bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Structuring for high reliability: HR practices and mindful processes in reliability‐seeking organizations
Authors: Vogus Timothy J. , Welbourne Theresa M.
Published: October 2003

This paper theoretically and empirically connects the literature on high‐reliability organizations (HROs) to a broader set of organizations, which we call reliability‐seeking organizations. Unlike HROs, which operate high‐hazard technologies, reliability‐seeking organizations operate in high‐hazard environments. Reliability‐seeking organizations are tightly coupled to their unpredictable and complex environments in such a manner that although the human mortality rate is low, the risk of small failures amplifying into organizational mortality is high. To cope with these environments, reliability‐seeking organizations organize to remain open and flexible to emerging information and achieve the reliability demanded by their environments—intensity of innovation. These organizations utilize skilled temporary employees, positive employee relations, and an emphasis on training to innovate, and, in turn, generate greater financial performance. We test these hypotheses using a sample of 184 initial public offering (IPO) software firms that conducted their IPO between 1993 and 1996 and our results are consistent with our theorizing. Firms that utilized these human resource practices innovated more frequently and firms with more innovations had higher stock prices over time. Our findings combine to suggest a theoretical model of structural antecedents of a different type of reliability—intensity of innovation Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Developmental anomalies in skeletal remains from the Great Moravia and Middle Ages cemeteries at Devín (Slovakia)
Authors: Masnicová S. , Beňuš R.
Published: October 2003

Developmental anomalies were scored and prevalences were computed for two skeletal collections from Devín (southwestern Slovakia). The first sample Devín‐Hrad (DH) is dated to the Middle Ages (11th–12thcentury) and includes 217 skeletons. The second collection Devín‐Za kostolom (FR) includes 112 burials and is dated to the Great Moravian period (9thcentury). In both samples, the evidence of spina bifida occulta occurred most frequently of all the defects examined (24% in DH, 23% in FR). Sacralization (8% in DH, 7% in FR) was more common than lumbarization (2% in DH, 0% in FR), and spondylolysis (7% in DH, 4% in FR) was relatively frequent in both samples. The other developmental defects occurred in only one or a few individuals and represented sporadic occurrences. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
University of San Diego palynological investigation of the Dos Cabezas giants
Authors: Geyer P. S. , Larson T. S. , Stroik L.
Published: October 2003

Beginning in 1999, coprolite soil samples were collected from the skeletal remains of Moche giants excavated at the archaeological site of Dos Cabezas, northern Peru. In 2000, a pilot palynological study was undertaken to ascertain if pollen was recoverable from them. The results of this study encouraged us to form a student team to continue the laboratory research. It was also decided to sample as many of the excavated skeletal remains from the giants' tombs as possible.

Following the 2001 field season a palynological study was performed on the three individuals (one adult giant and two children) recovered from Tomb 3 in 1999. Pollen was extracted and analysed. The combined results of this archaeobotanical study are significant and in one instance have led us into insights into the possible causes of death of these three contemporaneous internments. This report represents only the preliminary results of this ongoing research. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The incidence of diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis and social status correlations in Lithuanian skeletal materials
Authors: Jankauskas R.
Published: October 2003

Numerous indications in literature argue that diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) is aetiologically linked with obesity and late onset (type II) diabetes. Thus its incidence should differ in socially stratified societies where individuals have different access to food resources. The incidence of DISH was evaluated in a skeletal sample of 458 adult individuals from the Iron Age, Mediaeval, and Early Modern periods. Social status was defined either by grave inventory (Iron Age) or burial location (within a church, or urban or rural cemeteries). Diagnostic criteria for DISH were right side anterior longitudinal spinal ligament or extra‐spinal ligament (enthesis) ossification. No differences between chronological groups were found. The incidence of DISH had definite age affinity: it increased with age: from 0.00% in 20–30 year olds to 30.23% in the 50+ year old group (p<0.001). It was also closely associated with sex: male/female ratio was 6.9 (p<0.01). Social status was slightly but significantly related with DISH: incidence among high social status individuals was 27.14%, average or urban was 11.86%, poor or rural was 7.14% (p<0.001). Our results confirm that DISH is associated with the male sex and advanced age and support the hypothesis that the incidence of DISH is related to life style, possibly as a result of different nutritional patterns. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Luigi Boccherini and the Barocco cello: an 18th century striking case of occupational disease
Authors: Ciranni R. , Fornaciari G.
Published: October 2003

The aim of this paper is to elaborate an ergonomic model based on the study of acquired muscle‐skeletal lesions related to Boccherini's intensive activity as Barocco cellist. The body of the famous musician was submitted to external examination, macroscopic analysis and radiographic study. Palaeopathological studies of the skeleton showed a considerable number of changes such as severe rhizoarthritis of the right thumb, heavy epicondylitis of the left elbow, loss of physiological cervical and lumbar spine lordosis and high thoracic left scoliosis with maximum on T3‐T4. A case of tibiae valgae was diagnosed at the level of the legs. The acquired muscle‐skeletal lesions found seemed to be correlated to Boccherini's cello activity. Direct observation of a present‐day cellist allowed us to better understand how repetitive strain injuries were responsible for the situation which appears in the ergonomic model described. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Health patterns of proto‐Byzantine populations (6th–7th centuries AD) in south Greece: the cases of Eleutherna (Crete) and Messene (Peloponnese)
Authors: Bourbou C.
Published: October 2003

Up to now, only scattered information exists about the history and bioarchaeology of proto‐Byzantine Greece, since no abundant records or major excavation projects refer to this turbulent period in question, highly marked by historical, social, economic and environmental changes. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the impact of historical and environmental changes (i.e. invasions, natural disasters, such as earthquakes) on the health status of the once living populations at Eleutherna and Messene and to determine the subgroups within the population that were more at risk. The results of the anthropological and palaeopathological study revealed interesting aspects on health and disease. The observed pathological conditions suggest the differential adaptation ability of past populations to the changing environment; while the settlement of Eleutherna is abandoned during the first half of the 7th century AD, that of Messene enjoys a prosperous life until the early 9th century AD. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stable isotope analysis in Neolithic Greece and possible implications on human health
Authors: Papathanasiou A.
Published: October 2003

This study compares the diet of Greek Neolithic populations to determine the relationship between nutrition and pathology during the transition to agricultural economy. Stable isotope analysis of carbon and nitrogen from human bone collagen and carbonate apatite was used on 102 samples representing six populations, three coastal, (Alepotrypa, Franchthi, Kephala), and three inland, (Theopetra, Tharrounia, Kouveleiki). The results, namely the very negative carbon values, the low nitrogen values, and the intermediate values of the difference between carbonate and collagen carbon readings, strongly indicate the consumption of a diet focused on C3 terrestrial resources, including mainly agricultural plants and almost certainly some animals. Marine foods were a minor part of the diet of all sites. Furthermore, the small range of values implies homogeneity in their diet. The analysis suggests that Neolithic Greece, regardless of geographic location, was occupied by agricultural groups with primarily terrestrial subsistence strategy with only occasional exploitation of animal and marine protein resources. Nutritionally, the combination of cereals and pulses is a rich source of energy, protein and amino‐acids, but does not supply all the required vitamins and iron. Based on the aforementioned data an attempt was made to determine the impact of such a diet on human health. The most prevalent pathological conditions among Greek Neolithic populations are mild cribra orbitalia and porotic hyperostosis, anaemic conditions resulting from increased production of red blood cells, in response to different kinds of anaemia of genetic or nutritional origin or/and in combination with bacterial and parasitic diseases. Even though this study does not provide a direct association between health and diet, it corroborates evidence that diet cannot be excluded as a contributing factor to the observed anaemic conditions, which can possibly be attributed to iron deficiency anaemia. However, hereditary anaemia is excluded by the pathological manifestation of the lesions, while parasitism and bacterial load can interfere and, therefore, it must be checked if they are contributing factors as well. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Meningioma probable reason for trephination
Authors: Smrčka V. , Kuželka V. , Melková J.
Published: October 2003

The incomplete human skull with a trephined hole in the right frontal bone region was identified in 1997 among the collections of the Municipal Museum in Sedlčany. The calvaria of Sedlčany dated back to the period AD 1298–1550 years (14C calibrated age is 528±126 yr BP). The smooth edges of the entire hole indicate a healing process has occured. We can distinguish the application of three surgical techniques in the described trephined hole on the right side of the frontal bone region of the calvaria. The skull is that of a man over 50 years old. ‘Grooving’ remained visible mainly in the lower half of the trephined hole above the eye socket. Four tiny semicircular incisions in the upper edge of the hole probably represent traces of the ‘drilling’ technique. Thinning of the wall in the upper part of the hole was evidently caused by a ‘scraping’ technique. It is hypothesized that the medical reason for the trephination was to relieve the symptoms brought about by increased intracranial pressure caused by a dextral parasagittal meningioma. It is explained by an imprint of middle meningeal arteries. The groove produced by the right middle meningeal artery is deeper and wider than the one on the left side. The bone symptoms for meningioma consist of: a complex of the widened groove at the middle meningeal artery, relating to the cavity for a big Pacchionian (arachnoid) granulation situated along the superior sagittal venous sinus, completed by vascularization of diploe with three 1 mm foramina of vessels, and with a region of bone sclerosis visible in the X‐ray picture. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spin‐polarized fully relativistic linear combinations of Gaussian‐type orbitals calculations for fcc plutonium
Authors: Boettger Jonathan Carl
Published: October 2003

The magnetic ordering of plutonium (Pu) in its fcc structure δ‐phase is investigated using the fully relativistic linear combinations of Gaussian‐type orbitals—fitting function (LCGTO‐FF) method, within the generalized‐gradient approximation to density functional theory. Three types of collinear spin orderings were considered: ferromagnetic, with spins aligned in the (001) direction; and two antiferromagnetic (001)‐layer structures, with spins aligned either perpendicular to each plane (001) or parallel to each plane (100). For each ordering, the total energy and spin moment were calculated with and without spin‐orbit coupling included. In both cases, the ground state is predicted to be antiferromagnetic. Adding spin‐orbit coupling acts to stabilize the (001) orientation relative to the (100) orientation. At zero pressure, the antiferromagnetic (001) state is bound relative to the nonmagnetic state by roughly 40 mRy per atom. The zero‐pressure lattice constant obtained here for the antiferromagnetic (001) state (8.69 bohr) is in substantially better agreement with the measured lattice constant (8.80 bohr) than is the nonmagnetic lattice constant (8.12 bohr). © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2003
Semiempirical valence‐bond resonance energies for alternant conjugated hydrocarbons containing four‐membered rings
Authors: Wu Jian , Schmalz T. G. , Klein D. J.
Published: October 2003

Resonance energies of alternant conjugated hydrocarbons containing six‐membered and four‐membered rings are discussed via the semiempirical valence bond (VB) theory. After generating the higher‐order effective VB model according to cluster‐expansion theory, the aromaticity or antiaromaticity of the above compounds is quantified in a correct manner. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2003
Binary phosphorus–carbon compounds: The series P4C3+8n
Authors: Claeyssens Frederik , Oliva Josep M. , May Paul W. , Allan Neil L.
Published: October 2003

The structure and stability of periodic solid phosphorus carbide phases P4C3+8n (n = 0–4) are studied at zero and high pressure using periodic density functional theory as implemented in the codes SIESTA and CASTEP. For each composition a range of structures is examined, including both defective diamond‐like and graphitic‐like structures. At zero pressure the lowest energy structure for P4C3 (n = 0) is defect zinc blende, whereas for compositions richer in carbon (n > 0) defect graphitic phases in which some carbon atom are bonded to three phosphorus neighbors are the most stable. We relate the relative stability of the different structures to the bonding and compare the corresponding nitrogen analogues. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2003
Corollary to the Hohenberg–Kohn theorem
Authors: Pan Xiao‐Yin , Sahni Viraht
Published: October 2003

According to the Hohenberg–Kohn theorem, there is an invertible one‐to‐one relationship between the Hamiltonian
of a system and the corresponding ground‐state density ρ(r). The extension of the theorem to the time‐dependent case by Runge and Gross states that there is an invertible one‐to‐one relationship between the density ρ(rt) and the Hamiltonian (t). In the proof of the theorem, Hamiltonians /(t) that differ by an additive constant C/function C(t) are considered equivalent. Because the constant C/function C(t) is extrinsically additive, the physical system defined by these differing Hamiltonians /(t) is the same. Thus, according to the theorem, the density ρ(r)/ρ(rt) uniquely determines the physical system as defined by its Hamiltonian /(t). Hohenberg–Kohn, and by extension Runge and Gross, did not however consider the case of a set of degenerate Hamiltonians {}/{(t)} that differ by an intrinsic constant C/function C(t) but which represent different physical systems and yet possess the same density ρ(r)/ρ(rt). The intrinsic constant C/function C(t) contains information about the different physical systems and helps differentiate between them. In such a case, the density ρ(r)/ρ(rt) cannot distinguish between these different Hamiltonians. In this article we construct such a set of degenerate Hamiltonians {}/{(t)}. Thus, although the proof of the Hohenberg–Kohn theorem is independent of whether the constant C/function C(t) is additive or intrinsic, the applicability of the theorem is restricted to excluding the case of the latter. The corollary is as follows: degenerate Hamiltonians {}/{(t)} that represent different physical systems, but differ by a constant C/function C(t), and yet possess the same density ρ(r)/ρ(rt), cannot be distinguished on the basis of the Hohenberg–Kohn/Runge–Gross theorem. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2003
Gray code and the initialization problem of NMR quantum computers
Authors: Sawae Ryuichi , Sakata Toshio , Tei Minaru , Takarabe Kenichi , Manmoto Yoshinori
Published: October 2003

The initialization of states is of importance in nuclear magnetic resonance quantum computing systems. In this article it is shown that the initialization ofn‐qubits states can be realized via a sequence of controlled‐not quantum gates from any mixed state. We present a general algorithm and its optimization to construct a circuit of controlled‐not quantum gates that realizes the initialization using the concept of Gray Codes. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2003
Quasiparticle approximations and electron propagator theory
Authors: Ortiz J. V.
Published: October 2003

A comparison of quasiparticle concepts arising from the Dyson equation of electron propagator theory and from orbital functional theory shows close relationships between self–energy expressions in the former to correlation potentials in the latter. Detailed formulae are presented for second‐order theories with general occupation numbers. Limitations of the Dyson and Landau quasiparticle concepts in the context of perturbative correlation formulae are discussed. Numerical results on N2, H2O, and their valence ionization energies are presented. Comparisons are made between total energy differences, orbital energies, and transition operator results. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2003
Retroengineering bacteriorhodopsins: Design of smart proteins by bionanotechnology
Authors: Renugopalakrishnan V. , Strzelczyk A. , Li Pingzou , Mokhnatyuk A. A. , Gursahani Sachin H. , Nagaraju Mahesh , Prabhakaran M. , Arjomandi H. , Lakka Shoba L.
Published: October 2003

Proteins are naturally occurring nanosystems endowed with diverse properties and functions. Biotechnology affords means of modifying proteins to alter their properties and hence their function. Bionanotechnology is a rapidly emerging area of research with challenging opportunities and formidable challenges. Light‐activated proteins, e.g., bacteriorhodopsin, manifest state changes when subjected to light, which can be exploited to store information in the range of terabytes. We describe the retroengineering of bacteriorhodopsin by rational site‐specific mutagenesis to enhance its thermal and photochemical properties. Bacteriorhodopsin‐based memory systems are amenable to writing and reading information at comparable speeds. With silicon‐based technologies reaching their technological limits, protein‐based memory systems are one viable alternate technology for the future. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2003
Generalized tight‐binding approach for molecular electronics modeling
Authors: Zhang X.‐G. , Krstić P. S. , Butler W. H.
Published: October 2003

We discuss a generalized tight‐binding approach for transport calculations in molecular electronics. The parameters of the tight‐binding model are directly calculated from ab initio quantum chemistry calculations for a molecular tunneling device. A Green's function approach based on the Caroli formula is used to calculate the transport properties. Our approach is unique in that it readily separates contributions to the total tunneling current from individual Bloch eigenstates (transverse electronic modes or channels) of the electrodes, thus providing a powerful tool in understanding how tunneling is affected by the electronic structure of the electrodes and molecule. The tight‐binding model also allows us to show that the placement of the Fermi energy in the electrodes can change the tunneling conductance by orders of magnitude. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2003
Doing business in Switzerland
Authors: Lhabitant François‐Serge
Published: October 2003

Situated at the crossroads of Europe, Switzerland is an ideal example of a successful multicultural and
multilingual society living in a harmonized way. This article provides a comprehensive review of
Switzerland's historical development, political structure, economy, investment, and foreign trade
environment. It aims at being a useful source of information for foreign businessmen and investors interested in
doing business in Switzerland, one of the most advantageous business locations in Europe. © 2003 Wiley
Periodicals, Inc.
Workforce diversity initiatives of U.S. multinational corporations in Europe
Authors: Egan Mary Lou , Bendick Marc
Published: October 2003

Although most U.S. multinational corporations have substantial workforce diversity management programs in
their U.S. operations, they are only beginning to consider parallel efforts in their overseas subsidiaries and
affiliates. The internationalization issue is particularly prominent in the European Union, where competitive,
demographic, legal, and political developments make workforce diversity issues unavoidable within the next few
years. Instead of simply replicating U.S. programs, however, diversity initiatives in Europe need to adapt to
each employer's strategic objectives, degree of organizational integration, and local needs. The experiences
of Lucent Technologies Inc. and The Royal Dutch/Shell Group of Companies illustrate two contrasting
approaches. The former has adopted a strongly multidomestic strategy, while the latter has a more global
approach. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Similarities and differences in human resource management in the European Union
Authors: Claus Lisbeth
Published: October 2003

This study explores similarities and differences in human resource management (HRM) in the European
Union (EU). Common factors in the development of European HRM are the importance of consultation, the
emergence of flexible work patterns, the role of work and the employer in the life of employees, and the
introduction of the Euro. National, company, and regional factors create divergence in European HRM. National
factors include societal hierarchy, different cultures and mental models, societal structure, and language.
Company factors include size of companies, public versus private, and multinational or local. Regional factors
differentiate along north‐south and east‐west axes. The EU had relatively little impact on HRM in
terms of harmonization of labor and tax laws but had major impact on the opening up of markets to foreign
competition and privatization of public sector companies. While cultural diversity remains strong, the influence
of large multinational companies may lead to more regional integration in the practice of HRM. European HRM is
much more comfortable operating in a polycentric mode than U.S. HRM, which seeks universality and standardization.
© 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Dispelling some myths: Uncertain and multiple paths to globalization
Authors: Clark Eugene
Published: October 2003

Brink Lindsey. 2002.Against the Dead Hand: The Uncertain Struggle for Global Capitalism. New York: John Wiley & Sons. 336 pages; ISBN 0‐471‐44277‐1.

Peter Hall & David Soskice (Eds.). 2001.Varieties of Capitalism: The Institutional Foundations of Comparative Advantage. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 540 pages; ISBN 0‐199‐24775‐7.
Neue Entwicklungen beim Hohlkatoden‐Gasflusssputtern. New Developments in Hollow Cathode Gas Flow Sputtering
Authors: Ortner Kai , Birkholz Mario , Jung Thomas
Published: October 2003

Die Gasflusssputtertechnik, vor einigen Jahren insbesondere zur kostengünstigen Herstellung hochwertiger Keramikschichten entwickelt, ist in der Zwischenzeit wesentlich leistungsfähiger geworden. Die im Laborbetrieb erreichte Reife ermöglicht nun den Einsatz in industriellen Fertigungsprozessen. Der vorliegende Artikel gibt einen Überblick über das bislang noch wenig bekannte Verfahren, seine Eigenschaften und die vielfältigen Einsatzmöglichkeiten.
On the inverse conductivity problem in the half space
Authors: Ciulli S. , Pidcock M.K. , Sebu C.
Published: October 2003

We present an analytic treatment of the inverse problem of reconstructing the electrical conductivity of the lower half space from electrical measurements performed on its surface. As the domain under consideration is infinite, the inversion requires the knowledge of data up to infinite distances. One way of overcoming this problem is to approximate the half space by a large cylinder and to use an asymptotic estimate for data at large distances. We have transformed the governing differential equation into an integral equation and regularized it by the use of a priori information. In this way we obtain a stable Fredholm integral equation of the second kind for a regularized conductivity distribution. This equation can be solved either numerically or by using its eigenfunctions which we have computed explicitly.
A cell‐centered FVM for the two‐dimensional Stokes equation
Authors: Vanselow R.
Published: October 2003

Wir stellen eine neue Finite‐Volumen‐Methode (FVM) für die zweidimensionale Stokes‐Gleichung vor und geben eine zugehörige nichtkonforme Finite‐Elemente‐Methode (FEM) an, für die das entstehende lineare Gleichungssystem äquivalent dem dieser FVM ist. Numerische Experimente mit der FVM zeigen, dass die Geschwindigkeit für spezielle Verteilungen der Diskretisierungspunkte konvergiert, obwohl die Dimension des Lösungsraums für den Druck größer als 1 ist, allerdings nicht für alle “guten” Verteilungen. Trotzdem scheint damit in gewissen Fällen eine Konvergenzanalysis dieser FVM wie für die FEM mit dem Q1 ‐ P0‐Element möglich.
On the solution of the triple correlation equation
Authors: v. Wolfersdorf L.
Published: October 2003

The paper presents an analytic treatment of the triple correlation equation which occurs in spectroscopy. By means of the Fourier transformation the nonlinear integral equation is reduced to a functional equation in two variables. For the solvability of this functional equation necessary and sufficient conditions are derived and the complex‐valued solution of the equation is given in closed form. Thereby the determination of the argument of the solution function (the phase) is carried out with the aid of the bounded solution to a related functional equation in a single variable.
Wall effects with slip
Authors: Ramkissoon H. , Rahaman K.
Published: October 2003

The creeping motion of a spheroidal particle at the instant it passes the centre of a spherical container has been examined using a general slip condition at the surface of the particle. The shape of the spheroid deviates slightly from that of a sphere at its surface. A first‐order expression has been obtained for the stream function characterizing the flow field and this expression has been utilized to evaluate the drag on the spheroid. Special cases are deduced and wall effects then examined.
Captive animal liability: 19th century foundations and 20th century modifications
Authors: Bannor Brett
Published: October 2003

Two important legal milestones concerning liability for keeping animals in captivity occurred in the years 1879–1881. These were the publication of The Common Law by Oliver Wendell Holmes, and the United States Supreme Court's decision in The Congress and Empire Spring Company v. Ann P. Edgar. Holmes declared that the liability one incurs for maintaining potentially dangerous animals is absolute. The Court's decision noted that wild animals not normally considered ferocious, such as deer, can be considered “domestic” under the law if they are tame, with a corresponding reduction in liability. A brief examination is presented of how the doctrine of captive animal liability was modified in the 20th century to reflect the difference between wild animals kept by a private individual and those maintained by a reputable zoological park. Zoo Biol 22:489–496, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Growth and development of the Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus harrisii) at Healesville Sanctuary, Victoria, Australia
Authors: Phillips B.T. , Jackson S.M.
Published: October 2003

A study of the growth and development of the Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus harrisii) was undertaken on a litter born at Healesville Sanctuary in Healesville, Victoria, Australia. Measurements of crown–rump length, head length, and head width were recorded every week from birth. Body weight was recorded weekly once the joeys were detached from the teat at 142 days of age, until 218 days of age. The growth curves revealed an initial linear increase in crown–rump lengths until approximately 60 days of age, when the gradient increased, while head length and head width showed a largely linear increase with age. The appearances of various morphological characteristics were also recorded. Zoo Biol 22:497–505, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reproductive status of endemic felid species in Latin American zoos and implications for ex situ conservation
Authors: Swanson W.F. , Johnson W.E. , Cambre R.C. , Citino S.B. , Quigley K.B. , Brousset D.M. , Morais R.N. , Moreira N. , O'Brien S.J. , Wildt D.E.
Published: October 2003

Reproductive evaluations were conducted on 185 male cats representing eight endemic Latin American species that were maintained in 44 zoos and private facilities in 12 Latin American countries. Reproductive assessments (testicular measures, ejaculate quality, and blood testosterone/cortisol concentration) were used to establish normative values for large‐ and small‐sized cats in Latin American collections. Data also were analyzed using multiple regression to study the impact of proven breeder status, diet, and various animal housing combinations. Most felids (>95%) in the survey were of wild‐born origin, and <20% had produced offspring in captivity. Larger felids had bigger testes and produced more semen, but tended to produce low‐sperm‐density ejaculates. The ejaculates of small felids were more sperm‐concentrated, but contained fewer total spermatozoa. Sperm motility was unrelated to species size, and certain species (puma, margay, tigrina, and jaguarundi) consistently produced few (<40%) normal sperm forms. Across species, >50% of males had low sperm counts (<1 million total sperm per ejaculate). Among large cats (jaguars and pumas), proven breeders had larger (P<0.05) testes, greater semen volume, and more normal sperm than nonbreeders. Males on adequate diets had higher (P<0.05) circulating cortisol. Among small‐sized felids, proven breeders had higher (P<0.05) testosterone, and males housed alone or paired with a conspecific female had more (P<0.05) total sperm per ejaculate and greater (P<0.05) seminal and testicular volumes. Fifty‐nine ejaculates (potentially representing ∼100 artificial insemination (AI) or 26,000 in vitro fertilization (IVF) procedures) were cryopreserved for a felid genome resource bank. In conclusion, breeding success and reproductive traits for many endemic felids in Latin American zoos appear to be suboptimal, and likely would benefit from improvements in diet and exhibitry. Technology transfer and continued training of zoo staff and scientists in Latin American countries are essential if these zoos are to achieve their tremendous conservation potential for felids and other threatened endemic species. Zoo Biol 22:421–441, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Behavioral development of a polar bear cub (Ursus maritimus) in captivity
Authors: Greenwald Katherine R. , Dabek Lisa
Published: October 2003

The difficulty of observing polar bears (Ursus maritimus) in the wild has prohibited the gathering of behavioral data necessary to develop a baseline set of milestones for monitoring cub development. This study describes and quantifies previously undocumented trends in behavior observed in a captive cub–information that will be useful both in future comparative studies and in the implementation of husbandry improvements. Nearly 400 hr of behavioral data were collected, 100 hr of which were video recordings from the maternity den during the first 3 months of life. Den videos were scored to determine activity budgets and levels of maternal contact. For the remainder of the first year, mother and cub were observed in the outdoor enclosure. The onset and relative frequency of 40 discrete cub behaviors were tracked, as were patterns of mother–cub contact, including nursing and weaning. This study revealed that environmental conditions, habitat enrichment, and conditioning procedures influenced the patterns of developmental behavior exhibited by a polar bear cub. Both climatic and developmental factors had significant effects on the time the bears spent swimming. Management practices, such as environmental enrichment, and a conditioning procedure involving separation of mother and cub caused transient changes in several tracked behaviors. As the cub aged, the longest time between consecutive maternal contacts increased. Nursing bouts recorded per hour of observation decreased, and the duration of individual nursing bouts and pre‐nurse begging periods increased. Zoo Biol 22:507–514, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Use of melengestrol acetate in feed for contraception in herds of captive ungulates
Authors: Raphael Bonnie L. , Kalk Penny , Thomas Patrick , Calle Paul P. , Doherty James G. , Cook Robert A.
Published: October 2003

Herds of blackbuck antelope (Antilopa cervicapra) and barasingha (Cervus duvauceli), axis (Cervus axis), sambar (Cervus unicolor), and Formosan sika (Cervus nippon taiwanaus) deer at the Wildlife Conservation Society/Bronx Zoo (WCS/BZ) were fed melengestrol acetate (MGA) at a concentration of 0.000154% in pelleted feed for various periods of times during 1991–2001. The target dose per animal of MGA was 1–2 mg per day. Contraceptive rates during treatment were 100% for blackbuck antelope and barasingha, sambar, and sika deer, and approximately 93% for axis deer. There were no observed adverse effects from MGA treatment on gestation. Post‐treatment reproductive rates were lower than pretreatment rates. Zoo Biol 22:455–463, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Estrogen and LH dynamics during the follicular phase of the estrous cycle in the Asian elephant
Authors: Czekala N.M. , MacDonald E.A. , Steinman K. , Walker S. , Garrigues N.W. , Olson D. , Brown J.L.
Published: October 2003

Pituitary and corpus luteum hormone patterns throughout the elephant estrous cycle have been well characterized. By contrast, analysis of follicular maturation by measurement of circulating estrogens has been uninformative. This study tested the ability of a urinary estradiol‐3‐glucuronide radioimmunoassay to noninvasively assess follicular development during the nonluteal phase of the elephant estrous cycle, and to determine the relationship between estrogen production and the “double LH surge.” Daily urine and serum samples were collected throughout seven estrous cycles from three Asian elephants, and urine was collected from an additional three females, for a total of 13 cycles. Serum was analyzed for luteinizing hormone (LH), and urine was analyzed for estrogens and progestins. Elephants exhibited a typical LH pattern, with an anovulatory LH (anLH) surge occurring approximately 21 days before the ovulatory LH (ovLH) surge. The urinary estrogen pattern indicated the presence of two follicular waves during the nonluteal phase. The first wave (anovulatory) began 5 days before the anLH surge and reached a maximum concentration the day before the peak. Thereafter, urinary estrogens declined to baseline for 2 weeks before increasing again to peak concentrations on the day of the ovLH surge. Urinary progestins were baseline throughout most of the follicular phase, increasing 2–3 days before the ovLH surge and continuing into the luteal phase. These results support previous ultrasound observations that two waves of follicular growth occur during the nonluteal phase of the elephant estrous cycle. Each wave is associated with an increase in estrogen production that stimulates an LH surge. Thus, in contrast to serum analyses, urinary estrogen monitoring appears to be a reliable method for characterizing follicular activity in the elephant. Zoo Biol 22:443–454, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The prevalence of DSM-IV personality pathology among individuals with bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder and obesity
Authors: VAN HANSWIJCK DE JONGE P. , VAN FURTH E. F. , HUBERT LACEY J. , WALLER G.
Published: October 2003

Background. There are numerous reports of personality disorder pathology in different eating disorders. However, few studies have directly compared personality pathology in bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder and obesity. The present study examines group differences in DSM-IV personality pathology, considering the potential utility of understanding personality disorders in terms of diagnosis and dimensional scores.

Method. Eating disorder diagnoses were established using the Eating Disorder Examination interview. Thirty-five bulimia nervosa patients, 15 binge eating disorder patients and 37 obese patients were assessed and compared on the International Personality Disorder Examination using categorical and dimensional personality disorder scores.

Results. For most personality disorders, there was a dichotomy of binge eaters versus non-binge eaters. In contrast, there was a continuum of severity in borderline personality disorder pathology between the groups. The dimensional system of measurement of personality pathology allowed for clearer differentiation between the groups.

Conclusion. The study strongly indicates that personality disorder difficulties are present in patients who binge eat, while obese patients who do not binge eat display significantly less personality disorder pathology. Assessment of bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder and obesity needs to address personality disorders and pathology. Dimensional markers of personality pathology can be used to supplement categorical diagnoses, providing information about the traits that underlie diagnosis.
Does the impact of major stressful life events on the risk of developing depression change throughout life?
Authors: KESSING L. V. , AGERBO E. , MORTENSEN P. B.
Published: October 2003

Background. It is unclear whether there is an interaction of ageing on the association between major life events and onset of depression.

Method. This was a population-based nested case–control study with linkage of the Danish Psychiatric Central Research Register and the Integrated Database for Longitudinal Labour Market Research. The study includes data on all admissions at psychiatric wards in Denmark from 1981 to 1998 and data on sociodemographic variables and death/suicide of first-degree relatives.

Results. A total of 13006 patients who received a diagnosis of depression at the first ever admission at a psychiatric ward and a gender- and age-matched control group of 260108 subjects were identified. A recent divorce and recent unemployment and suicide of a relative (mother, father, sibling, child, spouse) were associated with increased risk of being admitted for the first time ever at a psychiatric ward with a diagnosis of depression whereas death of a relative by causes other than suicide years had no significant effect. In general, no interaction was found with age with any of the variables, totally, or for men or women, separately.

Conclusions. The susceptibility to major life stressors does not seem to change throughout life.
Spatial working memory ability is a marker of risk-for-psychosis
Authors: WOOD S. J. , PANTELIS C. , PROFFITT T. , PHILLIPS L. J. , STUART G. W. , BUCHANAN J.-A. , MAHONY K. , BREWER W. , SMITH D. J. , McGORRY P. D.
Published: October 2003

Background. Working memory has been identified as a core cognitive deficit in schizophrenia that is associated with negative symptoms, but it is unclear whether it is impaired prior to onset of psychosis in symptomatic patients.

Method. Thirty-eight young people at ultra high-risk (UHR) of developing psychosis (of whom nine later became psychotic) were compared with 49 healthy controls on tests of spatial working memory (SWM) and delayed matching-to-sample (DMTS).

Results. Both SWM and DMTS performance was significantly poorer in the UHR groups. Those who later became psychotic generally performed more poorly than those who did not, although this did not reach significance for any measure. A significant association between SWM errors and negative symptoms was seen in the later-psychotic group only (P=0·02).

Conclusions. Spatial working memory abilities are impaired in those at high-risk for psychosis. The relationship between working memory and negative symptoms may be useful as a predictive tool.
Psychiatric therapy in Georgian Britain
Authors: LAFFEY PAUL
Published: October 2003

Background. This paper examines the emergence of ‘moral treatment’ in British psychiatry.

Method. Re-examining a range of largely well-known sources, this article begins by outlining the social and intellectual shifts entailed by the secularization of madness at around 1660. The boundaries of various schools of psychiatric treatment are distinguished according to: (a) how much moral autonomy they accord the insane patient; and (b) whether they promote ‘body’ or ‘mind’ first (are ‘somatopsychic’ or ‘psychosomatic’). I have also incorporated newly-discovered material that proves the existence of ‘classical moral treatment’, or therapeutic argumentation.

Results. The paper outlines four distinct models of psychiatric treatment: ‘classical moral treatment’; the ‘pious fraud’; ‘charismatic stewardship’; and ‘moral treatment’. Neither the ‘pious fraud’ nor ‘charismatic stewardship’ allowed that the patient was morally autonomous – rather, lunatics were stereotyped as animals. After the 1780s, some psychiatrists began practising in ways that understood the patient as being capable of some rationality. But none of these practitioners saw ‘moral’ therapies to be independent of the body's workings – they used: (a) psychological methods to ease the administration of physic; and/or (b) psychological and medical remedies interchangeably. The Tukes, who developed the famous asylum ‘The Retreat’ at York, were the first to find successful ways to make psychological means predominate in therapy.

Conclusion. The Tukes of York are reinstalled in their position as founders of moral treatment as a therapy aimed at the autonomous human mind.
Duration judgements in patients with schizophrenia
Authors: ELVEVÅG B. , McCORMACK T. , GILBERT A. , BROWN G. D. A. , WEINBERGER D. R. , GOLDBERG T. E.
Published: October 2003

Background. The ability to encode time cues underlies many cognitive processes. In the light of schizophrenic patients' compromised cognitive abilities in a variety of domains, it is noteworthy that there are numerous reports of these patients displaying impaired timing abilities. However, the timing intervals that patients have been evaluated on in prior studies vary considerably in magnitude (e.g. 1 s, 1 min, 1 h etc.).

Method. In order to obviate differences in abilities in chronometric counting and place minimal demands on cognitive processing, we chose tasks that involve making judgements about brief durations of time (<1 s).

Results. On a temporal generalization task, patients were less accurate than controls at recognizing a standard duration. The performance of patients was also significantly different from controls on a temporal bisection task, in which participants categorized durations as short or long. Although time estimation may be closely intertwined with working memory, patients' working memory as measured by the digit span task did not correlate significantly with their performance on the duration judgement tasks. Moreover, lowered intelligence scores could not completely account for the findings.

Conclusions. We take these results to suggest that patients with schizophrenia are less accurate at estimating brief time periods. These deficits may reflect dysfunction of biopsychological timing processes.
Primary anxiety disorders and the development of subsequent alcohol use disorders: a 4-year community study of adolescents and young adults
Authors: ZIMMERMANN P. , WITTCHEN H.-U. , HÖFLER M. , PFISTER H. , KESSLER R. C. , LIEB R.
Published: October 2003

Background. Cross-sectional findings in community surveys of adults suggest that adolescent anxiety disorders are strong predictors of the subsequent onset of alcohol use, abuse and dependence. However, prospective data that follow a sample of adolescents into adulthood are needed to confirm these associations.

Method. Baseline and 4-year follow-up data from the EDSP-Study, a prospective community survey of 3021 (2548 at follow-up) adolescents and young adults aged 14 to 24 years at baseline carried out in Munich, were used. DSM-IV anxiety disorders, alcohol use and alcohol use disorders were assessed with the Munich-Composite-International-Diagnostic-Interview (M-CIDI). Multiple logistic regression analysis, controlling for age, gender, other mental disorders, substance use disorders and antisocial behaviour was used to study the associations of baseline anxiety disorders with the subsequent onset and course of alcohol use and alcohol disorders.

Results. Baseline social phobia significantly predicts the onsets of regular use and hazardous use and the persistence of dependence. Panic attacks significantly predict the onsets of hazardous use and abuse as well as the persistence of combined abuse/dependence. Panic disorder significantly predicts the persistence of combined abuse/dependence. Other anxiety disorders do not significantly predict any of the outcomes.

Conclusions. Panic and social phobia are predictors of subsequent alcohol problems among adolescents and young adults. Further studies are needed to investigate the underlying mechanisms and the potential value of targeted early treatment of primary panic and social phobia to prevent secondary alcohol use disorders.
Neuropsychological performance and dementia in depressed patients after 25-year follow-up: a controlled study
Authors: BRODATY H. , LUSCOMBE G. , ANSTEY K. J. , CRAMSIE J. , ANDREWS G. , PEISAH C.
Published: October 2003

Background. Previous research has yielded conflicting evidence regarding the long-term cognitive outcome of depression. Some studies have found evidence for a higher incidence of subsequent cognitive impairment or dementia, while others have refuted this.

Method. Depression, neuropsychological performance, functional ability and clinical variables were assessed in a sample of patients who had been hospitalized for depression 25 years previously.

Results. Data were available on 71 depressed patients (10 of whom were deceased) and 50 surgical controls. No significant differences were found between depressed subjects and controls on any neuropsychological measure. Ten depressed patients but no controls were found to have dementia at follow-up (continuity corrected χ2=5·93, P<0·01). Presence of dementia was predicted by older age at baseline. Vascular dementia was the most common type.

Conclusions. We conclude that this study did not find evidence that early onset depression is a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease, but that for a small subgroup there appears to be a link with vascular dementia. Several plausible explanations for this link, such as lifestyle factors, require further investigation.