bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of location and year on some agronomical characters of maize hybrids
Authors: Hegyi Z. , Spitkó T. , Pintér J.
Published: November 2005

Some agronomical characters of twelve single-cross maize hybrids were investigated at five different locations in Hungary over a three-year period. The characters examined were individual plant production (total mass of the ears on a single plant), thousand-kernel mass, number of kernel rows, ear length, number of kernels per row, shelling % and the assimilating leaf area above the main ear. Among these yield components, the individual plant production, the ear length, the number of kernels per row and the grain-cob ratio (shelling %) were influenced to the greatest extent by the year, followed by the variety and the location. The greatest average yield was achieved by the tested hybrids at all five locations in 1997 (263 g/plant). The average yields in 1998 and 1999 were significantly lower (221 and 203 g/plant, respectively). The outstanding yields achieved in 1997 could be attributed to the favourable ecological conditions, which led to the development of secondary ears in Keszthely and Sopronhorpács. At the other three locations there was only one ear per plant, but these ears were longer than in the following years. The greatest year effect was recorded in Sopronhorpács, where the individual plant production amounted to 305 g/plant in 1997 and 238 g/plant in the worst year, 1999. In Gyöngyös conditions were very dry in all three years, so the year effect was least pronounced at this location (grand mean of 195 g/plant in 1997 and 201 g/plant in 1999). Stability analysis was carried out using the coefficient of variance for individual plant production. Hybrids Mv 3, Mv 5, Mv 9 and Mv 12 were found to have the best adaptability. The shelling % was not significantly influenced by the location; the grain-cob ratio is relatively stable for maize hybrids. A correlation was found between the individual plant production and the leaf area above the main ear (R2=0.658). Hybrids with the largest leaf area above the main ear also had the greatest ear mass.
Genealogical analysis of diversity of spring bread wheat cultivars released in Kazakhstan from 1929-2004
Authors: Martynov S. P. , Dobrotvorskaya T. V. , Morgounov A. I. , Urazaliev R. A. ,   et al.
Published: November 2005

The genetic diversity of 116 spring bread wheat cultivars released in Kazakhstan from 1929-2004 was studied by means of a genealogical analysis. The tendency of genetic diversity to change over time was traced by analysing a series of n ´ m matrices, where n is the number of released cultivars and m is the number of landrace ancestors. The pool of landrace ancestors of spring wheat cultivars in 1929-2004 contained a total of 114 landraces and old varieties, including 19 from Kazakhstan and Central Asia and 23 from neighbouring regions of Russia. The original ancestors differ significantly in frequency of presence and hence in their importance in the genepool of spring wheats cultivated in Kazakhstan. Significant differences in the contributions of dominant ancestors to cultivars for various regions have been revealed, showing that those ancestors were specifically adapted to different growing conditions. During the past 75 years, genetic diversity has increased due to the wide use of foreign materials in breeding programmes. A more detailed study has shown that during the period analysed, 15 landraces from Kazakhstan and neighbouring regions of Central Asia and Russia (35% of local germplasm) were lost from the pedigrees. The cluster structure of modern cultivars included in the Kazakhstan Official List (2002) was established. By analysing coefficients of parentage, significant differences in the genetic diversity of cultivars from various growing regions were revealed.
Effects of precursor crops and management levels on the straw and grain yield of wheat at Horro highland, Western Oromiya
Authors: Abera T. , Belissa M.
Published: November 2005

The sustainable production of wheat may be possible by integrating crop rotation with improved crop management practices. The maximum grain yield of wheat was observed when field pea was the precursor crop. The precursor crop and management levels showed a significant effect on the mean straw and grain yields of wheat. Field pea as precursor crop gave a better wheat grain yield with both improved and farmers' cultural practices. Both local and improved varieties gave a better response to management levels on the field pea precursor field. Local and improved varieties gave higher yields with intensive management and chemical fertilizer application. Field pea as precursor crop gave a combined grain yield advantage of 32% relative to barley. Management practices produced a combined grain yield advantage of 16 to 73% when field pea was the precursor crop, compared to barley. The use of field pea as precursor crop with improved management practices is essential to maximize wheat yields. Better grain yields and higher net returns were achieved with field pea as precursor crop compared to barley. Using field pea as precursor crop is the most successful management option for sustainable wheat production.
Aluminium-phosphorus interactions on growth and some physiological traits of carrot and radish plants
Authors: Ismail M.
Published: November 2005

aluminium treatment caused a significant decrease in root length and dry matter yield in the shoots and roots of carrot (Daucus carotaL.) and radish (Raphanus sativusL.) plants. this reduction was concomitant with a decrease in the accumulation of soluble sugars and total amino acids, whereas a significant increase in the proline content of the shoots and roots was detected. Soluble protein remained more or less unchanged when Al was applied at low and moderate levels. However, at higher Al levels, the losses in soluble sugars were accompanied by increases in soluble protein in radish, whereas in carrot the opposite effect was observed.  The application of phosphorus fertilizer to al-treated plants counteracted the toxic effect of aluminium by increasing root elongation and dry matter production. This was associated with high contents of soluble sugars and soluble protein as well as ca, mg and p, especially at low and moderate levels of aluminium
Relative efficacy of vermicompost and farmyard manure integrated with inorganic fertilizers for sustainable productivity of forage sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench)
Authors: Sheoran R. S: , Rana D. S.
Published: November 2005

A field experiment was carried out on sandy loam soils at CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, India during the summer/rainy season from 1998-99 to 2000-01. The experiment consisted of ten fertility treatments having control, 50, 75 and 100% recommended dose of fertilizers, vermicompost and farmyard manure alone and in combination with chemical fertilizers. The three-year study revealed that the application of 10 t/ha vermicompost or farmyard manure each along with 75% recommended doses of fertilizers gave significantly higher green fodder and dry matter yield than all other treatments except 100% recommended dose of fertilizers. Likewise, the fodder yield obtained from the use of 10 t/ha vermicompost + 50% recommended dose of fertilizers was found to be statistically at par with that obtained from the application of 75% recommended dose of fertilizers alone, indicating that 25% chemical fertilizers could be substituted. The application of 10 t/ha vermicompost along with 75% recommended dose of fertilizers increased the green fodder and dry matter yield by 60.8 and 66.2%, respectively, over the control on a pooled mean basis. Non-significant differences were observed between the organic manures for forage yield, though the application of vermicompost gave a slightly higher yield than farmyard manure.
Effects of seeding densities and row spacing on yield and yield components of linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.)
Authors: Hassan F. U. , Leitch M. H. , Abbasi M. K.
Published: November 2005

The space available to plants affects the available resources and hence modifies the growth habits and yield potential of plants. The effect of four seeding densities (250, 500, 750 and 1000 viable seeds/m2) and three row spacings (12, 15 and 20 cm) were evaluated at Morfa Mawr field station at the University of Wales, Aberystwyth, UK during the 1993 and 1994 growing seasons. Number of capsules per plant, number of seeds per capsule, thousand-seed weight and seed yield were examined during the study. Capsule index (CI) and harvest index (HI) were calculated from the observed data. During the first year, capsules per plant, seeds per capsule and capsule index were increased by decreasing the seed density, while the maximum seed yield of 3.9 t/ha was recorded at the highest seed density of 1000 seeds/m2. An increase in row spacing led to an almost linear increase in most of the yield attributes of the crop. During the second year, the response of yield and yield attributes to seeding densities was similar to that recorded during the first year. Seed yield increased with decreasing row spacing, while the rest of the components did not show any consistent response. During the first year, the overall performance and production of the crop was higher than in the second year because of the better weather conditions, with mild temperature and high rainfall during the season.
Photochemopreventive Effect of Pomegranate Fruit Extract on UVA‐mediated Activation of Cellular Pathways in Normal Human Epidermal Keratinocytes
Authors: Syed Deeba N. , Malik Arshi , Hadi Naghma , Sarfaraz Sami , Afaq Farrukh , Mukhtar Hasan
Published: November 2005

UVA is the major portion (90–99%) of solar radiation reaching the surface of the earth and has been described to lead to formation of benign and malignant tumors. UVA‐mediated cellular damage occurs primarily through the release of reactive oxygen species and is responsible for im‐munosuppression, photodermatoses, photoaging and photocar‐cinogenesis. Pomegranate fruit extract (PFE) possesses strong antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory properties. Our recent studies have shown that PFE treatment of normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK) inhibits UVB‐mediated activation of MAPK and NF‐κB pathways. Signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (STATJ), Protein Kinase B/AKT and Map Kinases (MAPKs), which are activated by a variety of factors, modulate cell proliferation, apoptosis and other biological activities. The goal of this study was to determine whether PFE affords protection against UVA‐mediated activation of STAT3, AKT and extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK1/2). Immunoblot analysis demonstrated that 4 J/ cm2 of UVA exposure to NHEK led to an increase in phosphorylation of STAT3 at Tyr705, AKT at Ser473 and ERK1/2. Pretreatment of NHEK with PFE (60–100 μg/mL) for 24 h before exposure to UVA resulted in a dose‐dependent inhibition of UVA‐mediated phosphorylation of STAT3 at Tyr705, AKT at Ser473 and ERK1/2. mTOR, structurally related to PDK, is involved in the regulation of p70S6K, which in turn phosphorylates the S6 protein of the 40S ribosomal sub‐unit. We found that UVA radiation of NHEK resulted in the phosphorylation of mTOR at Thr2448 and p70S6K at Thr421/ Ser424. PFE pretreatment resulted in a dose‐dependent inhibition in the phosphorylation of mTOR at Thr2448 and p70S6K at Thr421/Ser424. Our data further demonstrate that PFE pretreatment of NHEK resulted in significant inhibition of UVA exposure‐mediated increases in Ki‐67 and PCNA. PFE pretreatment of NHEK was found to increase the cell‐cycle arrest induced by UVA in the G1 phase of the cell cycle and the expression of Bax and Bad (proapoptotic proteins), with downregulation of Bcl‐XL expression (antiapoptotic protein). Our data suggest that PFE is an effective agent for ameliorating UVA‐mediated damages by modulating cellular pathways and merits further evaluation as a photochemopreventive agent.
Prevention of UV Radiation‐Induced Premature Skin Aging in Hairless Mice by the Novel Compound Melanocin A
Authors: Park Chi‐Hyun , Lee Min Jung , Kim Jong‐Pyung , Yoo Ick Dong , Chung Jin Ho
Published: November 2005

Repetitive exposure of the skin to UV radiation induces various harmful changes, such as thickening, wrinkle formation, inflammation and carcinogenesis. A variety of natural compounds and synthetic compounds have been studied to determine whether they can prevent W‐induced harmful effects. In this study, we investigated the effect of a novel compound, Melanocin A, which was isolated from Eupenicillium shearii F80695, on UV‐induced premature skin aging. First, we studied the effect of Melanocin A on UV‐induced matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‐9 expression in an immortalized human keratinocyte cell line, HaCaT, in vitro. Acute UV irradiation induced MMP‐9 expression at both the mRNA and protein levels and Melanocin A suppressed this expression in a dose‐dependent manner. We then investigated the effect of Melanocin A on UV‐induced skin changes in hairless mice in vivo. Chronic exposure of hairless mouse dorsal skin to UV increased skin thickness and induced wrinkle formation and the gelatinase activities of MMP‐2 and MMP‐9. Moreover, Melanocin A significantly suppressed UV‐induced morphologic skin changes and MMP‐2 and MMP‐9 expression. Taken together, these results show that Melanocin A can prevent the harmful effects of UV that lead to skin aging. Therefore, we suggest that Melanocin A should be viewed as a potential therapeutic agent for preventing and/or treating premature skin aging.
How adult life transitions foster learning and development
Authors: Merriam Sharan B.
Published: November 2005

Adult life consists of alternating periods of stability and transition. The nature of life transitions in adulthood and their potential for learning and development are the focus of this chapter.
The dance of the transforming self: Both feelings of connection and complex thought are needed for learning
Authors: Sinnott Jan D.
Published: November 2005

How do we teach and learn, knowing that adults are complex, connected individuals who want to change but also want to maintain continuity of the Self?
“Doors are not locked, just closed”: Latino perspectives on college
Authors: Gardella Lorrie Greenhouse , Candales Barbara A. , Ricardo‐Rivera Jos
Published: November 2005

As adult Latina/Latino students advanced from a community college to a four‐year college, a transition course and mentoring program engaged students and educators in a reciprocal process of change.
Life span well‐being
Authors: Wolf Mary Alice
Published: November 2005

This chapter, rooted in life span developmental research and theory, examines domains of subjective well‐being: emotional, social, and psychological. What is the impact of these domains on the learner's experience of education? It invites the reader to consider implications for learning through the use of learners' narratives.
Age‐related paradigms
Authors: Butler Christina Baroody
Published: November 2005

Rapid change in society and an extended life span are gradually invalidating twentieth‐century age‐related paradigms, creating new opportunities in higher education for serving adults leading cyclical lives.
Explorations and overview
Authors: Wolf Mary Alice
Published: November 2005

This chapter serves as a review of the nature of transitions confronting adult learners and points to applications and strategies for anticipating coming changes.
Metastable Beta Titanium Alloys for Orthopedic Applications
Authors: Qazi J. I. , Rack H. J.
Published: November 2005

This article provides an overview of metastable β titanium alloys either being utilized or being considered for use in orthopedic applications. The effects of thermomechanical processing on the mechanical properties (e.g., elastic modulus, tensile, wear and high cycle fatigue performance) of Ti‐15Mo‐0.2O, Ti‐12Mo‐6Zr‐2Fe (TMZF), Ti‐29Nb‐13Ta‐4.6Zr and Ti‐35Nb‐7Zr‐5Ta are reviewed. The osteointegration behavior of Ti‐29Nb‐13Ta‐4.6Zr and Ti‐35Nb‐7Zr‐5Ta‐O alloys is also presented.
Thermal Shock Damage of a 3D‐SiC/SiC Composite
Authors: Wu S. , Cheng L. , Zhang L. , Xu Y.
Published: November 2005

Thermal shock of a three‐dimensional (3D) SiC/SiC composite prepared by chemical vapor infiltration (CVI) process was conducted using water quenched method. Thermal shock damage of the composite was assessed by SEM characterization and measurement mechanical properties using three‐point flexure after quenching. After quenched from 1200°C to 25°C water for 100 cycles, the composite retained 80% of the original flexural strength in the longitudinal direction while cracked through the width direction. Thermal shock damage of the composite was analyzed by thermal stress analysis based on the braiding structure of the composite as well as the distribution and shape of flaws referred to residual pores in the matrix. The braided structure and the dimension difference resulted in the anisotropy of mechanical properties and the matrix pores configuration of the composite, which led to the thermal shock damage anisotropy of the composite.
Three‐dimensional Silica Fiber Reinforced Silicon Nitride‐based Composites Fabricated via Different Polysilazanes
Authors: Qi G. , Zhang C. , Hu H. , Cao F. , Wang S. , Jiang Y.
Published: November 2005

Three‐dimensional silica fiber reinforced silicon nitride‐based composites were fabricated at 873–1073 K in ammonia using polyhydriomethylsilazane and perhydropolysislazane, respectively. The composites showed high weight pickups during repeated pyrolysis cycles, non‐brittle failure behavior with fiber pull‐out in the fracture surfaces and high flexural strength of 114.5 and 144.9 MPa. It was the good state of silica fibers, controlled fiber/matrix interfaces and dense ceramic matrix that contributed to the high strength of the composites.
High Strength Lead‐Free Composite Solder Materials using Nano Al2O3 as Reinforcement
Authors: Zhong X. , Gupta M.
Published: November 2005

High strength light weight lead‐free composite solder materials containing varying amount of nano‐alumina particulates were synthesized by powder metallurgy process employing different extrusion temperatures. The presence of nano Al2O3 particulates not only enhanced strength and improved dimensional stability but also reduced the weight of the solder alloy matrix. Fairly uniform distribution of the nano‐alumina particulates was observed in the composites.
Polymer/NiTi‐composites: Fundamental Aspects, Processing and Properties
Authors: Neuking K. , Abu‐Zarifa A. , Youcheu‐Kemtchou S. , Eggeler G.
Published: November 2005

NiTi shape memory alloys can be used as actor materials and perform mechanical work; they can also be used for damping applications. In combination with polymers their functionality can be increased. Shape memory effects of NiTi alloys are associated with large strains and in a NiTi/polymer‐composite, the polymer can accommodate these large strains without breaking. In a NiTi/polymer‐composite the polymer can for example be used to store elastic energy, to provide corrosion resistance or to assist in a damping application. For all applications, a good bonding between the shape memory alloy and the polymer is required. The present paper considers fields of applications, processing and properties of NiTi/polymer‐composites.
Dynamic Strain Ageing During Stress Relaxation in Selected Magnesium Alloys Containing Rare earth Elements
Authors: Trojanová Z. , Lukác P. , Kainer K. U. , Gärtnerová V.
Published: November 2005

Three magnesium alloys containing rare earth were deformed at room temperature and above room temperature at various strain rates. Stress relaxation tests were performed in order to study dynamic strain ageing phenomena effects. Different manifestations of strain ageing were observed. Non‐monotonous temperature and strain rate dependence of the flow stress were observed. Post relaxation effect, i.e. an increase of the flow stress at the beginning of plastic deformation after stress relaxation in comparison to the flow stress at the beginning of stress relaxation, was detected.
Recent Developments in Nanostructured Materials
Authors: Suryanarayana C.
Published: November 2005

Nanostructured materials with extremely fine grain sizes, typically less than 100 nm, have been shown to exhibit extremely high strength and hardness, increased diffusivity, useful sintering characteristics, and other unusual properties. Significant developments have taken place in recent years in trying to achieve high strength and ductility at the same time. New and potential applications are also being sought after. Several commercial ventures have also started (estimated to be around 1000 in different parts of the world). This overview will present the recent developments in our understanding of the mechanical behavior and molecular dynamics simulation studies, highlight the present unresolved issues, and discuss some of the promising applications for these novel and exciting materials.
Multilayer Ni‐P Coating for Improving the Corrosion Resistance of AZ91D Magnesium Alloy
Authors: Gu C. , Lian J. , Jiang Z.
Published: November 2005

The purpose of this paper is to provide a high corrosion resistance multilayer coating on AZ91D magnesium alloy. The multilayer coating having a thickness of about 45 μm and consisting of different Ni‐P alloy layer was prepared by electroless deposition. The composition of the multilayer coating from substrate to surface was designed as the protective layer, a Ni‐P layer with high phosphorus content and a Ni‐P layer with low phosphorus content, respectively. The so‐called protective layer was a direct electroless plating Ni‐P deposits with the thickness of about 10 μm. The electrochemical behavior and the corrosion resistance of this multilayer coating were evaluated by the electrochemical measurement and the acid immersion test, respectively. Being different from the other Ni‐P alloys coatings on the magnesium alloy, this multilayer coating could provide the electrochemical protection for the substrate.
Identification of Silicon Agglomerates in Quenched Al‐Si Hypereutectic Alloys From Liquid State
Authors: Robles Hernández F. C. , Sokolowski J. H.
Published: November 2005

The study of Al‐Si hypereutectic alloys in the liquid state can be conducted in quenched samples, which allows the identification of microscopic particles known as Si agglomerates that transform into the well known primary Si particles at the liquidus temperature. The understanding of the nature of the Si agglomerates is the key to determine the exact conditions to refine the microstructure and particularly the primary Si from the liquid or semi‐solid states.
Biomolecular Structure Prediction Stochastic Optimization Methods
Authors: Schug A. , Fischer B. , Verma A. , Merlitz H. , Wenzel W. , Schoen G.
Published: November 2005

Biomolecular structure prediction remains an important challenge to biophysical chemistry. We recently developed an all‐atom free energy forcefield (PFF01) for protein structure prediction with stochastic optimization methods. We review recent studies, which demonstrated all‐atom folding of several proteins and summarize recent progress for in‐silico high‐throughput screening strategies for rational drug design, which are also based on the use of stochastic optimization methods to determine the conformation of the receptor‐ligand complex.
Controllable Work Function of Li:Al Alloy Nanolayers for Organic Light‐Emitting Devices
Authors: Kim Y. , Choi D. , Moon B. , Oh E. , Lim H. , Kwon S. , Ha C.
Published: November 2005

The surface of Li:Al nanolayers that were deposited by thermal evaporation of Li:Al alloy sources has been measured by ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy, which exhibited huge variation with the Li:Al nanolayer thickness. The hybrid organic light‐emitting devices with the controlled Li:Al nanolayer surface contacts as an electron‐injecting layer showed linearly varied charge transport and turn‐on voltages with the work function of the nanolayer surfaces.
The First Observation of a Shear‐Induced bcc→fcc Transformation in Nanocrystalline Ferrite
Authors: Ivanisenko Y. , MacLaren I. , Valiev R.Z. , Fecht H.‐J.
Published: November 2005

Ferrite has been transformed to austenite at room temperature in an initially pearlitic steel. This occurs under high shear strain conditions once the alloy has been grain‐refined down to a nanoscale dimensions by high‐pressure torsion deformation. This transformation must have occurred by a martensitic mechanism and plays the role of an additional deformation mechanism for the nanostructured material.
Prion protein codon 129 genotype prevalence is altered in primary progressive aphasia
Authors: Li Xiaohong , Rowland Lewis P. , Mitsumoto Hiroshi , Przedborski Serge , Bird Thomas D. , Schellenberg Gerard D. , Peskind Elaine , Johnson Nancy , Siddique Teepu , Mesulam M‐Marsel , Weintraub Sandra , Mastrianni James A.
Published: November 2005

The prion protein (PrP) is central to the prion diseases, although a role in other neurodegenerative diseases has been postulated. A common polymorphism (Met or Val) at codon 129 of the PrP gene (PRNP) features prominently in the risk and phenotype, of prion disease, and an abnormality in its distribution frequency may signal a role for PrP in other diseases. We conducted a case–control study to compare the PRNP codon 129 genotype distribution in Alzheimer's disease (AD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and primary progressive aphasia (PPA), including 281 AD, 256 ALS, 39 PPA, and 415 healthy control subjects. Statistical analysis was applied to determine the presence or absence of disease‐specific genotype associations. The distribution of codon 129 genotypes was similar among healthy control, AD, and ALS subjects, although the heterozygous state was significantly overrepresented (age‐adjusted odds ratio, 8.47) in PPA, a rare condition of unknown cause. Although these findings do not entirely exclude a role for PrP in AD or ALS, they do not support the codon 129 genotype as a risk factor for either disease. However, the strong association between heterozygosity and PPA raises new questions about its cause and the role of PrP in other neurodegenerative diseases. Ann Neurol 2005;58:858–864
Model‐guided microarray implicates the retromer complex in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Small Scott A. , Kent Kelly , Pierce Aimee , Leung Conrad , Kang Min Suk , Okada Hirokazu , Honig Lawrence , Vonsattel Jean‐Paul , Kim Tae‐Wan
Published: November 2005

Although, in principle, gene expression profiling is well suited to isolate pathogenic molecules associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD), techniques such as microarray present unique analytic challenges when applied to disorders of the brain. Here, we addressed these challenges by first constructing a spatiotemporal model, predicting a priori how a molecule underlying AD should behave anatomically and over time. Then, guided by the model, we generated gene expression profiles of the entorhinal cortex and the dentate gyrus, harvested from the brains of AD cases and controls covering a broad age span. Among many expression differences, the retromer trafficking molecule VPS35 best conformed to the spatiotemporal model of AD. Western blotting confirmed the abnormality, establishing that VPS35 levels are reduced in brain regions selectively vulnerable to AD. VPS35 is the core molecule of the retromer trafficking complex and further analysis revealed that VPS26, another member of the complex, is also downregulated in AD. Cell culture studies, using small interfering RNAs or expression vectors, showed that VPS35 regulates Aβ peptide levels, establishing the relevance of the retromer complex to AD. Reviewing our findings in the context of recent studies suggests how downregulation of the retromer complex in AD can regulate local levels of Aβ peptide. Ann Neurol 2005;58:909–919
Recovery and brain reorganization after stroke in adult and aged rats
Authors: Markus Tiffanie M. , Tsai Shih‐Yen , Bollnow Melanie R. , Farrer Robert G. , O'Brien Timothy E. , Kindler‐Baumann Diana R. , Rausch Martin , Rudin Markus , Wiessner Christoph , Mir Anis K. , Schwab Martin E. , Kartje Gwendolyn L.
Published: November 2005

Stroke is a prevalent and devastating disorder, and no treatment is currently available to restore lost neuronal function after stroke. One unique therapy that improves recovery after stroke is neutralization of the neurite inhibitory protein Nogo‐A. Here, we show, in a clinically relevant model, improved functional recovery and brain reorganization in the aged and adult rat when delayed anti–Nogo‐A therapy is given after ischemic injury. These results support the efficacy of Nogo‐A neutralization as treatment for ischemic stroke, even in the aged animal and after a 1‐week delay, and implicate neuronal plasticity from unlesioned areas of the central nervous system as a mechanism for recovery. Ann Neurol 2005;58:950–953
A patient with neurological symptoms and abnormal leukotriene metabolism: A new defect in leukotriene biosynthesis
Authors: Mayatepek Ertan , Badiou Stéphanie , Bellet Hélène , Lehmann Wolf D.
Published: November 2005

A 15‐year‐old male patient presented with mental retardation, mild motor impairment, and partial deafness. Biochemical investigations showed an abnormal urinary profile of leukotrienes. Concentration of leukotriene D4 (LTD4), which is usually not detectable, was highly increased, whereas LTE4, the major urinary metabolite in humans, was completely absent. These data suggest membrane‐bound dipeptidase deficiency, a new defect in leukotriene biosynthesis on the step of LTE4 synthesis, as underlying defect. Ann Neurol 2005;58:968–970
GSK3B polymorphisms alter transcription and splicing in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Kwok John B. J. , Hallupp Marianne , Loy Clement T. , Chan Daniel K. Y. , Woo Jean , Mellick George D. , Buchanan Daniel D. , Silburn Peter A. , Halliday Glenda M. , Schofield Peter R.
Published: November 2005

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a combination of motor symptoms. We identified two functional single nucleotide polymorphisms in the glycogen synthase kinase‐3β gene (GSK3B). A promoter single nucleotide polymorphism (rs334558) is associated with transcriptional strength in vitro in which the T allele has greater activity. An intronic single nucleotide polymorphism (rs6438552) regulates selection of splice acceptor sites in vitro. The T allele is associated with altered splicing in lymphocytes and increased levels of GSK3B transcripts that lack exons 9 and 11 (GSKΔexon9+11). Increased levels of GSKΔexon9+11 correlated with enhanced phosphorylation of its substrate, Tau. In a comparison of PD and control brains, there was increased in frequency of T allele (rs6438552) and corresponding increase in GSKΔexon9+11 and Tau phosphorylation in PD brains. Conditional logistic regression indicated gene–gene interaction between T/T genotype of rs334558 and H1/H1 haplotype of microtubule‐associated protein Tau (MAPT) gene (p = 0.009). There was association between a haplotype (T alleles of both GSK3B polymorphisms) and disease risk after stratification by Tau haplotypes ((H1/H2+H2/H2 individuals: odds ratio, 1.64; p = 0.007; (H1/H1 individuals: odds ratio, 0.68; p < 0.001). Ours results suggest GSK3B polymorphisms alter transcription and splicing and interact with Tau haplotypes to modify disease risk in PD. Ann Neurol 2005;58:829–839
Überarbeiteter Abschnitt F: Naturstoffe und verwandte Verbindungen
Authors: Schick Hans , Hellwich Karl‐Heinz , Roy, Langenfeld Kathrin‐Maria
Published: November 2005

Bei der Benennung von Naturstoffen gab es, hauptsächlich aus historischen Gründen, viele Unklarheiten. Zu Beginn der Naturstoffchemie lag zwischen der Isolierung einer neuen Substanz und ihrer Charakterisierung ein längerer Zeitraum. Daher erhielten Naturstoffe häufig Trivialnamen, die keinen Hinweis auf die Struktur des Moleküls geben und sich im Nachhinein oft als irreführend erwiesen. Auch wenn die ursprünglichen Namen später verbessert wurden, so drückten die neuen Namen die Struktur doch häufig unvollkommen aus und eigneten sich daher nicht für die Nomenklaturoperationen, die zur Benennung von Derivaten oder Stereoisomeren erforderlich sind. Dies führte zu einer enormen Zunahme von Trivialnamen, die nur das Gedächtnis von Chemikern strapazierten und wichtige Strukturverhältnisse verschleierten. Das so entstandene Durcheinander in der Literatur führte zur Gründung von Fachkommissionen, deren Aufgabe es war, die Benennung von Verbindungen auf verschiedenen miteinander zusammenhängenden Gebieten der Naturstoffchemie wie Steroiden, Lipiden oder Kohlenhydraten zu systematisieren. Die Bemühungen, irreführende oder doppelte Nomenklatur zu beseitigen, waren erfolgreich, soweit den Empfehlungen gefolgt wurde. Ziel der IUPAC Commission on Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry ist es, nach Möglichkeit alle Einzelberichte in einem einzigen Satz von Empfehlungen zu vereinen, der in den meisten Gebieten der Naturstoffchemie angewendet werden kann. Dementsprechend wurden vorläufige Empfehlungen ausgearbeitet und erstmals 1976 als Abschnitt F der IUPAC‐Regeln für die Nomenklatur der Organischen Chemie1 und danach in den 1979 herausgegebenen Regeln2 veröffentlicht.
Titelbild: Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Propargylic Substitution Reactions of Propargylic Alcohols with Acetone (Angew. Chem. 47/2005)
Authors: Inada Youichi , Nishibayashi Yoshiaki , Uemura Sakae
Published: November 2005

Diruthenium‐Komplexe mit optisch aktiven thiolatverbrückten Liganden katalysieren die propargylische Substitution von Propargylalkoholen mit dem Nucleophil Aceton. Mithilfe neuer chiraler Liganden, deren Phenylringe π‐π‐Wechselwirkungen mit einem Phenylring der Rutheniumallenyliden‐Einheit eingehen können, wurden bei diesem Prozess hohe Enantioselektivitäten erzielt. Weitere Informationen geben Y. Nishibayashi und Mitarbeiter in ihrer Zuschrift auf S. 7893 ff.
Cover Picture: Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Propargylic Substitution Reactions of Propargylic Alcohols with Acetone (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 47/2005)
Authors: Inada Youichi , Nishibayashi Yoshiaki , Uemura Sakae
Published: November 2005

Diruthenium complexes with optically active thiolate‐bridged ligands promote the catalytic propargylic substitution of propargylic alcohols with acetone as the nucleophile. The use of novel chiral ligands bearing a phenyl ring that can engage in a π–π interaction with a phenyl ring of the ruthenium–allenylidene moiety lead to high enantioselectivities in these processes. For more details, see the Communication by Y. Nishibayashi and co‐workers on page 7715 ff.
Interaction of methyltin(IV) compounds with carboxylate ligands. Part 1: formation and stability of methyltin(IV)–carboxylate complexes and their relevance in speciation studies of natural waters
Authors: De Robertis Alessandro , Gianguzza Antonio , Giuffrè Ottavia , Pettignano Alberto , Sammartano Silvio
Published: November 2005

Quantitative data on the stability of mono‐, di‐ and trimethyltin(IV)‐carboxylate complexes (acetate, malonate, succinate, malate, oxydiacetate, diethylenetrioxydiacetate, tricarballylate, citrate, butanetetracarboxylate and mellitate) are reported at t = 25 °C and I→ 0 mol l−1. Several mononuclear, mixed proton, mixed hydroxo and polynuclear species are formed in these systems. As expected, the stability trend is mono‐ > di‐ > trimethyltin(IV) and mono < di < tri < tetra < hexa for the organotin moieties and carboxylate ligands investigated, respectively. Moreover, ligands containing, in addition to carboxylic,OandOH groups show a significantly higher stability with respect to analogous ligands with the same number of carboxylic binding sites. The results obtained from all the systems investigated allowed us to formulate the following empirical predictive equation for correlation between complex stability and some simple structural parameters,

where ncarb and nOH are the number of carboxylic and alcoholic groups in the ligand, respectively, r is the stoichiometric coefficient of H+ (positive) or OH− (negative) and zcat is the methyltin cation charge (CH3)xSnz+ (z+ = 4 − x). Distribution diagrams for some representative systems are also reported and are discussed in the light of speciation studies in natural waters. A literature data comparison is made with carboxylate complexes of other metal ions with the same charge as the organotin cations investigated here. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis, spectroscopic characterization and in vitro studies of antimicrobial activity of bis(diorganodithiocarbamato)organodithiocarbonatobismuth (III) complexes
Authors: Chauhan H. P. S. , Shaik N. M. , Singh U. P.
Published: November 2005

A brief account of the synthesis, spectroscopic characterization and the antimicrobial (bacterial and fungal) behaviour of bis(diorganodithiocarbamato)organodithiocarbonatobismuth(III) complexes is presented. The reaction of bis(diorganodithiocarbamato)bismuth(III) chloride with potassium organodithiocarbonate in equimolar ratio yielded the corresponding mixed derivatives of the type [R′2NCS2]2BiS2COR [where, R′ = CH3 and C2H5; R = Et, Prn, Pri, Bun and Bui]. These have been characterized by molecular weight determinations, melting points (only solid complexes) and elemental (C, H, N, S and Bi) analysis as well as spectral IR and NMR [1H and 13C] studies. The antibacterial and antifungal activities of the free ligands and their bismuth complexes were found in vitro by the disc diffusion method. The complexes showed good antibacterial and antifungal effect on some selected bacterial and fungal strains. The antimicrobial activities of two standard antibiotics (Chloroamphenicol and Terbinafin) were also measured and compared with these complexes. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Silyl modification of biologically active compounds. 11. Synthesis, physico‐chemical and biological evaluation of N‐(trialkoxysilylalkyl)tetrahydro(iso,silaiso) quinoline derivatives
Authors: Zablotskaya Alla , Segal Izolda , Belyakov Sergey , Lukevics Edmunds
Published: November 2005

N‐(trialkoxysilylalkyl) derivatives of 1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroquinoline, 1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroisoquinoline and 4,4‐dimethyl‐4‐sila‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroisoquinoline were prepared and characterized by elemental analysis, 1H, 13C and 29Si NMR spectroscopy. In vivo psychotropic properties and in vitro cytotoxic effects of 3‐[N‐(1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroisoquinolyl)]propyltriethoxysilane methiodide and 3‐[N‐(1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroisoquinolyl)]propylsilatrane are reported. Comparative study of 29Si shifts in newly synthesized compounds suggested donor–acceptor interaction between nitrogen and silicon atom, which increased electron density at Si nuclei, revealing a stronger increment of N → Si transannular bond in comparison with N → Si α‐effect. The molecular structure of 3‐[N‐(1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroisoquinolyl)]propylsilatrane features a penta‐coordinate silicon atom having CSiO3 pattern and Si…N intramolecular interaction. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Titanium and zirconium complexes with aminoiminophosphorane ligands
Authors: Qi Changhe , Zhang Suobo
Published: November 2005

A series of titanium and zirconium complexes based on aminoiminophosphorane ligands [Ph2P(Nt‐Bu)(NR)]2MCl2 (4, M = Ti, R = Ph; 5, M = Zr, R = Ph; 6, M = Ti, R = SiMe3; 7, M = Zr, R = SiMe3) have been synthesized by the reaction of the ligands with TiCl4 and ZrCl4. The structure of complex 4 has been determined by X‐ray crystallography. The observed very weak interaction between Ti and P suggests partial π‐electron delocalization through both Ti and P. The complexes 4–7 are inactive for ethylene polymerization in the presence of modified methylaluminoxane (MMAO) or i‐Bu3Al–Ph3CB(C6F5)4 under atmospheric pressure, and is probably the result of low monomer ethylene concentration and steric congestion around the central metal. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Short and Efficient Approach Towards Macrocyclic Lactones Based on a Sonogashira Reaction
Authors: Krauss Jürgen , Unterreitmeier Doris , Neudert Christine , Bracher Franz
Published: November 2005

Polyketide‐derived macrolactones like zearalenone (1), zearalane (2) or curvularin (3) display a wide range of interesting pharmacological activities. Here, we present a short and efficient approach towards this class of natural products by a combination of the Sonogashira and Mitsunobu reactions. The resulting lactone 9 was tested against human cancer cell lines at the NCI.
Intercalation of daunomycin into d(CG)4 oligomer duplex containing G·T mismatches by vibrational circular dichroism and infrared absorption spectroscopy
Authors: Pandyra A. , Tsankov D. , Andrushchenko V. , van de Sande J. H. , Wieser H.
Published: November 2005

The vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) and infrared absorption (IR) spectra of the mismatched octamer oligonucleotides d(CGTGCGCG)2 (CGT) and d(CGCGTGCG)2 (CGC) and their complexes with the antitumor drug daunomycin were measured in D2O, interpreted, and compared to the octamer d(CGCGCGCG)2 (CG). The IR spectra of the mismatched octamers in the carbonyl‐stretching region are similar to those of the parent CG, whereas the VCD spectra differ in several respects between each other. The main VCD feature due to carbonyl stretching is informative for the mismatches and CG. Vibrational modes in the sugar–phosphate region remain essentially unchanged especially for PO2− symmetric stretching. Differences between the free and complexed mismatch octamers occurred mainly in the carbonyl‐stretching region (1700–1600 cm−1). The absorption intensity of the CO peak of G is more prominent for CGC than CGT and resembles CG in this respect. The detailed composition of this doublet is clearly visible, indicating the geometric rearrangement of the base pairs in the presence of the mismatch and upon forming the daunomycin complex. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 82: 189–198, 2006

This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Determination of intrinsic hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity of amino acid side chains in peptides in the absence of nearest‐neighbor or conformational effects
Authors: Kovacs James M. , Mant Colin T. , Hodges Robert S.
Published: November 2005

Understanding the hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity of amino acid side chains in peptides/proteins is one the most important aspects of biology. Though many hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity scales have been generated, an “intrinsic” scale has yet to be achieved. “Intrinsic” implies the maximum possible hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity of side chains in the absence of nearest‐neighbor or conformational effects that would decrease the full expression of the side‐chain hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity when the side chain is in a polypeptide chain. Such a scale is the fundamental starting point for determining the parameters that affect side‐chain hydrophobicity and for quantifying such effects in peptides and proteins. A 10‐residue peptide sequence, Ac–X–G–A–K–G–A–G–V–G–L‐amide, was designed to enable the determination of the intrinsic values, where position X was substituted by all 20 naturally occurring amino acids and norvaline, norleucine, and ornithine. The coefficients were determined by reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography using six different mobile phase conditions involving different pH values (2, 5, and 7), ion‐pairing reagents, and the presence and absence of different salts. The results show that the intrinsic hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity of amino acid side chains in peptides (proteins) is independent of pH, buffer conditions, or whether C8 or C18 reversed‐phase columns were used for 17 side chains (Gly, Ala, Cys, Pro, Val, nVal, Leu, nLeu, Ile, Met, Tyr, Phe, Trp, Ser, Thr, Asn, and Gln) and dependent on pH and buffer conditions, including the type of salt or ion‐pairing reagent for potentially charged side chains (Orn, Lys, His, Arg, Asp, and Glu). © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 84: 283–297, 2006

This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Endoscopic sphincterotomy and temporary internal stenting for bile leaks following complex hepatic trauma
Authors: Lubezky N , Konikoff F M , Rosin D , Carmon E , Kluger Y , Ben-Haim M
Published: November 2005

Background

Biliary leak secondary to blunt or penetrating hepatic trauma and damage to the intrahepatic biliary tree remains a challenging problem. The role and safety of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and stenting in this setting were studied.

Methods

All trauma victims who developed a bile leak secondary to hepatic trauma were included. Bile leak was defined as the appearance of bile in a surgical wound or intra-abdominal drain after surgery, following percutaneous drainage of a perihepatic bile collection, or evidence of a leak on hepatobiliary scintigraphy. ERCP was performed within 24 h of diagnosis and included biliary sphincterotomy and internal stenting. Recovery was defined as cessation of leakage.

Results

Between 1996 and 2004, six patients with penetrating injuries and five with blunt abdominal injuries were treated according to the study protocol. Eight underwent surgery to control bleeding or for additional intra-abdominal injuries. All bile leaks resolved completely within 10 days of ERCP. One patient died from pulmonary sepsis; ten recovered without hepatobiliary sequelae.

Conclusion

ERCP, biliary sphincterotomy and temporary internal stenting, together with percutaneous drainage of intra-abdominal or intrahepatic bile collections, represent a safe and effective strategy for the management of bile leaks following both blunt and penetrating hepatic trauma.
Properties of Excited Ketyl Radicals of Benzophenone Analogues Affected by the Size and Electronic Character of the Aromatic Ring Systems
Authors: Sakamoto Masanori , Cai Xichen , Fujitsuka Mamoru , Majima Tetsuro
Published: November 2005

The properties of benzophenone ketyl radical analogues with large aromatic ring systems, such as naphthylphenylketone (2), 4‐benzoylbiphenyl (3), and bis(biphenyl‐4‐yl)methanone (4), were investigated in the excited state by using nanosecond–picosecond two‐color two‐laser flash photolysis. Fluorescence and transient absorption spectra of ketyl radicals of 2–4 in the excited state were observed for the first time. The fluorescence and properties of the excited ketyl radicals were significantly affected by the size and electronic properties of the aromatic ring systems. The reactivity of the ketyl radicals in the excited state with several quenchers was examined and they were found to show reactivity toward N,N‐diethylaniline. In addition, for the benzophenone ketyl radical, a unique quenching process of the radical in the excited state by the ground‐state parent molecule was found. The factors regulating the fluorescence lifetime of the ketyl radicals in the excited state are discussed quantitatively.
Extraction of Lanthanides from Aqueous Solution by Using Room‐Temperature Ionic Liquid and Supercritical Carbon Dioxide in Conjunction
Authors: Mekki Soufiane , Wai Chien M. , Billard Isabelle , Moutiers Gilles , Burt James , Yoon Byunghoon , Wang Joanna S. , Gaillard Clotilde , Ouadi Ali , Hesemann Peter
Published: November 2005

For the first time, the study of a three‐step extraction system of water/ionic liquid/supercritical CO2 has been performed. Extraction of trivalent lanthanum and europium from an aqueous nitric acid solution to a supercritical CO2 phase via an imidazolium‐based ionic liquid phase is demonstrated, and extraction efficiencies higher than 87 % were achieved. The quantitative extraction is obtained by using different fluorinated β‐diketones with and without the addition of tri(n‐butyl)phosphate. The complexation phenomenon occurring in the room‐temperature ionic‐liquid (RTIL) phase was evidenced by using luminescence spectroscopy.