bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Geohistory of Two Cities in Finnegans Wake
Authors: Loukopoulou Eleni
Published: September 2017

“The Geohistory of Two Cities in Finnegans Wake” examines Joyce’s interest in contemporary London-set writings, taking as a case study H. M. Tomlinson’s book London River (1921). Through textual comparisons, it analyzes how the “Anna Livia Plurabelle” section of Finnegans Wake, which captures textually Dublin’s river, the Liffey is inflected by Tomlinson’s writings about the Thames. The last part of the chapter aims to pin down the geo-historical concerns about London and Dublin prevalent in Joyce’s work by investigating the textual presence of London in Finnegans Wake through a plethora of portmanteau words. Such references culminate in the formation of the word “Londub” produced by Joyce for the monumental finale of the book in November 1938. Thus, Clayton’s insightful formation “Londublin” to discuss the negotiations of power and textual interaction between London and Dublin in Ulysses will be pitched against Joyce’s “Londub” to explore how Finnegans Wake describes a dialogue and a correspondence between the two cities in equal terms.
The Making of a London Author
Authors: Loukopoulou Eleni
Published: September 2017

“The Making of a London Author” will expand further on Joyce’s interactions with Cambridge-based institutions such as C. K. Ogden’s Orthological Institute and London-based ones, including the publisher Faber and Faber and Eliot’s work there. Scholarship has largely overlooked Eliot’s ambitious plans for the international availability of Joyce’s work through London: the promotion of the Anna Livia Plurabelle record, the Anna Livia Plurabelle and Haveth Childers Everywhere pamphlets, and the contract for the long-pending Finnegans Wake. The chapter will delineate Joyce’s close collaborations with Ogden and Eliot to promote his work through divergent media alongside Herbert Hughes’ presentation of the Anna Livia Plurabelle record in London’s Daily Telegraph newspaper. The impact of such strategies on other publishing outlets including the Times newspaper will also be assessed.
Through Their Eyes
Authors: Franz Richard
Published: September 2017

“Through Their Eyes: The Bartrams Explore the St. Johns River Valley” provides modern assessments of the landscapes the Bartrams encountered as well as assessments of the plants and animals they recorded during their St. Johns River travels. The Bartram species are updated in chapter four to embrace recent taxonomic interpretations.
Who Owns U.S. Aid to Haiti?
Authors: Maguire Robert
Published: September 2017

“Who Owns U.S. Aid to Haiti?” traces the decades-long failure of U.S. foreign aid to Haiti to alleviate poverty and achieve sustained and equitable development and economic growth. Specifically, the chapter examines the context of policies put in place in 2009 by the Obama administration. Those policies, aiming to improve the effectiveness of U.S. aid, and fine-tuned after the 2010 earthquake, placed an emphasis on responding to and aligning with local priorities and supporting local leadership. In contrast to such goals, the U.S. continued to bypass the governments of René Préval and Michel Martelly in favour of supporting U.S.-based NGOs and For-Profit Contractors (FPCs) in spite of policy pronouncements in support of Haitian priorities and leadership.
Street Sovereignty
Authors: Kivland Chelsey
Published: September 2017

“Street Sovereignty” details the workings of youth street gangs while illuminating both the grassroots potential and violent consequences of placing them at the center of Haiti’s multi-scale governance project. The fall of the Duvalier dictatorship in 1986 was supposed to commence a new era of democratic state building in Haiti. Yet the transition to a neoliberal democracy has instead yielded the retrenchment of government in everyday life. In line with austerity and deregulation protocols, the Haitian state has both downsized its public sector and outsourced state tasks and responsibilities to non-state actors. Few analyses have focused on how local subaltern groups have also intervened in the governance voids wrought by neoliberalism. In the poor districts of Port-au-Prince, the work of politics, governance, and development are largely brokered and mediated by youth street gangs called baz. Under conditions of electoral politics, weak government, and project-based development, baz have emerged as key players who negotiate and amalgamate relationships with global and national power structures in order to execute governance in their zones. Ultimately, the convoluted field of governance in Haiti has motivated widespread calls for a robust state apparatus that would administer services to the population without intermediaries or distinction.
The Pickwick Papers and the Rise of the Serial
Authors: Golden Catherine J.
Published: September 2017

Beginning in April 1836 and concluding with a double number in November 1837, Charles Dickens’s The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club—a sequence of comic adventures with caricature-style illustrations initially by Robert Seymour and subsequently by Hablot Knight Browne (Phiz)—came out in nineteen illustrated instalments for the cost of a shilling each. An unprecedented publishing phenomenon, Pickwick Papers attracted fans across the social classes, generated a host of Pickwick-related products, and earned glowing reviews. “The Pickwick
Papers and the Rise of the Serial” offers a synthetic reading of reviews by Dickens’s contemporaries and work by past and recent critics who have acknowledged Pickwick’s importance to the rise of the illustrated serial. Chapter one examines interwoven factors that contributed to Pickwick’s popularity, including the growth of commodity culture, a rise in literacy, new printing technologies, serialization, and the appeal of reading pictures, particularly humorous ones. The blend of comic appeal, theatricality, and social commentary led to the serial’s success, and, in the process, created a mass market for new fiction with illustration.
Caricature and Realism
Authors: Golden Catherine J.
Published: September 2017

At the fin de siècle, the Victorian illustrated book experienced what some critics consider a decline and others call a third period of development. “Caricature and Realism” examines the validity of both viewpoints. Publishing trends and intertwining economic and aesthetic factors led to the decline of newly released, large-circulation fiction during the final decades of the nineteenth century in England. These include the waning of serial fiction, cost factors, a rise in literacy, the changing nature of the novel, new developments in illustration, and competition from other media. However, the Victorian illustrated book thrived in several areas—certain serial formats, artists’ books, children’s literature, and the U.S. market—and in some of these forms of material culture, we witness a reengagement with the caricature tradition as well as a continuation of the representational school. This chapter surveys late Victorian illustrated fiction marketed to different audiences according to social class, age, gender, and nation. This chapter also foregrounds two fin-de-siècle author-illustrators—Beatrix Potter, best known for The Tale of Peter Rabbit, and George Du Maurier, who gained fame with Trilby—to demonstrate continuity in the arc of the illustrated book and a media frenzy of Pickwickian magnitude.
Conclusion
Authors: Golden Catherine J.
Published: September 2017

The conclusion looks forward from the Victorian illustrated book to the “graphic classics,” a form of modern popular culture that is arguably the heir of the Victorian illustrated book. Canonical texts adapted into graphic novel format are inheritors of the aesthetic conventions of caricature and realism, reshaped in a hyper-modern form to appeal to twenty-first-century readers. The chapter explores parallels between the serial and the comic book. It surveys graphic novel adaptations of nineteenth-century novels by Jane Austen, Charlotte and Emily Brontë, Charles Dickens, and Anthony Trollope as well as Neo-Victorian graphic novels (e.g. League of Extraordinary Gentlemen) and original Victorian-themed graphic novels (e.g. Batman Noël). The conclusion focuses on two important Victorian illustrated books—Dickens’s Oliver Twist (1838) and Carroll’s Alice in Wonderland (1865)—to demonstrate how graphic novel adaptation is reviving a genre that a century before recognized pictures play a central role in plot and character development. This chapter foregrounds author-illustrator Will Eisner, the father of the graphic novel and author-illustrator of Fagin the Jew (2003), for his direct challenge to a religious and ethnic stereotype that Dickens and Cruikshank develop in Oliver Twist and Du Maurier carries into Trilby.
George Washington’s Great Emporium
Authors: Fennell Christopher C.
Published: September 2017

In the 1790s, government officials and members of a socioeconomic elite in the United States implemented a strategy for rapidly increasing the economic development of the upper Potomac and northern Shenandoah region. Harpers Ferry, Virginia, was chosen as one of two locations for the construction and operation of federal armaments manufacturing for the United States. A government-sponsored manufacturing town was established there starting in 1794. This location on the upper Potomac River was chosen due to a variety of strategic concerns. George Washington participated in this decision, both as an economic investor and as a government representative influencing the deployment of public funds. “George Washington’s Great Emporium” opens a study of these impacts.
Ethnic Networks and a Cultural Landscape in the Backcountry
Authors: Fennell Christopher C.
Published: September 2017

Principal influences on consumer preferences in the Potomac and northern Shenandoah region and period included ethnic affiliations and local social networks. “Ethnic Networks and a Cultural Landscape in the Backcountry” addresses the cohesiveness of German immigrant populations in this region. Their use of material culture to convey their group affiliations was evident in a number of ways. For example, those residents employed vernacular architecture traditions in building their houses that included techniques and styles that communicated their shared heritage. Fennell examines a case study of such architectural patterns at the Demory house site in Loudoun County, Virginia, and relate it to larger-scale studies of German-American building traditions in this region and period.
Concluding Observations
Authors: Fennell Christopher C.
Published: September 2017

This analysis contributes to studies that identify how social and cultural relationships facilitated or inhibited the spread of a Trans-Atlantic exchange system dominated by British economic interests. Other analysts have examined the remarkable expansion in the volume and variety of British-manufactured goods consumed in households of the North American colonies from the mid-eighteenth century onward. Part I of this book thus illustrated the ways in which concepts of ethnicity, trade spheres, and commodity chains can illuminate past social and economic trajectories.
Overcoming Enslavement with Toil, Gunpowder, and Land
Authors: Fennell Christopher C.
Published: September 2017

The town of New Philadelphia was situated on the western edge of Illinois, in Hadley Township and Pike County. The community was just 25 miles east of the Mississippi River and Hannibal, Missouri. New Philadelphia was the first town planned in advance, platted, and legally registered by an African American in the United States. Frank McWorter founded the town in 1836. He was born into slavery in South Carolina in 1777, purchased his freedom in 1819, and established New Philadelphia decades later. The town grew from the 1840s through the late 1800s as a multiracial community. New Philadelphia was located in a region riven by racial ideologies and strife. Competing factions of proslavery elements and abolitionists clashed in western Illinois and the neighboring slave state of Missouri in the antebellum decades. No incidents of racial violence were reported to have occurred within the town. African-American residents of the community worked to obtain land and produce agricultural commodities. Others provided services as blacksmiths and carpenters. Through these enterprises they worked to defy the structural racism of the region that was meant to channel resources and economic value away from them.
Facilities to Protect Human Life and Safety
Authors: Westwood Lisa , O’Leary Beth Laura , Donaldson Milford Wayne
Published: September 2017

“Facilities to Protect Human Life and Safety” reviews many of the sites and facilities where experimentation on human life support and safety technology was carried out, including the White Sands Missile Range, where the Little Joe II rocket was created. This includes human and non-human primate testing at Edwards and Holloman Air Force bases, by mentionables John Stapp and Joseph Kittinger, on a variety of rocket sleds such as the Bopper Sled. The chapter also covers nominable test tracks like the High Speed and Daisy Test Track, as well as life support equipment, high-altitude jumps, and G-force.
Threats to Space Heritage Sites
Authors: Westwood Lisa , O’Leary Beth Laura , Donaldson Milford Wayne
Published: September 2017

“Threats to Space Heritage Sites” explores a number of threats to space heritage sites on Earth and the Moon. It begins with an overview of what threats mean for the significance and integrity of a site, and include factors like environmental damage, neglect, and failure to properly identify resources which can lead to create adverse effects. The authors call upon the federal government, private sector, and public to preserve important sites in space heritage before they are lost or damaged.
Looking Ahead
Authors: Westwood Lisa , O’Leary Beth Laura , Donaldson Milford Wayne
Published: September 2017

The concluding chapter of this book looks ahead to the future of the preservation of space heritage and uses the examples of the sale of space heritage artifacts on the commercial market as a potentially harmful trend for preservation that is emerging. The authors recap the importance of historic preservation, raising awareness, and taking action before it is too late.
Boys Only!
Authors: Hebert Carolyn
Published: September 2017

This ethnographic case study discusses the experiences of nine competitive male hip hop dancers as they participated in an all-male jazz technique class, which was taught by the researcher, in a private Canadian dance studio. Questionnaires were distributed to the male students and their three dance teachers to identify both the students’ and teachers’ perceptions of gender in competitive dance education. This chapter critically examines pedagogical practices that masculinize dance movement and teaching strategies in a private dance school with the intention of encouraging male enrollment. It challenges dance educators to assess how their own gendered assumptions influence their pedagogies, and to consider the potential effects they may have on their students’ experiences.
Friendship Formation among Professional Male Dancers
Authors: Polasek Katherine , Roper Emily
Published: September 2017

The purpose of this study was to examine the formation of friendships among 12 current professional male ballet and modern dancers. In-depth semi-structured interviews regarding the nature and quality of their friendships with men and women in their respective dance companies were conducted. Four emergent themes are discussed: (a) relational challenges early in life; (b) sexuality and friendship formation; (c) culture of dance; and (d) competition among male dancers. The findings provide insight into the ways in which male ballet and modern dancers connect and/or disconnect with both male and female dancers and how gender and sexuality influences social interactions and relationships.
Leadership and Gender in Postsecondary Dance
Authors: Risner Doug , Musil Pamela S.
Published: September 2017

Chapter 9 presents data from a larger mixed method empirical study that investigated the professional lives of administrative leaders in postsecondary dance programs in the United States, with the purpose of developing a status report on administrative leadership, with particular attention to gender. The study employed reviews of literature in postsecondary dance leadership and administration, analysis of data assembled annually by Higher Education Arts Data Services (HEADS) in conjunction with the National Association of Schools of Dance (NASD) from 1994–2014, and findings from the authors’ mixed method study of dance administrators (n=75) in postsecondary institutions, including an extensive online survey that generated quantitative and qualitative data from participants across the United States. Survey data included information about demographics, workload, responsibilities and salary; support and work satisfaction; administrator purpose, strengths and challenges; influential experiences and people; quality of professional lives, and work-life balance. Narrative comments based on open-ended questions are presented. When appropriate, gender asymmetries and divergences are discussed.
Simplicity, Equality, and Slavery
Authors: Chenoweth John M.
Published: September 2017

How do both a religious community and a religion change when their members must face contradictions between their ideals and the society in which they live? This question is answered here by using archaeological and archival information to trace the life of a group of Quakers (members of the Religious Society of Friends) residing in the British Virgin Islands between 1741 and 1763. A group of mostly poor, white planters formed this unique community inspired by the ideals of equality, simplicity, and peace. However, these ideals were enacted in a slave society, with all or nearly all the members holding enslaved people themselves, attempting to improve their lot through the violent appropriation of labor from others on plantations. Combining archival and archaeological evidence, the book shows how modern expectations of “Quakerly” behavior are not met in this community. Instead, we find Quakerism being negotiated in creative ways that fit within a slavery-based economy and society: through foods, relationships with other planters and the enslaved people themselves, and social advancement. Community is often conceived as something every member shares equally, but the historical archaeology approach and anthropological analysis of this volume shows how social groups like religions are full of conflicting perspectives and goals—in this case, conflicts which led to the group’s end after one generation. By examining how one small group interpreted Quakerism’s ideals in the contrasting environment of the eighteenth-century Caribbean, we learn what a religion is and how it matters in the daily lives of its members.
Introduction
Authors: Chenoweth John M.
Published: September 2017

This introductory chapter sketches the questions and goals of the overall project and the needed background information about Quakerism. It introduces the Tortola Monthly Meeting of the Religious Society of Friends (“Quakers”) which formed in the British Virgin Islands about 1740 and addresses how archaeology can approach the study of religion and religious communities. This chapter also serves as an introduction to Quakerism itself, including its ideology based on individual, un-mediated communion with God, and a brief history of the group from its foundation in the political and economic turmoil of mid-seventeenth-century England, to the “Quietism” of wealthy “Quaker Grandees” in Philadelphia, to a nineteenth and twentieth century history of schism and reunion around pacifism. The Quaker structure of Monthly, Quarterly, and Yearly meetings is introduced, and connected to both community oversight and support structures. Finally, this chapter introduces three main Quaker ideals—simplicity, equality, and peace—which will be interrogated throughout the work as they change in their interactions with Caribbean slavery and geography.
“Two Plantations” on the Plantation
Authors: Chenoweth John M.
Published: September 2017

Chapter 3 examines the issue of “simplicity,” how Quakerism everywhere involved a concern for economic well-being, and how the Lettsoms in particular may have benefited from their involvement with the Tortola meeting. Although one cannot suppose insincerity in the conversion of British Virgin Islands (BVI) Quakers, it is also true that economics and religion were intimately tied together, particularly for those in this rural, marginal part of the colonial world. This chapter discusses the economics of small-island plantations, and recounts archaeological and historical evidence of economic improvement on Little Jost van Dyke and for the Lettsoms.
Reconsidering Simplicity, Equality, Peace, and the End of the Meeting
Authors: Chenoweth John M.
Published: September 2017

Divisions within the Tortola meeting are brought to a head in this concluding chapter. In effect, two differing ideas of the Quaker community grew over the course of the meeting. Some considered it as one of mutual support which complemented connections to non-Quaker neighbors, while others emphasized the separateness of Quakers: a chosen few among the sinful majority of “world’s people.” There were also economic and social elements to this division. This closing chapter thus attempts to address one of the central issues remaining about the meeting: its end. Although previous writers have assumed that a simple incompatibility between Quakerism and slavery led to the end of the meeting, this chapter counters this suggestion and makes a new argument. Lastly, this chapter will reflect on the nature of religious communities as revealed by moving back and forth between archaeology and written documents. Religious ideals are performed and created in daily practice in particular local contexts, creating variation and creativity, as shown for the Tortola Quaker community. These differences, this chapter suggests, are a fundamental part of the religion rather than footnotes or hypocrisy, and archaeology is key to understanding them, focused as it is on mundane practice.
The Cultural Landscape
Authors: Nicolson Ken
Published: September 2017

Cultural landscapes are the combined works of man and nature and it is only by studying this dynamic interaction that the essence of the resulting cultural landscapes can be fully appreciated and valued.
Differences and similarities between western and eastern perceptions and artistic expressions of landscape are discussed to establish the cultural values that underpin our understanding and interpretation of the natural and built world.
The way by which the cultural landscape concept attained international recognition as a more holistic approach to define and interpret heritage sites is outlined. World Heritage definitions of the different categories of cultural landscape, namely, designed, organically evolved, and associative, are described using examples inscribed on the World Heritage List.
Examples of equivalent categories of cultural landscapes in Hong Kong are then presented to introduce the concept and, for the first time, highlight their heritage value.
Tai O Village
Authors: Nicolson Ken
Published: September 2017

Case study 4: TaI O Village is a scenic, stilted fishing village which is an excellent example of an organically evolved and associative cultural landscape. In addition to fishing, Tai O was renowned for its salt pans and production of shrimp paste. The physical fabric of the village is largely intact despite many threats and pressures for change over many generations.
Despite recent attempts by government authorities to ‘revitalise’ the village for tourism, resettle the villagers from the stilt houses, as well as natural disasters, such as, typhoons, flooding, and devastating fires, the villagers have a very strong bond that allows them to rebound after each setback with a passion for conserving their way of life.
Tai O offers a valuable contrast to the fortunes of Ping Shan and underlines the importance of adopting an integrated approach to conservation that ensures that the policy, planning, and project levels of intervention put the interests and aspirations of residents first.
Mai Po
Authors: Nicolson Ken
Published: September 2017

Case study 5: The Mai Po Wetlands are a protected wildlife habitat of international importance. There is a common misconception that the site is a natural wilderness with no human intervention. Instead, Mai Po is one of the most intensively managed areas in Hong Kong in order to maintain the optimum biodiversity and balance the interests of commercial fish farmers, visitor education, and wildlife conservation.
Although the extensive site is owned by government, the wetland reserve is managed by the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF). This chapter traces the history of human intervention that has shaped the wetlands beginning with paddy fields and later construction of fish and shrimp ponds within the dense coastal mangrove plantations.
The Mai Po story has a lot to teach the conservation practitioner about resolving conflicts between human activities and habitat protection, sensible land use zoning, establishing buffer zones, and understanding the dynamics of organically evolved cultural landscapes in general.
Dried Seafood Street
Authors: Nicolson Ken
Published: September 2017

Case study 6: Dried Seafood Street is a popular commercial neighbourhood, specialising in selling a wide variety of dried seafood, tea, and herbal goods. Close to Hong Kong’s central business district and served by the iconic tramline, the cultural landscape comprises several blocks of colourful, bustling shops with distinctive sights, sounds, and smells.
Historic urban districts in Hong Kong are vulnerable because land is scarce, property values are high, and the usual consequence of such economic forces is eventual loss of heritage sites to new development. However, for over a century the dried seafood businesses have survived several phases of urban renewal thanks to the Nam Pak Hong Association, a traders’ organisation, which has provided a degree of cohesion and stability that other commercial districts lack.
The importance of conserving both the hardware and software of heritage sites is discussed. In the absence of conservation tools in Hong Kong to protect heritage urban cultural landscapes like Dried Seafood Street, land use zoning and financial incentives used elsewhere in Macau and Singapore are reviewed for comparison.
Pulling the Threads Together
Authors: Nicolson Ken
Published: September 2017

The concluding chapter stresses the need for Hong Kong to recognise the concept of cultural landscapes and apply it in conservation studies. Instead of the current ad hoc ‘fire-fighting’ approach to conservation, Hong Kong needs to get ahead of the curve by taking proper stock of its natural and built heritage resources and mapping cultural landscapes would be an effective way to integrate these data.
In the absence of formal government guidelines, a simple 5-step process is set out to guide the layman and practitioner how to assess the heritage value of a cultural landscape.
The importance of understanding the dynamic, evolving interrelationship between nature and mankind that has shaped and will continue to shape cultural landscapes is stressed with a final reminder that conservation is not preservation. Instead, conservation is concerned with the sensible management of change.
Song and Yuan
Authors: Golas Peter J.
Published: September 2017

Chapter 3 brings us to the Song (960–1279) and Yuan (1279–1368) periods, widely regarded as the highpoint in traditional times of both Chinese technological creativity as well as the visual portrayal of technology. Before turning to five landmark works from the eleventh to the fourteenth centuries, each of which represents a new level of achievement in the graphic presentation of technology, we examine one style or technique of Chinese painting, “ruled-line painting” (jiehua), which is the only important non-freehand style of drawing and painting ever developed in China and which, more than any other style, also displayed remarkable potential for the portrayal of technological subjects. We shall see how certain artists realized this potential but also how certain impediments prevented broader use and enhancement of these techniques. We shall also consider the complex role of a government that often supported and promoted technology but also, in its efforts to keep control over certain technologies firmly in its own hands, could serve as a brake on technology itself as well as on its depiction.
The New Confucian Paradigm
Authors: Golas Peter J.
Published: September 2017

The Song and Yuan dynasties witnessed not only unprecedented achievements in technological illustration but also a major reorientation of much of Chinese life and culture, the subject we turn to in Chapter 4. By the end of the eleventh century, a new scholar-official elite now dominated the political and cultural scene in China. To a degree unique among ruling elites anywhere, many of them took up painting as one expression of their cultural superiority. In so doing, they frequently subscribed to a view that rejected the importance of realistic representation in favor of painting that supposedly enabled highly cultivated artists of superior character to give expression to their moral and intellectual pre-eminence. In place of technical skill, many literati critics and connoisseurs even came to admire a certain clumsiness or awkwardness which they held to be harder to achieve than mere skill. These ideas ran directly counter to the kind of exactness and accuracy that make portrayals of technology informative.
Qing Developments
Authors: Golas Peter J.
Published: September 2017

The final chapter takes up developments in the Qing period, above all the fascinating story of the Jesuit efforts to introduce into China the most up-to-date painting and drawing techniques from Europe (along with much else from Renaissance culture), and Chinese responses to those efforts. Two outstanding figures will help flesh out this story: Wang Zheng, the first Chinese to attempt to engage seriously with Renaissance mechanics, and the painter Jiao Bingzhen who produced under imperial sponsorship a remarkable new series of illustrations for the Pictures of Tilling and Weaving that were very much influenced by the new western techniques, especially linear perspective. Our examination of certain developments in Renaissance Europe that found little or no resonance in China will help us to understand the difficulties Wang encountered in trying to get an intellectual grip on both the ideas and the illustrations of the new science of mechanics as well as the limited influence Jiao’s and similar efforts had on Chinese painting practice. In the latter case, the new techniques were met with considerable skepticism as to their value or usefulness even when they enjoyed a certain admiration for their cleverness.
The Shanghai Painted Fan
Authors: Wue Roberta
Published: September 2017

Addresses Shanghai painting through the fashionable painted fan. Often overlooked because of its modest size and ambitions, the fan’s identity as a mobile image and object of self-adornment boosted its popularity in late Qing Shanghai, appealing to consumer tastes for flamboyant display and conspicuous consumption. This chapter examines the ways in which the painted fan embodied Shanghai School painting through the use of popular subjects, dynamic styles and compositions, and its fusion of accessory and artwork. The fan is also examined as a fashionable and sought-after commodity, retailed and distributed through Shanghai’s glamorous fan and letter-paper shops, contributing to the growth of the city’s vigorous art market for an urban middle-class clientele.
Shanghai Illustrations
Authors: Wue Roberta
Published: September 2017

Focuses on the active participation of artists in Shanghai’s publishing industry, specifically their contributions to the treaty port’s illustrated books and magazines. Capitalizing on the new technology of lithography, Shanghai rose swiftly to become China’s center of publishing in the late Qing, and pictures by Shanghai artists featured prominently in the city’s new mass media. By using case studies of several publishing projects from this period, including illustrated books and artist designs for magazine inserts, this chapter investigates how artists expanded their reputations, accessed a large urban readership and developed a mode of lithographed imagery that addressed a popular audience in their accessibility, topicality and playfulness.
Walls, Attractions, and Media
Authors: Huhtamo Erkki
Published: September 2017

This chapter examines pre-twentieth precedents for big screen displays in public spaces to demonstrate how media culture has never been segregated from outdoor milieus of distraction. It addresses largely ignored histories of public displays, including trade signs, banners, broadsides, billboards, and early dynamic displays including magic lantern shows. The chapter contextualises outdoor screens within this history to argue that public media culture is a peculiar mode of spectatorship that must be apprehended as element among many that vies for the attention of individuals within public spaces, including aural, physical elements, and other visual elements. It argues that the tendency to characterise large screens as an incursion of the private into the public fails to address the history and context of public displays, which are instead more productively apprehended as sites where the distinction between public and private is renegotiated.
Big Screens, Little Acts
Authors: Clemens Justin , Dodds Christopher , Nash Adam
Published: September 2017

This chapter demonstrates how the introduction of large screens to contemporary public spaces function to assimilate diverse arts, commercial, and public forms into a conservative regime. On the one hand, the new opportunities that accompany the large public screens are subverted by the logic of capitalist accumulation, which informs a public address designed to achieve high volumes of individual engagement, rather than high quality public engagement. On the other hand, new opportunities to enhance public engagement are subjected to bureaucratic modes of governance, which pre-emptively censor content such that it extends and satisfies conservative regimes of early broadcast regulation. The authors argue that the confluence of capitalist and bureaucratic regimes governing big screens effectively balkanise audiences, valorise nondemocratic forms of participation, and privatise public spaces.
Defining the Public in Piccadilly Circus
Authors: Cubitt Sean
Published: September 2017

This chapter examines the large screens of Piccadilly Circus, London, to extrapolate how digital capitalism produces a depoliticised neoliberal public. From the narrow technological parameters to optimise visibility, to the relentless commercial occupation of these ‘public’ screens, Cubitt demonstrates how the possibility of a political public sphere within the space of Piccadilly Circus is foreclosed by corporations that sell the illusion of control and freedom which they have long since usurped. This is further illustrated by his analysis of a novel artistic installation, performed by Fluxus artist Yoko Ono in 2013, which intervened in the corporate occupation of the Piccadilly Circus screens to foreground the triumph of branding over substance that circumvents the democratic potential of large screens in public spaces.
The Inside/Outside Equation
Authors: Gumpert Gary , Drucker Susan J.
Published: September 2017

This chapter examines the relationship between the internal façade and internal structure of buildings to elucidate how digital buildings have generated new levels of interactivity between people and structures. Applying a media ecology approach to the analysis of digital buildings, such as Times Square “zipper” and the Empire State Building in New York, the authors demonstrate how such buildings transform the relationship between inside and outside of architectural structures, and intensify the capacity to meaningfully communicate with contemporary publics. They argue that the multitudinous uses to which digital media façades are put, is consistent with the ethos of public space.
Mobile Methods and Large Screens
Authors: Papastergiadis Nikos , Barikin Amelia , Gu Xin , McQuire Scott , Yue Audrey
Published: September 2017

This chapter details the case studies that were conducted as part of a five-year research project, which conducted the world’s first real-time cross-cultural exchange via the networking of large public screens located in Melbourne and Seoul. The project linked large screens located in Seoul and Melbourne for three media events: SMS_Origins and , HELLO, and Dance Battle. The chapter details methodological innovations of the research, which involved the reformulation of the way in which the scholar was embedded in the research and transformed according to the interactive research process. It also elucidates critical insights into the process of cultural exchange, the impact of media technologies on public space, and the transformation of the public sphere in the global era. The empirical research generates fresh insights into public interactions with large screens, providing a prototype for future cross-cultural events and offering new theoretical perspectives on the use of public space.
Introduction
Authors: Chen Song-Chuan
Published: September 2017

This chapter expounds on how the making of war and British knowledge about China were intertwined, and proves a brief review on Opium War literature. What previous historiography saw as the reasons for starting the war were, in actuality, new knowledge about China to the British, which was made in Canton by the Warlike party as both a discourse for mobilising the British state to wage the war and as a moral justification afterwards. The following five chapters explain this new knowledge and its relationship to the Canton system and the war argument.
Breaking the Soft Border
Authors: Chen Song-Chuan
Published: September 2017

A third force at play in the British maritime public sphere, an inadvertent participant neither anti-war nor pro-war, was the ‘Canton system’. More than the physical border of the Thirteen Factories (Canton’s foreign trading quarters), the Canton system was primarily a ‘soft border’ made of a series of rules and regulations that constrained British merchants’ activities in China and restricted their interaction with Qing subjects. Soft borders here were figurative borderlines on the maritime frontier that cut through transnational information and interaction networks. By preventing interactions other than those necessary for trade, the Qing believed they had successfully prevented the possibility of foreigners joining forces with Chinese rebels—the dynasty’s major threat. The security order in Canton was paramount to the Qing ruling class. However, the Warlike party believed it necessary to start a war to abolish the system that confined British trade expansion and insulted the British Empire.
The Regret of a Nation
Authors: Chen Song-Chuan
Published: September 2017

The Warlike party did not get its way entirely. To further elaborate the history of the Pacific party’s efforts in arguing against the war, this chapter shows how the British public opposed the war. Anti-war arguments in the London print media, drawn from Christian universalism and Enlightenment humanitarianism, were often discussed in one breath and became inseparable. Even before the British expedition arrived in China in the summer of 1840, the war was already being called an ‘Opium War’ by the anti-war campaigners, which has stuck ever since. Their opinion of the war prevailed in the second half of the 19th century. After 1860, while British imperial expansion worldwide continued, British parliamentarians, more often than not, condemned the war, and regretting that the ‘Opium War’ was ever waged.
Introduction
Authors: Chu Yiu-Wai
Published: September 2017

Despite its immense popularity in Chinese communities across the globe, Cantopop has been receiving far less attention than that of Chinese film and other genres of popular culture in the academy. Introducing the origin of Cantopop and its related studies, this chapter underscore the significance of the topic by positioning it in the context of the field of Chinese popular music studies. This chapter positions the book in the wider field of popular music studies, a field that is heavily slanted toward Western popular music. The study of Cantopop has the potential for better projecting Hong Kong’s culture to a wide international audience, which would prove to be very important for Hong Kong Studies.
An Age of Glory
Authors: Chu Yiu-Wai
Published: September 2017

Throughout the 1980s, superstars such as Leslie Cheung, Alan Tam, and Anita Mui surpassed their predecessors by developing Cantopop into a multi-media business that also straddled the borders of neighbouring regions. These superstars staged hundreds of concerts in the newly built Hong Kong Coliseum, with a seating capacity of more than 10,000; concerts thus became a highly profitable business. Cantopop successfully helped Hong Kong establish its leading role in the multi-billion dollar idol business of popular culture. Whilst Cantopop was orchestrating a spectacle of consumerism, it was not hopelessly standardised; although it was unabashedly commercial it was also vigorously hybridised. Not unlike Hong Kong, which assimilates different cultures, Cantopop’s renditions of Euro-American, Japanese, Mandarin, and even Korean songs made it a vibrant hybrid of different music cultures.
After the Fall
Authors: Chu Yiu-Wai
Published: September 2017

In the new millennium, the passing away of Cantopop superstars Leslie Cheung and Anita Mui, and lyrics masters James Wong and Richard Lam, seemed to symbolise the end of the glorious era of Cantopop. Diminishing record sales have stimulated record companies and Cantopop singers to switch to the Mandapop market in Taiwan and Mainland China, producing more Mandapop albums than Cantopop albums. During this time, record sales dropped from HK$17 billion in 1997 to HK$0.56 billion in 2006. It is not surprising that people tend to think that Cantopop has died. Despite its fall from fashion, Cantopop has nonetheless retained its important function of voicing Hong Kong people’s discontent whenever there is a crisis.
Urban Leopards Are Good Cartographers
Authors: Landy Frédéric
Published: September 2017

In Mumbai, the Sanjay Gandhi National Park is besieged by a sprawling urban agglomeration of 20 million inhabitants. The first part of this paper documents the dangerous and sometimes deadly presence of leopards in and around the park. In the second section, it is argued that leopards in Mumbai are not only a matter of human-nonhuman conflict: the panther attacks reveal conflicts of other kinds, between human stakeholders, and in particular highlight graduated levels of citizenship. Lastly, the leopards also reveal (or generate) spatial tensions – though they are also efficient go-betweens to help solve these conflicts.
Hong Kong’s Artificial Anti-Archipelago and the Unnaturing of the Natural
Authors: Toland Andrew
Published: September 2017

This chapter examines a proposal made by Hong Kong tycoon Gordon Wu to construct an artificial island in Hong Kong’s territorial waters in the late 1980s. His scheme has echoes in the Hong Kong government’s current plan to construct an “East Lantau Metropolis” on an artificial island in a similar same location. A close examination of Wu’s proposition reveals how it served not just commercial ambitions, but also expressed a more complex set of aims playing out through geopolitical intrigue and late-colonial domestic politics, as well as maneuverings for private dominance of urban and regional infrastructure. At an even more ulterior level, these activities additionally attempted an unconscious restructuring of the intercultural formations of nature(s) and landscape as they have emerged in Hong Kong.
Ecologies of Possibility
Authors: Elinoff Eli
Published: September 2017

This chapter describes the shifting ecologies of the spaces along the railway tracks in the provincial capital city of Northeastern Thailand, Khon Kaen. It traces the land’s history by describing how the Thai state railway transformed from a national infrastructural project into a space of dwelling. By intertwining infrastructural histories with stories of dwelling, the chapter shows how state actors remake the land through their efforts to govern it and how residents have transformed it through political struggles to secure their homes, assert their political status, improve their communities, and maintain their rights to the city. The interrelationship between these histories reveals the ways ecologies—both actual and possible—make and are made through social relations, political struggles, and spatial policy.
Introduction
Authors: Wei Shuge
Published: September 2017

It was one o’clock in the morning of December 8, 1941. Peng Leshan, the head of the radio office of the Ministry of Information’s International Department in Chongqing, was waiting in front of the wireless receiver in his office to pick up news updates from contacts in Los Angeles. Suddenly a message came through his headphone—the Japanese army had attacked Pearl Harbor. The United States would wage war against the Japanese Empire. Alone in the office, he wondered whether the news was true or whether he had simply misheard it on account of his fatigue. Hesitating to report it to his superior Hollington Tong, vice minister of information, he decided to reflect on what he had heard before dialing Tong’s number. Around four o’clock, the phone at Chiang Kai-shek’s mansion rang—Tong reported the attack on Pearl Harbor to Chiang....
Beyond the Front Line
Authors: Wei Shuge
Published: September 2017

Chapter 2 examines China and Japan’s confrontation in the English-language press during the Jinan Incident in May 1928. Japan’s swift, consistent and intensive reporting about the event drowned out China’s voice in both the treaty-port and metropolitan papers. But what contributed to Japan’s victory of the propaganda battle was not only its sophisticated news network, but also the favorable context of international public opinion. Japanese-controlled media portrayed Chinese troops as looters, and established Japan as a defender of imperial interests in China. The Nationalist government’s propaganda efforts, in contrast, were hindered by factional struggles among the top leaders, and the anti-foreign tradition of the Nationalist Party.
Friend or Foe
Authors: Wei Shuge
Published: September 2017

Chapter 6 employs discourse analysis of the response to the statement of the Amō Doctrine (1934) in the English-language press as a case study to reflect a highly contentious and disunited media environment during the appeasement period. Periodicals operated by different political groups in China expressed diverse views about Japan’s plan of domination in Asia. The multiple voices reflected the struggles among the Nationalist leaders in devising an effective policy to deal with Japan’s coercion. Equally disturbed by the rivalry between the state and the military, however, Japanese-controlled papers also failed to provide a definite interpretation of the statement. Japan’s ambiguous position further estranged the treaty-port audience whose suspicion of its imperial plan in China grew stronger. The metropolitan papers, again, reacted differently from the treaty-port press by evincing little interest in reading into the Doctrine.