bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ethical and Legal Aspects Pertaining to law Enforcement use of Drones
Authors: Watney Murdoch
Published: March 2022

Law enforcement is an information-based activity. The use of drones (also referred to as unmanned aerial vehicles or UAVs) for policing may be beneficial as an aerial surveillance tool in gathering information pertaining to crime prevention, detection and /or investigation which are conducted in the interest of national security. In most instances, the law enforcement use of drones for purposes of search and rescue, crime scene investigation and hostage situations are not controversial. However, police use of drones for crowd monitoring and protests may be contentious as it may violate various human rights such as the right to privacy which includes data protection, free speech, right to protest and freedom of movement. These rights must be balanced against public safety. The discussion focuses on identifying ethical and legal concerns relating to the use of drones by the police and how these concerns should be addressed. It highlights that the danger is not the drone technology itself, but how it is used and the manner in which the police deal with, process and act upon information gathered, in order to prevent or control crime. The use of drone technology for surveillance impacts on human rights. There is a risk that surveillance may manifest itself in governmental domination and power if no safeguards are in place to curtail pervasive surveillance. It should be established whether domestic drone policing is in general so intrusive that the drawbacks outweigh the benefits of using it for public safety purposes. The manner in which these issues are addressed may serve as a guideline to countries who are considering the use of drones for law enforcement.
Zero Trust Container Architecture (ZTCA)
Authors: Leahy Darragh , Thorpe Christina
Published: March 2022

Containerisation is quickly becoming an accepted industry standard for development environments and Gartner, in a recent market forecast, estimated that by 2022 more than 75% of organisations will be using containers in production deployments. With this explosion in growth comes an added focus on security and best practices for using containers. The use of containers, in particular Docker containers, has altered some of the more traditional deployment paradigms by giving control of deployments to the development teams. This has massively benefited the DevOps release cycle, but at the expense of many mature security and review processes that are integrated into traditional deployments. Like all systems, containers need frameworks to guide best practices for deployments and to ensure mistakes are not made that increase the risk level or attack surface of an application or service using containers, or the containers themselves. Indeed, according to a recent presentation during DevSecCon24 by Justin Cormack, Security Lead at Docker Inc., Cormack believes most security issues related to Docker are due to misconfiguration rather than direct exploit. While work has been previously conducted with regards to container security and separately applying Zero Trust Networking Architecture to containers, in this work we will investigate the security state of a default deployment of the Docker container engine on Linux and analyse how the principals of Zero Trust Architecture can be extended beyond the domain of networking, distilled into a ”Zero Trust Containers Architecture” and applied to secure Docker deployments. In order to determine this, research was conducted into the current state of Docker security and Zero Trust Architecture. Practical and theoretical attacks were reviewed against a default Docker deployment to identify common themes and areas of issue. Results were used to advise a generalised trust-based framework which was then used to analyse a Docker deployment and validate mitigation of a selection of the identified attacks, proving out the concept of the proposed “Zero Trust Container Architecture” framework.
APT Cyber-attack Modelling: Building a General Model
Authors: Lehto Martti
Published: March 2022

The global community continues to experience an increase in the scale, sophistication, and successful perpetration of cyber-attacks. As the quantity and value of electronic information have increased, so too have the efforts of criminals and other malicious actors who have embraced the Internet as a more anonymous, convenient, and profitable way of carrying out their activities. The systems are attacked more and more by single or multiple hacktivists, state sponsored hackers, cyber criminals, cyber terrorists, cyber spies, or cyber warfare warfighters. The cyber security approach requires a balance of cyber threat intelligence, real time cyber-attack detection and especially the cyber early warning ability. Threats in cyberspace aredifficult to define, as it is hard to identify the source of attacks and the motives that drive them, or even to foresee the course of an attack as it unfolds. The identification of cyber threats is further complicated by the difficulty in defining the boundaries between national, international, public, and private interests. Because threats in cyberspace are global in nature and involve rapid technological developments, the struggle to respond them is ever-changing and increasingly complicated. Cyber-attack models describe the structure of an attack in different phases. They provide a means to conceptualize the different aspects and elements of an attack. However, it is important to understand that not all attacks must complete all phases to be successful, and the objective of the attack defines the structure of the attack. Different actors have built different cyberattack models. Modeling is used to understand the different goals of cyber attackers. Attack models are based on attack targets and attack objectives. This paper analyzes different APT cyber-attack models and presents a general cyber-attack model.
Integrating Democratic Cybersecurity
Authors: Losavio Michael , Sun Jeffrey , Kerrick Sharon , Elmaghraby Adel , Purdy Cheryl , Johnson Clay
Published: March 2022

The expansion of pervasive and ubiquitous computing, especially with the advancement of the Internet of Things and the Smart City concept, extend the novel means of criminality and its investigation. We argue that current forms of investigation and discovery are not sufficient to limit injuries onto persons and communities. Nonetheless, cybersecurity approaches within criminal justice, criminology, and workforce development – together – offer models that significantly benefit efforts to address public cybersecurity harms, yet they have been largely overlooked. This paper draws on an interdisciplinary lens to address cybersecurity, including criminal justice and workforce development integration and employing empowerment theory. Applying empowerment theory, this presentation demonstrates the effects from integrating cybersecurity and forensic practices into traditional law enforcement. The effects are positive as public safety will be needed to provide public safety and security in our hybrid technical world. Thus, this paper illustrates how we must, in essence, “democratize” cybersecurity through its distributed availability. We present means to achieve this and results from efforts to promote this integration through several coordinated, yet differently targeted programs at one research university.
Cyberbullying Indicator as a Precursor to a Cyber Construct Development
Authors: Al-Romaihi Salam , Adeyemi Ikuesan Richard
Published: March 2022

The current global pandemic occasioned by the SARS-CoV-2 virus has been attributed, partially, to the growing range of cyber vises within the cyber ecosystem. One area of such impact is the increasing tendencies of cyber-bullying among students. Cyberbullying -the act of subjugating others using a cyber platform- is a growing concern among educators, especially in High-Schools. Whilst studies have been carried out towards understanding this menace, the approach towards identifying indicators of cyberbullying is largely missing in the literature. To address this research gap, this study proposed a cyberbullying framework based on the identification of some observable behavioral indicators. Using a self-administered measurement instrument from 30-respondents, the study observed the probability of a cyberbully construct, as a potential measure of the presence of cyberbullying; a probability that has been largely ignored in extant literature. This observation presents a veritable tool for the development of an active and integrated learning platform void of abuse among students. Furthermore, within the cyber education ecosystem, a cyberbullying construct would provide a mechanism for the development of an appropriate online learning platform, which would be useful to the information system and cyber education research communities.
Emerging Cyber risk Challenges in Maritime Transportation
Authors: Simola Jussi , Pöyhönen Jouni
Published: March 2022

Maritime security and surveillance have become one of the main areas in managing overall situational awareness.For example, the growing importance of maritime traffic in cross-border trade has created new pressures to develop newtechnologies for accident prevention, especially in the ports. Maritime safety is also a matter of concern for continuitymanagement. Automatic ship alarm systems, coastal radars and coastal cameras are not alone sufficient equipment to buildmaritime awareness. The Universal Shipborne Automatic Identification System (AIS) is a ship transponder system that is aglobally used tracking system, but highly vulnerable to hacking. A major maritime traffic problem arises if transponders areswitched off. Hybrid threats need coordinated hybrid responses; therefore, a cyber situational picture is also needed. Cybersituational awareness is an essential part of the management of maritime situational awareness. The lack of using real-timedata from the maritime actors affects the correct formation of the common situational picture—for example, from the siteof an accident. Cyber security is an essential factor in developing fairway navigation and all terminal (port-to-port) activities.This research will be done as a part of the SMARTER (Smart Terminals) -project that belongs to the SEA4VALUE program. Theproject aims to develop unique digitalized concepts that enhance safe transportation and reduce emissions in the port andthe terminal areas. By using the multiagent system with sensor technology, e.g., in the harbors, it is possible to gather andshare meaningful maritime security-related data. The study's primary purpose is to describe the operating environment andmake an initial analysis of system requirements for optimizing situational awareness in the area of western ports of Finland
Human Errors: A Cybersecurity Concern and the Weakest Link to Small Businesses
Authors: Ncubukezit Tabisa
Published: March 2022

Cybersecurity is essential for all organizations, especially during this menacing Covid-19 global pandemic. The sudden transition of leaving the offices to work from home – the 'new normal' – has introduced information security-related risks associated with human factors. For example, both criminals and employees use the same platform for information exchange but with starkly different intentions. But both their actions compromise information and computer security. Criminals intentionally exploit systems to gain unauthorized access for their benefit, while employees make careless mistakes, leaving systems exposed and vulnerable. The present study examines human errors influenced by actions, attitudes, and behaviors that affect overall information security. Purposive sampling within the qualitative approach was used to select thirty (30) small business managers. Data was collected using a qualitative online survey as a Google Form. The study used thematic analysis. The results revealed that repeated human mistakes compromise information security principles and render employees the weakest link. The study explained the risks caused by employees due to ignorance or poor decision making, technical-related errors, and skills- and policy-based errors. Even though small businesses do not require a 'one-size-fits-all' security approach, recommendations to reduce human mistakes were made.
Cumulative Cyber Deterrence
Authors: Turunen Maija , Kari Martti
Published: March 2022

The cumulative cyber deterrence can be seen as a concept in which increasing the weight of different means and their use increases the deterrent effect on a common level or on selected adversaries. Cumulative cyber deterrence may include all traditional options of deterrence, and can be active or passive. Active deterrence can be characterized as targeting specific threats and actors, as a deterrent consisting of several different methods, while passive deterrence is a form of deterrence commonly targeted at all the potential adversaries. The cumulative cyber deterrence can be an independent type of deterrence or part of a state’s overall deterrence. This paper approaches the concept of cumulative cyber deterrence from a military perspective. The purpose is to determine what factors can be formed by cumulative cyber deterrence. It describes how cumulative deterrence will change and be affected and what problems can be associated with that concept. The aim is to find answers to these questions by looking at the way how Israel and Russia use cumulative cyber deterrence as part of their overall deterrence. In its theoretical context, this paper is based on the theory of the character of war. Through the theory of character of war and utilizing the concept of reflexive control, an attempt is made to explain the position of cumulative cyber deterrence as part of overall deterrence. Integrative literature analysis has been used as the research method. The key conclusion of the paper is that creating a credible cyber deterrent is an affect and cost-effective way to increase overall deterrence. However, this presupposes that the state also has offensive cyber methods at its disposal and is able to credibly communicate their existence and the will to use them if necessary. The concept of cumulative cyber deterrence depends on the other means of deterrence available to the state. Both Israel and Russia have all these qualities. A key difference in the deterrence strategies of these states is that Israel uses cumulative methods to make it clear where the red lines are, while Russia’s strategic goal is to blur them
Technical Analysis of Thanos Ransomware
Authors: Ogriki Ikuromor , Beck Christopher , Heydari Vahid
Published: March 2022

Ransomware is a developing menace that encrypts users’ files and holds the decryption key hostage until the victim pays a ransom. This particular class of malware has been in charge of extortion hundreds of millions of dollars every year. Adding to the problem, generating new variations is cheap. Therefore, new malware can detect antivirus and intrusion detection systems and evade them or manifest in ways to make themselves undetectable. We must first understand the characteristics and behavior of various varieties of ransomware to create and construct effective security mechanisms to combat them. This research presents a novel dynamic and behavioral analysis of a newly discovered ransomware called Thanos. It was founded in 2020 and is building up to be the leading malware used by low-to-medium-level attackers. It is part of a new ransomware class known as RaaS (Ransomware as a Service), where attackers can customize it for their desired target audience. So far, it is more prevalent in the middle east and North Africa and has over 130 unique samples already. As part of this investigation, the Thanos ransomware is carefully being analyzed. A testbed is created in the virtual artificial environment that mimics a regular operating system and identifies malware interactions with user data. Using this testbed, we can study how ransomware generally affects our system, how it spreads, and how it continually persists to access the user’s information. We can design a new security mechanism to detect and mitigate Thanos and similar ransomware based on behavior examination results.
Analysis of Sexual Abuse of Children Online and CAM Investigations in Finland
Authors: Parviainen Johanna , Rajmaki Jyri
Published: March 2022

Children who use their free time with phones and computers online, interact with the digital environment on a daily basis, where they will often make social contacts with their friends as well as exchange photos and videos with them. However, children often make contact incautiously with new people online and may risk falling victim to sexual harassment or sexual abuse via sexually charged messages, requests to send nude photos or other Child Abuse Materials (CAM). Most of these cases are unreported crimes. Victims do not always understand that they could be victims. Sexual abuse of children endangers children’s psychological, physical and social health, and is against the interests of the child and their human rights. The European Commission’s Internal Security Fund Police (ISFP) aims to fund projects on fighting cybercrime and child sexual abuse including digital investigations. This paper provides background information for an innovation project intended to get funding from the ISFP. The case study composes up-to-date pictures of sexual abuse of children online in Finland by applying (1) observations of national police officers who have worked with CAM investigations as a tactical, technical or lead investigator to get unwritten knowledge of the challenge of investigations in the future, and (2) earlier research in Finland. Finnish Child Victim Surveys from past years provide a nationally representative sample of the experiences of children between 12 and 15 years of age where online grooming and sexual abuse is reported. In spring 2021, Save the Children Finland published 11-17-year-old children’s experiences of and thoughts on online grooming, and its results show grooming to be a common phenomenon and that a portion of children reported contact being made sexual from its very beginning. This case study combines qualitative and quantitative methods for achieving different aspects and paradigms over the CAM investigations in Finland and are now up to date and would describe how crime investigators have to observe CAM crimes in crime investigations and how cases would be investigated effectively and reliably in a timely fashion and without unnecessary mental workload.
Digital Risk Management: Investigating Human-Factor Security with a Behaviorist Approach
Authors: Pretorius Ruan , Blaauw Dewald
Published: March 2022

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Critical Systems Protection (CSP): The US Secret Service’s Tactical Cyber Capability for Securing Protectees
Authors: Hyman Austin , Nussbaum Brian , Bencivenga Mario , Rizzo Zachary
Published: March 2022

This paper examines a largely unknown cybersecurity function within the United States Secret Service (USSS), that is separate and apart from its traditional cybersecurity mission in financial crime investigations.  This program - Critical Systems Protection (CSP) – is instead focused on the Secret Service’s protective mission and analyzes and secures the cyber environments of facilities and locations visited by the agency’s protectees.  Exploiting publicly available documents about CSP, this paper will document this unique organization that combines some of the highest profile issues in cybersecurity – operational and tactical level cybersecurity efforts, and the security of cyber-physical systems. Drawing on open-source information and government documents, this paper sketches out the CSP mission, its partnerships with other agencies and organizations, and some of the tools and other capabilities it has developed.
Can Attrition Theory Provide Insight for Cyber Warfare?
Authors: Defibaugh Stephen , Schaeffer Donna
Published: March 2022

This paper explores the notion that cyber-adversaries can use classic attrition tactics to cause weakness to address follow-on attacks. We conducted a grounded theory study that reviewed historic literature to identify parallels between past attrition tactics and cyber warfare. From historical examples, we see the possibility of an adversary conducting an asymmetric campaign by flooding the adversary with false-positive attacks in order to have them drain resources. For a modern perspective, we interviewed subject-matter experts from a US military command. Thematic analysis demonstrates a link between attrition and cyber-maneuver warfare. One significant finding is that most subject-matter experts agreed a culture of compliance, which encourages a full resources response to security events given full resources, can reduce the ability to maneuver appropriately and takes away from the focus on critical mission functions that cyber security is actually in place to protect. Other common themes that surfaced include that some interviewees believed their organizations were not prepared for cyber war nor are they resourced adequately to respond to a state of cyber war. Issues that need further study are the need to compare and correlate telemetry and metrics of incident responses and better tracking of the dollar-cost value of incident response and cyber tactics.
Physical Activity in Pregnancy was Favorably Associated with Maternal And Offspring Health Indices
Authors: K.D Tambalis , G Arnaoutis , L.S Sidossis
Published: March 2022

Regular physical activity (PA) in pregnancy can benefit the pregnant woman through a shorter birth and a shorter recovery period. The study aimed to investigate the effect of PA in pregnancy, on maternal and offspring health indicators. Population-based data were obtained from a national database that included anthropometric and physical fitness data of almost all Greek children 8 to 9 years. Α random sample of 5,125 dyads of mothers-children was evaluated. Telephone interviews were carried out with the use of a standardized questionnaire for the collection of maternal lifestyle factors. Children born to mothers who participated in the recommended PA levels had lower odds (OR=0.78, 95% CI: 0.69-0.95) to be overweight/obese in childhood. Adequate PA levels in pregnancy were found to be associated with lower odds of preterm birth by 61% (OR = 0.39, 95% CI: 0.17-0.87), and alcohol consumption in pregnancy by 62% (OR = 0.38, 95% CI: 0.27-0.56) as compared to the inadequate level of PA. Also, mothers with adequate PA in pregnancy had decreased odds for excessive GWG and final BMI by almost 40% in comparison to those with inadequate PA levels. PA in pregnancy does seem to be related to offspring health indicators (e.g. obesity at 8 years) and is associated with a more favorable maternal health profile.
The Effect Of Digitalization On Culinary Msmes On Increasing Sales Turnover During Covid 19 Pandemic
Authors: Purnama Suryari , Bangun Cicilia S. , Panjaitan Arop Ria S. , Agung
Published: March 2022

This study aims to determine the effect of digital marketing and the use of the marketplace for Culinary MSMEs on increasing sales turnover during the COVID-19 pandemic. The research population is Culinary MSMEs in DKI Jakarta whose number is unknown. Determination of the number of samples by Hair et.al (2014) which is a minimum of 50 culinary traders in Jakarta by sampling using the purposive sampling method, with the following criteria: Respondents are limited to small and micro entrepreneurs (UMK) Culinary, which sell heavy/main food, snacks (snacks) and various drinks, Culinary UMK actors who have used digital marketing as a promotional tool, Culinary UMK actors who have sold on marketplaces such as Gofood, Grabfood or Tokopedia. This research is a quantitative research that aims to see the effect of the data processing method used, namely Multiple Linear Regression Analysis. The results show: 1). There is an influence of digital marketing for Culinary MSMEs on increasing sales turnover during the covid 19 pandemic, 2). There is an effect of using marketplaces on increasing sales turnover of Culinary MSMEs, 3). There is an influence of digital marketing and the use of marketplaces on increasing Simultaneous sales turnover for Culinary SMEs. The novelty of this research is that it is found that the influence of the use of the marketplace is significant in increasing sales turnover, but specifically for Culinary MSMEs (Micro entrepreneurs) it turns out that the use of this marketplace reduces the sales turnover of these culinary Micro entrepreneurs.
Tipología de actores agrarios para el análisis de las políticas neoliberales en el campo mexicano (1992-2018). Un estudio comparativo en el bajío guanajuatense
Authors: Gómez-García José Ramón
Published: March 2022

Some of the implications of neoliberal policies for the Mexican countryside have been the deepening of social inequality and the dismantling of agrarian nuclei. However, processes of resistance and permanence of their collective vitality have also been observed. These processes are explained in part as a result of the social organization and historical conformation that preceded the legal changes in the ejidos. Based on an ethnographic work that included field trips, file review and semi-structured interviews in two ejidos that are located in the Guanajuato Bajío, a typology of agrarian actors is proposed that allows understanding at a micro-social level the various socio-spatial dynamics and productive areas that were reconfigured as a result of the application of neoliberal policies in the ejidos, which made possible or restricted their actions, in a region of the Mexican countryside historically considered one of the most productive agricultural regions at the national level.
Turismo y planeación urbana en San José del Cabo, Baja California Sur (México)
Authors: Bojórquez-Luque Jesús , Baños-Francia José Alfonso
Published: March 2022

The localities from their origin face a series of events that can condition them to their future configuration. San Jose del Cabo, in the Mexican state of Baja California Sur, emerged in colonial times as the site of a mission founded by the religious order of the Society of Jesus. Since the eighties of the last century, it became a place where public policies were applied in the field of tourism, an aspect that gave rise to a great physical growth of the urban place due to the social growth of the population to become a focus of attraction for immigrants attracted by the jobs associated with leisure activity. The objective of this essay is to provide an explanation of the urban evolution of San José del Cabo through an analysis of different documentary sources, such as bibliography, reports and urban planning instruments prepared by government agencies.
Linchamientos en Chile y Argentina
Authors: Quiroz Loreto
Published: March 2022

El artículo indaga en cómo se construye, desde el Derecho, el significado de los linchamientos en Chile y Argentina. Utilizando los postulados de Bourdieu respecto al campo jurídico, se explora en los discursos de jueces, fiscales y defensores. Para ello se realizaron 37 entrevistas a estos agentes, y se recurrió al análisis de contenido. Los resultados arrojados son similares para ambos países y muestran que las disposiciones de los entrevistados se acoplan a ciertas estructuras organizacionales y usos institucionales que, aunque devienen en la generación de ciertas gestiones orientadas a la represión de la violencia linchadora, cierran espacios a la posibilidad de la producción sanciones jurídicas respecto de los linchamientos.
Hubungan Antara Kecerdasan Emosional dengan Interaksi Sosial Siswa
Authors: Gultom Fisiska , Mujiono Mujiono
Published: March 2022

Untuk memperoleh informasi tentang kecerdasan emosional dan interaksi sosial siswa maka dilakukan penelitian ini, dengan tujuan melakukan kategorisasi tingkat kecerdasan emosional siswa dan melakukan kategorisasi tingkat interaksi sosial siswa di dalam kelas dan sekolah.  Mengetahui hubungan kecerdasan emosional dengan interaksi sosial siswa. Penelitian dilakukan di SMP Swasta W.R. Supratman 2 Medan. Pengambilan sampel siswa dilakukan dengan teknik bertingkat (strafied), masing-masing 24 orang tiap kelas dengan jenjang kelas VII, VIII, dan IX.  Jumlah sampel sebanyak 24 orang dari siswa kelas VII. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan menggunakan angket kecerdasan emosional dengan 30 item, dan angket baku; dan interaksi sosial diukur dengan sosiometri analisis data dilakukan secara deskriptif dengan kategorisasi dengan baik, sedang, kurang, dan rendah/buruk; dan dilakukan analisa hubungan dengan hubungan Product Moment. Hasil penelitian diperoleh : (1) Tingkat Kecerdasan Emosional siswa SMP Swasta W.R. Supratman 2 Medan berdistribusi pada kategori tinggi (16,67 %) dan baik (83,33 %); (2) Interaksi Sosial siswa SMP Swasta W.R. Supratman 2 Medan Tahun Pembelajaran 2012/2013 tergolong dalam kategori tinggi (45,83 %) dan  baik (54,17 %);  (3) Kecerdasan Emosional siswa SMP Swasta W.R. Supratman 2 Medan berhubungan signifikan dengan interaksi sosialnya, pada taraf kepercayaan 95 % (rxy = 1,0 > r0,05 = 0,404); dan (4) Tinggi dan rendahnya kecerdasan emosional siswa sebesar 99 % (r2 = 0,99) akan mempengaruhi interaksi sosial siswa SMP Swasta W.R. Supratman 2 Medan.
Pengaruh Bimbingan Belajar dari Orangtua dalam Peningkatan Prestasi Belajar Pada Siswa
Authors: Fildianti Fildianti
Published: March 2022

Seeing the importance of how to educate parents in the family environment, the authors conducted a study with the aim to find out if there is a relationship in the way parents educate in the family environment with children's learning achievement in school. In this study, the authors determined a sample of 35 private junior high school students YWKA Medan who live with parents and both parents are still alive, through random sampling techniques. To collect data, closed questionnaires are used, to obtain data on how parents educate and documentary studies to obtain student learning achievement.  Respondents' answers are given a value by giving a value weight for option a given a value of 4, for option b is given a value of 3, and for option c is given a value of 2, and for option d is given a value of 1. To find a correlation between the way parents educate and learning achievement is used pearson product moment formula as follows:

Where: x  is the value of the questionnaire, and  y is the student's learning achievement. To test a hypothesis with a significant level of 5% or by using a belief level of 95% used a table r (correlation table) with a sample number of 35 people. Thus the result of the calculation obtained the value r = -0.08 and the value of r in the correlation table is 0.334.  This means that there is a very low correlation. Thus it can be proven that the hypothesis in this study is rejected.  So the author can conclude that the way parents educate is good can not improve students' learning achievement.
Kemampuan Membedakan Bahasa Indonesia Baku dan Tidak Baku Oleh Siswa
Authors: Ginting Darman
Published: March 2022

This research aims to describe the level of ability of students of State Junior High School 3 Mardingding in the ability to distinguish raw and non-standard Indonesian in Indonesian. The population of this study was 110 Mardingding State Junior High School students, and the study sample numbered 24 people who were taken randomly or randomly. This study uses descriptive methods.  Data collection tool in the form of tests distinguishes the standard and not standard Indonesian as many as 70 questions. The data obtained is analyzed using percentage analysis techniques with the formula:

The results of the analysis showed that the level of student mastery of the standard Indonesian of 61.65% and the student's mastery of non-standard language by 63.69%.  While the average ability of students to distinguish raw and non-standard Indonesian is 70.04%.
Kemampuan Bernalar Secara Analogi dalam Wacana Oleh Siswa
Authors: Nababan Deminar
Published: March 2022

This study examines the ability to reason analogously in the discourse of students of Parulian-3 Medan Private Vocational School.  The population of this study is all students of Parulian-3 Medan Private Vocational School as many as 182 people.  A study sample of 28 people who were randomly taken in class I.  The instruments used as many as 10 brief discourses, each short discourse has one conclusion.  If one conclusion then the weight is 10, so the total value is 100.  The formula used to analyze the data is the percentage of univariate statistics.  The method in this study is descriptive method. The results of the study obtained the highest score of 90 and the lowest score of 70, the average score of 82.21, mode of 79 and the median of 79. To find the ability to reason analogously students of Private Vocational School Parulian-3 Medan used the formula to look for averages. From the formula obtained the results of the ability to reason analogously students of Private Vocational School Parulian-3 Medan is 82,21is ongood criteria.
The Correlation Between Mastery of Vocabulary and Reading Comprehension Students
Authors: Tamboy Amos Sider
Published: March 2022

This research deals with the student’s mastery of vocabulary and reading comprehension.  It is aimed at finding out whether there is a high correlation between the mastery of vocabulary and reading comprehension. In this research the population was taken students of SMP Swasta Tenera PTPN IV Kab. Langkat.   The total number of the samples was 20 students. After the data had been collected, the writer analyzed the data by using the formula of Pearson Product Moment. After calculating the correlation of mastery vocabulary and reading comprehension test, it was obtained that the correlation coefficient was 0,57.  It means that there is a high correlation between mastery of vocabulary and reading comprehension.  It implies that the higher the student’s mastery on vocabulary, the better they can comprehend the reading texts.
The Application of Group Work in Classroom Interactions of Teaching Reading Comprehension of Students
Authors: Fadillah Debby
Published: March 2022

This study deals with the application of Group Work in teaching English.  The underlying objective of the study is to see whether teaching reading by using Group Work has significant difference from the students who do not apply it. In carrying out this study, the writer took 40 students of the first year of SMP Negeri 6 Binjai from two classes as the sample of her study.  They were divided into two groups.  The first group is experimental group was taught by using group work in reading comprehension, while the second group is controlled group, the reading text was taught without group work. The instrument used were teacher made test based on the materials that had been taught.  These test used were administrated to find out the reliability, the computation showed that the reliability of the test was 1,5.  After the treatment, a post-test was applied. The results of the study shows that teaching reading comprehension by using group work is more significant than of without group work.
The Correlation Between Structure and Reading Comprehension Achievement of the Students
Authors: Siahaan Naetty , Sihotang Tambun , Silalahi Sondang Mariana
Published: March 2022

This study was intended to find out the correlation between structure and reading comprehension achievement of the third year students of SMP Swasta Budi Insani Medan.  There were 30 students out of 115 randomly selected as the sample. The data was collected by giving multiple choce test that consisting 50 items for structure test and 30 items for reading comprehension test.  The data were analyzed by applying Pearson’s Product Moment Formula.  The finding shows that r was 0,738.  It means that, there is the possitive effect between structure and reading comprehension.  This implies the more students know about the knowledge of structure, the better understanding the students will be added the reading compreheension.  These proved to be greater than the critical value of r at the level of 0,05 which is 0,361. Based on the data which have been found in this study, it can be concluded that there is a significant correlation between the students structure and reading comprehension achievement.
The Student’s Errors on The Use Of Adjectives with The Suffix–Ly
Authors: Yardas Husnaini
Published: March 2022

This study deals with student’s errors on the use of adjectives and adverbs with the suffix–ly and regarding adjectives and adverbs identical in form mainly in–ly form and in without–ly form.  This survey only investigates them in the written exercises.  They cover descriptive adjectives, manner adverbs, intensifying adverbs, and sentence adverbs. The objective of this study is to find out the types and the causes of errors made by student’s on the use adjective and adverbs with the suffix–ly.  The sample of this study is 30 student of the third year students of SMA Negeri 13 Medan. This study uses a descriptive quantitative design.  The instrument for collecting data consists of a teacher made test in the multiple choice form.  The percentage of the student’s errors is dominantly occured in descriptive adjectives from 900 item occurrences, there were 423 errors which categorized into 5 sub categories on the use of adjectives and adverbs with the suffix–ly.  Firstly, the use of descriptive adjective was 151 (35,70 %) errors divided into the use with the suffix–ly was 67 (15,84 %) errors and the use without the suffix–ly was 84 (19,86 %) errors.  Secondly, the use of manner adverbs was 159 (35,22 %) errors divided into the use with the suffix–ly was 89 (21,04 %) errors and the use without the suffix–ly was 60 (14,18 %) errors.   The other one is the use of intensifying adverbs with the suffix–ly was 64 (15,13 %) errors, another one is the use of time adverbs with the suffix–ly was 37 (8,75 %) errors, and the last one is the use sentence adverbs with the suffix–ly was 22 (5,2 %) errors. It is concluded that the errors are due to neglect of rules regarding the use of adjectives and adverbs with the suffix–ly.  In short, the errors were dominantly caused by intralingual transfer on the use of adjectives and adverbs with the suffix–ly.  It recomended that further in depth studies on the use of adjectives and adverbs with the suffix–ly had be done for the betterment of the teaching-learning process.
RESPONS PERTUMBUHAN DAN PRODUKSI DUA VARIETAS UBI JALAR TERHADAP PEMBERIAN BERBAGAI SUMBER KALIUM
Authors: Sembiring Wendy V K
Published: March 2022

The research was conducted at Tanjung Anom Subdistrict of Pancur Batu, Deli Serdang District of Medan, North Sumatera with an altitude of ± 25 meters above sea level from April until August 2017, using group randomized design with two factors, i.e : varieties (Beta 1 and Local Perbaungan) and sources of potassium (control, KCl, biochar, empty palm fruit bunch). The result showed that the treatment of two varieties had significant effect on tuber length parameters per sample, biomass weight per sample, tuber weight, and plant biomass weight, that the highest yield was obtained in Beta 1 treatment. The sources of potassium significantly affect all parameters of the study the interaction of the treatment of varieties and the provision of various types of potassium sources significantly affected all parameters, where the number of tubers and tuber weight per sample of treatment was highest in the treatment of Beta 1 varieties with KCl.
Logistics Distribution Retrieval Support System Using Analytical Hierarchy Process Method
Authors: S Romualdus Vanadio Yoga
Published: March 2022

Logistics Distribution Decision Making Support System is a computer-based information system that can be used to help distributors to distribute logistics in accordance with what is desired. The distributor in this context is the Regional Disaster Management Agency (BPBD) of Magelang Regency Logistics Division. In this system, the distributor will get a result in the form of a decision recommendation that is made based on the distribution's assessment for each prospective beneficiary area. The distribution assessment is determined by the number of criteria used, namely the amount of damage and loss (JKK), category of damage (KK), cost of proposed funds (BuD). In this system, the Analytical Hierarchy Process method is used to determine the comparison of assessments for each candidate area. This method was chosen because it has a hierarchical structure, which is in accordance with the core of the problem in selecting each regional candidate. The distribution of logistics with the Analytic Hierarchy Process method is able to get regional results that are the priority of logistics distribution with an error rate of 17.24% to 23.78%. The results obtained are the difference between the system and excel scores divided by the excel scores. The results obtained, can be used to help distributors carry out logistics distribution to potential natural disaster areas, and will only help (find the best solution) and not be the main benchmark in logistics distribution.
Expert System to Diagnose Bonsai Plant Pests with Certainty Factor Method
Authors: Michael Michael
Published: March 2022

Bonsai ornamental plants are dwarf plants which are generally planted in shallow pots. The main element in bonsai is harmony between pots and plants, in addition to harmony between pots and plants there are also other elements such as trunk size, tree height, root distribution, twigs, and leaf size as well as diseases and pests that attack the bonsai plants need to be considered. The difficulty of the community in conducting consultations and the unavailability of funds and time, so that the community has never conducted consultations about diseases and pests that attack their bonsai plants to experts or plant extension workers from the relevant agencies. Therefore, it is necessary to take action to anticipate the increasing number of bonsai farmers who do not consult on diseases and pests of bonsai plants. This is due to the delay in the diagnosis of the disease. The unavailability of experts or plant extension workers who are close, the community does not have time to conduct consultations and requires money. An expert system is a computer-based system that uses knowledge, facts, and techniques and reasoning in solving problems that can usually only be solved by an expert in the field. The Certainty Factor method is efficient enough to be used in diagnosing the diseases and pests of the bonsai plant. This system can provide early diagnosis of diseases and pests on the bonsai plant based on the symptoms and intensity of the symptoms that are visible from the outside. Users only need to enter the Web to take the first step in solving bonsai plant diseases and pests and choose the symptoms of the disease they are experiencing without having to ask an expert directly. This system is made web-based with PHP programming language and MySQL database.
Factors Affecting The Timeliness Of Submission Of Financial Reports Of Public Companies In The Manufacturing Sector To Bapepam-LK
Authors: Martciesa Arneta
Published: March 2022

This research was conducted to examine the effect of variable Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR), Non-Performing Financing (NPF), Operating Expenses Operating Income (BOPO), and Financing to Deposit Ratio (FDR) of Profitability (ROA). Profitability is used to measure the effectiveness of management based on results generated from the loan repayment and investment. The ratio is important for the bank's profitability is Return On Assets (ROA). Financial ratios that affect the ROA is the CAR, NPF, BOPO, and FDR. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling with the criteria of Islamic commercial bank serving the financial statements of the period December 2006-September 2010. The analysis technique used is the classical assumption of the analysis, multiple regression analysis and hypothesis test with a level of significance of 5%. The results of the research simultaneously (test F) states that the CAR, NPF, BOPO, and FDR jointly affect the profitability (ROA) of banks. While the results show that the correlation coefficient between profitability (ROA) of banks with 4 independent variables of 73.9%. And the result of research partially (t) states that the variable CAR and FDR did not have a significant positive effect on profitability (ROA) of banks. And variable BOPO NPF and significant negative effect on profitability (ROA) of banks.
Application Of K-Means Clustering Algorithm On Population Growth In Simalungun Regency
Authors: Rambe Murniati , Safii M. , Irawan Irawan
Published: March 2022

Population growth is a condition when the population increases from previous years. Population growth has several variables, namely birth, death and migration rates. Positive population growth indicates an increase in population and vice versa. Population growth is caused by a high birth rate with a decrease in the death rate. The high rate of population growth and occurs in a fast period of time is what triggers a population explosion which is closely related to an increase in poverty, unemployment, crime, slum settlements, hunger and other social problems. An increase in the poverty rate occurs when high population growth is not matched by good economic growth accompanied by equitable distribution of income. An increase in unemployment occurs if the increase in population with reduced availability of adequate employment can lead to an increase in criminal cases. By knowing these problems, Data Mining is needed to classify aid receipts, build jobs. by using the K-Means method in clustering the population growth rate. The K-Means method can assist the Government in making decisions and the information needed to solve the problem of population growth and record all densely populated areas in an appropriate way.
Authority Of The Police In The Eradication Of Criminal Acts Of Terorism According To Law No. 15 Of 2003
Authors: Gultom Melky Sidhek
Published: March 2022

Terrorism is a terrible threat to every country in the world, destroying state stability, security functions, socio-cultural, economic, political and can even shake various religious parties. As a state of law, Indonesia has an obligation to protect the rights of its citizens. Through Law Number 15 of 2003 concerning the Eradication of Criminal Acts of Terrorism and Law Number 2 of 2002 concerning the Police, terrorists must be eradicated to their roots to create security, peace and social welfare for the community. For this reason, the authority of the Police in eradicating criminal acts of terrorism is to establish the Special Datasemen 88 Anti-Terror as a special elite force to deal with terrorist acts and their eradication.The problems discussed in this thesis are: First, how is the regulation of criminal acts of terrorism according to Law Number 15 of 2003 concerning the eradication of criminal acts of terrorism? Second, how is the authority of the Police in eradicating criminal acts of terrorism, the method used in this thesis is the normative juridical approach, the data source used is secondary data through library research data collection tools and through qualitative data. The conclusion in this thesis, that the authority of the Police in eradicating criminal acts of terrorism refers to the various efforts taken, the application of legal regulations and sanctions against terrorist actors, as well as implementing penal and non-penal policies, UUPTPT applies retroactive law enforcement to cases cases that have passed before the emergence of the PTPT Law which regulates it, the authority of the Police to provide protection, protection, and law enforcement for the community and involves the role of the Special Detachment 88 Anti-Terror as the forefront in carrying out prosecutions and arrests. It is recommended for the National Police to carry out surveillance of urban and rural residents for the role of the Community Police (Polmas) which is very important as an early detection of the development of the local community.