bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
From Disposable to Empowered: Rearticulating Labor in Sri Lankan Apparel Factories
Authors: Goger Annelies
Published: November 2013

This paper engages the dis/articulations perspective to analyze everyday processes of upgrading in the Sri Lankan apparel industry Using feminist ethnographic methods that see management discourses as tools of interpellation that partially configure systems of power, I examine how managers are rearticulating worker subjectivities, restructuring the labor process to organize consent, and selectively mobilizing ‘Sri Lankan’ culture to legitimate a shift to flexible production. I argue that value is not only produced through interfirm or firm–state relations, but is also determined by the labor process as it is shaped by legacies of colonialism, persisting hierarchies, and the everyday reproduction of social difference. This research suggests that upgrading cannot be reduced to an economic logic and that it does not guarantee sustained global competitiveness or more egalitarian development. These findings call for more attention to be paid to the ways in which upgrading is a complex process of disarticulation and rearticulation that is occurring through an embodied, global labor-management process.
Index Insurance and the Articulation of Risk-Bearing Subjects
Authors: Johnson Leigh
Published: November 2013

In the last decade a growing number of efforts have been made to insure the weather-related production risks of rural agricultural households in the Global South via microinsurance contracts linked to environmental indices. Such index insurance products are increasingly championed for their ostensible capacity to decrease vulnerability, ‘crowd in’ rural credit, and increase productive risk taking. This paper presents an empirical and theoretical framework for understanding the explosion of these projects, demonstrating that the formation of financial consumer subjects who are themselves agricultural producers is an emerging and consequential process within the dynamics of (dis)articulation. Rather than being hindered by the absence of the real subsumption of land or labor to capital, the derivative nature of the index insurance form—offering only the possibility of remuneration instead of indemnification of loss—makes it especially well suited to operating in precisely such conditions on the edges of (non)market relations.
Zones of Transformation? Informal Construction and Independent Zoning Plans in East Jerusalem
Authors: Braier Michal
Published: November 2013

Since the occupation and annexation of East Jerusalem in 1967, state-endorsed planning policies of restriction and demolition have had a profound oppressive effect on Palestinian urban development and political activity in the city. While the effects of this oppression have been widely discussed, this paper offers a closer look at ‘ground-level’ planning processes. The analysis of independent local zoning plans submitted by Palestinians to legalize and expand their houses reveals a wider range of activity, negotiations, and inconsistencies. I argue that the practice of the independent plans, as small-scale yet unmediated acts operating from within the institutional planning system, presents a form of encroachment on the bureaucratic apparatus. While the ‘spot-zoning’ amendment to the planning and building law originally resulted from pressures to promote free-market logic in urban planning practices, it unwittingly opened up the possibility for excluded and subordinated residents to pursue a new course of action. Thus, the concurrent tendencies of the Israeli planning system towards ethnonational goals, rational–comprehensive planning episteme, and the neoliberal logic have led to unexpected, at times contradictory, results. I claim that by dwelling on the inherent tensions between these tendencies, the independent plans work towards transforming the urban context into an arena for negotiating rights and positing demands that cannot be articulated in the political sphere.
The Geographies of Policy Translation: How Nudge Became the Default Policy Option
Authors: Jones Rhys , Pykett Jessica , Whitehead Mark
Published: November 2013

This paper examines the emergence of libertarian paternalism or ‘nudge’ as a rationale of government in the UK and charts the way in which this development has been enabled by, and has enabled, a process of policy translation. We examine: the reasons for the emergence of libertarian paternalism in the UK; the processes that have enabled libertarian paternalism to become a significant way of framing policy in the UK for both the New Labour and the Coalition administrations; the way in which this set of policy initiatives has been predicated upon a process of social and spatial embedding that has seen it become interpreted as a meaningful and default solution to a whole host of social ills. We conclude by arguing that there is a need to appreciate both the political malleability of libertarian paternalism as a concept and the complex geographies that have enabled it to assume political significance in the UK.
Interstitial Metamorphoses: Informal Urbanism and the Tourist Gaze
Authors: King Ross , Dovey Kim
Published: November 2013

Marina Warner has argued that it is in the interstices between inconsistent cultures and ideas that creativity and new paradigms—metamorphoses—arise. In cities of the developing world, the most prominent instances of interstitial spaces and practices relate to questions of urban informality. In one sense, informal settlements insert themselves in the cracks and gaps of the formal city; in another sense, there are the frictions where informal space rubs against the formal, with interstitial practices arising in the cracks and gaps that such confrontations produce; informal economies emerge, spaces and practices are intertwined and intersecting. In yet a further sense, informal practices can invade even the most emblematic spaces of state and formal economy. So, a question: where might one seek signs of metamorphosis—new forms of creativity, new ways of thinking, transformation to a different social condition—in these various forms of informal/formal intersections and interstices? We explore this question with regard to public spaces and political events in Bangkok. The argument of this paper is that a new and potentially transformational level of invasion comes with the searing gaze of global media and tourist intrusion.
Building Type Production and Everyday Life: Rethinking Building Types through Actor-Network Theory and Object-Oriented Philosophy
Authors: Kärrholm Mattias
Published: November 2013

The aim of this paper is to reconceptualise ‘building type’ in order to better account for its general role in society and everyday life. The paper merges the concept of building type with actor-network theory and object-oriented philosophy in order to develop the concept of ‘territorial sorts’ as a way of widening building-type research and making it more useful for investigating how building types are actually produced, not just in terms of the work done by different kinds of authorities, such as architects, engineers, and building regulators, but also in terms of the ongoing practices and power relations of everyday life.
Domestic Lighting and the off-Grid Quest for Visual Comfort
Authors: Vannini Phillip , Taggart Jonathan
Published: November 2013

Drawing from ethnographic research in Canadian off-grid homes, this paper examines the notion of visual comfort. Like other types of comfort, visual comfort is an affective sensibility whose intensity and achievement are highly variable. Through their unique historical trajectories grid-connected homes have achieved and normalized visual comfort in particular ways, but—as the experiences of off-grid homes show—in no way is domestic visual comfort achievable only by flicking on an electric lightbulb powered by distant sociotechnical assemblages. Comfort is, in fact, not a uniform experience and off-gridders' practices show vividly what it means to achieve it differently—in variable intensities and through alternative entanglements of nature and culture. In particular, we argue that off-gridders' comfort is a direct reflection of their involvement in its production, ensuing from their participation in electricity generation.
IMap and IMap2 Produce Erroneous Statistical Maps of Eye-Movement Differences
Authors: McManus I Chris
Published: November 2013

The programs iMAP and iMAP2, developed by Caldara and Miellet (2011 Behavior Research Methods 43 846–878), have attempted to implement a general approach to the analysis of eye-movement data, providing not only ‘heat maps’ of areas of greater and lesser activity but also, and potentially of great practical importance, significance tests which take into account spatial autocorrelation in fixation locations. The tests in particular allow different groups to be compared, as in one of Caldara and Miellet's example datasets where fixation patterns of Western Caucasian and East Asian participants are said to be significantly different. The present paper argues that the significance tests, as implemented, used an inappropriate algorithm and therefore gave erroneous results. In particular, if participants are randomly allocated to two groups, which is a conventional randomization test, then in every case the program claimed to find ‘significant differences‘, which cannot be correct. A simple, modified statistical technique, based around a simple two-group t-test, with error functions and spatial autocorrelation taken into account, finds no differences between the example groups of participants. That conclusion is reinforced by analyzing simulated data with or without true differences, when iMAP/ iMAP2 always finds significant differences, irrespective of sample size, whereas the modified method finds significant differences for only the largest sample sizes. Previous research using iMAP/ iMAP2 may have come to erroneous conclusions about differences in fixation patterns between groups.
The Effects of Perceptual Priming on 4-Year-Olds' Haptic-to-Visual Cross-Modal Transfer
Authors: Kalagher Hilary
Published: November 2013

Four-year-old children often have difficulty visually recognizing objects that were previously experienced only haptically. This experiment attempts to improve their performance in these haptic-to-visual transfer tasks. Sixty-two 4-year-old children participated in priming trials in which they explored eight unfamiliar objects visually, haptically, or visually and haptically together. Subsequently, all children participated in the same haptic-to-visual cross-modal transfer task. In this task, children haptically explored the objects that were presented in the priming phase and then visually identified a match from among three test objects, each matching the object on only one dimension (shape, texture, or color). Children in all priming conditions predominantly made shape-based matches; however, the most shape-based matches were made in the Visual and Haptic condition. All kinds of priming provided the necessary memory traces upon which subsequent haptic exploration could build a strong enough representation to enable subsequent visual recognition. Haptic exploration patterns during the cross-modal transfer task are discussed and the detailed analyses provide a unique contribution to our understanding of the development of haptic exploratory procedures.
Subsymmetries Predict Auditory and Visual Pattern Complexity
Authors: Toussaint Godfried T , Beltran Juan F
Published: November 2013

A mathematical measure of pattern complexity based on subsymmetries possessed by the pattern, previously shown to correlate highly with empirically derived measures of cognitive complexity in the visual domain, is found to also correlate significantly with empirically derived complexity measures of perception and production of auditory temporal and musical rhythmic patterns. Not only does the subsymmetry measure correlate highly with the difficulty of reproducing the rhythms by tapping after listening to them, but also the empirical measures exhibit similar behavior, for both the visual and auditory patterns, as a function of the relative number of subsymmetries present in the patterns.
Role of Polarization in Halogen Bonds
Authors: Clark Timothy , Murray Jane S. , Politzer Peter
Published: November 2013

A classical point-charge self-consistent polarization model has been used to investigate the role of polarization in the CF3Cl:OH2 complex. The polarised electron densities of the monomers component are shown to be a good representation of the electron densities of complexes, especially CF3Cl. The point-charge model overestimates the polarization of the water molecule, which is likely because exchange repulsion is unaccounted for in the classical model calculations.
Differences in brushtail possum home-range characteristics among sites of varying habitat and population density
Authors: Whyte Belinda I. , Ross James G. , Blackie Helen M.
Published: November 2013

Context
In New Zealand, the Australian brushtail possum is a pest, because this species preys on native birds and transmits bovine tuberculosis (bTB) to livestock. Previous studies on possums have shown that home-range characteristics differ depending on habitat and/or population density. However, direct comparisons between studies are limited because of the use of differing monitoring techniques, some of which are now out-dated and imprecise. Understanding how possum ranging behaviour varies in response to habitat and density may allow the development of more effective and site-specific control operations. For example, variations in home-range characteristics (e.g. home-range overlap with conspecifics) among populations may mean that bTB transmission risk is not uniform among populations, resulting in the need for some sites to be prioritised for control over others.

Aims
To investigate whether home-range characteristics varied among three sites of differing habitat and population density, and investigate whether possum home-range characteristics varied between males and females.

Methods
Global Positioning System (GPS)- and VHF-tracking were used to compare possum home-range characteristics among three sites. Two sites were within pine (Pinus radiata) habitat and had low-density possum populations, and one site was within oak (Quercus robur) and sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus) habitat, and had a higher-density possum population.

Key results
Possum home-range characteristics did not vary between the two low-density sites. However, these populations exhibited considerably larger home-range sizes and home-range overlap between pairs of collared possums than did the high-density population. In addition, the low-density populations used more dens and changed these more often. Across all sites, there were generally no intersexual differences in home-range characteristics.

Key conclusions
The present research highlights that the home-range characteristics of possums can vary among populations, depending on habitat and/or population density.

Implications
Further research into the drivers of possum home-range characteristics would be beneficial to allow identification of how spatial behaviour is likely to vary depending on habitat and density. This would allow the design of more targeted and therefore effective control strategies that account for these variations in behaviour, such as using a larger spatial scale of control devices where possums are known to range further.
Maurer's clefts, the enigma of
Plasmodium falciparum
Authors: Mundwiler-Pachlatko Esther , Beck Hans-Peter
Published: November 2013

Plasmodium falciparum
, the causative agent of malaria, completely remodels the infected human erythrocyte to acquire nutrients and to evade the immune system. For this process, the parasite exports more than 10% of all its proteins into the host cell cytosol, including the major virulence factor
Pf
EMP1 (
P. falciparum
erythrocyte surface protein 1). This unusual protein trafficking system involves long-known parasite-derived membranous structures in the host cell cytosol, called Maurer’s clefts. However, the genesis, role, and function of Maurer’s clefts remain elusive. Similarly unclear is how proteins are sorted and how they are transported to and from these structures. Recent years have seen a large increase of knowledge but, as yet, no functional model has been established. In this perspective we review the most important findings and conclude with potential possibilities to shed light into the enigma of Maurer’s clefts. Understanding the mechanism and function of these structures, as well as their involvement in protein export in
P. falciparum
, might lead to innovative control strategies and might give us a handle with which to help to eliminate this deadly parasite.
Linear aggregation of proteins on the membrane as a prelude to membrane remodeling
Authors: Simunovic Mijo , Srivastava Anand , Voth Gregory A.
Published: November 2013

Significance

The remodeling of lipid membranes accompanies many cellular processes, such as the formation of organelles, division, trafficking, and signaling. Although many proteins have been implicated to play roles in these processes, their vast complexity precluded the profound understanding of how they occur at the molecular level. The most notable membrane remodelers are proteins containing one of several types of Bin/amphiphysin/Rvs (BAR) domains. They adhere and insert into the membrane to sculpt it into different shapes. Our work demonstrates that N-BAR proteins arrange into string-like aggregates and meshes that generate the initial curvature on the membrane. Our observation on the self-assembly of proteins elucidates the way these proteins may interact rapidly to participate in complex cellular machineries.
The visual representation of metaphor
Authors: Feng Dezheng , O’Halloran Kay
Published: November 2013

Complementing cognitive theories which attribute the understanding of visual metaphors to situational and cultural contexts, this study adopts a social semiotic perspective to investigate how visual images themselves are constructed to cue conceptual metaphors. The visual realization of metaphors in representational, interactive and compositional meaning structures is elucidated based on Kress and van Leeuwen’s (2006) visual grammar. It is found that most types of visual metaphor identified by cognitive linguists can be explained within the framework. Instances of visual metaphor in advertisements are analyzed in terms of their persuasive effects. It is concluded that the social semiotic framework is able to provide a comprehensive account of the visual realization of metaphor, and in addition, the study also offers a cognitive explanation of how resources like camera positioning and composition acquire meanings.
Unifying self-responsibility and solidarity in social security institutions
Authors: Frericks Patricia
Published: November 2013

Welfare states and social security institutions are positioned at a nexus of the two principles self-responsibility and solidarity resulting in higher or lower social inequality. Despite historical and national particularities, it is possible to identify common tendencies in their relational developments in Europe. Here, four of them will be analysed. The analysis of these cross-national developments results in the observation that self-responsibility and solidarity are being redefined and have ultimately grown together into a strict circular logic of interdependency. This, however, assumes very different forms of self-responsibility and solidarity and thereby a different concept and nexus of both principles than was the case some 20 years ago. Dominant discourses based on dualistic concepts are much too limited to comprehend this complex nexus. Instead, the changed institutions of social security implement institutional norms that correspond to a broad concept of interdependency.
A Law of War? English Protection and Destruction of Ecclesiastical Property during the Fourteenth Century
Authors: Cox Rory
Published: November 2013

Historians—both those who concentrate on military history and those who touch upon it in passing—often refer to the ‘laws of war’ in the middle ages without any clear idea of what this term actually implies. Ecclesiastical immunity during warfare has long been held as one such ‘law of war’; this article, however, questions the validity of identifying late medieval ideas of ecclesiastical immunity during wartime as valid ‘law’. The article focuses on English warfare in and around the fourteenth century (c.1290–c.1415), contrasting apparent attempts to protect ecclesiastical property with the widespread destruction of churches, abbeys, and other religious property during wartime. By comparing theoretical military conduct, as stipulated in military ordinances, with actual military conduct in the field, the article seeks to reveal medieval attitudes regarding the limitation of war. A number of English campaigns from Edward I to Henry V are examined, with particular attention given to the Durham Ordinances of Richard II, created on the eve of his 1385 invasion of Scotland. It is argued that notions of ecclesiastical protection contained within military ordinances were based more on politico-military factors than on moral or legal considerations. Furthermore, it is argued, ecclesiastical immunity lacked fundamental characteristics of law—compliance, sanction, enforcement—and therefore cannot be identified as valid ‘law’.
MOND and IMF variations in early-type galaxies from ATLAS3D
Authors: Tortora C. , Romanowsky A. J. , Cardone V. F. , Napolitano N. R. , Jetzer Ph.
Published: November 2013

Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) represents a phenomenological alternative to dark matter (DM) for the missing mass problem in galaxies and clusters of galaxies. We analyse the central regions of a local sample of ∼220 early-type galaxies from the ATLAS3D survey, to see if the data can be reproduced without recourse to DM. We estimate dynamical masses in the MOND context through Jeans analysis and compare to ATLAS3D stellar masses from stellar population synthesis. We find that the observed stellar mass–velocity dispersion relation is steeper than expected assuming MOND with a fixed stellar initial mass function (IMF) and a standard value for the acceleration parameter a0. Turning from the space of observables to model space (a) fixing the IMF, a universal value for a0 cannot be fitted, while, (b) fixing a0 and leaving the IMF free to vary, we find that it is ‘lighter’ (Chabrier like) for low-dispersion galaxies and ‘heavier’ (Salpeter like) for high dispersions. This MOND-based trend matches inferences from Newtonian dynamics with DM and from the detailed analysis of spectral absorption lines, adding to the converging lines of evidence for a systematically varying IMF.
YY1 DNA binding and interaction with YAF2 is essential for Polycomb recruitment
Authors: Basu Arindam , Wilkinson Frank H. , Colavita Kristen , Fennelly Colin , Atchison Michael L.
Published: November 2013

Polycomb Group (PcG) proteins are crucial for epigenetic inheritance of cell identity and are functionally conserved from Drosophila to humans. PcG proteins regulate expression of homeotic genes and are essential for axial body patterning during development. Earlier we showed that transcription factor YY1 functions as a PcG protein. YY1 also physically interacts with YAF2, a homolog of RYBP. Here we characterize the mechanism and physiologic relevance of this interaction. We found phenotypic and biochemical correction of dRYBP mutant flies by mouse YAF2 demonstrating functional conservation across species. Further biochemical analysis revealed that YAF2 bridges interaction between YY1 and the PRC1 complex. ChIP assays in HeLa cells showed that YAF2 is responsible for PcG recruitment to DNA, which is mediated by YY1 DNA binding. Knock-down of YY1 abrogated PcG recruitment, which was not compensated by exogenous YAF2 demonstrating that YY1 DNA binding is a priori necessary for Polycomb assembly on chromatin. Finally, we found that although YAF2 and RYBP regulate a similar number of Polycomb target genes, there are very few genes that are regulated by both implying functional distinction between the two proteins. We present a model of YAF2-dependent and independent PcG DNA recruitment by YY1.
Bacillus subtilisRecA and its accessory factors, RecF, RecO, RecR and RecX, are required for spore resistance to DNA double-strand break
Authors: Vlašić Ignacija , Mertens Ramona , Seco Elena M. , Carrasco Begoña , Ayora Silvia , Reitz Günther , Commichau Fabian M. , Alonso Juan C. , Moeller Ralf
Published: November 2013

Bacillus subtilis RecA is important for spore resistance to DNA damage, even though spores contain a single non-replicating genome. We report that inactivation of RecA or its accessory factors, RecF, RecO, RecR and RecX, drastically reduce survival of mature dormant spores to ultrahigh vacuum desiccation and ionizing radiation that induce single strand (ss) DNA nicks and double-strand breaks (DSBs). The presence of non-cleavable LexA renders spores less sensitive to DSBs, and spores impaired in DSB recognition or end-processing show sensitivities to X-rays similar to wild-type. In vitro RecA cannot compete with SsbA for nucleation onto ssDNA in the presence of ATP. RecO is sufficient, at least in vitro, to overcome SsbA inhibition and stimulate RecA polymerization on SsbA-coated ssDNA. In the presence of SsbA, RecA slightly affects DNA replication in vitro, but addition of RecO facilitates RecA-mediated inhibition of DNA synthesis. We propose that repairing of the DNA lesions generates a replication stress to germinating spores, and the RecA·ssDNA filament might act by preventing potentially dangerous forms of DNA repair occurring during replication. RecA might stabilize a stalled fork or prevent or promote dissolution of reversed forks rather than its cleavage that should require end-processing.
megaTALs: a rare-cleaving nuclease architecture for therapeutic genome engineering
Authors: Boissel Sandrine , Jarjour Jordan , Astrakhan Alexander , Adey Andrew , Gouble Agnès , Duchateau Philippe , Shendure Jay , Stoddard Barry L. , Certo Michael T. , Baker David , Scharenberg Andrew M.
Published: November 2013

Rare-cleaving endonucleases have emerged as important tools for making targeted genome modifications. While multiple platforms are now available to generate reagents for research applications, each existing platform has significant limitations in one or more of three key properties necessary for therapeutic application: efficiency of cleavage at the desired target site, specificity of cleavage (i.e. rate of cleavage at ‘off-target’ sites), and efficient/facile means for delivery to desired target cells. Here, we describe the development of a single-chain rare-cleaving nuclease architecture, which we designate ‘megaTAL’, in which the DNA binding region of a transcription activator-like (TAL) effector is used to ‘address’ a site-specific meganuclease adjacent to a single desired genomic target site. This architecture allows the generation of extremely active and hyper-specific compact nucleases that are compatible with all current viral and nonviral cell delivery methods.
Etomidate Use and Postoperative Outcomes among Cardiac Surgery Patients
Authors: Wagner Chad E. , Bick Julian S. , Johnson Daniel , Ahmad Rashid , Han Xue , Ehrenfeld Jesse M. , Schildcrout Jonathan S. , Pretorius Mias
Published: November 2013

Background:

Although a single dose of etomidate can cause relative adrenal insufficiency, the impact of etomidate exposure on postoperative outcomes is unknown. The objective of this study was to examine the association between a single induction dose of etomidate and clinically important postoperative outcomes after cardiac surgery.

Methods:

The authors retrospectively examined the association between etomidate exposure during induction of anesthesia and postoperative outcomes in patients undergoing cardiac surgery from January 2007 to December 2009 by using multivariate logistic regression analyses and Cox proportional hazards regression analyses. Postoperative outcomes of interest were severe hypotension, mechanical ventilation hours, hospital length of stay, and in-hospital mortality.

Results:

Sixty-two percent of 3,127 patients received etomidate. Etomidate recipients had a higher incidence of preoperative congestive heart failure (23.0 vs. 18.3%; P = 0.002) and a lower incidence of preoperative cardiogenic shock (1.3 vs. 4.0%; P < 0.001). The adjusted odds ratio for severe hypotension and in-hospital mortality associated with receiving etomidate was 0.80 (95% CI, 0.58–1.09) and 0.75 (95% CI, 0.45–1.24), respectively, and the adjusted hazard ratio for time to mechanical ventilation removal and time to hospital discharge was 1.10 (95% CI, 1.00–1.21) and 1.07 (95% CI, 0.97–1.18), respectively. Propensity score analysis did not change the association between etomidate use and postoperative outcomes.

Conclusions:

In this study, there was no evidence to suggest that etomidate exposure was associated with severe hypotension, longer mechanical ventilation hours, longer length of hospital stay, or in-hospital mortality. Etomidate should remain an option for induction of anesthesia in cardiac surgery patients.
Nociceptor-selective Peripheral Nerve Block Induces Delayed Mechanical Hypersensitivity and Neurotoxicity in Rats
Authors: Peters Christopher M. , Ririe Douglas , Houle Timothy T. , Aschenbrenner Carol A. , Eisenach James C.
Published: November 2013

Background:

Long-lasting, sensory-specific peripheral nerve blockade would advance perioperative analgesia. Perineural injection of a combination of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 channel agonists and lidocaine or its hydrophilic derivative, QX-314, produces prolonged sensory or nociceptor-selective nerve block in rodents. In this study, the authors tested the efficacy of these combinations in peripheral nerve block after incisional surgery in rats.

Methods:

The authors administered perisciatic lidocaine (2%), QX-314 (0.2%) followed by dilute capsaicin (0.05%, 10 min later), or vehicle in rats and the duration of motor and sensory block to thermal and mechanical stimuli assessed in normal animals and those after incisional surgery to the hind paw. Other animals receiving these injections were evaluated 7 weeks later by behavior and histology for potential neurotoxicity.

Results:

Perineural injection of the combination not only attenuated mechanical hypersensitivity for 72 h after incision but also resulted in delayed onset mechanical hypersensitivity several weeks later, accompanied by degeneration of central terminals of isolectin B4 (nonpeptidergic) and calcitonin gene–related peptide–containing (peptidergic) afferents in the ipsilateral spinal cord. Dorsal root ganglia ipsilateral to injection of the combination showed increased expression of activating transcription factor-3 and satellite cell activation.

Conclusions:

Combined administration of local anesthetics with the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 agonist capsaicin induced a near complete blockade of incision-induced hypersensitivity for several days. However, the same combination induced delayed mechanical hypersensitivity and neurotoxicity in naïve rats. Combination of these drugs in these concentrations is likely to result in neurotoxicity, and the safety of other concentrations warrants further study.
Quentin Howieson Gibson. 9 December 1918 — 16 March 2011
Authors: Olson John S. , Gutfreund H.
Published: November 2013

Quentin Howieson Gibson was born in Aberdeen, obtained his MD (1944) and PhD (1946) from Queen's University in Belfast and subsequently took a faculty position at the University of Sheffield (1947), where he was appointed Professor of Biochemistry in 1957. In 1963 he moved to the USA, where he held a faculty position at the University of Pennsylvania before he became the Greater Philadelphia Professor in the Section of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology at Cornell University in 1966. After retiring from Cornell, he became a Distinguished Faculty Fellow at Rice University and an Adjunct Professor at the University of Massachusetts Medical School at Worcester. While at Cornell, Quentin was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (1969), a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1970), and a member of the National Academy of Sciences, USA (1982), served as an associate editor of
Journal of Biological Chemistry
(1975–94) and received the Keilin Memorial Medallist Award and Lectureship (1990). Quentin's major scientific accomplishments include the discovery of the biochemical cause of familial methaemoglobinaemia, construction of the first practical stopped-flow rapid-mixing spectrometer, adaptation of flash photolysis methods to haem proteins, identification of the first semi-stable intermediates in the O
2
reactions of flavoenzymes, the first direct kinetic measurement of intermediates for the reaction of O
2
with cytochrome
c
oxidase, quantitative kinetic evaluations of cooperative O
2
binding to haemoglobins, determinations of how iron reactivity and ligand diffusion govern rates of ligand binding, and experimental mapping of the pathways for O
2
entry into the active sites of globins.
Cholinergic efferent synaptic transmission regulates the maturation of auditory hair cell ribbon synapses
Authors: Johnson Stuart L. , Wedemeyer Carolina , Vetter Douglas E. , Adachi Roberto , Holley Matthew C. , Elgoyhen Ana Belén , Marcotti Walter
Published: November 2013

Spontaneous electrical activity generated by developing sensory cells and neurons is crucial for the maturation of neural circuits. The full maturation of mammalian auditory inner hair cells (IHCs) depends on patterns of spontaneous action potentials during a ‘critical period’ of development. The intrinsic spiking activity of IHCs can be modulated by inhibitory input from cholinergic efferent fibres descending from the brainstem, which transiently innervate immature IHCs. However, it remains unknown whether this transient efferent input to developing IHCs is required for their functional maturation. We used a mouse model that lacks the α9-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit (α9nAChR) in IHCs and another lacking synaptotagmin-2 in the efferent terminals to remove or reduce efferent input to IHCs, respectively. We found that the efferent system is required for the developmental linearization of the Ca
2+
-sensitivity of vesicle fusion at IHC ribbon synapses, without affecting their general cell development. This provides the first direct evidence that the efferent system, by modulating IHC electrical activity, is required for the maturation of the IHC synaptic machinery. The central control of sensory cell development is unique among sensory systems.
Natural variation in the histone demethylase, KDM4C, influences expression levels of specific genes including those that affect cell growth
Authors: Gregory Brittany L. , Cheung Vivian G.
Published: November 2013

DNA sequence variants influence gene expression and cellular phenotypes. In this study, we focused on natural variation in the gene encoding the histone demethylase, KDM4C, which promotes transcriptional activation by removing the repressive histone mark, H3K9me3, from its target genes. We uncovered cis-acting variants that contribute to extensive individual differences in KDM4C expression. We also identified the target genes of KDM4C and demonstrated that variation in KDM4C expression leads to differences in the growth of normal and some cancer cells. Together, our results from genetic mapping and molecular analysis provide an example of how genetic variation affects epigenetic regulation of gene expression and cellular phenotype.
Reciprocal Responses in the Interaction between Arabidopsis and the Cell-Content-Feeding Chelicerate Herbivore Spider Mite
Authors: Zhurov Vladimir , Navarro Marie , Bruinsma Kristie A. , Arbona Vicent , Santamaria M. Estrella , Cazaux Marc , Wybouw Nicky , Osborne Edward J. , Ens Cherise , Rioja Cristina , Vermeirssen Vanessa , Rubio-Somoza Ignacio , Krishna Priti , Diaz Isabel , Schmid Markus , Gómez-Cadenas Aurelio , Van de Peer Yves , Grbić Miodrag , Clark Richard M. , Van Leeuwen Thomas , Grbić Vojislava
Published: November 2013

Most molecular-genetic studies of plant defense responses to arthropod herbivores have focused on insects. However, plant-feeding mites are also pests of diverse plants, and mites induce different patterns of damage to plant tissues than do well-studied insects (e.g. lepidopteran larvae or aphids). The two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) is among the most significant mite pests in agriculture, feeding on a staggering number of plant hosts. To understand the interactions between spider mite and a plant at the molecular level, we examined reciprocal genome-wide responses of mites and its host Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Despite differences in feeding guilds, we found that transcriptional responses of Arabidopsis to mite herbivory resembled those observed for lepidopteran herbivores. Mutant analysis of induced plant defense pathways showed functionally that only a subset of induced programs, including jasmonic acid signaling and biosynthesis of indole glucosinolates, are central to Arabidopsis’s defense to mite herbivory. On the herbivore side, indole glucosinolates dramatically increased mite mortality and development times. We identified an indole glucosinolate dose-dependent increase in the number of differentially expressed mite genes belonging to pathways associated with detoxification of xenobiotics. This demonstrates that spider mite is sensitive to Arabidopsis defenses that have also been associated with the deterrence of insect herbivores that are very distantly related to chelicerates. Our findings provide molecular insights into the nature of, and response to, herbivory for a representative of a major class of arthropod herbivores.
Pathogen-Triggered Ethylene Signaling Mediates Systemic-Induced Susceptibility to Herbivory inArabidopsis
Authors: Groen Simon C. , Whiteman Noah K. , Bahrami Adam K. , Wilczek Amity M. , Cui Jianping , Russell Jacob A. , Cibrian-Jaramillo Angelica , Butler Ian A. , Rana Jignasha D. , Huang Guo-Hua , Bush Jenifer , Ausubel Frederick M. , Pierce Naomi E.
Published: November 2013

Multicellular eukaryotic organisms are attacked by numerous parasites from diverse phyla, often simultaneously or sequentially. An outstanding question in these interactions is how hosts integrate signals induced by the attack of different parasites. We used a model system comprised of the plant host Arabidopsis thaliana, the hemibiotrophic bacterial phytopathogen Pseudomonas syringae, and herbivorous larvae of the moth Trichoplusia ni (cabbage looper) to characterize mechanisms involved in systemic-induced susceptibility (SIS) to T. ni herbivory caused by prior infection by virulent P. syringae. We uncovered a complex multilayered induction mechanism for SIS to herbivory. In this mechanism, antiherbivore defenses that depend on signaling via (1) the jasmonic acid–isoleucine conjugate (JA-Ile) and (2) other octadecanoids are suppressed by microbe-associated molecular pattern–triggered salicylic acid (SA) signaling and infection-triggered ethylene signaling, respectively. SIS to herbivory is, in turn, counteracted by a combination of the bacterial JA-Ile mimic coronatine and type III virulence-associated effectors. Our results show that SIS to herbivory involves more than antagonistic signaling between SA and JA-Ile and provide insight into the unexpectedly complex mechanisms behind a seemingly simple trade-off in plant defense against multiple enemies.
Catalase andNO CATALASE ACTIVITY1Promote Autophagy-Dependent Cell Death inArabidopsis
Authors: Hackenberg Thomas , Juul Trine , Auzina Aija , Gwiżdż Sonia , Małolepszy Anna , Van Der Kelen Katrien , Dam Svend , Bressendorff Simon , Lorentzen Andrea , Roepstorff Peter , Lehmann Nielsen Kåre , Jørgensen Jan-Elo , Hofius Daniel , Breusegem Frank Van , Petersen Morten , Andersen Stig Uggerhøj
Published: November 2013

Programmed cell death often depends on generation of reactive oxygen species, which can be detoxified by antioxidative enzymes, including catalases. We previously isolated catalase-deficient mutants (cat2) in a screen for resistance to hydroxyurea-induced cell death. Here, we identify an Arabidopsis thaliana hydroxyurea-resistant autophagy mutant, atg2, which also shows reduced sensitivity to cell death triggered by the bacterial effector avrRpm1. To test if catalase deficiency likewise affected both hydroxyurea and avrRpm1 sensitivity, we selected mutants with extremely low catalase activities and showed that they carried mutations in a gene that we named NO CATALASE ACTIVITY1 (NCA1). nca1 mutants showed severely reduced activities of all three catalase isoforms in Arabidopsis, and loss of NCA1 function led to strong suppression of RPM1-triggered cell death. Basal and starvation-induced autophagy appeared normal in the nca1 and cat2 mutants. By contrast, autophagic degradation induced by avrRpm1 challenge was compromised, indicating that catalase acted upstream of immunity-triggered autophagy. The direct interaction of catalase with reactive oxygen species could allow catalase to act as a molecular link between reactive oxygen species and the promotion of autophagy-dependent cell death.
The Wage Premium of Foreign Education: New Evidence from Australia
Authors: Tani Massimiliano , Heaton Christopher , Chan Gavin
Published: November 2013

Using data from the Longitudinal Survey of Immigrants to Australia, we analyse if migrants' hourly earnings vary depending on where their education was attained. We find evidence of substantial variation in the returns from nominally equivalent qualifications obtained in different groups of countries. Bachelor degrees obtained in English‐speaking countries are associated with higher returns than equivalent qualifications earned elsewhere. For higher degrees and for technical diplomas and certificates, we find evidence of higher hourly wages for degrees earned in English‐speaking countries, but not in Australia or New Zealand and non‐English‐speaking countries. We discuss some policy implications of our results.
Formal and Informal Employment in China: Probability of Employment and Determinants of Monthly Wages
Authors: Zuo Hong
Published: November 2013

The goal of this research is to ascertain the employment status probabilities and the determinants of monthly wages of employees in China in order to provide a much‐needed, more accurate and widely acceptable documentation of informal employment in China on the basis of the International Statistical Standard Definition. This study will use Lee's model to correct for selection bias. The results show that employment status probabilities are mainly determined by sex, age, experience, ethnic status, education, region and migrant status, while monthly wages of informal employees are mainly affected by sex, education, region, firm size, city size and migrant status.
Adding a Top‐Up Sample to the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia Survey
Authors: Watson Nicole , Wooden Mark
Published: November 2013

Since its commencement in 2001, the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia Survey has become a much‐used resource by researchers. Over the same time, the Australian population has evolved in a number of ways that the sample, even with ‘following rules’, cannot emulate. Most notable is the lack of recent immigrants arriving after 2001. A general population‐wide top‐up of the sample was added in 2011 which allows new population sub‐groups to be represented and helps alleviate biases from non‐random attrition. This article describes the methodology of the top‐up sample, the response rates achieved and the representativeness of the combined sample.
An Investigation of the Feldstein–Horioka Puzzle for the Association of Southeast Asian Nations Economies
Authors: Wang Mu‐Shun
Published: November 2013

This article reviews the extensive literature on how to respond to the Feldstein–Horioka puzzle. This study quantitatively investigates the impact of instrumental variables on the correlation between domestic savings and investment. I consider two financial frictions: the economic system and the bank features. I find that the dynamic panel model with instrumental variables produces a savings–investment correlation and that information technology generates capital flows to ensure that countries have an incentive to develop. The findings emphasise the potential benefits associated with developing prospects and capital flow in an increasingly competitive emerging market.
Choosing Your PhD Topic (and Why It Is Important)
Authors: Jensen Paul H.
Published: November 2013

In this article, I outline the reasons why the choice of PhD research topic has important and persistent effects on an economist's career. Although the issues raised in this article are most acute for those wishing to pursue a career in academia, there are also implications for those working outside academia. While there are many factors that determine whether an economist has a successful career, I argue that the choice of PhD topic is an issue, which deserves more attention. Although primarily targeted at PhD students, the issues raised here resonate throughout an economist's career.
Australian Productivity Growth: Trends and Determinants
Authors: Connolly Ellis , Gustafsson Linus
Published: November 2013

Australian productivity growth has slowed since the mid‐2000s, particularly compared with the period of strong growth in the late 1990s. This has partly been a global phenomenon. In commodity‐exporting economies, rapid capital stock growth has coincided with declining growth of multifactor productivity. While productivity growth in Australia has been particularly weak in the mining and utilities industries, productivity growth has slowed in other industries. A number of potential explanations for the slowdown is considered. The article concludes with a discussion of trends in the terms of trade and the exchange rate and the implications of these for productivity growth.
Touching moments: phenomenological sociology and the haptic dimension in the lived experience of motor neurone disease
Authors: Allen‐Collinson Jacquelyn , Pavey Amanda
Published: November 2013

Currently, there is a relative research lacuna in phenomenological research into the lived experience of motor neurone disease. Based on a sociological research project in theUK, involving 42 participants diagnosed withMND, this article explores the potential of a phenomenological sociology for analysing experiences of this drastically life‐limiting neurological disorder. Calls have been made for sociological researchers to analyse more fully and deeply the sensory dimension of the lived body, and this article also contributes to this newly developing body of literature. While the social sciences have been accused of a high degree of ocularcentrism, here we take forward the literature by specifically focusing upon the haptic dimension, given that touch – and particularly the loss of key elements of the haptic dimension– emerged as salient inMNDpatients' accounts. To illustrate the potential of our phenomenologically inspired theoretical perspective, we consider two specific haptic themes: (i) being out of touch: the loss of certain forms of touch withinMNDand (ii) unwelcome touch by medical staff.
Bubble Diagrams in Trade Theory
Authors: Jones Ronald W.
Published: November 2013

‘Bubble’ diagrams are quite useful in revealing some of the properties found in the competitive models of international trade. These diagrams use circles (bubbles) to indicate commodity outputs and connecting lines to indicate factor inputs. Models such as the 2 × 2 and n × n Heckscher–Ohlin models as well as the 3 × 2 (and extensions) specific factors model are discussed. For example, a model with some factor mobility between countries (say capital into a foreign enclave) is discussed for both model types. As well, close analogies are made to issues in labour economics in which both skilled and unskilled labour are used as inputs.