bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Increased incidence of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin after long‐term treatment with azathioprine in patients with auto‐immune inflammatory rheumatic diseases
Authors: van den Reek J.M.P.A. , van Lümig P.P.M. , Janssen M. , Schers H.J. , Hendriks J.C.M. , van de Kerkhof P.C.M. , Seyger M.M.B. , de Jong E.M.G.J.
Published: December 2012

Background  Auto‐immune inflammatory rheumatic diseases (AIRD) are often successfully treated with the immunosuppressant azathioprine for years. Treatment with azathioprine has been proven to increase the risk of non‐melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) in transplant patients and possibly in patients with inflammatory bowel disease as well. Little is known about the risk of NMSC in AIRD patients treated with azathioprine.

Objectives  The aim of this study is to determine the incidence of NMSC in patients with AIRD treated with azathioprine for at least 1 year, as compared with the general Dutch population.

Methods  Data were extracted from a historical cohort of patients with AIRD in a tertiary care centre. We compared the incidence to an age‐matched control population and analysed risk factors for NMSC with univariate logistic regression.

Results  Fifty‐nine patients were analysed. No patients were diagnosed with basal cell carcinoma and four patients with a single squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Patients with SCC had a higher cumulative dose of azathioprine (≥500 g: OR 30.0 [95% CI 2.6–345.1]) and longer treatment duration (≥11 years: OR 13.5 [95% CI 1.3–143.6]). The risk of SCC compared with the general Dutch population was increased (standardized incidence ratio of 16.0 [95% CI 0.3–31.7]).

Conclusions  In this cohort of patients with AIRD treated with azathioprine for at least 1 year, the risk of SCC was increased, as compared with the general population. An individual cumulative dose of at least 500 g azathioprine and a treatment duration of at least 11 years were quantified as risk factors.
New insights into the aetiology of scrotal cancer, a nationwide case‐control study in the Netherlands
Authors: Verhoeven R.H.A. , Aben K.K.H. , van Rossum M.M. , Reedijk A.M. , Botterweck A.A. , Veerbeek L. , Visser O. , van der Aa M.A. , Ho V.K.Y. , Coebergh J.W.W. , Kiemeney L.A.L.M.
Published: December 2012

Background  Although scrotal cancer is traditionally regarded as an occupational disease, there is increasing evidence that factors which are involved in cutaneous and genital carcinogenesis might play a role in the carcinogenesis of scrotal cancer.

Objective  This exploratory study aimed to detect exposures that might have an aetiological relation with scrotal cancer.

Methods  A nationwide population‐based case‐control study was conducted in the Netherlands. The patients were identified through the Netherlands cancer registry. Controls were recruited among acquaintances of the cancer registry registrars. The participants completed a questionnaire that included questions on occupational exposures, naked sunbathing, use of sunbeds, skin diseases and their treatments, treatments for cancer and sexually transmitted diseases. Age‐adjusted odds‐ratios (ORs) were calculated.

Results  Forty‐seven scrotal cancer patients and 125 controls completed the questionnaire. The patients were categorized according to histology of the scrotal tumours. Having had a skin disease (OR = 6.3, 95% CI = 1.8–22), especially psoriasis (OR = 8.7), increased the risk of squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) of the scrotum. A previous cancer diagnosis may affect the risk of scrotal basal cell carcinomas (BCC; OR = 4.9, 95% CI = 0.9–27.3). Furthermore, an association between the number of sexual partners and the occurrence of scrotal sarcoma was found.

Conclusion  Scrotal SCCs may be related with skin diseases or skin disease treatments. Having had cancer may be a risk factor for a BCC of the scrotum. Scrotal sarcomas seem to be correlated with the number of sexual partners. This study suggests that scrotal cancer has characteristics of both cutaneous and genital carcinogenesis.
Risk factors for gingivitis in a group of Brazilian schoolchildren
Authors: Chiapinotto Fabiana Amaral , Vargas‐Ferreira Fabiana , Demarco Flávio Fernando , Corrêa Fernanda Oliveira Bello , Masotti Alexandre Severo
Published: December 2012

Objective

Studies on gingivitis in children and adolescents are scarce and the results are inconclusive. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and extension of gingivitis and associated factors in Brazilian schoolchildren.

Methods

Cross‐sectional data from 1,211 schoolchildren 8 to 12 years old from Southern Brazil in 20 public and private schools were analyzed. Socioeconomic, demographic, and oral hygiene habits were assessed by questionnaires answered by parents and children. Buccal examination assessed presence of plaque, crowding, and gingivitis. Data were analyzed using Poisson regression [prevalence ratio (PR); 95% confidence interval (CI)].

Results

Prevalence of visible plaque was 89.7% (95% CI 88.0‐91.3) and gingival bleeding on probing was 78.4% (95% CI 76.1‐81.0). The mean and median numbers of sites with gingival bleeding were 3.10 and 2 (SD ± 3.22), respectively. In multivariate adjusted analysis, the presence of a greater number of sites with plaque was significantly associated with gingivitis (PR 1.26; 95% CI 1.07‐1.47) and its extension (PR 1.96; 95% CI 1.53‐2.51). Lighter‐skinned black children had a lower probability of having severe gingivitis (PR 0.69; 95% CI 0.48‐0.98) compared with white children. This association was observed after adjusting for other variables.

Conclusions

Gingivitis was associated with higher number of sites with plaque and with skin color, reflecting the influence of biological and demographic factors on this oral condition.
Barriers to dental visits in Belgium: a secondary analysis of the 2004 National Health Interview Survey
Authors: Kengne Talla Pascaline , Gagnon Marie‐Pierre , Dramaix Michelle , Leveque Alain
Published: December 2012

Objective

The study aims to identify barriers to annual dental visits in the Belgian population.

Methods

We conducted a secondary analysis of data collected through the 2004 National Health Interview Survey in Belgium. Only respondents aged 15 years and older with complete information on dental consultations and the independent variables (n = 5940) were considered in this analysis. The associations between the lack of dental visits during the 12 months preceding the survey and covariates of interest were examined using a multivariable logistic regression analysis.

Results

Almost one‐half of the respondents (49.7 percent) did not visit a dentist in the 12 months prior to the survey. Region of residence was significantly the common variable for the three age categories. In the 15‐ to 34‐year‐old category, males and two‐person households were significantly less likely to report a dental visit during the 12 months preceding the survey. For the 35‐ to 54‐year‐old category, a low level of education was the covariate associated with the lack of dental visit. In the 55 years or older category, the factors associated with the lack of a dental visit in the 12 months prior to the survey were: male gender, low level of education, low household income, low weekly alcohol consumption, current smoker, and body mass index of ≥25 mg/kg2.

Conclusion

Barriers to dental visits in Belgium differ among age groups and are linked to personal and environmental factors. The findings confirm the existence of social health inequalities in dental visits among Belgian people.
Cardiovascular variability as a function of sleep–wake behaviour in narcolepsy with cataplexy
Authors: Silvani Alessandro , Grimaldi Daniela , Barletta Giorgio , Bastianini Stefano , Vandi Stefano , Pierangeli Giulia , Plazzi Giuseppe , Cortelli Pietro
Published: December 2012

Hypocretin/orexin signalling varies among sleep–wake behaviours, impacts upon cardiovascular autonomic control and is impaired in patients with narcolepsy with cataplexy (NC). However, evidence concerning disturbed cardiovascular autonomic control in NC patients is contrasting, and limited mainly to waking behaviour. We thus investigated whether control of cardiovascular variability is altered in NC patients during wakefulness preceding sleep, light (1–2) and deep (3–4) stages of non‐rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Polysomnographic recordings and finger blood pressure measurements were performed on nine drug‐free male NC patients and nine matched healthy control subjects during spontaneous sleep–wake behaviour in a standardized laboratory environment. Indices of autonomic function were computed based on spontaneous fluctuations of systolic blood pressure (SBP) and heart period (HP). During wakefulness before sleep, NC patients showed significant decreases in indices of vagal HP modulation, cardiac baroreflex sensitivity and amplitude of central autonomic (feed‐forward) cardiac control compared with control subjects. During NREM sleep, the negative correlation between HP and subsequent SBP values was greater in NC patients than in control subjects, suggesting a greater contribution of central autonomic commands to cardiac control. Collectively, these results provide preliminary evidence that autonomic control of cardiac variability by baroreflex and central autonomic (feed‐forward) mechanisms is altered in NC patients during spontaneous sleep–wake behaviour, and particularly during wakefulness before sleep.
Precore and core promoter mutants are associated with higher HBeAg seroconversion but low disease remission rates in HBV patients treated with nucleos(t)ide analogues
Authors: Zoutendijk R. , Sonneveld M. J. , Reijnders J. G. P. , van Vuuren A. J. , Biesta P. , Hansen B. E. , Boonstra A. , Janssen H. L. A.
Published: December 2012

HBeAg seroconversion in HBV patients is considered an important event. We determined precore (PC) and base core promoter (BCP) mutations in 137 HBeAg‐positive nucleos(t)ide analogues (NA) treated patients by INNO‐LiPA HBV PreCore assay (Innogenetics). The majority of patients with nongenotype A had PC/BCP mutants present at baseline (P = 0.02). During 29 months of therapy, 45 patients achieved HBeAg seroconversion. Probability of HBeAg seroconversion was higher in patients with PC and/or BCP mutants (P = 0.01). After HBeAg seroconversion, patients with BCP mutants had more HBeAg relapse (P = 0.07), and PC mutants less often achieved HBV DNA < 2000 IU/mL (P = 0.07).
Antiviral therapy decreases viral reactivation in patients with hepatitis B virus–related hepatocellular carcinoma undergoing hepatectomy: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Huang L. , Li J. , Yan J. , Sun J. , Zhang X. , Wu M. , Yan Y.
Published: December 2012

This prospective randomized controlled trial investigated whether antiviral therapy decreases the risk of perioperative viral reactivation in patients with hepatitis B virus–induced hepatocellular carcinoma. Patients with hepatitis B virus–related hepatocellular carcinoma undergoing liver resection were screened. Eighty‐four patients with low viral load were randomly assigned to receive either antiviral treatment with telbivudine or no therapy. The primary outcome was reactivation of viral replication. Secondary outcomes included liver function recovery and postoperative liver insufficiency. A total of 15 patients developed HBV reactivation during the perioperative period, of which 8 (57.1%) were within the first week after hepatectomy. The incidence of viral reactivation during the perioperative period was 2.5% (1/40) in the antiviral‐treated group, compared with 31.8% (14/44) in the control group [HR 0.07 (95%CI 0.01–0.65); P = 0.001]. Liver function recovery was achieved in 82.5% (33/40) patients in the antiviral group on day 30 after hepatectomy, compared with 91.0% (40/44) in the nonantiviral group [HR 1.23 (95%CI 0.98–2.55); P = 0.109]. A total of 7 patients (8.9%) had postoperative liver insufficiency in both groups, but there was no relevant difference between the two groups. Antiviral therapy with telbivudine can significantly decrease the perioperative reactivation of viral replication in patients with hepatitis B virus–related hepatocellular carcinoma undergoing liver resection. Antiviral therapy is an appropriate option for all patients with viral replication undergoing liver resection. (Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, number ChiCTR‐TRC‐0900615).
Relationships between Body Condition Score and Plasma Inflammatory Cytokines, Insulin, and Lipids in a Mixed Population of Light‐Breed Horses
Authors: Suagee J.K. , Corl B.A. , Crisman M.V. , Pleasant R.S. , Thatcher C.D. , Geor R.J.
Published: December 2012

Background

Obesity and hyperinsulinemia increase the risk of laminitis in horses and ponies. In mares, obesity also has been associated with increased circulating concentrations of the proinflammatory cytokine, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α. The association of other proinflammatory cytokines with body condition score (BCS) and insulin requires further determination.

Hypothesis

Plasma concentrations of TNF, interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐6, and serum amyloid A (SAA) will positively correlate with BCS or insulin or both in horses. Furthermore, inflammatory protein concentrations will correlate with age and variables associated with BCS, including plasma insulin, triglycerides, nonesterified fatty acids, and leptin concentrations.

Animals

One hundred and ten mixed light‐breed horses, including mares, geldings, and stallions, aged 4–20 years.

Methods

Samples were selected from a larger population of plasma samples previously collected during June–July of 2006. Samples were analyzed for TNF, IL‐1β, IL‐6, and SAA using commercially available ELISAs and simple correlations were used to determine relationships with BCS, insulin, age, and sex.

Results

Plasma TNF (P = .047) and IL‐6 (P = .021) concentrations were higher in females than males, whereas IL‐6 concentrations correlated (P = .001) with age. Plasma SAA concentrations correlated with both insulin (P < .001) and BCS (P = .007).

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

This study provides evidence for factors, including age and sex, that may be associated with plasma concentrations of inflammatory proteins. Concentrations of SAA correlated with BCS and insulin, independent of age or sex. Because BCS and insulin correlate with increased SAA, it is possible that SAA is a component of laminitis pathophysiology.
A robust tool highlights the influence of bird migration on influenza A virus evolution
Authors: Dugan Vivien G.
Published: December 2012

One of the fundamental unknowns in the field of influenza biology is a panoramic understanding of the role wild birds play in the global maintenance and spread of influenza A viruses. Wild aquatic birds are considered a reservoir host for all lowly pathogenic avian influenza A viruses (AIV) and thus serve as a potential source of zoonotic AIV, such as Australasian‐origin H5N1 responsible for morbidity and mortality in both poultry and humans, as well as genes that may contribute to the emergence of pandemic viruses. Years of broad, in‐depth wild bird AIV surveillance have helped to decipher key observations and ideas regarding AIV evolution and viral ecology including the trending of viral lineages, patterns of gene flow within and between migratory flyways and the role of geographic boundaries in shaping viral evolution (Bahl et al. ; Lam et al. ). While these generally ‘virus‐centric’ studies have ultimately advanced our broader understanding of AIV dynamics, recent studies have been more host‐focused, directed at determining the potential impact of host behaviour on AIV, specifically, the influence of bird migration upon AIV maintenance and transmission. A large number of surveillance studies have taken place in Alaska, United States—a region where several global flyways overlap—with the aim of detecting the introduction of novel, Australasian‐origin highly pathogenic H5N1 AIV into North America. By targeting bird species with known migration habits, long‐distance migrators were determined to be involved in the intercontinental movement of individual AIV gene segments, but not entire viruses, between the Australasian and North American flyways (Koehler et al. ; Pearce et al. ). Yet, bird movement is not solely limited to long‐distance migration, and the relationship of resident or nonmigratory and intermediate‐distance migrant populations with AIV ecology has only recently been explored by Hill et al. () in this issue of Molecular Ecology. Applying a uniquely refined, multidimensional approach, Hill et al. validate the innovative use of stable isotope assays for qualifying migration status of wild mallards within the Pacific flyway. The authors reveal that AIV prevalence and diversity did not differ in wintering mallard ducks with different migration strategies, and while migrant mallards do indeed introduce AIV, these viruses do not circulate as the predominant viruses in resident birds. On the other hand, resident mallards from more temperate regions act as reservoirs, possibly contributing to the unseasonal circulation and extended transmission period of AIV. This study highlights the impact of animal behaviour on shaping viral evolution, and the unique observations made will help inform prospective AIV surveillance efforts in wild birds.
Uremic anorexia and gastrointestinal motility dysfunction correlate with the changes of ghrelin system in hypothalamus
Authors: Fu Rong‐Guo , Ge Heng , Yao Gang‐Lian , Wang Li , Ren Shu‐Ting , Ma Li‐Qun , Gui Bao‐Song , Chen Zhao , Zhu Dan , Xue Rong‐Liang
Published: December 2012

This study demonstrates that anorexia and gastrointestinal motility dysfunction in rats with chronic renal failure are correlated with the reduction of hypothalamic ghrelin and growth hormone secretagogue receptor.
Elevated CO2 increases tree‐level intrinsic water use efficiency: insights from carbon and oxygen isotope analyses in tree rings across three forest FACE sites
Authors: Battipaglia Giovanna , Saurer Matthias , Cherubini Paolo , Calfapietra Carlo , McCarthy Heather R. , Norby Richard J. , Francesca Cotrufo M.
Published: December 2012

Elevated CO2 increases intrinsic water use efficiency (WUEi) of forests, but the magnitude of this effect and its interaction with climate is still poorly understood.

We combined tree ring analysis with isotope measurements at three Free Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE, POP‐EUROFACE, in Italy; Duke FACE in North Carolina and ORNL in Tennessee, USA) sites, to cover the entire life of the trees. We used δ13C to assess carbon isotope discrimination and changes in water‐use efficiency, while direct CO2 effects on stomatal conductance were explored using δ18O as a proxy.

Across all the sites, elevated CO2 increased 13C‐derived water‐use efficiency on average by 73% for Liquidambar styraciflua, 77% for Pinus taeda and 75% for Populus sp., but through different ecophysiological mechanisms.

Our findings provide a robust means of predicting water‐use efficiency responses from a variety of tree species exposed to variable environmental conditions over time, and species‐specific relationships that can help modelling elevated CO2 and climate impacts on forest productivity, carbon and water balances.
Evaluating the potential of a new isotope‐labelled glyco‐ligand for estimating the remnant liver function of schistosoma‐infected mice
Authors: Cheng P.‐C. , Chiang P.‐F. , Lee K.‐M. , Yeh C.‐H. , Hsu K.‐L. , Liu S.‐W. , Shen L.‐H. , Peng C.‐L. , Fan C.‐K. , Luo T.‐Y.
Published: December 2012

A new glyco‐derivative compound (OCTAM) was developed and labelled with isotope to form 188Re‐OCTAM as a candidate nuclear medicine imaging agent for testing the liver function. We evaluated the potential of isotope‐labelled OCTAM for estimating the remnant liver function in vitro and in vivo schistosoma‐infected mice. The affinity of OCTAM to liver asialoglycoprotein receptors (ASGPR) was assessed by competitive inhibition assay in vitro. In vivo assessments were performed to score the remnant liver function in mice at different schistosomal infection stages. OCTAM binds specifically to ASGPR and showed competitive inhibition of anti‐ASGPR antibody binding to hepatocytes, and was higher than that of other galactosyl ligands. Micro‐SPECT/CT images of uninfected mice revealed strong liver uptake. Quantified serial images of mice infected for 9, 12 and 18 weeks showed delayed liver uptake, and the retention of uptake was inversely correlated with stage and grade of schistosoma infection. Pathological and biochemical analysis demonstrated that gradually accumulating liver injury caused by infection significantly influenced uptake of 188Re‐OCTAM. Hepatic ASGPR expression diminished only in the chronic infection stage. This study demonstrated that the isotope‐labelled OCTAM could accumulate in the liver, might have potential as an imaging agent for in vivo hepatic function evaluation of schistosomiasis.
Indications for First Caesarean and Delivery Mode in Subsequent Trial of Labour
Authors: Fagerberg Marie C. , Maršál Karel , Ekström Per , Källén Karin
Published: December 2012

Background

A previous caesarean delivery is no longer an indication per se for a subsequent, planned caesarean. We performed this study to identify women suitable for trial of labour after caesarean (TOLAC), investigating the association between the indication for the first caesarean and the risk of unplanned caesarean in the second pregnancy.

Methods

We identified women with their first two pregnancies registered in the Swedish Medical Birth Registry 1992–2007. The indications for caesarean in the first pregnancy were determined using a previously published hierarchical system. For each indication group, the rate of caesarean among women with a first caesarean (n = 59 643) and a TOLAC in the second pregnancy was compared with that of primiparae (parity 0) (n = 354 053).

Results

The TOLAC rate was 69.5%. Among women with TOLAC, the uterine rupture rate was 1.1%. The success rate of TOLAC varied substantially based on the indication for the first caesarean (range 51–83%). Multiple births, breech presentation, and placenta praevia in the first pregnancy were associated with marginally increased odds of unplanned caesarean in the second pregnancy when compared with primiparae (adjusted OR 1.27 [95% CI 1.10, 1.48], 1.42 [1.34, 1.51], and 1.65 [1.17, 2.31]; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval). The indications based on complications during labour/delivery, macrosomia, and maternal diabetes, were associated with substantially increased OR: 3.87 [3.70, 4.06], 4.15 [3.74, 4.61], and 4.62 [3.79, 5.63], respectively.

Conclusions

Considering the indications for caesarean in the first pregnancy before recommending a TOLAC or a planned caesarean in the second pregnancy may help to lower the rate of unplanned caesarean deliveries.
How does noise affect amplitude and latency measurement of event‐related potentials (ERPs)? A methodological critique and simulation study
Authors: Clayson Peter E. , Baldwin Scott A. , Larson Michael J.
Published: December 2012

There is considerable variability in the quantification of event‐related potential (ERP) amplitudes and latencies. We examined susceptibility of ERP quantification measures to incremental increases in background noise through published ERP data and simulations. Measures included mean amplitude, adaptive mean, peak amplitude, peak latency, and centroid latency. Results indicated mean amplitude was the most robust against increases in background noise. The adaptive mean measure was more biased, but represented an efficient estimator of the true ERP signal particularly for individual‐subject latency variability. Strong evidence is provided against using peak amplitude. For latency measures, the peak latency measure was less biased and less efficient than the centroid latency measurement. Results emphasize the prudence in reporting the number of trials retained for averaging as well as noise estimates for groups and conditions when comparing ERPs.
Assessment of the Effectiveness of the Embedded Through‐Section Technique for the Shear Strengthening of Reinforced Concrete Beams
Authors: Barros J. A. O. , Dalfré G. M.
Published: December 2012

Abstract:  Embedded Through‐Section (ETS) technique is a relatively recent shear strengthening strategy for reinforced concrete (RC) beams and consists of opening holes across the depth of the beam’s cross‐section, with the desired inclinations, where bars are introduced and are bonded to the concrete substrate with adhesive materials. To assess the effectiveness of this technique, a comprehensive experimental program composed of 14 RC beams was carried out, and the obtained results confirm the feasibility of the ETS method and revealed that: (i) inclined ETS strengthening bars were more effective than vertical ETS bars, and the shear capacity of the beams has increased with the decrease of the spacing between bars; (ii) brittle shear failure was converted in ductile flexural failure, and (iii) the contribution of the ETS strengthening bars for the beam shear resistance was limited by the concrete crushing or due to the yielding of the longitudinal reinforcement. The applicability of the ACI 318 (2008) and Eurocode 2 (2004) standard specifications for shear resistance was examined, and a good agreement between the experimental and analytical results was obtained.
Locating the Crack Tip Using Displacement Field Data: A Comparative Study
Authors: Zanganeh M. , Lopez‐Crespo P. , Tai Y. H. , Yates J. R.
Published: December 2012

Abstract:  The evaluation of stress intensity factors from experimentally determined crack‐tip stress or displacement fields almost always requires that the location of the crack tip is identified beforehand. In this work, a study has been performed to compare how different methods to locate the crack‐tip position from the displacement field around a crack tip obtained by digital image correlation influence the estimation of stress intensity factors. The methods used were two constrained Newton type methods: the trust‐region reflective Newton method and quasi‐Newton method; an unconstrained direct search method: the Nelder–Mead Simplex method; a constrained genetic algorithm; and a constrained Pattern Search (PS) method. It is shown that the Newton type methods are less accurate compared with the direct search methods studied. The PS method was found to be the most accurate. Furthermore, the PS method was found to be about twice as fast as the Simplex method and 10 times faster than a Genetic Algorithm for the same computing hardware and the same input data.
Australian Trade Policy Strategy Contradictions
Authors: Armstrong Shiro
Published: December 2012

Australia’s Trade Policy Review by the WTO in 2011 was positive about Australia’s openness and its progress in removing residual barriers to trade. But it glosses over the fact that Australia’s current strategy of supporting the multilateral system while signing, negotiating and concluding preferential agreements is not consistent. The paper focuses on the question of Australia’s role in the multilateral system as it prosecutes preferential agreements, and examines ways of multilateralising some of those preferences, especially in a broader regional setting and under the WTO. One priority is to multilateralise the preferences in trade agreements – by reducing the MFN tariffs and extending the preferential access that some investment and services providers enjoy. Another priority is to get domestic regulations and reforms right so that there is no discrimination between foreign and domestic firms, let alone between foreign firms from different countries.
Plastic Buckling of Cones Subjected to Axial Compression and External Pressure
Authors: Błachut J. , Muc A. , Ryś J.
Published: December 2012

The paper provides details about tests on six steel cones. Test models were machined from 250 mm diameter billet. All cones had substantial and integral top and bottom flanges in order to secure well defined boundary conditions. Experimental data were obtained for: (i) two cones subjected to axial compression, (ii) two cones subjected to external pressure, and (iii) the remaining two models subjected to combined action of external pressure and axial compression. Apart from axisymmetric modeling of tested cones, true geometry with true wall thickness was also used in calculations. Theoretical failure loads were obtained for: (i) elastic perfectly plastic, (ii) engineering stress–strain, and (iii) true stress–true strain modeling of steel. The latter approach coupled with measured geometry and wall thickness secured safe predictions of the collapse loads in all cases. Comparisons of experimental collapse loads with estimates given by ASME and ECCS design codes are included. It is seen here that the ASME and ECCS rules provide a safety margin of about 100% against the collapse (except 50% for axial compression in the case of the ECCS).
Thermomechanical Analysis of a Pressurized Pipe Under Plant Conditions
Authors: Farragher T. P. , Scully S. , O'Dowd N. P. , Leen S. B.
Published: December 2012

This paper is concerned with the development of a methodology for thermomechanical analysis of high temperature, steam-pressurized P91 pipes in electrical power generation plant under realistic (measured) temperature and pressure cycles. In particular, these data encompass key thermal events, such as “load-following” temperature variations and sudden, significant fluctuations in steam temperatures associated with attemperation events and “trips” (sudden plant shut-down), likely to induce thermomechanical fatigue damage. An anisothermal elastic-plastic-creep material model for cyclic behavior of P91 is employed in the transient finite element (FE) model to predict the stress–strain-temperature cycles and the associated strain-rates. The results permit characterization of the behavior of pressurized P91 pipes for identification of the thermomechanical loading histories relevant to such components, for realistic, customized testing. This type of capability is relevant to design and analysis with respect to the evolving nature of power plant operating cycles, e.g., associated with more flexible operation of fossil fuel plant.
Computational Aerodynamics: Solvers and Shape Optimization
Authors: Martinelli Luigi , Jameson Antony
Published: December 2012

Aeronautics, and in particular aerodynamics, has been one of the main technological drivers for the development of computational fluid dynamics (CFD). This paper presents a personal account of the main advances in the development of solvers and shape optimization techniques, which have contributed to make CFD an essential part of the design process of modern aircraft.
Numerical Study of Laminar Flow and Mass Transfer for In-Line Spacer-Filled Passages
Authors: Beale Steven B. , Pharoah Jon G. , Kumar Ashwani
Published: December 2012

Performance calculations for laminar fluid flow and mass transfer are presented for a passage containing cylindrical spacers configured in an inline-square arrangement, typical of those employed in the process industries. Numerical calculations are performed for fully-developed flow, based on stream-wise periodic conditions for a unit cell and compared with those obtained for developing regime in a row of ten such units. The method is validated for an empty passage, i.e., a plane duct. Results are presented for the normalized mass transfer coefficient and driving force, as a function of mean flow Reynolds number, and also the wall mass flux, or blowing parameter. Both constant and variable wall velocities were considered, the latter being typical of those found in many practical membrane modules.
Jupiter’s Red Oval BA: Dynamics, Color, and Relationship to Jovian Climate Change
Authors: Marcus Philip S. , Asay-Davis Xylar , Wong Michael H. , de Pater Imke
Published: December 2012

Jupiter now has a second red spot, the Oval BA. The first red spot, the Great Red Spot (GRS), is at least 180 yr old. The Oval BA formed in 2000 was originally white, but part turned red in 2005. Unlike the Great Red Spot, the red color of the Oval BA is confined to an annulus. The Oval’s horizontal velocity and shape and the elevation of the haze layer above it were unchanged between 2000 and 2006. These observations, coupled with Jupiter’s rapid rotation and stratification, are shown to imply that the Oval BA’s 3D properties, such as its vertical thickness, were also unchanged. Therefore, neither a change in size nor velocity caused the Oval BA to turn partially red. An atmospheric warming can account for both the timing of the color change of the Oval BA as well as the persistent confinement of its red color to an annulus.
Large Eddy Simulations of Discrete Hole Film Cooling With Plenum Inflow Orientation Effects
Authors: Acharya Sumanta , Houston Leedom David
Published: December 2012

Large eddy simulations of film cooling from a discrete hole inclined 35 deg and fed by a plenum chamber are performed at a density ratio of 2 and blowing ratios from 0.5 to 2.0. Cylindrical holes at a length to diameter ratio of 1.75 and 3.5 are simulated issuing into a crossflow at a Reynolds number of approximately 16,000 based on freestream velocity and hole diameter. In addition to the baseline case of vertical inflow into the plenum, flow orientation into the plenum chamber parallel to and perpendicular to the mainstream flow are investigated. The predicted results are validated with reported measurements of the flow field and surface adiabatic effectiveness. Results show that the longer delivery tubes (L/D = 3.5) have higher cooling effectiveness except in the very near field of the coolant hole. The flow orientation in the plenum is demonstrated to have a significant effect on cooling effectiveness and on flow behavior in the delivery tube and downstream of the hole. The perpendicular plenum inflow exhibits the lowest cooling effectiveness, the lowest discharge coefficients, asymmetric jetting behavior, swirl, and a low-velocity core at the exit of the delivery tube. The parallel plenum flow orientation is shown to exhibit the highest cooling effectiveness and discharge coefficients.
Analysis of Flow and Thermal Performance of a Water-Cooled Transversal Wavy Microchannel Heat Sink for Chip Cooling
Authors: Xie Gongnan , Liu Jian , Zhang Weihong , Sunden Bengt
Published: December 2012

With the increasing output power of the integrated circuit chips, the heat flux involved is being accordingly increased. In such situation, the air has almost reached its limit of cooling capacity, and thus the liquid cooling technology incorporating microchannel heat sinks is desired to cool the electronic chips in order to remove more heat loads. However, these microchannel heat sinks are often designed to be straight with rectangular cross section. In this study, on the basis of a straight microchannel having rectangular cross section, a kind of transversal wavy microchannel is designed and then the laminar flow and heat transfer are investigated numerically. It is shown that for removing the identical load, the transversal wavy microchannel has great potential to reduce pressure drop compared to the straight microchannel, especially for higher wave amplitude at the same Reynolds number, indicating the overall thermal performance of the transversal wavy microchannel is superior to the traditional straight rectangular microchannel. It is suggested such wavy microchannel can be used to cool chips effectively with much smaller pressure drop penalty.
Enhanced electrical performance of Ag–Cu thin films after low temperature microwave processing
Authors: Das Sayantan , Vemuri Rajitha N. P. , Alford T. L.
Published: December 2012

In the present study, thin films of binary Ag–Cu alloys with different Cu content were prepared by a cosputtering technique and then annealed by microwave heating. The metallographic and electrical properties of the thin films were observed experimentally. It was found that the electrical performance of Ag–Cu thin films enhanced after microwave processing when compared to vacuum annealing. Based on the fact that Cu has a low solubility in Ag, it was chosen as the alloying element. The low solubility favored segregation of Cu at the surface and grain boundaries. This prevented Ag grain boundary diffusion and agglomeration. The as-deposited thin films were more resistive when compared to the microwave processed films. Comparison of the two postdeposition annealing techniques, microwave and vacuum, showed that microwave annealing is a clean, faster, and efficient process that can improve the electrical performance of Ag–Cu thin films. Results from this investigation demonstrated that microwave annealing is a suitable replacement of more expensive manufacturing techniques currently used in the field of interconnects technology.
Fabrication of a single-atom electron source by noble-metal surface diffusion
Authors: Nakagawa Tatsuhiro , Rokuta Eiji , Murata Hidekazu , Shimoyama Hiroshi , Oshima Chuhei
Published: December 2012

For application as single-atom emitters, the authors have developed a new method for preparing atomic-scale pyramids with three {211}-facet sides (nanopyramids). In the new method, palladium covers the “backward” area of the tungsten tip, approximately 1 mm from the sharpened end, rather than the end itself. The palladium was deposited via surface diffusion promoted by elevating the temperature. Field ion microscopy exhibited typical signs indicating that, with the added annealing, identical nanopyramids grew spontaneously. The field emission characteristics of these nanopyramids were investigated and compared with those produced by the two established preparation methods. The authors found that field emission patterns for single-atom tips were narrow circles at low extractor voltages and three-pronged stars, indicating the presence of three ridges of the nanopyramid, at high voltages. The patterns are the same for tips prepared by whichever method. As for field emission stability, clear differences were also not seen across the preparation methods, except for a minute difference in fluctuation ratios obtained from time-dependent current data.
X-ray tube with a graphite field emitter inflamed at high temperature
Authors: Iwai Yusuke , Koike Takayoshi , Hayama Youhei , Jouzuka Atsuo , Nakamura Tomonori , Onizuka Yoshihiro , Miyoshi Motosuke , Mimura Hidenori
Published: December 2012

The authors developed a class of novel graphite-based field emitters, known as graphite field emitters inflamed at high temperature (GFEIHTs), which includes numerous edges and juts. The GFEIHT field emission characteristics are investigated in a vacuum tube (10−7 Pa), and an anode current exceeding 2 mA is obtained. The authors also fabricated tipped-off x-ray tubes using GFEIHTs. No degradation in the anode current is observed under the operating conditions of 16.6 kV anode voltage and 160 μA anode current. The current dispersion, defined as the standard deviation (σ)/mean over 24 h, is 2.8%. The authors successfully demonstrated radiography and x-ray fluorescence spectrometry using an x-ray tube with GFEIHT.
Second Primary Cancers and Cardiovascular Disease after Radiation Therapy. NCRP Report No. 170.
Authors: Howell Rebecca
Published: December 2012

Second Primary Cancers and Cardiovascular Disease after Radiation Therapy. NCRP Report No. 170. NCRP Publications, Bethesda, MD, 2011. $160.00. ISBN: 978‐0‐9823843‐9‐8, 386, pp. (hardcover).
Acoustic radiation of a submerged cylindrical shell in low frequency
Authors: Van de Loock Julien , Décultot Dominique , Léon Fernand , Chati Farid , Maze Gérard , Rajaona Dominique Raphael , Klauson Aleksander
Published: December 2012

The evaluation of sound pressure levels produced by submerged structures is a part of regulations on underwater noise pollution. The purpose of this work is the study of the underwater acoustic radiation of a stainless steel tube subjected to vibrations generated by a shock obtained by using a hammer. The vibrations of the tube, placed successively in air and in water, are measured by using accelerometers. In water, the acoustic radiation measurements are performed by using a hydrophone. Results are presented as frequency spectra and are confronted with results of the elastic theory.
When “okay” is not okay: Acoustic characteristics of single-word prosody conveying reluctance
Authors: van Zyl Marianne , Hanekom Johan J.
Published: December 2012

The present study explored the acoustic characteristics of prosodic cues that indicate a speaker's reluctance when giving permission or agreement using a single word (“okay”). Eight speakers (four male, four female) produced the recorded materials that were subsequently validated through a listening experiment using 12 normal-hearing listeners. Acoustic analyses revealed that significantly longer word duration was the cue used most consistently across speakers to communicate reluctance. Voice quality, fundamental voice frequency, and intensity cues also differed significantly between the two prosodic conditions, but the manner in which these cues were applied varied greatly across speakers.
Physiological evidence for auditory modulation filterbanks: Cortical responses to concurrent modulations
Authors: Xiang Juanjuan , Poeppel David , Simon Jonathan Z.
Published: December 2012

Modern psychophysical models of auditory modulation processing suggest that concurrent auditory features with syllabic (∼5 Hz) and phonemic rates (∼20 Hz) are processed by different modulation filterbank elements, whereas features at similar modulation rates are processed together by a single element. The neurophysiology of concurrent modulation processing at speech-relevant rates is here investigated using magnetoencephalography. Results demonstrate expected neural responses to stimulus modulation frequencies; nonlinear interaction frequencies are also present, but, critically, only for nearby rates, analogous to “beating” in a cochlear filter. This provides direct physiological evidence for modulation filterbanks, allowing separate processing of concurrent syllabic and phonemic modulations.
Platelet Factor 4 and Duffy Antigen Required for Platelet Killing of
Plasmodium falciparum
Authors: McMorran Brendan J. , Wieczorski Laura , Drysdale Karen E. , Chan Jo-Anne , Huang Hong Ming , Smith Clare , Mitiku Chalachew , Beeson James G. , Burgio Gaetan , Foote Simon J.
Published: December 2012

Platelets Poison Parasites

Activated platelets bound to malaria parasite–infected red blood cells were once thought to contribute to pathogenesis, but recently the platelets have been found to have a protective effect.

McMorran
et al.

(p.
1348
; see the Perspective by
Engwerda and Good
) extended this discovery to show that platelet activation releases intracellular granules containing a chemokine, PF4, which is internalized by
Plasmodium falciparum
–infected red cells. Subsequently, mature parasites within the cells die. The Duffy blood-group factor on red blood cells is known to act as a nonspecific receptor for chemokines, such as PF4, as well as a receptor for cell invasion by other species of malaria parasite. When the Duffy antigen was blocked by antibody treatment, platelets and PF4 were less able to kill the
P. falciparum
parasites within.
Self-Terminating Growth of Platinum Films by Electrochemical Deposition
Authors: Liu Yihua , Gokcen Dincer , Bertocci Ugo , Moffat Thomas P.
Published: December 2012

Atomic Layers from Solution

Growth of flat thin films is often plagued by the formation of mounds and pyramids. To avoid this problem, atomic-layer deposition (ALD) can be used whereby alternating self-termination reactions stop the layer growth. Electrochemical approaches to ALD use surface alloys to slow film growth, but often lead to film contamination.

Yihua Liu
et al.

(p.
1327
; see the Perspective by

Switzer

) show that for platinum films, controlling surface potential can lead to adsorbed hydrogen on the surface, which can terminate film growth at one layer, leaving platinum species in solution available for further reduction. Rapid changes in applied potential can oxidize the hydrogen, which allows efficient contamination-free growth of an additional atomic layer.
Gravity Field of the Moon from the Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory (GRAIL) Mission
Authors: Zuber Maria T. , Smith David E. , Watkins Michael M. , Asmar Sami W. , Konopliv Alexander S. , Lemoine Frank G. , Melosh H. Jay , Neumann Gregory A. , Phillips Roger J. , Solomon Sean C. , Wieczorek Mark A. , Williams James G. , Goossens Sander J. , Kruizinga Gerhard , Mazarico Erwan , Park Ryan S. , Yuan Dah-Ning
Published: December 2012

The Holy GRAIL?

The gravity field of a planet provides a view of its interior and thermal history by revealing areas of different density. GRAIL, a pair of satellites that act as a highly sensitive gravimeter, began mapping the Moon's gravity in early 2012. Three papers highlight some of the results from the primary mission.

Zuber
et al.

(p.
668
, published online 6 December) discuss the overall gravity field, which reveals several new tectonic and geologic features of the Moon. Impacts have worked to homogenize the density structure of the Moon's upper crust while fracturing it extensively.

Wieczorek
et al.

(p.
671
, published online 6 December) show that the upper crust is 35 to 40 kilometers thick and less dense—and thus more porous—than previously thought. Finally,

Andrews-Hanna
et al.

(p.
675
, published online 6 December) show that the crust is cut by widespread magmatic dikes that may reflect a period of expansion early in the Moon's history.
The Crust of the Moon as Seen by GRAIL
Authors: Wieczorek Mark A. , Neumann Gregory A. , Nimmo Francis , Kiefer Walter S. , Taylor G. Jeffrey , Melosh H. Jay , Phillips Roger J. , Solomon Sean C. , Andrews-Hanna Jeffrey C. , Asmar Sami W. , Konopliv Alexander S. , Lemoine Frank G. , Smith David E. , Watkins Michael M. , Williams James G. , Zuber Maria T.
Published: December 2012

The Holy GRAIL?

The gravity field of a planet provides a view of its interior and thermal history by revealing areas of different density. GRAIL, a pair of satellites that act as a highly sensitive gravimeter, began mapping the Moon's gravity in early 2012. Three papers highlight some of the results from the primary mission.

Zuber
et al.

(p.
668
, published online 6 December) discuss the overall gravity field, which reveals several new tectonic and geologic features of the Moon. Impacts have worked to homogenize the density structure of the Moon's upper crust while fracturing it extensively.

Wieczorek
et al.

(p.
671
, published online 6 December) show that the upper crust is 35 to 40 kilometers thick and less dense—and thus more porous—than previously thought. Finally,

Andrews-Hanna
et al.

(p.
675
, published online 6 December) show that the crust is cut by widespread magmatic dikes that may reflect a period of expansion early in the Moon's history.
Peering Inside the Moon to Read Its Earliest History
Authors: Kerr Richard A.
Published: December 2012

A few billion years ago, huge impacts and massive volcanic eruptions pummeled the moon and erased any traces of its earliest history. Now, GRAIL has allowed planetary scientists to peer inside the moon to glimpse some vestige of its formative years.
India Barred Entry to U.S. Author of Seismic Review
Authors: Bagla Pallava
Published: December 2012

A respected seismologist was denied entry to India—and some attribute it to his public view that seismic hazards in India are underestimated.
All Eyes on RNA
Authors: Garber Ken
Published: December 2012

The list of RNA-binding proteins linked to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is growing; RNA may also explain why a common mutation causes this fatal motor neuron disease—and a dementia.