bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Global atmospheric CO2 inverse models converging on neutral tropical land exchange but diverging on fossil fuel and atmospheric growth rate
Authors: Gaubert Benjamin , Stephens Britton B. , Basu Sourish , Chevallier Frédéric , Deng Feng , Kort Eric A. , Patra Prabir K. , Peters Wouter , Rödenbeck Christian , Saeki Tazu , Schimel David , Van der Laan-Luijkx Ingrid , Wofsy Steven , Yin Yi
Published: August 2018

Abstract. We have compared a suite of recent global CO2 atmospheric inversion results to independent airborne observations and to each other, to assess their dependence on differences in northern extratropical vertical transport and to identify some of the drivers of model spread. We evaluate posterior CO2 concentration profiles against observations from the High-Performance Instrumented Airborne Platform for Environmental Research (HIAPER) Pole-to-Pole Observations (HIPPO) aircraft campaigns over the mid Pacific in 2009–2011. Although the models differ in inverse approaches, assimilated observations, prior fluxes, and transport models, their latitudinal distributions of land fluxes have converged significantly since the Atmospheric Carbon Cycle Inversion Intercomparison (TransCom3) and the REgional Carbon Cycle Assessment and Processes (RECCAP) projects, with model spread reduced by 80 % since TransCom3 and 70 % since RECCAP. Most modelled CO2 fields agree reasonably well with the HIPPO observations, in particular for annual mean vertical gradients in the northern hemisphere. Northern hemisphere vertical mixing no longer appears to be a dominant driver of northern versus tropical annual flux differences. Our newer suite of models still gives modest northern extratropical land uptake and near neutral tropical land uptake for 2009–2011, thus implying a continued strong uptake in intact tropical forests given estimates of emissions from deforestation. The results from these models for other time periods (2004–2014, 2001–2004, 1992–1996), and re-evaluation of the TransCom3 Level 2 and RECCAP results confirms that tropical land carbon fluxes including deforestation have been near neutral for several decades. However, models still have large disagreements on ocean-land partitioning, and this is influenced by differences in prescribed fossil fuel emissions and is associated with differences in retrieved atmospheric growth rate. The fossil fuel and the atmospheric growth rate terms have been thought to be the best-known terms in the global carbon budget, but we show that they dominate the model spread at the largest scales and currently limit our ability to assess regional scale terrestrial fluxes and ocean-land partitioning from the model ensemble.
Varying soil moisture–atmosphere feedbacks explain divergent temperature extremes and precipitation projections in central Europe
Authors: Vogel Martha M. , Zscheischler Jakob , Seneviratne Sonia I.
Published: August 2018

Abstract. The frequency and intensity of climate extremes is expected to increase in
many regions due to anthropogenic climate change. In central Europe extreme
temperatures are projected to change more strongly than global mean
temperatures, and soil moisture–temperature feedbacks significantly contribute
to this regional amplification. Because of their strong societal, ecological
and economic impacts, robust projections of temperature extremes are needed.
Unfortunately, in current model projections, temperature extremes in central
Europe are prone to large uncertainties. In order to understand and
potentially reduce the uncertainties of extreme temperature projections in
Europe, we analyze global climate models from the CMIP5 (Coupled Model
Intercomparison Project Phase 5) ensemble for the
business-as-usual high-emission scenario (RCP8.5). We find a divergent
behavior in long-term projections of summer precipitation until the end of
the 21st century, resulting in a trimodal distribution of
precipitation (wet, dry and very dry). All model
groups show distinct characteristics for the summer latent heat flux, top soil
moisture and temperatures on the hottest day of the year (TXx), whereas for
net radiation and large-scale circulation no clear trimodal behavior is
detectable. This suggests that different land–atmosphere coupling strengths
may be able to explain the uncertainties in temperature extremes.
Constraining the full model ensemble with observed present-day correlations
between summer precipitation and TXx excludes most of the very dry
and dry models. In particular, the very dry models tend to
overestimate the negative coupling between precipitation and TXx, resulting
in a warming that is too strong. This is particularly relevant for global warming
levels above 2 ∘C. For the first time, this analysis allows for the substantial reduction of
uncertainties in the projected changes of TXx in global
climate models. Our results suggest that long-term temperature changes in TXx
in central Europe are about 20 % lower than those projected by the multi-model
median of the full ensemble. In addition, mean summer precipitation is found
to be more likely to stay close to present-day levels. These results are
highly relevant for improving estimates of regional climate-change impacts
including heat stress, water supply and crop failure for central Europe.
BrAHMs V1.0: a fast, physically based subglacial hydrology model for continental-scale application
Authors: Kavanagh Mark , Tarasov Lev
Published: August 2018

Abstract. We present BrAHMs (BAsal Hydrology Model): a physically based basal hydrology
model which represents water flow using Darcian flow in the distributed
drainage regime and a fast down-gradient solver in the channelized regime.
Switching from distributed to channelized drainage occurs when appropriate
flow conditions are met. The model is designed for long-term integrations of
continental ice sheets. The Darcian flow is simulated with a robust
combination of the Heun and leapfrog–trapezoidal predictor–corrector
schemes. These numerical schemes are applied to a set of flux-conserving
equations cast over a staggered grid with water thickness at the centres and
fluxes defined at the interface. Basal conditions (e.g., till thickness,
hydraulic conductivity) are parameterized so the model is adaptable to a
variety of ice sheets. Given the intended scales, basal water pressure is
limited to ice overburden pressure, and dynamic time stepping is used to
ensure that the Courant–Friedrichs–Lewy (CFL) condition is met for
numerical stability. The model is validated with a synthetic ice sheet geometry and different bed
topographies to test basic water flow properties and mass conservation.
Synthetic ice sheet tests show that the model behaves as expected with water
flowing down gradient, forming lakes in a potential well or reaching a
terminus and exiting the ice sheet. Channel formation occurs periodically
over different sections of the ice sheet and, when extensive, displays the
arborescent configuration expected of Röthlisberger channels. The model is
also shown to be stable under high-frequency oscillatory meltwater inputs.
Using observed river flow data to improve the hydrological functioning of the JULES land surface model (vn4.3) used for regional coupled modelling in Great Britain (UKC2)
Authors: Martínez-de la Torre Alberto , Blyth Eleanor M. , Weedon Graham P.
Published: August 2018

Abstract. Land surface models (LSMs) represent terrestrial hydrology in weather and climate modelling operational systems and research studies. We aim to improve hydrological performance in the Joint UK Land Environment Simulator (JULES) LSM that is suitable for distributed hydrological modelling within the new land-atmosphere-ocean coupled prediction system UKC2 (UK regional Coupled environmental prediction system 2). Using river flow observations from gauge stations, we study the capability of JULES to simulate river flow over 13 catchments in Great Britain, each representing different climatic and topographic characteristics at 1 km2 spatial resolution. A series of tests, carried out to identify where the model results are sensitive to the scheme and parameters chosen for runoff production, suggests that different catchments require different parameters and even different runoff schemes to produce the best results. From these results, we introduce a new topographical parametrization that produces the best daily river flow results (in terms of Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency and mean bias) for all 13 catchments. The new parametrization introduces a dependency on terrain slope, constraining surface runoff production to wet soil conditions over flatter regions (like the Thames catchment; Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency above 0.8), whereas over steeper regions the model produces surface runoff for every rainfall event regardless of the soil wetness state. This new parametrization improves the model capability in regional (Great Britain wide) assessments. The new choice of parameters is reinforced by examining the amplitude and phase of the modelled versus observed river flows, via cross-spectral analysis for time scales longer than daily.
Two new submodels for the Modular Earth Submodel System
(MESSy): New Aerosol Nucleation (NAN) and small ions (IONS)
version 1.0
Authors: Ehrhart Sebastian , Dunne Eimear M. , Manninen Hanna E. , Nieminen Tuomo , Lelieveld Jos , Pozzer Andrea
Published: August 2018

Abstract. Two new submodels for the Modular Earth Submodel System (MESSy) were developed. The New Aerosol Nucleation submodel (NAN) includes new parameterisations of aerosol particle formation rates published in recent years. These parameterisations include ion-induced nucleation and nucleation of pure organic species. NAN calculates the rate of new particle formation based on the aforementioned parameterisations for aerosol submodels in the ECHAM/MESSy Atmospheric chemistry - Climate (EMAC) model. The Ion pair production rate, needed to calculate the ion-induced or -mediated nucleation, is described using the new submodel IONS, which provides ion pair production rates for other submodels within the MESSy framework. Both new submodels were tested in EMAC simulations. These simulations showed good agreement with ground based observations.
Technical note: Pitfalls in using log-transformed flows within the KGE criterion
Authors: Santos Léonard , Thirel Guillaume , Perrin Charles
Published: August 2018

Abstract. Log-transformed discharge is often used to calculate performance criteria to
better focus on low flows. This prior transformation limits the
heteroscedasticity of model residuals and was largely applied in criteria
based on squared residuals, like the Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE). In the
recent years, NSE has been shown to have mathematical limitations and the
Kling–Gupta efficiency (KGE) was proposed as an alternative to provide more
balance between the expected qualities of a model (namely representing the
water balance, flow variability and correlation). As in the case of NSE,
several authors used the KGE criterion (or its improved version KGE′) with a prior
logarithmic transformation on flows. However, we show that the use of this
transformation is not adapted to the case of the KGE (or KGE′) criterion and
may lead to several numerical issues, potentially resulting in a biased
evaluation of model performance. We present the theoretical underpinning
aspects of these issues and concrete modelling examples, showing that KGE′
computed on log-transformed flows should be avoided. Alternatives are
discussed.
How good are hydrological models for gap-filling streamflow data?
Authors: Zhang Yongqiang , Post David
Published: August 2018

Abstract. Gap-filling streamflow data is a critical step for most hydrological studies,
such as streamflow trend, flood, and drought analysis and hydrological
response variable estimates and predictions. However, there is a lack of
quantitative evaluation of the gap-filled data accuracy in most hydrological
studies. Here we show that when the missing data rate is less than 10 %,
the gap-filled streamflow data obtained using calibrated hydrological models
perform almost the same as the benchmark data (less than 1 % missing)
when estimating annual trends for 217 unregulated catchments widely spread
across Australia. Furthermore, the relative streamflow trend bias caused by
the gap filling is not very large in very dry catchments where the hydrological model calibration is normally
poor. Our results clearly demonstrate that the gap filling using hydrological
modelling has little impact on the estimation of annual streamflow and its
trends.
Comparison of stochastic parameterizations in the framework of a coupled ocean–atmosphere model
Authors: Demaeyer Jonathan , Vannitsem Stéphane
Published: August 2018

Abstract. A new framework is proposed for the evaluation of stochastic subgrid-scale parameterizations in the context of the Modular Arbitrary-Order Ocean-Atmosphere Model (MAOOAM), a coupled ocean–atmosphere model of intermediate complexity. Two physically based parameterizations are investigated – the first one based on the singular perturbation of Markov operators, also known as homogenization. The second one is a recently proposed parameterization based on Ruelle's response theory. The two parameterizations are implemented in a rigorous way, assuming however that the unresolved-scale relevant statistics are Gaussian. They are extensively tested for a low-order version known to exhibit low-frequency variability (LFV), and some preliminary results are obtained for an intermediate-order version. Several different configurations of the resolved–unresolved-scale separations are then considered. Both parameterizations show remarkable performances in correcting the impact of model errors, being even able to change the modality of the probability distributions. Their respective limitations are also discussed.
Estimation of extreme wave height return periods from short-term interpolation of multi-mission satellite data: application to the South Atlantic
Authors: Salcedo-Castro Julio , da Silva Natália Pillar , de Camargo Ricardo , Marone Eduardo , Sepúlveda Héctor H.
Published: August 2018

Abstract. We analyzed the spatial pattern of wave extremes in the South Atlantic Ocean
by using multiple altimeter platforms spanning the period 1993–2015. Unlike
the traditional approach adopted by previous studies, consisting of computing
the monthly mean, median or maximum values inside a bin of certain size, we
tackled the problem with a different procedure in order to capture more
information from short-term events. All satellite tracks occurring during
a 2-day temporal window were gathered in the whole area and then gridded data
were generated onto a mesh size of 2∘×2∘ through
optimal interpolation. The peaks over threshold (POT) method was applied,
along with the generalized Pareto distribution (GPD). The results showed a
spatial distribution comparable to previous studies and, additionally,
this method allowed for capturing more information on shorter timescales without
compromising spatial coverage. A comparison with buoy observations
demonstrated that this approach improves the representativeness of short-term
events in an extreme events analysis.
Promising Oldest Ice sites in East Antarctica based on thermodynamical modelling
Authors: Van Liefferinge Brice , Pattyn Frank , Cavitte Marie G. P. , Karlsson Nanna B. , Young Duncan A. , Sutter Johannes , Eisen Olaf
Published: August 2018

Abstract. To resolve the mechanisms behind the major climate
reorganisation, which occurred between 0.9 and 1.2 Ma, the recovery of a suitable 1.5
million-year-old ice core is fundamental. The quest for an Oldest Ice
core requires a number of key boundary conditions, of which the poorly known
basal geothermal heat flux (GHF) is lacking. We use a transient
thermodynamical 1-D vertical model that solves for the rate of change of
temperature in the vertical, with surface temperature and modelled GHF as
boundary conditions. For each point on the ice sheet, the model is forced
with variations in atmospheric conditions over the last 2 Ma and modelled
ice-thickness variations. The process is repeated for a range of GHF values
to determine the value of GHF that marks the limit between frozen and melting
conditions over the whole ice sheet, taking into account 2 Ma of climate
history. These threshold values of GHF are statistically compared to existing
GHF data sets. The new probabilistic GHF fields obtained for the ice sheet
thus provide the missing boundary conditions in the search for Oldest Ice.
High spatial resolution radar data are examined locally in the Dome Fuji and
Dome C regions, as these represent the ice core community's primary drilling
sites. GHF, bedrock variability, ice thickness and other essential criteria
combined highlight a dozen major potential Oldest Ice sites in the vicinity
of Dome Fuji and Dome C, where GHF could allow for Oldest Ice.
Interpreting Stereotypes: Images and Text
Authors: Alhuthali Mohammed
Published: August 2018

While the concept of resemiosis is critical in multimodal analyses, in practice the focus often falls on understanding the individual semiotic resources in use and their interaction (intersemiosis). This paper uses the framework developed by Martin and White (2005) of affect (how do we feel about the images), judgement (how is this influenced by the social norms in use) and appreciation (how do we read the image) in order to structure an analysis of resemiosis. This forces attention to how judgemental this process is, what type of assumptions are made by the observer and how the observer’s interpretation may vary from that of the original creator.This paper studies a two frame cartoon and considers how we might evaluate this using the concepts of affect, judgement and appreciation. In this case, the reader of the cartoon is clearly meant to identify positively with the second interaction (both what is being said and how). However, it is worthwhile to note that in both frames, the street sweeper is presented completely passively – either as an object of pity or to be helped – lacking any agency in their own respect.By taking full account of the concepts of appreciation and judgement, this allows us to also consider if there are other interpretive frameworks. These may lead the observer to read the image in a manner very different to that intended by the original author.
Óbito do paciente intensivo na recuperação pós-anestésica: uma experiência descontextualizada
Authors: Machado Lisiane Vidal Lopes , Jardim Dulcilene Pereira
Published: August 2018

Objetivos: Identificar e caracterizar o perfil de pacientes intensivos que evoluíram a óbito durante sua permanência na recuperação pós-anestésica(RPA) e elencar as dificuldades enfrentadas pela equipe de enfermagem. Método: Trata-se de um estudo retrospectivo, tendo como fonte de informação os prontuáriose os livros de registros da RPA de cinco anos (de julho de 2012 a julho de 2017), em um hospital público do Rio Grande do Sul. Resultados: Durante operíodo estudado, 30 pacientes intensivos foram a óbito na RPA, sendo a maior parte do sexo masculino, com idade média de 50,97 anos, que permaneceramno leito, em média, por 14,8 horas, pertencentes à especialidade de neurocirurgia, sendo a causa de óbito mais frequente a parada cardiorrespiratória.Conclusão: A admissão de pacientes intensivos na RPA requer a adequação da unidade em sua estrutura física e operacional, com uma equipe adequada emnúmero e capacitação técnica para garantir uma assistência segura e humanizada aos pacientes intensivos, bem como aos demais pacientes em pós-operatório.
Reprocessamento de produtos: estado da arte à luz dos estudos de Kazuko Uchikawa Graziano
Authors: Magalhães Costa Eliana Auxiliadora
Published: August 2018

Objetivo: Revisar o estado da arte sobre reprocessamento de produtos à luz dos estudos da Professora Kazuko Graziano. Método: Revisão integrativade literatura, tendo como descritor o nome da autora e com a seleção de 34 artigos. Resultados: Os estudos são abrangentes, majoritariamenteexperimentais e perpassaram pelos processos de limpeza e enxágue, desinfecção, esterilização e acondicionamento de artigos processados e em áreasemblemáticas para o reúso de materiais como ortopedia, oftalmologia, endoscopia e cirurgias videoassistidas. Conclusão: As evidências científicas dessesestudos são valorosas para o campo do reúso de produtos e para a qualidade e a segurança da prática assistencial na medida em que clarificam dúvidas esubsidiam mudanças de atitudesprocessos de trabalho. Esses estudos contribuem, também, para o controle sanitário de serviços de saúde ao subsidiar asVigilâncias Sanitárias com aportes teóricos sobre risco em reprocessamento de produtos e a Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA) na atualizaçãoda política nacional de reúso de produtos para saúde (PPS) do país.
Complicações na sala de recuperação pós-anestésica: uma revisão integrativa
Authors: Campos Maria Pontes De Aguiar , Dantas Daniele Vieira , Silva Luciana Santana Lobo , Santana Joyce Francielle Nei Bomfim , Oliveira Drielle Carvalho , Fontes Lucyane Leite
Published: August 2018

Objetivo: Analisar a produção do conhecimento sobre as complicações pós-operatórias e as intervenções de enfermagem na Sala de RecuperaçãoPós-Anestésica (SRPA). Método: Revisão integrativa, mediante consulta às bases de dados Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde(LILACS), Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE), Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), Base de Dados da Enfermagem(BDENF) e United States National Library of Medicine (NLM) and National Institutes of Health (PubMed) no período de 2006 a 2016. Resultados: A amostraresultou em 30 artigos. As complicações cirúrgicas mais prevalentes foram dor, náuseas, hipotermia, retenção urinária, dessaturação e hipertensão. As intervençõesde enfermagem foram citadas em dois estudos, expressas por administração de medicamentos, oxigenioterapia, instalação de manta térmica, observação,monitoramento de sinais vitais e realização de curativos. Conclusão: Esta revisão demonstrou que há necessidade de estudos com evidências científicassobre a temática e maior enfoque nas intervenções de enfermagem (Nursing Intervention Classification), diante das complicações pós-operatórias.
Forecasting of Chinese Hydropower Generation Using WASD-Neuronet
Authors: Cheng Yurong , Ye Haiting , Guo Xiaoyu , Ma Chuan , Liao Bolin , Jin Long
Published: August 2018

Hydropower resource is one of the renewable energy sources. With the increasing Chinese economy, people are paying much more attention to sustainable development. The increasing hydropower load is the basis of the development of power industry. Due to the characteristics of electrical energy, predicting the hydropower accurately is a potentially beneficial way to plan hydropower reasonably. This paper presents a neural network method to predict hydropower generation whose data is influenced by several factors such as social economic, population and climate. By using the past 52-year rough data, a 3-layer feedforward neuronet equipped with the weights and structure determination (WASD) method is constructed for the prediction of the Chinese hydropower generation in this paper. By processing mass of data, we could basically predict the hydropower generation using such a WASD neuronet. To a large extent, the trend of developing Chinese hydropower generation in the next years will keep growing.
Computational Thinking Integration Strategy for the Urban Middle School Classroom
Authors: Birney Lauren , McNamara Denise
Published: August 2018

This article provides an overview of the work pioneered by the consortium of collaborators in the Billion Oyster Curriculum and Community Enterprise for Restoration Science Project (BOP-CCERS). The BOP-CCERS are working to support computational thinking in the New York City public school classrooms by creating curriculum which combines:1. The Field Station Research (Oyster Restoration Stations) and data collection2. The Billion Oyster Project Digital Platform and data input and storage 3. The New York State Science Intermediate Level Learning Standards. 4. The Computer Science Teachers Association K-12 Computer Science StandardsThe integration of computational thinking in the STEM middle school classroom is showcased through the intertwining of these dimensions into a trans-disciplinary learning experience that is rich in both content and practice. Students will be able to explain real-world phenomena found in their own community and design possible solutions through the key components of computational thinking.The Curriculum and Community Enterprise for Restoration Science Project digital platform and curriculum will be the resources that provide the underpinnings of the integration of computational thinking in the STEM middle school classroom. The primary functions of the platform include the collection and housing of the data pertaining to the harbor and its component parts, both abiotic and biotic and the storage of the curriculum for both the classroom and the field stations.
National trends of preoperative imaging modalities before partial nephrectomy for renal masses in the U.S. from 2007–2015
Authors: Kim Jae Heon , Li Shufeng , Khandwala Yash , Del Giudice Francesco , Chung Kyung Jin , Park Hyung Keun , Chung Benjamin I.
Published: August 2018

Introduction: Although the performance of partial nephrectomies (PN) for renal masses has increased rapidly over the years, only a few studies have investigated the frequency and patterns of preoperative imaging modalities. The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency and patterns in preoperative imaging modalities before PN.

Methods: A total of 21 445 patients who underwent PN between 2007 and 2015 were selected from a national representative population in the MarketScan database and included in this study. The annual incidence and proportion of PN, as well as the use of each preoperative imaging modality were analyzed.

Results: Both annual crude number and frequency rate of PN decreased or became static since 2012. Computed tomography (CT) shows the greatest proportion of the crude number and percentage; despite a slight decrease in percentage, it is still >80%. Among the combinations, CT alone and CT combined with ultrasonography showed the highest performance rate during the complete observational period. The proportion of all other combinations, which include other complex combinations except CT alone, CT plus ultrasonography, CT plus magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and CT plus MRI plus ultrasonography, was 13.95% in 2007, but increased to 19.04% in 2014.

Conclusions: CT still plays a major role in preoperative imaging for renal masses, whereby CT alone and CT combined with ultrasonography account for a major proportion of the preoperative imaging patterns. The use of other imaging combinations, as well as renal biopsies, shows an increasing trend. Additional studies are needed to investigate whether this trend in preoperative imaging is related to the frequency rate of PN.
A Report of an Asthma Pathway Leading to Improved Resource Use
Authors: Nian Andy L. , Orr Russell J. , Schroeder Sangeeta K.
Published: August 2018

OBJECTIVES Asthma pathways have been shown to improve resource use and decrease length of stay (LOS). A tertiary care hospital implemented an asthma pathway in May 2015 to standardize inpatient care. We predicted that the pathway would increase the use of albuterol metered-dose inhalers (MDIs) and steroids; decrease use of albuterol nebulizer, antibiotics, chest radiograph (CXR), and respiratory viral panel (RVP); and decrease LOS.

METHODS This retrospective cohort study selected patients between the ages of 2 and 18 years who were admitted for asthma as a primary diagnosis between May 2014 and May 2016 (1 year preimplementation to 1 year postimplementation). Patients' complex chronic conditions were excluded. We analyzed use of albuterol nebulizer, MDI, and continuous nebulization, ipratropium bromide, oral steroids, antibiotics, inhaled steroids, CXR, and RVP. We also evaluated LOS and readmission rate.

RESULTS There were 1131 and 925 patients identified before and after asthma pathway implementation, respectively. The percent that received albuterol nebulizer decreased from 14.1% to 6.1% (p < 0.001). The percent that received albuterol MDI increased from 97.0% to 99.4% (p < 0.001). The average number of MDI administrations decreased from 11.6 to 10.4 (p = 0.004). Continuous albuterol use increased from 52.3% to 59.1% (p = 0.002). There was no change in ipratropium bromide, oral steroid, inhaled steroid, or CXR use. Antibiotic (p = 0.049) and RVP (p = 0.03) use decreased. The average LOS decreased from 1.84 days to 1.71 days (p = 0.02). Readmission rates did not change significantly.

CONCLUSIONS The asthma pathway improved inpatient albuterol MDI use. The LOS decreased while maintaining readmission rates.
Sterility Duration of Preprimed Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Circuits
Authors: Tan Vi Ean , Evangelista Alan T. , Carella Dominick M. , Marino Daniel , Moore Wayne S. , Gilliam Nadji , Chopra Arun , Cies Jeffrey J.
Published: August 2018

OBJECTIVES There is a lack of standardization and supporting data regarding the duration preassembled and preprimed extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) circuits are expected to be sterile. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to prospectively evaluate whether preassembled and preprimed ECMO circuits could maintain sterility for a period up to 65 days.

DESIGN Four ECMO circuits (2 neonatal/pediatric¼” and 2 adolescent/adult ⅜ ”) were assembled and primed under sterile conditions and maintained at room temperature. Culture samples were obtained from each circuit and plated within 1 hour. Culture samples were obtained on day 0 when assembled and primed then every 5 days up to day 65. Samples were plated on several different media including the following: blood agar plate: trypticase soy agar with 5% sheep blood, MacConkey agar, and thioglycollate broth then incubated at 35°C for 3 days.

RESULTS All cultures obtained from the priming solution from of the¼” and ⅜ ” ECMO circuits produced no microbial or fungal growth for the 65-day study period.

CONCLUSION These pilot data suggest preprimed ECMO circuits may maintain sterility for a period up to 65 days. Additional studies evaluating a larger number of ECMO circuits are needed to confirm these findings.
Effect of Exogenous Antithrombin Administration on Anti-Xa Levels in Infants Treated With Enoxaparin
Authors: Logston Brittany B. , Rodman Emily A. , Dinh Kimberly L. , Placencia Jennifer L. , Moffett Brady S. , Rios Danielle R.
Published: August 2018

OBJECTIVES Determine the effect of exogenous antithrombin III administration on low molecular weight heparin anti-Xa levels in the context of enoxaparin dosing in infants.

METHODS A retrospective chart review of infants receiving concomitant antithrombin III and enoxaparin. The primary objective of this study was to determine the median change in anti-Xa level with antithrombin III supplementation. Secondary objectives were to analyze the median change in antithrombin III levels after administration of exogenous antithrombin III, the dosing of antithrombin III, and the dose of enoxaparin throughout therapy. For a safety analysis, any bleeding events were recorded.

RESULTS The study included 17 patients who received a total of 33 doses of antithrombin III. The median change in anti-Xa levels in infants receiving exogenous antithrombin III was 0.2 units/mL (p < 0.001). The median dose of antithrombin III was 50 units/kg and was administered when patients were receiving a median enoxaparin dose of 1.71 mg/kg. The median increase in antithrombin III levels was 16.5% (p < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrated that administration of exogenous antithrombin III to infants who were being treated with enoxaparin results in a significant increase in anti-Xa levels. At this time, there is insufficient evidence to recommend routine administration of antithrombin III to infants on enoxaparin. However, antithrombin III supplementation could be considered a potential option for patients who are unable to adequately achieve therapeutic anti-Xa levels with enoxaparin alone.
SISTEMAS DE RESPONSABILIDADE CIVIL DOS PROVEDORES DE APLICAÇÕES DA INTERNET POR ATO DE TERCEIROS: BRASIL, UNIÃO EUROPEIA E ESTADOS UNIDOS DA AMÉRICA
Authors: Cavalcanti Ana Elizabeth Lapa Wanderley , Leite Beatriz Salles Ferreira , Barreto Junior Irineu Francisco
Published: August 2018

O presente artigo analisa a confluência entre os Sistemas de Responsabilidade Civil dos provedores de aplicações da internet por ato de terceiros no Brasil, União Europeia e Estados Unidos da América. O artigo analisa em perspectiva comparada o Marco Civil da Internet, a Diretiva Europeia (E-commerce Directive) e a Lei Americana (Decency Millenium Copyright Act – DMCA). A metodologia fundamenta-se na técnica analítica, na qual são avaliados os aspectos formalistas da sistematização das regras e normas jurídicas, com foco no ordenamento jurídico e suas relações internas, somado ao enfoque hermenêutico interpretativo. Concluiu-se que o Marco Civil da Internet não acatou a regra da responsabilidade objetiva e, por outro lado, os provedores fundamentam sua defesa na aplicação da responsabilidade subsidiária, no exercício da liberdade de expressão. Além disso, alegam também que não podem e não devem fazer vigilância e verificar todas as movimentações dos seus usuários, o que além de ser impossível, poderia ser encarado como censura.
VIOLÊNCIA INSTITUCIONAL CONTRA A MULHER: O PODER JUDICIÁRIO, DE PRETENSO PROTETOR A EFETIVO AGRESSOR
Authors: Chai Cássius Guimarães , Santos Jéssica Pereira dos , Chaves Denisson Gonçalves
Published: August 2018

No Brasil tornaram-se crescentes os estudos relacionados ao gênero, em especial, após o advento da Lei 11.340/2006. No entanto, ainda são poucas as pesquisas e os estudos debruçados à violência institucional praticada contra a mulher, especialmente no Estado do Maranhão. O presente trabalho objetivou analisar a violência institucional como uma forma recentemente publicizada de violência contra a mulher, tornando-se uma barreira para um atendimento efetivo das mulheres em situação de violência doméstica e familiar. Procedeu-se abordagem de revisão bibliográfica e em seguida, aplicação de ferramenta de investigação quanti-qualitativa com a aplicação de 35 questionários com jurisdicinadas (usuárias) da Vara Especial de Combate à Violência Doméstica e Familiar Contra a Mulher de São Luís-MA. Verificou-se um sentimento de frustração das mulheres que buscam o atendimento jurisdicional, evidenciando-se que a violência institucional obstaculariza um acesso digno à Justiça e uma inefetividade de determinação judicial justa, condizente com o que as vítimas necessitam.
Diversidad genética y estructura poblacional de Anopheles triannulatus s.l. en Córdoba, Colombia, determinadas mediante el método de región de código de barras de ADN
Authors: Atencia María , Toro-Cantillo Angie , Hoyos-López Richard
Published: August 2018

Introducción. A pesar de los recientes reportes de infección con Plasmodium spp. en poblaciones relacionadas con los linajes noroeste y sureste, Anopheles triannulatus no está incriminado como vector de la transmisión de malaria en Colombia. La diversidad genética puede delimitar la información sobre el flujo génico y la diferenciación poblacional entre localidades con malaria.Objetivo. Estimar la diversidad genética de An. triannulatus en cinco municipios con alta y baja incidencia de malaria en el departamento de Córdoba.Materiales y métodos. La recolección entomológica se hizo entre agosto y noviembre de 2016 en los municipios de Tierralta, Puerto Libertador, Montelíbano, Sahagún y Planeta Rica. Como marcador genético, se utilizó la región de código de barras de ADN del gen mitocondrial COI. El análisis genético incluyó la estimación de los parámetros de diversidad haplotípica, estructura genética y flujo génico, la prueba D de neutralidad de Tajima, la red de haplotipos y las relaciones filogenéticas.Resultados. Se obtuvieron 148 secuencias parciales de 655 nucleótidos del gen COI, de los cuales se derivaron 44 haplotipos. Los haplotipos H2 y H21 fueron los más frecuentes en las poblaciones. Los valores de la prueba D de Tajima fueron negativos y no significativos (p>0,10). Los estimadores de estructura genética (FST=0,01427) y de flujo génico (Nm=17,27) evidenciaron que no hubo diferenciación genética en las poblaciones muestreadas debido al importante intercambio de migrantes. Mediantelas inferencias filogenéticas y la red de haplotipos, se identificó una sola especie sin diferenciación geográfica o de linajes en el rango geográfico estudiado.Conclusión. La diversidad genética calculada para An. triannulatus en este contexto, indicó que las poblaciones están en un intercambio constante.
Toxoplasmosis aguda diseminada fatal en una paciente adulta inmunocompetente proveniente del Pacífico colombiano
Authors: Cortés Armando Daniel , Aguirre Natalia
Published: August 2018

Se presenta el caso de una paciente inmunocompetente de 72 años de edad, proveniente del departamento del Chocó, con un cuadro clínico de 12 días de fiebre, cefalea, deterioro neurológico progresivo y rápida evolución a falla orgánica múltiple y muerte.En el estudio histopatológico de los tejidos obtenidos en la necropsia, se identificaron quistes tisulares morfológicamente sugestivos de ser bradizoítos de Toxoplasma gondii, lo que se confirmó mediante inmunohistoquímica en corazón, cerebro y músculo estriado.
Awareness and knowledge of Chikungunya infection following its outbreak in Pakistan among health care students and professionals: a nationwide survey
Authors: Mallhi Tauqeer Hussain , Khan Yusra Habib , Tanveer Nida , Bukhsh Allah , Khan Amer Hayat , Aftab Raja Ahsan , Khan Omaid Hayat , Khan Tahir Mehmood
Published: August 2018

Background

The World Health Organization (WHO) declares Chikungunya (CHIK) infection to be endemic in South Asia. Despite its first outbreak in Pakistan, no documented evidence exists which reveals the knowledge or awareness of healthcare students and workers (HCSW) regarding CHIK, its spread, symptoms, treatment and prevention. Since CHIK is an emergent infection in Pakistan, poor disease knowledge may result in a significant delay in diagnosis and treatment. The current study was aimed to evaluate the awareness and knowledge of CHIK among HCSW.

Methods

A cross-sectional study was conducted among HCSW from teaching institutes and hospitals in seven provinces of Pakistan. We collected information on socio-demographic characteristics of the participants and their knowledge by using a 30-item questionnaire. The cumulative knowledge score (CKS) was calculated by correct answers with maximum score of 22. The relationship between demographics and knowledge score was evaluated by using appropriate statistical methods.

Results

There were 563 respondents; mean age 25.2 ± 5.9 years with female preponderance (62.5%). Of these, 319 (56.7%) were aware of CHIK infection before administering the survey. The average knowledge score was 12.8 ± 4.1 (% knowledge score: 58.2%). Only 31% respondents had good disease knowledge while others had fair (36.4%) and poor (32.6%) knowledge. Out of five knowledge domains, domain III (vector, disease spread and transmission) and V (prevention and treatment) scored lowest among all i.e. percent score 44.5% and 54.1%, respectively. We found that socio-demographic characteristics had no influence on knowledge score of the study participants.

Conclusion

Approximately one-half of participants were not aware of CHIK infection and those who were aware had insufficient disease knowledge. Findings of the current study underscore the dire need of educational interventions not only for health care workers but also for students, irrespective to the discipline of study.
Extracellular glucose level regulates dependence on GRP78 for cell surface localization of multipass transmembrane proteins in HeLa cells
Authors: Toyoda Yusuke , Akarlar Busra , Sarov Mihail , Ozlu Nurhan , Saitoh Shigeaki
Published: August 2018

Many human‐cultured cell lines survive glucose starvation, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we searched for proteins required for cellular adaptation to glucose‐limited conditions and identified several endoplasmic reticulum chaperones in the glucose‐regulated protein (GRP) family as proteins enriched in the cellular membrane. Surprisingly, these proteins, which are required for cell surface localization of GLUT1 under high‐glucose conditions, become dispensable for targeting GLUT1 to the surface upon glucose starvation. In marked contrast, cell surface localization of single‐pass transmembrane proteins, such as epidermal growth factor receptor and CD98, is not disturbed by GRP78 depletion regardless of the extracellular glucose level. These results indicate that the extracellular glucose level regulates dependence on the GRPs for cell surface localization of multipass transmembrane proteins.
Emerging Strategies of Nanomaterial‐Mediated Tumor Radiosensitization
Authors: Xie Jiani , Gong Linji , Zhu Shuang , Yong Yuan , Gu Zhanjun , Zhao Yuliang
Published: August 2018

Nano‐radiosensitization has been a hot concept for the past ten years, and the nanomaterial‐mediated tumor radiosensitization method is mainly focused on increasing intracellular radiation deposition by high atomic number (high Z) nanomaterials, particularly gold (Au)‐mediated radiation enhancement. Recently, various new nanomaterial‐mediated radiosensitive approaches have been successively reported, such as catalyzing reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, consuming intracellular reduced glutathione (GSH), overcoming tumor hypoxia, and various synergistic radiotherapy ways. These strategies may open a new avenue for enhancing the radiotherapeutic effect and avoiding its side effects. Nevertheless, reviews systematically summarizing these newly emerging methods and their radiosensitive mechanisms are still rare. Therefore, the general strategies of nanomaterial‐mediated tumor radiosensitization are comprehensively summarized, particularly aiming at introducing the emerging radiosensitive methods. The strategies are divided into three general parts. First, methods on account of the intrinsic radiosensitive properties of nanoradiosensitizers for radiosensitization are highlighted. Then, newly developed synergistic strategies based on multifunctional nanomaterials for enhancing radiotherapy efficacy are emphasized. Third, nanomaterial‐mediated radioprotection approaches for increasing the radiotherapeutic ratio are discussed. Importantly, the clinical translation of nanomaterial‐mediated tumor radiosensitization is also covered. Finally, further challenges and outlooks in this field are discussed.
Plasmonic Metasurfaces for Switchable Photonic Spin–Orbit Interactions Based on Phase Change Materials
Authors: Zhang Ming , Pu Mingbo , Zhang Fei , Guo Yinghui , He Qiong , Ma Xiaoliang , Huang Yijia , Li Xiong , Yu Honglin , Luo Xiangang
Published: August 2018

Metasurfaces with intense spin–orbit interactions (SOIs) offer an appealing platform for manipulation of polarization and wavefront. Reconfigurable beam manipulation based on switchable SOIs is highly desired in many occasions, but it remains a great challenge since most metasurfaces lack the flexibility and the optical performance is fixed once fabricated. Here, switchable SOIs are demonstrated numerically and experimentally via the combination of plasmonic metasurfaces with phase change materials (PCMs). As a proof‐of‐concept, three metadevices possessing switchable SOIs are fabricated and investigated, which enable spin Hall effect, vortex beam generation, and holography when the PCM is in the amorphous state (corresponding to the “ON” state of SOI). When the PCM changes into the crystalline state (corresponding to the “OFF” state of SOI), these phenomena disappear. Experimental measurements show that a high polarization conversion contrast between “ON” and “OFF” states is obtained within a broadband wavelength range from 8.5 to 10.5 µm. The switchable photonic SOIs proposed here may provide a promising route to design reconfigurable devices for applications such as beam steering, dynamic holographic display, and encrypted optical communications.
Hierarchically Porous M–N–C (M = Co and Fe) Single‐Atom Electrocatalysts with Robust MNx Active Moieties Enable Enhanced ORR Performance
Authors: Zhu Chengzhou , Shi Qiurong , Xu Bo Z. , Fu Shaofang , Wan Gang , Yang Ce , Yao Siyu , Song Junhua , Zhou Hua , Du Dan , Beckman Scott P. , Su Dong , Lin Yuehe
Published: August 2018

The great interest in fuel cells inspires a substantial amount of research on nonprecious metal catalysts as alternatives to Pt‐based oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) electrocatalysts. In this work, bimodal template‐based synthesis strategies are proposed for the scalable preparation of hierarchically porous M–N–C (M = Fe or Co) single‐atom electrocatalysts featured with active and robust MN2 active moieties. Multiscale tuning of M–N–C catalysts regarding increasing the number of active sites and boosting the intrinsic activity of each active site is realized simultaneously at a single‐atom scale. In addition to the antipoisoning power and high affinity for O2, the optimized Fe–N–C catalysts with FeN2 active site presents a superior electrocatalytic activity for ORR with a half‐wave potential of 0.927 V (vs reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE)) in an alkaline medium, which is 49 and 55 mV higher than those of the Co–N–C counterpart and commercial Pt/C, respectively. Density functional theory calculations reveal that the FeN2 site is more active than the CoN2 site for ORR due to the lower energy barriers of the intermediates and products involved. The present work may help rational design of more robust ORR electrocatalysts at the atomic level, realizing the significant advances in electrochemical conversion and storage devices.
Average Molecule Construction of Petroleum Fractions Based on 1H‐NMR
Authors: Lyu Wenjin , Zhang Linzhou , Li Kaiyu , Wang Gang , Shi Quan , Zhao Suoqi , Xu Chunming
Published: August 2018

The calculation of chemical structures and physical properties is the basis of petroleum refining optimization. In this article, a method to build an average molecule model for hydrocarbons and petroleum fractions is developed. 1H‐NMR, molecular weight, and elemental composition were used as input parameters to construct a single molecular model that represents the average chemical structure. The average molecules were constructed by assembling the average building blocks, which are a set of predefined structural fragments, covering typical hydrocarbon and heteroatom functional groups in petroleum systems. After applying a group contribution method to the derived molecule, the bulk property of a sample could be directly calculated. The method was validated by being applied to various model compounds (including paraffins, cycloalkanes, aromatics, and heteroatom‐containing species), where it successfully predicted the average building blocks, unit sheets number, and physical properties. The application of this method to petroleum fractions was demonstrated. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 65: 270–280, 2019