bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modelling of the hose and drogue in air-to-air refuelling
Authors: Bloy A. W. , Khan M. M.
Published: October 2022

A static model of the hose and drogue used to provide data in a realtime flight simulation of air-to-air refuelling is presented. The model predicts (a) the interference effect of the flow around the nose of a combat receiver aircraft on the pre-contact position of the drogue and (b) the hose shape and the loads induced on the receiver probe during contact. The use of the static model in the pre-contact case is validated for a normal closure speed by comparison with the results from a small perturbation dynamic analysis. At higher closure speed the static model is found to be less satisfactory. In a typical receiver approach a movement of the drogue similar to the drogue radius is predicted.
Velocity corrections in generalised Hohmann and bi-elliptic transfer orbits
Authors: Kamel O. M. , Soliman A. S.
Published: October 2022

For generalised Hohmann and bi-elliptic transfer orbits, we applied small tangential impulses at peri-apse and apo-apse to acquire the precise destination elliptic orbit stemming from an initial orbit. There are four cases for this correctional or improvement process. We take into consideration the first configuration for the time being. We determined the four relationships connecting the increments in major axes and eccentricities with the correctional increments in velocities ΔvA, ΔvB at points A, B for the generalised Hohmann case. We assigned the three relationships - for the bi-elliptic transfer - connecting slight changes in major axes with small increments in velocities at points A, B, C due to motor thrusts.
The compressive buckling performance of anti-symmetric composite laminates and the effect on behaviour of membrane-flexural coupling
Authors: Loughlan J.
Published: October 2022

The compressive stability of anti-symmetric angle-ply laminated plates with particular reference to the degrading influence of membrane-flexural coupling is reported in this paper. A specific configuration of anti-symmetric laminate is dealt with in the paper and this takes the form [θ/-θ]n whereby 2n is the total number of plies in the laminated stack. With regard to compressive buckling the paper gives an indication that anti-symmetric laminates with 8 plies or more will yield performance levels which are almost identical to their symmetric counterparts. The degree of membrane-flexural coupling in the laminated composite plates is varied, essentially, by changing the ply angle and also by altering the number of plies in the laminated stack, for a given composite material system. The coupled compressive buckling solutions are determined using the finite strip method of analysis. In order to provide an adequate level of flexibility in the analysis procedure and to ensure a high level of accuracy of solution, the buckling displacement fields of the strip formulation are those which are described in a multi-term form.

Results are given for anti-symmetric angle-ply laminated plates subjected to uniaxial and biaxial compression and these have been obtained from fully converged finite strip structural models. Validation of the finite strip formulation is indicated in the paper through comparisons with exact solutions where appropriate. The natural half-wavelength of the compressive buckling mode of the composite plates is shown to be significantly influenced by variation in the ply angle. Increasing the number of plies in the laminated system is seen to reduce the degree of coupling and the critical stress levels are noted to tend towards the plate orthotropic solutions. The ply angle corresponding to the optimised, compressive buckling stress for any particular laminate is noted in the paper to be influenced by the support boundary conditions at the plates unloaded edges.
Aerodynamic performances of propellers with parametric considerations on the optimal design
Authors: D’Angelo S. , Berardi F. , Minisci E.
Published: October 2022

In this paper two numerical procedures are presented: the first algorithm allows for the determination of the geometric characteristics of the maximum efficiency propeller for a given operative condition and profile distribution along the blade; the output of this numerical procedure is the chord distribution and twist angle of the blade, together with its efficiency and its torque and thrust coefficients for the prescribed operative condition. The aerodynamic characteristics of the optimum propeller when operating in a condition different from the design one are obtained by a second algorithm that allows for the evaluation of the efficiency, the thrust and torque coefficients of a propeller of known geometry, when the blade pitch and operative condition are varied.

In the paper the formulation used for deriving the geometry of the optimum propeller and determining its performances when operating off-design is described in detail. The results obtained from the proposed propeller model have been validated by comparison with experimental data.
Recent Research and Writings on the Role of the Military in Latin America
Authors: McAlister L. N.
Published: October 2022

As recently as 1960, edwin lieuwen observed that “on the general subject of militarism in Latin America no important books have yet appeared,” (Arms and Politics in Latin America, N.Y., 1960:279) a judgment that has never been seriously disputed. This is not to say that before that year the political role of the Latin American armed forces went unnoticed by historians and social scientists. On the contrary both the scholarly and popular literature dealing with the area abounds with references to militarism. From a scholarly point of view, however, the bulk of this production is unsatisfying.
Contemporary Trends in Folklore Research
Authors: Robe Stanley L.
Published: October 2022

Twenty-five years ago folklore scholarship in latin america was the result of the efforts of a handful of professionals and the contributions of a body of devoted amateurs, who operated independently and in isolation from one another. Today the changing picture of Latin American folklore research makes a review of the field highly appropriate. Outwardly there has been an increasing frequency and variety of publication, but more significant is a basic concern with a definition of folklore that will satisfy Latin American scholars. Accompanying this concern with a philosophy of folklore scholarship is an increasing emphasis upon methodology and the organization of folklore studies. Financial support for folklore investigation is more likely to be forthcoming now than a generation ago, although unfortunately there are exceptions.
A Review of Ecological Research in Middle America
Authors: Bennett Charles F.
Published: October 2022

When I first undertook the task of compiling information on ecological research in Middle America it seemed best to concentrate on one facet of this many-faceted science. After some time and reflection, however, I concluded that a greater service would be performed for the reader by an overview of most of the subject area encompassed by ecology. I have attempted to present this overview in the pages that follow.

The reader is warned that depth has been sacrificed for breadth and that no attempt to review all the literature has been made. To do so would require far more space than is available. Therefore it is certain that some readers will find missing what they may consider to be a specially important or interesting paper. To them I offer apology.
Philosophy and University Reform at the University of Chile: 1842–1973
Authors: Jaksić Iván
Published: October 2022

During the 1960s, several academics from the Department of Philosophy at the University of Chile became involved in a dispute concerning the aims of both the philosophical discipline and the university as a whole. Because this dispute turned into a conflict of national proportions and brought about the collapse of the administrative structure of the university in May of 1968, it raises a number of questions abut the motivations of these academics and the extent to which the philosophical discipline, as cultivated in Chile, inspired their words and deeds in relation to university affairs.
A Literary Vision of History: Marxism and Positivism in Terra nostra by Fuentes
Authors: Boling Becky
Published: October 2022

Carlos Fuentes's preoccupation with history is best expressed in Terra nostra (1975). This novel constitutes a rewriting of Western history from the Roman Empire to the end of the twentieth century for the purpose of tracing the historical and ideological bases of contemporary Latin America. In this work, Fuentes proposes to identify the origin of Latin American structures within the historical and ideological configuration of Hapsburg Spain. To this end, his novel portrays an all-encompassing vision of the conquest and the founding of the New World that situates the reader at the crossroads of Hispanic history. Such a goal simultaneously requires an interpretation of the sociopolitical and conceptual history of the West and an evaluation of the premises that gave rise to the Modern Age.
The Role of the Public Sector in the Economic Development of the Greater Caribbean: A Survey and Commentary
Authors: Andic Fuat M. , Andic Suphan
Published: October 2022

The past two decades have seen an enormous proliferation in writings on economic development, planning, and programming. Equipped with the aggregative tools of economic analysis acquired since the Thirties, economists have searched for methods and policy measures by which to further economic development. In many developing countries the government has assumed the responsibility of pursuing a deliberate, rational, and consistent economic policy in achieving the objectives of development, in accordance with established priorities, by direct and/or indirect interventions into the performance of the economy. With this expanded role of the public sector, the budget has come to acquire an important role as a policy instrument, since it reflects the qualitative and quantitative aspects of public policy, and puts into effect public policy measures influencing economic activity.
Recent United States Studies in Latin American History: Trends Since 1965
Authors: Bergquist Charles W.
Published: October 2022

United States Studies in Latin American History, Since their Emergence as a distinct body of literature in the early years of the twentieth century, have been much more tradition-bound than their counterparts in United States and European history. More descriptive than analytical, they concentrated on diplomatic, military, political, and institutional history. They were legalistic and elitist in their approach, a reflection in part of their subject matter. But many other factors accounted for their traditionalism. Narration and description seemed justifiable first steps in a field practically devoid of serious scholarly attention. The dearth of research aids and the accessibility of certain types of source materials influenced the nature of the work undertaken. Less tangible factors were also present. It was easy to justify studies about former Spanish territories later incorporated into the United States since, after all, such studies were really a part of “American” history, and a “romantic” part at that. A case could also be made for the study of Spain and her empire in the New World. Once Europe's greatest military power and master of a world-wide empire, Catholic, aristocratic Spain subsequently became the rival of England, source of the dominant liberal, Protestant culture of the United States. Moreover, as the United States itself began to acquire overseas colonies, was it not important to assess more objectively the Spanish experience with empire? But what was the importance of studying the dismal and chaotic post-independence history of Spain's former colonies in America? Perhaps concerned about the reception of their work in an area many people considered marginal, United States historians of Latin America produced impeccable scholarship on themes of proven acceptability. Working largely in isolation from United States social scientists, unlike their colleagues in United States history, they remained remote from the fascinating tools and concepts being developed in other disciplines. Moreover, although many first-rate scholars contributed works of solid worth and enduring value, the field as a whole seems to have failed to attract the most imaginative and original minds.
Income Distribution and the Quality of Life in Latin America: Patterns, Trends, and Policy Implications
Authors: Felix David
Published: October 2022

Latin America, more than other regions of the capitalist world, has been characterized by persistently high concentration of income and wealth and by limited trickling-down of the material gains from output growth. This situation was an enduring characteristic of “modern economic growth” in Latin America during its era of crecimiento hacia afuera, from the mid-nineteenth century to the onset of the Great Depression of the 1930s. It has remained so, with some modification, during the subsequent half-century, despite industrialization, rapid urbanization, the spread of education, and other conquistas sociales in many of the countries, and despite the faster economic-growth rates since World War II. Indeed, a further rise of income concentration accompanying that postwar growth is statistically detectable in many of the countries. By combining pre-World War II data with plausible inference, one can also deduce a still longer-run rising-concentration trend from the mid-nineteenth century, with oscillations downward in periods of slow growth and upward during fast growth periods. The result in most countries has been a slow improvement at best for the lowest 60 percent of the population in the more measurable and less ethnocentric dimensions of that amorphous concept, the quality of life.
La Revista Conjunto y el Nuevo Teatro Latinoamericano
Authors: Layera Ramón
Published: October 2022

La importancia y el valor de las revistas literarias en el desarrollo de cualquier literatura es algo que no necesita justificación. Son ellas la bitácora y el recuento fidedigno de un momento, de un período y, a veces, la fuente generadora y receptora del fenómeno literario. Sin acudir a ellas, difícilmente podrían medirse y apreciarse en su dimensión más auténtica e inmediata el clima intelectual y la circunstancia históricosocial en que se originan muchas de las obras literarias. Dan prueba fehaciente de ello los diversos estudios al respecto, especialmente los dos libros de Boyd G. Carter acerca del papel desempeñado por las revistas literarias en la historia de la literatura hispanoamericana.
Research at GDR Universities on Latin America
Authors: Goethner Karl-Christian
Published: October 2022

As in other European socialist countries, in the German Democratic Republic (GDR), research on Latin America has increased steadily since the 1960s. After the reopening in 1946 of the high schools and universities in what was then the Soviet Occupied Zone, research and teaching on problems of Latin America developed initially in a sporadic way according to the personal interests of scholars within various scientific disciplines. From the beginning, however, these efforts were founded upon the democratic and humanistic traditions of German research on Latin America. The scholars tried consciously to uphold the heritage of Alexander von Humboldt, above all his idea of mutual give-and-take and his sympathy for the fight for independence against the Spanish colonial regime.1 By eschewing nationalistic, racist, and eurocentrist biases, Latin American studies in the German Democratic Republic aim, in the von Humboldt tradition, to avoid patronizing the Latin American people.
Representations of Power in Pilgrim Tales from the Brazilian Northeast
Authors: Slater Candace
Published: October 2022

Padre Cícero Romão Batista, the priest who allegedly worked miracles until his death in 1934, has become a symbol for the vast, poverty-ridden Northeast of Brazil. Every year nearly a million pilgrims come to visit his adopted city, Juazeiro do Norte, in the arid interior of the state of Ceará. The fact that their journeys are not a remnant of the past, but a steadily growing reflection of the present, makes stories about the priest of special interest to social scientists as well as literary scholars. Although the pilgrimage in honor of Padre Cícero is not the largest in the country, it is the biggest in honor of a nonsaint anywhere in the Western world today.
Recent Materials and Opportunities for Quantitative Research in Latin American History: Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries
Authors: McGreevey William Paul
Published: October 2022

In 1968, I was offered the opportunity to prepare a brief survey of resources and prospects for quantitative research in Latin American History by the ad hoc Committee on Quantitative Data of the American Historical Association. I was at first charged with treatment of the whole period 1500-1960, but the willingness of John TePaske to undertake a lion's share of the task ended in limiting my responsibility to ‘only’ the 19th and 20th centuries. The results of that survey, as indeed those of Professor TePaske's work, are available in the collection of papers edited by Val R. Lorwin and Jacob Price, The Dimensions of the Past. In the notes which follow I will try to avoid repeating any of the presentation in that work and will instead try to build a bridge between that effort of five years ago and developments in this field of research in the past few years.
Antônio Francisco Lisboa, ‘O Aleijadinho’: An Annotated Bibliography
Authors: Hogan James E.
Published: October 2022

The state of minas gerais, atop the central brazilian plateau, has long cast a spell over people of adventurous spirit. For years it supplied the Portuguese empire with a seemingly endless supply of mineral wealth. In 1698, gold was discovered and the famous ‘century of gold’ was ushered in. The mines of Minas proved to be among the richest ever worked by man and they provided the base for the luxurious Mineiro society that flourished throughout the eighteenth century.
The Study of Latin American Politics in British Universities
Authors: Stansfield David E.
Published: October 2022

The study of politics in british universities has traditionally been historical in approach and parochial in scope. It is only recently that the teaching and research interests of British political scientists have spread beyond the Anglo-European parliamentary tradition to the more ‘exotic’ areas of what is inaccurately called the ‘Third World’. In the first half of this century the observation and analysis of political activity in the non-European parts of the world were the unchallenged concerns of travellers, diplomats, and journalists; and their writings found few serious readers in the universities. Their work was regarded, and often conceived, as a species of adventurers' tales describing quaint but essentially pre-political societies.
Australian Manuscript Sources and Programs for the Study of the History of Latin America
Authors: Bader Thomas M.
Published: October 2022

A Vital Interest in the Affairs of Latin America has Grown Recently in Australia. There, in that land “in back of the beyond,” professors are offering new programs of Latin American Studies while their librarian counterparts have strengthened their holdings through active participation in the Latin American Cooperative Acquisition Program (LACAP) and in the Seminars on the Acquisition of Latin American Library Materials (SALALM). The move of Claudio Véliz from the Universidad de Chile to the Chair of the Department of Sociology, La Trobe University (Bundoora, Victoria), will stimulate further the development of Latin American Studies in the Antipodes, while the resurgence of trans-Pacific sailings during the past decade is attracting the interest of the Australians to the nations across the Pacific. It is worth noting that last year Professor Gilbert Butland of the University of New England, Armidale (New South Wales) published a general study entitled The Other Side of the Pacific: Problems of Latin America (Sydney, 1972).
Images and Influences: The Legacy of the Founding Fathers and the Federal System in Ecuador
Authors: Price Joedd
Published: October 2022

Generally speaking, all nations have stereotyped images of other nations. These are frequently inaccurate, yet they form the basis upon which people “feel for or against other nations, interpret their behavior as villainous or good, judge their actions, and judge what they themselves as a nation should do in relation to the others. It follows, of course, that if the images are false, the resulting course of action can hardly ever be adequate.” As noted in an image study by UNESCO: “If the peoples of the world are to learn to live together in peace they need to know one another better. As matters stand, each of us has oversimplified, stereotyped concepts of other peoples. These concepts are usually erroneous, out of date and, all too frequently, negative in character. Clearly this is not material with which to build mutual understanding and tolerance.”
Towards A Bibliography of Latin American Short Story Anthologies
Authors: Foster Jerald
Published: October 2022

Due to the interest in the Latin American short story generated by writers such as Borges, Cortázar, García Márquez, Fuentes, and many others, there is a need for more information on the development of this genre in Latin America and compilations of the information already available. Good sources of material on both authors and stories are often short story anthologies. There are a number of anthologies that deal with various themes, periods, authors, countries, and stories, and offer teacher, student, or aficionado a kaleidoscopic view of the cuento in Latin America.
Motivos Políticos en la Poesía Quechua
Authors: Zubritski Yu. A.
Published: October 2022

Mientras que la población de la Europa Occidental en el proceso de su historia étnica comenzó el paso de las nacionalidades (o sea pueblos) a las naciones, en el lejano e incógnito continente, todavía no descubierto, tuvo lugar un complicado proceso de formación de nacionalidades. Y una de las nacionalidades más numerosas y poderosas que se formaba en el continente era la de los quechuas a los cuales con frecuencia se ha aplicado el término no muy adecuado de “incas.”
Venezuelan Investment in Florida: 1979
Authors: Wilkins Mira
Published: October 2022

Since 1973, Venezuela has had extraordinary oil revenues. These go to the government and from the government to its employees and contractors. The monies have filtered into the Venezuelan economy, where large profits have been made in selling imported goods, construction, banking, and light industry. There are opportunities for investment in Venezuela, but the affluent Venezuelan is already a participant in a multitude of businesses; thus, when Florida real estate brokers sold properties in Caracas, Venezuelans, who had been looking for places to invest monies, were obvious customers. Indeed, so great had been the number of purchases of Miami condominiums that the Venezuelan government, in November 1977, put restrictions on sellers in Venezuela of foreign land and real estate, but not on the buyers. Monies have continued to flow out of Venezuela, which (at the time of this writing) has no restrictions on the capital exporter.
Working-Class Organization and Politics in Argentina
Authors: Di Tella Torcuato S.
Published: October 2022

The political expression of the Argentine working class has been a subject of concern to social scientists and other interested observers for some time. The country was one of the first in Latin America to have autonomous trade unions and political parties or ideological groups dedicated to the defense of labor interests. During the 1940s a major reorientation took place associated with the advent of Peronism. How did this change come about? Was it a totally new departure, or was it rather an adjustment of tactics on the part of the existing structures? How different is the Argentine labor movement—both in its trade unions and its political expressions—from others in comparable countries? This article seeks to explore this problem, based on a theoretical reassessment of the issues involved in working-class organizations as they emerged in the Argentine historical experience.
Family Bonds and the Bondsman: The Slave Family in Colonial Colombia
Authors: Chandler David L.
Published: October 2022

There has been much controversy over the nature of the institution of slavery, the relative humanity or lack of it in those slave holding nations which practiced it, and its benign or baleful effects upon the blacks on whom it was inflicted. Much has been said about the harshness of Anglo-American slavery and the relatively mild nature of Spanish American slavery, which respected a slave's basic humanity and rights of person, property, and family. Yet little has been done to quantify and document how those attitudes applied in practice. We have had little precise information about the slave family as it existed in the Spanish American colonies and the extent or use of slave property, or about the slaves' access to the legal system that might protect and defend his person, his property, or his family. New sources and methodology have begun to challenge long-held assumptions about both Anglo-American as well as Spanish American slavery. If any conclusion is warranted, it may be that slavery varied widely from place to place and was influenced perhaps as much by differing economic circumstances as by differences in cultural attitudes.
Sources for the Study of Puerto Rican History: A Challenge to the Historian's Imagination
Authors: Silvestrini-Pacheco Blanca , de los Angeles Castro Arroyo María
Published: October 2022

The 1970s were particularly fruitful for the field of Puerto Rican historiography. A number of works were published, not only on the Island but abroad, which showed the trend of current and future research. New topics were being dealt with from a variety of updated viewpoints and methodologies, and previously studied problems were revised in the light of newly available sources, as was the case, for example, with slavery. Various factors have contributed notably to this situation: the assiduous exchange of ideas among Puerto Rican, Latin American, North American, and European researchers, a process which, although slow, has served to involve Puerto Rico in recent historiographical trends; the involvement of the Island in international affairs; the opening of new collections of valuable historical materials; the institutionalization at the university level of graduate study in the field of history; and, in general, a greater emphasis on Puerto Rican cultural identity.
Racism, Culture and Revolution: Ideology and Politics in the Prose of Nicolás Guillén
Authors: Márquez Roberto
Published: October 2022

To think of Nicolás Guillén is to be immediately reminded of two observations. The first by José Martí, who, quite aptly argued:

La poesía es durable cuando es obra de todos. … Para sacudir todos los corazones con las vibraciones del propio corazón es preciso recibir de la humanidad los gérmenes e inspiraciones. … Sin estas condiciones, el poeta es planta tropical en clima frío, no puede florecer.
Plus ÇA Change …: The English Edition of Cardoso and Faletto'SDependencia y Desarrollo en América Latina
Authors: Packenham Robert A.
Published: October 2022

The publication of the English edition of Cardoso and Faletto (1979) is a “happening,” an “event.” Consider the following:

Of all the approachesto development, particularly Latin American development, of the last fifteen years, none has had deeper or more pervasive influence, especially in the United States, than the dependency perspective.
A World-System Perspective on Dependency and Development in Latin America
Authors: Chase-Dunn Christopher K.
Published: October 2022

Fernando Henrique Cardoso and Enzo Faletto's now-classic analysis of Latin American dependent development is perhaps the most important synthesis of the shifting alliances between classes and interest groups that have been cause and consequence of nation-building, state formation, and capital accumulation in Latin America. The book is admirable in many ways, but especially in the scale of its focus across time and space. Rather than telling us every detail of a particular country or period it uses an analytical perspective based on class analysis to compare “situations of dependency” across Latin America from the period of decolonization in the early nineteenth century to the 1970s. I am not a Latin Americanist and so I cannot evaluate the many interpretations of political events in the book. Rather my comments will focus on its theoretical implications, its special strengths, and its possible limitations from the point of view of the capitalist world system as a whole.
The Field of Creole Language Studies
Authors: DeCamp David
Published: October 2022

A decade ago, the study of pidgin and creole languages was highly compartmentalized. Very few linguists dealt with both pidgins and creoles. Few students of creole English were aware of current studies in other widely separated geographical areas, even of studies of the same language (e.g., Chinese pidgin English, Hawaiian English, Jamaican creole, and West African Krio). This compartmentalization is now rapidly breaking down. Linguists now view pidgins and creoles as two phases, perhaps even as only two aspects, of the same linguistic process. The geographical and interlingual barriers have so eroded that although a linguist may think of himself as primarily a Caribbeanist or a French creolist, he can no longer ignore work in other areas and other languages. Students of Haitian French and of Trinidadian English realize that they are dealing not with similar linguistic problems, but with the same linguistic problem. There is an increasing tendency to speak not of creoles but of creole.
A Communication on University Reform
Authors: Chavarría Jesús
Published: October 2022

Since the late 1950's interest in Latin American university student politics has increased in this country. Such concern has mainly focused on the contemporary importance of Latin American university student movements. Detailed and sophisticated socio-political analyses have been rendered, with the end in mind, though not always, of explaining the political socialization of Latin American university students, i.e., what makes a student a radical or a conservative. Frequently, the exegetes of Latin American university student politics have made references to the problem of historical origins. In that connection, reference has been made to the University Reform Movement, in particular, to the Córdoba events of June 1918.
Recent Trends in Quantitative History: Colonial Latin America
Authors: TePaske John J.
Published: October 2022

In 1968, in an article prepared for the American Historical Association Ad Hoc Committee on Quantitative Data (but not published until 1972), I discussed materials, opportunities, problems, and priorities for quantitative research in Latin American colonial history. Specifically, that article included a discussion of the evolution of quantitative studies on colonial Hispanic America, a description of the data available, possible topics for research, opinions on the future of quantification in the field, and an extensive bibliography. The present article is intended to complement that earlier piece—to discuss new factors giving impetus to quantitative history, to list some of the major contributions since 1968 in Latin American colonial history, to revise some old views, and to offer some new suggestions.
I. Mexico
Authors: Toscano Alejandra Moreno , Alvarez Manuel Alvarez , de Tagle Rosa María Sánchez , Anaya Carlos Aguirre , Morales María Dolores , de Ruiz Sonia Lombardo , Rojas José Antonio
Published: October 2022

El Seminario de Historia Urbana del Departamento de Investigaciones Históricas del INAH reune a un número variable de investigadores, de especialidades diversas, y a un grupo de estudiantes que reciben formación de investigación en historia urbana. La dirección del Seminario está a cargo de Alejandra Moreno Toscano, investigadora de El Colegio de México. El Seminario sobre Problemas Metodológicos en Historia Urbana de Agosto de 1974 tuvo como propósito principal, confrontar diversas investigaciones en curso, subrayando sus dificultades metodológicas.
Latin American Studies in the United States: A Critique and A Proposal
Authors: Soares Gláucio Ary Dillon
Published: October 2022

In this paper I present the views of a Latin American sociologist, partly trained in the United States, on Latin American Studies in this country. This is not a research paper but a frank and open presentation of my impressions, however opinionated. The aim is to stimulate reflection and debate, not to appease or to compromise. Implicit in all this are the following beliefs: (a) The training of Latin Americanists in the United States today is generally poor; (b) much of the research on Latin America carried out in the United States today is second-rate; (c) this situation can be improved; and, most important, (d) it is to Latin America's advantage, and not to its disadvantage, that such improvement take place.
Casal's Cuban Counterpoint of Art and Reality
Authors: Schulman Ivan A.
Published: October 2022

It has been traditional to treat the life and art of Julián del Casal and José Martí as antithetical statements.

Si Martí encarna entre nosotros las nupcias del espíritu con la realidad, con la naturaleza y con la tierra misma, Julián del Casal (1863-93) significa todo lo contrario. Su incapacidad radical para asumir la realidad, que unas veces interpreta como signo de “idealismo,” de pureza y anhelo inconciliables con lo mezquino de la circunstancia, y otras, las más, como fatal “impotencia” de su ser, se resuelve en un estado de ánimo dominante: el hastío.
Union Election Data as a Political Indicator
Authors: Epstein Edward C.
Published: October 2022

In recent years, a considerable effort has been made in political science to facilitate cross-national research of a truly comparative nature. One common strategy is to assemble statistical data from as many nations as possible that then can serve as quantitative indicators for a variety of political, social, and economic phenomena. The use of quantitative operationalizations allows for statistical testing of appropriate hypotheses. While the goals of such data collection are most certainly praiseworthy, a variety of questions can and ought to be raised about the quality of much of the data made so readily available to today's researchers. My purpose here is to illustrate the risks involved in the unwary use of one such “quantitative indicator”—trade union electoral statistics. What is true for the election data is also true in varying degrees for other types of statistical information from Latin America.
Antonio Maceo: Heroes, History, and Historiography
Authors: Fagen Patricia Weiss
Published: October 2022

On 7 December 1897, on the outskirts of Havana in San Pedro, a small party of Cuban rebels led by Lieutenant General Antonio Maceo y Grajales was ambushed by a Spanish patrol. General Maceo was killed; at his side, Panchito Gómez Toro, son of the Cuban Commander-in-Chief Máximo Gómez, also died. The surviving Cuban soldiers buried the two bodies in a secret grave to protect them from desecration by the Spanish forces. Several days later in Havana, the Spanish commander-in-chief, General Valeriano Weyler, learned of Maceo's death and celebrated. Weyler, whose cruelties had earned him the enduring title of “the butcher,” gathered his officers and supporters around him; they feasted, drank, and prematurely toasted Spanish victory. They could not imagine that the rebels would continue to fight once they had lost the superhuman figure of Maceo.
The Internal Frontier and Technological Progress in Latin America
Authors: Street James H.
Published: October 2022

Two recent events originating outside Latin America have had powerful negative effects on the growth process under way in most countries of the region. These were the OPEC oil crisis of October 1973 and the ensuing economic decline in the industrial world in 1974 and 1975—the worst international recession since World War II. If the trends represented by these events continue, they threaten to render unmanageable the acute short-term problems they have imposed on countries that were already in difficulty, such as Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay. Moreover, emergency measures undertaken by several governments have tended to distract attention from long-term pressures that are inexorably building up in the region and may even aggravate these pressures before they are recognized as requiring a concerted regional response.
Bibliography on Science and Technology Policy in Latin America
Authors: James Dilmus D.
Published: October 2022

I regret the lack of time for annotating the more important entries in this bibliography. In lieu of annotation, little need be said: scholars who are knowledgeable will require no guidance; the uninitiated can plunge in and begin using it. Yet a few comments are offered for what they are worth. Comercio Exterior, the monthly publication of Banco de México de Comercio Exterior, is by far the leading journal publishing literature on science and technology in developing countries with, naturally, an emphasis on Latin America. The Department of Scientific Affairs, Organization of American States is the second most prolific source, with El Trimestre Económico perhaps the third most important publishing vehicle. World Development, a relatively new journal, has been coming on strong in the last several years.
El Departamento de Ciencias Sociales de la Fundación Bariloche: Diez Años de Actividad
Authors: Bariloche Fundación
Published: October 2022

El 1° de abril de 1967 comienza a funcionar el Departamento de Sociología de la Fundación Bariloche, creado sobre la base de un grupo de trabajo en Sociología. En 1974 se transforma en Departamento de Ciencias Sociales, con el ingreso de un grupo de trabajo en Ciencia Política. En sus inicios el Departamento contó con tres investigadores de planta. Actualmente su número es de once. Computando el número de estudiantes realizando trabajo de posgrado, se llega a veinticuatro miembros académicos en el Departamento. Siete miembros no académicos cumplen funciones de apoyo técnico-administrativo.
The Pulperos of Caracas and San Juan During the First Half of the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Kinsbruner Jay
Published: October 2022

The pulperos were the largest group of small, independent entrepreneurial storekeepers officially categorized and supervised in Spanish America during the colonial period and the nineteenth century. There are no studies of them. There were other small storekeepers, such as owners of bakeries or fish stores, who were far fewer in number, or artisan storekeepers, who occasionally were many in number but who were craft oriented rather than purely business oriented. What follows is a preliminary report. A final analysis and presentation must await an intensive, long-term study of the pulperos and bodegueros in Caracas, Medellín, or Buenos Aires, as circumstances permit, that will not be completed for several years.
The Prosopography of the Brazilian Empire
Authors: Barman Roderick , Barman Jean
Published: October 2022

An increasing amount of research has been undertaken in the last decade on the power structure of the Empire of Brazil (1822–89). In common with similar work on the rest of Latin America, many of the studies on Brazil have adopted the concept of the elite for their theoretical framework. And, as elite studies must do if they are to be more than speculative, several of the works have drawn on prosopography, or collective biography, to support the interpretations of the power structure that they advance. If the results have not, in general, been entirely satisfactory, this is largely due to the limitations in the prosopographical materials used. Since the materials have not easily lent themselves to a proper quantitative approach, they have been used selectively in the form of examples, the validity and relevance of which must always be suspect.
An Introduction to Some Sources of Historical Statistics of Latin America
Authors: Randall Laura
Published: October 2022

Researchers wishing access to historical statistics of Latin America can obtain assistance from many institutions. One of the most helpful is the Inter-American Statistical Institute (c/o Secretariat, Organization of American States, Washington, D.C. 20006), which recommends the following:
Research Inventory on Holdings of Historical Statistics of Latin America
Authors: Randall Laura
Published: October 2022

This research inventory was prepared to provide information on current research into quantitative historical studies and to bring up to date and expand the information provided in William G. Tyler's Data Banks and Archives for Social Science Research in Latin America (CLASP Publication No. 6, 1975). Information published in Data Banks is not republished here.
Ph.D. Dissertations on social Change and Development in Central America (1960–1974): An Addendum to the Snarr-Brown List
Authors: Woodward Ralph Lee , Webre Stephen
Published: October 2022

The title of D. Neil Snarr and E. Leonard Brown's “An Analysis of Ph.D. Dissertations on Central America: 1960–1974” (LARR 12, no. 2 [1977]) suggests a comprehensive compilation and analysis of dissertation research on Central America between 1960 and 1974. While one might have hoped for coverage of a broader period, particularly since the 1950s produced several significant doctoral dissertations on Central America, such a title promises at least a handy bibliographic reference tool for Central Americanists. A close reading of the article unfortunatley makes it clear that it offers much less than that and in fact represents a distortion of the reality of doctoral research on Central America in the 1960s and early 1970s.
Concerning Pigs, the Pizarros, and the Agro-Pastoral Background of the Conquerors of Peru
Authors: Vassberg David E.
Published: October 2022

The history of the Pizarros, conquerors of Peru, is inseparably bound with images of swine. If we are to believe the chronicler Gómara, the Pizarro-pig association began when the illegitimate infant Francisco was abandoned at a church door, where he survived by suckling a sow for several days. Later, according to Gómara, the young Francisco's father recognized his offspring, but only to make him his swineherd. Though the former of these two stories is probably fantasy, the latter should not be rejected out of hand, as will become clear later. But whether true or not, the legend of the swineherd-turned-conquistador has sparked the historian's imagination for centuries.
Wishful Thinking as an Obstacle to Development in Latin America: A Critique of Street's Internal Frontier
Authors: Clinton Richard Lee
Published: October 2022

My task in critiquing James Street's recent article, “The Internal Frontier and Technological Progress in Latin America (LARR 12 no. 3, [1977]), is made doubly difficult because I am in agreement with so much of what he has to say and because he has qualified and strengthened his argument by incorporating in the final version of the essay most of the criticisms I offered on an earlier draft. Our already similar views were brought more into alignment, for instance, by the addition of such statements as the following: ”There is thus an enormous field developing for systematic research in what have been called ‘appropriate’ or ‘intermediate’ technologies“ (p. 50); ”In view of the gravity of the short-term crisis and the distorting pressures of long-term forces that have been described, it is entirely possible, if not probable, that no global strategy will emerge that will alleviate these trends“ (p. 50); ”By its nature an educational process takes time, and the trends described earlier may be moving with such speed that the development problems of Latin America will become increasingly intractable“ (p. 53).
A Perspective on the Brazilian State
Authors: Dye David R. , de Souza e Silva Carlos Eduardo
Published: October 2022

This essay is devoted to a critique of the interpretation of the present Brazilian regime given in a recent work by Philippe Schmitter, an interpretation that is organized around the themes of “Bonapartism” and “restoration/Portugalization” (Schmitter 1973). The basic problem treated by means of these concepts is that of the relation between the state and social classes in Brazil. Our argument will be that Schmitter's usage rips these concepts out of their original historical context and attempts to utilize them in a context in which they do not really fit. They are therefore only of limited use for understanding the nature of the post-1964 regime, and in fact their application can easily lead us to lose sight of what is specifically new in the political economy of Brazil today. Having made our criticisms, we will advance a number of alternative hypotheses about how that regime's relation to the fundamental classes of Brazilian society should be understood.
La Expresión “Filosofía Latinoamericana”
Authors: Biagini Hugo E.
Published: October 2022

Se procurará deslindar algunas significaciones que cobija la debatida noción de filosofía latinoamericana; sin ánimo de suponer por ello que se esté frente a un asunto que, al estilo neopositivista, pueda disolverse bajo el mero análisis lingüístico. Por el contrario, se trata de un problema que elude las divisorias tajantes, tal como la naturaleza que avanza y se entremezcla más allá de las marcaciones cartográficas. Al mismo tiempo, se ilustrarán los aspectos acotados, aunque posponiendo el examen de sus tan desiguales grados de importancia reflexiva y pragmática.
Comparisons of Construction Costs in Latin America
Authors: Salazar-Carrillo Jorge
Published: October 2022

This note examines the level and structure of construction costs in Latin America in the late sixties, comparing them with those obtained in the early sixties by the Economic Commission for Latin America (ECLA). The cost trends over this period are then examined.
D. C. M. Platt: The Anatomy of “Autonomy”
Authors: Stein Stanley J. , Stein Barbara H.
Published: October 2022

The concept of dependency, Platt asserts, is “scarcely sustainable” because its historical foundation is unconvincing. “Students of chrono-politics (history),” he implies, find unacceptable the notion that “development and expansion” of Western Europe's economy dominated and conditioned that of Latin America since the conquest. The fact that Dos Santos' definition of dependency denies the presence of autonomous development in Latin America is “critical.” Economic autonomy, according to Platt, is the leitmotif of Latin America's evolution, certainly to the close of the nineteenth century, when there “finally awoke metropolitan interest in the neglected periphery.”
The Residential Patterning of Latin American and Other Ethnic Populations in Metropolitan Miami
Authors: Aguirre B. E. , Schwirian Kent P. , La Greca Anthony J.
Published: October 2022

Past studies of urban ethnic residential patterns have focused mainly on European immigrant populations of our large, old, northern industrial centers. These studies have shown in general that (1) residential dissimilarity is a pervasive feature of ethnic settlement; (2) residential dissimilarity among ethnic groups, according to various indicators, denotes the social distance among groups; (3) social status differences only partly explain residential differences among ethnic groups; (4) ethnic groups most centralized in urban residential space are most recent in their immigration; and (5) with the exception of the black population, residential segregation and centralization decline with the length of time of the ethnic group's residence in the society.