bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Psychiatric Evaluations in Capital Cases
Authors: Kapoor Reena , Michaelsen Katherine , Prabhu Maya
Published: December 2015

Psychiatrists may play a role in several aspects of the death penalty process. Frequently, in capital cases, courts or attorneys request evaluations of the defendant's competence to stand trial, sanity at the time of the crime, future dangerousness, and mitigating or aggravating life circumstances. Less commonly, psychiatrists are asked to evaluate a defendant's intellectual disabilities, maturity, competence to represent himself, or competence to be executed. This article describes several common types of psychiatric evaluations in death penalty cases, using relevant landmark court decisions to formulate guidelines and criteria for each type of evaluation.[Psychiatr Ann. 2015;45(12):603–609.]
A massive input of coarse-grained siliciclastics in the Pyrenean Basin during the PETM: the missing ingredient in a coeval abrupt change in hydrological regime
Authors: Pujalte V. , Baceta J. I. , Schmitz B.
Published: December 2015

Abstract. The Paleocene–Eocene thermal maximum (PETM) is represented in numerous shallow and deep marine sections of the south–central and western Pyrenees by a 2–4 m thick unit (locally up to 20 m) of clays or marly clays intercalated within a carbonate-dominated succession. This unit records a massive input into the Pyrenean Gulf of fine-grained terrestrial siliciclastics, attributed to an abrupt hydrological change during the PETM. However, the nature of such a change remains controversial. Here we show that, in addition to fine-grained deposits, large volumes of coarse-grained siliciclastics were brought into the basin and were mostly accumulated in incised valleys and in a long-lived deep-sea channel. The occurrence of these coarse-grained deposits has been known for some time, but their correlation with the PETM is reported here for the first time. The bulk of the incised valley deposits in the PETM interval are cross-bedded sands and pebbly sands, almost exclusively made of quartz. The criteria for indicting a relation to the PETM include their stratigraphic position between upper Thanetian and lower Ilerdian marine carbonates, organic carbon isotope data, and a high percentage of kaolinite in the clay matrix. The axially flowing deep-sea channel existed throughout Paleocene times in the Pyrenean Basin, within which coarse-grained calciclastic and siliciclastic turbidites were accumulated. This Paleocene succession is capped by thickly bedded quartz sandstones and pebbly sandstones, probably deposited by hyperpycnal flows, which are here assigned to the PETM based on their stratigraphic position and organic carbon isotopic data. The large and simultaneous increase in coarse- and fine-grained terrestrial siliciclastics delivered to the Pyrenean Gulf during the PETM is attributed to an increased intra-annual humidity gradient. During the PETM a longer and drier summer season facilitated the erosion of landscapes, whereas a dramatic enhancement of precipitation extremes during the wet season led to intensified flood events, with rivers carrying greater volumes of both bed and suspended loads. This scenario argues against the possibility that PETM kaolinites indicate a coeval warm and humid climate in northern Spain. Instead, the kaolinite reflects the erosion of thick Cretaceous lateritic profiles developed on the Hercynian basement.
Monitoring Atlantic overturning circulation and transport variability with GRACE-type ocean bottom pressure observations – a sensitivity study
Authors: Bentel K. , Landerer F. W. , Boening C.
Published: December 2015

Abstract. The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) is a key mechanism for large-scale northward heat transport and thus plays an important role for global climate. Relatively warm water is transported northward in the upper layers of the North Atlantic Ocean and, after cooling at subpolar latitudes, sinks down and is transported back south in the deeper limb of the AMOC. The utility of in situ ocean bottom pressure (OBP) observations to infer AMOC changes at single latitudes has been characterized in the recent literature using output from ocean models. We extend the analysis and examine the utility of space-based observations of time-variable gravity and the inversion for ocean bottom pressure to monitor AMOC changes and variability between 20 and 60° N. Consistent with previous results, we find a strong correlation between the AMOC signal and OBP variations, mainly along the western slope of the Atlantic Basin. We then use synthetic OBP data – smoothed and filtered to resemble the resolution of the GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) gravity mission, but without errors – and reconstruct geostrophic AMOC transport. Due to the coarse resolution of GRACE-like OBP fields, we find that leakage of signal across the step slopes of the ocean basin is a significant challenge at certain latitudes. Transport signal rms is of a similar order of magnitude as error rms for the reconstructed time series. However, the interannual AMOC anomaly time series can be recovered from 20 years of monthly GRACE-like OBP fields with errors less than 1 sverdrup in many locations.
PMIPv6 Assistive Cross-Layer Design to reduce handover latency in VANET Mobility for Next Generation Wireless Networks
Authors: AL-Hashimi Haider Noori , Hussein Waleed Noori
Published: December 2015

VANET Networks are one of the main next generation wireless networks which are envisaged to be an integration of homogeneous and heterogeneous wireless networks. The inter-networking of these wireless networks with the Internet will provide ubiquitous access to roaming network users. However, a seamless handover mechanism with negligible handover delay is required to maintain active connections during roaming across these networks. Several solutions, mainly involving host-based localized mobility management schemes, have been widely proposed to reduce handover delay among homogeneous and heterogeneous wireless networks. However, the handover delay remains high and unacceptable for delay-sensitive services such as real-time and multimedia services. Moreover, these services will be very common in next generation wireless networks. Unfortunately, these widely proposed host-based localized mobility management schemes involve the vehicle in mobility-related signalling hence effectively increasing the handover delay. Furthermore, these schemes do not properly address the advanced handover scenarios envisaged in future wireless networks. This paper, therefore, proposes a VANET mobility management framework utilizing cross-layer design, the IEEE 802.21 future standard, and the recently emerged network-based localized mobility management protocol, Proxy Mobile IPv6, to further reduce handover delay.
Channel Aware Scheduling Algorithm for LTE Uplink and Downlink
Authors: Kanagasabai Aswin , Nayak Amiya
Published: December 2015

In the past two decades, there has been a drastic increase in the mobile traffic, which is caused by the improved user experience with smart phones and its applications. In LTE system, the packet scheduler plays a vital role in the effective utilization of the resources. This field is not standardized and has immense scope of improvement, allowing vendor-specific implementation. LTE scheduling can be categorized into two extremes, namely, Opportunistic scheduling and Fairness scheduling. The Best Channel Quality Indicator (BCQI) algorithm falls under the former category while Proportional Fairness (PF) algorithm under the later. BCQI algorithm provides high system throughput than PF algorithm, however, unlike BCQI algorithm, PF algorithm considers users with poor channel condition for allocation process. In this work, a new scheduling algorithm called as Opportunistic Dual Metric (ODM) Scheduling Algorithm is proposed for LTE uplink and downlink.The objective of the algorithm is to prioritize the users with good channel condition for resource allocation, at the same time not to starve the users with poor channel conditions. The proposed algorithm has two resource allocation matrices, one being throughput-centric and the other being is fairness-centric. The uplink algorithm uses the two resource allocation matrices to allocate the resources to the users and to ensure contiguous resource allocation. The downlink algorithm is an extension of the proposed uplink algorithm avoiding uplink constraints. The downlink algorithm employs the two resource distribution matrices to provide an efficient resource allocation by expanding the allocation for the users considering intermittent resources. The performance of ODM is measured in terms of throughput, fairness. Additionally, the uplink algorithm is analyzed in terms of transmit power. From the results it is observed that the proposed algorithm has better trade-off in terms of all the performance parameters than PF scheduler and BCQI scheduler.
An Application of Project-Based Learning on the Development of Young Local Tour Guides on Tai Phuan’s Culture and Tourist Attractions in Sisatchanalai District, Sukhothai Province
Authors: Kerdpol Sakon
Published: December 2015

This paper presents an investigation of a research entitled, “ An Application of Project-based Learning on the Development of Young Local Tour Guides on Tai Phuan’s Culture and Tourist Attractions in Sisatchanalai District, Sukhothai Province. It was intended to develop young local tour guides on Tai Phuan’s culture and tourist attractions in Sisatchanalai, Sukhothai Province. The study explored the improvement in students’ communicative ability and examined to what extent the students revealed both positive and negative attitudes towards project-based learning. The study also aimed to develop a set of recommendations for future practice in project-based learning in Thai educational institutions. The research was conducted in classroom of 50 grade 10 students with purposive sampling of Muangchalieng School in Sisatchanalai, Sukhothai Province.

The questionnaire aimed to evaluate the students’ satisfaction of the methodology called project-based learning in terms of their attitude in English language development and the practice of young local tour guides. A focus-group interview with each group provided in-depth information regarding their learning and provided ideas for a set of recommendations for future practice. It is anticipated that the information gained from this study will benefit both the teachers in their choices of suitable methodologies and students’ outcomes with the respect to improved competency in their skills in English and increased confidence in project-based learning in small groups.
An Action Research on Improving Non-English Majors’ English Writing by Basic Sentence Pattern Translation Drills
Authors: He Xiaoyu
Published: December 2015

English writing plays an indispensible part in EFL (English as a Foreign Language) learning for Chinese students, which accounts for a high score in an English test in China. And it is also a comprehensive reflection of students’ abilities in L2 application. However, most non-English majors in vocational and technical colleges have great trouble in English writing and writing incorrect and inappropriate sentences ranks number one among all the English writing problems. English writing teaching is always a weak part in English teaching. The researcher conducted an eleven-week action research on basic sentence pattern translation drills among 50 non-English majors from 4 classes who didn’t pass CET-3 in a Vocational and Technical College. Before the action research, students’ writing problems were identified via questionnaire, sentence test and writing pretest. Then an eleven-week action plan was carried out and one adjustment was made to the plan in the light of results of interviews. Writing posttest was taken and another interview was made afterwards. It was found from data collection and analysis as well as analysis of students’ writing samples that students could write correct sentences in English and their English writing scores and abilities improved a lot after the action research.
Capital Theory, Crises, and Business Cycles: The Triangular Debate between Hayek, Keynes, and Sraffa
Authors: Kurz Heinz D.
Published: December 2015

The paper discusses aspects of the triangular debate between Hayek, Keynes, and Sraffa on economic crises, business cycles and the role of capital theory in an analysis of these phenomena. It is argued that Sraffa was both critical of Hayek's monetary overinvestment theory and Keynes's use of the concept of commodity rates of interest Sraffa had employed in his criticism of Hayek and of Keynes's theory of liquidity preference.
Hayek's Hidden Critique of The General Theory
Authors: Sanz David , Morillo Juan
Published: December 2015

Hayek is seen as one of the main opponents of Keynes because of the debate about macroeconomics that they had in the early thirties. A few years after this controversy, Keynes published The General Theory ([1936] 1973), and Hayek was expected to criticize Keynes' new model. But, surprisingly, Hayek decided to remain silent and let his opponent go unchallenged. He regretted it ever after. However, this paper argues that in Hayek's work after 1936, there is a criticism of The General Theory that to a certain extent has remained unnoticed. Thus, this approach reopens the great debate between Hayek and Keynes just where they had apparently left it, that is, after the publication of The General Theory.
Ludwig M. Lachmann Against the Cambridge School
Authors: Ferlito Carmelo
Published: December 2015

While in the early 1930s Keynes and Hayek were the major figures in a heated academic debate about money and capital, in which Keynes also and especially involved the Italian Piero Sraffa, it might seem at first sight that the Austrian economist set aside an organic demolition of the ideas expressed in 1936 by his rival in the General Theory. Hayek himself, in the future, would regret not having devoted an organic work to criticising the new Keynesian theories. However, as demonstrated in Sanz Bas (2011), although it is not possible to find a debate such as the one on the Treatise on Money, Hayek's subsequent works do include timely and reasoned criticisms as regards the main conclusions of the new Cambridge macroeconomics.
But the 'Austrian knight' of a new Vienna-Cambridge debate, in the subsequent decades, was the German economist Ludwig M. Lachmann (1906-1990), a student of Hayek at LSE during the 1930s and later a professor in Johannesburg and New York. Lachmann was one of the protagonists of the Austrian revival after 1974 and the founding leader of the 'nermeneutic stream', opposed by the Rothbardian stream.
Lachmann, defending Keynes's subjectivism and expectation theory, revived the Vienna-Cambridge controversy, criticising not Keynes but his followers, in particular the 'new' Cambridge School, developed by Joan Robinson and Piero Sraffa. Lachmann's life sight was to build a new economics paradigm, centred on the idea of market process, expectations and kaleidic society (Shackle); in order to do so he developed a deep attack toward the new Cambridge macroeconomics mainstream, arising from World War II ashes during the 1950s and 1960s. His polemic toward the 'modern' macroeconomics can be read in all his books and papers, but it is particularly evident in Lachmann (1973, [1986a] 1994).
His preferred targets were Sraffa and Joan Robinson, 'guilty', according to Lachmann, to overcome Keynes's subjectivism and to develop a new Neo-Ricardian approach. The resulting macroeconomics is accused to be excessively formalist, ignoring the microfoundations that are at the very root of human action and choice.
But Lachmann's attack was not only an epistemological one. He intensively tried to demolish all the pillars of the Cambridge macroeconomics: capital as aggregate, long run equilibrium, the absence of innovation and technological change and the conception of rate of profit. His starting point was an economics based on human expectations as the only possible source of human actions. A source, however, never at rest, and continuously influenced by technological change and changing information.
La educación literaria de los clásicos y su proyección interdisciplinaria para el aprendizaje basado en competencias
Authors: Caro Valverde María Teresa
Published: December 2015

En este estudio se proponen bases epistemológicas y didácticas para considerar la educación literaria como ciencia social humanista que estimula un aprendizaje cooperativo y creativo de proyección interdisciplinar en torno a los clásicos. Se parte de una hipótesis basada en las teorías semióticas del hipertexto: la consideración educativa de los clásicos literarios como obras modernas porque a través de los siglos persiste su interés social y su convocatoria de ciencias diversas. Contribuye así a solventar un problema que atenaza al reto actual del aprendizaje basado en competencias básicas: la costumbre academicista de confundir la literatura con la historia de la literatura y la escritura con una mera representación de la oralidad, lo cual menoscaba el  aprendizaje heurístico inherente a la cognición conectiva y reflexiva que fomenta buenas prácticas educativas interdisciplinarias. Por ello, propone una metodología de investigación- acción en el aula que ha sido validada con numerosas intervenciones interdisciplinarias en las etapas educativas de Primaria y Secundaria, donde los clásicos de la literatura han sido correspondidos desde los contextos auténticos de sus lectores del siglo XXI: niños y adolescentes creadores de hipertextos reunidos en libros-homenaje que han sido analizados cualitativamente. El modelo didáctico resultante constituye una referencia pionera sobre educación literaria interdisciplinaria orientada hacia un enfoque educativo basado en competencias desde aprendizajes basados en tareas y en proyectos.
La visión del profesorado sobre las misiones humanitarias y de paz en la escuela
Authors: Leiva Olivencia Juan José
Published: December 2015

En este artículo se ofrecen las principales conclusiones de un estudio de investigación sobre la imagen de las misiones humanitarias y de paz en la escuela desde la perspectiva docente. Se pone de relieve la división entre distintas concepciones pedagógicas docentes sobre la idoneidad o no de vincular educación para la paz y misiones humanitarias desarrolladas por las Fuerzas Armadas Españolas.
Enfoque por competencias y resultados escolares. Estudio longitudinal en el Principado de Asturias
Authors: Álvarez Castrillón José Antonio , Rodríguez Martín Alejandro , Álvarez Arregui Emilio
Published: December 2015

Las recientes leyes que han regulado el sistema educativo en España han coincidido en dos aspectos: la incorporación de las Competencias Básicas y la implantación de evaluaciones de diagnóstico para conocer su grado de desarrollo. La aplicación de estas pruebas en el Principado de Asturias desde el curso 2005-2006 convierte a esta región en pionera en su diseño y desarrollo. En este artículo presentamos un meta-análisis de los resultados obtenidos por el alumnado de 4º de Educación Primaria y 2º de E.S.O. en las evaluaciones de diagnóstico durante los últimos seis cursos académicos (2006-2012), con el objetivo de conocer el impacto que el enfoque por competencias ha tenido en los resultados escolares de esta región. La
metodología utilizada es el meta-análisis de los resultados estadísticos globales proporcionados por la Consejería de Educación, Cultura y Deporte. La muestra (N= 36.512) la compone el total del alumnado de los niveles indicados que participaron en las pruebas. Los resultados obtenidos apuntan que el enfoque por competencias ha tenido repercusiones positivas en el rendimiento escolar del alumnado y se constata que las variables individuales y el nivel socioeconómico y cultural del alumnado ejercen una influencia diferencial. Este estudio pone de manifiesto que las evaluaciones de diagnóstico aportan indicadores claves a los equipos directivos para orientar el diseño e implementación de unos planes de mejora desde los que se promuevan unas prácticas docentes que contribuyan al desarrollo de las competencias básicas e incidan en el cambio cultural de los centros educativos.
Single molecule compression reveals intra-protein forces drive cytotoxin pore formation
Authors: Czajkowsky Daniel M , Sun Jielin , Shen Yi , Shao Zhifeng
Published: December 2015

Perfringolysin O (PFO) is a prototypical member of a large family of pore-forming proteins that undergo a significant reduction in height during the transition from the membrane-assembled prepore to the membrane-inserted pore. Here, we show that targeted application of compressive forces can catalyze this conformational change in individual PFO complexes trapped at the prepore stage, recapitulating this critical step of the spontaneous process. The free energy landscape determined from these measurements is in good agreement with that obtained from molecular dynamics simulations showing that an equivalent internal force is generated by the interaction of the exposed hydrophobic residues with the membrane. This hydrophobic force is transmitted across the entire structure to produce a compressive stress across a distant, otherwise stable domain, catalyzing its transition from an extended to compact conformation. Single molecule compression is likely to become an important tool to investigate conformational transitions in membrane proteins.
An Automated Music Selector Derived from Weather Condition and its Impact on Human Psychology
Authors: Karmaker Debajyoti , Imran Md. Al , Mohammad Niaj , Islam Mohaiminul , Mahbub Md. Nafees
Published: December 2015

Sometimes it is disquieting to generate a playlist to listen music for a specific moment. Though listening of music basically depends on our mood and it’s also been said that there exists a relation between our mood and weather, so our approach is to build an automated system to create a music playlist based on users mood and defined weather. Method is to measure the weight of each music files respect to defined mood and weather by using data mining algorithms.
Machine Learning and Natural Language Processing Usage for Psychological Consultation
Authors: Vidanage Kaneeka , Jayaratne Lakshman
Published: December 2015

It`s an obvious fact to claim, that the problem of stress has become a vital issue presently. One of the main root cause of this is the escalation of human desires and complexity of those. Most of those desires would be difficult to achieve or not practical at all. When the reality is so harsh, compared with the imaginations, it will incur for stress. More the gap between reality and the perceptions, stress will escalate. As results of people are running after unrealistic or difficult to achieve greener pastures, most of them will end up with becoming a victim of stress. Stress management is a difficult skill to be developed, but in current context, it has become an essential skill to have.

This research is based on the concept of internal self-talk. Thought stream captured in-form of text stream will be segmented, according to the cognitive behavioral therapeutic approach. This is technically implemented via POS tagging of the Stanford NLP library. Afterwards machine learning approach is used to train the WEKA engine, according to the OCEAN model, which is a prominent psychological model. Predictions derived from the trained WEKA model, will be presented inform of a report with the help of itext reporting plugin. This report will be used by the psychologist, before providing the treatment to the patient/client. It`s assumed, that this tool will be a good aiding tool, which can reduce the cognitive effort of a consultant.

Respective, problem, technical, executional and all important aspects are addressed in detail, within this paper along with required evidences.
A Framework for the Implementation of Secure Bare-Based Web-Email System
Authors: Appiah-Kubi Patrick , Tsetse Anthony , Loukili Alae
Published: December 2015

Webmail systems have being developed for different OS-based platforms. These OS-based systems present their own benefits and treats. Framework and white papers for developing these systems are available but there is no specific framework available for the implementation of such systems on Bare PC. Implementation of such systems on a Bare PC poses daunting challenges and innovative opportunities that are revolutionary in server designs. Building such systems for security could even be more challenging. Secure Webmail systems are complex, large and require intricate components to develop. As a result, a lean system was developed for this research. The lean concept also helps to build small protocol suite, intertwining of protocols, limited requirement space, simple user interfaces and minimal design options. The paper provides a detail framework for the design and implementation, experimental setup and the results of experiments conducted. Performance is evaluated by measuring the processing time, throughput, the CPU Utilization and load distribution. The results show that the performance of the Bare PC Webmail server is significantly better than that of the OS-based servers.
Virtual Machine Performance upon Intensive Computations
Authors: Yenké B.O. , Abba Ari A. A. , Dibamou Mbeuyo C. , Voundi D. A.
Published: December 2015

WThe Virtual Machine (VM) technology has increased considerably within the last two decades and the performance of VMs seems closest to the host machine. This has motivated the use of VM in High Performance Computing (HPC). Running a scientific computation on VMs can severely impact the performance of applications. In addition, choosing the proper VM to run a specific application while minimizing the lost of performance is not an easy task. However, several virtualization solutions have been proposed. This paper presents the result of a comparison of the performance of the most commonly used VMs solutions: OpenVz, Linux-Vserver, LXC, XEN, KVM and VMware ESXi. The performance of these VMs are evaluated with the NAS benchmark, Lmbench, IOzone and Intel ® MPI Benchmark taking into account the consumption of resources such as CPU, memory, latency, disk and network communication. The result shows that some virtualization solutions present better performance in consumption of some of the previously mentioned resources than others. This work aims at helping a scientist in selecting the VM suitable to compute a specific task without a significant overhead on applications performance.
Baseline seabed habitat and biotope mapping for a proposed marine reserve
Authors: Lee Sonny T.M. , Kelly Michelle , Langlois Tim J. , Costello Mark J.
Published: December 2015

Seabed mapping can quantify the extent of benthic habitats that comprise marine ecosystems, and assess the impact of fisheries on an ecosystem. In this study, the distribution of seabed habitats in a proposed no-take Marine Reserve along the northeast coast of Great Barrier Island, New Zealand, was mapped using underwater video combined with bathymetry and substratum data. As a result of the boundary extending to the 12 nautical mile Territorial Limit, it would have been the largest coastal Marine Reserve in the country. Recreational and commercial fisheries occur in the region and would be expected to affect species’ abundance. The seabed of the study area and adjacent coastal waters has been trawled up to five times per year. Benthic communities were grouped by multivariate cluster analysis into four biotope classes; namely (1) shallow water macroalgaeEckloniasp. andUlvasp. on rocky substrata (Eck.Ulv); and deeper (2) diverse epifauna of sponges and bryozoans on rocky substrata (Por.Bry), (3) brittle starAmphiurasp. and sea anemoneEdwardsiasp. on muddy sand (Amph.Edw), and (4) hydroids on mud (Hyd). In biotopes Por.Bry, Amph.Edw and Hyd, there where boulders and rocks were present, and diverse sponge, bryozoan and coral communities. Fifty species were recorded in the deep water survey including significant numbers of the shallow-water hexactinellid glass spongesSymplectella rowiDendy, 1924 andRossella ijimaiDendy, 1924, the giant pipe demospongeIsodictya cavicornutaDendy, 1924, black corals, and locally endemic gorgonians. The habitats identified in the waters to the northeast of Great Barrier Island are likely to be representative of similar depth ranges in northeast New Zealand. This study provides a baseline of the benthic habitats so that should the area become a Marine Reserve, any habitat change might be related to protection from fishing activities and impacts, such as recovery of epifauna following cessation of trawling. The habitat map may also be used to stratify future sampling that would aim to collect and identify epifauna and infauna for identification, and thus better describe the biodiversity of the area.
Quasi‐thermal noise measurements on STEREO: Kinetic temperature deduction using electron shot noise model
Authors: Martinović M. M. , Zaslavsky A. , Maksimović M. , Meyer‐Vernet N. , Šegan S. , Zouganelis I. , Salem C. , Pulupa M. , Bale S. D.
Published: December 2015

Quasi‐thermal noise (QTN) spectroscopy is an accurate technique for in situ measurements of electron density and temperature in space plasmas. A QTN spectrum is determined by plasma and antenna properties. On STEREO/WAVES, since the antennas are relatively short and thick, the QTN spectrum is dominated by electron shot noise, especially at low frequencies, which reduces the accuracy of the method. Here we use the STEREO low‐frequency receiver, proton density measured by Plasma and Suprathermal Ion Composition instrument, and a QTN and shot noise models to provide electron temperature data from both STEREO A and B spacecraft. This derivation is important since no reliable measurements of electron temperature exist on board these spacecraft. We compare the results of our analysis with the electron temperature provided by the Wind spacecraft during the period when Wind and STEREO B were close to each other. The comparison shows that our technique is reliable when results are integrated on a time scale of the order of 50 to 60 min.
Testing the magnetotail configuration based on observations of low‐altitude isotropic boundaries during quiet times
Authors: Ilie R. , Ganushkina N. , Toth G. , Dubyagin S. , Liemohn M. W.
Published: December 2015

We investigate the configuration of the geomagnetic field on the nightside magnetosphere during a quiet time interval based on National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Polar Orbiting Environment Satellites Medium Energy Proton and Electron Detector (NOAA/POES MEPED) measurements in combination with numerical simulations of the global terrestrial magnetosphere using the Space Weather Modeling Framework. Measurements from the NOAA/POES MEPED low‐altitude data sets provide the locations of isotropic boundaries; those are used to extract information regarding the field structure in the source regions in the magnetosphere. In order to evaluate adiabaticity and mapping accuracy, which is mainly controlled by the ratio between the radius of curvature and the particle's Larmor radius, we tested the threshold condition for strong pitch angle scattering based on the MHD magnetic field solution. The magnetic field configuration is represented by the model with high accuracy, as suggested by the high correlation coefficients and very low normalized root‐mean‐square errors between the observed and the modeled magnetic field. The scattering criterion, based on the values of
ratio at the crossings of magnetic field lines, associated with isotropic boundaries, with the minimum B surface, predicts a critical value of kCR∼33. This means that, in the absence of other scattering mechanisms, the strong pitch angle scattering takes place whenever the Larmor radius is ∼33 times smaller than the radius of curvature of the magnetic field, as predicted by the Space Weather Modeling Framework.
Observations and model simulations of wave‐current interaction on the inner shelf
Authors: Hopkins Julia , Elgar Steve , Raubenheimer Britt
Published: December 2015

Wave directions and mean currents observed for two 1 month long periods in 7 and 2 m water depths along 11 km of the southern shoreline of Martha's Vineyard, MA, have strong tidal modulations. Wave directions are modulated by as much as 70° over a tidal cycle. The magnitude of the tidal modulations in the wavefield decreases alongshore to the west, consistent with the observed decrease in tidal currents from 2.1 to 0.2 m/s along the shoreline. A numerical model (SWAN and Deflt3D‐FLOW) simulating waves and currents reproduces the observations accurately. Model simulations with and without wave‐current interaction and tidal depth changes demonstrate that the observed tidal modulations of the wavefield primarily are caused by wave‐current interaction and not by tidal changes to water depths over the nearby complex shoals.
High‐resolution Sr/Ca ratios in a Porites lutea coral from Lakshadweep Archipelago, southeast Arabian Sea: An example from a region experiencing steady rise in the reef temperature
Authors: Sagar Netramani , Hetzinger Steffen , Pfeiffer Miriam , Masood Ahmad Syed , Dullo Wolf‐Christian , Garbe‐Schönberg Dieter
Published: December 2015

Here we present the first record of Sr/Ca variability in a massive Porites lutea coral from the Lakshadweep Archipelago, Arabian Sea. The annual mean sea surface temperature (SST) in this region and the surrounding areas has increased steadily in the recent past. During some major El Niño events, SSTs are even higher, imposing additional thermal‐stress on corals, episodically leading to coral bleaching. We infer from the coral‐Sr/Ca record (1981–2008) that during some of these events high and persistent SSTs lead to a dampening of the temperature signal in coral‐Sr/Ca, impairing the coral's ability to record full scale warming. Thus, coral‐Sr/Ca may provide a history of past El Niño Southern‐Oscillation (ENSO) induced thermal‐stress episodes, which are a recurrent feature also seen in cross‐spectral analysis between coral‐Sr/Ca and the Nino3.4 index. Despite the impact of episodical thermal‐stress during major El Niño events, our coral proxy faithfully records the seasonal monsoon‐induced summer cooling on the order of ∼2.3°C. Calibration of coral‐Sr/Ca with instrumental grid‐SST data shows significant correlation to regional SST and monsoon variability. Hence, massive Porites corals of this region are highly valuable archives for reconstructing long‐term changes in SST, strongly influenced by monsoon variability on seasonal scales. More importantly, our data show that this site with increasing SST is an ideal location for testing the future effects of the projected anthropogenic SST increase on coral reefs that are already under thermal‐stress worldwide.
The response of the central Arctic Ocean stratification to freshwater perturbations
Authors: Pemberton P. , Nilsson J.
Published: December 2015

Using a state‐of‐the‐art coupled ice‐ocean‐circulation model, we perform a number of sensitivity experiments to examine how the central Arctic Ocean stratification responds to changes in river runoff and precipitation. The simulations yield marked changes in the cold halocline and the Arctic Atlantic layer. Increased precipitation yields a warming of the Atlantic layer, which primarily is an advective signal, propagated through the St. Anna Trough, reflecting air‐sea heat flux changes over the Barents Sea. As the freshwater supply is increased, the anticyclonic Beaufort Gyre is weakened and a greater proportion of the Arctic Ocean freshwater is exported via the Fram Strait, with nearly compensating export decreases through the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. The corresponding reorganization of the freshwater pool appears to be controlled by advective processes, rather than by the local changes in the surface freshwater flux. A simple conceptual model of the Arctic Ocean, based on a geostrophically controlled discharge of the low‐salinity water, is introduced and compared with the simulations. Key predictions of the conceptual model are that the halocline depth should decrease with increasing freshwater input and that the Arctic Ocean freshwater storage should increase proportionally to the square root of the freshwater input, which are in broad qualitative agreement with the sensitivity experiments. However, the model‐simulated rate of increase of the freshwater storage is weaker, indicating that effects related to wind forcing and rerouting of the freshwater‐transport pathways play an important role for the dynamics of the Arctic Ocean freshwater storage.
Do deep‐ocean kinetic energy spectra represent deterministic or stochastic signals?
Authors: van Haren Hans
Published: December 2015

In analogy with historic analyses of shallow‐water tide‐gauge records, in which tides and their higher harmonics are modified by sea level changes induced by atmospheric disturbances, it is shown that deep‐sea currents can be interpreted as motions at predominantly inertial‐tidal harmonic frequencies modified by slowly varying background conditions. In this interpretation, their kinetic energy spectra may not be smoothed into a quasi‐stochastic continuum for (random‐)statistic confidence. Instead, they are considered as quasi‐deterministic line‐spectra. Thus, the climatology of the internal wave field and its slowly varying background can be inferred from line spectra filling the cusps around nonlinear tidal‐inertial harmonics, as suggested previously.
The inflow of Atlantic water at the Fram Strait and its interannual variability
Authors: Kawasaki Takao , Hasumi Hiroyasu
Published: December 2015

The heat influx of the Atlantic water and its interannual variability through the Fram Strait toward the Arctic Ocean are examined by using a realistically configured ice‐ocean general circulation model. The modeled routes of the Atlantic water and high eddy activity around the Fram Strait are consistent with many observations. Two‐thirds of the heat transported by the Atlantic water passing through the Fram Strait (78°N) is lost by the westward transport and the sea surface cooling, and the other one‐third is injected to the Arctic Ocean. The contribution of oceanic eddy to the westward heat transport is 5% of that of mean current. The variability of sea level pressure anomaly centered at the Nordic Seas explains the interannual variability of the heat passing through the Fram Strait, transported westward, and cooled at the sea surface in the north of the Fram Strait. The interannual variabilities of these heat fluxes have significant correlations with the NAO. The interannual variability of heat transported by the Atlantic water and entering the Arctic Ocean is caused by the variability of the Siberian high.
Modeling of ice pinnacle formation on Callisto
Authors: White Oliver L. , Umurhan Orkan M. , Moore Jeffrey M. , Howard Alan D.
Published: December 2015

Callisto's pinnacle terrain has been interpreted to form through sublimation weathering of bedrock and subsequent deposition of the sublimated ice in local cold traps on peaks and crater rims. To investigate how these processes are affected by environmental parameters, including solar illumination and the composition and concentration of ices in the crust, we employ the MARSSIM landform evolution model and advance its treatment of the physics that underlies the relevant processes. Both ice sublimation and deposition are controlled by surface temperature, which we calculate based on energy contributions from both insolation and thermal reradiation from the surrounding landscape. We perform 4.5 Gyr duration simulations whereby we separately consider and model CO2 and H2O as the crustal ice species. We find that sublimating a crustal content of 10% CO2 ice (a reasonable but arbitrarily selected value) yields present‐day landform degradation and regolith coverage that is comparable to what is observed on Callisto. In our H2O ice simulations we reproduce the essential features of pinnacle ice distribution at both the equator and midlatitudes. Our present nominal crustal H2O ice content is 33%, which produces a maximum pinnacle ice thickness of 64 m. Pinnacle height is likely limited by collapse or mass wasting of the ice once it reaches a certain thickness.
Effects of intrauterine substance and postnatal violence exposure on aggression in children
Authors: Barthelemy Olivier J. , Richardson Mark A. , Rose‐Jacobs Ruth , Forman Leah S. , Cabral Howard J. , Frank Deborah A.
Published: December 2015

During the cocaine epidemic of the 1980s and early 1990s, many expressed fears that children with intrauterine cocaine exposure (IUCE) would grow up to be unusually violent. The present study examines the relationship of caregiver reports of school‐age children's aggressive behavior with IUCE and postnatal exposure to violence. Respondents were 140 low‐income, primarily African American children, ages 8–11, and each child's current primary caregiver from a longitudinal study evaluating potential long term sequelae of IUCE. Multiple regression analyses were used to investigate the independent and interactive effects of level of IUCE (None (n = 69), Lighter (n = 47), Heavier (n =  24)) and exposure to violence (Violence Exposure Scale for Children‐Revised) on aggressive behavior (Child Behavior Checklist), while also controlling for other intrauterine substance exposures and additional contextual factors. Children's self‐reported exposure to violence was significantly positively associated with caregivers’ reports of aggressive behavior (β = 2.17, P = .05), as was concurrent caregiver's psychiatric distress (β = .15, P = .003). However, neither IUCE nor its interaction with exposure to violence showed a significant association with aggressive behavior. Findings suggest the importance of postnatal social environment rather than IUCE in predicting aggressive behavior in childhood. Aggr. Behav. 42:209–221, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Nanostructured Materials for Room‐Temperature Gas Sensors
Authors: Zhang Jun , Liu Xianghong , Neri Giovanni , Pinna Nicola
Published: December 2015

Sensor technology has an important effect on many aspects in our society, and has gained much progress, propelled by the development of nanoscience and nanotechnology. Current research efforts are directed toward developing high‐performance gas sensors with low operating temperature at low fabrication costs. A gas sensor working at room temperature is very appealing as it provides very low power consumption and does not require a heater for high‐temperature operation, and hence simplifies the fabrication of sensor devices and reduces the operating cost. Nanostructured materials are at the core of the development of any room‐temperature sensing platform. The most important advances with regard to fundamental research, sensing mechanisms, and application of nanostructured materials for room‐temperature conductometric sensor devices are reviewed here. Particular emphasis is given to the relation between the nanostructure and sensor properties in an attempt to address structure–property correlations. Finally, some future research perspectives and new challenges that the field of room‐temperature sensors will have to address are also discussed.
Stem‐Cell Clinging by a Thread: AFM Measure of Polymer‐Brush Lateral Deformation
Authors: Gunnewiek Michel Klein , Ramakrishna Shivaprakash N. , di Luca Andrea , Vancso G. Julius , Moroni Lorenzo , Benetti Edmondo M.
Published: December 2015

If the binding strength of adhesive cues to the extracellular matrix (ECM) and the mechanisms involved in cell adhesion are synergistically correlated via a “mechanical” feedback, engineering of cue presentation at the ECM by designer macromolecules can enable control over cell–matrix interaction. Here, polymer brushes supporting fibronectin (FN) and presenting different grafted‐chain length to modulate cell interaction at ECM cell‐binding sites are exploited. Application of friction force microscopy allows us to estimate the lateral deformability and friction of oligoethylene glycol‐containing brushes. These parameters are demonstrated to regulate the adhesion of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs), which adopt their morphology and form focal adhesions (FAs) responding to FN brush‐tether characteristics. Across a brush‐thickness gradient presenting uniform FN exposure, thin brushes stimulate cell spreading and the development of FAs. Conversely, thick and more laterally deformable polymer grafts induce a decrease in cell spreading and FA formation. A correlation between frictional forces experienced at the (macro)molecular scale and the behavior of stem cells has been found. This interaction can be clarified by exploring novel aspects of FFM, which demonstrates a powerful tool to dynamically probe the ECM environment and indirectly suggest a way to structure ECM in order to trigger specific cell responses.
Handy Protocols using Vinyl Nosylates in Suzuki–Miyaura Cross‐Coupling Reactions
Authors: Dikova Anna , Cheval Nicolas P. , Blanc Aurélien , Weibel Jean‐Marc , Pale Patrick
Published: December 2015

Vinyl nosylates derived from 1,3‐dicarbonyl compounds could be engaged in Suzuki–Myaura cross coupling reactions with aryl‐, vinyl‐ and methylboronic acids or trifluoborate derivatives at room temperature in the presence of 2 mol% of [1,1′‐bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]dichloropalladium(II) [PdCl2(dppf)]. One‐pot procedures have been set up for practical and efficient nosylation–cross‐coupling reactions. Nosylate, as a cheap novel pseudo‐halide, gives very stable compounds and is very efficient in Suzuki–Myaura cross coupling reactions (21 examples, 44–99%).

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Scandium(III) Triflate‐Catalyzed anti‐Markovnikov Hydrothiolation of Functionalized Olefins
Authors: Kuciński Krzysztof , Pawluć Piotr , Hreczycho Grzegorz
Published: December 2015

Scandium(III) triflate promoted highly selective addition of thiols to functionalized olefins under mild conditions. The addition follows anti‐Markovnikov regioselectivities, which are unusual for Lewis acids‐catalyzed hydrothiolation. This reaction marks broad functional groups tolerance, which opens a beneficial synthetic route to functionalized and biologically active thio‐compounds. This method is broadly applicable and offers a simple work‐up in the green manner.

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A Targeted “Capture” and “Removal” Scavenger toward Multiple Pollutants for Water Remediation based on Molecular Recognition
Authors: Wang Jie , Shen Haijing , Hu Xiaoxia , Li Yan , Li Zhihao , Xu Jinfan , Song Xiufeng , Zeng Haibo , Yuan Quan
Published: December 2015

For the water remediation techniques based on adsorption, the long‐standing contradictories between selectivity and multiple adsorbability, as well as between affinity and recyclability, have put it on weak defense amid more and more severe environment crisis. Here, a pollutant‐targeting hydrogel scavenger is reported for water remediation with both high selectivity and multiple adsorbability for several pollutants, and with strong affinity and good recyclability through rationally integrating the advantages of multiple functional materials. In the scavenger, aptamers fold into binding pockets to accommodate the molecular structure of pollutants to afford perfect selectivity, and Janus nanoparticles with antibacterial function as well as anisotropic surfaces to immobilize multiple aptamers allow for simultaneously handling different kinds of pollutants. The scavenger exhibits high efficiencies in removing pollutants from water and it can be easily recycled for many times without significant loss of loading capacities. Moreover, the residual concentrations of each contaminant are well below the drinking water standards. Thermodynamic behavior of the adsorption process is investigated and the rate‐controlling process is determined. Furthermore, a point of use device is constructed and it displays high efficiency in removing pollutants from environmental water. The scavenger exhibits great promise to be applied in the next generation of water purification systems.