bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Missing OH source in a suburban environment near Beijing: observed and modelled OH and HO2 concentrations in summer 2006
Authors: Lu K. D. , Hofzumahaus A. , Holland F. , Bohn B. , Brauers T. , Fuchs H. , Hu M. , Häseler R. , Kita K. , Kondo Y. , Li X. , Lou S. R. , Oebel A. , Shao M. , Zeng L. M. , Wahner A. , Zhu T. , Zhang Y. H. , Rohrer F.
Published: January 2013

Abstract. Measurements of ambient OH and HO2 radicals were performed by laser induced fluorescence (LIF) during CAREBeijing2006 (Campaigns of Air Quality Research in Beijing and Surrounding Region 2006) at the suburban site Yufa in the south of Beijing in summer 2006. On most days, local air chemistry was influenced by aged air pollution that was advected by a slow, almost stagnant wind from southern regions. Observed daily concentration maxima were in the range of (4–17) × 106 cm−3 for OH and (2–24) × 108 cm−3 for HO2 (including an estimated interference of 25% from RO2). During daytime, OH reactivities were generally high (10–30 s−1) and mainly contributed by observed VOCs and their calculated oxidation products. The comparison of modelled and measured HOx concentrations reveals a systematic underprediction of OH as a function of NO. A large discrepancy of a factor 2.6 is found at the lowest NO concentration encountered (0.1 ppb), whereas the discrepancy becomes insignificant above 1 ppb NO. This study extends similar observations from the Pearl-River Delta (PRD) in South China to a more urban environment. The OH discrepancy at Yufa can be resolved, if NO-independent additional OH recycling is assumed in the model. The postulated Leuven Isoprene Mechanism (LIM) has the potential to explain the gap between modelled and measured OH at Beijing taking into account conservative error estimates, but lacks experimental confirmation. This and the hereby unresolved discrepancy at PRD suggest that other VOCs besides isoprene might be involved in the required, additional OH recycling. Fast primary production of ROx radicals up to 7 ppb h−1 was determined at Beijing which was dominated by the photolysis of O3, HONO, HCHO, and dicarbonyls. For a special case, 20 August, when the plume of Beijing city was encountered, a missing primary HOx source (about 3 ppb h−1) was determined under high NOx conditions similar to other urban areas like Mexico City. CAREBeijing2006 emphasizes the important role of OVOCs as a radical source and sink, and the need for further investigation of the chemical degradation of VOCs in order to better understand radical chemistry in VOC-rich air.
Front Matter
Authors: Jacob W. James
Published: January 2013

This is the second issue of Volume 3, with articles that examine higher education and/or action research projects in Argentina, Brazil, Cambodia, Chile, Colombia, Indonesia, Mexico, Turkey, and other contexts.
Corte Centroamericana de Justicia Honduras vs. Nicaragua por Ley 325 Escrito de conclusiones de Nicaragua
Authors: Corte Centroamericana de Justicia SICA
Published: January 2013

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/derecho.v0i2.934 Revista de Derecho No.2 2002 pp.217-219
To what extent could acute general psychiatric day care reduce inpatient admissions?
Authors: Kallert Thomas W. , Howardová Andrea , Raboch Jiri , Priebe Stefan , Kiejna Andrzej , Nawka Pětr , Schützwohl Matthias
Published: January 2013

Background: Percentage reduction of inpatient admissions by acute general psychiatric day care in individual facilities (i.e. feasibility rate of acute day care) seems to be an important parameter for service planning. Previously reported feasibility rates showed significant variation, however, and were based on eligibility criteria defined for randomized controlled trials. This paper aims to perform an in-depth exploration of the calculation method of these feasibility rates, to propose different calculation methods expanding research definitions to the reality of service provision, and to analyze the association between the availability of residential services in regional mental health service systems and these rates. Methods: Data from the randomization process of the European Day Hospital Evaluation (EDEN) study in which a total of 1117 patients were included in five sites provided the basis to calculate site-specific and overall rates of patients for whom this mode of treatment might be adequate. Sensitivity analyses were carried out by varying the selection of patients’ eligibility criteria and thus calculating different feasibility estimates. Data on the regional mental health care systems were collected by use of the European Service Mapping Schedule. Results: The use of four different calculation methods showed that site-specific feasibility rates of acute day care for general psychiatric patients varied from 13.8% to 25.7% up to 44.1% to 79.0%. Overall rates varied from 17.3% up to 67.7%, respectively. The high values were calculated under a scenario where the current acute day care model of care is enhanced to manage more complicated patients than currently treated under existing acute day care models. In three out of the four calculation methods higher rates were calculated for sites which demonstrated higher figures of residential services, and thus were less advanced in their process of deinstitutionalization. Conclusions: In order to determine the capacity of day hospitals as an alternative to acute psychiatric hospital care, mental health care planning must clearly decide on the eligibility criteria of patients to be treated in these facilities. Guided by such definitions, treatment concepts and professional qualifications of the staff in these facilities need to be adapted. The finding that less de-institutionalized regions may benefit most from a transition to acute day care as a means for promoting the transition to a community model of care for otherwise institutionalized patients must be assessed in more detail. Comprehensive research exploring the impact of all regional mental health service configuration characteristics on the concept of acute day care is needed.
Rhodium‐Catalyzed Direct Addition of Indoles to N‐Sulfonylaldimines
Authors: Zhou Bing , Yang Yaxi , Lin Sui , Li Yuanchao
Published: January 2013

The rhodium‐catalyzed addition of indole CH bonds to a range of aryl‐ and alkyl‐N‐sulfonylaldimines is reported. The reaction proceeds with high functional group compatibility and provides easy and rapid access to a wide variety of 2‐indolylmethanamine derivatives under mild reaction conditions.
High Efficiency Up‐Converting Single Phase Elastomers for Photon Managing Applications
Authors: Monguzzi Angelo , Bianchi Francesco , Bianchi Alberto , Mauri Michele , Simonutti Roberto , Ruffo Riccardo , Tubino Riccardo , Meinardi Francesco
Published: January 2013

Optically active materials able to up‐convert the frequency of the incident radiation can be used to enhance the performance of photovoltaic and photocatalityc cells, recovering sub‐bandgap photons not directly absorbed by the devices. Actually, sensitized up‐conversion (SUC) based on multi‐component organic systems is the most promising approach for these photon energy managing processes, being efficient also at the solar irradiance. However, applications of SUC on real devices have not been yet accomplished because its conversion yield usually drops dramatically in the solid state where the low dye mobility inhibits the diffusion controlled mechanisms ruling SUC photophysics. To overcome this limit, we prepared a single‐phase elastomer (poly‐butylacrilate) doped with proper dyes (platinum (II) octaetyl‐porphyrin and 9,10‐diphenylanthracene) to fabricate an efficient photon up‐converting material. Thanks to the residual molecular diffusion provided by the soft host, and to the quenching reduction of involved metastable electronic excited‐states in a solid environment compared to a liquid one, we obtained a record SUC yield of 17% at the solid state. SUC efficiency has been studied as function of the excitation power and sample temperature, elucidating the photophysical processes at the base of the high observed yield and assessing the guidelines for the fabrication of technologically appealing low power up‐converting materials.
Organometallic Approaches for Direct Modification of Peripheral CH Bonds in Porphyrin Cores
Authors: Yorimitsu Hideki , Osuka Atsuhiro
Published: January 2013

Porphyrins play vital roles in living systems as well as in advanced organic materials science. Efficient synthesis of porphyrins and creation of novel porphyrins are thus important. Recently, organometallic chemistry has become more powerful and is now sophisticated enough to modify porphyrin CH bonds directly, efficiently, and selectively. This Focus Review discusses methods for modifying peripheral porphyrin CH bonds, specifically direct metalations and CC bond formations.
Stabilization of One‐Dimensional Schrödinger Equation with Variable Coefficient under Delayed Boundary Output Feedback
Authors: Yang Kun‐Yi , Yao Cui‐Zhen
Published: January 2013

This article considers stabilization of a one‐dimensional Schrödinger equation with variable coefficient and boundary observation which suffers from an arbitrary given time delay. We design an observer and predictor to stabilize the system. The state is estimated in the time span where the observation is available, and also predicted in the time interval where the observation is not available. It is shown that the estimated state feedback stabilizes the system exponentially. A numerical simulation is presented to illustrate the effect of the stabilizing controller.
Systematic review of five feeding routes after pancreatoduodenectomy
Authors: Gerritsen A , Besselink M G H , Gouma D J , Steenhagen E , Borel Rinkes I H M , Molenaar I Q
Published: January 2013

Background

Current European guidelines recommend routine enteral feeding after pancreato-duodenectomy (PD), whereas American guidelines do not. The aim of this study was to determine the optimal feeding route after PD.

Methods

A systematic search was performed in PubMed, Embase and the Cochrane Library. Included were studies on feeding routes after PD that reported length of hospital stay (primary outcome).

Results

Of 442 articles screened, 15 studies with 3474 patients were included. Data on five feeding routes were extracted: oral diet (2210 patients), enteral nutrition via either a nasojejunal tube (NJT, 165), gastrojejunostomy tube (GJT, 52) or jejunostomy tube (JT, 623), and total parenteral nutrition (TPN, 424). Mean(s.d.) length of hospital stay was shortest in the oral diet and GJT groups (15(14) and 15(11) days respectively), followed by 19(12) days in the JT, 20(15) days in the TPN and 25(11) days in the NJT group. Normal oral intake was established most quickly in the oral diet group (mean 6(5) days), followed by 8(9) days in the NJT group. The incidence of delayed gastric emptying varied from 6 per cent (3 of 52 patients) in the GJT group to 23·2 per cent (43 of 185) in the JT group, but definitions varied widely. The overall morbidity rate ranged from 43·8 per cent (81 of 185) in the JT group to 75 per cent (24 of 32) in the GJT group. The overall mortality rate ranged from 1·8 per cent (3 of 165) in the NJT group to 5·4 per cent (23 of 424) in the TPN group.

Conclusion

There is no evidence to support routine enteral or parenteral feeding after PD. An oral diet may be considered as the preferred routine feeding strategy after PD.
Criminal thinking styles and emotional intelligence in Egyptian offenders
Authors: Megreya Ahmed M.
Published: January 2013

Background

The Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles (PICTS) has been applied extensively to the study of criminal behaviour and cognition. Increasingly growing evidence indicates that criminal thinking styles vary considerably among individuals, and these individual variations appear to be crucial for a full understanding of criminal behaviour.

Aims

This study aimed to examine individual differences in criminal thinking as a function of emotional intelligence.

Methods

A group of 56 Egyptian male prisoners completed the PICTS and Bar‐On Emotional Quotient Inventory (EQ‐i). The correlations between these assessments were examined using a series of Pearson correlations coefficients, with Bonferroni correction.

Results

General criminal thinking, reactive criminal thinking and five criminal thinking styles (mollification, cutoff, power orientation, cognitive indolence and discontinuity) negatively correlated with emotional intelligence. On the other hand, proactive criminal thinking and three criminal thinking styles (entitlement, superoptimism and sentimentality) did not associate with emotional intelligence.

Conclusions

Emotional intelligence is an important correlate of individual differences in criminal thinking, especially its reactive aspects. Practical implications of this suggestion were discussed. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
IgE‐mediated allergy to pholcodine and cross‐reactivity to neuromuscular blocking agents: Lessons from flow cytometry
Authors: Leysen J. , De Witte L. , Sabato V. , Faber M. , Hagendorens M. , Bridts C. , De Clerck L. , Ebo D.
Published: January 2013

Background:

Immunoglubulin E antibody‐mediated allergic reactions to opioids are rare and difficult to document correctly.

Objective:

Assessment of the basophil activation test in the diagnosis of IgE‐mediated allergy to the antitussive pholcodine and associated sensitizations to neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBA).

Methods:

Three patients with a suspected IgE‐mediated allergy to pholcodine were investigated using skin tests, quantification of specific IgE, and flow cytometric activation of basophils.

Results and conclusion:

Flow cytometric activation of basophils, with simultaneous analysis of CD63 appearance and median histamine content per cell, is the only technique capable to correctly document pholcodine allergy. The negative predictive value of basophil activation tests might help to elucidate on the controversial putative cross‐reactivity between pholcodine and NMBA. © 2013 International Clinical Cytometry Society
Distributed compressed sensing in wireless local area networks
Authors: Yang Hao , Huang Liusheng , Xu Hongli , Liu An
Published: January 2013

In order to improve energy efficiency in the process of gathering data and transmitting information, compressed sensing (CS) has been applied increasingly in wireless local area networks (WLANs). In traditional usages of CS techniques in previous literatures, the sparsities of the signals have to be known beforehand, which is significant for the recovered results. However, it is difficult to realize precisely the structures of the actual signals in WLANs. Therefore, it is important to further exploit the reasonable practicality of signals in actual applications. In this paper, we present a spatial–temporal correlation model to optimize measure matrix of CS on the basis of a local region. Furthermore, two algorithms based on two kinds of situations are designed, both of which are pervasive data distributions in real environments. Our algorithms have been proven to be valuable and could be considered for actual applications. Experiments show that the signals could be reconstructed accurately and stably even if their sparsities could not be known in advance. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Miniaturization design method and performance evaluation of prototype permanent‐magnet synchronous motor optimally designed by thermomagnetic field coupling analysis
Authors: Iwasaki Norihisa , Kitamura Hideki , Kitamura Masashi , Nakatsugawa Junnosuke , Enomoto Yuji
Published: January 2013

This paper reports on the results of the miniaturization design of a permanent magnet synchronous motor, for which an optimal design technique based on thermomagnetic field coupling analysis is used. We derived the optimal solution for various motor flatness ratios and determined the relationship between the motor size and the flatness ratio. For motors with different flatness ratios, we calculated the speed–torque characteristics by considering the voltage, temperature rise, and demagnetization limits and compared them. Moreover, we manufactured and tested the smallest designed motor. The measured temperature rises demonstrated the high accuracy of the proposed miniaturization design. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 183(2): 58–66, 2013; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.22279
Principle and basic characteristics of a hybrid variable‐magnetic‐force motor
Authors: Sakai Kazuto , Kuramochi Satoru
Published: January 2013

Reducing the power consumed by motors is important for energy conservation in the case of electrical appliances and electric vehicles (EVs). The motors used for operating these devices operate at variable speeds. Further, the motors operate with a small load in the stationary mode and a large load in the starting mode. A permanent magnet motor can be operated at rated power with high efficiency. However, the efficiency is low under a small load or at high speeds because the large constant magnetic force results in substantial core loss. Furthermore, the flux‐weakening current that decreases the voltage at high speeds leads to significant copper loss and core loss. Therefore, we have developed a new technique for controlling the magnetic force of a permanent magnet on the basis of the load or speed of the motor. In this paper we propose a novel motor that can vary the magnetic flux of a permanent magnet and clarify the principles and basic characteristics of the motor. The new motor has a permanent magnet that is magnetized by the magnetizing coil of the stator. The results of analysis show that the magnetic flux linkage of the motor can be changed from 37% to 100% and that a high torque can be produced. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 183(2): 47–57, 2013; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.22309
Egr‐2 transcription factor is required for Blimp‐1‐mediated IL‐10 production in IL‐27‐stimulated CD4+ T cells
Authors: Iwasaki Yukiko , Fujio Keishi , Okamura Tomohisa , Yanai Atsushi , Sumitomo Shuji , Shoda Hirofumi , Tamura Tomohiko , Yoshida Hiroki , Charnay Patrick , Yamamoto Kazuhiko
Published: January 2013

Interleukin‐27 (IL‐27) suppresses immune responses through inhibition of the development of IL‐17 producing Th17 cells and induction of IL‐10 production. We previously showed that forced expression of early growth response gene 2 (Egr‐2), a transcription factor required for T‐cell anergy induction, induces IL‐10 and lymphocyte activation gene 3 expression and confers regulatory activity on CD4+ T cells in vivo. Here, we evaluated the role of Egr‐2 in IL‐27‐induced IL‐10 production. Among various IL‐10‐inducing factors, only IL‐27 induced high levels of Egr‐2 and lymphocyte activation gene 3 expression. Intriguingly, IL‐27 failed to induce IL‐10 in Egr‐2‐deficient T cells. IL‐27‐mediated induction of Prdm1 that codes B lymphocyte induced maturation protein‐1, a transcriptional regulator important for IL‐10 production in CD4+ T cells, was also impaired in the absence of Egr‐2. Although IL‐27‐mediated IL‐10 induction was dependent on both STAT1 and STAT3, only STAT3 was required for IL‐27‐mediated Egr‐2 induction. These results suggest that IL‐27 signal transduction through Egr‐2 and B lymphocyte induced maturation protein‐1 plays an important role in IL‐10 production. Furthermore, Egr‐2‐deficient CD4+ T cells showed dysregulated production of IFN‐γ and IL‐17 in response to IL‐27 stimulation. Therefore, Egr‐2 may play key roles in controlling the balance between regulatory and effector cytokines.
Dielectrophoresis: Applications and future outlook in point of care
Authors: Demircan Yağmur , Özgür Ebru , Külah Haluk
Published: January 2013

Dielectrophoresis (DEP) is a label free, noninvasive, stand alone, rapid, and sensitive particle manipulation and characterization technique. Improvements in micro‐electro‐mechanical systems technology have enabled the biomedical applications ofDEPover the past decades. By this way, integration ofDEPinto lab‐on‐a‐chip systems has become achievable, creating a potential tool for point‐of‐care (POC) systems.DEPcan be utilized in many differentPOCapplications including early detection and prognosis of various cancer types, diagnosis of infectious diseases, blood cell analysis, and stem cell therapy. However, there are still some challenges to be resolved to haveDEP‐based devices available inPOCmarket. Today, researchers have focused on these challenges to have this powerful theory as a solution for manyPOCapplications. Here,DEPtheory, cell modeling, and most common device structures are introduced briefly. Next,POCapplications ofDEPtheory, such as cell (blood, cancer, stem, and fetal) and microorganism separation, manipulation, and enrichment for diagnosis and prognosis, are explained. Integration ofDEPwith other detection techniques to have more sensitive systems is summarized. Finally, future outlook forDEP‐based systems are discussed with some challenges, which are currently preventing these systems to be a common tool forPOCapplications, and possible solutions.
New insight into motor adaptation to pain revealed by a combination of modelling and empirical approaches
Authors: Hodges P.W. , Coppieters M.W. , MacDonald D. , Cholewicki J.
Published: January 2013

Background

Movement changes in pain. Unlike the somewhat stereotypical response of limb muscles to pain, trunk muscle responses are highly variable when challenged by pain in that region. This has led many to question the existence of a common underlying theory to explain the adaptation. Here, we tested the hypotheses that (1) adaptation in muscle activation in acute pain leads to enhanced spine stability, despite variation in the pattern of muscle activation changes; and (2) individuals would use a similar ‘signature’ pattern for tasks with different mechanical demands.

Methods

In 17 healthy individuals, electromyography recordings were made from a broad array of anterior and posterior trunk muscles while participants moved slowly between trunk flexion and extension with and without experimentally induced back pain. Hypotheses were tested by estimating spine stability (Stability Index) with an electromyography‐driven spine model and analysis of individual and overall (net) adaptations in muscle activation.

Results

The Stability Index (P < 0.017) and net muscle activity (P < 0.021) increased during pain, although no two individuals used the same pattern of adaptation in muscle activity. For most, the adaptation was similar between movement directions despite opposite movement demands.

Conclusions

These data provide the first empirical confirmation that, in most individuals, acute back pain leads to increased spinal stability and that the pattern of muscle activity is not stereotypical, but instead involves an individual‐specific response to pain. This adaptation is likely to provide short‐term benefit to enhance spinal protection, but could have long‐term consequences for spinal health.
HOW SENSITIVE ARE RETIREMENT DECISIONS TO FINANCIAL INCENTIVES? A STATED PREFERENCE ANALYSIS
Authors: Van Soest Arthur , Vonkova Hana
Published: January 2013

We study the effects of financial incentives on retirement decisions using stated preference data. Dutch survey respondents were given hypothetical retirement scenarios describing age(s) of (partial and full) retirement and replacement rate(s). A stylized model is estimated in which utility is the discounted sum of within‐period utilities that depend on employment status and income. Parameters of the utility function vary with observed and unobserved characteristics. Simulations show that the income and substitution effects of pensions as a function of the retirement age are substantial and larger than according to studies using data on actual retirement decisions in the Netherlands. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
HEF1 promotes epithelial mesenchymal transition and bone invasion in prostate cancer under the regulation of microRNA‐145
Authors: Guo Wei , Ren Dong , Chen Xiuting , Tu Xiang'an , Huang Shuai , Wang Min , Song Libing , Zou Xuenong , Peng Xinsheng
Published: January 2013

The principal problem arising from prostate cancer (PCa) is its propensity to metastasize to bones, and it's crucial to understand the mechanism of tumor progression to metastasis in order to develop therapies that may reduce the morbidity and mortality of PCa patients. Although we had identified that microRNA(miR)‐145 could repress bone metastasis of PCa via regulating epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) in previous study, it is still unknown how miR‐145 regulated EMT. In the present study, we constructed a luciferase reporter system and identified HEF1 as a direct target of miR‐145. More importantly, HEF1 was shown to promote migration, invasion and EMT of PC‐3 cells, a human PCa cell line originated from a bone metastatic PCa specimen. And HEF1 was also shown to partially mediate miR‐145 suppression of EMT and invasion. Furthermore, inhibition of HEF1 repressed bone invasion of PC‐3 cells in vivo. Expression of HEF1 was negatively correlated with miR‐145 in primary PCa and bone metastatic specimens, but HEF1 was higher in samples which were more likely to commit to bone metastasis or those with higher free prostate‐specific antigen (fPSA) levels and Gleason scores. Taken together, these findings indicate that HEF1 promotes EMT and bone invasion in prostate cancer by directly targeted by miR‐145, and miR‐145 suppresses EMT and invasion, at least in part, through repressing HEF1. J. Cell. Biochem. 114: 1606–1615, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
MRI of ovarian masses
Authors: Vargas Hebert Alberto , Barrett Tristan , Sala Evis
Published: January 2013

MRI provides exquisite views of the pelvic anatomy through its high spatial resolution and tissue contrast, and as such plays a key role in the work up of ovarian lesions, identifying features that distinguish benign and malignant lesions. In the case of primary tumors it enables local staging and detection of metastatic disease to help guide management options such as complex surgery or the consideration of neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Functional MRI techniques such as diffusion‐weighted MRI (DW‐MRI), dynamic contrast‐enhanced MRI (DCE‐MRI) and tumor‐selective molecular imaging are currently being evaluated as possible predictive and prognostic biomarkers in the context of ovarian malignancy, and may play a larger role in routine clinical practice in the future. Herein we provide an overview of the conventional and advanced MRI techniques used to characterize ovarian masses and of the role that MR plays in the staging, treatment selection and follow up of patients with ovarian cancer. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2013;37:265–281. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Analysis of veterinary drug residues in cheese by ultra‐high‐performance LC coupled to triple quadrupole MS/MS
Authors: Pérez María Luz Gómez , Romero‐González Roberto , Vidal José Luis Martínez , Frenich Antonia Garrido
Published: January 2013

A simple, reliable, and fast multiresidue method has been developed for the determination of 17 veterinary drugs belonging to several families (macrolides, sulfonamides, and anthelmintics) in cheese at trace levels. Ultra‐high‐performance LC coupled to MS/MS has been used for the analysis of these compounds in less than 9 min. Veterinary drug residues have been extracted from cheese samples using a QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe)‐based extraction procedure without applying any further clean‐up step. Matrix‐matched calibration was used for quantification and recoveries were calculated at three concentration levels (10, 50, and 100 μg/kg). The obtained values ranged from 70 to 110% for the selected compounds except for tylosin and josamycin at 100 μg/kg (111.7 and 112.7%, respectively). Intra‐ and interday precision were also evaluated and RSDs were lower than 25% in all the cases. LOQs ranged from 0.3 μg/kg (for thiabendazole, oxfendazole, mebendazole, josamycin, and fenbendazole) to 10.5 μg/kg (abamectin), whereas decision limit and detection capability ranged from 2.3 (thiabendazole) to 11.3 (abamectin) and 4.2 (thiabendazole) to 14.3 μg/kg (abamectin), respectively. Finally, 13 samples were analyzed and traces of thiabendazole were detected in two different cheeses.
A remark on the definability of the Fitting subgroup and the soluble radical
Authors: Houcine Abderezak Ould
Published: January 2013

Let G be an arbitrary group. We show that if the Fitting subgroup of G is nilpotent then it is definable. We prove also that the class of groups whose Fitting subgroup is nilpotent of class at most n is elementary. We give an example of a group (arbitrary saturated) whose Fitting subgroup is definable but not nilpotent. Similar results for the soluble radical are given; that is for the subgroup generated by all normal soluble subgroups of G.
Is fetal cerebral MRI worthwhile in antenatally diagnosed isolated cleft lip with or without palate?
Authors: de Milly Marie‐Noëlle , Alison Marianne , Arthurs Owen , Vuillard Edith , Oury Jean‐Francois , Elmaleh‐Berges Monique , Sebag Guy , Belarbi Nadia
Published: January 2013

Objective

This study aims to evaluate the use of fetal brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) following an antenatal sonographic diagnosis of isolated cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P).

Method

This was a retrospective study of 92 fetuses antenatally diagnosed with isolated CL/P on screening ultrasound. All patients underwent expert diagnostic antenatal ultrasound, fetal brain MRI, and karyotype analysis.

Results

Five cases were excluded from the study as associated abnormalities were detected on expert ultrasound: corpus callosum agenesis (n = 1), retrognathism (n = 3), and ectrodactyly (n = 1). Fetal MRI diagnosed unsuspected midline cerebral abnormalities in four out of the 87 remaining cases (4.6%): vermis agenesis (n = 1), isolated arhinencephaly (n = 2), and suspicion of pituitary abnormality (n = 1). All karyotype analyses were normal.

Conclusion

In CL/P, the incidence of associated cerebral abnormalities overlooked on ultrasound is 4.6%. Careful evaluation of midline structures by expert ultrasound in CL/P is necessary and may be sufficient. MRI can be useful if the US examination is limited or in case of family history. However, the choice to proceed to fetal MRI may vary from institution to institution. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dioxygen spectra and bioactivation
Authors: Minaev Boris F. , Murugan N. Arul , Ågren Hans
Published: January 2013

Intensities of spin‐forbidden transitions in electronic absorption and emission spectra of molecular oxygen are analyzed in order to understand the key mechanisms of spin‐states mixing induced by spin‐orbit coupling (SOC) and the ways to overcome spin prohibition for various photophysical and biochemical processes. Multireference configuration interaction calculations with SOC account are used to generalize spin‐selection rules for the oxygen atmospheric and Herzberg bands in free O2 molecule and in collision complexes. Intensity enhancement of the atmospheric a1Δg → X3Σg−, b1Σg+ → X3Σg−, and Noxon b1Σg+ → a1Δg transitions upon bimolecular collisions are compared with those for Herzberg III transitions A′3Δu ← X3Σg−. Electric quadrupole, dipole, and magnetic approximations are used for transition probability calculations. Intensity distribution in rotational lines is also considered. With this background, we propose some simple spin‐selection rules for dioxygen activation in enzymatic reactions. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Kainate receptors in epilepsy
Authors: Crépel Valérie
Published: January 2013

Kainate receptors (KARs) belong to the glutamatergic receptor family and they are assembled from various combinations of GluK1–GluK5 subunits. In the central nervous system (CNS), these receptors are involved in fundamental neuronal operation‐like synaptic transmission. Thus, excitatory postsynaptic events with a KAR‐mediated component have been identiﬁed in diﬀerent structures of the CNS including the hippocampus, amygdala, cerebellum, spinal cord, retina, and immature neocortex. A remarkable feature of KAR‐mediated synaptic events is their small amplitude and slow kinetics. These receptors also play a major role in the control of neuronal excitability via the modulation of transmitter release at both excitatory and inhibitory connections, and through metabotropic signaling. More recently, it has been discovered that KARs are also key players in CNS pathology as in temporal lobe epilepsy. Indeed, in this pathology abnormal synaptic connections in dentate granule cells (DGCs) operate via KARs not present in naïve conditions. These aberrant KAR‐operated synapses drastically alter the computational properties of DGCs. These latest discoveries open a promising and new vista for the development of novel antiepileptic strategies. WIREs Membr Transp Signal 2013, 2:75–83. doi: 10.1002/wmts.80

For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
Management of Hemangioma of the Liver: Surgical Therapy or Observation?
Authors: Yedibela Süleyman , Alibek Sedat , Müller Volker , Aydin Ünal , Langheinrich Melanie , Lohmüller Clemens , Hohenberger Werner , Perrakis Aristotelis
Published: January 2013

Background

Elective surgery for liver hemangioma is controversial. We reviewed long‐term outcomes following elective hepatectomy or observation only for symptomatic and asymptomatic liver hemangioma.

Methods

All patients (n = 307) with liver hemangioma referred to our hospital for surgical evaluation from January 1988 to December 2009 were identified, and imaging results, tumor characteristics, surgical indication, surgical mode, outcome of observation, clinical and/or postoperative outcome, and adverse events were retrospectively evaluated.

Results

Complete median follow‐up for 246 patients was 124 months. Elective surgery was performed in 103 patients (symptomatic [n = 62] and asymptomatic [n = 41]). Postoperative morbidity occurred in 17 % of the patients and was significantly lower in asymptomatic patients (p = 0.002). No perioperative mortality was registered. Surgery relieved complaints in most (88 %) patients. In the observation group (n = 143), 56 % of patients had persistent or new onset of hemangioma‐associated symptoms. Major hemangioma‐related complications occurred in 12 patients (9 %) during the follow‐up period, and 2 patients died after traumatic hemangioma rupture. Overall the rate of adverse events was by trend lower in the surgical group than in the observation group (35 versus 57 %; p = 0.08).

Conclusions

The majority of patients with liver hemangioma can be safely managed by clinical observation. In a subset of patients, especially those with giant hemangioma and/or occurrence of symptoms, surgical treatment could be considered and is justified in high‐volume centers.
Synthesis, Characterization and Performance of Unsaturated Long‐Chain Carboxybetaine and Hydroxy Sulfobetaine
Authors: Dong Shuang‐jian , Li Yun‐ling , Song Yong‐bo , Zhi Li‐fei
Published: January 2013

The unsaturated long‐chain carboxybetaine and hydroxy sulfobetaine were synthesized by the reaction of unsaturated octadecyl tertiary amine with sodium chloroacetate and 3‐chloro‐2‐hydroxypropanesulfonic acid sodium salt, respectively. The structures of the two betaines were characterized by IR and 1H‐NMR spectroscopy. The Krafft points of the two betaines are below 0 °C and the isoelectric points are at pH 8.2 and 8.0, respectively. The surface tensions (γCMC) at the critical micelle concentrations (CMC) were measured to investigate the surface activities of the prepared compounds when the pH is equal to 4.0, 6.5 and 10.0 at 50 °C, respectively. Meanwhile, the corresponding saturated betaines were synthesized and determined for comparison. The double bond in the non‐polar tail leads to a slightly higher CMC and a lower γCMC. Though the CMC of the unsaturated betaine is slightly higher than that of saturated betaine for the double bond in the non‐polar tail, the applied range of the unsaturated betaine is broader than corresponding saturated betaine for low Krafft point. The CMC and ГCMC of the four betaines increase, but the pC20 decreases, with increasing pH. As a whole, the impact of pH on the performance of the four betaines is not very obvious.
An Improved High‐Throughput Lipid Extraction Method for the Analysis of Human Brain Lipids
Authors: Abbott Sarah K. , Jenner Andrew M. , Mitchell Todd W. , Brown Simon H. J. , Halliday Glenda M. , Garner Brett
Published: January 2013

We have developed a protocol suitable for high‐throughput lipidomic analysis of human brain samples. The traditional Folch extraction (using chloroform and glass–glass homogenization) was compared to a high‐throughput method combining methyl‐tert‐butyl ether (MTBE) extraction with mechanical homogenization utilizing ceramic beads. This high‐throughput method significantly reduced sample handling time and increased efficiency compared to glass–glass homogenizing. Furthermore, replacing chloroform with MTBE is safer (less carcinogenic/toxic), with lipids dissolving in the upper phase, allowing for easier pipetting and the potential for automation (i.e., robotics). Both methods were applied to the analysis of human occipital cortex. Lipid species (including ceramides, sphingomyelins, choline glycerophospholipids, ethanolamine glycerophospholipids and phosphatidylserines) were analyzed via electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and sterol species were analyzed using gas chromatography mass spectrometry. No differences in lipid species composition were evident when the lipid extraction protocols were compared, indicating that MTBE extraction with mechanical bead homogenization provides an improved method for the lipidomic profiling of human brain tissue.
Migration and Father Absence: Shifting Family Structure in Mexico
Authors: Nobles Jenna
Published: January 2013

Despite many changing demographic processes in Mexico—declining adult mortality, rising divorce, and rising nonmarital fertility—Mexican children’s family structure has been most affected by rising migration rates. Data from five national surveys spanning three decades demonstrate that since 1976, migration has shifted from the least common to the most common form of father household absence. Presently, more than 1 in 5 children experience a father’s migration by age 15; 1 in 11 experiences his departure to the United States. The proportions are significantly higher among those children born in rural communities and those born to less-educated mothers. The findings emphasize the importance of framing migration as a family process with implications for children’s living arrangements and attendant well-being, particularly in resource-constrained countries. The stability of children’s family life in these regions constitutes a substantial but poorly measured cost of worldwide increases in migration.
Hyperconvex representations and exponential growth
Authors: SAMBARINO A.
Published: January 2013

Let$G$be a real algebraic semi-simple Lie group and$\Gamma $be the fundamental group of a closed negatively curved manifold. In this article we study the limit cone, introduced by Benoist [Propriétés asymptotiques des groupes linéaires.Geom. Funct. Anal. 7(1) (1997), 1–47], and the growth indicator function, introduced by Quint [Divergence exponentielle des sous-groupes discrets en rang supérieur.Comment. Math. Helv. 77(2002), 503–608], for a class of representations$\rho : \Gamma \rightarrow G$admitting an equivariant map from$\partial \Gamma $to the Furstenberg boundary of the symmetric space of$G, $together with a transversality condition. We then study how these objects vary with the representation.
THE NATURAL PARTIAL ORDER ON THE SEMIGROUP OF ALL TRANSFORMATIONS OF A SET THAT REFLECT AN EQUIVALENCE RELATION
Authors: SUN LEI , XIN XIANGJUN
Published: January 2013

Let ${ \mathcal{T} }_{X} $ be the full transformation semigroup on a set $X$ and $E$ be a nontrivial equivalence relation on $X$. Denote $$\begin{eqnarray*}{T}_{\exists } (X)= \{ f\in { \mathcal{T} }_{X} : \forall x, y\in X, (f(x), f(y))\in E\Rightarrow (x, y)\in E\} ,\end{eqnarray*}$$ so that ${T}_{\exists } (X)$ is a subsemigroup of ${ \mathcal{T} }_{X} $. In this paper, we endow ${T}_{\exists } (X)$ with the natural partial order and investigate when two elements are related, then find elements which are compatible. Also, we characterise the minimal and maximal elements.
A DIOPHANTINE PROBLEM CONCERNING POLYGONAL NUMBERS
Authors: KIM DAEYEOUL , PARK YOON KYUNG , PINTÉR ÁKOS
Published: January 2013

Motivated by some earlier Diophantine works on triangular numbers by Ljunggren and Cassels, we consider similar problems for general polygonal numbers.
Echinococcusinfections in Chinese dogs: a comparison of coproantigen kits
Authors: Huang Y. , Yi D.Y. , Liu L.L. , Huang L. , Yu W.J. , Wang Q. , Li Y.Q. , Han X.M. , Qiu D.C. , Wang H. , Xiao N. , Wu W.P. , Heath D.D.
Published: January 2013

Coproantigen test kits forEchinococcusspp. worms in dogs, designed for commercial use, were obtained from three different Chinese producers, and were compared with a laboratory kit using reagents from New Zealand. None of the three producers would provide details of their test validation. From a known set of dog faeces obtained at necropsy from infected and uninfected dogs, and from faeces collected from dogs necropsied in the field, results differed between the kits. For field material, the Tiankang kit showed the best specificity but lacked sensitivity. The Combined kit showed best sensitivity but lacked specificity. Results for the Haitai kit were intermediate. With samples from experimentally infected dogs, both the Haitai and Combined kits lacked sensitivity. Kits will need to be validated by the user before they can be relied on to predict progress inEchinococcusspp. control in China or in other countries.
A Value-at-Risk framework for longevity trend risk
Authors: Richards S. J. , Currie I. D. , Ritchie G. P.
Published: January 2013

Longevity risk faced by annuity portfolios and defined-benefit pension schemes is typically long-term, i.e. the risk is of an adverse trend which unfolds over a long period of time. However, there are circumstances when it is useful to know by how much expectations of future mortality rates might change over a single year. Such an approach lies at the heart of the one-year, value-at-risk view of reserves, and also for the pending Solvency II regime for insurers in the European Union. This paper describes a framework for determining how much a longevity liability might change based on new information over the course of one year. It is a general framework and can accommodate a wide choice of stochastic projection models, thus allowing the user to explore the importance of model risk. A further benefit of the framework is that it also provides a robustness test for projection models, which is useful in selecting an internal model for management purposes.
Risk, Social Inclusion and the Life Course – Review of Developments in Policy and Research
Authors: Zinn Jens O.
Published: January 2013

‘Risk’, ‘social inclusion’ and the ‘life course’ have become key notions in social policy after the Golden Age of welfare capitalism. This article reviews some of the key debates and developments in Australian social policy and research that underpin the contributions to this themed section. From ‘new social risks’ to ‘the great risk shift’ and the broader debates about the ‘risk society’ and ‘governmentality’, it reviews debates about social inclusion and the individualisation of risk, the risk shift in service delivery and the understanding and researching of the new life course. It concludes with suggestions for more community based research to inform social policy.
Welchen Einfluss hat der Besuch unterschiedlicher Hochschultypen auf den frühen beruflichen Erfolg? Eine explorative Untersuchung
Authors: Zettler Ingo , Kramer Jochen , Thoemmes Felix , Nagy Gabriel , Trautwein Ulrich
Published: January 2013

Im tertiären Ausbildungsbereich gibt es verschiedene Hochschultypen, die sich hinsichtlich wichtiger Aspekte wie z. B. der Bedeutung, fachlich-praktische Kompetenzen zu vermitteln, unterscheiden. Bislang liegen jedoch kaum Erkenntnisse dazu vor, ob und – falls ja – wie stark der Besuch unterschiedlicher Hochschultypen den Berufserfolg beeinflusst. In der hier vorgestellten Studie wurde explorativ untersucht, inwieweit sich Absolventen, insbesondere der Fachbereiche Wirtschaftswissenschaften und Technik, von der Dualen Hochschule Baden-Württemberg, Fachhochschulen sowie Universitäten am Anfang ihres Berufslebens in Hinblick auf (a) die Güte ihrer Arbeitsplatzmerkmale, (b) ihre Arbeits- und Lebenszufriedenheit, (c) ihre Verbundenheit gegenüber der Organisation bzw. der eigenen Karriere, (d) ihre berufliche Leistung sowie (e) Indikatoren des objektiven Berufserfolges voneinander unterscheiden. Bei einer Stichprobe mit 604 Selbst- sowie Kollegen- und Vorgesetzteneinschätzungen fanden sich, unterstützt durch Bayesianische Tests, keine Hinweise darauf, dass die Art des besuchten Hochschultyps Auswirkungen auf den frühen Berufserfolg hat.
Can Management Reduce Harvest Inequality in Recreational Fisheries?
Authors: Seekell David A. , Cline Timothy J. , Winchcombe Raymond J.
Published: January 2013

Harvest inequality, a situation in which most of the fish are harvested by a disproportionately small number of anglers, is a characteristic of most recreational fisheries. Harvest inequality develops when a few anglers harvest a very large number of fish or when many anglers harvest few fish. Identifying the cause of harvest inequality is critical to understanding the potential for management to reduce the inequality. Management efforts aimed at reducing the top anglers’ take will have only a modest impact if the harvest inequality is actually caused by many anglers harvesting no fish. We measured harvest inequality in 20 years of creel census data from a trout stream in southeastern New York. We calculated Lorenz curve asymmetry coefficients (S) to test whether harvest inequality was attributable to small harvests by many anglers or large harvests by a few anglers. Harvest inequality in the fishery was consistently high and the S-value was always less than 1.0, indicating that harvest inequality was caused by many anglers harvesting no fish rather than by few anglers harvesting many fish. This influence becomes stronger with increased harvest. We conclude that management is unlikely to influence the magnitudes of harvest inequality in recreational fisheries because regulations do not target the principal cause of harvest inequality.

Received May 10, 2012; accepted October 29, 2012
Risk Assessment and Prevention
Authors: Heide Kathleen M.
Published: January 2013

This chapter presents recommendations designed to prevent parricides. These efforts are targeted at the severely abused parricide offender, the severely mentally ill offender, and the dangerously antisocial parricide offender. The discussions cover risk factors for parricide; intervention in cases of suspected child abuse; support and education programs for parents and future parents; the identification of child abuse and delineation of appropriate action; the immediate availability of a supportive network; the role of the media in preventing child maltreatment; and the availability of mental health services.