bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Ongoing Debate about the Impact of the 150-Hour Education Requirement on the Supply of Certified Public Accountants
Authors: Gramling Lawrence J. , Rosman Andrew J.
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACT: Many factors, including Sarbanes-Oxley, fueled an increase in demand for accountants in recent years, particularly those who are professionally certified, so that demand exceeded supply in the U.S. (Anonymous 2007) and elsewhere (Hambly 2007). Future challenges facing the profession, such as implementing XBRL and IFRS, may also increase demand, perhaps again creating shortages. It is within this context that we examine the issue of the shortage of accountants by focusing on factors that affect supply. We study trends in two types of data: graduation rates for accounting majors (i.e., the number of accounting graduates divided by total business majors) and CPA exam candidacy. The former provides a measure of the total pool of potential CPA exam candidates and the latter is the subset of those who are attempting to become professionally certified. Various studies have observed a decline in CPA exam candidacy and have proposed that it results from the additional education requirement associated with the 150-hour rule (e.g., Allen and Woodland 2006). Several states have reacted by allowing candidates to take the CPA exam with 120 hours of education rather than 150 hours in order to increase supply. Following this line of reasoning, we should observe declines in candidacy and graduation rates only in states that have adopted the 150-hour requirement, but not in states that retained the 120-hour requirement. However, in our extension of existing studies that did not segment data by type of jurisdiction, we find similar rates of decline regardless of whether the candidacy requirement changed to 150 hours or remained at 120 hours. Thus, while some individuals may be deterred by the additional education costs, the finding of no jurisdictional difference in graduation and candidacy rates suggests that policy makers need to consider a variety of issues to comprehensively address shortages in the supply of accountants.
Enhancing Teaching Effectiveness of Financial Accounting to Chinese Executives—A Generalized Approach with Case Study and Assessments
Authors: DeBoskey David G.
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACT: International executive education is becoming a material source of revenue for universities, driven primarily by increased student demand and profit-seeking objectives. Educators who are hired to teach in specialized programs are under pressure to provide world-class content that is practically oriented to the daily work life of the executive student. Anecdotal evidence suggests a shorter half-life for executive educators who fail to make concise connections between practice and theory. For these reasons, the course content of a financial accounting course offering both traditional accounting theory and relevant skill development via a supplemental case tool that emphasizes financial statement analysis including (1) the ability to locate key financial information, (2) calculation of key fundamental ratios, (3) interpretation of key financial components and note disclosures, and (4) the ability to understand industry trends and norms is crucial to the provision of relevant executive education. Learning outcomes measuring perceived beliefs of 79 executive students in three different financial accounting classes in the People's Republic of China are presented. The results strongly indicate that the perceived beliefs are statistically different in pre- and post-assessments. This generalized approach can ameliorate the delivery of executive education and offer an alternative teaching pedagogy for an international executive M.B.A. financial accounting module that favors a financial statement analysis approach over the traditional transactions-based model.
An Instructional Case: Cost Concepts and Managerial Analysis
Authors: Walters L. Melissa , Pergola Teresa M.
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACT: This case is designed to help you develop a working understanding of fundamental cost concepts (cost behavior, cost traceability, cost flexibility, and unit costs) and the proper use of cost data for managerial analysis purposes. The case narrative describes a business scenario and a problematic managerial analysis based on certain cost data. The case requirements ask you to apply basic cost concepts to analyze the cost data, evaluate the use of cost data in the analysis described in the case narrative, and then effectively communicate the results of your analysis and evaluation in the form of a professional written memo.
Distribution of soil nematode communities along a section of Shen-Ha Highway
Authors: Tomar V. , Zhang X. , Li Q. , Jiang Y. , Liang W.
Published: November 2009

The effect of lead on soil nematode communities at the 0–20 cm depth was investigated along an increasing distance from a highway in Northeast China. The results showed that the abundance of total nematodes significantly increased from 40 m and then decreased eventually and the similar trend was also found in most indices studied. Thirty seven genera of nematodes belonging to 8 orders and 24 families were observed in our study, and Helicotylenchus was eudominant genus at all the sampling sites. The numbers of total nematodes significantly correlated with total and available Pb (P < 0.05), while ΣMI had a significantly negative correlation with TOC, Total N (P < 0.01) and C/N ratio (P < 0.05). Total and available Pb in soil had positive correlation with the numbers of total nematodes and bacterivores. The concentration of Pb also had an effect on abundance of Helicotylenchus, which increased in moderate concentration of Pb. NCR could be effectively used as indicators, as it was sensitive to concentration of Pb.
A single bivulval female of Xiphinema diversicaudatum and two bivulval females of Xiphinema vuittenezi (Nematoda: Longidoridae)
Authors: Kumari S. , Decraemer W.
Published: November 2009

A population of Xiphinema vuittenezi from an apple orchard and a population of X. diversicaudatum from a peach orchard yielded bivulval females. Morphometrics of these females are presented.
Leonard J. Goldner Award 2009: Intraoperative Pedobarography Leads to Improved Outcome Scores: A Level I Study
Authors: Richter Martinus , Zech Stefan
Published: November 2009

Background: The purpose was to compare the clinical outcome scores after additional use of intraoperative pedobarography (IP) in comparison with patients treated without IP. Materials and Methods: Patients with arthrodesis and/or correction of the foot and/or ankle were randomized for use of IP or no IP. American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) score, Short-Form 36 (SF-36), and Visual Analogue Scale Foot and Ankle (VAS FA) were analyzed. Results: One hundred patients were included. Fifty-two were randomized for the use of IP, and in 24 of those (46%), the correction was modified after IP during the same operation. At mean followup of 2 years, the average scores were higher in the group with IP than in the group without IP (IP/no IP: AOFAS 89.7/78.2; SF-36 90.3/76.3; VAS FA 90.3/76.3; t-test, all p < 0.05). Conclusion: The use of IP led to improved clinical outcome scores at a mean followup of 2 years.

Level of Evidence: I, Prospective Randomized Study
Fractures of the Sustentaculum Tali: Injury Characteristics and Surgical Technique for Reduction
Authors: Della Rocca Gregory J. , Nork Sean E. , Barei David P. , Taitsman Lisa A. , Benirschke Stephen K.
Published: November 2009

Background: The sustentaculum tali of the calcaneus is a vital load-bearing structure. Isolated sustentacular fractures are rare and may have implications for future hindfoot function. This retrospective cohort study describes sustentacular fracture patterns and characteristics, associated foot injuries, and a method of surgical treatment via a medial approach to the calcaneus. Materials and Methods: During a 7-year period, 19 surgically-treated sustentacular fractures without calcaneal posterior facet involvement were identified from a prospectively-collected database at a single Level 1 regional trauma center. Of these, 15 underwent open reduction and internal fixation utilizing a medial approach to the calcaneus. Patient charts, plain radiographs, and CT scans were reviewed for injury characteristics/morphology and associated musculoskeletal injuries. Results: Fourteen patients had associated ipsilateral foot/ankle injuries, and nine had other musculoskeletal injuries. Seven patients had intra-articular middle facet involvement, and seven had subtalar joint subluxation or dislocation. The medial approach to the calcaneus involves distal retraction of the neurovascular bundle and toe flexors. This allowed for an accurate indirect articular reduction using the extraarticular medial calcaneal cortex, as well as reduction of any associated subluxations. No complications were related to the surgical approach. Reduction was maintained through fracture healing. Conclusion: Fractures of the sustentaculum tali are rare injuries associated with high energy mechanisms, and associated ipsilateral foot injuries are common. Open reduction and internal fixation of these fractures was reliable and possible through a medial approach involving distal retraction of the digital flexors and neurovascular bundle, allowing for an anatomical extraarticular cortical reduction.

Level of Evidence: IV, Retrospective Case Series
Early Complications Following the Operative Treatment of Pilon Fractures with and without Diabetes
Authors: Kline Alex J. , Gruen Gary S. , Pape Hans C. , Tarkin Ivan S. , Irrgang James J. , Wukich Dane K.
Published: November 2009

Background: An increased rate of complications has been clearly shown in diabetic patients undergoing operative treatment for displaced ankle fractures. To date, no studies have specifically looked at the complication rates following the operative management of pilon fractures in this difficult patient population. We performed a retrospective review to determine the rates of complications in diabetic patients undergoing operative fixation of tibial pilon fractures compared with a control group of patients without diabetes. M aterials and Methods: The trauma registry was utilized to identify all patients who underwent primary treatment for a tibial pilon fracture between January 2005 and June of 2007 at a single Level 1 trauma center. A minimum of 6-month followup was required for inclusion. A chart and radiographic review was completed to identify the complications seen in each patient population. Specifically, we looked at the rate of infection (superficial and deep), the rate of nonunion or delayed union, and the rate of surgical wound complications. Results: A total of 14 fractures in 13 diabetic patients, and 69 fractures in 68 non-diabetic patients met inclusion criteria. In the diabetic patient group, the average age was 48 years, the average BMI was 35, and 36% of the fractures were open. In the non-diabetic group, the average age was 47 years, the average BMI was 29, and 35% of the fractures were open. Only the difference in BMI was statistically significant. The infection rate was 71% for diabetic patients (43% deep infection), and 19% for non-diabetic patients (9% deep infection) [ p < 0.001, odds ratio 10.719 (95% confidence interval 2.914 to 39.798)]. Overall, the rate of non-union/delayed union was 43% in the diabetic group versus 16% in the non-diabetic group [ p = 0.02, odds ratio 3.955 (95% confidence interval 1.145 to 13.656)]. The rate of surgical wound complications was 7% in both the non-diabetic and diabetic patient groups. Conclusion: The management of tibial pilon fractures in diabetic patients is difficult, with a high rate of complications compared to non-diabetic patients. These results mirror those previously reported for ankle fractures in diabetic patients.

Level of Evidence: IV, Retrospective Case Series
Prognosis of Painful Plantar Callosity after Hallux Valgus Correction without Lesser Metatarsal Osteotomy
Authors: Lee Keun-Bae , Park Ju-Kwon , Park Young-Hoon , Seo Hyung-Yeon , Kim Myung-Sun
Published: November 2009

Background: Painful plantar callosities under lesser metatarsal heads are commonly associated with hallux valgus. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the prognosis of painful plantar callosities after hallux valgus correction without lesser metatarsal osteotomy in hallux valgus deformity. Materials and Methods: Between September 2004 and June 2007, 31 patients (40 feet) underwent proximal chevron first metatarsal osteotomy with a distal soft tissue procedure, with preoperatively painful plantar callosities under lesser metatarsal heads. Clinical results were evaluated using a visual analogue scale (VAS), the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) hallux-metatarsophalangeal interphalangeal scales, and a modified 70-point clinical scale. Radiographic evaluations included hallux valgus angle and intermetatarsal angle. Results: Thirty-two (80%) of the 40 feet had no pain and callosity and 5 (12.5%) had no pain but residual plantar callosities, and 3 (7.5%) were not improved at final evaluation. The mean VAS and AOFAS scores were improved from 7.8 ± 1.6 to 1.9 ± 1.5 points and from 53.8 ± 14.2 to 92.6 ± 15.3 points, respectively. In terms of the 70-point clinical scale, overall clinical results were good in 34 feet and fair in 6. The mean hallux valgus and intermetatarsal angles were improved from 36.6 ± 6.2 to 12.5 ± 5.9 degrees and from 17.5 ± 3.9 to 8.6 ± 3.5 degrees, respectively. Conclusion: Painful plantar callosities under the lesser metatarsals in patients with hallux valgus deformity can be improved by hallux valgus correction alone without lesser metatarsal osteotomy.

Level of Evidence: IV, Retrospective Case Series
Distal Tendinosis of the Tibialis Anterior Tendon
Authors: Beischer Andrew D. , Anat Dip , Beamond Ben M. , Jowett Andrew J. L. , O'Sullivan Richard
Published: November 2009

Background: Disorders of the tibialis anterior (TA) tendon have infrequently been reported but spontaneous rupture of this tendon is well recognized. The clinical presentation of tendinosis without rupture of the distal TA has not previously been reported and is the basis of this paper. Materials and Methods: A study of 29 patients diagnosed with distal TA tendinosis was undertaken. Data collected included, patient demographics, weight, height, pain profile and examination findings. All patients underwent MRI of the symptomatic foot. Operative findings of those patients undergoing surgery for this condition were collected. Results: Twenty-nine patients (32 feet) were included in the study group. Their mean age was 62 years and 27 patients were female. Twenty-one patients were overweight. The usual presenting symptom was burning medial midfoot pain that was often reported to be worst at night. Swelling over the TA tendon was frequently observed. On MRI the TA was thickened in all patients. Longitudinal split tears were observed in 19 feet. Chondral thinning and/or osteophyte formation at the first tarsometatarsal or medial naviculocuneiform joints was observed in 11 feet. Eleven feet underwent surgery. Universally the TA tendon was macroscopically thickened and had lost its normal fibrillary appearance. Longitudinal split tears were observed in eight tendons. Pathology was typical of a degenerative tendinosis. Conclusion: Distal TA tendinosis is a condition that seems to predominantly affect overweight elderly women. It often presents with nocturnal burning medial midfoot pain.

Level of Evidence: IV, Retrospective Case Series
Analysis of the Foot and Ankle Section of the Orthopaedic In-Training Examination (OITE)
Authors: Srinivasan Ramesh C. , Seybold Jeffery D. , Kadakia Anish R.
Published: November 2009

Background: The Orthopaedic In-Training Examination (OITE) was first administered in 1963 to orthopaedic surgical residents. In 2007, an analysis of the OITE tumor-related questions was published. To our knowledge, no analysis of the foot and ankle-related questions is available in the literature. Materials and Methods: We analyzed the foot and ankle questions on the OITE over a 5-year period (2004 to 2008). The average number of foot and ankle questions, topics, specific imaging modalities, treatment options, and taxonomic classification were quantified and described. Results: Each year, approximately 38 of the 275 (14.2%) examination questions required knowledge of foot and ankle topics. Commonly tested topics include basic foot and ankle anatomy, the diabetic foot, ankle fractures, and calcaneus fractures. Approximately seventeen questions per year test simple recall of specific facts, while approximately sixteen questions test the examinee's ability to establish a diagnosis and subsequent treatment plan from clinical history and/or radiographs. Conclusion: Analysis of the OITE foot and ankle domain question content and type may aid test-writers when they write future OITE questions. This information can be used to ensure adequate coverage of the breadth of foot and ankle surgery on future OITE examinations.
Limb Salvage in Charcot Foot and Ankle Osteomyelitis: Combined Use Single Stage/Double Stage of Arthrodesis and External Fixation
Authors: Paola Luca Dalla , Ceccacci Tanja , Ninkovic Sasa , Sorgentone Sara , Marinescu Maria Grazia
Published: November 2009

Background: Charcot neuroarthropathy of the foot/ankle is a devastating complication of diabetes. Along with neuroarthropathy, osteomyelitis can occur which can result in amputation. This prospective study evaluated a limb salvage procedure as an alternative to amputation through surgical treatment of osteomyelitis of the midfoot or the ankle and stabilization with external fixation. Materials and Methods: Forty-five patients with Charcot arthropathy and osteomyelitis underwent debridement and attempted fusion with an external fixator. Chart and radiograph review was performed to assess the success of the fusion and eradication of infection. Results: Out of 45 patients, 39 patients healed using emergent surgery to drain an acute manifestation of the infection while maintaining the fixation for an average of 25.7 weeks. Two patients were treated with intramedullary nail in a subsequent surgical procedure. In four patients, the infection could not be controlled, therefore a major amputation was carried out. Conclusion: For select patients, external fixation proved to be a reasonable alternative to below-knee amputation.

Level of Evidence: IV, Case Series
Severity of Functional and Mechanical Ankle Instability in an Active Population
Authors: Hirai Derek , Docherty Carrie L. , Schrader John
Published: November 2009

Background: The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the relationship between the severity of functional and mechanical ankle instability in physically active individuals. Materials and Methods: Eighty college aged physically active individuals from a large university were recruited for this study. All subjects had unilateral functional ankle instability (FAI). FAI was defined as a history of at least two ankle sprains and a score less than or equal to 27 on the Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool (CAIT). The contralateral limb had no history of ankle injury or instability. Anterior displacement (mm) and talar tilt (degrees) were measured using the LigMaster™ joint arthrometer to identify mechanical ankle instability(MAI). Individuals were tested bilaterally and the maximum value attained during talar tilt and anterior displacement was used for statistical analysis. Results: First we evaluated side-to-side differences in MAI in all subjects. We found no significant difference between the FAI and the non-FAI ankle for anterior displacement ( t1.79 = 1.66, p = 0.10) or talar tilt ( t1.79 = −0.07, p = 0.95). Secondly, we evaluated the relationship between the FAI and MAI measures and found no significant correlations between the severity of FAI and magnitude of anterior displacement( r = 0.18, p = 0.12) or talar tilt ( r = 0.09, p = 0.42). Conclusion: This study demonstrated there was no side-to-side difference in MAI in individuals with unilateral functional ankle instability. Similarly, we also conclude there was no significant relationship between the severity of FAI and MAI. We feel that these findings suggest the symptoms of FAI may not be related to ankle joint laxity, but instead due to other factors associated with FAI.

Level of Evidence: III, Comparative Series
Hindfoot Alignment Valgus Moment Arm Increases in Adult Flatfoot with Achilles Tendon Contracture
Authors: Arangio George , Rogman Alberic , Reed James F.
Published: November 2009

Background: Adult acquired flatfoot is often associated with Achilles tendon contracture and may be associated with isolated spring ligament insufficiency without Achilles tendon contracture. We have studied the hypothesis that standing valgus hindfoot alignment moment arm is increased in adult acquired flatfoot with Achilles tendon contracture when compared to adult acquired flatfoot without Achilles tendon contracture. Materials and Methods: The standing hindfoot alignment, standing lateral tibial-calcaneal angle, lateral talo-first metatarsal angle, lateral medial cuneiform arch height, and anteroposterior talonavicular coverage angle were measured in 22 patients with a clinical diagnosis of adult acquired flatfoot with one foot with clinical Achilles tendon contracture and one without that diagnosis. We compared the adult acquired flatfoot group to a control group of 15 patients with no foot or ankle deformities or previous foot or ankle surgeries. Results: In patients with flatfoot and Achilles tendon contracture, there was a significantly increased valgus hindfoot alignment, talo-first metatarsal angle, talonavicular coverage angle, tibiocalcaneal angle and a decreased arch height when compared to the control group. In all flatfeet, we found an increased tibiocalcaneal angle. In both flatfoot groups, an increasing tibiocalcaneal angle and an increasing talo-first metatarsal angle was correlated to a decreasing arch height. In adult acquired flatfoot without Achilles tendon contracture diagnosed by clinical exam, an increasing talonavicular coverage angle was correlated to an increasing talo-first metatarsal angle and a decreasing arch height. Conclusion: Adults with flatfoot and Achilles tendon contracture have a significantly increased standing hindfoot valgus alignment moment arm and other associated deformities.

Level of Evidence: III, Comparative Series
Treatment of Calcaneal Osteomyelitis with Free Serratus Anterior Muscle Flap Transfer
Authors: Xu Xiang-Yang , Zhu Yuan , Liu Jin-Hao
Published: November 2009

Background: Chronic calcaneal osteomyelitis is a difficult problem to eradicate. The infected bone and soft tissue can rarely be successfully treated conservatively. But after aggressive debridement, there is usually a large defect in the calcaneus and soft tissue. Free serratus anterior muscle flap can not only fill the defect but can help eliminate the infection of the bone and soft tissue. Materials and Methods: Thirteen patients with calcaneal osteomyelitis were treated with free serratus anterior muscle flap transfer and skin graft from 2000 to 2006. The mean patient age was 36 (range, 18 to 48) years. Four patients were women and nine were men. The followup averaged 34 months (range, 6 months to 6 years). Results: All flaps survived and there was no infection recurrence. The mean operation time was 6.3 ± 1.3 hours. Partial skin graft necrosis was found in one patient, which resolved uneventfully after another skin graft. There was minimal donor site morbidity. Winged scapula or dysfunction of the shoulder was not found in any of the patients. Conclusion: The serratus anterior muscle has many advantages owing to its anatomical features. We believe it is a good option for treatment of calcaneal osteomyelitis.

Level of Evidence: IV, Retrospective Case Series
In Vivo Three-Dimensional Analysis of Hindfoot Kinematics
Authors: Imai Kan , Tokunaga Daisaku , Takatori Ryota , Ikoma Kazuya , Maki Masahiro , Ohkawa Hiroki , Ogura Akiko , Tsuji Yoshiro , Inoue Nozomu , Kubo Toshikazu
Published: November 2009

Background: Knowledge of normal bone motion of the foot is important for understanding the gait as well as for various pathologies; however, the pattern of 3D motion is not completely understood. The aim of this study was to quantify the in vivo motion of the tibiotalar joint, talocalcaneal joint, and talonavicular joint in normal adult feet using a noninvasive (e.g., nonsurgical) measurement technique. Materials and Methods: CT images were taken of both feet of ten normal young adults (six males, four females) in neutral, plantarflexion, and dorsiflexion positions of the ankle joint, from which 3D virtual models were made of each mid-hind foot bones. The 3D bone motion of these models was calculated using volume merge methods in three major planes. These data were used to analyze the relationship between the motion of the ankle joint and each other joint. Results: Tibiotalar rotation was observed in dorsiflexion, abduction, and eversion during maximal dorsiflexion of the ankle joint. Talocalcaneal and talonavicular rotation was very small because the ankle joint motion was limited to the sagittal plane. Tibiotalar rotation was also observed in plantarflexion and adduction during maximal plantarflexion of the ankle joint, and talocalcaneal rotation was very small. Talonavicular rotation was observed in plantarflexion and inversion. The motion of the x-axis and the z-axis of tibiotalar joint, and the x-axis and the y-axis of the talonavicular and talocalcaneal joint were associated with the ankle motion. Conclusion: Bone motion could be easily and accurately calculated using volume merge methods more effectively than it could with other methods. Clinical Relevance: The data elucidates the baseline segmental motion for comparison with symptomatic subjects which could help us to better understand pathokinematics of various foot and ankle pathologies.
The Influence of Flatfoot Deformity on the Gliding Resistance of Tendons about the Ankle
Authors: Fujii Tadash. , Uchiyama Eiich. , Kitaoka Harold B. , Luo Zong-Ping , Zhao Kristin D. , An Kai-Nan
Published: November 2009

Background: Various tendinopathies occur about the ankle, but there are few publications investigating their etiology or pathoanatomy. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the gliding resistance of the tendons about the posteromedial ankle: the posterior tibial (PT), flexor digitorum longus (FDL), and flexor hallucis longus (FHL) tendons. Materials and Methods: The gliding abilities of the posterior tibial, flexor digitorum longus, and flexor hallucis longus tendons at the anklehindfoot level were compared, in terms of gliding resistance, with use of a system that was developed in this laboratory. Six cadaveric specimens were used and tested in a dorsiflexed position, then in simulated flatfoot in a dorsiflexed position. Results: The gliding resistance was found to be significantly greater in the simulated flatfoot in dorsiflexion compared to the dorsiflexed position with an intact arch for the PT, FDL, and FHL tendons. The gliding resistance was significantly higher in the PT tendon than FDL or FHL tendons in the flatfoot/dorsiflexion condition. There was no significant difference between the FDL and FHL tendons in resistance in either condition. Conclusion: We concluded that the gliding ability of the PT tendon was inferior to that of the FDL and FHL tendons in a simulated flatfoot model. Clinical Relevance: The findings of the present study are consistent with the clinical observations that tendinitis and rupture of the PT tendon commonly occurs at the malleolar level, whereas FDL and FHL ruptures do not. A pre-existing flexible flatfoot deformity may be associated with PT tendon dysfunction in the adult due to poor gliding ability of the PT tendon.
Relationship Between Plantar Pressure and Soft Tissue Strain under Metatarsal Heads with Different Heel Heights
Authors: Ko Ping-Hsin , Hsiao Tzu-Yu , Kang Jiunn-Horng , Wang Tyng-Guey , Shau Yio-Wha , Wang Chung-Li
Published: November 2009

Background: Metatarsalgia due to increased plantar pressure under the metatarsal head (MTH) is often seen with wearing high-heeled shoes. However, the concomitant soft tissue strain has not been well discussed. The objective of our study was to explore the standing plantar pressure and corresponding soft tissue strain under the metatarsal heads (MTHs) with different heel heights. Materials and Methods: Twenty-one healthy subjects (10 male and 11 female) participated. The plantar pressure and soft-tissue thicknesses were measured simultaneously with a load cell and a 10-MHz linear-array ultrasound (US) transducer respectively. The changes in plantar pressure and soft tissue strain under the MTHs were analyzed for different heel heights. Results: As hypothesized, plantar metatarsal pressure significantly increased and shifted to the first and second MTHs with increasing heel height from 2 cm to 4 cm( p < 0.05). However, the change in soft tissue strain under the medial forefoot became insignificant when the heel height was greater than 2 cm ( p = 0.473 and 0.517). Conclusions: Increased heel height resulted in increasing medial forefoot loading pressure; however, the soft tissue exhibited stationary compressibility when the heel height was greater than 2 cm. Clinical Relevance: Our finding provides an understanding of the biomechanical changes with wearing high-heeled shoes and suggests possible strategies to reducing discomfort and risk of injury, such as limiting heel height to no greater than 2 cm and using medial padding under MTHs.
Repair of Lacerated Tibialis Anterior Tendon using Achillon Limited open Repair Technique
Authors: Chadwick Carolyn , Wong Amanda , Davies Mark B.
Published: November 2009

Level of Evidence: V, Expert Opinion
Combined Anterior and Posterior Athroscopic Portals for Loose Body Removal and Synovectomy for Synovial Condromatosis
Authors: Bojanic Ivan , Bergovec Marko , Smoljanovic Tomislav
Published: November 2009

Background: Synovial chondromatosis is a rare disorder characterized by formation of cartilaginous bodies within the synovia of joints, tendon sheaths, and bursae secondary to a synovial metaplastic process. Recent literature has described using only an anterior approach to the ankle for these patients. It is unclear how well, if at all, synovectomy of the posterior part of the ankle joint was performed. Most recurrences occur years after surgery, as a result of incomplete synovectomy. Materials and Methods: We treated five patients (mean age 31.6 years; range, 21 to 63; four male, one female) with synovial chondromatosis of the ankle. We performed arthroscopic loose body removal and total synovectomy using both posterior and anterior ankle arthroscopic portals. At latest followup of a mean of 34.2 (range, 13 to 58) months, the functional result was assessed with the AOFAS score. Results: The AOFAS score improved from a mean of 67 (range, 58 to 77) points to a mean of 94 (range, 77 to 100) points. Overall patient satisfaction was good to excellent. We noted only one minor complication when a loose body was lost in the subcutaneous tissue, and was removed two weeks after the arthroscopy. Conclusion: Our experience in this small group of patients seems to indicate that a 2 portal approach with total synovectomy and removal of loose bodies gives the best result and minimizes the risk of recurrence.

Level of Evidence: IV, Retrospective Case Series
Technique Tip: Positioning for Hindfoot and Midfoot Surgery
Authors: Leibner Efraim D. , Gelfond Reuven , London Eli , Elishoov Ofer
Published: November 2009

Levels of Evidence: V, Expert Opinion
Myofibroblastic Bone Tumor of the Toe: Case Report
Authors: Wagner Andreas F. , Anders Jens O. , Katenkamp Detlef , Fuhrmann Renée Andrea
Published: November 2009

Level of Evidence: V, Expert Opinion
Life Tables of Two-Spotted Spider Mite Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) and its Predator Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot (Acari: Phytoseiidae)
Authors: Hoque M Fazlul , Islam W , Khalequzzaman M
Published: November 2009

Life table of Tetranychus urticae and Phytoseiulus persimilis on bean leaflets were studied under laboratory conditions in three seasons. For T. urticae the development time from egg to adult varied from 7 to 24 days and the highest immature mortality was 78.70 % in winter. Eggs laid by females were 88.1 eggs in autumn and 70.6 eggs in summer season. The gross reproductive rate (GRR) was the highest (65.51) in autumn and 52.50 in summer. The net reproductive rate (Ro) was the highest (15.862) in autumn and 8.916 in summer. The intrinsic rates of increase (rm) and finite capacity for increase (λ) reached maximal values (0.1873 and 1.206) in autumn, whereas minimal values (0.056 and 1.058) were in winter season. The mean generation time (T) was the shortest in summer and double (3.701) days in autumn. The development time of P. persimilis from egg to adult varied from 5 to 14 days. The highest immature mortality was 60% in summer. Eggs laid by females were 39.4 eggs in autumn and 30.2 eggs in summer. The gross reproductive rate (GRR) was the highest (31.4) in autumn and 24.0 in summer. The net reproductive rate (Ro) was the highest (10.573) in autumn and 8.460 in winter. The intrinsic rates of increase (rm) and finite capacity for increase (λ) reached maximal values (0.1823 and 1.200) in summer, whereas minimal values (0.1025 and 1.108) were in winter. The mean generation time (T) was the shortest in summer. The results suggested that P. persimilis could develop and reproduce within a wide range of temperatures. Key words: Tetranychus urticae, Phytoseiulus persimilis, immature mortality, intrinsic rates of increase, reproductive rate, Survival  DOI:10.3329/jbs.v16i0.3733 J. bio-sci. 16: 1-10, 2008
Fertility Life Tables of Plastanoxus westwoodi (Kieffer) (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) on Cryptolestes pusillus (Schon.) (Coleoptera: Cucujidae)
Authors: Rahman MM , Islam W , Ahmed KN
Published: November 2009

Plastanoxus westwoodi is an efficient ectoparasitoid of larvae and pupae of the red flat grain beetle Cryptolestes pusillus. Fertility life tables and effects of host instar on life table parameters of P. westwoodi on C. pusillus were studied in the laboratory. Generally adult females lived for 13-16 days. Oviposition commenced on the 1st day of adult emergence and continued till death or 1-2 days before the death of a parasitoid. The intrinsic rate of natural increase (rm) was found to be 0.2291 per female per day. The net reproductive rate (R0) was 64.07; the innate capacity for increase (rc) was 0.2096. The finite rate of increase (λ) was calculated as 1.4735 per female per day, while corrected generation time (T) was computed as 18.16 days. Key words: Plastanoxus westwoodi, Cryptolestes pusillus, Oviposition, Life table, Biological control   DOI:10.3329/jbs.v16i0.3737    J. bio-sci. 16: 25-28, 2008
In Vitro Indirect Plantlet Regeneration from Hypocotyl Segments and Cotyledonary Explant Derived Calli in Lady's Finger (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Monech)
Authors: Rahman MT , Hossain MJ , Khalekuzzaman M
Published: November 2009

An experiment was conducted to develop an efficient protocol for in vitro regeneration of plantlets from hypocotyl segments and cotyledonary explants of Abelmoschus esculentus L. Monech. In this investigation the cultivar OK-285 of Abelmoschus esculentus L. Monech was used. At first somatic embryogenic calli were induced using MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of auxin and cytokinin singly or in combination. The cotyledonary explants showed the best callus induction rate (87.9%) in MS medium containing 1.5mgl-l 2.4-D + 0.1mgl-l BAP hormonal concentration while hypocotyl segments showed 82.6% callus induction rate in the same medium. For shoot formation, calli were subcultured on MS solid medium and the hypocotyl segments showed the best result (72.1%) in MS medium containing 2.0 mgl-l BAP + 0.1 mgl-l IAA and the mean number of shoots per callus was recorded 4.2. For root induction from shoots MS and ½MS media were used. The highest 63.5% microshoots initiated roots in ½ MS + 0.1 mgl-l IBA medium and the highest mean number of root was 4.8. Rooted shoots were acclimated and successfully established into soil under natural condition with 70% survival. Key words: Abelmoschus esculentus, hypocotyl segments and cotyledon, embryogenic calli, regeneration.   DOI:10.3329/jbs.v16i0.3741 J. bio-sci. 16: 49-57, 2008
Effect of Rhizobium Strains and Biofertilizers on Foot, Root Rot and Yield of Bush Bean in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Infested Soil
Authors: Khalequzzaman KM , Hossain I
Published: November 2009

A glasshouse experiment was carried out to find out the effect of Rhizobium strains and biofertilizers on foot and root rot (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) and yield of Bush bean. Six Rhizobium strains and three biofertilizers were used for seed treatment. Rhizobium strains (BINAR P36 and BINAR P6) and BINA biofertilizer resulted maximum reduction of seed rot, and foot and root rot of Bush bean in pot. In addition, these treatments increased germination, plant stand, shoot length/plant, root length/plant, shoot weight/plant, root weight/plant, vigour index, plant height, number of green pods/plant, weight of green pods/plant, weight of seeds/plant and healthy looking seeds in pot trials. Among them Rhizobium strains (BINAR P36) showed best performance. Key words: Rhizobium, biofertilizer, foot and root rot, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, yield, Bush bean.   DOI:10.3329/jbs.v16i0.3744 J. bio-sci. 16: 73-78, 2008
Differential Response of Potato under Sodium Chloride Stress Conditions In Vitrio
Authors: Rahman MH , Islam R , Hossain M , Haider SA
Published: November 2009

In vitro evaluations of salinity (NaCI) effects on three potato cultivars (Atlanta, Shepody and Shilbilaty ) were investigated with five NaCI levels ( 0, 25, 50, 75 and100 mM) by using single node explants. Significant differences were noticed among the cultivars followed by different NaCl levels. Salinity stress gradually depressed plant growth and root development with increased NaCl concentration in MS media. All the cultivars survived at high NaCl (100 mM) containing MS media with exhibiting different growth status. The results indicate that Shilbilaty performed better in shoot length and shoot fresh mass than Shepody and Atlanta. The Atlanta performed better in root growth than Shepody and Shilbilaty at different NaCl media. Highest salinity level drastically inhibits root growth in all the cultivars tested. The control and 25 mM NaCl containing MS media did not affect the growth traits of in vitro potato plantlets. The control was found superior in growth characterized than rest of the tested NaCl levels.  Keywords: Potato, single node, NaCl stress, growth response   DOI:10.3329/jbs.v16i0.3745    J. bio-sci. 16: 79-83, 2008
Studies on the Sugar Accumulation and Carbohydrate Splitting Enzyme Levels in Post Harvested and Cold Stored Potatoes
Authors: Karim Md Rezaul , Khan MMH , Uddin Md Salim , Sana NK , Nikkon F , Rahman Md Habibur
Published: November 2009

Significant differences were found in sugar content and carbohydrate splitting enzyme activities in tubers of ten indigenous potato varieties at harvesting and after keeping at cold storage. The activities of invertase, amylase, β-galactosidase and cellulase in all varieties were found to be increased by 2-12, 1.2-4, 1.9-4.5, and 1.1-3.7 folds, respectively from harvesting to cold stored potatoes. The amount of starch and sucrose were found to be decreased by 1.15-2.8 and 1.02-1.4 folds, respectively from harvesting to cold stored in all varieties. Total soluble sugar and reducing sugar contents in potatoes were increased by 1.02-1.4 and 4-11 folds, respectively from harvesting to cold stored in all varieties of potatoes. The amount of reducing sugar increased in cold stored potatoes due to the increased activities of carbohydrate splitting enzymes. Key words: Potatoes, Indigenous, Carbohydrate splitting enzymes, Sugars. DOI:10.3329/jbs.v16i0.3748 J. bio-sci. 16: 95-99, 2008
Efficacy of Some Synthetic Insecticides and Neem Seed Oil for the Management of Thrips of Mungbean Vigna radiate (L.) Wilezek
Authors: Azam MG , Bhuyain MMH , Uddin MN , Islam MT , Kabir KH
Published: November 2009

Field study was carried out at Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI) farm during March to August 2005 to find out the most appropriate management practices against thrips of mungbean. The experiment consisted of seven treatments of various management practices. It was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four replications. The incidence of this pest was first noticed during vegetative and flowering stage. The infestation rate was highest in reproductive stage. Application of Furadan 5G as a seed treatment gave the maximum yield (950.5 kg-ha). On the other hand, minimum yield was found in control treatment. Two times application of Shobicron 425 EC also gave the satisfactory result but it was not economically viable. Neem oil with Trix gave the significant result in comparison with other treatments and it may be environmentally friendly. Key words: Efficacy, Synthetic and botanical insecticides, Megalurothrips distalis, Yield.   DOI:10.3329/jbs.v16i0.3750    J. bio-sci. 16: 105-108, 2008
Study on the developmental Stages of Spider Mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch) Infesting Country Bean
Authors: Naher Najmoon , Islam Md Wahedul , Khalequzzaman M , Haque Mohd Mainul
Published: November 2009

The duration of developmental stages of Tetranychus urticae Koch was studied in different months of a year at room temperature. In addition fecundity of this mite was also observed in winter, autumn and summer seasons. T. urticae eggs hatched to larvae in the shortest duration of 1.07 ± 0.26 days and the longest duration of 11.67 ± 2.33 days in April and January, respectively. The larval period of T. urticae took the shortest time of 0.55 ± 0.50 days in May and 2.93 ± 1.07 days in December. The protonymph transformed to deutonymph in 0.89 ± 0.32 day in May and 3.71 ± 1.94 in December and January. The deutonymph required the shortest duration of 0.92 ± 0.41 days in August and the longest of 10.26 ± 1.48 days in January. The temperature played significant (P<0.001) role on the duration of developmental stages of T. urticae. The high temperature accelerated the developmental rate and reduced the duration of developmental periods. Its life cycle completed within 4.22 ± 0.46 days at 28.53 ± 3.17°C but 28.33 ± 2.36 days at 13.78 ± 2.36°C. A female T. urticae deposited 82.46 ± 4.11 eggs in autumn, 62.96 ± 12.09 eggs in summer and 58.21 ±1 3.65 eggs in winter. Key words: Developmental stages, Tetranychus urticae, temperature, fecundity   DOI:10.3329/jbs.v16i0.3751 J. bio-sci. 16: 109-114, 2008
Seed Germination Response of Rauvolfia serpentina Benth. to Certain Physical and Chemical Treatments
Authors: Paul D , Paul NK , Basu PK
Published: November 2009

DOI:10.3329/jbs.v16i0.3756J. bio-sci. 16: 129-131, 2008
Community of Helminth Parasites in Rita rita (Hamilton Buchanun)
Authors: Khanum Hamida , Ferdows Jakia , Farhana Rima
Published: November 2009

Key words: Rita rita, helminthes, prevalence and intensity of parasites. DOI:10.3329/jbs.v16i0.3757 J. bio-sci. 16: 133-135, 2008
In Vitro Screening of two Flavonoid Compounds Isolated from Cassia alata L. Leaves for Fungicidal Activities
Authors: Rahman MS , Ali MY , Ali MU
Published: November 2009

Key words: Cassia alata, flavonoids, fungicidal activities. DOI:10.3329/jbs.v16i0.3759 J. bio-sci. 16: 139-142, 2008
Second Guessing: A Self-Help Manual
Authors: Roush Sherrilyn
Published: November 2009

I develop a general framework with a rationality constraint that shows how coherently to represent and deal with second-order information about one's own judgmental reliability. It is a rejection of and generalization away from the typical Bayesian requirements of unconditional judgmental self-respect and perfect knowledge of one's own beliefs, and is defended by appeal to the Principal Principle. This yields consequences about maintaining unity of the self, about symmetries and asymmetries between the first- and third-person, and a principled way of knowing when to stop second-guessing oneself. Peer disagreement is treated as a special case where one doubts oneself because of news that an intellectual equal disagrees. This framework, and variants of it, imply that the typically stated belief that an equally reliably peer disagrees is incoherent, and thus that pure rationality constraints without further substantive information cannot give an answer as to what to do. The framework also shows that treating both ourselves and others as thermometers in the disagreement situation does not imply the Equal Weight view.
Evidentialism, Higher-Order Evidence, and Disagreement
Authors: Feldman Richard
Published: November 2009

Evidentialism is the thesis that a person is justified in believing a proposition iff the person's evidence on balance supports that proposition. In discussing epistemological issues associated with disagreements among epistemic peers, some philosophers have endorsed principles that seem to run contrary to evidentialism, specifying how one should revise one's beliefs in light of disagreement. In this paper, I examine the connection between evidentialism and these principles. I argue that the puzzles about disagreement provide no reason to abandon evidentialism and that there are no true general principles about justified responses to disagreement other than the general evidentialist principle. I then argue that the puzzles about disagreement are primarily puzzles about the evidential impact of higher-order evidence–evidence about the significance or existence of ordinary, or first-order, evidence. I conclude by arguing that such higher-order evidence can often have a profound effect on the justification of first-order beliefs.
Extra Time and the Death Penalties: On a Newly Arisen Violent Tone in Philosophy
Authors: McQuillan Martin
Published: November 2009

In light of recent writing on politics and violence within contemporary continental philosophy, this text revisits Derrida's frequently articulated philosophical opposition to the death penalty. This essay expresses dismay at a certain theoretical discourse today that finds within itself the resources to mount a defence from within the humanities of political violence and by extension an overt justification of the death penalty. Slavoj Žižek's essay on Robespierre is unpicked as one such representative text. It is contrasted to Derrida's scrupulous reading of Kant as an advocate of the death penalty. This essay seeks to name and question a new Maoist, thanato-theological current in contemporary theoretical writing and should be considered as an opening salvo in a sustained future challenge to such thought.
Who Follows Whom? Derrida, Animals and Women
Authors: Guenther Lisa
Published: November 2009

In ‘L'Animal que donc je suis’, Derrida analyzes the paradoxical use of discourses on shame and original sin to justify the human domination of other animals. In the absence of any absolute criterion for distinguishing between humans and other animals, human faultiness becomes a sign of our exclusive capacity for self-consciousness, freedom and awareness of mortality. While Derrida's argument is compelling, he neglects to explore the connection between the human domination of animals and the male domination of women. Throughout ‘L'Animal’, Derrida equivocates between ‘man’ and ‘humanity,’ and between the biblical figures of Ish and Adam. In so doing, he repeats a gesture that he himself has insightfully criticized in other philosophers, such as Levinas. By articulating the distinctions that Derrida elides, I suggest a way of reading Genesis which avoids this difficulty, but also continues Derrida's project.