bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Can Shrinking Cities Demolish Vacancy? An Empirical Evaluation of a Demolition-First Approach to Vacancy Management in Buffalo, NY, USA
Authors: Weaver Russell , Knight Jason
Published: August 2018

Publicly-funded demolition of vacant structures is an essential tool used in shrinking cities to eliminate nuisances and, often, reduce vacancy rates. Concerning the latter, however, when shrinking cities implement large-scale demolition programs independent of complementary planning efforts, it is reasonable to expect impacts on vacancy to be negligible. Among other reasons, demolition operates only on the outflow of existing vacant structures and largely fails to grapple with inflows that add to vacancy over time. This article evaluates an ambitious demolition program in Buffalo, NY, USA, that sought, explicitly, to lower the municipality’s overall vacancy rate. Evidence from statistical changepoint models and Granger tests suggest that, while Buffalo’s overall vacancy rate, measured as undeliverable postal addresses, appeared to decrease around the time of the program, the drop was not linked to elevated demolition activity. The same finding holds for the subarea in which demolitions were spatiotemporally clustered. Although this lack of efficacy is potentially because the city failed to demolish its targeted number of structures, we argue that the likelier explanation is that demolition was not part of a holistic planning strategy. These results have important implications for using large-scale demolition programs as standalone vacancy management policies in shrinking cities.
Reported Direct and Indirect Contact with Dromedary Camels among Laboratory-Confirmed MERS-CoV Cases
Authors: Conzade Romy , Grant Rebecca , Malik Mamunur , Elkholy Amgad , Elhakim Mohamed , Samhouri Dalia , Ben Embarek Peter , Van Kerkhove Maria
Published: August 2018

Dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) are now known to be the vertebrate animal reservoir that intermittently transmits the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) to humans. Yet, details as to the specific mechanism(s) of zoonotic transmission from dromedaries to humans remain unclear. The aim of this study was to describe direct and indirect contact with dromedaries among all cases, and then separately for primary, non-primary, and unclassified cases of laboratory-confirmed MERS-CoV reported to the World Health Organization (WHO) between 1 January 2015 and 13 April 2018. We present any reported dromedary contact: direct, indirect, and type of indirect contact. Of all 1125 laboratory-confirmed MERS-CoV cases reported to WHO during the time period, there were 348 (30.9%) primary cases, 455 (40.4%) non-primary cases, and 322 (28.6%) unclassified cases. Among primary cases, 191 (54.9%) reported contact with dromedaries: 164 (47.1%) reported direct contact, 155 (44.5%) reported indirect contact. Five (1.1%) non-primary cases also reported contact with dromedaries. Overall, unpasteurized milk was the most frequent type of dromedary product consumed. Among cases for whom exposure was systematically collected and reported to WHO, contact with dromedaries or dromedary products has played an important role in zoonotic transmission.
CD147 and Cyclooxygenase Expression in Feline Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Nasry Walaa Hamed Shaker , Wang Haili , Jones Kathleen , Dirksen Wessel P. , Rosol Thomas J. , Rodriguez-Lecompte Juan Carlos , Martin Chelsea K.
Published: August 2018

Feline oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a highly invasive form of cancer in cats. In human OSCC, cluster of differentiation 147 (CD147) contributes to inflammation and tumor invasiveness. CD147 is a potential therapeutic target, but the expression of CD147 in feline OSCC has not been examined. Immunohistochemistry was used to determine if cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) and CD147 expression in feline OSCC biopsies was coordinated. Tumor cells were more likely to express COX-2 (22/43 cases or 51%) compared to stroma (8/43 or 19%) and adjacent oral epithelium (9/31 cases or 29%) (p < 0.05). CD147 was also more likely to occur in tumor cells compared to stroma and adjacent mucosa, with 21/43 (49%) of cases having >50% tumor cells with mild or moderate CD147 expression, compared to 9/28 (32%) in adjacent epithelium and only 5/43 (12%) in adjacent stroma (p < 0.05). In feline OSCC cell lines (SCCF1, SCCF2, and SCCF3), CD147 gene expression was more consistently expressed compared to COX-2, which was 60-fold higher in SCCF2 cells compared to SCCF1 cells (p < 0.05). CD147 expression did not correlate with COX-2 expression and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) secretion, indicating that they may be independently regulated. CD147 potentially represents a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of feline OSCC and further study of CD147 is warranted.
Laboratory Studies on Nearshore Density-Driven Exchange Flow over a Partly Vegetated Slope
Authors: Gu Zhenghua , Ho Hao-Che , Wang Zijing , Lin Ying-Tien
Published: August 2018

Density-driven exchange flows, which are important to the transport of nutrients, pollutants and chemical substances without external forcing, were studied through laboratory lock-exchange experiments. Rigid and emergent cylinders were placed in one of two reservoirs in a partitioned wedge-shaped tank to simulate a partly vegetated slope. The experimental results found that cylinders placed on only one side of the tank lead to different current speeds in the current head and tail that subsequently create various flow patterns and significantly affect the downslope current motions. By fitting with the experimental data, some unknown coefficients can be obtained in the theoretical formulae that are able to predict the intrusion length and exchange flowrate in real field systems. Compared to the flat bed cases, the total exchange discharge over a steep slope decreases by up to 4% for vegetation distributed in shallow water and increases by 14% for vegetation distributed in deeper regions. These results suggest that bed slope and vegetation distribution are crucial to the density-driven exchange flows in the flushing of nearshore regions.
Applicability Assessment of Estimation Methods for Baseflow Recession Constants in Small Forest Catchments
Authors: Yang Hyunje , Choi Hyung Tae , Lim Honggeun
Published: August 2018

In South Korea, since small forest catchments are located upstream of most river basins, the baseflow from these catchments is important for a clean water supply to downstream areas. Baseflow recession analysis is widely recognized as a valuable tool for estimating the baseflow component of the stream hydrograph. However, few studies have applied this tool to small forest catchments. So, this study was conducted to assess the applicability of the recession analysis methods proposed in previous studies. The data used were long-term rainfall-runoff data from 1982 to 2011 in the Gwangneung coniferous (GC) and deciduous (GD) forest catchment in Gyeonggi-do, South Korea. For the applicability assessment, six recession constant estimation methods, which were used by previous studies, were selected. The recession constants of the GC and GD catchments were calculated, and applicability assessments were conducted by comparing the recession predictions and baseflow separations. As a result, the recession constants for GC and GD were 0.8480 and 0.9235, respectively. This clear difference may be due to the different forest cover in each area. The correlation regression line, AR(1) model, and the Vogel and Kroll method showed lower error rates and appropriate baseflow indexes compared with other methods.
Comparative Life Cycle Analysis of Conventional and Hybrid Heavy-Duty Trucks
Authors: Rupp Matthias , Schulze Sven , Kuperjans Isabel
Published: August 2018

Heavy-duty trucks are one of the main contributors to greenhouse gas emissions in German traffic. Drivetrain electrification is an option to reduce tailpipe emissions by increasing energy conversion efficiency. To evaluate the vehicle’s environmental impacts, it is necessary to consider the entire life cycle. In addition to the daily use, it is also necessary to include the impact of production and disposal. This study presents the comparative life cycle analysis of a parallel hybrid and a conventional heavy-duty truck in long-haul operation. Assuming a uniform vehicle glider, only the differing parts of both drivetrains are taken into account to calculate the environmental burdens of the production. The use phase is modeled by a backward simulation in MATLAB/Simulink considering a characteristic driving cycle. A break-even analysis is conducted to show at what mileage the larger CO2eq emissions due to the production of the electric drivetrain are compensated. The effect of parameter variation on the break-even mileage is investigated by a sensitivity analysis. The results of this analysis show the difference in CO2eq/t km is negative, indicating that the hybrid vehicle releases 4.34 g CO2eq/t km over a lifetime fewer emissions compared to the diesel truck. The break-even analysis also emphasizes the advantages of the electrified drivetrain, compensating the larger emissions generated during production after already a distance of 15,800 km (approx. 1.5 months of operation time). The intersection coordinates, distance, and CO2eq, strongly depend on fuel, emissions for battery production and the driving profile, which lead to nearly all parameter variations showing an increase in break-even distance.
Bioactivity of pyocyanin of Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolates against a variety of human pathogenic bacteria and fungi species
Authors: Jameel Zahraa Jaafar , Hussain Anaam Fuad , Al-Mahdawi Muthana Abdulkhader , Abed Alkerim Nuha F. , Abd Alrahman Eman Sabah
Published: August 2018

Pyocyanin is blue pigment redox active, secondary metabolites produced by P. aeruginosa. The present study investigated the bioactivity of pyocyanin against certain types of bacteria and fungi causing human infections

Objectives: Pyocyanin is blue pigment redox active, secondary metabolites produced by P. aeruginosa. The current study deals with biosynthesis, purification and bioactivity of pyocyanin produced by P. aeruginosa.

Design: Pyocyanin extraction was done by chloroform method and concentration was determined by multiplying the optical density at 520 nm by 17.072 expressed as µg/ml. Biological activity of pyocyanin was determined by well diffusion procedure.

Results: According to the source of infection, results showed that P. aeruginosa were most common in ear infection (30%) followed by wounds (22%), burns (17%), urine (13%) and each in stool and diabetes (9%). In this study the high resistance of  P. aeruginosa  isolates to antibiotics were 19 (82.6 %) to piperacillin followed by 10(43.5%) to aztreonem, 8(34.8%) to meropenem, 6(26.1%) to amikacin, 5(21.7%) to ciprofloxacin then 2(8.7%) to cefotaxime. the urine isolate produced the largest amount of pyocyanin (15.894 µg/ml). pyaocyanin have antimicrobial activity against Pathogenic bacteria: Shigella,  Staphyllococcus aureus and  Staphyllococcus epidermedis. and pathogenic fungi and yeast: Aspergillus niger, Penicillium spp., Rhizopus spp, Trichophyton  mentagrophyte, Rhodotorula spp., Alternaria alternate , Trichophyton rubrum and Candida spp

Conclusions: cefotaxime is the best antibiotic for P. aeruginosa. Antimicrobial activity of pyocyanin against gram positive more than gram negative bacteria but less than that observed against fungi (molds and yeast).
The VVV Survey RR Lyrae Population in the Galactic Center Region*
Authors: Contreras Ramos Rodrigo , Minniti Dante , Gran Felipe , Zoccali Manuela , Alonso-García Javier , Huijse Pablo , Navarro María Gabriela , Rojas-Arriagada Álvaro , Valenti Elena
Published: August 2018

Deep near-IR images from the VISTA Variables in the Vía Láctea (VVV) Survey were used to search for RR Lyrae stars within 100 arcmin from the Galactic Center. A large sample of 960 RR Lyrae of type ab (RRab) stars were discovered. A catalog is presented featuring the positions, magnitudes, colors, periods, and amplitudes for the sample, in addition to estimated reddenings, distances, and metallicities, and measured individual relative proper motions. We use the reddening-corrected Wesenheit magnitudes, defined as

, in order to isolate bona fide RRL belonging to the Galaxy Center, finding that 30 RRab are foreground/background objects. We measure a range of extinctions from

to 1.75 mag for the RRab in this region, finding that large extinction is the main cause of the sample incompleteness. The mean period is P = 0.5446 ± 0.0025 days, yielding a mean metallicity of [Fe/H] = −1.30 ± 0.01 (σ = 0.33) dex for the RRab sample in the Galactic Center region. The median distance for the sample is D = 8.05 ± 0.02 kpc. We measure the RRab surface density using the less reddened region sampled here, finding a density of 1000 RRab/sq deg at a projected Galactocentric distance R

G
 = 1.6 deg. Under simple assumptions, this implies a large total mass (M > 109
M
⊙) for the old and metal-poor population contained inside R

G
. We also measure accurate relative proper motions, from which we derive tangential velocity dispersions of σV

l
 = 125.0 and σV

b
 = 124.1 km s−1 along the Galactic longitude and latitude coordinates, respectively. The fact that these quantities are similar indicate that the bulk rotation of the RRab population is negligible, and implies that this population is supported by velocity dispersion. In summary, there are two main conclusions of this study. First, the population as a whole is no different from the outer bulge RRab, predominantly a metal-poor component that is shifted with respect to the Oosterhoff type I population defined by the globular clusters in the halo. Second, the RRab sample, as representative of the old and metal-poor stellar population in the region, has high velocity dispersions and zero rotation, suggesting a formation via dissipational collapse.
Time Variability of Equivalent Width of 6.4 keV Line from the Arches Complex: Reflected X-Rays or Charged Particles?
Authors: Chernyshov D. O. , Ko C. M. , Krivonos R. A. , Dogiel V. A. , Cheng K. S.
Published: August 2018

Molecular gas in the Arches cloud located near the Arches cluster is one of the emitters of the K-α line of neutral iron and the X-ray continuum in the Galactic center (GC). Similarly to the cloud Sgr B2, another well-known emitter of the iron line in the GC, the Arches cloud demonstrates a temporal decline of the X-ray emission. The most natural origin of this emission is irradiation of primary photons of an X-ray flare from a distant source, most likely Sgr A*. However, recent observations of the Arches cloud discovered variations of equivalent width of the 6.4 keV iron line, which indicated that the X-ray emission from the cloud is a combination of two components with different origins and different equivalent widths, one of which is time variable, while the other is stationary during the period of observations. We considered two different scenarios: (a) this emission is formed by reflection from two clouds, which are at some distance from each other, when they are irradiated by two different flares; and (b) the other scenario assumes a combination of X-ray fluxes produced in the same cloud by reflection of primary photons and by subrelativistic cosmic rays. We present restrictions for both the model and conditions at which these scenarios can be realized. Although none of the models can be completely ruled out, we find that the X-ray reflection model requires fewer assumptions and therefore is the most viable.
Influence of monostrain and multistrain probiotics on immunity, intestinal ultrastructure and microbiota in experimental dysbiosis
Authors: Ermolenko E. , Rybalchenko O. , Borshev Y. , Tarasova E. , Kramskaya T. , Leontieva G. , Kotyleva M. , Orlova O. , Abdurasulova I. , Suvorov A.
Published: August 2018

The biological effects of three probiotic strains Lactobacillus rhamnosus K32, Bifidobacterium longum GT15, Enterococcus faecium L3 and their mixture were studied using a model of dysbiosis induced in rats by antibiotics. It was found that after taking different probiotics intestinal microbiota changed in a strain-specific manner. The maximal activity against pathogens was revealed after the administration of a mixture of bacterial strains under study or a single strain of enterococci. The strain E. faecium L3 showed the most activity against both Klebsiella spp. and Bacteroides fragilis. It helped to restore the original content of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii. The number of Klebsiella spp. was the same in the group receiving L. rhamnosus K32 and the group of animals, which was not consuming probiotics. Different probiotic strains included in the composition had various immunological effects. Probiotic bifidobacteria, enterococci and the mixture of three probiotics stimulated of mRNA expression of interleukin (IL)-10 in mesenteric lymph nodes. The changes in microbiota after consuming an enterococcal probiotic correlated with an increase in transforming growth factor (TGF)-β and IL-10 content in blood serum and an increase of the intestinal mucus layer. Consumption of L. rhamnosus K32 led to the stimulation of IL-8 expression in mesenteric lymph nodes. Control group not receiving probiotics was characterised by expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, damage of epithelial cells and the destruction of their tight junctions. The damage to the ultrastructure of the mucosa was prevented in all the groups taking probiotics.
Probiotic Bacillus enhance the intestinal epithelial cell barrier and immune function of piglets
Authors: Du W. , Xu H. , Mei X. , Cao X. , Gong L. , Wu Y. , Li Y. , Yu D. , Liu S. , Wang Y. , Li W.
Published: August 2018

Bacillus is widely used in the livestock industry. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of probiotic Bacillus amyloliquefaciens SC06 (Ba), originally isolated from soil, in piglets diet as an alternative to antibiotics (aureomycin), mainly on intestinal epithelial barrier and immune function. Ninety piglets were divided into three groups: G1 (containing 150 mg/kg aureomycin in the diet); G2 (containing 75 mg/kg aureomycin and 1×108 cfu/kg Ba in the diet); G3 (containing 2×108 cfu/kg Ba in the diet without any antibiotics). The results showed that, compared with the antibiotic group (G1), villus length, crypt depth and villus length/crypt depth ratio of intestine significantly increased in the G2 and G3 groups. In addition, intestinal villi morphology, goblet-cell number, mitochondria structure and tight junction proteins of intestinal epithelial cells in G2 and G3 were better than in G1. The relative gene expression of intestinal mucosal defensin-1, claudin3, claudin4, and human mucin-1 in G3 was significantly lower, while the expression of villin was significantly higher than in the antibiotic group. Probiotic Ba could significantly decrease serum interferon (IFN)-α, IFN-γ, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-4 levels, whereas increase tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α and IL-6 secretion. Ba could also significantly decrease cytokines TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1β, and IL-4 level in liver, whereas it significantly increased IFN-α. Furthermore, replacing antibiotics with Ba also significantly down-regulated gene expression of TNF and IL-1α in intestinal mucosa, but up-regulated IL-6 and IL-8 transcription. Dietary addition of Ba could significantly reduce the gene expression of nuclear factor kappa beta (NFκB)-p50 and Toll-like receptor (TLR)6, while there was no significant difference for that of myeloid differentiation primary response 88, TNF receptor-associated factor-6, nucleotide-binding oligomerisation domain-containing protein 1, TLR2, TLR4, and TLR9. Taken together, our findings demonstrated that probiotic Ba could increase the intestinal epithelial cell barrier and immune function by improving intestinal mucosa structure, tight junctions and by activating the TLRs signalling pathway.
Effects of paraprobiotic Lactobacillus paracasei MCC1849 supplementation on symptoms of the common cold and mood states in healthy adults
Authors: Murata M. , Kondo J. , Iwabuchi N. , Takahashi S. , Yamauchi K. , Abe F. , Miura K.
Published: August 2018

We investigated the effects of paraprobiotic Lactobacillus paracasei MCC1849 (LAC-Shield™) on symptoms of the common cold and mood states in healthy young adults. A total of 241 participants were randomised to receive 1×1010 heat-killed L. paracasei MCC1849 cell powder (10LP), 3×1010 heat-killed L. paracasei MCC1849 cell powder (30LP), or placebo powder without any L. paracasei cells once daily for 12 weeks based on the incidence of the common cold in the previous year, so that the risk of the incidence was equal among the groups. The incidence and severity of common cold symptoms were rated daily in a subject diary. Salivary secretory immunoglobulin A concentrations and saliva flow rates were analysed at 0 and 6 weeks. The Profile of Mood States (POMS) was assessed using POMS 2 0, 6, and 12 weeks after the intervention. No significant differences were observed in the incidence of the common cold among the groups. In a prespecified subgroup of subjects who had the common cold in the previous year, the incidence, total number of days of symptoms, and symptom scores of the common cold significantly improved in the 10LP-intake group, and were slightly lower in the 30LP-intake group than in the placebo group. The level of deterioration in the positive mood state caused by stress was less in the MCC1849-intake group than in the placebo group. These results indicate that L. paracasei MCC1849 has the potential to improve resistance to common cold infections in susceptible subjects and maintain a desirable mood state, even under mental stress conditions. Further randomised controlled trials are needed in order to investigate the possible beneficial effects of paraprobiotic L. paracasei MCC1849 on the common cold in susceptible populations.
Microbial reduction of zearalenone by a new isolatedLysinibacillus sp. ZJ-2016-1
Authors: Wang J.Q. , Yang F. , Yang P.L. , Liu J. , Lv Z.H.
Published: August 2018

Zearalenone (ZEA) has a strong reproductive toxicity. Reducing and eliminating ZEA from food and feed is of great significance. The aim of the present study was to screen bacteria for reduction of ZEA. A pure culture of strain ZJ-2016-1, identified asLysinibacillus sp. by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis methods, was isolated from chicken large intestine digesta and showed to be effective in eliminating ZEA; 32 μg/ml of ZEA in Luria-Bertani medium was completely removed within 48 h by whole cells of ZJ-2016-1. Heating treatment significantly reduced the removal rate of ZEA from 95.8 to 10.4% in the culture supernatant, suggesting that the microbial reduction of ZEA was likely enzymatic. The optimal conditions for the microbial reduction of ZEA by ZJ-2016-1 included temperature of 37 °C and pH of 7.0. To sum up, these results indicated that theLysinibacillus strain is a promising bacterium resource for reducing ZEA, and its genes and enzymes involved in microbial reduction of ZEA should be further explored.
Aflatoxin awareness and Aflasafe adoption potential of Nigerian smallholder maize farmers
Authors: Johnson A.M. , Fulton J.R. , Abdoulaye T. , Ayedun B. , Widmar N.J.O. , Akande A. , Bandyopadhyay R. , Manyong V.
Published: August 2018

Aflatoxin is a potent mycotoxin that can cause cancer and death and is associated with stunted growth. Prevalence of aflatoxin is widespread in Africa negatively impacting health and trade. Aflasafe is a biological control product that can be applied to maize or groundnut fields to reduce aflatoxin contamination. This study examines the levels of aflatoxin and Aflasafe awareness and understanding among smallholder maize farmers in Nigeria. In addition, the factors affecting Aflasafe purchase patterns and sustained usage over multiple growing seasons by farmers were evaluated. In-person surveys of 902 Nigerian smallholder farmers were conducted during October and November of 2016. This work contributes to the existing literature by documenting awareness levels of aflatoxin and use of Aflasafe as a control in Nigeria. Results suggest that the level of awareness of aflatoxin was very high in states where Aflasafe was promoted as an intervention for aflatoxin management. In Kaduna state, the region with the longest intervention, there was a consistent increase in the usage of Aflasafe since its introduction in 2010. Furthermore, farmers who purchase Aflasafe bundled (combined) with other inputs were more likely to persist in using the product. Education was found to significantly and positively impact continued usage of Aflasafe. Continued interventions, promotion and general education of the public are recommended for increased awareness, trial, and adoption of Aflasafe in Nigeria.
Behavioral Health Care for Children Who Are Medically Hospitalized
Authors: Kodish Ian
Published: August 2018

Youth admitted to pediatric hospitals face a variety of emotional challenges throughout their stay. In addition to feeling compromised by their acute medical condition, managing the requirements imposed by hospital care can intensify the potential for behavioral dysregulation. Even meeting basic behavioral expectations often requires children to be highly vulnerable, uncomfortable, and in pain, having to trust a parade of people routinely delivering aversive interventions, all in the context of overwhelmed caregivers. Behavioral medicine approaches are thus essential for supporting adaptive coping to optimize emotional and pathophysiological recovery. Clinical implementation requires integration of emotional and behavioral health initiatives into medical services across the broadest of disciplines with hospital-wide vigilance to safety risks. Providers can support behavioral resiliency by nurturing youth who are hospitalized to become increasingly active agents in their care while bolstering the consistency of their behavioral expectations through effective communication and an empathic treatment approach tailored to their socioemotional needs.

[
Pediatr Ann.
2018;47(8):e323–e327.]
Is the Market Efficiency Static or Dynamic – Evidence from Colombo Stock Exchange (CSE)
Authors: Fernando P. N. D. , Gunasekara A. L.
Published: August 2018

The study tests the weak form efficiency of the Colombo Stock Exchange (CSE) and the consistency of the concept. In this study, daily market closing index values of (All Share Price Index) ASPI of CSE for five years, from June 2010 to June 2015, without adjustments, have been selected as the sample. Both parametric tests and non-parametric tests have been used in this study. The evidence presented in this study confirms that CSE is not weak form efficient within the sample period and is consistent with the findings of previous studies. Therefore, the fact that Efficient Market Hypothesis as a dynamic concept is debatable as studies over the past have consistently confirmed that CSE is not in weak form efficient, although the efficiency of most markets is dynamic.
Perceptions of Interprofessional and Collaborative Practice in Collegiate Athletic Trainers
Authors: Hankemeier Dorice , Manspeaker Sarah A.
Published: August 2018

Context: 

The ability to engage in interprofessional and collaborative practice (IPCP) has been identified as one of the Institute of Medicine's core competencies required of all health care professionals.

Objective: 

To determine the perceptions of athletic trainers (ATs) in the collegiate setting regarding IPCP and current practice patterns.

Design: 

Cross-sectional study.

Patients or Other Participants: 

Of 6313 ATs in the collegiate setting, 739 (340 men, 397 women, 2 preferred not to answer; clinical experience = 10.97 ± 9.62 years) responded (11.7%).

Main Outcome Measure(s): 

The Online Clinician Perspectives of Interprofessional Collaborative Practice survey section 1 assessed ATs' perceptions of working with other professionals (construct 1), ATs engaged in collaborative practice (construct 2), influences of collaborative practice (construct 3), and influences on roles, responsibilities, and autonomy in collaborative practice (construct 4). Section 2 assessed current practice patterns of ATs providing patient care and included the effect of communication on collaborative practice (construct 5) and patient involvement in collaborative practice (construct 6). Between-groups differences were assessed using a Kruskal-Wallis H test and Mann-Whitney U tests (P < .05).

Results: 

Athletic trainers in the collegiate setting agreed with IPCP constructs 1 through 4 (construct 1 = 3.56 ± 0.30, construct 2 = 3.36 ± 0.467, construct 3 = 3.48 ± 0.39, construct 4 = 3.20 ± 0.35) and indicated that the concepts of constructs 5 and 6 (1.99 ± 0.46, 1.80 ± 0.50, respectively) were sometimes true in their setting. Athletic trainers functioning in a medical model reported lower scores for construct 5 (1.88 ± 0.44) than did those in an athletic model (2.03 ± 0.45, U = 19 522.0, P = .001). A total of 42.09% of the ATs' patient care was performed in collaborative practice.

Conclusions: 

Athletic trainers in the collegiate setting agreed that IPCP concepts were beneficial to patient care but were not consistently practicing in this manner. Consideration of a medical model structure, wherein more regular interaction with other health care professionals occurs, may be beneficial to increase the frequency of IPCP.
Infinitely supported Liouville measures of Schreier graphs
Authors: Juschenko Kate , Zheng Tianyi
Published: August 2018

We provide equivalent conditions for Liouville property of actions of groups. As an application, we show that there is a Liouville measure for the action of the Thompson group

F

on dyadic rationals. This result should be compared with a recent result of Kaimanovich, where he shows that the action of the Thompson group

F

on dyadic rationals is not Liouville for all finitely supported measures. As another application we show that there is a Liouville measure for lamplighter actions. This gives more examples of non-amenable Liouville actions.
Algorithmic constructions of relative train track maps and CTs
Authors: Feighn Mark , Handel Michael
Published: August 2018

Building on [BH92, BFH00], we proved in [FH11] that every element

\psi

of the outer automorphism group of a finite rank free group is represented by a particularly useful relative train track map. In the case that

\psi

is rotationless (every outer automorphism has a rotationless power), we showed that there is a type of relative train track map, called a CT, satisfying additional properties. The main result of this paper is that the constructions of these relative train tracks can be made algorithmic. A key step in our argument is proving that it is algorithmic to check if an inclusion

\mathcal F \sqsubset \mathcal F'

of

\phi

-invariant free factor systems is reduced. We also give applications of the main result.
HNN extensions and stackable groups
Authors: Hermiller Susan , Martínez-Pérez Conchita
Published: August 2018

Stackability for finitely presented groups consists of a dynamical system that iteratively moves paths into a maximal tree in the Cayley graph. Combining with formal language theoretic restrictions yields auto- or algorithmic stackability, which implies solvability of theword problem. In this paperwe give two newcharacterizations of the stackable property for groups, and use these to show that every HNN extension of a stackable group over finitely generated subgroups is stackable. We apply this to exhibit a wide range of Dehn functions that are admitted by stackable and autostackable groups, as well as an example of a stackable group with unsolvable word problem. We use similarmethods to show that there exist finitely presented metabelian groups that are non-constructible but admit an autostackable structure.
Relationships between impulse oscillometry, spirometry and dyspnoea in COPD
Authors: Anderson WJ , Lipworth BJ
Published: August 2018

Background: Severity of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is based either on symptoms/disability or lung function, which have no discernible correlation. We hypothesised that impulse oscillometry (IOS), a non-effortdependent measure of central and peripheral airway mechanics, could correlate to dyspnoea in COPD.

Methods: We analysed screening data from 57 COPD patients who had spirometry, IOS and Medical Research Council dyspnoea score (MRC) measurements. We searched for predictors or correlations of MRC from IOS, spirometry and demographics.

Results: MRC had no significant predictors or correlations from IOS, spirometry or demographics (possibly excepting smoking history, p=0.05). IOS correlated significantly with spirometry: FEV1 and FEF25–75 vs. R5–R20 (peripheral airway resistance), r=–0.499, p<0.001 and r=–0.397, p=0.002 respectively.

Conclusion: MRC is not related to IOS or spirometry in COPD. IOS correlates well with spirometry, particularly peripheral airway resistance (R5–R20). IOS is useful, but does not provide a link between symptoms and pulmonary function measurements.
Genotypic testing in clinically defined HHT: would Osler approve or turn in his grave?
Authors: Kettritz? R , Hinrichs? C , Althoff? CE , Luft FC
Published: August 2018

Modern diagnostic possibilities pose a number of challenges. When is a precise genetic diagnosis justifiable in today’s climate of cost-cutting? We would like to pose that question to Sir William Osler. Sir William was a keen observer, a master ‘translator’ of science into clinical medicine. Would he have required or supported genetic testing? We treated a patient whose case reminded us of Sir William’s belief that clinical exactness was the ultimate aim, regardless of cost.
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: is it something we should be more aware of?
Authors: Mukherjee RA , Hollins S , Curfs L
Published: August 2018

This review is based in part on Dr Mukherjee's lecture at the RCPE Mental Health Needs of Children and Young People Symposium held in Edinburgh on 29 September 2011.
The eclipse and rehabilitation of JJR Macleod, Scotland’s insulin laureate
Authors: Bliss M
Published: August 2018

John JR Macleod (1876–1935,) an Aberdonian Scot who had emigrated to North America, shared the 1923 Nobel Prize with Frederick Banting for their discovery of insulin at the University of Toronto in 1921–22. Macleod finished his career as Regius Professor of Physiology at the University of Aberdeen from 1928 to 1935. Macleod’s posthumous reputation was deeply tarnished by the campaigns against him carried out by his fellow laureate, Banting, and by Banting’s student assistant during the insulin research, Charles Best. Banting’s denigration of Macleod was based on their almost total personality conflict; Best’s was based on a hunger for personal recognition. New research indicates how scarred both men were in their obsessions. The rehabilitation of Macleod’s reputation, begun in 1982 with my book, The Discovery of Insulin, has continued in both scholarly and popular circles. By 2012, the ninetieth anniversary of the discovery of insulin, it had become complete both at the University of Toronto and in Canada.
Medical practice on Tristan da Cunha – the remotest island community in the world
Authors: Levack PA , Levack D
Published: August 2018

Midway between Africa and South America, on the edge of the ‘roaring 40s’ (37°S 12°W) is an archipelago of five tiny volcanic islands. Tristan, a British Overseas Territory, is the largest – seven miles across and rising 7,000 feet above sea level. There is no airport, no air access except for an occasional ship’s helicopter and no sheltered anchorage. The nearest port is over 1,700 miles away – a week or more by ship and the tiny harbour requires constant repair due to the impact of the relentless South Atlantic. Ship-to-shore travel is hazardous as passengers (and medevacs) are transferred sitting in a box hoisted by crane to a raft or rigid inflatable boat. Tristan has traditionally had a resident ‘ships surgeon’ or ‘island doctor’; although these terms may not have changed, the training and experience to fill these roles have. The island needs a general physician1 with experience of primary care or a general practitioner with experience of secondary care. Additional training is required in surgical and gynaecological emergencies. The two authors between them had appropriate experience in general medicine, general practice, resuscitation and critical care and to be able to worry together is a better prospect than worrying alone – so a joint appointment for six months seemed sensible and was found to be effective.
Assessing frailty in the acute medical admission of elderly patients
Authors: Oo MT , Tencheva A , Khalid N , Chan YP , Ho SF
Published: August 2018

Background: Managing acute admission of frail older patients is a challenge in hospitals. Length of inpatient stay, inpatient mortality and the 90-day readmission rate are significant in this group of patients. The Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment (CGA), a multidisciplinary diagnostic and treatment process, is the best approach for identifying medical conditions, mental health, functional capacity and social circumstances in acute geriatric care.

Methods: A review of the records of older patients aged 75 and over, acutely admitted to a district general hospital in England from 15 March 2012 to 16 April 2012 was conducted. We developed a frailty assessment tool and applied it to these patients, in order to determine who would be classified as frail. We then established if the patients meeting this criteria were then correctly assessed using the CGA. All patient data were processed and analysed using a statistical package for data analysis.

Results: A total of 232 patients with a mean age of 84.25 ± 5.8 years were included. Out of these, 129 patients (55.6%) fulfilled the frailty criteria as determined with our frailty-assessment tool; 80.6% presented with lack of mobility over 24 hours, 69.8% were admitted with falls, 47.3% had known dementia or delirium and 45% were admitted from care homes. Patients aged over 85 years were more likely to have frailty compared with patients aged 75–85 years old (odds ratio [OR]: 4.78, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.6–8.6, p value <0.001). Patients assessed by a front door geriatric team were more likely to be reviewed with the CGA than those not seen by this team (adjusted OR 2.8, 95% CI: 1–7.6, p value=0.04).

Conclusion: The prevalence of frailty is high in acute admissions of older patients and it is important that they are properly identified and assessed with a CGA in order to ensure effective multidisciplinary care.
A case of Berardinelli-Seip syndrome presenting with cirrhosis
Authors: Wimalaratna H , Nandasiri ASD
Published: August 2018

Berardinelli-Seip congenital lipodystrophy (BSCL) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder of generalised lipoatrophy, characterised by the absence of functioning adipocytes, with lipid being stored in muscles, the liver and the pancreas. The usual presentation is in adulthood, with manifestations of insulin resistance, hypertriglyceridaemia and liver steatosis. Cirrhosis as the first presentation of BSCL in a young adult is rare. We describe a patient with BSCL presenting with cirrhosis. To the best of our knowledge this is the first case of BSCL reported in a Sri Lankan patient.
Current practices in the management of diabetic nephropathy
Authors: Chan G , C-W Tang S
Published: August 2018

The social and economic burden of treating patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) is rapidly rising. Current projections estimate the global prevalence of individuals with DM to rise from 6.4% (285 million) in 2010 to 7.7% (439 million) in 2030.1 The main problem with this disease entity is its propensity to incur macro- and micro-vascular complications over time, including diabetic nephropathy (DN). Diabetic nephropathy affects approximately one-third of individuals with diabetes. It is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) worldwide, accounting for 42% of all patients on renal replacement therapy (RRT) in the United States.2 The magnitude of this problem has continued to grow in the face of an inexorable rise in the number of diabetic patients. The search for therapeutic modalities to stem this tide remains the quest of many nephrologists. One of the hallmarks of DN is increased urinary protein excretion, and microalbuminuria has long been proposed as an early manifestation of this disease.3,4 Albuminuria and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are strong determinants of cardiovascular disease and to a large extent, the survival of patients with DN is determined by cardiovascular morbidity. Although there remains no cure at present, treatment options to prevent or slow disease progression are available. In this update, we aim to address the current armamentarium in the management of DN.
Psoriasis
Authors: Burfield L , Burden AD
Published: August 2018

Psoriasis is a chronic, immune-mediated inflammatory skin disease affecting 1.3–2.2% of the UK population.1 Most commonly, psoriasis is characterised by well-demarcated, red plaques with adherent scale with a predilection for the scalp and extensor surfaces of the limbs. However, the effects of psoriasis go far beyond a patient’s skin and may result in a degree of disability and impaired quality of life similar to that of other major medical conditions, such as cancer and heart disease. First-line therapies for most patients are topical treatments such as topical corticosteroids and vitamin D analogues. For those with more severe or treatment-resistant disease, secondor third-line therapies include phototherapy, systemic therapies such as methotrexate and more recently biologic therapies such as tumour necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors. These therapeutic modalities are proven to be highly effective; however, the potential for long-term toxicity needs to be considered. Aside from the visible skin disease, psoriasis is also increasingly recognised to have important systemic manifestations. Psoriatic arthritis has long been established as an associated condition and, more recently, it has emerged that psoriasis is also associated with an increased risk of inflammatory bowel disease, cardiovascular disease and the metabolic syndrome. Both National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE)2 and Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN)3 have recently published guidelines for the assessment and management of psoriasis which highlight the need for regular assessment in order to detect the development of arthritis and the presence of other co-morbidities such as obesity, diabetes, dyslipidaemia and hypertension.
Towards a Decent Labour Market for Low-Waged Migrant Workers
Authors: Rijken Conny , Lange Tesseltje , Roermund Bert , Paul Regine , Houwerzijl Mijke , Schrauwen Annette , Cremers Jan , Dekker Ronald , Zoeteweij Margarite Helena , Herzfeld Olsson Petra , Berntsen Lisa , Torre Lucia Della , Siebers Hans , Graafland Johan
Published: August 2018

Central to this edited volume is the legal position and the labour situation of non-EU and EU low-waged migrant workers. Towards a Decent Labour Market for Low-Waged Migrant Workers presents ground breaking research on policies and practices in search of striking a right balance between the economic ambitions and the negative consequences thereof, for labour market dynamics such as down-ward wage pressures, unfair competition, the abuse of migrant workers and even the long-term setback for the children of previously low-waged migrant workers. Imbalances or presumed imbalances between free market mechanisms, labour migration policies, labour market protection and corrective mechanisms to protect migrant workers, thus come to the fore. The contributors to this volume will deconstruct some of these imbalances, and shed light on its causes, consequences and interrelatedness with other factors. Possible solutions that contribute to a decent labour market, in which rights of low-waged migrant workers are more respected, will be discussed.
Formation and evolution of tar balls from northwestern US wildfires
Authors: Sedlacek III Arthur J. , Buseck Peter R. , Adachi Kouji , Onasch Timothy B. , Springston Stephen R. , Kleinman Lawrence
Published: August 2018

Abstract. Biomass burning is a major source of light-absorbing black and brown
carbonaceous particles. Tar balls (TBs) are a type of brown carbonaceous
particle apparently unique to biomass burning. Here we describe the first
atmospheric observations of the formation and evolution of TBs from forest
fires. Aerosol particles were collected on transmission electron microscopy (TEM) grids during aircraft
transects at various downwind distances from the Colockum Tarps wildland fire.
TB mass fractions, derived from TEM and in situ measurements, increased from
<1 % near the fire to 31–45 % downwind, with little change in TB
diameter. Given the observed evolution of TBs, it is recommended that these
particles be labeled as processed primary particles, thereby distinguishing
TB formation–evolution from secondary organic aerosols. Single-scattering
albedo determined from scattering and absorption measurements increased
slightly with downwind distance. Similar TEM and single-scattering albedo results were observed
sampling multiple wildfires. Mie calculations are consistent with weak light
absorbance by TBs (i.e., m similar to the literature values 1.56−0.02i or
1.80−0.007i) but not consistent with absorption 1 order of magnitude stronger
observed in different settings. The field-derived TB mass
fractions reported here indicate that this particle type should be accounted
for in biomass burning emission inventories.
Significant decline of mesospheric water vapor at the NDACC site
Bern in the period 2007 to 2018
Authors: Lainer Martin , Hocke Klemens , Eckert Ellen , Kämpfer Niklaus
Published: August 2018

Abstract. The middle atmospheric water vapor radiometer MIAWARA is located close to Bern in Zimmerwald (46.88° N, 7.46° E, 907 m) and is part of the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC). Initially built in the year 2002, a major upgrade of the instruments spectrometer allowed to continuously measure middle atmospheric water vapor since April 2007. Thenceforward to Mai 2018, a time series of more than 11 years has been gathered, that makes a first trend estimate possible. For the trend estimation, a robust multi-linear parametric trend model has been used. The trend model encompasses a linear term, a solar activity tracker, the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) index, the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) as well as the annual and semi-annual oscillation. In the time period April 2007 to Mai 2018 we find a significant decline in water vapor by −0.6 ± 0.2 ppm decade−1 between 61 and 72 km. Below the stratopause level (~ 48 km) a smaller reduction of H2O of up to −0.3 ± 0.1 ppm decade−1 is detected.