bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rapid Acetylcholine and Adenosine Triphosphate Oscillations Triggered by Stimulation of the Torpedo Electric Organ
Authors: Israël M. , Dunant Y. , Lesbats B. , Manaranche R. , Marsal J. , Meunier F.
Published: April 2021

When the electric organ of Torpedo is stimulated a large number of synchronized cholinergic synapses are activated. This permits the measurement of changes in the tissue level of ACh associated with the release process, usually recorded as an electrical discharge. At 5 Hz stimulation the output per impulse and the amount of cytoplasmic (free ACh) declines for about 30 s. The output then remains constant while ACh is synthesized for about 90 s. Finally, the output and cytoplasmic ACh are exhausted after 120 s. These ‘slow wave’ changes in ACh represent about 50% of the total. Superimposed on the ‘slow wave’ are rapid oscillations of 5 s period, which represent about 30% of the total ACh. The amount of ATP oscillates in phase with ACh. These oscillations might result from regulation of enzymes involved in the synthesis of transmitter. The amplitude of electrical discharge does not normally oscillate. Transmitter output is therefore not directly related to ACh concentration changes. The mechanism releasing ACh is a saturable process.
The Glycolytic Oscillator
Authors: Hess Benno
Published: April 2021

The glycolytic oscillator, mainly studied in yeast, is described with respect to its overall dynamic and biochemical properties and the kinetics of its master enzyme phosphofructokinase. Biochemical and kinetic analyses are complemented by analysis of mathematical models. In addition to the discussion of structure and function of the glycolytic oscillator under homogeneous spatial conditions, recent theoretical and biochemical experiments demonstrating spatial pattern formation are also discussed, followed by a presentation of physiological viewpoints.
Dynamic Oscillations in the Membrane Potential of Pancreatic Islet Cells
Authors: Matthews E. K. , O’connor M. D. L.
Published: April 2021

Glucose and other metabolizable sugars which elicit insulin release from the β-cell of the pancreatic islet induce repetitive oscillations in the β-cell transmembrane potential. Upon each phasic depolarization are superimposed rapid fluctuations in potential, i.e. ‘action potentials’ or ‘spikes’ which occur as bursts of electrical activity; the duration and frequency of each burst is a function of glucose concentration. These established electrophysiological features of glucose-islet cell interaction are described in detail together with a consideration of their possible molecular and ionic basis. Based on these observations, a dynamic mathematical computer model of the β-cell membrane electrical behaviour is presented which utilizes the Goldman equation extended to include divalent ions. The model illustrates how the ionic mechanisms deduced from experimental observations can account for the electrical patterns produced by the β-cells in the presence of D-glucose; it also allows systematic changes to be made in a number of state variables in order to assess their relative importance and possible contribution to the integrated processes actually observed. Finally, distinction is made between aspects of the model which are well supported by experimental results and those areas which require further analysis.
Effect of Maintained Hypoxic Exposure on the CrayfishOrconectes Rusticus
Authors: Wilkes P. R. H. , McMahon B. R.
Published: April 2021

Oxygen uptake in the crayfish Orconectes rusticus was maintained at nor-moxic levels throughout 6 days exposure to an ambient oxygen tension of 45–55 torr. This was attributed to compensatory responses of the ventilatory and cardiovascular pumps. The first 72 h of hypoxic exposure were characterized by a transitory 3-fold increase in both scaphognathite rate and cardiac output above initial normoxic values. During the latter 72 h of hypoxic exposure both scaphognathite pumping and cardiac output were significantly below maximum values but were maintained above initial normoxic levels. Thus, as reflected by the increased convection requirements for both water and haemolymph, the increased scaphognathite and heart activity served to increase oxygen delivery to both the branchial chambers and the tissues. Additionally, the increased branchial ventilation and gill perfusion facilitated removal of dissolved carbon dioxide from the haemolymph, effecting a respiratory alkalosis. The increased haemolymph pH elevated the oxygen affinity of the haemocyanin via the Bohr affect, enabling a greater volume of oxygen to be picked up at the gills by the haemocyanin despite the reduced pressure gradient.
Fatigue assessment by FACIT-F scale in Pakistani cohort with Rheumatoid Arthritis (FAF-RA) study
Authors: Wagan Abrar Ahmed , Raheem Abdul , Bhatti Afra , Zafar Taimoor
Published: April 2021

Objective: To fine out fatigue frequency and severity by FACIT-F scale in Pakistani cohort with rheumatoid arthritis.

Methods: This study was conducted at department of Medicine division of rheumatology CPMC Lahore. After the approval of IRB, 192 patients of RA were recruited. Written, informed consent was taken, demographic details were noted, patients filled the URDU version of FACIT-F (fatigue severity scale). 5-ml of blood was taken for fasting blood sugar, viral markers and ESR by a trained phlebotomist. Each individual’s disease activity was assessed by DAS-28 and FACIT-F score was calculated.

Results: The Mean age (39.9±10.5) years, (71.9%) were females. Fatigue frequency was 62% (n=126), age, education, hypertension, DAS-28, exercise levels and HCV gives significant association with fatigue score. Linear regression analysis, results showed one unit increase in DAS-28 will gives 2.71 unit increases in fatigue scores(P <0.05).

Conclusions: We have very high frequency of fatigue in RA, increases with disease activity & associated conditions.

doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.37.4.3602

How to cite this:Wagan AA, Raheem A, Bhatti A, Zafar T. Fatigue assessment by FACIT-F scale in Pakistani cohort with Rheumatoid Arthritis (FAF-RA) study. Pak J Med Sci. 2021;37(4):1025-1030. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.37.4.3602

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
BLOCK-MODULE MODEL OF AUDITING THE EFFICIENCY OF THE INTERNAL CONTROL SYSTEM
Authors: Turgaeva Aksana Albekovna
Published: April 2021

The internal control system (ICS) organized in insurance companies in the context of the development of innovative processes and the digitalization of the economy does not always meet the requirements of the modern industry, which leads to the need to assess the effectiveness of the ICS and its compliance with new standards. This position involves the modernization of essential theoretical and methodological approaches to the formation and implementation of the audit model of the effectiveness of internal control of companies. The article is devoted to the issue of introducing new approaches to the performance audit of ICS in insurance companies, based on the construction of a block-modular scheme, which should be translated into certain modules. The block-modular scheme proposed by the author can be used to assess the ICS and identify the risks of insurance companies. The studies were based on the existing options for the methodological construction of assessing the effectiveness of the internal control and audit system. The presented model sets a benchmark in the field of risk assessment and verification of the internal control system. The effectiveness of the new approach in assessing the effectiveness of the ICS is evidenced by the fact that the description of the specifics of the activities of insurance companies, as well as the compilation of a register of possible risks for planning the audit of the effectiveness of the internal control system lead to remarkable results that allow truly assessing the effectiveness of the ICS. Areas and methods of audit, control procedures, relationships between business processes and relationships between employees, which were not noticed or were ranked as unimportant events, turn out to be key for the effective operation of the company and the conduct of internal control at a high professional level. The advantage of the block-modular model of the audit of the effectiveness of the ICS of the insurance company is that the correct and accurate route of the work of the controlling body is built, the control flags are correctly placed at all the stages of the audit, which implies that there are no delays at one stage or another and the identification of shortcomings in the work of the internal control. Today we are talking not at all about the quality of insurance services, but rather about the quality of the insurance business, its organization and timely adaptability to changes in the environment of the insured. In this regard, the development of the methodology for assessing the ICS of insurance companies requires new approaches and models
SECURITY WITH SPECIALISTS AND STAFF OF THE VILLAGE OF THE REPUBLIC OF TATARSTAN
Authors: Fayzrakhmanov Dzhaudat , Sergeev Mihail , Hamidullin Nail'
Published: April 2021

Agriculture is one of the most important sectors of national policy, contributing to the formation of the market for consumer goods made from agricultural raw materials by more than 70% in the country. In the context of globalization, the problem of survival facing humanity is due to the aggravation of a number of global problems, including the problem of agricultural production. Human capital is a certain stock of health, knowledge, skills, abilities, motivations, formed as a result of investments and accumulated by a specific person, which are expediently used in a particular sphere of social reproduction, providing the village with specialists and personnel. The article examines the presence of economic problems in the village, security, level of professional education, age structure, labor resources, managers and specialists. The introduction of new training methods, IT technology, artificial intelligence, the development of new areas for the development of digital technology
AGROCLIMATIC ZONES AND YIELD OF AGRICULTURAL CROPS IN THE CHANGING CONDITIONS OF REGIONAL CLIMATE
Authors: Scherbakova Anna
Published: April 2021

Today there is enough scientific research to prove the impact of climate change on agriculture. However, there is no conclusive conclusion as to what is in store for agriculture, its potential will increase or decrease. Significant consequences of the impact of climate change are likely to manifest themselves at the regional level, and this requires additional research for further adaptation of agriculture in the corresponding territory. The aim of the study is to assess changes in agro-climatic indicators at the regional level. The subject is the Komi Republic, located in the extreme northeast of the European part of the country. The chosen research methodology based on statistical processing of agro-climatic indicators for ten meteorological stations in the region for 1960-2018 and economic indicators of productivity and gross harvest of agricultural crops for 1913-2018 due to the large amount of data. Paired regression analysis used accurately interpret the results. The obtained mathematical models evaluated according to the Pearson coefficient, Student’s t-criterion, determination coefficient, F – Fisher’s criterion, so that the results of the study were reliable. For some regions, the consequences of climate change may turn out to be negative in the form of a decrease in food supply, for others - positive, due to an increase in the duration of the growing season and, accordingly, an increase in the potential productivity of agricultural crops. The relevance of the study is because these positive consequences will be especially characteristic for the northern territories. As a result, it revealed that in four agro-climatic regions of the Komi Republic, there were insignificant climatic changes for agriculture over a sixty-year period. An analysis of the yield of vegetables in open ground showed that it increased from 36 to 314 tons per hectare, and the gross yield of the main agricultural crop - potatoes - decreased almost 3 times, but the main reason is the reduction in acreage, and not climate change. However, the trend line for potato yields in the region as a whole shows an upward trend over a 100-year period. The performed paired regression analysis between the selected agro-climatic indicators and the yield of agricultural crops of the republic revealed an average direct relationship only between the yield of vegetables and the duration of the growing season, and the sum of average daily temperatures. Consequently, it is currently impossible to assert that the ongoing climatic changes have a significant impact on agriculture in the Komi Republic
MOHAR IN AFTERHARVEST SOWING ON ORDINARY CHERNOZEM IN THE CENTRAL ZONE OF KRASNODAR REGION
Authors: Polous Viktor , Osaulenko Sergey
Published: April 2021

The research was carried out to study the possibility of cultivating mohar as the 4th crop in the 3-field link of crop rotation in afterharvest sowing on dry land in the zone of insufficient moisture in Krasnodar Kray. The work was carried out in 2015-2017. The experimental scheme provided for the determination of the aftereffect of various methods of basic tillage for the predecessor (winter wheat): plowing by 22 ... 24 cm, superficial plowing by 6 ... 8 cm and zero. The soil is ordinary chernozem. In 2015, during the growing season of the crop (July – October), 101% of precipitation fell out of the average annual amount (82.5 mm); - 97 and 105%, respectively. The hydrothermal coefficient over the years in July ranged from 0.87 to 2.00; in August - from 0.65 to 0.23; in September - from 0.03 to 3.56, with its average annual values of 1.45; 0.51; 1.38 respectively. After harvesting wheat, the soil was twice cultivated to a depth of 6 ... 8 cm and rolled, which made it possible to preserve up to 16 mm of productive moisture in a layer of 0 ... 20 cm. The studied methods of the main tillage for winter wheat did not have a significant effect on the yield of mohar, which amounted to 0.50 tons per hectare of grain and 1.75 tons per hectare of hay (840 fodder units per hectare). At the same time, 3.30 tons per hectare of crop and root residues were additionally supplied to the soil. The stubble sowing of mohar provided 4.2 thousand rubles per hectare of conditional net income
IMPROVEMENT OF CLONAL MICROPROPAGATION OF BERRY CROPS
Authors: Markova Marina , Somova Elena
Published: April 2021

The aim of the study is to optimize the conditions for in vitro cultivation of blue honeysuckle, raspberry and strawberry. The work was carried out in 2012-2020. The Murasige-Skuga medium (1/2 MS) was the control for all cultures for the initiation of explants. Additionally, we used a modified nutrient medium 1/2 MS with a reduced NH4 content by 15 % compared to the base MS; and Woodi Plant Medium (1/2 WPM) for honeysuckle; for raspberries - Quoirin-Lepoivre (1/2 QL) and 1/2 Anderson; for strawberries - 1/2 MS. For micropropagation and rooting, the following media were used: honeysuckle - modified MS and WPM; raspberries - QL and Anderson; strawberries - MS modified by Siliplant and Boksyu; control for all - MS. The following growth regulators were added to the optimal each culture a nutrient medium: 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BAP), gibberellic acid (GA), waste products of the large wax moth larvae, indolyl-3-butyric acid (IBA), Siliplant, EcoFus, HB-101. The effect of LED-phytoirradiators with a combination of red, blue and white light in the spectrum 2: 1: 1, 1: 1: 1, 2: 1, respectively, and LED-irradiators with a changing spectrum and flashing were studied at the stages of micropropagation and rooting in all cultures. The survival rate of honeysuckle explants on 1/2 WPM medium was 62.2 % (control 27.9 %). The highest reproduction factor of 5.1 (control 2.6) was achieved when using LED 2 red : 1 blue : 1 white on MS modified + 6-BAP 1.0 mg/L + kinetin 0.5 mg/L, and high rooting rate of honeysuckle 89.0 % (76.0 % k) was achieved on MS modified + IBA 0.5 mg/L. Cultivation of red raspberries on QL + 6-BAP 1.0 mg/L + GA 0.5 mg/L and LED irradiation 2 red : 1 blue : 1 white provided a reproduction factor of 5.3 (control 2.7), addition of IBA 0.5 mg/L + HB-101 100 μL/L in QL and LED irradiation 1 red : 1 blue : 1 white contributed to 100 % rooting. The addition of 6-BAP 1.0 mg/L + IBA 0.2 mg/L + GA 0.5 mg/L in QL and LED lighting 1 red : 1 blue : 1 white increased the reproduction factor of remontant raspberries by 1.6 times (from 2, 6 to 4.1), and the use of QL + IBA 0.5 mg/L + HB-101 50 μL/L and LED 2 red : 1 blue : 1 white increased its rooting ability to 96 % (control 67 %). LED irradiation with a changing spectrum during cultivation of garden strawberries on MS + Siliplant + EcoFus at 0.5 ml/L provided a reproduction factor of 5.9 (control 3.8), and the reproduction factor of remontant strawberries on MS + HB-101 100 μl/L was 7.4 (control 5.6). The addition of IBA 0.5 mg/L + HB-101 100 μL/L to the MS promoted the rooting of garden strawberries of 100 % when using a LED irradiator with a changing spectrum, and remontant strawberries – with a blinking LED irradiator
NARSPI – A NEW VARIETY OF SPRING TRITICALE
Authors: Aleksandrova Anastasiya , Mefod'ev Georgiy , Shashkarov Leonid
Published: April 2021

This article presents the results of research work on the development of a new variety of spring triticale, suitable for baking. The work was carried out in the Chuvash Republic. The soils of the experimental site are dark – gray forest, heavy-loamy, unwashed. The climatic conditions are favorable for growing spring triticale. The pilot site is located in the Central agroclimatic zone. Breeding work was started in 2011. The breeding method is hybridization. The varieties of spring triticale as Rovnya and Saur are involved in the crossing. An elite plant was selected in 2013. In the next two years, small station tests were conducted, then two years-competitive station tests; in 2018-2020 – environmental variety testing. The standard - Rovnya variety. The new Narspi variety has a high yield – an average of 65 centners per hectare over the past three years, which is to 18 centners per hectare more than the standard. The grain size of Narspi variety was 731.7 grams per litre, while the value of this indicator in the Rovnya variety was 712.7 grams per litre. The weight of 1000 grains in the new variety is also higher than the standard and on average for three years reached 47.5 grams. The new variety is suitable for baking. The volume yield of bread when baking bread from flour obtained from Narspi grain was 273 cm3/100 grams of flour, which is higher than the standard for 30 cm3/100 grams of flour. The content of raw gluten in the new grain reaches a value of 28%, which is 7% higher than the standard. According to the results of the tests, an application for registration of a new variety of Narspi in the register of breeding achievements was submitted in 2020
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND OF INCREASING THE SEPARATING SYSTEM OF A ROOT HARVESTING MACHINE WITH THERMAL ENERGY OF THE EXHAUST GAS SYSTEM
Authors: Dorohov Aleksey , Aksenov Aleksandr , Sibirev Aleksey , Mosyakov Maksim , Sazonov Nikolay
Published: April 2021

To improve the quality indicators of harvesting root crops in conditions of high humidity, it is proposed to mount a separating device on the combine, which ensures the separation of root crops from soil and plant impurities with simultaneous blowing of their surface with hot exhaust gases from the power plant of the harvesting machine. Heat losses with exhaust gases (Q_G = 51960 J/s) exceed its amount equivalent to useful work (Q_A = 50900 J/s), therefore, it is necessary to ensure efficient use of the heat released into the atmosphere to increase the efficiency of the energy component of harvesting root crops and potatoes in conditions of high soil moisture. The aim of the study is to theoretically substantiate the improvement of the quality of separation of sugar beet root crops in conditions of high humidity with the use of blowing the working surface of the cleaning devices with exhaust gases from the power plant of the self-propelled harvester in the separation system of the harvester. The subject of research is the separation system of a combine harvester, represented by a cleaning star with installed deflectors for blowing the working surface. The condition for the uniform distribution of a heap of commercial products over the separating working surface is determined and theoretical dependences of the angular velocity v_EL and the rotational speed n_SP of the separating star on the forward speed of the sweeper and the radius of the separating star with uniform blowing of exhaust gases on the working surface are obtained
JUSTIFICATION OF DESIGN AND TECHNOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF A DEVICE FOR PROCESSING SEEDS WITH BIOLOGICAL PREPARATIONS
Authors: Sabirov Rais , Valiev Ayrat , Mukhamadiarov Farzutdin
Published: April 2021

The state of technologies for plant protection with chemical and biological preparations is described. The problems of using biological means of protection are considered, in particular, the lack of technical means intended for applying biological preparations to seeds. The task is to develop the necessary technical means for applying biological preparations to seeds, taking into account the negative impact of spraying technologies and applying working compositions of biological preparations to seeds. The developed pneumomechanical etcher adapted for working with biological products is described, the main nodes of which are the etching chamber and the sprayer of the working composition of the biological product. The design and principle of operation of the etching chamber, the sprayer of the working composition of the biological product, the hydraulic and pneumatic system of the device are described. A wide range of spray pressure adjustment, as well as a gentle pneumatic method of applying the working preparation to seeds, allows the use of biological preparations for carrying out work on preparing seeds for sowing. The most important working organs of the presented pneumomechanical etcher, on the work of which the quality of the process as a whole depends, are the etching chamber and the sprayer of the working composition of biological products. The theoretical justification of the design and technological parameters of the etching chamber is given. Based on the parameters of the screw conveyor: screw diameter, D,m, screw pitch, S,m, conveyor capacity, N, t/h, culture (seed sizes), the screw speed p_b, rpm, material flow cross-sectional area, F_pot, m2, material movement speed on the conveyor, v, m/s, the required minimum pressure Rd, Pa, the cross-sectional area of the duct openings SB, m2 is calculated. Recommendations are given for determining the optimal design and technological parameters of the device based on the developed nomogram for determining the cross-sectional area of the duct openings and fan performance, depending on the performance of the pneumomechanical etcher, culture and the mesh used. Recommendations for production are given
How do grandparents’ and parents’ educational attainments influence parents’ educational expectations for children?
Authors: Mortimer Jeylan T. , Lee Mark
Published: April 2021

Highly educated parents hold high educational expectations for their children, which influence children’s motivation and achievement in school. However, it is unclear whether grandparents’ (G1) education influences parents’ (G2) expectations for children (G3) independently of, or in interaction with, parents’ own education. We address this question using data from 477 families in the US Youth Development Study, which has followed a cohort of young people from adolescence through adulthood. Using mixed models to account for shared characteristics of children in the same family, our results demonstrate both main and interaction effects. First, they indicate that grandparents influence parents’ expectations for their children directly. Grandparents’ income and the educational expectations they held for their G2 children when they were in high school predict the G2 parents’ expectations for their own children, even after controlling G2 college attendance. G1 college attendance does not directly affect G2 expectations for G3 after accounting for other relevant family characteristics. However, G1 college attendance moderates the effect of G2 college attendance on their expectations for G3. If G1 did not attend college, G2 college attendance does not significantly heighten their expectations for G3. But G2 college attendance does significantly boost their expectations for G3 if G1 also attended college. We partially replicate these findings using nationally representative data from the US National Longitudinal Survey of Youth – Child and Young Adult cohort. This study highlights the need to expand the scope of status attainment research beyond the parent–child dyad to examine the influence of prior generations.
Measurement of fiber parameters of pure silica core fibers based on the OTDR technique
Authors: Ohashi Masaharu , Nakamura Atsushi , Oda Tomokazu , Hayakawa Kiyoshi , Koshikiya Yusuke
Published: April 2021

We propose a simple technique based on optical time domain reflectometry (OTDR) for measuring the cutoff wavelength and core radius distributions in a pure silica core fiber for the first time. The proposed technique can simultaneously measure several important fiber parameters such as the mode field diameter, relative-index difference, effective area, and chromatic dispersion, including the cutoff wavelength and core radius. We experimentally demonstrate that our proposed technique can successfully evaluate these fiber parameter distributions and can be applied for the measurements of few-mode and multi-core fibers with pure silica cores using multi-channel OTDR and mode couplers.
1.3 μm wavelength tunable single-mode laser arrays based on slots
Authors: McDermott Michael , McKenna Robert , Murphy Caolán , Mickus Dovydas , Weng Hai-Zhong , Naimi Sepideh , Lu Qiaoyin , Guo Wei-Hua , Wallace Michael , Abadía Nicolás , Donegan John F.
Published: April 2021

Two twelve-channel arrays based on surface-etched slot gratings, one with non-uniformly spaced slots and another with uniformly spaced slots are presented for laser operation in the O-band. A wavelength tuning range greater than 40 nm, with a side-mode suppression ratio (SMSR) > 40 dB over much of this range and output power greater than 20 mW, was obtained for the array with non-uniform slots over a temperature range of 15 °C - 60 °C. The introduction of multiple slot periods, chosen such that there is minimal overlap among the side reflection peaks, is employed to suppress modes lasing one free spectral range (FSR) from the intended wavelength. The tuning range of the array with uniformly spaced slots, on the other hand, was found to be discontinuous due to mode-hopping to modes one FSR away from the intended lasing mode which are not adequately suppressed. Spectral linewidth was found to vary across devices with the lowest measured linewidths in the range of 2 MHz to 4 MHz.
Optically clocked switched-emitter-follower THA in a photonic SiGe BiCMOS technology
Authors: Weizel Maxim , Scheytt J. Christoph , Kärtner Franz X. , Witzens Jeremy
Published: April 2021

In this paper a novel opto-electronic Track-and-Hold Amplifier (OE-THA) is presented. The OE-THA can be used as a sampler in a photonic analog-to-digital-converter (ADC). It is fabricated in a silicon photonic 250 nm SiGe BiCMOS technology to allow for monolithic integration of photonic and electronic components. The OE-THA chip exhibits a small signal bandwidth of over 65 GHz, a total harmonic distortion below −34 dB up to 75 GHz and a signal-to-noise and distortion ratio (SINAD) of over 35 dB (5.5 effective bits, ENOB) up to 45 GHz. The measured resolution bandwidth products result in a corresponding equivalent jitter of below 80 fs rms from 20 to 70 GHz. The best equivalent jitter is achieved at 41 GHz with a value of 55.8 fs rms. This is enabled by using a low-jitter optical pulse train, generated by a Mode-Locked-Laser (MLL), as an optical sampling clock. The circuit integrates all optical and electronic components besides the MLL. It draws 110 mA operated from a supply voltage of −4.6 V and occupies a silicon area of only 0.59 mm2.
Detection of Pestivirus in small ruminants in Central Java, Indonesia
Authors: Hidayat W. , Wuryastuty H. , Wasito R.
Published: April 2021

Background and Aim: Globally, pestiviruses are among the most economically important viral pathogens of livestock. The genus Pestivirus comprises four species, including bovine viral diarrhea virus type 1 and 2 (BVDV-1 and BVDV-2), which infect cattle, border disease virus and classical swine fever virus which infect small ruminants and pigs, respectively. Accumulating evidence suggests that pestiviruses are no longer species-specific, creating new challenges for disease control. In Indonesia, investigations related to pestiviruses remain focused on cattle as the primary host and no research has been conducted on small ruminants (sheep and goats). Therefore, the present study aimed to study the possible occurrence of pestivirus (BVDV or BVD) infections in small ruminants in Indonesia, particularly in Central Java.

Materials and Methods: We used 46 blood samples consisting of 26 sheep's blood and 20 goat's blood. Samples were selected from 247 small ruminant blood collected between July and October 2020 in Central Java, Indonesia, which met the following criteria: Female, local species, approximately 1-2 years old, never been pregnant, raised in the backyard, and had no close contact with cattle in either shelter or grazing area. We tested plasma samples from sheep and goats using competitive antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect specific antibodies against pestivirus followed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis for all positive samples to differentiate the species of pestivirus.

Results: Two of the 20 samples collected from goats were positive for pestivirus at the serological and molecular levels, whereas 2 of 26 samples collected from sheep were doubtful but tested negative by RT-PCR. The genotyping test results obtained using nested PCR revealed that the positive samples collected from goats had a BVDV-1 genotype.

Conclusion: The results of the present study demonstrated that BVDV-1 can infect species other than bovines, in Central Java, Indonesia. Further studies involving a larger number of samples are required to: (1) Determine the actual seroprevalence of pestiviruses in small ruminants and (2) Determine the potency of small ruminants as reservoirs for pestiviruses, both of which are important for the identification of the appropriate control program for pestiviruses in Indonesia.
Compartmentation in the Guarani Aquifer System northeastern region of the Rio Grande do Sul State
Authors: Matos Alex Bortolon de , Reginato Pedro Antonio Roehe , Athayde Gustavo Barbosa
Published: April 2021

This study aims to evaluate the structural compartmentation of the Guarani Aquifer System (GAS) in the northeastern region of the Rio Grande do Sul (RS) state. For this purpose, an integrated analysis of 747 morphostructural lineaments identified in the scale 1:1,000,000 with geometry features and potentiometry of the GAS was performed. Based on this evaluation, a main set of structures, N30W and N60E oriented, responsible for the GAS compartmentation within the study area, was identified. These directions are related to the main tectonic structures that originated from the basement of the Paraná Basin, which could indicate that these identified structures are part of large fault systems in this region. The variations in the GAS potentiometry and altimetry of the top related to the compartmentation show the existence of several blocks formed under the influence of NW and NE structures located mainly in the large valleys, which sometimes work as a discharge zone of the aquifer. According to the analysis, the GAS in the northeastern region of RS seems to be divided into compartments of different sizes. This structural and geometrical framework imposed by tectonic structures influences the GAS potentiometry and flow dynamics.
COVID- 19 and Americans' Perceptions of Change in Diet Quality
Authors: Kandiah Jay , Khubchandani Jagdish , Saiki Diana
Published: April 2021

The objective of this research was to conduct an assessment of perceived diet quality from a national random sample of American adults and explore how the perceived change in diet quality varied by key sociodemographic characteristics during the COVID-19 pandemic. A total of 835 adults
across the United States completed a multi-item online survey. Statistically significant differences were observed with diets worsening during the pandemic for females, young adults, racial minorities (except Asians), unemployed individuals, widowed/divorced or engaged/cohabitating individuals,
those not working from home, non-healthcare professionals, and overweight and obese individuals; the pandemic had an impact on the diet quality of these groups.
Appealing to the Masses: Utah Residents' Interest in Extension Programming
Authors: Narine Lendel K. , Meier Cris
Published: April 2021

Extension programming must continue to evolve by meeting the changing needs and interests of residents. Family and Consumer Sciences agents in Cooperative Extension often utilize community needs assessments to inform future programming. However, a needs-based approach alone may not
incorporate residents' interest, which is important for participant recruitment. We examined programming interest areas of Utah residents to explore opportunities for future programming that reflects residents' preferences. An interest survey identified target areas for programming, and we
found that interests differed by location of residence and age.
Osteoarthritis background therapy: current view on the glucosamine and chondroitin therapy
Authors: Alekseeva L. I. , Lila A. M.
Published: April 2021

The article highlights the current status of symptomatic slow-acting drugs (SYSADOA) in osteoarthritis (OA). Mechanism of action, clinical studies data on the effectiveness of glucosamine (GA) and chondroitin sulfate (CS) and their combinations in OA, their positive symptomatic and structural-modifying effects, are described. The article provides the latest recommendations for the OA treatment with these two drugs and presents an argument for the combination therapy with both drugs as a background therapy in the earliest stages of OA. It is indicated that such therapy should be long-term due to its high safety and possible reduction of cardiovascular accidents risk as well. It is noted that therapeutic doses of CS and GA are ≥1500 and ≥800 mg per day, respectively, and encapsulated forms of SYSADOAs have advantages due to their pharmacokinetic features.
T- and B-lymphocytes subpopulations in the early and advanced rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Martynova A. V. , Popkova T. V. , Aleksankin A. P. , Gridneva G. I. , Gerasimova E. V. , Gorbunova Yu. N. , Semashko A. S. , Lila A. M.
Published: April 2021

Objective: to evaluate changes in T- and B-lymphocyte subpopulations at different stages of rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

Patients and methods. The study included 53 patients with a definite RA diagnosis according to the 2010 ACR/EULAR criteria (mean age 54.2 [47; 62] years). Group 1 included 27 patients (25 women and 2 men) without history of synthetic disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (sDMARDs) intake, group 2 included 26 patients (22 women and 4 men) receiving sDMARDs (methotrexate or leflunomide). The control group consisted of 29 healthy volunteers (23 women and 6 men), the median age was 58.5 [53; 62] years. In all participants flow cytofluorometry according to the standard technique with immunophenotyping of T- and B-lymphocytes was performed.

Results and discussion. Compared to controls, patients in group 1 who had not previously received sDMARDs showed a transient increase in "switched" memory B-cells, transient B-cells, and plasmablasts, which was not observed in patients of group 2 (on sDMARDs therapy). Patients with advanced RA showed a statistically significant decrease in the absolute and relative number of memory B-cells, the absolute and relative number of "switched" B-lymphocytes, as well as the number of plasmablasts and transient cells. In RA patients, a statistically significant rela tionship was established between the number of swollen joints and the level of plasmablasts (r=0.51), memory cells (r=0.54), and "switched" B-cells (r=0.41), p< 0,05 in all cases. There were no statistically significant changes in other subpopulations of B-lymphocytes and the profile of T-lymphocytes.

Conclusion. Changes in the B-lymphocyte profile are characteristic of different stages of RA. At an early stage, there is an increase in the number of transient B-lymphocytes, plasmablasts and plasmocytes, and in the advanced stage, a decrease in the level of certain populations of B-lymphocytes, such as memory B-cells and "switched" B-lymphocytes. It can be assumed that the ineffectiveness of sDMARDs is associated with a change in the population composition of B-lymphocytes, which requires further study.
Relationship of genetic polymorphism of the acute phase marker of inflammation rs12218 of the SAA1 gene with clinical phenotypes of juvenile idiopathic arthritis
Authors: Krylov M. Yu. , Fedorov E. S. , Salugina S. O.
Published: April 2021

Objective: to test the hypothesis of a possible relationship between the rs12218 polymorphism of the SAA1 gene and a predisposition to different clinical phenotypes of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA).

Patients and methods. Genetic typing of rs12218 polymorphism was carried out in 142 children: 77 of them were diagnosed with JIA, including 30 patients with oligoarthritis (oJIA), 20 with polyarthritis (pJIA), and 27 with systemic onset (sJIA). Sixty five healthy volunteers were included in the control group. The rs12218 polymorphism of the SAA1 gene was investigated using real-time polymerase chain reaction.

Results and discussion. A high risk of developing the clinical phenotype of oJIA in carriers of the C mutant allele of the rs12218 T/C polymorphism of the SAA1 gene was established. Statistically significant differences between the clinical phenotypes of oJIA and sJIA in the frequency distribution of genotypes and alleles of rs12218 T/C polymorphism of the SAA1 gene are shown.

Conclusion. The results of the studies have confirmed the important role of the rs12218 T/C polymorphism of the SAA1 gene in the formation of susceptibility to clinical variants of JIA.
Magnetic resonance tomography capabilities and limitations in managing the efficacy of treatment with biological disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs in ankylosing spondylitis
Authors: Shesternya P. A. , Gritsenko O. D. , Astanin P. A. , Stepanenko A. Yu. , Popov N. V.
Published: April 2021

Extensive use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in clinical practice revolutionized our understanding of the pathogenesis of axis spondyloarthritis (aSpA) and treatment approaches. The use of MRI to diagnose non-radiographic aSpA is well established. At the same time, the possibility of its use for follow-up and treatment assessment is actively discussed.

Objective: To present comparative analysis of clinical and laboratory data, reflecting the activity of the disease, and analysis of MRI results in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) receiving biological disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs therapy (bDMARDs).

Patients and methods. The study included 39 patients with AS, mainly men (74.3%), 24 patients (61.5%) had late and 15 (38.5%) – advanced stage of the disease. The average age was 41.0 [34.0; 48.0] years. All patients were administered bDNARDs; inhibitors of the tumor necrosis factor α or inhibitors of interleukin 17 were drug of choice. The median of treatment duration was 1.5 [1.0; 4,5] year. All patients had sacroiliac (SI) and spinal MRI. The activity of the disease was estimated using BASDAI and ASDAS-CRP/ESR indexes, functional disorders – using the BASFI questionnaire. Results and discussion. There was no significant difference in disease activity between patients with osteitis in the SI/spine or without it: BASDAI – 4.7 [2.7; 5,5] and 4.2 [2.9; 8,1], respectively (p=0.533); ASDAS-ESR – 2.6 [2.2; 3,0] and 2.6 [2.2; 3,2], respectively (p=0.725); ASDAS-CRP – 2.5 [2.1; 3,4] and 3.1 [2.8; 3.9], respectively (p=0.172). There was no significant difference in the number of osteitis foci between group of patients who have achieved the therapeutic target (ASDAS < 2.1) and those who have not (ASDAS ≥2.1) – 1.0 [0.0; 3.5] and 1.0 [1.0; 4.0], respectively, (p=0.376), and no difference in amount of inflammatory changes – 1.0 [0.2; 1.7] and 0.1 [0.0; 1,1] cm3, respectively (p=0.124). Conclusion. The data suggests a limited MRI informative value as a method for managing the efficacy of bDMARDs treatment in patients with the advanced / late stage of the AS.
Capabilities of ultrasonography in the diagnosis of early rheumatoid arthritis and hand osteoarthritis
Authors: Krivotulova I. A. , Chernysheva T. V. , Korochina K. V.
Published: April 2021

Objective: to compare results of ultrasound examination (US) of the wrist joints (WJ) and small joints of hands with the clinical signs in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis (eRA) and hand osteoarthriti (OAH).

Patients and methods. The study included 42 patients with eRA (group 1) and 38 patients with OAH (group 2). The average age of patients with eRA was 48.60±14.86 years, the duration of clinical manifestations was 7.45±1.77 months, of patients with OAH – 54.97±12.45 years and 8.26±1.83 months, respectively. The ratio of men and women in both groups was approximately the same, the majority were women. All patients with eRA had clinical and instrumentally confirmed signs of OA: I, II, and III radiological stages of OA according to Kellgren–Lawrence were detected in 10 (23.80%), 23 (54.76%) and 9 (21.43%) patients respectively. In erosive OA II and III X-ray stage was diagnosed in 16 (42.10%) and 22 (57.90%) patients, respectively. All patients underwent ultrasound of the joints, as well as a general clinical examination, which included an assessment of the number of painful joints, the number of swollen joints, and a general assessment of pain intensity using a visual analogue scale (100 mm). RA activity was determined using the DAS28 index. We also studied laboratory parameters – the levels of CRP, rheumatoid factor and antibodies to cyclic citrullinated peptide in blood serum.

Results and discussion. Comparison of the two groups of patients showed that ultrasound in B-mode and power Doppler mode with eRA and OAH showed more pronounced inflammatory and destructive changes in the wrist joints and small joints of the hands, with the exception of the distal interphalangeal joints (DIPJ). In addition, only in patients of the 1st group there was a close correlation between the enhancement of the Doppler signal and levels of inflammatory markers. Conclusion. eRA compared with OAH is characterized by more pronounced ultrasound signs of inflammatory and destructive changes in the wrist joins and small joints of the hands, with the exception of DIPJ.
Contribution of neurogenic mechanisms to the pathogenesis of chronic joint pain
Authors: Filatova E. S. , Lila A. M.
Published: April 2021

Objective: to study the contribution of neurogenic mechanisms to the pathogenesis of chronic pain in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), knee osteoarthritis (OAk) and ankylosing spondylitis (AS). To evaluate the effectiveness of an anticonvulsants in complex therapy of RA and OAk.

Patients and methods. The study included 518 patients, 208 (40.2%) had definite RA, 160 (30.9%) had OAk and 150 (28.9%) had AS. All patients were rheumatologically and neurologically examined to determine the state of the somatosensory system; DN4 and Pain DETECT questionnaires were used to diagnose pain descriptors characteristic of neuropathic and nocyplastic pain; visual analogue scale (VAS) was used for pain intensity at rest assessment; algometry – for detecting secondary hyperalgesia. Functional, affective disorders and quality of life were assessed as well. Moreover, efficacy of the anticonvulsant in the complex therapy of RA and OAk was evaluated.

Results and discussion. 49.5% of RA patients had neuropathic pain. It has been statistically significantly shown that older patients with a long history of the disease, advanced X-ray stage and high level of anxiety and depression experience neuropathic pain more frequently. Disease activity and ESR level did not affect the severity of the neuropathic component of pain. In 37.5% of OAk cases, signs of nociplastic pain were observed. Patients in this group were in pain according to VAS, worse functional state and quality of life, as well as a higher level of anxiety, the differences were statistically significant. 12.7% of AS patients had nociplastic pain. There was no association with the age and duration of the disease. Higher levels of disease activity, pain and depression and worse functional abilities were observed when nociplastic pain was present. The effectiveness of anticonvulsant is demonstrated in the complex therapy of chronic articular pain in RA and OAk, which confirms the role of central sensitization in the pathogenesis of pain in these diseases.

Conclusion. Chronic pain in RA, OAk and AS patients in some cases has mixed nature, both inflammatory and neurogenic mechanisms (neuropathic and nociplastic) are involved. It is necessary to examine patients to identify the neuropathic component of pain, which will improve pain control and ensure a holistic approach to therapy. In patients with RA and OAk, having a mixed nature of pain, complex treatment, containing a central action drug from a group of anticonvulsants, is more effective compared with standard anti-inflammatory therapy.