bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Studies of laser damage morphology reveal subsurface feature in fused silica
Authors: Hu Guohang , Zhao Yuanan , Li Dawei , Xiao Qiling , Shao Jianda , Fan Zhengxiu
Published: March 2010

We present a detailed study of the morphology of 355 nm (6 ns) laser‐induced damage in fused silica polished by CeO2 solution. We see two distinct damage morphologies: the gray haze and the crater. The gray haze, consisting of a high density of pin‐points, appears at the fluence higher than ∼10 J/cm2, and the crater forms at ∼≥ 22 J/cm2. The size and depth of the pin‐points are much smaller than the crater. The difference in the two morphologies is attributed to the property of the absorber and its surrounding material in the redeposition layer, which is different from those in the subsurface damage layer. The damage growth characteristics of the two morphologies are measured, and the size of crater increases under successive shots, but the size of the gray haze remains constant. The growth of the crater is attributed to the existence of crack around the absorber, which is observed by SEM imaging. On the basis of the above analysis, the schematic diagram of subsurface feature is discussed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigation of anomalous physical properties of multilayer nanolaminate (TiAl)N/Cu coatings by electron spectroscopy techniques
Authors: Kovalev Anatoly , Wainstein Dmitry , Rashkovskiy Alexandr
Published: March 2010

In accordance with high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), (Ti34Al66)N/Cu physical vapour deposition (PVD) composite coating had a nanolaminated structure with 20 nm (Ti34Al66)N and 2.0–5.0 nm fine grain recrystallized Cu layers. It was unexpectedly found that the coatings under investigation had a lower thermal conductivity coefficient of 25 to 450 °C compared to the TiAlN single layer coating. The physical basis of thermo‐barrier protective features of copper nanolayers was explained based on XPS and high‐resolution electron energy losses spectroscopy (HREELS) data. The temperature dependence of the phonons and conducting electron vibrations was investigated for Cu bulk, (TiAl)N upper layer, and the intermediate Cu one. In comparison with Cu bulk reference sample, the intermediate Cu layers of complex PVD coating were characterized by the following features: size‐dependent shift of Cu 2p3/2 binding energy, reduced plasmon losses and acoustic mode phonon vibrations amplitudes, and increased intensities of the optical mode vibrations. These features of phonon and plasmon oscillations in the crystal lattice of Cu nanolayers do not completely explain the anomalies of the thermal conductivity of the (TiAl)N/Cu PVD coating. The thermal barrier properties of Cu nanolayers can be primarily attributed to the mirror effect or reflecting of the heat flux from the surface by metal layer with high concentration of conducting electrons. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Concise Review: Bone Marrow-Derived Stem/Progenitor Cells in Cutaneous Repair and Regeneration
Authors: Wu Yaojiong , Zhao Robert C. H. , Tredget Edward E.
Published: March 2010

Our understanding of the role of bone marrow (BM)-derived cells in cutaneous homeostasis and wound healing had long been limited to the contribution of inflammatory cells. Recent studies, however, suggest that the BM contributes a significant proportion of noninflammatory cells to the skin, which are present primarily in the dermis in fibroblast-like morphology and in the epidermis in a keratinocyte phenotype; and the number of these BM-derived cells increases markedly after wounding. More recently, several studies indicate that mesenchymal stem cells derived from the BM could significantly impact wound healing in diabetic and nondiabetic animals, through cell differentiation and the release of paracrine factors, implying a profound therapeutic potential. This review discusses the most recent understanding of the contribution of BM-derived noninflammatory cells to cutaneous homeostasis and wound healing.
Unique distribution of aromatase in the human brain: In vivo studies with PET and [N‐methyl‐11C]vorozole
Authors: Biegon Anat , Kim Sung Won , Alexoff David L. , Jayne Millard , Carter Pauline , Hubbard Barbara , King Payton , Logan Jean , Muench Lisa , Pareto Deborah , Schlyer David , Shea Colleen , Telang Frank , Wang Gene‐Jack , Xu Youwen , Fowler Joanna S.
Published: March 2010

Aromatase catalyzes the last step in estrogen biosynthesis. Brain aromatase is involved in diverse neurophysiological and behavioral functions including sexual behavior, aggression, cognition, and neuroprotection. Using positron emission tomography (PET) with the radiolabeled aromatase inhibitor [N‐methyl‐11C]vorozole, we characterized the tracer distribution and kinetics in the living human brain. Six young, healthy subjects, three men and three women, were administered the radiotracer alone on two separate occasions. Women were scanned in distinct phases of the menstrual cycle. Specificity was confirmed by pretreatment with a pharmacological (2.5 mg) dose of the aromatase inhibitor letrozole. PET data were acquired over a 90‐min period and regions of interest placed over selected brain regions. Brain and plasma time activity curves, corrected for metabolites, were used to derive kinetic parameters. Distribution volume (VT) values in both men and women followed the following rank order: thalamus > amygdala = preoptic area > medulla (inferior olive) > accumbens, pons, occipital and temporal cortex, putamen, cerebellum, and white matter. Pretreatment with letrozole reduced VT in all regions, though the size of the reduction was region‐dependent, ranging from ∼70% blocking in thalamus andpreoptic area to ∼10% in cerebellum. The high levels of aromatase in thalamus and medulla (inferior olive) appear to be unique to humans. These studies set the stage forthe noninvasive assessment of aromatase involvement in various physiological and pathological processes affecting the human brain. Synapse 64:801–807, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Farmers fighting climate change—from victims to agents in subsistence livelihoods
Authors: Olsson Lennart , Jerneck Anne
Published: March 2010

One billion vulnerable subsistence farmers across the global south depend on risky livelihoods in need of adaptation to climate change impacts. Simultaneously, their aggregated emission of greenhouse gases from land use and fuelwood consumption is substantial. Synergies between adaptation to climate change and mitigation should therefore be actively promoted. In the context of poverty, such synergies should ideally be designed specifically for the poorest of the poor who are notoriously difficult to reach by policies and projects. In this experimental case on subsistence farming in western Kenya we assume that only the poorest inhabit the most degraded lands and use the simplest form of cooking over open fire. As the study location is typical of sub‐Saharan areas affected by drought, flooding, land degradation, diseases and persistent poverty, findings can be scaled up, transferred to and tested in similar settings. Seeking multiple synergies of adaptation, mitigation, and social change while using sustainability science in intervention research, we reframed peasant farmers from vulnerable victims into agents fighting livelihood stressors and climate change impacts. In collaboration with them we performed small‐scale experiments on agricultural production practices and domestic energy efficiency resulting in multiple synergies. Findings show that the ‘smokeless kitchen’ and carbon sequestration from improved land management can mitigate climate change while increasing energy efficiency, health standards, food security, and community‐based adaptive capacity. Preferably, climate policy should therefore explicitly address synergies and support peasant farmers' efforts to create synergies when the ‘food imperative’ limits their agency to fight climate change alone. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

This article is categorized under:

Vulnerability and Adaptation to Climate Change > Learning from Cases and Analogies

Climate and Development > Sustainability and Human Well‐Being
Turbulence modeling of atmospheric boundary layer flow over complex terrain: a comparison of models at wind tunnel and full scale
Authors: El Kasmi A. , Masson C.
Published: March 2010

The aim of this work is to evaluate the performance of two popular k − ϵ turbulence closure schemes for atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) flow over hills and valleys and to investigate the effect of using ABL‐modified model constants. The standard k − ϵ and the RNG k − ϵ models are used to simulate flow over the two‐dimensional analytical shapes from the RUSHIL and RUSHVAL wind tunnel experiments. Furthermore, the mean turbulent flow over the real complex terrain of Blashaval hill is simulated and the results verified with a data set of full‐scale measurements. In general, all models yield similar results. However, use of ABL‐modified constants in both models tends to decrease the predicted velocity and increase the predicted turbulent kinetic energy. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High resolution modelling of the on‐shore technical wind energy potential in Spain
Authors: Fueyo Norberto , Sanz Yosune , Rodrigues Marcos , Montañés Carlos , Dopazo César
Published: March 2010

The potential of on‐shore wind energy in Spain is assessed using a methodology based on a detailed characterization of the wind resource. To obtain such a characterization, high‐resolution simulations of the weather in Spain during 1 year are performed, and the wind statistics thus gathered are used to estimate the electricity‐generation potential. The study reports also the evolution with the installed power of the capacity factor, a parameter closely related to the cost of the generated energy, as well as the occupied land, which bears environmental and social acceptance implications. A parametric study is performed to assess the uncertainties in the study associated to the choice of the characteristic wind‐turbine farm used; and comparisons are provided with other similar studies. The study indicates that the overall technical potential is approximately 1100 TWh/y; and that about 70 GW of installed wind power could operate with capacity factors in excess of 24%, resulting in an annual electricity generation of approximately 190 TWh/y, or 60% of the electricity consumption in 2008. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In vivo near‐infrared fluorescence imaging of cancer with nanoparticle‐based probes
Authors: He Xiaoxiao , Wang Kemin , Cheng Zhen
Published: March 2010

The use of in vivo near‐infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imaging techniques for sensitive cancer early detection is highly desirable, because biological tissues show very low absorption and autofluorescence in the NIR spectrum window. Cancer NIRF molecular imaging relies greatly on stable, highly specific and sensitive molecular probes. Nanoparticle‐based NIRF probes have overcome some of the limitations of the conventional NIRF organic dyes, such as poor hydrophilicity and photostability, low quantum yield, insufficient stability in biological system, low detection sensitivity, etc. Therefore, a lot of efforts have been made to actively develop novel NIRF nanoparticles for in vivo cancer molecular imaging. The main focus of this article is to provide a brief overview of the synthesis, surface modification, and in vivo cancer imaging applications of nanoparticle‐based NIRF probes, including dye‐containing nanoparticles, NIRF quantum dots, and upconversion nanoparticles. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2010 2 349–366

This article is categorized under:

Diagnostic Tools > Biosensing

Diagnostic Tools > In Vivo Nanodiagnostics and Imaging
Application of field portable EDXRF spectrometry to analysis of pigments of Levantine rock art
Authors: Roldán Clodoaldo , Murcia‐Mascarós Sonia , Ferrero José , Villaverde Valentín , López Esther , Domingo Inés , Martínez Rafael , Guillem Pere Miquel
Published: March 2010

The results of the analyses of elemental composition of red and black pigments of Levantine rock art from La Saltadora rock shelters (Valltorta gorge, Castellón, Spain) are presented in this paper. Nondestructive analyses were carried out using a portable energy dispersive X‐ray fluorescence (EDXRF) spectrometer developed for in situ analysis. The results revealed the strong presence of calcium in all the analyzed locations due to the contribution of the underlying calcareous bedrock and the overlying crust. Iron is the main element detected in red pigments and manganese in black pigments. Iron and calcium ratios have been found indicative of the degree of preservation of the pictorial layer. Trace elements detected in the pigment composition confirm the use of different raw materials. Therefore, this work illustrates the potential of the portable EDXRF spectrometers for in situ analysis of rock art paintings. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Considerations for the Impact of Personal Genome Information: A Study of Genomic Profiling among Genetics and Genomics Professionals
Authors: O'Daniel Julianne M. , Haga Susanne B. , Willard Huntington F.
Published: March 2010

With the expansion of genomic‐based clinical applications, it is important to consider the potential impact of this information particularly in terms of how it may be interpreted and applied to personal perceptions of health. As an initial step to exploring this question, we conducted a study to gain insight into potential psychosocial and health motivations for, as well as impact associated with, undergoing testing and disclosure of individual “variomes” (catalogue of genetic variations). To enable the collection of fully informed opinions, 14 participants with advanced training in genetics underwent whole‐genome profiling and received individual reports of estimated genomic ancestry, genotype data and reported disease associations. Emotional, cognitive and health behavioral impact was assessed through one‐on‐one interviews and questionnaires administered pre‐testing and 1‐week and 3‐months post‐testing. Notwithstanding the educational and professional bias of our study population, the results identify several areas of research for consideration within additional populations. With the development of new and less costly approaches to genome risk profiling, now available for purchase direct‐to‐consumers, it is essential that genome science research be conducted in parallel with studies assessing the societal and policy implications of genome information for personal use.
Saponified Evening Primrose Oil Reduces Melanogenesis in B16 Melanoma Cells and Reduces UV‐Induced Skin Pigmentation in Humans
Authors: Koo Jeung‐Hyun , Lee Ikjae , Yun Seok‐Kweon , Kim Han‐Uk , Park Byung‐Hyun , Park Jin‐Woo
Published: March 2010

This study was conducted to determine whether saponified evening primrose oil (sap‐EPO) has the potential for use as a whitening agent and to investigate its underlying mechanisms of action. In B16 melanoma cells, sap‐EPO dose‐dependently inhibited isobutylmethylxanthine‐induced melanogenesis with no cytotoxicity. This decrease in melanin production was correlated with reduced enzyme activity and decreased mRNA and protein levels of tyrosinase. The mRNA levels of tyrosinase‐related proteins 1 and 2 decreased in response to treatment with sap‐EPO, indicating that it regulated tyrosinase at the transcriptional level. Expression of microphthalmia‐associated transcription factor was also decreased by sap‐EPO as evidenced by decreased mRNA and protein levels. Additionally, topical application of sap‐EPO resulted in efficient whitening of UVB‐induced hyperpigmentation of human skin. Taken together, these results suggest that sap‐EPO has the potential for use as a cosmetic whitening agent.
KITENIN represents a more aggressive phenotype in a murine model of oral cavity squamous carcinoma
Authors: Lee Joon Kyoo , Lim Sang Chul , Kim Hee Dae , Yoon Tae Mi , Kim Kag , Nam Jong Hee , Kim Hyung Seok , Shin Min‐Ho , Kim Kyung Keun
Published: March 2010

Objective

To investigate the tumor invasiveness and early lung metastasis associated with KITENIN in a murine model of oral cavity squamous carcinoma.

Study Design

Cross‐sectional study with planned data collection.

Setting

Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Medical Research Center for Gene Regulation, and Pathology, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hwasun Hospital.

Subjects and Methods

The cDNA of KITENIN and vector only were transfected into the SCC VII (murine squamous cell line) cells. The suspension of 5 × 105/mL viable KITENIN‐ or vector‐transfected SCC VII cells was injected into the floor of the mouth of C3H/HeJ syngeneic mice, deep into the mylohyoid muscle via the intraoral approach. From the first to the sixth week after injection, tumor, lung, liver, and brain tissues were obtained.

Results

For all groups, the tumor invaded the superficial musculature of the floor of the mouth, the deep musculature of the floor of the mouth, the salivary glands, perineural tissue, bone, and skin, sequentially. Lung metastases developed multiple focal nodular patterns at first and then became more extensive. Earlier and more aggressive tumor invasion into the deep floor of the mouth musculature, salivary glands, perineural tissue, bone, and skin was observed in the KITENIN‐transfected group compared to the vector‐only group. An earlier and more extensive lung metastasis was observed in the KITENIN group.

Conclusion

An antisense KITENIN strategy might inhibit distant metastasis and the progression of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.
Exposure to zinc deficiency in fetal and postnatal life determines nitric oxide system activity and arterial blood pressure levels in adult rats
Authors: Tomat Analía , Elesgaray Rosana , Zago Valeria , Fasoli Héctor , Fellet Andrea , Balaszczuk Ana María , Schreier Laura , Costa María Ángeles , Arranz Cristina
Published: March 2010

We had previously shown that prenatal exposure to Zn-deficient diets induces an increase in blood pressure and impairs renal function in adult rats. The aim of the present study was to investigate if moderate Zn restriction during early growth periods, fetal life and lactation would induce impairment in the vascular and renal NO system and alterations in plasma lipid profile. We also investigated if these effects persisted into adult life, even when a Zn-replete diet was provided after weaning. Pregnant rats were fed control (30 parts per million (ppm)) or low (8 ppm) Zn diets throughout gestation up to weaning. Afterwards, male offspring from low-Zn mothers were assigned to low- or control-Zn diets during 60 d. Male offspring from control mothers were fed a control diet. Animals exposed to Zn restriction showed low birth weight, increased systolic blood pressure and serum TAG levels, and decreased glomerular filtration rate in adulthood. Zn restriction induced a decrease in vascular and renal NO synthase activity and a reduced expression of the endothelial NO synthase isoform in aorta. A control-Zn diet during post-weaning growth returned TAG levels to normal but was unsuccessful in normalising systolic blood pressure, glomerular filtration rate or NO system activity in Zn-deficient offspring. Zn restriction during fetal life, lactation and/or post-weaning growth induced alterations in the vascular and renal NO system and in lipid metabolism that could contribute to the programming of hypertension and renal dysfunction in adulthood.
ON ROOT SUBSYSTEMS AND INVOLUTIONS INSn
Authors: DERIZIOTIS D. , MCDONOUGH T. P. , PALLIKAROS C. A.
Published: March 2010

Given an involutionzinW, whereWis the symmetric group of degreen, we study the relation between the subsystems of a root system forWcorresponding to certain decreasing subsequences ofzand the two-sided Kazhdan–Lusztig cell ofWcontainingz.
ASYMPTOTICALLY LINEAR ELLIPTIC SYSTEMS WITH PARAMETERS
Authors: PENG CHAOQUAN
Published: March 2010

In this paper, we show that the semi-linear elliptic systems of the form
(0.1)
possess at least one non-trivial solution pair (u, v) ∈ H01(Ω) × H01(Ω), where Ω is a smooth bounded domain in ℝN, λ and μ are non-negative numbers, f(x, t) and g(x, t) are continuous functions on Ω × ℝ and asymptotically linear at infinity.
Western Chou Period
Authors: Shaughnessy Edward L.
Published: March 2010

Although chinese intellectuals have generally regarded the Western Chou dynasty (1045–771 B.C.E.) as the formative period of Chinese culture, because there was no organized church at the time, studies of religion in China often begin with later developments. While this is a legitimate interpretive principle, it is nevertheless certainly the case that there were facets of religious experience characteristic of Western Chou society.
Simulations of three-dimensional viscoelastic flows past a circular cylinder at moderate Reynolds numbers
Authors: RICHTER DAVID , IACCARINO GIANLUCA , SHAQFEH ERIC S. G.
Published: March 2010

The results from a numerical investigation of inertial viscoelastic flow past a circular cylinder are presented which illustrate the significant effect that dilute concentrations of polymer additives have on complex flows. In particular, effects of polymer extensibility are studied as well as the role of viscoelasticity during three-dimensional cylinder wake transition. Simulations at two distinct Reynolds numbers (Re= 100 andRe= 300) revealed dramatic differences based on the choice of the polymer extensibility (L2in the FENE-P model), as well as a stabilizing tendency of viscoelasticity. For theRe= 100 case, attention was focused on the effects of increasing polymer extensibility, which included a lengthening of the recirculation region immediately behind the cylinder and a sharp increase in average drag when compared to both the low extensibility and Newtonian cases. ForRe= 300, a suppression of the three-dimensional Newtonian mode B instability was observed. This effect is more pronounced for higher polymer extensibilities where all three-dimensional structure is eliminated, and mechanisms for this stabilization are described in the context of roll-up instability inhibition in a viscoelastic shear layer.
Multi-layered diffusive convection. Part 2. Dynamics of layer evolution
Authors: NOGUCHI TAKASHI , NIINO HIROSHI
Published: March 2010

Evolution of layers in an unbounded diffusively stratified two-component fluid and its dynamics are studied by means of a direct numerical simulation (DNS) and an analytical model. The numerical simulation shows that the layers grow by repeating mergings with the neighbouring layers. By analysing the results of the numerical simulation, the mechanism of the merging is examined in detail. Two modes of merging are found to exist: one is the layer vanishing mode and the other is the interface vanishing mode. The vanishings of layers and interfaces are caused by turbulent entrainment at the interfaces. Based on the analysis of the numerical model, a one-dimensional asymmetric entrainment model is proposed. In the model, each layer is assumed to interact with its neighbouring layers through simplified convective entrainment laws. The model is applied to two simple configurations of layers and is proved to reproduce the layer evolutions found in the DNS successfully.
Estimating probability of sustained recovery from mild to moderate depression in primary care: evidence from the THREAD study
Authors: Dowrick C. , Flach C. , Leese M. , Chatwin J. , Morriss R. , Peveler R. , Gabbay M. , Byng R. , Moore M. , Tylee A. , Kendrick T. ,   THREAD Study Group
Published: March 2010

Background

It is important for doctors and patients to know what factors help recovery from depression. Our objectives were to predict the probability of sustained recovery for patients presenting with mild to moderate depression in primary care and to devise a means of estimating this probability on an individual basis.

Method

Participants in a randomized controlled trial were identified through general practitioners (GPs) around three academic centres in England. Participants were aged >18 years, with Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD) scores 12–19 inclusive, and at least one physical symptom on the Bradford Somatic Inventory (BSI). Baseline assessments included demographics, treatment preference, life events and difficulties and health and social care use. The outcome was sustained recovery, defined as HAMD score <8 at both 12 and 26 week follow-up. We produced a predictive model of outcome using logistic regression clustered by GP and created a probability tree to demonstrate estimated probability of recovery at the individual level.

Results

Of 220 participants, 74% provided HAMD scores at 12 and 26 weeks. A total of 39 (24%) achieved sustained recovery, associated with being female, married/cohabiting, having a low BSI score and receiving preferred treatment. A linear predictor gives individual probabilities for sustained recovery given specific characteristics and probability trees illustrate the range of probabilities and their uncertainties for some important combinations of factors.

Conclusions

Sustained recovery from mild to moderate depression in primary care appears more likely for women, people who are married or cohabiting, have few somatic symptoms and receive their preferred treatment.
Embedding ℤk-actions in cubical shifts and ℤk-symbolic extensions
Authors: GUTMAN YONATAN
Published: March 2010

Mean dimension is an invariant which makes it possible to distinguish between topological dynamical systems with infinite entropy. Extending in part the work of Lindenstrauss we show that if (X,ℤk) has a free zero-dimensional factor then it can be embedded in the ℤk-shift on ([0,1]d)ℤk, where d=[C(k) mdim(X,ℤk)]+1 for some universal constant C(k), and a topological version of the Rokhlin lemma holds. Furthermore, under the same assumptions, if mdim(X,ℤk)=0, then (X,ℤk) has the small boundary property. One of the applications of this theory is related to Downarowicz’s entropy structure, a master invariant for entropy theory, which captures the emergence of entropy on different scales. Indeed, we generalize this invariant and prove the Boyle–Downarowicz symbolic extension entropy theorem in the setting of ℤk-actions. This theorem describes what entropies are achievable in symbolic extensions.
Senior Editors' Note
Authors: Cobble Dorothy Sue , Nolan Mary , Winn Peter
Published: March 2010

International Labor and Working-Class History 77 opens with a special thematic feature, “Gendered Activism and the Politics of Women's Work.” In it, we include articles by Karen Hunt (Keele University), Julie Guard (University of Manitoba), Judith Smart (University of Melbourne and RMIT University), and June Hannam (University of the West of England), all of which were originally presented in 2008 at the international conference “Labouring Feminism and Feminist Labour History,” in Stockholm. Rounding out this section is a fifth essay by Kate Hardy (Queen's College, University of London), given first as a lecture at a spring 2009 symposium sponsored by ILWCH at Rutgers University.
The Politics of Food and Women's Neighborhood Activism in First World War Britain
Authors: Hunt Karen
Published: March 2010

In 1917 and 1918 violent cost-of-living protests, largely peopled by poor urban housewives, erupted across the world. Although Britain did not experience such dramatic events, a women's politics of food can be found in local neighborhoods that touched the lives of unorganized housewives on the wartime home front. The new local committees created to defend consumer interests in the face of food shortages proved to be permeable to some women, particularly those who already had some experience with women's politics. However, limits were placed on this participation and on the self-organization of housewives by the ambiguous understanding of who constituted a consumer and thus who could speak for the ordinary housewife as she battled the food queues. By exploring the women's politics of food at a local level, it is argued that working-class women's participation in Food Vigilance Committees or in local boycotts may have had longer lasting effects in Britain than the more dramatic cost-of-living actions elsewhere.
Incorporating Sex Workers into the Argentine Labor Movement
Authors: Hardy Kate
Published: March 2010

Sex workers in Argentina and beyond are making their histories visible through political action, often in the face of extreme and violent repression. Alongside two first waves of sex worker organizing, a third appears to be emerging from countries in the Global South, which has largely been neglected in academic commentaries. One such organization is Asociación de Mujeres Meretrices de la Argentina (AMMAR), the female sex workers' association of Argentina. This essay draws on questionnaire data, participant observation, and in-depth interviews with union and nonunion sex workers and members of the Central de Trabajadores Argentinos (CTA), the umbrella federation of which they are a part, across ten cities in Argentina. It traces the relationship between AMMAR and the CTA to examine how the two organizations have worked together to organize workers in an infamously exploitative, precarious, and vulnerable labor sector to achieve social and political change. The essay contributes to debates about the regeneration of the trade union movement and challenges the reigning wisdom that sex workers and trade unions are unlikely partners.
Physical controls on deep water coral communities on the George V Land slope, East Antarctica
Authors: Post Alexandra L. , O’Brien Philip E. , Beaman Robin J. , Riddle Martin J. , De Santis Laura
Published: March 2010

Dense coral-sponge communities on the upper continental slope at 570–950 m off George V Land, East Antarctica have been identified as Vulnerable Marine Ecosystems. The challenge is now to understand their probable distribution on other parts of the Antarctic margin. We propose three main factors governing their distribution on the George V margin: 1) their depth in relation to iceberg scouring, 2) the flow of organic-rich bottom waters, and 3) their location at the head of shelf cutting canyons. Icebergs scour to 500 m in this region and the lack of such disturbance is a probable factor allowing the growth of rich benthic ecosystems. In addition, the richest communities are found in the heads of canyons which receive descending plumes of Antarctic Bottom Water formed on the George V shelf, which could entrain abundant food for the benthos. The canyons harbouring rich benthos are also those that cut the shelf break. Such canyons are known sites of high productivity in other areas due to strong current flow and increased mixing with shelf waters, and the abrupt, complex topography. These proposed mechanisms provide a framework for the identification of areas where there is a higher likelihood of encountering these Vulnerable Marine Ecosystems.
NO TEARS FOR CREON
Authors: DeGirolami Marc O.
Published: March 2010

This essay critiques Professor Martha Nussbaum's book, Liberty of Conscience: In Defense of America's Tradition of Religious Equality (2008). Nussbaum's thesis is that the entire tradition of religious liberty in America can be both best understood (as a historical exercise) and justified (as a philosophical one) by recourse to the overarching principle of equal respect—that “[a]ll citizens have equal rights and deserve equal respect from the government under which they live.” Nussbaum insists that equal respect pervades the tradition and that all other values of religious liberty are subordinate to it. She examines various free-exercise and establishment issues in light of this principle, concluding that the tradition of religious equality is under threat and calling for renewed vigilance in its defense. This essay criticizes Nussbaum's elevation of the principle of equal respect to supreme normative status. It claims that Nussbaum's single-minded focus on equal respect distorts and misunderstands the conflicts actually at issue in many religious liberty disputes. The essay focuses specifically on the inadequacies of her assessment of two prominent religious liberty cases, one in the free exercise and the other in the established context. This essay concludes that there are reasons for deep skepticism about Nussbaum's approach as a comprehensive theory of the religion clauses.
Mexico–Olive Oil: Remedy without a cause?
Authors: BOWN CHAD P. , Meagher Niall
Published: March 2010

This paper provides a legal-economic analysis of the unappealed WTO Panel Report in Mexico–Olive Oil. The case involved a countervailing-duty measure imposed by Mexico on imports of olive oil from the European Communities (in particular, Spain and Italy). The dispute raised important issues regarding the determination of causation of injury, as neither the Panel nor the investigating authority gave much credence to evidence that the main complaint of the domestic industry was the loss of a distribution agreement and brand-name rights with a Spanish exporter. The dispute also raised interesting concerns regarding the remedies for violations of procedural obligations in the conduct of anti-dumping/countervailing-duty investigations and the right of a domestic producer that has ceased production to seek protection under the trade-remedy laws.
Kompetenzentwicklung durch Development-Center
Authors: Klebl Ulfried , Nerdinger Friedemann W.
Published: March 2010

Ziel der vorliegenden Studie war es, die Effekte eines Development Centers auf die Kompetenzentwicklung der Teilnehmer zu überprüfen. In einem deutschen Finanzdienstleistungskonzern wurde ein quasiexperimentelles Zwei-Gruppen-Design mit Selbst- und Fremdeinschätzungsdaten von 90 Teilnehmern an einem Development-Center und von 31 Kandidaten für die Teilnahme an diesem Verfahren als Kontrollgruppe realisiert. Varianzanalytisch wurden Treatment-Effekte auf den Einsatz für die Entwicklung des Kompetenzniveaus und die wahrgenommene Entwicklung des Kompetenzniveaus geprüft. Die Ergebnisse belegen einige signifikante Effekte des Development Centers. Theoretische und praktische Implikationen der Untersuchung werden ebenso diskutiert wie Grenzen der Ergebnisse und Möglichkeiten für weitere Forschungsvorhaben.
Veränderungsmechanismen in Elterntrainings am Beispiel von Workplace Triple P
Authors: Hartung Doreen , Lups Franziska , Hahlweg Kurt
Published: March 2010

Elterntrainings haben sich als eine geeignete Interventionsform erwiesen, um dysfunktionales Erziehungsverhalten zu reduzieren und elterliche Selbstwirksamkeit zu steigern. Wie diese Veränderungen erzielt werden ist jedoch größtenteils unerforscht. Am Beispiel von Workplace Triple P wurde überprüft, ob Veränderungen in der elterlichen Selbstwirksamkeit zu Veränderungen im Erziehungsverhalten führen oder ob Veränderungen im Erziehungsverhalten zu Veränderungen in der elterlichen Selbstwirksamkeit führen. Als Stichprobe dienten berufstätige Eltern einer Experimental- und Wartelistenkontrollgruppe (N = 97 Eltern; 74 Mütter, 23 Väter; n [EG] = 42; n [KG] = 55). Regressionsbasierte Mediatoranalysen belegen, dass die Effekte des Trainings auf die elterliche Selbstwirksamkeit durch die Reduktion des dysfunktionalen Erziehungsverhaltens mediiert werden. Umgekehrt konnte jedoch nicht gezeigt werden, dass die Effekte des Trainings auf das dysfunktionale Erziehungsverhalten der Eltern durch Verbesserungen der elterlichen Selbstwirksamkeit mediiert werden. Diese Ergebnisse unterstützen die Bedeutung von Elterntrainings, in denen konkrete Erziehungs- und Stressmanagementfertigkeiten geübt und im Alltag umgesetzt werden, um positive Veränderungen im Familienleben zu erzielen.
Effekte des Anti-Stress-Trainings in der Grundschule
Authors: Backhaus Olaf , Petermann Franz , Hampel Petra
Published: March 2010

Grundschulkinder erleben eine Vielzahl schulischer Belastungssituationen, die eine Gefährdung der psychischen Gesundheit darstellen können. Bislang wurde im deutschsprachigen Raum die Entwicklung und Evaluation primärpräventiver schulbasierter Stressbewältigungsprogramme für das Kindesalter eher vernachlässigt. In der vorliegenden Studie wurde eine Version des Anti-Stress-Trainings für Kinder (AST; Hampel & Petermann, 2003 ) adaptiert, die im schulischen Alltag im Klassenverband umgesetzt wurde. Die Effekte des Trainings auf die Stressverarbeitung wurden bei 102 Dritt- und Viertklässlern vor, unmittelbar nach und sechs Wochen nach Abschluss der Intervention anhand eines Kontrollgruppendesigns mit Block-Randomisierung untersucht. Die Kinder der Interventionsgruppe waren unmittelbar und sechs Wochen nach der Intervention in den günstigen Stressverarbeitungsstrategien verbessert. Außerdem waren unmittelbar nach der Intervention die günstigen Stressverarbeitungsstrategien der Interventionsgruppe statistisch und klinisch signifikant besser ausgeprägt als in der unbehandelten Kontrollgruppe. Das AST in der Grundschule erzielt demnach gute Effekte auf die günstige Stressverarbeitung und trägt somit zur Verbesserung der psychischen Gesundheit im Grundschulalter bei.
Children’s Social Competence, Peer Status, and the Quality of Mother- Child and Father-Child Relationships
Authors: Attili Grazia , Vermigli Patrizia , Roazzi Antonio
Published: March 2010

This study examined links between parents’ and children’s interactive style at home and children’s social competence among peers defined in terms of both prosocial, aggressive, and isolate behavior and social success at school. Participants were 34 children (7–9 years of age) who were observed at home and videotaped twice during 10 min free-play dyadic interactions separately with their mother and father over a 2-week period. Interactions were coded on global measures of positive, negative, controlling, disconfirming, and correcting behaviors and neutral conversation. Sociometric techniques based on peer nominations were used to assess children’s behavioral orientations and social success at school. The structural relationship of the parental behavior categories and the links among this structure and children’s social competence among peers were analyzed both by traditional statistical methods and multidimensional scaling techniques. Mothers’ negative interactions and disconfirming correlated negatively with prosociality and positively with aggression, which in turn associated negatively with mothers’ involvement in neutral conversation. Popular children were situated in a relationship structure where mothers were less controlling, less negative, less correcting, and less disconfirming and displaying more positive behavior than was the case for rejected and average children. There were few associations among fathers’ interactions and children’s social competence. Nevertheless, when a multidimensional scaling approach was used rejection appeared to be located within a harsh relationship with both parents. Children who were negative, controlling, and disconfirming when interacting with their parents at home, and who were more aggressive to peers, were more rejected at school.
Exploring the Factorial Structure of the Self-Concept
Authors: Elosua Paula , Muñiz José
Published: March 2010

The factorial structure of a self-concept scale (Autoconcepto Forma 5) was analyzed as a function of gender and the language used for its completion: Basque and Spanish. The analyses were performed sequentially starting with confirmatory factor analysis, followed by multiple-group, multiple-indicator analysis, and mean and covariance structure analysis. The five-dimensional structure of the scale (academic, social, emotional, family-related, and physical self-concept) was supported by the progressive factorial invariance analysis. It was concluded that there was partial measurement invariance and that differences across groups were derived from the latent mean values.
Observational evidence that agricultural intensification and land use change may be reducing the Indian summer monsoon rainfall
Authors: Niyogi Dev , Kishtawal Chandra , Tripathi Shivam , Govindaraju Rao S.
Published: March 2010

Using gridded daily rainfall observations, and monthly satellite land surface data sets, the connection between land use change and monsoonal rainfall climatology is analyzed. A combination of statistical analysis involving genetic algorithm (GA), empirical orthogonal function (EOF), and causal discovery algorithms (CDA) are used. Study objectives are (1) to identify regional trends in the observed precipitation data over the Indian summer monsoon region, (2) to investigate the relation between land use change/agriculture intensification and changes in rainfall, and (3) to explore whether land use change and agricultural intensification have caused change in the rainfall climatology. The satellite‐based vegetation data set shows significant agricultural intensification over northern India. For the period just before start of the summer monsoon season (April and May), the normalized differential vegetation index (NDVI) shows an increase only over Peninsular India. The EOF‐ and GA‐based analysis identified the strongest climatic signal for monsoon rainfall with an increasing trend over the east central regions of India and a decreasing trend in monsoon seasonal precipitation over north/northwest India. The areas of decreasing rainfall coincided with regions of agricultural intensive land use and are analyzed further. The correlation and the causal data analysis suggest that premonsoon (March–April) vegetation affects July month precipitation over peninsular India. In particular, a negative relationship exists between them. The results are more robust over peninsular and northern India indicating that an increase in NDVI has possibly weakened the early monsoon rainfall in this region. The results of this study suggest that land use change associated with agricultural intensification could be reducing the summer monsoon rainfall over certain regions of India.
Sprites in varying air density: Charge conservation, glowing negative trails and changing velocity
Authors: Luque A. , Ebert U.
Published: March 2010

We study the initial downward propagation of long sprite streamers in naturally varying air density with numerical simulations on adaptively refined grids. We find that the ionization rate and the light emission from the streamer head increase approximately linearly with air density (therefore exponentially with time) while the radius hardly changes, in contradiction with a naive application of scaling laws. Charge conservation creates a negative charge and a consecutively enhanced electric field in the upper section of the streamer channel, while the head carries a growing positive charge. The high electric field in the upper part of the channel generates a secondary ionization wave and a luminous trail. The negative charging explains the emergence of upward, negative streamers from a channel and the attraction of positive heads to a previously formed channel. Finally we show that the vertical gradient in the air density initially accelerates the streamer head and subsequently slows it down, in agreement with recent observations.
High‐resolution observations of naturally enhanced ion acoustic lines and accompanying auroral fine structures
Authors: Michell R. G. , Samara M.
Published: March 2010

We present observations of naturally enhanced ion acoustic lines (NEIALs) from a ground‐based campaign, combining high‐resolution auroral imaging with raw voltage samples from the Poker Flat Incoherent Scatter Radar. We achieved maximum time resolution (∼12 ms) by employing a single beam position. Four distinct events were identified, constituting the first common‐volume imager/NEIAL observations in this mode. All were associated with auroral fine structures, were short‐lived, and occurred on the boundaries of dynamic, luminous features. Their presence provides further insight into in situ processes, such as enhanced wave activity, that are otherwise unobservable using ground‐based instrumentation. Combined high‐resolution optical and radar observations reveal the temporal development of NEIALs in relation to the dynamic auroral fine structures present. These observations indicate that NEIALs manifest with timescales of less than 50 to 100 ms, providing a specific constraint for the modeling of their generation mechanisms.
Seasonal forcing of summer dissolved inorganic carbon and chlorophyll a on the western shelf of the Antarctic Peninsula
Authors: Montes‐Hugo Martin , Sweeney Colm , Doney Scott C. , Ducklow Hugh , Frouin Robert , Martinson Douglas G. , Stammerjohn Sharon , Schofield Oscar
Published: March 2010

The Southern Ocean is a climatically sensitive region that plays an important role in the regional and global modulation of atmospheric CO2. Based on satellite‐derived sea ice data, wind and cloudiness estimates from numerical models (National Centers for Environmental Prediction‐National Center for Atmospheric Research reanalysis), and in situ measurements of surface (0–20 m depth) chlorophyll a (ChlSurf) and dissolved inorganic carbon (DICSurf) concentration, we show sea ice concentration from June to November and spring wind patterns between 1979 and 2006 had a significant influence on midsummer (January) primary productivity and carbonate chemistry for the Western Shelf of the Antarctic Peninsula (WAP, 64°–68°S, 63.4°–73.3°W). In general, strong (>3.5 m s−1) and persistent (>2 months) northerly winds during the previous spring were associated with relatively high (monthly mean > 2 mg m−3) ChlSurf and low (monthly mean < 2 mmol kg−1) salinity‐corrected DIC (DICSurf*) during midsummer. The greater ChlSurf accumulation and DICSurf* depletion was attributed to an earlier growing season characterized by decreased spring sea ice cover or nearshore accumulation of phytoplankton in association with sea ice. The impact of these wind‐driven mechanisms on ChlSurf and DICSurf* depended on the extent of sea ice area (SIA) during winter. Winter SIA affected phytoplankton blooms by changing the upper mixed layer depth (UMLD) during the subsequent spring and summer (December–January–February). Midsummer DICSurf* was not related to DICSurf* concentration during the previous summer, suggesting an annual replenishment of surface DIC during fall/winter and a relatively stable pool of deep (>200 m depth) “winter‐like” DIC on the WAP.
Nonmigrating semidiurnal tide over the Arctic determined from TIMED Doppler Interferometer wind observations
Authors: Iimura H. , Fritts D. C. , Wu Q. , Skinner W. R. , Palo S. E.
Published: March 2010

The TIMED Doppler Interferometer (TIDI) on the NASA Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics (TIMED) satellite has been measuring horizontal winds in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) since 2002. Because of the high inclination of the TIMED orbit, TIDI measures the horizontal winds from pole to pole every orbit. This paper presents the first assessment of the spatial structure and temporal evolution of the nonmigrating semidiurnal tides over the Arctic determined from the TIDI wind measurements and a comparison of the structure of the nonmigrating semidiurnal tide between the Arctic and Antarctic. The nonmigrating semidiurnal tides were determined as a 60 day average based on the yaw cycles of the spacecraft. The nonmigrating semidiurnal tidal wind field over the Arctic comprises mainly the westward‐propagating zonal wave numbers 1 (W1) and 3 (W3) and standing zonal wave number 0 (S0) modes. The W1 mode is the most prominent, maximizing above 90 km poleward of 60°N during the yaw interval ranging from mid‐March to mid‐May. While this mode exhibits a slight amplitude increase toward the North Pole during this interval, its phase is nearly constant with latitude. The S0 mode is enhanced over two yaw intervals ranging from mid‐January to mid‐May, but its amplitude decreases toward the North Pole. Compared to the W1 semidiurnal tide over the Antarctic, that over the Arctic is smaller in amplitude, of less extended duration, achieves maximum amplitudes at higher altitudes by ∼10 km, and exhibits a weaker amplitude increase toward the pole. These differences likely result from differences in excitation mechanisms and efficiency and/or in propagation conditions in the two responses for the nonmigrating semidiurnal tides between the Arctic and Antarctic.