bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pre/pro-B cells generate macrophage populations during homeostasis and inflammation
Authors: Audzevich Tatsiana , Bashford-Rogers Rachael , Mabbott Neil A. , Frampton Dan , Freeman Tom C. , Potocnik Alexandre , Kellam Paul , Gilroy Derek W.
Published: May 2017

Significance

In this report we provide evidence of a source of macrophage (Mφ) populations that are derived from unique biphenotypic early pro-B cells with non-rearranged B-cell receptors. These early precursors give rise to either tissue resident- or monocyte-derived Mφs during homeostasis and inflammatory responses, thereby demonstrating functional plasticity depending on the environmental cues in adult mice. We suggest that these findings significantly advance and expand our understanding of Mφ biology and hematopoiesis, the plasticity of hematopoietic precursors, and the heterogeneity of Mφ subsets.
Golgi apparatus self-organizes into the characteristic shape via postmitotic reassembly dynamics
Authors: Tachikawa Masashi , Mochizuki Atsushi
Published: May 2017

Significance

To date, there is no experimental method for examination of detailed morphological dynamics of a cellular organelle, because of the small size. The Golgi apparatus, a membrane-bounded organelle, decomposes into small fragments during cell division, and the fragments reassemble to form the characteristic Golgi shape in daughter cells, which is also unobservable. To understand the reassembly process, we developed a three-dimensional morphological dynamics simulator based on a coarse-grained physical membrane model. Our simulation reproduced the fine Golgi shape and revealed self-organizing properties of the reassembly process. Moreover, it visualizes the whole reassembly dynamics in detail. The proposed model will bring various insights into the Golgi architecture, which can be examined both experimentally and by extended simulations.
Opposing roles of primate areas 25 and 32 and their putative rodent homologs in the regulation of negative emotion
Authors: Wallis Chloe U. , Cardinal Rudolf N. , Alexander Laith , Roberts Angela C. , Clarke Hannah F.
Published: May 2017

Significance

Affective disorders are associated with increased cardiovascular mortality and enhanced negative emotion. Although neuroimaging studies of such disorders reveal dysregulation in numerous frontal brain regions, including the subgenual/perigenual cingulate cortices (areas 25 and 32), the causal involvement of this dysregulation is unknown, and translation from rodent studies is limited. Here we demonstrate that, in the marmoset monkey, inactivation of area 25 increases parasympathetic modulation of resting cardiovascular function and decreases the cardiovascular and behavioral correlates of negative emotion. In contrast, area 32 inactivation increases these correlates. These findings provide causal evidence that these primate areas differentially regulate negative emotion, and link the cardiovascular symptomatology of affective disorders to central neural, rather than peripheral cardiac, dysfunction.
ILDR1 is important for paracellular water transport and urine concentration mechanism
Authors: Gong Yongfeng , Himmerkus Nina , Sunq Abby , Milatz Susanne , Merkel Cosima , Bleich Markus , Hou Jianghui
Published: May 2017

Significance

The role of tight junction in water homeostasis is an important but understudied area. Here, we reveal a paracellular water permeation pathway made by the tricellular tight junction and regulated by its integral protein, known as Ildr1. The importance of paracellular water permeation is demonstrated here with emphasis of its potential role in causing urinary concentrating defects in the kidney. Ildr1 and its related proteins, Ildr2 and Ildr3, may play broader physiologic roles to establish the water homeostasis in other organs, such as the skin, the lung, and the intestine.
Oxytocin under opioid antagonism leads to supralinear enhancement of social attention
Authors: Dal Monte Olga , Piva Matthew , Anderson Kevin M. , Tringides Marios , Holmes Avram J. , Chang Steve W. C.
Published: May 2017

Significance

In the past decade, there has been an increase in studies using oxytocin (OT) for improving social cognition, but results have been inconsistent. In this study, we took advantage of the physiological relationship between the opioid and OT systems and tested the benefit of administering OT under simultaneously induced opioid antagonism during dyadic gaze interactions. Coadministration of OT and opioid blocker leads to supralinear enhancement of prolonged and selective attention to a live partner and increases interactive gaze after critical social events. Furthermore, we provide neurogenetic evidence in the human brain supporting the interaction between specific opioid receptor genes and the genes for OT processing. Our results suggest a new avenue for amplifying the efficacy of OT in clinical populations.
Maize
defective kernel
mutant generated by insertion of a
Ds
element in a gene encoding a highly conserved TTI2 cochaperone
Authors: Garcia Nelson , Li Yubin , Dooner Hugo K. , Messing Joachim
Published: May 2017

Significance

Transposable elements (TEs) are important tools to study gene function in plants, more so than in animal species, because of the ease in generating large numbers of germinal transpositions. We took advantage of an engineered TE in maize to broaden this approach. We screened for a defective kernel mutant and used the green fluorescent protein encoded by the TE to locate the gene linked to the mutation. The property of the TE permitted us to generate revertants and new alleles of the tagged gene, avoiding complementation assays made cumbersome by difficult transformation protocols in maize. Based on its sequence homology to a cochaperone, the tagged gene opens a line of research on the role of cochaperones in seed development.
Conceptual metaphor variation in meaning interpretation
Authors: Onysko Alexander
Published: May 2017

This paper contributes to research on metaphor variation in the context of world Englishes from a theoretical and an empirical point of view. Starting with a discussion of the dissonance between universality and cultural specificity in conceptual metaphor research, basic dimensions of variation are outlined that are relevant to conceptual metaphor theory (CMT). These dimensions inform a continuum of variation in CMT that ranges from basic conceptualizations (as primary metaphors) to the surface level of language use (as metaphorical expressions). The empirical part of the paper takes heed of this continuum of variation and outlines the methodological choices relevant to the description of conceptual metaphors in an associative task. The data are based on meaning interpretations given to novel English compounds by Māori and non-Māori speakers of New Zealand English. The results of the task highlight that Māori-English bilinguals apply a greater range of different conceptual metaphors compared to non-Māori bilingual and monolingual speakers of English. These results are discussed in terms of their implications for further research on metaphor variation in Aotearoa New Zealand and world Englishes.
The Role of Phonesthemes in Shoegaze Naming Conventions
Authors: Smith Zac
Published: May 2017

This article focuses on some observed similarities between band names, album titles, and song titles within the shoegazing subgenre of rock music, which is characterized by loud, swirling layers of distorted guitar and droning noise. The onomastic similarities are analyzed in terms of phonesthemes, which are submorphemic sound/meaning pairs, wherein a particular phone or cluster of phones is taken to denote some abstract semantic space. As experiments show that native speaker awareness of phonesthemes influences neologistic production and perception, I argue that the preponderance of band names like Swirl and Swoon within shoegaze is due to an overlap between the genre’s aesthetic characteristics and the semantic space described by a specific set of phonesthemes in English.
Characterisation of multiphase ceramic coatings fabricated via laser in situ reaction technology
Authors: Chen Yong , Hu Liangbin , Qiu Changjun , Huang Qing
Published: May 2017

Coatings are pre-fabricated on the China low activation martensitic (CLAM) steel via thermal spraying using Cr–Fe–Al–Ti mixed powders. Crystalline and amorphous multiphase ceramic coatings are formed by a new laser surface in situ prefabricated coatings in situ reaction technology under atmospheric environments based on the Standard Gibbs free-energy theory. The grain boundary of incomplete recrystallisation section and perfect crystallisation section can be observed clearly by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The Al2O3 and TiO2 are found to be formed in the crystallisation section. In addition, we adopt a new method to measure bonding strength of coating and base material, and the average shear strength is found to be 290 MPa. Further finite-element analysis shows that the shear stress distribution between the coatings and substrate is consistent with the experimental data. The average microhardness of the coatings is found to reach 1864.19 HV0.2.The coatings also exhibit the strongest liquid Pb corrosion resistance. This technique may be important in technological improvement of surfaces of the candidate structural materials for the accelerator-driven sub-critical system, which is usually applied to handle the nuclear waste under extreme conditions.
Inflammatory signals from photoreceptor modulate pathological retinal angiogenesis via c-Fos
Authors: Sun Ye , Lin Zhiqiang , Liu Chi-Hsiu , Gong Yan , Liegl Raffael , Fredrick Thomas W. , Meng Steven S. , Burnim Samuel B. , Wang Zhongxiao , Akula James D. , Pu William T. , Chen Jing , Smith Lois E.H.
Published: May 2017

Pathological neovessels growing into the normally avascular photoreceptors cause vision loss in many eye diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration and macular telangiectasia. Ocular neovascularization is strongly associated with inflammation, but the source of inflammatory signals and the mechanisms by which these signals regulate the disruption of avascular privilege in photoreceptors are unknown. In this study, we found that c-Fos, a master inflammatory regulator, was increased in photoreceptors in a model of pathological blood vessels invading photoreceptors: the very low-density lipoprotein receptor–deficient (Vldlr−/−) mouse. Increased c-Fos induced inflammatory cytokines interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF), leading to activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and increased TNFα–induced protein 3 (TNFAIP3) in Vldlr−/− photoreceptors. IL-6 activated the STAT3/vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) pathway directly, and elevated TNFAIP3 suppressed SOCS3 (suppressor of cytokine signaling 3)–activated STAT3/VEGFA indirectly. Inhibition of c-Fos using photoreceptor-specific AAV (adeno-associated virus)-hRK (human rhodopsin kinase)–sh_c-fos or a chemical inhibitor substantially reduced the pathological neovascularization and rescued visual function in Vldlr−/− mice. These findings suggested that the photoreceptor c-Fos controls blood vessel growth into the normally avascular photoreceptor layer through the inflammatory signal–induced STAT3/VEGFA pathway.
Laser phase effect on asymmetric harmonic distribution in H

2+

*
Authors: Feng Li-Qiang , Li Wen-Liang , Liu Hui
Published: May 2017

The laser phase effect on the spatial distribution of the molecular high-order harmonic generation (MHHG) spectrum from H

2

+

is theoretically investigated through solving the Non-Bohn–Oppenheimer (NBO) time-dependent Schrödinger equation (TDSE). The results are shown as follows. (i) The generated harmonics from the two nuclei each present an asymmetric distribution. Particularly, when the laser phases are chosen from 0.0π to 0.6π and from 1.7π to 2.0π, the contribution from the negative-H plays a main role in harmonic generation. When the laser phases are chosen from 0.7π to 1.6π, the contribution from the positive-H to the harmonic generation is remarkably enhanced and becomes greater than that from the negative-H. The electron localization, the time-frequency analyses of the harmonic spectrum and the time-dependent wave function are shown to explain the asymmetric harmonic distribution in H

2

+

, which provides us with a method to control the electron motion in molecules. (ii) As the pulse duration increases, the asymmetric distributions of the MHHG in two H nuclei decrease. (iii) Isotope investigation shows that the asymmetric harmonic distribution can be reduced by introducing the heavy nucleus (i.e., D

2

+

)

.
Hollywood Storytelling
Authors: Berliner Todd
Published: May 2017

Chapter 3 studies the aesthetic pleasures of Hollywood cinema’s approach to storytelling. It examines the cognitive processes at work when a film cues spectators to construct a film’s story in their minds, and it explains the ways in which Hollywood movies both facilitate and complicate the spectator’s process of story construction. The chapter offers a new theory of Hollywood storytelling aesthetics—illustrated with examples from whodunits, screwball comedies, twist films, and mysteries—that film viewers take pleasure not just in narrative unity and easy understanding, as previous scholars have argued, but also in narrative disunity and cognitive challenge. With support from experimental psychology, the chapter argues that viewers enjoy narratives that stimulate moments of free association, insight, and incongruity-resolution.
The Hollywood Genre System
Authors: Berliner Todd
Published: May 2017

Hollywood makes quintessential genre films, and chapter 10 tackles the aesthetics of genre filmmaking. It demonstrates the ways in which genre eases viewers’ grasp of narrative information and offers the pleasure of returning, as experts, to familiar scenarios. The chapter also explains the ways in which genres develop novel and complex aesthetic properties that counter a culture’s growing genre expertise. To fully exploit the pleasures of genre filmmaking for a mass audience, a genre film must fit recognizably within its genre, offering easy recognition, but it must also differ enough from previous films to make it moderately challenging for average spectators. Star Wars offers an exemplary instance of Hollywood genre filmmaking: The 1977 blockbuster found the optimal area between unity and complexity, familiarity and novelty, easy recognition and cognitive challenge for a mass audience.
Conclusion
Authors: Berliner Todd
Published: May 2017

IT IS FITTING THAT WE END OUR INVESTIGATION OF HOLLYWOOD AESthetics with the western, Hollywood’s most enduring, emblematic, and historically popular genre. Whenever the western seems finally depleted of its ability to interest an audience, filmmakers manage to mine interesting new material from it. The genre’s potential for novelty and complexity seems, after all these years, inexhaustible. The western is so reliable that filmmakers have found they could jump up and down on it, even sledgehammer its foundational myths, without cracking its structure. Filmmaker Jean Renoir said, “The marvelous thing about Westerns is that they’re all the same movie. That gives a director unlimited freedom.”...
May under verbs of hoping: Evolution of the modal system in the complements of hoping verbs in Early Modern English
Authors: Yanovich Igor
Published: May 2017

The chapter traces two stages of the rise of the may-under-hope construction of Late Modern English, present in examples like (i) Dearest, I hope we may be on such terms twenty years hence. Despite the archaic feel to it, this construction is in fact a very recent innovation that arose not earlier than the sixteenth century. I conjecture that its elevated flavor does not stem from its old age, but rather was inherited from another construction, with the inflectional subjunctive under hope. Along the way, I also present evidence that the textual absence of may under verbs of hoping before the rise of this construction was not due to narrow compositional semantics.
Aspect and tense in evidentials
Authors: Arregui Ana , Rivero María Luisa , Salanova Andrés
Published: May 2017

This chapter investigates the interaction between evidential categories and temporal anchoring in Bulgarian, a South Slavic language, Mébengokre, a Jê language in Central Brazil, and Matses, a Panoan language in the Amazon region in Brazil and Peru. It argues that temporal categories retain their usual interpretation in evidential contexts both in Mébengokre, a language whose evidential system seems independent from tense, and in Bulgarian and Matses, two languages where evidential markers are fused with temporal categories. The conclusion is that there is no need to hypothesize an independent “evidential” system of temporal reference in these languages. A careful analysis of tense and aspect, with particular attention to aspectual interpretations, can account for cases in which temporal relations appear to shift in evidential contexts. The chapter thus argues against the postulation of independent “evidential specific” temporal paradigms.
Past possibility cross-linguistically: Evidence from twelve languages
Authors: Chen Sihwei , Hohaus Vera , Laturnus Rebecca , Louie Meagan , Matthewson Lisa , Rullmann Hotze , Simchen Ori , Turner Claire K. , Vander Klok Jozina
Published: May 2017

This chapter investigates modal-temporal interactions in twelve languages from seven families: English, Dutch, German, Mandarin, St’át’imcets, Northern Straits Salish, Halkomelem, Gitksan, Blackfoot, Ktunaxa, Atayal, and Javanese. We show that a generalized version of Condoravdi’s (2002) analysis has cross-linguistic applicability: a modal’s temporal perspective is given by an operator scoping above it (usually tense), while its temporal orientation is given by an operator scoping below it (usually aspect). We argue that a common core architecture can be retained, with language-specific differences in temporal and aspectual systems influencing the available interpretations in predictable ways. We also show that in almost all the languages we investigate, epistemic modals can have past temporal perspectives; this contributes to ongoing debate about the possibility of these readings.
Reading Montaigne and Writing Lives in the North of England and the Low Countries
Authors: Boutcher Warren
Published: May 2017

What kind of book was dedicated to what Montaigne describes as a domestic and private end (in ‘Au lecteur’)? Chapter 2.4 offers two case-studies of manuscript life-writing and annotation intended for descendants in times of religious strife. Sir Henry Slingsby, a Yorkshire gentleman caught up in the beginnings of the British civil wars in the 1640s, keeps a book of personal commentaries modelled on Florio’s English Montaigne. Pieter van Veen’s copy of the Essais becomes a personalized emblem book and a ‘Memoire’ of the manner in which its owner (a Catholic) survived the religious troubles without leaving his home. Van Veen lived in The Hague until the 1620s, and has a minor place in the history of Dutch painting; his brother was the more famous Otto van Veen. These examples help us contextualize the Essais as a work of art made for friends and family in specific historical circumstances.
Recording the History of Secret Thoughts in Early Modern France
Authors: Boutcher Warren
Published: May 2017

Chapter 2.5 begins with Pierre Huet’s early eighteenth-century description of the school of Montaigne, which he says has been flourishing for more than a century. He denounces the Essais as ‘the breviary of urbane loafers and ignorant pseudointellectuals’, of undisciplined, over-free literates who do not want to pursue proper scholarship and knowledge. The chapter goes on to offer two further case-studies of the life-writing of such free literates in early modern France (Jean Maillefer and Pierre de L’Estoile), as well as a coda on Pierre Coste and John Locke. Both read Montaigne’s work while writing manuscript journals to domestic and private ends; both combined reading and writing in books with the keeping and reviewing of personal records. L’Estoile reveals the significance of Montaigne’s references to the Essais as a registre––both institutional and personal registers were ubiquitous in this period.
Conclusion
Authors: Boutcher Warren
Published: May 2017

The conclusion summarizes the argument of Volume 2: that in both the early modern and the modern period reader-writers have inferred their own forms of critical agency from Montaigne’s Essais. These are reader-writers who think and judge freely in their private offices as particular individuals not bound to systems of instruction or professional service: in the modern period a ‘cultural observer’ of some kind; in the early modern period a lay participant in practical philosophy. They include a strong tradition of female recipients of the text from Marie de Gournay and Lady Anne Clifford to Virginia Woolf and Natalie Zemon Davis. The official personae of other reader-writers––from physicians and lawyers, to soldiers and monks––were the foil for Montaigne’s ‘natural’ condition as a gentleman who exercises judgement unofficially, not as a jurist or even as a father, in an open-form registre to be seen only by friends and family.
The Acquis and Its Principles
Authors: Kochenov Dimitry
Published: May 2017

This chapter demonstrates that the majority of the enforcement literature falls short of tackling the core compliance problems in the EU today. While the overwhelming focus is on the acquis, the values of the Union are virtually never taken into account. Even the most innovative accounts of enforcement—presenting justice in the EU as a service, for instance—do not pay sufficient attention to the need to ensure that the basic values of Article 2 TEU are adhered to. Viewed against the lacunae in the literature on enforcement, all the values’ enforcement proposals set out in this chapter demonstrate a fundamentally important break with the dangerously short-sighted tradition approaching the issues of enforcement in the context of EU law solely with the Union acquis in mind. The chapter thus recommends that a different approach would be absolutely indispensable at this stage.
The Bite, the Bark, and the Howl
Authors: Besselink Leonard
Published: May 2017

This chapter analyses Article 7 TEU on sanctions against Member States for certain potential and actual breaches of the values enshrined in Article 2 TEU, and the related ‘Rule of Law initiatives’. It argues that the debates over these reveal a twofold boundary issue: that of the legal delimitation of the procedures and powers under Article 7, and that of the fuzzy boundaries of the Member State political orders as distinct from the EU political order. The very identity of the foundational values of the Union and of the Member States makes it impossible to delimit the scope of EU law from that of Member State orders when it comes to guaranteeing these values. This also explains the politically highly sensitive nature of doing so. Thus, this chapter seeks to define the contours of the ensuing problems with a precise legal reconstruction of Article 7 TEU and its development.
Compliance and Enforcement in Economic Policy Coordination in EMU
Authors: Amtenbrink Fabian , Repasi René
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the EU’s new economic policy coordination regime and specifically the secondary Union law rules in the shape of the Six Pack and Two Pack, as well as the TSCG and the ESM Treaty. To this end the chapter develops an analytical framework for assessing the current legal framework. It then operationalizes this analytical framework by categorizing and analysing the main legal mechanisms in place to ensure compliance with the Union’s objectives geared towards ensuring fiscal stability in the EMU. The chapter then offers a qualitative evaluation of the potential of the current economic policy coordination framework to ensure compliance. Finally, this chapter makes some concrete proposals on how the current system can be improved and places these in the broader context of the future of EMU.
Soft Law and the Enforcement of EU Law
Authors: Ştefan Oana
Published: May 2017

This chapter presents several challenges raised by the process of enforcement of European soft law. It briefly reviews various strategies to determine what enforcement could mean in a soft law context. The chapter looks at a series of examples which demonstrate how soft law is enforced through flexible, but also more coercive means, before concluding that ensuring the enforcement of soft law is done through hybrid methods which only reflect the hybridity of regulation in Europe. The chapter in addition shows how hybridity of regulation is reflected in the hybridity of enforcement mechanisms, with soft law itself becoming an enforcement tool for higher, binding norms, or values. Finally, this chapter reflects on whether, in the coercive enforcement of soft law, fundamental Rule of Law values are still preserved.
Protecting EU values
Authors: Bogdandy Armin von , Antpöhler Carlino , Ioannidis Michael
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses the instruments currently on the table regarding the enforcement of EU values, exposing their strengths and weaknesses in legal and practical terms. It also offers an evaluation of the first use of the Rule of Law Framework. So far, most of the proposed instruments have been presented in isolation. This is particularly true of the proposed ‘Copenhagen Commission’ and the ‘Reverse Solange’ mechanism. This chapter presents and normatively assesses the ideas proposed and discusses a possible way to combine instruments that so far have been considered separately. It argues that the most apt European response to systemic deficiencies is to combine judicial mechanisms, including the Reverse Solange mechanism, as well as a complementary political approach.
Application of the EU CFR by National Courts in Purely Domestic Cases
Authors: Jakab András
Published: May 2017

This chapter argues that the most promising way to conceptualize the values of European constitutionalism in a judicially enforceable manner is through a creative reinterpretation of Article 51(1) EU CFR. It asserts that in order to create a fully fledged value community which benefits all its citizens equally, the CFR should become fully applicable in every case in its own right—even in purely domestic cases in domestic courts and even in the absence of a systemic failure of fundamental rights protection at the domestic level. This would mean that judicial review would be introduced across Europe via the supremacy of EU law. This judicial review would be decentralized in the sense that local courts could exercise it, but its unified application would be ensured by the preliminary procedure. The EU could thus become a ‘community of fundamental rights’ with nobody left behind.
Enforcement of National Law against Subnational Units in the US
Authors: Tushnet Mark
Published: May 2017

This chapter is primarily an exposition of the applicable constitutional doctrine on the enforcement of national law against subnational units in the US. It also offers some general observations about the underlying theory of federalism that generates US constitutional doctrine. In the US the question of the enforceability of national law against state governments is a matter of some theoretical interest but relatively little practical importance. The reasons for that situation are a combination of institutional and historical conditions, which the chapter refers to in more detail. For those outside the US, however, the primary message here is that the constitutional doctrine dealing with this sort of enforcement is quite limited in scope and importance, in contrast to its importance in systems whose constitutions create a less centralized version of constitutional federalism.
Defiance by a Constitutional Court—Germany
Authors: Mayer Franz C
Published: May 2017

This chapter considers the highly problematic issue of defiance by a court. Notably, the chapter focuses on defiance by national courts in the context of European integration—a phenomenon which has occurred with some frequency. Still more specifically, this chapter turns to the German Constitutional Court’s approach to European integration. Though the 1949 German Constitution (the Grundgesetz) appears to be more open for European and international cooperation than most other constitutions on the continent, it too seems to be edging toward defiance. As a first step it is thus necessary to take a closer look at the broader picture of the German constitutional landscape, in particular at the German Constitutional Court and its decisions on European integration. Based on that broader account of cases, the chapter then assesses the degree and motivations of defiance and to reflect on possible future developments.
Questioning the Basic Values—Austria and Jörg Haider
Authors: Lachmayer Konrad
Published: May 2017

This chapter argues against the common consensus regarding the EU 14’s measures against Austria in 2000 by not only retracing the core part of the story but also extending the perspectives on the year 2000 to the past and the future. First, the chapter analyses the historical dimension of Haider’s Freedom Party and the political relevance of the developments in the year 2000 from an Austrian perspective. The chapter contends that the EU did not learn effectively from the measures and failed to develop proper institutional and procedural mechanisms to deal with the questioning of basic values by a Member State. Hereafter, the chapter looks critically back on the participation of the Freedom Party in the Austrian government and the effects of Jörg Haider to Rule of Law and democracy in Austria. Emphasis is placed in acknowledging the different layers of the narrative on the EU 14’s measures.
Reference and Quasi‐Reference
Authors: Pearce Kenneth L.
Published: May 2017

In De Motu, Berkeley distinguishes between two uses of language, which we may call ‘genuine reference’ and ‘quasi-reference.’ Genuine referring expressions, like ‘red,’ are used to label language-independent objects. Quasi-referring expressions function syntactically, and hence inferentially, just like genuine referring expressions but lack this labeling use. The central thesis of De Motu is that the theoretical terms of physics are quasi-referring expressions. The metaphysical conclusion Berkeley draws from this linguistic thesis is not that forces do not exist but rather that they depend for their existence and nature on our theorizing activity. Berkeley’s anti-realism in the philosophy of physics is thus ultimately grounded in his philosophy of language.
Introduction
Authors: Jones Emily
Published: May 2017

This introductory chapter introduces the ‘historical Burke’, as well as the more familiar picture we have today of Burke as the ‘founder of modern conservatism’. The chapter provides an overview of previous attempts to chart his posthumous legacy by historians of political thought as well as historians of modern Britain and Ireland, and the Conservative Party in particular. It also explains the differences between Burke’s legacy in Britain and Ireland and that of continental Europe. The final section offers an outline of the publication history of Burke’s works in the period, as well as his three major biographers: James Prior, Thomas Macknight, and John Morley.
Constitutional Politics, c.1830–1880
Authors: Jones Emily
Published: May 2017

Chapters 2 and 3 address some of the fundamental problems that haunted Burke’s legacy after his death, when he was seen predominantly as a dissentient Whig, who had devastated his party and ensured their absence from office for forty years. Chapter 2 addresses Burke’s position within the English (or British) constitutional tradition central to defining British political identities following the Reform Act of 1832. Burke’s constitutional position as a defender of the 1688–9 settlement, as well as his support of Catholic relief, remained unsavoury for many Tories and Conservatives. Significantly, this static reading of the constitution was deemed to clash with influential historical narratives of the British Constitution which classified its nature as essentially flexible and dynamic. This chapter also examines the various interpretations of Burke’s position on established religion, and the role this played in assessing his political thought.
Irishness, National Character, and the Interpretation of Political Thought, c.1830–1914
Authors: Jones Emily
Published: May 2017

Chapter 3 focuses in on Burke’s Irish identity and asks how it affected interpretations of his character and thought. Many of his early admirers were Irish, and indeed many of his later ones too. Burke had been subject to taunts that he was a Jesuit and characteristics associated with Celtic stereotypes were ascribed to his work—from literary eloquence and a type of genius which ‘blended’ national characteristics, to fervent irrational passion and even madness. Included are commentaries from figures such as Matthew Arnold, Goldwin Smith, W. E. H. Lecky, and F. D. Maurice. The result shows the centrality of the changing ways in which Burke’s Irishness and his associations with Ireland shaped his legacy.
Critical Recovery, c.1860–1880
Authors: Jones Emily
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the work of a younger generation of Liberal men of letters published between 1860 and 1880. These collected reviews, periodical articles, and monographs demonstrate a renewed interest in Burke, the eighteenth century, and the history of thought more generally. Examination of the work of ‘advanced’ Liberals such as John Morley, Leslie Stephen, and James Fitzjames Stephen reveals that the ‘liberal utilitarian’ label is simplistic and misleading when applied to their characterization of Burke’s thought. It shows instead how these writers and their texts made a rather different contribution, one which is frequently overlooked: Morley and the Stephens were forced to conclude that Burke was an insufficient guide for modern Liberals. Both Leslie Stephen and Morley were also instrumental in linking Burke’s thought to increasingly popular notions of organic development.
Irish Home Rule, c.1886–1893
Authors: Jones Emily
Published: May 2017

This chapter centres on the debates over Home Rule between 1886 and 1893, when the issue exploded onto the British political scene. It examines the Gladstonian argument for Home Rule with reference to Burke, as well as the subsequent Liberal Unionist response. Both sides made significant intellectual bids for Burke’s mantle: the Gladstonians sought to establish voluntary political ties (‘the union of hearts’) between Britain and Ireland in an array of parliamentary speeches, periodical articles, edited books, and popular pamphlet literature. The Liberal Unionists looked to Burke’s wider work to show their adherence to the Liberal tradition. The Home Rule debates re-imagined Burke as a proto-Liberal Unionist, agreeable to and allied with Conservatives. The ‘spirit of Burke’ was, therefore, eventually seen to be embodied best of all in the Liberal Unionists who resurrected an anti-Jacobin vocabulary and styled themselves as Old Whigs defending the constitution.
Learning Conservatism
Authors: Jones Emily
Published: May 2017

The construction of Burke as the ‘founder of conservatism’ was also a product of developments in education. The increasing study of Burke arose out of several converging movements: in publishing and technology; in philosophical thought; in the increasing disposable income and leisure time of greater portions of the population; and in education movements for men and women at all levels. The popularity of topics such as the French Revolution, Romanticism, and late eighteenth-century history meant that Burke became a feature of lectures and examinations. At university, Burke was of particular interest to philosophical Idealists, English literature professors and students, and a generation of historians who taught increasingly modern courses. By analysing how Burke was studied at this much more popular, general level it is possible to pinpoint how Burke’s ‘conservative’ political thought was taught to swathes of new students—it took more than gentlemanly erudition to establish a scholarly orthodoxy.
The Hysterical Spectator
Authors: George Doran
Published: May 2017

Looking at select works from Manhattan’s Lower East Side dance scene, this essay analyzes how distinct strategies for staging femininity procure feminist, queer, and transgender viewership. A reading of Jennifer Monson and DD Dorvillier’s diptych RMW(a) & RMW frames the essay, whereby the author emerges as a hysterical spectator who can settle with none of the distinct strategies. Contemporary dance thus becomes a medium through which identity boundaries, and accompanying tensions, as they have historically emerged within feminist, queer, and transgender theorizing, get revealed and transgressed. The examples of dance analyzed are seen sometimes to resolve the tensions and sometimes to reaffirm patriarchal gender asymmetry and exclusionary normative identity. The privileging of the female body, as Western concert dance’s proper vehicle of expression, serves as a point of departure through which femininity’s critical staging in different works is assessed, alongside the identity struggles the dances procure in the hysterical viewer.
Queer Spaces in Anna Sokolow’s Rooms
Authors: Kosstrin Hannah
Published: May 2017

Celebrated for its themes of postwar alienation, Anna Sokolow’s Rooms (1954) also subverts 1950s expectations for gendered and sexualized bodies onstage. Rooms’ vignettes reveal queerness through dancers’ feelings of isolation and expressions of normative and queer desire, panic, unrequited love, absent lovers, and contemplations of suicide. These queer spaces include moments of homosexual longing and moments of non-conforming heterosexuality that undermine normalcy and lead to a reconsideration of Rooms’ function within early Cold War politics. This essay posits that the tension between queer and universal representation in Rooms invokes the 1950s climate of fear that caused gay people to live closeted lives under the threat of persecution. Through reading Rooms as a queer text within the context of the Lavender Scare, this essay shows how queer lives were central to the general marginalized experience Sokolow presented in this dance, and how through presentations like Rooms queerness defined the 1950s mainstream.
A minimum mass nebula for M dwarfs
Authors: Gaidos E.
Published: May 2017

Recently revealed differences in planets around M dwarf versus solar-type stars could arise from differences in their primordial discs and surveys of T Tauri stars find a correlation between stellar mass and disc mass. ‘Minimum’ discs have been reconstructed for the Solar system and solar-type stars and here this exercise is performed for M dwarfs using Kepler-detected planets. Distribution of planet mass between current orbits produces a disc with total mass of ≈0.009 M⊙ and a power-law profile with index α = 2.2. Disc reconstruction from the output of a forward model of planet formation indicates that the effect of detection bias on disc profile is slight and that the observed scatter in planet masses and semimajor axes are consistent with a universal disc profile. This nominal M dwarf disc is more centrally concentrated than those inferred around the solar-type stars observed by Kepler, and the mass surface density beyond 0.02 au is sufficient for in situ accretion of planets as single embryos. The mass of refractory solids within 0.5 au is 5.6 M⊕ compared to 4 M⊕ for solar-type stars in contrast with the trend with total disc mass. The total solid beyond 0.5 au is sufficient for the core of at least one giant planet.
Cervical Total Disc Replacement and Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion: Reoperation Rates, Complications, and Hospital Resource Utilization in 72 688 Patients in the United States
Authors: Rumalla Kavelin , Smith Kyle A , Arnold Paul M
Published: May 2017

BACKGROUND

Healthcare readmissions are important causes of increased cost and have profound clinical impact. Thirty-day readmissions in spine surgery have been well documented. However, rates, causes, and outcomes are not well understood outside 30 d.

OBJECTIVE

To analyze 30- and 90-d readmissions for a retrospective cohort of anterior cervical discectomy and fusions (ACDF) and total disc replacement (TDR) for degenerative cervical conditions.

METHODS

The Nationwide Readmissions Database approximates 50% of all US hospitalizations with patient identifiers to track patients longitudinally. Patients greater than 18 yr old were identified. Rates of readmission for 30 and 90 d were calculated. Predictor variables, complications, outcomes, and costs were analyzed via univariate and multivariable analyses.

RESULTS

Between January and September 2013, 72 688 patients were identified. The 30- and 90-d readmission rates were 2.67% and 5.97%, respectively. The most prevalent reason for 30-d readmission was complication of medical/surgical care (20.3%), whereas for 90-d readmission it was degenerative spine etiology (19.2%). Common risk factors for 30- and 90-d readmission included older age, male gender, Medicare/Medicaid, prolonged initial length of stay, and various comorbidities. Unique risk factors for 30- and 90-d readmissions included adverse discharge disposition and mechanical implant-related complications, respectively. When comparing ACDF and TDR, ACDFs were associated with increased 90-d readmissions (6.0% vs 4.3%). The TDR cohort had a shorter length of stay, lower complication rate, and fewer adverse discharge dispositions.

CONCLUSION

Identification of readmission causes and predictors is important to potentially allow for changes in periperative management. Decreasing readmissions would improve patient outcomes and reduce healthcare costs.
Reduced Efficacy of the Pipeline Embolization Device in the Treatment of Posterior Communicating Region Aneurysms with Fetal Posterior Cerebral Artery Configuration
Authors: Roy Anil K , Howard Brian M , Haussen Diogo C , Osbun Joshua W , Halani Sameer H , Skukalek Susana L , Tong Frank , Nogueira Raul G , Dion Jacques E , Cawley Charles M , Grossberg Jonathan A
Published: May 2017

BACKGROUND

Aneurysms at the origin of the posterior communicating artery (PcommA) have been demonstrated to be effectively treated with the pipeline embolization device (PED). Much less is known about the efficacy of the PED for aneurysms associated with a fetal posterior cerebral artery (fPCA) variant.

OBJECTIVE

To study PED treatment efficacy of PcommA aneurysms, including fPCA aneurysms.

METHODS

A prospectively maintained university database of aneurysm patients treated with the PED was retrospectively reviewed. Demographics, treatment details, and imaging were reviewed for all PcommA and fPCA aneurysms.

RESULTS

Out of a total of 285 patients treated with PED, 50 patients (mean age 57.5 ± 12.2 yr, 42 females) with unruptured PcommA (9 fPCA) aneurysms were identified. Mean follow-up duration was 14.0 ± 11.6 mo (48 patients). Roy-Raymond class I occlusion on follow-up magnetic resonance or catheter angiography (mean time 11.7 ± 6.8 mo) was achieved in 30 patients (62.5%), class II occlusion in 11 patients (22.9%) and class III occlusion in 7 patients (14.5%). The PcommA was occluded in 56% of patients without any clinical symptoms. No deaths or permanent neurological complications occurred. In fPCA aneurysms, class I occlusion was seen in 1 patient, class 2 occlusion in 2 patients, and class III occlusion in 6 patients. Multivariate analysis revealed an independent association between incomplete occlusion and fPCA configuration (OR 73.65; 95% CI: 5.84-929.13; P = .001).

CONCLUSION

The PED is a safe and effective treatment for PcommA aneurysms, although fetal anatomy should increase consideration of traditional endovascular techniques or surgical clipping.
Lactobacillus rhamnosus Endocarditis After Upper Endoscopy
Authors: Aaron Justin G. , Sobieszczyk Magdalena E. , Weiner Shepard D. , Whittier Susan , Lowy Franklin D.
Published: May 2017

Lactobacillus rhamnosus is commonly found in gastrointestinal flora and used in probiotics but is a rare human pathogen. We report a case of L. rhamnosus endocarditis following upper endoscopy in a frequent consumer of yogurt containing the organism, who required aortic and mitral valve replacement for cure.
Anthropology and the Critique of Metaphysics in the Early Herder
Authors: Heinz Marion
Published: May 2017

The chapter presents a synthetic account of the young Herder’s metaphysics and epistemology, based on several short pieces from the 1760s, with the intention of bringing into relief their strikingly systematic and coherent nature. The objective is to give the reader a greater sense of the philosophical depth of Herder’s anthropology. The first section examines God’s relationship to the world he creates. The second turns to the analogous relationship, based on interaction, between the soul and the body it builds for itself. And in the third, we bring this all together in order to understand how the embodied soul, through engagement with the world, obtains knowledge, and acquires its identity as a historical-cultural being.
Between History and Nature
Authors: Waldow Anik
Published: May 2017

From within the philosophy of history and history of science alike, attention has been paid to Herder’s naturalist commitment and especially to the way in which his interest in medicine, anatomy, and biology facilitates philosophically significant notions of force, organism, and life. As such, Herder’s contribution is taken to be part of a wider eighteenth-century effort to move beyond Newtonian mechanism and the scientific models to which it gives rise. In this scholarship, Herder’s hermeneutic philosophy—as it grows out of his engagement with poetry, drama, and both literary translation and literary documentation projects—has received less attention. Taking as its point of departure Herder’s early work, this chapter proposes that, in his work on literature, Herder formulates an anthropologically sensitive approach to the human sciences that has still not received the attention it deserves.
Herder and the Jewish Question
Authors: Beiser Frederick C.
Published: May 2017

Herder brings the entire human being into focus by tracing its connections with the natural, cultural, and historical world. The first part of the volume examines the various dimensions of Herder’s philosophical understanding of human nature through which he sought methodologically to delineate a genuinely anthropological philosophy. This includes his critique of traditional metaphysics and its revision along anthropological lines; the metaphysical, epistemological, and physiological dimensions of his theory of the soul-body relationship; his conception of aesthetics as the study of the sensuous basis of knowledge; and the relationship between the human and natural sciences. The second part then examines further aspects of this understanding of human nature and what emerges from it: the human-animal distinction; how human life evolves over space and time on the basis of a natural order; the fundamentally hermeneutic dimension to human existence; and the interrelatedness of language, history, religion, and culture.