bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MFI
Authors: Southon Arthur
Published: February 2008

At the Retail Conference held by stockbrokers Capel Cure Myers in June, MFI were one of three companies invited to speak. In his Chairman's introduction, Richard Weir of the Retail Consortium outlined the points of interest which these retailers (Sainsbury and Mothercare among them) had to offer. He emphasised the way in which a company such as MFI had a clear identity, aiming straight for its market in such a way that the customer could differentiate it easily from other multiples. Mr Weir thought this an asset at a time when so many companies are diversifying away from their original merchandise base. The following paper was presented by Arthur Southon at the conference, and it provides an insight into the workings of a major multiple and its plans.
Electronic Funds Transfer: What are the security implications?
Authors: Pegg Frank
Published: February 2008

Electronic Funds Transfer systems will, in spite of delays, be introduced in this country before very long. When the banks and the retailers can resolve their differences over the form the system should take, the growth potential should be substantial. But there will be security problems for the retailer. It is these problems which Frank Pegg discusses in this special feature.
PRESENTATION AS A SERVICE TO THE RETAILER
Authors: Richards Alan
Published: February 2008

For Tibbett & Britten, the achievement of the 1970s was to ‘sell’ to retailers the concept of hanging garment distribution. Now they have developed a range of services to help fashion retailers with their presentation. RDM spoke to Managing Director Alan Richards on the company's plans for the future.
Location decisions — Factors impacting location models
Authors: Barnes James H
Published: February 2008

This paper examines location decision in the light of recent developments in areas which impact on distribution decision making. It is shown that these developments have and will continue to have serious implications as far as the use of previously developed location models is concerned. First, the elements associated with total distribution and total cost concepts will be discussed. Second, the implications of customer service considerations will be mentioned. And finally, some of the more recent environmental developments which impact the location decision will be examined.
Get physical distribution right for marketing success
Authors: Clarke Christopher J
Published: February 2008

This article concerns the importance of physical distribution in marketing. It should be of interest to a wide range of managers concerned with purchase, marketing and distribution of products. It highlights the importance of taking account of customers' needs to improve service and save on costs in physical distribution. Chris Clarke is a manager with A T Kearney Management Consultants and a Member of the Executive of the Institute of Marketing Engineering Group. He has also worked as a marketing manager in fast moving consumer goods.
The operation of an independent distribution system
Authors: Whimster Colin
Published: February 2008

Massive changes have taken place in the retail sector over the past ten years or so: the closure of thousands of grocery outlets and the move to large‐scale units being the two most significant. These changes have posed problems in the distribution sphere; some of these problems are discussed by Colin Whimster in this special feature.
Generic products: their impact in the UK
Authors: McGoldrick Peter J. , Sheath Katherine J.
Published: February 2008

Carrefour in France were (he first retailers to introduce the idea of “produits libres” — or generics, as they came to be called. In this country only three retailers so far include them in their range — International, Carrefour, and Fine Fare. UMIST have carried out a survey into the subject, which indicates that generics are compatible with attempts to upgrade a retailer's quality image, a major objective of some at the present time. In the writer's view, the recession is providing the right conditions for the development of generic ranges — and their appeal is likely to remain.
Fresh fish and seafood retailing
Authors: Chaston Ian
Published: February 2008

In the UK the fishing industry is said to be in the doldrums, owing to cheap imports, declining retail outlets and the fact that we Brits are pretty conservative in what fish we'll tolerate. Anyone for octopus? However, the US apparently presents a very different picture. There the desire for fresh fish food, prompted by the preoccupation with health, has led to supermarkets cashing‐in on the consumer's demand for fresh fish and seafoods. Ian Chaston thinks the US experience could teach the UK fish retailing industry a thing or two.
The 1980s in retailing A prospective view
Authors: Walters David
Published: February 2008

In the second part of his prospective view of the 1980s in retailing, David Walters examines the questions of supply and sourcing, location policy, and consumer legislation. In what is undoubtedly going to be a difficult decade, the one certainty is that competition is going to be intense. As one retailer said to the writer: “Competition accelerates the competitive process; some companies do better faster and some do worse faster.”
Computers in warehousing
Authors: Barker Ron
Published: February 2008

A paper given at a conference held towards the end of 1981 by the Institute of Management Services Transport and Distribution Specialist Group described the design and implementation processes involved in installing computer systems in warehouses. Below Ron Barker, sales manager at SPL International, sets out the basic requirements for such a system.
An approach to cost effective distribution
Authors: Lee Tony
Published: February 2008

In the next few years, the cost of the distribution function is likely to rise from its 1979 figure of 16% of sales value to something like 17.5% in 1984. This sounds like a relatively small increase but in fact it represents a gigantic sum; to give some indication, the writer of this article suggests that the achievement of a 10% saving in our national handling bill (about £2,500m) would equal the discovery and development of another Brent oil field. In this special feature, Tony Lee looks at how the technique of distribution planning can be applied, and especially at the important part played by PDM in controlling stock and relating it to purchasing policy, manufacturing, and to sales and service.
Looking for efficiency the Frigoscandia way
Authors: Parker Mike
Published: February 2008

Frigoscandia, whose latest cold store at Portbury (Bristol) came on stream earlier this year, completing its basic distribution network, is a significant computer user. Frigoscandia writes all its own programs, operates the Iceline system for CWS, and feels it is equipped to face a future in which the volume of frozen food sales is likely to rise steadily. Mike Parker describes how the system has been built up, with a central computer at Hoddesdon, together with smaller computers based at the cold stores.
The case for the village shop
Authors: Kirby David
Published: February 2008

It is a long time now since the major grocery groups — with the possible exception of the Co‐ops — have thought of villages as likely locations. Equally, small shops themselves have found the going difficult for reasons which are too obvious to outline. But the decline of the village shop is not only damaging to the retail structure; it leads to serious social deprivation, particularly for the old and those without private transport, and it can also result in a lack of social focus in the community. Recently the Development Commission, together with the National Council for Voluntary Organisations, held a one‐day seminar to discuss possible means of support for the village shop. This is a report of that seminar.
What marketing lessons can retailers learn from the recession?
Authors: Piercy Nigel
Published: February 2008

Economic recession has hit hard at both manufacturers and retailers in the UK. However, within the generally gloomy picture there are areas of success and growth. The argument in this article is that we should now be asking what marketing lessons retailers can learn from the recession. This is important to surviving the short‐run and making the most of new market opportunities as they arise in the longer term. Ten such lessons are outlined below, as a starting point for reviewing the position facing a retail company in the 1980s, and to stimulate thought and discussion within such companies.
The Transaction Telephone
Authors: Zeilinger Anthony J.
Published: February 2008

During the 1970s we became thoroughly accustomed to the use of “plastic money”; the volume of UK based credit card transactions rose from 10m in 1971 to over 100m by 1979. Today there are over 13m credit cards in circulation, and this excludes other cards issued by department stores and multiples. But this proliferation of plastic creates its own problems. Control needs to be exercised over excessive spending by card‐holders; the unit costs of processing card‐based transactions needs to be contained; and of course the possibility of fraudulent use must be safeguarded against. The transaction telephone is one way in which these problems can be tackled. Already commonplace in the US, they are now being used by some major department store groups in the UK. The first part of this article reviews the range of technological issues which have so far determined the way credit card automation has developed. It also discusses how other technological factors may influence the different kinds of service delivery packages for retailers and ultimately card holders. The second part, to be published in our next issue, will discuss aspects of market strategy development for both the larger and smaller card issuing organisations.
How to achieve successful regeneration
Authors: McFadyen Edward
Published: February 2008

In October financial analysts Capel‐Cure Myers had the intriguing idea of putting on a seminar centred largely around the stories of three major retail companies — Burton, Debenhams, and Tesco — all of whom have been through pretty rough times over the last decade or so but have managed, relatively recently, to achieve successful turn‐rounds — to show improved turnover and profit figures, in effect, to “regenerate”. In each case the chief executives of these companies spoke frankly about the mistakes their organisations had perpetrated, and the solutions they had adopted to bring about essential change. Intriguingly, though the companies are all very different in their retail formats — a grocery multiple, a specialist clothing chain, and a department store group — yet they had several solutions in common. Ralph Halpern of Burton pinpointed the secret of his success as “multi‐strategy market positioning”, which means identifying specific segments of the market and operating several companies with clear identities which are positioned to appeal to them. Much the same was done by Debenhams, who found in the early 70s that their traditional middle‐class department store market had faded away with Edward Heath's three‐day week and the power cuts, and they had to position themselves to appeal to an entirely different clientele. And all three companies emphasise the need for efficient systems of information technology. “Historically,” says Tesco's Ian MacLaurin, “we traded in goods. Now we trade in information too.” Remarkably, and an added factor which makes the achievement of these companies more striking, is the fact that recovery, for all three, took place against a background of the worst recession this country has seen for several decades.
Seven years of generics
Authors: McGoldrick Peter J
Published: February 2008

Peter McGoldrick offers some thoughts on generic positioning and some comments on the progress of generics over the last seven years. He also takes up points made by Robert Pieczka in his article in our last issue.
Money purchase pension schemes are on the scene again
Authors: Vann John C.
Published: February 2008

As alternative to the final salary pension scheme, money purchase pension schemes are coming more into prominence now. Our contributor outlines the pros and cons of such schemes: they are simple and straightforward, and retirement benefits are produced which are directly linked to the contributions paid by each individual employee and by the employer. But they are unlikely to provide the best benefits at retirement for those who stay with an employer. At the moment more than 25 insurance companies are offering money purchase pension contracts; in this article some of these are examined in detail.
Is transport undersold?
Authors: Harvey John
Published: February 2008

“Is transport undersold?” is a rhetorical question; the answer is yes, according to John Harvey. When he gave the Presidential Address to the Transport and Distribution Group of the Institute of Marketing a few weeks ago, he delivered a withering attack on the transport industry as a whole. “Transport,” he said, “is underrated in terms of its national economic and social value and in terms of its user utility, having neglected to project or market its own worth. It is now belatedly doing so after decades of both government and corporate indifference.” “It is (also) an industry,” he continued, “whose failure to innovate, monitor and identify market trends and perceive its customers' needs has led to the industry's own clients becoming a major competitor through the growth of the ‘own account’ sector.” “It is an industry where its very industrial structure (outside the airlines and railways) reinforces the latent tendency for marketing myopia and reinforces the tradition of selling capacity on price and service and reacts to, rather than anticipates, customers' needs.” “Under the spur of recent events, it has embraced the trappings … of marketing with the enthusiasm of a discharged alcoholic let loose in a brewery.” “It is a sector of the economy whose participants are distinguished by operational excellence — but also by consistently poor financial performance and relatively low returns, whose problems have been compounded by the effect of the recession, falling prices and over‐capacity.” After delivering these sledgehammer blows, John Harvey set about an analytical examination of the transport industry. In particular he looked at the actual characteristics of the UK transport market in terms of structural organisation, inter‐modal competition, and financial performance. He reviewed some of the market forces which have reacted on the industry, highlighting one or two significant factors which should condition industrial marketing of transport; and finally he examined the process of product innovation and the difficulties of market research, and what this suggests for the most effective ways of selling and marketing “distribution” — a phrase deliberately chosen to encapsulate his own approach to transport marketing. But he did conclude on a hopeful note. “There is evidence,” he said, “that industrial marketing is improving and transport is being better sold because there is a wider perception of total distribution cost and trade‐off opportunity; because of competitive challenge; and there is consumer and technology‐led change. For reasons of space, this is a slightly abridged version of John Harvey's challenging address.
Getting the shop in the right place
Authors: Poynor Michael W
Published: February 2008

Controversy and well‐argued differences of opinion are the hallmarks of a successful conference, and these were certainly evident at RMDP's second conference on “Techniques for Shop Location”, held in London in June. Attended by nearly 200 delegates, this one‐day event emphasised the practical application of increasingly sophisticated locational techniques, especially those “friendly” to personal computers. But debating points quickly arose. Ross Davies, from the chair, argued that local authorities have become more supportive to superstore development, but this was questioned by Asda's David Gransby. The superstore developer thinks that retail use should be defined geographically; convenience shopping out of town allows the High Street to thrive on comparison stores. But planning economist Peter Jones thinks that some existing centres must be allowed to decline in favour of innovative developments elsewhere, such as combinations of superstores, warehouses and factories. David Powell, setting his arguments against a wide social and political background, took the view that the government should take positive steps to encourage retailers to locate in depressed regions and inner cities, thus creating change in current locational policies. But one delegate thought that government intervention would prove restrictive. Mike Poynor of the CDT, representing RDM at the conference, outlines the points of agreement and the differences.
From dinosaur to stable of thoroughbreds
Authors: Sharples Sue
Published: February 2008

In the last couple of years House of Fraser's profit slide has jerked upwards. This has been due in part to the introduction of a more thoughtful approach to merchandise. To complement this, many of the stores are being redesigned. In what promises to be one of the largest refurbishment programmes the British retail trade has ever known, £100 million is being channelled into rapidly improving and updating the group. Allied International Designers (A.I.D.) have been given this important contract. Sue Sharples reports.
Is marketing moving from the manufacturer to the retailer?
Authors: Piercy Nigel
Published: February 2008

Marketing has traditionally been regarded as an activity carried out by manufacturers — mainly in the sense of aiming persuasive communications towards retailers and the consumer. Actually this is inappropriate on four counts: there is nothing traditional about marketing, as a formlly organised business function — it is an innovation of the 1960s and 1970s as far as the UK is concerned; in fact, many manufacturers do not operate marketing functions; this said, marketing is much broader than just advertising and promotion; and, as will be shown here, marketing is increasingly the responsibility of retailers and distributors rather than manufacturers. This article examines the changing view of what marketing is actually about, and tracks the trends which are becoming apparent for marketing decision making to move down the channel of distribution, away from the manufacturer towards the retailer. The implication which is drawn is that increasingly retail firms will find it necessary to examine their own marketing strategies and the need to build marketing organisations to support these policies. The article concludes with a list of key questions for the retail manager to evaluate the need for a marketing organisation structure and its possible form.
STORE LOCATION: PROBLEMS AND METHODS 1
Authors: Bowlby Sophie , Breheny Michael , Foot David
Published: February 2008

Many retailers, conscious of the increasing difficulty of finding good, viable sites for stores, have recently been considering the large array of store location techniques now available to them. The success of the two seminars on store location organised by RMDP in February 1983 and June 1984, bear witness to this concern. However, these retailers are likely to find it difficult to assess the efficacy and suitability of the bewildering range of techniques offered. This article, and three to follow, attempt briefly to guide the interested but wary retailer through the technical maze.
The battle against computer crime
Authors: Vann John C
Published: February 2008

Smash and grab is decidedly unsophisticated when opportunities for computer crime are so great. It's also very popular, costing British industry and commerce anything between £500m and £2,500m a year. But there are ways it can be fought. John Vann reports.
Changing planning policies for large stores
Authors: Whysall Paul
Published: February 2008

Traditionally, the south‐east has lagged behind the north in the provision of superstores and hypermarkets. Now this position is changing with the development southwards of Asda and other companies. In addition, the search by the major multiples for superstore sites has become even more competitive. What effect does government policy, especially as expressed through Development Control Policy Notes, have on this changing pattern of retailing? In this special feature, Paul Whysall asserts that the current system for evaluating major retail proposals often appears vague and inconsistent; he suggests that retail change may well anticipate policy review.
STORE LOCATION: PROBLEMS AND METHODS 3
Authors: Bowlby Sophie , Breheny Michael , Foot David
Published: February 2008

The previous article in this series (RDM November/December) examined techniques designed to search out areas of the country that might have potential for new stores. This article looks more closely at finding the best site available within a chosen area. It discusses store turnover forecasting techniques, and also considers the question of assessing viability in product‐dominated markets.
The French furniture market
Authors: Hallsworth Alan
Published: February 2008

The retail furniture sector is showing rapid growth in France. New influences pinpointed by Alan Hallsworth include the growth of flat‐pack, self‐assembly, and a number of foreign groups moving into the market. The author expects these trends to continue.
STORE LOCATION: PROBLEMS AND METHODS 4
Authors: Bowlby Sophie , Breheny Michael , Foot David
Published: February 2008

The last article in this series discussed ways of assessing the viability of a store on a specific site. The techniques discussed in that article are used to determine how the general locational characteristics of the potential trade areas of the site will affect sales at a new outlet. However, a store's performance can be strongly influenced not only by such general trade‐area characteristics but also by micro‐level features of the site. For example, whatever the number of potential customers in the locality, if an outlet has unattractive and dingy surroundings, lacks viability, or has poor local access, it will probably attract little business. In the first section of this article, therefore, the authors examine ways of estimating the nature and significance of such micro‐level site features. This takes us down to the third level in the “search‐viability‐micro” strategy suggested in article 2 (RDM, Nov/Dec 1984, p. 41). In the second section the authors turn to the evaluation, not of potential new outlets, but of existing outlets. Given the massive investment that major retailers have tied up in existing stores, as compared to that put into each additional store, it is remarkable that so little work has done on methods of evaluating existing stores. In the authors' view, both the estimation of the effects of micro‐level factors and the evaluation of existing outlets are grossly under‐researched areas.
How retailers put site location techniques into operation
Authors: Simkin Lyndon P. , Doyle P. , Saunders J.
Published: February 2008

In our last issue we published the final article in a series on store location techniques. But how do retailers put these techniques into practice? The Management Centre at the University of Bradford recently carried out a survey, conducting thirty semi‐structured interviews with national multiple retailers trading from more than thirty stores. Retail groups contacted included: Associated Dairies, Boots, British Home Stores, British Shoe Corporation (Sears), Burton, Comet, Debenhams, Dixons, Hepworths, Littlewoods, W.H. Smith, Tesco and others. This article describes the survey and its findings.
Differentiation by product design
Authors: Sharples Sue
Published: February 2008

In the search for differentiation it is not enough to attend to the selling environment, equal attention must be directed towards the customers and what they want to buy. This article, which is confined to a handful of retailers and concentrates on the non‐food side only, tries to examine how far they can determine the design of their products and what role independent designers are playing.
Finding the right site … And Marks & Spencer's quest for an extra 3 million sq. ft.
Authors: Poynor Michael
Published: February 2008

The third RMDP seminar on Shop Location Analysis was held at the end of June; it focussed as much on the business of finding the right site as on site evaluation. The most eagerly‐awaited presentation came from a representative of Marks & Spencer; as our writer says, “it is their revitalised attitude to merchandise which is directly responsible for their need to increase sales space.” M&S revealed that they need an extra 3 million sq ft of sales space for new and existing products. Other presentations came from Jeremy Smither of Hillier Parker and Dr David Thorpe of the John Lewis Partnership.
Retail research: studies in ‘lifestyle’
Authors: Dawson John A
Published: February 2008

In this review of some recent studies in retail research, work related to the general theme of lifestyle retailing is considered. Almost all the work reviewed is American in origin, in order to illustrate some of the thinking and research which is underpinning American lifestyle retailers such as The Limited, Circus World, Eyelab Presents or Sizes Unlimited.
Research tools for better merchandising
Authors: Rogers David
Published: February 2008

This third in David Rogers' series of articles on the applications of research to various aspects of retailing looks at one of the most crucial of retail functions — merchandising. With new and spectacular examples of good merchandising springing up all around us, retailers need all the help they can get in launching new ideas. David Rogers here looks at a “battery” of market research tools which can assist retailers to merchandise their stores more sensitively and profitably. This article is based on a paper given at the RMDP conference on “New Directions in Merchandising” held recently in London (RDM, July/ August 1985).
How many grocery prices do shoppers really know?
Authors: McGoldrick Peter J , Marks Helen J
Published: February 2008

Whereas price was the major marketing weapon in food retailing in the 1960s and early 70s, most food retailers now acknowledge that this has been superseded by other more subtle approaches. From the customer's viewpoint, to what degree is s/he aware of a store's prices, in this changing economic climate? The Economic and Social Research Council sponsored a study in which the two authors set out to measure price awareness levels at two supermarkets in the Manchester area. The differences in awareness that emerged between product groups and between brand types are, the authors claim, “of the utmost importance to retail price makers.”
CONVENIENCE STORES
Authors: Kirby David A.
Published: February 2008

In the past few years the convenience store has become something of a phenomenon in this country. As a symptom of the polarisation of the UK retail scene, further development of the convenience store seems inevitable. But David Kirby points out that successful operators will be those who get right both the formula and the location. He sees location as particularly crucial for the convenience store with its dependence on high customer flows and low value transactions.
Shopping at all hours
Authors: Harvey Nigel
Published: February 2008

Leicestershire Cooperative Society is one of the top eight Coops in the country, and has a turnover in excess of £160m. It provides a range of retail outlets including superstores, supermarkets, “Home” departments, chemists, and travel bureaux. One of their most successful ventures has been the development of All Hours convenience stores, open from 8am to 8pm Monday to Saturday, offering the convenience of local shopping. The stores feature a wide selection of groceries, fresh fruit and vegetables, bread and cakes, meat, provisions, frozen foods and wines and spirits. The name “All Hours” was the idea of Leicester Society's Retail Controller, Nigel Harvey, and he describes the stores in the article which follows.
Lighting up time: Illumination in the retail environment
Authors: Sharples Sue
Published: February 2008

Technological advances exploited by designers have resulted in some artful uses of retail lighting. But this medium is far from static and managements are urged to take responsibility for its ongoing creative use. Here we outline some of the developments that have taken place in the last decade and point to ways in which a lighting project can he approached.
Marketing in UK retailing
Authors: Piercy Nigel
Published: February 2008

In the last issue of RDM Nigel Piercy discussed the general findings of a survey of the operation of the Marketing Department in major UK retail companies, focussing on the emergence of a role for retailer marketing. This second article considers the rather different types of Marketing Department found in the survey, and the relationship between the type of Marketing Department and the strategies adopted by retailers in their relationships with suppliers.
Retailers' attitudes to EFTPoS
Authors: McFadyen Edward
Published: February 2008

The Connect card may be seen as a transitional stage towards EFTPoS, about which there has been a great deal of controversy over the past few years. The current situation is that, with the aim of setting standards for a national system, a development scheme currently under way will see a small inaugural service involving 2,000 terminals in three UK locations during 1988. These will be at Southampton, Leeds and Edinburgh.
IKEA
Authors: Reynolds Jonathan
Published: February 2008

It is rare for a single store opening in Warrington, north‐west England, to arouse concern amongst UK retailers. However, when that store is a 182,000 sq ft outlet for the Swedish furniture and home furnishings retailer IKEA, representing the Company's first foray into the UK market, the disquiet becomes understandable. IKEA have established an enviable reputation for combining competitive pricing with high quality merchandise, within an attractive store setting. IKEA's high level of customer service is well‐known and contrasts with the current practices of many flat‐pack retailers in the UK. The Company's apparent ability to translate similar store formats and product ranges internationally, whilst encouraging a certain degree of product sourcing from within the host country, is effective. These features are derived from a corporate culture and spirit personally driven, until recently, by the Company's founder, Ingvar Kamprad. This article reviews the history of IKEA, its level of international representation, its marketing and presentational style.
Own labels
Authors: de Chernatony Leslie
Published: February 2008

With grocery brands manufacturers trying to respond to the increasingly concentrated retailing environment and the significant investment in own labels by retailers, a less than healthy future has been reported for some brands (eg Leahy, 1987). To succeed, grocery brands manufacturers should not only take into account consumer buying behaviour, but also recognise and respond to retailers' strategic objectives. However, brands manufacturers have to strike the right balance between satisfying consumers' needs and helping retailers achieve their corporate goals. Warnings have been sounded about the dangers of brands manufacturers shifting their attention too much to retailers, with the consequential cut in consumer related activities, and during the first part of this decade there has been speculation about whether own labels and brands were becoming more alike. This paper is concerned with the problem of similarities/dissimilarities between brands and retailer labels and by reporting on a major consumer research programme provides insight as to the way consumers perceive the competitive tiers of brands, own labels and generics.
The City and the food industry —
Authors: Cox Roger
Published: February 2008

Our Financial column this month takes on something of a new theme. Instead of a discussion of specific companies' trading results, our contributor reports on a conference he attended, organised by the Institute of Grocery Distribution, on the subject of relations between the City and the food industry. A number of themes emerged during the day, including the problems of takeovers, the need for investors and analysts to learn new skills, and how companies can use the stock market more effectively for themselves.
Getting to know your customers
Authors: Ody Penelope
Published: February 2008

Finding out more about the people who shop your store in order to cater more precisely for their needs is a prime objective for any retailer as we move into the competitive world of the 1990s. SHOPPiN — a new market research tool developed jointly by Pinpoint and Nielsen — along with Nielsen's new Homescan consumer panel aim at doing just that.
Retail parks:
Authors: Brown Stephen
Published: February 2008

Retail parks are an increasingly common feature of the UK retailing scene. This paper describes the development, and customer perceptions, of an unplanned second generation park and a planned third generation park in Belfast. The results reveal that although the planned retail park was highly regarded, it was much less successful than its unplanned counterpart, thanks to problems with the launch, location and letting process.
AN ETHICAL APPROACH TO DEVELOPMENT: THE ARQAM PHILOSOPHY AND ACHIEVEMENTS
Authors: Syukri Salleh Muhammad
Published: February 2008

It is axiomatic that, like other fields in the Social Sciences, value‐free development is non‐existent. A Growth or Redistribution‐With‐Growth Strategy, for instance, could not exist independently of the Neo‐Classical values. So are the Structuralist and Dependency Strategies: they did not emerge independently of the Marxist or Neo‐Marxist values. Irrespective of its origins, these mainstream development strategies have been associated with values of their own ideological world‐view especially when local customs and traditions involving indigenization of development are added, or independently, based on religious doctrines. All are obviously value‐loaded.
COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT EXPERIENCES IN SOUTH DAKOTA AND SOUTH AFRICA
Authors: Tosterud Robert J.
Published: February 2008

Economic development as a public initiative is traditionally designed to assist designated members of a society in their efforts to adjust to structural change and economic dislocation. The goal of a typical economic development program, while a public interventionist initiative, is to stimulate private sector economic activity, thereby alleviating the stress and damage associated with structural change and economic dislocation; in other words, to help fellow citizens and perhaps neighbours through an economic transition. These are honourable and worthy goals, but even here compassion, empathy, innovative thinking, and resources — especially resources — have their limits.
THE RESTORATION OF THE AMERICAN DREAM: A CASE FOR ABOLISHING WELFARE
Authors: La Bletta Nicole , Block Walter
Published: February 2008

For all too long the government of the United States has been dreaming a very long and costly dream. In this dream, the government is the ultimate hero, battling poverty. But like all other dreams, this one is not what it seems. The ideals of the welfare state are, in fact, a nightmare of economic and social decline. It is time to restore the values upon which this country was founded. It is time to abolish the welfare state.
The Value of Information in the Interactive, Integrative and Evolutionary World Model: A Case History
Authors: Korvin Gabor
Published: February 2008

The paper attacks a fifty‐years‐old paradox, which has claimed that “information” (as the term is understood by Communication Engineers) cannot have any moral or economic value. We shall show by a Monte Carlo simulated oil‐exploration study how this paradox disappears in the Islamic Interactive, Integrative and Evolutionary (IIE) world model. In the IIE exploration model, information is used to lead to more profit, and (part of) the profit is utilized to gain information.
Diverse Approaches to Rural Development in Malaysia: The FELDA and Darul Arqam Land Settlement Regimes
Authors: Fauzi Abdul Hamid Ahmad
Published: February 2008

In the analysis of Third World economic and rural development, Malaysia represents an intriguing and somewhat special case. Many applaud the impressive growth registered since independence and particularly in recent years; as Vokes testifies, Malaysia is “one of the most successful cases of economic development in the Third World.” It has managed a structural transformation of its economic base from one relying on primary commodities to one in which manufacturers now play a central role; not denying the intermittent problem of fluctuating growth and uneven development.
Security and Global Property Rights
Authors: Wein Sheldon
Published: February 2008

This paper examines David Hume's argument that, among its other virtues, a society of just persons enhances our security. It is argued that, in the circumstances we find ourselves in today, Hume's account of the manner in which living in a just society serves to increase the security of those who inhabit the society requires that governments, in addition to providing for the conditions needed to protect private property rights and to foster an open market, have a duty to provide for social justice for their citizens. It is suggested that a scheme of welfare rights, similar to those advocated by Ronald Dworkin in his account of equality of resources, offers the best model for contemporary Humeans to pursue.
The Asia Pacific Regional Economic Crisis: A Diagnosis
Authors: Azlan Ghazali Noor
Published: February 2008

The Asian crisis, which exploded in Thailand in July 1997 initially, spilled to the other ASEAN countries (Indonesia, Malaysia, and Philippines) and later it spreads to Korea and even crossing the continent to Russia and Brazil. The chronological pattern seems to indicate the contagious behaviour of the crisis. However, the sequential economic down‐turns that occurred in the Asia Pacific do look like a contagion effect. The idea that currency speculators contributed to the depth of the crisis is agreeable but to conclude that they are the roots of the problem would be misleading. This paper argued that the roots of the problems lie in current account deficit and loss of competitiveness, and moral hazard and over‐investment This paper also argued that the currency crisis is a symptom and not the cause of the Asian crisis.
Gandhian Political Economy: The Methodological Structuration
Authors: Ghosh B.N.
Published: February 2008

The methodological boundary of the GPE is demarcated by truth and non‐violence. It needs to be emphasised that the GPE is dependent on a type ofmethodological individualismwhere individuals matter most in the operation of the whole system. Individuals are the true entities and their holistic development is the basic purpose of the GPE, and this goes a long way to achieve the desideratum of a self‐reliant society. These are the basic instrument variables so to say. To ignore the development of individuals in the system of the GPE is like playing Hamlet without the prince of Denmark. For the proper working of the Gandhian system, many instruments, and institutional and organisational changes are indeed necessary and in some cases, what Schumpeter callscreative destruction, becomes inevitable. Gandhi's methodology was a combination of both realism and idealism. Very often he used the method of eclecticism through a fusion of empirical pragmatism with metaphysical idealism. This is evident in many of his writings including the theory of state, and political and social philosophy.
The Concept of Knowledge in the Quran
Authors: Khan Muin‐ud‐din Ahmad
Published: February 2008

Significance of Knowledge The functional name of the Holy Quran is ‘huda’, the guiding light. It focuses divine light on each and every object separating thereby the right from the wrong' (al‐furqan). As this is accomplished by dint of knowledge (al‐ 'ilm). All these three guiding elements namely huda, furqan and ilm, are lined‐up by Allah, the Lord Providence (Rabb‐ulalamin), for earthly welfare (hasanah) and other‐worldly salvation (falah) of human beings. In Quranic context, knowledge, therefore, carries a great significance.
The Value of Information in the Interactive, Integrative and Evolutionary World Model: A Case Study
Authors: Korvin Gabor
Published: February 2008

The lecture attacks a fifty‐year‐old paradigm which claims that “information” (as the term is understood by Communication Engineers) cannot have any moral or economic value. We shall show by a Monte Carlo simulated oil‐exploration study how this paradox disappears in the Islamic Interactive, Integrative and Evolutionary (IIE) world model. In the IIE exploration model, information is used to lead to more profit, and (part of) the profit is utilised to gain information.
No Shame or Guilt: The Crisis of Governance and Accountability in Asian Economies
Authors: Velayutham Sivakumar
Published: February 2008

The economic crisis that hit many Asian countries in 1997 has changed the face of Asian politics and business. It contributed to the downfall of many political leaders e.g. President Suharto of Indonesia and the collapse of many corporate giants. The collapse of the East‐Asian and South‐East Asian economies highlighted a crisis of political and corporate governance (International Monetary Fund staff report, 1998). Most of the literature on the crisis has prescribed greater accountability, openness, participation and transparency in political and corporate governance as the solution to the problems of political and corporate governance in Asian countries (International Monetary Fund Staff Report 1998; Economist, 1998). However as highlighted by Velayutham (1999a; b), the assumptions that underlie the dimensions of accountability are inconsistent with Asian values. It is argued that responsibility is discharged in Asian societies through different mechanisms, e.g., shame, purification and sacrifice, that is consistent with collective orientations within Asian societies. In this paper it is argued that Asian societies are facing a crisis of governance and responsibility, and this can be attributed to the lack of development of the moral emotion of guilt and the decline of shame in modern Asian societies. It is pointed out that while guilt was never an important feature of Asian societies, shame was the main moral emotion that contributed to good governance and responsible action in Asian societies. It is then argued that recent change in Asian societies such as the image of gossip in modern society, urbanization, residential mobility, cultural heterogeneity and the obsolescence of the concept of honor have contributed to the slow decline of the moral emotion of shame in Asian societies. The paper concludes with an appeal to the development of communitarianism and reintegration within Asian societies.
An Empirical Analysis of the Relationship Between GDP and Unemployment
Authors: Farsio Farzad , Quade Stacey
Published: February 2008

Okun's law has been proven to be one of the most accepted theories in the macroeconomics field. It describes the relationship between gross domestic product (GDP) and unemployment. Arthur Okun's (1962) study was developed to help apply appropriate macroeconomic policy changes. Though the coefficient has been re‐estimated, Okun's original work states that a one‐percentage point reduction in the unemployment rate would produce approximately 3% more output. This correlation has continuously been scrutinized, its accuracy studied, and the degree of dependency these variables have on one another has been evaluated.
Research Progress—1928
Authors: Relf Ernest F.
Published: February 2008

IT is scarcely possible, in anything short of a volume, to review completely the various phases of Aeronautical research during the year that has just closed; the most that can be done in a short space is to mention the main directions in which that research has increased our knowledge, and to deal in slightly more detail with those investigations which seem to be of the greatest importance. Aeronautics is essentially an experimental science, since all but the simplest problems in the motion of a real fluid have hitherto defied analytical treatment. Every attempt is being made to understand more fully the nature of fluid motion, and to apply such knowledge to the practical problems of flight, but at the moment progress is mainly dependent upon experimental investigations either upon models in the wind tunnel or upon actual aeroplanes and their component parts. The equipment for such work in this country has been fully employed during the last year, and steps have been taken to increase the facilities for model experiments by the provision of a Compressed Air Tunnel in which models can be tested at a value of Reynold's Number equal to that attained by an aeroplane in flight. Such a tunnel has been in use for about two years in the United States, and has given ample proof of its great possibilities as a research instrument.
Technical Progress—1928
Authors: Farren W.S.
Published: February 2008

THE year which has seen the twenty‐fifth anniversary of the first flight in a mechanically propelled aeroplane, and the tenth birthday of the Royal Air Force, has been marked by notable technical achievements. It leaves us with good reasons to expect even better of 1929. While our hopes for a speed record were disappointed, on the analysed figures of the Supermarine S.5's achievement there is reason to believe that, on a longer course with effective provision against the unsatisfactory preliminary dive now allowed, the machine as it stands would beat all comers. The Fairey monoplane with which it is hoped to achieve something remarkable in duration is now flying. Details, even of the general proportions and weights of the machine, are still secret. One could write a great deal on the policy of secrecy in such matters. Attack is easier than defence, but defence by silence is effective up to a point, though it suggests an inability to depend on merits.
A Course for Ground Engineers
Authors: McIsaac A.
Published: February 2008

PERHAPS the three most important factors in any form of transport are speed, reliability and safety, of which the first is the most important, particularly in air transport.
Progress in Germany
Authors: Beck Waldemar
Published: February 2008

THE science of aviation with mechanically propelled aeroplanes which has only been in existence a few years has now reached a fresh turning point in its development. Ever since the Wright brothers carried out their first experiments up to the present day, the only fuel used in aeroplane engines has been a light explosive in the form of benzine or some similar rapid burning product which is highly inflammable and very uneconomical on account of the large quantities which have to be consumed. This was rendered necessary by the fact that the overall dimensions of the earlier aeroplanes were relatively small, so that the installation of heavy engines was impossible, because the load would have been so great that the aeroplane would have been unable to rise from the ground. It is not at all surprising, therefore, that designers and builders in all countries have for many years been trying to replace the light fuel engine which is both dangerous and uneconomical by a heavy oil engine which is more economical and cheaper to run. But, until quite recently, all these efforts have been unavailing. A few weeks ago Prof. Hugo Junkers of Dessau succeeded in bringing out a heavy oil engine which was submitted to practical trials in the air, and proved that the experiments hitherto carried out are now definitely approaching a state of realisation.