bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mean arterial pressure following prolonged exercise in the heat: Influence of training status and fluid replacement
Authors: Gagnon D. , Lynn A. G. , Binder K. , Boushel R. C. , Kenny G. P.
Published: July 2012

Prolonged exercise in the heat without fluid replacement represents a significant challenge to the regulation of mean arterial pressure (MAP). It is unknown, however, if MAP is equally challenged during the post‐exercise period, and whether regular endurance exercise training can provide any benefit to its regulation. We examined MAP (Finometer) in eight trained (T) and eight untrained (UT) individuals prior to, and following, 120 min of cycling at 42 °C with (HYD) and without (DEHY) fluid replacement. Exercise during DEHY induced significant hyperthermia (T: 39.20 ± 0.52 °C vs UT: 38.70 ± 0.36 °C, P = 0.941) and body weight losses (T: 3.4 ± 1.2% vs UT: 2.7 ± 0.9%, P = 0.332), which did not differ between groups. Although MAP was equally reduced 5 min into the post‐exercise period of DEHY (T: −20 ± 11 mmHg vs UT: −22 ± 13 mmHg, P = 0.800), its subsequent recovery was significantly different between groups (P = 0.037). While MAP returned to pre‐exercise values in UT (−1 ± 3 mmHg), it remained reduced in T (−9 ± 3 mmHg, P = 0.028). No differences in MAP post‐exercise were observed between groups during HYD. These data suggest that trained men exhibit a greater level of post‐exercise hypotension following prolonged exercise in the heat without fluid replacement. Furthermore, fluid replacement reverses the sustained post‐exercise hypotension observed in trained individuals.
Effects of tendon viscoelasticity in Achilles tendinosis on explosive performance and clinical severity in athletes
Authors: Wang H.‐K. , Lin K.‐H. , Su S.‐C. , Shih T. T.‐F. , Huang Y.‐C.
Published: July 2012

The aim was to compare viscoelastic properties of Achilles tendons between legs in elite athletes with unilateral tendinosis, and to investigate relationships between the properties and explosive performance and clinical severity. Seventeen male athletes (mean ± standard deviation age, 27.3 ± 2.0 years) who had unilateral, chronic middle‐portion tendinopathy of the Achilles tendon were assessed by the Victorian Institute of Sport Assessment questionnaire, measurements of tendon viscoelastic properties, voluntary electromechanical delay (EMD), normalized rate of force development (RFD), and one‐leg hopping distance. Compared with the non‐injured leg, the tendinopathic leg showed reduced tendon stiffness (−19.2%. P < 0.001), greater mechanical hysteresis (+21.2%, P = 0.004), lower elastic energy storage and release (−14.2%, P = 0.002 and −19.1%, P < 0.001), lower normalized RFD at one‐fourth (−16.3%, P = 0.02), 2/4 (−17.3%, P = 0.006), and three‐fourths maximal voluntary contraction (−13.7%, P = 0.02), longer soleus and medial gastrocnemius voluntary EMD (+26.9%, P = 0.009 and +24.0%, P = 0.004), and shorter hopping distances (−34.1%, P < 0.001). Tendon stiffness was correlated with normalized RFD, voluntary EMD in the medial gastrocnemius, and hopping distances (r ranged from −0.35 to 0.64, P < 0.05). Hysteresis was correlated to the soleus voluntary EMD and hopping distances (r = 0.42 and −0.39, P < 0.05). We concluded that altered tendon viscoelastic properties in Achilles tendinosis affect explosive performance in athletes.
Identification of two novel HLA‐A alleles: A*24:199 and A*02:324
Authors: Mantovani M. , Frison S. , Longhi E. , Tagliaferri C. , Mantia M. , Piccolo G. , Poli F.
Published: July 2012

Here, we describe two new HLA‐A alleles: A*24:199 and A*02:324. The two new variants are attributed to a single nucleotide mutation namely A→C for A*24:199 and G→A for A*02:324. Both point mutations are responsible for a change in translated amino acids.
Analysis of genetic diversity in the bioenergy plant Erianthus arundinaceus (Poaceae: Andropogoneae) using amplified fragment length polymorphism markers
Authors: Tsuruta Shin‐ichi , Ebina Masumi , Kobayashi Makoto , Hattori Taiichiro , Terauchi Takayoshi
Published: July 2012

The genetic diversity among 30 accessions including 18
Erianthus arundinaceus and 12
Saccharum species was analyzed using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers. We obtained 2245 fragments using 16 primer combinations. The
Erianthus collection generated 1115 fragments of which 772 (69.2%) were polymorphic. Of the 342 monomorphic fragments (30.8%), 222 were specific to
E
. arundinaceus. The neighbor‐joining tree based on the detected fragments clearly separated the
Erianthus and
Saccharum accessions into distinct groups. The
Erianthus collection was further subdivided into two Japanese groups and one Indonesian group, with a high level of genetic differentiation among these groups (
F

st = 0.2062). These results represent the first molecular characterization of the Japanese
E. arundinaceus breeding materials and provide a useful initial resource for breeding to improve the bioenergy potential of
Erianthus spp.
Characterization of Argonaute family members in the silkworm, Bombyx mori
Authors: Wang Gen‐Hong , Jiang Liang , Zhu Li , Cheng Ting‐Cai , Niu Wei‐Huan , Yan Ya‐Fei , Xia Qing‐You
Published: July 2012

Abstract  The Argonaute protein family is a highly conserved group of proteins, which have been implicated in RNA silencing in both plants and animals. Here, four members of the Argonaute family were systemically identified based on the genome sequence of Bombyx mori. Based on their sequence similarity, BmAgo1 and BmAgo2 belong to the Ago subfamily, while BmAgo3 and BmPiwi are in the Piwi subfamily. Phylogenetic analysis reveals that silkworm Argonaute family members are conserved in insects. Conserved amino acid residues involved in recognition of the 5′ end of the small RNA guide strand and of the conserved (aspartate, aspartate and histidine [DDH]) motif present in their PIWI domains suggest that these four Argonaute family members may have conserved slicer activities. The results of microarray expression analysis show that there is a low expression level for B. mori Argonaute family members in different tissues and different developmental stages, except for BmPiwi. All four B. mori Argonaute family members are upregulated upon infection with B. mori nucleopolyhedrovirus. The complete coding sequence of BmPiwi, the homolog of Drosophila piwi, was cloned and its expression occurred mainly in the area where spermatogonia and spermatocytes appear. Our results provide an overview of the B. mori Argonaute family members and suggest that they may have multiple roles. In addition, this is also the first report, to our knowledge, of the response of RNA silencing machinery to DNA virus infection in insects.
A large‐scale gene discovery for the red palm weevilRhynchophorus ferrugineus(Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Authors: Wang Lei , Zhang Xiao‐Wei , Pan Lin‐Lin , Liu Wan‐Fei , Wang Da‐Peng , Zhang Guang‐Yu , Yin Yu‐Xin , Yin An , Jia Shan‐Gang , Yu Xiao‐Guang , Sun Gao‐Yuan , Hu Song‐Nian , Al‐Mssallem Ibrahim S. , Yu Jun
Published: July 2012

The red palm weevil (RPW;Rhynchophorus ferrugineus) is a devastating pest of palms, prevalent in the Middle East as well as many other regions of the world. Here, we report a large‐scalede novocomplementary DNA (cDNA) sequencing effort that acquired ∼5 million reads and assembled them into 26 765 contigs from 12 libraries made from samples of different RPW developmental stages based on the Roche/454 GS FLX platform. We annotated these contigs based on the publically available known insect genes and theTribolium castaneumgenome assembly. We find that over 80% of coding sequences (CDS) from the RPW contigs have high‐identity homologs to known proteins with complete CDS. Gene expression analysis shows that the pupa and larval stages have the highest and lowest expression levels, respectively. In addition, we also identified more than 60 000 single nucleotide polymorphisms and 1 200 simple sequence repeat markers. This study provides the first large‐scale cDNA dataset for RPW, a much‐needed resource for future molecular studies.
Retracted: Improvement of Breadmaking Quality by Xylanase GH11 from Penicillium occitanisPol6
Authors: Driss Dorra , Bhiri Fatma , Siela Mariem , Bessess Souhail , Chaabouni Semia , Ghorbel Raoudha
Published: July 2012

In this study xylanase from Penicillium occitanis Pol6, as a bread improver, was tested in whole‐wheat bread. The purified xylanase termed PoXyn2 was used as an additive at a very small quantity (0.12 U/g flour basis) during mixing of wheat flour. The effects of xylanase addition on the fermentation stage and the final bread quality were analyzed. Remarkable decrease (8%) in water absorption and increase in dough rising (36.8%) were noticed. Final moisture content of the bread was higher (37.50%) than control (23.56%). Improvements in volume (17.8%) and specific volume (34.9%) were also significant. Sensory evaluation indicated better flavor, taste, softness and overall acceptability. Texture profile analysis confirmed the rheological changes. Firmness was decreased by more than twofolds. Improvements in cohesiveness and decline in springiness and gumminess were observed.

Practical Applications

The baking industry is shifting toward producing whole‐wheat fiber‐rich bread using enzymes such as xylanase, which can improve dough machinability and stability, oven spring, loaf volume, crumb structure and shelf life. This hypothesis is supported by determining the functional and rheological properties of supplemented dough with purified Penicillium occitanis xylanase. The improved bread was assessed by a panel of five judges for sensory evaluation. Furthermore, significant improvement in textural properties was noticed.
“Make Your Voice Heard”: Communism in the High School Curriculum, 1958–1968
Authors: Scribner Campbell F.
Published: July 2012

The launch ofSputnikin 1957 sparked a crisis in American education. Suddenly threatened by superior Soviet technology, progressive educators' concern for children's preferences, health, and adjustment in school yielded to public demands for more basic learning and academic skills. Congress soon passed the National Defense Education Act, providing millions of dollars for math, science, and foreign language instruction. By the early 1960s, educators and academics began to reexamine other aspects of the curriculum as well. Their efforts prompted two changes in the social studies: one was a shift from worksheets and memorization to the investigative approach of the “new social studies,” the other a requirement that schools teach about the specter of international Communism. Much has been written about the first of these reforms, surprisingly little about the second. Yet, insofar as the new social studies grew out of Cold War imperatives, instruction about Communism provides an interesting perspective on its tenure in American schools. In fact, a closer examination of the relationship between the two might force us to reconsider current assumptions about the nature of curriculum reform during the period.
Disarming Hatred: History Education, National Memories, and Franco-German Reconciliation from World War I to the Cold War
Authors: Siegel Mona , Harjes Kirsten
Published: July 2012

On May 4, 2006, French and German cultural ministers announced the publication ofHistoire/Geschichte, the world's first secondary school history textbook produced jointly by two countries. Authored by a team of French and German historians and published simultaneously in both languages, the book's release drew considerable public attention. French and German heads-of-state readily pointed to the joint history textbook as a shining example of the close and positive relations between their two countries, while their governments heralded the book for “symbolically sealing Franco-German reconciliation.” Beyond European shores, East Asian commentators in particular have taken note of Franco-German textbook collaboration, citing it as a possible model for how to work through their own region's often antagonistic past. Diplomatic praise is not mere hyperbole. From the Franco-Prussian War (1870) through World War I (1914–1918) and World War II (1939–1945), France and Germany were widely perceived to be “hereditary enemies.” The publication ofHistoire/Geschichteembodies one of the most crucial developments in modern international relations: the emergence of France and Germany as the “linchpin” of the New Europe.
Cobalamin status in sickle cell disease
Authors: Ajayi O. I. , Bwayo‐Weaver S. , Chirla S. , Serlemitsos‐Day M. , Daniel M. , Nouraie M. , Edwards K. , Castro O. , Lombardo F. , Gordeuk V. R.
Published: July 2012

Introduction

Some studies comparing serum cobalamin in individuals with and without sickle cell disease (SCD) have suggested a higher prevalence of cobalamin deficiency in SCD but others have not. Our aim was to prospectively compare cobalamin status in African–Americans with and without SCD.

Methods

We analyzed blood samples from 86 subjects in two groups: SCD (n = 29) and non‐SCD (n = 57). Serum cobalamin, folate, homocysteine, methylmalonic acid (MMA), anti‐intrinsic factor antibody,
Helicobacter pylori antibody, and gastrin were measured and compared.

Results

The median cobalamin was 235 pm in the SCD group vs. 292 pm in the non‐SCD group (P‐value = 0.014). No significant differences in MMA or homocysteine were seen. Using the criteria of a low cobalamin and an elevated MMA or an elevated MMA alone, cobalamin deficiency was suggested in 4 (13.8%) in the SCD group and 6 (10.5%) in the non‐SCD group. Two of these SCD patients and four of these control subjects had chronic renal disease, which may lead to elevated MMA in the absence of cobalamin deficiency. The remaining four met criteria for cobalamin deficiency, 2 (6.9%) in the SCD group and 2 (3.5%) in the non‐SCD group (P = 0.6).

Conclusion

A lower cobalamin was observed in SCD patients without a higher prevalence of cobalamin deficiency. The inclusion of haptocorrin and holotranscobalamin measurement in future studies may provide a better assessment of cobalamin status in this patient group.
CT and MRI appearances of cardiac pseudotumours
Authors: Rueff Laura E , Srichai Monvadi B , Jacobs Jill E , Axel Leon , Lim Ruth P
Published: July 2012

Cardiac anatomic variants, vascular abnormalities and non‐neoplastic mass lesions may be misinterpreted as tumours, potentially leading to inappropriate intervention. This article discusses the complementary role of multi‐detector computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in the work‐up of suspected masses. The cross‐sectional imaging appearance of common or distinctive anatomic variants and pseudotumours, including ‘don't touch’ lesions, are reviewed.
CT pulmonary angiography during veno‐arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in an adult
Authors: Al‐Ogaili Zeyad , Foulner Deryck , Passage Jurgen , Weightman William M , Torre Luke , Baker Sharyn , Sanders Lucas HA
Published: July 2012

Veno‐arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA ECMO) causes changes in the filling and blood flow of the cardiac chambers and pulmonary vessels as well as alterations in the path of intravenous contrast injected during CT. We present a patient with a potentially misleading CT pulmonary angiogram while on full VA ECMO. We demonstrate circulatory changes as well as alterations in contrast flow when ECMO flows are reduced.
Zoonotic Diseases Associated with Free‐Roaming Cats
Authors: Gerhold R. W. , Jessup D. A.
Published: July 2012

Free‐roaming cat populations have been identified as a significant public health threat and are a source for several zoonotic diseases including rabies, toxoplasmosis, cutaneous larval migrans because of various nematode parasites, plague, tularemia and murine typhus. Several of these diseases are reported to cause mortality in humans and can cause other important health issues including abortion, blindness, pruritic skin rashes and other various symptoms. A recent case of rabies in a young girl from California that likely was transmitted by a free‐roaming cat underscores that free‐roaming cats can be a source of zoonotic diseases. Increased attention has been placed on trap–neuter–release (TNR) programmes as a viable tool to manage cat populations. However, some studies have shown that TNR leads to increased immigration of unneutered cats into neutered populations as well as increased kitten survival in neutered groups. These compensatory mechanisms in neutered groups leading to increased kitten survival and immigration would confound rabies vaccination campaigns and produce naïve populations of cats that can serve as source of zoonotic disease agents owing to lack of immunity. This manuscript is a review of the various diseases of free‐roaming cats and the public health implications associated with the cat populations.
Belief in Absolute Necessity
Authors: Divers John , González‐Varela José Edgar
Published: July 2012

We outline a theory of the cognitive role of belief in absolute necessity that is normative and intended to be metaphysically neutral. We take this theory to be unique in scope since it addresses simultaneously the questions of how such belief is (properly) acquired and of how it is (properly) manifest. The acquisition and manifestation conditions for belief in absolute necessity are given univocally, in terms of complex higher‐order attitudes involving two distinct kinds of supposition (A‐supposing and C‐supposing). It is subsequently argued that the proposed acquisition and manifestation conditions are rationally interdependent, and that suchharmonyaffords explanations of connections between different facets of belief in necessity that otherwise remain mysterious.
An Appearance of Succession Requires a Succession of Appearances
Authors: RASHBROOK OLIVER
Published: July 2012

A familiar slogan in the literature on temporal experience is that ‘a succession of appearances, in and of itself, does not amount to an experience of succession’. I show that we can distinguish between a strong and a weak sense of this slogan. I diagnose the strong interpretation of the slogan as requiring the support of an assumption I call the ‘Seems→Seemed’ claim. I then show that commitment to this assumption comes at a price: if we accept it, we either have to reject the extremely plausible idea that experience is as it seems, or we are forced to provide an account of temporal experience that isn’t compatible with the phenomenology. I conclude by noting that the only plausible interpretation of the slogan is the weak interpretation, and outline a positive account of temporal experience, according to which an appearance of succession requires a succession of appearances.
Wall pressure fluctuations due to boundary-layer transition
Authors: Lauchle Gerald C. , Park Sewon
Published: July 2012

Boundary-layer transition is a contributor to acoustic radiation and structural excitation. The pressure fluctuations caused by this spatially bounded, and intermittent, phenomenon encompass a very wide range of spatial wave numbers and temporal frequencies. Here, we analyze the wave vector-frequency spectrum of the wall pressure fluctuations due to subsonic boundary-layer transition as it occurs on a flat plate under zero pressure gradient conditions. Based on previous measurements of the statistics of the boundary-layer intermittency, it is found that transition induces higher low-streamwise wave number wall pressure levels than does a fully developed turbulent boundary layer (TBL) that might superficially exist at the same location and at the same Reynolds number. The transition zone span-wise wave number pressure components are virtually unchanged from the TBL case. The results suggest that transition may be more effective than the TBL in forcing structural excitation at low Mach numbers, and it may have a more intense radiated noise contribution on a per unit area basis.
Robust control of sound in an active acoustic grillage
Authors: Sepp Kalev , Vagners Juris
Published: July 2012

This study evaluates the results of robust control of an active acoustic grillage (AAG). The AAG is an array of sound sources and microphones forming an acoustic barrier trapping sound but allowing air and light to pass through. Due to strong coupling between the cells of the AAG and resulting acoustic ‘‘feedback,’’ a multivariable H∞-synthesis is used for the controller design to yield a stable and robust closed loop system. The multi-input–multi-output (MIMO) design is compared with a linear-quadratic-Gaussian (LQG) design and a classical SISO approach that neglects the cross-coupling between the cells. System modeling, H∞-synthesis including the weight selection, simulation and implementation issues are discussed. The H∞-controller is tested on a four-cell grillage installed on the rectangular duct with cross section 50×50 cm. The robust controller provides 10–12-dB attenuation in the frequency range of 100–300 Hz that is superior to performance achieved with LQG or SISO methods. The controller implementation includes additional features like calibration and real-time monitoring. The work demonstrates benefits of robust MIMO design in noise control systems with multiple sensors and actuators where cross coupling is significant.
Survey of human response to control of low-frequency tiltrotor interior noise
Authors: Hirsch Scott M.
Published: July 2012

A preliminary subjective test is conducted in which subjects rank their preference of sounds simulating the interior noise field of a large tiltrotor in forward flight. This noise field is characterized by large-amplitude tonal penetration at the blade passage frequency (<20 Hz) and its first seven overtones. Proposed noise control efforts are simulated by reducing the amplitudes of some or all of these tones. Human response to variations in three noise control parameters is studied: the number of harmonics which are reduced in amplitude, the frequency(ies) of the harmonics which are reduced in amplitude, and the amplitude by which the harmonics are reduced. The results of this test demonstrate that an effective noise control strategy must reduce multiple harmonics, focusing on those which are heard most easily (either the loudest or those with the highest frequency). It is not necessary to control the lowest harmonics, which impose the greatest weight and bulk penalties on a noise control system. It is demonstrated that a harmonic amplitude reduction of only 6 dB may be sufficient to significantly improve passenger response. The results of this test can be used to guide current low-frequency noise control research and development efforts.
Thirty years of traffic-noise problems and countermeasures taken in Greater Cairo, Egypt
Authors: Ali S. A , Tamura A.
Published: July 2012

Several efforts connected with traffic-noise problems in Greater Cairo have been conducted since the 1970s. They concerned both the traffic-noise measurements and countermeasures taken. During 30 years, the level of traffic noise has been changing, it increased seriously in the last 10 years in spite of countermeasures taken, due to a significant increase in the number of cars. Measurements taken for traffic-noise levels indicated that noise levels in the city are too high. So that makes the city in the front of Capitals from aspect of noise level and continuous periods. In our paper, we have presented measurements and countermeasures taken as follows: (1) We present 30 years of traffic-noise problems in Greater Cairo and the measurements taken. (2) We present the policies for traffic-noise problems and countermeasures taken; this contains the efforts of the Egyptian Ministry of Environment, City Hall, traffic administration of the city, recommendations of the Symposium of Noise and Traffic Problems in Greater Cairo 1988, and recommendations of the Report of the Egyptian Academy of Scientific Research and Technology, and the Egyptian National Research Center 1994. This is to evaluate this experiment, and address planning for the future to make Greater Cairo a quiet city. (3) Conclusions and remarks will be discussed.
Backscatter measurements of Atlantic herring in the Northwest Atlantic
Authors: Michaels William L. , Jech J. Michael , Demer David A.
Published: July 2012

Annual fisheries acoustic surveys have recently been implemented in the Gulf of Maine and Georges Bank regions to estimate the abundance and biomass of Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus). Research was devoted to the verification of backscatter measurements from Atlantic herring using multifrequency echo-integration, omni-directional sonar, pelagic trawling, and underwater video operations. Results indicated that individual backscatter measurements during the day were significantly higher compared to the night and twilight periods. The diurnal behavior patterns of Atlantic herring contributed to this variability because of their vertical migration to near bottom during day and to surface waters during night. Observations showed that herring shoaled in stationary schools above offshore banks during the night to feed, and tend to swim more actively during twilight and day periods. An increase in the backscatter from herring during the day may be explained by their more horizontal orientation when actively swimming. Fisheries acoustic surveys conducted during day and night must incorporate systematic adjustments to account for the diurnal bias in acoustical estimates.
Three-dimensional visualization of acoustic backscattering and models by alewife
Authors: Jech J. Michael , Reeder D. Benjamin , Stanton Timothy K. , Chu Dezhang
Published: July 2012

The advent of nontraditional underwater acoustic instrumentation (e.g., multibeam and sector-scanning sonar) and incorporating fish behavior in quantitative fisheries assessment require that backscatter be measured and modeled at a variety of aspect angles. Acoustic backscattering measurements were obtained in a large laboratory tank using live alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus). An individual alewife for each series of measurements was tethered and rotated in two planes of orientation (dorsal/ventral and lateral). The alewife were insonified with a broadband (40–100 kHz) chirp signal and bistatic scattering geometry was used. Backscattering amplitudes for all angles of orientation (3-D scattering ambit) were modeled using a Kirchhoff ray-mode model [C. S. Clay and J. K. Horne, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 96, 1661–1668 (1994)] and digital images of the fish body and swimbladder morphometry. Visualization of the scattering ambit provides a quantitative examination of the effects of fish orientation on echo amplitude. Comparisons of backscattering amplitudes from the model and measurements along the dorsal/ventral and lateral planes are given. The utility of broadband measurements for fish backscattering amplitude measurements and the integration of acoustic models in fisheries assessments are discussed. [Work supported by ONR, NOAA/NMFS, and CICOR.]
Incorporating behavior in backscatter model predictions of walleye pollock target strength
Authors: Horne John K. , Davis Michael W.
Published: July 2012

Target strength to size relationships for fish and zooplankton are typically based on in situ field or ex situ tethered measurements. Combining backscatter measurements with species-specific backscatter models improves the translation of acoustic data to computations of type, number, and size of aquatic organisms. Variability in acoustic measurements is largely due to the choice of carrier frequency and organism behaviors. Shoaling, schooling, and orientation are three behaviors that influence the amplitude of echoes received from individuals or aggregations of aquatic organisms. Kirchhoff-ray mode (KRM) backscatter models of individual fish were combined with tilt and roll tank observation data to predict and visualize backscatter from individual and groups of walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma). Model predictions were compared to in situ target strength measurements at 38 kHz in the Bering Sea. Incorporating behavior in distributions of echo amplitudes should increase accuracy of target strength to length and abundance estimate accuracy. [Work supported by ONR and the Alaska Fisheries Science Center.]
The development of a system for remotely monitoring the three-dimensional movement of acoustically tagged fish
Authors: Steig Tracey W. , Johnston Samuel V.
Published: July 2012

Over the last 3 years, a passive acoustic system was developed to monitor the behavior of acoustically tagged fish. The acoustic tag receiver was designed to simultaneously monitor up to 16 omni-directional hydrophones. The signals received at the hydrophones were synchronized to determine the arrival times for each pulse transmitted by the acoustic tag. Arrival times were used to calculate the three-dimensional position of a tagged fish as it moved through the water. Since precise three-dimensional positions of the hydrophone array was required, methods were developed to accurately determine these positions. Additional algorithms were developed to track the received signals and calculate the three-dimensional position of a tagged fish. The resulting acoustic tag system was deployed at various hydroelectric dams on the Columbia, Snake, and Cowlitz rivers. Field studies monitored downstream migrating salmonids as they approached and passed into the turbine intakes, spillways, and juvenile bypass channels. The size of the juvenile salmonids ranged from 160 to 240 mm. The tags were approximately 7 mm in diameter, 23 mm in length, and operated at a transmitting frequency of 300 kHz. Fish movement patterns were tracked over time, with submeter resolution in most cases.
A method for estimating the accuracy of the three-dimensional position of acoustically tagged fish
Authors: Ehrenberg John E. , Steig Tracey W.
Published: July 2012

Acoustic tag systems are beginning to be used to study the behavior of fish in a region of interest. In particular, tag systems are being successfully used to study the behavior of downstream migrating salmon smolts (Oncorhynchus spp.) as they approach hydroelectric dams. While field studies have demonstrated the potential for acoustic tag systems, very little has been done to quantify the performance of these systems. This paper develops a method for predicting the accuracy of the position estimates provided by acoustic tag systems. General expressions are developed that can be applied to any particular deployment of a tag system. In addition, some specific examples are used to provide general guidelines that should be followed to achieve good performance when deploying an acoustic tag system.
An active fish tracking split-beam sonar to study salmon smolt behavior
Authors: Hedgepeth John B. , Johnson Gary E.
Published: July 2012

An active fish tracking split-beam sonar (AFTS) is being used to study salmon smolt behavior at the Dalles Dam on the Columbia River. AFTS is based on the principle of tracking radar. Once a smolt is detected, two high-speed stepper motors align the axis of a digital split-beam transducer on the target. As the fish moves, deviation of the target from the beam axis is calculated and used to re-aim the transducer, thereby tracking the target. For each ping the target is tracked, data on fish position and target strength are recorded to disk. Fish position resolution is ±0.5 cm within a sample volume approximately 14 m of range from the transducer. Individual fish tracks are visualized in three-dimensional plotting software. AFTS tracks are coupled with hydraulic data from a computational fluid dynamics model to determine statistical relationships between fish movements and flow conditions. Sequential fish positions are also analyzed using a Markov process. Fish states observed with AFTS include holding, swimming actively downstream, and passive drift. The information from AFTS will aid design of bypass systems to protect endangered and threatened salmon populations in the Pacific Northwest. [This research is funded by the Corps of Engineers.]
In vitro experimental evaluation of contrast agents
Authors: Ferrara Katherine
Published: July 2012

In this presentation, techniques for in vitro characterization of contrast agents will be reviewed. Contrast agents contain air or a lower diffusivity gas, with a shell that can be composed of albumin, polymer, a lipid monolayer, a surfactant or oil. The range of possible shell properties creates a wide range of physical properties, and resulting variations in behavior upon insonation. In order to characterize the agents, several methods have been employed, including acoustical and optical interrogation of single bubbles and ensembles. High-speed optical techniques can be employed to measure the radius-time curves, to determine the mechanisms of destruction, and to detect surface waves. The maximum radius and wall velocity, and mechanisms of destruction, are significantly affected by both the gas and shell properties. Observed mechanisms of destruction include static diffusion, acoustically driven diffusion and fragmentation. These destruction mechanisms are characterized by unique time scales which have been determined through both optical and acoustical methods. The results of acoustical techniques that have been applied to determine the linear resonance frequency and to quantify the scattering and attenuation cross sections will also be presented.
Imaging techniques for ultrasound contrast agents
Authors: Averkiou Michalakis A.
Published: July 2012

Contrast agents are used today to enhance and aid organ (myocardium, liver, brain, etc.) perfusion studies. From the early days of contrast imaging it was understood that microbubble specific imaging modalities would have to be invented to utilize the contrast effect. The two main characteristics of contrast microbubbles that have defined today’s ultrasound modalities are (1) microbubbles are nonlinear scatterers that generate harmonic signals and (2) they exhibit a transient response, i.e., they are destroyed by ultrasound. Harmonic Doppler and imaging techniques were introduced at first to help with the detection of microbubbles in small vessels and capillaries. The harmonic response of bubbles and their Doppler signals increase with increasing acoustic amplitudes (mechanical index, MI), which results in fast bubble destruction. Triggered (intermittent) imaging, insonifying every n cardiac cycles (where n=1,2,3,...), was established to minimize destruction. Triggered imaging is a cumbersome technique. Real-time imaging techniques are now available. They are made possible by low-amplitude (MI) scanning and by more sensitive low MI techniques like pulse inversion and amplitude modulation. Both triggered and real-time techniques will be discussed in this presentation and clinical examples will be presented.
Sound attenuation of dual-wall, fiberglass-lined, circular ducts with and without airflow
Authors: Reynolds Douglas
Published: July 2012

A major test program for measuring the sound attenuation characteristics of dual-wall, fiberglass-lined, circular ducts from six different duct manufacturers was completed. Octave band dynamic insertion loss values for octave band center frequencies from 63 to 8000 Hz were measured. The inside diameter of the ducts that were tested ranged from 12 to 48 in. Sound tests were conducted with and without airflow. Six airflow velocities from 1000 to 6000 fpm were examined. Regression analyses were conducted on the measured insertion loss values. Regression equations for the dynamic insertion loss values were developed that can be used to estimate the dynamic insertion loss of dual-wall, fiberglass-lined, circular ducts for zero flow and for duct airflow velocity from 1000 to 6000 fpm. The equations are valid for duct diameters from 12 to 72 in.
A procedure for measuring background sound levels in rooms
Authors: Lilly Jerry G. , Schaffer Mark E.
Published: July 2012

Background noise criteria for indoor spaces have been in existence for decades without an associated standard measurement procedure to verify compliance. The lack of a standard measurement procedure can lead to a significant difference in reported sound levels in a room, even from experienced professionals. The proposed procedure is intended for measuring background sound levels from continuous noise sources, and is being recommended to ASHRAE Technical Committee 2.6 for inclusion in the 2003 Applications Handbook. The purpose of the procedure is to standardize the instrumentation and method of determining the background sound levels. The procedure can be used by anyone charged with the task of comparing a room’s background noise environment with established noise criteria.
Estimating community noise levels from outdoor condensing units
Authors: Siebein Gary W. , Kim Hyeong-seok
Published: July 2012

Noise levels propagated from cooling towers and condensing units located in partial or fully enclosed equipment courtyards onto adjoining residential properties were studied in this paper. A combination of field measurements at existing installations, computer model studies of the installations and physical acoustical model studies were conducted to determine the acoustical effects of reflections from enclosing walls of nearby buildings and partial equipment yard enclosures on sound propagation at distances away from the units. Predictions using distance attenuation and the effects of partially enclosing walls (Harris, 1991; Miller, 1981) were used to estimate sound levels at various distances from several existing outdoor condensing units. Acoustical measurements were made at the actual installations within the chiller enclosure and at various distances in the surrounding communities. Each of the actual situations was simulated in model form at a scale of 1:10. The process of calibrating the model to the existing situations will be presented. The scale model data were within 2 dB of the actual insertion losses for full size octave bands from 63 to 2000 Hz for condensing units in the open and in various enclosures.
Stress is phonetically reset word-internally in Squamish
Authors: Tamburri Watt Linda
Published: July 2012

The purpose of this experiment was to test a phonologically based prediction suggesting that in Squamish the domain for stress is reset word-internally in certain morphologically limited cases. This is unusual because stress systems usually assign only one primary stress within a word. This prediction was tested by first identifying the phonetic correlates of stress in this language, then applying these criteria to this morphological context. One subject was tested by recording a list of stimuli containing morphologically simplex words of varying length and words containing the morphological structure of interest. Results of this study show, first, that length, F0, and amplitude are all indicators of primary and secondary stress and, second, that primary stress occurs twice within a single noncompound word.
Accentual lengthening in Mandarin Chinese
Authors: Chen Yiya
Published: July 2012

This study investigated the effects of accentual lengthening under contrastive focus in Beijing Mandarin, a tone language, as a comparison to the results of similar studies in stress-accent languages. Two questions were asked. First, what is the domain of lengthening? Second, what are the structural influences on accent lengthening? Four different renditions of each test sentence were elicited from the subjects with contrastive focus on four different words to convey different pragmatic meanings. The results suggest: (1) the domain of accentual lengthening is primarily the focused word, with weak spread to the following word; (2) the spread of lengthening is sensitive to the morphosyntactic/prosodic relation of the focused word and the following word; and (3) while both onset and nucleus of the focused syllable exhibit lengthening, the spreading effect of lengthening is observed more reliably on nuclei than on onsets. These results agree to a large extent with studies on accentual lengthening in English and Dutch [A. Turk and L. White, J. Phonet. 27, 171–206 (1999); T. Cambier-Langeveld and A. Turk, J. Phonet. 27, 255–280 (1999)]. The similarity of accentual lengthening in Mandarin and stress-accent languages suggests that some effects of accentual lengthening may be universal. [Work supported by NSF No. SBR 9600930.]
Post obstruent tensing in Korean: Its status and domain of application
Authors: Kim Sahyang
Published: July 2012

The criteria that distinguish the phonological rules from the phonetic rules based on categoricality versus gradiency have drawn considerable attention (cf. Keating, 1990; Pierrehumbert, 1990). Korean Post Obstruent Tensing (POT) rule has been claimed, based on acoustic data, to be a phonological rule and that its domain of application is an accentual phrase (AP) (e.g., Jun, 1998). This paper questions the status of POT and its domain of application based on articulatory and acoustic data. By POT, a syllable initial lenis consonant (e.g., /t/, /s/) becomes tense (e.g., /t*/, /s*/, respectively) after an obstruent coda. It is known that lenis obstruents have a longer VOT, shorter closure durations, and shorter linguopalatal contact areas than tense obstruents. To investigate if POT is really a categorical process and if its application is definable in terms of an AP, acoustic and articulatory (i.e., EPG) data of derived and underlying tense obstruents were examined in four different prosodic positions: utterance-initial, intonational phrase-initial, AP-initial, AP-medial. Sentences containing a target sequence, /VpCV/, where C=/t/, /t*/, /s/, /s*/, were produced by two Korean speakers, at normal and fast speech rates. The results will shed light on the status of POT in the grammar of Korean.
Prosodic prominence on negation in various ‘‘registers’’ of U.S. English
Authors: Yaeger-Dror Malcah , Deckert Sharon K. , Hall-Lew Lauren
Published: July 2012

Since negatives express cognitively critical information, researchers have concluded that negatives ‘‘should’’ be prosodically prominent. Acoustic analysis of pitch tracks from isolated sentences [O’Shaughnessy and Allen (1982)] and the BU Radio News corpus [Hirschberg (1990)] support this theoretical claim. This study presents evidence of prosodic variation on ‘‘not’’-negatives used in a range of different social situations distinguished along Biber’s ‘‘register’’ continuum from informative to interactive. The paper will show that both the relative quantity and the type of intonational prominence varies in different registers. Informative data discussed will include both LDC’s BU Radio News and the Air Traffic Control corpus. Interactive corpora include both the Switchboard corpus of polite conversations between strangers and archived presidential debates. The percentage of prominent tokens is quite low in Switchboard, higher in debates, and much higher in the informative corpora. ToBI’s H* category is dominant only in the most purely informative settings, with other contours preferred in interactive registers. [Work supported by NSF.]
A mini-tutorial on zooplankton acoustics
Authors: Wiebe Peter H.
Published: July 2012

The techniques for use of high-frequency acoustical systems for the study of zooplankton distribution, biomass, abundance, size distribution, and behavior have been the focus of intense effort and development during the past two decades. Significant theoretical and experimental progress has been made in understanding how these animals scatter sound. A review of the major aspects of this problem will be presented, including current field survey techniques, instrumentation, laboratory measurements, and scattering models. Issues such as confounding factors in data interpretation and determination of model parameters will be discussed.
Three-dimensional acoustic tracking of krill with a multibeam sonar
Authors: De Robertis Alex , Schell Chad , Jaffe Jules S.
Published: July 2012

The swimming behavior of individual zooplankton mediates how the animals experience their spatially heterogeneous environment, and consequently, has an important effect on population dynamics. However, current understanding of zooplankton swimming behavior is limited by conventional zooplankton sampling techniques. Here, we describe the use of a high-resolution multibeam sonar [Jaffe et al., Deep Sea Res. 42, 1495–1512 (1995)] to reconstruct the swimming trajectories of individual krill (Euphausia pacifica) in Saanich Inlet, British Columbia. The instrument was deployed in the deep scattering layer at depth during the day, and in near-surface strata during twilight periods of vertical migration and at night. Successive acoustically determined animal positions from these records are linked using a simple target tracking algorithm resulting in >104 trajectories of several seconds duration. The spatial positions of the tracked targets are improved by applying an algorithm [J. S. Jaffe, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 105, 3168–3176 (1999)] developed to localize targets within the acoustic beams. These methods permit quantitative analyses of swimming behavior of undisturbed krill in their natural environment for the first time.
Experimental verification of an algorithm for animal localization using a multibeam sonar system
Authors: Jaffe Jules S. , Schell Chad , De Robertis Alex
Published: July 2012

Behavioral inferences of zooplankton activity from data generated with active multibeam sonar systems require high precision in localization due to the small extent of the animal movements. If target localization is limited to whether a target is within one beam or another, sonars with many beams and high complexity are required. Sonars which have multiple beams with measurable side lobes have the capability of achieving adequate resolution in situations of high signal to noise. In Jaffe [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 105, 3168–3175 (1999)], a maximum likelihood estimator for position was proposed. The algorithm utilizes a minimum mean square estimator in amplitude in order to estimate target position to a resolution smaller than the sonar’s beamwidth. Experimental verification of the application of this algorithm to data aquired in a test tank with simultaneous verification of position with an optical imaging system is presented. The methodology employed uses a pair of cameras in order to simultaneously estimate the three-dimensional location of a target which is simultaneously being observed with a three-dimensional multibeam acoustical system [Jaffe et al., Deep Sea Res. 42, 1495–1512 (1995)]. The results indicate that the algorithm can produce an accurate estimate of three-dimensional target positional information providing accurate calibration is performed.
Ultrasound bioeffects associated with contrast agents
Authors: Dalecki Diane
Published: July 2012

Ultrasound contrast agents are stabilized microbubbles used to enhance diagnostic imaging. Various studies indicate that certain bioeffects can result from the interaction of ultrasound with tissues containing contrast agents. The presence of ultrasound contrast agents in blood has been shown to increase the extent of hemolysis resulting from exposure to pulsed ultrasound in vitro and in vivo. The presence of contrast agents in tissues also increases the susceptibility of many tissues to damage from pulsed ultrasound or lithotripter fields. For example, injection of Albunex during exposure of mice to a piezoelectric lithotripter field with amplitude of only 2 MPa produced hemorrhages in most soft tissues, such as fat, muscle, kidney, stomach, and bladder. Contrast agents in the vasculature can also decrease the threshold for the production of premature cardiac contractions resulting from exposure to pulses of ultrasound. This lecture will provide an overview of some bioeffects of ultrasound in tissues containing ultrasound contrast agents.