bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Охорона культурної спадщини на окупованих територіях України
Authors: МАЛИШЕВ ОЛЕКСАНДР
Published: January 2021

Проблема охорони культурної спадщини на окупованих територіях України виникла відразу після анексії Криму та початку збройного конфлікту на сході України. Зазначеної теми торкається вже перший, прийнятий ще у квітні 2014 р., Закон України “Про забезпечення прав і свобод громадян та правовий режим на тимчасово окупованій території України”, проте за весь цей період так і не було впроваджено системних підходів до відповідної роботи. Поточна ситуація із замороженням конфлікту може сприяти посиленню невоєнних форм протистояння з агресором, а захист культурної спадщини України, що потрапила під окупацію, поступово стає одним із основних фронтів гібридної війни. З огляду на це загострюється актуальність дослідження правових аспектів охорони культурної спадщини на окупованих територіях.
Метою статті є її доведення до широкого загалу юристів, висвітлення авторського досвіду у відповідній сфері та надання пропозицій щодо удосконалення юридичних механізмів захисту національного надбання, що опинилося під тимчасовим контролем та у зоні інтересів російського агресора.
Аналіз наявних даних свідчить про те, що Україна вживає певні заходи щодо обстоювання своєї позиції з питань охорони культурної спадщини на окупованих територіях і реагування на відповідні посягання з боку російських загарбників. Насам перед використовуються дипломатичні інструменти та санкції. Водночас навіть на сьомому році війни цим крокам досі бракує злагодженості та політичної координації. Важливим є створення правових передумов для усунення цих проблем. Потребує взаємного узгодження вже саме законодавче визначення Україною правового режиму тимчасової окупації територій Автономної Республіки Крим та окремих районів Донецької та Луганської областей (як і обов’язки окупанта з охорони культурної спадщини України).
Поруч із посиленням роботи на міжнародному рівні із задіянням нових механізмів та належним використанням потенціалу ратифікованих документів, продовженням та удосконаленням санкційної політики, Україні потрібно передусім скоординувати роботу з відстеження стану об’єктів культурної спадщини на окупованих територіях, зокрема, за допомогою сучасних технологій супутникової зйомки. Це дасть змогу для радикального збільшення числа кримінальних проваджень щодо злочинів окупантів, що стане базисом для розвитку українського наступу на цьому фронті. Питання про врегулювання моніторингових функцій органів охорони культурної спадщини потребує вирішення на законодавчому рівні.
DYNAMICS OF MARXISM BEFORE AND AFTER THE DIGITAL ERA
Authors: Richie Desandri  , Aiko Chya Iswandari  , Annisa Hatimah  , Graciella Valencia S.  , Indy Kumala Chandra
Published: January 2021

This paper explains the role of the mass media. In this digital era, almost all people know or use this media to receive or seek various information, which is undoubtedly unlimited. In this digital era, everything is advanced from technology increasingly being developed over time—speed ​​in its delivery from the source to the broader community. Without limitation, the information can be spread among countries—the large variety of media platforms available. Now, of course, the media are also a political tool. Not left behind in the discussion of this paper regarding the policies of Marxism.
ASEAN AND INDONESIA’S POLICY AGAINST WASTE IMPORT IN INDONESIA
Authors: Dalapang Surya Tri Putri , Sihaloho Inggrid Janna Bella , Febriana Christianti  , Dhiva Aribah Setyaningrum  , Diva Putri Kaloko
Published: January 2021

Environmentalism has in common with other theories when it comes to making a movement. This theory talks about the environment, and its relationship with humans, how human behavior can impact the environment around it. This journal will discuss waste import as the main topic. Many people still do not know about the waste import activities carried out by the Indonesian. Therefore, we present data that describes how the process of these activities occurs, in relation to theory, other problems arising from the incident, Indonesian government policies and their implementation, as well as the right solutions that can be taken to prevent or even solve the problem.

 

Keywords: Environmentalism, Waste import, Policy, Government, Implementation
Keindahan dalam Hikayat Sultan Taburat
Authors: Hidayah Adilah Nurul
Published: January 2021

Hikayat Sultan Taburat written by Muhammad Bakir. Hikayat Sultan Taburat is one of adventure stories which is also included in the type of solace tale. This research used transliteration of Hikayat Sultan Taburat ML 259 version from Rias Anto Suharjo in 2019. Hikayat Sultan Taburat has a dominant aesthetic elements and function in it. Malay aesthetic theory by Bragunsky used to be able to reveal those purpose. The various elements of external aesthetic in Hikayat Sultan Taburat could be identified through the description of the beauty of clothing, the charm of the princess, garden, music, reception, warfare, ship, and the crowds of the country. The function of external aesthetic in Hikayat Sultan Taburat is to entertain the reader.
Paheman Radyapustaka sebagai Skriptorium
Authors: Alhamami Ahmad Alfan Rizka
Published: January 2021

Since its establishment on October 28, 1890, Paheman Radyapustaka has only been known for its function as a museum. The main activity of Paheman Radyapustaka is as a place for writing, copying, and collecting Surakarta manuscripts, so that Paheman Radyapustaka deserves to be called a Scriptorium. This paper aims to reveal the production activities of the Paheman Radyapustaka scriptorium which includes the writers / copyists, the writing results, and the genre. The method in this paper is a method of codicological studies that includes history, writers / copyists, and scriptorium collections. The results of the search through the archives and manuscript colophon of the Paheman Radyapustaka scriptorium were that of the 400 manuscripts in his collection, there were 82 manuscripts written by the Scripts of the Scriptures. The scribes of the Paheman Radyapustaka Scriptorium were Wirapustaka, Sastrasayana, Dayapangreka, Karyarujita and the residents. The genres written by the scribes of the Paheman Radyapustaka scriptorium are macapat and gancaran.
Ethics and principles of Polish journalists. Quantitative and qualitative research.
Authors: Chlebowski Michał
Published: January 2021

This article contains the results of research conducted among Polish journalists. More than 200 reporters, editors, and media workers answered 40 questions concerning ethical standards and practices. The main conclusion of the survey is that journalists are strongly divided in terms of how to understand and fulfil the norms written in the Press Law Act and codes of ethics. The complementary qualitative study (in-depth interviews) proves that the main reasons for lowering professional standards are the politicization and commercialization of the media, as well as technological progress. The results of the research described in this article were primarily published in the Polish language as part of my Ph.D. dissertation. A full description of the research with a literature review and theoretical background is available online and in the print version of my peer-reviewed book “Dziennikarzy portret własny”
O fim da Ayahuasca? (pelo menos como conheci a bebida e seu uso nos anos 1980s): saberes e transformações
Authors: Groisman Alberto
Published: January 2021

Este artigo é uma contribuição para a reflexão sobre os desdobramentos das relações entre saberes tradicionais, plantas, substâncias, ciência e mercado. A motivação é pensar as transformações em relação à ayahuasca desde os anos 1980s. Assim, problematiza aspectos e implicações da expansão do uso da ayahuasca, especialmente com foco no campo do que tem sido chamado religiões ayahuasqueiras. Analisa as relações entre a expansão do uso da ayahuasca e suas implicações contemporâneas, particularmente em relação à medicina alopática e a conversão dos participantes destas religiões de coletores para agricultores. Esta questão implica em pensar uma seleção de plantas, de homogeneização das propriedades biofarmacológicas da substância, uma reificação que se desdobra num aspecto controverso do ponto de vista etnofarmocológico. Também nos desdobramentos do uso da agricultura numa seleção dos efeitos e assim das experiências com a substância.
Interface entre psicanálise e neurociência: uma revisão sistemática da literatura brasileira
Authors: Caus Joana D’arc Santana , Batista Eraldo Carlos
Published: January 2021

O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar algumas considerações acerca das produções científicas publicadas nos últimos anos sobre a possibilidade de diálogo entre o método psicanalítico e a neurociência, sobretudo a utilização da psicanálise nas avaliações neuropsico-lógicas. Trata-se de uma pesquisa bibliográfica de revisão sistemática nas seguintes bases de dados: Lillacs, Medline e SciELO, das publicações do período de janeiro de 2014 a dezembro de 2018, utilizando os seguintes descritores: psicanálise or avaliação neuropsicológica or testes projetivos and psicanálise or neuropsicologia. Nove estudos foram considerados relevantes para responder ao objetivo da revisão. Os estudos mostraram que o debate sobre a aproximação desses dois campos ainda está em construção. Além disso, os resultados parecem apontar para um interesse maior de estudiosos do campo da psicanálise quando comparado ao de neurocientistas. Conclui-se que a aproximação entre psicanálise e neurociência resulte em um entendimento e no tratamento das patologias de origem psíquica e/ou neurológica.
“Torres de marfim”? O desenvolvimento como missão das universidades federais brasileiras (2004-2019)
Authors: Reisdorfer Thiago
Published: January 2021

Este artigo tem por objetivo investigar a incorporação da categoria desenvolvimento como elemento estruturante das Universidades Federais brasileiras. Para tanto, analisamos as missões presentes nos Planos de Desenvolvimento Institucional no período de 2004-2019. A análise de conteúdo, em especial, as contribuições de Bardin (1977) e Moraes (1996), permitiram a organização dos dados para a análise. Ao longo do texto será possível perceber que desenvol-vimento em diferentes usos e formulações, se tornou um núcleo a partir do qual as Universidades Federais têm buscado responder às demandas de setores da sociedade, do Estado e de suas comunidades internas.
Hydroxyapatite Particle Density Regulates Osteoblastic Differentiation Through β-Catenin Translocation
Authors: Juhl Otto J. , Merife Anna-Blessing , Zhang Yue , Lemmon Christopher A. , Donahue Henry J.
Published: January 2021

Substrate surface characteristics such as roughness, wettability and particle density are well-known contributors of a substrate's overall osteogenic potential. These characteristics are known to regulate cell mechanics as well as induce changes in cell stiffness, cell adhesions, and cytoskeletal structure. Pro-osteogenic particles, such as hydroxyapatite, are often incorporated into a substrate to enhance the substrates osteogenic potential. However, it is unknown which substrate characteristic is the key regulator of osteogenesis. This is partly due to the lack of understanding of how these substrate surface characteristics are transduced by cells. In this study substrates composed of polycaprolactone (PCL) and carbonated hydroxyapatite particles (HAp) were synthesized. HAp concentration was varied, and a range of surface characteristics created. The effect of each substrate characteristic on osteoblastic differentiation was then examined. We found that, of the characteristics examined, only HAp density, and indeed a specific density (85 particles/cm2), significantly increased osteoblastic differentiation. Further, an increase in focal adhesion maturation and turnover was observed in cells cultured on this substrate. Moreover, β-catenin translocation from the membrane bound cell fraction to the nucleus was more rapid in cells on the 85 particle/cm2substrate compared to cells on tissue culture polystyrene. Together, these data suggest that particle density is one pivotal factor in determining a substrates overall osteogenic potential. Additionally, the observed increase in osteoblastic differentiation is a at least partly the result of β-catenin translocation and transcriptional activity suggesting a β-catenin mediated mechanism by which substrate surface characteristics are transduced.
Engineering Photosynthetic Bioprocesses for Sustainable Chemical Production: A Review
Authors: Stephens Sheida , Mahadevan Radhakrishnan , Allen D. Grant
Published: January 2021

Microbial production of chemicals using renewable feedstocks such as glucose has emerged as a green alternative to conventional chemical production processes that rely primarily on petroleum-based feedstocks. The carbon footprint of such processes can further be reduced by using engineered cells that harness solar energy to consume feedstocks traditionally considered to be wastes as their carbon sources. Photosynthetic bacteria utilize sophisticated photosystems to capture the energy from photons to generate reduction potential with such rapidity and abundance that cells often cannot use it fast enough and much of it is lost as heat and light. Engineering photosynthetic organisms could enable us to take advantage of this energy surplus by redirecting it toward the synthesis of commercially important products such as biofuels, bioplastics, commodity chemicals, and terpenoids. In this work, we review photosynthetic pathways in aerobic and anaerobic bacteria to better understand how these organisms have naturally evolved to harness solar energy. We also discuss more recent attempts at engineering both the photosystems and downstream reactions that transfer reducing power to improve target chemical production. Further, we discuss different methods for the optimization of photosynthetic bioprocess including the immobilization of cells and the optimization of light delivery. We anticipate this review will serve as an important resource for future efforts to engineer and harness photosynthetic bacteria for chemical production.
Endogenous Mobilization of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells: A Pathway for Interorgan Communication?
Authors: Girousse Amandine , Mathieu Maxime , Sastourné-Arrey Quentin , Monferran Sylvie , Casteilla Louis , Sengenès Coralie
Published: January 2021

To coordinate specialized organs, inter-tissue communication appeared during evolution. Consequently, individual organs communicate their states via a vast interorgan communication network (ICN) made up of peptides, proteins, and metabolites that act between organs to coordinate cellular processes under homeostasis and stress. However, the nature of the interorgan signaling could be even more complex and involve mobilization mechanisms of unconventional cells that are still poorly described. Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) virtually reside in all tissues, though the biggest reservoir discovered so far is adipose tissue where they are named adipose stromal cells (ASCs). MSCs are thought to participate in tissue maintenance and repair since the administration of exogenous MSCs is well known to exert beneficial effects under several pathological conditions. However, the role of endogenous MSCs is barely understood. Though largely debated, the presence of circulating endogenous MSCs has been reported in multiple pathophysiological conditions, but the significance of such cell circulation is not known and therapeutically untapped. In this review, we discuss current knowledge on the circulation of native MSCs, and we highlight recent findings describing MSCs as putative key components of the ICN.
The Role of Notch and Wnt Signaling in MSC Communication in Normal and Leukemic Bone Marrow Niche
Authors: Takam Kamga Paul , Bazzoni Riccardo , Dal Collo Giada , Cassaro Adriana , Tanasi Ilaria , Russignan Anna , Tecchio Cristina , Krampera Mauro
Published: January 2021

Notch and Wnt signaling are highly conserved intercellular communication pathways involved in developmental processes, such as hematopoiesis. Even though data from literature support a role for these two pathways in both physiological hematopoiesis and leukemia, there are still many controversies concerning the nature of their contribution. Early studies, strengthened by findings from T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL), have focused their investigation on the mutations in genes encoding for components of the pathways, with limited results except for B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL); in because in other leukemia the two pathways could be hyper-expressed without genetic abnormalities. As normal and malignant hematopoiesis require close and complex interactions between hematopoietic cells and specialized bone marrow (BM) niche cells, recent studies have focused on the role of Notch and Wnt signaling in the context of normal crosstalk between hematopoietic/leukemia cells and stromal components. Amongst the latter, mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) play a pivotal role as multipotent non-hematopoietic cells capable of giving rise to most of the BM niche stromal cells, including fibroblasts, adipocytes, and osteocytes. Indeed, MSCs express and secrete a broad pattern of bioactive molecules, including Notch and Wnt molecules, that support all the phases of the hematopoiesis, including self-renewal, proliferation and differentiation. Herein, we provide an overview on recent advances on the contribution of MSC-derived Notch and Wnt signaling to hematopoiesis and leukemia development.
Contribution of TRPC Channels in Neuronal Excitotoxicity Associated With Neurodegenerative Disease and Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Jeon Jaepyo , Bu Fan , Sun Guanghua , Tian Jin-Bin , Ting Shun-Ming , Li Jun , Aronowski Jaroslaw , Birnbaumer Lutz , Freichel Marc , Zhu Michael X.
Published: January 2021

The seven canonical members of transient receptor potential (TRPC) proteins form cation channels that evoke membrane depolarization and intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) rise, which are not only important for regulating cell function but their deregulation can also lead to cell damage. Recent studies have implicated complex roles of TRPC channels in neurodegenerative diseases including ischemic stroke. Brain ischemia reduces oxygen and glucose supply to neurons, i.e., Oxygen and Glucose Deprivation (OGD), resulting in [Ca2+]i elevation, ion dyshomeostasis, and excitotoxicity, which are also common in many forms of neurodegenerative diseases. Although ionotropic glutamate receptors, e.g., N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors, are well established to play roles in excitotoxicity, the contribution of metabotropic glutamate receptors and their downstream effectors, i.e., TRPC channels, should not be neglected. Here, we summarize the current findings about contributions of TRPC channels in neurodegenerative diseases, with a focus on OGD-induced neuronal death and rodent models of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion. TRPC channels play both detrimental and protective roles to neurodegeneration depending on the TRPC subtype and specific pathological conditions involved. When illustrated the mechanisms by which TRPC channels are involved in neuronal survival or death seem differ greatly, implicating diverse and complex regulation. We provide our own data showing that TRPC1/C4/C5, especially TRPC4, may be generally detrimental in OGD and cerebral ischemia/reperfusion. We propose that although TRPC channels significantly contribute to ischemic neuronal death, detailed mechanisms and specific roles of TRPC subtypes in brain injury at different stages of ischemia/reperfusion and in different brain regions need to be carefully and systematically investigated.
Identification of IL10RA by Weighted Correlation Network Analysis and in vitro Validation of Its Association With Prognosis of Metastatic Melanoma
Authors: Cheng Si , Li Zhe , Zhang Wenhao , Sun Zhiqiang , Fan Zhigang , Luo Judong , Liu Hui
Published: January 2021

Skin cutaneous melanoma (SKCM) is the major cause of death for skin cancer patients, its high metastasis often leads to poor prognosis of patients with malignant melanoma. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying metastatic melanoma remain to be elucidated. In this study we aim to identify and validate prognostic biomarkers associated with metastatic melanoma. We first construct a co-expression network using large-scale public gene expression profiles from GEO, from which candidate genes are screened out using weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). A total of eight modules are established via the average linkage hierarchical clustering, and 111 hub genes are identified from the clinically significant modules. Next, two other datasets from GEO and TCGA are used for further screening of biomarker genes related to prognosis of metastatic melanoma, and identified 11 key genes via survival analysis. We find that IL10RA has the highest correlation with clinically important modules among all identified biomarker genes. Further in vitro biochemical experiments, including CCK8 assays, wound-healing assays and transwell assays, have verified that IL10RA can significantly inhibit the proliferation, migration and invasion of melanoma cells. Furthermore, gene set enrichment analysis shows that PI3K-AKT signaling pathway is significantly enriched in metastatic melanoma with highly expressed IL10RA, indicating that IL10RA mediates in metastatic melanoma via PI3K-AKT pathway.
Understanding Periodic and Non-periodic Chemistry in Periodic Tables
Authors: Cao Changsu , Vernon René E. , Schwarz W. H. Eugen , Li Jun
Published: January 2021

The chemical elements are the “conserved principles” or “kernels” of chemistry that are retained when substances are altered. Comprehensive overviews of the chemistry of the elements and their compounds are needed in chemical science. To this end, a graphical display of the chemical properties of the elements, in the form of a Periodic Table, is the helpful tool. Such tables have been designed with the aim of either classifying real chemical substances or emphasizing formal and aesthetic concepts. Simplified, artistic, or economic tables are relevant to educational and cultural fields, while practicing chemists profit more from “chemical tables of chemical elements.” Such tables should incorporate four aspects:(i)typical valenceelectron configurations of bonded atomsin chemical compounds (instead of the common but chemically atypical ground states of free atoms in physical vacuum);(ii)at least three basic chemical properties (valence number, size, and energyof the valence shells), their joint variation across the elements showing principal and secondary periodicity;(iii)elements in which the (sp)8, (d)10, and (f)14valence shells become closed and inert under ambient chemical conditions, thereby determining the “fix-points” of chemical periodicity;(iv)peculiar elements at the top and at the bottomof the Periodic Table. While it is essential that Periodic Tables display important trends in element chemistry we need to keep our eyes open for unexpected chemical behavior in ambient, near ambient, or unusual conditions. The combination of experimental data and theoretical insight supports a more nuanced understanding of complex periodic trends and non-periodic phenomena.
Prevalence of Venous Thromboembolism in Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Mohamed Mouhand F. H. , Al-Shokri Shaikha D. , Shunnar Khaled M. , Mohamed Sara F. , Najim Mostafa S. , Ibrahim Shahd I. , Elewa Hazem , Abdalla Lina O. , El-Bardissy Ahmed , Elshafei Mohamed Nabil , Abubeker Ibrahim Y. , Danjuma Mohammed , Dousa Khalid M. , Yassin Mohamed A.
Published: January 2021

Background: Recent studies revealed a high prevalence of venous thromboembolism (VTE) events in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients, especially in those who are critically ill. Available studies report varying prevalence rates. Hence, the exact prevalence remains uncertain. Moreover, there is an ongoing debate regarding the appropriate dosage of thromboprophylaxis.

Methods: We performed a systematic review and proportion meta-analysis following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. We searched PubMed and EMBASE for studies exploring the prevalence of VTE in critically ill COVID-19 patients till 25/07/2020. We pooled the proportion of VTE. Additionally, in a subgroup analysis, we pooled VTE events detected by systematic screening. Finally, in an exploratory analysis, we compared the odds of VTE in patients on prophylactic compared with therapeutic anticoagulation.

Results: The review comprised 24 studies and over 2,500 patients. The pooled proportion of VTE prevalence was 0.31 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.24, 0.39; I2 94%], of VTE utilizing systematic screening was 0.48 (95% CI 0.33, 0.63; I2 91%), of deep venous thrombosis was 0.23 (95% CI 0.14, 0.32; I2 96%), and of pulmonary embolism was 0.14 (95% CI 0.09, 0.20; I2 90%). Exploratory analysis of few studies, utilizing systematic screening, VTE risk increased significantly with prophylactic, compared with therapeutic anticoagulation [odds ratio (OR) 5.45; 95% CI 1.90, 15.57; I2 0%].

Discussion: Our review revealed a high prevalence of VTE in critically ill COVID-19 patients. Almost 50% of patients had VTE detected by systematic screening. Higher thromboprophylaxis dosages may reduce VTE burden in this patient's cohort compared with standard prophylactic anticoagulation; however, this is to be ascertained by ongoing randomized controlled trials.
MicroRNA-29b/c-3p Indicate Advanced Liver Fibrosis/Cirrhosis in Univentricular Heart Patients With and Without Fontan Palliation
Authors: Abu-Halima Masood , Meese Eckart , Saleh Mohamad Ali , Keller Andreas , Abdul-Khaliq Hashim , Raedle-Hurst Tanja
Published: January 2021

Aim: The present study aims to identify those microRNAs (miRNAs) in patients with univentricular heart (UVH) disease with and without Fontan palliation that may be associated with advanced liver fibrosis/cirrhosis.

Materials and Methods: SurePrint™ 8 × 60K Human v21 miRNA arrays were used to determine the miRNA abundance profiles in the blood of 48 UVH patients with and without Fontan palliation and 32 matched healthy controls. The abundance levels of selected miRNAs have been validated by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR).

Results: According to microarray analysis, 50 miRNAs were found to be significantly abundant in UVH patients of which miR-29b-3p and miR-29c-3p were significantly related to the model of end-stage liver disease (MELD)-Albumin and albumin-bilirubin (ALBI) score representing advanced liver fibrosis/cirrhosis. Relative expression levels of both miRNAs were significantly higher in patients with a higher collapsibility index representing venous hepatic congestion, a higher MELD-Albumin or ALBI score and incomplete or no Fontan palliation. In the logistic regression analysis, a MELD-Albumin score ≥ 11 or ALBI score > −2.6 were best predicted by total bilirubin (OR 6.630, P = 0.016), albumin (OR 0.424, P = 0.026), and miR-29c-3p (OR 33.060, P = 0.047). After adjustment to the status of Fontan palliation, however, no statistical significance of these parameters was found thus underlining the importance of palliation status on progression of liver fibrosis/ cirrhosis in UVH patients.

Conclusions: In UVH patients with and without Fontan palliation, miR-29b-3p and miR-29c-3p seem to be markers of advanced liver fibrosis/cirrhosis and thus may be used in the risk assessment of these patients.
Metabolic Symbiosis Facilitates Species Coexistence and Generates Light-Dependent Priority Effects
Authors: Hsu Veronica , Moeller Holly V.
Published: January 2021

Metabolic symbiosis is a form of symbiosis in which organisms exchange metabolites, typically for mutual benefit. For example, acquired phototrophs like Paramecium bursaria obtain photosynthate from endosymbiotic green algae called Chlorella. In addition to facilitating the persistence of P. bursaria by providing a carbon source that supplements P. bursaria’s heterotrophic digestion of bacteria, symbiotic Chlorella may impact competitive interactions between P. bursaria and other bacterivores, with cascading effects on community composition and overall diversity. Here, we tested the effects of metabolic symbiosis on coexistence by assessing the impacts of acquired phototrophy on priority effects, or the effect of species arrival order on species interactions, between P. bursaria and its competitor Colpidium. Our results suggest light-dependent priority effects. The acquired phototroph benefited from metabolic symbiosis during sequential arrival of each organism in competition, and led to increased growth of late-arriving Colpidium. These findings demonstrate that understanding the consequences of priority effects for species coexistence requires consideration of metabolic symbiosis.
Multi-Scale Ecological Connectivity Dynamics Associated With Hydropower Station: A Case Study in the Lancang River Valley
Authors: Liu Shiliang , Wang FangFang , Deng Li , Dong Yuhong , Liu Yixuan
Published: January 2021

Dam construction is a major threat to terrestrial ecological processes that exhibit spatial variation. As an effective indicator of species movements at large scales, the dynamics of forest landscape connectivity for the dispersal abilities of local species such as primates both upstream and downstream of the Manwan hydropower station were compared in three periods: before, during, and after dam construction (in 1974, 1988, and 2004, respectively). The equivalent connected area (ECA) index which was modified from the probability of connectivity (PC) index based on the graph theory was applied in this study. We used this method to analyze the spatial and temporal changes in the overall forest landscape connectivity due to dam construction. The results showed that forest connectivity decreased after dam construction. The forest connectivity upstream was much greater than that downstream in 1974 but was lower in 1988 and 2004. The importance of connectivity increased with increasing dispersal distance. Only 8, 12, and 18% of forest patches of small area exhibited changes in 1974, 1988, and 2004, respectively. Most of the large habitat patches (i.e., those with dECA values >50%) remained stable, and the greatest patch changes were found at a dispersal distance of 400 m in all three periods. These large forest patch changes often occurred near the boundary of the study area. The Betweenness Centrality indicator, which identifies patches as stepping stones while accounting for ecological processes and biological flows at a larger scale, indicated that some habitat patches near Manwan Dam acted as stepping stones in maintaining the forest connectivity. Furthermore, rank correlations between the forest patch area and the three dPC (intra, flux, connector) fractions indicated that the dPCfluxindicator can be used to measure the prioritization of habitat patches.
Non-native Species Surrounding Protected Areas Influence the Community of Non-native Species Within Them
Authors: Holenstein Kathrin , Simonson William D. , Smith Kevin G. , Blackburn Tim M. , Charpentier Anne
Published: January 2021

Protected areas (PAs) are a key element of global conservation strategies aiming to protect habitats and species from various threats such as non-natives species (NNS) with negative ecological impacts. Yet little is known about the mechanisms by which PAs are colonized by NNS, and more specifically the role of colonizing events from surrounding areas. Here, we compared terrestrial and freshwater non-native plants and animals recorded in Norwegian PAs and in 5-km belts around them, using the database of the Norwegian Biodiversity Information Centre Species Map Service. Our analysis included 1,602 NNS and 671 PAs. We found that NNS were recorded in only 23% of the PAs, despite the fact that 90% of the 5-km belts were colonized by at least one NNS. A Zero-inflated negative binomial regression model showed that the number of NNS in the 5-km belts was a strong explanatory variable of the NNS richness inside PAs. Other significant variables included the surface area of the PA, mean human population density in the PA, main type of habitat and accessibility of PAs. We also observed similarity in the species in and around the PAs, with, on average, two thirds of the NNS present in a specific PA also present in its 5-km belt. Furthermore, NNS were recorded in PAs on average 4.5 years after being recorded in the 0–5 km belts, suggesting a dynamic of rapid colonization from the belts to the PAs. Invasive NNS represented 12% of NNS in the belts but 40% in the PAs. This difference was related to the higher abundance of invasive NNS in the belts. Our results highlight the necessity of expanding the focus of NNS management in PAs beyond their boundaries, in particular to prevent incursions of NNS with high negative ecological impact.
Pearl Sac Gene Expression Profiles Associated With Pearl Attributes in the Silver-Lip Pearl Oyster, Pinctada maxima
Authors: McDougall Carmel , Aguilera Felipe , Shokoohmand Ali , Moase Patrick , Degnan Bernard M.
Published: January 2021

Pearls are highly prized biomineralized gemstones produced by molluscs. The appearance and mineralogy of cultured pearls can vary markedly, greatly affecting their commercial value. To begin to understand the role of pearl sacs—organs that form in host oysters from explanted mantle tissues that surround and synthesize pearls—we undertook transcriptomic analyses to identify genes that are differentially expressed in sacs producing pearls with different surface and structural characteristics. Our results indicate that gene expression profiles correlate with different pearl defects, suggesting that gene regulation in the pearl sac contributes to pearl appearance and quality. For instance, pearl sacs that produced pearls with surface non-lustrous calcification significantly down-regulate genes associated with cilia and microtubule function compared to pearl sacs giving rise to lustrous pearls. These results suggest that gene expression profiling can advance our understanding of processes that control biomineralization, which may be of direct value to the pearl industry, particularly in relation to defects that result in low value pearls.
Regulatory Dynamics of Cell Differentiation Revealed by True Time Series From Multinucleate Single Cells
Authors: Pretschner Anna , Pabel Sophie , Haas Markus , Heiner Monika , Marwan Wolfgang
Published: January 2021

Dynamics of cell fate decisions are commonly investigated by inferring temporal sequences of gene expression states by assembling snapshots of individual cells where each cell is measured once. Ordering cells according to minimal differences in expression patterns and assuming that differentiation occurs by a sequence of irreversible steps, yields unidirectional, eventually branching Markov chains with a single source node. In an alternative approach, we used multi-nucleate cells to follow gene expression taking true time series. Assembling state machines, each made from single-cell trajectories, gives a network of highly structured Markov chains of states with different source and sink nodes including cycles, revealing essential information on the dynamics of regulatory events. We argue that the obtained networks depict aspects of the Waddington landscape of cell differentiation and characterize them as reachability graphs that provide the basis for the reconstruction of the underlying gene regulatory network.
In vivo Cross-Linking MS of the Complement System MAC Assembled on Live Gram-Positive Bacteria
Authors: Khakzad Hamed , Happonen Lotta , Tran Van Nhieu Guy , Malmström Johan , Malmström Lars
Published: January 2021

Protein–protein interactions are central in many biological processes, but they are challenging to characterize, especially in complex samples. Protein cross-linking combined with mass spectrometry (MS) and computational modeling is gaining increased recognition as a viable tool in protein interaction studies. Here, we provide insights into the structure of the multicomponent human complement system membrane attack complex (MAC) usingin vivocross-linking MS combined with computational macromolecular modeling. We developed an affinity procedure followed by chemical cross-linking on human blood plasma using liveStreptococcus pyogenesto enrich for native MAC associated with the bacterial surface. In this highly complex sample, we identified over 100 cross-linked lysine–lysine pairs between different MAC components that enabled us to present a quaternary model of the assembled MAC in its native environment. Demonstrating the validity of our approach, this MAC model is supported by existing X-ray crystallographic and electron cryo-microscopic models. This approach allows the study of protein–protein interactions in native environment mimicking their natural milieu. Its high potential in assisting and refining data interpretation in electron cryo-tomographic experiments will be discussed.
Significant and Conflicting Correlation of IL-9 With Prevotella and Bacteroides in Human Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Niccolai Elena , Russo Edda , Baldi Simone , Ricci Federica , Nannini Giulia , Pedone Matteo , Stingo Francesco Claudio , Taddei Antonio , Ringressi Maria Novella , Bechi Paolo , Mengoni Alessio , Fani Renato , Bacci Giovanni , Fagorzi Camilla , Chiellini Carolina , Prisco Domenico , Ramazzotti Matteo , Amedei Amedeo
Published: January 2021

Background and aim

Gut microbiota (GM) can support colorectal cancer (CRC) progression by modulating immune responses through the production of both immunostimulatory and/or immunosuppressive cytokines. The role of IL-9 is paradigmatic because it can either promote tumor progression in hematological malignancies or inhibit tumorigenesis in solid cancers. Therefore, we investigate the microbiota–immunity axis in healthy and tumor mucosa, focusing on the correlation between cytokine profile and GM signature.

Methods

In this observational study, we collected tumor (CRC) and healthy (CRC-S) mucosa samples from 45 CRC patients, who were undergoing surgery in 2018 at the Careggi University Hospital (Florence, Italy). First, we characterized the tissue infiltrating lymphocyte subset profile and the GM composition. Subsequently, we evaluated the CRC and CRC-S molecular inflammatory response and correlated this profile with GM composition, using Dirichlet multinomial regression.

Results

CRC samples displayed higher percentages of Th17, Th2, and Tregs. Moreover, CRC tissues showed significantly higher levels of MIP-1α, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IP-10, IL-6, IL-8, IL-17A, IFN-γ, TNF-α, MCP-1, P-selectin, and IL-9. Compared to CRC-S, CRC samples also showed significantly higher levels of the following genera: Fusobacteria, Proteobacteria, Fusobacterium, Ruminococcus2, and Ruminococcus. Finally, the abundance of Prevotella spp. in CRC samples negatively correlated with IL-17A and positively with IL-9. On the contrary, Bacteroides spp. presence negatively correlated with IL-9.

Conclusions

Our data consolidate antitumor immunity impairment and the presence of a distinct microbiota profile in the tumor microenvironment compared with the healthy mucosa counterpart. Relating the CRC cytokine profile with GM composition, we confirm the presence of bidirectional crosstalk between the immune response and the host’s commensal microorganisms. Indeed, we document, for the first time, that Prevotella spp. and Bacteroides spp. are, respectively, positively and negatively correlated with IL-9, whose role in CRC development is still under debate.
Protective Role of the Nucleic Acid Sensor STING in Pulmonary Fibrosis
Authors: Savigny Florence , Schricke Corinne , Lacerda-Queiroz Norinne , Meda Mélanie , Nascimento Mégane , Huot-Marchand Sarah , Da Gama Monteiro Felipe , Ryffel Bernhard , Gombault Aurélie , Le Bert Marc , Couillin Isabelle , Riteau Nicolas
Published: January 2021

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is the most common and severe type of interstitial lung disease for which current treatments display limited efficacy. IPF is largely driven by host-derived danger signals released upon recurrent local tissue damage. Here we explored the roles of self-DNA and stimulator of interferon genes (STING), a protein belonging to an intracellular DNA sensing pathway that leads to type I and/or type III interferon (IFN) production upon activation. Using a mouse model of IPF, we report that STING deficiency leads to exacerbated pulmonary fibrosis with increased collagen deposition in the lungs and excessive remodeling factors expression. We further show that STING-mediated protection does not rely on type I IFN signaling nor on IL-17A or TGF-β modulation but is associated with dysregulated neutrophils. Together, our data support an unprecedented immunoregulatory function of STING in lung fibrosis.
Dual Role of Hepatic Macrophages in the Establishment of the Echinococcus multilocularis Metacestode in Mice
Authors: Wang Hui , Zhang Chuan-Shan , Fang Bin-Bin , Hou Jiao , Li Wen-Ding , Li Zhi-De , Li Liang , Bi Xiao-Juan , Li Liang , Abulizi Abuduaini , Shao Ying-Mei , Lin Ren-Yong , Wen Hao
Published: January 2021

Echinococcus multilocularis larvae, predominantly located in the liver, cause a tumor-like parasitic disease, alveolar echinococcosis (AE), that is characterized by increased infiltration of various immune cells, including macrophages, around the lesion that produces an “immunosuppressive” microenvironment, favoring its persistent infection. However, the role of hepatic macrophages in the host defense against E. multilocularis infection remains poorly defined. Using human liver tissues from patients with AE and a hepatic experimental mouse model of E. multilocularis, we investigated the phenotype and function of hepatic macrophages during the parasite infection. In the present study, we found that a large number of CD68+ macrophages accumulated around the metacestode lesion in the liver of human AE samples and that both S100A9+ proinflammatory (M1 phenotype) and CD163+ anti-inflammatory (M2 phenotype) macrophages were significantly higher in close liver tissue (CLT) than in distant liver tissue (DLT), whereas M2 macrophages represent the dominant macrophage population. Furthermore, E. multilocularis-infected mice exhibited a massive increase in macrophage (F4/80+) infiltration in the liver as early as day 5, and the infiltrated macrophages were mainly monocyte-derived macrophages (CD11bhi F4/80int MoMFs) that preferentially differentiated into the M1 phenotype (iNOS+) at the early stage of E. multilocularis infection and then polarized to anti-inflammatory macrophages of the M2 phenotype (CD206+) at the chronic stage of infection. We further showed that elimination of macrophages by treatment of mice with clodronate-liposomes before E. multilocularis infection impaired worm expulsion and was accompanied by a reduction in liver fibrosis, yielding a high parasite burden. These results suggest that hepatic macrophages may play a dual role in the establishment and development of E. multilocularis metacestodes in which early larvae clearance is promoted by M1 macrophages while persistent metacestode infection is favored by M2 macrophages.
Immunoprophylactic Potential of a New Recombinant Leishmania infantum Antigen for Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis: An In Vitro Finding
Authors: Pessoa-e-Silva Rômulo , Trajano-Silva Lays Adrianne Mendonça , Vaitkevicius-Antão Victor , Santos Wagner José Tenório dos , Magalhães Franklin Barbalho , Moura Danielle Maria Nascimento , Nakasone Eiji Kevin Nakasone , de Lorena Virgínia Maria Barros , de Paiva-Cavalcanti Milena
Published: January 2021

The development and application of safe and effective immunoprophylactic/immunotherapeutic agents against canine visceral leishmaniasis (CanL) have been pointed out as the only means for the real control of the disease. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the in vitro cellular immune response of dogs, elicited by the new recombinant proteins of Leishmania infantum, Lci10 and Lci13, in order to investigate their potential for vaccinology. Twenty-four dogs were submitted to clinical, parasitological, serological and molecular tests, and then separated into two study groups: 12 infected (InD) and 12 non-infected dogs (NInD), and six of each group were directed for Lci10 and Lci13 evaluation. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were cultured and stimulated with Lci10 (10 μg/ml) or Lci13 (5 μg/ml), and with L. infantum soluble antigen (LSA) (25 μg/ml) or no stimulus (NS) as controls. Afterwards, the mRNA levels of different cytokines were quantified through qPCR, and Nitric Oxide (NO) production was assessed in the culture supernatants. Significant differences were considered when p ≤ 0.05. The comparative analysis revealed that, in the NInD group, Lci13 promoted a significant increase in the expression of IFN-γ in relation to LSA (p = 0.0362), and the expression of this cytokine in NInD was significantly higher than that presented in the InD (p = 0.0028). A negative expression for TGF-β was obtained in both groups. Lci13 also induced a greater production of NO in relation to the NS sample in the NInD group. No significant differences were observed after stimulation with Lci10. In conclusion, the results suggest a protective role of Lci13 for uninfected animals, thus with a potential for immunoprophylaxis. The results will help to direct the antigen Lci13 for further studies (pre-clinical trials), in order to determine its immunogenicity and reactogenicity effects, as a way to consolidate its real applicability for vaccinology against CanL.
Multicenter Outcome of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation for Primary Immune Deficiency Disorders in India
Authors: Raj Revathi , Aboobacker Fouzia N. , Yadav Satya Prakash , Uppuluri Ramya , Bhat Sunil , Choudhry Dharma , Dua Vikas , Kharya Gaurav , Rastogi Neha , Sachdev Mansi , Khandelwal Vipin , Swaminathan Venkateswaran , Bakane Atish , Ramakrishnan Balasubramaniam , George Biju
Published: January 2021

Background

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is the curative option for many primary immune deficiency disorders (PID). In the last 5 years, increased awareness, availability of diagnostics based on flow cytometry, genetic testing, improved supportive care, use of reduced toxicity conditioning, and success of haploidentical donor HSCT have improved access to HSCT for children with PID in India. We present results on children with PID who underwent HSCT across India and the factors that influenced outcome.

Patients and Methods

We collected retrospective data on the outcome of HSCT for PID from seven centers. We analyzed the impact of the type of PID, conditioning regimen, time period of HSCT- before or after January 2016, graft versus host disease prophylaxis, cause of mortality and overall survival.

Results

A total of 228 children underwent HSCT for PID at a median age of 12 months (range, 1 to 220 months) with a median follow up of 14.4 months. Infants accounted for 51.3% of the cohort and the male female ratio was 3:1. SCID (25%) and HLH (25%) were the more frequent diagnoses. Matched family donor was available in 36.4% and 44.3% children had a haploidentical HSCT. Reduced and myeloablative conditioning regimens were used with 64% children receiving a treosulfan based conditioning regimen. Peripheral blood stem cells were the predominant graft source at 69.3%. The survival in infants (60.2%) was inferior to children aged over 1 year (75.7% p value = 0.01). Children with Wiskott Aldrich syndrome (74.3%) and chronic granulomatous disease (82.6%) had the best outcomes. The survival was superior in children receiving HSCT from a matched sibling (78%) versus an alternate donor HSCT (61% p value = 0.04). In the cohort transplanted after January 2016 survival improved from 26.8% to 77.5% (p value = 0.00). Infection remains the main cause of mortality at in over 50% children. The 5-year overall survival rate was 68%.

Conclusion

Survival of children with PID undergoing HSCT in India has improved dramatically in last 5 years. Alternate donor HSCT is now feasible and has made a therapeutic option accessible to all children with PID.