bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Understanding Key-Informant Experiences and Perceptions of the 2016 Drought and Wildfires in Western North Carolina
Authors: Andersen Lauren M. , Bonevac Abie N. , Thompson Laura K. , Dempsey Kara E. , Shay Elizabeth D. , Sugg Margaret M.
Published: December 2018

In 2016, an exceptional drought and subsequent wildfires devastated the southeastern United States. Western North Carolina (WNC), a socioeconomically growing region that is dependent on revenue from tourism and agriculture, was particularly impacted by the events. The Southeast is not typically considered to be water vulnerable, and few studies have explored drought and wildfire in WNC. However, the region is projected to experience elevated water vulnerability as a result of rapid population growth and increased climatic variability. The recent events highlight the need for better understanding of water-related experiences and perceptions to inform proactive policies for risk mitigation in WNC. To evaluate stakeholder experiences and perceptions relating to the events in 2016, the authors conducted telephone interviews with key informants from a variety of sectors in two counties (Buncombe and Watauga) and then subjected their responses to content analysis. Informants frequently discussed themes relating to the “Natural Resources and Environment” code group, with responses revealing concerns about the health effects of smoke exposure, as well as water quantity. Other common topics of discussion for informants include water management, public awareness, and disaster severity. The prevalence of other themes varied by county, demonstrating the importance of local context. Surprisingly, informants rarely discussed risk in the context of increasing population and development, suggesting that current policies may inadequately address future risks. Stakeholders across all sectors placed substantial emphasis on information dissemination both within agencies and to the public. With a better understanding of key-informant experiences and perceptions, policymakers will be better equipped to address policy shortcomings as well as to prepare for future hazards.
Outcomes of Treating Early Glottic Neoplasms With a Potassium Titanyl Phosphate Laser
Authors: Nouraei S. A. Reza , Dorman Edwin B. , Macann Andrew , Vokes David E.
Published: December 2018

Objectives:

The aim of this study was to assess the outcome of treating glottic dysplasia and early squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) with potassium titanyl phosphate (KTP) photoangiolytic laser ablation.

Methods:

Patient demographics, comorbidities, and tumor characteristics were recorded. Perceptual, patient-reported, and objective voice outcomes were assessed. Use of treatment modalities in addition to the KTP laser, development of locoregional or metastatic SCC, and overall survival were recorded.

Results:

There were 23 patients with glottic dysplasia and 18 patients with glottic SCC. Mean age at treatment was 69 years. Most patients (95%) were male. Posttreatment fundamental frequency fell from 132 ± 35 to 116 ± 24 Hz ( P = .03). Overall, 61% of patients achieved a normal voice. There was a learning-curve, and most treatment failures occurred in the first half of the series. Five-year KTP-only disease-control rates were 87.1% and 53.5% for dysplasia and malignancy, respectively. Five-year overall survival was 56%, with no laryngectomies or deaths due to SCC.

Conclusions:

Ablating dysplasia and early glottic cancer using a KTP laser is a viable treatment option. It has a learning curve and a failure rate but, in this series, no ultimate loss of oncologic control. Its introduction into clinical practice should be managed carefully in the context of multidisciplinary cancer care.

Level of Evidence:

4.
Why does armed conflict begin again? A new analytic approach
Authors: Schoon Eric W
Published: December 2018

An increasing majority of armed conflicts worldwide are episodes of recurrence (i.e. armed conflicts that occur after another armed conflict ends in the same country). This trend motivates a growing collection of scholarship on the causes of recurrence, but empirical research on this topic supports contradictory conclusions. Engaging these contradictions, this article introduces a novel approach to retroductive comparative analysis, which adapts the logic of semi-structured interviews for use in historical research, to examine the features and causes of 58 cases of armed conflict recurrence that took place between 1946 and 2005. Through this analysis, I identify five varieties of recurrence that are substantively and causally distinct. My analysis identifies scope conditions for existing theories of recurrence and, more broadly, demonstrates how distinct configurations of power inequalities, political opportunities, and the pursuit of legitimacy shape the proximate causes of each variety of recurrence.
School trajectories of the second generation of Turkish immigrants in Sweden, Belgium, Netherlands, Austria, and Germany: The role of school systems
Authors: Baysu Gülseli , Alanya Ahu , de Valk Helga AG
Published: December 2018

In this article, we aim to explain the school careers of the second generation of Turkish immigrants in nine cities in five Western European countries and show the influence of the national school systems ranging from comprehensive to hierarchical tracking structures. We apply sequence analyses, optimal matching, and cluster analyses to define school trajectories complemented with propensity score matching to study the differences between young adults of different origin. Participants were 4516 young adults of Turkish second generation and native origin aged between 18 and 35. Findings show that the school system makes a difference for school careers: (1) in rigid systems with higher differentiation and early tracking, the gap between the second-generation and native school trajectories begins to unfold early in the school career; (2) in the rigid systems, the track in which students enter secondary education determine the routes they take as well as their final outcomes; and (3) more open systems allow for “second-chance” opportunities for immigrant students to improve their track placement. However, across school systems, second-generation youth follow more often non-academic or short school careers, while native youth follow academic careers. When individual and family background are controlled via propensity score matching, the ethnic gap is explained better in more stratified systems highlighting the important role of family background in more stratified school systems.
Size effect in particle debonding: Comparisons between finite fracture mechanics and cohesive zone model
Authors: Gentieu Timothée , Jumel Julien , Catapano Anita , Broughton James
Published: December 2018

The present study aims at describing the debonding phenomenon of a particle embedded in an elastic matrix. Two types of fracture mechanics approaches are developed and compared in this context. The phenomenon is analytically described using a finite fracture mechanics approach, while numerical simulations are performed using a cohesive zone model to describe the decohesion process. Both methods rely on two mechanical parameters: the interface strength, σmax and the fracture energy, Gc, of the interface. Both modelling approaches produce results that show larger particles tend to debond before smaller ones although noticeable differences are observed, especially concerning the relationship between the critical load and the particle radius: in the framework of the FFM, the critical load is inversely proportional to the square root of the particle radius, while when using CZM, the critical load is inversely proportional to the particle radius.
Serial Position Effects on Native Advertising Effectiveness: Differential Results Across Publisher and Advertiser Metrics
Authors: Wang Pengyuan , Xiong Guiyang , Yang Jian
Published: December 2018

The advertising industry has recently witnessed proliferation in native ads, which are inserted into a web stream (e.g., a list of news articles or social media posts) and look like the surrounding nonsponsored contents. This study is among the first to examine native ads and unveil how their effectiveness changes across serial positions by analyzing a large-scale data set with 120 ads. For each ad, the authors use separate “natural experiment” studies to compare the ad’s performance as its serial position varies. Subsequently, they conduct a meta-analysis to generalize the results across all studies. The results reveal vastly asymmetric effects of native ad serial position on publishers’ metrics (click-based) versus advertisers’ metrics (conversion-based). As serial position lowers (i.e., from rank 1 to a lower rank), there are only modest changes in publishers’ metrics, but drastic reductions in advertisers’. This pattern is unique to native ads and has not been indicated by prior research on ad serial position. Moreover, the authors show the moderating effects of audience gender and age. The findings provide new and timely implications for researchers and marketers.
Effects of block lengths and stacking policies on overall performance at non-transshipment container terminals
Authors: Yu Xuhui , Tang Guolei , Guo Zijian , Song Xiangqun
Published: December 2018

The ever-increasing worldwide container throughput and the intensified port competition have demanded better terminal operational performance, which is usually measured by the gross crane rate (GCR). In this paper, a multiagent-based simulation model is proposed to investigate how the block length of the storage yard and the tactical-level stacking policy affect the operational performance of non-transshipment container terminals over the long term. Experiments consider seven block lengths, two yard truck fleet sizes and two stacking policies. The results demonstrate that the best block length yielding the highest GCR is dependent on the stacking policy and the yard truck fleet size, and the separate stacking policy is essentially superior to the scattered stacking policy. Specifically, only when 9-yard trucks are deployed per quay crane under the separate stacking policy, can the typical 42-slot block length achieve the highest GCR. Although the experiments are not exhaustive, they do provide the first fundamental insights, with respect to the effects of block lengths and stacking policies, on the long-term performance at a manually controlled non-transshipment container terminal.
Social Stratification and Risk for Cardiovascular Disease: Examination of Emotional Suppression as a Pathway to Risk
Authors: Cundiff Jenny M. , Jennings J. Richard , Matthews Karen A.
Published: December 2018

This article examines whether emotional suppression is associated with socioeconomic position (SEP) in a community sample of Black and White men, and whether emotional suppression may help explain the aggregation of multiple biopsychosocial risk factors for cardiovascular disease at lower SEP (social support, depression, cardiovascular stress reactivity). Aim 1 tests whether multiple indicators of SEP show a consistent graded association with self-reported trait suppression, and whether suppression mediates associations between SEP and perceived social support and depressive affect. Aim 2 tests whether suppression during a laboratory anger recall task mediates associations between SEP and cardiovascular reactivity to the task. All measures of higher SEP were associated with lower suppression. Findings in this racially diverse sample of adult men suggest that socioeconomic disparities in emotional suppression may be more likely to confer cardiovascular risk through disruption of affect and social relationships, than through direct and immediate physiological pathways.
Nonparametric CAT for CD in Educational Settings With Small Samples
Authors: Chang Yuan-Pei , Chiu Chia-Yi , Tsai Rung-Ching
Published: December 2018

Cognitive diagnostic computerized adaptive testing (CD-CAT) has been suggested by researchers as a diagnostic tool for assessment and evaluation. Although model-based CD-CAT is relatively well researched in the context of large-scale assessment systems, this type of system has not received the same degree of research and development in small-scale settings, such as at the course-based level, where this system would be the most useful. The main obstacle is that the statistical estimation techniques that are successfully applied within the context of a large-scale assessment require large samples to guarantee reliable calibration of the item parameters and an accurate estimation of the examinees’ proficiency class membership. Such samples are simply not obtainable in course-based settings. Therefore, the nonparametric item selection (NPS) method that does not require any parameter calibration, and thus, can be used in small educational programs is proposed in the study. The proposed nonparametric CD-CAT uses the nonparametric classification (NPC) method to estimate an examinee’s attribute profile and based on the examinee’s item responses, the item that can best discriminate the estimated attribute profile and the other attribute profiles is then selected. The simulation results show that the NPS method outperformed the compared parametric CD-CAT algorithms and the differences were substantial when the calibration samples were small.
Identifying the Prevalence of Dysphagia among Patients Diagnosed with Unilateral Vocal Fold Immobility
Authors: Zhou Dimin , Jafri Mohsin , Husain Inna
Published: December 2018

Objective

To identify dysphagia prevalence and characteristics among patients with unilateral vocal fold immobility (UVFI) through a systematic review of current literature.

Data Sources

Embase, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Wiley Online Library.

Review Methods

Four electronic databases were reviewed according to the PRISMA criteria. Original English‐language studies examining dysphagia among adult patients with UVFI met eligibility. Two researchers independently analyzed qualified articles.

Results

Of 227 studies discovered through the literature search, 17 satisfied eligibility criteria. The prevalence of symptomatic dysphagia ranged from 55.6% to 69.0%, and the aspiration rate was 20.0% to 50.0%. Self‐reporting and clinical evaluation were used to identify symptomatic dysphagia, while videofluoroscopic swallowing study and functional endoscopic evaluation of swallowing evaluated aspiration. Left‐sided UVFI predominated. The most common causes of UVFI were iatrogenic and idiopathic. Central lesions and acute‐onset UVFI were each associated with more severe dysphagia. Patients were more likely to aspirate on liquids versus purées and pastes. Benefits of medialization thyroplasty and vocal cord injection were equivocal.

Conclusion

A significant portion of patients with UVFI present with dysphagia due to anatomic and physiologic disruptions during the swallow. Study population heterogeneity and small sample sizes in the reviewed studies may have compromised reliability, calling for large‐scale studies with rigorous methodology. Future studies should not only strive to identify the mechanics of the disordered swallow but also explore patients’ quality of life and the effectiveness of current treatments for dysphagia with underlying UVFI.
Multi‐institutional Evaluation of Medialization Laryngoplasty in the Elderly
Authors: Philips Ramez , Chorath Kevin , DeSilva Brad , Forrest L. Arick , Simpson C. Blake , Matrka Laura
Published: December 2018

Objective

To evaluate voice outcomes of medialization laryngoplasty in the elderly population (65 years and older) and to identify swallow outcomes, complication rates, and predictors of voice outcomes.

Study Design

Case series with chart review.

Setting

Two tertiary academic medical centers.

Subjects and Methods

We retrospectively reviewed charts of 136 patients age 65 years and older undergoing medialization laryngoplasty between January 2008 and May 2016 at 2 tertiary academic institutions. Primary outcome was assessed using Voice Handicap Index 10 (VHI‐10) score and Grade, Roughness, Breathiness, Asthenia, and Strain (GRBAS) score. Secondary outcomes were assessed using the Eating Assessment Tool 10 (EAT‐10) when dysphagia was present, stroboscopic analysis of glottic closure, and complication rates. A logistic regression analysis assessed predictors of voice improvement after medialization laryngoplasty.

Results

Total GRBAS and VHI‐10 scores showed a significant improvement postoperatively (P <.05). A ≥20% improvement was seen in 81.6% of patients, and a ≥50% improvement was seen in 53.7%. No patient had major complications. Minor complications occurred in 5.9% of patients. Multivariable logistic regression identified preoperative injection augmentation as an independent predictor of less improvement in VHI‐10 score (P =. 015). Voice therapy prior to medialization did not affect voice outcomes (P =. 640).

Conclusion

Patient‐ and provider‐perceived voice quality are significantly improved after medialization laryngoplasty in the elderly, and the procedure is associated with a low complication rate even in an elderly cohort. Improvement in patient‐perceived voice outcomes after medialization laryngoplasty was diminished in patients with preoperative injection augmentation.
Prognostic Impact of High‐Risk Pathologic Features in HPV‐Related Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Tobacco Use
Authors: Kompelli Anvesh R. , Morgan Patrick , Li Hong , Harris William , Day Terry A. , Neskey David M.
Published: December 2018

Objectives

To assess the impact of pathologic features and chronic tobacco use on human papillomavirus (HPV)–related oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC).

Study Design

Case series with chart review.

Setting

Single tertiary care referral center.

Subject and Methods

A total of 301 patients were treated for OPSCC from 2008 to 2016. Clinical and pathologic T and N stage, American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) stage (seventh and eighth edition staging manuals), cigarette pack years, alcohol use, and presence of extranodal extension (ENE), perineural invasion (PNI), or lymphovascular invasion (LVI) were assessed. Patients were stratified into HPV negative, HPV‐positive heavy smokers (≥20 pack years), and HPV‐positive nonsmokers. Five‐year survival by Kaplan‐Meier method was assessed.

Results

Of the HPV‐positive patients, 97 were nonsmokers and 73 were heavy smokers. HPV‐positive heavy smokers had significantly decreased survival compared to their nonsmoking counterparts (P =. 02). The presence of ENE was associated with a significantly decreased 5‐year survival (P =. 02) in heavy smokers relative to nonsmokers in HPV‐positive patients. Furthermore, for the AJCC eighth edition, clinically stage 1 HPV‐positive heavy smokers had significantly decreased survival relative to nonsmokers (P =. 01).

Conclusions

This series highlights the potential need for more aggressive therapy for HPV‐positive patients with extensive tobacco use under the new staging system.
Attachment style and perceived discrimination: Associations with depression among young lesbian, gay, and bisexual Romanian adults
Authors: Popa-Velea Ovidiu , Diaconescu Liliana Veronica , Ion Florentina Alexandra , Ştefancu Denisa , Truţescu Carmen
Published: December 2018

Purpose:

This study aims to evaluate the importance of individual determinants (gender, age), attachment style, and perceived discrimination on depression among young lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) Romanians.

Method:

Participants comprised 374 young adults (172 men and 202 women; mean age = 25.75, SD = 7.78; 216 LGB and 158 heterosexuals). They completed the Adult Attachment Scale, the Beck Depression Inventory, and underwent a structured interview, designed to classify clinical depression, and measure the perceived discrimination in relation to their sexuality. Differences between groups were evaluated using the χ2 test (for the distribution of depressed individuals), the Mann–Whitney test (to compare the depression scores), a hierarchical linear regression analysis (to identify the predictors of depression), the F-test (to compare perceived discrimination in the LGB subgroups), and a moderation analysis (to test the interaction effects of attachment and sexual identity).

Results:

In the LGB group, the depression scores were higher ( U = 12.99, Z = −4.14, p < .0001) and the insecure attachment was more prevalent, χ2(2) = 25.66, p < .0001, than in heterosexuals. Perceived discrimination inside this group was skewed toward higher scores (mean = 5.68, SD = 2.58). Attachment style played the highest predictive role for depression (β = .352, p < .0001), followed by age (β = −.120, p < .012). The predictive effect of attachment on depression was not mediated by sexual orientation.

Conclusion:

Our study points out insecure attachment style and age as being important in the onset of depression in LGB individuals. This result can have implications for how depression is handled in these patients and the development of efficient care standards.
The effect of dose expectancies on caffeine withdrawal symptoms during tapered dose reduction
Authors: Mills Llewellyn , Boakes Robert A , Colagiuri Ben
Published: December 2018

Background:

Negative expectancies can exacerbate withdrawal symptoms via the nocebo effect. As such, information provided about dose reductions during attempts to taper a drug could contribute to withdrawal symptoms and increase the likelihood of relapse. The current study tested whether blinding participants to dose reductions during a supervised caffeine dose taper reduced these nocebo-induced withdrawal symptoms.

Methods:

Three groups of moderate to heavy coffee drinkers had their dose of caffeine reduced (tapered) from 300 mg per day to 0 mg over the course of five days and reported withdrawal symptoms twice daily. Groups were given differing information about how much caffeine they were receiving. An Open Reduction group was given accurate information about dose reductions. A Blind Reduction group was given no dose information whatsoever. A Deceptive Reduction group was misinformed about dose, with instructions suggesting that the dose remained on 300 mg for three days then dropped to 0 mg.

Results:

The Open Reduction group reported more pronounced caffeine withdrawal symptoms than the Deceptive Reduction group on the days with the greatest discrepancy between actual dose and informed dose, indicating a nocebo effect of open versus deceptive reductions. In addition, the rate of increase in reported withdrawal symptoms in the Blind Reduction and Deceptive Reduction groups was less than that of the Open Reduction group.

Conclusion:

These results suggest that awareness of dose reductions during a dose taper can result in a nocebo withdrawal effect, and that removing this awareness can reduce withdrawal. This has important implications for standard supervised dose-tapering practice, where patients are aware of the timing and magnitude of dose reductions.
Excision of tumors in the parapharyngeal space using an endoscopically assisted transoral approach: a case series and literature review
Authors: Chen Zhe , Chen Ya-Lian , Yu Qi , Zhou Shui-Hong , Bao Yang-Yang , Shang De-sheng , Ruan Ling-Xiang
Published: December 2018

Objective

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides important information regarding tumors in the parapharyngeal space (PPS), revealing their origin, whether they are benign or malignant, and their relationships with surrounding structures.

Methods

Twelve tumors in the PPS were completely excised using an endoscopically assisted transoral approach (EATA). The MRI features were analyzed.

Results

Ten pleomorphic adenomas confirmed on postoperative pathological examination had the parotid pedicle sign. A fat space between the tumor and parotid gland may distinguish such a tumor from a tumor arising from a minor salivary gland in the prestyloid space and a tumor arising from the deep lobe of the parotid gland. Both the jugular vein and carotid artery were displaced posteriorly in all 10 cases of pleomorphic adenomas. The principal features of the two schwannomas confirmed on postoperative pathological examination were separation of the internal carotid artery and internal jugular vein and anteromedial displacement of the internal carotid artery, suggesting that the tumors originated in the poststyloid space. In this review, 95 tumors were excised by the EATA in the English-language literature.

Conclusions

MRI renders differential diagnosis possible. PPS tumors may be completely excised via an EATA guided by tumor features evident on preoperative MRI.
The ineffable: A framework for the study of methods through the case of mid-century mind-brain sciences
Authors: Stark Laura , Campbell Nancy D
Published: December 2018

Conventionally, the story of modern research methods has been told as the gradual ascendancy of practices that scientists designed to extract evidence out of minds and bodies. These methods, which we call ‘methods of extraction’, have not been the exclusive ways in which experts have generated evidence. In a variety of case studies, scholars in Science and Technology Studies have persuasively documented scientists’ efforts to know the extra-linguistic, internal experiences of other beings – prior to or aside from their efforts to represent those experiences in words and images. We propose a new framework to resolve a seeming contradiction in STS, which stems from the fact that the language of ‘subjectivity’ has been used to refer to two analytically distinct features of scientists’ methods: the epistemological premises of a method, on the one hand, and the evaluation of the method in the moral economy of science, on the other hand. Building on Shapin’s provocation to study the ‘sciences of subjectivity’, we analyze three sites in the epistemic niche of 1950s US Federal mind-brain scientists and find that ‘methods of extraction’ neither replaced nor invariably trumped additional methods that researchers designed to provide evidence of people’s interior experiences. We call these additional approaches ‘methods of ingression’ because researchers purported to generate authoritative evidence by climbing inside the experience of another being, rather than pulling the evidence out. Methods of ingression and methods of extraction coexisted and developed iteratively in dynamic relationship with each other – not in isolation nor in competition, as is commonly assumed. Through this empirical study, we provide a new framework that departs from the binary framework of objectivity-subjectivity to allow scholars in STS to more aptly describe scientists’ epistemic worlds; to discern a greater range of methods at play; and to appreciate the warrants for knowledge used in our own field.
How children in foster care engage with loyalty conflict: presenting a model of processes informing loyalty
Authors: Dansey Diane , John Mary , Shbero Danielle
Published: December 2018

The increasing emphasis on outcomes for children in care has prompted much research and drawn attention to the importance of harnessing users’ views on the services they receive. However, this awareness is still limited in some areas, one of which is the loyalty conflict experienced by children in foster care who have to negotiate living with a new family while also retaining their birth family membership. This study assesses the extent to which they experience such conflict and how they cope with the challenges it presents. A qualitative methodology, involving semi-structured interviews with 15 children was employed and grounded theory used to inform the data analysis and construction of a theoretical model. The model comprises five core categories: new realities; considering position; making sense; relating emotionally; and working out loyalties. A sixth category, considering others’ perspectives, emerged from respondent validation and an overarching perspective, self-determination, was found to permeate all other processes and contributed to highlighting complexity. New knowledge is gained through seeking the voices of the children and exploring the position they hold by being within and between two families. Implications for practice and future research are also discussed.
Side-to-Side Differences in Varus Thrust and Knee Abduction Moment in High-Functioning Individuals With Chronic Anterior Cruciate Ligament Deficiency
Authors: Ismail Shiek Abdullah , Simic Milena , Salmon Lucy J. , Roe Justin P. , Pinczewski Leo A. , Smith Richard , Pappas Evangelos
Published: December 2018

Background:

There is evidence that frontal plane knee joint motion plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of knee osteoarthritis, yet investigation of individuals with chronic anterior cruciate ligament–deficient (ACLD) knees remains sparse.

Purpose:

To investigate (1) if individuals with chronic ACLD knees demonstrate higher biomechanical measures of medial knee load as compared with their anterior cruciate ligament–intact (ACLI) knees, (2) if differences in static knee alignment of the ACLD knee will demonstrate a difference in the magnitude of biomechanical measures of medial knee load when compared with the ACLI knee, and (3) the side-to-side concordance of varus thrust among individuals with chronic ACLD knees.

Study Design:

Descriptive laboratory study.

Methods:

Participants were sourced from a metropolitan orthopaedic surgeon group. Those who met the inclusion criteria and agreed to participate underwent a 3-dimensional gait analysis assessment to measure knee adduction moment (KAM), knee flexion moment (KFM), KAM peaks, KAM impulse, and varus thrust. Frontal plane knee static alignment was measured with a digital inclinometer fixed to medical calipers. The participants were divided according to their static knee alignment (neutral, varus, and valgus) for subgroup analysis. Peak knee angular velocity and frontal plane knee angle were used to establish if a participant was walking with a knee thrust. An individual was deemed to have knee thrust during gait if the largest frontal plane knee movement coincided with the peak knee angular velocity that occurred within the first 30% of stance phase.

Results:

Forty-five participants were recruited. The mean (SD) time from injury was 34.5 (55.6) months. ACLD knees did not demonstrate higher mean KAM and KFM ( P > .5) or early-stance peak KAM ( P = .3-.8) and KAM impulse ( P = .3-.9) as compared with ACLI knees as a whole group or when the varus, neutral, and valgus alignment subgroups were investigated separately. Twenty-three percent (n = 9) of the participants had a varus thrust at the ACLD or ACLI knee, 44% (n = 4) had a varus thrust at the ACLD knee, and 22% (n = 2) had varus thrust at both knees.

Conclusion:

There were no side-to-side differences in mean KAM and KFM and early-stance peak KAM and KAM impulse among high-functioning individuals with chronic unilateral ACLD knees. There was a low prevalence of varus thrust among high-functioning individuals with chronic unilateral ACLD knees.
Effects of combined arsenic and lead exposure on the brain monoaminergic system and behavioral functions in rats: Reversal effect of MiADMSA
Authors: Saritha S , Davuljigari Chand Basha , Kumar K Praveen , Reddy G Rajrami
Published: December 2018

In this study, we evaluated the therapeutic efficacy of monoisoamyldimercaptosuccinic acid (MiADMSA) against individual and combined effects of arsenic (As) and lead (Pb) on the monoaminergic system and behavioral functions in rats. Pregnant rats were exposed to sodium metaarsenite (50 ppm) and lead acetate (0.2%) individually and in combination (As = 25 ppm + Pb = 0.1%) via drinking water from gestation day (GD) 6 to postnatal day (PND) 21. MiADMSA (50 mg/kg body weight) was given orally through gavage for 3 consecutive days to pups from PND 18 to PND 20. The results showed increases in synaptosomal epinephrine, dopamine, and norepinephrine levels with individual metal exposures and decreases with combined exposure to As and Pb in the cortex, cerebellum, and hippocampus in PND 21, PND 28, and 3 months age-group rats. We found decreased activity of mitochondrial monoamine oxidase in the selected brain regions following individual and combined exposures to Pb and As. In addition, rats treated with Pb and As alone or in combination showed significant deficits in open-field behavior, grip strength, locomotor activity, and exploratory behavior at PND 28 and 3 months of age. However, MiADMSA administration showed reversal effects against the As- and/or Pb-induced impairments in the monoaminergic system as well as in behavioral functions of rats. Our data demonstrated that the mixture of Pb and As induced synergistic toxicity to developing brain leading to impairments in neurobehavioral functions and also suggest therapeutic efficacy of MiADMSA against Pb- and/or As-induced developmental neurotoxicity.
Millennial-scale Holocene hydrological changes in the northeast Atlantic: New insights from ‘La Grande Vasière’ mid-shelf mud belt
Authors: Mojtahid Meryem , Durand Matthieu , Coste Pierre-Olivier , Toucanne Samuel , Howa Hélène , Nizou Jean , Eynaud Frédérique , Penaud Aurélie
Published: December 2018

A mid- to late-Holocene paleohydrological reconstruction from the northeast Atlantic is proposed through the study of a high-resolution sedimentary record from the northern continental shelf of the Bay of Biscay (BoB). Three foraminiferal species dominate the assemblages with Rosalina globularis showing an overall decrease in absolute and relative abundances from ~7 to 0.4 cal. ka BP, whereas the opposite trend is observed for Cibicides refulgens and Lobatula. These long-term patterns are interpreted as a response to the overall cooling trend and/or the progressive deepening of the water column because of the relative sea-level (RSL) rise. Foraminiferal δ18O and grain-size analyses show a significant shift around 3.5–2.5 cal. ka BP toward a heavier isotopic signature and finer sediments. We mainly link this change to enhanced contribution of continental freshwaters and fine sediments after the near-stabilization of the RSL rise. By reducing coastal accommodation spaces, this led to a better channelization of river outflows and probably to the formation of the modern winter thermohaline front. Superimposed on these long-term patterns, our data highlight strong millennial-scale variability (1250-year peak). Such cyclicity is consistent with several records tracing changes in rainfall and storminess regimes in northern Europe, and the dynamics of the subpolar gyre (SPG). We suggest a millennial time-scale control of a NAO-like (North Atlantic Oscillation) climatic process modulating continental humidity (and the associated river discharges) and SPG dynamics through wind stress. Spectral analyses reveal an additional 500-year frequency peak implying a possible solar forcing.
Shape invariant mixture model for clustering non-linear longitudinal growth trajectories
Authors: Lu Zihang , Lou Wendy
Published: December 2018

In longitudinal studies, it is often of great interest to cluster individual trajectories based on repeated measurements taken over time. Non-linear growth trajectories are often seen in practice, and the individual data can also be measured sparsely, and at irregular time points, which may complicate the modeling process. Motivated by a study of pregnant women hormone profiles, we proposed a shape invariant growth mixture model for clustering non-linear growth trajectories. Bayesian inference via Monte Carlo Markov Chain was employed to estimate the parameters of interest. We compared our model to the commonly used growth mixture model and functional clustering approach by simulation studies. Results from analyzing the real data and simulated data were presented and discussed.
A Conceptual Model of Financial Toxicity in Pediatric Oncology
Authors: Santacroce Sheila Judge , Kneipp Shawn M.
Published: December 2018

The purpose of this article is to explicate a conceptual framework for financial toxicity in pediatric oncology to guide nursing practice and research. The framework is based on one for financial outcomes of severe illness attributed to Scott Ramsey and adapted by the National Cancer Institute to describe relationships between preexisting factors, a cancer diagnosis, financial distress, and health outcomes for adult cancer patients and survivors. The adaption for pediatric oncology was informed by the results of a systematic scoping review to identify advances and gaps in the recent literature about the personal costs of illness to parents in the pediatric oncology context. The conceptual model for pediatric oncology indicates that existing and dynamic parent and family factors, other risk and protective factors, the child’s diagnosis and treatment, and treatment-related financial costs can affect parent financial coping behaviors and parent health and family financial outcomes, all of which may affect child outcomes. Additionally, nursing’s historic emphasis on holistic care, quality of life, and health determinants justify attention to financial toxicity as a nursing role. Therefore, pediatric oncology nurses must be sensitive to financial toxicity and related risk factors, become comfortable communicating about treatment-related financial costs and financial distress with parents and other health professionals, and collaborate in efforts that draw on the expertise of multiple stakeholders to identify potential or actual financial toxicity in parents and mitigate its impact on childhood cancer health outcomes through direct care, referral, research, quality improvement, and health advocacy.
Interplay Between Amphetamine and Activity Level in Gene Networks of the Mouse Striatum
Authors: Goncalves Tassia M , Southey Bruce R , Rodriguez-Zas Sandra L
Published: December 2018

The psychostimulant amphetamine can be prescribed to ameliorate the symptoms of narcolepsy, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and to facilitate weight loss. This stimulant can also have negative effects including toxicity and addiction risk. The impact of amphetamine on gene networks is partially understood and this study addresses this gap in consideration of the physical activity. The striata of mice exposed to either amphetamine or saline treatment were compared in a mouse line selected for home cage physical overactivity, a phenotype that can be mitigated with amphetamine, and in a contemporary control line using RNA-seq. Genes presenting opposite expression patterns between treatments across lines included a pseudogene of coiled-coil-helix-coiled-coil-helix domain containing 2 gene (Chchd2), ribonuclease P RNA component H1 (Rpph1), short stature homeobox 2 (Shox2), transient receptor potential melastatin 6 (Trpm6), and tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 9 (Tnfrsf9). Genes presenting consistent treatment patterns across lines, albeit at different levels of significance included cholecystokinin (Cck), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (Vip), arginine vasopressin (Avp), oxytocin/neurophysin (Oxt), thyrotropin releasing hormone (Trh), neurotensin (Nts), angiotensinogen (Agt), galanin (Gal), prolactin receptor (Prlr), and calcitonin receptor (Calcr). Potassium inwardly rectifying channel, subfamily J, member 6 (Kcnj6), and retinoic acid-related (RAR)-related orphan receptor alpha (Rora) were similarly differentially expressed between treatments across lines. Functional categories enriched among the genes presenting line-dependent amphetamine effect included genes coding for neuropeptides and associated with memory and neuroplasticity and synaptic signaling, energy, and redox processes. A line-dependent association between amphetamine exposure and the synaptic signaling genes neurogranin (Nrgn) and synaptic membrane exocytosis 1(Rims1) was highlighted in the gene networks. Our findings advance the understanding of molecular players and networks affected by amphetamine in support of the development of activity-targeted therapies that may capitalize on the benefits of this psychostimulant.
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia: An Update of Current Pharmacologic Therapies and New Approaches
Authors: Michael Zoe , Spyropoulos Fotios , Ghanta Sailaja , Christou Helen
Published: December 2018

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) remains the most prevalent long-term morbidity of surviving extremely preterm infants and is associated with significant health care utilization in infancy and beyond. Recent advances in neonatal care have resulted in improved survival of extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants; however, the incidence of BPD has not been substantially impacted by novel interventions in this vulnerable population. The multifactorial cause of BPD requires a multi-pronged approach for prevention and treatment. New approaches in assisted ventilation, optimal nutrition, and pharmacologic interventions are currently being evaluated. The focus of this review is the current state of the evidence for pharmacotherapy in BPD. Promising future approaches in need of further study will also be reviewed.
The House: An Architectural Search for Levinasian Hospitality
Authors: An Eun-hi
Published: December 2018

In terms of architectural hospitality, the house is one of the most difficult places to discuss. This study attempts to apply Emmanuel Lévinas’s thinking regarding “hospitality” to the contemporary concept of the house: a place of shelter or privacy. For Levinasian hospitality to occur in a house, the “self” must shift its position by offering the house to the “other”—that is, by leaving the house and renouncing one’s right to residence. In reality, however, such a positional change is virtually nearly impossible. As such, this study examines the positional shift required for hospitality by focusing on converting the boundaries between the architectural interior and exterior, rather than by considering the movement of people. This study thus suggests that when the interiority of a house is exposed, the face of the house becomes welcoming—thereby making the virtually impossible architectural hospitality of a house achievable.
A fuzzy adaptive controller for cuckoo search algorithm in active suspension system
Authors: Chao Chun-Tang , Liu Ming-Tang , Wang Chi-Jo , Chiou Juing-Shian
Published: December 2018

This paper presents a fuzzy adaptive cuckoo search algorithm to improve the cuckoo search algorithm, which may easily fall into a local optimum when handling multiobjective optimization problems. The Fuzzy–Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controller design for an active micro-suspension system has been incorporated into the proposed fuzzy adaptive cuckoo search algorithm to improve both driving comfort and road handling. In the past research, a genetic algorithm was often applied in Fuzzy–PID controller design. However, when the dimension is high and there are numerous local optima, the traditional genetic algorithm will not only have a premature convergence, but may also be trapped in the local optima. In the proposed fuzzy adaptive cuckoo search, all parameters of the PID controller and fuzzy rules are real coded to 75 bits in the optimization problem. Moreover, a fuzzy adaptive strategy is proposed for dynamically adjusting the learning parameters in the fuzzy adaptive cuckoo search, and this indeed enables global convergence. Experimental results verify that the proposed fuzzy adaptive cuckoo search algorithm can shorten the computing time in the evolution process and increase accuracy in the multiobjective optimization problem.
Nonlinear dynamic response and global stability of an air compressor vibration system
Authors: Li Yuanping , Wang Xuemin , Chen Siyu , Lu Hongbing
Published: December 2018

This study proposes a strategy for the vibration isolation mounting of an air compressor to attenuate the vibration near the primary resonance region by using a system with dynamic negative stiffness. The vibration system is modelled as a parametric pendulum system. The nonlinear dynamic responses, including the global stability of the air compressor vibration system, are investigated analytically. The efficiency of the proposed vibration isolation strategy is numerically demonstrated over the original device. To analyse the bifurcation of the nonlinear response of the pendulum system, the phase portrait, bifurcation diagram and maximum Lyapunov exponent of the pendulum system are obtained numerically. Furthermore, the Floquet multiplier level is obtained by solving the perturbation equation numerically and can be used to determine the global stability of the air compressor vibration system.
Towards a Principled Legal Response to Children Who Kill
Authors: Lynch Nessa
Published: December 2018

This article surveys common-law jurisdictions, finding that the typical response to a homicide charge against a child is prosecution and sentencing in the adult jurisdiction. Reforms, such as alterations to trial procedure, and lower sentencing starting points have focussed on mitigating the excesses of adult trial and sentence. A principled approach requires a different lens. Practical strands of an age-appropriate response include custody as a last resort and only where there is a risk to public safety, an automatic prohibition on publication of identifying biographical details, and a child-specific jurisdiction. The prevailing societal interest is in reintegration.
A follower-centric approach to the 2016 US presidential election: Candidate rhetoric and follower attributions of charisma and effectiveness
Authors: Carsten Melissa K , Bligh Michelle C , Kohles Jeffrey C , Wing-Yan Lau Vienne
Published: December 2018

The 2016 US Presidential Campaign was followed worldwide due to the dynamic nature of the candidates and the controversy surrounding them. This study takes a unique look at the candidacy of Donald Trump through the eyes of his followers. Using both qualitative data collected from campaign speeches and quantitative data collected from followers, our study examines (1) the positive/negative valence of the rhetoric used by both presidential candidates and (2) the relationship between follower characteristics, perceived threat of social groups, and attributions of charisma and effectiveness to Donald Trump. The results of this study suggest that Trump’s rhetoric was significantly more negative, hostile, and aggressive than Clinton’s. In addition, quantitative analyses show a direct relationship between followers’ attitudes toward gender and attributions of charisma and effectiveness to Trump. Finally, followers’ perceived threat of social groups mediated relationships between follower self-esteem, romance of leadership, gender attitudes, and attributions of charisma and effectiveness to Trump. Our results shed further light on the important role that follower characteristics and perceptions play in predicting social constructions of leadership and attributions of charisma. Implications for both organizations and scholars of leadership are discussed.
Romancing the ice: The problematic poetry of Breaking Bad
Authors: Gibson Brian
Published: December 2018

Vince Gilligan’s Breaking Bad (2008–2013) was a show burnished with the glow of critical acclaim, and so, despite its initial ‘de-romanticisation’ process—where characters’ grandiose expectations, gilded American dreams and masculine ideals are repeatedly undercut—the series fell under the spell of its own romanticised status as the alchemical epitome of television’s new ‘Golden Age’. Increasingly, grandeur, awe (characters’ awe for Walt’s ‘Heisenberg’ and viewers’ awe for the story’s ambitions and visual flourishes) and terror (provoked by the tense atmosphere and gruesome deaths) made up Breaking Bad’s romantic sublime, a dominant mood—in the script, visually and aurally—that super-saturates the finale. Ultimately, the series lovingly redeems Walt as the God-like chemist-genius with whom its lyricism has allied us, Walt’s avid consumer-disciples.