bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lattice Vibrations in CdGa2S4
Authors: Maeyama Yoshikazu , Uchihashi Yoshito , Kasahara Hajime , Yamamoto Keiichi , Abe Kenji
Published: March 2014

Raman scattering and polarized infrared reflection spectra are presented for CdGa2S4. CdGa2S4 has the defect chalcopyrite structure and is treated as a perturbation of the zincblende structure found in binaries such as GaP and ZnS. The points Γ, X and W in the reciprocal lattice space of the zincblende structure coincide with the point Γ of the chalcopyrite structure. Then, the characteristics observed in the spectra are interpreted as resulting from the transformation of the phonons at the points Γ X and W of the zincblende structure. Twelve of thirteen modes expected from irreducible representation are assigned and the static and optical dielectric constants are also calculated.
Piezoelectric Polymers and Their Applications
Authors: Murayama Naohiro , Obara Hiroshi
Published: March 2014

Properties and applications of piezoelectric polymers are reviewed. A typical piezoelectric polymer polyvinylidene fluoride exhibits strong piezoelectricity when polarized and is now commercially available. It can be prepared in large thin films and possesses many more features than conventional piezoelectric ceramics. It has been applied to various transducers and has great future potential.
A New Acousto-Optic Real Time Correlator
Authors: Yamaguchi Ichirou , Uchida Hideki , Saito Hiroyoshi
Published: March 2014

A new acousto-optic real time correlator using a pair of Bragg cells has been developed. Its time window is doubly wide compared with the conventional time-integrating acousto-optic correlators, and accuracy of computation has been much improved with the help of a correction procedure using a microcomputer. It has a bandwidth of 10 MHz, time window of 8 µs, and integration time longer than 80 ms.
Velocity Measurement of Surface Acoustic Wave by Measns of Impulsive Converging Beam
Authors: Yamanaka Kazushi
Published: March 2014

We have developed a new technique for velocity measurement of surface acoustic wave on a small area. It uses an impulsive converging beam generated with an acoustic lens. The reflected waves from samples were identified as the axial wave and the leaky surface wave. From the time interval between these waves, the velocity of leaky surface acoustic wave of the sample is calculated using an expression derived along with ray optics. Because the time interval measurements do not require a mechanical scanning, they can be done without special attention paid to the mechanical precision of the scanning system, enabling a rapid and simple measurement.
Measurement of Ultrasonic Attenuation Coefficient Using Echo Signals
Authors: Itoh Takashi , Mochizuki Takashi , Kasai Chihiro , Nakajima Masato , Yuta Shin-ichi
Published: March 2014

A method to determine the ultrasonic attenuation coefficients of materials from the spectra of gated waves of echo signals from inside objects is described. Experiments are carried out and the attenuation coefficients determined are in good coincidence with those measured by the transmission method using continuous waves, confirming the validity of this method.
Attenuation Constant of Normally Driven Steel Plate Floating on Water Surface
Authors: Okujima Motoyoshi , Endoh Nobuyuki
Published: March 2014

It is desired to suppress the noise radiated from a ship by an acoustical technique such as echo ranging. For the purpose, it is important to obtain an acoustical property of a steel plate. In this paper, the attenuation of propagating acoustic wave is described. The attenuation constants of a flexual wave and a longitudinal wave are estimated with equivalent circuits. Experiments are executed with a steel plate floating on the water surface. Attenuation caused by the energy leak into the water is measured by the reverberation method. Measured value is a few dB/ms and is nearly proportional to a half power of frequency.
Study of Ferroelastic Domains by Acoustic Microscopy
Authors: Kojima Seiji , Suzuki Tetsuro
Published: March 2014

Elastic properties of ferroelastic crystals have been studied using the scanning reflection acoustic microscope with the operating frequency around 420 MHz. Surface wave velocities have been determined by measurements of null spacings in the V
(z) curves. Ferroelastic domain patterns have been clearly observed due to the difference of the V
(z) curves between domains. The acoustic images of the inclined domain wall are investigated by changing the focal plane.
Holographic Sonar Imaging and its Real-Time Image Reconstruction
Authors: Sato Tomomasa
Published: March 2014

This paper describes the imaging results of a three-dimensional underwater system. The system is based on Holographic Sonar Imaging which combines the techniques of sonar and acoustical computer holography. The underwater experiments are done using formed stylol and a bicycle wheel as the targets. The real-time image reconstruction method of this system is also proposed. This method utilizes an acoustic lens and introduces the concept of synthesizing the image holograms. The possibility of real-time image reconstruction and obtaining a high resolution image are shown by computer simulation.
Vibration Performances of Various Shaped Piezoelectric Ceramic Transducers for Generating Ultrasonic Power
Authors: Sakuma Sadaomi , Ueha Sadayuki , Mori Eiji
Published: March 2014

Quantitative vibration performances in Pb(Zr·Ti)O3 transducers of various shapes for generating ultrasonic power are estimated based on the idea of volume velocities. The vibration velocity distribution patterns and electric imittance, which are obtained experimentally changing such shape-factors as diameter to thickness ratio, are used for calculating the performances. The quantitative estimations are carried out with various factors of effective radiation area ratio, mean velocity, etc. The manner of optimum selection of transducer shapes and their shape-factor to obtain better vibration performances is pointed out.
The Uses of Copper and Zinc Aluminates to Capture and Convert Carbon dioxide to Syn-gas at Higher Temperature
Authors: Raskar R. Y. , Gaikwad A. G.
Published: March 2014

The uses of copper and zinc aluminates to capture and convert the CO2 to syn-gas were studied at higher temperatures. The samples of copper and zinc aluminates were prepared by solid-solid fusion method by calcining in air at 900 oC for 3 h. Those samples were characterized by acidity/alkalinity, surface area, XRD pattern, IR, SEM images and screening to capture CO2 at the different temperatures. The phases Cu2O, CuO, ZnO, CuAl2O4 and ZnAl2O4 were found to be in the samples of zinc and copper aluminates. Acidity and surface area of the samples of copper and zinc aluminates were found to be in the ranges from 0.063 to 9.37 mmol g-1 and 3.04 to 11.8 m2 g-1, respectively. The captured CO2 by the samples of copper and zinc aluminates was found to be 19.92 to 31.52 wt% for the temperature range 40 to 850 oC. The captured CO2 at 550 oC by variable Zn/Al and Cu/Al mol ratio from 0.5 to 6 of the samples of copper and zinc aluminates was found to be 12.81 to 18.04 wt%. The reduction of carbon dioxide by zinc and copper aluminates was observed. The conversion of CO2 by methane over variable mol ratio of Cu/Al and Zn/Al in copper and zinc aluminates, respectively, at 500 oC showed the production of syn-gas by using the gas hourly space velocities (GHSV) 12000, 12000 and 6000 ml. h-1. g-1 of helium, CO2 and methane. The conversions of CO2 by methane over the samples of zinc and copper aluminates were studied at different mol ratios of CO2 to methane. © 2014 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)
Enolisation Kinetics of m-Nitro Acetophenone
Authors: Swati Malhotra Swati Malhotra , Jaspal Dipika
Published: March 2014

m-Nitroacetophenone was chosen for the study of kinetics of enolisation. The rate of the reaction was studied by iodination. The kinetics of the reaction was monitored under several conditions of variation of ketone concentration, dielectric constant of the medium , temperature, effect of catalyst etc. In addition to this four different amino acids viz. β-alanin, DL-alanin, L-alanin and Glycine were tested as catalyst for the enolisation process. The rate of enolisation was found to increase with the increase in then ketone concentration , percentage composition of the solvent mixture and also with the increase in the dipole moments of the amino acids. Pseudofirst order rate kinetics was operational and the rate constants were found to increase with the increase in the amino acid molarity. Linear plots obtained for log of rate constants versus reciprocal of temperature which were in good agreement with Arrhenius equation. The values of thermodynamic parameters like Entropy (∆S≠) , Enthalpy (∆H≠), energy of activation (∆Ea) and Free energy(∆F≠) were calculated and were found to be 2.6186 e.u. , 20.85 e.u. ,23.46 k cal mol-1 and 20.0 k cal mol-1 respectively. © 2014 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)
The Photocatalytic Activity of SiO2-TiO2/Graphite and Its Composite with Silver and Silver oxide
Authors: Rahmawati Fitria , Wahyuningsih Sayekti , Irianti Dian
Published: March 2014

This research study the mixed semiconductor of SiO2-TiO2 which was immobilized on graphite substrate and also studies the effect of surface modification on its mixed semiconductor. The surface modification was carried out by electrode position of Ag from 0.4 M of AgNO3 solution at various applied current. The electrode position was conducted for 30 minutes at 0.004; 0.008; 0.010; 0.012 and 0.014 A. In the electrode position cell, SiO2-TiO2/Graphite was used as cathode and a graphite rod was used as anode. The weight of deposited Ag was analyzed gravimetrically. The current efficiency of electrode position was calculated by comparing its experimental weight to its theoretical weight founded from calculation using Faraday’s equation for electrolytic cell. Meanwhile, the photo electrochemical testing was carried out to investigate the efficiency of induced photon to current conversion; it was measured as %IPCE (% Induced Photon to Current Efficiency). The crystallinity and crystal structure of the prepared materials were analyzed by X-ray diffraction and their surface morphology was analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). This research found that silver was deposited as silver metal, Ag and as silver oxide, AgO. The electrode position efficiency at applied current of 0.014 A is 92.30 % with diameter of cluster is 7 - 11.9 mm. It is founded that Ag and AgO deposition enhanced the efficiency of photon conversion into current up to 89.92 %. The optimum %IPCE value is at 28.6 % of Ag content. Ag-SiO2-TiO2/G has higher photo conversion than Ag-TiO2/G, shown by the %IPCE value at 300 nm is 83.25 % higher than Ag-TiO2/G. It indicates the significant role of silica network in photo excitation mechanisms in the composite material. © 2014 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)
Modification of Turen Bentonite with AlCl3 for Esterification of Palmitic Acid
Authors: Abdulloh Abdullah , Maryam Siti , Aminah Nanik Siti , Triyono Triyono , Trisunaryanti Wega , Mudasir Mudasir , Didik Prasetyoko Didik Prasetyoko
Published: March 2014

Natural Turen bentonite has been modified and applied as catalyst for palmitic acid esterification. Modification of natural Turen bentonite was conducted by cation exchange method using AlCl3 solution. Catalyst characterization was performed on X-ray Fluoroscence, X-ray Diffraction, nitrogen adsorption-desorption and infrared spectroscopy techniques. The catalytic activity test in the esterification reaction of palmitic acid with methanol was conducted by bath at 65 °C with a variation of reaction time of 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 h. Catalytic activity has been observed qualitatively using GC-MS and quantitatively by changes in acid number. The analysis showed the formation of Al3+-bentonite. Observation on the elements has shown that the presence of calcium decreased from 10.2% to 4.17%, with an increase of aluminium content from 9.9% to 13%. Diffraction line at 2θ 5.7379º became 5.6489º, along with changes in d-spacing of 15.3895 Å to 15.6319 Å. The surface area increased from 83.78 m2/g to 91.26 m2/g, while Brönsted acid sites increased from 10.2 µmol/g to 67.5 µmol/g and Lewis acid sites increased from 94.9 µmol/g to 132 µmol/g. Furthermore, Al3+-bentonite has showed as active catalyst in the esterification reaction of palmitic acid with palmitic acid with conversion of 78.78% for 5 h. © 2014 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)
Development of Nanoporous Ni-Sn Alloy and Application for Chemoselective Hydrogenation of Furfural to Furfuryl Alcohol
Authors: Rodiansono Rodiansono , Hara Takayoshi , Ichikuni Nobuyuki , Shimazu Shogo
Published: March 2014

A very simple synthetic procedure was developed for the preparation of Ni-Sn alloy catalysts that were utilised for chemoselective hydrogenation of furfural, producing furfuryl alcohol almost exclusively. The mixture of nickel nanoparticles supported on aluminium hydroxide (R-Ni/AlOH) and a solution containing tin was treated under hydrothermal condition, producing the as prepared nickel-tin alloy supported on aluminium hydroxide (Ni-Sn/AlOH). H2 treatment at range of temperature of 673-873 K for 1.5 h to the as prepared Ni-Sn/AlOH produced nanoporous Ni-Sn alloy catalysts. XRD patterns and SEM images revealed that the formation of Ni-Sn alloy of Ni3Sn and Ni3Sn2 phases and the transformation of crystalline gibbsite and bayerite into amorphous alumina were clearly observed after H2 treatment at 873 K. The formation of the Ni-Sn alloy may have played a key role in the enhancement of the chemoselectivity. © 2014 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)
Drilling Into the Track of the Yellowstone Hot Spot
Authors: Shervais John W. , Evans James P. , Schmitt Douglas R. , Christiansen Eric H. , Prokopenko Alexander
Published: March 2014

The Yellowstone supervolcano erupted roughly 640,000 years ago, covering much of North America in a thick coat of ash. Material ejected from the volcano devastated the surrounding area, and particles injected into the atmosphere changed the Earth's climate. Over the past 18 million years the Yellowstone hot spot has powered a series of similar eruptions. In southern Idaho, the 640‐kilometer‐long Snake River Plain traces the path of the Yellowstone hot spot over this period.
Sullivan Confirmed as NOAA Administrator
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: March 2014

The U.S. Senate confirmed Kathryn Sullivan as under secretary of commerce for oceans and atmosphere on 6 March. She also becomes administrator of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).
Set‐membership parity space approach for fault detection in linear uncertain dynamic systems
Authors: Blesa Joaquim , Puig Vicenç , Saludes Jordi , Fernández‐Cantí Rosa M.
Published: March 2014

In this paper, a set‐membership parity space approach for linear uncertain dynamic systems is proposed. First, a set of parity relations derived from the parity space approach is obtained by means of a transformation derived from the system characteristic polynomial. As a result of this transformation, parity relations can be expressed in regressor form. On the one hand, this facilitates the parameter estimation of those relations using a zonotopic set‐membership algorithm. On the other hand, fault detection is then based on checking, at every sample time, the non‐existence of a parameter value in the parameter uncertainty set such that the model is consistent with all the system measurements. The proposed approach is applied to two examples: a first illustrative case study based on a two‐tank system and a more realistic case study based on the wind turbine fault detection and isolation benchmark in order to evaluate its effectiveness. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new approach for motion capture using magnetic field : models, algorithms and first results
Authors: Aloui Saifeddine , Villien Christophe , Lesecq Suzanne
Published: March 2014

Indoor and outdoor applications such as sports and health monitoring as well as realistic 3D movie and game animations require ambulatory motion capture. Thus, creating a new low‐cost light‐weight wearable motion capture system that offers realistic motion estimates is of great interest. This paper presents a new approach for ambulatory human motion capture, featuring a body mounted magnetic field source and magnetic field sensors together with an estimation algorithm. A complete study of the model, the hardware, and the estimation algorithms is presented. Results obtained in the context of motion capture of human upper limbs illustrate the proposed approach.Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of 3‐Arylated 3,4‐Dihydrocoumarins: Combining Continuous Flow Hydrogenation with Laccase‐Catalysed Oxidation
Authors: Suljić Sanel , Pietruszka Jörg
Published: March 2014

A convenient arylation of diverse 3,4‐dihydrocoumarins with a number of catechols is described leading to a new class of compounds. As key step, a laccase‐catalysed oxidation/Michael addition sequence is applied using commercially available laccase from Agaricus bisporus. 3,4‐Dihydrocoumarins were obtained in a rapid and facile two‐step sequence starting from salicylaldehydes: The corresponding coumarins were synthesised through a Knoevenagel condensation in up to 83% yield followed by a quantitative reduction performed in a flow system. Combining the reductive flow reaction with the laccase‐catalysed arylation also led to successful consecutive one‐pot approaches. Overall, the enzyme‐catalysed arylations were carried out with yields ranging from 63 to 94%.

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Discovery of novel zeolites for natural gas purification through combined material screening and process optimization
Authors: First Eric L. , Hasan M. M. Faruque , Floudas Christodoulos A.
Published: March 2014

An efficient computational screening approach is proposed to select the most cost‐effective materials and adsorption process conditions for CH4/CO2separation. The method identifies eight novel zeolites for removing CO2from natural gas, coalbed methane, shale gas, enhanced oil recovery gas, biogas, and landfill gas sources. The separation cost is minimized through hierarchical material screening combined with rigorous process modeling and optimization. Minimum purity and recovery constraints of 97 and 95%, respectively, are introduced to meet natural gas pipeline specifications and minimize losses. The top zeolite, WEI, can recover methane as economically as $0.15/MMBTU from natural gas with 5% CO2to $1.44/MMBTU from natural gas with 50% CO2, showing the potential for developing natural gas reservoirs with higher CO2content. The necessity of a combined material selection and process optimization approach is demonstrated by the lack of clear correlation between cost and material‐centric metrics such as adsorption selectivity. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical EngineersAIChE J, 60: 1767–1785, 2014
Patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma and chromosome 1 amplification have poor outcomes despite the use of novel triplet regimens
Authors: Biran Noa , Malhotra Jyoti , Bagiella Emilia , Cho Hearn Jay , Jagannath Sundar , Chari Ajai
Published: March 2014

The prognostic impact of amplification of chromosome 1(C1A) in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (nMM) patients treated with the most commonly used bortezomib‐based triplet regimens is unclear. In this study, we analyzed the outcome of novel triplet therapies in a series of unselected patients with C1A detected by FISH. We identified 28 unselected nMM patients with C1A who had a gain of 1q21 locus. Despite 50% of patients being diagnosed at ISS stage 1 or 2 and 93% having no other high‐risk molecular findings, the median overall survival of all patients was only 37 months, with 8 deaths (29%) occurring 8–37 months after diagnosis. Those who died had a median of four lines (range was 1–8) of therapy. Moreover, 71% of patients were non‐Caucasian. Extra‐osseous and CNS involvement occurred in 36 and 11% of patients respectively. Gain of the long arm of chromosome 1 detected by FISH remains a high‐risk prognostic marker even in the setting of novel triplet therapies.Am. J. Hematol. 89:616–620, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Implementation of genomic medicine in a health care delivery system: A value proposition?
Authors: Wade Joanne E. , Ledbetter David H. , Williams Marc S.
Published: March 2014

The United States health care system is undergoing significant change and is seeking innovations in care delivery and reimbursement models that will lead to improved value for patients, providers, payers, and employers. Genomic medicine has the potential to be a disruptive innovation that if implemented intelligently can improve value. The article presents the perspective of the leaders of a large integrated healthcare delivery system regarding the decision to invest in implementation of genomic medicine. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Die Rolle der Ligandenfeldzustände im ultraschnellen photophysikalischen Zyklus der Eisen(II)‐Spinübergangsverbindung [Fe(ptz)6](BF4)2
Authors: Marino Andrea , Chakraborty Pradip , Servol Marina , Lorenc Maciej , Collet Eric , Hauser Andreas
Published: March 2014

Der LIESST‐Effekt (“light‐induced excited spin state trapping”) in Eisen(II)‐Spinübergangsverbindungen, das heißt, die lichtinduzierte Population des High‐spin‐Zustands (S=2) unterhalb der thermischen Übergangstemperatur, wurde vor 30 Jahren entdeckt. Für die Einstrahlung in Metall‐Ligand‐Charge‐Transfer(MLCT)‐Banden der Low‐spin‐Spezies (S=0) geht die anerkannte Relaxationskaskade in etwa 150 fs vom ursprünglich angeregten 1MLCT‐Zustand über den 3MLCT‐Zustand direkt in den High‐spin‐Zustand, wobei die tiefenergetischen Ligandenfeld(LF)‐Zustände umgangen werden. Die Beobachtung von LIESST und reverse‐LIESST mittels Einstrahlung direkt in die LF‐Banden in Systemen mit nur hochenergetischen MLCT‐Zuständen zeigt, dass diese dennoch eine Rolle spielen. Hier identifizieren wir den ersten angeregten S=1‐LF‐Zustand als Zwischenzustand mit einer Lebensdauer von 39 ps in der Kaskade von reverse‐LIESST, die auf die Anregung in den spinerlaubten LF‐Übergang der high‐spin Spezies im NIR folgt.
Total Synthesis of (±)‐Clavilactones A, B, and Proposed D through Iron‐Catalyzed Carbonylation–Peroxidation of Olefin
Authors: Lv Leiyang , Shen Baojian , Li Zhiping
Published: March 2014

Biologically significant clavilactones A, B, and the previously proposed D have been synthesized through iron‐catalyzed carbonylation–peroxidation of a 1,5‐diene. Three steps from aldehydes, alkenes, and tert‐butylhydroperoxide build up α,β‐epoxy‐γ‐butyrolactone skeleton as a key building block for synthesis of clavilactone family and its derivatives. Based on our results, the structure of the proposed clavilactone D is not correct and requires revision.
Hydrophobic Actuation of a DNA Origami Bilayer Structure
Authors: List Jonathan , Weber Michael , Simmel Friedrich C.
Published: March 2014

Amphiphilic compounds have a strong tendency to form aggregates in aqueous solutions. It is shown that such aggregation can be utilized to fold cholesterol‐modified, single‐layered DNA origami structures into sandwich‐like bilayer structures, which hide the cholesterol modifications in their interior. The DNA bilayer structures unfold after addition of the surfactant Tween 80, and also in the presence of lipid bilayer membranes, with opening kinetics well described by stretched exponentials. It is also demonstrated that by combination with an appropriate lock and key mechanism, hydrophobic actuation of DNA sandwiches can be made conditional on the presence of an additional molecular input such as a specific DNA sequence.
The Origin of Shape Sensitivity in Palladium‐Catalyzed Suzuki–Miyaura Cross Coupling Reactions
Authors: Collins Gillian , Schmidt Michael , O'Dwyer Colm , Holmes Justin D. , McGlacken Gerard P.
Published: March 2014

The shape sensitivity of Pd catalysts in Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reactions is studied using nanocrystals enclosed by well‐defined surface facets. The catalytic performance of Pd nanocrystals with cubic, cuboctahedral and octahedral morphologies are compared. Superior catalytic reactivity is observed for Pd NCs with {100} surface facets compared to {111} facets. The origin of the enhanced reactivity associated with a cubic morphology is related to the leaching susceptibility of the nanocrystals. Molecular oxygen plays a key role in facilitating the leaching of Pd atoms from the surface of the nanocrystals. The interaction of O2 with Pd is itself facet‐dependent, which in turn gives rise to more efficient leaching from {100} facets, compared to {111} facets under the reaction conditions.
Synthesis of dimethyldodecyl quaternary ammonium polyether polysiloxane and its film morphology and performance on fabrics
Authors: An Qiufeng , Zhao Jie , Li Xianqi , Wei Yuanbo , Qin Wen
Published: March 2014

A novel comb‐like polysiloxane (QPEPS) bearing dimethyldodecyl quaternary ammonium polyether groups (QPEs) was synthesized by reaction of epoxy polyether polysiloxane, which was prepared from polymethylhydrosiloxane (PHMS) and allyl polyether epoxy (APEE500) via hydrosilylation, with N,N‐dimethyldodecylamine (DMDA) in the presence of acetic acid (HAc). Chemical structure, film morphology, and performance of the synthesized polysiloxane on cotton and its mimic substrates were investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectrum, nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum, field emission scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and so on. As expected, the QPEPS was easily emulsified into a clear, uniform micro‐emulsion with a mean size of about 20 nm. Since the presence of a large number of cationic QPEs pendant in the side chains, the QPEPS exhibited microscopic inhomogeneous morphology with many pinnacles projected on the film surface. As a result, the root mean square roughness (Rq) of the QPEPS film reached 0.615 nm in 2 µm × 2 µm scanning field and the largest height of the pinnacles achieved 7.618 nm. And under the influence of the QPEs, the QPEPS provided the treated fabrics with not only very soft handle, but also excellent hygroscopicity. And the wettability of the treated fabrics reached 1–3 s. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40612.
Bis[3‐(diethoxyphosphoryl)propyl]diallylammonium chloride: Synthesis and use of its cyclopolymer as an antiscalant
Authors: Ali Shaikh A. , Haladu Shamsuddeen A. , Al‐Muallem Hasan A.
Published: March 2014

A new symmetrically substituted cationic monomer bis[3‐(diethoxyphosphoryl)propyl]diallylammonium chloride has been synthesized and cyclopolymerized to give the corresponding cationic polyelectrolyte (+) (CPE) bearing two identical (diethoxyphosphoryl)propyl penedents on the pyrrolidinium repeating units. The hydrolysis of the phosphonate ester in (+) (CPE) gave a pH‐responsive cationic polyacid (+) (CPA) bearing the motifs of a tetrabasic acid. The (+) (CPA) under pH‐induced transformation was converted into a water‐insoluble polyzwitterion acid (±) (PZA) or water‐soluble polyzwitterion/monoanion (± −) (PZMAN) or polyzwitterion/dianion (± =) (PZDAN) or polyzwitterion/trianion (± ≡) (PZTAN), all having identical degree of polymerization. The interesting solubility and viscosity behaviors of the polymers have been investigated in some detail. The apparent protonation constants of the anionic centers in (± ≡) (PZTAN) and its corresponding monomer (± ≡) (ZTAN) have been determined. Evaluation of antiscaling properties of the PZA using supersaturated solutions of CaSO4 revealed ≈100% scale inhibition efficiency at a meager concentration of 10 ppm for a duration over 71 h at 40°C. The PZA has the potential to be an effective antiscalant in Reverse Osmosis plants. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40615.
Correlation between interlamellar amorphous structure and gas permeability in poly(lactic acid) films
Authors: Sato Shuichi , Nyuui Tatsuki , Matsuba Go , Nagai Kazukiyo
Published: March 2014

We have investigated the relationship between amorphous structure and its gas permeability of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) using differential scanning calorimetry, wide‐angle X‐ray scattering, and small‐angle X‐ray scattering measurements. We focused on the hierarchical interlamellar amorphous structure of various gas‐permeable PLA films. The films crystallized just above Tg did not have any long‐spacing period peaks at the room temperature even with the existence of crystals; conversely, peaks could be observed from long spacing periods with heating. Therefore, the interlamellar amorphous density became as high as crystalline region one at the room temperature. These high‐density amorphous regions, the so‐called rigid‐amorphous phase, reduced the gas diffusion and permeation. In the case of samples crystallized above 90°C, the long spacing period peaks could be observed even at the room temperature. The amorphous region did not develop the rigid‐amorphous phase, and the gas permeability depended only on crystallinity. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40626.
Functionalized Carbon Nanoparticles, Blacks and Soots as Electron‐Transfer Building Blocks and Conduits
Authors: Lawrence Katherine , Baker Charlotte L. , James Tony D. , Bull Steven D. , Lawrence Ruth , Mitchels John M. , Opallo Marcin , Arotiba Omotayo A. , Ozoemena Kenneth I. , Marken Frank
Published: March 2014

Functionalized carbon nanoparticles (or blacks) have promise as novel active high‐surface‐area electrode materials, as conduits for electrons to enzymes or connections through lipid films, or as nano‐building blocks in electroanalysis. With previous applications of bare nanoblacks and composites mainly in electrochemical charge storage and as substrates in fuel cell devices, the full range of benefits of bare and functionalized carbon nanoparticles in assemblies and composite (bio)electrodes is still emerging. Carbon nanoparticles are readily surface‐modified, functionalized, embedded, or assembled into nanostructures, employed in bioelectrochemical systems, and incorporated into novel electrochemical sensing devices. This focus review summarizes aspects of a rapidly growing field and some of the recent developments in carbon nanoparticle functionalization with potential applications in (bio)electrochemical, photoelectrochemical, and electroanalytical processes.
Multi‐Pyrene Assemblies Supported on Stannoxane Frameworks: Synthesis, Structure and Photophysical Studies
Authors: Kundu Subrata , Metre Ramesh K. , Yadav Rajeev , Sen Pratik , Chandrasekhar Vadapalli
Published: March 2014

Organostannoxanes have been used as scaffolds for the preparation of multi‐chromophore assemblies. A single‐step synthesis procedure allows the preparation of compounds in which the number of chromophore units can be varied from two to six. Thus, the reactions of pyrene sulfonic acid (PySO3H) or C16H9CHNC6H3(COOH)2 (LH2) with various organotin precursors gave pyrene‐containing organostannoxanes, that is, [Ph3SnPySO3]6 (1), [{(Me2Sn)2(μ3‐O)(μ‐OH)PySO3}2{(Me2Sn)2(μ3‐O)(μ‐OH)H2O}2⋅2 PySO3] (2), [{tBu2Sn(OH)PySO3}2] (3), [{(nBuSn)12(O)14(OH)6{PySO3}2] (4), and [{(nBu2Sn)L}3]2⋅C6H5CH3 (5). Compounds 1–5 were characterized by using X‐ray crystallography. Compounds 1 and 5 are 24‐membered macrocycles. Macrocycle 1 possesses intramolecular π–π stacking interactions. An unusual co‐crystal of two tetrameric ladders in 2 was observed in which one of the components of the co‐crystal is neutral whereas the other is dicationic and two pyrenesulfonate counterions are present to balance the overall charge. In the solid state these compounds reveal rich supramolecular structures. Photophysical studies on 1–5 reveal that interactions in the solid state lead to considerable broadening of the emission bands.
Alkene Isomerization–Hydroarylation Tandem Catalysis: Indole C2‐Alkylation with Aryl‐Substituted Alkenes Leading to 1,1‐Diarylalkanes
Authors: Yamakawa Takeshi , Yoshikai Naohiko
Published: March 2014

A cobalt‐N‐heterocyclic carbene catalyst generated from CoBr2, imidazolium salt, and cyclohexylmagnesium bromide was found to promote the imine‐directed C2‐alkylation of indoles with nonconjugated arylalkenes through a tandem alkene isomerization–hydroarylation process, affording 1,1‐diarylalkanes with exclusive regioselectivity. The feasibility of the tandem catalysis was demonstrated for allyl‐, homoallyl‐, and bishomoallylbenzene derivatives. The catalytic system is also applicable to a variety of β‐substituted styrene derivatives. Mechanistic experiments using deuterium‐labeled indole substrate and Grignard reagent provided insight into the cobalt‐mediated CH activation step, which likely involves exchange of the C2‐hydrogen atom of the former and the β‐hydrogen atoms of the latter.
Autism‐Related Neuroligin‐3 Mutation Alters Social Behavior and Spatial Learning
Authors: Jaramillo Thomas C. , Liu Shunan , Pettersen Ami , Birnbaum Shari G. , Powell Craig M.
Published: March 2014

Multiple candidate genes have been identified for autism spectrum disorders. While some of these genes reach genome‐wide significance, others, such as the R451C point mutation in the synaptic cell adhesion molecule neuroligin‐3, appear to be rare. Interestingly, two brothers with the same R451C point mutation in neuroligin‐3 present clinically on seemingly disparate sides of the autism spectrum. These clinical findings suggest genetic background may play a role in modifying the penetrance of a particular autism‐associated mutation. Animal models may contribute additional support for such mutations as functionally relevant and can provide mechanistic insights. Previously, in collaboration with the Südhof laboratory, we reported that mice with an R451C substitution in neuroligin‐3 displayed social deficits and enhanced spatial learning. While some of these behavioral abnormalities have since been replicated independently in the Südhof laboratory, observations from the Crawley laboratory failed to replicate these findings in a similar neuroligin‐3 mutant mouse model and suggested that genetic background may contribute to variation in observations across laboratories. Therefore, we sought to replicate our findings in the neuroligin‐3 R451C point mutant knock‐in mouse model (NL3R451C) in a different genetic background. We backcrossed our NL3R451C mouse line onto a 129S2/SvPasCrl genetic background and repeated a subset of our previous behavioral testing. NL3R451C mice on a 129S2/SvPasCrl displayed social deficits, enhanced spatial learning, and increased locomotor activity. These data extend our previous findings that NL3R451C mice exhibit autism‐relevant behavioral abnormalities and further suggest that different genetic backgrounds can modify this behavioral phenotype through epistatic genetic interactions. Autism Res 2014, 7: 264–272. © 2014 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Rapid Flow‐Based Peptide Synthesis
Authors: Simon Mark D. , Heider Patrick L. , Adamo Andrea , Vinogradov Alexander A. , Mong Surin K. , Li Xiyuan , Berger Tatiana , Policarpo Rocco L. , Zhang Chi , Zou Yekui , Liao Xiaoli , Spokoyny Alexander M. , Jensen Klavs F. , Pentelute Bradley L.
Published: March 2014

A flow‐based solid‐phase peptide synthesis methodology that enables the incorporation of an amino acid residue every 1.8 min under automatic control or every 3 min under manual control is described. This is accomplished by passing a stream of reagent through a heat exchanger into a low volume, low backpressure reaction vessel, and through a UV detector. These features enable continuous delivery of heated solvents and reagents to the solid support at high flow rate, thereby maintaining maximal concentration of reagents in the reaction vessel, quickly exchanging reagents, and eliminating the need to rapidly heat reagents after they have been added to the vessel. The UV detector enables continuous monitoring of the process. To demonstrate the broad applicability and reliability of this method, it was employed in the total synthesis of a small protein, as well as dozens of peptides. The quality of the material obtained with this method is comparable to that for traditional batch methods, and, in all cases, the desired material was readily purifiable by RP‐HPLC. The application of this method to the synthesis of the 113‐residue Bacillus amyloliquefaciens RNase and the 130‐residue DARPin pE59 is described in the accompanying manuscript.
Metacognitive group training for forensic and dangerous non‐forensic patients with schizophrenia: A randomised controlled feasibility trial
Authors: Kuokkanen Riitta , Lappalainen Raimo , Repo‐Tiihonen Eila , Tiihonen Jari
Published: March 2014

Background

In schizophrenia, the presence of certain cognitive biases has been established. Informed by this, metacognitive training (MCT) has been developed for schizophrenia. There is increasing evidence of its effectiveness with some patients, but its applicability to dangerous patients has not yet been demonstrated.

Aims

Our aim was to test the feasibility of a randomised controlled trial (RCT) of MCT for patients in a high‐security hospital setting.

Methods

Twenty of 33 eligible and selected male in‐patients with schizophrenia and a history of violence were randomised pairwise to eight sessions of MCT or treatment as usual. Symptom severity and reasoning, according to the jumping to conclusions paradigm, were measured before, immediately after treatment, and 3 and 6 months later.

Results

Men in both groups completed the trial, and those in the MCT arm, almost all of the group sessions. The MCT arm had a significant advantage in improvement of ‘suspiciousness’, greatest at 3 months, but then declining. No significant improvement in reasoning ability was achieved.

Conclusions

Metacognitive training showed sufficient promise in this group for a full trial to be worthwhile, and the feasibility of an RCT methodology, even in a secure hospital, was established. The fact that the improvements faded during follow‐up suggests that a useful modification to the treatment would be lengthening the protocol, repeating it, or both. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Palladium Nanoparticles Supported on Nitrogen‐Functionalized Active Carbon: A Stable and Highly Efficient Catalyst for the Selective Hydrogenation of Nitroarenes
Authors: Li Zelong , Li Jinlei , Liu Jianhua , Zhao Zelun , Xia Chungu , Li Fuwei
Published: March 2014

Nitrogen‐functionalized active carbon‐supported ultrasmall Pd nanoparticles were conveniently prepared by using a postloading method. The Pd catalyst was highly active and selective for the hydrogenation of nitroarenes at room temperature under ambient pressure. Reducible groups such as ketone, carboxylic acid, and ester were not hydrogenated, and the corresponding anilines were obtained quantitatively. The Pd catalyst demonstrated high stability and could be reused 10 times without the loss of catalytic performance.
Electrochemical Desalination for a Sustainable Water Future
Authors: Knust Kyle N. , Hlushkou Dzmitry , Tallarek Ulrich , Crooks Richard M.
Published: March 2014

We present an introduction to the broad field of desalination by providing a brief review of modern thermal, membrane, and electrochemical technologies. However, the main focus of this article is to introduce a fundamentally new and potentially powerful electrochemical approach to desalination: electrochemically mediated desalination (EMD). EMD is a membraneless desalination method that uses a simple power supply to oxidize a small fraction of the chloride ions present in seawater. This results in the generation of a local electric field gradient, which consequently separates ions to produce partially desalted water.
Nonlinear Self‐Organizing Kinetics in the Electrochemical Growth of Alumina Nanotube Arrays
Authors: Fan Xing , Liao Longfa , Chang Yu , Liu Zuohua , Du Jun , Tao Changyuan
Published: March 2014

The nonlinear self‐organizing kinetics that occur during the electrosynthesis of porous anodic alumina (PAA) are investigated. It is first found that the ordered PAA nanoarray forms through the self‐organization of aluminum hydroxide colloids, rather than the traditional pitting‐corrosion mechanism. There is more than one parallel reaction path in the system, and a nonlinear feedback mechanism exists in one of them. Both the spatial periodicity of the nanoarray and the time periodicity of the current are dominated by a nonlinear reaction path during the self‐organization of the diffusion–reaction coupled system. The electrochemical growth mechanism is analyzed and dynamic Equations are established. The self‐catalysis effect of the condensed cationic intermediates on the hydrolysis and condensation of Al hydroxide is explained. This widely exists in the electro‐dissolution of various metals and plays a key role in electrochemical oscillation or self‐organization when the system is driven far from its equilibrium state by the electric field. The slow diffusion of the condensed cations in the gel is key for the formation of the nanoarrays, which provides new ideas for structure control during the synthesis of ordered nano‐oxides.
Separation of organic acid compounds from biological samples by zinc oxide nanoparticles–chitosan using genetic algorithm based on response surface methodology and artificial neural network
Authors: Khajeh Mostafa , Gharan Mohsen
Published: March 2014

In this study, zinc oxide nanoparticles–chitosan based on solid phase extraction and high performance liquid chromatography was developed for the separation of organic compounds including citric, tartaric and oxalic acids from biological samples. For simulation and optimization of this method, the hybrids of genetic algorithm with response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN) have been used. The predictive capability and generalization of both predictive models (RSM and ANN) were compared by unseen data. The results have shown the superiority of ANN compared with RSM. At the optimum conditions, the limits of detections of 2.2–2.9 µg L−1 were obtained for the analytes. The developed procedure was then applied to the extraction and determination of organic acid compounds from biological samples. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Small Change in Central Linker Has a Profound Effect in Inducing Columnar Phases of Triazine‐Based Unconventional Dendrimers
Authors: Lai Long‐Li , Hsieh Jei‐Way , Cheng Kung‐Lung , Liu Shih‐Hsien , Lee Jey‐Jau , Hsu Hsiu‐Fu
Published: March 2014

Four unconventional triazine‐based dendrimers have been prepared and characterized by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopies, mass spectrometry, and elemental analysis. Based on DSC studies, polarizing microscopy, and powder XRD, two of these dendrimers, containing linkers with an odd number of carbon atoms, were observed to display columnar liquid–crystalline phases during thermal treatment. However, the other two dendritic analogues, containing linkers with an even number of carbon atoms, were not observed to behave correspondingly. Based on computer simulation, we reasonably assume that the dendrimers with an odd number of carbon atoms in their linkers distort their molecular shape and adopt two isomeric structures due to asymmetrical congestion. This reduces the molecular π–π face‐to‐face interaction, which in turn causes the dendrimers to form columnar LC phases during thermal treatment. However, the dendrimers with an even number of carbon atoms in their linkers have more symmetrical skeletons and do not display any liquid–crystalline phase upon thermal treatment. This new strategy should be applicable for eliciting the columnar liquid–crystalline properties of other types of unconventional dendrimers with rigid frameworks.
Composition‐Tailored 2 D Mn1−xRuxO2 Nanosheets and Their Reassembled Nanocomposites: Improvement of Electrode Performance upon Ru Substitution
Authors: Kim Su‐Jeong , Kim In Young , Patil Sharad B. , Oh Seung Mi , Lee Nam‐Suk , Hwang Seong‐Ju
Published: March 2014

Composition‐tailored Mn1−xRuxO2 2 D nanosheets and their reassembled nanocomposites with mesoporous stacking structure are synthesized by a soft‐chemical exfoliation reaction and the subsequent reassembling of the exfoliated nanosheets with Li+ cations, respectively. The tailoring of the chemical compositions of the exfoliated Mn1−xRuxO2 2 D nanosheets and their lithiated nanocomposites can be achieved by adopting the Ru‐substituted layered manganese oxides as host materials for exfoliation reaction. Upon the exfoliation–reassembling process, the substituted ruthenium ions remain stabilized in the layered Mn1−xRuxO2 lattice with mixed Ru3+/Ru4+ oxidation state. The reassembled Li–Mn1−xRuxO2 nanocomposites show promising pseudocapacitance performance with large specific capacitances of approximately 330 F g−1 for the second cycle and approximately 360 F g−1 for the 500th cycle and excellent cyclability, which are superior to those of the unsubstituted Li–MnO2 homologue and many other MnO2‐based materials. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy analysis provides strong evidence for the enhancement of the electrical conductivity of 2 D nanostructured manganese oxide upon Ru substitution, which is mainly responsible for the excellent electrode performance of Li–Mn1−xRuxO2 nanocomposites. The results underscore the powerful role of the composition‐controllable metal oxide 2 D nanosheets as building blocks for exploring efficient electrode materials.
A 1,3‐Indandione‐Functionalized Tetraphenylethene: Aggregation‐Induced Emission, Solvatochromism, Mechanochromism, and Potential Application as a Multiresponsive Fluorescent Probe
Authors: Tong Jiaqi , Wang Yijia , Mei Ju , Wang Jian , Qin Anjun , Sun Jing Zhi , Tang Ben Zhong
Published: March 2014

A tetraphenylethene (TPE) derivative substituted with the electron‐acceptor 1,3‐indandione (IND) group was designed and prepared. The targeted IND‐TPE reserves the intrinsic aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) property of the TPE moiety. Meanwhile, owing to the decorated IND moiety, IND‐TPE demonstrates intramolecular charge‐transfer process and pronounced solvatochromic behavior. When the solvent is changed from apolar toluene to highly polar acetonitrile, the emission peak redshifts from 543 to 597 nm. IND‐TPE solid samples show an evident mechanochromic process. Grinding of the as‐prepared powder sample induces a redshift of emission from green (peak at 515 nm) to orange (peak at 570 nm). The mechanochromic process is reversible in multiple grinding–thermal annealing and grinding–solvent‐fuming cycles, and the emission of the solid sample switches between orange (ground) and yellow (thermal/solvent‐fuming‐treated) colors. The mechanochromism is ascribed to the phase transition between amorphous and crystalline states. IND‐TPE undergoes a hydrolysis reaction in basic aqueous solution, thus the red‐orange emission can be quenched by OH− or other species that can induce the generation of sufficient OH−. Accordingly, IND‐TPE has been used to discriminatively detect arginine and lysine from other amino acids, due to their basic nature. The experimental data are satisfactory. Moreover, the hydrolyzation product of IND‐TPE is weakly emissive in the resultant mixture but becomes highly blue‐emissive after the illumination for a period by UV light. Thus IND‐TPE can be used as a dual‐responsive fluorescent probe, which may extend the application of TPE‐based molecular probes in chemical and biological categories.