bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Three-dimensional tomography using a soft X-ray holographic microscope and CCD camera
Authors: Watanabe Norio , Aoki Sadao
Published: July 2004

The depth resolution of a soft X-ray hologram is much worse than its transverse resolution because a single soft X-ray hologram has a small numerical aperture. To obtain a three-dimensional image, in-line holograms of a specimen were recorded from various directions and reconstructed to obtain two-dimensional projection data. Then, a three-dimensional reconstruction was performed by back-projection of these reconstructed holograms. Three-dimensional images of a tungsten wire of diameter 10 µm and a fossil of a diatom were obtained.
The Soft X-ray Scanning Photoemission Microscopy Project at SRRC
Authors: Ko Cheng-Hao , Klauser Ruth , Wei Der-Hsin , Chan Hei-Hing , Chuang T. J.
Published: July 2004

The Synchrotron Radiation Research Center (SRRC) and the Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences (IAMS) have initiated a project to construct a scanning photoelectron spectromicroscopy end station at SRRC (SRRC-SPEM). High-brightness soft X-rays will be provided by the U5 undulator beamline. Zone-plate-based soft X-ray optics will be used to focus the beam to form the microprobe. A hemispherical sector analyser with multichannel detection capability will collect the photoelectrons. A total of up to 32 images can be acquired concurrently. The apparatus is also equipped with a sample distribution system for in situ sample preparation and characterization in conjunction with other surface spectroscopic techniques.
Development of an ultra-fast data-acquisition system for a two-dimensional microstrip gas chamber
Authors: Ochi Atsuhiko , Tanimori Toru , Nishi Yuji , Aoki Shunsuke , Nishi Yasuro
Published: July 2004

A high-performance data-acquisition system has been developed in order to obtain time-resolved sequential images from a two-dimensional microstrip gas chamber (MSGC). This was achieved using fully digital processing with a synchronized pipeline method. Complex logical circuits for processing large numbers of signals are mounted on a small number of complex programmable logic devices. The system is operated with a 10 MHz synchronous clock, and has the capability of handling more than 3 × 106 counts s−1 for asynchronous events. The system was examined using a 5 × 5 cm MSGC and the recently developed 10 × 10 cm MSGC (1024 outputs); the anticipated performances were achieved.
Twin helical undulator beamline for soft X-ray spectroscopy at SPring-8
Authors: Saitoh Y. , Nakatani T. , Matsushita T. , Miyahara T. , Fujisawa M. , Soda K. , Muro T. , Ueda S. , Harada H. , Sekiyama A. , Imada S. , Daimon H. , Suga S.
Published: July 2004

A very high resolution soft X-ray beamline, BL25SU, has been designed and is under construction at SPring-8. Completely right or left circularly polarized light is supplied on a common axis of a newly designed twin helical undulator. A helicity modulation up to 10 Hz can be performed using five kicker magnets. The fundamental radiation covers the region 0.5–3 keV. Higher-order radiation is rather weak on the axis. A monochromator with varied-line-spacing plane gratings is installed to cover the region below 1.5 keV. A very high resolution beyond 104 is expected for the whole energy region.
Experimental comparison between the conversion electron yield and X-ray fluorescence in catalyst analysis
Authors: Zheng Songyan , Gohshi Yoihchi
Published: July 2004

To evaluate the application of the conversion-electron-yield (CEY) method in catalyst analysis, the intensities of the CEY and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) as a function of glancing angle were measured simultaneously. The probing depth of the CEY method is shallower than that of the XRF method. The CEY method also shows potential application for the analysis of even a powder specimen of a low-concentration zeolite catalyst.
Graded X-ray Optics for Synchrotron Radiation Applications
Authors: Erko A. , Veldkamp M. , Gudat W. , Abrosimov N. V. , Rossolenko S. N. , Shekhtman V. , Khasanov S. , Alex V. , Groth S. , Schröder W. , Vidal B. , Yakshin A.
Published: July 2004

Using X-ray diffractometry and spectral measurements, the structure and properties of graded X-ray optical elements have been examined. Experimental and theoretical data on X-ray supermirrors, which were prepared by the magnetron sputtering technique using precise thickness control, are reported. Measurements on graded aperiodic Si1−x
Ge
x
single crystals, which were grown by the Czochralski technique, are also presented. The lattice parameter of such a crystal changes almost linearly with increasing Ge concentration. The measurements indicate that Si1−x
Ge
x
crystals with concentrations up to 7 at.% Ge can be grown with a quality comparable to that of pure Si crystals.
A compact mirror manipulator in the SRRC beamline
Authors: Wang D. J. , Tseng T. C. , Perng S. Y. , Kuan C. K. , Chen J.-R. , Chen C. T.
Published: July 2004

A compact mirror manipulator which has high stiffness and is easily adjustable has been developed for new beamlines at SRRC. It consists of a vertical stem to support the mirror and allows for six-axis precise positioning. The rotation adjustment is designed with a minimum of cross-coupling between adjustments. An independent support is fixed to the ground to reduce vibration from the chamber and the pump. Some performance test results in vacuum and in atmosphere, including vibration, repeatability, long-term drift etc., are described in this paper.
A new compact spin- and angle-resolving photoelectron spectrometer with a high efficiency
Authors: Qiao S. , Kimura A. , Harasawa A. , Kakizaki A.
Published: July 2004

A portable spin- and angle-resolving photoelectron spectrometer has been constructed, equipped with a newly developed compact retarding-potential Mott-scattering electron spin polarimeter with an efficiency of 1.9 × 10−4 for a gold target. Based on Monte Carlo calculations for the spin-dependent electron-scattering process and electron ray-tracing calculations, a novel design of the retarding-field electron optics with 0.59 sr collection solid angle for scattered electrons has been accomplished. Utilizing this spectrometer, the spin- and angle-resolved photoelectron spectra have been measured and the spin-dependent electronic structure of Ni(110), Ni(110)-p(2 × 1)O and Ni(110)-c(2 × 2)S along the {\overline {\Gamma S}} line of the Ni(110) surface Brillouin zone have been studied.
Optical design of the general-purpose Spanish X-ray beamline for absorption and diffraction
Authors: Castro G. R.
Published: July 2004

This paper describes the optical design of the general-purpose Spanish beamline for absorption and diffraction (SpLine), which will be installed on a bending-magnet port of the ESRF. This beamline is planned to cover the needs of the Spanish synchroton radiation community with broad scientific fields of interest, covering physics, chemistry, materials science and biology. By using the advantages of a wide front end (9 mrad), the Spanish beamline will be split into two branches. Both branches will be equipped with focusing optics and experimental stations. Thus, each branch can be operated simultaneously and independently from each other. One branch (A) will have two experimental stations, one for high-resolution powder diffraction (HRPD) and the other for X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and X-ray standing waves (XSW). The other branch (B) will have facilities for macromolecular crystallography and for single-crystal diffraction analysis, including that of surfaces and interfaces, as well as an X-ray diffraction/scattering camera for non-crystalline specimens.
Rotated-inclined double-crystal monochromator for synchrotron radiation: aberration and its compensation
Authors: Hrdý Jaromír , Busetto Edoardo
Published: July 2004

A rotated-inclined double-crystal X-ray monochromator was designed for high-power undulator beamlines for SPring-8 to reduce the impinging radiation power density. Recently, it has been shown that an inclined double-crystal monochromator suffers from a certain type of geometrical aberration that may be relatively easily compensated. In this paper, it is shown that a similar aberration exists also in the case of rotated-inclined monochromators and that as in the inclined case the aberration may also be compensated.
Finite-element study of a toothed-crystal monochromator
Authors: Hrdý J. , Plesˇek J.
Published: July 2004

A toothed-crystal monochromator, proposed in previous papers, is a modification of an inclined monochromator, which reduces the impinging radiation power density on the surface of a crystal for broad synchrotron radiation beams. The surface of the monochromator has a triangular toothed structure oriented in such a way that it represents an inclined monochromator. Finite-element analysis of thermally induced deformation was performed for a particular shape of toothed crystal and for a flat crystal of the same average thickness. It was estimated that the toothed-crystal monochromator may provide 70% higher radiation power than the flat-crystal monochromator.
Transmission multilayer polarizers for use in the 55–90 eV region
Authors: Hu Weibing , Hatano Tadashi , Yamamoto Masaki , Watanabe Makoto
Published: July 2004

Free-standing Al/YB6 and Mo/Si transmission multilayer polarizers have been developed for use in the photon energy regions 55–72 eV and 72–90 eV, respectively, to improve the degree of polarization of synchrotron radiation light from beamline monochromators. The polarizance (polarizing ability) and transmittance of the Al/YB6 multilayer for unpolarized light at 64 eV were 77% and 3.4%, respectively, and the polarizance and transmittance of the Mo/Si multilayer at 80 eV were 79% and 2.2%, respectively. By using the Mo/Si polarizer, the degree of polarization of the monochromated light at BL8B1 of UVSOR was increased from 95 to 99% in the 78–84 eV region.
Shielding design calculation for SPring-8 beamlines using STAC8
Authors: Asano Yoshihiro
Published: July 2004

The beamlines of SPring-8 are classified by synchrotron radiation source into undulator, wiggler and bending-magnet beamlines for safety analysis. The shielding design calculations for synchrotron radiation are performed with a new shielding design code, STAC8, taking into consideration the linear-polarization effect, the slant length of the shield hutch wall and the build-up effect as functions of scattering angle and azimuthal angle.
Submicrometre resolution phase-contrast radiography with the beam from an X-ray waveguide
Authors: Di Fonzo S. , Jark W. , Soullié G. , Cedola A. , Lagomarsino S. , Cloetens P. , Riekel C.
Published: July 2004

Experimental data with unprecedented submicrometre resolution obtained in a phase-contrast radiography experiment in a magnifying configuration are presented. The term `phase contrast' here indicates that the phase retardation of coherent light in matter was utilized as the contrast mechanism. The coherent and divergent beam exiting an X-ray waveguide was used in a lensless configuration to magnify spatial variations in optical path length up to several hundred times. The defocused image of a nylon fibre was measured with a resolution of 0.14 µm at the object. Sufficient contrast was found for exposure times of 0.1 s, i.e. in the regime for real-time studies.
Improvement of spectrometer energy resolution for high-resolution photoelectron spectroscopy
Authors: Iwai H. , Namba H. , Kido Y. , Taguchi M. , Oiwa R.
Published: July 2004

For high-energy-resolution photoelectron spectroscopy using synchrotron radiation, the energy resolution of a commercial compact photoelectron spectrometer (hemispherical concentric spectrometer) was improved by reducing the size of the entrance and detector slits and optimizing the operation conditions of the lens voltage. Under the optimized conditions, ray-tracing simulations show that severe spectral intensity decreases can be avoided. An energy resolution of 6.2 meV and a resolving power of 8100 at a kinetic energy of 50 eV were experimentally obtained.
Soft X-ray multilayer beam splitters
Authors: Haga Tsuneyuki , Tinone Marcia C. K. , Shimada Masaru , Ohkubo Takashi , Ozawa Akira
Published: July 2004

A semitransparent Mo/Si multilayer beam splitter with a completely self-standing active area (10 × 10 mm) and a flatness of 1.1 nm (r.m.s.) was fabricated. The influence of the roughness of the membrane substrate on the reflectivity of a beam splitter was investigated for different materials and deposition schemes. Precise control of multilayer stress to give a slightly tensile state not only enables the fabrication of a large and flat reflection surface, but also makes it possible to etch away the supporting membrane and obtain a completely self-standing structure. The performance evaluation using synchrotron radiation revealed that the fabricated beam splitter works as a one-to-one beam splitter whose reflectivity and transmittance are both 27% (s-polarization, 45°, λ = 13.4 nm).
Development of a three-electrode-lens drift tube for time-of-flight mass spectrometry
Authors: Sakamoto Hitoshi , Takakuwa Yuji , Hori Toyokazu , Enta Yoshiharu , Kato Hiroo , Miyamoto Nobuo
Published: July 2004

A three-electrode-lens drift tube for time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF-MS) has been developed for utilizing a detector to observe photon-stimulated desorption (PSD). In spite of a small detection area, the detector has a high detection efficiency and durability to reactive gas atmosphere at high pressure. The TOF-MS performance of the drift tube was examined for PSD using single-bunch-mode synchrotron radiation on a dichlorosilane (SiH2Cl2)-saturated Si(001) surface. The measured acceleration and focusing-voltage dependences of the time of flight, intensity and full width at half-maximum for the peak of H+ and Cl+ PSD ions are discussed in terms of the numerical calculations of ion trajectories and focusing characteristic of the drift tube.
Fabrication of Mo/Al multilayer films for a wavelength of 18.5 nm
Authors: Nii H. , Niibe M. , Kinoshita H. , Sugie Y.
Published: July 2004

This paper reports the fabrication and evaluation of Mo/Al and Mo/Si multilayer films (MLs) for a wavelength of 18.5 nm. Calculated reflectivities of Mo/Al MLs at an incident angle of 10° were about 7% higher than those of Mo/Si MLs. MLs were fabricated using an RF-magnetron sputtering deposition system. The measured reflectivity of Mo/Al MLs was 33.5%. The cause of the decreasing reflectivity was supposed to be the surface and interfacial roughness. In the surface observation utilizing atomic force microscopy, the surface roughness of Mo/Al MLs was dominated by the Al layer. Therefore, the conditions for fabricating Al films were optimized.
Fabrication and characterization of multilayer supermirrors for hard X-ray optics
Authors: Yamashita K. , Akiyama K. , Haga K. , Kunieda H. , Lodha G. S. , Nakajo N. , Nakamura N. , Okajima T. , Tamura K. , Tawara Y.
Published: July 2004

Multilayer supermirrors stacked with three sets of Pt/C combinations have been fabricated on a flat float-glass and conical replica foil mirror using a magnetron DC sputtering system, and applied to X-ray optical systems in the hard X-ray region. The design of the supermirror is optimized to obtain the highest integrated reflectivity in the energy band and at the grazing angle concerned. X-ray reflectivities of 30% in the 25–35 keV band at an incidence angle of 0.3° were obtained.
Spectrometer for polarized soft X-ray Raman scattering
Authors: Harada Y. , Ishii H. , Fujisawa M. , Tezuka Y. , Shin S. , Watanabe M. , Kitajima Y. , Yagishita A.
Published: July 2004

An experimental system for polarized soft X-ray Raman scattering spectroscopy has been constructed. The soft X-ray spectrometer is based on the Rowland circle geometry with a holographic spherical grating. Three types of gratings are used to cover the energy range from 18 eV to 1200 eV. According to a ray-trace simulation, the resolution is expected to be 200 meV at 700 eV by using a 10 µm slit width. The polarized and depolarized soft X-ray Raman scattering spectra can be measured by rotating the soft X-ray spectrometer around the axis of the incident beam. Preliminary measurements of polarized and depolarized spectra were accomplished at undulator beamline BL-2C of the Photon Factory.
Thermal and deformation analyses of side-cooled monochromator mirrors for the SPring-8/Figure-8 soft X-ray undulator
Authors: Kihara Naoto , Mashima Kiyoto , Miura Shinnji , Miyaji Akira , Wakamiya Kouichi , Takahashi Satoshi , Kageyama Motofusa , Ichikawa Susumu
Published: July 2004

The numerical results for a bent parabolic mirror monochromator designed for the SPring-8/Figure-8 soft X-ray undulator are described. A thermal and structural finite-element analysis is presented for side-cooled premirrors of the bent parabolic mirror monochromator. Using a ray-tracing code, the effect of the final induced figure errors on the performance of the premirror are discussed.
Comparison of monochromators with a bent parabolic mirror and a varied-spacing grating for the 2.0 GeV high-brilliance synchrotron radiation source (VSX)
Authors: Mashima K. , Kihara N. , Ishiguro E.
Published: July 2004

A design study of monochromators for a 2.0 GeV electron/positron storage ring for high-brilliance synchrotron radiation in the vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) and the soft X-ray regions is described. Two types of VUV/soft X-ray grazing-incidence monochromators, one with a bent parabolic mirror and the other with a varied-spacing grating, are designed. Without any slope error, the expected resolving power of the former is much higher, but the latter is less affected by slope errors of the optical elements.
Design of and metrological results from a bent parabolic mirror
Authors: Miura Shinji , Kihara Naoto , Mashima Kiyoto , Miyaji Akira , Wakamiya Kouichi , Shiozawa Hisashi , Fukuda Yusuke , Ichikawa Hajime
Published: July 2004

This article describes the successful design and fabrication of, and metrological results from, an elastically bent parabolic mirror. The mirror is equipped with a bending structure that allows the mirror to be bent meridionally to a parabolic shape. This bent parabolic mirror is the key component of the extremely high-quality monochromators designed for the SPring-8 figure-8 soft X-ray undulator and the 2.0 GeV high-brilliance synchrotron radiation source (VSX).
Use of YB66 as monochromator crystals for soft-energy EXAFS
Authors: Smith A. D. , Cowie B. C. , Sankar G. , Thomas J. M.
Published: July 2004

YB66(400) crystals present a new advance in monochromator crystals suitable for use at energies below 2 keV. In this paper a comparison of their performance with that provided by the more usual beryl and quartz crystals, which cover the same energy range, is presented. In general, the YB66 crystals are much superior; however, they do exhibit a pair of large `crystal glitch'-type features in the 1380–1440 eV region. These fall in the Mg K-EXAFS region and so can present a serious problem in studies of this edge for a wide range of materials. An important class of materials so afflicted are magnesium-substituted aluminophosphate molecular sieves (zeolites), which are used in many applications, in particular as solid acid catalysts for conversion of methanol to hydrocarbon.
Deep X-ray lithography with a tunable wavelength shifter at CAMD
Authors: Khan Malek C. , Saile V. , Manohara H. , Craft B.
Published: July 2004

An additional X-ray lithography facility is under construction at the Center for Advanced Microstructures and Devices. It will receive radiation from a 7.5 T superconducting three-pole wavelength shifter. The critical energy of the insertion device is tunable up to a maximum value of 11.2 keV, allowing for optimization of photon spectra to resist thickness. In particular, this hard X-ray source will allow investigation of X-ray lithography at very high energies for devices with thicknesses in excess of 1 mm, and study of low-cost mass-production concepts, using simultaneously exposed stacks of resist layers.
Transmission-type X-ray linear polarizer with perfect crystals
Authors: Hasegawa Y. , Ueji Y. , Okitsu K. , Ablett J. M. , Siddons D. P. , Amemiya Y.
Published: July 2004

Even though conventional X-ray polarizers with multiple-reflection channel-cut structures perform well, they suffer from the disadvantage that the polarized beam is non-stationary as the energy is scanned. In this paper the possibility of using a thin Bragg reflector as a polarizing filter is investigated, so that the transmitted beam (rather than the Bragg-reflected beam) is used. Consequently, the position and direction of the transmitted beam are unchanged as the energy is changed, or even when the polarization direction to be filtered out is changed. Theoretical considerations as well as experimental results on the performance characteristics of the proposed transmission-type X-ray linear polarizer are presented. A polarization ratio, defined as I

H
/I

V
, higher than 105 was obtained.
Observation of composition in surface monolayers by X-ray scattering spectra caused by crystal truncation and interferences
Authors: Tabuchi Masao , Yokoi Masato , Ichiki Satofumi , Fujita Keiji , Takeda Yoshikazu
Published: July 2004

X-ray crystal-truncation-rod (CTR) scattering measurements using synchrotron radiation and an imaging plate can reveal the composition of a surface monolayer. Even when the composition is changed in only one atomic layer on the top surface, the X-ray CTR spectrum can change due to the differences in composition. X-ray CTR spectra are greatly enhanced by X-ray interference when a sample is designed properly. In this paper, it is shown by theoretical calculations and experiments for AlAs/GaAs samples grown by MBE that a 1 ML (monolayer)-thick AlAs layer embedded under 10 ML below the surface can enhance the modulation of an X-ray CTR spectrum.
Synthetic diamond-based position-sensitive photoconductive detector development for the Advanced Photon Source
Authors: Shu Deming , Kuzay Tuncer M. , Fang Yue , Barraza Juan , Cundiff Tim
Published: July 2004

A novel X-ray beam-position detection device that we call a position-sensitive photoconductive detector (PSPCD) is designed to have synthetic diamond as its substrate material. We proved that it is feasible to use synthetic diamond to make a hard X-ray position-sensitive detector based on the photoconductivity principle and that it acts as a solid-state ion chamber. Experiments on different PSPCD samples using synthetic diamond with a high-heat-flux white undulator beam, as well as with monochromatic hard X-ray beams, have been performed at the Advanced Photon Source. Recent test results with the PSPCD in the quadrant configuration as an X-ray beam-position monitor and in a multipixel array as an X-ray beam profiler are presented in this paper.
Adaptive indirectly cooled monochromator crystals at HASYLAB
Authors: Schulte-Schrepping H. , Heuer J. , Hukelmann B.
Published: July 2004

The high-heat-load monochromator, based on the HASYLAB (Hamburger Synchrotronstrahlungslabor) `Torii' design, has been used successfully for 2 years at the BW2 wiggler beamline. The bowing of the reflecting surface induced by the heat load and water pressure is compensated mechanically. This is achieved by mounting the specially shaped crystal in a bending mechanism and by heat transfer from the directly water-cooled crystal. We present the latest step in the development of this design. The piezoceramic-driven actuators are replaced by actuators based on the thermal expansion of copper rods. The direct water cooling of the crystal is replaced by a safer indirect water-cooling scheme. Characterization results of the crystal are presented. The Si(111) rocking-curve width at 9.5 keV was measured to be 8.3 arcsec under 500 W heat load.
High-resolution spherical grating monochromator for the undulator beamline (BL-16B) at the Photon Factory
Authors: Shigemasa Eiji , Toyoshima Akio , Yan Yonglian , Hayaishi Tatsuji , Soejima Koichi , Kiyokura Takanori , Yagishita Akira
Published: July 2004

The design and performance of a 24 m high-resolution spherical grating monochromator (H-SGM) for the undulator beamline (BL-16B) at the Photon Factory are described. With three interchangeable gratings of 400, 900 and 2000 lines mm−1, the H-SGM is designed to cover the photon energy range 40–600 eV. With a resolving power of approximately 2000 in the photon energy range 40–530 eV, more than 1011 photons s−1 have been measured. The best resolutions obtained so far, at a substantially lower photon flux, are greater than 10 000 at 250 eV and 8000 at 400 eV
A plane-grating monochromator for circularly polarized undulator radiation at BESSY II
Authors: Senf F. , Sawhney K. J. S. , Follath R. , Scheer M. , Schäfers F. , Bahrdt J. , Gaupp A. , Gudat W.
Published: July 2004

At BESSY II, a third-generation 1.7 GeV storage ring is under construction. A planar elliptical undulator will be installed as a source of X-rays that have a high degree of circular polarization. Radiation in the first, third and fifth harmonics will cover the energy range 87–1330 eV. The beamline will essentially consist of a plane-grating monochromator working with collimated light in the dispersion plane. A single set of optical elements can be used to handle the two angularly separated beams of opposite helicity from the double undulator. The degree of circular polarization ranges from 73 to 100%, and a flux of up to 5 × 1013 photons s−1 (100 mA)−1 can be achieved. A maximum spectral resolution of about 13 000 will be possible at 100 eV using a 20 µm slit.
Phase-contrast X-ray CT image of breast tumor
Authors: Takeda Tohoru , Momose Atsushi , Ueno Ei , Itai Yuji
Published: July 2004

Phase-contrast X-ray CT images generated by differences in refractive indices can be used to visualize the internal structures of soft tissues without contrast enhancement. In this study, imaging of human breast tumor was performed on formalin-fixed samples. Experiments were carried out at the synchrotron source of the Photon Factory, Tsukuba, Japan. The X-ray energy was adjusted to 17.7 keV. Phase-contrast X-ray CT images revealed various structures of human breast tumor as clearly as optical images.
Polarization analysis in the 3–25 keV range at the ESRF magnetic scattering beamline
Authors: Stunault A. , Vettier C. , de Bergevin F. , Bernhoeft N. , Fernandez V. , Langridge S. , Lidström E. , Lorenzo-Diaz J. E. , Wermeille D. , Chabert L. , Chagnon R.
Published: July 2004

The ESRF magnetic scattering beamline has been optimized for easy tunability of the polarization and energy in the 3–40 keV range. The linear horizontal polarization from the undulator reaches 99.9%, with a flux of ∼1012 photons s−1 at the sample. The diffractometer can operate in horizontal and vertical geometries, with an energy or polarization analyser. The capabilities of this beamline in terms of flux, energy tunability and polarization, permitted polarization analysis of resonant magnetic scattering from antiferromagnetic UPd2Si2 at both the L
2- and M
4-edges of uranium, to separate the contributions of the 5f and 6d electrons to the magnetism.
Spatio-temporal measurement of beam properties in the PLS diagnostic beamline
Authors: Huang J. Y. , Ko I. S.
Published: July 2004

A diagnostic beamline is being constructed in the PLS storage ring for measurement of electron- and photon-beam properties. It consists of two 1:1 imaging systems: a visible-light imaging system and a soft X-ray imaging system. In the visible-light imaging system, the transverse beam size and beam position are measured with various detectors: a CCD camera, two photodiode arrays and a photon-beam position monitor. Longitudinal bunch structure is also investigated with a fast photodiode detector and a picosecond streak camera. On the other hand, the soft X-ray imaging system is under construction to measure beam sizes with negligible diffraction-limited error. The X-ray image optics consist of a flat cooled mirror and two spherical focusing mirrors.
Optical design for laser Doppler angular encoder with sub-nrad sensitivity
Authors: Shu Deming , Alp Ercan E. , Barraza Juan , Kuzay Tuncer M. , Mooney Tim
Published: July 2004

A novel laser angular-encoder system has been developed based on the principles of radar, the Doppler effect, optical heterodyning and self-aligning multiple-reflection optics. Using this novel three-dimensional multiple-reflection optical path, an increase in resolution of 10 to 20 times has been reached compared with commercially available laser Doppler displacement meters or laser interferometer systems. With the new angular encoder, sub-nrad resolution has been attained in the 8° measuring range in a compact set-up [about 60 (H) × 150 (W) × 370 mm (L)] for high-energy-resolution applications at the Advanced Photon Source undulator beamline 3-ID.
X-ray Holography for Structural Imaging
Authors: Novikov D. V. , Adams B. , Hiort T. , Kossel E. , Materlik G. , Menk R. , Walenta A.
Published: July 2004

X-ray atomic resolution holography is a new method for direct evaluation of three-dimensional electron density distribution in solids. The practical implementation of the multiple-energy technique on a synchrotron radiation source as well as image reconstruction from the experimental data are described. Holograms at several different energies were processed together to suppress twin images and artifacts from long-range-order effects in the experimental data sets. Reconstructed images of copper atoms in Cu2O crystals are presented.
Characterization of windows and filters for coherent X-ray beamlines
Authors: Suzuki Yoshio , Momose Atsushi , Sugiyama Hiroshi
Published: July 2004

Beryllium windows and graphite heat absorbers used in coherent X-ray beamlines must be optically flat. If the optical path through the window varies by more than λ/4, the X-ray wave front will be distorted after passing through the window, and the divergence of the X-ray beam may be increased. This reduces the beam coherence. Beryllium, graphite and Kapton films have been tested using ultra-small-angle X-ray scattering. Wave-front distortion was also directly observed by means of phase-contrast X-ray microradiography. The measured increase of angular divergence is about 4 µrad. The wave-front distortion is larger than 2π (optical path difference of λ). These are serious problems for utilizing coherent X-ray beams.
X-ray parametric scattering by a diamond crystal
Authors: Yoda Y. , Suzuki T. , Zhang X.-W. , Hirano K. , Kikuta S.
Published: July 2004

Spontaneous X-ray parametric scattering from a diamond single crystal has been observed at the Photon Factory. The high perfection of the diamond single crystal and the small angular divergence of synchrotron radiation has enabled down-converted X-ray photon pairs to scatter into two small solid angles which satisfy the phase-matching condition. High-efficiency noise reduction was performed using avalanche photodiode detectors with good time resolution.
Application of synchrotron radiation in investigation of metal-ion release from a hip replacement prosthesis
Authors: Ektessabi A. M. , Rokkum M. , Johansson C. , Albrektsson T. , Sennerby L. , Saisho H. , Honda S.
Published: July 2004

The aim of the present study was to measure very low concentrations of Al, V, Fe, Cr and other metal elements in a matrix of P, S, Cl, Ca and other constituent elements of the human body. These metal elements were released from a failed total hip replacement prosthesis into the surrounding tissues. The experimental results have been compared with those from proton-induced X-ray emission spectroscopy of the same specimen.
Electron-beam writing of large-area Fresnel zone plates
Authors: Watanabe Takeo , Okada Tomohiro , Kinoshita Hiroo
Published: July 2004

High-resolution X-ray microscopy requires advanced fabrication technology for Fresnel zone plates (FZPs). As the resolution of an FZP depends on the width of the outermost zone, fine zone patterns for objective lenses have to be replicated. On the other hand, to achieve highly condensed X-ray beams by using FZPs for condenser lenses, large-field replication is required. A method of pattern replication of FZPs for X-ray microscopy is reported. Utilizing a 30 keV electron-beam writing tool and an FZP-generation computer program, FZP patterns for a condenser lens 1 mm in diameter with an outermost-zone width of 0.2 µm and for an objective lens 0.5 mm in diameter with an outermost-zone width of 0.1 µm were replicated.
A new water-cooled and doubly bent crystal monochromator for Compton scattering experiments
Authors: Kawata H. , Sato M. , Higashi Y. , Yamaoka H.
Published: July 2004

The design and performance of a new water-cooled and doubly bent crystal monochromator for Compton scattering experiments are described. Its mechanical system is similar to that of a usual bent cylindrical X-ray mirror. A monolithic Si (111) crystal is mounted on a water-cooled and cylindrically polished copper crystal holder with liquid Ga–In alloy between them in order to obtain good thermal and mechanical contact. The sagittal bending radius of the holder, R

s
, is 508 mm. The holder is mounted on a mechanical bender making a meridian radius, R

m
, of 596 m. The performance of the monochromator, which has been installed at the Photon Factory Accumulator Ring beamline NE1, is as follows. The focused beam size, flux and energy resolution for 60 keV X-rays are 0.5 mm in height and 2.0 mm in width, 5 × 1012 photons s−1 and about 60 eV, respectively. The new monochromator gives one order higher brightness at the sample position and also better energy resolution than the previous monochromator. The overall momentum resolution for high-resolution Compton scattering experiments becomes 0.08 atomic units, and the background can be reduced by a third, because it is possible to insert a fine slit after the analyser crystal without losing any Compton scattering signal.
Beamline for calibration of transfer standard light sources in the UV and VUV regions
Authors: Zama Tatsuya , Saito Terubumi , Onuki Hideo
Published: July 2004

A beamline which serves for calibrating transfer standard light sources (deuterium lamps, excimer lamps, Xe lamps etc.) in the UV and VUV regions is being constructed. The synchrotron radiation from the electron storage ring TERAS (750 MeV) is used as a primary standard of spectral radiant intensity. In order to use synchrotron radiation as a primary standard, the electron beam and synchrotron radiation beam parameters need to be evaluated. Uncertainties of synchrotron radiation flux evaluated by measurements of the magnetic flux density, the position of the electron orbital plane, the electron beam size and the distance from the synchrotron radiation tangent point to the detector system are expected to be about 0.003, 0.01, 0.05 and 0.1%, respectively.
(Ta/Si) multilayer as a wide-bandpass monochromator material
Authors: Park Y. J. , Youn H. S. , Banerjee S. , Lee D. R. , Baik H. M. , Lee K.-B. , Kim K. J. , Moon D. W.
Published: July 2004

Specular and non-specular X-ray reflectivity intensities of a (Ta/Si)60 multilayer sample were measured to characterize its interface structure. Since the multilayer has a good reflectance at its multilayer peaks, its performance as a wide-bandpass monochromator for X-ray scattering experiments of polymers has been tested.
A plane-grating monochromator beamline for the PTB undulators at BESSY II
Authors: Senf F. , Flechsig U. , Eggenstein F. , Gudat W. , Klein R. , Rabus H. , Ulm G.
Published: July 2004

At the BESSY II storage ring, the Physikalisch–Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) will operate insertion devices dedicated to radiometric use. One branch of the appendant beamline system will be equipped with a grazing-incidence monochromator, described here. The monochromator concept is based on a plane grating operated in parallel light; therefore exact focusing is maintained for all photon energies irrespective of the angular setting at the grating. The monochromator has been optimized for small higher-order transmittance and high power throughput, as required by radiometric applications in the wide photon energy range from 20 eV to 1900 eV.
A soft X-ray (80–1500 eV) grazing-incidence monochromator with varied-line-spacing plane gratings at PF-BL-11A
Authors: Kitajima Yoshinori , Amemiya Kenta , Yonamoto Yoshiki , Ohta Toshiaki , Kikuchi Takashi , Kosuge Takashi , Toyoshima Akio , Ito Kenji
Published: July 2004

The design and performance of a new soft X-ray beamline BL-11A at the Photon Factory (PF) are presented. A Hettrick-type grazing-incidence monochromator equipped with three varied-line-spacing plane gratings was designed and constructed at a bending-magnet source of the PF 2.5 GeV storage ring. An 800 lines mm−1 laminar grating produced by aspheric-wavefront holographic recording optics, as well as a mechanically ruled blazed one, were tested. A resolving power of more than 4500 was achieved at 400 eV with either grating, and ∼1010 photons s−1 are available at a resolving power of 2000. High photon flux enables low-concentration samples, such as surface adsorbates, to be studied. A simple scanning mechanism for a wide energy range is quite useful for EXAFS measurements on light elements such as C, N and O.
Ray-tracing analysis of capillary concentrators for macromolecular crystallography
Authors: Thiel Daniel J.
Published: July 2004

The use of capillary concentrators as X-ray condensers specifically for macromolecular X-ray diffraction experiments using synchrotron radiation is evaluated. Monocapillary and polycapillary designs are assessed by ray-tracing analysis to evaluate how effectively these capillary concentrators can increase the X-ray intensity onto a 50 µm crystal.
Synchrotron Radiation – Early History
Authors: Blewett John P.
Published: July 2004

The scientific history of the work that led to the prediction and observation of synchrotron radiation goes back more than a century. This paper is a summary of that history.
Characterization and interpretation of the quantum efficiencies of multilayer semiconductor detectors using a new theory
Authors: Cho T. , Hirata M. , Kohagura J. , Sakamoto Y. , Okamura T. , Numakura T. , Minami R. , Nishizawa Y. , Sasuga T. , Tamano T. , Yatsu K. , Miyoshi S. , Tanaka S. , Sato K. , Saitoh Y. , Hirano K. , Maezawa H.
Published: July 2004

On the basis of a new theory of semiconductor X-ray detector response, a new type of multilayer semiconductor detector was designed and developed for convenient energy analyses of intense incident X-ray flux in a cumulative-current mode. Another anticipated useful property of the developed detector is a drastic improvement in high-energy X-ray response ranging over several hundred eV. The formula for the quantum efficiency of multilayer semiconductor detectors and its physical interpretations are proposed and have been successfully verified by synchrotron radiation experiments at the Photon Factory. These detectors are useful for data analyses under strong radiation-field conditions, including fusion-plasma-emitting X-rays and energetic heavy-particle beams, without the use of high-bias applications.
Development of high-throughput flexible multichannel electron detectors at Daresbury Laboratory
Authors: Manning Phillip , Clague Nick , Hannah Adrian , Quinn Frances M. , Teehan Dave , Hicks Peter
Published: July 2004

Continuing demands from Synchrotron Radiation Source (SRS) end-users for higher throughput and improved reliability in photoelectron spectroscopy experiments have driven an intensive development programme for new multichannel electron detectors. The development philosophy focuses on high throughput to match present and future source intensity, flexible structures to allow increased mobility of designs and modular design for easy maintenance and repair. Developments include parallel readout electronics and innovative detector heads for the hemispherical deflection analysers currently in use on the SRS. Novel anode arrays have been implemented in the detector heads and extensive microchannel plate (MCP) characterization has been undertaken to source the MCPs most suited to this application. The present multichannel detection systems provide a significant enhancement to single-channel detection systems. They have also surpassed previous multichannel detection systems due to their high throughput, flexible structure and modular design. Information on these developments and experimental results obtained at Daresbury Laboratory are presented.
Dead-time correction of a multi-element SSD for fluorescent XAFS
Authors: Nomura Masaharu
Published: July 2004

The correct evaluation of the live time of a detection system is found to be important for correcting the counting loss of a multi-element detection system for fluorescent XAFS experiments. Synchronous resetting of preamplifiers and the suspension of electronics during the reset period is an effective method. The dead time of the incoming count rate should also be corrected, since its non-linearity cannot be neglected. A 19-element solid-state detector system which can count up to 3.7 × 105 counts s−1 channel−1 with <270 eV FWHM for Mn Kα has been realized; the dead time was independent of the incoming photon energy.
Pulse-height measurements with a cooled avalanche-photodiode detector
Authors: Kishimoto Shunji
Published: July 2004

A cooled avalanche-photodiode (APD) detector has been developed for X-ray diffraction experiments. Although an APD is normally used at room temperature and a high internal gain, the energy resolution can be improved by decreasing temperature and gain. The APD device was cooled to 253 K by a thermoelectric cooler. When the gain was M = 13, the energy resolution was 5% (FWHM) at 16.53 keV with a charge-sensitive preamplifier. By scanning the discriminator threshold level of a fast-counting system, energy spectra were obtained at M ≃ 50 and count rates of up to 4.7 × 107 s−1.
Avalanche Photodiodes as Fast X-ray Detectors
Authors: Kishimoto Shunji
Published: July 2004

An avalanche photodiode (APD) detector provides a sub-nanosecond time resolution and an output rate of more than 108 counts s−1 of synchrotron X-rays. Moreover, the APD has the advantage of low noise. A review of recent developments of detectors using APD devices designed for X-ray experiments is presented in this paper. One of the detectors has an excellent time response of 100 ps resolution and a narrow width on its response function, 1.4 ns at 10−5 maximum. The other consists of a stack of four diodes and has a transmission structure. The stacked detector improved the efficiency for X-rays, e.g. 55% at 16.53 keV. The output rates reached more than 108 counts s−1 per device.
Construction of the JAERI soft X-ray beamline for actinide material sciences
Authors: Nakatani Takeshi , Saitoh Yuji , Teraoka Yuden , Okane Tetsuo , Yokoya Akinari
Published: July 2004

An undulator beamline for spectroscopy studies focusing on the electronic structure of actinide materials is under construction. Linearly or circularly polarized soft X-rays are provided by employing a variably polarizing undulator. Varied-line-spacing plane gratings and a sagittal-focusing system are used to monochromatize the undulator beam, whose energy ranges from 0.3 to 1.5 keV. A resolving power of 104 is expected in the whole energy region. These components are methodically operated by the SPring-8 beamline control system. There are three experimental stations in the beamline. In one of the stations the photoemission spectroscopy experiments are carried out at a radioisotope-controlled area where actinide compounds as well as unsealed radioactive materials are usable. Other experimental stations are planned in the beamline for surface photochemical reactions and biological applications.
High-pressure system for Compton scattering experiments
Authors: Oomi G. , Honda F. , Kagayama T. , Itoh F. , Sakurai H. , Kawata H. , Shimomura O.
Published: July 2004

High-pressure apparatus for Compton scattering experiments has been developed to study the momentum distribution of conduction electrons in metals and alloys at high pressure. This apparatus was applied to observe the Compton profile of metallic Li under pressure. It was found that the Compton profile at high pressure could be obtained within several hours by using this apparatus and synchrotron radiation. The result on the pressure dependence of the Fermi momentum of Li obtained here is in good agreement with that predicted from the free-electron model.
Reconstruction of BL7B for UV, VIS and IR spectroscopy with a 3 m normal-incidence monochromator
Authors: Fukui Kazutoshi , Nakagawa Hideyuki , Shimoyama Iwao , Nakagawa Kazumichi , Okamura Hidekazu , Nanba Takao , Hasumoto Masami , Kinoshita Toyohiko
Published: July 2004

The beamline BL7B at the UVSOR facility for solid-state spectroscopy is currently under reconstruction. This reconstruction mainly involves the replacement of the 1 m Seya–Namioka-type monochromator (50–600 nm) with a 3 m NIM (modified version of McPherson model 2253), which covers the 50–1000 nm range with three gratings. The deviation angle of the gratings is 15°. For linear and circular polarization experiments, the beamline optics consist of a two-grazing-incidence (87.5°) pre-mirror system and a normal-incidence (15°) post-mirror.
Magnet lattice for the Siam Photon Source
Authors: Kengkan P. , Pairsuwan W. , Isoyama G. , Yamakawa T. , Ishii T.
Published: July 2004

The magnet lattice for the Siam Photon Source, the first storage ring for synchrotron radiation research in Thailand, has been designed. The storage ring has a double-bend achromat lattice and fourfold symmetry with four straight sections. Although the magnet lattice is relaxed, an emittance value of 72 π nm rad has been obtained, which is only 1.4 times as large as the theoretical minimum emittance with eight bending magnets. The dynamic aperture is found to be much larger than the physical aperture.
The multicrystal monochromators of the TROIKA beamline at ESRF
Authors: Mattenet M. , Schneider T. , Grübel G.
Published: July 2004

A multicrystal UHV monochromator equipped with up to four different monochromator crystals, which can be exchanged in situ, is described. The monochromator is designed as a transmission monochromator in horizontal scattering geometry allowing the `quasi-white' beam, after transmission through X-ray-transparent diamond or beryllium monochromator crystals, to be utilized in independent downstream stations.
Design and performance of a multilayered mirror monochromator in the low-energy region of the VUV
Authors: Mekaru Harutaka , Urisu Tsuneo , Tsusaka Yoshiyuki , Masui Shin , Toyota Eijiro , Takenaka Hisataka
Published: July 2004

For the energy region from tens to hundreds of electron volts, the multilayered mirror (MLM) monochromator has never been realized due to the difficulty of reducing the background noise of the total reflection component, in spite of its usefulness in synchrotron radiation experiments. In this work, a double-crystal-type MLM monochromator equipped with a thin-film filter has been designed on the basis of trial fabrication of the mirror-driving system and of Mo/Si and Mo/C MLMs; its performance has been evaluated by calculating its output photon flux. It is shown that by using the MLMs at low incident angles, combined with an appropriate thin-film filter, it is possible to make a practical monochromator with high output photon flux and low background noise.
Optical design of the NSRL undulator beamline
Authors: Zhang Y. W. , Sheng L. S. , Zhang G. B. , Gao H.
Published: July 2004

The optical design of the NSRL undulator beamline is presented. The NSRL undulator has 29 periods of 9.2 cm that produce a photon energy of 7.7–124 eV with the fundamental and third harmonics at a ring energy of 800 MeV. The beamline consists of a typical Kirkpatrick–Baez prefocusing mirror system, a modified spherical-grating monochromator (SGM) and a refocusing toroidal mirror. The monochromator has two including angles of 148 and 157° with two plane mirrors inserted into the entrance arm in order to cover the wide energy range with high grating diffraction efficiency. Calculation shows that the resolving power of the monochromator can be greater than 5000 with the slits fully opened and 20000 with a 20 µm opening of the slits. The spot at the sample is about 1.5 (H) mm × 0.5 (V) mm.