bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Optimal position and apex–subchondral bone distance of cannulated screws for internal fixation of femoral neck fracture: A radiological study
Authors: Zhu Zongdong , Liao Feng
Published: December 2022

To determine the optimal position of three cannulated screws in an inverted triangle pattern for internal fixation of femoral neck fractures, including the apex–subchondral bone distance, computed tomography (CT) images of the hip were processed using the MIMICS (Materialize Interactive Medical Image Control System) Research software. Points adjacent to the inferior, anterosuperior, and posterior cortex of the femoral neck were selected on the axial view. Subsequently, the positions of these points were adjusted to maximize the area between them, and splines were drawn in the coronal and sagittal planes to represent the cannulated screws. Finally, the virtual anteroposterior and lateral fluoroscopy images of the proximal femur and splines were created and the parameters calculated. Finite element analysis showed this fixation scheme provides stronger fracture support and stability. Twenty patients with femoral neck fractures (Modified group), with the area and perimeter of the triangle formed on axial postoperative CT images, including the shortest distance from the tip of the screw to the subchondral bone was compared with 23 matched patients for whom the conventional inverted isosceles triangle configuration of screws for internal fixation was used (Conventional group). The area and perimeter of the stabilization screws were larger, with a shorter apex–subchondral bone distance for the Modified group. There was no incidence of screw penetration in the femoral neck or head in either group, and all fractures healed within a follow‐up period of 10 months. The modified screw placement method is simple and safe and provides greater fracture stability than the conventional empirical method of fixation.
Medical nutrition therapy in patients receiving ECMO: Evidence‐based guidance for clinical practice
Authors: Dresen Ellen , Naidoo Omy , Hill Aileen , Elke Gunnar , Lindner Matthias , Jonckheer Joop , De Waele Elisabeth , Meybohm Patrick , Modir Ranna , Patel Jayshil J. , Christopher Kenneth B. , Stoppe Christian
Published: December 2022

Patients receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) inherit substantial disease‐associated metabolic, endocrinologic, and immunologic modifications. Along with the technical components of ECMO, the aforementioned alterations may affect patients' needs and feasibility of adequate macronutrient and micronutrient supply and intake. Thus, patients receiving ECMO are at increased risk for iatrogenic malnutrition and require targeted individual medical nutrition therapy (MNT). However, specific recommendations for MNT in patients receiving ECMO are limited and, with some exceptions, based on an evidence base encompassing general patients who are critically ill. Consequently, clinician decision‐making for MNT in patients receiving ECMO is unguided, which may further increase nutrition risk, culminating in iatrogenic malnutrition and ultimately affecting patient outcomes. The purpose of this article is to provide educational background and highlight specific points for MNT in adult patients receiving ECMO, which might serve as evidence‐based guidance to develop institutional standard operating procedures and nutrition protocols for daily clinical practice.
Climatic controls on soil and saprock nitrogen distribution and persistence in the Sierra Nevada
Authors: Moreland Kimber C. , Barnes Morgan E. , O'Geen Anthony , Dove Nicholas , Hart Stephen C. , Berhe Asmeret Asefaw
Published: December 2022

Background

Nitrogen (N) is an essential nutrient in soil that regulates plant growth, terrestrial sequestration of atmospheric carbon dioxide, and persistence of organic compounds. However, major knowledge gaps remain about how climate change may impact N accumulation and persistence, especially in deep soil and saprock (friable weakly weathered bedrock).

Aims

Our objective was to understand how climate impacts the accumulation of N in soil and saprock and how climate impacts soil N distribution, persistence, and mechanisms of N persistence.

Methods

We investigated N concentration in bulk soil and density fractions. We estimated N persistence along a bio‐climatic sequence—sites range from a low‐elevation oak savannah, mid‐elevation pine‐oak/mixed‐conifer forest, to a high‐elevation subalpine forest—in the southern Sierra Nevada in California. A combination of radiocarbon and elemental composition measurements along with a first‐order kinetic model was used.

Results

The N concentration in the bulk soil and density fractions declined with depth, and there was a relatively greater mineral‐associated heavy fraction (HF) N in deeper samples. The cooler/wetter mixed conifer site held 37% of profile N in saprock, which was greater than that of the entire soil profile at the drier/hotter oak savannah. The majority of N in soil, which was in the HF, was not influenced by climate proxies tested. However, both unprotected and occluded fractions of N were strongly influenced by climate. Soil N mean residence time (MRT) showed that drier/hotter climates have a shorter MRT, compared to mid‐elevation sites with cooler/wetter climates.

Conclusions

The effect of climate on deep saprock N storage might be indirect, primarily through climatic influence on the thickness of saprock. Overall, our findings suggest the mineral‐associated HF N pool will not be vulnerable to changes in climate and will continue to contribute to the persistent soil N pool. The amount of topsoil and subsoil unprotected and occluded N can be explained by gross primary productivity and mean annual precipitation indicating that changes in climate can influence N partitioning. N stored in deep soil and saprock may be less vulnerable to climate than N stored in drier/hotter climates with less deeply stored N. It is critical to dig deeper to understand terrestrial ecosystems’ response to climate.
Adsorption of surfactant during chemical enhanced oil recovery
Authors: Hazarika Kalpajit , Gogoi Subrata Borgohain
Published: December 2022

Surfactant is extensively used as chemicals during chemical enhanced oil recovery (CEOR) process. Effectiveness of surfactant CEOR process depends on several parameters like formation of micro emulsion, ultra‐low interfacial tension (IFT) and adsorption of surfactant. First two parameters enhance the effectiveness while the last parameter reduces the effectiveness. Micro emulsions are highly desirable for CEOR due to its low interfacial tension (IFT) value and higher viscosity. In this research the size of the emulsions were studied with particle size analyzer to study the liquid–liquid absorption process and the entrapment of oil drops inside surfactant drop. Initially, the average surfactant drop size was found to be 100 nm, after mixing the surfactant slug with reservoir crude, the size was increase up to 10 times. It signifies the formation of micro emulsion between surfactant and oil. Another attempt was done in this research to study the adsorption mechanism of surfactant on reservoir rock. The process of adsorption was studied by Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm to understand the adsorption phenomena. In this study, it was found that the adsorption follows Freundlich isotherm and the adsorption phenomena was chemical for surfactant flooding process. In chemical adsorption phenomena, the rate of adsorption is high because, surfactant molecules are adsorbed layer after layer by the rock surface. Use of alkali along with surfactant reduces adsorption of surfactant since, alkali blocked the active clay sites before interacting with surfactant and hence the adsorption isotherm was found to be Langmuir and phenomena was physical adsorption.
Adsorption of cationic/nonionic surfactant mixtures on polyester
Authors: Adamy Steven T.
Published: December 2022

Experiments were performed to characterize the adsorption of the cationic surfactant benzalkonium chloride (BZK) on polyester as well as measure the effect of the cationic surfactant on polyester surface charge. Additional studies were performed to examine the effect of adding nonionic surfactants on surface charge. In studies of adsorption of BZK on polyester, different behaviors were observed at pH values 6 and 10, with adsorption reaching a maximum at pH 10 but not at pH 6. In probing the zeta potential and isoelectric point (IEP) of polyester exposed to solutions composed of BZK (cationic surfactant) and an ethoxylated alcohol (nonionic surfactant), it was seen that the IEP could be shifted to higher pH levels by increasing the mole fraction of nonionic surfactant in a cationic/nonionic surfactant solution. A maximum in the IEP was obtained at a certain mole fraction for most cases. The shift in the IEP was hypothesized to be driven by increased deposition of the cationic, since the nonionic itself did not significantly change the IEP. The cooperative interactions between cationic and nonionic species were theorized to be driven not so much by attractive interactions, but other interactions, such as minimization of cationic charge repulsion.
Porosity determination of Vienna sausages through digital images analysis
Authors: Blanco‐Lizarazo Carla María , Ospina Echeverri Juan Camilo , Alvarez Hernán
Published: December 2022

BACKGROUND

This research aimed to determine the porosity and particle size distribution in canned Vienna‐type sausages using digital image analysis (DIA) on photographs captured with a digital camera and applying a Monte Carlo simulation. The methodology determined morphometric parameters (area and Feret diameter) by DIA of transverse and longitudinal sections of canned sausages. Those images were previously contrast enhanced, color threshold adjusted, and binarized. Subsequently, the estimation of the pore volume was carried out from the inverse Gaussian distributions of Feret diameter and area, as well as the porosity, using Monte Carlo simulation.

RESULTS

The pores had an average Feret diameter of 0.335 mm and an average area of 0.085 mm2. The highest estimated bivariate kernel density was presented for the smallest pores (around 0.02 mm2 in area and 0.25 mm in diameter). Simulation average values of pore volume, assumed as a cylinder, and porosity were 1.455 mm3 and 0.737 respectively. The average porosity value was consistent with the value experimentally estimated by the indirect method, in concordance with the definition of porosity, which was 0.715, presenting a mean relative percentage error of 3.08% concerning the estimated experimental value as well.

CONCLUSION

This research presents interesting perspectives for the quantitative analysis of the microstructure of food and biological materials through a novel, low‐cost, reliable, and fast proposal. Moreover, this is the first study to report the porosity determination in canned sausages by DIA. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
Ultrasound‐assisted reverse micelle extraction and characterization of tea protein from tea residue
Authors: Qiu Minjian , Wang Nannan , Pend Jiamin , Li Yan , Li Lu , Xie Xinan
Published: December 2022

BACKGROUND

In this study, ultrasonic‐assisted reverse micelles were used to extract tea protein from tea residues. First, the extraction conditions of ultrasonic power, ionic strength and pH were optimized by response surface methodology. Then, structural comparison of ultrasonic‐assisted reverse micelle extraction of tea protein (UARME) and ultrasonic‐assisted alkali extraction (UAAE) were performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and amino acid composition.

RESULTS

The optimum process conditions were determined as follows: ultrasonic power 300 W, KCl 0.15 mol L−1, pH 8. The extraction rate was 46.29%, which was close to the theoretical value (46.44%). SEM showed that the protein particles extracted by UARME were smaller than those by UAAE. The results of FTIR spectroscopy showed that the protein extracted by UARME had higher α‐helix, β‐sheet and β‐turn, and the contents were 20%, 62.3% and 17.1%, respectively. The content of random coil was 0%, which was significantly lower than that of alkali extraction, indicating that the secondary structure of protein extracted by UARME was more orderly. By comparing the amino acid composition of the two methods, the amino acid content of tea protein extracted by UARME was significantly higher than that of UAAE.

CONCLUSION

The biological activity of tea protein is closely related to its structure. Compared with alkali extraction, reverse micelles can better protect the secondary structure of proteins, which is of great significance for studying their functional properties. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
Genetically derived effective population size estimates of herpetofaunal species should be used with caution
Authors: Kimble Steven J. A. , Unger Shem D. , Williams Rod N.
Published: December 2022

Effective population size (NE) is an important parameter for conservation of threatened wildlife. Current estimators of NE that use genetic data, however, may not be equally useful among taxa that are difficult to sample, such as cryptic, iteroparous, long‐lived herpetofauna. To better understand the use of NE estimators for such taxa, we generated and compared contemporary NE estimates to evaluate methods, repeatability, and the effects of sample size at management scales and functional genetic population scales for the eastern box turtle (Terrapene carolina carolina) and eastern hellbender (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis alleganiensis). We chose these 2 species for their differing dispersal abilities, reproductive variances, and natural history traits, which may be useful in exploring the weaknesses and strengths of NE estimators. We collected species‐specific microsatellite genotypes from 2,712 individuals (1,133 hellbenders, 1,579 box turtles) in 2007–2011 from across their ranges in the eastern United States. We then grouped samples into range‐wide genetic clusters, state‐level management populations, and small regional management populations (e.g., state parks). We also randomly subsampled (rarefied) from these 3 categories to explore the effects of reduced sampling effort on NE estimates. We used 4 popular estimators: NEESTIMATOR (linkage disequilibrium and heterozygote excess methods), LDNE, and ONESAMP. Over half of all attempts at estimating NE failed to give complete estimates (those that included only non‐negative and non‐infinity values). There was variation between species but also among estimators. Repeated sampling of genetic populations resulted in inconsistent results, and estimates generally increased with sample size. The linkage disequilibrium version of NEESTIMATOR returned the largest percentage (95.8%) of complete estimates. Program ONESAMP obtained complete estimates for 62.0% of attempts and generally provided the numerically largest estimates. Only 19.4% of LDNE estimates and none of the heterozygote excess version of NEESTIMATOR estimates were complete. Generally, NE estimates were higher for box turtles, perhaps because of their greater dispersal capabilities, historically larger populations, and longer lifespans. Our results suggest that estimates of NE for long‐lived herpetofauna species vary according to species, sample size, genetic cluster, management population, and estimator used. Therefore, we recommend managers of populations of long‐lived herpetofaunal species use NE estimators with caution, and consider results from multiple methods before incorporating NE into management practice.
Soil conservation and smallholder welfare under cassava‐based systems in Thailand
Authors: Tabe‐Ojong Martin Paul Jr. , Ibarra Lina Marcela , Andrade Robert Santiago , Labarta Ricardo
Published: December 2022

Land degradation, declining soil fertility, and erosion continue to plague agricultural production in many developing countries. In response to these farm production constraints and environmental challenges, a range of soil conservation technologies and practices have been developed and disseminated to tackle soil nutrient and fertility declines. However, evidence on the association between soil conservation, farm performance, and smallholder welfare is scarce. In this study, we examine the relationship between soil conservation, farm performance, and welfare outcomes of smallholder cassava farmers in Thailand. We use a farm household survey of 602 cassava growers and apply a doubly robust multivalued treatment effect estimator to estimate the relationship between soil conservation, farm performance, and welfare as well as the observable characteristics associated with the use of soil conservation practices. We observe a positive association between the use of soil conservation practices and cassava yields which is most likely associated with higher‐income streams. Similar insights are also observed for other welfare outcomes such as asset accumulation, including livestock which represents rural wealth to a considerable extent. The positive association between soil conservation and livestock ownership hints at some form of rural diversification. Given these insights, our analysis supports and gives credence to initiatives that promote the adoption of soil conservation as they are not only pro‐poor but also environmentally friendly with significant concerns for ecological safeguards.
Three‐dimensional wideband absorbance immittance findings in young adults with large vestibular aqueduct syndrome
Authors: Zhang Lifang , Wang Jie , Grais Emad M. , Li Yongxin , Zhao Fei
Published: December 2022

Objective

To investigate the effect of large vestibular aqueduct syndrome (LVAS) on middle ear sound transmission using wideband absorbance immittance (WAI).

Methods

WAI results from young adult LVAS patients and normal adults were compared.

Results

Averaged energy absorbance (EA) at ambient and peak pressure in the LVAS group showed differences to the normal group. Under ambient pressure, the average EA of the LVAS group was significantly higher than the normal group at frequencies 472–866 Hz and 6169–8000 Hz (p < .05) and lower at frequencies 1122–2520 Hz (p < .05). Under peak pressure, absorbance was increased at frequencies 515–728, 841, and 6169–8000 Hz (p < .05) and decreased at 1122–1374 Hz and 1587–2448 Hz (p < .05). An investigation into the effect of external auditory canal pressure on EA across frequencies in the pressure–frequency domain, showed that EA differed significantly in the low‐frequency region of 707and 1000 Hz from 0 to 200 daPa and 500 Hz at 50 daPa (p < .05). There was also a significant difference in EA between the two groups at 8000 Hz (p < .05) in the pressure range −200–300 daPa.

Conclusion

WAI is a valuable tool to measure the effect of LVAS on middle ear sound transmission. LVAS has a significant effect on EA at low and mid frequencies under ambient pressure, while the frequencies affected are mainly at low frequencies when positive pressure is presented.

Level of Evidence

Level 3a.
Long‐Range Optical Wireless Communication System Based on a Large‐Area, Q‐Dots Fluorescent Antenna
Authors: Umair Muhammad Ali , Seminara Marco , Meucci Marco , Fattori Marco , Bruni Francesco , Brovelli Sergio , Meinardi Francesco , Catani Jacopo
Published: December 2022

Fluorescent concentrators (FCs) have been recently proposed as optical condensers for visible light communications (VLC) and optical wireless communication (OWC) receivers, with advantages over conventional optical stages in terms of optical gain and field of view (FoV). However, the use of FC‐based receivers in real‐world scenarios is hampered by the need for large resilience of the involved chromophores to sunlight exposure, and availability of large‐area FC substrates with suitable optochemical properties. This paper presents an innovative OWC system, based on a high‐power blue LED and a large‐area FC‐based on CuInS2quantum dots (Q‐Dots) as receiving optical stage. A thorough characterization of the FC material in terms of conversion efficiency, temporal response, and FoV is provided, along with a full set of outdoor measurements. The combination of the Q‐Dots fluorophores chemico‐physical properties with the strong DC rejection granted by the design receiver stage allows error‐free VLC link distances up to 60 m and baud rates up to 1 Mb/s. This work represents the first demonstration of long‐range VLC links under strong solar irradiance using large‐area FC antennas and paves the way to deployment of long‐range free‐space optical links with minimal susceptibility to misalignments and pointing instabilities between receiver and transmitter.
The effect of social crowding on self‐perceived health risks in healthcare services
Authors: Shen Manqiong , Gao Shiwen , Wang Haizhong
Published: December 2022

Overcrowding in healthcare environments (e.g., hospitals) has become a widely identified problem in today's healthcare. This research documents whether and how social crowding affects consumers' self‐perceived health risks in healthcare environments and its downstream effect. One pilot study (secondary data analysis), seven laboratory experiments, and a field survey (Study 6) demonstrated that social crowding increased individuals' self‐perceived health risks through a lack of control (Studies 1–6), thereby leading to overspending on the healthcare products (Study 5). Furthermore, the mediating process was moderated by choice and disease symptom severity (Studies 3 and 4). The findings of this research theoretically enrich our understanding of how social crowding interacts with individual disease symptoms and the services provided in the healthcare environment, and practically provide important implications for healthcare practitioners in managing consumers' health risks and consumption behavior.
Preparation of CF/PEEK Composites with High Mechanical Performance Using PEEK Derivatives as the Sizing Agent
Authors: Ren Tianning , Zhu Guangming , Zhang Chengshuang , Wang Shiyu
Published: December 2022

Owing to their excellent physical and chemical properties, the carbon fibre reinforced poly(ether‐ether‐ketone) composites (CF/PEEK) are widely used in aerospace applications such as rockets, missiles, and high‐speed vehicles. However, both carbon fibre (CF) and poly(ether‐ether‐ketone) (PEEK) have inert molecular chain structures, which seriously affect the interfacial properties of CF/PEEK composites. In this study, to improve the properties of CF/PEEK composites, carboxylated PEEK (PEEK‐COOH) with different carboxylation degrees is synthesized as the sizing agent by a “two‐step” method. Then, the activated CF surface is coated by PEEK‐COOH sizing layers with different functionalization degrees to prepare the CF/PEEK composites. The results show that the interfacial properties of CF/PEEK composites are improved after applying the sizing agent. When the carboxylation degree of PEEK‐COOH is 19.61%, the flexural strength, flexural modulus, and interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) of CF/PEEK composites reach 489.34 MPa, 25.387 GPa, and 81.3 MPa, respectively. In addition, the use of PEEK‐COOH sizing agents can form an excellent transition layer between CF and PEEK, creating an efficient stress transfer system and facilitating an even stress distribution between CF and PEEK. Furthermore, the main mechanism of material fracture changes from CF debonding to CF and resin fracture.
Aqueous Dispersions of Polypropylene: Toward Reference Materials for Characterizing Nanoplastics
Authors: Hildebrandt Jana , Thünemann Andreas F.
Published: December 2022

Microplastics and nanoplastics pollute the natural environment all over the world, but the full extent of the hazards posed by this waste is unclear. While research on microplastics is well advanced, little work has been done on nanoplastics. This discrepancy is mainly due to the lacking ability to detect nanoplastics in biologically and environmentally relevant matrices. Nanoplastics reference materials can help the development of suitable methods for identifying and quantifying nanoplastics in nature. The aim is to synthesize nanoplastics made from one of the most commonly used plastics, namely polypropylene. An easy way to produce long‐term stable aqueous dispersions of polypropylene nanoparticles (nano polypropylene) is reported. The nanoplastic particles, prepared by mechanical breakdown, show a mean hydrodynamic diameter of Dh = 180.5 ± 5.8  nm and a polydispersity index of PDI = 0.084 ± 0.02. No surfactant is needed to obtain dispersion which is stable for more than 6 months. The colloidal stability of the surfactant‐free nano polypropylene dispersions is explained by their low zeta potential of ζ = −43 ± 2 mV.
The use of segregation analysis in interpretation of sequence variants in SMAD3: A case report
Authors: Ratajska Aleksandra , Vigeland Magnus D. , Wirgenes Katrine Verena , Krohg‐Sørensen Kirsten , Paus Benedicte
Published: December 2022

Background

While representing a significant improvement, the introduction of next‐generation sequencing in genetic diagnosis also prompted new challenges. Despite widely recognized consensus guidelines for the interpretation of sequence variants, many variants remain unclassified or are discordantly interpreted. In heritable thoracic aortic aneurysms with dissection (HTAAD), most cases are caused by a heterozygous, private missense mutation, possibly contributing to the relatively common reports of variants with uncertain significance in this group. Segregation analysis necessitates advanced likelihood‐based methods typically inaccessible to non‐experts and is hampered by reduced penetrance, possible phenocopies, and non‐availability of DNA from deceased relatives.

Methods

In this report, challenges in variant interpretation and the use of segregation analyses were illustrated in two families with a suspected HTAAD disorder. The R package segregatr, a novel implementation of full‐likelihood Bayes factor (FLB), was performed to explore the cosegregation of the variants in these families.

Conclusion

Using the R package segregatr, cosegregation in the reported families concluded with strong and supporting evidence for pathogenicity. Surveillance of families in a multidisciplinary team enabling systematic phenotype description for standardized segregation analysis with a robust calculation method may be imperative for reliable variant interpretation in HTAAD.
Online intervention for men found to decrease suicidal ideation
Authors: Canady Valerie A.
Published: December 2022

A new study found that an online suicide prevention and promotion site for working‐aged men has been effective in reducing suicidal ideation and depression in that population. The findings suggest potential benefits to the therapy related to mental health, social support and treatment motivation, the researchers stated.
A comparative study of hydroxyethylcellulose‐based solid polymer electrolytes for solid state Zn batteries
Authors: Brige Amandine , Olsson Martina , Xiong Shizhao , Matic Aleksandar
Published: December 2022

Rechargeable zinc metal batteries are greener and safer alternative to lithium batteries, but they suffer from poor reversibility due to growth of zinc dendrites and water splitting reactions of aqueous electrolytes. One strategy to overcome these drawbacks is replacing aqueous electrolyte with solid polymer electrolyte (SPE). In this work, we examine the possibility of fabricating solid electrolyte from a bio‐based polymer, hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC), with the aim to further increase the sustainability of zinc batteries. Various types of zinc salts, drying procedures and the salt concentrations are investigated for their impact on the ionic conductivity, structure, and phase behavior of as‐prepared polymer electrolytes. It is found that HEC has a good film‐forming ability compared with commonly used poly(ethylene oxide) but its low salt‐dissociation capability leads to an ionic conductivity of 10−6 S cm−1 even at the elevated temperature of 110°C, hindering the possibility of solely utilizing HEC as matrix of solid electrolyte. Our results suggest that introducing a new polymer with higher salt‐dissociation capability or lower glass transition temperature into the HEC matrix can be a reliable way to build solid polymer electrolytes with sufficient ionic conductivity and good mechanical property for future zinc batteries.
Durable, highly sensitive conductive elastomeric nanocomposite films containing various graphene nanoplatelets and their derivatives
Authors: Meng Qingshi , Liu Daiqiang , zhou Yi , Cai Rui , Feng Yuanyuan , Hu Zonghao , Han Sensen
Published: December 2022

In recent years, the use of nano‐fillers in flexible polymer matrix to prepare highly flexible, stretchable, and multifunctional product has been widely studied. However, the uneven dispersion of nano‐fillers in polymer matrix is an important factor hindering their performance. In this study, a method to prepare graphene nanosheets by ball milling and modification with the silane coupling agent APTES is reported, and this method can reduce the thickness of the nanosheets, improving the dispersion effect and compatibility of the nanosheets in the PDMS matrix. The mechanical and conductive properties of the prepared composite films were further analyzed. The morphology showed that our modified graphene (MGE and BMGE) are more evenly dispersed in the PDMS matrix compared to the unmodified graphene (GNP). The MGE/PDMS composite film has significantly improved electrical conductivity. It has a wide sensing range (up to 48%), high sensitivity (GF of 152 in the 20%–40% strain range) and reliable cycle repeatability (>10,000 cycles) with a response time of 0.12 s. The results show that the modified graphene/PDMS conductive elastic nanocomposite film is an ideal material for making flexible electronic products.
Sickle cell disease and social determinants of health: A scoping review
Authors: Khan Hamda , Krull Mathew , Hankins Jane S. , Wang Winfred C. , Porter Jerlym S.
Published: December 2022

Social determinants of health (SDoH) may impact outcomes in sickle cell disease (SCD). We conducted a comprehensive literature review of five electronic databases to elucidate the relationship between SDoH and SCD, and identify gaps in the literature. Our search yielded 59 articles, which we organized into five SDoH areas: Neighborhood and Built Environment, Health and Healthcare, Social and Community Context, Education, and Economic Stability. We found that social determinants, such as access to healthcare, were inconsistently evaluated. Improved recognition and understanding of SDoH should enhance the development of programs that directly address its detrimental effects on patients with SCD.
The role of ethicists in pediatric hematology/oncology: Current status and future needs
Authors: Benedetti Daniel J. , Marron Jonathan M. , Thomas Stefanie M. , Brown Amy E. Caruso , Pyke‐Grimm Kimberly A. , Johnson Liza‐Marie , Unguru Yoram , Kodish Eric
Published: December 2022

As pediatric hematology/oncology (PHO) becomes more complex and sub‐subspecialized, dedicated PHO ethicists have emerged as sub‐subspecialists focused on addressing ethical issues encountered in clinical and research practices. PHO physicians and other clinicians with advanced training in bioethics contribute to the field through ethics research, education, and ethics consultation services. Furthermore, there exists a newer generation of PHO trainees interested in bioethics. This review details the experiences of current PHO ethicists, providing a blueprint for future educational, research and service activities to strengthen the trajectory of the burgeoning sub‐subspecialty of PHO ethics. Creating an American Society of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology (ASPHO) ethics Special Interest Group, enhancing clinical ethics education for pediatric hematologists/oncologists (PHOs), developing multi‐institutional research collaborations, and increasing attention to ethical issues germane to nonmalignant hematology will serve the interests of the entire field of PHO, enhancing the care of PHO patients and careers of PHOs.
The prognostic significance of hematogones in childhood B‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Arabi Sina , Yousefian Saeed , Kavosh Aryan , Mansourian Marjan , Nematollahi Pardis
Published: December 2022

Background

Recent studies have demonstrated hematogones (HGs) expansion to be associated with favorable outcomes in hematological diseases, especially in patients with acute myeloid leukemia and patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common form of cancer in children. As of now, minimal residual disease (MRD) remains the most compelling independent prognostic factor in childhood ALL. There is need for more prognostic tools for evaluating relapse risk.

Procedure

The goal of this study was to assess the prognostic value of HGs on relapse‐free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) in childhood ALL. In this prospective cohort study, a total of 122 subjects with definitive diagnosis of precursor B lymphoblastic leukemia were evaluated. Flow cytometric HG detection was performed in bone marrow aspirates after induction and consolidation therapy.

Results

The median follow‐up period of patients was 35.5 ± 9.4 (SD) months. Patients who had at least 1.0% HGs had a significantly better RFS (p = .023). Moreover, univariate and multivariate analyses confirmed that positive HGs were independently associated with longer RFS (unadjusted model: hazard ratio = 0.33, 95% CI = 0.12–0.91, p = .031; adjusted model: hazard ratio = 0.30, 95% CI = 0.11–0.82, p = .020).

Conclusions

Along with the role of MRD, our study shows the significance of HGs as an independent prognostic factor. The results indicate the independent prognostic value of HGs on RFS after adjustment for other prognostic factors, and can be beneficial for risk stratification and treatment modifications amongst pediatric B‐cell ALL patients.
Comparative analysis of Poisson's ratio of 2D woven constructions and their composites produced from different auxetic geometries
Authors: Shukla Shivangi , Behera Bijoya Kumar
Published: December 2022

Auxetic materials exhibit some unconventional properties such as improved toughness, resilience, shear resistance, impact resistance, fracture resistance, synclastic behavior, shape fitting ability, sound absorption, and vibration damping owing to their negative Poisson ratio. Auxetic woven fabrics may be made using both auxetic and non‐auxetic yarns. This article focuses on the development and analysis of Poisson's ratio of woven fabrics and their composites based on different auxetic geometries. Some innovative auxetic geometries are developed and fabrics are woven based on these geometries. Auxetic fabric samples and their composites are characterized for their Poisson's ratio values to ascertain the potential of different geometries to produce auxetic woven structures. It is concluded that the auxeticity of the auxetic woven fabric is largely dependent on the weave designs. Also, the auxeticity can be introduced into the composite using woven auxetic preform.
Quality consistency evaluation of commercial Prunellae Spica by integrating determination of secondary metabolites and saccharides
Authors: Lin Xin‐Yu , Zhou Jing , Hao Cai‐Feng , Zhu He , Zhou Shan‐Shan , Xu Jin‐Di , Mao Qian , Li Song‐Lin , Kong Ming
Published: December 2022

Introduction

Prunellae Spica (PS) is a commonly used medicinal herb in China. Secondary metabolites and saccharides are major bioactive components of PS. However, holistic quality consistency of commercial PS is ambiguous due to lack of comprehensive evaluation methods and reliable quality control markers.

Objectives

Integrating multiple chromatographic and chemometric methods to comprehensively evaluate the holistic quality of PS.

Material and methods

Ultrahigh‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple‐quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC‐TQ‐MS/MS) was applied to quantify 12 secondary metabolites of PS. High‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with photodiode array/evaporative light scattering detection (HPLC‐PDA/ELSD) and high‐performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC) methods were used to characterise the saccharides. Multivariate statistical analysis was adopted to evaluate the quality consistency of commercial PS and explore the potential quality control markers.

Results

The contents of secondary metabolites and saccharides were significantly different among commercial PS. All samples could be classified into three groups with ferulic acid, protocatechualdehyde, gallic acid, ursolic acid/oleanolic acid, sucrose, p‐coumaric acid, chlorogenic acid as the major contributing components responsible for the difference. The content of rosmarinic acid was correlated with that of betulinic acid, hyperposide, chlorogenic acid, rutin, caffeic acid, p‐coumaric acid and glucose, whereas polysaccharides, ferulic acid, protocatechualdehyde and ursolic acid/oleanolic acid, quercetin, sucrose and majority monosaccharides were not.

Conclusion

The holistic quality of commercial PS was inconsistent. Together with rosmarinic acid, ferulic acid, protocatechualdehyde, ursolic acid/oleanolic acid, polysaccharides and sucrose might be recommended as potential quality control markers for the holistic quality control of PS.
Effect of uniaxial stretching on the structural and dielectric properties of melt cast Nylon 11 films
Authors: Jain Mayank , Mutlu Zeynep , Mao Jiahao , Zhou Jierui , Zhou Peinan , Wu Chao , Cao Yang , Cakmak Mukerrem
Published: December 2022

In this study, the effect of processing on the structural and dielectric properties of Nylon 11 melt cast film was studied. Capacitor grade thin films were cast using a film extruder and stretched uniaxially and real‐time mechano‐optical data were acquired at temperatures ranging from solid state all the way to partially molten state. These studies were supplemented with offline WAXS, SAXS, and DSC to develop a complete understanding of processing induced structural changes and their relation to dielectric properties. When stretched in the solid‐state, preferential crystalline and amorphous chain orientation levels increased as a function of strain while the long spacing remained constant due to lamellar slippage. Processing in the partially molten state led to the formation of new lamellae with larger long spacings. It was also observed that the dielectric properties of Nylon 11 were strongly dependent on the crystallinity and crystal phase, with higher crystallinity of the α′ phase giving higher electrical breakdown strength. When films were stretched to 3X solid and partially molten states, together with crystallinity, the breakdown strength is increased, while the dielectric constant and loss decrease. Since crystalline regions are stiffer, they form effective barriers to hot carriers, retarding the electric breakdown.
Research on N,N′‐carbonyldiimidazole: A novel low‐temperature imidization accelerator of polyimide
Authors: Cao Lidong , Fang Xingzhong , Chen Guofei
Published: December 2022

High imidization temperature of polyimides (PIs) brings great restriction to the applications in electronic industry. In this study, N,N′‐carbonyldiimidazole (CDI), a novel low‐temperature imidization accelerator with the unique dual function of catalyst and dehydrating agent, was researched to solve this problem. PIs synthesized from 4,4′‐(hexafluoroisopropylidene)diphthalic anhydride (6FDA) and 4,4′‐oxydianiline were researched as the main object on method A and method B, two preparation methods of PIs, by introduction of CDI, which was found that the PIs prepared by method A achieved complete imidization and basically had no residual CDI and N,N‐Dimethylacetamide at 180 °C under vacuum, while the completely imidized PIs prepared by method B were also obtained at 40 °C. Even prepared at low temperature, the PI films with adding CDI both showed satisfactory thermal and mechanical properties, especially in reducing coefficient of thermal expansion. In addition, the universality of the reaction between CDI and poly(amic acid) were also verified by other soluble PI systems. All these results prove the superior performance of CDI in lowering imidization temperature, showing great potentials in low‐temperature cured PIs.
Application of Machine Learning to the Design of Energetic Materials: Preliminary Experience and Comparison with Alternative Techniques
Authors: Wespiser Clément , Mathieu Didier
Published: December 2022

The last few years have seen a steep rise in the use of data‐driven methods in different scientific fields historically relying on theoretical or empirical approaches. Chemistry is at the forefront of this paradigm shift due to the longstanding use of computational tools involved in the calculation of molecular structures and properties. In this paper, we showcase examples from the literature as well as work in progress in our lab in order to give a brief overview on how these methods can benefit the energetic materials community. A deep learning approach is compared to “traditional” QSPR and semi‐empirical approaches for molecular property prediction, and specificities inherent to energetic materials are discussed. Deep generative models for the design of new energetic materials are also presented. We conclude by giving our view on the most promising strategies for future in silico generation of new energetic materials satisfying the performance/sensitivity trade‐off.
Minimally Deformed Wormholes Inspired by Noncommutative Geometry
Authors: Tello‐Ortiz Francisco , Mishra B. , Alvarez A. , Singh Ksh. Newton
Published: December 2022

In this article, new wormhole solutions in the framework of General Relativity are presented. Taking advantage of gravitational decoupling by means of minimal geometric deformation approach and, the so–called noncommutative geometry Gaussian and Lorentzian density profiles, the seminal Morris–Thorne space–time is minimally deformed providing new asymptotically wormhole solutions. Constraining the signature of some parameters, the dimensionless constant α is bounded using the flare–out and energy conditions. In both cases, this results in an energy–momentum tensor that violates energy conditions, thus the space–time is threading by an exotic matter distribution. However, it is possible to obtain a positive defined density at the wormhole throat and its neighborhood. To further support the study a thoroughly graphical analysis has been performed.
Comparison between the penetration characteristics of methyl bromide and ethanedinitrile through the bark of pine (Pinus radiata D.Don) logs
Authors: Hall Matthew K.D. , Adlam Anthony R.
Published: December 2022

BACKGROUND

Ethanedinitrile (EDN) is a fumigant being commercialized worldwide as an alternative phytosanitary treatment to methyl bromide (MB) for forest products. The penetration characteristics of MB and EDN were measured through the bark of wooden blocks (100 × 100 × 50 mm) cut from the upper (average bark thickness 5 ± 2 mm) and lower (average bark thickness 25 ± 5 mm) trunk of recently felled pine (Pinus radiata D.Don) trees. Doses of 48 g m−3 MB and 50 g m−3 EDN were applied to chambers at 10 and 20°C for 10 h.

RESULTS

Penetration of MB was influenced by the interaction between fumigation time and temperature, with concentrations increasing at a higher rate at 20°C compared with at 10°C. After 10 h, an average concentration of 8.05 ± 0.89 g m−3 had penetrated the bark of log sections at 20°C, whereas 5.20 ± 0.89 g m−3 was measured at 10°C. By contrast, the factors examined in this study did not significantly impact the penetration of EDN. Concentration × time (CT) values for MB under the bark were 35.20 ± 2.30 g h m−3 at 10°C and 55.85 ± 9.58 g h m−3 at 20°C; whereas for EDN, CT values were 19.50 ± 6.80 g h m−3 at 10°C and 19.08 ± 4.10 g h m−3 at 20°C.

CONCLUSION

MB can achieve a higher concentration under the bark of log sections during simulated fumigations, but all of the factors examined affected the ability of MB to penetrate the bark of wooden blocks. By comparison, the penetration of EDN through the bark is more consistent than MB under laboratory conditions. © 2022 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Progressive system safety and reliability analysis: A sustainable game theory approach
Authors: Yazdi Mohammad , Ding Yiyuan , Adumene Sidum , Shafie Parastoo
Published: December 2022

This research aims to study the applicability of game theory to system safety and reliability decision‐making problems and corresponding objective conflicts using non‐cooperative games. The non‐cooperative games would solve the games considering non‐cooperative cognitive decision‐makers behaviors, which are commonly ignored by other system safety and reliability analysis (SSRA) techniques, assuming that there would be perfect cooperation between the players (decision‐makers). Game theory can also recognize and understand the decision‐makers' behaviors and provide a “win‐win” situation for all players and the best broader system outcomes. The paper also shows the use of dynamic game theory in system safety and reliability decision‐making problems over time. The results indicate the effectiveness and efficiency of game theory and show how this can better reflect decision‐makers’ opinions in system safety and reliability decision‐making problems.
Causes of death in stillbirth and quality of care—an example of a local audit
Authors: Rensfeldt Frida , Huber Malin , Tunón Katarina
Published: December 2022

Introduction

Neonatal deaths have decreased steadily in Sweden since the 1960s, but the stillbirth rate has been stable at around 4 per 1000 births, for the last 40 years. Risk factors of stillbirth are well studied; however, the cause of death is unclear in many cases. The purpose of this study was to examine causes of death in stillbirth using a classification system. In addition, we aimed to assess substandard care factors and identify areas for quality improvement.

Materials and Methods

We performed a retrospective clinical audit of all stillbirths delivered between January 2006 and December 2019. We performed a detailed investigation of medical records and classified the causes of death according to ‘The Stockholm classification of stillbirth’. Unclear cases were discussed in a multidisciplinary local audit group. Substandard care factors were identified and classified as probable, possible, or unlikely, with respect to the cause of death.

Results

In total, there were 64 cases of stillbirth. It was possible to determine a cause of death in 91% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 81.02–95.63) of the cases. The leading cause of death was intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR)/placental insufficiency (45%) (95% CI: 33.73–57.43), followed by infection (13%) (95% CI: 6.47–22.8) and placental abruption (9%) (95% CI: 4.37–18.98). Factors of substandard care were identified in 49% (95% CI: 37.06–61.4) of the cases, but in only 10% the substandard care factor had a probable association with the cause of death.

Conclusion

Introducing a local audit group and using a validated classification system made it possible to find a cause of death in about 90% of the cases of stillbirth. Since IUGR/placental insufficiency is the leading cause of death, it is important to improve current strategies to identify pregnancies at risk for IUGR, antenatally. Our results suggest that there is a possibility to improve the quality of care in many areas, particularly regarding symphysis‐fundus measurements.

Tweetable Abstract

A validated classification system and local audits are valuable tools to determine the causes of IUFD. This enables directed preventive actions toward IUFD.