , SHAH ALOK S. , MIHALIK JASON P. , HAREZLAK JAROSLAW , ROWSON STEVEN , DUMA STEFAN , RIGGEN LARRY D. , BROOKS ALISON , CAMERON KENNETH L. , GIZA CHRISTOPHER C. , GOLDMAN JOSHUA , HOUSTON MEGAN N. , JACKSON JONATHAN , MCGINTY GERALD , BROGLIO STEVEN P. , MCALLISTER THOMAS W. , MCCREA MICHAEL
Published: January 2020

Introduction

Regulatory efforts toward reducing concussion risk have begun to focus on decreasing the number of head impacts (i.e., head impact burden) sustained by athletes in contact sports. To that end, in 2018, the NCAA decreased the number of preseason on-field team activities for Division I teams from 29 to 25. The objective of the current study was to quantify changes in practice schedule and head impact exposure between the 2017 and 2018 football preseasons.

Methods

Athletes from five NCAA Division I football teams (n = 426) were consented and enrolled.

Results

On average, athletes participated in 10% fewer contact practices in 2018. However, the effect of this ruling on preseason head impact burden was mixed. Across all athletes, the total preseason head impact burden was essentially the same from 2017 to 2018. However, this study revealed significant team-by-team differences in preseason head impact burden, with one team demonstrating a 35% increase in the average number of recorded head impacts from 2017 to 2018, despite a modest decrease in the number of contact practices. Other teams had similar or decreased head impact burden.

Conclusions

Team-based differences in total preseason head impact burden were attributable to changes in daily practice schedule, with longer practice durations and more intense contact practice sessions contributing to increases in daily head impact exposure that, in turn, led to greater preseason head impact burden. Results of this study have highlighted the difficulty in decreasing contact sport head impact exposure through rule changes targeted at limiting on-field team activities. Future efforts aimed specifically at contact practice duration, daily head impact exposure, or limiting time in specific drills may be more effective at reducing total preseason head impact burden.
An RNA pseudoknot stimulates HTLV-1 pro-pol programmed −1 ribosomal frameshifting
Authors: Thulson Eliza , Hartwick Erik W. , Cooper-Sansone Andrew , Williams Marcus A.C. , Soliman Mary E. , Robinson Leila K. , Kieft Jeffrey S. , Mouzakis Kathryn D.
Published: January 2020

Programmed −1 ribosomal frameshifts (−1 PRFs) are commonly used by viruses to regulate their enzymatic and structural protein levels. Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a carcinogenic retrovirus that uses two independent −1 PRFs to express viral enzymes critical to establishing new HTLV-1 infections. How the cis-acting RNA elements in this viral transcript function to induce frameshifting is unknown. The objective of this work was to conclusively define the 3′ boundary of and the RNA elements within the HTLV-1 pro-pol frameshift site. We hypothesized that the frameshift site structure was a pseudoknot and that its 3′ boundary would be defined by the pseudoknot's 3′ end. To test these hypotheses, the in vitro frameshift efficiencies of three HTLV-1 pro-pol frameshift sites with different 3′ boundaries were quantified. The results indicated that nucleotides included in the longest construct were essential to highly efficient frameshift stimulation. Interestingly, only this construct could form the putative frameshift site pseudoknot. Next, the secondary structure of this frameshift site was determined. The dominant structure was an H-type pseudoknot which, together with the slippery sequence, stimulated frameshifting to 19.4(±0.3)%. The pseudoknot's critical role in frameshift stimulation was directly revealed by examining the impact of structural changes on HTLV-1 pro-pol −1 PRF. As predicted, mutations that occluded pseudoknot formation drastically reduced the frameshift efficiency. These results are significant because they demonstrate that a pseudoknot is important to HTLV-1 pro-pol −1 PRF and define the frameshift site's 3′ boundary.
Bus Routing Optimization Helps Boston Public Schools Design Better Policies
Authors: Bertsimas Dimitris , Delarue Arthur , Eger William , Hanlon John , Martin Sebastien
Published: January 2020

The authors discuss how Boston Public Schools (BPS) and a team from Massachusetts Institute of Technology addressed the BPS bus routing problem. They developed an algorithm that decomposes and separately solves subproblems of assigning students to bus stops, assigning stops to bus trips, and connecting trips into an itinerary for each bus.
Protecting Consumers from Themselves: Assessing Consequences of Usage Restriction Laws on Online Game Usage and Spending
Authors: Jo Wooyong , Sunder Sarang , Choi Jeonghye , Trivedi Minakshi
Published: January 2020

This research investigates the impact of usage restriction in South Korea on both gamers and the industry using individual-level game usage and spending data.
Creating Platforms by Hosting Rivals
Authors: Hagiu Andrei , Jullien Bruno , Wright Julian
Published: January 2020

We explore conditions under which a multiproduct firm can profitably turn itself into a platform by “hosting rivals,” that is, by inviting rivals to sell products or services on top of its core product. Hosting eliminates the additional shopping costs to consumers of buying a specialist rival’s competing version of the multiproduct firm’s noncore product. On the one hand, this makes it easier for the rival to compete on the noncore product. On the other hand, hosting turns the rival from a pure competitor into a complementor: the value added by its product now helps raise consumer demand for the multiproduct firm’s core product. As a result, hosting can be both unilaterally profitable for the multiproduct firm and jointly profitable for both firms.

This paper was accepted by Joshua Gans, business strategy.
Why Do Option Prices Predict Stock Returns? The Role of Price Pressure in the Stock Market
Authors: Goncalves-Pinto Luis , Grundy Bruce D. , Hameed Allaudeen , van der Heijden Thijs , Zhu Yichao
Published: January 2020

Stock and options markets can disagree about a stock’s value because of informed trading in options and/or price pressure in the stock. The predictability of stock returns based on this cross-market discrepancy in values is especially strong when accompanied by stock price pressure, and it does not depend on trading in options. We argue that option-implied prices provide an anchor for fundamental stock values that helps to distinguish stock price movements resulting from pressure versus news. Overall, our results are consistent with stock price pressure being the primary driver of the option price-based stock return predictability.

This paper was accepted by Tyler Shumway, finance.
Shaping the Future: Strategy Making as Artificial Evolution
Authors: Patvardhan Shubha , Ramachandran J.
Published: January 2020

To investigate how firms engage in forward-looking action, we examined the processes by which a pioneering firm actively influenced the future of its industry over five decades. From our longitudinal field study, we generated a process model of strategy making that helps to explain how firms work to shape the future in some preferred fashion. Specifically, we describe our findings on shaping-oriented forward-looking strategy making in terms of “artificial evolution” processes—interventions by which a firm’s leaders challenge the status quo and leverage the internal ecology of the organization to nudge the evolution of the business landscape toward a preferred direction. This is distinct from the more conventional and commonly invoked natural selection processes that describe how firms adapt to markets or unintentionally shape them. These findings on strategy making as akin to artificial evolution complement and extend the traditional view of strategic management, which has historically focused on processes anchored in models of search and adaptation. Our findings also shed light on an exceptional mode of strategy making—one that goes beyond concerns of firm survival and competitive advantage, and tackles societal grand challenges. By accounting for constructivist, forward-looking dimensions of strategic agency, our findings also contribute to the microfoundations of strategic decision making and to organization theories, more generally.
Should influenza vaccination be mandatory for healthcare staff?
Authors: Glasper Alan
Published: January 2020

Emeritus Professor Alan Glasper, from the University of Southampton, discusses government concerns about the low uptake of flu vaccination among frontline healthcare staff
Active. Proactive. Interactive.
Authors: Meldrum Eloise
Published: January 2020

Eloise Meldrum considers the challenges and benefits of tailored communication
In praise of colleagues
Authors: Silver Rebecca
Published: January 2020

Looking over her 10-year career to date, Rebecca Silver suggests it is a good team who make a difference to the role of a dental nurse. Here, she champions the concept of team spirit
What are your superpowers?
Authors: Carter Stephanie
Published: January 2020

Not all heroes wear capes! Dental nurse assessor and tutor Stephanie Carter considers how the joint skills of oral health education, plaque indices scoring and fluoride varnish application can add power to your position in practice
How to prevent poor reviews
Authors: Memon Shaz
Published: January 2020

‘Prevention is better than cure’ is the dental profession's mantra. Apply this to patient reviews and you won't go far wrong, says Shaz Memon
The miracle material turned micro menace
Authors: Woodward Dawn
Published: January 2020

We are all waking up to the reality of plastic pollution, but what does this mean in the dental practice?
Pneumonia and dental care
Authors: Scheer Kate
Published: January 2020

In the UK, between 0.5-1% of adults contract pneumonia, most often in the autumn and winter months. But what does it have to do with your role as a dental nurse?
Dimension 2: The nature of the underlying research and characteristics of the researchers
Authors: Haux Tina
Published: January 2020

The nature of the underlying research of the selection of Impact Case Studies from the 2014 REF is being analysed and compared across disciplines. Guiding questions for the chapters are whether there is a pattern to the kind of research and researcher/s that are included in highly ranked case studies and whether this differs across the social science disciplines, e.g. comparing seniority, gender, funding and methodologies across the sub-panels.
Delivering fuel poverty objectives within the context of globalised energy markets
Authors: Snell Carolyn
Published: January 2020

This chapter explores claims made by policy makers in the UK that, despite having no control over global energy markets, existing policy protects households vulnerable to fuel poverty through the regulation of commercial energy suppliers and specific policies that provide cash transfers and energy-efficiency measures. Keeping energy prices low is an essential part of the UK government's approach to fuel poverty alleviation, but this task is a complex one in which the steering capacity of the nation-state often seems weak and its capacity hollowed out. This is exacerbated by a neoliberal policy direction that funds environmental and social policy measures through charges on energy bills rather than through tax-funded programmes. The chapter then argues that existing policy has been somewhat contradictory in its view of the government's power to steer energy markets. While the Department for Energy and Climate Change suggested that the UK has no control over the global energy market, this does not match political rhetoric, which has emphasised the importance of increasing domestic energy security in order to spread risk and reduce dependence on politically unstable fossil fuel-producing states, and has also seen political pressure placed on the six main energy companies to lower energy charges to consumers.
Contemporary women public intellectuals: the United States (2)
Authors: Brooks Ann
Published: January 2020

This chapter studies how Elizabeth Warren, Hillary Clinton, and Sheryl Sandberg fared as women public intellectuals in the context of contemporary political and corporate life. Elizabeth Warren used her economic stance as a major part of her focus on her Senate campaign and she has also been influential in her contribution to debates on affordable health-care and college debt. Warren's reputation has been built on her role as a ‘progressive fighter’ and comes from her track record of opposition to Donald Trump, which goes back to before his presidency. Meanwhile, Sheryl Sandberg is a bestselling author and her books and the controversy surrounding them have framed her contribution and legacy. Unlike other women public intellectuals with distinct academic careers and hugely successful publications, Sandberg does not write as an academic, but as a corporate thinker who is interested in the advancement of women in corporate life. Finally, Hillary Clinton is probably the most famous woman public intellectual on the planet. She has come closest to breaking the ‘glass ceiling’ in US politics and has provided signposts for women, both positive and negative, about what it means to be a woman at the highest levels of the public sphere.
Conclusion
Authors: Brooks Ann
Published: January 2020

This concluding chapter summarises the exploration of the relationship between women, political discourse, and political representation in the previous chapters. It argues that there are of course successful women public intellectuals in Europe, the UK, and other parts of the world. However, very few countries show the same profile of success in gender politics that the US does, and the public intellectuals outlined here have profiles that stand independently of the administrations they served. Many of these women could easily have stood for election as president in the US; Hillary Clinton, of course, did stand. Many wanted Condoleezza Rice to run as president; Elizabeth Warren may yet run in the 2020 election. In other cases, Susan Rice may stand for the Senate. Ultimately, the contemporary women public intellectuals profiled in this book offer outstanding models of women public intellectuals, but there is still much more to achieve.
Madness and society
Authors: Cummins Ian
Published: January 2020

This chapter examines a range of historical perspectives. It outlines the development of psychiatry as distinct branch of medicine. It highlights the development of institutional responses to mental distress that resulted in the segregation and exclusion of individuals. The chapter considers medical and social models of mental illness as well radical criticisms of the power of the psychiatry as an agent of social control
Deinstitutionalisation and the development of community care
Authors: Cummins Ian
Published: January 2020

This chapter outlines the development of the policies of deinstitutionalisation and community care. It discusses the work of theorists including Goffman and Foucault, who were critical of the oppressive nature of the asylum regime. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the failings of community care in the 1980s and 1990s. It argues that a moral panic led to the introduction of more restrictive policies and a focus on risk.
Poland: leave policy and the process and goals of a major reform1
Authors: Kurowska Anna
Published: January 2020

The aim of this chapter is twofold. First, through the lens of the Multiple Streams Approach, it explains the successful introduction of the major Parental Leave reform undertaken in Poland in 2013 in terms of three streams - policies, problems and politics – and how they can combine together. Second, it assesses the solutions introduced by the reform with regards to one of the major aims of this reform, i.e. encouraging fathers to more thoroughly engage in childcare. By applying the Capability Approach, the chapter shows that the design of the reform did not take into account the economic and cultural conversion factors that create barriers for fathers to use this leave. As a result of those barriers, over 99% of users of the Parental Leave are mothers. The chapter concludes by arguing that in order to create real opportunities for fathers to go on leave a highly paid ‘daddy quota’ should have been introduced.
Japan: leave policy and attempts to increase fathers’ take-up
Authors: Nakazato Hideki
Published: January 2020

This chapter is about the development of Parental Leave in Japan, and in particular efforts to increase take-up by fathers. Before the first legislation was agreed in 1991 under the LDP conservative government, there were repeated efforts to introduce legislation, in which the trade unions played an important role and with advocates referring to research on European countries and recommendations by international organisations. Most of the subsequent developments to Parental Leave were based on recommendations by official bodies consisting of representatives of employers, workers and public interests, then agreed by government and designed by civil servants. Today, fathers in Japan can take 12 months of paid leave, with six months paid at 67% of earnings, yet the take-up rate remains low, slightly over 3% of eligible fathers. The chapter argues that developments in leave policy have not been part of a broad and coordinated set of measures, combining Parental Leave policy with childcare policy, working hours legislation and changes to workplace culture. This has prevented the achievement of two stated goals, eliminating barriers for mothers to stay in the labour force and increasing fathers’ involvement in childcare and family life.
China: leave and population policies
Authors: Gabel Shirley Gatenio , Han Wen-Jui , Wang Xiaoran
Published: January 2020

China’s recent abolition of its one-child policy has provided a major impetus to formally restructure its Maternity Leave policy. Confronted by shifting socio-demographics and changing roles of government and employers as a result of a transition to a market economy, China needed to adjust the demographic structure of the country and address social expectations of family composition and caring. To motivate parents to have more than one child, Maternity Leave has been lengthened nation-wide and Paternity Leave introduced in some areas. This chapter reviews the evolution of modern Maternity Leave policy in China beginning in 1951 and traces how Maternity (and most recently Paternity) Leave policies have unfolded in response to changing political, socio-economic and demographic goals. In its earliest period, China’s leave policy was driven initially by socialist ideals, then largely by economic reasons and women’s rights from the 1980s into the new century. The most recent shift in family policy was primarily led by social research raising concerns about demographic changes and economic growth. The chapter ends with a discussion of how current changes may affect future directions.
The time credit system: the panacea for a life course approach?
Authors: Merla Laura , Deven Fred
Published: January 2020

This chapter focuses on a type of leave system that developed in Belgium from the mid-1980s on, and discusses in particular its developments since the year 2000 until 2017. The ‘career break’ system (later renamed the ‘time credit’ system in the private sector) gradually extended and developed into an opportunity for employees to develop in principle a kind of time management over their entire working life course. The chapter starts by examining the introduction of this system in Belgium, including the political rhetoric and the narratives legitimizing the initial measure and its subsequent adaptations, and its stated aims and objectives. The use of this type of leave is also examined. The chapter then considers various inequalities within the time credit system, with a specific focus on gender, age, region of residence, migrants, and labour market positioning. The conclusion reflects on current (and growing) inequalities in access to the time credit system due to the weakening of the wage society, and the challenge of creating a more inclusive system, not only in terms of gender, but also class, employment status and ethnicity.
Re-imagining Parental Leave: a conceptual ‘thought experiment’
Authors: Doucet Lindsey , McKay Sophie
Published: January 2020

This chapter is a conceptual, pragmatic and imaginative ‘thought experiment’. Broadly informed by Margaret Somers’ ‘historical sociology of concept formation’, which excavates the historicity, genealogies, and relationalities of concepts, we explore several key concepts, particularly commodification/decommodification and familialisation/defamilialisation. We argue that these concepts, and their histories and ensuing debates, are useful for thinking about and re-imagining Parental Leave as a social policy. The chapter begins by engaging with Gøsta Esping-Andersen’s contributions to debates on social policy and welfare states, briefly tracing his work’s roots in the work of Karl Polanyi, which we read with and through the writing of Fred Block and Margaret Somers, and Nancy Fraser. They and others argue that Polanyi’s work can help us understand and challenge relations between current enhanced conditions of neoliberal restructuring, market economies and ‘market fundamentalism’. With a focus on Canada, we map new pathways for future imaginaries in leave-to-care policy making. We argue that new interpretations of Polanyian insights introduce new conceptual configurations to Parental Leave debates, linking neoliberalism, paid work and care work, market fundamentalism, social protection, social citizenship, and entanglements between socio-economic rights and human rights.
Introduction: gender and youth migration
Authors: Bonifacio Glenda Tibe
Published: January 2020

This chapter introduces gender and migration as the main focus of the book collection. It provides some conceptual examination of defining youth, youth in migration, and gender in youth migration. It presents the context of gendered modalities affecting youth mobility and the thematic organization of the fifteen chapters namely, imperial histories, negotiating identities, education, and work.
“Child rescue at home, overseas migration within the empire”1: the Child Emigration Society during the interwar period, 1918–39
Authors: Hirschberg Mairena
Published: January 2020

Between 1869 and 1967, tens of thousands of British children, mainly from poor backgrounds, were selected for permanent emigration to the British settler Dominions. Crucial in carrying out this social policy were government-funded private philanthropic societies such as for example the Child Emigration Society (CES). This society shaped social welfare policy by organizing the permanent migration of British children to special Fairbridge Farm Schools in the Dominions, where they would grow up and be trained to become farmers and farmer's wives on the land.This chapter examines the underlying motivations and aims of the British government and of the CES to develop, fund, and carry out this social welfare policy during the interwar period. Special focus is placed on the (gendered) experience of growing up on a Fairbridge Farm School. The strategies of action used by the CES in order to gain the support of the wider public, and in the political sphere for their undertaking is analyzed.
From “coming out” to “Undocuqueer”: intersections between illegality and queerness and the US undocumented youth movement
Authors: Batzke Ina
Published: January 2020

This chapter explores the intersectionality of seeking citizenship and gender on the movement strategies of undocumented youths by tracing the evolvement of the Undocuqueer movement within the overall undocumented youth movement in the United States since 2001. By analyzing both tactics and narrative self-representations of Undocuqueer activists, it describes the specificities of UndocuQueer challenges and opportunities in order to trace how LGBTQ representations of undocumented youth legitimized themselves within the larger scope of the movement. In the course of this discussion, it is clear that the UndocuQueer tactics are not be understood as a parallel occurrence to earlier representations of undocumentedness, but instead as an intersecting one in the fight for social justice, which almost organically grew from within the overall undocumented community.
Gender gap among second-generation students in higher education: the Italian case
Authors: Bozzetti Alessandro
Published: January 2020

Italy is experiencing a structural and multigenerational migratory presence in which new generations are increasingly obtaining access to the highest social and educational levels, including university. The presence of foreign students in Italian secondary schools has been extensively covered by research (especially regarding their presence in technical and vocational institutes, which formally open up to a university career but often cause a sort of school marginalisation that frequently results in social disadvantage) but little is known about their presence at the university level. It would be simplistic to assume that those students who enrolled at university had never experienced any trouble in their pre-university or university career. In this chapter, the phenomenon of second-generation immigrant students will be quantitatively contextualised, with specific regard to foreign students in Italian universities, and with a descriptive analysis on the impact of gender on education. The aim of the chapter is to analyse the multifaceted educational paths of young people, those under 35 years old, born in Italy to foreign parents (or who moved to Italy later), their expectations and the real opportunities offered to them.
Young, educated, and female: narratives of post-1991 internal Albanian migration
Authors: Danaj Ermira
Published: January 2020

This chapter discusses the internal migration of young Albanian women to Tirana for educational purposes. Its aim is to investigate how is gender embedded with the process of migration of young women, and the effects of migration in shaping gendered subjectivities and gender relations. The chapter explores how young Albanian women use education as a platform for migration; how they mobilise social networks to achieve their migration objectives as well as to face the uncertainties in the city of destination. It also expands upon the paradox that embodies these women's migration process: migration is a way to escape from gender constraints and social control from kinship and community; however, in the city of destination they face gendered and sexualised prejudices and constraints that underlie the same mechanism than those they escaped from and put them in new forms of precarity and dependency.
Characteristics of and gender differences in young Hungarians’ attitudes and intentions on emigration
Authors: Czibere Ibolya , Rácz Andrea
Published: January 2020

This chapter is based on the Hungarian Youth Research 2012, in which 8000 young people aged 15-29 were interviewed within a national representative sociological examination. In this study, the issue of international migration, especially of foreign employment trends, and the mobility intentions and attitudes of young Hungarians in terms of gender differences are examined.The global social contexts of the migration process in Hungary are examined through the theory of dual or segmented labor market, mobility theories, and models of integration. In 2011, many European Union's member states opened their labor markets to Hungarian workers, so more and more young people consider working abroad within the legal framework as an attractive prospect. This chapter analyzed what causes and motivations lie behind international migration, and what factors influenced young Hungarians to work or study abroad. It also discussed the factors that increase or hinder the migratory propensity, and the differences of opinion between young women and men.
Measuring absolute poverty: shame is all you need
Authors: Walker Robert
Published: January 2020

As a heuristic polemic, it is proposed that, while poverty is objective, multidimensional and inherently relative, it should be quantified using a single, absolute and subjective measure: namely, poverty-related shame. The concepts of poverty and absolute poverty is first interrogated before, following Amartya Sen, arguing that shame is an absolutely essential component of poverty and, moreover, that poverty-related shame offers a measure of poverty that is universal in the sense that it is evidenced in all countries irrespective of their level of economic development. Manifestations of poverty-related shame are then considered before exploring its potential value as a universal measure of poverty. Its universality is considered with respect to conceptual, functional, metric and political equivalence.
Health care for the absolute poor
Authors: Trummer Ursula
Published: January 2020

Undocumented Migrants, an estimated 1% of the total population living in the EU, are widely excluded from welfare schemes and social policy considerations. They live under the radar of household statistics and epidemiology. Their health is at high risk and access to health care in most EU member states is restricted to emergency care. This restriction is discussed as being in conflict with the fundamental human right to health which has been ratified by all EU member states. Conflicting regulations on supranational and national level create a paradox situation for service providers. They have to manage this paradox. Evidence indicates that service providers develop an “art of interpretation” to interpret existing regulations in favour of their humanitarian goal to help people who are in need, no matter what the legal status may be.
Food poverty and the families the state has turned its back on: the case of the UK
Authors: O’Connell Rebecca , Brannen Julia
Published: January 2020

Food poverty in the Global North is an urgent moral and social concern. In the UK, food banks have proliferated and the number of food parcels handed out to families has risen dramatically. In addition, welfare support has been increasingly withheld by successive UK governments as a tool for controlling immigration. Drawing on qualitative research from our study of food poverty, the chapter focuses on migrant families who are not entitled to social security benefits and are among those experiencing the most severe manifestations - going without food - in addition to psychological and social dimensions linked to precarité and social exclusion.
Back to the origins: early interpersonal trauma and the intergenerational transmission of violence within the context of urban poverty
Authors: Pitillas Carlos
Published: January 2020

This chapter explores the effects of exposure to violence during childhood in contexts of poverty, as well as some of the psychosocial mechanisms involved in the intergenerational transmission of violence. Essential processes of child-parent attachment in the early years are explored, as well as the disorganization of early attachment related to violence. Among the effects of early attachment disorganization are failures in emotion regulation, social agency, and mentalization, all of which tend to distort future parent-child relationships, thus exposing the next generation to violence. Principles and policies to promote resilience among children in contexts of poverty are discussed in the last section of the chapter.
Absolute poverty and social protection in the EU: a cross-national comparison
Authors: Papanastasiou Stefanos
Published: January 2020

This chapter offers an empirical exploration of extreme poverty trends and patterns in the EU from a welfare regime perspective. Extreme poverty is operationalized as severe material deprivation, that is, the enforced inability to pay for a certain amount of goods and services. The empirical findings indicate that extreme poverty is low in the countries of the Social-democratic welfare regime and high in the countries of the South-European and the Liberal regime, whereas the countries of the Conservative-Corporatist welfare regime place themselves in-between.