bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Historical Greek Reader
Authors: Colvin Stephen
Published: November 2023

A Historical Greek Reader provides an introduction to the history of the ancient Greek language by means of a series of texts with linguistic commentary, cross-referenced to each other and to a reference grammar at the front. It offers a selection of epigraphic and literary texts from the Mycenaean period (roughly the fourteenth century BC) to the koiné (the latest text dates to the second century AD), and includes a wide range of Greek dialect texts. The epigraphic section balances a number of well-known inscriptions with recent discoveries that may not be easily available elsewhere; a selection of literary texts traces major developments in the language of Greek poetry and literary prose. The book finishes with an account of the linguistic and sociolinguistic background of koiné Greek. The commentary assumes no prior knowledge of Greek historical linguistics, but provides a basic amount of up-to-date bibliography so that advanced students and others can pursue linguistic issues at greater depth where necessary.
Brain-builders
Authors: Taylor Jeremy
Published: November 2023

In 1967 the Pakistan government built the world’s twelfth biggest dam across the Jhelum river, south of Islamabad, to create vast reservoir and hydro-electric power generation project. The resulting 100 square miles of lake engulfed two major towns, Mirpur and Dadyal, and some 280 villages. Over 100,000 people were displaced from their homes. Many of them were given work permits to come to the United Kingdom, with the result, today, that most of the Pakistani communities in big, former mill towns, like Bradford in Yorkshire, are composed of extended families from the Mirpur area of Pakistan-controlled Kashmir.
Chimps Aren’t Us
Authors: Taylor Jeremy
Published: November 2023

Our relationship with the chimpanzee is in need of drastic revision. It has become dysfunctional thanks to a staple diet of popular science articles and television programmes about chimps, and the other great apes, which take a simplistic view of the science available to us and use it to stress their ‘extraordinary’ similarity to us, in terms of both genetics and cognition, often with the active connivance of senior figures in the world of primatology, who should know better.
Minstrels and Moderns
Authors: Schuchard Ronald
Published: November 2023

During the Yeats–Farr engagement with the Imagists, Yeats became increasingly caught up in theatre business and saw the Abbey Theatre weather some momentous events—the death of Synge, the fight with Dublin Castle over censorship, the withdrawal and arbitration of Annie Horniman’s subsidy, and the necessity of securing a new Patent. By the end of 1910, as these distracting events approached resolution, Yeats had become fascinated with Gordon Craig’s new system of screens and lighting, proclaiming the importance of the new decorative effects to the press before he employed them in productions of The Hour Glass and Lady Gregory’s The Deliverer on January 12, 1911.
The Things That Move: Early Film and Literature
Authors: Marcus Laura
Published: November 2023

The primordial basis of the enjoyment of moving pictures was not an objective interest in a specific subject matter, much less an aesthetic interest in the formal presentation of subject matter, but the sheer delight in the fact that things seemed to move, no matter what things they were. As regards the content of vision which are placed before us by the motion picture, we are therefore faced here with a peculiar world which is both more restricted and more expanded than the one we are habitually confronting in our daily life.
The Shadow on the Screen: Virginia Woolf and the Cinema
Authors: Marcus Laura
Published: November 2023

It is, at first sight, surprising that there is relatively limited written evidence of the Bloomsbury Group ‘s intellectual engagement with film in its first decades. The art critic Clive Bell wrote two brief articles on cinema in the 1920s. The first, published in 1922, was highly critical of the medium, while suggesting that the German expressionist film The Cabinet of Dr Caligari had brought about some change in his attitudes; the second, which appeared in 1929, celebrated surrealist films, as anti-commercial projects which could present the unfamiliar and marvellous aspects of everyday reality, and explore the aesthetic possibilities of the unexpected. Some years earlier, Roger Fry had incorporated brief discussion of the ‘Cinematograph‖ in ‘An Essay in Aesthetics’, reprinted in Vision and Design (1920).
Britain
Authors: Marcus Laura
Published: November 2023

‘The Critic in Film History ‘, an article by the writer, film critic, and cultural commentator Alistair Cooke, was published in Charles Davy ‘s 1938 collection Footnotes to the Film. By the late 1930s, film in Britain was extensively integrated into intellectual and cultural life, and film criticism was to a significant extent an established form of writing. Nonetheless, Cooke argued that the film critic (by which he meant ‘not a writer on the theory of film, but a practising reviewer ‘)¹ continued to be confronted by difficulties particular to the nature of the medium.
Coda: The Coming of Sound
Authors: Marcus Laura
Published: November 2023

Although the demise of Close Up almost certainly resulted from the changing political situation in Europe, as well as Macpherson ‘s loss of interest in the journal and in film-making and the death of Bryher ‘s father, Bryher later represented it in her memoir Heart to Artemis as a direct result of ‘the collapse of the silent film ‘

The identification between the ‘small picture’ and the ‘little review’, Borderline and Close Up, was thus made explicit.
Some special-purpose designs
Authors: Thomas Duncan C
Published: November 2023

The cohort and case-control designs and their hybrids—nested casecontrol and case-cohort—are the work-horses of environmental epidemiology. There are circumstances, however, where special purpose designs are appropriate, either to control biases or improve statistical efficiency. Here, we review six such designs: two-phase case-control designs; counter-matched case-control designs; case-crossover designs; case-specular designs; case-parent triad and case-only designs for gene– environment interactions. One additional design, a hybrid of ecologic and individual-level designs, we defer to Chapter 10, after discussing the fundamental capabilities and limitations of ecologic inference.
Time-series models for acute effects
Authors: Thomas Duncan C
Published: November 2023

Although most of this book is concerned with the long-term health effects of environmental exposures, there are also short-term effects for some outcomes. Obviously not for cancer, which is the result of a long accumulation of carcinogenic exposures (combined with underlying genetic susceptibility), nor for such outcomes as asthma incidence or chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases. Short-term elevations in disease rates following major population exposure events, like the London Fog that led to a doubling of all-cause mortality (Figure 8.1) (Logan 1953; Waller et al. 1973; Bell and Davis 2001), may be obvious and do not need sophisticated statistical methods to detect them. (Although perhaps the best known, it was not the first such epidemic of air pollution-related health effects to be recognized. Earlier events occurred in the Meuse Valley of Belgium in 1930 (Firket 1931; Nemery et al. 2001) and in Donora, PA in 1948 (Ciocco and Thompson 1961).) However, very small relative risks that are consistently manifest over many such episodes and many locations can also be highly informative about acute effects, but require sensitive statistical methods to overcome potential confounding and other problems. These methods are the subject of this chapter.
Under Western Eyes: Into the Heart of Africa, Colonial Ethnographic Display, and the Politics of Multiculturalism
Authors: Thakkar Sonali
Published: November 2023

Since the 1980s, museums in liberal democracies have increasingly been understood as powerful but troubled sites of identity formation and political contestation. In part, this is because of the heightened selfrefiexivity of museum professionals and theorists informed by practices of institutional critique and anthropology’s disciplinary self-examinations. The more profound basis for these changes—particularly in Western states that self-identify as ‘multicultural’, such as the settler societies of Canada, the United States, and Australia—has been heightened scrutiny of the museum institution by a changing constituency, as well as claims for historical and political accountability. The burgeoning presence of immigrant populations in these states in the post-war period, and especially since the 1970s, has resulted in the adoption of ofcial or quasiofcial policies of multiculturalism. Via the proliferation of multicultural discourse and the dissemination of its norms and language into diverse aspects of public culture, the rhetoric of multiculturalism is now refiected
Beasts and Birds
Authors: Grene Nicholas
Published: November 2023

With his Irish place names, Yeats gave to his poems a rooted local habitation and a name. At the other end of his imaginative range, there is a phantasmagoria free of topography.
Voices
Authors: Grene Nicholas
Published: November 2023

Yeats was addicted to talk. For all his youthful fantasies of life alone in a bee-loud glade on Innisfree, he knew he could not exist without the stimulus of gossip, chat, and argument. ‘Nature made me a gregarious man, going hither and thither looking for conversation’ (A 171). This was the poet who kept his Monday evenings in Woburn Buildings, his salon in Merrion Square, the clubman of the Arts Club in Dublin, the Savile and eventually the Athenaeum in London, a man who thrived on public debate in every forum, political, theatrical, or cultural, who enjoyed long, intimate conversations with women, combative exchanges with men.
Bitter/Sweet
Authors: Grene Nicholas
Published: November 2023

The symbolists sought, in the terms of Mallarme´’s much re-cycled line, ‘to purify the dialect of the tribe’, to create a poetry purged of the banalities of commonplace usage. Whatever his affinities with symbolism, this was not Yeats’s way with words. At times at least he was prepared to let ordinary language do ordinary work without inhibitions about its conventionality. So it was with ‘sweet’ and ‘bitter’. The king in ‘The Madness of King Goll’ recalls the comfort of his former life at court: ‘I sat and mused and drank sweet wine’ (VP 82).
Pension Fund Trustee Decision Making
Authors: Clark Gordon L
Published: November 2023

Pension funds invest the vast bulk of their assets in stocks and bonds, hence their significance for Western stock markets and emerging markets. Even so, the allocation of assets between asset classes (stocks, bonds, property, etc.) as well as the choice of investment managers and products within classes are important decisions, repeatedly evaluated and revised by fund trustees in accordance with past and expected investment performance. In fact, the apparent stability of funds’ asset allocations to stocks and bonds at any point in time hides an enormous flow of funds over time between asset classes and between investment managers and investment products.
Allocating Social Housing Subsidies
Authors: Glennerster Howard , Hills John , Travers Tony , Hendry Ross
Published: November 2023

Housing differs from education and health services in that social land-lords charge for their services through rents, so that their funding is only partly based on central government grants (although the majority of their rental income is, in fact, derived from central government indirectly via the housing benefit system). When they have been free to vary these rents, they have not therefore had to operate within fixed budgets in the same way as schools or health authorities (at times, however, their ability to set rents has been constrained, as explained below).
Floodwater and Irrigated Cultivation
Authors: Whitmore Thomas M , II B L Turner
Published: November 2023

On first inspection, the role of irrigated cultivation in pre-Hispanic Middle America appears under-whelming. No known irrigation network in this realm matches the spatial scale of those in the American Southwest (Doolittle J 984), Jet alone those supporting the ‘hydraulic’ civilizations of Eurasia (Wittfogel 1957). Nor did Middle Americans undertake long distance transport of water comparable to the canals constructed by their brethren in the Andean realm (e.g., Ort]off, Mosley, and Feldman 1982; Treacy 1994; Denevan 2001).
Inventing Histories? Themes and Implications
Authors: Whitmore Thomas M , II B L Turner
Published: November 2023

History or the telling of it, as some would caution, is a reinvention of the past by those who hold the power to do so. The history of land use and cultivation in the New World is no exception. This work documents cultivation in Middle America on the eve of European conquest. It does so by an examination of sixteenth-century testimony, relic landscapes, ethno history, analogs in the contemporary landscapes, and common sense, each of which carries particular biases and assumptions. These problems notwithstanding, the documentation provides a rich empirical base for addressing a wide range of conceptual and substantive themes, the interpretations of which inform and even constitute the history in question. We now tum to select a few of these themes, however briefly.
A
Authors: Bix Brian H
Published: November 2023

acceptance (of a rule) The idea of ‘acceptance ’ of a rule plays a key role in H. L.A. Hart ’s (1907-92) theory of law (elaborated most fully in The Concept of Law (1961)). According to Hart, a social rule can be distinguished from a mere habit by the actor ‘s ‘accepting ‘ the rule as a standard for behaviour-a basis for justifying the actor ‘s own behaviour, and for criticizing deviations. Within Hart ’s practice theory of rules, the existence of a rule was equated with that rule ’s being accepted by some as a standard for behaviour.
The Nature of Poliomyelitis
Authors: Smallman-Raynor M R , Cliff A D , Trevelyan B , Nettleton C , Sneddon S
Published: November 2023

This book is primarily an historical geography of poliomyelitis. However, an understanding of the nature of the disease is necessary to underpin succeeding chapters; these examine the geographical patterns and processes of spread of a disease which has been associated with humans for most of their 5,000-year history of living in large urban agglomerations. Our description of the virus and its effects draws upon the definitive accounts of Krug- man et al. (1977), Christie (1987), Melnick (1997), and Mandell et al. (2000).
Epidemic Trends: An International Perspective
Authors: Smallman-Raynor M R , Cliff A D , Trevelyan B , Nettleton C , Sneddon S
Published: November 2023

Between 1921 and the mass administration of the first safe and effective poliovirus vaccines in 1955, poliomyelitis entered a period which we have termed its global expansion phase. Two overarching trends in the geographical incidence of epidemic poliomyelitis characterized this period. In those regions where poliomyelitis had already exerted a significant epidemic force—notably, the temperate latitudes of Europe (Ch. 4) and North America (Ch. 5)— the disease pattern was marked by a progressive increase in the magnitude of recorded epidemics (Freyche and Nielsen, 1955). Elsewhere, in the tropical and sub-tropical lands of Africa, Asia, Latin America, and parts of Oceania— areas that, by and large, had remained free of substantial epidemics of poliomyelitis in the early years of the twentieth century—large-scale outbreaks of the disease were recognized for the first time (Gear, 1955).
Mainland Europe
Authors: Smallman-Raynor M R , Cliff A D , Trevelyan B , Nettleton C , Sneddon S
Published: November 2023

As we saw in the previous chapter, a prominent feature of poliomyelitis outbreaks in North America from the end of World War I until the beginning of mass vaccination in the mid-1950s was the seemingly relentless rise in the size and frequency of epidemics. In this chapter, we examine European evidence at continental, regional, and local scales to determine the extent to which the trends and patterns witnessed in North America were replicated in Europe. The continental scale and major regional subdivisions are studied in Section 8.2.
The Deserts of South America
Authors: Goudie Andrew S
Published: November 2023

The deserts of South America lie in a diagonal swathe from southern Ecuador in the north-west to Patagonia in the south-east. They run from the subtropical Pacific Coast, across the high country of the Altiplano-Puna to the temperate latitudes of the Atlantic coast (Fig. 3.1). The west coast arid zone comprises the Peruvian and Atacama deserts. These lie to the west of the Andean cordillera between latitudes 5°S to 30°S and form the largest west coast desert in the world. The Monte and Patagonian deserts lie to the east of the Andes, though the former is effectively contiguous with the Atacama (Berger, 1997). Desert conditions may have been more extensive in certain phases of the Quaternary than they are today, however, and ancient dune fields have been described from the Pampas of Argentina, the Pantanal of Brazil, the Sao Francisco Valley of north-east Brazil, and the Llanos plains of Venezuela (Clapperton, 1993a; De Oliveira et al., 1999), the Chaco of Bolivia (Horton and DeCelles, 2001), Guyana and Brazil (Latrubesse and Nelson, 2001).
The Middle East
Authors: Goudie Andrew S
Published: November 2023

The Middle East is an area of remarkable landscape diversity. It possesses old shields of great antiquity and relative stability, large rift structures, the lowest point on the Earth’s surface, outpourings of recent volcanic lavas, high mountains and escarpments, magnificent anticlinal and synclinal structures, large numbers of salt domes, the world’s largest coastal sabkhas, salty lakes and seas, and enormous sand seas. Much of this diversity and distinctiveness can be attributed to the interaction of a number of plates, for the tectonic setting of this area is one both of complexity and of great activity.
The Deserts of India and Pakistan
Authors: Goudie Andrew S
Published: November 2023

The arid zone of the north-western portion of the Indian subcontinent (Fig. 9.1) stretches from the rocky mountains and basins of Baluchistan in the west to the ancient Aravalli Mountains in the east. The northern part in particular receives some winter rainfall from the westerlies while the summer south-west monsoon also produces some precipitation in the region. Thus only a relatively small area has less than 100 mm of mean annual rainfall (Fig. 9.2). The core of this arid area is generally referred to as the Great Indian Desert or Thar (Singhvi and Kar, 1992) and is locally called Marwar or ‘place of death’.
Contexts of Translation
Authors: Burrow John
Published: November 2023

It is possible to derive from pre-Conquest writings the outlines of a scheme ranking languages according to their dignity, as that would have been understood by many writers of the time. The highest ranks in this hierarchy are occupied by the original biblical languages: the Hebrew of the Old Testament and the Greek of the New—Greek being also the language of the first translation of the Old Testament, the Septuagint. Latin comes below Hebrew and Greek; but it counts with them as a third lingua sacra, since Anglo-Saxons read both testaments mostly in Jerome’s Latin version, the Vulgate.
Preface
Authors: Gillespie Stuart , Hopkins David
Published: November 2023

The main aim of this volume, as of the The Oxford History of Literary Translation in English as a whole, is to explore the rich tradition of translated literature in English, and its centrality to the ‘native ‘ tradition. Modern accounts of the history of English literature have often paid scant attention to the non-English writing that has been such an abiding presence and influence at its heart—usually in the form of translations very often read by the same public and written by many of the same authors. In no period is this more strongly the case than the one covered by this 1660–1790 volume, a period in which translation—particularly from Latin, Greek, and French—acts as a constant point of reference and a crucial shaping force.
Translation in Britain and the United States
Authors: France Peter , Haynes Kenneth
Published: November 2023

In an essay of 1821, Thomas De Quincey insisted that English literature needed the stimulus of foreign literatures: ‘So it is with the literatures of whatsoever land: unless crossed by some other of different breed, they all tend to superannuation.’ He was pleading for the study of ‘some exotic, but congenial’ foreign literature, namely German, to protect English from the dotage, nervelessness, and imbecility that had befallen French because of its refusal to admit influences from without or to form alliances with exotic literature (De Quincey 2000–3: III, 18).
Popular Culture
Authors: France Peter , Haynes Kenneth
Published: November 2023

In the nineteenth century various sub-genres of the novel experienced a spectacular growth. The opening decade of the century was dominated by the Gothic novel, the staple fare of the circulating libraries until it was displaced by the emergent forms of the historical novel and pioneer fiction. In the mid-century, the rise of the ‘mysteries and miseries’ school of fiction anticipates other new developments such as the Victorian sensation novel and what can be broadly labelled detective fiction. Finally, towards the end of the century, the scientific romance emerged, a form combining visionary speculation and high adventure and resembling the genre which would later come to be called science fiction (this term did not come into general usage until the 1930s).
The Translators: Biographical Sketches
Authors: France Peter , Haynes Kenneth
Published: November 2023

The 108 biographical sketches that follow are intended primarily to complement the preceding chapters. They make no claim to cover the period comprehensively; only a small proportion of translators active in this period are included. Representativeness (of some sort) is only one of the criteria for inclusion; historical importance, literary merit, and the convenience of readers have also influenced the choice of subjects. The entries themselves concentrate on the activity of translating in the writers’ lives.
The Mirror of Theory: Klein ‘s Books
Authors: Jacobus Mary
Published: November 2023

Klein ‘s relation to books is at once Magian and programmatic. Literature is held up to the mirror of her clinical theory, as Kristeva suggests, but it also serves as a powerful trope for symbolic action and creativity. Creativity is what the loved and envied breast means for the Kleinian infant. Psychoanalysis too both loves and envies what it sees in literature, while Kristeva personifies literature itself as jealously retaining its enigmas. Klein ‘s focus on the dynamics of psychic processes in dramatic and fictional characters, and on the artist ‘s symbolic resolution to emotional conflict, is especially evident in her posthumously published paper, ‘Some Reflections on “The Oresteia ‘ ‘ ‘ (1963).
Catastrophe in the Poppy Field: Bion ‘s Aesthetics
Authors: Jacobus Mary
Published: November 2023

Bion ‘s poppy field is also a minefield. For all its invariants-the unaltered elements that allow it to be recognized as a poppy field-catastrophe haunts the scene of representation. Just when we think we recognize a familiar field of meaning (poppies, paint, canvas, Impressionism), the point of view or ‘vertex ‘ suddenly shifts, leaving us struggling to adjust to an unfamiliar perspective. In Transformations (1965)-generally regarded as his most problematic book-Bion broaches the aesthetics of psychoanalysis. His subject is the psychoanalyst ‘s representation of clinical material.
The Unexpected: Bionic Woman
Authors: Jacobus Mary
Published: November 2023

A Memoir of the Future, Bion ‘s experimental autobiography of the 1970s, is not an obvious point of departure for thinking about the relation between women and psychoanalysis. I want to propose it, by way of envoi, if only because Bion ‘s writing is not often read for what it has to say about women, although it has much to say about change. Anxiety about the future tends to focus on the idea of catastrophic change-a revolution in politics or climatic conditions, an apocalypse, an earth quake, or a terrorist attack; even a new thought can upset an existing equilibrium.
The Print Trade, 1550 –1700
Authors: Lennon Colm
Published: November 2023

Not until a century after the successful experiments of Johan Gutenberg with moveable metallic type at Mainz did printing find a domicile in Ireland. Even with the setting up by Humphrey Powell of the first press at Dublin in 1551 a real print trade was extremely slow to evolve. This languid rate of development may have been due to a paucity of relatively large centres of population in the country before the seventeenth century. Yet, many smaller European towns on a par demographically with the more substantial Irish cities were homes to presses before 1550.¹ More significantly, perhaps, the lack of hubs of patronage in the form of a court or a university may have depressed demand for printed works, discouraging entrepreneurs from committing themselves to the costly venture of printing.
Theatre and Print, 1550–1800
Authors: Morash Christopher
Published: November 2023

There is no way of reconstructing precisely the movements of Dublin bookseller William Smith on the afternoon and evening of Thursday, 28 July 1743. He may have spent the afternoon in his shop on the main thoroughfare of Dame Street—a familiar Dublin landmark with its sign of Hercules over the door. It is equally possible, however, that as a leading Irish seller of plays, he went to the theatre to see a production of Joseph Addison ‘s Cato. If so, on that particular afternoon he may have left the shop in the care of his son, also named William Smith, who had just been admitted to the booksellers ‘ Guild of St Luke. Before leaving the shop, he would probably have checked his stock for a copy of Addison ‘s play in an edition that had been printed for him in 1736.¹ He almost certainly would have found the play on his shelves, for his son was still listing the play as being available from the firm almost thirty years later.
Foreign Language Books, 1550–1700
Authors: Lyons Mary Ann
Published: November 2023

During the second half of the sixteenth century, a mere handful of foreign language books by Irish authors or relating to Ireland were published or reprinted at home and abroad, the majority being Latin hagiographies of early and medieval Irish saints and martyrs.¹ Only the Irish theologian, Thomas Hibernicus, made a significant impact on the continental publishing world through his Flores Omnium Pene Doctorum, which was reprinted at least twentysix times in France, Italy, Flanders, and the German states between 1550 and 1596.² However, from the 1620s, as the Counter-Reformation movement thrived in Europe and the Irish Catholic clerical presence on the Continent grew steadily, the output and range of overwhelmingly theological and historical books penned by Irish scholars abroad increased very considerably. This study is therefore largely focused on the corpus of literature in Latin and continental languages published by these clerics. The period also witnessed a very gradual increase in the publication of foreign language works by a coterie of non-Catholic scholars, doctors, lawyers, and humanists in Ireland and abroad and this development is afforded brief attention. Foreign language books by authors resident in Ireland and the works of continental writers that dealt substantially with Ireland are also surveyed. Finally, the gradual growth in the importation of foreign language books into Ireland, the evolution of mechanisms for their distribution, and their place in seventeenth-century Irish libraries are discussed.
Sources for the History of the Early Modern Book in Ireland
Authors: Gillespie Raymond
Published: November 2023

The primary sources for the reconstruction of the history of the early modern book in English are diverse and scattered. Since book history crosses traditional areas of enquiry and is focused not on institutions but on objects and their users there are no neat bodies of archival material that can be seen to be the obvious preserve of the book historian. References to books and their uses are as likely to be found in the records of the central administration as they are among the private papers of individuals. The identification of sources may perhaps best proceed not by examining the points at which the book touched the administrative structures that generated records, but rather by considering the cycle of communication of which the book was part. Books typically might pass from author to printer, then to the bookseller, and finally to the reader. There were, of course, a number of variants on this pattern.
At the Frontier of the Market? Re-regulating Water Supply
Authors: Bakker Karen J
Published: November 2023

The decision to privatize the water supply industry was a seminal moment in the British government’s privatization programme. Earlier privatizations had concentrated on those industries which were clearly profitable, some of which even had private competitors. To a greater degree than any of the industries privatized before it, water lay at the frontier of the market—so much so that new regulatory institutions had to be designed and regulatory bodies created in order to enable the market to function.
Conflict and Consensus in Environmental Planning
Authors: Rydin Yvonne
Published: November 2023

Having established a framework for analysing environmental planning in terms of institutions-a framework that allows for context and agency, the interests of actors, and a role for discourse-this chapter now moves into the substantive analysis of environmental planning. It begins by considering conflict and consensus-building in the environmental domain. There are a number of different approaches that have been taken to the existence of conflict over environmental issues. Such conflicts can be re-presented as issues of common interest. This is a common tactic within environmental planning and politics, as Ch. I demonstrated.
Women’s Writing and Historiography in the GDR
Authors: Bridge Helen
Published: November 2023

This study adopts an interdisciplinary approach to explore how literature by GDR women became a forum for critical approaches to history which challenged the official state discourse. An introductory chapter offers broad theoretical reflections on the modes of literature and historiography, and considers the significance of feminism as a tabooed critical discourse in the GDR. The question of why GDR literature and histororiography developed so differently in the 1970s and 1980s is then pursued through a series of comparative readings of texts by both prominent writers, such as Christa Wolf, Irmtraud Morgner, and Helga Königsdorf, and less established authors, such as Helga Schütz, Sigrid Damm, Renate Feyl, and Brigitte Struzyk. This is not only the first study to offer a detailed comparison of historical and literary discourses in the GDR, but also the first to illuminate relations between three topics popular in East German women's writing: the National Socialist past; the lives of historical women; and the use of mythical themes and forms to voice critiques of history.
‘Das Vergangene IstNicht Tot’: New Approaches To National Socialism In Literature Of The 1970s
Authors: Bridge Helen
Published: November 2023

National Socialism tested--- and revealed the limits of GDR historiography to a greater degree than almost any other topic. As in all areas of historical study, work on the Third Reich involved subordinating evidence to an unquestioned orthodox Marxist master narrative of history. This master narrative, based on an economic understanding of social developments, determined the aspects of Hitler’s regime which were privileged in historians’ accounts, and resulted in a highly selective approach to the era. Even in the later years of the GDR, when historians were generally questioning rigid orthodoxies, explanations of this period remained unconvincingly dogmatic and one-sided.
‘Die Welt Der Unendlichen Moglichkeiten Neben Dieser Einen Realitat’: Fantastic Approaches To History In Literature Of The I 970s And I 980s
Authors: Bridge Helen
Published: November 2023

The 1970s and 1980s saw the publication in the GDR of a number of major works of literature which incorporate, reflect on, and revise fantastic figures and stories belonging to the cultural traditions of western civilization, in order to challenge orthodox views of history. This chapter will start with an analysis of two texts which employ fantastic motifs and plot structures to relate women’s historical experience to the requirements of the present: Irmtraud Merger’s Laura of 1974 and Helga Konigsdorf’s & pektloser Urging of 1986.1 These texts, particularly Morenci’s, belong to an aesthetic tradition of fantasy and humour which contrasts sharply with the serious, realistic approaches to history which have been central to this study so far, represented most prominently by Wolf and the notion of subjective authenticity.
How Groups Talk
Authors: Hartley Jenny
Published: November 2023

When a reading group discussion goes well it can be quite memorable:We had such different reactions to Martin Amis’s Money. Although this was an evening in 1990 I can still remember (nine years on) how passionately we argued for and against the book.Another group has fond memories of its discussion of William Dalrymple’s In Xanadu,also from nine years previously. What makes for a good discussion? Some groups seem to fire on all cylinders on every occasion, and we were taken to task for asking them to name a book which went well:
The Broader Picture
Authors: Hartley Jenny
Published: November 2023

Although most of the replies in our survey have come from British groups, we have heard from many other groups all over the world-too few to generalize from, but enough to colour in much of the world as reading-group territory, and to distinguish some global mutations. Britain’s nearest neighbours, the French, do things differently; they learn philosophy at school and meet for discussions at the cafe’s philosophiqueswhich have grown in popularity over the last decade.
Protectionism, Populism, or Participation? Agrarian Parties and the European Question in Western and East Central Europe
Authors: Sitter Nick , Batory Agnes
Published: November 2023

European integration has raised some awkward questions for almost all national political parties in Europe, but few party families have displayed greater variation than the agrarian parties. Some of the parties that have their roots in the defence of agrarian and rural interests oppose supranational European integration in principle, others oppose particular aspects of the European Union (EU) regime or plans for further integration, and yet others broadly welcome most aspects of the EU and its public policy regime. Whereas agrarian interest groups in the six original member states have long provided solid support for the European Economic Community (EEC) and its successors, many of the political parties that emerged in defence of agrarian interests or identity elsewhere in Europe have proven less enthusiastic about European integration.
Detection of magnetic resonance
Authors: Freeman Ray
Published: November 2023

We first observe the magnetic resonance response from the nuclei as a tiny voltage induced on a coil surrounding the sample-the receiver coil. How does this arise? In most forms of spectroscopy there are three possible mechanisms to describe the interaction of radiation with matter. Stimulated absorption or stimulated emission describe the absorption or emission of radiation by the sample provoked by the radiation field itself. Spontaneous emission occurs in the absence of any imposed radiation field, for example, the light emitted from a heated metallic filament. Spontaneous emission is far too weak an effect to be relevant to magnetic resonance experiments. The free precession NMR signal occurs after extinction of the radiofrequency pulse used for excitation and subsequently evolves in the absence of any imposed radiation field, so none of these three phenomena can properly account for magnetic resonance signals.
The Irish Statesman 1923–1930
Authors: Shovlin Frank
Published: November 2023

When, on 12 April 1930, the final issue of The Irish Statesman was published, the journal’s chief patron, Sir Horace Plunkett, could not hide his disappointment. “The paper bids farewell to its readers’, he wrote, “because—and only because—the people in Ireland who are prepared to back their opinion of its merit with a weekly payment of threepence, are not sufficiently numerous to give reasonable hope of its becoming even approximately self-supporting.’ After almost seven years of unbroken weekly production, Plunkett’s brainchild had finally succumbed to the apathy of the Irish reading public.
The Dublin Magazine 1923–1958
Authors: Shovlin Frank
Published: November 2023

In May 1923 Éamon de Valera issued orders to his anti-Treaty forces to dump arms and return to their homes. This marked the end of the Irish Civil War which had begun the previous June when the newly established Free State government shelled the Republican headquarters in Dublin’s Four Courts. After almost seven years of revolution, guerrilla warfare, and political agitation, the new Ireland emerged a geographically partitioned and unstable territory. For the Irish literary and artistic scene, the years of war had a retarding and divisive effect. The Literary Revival, which had done so much in the early years of the century to foster and encourage the growth of an indigenous Irish culture, lost much of its momentum.
Envoy 1949–1951
Authors: Shovlin Frank
Published: November 2023

In November 1949 Cyril Connolly announced in that month’s Horizon editorial that the next issue of the magazine would be the last. After ten years as editor of Britain’s most progressive cultural review, Connolly had become disillusioned: “A decade of our lives is quite enough to devote to a lost cause such as the pursuit and marketing of quality in contemporary writing. In the end, despite all the good will in the world, the public gets the magazines it deserves.’ With monthly sales as high as 9,000 copies, Horizon had made a significant impact on British cultural life throughout the difficult war years and after. Connolly’s decision to cease publication was widely lamented.
Rann 1948–1953
Authors: Shovlin Frank
Published: November 2023

The periodicals considered over the previous five chapters had in common that they were based in Dublin. As the country’s administrative capital and largest city it is not surprising that Dublin should also have dominated the cultural scene. But the centrality of Dublin in twentieth-century Ireland’s literary history is problematized by the partitioning of the island in I920. In an effort to acknowledge the effects of this political act on the arts, this chapter considers the history of the little magazine in the North of Ireland and concentrates in particular on the short-lived journal Rann.
The Woodlanders
Authors: Millgate Michael
Published: November 2023

Responding to Gissing on 1 July 1886, Hardy expressed the fear that the other ‘s ‘keen eye for good work ‘ would be disappointed by The Woodlanders, then a quarter of the way through its serialization in Macmillan ‘s Magazine: ‘It would have made a beautiful story if I could have carried out my idea of it: but somehow I come so far short of my intention that I fear it will be quite otherwise—unless I pick up towards the end. ‘ Both the note of self-deprecation and the particular terms in which it is sounded are familiar enough in Hardy ‘s comments on his work, but he does seem to have experienced real difficulty in writing The Woodlanders, and especially in completing it to schedule. He started work on the novel late and then broke off to make the final revisions to The Mayor of Casterbridge; he was always under the pressure of completing each instalment in time for advance proofs to be sent across the Atlantic for simultaneous publication in Harper ‘s Bazar; and, by no means least, he had not finally learned the impracticability of his attempting serious work in London: ‘I have some writing to do whilst in town ‘, he told Stevenson on 7 June, ‘& can ‘t touch it: it is becoming quite a nightmare. ‘¹
The Making of Jude
Authors: Millgate Michael
Published: November 2023

Busy as he was in the autumn of 1893, Hardy found time to lend some architectural assistance to his builder brother. He had always made his expertise available to Henry as need arose. Just a year or two earlier he had provided the design and working drawings for Talbothays, the substantial house built by the family firm some two miles east of Max Gate on the piece of land that their father had called Talbots. It is possible that Henry expected to be married and to move into the new house with his bride. Or the family may have planned more comfortable accommodation for their newly widowed mother, now entering her eighties.
‘A horrid little boy, airing my views’
Authors: Haffenden John
Published: November 2023

Unlike both his grandfather and his father, who deserted Yokefleet at the earliest opportunity, Arthur Reginald Empson felt a sense of belonging to this seemingly lost place in the levels of the Ouse. He was not born to it: he had spent his early years in Worcestershire, and as a younger brother he had of course no idea that the patrilineal succession would fall to him. But he was a natural countryman, and took an energetic interest in the agriculture of what outsiders might look upon as a dull, dank waste land, as well as in its considerable sporting opportunities.
Poems 1935
Authors: Haffenden John
Published: November 2023

Despite winning an early reputation with the handful of poems that were included in Cambridge Poetry 1929, Empson had to wait a further six years before his publishers brought out a volume of his poetry. Coincidentally, in the very summer of 1929 when he at once gained his degree and lost his fellowship, he had written from Magdalene College to offer a collection of ‘about twenty poems’ for consideration by his friend Ian Parsons, who had recently joined the publishing house of Chatto & Windus. Parsons felt hesitant about the poems—’it is rather difficult to make a decision on so little work’1—but asked to see them in any case; he received the packet on 14 June, along with this modest and beguiling message:
‘Waiting for the end, boys’: Politics, Poets, and Mass-Observation
Authors: Haffenden John
Published: November 2023

Having finished off the typescript of Pastoral, Empson was keen to travel up to Cambridge to show it to his mentor I. A. Richards, whom he eventually went to see in November. Strangely enough, however, the piece he sent Richards in advance of his visit was not from Pastoral, it was apparently an early draft of one of the essays that would be published several years later in The Structure of Complex Words. ‘William Empson . . . has just sent me the first draft of his new book—which I find intoxicatingly good,’ Richards wrote to T. S. Eliot. ‘A Dictionary article on the word Honest.
Camping Out: China, 1937–1938
Authors: Haffenden John
Published: November 2023

‘What an ass I would have been if I had refused to leave England,’ Empson wrote with considerable self-surprise in March 1938, after spending more than six months in war-torn China. In the event, he would work there—the only European to endure what he justifiably called ‘the horrors of native life’2—for just over two full years ending in August 1939.
‘The savage life and the fleas and the bombs’: China, 1938–1939
Authors: Haffenden John
Published: November 2023

The journey by rail from Changsha to Hong Kong took three days and three nights, with no sleeping berth. After sitting up for so long, Empson and George yeh (who had travelled with him from Changsha) felt utterly downcast to find the city overflowing with Chinese exiles and foreign journalists. Empson pondered the possibility of seeking out a policeman, but just after midnight Yeh found some friends who were willing for them to sleep on the floor of their apartment, along with a huddle of other refugees and their babies.
The BBC War
Authors: Haffenden John
Published: November 2023

People keep writing for propaganda, which I can ‘t do, but I hope to cash in a little on pretending to know about China when I get home. Letter to mother, 2 June 1939 I gave up writing for ten years because I really thought allied propaganda important I dropped all my literary interests . . . because I got absorbed in the war; I thought the defeat of Hitler so important that I could do nothing else (it was a time of great happiness, looking back, and anyway of considerable pleasure, but I have just a steady trickle of mental productiveness, and it was then all directed into propaganda). I still think the war was quite important enough for that, and a good deal of my previous poetry had been concerned to say so.
Final Reckoning: The Affair of Fei Hsiao-t ‘ung
Authors: Haffenden John
Published: November 2023

Empson wrote in 1953, just a few months after returning to England: ‘If you moved about in Peking you could not get an impression of widespread suspicion and anxiety. And the new China has something positive to over; the idea that it must be dismal to return to England does seem to me at least intelligible. ‘ Thus the outstanding question about his postwar career in China is: why did he choose, from 1952 until 1957, to become to a certain degree an apologist for the People ‘s Republic of China, a Communist state that was indicted by much of the western world both for acts of naked international aggression and for the scale on which it abused human rights at home? Was he blind or misguided, or simply—even stupidly—economical with the truth
‘A Mighty Raspberry ’: The Structure of Complex Words
Authors: Haffenden John
Published: November 2023

The Structure of Complex Words, though it was published on 31 July 1951, took nearly twenty years to drive forward from initial notion to final, albeit Xawed, form. Empson can be found writing to his publisher Ian Parsons in October 1935: ‘I want to do a real dull book on Language, using formulae, which is more than half written though still shapeless. I hope to be able to send that along next year, but you might well not want to handle it. ‘1 Three years later, in February 1939, he seems to have forgotten quite what he had said to Parsons, for he wrote again, selfdoubtingly: ‘
Rescuing Donne and Coleridge
Authors: Haffenden John
Published: November 2023

In 1608, seven years into his recklessly passionate marriage, Donne would pen this letter: ‘I write from the fireside in my parler, and in the noise of three gamesome children, and by the side of her whom, because I have translated into such a wretched fortune, I must labour to disguise that from her by all honest devices, as giving her my company and discourse; therefore I steal from her all the time which I give this letter, and it is therefore that I take so short a list . But if I melt into a melancholy whilst I write, I shall be taken in the manner; and I sit by one too tender towards these impressions . . . ‘ Trawling for proof that Donne ‘s ‘dissatisfaction is discernible ‘, Carey quotes only the first part of the letter and comments with stupefying bluntness