bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
High catalytic activity and stability of nickel sulfide and cobalt sulfide hierarchical nanospheres on the counter electrodes for dye-sensitized solar cells
Authors: Yang Jie , Bao Chunxiong , Zhu Kai , Yu Tao , Li Faming , Liu Jianguo , Li Zhaosheng , Zou Zhigang
Published: March 2014

In situgrown hierarchical nickel sulfide and cobalt sulfide nanospheres on the counter electrodes with high catalytic activity and high stability.
P-chiral phosphorus heterocycles: a straightforward synthesis
Authors: Möller Tobias , Wonneberger Peter , Kretzschmar Nadja , Hey-Hawkins Evamarie
Published: March 2014

A straightforward synthesis of P-chiral polycyclic 7-phospha-norbornenes via an asymmetric Diels–Alder reaction is presented.
A colloidal water-stable MOF as a broad-range fluorescent pH sensor via post-synthetic modification
Authors: Aguilera-Sigalat Jordi , Bradshaw Darren
Published: March 2014

We report the pH dependent fluorescence of indole-functionalised UiO-66-NH2 across the pH range 1–12.
A two-ring interlocked DNA catenane rotor undergoing switchable transitions across three states
Authors: Qi Xiu-Juan , Lu Chun-Hua , Cecconello Alessandro , Yang Huang-Hao , Willner Itamar
Published: March 2014

Fluorophore–quencher or Au nanoparticles–fluorophore conjugates probe the cyclic switchable reconfiguration of a DNA catenane rotor across three states.
Alkyl transfer from C–C cleavage: replacing the nitro group of nitro-olefins
Authors: Li Guangxun , Wu Lei , Lv Gang , Liu Hongxin , Fu Qingquan , Zhang Xiaomei , Tang Zhuo
Published: March 2014

Hydrogenation is only the beginning: alkyl groups are mildly transferred from alkyl substituted Hantzsch esters to replace the nitro groups of nitro olefins to providetrans-olefins in moderate to excellent yields.
A salt-bridge structure in solution revealed by 2D-IR spectroscopy
Authors: Huerta-Viga Adriana , Domingos Sérgio R. , Amirjalayer Saeed , Woutersen Sander
Published: March 2014

We determine the spatial structure of a guanidinium:acetate salt bridge in solution from cross peaks in its 2D-IR spectrum.
Quantum entanglement in carbon–carbon, carbon–phosphorus and silicon–silicon bonds
Authors: Mottet Matthieu , Tecmer Paweł , Boguslawski Katharina , Legeza Örs , Reiher Markus
Published: March 2014

We present a quantum entanglement analysis to dissect the bond orders in polyatomic molecules.
Neocarzinostatin-based hybrid biocatalysts for oxidation reactions
Authors: Sansiaume-Dagousset Elodie , Urvoas Agathe , Chelly Kaouthar , Ghattas Wadih , Maréchal Jean-Didier , Mahy Jean-Pierre , Ricoux Rémy
Published: March 2014

Following the Trojan Horse strategy, a new artificial metalloenzyme, obtained by non-covalent insertion of an anionic Fe-porphyrin–testosterone conjugate into the neocarzinostatin NCS-3.24 variant, catalysed the enantioselective sulfoxidation of thioanisole by H2O2.
A reversible Br2/Br− redox couple in the aqueous phase as a high-performance catholyte for alkali-ion batteries
Authors: Zhao Yu , Ding Yu , Song Jie , Peng Lele , Goodenough John B. , Yu Guihua
Published: March 2014

An aqueous catholyte based on the sole bromine/bromide redox couple shows an operating potential of ∼4 V, a reversible capacity of 290 mA h g−1, and a specific power density approaching 1000 W kg−1, making it a potential candidate for sustainable electrical energy storage.
Radiocesium derived from the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident in seabed sediments: initial deposition and inventories
Authors: Otosaka Shigeyoshi , Kato Yoshihisa
Published: March 2014

About seven months after the accident in Fukushima, approximately 0.2 PBq of 134Cs was accumulated in seabed sediments.
Evolving shale gas management: water resource risks, impacts, and lessons learned
Authors: Rahm Brian G. , Riha Susan J.
Published: March 2014

This critical review assesses our current scientific understanding of a variety of water resource risks associated with shale gas development.
Structural characterization of dissolved organic matter: a review of current techniques for isolation and analysis
Authors: Minor Elizabeth C. , Swenson Michael M. , Mattson Bruce M. , Oyler Alan R.
Published: March 2014

Current approaches to isolation and structural characterization of natural dissolved organic matter are presented and evaluated for strengths and weaknesses.
Introduction of polar groups on the naphthalene scaffold of molecular tongs inhibiting wild-type and mutated HIV-1 protease dimerization
Authors: Fanelli R. , Ressurreição A. S. , Dufau L. , Soulier J.-L. , Vidu A. , Tonali N. , Bernadat G. , Reboud-Ravaux M. , Ongeri S.
Published: March 2014

A new series of naphthalene-based molecular tongs containing polar groups at the 3-position of the naphthalene scaffold was synthesized and its anti-dimerization activity was evaluated against HIV-1 protease.
Repurposing human Aurora kinase inhibitors as leads for anti-protozoan drug discovery
Authors: Patel Gautam , Roncal Norma E. , Lee Patricia J. , Leed Susan E. , Erath Jessey , Rodriguez Ana , Sciotti Richard J. , Pollastri Michael P.
Published: March 2014

Hesperadin, an established human Aurora B inhibitor, was tested against cultures of Trypanosoma brucei, Leishmania major, and Plasmodium falciparum, and was identified to be a potent proliferation inhibitor.
Adsorption of Orange G dye on nano zirconia: error analysis for achieving the best equilibrium and kinetic modeling
Authors: Gusain Deepak , Upadhyay Sidhdh Nath , Chandra Sharma Yogesh
Published: March 2014

Nano zirconia was used for the adsorption of Orange G dye from aqueous solutions.
Improvement of electrochemical performance of rechargeable lithium–selenium batteries by inserting a free-standing carbon interlayer
Authors: Zhang Zhian , Zhang Zhiyong , Zhang Kai , Yang Xing , Li Qiang
Published: March 2014

A simple, low-cost modification of lithium–selenium (Li–Se) cells by placing a carbon interlayer between the selenium electrode and the separator has been investigated to significantly improve the electrochemical performance of Li–Se cells.
Phosphorus-doped carbon supports enhance gold-based catalysts for acetylene hydrochlorination
Authors: Wang Baoguo , Yu Li , Zhang Jinli , Pu Yanfeng , Zhang Haiyang , Li Wei
Published: March 2014

Gold-based catalysts supported on phosphorus-doped carbon are used in acetylene hydrochlorination to enhance the catalyst activity.
Synthesis of multifunctional lipid–polymer conjugates: application to the elaboration of bright far-red fluorescent lipid probes
Authors: Adjili Salim , Favier Arnaud , Massin Julien , Bretonnière Yann , Lacour William , Lin Yi-Chun , Chatre Elodie , Place Christophe , Favard Cyril , Muriaux Delphine , Andraud Chantal , Charreyre Marie-Thérèse
Published: March 2014

Well-defined multifunctional lipid-polymer conjugates as new tools for the functionalization of lipid assemblies.
Facile synthesis of dimeric BODIPY and its catalytic activity for sulfide oxidation under visible light
Authors: Wang Liang , Cao Jing , Wang Jian-wei , Chen Qun , Cui Ai-jun , He Ming-yang
Published: March 2014

An efficient and green dimeric BODIPY-catalyzed sulfide oxidation under visible light is described.
Diastereodivergent total synthesis of mosquito oviposition pheromone
Authors: Hurem David , Dudding Travis
Published: March 2014

The unnatural threo-6-acetoxy-5-hexadecanolide and the natural mosquito oviposition pheromone erythro-6-acetoxy-5-hexadecanolide were synthesized in a diastereodivergent fashion in 44% and 33% overall yield respectively from 5-bromovaleric acid and undecanal. The key step utilized a chemoenzymatic epoxidation-lactonization of a naturally available fatty acid to form the 6-hydroxy-5-hexadecanolide core.
Bimetallic Ag–hollow Pt heterodimers via inside-out migration of Ag in core–shell Ag–Pt nanoparticles at elevated temperature
Authors: Liu Hui , Yang Jun
Published: March 2014

Bimetallic Ag–hollow Pt heterodimers were fabricatedviathe inside-out migration of Ag in core–shell Ag–Pt nanoparticles at elevated temperature.
High-resolution on-chip supercapacitors with ultra-high scan rate ability
Authors: Dinh Ty Mai , Armstrong Kevin , Guay Daniel , Pech David
Published: March 2014

High-resolution on-chip supercapacitors with impressive scan rate abilities exceeding 1000 V s−1have been demonstrated.
Templating synthesis of hollow CuO polyhedron and its application for nonenzymatic glucose detection
Authors: Kong Chuncai , Tang Linli , Zhang Xiaozhe , Sun Shaodong , Yang Shengchun , Song Xiaoping , Yang Zhimao
Published: March 2014

In this paper, we successfully fabricated a novel type of a hollow CuO polyhedron that consists of numerous nanoplates using Cu2O as a template. The hollow CuO polyhedron-modified electrode exhibits high sensitivity, low detection limit, good stability and fast response towards the oxidation of glucose, suggesting it to be a promising nonenzymatic glucose sensor.
Design of yolk–shell Fe3O4@PMAA composite microspheres for adsorption of metal ions and pH-controlled drug delivery
Authors: Zhao Linling , Liu Huarong , Wang Fengwei , Zeng Lai
Published: March 2014

Yolk–shell structured pH-responsive Fe3O4@PMAA microspheres have been prepared for adsorption of metal ions and drug delivery by combined sol–gel reaction, emulsion polymerization and selective etching methods accompanying hydrolysis of PMMA shells of core–shell–shell Fe3O4@SiO2@PMMA composite microspheres.
Preparing LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 nanoplates with superior properties in lithium-ion batteries using bimetal–organic coordination-polymers as precursors
Authors: Yang Shifeng , Chen Jian , Liu Yingjia , Yi Baolian
Published: March 2014

Using bimetal–organic coordination-polymers as precursors and subsequent solid-state reaction with lithium salts, Li2CO3-coated LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 nanoplates with superior rate capability and cycling stability have been synthesized, and provide a promising cathode candidate for lithium-ion batteries.
A facile strategy for the synthesis of hierarchical TiO2/CdS hollow sphere heterostructures with excellent visible light activity
Authors: Xue Chao , Wang Ting , Yang Guidong , Yang Bolun , Ding Shujiang
Published: March 2014

A sonochemical method has been developed to fabricate hierarchical TiO2/CdS hollow sphere heterostructures with excellent photocatalytic activity.
Lung capillary injury and repair in left heart disease: a new target for therapy?
Authors: Azarbar Sayena , Dupuis Jocelyn
Published: March 2014

The lungs are the primary organs affected in LHD (left heart disease). Increased left atrial pressure leads to pulmonary alveolar–capillary stress failure, resulting in cycles of alveolar wall injury and repair. The reparative process causes the proliferation of MYFs (myofibroblasts) with fibrosis and extracellular matrix deposition, resulting in thickening of the alveolar wall. Although the resultant reduction in vascular permeability is initially protective against pulmonary oedema, the process becomes maladaptive causing a restrictive lung syndrome with impaired gas exchange. This pathological process may also contribute to PH (pulmonary hypertension) due to LHD. Few clinical trials have specifically evaluated lung structural remodelling and the effect of related therapies in LHD. Currently approved treatment for chronic HF (heart failure) may have direct beneficial effects on lung structural remodelling. In the future, novel therapies specifically targeting the remodelling processes may potentially be utilized. In the present review, we summarize data supporting the clinical importance and pathophysiological mechanisms of lung structural remodelling in LHD and propose that this pathophysiological process should be explored further in pre-clinical studies and future therapeutic trials.
Digit Speech Recognition Threshold (SRT) in Children with Normal Hearing Ages 5–8 years
Authors: Ramkissoon Ishara , Estis Julie M. , Gaal Flagge Ashley
Published: March 2014

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to compare digit stimuli to popular spondees when measuring speech recognition threshold (SRT) in children with normal hearing and to determine the influence of increment size using a descending method (ASHA, 1988).

Method

SRT was measured with paired digit stimuli (D-SRT) and pediatric word stimuli (W-SRT) using 2 step sizes (5 dB, 2 dB) in 30 typically developing children with normal hearing ages 5;0 (years;months) to 8;11. Pure-tone and SRT tests were administered in both ears. The D-SRT and W-SRT were compared to pure-tone average (PTA) thresholds per ear.

Results

Analysis of variance revealed a significant interaction of test and step size: PTA was significantly lower when measured with 2-dB than with 5-dB increment; however, step size yielded no differences in D-SRT and W-SRT. Right ear thresholds across tests were significantly lower than left ear. Pearson correlations were significant for all tests except two; D-SRT was highly correlated to W-SRT (
r
= .49–.72) in both ears. Regression analyses for both ears and step sizes revealed that prediction of the hearing threshold for speech from PTA was equally accurate for SRT measured with digit pairs or popular pediatric spondee stimuli.

Conclusion

Digit pairs are an appropriate alternative stimulus for SRT measurement in children with normal hearing. Future diagnostic audiology implications, including application for other pediatric populations, are discussed.
A Systematic Review of Treatment Outcomes for Children With Childhood Apraxia of Speech
Authors: Murray Elizabeth , McCabe Patricia , Ballard Kirrie J.
Published: March 2014

Purpose

To present a systematic review of single-case experimental treatment studies for childhood apraxia of speech (CAS).

Method

A search of 9 databases was used to find peer-reviewed treatment articles from 1970 to 2012 of all levels of evidence with published communication outcomes for children with CAS. Improvement rate differences (IRDs) were calculated for articles with replicated (n > 1), statistically compared treatment and generalization evidence.

Results

Forty-two articles representing Phase I and II single-case experimental designs (SCEDs;
n
= 23) or case series or description studies (
n
= 19) were analyzed. Six articles showed high CAS diagnosis confidence. Of the 13 approaches within the 23 SCED articles, treatments were primarily for speech motor skills (
n
= 6), linguistic skills (
n
= 5), or augmentative and alternative communication (
n
= 2). Most participants responded positively to treatment, but only 7 of 13 approaches in SCED studies reported maintenance and/or generalization of treatment effects. Three approaches had preponderant evidence (Smith, 1981). IRD effect sizes were calculated for Integral Stimulation/Dynamic Temporal and Tactile Cueing, Rapid Syllable Transition Treatment, and Integrated Phonological Awareness Intervention.

Conclusions

At least 3 treatments have sufficient evidence for Phase III trials and interim clinical practice. In the future, efficacy needs to be established via maintenance and generalization measures.

Supplemental Material

https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.6170225
Dosing of a Cued Picture-Naming Treatment for Anomia
Authors: Harnish Stacy M. , Morgan Jodi , Lundine Jennifer P. , Bauer Andrew , Singletary Floris , Benjamin Michelle L. , Gonzalez Rothi Leslie J. , Crosson Bruce
Published: March 2014

Purpose

Recent investigations into effects of intensity or distribution of aphasia therapy have provided moderate evidence supporting intensive therapy schedules on aphasia treatment response. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the feasibility of creating an intensive therapy session without extending the amount of daily time a person spends in treatment.

Method

Individuals who presented with chronic anomia poststroke (
N
= 8) participated in 2 weeks of a computerized, therapist-delivered, cued, picture-naming treatment. Dosing parameters for each session were 8 presentations of 50 pictures, totaling 400 teaching episodes per session.

Results

Of the 8 participants, 6 achieved significant increases from baseline on trained items after 400 teaching episodes (i.e., 1 treatment hr), and the remaining 2 participants achieved significant increases from baseline after 1200 teaching episodes (i.e., 3 treatment hr). Maintenance data from 7 of the participants indicated that 6 participants maintained significant improvement from baseline on trained items.

Conclusions

Given an intensive and saturated context, anomic individuals were surprisingly quick at relearning to produce problematic words successfully. Most participants demonstrated retention of the gains 2 months after treatment ended. The high density of teaching episodes within the treatment session (i.e., the intensive treatment schedule) may have contributed to the behavioral gains.
Reading Comprehension in Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Murray Laura L. , Rutledge Stefanie
Published: March 2014

Purpose

Although individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD) self-report reading problems and experience difficulties in cognitive–linguistic functions that support discourse-level reading, prior research has primarily focused on sentence-level processing and auditory comprehension. Accordingly, the authors investigated the presence and nature of reading comprehension in PD, hypothesizing that (a) individuals with PD would display impaired accuracy and/or speed on reading comprehension tests and (b) reading performances would be correlated with cognitive test results.

Method

Eleven adults with PD and 9 age- and education-matched control participants completed tests that evaluated reading comprehension; general language and cognitive abilities; and aspects of attention, memory, and executive functioning.

Result

The PD group obtained significantly lower scores on several, but not all, reading comprehension, language, and cognitive measures. Memory, language, and disease severity were significantly correlated with reading comprehension for the PD group.

Conclusion

Individuals in the early stages of PD without dementia or broad cognitive deficits can display reading comprehension difficulties, particularly for high- versus basic-level reading tasks. These reading difficulties are most closely related to memory, high-level language, and PD symptom severity status. The findings warrant additional research to delineate further the types and nature of reading comprehension impairments experienced by individuals with PD.
Illusory Recovery: Are Recovered Children With Early Language Delay at Continuing Elevated Risk?
Authors: Dale Philip S. , McMillan Andrew J. , Hayiou-Thomas Marianna E. , Plomin Robert
Published: March 2014

Purpose

To examine the later development of language and literacy of children who had delayed language at age 2 but were in the normal range at age 4.

Method

Longitudinal data were analyzed from 3,598 pairs of twins participating in the Twins Early Development Study (TEDS). Six hundred thirty-three twins (8.8%) were delayed at age 2 based on parent-reported expressive vocabulary, and of these, 373 (59.0%) were classified as recovered based on 4-year measures. Each recovered 4-year-old was matched on vocabulary, gender, and zygosity to another 4-year-old without a history of early delay.

Results

Although the recovered group was below the mean for the total TEDS sample on measures of language at ages 7 and 12, there were no significant differences between the recovered and matched groups. Within the recovered group, it was not possible to predict outcome at better than a chance level.

Conclusions

Children who appear to have recovered by age 4 from early delay are at modest risk for continuing difficulties, but this appears to be no higher than the risk for other 4-year-olds with equivalent scores, reflecting the continuing variability in longitudinal outcome after age 4. All children in the low normal range at age 4 merit continuing monitoring.
Delay analysis for cognitive ad hoc networks using multi‐channel medium access control
Authors: Chu Thi My Chinh , Phan Hoc , Zepernick Hans‐Jürgen
Published: March 2014

In this study, the authors analyse the average end‐to‐end packet delay for a cognitive ad hoc network where multiple secondary nodes randomly contend for accessing the licensed bands of primary users in non‐slotted time mode. Before accessing the licensed bands, each node must perform spectrum sensing and collaboratively exchange the sensing results with other nodes of the corresponding communication as a means of improving the accuracy of spectrum sensing. Furthermore, the medium access control with collision avoidance mechanism based distributed coordination function specified by IEEE 802.11 is applied to coordinate spectrum access for this cognitive ad hoc network. To evaluate the system performance, the authors model the considered network as an open G/G/1 queuing network and utilise the method of diffusion approximation to analyse the end‐to‐end packet delay. The authors’ analysis takes into account not only the number of secondary nodes, the arrival rate of primary users and the arrival rate of secondary users but also the effect of the number of licensed bands when assessing the average end‐to‐end packet delay of the networks.
Dynamic flux balance analysis for synthetic microbial communities
Authors: Henson Michael A. , Hanly Timothy J.
Published: March 2014

Dynamic flux balance analysis (DFBA) is an extension of classical flux balance analysis that allows the dynamic effects of the extracellular environment on microbial metabolism to be predicted and optimised. Recently this computational framework has been extended to microbial communities for which the individual species are known and genome‐scale metabolic reconstructions are available. In this review, the authors provide an overview of the emerging DFBA approach with a focus on two case studies involving the conversion of mixed hexose/pentose sugar mixtures by synthetic microbial co‐culture systems. These case studies illustrate the key requirements of the DFBA approach, including the incorporation of individual species metabolic reconstructions, formulation of extracellular mass balances, identification of substrate uptake kinetics, numerical solution of the coupled linear program/differential equations and model adaptation for common, suboptimal growth conditions and identified species interactions. The review concludes with a summary of progress to date and possible directions for future research.
Follistatin is essential for normal postnatal development and function of mouse oviduct and uterus
Authors: Holdsworth-Carson S. J. , Craythorn R. G. , Winnall W. R. , Dhaliwal K. , Genovese R. , Nowell C. J. , Rogers P. A. W. , de Kretser D. M. , Hedger M. P. , Girling J. E.
Published: March 2014

Female mice lacking the follistatin gene but expressing a human follistatin-315 transgene (tghFST315) have reproductive abnormalities (reduced follicles, no corpora lutea and ovarian–uterine inflammation). We hypothesised that the absence of follistatin-288 causes the abnormal reproductive tract via both developmental abnormalities and abnormal ovarian activity. We characterised the morphology of oviducts and uteri in wild type (WT), tghFST315 and follistatin-knockout mice expressing human follistatin-288 (tghFST288). The oviducts and uteri were examined in postnatal Day-0 and adult mice (WT and tghFST315 only) using histology and immunohistochemistry. Adult WT and tghFST315 mice were ovariectomised and treated with vehicle, oestradiol-17β (100 ng injection, dissection 24 h later) or progesterone (1 mg × three daily injections, dissection 24 h later). No differences were observed in the oviducts or uteri at birth, but abnormalities developed by adulthood. Oviducts of tghFST315 mice failed to coil, the myometrium was disorganised, endometrial gland number was reduced and oviducts and uteri contained abundant leukocytes. After ovariectomy, tghFST315 mice had altered uterine cell proliferation, and inflammation was maintained and exacerbated by oestrogen. These studies show that follistatin is crucial to postnatal oviductal–uterine development and function. Further studies differentiating the role of ovarian versus oviductal–uterine follistatin in reproductive tract function at different developmental stages are warranted.
Application and validation of visual fuel hazard assessments in dry Mediterranean-climate woodlands
Authors: Gosper Carl R. , Yates Colin J. , Prober Suzanne M. , Wiehl Georg
Published: March 2014

Understanding fire behaviour and vegetation flammability is important for predicting the consequences of fires. Visual assessments of fuel, such as those developed in Project Vesta, have been widely applied to facilitate rapid data acquisition to support fire behaviour models. However, the accuracy and potential wider application to other plant communities of Vesta visual fuel assessments has received limited attention. We conducted visual fuel assessments and detailed quantitative structural measurements in Eucalyptus salubris (gimlet) woodlands in the world’s largest extant Mediterranean-climate woodland. With one exception, there was moderate to strong correlation between visual assessments of cover in vegetation layers and quantitative measurements, indicating that visual assessments adequately capture changes in fuels. This suggests that the Vesta visual fuel assessment methodology may have wide application in Australian eucalypt forests and woodlands and perhaps in similar communities around the world. However, several issues limiting the wider application of Vesta visual fuel assessments were identified, mainly associated with differences in community ecology between non-resprouter dominated E. salubris woodlands and the epicormic resprouter-dominated dry forests where the method was developed. Patterns of change in fuels suggest that flammability in E. salubris woodlands peaks at intermediate times since fire, potentially providing opportunities for fire management interventions.
Towards a comparative semiotics of pointing actions in signed and spoken languages
Authors: Johnston Trevor
Published: March 2014

Co-speech pointing actions have been under-analysed or ignored in language description and linguistic theory and this has led to an over-interpretation of their role and status in signed languages as signs belonging to particular grammatical classes, such as pronouns, determiners, and locatives. I argue that the pointing signs found in signed languages are not fundamentally different from the pointing actions found in the composite utterances of spoken languages in their face-to-face mode. I show how pointing signs and pointing actions are both symbolic indexical signs (signs that have partly conventional elements and partly contextual elements and are thus hybrids of conventional and non-conventional signs). I conclude that pointing signs are not a fundamentally different kind of phenomena when they occur in signed language composite utterances (so-called ‘linguistic’ pointing) compared to when they occur in spoken language composite utterances (so-called ‘gestural’ pointing).
The writing hand
Authors: Cibulka Paul
Published: March 2014

This paper deals with the uses, in Japanese conversation, of a practice of tracing the shape of orthographic items in mid-air or on the palm using the index finger. Drawing on naturally occurring videotaped conversation, instances are analysed with regard to visibility, attention and co-gesture talk. It is proposed that the various usages are distributed along a continuum ranging from depiction to framing. A fine-grained sequential analysis of this practice in the context of repair reveals that it is employed as an integral component of a response that conforms the type of information made relevant in the enquiry. It can also constitute an interactional resource which recipients closely monitor and orient to, and which plays a central role in achieving mutual understanding.
Students learn more when their teacher has learned to gesture effectively
Authors: Alibali Martha W. , Young Andrew G. , Crooks Noelle M. , Yeo Amelia , Wolfgram Matthew S. , Ledesma Iasmine M. , Nathan Mitchell J. , Breckinridge Church Ruth , Knuth Eric J.
Published: March 2014

Teachers’ gestures are an integral part of their instructional communication. In this study, we provided a teacher with a tutorial about ways to use gesture in connecting ideas in mathematics instruction, and we asked the teacher to teach sample lessons about slope and intercept before and after this tutorial. In response to the tutorial, the teacher enhanced his communication about links between ideas by increasing the frequency with which he expressed linked ideas multi-modally (i.e., using both speech and gesture), and by increasing the frequency with which he used simultaneous gestures to linked ideas. We then presented videos of a lesson the teacher provided before the tutorial (the baseline lesson) and one he provided after the tutorial (the enhanced-gesture lesson) to 42 seventh-grade students and assessed their learning. Students who received the enhanced-gesture lesson displayed greater learning about y-intercept than did students who received the baseline lesson. Thus, students learned more when their teacher had learned to gesture effectively.
Three-place predicates in RRG
Authors: Gottschalk Judith
Published: March 2014

This book chapter presents a computational linguistics analysis of Role and Reference Grammar [RRG] (cf. Van Valin 2005). RRG, formulated as a pseudo-code program is not executable on a random access machine since the linking algorithm cannot account for variable undergoer linking in English three-place predicates. Consequently RRG is not computationally adequate. Therefore a new approach to RRG is developed using Nolan’s (2011) constructional schemas; the RRG semantics-to-syntax linking algorithm is revised, using the lexicon, information structure and constructional schemas to account for variable undergoer linking. A revised approach to the mental lexicon based on Gottschalk (2010) is developed, accounting for three-place predicates. In this approach macroroles are epiphenomenal and replaced by thematic relations to develop a computable account to RRG.
Deep semantic representation  in a domain-specific ontology
Authors: San Martín Antonio , Faber Pamela
Published: March 2014

EcoLexicon is a frame-based visual thesaurus on the Environment that is gradually evolving towards the status of a formal ontology. For this purpose, the information in its relational database is in the process of being linked to the ontological system of FunGramKB, a multipurpose knowledge base. This enables the explicitation of specialized knowledge as an extension of general knowledge through its representation in the domain-specific satellite ontology of a main general ontology. This paper describes the linking process and more specifically, how the general concepts in FunGramKB can be extended and reused in deep semantic representations in a domain-specific ontology.
Both contractile axial and lateral traction force dynamics drive amoeboid cell motility
Authors: Bastounis Effie , Meili Ruedi , Álvarez-González Begoña , Francois Joshua , del Álamo Juan C. , Firtel Richard A. , Lasheras Juan C.
Published: March 2014

Chemotaxing Dictyostelium discoideum cells adapt their morphology and migration speed in response to intrinsic and extrinsic cues. Using Fourier traction force microscopy, we measured the spatiotemporal evolution of shape and traction stresses and constructed traction tension kymographs to analyze cell motility as a function of the dynamics of the cell’s mechanically active traction adhesions. We show that wild-type cells migrate in a step-wise fashion, mainly forming stationary traction adhesions along their anterior–posterior axes and exerting strong contractile axial forces. We demonstrate that lateral forces are also important for motility, especially for migration on highly adhesive substrates. Analysis of two mutant strains lacking distinct actin cross-linkers (mhcA− and abp120− cells) on normal and highly adhesive substrates supports a key role for lateral contractions in amoeboid cell motility, whereas the differences in their traction adhesion dynamics suggest that these two strains use distinct mechanisms to achieve migration. Finally, we provide evidence that the above patterns of migration may be conserved in mammalian amoeboid cells.
Ethics and Economies of Art in Renaissance Spain: Felipe de Guevara’s Comentario de la pintura y pintores antiguos*
Authors: Giménez-Berger Alejandra
Published: March 2014

The Comentario de la pintura y pintores antiguos (Commentary on Painting and Antique Painters) by the humanist Felipe de Guevara stands as the first art treatise of its type produced in Renaissance Spain. Critical studies underscore the reliance on ancient texts in spite of significant divergences from the sources. Philological studies of near-contemporary texts and a close reading of the author’s extant writings provide an alternative framework for understanding these transformations. Through the appropriation of ancient texts, Guevara calls for the practical overhauling of the Spanish artistic system. The text addresses the art of painting as having both transcendental and intrinsic values, focusing on its formative capabilities and virtue ethics as the most important for the former, and its role in the larger Spanish economy for the latter.
Francis Bacon and Ingenuity*
Authors: Lewis Rhodri
Published: March 2014

This essay discusses the Latin termingeniumwithin the writings of Francis Bacon (1561–1626). It proposes that althoughingeniumdoes not easily translate into English, Bacon uses the term in a clearly defined range of senses. For the most part, he echoes the discourse of ingenuity and inventiveness common to many sixteenth-century humanists, but differs from them in sharply delimiting the scope and status of ingenious thinking. In particular, he excludes ingenuity from the logical portion of his reformed art of discovery: as the goal of this was demonstrative knowledge, Bacon (like the Aristotelian logicians he aimed to supplant) believed that it had to be the province of the intellect, not ofingenium. A fuller understanding of the ways in which Bacon usesingeniumcasts his methodological thought into illuminating new relief, and draws attention to the manner in which Bacon’s ideas were appropriated, criticized, and misunderstood in the half century after his death — not least by the self-styled Baconians in and around the early Royal Society.
A Hasse principle for quadratic forms over function fields
Authors: Parimala R.
Published: March 2014

We describe the classical Hasse principle for the existence of nontrivial zeros for quadratic forms over number fields, namely, local zeros over all completions at places of the number field imply nontrivial zeros over the number field itself. We then go on to explain more general questions related to the Hasse principle for nontrivial zeros of quadratic forms over function fields, with reference to a set of discrete valuations of the field. This question has interesting consequences over function fields of

p
p

-adic curves. We also record some open questions related to the isotropy of quadratic forms over function fields of curves over number fields.
Genetic influences on translation in yeast
Authors: Albert Frank W. , Muzzey Dale , Weissman Jonathan , Kruglyak Leonid
Published: March 2014

Heritable differences in gene expression between individuals are an important source of phenotypic variation. The question of how closely the effects of genetic variation on protein levels mirror those on mRNA levels remains open. Here, we addressed this question by using ribosome profiling to examine how genetic differences between two strains of the yeastS. cerevisiaeaffect translation. Strain differences in translation were observed for hundreds of genes. Allele specific measurements in the diploid hybrid between the two strains revealed roughly half as manycis-acting effects on translation as were observed for mRNA levels. In both the parents and the hybrid, most effects on translation were of small magnitude, such that the direction of an mRNA difference was typically reflected in a concordant footprint difference. The relative importance ofcisandtransacting variation on footprint levels was similar to that for mRNA levels. There was a tendency for translation to cause larger footprint differences than expected given the respective mRNA differences. This is in contrast to translational differences between yeast species that have been reported to more often oppose than reinforce mRNA differences. Finally, we catalogued instances of premature translation termination in the two yeast strains and also found several instances where erroneous reference gene annotations lead to apparent nonsense mutations that in fact reside outside of the translated gene body. Overall, genetic influences on translation subtly modulate gene expression differences, and translation does not create strong discrepancies between genetic influences on mRNA and protein levels.

Author summary

Individuals in a species differ from each other in many ways. For many traits, a fraction of this variation is genetic – it is caused by DNA sequence variants in the genome of each individual. Some of these variants influence traits by altering how much certain genes are expressed, i.e. how many mRNA and protein molecules are made in different individuals. Surprisingly, earlier work has found that the effects of genetic variants on mRNA and protein levels for the same genes appear to be very different. Many variants appeared to influence only mRNA (but not protein) levels, and vice versa. In this paper, we studied this question by using a technique called “ribosome profiling” to measure translation (the cellular process of reading mRNA molecules and synthesizing protein molecules) in two yeast strains. We found that the genetic differences between these two strains influence translation for hundreds of genes. Because most of these effects were small in magnitude, they explain at most a small fraction of the discrepancies between the effects of genetic variants on mRNA and protein levels.
The Notch1 transcriptional activation domain is required for development and reveals a novel role for Notch1 signaling in fetal hematopoietic stem cells
Authors: Gerhardt Dawson M. , Pajcini Kostandin V. , D’altri Teresa , Tu LiLi , Jain Rajan , Xu Lanwei , Chen Michael J. , Rentschler Stacey , Shestova Olga , Wertheim Gerald B. , Tobias John W. , Kluk Michael , Wood Antony W. , Aster Jon C. , Gimotty Phyllis A. , Epstein Jonathan A. , Speck Nancy , Bigas Anna , Pear Warren S.
Published: March 2014

Notch1 is required to generate the earliest embryonic hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs); however since Notch-deficient embryos die early in gestation, additional functions for Notch in embryonic HSC biology have not been described. We used two complementary genetic models to address this important biological question. Unlike Notch1-deficient mice, mice lacking the conserved Notch1 transcriptional activation domain (TAD) show attenuated Notch1 function in vivo and survive until late gestation, succumbing to multiple cardiac abnormalities. Notch1 TAD-deficient HSCs emerge and successfully migrate to the fetal liver but are decreased in frequency by embryonic day 14.5. In addition, TAD-deficient fetal liver HSCs fail to compete with wild-type HSCs in bone marrow transplant experiments. This phenotype is independently recapitulated by conditional knockout of Rbpj, a core Notch pathway component. In vitro analysis of Notch1 TAD-deficient cells shows that the Notch1 TAD is important to properly assemble the Notch1/Rbpj/Maml trimolecular transcription complex. Together, these studies reveal an essential role for the Notch1 TAD in fetal development and identify important cell-autonomous functions for Notch1 signaling in fetal HSC homeostasis.
DNA methylation is required for the control of stem cell differentiation in the small intestine
Authors: Sheaffer Karyn L. , Kim Rinho , Aoki Reina , Elliott Ellen N. , Schug Jonathan , Burger Lukas , Schübeler Dirk , Kaestner Klaus H.
Published: March 2014

The mammalian intestinal epithelium has a unique organization in which crypts harboring stem cells produce progenitors and finally clonal populations of differentiated cells. Remarkably, the epithelium is replaced every 3–5 d throughout adult life. Disrupted maintenance of the intricate balance of proliferation and differentiation leads to loss of epithelial integrity or barrier function or to cancer. There is a tight correlation between the epigenetic status of genes and expression changes during differentiation; however, the mechanism of how changes in DNA methylation direct gene expression and the progression from stem cells to their differentiated descendants is unclear. Using conditional gene ablation of the maintenance methyltransferase Dnmt1, we demonstrate that reducing DNA methylation causes intestinal crypt expansion in vivo. Determination of the base-resolution DNA methylome in intestinal stem cells and their differentiated descendants shows that DNA methylation is dynamic at enhancers, which are often associated with genes important for both stem cell maintenance and differentiation. We establish that the loss of DNA methylation at intestinal stem cell gene enhancers causes inappropriate gene expression and delayed differentiation.
Rbfox2 controls autoregulation in RNA-binding protein networks
Authors: Jangi Mohini , Boutz Paul L. , Paul Prakriti , Sharp Phillip A.
Published: March 2014

The tight regulation of splicing networks is critical for organismal development. To maintain robust splicing patterns, many splicing factors autoregulate their expression through alternative splicing-coupled nonsense-mediated decay (AS-NMD). However, as negative autoregulation results in a self-limiting window of splicing factor expression, it is unknown how variations in steady-state protein levels can arise in different physiological contexts. Here, we demonstrate that Rbfox2 cross-regulates AS-NMD events within RNA-binding proteins to alter their expression. Using individual nucleotide-resolution cross-linking immunoprecipitation coupled to high-throughput sequencing (iCLIP) and mRNA sequencing, we identified >200 AS-NMD splicing events that are bound by Rbfox2 in mouse embryonic stem cells. These “silent” events are characterized by minimal apparent splicing changes but appreciable changes in gene expression upon Rbfox2 knockdown due to degradation of the NMD-inducing isoform. Nearly 70 of these AS-NMD events fall within genes encoding RNA-binding proteins, many of which are autoregulated. As with the coding splicing events that we found to be regulated by Rbfox2, silent splicing events are evolutionarily conserved and frequently contain the Rbfox2 consensus UGCAUG. Our findings uncover an unexpectedly broad and multilayer regulatory network controlled by Rbfox2 and offer an explanation for how autoregulatory splicing networks are tuned.
Insights into the biological functions of Dock family guanine nucleotide exchange factors
Authors: Laurin Mélanie , Côté Jean-François
Published: March 2014

Rho GTPases play key regulatory roles in many aspects of embryonic development, regulating processes such as differentiation, proliferation, morphogenesis, and migration. Two families of guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) found in metazoans, Dbl and Dock, are responsible for the spatiotemporal activation of Rac and Cdc42 proteins and their downstream signaling pathways. This review focuses on the emerging roles of the mammalian DOCK family in development and disease. We also discuss, when possible, how recent discoveries concerning the biological functions of these GEFs might be exploited for the development of novel therapeutic strategies.
Combining Monte Carlo methods with coherent wave optics for the simulation of phase-sensitive X-ray imaging
Authors: Peter Silvia , Modregger Peter , Fix Michael K. , Volken Werner , Frei Daniel , Manser Peter , Stampanoni Marco
Published: March 2014

Phase-sensitive X-ray imaging shows a high sensitivity towards electron density variations, making it well suited for imaging of soft tissue matter. However, there are still open questions about the details of the image formation process. Here, a framework for numerical simulations of phase-sensitive X-ray imaging is presented, which takes both particle- and wave-like properties of X-rays into consideration. A split approach is presented where we combine a Monte Carlo method (MC) based sample part with a wave optics simulation based propagation part, leading to a framework that takes both particle- and wave-like properties into account. The framework can be adapted to different phase-sensitive imaging methods and has been validated through comparisons with experiments for grating interferometry and propagation-based imaging. The validation of the framework shows that the combination of wave optics and MC has been successfully implemented and yields good agreement between measurements and simulations. This demonstrates that the physical processes relevant for developing a deeper understanding of scattering in the context of phase-sensitive imaging are modelled in a sufficiently accurate manner. The framework can be used for the simulation of phase-sensitive X-ray imaging, for instance for the simulation of grating interferometry or propagation-based imaging.
A synchrotron-based local computed tomography combined with data-constrained modelling approach for quantitative analysis of anthracite coal microstructure
Authors: Chen Wen Hao , Yang Sam Y. S. , Xiao Ti Qiao , Mayo Sherry C. , Wang Yu Dan , Wang Hai Peng
Published: March 2014

Quantifying three-dimensional spatial distributions of pores and material compositions in samples is a key materials characterization challenge, particularly in samples where compositions are distributed across a range of length scales, and where such compositions have similar X-ray absorption properties, such as in coal. Consequently, obtaining detailed information within sub-regions of a multi-length-scale sample by conventional approaches may not provide the resolution and level of detail one might desire. Herein, an approach for quantitative high-definition determination of material compositions from X-ray local computed tomography combined with a data-constrained modelling method is proposed. The approach is capable of dramatically improving the spatial resolution and enabling finer details within a region of interest of a sample larger than the field of view to be revealed than by using conventional techniques. A coal sample containing distributions of porosity and several mineral compositions is employed to demonstrate the approach. The optimal experimental parameters are pre-analyzed. The quantitative results demonstrated that the approach can reveal significantly finer details of compositional distributions in the sample region of interest. The elevated spatial resolution is crucial for coal-bed methane reservoir evaluation and understanding the transformation of the minerals during coal processing. The method is generic and can be applied for three-dimensional compositional characterization of other materials.
Matching X-ray beam and detector properties to protein crystals of different perfection
Authors: Nave Colin
Published: March 2014

An analysis is given of the effect of different beam and detector parameters on the sharpness of recorded diffraction features for macromolecular crystals of different quality. The crystal quality parameters include crystal strain, crystal or mosaic block size and mosaic block misorientation. Calculations are given for instrument parameters such as angular resolution of the detector, beam divergence and wavelength bandpass to be matched to the intrinsic diffraction properties from these crystals with the aim of obtaining the best possible data out of each crystal. Examples are given using typical crystal imperfections obtained from the literature for both room-temperature and cryo-cooled crystals. Possible implications for the choice of X-ray source, beamline design, detector specifications, instrument set-up and data processing are discussed, together with the limitations of the approach.