bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Safety outcomes of new versus old generation transcatheter aortic valves
Authors: Finkelstein Ariel , Rozenbaum Zach , Zhitomirsky Sophia , Halkin Amir , Banai Shmuel , Bazan Samuel , Barbash Israel , Segev Amit , Guetta Victor , Danenberg Haim , Planner David , Orvin Katia , Assa Hana Vaknin , Assali Abid , Kornowski Ran , Steinvil Arie
Published: December 2018

Objective

To compare procedural outcomes of transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) patients who were implanted with older versus newer generation valves.

Background

The current evidence base for improved safety of the newer commercially available TAVI valves is limited.

Methods

A retrospective analysis of the Israeli multicenter TAVI registry was performed. Patients were stratified by valve generation of four commercially available devices: Edwards Sapien (ESX) Edwards Sapien S3 (ES3), Medtronic CoreValve (MCV), and Medtronic Evolut R (MER).

Results

The cohort consisted of 737 patients with new generation valves (NGVs; ES3 n = 223; MER n = 514) and 1,869 with old generation valves (OGVs; MCV n = 1,181; ESX n = 688). Device success rates were significantly higher in NGV (97.5 versus 95.4%), with less post‐procedural paravalvular leak (3 versus 5.8%), and valve mal‐positioning (1.2 versus 3.4%); all P‐values<0.05. There were no differences in rates of permanent pacemaker implantation, stroke or acute kidney injury (AKI) of any stage between the groups, although stage ≥2 AKI was more prevalent in NGV. After adjustment to significant differences in baseline patient and procedural characteristics, device success was higher (OR 1.86, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.09–3.18, P = 0.023) and the 1‐month safety outcome was significantly lower (OR 0.72, 95% CI 0.55–0.96, P = 0.025) for NGV. Device success was driven mainly by improved rates of PVL of ES3, while the safety outcome was mainly driven by improved rates of life‐threatening bleeding and valve mal‐positioning of MER.

Conclusion

As compared to OGV, use of NGV for TAVI was associated with higher rates of device success and lower rates of adverse events.
Comparison of two different radiofrequency ablation systems for renal artery denervation: Evaluation of short‐term and long‐term follow up
Authors: Al Raisi Sara I. , Pouliopoulos Jim , Qian Pierre , King Patricia , Byth Karen , Barry Michael T. , Swinnen John , Thiagalingam Aravinda , Kovoor Pramesh
Published: December 2018

Objectives

To assess the clinical efficacy of renal artery denervation (RAD) in our center and to compare the efficacy of two different radiofrequency (RF) systems.

Background

Several systems are available for RF renal denervation. Whether there is a difference in clinical efficacy among various systems remains unknown.

Methods

Renal artery denervation was performed on 43 patients with resistant hypertension using either the single electrode Symplicity Flex (n = 20) or the multi‐electrode EnligHTN system (n = 23). Median post‐procedural follow‐up was 32.93 months. The primary outcome was post‐procedural change in office blood pressure (BP) within 1 year (short‐term follow‐up). Secondary outcomes were change in office BP between 1 and 4 years (long‐term follow‐up) and the difference in office BP reduction between the two systems at each follow‐up period.

Results

For the total cohort, mean baseline office BP (systolic/diastolic) was 174/94 mmHg. At follow‐up, mean changes in office BP from baseline were −19.70/−11.86 mmHg (P < 0.001) and −21.90/−13.94 mmHg (P < 0.001) for short‐term and long‐term follow‐up, respectively. The differences in office BP reduction between Symplicity and EnligHTN groups were 8.96/1.23 mmHg (P = 0.42 for systolic BP, P = 0.83 for diastolic BP) and 9.56/7.68 mmHg (P = 0.14 for systolic BP, P = 0.07 for diastolic BP) for short‐term and long‐term follow‐up, respectively.

Conclusions

In our cohort, there was a clinically significant office BP reduction after RAD, which persisted up to 4 years. No significant difference in office BP reduction between the two systems was found.
An update on the management and outcomes of cancer patients with severe aortic stenosis
Authors: Schechter Michael , Balanescu Dinu Valentin , Donisan Teodora , Dayah Tariq J. , Kar Biswajit , Gregoric Igor , Giza Dana E. , Song Juhee , Lopez‐Mattei Juan , Kim Peter , Balanescu Serban Mihai , Cilingiroglu Mehmet , Toutouzas Konstantinos , Smalling Richard W. , Marmagkiolis Konstantinos , Iliescu Cezar
Published: December 2018

Objectives

We compared the outcomes of aortic valve replacement (AVR) by transcatheter (TAVR) and surgical (SAVR) routes with those of optimal medical management in patients with cancer and severe aortic stenosis (AS).

Background

Cancer therapy requires optimal cardiac output; however, the treatment of AS in cancer patients is not established.

Methods

Cancer patients with severe AS during January 2009 through February 2018 at a large cancer center were identified. Demographic and clinical characteristics including previous or active cancer diagnosis, history of chest radiotherapy, AS treatment, and survival were collected. Univariate Cox proportional hazards regression, the Kaplan–Meier analysis, and log‐rank tests were used to compare overall survival (OS) between AS treatment groups.

Results

Sixty‐five cancer patients with severe AS were identified; 28 received optimal medical treatment alone, 30 received TAVR, and seven received SAVR. The patients were predominantly male (n = 44, 68%) with a mean age of 71.17 years. The median OS was 9.87 months, and the most common cause of death was cancer (n = 29, 94% of deaths). AVR was associated with a lower risk of death than no AVR (hazard ratio [HR] 0.38, P = 0.007), and patients who underwent TAVR (HR 0.36, P = 0.01) had better survival than those with no AVR. Malignancy type, stage, and treatment were not associated with OS.

Conclusions

Patients with cancer and severe AS who underwent AVR, predominantly TAVR, experienced better survival than those who had no AVR regardless of cancer type or cancer treatment. TAVR may be considered in patients with cancer and AS.
Cover Picture: Deformylated Gramicidin A and Its Derivatives Showing High Antimicrobial Activity and Low Hemolytic Toxicity (Chin. J. Chem. 1/2019)
Authors: Haoyang Wei‐Wei , Zhang Min , Hou Jun‐Li
Published: December 2018

The cover picture shows A new strategy for preparing antimicrobial peptides from the natural occurring peptide gramicidin A has been developed by simply removing its N‐terminal formyl group and decoration at the terminal NH2 group. The peptides are able to selectively insert into Gram‐positive bacterial membrane to form transmembrane channels but not that of erythrocyte membrane, which leads to their high antimicrobial activity and low hemolytic toxicity. More details are discussed in the article by Hou et al. on page 25–29.

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Inside Cover: A Three‐Dimensional MnII‐[MoIII(CN)7]4– Ferrimagnet Containing Formate as a Second Bridging Ligand (Chin. J. Chem. 1/2019)
Authors: Shi Le , Shao Dong , Shen Fu‐Ying , Wei Xiao‐Qin , Wang Xin‐Yi
Published: December 2018

The inside cover picture shows a three‐dimensional MnII‐[MoIII(CN)7]4– ferrimagnet containing formate as a second bridging ligand synthesized from the self‐assembly of the [Mo(CN)7]4– anion and the Mn2+ ion in the presence of ammonium formate. Due to their interesting magnetic properties, [Mo(CN)7]4– based molecular magnetic complexes have attracted continuous interests. However because of the high sensitivity of the MoIII center to both air and light, reports on these compounds are quite few. By introducing a second short bridge ligand into the [Mo(CN)7]4– based materials, the first mixed [Mo(CN)7]4–/HCOO– bridged molecule magnet with a critical temperature of 70 K can be constructed. More details are discussed in the article by Wang et al. on page 19–24.

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Amino Acid Transport Across the Mammalian Intestine
Authors: Bröer Stefan , Fairweather Stephen J.
Published: December 2018

The small intestine mediates the absorption of amino acids after ingestion of protein and sustains the supply of amino acids to all tissues. The small intestine is an important contributor to plasma amino acid homeostasis, while amino acid transport in the large intestine is more relevant for bacterial metabolites and fluid secretion. A number of rare inherited disorders have contributed to the identification of amino acid transporters in epithelial cells of the small intestine, in particular cystinuria, lysinuric protein intolerance, Hartnup disorder, iminoglycinuria, and dicarboxylic aminoaciduria. These are most readily detected by analysis of urine amino acids, but typically also affect intestinal transport. The genes underlying these disorders have all been identified. The remaining transporters were identified through molecular cloning techniques to the extent that a comprehensive portrait of functional cooperation among transporters of intestinal epithelial cells is now available for both the basolateral and apical membranes. Mouse models of most intestinal transporters illustrate their contribution to amino acid homeostasis and systemic physiology. Intestinal amino acid transport activities can vary between species, but these can now be explained as differences of amino acid transporter distribution along the intestine. © 2019 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol9:343‐373, 2019.
Myocardial Cell Signaling During the Transition to Heart Failure
Authors: Zeglinski Matthew R. , Moghadam Adel Rezaei , Ande Sudharsana R. , Sheikholeslami Kimia , Mokarram Pooneh , Sepehri Zahra , Rokni Haleh , Mohtaram Nima Khadem , Poorebrahim Mansour , Masoom Anahita , Toback Mehnosh , Sareen Niketa , Saravanan Sekaran , Jassal Davinder S. , Hashemi Mohammad , Marzban Hassan , Schaafsma Dedmer , Singal Pawan , Wigle Jeffrey T. , Czubryt Michael P. , Akbari Mohsen , Dixon Ian M.C. , Ghavami Saeid , Gordon Joseph W. , Dhingra Sanjiv
Published: December 2018

Cardiovascular disease leading to heart failure (HF) remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Improved pharmacological and interventional coronary procedures have led to improved outcomes following acute myocardial infarction. This success has translated into an unforeseen increased incidence in HF. This review summarizes the signaling pathways implicated in the transition to HF following cardiac injury. In addition, we provide an update on cell death signaling and discuss recent advances in cardiac fibrosis as an independent event leading to HF. Finally, we discuss cell‐based therapies and their possible use to avert the deteriorating nature of HF. © 2019 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol9:75‐125, 2019.
Zinc Transport in the Mammalian Intestine
Authors: Hennigar Stephen R. , McClung James P.
Published: December 2018

Zinc homeostasis is primarily maintained in the proximal small intestine. Sophisticated transport mechanisms maintain zinc homeostasis by controlling the uptake and efflux of zinc in intestinal absorptive epithelial cells. Zrt‐irt‐like proteins (ZIPs) and zinc transporters (ZnTs) function in a coordinated manner to assimilate zinc from the lumen of the small intestine, subcellular compartments within the absorptive epithelial cell, and circulation. This manuscript details zinc transport mechanisms in the mammalian small intestine, along with factors that regulate these processes and consequences of dysregulated zinc transport. © 2019 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol9:59‐74, 2019.
Mechanisms of Sex Disparities in Cardiovascular Function and Remodeling
Authors: Chaudhari Sarika , Cushen Spencer C. , Osikoya Oluwatobiloba , Jaini Paresh A. , Posey Rachel , Mathis Keisa W. , Goulopoulou Styliani
Published: December 2018

Epidemiological studies demonstrate disparities between men and women in cardiovascular disease prevalence, clinical symptoms, treatments, and outcomes. Enrollment of women in clinical trials is lower than men, and experimental studies investigating molecular mechanisms and efficacy of certain therapeutics in cardiovascular disease have been primarily conducted in male animals. These practices bias data interpretation and limit the implication of research findings in female clinical populations. This review will focus on the biological origins of sex differences in cardiovascular physiology, health, and disease, with an emphasis on the sex hormones, estrogen and testosterone. First, we will briefly discuss epidemiological evidence of sex disparities in cardiovascular disease prevalence and clinical manifestation. Second, we will describe studies suggesting sexual dimorphism in normal cardiovascular function from fetal life to older age. Third, we will summarize and critically discuss the current literature regarding the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of estrogens and androgens on cardiac and vascular physiology and the contribution of these hormones to sex differences in cardiovascular disease. Fourth, we will present cardiovascular disease risk factors that are positively associated with the female sex, and thus, contributing to increased cardiovascular risk in women. We conclude that inclusion of both men and women in the investigation of the role of estrogens and androgens in cardiovascular physiology will advance our understanding of the mechanisms underlying sex differences in cardiovascular disease. In addition, investigating the role of sex‐specific factors in the development of cardiovascular disease will reduce sex and gender disparities in the treatment and diagnosis of cardiovascular disease. © 2019 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol9:375‐411, 2019.
Regulation of Red Blood Cell Volume with Exercise Training
Authors: Montero David , Lundby Carsten
Published: December 2018

Hypervolemia is a hallmark of endurance training (ET) and manifests by similar elevations in plasma (PV) and red blood cell volume (RBCV) so that hematocrit largely remains unaltered following weeks/months of training. While the mechanisms facilitating PV expansion with ET have been previously reviewed extensively this is not the case for RBCV. Endurance champions may have 40% more RBCV than controls and RBCV may increase up to 10% following months of regular exercise training in healthy individuals. Such adaptations are the main factor leading to concomitant changes in maximal oxygen uptake. The increase in RBCV is preceded by that of PV after few ET sessions, which in turn transiently decreases the hematocrit. The “critmeter” theory suggests that O2sensors located within the juxtamedullary apparatus regulate the hematocrit via modulation of renal erythropoietin (EPO) production according to arterial O2content‐dependent changes in tissue O2pressure. Hence, the initial decrease in hematocrit can be considered as a primary mechanism facilitating RBCV expansion with ET. Furthermore, after a single endurance exercise bout blood volume‐regulating hormones ANGII and VPN increase transiently. Both stimulate renal EPO production. Catecholamines and cortisol, stress hormones acutely increased by endurance exercise, may facilitate the release of red blood cells from the bone marrow, thus possibly contributing to ET‐induced erythropoiesis. These and other endocrine effects could be enhanced by the hyperplasia of the hematopoietic bone marrow observed in endurance athletes. © 2019 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol9:149‐164, 2019.
Motor Neuroprostheses
Authors: Prochazka Arthur
Published: December 2018

Neuroprostheses (NPs) are electrical stimulators that activate nerves, either to provide sensory input to the central nervous system (sensory NPs), or to activate muscles (motor NPs: MNPs). The first MNPs were belts with inbuilt batteries and electrodes developed in the 1850s to exercise the abdominal muscles. They became enormously popular among the general public, but as a result of exaggerated therapeutic claims they were soon discredited by the medical community. In the 1950s, MNPs reemerged for the serious purpose of activating paralyzed muscles. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES), when applied in a preset sequence, is called therapeutic electrical stimulation (TES). NMES timed so that it enhances muscle contraction in intended voluntary movements is called functional electrical stimulation (FES) or functional neuromuscular stimulation (FNS). It has been 50 years since the first FES device, a foot‐drop stimulator, was described and 40 years since the first implantable version was tested in humans. A commercial foot‐drop stimulator became available in the 1970s, but for various reasons, it failed to achieve widespread use. With advances in technology, such devices are now more convenient and reliable. Enhancing upper limb function is a more difficult task, but grasp‐release stimulators have been shown to provide significant benefits. This chapter deals with the technical aspects of NMES, the therapeutic and functional benefits of TES and FES, delayed‐onset and carryover effects attributable to “neuromodulation” and the barriers and opportunities in this rapidly developing field. © 2019 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol9:127‐148, 2019.
Simultaneous Voltammetric Determination of Benzene, Toluene and Xylenes (BTX) in Water Using a Cathodically Pre‐treated Boron‐doped Diamond Electrode
Authors: Garcia de Freitas Junior Geraldo , Florêncio Tayla M. , Mendonça Ricardo J. , Salazar‐Banda Giancarlo R. , Oliveira Robson T. S.
Published: December 2018

An electrochemical method for the simultaneous determination of benzene, toluene and xylenes (BTX) in water was developed using square‐wave voltammetry (SWV). The determination of BTX was carried out using a cathodically pre‐treated boron‐doped diamond electrode (BDD) using 0.1 mol L−1 H2SO4 as supporting electrolyte. In the SWV measurements using the BDD, the oxidation peak potentials of the total xylenes‐toluene and toluene‐benzene couples, present in ternary mixtures, display separations of about 100 and 200 mV, respectively. The attained detection limits for the simultaneous determination of benzene, toluene and total xylenes were 3.0×10−7, 8.0×10−7 and 9.1×10−7 mol L−1, respectively. The recovery values taken in ternary mixtures of benzene, toluene and total xylenes in aqueous solutions are 98.9 %, 99.2 % and 99.4 %, respectively.
First record of Pleroma boraceiense (Brade) P.J.F. Guim. & Justino (Melastomataceae) in Minas Gerais state, Brazil
Authors: Justino Luciana Leitão , Campos Berenice Chiavegatto , Salimena Fátima Regina Gonçalves , Barbosa Daniel Elias Ferreira , Guimarães Paulo José Fernandes , de Siqueira Marinez Ferreira
Published: December 2018

This paper presents the first record of Pleroma boraceiense in Minas Gerais state, Brazil. This new occurrence is significant because the species had a restricted original distribution with about 10 gatherings in São Paulo State, in the Serra do Mar. On the other hand, a previous study showed a low floristic similarity between the Melastomataceae flora of the Serra do Mar State Park and that of Serra Negra region. In order to evaluate the environmental similarity, a predictive species distribution modelling has been developed. The gathering site in Minas Gerais (RPPN Mato Limpo) showed high suitability. It suggests the need for creation of protected areas in Serra Negra, since the region is suffering environmental impacts. Based on the recent phylogeny of the Melastomateae tribe and for the purpose of correct classification of the studied species, a new combination was made for Pleroma boraceiense.
Environmentally Friendly Electricity Can Come From Municipal Waste
Authors: Sivaprasad K. S. , Saxena Surendra
Published: December 2018

The conversion of millions of tons of municipal solid waste (MSW) to electricity is very important for our environment and industrial sectors.
California's Status: State Begins Possible Future Natural Gas Wind‐Down
Authors: Elder Catherine
Published: December 2018

While other states may increase natural gas usage as part of their climate‐change strategies, California may be on the cusp of reducing natural gas service as it begins to encourage building electrification.
Reliability, Resiliency, and Sustainability Demands Provide Utilities Opportunity
Authors: DeCotis Paul A.
Published: December 2018

Highly reliable and resilient energy infrastructure is the bedrock of our economy.
Tectonic significance of the Cretaceous granitoids along the south‐east coast of continental China
Authors: Xue Qiqi , Niu Yaoling , Chen Shuo , Sun Pu , Duan Meng , Gao Yajie , Hong Di , Xiao Yuanyuan , Wang Xiaohong , Guo Pengyuan
Published: December 2018

We present the results of our study on 16 Cretaceous granitoid plutons along the south‐east coast of continental China. The zircon U–Pb ages and the bulk‐rock Rb–Sr isochron age (R2 = 0.935) indicate that the granitoids represent the last episode of magmatism (119–92 Ma) associated with the paleo‐Pacific Plate subduction beneath continental China. These granitoids show large compositional variation that is to a first‐order consistent with varying extents of magma evolution, which is best expressed by a large SiO2/MgO range and correlated trends of SiO2/MgO with the abundances and ratios of major and trace elements. The correlated Nd (εNd(t) = −6.1 to −1.2) and Hf (εHf(t) = −4.7 to +3.4) isotopic variation reflects parental magma compositional differences as a result of varying sources and processes. The Nd–Hf isotope data indicate that these granitoids were produced by mature continental crust melting with significant mantle input (~20–60%). Rhyolite‐MELTS modelling shows that relative to the less evolved (i.e., low SiO2/MgO) granitoid plutons, the progressively more evolved (i.e., varying larger SiO2/MgO) plutons can be explained by varying extents (~24% to 67%) of fractional crystallization. The origin of the magmas parental to the granitoids is best explained by a two‐stage process: (a) subducting slab dehydration‐induced mantle wedge melting for basaltic magmas and (b) ascent and underplating/intrusion of the basaltic magmas caused the mature crustal melting for the granitoid magmas. The systematic northward decrease in εNd(t) and εHf(t) suggests progressively more enriched crustal material towards the north, but it may very well indicate northward crustal thickening, permitting a greater extent of crustal assimilation.
Kinetics of indocyanine green: Optimizing tumor to normal tissue fluorescence in image‐guided oral cancer surgery applications
Authors: Wang Yuxin , Xie Diya , Wang Ziyang , Zhang Xudong , Zhang Qian , Wang Yang , Newton Andrew D. , Singhal Sunil , Cai Huiming , Wang Yiqing , Lu Qian , Hu Qingang , Wang Zhiyong
Published: December 2018

Background

The study aimed to define indocyanine green (ICG) kinetics to determine the optimal ICG dose and surgical time for near‐infrared fluorescence‐guided oral cancer surgery.

Methods

Spectrometer and grayscale digital imaging were used to quantify the ICG kinetics in 12 patients with oral cancer. The fluorescence intensity and signal‐to‐background ratio (SBR) of tumor and normal tissue were tested at 1, 6, and 24 hours after ICG injection.

Results

The greatest contrast in the fluorescence intensity between tumor and normal tissue was observed at 6 hours (P < .01), and of three dose groups (0.5, 0.75, and 1.0 mg/kg), 0.75 mg/kg showed the highest SBR (2.06 ± 0.23) after ICG injection.

Conclusions

Fluorescence quantification based on spectrometry and grayscale imaging could be effective in determining the optimal ICG dose and surgical time after ICG injection in this cohort of patients with oral cancer.
Biomaterial‐induced multinucleated giant cells express proinflammatory signaling molecules: A histological study in humans
Authors: Zhang Yunxin , Al‐Maawi Sarah , Wang Xuejiu , Sader Robert , James Kirkpatrick C , Ghanaati Shahram
Published: December 2018

The biomaterials physicochemical characteristics influence their cellular reaction, degradation and regenerative capacities. Macrophages and multinucleated giant cells (MNGCs) are observed in the augmentation area of biomaterials. This study, for the first time, evaluated the polarization pattern of macrophages and MNGCs in response to two different bone substitute materials (synthetic bone substitute material [SBSM] = NanoBone vs. xenogeneic bone substitute material [XBSM] = Bio‐Oss) in human bone biopsies compared to non‐augmented bone (control). Histomorphometrical analysis of the polarization in proinflammatory (M1) and anti‐inflammatory (M2) cells was performed using different immunohistochemical markers: CD‐68 = macrophages; CCR‐7 and Cox‐2 (M1) and CD‐206 and CD‐163 (M2) and tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP). The macrophage polarization pattern in SBSM showed a significantly higher number of M1 cells than did XBSM and non‐augmented bone. XBSM induced a significantly higher number of CD‐206‐positive macrophages than SBSM did. No significant difference was found between XBSM and the non‐augmented bone. MNGCs expressed CD‐68 and TRAP. In both test‐groups, MNGCs showed a high proinflammatory character (CCR‐7 and Cox‐2‐positive) and their number in the SBSM group was significantly higher than that of XBSM. The tissue distribution showed a significantly low percentage of the remaining biomaterial in SBSM compared to XBSM. Within the limitations of this study, these findings show that MNGCs exhibit a rather proinflammatory character and lead to biomaterial degradation, once they are induced in a high number. The premature degradation of bone substitute materials is compensated with a high percentage of connective tissue and not new bone formation. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 107A: 780–790, 2019.
Toward zonally tailored scaffolds for osteochondral differentiation of synovial mesenchymal stem cells
Authors: Diaz‐Rodriguez Patricia , Erndt‐Marino Josh D. , Gharat Tanmay , Munoz Pinto Dany J. , Samavedi Satyavrata , Bearden Robert , Grunlan Melissa A. , Saunders W. Brian , Hahn Mariah S.
Published: December 2018

Synovium‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (SMSCs) are an emerging cell source for regenerative medicine applications, including osteochondral defect (OCD) repair. However, in contrast to bone marrow MSCs, scaffold compositions which promote SMSC chondrogenesis/osteogenesis are still being identified. In the present manuscript, we examine poly(ethylene) glycol (PEG)‐based scaffolds containing zonally‐specific biochemical cues to guide SMSC osteochondral differentiation. Specifically, SMSCs were encapsulated in PEG‐based scaffolds incorporating glycosaminoglycans (hyaluronan or chondroitin‐6‐sulfate [CSC]), low‐dose of chondrogenic and osteogenic growth factors (TGFβ1 and BMP2, respectively), or osteoinductive poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS). Initial studies suggested that PEG‐CSC‐TGFβ1 scaffolds promoted enhanced SMSC chondrogenic differentiation, as assessed by significant increases in Sox9 and aggrecan. Conversely, PEG‐PDMS‐BMP2 scaffolds stimulated increased levels of osteoblastic markers with significant mineral deposition. A “Transition” zone formulation was then developed containing a graded mixture of the chondrogenic and osteogenic signals present in the PEG‐CSC‐TGFβ1 and PEG‐PDMS‐BMP2 constructs. SMSCs within the “Transition” formulation displayed a phenotypic profile similar to hypertrophic chondrocytes, with the highest expression of collagen X, intermediate levels of osteopontin, and mineralization levels equivalent to “bone” formulations. Overall, these results suggest that a graded transition from PEG‐CSC‐TGFβ1 to PEG‐PDMS‐BMP2 scaffolds elicits a gradual SMSC phenotypic shift from chondrocyte to hypertrophic chondrocyte to osteoblast‐like. As such, further development of these scaffold formulations for use in SMSC‐based OCD repair is warranted. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 107B: 2019–2029, 2019.
Halogen bonding in mono‐ and dihydrated halobenzene
Authors: Hogan Simon W. L. , van Mourik Tanja
Published: December 2018

Density functional theory calculations were performed on halogen‐bonded and hydrogen‐bonded systems consisting of a halobenzene (XPh; X = F, Cl, Br, I, and At) and one or two water molecules, using the M06‐2X density functional with the 6‐31+G(d) (for C, H, F, Cl, and Br) and aug‐cc‐pVDZ‐PP (for I, At) basis sets. The counterpoise procedure was performed to counteract the effect of basis set superposition error. The results show halogen bonds form in the XPh‐H2O system when X > Cl. There is a trend toward stronger halogen bonding as the halogen group is descended, as assessed by interaction energy and X•••Ow internuclear separation (where Ow is the water oxygen). For all XPh‐H2O systems hydrogen‐bonded systems exist, containing a combination of CH•••Ow and OwHw•••X hydrogen bonds. For all systems except X = At the X•••Hw hydrogen‐bonding interaction is stronger than the X•••Ow halogen bond. In the XPh‐(H2O)2 system halogen bonds form only for X > Br. The two water molecules prefer to form a water dimer, either located around the CH bond (for X = Br, At, and I) or located above the benzene ring (for all halogens). Thus, even in the absence of competing strong interactions, halogen bonds may not form for the lighter halogens due to (1) competition from cooperative weak interactions such as CH•••O and OH•••X hydrogen bonds, or (2) if the formation of the halogen bond would preclude the formation of a water dimer. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Using density based indexes to characterize excited states evolution
Authors: Maschietto Federica , Sanz García Juan , Campetella Marco , Ciofini Ilaria
Published: December 2018

With the aim of offering new computational tools helping in the description of photochemical reactions and phenomena occurring at the excited state, we present in this work the capability of a density based index (Π) in locating decay channels from higher to lower excited states. The Π index, previously applied to disclose non‐radiative decay channels from the first excited state to the ground state, is very simple in its formulation and can be evaluated, practically with no extra computational cost, and coupled to any quantum method able to provide excited states densities. Indeed, this index relies only on the knowledge of energetics and electron densities of the different electronic states involved in the decay. In the present work, we show the proficiency of the Π index in the general case of decay between excited states by applying it to two model systems well characterized both theoretically and experimentally. In both cases, this descriptor was successful in spotting the regions where excited states are more likely to decay, thus suggesting its potential interest for further application in the design of new compounds. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Electronic and ligating properties of carbocyclic carbenes: A theoretical investigation
Authors: Bhagat Shweta , Arfeen Minhajul , Das Gourav , Patel Neha , Bharatam Prasad V.
Published: December 2018

Carbocyclic carbenes (CCCs) are a class of nucleophilic carbenes which are very similar to N‐heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) in terms of their reactivity, but they do not contain a stabilizing heteroatom in their cyclic ring system. In this study, 17 representative known CCCs and 34 newly designed CCCs are evaluated using quantum chemical methods, and the results are compared in terms of their stability, nucleophilicity, and proton affinity (PA) parameters. The results are divided on the basis of ring size of the known and reported CCCs. The stability, nucleophilicity, PA, complexation energy, and bond strength–related parameters were estimated using M06/6‐311++G(d,p) method. The results indicated that the CCCs known in the literature are strong σ‐electron donating species and have considerable π‐accepting properties. This study led to the design and identification of a few new CCCs with dimethylamine and diaminomethynyl substituents which can be singlet stable and are substantially nucleophilic. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Transformation of cheaper mangosteen pericarp waste into bioethanol and chemicals
Authors: Cho Eun J , Park Chan S , Bae Hyeun J
Published: December 2018

BACKGROUND

The cost of biomass feedstock represents a large portion of the total cost of bioethanol production. Therefore, it is necessary to find candidate materials as cheap feedstock for bioethanol production. Mangosteen pericarp waste (MPW) has potential as a feedstock for the production of bioethanol and other valuable chemicals.

RESULTS

We have developed a new method to efficiently convert MPW into bioethanol and other valuable products such as biosugar, α‐mangostin and γ‐mangostin. The biosugar was obtained from in‐house produced cellulase and pectinase at a 90% conversion rate; the biosugar was converted into bioethanol with 75% yield using separate hydrolysis and fermentation. In addition, the extraction of α‐mangostin increased 1.46‐fold after a combination of popping pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis. A copper‐doped magnetic nanomatrix (Cu‐MNM) was utilized to purify α‐mangostin from MPW. We also obtained a good yield of γ‐mangostin via o‐demethylation reaction of α‐mangostin.

CONCLUSION

The value of MPW can be increased through reuse to produce bioethanol and other valuable active materials such as biosugar, α‐mangostin and γ‐mangostin. We predict that economically beneficial processes could be developed from the reuse of these waste materials. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
Synthesis and Characterization of New (Z)‐5‐((1H‐1,2,4‐Triazol‐1‐yl)methyl)‐3‐arylideneindolin‐2‐ones
Authors: Maroju Sreedhar , Podila Naveen Kumar , Velupula Ganapathi , Chittimalla Srinivasulu , Pasad T. Ravi
Published: December 2018

Ten compounds of new (Z)‐5‐((1H‐1,24‐triazol‐1‐yl)methyl)‐3‐arylideneindolin‐2‐ones (5a–j) have been synthesized by the Knoevenagel condensation of 5‐((1H‐1,2,4‐triazol‐1‐ylmethyl)indolin‐2‐one (3) with 4‐substituted aromatic aldehydes (4a–j).
Regioselective N‐Alkylation of Ethyl 4‐Benzyloxy‐1,2,3‐triazolecarboxylate: A Useful Tool for the Synthesis of Carboxylic Acid Bioisosteres
Authors: Sainas Stefano , Pippione Agnese C. , Giraudo Alessandro , Martina Katia , Bosca Federica , Rolando Barbara , Barge Alessandro , Ducime Alex , Federico Antonella , Grossert Stuart J. , White Robert L. , Boschi Donatella , Lolli Marco L.
Published: December 2018

Acidic 4‐hydroxy‐1,2,3‐triazole is a proven bioisostere of acidic functions that has recently been used to replace the acidic moieties of biologically active leads. Straightforward chemical strategies for the synthesis of the three possible N‐alkylated 4‐hydroxy‐1,2,3‐triazole regioisomers have been designed and reported herein, by identifying the optimal conditions under which the alkylation of ethyl 4‐benzyloxy‐1,2,3‐triazolecarboxylate (compound 19) can be regiodirected to the triazole N(b) position and thus produce the only isomer that cannot be obtained via the cycloaddition reaction. Furthermore, an innovative platform for parallel synthesis, called Arachno and which has been patented by the authors' group, has been used to speed up the process, and an NMR study has been carried out to better understand the reactivity of compound 19 towards the N(b) position. A library of benzyloxy protected 4‐hydroxy‐1,2,3‐triazoles has been prepared using the two strategies: regiodirection for the N(b) and N(c) isomers and cycloaddition for the N(a) isomers; the processes are described herein. The three N‐alkylated regioisomer series have been characterized spectroscopically (NMR and MS). The subsequent catalytic hydrogenation of the 4‐benzyloxy protective group on the N‐alkylated‐4‐benzyloxy‐5‐ethoxycarbonyl‐1,2,3‐triazoles provided the corresponding substituted 4‐hydroxy‐1,2,3‐triazoles.
Getting TANned: How the tumor microenvironment drives neutrophil recruitment
Authors: SenGupta Shuvasree , Subramanian Bhagawat C , Parent Carole A
Published: December 2018

The directed migration of neutrophils to sites of injury or infection is mediated by complex networks of chemoattractant-receptor signaling cascades. The recent appreciation of neutrophils as active participants in tumor progression and metastasis has drawn attention to a number of chemokine-receptor systems that may drive their recruitment to tumors. However, the dynamic nature of the tumor microenvironment (TME) along with the phenotypic diversity among tumor-associated neutrophils (TANs) call for a more comprehensive approach to understand neutrophil trafficking to tumors. Here, we review recent advances in understanding how guidance cues underlie neutrophil migration to primary and secondary tumor sites. We also discuss how the presence of other myeloid cells, such as functionally diverse subsets of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), can further influence neutrophil accumulation in tumors. Finally, we highlight the importance of hypoxia sensing in localizing TAMs and TANs in the tumor niche and provide a cohesive view on how both myeloid cell types shape TME-associated extracellular matrix organization, which in turn contribute to tumor progression.
FDG‐PET/CT for diagnosis and follow‐up of necrotizing (malignant) external otitis
Authors: Stern Shavit Sagit , Bernstine Hanna , Sopov Vladimir , Nageris Ben , Hilly Ohad
Published: December 2018

Objective

Imaging is important for the diagnosis and follow‐up of necrotizing external otitis (NEO). The best imaging modality is controversy. To suggest 2‐deoxy‐2‐[fluorine‐18] fluoro‐D‐glucose‐positron emission tomography/computed tomography (18F‐FDG‐PET/CT) as an alternative to technetium‐99m and gallium‐67 scans for diagnosis and assessment of response to treatment for patients with NEO.

Study Design

Case series.

Methods

Tertiary referral center. From 2013 through 2017, 12 patients were diagnosed with NEO based on clinical features and positive FDG uptake within the temporal bone on PET/CT. Mean age was 74 ± 11.5; 83% of the patients were male; and 83% had diabetes.

Results

PET/CT scans were reviewed independently by two nuclear medicine specialists. Imaging located osteomyelitis in external ear canal, mastoid, temporomandibular joint, and nasopharyngeal region (100%, 50%, 16%, 8%, respectively).

Mean follow‐up was 16 months. Eight patients (67%) underwent a second PET/CT scan after active otitis resolved and after at least 6 weeks of antibiotic treatment. The scan demonstrated no or substantially reduced FDG uptake and treatment was stopped. The patients had no NEO symptoms at the end of follow‐up. One patient had significant uptake, and antibiotic treatment was continued until a third scan demonstrated no FDG uptake. Two patients died before the second PET/CT, and two were lost to follow‐up.

Conclusion

18F‐FDG‐PET/CT is a reliable imaging modality for diagnosis, disease localization, and decision making regarding treatment cessation. 18F‐FDG‐PET/CT should be considered as the imaging modality of choice for initial diagnosis and follow‐up in NEO patients. Larger, controlled studies are warranted.

Level of Evidence

4 Laryngoscope, 129:961–966, 2019
The Swelling of Poly(Isopropylacrylamide) Near the θ Temperature: A Comparison between Linear and Cross‐Linked Chains
Authors: Lopez Carlos G. , Scotti Andrea , Brugnoni Monia , Richtering Walter
Published: December 2018

Thermoresponsive polymeric gels are a class of smart materials with the ability to absorb or release large amounts of solvent when changes in their environment occur. Scaling theories of gel swelling (de Gennes'c∗ theorem and Obukhov's model) predict that the swelling of a gel correlates with that of a linear chain with equal degree of polymerization to that of a network strand. Data on linear and cross‐linked poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) in aqueous solutions of different molar masses under θ temperature and good solvent conditions are examined. The Kuhn length of PNIPAM is evaluated to beLK = 4 ± 1 nm, in strong disagreement with previous estimates by single molecule force spectroscopy. The excluded volume strength (B) varies with the reduced temperature (τ) asB ≃ 4.7τ nm. While the power law exponent for the equilibrium swelling as a function of degree of cross‐linking is close to the scaling predictions, the degree of swelling observed in cross‐linked networks is two to three orders of magnitude larger than that expected from scaling models. The large differences between theoretical predictions and experimental results probably arise from the highly inhomogeneous nature of PNIPAM gels.
A Mechanically Robust, Stiff, and Tough Hyperbranched Supramolecular Polymer Hydrogel
Authors: Li Jia , Yang Jianhai , Liu Wenguang
Published: December 2018

In this study, a simple yet versatile method is introduced to prepare a hyperbranched supramolecular polymer hydrogel by utilizing Type II photoinitiated self‐condensing vinyl polymerization of N‐acryloyl glycinamide, which can serve not only as an inimer providing branching sites, but also as a hydrogen‐bonding cross‐linker. The hyperbranched poly(N‐acryloyl glycinamide) (HB‐PNAGA) hydrogels demonstrate excellent mechanical performances with a tensile strength of 0.793–2.724 MPa, elongation at break of 203–902%, Young's modulus of 0.450–1.172 MPa, and maximal fracture energy of 2200 J m−2, which are all superior to those of linear PNAGA hydrogels. The results indicate that the HB‐PNAGA hydrogel is very stiff and tough due to much higher H‐bonding cross‐linking density formed in hyperbranched architecture. The high stiffness, toughness, and ease of preparation make these hyperbranched supramolecular hydrogels very attractive for application as soft supporting tissue replacements.
Injecting RNA interference lentiviruses targeting the muscarinic 3 receptor gene into the bladder wall inhibits neurogenic detrusor overactivity in rats with spinal cord injury
Authors: Shang Zhenhua , Jia Chunsong , Yan Hao , Cui Bo , Wu Jiangtao , Wang Qi , Gao Wei , Cui Xin , Li Jin , Ou Tongwen
Published: December 2018

Aims

To investigate the effects of injecting RNA interference (RNAi) lentiviruses targeting the muscarinic 3 (M3) receptor gene into the bladder wall on bladder activity in rats with spinal cord injury (SCI).

Methods

Four M3 RNAi lentiviruses were constructed and used to infect primary cultured bladder smooth muscle cells (BSMCs). Western blotting and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) were performed to determine the optimal RNAi lentivirus with the highest interference efficiency. Female Wistar rats were subjected spinal cord transection at T9‐10 and randomly divided into three groups (n = 8), namely, blank control, negative control, and experimental groups, and injected into the bladder wall with saline, negative control shRNA, and M3 RNAi lentiviruses, respectively, 1 week after spinal cord transection. The normal rats were used as normal control group. Urodynamic parameters and bladder tissues were evaluated in the different groups.

Results

An M3 RNAi lentivirus with the highest interference efficiency (78.9%) was constructed and identified. Three weeks after injecting M3 RNAi lentiviruses into the bladder wall, Western blotting and qRT‐PCR showed that the M3 receptor was significantly downregulated in the experimental group. Cystometric evaluation suggested that downregulating M3 receptor expression could substantially decrease basal pressure, residual volume, and non‐voiding contraction number, increase intercontraction interval, and significantly improve bladder compliance in rats with SCI.

Conclusion

Injecting RNAi lentiviruses targeting the M3 receptor gene into the bladder wall could effectively inhibit neurogenic detrusor overactivity (NDO) due to SCI. Thus, this approach may be a potential treatment for NDO in SCI.
Invitation from professor leads to enrollment
Authors: Waller Mary
Published: December 2018

For Anna Morales, going back to school was an easy decision. After graduating from the University of Pennsylvania with her degree in chemistry, she took a year off from school but decided to go back. Morales knew she would need more education and experience for the career she wanted.
Selective recognition of Cr (VI) ion as Cr2O72− in aqueous medium using CTAB‐capped anthracene‐based nanosensor: Application to real water sample analysis
Authors: Suryawanshi Sonali B. , Mahajan Prasad G. , Kolekar Govind B. , Bodake Anita J. , Patil Shivajirao R.
Published: December 2018

Surfactant‐capped nanoparticles of 9, 10‐diphenyl anthracene prepared by reprecipitation method found highly fluorescent due to aggregation‐induced enhanced emission (AIEE). Cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) surfactant not only generated positive zeta potential on the surface of nanoparticles to attract anions of interest but also stabilized nanoparticles into brick‐shape morphology. The fluorescence of nanoparticles is quenched by Cr2O72‐ ion very significantly in comparison with other diverse ions, namely, MnO4‐, S2O82‐, HCO3‐, and Cr2O42‐. Though S2‐ and IO3‐ showed increase in the fluorescence of nanoparticles, the interference found is negligible in the Cr (VI) analysis. The selectivity and sensitivity of nanoparticles for recognition of Cr2O72− were explored by systematic fluorescence titration. The fluorescence quenching data fits into the usual Stern‐Volmer equation. A calibration curve constructed by plotting quenching of fluorescence (∆F) against concentration of Cr (VI) exhibiting a linear fit in the equation, ∆F = 3070x, is used for the estimation of chromium concentration (x). The correlation coefficient value R2 = 0.998 obtained from curve is nearly equal to 1 indicates linear fit between quenching data and concentration of Cr (VI). The estimated values of limit of detection (LOD) in the method 0.01392 μg.mL−1 is far below the permissible value of Cr (VI) 0.05 μg.mL−1 in drinking water approved by world health organization (WHO) and United State Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). The proposed method of Cr (VI) detection is applied for real sample collected from hard chrome deposition industry from nearby region. The amount of Cr (VI) estimated by present method is comparable with AAS determination for the same samples.
Helping Her Heal: Randomized clinical trial to enhance dyadic outcomes in couples
Authors: Lewis Frances Marcus , Griffith Kristin A. , Alzawad Zainab , Dawson Patricia L. , Zahlis Ellen H. , Shands Mary Ellen
Published: December 2018

Objective

The objective of this study was to test the short‐term efficacy of a brief, fully manualized marital communication and interpersonal support intervention for couples facing recently diagnosed breast cancer.

Methods

A total of 322 women diagnosed within 6 months with stages 0 to III breast cancer and their 322 spouse caregivers were enrolled. Spouses in the experimental group received five 30‐ to 60‐minute intervention sessions at 2‐week intervals by master's‐prepared patient educators; controls received the booklet, “What's Happening to the Woman I Love?” Outcomes were assessed at 3, 6, and 9 months using the linear mixed models within an intent‐to‐treat analysis.

Results

Compared with controls, at 3 months, spouse caregivers significantly improved on standardized measures of depressed mood, anxiety, cancer‐related marital communication, interpersonal support, and self‐care. All differences except depressed mood and anxiety were sustained at 9 months. Wives significantly improved at 3 months on marital communication and positive appraisal of spouses' interpersonal support; gains remained significant at 9 months. Compared with controls on chemotherapy, wives in the experimental group additionally improved on depressed mood and tended to improve on anxiety.

Conclusions

A brief, fully manualized intervention delivered directly to spouse caregivers early in the course of their wives' medical treatment improves caregivers' self‐care and behavioral‐emotional adjustment and wives' positive view of their spouses' support and communication. The brevity and manualized structure of the intervention argue strongly for its scalability, use in cost‐sensitive settings, and its potential dissemination through e‐health channels.