bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of bleeding risk scores in patients with atrial fibrillation: insights from the RE‐LY trial
Authors: Proietti M. , Hijazi Z. , Andersson U. , Connolly S. J. , Eikelboom J. W. , Ezekowitz M. D. , Lane D. A. , Oldgren J. , Roldan V. , Yusuf S. , Wallentin L. ,   on behalf of RE‐LY Investigators
Published: October 2017

Background

Oral anticoagulation is the mainstay of stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation (AF), but must be balanced against the associated bleeding risk. Several risk scores have been proposed for prediction of bleeding events in patients with AF.

Objectives

To compare the performance of contemporary clinical bleeding risk scores in 18 113 patients with AF randomized to dabigatran 110 mg, 150 mg or warfarin in the RE‐LY trial.

Methods

HAS‐BLED, ORBIT, ATRIA and HEMORR2HAGES bleeding risk scores were calculated based on clinical information at baseline. All major bleeding events were centrally adjudicated.

Results

There were 1182 (6.5%) major bleeding events during a median follow‐up of 2.0 years. For all the four schemes, high‐risk subgroups had higher risk of major bleeding (all P < 0.001). The ORBIT score showed the best discrimination with c‐indices of 0.66, 0.66 and 0.62, respectively, for major, life‐threatening and intracranial bleeding, which were significantly better than for the HAS‐BLED score (difference in c‐indices: 0.050, 0.053 and 0.048, respectively, all P < 0.05). The ORBIT score also showed the best calibration compared with previous data. Significant treatment interactions between the bleeding scores and the risk of major bleeding with dabigatran 150 mg BD versus warfarin were found for the ORBIT (P = 0.0019), ATRIA (P < 0.001) and HEMORR2HAGES (P < 0.001) scores. HAS‐BLED score showed a nonsignificant trend for interaction (P = 0.0607).

Conclusions

Amongst the current clinical bleeding risk scores, the ORBIT score demonstrated the best discrimination and calibration. All the scores demonstrated, to a variable extent, an interaction with bleeding risk associated with dabigatran or warfarin.
Parent–Adolescent Discrepancies in Perceived Parental Sacrifice and Adolescent Developmental Outcomes in Poor Chinese Families
Authors: Leung Janet T. Y.
Published: October 2017

Parents and adolescents perceive family processes differently. This study examined how convergence and divergence of parent‐perceived and adolescent‐perceived parental sacrifice influenced adolescent developmental outcomes in a sample of 275 poor intact Chinese families in Hong Kong. The results of polynomial regression analyses indicated that the interaction of fathers’ and adolescents’ perceptions of paternal sacrifice negatively predicted adolescent resilience and cognitive competence. Similar findings were identified in maternal sacrifice. Cluster analysis further showed that adolescents exhibited greater resilience and cognitive competence in families with parent–adolescent convergent perceptions of high levels of parental sacrifice than did those in families with parent–adolescent divergent views. Theoretical, methodological, and practical implications of the results are discussed.
Exploring, Maintaining, and Disengaging—The Three Phases of a Legislator's Life
Authors: Bailer Stefanie , Ohmura Tamaki
Published: October 2017

Building on the understanding that a career is a dynamic concept, this article applies the idea that parliamentarians' legislative activities vary according to their career stage and age. This is partly a function of experience and partly a function of future career prospects. Using a new data set of the German Bundestag (2002–13) that pinpoints the age and career stage of MPs at the time of individual activities, namely, attending votes, posing parliamentary questions, and holding rapporteurships, we identify practical and normative challenges to MPs' legislative work: It takes time to learn the trade and as the desire for re‐election dissipates, a last‐period problem arises. MPs significantly reduce their activity levels toward the end of their legislative careers, indicating a clear loss of accountability toward their parties and their constituents.
Building the Bridge Between Science and Practice: Essential Characteristics of a Translational Framework
Authors: Stafford‐Brizard K. Brooke , Cantor Pamela , Rose L. Todd
Published: October 2017

Mind, brain, and education is a field developed with two key purposes: (1) to accelerate the knowledge developed through research by using an interdisciplinary approach, and (2) to create a bridge to connect and apply this knowledge to educational practice. While great progress has been made with regard to the interdisciplinary efforts of mind, brain and education, a chasm remains between the fields of science and educational practice. This article presents the case for bridging that chasm through the development of a translational and bidirectional framework that allows the fields of science and educational practice to access and influence each other. The characteristics of such a framework are proposed as theory‐driven and perspective‐neutral, interdisciplinary and interdependent, grounded in the science of development, context‐sensitive, and allowing for falsifiability. Potential enablers for the successful implementation of such a framework are proposed.
Early breastfeeding practices: Descriptive analysis of recent Demographic and Health Surveys
Authors: Oakley Laura , Benova Lenka , Macleod David , Lynch Caroline A. , Campbell Oona M. R.
Published: October 2017

The aim of this study was to describe early breastfeeding practices (initiation within 1 hr of birth, no prelacteal feeding, and a combination of both—“optimal” early breastfeeding) according to childbirth location in low‐ and middle‐income countries. Using data from the most recent Demographic and Health Survey (2000–2013) for 57 countries, we extracted information on the most recent birth for women aged 15–49 with a live birth in the preceding 24 months. Childbirth setting was self‐reported by location (home or facility) and subtype (home delivery with or without a skilled birth attendant; public or private facility). We produced overall world and four region‐level summary statistics by applying national population adjusted survey weights. Overall, 39% of children were breastfed within 1 hr of birth (region range 31–60%), 49% received no prelacteal feeding (41–65%), and 28% benefited from optimal early breastfeeding (21–46%). In South/Southeast Asia and Sub‐Saharan Africa, early breastfeeding outcomes were more favourable for facility births compared to home births; trends were less consistent in Latin America and Middle East/Europe. Among home deliveries, there was a higher prevalence of positive breastfeeding practices for births with a skilled birth attendant across all regions other than Latin America. For facility births, breastfeeding practices were more favourable among those taking place in the public sector. This study is the most comprehensive assessment to date of early breastfeeding practices by childbirth location. Our results suggest that skilled delivery care—particularly care delivered in public sector facilities—appears positively correlated with favourable breastfeeding practices.
Conifer tree‐ring density inter‐annual variability – anatomical, physiological and environmental determinants
Authors: Rathgeber Cyrille B. K.
Published: October 2017

This article is a Commentary on Björklund et al., 216: 728–740.
Intergenerational environmental effects: functional signals in offspring transcriptomes and metabolomes after parental jasmonic acid treatment in apomictic dandelion
Authors: Verhoeven Koen J. F. , Verbon Eline H. , van Gurp Thomas P. , Oplaat Carla , Ferreira de Carvalho Julie , Morse Alison M. , Stahl Mark , Macel Mirka , McIntyre Lauren M.
Published: October 2017

Parental environments can influence offspring traits. However, the magnitude of the impact of parental environments on offspring molecular phenotypes is poorly understood. Here, we test the direct effects and intergenerational effects of jasmonic acid (JA) treatment, which is involved in herbivory‐induced defense signaling, on transcriptomes and metabolomes in apomictic common dandelion (Taraxacum officinale).

In a full factorial crossed design with parental and offspring JA and control treatments, we performed leaf RNA‐seq gene expression analysis, LC‐MS metabolomics and total phenolics assays in offspring plants.

Expression analysis, leveraged by a de novo assembled transcriptome, revealed an induced response to JA exposure that is consistent with known JA effects. The intergenerational effect of treatment was considerable: 307 of 858 detected JA‐responsive transcripts were affected by parental JA treatment. In terms of the numbers of metabolites affected, the magnitude of the chemical response to parental JA exposure was c. 10% of the direct JA treatment response. Transcriptome and metabolome analyses both identified the phosphatidylinositol signaling pathway as a target of intergenerational JA effects.

Our results highlight that parental environments can have substantial effects in offspring generations. Transcriptome and metabolome assays provide a basis for zooming in on the potential mechanisms of inherited JA effects.
Genetics and evolution of MIXTA genes regulating cotton lint fiber development
Authors: Wu Huaitong , Tian Yue , Wan Qun , Fang Lei , Guan Xueying , Chen Jiedan , Hu Yan , Ye Wenxue , Zhang Hua , Guo Wangzhen , Chen Xiaoya , Zhang Tianzhen
Published: October 2017

Cotton, with cellulose‐enriched mature fibers, is the largest source of natural textiles. Through a map‐based cloning strategy, we isolated an industrially important lint fiber development gene (Li3) that encodes an MYB‐MIXTA‐like transcription factor (MML) on chromosome D12 (GhMML4_D12).

Virus‐induced gene silencing or decreasing the expression of the GhMML4_D12 gene in n2NSM plants resulted in a significant reduction in epidermal cell prominence and lint fiber production. GhMML4_D12 is arranged in tandem with GhMML3, another MIXTA gene responsible for fuzz fiber development. These two very closely related MIXTA genes direct fiber initiation production in two specialized cell forms: lint and fuzz fibers. They may control the same metabolic pathways in different cell types.

The MIXTAs expanded in Malvaceae during their evolution and produced a Malvaceae‐specific family that regulates epidermal cell differentiation, different from the gene family that regulates leaf hair trichome development. Cotton has developed a unique transcriptional regulatory network for fiber development.

Characterization of target genes regulating fiber production has provided insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying cotton fiber development and has allowed the use of genetic engineering to increase lint yield by inducing more epidermal cells to develop into lint rather than fuzz fibers.
Process and impact of dialectical behaviour therapy: A systematic review of perceptions of clients with a diagnosis of borderline personality disorder
Authors: Little Hannah , Tickle Anna , das Nair Roshan
Published: October 2017

Purpose

To identify, appraise, and synthesize findings from qualitative studies of individuals diagnosed with borderline personality disorder who have experienced dialectical behaviour therapy, to gain further understanding of their perceptions of the process and impact of therapy.

Methods

We conducted a comprehensive systematic search of the literature from several online databases, and appraised them using an adapted version of the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme tool. A meta‐ethnographic approach was used to synthesize the data.

Results

Seven studies met the criteria to be included and their quality subsequently appraised. Four main themes were identified through the synthesis process: life before DBT; the relationships that support change; developing self‐efficacy; and a shift in perspectives.

Conclusions

The findings of the synthesis highlight the importance of a number of key factors in the process of DBT, and the impact that the therapy has both on day‐to‐day life and on individuals' identity.

Practitioner points

Existing outcome measures may not capture the complexity and magnitude of impact of DBT on individuals with BPD.

Exploring first‐hand accounts of individuals undertaking DBT can offer unique insight into the processes of therapy.
Screening for Sturge‐Weber syndrome: A state‐of‐the‐art review
Authors: Zallmann Michaela , Leventer Richard J. , Mackay Mark T. , Ditchfield Michael , Bekhor Philip S. , Su John C.
Published: October 2017

Infants with a high‐risk distribution of port‐wine stains are commonly screened for Sturge‐Weber syndrome using brain magnetic resonance imaging. There is no consensus about which port‐wine stain phenotypes to screen, optimal timing, screening sensitivity, or whether presymptomatic diagnosis improves neurodevelopmental outcomes. This state‐of‐the‐art review examines the evidence in favor of screening for Sturge‐Weber syndrome, based on its effect on neurodevelopmental outcomes, against the risks and limitations of screening magnetic resonance imaging and electroencephalography. A literature search of PubMed/MEDLINE was conducted between January 2005 and May 2017 using key search terms. Relevant articles published in English were reviewed; 34 articles meeting the search criteria were analyzed according to the following outcome measures: neurodevelopmental outcome benefit of screening, diagnostic yield, financial costs, procedural risks, and limitations of screening magnetic resonance imaging and electroencephalography. There is no evidence that a presymptomatic Sturge‐Weber syndrome diagnosis with magnetic resonance imaging results in better neurodevelopmental outcomes. The utility of electroencephalographic screening is also unestablished. In Sturge‐Weber syndrome, neurodevelopmental outcomes depend on prompt recognition of neurologic red flags and early seizure control. Small numbers and a lack of prospective randomized controlled trials limit these findings. For infants with port‐wine stain involving skin derived from the frontonasal placode (forehead and hemifacial phenotypes), we recommend early referral to a pediatric neurologist for parental education, counselling, and monitoring for neurologic red flags and seizures and consideration of electroencephalography regardless of whether magnetic resonance imaging is performed or its findings.
Massive ascites and the heterozygous alpha 1 antitrypsin (α1AT) living related donor liver in the homozygous child
Authors: Khorsandi Shirin E. , Thompson Richard , Vilca‐Melendez Hector , Dhawan Anil , Heaton Nigel
Published: October 2017

The following is a short report on the use of a heterozygous (PiMZ) alpha 1 antitrypsin (α1AT) living related donor liver in a homozygous (PiZ) child that was complicated by massive ascites early after transplant. This clinical report is then followed by a brief summary of present knowledge on the α1AT protein and management of massive ascites in the pediatric liver transplant recipient.
Unique profile of antimicrobial peptide expression in polymorphic light eruption lesions compared to healthy skin, atopic dermatitis, and psoriasis
Authors: Patra VijayKumar , Mayer Gerlinde , Gruber‐Wackernagel Alexandra , Horn Michael , Lembo Serena , Wolf Peter
Published: October 2017

Background

Polymorphic light eruption (PLE) has been attributed to type IV, most likely delayed‐type hypersensitivity response (adaptive immunity) but little is known on innate immunity, especially antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) in the disease. Abnormalities in AMP expression have been linked to pathological skin conditions such as atopic dermatitis (AD) and psoriasis.

Methods

Antimicrobial peptide profiling was carried out in PLE skin samples (n,12) compared with that of healthy (n,13), atopic (n,6), and psoriatic skin (n,6).

Results

Compared to healthy skin, we observed increased expression of psoriasin and RNAse7 (both mostly in stratum granulosum of the epidermis), HBD‐2 (in the cellular infiltrate of the dermis), and LL37 (mostly in and around blood vessels and glands) in PLE lesional skin, a similar expression profile as present in psoriatic skin and different to that of AD (with little or no expression of psoriasin, RNAse7, HBD‐2, and LL37). HBD‐3 was downregulated in PLE compared to its high expression in the epidermis and dermis of healthy skin, AD, and psoriasis.

Conclusion

The unique profile of differentially expressed AMPs in PLE implies a role in the pathophysiology of the disease, possibly directly or indirectly linked to the microbiome of the skin.
Sentiment Manipulation in Online Platforms: An Analysis of Movie Tweets
Authors: Lee Shun‐Yang , Qiu Liangfei , Whinston Andrew
Published: October 2017

Online platforms are prone to abuse and manipulations from strategic parties. For example, social media and review websites suffer from sentiment manipulations, manifested in the form of opinion spam and fake reviews. The consequence of such manipulations is the deterioration of information quality as well as loss in consumer welfare. We study one of movie studios' operation activities, sentiment manipulation, in the context of movie tweets. Using the movie release and movie studios' earning announcement dates as sources of exogenous shocks, we find that both the average Twitter sentiment and the proportion of highly positive tweets exhibit a significant drop on the movie's release day or movie studios' earnings announcement day. In addition, independent productions and low budget movies tend to experience a larger drop than major studio productions and high budget movies. To examine the effect of competition on firm manipulation, we construct a movie competition measure based on both the time and theme dimensions through topic modeling, and we find that a higher level of competition leads to a larger drop in Twitter sentiment. Overall, these observations suggest that firms might be actively managing online sentiment in a strategic manner. Our study sheds light on the reliability of sentiment analysis and contributes to our understanding of potential strategic manipulation in the operation of movie studios.
Approximation Approaches for Inventory Systems with General Production/Ordering Cost Structures
Authors: Lu Ye , Song Miao , Yang Yi
Published: October 2017

The production/ordering cost structure is fundamental to determining an optimal inventory control policy. For example, it is well known that a base‐stock policy is optimal for inventory systems with linear production costs, whereas an ( s,  S) policy is optimal if both linear and fixed costs exist. However, many of the cost structures that have arisen from the practice are quite complex and make the optimal policies too complicated for managers to implement. In this study, we propose several easy‐to‐implement and efficient heuristic policies for inventory systems with general production costs, which include multiple linear pieces and fixed costs, suggesting a wide application to many practical problems that were previously difficult to solve. We establish the worst‐case performance bounds on the proposed heuristic policies by using the concept of K‐approximate convexity. Our extensive numerical studies, which are designed to reflect practical inventory control applications, evaluate the performance of the heuristic policies and show that the best heuristic policy we propose performs extremely well. We also try to provide explanations for the performance of different heuristic policies.
On “Sourcing Decisions with Stochastic Supplier Reliability and Stochastic Demand”
Authors: Yan Xiaoming
Published: October 2017

This note complements the study of Burke, Carillo and Vakharia (hereafter referred to as “BCV model”), which investigates the implications of unreliable supplies on a firm's sourcing decisions under uniformly distributed demand. First, I present a sufficient condition under which the optimal quantity ordered from each supplier corresponds to the solution derived as BCV. Second, a heuristics is developed for the BCV model when the sufficient condition is not satisfied, and conduct numerical experiments to investigate the performance of the BCV solution when the optimality conditions fail.
Republican Candidates' Positions on Donald Trump in the 2016 Congressional Elections: Strategies and Consequences
Authors: Liu Huchen , Jacobson Gary C.
Published: October 2017

Donald Trump's nomination posed a challenge for Republican congressional candidates running on the ticket with him in 2016. The nominee's intense base of support within the party combined with his unprecedented unpopularity more broadly required these candidates to think strategically about supporting or opposing him. This article examines how they responded to that challenge, what explains their different responses, and what electoral consequences ensued from their choices. The data show that candidates' positions on Trump primarily reflected the partisanship of their districts and secondarily their gender and incumbency status. Their strategic choices had little general impact in an election almost completely dominated by partisanship, but in at least a few instances refusal to support Trump may have been necessary for the Republican incumbent to win reelection.
Stratification ratio of soil organic carbon as an indicator of carbon sequestration and soil quality in ecological restoration
Authors: Xu Mingxiang , Wang Zheng , Zhao Yunge
Published: October 2017

The stratified distribution of soil organic carbon (SOC) provides a potential means of eliminating the difference in soil background for understanding its response to ecological processes. We assessed the feasibility of SOC stratification ratio (SR) as an index to estimate the dynamics of SOC sequestration and soil quality during ecological restoration. SOC, total nitrogen, and available nitrogen contents were measured at restored sites containing three vegetation types with different stand ages and slope gradients, also at sites with three kinds of agricultural management on the hilly Loess Plateau, China. SR and SOC density (SOCD) showed a consistently significant trend of linear increase along the revegetation chronosequences. The proportion of the annual increase rates of SR to SOCD were approximately 1:15 and 1:5 for SR1 (0–5:5–10 cm) and SR2 (0–5:20–30 cm), indicating that SR of the shallow soil layers (0–10 cm) could estimate SOC accumulation to a depth of 30 cm. SRs significantly increased owing to the ecosystem restorations. Also, SRs could discriminate the difference in SOC sequestration and soil quality between vegetation types. SR, however, could not precisely indicate the variation of SOC sequestration and soil quality under different agricultural management. The study suggested that SR was an efficient indicator of the dynamics of SOC sequestration and soil quality, and an SR2 (0–5:20–30 cm) >2 indicated a distinct improvement of SOC sequestration and soil quality in ecological restoration on the hilly Loess Plateau.
Performance of 11 tree species under different management treatments in restoration plantings in a tropical dry forest
Authors: González‐Tokman Daniel Matías , Barradas Víctor Luis , Boege Karina , Domínguez César Augusto , del‐Val Ek , Saucedo Erandi , Martínez‐Garza Cristina
Published: October 2017

Ecological restoration in tropical dry forests urgently needs to incorporate experimental evidence to increase effectiveness. The main barriers for tree establishment are adverse microenvironmental conditions and competition with exotic grasses. Therefore, management should address such barriers in order to enhance tree performance. We evaluated the effect of plastic mulching, grass removal, and no management on survival after 2 months and stem volume and canopy size after 2 years and integrated response index (IRI) in plantings of 11 native tree species with different growth rates in pastures near the tropical dry forest of Chamela, Mexico. Results revealed that: (1) initial seedling mortality was minimal in all treatments (8%) and lowest under no management (2%); (2) plastic mulching, but not grass removal, leads to increased size for most species, irrespective of their growth rank; (3) a trade‐off between initial plant survival and size after 2 years occurred due to plastic mulching; and (4) most species showed similar values of the IRI because of high survival, stem volume, or canopy cover. Grass removal decreased early survival of all species and increased stem volume only for one slow‐growing species. The use of plastic mulching increased stem volume for slow‐growing species, whereas fast‐growing species developed larger canopies with that treatment. Effects of grass removal and mulching seem to be very species‐specific and not dependent in growth rank of species, although overall mulching seems to provide better conditions for seedling performance than grass removal alone.
Child‐ and Family‐Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Pediatric Bipolar Disorder: Applications for Suicide Prevention
Authors: Weinstein Sally M. , Cruz Rick A. , Isaia Ashley R. , Peters Amy T. , West Amy E.
Published: October 2017

Despite high rates of suicide ideation (SI) and behavior in youth with pediatric bipolar disorder (PBD), little work has examined how psychosocial interventions impact suicidality among this high‐risk group. The current study examined SI outcomes in a randomized clinical trial comparing Child‐ and Family‐Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CFF‐CBT) for PBD versus psychotherapy treatment‐as‐usual (TAU). Although not designed for suicide prevention, CFF‐CBT addresses child and family factors related to suicide risk and thus was hypothesized to generalize to the treatment of suicidality. Participants included 71 youth aged 7–13 years (M = 9.17, SD = 1.60) with DSM‐IV‐TR bipolar I, II, or not otherwise specified randomly assigned, with parent(s), to receive CFF‐CBT or TAU. Both treatments consisted of 12 weekly and 6 monthly booster sessions. Suicide ideation was assessed via clinician interview at baseline, posttreatment, and 6‐month follow‐up. Results indicated that SI was prevalent pretreatment: 39% of youth reported current suicidal thoughts. All youth significantly improved in the likelihood and intensity of ideation across treatment, but group differences were not significant. Thus, findings suggest that early intervention for these high‐risk youth may reduce SI, and at this stage of suicidality, youth may be responsive to even nonspecialized treatment.
V1b vasopressin receptor trafficking and signaling: Role of arrestins, G proteins and Src kinase
Authors: Perkovska Sanja , Méjean Catherine , Ayoub Mohammed Akli , Li Juan , Hemery Floriane , Corbani Maithé , Laguette Nadine , Ventura Maria‐Angeles , Orcel Hélène , Durroux Thierry , Mouillac Bernard , Mendre Christiane
Published: October 2017

The signaling pathway of G protein‐coupled receptors is strongly linked to their trafficking profile. Little is known about the molecular mechanisms involved in the vasopressin receptor V1b subtype (V1bR) trafficking and its impact on receptor signaling and regulation. For this purpose, we investigated the role of β‐arrestins in receptor desensitization, internalization and recycling and attempted to dissect the V1bR‐mediated MAP kinase pathway. Using MEF cells Knocked‐out for β‐arrestins 1 and 2, we demonstrated that both β‐arrestins 1 and 2 play a fundamental role in internalization and recycling of V1bR with a rapid and transient V1bR‐β‐arrestin interaction in contrast to a slow and long‐lasting β‐arrestin recruitment of the V2 vasopressin receptor subtype (V2R). Using V1bR‐V2R chimeras and V1bR C‐terminus truncations, we demonstrated the critical role of the V1bR C‐terminus in its interaction with β‐arrestins thereby regulating the receptor internalization and recycling kinetics in a phosphorylation‐independent manner. In parallel, V1bR MAP kinase activation was dependent on arrestins and Src‐kinase but independent on G proteins. Interestingly, Src interacted with hV1bR at basal state and dissociated when receptor internalization occurred. Altogether, our data describe for the first time the trafficking profile and MAP kinase pathway of V1bR involving both arrestins and Src kinase family.
Creative geographies and living on from breast cancer: The enlivening potential of autobiographical bricolage for an aesthetics of precarity
Authors: Madge Clare
Published: October 2017

This paper is located at the intersection of scholarship on creative geographies and geographies of dying, death and “living on” (survival). It explores the intimate experience of breast cancer through the practice of creative bricolage which uses autobiographical poetry and photographs. Employing a roving writing strategy that allows for multiple entry points and connectivities surrounding the complex meshworks of precarious cancer survival, the paper traverses health, emotional, environmental and political concerns. In so doing, the paper makes three key contributions: first, in considering how a creative sensibility might bring more visceral, emotionally sensitive and politically embedded accounts of death, dying and survival into the realm of geographical visibility; second, in exploring some of the potentials and limitations of using do‐it‐yourself bricolage as a creative practice; and third, in revealing how a geographical mindset, with its attention to multiple intersecting sites and its ability to promulgate holistic relational understanding, can widen the aesthetic terrain of breast cancer beyond dominant tropes of consumerist sentimentality or heroic femininity towards an aesthetics of precarity.
Legal geographies of labour and postdemocracy: Reinforcing non‐standard work in South Korea
Authors: Doucette Jamie , Kang Susan
Published: October 2017

This paper engages the literature on the legal geographies of labour and postdemocracy in order to examine the role of law in limiting the labour rights of non‐standard workers. To do so, it analyses the effects of civil suits for obstruction of business against workers and trade union activists in South Korea. First embraced by liberal administrations as an alternative to authoritarian forms of labour control, civil suits for obstruction of business have become a common feature of labour struggles since 2002 and have led to millions of dollars in damage claims and provisional seizure of assets being applied against workers for engaging in collective action. We argue that by treating many ordinary trade union practices as “threats of force” that obstruct business and are thus liable for compensation, the law has been an essential component in the creation of a postdemocratic mode of labour control: one in which many fundamental labour rights are officially recognised, unlike under authoritarian regimes, but undermined in practice by narrowly limiting workers’ ability to pursue lawful collective action.
Temperature and humidity effects on physogastric development and reproduction of the mushroom mite Dolichocybe perniciosa (Acari: Dolichocybidae)
Authors: Lan Qingxiu , Lu Zhenghui , Ke Bingrong , Liao Jianhua , Fan Qing-Hai
Published: October 2017

The effects of temperature and humidity on physogastric development and reproduction of the mushroom mite Dolichocybe perniciosa (Acari: Dolichocybidae) were observed at five temperatures (8, 13, 18, 25 and 28°C), five relative humidities (22, 55, 65, 81 and 92% RH) and dark condition. Temperatures significantly affected the settling time, pre-physogastry time, physogastry rate, generation time and the number of progenies in physogastry, while humidity had little effect on these factors. Settling rate of wondering adult females increased and pre-physogastry time shortened with the increase of temperature. In the range of 13°C to 28°C more than two thirds of wondering females settled within 72 hours which was significantly higher than that at 8°C. About 60 to 64 progenies were produced when temperature was above 18°C. Dolichocybe perniciosa had the ability to survive at temperatures as high as 38°C and as low as 0°C after 24 hours but failed to settle and feed at –20°C or 42°C. It was capable to recover after being treated at 0°C for 72 hours.
Preliminary study of a fast massive gas injection system for plasma disruption mitigation
Authors: D'Elia Gerardo , Frattolillo Antonio , Bucci Massimiliano , Gravanti Filippo
Published: October 2017

In fusion experiments, and for future international thermonuclear experimental reactor-like fusion reactors, the mitigation of plasma disruptions is a key issue to reduce the severe damage that can be caused to the machine by high heat loads and runaway electrons. Pellet injection (PI) and massive gas injection (MGI) are present among the most promising candidate techniques to mitigate disruption effects. PI consists of injecting into the plasma solid cryogenic pellets, while MGI involves the injection of large amounts of different species of noble gases by means of a fast valve. In present day facilities, a suitable fast disruption mitigation valve (FDMV) typically must be able to deliver [Bozhenkov et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 78, 033503 (2007)] about 10 bar × l of a noble gas in 10 ms (although this figure depends on the plasma stored energy). An almost unique know-how has been developed in the Special Technologies Laboratory, at ENEA Frascati, concerning high-speed cryogenic pellet injectors based on two-stage pneumatic light-gas guns [Frattolillo et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 67, 1834 (1996).]. The possible use of the fast valve, integrated inside the first stage of the gun driver, as a FDMV, is proposed in this article. Preliminary laboratory tests, conducted using an existing device, demonstrate the considerable potential of this particular fast valve concept, which is actuated by a difference in pressure exerted on the opposite sides of the valve shutter. Although the equipment used in these preliminary laboratory tests was not specifically designed for this purpose, its performances (about 20 bar × l of He injected in the test volume in roughly 10.5 ms) are comparable with those of other FDMV concepts; moreover, it proved to be reliable, flexible, and repeatable, allowing an accurate control of the amount of gas released by the valve. The results of these exploratory experiments are reported and compared with other FDMV concepts.
Elastic and Inelastic Collisions of a Ball with a Wood Block
Authors: Cross Rod
Published: October 2017

In a recent article in this journal, Shakur described an interesting problem where a bullet of mass m strikes a block of wood of mass M and projects the block upward. The same problem was considered earlier by Cowley et al. and others. The main question of interest is whether the block rises to a greater height if it is struck in the middle rather than near one end. Conservation of energy or conservation of momentum arguments, on their own, appear to yield very different predictions. Both Shakur and Cowley et al. indicated that the block would rise to the same height, regardless of the impact point, based simply on a conservation of momentum argument.
An Alternative Proposal for the Graphical Representation of Anticolor Charge
Authors: Wiener Gerfried J. , Schmeling Sascha M. , Hopf Martin
Published: October 2017

We have developed a learning unit based on the Standard Model of particle physics, featuring novel typographic illustrations of elementary particles and particle systems. Since the unit includes antiparticles and systems of antiparticles, a visualization of anticolor charge was required. We propose an alternative to the commonly used complementary-color method, whereby antiparticles and antiparticle systems are identified through the use of stripes instead of a change in color. We presented our proposal to high school students and physics teachers, who evaluated it to be a more helpful way of distinguishing between color charge and anticolor charge.
Analyzing Impulse Using iPhone and Tracker
Authors: Ayop Shahrul Kadri
Published: October 2017

The iPhone 6 introduced a new feature of recording video in Slo-Mo mode at 240 fps (4.17 ms interval). This great capability when integrated with video analysis freeware such as Tracker offers in-depth exploration for physical phenomena such as collisions that occur in a very short duration of time. This article discusses one such usage in analyzing impulse for a simple collision experiment. Students can benefit through investigation of various related mechanics concepts in the collision.
The SI-Gap: How British Units Are Impeding Advances in STEM
Authors: Jones M. P. , Cook Courtney J.
Published: October 2017

The United States is one of only three countries in the world that remain uncommitted to the metric system. Perhaps to policymakers the decision to hang on to miles, pounds, and gallons is one of tradition. However, as a physics teacher I have seen firsthand how growing up with U.S. Customary Units (commonly called by the pseudonym “British Units”) has negatively impacted my students. Sure, they can convert between “British” and SI units; and they can effectively toggle between SI prefixes. However, they typically lack intuition regarding the values they express in SI. This is a major problem, but is by no means a criticism against them. Their disadvantage is the result of a unique learning gap that exists in the United States. I call it the SI(sī)-gap. The SI-gap not only impedes our ability as teachers to inspire students when it comes to science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM); it also prevents our students from properly assessing the validity of their own results. As we shall soon see, the SI-gap carries consequences beyond the classroom. If we are to solve the problems that relate to the SI-gap, we need to reform the way we introduce SI units to the current generation of students.
Surface tension measurements with a smartphone
Authors: Goy Nicolas-Alexandre , Denis Zakari , Lavaud Maxime , Grolleau Adrian , Dufour Nicolas , Deblais Antoine , Delabre Ulysse
Published: October 2017

Smartphones are increasingly used in higher education and at university in mechanics, acoustics, and even thermodynamics as they offer a unique way to do simple science experiments. In this article, we show how smartphones can be used in fluid mechanics to measure surface tension of various liquids, which could help students understand the concept of surface tension through simple experiments.
An introductory calculus-based mechanics investigation
Authors: Allen Bradley
Published: October 2017

One challenge for the introductory physics teacher is incorporating calculus techniques into the laboratory setting. It can be difficult to strike a balance between presenting an experimental task for which calculus is essential and making the mathematics accessible to learners who may be apprehensive about applying it. One-dimensional kinematics is a common way to do so and has been discussed in this publication. This article outlines a two-dimensional kinematics experiment that is straightforward for students to perform, but for which the ideas of differentiation and maximizing are necessary to justify the results theoretically. It also leads to a satisfying result that ties into a derivation which students may recognize.
On the far-field computation of acoustic radiation forces
Authors: Martin P. A.
Published: October 2017

It is known that the steady acoustic radiation force on a scatterer due to incident time-harmonic waves can be calculated by evaluating certain integrals of velocity potentials over a sphere surrounding the scatterer. The goal is to evaluate these integrals using far-field approximations and appropriate limits. Previous derivations are corrected, clarified, and generalized. Similar corrections are made to textbook derivations of optical theorems.
Inter- and Intrarater Reliabilities of the Test of Gross Motor Development—Third Edition Among Experienced TGMD-2 Raters
Authors: Maeng Hyokju , Webster E. Kipling , Pitchford E. Andrew , Ulrich Dale A.
Published: October 2017

The purpose of this study was to examine the inter- and intrarater reliabilities of the Test of Gross Motor Development—third edition (TGMD-3). The TGMD-3 was administered to 10 typically developing children. Five raters with experience using the Test of Gross Motor Development—second edition (TGMD-2) scored the digitally recorded performances and then rescored the same performances after a period of 2 weeks. Intraclass correlation (ICC) was used to examine both inter- and intrarater reliabilities of scores. Interrater reliability for the total score, locomotor subscale, and ball skills subscale (ICC: 0.92–0.96) were all excellent, while individual skills (ICC: 0.51–0.93) had fair-to-excellent reliability. Intrarater reliability across all raters was also excellent (ICC: 0.77–0.98) but varied widely for individual raters (ICC: 0.28–1.00) including multiple examples of poor reliability. While raters experienced with the TGMD-2 can produce consistent scores for TGMD-3 total scale and subscales, additional training is needed to improve skill-specific reliability.
Progressive Dehydration in Junior Laser Class Sailors During World Championship
Authors: Arnaoutis Giannis , Verginadis Panagiotis , Seal Adam D. , Vogiatzis Ioannis , Sidossis Labros S. , Kavouras Stavros A.
Published: October 2017

The purpose of this article is to assess the hydration status of elite young sailing athletes during World Championship competition. Twelve young, elite, male, Laser Class sailors (age: 15.8 ± 1.1 y, height: 1.74 ± 0.1 m, weight: 65.1 ± 1.5 kg, body fat: 12.5 ± 3.1%, training experience: 7.0 ± 1.2 y) participated in this descriptive study. After three-day baseline bodyweight measurements, hydration status was assessed via pre- and post-race body weights, urine-specific gravity, and thirst ratings via a visual analog scale during four consecutive days of racing. Measurements and data collection took place at the same time each racing day, with mean environmental temperature, humidity, and wind speed at 23.0 ± 0.8°C, 64–70%, and 9 ± 1 knots, respectively. Average racing time was 130 ± 9 min. Body weight was significantly decreased following each race-day as compared to prerace values (Day 1: −1.1 ± 0.2, Day 2: −2.5 ± 0.1, Day 3: −2.8 ± 0.1, and Day 4: −3.0 ± 0.1% of body weight; p < 0.05). The participants exhibited dehydration of −2.9 ± 0.2 and −5.8 ± 0.2% of body weight before and after the fourth racing day as compared to the three-day baseline body weight. Urine-specific gravity (pre–post → Day 1: 1.014–1.017; Day 2: 1.019–1.024; Day 3: 1.021–1.026; Day 4: 1.022–1.027) and thirst (pre–post → Day 1: 2.0–5.2; Day 2: 3.2–5.5; Day 3: 3.7–5.7; Day 4: 3.8–6.8) were also progressively and significantly elevated throughout the four days of competition. The data revealed progressive dehydration throughout four consecutive days of racing as indicated by decreased body weight, elevated urine concentration, and high thirst.
Effects of Varying the Step Duration on the Determination of Lactate Thresholds in Elite Rowers
Authors: Bourdon Pitre C. , Woolford Sarah M. , Buckley Jonathan D.
Published: October 2017

This study aimed to identify the minimum increment duration required to accurately assess 2 distinct lactate thresholds. A total of 21 elite rowers (12 women and 9 men) participated in this study, and each performed 8 or 9 rowing tests comprising 5 progressive incremental tests (3-, 4-, 5-, 7-, or 10-min steps) and at least three 30-min constant-intensity maximal lactate steady-state assessments. Power output (PO) at lactate threshold 1 was higher in the 3- and 4-min incremental tests. No other measures were different for lactate threshold 1. The PO at the second lactate threshold was different between most tests and was higher than the PO at maximal lactate steady state, except for the 10-min incremental test. Lactate threshold 2 oxygen consumption was higher in the 3-, 4-, and 5-min tests, but heart rate (HR) and rating of perceived exertion were not different between tests. Peak PO in the incremental tests was inversely related to the step durations (r2 = .86, P ≤ .02). Peak oxygen consumption was higher in the shorter (≤5 min) than the longer (≥7 min) incremental tests, whereas peak HR was not different between tests. These data suggest that for the methods used in this study, incremental exercise tests with step durations ≤7 min overestimate maximal lactate steady-state exercise intensity, peak physiological values are best determined using incremental tests with step durations ≤4 min, and HR measures are not affected by step duration, and therefore, prescription of training HRs can be made using any of these tests.
The Impact of Different Competitive Environments on Pacing and Performance
Authors: Konings Marco J. , Hettinga Florentina J.
Published: October 2017

Purpose: In real-life competitive situations, athletes are required to continuously make decisions about how and when to invest their available energy resources. This study attempted to identify how different competitive environments invite elite short-track speed skaters to modify their pacing behavior during head-to-head competition. Methods: Lap times of elite 500-, 1000- and 1500-m short-track speed skating competitions between 2011 and 2016 (N = 34,095 races) were collected. Log-transformed lap and finishing times were analyzed with mixed linear models. The fixed effects in the model were sex, season, stage of competition, start position, competition importance, event number per tournament, number of competitors per race, altitude, and time qualification. The random effects of the model were athlete identity and the residual (within-athlete race-to-race variation). Separate analyses were performed for each event. Results: Several competitive environments, such as the number of competitors in a race (a higher number of competitors evoked most likely a faster initial pace; coefficient of variation [CV] = 1.9–9.3%), the stage of competition (likely to most likely, a slower initial pace was demonstrated in finals; CV = −1.4% to 2.0%), the possibility of time qualification (most likely a faster initial pace; CV = 2.6–5.0%), and competition importance (most likely faster races at the Olympics; CV = 1.3–3.5%), altered the pacing decisions of elite skaters in 1000- and 1500-m events. Stage of competition and start position affected 500-m pacing behavior. Conclusions: As demonstrated in this study, different competitive environments evoked modifications in pacing behavior, in particular in the initial phase of the race, emphasizing the importance of athlete–environment interactions, especially during head-to-head competitions.