bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nutrition quality of frying fats in commercial use
Authors: Melnick Daniel
Published: May 2007

Summary and Conclusions

Publications on fats heated in the laboratory have been critically reviewed, and many of the these have been shown to present findings irrelevant to commercial frying operations. Just about two weeks before the delivery of this paper Rice and associates (22) independently reported before the American Institute of Nutrition on the nutritive value of frying oils in commercial use. They too were critical of the results of studies of highly unsaturated fats heated under unrealistic, arbitrarily selected, laboratory conditions. Conclusions based upon such laboratory studies should not be extended beyond the scope of the findings reported.

The present report has presented the results of a nation‐wide survey of the frying oils in use on a continuing basis in the potato chip industry. Whereas a 1% decrease in iodine value has been found in the heated oils, this change has been shown to have no nutritional significance. The constancy in composition of the frying oils, heated as compared to fresh, and the results of physico‐chemical studies support the conclusion that neither thermal polymers nor thermal oxidative polymers are present in the oils employed in the commercial frying operations. Notrans fatty acids develop during the heating operations.

The changes in linoleic acid content, the essential fatty acid in vegetable oils largely responsible for the important noncaloric functions of fat in the diet (23,24), are too small to have nutritional significance. This permits the same conclusions to be made in regard to the nutritive value of the heated oils,i.e., of the triglycerides contained therein, as have been drawn from studies conducted on the corresponding fresh oils.
Phase equilibria and their influence on the properties of emulsions
Authors: Friberg Stig , Mandell L.
Published: May 2007

Phase diagrams water‐emulsifiers‐oil have been investigated. Results show that not only the association of the three compounds into liquid crystalline phases has an effect on the properties of the emulsion but also that the association into micelles of the emulsifier in the oil phase influences both the type and the stability of the emulsion.
Freezing‐point behavior of the ternary reciprocal salt pair system involving the cyclohexylamine and morpholine salts of stearic and palmitic acids
Authors: Mod Robert R. , Magne Frank C. , Skau Evald L.
Published: May 2007

Binary and quasi‐binary freezing‐point data have been obtained to establish the freezing‐point diagram for the ternary reciprocal salt pair system involving cyclohexylamine stearate, cyclohexylamine palmitate, morpholine stearate, and morpholine palmitate. The compositions and freezing points of the ternary peritectic and eutectic mixtures have been determined. Cyclohexylamine palmitate and morpholine stearate are the “stable salt pair.” From the diagram it is possible to predict the freezing behavior of any molten mixture of these salts, including the temperature at which crystals of each component will appear on cooling, the yields of these crystals and the composition of the liquid phase at various temperatures, and the temperature at which maximum yields of crystals of the specific salts can be obtained. The data supply fundamental information in connection with the crystallization of mixed amine salts in the purification of palmitic and stearic acids.
Reaction of cyclopropene esters with hydrogenation catalysts
Authors: Zarins Z. M. , Willich R. K. , Feuge R. O.
Published: May 2007

Methyl esters of stereulic and malvalic acids were heated under nitrogen in the presence of various hydrogenation catalysts, and the effect on the cyclopropene moiety was established. Similar tests were conducted with cottonseed oil, which contains glycerides of sterculic and malvalic acids. Palladium catalysts, and some palladium compounds which were tested, readily gave cyclopropene‐free products, while nickel and platinum catalysts did not. Palladium catalysts freshly activated with hydrogen were not as active as those freed of adsorbed hydrogen. The catalysts could be reused. Heating cottonseed oil (0.73% cyclopropenes, calculated as trimalvalin) with 0.02% palladium, as a 10% palladium‐on‐carbon catalyst, gave a cyclopropene‐free oil after 2 hr at 150 C. The treated oil was unaltered in appearance, and the noncyclopropene components were unaffected. Heating methyl sterculate with palladium catalyst produced a mixture of unsaturated condensation products and a number of unsaturated monoesters of practically unchanged molecular weight. The palladium treatment was shown to cleave the cyclopropene ring and produce methyl and methylene substituted fatty acid groups.
A quantitative evaluation of a color problem in safflower oils
Authors: Burkhardt H. J. , Fuller Glenn
Published: May 2007

The dark color occasionally found in crude solvent‐extracted oils from a new high‐yield brown striped safflower variety originates from colorless precursors in the kernel and precursors in the hull. The precursors from the hull and the pigments formed upon heating from hull and kernel precursors are only partially removed by refining and bleaching if they are present in substantial amounts. The pigment precursors extracted from the kernels are completely removed by precipitation with water or refining. Although substantially more hull and kernel precursors are found in oil from the brown striped safflower variety, the oil can be produced in a spectrographic quality comparable to that of commercial oil if the crude extracted oil is not heated above 100 C, and if extracted and press oils are jointly refined.
Oil stability: A DSC alternative for the active oxygen method
Authors: Cross C. K.
Published: May 2007

A differential scanning calorimeter was used to measure the keeping time of commercial fats. The method described is rapid and simple. The stability of oils which would require 14 days in the AOM (AOCS) procedure can be deteremined in less than 4 hr by the differential scanning calorimeter technique. Although a good correlation was found with keeping times determined by the AOM method, the spread in AOM hours calculated from the calorimetric data was too great to suggest replacement of the AOM method by this new one.
Determination of residual solvent in oilseed meals and flours: II. Volatilization procedure
Authors: Dupuy H. P. , Fore S. P.
Published: May 2007

A simple volatilization procedure was developed for the determination of residual hexane in oilseed meals and flours. A 2 g sample of meal or flour and 0.2 g of water are weighed into a 120 ml serum bottle, which is sealed and heated at 110 C for 2 hr in an oven. A 1 ml aliquot of the head‐space gas is then analyzed by gas chromatography. The concentration of residual hexane is easily determined by comparing the area of the appropriate peak of the chromatogram with a calibration chart. Results are reproducible within ±20%, and concentrations as low as 1 ppm can be detected. The technique is much simpler and more efficient than other procedures available. It also appears to be useful for determining other residual solvents such as acetone and isopropanol, and acetone impurities such as mesityl oxide and diacetone alcohol in oilseed meals and flours.
Studies on surface tension and parachor of copper soap solutions in nonaqueous solvents
Authors: Mehrotra K. N. , Mehta V. P. , Nagar T. N.
Published: May 2007

Colloid chemical behavior of copper soaps in nonaqueous solvents has been investigated from the surface tension results using Szyszkowski's empirical equation:γ=γo (1 + Xln Y) ‐ X γo lnC. The parachors of the soap solutions in hydrocarbons are independent of the soap concentration. However, in alcohols these values increase with the increase of soap concentration. Hammic and Andrew's mixture law equation has been successfully applied to explain the behavior in alcoholic soap solutions.
Lactose‐derived surfactants: II. Fatty esters of lactitol
Authors: Scholnick F. , Ben‐Et G. , Sucharski M. K. , Maurer E. W. , Linfield W. M.
Published: May 2007

Lactitol, prepared by reduction of lactose, was transesterified successfully with a series of fatty methyl esters with the aid of alkaline catalysts at 90 C. This was in marked contrast to previous experiences with lactose. Lactitol laurate, palmitate, stearate, and tallowate were prepared in this manner. Their surface‐active properties, such as detergency, emulsification time, and lime soap dispersant requirement, were comparable to those of corresponding lactose derivatives. Addition of ethylene oxide to the esters was accomplished under conditions of alkaline catalysis and elevated temperatures. Surface‐active properties of the oxyethylated derivatives were compared with those of the unoxyethylated esters described above. The improvement in surface‐active properties is ascribed primarily to an increase in water solubility. Biodegradation studies under aerobic conditions showed that the rate of degradation of lactitol and lactose palmitates equalled or exceeded that of sodium hexadecyl sulfate.
Development of a low glucosinolate, high erucic acid rapeseed breeding program
Authors: Calhoun W. , Crane J. M. , Stamp D. L.
Published: May 2007

A breeding program to develop a low glucosinolate, high erucic acid rapeseed cultivar was begun in 1969 at Oregon State University. (This was preceded by the agronomic evaluation of rapeseed as a crop in the years 1966–68). The breeding program initiated in 1969 utilized existing stock with previously established desirable agronomic traits. At the same time, increased plantings of seed stock with variable quantities of glucosinolates and erucic acid were established. Work was conducted during the 1969–71 period on 2Brassica species,B. napus andB. campestris. It was known that erucic acid content was governed by 2 genes, displaying no dominance and acting in an additive manner inB. napus, whereas, inB. campestris, erucic acid synthesis was controlled by a single, non‐dominant gene. The acid composition of the oil was controlled by the genotype of the developing embryo seed on F1 plants which constitutes the F2 population. The “half‐seed” technique developed in Canada was found to be a useful tool to identify high erucic acid genotypes 1 generation earlier than if bulk samples were used. The 1969–71 work revolved around certain specific reciprocal crosses between high erucic, low glucosinolate parents within bothB. napus andB. campestris. This method was successful in increasing or maintaining the erucic acid levels in both species, whereas, only limited success had been noted in lowering the glucosinolate levels. Results so far suggest backcrossing as a useful tool in maintaining a low glucosinolate level while increasing the general agronomic desirability of the crop. Several new valuable sources of germ plasm for high erucic acid and low glucosinolate level have been added to the program. Future plans for changes in the approach and breeding procedures to increase erucic acid and lower glucosinolates level are reviewed.
The structural constituents of carnauba wax
Authors: Vandenburg L. E. , Wilder E. A.
Published: May 2007

Type 1 yellow carnauba wax has been separated into its structural constituents. Analyses of these constituents by a variety of conventional techniques has shown the composition to be: hydrocarbon 0.3–1%, aliphatic esters 38–40%, monohydric alcohols 10–12%, ω‐hydroxy aliphatic esters 12–14%,p‐methoxycinnamie aliphatic diesters 5–7%,p‐hydroxycinnamic aliphatic diesters 20–23%, an uncombined triterpene type diol 0.4% and uncombined acids and other unknown constituents 5–7%. Type 4 carnauba wax, the common wax of commerce, was found to be essentially the same as Type 1, with the exception that for Type 4, the cinnamic esters were highly polymerized and none of the uncombined triterpene diol could be isolated.
The extraction of wheat germs, milkweed seeds, and cottonseed by trichloroethylene
Authors: Arnold Lionel K. , Sweeney Orland R. , Russell Ross F.
Published: May 2007

Specific gravity‐concentration data have been determined for wheat germ oil, milkweed seed oil, and cottonseed oil miscellas where trichloroethylene is used as a solvent. Extraction rate data at two temperatures and pilot plant runs on wheat germs, cottonseed, cottonseed meats, and milkweed seeds indicate increasing extraction time in the order given.
Composition of castor oil by optical activity
Authors: Bolley Don S.
Published: May 2007

The optical activity of castor oil and its derivatives has been studied. Pure methyl ricinoleate and methyl acetyl ricinoleate were prepared. The mixed methyl esters and acetylated methyl esters of castor oil were also prepared. By the determination of specific rotation of the pure and technical esters, the percentage of ricinoleate fraction can be deduced. This was calculated to be 93% and 90%, respectively. The esters of castor oil were calculated to contain 91.6% ricinoleate from the chemical hydroxyl value. This was about the average of the two values obtained optically and is believed close to the actual value. A number of castor oils were analyzed by both optical and chemical methods and found to be of nearly constant ricinoleic content. Dehydrated castor oil was found to have a comparative high specific rotation. This was believed due to its estolide content formed during dehydration.
Czonolysis as a method for establishing the position of olefinic linkages
Authors: Benton F. L. , Kiess Arthur A. , Harwood H. J.
Published: May 2007

Ozonolysis and chromatographic procedures as a method for determining the position of double bonds in olefinic acids are not entirely satisfactory. Ozonolysis is seriously limited because of the secondary reactions undergone by the ozonide. Chromatographic resolution of the decomposed ozonides of oleic acid yields the expected pelargonic and azelaic acids but also yields fractions that indicate double bonds which do not exist. Fractions corresponding to pimelic, sebacic, caprylic, suberic, and capric acids appeared. The “pimelic acid” fraction resulted from the reaction of ozone with an oxidizable or hydrolyzable solvent such as acetone, methanol, or tetrachloromethane. The “sebacic” and “caprylic acid” fractions were incompletely decomposed ozonide. The suberic and capric acid fractions however were real and are believed to have resulted from 8‐octadecenoic acid present in the oleic acid in amounts too small to be detected by the methods used to establish its purity.
The reaction of methyl vinyl ketone with alpha‐ and beta‐eleostearic acids
Authors: Placek Lida L. , Bickford W. G.
Published: May 2007

Methyl vinyl ketone was found to be an active dienophile for the modification of the eleostearate
Continuous purification and acidulation of vegetable oil soapstock
Authors: Keith Frederick W. , Bell Vincent G. , Smith Fred H.
Published: May 2007

In summary, the results from full‐scale continuous production indicate that all types of cottonseed soapstocks are sufficiently upgraded by treatment with strong caustic and graining and washing to permit subsequent acidulation. At 175°–195°F., in the presence of a dispersing agent with spent mineral acid at about 4% H2SO4, acidulation of purified soapstock yields a clean, brown, fast‐breaking fatty acid phase with acid value about 188, unsaponifiables about 3%, and an Oxidized Acids content of 3–5%. In laboratory distillations, still residues are usually in the range of 18–23% with a 24‐hr. Gardner color of about 2 on the color cut.
Isomerization during hydrogenation. I. Oleic acid
Authors: Allen Robert R. , Kiess Arthur A.
Published: May 2007

It was found that during the hydrogenation of octadecenoic acids, migration of the double bonds takes place equally in each direction. The positional isomers that are formed are composed of the 1∶2 equilibrium mixture ofcis andtrans. A partial hydrogenation‐dehydrogenation theory may be applied to explain the simultaneous formation of both positional and geometrical isomers.
Determination of total gossypol pigments in cottonseed oils
Authors: Pons Walter A. , Hoffpauir Carroll L. , O’Connor Robert T.
Published: May 2007

A method for the determination of total gossypol pigments in cottonseed oils is described. The oil is dissolved in a hexane‐isopropanol solvent and gossypol pigments are determined in an aliquot of the solution by means of the color developed withp‐anisidine.

The effect of the solvent and the oil concentration on the color developed in the method has been investigated. The stability of gossypol in the solvent employed has been demonstrated and data are presented on the recovery of gossypol added to cottonseed oils.

Spectrophotometric evidence is presented indicating that a number of gossypol‐like pigments are present in crude cottonseed oils and that all of these pigments react withp‐anisidine to give reaction products spectrophotometrically identical with that obtained for pure gossypol with the same reagent.
Effect of deep‐fat frying on sunflower oils
Authors: Morrison W. H. , Robertson J. A. , Burdick D.
Published: May 2007

Sunflower seed oils were compared with a commercial oil based upon the oils' tendencies to oxidize after various periods of heating and cooking. Hydrogenated and unhydrogenated sunflower oils and a commerical shortening obtained from a fast‐food establishment were used to deep fry 8 lb of raw potatoes daily for six 8‐hr days. Samples of oils were taken daily and active oxygen method values determined. A plot of the log of active oxygen method values vs. the time gave a straight line, the slope of which reflects the oxidizability of the oil. The partially hydrogenated northern sunflower oil was much less prone to oxidation after use than the commercial shortening even with its lower initial active oxygen method value.
Identification of fatty acid polymorphic modifications by infrared spectroscopy
Authors: Mitcham D. , Bailey A. V. , Tripp V. W.
Published: May 2007

IR spectra in the 7.5–25.0 μ region are shown to be unique for the individual long chain odd carbon numbered saturated fatty acids and for the monounsaturated even carbon numbered fatty acids, their isomers, and polymorphic modifications. IR spectra are presented which illustrate similarites and dissimilarities resulting from chain length differences and polymorphic variations for monounsaturated acids. X‐ray crystal long spacings for the saturated odd carbon numbered acids are compared with literature values. X‐ray crystal long spacings for monounsaturatedtrans acids are shown to be related to carbon chain length and independent of the location of unsaturation. Diffractograms and IR spectra of the 2 polymorphic modifications of elaidic acids are presented. IR spectra illustrating band differences forcis andtrans isomers are shown.
Hydrogenation of soybean oil with copper catalysts containing small amounts of nickel catalysts
Authors: Moulton K. J. , Beal R. E. , Griffin E. L.
Published: May 2007

Reaction rates, linolenate/linoleate reaction selectivity,trans formation, and conjugated diene formation were determined for mixed commerical catalysts containing 0.5, 1, 2, 10, and 20 parts nickel catalyst (25% nickel) per 1000 parts copper chromite catalyst (ppt) and at catalyst concentrations in the oil of 1.0, 0.5, and 0.25%. The rate of hydrogenation increased as the amount of nickel increased. Addition of 0.5, 1, and 2 ppt nickel catalyst to copper chomite catalyst resulted in a small decrease in selectivity compared with straight copper chromite. When soybean oil was hydrogenated with these mixed catalysts sufficiently to reduce linolenate to 0, iodine values were 102–108 compared to 109–112 for straight copper chromite and to less than 80 for straight nickel.
Hydroformylation of methyl oleate with a recycled rhodium catalyst and estimated costs for a batch process
Authors: Friedrich J. P. , List G. R. , Sohns V. E.
Published: May 2007

Methyl oleate was hydroformylated to methyl formylstearate at 120 C and 850–900 psig with a 1:1 mol mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide. In the presence of triphenylphosphite, an activated rhodium‐on‐alumina catalyst produced an essentially quantitative conversion in about 40 min. Filtration followed by distillation yielded methyl formylstearate. The solubilized rhodium catalyst was concentrated in the distillation residue. The residue was resupported on the spent support in a gas‐fired rotary kiln. The process was repeated 9 times without significant loss of catalyst activity. Assuming the catalyst can be recycled repeatedly to the process without affecting the efficiency of operation, a preliminary estimate based on a hypothetical plant producing 2 million 1b of methyl formylstearate annually places the processing costs, not including cost for methyl oleate, at about 13.7 cents per pound.
Lipid‐soluble components of meat flavors/odors and their biochemical origin
Authors: Sink J. D.
Published: May 2007

A review of the lipid‐soluble constituents important in the flavor‐odor, of various meats is presented. In addition, the focus of current research at The Pennsylvania State University in these areas is discussed. Special emphasis is given to the flavor of aged beef, swine sex odor, mutton flavor, turkey‐chicken skin flavor, and mechanically deboned turkey‐chicken flavor. The data presented include both chemical analyses and the results of sensory evaluation. Metabolic pathways and biochemical mechanisms in the formation of meat flavor‐odor components are presented and discussed.
Deodorizing system modification for heat recovery and steam refining of palm oil
Authors: Gavin Arnold M. , Berger Ralph W.
Published: May 2007

With continuous deodorizers of the double shell type most of the steam normally used to preheat the feedstock in the deaerating section can be saved by a modification‐the essential feature of which is the addition of a heat recovery section location between the final deodorizing section and the cooling section, by means of which heat is transferred from the hot deodorized oil to the feedstock. Consistent with the principles of the original design, no pumping or piping of hot oil outside the deodorizer is required. Continuous deodorizers of the stripping tray type can be modified for “steam refining” or “stripping” of high free fatty acid palm oil to reduce the free fatty acid palm oil to reduce the free fatty acids to 0.03% max. This is accomplished by means of additional trays in the stripping sections of the deodorizer. The capacity, sparge steam temperature, vacuum and retention time remain the same as with normal deodorization.
The relative rates of destruction of propyl gallate and butylated hydroxyanisole in oxidizing lard
Authors: Mahon J. H. , Chapman R. A.
Published: May 2007

The rate of disappearance of propyl gallate and BHA has been studied in lard stored at 61°C. An antioxidant formulation containing 20% BHA, 6% propyl gallate, and 4% citric acid in 70% propylene glycol was employed. The rate of destruction of propyl gallate was approximately constant with respect to time, irrespective of the concentration, indicating a zero order reaction. The disappearance of BHA occurred in two stages, an initial slow loss which was partially attributed to evaporation of this compound from the surface of the lard, followed by a rapid decrease which was initiated coincident with the disappearance of the propyl gallate. The rapid increase of the fat peroxides in the oxidizing lard containing both BHA and propyl gallate was coincident in all cases with the complete disappearance of the propyl gallate. The results on the disappearance of the 2‐BHA and 3‐BHA isomers indicated that 3‐BHA reacted more readily with the oxidizing fat than 2‐BHA. This factor was considered to be at least partially responsible for the greater effectiveness of 3‐BHA as an antioxidant. The combination of propyl gallate and BHA was much more effective than the BHA alone as judged by peroxide accumulation in lard stored at 61°C.
Binary freezing‐point diagrams for palmitic acid with various amines and with 2,6‐dimethyl‐gamma‐pyrone
Authors: Mod Robert R. , Magne Frank C. , Skau Evald L.
Published: May 2007

In connection with the search for molecular compounds which might prove applicable in the purification of long‐chain fatty acids, freezing‐point data have been obtained for binary systems between palmitic acid and the following: ortho‐phenylenediamine, alpha‐picoline, 4‐amino‐2,6‐dimethylpyrimidine, 2,6‐dimethyl‐gamma‐pyrone, 2‐aminothiazole, benzylamine, morpholine, 3‐aminopyridine, and 4‐aminopyridine. The freezing‐point diagrams for the first four of these binary systems are of the simple eutectic type. All the others indicate the existence of at least one crystalline molecular compound containing one or more moles of palmitic acid to one of amine. 2‐Aminothiazole forms an equimolar compound. Both benzylamine and morpholine form an equimolar and an incongruently melting 2∶1 compound. The position of the amino group in the pyridine ring has a marked effect on the behavior of the aminopyridines. Unlike 2‐aminopyridine, which forms a 1∶1 and a 4∶1 compound with palmitic acid, 3‐aminopyridine forms only an equimolar compound and 4‐aminopyridine forms only 4∶1 and 2∶1 compounds. The latter exists in two polymorphic modifications.
Separation and chemical assay of lipide classes
Authors: van Handel E.
Published: May 2007

A survey is given of the micro determination of three major lipide classes: cholesterol, triglycerides, and phospholipides. The merits of a popular direct method for serum cholesterol and a system for rapid chromatographic separation of esterified cholesterol from other lipides have been discussed.
Interrelations of linoleic acid with medium‐chain and long‐chain saturated triglycerides
Authors: Kaunitz Hans , Slanetz Charles A. , Johnson Ruth Ellen , Babayan Vigen K.
Published: May 2007

Effects of medium‐chain (C6–C12) saturated triglycerides (MCT) and long‐chain (C14–C18) saturated triglycerides (LCT) with and without linoleic acid (LA) supplementation were studied on rats fed purified diets

With 2% linoleic acid rats fed MCT and LCT grew somewhat better than those on a low‐fat diet with the same supplement. Without linoleic acid those fed MCT grew better, and those fed LCT grew worse than those on the corresponding low‐fat diet. MCT seemed to decrease, and LCT to increase linoleic acid requirements.

In survival studies 14 out of 18 rats fed 20% MCT were alive after 2 years; of their controls fed 20% lard, 10 out of 19 survived.

Reproduction studies in females gave equally poor results on unsupplemented low‐fat, MCT, and LCT diets regarding implantation, birth weight, and survival rate. The weaning weights of the young on MCT were however the highest. With 2% LA weaning weights were equally high with LCT and MCT but lower with low‐fat diet.

In animals fed low‐fat diets not supplemented with LA, low serum cholesterol was associated with high liver cholesterol. With MCT, serum values were higher and liver values were significantly lower. With unsupplemented LCT, serum and liver values were high. When the three diets were supplemented with 2% LA, there were no longer any differences in the serum levels and in the liver levels. Whether ar not the presence of some oleate in the MCT and LCT influenced the cholesterol results is not certain.

The differences in the effects of MCT and LCT are discussed.
Glyceride structure of vegetable oils by countercurrent distribution. IV. Cocoa butter
Authors: Scholfield C. R. , Dutton H. J.
Published: May 2007

Cocoa butter has been fractionated by countercurrent distribution between pentane‐hexane and furfural‐uitroethane solvent phases with the application of 1,100 transfer stages. Except for a small percentage of trisaturates and linoleic acid‐containing triglycerides, oleic acid occurs at least once in each glyceride molecule. Cocoa butter is composed principally of mono‐oleins: oleodistearin, 22%; oleopalmitostearin, 41%; and oleodipalmitin, 12%. Whereas the latter glyceride is not permitted under a pure even pattern, the low trisaturate content is not consistent with a random pattern. Cocoa butter follows neither a random nor an even pattern of glyceride structure.
The separation of glycerides by crystallization in a thermal gradient
Authors: Magnusson Jon R. , Hammond Earl G.
Published: May 2007

An apparatus designed to separate materials by automatic recrystallization in a thermal gradient has been tested for its ability to separate model glyceride mixtures. The theory of the separation has been discussed. The apparatus was able to separate the model mixtures efficiently; the separation was limited only by the actual relative solubilities of the components and the formation of eutectic mixtures. This apparatus should be useful in the separation of many lipide mixtures where crystallization is an appropriate technique.
Dynamic headspace capillary gas chromatographic analysis of soybean oil volatiles
Authors: Selke E. , Frankel E. N.
Published: May 2007

To develop new knowledge on preventing or eliminating the formation of undesirable flavors in soybean oil, we analyzed quantitatively the major volatile products in samples that were oxidized during storage in the dark at ambient conditions. The volatiles formed were recovered and separated by dynamic headspace capillary gas chromatography. The effect of sampling temperatures was investigated by heating the sample, sweeping the volatiles with helium and trapping and desorbing them from a porous polymer Tenax trap. The volatiles were flushed from the trap onto a fused silica capillary column with a bonded mixed dimethyldiphenyl siloxane phase. At peroxide values between 2 and 13, the major volatile products found were acrolein, pentene, pentane, 1‐penten‐3‐ol, pentanal, hexanal, 2‐hexenal, 2‐heptenal, 2,4‐heptadienal, 2‐octenal and 2,4‐decadienal. The profile of volatiles was significantly affected by the sampling temperature used and by the presence or absence of citric acid in the oils before storage. The relative amounts of volatile thermal decomposition products of linolenate and linoleate hydroperoxides, such as 2,4‐heptadienal and 2,4‐decadienal, increased significantly when samples were heated above 90 C. Dynamic headspace gas chromatography made it possible to analyze the volatiles in samples heated to 60 and 90 C. These volatiles may be representative of those present in oils at time of tasting.
Viscous behavior of polymerized vegetable oils
Authors: Sims R. P. A.
Published: May 2007

Extraction of thermally polymerized linseed oil with acetone at various temperatures yielded fractions at higher temperatures that had high molecular weights and gave intrinsic viscosity and critical miscibility plots resembling those of high polymers. Unheated oil was not an indifferent solvent for polymerized oil as judged by the temperature coefficient of intrinsic viscosity.

Molecular weight information obtained with non‐randomized samples suggested a linear relation between log viscosity and (Mn)1/2 for molecular weights up to 2,500. With weight average molecular weights, a linear relation between log viscosity and (Mw)1/2 obtains at molecular weights greater than 40,000. Randomization of the samples decreased their bulk viscosity while increasing polymer content.
Spectrophotometric determination of total gossypol in cottonseed meal and cottonseed meats
Authors: Smith F. H.
Published: May 2007

An improved method has been developed for the determination of total gossypol in cottonseed and cottonseed meal. The sample is heated with aniline to convert the gossypol to dianilinogossypol, which is extracted with chloroform and measured spectrophotometrically. The values for total gossypol are slightly higher and more accurate and precise as determined by the proposed method because of more complete extraction than by a recent p‐anisidine method or the revised A.O.C.S. Tentative Method Ba 8‐55. The advantages of the proposed method are its simplicity, accuracy, reproducibility, and expeditiousness.
A comparison of six solvents for the extraction of jojoba seed
Authors: Knoepfler Nestor B. , McCourtney E. J. , Molaison L. J. , Spadaro J. J.
Published: May 2007

Data are presented which show the effects of different solvents on the yield and properties of liquid wax fromSimondsia chinensis (jojoba) and on the characteristics of the hydrogenated waxes obtained from the liquid waxes.

Three reagent grade solvents, carbon tetrachloride, benzene, and isopropyl alcohol, and three commercial grade solvents, heptane, hexane, and tetrachloroethylene, were evaluated as extractants for the liquid wax from jojoba. Soxhlet‐type of extractions were carried out under conditions in which the solvent was the only significant variable.

Four of the solvents extracted essentially the same amount of material from the seed while isopropyl alcohol extracted significantly more material and tetrachloroethylene significantly less. Obviously the difficulties involved in separating the solids recovered from the isopropyl alcohol extraction preclude its use as the extracting solvent for jojoba wax.

The density of the liquid waxes varies from 0.8631 to 0.8648; the waxes from the tetrachloroethylene and hexane extractions had the lowest value and the wax from isopropyl alcohol the highest.

In each case, regardless of the solvent used, a precipitate developed in the liquid wax after it had been desolventized and stored for 7–10 days. Hydrogenation of clear fractions and precipitate containing fractions of these liquid waxes showed that the precipitate had no apparent effect upon the melting point or hardness of the resulting solid wax.

Some of the liquid waxes required a longer hydrogenation time to attain an iodine value of about 1. At this iodine value all of the solid waxes had melting points between 66 and 68°C.

Hardness values of all the solid waxes as measured by the Trionic hardness gauge were 90.
The cyanoethylation and infrared spectra of some ricinoleic acid derivatives
Authors: Dupuy H. P. , Calderón Roberto , McCall E. R. , O'Connor R. T. , Goldblatt L. A.
Published: May 2007

Five ricinoleic acid derivatives have been cyanoethylated with acrylonitrile, namely, 4‐ricinoleoylmorpholine, 4‐ricinelaidoylmorpholine, 4‐(12‐hydroxystearoyl) morpholine, 1,12‐dihydroxy‐9‐octadecene and 1,12‐dihydroxyoctadecane, using benzyltrimethylammonium hydroxide as a cyanoethylation catalyst and water to retard the polymerization of acrylonitrile. Any polyacrylonitrile formed was readily precipitated out of an ethereal solution. Purification of the cyanoethylated products was accomplished by washing out the catalyst, rapid distillation under high vacuum, and crystallizations from methanol. In addition, 1,12‐bis(β‐cyanoethoxy)‐9‐octadecene was isomerized fromcis totrans form and crystallized successively from acetone and methanol. The infrared spectra of these compounds have been determined. It was found that the characteristic absorption for the nitrile group at 4.44 microns is about 67% greater in chloroform than in carbon tetrachloride and that it obeys Beer's law over a wide range of concentrations, thus permitting convenient infrared analysis of this type of compound. Some properties of these compounds are described.
Glyceride structure of fats
Authors: Youngs C. G.
Published: May 2007

A theory has been presented for the formation of fats which gives the amounts of the various glyceride types equivalent to a random or modified restricted random distribution and at the same time gives a predominance of specific positional isomers. The basis of the theory is a random attachment of the fatty acids at each stage of glyceride synthesis with an intramolecular rearrangement to a preferred form at the 1,2‐diglyceride level of fat formation. The theory gives a good correlation of much of the data available on glyceride structure at the present time.

Like all previous theories, the present proposal is based on the analysis of the final products of fat synthesis without any definite knowledge of the mechanism of the synthesis. Much more work is required on the glyceride structure of fats and the mechanism of their biosynthesis before the distribution pattern of the fatty acids in natural fats can be definitely established.
Resonant Quantum Phenomena for an rf-SQUID: Moderate Underdamped and Extreme Underdamped Limit
Authors: Rombetto S. , Ovchinnikov Yu. N. , Corato V. , Silvestrini P. , Esposito E. , Granata C. , Russo M. , Russo R. , Ruggiero B.
Published: May 2007

We study the resonant quantum behaviour of a macroscopic superconducting system interacting with an external field. First we consider the resonant tunneling assisted by microwave frequency in the moderate underdamped quantum regime. Then we consider the resonant process in the extreme underdamped limit. In both regimes we have investigated a small frequency range, where resonant phenomena take place. The transition probability W from the left to the right potential well has been numerically calculated for an rf-SQUID as function of the external flux φx for both regimes. Results indicate that, in a proper frequency and φx range, the transition probability W can present two or three resonant peaks, depending on the damping regime.
“I wanted to get to know her better”: Adolescent boys’ dating motives, masculinity ideology, and sexual behavior
Authors: Smiler Andrew P.
Published: May 2007

Little is known about adolescent boys’ motives for dating, although stereotypical portrayals highlight a desire for sexual behavior. This issue was examined from a normative perspective that connected dating motives to intercourse motives, masculinity, and dating and sexual behaviors. Data from 105 racially and economically diverse 10th‐grade boys were analyzed. Results indicated that the most commonly endorsed motives for dating and intercourse focused on the boys’ partners and relationships, and that boys’ motives tended to be consistent across dating and sexual behavior. Peer conformity motives were less frequently endorsed and typically co‐occurred with other motives. Findings revealed few connections between motives, masculinity ideology, and sexual behaviors. Discussion highlights the importance of moving beyond stereotypes when examining boys’ romantic and sexual motives.
Identification and expression‐profiling of Xenopus tropicalis miRNAs including plant miRNA‐like RNAs at metamorphosis
Authors: Hikosaka Akira , Takaya Kenji , Jinno Michiko , Kawahara Akira
Published: May 2007

Small RNAs (miR159‐like RNAs) identical to some plant miR159s were found in Xenopus tropicalis miRNA cDNA libraries (30 miRNA families consisting of 75 unique sequences). Preferential expression of this RNA species was found in neural tissues during development. A sequence matching to this RNA species was not found in the 21 available animal's genome databases, but its resembling sequences associated with transposons were found in the X. tropicalis database. A possibility of horizontal transfer of the miR159 genes from plants will be discussed. Expression profiles of other miRNA species at metamorphosis were shown by DNA array and/or Northern hybridization.
Pseudocyphellae and Pored Epicortex in the Parmeliaceae: Their Delimitation and Evolutionary Significance
Authors: Hale M. E.
Published: May 2007

The origin and development of pseudocyphellae and the pored epicortex are compared. Pseudocyphellae are pores through the paraplectenchymatous cortex which fill with medullary hyphae. The pored epicortex is a thin, perforated polysaccharide sheet lying over a loosely organized cortical layer. Both structures function in gas exchange and may represent two different phyletic lines.
Degelia, A New Lichen Genus in the Pannariaceae
Authors: Arvidsson L. , Galloway D. J.
Published: May 2007

The new genus Degelia (Pannariaceae) is described to accommodate three primarily Southern Hemisphere taxa: D. gayana (Mont.) comb, nov., D. duplomarginata (P. James & Henssen) comb, nov., and D. durietzii sp. nov. A key to the species is given, with data on synonymy, morphology, anatomy, chemistry, habitat and distribution. Coccocarpia gayana var. melacarpina Nyl. is reduced to synonymy with Degelia gayana. Relationships of Degelia with genera in the Pannariaceae and Coccocarpiaceae are discussed. Degelia is distinguished from other genera in the Pannariaceae by periclinal arrangement of cells in the upper cortex, a lower cortex of 2–3 layers of thick-walled periclinal hyphae, and Scytonema as the phycobiont; and from genera in the Coccocarpiaceae by the structure and ontogeny of the apothecia. D. duplomarginata is known from New Zealand and Hawaii, D. durietzii from New Zealand and Tasmania and D. gayana from New Zealand, Tasmania, Australia, Chile and Tristan da Cunha.
Lichen Products of Cladonia Stellaris and C. Rangiferina Maintained Under Artificial Conditions
Authors: Fahselt Dianne
Published: May 2007

Lichen thallus fragments were maintained in a growth cabinet under four differing conditions of light intensity. Levels of usnic acid and atranorin did not differ significantly from the control under any of the treatments. However, perlatolic acid and fumarprotocetraric acid per unit dry weight of thallus were dependent upon light availability.
The Genus Phyllopsora, With a Report On East African Species
Authors: Swinscow T. D. V. , Krog Hildur
Published: May 2007

Morphological, anatomical, and chemical studies have been made of the types of about 90% of the world's reported Phyllopsora species, of types in related genera, and of much non-type material, including specimens collected in recent years by the authors and other botanists in East Africa. The findings are reported, and on their basis an attempt is made to delimit the genus. A detailed account is given, with key, of the East African species. The following 11 species are reported for East Africa, three of them being newly described: Phyllopsora albicans Mull. Arg., P. breviuscula (Nyl.) Mull. Arg., P. buettneri (Mull. Arg.) Zahlbr., P. chlorophaea (Mull. Arg.) Zahlbr., P. confusa sp.
nov., P. haemophaea (Nyl.) Mull. Arg., P. martinii sp. nov., P. mediocris sp. nov., P. pannosa Mull. Arg., P. santensis (Tuck.) comb, nov., P. thaleriza (Stirton) G. Schneider. In addition one species is reported as undetermined (Species A). The following taxa are reduced to synonymy: Phyllopsora porphyromelaena (Vainio) Zahlbr. and P. formosana Zahlbr. with P. albicans; P. brachyspora Mull. Arg. with P. breviuscula; P. subparvifolia (Mull. Arg.) Mull. Arg. and Lecidea schizophylla (Vainio) Malme with P. chlorophaea; P. kiiensis (Vainio) G. Schneider and Lecidea schizophylla var. isidiata Malme with P. haemophaea; P. miradorensis (Vainio) G. Schneider with P. santensis; Psora ochroxantha f. aelhiopica (Stizenb.) Dodge with P. thaleriza; Lecidea ernstiana Mull. Arg. with P. ochroxantha (Nyl.) Zahlbr.; P. melanocarpa Mull. Arg. with Neophyllis pachyphylla (Mull. Arg.) G. Schneider; P. schizophylloides (Malme) G. Schneider with P. munda (Malme) Zahlbr.; and P. spinulosa (Vainio) Zahlbr. with P. polydactyla (Mull. Arg.) Zahlbr. The following new names and combinations are made: Bacidia laciniosa nom. nov., B. spruceana (Mull. Arg.) comb, nov., Phyllopsora bibula (Taylor) comb, nov., P. glabriuscula (Nyl.) comb, nov., P. janeirensis (Mull. Arg.) comb, nov., P. microphyllina (Tuck, ex Nyl.) comb, nov., P. pertexta (Nyl.) comb, nov., P. pyrrhomelaena (Tuck.) comb, nov., and P. santensis (Tuck.) comb. nov.
Secondary Compounds Following Northsouth Transplantation of Three Lichen Species
Authors: Fahselt Dianne
Published: May 2007

Wide north-south transplants were made with three lichen species, Parmelia cumberlandia, Cladonia turgida and Stereocaulon saxarile. The objective was to determine whether thallus chemistry would be altered due to wide geographic displacement of thallus segments from the control locations. Significant quantitative variation in microchemistry was observed among thalli of P. cumberlandia and among those of C. turgida, but there were no qualitative or quantitative effects on the lichen products, usnic acid, atranorin, constictic, stictic, norstictic, fumarprotocetraric and lobaric acids, due to transplantation.
Ramalina Leiodea (Syn. R. Boninensis)—A Common Maritime Species in Oceania
Authors: Stevens G. Nell
Published: May 2007

The typification of Ramalina leiodea (Nyl.) Nyl. is discussed; R. boninensis Asah. and R. boninensis f. subcalicariformis are considered to be conspecific with R. leiodea. A description of the taxon is given, and the morphological and chemical variability considered. The distribution of both the boninic acid and cryptochlorophaeic acid races is discussed.
The Corticolous Species of Haematomma in Australia
Authors: Rogers R. W.
Published: May 2007

Eight corticolous species of Haematomma are recognized in Australia, including four new species (H. eremaeum, H. pruinosum, H. sorediatum and H. stevensiae spp. nov.) and one new combination (H. infuscum). The characters found useful in differentiation of the species included apothecium form, apothecial pigmentation, spore septation, and thallus chemistry. Taxonomic and distributional data are provided for all species. Two taxa are reduced to synonymy for the first time, and a key is provided.
The Ascus Apex in Lichenized Fungi IV. Baeomyces and Icmadophila in Comparison with Cladonia (Lecanorales) and the Non-Lichenized Leotia (Helotiales)
Authors: Honegger Rosmarie
Published: May 2007

This comparative investigation on ascus fine structure and function substantiates the findings of Chadefaud (1960) and his coworkers indicating a close taxonomic relationship between the Baeomycetaceae and Leotia, a non-lichenized member of the Helotiales, rather than between the Baeomycetaceae and the Cladoniaceae and other members of the Lecanorales. Besides the distinct differences in ascus structure and function, cytological divergences were noted between the Baeomycetaceae and Leotia on one hand, and Cladoniaceae on the other. The occurrence of glycogen in the Baeomycetaceae and Leotia, but not in the Cladoniaceae and other members of the Lecanorineae, and the differences in phycobiont preference and thus in the mycobiont–phycobiont contact in the Baeomycetaceae and Cladoniaceae were discussed.
The Uptake of Nickel Ions by Lichen Thalli of the Genera Umbilicaria and Peltigera
Authors: Richardson D. H. S. , Nieboer E.
Published: May 2007

By using a dissection technique it was demonstrated that binding of Ni2+ ions occurred to both the algal zone and fungal medulla in various species of the lichen genus Umbilicaria. The algal zone, fungal medulla and lower surface plates in Umbilicaria muhlenbergii accumulated 21, 52 and 27% respectively of the total Ni2+ ions taken up. The amount of Ni taken up varied in different species of the same genus but in general the uptake by Peltigera (over 70 μmol g−1 dry weight) was some three times that by Umbilicaria under the same conditions.
A New Species of Chaenotheca From New Zealand
Authors: Tibell L.
Published: May 2007

Chaenotheca degelii sp. nov. is described from New Zealand. The position of the species in the genus and the chemistry are discussed briefly. Chaenotheca degelii is a lignicolous species mainly occurring in the Central Plateau of North Island, but one isolated occurrence in the South Island is also known.
A New Corticolous Sorediate Rinodina From Swedish Lapland
Authors: Coppins B. J.
Published: May 2007

a new sorediate species of Rinodina (R. degeliana sp. nov.) is described from north Sweden where it occurs on old Salix. Apart from its distinctive appearance it is characterized by its markedly ornamented spores and chemistry. It is compared with similar taxa in north-west Europe.
Scanning Electron Microscopy of the Contact Site of Conidia and Trichogynes in Cladonia Furcata
Authors: Honegger Rosmarie
Published: May 2007

The contact sites of pycnidia and the terminal cells of trichogynes in Cladonia furcata were investigated using either freshly fixed material, or ascomatal primordia and pycnidia from which the gelatinous material either on the primordial surface, or in the pycnidial cavity, had been removed. The sickle-shaped conidia fused, tip first, with the cell wall of trichogynes. Circular holes of about the diameter of the conidia found in the cell walls of trichogynes arise from enzymatic degradation of the wall material by fusing conidia. As the conidia appear to stick on any gelatinous surface material of the thallus the adhesion process is presumed to be unspecific.