bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Die Ermittlung der Porengrößenverteilung aus der Körnung, dem Gehalt an organischer Substanz und der Lagerungsdichte
Authors: Renger M.
Published: February 2007

The estimation of pore size distribution from texture, organic matter content and bulk density

Using regression analysis the dependence of the pore size distribution of soils on the compactness and percentage of organic matter, clay and silt was studied on 450 soil horizons. From the results nomograms for determination of the pore size distribution were constructed.

The average deviation between pore size distribution as read from the nomograms compared and determined in the laboratory is ∼ ± 3 Vol.‐%.
Die Messung der Katalaseaktivität von Böden
Authors: Beck Th.
Published: February 2007

The determination of Catalase Activity in Soils by Dr. Beck

1. The elaboration of a method for the determination of the activity of catalase in soils is described. The method envolves the gasvolumetric determination of oxygen released by decomposition of a H2O2‐solution by soils, suspended in buffers in the presence and absence of the catalase inhibitor NaN3.

2. The influences of the following factors on catalase activity were studied: Methods for the determination of developed oxygen, enzyme‐ and substrate concentration, inhibition of catalase by NaN3, pH‐ and temperature‐optima of catalase and the presence of plant residues in soils.

3. It was found, that there was only a little decrease in catalase activity when fresh or dried samples of soils were stored over a periode of 4 months under laboratory conditions. The catalase activity of different soils showed very good correspondence to the dehydrogenase activity of the soils and less correspondence to the amount of soil respiration and the amylase activity. No relation could be found to the number of microorganisms in soil.
Der Einfluß der Primärlößmelioration auf die K‐Fixierung, weitere chemische Eigenschaften und den Ertrag von Parabraunerden
Authors: Aeppli H. , Harrach T.
Published: February 2007

The Influence of the Primary Loess Amelioration on the K Fixation, other Chemical Characteristics and the Yield of Parabraunerden

The pH‐values, carbonate content and the Ca‐saturation of the top soil increase by adding calcareous loess to a loessial soil, whereas the H + Al‐saturation decreases. During a two years experiment no change occured on the subsoil.

It seems that there is no increased decomposition of organic substance, the decrease of the C‐content corresponds with the dilution which took place. In the Ap ‐horizon the calcareous loess causes a decrease of exchangeable K, whereas K‐fixation increases considerably.

On a soil poorly supplied with nutrients the primary loess amelioration caused a yield decrease on account of the dilution and the additional fixation of K available for plants. On a well supplied soil a yield increase could be stated which probably can still be increases by fertilizing with additional K.
Ertragsabhängigkeit des Spinats und einiger seiner wertbestimmenden Bestandteile von der Düngung
Authors: Hulewicz D. , Mokrzecka E.
Published: February 2007

The Dependence of the Yield of Spinach and of Some of its Constituents on Fertilisation

1. The increase in the spinach crop, caused by nitrogen was conditioned by the simultaneous application of potassium.

2. The increased growth of the spinach crop induced by increasing magnesium application did not decrease in spite of rising potassium applications.

3. The spinach crop height depended on the reciprocal of the Ca/Mg relation. Any displacement of the relation towards calcium caused an increase in the crop only with low levels of magnesium. Displacement towards magnesium gave the largest crop.

4. Doubling of the calcium application showed no Ca++ and K+ antagonism which affected the crop.

5. The increase of the ascorbic acid and carotene content caused by manganese and boron attained the highest value with a double application of these elements.

6. Increasing nitrogen application caused a rise in nitrate content. A threefold application of boron reduced this by 50%.
Einfluß von Chlorcholinchlorid (CCC) auf den Gibberellingehalt (GA3) von Getreidepflanzen
Authors: Sadeghian E.
Published: February 2007

Influence of CCC on the content of gibberellic acid in cereals

In green cereal plants from pot and seedling experiments the effect of CCC‐treatment upon the plants' contents of gibberellic acid (GA3) respectively upon gibberellic acid synthesis was examined. Methanol extracts were extracted at pH 2.6–2.8 with ethyl acetate and with n‐butanol. Gibberellic acid was identified and isolated from both extracts by thin‐layer chromatography. Its biological activity was examined by means of the dwarf pea test (kleine Rheinländerin). The results may be summarized as follows:

CCC treatment decreased the content of gibberellic acid in all cereals tested. Together with the decrease of stalk length the gibberellic acid contents diminished.

Treatment of cereals with authentic gibberellic acid (GA3) increased stalk length even after CCC‐treatment. Thus the physiological effect of added gibberellic acid was not influenced by CCC. Cancelling of CCC effects by treatment with gibberellic acid suggests, that between both compounds does not exist a competitive inhibition.

CCC‐treatment decreased the content of gibberellic acid (GA3) in all experiments, however the gibberellic acid synthesis was probably not completely stopped under the conditions of this experiment (50 to 150 mg CCC per pot).

Gibberellic acid (GA3) was rarely found in n‐butanol extracts but mainly in ethyl acetate extracts.
Die Speicherung von 3,4‐Benzfluoranthen in Sommerweizen und Sommerroggen
Authors: Wagner K.‐H. , Siddiqi I.
Published: February 2007

The storage of 3,4‐Benzfluoranthen in summer wheat and summer rye

An increase of concentration of benz [e] acephenanthrylene in the soil, raises the content in summer wheat and rye. Speculation as to a possible biosynthesis of this compound cannot be agreed too.
Der Einfluß von Niederschlag und Höhenlage auf den Humusgehalt ostafrikanischer Böden
Authors: Jagnow G.
Published: February 2007

The influence of precipitation and altitude on the humus content of East African soils

Positive correlations were found between the log of the carbon and nitrogen content of the 0–15 cm soil layer, altitude and average annual precipitation of 20 grassland soils, 13 forest soils and 21 cultivated soils at altitudes of 10–2840 m and a precipitation of 380–2410 mm in Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda. For each of the soil groups equations with the two variables altitude and precipitation were derived, which accounted for 76–93 per cent of the variation of the carbon (0,42–5,62%) and nitrogen (0,04–0,71%) content. There was no correlation between altitude, precipitation and the C/N ratio of the soils.
Reaktionen von Ca‐Montmorillonit und Ca‐Vermiculit mit Kohlensäure
Authors: Veith J. , Schwertmann U.
Published: February 2007

Reaction of Ca‐Montmorillonite and Ca‐Vermiculite with CO2

The treatment of Ca‐montmorillonite and Ca‐vermiculite with carbonic acid (Pco2 = 2 atm) has shown the following results:

In the pH range of ± 3.9–6.0 Ca is exchanged by H directly only on pH dependent (variable) charge sites (Cav), whereas, Ca on permanent charge sites (Cap) is exchanged only by lattice cations mainly Al released by proton attack. Therefore, with regard to proton uptake from carbonic acid the two Ca‐clays behave as extremely weak acids.

The exchange of Cav proceeds rapidly that of Cap much more slowly, the first one is essentially reversible the latter at least not within a short period of time. The proportion of Cav is found from a graphical extrapolation of the Ca saturation‐pH‐function (fig. 3).

Al released during the initial stage of the reaction is non exchangeable, prevents the expandable minerals partly from collapsing on K tratement (verm. much more than mont.) and has an OH/Al ratio of about 2. On treating the same clay sample several times or at low suspension concentrations exchangeable Al with OH/Al = O occurs. Exchangeable hydrogen was never detected. Vermiculite is less resistent against carbonic acid than montmorillonite.

The results were discussed in respect to the mechanism of release of lattice constituents and in respect to Al release under the influence of CO2‐concentrations of soils.
Der Einfluß variierter Düngergaben von Stickstoff, Kupfer und Magnesium auf den Ertrag von Hafer
Authors: Kühn H. , Judel G. K.
Published: February 2007

The Influence of varying Amounts of Nitrogen, Copper and Magnesium on the Yield of Oat

1. In pot experiments with oat high amounts of copper (500 mg) copper sulfate/pot, comparable to 50 kg (Cu/ha) together with a high nitrogen supply as calcium nitrate led to a remarkable increase in yield of grain in comparison to a normal copper fertilization (50 mg copper sulfate/pot, comparable to 5 kg Cu/ha). When using high amounts of ammonium sulfate the observed effect of high amounts of copper was only small.

2. According to the results and to the copper content and copper uptake of the plant it was concluded, that nitrogen fertilization given as ammonium sulfate increased the availability of soil copper and/or fertilizer copper presumably by affecting the soil reaction. Nitrogen fertilization given as calcium nitrate therefore needs a higher copper level in the root medium either from soil or fertilizers in order to obtain the maximum yield.

3. It was assumed that the form of nitrogen fertilizers was responsible for the different availability of copper in these experiments, as the amount of available copper in the soil increased with the lowering of soil pH due to ammonium sulfate addition.

4. The high copper supply to the soil remarkably reduced the harmful effect of high amounts of nitrogen given as calcium nitrate but not as ammonium sulfate.

5. The nitrogen fertilization with calcium nitrate, especially in combination with a high copper supply, resulted in the reducing effect of a magnesium deficiency.

6. The harmful effect of high amounts of nitrogen, especially in the ammonium sulfate form, upon yield was reduced by an optimal magnesium supply.

7. The results presented suggest that for evaluating the copper status of the soil and for estimating the demands of copper fertilization, soil reaction and its change by the form of nitrogen fertilizers should more be taken in consideration.
Der Einfluß der Kalium‐Ernährung auf den Gehalt und das Spektrum löslicher Aminoverbindungen in Rotklee (Trifolium pratense L.)
Authors: Koch K. , Mengel K.
Published: February 2007

Effect of potassium nutrition on the content and the spectrum of soluble amino compounds in Red Clover

1. A better K nutrition of Red Clover (Trifolium pratense) resulted in higher contents of soluble amino acids of the upper plant parts. The plants of the treatment with the highest K application showed nearly double as high contents of glutamic acid, aspartic acid, alanine and γ‐aminobutyric acid than the plants of the K0 treatment. The content of asparagine was not as much affected by the K nutrition and the content of glutamine was even lowered.

2. Red Clover responded on the K treatment with its content of soluble amino compounds quite different than non leguminous plant species which show decreasing contents of soluble amino acids with an increasing K nutrition. Therefore it is concluded, that the K nutrition of legumes affects the N2‐fixation of Rhizobium leguminosarum.

3. The higher contents of soluble amino compounds did not influence the protein content of the upper plant parts. But with the better K supply the yields were increased considerably and therefore also higher yields of proteins were harvested. Very low K supply resulted in a high protein content, due to an inhibition of plant growth.
Identifizierung und Bestimmung einiger Gibberelline und der Einfluß von Chlorcholinchlorid (CCC) auf das Gibberellinspektrum der einzelnen Getreidearten
Authors: Sadeghian E.
Published: February 2007

Identification and determination of some gibberellins in the gibberellin spectrum of some cereals, als affected by CCC treatment

The gibberellin contents of wheat, barley and oat plants, treated with CCC, were studied during the vegetative period. It was possible to identify a characteristic gibberellin spectrum for every cereal plant examined, although the variation was in a limited number of gibberellin forms. A great variation in the content of individual gibberellic acid forms was noticed, as well, among the different cereals studied. The highest content of gibberellins was found with GA3. The content of GA5 was lower than that of GA9 while was not generally higher than that of GA8. CCC‐treated cereal plants showed lower values of gibberellins when compared with those of control. On the other hand, CCC treatment did not affect the content of gibberellins in the spikes which showed a considerably high content of GA3, GA5 and GA9. A higher content of GA7 was observed in both barley and oats, but not in the case of wheat, during tillering stage. However it was difficult, from the results of the present work, to indicate whether GA7 is reponsible for the week effect of CCC obtained with both barley and oats or not.
Einfluß von Lagerungsdichte, Ton‐ und Schluff‐ sowie Humusgehalt auf die Wassergehaltsbestimmung mit Neutronensonden
Authors: Hanus H. , Süß A. , Schurmann G.
Published: February 2007

Influences of soil density, clay, silt‐ and humus content on measurements of soil‐water by neutron gauges.
Zur pflanzenphysiologischen Bedeutung des Selens. I. Mitteilung: Die oxydative Bildung von Selenit und Selenat und deren analytische Bestimmung in den Testsubstraten
Authors: Kramer W. , Ziechmann W.
Published: February 2007

In belüfteten Hydroponik‐ und Quarzsandgefäßen wurde der Lichteinfluß auf die oxydative Bildung von Selenit und Selenat aus elementarem Selen, die des Selenats aus Selenit und die reduktive Ausscheidung von elementarem Selen und Selenit untersucht. Die gebildeten Mengen an Selenit wurden nach einer 8wöchigen Versuchsdauer mit Hilfe einer Differenzmethode bestimmt.

Die Einwirkung von Licht bewirkte während der Versuchsperiode eine relative Erhöhung des Selenat‐ und eine geringere Bildung des Selenitanteils bei Anwesenheit von elementarem Selen. Die zu Beginn der Oxydationsversuche zugegebene Nährlösung begünstigte unter Lichteinwirkung beim angewendeten elementarem Selen eine Erhöhung des Selenit‐ und eine Herabsetzung des Selenatanteiles.

Bei der Anwendung von Natriumselenit zeigten sich in den Hydroponikgefäßen kaum Unterschiede in den Ausfällung von elementarem Selen durch unterschiedlichen Lichteinfluß und Nährlösungszusatz. Dieser kam nur bei den Quarzsandgefäßen zum Ausdruck, wo unter der Einwirkung des Lichtes ohne Nährlösung durch Vorherrschen der reduktiven Bedingungen mehr elementares Selen gebildet wurde und somit weniger Selenat vorhanden war als bei Anwesenheit der Nährlösung.
Modellversuche zur Substanzverlagerung in Böden
Authors: Becher H. H. , Hartge K. H.
Published: February 2007

Model Experiments Showing Transport of Fine Material in Soil Pores.
Der Einfluß von Bewässerung und Fruchtfolge auf den Humus‐ und Stickstoffhaushalt sowie die Bodenproduktivität in der Gezira (Sudan)
Authors: Jagnow G.
Published: February 2007

The influence of irrigation and crop rotation on the humus and nitrogen balance and soil productivity in the Sudan Gezira.

Yields of Sorghum and Cotton, but not of Dolichos increased up to 3 times from the 10th to the 30th year in an unfertilized, irrigated field experiment on a vertisol with crop rotations of Cotton, Sorghum and Dolichos, esspecially after preceding years of bare fallow. Nitrogen fixation by root nodules and asymbiotic fixation by Azotobacter and blue green algae are discussed as a cause of the increased soil productivity.

In a field pot trial with 2.5 cm layers of flooded soil 75 ppm of nitrogen were fixed in 12 weeks by blue green algae. On fertilization with 0.1% K2HPO4 and 0.1% K2HPO4 + 50 ppm Na2MoO4 they fixed 244 and 290 ppm N respectively. Drying and reflooding the soil once to several times caused the N‐fixation to decrease steadily until it stopped with weekly dryings.

Strong increases and decreases of organic C and N were observed in moist and also in dry field soil in different seasons as well as short term fluctuations of organic N in dry field soil.
Phosphatsorption einiger Böden in Bayern
Authors: Schwertmann U. , Knittel H.
Published: February 2007

Phosphate adsorption of some Bavarian soils.

Phosphate adsorption isotherms were established in buffered (pH 4.6, 5.5, 7.0) and some in unbuffered (0.01 M CaCl2) systems for 9 soil profiles, 6 of which represent loess soils in various stages of development. In the P‐equilibrium concentration range of 0–10−4 mole/l two to three ranges can be identified, each of which obeys the Langmuir equation. In the lowest concentration range (0–0.2·10−4 mole/l) adsorption is linearly related to equilibrium concentration. For the different Langmuir ranges the adsorption maxima (b) increase and the adsorption coefficients (k) decrease with increasing equilibrium concentration. The maxima depend on buffer‐pH in the order 5.5<4.6<7.0.

A single point method similar to the one recently proposed by Bache and Williams (1971) was succesfully applied to obtain b from a single measurement using a significant correlation between b from complete isotherms and the ratio of P adsorbed to that in solution after the addition of a fixed amount of P (0.8–1,6 mg P/g of soil).

The b‐values in the equilibrium concentration range of 1–20·10−4 mole/l depend mainly on soil pH (negative) and clay (positive) (multiple correlation coefficient r = 0.858). The common reason for this appears to be the amount of exchangeable Al which is also significantly correlated with b. During soil development the depth function of b changes due to decalcification, drop of pH and migration of clay and iron oxides.
Ermittlung von Grenzwerten optimaler Kupfer‐Versorgung für Hafer und Sommergerste
Authors: Thiel H. , Finck A.
Published: February 2007

Determination of limiting values of optimum copper supply of oat and barley plants.

In order to determine the copper content required by oat and barley plants (limiting values), pot experiments with increased copper supply as well as plants of high yielding fields were analyzed. Because of the great influence of the nitrogen supply on the Cu‐requirement, the limiting values for Cu should always be related to the range of optimum N‐contents (30–40%o N at the beginning of tillering and 12–20%o at the appearance of the panicle).

From the pot experiments the following limiting values in the dry matter of the aerial parts of oats can bei deduced: 5 ppm Cu at the beginning of tillering and 3 ppm at the appearance of the panicle. For (spring sown) barley the corresponding values are 5.5 and 3.5 ppm Cu.

The limiting values obtained from the field samples are 4 ppm for oats and 5 ppm für barley (both valid for a yield level of 5 t/ha).

In view of their higher yield level, the data of the pot experiments are considered the ‘theoretical’ limiting values.
Der Einfluß der Kaliumkonzentration der ‘Bodenlösung’ auf den Ertrag, den Wasserverbrauch und die K‐Aufnahmearten von Zuckerrüben (Beta vulgaris ssp. esculenta var. altissima)
Authors: Mengel K. , Forster H.
Published: February 2007

The effect of the potassium concentration of the “soil solution” on the yield, the water consumption and the potassium uptake rates of sugar beets (Beta vulgaris ssp. esculenta var. altissima).

1. The object of this experiment was to investigate which K concentration of the nutrient solution can be regarded as optimal for the growth of sugar beets. The nutrient medium was a quartz sand with a nutrient solution, of which the nutrient concentration could be controlled and corrected at any time due to a newly developed technique. Compared with a solution culture this technique enables a contact surface between the roots and the soil solution, which equals more field conditions.

2. The experment had three treatments with the following K concentrations: 0.2, 1A and 5.0 me K/1. These K concentrations were controlled and corrected by K additions and were kept approximately constant during the growing period.

3. The yields of beet roots and sugar of the treatment “0.2 me K” were significantly lower than the yields of the other two treatments. Although a K concentration of 5.0 me K means a considerable high concentration, the plants of this treatment did not show any depressive effects. Moreover this treatment (5.0 me K) showed the highest yield in beet roots and sugar, which, however, did not differ significantly from the yields of the treatment “1.0 me K”. It is concluded that this K concentration (1.0 me) of the nutrient solution can be regarded as optimal for sugar beet plants. Also under field conditions the order of magnitude of this K concentration in the soil solution may be optimal.

4. The daily uptake rates for K were the higher the K concentration of the nutrient solution was. This tendency was particularly obvious in the beginning of the growing period. In each treatments the highest K uptake rates were observed during the maximum leaf growth (2nd half of July).

5. High K uptake rates resulted mainly in a considerable increase of the K content of the leaves. But the total cation content (K, Na, Mg, Ca) of the leaves was not affected by these high K uptake rates. In the treatment “0.2 me K” the very low K content of the leaves was compensated quantitatively by higher contents of Ca and Mg. This replacement of K by Ca and Mg, however, could not substitute for the specific functions of K in yield formation.

6. The water consumption of the plants related to the weight unit beet roots was the lower the higher the K concentration of the nutrient solution was. Particularly during August and the 1st half of September simultaneously with a higher production of organic material the better K supply resulted in an absolutely lower water consumption.
Effects of temperature, microbial activity, salinity, and pH on the release of nitrogen of sulfur‐coated urea
Authors: Oertli J. J.
Published: February 2007

Die Wirkung von Temperatur, Mikroorganismenaktivität, Salzgehalt und pH auf die Stickstoff‐Freisetzung von mit Schwefel ummanteltem Harnstoff.

Die Wirkung einiger Umweltfaktoren auf die Stickstoffgabe von Schwefel‐umhülltem Harnstoffdünger wurde in Elutionsexperimenten untersucht.

Die Nährstoffabgabe nimmt stark zu mit der Temperatur (Q10 ist 5 und höher).

Die Abgabe von Harnstoff und dessen Hydrolyse zu Ammoniumionen wird durch Thymol, d.h. durch sterile Bedingungen, stark gehemmt. Impfung mit Thiobacillus thiooxidans fördert die Abgabe bei 34° C, hemmt aber die Hydrolyse des Harnstoffs unter alien Bedingungen.

Hohe Eluatkonzentrationen haben relativ wenig Wirkung, und nur eine mäßige Hemmung der weiteren Harnstoffabgabe wird beobachtet. Für die Hydrolyse des Harnstoffs scheint es eine Optimumkonzentration zu geben.

Niedrige pH Werte, verursacht durch die Aktivität von Th. thiooxidans gehen parallel mit einer starken Hemmung der Harnstoffhydrolyse und oft mit einer Förderung der Stickstoffabgabe.

Aus der Temperaturempfindlichkeit der Stickstoffabgabe wird geschlossen, daß es schwierig sein wird, eine Stickstoffgabe zu bestimmen, die unter allen Bedingungen genügend und dazu auch immer ungiftig ist.
Umwandlung und Verfügbarkeit von Rohphosphat (Hyperphos) verglichen mit aufgeschlossenen Phosphaten unter kontrollierten Temperatur‐ und Feuchtebedingungen
Authors: Scharafat I. , Finck A.
Published: February 2007

Transformation and availability of rock phosphate (Hyperphos) compared with other fertilizer phosphates under controlled temperature and moisture conditions.

In order to characterize the efficient portion of a fertilizer after transformation in soil, in samples of typical soils of Schleswig‐Holstein the easily mobilizable and the mobile P‐content were investigated with specific extractants.

The transformation under controlled varied temperature and moisture conditions results first (besides in mobile phosphates) in easily mobilizable Ca‐phosphate. In acid soils this changes gradually into Al‐ and Fe‐phosphate the content of which decreases due to ageing (transformation into hardly mobilizable forms). The pH is the most important factor influencing the kind of transformation whereas high temperature and moisture content mainly increase speed and extent (high temperature accelerating especially the ageing process). The water soluble phosphate is less influenced by temperatur and moisture.

The best efficiency of rock phosphates results from rapid transformation (promoted by low pH) into easily mobilizable soil phosphate followed by an ageing‐retarding constellation of factors such as low temperature and moisture.
Zur Entwicklung der Kalium‐Mangelsymptome von Sommerraps
Authors: Pissarek H.‐P.
Published: February 2007

The development of potassium deficiency symptoms in summer rape

Macroscopic, microscopic and chemical investigations of summer rape plants, grown under glass at different levels of potassium, led to the following results.

1. Marginal and intervenal chlorosis of sucessive leaves as well as withering and darkgreen colour can be considered as the early symptoms of potassium deficiency in rape.

2. Chlorosis appears often (especially in cases of slight potassium deficiency) first of all in the middle leaves and later in the old leaves.

3. With plants, recieving normal amounts of potassium, the highest concentration of potassium is found in the old leaves and the lowest in the young. Only in cases of acute deficiency is this reciprocal.

4. The potassium deficiency symptom sequences, given in the literature, appear to be dubious, since the causal relationship, hitherto accepted, between the appearance of collapsed cortical tissue, the enlargement of parenchyma cells and secondary cambium activity does not exist.

5. The cambium activity in the stalk with potassium deficiency and so the formation of xylem and phloem is greatly damaged. The formation of structural elements, such as sclerenchyma fibres and woody parenchyma cells, however, is especially affected by this deficiency.

6. There are indications that stem necrosis, described as a typical potassium deficiency symptom, is primarily related to parasitic infection favoured by potassium deficiency.
Physiologische Voraussetzungen für die Bildung der Kupfermangelsymptome
Authors: Rahimi A. , Bussler W.
Published: February 2007

Physiological conditions for the development of copper deficiency symptoms

So as to be able to follow the appearance of copper deficiency symptoms, investigations were initiated to study the time of lignification, transpiration, guard cell mechanism and the growth of epidermis cells.

Summarising, it was ascertained that:

1) The cause of all typical copper deficiency symptoms, rolling up of the leaves, followed by wilting and death, lies in retarded lignification and incomplete formation of the vascular structure.

2) Damaged guard cells must be seen as a late occurring subsequent symptom. This damage appears after the onset of the visible symptoms and still longer after the delay in lignification.

3) No relation could be found between the wilting symptoms and the development of epidermis cells.
Potassium release and clay degradation as affected by sodium chloride
Authors: Tahoun S. , Hamdi H.
Published: February 2007

K‐Abgabe und Tonzersetzung durch NaCl‐Behandlung von S. Tahoun und H. Hamdi

Der Einfluß von NaCl auf die Kaliumfreisetzung und damit verbundene Veränderungen der Tonminerale einiger alluvialer Böden wurden untersucht. Die Tonfraktion wurde abgetrennt, mit K bzw. Ca gesättigt und anschließend mit 0.5 n NaCl in Intervallen von 12 Stunden 30 Tage behandelt.

Aufgrund der Tatsache, daß das vorherrschende Tonmineral Montmorillonit war, wurden beachtliche Mengen Kalium innerhalb weniger Tage ausgetauscht. Mineraleigenes K war sehr resistent gegen die NaCl‐Behandlung. Es kann deshalb angenommen werden, daß die vorliegenden Glimmer Muskovite sind.

Die NaCl‐Behandlung bewirkte eine Abnahme der Kristallblattdicke der Tonminerale. Wir schließen daraus, daß ein Bruch an den angewitterten Ecken des Tonmineralgitters aufgetreten ist, so daß kleinere Teilchen sowie amorphe Substanzen entstanden sind.
Die Wirkung von Chlorcholinchlorid (CCC) auf die Ausbildung des Wurzelsystems von Sonnenblumen in Abhängigkeit vom Wassergehalt des Bodens
Authors: Farrahi‐Aschtiani S. , Scharifian S.
Published: February 2007

The effect of chlorcholinchloride (CCC) on the root formation of sunflower in relation to soil water content

Sunflowers were cultivated in pot trials under dry and moist conditions with and without CCC in order to find whether CCC can improve growth under dry conditions. The influence of soil moisture and CCC on the yield and on the anatomy of the roots was investigated. It appears that:

1. Growth under dry conditions was improved by the use of CCC

2. The stele was much enlarged by CCC which causes a marked increase in root diameter.

3. The effect of water deficiency in dry conditions cannot be eliminated by the use of CCC

4. The noticeable improvement in root growth under dry conditions after the use of CCC should be investigated further with regard to an improved usage of dry regions.
Molybdänverteilung und ‐verträglichkeit bei Tomate, Sonnenblume und Bohne
Authors: Hecht‐Buchholz Charlotte
Published: February 2007

The distribution of molybdenum in tomatoes, sunflowers and beans and their sensitivity towards molybdenum.

The influence of increasing levels of molybdenum on the growth, molybdenum uptake and distribution in individual plant organs was investigated in tomatoes, beans and sunflowers in a 9 day trial.

With tomatoes, which showed marked damage with high molybdenum levels, the molybdenum content of dry matter was highest in the leaf and lowest in the stem. On the otherhand, beans, insensitive towards the high molybdenum level, dry matter molybdenum content was appreciably higher in the stem than in the leaf.

It is supposed that in plant species, insensitive to high molybdenum levels, such as beans, molybdenum preferably accumulates in the vacuoles of the vascular parenchyma. In contrast in tomatoes, sensitive to high molybdenum levels, molybdenum is held less firmly in this tissue and can attain damaging levels in the cytoplasm of the youngest leaf tissue cells.

It is supposed, on the basis of the reactions which were carried out with expressed root juice and on the basis of the yellow colouration attainable in vitro in the tissue caused by the addition of molybdate solution, that the yellow colouration appearing in the cells and plant organs of various plant species, here tomatoes and sunflowers, with high molybdenum levels is due to a reaction between molybdenum and polyvalent phenols in cellsap.
Der Einfluß der Stickstoffversorgung auf den Proteingehalt von Daucus carota
Authors: Linser H. , Zeid F. A.
Published: February 2007

The effect of nitrogen supply on protein content of Daucus carota

1. An addition of doubled quantity of nitrogen resulted predominantly after 80 days of growth in increased dry matter production of roots. The dry matter yield of roots increased by one and half times.

2. By addition of double quantity of nitrogen, the pure protein content of the whole plant was approximatly doubled.

3. At the higher level of nitrogen, the part of pure protein content of leaves which accumulated in roots was increased.

4. The pure protein content expressed as % of dry matter lies materialy lower in the roots than in the leaves and decreases subsequently with increasing age of the plant both in the leaves as well as in the roots. The half of the initial protein content of the dry matter was reached 13 days later at high nitrogen level than at low level. The obtained end value is higher at high nitrogen supply as compared to low nitrogen supply.

5. At high nitrogen supply the increments in system last 19 days longer than at low supply. After 60 days of growth the increments to product at high nitrogen supply exceed well those at low nitrogen supply. The % synthesis capacity of system for product at low nitrogen supply exceed well those to high nitrogen supply approximately till 100 days of growth.

6. The addition of higher level of nitrogen increased the synthesis capacity of system for product, not through the better utilization of the synthesized system but through enlarging the system itself. The system of plants, better supplied with nitrogen showed lowered synthesis capacity for product (calculated as per unit of weight).

7. The % synthesis capacity of system of leaves for the system of whole plant at high nitrogen supply lies temporarily higher than at low nitrogen supply.
Einfluß von Natriumchlorid und Mycostatin auf den Mineralstoffgehalt im Blattgewebe und die Feinstruktur der Chloroplasten
Authors: Marschner H. , Mix G.
Published: February 2007

Effect of Sodium Chloride and Mycostatin on the Mineral Content of Leaf Segments and on the Fine Structure of Chloroplasts

Leaf segments of bean, barley and sugar beet were treated for several hours with 25 meq NaC1 or with the antibiotica mycostatin. The effect of these treatments on the content of potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium and chloride in the leaf segments and on the fine structure of chloroplasts was studied.

In bean sodium chloride treatment induced strong efflux of potassium and swelling of the chloroplasts. Sodium sulfate or mycostatin had the same effect. Despite of the strong efflux of potassium the content of calcium and magnesium in the segments was practically unaffected. Addition of 1 meq calcium to the external solution prevented the effect of sodium chloride on efflux of potassium as well as on the fine structure.

In barley sodium chloride or mycostatin also induced efflux of potassium and swelling of the chloroplasts. These effects, however, were less pronounced than in bean. Again the content of calcium and magnesium in the segments was practically unaffected, and the addition of 1 meq calcium compensated the effect of sodium chloride.

In sugar beet both mycostatin and sodium chloride did not induce efflux of potassium, despite of a strong influx of sodium in the sodium chloride treatment. In both treatments no change in the fine structure of the chloroplasts was observed.

It was proved by isolation of chloroplasts that the typical sodium chloride induced differences in efflux of potassium from the leaf segments is also reflected in efflux of potassium from the chloroplasts.

The results indicate the causative connection between efflux of potassium and change in the fine structure of the chloroplasts. Differences between the three plant species with respect to efflux of potassium induced by sodium chloride or mycostatin are reflections of different membrane properties. The presence of calcium in the external solution is much more important for the membrane stability of bean than it is for sugar beet e. g.

The results obtained with leaf segments are a good reflection of the different tolerance of these three plant species to high sodium chloride concentrations under field conditions.
Auftreten von Bormangel bei Citrus aurantium L. (Bitterorangen) am Kaspischen Meer (Iran)
Authors: Foroughi M. , Marschner H. , Döting H.‐W.
Published: February 2007

Occurence of boron deficiency in Citrus aurantium L. (Bitter orange) at the Caspian Sea (Iran)

In a Bitter orange plantation near the Caspian sea over a period of two years different amounts of boron were applied either as borax to the soil or as Solubor to the leaves.

Without boron supply the fruits were misshapen, had a rough and thick peel and often brown spots in the pulp. Supply of 5 – 20 g B per tree prevented the occurence of these symptoms and increased both the fruit size and the proportion of the pulp. Without boron supply on fresh weight basis the proportion of pulp/peel was 1 : 1, 6 – 2, 0 as compared to 1 : 0, 6 – 0, 7 with boron supply. The effect of the different boron supply was well reflected in the boron content of the leaves and especially of the fruits. Borax increased the boron content of the plants more than Solubor.

Conzidering both the low content of available boron in most of the soils of the Citrus area near the Caspian sea and the special ecological conditions (high pH values and low water content of the soils during fruit development) boron deficiency can be expected. The results of the experiment with Bitter oranges confirm that boron fertilizing is an important factor for plant production in this area.
Herstellung von Lysimetern mit Böden in natürlicher Lagerung (Monolith ‐ Lysimeter) als Durchlauf‐, Unterdruck‐ oder Grundwasserlysimeter
Authors: Homeyer B. , Labenski K. O. , Meyer B. , Thormann A.
Published: February 2007

Preparation of Polyester Jacketed Soil Columns as Penetration, Suction Plate and Groundwater Lysimeters

A simple and cheap preparation technique for long soil monolith lysimeters consists in forming columns of undisturbed soil out from the walls of soil pits by means of a steel cylinder, encasing the column with glasfiber mat and infiltrating this coat with polyester resin. Casing is also possible by simultaneous application of resin compounds and glasfiber as a mix spray. Imbedding of steel slats in the polyester walls facilitates the transport. Descriptions are given how to make use of such columns as simple penetration lysimeters, suction plate, and groundwater lysimeter sets for studies of water and bio‐element balances of the soil.
Bemerkungen zur Ermittlung der ungesättigten Wasserleitfähigkeit unter nichtstationären Bedingungen
Authors: Becher H. H.
Published: February 2007

On the Determination of Capillary Conductivity at Unsteady‐State Conditions.

Therefore it is stated that for obtaining the effective ku‐values.

Considering the importance of capillary conductivity for the soil water regime the large differences up to 2 orders of magnitude between determinations on core samples from the same soil using the double‐membrane‐method (Henseler and Renger 1969) and the evaporation‐method (Becher 1971a) initiated a study concerning the error caused by a possible nonlinearity of suction changes between two measuring levels using the latter method. The study was carried out on disturbed and undisturbed core samples from the three textural classes sand, silt and clay and with modified evaporation method. Comparing the geometric means of the obtained ku‐values calculated at unsteady‐state and quasisteady‐state conditions for different suctions resulted in that with usual application of the method the measured ku‐values must be diminished for obtaining the effective ku‐values. This correction factor increased with suction and is considered to be more important in laboratory than in field use.

For sandy soils a correction factor of 2 at 150 cmH2O increasing to 6 at 1000 cm H2O must be applied. The coarser the sand would be, at the lower suction nonlinearity will start and the more rapidly the correction factor will increase;.

For silty soils a correction factor of 2–4 must be applied for suctions > 300 cm H2O;.

For clayey soils a correction factor of 2 rapidly increasing to 10 must be applied for suctions > 150 cm H2O, but depending on soil cracks.

.

The overestimation of water through‐put resulting from the uncorrected ku‐values amounts to 1.5–4.0 [l/m2 · d] at 100 cm H2O, but these values are within the variation of the effective ku‐values. For 800cm H2O the overestimation amounts to 0.002–0.065 [l/m2 · d], but this makes up 300–1000 % of the effective water through‐put.
Der Einfluß von Gibberellinsäurespritzungen auf das Blühverhalten von Karotten
Authors: Schwab B. , Neumann K. H.
Published: February 2007

The influence of Gibberellic Acid Treatments on Flowering of Carrots.

The influence of GA3‐treatments on flower formation of carrot plants at different light conditions was investigated. No flower formation occurent during natural long day conditions at all GA3‐concentrations (6, 30, 60 ppm). (Fig. 1). Nevertheless under artificial long day conditions flower formation was observed after application of 30 and 60 ppm GA3. Apparently a positive interaction between GA3‐application and illumination on shooting exists. Conditions leading to the formation of vegetatives apices from generative are described. (Formation of ‘Hochrosetten’, Fig. 2).
Kupfer, Reinprotein und Phenoloxidase in der Blattfolge von Helianthus annuus im Verlaufe der Vegetationsperiode
Authors: Judel G. K. , Linser H. , Zeid F. A.
Published: February 2007

Copper, pure protein and phenol oxidase in the succession of the leaves of Helianthus annuus during the course of the vegetation period.

Leaves, stems and blossoms of sunflower plants from different harvest times were analyzed for their copper and pure protein content and also in leaves for phenol oxidase activity. The production of dry matter in the individual leaves considerably increased till the full extent of each leaf, then decreased markedly. The loss of dry matter in leaves was favourable for the development of blossoms.

The rate of development was highest in the first emerging leaves and decreased with increasing insertion hight, at first slowly and later rapidly.

The copper and pure protein content as well as the phenol oxidase activity in all the leaves were highest in the young stage, decreased fast in the cotyledons and in the first three pairs of leaves, more slowly in the forthcoming leaves. With increasing insertion hight of leaves a continuous decrease in hight of maximal values was to be observed.

The present results favour, that the chemical composition and the biochemical activity of every plant organ is to a great extent affected by the age of the whole plant.
Weitere Untersuchungen über den Einbau von radioaktivem Schwefel in Blattproteine von Ölrettichpflanzen
Authors: Pauler B. , Kühn H.
Published: February 2007

Further investigations upon the 35S‐incorporation into some leaf proteins of oil radish plants.

In order to supplement earlier results, concerning the 35S‐incorporation into leaf proteins of oil radish plants, a new experiment with increasing amounts of 35S‐labelled sulphate‐sulphur was started under controlled climatic conditions. The 35S‐incorporation into some protein fractions was determined by methods of gel chromatography with various types of Sephadex, by the isoelectric focusing and the liquid scintillation counting.

Fresh weights and content of pure protein of the plants were scarcely influenced by increasing amounts of sulphur supplied. In the S‐variants 2 and 3 an increased relative incorporation of sulphur from the sulphur fertilization was observed in nitrogen‐ and sulphurcontaining compounds with lower molecular weights (m.w. < 4000) and into some protein fractions, especially with molecular weights, higher than 4–8 X105 (Sephadex G‐200).

Determination of total 35S‐activity in the leaf material has shown, that the plants of all S‐variants have taken up sulphur in nearly equal proportions. Therefore, a pronounced S‐incorporation into some protein fractions must have taken place. It is assumed, that the 35S‐marked compounds with lower molecular weights are final products, and the 35S‐marked protein fractions with higher molecular weights may be enzymes of the secondary sulphur metabolism, the activity of which has probably been intensified in plants, supplied with higher amounts of sulphur.

Comparing the earlier and the present investigations, it must be pointed out, that there are some differences in the results of protein fractionation and 35S‐patterns, probably caused by a varied performance of these experiments. Nevertheless, similar tendencies may be pointed out in the high rate of S‐incorporation into protein fractions.
Bestimmung des Wasserentzuges aus dem Boden durch die Pflanzenwurzeln im Gelände als Funktion der Tiefe und der Zeit
Authors: Strebel O. , Renger M. , Giesel W.
Published: February 2007

Field determination of water withdrawal from soil by plant roots as a function of depth and time.

The water flow through roots as a function of depth and time can be determined in homogeneously rooted, level soils with closed plant canopies, provided the total vertical water flow and the capillary water flow are known for the soil profile. Theory, measuring methods and some results on water withdrawal of wheat (fig. 2–4) and sugar‐beet (fig. 5) roots on a loess grey‐brown podsolic soil profile underlain by gravelly sand (fig. 1) are described.

The time averaged rates (2–7 day periods) for water extraction by roots are up till about 12 × 10−3 \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \frac{{{\rm cm}^3 {\rm water}}}{{{\rm cm}^3 {\rm soil} \cdot {\rm day}}} $\end{document} During the growth period variations of the depth of the effective root zone and of the extraction rate in distinct layers were found (fig. 6 + 7). A capillary rise from the subsoil into the effective root zone exists for some time (fig. 3); seepage water within the lower root zone causes a strong increase of extraction rates in these depths (fig. 4). The relative water extraction rate at the depths of 15 and 25 cm decreases with increasing soil water suction in the range between 150 and 104 cm (fig. 8).
Temperaturansprüche mikroskopischer Bodenpilze aus klimatisch und geographisch verschiedenen Standorten
Authors: Franz Gertrud
Published: February 2007

Temperature demands of microscopic soil fungi from different climatic and geographical sites..

154 strains of microscopic soil fungi were isolated at 25°C from soils deriving from tropical to alpine climatic zones of the world (SW‐Africa, Argentine, Nepal, Canary Islands and W‐Germany). Determining their saccharolytic, amylolytic and proteolytic activities on saccharose‐, starch‐ or gelatine‐containing agar plates at 5 °C, 15 °C, 25 °C, 35 °C and 43 °C, the activity range as well as the optimal temperature were obtained.

The following results were obtained: 1) A clear correlation between the temperature requirements of the fungal flora and the climatic conditions of the site of isolation was observed. 2) The fungal flora of a certain climatic zone was composed of strains of ubiquitously distributed species. Their great adaptability enables them to accomodate themselves to the temperature conditions of each site. 3) A smaller percentage of species was characterised by a small range of temperature variability and therefore depending on a certain climatic zone. Some of these were strict pschychrophilic species, characteristic for alpine and subalpine regions, but others behaved as strict mesophiles observed only in warm regions. 4) Finally from each site of isolation there also could be isolated a certain amount of fungi, whose ecological demands did not or only for a very short time coincide with the bioclimatic conditions of the particular site. Generally, these isolates are able to form resistant spores enabling them to survive unfavourable climatic conditions. .
Der Einfluß von Pydanon auf den Gibberellinsäuregehalt (GA3) von Getreidepflanzen
Authors: Sadeghian E. , Kühn H.
Published: February 2007

Influence of Pydanon on the content of gibberellic acid in cereals.

The effect of pydanon (a derivative of pyridazinylacetic‐acid) on the gibberellic acid content of growing cereal plants was studied at variied doses and different times of application. Although high concentrations of pydanon caused a reduttion in stalk length of the plants, their gibberellic acid content was not changed. On the other side the synthesis of gibberellic acid was reduced by CCC like in earlier experiments. The experiments lead to the conclusion, that the growth retardation of the stalks of cereal plants by pydanon is caused by other mechanisms than in the case of shortening by CCC.
Über die Wirkung von Pydanon auf Halmlänge und Ertrag von Winterweizen und Winterroggen
Authors: Kühn H. , Herwig K.
Published: February 2007

Influence of Pydanon upon Stalk Length and Grain Yield of Winter Rye and Winter Wheat..

In pot experiments with three varieties of winter rye a considerable reduction of stalk length was obtained by the growth regulator Pydanon without a significant reduction of grain yield. The necessary amount of active substance however was rather high and the period of time for optimal application was limited. Winter wheat did not respond to Pydanon.