bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Love, Loss, and Learning: The Experiences of Fathers who have Children Diagnosed with Schizophrenia
Authors: Wiens Sandra E. , Daniluk Judith C.
Published: December 2011

The purpose of the present study was to give voice to fathers of young adult children diagnosed with schizophrenia within the past 10 years. A qualitative, phenomenological method was used to explore and describe the fathering experiences of the 6 volunteer participants. The findings suggest that mental health professionals should recognize the needs and important role of fathers in the lives of their children who have schizophrenia. Suggestions are provided for counselors working with this population.
An Integrative Psychological Developmental Model of Supervision for Professional School Counselors‐in‐Training
Authors: Lambie Glenn W. , Sias Shari M.
Published: December 2011

Professional school counselors (PSCs) at higher levels of psychological development negotiate complex situations and perform counselor‐related tasks with empathy, flexibility, tolerance for ambiguity, boundary setting, personal and interpersonal awareness, and self‐care more effectively than do individuals at lower levels of development. This article introduces an integrative clinical supervision model designed to promote the psychological growth (ego maturity) of PSCs‐in‐training; presents practical components of the model; and discusses implications for PSC educators, supervisors, and researchers.
Counseling Clients with Chronic Pain: A Religiously Oriented Cognitive Behavior Framework
Authors: Robertson Linda A. , Smith Heather L. , Ray Shannon L. , Jones K. Dayle
Published: December 2011

The experience of chronic pain is largely influenced by core schemas and cognitive processes, including those that are religious in nature. When these schemas are negative, they contribute to the exacerbation of pain and related problems. A framework is presented for the identification of problematic religious schemas and their modification through cognitive behavior strategies.
Counselors in South Korea: A Qualitative Study of Senior Professionals
Authors: Joo Eunsun
Published: December 2011

The author describes a qualitative analysis of interviews with 12 senior counselors in South Korea. The participants were certified by the Korean Association of Counseling and Psychotherapy as professional counselors (sang‐dam sim‐li chun‐mun‐ga) and are among the first generation of counselors in South Korea. Eight semistructured questions were asked about the work of these counselors. Qualitative analysis identified practice, relationships, and emotional well‐being as 3 domains of professional experience, each consisting of 2 categories. The results provide (a) a view of counseling practices as experienced by senior members of the profession and (b) a starting point for further research on mental health workers in South Korea.
Promoting a Contextual Perspective in the Application of the ACA Code of Ethics: The Ethics into Action Map
Authors: Calley Nancy G.
Published: December 2011

Because community counselors work within an increasingly broad array of practice settings, it is imperative for them to understand how to apply the ACA Code of Ethics (American Counseling Association, 2005) to specific practice settings. The author examines ethics applied to unique practice settings and proposes the Ethics into Action Map as a method to promote an increased understanding of the application of ethical standards to specific contexts. Case examples are provided to illustrate the use of the Ethics into Action Map.
A Critical Analysis of the Social Advocacy Movement in Counseling
Authors: Smith Shannon D. , Reynolds Cynthia A. , Rovnak Amanda
Published: December 2011

The authors present (a) an overview of the recent literature on social advocacy, (b) results of a deconstructive analysis of the philosophical and theoretical underpinnings of this movement, (c) a critical analysis of its role and function in the profession, and (d) a call to the profession. The deconstructive analysis revealed 2 major driving forces and 5 related trends; the critical analysis revealed 9 key areas of consideration. Implications and recommendations are presented.
Responding to the Crisis in Children's Mental Health: Potential Roles for the Counseling Profession
Authors: Mellin Elizabeth A.
Published: December 2011

Mental health concerns pose a substantial threat to the immediate and future health of children and their functioning at home, at school, and in the community. Research indicates that 1 in 5 children has a diagnosable mental or addictive disorder and 1 in 10 has a serious emotional disturbance. This review considers emerging trends, national initiatives, and the roles of related professions in responding to the crisis in children's mental health. Recommendations are offered for counseling practice, training, leadership, and research.
School Counselor Inclusion: A Collaborative Model to Provide Academic and Social‐Emotional Support in the Classroom Setting
Authors: Clark Mary Ann , Breman Jennifer Crandall
Published: December 2011

The increasingly diverse student demographics reflect a myriad of needs in the interrelated arenas of educational achievement, social‐behavioral adjustment, and career development, while federal legislation, the ethical standards of the American School Counselor Association (ASCA; 2004a), and the ASCA (2005a) National Model have emphasized academic achievement and success for all students. This article describes a new model of school counselor “inclusion” that involves collaboration with classroom teachers and changes the setting of school counselor interventions to the classroom for small‐group and individual work.
Predictors of Early Termination in a University Counseling Training Clinic
Authors: Lampropoulos Georgios K. , Schneider Mercedes K. , Spengler Paul M.
Published: December 2011

Despite the existence of counseling dropout research, there are limited predictive data for counseling in training clinics. Potential predictor variables were investigated in this archival study of 380 client files in a university counseling training clinic. Multinomial logistic regression, predictive discriminant analysis, and classification and regression trees converged on the use of a 4‐predictor model (client age, income, perceived difficulty, and functional impairment) for classifying counseling dropouts. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
Book Review of Counseling Children and Adolescents Through Grief and Loss
Authors: Wilson Ashley
Published: December 2011

Book reviewed in this article:

Counseling Children and Adolescents Through Grief and Loss by Jody J. Fiorini & Jodi Ann Mullen, 2006
Comparison of Explicit Forgiveness Interventions With an Alternative Treatment: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Wade Nathaniel G. , Worthington Everett L. , Haake Shawn
Published: December 2011

Forgiveness interventions can help people forgive past offenses. However, few studies have compared forgiveness interventions with genuine alternative treatments. The authors compared forgiveness interventions with a therapeutic alternative treatment. Participants reduced unforgiveness and increased forgiveness regardless of treatment condition. Trait forgivingness was not related to change in forgiveness, whereas greater offender contrition was related to greater reductions in unforgiveness. The type of treatment may not be as important as factors common to the interventions.
End‐of‐Life Care: An Overview for Professional Counselors
Authors: Werth James L. , Crow Laura
Published: December 2011

Although “End‐of‐Life Care for Terminally Ill Clients” is a section of the ACA Code of Ethics (American Counseling Association, 2005), neither the Code nor the counseling literature provides much direction for counselors who work with clients who are dying and with the clients' loved ones. The authors provide counselors with an overview of the issues that may be relevant when working with such clients.
Understanding and Treating Children Who Experience Interpersonal Maltreatment: Empirical Findings
Authors: Lawson David M.
Published: December 2011

Child maltreatment (CM) is a major health problem in U.S. society, with 872,000 substantiated cases reported in 2004 and unofficial rates ranging from 2 to 10 million cases per year. Depending on the severity, CM can negatively affect a child's physical, emotional, and psychological functioning and development immediately following an abuse incident or incidents; in severe cases, it can affect adult functioning. The author examines the empirically supported research related to the incidence, consequences, treatment effectiveness, and models of treatment for CM.
Commitment Predictors: Long‐Distance Versus Geographically Close Relationships
Authors: Pistole M. Carole , Roberts Amber , Mosko Jonathan E.
Published: December 2011

In this web‐based study, the authors examined long‐distance relationships (LDRs) and geographically close relationships (GCRs). Two hierarchical multiple regressions (N = 138) indicated that attachment predicted LDR and GCR commitment in Step 1. Final equations indicated that high satisfaction and investments predicted LDR commitment, whereas low attachment avoidance, low cooperative caregiving, high satisfaction, and low alternatives predicted GCR commitment. The pattern of predictors differed for LDRs versus GCRs.
Criteria of Nonacademic Characteristics Used to Evaluate and Retain Community Counseling Students
Authors: Duba Jill D. , Paez Susan B. , Kindsvatter Aaron
Published: December 2011

The authors investigated ways in which selected 2001 standards of the Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs, namely, retention and evaluation criteria relative to nonacademic characteristics, are addressed within Community Counseling master's‐degree programs. Results from this survey research study illustrated various retention criteria that are used to evaluate students in various community counseling programs across the country.
The College‐to‐Career Transition: An Exploration of Emerging Adulthood
Authors: Murphy Kerri A. , Blustein David L. , Bohlig Amanda J. , Platt Melissa G.
Published: December 2011

In this qualitative study, the authors explored the experience of recent college graduates transitioning from college to career within the first 3 years of their transition. Five men and 5 women were interviewed, and the narratives were analyzed using consensual qualitative research methodology. Several general themes emerged, including the role of social support, expectations, and optimism in adaptability and resilience in the college‐to‐career transition.
Eating Disorders in African American Girls: Implications for Counselors
Authors: Talleyrand Regine M.
Published: December 2011

Given the recent focus on eating disorders in children, it is imperative that counselors consider eating concerns that affect children of all racial and ethnic groups and hence are effective in working with this population. The author discusses risk factors that potentially contribute to eating disorders in African American girls given their unique socialization experiences as racial and ethnic minorities. Also, the author provides strategies for developing effective and culturally responsive counseling interventions to work with this population.
Identifying and Correctly Labeling Sexual Prejudice, Discrimination, and Oppression
Authors: Dermer Shannon B. , Smith Shannon D. , Barto Korenna K.
Published: December 2011

To effectively work with and advocate for lesbians, gay men, and their families, one has to be aware of the individual, relational, and societal forces that may negatively affect them. The focus of this article is to familiarize the reader with terminology used to identify and label sexual prejudice, discrimination, and oppression. The pros and cons of both historically used language and newer terminology are discussed.
Dialogic Considerations of Confrontation as a Counseling Activity: An Examination of Allen Ivey's Use of Confronting as a Microskill
Authors: Strong Tom , Zeman Don
Published: December 2011

The authors examine confrontation as a communication skill practiced and described by counselor educator Allen Ivey. Seeing confrontation as a dialogic activity completed interactionally, they use conversation analysis to examine 2 passages where Ivey used confrontation in his teaching tapes. Their microanalyses highlight some important and largely unnoticed aspects of communication used in counseling skills such as confrontation. They conclude by discussing pedagogical implications they see following from their perspective and analyses.
Emergent Characteristics of Effective Cross‐Cultural Research: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Sullivan Christopher , Cottone R. Rocco
Published: December 2011

This article identifies characteristics of effective research done in cross‐cultural environments; reviews the literature in the years following the publication of Oyserman, Coon, and Kemmelmeier's (2002) seminal article, challenging the basis for the description of cultures as individualistic or collectivistic; and summarizes major issues concerning research in a cross‐cultural environment and outlines how cross‐cultural research increases contextual understanding, shows sensitivity to language and culture, and takes a collaborative and flexible stance. How different research designs allow for greater inclusion of a variety of cultural perspectives and implications for practice are addressed.
Don C. Locke: A Profile in Leadership
Authors: Vereen Linwood G.
Published: December 2011

This interview highlights the professional influence of Don C. Locke on the field of counselor education and supervision as well as his thoughts and views on multiculturalism and leadership in the field of counselor education, scholarship, teaching, and mentoring. This interview took place 1 year after Locke left his position as a counselor educator in which he provided 30 years of service to the field of counseling, counselor education and supervision, and the multicultural movement.
Self‐Concealment and Willingness to Seek Counseling for Psychological, Academic, and Career Issues
Authors: Vogel David L. , Armstrong Patrick Ian
Published: December 2011

Cramer's (1999) model of self‐concealment and willingness to seek counseling was extended to examine the role of positive and negative social experiences in a sample of 235 college students reporting a psychological, academic, or career issue. Structural equation modeling indicated that self‐concealment predicted willingness through the mediators of negative social experiences and psychological distress. Forty‐eight percent of the variance in psychological distress and 6% of the variance in willingness were accounted for in the model.
Leaving Home: An Examination of Late‐Life Relocation Among Older Adults
Authors: Jungers Christin M.
Published: December 2011

This article describes older adults' experiences of a late‐life residential relocation from a home to a long‐term health care setting. Findings from 14 participants who engaged in a focus group and/or an individual interview supported 8 major themes. Thematic experiences were related to precipitating factors prior to the move, risks and protective factors in relocation, and aspects of positive aging. Implications for clinical practice with older adults who undergo late‐life transitions are described.
International Counseling Introduction
Authors: Hohenshil Thomas H.
Published: December 2011

The growth of counseling around the world is one of the major and most exciting emerging trends in the counseling profession. Although it was once thought to be primarily a U.S. phenomenon, other countries located on virtually every continent are developing counseling services to meet their unique mental health needs. The globalization of communication technology, transportation systems, and business has stimulated the initiation and growth of governmentally and privately sponsored mental health programs. Many nations throughout the world recognize that positive mental health is a valuable social/economic asset regardless of a country's political orientation.
The Development of Professional Counseling in Botswana
Authors: Stockton Rex , Nitza Amy , Bhusumane Dan‐Bush
Published: December 2011

Among African countries, Botswana stands out for achieving lasting political and economic stability, which has enabled the government to develop a strong system of educational and social services for its people. Development of professional counseling in the country has occurred both through targeted efforts to provide a strong system of guidance services in schools and in response to the impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic. This article reviews the development of professional counseling in Botswana and highlights trends likely to shape its future.
Counseling in Malaysia: History, Current Status, and Future Trends
Authors: See Ching Mey , Ng Kok‐Mun
Published: December 2011

This article presents an overview of the history of counseling in Malaysia, provides an update of its current status, and discusses some anticipated future trends for the profession in light of recent developments in the country. Counseling in Malaysia began with school guidance in the 1960s and has now achieved recognition as a profession in school and community settings. Counseling in Malaysia continues to encounter challenges in training, service, and professional identity and development.
Counseling in Mexico: History, Current Identity, and Future Trends
Authors: Portal Eloisa Lara , Suck Antonio Tena , Hinkle J. Scott
Published: December 2011

A brief history of the development of counseling in Mexico is presented. Counselor preparation, identity, and future trends in the profession are discussed.

The origins of counseling in Mexico are associated with the development of similar disciplines concerned with the general improvement of mental health and the treatment of its disorders, namely, disciplines such as medicine and psychology. Historically, the classical cultures of Mesoamerica had specific methods for understanding the human psyche, as did the Indians, Chinese, Babylonians, Egyptians, and Greeks of other cultures. Mexico, like many societies, has historically attempted to explain and understand the essential components of the human condition.
Men as Allies: The Efficacy of a High School Rape Prevention Intervention
Authors: Hillenbrand‐Gunn Theresa L. , Heppner Mary J. , Mauch Pamela A. , Park Hyun‐Joo
Published: December 2011

This study investigated the effects of a Men as Allies‐based intervention on high school students' rape‐supportive attitudes and behaviors. As hypothesized at posttest, the male and female experimental groups demonstrated a significant decrease in rape‐supportive attitudes, which was maintained at follow‐up. Male participants viewed peers' attitudes toward sexual violence as significantly different (worse) from peers' pretest self‐ratings; after intervention, male and female experimental group participants' peer ratings were significantly more accurate.
A Phenomenological Exploration of the Experiences of Dual‐Career Lesbian and Gay Couples
Authors: O'Ryan Leslie W. , McFarland William P.
Published: December 2011

Dual‐career lesbian and gay couples face unique struggles as they encounter relational and workplace discrimination. This phenomenological study explored how relationship and career intersect for lesbian and gay couples. Three themes emerged that described how couples successfully blended relationship and career: planfulness, creating positive social networks, and shifting from marginalization to consolidation and integration. The implications of these results are discussed regarding practice and research.
How School Counselors Can Help Prevent Online Victimization
Authors: Burrow‐Sanchez Jason J. , Call Megan E. , Zheng Robert , Drew Clifford J.
Published: December 2011

Although the Internet is a beneficial tool, some youth are at risk for being victimized by Internet predators. School counselors are in a unique position to assist in efforts to prevent online victimizations because of their continual interaction with students, parents, and other school faculty. This article provides school counselors with information about youth Internet use; risk factors associated with online victimizations; and recommendations to assist youth, parents, and families in improving Internet safety practices.
Relationships Among Personality, Expectations About Counseling, and Help‐Seeking Attitudes
Authors: Kakhnovets Regina
Published: December 2011

This study investigated the relationships among personality variables, counseling expectations, and help‐seeking attitudes. Participants (N = 411) completed the Revised NEO (Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness to New Experiences) Personality Inventory (Costa & McCrae, 1992), the Expectations About Counseling Questionnaire‐Brief Form (Tinsley, 1982), and the Attitudes Toward Seeking Professional Psychological Help scale (Fischer & Turner, 1970). Results indicate that personality factors are related to help‐seeking attitudes and these relationships are moderated by expectations about counseling.
School Counseling Outcome: A Meta‐Analytic Examination of Interventions
Authors: Whiston Susan C. , Tai Wendi Lee , Rahardja Daryn , Eder Kelly
Published: December 2011

The effectiveness of school counseling interventions is important in this era of evidence‐based practices. In this study, Meta‐Analysis 1 involved treatment‐control comparisons and Meta‐Analysis 2 involved pretest‐posttest differences. The overall average weighted effect size for school counseling interventions was .30. The study examined whether pertinent moderator variables influenced effect sizes. The pretest‐posttest effect size was not significant, so moderator analyses were conducted on treatment‐control comparisons. Analyses of moderator variables indicated school counseling program activities or interventions varied in effectiveness.
Attachment, Coping, Acculturative Stress, and Quality of Life Among Haitian Immigrants
Authors: Belizaire Lonette S. , Fuertes Jairo N.
Published: December 2011

This study investigated the relationship between attachment, coping, acculturative stress, and quality of life (QOL) in a sample of Haitian immigrants in the United States. Results indicated that an increase in years living in the United States and greater anxiety attachment were negatively associated with QOL and that higher levels of adaptive coping were associated with higher QOL and lower levels of acculturative stress. Implications for counseling and recommendations for future research are discussed.
Counseling in Turkey: An Evolving Field
Authors: Stockton Rex , Güneri Oya Yerin
Published: December 2011

This article provides a brief history of counseling and addresses the current issues and future trends of counseling in Turkey. Special emphasis is placed on the factors that impede the development of school counseling as a discipline.
Spirituality in Counseling: A Faith Development Perspective
Authors: Parker Stephen
Published: December 2011

This article describes the use of Fowler's (1981) faith development theory (FDT) in counseling. FDT is a stage model of spiritual and religious development that allows counselors to identify both adaptive qualities and potential encumbrances in spiritual or religious expression. FDT offers a nonsectarian model of spiritual growth that permits assessment of spiritual development apart from the specific contents of various faith traditions. This article summarizes Fowler's faith stages and demonstrates their clinical utility through composite vignettes.
Key Considerations for Using No‐Harm Contracts With Clients Who Self‐Injure
Authors: Hyldahl Rebecca S. , Richardson Brent
Published: December 2011

One of the more controversial issues in working with people who self‐injure is whether counselors should use no‐harm contracts. Important therapeutic considerations include the efficacy of such contracts or agreements in preventing self‐injury, the emotional and behavioral responses of clients, and the perceived protection these contracts or agreements may offer counselors. The authors weigh potential benefits and pitfalls and make recommendations for working collaboratively with clients to meet their individual needs.
Growing Up Perfect: Perfectionism, Problematic Internet Use, and Career Indecision in Emerging Adults
Authors: Lehmann Ilana S. , Konstam Varda
Published: December 2011

Among emerging adults who are career indecisive, perfectionism and problematic Internet use (PIU) are underdeveloped areas of inquiry. The authors examined the relationship between perfectionism and PIU to measure their contributions to career indecision. The full model was significant, yielding anR2of .46 (p< .0001). PIU accounted for the majority of variance in career indecision (adjustedR2= .32). Career indecision was also related to maladaptive but not adaptive perfectionism. Counseling implications are discussed.
Wellness, Professional Quality of Life, and Career‐Sustaining Behaviors: What Keeps Us Well?
Authors: Lawson Gerard , Myers Jane E.
Published: December 2011

A sample of 506 professional counselors who were members of the American Counseling Association completed measures of professional quality of life, career‐sustaining behaviors (CSBs), and wellness. Significant differences were found both within the sample based on caseload characteristics and between the participants and available norm groups. Counselors with high wellness scores engaged in more CSBs and reported higher positive professional quality of life factors (compassion satisfaction). Implications for counselors, counselor training, and research are discussed.
Constructivism and Career Decision Self‐Efficacy for Asian Americans and African Americans
Authors: Grier‐Reed Tabitha , Ganuza Zoila M.
Published: December 2011

Career development that adequately addresses the needs of multicultural students is important. The authors explored whether a constructivist career course might be a viable mechanism for improving career decision self‐efficacy for 81 Asian American and African American college students. Results indicated significant increases in all 5 elements of career decision self‐efficacy: self‐appraisal, occupational information, goal selection, planning, and problem solving. Hence, constructivism shows potential as a way to integrate multicultural and career competencies in the classroom.
Managing Stress and Maintaining Well‐Being: Social Support, Problem‐Focused Coping, and Avoidant Coping
Authors: Chao Ruth Chu‐Lien
Published: December 2011

This study tested a model that links stress, social support, problem‐focused coping, and well‐being. First, it looks at how high support significantly moderated the association between stress and well‐being. Next, the students' problem‐focused coping was seen as mediating this moderated association. Finally, a 3‐way interaction of stress, social support, and avoidant coping revealed that only frequent use of avoidant coping accelerated the association between stress and well‐being in a negative way at both low and high support.
Childhood Gender Identity … Disorder? Developmental, Cultural, and Diagnostic Concerns
Authors: Dragowski Eliza A. , Río María R. Scharrón‐del , Sandigorsky Amy L.
Published: December 2011

Childhood gender identity development is reviewed in the context of biological, environmental, cultural, and diagnostic factors. With the upcoming 5th revision of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, the authors offer a critical consideration of childhood gender identity disorder, along with proposed diagnostic changes. They argue that meaningful understanding of issues surrounding gender identity is necessary for a conscientious assessment and diagnostic process that does not pathologize human diversity.
Guidance Affinities Aflame
Authors: PETERS HERMAN J.
Published: December 2011

If we can find neither intelligence nor purpose in the universe at large, we must perforce rely upon our own. It is true that intelligence and purpose are not in themselves sufficient; they need to be restrained by integrity and good will. But integrity and good will are of little avail unless directed in intelligence, and the foundation of intelligence is knowledge — knowledge of what is true. (2:57)
The Relationship of Counselor Candidates' Empathic Perception and Rapport in Small Group Interaction
Authors: Axelson John A.
Published: December 2011

There is current interest in the use of small group interaction in shaping skills and attitudes of counselor candidates enrolled in practicum. A major and desirable goal is increased understanding and sensitivity toward the needs of others. The literature on small groups describes the potential of group forces for behavior change, but few specifics are directly applicable to counselor education. The present study investigates the relationship of rapport elements to the empathic process among counselor candidates within discussion groups. It is assumed that defensiveness will be minimal within an atmosphere of acceptance, understanding, and ease of communication (rapport).
Confrontation Groups: Hula Hoops?
Authors: Beymer Lawrence
Published: December 2011

The definition of counseling has moved beyond the one‐to‐one relationship to include contact with clients in group settings. One variation, confrontation groups, has grown so fast in popularity that certain aspects have become malignant. Four criticisms are made of confrontation groups in counselor education today: (a) excessive anti‐intellectualism; (b) neglecting the phenomenon that such experiences can bring about worse as well as better adjustment; (c) labeling activities as group dynamics, but transforming the process into group therapy; and (d) reluctance of too many leaders to accept reasonable responsibility for their actions and inactions with groups under the influence. Eight recommendations for future practice are suggested.
Adapting Secular Post‐Graduate Education in Counseling to Meet the Needs of Ministers
Authors: Eberdt Mary G.
Published: December 2011

As the demand for counseling within a religious setting increases, clergymen are expressing a need for more counselor education. If pastoral counseling is considered distinctly different from other counseling, then pastoral counseling education is the province of the seminaries. If the pastoral counselor is not considered basically different from other counselors, a secular counselor education program can serve the needs of ministers as well as other counselors by having a central core of required professional courses and then optional branches for specialization in counseling. Finding appropriate instructors for the pastoral counseling courses could be a problem. Candidates for pastoral counseling should be as carefully screened and tested as other graduate students in counseling. The counseling program should offer ministers the opportunity to learn about group work and, ideally, the opportunity for supervised practicum work in several different settings. There should be some provision for individual and group therapy for the pastoral counselors themselves as a means of enhancing their own effectiveness. When a secular institution feels that it cannot adapt its regular program to fit the needs of pastoral counselors, it can be of service by arranging special workshops and conferences for the clergymen of the area, and counselor educators can be available as consultants to seminaries and churches that request assistance.
Counselor Education Program Development: A Communication‐Information Model
Authors: Foley Walter J. , Adams Harold J.
Published: December 2011

The common core concept was presented as the vehicle for developing a more adaptive educational program for the counseling profession. The communication model developed was based on the assumption of common elements of role behavior for counselors across agency settings. The model also depends upon the explication of communication and information needs necessary for adequate functioning of the counselor across as well as within settings as the basis for curriculum content. An organizational structure for implementing the communication model was explicated in a training program setting to facilitate the implementation of the model.
Extending Counselor Supervision
Authors: Gust Tim
Published: December 2011

This article proposes that supervision of the counselor trainee be extended into the trainee's first employment setting following completion of his master's degree program. This extension would be of benefit to the producer (counselor training program), the product (counselor trainee) and the consumer (local school or agency). The proposed model is suggested as also being relevant to the training of counselor supervisors.
Micro‐Counseling: An Experimental Study of Pre‐Practicum Training in Communicating Test Results
Authors: Miller C. Dean , Morrill Weston H. , Uhlemann Max R.
Published: December 2011

Micro‐counseling techniques were used to train 10 beginning graduate students in communicating test results. Training emphasized listening and responding to cues given by the client, brief and concise statements about test‐related information, and relating the information to the client's experiences and needs. Training aids included programmed materials, brief videotapes of positive and negative models, role‐playing, and videotape feedback of the role‐playing and test interpretation sessions. Judges' ratings of trainees in the experimental group were significantly higher than their ratings for the 10 trainees in the control group. Client ratings of counselor effectiveness did not differ significantly for the two groups. Changes in clients' pre‐ and post‐test attitude scores and knowledge scores were statistically significant. An enthusiastic response to the micro‐counseling approach was evident from both inexperienced and experienced graduate students.
Influence of Playback Techniques on Counselor Preformance
Authors: Markey Martin J. , Fredrickson Ronald H. , Johnson Richard W. , Julius Mary Alice
Published: December 2011

Study was made of training impact of different electronic playback techniques on ratings of student counselor performance. Thirty‐two upperclass university females were randomly divided into four playback treatment groups: (a) audio‐video, (b) audio, (c) video, and (d) no playback received. Four underclass university females served as trained clients. All student counselors interviewed two different trained clients in two 20‐minute sessions separated by a playback treatment period. All sessions were recorded by television cameras. Trained judges rated the second interview using the Counselor Evaluation Inventory, Nonverbal Behavior Scale, and Audio‐Visual Counseling Scale. Two‐way analysis of variance was used to compare scores on criterion instruments. Results indicated no judged differences among the playback treatment groups, nor could discriminant rankings be made among the various playback methods. Several explanations are discussed as to limited influence of playback media on early interview performance.
A Role Study of the State Director of Guidance
Authors: Duncan Jack A.
Published: December 2011

An attempt was made to determine the role of the state director of guidance by surveying through a questionnaire professional personnel employed as supervisors or directors of guidance services in state departments of education. State directors of guidance services in each of the 50 states were asked to submit a copy of the job descriptions under which they were currently functioning. A total of 211 identifiable statements of role functions were received from 34 of the 50 State Directors. A final questionnaire containing 59 role function items was sent to 280 state directors and state supervisors of guidance services. 142 usable questionnaires were returned and recorded for use in this study. A high level of agreement was recorded. Seventy‐five percent of the respondents agreed on 79.7 percent of the role function items. Also, 69.6 of the role function items were determined to be administrative in nature while the remaining 30.4 percent were designated as developmental. The study tends to verify and substantiate much of what was accepted as general knowledge concerning the role of the state director of guidance services.
Using Simulation Techniques in the Counseling Practicum
Authors: Gysbers Norman C. , Moore Earl J.
Published: December 2011

To help meet the need to educate school counselors in the broader aspects of their work, the application of simulation techniques is suggested. A rationale is provided with discussion centering on the following points: (a) simulation offers an opportunity to provide specific training emphases, and (b) simulation offers a way of providing a wide range of counseling and guidance experiences not easily obtainable under regular practicum conditions. Specific examples of simulation are described, including a case study, a PTA speech, a teachers' meeting, a counselor's day, and a school board presentation. Benefits for counselor education programs which can be realized from simulation experiences also are discussed. Rather than choosing actors to play roles it is suggested that practicing counselors, state department personnel, doctoral students, and counselor education faculty should participate in simulation activities. As role players, they will gain an appreciation of current trends in the education of counselors.
Counselor Candidates and Graduate Students in Education: A Comparison of Characteristics
Authors: Felker Donald W. , Brown Darine F.
Published: December 2011

46 graduate students who had indicated that their major interest was teaching were compared with 47 graduate students who had indicated that their major interest was counseling. All subjects were given five scales as part of their course work in educational tests and measurements. These scales yielded 32 subtests on which comparisons between the groups were made. The groups differed on six of the subtests. Three of the variables on which the groups differed were interest measures. A further comparison was made between the counselor candidates who had a practicum and those who had not. Little difference was found between these groups on the variables investigated.
Verbal Protocol Patterns of College Dormitory Counselors
Authors: Bozarth J. , Rubin S. , Mitchell K. , Pelosi J.
Published: December 2011

This study examines the relationship of Verbal Protocol Patterns (VPP) to the core facilitative conditions of Accurate Empathy (AE) and Warmth (W) described by Truax and Carkhuff. The specific question addressed is: “What is the degree of relationship of certain verbal protocol patterns of college resident counselors to the variables of Accurate Empathy and Warmth?” The findings suggest that in this study more reflective, non‐judgmental counselors were rated as providing a better counseling relationship when the measures of the relationship were the Truax Accurate Empathy and Warmth Scales. Interpretations of the findings are discussed.
The CEPII: Respondent Reaction
Authors: Lauver Philip J. , Froehle Thomas C.
Published: December 2011

Concern is raised about the wording of CEPII items and about the response format. The influence of perceived item ambiguity and response format bias upon the results of the inventory are noted. A suggestion is made for ACES sponsorship of research descriptive of what counselor educators do and with what results.
Support Personnel: Attitudes Toward Functions and Training Responsibility
Authors: Jones Lawrence K. , Cox Wray K.
Published: December 2011

This study was conducted to determine (a) if the heads of counselor education programs agree on what functions are appropriate for support personnel assisting secondary school counselors, and (b) who should take the responsibility for their training. Questionnaire replies were received from 128 (64.0 percent) of the 200 heads of counselor education programs queried. The respondents were asked to examine a list of 17 functions and (a) indicate if they were appropriate, and (b) specify if counselors, counselor educators, or city/state directors should be responsible for training support personnel to perform each appropriate function. There was significant agreement (X2, d = .01) among them on both questions. Ten of 17 functions were considered appropriate; the counselor was perceived as having the major responsibility for training. A small segment of the sample (11.7 percent) was engaged in training support personnel.
Self‐Concept/Ideal‐Self‐Concept Congruence and Rated Effectiveness of Counselor Trainees
Authors: Eberlein Larry , Park James
Published: December 2011

Sixty‐nine counselor trainees in Alberta, Canada, completed the Interpersonal Check List at the beginning and end of their training year. On both occasions trainees responded to a “set” for self‐concept and self‐ideal. The congruence between self and ideal (S‐I) was tested for both linear and curvilinear relationships with supervisor ratings and final practicum grades of students. A curvilinear relationship was found between (S‐I) congruence and final performance measures for full‐time male practicum students, suggesting the presence of an optimal range of S‐I congruence.
Leadership Behavior of Guidance Directors Related to Counselors' Expectations
Authors: Donigian Jeremiah , Wellington Arthur M.
Published: December 2011

Leadership responsibilities and behaviors of directors of guidance were first identified and classified by the writers and then rated by each counselor in terms of his expectations and perceptions of his director's leadership. The “Guidance Director Descriptionnaire” was developed to measure directors' behaviors in leadership roles. Counselors were least satisfied with: their directors' support of them as professional persons, their limited involvement in program planning and operation, and in communication within the program and the school. Counselor educators and supervisors of counselors should be concerned about the functions not understood or not performed by directors which the counselors perceived as limiting the effectiveness of the guidance programs.
Peer Ratings Revisited
Authors: Engle Kenneth B. , Betz Robert L.
Published: December 2011

The present study compares the differences in peer and supervisory judgments of counselor trainees in both guidance institutes and regular program groups. The key conclusion of the study is that institute supervisors and institute members have significantly higher positive agreement (r = .77) on who is a good counselor than that found among supervisors and students in a regular education program, where (r = .46).
A Two‐Year Program of Counselor Education
Authors: Malcolm David Donald
Published: December 2011

If school counseling is to be a career commitment, not a temporary or occasional assignment, the school counselor must possess some special expertise that enables him to make a unique contribution to the school. It follows that counselor educators should identify this special expertise as precisely as possible and then offer an instructional program designed to develop it. Since such special expertise is not likely to be acquired without extensive and intensive training, the instructional program will ordinarily require a minimum of two years of full‐time study. This position paper elaborates the rationale for the above beliefs and attempts to suggest directions in which they may lead.
Instrumentation (GSR) and Its Effects On Counselor Responses
Authors: Michels Thomas J. , Gazda George M. , Wiggins Stewart
Published: December 2011

This study investigated the feasibility of using client GSR responses to increase counselor sensitivity to clients during the counseling interview. Six counselors counseled 22 clients under experimental conditions in which they observed clients' GSR responses and 22 control clients whose GSR responses were not visible to them. Clients were matched on the variables of age, sex, general diagnosis, counseling session number, and type and effect of medication, if any. Counselor responses, classified according to a modified Porter scale, were compared between experimental and control conditions. A significant difference (p<.01) between experimental conditions was observed with counselors appearing to use more probing and fewer understanding statements while viewing their clients' GSR responses.
Effects of Short‐Term Training On Residence Hall Assistants
Authors: Mitchell Kevin M. , Rubin Stanford E. , Bozarth Jerold D. , Wyrick Thomas J.
Published: December 2011

Inasmuch as undergraduate residence hall assistants are being called upon more frequently to counsel students in social‐personal problems and little training specific to this function has been given in the past, there is a need to develop an effective but brief training program leading to increased counseling effectiveness. Six hours of specialized training which focused on counselor accurate empathy enabled eight randomly chosen undergraduate resident assistants to increase their levels of accurate empathy significantly higher than a matched control group which received no training. In addition, the experimental Ss also demonstrated somewhat higher levels of counselor warmth.
Another Look at Counselor, Client, and Supervisor Ratings of Counselor Effectiveness
Authors: Bishop John B.
Published: December 2011

The purpose of the study was to compare the perceptions of counselors, clients, and supervisors with regard to the effectiveness of counseling. The Counseling Evaluation Inventory (CEI) was used as a measure of counseling effectiveness, using client satisfaction as a criterion. 25 graduate student counselors provided self‐ratings on the CEI. Additional CEI ratings of these counselors were obtained from 120 of their clients and their practicum supervisors. The counselor self‐ratings and the supervisors' ratings were significantly correlated with each other, but neither was significantly correlated with the client CEI ratings. In addition, the client CEI ratings were significantly higher than both the counselor self‐ratings and the supervisors' ratings.
Rehabilitation and Non‐Rehabilitation Counselor Candidates: Comparison of Interview Behavior and Personality Techniques
Authors: Wittmer Joe , Lister James L.
Published: December 2011

This study investigated the hypothesis that conventional role stereotypes of rehabilitation and non‐rehabilitation counselors attract counselor candidates who differ in preferred modes of counseling interview behavior and in personality characteristics. Twenty‐four rehabilitation counselor candidates and 21 non‐rehabilitation counselor candidates enrolled in a beginning counseling course held interviews with a standard client. Candidates' responses were classified employing a content analysis scale. All subjects had taken the 16 PF at the beginning of the course. Results found rehabilitation counselor candidates used informative, questioning, diagnosing, and probing responses more frequently and feeling responses less frequently than did non‐rehabilitation candidates. Non‐rehabilitation candidates appeared less practical, conservative, and group adherent on the 16 PF than rehabilitation candidates.
Counselor Selection: A Critical Event in Program Management and Development
Authors: Salim Mitchell , Leonard Natalie J. , Heinrich L. William
Published: December 2011

A coordinated process for selection of school counselors is presented. Responsibility for counselor selection is shared by central office and school building administrators. District personnel developed a selection instrument which is used to assess strengths and limitations of counselor candidates. Counselor profiles are then evaluated by the selection committee in light of district needs.
A Tentative Model To Identify Elements of the Counseling Process and Parameters of Counselor Behavior
Authors: SPRINGER HARRY C. , BRAMMER LAWRENCE M.
Published: December 2011

An eclectic statement regarding elements of the counseling process together with a set of descriptive parameters of counseling behavior is presented. This taxonomic system for counseling was designed to clarify communication about counselor behaviors and to develop more precise statements regarding training needs.