bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Training Legal Skills in the ESP Classroom: Mediation Activities and Student Self-Reflection
Authors: Chovancova Barbora
Published: October 2024

A general trend in adult education across the disciplines has been the gradual shift from teaching specialized knowledge to developing various skills. The inclusion of professional skills in the area of Languages for Specific Purposes (LSP) is often based on the results of complex needs analyses of the target situation that leads to effective course design both for in-service and pre-service learners. While major law schools have recently started putting a greater emphasis on the training of legal skills, the present article suggests that some of those legal skills can be effectively developed in the ELP (English for Legal Purposes) classroom as well, i.e. among L2 learners of specialist language. That holds particularly for the soft skill of linguistic mediation. Promoted by CEFR, mediation is characterized by the situation when an expert speaker needs to overcome a communicative gap arising from a difference in the technical or linguistic knowledge of the interlocutors.The present article shows how a sample activity can be used for teaching linguistic mediation in the ELP classroom and how it can serve as an opportunity for enhancing students’ critical self-reflection. It describes a custom-made activity – a role-played lawyer-client interview – and analyses students’ subsequent comments on the activity. The paper suggests that self-reflection is deeper if the theory is supplied after the task and that such a practice enhances students’ learning process. It is suggested that the findings are applicable not only to teachers’ syllabus design and classroom activities design but also more generally to pedagogic theory, e.g. the field of LSP teacher training.
La génération de la localité
Authors: Troi Tran Van
Published: October 2024

Depuis l’essor exceptionnel des microbrasseries au Québec depuis les années 1990, l’importance symbolique et identitaire des productions microbrassicoles québécoises n’est aujourd’hui plus à démontrer, et elles ont d’ailleurs déjà fait l’objet de nombreuses analyses sémiotiques et sociologiques. Cet article propose de se pencher sur un nouveau phénomène, celui de l’utilisation de levures sauvages pour la production de bières à fermentation spontanée. Alors que l’encadrement réglementaire défini par l’Agence canadienne d’inspection des aliments et imposé par la Régie des alcools, des courses et des jeux du Québec (RACJ) ne permettait pas originellement l’usage de levures sauvages selon l’interprétation de la RACJ, un assouplissement dans la lecture du règlement en 2017 a permis l’émergence de nouvelles pratiques brassicoles permettant la fermentation spontanée des brassins. Nous aborderons dans ce texte trois facettes de cette nouvelle vogue, soit l’inscription de ces pratiques brassicoles dans un mouvement « post-pasteurien » qui induit ses propres formes de spatialisation étant donné les spécificités matérielles de la bière sauvage, le développement d’un savoir-faire brassicole entre science et artisanat au contact d’actants vivants et souvent imprévisibles, et la dimension identitaire de cet usage des levures sauvages qui amènent à repenser la définition de la notion de terroir pour le monde brassicole.
Žemės ūkio akademija. 100 metų – žemės ūkio pažangai : istorinė apybraiža
Authors: Miceikienė Astrida , Čaplikas Jonas , Motuzas Algirdas-Juozas
Published: October 2024

Žemės ūkio akademija, švęsdama 100-mečio jubiliejų, pristato istorinę apybraižą apie brandžios žemės ūkio švietimui ir mokslui atstovaujančios akademinės bendruomenės istorinėje raidoje patirtus išmėginimus, išugdytas tradicijas ir partnerystes. Knygoje atskleidžiami Žemės ūkio akademijos nuolatinių susidūrimų su reformomis ir kitais išbandymais iššūkiai bei potyriai. Ne kartą pakeitusi juridinį statusą ir pavadinimą, Žemės ūkio akademija išliko ištikima žemės ūkio mokslams ir studijoms, be to, nemažai prisidėjo prie šalies žemės ūkio pažangos, aktyviai sprendė konkretaus laikmečio problemas. Šiandien Žemės ūkio akademija – vienas didžiausių Vytauto Didžiojo universiteto struktūrinių padalinių, kuris, pasitelkdamas Universiteto teikiamą sinergiją, optimistiškai ir kartu atsakingai žvelgia į ateitį bei įsipareigoja su dar didesne jėga skatinti šalies žemės ūkio ir su juo susijusių sektorių pažangą, tvarumą ir klestėjimą.
Intergenerational Transmission of Global Competence: Evidence From PISA 2018
Authors: Mäntyneva Mikko
Published: October 2024

OECD’s PISA 2018 large-scale assessment also covered global competence among students and their parents. This study aimed to study intergenerational competence of three themes of global competence from parents to their children. Using PISA 2018 data, 34,088 parent‐child
pairs in seven different OECD countries were analyzed using structural equation modeling. The results showed that parents’ competence on a particular theme of global competence significantly predicted their children’s level of global competence on that theme. The findings could
be utilized to enhance the cooperation between schools, teachers, and parents while enhancing students’ global competence.
Intuitionistic fuzzy evolution problem with nonlocal conditions
Authors:   Laboratory of Applied Mathematics and Scientific Computing, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Sadiki Hamid , Oufkir Khadija ,   Laboratory of Applied Mathematics and Scientific Computing, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Melliani Said ,   Laboratory of Applied Mathematics and Scientific Computing, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, El Omari M'hamed ,   Laboratory of Applied Mathematics and Scientific Computing, Sultan Moulay Slimane University
Published: October 2024

In this manuscript, we investigate the existence and uniqueness of solutions for the intuitionistic fuzzy evolution problem with non-local conditions, employing a generalized Caputo derivative ^C_{gH}D_{0^+}^{\gamma} of order 0 < \gamma < 1. Our methodology involves utilizing the intuitionistic fuzzy semigroup and the concept of contraction mapping.
Heat Shock Factor Regulation of Antimicrobial Peptides Expression Suggests a Conserved Defense Mechanism Induced by Febrile Temperature in Arthropods
Authors: Xiao Bang , Chen Shihan , Wang Yue , Liao Xuzheng , He Jianguo , Li Chaozheng
Published: October 2024

Temperature is a critical factor influencing the outbreak and progression of viral diseases in organisms. Febrile temperatures have been shown to enhance immune competence and reduce viral replication in various species. However, the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. In this study, we investigate the molecular mechanisms by which elevated temperatures confer resistance to viral infections, focusing on the role of heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) in regulating antimicrobial effectors rather than the traditional target genes molecular chaperones. Using shrimp
Litopenaeus vannamei
as a model, we demonstrate that febrile temperatures induce HSF1, which in turn upregulates antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) that target viral envelope proteins and inhibit viral replication. Importantly, this is the first to show that HSF1 directly binds to the heat shock elements (HSE) motifs of AMPs both in shrimp and
Drosophila
, suggesting this may be a conserved regulatory mechanism in arthropods. Additionally, our findings highlight the role of HSF1 beyond the classical heat shock response, revealing its critical function in modulating innate immunity. These insights provide new avenues for managing viral infections in aquaculture and other settings by leveraging environmental temperature control.
Cell-cell interaction determines cell fate of mesoderm-derived cell in tongue development through Hh signaling
Authors: Kawasaki Maiko , Kawasaki Katsushige , Sari Finsa Tisna , Kudo Takehisa , Nihara Jun , Kitamura Madoka , Nagai Takahiro , Utama Vanessa , Ishida Yoko , Meguro Fumiya , Kesuma Alex , Fujita Akira , Nishimura Takayuki , Kogure Yuan , Maruyama Satoshi , Tanuma Jun-ichi , Kakihara Yoshito , Maeda Takeyasu , Ghafoor Sarah , Khonsari Roman H , Corre Pierre , Sharpe Paul T , Cobourne Martyn , Franco Brunella , Ohazama Atsushi
Published: October 2024

Dysfunction of primary cilia leads to genetic disorder, ciliopathies, which shows various malformations in many vital organs such as brain. Multiple tongue deformities including cleft, hamartoma, and ankyloglossia are also seen in ciliopathies, which yield difficulties in fundamental functions such as mastication and vocalization. Here, we found these tongue anomalies in mice with mutation of ciliary protein. Abnormal cranial neural crest-derived cells (CNCC) failed to evoke Hh signal for differentiation of mesoderm-derived cells into myoblasts, which resulted in abnormal differentiation of mesoderm-derived cells into adipocytes. The ectopic adipose subsequently arrested tongue swelling formation. Ankyloglossia was caused by aberrant cell migration due to lack of non-canonical Wnt signaling. In addition to ciliopathies, these tongue anomalies are often observed as non-familial condition in human. We found that these tongue deformities could be reproduced in wild-type mice by simple mechanical manipulations to disturb cellular processes which were disrupted in mutant mice. Our results provide hints for possible future treatment in ciliopathies.
Pharmacologically inducing regenerative cardiac cells by small molecule drugs
Authors: Zhou Wei , He Kezhang , Wang Chiyin , Wang Pengqi , Wang Dan , Wang Bowen , Geng Han , Lian Hong , Ma Tianhua , Nie Yu , Ding Sheng
Published: October 2024

Adult mammals, unlike some lower organisms, lack the ability to regenerate damaged hearts through cardiomyocytes (CMs) dedifferentiation into cells with regenerative capacity. Developing conditions to induce such naturally unavailable cells with potential to proliferate and differentiate into CMs, i.e., regenerative cardiac cells (RCCs), in mammals will provide new insights and tools for heart regeneration research. In this study, we demonstrate that a two-compound combination, CHIR99021 and A-485 (2C), effectively induces RCCs from human embryonic stem cell (hESC)-derived TNNT2
+
CMs
in vitro
, as evidenced by lineage tracing experiments. Functional analysis shows that these RCCs express a broad spectrum of cardiogenesis genes and have the potential to differentiate into functional CMs, endothelial cells (ECs), and smooth muscle cells (SMCs). Importantly, similar results were observed in neonatal rat CMs both
in vitro
and
in vivo
. Remarkably, administering 2C in adult mouse hearts significantly enhances survival and improves heart function post-myocardial infarction. Mechanistically, CHIR99021 is crucial for the transcriptional and epigenetic activation of genes essential for RCC development, while A-485 primarily suppresses H3K27Ac and particularly H3K9Ac in CMs. Their synergistic effect enhances these modifications on RCC genes, facilitating the transition from CMs to RCCs. Therefore, our findings demonstrate the feasibility and reveal the mechanisms of pharmacological induction of RCCs from endogenous CMs, which could offer a promising regenerative strategy to repair injured hearts.
MftG is crucial for ethanol metabolism of mycobacteria by linking mycofactocin oxidation to respiration
Authors: Graça Ana Patrícia , Nikitushkin Vadim , Ellerhorst Mark , Vilhena Cláudia , Klassert Tilman E , Starick Andreas , Siemers Malte , Al-Jammal Walid K , Vilotijevic Ivan , Slevogt Hortense , Papenfort Kai , Lackner Gerald
Published: October 2024

Mycofactocin is a redox cofactor essential for the alcohol metabolism of Mycobacteria. While the biosynthesis of mycofactocin is well established, the gene
mftG
, which encodes an oxidoreductase of the glucose-methanol-choline superfamily, remained functionally uncharacterized. Here, we show that MftG enzymes strictly require
mft
biosynthetic genes and are found in 75% of organisms harboring these genes. Gene deletion experiments in
Mycolicibacterium smegmatis
demonstrated a growth defect of the Δ
mftG
mutant on ethanol as a carbon source, accompanied by an arrest of cell division reminiscent of mild starvation. Investigation of carbon and cofactor metabolism implied a defect in mycofactocin reoxidation. Cell-free enzyme assays and respirometry using isolated cell membranes indicated that MftG acts as a mycofactocin dehydrogenase shuttling electrons toward the respiratory chain. Transcriptomics studies also indicated remodeling of redox metabolism to compensate for a shortage of redox equivalents. In conclusion, this work closes an important knowledge gap concerning the mycofactocin system and adds a new pathway to the intricate web of redox reactions governing the metabolism of mycobacteria.
Ribosome demand links transcriptional bursts to protein expression noise
Authors: Pal Sampriti , Ray Upasana , Dhar Riddhiman
Published: October 2024

Stochastic variation in protein expression generates phenotypic heterogeneity in a cell population and has an important role in antibiotic persistence, mutation penetrance, tumor growth and therapy resistance. Studies investigating molecular origins of noise have predominantly focused on the transcription process. However, the noise generated in the transcription process is further modulated by translation. This influences the expression noise at the protein level which eventually determines the extent of phenotypic heterogeneity in a cell population. Studies across different organisms have revealed a positive association between translational efficiency and protein noise. However, the molecular basis of this association has remained unknown. In this work, through stochastic modeling of translation in single mRNA molecules and empirical measurements of protein noise, we show that ribosome demand associated with high translational efficiency in a gene drives the correlation between translational efficiency and protein noise. We also show that this correlation is present only in genes with bursty transcription. Thus, our work reveals the molecular basis of how coding sequence of genes, along with their promoters, can regulate noise. These findings have important implications for investigating protein noise and phenotypic heterogeneity across biological systems.
Three new species of Talaromyces sect. Talaromyces discovered in China
Authors: Ren Xin-Tong , Li Saifei , Ruan Yongming , Wang Long
Published: October 2024

Background

Talaromyces species play an important role in the nutrient cycle in natural ecosystems, degradation of vegetal biomass in industries and the implications in medicine. However, the species diversity of this genus is still far from fully understood.

Methods

The polyphasic taxonomic approach integrating morphological comparisons and molecular phylogenetic analyses based on BenA, CaM, Rpb2 and ITS sequences was used to propose three new Talaromyces species.

Results

Three new species of sect. Talaromyces isolated from soil are proposed, namely, T. disparis (ex-type AS3.26221), T. funiformis (ex-type AS3.26220) and T. jianfengicus (ex-type AS3.26253). T. disparis is unique in low growth rate, velvety texture, limited to moderate sporulation, biverticillate, monoverticillate and irregular penicilli bearing a portion of abnormally large globose conidia, it has no close relatives in phylogeny. Being a member of T. pinophilus complex, T. funiformis produces mycelial funicles on Czapek yeast autolysate agar (CYA), 5% malt extract agar (MEA) and yeast extract (YES), sparse sporulation on Czapek agar (Cz), CYA, MEA and YES while abundant on oatmeal agar (OA), bearing appressed biverticillate penicilli and globose to pyriform conida with smooth to finely rough walls. T. jianfengicus belongs to T. verruculosus complex, is characterized by velvety colony texture with moderate to abundant elm-green conidia en masse, producing biverticillate penicilli, globose conidia with verrucose walls.

Conclusion

It is now a common practice in establishing new species of Aspergillus, Penicillium and Talaromyces based on morphological characters and phylogenetic analyses of BenA, CaM, Rpb2 and ITS sequences. The proposal of the three novelties of Talaromyces in this article is not only supported by their morphological distinctiveness, but also confirmed by the phylogenetic analyses of the concatenated BenA-CaM-Rpb2 and BenA-CaM-ITS, as well as the individual BenA, CaM, Rpb2 and ITS sequence matrices.
Use of Preoperative Lumbosacral Spine X-rays in Developing a Predictor Score for Facilitating Neuraxial Blocks in Patients undergoing Lower Limb Arthroplasty Surgeries: A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Panditrao Minnu , Devi Usha , Bansal Shilpa , Kaur Gurleen
Published: October 2024

Introduction: Due to bony changes and narrow lumbar interspinous spaces, performing a neuraxial block becomes difficult in older patients undergoing lower limb arthroplasties. Aim: To formulate a difficulty predictor score (MUSG score) for anticipating difficult Central Neuraxial Blocks (CNB) and to compare lumbar spine radiological findings with clinical findings. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 166 patients admitted for knee or hip arthroplasties from March 2023 to March 2024 in the main operation theatre complex of a tertiary care hospital. All patients were advised to get X-rays of the lumbosacral spine in both anteroposterior and lateral views before surgery. The total difficulty predictor score was calculated from the X-rays based on the presence or absence of scoliosis, bony osteophytes, angulation of spinous processes, calcification of the ligamentum flavum, and the ratio of inner and outer visible interspinous space. The minimum score was 5 and the maximum was 12. The individual score at each interspinous level was calculated and selected the space with the minimum score for the CNB. A comparison was also made with the clinically selected best space, which was identified using the traditional palpation technique. A block was labeled difficult if there were more than two attempts for spinal and epidural block, respectively. All collected data were entered into a Microsoft Excel sheet and analysed using Microsoft Excel software. Results: The study patients had a mean age of 59.83 years. The total difficulty predictor score (MUSG Score) of the lumbar spine was 5 in 3 patients (1.8%), 6-9 in 140 patients (84.3%), and ≥10 in 23 patients (13.9%). However, the minimum score at the best interspinous space was 5 in 15 patients (9%), 6-9 in 151 patients (91%), and none had a score of 10 or more. From radiological imaging, the spaces with minimal scores were in the order of L2-L3 (76), L3-L4 (62), and L1-L2 (28); while on clinical examination, they were – L2-L3 (96), L3-L4 (43), L1-L2 (23). The difference between the two was statistically significant (p-value <0.05). The time required for the block procedure was longer in patients with a score of 6-9 (13.99 minutes) than in those with a score of 5 (11.13 minutes). Haemodynamic changes from baseline were also more pronounced in patients with a score of 6-9 compared to those with a score of 5. Conclusion: CNBs in patients undergoing hip and knee arthroplasties are easier to perform with the help of the difficulty predictor score (MUSG Score). A difficulty predictor score of 5 is associated with an easier block compared to higher scores.
Metabolic Effect of Acute Lead and Restraint Stress Exposure on Female Wistar Rats
Authors: Oluwatobi Osinloye Omorolade , Oluwatoyin Oyewobi Blessing , Busuyi Kehinde David , Opeyemi Owolabi Gbenga
Published: October 2024

Lead is a common environmental toxicant while restraint stress is primarily a psychological stressor. Lead exposure and psychological stressors, are known to exert adverse effects on metabolic health independently. The aim of this study is to investigate the metabolic effects of acute lead and restraint stress exposure in female Wistar rats. Twenty-four (24) female Wistar rats weighing 180 - 240 grams were randomly divided into four (4) groups (n=6): Control (CTL), Restraint stress alone (RSA), Lead acetate alone (LDA), Restraint stress + Lead acetate (RSL). The duration of the study was 21 days. The lead acetate alone group were orally administered 100mg/kg of lead acetate, the restraint stress alone group were restrained for 1 hour daily and the restraint stress + lead group were administered lead acetate and restrained for 1 hour daily. Twenty-four hours post last lead administration and restraint stress exposure, all animals were anesthetized and sacrificed. Blood was collected via cardiac puncture for biochemical analysis. Results showed serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL), triglycerides (TAG) and total cholesterol (CHO) levels in lead alone and restraint stress alone groups were significantly increased (p<0.05) compared with control. The restraint + lead group showed a significant increase in serum LDL, TAG and CHO levels when compared with control, lead alone and restraint stress alone groups. Serum HDL levels showed no significant difference across all groups. Serum glucose, insulin and cortisol levels in lead alone and restraint stress alone groups were significantly increased (p<0.05) when compared with control. The restraint + lead group showed a significant increase (p<0.05) in serum glucose, insulin and cortisol levels when compared with control, lead alone and restraint alone groups. In conclusion, this study showed that exposure to restraint stress and lead has a significant effect on the metabolic profile of female Wistar rats.
Adoption Level of Farmers Regarding Cultivation Practices of Areca Nut in Chikmagalur District, Karnataka, India
Authors: M. K Pavan. , Singh A. K. , Sachin P. V.
Published: October 2024

The study examined the adoption of cultivation practices of areca nut in Chikmagalur district of Karnataka state during the year 2018-19. Chikmagalur is one of the largest and traditional areca nut-producing districts of Karnataka. Two taluks were selected in chikmagalur district based on the highest area under cultivation and the total sample size was 100. Seventeen items were considered to form a table to know the adoption of individual recommended practices by farmers concerning areca nut cultivation. Further to classify the overall adoption of areca nut growers recommended cultivation practices were grouped in to three major categories low, medium and high. The findings of the study revealed that, regarding the overall adoption of farmers about the cultivation of areca nut, less than half (43.00%) of the respondents were found in the medium adoption category, followed by 31.00 per-cent of respondents were found in high adoption category and more than one fourth (26.00%) of respondents were found in low adoption category regarding the adoption of individual recommended cultivation practices by areca nut growers.
Jedburgh Abbey Rampart
Authors: Hill Ian , Gamble Michelle , Hall Derek , Márkus Mary , Blackwell Alice , Thoms Jennifer , Booth Thomas , Anastasiadou Kyriaki , Gilardet Alexandre , Soares Da Silva Marina , Kelly Monica , Williams Mia , Swali Pooja , Skoglund Pontus
Published: October 2024

An archaeological watching brief was undertaken at the Jedburgh Abbey Rampart during repair and construction works to consolidate and secure the ‘rampart’ wall and its face, both of which had begun to deteriorate and fail. The watching brief followed on from earlier works to investigate the construction of the ‘rampart’, which had revealed the presence of disarticulated skeletal remains behind the wall. The excavations undertaken during the repair works have helped to infer the methods employed for the construction of the ‘rampart’, likely dating to the late 18th century. During construction several burials of the former Low Kirkyard were disturbed and displaced, with the disarticulated remains of several skeletons found within the construction deposits. The watching brief also revealed the remains of five burials that were partially disturbed during construction, with skeletal remains dating from the 15th century onwards. Disturbance to earlier graves, not disturbed by the construction, were also identified, the results of which indicate changing attitudes to skeletal remains through the post medieval and early modern periods.
The finds
Authors: Hill Ian , Gamble Michelle , Hall Derek , Márkus Mary , Blackwell Alice , Thoms Jennifer
Published: October 2024

An archaeological watching brief was undertaken at the Jedburgh Abbey Rampart during repair and construction works to consolidate and secure the ‘rampart’ wall and its face, both of which had begun to deteriorate and fail. The watching brief followed on from earlier works to investigate the construction of the ‘rampart’, which had revealed the presence of disarticulated skeletal remains behind the wall. The excavations undertaken during the repair works have helped to infer the methods employed for the construction of the ‘rampart’, likely dating to the late 18th century. During construction several burials of the former Low Kirkyard were disturbed and displaced, with the disarticulated remains of several skeletons found within the construction deposits. The watching brief also revealed the remains of five burials that were partially disturbed during construction, with skeletal remains dating from the 15th century onwards. Disturbance to earlier graves, not disturbed by the construction, were also identified, the results of which indicate changing attitudes to skeletal remains through the post medieval and early modern periods.
RECUPERAÇÃO DE ÁGUA DEIONIZADA NA INDÚSTRIA DE SEMICONDUTORES
Authors: Todendi Dutra William , Stumpf Silva dos Reis Anderson , Pesenti Giovanni , Andrade Brehm Feliciane , Mendes Moraes Carlos Alberto
Published: October 2024

As indústrias de semicondutores consomem água de altíssima pureza em abundância. Esta água é chamada de Água DI (deionizada), e possui um alto custo de produção devido às diversas etapas necessárias para atingir os parâmetros de utilização. Um dos processos que utilizam este fluido é o lixamento traseiro de wafers de silício (backside grinding ou BSG), correspondendo sozinho a quase um terço do consumo de toda a fábrica. No processo BSG são incorporados sólidos provenientes dos wafers e dos abrasivos, sendo que os compostos que constituem estas matérias primas, são praticamente insolúveis em água, minimizando a contaminação desta e facilitando etapas de segregação e limpeza. Deste modo, o trabalho propôs realizar o tratamento do efluente do processo BSG de forma puramente física, sem utilizar produtos químicos, o que contribui para o condicionamento visando o retorno direto desta água tratada no processo BSG, de modo que seja aplicado o nível 2 da Produção Mais Limpa com a reciclagem interna. O tratamento proposto no trabalho tem um grande potencial de aplicabilidade na reciclagem interna da água presente no efluente do processo de lixamento traseiro de wafers de silício da indústria de semicondutores, permitindo sua reinserção no processo, de modo a se obter ganhos econômicos, sociais e ambientais após a implementação deste.
SIMULAÇÃO E MODELAGEM DE UM BIODIGESTOR PARA GERAÇÃO DE BIOGÁS A PARTIR DE RESÍDUOS DO PROCESSAMENTO DE CAFÉ
Authors: Pinheiro Drumond Guilherme , Assreuy Diniz Artur , Rezende Moreira Victor , Sampaio Jacob Raquel
Published: October 2024

O café é uma das bebidas mais comercializadas no mundo, sendo um dos principais produtos referentes ao desenvolvimento agrícola e econômico brasileiro. O aumento da demanda do produto gera um aumento na sua produção, assim aumentando os resíduos do seu processamento. Dentre os processos de tratamento disponíveis, a biodigestão anaeróbia representa grande vantagem pelo reaproveitamento energético do subproduto do processo, o biogás. O trabalho baseou-se na modelagem e simulação de um processo de biodigestão anaeróbia da borra de café para a produção de biogás. A simulação foi executada no Excel, utilizando o método de Euler nos modelos de Monod, para equacionamento da cinética da variação da concentração de biomassa e substrato, e Lotka-Volterra, para avaliar a produção de biogás, além do efeito negativo exercido na biomassa por este. A produção total encontrada no biodigestor foi de 4149 m³ para o modelo sem retirada de biogás e 5283 m³ no modelo com retirada contínua de biogás, apresentando  proximidade aos resultados da literatura. O biodigestor demonstrou limitações pelo tempo de detenção hidráulica, além de outros fatores. Foram calculadas as variáveis para a adequação do efluente tratado para o lançamento em corpos d’água de Classe 2 e 3, impostas pelo CONAMA. Os valores encontrados para as duas simulações foram  de cerca de 9 dias para Classe 3 e 12 dias para Classe 2.
AVALIAÇÃO DO IMPACTO DE ESGOTO DOMÉSTICO TRATADO SOBRE A QUALIDADE DA ÁGUA DO RIBEIRÃO DAS ANTAS (POÇOS DE CALDAS/MG)
Authors: Godoi Douglas Augusto , Santos Érica Daniely , Ferreira Mariana Gama , Souza Antonio Donizetti Gonçalves de
Published: October 2024

O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a qualidade das águas do Ribeirão das Antas após receber efluentes tratados da Estação de Tratamento de Esgoto III (ETE-III) no município de Poços de Caldas (MG). Para a realização deste estudo, foram estabelecidos cinco pontos de amostragem e medidas as seguintes variáveis: temperatura, pH, condutividade, sólidos totais dissolvidos, turbidez, oxigênio dissolvido, sólidos totais suspensos e fósforo total. As coletas foram realizadas em dois períodos sazonais (estiagem e chuvoso). Os dados obtidos foram analisados segundo as variações espaciais e temporais e empregada a técnica de análise fatorial dos componentes principais (ACP). Com os resultados de fósforo total foi aplicado o IET (índice de estado trófico). Os resultados demonstraram que a estação de tratamento ETE-III atende aos padrões estabelecidos na resolução CONAMA 357/2005 da classe 2 para as variáveis medidas no trecho estudado, com exceção do fósforo total no ponto P2. Neste ponto de amostragem, no período de estiagem, o valor foi superior ao limite preconizado no normativo legal. A aplicação do IET classificou os pontos em mesotróficos, exceto o ponto P2, o qual foi classificado como eutrófico. O estudo pode subsidiar o estabelecimento de uma rede de monitoramento a ser implementada para acompanhar as tendências da qualidade da água e o cumprimento legal do lançamento no corpo hídrico.
CONTAMINAÇÃO DE SOLOS POR METAIS EM UM LOCAL DE DISPOSIÇÃO FINAL DE RESÍDUOS DE MUNICÍPIO DE PEQUENO PORTE
Authors: Alves Rezende Daniela , Faria Oliveira Bruna Fernanda , De Oliveira Kuhn Vinicius
Published: October 2024

No Brasil, aproximadamente 40% dos resíduos sólidos coletados são descartados em lixões e aterros controlados, alcançando 29,7 milhões de toneladas capazes de causar impactos ambientais adversos. Diante dessa situação, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar se um local com disposição final ambientalmente inadequada de resíduos em município de pequeno porte provocou alteração na qualidade do solo do seu entorno. O estudo foi desenvolvido na área de disposição final de resíduos do município de Tupaciguara – MG. O local foi caracterizado quanto aos parâmetros físico-químicos: granulometria, pH, Carbono Orgânico Total (COT) e elementos potencialmente tóxicos (Cu, Li, Mn, Ni, Pb e Zn). As amostras de solo foram coletadas nas camadas superficiais do local de disposição final, em duas áreas agrícolas, uma à montante e outra à jusante do lixão e em uma área de vegetação nativa situada nas proximidades do lixão. As concentrações dos elementos em estudo foram realizadas por Espectrometria de emissão óptica com plasma (ICP-OES). Os resultados demonstraram que o local onde os resíduos sólidos são dispostos apresenta concentrações de chumbo, cobre e zinco superiores ao valor de referência de qualidade. Além disso, as concentrações de chumbo e lítio na área do lixão são superiores a todas as outras áreas estudadas. Isso aponta para a necessidade de se viabilizar uma solução sustentável para o tratamento dos resíduos sólidos urbanos do município, bem como ampliação da coleta seletiva ou alternativas de valorização dos resíduos, além ações de controle dos impactos ambientais no lixão do município.
Förderung europäischer Werke durch Investitionspflichten
Authors: Broemel Roland
Published: October 2024

Der Beitrag erörtert den ökonomischen Hintergrund sowie die verfassungs- und unionsrechtlichen Rahmenbedingungen einer bundesgesetzlichen Verpflichtung von Anbietern audiovisueller Mediendienste zur Investition in die Herstellung oder den Erwerb von Rechten an europäischen Werken.
Die geplante Reform der Filmförderung: Kulturwissenschaftspolitische Notwendigkeit oder rechtliche Grenzüberschreitung? — Input aus Sicht des öffentlich-rechtlichen Rundfunks
Authors: Weber Peter , Würkert Tobias
Published: October 2024

Das ZDF beteiligt sich am deutschen Filmfördersystem als wichtigem Pfeiler der deutschen Produktionswirtschaft. Die geplante Reform des deutschen Filmfördersystems muss spezifischen Rahmenbedingungen des öffentlich-rechtlichen Rundfunks gerecht werden. Dies betrifft die Mittelbindung des Rundfunkbeitrags ebenso wie die Ausgestaltung einer Investitionsverpflichtung und die Berücksichtigung seiner privatrechtlich verfassten Töchterund Enkelunternehmen.
Digital Empire? Extraterritorial application of the Digital Services Act and specific challenges for non-EU companies – taking Chinese companies as example
Authors: Schledt Katharina , Wegmann Simon
Published: October 2024

The article gives an overview of the purposes and principal requirements of the Digital Services Act and how they function specifically towards non-EU companies, using Chinese companies as a prominent example. It discusses to which extent the Digital Services Act is part of the regulatory project by which the EU, whether purposefully or not, projects power beyond its borders, and argues that at least with regard to economically powerful countries such as China, this effect has likely been somewhat overstated. The article points out that nevertheless, non-EU and specifically Chinese companies face additional challenges when trying to comply with the Digital Services Act, and provides orientation in this regard.
Data Protection Aspects of the Use of Artificial Intelligence — Initial overview of the intersection between GDPR and AI Act
Authors: Schwartmann Rolf , Keber Tobias , Zenner Kai , Kurth Sonja
Published: October 2024

AI systems thrive on the processing of large amounts of data. As AI-supported technologies become more and more widespread, questions concerning data protection aspects arise increasingly. This primarily concerns the input of personal data into AI systems, which is conceivable in a variety of scenarios, for example in the workplace for job applications or evaluations, by authorities when processing applications, in the judiciary or at schools and universities when assessing examinations. This article aims to analyse how the use of AI systems is affected by data protection law. To this end, particularly relevant provisions of the GDPR are selected and analysed for their special features in connection with AI systems. In addition to the GDPR, the AI Act will also be analysed.
Einkünftekorrektur bei Produktionsverlagerung auf eine Schwestergesellschaft im Ausland – Anmerkung zu BFH v. 9.8.2023 – I R 54/19, FR 2024, 918
Authors: Quilitzsch Carsten , Rötting Stefanie
Published: October 2024

Die Bestimmung angemessener Verrechnungspreise ist ein häufiger Streitpunkt im Rahmen von Außenprüfungen. Fehlt es am Nachweis von deren Fremdüblichkeit, ist der Rückgriff der Betriebsprüfer auf die aus ihrer „allgemeinen Erfahrung“ zu beobachten. In diesem Zusammenhang werden zur Unterstreichung der - mehr oder weniger - im Schätzungswege ermittelten Verrechnungspreise gelegentlich auch Internetquellen mit eingeschränkter Aussagekraft im Hinblick auf Validität und Vergleichbarkeit des Zahlenmaterials mit den zugrundliegenden Transaktionen herangezogen. Dies nicht zuletzt deshalb, weil es an rechtssicheren Leitplanken zur Bestimmung fremdüblicher Verrechnungspreise letztlich doch noch immer mangelt. Zwar machen die TP-Guidelines der OECD sowie die Schreiben der Finanzverwaltung diesbezüglich umfangreiche Vorgaben, allerdings ist höchstrichterliche Rechtsprechung zu Verrechnungspreisen bislang spärlich gesät. Umso erfreulicher ist es, dass der BFH jüngst die Gelegenheit hatte, sich mit der höchst praxisrelevanten Problematik und damit einhergehenden Fragestellungen auseinanderzusetzen. Ebenfalls waren die Voraussetzungen einer Funktionsverlagerung Gegenstand des Urteils.
§ 4g EStG und die umwandlungssteuerliche Entstrickung – Normative Würdigung am Beispiel der Verschmelzung von Kapitalgesellschaften unter Einbezug des Entwurfs zum JStG 2024 – Teil I
Authors: Schaumberger Marcus , Stößel Johannes , Ditandy Maximilian
Published: October 2024

Im Regierungsentwurf eines JStG 2024 ist in Art. 3 Nr. 3 die Änderung des § 4g Abs. 1 S. 4 EStG vorgesehen, dass die Bildung eines Ausgleichpostens nach § 4g Abs. 1 S. 1 EStG bei der Entstrickungsbesteuerung in allen offenen Fällen einer Umwandlung entsprechend anzuwenden ist, in denen es zur Aufdeckung stiller Reserven infolge der Beschränkung oder des Ausschlusses des Besteuerungsrechts der Bundesrepublik Dentschland kommt. Im Rahmen dieser Untersuchung soll die Verschmelzung von Kapitalgesellschaften aufgrund der hohen Praxisrelevanz (z.B. aufgrund der vergleichsweise einfachen Durchführbarkeit in Ermangelung eines doppelten Teilbetriebserfordernisses) der Untersuchungsgegenstand sein. Ferner analysieren die Autoren, ob unter Einbezug der aktuellen Gesetzeslage eine mittels § 4g EStG nachgelagerte Besteuerung im Rahmen der umwandlungssteuerlichen Entstrickung möglich ist. Anschließend werden notwendige Reformvorschläge aufgezeigt.
Die Verfassungsmäßigkeit der Besteuerung der Energiepreispauschalen I und II und Überlegungen zu Gestaltungsmöglichkeiten zukünftiger (steuerlicher) Transferzahlungen – Teil 2
Authors: Hübner Hendrik , Letzner Steven
Published: October 2024

Im ersten Teil des Beitrags (FR 2024, 836) wurde die Verfassungsmäßigkeit der Besteuerung der Energiepreispauschalen I und II (EPP I und II) untersucht. Im Rahmen des zweiten Teils des Beitrags sollen nunmehr Überlegungen zu den dem Gesetzgeber zur Verfügung stehenden Gestaltungsmöglichkeiten, die auch in Zukunft für (steuerliche) Transferzahlungen eingesetzt werden könn(t)en, aufgezeigt werden. Diese Überlegungen sollen insbesondere deshalb angestellt werden, um Aussagen dazu treffen zu können, ob eine entsprechende (alternative) Umsetzung bereits im Rahmen der Umsetzung der EPP I und der EPP II hätte in Erwägung gezogen werden können bzw. sollen, da die bestehenden Gestaltungsmöglichkeiten den verfolgten Zielen zielführender bzw. einfacher Rechnung getragen hätten als die gewählten Ausgestaltungen.
Hungarian Case Law Relating to European Private Law (2023–2024)
Authors: Harsági Viktória
Published: October 2024

The present report is the fifteenth part of a series entitled „Hungarian Case Law Relating to European Private Law“, which presents the essence of court decisions made since last summer.
Anmerkung zu EuGH, Urt. v. 11.1.2024 – C-755/22
Authors: Mittwoch Anne-Christin , Westphahl Mika
Published: October 2024

„Art. 8 und 23 der Richtlinie 2008/48/EG [...] vom 23. April 2008 über Verbraucherkreditverträge [...] sind dahin auszulegen, dass sie in einem Fall, in dem der Kreditgeber gegen seine Verpflichtung zur Bewertung der Kreditwürdigkeit des Verbrauchers verstoßen hat, der Verhängung einer Sanktion gegen den Kreditgeber nach nationalem Recht, bestehend in der Nichtigkeit des Verbraucherkreditvertrags und dem Verlust seines Anspruchs auf Zahlung der vereinbarten Zinsen, auch dann nicht entgegenstehen, wenn dieser Vertrag von den Parteien vollständig erfüllt wurde und der Verstoß für den Verbraucher keine nachteiligen Folgen hatte.“
Die Kostenaufschlagsmethode bei der Konzernfinanzierung und beim Cash-Pooling
Authors: Eymann Stefan , Grafmüller Andreas , Grams Alexander
Published: October 2024

Die Anwendung der Kostenaufschlagsmethode gem. § 1 Abs. 3 Satz1 AStG steht bei der Konzernfinanzierung (wieder) im Raum. Die Relevanz begründet sich auf dem aktuellen Schreiben des BMF vom 6.6.2023 - IV B 5 - S 1341/19/10017 :003, BStBl. I 2023, 1093 (Verwaltungsgrundsätze Verrechnungspreise - VWG VP 2023). Diesen VGV 2023 zufolge ist die Kostenaufschlagsmethode bei Konzerndarlehen (Rz. 3.125) anwendbar. Grundsätzlich ist bei der Konzernfinanzierung die am besten geeignete Verrechnungspreismethode anzuwenden. Wird die Kostenaufschlagsmethode bei Konzerndarlehen angewandt, ist das Entgelt auf der Grundlage der nachgewiesenen und direkt zurechenbaren Betriebskosten anzusetzen. Die Refinanzierungskosten sind grundsätzlich nicht in die Kostenbasis einzubeziehen. Die Refinanzierungskosten sind nach der Rechtsauffassung des BMF in den VWG VP 2023 in Form einer risikofreien Rendite daneben zu berücksichtigen. Beim Cash-Pooling regeln die VWG VP 2023 (Rz. 1.131) als Grundfall die Anwendbarkeit der Kostenaufschlagsmethode. Dabei gehen Finanzierungskosten nicht in die Bemessungsgrundlage ein. Es ist eine Unterscheidung und Einordnung der „klassischen“ Konzerndarlehen und des Cash- Pooling notwendig.
Cryo‐electron tomography—the cell biology that came in from the cold
Authors: Wagner Jonathan , Schaffer Miroslava , Fernández‐Busnadiego Rubén
Published: July 2017

Cryo‐electron tomography (cryo‐ET) provides high‐resolution 3D views into cells pristinely preserved by vitrification. Recent technical advances such as direct electron detectors, the Volta phase plate and cryo‐focused ion beam milling have dramatically pushed image quality and expanded the range of cryo‐ET applications. Cryo‐ET not only allows mapping the positions and interactions of macromolecules within their intact cellular context, but can also reveal their in situ structure at increasing resolution. Here, we review how recent work using cutting‐edge cryo‐ET technologies is starting to provide fresh views into different aspects of cellular biology at an unprecedented level of detail. We anticipate that these developments will soon make cryo‐ET a fundamental technique in cell biology.
Atmospheric deposition and air‐sea gas exchange fluxes of DDT and HCH in the Yangtze River Estuary, East China Sea
Authors: Li Zhongxia , Lin Tian , Li Yuanyuan , Jiang Yuqing , Guo Zhigang
Published: July 2017

The Yangtze River Estuary (YRE) is strongly influenced by the Yangtze River and lies on the pathway of the East Asian Monsoon. This study examined atmospheric deposition and air‐sea gas exchange fluxes of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) to determine whether the YRE is a sink or source of selected pesticides at the air‐water interface under the influences of river input and atmospheric transport. The air‐sea gas exchange of DDT was characterized by net volatilization with a marked difference in its fluxes between summer (140 ng/m2/d) and the other three seasons (12 ng/m2/d), possibly due to the high surface seawater temperatures and larger riverine input in summer. However, there was no obvious seasonal variation in the atmospheric HCH deposition, and the air‐sea gas exchange reached equilibrium because of low HCH levels in the air and seawater after the long‐term banning of HCH and the degradation. The gas exchange flux of HCH was comparable to the dry and wet deposition fluxes at the air‐water interface. This suggests that the influences from the Yangtze River input and East Asian continental outflow on the fate of HCH in the YRE were limited. The gas exchange flux of DDT was about fivefold higher than the total dry and wet deposition fluxes. DDT residues in agricultural soil transported by enhanced riverine runoff were responsible for sustaining such a high net volatilization in summer. Moreover, our results indicated that there were fresh sources of DDT from the local environment to sustain net volatilization throughout the year.
Empirical determination of extreme ultraviolet imager background
Authors: Goldstein J. , Gell D. , Sandel B. R.
Published: July 2017

We present an empirical determination of background levels of 30.4 nm extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation. A survey of 6 months of data from the IMAGE EUV imager indicates a relatively low quiescent background level. The most probable quiescent background count rate is 2.7 per pixel, per 600 s EUV image, equivalent to a brightness of approximately 27 mR. This quiescent background rate is ≈10 times larger than the detector dark rate, indicating that quiescent background levels are dominated by external light sources or penetrating particles. We hypothesize two light sources of quiescent background in the interplanetary or interstellar medium. The first is 30.4 nm light from nonplasmaspheric He+. The second is 58.4 nm light (from neutral He) that gets past the filter/mirror. The IMAGE EUV data also exhibit episodic, factor of 3‐to‐30 increases above the quiescent background rate, throughout the 6 month data set considered herein. Comparison of these elevated background levels with solar EUV and solar wind parameters indicates several contributing causes during active periods, including solar wind energetic (50 keV to 5 MeV) particles, solar wind density/pressure, and solar 30.4 nm flux.
Permeability and seismic velocity and their anisotropy across the Alpine Fault, New Zealand: An insight from laboratory measurements on core from the Deep Fault Drilling Project phase 1 (DFDP‐1)
Authors: Allen M. J. , Tatham D. , Faulkner D. R. , Mariani E. , Boulton C.
Published: July 2017

The Alpine Fault, a transpressional plate boundary between the Australian and Pacific plates, is known to rupture quasiperiodically with large magnitude earthquakes (Mw ~8). The hydraulic and elastic properties of fault zones are thought to vary over the seismic cycle, influencing the nature and style of earthquake rupture and associated processes. We present a suite of laboratory permeability and P (Vp) and S (Vs) wave velocity measurements performed on fault lithologies recovered during the first phase of the Deep Fault Drilling Project (DFDP‐1), which sampled principal slip zone (PSZ) gouges, cataclasites, and fractured ultramylonites, with all recovered lithologies overprinted by abundant secondary mineralization, recording enhanced fluid‐rock interaction. Core material was tested in three orthogonal directions, orientated relative to the down‐core axis and, when present, foliation. Measurements were conducted with pore pressure (H2O) held at 5 MPa over an effective pressure (Peff) range of 5–105 MPa. Permeabilities and seismic velocities decrease with proximity to the PSZ with permeabilities ranging from 10−17 to 10−21 m2 and Vp and Vs ranging from 4400 to 5900 m/s in the ultramylonites/cataclasites and 3900 to 4200 m/s at the PSZ. In comparison with intact country rock protoliths, the highly variable cataclastic structures and secondary phyllosilicates and carbonates have resulted in an overall reduction in permeability and seismic wave velocity, as well as a reduction in anisotropy within the fault core. These results concur with other similar studies on other mature, tectonic faults in their interseismic period.
Tonry,Michael
Authors: Roberts Julian V.
Published: July 2017

This entry describes the career and scholarly contributions of Michael Tonry, Professor of Law and Public Policy, Faculty of Law, University of Minnesota. Tonry has been a leading scholar and editor in the field of sentencing, penal policy, and corrections since the mid‐1970s. His contributions and publications have had great influence over the evolution of penal policy and sentencing guidelines during this period. Much of his earlier work has focused on sentencing policy in the United States, but since the early years of the twenty‐first century his career has become increasingly oriented toward Europe. He helped create the European Society of Criminology and served as its president for the period 2013–15. He has also served as president of the American Society of Criminology.