bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
La méduse d’eau douce Craspedacusta sowerbii : espèce exotique répandue dans les lacs du Québec
Authors: El Moussaoui Nadia , Beisner Beatrix E.
Published: November 2016

Au cours des dernières décennies, les signalements de Craspedacusta sowerbii, une espèce de méduse d’eau douce, ont augmenté dans les lacs tempérés d’Amérique du Nord. Cette espèce exotique envahissante, originaire de Chine, est une de celles qui envahissent les lacs du Québec. Dans cet article, nous examinerons et résumerons des informations tirées d’une variété de sources portant sur cette espèce de méduse et présenterons des informations sur sa taxonomie, son cycle de vie, sa physiologie et son mode de reproduction. Nous discuterons également des facteurs environnementaux pouvant influencer la répartition de l’espèce, de la taille des populations et du rôle de ses différents stades de vie dans la chaîne alimentaire lacustre. L’objectif de cet article est de mieux comprendre cette espèce dont la présence est de plus en plus remarquée au Québec.
Conceptos introductorios al estudio de la información documental
Authors: Antonio Moreiro González José
Published: November 2016

Como o próprio título sugere, trata-se de uma obra que visa fundamentar teorias para os campos da Ciência da Informação - Bibilioteconomia e Documentação. O autor José Antônio Moreiro Gomez, um dos mestres da Universidad Carlos III em Madrid, capital espanhola, parte do princípio de que estes campos não podem se explicar, exclusivamente, através do caráter técnico-prático necessitando, assim, de conceitos introdutórios para um funcionamento mais adequado. Assim sendo, a obra tem como finalidade iniciar estudantes e estudiosos na compreensão da natureza da informação e seu processamento, assim como das disciplinas que tratam deste tema.
A new trick for an old lipid
Authors: Sharpe Hayley
Published: November 2016

Cholesterol can regulate the Hedgehog signalling pathway by directly binding to a receptor on the cell surface.
Holocene internal shortening within the northwest Sub‐Himalaya: Out‐of‐sequence faulting of the Jwalamukhi Thrust, India
Authors: Dey Saptarshi , Thiede Rasmus C. , Schildgen Taylor F. , Wittmann Hella , Bookhagen Bodo , Scherler Dirk , Strecker Manfred R.
Published: November 2016

The southernmost thrust of the Himalayan orogenic wedge that separates the foreland from the orogen, the Main Frontal Thrust, is thought to accommodate most of the ongoing crustal shortening in the Sub‐Himalaya. Steepened longitudinal river profile segments, terrace offsets, and back‐tilted fluvial terraces within the Kangra reentrant of the NW Sub‐Himalaya suggest Holocene activity of the Jwalamukhi Thrust (JMT) and other thrust faults that may be associated with strain partitioning along the toe of the Himalayan wedge. To assess the shortening accommodated by the JMT, we combine morphometric terrain analyses with in situ 10Be‐based surface‐exposure dating of the deformed terraces. Incision into upper Pleistocene sediments within the Kangra Basin created two late Pleistocene terrace levels (T1 and T2). Subsequent early Holocene aggradation shortly before ~10 ka was followed by episodic reincision, which created four cut‐and‐fill terrace levels, the oldest of which (T3) was formed at 10.1 ± 0.9 ka. A vertical offset of 44 ± 5 m of terrace T3 across the JMT indicates a shortening rate of 5.6 ± 0.8 to 7.5 ± 1.1 mm a−1 over the last ~10 ka. This result suggests that thrusting along the JMT accommodates 40–60% of the total Sub‐Himalayan shortening in the Kangra reentrant over the Holocene. We speculate that this out‐of‐sequence shortening may have been triggered or at least enhanced by late Pleistocene and Holocene erosion of sediments from the Kangra Basin.
First mesopause Na retrievals from satellite Na D‐line nightglow observations
Authors: von Savigny C. , Langowski M. P. , Zilker B. , Burrows J. P. , Fussen D. , Sofieva V. F.
Published: November 2016

We report the retrieval of Na concentration profiles in the mesopause region from satellite observations of the Na D‐line nightglow emission near 589 nm made by the Scanning Imaging Absorption Spectrometer for Atmospheric Chartography (SCIAMACHY) on the Envisat spacecraft. The retrieval assumes the Na D‐line excitation mechanism originally proposed by Chapman in 1939. The retrieval approach, including treatment of self‐absorption by Na, a retrieval uncertainty budget, and first retrieval results, is presented. The retrieved Na profiles are compared to independent satellite measurements. Good agreement in terms of peak altitude, peak concentration, and vertical column density is found. The retrievals constitute the first Na profile retrievals from satellite observations of the Na D‐line nightglow emission profile. They enable our understanding of the Na nightglow excitation mechanism to be tested.
Repressurization following eruption from a magma chamber with a viscoelastic aureole
Authors: Segall Paul
Published: November 2016

I analyze an approximate solution for spherical magma chambers (radius R1) surrounded by Maxwell viscoelastic shells (radius R2) in elastic half‐spaces following a sudden decrease in pressure. Mass flux into the chamber is proportional to the pressure difference between a deep source and chamber,
. Solutions depend on R2/R1,
, where βm,βc are magma and chamber compressibilities, tR is the relaxation time, and τ is the recharge time for the elastic system. Without recharge the system exhibits either posteruptive deflation or, for incompressible magmas, partial reinflation. More generally, immediate posteruptive inflation is favored by large
and small R2/R1. With short tR and large
the time for magma chamber pressure to recover increases significantly. Posteruptive creep increases the chamber pressure, decreasing the pressure gradient driving recharge, delaying pressure recovery. Following eruption the hoop stresses, which are initially compressive, relax toward the radial stress causing them to go through a local (relative tension) maximum. The magma pressure in excess of the dike normal compression at the chamber wall can recover to preeruptive values well before the chamber pressure or erupted mass recovers. This suggests that dikes could nucleate at the chamber margin well before sufficient pressure has recovered to drive them far from the chamber. For some parameters coeruptive deflation has not fully recovered when the magma overpressure relative to hoop stress in the elastic region is restored to preeruptive values, a condition assumed to be sufficient for eruption.
Substantial contribution of northern high‐latitude sources to mineral dust in the Arctic
Authors: Groot Zwaaftink C. D. , Grythe H. , Skov H. , Stohl A.
Published: November 2016

In the Arctic, impurities in the atmosphere and cryosphere can strongly affect the atmospheric radiation and surface energy balance. While black carbon has hence received much attention, mineral dust has been in the background. Mineral dust is not only transported into the Arctic from remote regions but also, possibly increasingly, generated in the region itself. Here we study mineral dust in the Arctic based on global transport model simulations. For this, we have developed a dust mobilization scheme in combination with the Lagrangian particle dispersion model FLEXPART. A model evaluation, based on measurements of surface concentrations and annual deposition at a number of stations and aircraft vertical profiles, shows the suitability of this model to study global dust transport. Simulations indicate that about 3% of global dust emission originates from high‐latitude dust sources in the Arctic. Due to limited convection and enhanced efficiency of removal, dust emitted in these source regions is mostly deposited closer to the source than dust from for instance Asia or Africa. This leads to dominant contributions of local dust sources to total surface dust concentrations (~85%) and dust deposition (~90%) in the Arctic region. Dust deposition from local sources peaks in autumn, while dust deposition from remote sources occurs mainly in spring in the Arctic. With increasing altitude, remote sources become more important for dust concentrations as well as deposition. Therefore, total atmospheric dust loads in the Arctic are strongly influenced by Asian (~38%) and African (~32%) dust, whereas local dust contributes only 27%. Dust loads are thus largest in spring when remote dust is efficiently transported into the Arctic. Overall, our study shows that contributions of local dust sources are more important in the Arctic than previously thought, particularly with respect to surface concentrations and dust deposition.
The National Space Weather Program: Two decades of interagency partnership and accomplishments
Authors: Bonadonna Michael , Lanzerotti Louis , Stailey Judson
Published: November 2016

This paper describes the development of the United States National Space Weather Program (NSWP) from early interests in space environmental phenomena and their impact through the culmination of the program in 2015. Over its 21 year run, the NSWP facilitated substantial improvements in the capabilities of Federal Space Weather services and fostered broad and enduring partnerships with industry and the academic community within the U.S. and internationally. Under the management of the Office of the Federal Coordinator for Meteorological Services and Supporting Research a coalition of 10 federal agencies worked together from 1994 to 2015 to advance the national space weather enterprise. The paper describes key events and accomplishments of the NSWP interagency partnership while recognizing the great achievements made by the individual agencies. In order to provide context, the paper also discusses several important events outside the NSWP purview. Some of these external events influenced the course of the NSWP, while others were encouraged by the NSWP partnership. Following the establishment of the Space Weather Operations, Research, and Mitigation Task Force of the National Science and Technology Council in the White House and the deactivation of the NSWP Council, the agencies now play a supporting role in the national effort as the federal engagement in the National Space Weather Partnership graduates to a higher level.
Flow in the western Mediterranean shallow mantle: Insights from xenoliths in Pliocene alkali basalts from SE Iberia (eastern Betics, Spain)
Authors: Hidas Károly , Konc Zoltán , Garrido Carlos J. , Tommasi Andréa , Vauchez Alain , Padrón‐Navarta José Alberto , Marchesi Claudio , Booth‐Rea Guillermo , Acosta‐Vigil Antonio , Szabó Csaba , Varas‐Reus María Isabel , Gervilla Fernando
Published: November 2016

Mantle xenoliths in Pliocene alkali basalts of the eastern Betics (SE Iberia, Spain) are spinel ± plagioclase lherzolite, with minor harzburgite and wehrlite, displaying porphyroclastic or equigranular textures. Equigranular peridotites have olivine crystal preferred orientation (CPO) patterns similar to those of porphyroclastic xenoliths but slightly more dispersed. Olivine CPO shows [100]‐fiber patterns characterized by strong alignment of [100]‐axes subparallel to the stretching lineation and a girdle distribution of [010]‐axes normal to it. This pattern is consistent with simple shear or transtensional deformation accommodated by dislocation creep. One xenolith provides evidence for synkinematic reactive percolation of subduction‐related Si‐rich melts/fluids that resulted in oriented crystallization of orthopyroxene. Despite a seemingly undeformed microstructure, the CPO in orthopyroxenite veins in composite xenoliths is identical to those of pyroxenes in the host peridotite, suggesting late‐kinematic crystallization. Based on these observations, we propose that the annealing producing the equigranular microstructures was triggered by melt percolation in the shallow subcontinental lithospheric mantle coeval to the late Neogene formation of veins in composite xenoliths. Calculated seismic properties are characterized by fast propagation of P waves and polarization of fast S waves parallel to olivine [100]‐axis (stretching lineation). These data are compatible with present‐day seismic anisotropy observations in SE Iberia if the foliations in the lithospheric mantle are steeply dipping and lineations are subhorizontal with ENE strike, implying dominantly horizontal mantle flow in the ENE‐WSW direction within vertical planes, that is, subparallel to the paleo‐Iberian margin. The measured anisotropy could thus reflect a lithospheric fabric due to strike‐slip deformation in the late Miocene in the context of WSW tearing of the subducted south Iberian margin lithosphere.
Common variant rs356182 near SNCA defines a Parkinson's disease endophenotype
Authors: Cooper Christine A. , Jain Nimansha , Gallagher Michael D. , Weintraub Daniel , Xie Sharon X. , Berlyand Yosef , Espay Alberto J. , Quinn Joseph , Edwards Karen L. , Montine Thomas , Van Deerlin Vivianna M. , Trojanowski John , Zabetian Cyrus P. , Chen‐Plotkin Alice S.
Published: November 2016

Objective

Parkinson's disease (PD) presents clinically with several motor subtypes that exhibit variable treatment response and prognosis. Here, we investigated genetic variants for their potential association with PD motor phenotype and progression.

Methods

We screened 10 SNPs, previously associated with PD risk, for association with tremor‐dominant (TD) versus postural‐instability gait disorder (PIGD) motor subtypes. SNPs that correlated with the TD/PIGD ratio in a discovery cohort of 251 PD patients were then evaluated in a multi‐site replication cohort of 559 PD patients. SNPs associated with motor phenotype in both cross‐sectional cohorts were next evaluated for association with (1) rates of motor progression in a longitudinal subgroup of 230 PD patients and (2) brain alpha‐synuclein (SNCA) expression in the GTEx (Genotype‐Tissue Expression project) consortium database.

Results

Genotype at rs356182, near SNCA, correlated with the TD/PIGD ratio in both the discovery (Bonferroni‐corrected P = 0.04) and replication cohorts (P = 0.02). The rs356182 GG genotype was associated with a more tremor‐predominant phenotype and predicted a slower rate of motor progression (1‐point difference in annual rate of UPDRS‐III motor score change, P = 0.01). The rs356182 genotype was associated with SNCA expression in the cerebellum (P = 0.005).

Interpretation

Our study demonstrates that the GG genotype at rs356182 provides molecular definition for a clinically important endophenotype associated with (1) more tremor‐predominant motor phenomenology, (2) slower rates of motor progression, and (3) decreased brain expression of SNCA. Such molecularly defined endophenotyping in PD may benefit both clinical trial design and tailoring of clinical care as we enter the era of precision medicine.
Biomaterial‐Based Implantable Devices for Cancer Therapy
Authors: Chew Sue Anne , Danti Serena
Published: November 2016

This review article focuses on the current local therapies mediated by implanted macroscaled biomaterials available or proposed for fighting cancer and also highlights the upcoming research in this field. Several authoritative review articles have collected and discussed the state‐of‐the‐art as well as the advancements in using biomaterial‐based micro‐ and nano‐particle systems for drug delivery in cancer therapy. On the other hand, implantable biomaterial devices are emerging as highly versatile therapeutic platforms, which deserve an increased attention by the healthcare scientific community, as they are able to offer innovative, more effective and creative strategies against tumors. This review summarizes the current approaches which exploit biomaterial‐based devices as implantable tools for locally administrating drugs and describes their specific medical applications, which mainly target resected brain tumors or brain metastases for the inaccessibility of conventional chemotherapies. Moreover, a special focus in this review is given to innovative approaches, such as combined delivery therapies, as well as to alternative approaches, such as scaffolds for gene therapy, cancer immunotherapy and metastatic cell capture, the later as promising future trends in implantable biomaterials for cancer applications.
Organic Planar Heterojunctions: From Models for Interfaces in Bulk Heterojunctions to High‐Performance Solar Cells
Authors: Nakano Kyohei , Tajima Keisuke
Published: November 2016

Recent progress regarding planar heterojunctions (PHJs) is reviewed, with respect to the fundamental understanding of the photophysical processes at the donor/acceptor interfaces in organic photovoltaic devices (OPVs). The current state of OPV research is summarized and the advantages of PHJs as models for exploring the relationship between organic interfaces and device characteristics described. The preparation methods and the characterization of PHJ structures to provide key points for the appropriate handling of PHJs. Next, we describe the effects of the donor/acceptor interface on each photoelectric conversion process are reviewed by examining various PHJ systems to clarify what is currently known and not known. Finally, it is discussed how we the knowledge obtained by studies of PHJs can be used to overcome the current limits of OPV efficiency.
Targeting Nanocarriers with Anisamide: Fact or Artifact?
Authors: Dasargyri Athanasia , Kümin Carole D. , Leroux Jean‐Christophe
Published: November 2016

Encapsulating chemotherapeutics in nanoparticles can reduce the side effects of intravenous administration and improve their antitumor efficacy. Additionally, surface decoration of the nanocarriers with tumor‐targeting ligands may enhance their specificity for cancer cells overexpressing the corresponding ligand‐binding counterpart. The focus here is on anisamide, a low‐molecular‐weight benzamide derivative used as a tumor‐directing moiety in functionalized nanosystems, based on its alleged interaction with Sigma receptors. The scintigraphic agents that initially inspired the use of anisamide for tumor targeting are described, and the published anisamide‐tethered nanocarrier formulations are reviewed, together with a critical overview of the ligand's tumor‐targeting properties. Moreover, anisamide's putative but dubious cellular target, the Sigma‐1 receptor, is discussed with regard to its subcellular localization and implications in cancer. Data from in vivo studies reveal that the effect of anisamide on the antitumor efficacy of the decorated nanosystems varies considerably among the published reports. Together with the evidence questioning the interaction of anisamide with the Sigma receptors, the variability of anisamide's effect on the tumor deposition and the antitumor efficacy of the decorated drug carriers calls into question the extent of the ligand's tumor‐targeting effect. Further research is necessary to elucidate the ligand's utility in tumor targeting.
Directing Group‐Assisted Copper(II)‐Catalyzed ortho‐Carbonylation to Benzamide using 2,2′‐Azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN)
Authors: Khan Bhuttu , Khan Afsar Ali , Kant Ruchir , Koley Dipankar
Published: November 2016

An efficient copper‐catalyzed regioselective C—H bond carbonylation of benzamides has been developed using 2,2′‐azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as traceless cyanating agent. The non‐toxic and readily available AIBN was used for the carbonylative cyclization of benzamides via copper catalysis. The method is also applicable for the regioselective cyanation of furan, benzofuran, thiophene, benzothiophene, and pyrrole carboxamide derivatives.

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Many body localized systems weakly coupled to baths
Authors: Nandkishore Rahul , Gopalakrishnan Sarang
Published: November 2016

We consider what happens when a many body localized system is coupled to a heat bath. Unlike previous works, we do not restrict ourselves to the limit where the bath is large and effectively Markovian, nor to the limit where back action on the bath is negligible. We identify limits where the effect of the bath can be captured by classical noise, and limits where it cannot. We also identify limits in which the bath delocalizes the system, as well as limits in which the system localizes the bath. Using general arguments and dimensional analysis, we constrain the overall phase diagram of the coupled system and bath. Our analysis incorporates all the previously discussed regimes, and also uncovers a new intrinsically quantum regime that has not hitherto been discussed. We discuss baths that are themselves near a localization transition, or are strongly disordered but protected against localization by symmetry or topology. We also discuss situations where the system and bath have different dimensionality (the case of ‘boundary MBL’ and ‘boundary baths’).

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Cost‐Effective, High‐Performance Porous‐Organic‐Polymer Conductors Functionalized with Sulfonic Acid Groups by Direct Postsynthetic Substitution
Authors: Kang Dong Won , Lim Kwang Soo , Lee Kyung Jin , Lee Jong Hyeon , Lee Woo Ram , Song Jeong Hwa , Yeom Kyu Hyun , Kim Jin Young , Hong Chang Seop
Published: November 2016

We demonstrate the facile microwave‐assisted synthesis of a porous organic framework 1 and the sulfonated solid (1S) through postsubstitution. Remarkably, the conductivity of 1S showed an approximately 300‐fold enhancement at 30 °C as compared to that of 1, and reached 7.72×10−2 S cm−1 at 80 °C and 90 % relative humidity. The superprotonic conductivity exceeds that observed for any conductive porous organic polymer reported to date. This material, which is cost‐effective and scalable for mass production, also revealed long‐term performance over more than 3 months without conductivity decay.
Oxidative esterification of methylarenes and 1,3‐dicarbonyls catalysed by copper chloride immobilized on magnetic nanoparticles
Authors: Nakisa Athar , Karimi Meghdad , Yazdani Elahe , Heydari Akbar
Published: November 2016

Superparamagnetic CuCl nanoparticles were prepared and identified as an effective heterogeneous catalyst for the tandem transformation of methylarenes and 1,3‐dicarbonyl compounds into the corresponding enole esters by the use of tert‐butyl hydroperoxide as an external oxidant. The catalyst can be removed from the reaction medium simply by use of an external magnet. As a consequence, various derivatives of enol esters were synthesized in moderate to good yields.
Morphology, crystalline features, and tensile properties of syndiotactic polypropylene blends
Authors: Truong Le Thuy , Larsen Åge G. , Roots Jaan
Published: November 2016

Syndiotactic polypropylene (sPP) was modified with ethylene–octene copolymer (EOC) and ethylene–propylene rubber (EPR), with test samples prepared in a twin‐screw extruder and then injection‐molded. The phase morphology, rheology, and thermal and tensile properties of the modified sPP were investigated. Atomic force microscopy studies showed how the phase morphology of the sPP blends with elastomers depended on the blend compositions, and the results compared with the storage modulus at low frequency. EOC and EPR were dispersed phase in an sPP matrix with spherical shapes when the dispersed content was 20 wt % or lower. The phase cocontinuity started around 40 wt % EOC for the sPP–EOC blends and around 60 wt % EPR for the sPP–EPR. The dispersed phase then formed more complex elongated shapes. The rheological and thermal properties were affected by the sPP–elastomer interphase. EOC promoted the crystallization of sPP; this increased the crystallization temperature and rate. In contrast, EPR had the opposite effect on the crystallization behavior, and the results indicate that sPP and EPR were not completely separated. The tensile properties were studied from −20 to 100 °C. We found that the tensile properties at low temperature could be improved without a loss in high‐temperature properties. In the particular case of 20 wt % EOC, both the strain at yield and strain at break of the sPP–EOC blend were improved at both −20 and 100 °C. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44611.
Comparisons of the rheological behaviors of polypropylene and polymethyl methacrylate in a capillary die
Authors: Meng Limin , Wu Daming , Kelly Adrian , Woodhead Mike , Liu Ying
Published: November 2016

In this study, the rheological characteristics of polypropylene (PP) melt at 210, 220, and 230 °C and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) melt at 230, 240, and 250 °C in a micro die were investigated. The experiments were performed over a shear rate range of 3 × 102 to 5 × 103 s−1 using an advanced twin‐bore capillary rheometer. Dies with diameters of 1.0, 0.5, and 0.25 mm were used. The results indicated that the geometric dependences of the PP and PMMA viscosities were not identical at different shear rates and temperatures and that the micro size effect had a profound influence on the PP viscosity. The analysis demonstrated that the variations in the shear viscosity of the PP and PMMA melts in the micro die were partially attributed to the contribution of the pressure applied to the polymer melts. Additionally, the effect of wall slip on the PP and PMMA viscosities in the tested dies was investigated based on the modified Mooney method. The results implied that wall slip easily occurred in the PP melt flowing through the 0.25 mm die at 210 °C due to the distinct size effect. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44617.
Surface and degradation properties of thermoplastic blends from albumin and zein‐based plastics
Authors: Jones Alexander , Sharma Suraj
Published: November 2016

The use of traditional petroleum‐based thermoplastics in food packaging applications pose an environmental hazard, as their lack of biodegradability creates waste that environmental systems are unable to cope with. To address this issue, the investigation of surface, biodegradation, and water solubility properties of the albumin and zein thermoplastic blends plasticized with glycerol and mixed with varying amounts of low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) is conducted. When subjected to soil burial, albumin as a bioplastic completely biodegrades within two months, while a zein‐based bioplastic is more resilient to attacks from microbes within the soil (4.34% of intial mass remains). If albumin and zein proteins are used in the production of thermoplastics in tandem with LDPE, it could be possible to produce a plastic that will naturally biodegrade over time, decreasing the environmental impact of the use of thermoplastics in medical and food packaging applications. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44646.
Historical ecology of Ofu Island revisited: new data for an island‐wide model
Authors: QUINTUS SETH , CLARK JEFFREY T.
Published: November 2016

Case studies offer an opportunity to examine and highlight relationships among variables in a way that cannot be done through broad comparison. Ofu Island has served as one such case study for understanding human–environment relationships. Here, we use three decades of archaeological investigations – past work of others as well as our own recent research – to formulate a revised model of the historical ecology of the island. We argue that Ofu still holds important clues to understanding the complexity of human–environment relationships, chiefly serving to illustrate the structuring effects of environmental history.
Geophysical Research at the Prepoštská Cave and Čertova Pec Cave Neanderthal Sites (Western Slovakia)
Authors: Putiška René , Sabol Martin , Kušnirák Dávid , Dostál Ivan
Published: November 2016

The sedimentary filling of two Slovak Neanderthal sites – the Prepoštská Cave near Prievidza (Micoquian) and the Čertova Pec Cave near Radošina (Szeletian, Mousterian) was investigated, while archaeological and palaeontological studies have shown these caves are very important sites from the viewpoint of the ancient man settlements. No geophysical research had previously been conducted here, therefore ground penetrating radar (GPR) and electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) geophysical methods were applied in order to expose its depths for future archaeological and palaeontological field campaigns. The GPR survey at the Prepoštská Cave revealed a disrupted zone in the southwest (SW) corner of the investigate area, encapsulated in travertine surrounding the bedrock layer identified at a depth between 0.4 to 2.4 m. This discovered zone is assumed to be an undocumented recent excavation zone. The combined ERT and GPR survey also identified at the Čertova Pec Cave, aside from some main structures (large limestone blocks, loamy‐clayey sediment in the central part and debris), intact cave sediments, deposited under the debris filling and large limestone block, located at approximately 2 m depth in the back part of the cave, close to its northeast (NE) entrance. These unconsolidated intact deposits represent the lower part of the Mousterian horizon. Thus, the geophysical survey supported previous hypotheses on the assumed existence of deeper layers with potential archaeological and/or palaeontological content, which have since been spatially defined. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Facile Synthesis of 2‐Amino‐4‐alkoxypyrimidines via Consecutive Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution (SNAr) Reactions
Authors: Kim Juhyeon , Cho Yong Seo , Min Sun‐Joon
Published: November 2016

A transition‐metal‐free and regioselective synthesis of a series of 2‐amino‐4‐alkoxypyrimidines is described. The SNAr alkoxylation of 2,4‐dichloropyrimidines regioselectively provided 2‐chloro‐4‐alkoxypyrimidines, which were subsequently subject to the second SNAr amination with cyclic amines in the presence of triethylamine at high temperature to afford 2‐amino‐4‐alkoxypyrimidines in good overall yield.
A core syllabus for the teaching of embryology and teratology to medical students
Authors: Fakoya Francis A. , Emmanouil‐Nikoloussi Elpida , Sharma Deepak , Moxham Bernard J.
Published: November 2016

Clinical relevance in the teaching of biomedical sciences within health care courses presupposes that there is internationally agreed core material within the curricula. However, with the exception of a syllabus for neuroanatomy and gross anatomy of the head and neck for medical students, core syllabuses within many of the specialized anatomical sciences have yet to be developed. The International Federation of Associations of Anatomists aims to formulate internationally accepted core syllabuses for all anatomical sciences disciplines initially using Delphi Panels that comprise anatomists, scientists, and clinicians who evaluate syllabus content. Here, the suggestions of a Delphi Panel for embryology and teratology are presented prior to their publication on the website of the International Federation of Associations of Anatomists. Hence, to obtain a more definitive syllabus, it is required that anatomical and embryological/teratological societies, as well as individual anatomists, embryologists and clinicians, freely comment upon, elaborate and amend, this draft syllabus. The goal is to set internationally recognized standards and thereby provide guidelines concerning embryological and teratological knowledge when involved with course development. Clin. Anat. 30:159–167, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Acquisition of offshore engineering design skills on naval architecture master courses through potential flow CFD tools
Authors: Gutiérrez‐Romero José E. , Zamora‐Parra Blas , Esteve‐Pérez Jerónimo A.
Published: November 2016

This paper presents a teaching–learning methodology focused on the acquisition of basic design principles in offshore engineering for a course entitled Projects in Offshore Maritime Structures, in a Master of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering. A new teaching procedure (including the Project‐Based Learning approach), is proposed, for ensuring that students acquire skills related to the ability of analyzing and designing ocean structures. The roles of the Information and Communication Technologies, Computational Fluid Dynamics, potential flow methods and structural analysis are some specific features of the proposed methodology. The method increases the satisfaction of the students in a significant manner, and opens their fields in research and development on offshore engineering. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 25:48–61, 2017; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/cae; DOI 10.1002/cae.21778
General practice consultations, diagnostic investigations, and prescriptions in the year preceding a lung cancer diagnosis
Authors: Guldbrandt Louise M. , Møller Henrik , Jakobsen Erik , Vedsted Peter
Published: November 2016

Patterns of general practice utilization in the period before lung cancer (LC) diagnosis may provide new knowledge to ensure timelier and earlier diagnosis of LC. This study aimed to explore the prediagnostic activity in general practice in the year preceding LC diagnosis. The activity was compared to a matched comparison group. We compared LC patients with different stage, and patients with and without chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Using Danish registers, we performed a population‐based matched cohort study including lung cancer patients (n = 34,017) and matched comparison subjects (n = 340,170). During months 12 to 1 prior to diagnosis, 92.6% of LC patients and 88.4% of comparison subjects had one or more contacts with general practice. 13.0% of LC patients and 3.3% of comparison subjects had two or more X‐rays. 20.8% of LC patients and 8.5% of comparison subjects had two or more first‐time antibiotics prescriptions. The incidence rate ratio for having a contact to general practice was similar for LC patients with localized disease compared to LC patients with metastatic disease. LC patients with COPD had more frequent contacts, lung functions tests, X‐rays, and prescriptions than COPD patients without lung cancer, but not as pronounced as compared to patients without COPD. There was a significant increase in healthcare seeking and diagnostic activity in the year prior to a LC diagnosis, regardless of stage at diagnosis. COPD may mask the symptoms of LC. This indicates the presence of a “diagnostic time window” and a potential for more timely diagnosis of LC based on clinical signs and symptoms.
New Amino‐Acid‐Based β‐Phosphorylated Nitroxides for Probing Acidic pH in Biological Systems by EPR Spectroscopy
Authors: Thétiot‐Laurent Sophie , Gosset Gaëlle , Clément Jean‐Louis , Cassien Mathieu , Mercier Anne , Siri Didier , Gaudel‐Siri Anouk , Rockenbauer Antal , Culcasi Marcel , Pietri Sylvia
Published: November 2016

There is increasing interest in measuring pH in biological samples by using nitroxides with pH‐dependent electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra. Aiming to improve the spectral sensitivity (ΔaX) of these probes (i.e., the difference between the EPR hyperfine splitting (hfs) in their protonated and unprotonated forms), we characterized a series of novel linear α‐carboxy, α′‐diethoxyphosphoryl nitroxides constructed on an amino acid core and featuring an (α or α′)‐C−H bond. In buffer, the three main hfs (aN, aH, and aP) of their EPR spectra vary reversibly with pH and, from aP or aH titration curves, a two‐ to fourfold increase in sensitivity was achieved compared to reference imidazoline or imidazolidine nitroxides. The crystallized carboxylate 10 b (pKa ≈3.6), which demonstrated low cytotoxicity and good resistance to bioreduction, was applied to probe stomach acidity in rats. The results pave the way to a novel generation of highly sensitive EPR pH markers.
Multivariate Modeling of a Chemical Toner Manufacturing Process
Authors: Khorami Hassan , Fgaier Hedia , Elkamel Ali , Biglari Mazda , Chen Baoling
Published: November 2016

Modeling, optimization, process monitoring, and product development in a toner process using multiway principal component analysis and multiway partial least square method is described. Process measurements and product quality values of past successful batches were collected in a data matrix and preprocessed through time alignment, centering, and scaling. Following the identification of latent variables, an empirical model was built through a fourfold cross validation that can represent the operation of a successful batch. The prepared model provided a realistic prediction of process behavior, realistically represented the operation of the industrial unit, and is mathematically simple enough to be used in online optimization and for automatic control strategies of selected abnormal batches.
Pulsatile Jet Cleaning of Filter Cloths Contaminated with Yeast Cells
Authors: Werner Roman , Bollwein Bernadette , Petersen Roman , Tippmann Johannes , Becker Thomas
Published: November 2016

The cleaning of filter cloths is necessary to avoid prolonged system downtime and strong fouling. Reliable cleaning concepts are central to the removal of residues from the complex surface of filter cloths. Particle residues, in particular, play a decisive role in the sufficiency of the cleaning performance. Consequently, enhanced particle‐removal cleaning concepts based on pulsatile jets for filter cloths have been developed. By varying the cleaning parameters, it has been demonstrated that increased pulse numbers and velocities improve the cleaning performance. Furthermore, this promising cleaning concept cleaned more effectively than conventional methods. The reduction in the amount of detergent needed is an ecological and economic advantage of pulsatile cleaning.
Determination of Input Parameters for Crude‐Oil Fouling Using an Integrated Non‐Parametric Method
Authors: Forstenhäusler Marc , Mirsadraee Alireza , Malayeri M. Reza
Published: November 2016

An integrated, non‐parametric model has been proposed based on neural networks and partial derivatives (PaD) to determine the influence of the operating parameters during crude‐oil fouling. The input parameters included surface and bulk temperatures, fluid velocity, colloidal instability index, and surface substrate, whereas the output was the initial fouling rate. The PaD method was used to slightly change an input while the others were kept constant. The input that changed the output most had the highest impact on the objective output, i.e., the initial fouling rate. This method identified the surface temperature as the most dominant parameter. This indicates that crude‐oil fouling dominantly resulted from chemical reactions due to asphaltene instability.
Palladium Nanoparticles Encapsulated in Hollow Titanosilicate Spheres as an Ideal Nanoreactor for One‐pot Oxidation
Authors: Kuwahara Yasutaka , Ando Takahiro , Kango Hiroto , Yamashita Hiromi
Published: November 2016

One‐pot reaction involving Pd‐catalyzed H2O2 production from H2 and O2 and Ti‐catalyzed successive oxidation with H2O2 in a single reaction vessel is an alluring strategy for the synthesis of targeted chemicals in terms of sustainability and economic competitiveness. In this study, a yolk–shell nanostructured catalyst, consisting of Pd nanoparticles (NPs) with core diameter ca. 4.0 nm and a porous titanosilicate shell of ca. 15 nm thickness, was fabricated by using an oil‐in‐water (O/W) microemulsion‐based interfacial self‐assembly approach. Compared with prototype titanosilicate‐supported Pd NP catalysts and core–shell structured analogues, the yolk–shell nanostructured catalyst exhibited superior catalytic efficiency in the one‐pot oxidation reaction of sulfides with 83 % H2O2 utilization efficiency, because of the productive effect of the titanosilicate shell in limiting the diffusion of H2O2 generated in situ over the encapsulated Pd NPs and the efficient access of the H2O2 to the neighboring active Ti sites. This study provides promising avenues for the development of multifunctional nanostructured catalysts that are useful for one‐pot reactions.
Development of a Nucleotide Exchange Inhibitor That Impairs Ras Oncogenic Signaling
Authors: Marín‐Ramos Nagore I. , Piñar Carmen , Vázquez‐Villa Henar , Martín‐Fontecha Mar , González Ángel , Canales Ángeles , Algar Sergio , Mayo Paloma P. , Jiménez‐Barbero Jesús , Gajate Consuelo , Mollinedo Faustino , Pardo Leonardo , Ortega‐Gutiérrez Silvia , Viso Alma , López‐Rodríguez María L.
Published: November 2016

Despite more than three decades of intense effort, no anti‐Ras therapies have reached clinical application. Contributing to this failure has been an underestimation of Ras complexity and a dearth of structural information. In this regard, recent studies have revealed the highly dynamic character of the Ras surface and the existence of transient pockets suitable for small‐molecule binding, opening up new possibilities for the development of Ras modulators. Herein, a novel Ras inhibitor (compound 12) is described that selectively impairs mutated Ras activity in a reversible manner without significantly affecting wild‐type Ras, reduces the Ras–guanosine triphosphate (GTP) levels, inhibits the activation of the mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, and exhibits remarkable cytotoxic activity in Ras‐driven cellular models. The use of molecular dynamics simulations and NMR spectroscopy experiments has enabled the molecular bases responsible for the interactions between compound 12 and Ras protein to be explored. The new Ras inhibitor binds partially to the GTP‐binding region and extends into the adjacent hydrophobic pocket delimited by switch II. Hence, Ras inhibitor 12 could represent a new compound for the development of more efficacious drugs to target Ras‐driven cancers; a currently unmet clinical need.
Effect of corporate governance on default risk in financial versus nonfinancial firms: Canadian evidence
Authors: Switzer Lorne N. , Wang Jun , Zhang Yajing
Published: November 2016

This paper investigates the influence of corporate governance variables on default risk of Canadian firms after the 2008 financial crisis. We provide evidence that important governance mechanisms have differential impacts between Canadian financial and nonfinancial firms. Ownership structure, (e.g., institutional ownership and insider ownership), has a significant impact on the default risk of financial firms but not on nonfinancial firms. Nonfinancial firms with more independent boards are associated with lower default risk, while financial firms with larger boards and more independent boards have higher default risk. In addition, although cross‐listing in the US reduces the default risk for Canadian nonfinancial firms, it actually increases the risk for Canadian financial firms during the postcrisis period. Copyright © 2016 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pd catalyst supported on ZrO2‐Al2O3 by double‐solvent method for methane oxidation under lean conditions
Authors: Li Guangxia , Hu Wei , Huang Fujin , Chen Jianjun , Gong MaoChu , Yuan Shandong , Chen Yaoqiang , Zhong Lin
Published: November 2016

The Pd catalyst supported on the Zr0.5Al0.5O1.75 composite material was prepared by the conventional impregnation and double solvent impregnation method. The effects of preparation method on the catalytic properties of the Pd/Zr0.5Al0.5O1.75 catalyst for methane combustion have been investigated systematically. The measurement was evaluated in a multiple fixed‐bed continuous flow micro‐reactor by passing a gas mixture simulating the exhaust emissions from lean‐burn natural gas vehicles. The as‐prepared catalysts were characterized by CO chemical adsorption, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), hydrogen‐temperature programmed reduction (H2‐TPR),and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements. The results of TEM and CO chemisorption showed that the introduction of double solvent during the preparation of Pd/Zr0.5Al0.5O1.75 was beneficial for the dispersion of Pd nanoparticles and obtained superior resistance to the sintering of Pd on the surface of Zr0.5Al0.5O1.75. The H2‐TPR measurements demonstrated that the double solvent method increased the reducibility of the Pd catalyst. The XPS results further indicated that more active surface oxygen species also can be formed on the catalyst prepared via double solvent process. Thus, this catalyst exhibited better catalytic performance and hydrothermal aging resistance in the methane oxidation compared to its analogues with the same Pd content prepared by the conventional impregnation method.
Rationale and design of the BAYES (Interatrial Block and Yearly Events) registry
Authors: Martínez‐Sellés Manuel , Baranchuk Adrian , Elosua Roberto , de Luna Antonio Bayés
Published: November 2016

The prevalence of interatrial block (IAB) is high in the elderly, particularly in those with heart disease. Despite this high prevalence—and the association of IAB with the risk of atrial fibrillation (AF), stroke, and cognitive decline—little information exists about the prognosis of older patients with IAB. P‐wave duration and morphology are associated with risk of developing AF, stroke, and cognitive decline in elderly patients with structural heart disease. The aim of the Interatrial Block and Yearly Events (BAYES) registry is to assess the impact of IAB on the risk of AF and stroke during 3 years of follow‐up. A series of 654 ambulatory patients age ≥70 years with heart disease from 35 centers will be included in 3 similar‐size groups of patients. Group A: normal P‐wave duration (<120 ms); Group B: partial IAB (P‐wave duration ≥120 ms without biphasic [plus/minus] morphology in the inferior leads II, III, and aVF); and Group C: advanced IAB (P‐wave duration ≥120 ms with biphasic [plus/minus] morphology in the inferior leads II, III, and aVF). Patients will be managed according to current recommendations. The 2 primary endpoints are defined as (1) AF duration >5 minutes and documented in any form of electrocardiographic recording; and (2) stroke. Results from this study might significantly improve the knowledge of IAB and its impact on the outcome of elderly patients with heart disease and could open the door to the use of anticoagulation therapy in some elderly patients with IAB.
A novel modelling approach to energy transport in a respiratory system
Authors: Nithiarasu Perumal , Sazonov Igor
Published: November 2016

In this paper, energy transport in a respiratory tract is modelled using the finite element method for the first time. The upper and lower respiratory tracts are approximated as a 1‐dimensional domain with varying cross‐sectional and surface areas, and the radial heat conduction in the tissue is approximated using the 1‐dimensional cylindrical coordinate system. The governing equations are solved using 1‐dimensional linear finite elements with convective and evaporative boundary conditions on the wall. The results obtained for the exhalation temperature of the respiratory system have been compared with the available animal experiments. The study of a full breathing cycle indicates that evaporation is the main mode of heat transfer, and convection plays almost negligible role in the energy transport. This is in‐line with the results obtained from animal experiments.
Aza‐BODIPY Derivatives Containing BF(CN) and B(CN)2 Moieties
Authors: Li Tian‐yi , Ma Zaifei , Qiao Zhi , Körner Christian , Vandewal Koen , Zeika Olaf , Leo Karl
Published: November 2016

Two novel aza‐BODIPY derivatives are synthesized, with the fluorine atoms in the BF2 moiety replaced by cyano groups. The introduction of cyano groups changes the phenyl substituents on the 3,5 positions from parallel to antiparallel. The HOMO/LUMO energy levels are stabilized gradually upon increasing the number of cyano groups, and the photophysical properties show corresponding shifts. With high thermal stability, the derivatives can be purified by sublimation and used to prepare vacuum‐deposited thin films. This research extends the aza‐BODIPY family with cyano‐substituted derivatives.