bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Personality, sense of coherence and the coping of working mothers
Authors: Herbst Lettie , Coetzee Sanet , Visser Deléne
Published: August 2012

The purpose of the study was to examine the relationships between personality dimensions, sense of coherence and coping styles among working mothers. The OPQ, OLQ and COPE questionnaires were administered to 120 married, working mothers. In view of contrasting results obtained by other researchers regarding the dimensionality of the COPE, its factorial validity and internal consistency were assessed. Exploratory factor analysis indicated that the COPE measured five factors with high degrees of internal consistency. Several personality dimensions and sense of coherence variables correlated significantly with the dependent variables (coping styles). It appeared that these independent variables predicted substantial percentages of the variability in the coping styles.
The conceptualisation and measurement of combat readiness for peace-support operations – an exploratory study
Authors: Bester Piet C , Stanz Karel J
Published: August 2012

The aim of this study was to conceptualise combat readiness and to construct a normative measurement instrument for use within the context of peace-support operations. The Peace-Support Operations Questionnaire (PSOQ) was developed comprising of three types of items, namely an associated component, a disassociated component, and certain generic items applicable to both components. The sample comprised 461 soldiers of the South African National Defence Force. A second-order factor analysis on the 15 sub-scores of the first-order factor analysis yielded two factors. These factors were interpreted as Military Climate and Discipline. The two factors were subjected to an item analysis and yielded reliability coefficients of 0,987 and 0,791. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Graduate interns’ experiences: A career success orientations approach
Authors: Kanye B , Crous F
Published: August 2012

Organisations are challenged to achieve optimal business results by specifically attracting and retaining talented human resources, while simultaneously creating environments where individuals feel their own personal career aspirations are fulfilled. This study examined graduate interns’ experiences using career success orientations as a framework. Data were collected using a card sorting technique and semi-structured interviews. The data were then analysed and used as a guide for internship programme design. Implications of the findings are discussed.
The construct validation of an instrument designed to assess organisational socialisation
Authors: Mudurai Michelle , Olckers Chantal , Buys Michiel
Published: August 2012

The aim of this study was to establish the construct validity of an instrument for assessing organisational socialisation. A purposive sample of 170 respondents completed the socialisation instrument. Scale reliabilities and a confrmatory factor analysis confrmed six constructs (History, Language, Politics, People, Organisational Goals and Values, and Performance Profciency) as measures of this domain. The signifcance of the fndings of this study is that from a South African perspective, the socialisation instrument can be useful in measuring organisational socialisation. This instrument can also be valuable in assessing the effectiveness of the socialisation tactics used by organisations.
Leader emotional intelligence, transformational leadership, trust and team commitment: Testing a model within a team context
Authors: Schlechter Anton F. , Strauss Jacoba J.
Published: August 2012

This exploratory study tested a model within a team context consisting of transformational-leadership behaviour, team-leader emotional intelligence, trust (both in the team leader and in the team members) and team commitment. It was conducted within six manufacturing plants, with 25 teams participating. Of the 320 surveys distributed to these teams, 178 were received (which equals a 56% response rate). The surveys consisted of the multi-factor leadership questionnaire (MLQ), the Swinburne University emotional intelligence test (SUEIT), the organisational-commitment scale (OCS) (adapted for team commitment) and the workplace trust survey (WTS). The validity of these scales was established using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confrmatory factor analysis (CFA). The Cronbach alpha was used to assess the reliability of the scales. The model was tested using structural equation modelling (SEM); an acceptable level of model ft was found. Signifcant positive relationships were further found among all the constructs. Such an integrated model has not been tested in a team context before and the positive fndings therefore add to existing teamwork literature. The fnding that transformational leadership and leader emotional intelligence are positively related to team commitment and trust further emphasises the importance of effective leadership behaviour in team dynamics and performance.
Theory and practice in Industrial Psychology: Quo vadis?
Authors: Augustyn Johan C. , Cillie Gawie G.
Published: August 2012

This article critically evaluates the science and practice of industrial psychology. It reaches the conclusion that a major shift in paradigm and mind-set is essential for the discipline to survive. The article discusses assumptions about knowledge within the science and practice of industrial psychology and suggests ways to expand the notion of scientist and practitioner. It also discusses modes of knowledge acquisition within industrial psychology and proposes a post-modern view of the interface between theory and practice. It concludes with suggestions to revitalise the interface between theory and practice.
The relationship between employee motivation, job satisfaction and corporate culture
Authors: Roos Wanda , Van Eeden Rene
Published: August 2012

In this study, relationships between employee motivation, job satisfaction and corporate culture were hypothesised and investigated. The sample that was investigated consisted of the majority of the permanent-staff complement of a marketing research company in South Africa. Three instruments were used to measure the constructs concerned, namely the Motivation Questionnaire (MQ), the Experience of Work and Life Circumstances Questionnaire (WLO) and the Corporate Culture Questionnaire (CCQ). Pearson product-moment coeffcients were then calculated and the linear relationships were further explored through canonical-correlation analysis. A possible moderator effect of employee motivation was also explored. The fndings provided support for the linear relationships and, more importantly, identifed the drivers of these relationships. The fndings did not support the moderator effect. Using these fndings, marketing research organisations, in particular, can be guided in terms of workplace attitudes under managerial infuence.
Structural equivalence and the Neo-Pi-R: Implications for the applicability of the five-factor model of personality in an African context
Authors: Laher Sumaya
Published: August 2012

The NEO-PI-R is one of the most widely used and researched operationalisations of the Five Factor Model (FFM) of personality (McCrae & Allik, 2002, McCrae & Terraccianno, 2005). Considerable evidence exists in terms of its replicability across cultures leading researchers to conclude that the NEO-PI-R and by extension the FFM are universally applicable. This paper, by virtue of reviewing appropriate literature, argues that evidence for the structural equivalence of the NEO-PI-R, while appropriate in Western cultures, is lacking in non-Western, and specifically African cultures. This is discussed with particular reference to the existence of other factors which are not tapped by this model and which would merit further research.
The cross-cultural application of the social axioms survey in The South African police service
Authors: Barnard Adi , Rothmann Sebastiaan , Meiring Deon
Published: August 2012

The objectives of this study were to investigate the replicability, construct equivalence, item bias and reliability of the Social Axioms Survey (SAS) in the South African Police Service (SAPS). A cross-sectional survey design was used. the participants consisted of applicants who had applied for jobs in the SAPS (n = 1535), and the SAS was administered to them. An exploratory factor analysis utilising target rotation applied to all 60 items of the SAS revealed four interpretable factors (Social Cynicism, reward for Application, Fate Control, and Spirituality/religiosity). Values of tucker’s phi higher than 0,90 were found for seven language groups (Zulu, Sotho, Tswana, Swati, Tsonga, Venda and Pedi). Analyses of variance found that item bias was not a major disturbance. Unacceptable alpha values were found for some of the scales of the SAS.
Store Image: Scale development Part 2
Authors: Du Preez Ronel , Visser Elizabeth , Janse Van Noordwyk Hester
Published: August 2012

The aims of this article (the second in a three-part series) are threefold, namely to (1) develop a scale for the measurement of the perceived importance of store image dimensions , (2) purify the developed scale to illustrate acceptable reliability and (3) develop and refine this scale for practical implementation in the apparel retail environment. A four-phase approach was documented for scale development. The provisional scale was purified and tested by means of two pilot studies and the data was subjected to Cronbach alpha and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). A revised model of apparel store image was proposed. Model fit results indicated that fit can still be improved. Results culminated in a 55-item Apparel Store Image Scale that showed good reliability.
Store Image: Scale implementation Part 3
Authors: Du Preez Ronel , Visser Elizabeth , Janse van Noordwyk Hester
Published: August 2012

This paper is the final in the three-part series regarding store image. The purposes of this article are to (1) implement the developed scale to assess whether it illustrates acceptable psychometric properties of reliability and validity, (2) assess the model fit of the developed scale and (3) formulate recommendations for future research. Results indicated that the Apparel Store Image Scale (ASIS) show acceptable reliability and model fit. A refined definition of store image was proposed together with a Final Model of Apparel Store Image. Recommendations for future research are made.
Work-home interaction of Working females: What is the role of job and home characteristics?
Authors: Van Aarde Adele , Mostert Karina
Published: August 2012

The objective of this study was to examine job characteristics and home characteristics associated with negative and positive work-home interaction of employed South African females. A total of 500 females from six provinces in South Africa participated in the study. Multiple regression analyses were used to analyse the data. The results indicated that negative work-home interference (WHI) was best predicted by job demands (including pressure, overload and time demands) and a lack of job resources (including autonomy, supervisor support, instrumental support and role clarity). Three job resources predicted positive WHI, including autonomy, supervisor support and colleague support. Negative home-work interference (HWI) was best predicted by pressure and a lack of autonomy at home, while positive HWI was best predicted by the presence of home pressure, but with support at home.
Logo-od: The applicability of Logotherapy as an organisation development intervention
Authors: Burger Daniel H. , Crous Freddie , Roodt Gert
Published: August 2012

the study investigated the relationship between “resistance to or readiness for change” (ror-change) and “meaning seeking”, and whether a logotherapy-based intervention – Logo-OD – would impact on resistance to change. A quasi-experimental design and various statistical procedures were applied to test formulated hypotheses. of a survey population of 1 637 individuals, 193 and 76 respondents formed part of the pre- and post-test samples respectively. Whereas a signifcant relationship was established between said constructs, no signifcant effect of Logo-OD was observed. These results supported the primary conclusions emanating from the literature: the role of logo-oD is one of a positive trigger event for organisational change.
Job satisfaction, occupational stress, burnout and work engagement as components of work-related wellbeing
Authors: Rothmann Sebastiaan
Published: August 2012

The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between job satisfaction, occupational stress, burnout and work engagement as dimensions of work-related wellbeing in a sample of members of the police force in South Africa. A survey design was used. Stratifed random samples of members of the police force (N = 677) were taken in the North West Province of South Africa. The Minnesota Job Satisfaction Questionnaire, Police Stress Inventory, Maslach Burnout Inventory – General Survey and Utrecht Work Engagement Scale were used as measuring instruments. The results provided support for a four-factorial model of work-related wellbeing consisting of the following dimensions: job satisfaction (indicating pleasure vs. displeasure), occupational stress (indicating anxiety vs. comfort), burnout (indicating fatigue vs. vigour), and engagement (indicating enthusiasm vs. depression).
A cross-cultural comparison of the stress experienced by high-level career women
Authors: Van den Berg Henriette S. , Van Zyl Ebben S.
Published: August 2012

This study examines differences in the experience of work-related stress and of exposure to work-related stressors among South African career women of different ethnic groups. A sample of 732 women working in administrative, semi-professional, professional and managerial positions was involved. Analyses of covariance found signifcant differences in the level of stress reported by the different groups, with black women reporting the highest level of stress. Stressors pertaining to a lack of infrastructure and resources in the environment signifcantly contributed to the stress experienced by black women. All four groups reported discontent with their remuneration and fringe benefts.
Sounds of Silence: Organisational trust and decisions to blow the whistle
Authors: Binikos Elli
Published: August 2012

Whistleblowing is a form of pro-social behaviour that occurs when an employee reports organisational wrongdoing to an authority able to implement corrective action. While a number of social factors may infuence an employee’s decision to blow the whistle, very little cognisance is given to the role of organisational trust. Since whistleblowing situations often pose problems for whistleblowers, organisational trust becomes an important facilitator for the decision to blow the whistle. Drawing on a case study, this paper shows that when trust exists, employees are more likely to blow the whistle and to do so internally rather than externally.
Werkstresverskille tussen wit en swart middelvlakbestuurspersoneel
Authors: Pienaar Cobus , Van Zyl Ebben S.
Published: August 2012

Work stress differences between white and black middle-level managers. The purpose of the study on which this article is based, was to investigate the difference in work-related stress between white and black middle-level management personnel in a South African service organisation. Literature studies regarding stress reveal that work stress and psychological burnout are steadily increasing. Changes within the political and economical arena of South Africa contributed towards service organisations appointing more black managers. From the results, it seems that the black group has obtained statistically signifcant higher scores than their white counterparts on stress factors. Due to the above-mentioned results, a few recommendations were made.
The construct equivalence and item bias of the pib/SpEEx conceptualisation-ability test for members of five language groups in South Africa
Authors: Schaap Pieter , Vermeulen Theresa
Published: August 2012

This study’s objective was to determine whether the Potential Index Batteries/Situation Specific Evaluation Expert (PIB/SpEEx) conceptualisation (100) ability test displays construct equivalence and item bias for members of five selected language groups in South Africa. The sample consisted of a non-probability convenience sample (N = 6 261) of members of five language groups (speakers of Afrikaans, English, North Sotho, Setswana and isiZulu) working in the medical and beverage industries or studying at higher-educational institutions. Exploratory factor analysis with target rotations confrmed the PIB/SpEEx 100’s construct equivalence for the respondents from these five language groups. No evidence of either uniform or non-uniform item bias of practical signifcance was found for the sample.
Localisation of intracellular calcium in the neutrophil through the selective precipitation with the antimonate ion
Authors: Koorts A. M. , Hall A. N. , Viljoen M. Viljoen
Published: August 2012

The antimonate ion was used for the first time in 1962 by Komnick for the precipitation of intracellular sodium ions. The antimonate ion can, however, also precipitate other cations and can be employed in subcellular calcium localisation studies. The greatest difficulty encountered with such subcellular calcium localisation studies is the selectivity of the antimonate ion for calcium in the presence of the other intracellular cations. Various x-ray analyses and chelation studies have shown that the antimonate precipitation reaction can be specific for calcium under appropriate conditions. A transmission electron microscopy method for the selective localisation of intracellular calcium in the neutrophil with the antimonate ion is discussed. It is indicated that the antimonate ion can specifically precipitate calcium in the presence of the other intracellular cations.
Legumes and disease in the Graeco-Roman world
Authors: Retief F. P. , Cilliers L.
Published: August 2012

Legumes formed an important part of the diet in Graeco-Roman times, and included broad beans (Vicia fava) and probably beans of the Phaseolus genus, lentils (Lens culinaris), peas (Pisium sativum) and chickpeas (Cicer arietinum) and peas of the Lathyrus genus, e.g. grasspeas (Lathyrus sativum). Vetch (Vicia ervilia) was eaten only in times of severe food shortages. Symptoms and health prob-lems associated with the consumption of legumes are reviewed, and include relatively minor issues like abdominal distention and flatulence, but also alleged sexual problems, abnormal pregnancies, bad dreams and dulling of the senses. In the 5th century BC the Hippocratic writers reported in Epidemics II that the inhabitants of Ainos developed irreversible weakness of their legs due to the eating of pulse (legume mixtures) in times of war and starvation. It is argued that this represents the lathyrism syndrome caused by a neurotoxin present in grasspeas - and that the Hippocratic doctors were the first to recognize this neurological disease. In the 6th century BC Pythagoras prohibited his followers from eating or coming into contact with broad beans. The possibility is reviewed that he might have been aware of favism - a potentially fatal illness precipitated by broad beans in patients with G6DP-deficiency (a hereditary condition common in Mediterranean peoples). It is perhaps more likely that the prohibition rested on mystic and religious considerations, as the bean (as possible origin of the human soul) was enveloped in a veil of mysticism and superstition.
With a leap in the millennium will Aquarius have come of age?
Authors: Smits D. P.
Published: August 2012

As we approach the end of the 2nd millennium AD, it is obvious that there is much confusion as to how and why our calendar is constructed as it is. The length of a year and the astronomical age are both defined by the position of a point in the sky known as the first point of Aries. This point moves with respect to the stars and hence there is a problem in trying to synchronise astronomical events which determine the seasons with a fixed date in the calendar. The Catholic Church’s desire to celebrate Easter on a date set by certain astronomical events, led to the implementation in the 16th century of the calendar now used internationally.
Serum melatonin concentrations in coronary heart disease patients with hypercholesterolaemia
Authors: Office Editorial
Published: August 2012

This investigation was undertaken to determine the serum melatonin concentrations in coronary heart disease patients (CHD) with hypercholesterolaemia. Hypercholesterolaemia is a contributing factor to atherogenesis in CHD. Melatonin suppresses cholesterol synthesis. The preliminary results indicate that melatonin levels seem to be suppressed in CHD patients with hypercholesterolaemia.
Jaarvergadering en Simposium 2001
Authors: Office Editorial
Published: August 2012

Die algemene jaarvergadering en simposium van die S.A. Akademie vir Wetenskap en Kuns vind op 21 en 22 Junie 2001 by dieUniversiteit van Pretoria plaas. Al die vergaderings vind in die Nagraadse Sentrum van die Universiteit plaas. Lede van die publiek iswelkom om die amptelike openingsbyeenkoms en die voorsittersrede by te woon.
Estimation of the batting ability of South African international one-day cricket players
Authors: Lemmer H. H.
Published: August 2012

It is shown that the international method of estimating a batsman’s ability by the average number of runs per completed innings, i.e. the total number of runs divided by the number of out innings, follows from the assumption that the scores follow an exponential distribution. The more general gamma and Weibull distributions are better representatives of the scores and are more satisfactory because not out scores are treated in a more sensible way. Estimates are made for the South African international one-day players based on data up to the end of August 2000. It is found that Klusener is the best batsman with an estimated average markedly higher than that of Kirsten, although according to the usual method their averages are approximately the same. The Weibull distribution is recommended as a very suitable model.
Dietary composition of birds species at an inland airport in South Africa
Authors: Kok A. C. , Kok O. B.
Published: August 2012

Stomach contents of 51 bird species that posed a potential threat to aviation were collected at the Bloemfontein airport over a period of 11 years (1985-1995). Numerically the crowned plover (Vanellus coronatus), and the lesser kestrel (Falco naumanni), blacksmith plover (V. armatus), whitewinged korhaan (Eupodotis afraoides), doublebanded courser (Smutsornis africanus), spotted dikkop (Burhinus capensis), cattle egret (Bubulcus ibis), Swainson’s francolin (Francolinus swainsonii) and Orange River francolin (F. levaillantoides) in sequence of importance, constituted 91,0% of the total sample (3 544). In general insects can be considered the main food source of the birds concerned. Based on dry mass composition the Isoptera, followed by the Coleoptera and Orthoptera, constituted the most important component in the diet. The Isoptera, more specifically the harvester termite (Hodotermes mossambicus), is, moreover, the only important prey taxon showing a conspicuous utilisation peak during the relative food shortage of the dry season. Evidently, temporary superabundant food sources that periodically come about in grassland habitats are opportunistically utilised by the birds.
The in vitro evaluation of the efficacy of five plants traditionally used for the treatment of sexually transmitted diseases
Authors: Swart H. , Van Dyk S. , Malan S. F.
Published: August 2012

Up to 60% of South Africans consult traditional healers for treatment of diseases, including sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Medicinal plants play a major role in the treatment of STDs by traditional healers, but without any scientific support. During this study, five plants were chosen from literature due to their reputed use by traditional healers in the treatment of STDs. The plants were screened for anti-bacterial and anti-STD activity. The plants chosen were Clematis brachiata, Elephantorrhiza elephantina, Lepidium bonariense, Ranunculus multifidus and Typha capensis. The STD screening was conducted with Candida albicans, Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Haemophilus ducreyi. Bacillus subtilus, Micrococcus luteus, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterobacter sp., Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Aspergillus niger were also included for screening purposes. Only Lepidium bonariense possesses activity against all the organisms tested. It is thus clear that a need exists to determine the efficacy of medicinal plants and that the obtained information is communicated to the traditional healers.
Opsommings van referate gelewer tydens die Afdeling Biologiese Wetenskappe van die S.A. Akademie se jaarkongres gehou op 14 Oktober 2001
Authors: Office Editorial
Published: August 2012

Geen abstrak
Computerized program for information management in the modern water laboratory
Authors: Broodryk G. J.
Published: August 2012

There is a great demand for pure water that is fit for human consumption. There is also a great demand for the industrial use of this essential source in plants in order to supply certain products to consumers. The industrial use of water is often associated with water pollution and the polluted water is often discharged into rivers and natural streams. The increasing demand for the chemical monitoring of water qualities therefore emphasizes the importance of an efficient and workable management system to remain profitable and competitive in a fast growing industry. The integrated laboratory information management system (ILIMS) is developed by the authors to increase productivity by integrating the documentation relevant to safety and environmental conservation, human resources, personnel training and development, and quality.
Computation of posterior distribution in Bayesian analysis – application in an intermittently used reliability system
Authors: Yadavalli V. S.S. , Mostert P. J. , Bekker A. , Botha M.
Published: August 2012

Bayesian estimation is presented for the stationary rate of disappointments, D∞, for two models (with different specifications) of intermittently used systems. The random variables in the system are considered to be independently exponentially distributed. Jeffreys’ prior is assumed for the unknown parameters in the system. Inference about D∞ is being restrained in both models by the complex and non-linear definition of D∞. Monte Carlo simulation is used to derive the posterior distribution of D∞ and subsequently the highest posterior density (HPD) intervals. A numerical example where Bayes estimates and the HPD intervals are determined illustrates these results. This illustration is extended to determine the frequentistical properties of this Bayes procedure, by calculating covering proportions for each of these HPD intervals, assuming fixed values for the parameters.
Die groot skeiding
Authors: Bosch Felix
Published: August 2012

Geen Abstrak
SUNSAT: South Africa’s first satellite in space
Authors: Schoonwinkel A. , Milne G. W. , Du Plessis J. J. , Mostert S.
Published: August 2012

The SUNSAT satellite was conducted as a research and development programme at Stellenbosch University from 1992 till 2001. It obtained new technology for South Africa and set new performance levels internationally with regard to micro-satellites. SUNSAT also supported amateur radio communications internationally, as well as space physics experiments. During the development phase more than 100 postgraduate students based their theses on SUNSAT, and a supplementary science awareness programme reached more than 50 000 learners. This article provides an overview of the satellite configuration and concludes with a vision for satellite technology in South Africa.
Admission of grade 12 learners with provisional or no matriculation endorsement to the Faculty of Education at the University of Pretoria
Authors: Maree J. G. , Grimbeek J.
Published: August 2012

A number of variables are taken into account when decisions are taken regarding acceptance or non-acceptance of students to univer-sities and other tertiary institutions. Recent changes in South African society have compelled tertiary institutions to think innovatively about their nature and aims. This article looks at this challenge by investigating the achievement of so-called senate discretionary students (id est, students with either provisional or no matriculation endorsement, who were given permission by the senate to enrol) in the Education Faculty at the University of Pretoria. It is clear that these students’ m scores are fairly accurate predictors of achievement at university. However, care should be taken not to exclude certain students on account of insufficient m scores. Further-more, it seems as the practice of excluding students on account of insufficient admission test scores should be viewed with extreme caution and empathy.
The plant family Asteraceae: 4 Interesting growth forms and economic importance
Authors: Herman P. P.J.
Published: August 2012

The plant family Asteraceae contains a wealth of different and interesting growth forms like annual or perennial herbs, dwarf shrubs, shrubs, trees, climbers, succulents, aquatic plants, rosette plants, cushion plants, ericoid, prostrate, grass-like and spinescent. The leaves also exhibit numerous different shapes and characters, e.g. alternate, opposite, fascicled, sessile, petiolate, simple, entire, dentate, lobed or pinnate, compound, with three to five main veins, reduced or absent, glabrous or densely hairy on upper or lower surface. Sometimes latex is present and some plants are aromatic. Certain members of the family are also economically important; some are edible or used as medicine while others are poisonous, some are utilised as grazing but others are weeds, and the wood of some was used in the past.
Distribution and habitats of Bulinus tropicus, snail intermediate host of the conical fluke Calicophoron microbothrium, in South Africa
Authors: De Kock K. N. , Wolmarans C. T. , Bornman M. , Maree D. C.
Published: August 2012

This paper focuses on the geographical distribution and the habitats of Bulinus tropicus, the snail intermediate host of the conical fluke, Calicophoron microbothrium. Bulinus tropicus is the freshwater snail species with the most extensive geographical distribution, as reflected by the collection sites of the 7 992 samples currently on record in the database of the National Freshwater Snail Collection (NFSC) of South Africa. The presence of this species was noted by collectors in a total of 14 different types of waterbodies, however, the largest number of samples was collected in dams and brooks and in habitats of which the water was described as standing, clear and fresh. The effect size was calculated for each variable separately to determine its importance in governing the distribution of this species. The data in the database were further processed and adapted to construct an integrated decision tree. This is a statistical model allowing the selection of those variables which can maximally discriminate between the frequency of occurrence of a given species and all other species in the database under specific conditions. The success of B. tropicus, as reflected by its extensive geographical distribution, can most probably be ascribed to the circumstance that population dynamic studies by various authors have shown, without any doubt, that it is highly r-selected and that it additionally has the ability to survive conditions of drought for elatively long periods. It does however, appear as if its limited tolerance to water with a relatively low conductivity could possibly be a limiting factor for its colonisation of specific areas in South Africa. As intermediate host of C. microbothrium which causes paramphistomosis in domestic stock and sometimes can lead to great losses, the wide distribution of B. tropicus has economic implications, especially for residents of informal, rural settlements whose livestock traditionally forms an integral part of their daily existence.
Eunuchs in classical mythology and society
Authors: Retief F. P. , Cilliers J. F.G.
Published: August 2012

The term eunuch is defined as referring to a castrated person (usually a male) and differentiated from the so-called “congenital eunuch” where hypogonadism is due to gonadal dysfunction from birth. The origins of human castration in creational mythology and castration for religious reasons as part of myths regarding goddesses of earth and fertility are reviewed. Ancient cults involving castrated priests serving goddesses like Cybele, Hecate, Atargatis-Dea, Astarte, Artemis and Innana-Ishtar are described and their later influence on Greece and Rome detailed. Human castration for non-religious socio-economic considerations arose in the Middle East during the 2nd millennium BC and probably reached Greece in the 5th century BC and Rome two centuries later. The role and influence of eunuchs in Classical times are reviewed.
Neural networks as possible hyphenation technique for Afrikaans
Authors: Fick Machteld
Published: August 2012

In Afrikaans compound words are written as one word. New words are therefore created by simply joining words. Word hyphenation during typesetting by computer is often a problem, because the source of reference changes all the time. A neural network (feedforward backpropagation) was trained with about 5 000 Afrikaans words with correct syllabification. The neural network classified 97,56% of possible points in 5 000 randomly chosen words correctly as either valid or invalid hyphenation points. In a test with 510 words from an Afrikaans magazine the neural network classified 98,75% of possible positions correctly. We came to the conclusion that neural networks can be used successfully as hyphenation technique for Afrikaans.
A few aspects of the physiology of flowering in photoperiodic sensitive plants
Authors: Groenewald E. G. , Van der Westhuizen A. J.
Published: August 2012

Three aspects of the physiology of flowering in photoperiodic sensitive plants are discussed. These are the florigen hypothesis, phytochrome and the time measurement mechanism of flowering and genetic-molecular studies involved in flowering. There is evidence that the hypothetical compound, florigen, occurs in plants, but it has never been characterised. There is a family of phytochromes discovered in plants and some of them are involved with the circadian clock and thus with the time measurement mechanism of flowering. The molecular networks that interact to control flowering are being elucidated, by means of genetic-molecular techniques although at an early stage. It has not yet been possible to pinpoint florigen by these methods, but the future looks promising.
The genetic improvement of grapevine cultivars and wine yeast strains: Novel approaches to the ancient art of winemaking
Authors: Pretorius I. S.
Published: August 2012

The widening gap between wine production and wine consumption, the shift of consumer preferences away from basic commodity wine to top quality wine, and the gruelling competition brought about by economic globalisation call for a total revolution in  the magical world of wine. In the process of transforming the wine industry from a production-driven industry to a market-orientated enterprise, there is an increasing dependence on, amongst others, biotechnological innovation to launch the wine industry with a quantum leap across the formidable market challenges of the 21st century. Market-orientated designer grape cultivars and wine yeast strains are currently being genetically programmed with surgical precision for the cost-competitive production of high quality grapes and wine with relatively minimal resource inputs and a low environmental impact. With regard to Grapevine Biotechnology, this entails the establishment of stress tolerant and disease resistant varieties of Vitis vinifera with increased productivity, efficiency, sustainability and environmental friendliness, especially regarding improved pest and disease control, water use efficiency and grape quality. With regard to Wine Yeast Biotechnology, the emphasis is on the development of Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains with improved fermentation, processing and biopreservation abilities, and capacities for an increase in the wholesomeness and sensory quality of wine. The successful commercialisation of transgenic grape cultivars and wine yeasts depends on a number of scientific, technical, safety, ethical, legal, economic and marketing factors, and it therefore will be unwise to entertain high expectations in the short term. However, in the light of the phenomenal potential advantages of tailor-made grape varieties and yeast strains, it would be equally self-destructive in the long term if this strategically important “life insurance policy” is not taken out by the wine industry. This overview highlights the most important examples of the way in which V. vinifera grape varieties and S. cerevisiae wine yeast strains are currently being designed with surgical precision on the basis of market demand for the cost-effective, sustainable and environmentally friendly production of healthy, top quality grapes and wine.
The protection of biological diversity by using the variation in sensitivity of species for toxic substances
Authors: Reinecke A. J. , Reinecke S. A.
Published: August 2012

Efforts to develop generally applicable criteria or standards for environmental quality for the purpose of protecting South Africa’s rich biodiversity are normally hampered by the fact that species can differ considerably in their sensitivity to toxic substances. Direct extrapolation from one species to another is therefore not possible. By actually using this variation in sensitivity of species, the assessment of risk posed by contaminants may be placed on a more rigorous scientific footing. This concept holds that if quality criteria are accepted which would protect the most sensitive species, all other species are automatically protected. This article focuses on the use of sensitivity distributions of species as method and critically reviews the nature and applications of extrapolation models which are based on these distributions. Their possible use and arguments for and against such use are discussed. The conclusion is drawn that species sensitivity distributions have useful applications but data on the sensitivities of local species are scarce. Although already useful, this methodology can find more general application in South Africa if more research is undertaken to obtain reliable toxicity data for different species. In order to do that standardized toxicity tests for local species will have to be developed.
The 2004 senior Harmony South African Mathematics Olympiad: An analysis of the results of the senio group, second round
Authors: Maree J. G. , Olivier E. C. , Swanepoel A. C.
Published: August 2012

South African learners’ insufficient achievement in mathematics is of concern to everyone involved in learning facilitation i mathematics. Interested parties constantly seek ways in which learners’ insight into and achievement in mathematics can be improve in order to equip them to attain a successful life. In this regard mathematics olympiads worldwide are regarded as excellent mechanism to, on the one hand, identify talented learners and improve their problem solving skills in mathematics, and on the other hand, to prepare learners for future study in the field of mathematics in general. This article analyses several aspects of the 2004 Sout African Mathematics Olympiad and offers several suggestions. An important conclusion is that although the Harmony South Africa Mathematics Olympiad accomplishes its goal, it still does not reach as many learners and educators as one would hope. The idea of the Harmony South African Mathematics Olympiad will probably only be realised if all schools are provided with proper facilitie and if the standard of mathematics education is simultaneously improved on a national level. It is therefore vital that all intereste parties discuss and reassess this matter promptly and incisively.
Activity patterns of brown bears (Ursus arctos) on the Deosai Plateau, northern Pakistan
Authors: Nawaz M. A. , Kok O. B.
Published: August 2012

The daily activity of Himalayan brown bears (Ursus arctos) in the Deosai National Park, northern Pakistan, was investigated over a period of four years (1993-1995 and 1999). Bears spent the largest part of the day feeding, followed by moving about. Resting and other activities combined formed a substantial part of the diurnal schedule. No significant difference in the daily time budget of males and females could be demonstrated, but subadults were found to move about significantly more than either adults or cubs and yearlings. Aberrant activity patterns observed during the summer of 1999 can be attributed to human disturbances caused by the Kargil war between India and Pakistan.
Dietary composition of cattle egrets (Bubulcus ibis) in the central Free State
Authors: Butler H. J.B.
Published: August 2012

Analysis of 152 stomach samples of adult cattle egrets (Bubulcus ibis) collected over a period of five years in the central Free State showed this species to be mainly insectivorous. The Insecta, occuring in almost all stomach samples, are represented by prey items from 13 orders of which the Orthoptera, followed by the Coleoptera, Isoptera, Diptera and Lepidoptera, showed the highest frequency of occurrence. Amongst the non-insect invertebrates, the Araneae and Solifugae occured most frequently. Based on dry mass the Orthoptera and Isoptera constitute by far the most important components. Prey items of vertebrates combined represent only ca. 10% of the diet. Overall, the stomach contents of 75 chicks correspond with that of the adults, except that vertebrates make a significant contribution to the diet during the first week of the nesting phase. In general cattle egrets can be considered opportunistic feeders that concentrate on easily obtainable food sources which become sporadically available (partly because of their regular association with mammalian hosts).
Quality improvement in higher education: a critical review, with reference to South Africa
Authors: Pretorius R. W.
Published: August 2012

In view of the controversy which characterises systems for quality assurance in higher education worldwide, this article provides a critical review of the theory and practice of quality in the higher education sector.  The state of affairs in South Africa is also reviewed, with the focus on the new system for quality assurance which is currently being implemented.  Despite good intentions, however, the new system in South Africa tends to be over-burocratic, with limited potential for deepseated change and quality improvement as a result of the focus on accountability rather than on continuous improvement. Real improvement is an internally driven process, which cannot be achieved through burocratic measurement and control.  In line with what has been experienced internationally, this article argues that a more flexible approach to the meaning of quality in the context of higher educaction is required in South Africa.  Apart from defining and assuring quality, this approach should also be directed at its improvement.  However, the point of departure has to be quality improvement, and not quality assurance and control.
Estimation of increased regional income that emanates from economically justified road construction projects
Authors: Pienaar W. J.
Published: August 2012

This article identifies the possible development benefits than can emanate from economically justified road construction projects. It shows how the once-off increase in regional income resulting from investment in road construction projects, and the recurring additional regional income resulting from the use of new or improved roads can be estimated. The difference is shown that exists between a cost-benefit analysis (to determine how economically justified a project is) and a regional economic income analysis (to estimate the general economic benefits that will be developed by investment in and usage of a road). Procedures are proposed through which the once-off and recurring increases in regional income can be estimated by using multiplier and accelerator analyses respectively. Finally guidelines are supplied on the appropriate usage of input variables in the calculation of the regional income multiplier.
An ethnobotanical survey of Athrixia phylicoides and its uses.
Authors: Olivier J. , De Jager A. E.
Published: August 2012

Although traditional green and black tea is the world’s favourite drink, health or herbal “teas” are becoming increasingly popular. Despite the diversity of indigenous South African plants, only two herbal teas, namely honeybush and rooibos, are presently being produced on a commercial basis. However, a “tea” obtained from the Athrixia phylicoides plant, is extremely popular in the eastern interior of the country and may have commercial potential. Two ethnobotanical surveys were conducted in the Limpopo Province and in KwaZulu-Natal to obtain information on the traditional use of the plant amongst different ethnic groups. It was found that A. phylicoides is used as a herbal “tea”, as a medicine and for the making of brooms. Although A. phylicoides tea is very popular, the plant is most often used for the making of brooms. Medicinally it is used to treat “heart problems”, high blood pressure and diabetes. Only minor ethnically-based differences in medicinal use were revealed by the surveys. Its symbolic value and use during religious ceremonies were previously undocumented. Owing to indiscriminate harvesting techniques practised by pickers from urban areas, the plant is becoming increasingly scarce and may be faced with local extinction.
Feeding association between cattle egrets (Bubulcus ibis) and mammal hosts in the central Free State
Authors: Butler H.J.B. , Kok O.B.
Published: August 2012

Field observations undertaken during October 1995 to April 2001 in agricultural areas and nature reserves of the central Free State, indicate that cattle egrets mainly feed in commensalistic association with ungulates or even farm implements. A higher percentage farm animals than game was involved herewith. Based on calculated preference indices only three species, namely cattle, buffalo and white rhino, qualified as key hosts. Eland, gemsbok, impala and horses were classified as major hosts, while the rest of the thirteen observed host species were identified as minor hosts. More than half of all feeding associations (58,4%) occurred during the early mornings followed by a decrease during the middle of the day with a slight increase again later in the afternoon. Depending on the host species involved, notable differences occurred in the time of association. Cattle were the only host species with which cattle egrets associated during any time of the day. Evidently, cattle egrets associated most often with larger host species which were actively grazing. In grassland habitats the birds mainly fed in front of grazing hosts, but behind those that moved too fast.