bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Production of ROS by Photosensitized Anthracene Under Sunlight and UV‐R at Ambient Environmental Intensities
Authors: Mujtaba Syed Faiz , Dwivedi Ashish , Mudiam Mohana Krishna Reddy , Ali Daoud , Yadav Neera , Ray Ratan Singh
Published: June 2011

The aim of this study was to analyze the photostability and phototoxicity mechanism of anthracene (ANT) in a human skin epidermal cell line (HaCaT) at ambient environmental intensities of sunlight/UV‐R (UV‐A and UV‐B). Photomodification of ANT under sunlight/UV‐R exposure produced two photoproducts, anthrone and 9,10 anthracenedione. Generation of 1O2, O2•− and •OH was measured under UV‐R/sunlight exposure. Involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was further substantiated by their quenching with free radical quenchers. Photodegradation of 2‐deoxyguanosine and linoleic acid peroxidation showed that ROS were mainly responsible for ANT phototoxicity. ANT generates significant amount of intracellular ROS in cell line. Maximum cell viability (85%) was reduced under sunlight exposure (30 min). Results of MTT assay accord NRU assay. ANT (0.01 μg mL−1) induced cell‐cycle arrest at G1 phase. RT‐PCR demonstrated constitutive inducible mRNA expression of CYP 1A1 and 1B1 genes. Photosensitive ANT upregulates CYP 1A1 (2.2‐folds) and 1B1 (4.1‐folds) genes. Thus, the study suggests that ROS and DNA damage were mainly responsible for ANT phototoxicity. ANT exposure may be deleterious to human health at ambient environmental intensities reaching the earth’s surface through sunlight.
Trafficking in Humans: The TIP Report
Authors: Bernat Frances P. , Zhilina Tatyana
Published: June 2011

Human trafficking occurs throughout the world and is considered to be ‘modern day slavery’. To end such victimization, the United States began to take an aggressive stance against human trafficking by enacting the Trafficking Victims Protection Act (TVPA) in 2000. Pursuant to the TVPA, the US government has attempted to assess the nature and extent of human trafficking. Since 2001, the US Department of State has compiled data on various forms of international human trafficking and published an annual Trafficking in Persons (TIP) report. Within the report, countries are designated as Tier 1, Tier 2, Tier 2 Watch List, or Tier 3 depending upon whether they are taking active measures articulated in the TVPA to create strong laws, assist victims, and punish traffickers. Until this past year, 2010, the United States did not include itself within the report. Such an omission enabled other nations to challenge the objectivity of the tiered system. In June 2010, for the first time, the TIP Report included the United States in its analysis. This paper will review the positive and negative aspects of the TIP Report and indicate what the potential impact of the US’s self‐analysis could be on future efforts to end worldwide human trafficking.
Perimetry, tonometry and epidemiology: the fate of glaucoma management
Authors: Heijl Anders
Published: June 2011

This is the lecture that I gave when I was awarded Acta Ophthalmologica’s gold medal and honorary award at the Nordic Ophthalmological Congress in Reykjavik in August 2010.

I was inspired by Jared Diamond’s famous book: Guns, Germs, and Steel, The Fates of Human Societies. Diamond is professor of geography and physiology at the University of California, Los Angeles. In this book, which won the Pulitzer Prize, the author explains why the European civilization took over the world. This was all because of predetermined factors of biological nature, environmental differences that were strengthened by feedback loops, and resulted in technological innovation and superiority.

In this presentation, I write about the development of glaucoma knowledge and management. I suggest that the development might have been predetermined, just waiting for more facts to be unveiled by research. The technologies tonometry and perimetry have been fundamental as has epidemiological techniques and controlled trials.

The new and increased knowledge about glaucoma must now be translated to improvements of clinical glaucoma care. The glaucoma scientists of today and tomorrow will continue to reveal as yet unknown facts, maybe in a predetermined way, but nevertheless of benefit to all patients with glaucoma.
Advertising, the matchmaker
Authors: Anand Bharat N. , Shachar Ron
Published: June 2011

We empirically study the informational role of advertising in matching consumers with products when consumers are uncertain about both observable and unobserved program attributes. Our focus is on the network television industry, in which the products are television shows. We estimate a model that allows us to distinguish between the direct effect of advertising on utility and its effect through the information set. A notable behavioral implication is that exposure to informational advertising can decrease the consumer’s tendency to purchase the promoted product. The structural estimates imply that an exposure to a single advertisement decreases the consumer’s probability of not choosing her best alternative by approximately 10%. Our results are relevant for industries characterized by product proliferation and horizontal differentiation.
Why do intermediaries divert search?
Authors: Hagiu Andrei , Jullien Bruno
Published: June 2011

We analyze the incentives to divert search for an information intermediary who enables buyers (consumers) to search affiliated sellers (stores). We identify two original motives for diverting search (i.e., inducing consumers to search more than they would like): (i) trading off higher total consumer traffic for higher revenues per consumer visit; and (ii) influencing stores’ choices of strategic variables (e.g., pricing). We characterize the conditions under which there would be no role for search diversion as a strategic instrument for the intermediary, thereby showing that it occurs even when the contracting space is significantly enriched. We then discuss several applications related to online and brick‐and‐mortar intermediaries.
Interconnection among academic journal websites: multilateral versus bilateral interconnection
Authors: Jeon Doh‐Shin , Menicucci Domenico
Published: June 2011

Electronic academic journal websites provide text and data mining (and linking) services. Fully realizing the benefit of these services requires interconnection among websites. We perform a comparison between multilateral interconnection through an open platform and bilateral interconnection, and find that publishers are fully interconnected in the former regime whereas they are often partially interconnected in the latter regime for exclusion or differentiation motives. If partial interconnection arises for differentiation motives, exclusion of a small publisher(s) occurs more often in the former than in the latter. In the case of multilateral interconnection, an open platform generates lower welfare than a for‐profit platform.
Applied anatomy of the pterygomandibular space: improving the success of inferior alveolar nerve blocks
Authors: Khoury JN , Mihailidis S , Ghabriel M , Townsend G
Published: June 2011

A thorough knowledge of the anatomy of the pterygomandibular space is essential for the successful administration of the inferior alveolar nerve block. In addition to the inferior alveolar and lingual nerves, other structures in this space are of particular significance for local anaesthesia, including the inferior alveolar vessels, the sphenomandibular ligament and the interpterygoid fascia. These structures can all potentially have an impact on the effectiveness of local anaesthesia in this area. Greater understanding of the nature and extent of variation in intraoral landmarks and underlying structures should lead to improved success rates, and provide safer and more effective anaesthesia. The direct technique for the inferior alveolar nerve block is used frequently by most clinicians in Australia and this review evaluates its anatomical rationale and provides possible explanations for anaesthetic failures.
Severe adverse reactions to dental local anaesthetics: systemic reactions
Authors: Sambrook PJ , Smith W , Elijah J , Goss AN
Published: June 2011

Background:  Occasionally, patients suffer systemic adverse effects from injections of local anaesthetic solutions. This may range from minor transient vasovagal attacks to life‐threatening collapse.

Methods:  The suspected adverse reactions reported to the Office of Product Review of the Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) were analysed in detail.

Results:  There was a high incidence (70%) of adverse reactions associated with prilocaine, which is much greater than its market share (less than 20%). There is a tendency to consider all systemic adverse reactions as being ‘allergic’ reactions although this is rarely the case. Syncope, cardiovascular and central nervous system reactions are much more common. There is also a risk of methaemoglobinaemia to prilocaine and articaine. A small series of cases referred to one of the authors were also reported.

Conclusions:  Recommendations are made as to the prevention, acute care and subsequent investigation of adverse reactions. The most important conclusion is not to just label the response as allergic and to use an alternative agent. Detailed investigation and reporting should be made for all cases of suspected severe adverse reaction to local anaesthetic agents.
Mandible fracture severity may be increased by alcohol and interpersonal violence
Authors: O’Meara C , Witherspoon R , Hapangama N , Hyam DM
Published: June 2011

Background:  Alcohol as a cofactor in interpersonal violence (IPV) has been established by studies from a number of countries. This study aimed to determine if alcohol was a cofactor in the incidence or severity of mandible fracture.

Methods:  A prospective study of mandible fracture patients presenting for oral maxillofacial review over 16 months was completed. Injury severity was assessed utilizing the Mandible Injury Severity Score (MISS).

Results:  A total of 252 facial trauma cases presented to our tertiary referral centre, 83 with fractures of the mandible. The majority of presentations were secondary to IPV (n = 54, 65.06%), 49 (90.74%) of these cases involved alcohol. Overall, alcohol was involved in 63.85% of cases (n = 53). The relative risk of requiring surgical intervention with alcohol involvement was 2.68 (CI = 1.11–9.47). Alcohol significantly increased facial fracture severity for MISS: alcohol (n = 53) 13.07 ± 5.01, no alcohol (n = 30) 11.03 ± 4.87 (p < 0.05). IPV also increased facial fracture severity for MISS: IPV (n = 54) 13.09 ± 4.90, non‐IPV (n = 29) 11.00 ± 4.81 (p < 0.05). The angle of the mandible was most commonly fractured (40.5% of cases).

Conclusions:  Mandible fracture patients, whose injury is a result of IPV, have more severe fractures and a higher likelihood of requiring surgery if alcohol is involved. This correlates to a higher surgical workload, economic and social burden to the community. Primary alcohol and IPV prevention strategies will play an important role in reducing mandible fracture.
Relationship of unstimulated saliva cortisol level with severity of oral dryness feeling in menopausal women
Authors: Agha‐Hosseini F , Mirzaii‐Dizgah I , Mirjalili N
Published: June 2011

Background:  Menopause may be associated with some adverse changes, such as oral dryness (OD) feeling. The exact mechanisms that mediate sensation of OD in menopausal women have not been firmly established. The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship of unstimulated whole saliva cortisol level with severity of OD feeling in menopausal women.

Methods:  A case control study was carried out on 70 selected menopausal women with/without OD feeling, conducted at the Clinic of Oral Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran. The xerostomia inventory (XI) score was used as an index of OD feeling severity. Unstimulated whole saliva cortisol concentration was measured by ELISA. Statistical analysis of student’s t‐test and Spearman correlation was used.

Results:  The mean cortisol concentration of saliva was significantly higher in women with OD feeling than the control. There was significant positive correlation between the XI score and the concentration of unstimulated whole saliva cortisol (r = 0.559, p = 0.025).

Conclusions:  Unstimulated whole saliva cortisol is higher in menopausal women with OD feeling than in controls and this correlates with the severity of OD.
Prosthodontic considerations designed to optimize outcomes for single‐tooth implants. A review of the literature
Authors: Lewis MB , Klineberg I
Published: June 2011

Background:  The aim of this study was to review the literature on the restoration of single‐tooth implants, and to develop evidence‐based conclusions to optimize aesthetic, biologic and patient‐related outcomes.

Methods:  An electronic and hand search was conducted using the search terms ‘dental implants, single‐tooth; dental restoration, temporary; dental impression materials; dental impression technique; dental prosthesis, implant‐supported; dental prosthesis design; dental abutments; dental occlusion; maintenance; survival; and survival analysis’. Resultant titles were screened, and full text was obtained where relevant. The authors selected the most appropriate articles, giving preference to systematic reviews and long‐term, patient‐based outcome data.

Results:  Thirty‐nine articles were selected and critiqued by the authors.

Conclusions:  There was strong suggestion by several authors that peri‐implant soft tissue aesthetics can be sculpted through provisional restoration contour, but there are no clinical outcome studies to define or support this claim. Laboratory studies demonstrate that pick‐up type impression copings in conjunction with elastomeric impressions are the most accurate means for transferring implant position to a dental cast. Laboratory and finite‐element analysis studies suggest implants with an internal‐type connection show improved stress distribution, but supportive clinical data are lacking. The authors of this review favour a screw‐retained prosthesis for retrievability. Clinical and histological studies show that gold, titanium and zirconia ceramic abutment materials exhibit excellent biological responses, although there is insufficient data on the clinical service provided by zirconia as an implant‐substructure material. The literature does not associate any particular occlusal scheme with superior clinical outcomes. Implant‐borne single crowns offer comparable clinical service to tooth‐borne fixed dental prostheses. However, single‐tooth implant restorations are associated with an increased incidence of biological and technical complications.
Management of intrusive luxation in the primary dentition by surgical repositioning: an alternative approach
Authors: Shanmugam HV , Arangannal P , Vishnurekha C , Nichani MH , Vijayaprabha K
Published: June 2011

Intrusive luxation is the most common trauma during early infancy which results in the displacement of the tooth into its alveolus. Depending on the severity of the intrusion, the American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry recommends either extraction or spontaneous re‐eruption for the primary tooth. This case report provides a brief insight into surgical repositioning as an alternative treatment option for the management of intruded primary tooth in a 4‐year‐old girl.
Tuberculosis cutis orificialis with both gingival involvement and underlying pulmonary tuberculosis
Authors: Sun W‐L , Xu K‐L , Chen L‐L , Yu Z‐S
Published: June 2011

Tuberculosis cutis orificialis is a rare manifestation of cutaneous tuberculosis which occurs in the oral, perianal and adjacent mucosa. The most frequent orificial lesion location is the tongue. We report a case of a 35‐year‐old female with tuberculosis cutis orificialis with gingival involvement. She had a six‐month history of a moderately painful gingival ulceration. Histopathological examination showed granulomatous infiltrates composed of epithelioid cells, Langhans giant cells and caseating necrosis. A purified protein derivative test was positive. Sputum culture was positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Chest X‐ray and high resolution computed tomography showed active pulmonary tuberculosis in both upper lung zones. The gingival specimen was positive for M. tuberculosis polymerase chain reaction. A complete resolution was achieved after six months of anti‐tuberculosis therapy. Dental identification of M. tuberculosis may serve as an important aid in the first line of control of this dangerous infectious disease.
Consensus statement by hospital based dentists providing dental treatment for patients with inherited bleeding disorders*
Authors: Hewson ID , Daly J , Hallett KB , Liberali SA , Scott CLM , Spaile G , Widmer R , Winters J
Published: June 2011

Avoidance of dental care and neglect of oral health may occur in patients with inherited bleeding disorders because of concerns about perioperative and postoperative bleeding, but this is likely to result in the need for crisis care, and more complex and high‐risk procedures. Most routine dental care in this special needs group can be safely managed in the general dental setting following consultation with the patient’s haematologist and adherence to simple protocols. Many of the current protocols for dental treatment of patients with inherited bleeding disorders were devised many years ago and now need revision. There is increasing evidence that the amount of factor cover previously recommended for dental procedures can now be safely reduced or may no longer be required in many cases. There is still a need for close cooperation and discussion between the patient’s haematologist and dental surgeon before any invasive treatment is performed. A group of hospital based dentists from centres where patients with inherited bleeding disorders are treated met and, after discussions, a management protocol for dental treatment was formulated.
Different powered toothbrushes for plaque control and gingival health
Authors: Deacon SA , Glenny A‐M , Deery C , Robinson PG , Heanue M , Walmsley AD , Shaw WC
Published: June 2011

Background:  Powered brushes were first introduced commercially in the 1960s. A recent systematic review suggested the superiority of certain modes of powered over manual toothbrushing for plaque and gingivitis reduction. That review did not allow for direct comparison between different modes of powered toothbrush.

Objectives:  To compare different modes of powered toothbrushing against each other for plaque reduction and the health of the gingivae. Other factors to be assessed were calculus and stain removal, cost, dependability and adverse effects.

Search strategy:  The following databases were searched: Cochrane Oral Health Group’s Trials Register (to 26 July 2010); Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library 2010, Issue 3); MEDLINE via OVID (1950 to 26 July 2010); EMBASE via OVID (1980 to 26 July 2010); CINAHL via EBSCO (1982 to 26 July 2010). There were no language restrictions.

Selection criteria:  Trials were considered for inclusion with the following criteria: random allocation of participants; no compromised manual dexterity; unsupervised powered toothbrushing for at least four weeks. The primary outcomes were the plaque and gingivitis scores after powered toothbrush use during trial period.

Data collection and analysis:  Data extraction was performed independently and in duplicate. The authors of trials were contacted to provide missing data where possible. The effect measure for each meta‐analysis was the standardized mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) using the random‐effects model. Potential sources of heterogeneity were assessed.

Main results:  The review included data from 15 trials with 1015 participants. Due to the dearth of trials assessing the same mode of action, no definitive conclusions can be stated regarding the superiority of one mode of powered toothbrush over any other. Only minor and transient side effects were reported. Cost, dependability were not reported.

Authors’ conclusions:  Further trials of good quality are required to establish if any mode of action has superiority over the other modes of action for powered toothbrushes.
Design Value
Authors: Zec Peter
Published: June 2011

Since 1955, the Red Dot design awards have been given to the best of the best in concept design, product design, and communication design. The staff at the Red Dot Institute for Advanced Design Studies is now drawing on those years of experience to arrive at a means for calculating the true value of design.
How Design Can Improve Firm Performance
Authors: Gemser Gerda , Candi Marina , van den Ende Jan
Published: June 2011

Is design more effective when designers are given greater freedom? Does it help to combine experiential design with functional design? And what kind of study will give you those answers? The Association of Dutch Designers and two Dutch universities collaborated on a survey of 163 Dutch firms in an attempt to find out.
Protection of yearling ponies against Strongylus vulgaris by foalhood vaccination
Authors: KLEI T. R. , FRENCH D. D. , CHAPMAN MELANIE R. , McCLURE J. R. , DENNIS VIDA A. , TAYLOR H. W. , HUTCHINSON G. W.
Published: June 2011

The long term efficacy of an irradiation attenuated larval (L3) vaccine against Strongylus vulgaris was tested in ponies which were reared on pasture. Prior to foaling, mares were divided into two groups. One group of mares and foals received regular (eight weekly) treatment with ivermectin and the second group remained untreated. Half the foals in each pasture group were vaccinated at eight to ten weeks of age. Foals were weaned at three to four months of age and maintained on separate pastures. At eight to ten months of age, ponies were placed in box stalls and half of each treatment group were challenged with S. vulgaris (5 × 1000 L3). Clinical signs and lesions typical of acute verminous arteritis were found at necropsy in the ivermectin treated non‐vaccinated challenged yearlings. Ivermectin treated vaccinated challenged yearlings did not show these clinical signs, had markedly reduced to absent arterial lesions and showed an 89 per cent reduction in arterial larval burdens post mortem. Significant differences in clinical signs, arterial lesions or arterial larval burdens were not seen between vaccinated and non‐vaccinated foals reared without benefit of ivermectin treatment.
Effect of butorphanol on equine antroduodenal motility
Authors: MERRITT A. M. , CAMPBELL‐THOMPSON MARTHA L. , LOWREY S.
Published: June 2011

Six healthy six to eight‐month‐old horses were surgically prepared with Ag bipolar electrodes sutured to the gastric antrum and duodenum. Leads from the electrodes were exteriorised through a stab incision in the flank. During experimental sessions the horses were lightly restrained in stocks and electrode leads were connected to a physiograph to record antroduodenal myoelectrical activity. Intravenous (iv) injection of 0.05 mg/kg bodyweight (bwt) of the opioid agonist/antagonist, butorphanol was followed within 2 to 3 mins by a normal appearing period of repetitive spike activity, or phase III, of the migrating motor complex (MMC) on the duodenum. This was followed by a period of no spike activity, or phase I, of the MMC and then resumption of intermittent spike activity, or phase II, of normal duration. Pre‐treatment with 15 μg/kg bwt of the non‐selective opioid antagonist, naloxone, or with 1 mg/kg bwt of the (α2‐adrenergic antagonist, tolazoline, did not block the myoelectrical response to butorphanol. It was concluded that a dose of butorphanol that has effective analgesic effects in a colicky horse resets the antroduodenal MMC without causing undesirable effects on antroduodenal motility. This particular effect of butorphanol might not be mediated by either a2‐adrenergic or opioid receptors, although the latter question needs further investigation.
Observations on the colic motor complex in a pony with a small intestinal obstruction
Authors: KING J. N. , GERRING E. L.
Published: June 2011

Characteristic motility patterns were seen throughout the gastrointestinal tract in a pony prepared chronically with electromechanical recording devices after developing a simple obstruction of the small intestine. Gross distension of the stomach with fluid produced loss of gastric contractile activity and a chaotic electrogram. These changes were reversed instantaneously when the stomach was decompressed. In the jejunum, proximal to the obstruction, the unique ‘colic motor complex’ was observed with contractions of longer duration arranged in characteristic pulses of activity. The left dorsal colon showed continuous hyperactivity and the small colon remained active. Abnormal motility patterns occurring secondary to a small intestinal obstruction could play a role in the aetiology of small and large intestinal disorders.
Correlative morphometry and morphology of normal equine intestinal mucosa and comparison after adaptation to extensive large colon resection
Authors: BERTONE ALICIA L. , COCKERELL G. L. , LEE R. E. , STASHAK T. S.
Published: June 2011

Light microscopy, morphometry and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to examine the mucosal morphology of seven intestinal specimens (three from the small intestine and four from the large intestine) from two horses not subjected to surgery and three horses one year after sham‐operation for colon resection. Qualitative and quantitative evaluation revealed similar morphology for all horses except that the unoperated horses had significantly (P<0.05) fewer goblet cells in the crypts of the large intestine. In the small intestine, SEM demonstrated that villus shape varied and ranged from coned to broad and flat. In the large intestine, SEM of the right ventral and dorsal colon revealed more prominent crypt openings than in the caecum. The small colon contained the most prominent crypt openings with the least variation among horses. In the small intestine, light microscopy and morphometry revealed a greater number of goblet cells and a decreased width to the enterocytes in an aboral direction from the cranial jejunum to the ileum. In the large intestine, the crypt area and crypt depth increased significantly and the intercrypt area decreased significantly in an aboral direction from the caecum to the small colon (P<0.05). In comparison to the normal morphology, horses one year after extensive large colon resection had significantly greater intercrypt area in the caecum and remaining large colon.
Effects of diet and feeding on postprandial serum gastrin and insulin concentrations in adult horses
Authors: SMYTH G. B. , YOUNG DIANE W. , HAMMOND LINDA S.
Published: June 2011

Gastrin is the only hormone known to stimulate secretion of hydrochloric acid. It also has trophic effects on specific parts of the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract. Using radioimmunoassay techniques, postprandial serum gastrin and insulin concentrations were measured in six adult horses to establish effects of different diets on gastrin concentrations. Insulin concentrations were measured to provide support to the patterns of gastrin secretion because patterns of insulin secretion were already known. The horses were fed coastal bermuda hay, or twice daily 5 kg of a complete pelleted ration, 5 kg of commercial sweet feed or 5 kg of the sweet feed together with hay. There was little change in serum gastrin or insulin concentrations after feeding hay alone. Rations containing more readily available nutrients (pellets, sweet feed) produced significant increases in postprandial serum gastrin and insulin concentrations. Gastrin concentrations also varied according to the duration of feeding each diet, but this was not seen with insulin. These results indicated that gastrin secretion, and therefore possibly gastric acid secretion, were markedly influenced by dietary composition and duration of feeding a diet. There appeared to be some adaptation of the stomach (gastrin secretion) to changes in diet, but this was not accompanied by indications of adaptation in the endocrine pancreas (insulin secretion).
Regional gastric pH measurement in horses and foals
Authors: MURRAY M. J. , GRODINSKY CAROLYN
Published: June 2011

The pH of the gastric mucosal surface and gastric content was measured in 18 foals (mean age: 20 days) and 27 horses (mean age: 2.9 years) with a pH electrode passed through an endoscope biopsy channel. A reference electrode was attached to a shaved area on the neck. pH Measurements of the gastric mucosal surface at the dorsal squamous fundus (SF), squamous mucosa adjacent to the margo plicatus (MP), glandular fundus (GF) and the fluid or feed contents of the stomach were recorded in duplicate for each animal. In adult horses, the SF pH was greatest (5.46±1.82), with a decreasing pH ventrally toward the MP (4.12±1.62), to the glandular fundic mucosa (3.09±1.90), and fluid contents (2.72±1.86). The differences in pH at each site within the stomach were significant (P<0.05). In foals, mean pH measurement of the SF was 4.88±1.30, the MP was 4.92±1.29, the GF was 2.10±1.45, milk and fluid contents was 1.85±0.53 (six foals), and feed contents was 3.39±1.77 (12 foals). The pH of the SF and MP were significantly greater (P<0.05) than that of feed contents, which was significantly greater (P<0.05) than that of the glandular mucosal surface and fluid contents. The results indicate a dorsal to ventral pH gradient of the gastric mucosal surface in adult horses, and that gastric acid secretion is competent in young foals.
Serum angiotensin converting enzyme activity and response to angiotensin I in horses
Authors: TILLMAN L. G. , MOORE J. N.
Published: June 2011

The activity of serum angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) for healthy horses was 64 ± 13 mUnits/ml. In vitro, equine serum ACE was sensitive to the following inhibitors (IC50): enalapril (570 nM or 215 ng/ml), captopril (190 nM or 41.3 ng/ml), and enalaprilat (6 nM or 2.1 ng/ml). The intravenous (iv) administration of angiotensin I to six healthy horses produced a dose proportional pressor response. The maximal increase in mean arterial pressure over baseline values was 65.6 mmHg at angiotensin I doses of 500 ng/kg bodyweight (bwt). The attenuation of this response to angiotensin I was further demonstrated in a single horse by the prior administration of enalaprilat at an iv dose of 8.71 μg/kg bwt.
Comparison of detomidine, butorphanol, flunixin meglumine and xylazine in clinical cases of equine colic
Authors: JOCHLE W. , MOORE J. N. , BROWN J. , BAKER G. J. , LOWE J. E. , FUBINI S. , REEVES M. J. , WATKINS J. P. , WHITE N. A.
Published: June 2011

Detomidine hydrochloride, butorphanol tartrate, flunixin meglumine and xylazine hydrochloride were evaluated in a blind multi‐centre clinical trial in 152 horses with abdominal pain. The drugs were administered as follows: detomidine 20 or 40 μg/kg bodyweight (bwt); butorphanol 0.1 mg/kg bwt; flunixin meglumine 1.0 mg/kg bwt; xylazine hydrochloride 0.5 mg/kg bwt. Each centre compared responses to the two doses of detomidine with those to one of the other analgesics. The drugs were administered intravenously (iv) after clinical assessment of the degree of sweating, kicking, pawing, head and body movement, attitude, lip curling, stretching to urinate, pulse rate, respiratory rate and rectal temperature. Similar assessments were repeated at 15 min intervals for at least 1 h. The investigators ranked the response to treatment from ‘not satisfactory’ to ‘highly satisfactory’. Significant differences in sweating, kicking, pawing, head and body movement, attitude, pulse rate and respiratory rate were noted between the horses receiving butorphanol and either dose of detomidine. The investigators' subjective evaluation of the analgesic and sedative effects of either dose of detomidine were significantly better than for butorphanol. Analgesia was rated as highly satisfactory or satisfactory in 93.3 per cent and 6.7 per cent of the horses receiving 40 μg/kg bwt of detomidine, 73.3 per cent and 26.7 per cent of the horses receiving 20 μg/kg bwt of detomidine, and none of the horses receiving butorphanol. There were no differences in the incidence of side effects with the two compounds. Significant differences were noted in kicking, pawing, head and body movement and attitude between the horses receiving flunixin meglumine and either dose of detomidine. Flunixin meglumine provided significantly less analgesia than either dose of detomidine. Analgesia was rated as highly satisfactory or satisfactory in 73.7 per cent and 21.0 per cent of the horses receiving 40 μg/kg bwt of detomidine, 42.9 per cent and 21.4 per cent of the horses receiving 20 μg/kg bwt of detomidine, and 6.3 per cent and 37.5 per cent of the horses receiving xylazine. Sedation was considered to be at least satisfactory in 84.2 per cent of the horses receiving 40 μg/kg of detomidine, 71.5 per cent of the horses receiving 20 μg/kg of detomidine and 53.3 per cent of the horses receiving xylazine.
Field trial evaluation of detomidine as a sedative and analgesic in horses with colic
Authors: JÖCHLE W.
Published: June 2011

In this uncontrolled clinical study 12 investigators cooperated to evaluate the analgesic and sedative effect of detomidine (DORMOSEDAN; Farmos Group Ltd; Finland) in 234 horses with abdominal pain caused by colic. The study was designed to use each animal as its own control and to evaluate its response to the drug over a 60 min period. Detomidine was given intravenously (iv) once in 169 cases (167 horses, 1 mule, 1 donkey) at a dose of 20 μg/kg bodyweight (bwt), and to 65 horses at 40 μg/kg bwt. The higher dose was used predominantly in horses with severe pain which were more often in poor health and therefore given a poor prognosis. Sedation and analgesia, rated as satisfactory or highly satisfactory, was achieved in 96 per cent of cases, without obvious differences between doses, sex, breed and species. First clinical signs of sedation and analgesia were recorded within 2.5 and 3.2 mins, respectively, and deep sedation and analgesia were achieved by 4.2 and 5.1 mins. Objective evaluation of analgesia was based on clinical scores related to behaviour (eg sweating, kicking, pawing, head and body movement, stretching, lip curling, attitude and appetite). In five of seven of these parameters the 40 μg/kg bwt treatment scored higher initially (P<0.001) and took longer to return to normal. Although most cases treated with 20 μg/kg bwt returned to almost normal levels by 15 mins, those treated with 40 μg/kg required 30 mins. Animals not responding to either dose of detomidine went to surgery and/or were destroyed. These involved intestinal strangulation, incarceration, and torsion or rotation of the intestinal tract. No differences were found between doses in the occurrence of side effects. As expected, heart rates and respiratory rates decreased and recovered slowly. Other side effects were recorded in approximately 37 per cent of cases and consisted of instability (27.1 per cent of all other side effects), sweating (14.5 per cent), cardiovascular abnormalities (arrhythmias: 15.1 per cent) and abnormal reactions to sensorial stimuli (6.6 per cent). Less than 20 per cent of the side effects were classified as ‘strong’ or ‘very strong’ and none was considered serious. No deaths were attributed to the drug.
Comparison of age, sex, breed, history and management in 229 horses with colic
Authors: MORRIS DEBRA DEEM , MOORE J. N. , WARD SHERRY
Published: June 2011

A study, at a university in south eastern USA, aimed to determine whether age, sex, breed, management and history differed in colic cases. A detailed history was obtained for 229 horses between January 1987 and June 1988. Causes for colic determined by clinical examination, exploratory laparotomy and/or necropsy included: gastric rupture (GR, 6); ileal impaction (II, 17); small intestinal strangulating obstruction (SIO, 22); proximal enteritis (PE, 16); transient small intestinal distension (TSID, 18); large colon displacement (LCD, 52); large colon impaction (LCI, 34); colitis (8); small colon obstruction (SCO, 7); peritonitis (7); and unknown (42). Prevalence of age, sex, breed and use, type and amount of grain and roughage fed, supplement feeding, diet change within 30 days, stocking density, deworming rate and routine, and previous colic were determined in each category and compared by multiple regression and chi‐square analysis (P<0.05). The PE group included a greater proportion of horses aged five to 10 years (68.8 per cent) and stallions (37.5 per cent) than other categories. Most horses with II were under five years. Horses under one year were most prevalent in SIO (22.7 per cent) and SCO (28.6 per cent), and those of 15 years or more were most prevalent in SCO (57.1 per cent) and GR (50 per cent). Quarterhorses comprised 48.1 per cent of the LCD group and there was a high incidence of Arabians in groups with II (29.4 per cent) and TSID (27.8 per cent). Pelleted grain was associated with LCD. Prevalence of Bermuda grass hay feeding was less in PE and SCO groups, and pelleted roughage was associated with LCI. Showing and racing/training the day before colic were associated with LCD and LCI, respectively. There was no dietary association with II development and no correlation between use, amount of grain or hay fed, type of pasture, deworming or history of previous colic and various causes for colic.
Pharmacists subjected to disciplinary action: characteristics and risk factors
Authors: Phipps Denham L , Noyce Peter R , Walshe Kieran , Parker Dianne , Ashcroft Darren M
Published: June 2011

Objective

To establish whether there are any characteristics of pharmacists that predict their likelihood of being subjected to disciplinary action.

Methods

The setting was the Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain's Disciplinary Committee. One hundred and seventeen pharmacists, all of whom had been referred to the Disciplinary Committee, were matched with a quota sample of 580 pharmacists who had not been subjected to disciplinary action but that matched the disciplined pharmacists on a set of demographic factors (gender, country of residence, year of registration). Frequency analysis and regression analysis were used to compare the two groups of pharmacists in terms of sector of work, ethnicity, age and country of training. Descriptive statistics were also obtained from the disciplined pharmacists to further explore characteristics of disciplinary cases and those pharmacists who undergo them.

Key findings

While a number of characteristics appeared to increase the likelihood of a pharmacist being referred to the disciplinary committee, only one of these – working in a community pharmacy – was statistically significant. Professional misconduct accounted for a greater proportion of referrals than did clinical malpractice, and approximately one-fifth of pharmacists who went before the Disciplinary Committee had previously been disciplined by the Society.

Conclusions

This study provides initial evidence of pharmacist characteristics that are associated with an increased risk of being disciplined, based upon the data currently available. It is recommended that follow-up work is carried out using a more extensive dataset in order to confirm the statistical trends identified here.
Origins and basic principles of Wundt's Völkerpsychologie
Authors: Danziger Kurt
Published: June 2011

The origins of Wundt's conceptions can be traced to some early notions of J. G. Herder and, more immediately, to the project of a Völkerpsychologie developed by Lazarus and Steinthal around 1860. Wundt criticized the Herbartian basis of the latter and proceeded to work out an alternative conception of psychology in its social aspects. The basis of this conception was provided by his analysis of human action and the theory of gestural communication to which this led. Cultural products were seen as presupposing a collective subject and as acting back on the psychology of the individual. Although Wundt's conceptions had serious limitations some aspects of his thought about the relationship of individual and culture provide perspectives that are of continuing interest.
The origin of the social psychology of language in German expressivism
Authors: Markova Ivana
Published: June 2011

The origin is traced, in the period 1770–1830, of the social psychology of language in the works of Herder, Humboldt and Hegel. For these German expressivists, language was an inherently social phenomenon. Their social and developmental approach to the study of language and thought stands in sharp contrast to the Cartesian paradigm which pervades most contemporary research in psycholinguistics. German expressivists initiated the study of language as a means of interpersonal interaction; conceived of reflexion, consciousness and self‐consciousness as genuinely social phenomena; introduced the idea of meaning potentialities in words; and coined the term ‘empathy’. Whilst this tradition survives, e.g. in the social psychology of G. H. Mead, its origins in the work of the German expressivists is not always explicitly acknowledged.
The transformation of introspection
Authors: Lyons William
Published: June 2011

In this essay I examine critically the transformation that has occurred in the accounts or models of the nature of introspection in psychology and philosophy from the heyday of introspectionism 100 years ago, via behaviourism to contemporary reductive or eliminative materialism, with a few indications of how this is already being transformed into functional physicalism. Introspection is still with us, not only in the sense that, as it has been suggested recently, ‘in our culture, we take it for granted that each of us knows his own mind directly and can describe its operations' (Hebb, 1969, p. 55) but also because, no matter how uneasy psychologists and philosophers may be from time to time about its mention, they cannot do without it in their professional work.
Multiple extra‐synaptic spillover mechanisms regulate prolonged activity in cerebellar Golgi cell–granule cell loops
Authors: Holtzman Tahl , Sivam Vanessa , Zhao Tian , Frey Oivier , van der Wal Peter Dow , de Rooij Nico F. , Dalley Jeffrey W. , Edgley Steve A.
Published: June 2011

Non‐technical summary The cerebellar cortex contains complex neural circuits related to information processing for the learning and control of movements. We show that the interaction between the main input neurones, the granule cells and their inhibitory counterparts, the Golgi cells, is far more complex than previously thought. Traditionally, granule cells are considered to excite Golgi cells, thereby forming a negative feedback loop. In contrast, our study reveals that granule cell input to Golgi cells is predominantly inhibitory, through the action of specialised glutamate receptors expressed in Golgi cells. These results force a re‐evaluation of our current best theories of how the cerebellar circuitry processes information.
Mast cells drive mesenteric afferent signalling during acute intestinal ischaemia
Authors: Jiang Wen , Kirkup Anthony J. , Grundy David
Published: June 2011

Non‐technical summary Interruption of the blood supply to the intestine (intestinal ischaemia) can lead to severe abdominal pain as a consequence of activation of sensory nerves (afferents) that supply the bowel wall. The mechanisms underlying intestinal afferent sensitivity to ischaemia are not fully understood. This study has examined a role for mast cells in ischaemic afferent sensitivity by recording directly from the afferent nerves that supply a loop of intestine. Mast cells play a role in immune surveillance and are rich in histamine and other mediators that play a key role in inflammatory processes. We demonstrate that by blocking mast cell degranulation or the receptors that mast cell mediators act on, it is possible to attenuate the afferent response to ischaemia. These results increase our understanding of the mechanisms underlying ischaemic pain and provide a rationale for targeting mast cells as a potential treatment for patients with disrupted intestinal blood supply.
The retinal hypercircuit: a repeating synaptic interactive motif underlying visual function
Authors: Werblin Frank S.
Published: June 2011

Abstract The vertebrate retina generates a stack of about a dozen different movies that represent the visual world as dynamic neural images. The stack is embodied as separate strata that span the inner plexiform layer (IPL). At each stratum, ganglion cell dendrites reach up to read out inhibitory interactions between three different amacrine cell classes that shape bipolar‐to‐ganglion cell transmission. The nexus of these five cell classes represents a functional module, a retinal ‘hypercircuit’, that is repeated across the surface of each of the dozen strata that span the depth of the IPL. Individual differences in the characteristics of each cell class at each stratum lead to the unique processing characteristics of each neural image throughout the stack. This review shows how the interactions between different morphological and physiological cell classes generate many of the known retinal visual functions including motion detection, directional selectivity, local edge detection, looming detection, object motion and saccadic suppression.
O‐glycosylation of the cardiac IKs complex
Authors: Chandrasekhar Kshama D. , Lvov Anatoli , Terrenoire Cecile , Gao Grace Y. , Kass Robert S. , Kobertz William R.
Published: June 2011

Non‐technical summary Post‐translational modification of cardiac ion channels is a cellular mechanism for maintaining the rhythmicity of the heartbeat. We show that an essential regulatory subunit (KCNE1) of the cardiac IKs potassium channel complex is glycosylated at threonine‐7 in vivo. Mutations that prevent glycosylation at this amino acid result in cardiac IKs complexes that are unable to efficiently traffic to the plasma membrane. These results provide a cellular mechanism for a KCNE1 mutation (T7I) that has been associated with cardiac arrhythmias.
Geometric Constraint Solving in Parametric Computer-Aided Design
Authors: Bettig Bernhard , M. Hoffmann Christoph
Published: June 2011

With parametric computer-aided design (CAD) software, designers can create geometric models that are easily updated (within limits) by modifying the values of controlling parameters. These numeric and non-numeric parameters control the geometry in two ways: parametric operations and geometric constraint solving. This paper examines the advances over the last decade in the representation of parametric operations and of solving geometric constraint problems. An extensive literature has grown up surrounding geometric constraint solving and there has been substantial progress in the types of objects and constraints that can be handled robustly. Yet parametric operations have remained largely within the same conceptualization and begin to limit the flexibility of CAD systems, since they still do not align well with a systematic design process.
Engineering-Oriented Geometry Methods for Modeling and Analyzing Scanned Data
Authors: Fischer Anath
Published: June 2011

The emerging field of Engineering Oriented Geometry (EOG) comprises new and extended geometric modeling methods that are directly related to the shared inherent engineering attributes of design, analysis, and manufacturing. This paper describes EOG methods that can be applied to scanned data, focusing on two main sub-areas: (a) shape reconstruction from scanned data; and (b) geometric modeling for analysis. The paper describes the main developments in geometric shape reconstruction methods for scanned data and in geometric modeling for analysis. In the field of geometric reconstruction efficient algorithms have been developed to cope with the open engineering problem of reconstruction from large scale, noisy, and incomplete data. Taken together, these solutions provide a comprehensive methodology that is fundamental to advancing the field of shape reconstruction. They constitute a new EOG model philosophy that can be implemented in CAD engineering for further processing, such as design, analysis, and manufacturing. Integrating CAD and multiscale analysis into one module creates a new paradigm that affects both fields and had the potential to lead to new areas of mechanical analysis.