bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Translation Inhibitor Pdcd4 Is Targeted for Degradation during Tumor Promotion
Authors: Schmid Tobias , Jansen Aaron P. , Baker Alyson R. , Hegamyer Glenn , Hagan John P. , Colburn Nancy H.
Published: February 2008

Inactivation of tumor suppressors is among the rate-limiting steps in carcinogenesis that occur during the tumor promotion stage. The translation inhibitor programmed cell death 4 (Pdcd4) suppresses tumorigenesis and invasion. Although Pdcd4 is not mutationally inactivated in human cancer, the mechanisms controlling Pdcd4 inactivation during tumorigenesis remain elusive. We report that tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate exposure decreases protein levels of Pdcd4 in mouse skin papillomas and keratinocytes as well as in human HEK293 cells. This decrease is attributable to increased proteasomal degradation of Pdcd4 and is mediated by protein kinase C–dependent activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase–Akt–mammalian target of rapamycin–p70S6K and mitogen-activated protein/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) kinase (MEK)–ERK signaling. Both Akt and p70S6K phosphorylate Pdcd4, allowing for binding of the E3-ubiquitin ligase β-TrCP and consequently ubiquitylation. MEK-ERK signaling on the other hand facilitates the subsequent proteasomal degradation. We further show that Pdcd4 protein levels in vivo are limiting for tumor formation, establishing Pdcd4 as a haploinsufficient tumor suppressor in Pdcd4-deficient mice. Thus, because endogenous Pdcd4 levels are limiting for tumorigenesis, inhibiting signaling to Pdcd4 degradation may prove a valid strategy for cancer prevention and intervention. [Cancer Res 2008;68(5):1254–60]
Constitutive Repression of Interleukin-1α in Endothelial Cells
Authors: Brunn Gregory J. , Saadi Soheyla , Platt Jeffrey L.
Published: February 2008

Activation of complement stimulates inflammation and provides an initial vigorous defense against infection. Insertion of the membrane attack complex in cell membranes of vascular endothelial cells induces changes in cell differentiation that promote coagulation, thrombosis, inflammation, and immunity. These changes are mediated by production of interleukin (IL)-1α by endothelial cells, which acts locally on endothelial cells to contain infection and promote healing of the affected site. In healthy tissues, however, promoting coagulation and inflammation would be dysphysiologic. Accordingly, endothelial cell activation by the membrane attack complex depends on both transcriptional regulation of IL-1α and availability of that cytokine to broadly modify endothelial cell physiology. Here, we report that the IL-1α gene contains a suppressor sequence that cooperates with histone modification to regulate production of IL-1α by endothelial cells. The suppressor sequence binds C/EBP (CCAAT enhancer–binding protein) family DNA-binding proteins isolated from the nucleus of quiescent endothelial cells. These results suggest constitutive suppression of IL-1α maintains quiescence of endothelium and that terminal complement complexes remove that suppression, allowing IL-1α transcription and, ultimately, activation of endothelium to proceed.
Medical Liability and Liability of Health Institutions in Turkish Law
Authors: Özsunay Ergun
Published: February 2008

This article deals with medical liability of doctors and health institutions under Turkish law. Medical liability is based usually on a medical treatment agreement. This agreement is qualified as "mandate" (Auftrag). Under this agreement doctors are obliged to carry out medical intervention and treatment in accordance with professional standards. Informed consent is a prerequisite for all medical interventions. Treatment without patient's informed consent is a ground of liability. As regards treatment in hospitals medical treatment agreement is concluded between patient and hospital management. Doctors and other health care personnel employed by private hospitals are auxiliaries in medical treatment. Liability for treatment in State or municipality hospitals is based on administrative law. In case of malpractice, liability of physicians and health institutions covers all bodily injuries and material damages as well as immaterial damages. A draft law on liability for malpractice in medical services is being discussed by relevant circles in Turkey.
Constitutional Review of the Slovenian Health Law
Authors: Ivanc Blaž
Published: February 2008

The development of the modern Slovenian Health Law was first urged by the adoption of a new Constitution in the year 1991. Since then the Jurisprudence of the Constitutional Court has played a noticeable role by assuring the effective protection of Human Rights in the field of Health Law Legislation, which includes about thirty statutes. In several cases the Constitutional Court had to annul some parts of Health Legislation because they were not in accordance with the Constitution. The constitutional review of the Constitutional Court has been a very important factor in building and improving the Slovenian Health Law. Its jurisprudence can be regarded as one of the main causes for a comprehensive Health Law Reform which started in the year 2006.
Severity of Organized Item Theft in Computerized Adaptive Testing: A Simulation Study
Authors: Qing Yi  , Jinming Zhang  , Chang Hua-Hua
Published: February 2008

Criteria had been proposed for assessing the severity of possible test security violations for computerized tests with high-stakes outcomes. However, these criteria resulted from theoretical derivations that assumed uniformly randomized item selection. This study investigated potential damage caused by organized item theft in computerized adaptive testing (CAT) for two realistic item selection methods, maximum item information and a-stratified with content blocking, using the randomized method as a baseline for comparison. Damage caused by organized item theft was evaluated by the number of compromised items each examinee could encounter and the impact of the compromised items on examinees' ability estimates. Severity of test security violation was assessed under self-organized and organized item theft simulation scenarios. Results indicated that though item theft could cause severe damage to CAT with either item selection method, the maximum item information method was more vulnerable to the organized item theft simulation than was the a-stratified method.
Patellofemoral Contact Area and Pressure after Medial Patellofemoral Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: Melegari Todd M. , Parks Brent G. , Matthews Leslie S.
Published: February 2008

Background

It is not known whether nonisometric femoral graft attachment diminishes the effectiveness of medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction.

Purpose

To determine whether a nonisometric femoral attachment point is associated with differences in contact area and pressure in the patellofemoral joint as compared with an isometric attachment point.

Study Design

Controlled laboratory study.

Methods

Eleven cadaveric knees were amputated and secured in a loading fixture. The quadriceps tendon was clamped 5 cm above the proximal pole of the patella and fixed to a plate. Colinear compressive forces were applied. Forces were set to achieve isometric quadriceps moments at 30°, 45°, 60°, and 90° of knee flexion. Contact areas and pressures were measured using a sensor system. Initially, isometric reconstruction was done using the known isometric femoral attachment point of the posterior medial epicondyle. The attachment was then revised in each specimen to the known nonisometric femoral attachment of the adductor tubercle.

Results

Before medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction, average facet patellofemoral contact area and pressure generally increased with angle of knee flexion. With few exceptions, initial versus postprocedure data and isometric versus nonisometric contact area and pressure data did not differ significantly at any angle tested. Percentage contact area and contact pressure in the medial facet did not differ significantly from the initial percentage for either attachment, and no difference was found in the percentage medial contact area or pressure for isometric versus nonisometric attachment at the angles tested.

Conclusion

Use of the nonisometric attachment point of the adductor tubercle in medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction did not appear to alter knee contact area or contact pressures as compared with isometric femoral attachment at the posterior medial epicondyle.

Clinical Relevance

In medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction, patellofemoral contact area and pressure may not be adversely affected by use of the nonisometric femoral attachment point used in this study.
Anatomical and Nonanatomical Double-Bundle Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: Zantop Thore , Diermann Nadine , Schumacher Tobias , Schanz Steffen , Fu Freddie H. , Petersen Wolf
Published: February 2008

Background

Studies have suggested that double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction may restore intact knee kinematics better than single-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Although the tunnel position of the femoral anteromedial bundle is well established, the effects of different posterolateral bundle positions on knee kinematics are unknown.

Hypothesis

Double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with an anatomical (shallow) femoral posterolateral bundle tunnel placement will restore knee kinematics more closely than will a nonanatomical (deep) femoral posterolateral bundle tunnel position.

Study Design

Controlled laboratory study.

Methods

In 12 human cadaveric knees, the kinematics of the intact knee, anterior cruciate ligament-deficient knee, and double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament-reconstructed knees with nonanatomical femoral posterolateral tunnel placement and anatomical posterolateral bundle placement were determined in response to a 134-N anterior tibial load and a combined rotatory load of 10 Nm valgus and 4 Nm internal tibial rotation using a robotic/universal force moment sensor testing system. Statistical analyses were performed using a 2-way analysis of variance test.

Results

Double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with nonanatomical posterolateral bundle placement showed significantly higher anterior tibial translation under anterior tibial and combined rotatory load than did the intact knee at 0° and 30° of knee flexion ( P < .05). Reconstruction with an anatomical posterolateral tunnel placement restored the intact knee kinematics and showed significantly lower anterior tibial translation under anterior tibial and combined rotatory load when compared with reconstruction with nonanatomical posterolateral placement ( P < .05).

Conclusion

Double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using the anatomical posterolateral bundle tunnel position restores the intact knee kinematics. A nonanatomical posterolateral bundle position results in rotatory instability.

Clinical Relevance

Double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction should be performed using anatomical tunnel placement of the anteromedial and posterolateral bundles. Nonanatomical double-bundle reconstruction may fail to show any clinical superiority to single-bundle reconstruction and should be avoided.
Cyclic Loading of Rotator Cuff Reconstructions
Authors: Lorbach Olaf , Bachelier Felix , Vees Jochen , Kohn Dieter , Pape Dietrich
Published: February 2008

Background

Double-row repair is suggested to have superior biomechanical properties in rotator cuff reconstruction compared with single-row repair. However, double-row rotator cuff repair is frequently compared with simple suture repair and not with modified suture configurations.

Hypothesis

Single-row rotator cuff repairs with modified suture configurations have similar failure loads and gap formations as double-row reconstructions.

Study Design

Controlled laboratory study.

Methods

We created 1 × 2-cm defects in 48 porcine infraspinatus tendons. Reconstructions were then performed with 4 single-row repairs and 2 double-row repairs. The single-row repairs included transosseous simple sutures; double-loaded corkscrew anchors in either a double mattress or modified Mason-Allen suture repair; and the Magnum Knotless Fixation Implant with an inclined mattress. Double-row repairs were either with Bio-Corkscrew FT using modified Mason-Allen stitches or a combination of Bio-Corkscrew FT and PushLock anchors using the SutureBridge Technique. During cyclic load (10 N to 60-200 N), gap formation was measured, and finally, ultimate load to failure and type of failure were recorded.

Results

Double-row double-corkscrew anchor fixation had the highest ultimate tensile strength (398 ± 98 N) compared to simple sutures (105 ± 21 N; P < .0001), single-row corkscrews using a modified Mason-Allen stitch (256 ± 73 N; P = .003) or double mattress repair (290 ± 56 N; P = .043), the Magnum Implant (163 ± 13 N; P < .0001), and double-row repair with PushLock and Bio-Corkscrew FT anchors (163 ± 59 N; P < .0001). Single-row double mattress repair was superior to transosseous sutures ( P < .0001), the Magnum Implant ( P = .009), and double-row repair with PushLock and Bio-Corkscrew FT anchors ( P = .009). Lowest gap formation was found for double-row double-corkscrew repair (3.1 ± 0.1 mm) compared to simple sutures (8.7 ± 0.2 mm; P < .0001), the Magnum Implant (6.2 ± 2.2 mm; P = .002), double-row repair with PushLock and Bio-Corkscrew FT anchors (5.9 ± 0.9 mm; P = .008), and corkscrews with modified Mason-Allen sutures (6.4 ± 1.3 mm; P = .001).

Conclusion

Double-row double-corkscrew anchor rotator cuff repair offered the highest failure load and smallest gap formation and provided the most secure fixation of all tested configurations. Double-loaded suture anchors using modified suture configurations achieved superior results in failure load and gap formation compared to simple suture repair and showed similar loads and gap formation with double-row repair using PushLock and Bio-Corkscrew FT anchors.

Clinical Relevance

Single-row repair with modified suture configurations may lead to results comparable to several double-row fixations. If double-row repair is used, modified stitches might further minimize gap formation and increase failure load.
Overlooked and Understudied? A Survey of Current Trends in Research on Adult English Language Learners
Authors: Mathews-Aydinli Julie
Published: February 2008

This article provides a synthesis and review of 41 recent research studies focusing on the population of adult English language learners (ELLs) studying in nonacademic contexts. It notes the unique qualities and importance of understanding the English-language needs of this population, provides a critical overview of the existing literature, and concludes that both more research and research from diverse methodological perspectives are necessary.
Individual-Level and Socio-Structural Characteristics of Violence
Authors: Boyle Douglas J. , Hassett-Walker Constance
Published: February 2008

In this article, the authors present a data collection system to provide information about assault-related injuries within Newark, New Jersey. In 2001, Emergency Department (ED) staff at the six hospitals providing emergency medical care within the city collected data on all assault-related ED visits. Individual-level ( n = 1,204) and neighborhood-level ( n = 262) analyses were conducted; the latter used data from the 2000 U.S. Census. A hotspots map was also generated. At the individual level, one in three ED patients was assaulted by an intimate partner or other family member. In addition, African American males were disproportionately likely to be treated for assault-related injuries. At the socio-structural level, as hypothesized based on Social Disorganization Theory, hierarchical regression analyses reveal that poorer neighborhoods with more vacant housing units have significantly higher rates of assault-related injuries.
Positive Organizational Scholarship
Authors: Caza Brianna Barker , Caza Arran
Published: February 2008

Positive organizational scholarship (POS) is considered an alternative approach to studying organizations; it is argued that POS plays a critical theory role in contemporary organizational scholarship. By using essays on critical theory in organizational science to consider POS research, and drawing from the principles of Gestalt psychology, it is argued that the important distinctions between POS and traditional organizational scholarship lie in POS's emphasis on positive processes, on value transparency, and on extending the range of what constitutes a positive organizational outcome. In doing so, it is concluded that the primary contribution of POS is that it offers an alternative to the deficit model that shapes the design and conduct of organizational research.
Justice and the Political in Organizational Life
Authors: Woodilla Jill , Forray Jeanie M.
Published: February 2008

This article explores the link between justice and the political in organizational life. In contrast to the traditional organizational justice literature, the authors assume that justice experience cannot exist without political consciousness and use a narrative approach to explore this link. They draw from interviews with members of a human relations committee about organizational justice within their experience. Analyzing transcripts of these interviews, they read for narrative structures and themes. The discussion focuses on the political nature of justice in participants' stories as revealed in three themes: paradoxical implementation, cultural context, and personal intervention. The authors critique theories of organizational justice as being incomplete without consideration of political concerns and dynamics.
Scenario Planning: Toward a More Complete Model for Practice
Authors: Keough Shawn M. , Shanahan Kevin J.
Published: February 2008

Numerous approaches to scenario planning exist. In fact, as a discipline that has grown more in practice than in any other domain, much about the process is not fully understood.This has led to extreme variety in method and process for conducting scenario projects.The authors begin the task of investigating the elements that appear common to multiple models and processes with intent of aggregating these elements toward a best practice approach. In this article, the authors present and describe several prominent scenario planning models in detail, highlighting the strengths and areas for improvement in each.They then discuss opportunities for solidifying best practices in terms of a sound approach to scenario planning in addition to offering the basis of a unifying model for moving the study of scenario planning forward. Conclusions and suggestions are provided for organizational decision makers and researchers.
Applying Organization Development Tools in Scenario Planning
Authors: McLean Gary N. , Egan Toby Marshall
Published: February 2008

Scenario planning, as an ongoing process for helping leaders in an organization to think more expansively and flexibly, is a complex process requiring trained professionals as facilitators.What approaches do such facilitators use to maximize the benefits of scenario planning? In this article,the authors posit that organization development, with its multitude of interventions, is essential for use in the process. Interventions to be used in each of the three phases of scenario planning are described briefly.
Learning With Scenarios: Summary and Critical Issues
Authors: Burt George , Chermack Thomas J.
Published: February 2008

This issue of Advances in Developing Human Resources has discussed scenario planning as a contemporary business approach to support the strategic roles of human resource departments in organizations. Scenario planning is usually situated in the domain of strategic and business planning, yet it is increasingly considered a major organizational intervention approach to overcome organizational defensive routines and bring about learning and change in organizations.The articles in this issue bring together academics and practitioners discussing a wide range of issues concerning the theory, research, and practice of scenario planning, illuminating different applications of the method as well as some pitfalls that need to be acknowledged and considered by those wishing to use it in their organizations.
Intersection of Child Abuse and Children's Exposure to Domestic Violence
Authors: Herrenkohl Todd I. , Sousa Cynthia , Tajima Emiko A. , Herrenkohl Roy C. , Moylan Carrie A.
Published: February 2008

This review addresses research on the overlap in physical child abuse and domestic violence, the prediction of child outcomes, and resilience in children exposed to family violence. The authors explore current findings on the intersection of physical child abuse and domestic violence within the context of other risk factors, including community violence and related family and environmental stressors. Evidence from the studies reviewed suggests considerable overlap, compounding effects, and possible gender differences in outcomes of violence exposure. The data indicate a need to apply a broad conceptualization of risk to the study of family violence and its effects on children. Further testing of competing theoretical models will advance understanding of the pathways through which exposure leads to later problems in youth, as well as protective factors and processes through which resilience unfolds.
Onomastics, gender, office and images on Byzantine lead seals: a means of investigating personal piety
Authors: Cotsonis John
Published: February 2008

Based upon a database of 7,390 lead seals that bear religious figural imagery in conjunction with the names and official titles of their owners, this paper investigates the contribution of lead seals to our understanding of the choice of various religious images as an expression of personal piety. The study examines the roles of homonymity, gender, family names and official titles in individuals’ selections of sacred images for their seals. Tables and figures display the numerical and statistical results that are compared to trends found in other media.
Relations between the Fatimid and Byzantine empires during the reign of the caliph al-Mustansir bi’llah, 1036–1094/427–487
Authors: Thomson K. E. F.
Published: February 2008

Throughout the history of the Fatimid empire (909–1176/296–566), Byzantine sources support the idea that contact was kept to a minimum for trade. However, Arab historians reveal that in fact al-Mustansir engaged in correspondence, gift exchanges and embassies with several emperors. Descriptions of these mutual relations in the reign of al-Mustansir are a political mirror to the international effects of events such as the arrival of the Seljuk Turks, uprisings and civil war, and are also a fascinating insight into the diplomacy of Muslims and Christians banding together at a time of significant crisis for both.
IL-21 is expressed in Hodgkin lymphoma and activates STAT5: evidence that activated STAT5 is required for Hodgkin lymphomagenesis
Authors: Scheeren Ferenc A. , Diehl Sean A. , Smit Laura A. , Beaumont Tim , Naspetti Marianne , Bende Richard J. , Blom Bianca , Karube Kennosuke , Ohshima Koichi , van Noesel Carel J. M. , Spits Hergen
Published: February 2008

Classical Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is a malignant disorder characterized by the presence of neoplastic mononucleated Hodgkin and multinucleated Reed-Sternberg cells. Here, we show that both the interleukin (IL)–21 receptor as well as IL-21 are expressed by HL cells. IL-21 activates signal transducer of activation and transcription 3 (STAT3) and STAT5 in HL cell lines and activated human B cells. Ectopic expression of constitutively active STAT5 in primary human B cells resulted in immortalized B cells that have lost the B-cell phenotype and strongly resembled HL cells, which could partially be rescued by ectopic expression of the B cell–determining transcription factor E47. Data from experiments using reporter assays and overexpression of constitutively active IKK2 support the hypothesis that the STAT5 and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathways colaborate in HL genesis.
Efficient HIV-1 transmission from macrophages to T cells across transient virological synapses
Authors: Groot Fedde , Welsch Sonja , Sattentau Quentin J.
Published: February 2008

Macrophages are reservoirs of HIV-1 infection, proposed to transmit virus to CD4+ T cells, the primary target of the virus. Here we report that human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) rapidly spread HIV-1 to autologous CD4+ T cells resulting in productive infection. Transmission takes place across transient adhesive contacts between T cells and MDMs, which have the features of a virological synapse including copolarization of CD4 on the T cell with HIV-1 Gag and Env on the macrophage. We propose that an infected MDM can infect at least one T cell every 6 hours. Since HIV-1–infected macrophages can survive for many weeks, these results highlight the central role played by macrophages in HIV-1 infection and pathogenesis.
Dissecting microregulation of a master regulatory network
Authors: Sinha Amit U , Kaimal Vivek , Chen Jing , Jegga Anil G
Published: February 2008

Background

The master regulator p53 tumor-suppressor protein through coordination of several downstream target genes and upstream transcription factors controls many pathways important for tumor suppression. While it has been reported that some of the p53's functions are microRNA-mediated, it is not known as to how many other microRNAs might contribute to the p53-mediated tumorigenesis.

Results

Here, we use bioinformatics-based integrative approach to identify and prioritize putative p53-regulated miRNAs, and unravel the miRNA-based microregulation of the p53 master regulatory network. Specifically, we identify putative microRNA regulators of a) transcription factors that are upstream or downstream to p53 and b) p53 interactants. The putativep53-miRsand their targets are prioritized using current knowledge of cancer biology and literature-reported cancer-miRNAs.

Conclusion

Our predicted p53-miRNA-gene networks strongly suggest that coordinated transcriptional andp53-miRmediated networks could be integral to tumorigenesis and the underlying processes and pathways.
Extra-gastrointestinal stromal tumor of the greater omentum: report of a case and review of the literature
Authors: Franzini Christian , Alessandri Luciano , Piscioli Irene , Donato Salvatore , Faraci Rosario , Morelli Luca , Del Nonno Franca , Licci Stefano
Published: February 2008

Background

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) represent the majority of primary non-epithelial neoplasms of the digestive tract, most frequently expressing the KIT protein detected by the immunohistochemical staining for the CD117 antigen. Extra-gastrointestinal stromal tumors (EGISTs) are neoplasms with overlapping immunohistological features, occurring in the abdomen outside the gastrointestinal tract with no connection to the gastric or intestinal wall.

Case presentation

We here report the clinical, macroscopic and immunohistological features of an EGIST arising in the greater omentum of a 74-year-old man, with a discussion on the clinical behavior and the prognostic factors of such lesions and a comparison with the gastrointestinal counterpart.

Conclusion

The EGISTs in the greater omentum can grow slowly in the abdomen for a long time without clinical appearance. In most cases a preoperative diagnosis is not possible, and the patient undergoes a surgical operation for the generic diagnosis of "abdominal mass". During the intervention it is important to achieve a complete removal of the mass and to examine every possible adhesion with the gastrointestinal wall. Yamamoto's criteria based on the evaluation of the mitotic rate and the MIB-1 labelling index seems to be useful in predicting the risk for recurrence or metastasis. More studies are necessary to establish the prognostic factors related to localization and size of the EGIST and to evaluate the impact of the molecular characterization as an outcome parameter related to the molecular targeted therapy. In absence of these data, an accurate follow-up is recommended.
Investigation of the long‐term wind and wave spectral climate of the Mediterranean Sea
Authors: Stefanakos Ch N
Published: February 2008

It is well known that long‐term time series of wind and wave data are modelled as non‐stationary stochastic processes with a yearly periodic mean value and standard deviation (periodically correlated or cyclostationary stochastic processes). Using this model, the initial non‐stationary series are decomposed into a seasonal (periodic) mean value m( t) and a residual time series W( t) multiplied by a seasonal (periodic) standard deviation s( t), of the form Y( t) = m( t)+ s( t) W( t). The periodic components m( t) and s( t) are estimated using mean monthly values, and the residual time series W( t) is examined for stationarity. For this purpose, spectral densities of W( t) are obtained from different seasonal segments, calculated, and compared with each other. It is shown that W( t) can indeed be considered stationary, and thus Y( t) can be considered periodically correlated. This analysis has been applied to model wind and wave data from several locations in the Mediterranean Sea. It turns out that the spectrum of W( t) is very weakly dependent on the site, a fact that might be useful for the geographic parameterization of wind and wave climate.
Risk evaluation for RoPax vessels
Authors: Konovessis D , Vassalos D
Published: February 2008

The paper presents the results of a recent risk evaluation study for roll‐on‐roll‐off passenger (RoPax) vessels, carried out as part of the activities of the SAFEDOR Integrated Project. The objective of the study was to investigate hazards and their causes during RoPax operation and to quantify, to the extent possible, their frequencies and consequences. A previous study on the safety assessment of RoPax vessels sailing in north‐west European waters, covering the period until 1994, was used as the basis in putting together a high‐level risk model for the current study. All scenarios are presented in the form of event trees, quantification of which is made on the basis of worldwide accident experience (from 1994 to 2004), relevant past studies, and judgement. The study estimates the risk of loss of life among passengers and crew (by calculating for each scenario the individual risk and the potential loss of life and by plotting the corresponding F– N curves) and compares them with current risk acceptance criteria.
Defensin‐like Genes: Genomic Perspectives on a Diverse Superfamily in Plants
Authors: Graham Michelle A. , Silverstein Kevin A. T. , VandenBosch Kathryn A.
Published: February 2008

Defensins represent a diverse set of antimicrobial peptides found in almost all multicellular organisms. These small proteins can be characterized by an N‐terminal signal sequence, a highly divergent mature protein with the exception of conserved cysteine residues, presence of defensin motifs, and a tissue‐specific expression pattern. Defensin expression can be induced by pathogen inoculation and environmental stress. Until recently, defensins in plants were thought to be members of small gene families. However, the advent of expressed sequence tag (EST) and genome sequencing coupled with novel bioinformatic techniques has allowed researchers to recognize the size and diversity of the family. Recent research has identified over 300 defensin‐like (DEFL) genes in each of the genomes of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. and Medicago truncatula Gaertner. In addition, over 1000 DEFL genes have been identified from the plant EST projects. The identification of such a broad family involved in defense against pathogens and environmental stress provides new opportunities for crop improvement. This review focuses on genome level analyses of DEFL genes in plants.
A technique for computed tomography (CT) of the foot in the standing horse
Authors: Desbrosse F. G. , Vandeweerd J.‐M. E. F. , Perrin R. A. R. , Clegg P. D. , Launois M. T. , Brogniez L. , Gehin S. P.
Published: February 2008

Computed tomography (CT) in equine orthopaedics is currently limited because of the price, availability, impossibility to transport the scanner into surgical theatre, and the contraindications of general anaesthesia in some patients. A pQCT (peripheral quantitative computerised tomography) scanner was designed by the authors to image the limbs of the horse, both in standing or recumbent position. Standing computed tomography of the foot with a pQCT scanner is feasible and well tolerated by the horse. It enables good visualisation of bony structures but is not suitable to evaluate soft tissues. The technique can also assist surgery by assessing the 3D configuration of bone lesions.
Management of rostral mandibular fractures in the young horse
Authors: Ramzan P. H. L.
Published: February 2008

Rostral mandibular fractures in the young horse can, in the majority of cases, be managed satisfactorily in the field. A technique for the field assessment and repair of such injuries is described here.
Ultrasonographic guided injection of the scapulohumeral joint in horses
Authors: Carnicer D. , Coudry V. , Denoix J.‐M.
Published: February 2008

Intra‐articular injections of the scapulohumeral joint (SHJ) in horses are difficult to perform because of the thick muscles covering the area and a reduced articular space. Ultrasonographic guidance was demonstrated to be helpful to perform intra‐articular injections. This technique applied to the SHJ can be performed in the field with a portable machine.

The joint space is firstly imaged in transverse and proximodistal scans. After aseptic preparation of the shoulder area, the probe is placed to image the SHJ space in transverse section and the needle is inserted cranially in the ultrasound beam. The progression of the needle is followed towards the SHJ space, limiting joint injuries and side effects.
The use of intraluminal stents for tracheal collapse in two horses: Case management and long‐term treatment
Authors: Wong D. M. , Sponseller B. A. , Riedesel E. A. , Couëtil L. L. , Kersh K.
Published: February 2008

Tracheal collapse is an uncommon clinical disorder in horses but when present can be difficult to correct. Various medical and surgical procedures to correct tracheal collapse have been described in horses with variable success. Recently, the use of an intraluminal stent has been described as a treatment for tracheal collapse in a miniature horse. The long‐term management, utilising intraluminal stents, in 2 miniature horses with tracheal collapse is presented here. In particular, various complications as a result of intraluminal stent placement are described, the most persistent being the formation of granulation tissue at various regions of the stents. Multiple methods of combating granulation tissue in this situation also are discussed.
Fracture of the ischium in an eight‐year‐old Arabian gelding: A diagnostic challenge
Authors: Driver A. J. , Nagy A.
Published: February 2008

Proximal hindlimb lameness remains a diagnostic challenge despite modern imaging techniques. In the case described here, a fracture of the ischium produced false negative results on initial ultrasound and scintigraphy examinations, despite a 14 day delay from onset of clinical signs to the time of the nuclear bone scan. However, the history and clinical examination were strongly suggestive of a pelvic injury and this was only confirmed by the use of a novel radiographic technique.

False negative findings from diagnostic imaging can, and do, occur, even with high sensitivity techniques such as nuclear bone scans used after an appropriate delay period. Therefore, equal weighting should be given to all facets of a lameness investigation, including the history and clinical examination, while remembering the limitations of any imaging modalities used.
The Denk ich an Deutschland Films of the Two Andreases from the East: Kleinert's Bewildering Berlin and Dresen's Stagnating Uckermark
Authors: Sinka Margit
Published: February 2008

Launched in 1998 on the eve of the eighth Day of German Unity, the Denk ich an Deutschland television film series was intended to reframe discourses on national identity formation in a positive light through documentaries focused on the present rather than on the dark German past. While Andreas Kleinert's Niemandsland (No Man's Land, 1998) and Andreas Dresen's Herr Wichmann von der CDU (Vote for Henryk!, 2003), the first and last films televised, do center on the present, they highlight dissonances between personal and national concerns. Still, Kleinert deconstructs the dissonances and artificial syntheses he himself invents in order to reveal them as constructs to be reconfigured by viewers. By showing the inability of politicians to bridge the gap between personal and national concerns due to the erosion of their private identities, Dresen also appeals to viewers to initiate needed societal changes themselves.
Binary Regression with Misclassified Response and Covariate Subject to Measurement Error: a Bayesian Approach
Authors: McGlothlin Anna , Stamey James D. , Seaman John W.
Published: February 2008

We consider a Bayesian analysis for modeling a binary response that is subject to misclassification. Additionally, an explanatory variable is assumed to be unobservable, but measurements are available on its surrogate. A binary regression model is developed to incorporate the measurement error in the covariate as well as the misclassification in the response. Unlike existing methods, no model parameters need be assumed known. Markov chain Monte Carlo methods are utilized to perform the necessary computations. The methods developed are illustrated using atomic bomb survival data. A simulation experiment explores advantages of the approach. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Monomeric Cu(II) Complex Containing Chiral Phase‐transfer Catalyst as Ligand and Its Asymmetrically Catalytic Reaction
Authors: QU Zhi‐Rong , XIONG Ren‐Gen
Published: February 2008

The thermal treatment of CuCl2 with N‐(4′‐vinylbenzyl)cinchonidinium chloride (L1) afforded a monomeric discrete homochiral copper(II) complex N‐4′‐(vinylbenzyl)cinchonidinium trichlorocoprate(II) (1). Their applications to the enantioselectively catalytic alkylation reaction of N‐(diphenylmethylidene)glycine tert‐butyl ester (3) show that the higher ee value observed in catalyst 1 than that in the corresponding free ligand L1 is probably due to the rigidity enhancement after the coordination of N atom of quinoline ring to the copper ion.
Phase Equilibria and Plate‐fluid Interfacial Tensions for Four‐site Associating Lennard‐Jones Fluids Confined in Slit Pores
Authors: FU Dong , YAN Shu‐Mei , WANG Xue‐Min
Published: February 2008

The excess Helmholtz free energy functional for four‐site associating Lennard‐Jones (LJ) fluid was formulated in terms of a modified fundamental measure theory for short‐ranged interactions and a first‐order mean‐spherical approximation theory for long‐ranged attraction. Within the framework of density functional theory, the thermodynamic properties including the average density isotherms, density profiles and fractions of not bonded monomers characterizing the coexistences between gas‐like and liquid‐like phases for capillary condensation, phase equilibria and equilibrium plate‐fluid interfacial tensions were investigated. The influences of association energy, fluid‐solid interaction and pore width on the inhomogeneous behavior of four‐site associating LJ fluids confined in slit pores were discussed.
Sodium Hydrogen Sulfate as Effective and Reusable Heterogeneous Catalyst for the One‐pot Preparation of 14H‐[(Un)substituted phenyl]‐dibenzo[a,j]xanthene Leuco‐dye Derivatives
Authors: SHATERIAN Hamid Reza , DOOSTMOHAMMADI Razieh , GHASHANG Majid
Published: February 2008

NaHSO4·H2O has been used as an efficient catalyst for the one‐pot preparation of 14H‐[(un)substituted phenyl]‐dibenzo[a,j]xanthene leuco‐dye derivatives by condensation of β‐naphthol with substituted benzaldehydes under microwave and thermal conditions. This method has the advantages of high yields, a green reaction, an efficient and cost‐effective method, simple procedures, short reaction time, and easy workup.
A collocated, iterative fractional‐step method for incompressible large eddy simulation
Authors: Jothiprasad Giridhar , Caughey David A.
Published: February 2008

Fractional‐step methods are commonly used for the time‐accurate solution of incompressible Navier–Stokes (NS) equations. In this paper, a popular fractional‐step method that uses pressure corrections in the projection step and its iterative variants are investigated using block‐matrix analysis and an improved algorithm with reduced computational cost is developed. Since the governing equations for large eddy simulation (LES) using linear eddy‐viscosity‐based sub‐grid models are similar in form to the incompressible NS equations, the improved algorithm is implemented in a parallel LES solver. A collocated grid layout is preferred for ease of extension to curvilinear grids. The analyzed fractional‐step methods are viewed as an iterative approximation to a temporally second‐order discretization. At each iteration, a linear system that has an easier block‐LU decomposition compared with the original system is inverted. In order to improve the numerical efficiency and parallel performance, modified ADI sub‐iterations are used in the velocity step of each iteration. Block‐matrix analysis is first used to determine the number of iterations required to reduce the iterative error to the discretization error of$O\left(\Delta t^2\right)$. Next, the computational cost is reduced through the use of a reduced stencil for the pressure Poisson equation (PPE). Energy‐conserving, spatially fourth‐order discretizations result in a 7‐point stencil in each direction for the PPE. A smaller 5‐point stencil is achieved by using a second‐order spatial discretization for the pressure gradient operator correcting the volume fluxes. This is shown not to reduce the spatial accuracy of the scheme, and a fourth‐order continuity equation is still satisfied to machine precision. The above results are verified in three flow problems including LES of a temporal mixing layer. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Geomorphologic land classification map of the Mekong Delta utilizing JERS‐1 SAR images
Authors: Haruyama Shigeko , Shida Ken
Published: February 2008

Flood damage in the Mekong Delta is currently influenced by population growth and the expansion of farmland. The objectives of this study are to describe a method for visualizing flooded areas, classify the geomorphology of the area, and develop a flood‐risk map of the Mekong Delta using Japanese earth resources satellite‐1 synthetic aperture radar (JERS‐1 SAR) data. JERS‐1 SAR data‐processing involves geo‐referencing, image‐noise reduction, re‐sampling, and calculation of the normalized radar cross‐section (NRCS) using TNTmips. Furthermore, we visualized the flooded area of the Mekong River Delta and discussed flood dynamics. The relation between NRCS and micro‐geomorphology was clarified using the geomorphologic land classification map. After evaluating flood risk, we developed a flood‐risk map to visualize the evaluated risk. The differences in NRCS derived from JERS‐1 SAR data were calculated before and after flooding; visualization of the flooded area revealed that the difference between the two datasets was less than − 1·8 (dB). This value was determined from field investigations. We then compiled a map of the flooded area. The relation between NRCS and geomorphology was clarified based on the geomorphologic land classification map. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Experimental analysis of preschool playmate preferences as a function of smiles and sex
Authors: Schultz David , Ambike Archana , Buckingham‐Howes Stacy , Cheah Charissa S. L.
Published: February 2008

Differential emotions theory (DET) (The face of emotion. Appleton‐Century‐Crofts: East Norwalk, CT, 1971) posits that the smile functions in part to communicate and/or reflect social affiliation and plays an important role in children's social development. While children's positive emotion expressions have received attention from peer relations researchers in observational studies and within correlational designs, there is almost no experimental evidence for the impact of the smile. Building on existing studies, the present study examined DET predictions within an experimental design. More specifically, we examined the impact smiles have on lower‐income preschool children's nominations for preferred playmates. Both boys and girls tended to nominate unfamiliar playmates who smiled. Additionally, some evidence suggested that preference for smiling playmates seemed more critical to girls' than boys' social functioning. Unlike among boys, teachers rated girls who exhibited a greater preference for smiling playmates as higher in social competence. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of herbicidal ZJ0273 labeled with tritium and carbon‐14
Authors: Yang Zheng‐Min , Ye Qing‐Fu , Lu Long
Published: February 2008

ZJ0273, propyl 4‐(2‐(4,6‐dimethoxypyrimidin‐2‐yloxy)benzylamino)benzoate, is a broad‐spectrum herbicidal ingredient used for weed control in oilseed rape in China. Two mono‐labeled ZJ0273, propyl 4‐(2‐(4,6‐dimethoxypyrimidin‐2‐yloxy)[phenyl‐3,4,5,6‐3H4]benzylamino)benzoate (7) and propyl 4‐(2‐(4,6‐dimethoxy[4,6‐14C2]pyrimidin‐2‐yloxy)benzylamino)benzoate (12), were synthesized separately from [2,3,4,5,6‐3H5]phenol in a four‐step yield of 27% and from 4,6‐dichloro‐2‐(methylthio)[4,6‐14C2]pyrimidine in a three‐step yield of 54%. In addition, two dual‐labeled analogues of ZJ0273 were prepared by homogeneously mixing tritium‐labeled ZJ0273 (7) in the benzyl ring separately with two carbon‐14‐labeled ZJ0273 (2, 12) in the benzoate ring and the pyrimidine ring. These labeled ZJ0273 could be used as radiotracers in the studies on the metabolism, mode of action, environmental behavior, and fate of ZJ0273. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Immunomodulatory activity of shikimic acid and quercitin in comparison with oseltamivir (Tamiflu) in an “in vitro” model
Authors: Bertelli A.A.E. , Mannari C. , Santi S. , Filippi C. , Migliori M. , Giovannini L.
Published: February 2008

The risk of an avian influenza pandemic has put oseltamivir (Tamiflu®) in the spotlight and has given rise to rumors that shikimic acid (SK), which is used for the synthesis of Tamiflu®, possesses therapeutic activity. This study was undertaken to determine whether SK, either alone or in combination with quercitin (QT) is able to modulate the release of IL‐6 and IL‐8 from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The experiments were conducted comparing the properties of SK, both alone and in combination, with those of Tamiflu®. The incubation of PBMCs with 100 nM Tamiflu® or SK at two concentrations (10 nM; 100 nM) did not produce any change in IL‐6 and IL‐8 baseline levels (data expressed as incremental change vs. baseline). On the contrary, incubation with SK and QT at both concentrations (10 and 100 nM) produced a significant increase in the release of IL‐8 as compared to other groups (4.19 ± 0.82, SK‐QT 10 nM; 3.83 ± 1.17 SK‐QT 100 nM, P < 0.05 vs. baseline 1.00 ± 0.10, Tamiflu® 100 nM 1.35 ± 0.16, SK 10 nM 1.68 ± 0.15 and SK 100 nM 1.80 ± 0.48). The SK‐QT combination also proved to be effective in the upregulation of IL‐6 (3.08 ± 0.46, SK‐QT 10 nM; 3.60 ± 0.74 SK‐QT 100 nM, P < 0.05 vs. baseline 1.00 ± 0.26). According to these findings SK alone is not able to modulate innate immunity in antiviral terms. However, the data show that the SK + QT combination, even at low doses, may be effective for the modulation of innate immunity. J. Med. Virol. 80:741–745, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.