bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Decreased vulnerability of hippocampal neurons after neonatal hypoxia–ischemia in bis‐deficient mice
Authors: Cho Kyung‐Ok , Lee Kyung‐Eon , Youn Dong‐Ye , Jeong Kyoung Hoon , Kim Joo Youn , Yoon Hye Hyeon , Lee Jeong‐Hwa , Kim Seong Yun
Published: August 2012

The Bcl‐2‐interacting death suppressor (Bis) protein is involved in antiapoptosis and antistress pathways. However, its roles after neonatal hypoxia–ischemia remain obscure. Therefore, we investigated the effects of Bis deletion on hippocampal cell death following neonatal hypoxia–ischemia. We transected the right common carotid artery of bis+/+ and bis−/− mice at postnatal Day 7 and subjected them to hypoxia for 35 min. Cresyl violet staining showed that hypoxia–ischemia induced progressive cell death in the hippocampi of bis+/+ mice. Moreover, Bis was expressed in astrocytes, not microglia, in sham‐manipulated hippocampi of bis+/+ mice, and was markedly enhanced after hypoxia–ischemia. Immunoblotting showed that Bis expression significantly increased 3 and 7 days following hypoxia–ischemia. Unexpectedly, 7 days after hypoxia–ischemia, the number of hippocampal NeuN‐positive cells was higher in the bis−/− mice than in the bis+/+ mice. We subsequently performed transcriptomic analysis and quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction to search for the underlying genes responsible for resistance to hypoxia–ischemia in the bis−/− hippocampus. These studies showed that 6 h after hypoxia–ischemia, galectin 3 and filamin C levels increased to a lesser extent in the bis−/− hippocampi compared with the bis+/+ hippocampi. Finally, our in vitro hypoxia–ischemia model, using A172 glioma cells and primary astrocytes, showed that downregulation of Bis blocked the enhanced expression of galectin 3 after oxygen–glucose deprivation. This study demonstrated that Bis was upregulated in the astrocytes after hypoxia–ischemia. In addition, we showed that hippocampal neurons are less vulnerable to hypoxia–ischemia in mice lacking Bis, possibly because of the modulation of galectin 3 induction. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Prevention of biofilm formation on urinary catheters: Comparison of the sparfloxacin‐treated long‐term antimicrobial catheters with silver‐coated ones
Authors: Kowalczuk Dorota , Ginalska Grażyna , Piersiak Tomasz , Miazga‐Karska Małgorzata
Published: August 2012

Urinary catheters are widely used for hospitalized patients and are often associated with high risk of urinary tract infection. The agar and broth diffusion tests, visual TTC (triphenyltetrazolium chloride) method, and confocal scanning laser microscopic (CSLM) observations have shown highly satisfactory antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity of the novel sparfoxacin (SPA)‐treated urinary catheters compared with the controversial effectiveness of silver(Ag)‐coated catheters against a background of untreated catheters used as controls. SPA‐treated catheters were significantly less likely to become colonized (less than 0.01%; inner and outer surfaces against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus) than both silver‐coated (from 0.01% to 39.3 %; outer surface against E. coli and inner surface against S. aureus, resp.) and untreated catheters (from 88.43% to 99.72%; outer and inner surfaces, resp., against S. aureus), and maintained their broad spectrum of antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity during storage for at least 6 months. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2012.
Global trends: U.S. IPO market declines
Authors: Jensen Marlin R.H. , Marshall Beverly B. , Jahera, Jr. John S.
Published: August 2012

What happened to the global initial public offering (IPO) market after the Sarbanes‐Oxley Act was passed in 2002? Press reports suggest that Sarbanes‐Oxley made U.S. markets less competitive compared to the rest of the world‐causing a drop in IPOs. The authors argue that past heavy U.S. IPO activity created thousands of jobs‐and those days are gone. But who is to blame? Is increased regulation the cause? © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Accelerating VASP electronic structure calculations using graphic processing units
Authors: Hacene Mohamed , Anciaux‐Sedrakian Ani , Rozanska Xavier , Klahr Diego , Guignon Thomas , Fleurat‐Lessard Paul
Published: August 2012

We present a way to improve the performance of the electronic structure Vienna Ab initio Simulation Package (VASP) program. We show that high‐performance computers equipped with graphics processing units (GPUs) as accelerators may reduce drastically the computation time when offloading these sections to the graphic chips. The procedure consists of (i) profiling the performance of the code to isolate the time‐consuming parts, (ii) rewriting these so that the algorithms become better‐suited for the chosen graphic accelerator, and (iii) optimizing memory traffic between the host computer and the GPU accelerator. We chose to accelerate VASP with NVIDIA GPU using CUDA. We compare the GPU and original versions of VASP by evaluating the Davidson and RMM‐DIIS algorithms on chemical systems of up to 1100 atoms. In these tests, the total time is reduced by a factor between 3 and 8 when running on n (CPU core + GPU) compared to n CPU cores only, without any accuracy loss. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A comparison of the eating quality of selected potato cultivars from two potato production regions in South Africa
Authors: Booysen Laryssa , Viljoen Annemarie T , Schönfeldt Hettie C
Published: August 2012

BACKGROUND: Limited scientific information is available on the eating quality of potato cultivars in South Africa. This study aimed to determine, describe and compare the eating quality of three potato cultivars from two production regions (dry land and irrigated land) in South Africa, through sensory and physical evaluation. Sensory descriptors were identified for the sensory attributes and a lexicon was developed. A category scale was used to rate the sensory attributes and physical measurements of specific gravity, shear force resistance and scanning electron microscopy were performed.

RESULTS: It became evident that both sensory evaluation and physical measurements need to be performed in order to determine the eating quality of potato cultivars, as one evaluation supports the other. A partial least squares regression modelling method was used to relate the sensory attributes and physical measurements. The intensity of the sensory attributes of the specific cultivars varied between the two production regions.

CONCLUSION: The eating quality of potatoes obtained from two production regions differed from another due to climatic conditions and other production characteristics that exist (dry land vs. irrigation). The study confirms the valuable contribution of determining the eating quality of potato cultivars. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Assessment of antibacterial properties and the active ingredient of plant extracts and its effect on the performance of crucian carp (Carassius auratus gibelio var. E'erqisi, Bloch)
Authors: Lu Chunxia , Luo Xiaoling , Luo Ruifeng , Chen Xia , Xing Lijie , Tang Zonggui , Li Hongmin
Published: August 2012

BACKGROUND: In this study, the antibacterial properties and active ingredient of plant extracts and its effect on the performance of crucian carp (Carassius auratus gibelio var. E'erqisi, Bloch) were assessed.

RESULTS: The transmission electron microscopy and flow cytometric analysis showed that the antibacterial activity of plant extracts is due to the disruption of the cell membrane and the leakage of cytoplasmic contents. The UPLC–MS/MS analysis showed that the contents of gallic acid, (−)–epigallocatechin, (+)–catechin, (−)–epigallocatechin gallate, (−)–epicatechin gallate, aloe–emodin, rhein, emodin, chrysophanol, and physcion, were 5.27%, 3.30%, 1.08%, 19.32%, 5.46%, 0.23%, 0.56%, 1.28%, 0.75% and 0.39% in plant extracts, respectively. Results of feeding experiment showed that feeding crucian carp with 1.0% and 2.0% plant extracts significantly enhanced specific growth rate, serum total protein, lysozyme, catalase and superoxide dismutase activities, and decreased the feed conversion rate, malondialdehyde contents and the mortality rate (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION: It can be concluded that plant extracts added to fish feed can act as natural antimicrobial and immunostimulants to prevent pathogenic infection, enhance immune response, and promote growth of the fish. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Efficacy of fine‐needle aspiration in diagnosing cervical nodal metastasis from nasopharyngeal carcinoma after radiotherapy
Authors: Chan Jimmy Yu Wai , Chan Richie Chiu Lung , Chow Velda Ling Yu , To Victor Shing Howe , Wei William Ignace
Published: August 2012

Objectives/Hypothesis:

Our purpose was to study the effect of previous radiotherapy (RT) on the efficacy of fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) in diagnosing cervical nodal metastasis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC).

Study Design:

Case‐control study.

Methods:

The diagnostic efficacy of FNA in a group of patients with residual or recurrent cervical lymphadenopathy after previous RT for NPC was compared with a cohort of patients with primary NPC before RT during the same period.

Results:

Between 2008 and 2010, 50 patients were included for each group in the study. The specificity (100% vs. 88%, P = .12) and positive predictive value (100% vs. 89%, P = .12) was comparable in the two groups. However, the sensitivity (82% vs. 40%, P = .04), negative predictive value (NPV; 74% vs. 36%, P = .03), and accuracy (88% vs. 54%, P = .05) were significantly worse after previous RT. Previous RT was the only factor that was significantly associated with worse diagnostic efficacy (P = .001). When used together with plasma Epstein–Barr virus (pEBV)‐DNA level and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings (triple assessment), the diagnostic efficacy was significantly improved, especially regarding sensitivity (40% vs. 98%, P = .01), NPV (36% vs. 96%, P = .02), and accuracy (54% vs. 97%, P = .03).

Conclusions:

Diagnostic efficacy of FNA for residual or recurrent cervical lymph node metastasis in NPC is significantly reduced after previous RT. To ensure that the proper diagnosis is made early, triple assessment using FNA, pEBV‐DNA, and MRI should be adopted in this scenario. Laryngoscope, 2013
Effect of Dithienopyrrole Unit on Electrochromic and Optical Properties of Benzotriazole‐Based Conjugated Polymers
Authors: Unlu Naime Akbasoglu , Deniz Tugba Kaya , Sendur Merve , Cirpan Ali
Published: August 2012

A series of benzotriazole (BTz)‐ and dithienopyrrole (DTP)‐based three polymers; poly[2‐(2‐dodecyl‐2H‐benzo[d][1,2,3]triazol‐4‐yl)‐4‐hexyl‐4H‐dithieno[3,2‐b:2′,3′‐d]pyrrole] (P1), poly[2‐ (5‐(2‐dodecyl‐7‐(thiophen‐2‐yl)‐2H‐benzo[d][1,2,3]triazol‐4‐yl)thiophen‐2‐yl)‐4‐hexyl‐4H‐dithieno[3,2‐b:2′,3′‐d]pyrrole] (P2), and poly[2‐(5‐(2‐dodecyl‐7‐(4‐hexylthiophen‐2‐yl)‐2H‐benzo[d][1,2,3]triazol‐4‐yl)‐3‐hexylthiophen‐2‐yl)‐4‐hexyl‐4H‐dithieno[3,2‐b:2′,3′‐d]pyrrole] (P3) was synthesized via Stille coupling. To investigate the effect of the π‐bridges on the electrochromic properties of BTz‐based polymers, thiophene and 3‐ hexylthiophene was incorporated between BTz and DTP moiety. Different π‐bridges affected the HOMO and LUMO energy levels, coloration efficiency, switching time, and optical contrast.
Self‐Assembly and Metalation of pH‐Sensitive Double Hydrophilic Block Copolymers with Interacting Polymer Components
Authors: Permyakova Nataliya , Zheltonozhskaya Tatyana , Revko Olga , Grischenko Lyudmila
Published: August 2012

Double hydrophilic diblock copolymers (DBCs) contained chemically complementary methoxypoly(ethylene oxide) and poly(acrylic acid) (MOPEO‐b‐PAAc) with the constant length of MOPEO block (MvMOPEO = 5 kDa) and variable length of polyacid block (MnPAAc = 9.9 ÷ 23.1 kDa) were synthesized by a free radical block copolymerization of PAAc with methoxypoly(ethylene glycol) (MOPEG). These copolymers were pH‐sensitive in aqueous medium, namely, at low pH the polyacid blocks were protonated and formed the intramolecular polycomplexes with MOPEO blocks that resulted in an intense micellization initiated by hydrophobic interactions between non‐polar bound segments of the blocks. Hydrophobic “core” of the micelles comprised H‐bonded segments of MOPEO and PAAc blocks while hydrophilic “corona” included the surplus units of longer blocks. The capability of DBCs as templates for the silver nanocluster/nanoparticle is considered. The kinetics of the Ag‐nanoparticle growth in the copolymer matrices and optical properties of nanoclusters and nanoparticles were determined and discussed.
Spherical Polyelectrolyte Brushes as Templates for Stable Dispersions of Polyaniline Based Conducting Particles
Authors: Korovin A. N. , Sergeyev V. G. , Pyshkina O.A. , Tsarkova L.
Published: August 2012

We prepare stable conducting core‐shell particles using spherical polyelectrolyte brushes (SPB) as microreactor‐templates. The polymerization of aniline is guided within the SPB shell so that no bulk polymerization proceeds up to 20% polyaniline (PANi) content in the resulting composite. The dispersions are electrostatically stabilized in a wide range of the ionic strength. The conductivity of the composite material reaches 0.1 S/cm which is comparable with the conductivity of bulk PANI obtained under comparable conditions.
Influence of Dopant on Electroactivity of Polyaniline
Authors: Wang Yanyan , Levon Kalle
Published: August 2012

Polyaniline (PANI) films were polymerized on glass carbon (GC) electrodes with small molecular dopantshydrochloric, perchloric, sulfuric, methanesulfonic, benzenesulfonic, ρ‐ toluenesulfonic and large macromolecular size poly(4‐styrenesulfonic (PSS)), poly(vinylsulfonic), poly(acrylic), and poly(anilinesulfonic) acids.Theredox electroactiveswere studied in buffered solutions with the pH of 3, 5, 7, and 9. Results indicated that the properties PANI films were strongly dependent on the molecular size and polar characteristics of the dopants. With the polyelectrolytes, it was found that the PANI doped with PSS showed a good redox behavior, and maintained the inherent electro activity of PANI in the neutral and even in alkaline media.
Thermodynamic Properties of Star Shaped Polymers Investigated with Wang‐Landau Monte Carlo Simulations
Authors: Silantyeva I. A. , Vorontsov‐Velyaminov P. N.
Published: August 2012

Entropic sampling method within Wang‐Landau algorithm is used for simulation of lattice models of linear polymer chains and 6‐arm star‐shaped polymers. The semi‐phantom (i.e. nonreversal) random walk on 3D simple cubic lattice is used as a reference system. The densities of states are obtained and on their basis the temperature dependences of internal energy, heat capacity, entropy and mean square radius of gyration are calculated. Results for stars are compared with data for linear chains.
Synthesis and Electron Transfer Properties of Metal Complex Oligomer Wires with an Inherent Potential Gradient on Gold Electrode
Authors: Nishimori Yoshihiko , Maeda Hiroaki , Katagiri Shunsuke , Sendo Junya , Miyachi Mariko , Sakamoto Ryota , Yamanoi Yoshinori , Nishihara Hiroshi
Published: August 2012

π‐Conjugated bis(terpyridine)metal (M(tpy)2) oligomer wires were prepared by surface coordination programming such that they displayed an inherent potential gradient along the wire through the chain of metals and bridging ligands. The electron transfer properties of these wires were examined. Heterometal complex wires prepared in the sequence Au(111)‐Co(tpy)2‐Fe(tpy)2‐ferrocene (Fc); that is, Au‐[Aazo‐1CoLH‐1FeTFc] ((Aazo)2 = bis((4‐(4′‐2,2′;6′,2″‐terpyridyl)phenylazo)phenyl)disulfide, LH = bis(terpyridyl)‐p‐phenylene), displayed a rate constant, ket, for electron transfer at the terminal Fc moiety that was twice that obtained from wires prepared in the sequence electrode‐Fe(tpy)2‐Co(tpy)2‐Fc, Au‐[Aazo‐1FeLH‐1CoTFc]. This suggested that the oxidation reaction at the terminal Fc moiety was mediated by electron transfer via Co(tpy)2 more efficiently than via Fe(tpy)2. Metal complex wires with an inherent potential gradient based on the heteroligand combination were synthesized using bis(4‐(4′‐2,2′;6′,2″‐terpyridyl) phenyl)disulfide, (AH)2, or bis(4‐(4′‐5,5″‐difluoro‐2,2′;6′,2″‐terpyridyl)phenyl)disulfide, (AF)2, as anchoring ligands and bis(terpyridyl)‐p‐phenylene, LH, or bis(terpyridyl)‐tetrafluoro‐p‐phenylene, LF, as bridging ligands. Potential step chronoamperometry (PSCA) measurements of the redox reaction of Au‐[AH‐1FeL1‐2FeLF] and Au‐[AF‐1FeLF‐2FeLH] revealed only small differences in the current–time curves, indicating that the electron self‐exchange between the Fe(tpy)2 units in a wire was faster than electron transfer between an electrode surface and the adjacent Fe(tpy)2 units. Fast electron self‐exchange suppressed the expected rectification behavior of the wire, despite the presence of a potential staircase within the wire.
Thioether Derivatives of Carbosilane Dendrimers of Lower Generations: Synthesis and Complexation with CuCl2
Authors: Tarasenkov Alexander , Getmanova Elena , Tatarinova Elena , Surin Nikolay , Muzafarov Aziz
Published: August 2012

Novel carbosilane dendrimers containing thioether groups were synthesized. The possibility of using these compounds as ligands for complexation with transition metal salts, in particular with CuCl2, was investigated. The average maximum numbers of Cu2+ ions that can be encapsulated within sulfur containing polymers and dendrimers were estimated.
Proteomes of umbilical vein and microvascular endothelial cells reflect distinct biological properties and influence immune recognition
Authors: Dib Hanadi , Chafey Philippe , Clary Guilhem , Federici Christian , Le Gall Morgane , Dwyer Julie , Gavard Julie , Tamas Nicolas , Bussone Guillaume , Broussard Cédric , Camoin Luc , Witko‐Sarsat Véronique , Tamby Mathieu C. , Mouthon Luc
Published: August 2012

Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) are widely used as a source of endothelial cells (EC). However, HUVEC characteristics cannot be extrapolated to other types of EC, particularly microvascular ECs. Our objective was to compare the proteomes of microvascular ECs and HUVEC. Proteomes of HUVEC and human microvascular pulmonary EC (HMVEC‐P) and dermal EC (HMVEC‐D) from healthy Caucasian donors were compared by 2D DIGE and MS. Fatty acid binding proteins 4 and 5 were among the 159 and 30 proteins spots found to have at least twofold change in expression between HUVEC and HMVEC‐D and between HUVEC and HMVEC‐P samples, respectively. Eight protein spots showed twofold changed expression between HMVEC‐D and HMVEC‐P samples. Ingenuity® analysis revealed that proteins differentially expressed between HUVEC and HMVEC‐D samples interact with retinoic acid. In vitro tubulogenesis assays showed a differential effect of retinoic acid between HUVEC and HMVEC. Moreover, serum IgG from patients with a rare vascular disease, systemic sclerosis, showed distinct reactivity profiles in HUVEC and HMVEC‐D protein extracts. The proteome profiles of HUVEC and microvascular EC differ noticeably, which reflects distinct biological properties and influence immune recognition.
Effects of poly‐ and monodisperse surfactants on14C‐epoxiconazole diffusion in isolated cuticles of Prunus laurocerasus
Authors: Gutenberger Andrea , Zeisler Viktoria V , Berghaus Rainer , Auweter Helmut , Schreiber Lukas
Published: August 2012

Background

Surfactants are known to enhance the foliar uptake of agrochemicals. It was the aim of this study to compare the enhancing effect of three polydisperse surfactants (Brij 30, Plurafac LF300 and Wettol LF700) and five monodisperse alcohol ethoxylates (C12E3, C12E4, C12E5, C12E6 and C12E8) on 14C‐epoxiconazole diffusion in cuticles isolated from cherry laurel (Prunus laurocerasus L.).

Results

Rate constants (k*) of 14C‐epoxiconazole diffusion were measured in the presence and in the absence of the surfactants. Polydisperse surfactants increased the rates of foliar penetration of 14C‐epoxiconazole by factors of between 8 and 16. With monodisperse surfactants, enhancing effects on cuticular penetration were 2–16‐fold. Effects were highest with alcohol ethoxylates of intermediate size, whereas they were lower for the smaller, more lipophilic and the larger, more polar monomers. In addition, diffusion of four monodisperse alcohol ethoxylates (C12E3, C12E4, C12E5 and C12E6) across cuticles was measured. Rate constants of alcohol ethoxylates decreased with decreasing lipophility and increasing molecular weight.

Conclusion

The results indicate that enhancement of foliar penetration across cuticles by surfactants was most efficient when both 14C‐epoxiconazole and surfactants had similar mobilities in the transport‐limiting barrier of the cuticles. This observation should be of interest in future strategies to optimise foliar uptake of agrochemicals using surfactants.
Laboratory tests of insect growth regulators as bait sprays for the control of the olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae (Diptera: Tephritidae)
Authors: Sánchez‐Ramos Ismael , Fernández Cristina E , González‐Núñez Manuel , Pascual Susana
Published: August 2012

Background

Insect growth regulators (IGRs) act specifically on arthropods. This selectivity makes them an interesting alternative to traditional insecticides for pest control. The aim of this work was to test the IGRs azadirachtin, cyromazine, flufenoxuron, lufenuron and pyriproxyfen as useful pesticides for the control of the olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae (Rossi), a key pest of olive crops.

Results

Of the products tested, the chitin‐synthesis inhibitor lufenuron showed the highest efficacy. The life parameter showing the strongest effect was the egg hatch, because lufenuron caused nearly 100% egg mortality 7 days after treatment. However, sterility was not transmitted from the treated males to the untreated females. The LC50 and LC90 values for a 7 day evaluation period were 19.3 and 86.2 µg AI mL−1 respectively. Azadirachtin, cyromazine and flufenoxuron also caused significant increases in egg mortality. However, these increases were less than those produced by lufenuron. Pyriproxyfen had a stimulatory effect on B. oleae fecundity.

Conclusion

Applied as a bait treatment, a procedure used frequently in the field for the control of B. oleae, lufenuron is potentially useful against this important pest.
Learning Labs: Collaborations for Transformative Teacher Learning
Authors: Brancard Ruth , Quinnwilliams Jennifer
Published: August 2012

Teachers in a middle school and a high school with high percentages of English language learners showed evidence of transformative learning during the 2 years in which they collaborated in an ongoing professional development activity called learning labs, which include focused discussion of observations of colleagues’ classrooms. An analysis of qualitative data found teachers’ stated beliefs about their own and students’ roles, responsibilities, and capabilities changed as a result of their participation in learning labs. Teachers also implemented changes in their instructional practices. The authors argue that effective professional development activities must go beyond the delivery of information to support teachers’ examination and revision of assumptions about students, teaching, and learning that guide their practice.
Charting New Waters: Collaborating for School Improvement in U.S. High Schools
Authors: Schneider Melanie , Huss‐Lederman Susan , Sherlock Wallace
Published: August 2012

When professional learning communities (PLCs) are developed to promote the academic achievement of English language learners (ELLs), the results can benefit not only ELLs but the whole school. This article examines the ventures of three high schools that implemented PLCs as part of a Title III National Professional Development Project. The authors highlight the research on the effectiveness of PLCs and offer an operational definition for envisioning PLCs. Case studies of the three high school teams illustrate different cycles of inquiry and help readers understand how the emergence and development of professional teams improve the instruction and learning of ELLs. Using principles of effective PLCs as a framework, the authors share the challenges and successes of each team. The article concludes that effective PLCs are focused by a commitment to improve learning, informed by recognized principles, structured by the norms and inquiry processes that team members establish, and guided by school leaders who support teams and help them envision goals worth pursuing.
Mad cow policy and management of grizzly bear incidents
Authors: Northrup Joseph M. , Boyce Mark S.
Published: August 2012

Protection of humans and livestock from disease has been used to justify many aggressive and costly wildlife control programs. Recent regulatory changes on livestock carcass disposal aimed at controlling the spread of bovine spongiform encephalopathy in Canada have led to substantial increases in exposed livestock carcass dumps. Such “boneyards” are known to attract grizzly bears (Ursus arctos), which leads to human–bear conflict. We compiled data on human–grizzly bear interactions in an agricultural landscape in southwestern Alberta over a 12‐year time period (1999–2010) overlapping regulatory changes. Boneyards increased markedly after regulations were enacted and grizzly bear incidents increased correspondingly, particularly those related to dead livestock. The high rate of conflict results in frequent management captures, relocations, and translocations that create a likely population sink. Although work is underway to reduce human–bear interactions, revisions are needed to recent regulatory changes, such that they take wildlife into account. When combined with programs aimed at ensuring proper storage of attractants, we believe that such policy reforms will make it possible for humans to coexist with grizzly bears in southwestern Alberta. © 2012 The Wildlife Society.
Li5OCl3 and Li3OCl: Two Remarkably Different Lithium Oxide Chlorides
Authors: Reckeweg Olaf , Blaschkowski Björn , Schleid Thomas
Published: August 2012

Yellow to red, transparent single crystals of the lithium oxide chloride Li5OCl3 were obtained as main product from a solid‐state reaction between Li3N and oxygen‐contaminated lithium (covered by a Li[OH] crust) with YbCl3 and carbon in silica‐jacketed, arc‐welded niobium ampoules originally designed to yield Yb[CN2]. Li5OCl3 adopts the crystal structure of Cs3CoCl5 (≡ Cs3Cl[CoCl4]) according to Cl3Li[OLi4] with the tetragonal space group I4/mcm (no. 140) and the cell parameters a = 685.28(3) pm and c = 1093.23(5) pm for Z = 4. Hence, it contains isolated [OLi4]2+ tetrahedra in a LiCl matrix it thus can be compared with other alkali‐ and alkaline‐earth metal oxide chlorides. Its unconventional color might be due to the fact that small parts of O2– are substituted with isoelectronic imide anions ([NH]2–). Additionally cubic perovskite‐type Li3OCl with corner‐sharing [OLi6]4+ octahedra according to $\rm^{3}_{\infty}${[OLi6/2]Cl} could be obtained during attempts to synthesize Li5OCl3 from Li2O and LiCl as colorless powder and its lattice parameter for the space group Pm$\rm^{3}_{\infty}$m (no. 221) was determined to a = 390.70(4) pm (Z = 1) by means of X‐ray powder diffraction.
ScPdZn and ScPtZn with YAlGe Type Structure – Group‐Subgroup Relation and 45Sc Solid State NMR Spectroscopy
Authors: Hoffmann Rolf‐Dieter , Mishra Trinath , Heying Birgit , Rodewald Ute Ch. , Matar Samir F. , Deters Heinz , Eckert Hellmut , Pöttgen Rainer
Published: August 2012

The intermetallic compounds ScPdZn and ScPtZn were prepared from the elements by high‐frequency melting in sealed tantalum ampoules. Both structures were refined from single crystal X‐ray diffractometer data: YAlGe type, Cmcm, a = 429.53(8), b = 907.7(1), c = 527.86(1) pm, wR2 = 0.0375, 231 F2 values, for ScPdZn and a = 425.3(1), b = 918.4(2), c = 523.3(1) pm, wR2 = 0.0399, 213 F2 values for ScPtZn with 14 variables per refinement. The structures are orthorhombically distorted variants of the AlB2 type. The scandium and palladium (platinum atoms) build up ordered networks Sc3Pd3 and Sc3Pt3 (boron networks) which are slightly shifted with respect to each other. These networks are penetrated by chains of zinc atoms (262 pm in ScPtZn) which correspond to the aluminum positions, i.e. Zn(ScPd) and Zn(ScPt). The corresponding group‐subgroup scheme and the differences in chemical bonding with respect to other AlB2‐derived REPdZn and REPtZn compounds are discussed. 45Sc solid state NMR spectra confirm the single crystallographic scandium sites. From electronic band structure calculations the two compounds are found metallic with free electron like behavior at the Fermi level. A larger cohesive energy for ScPtZn suggests a more strongly bonded intermetallic than ScPdZn. Electron localization and overlap population analyses identify the largest bonding for scandium with the transition metal (Pd, Pt).
Hydrodynamic forces on steady and oscillating porous particles
Authors: Ollila Santtu T. T. , Ala-Nissila Tapio , Denniston Colin
Published: August 2012

We derive new analytical results for the hydrodynamic force exerted on a sinusoidally oscillating porous shell and a sphere of uniform density in the Stokes limit. The coupling between the spherical particle and the solvent is done using the Debye–Bueche–Brinkman (DBB) model, i.e. by a frictional force proportional to the local velocity difference between the permeable particle and the solvent. We compare our analytical results and existing dynamic theories to lattice–Boltzmann simulations of the full Navier–Stokes equations for the oscillating porous particle. We find our analytical results to agree with simulations over a broad range of porosities and frequencies.
The pre-Alpine tectonic history of the Austroalpine continental basement in the Valpelline unit (Western Italian Alps)
Authors: MANZOTTI PAOLA , ZUCALI MICHELE
Published: August 2012

The Valpelline unit is a large slice of continental crust constituting the Austroalpine Dent Blanche nappe (NW Italy). The pre-Alpine evolution of this unit holds important clues about the Palaeozoic crustal structure at the northern margin of the Adria continent, about the history of rifting in the Alpine region, and thus about the thermomechanical conditions that preceded the Alpine convergent evolution. Several stages of the deformation history and of partial re-equilibration were identified, combining meso- and micro-structural analyses with thermobarometry. Reconstructed pre-AlpineP–T–t–d paths demonstrate that the Valpelline unit experienced an early stage at pressures between 4.5 and 6.5 kbar followed by migmatite formation. A subsequent stage reached amphibolite to granulite facies conditions. This stage was associated with the development of the most penetrative fabrics affecting all of the Valpelline lithotypes. The pre-Alpine evolution ended with a weak deformation associated with a local mineral-chemical re-equilibration under greenschist facies conditions at ≈ 4 kbar andT< 450°C. A Permo-Mesozoic lithospheric extension is thought to be responsible for asthenosphere upwelling, thereby causing high temperature metamorphism at medium pressure and widespread partial melting, which led to upper crustal magmatic activity.
COUSIN MARRIAGE IN SOUTH-WESTERN ENGLAND IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY
Authors: DAY CATHY , SMITH MALCOLM
Published: August 2012

Knowledge of inbreeding levels in historical times is necessary to estimate the health consequences of past inbreeding, and to contextualize the current public debate about cousin marriage in Britain. This research aims to calculate the level of cousin marriage using the intensive technique of multi-source parish reconstitution and to determine whether village organization, religion and occupational class influenced the level of consanguineous marriage. A wide variety of documentary sources were used to create extensive pedigrees of spouses in over 800 marriages in the 19th century in the rural villages of Stourton and Kilmington. The closed village of Stourton had higher levels of inbreeding than the open village of Kilmington. Catholics had lower rates of 1st cousin marriage but higher rates of 2nd cousin marriage than Protestants. Farmers had higher levels of 1st cousin marriage than labourers. The levels of consanguinity in south-western Wiltshire in the 19th century were related to the economic structure of the villages and the religion and social class of the spouses.
Morita-Baylis-Hillman adduct showsin vitroactivity againstLeishmania (Viannia) braziliensisassociated with a reduction in IL-6 and IL-10 but independent of nitric oxide
Authors: AMORIM F. M. , RODRIGUES Y. K. S. , BARBOSA T. P. , NÉRIS P. L. N. , CALDAS J. P. A. , SOUSA S. C. O. , LEITE J. A. , RODRIGUES-MASCARENHAS S. , VASCONCELLOS M. L. A. A. , OLIVEIRA M. R.
Published: August 2012

Current treatments for different clinical forms of leishmaniasis are unsatisfactory, highly toxic and associated with increasing failure rates resulting from the emergence of resistant parasites.Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensisis the main aetiological agent of different clinical forms of American tegumentary leishmaniasis, including the mucosal form for which treatment has high failure rates. The aim of this work was to investigate the activity of the Morita-Baylis-Hillman adduct, methyl 2-{2-[hydroxy(2-nitrophenyl)methyl])acryloyloxy} benzoatein vitroagainst isolates ofL. (V.) braziliensisobtained from patients with different clinical manifestations of tegumentary leishmaniasis: localized cutaneous leishmaniasis, mucosal leishmaniasis and disseminated cutaneous leishmaniasis. The adduct effectively inhibited the growth of promastigotes of the different isolates ofL. (V.) braziliensis(IC50 ⩽ 7·77μg/ml), as well as reduced the infection rate of macrophages infected with these parasites (EC50 ⩽ 1·37μg/ml). It is remarkable to state that the adduct was more effective against intracellular amastigotes (P ⩽ 0·0045). The anti-amastigote activity correlated with an immunomodulatory effect, since the adduct was able to decrease the production of IL-6 and IL-10 by the infected macrophages. However, its effect was independent of nitric oxide production. This work demonstrates the anti-leishmanial activity of methyl 2-{2-[hydroxy(2-nitrophenyl)methyl])acryloyloxy} benzoate and suggests its potential in the treatment of human infections caused byL. (V.) braziliensis.
Heinrich Dieter Holland (1927–2012)
Authors: Turekian Karl K.
Published: August 2012

Heinrich Dieter “Dick” Holland, who died on 21 May 2012, was responsible for major advances across several fields of geochemistry. He was born on 27 May 1927 and died just short of his 85th birthday. How Dick became a geochemist is an interesting story in itself. I first met Dick when we shared an office as graduate students at Columbia University in New York. He had attended Princeton University in New Jersey and graduated in 1946 with a chemistry major. He had arrived in the United States with his family from Germany in 1940. The family was of Jewish origin, and although Dick and his relatives were not strict practitioners, their fate in Hitler's Germany, dictated by the family's ancestry, would have been undesirable. Dick and his brother first went to England in 1939 to escape the future horrors that were sure to await them if they had remained in Germany. After their parents escaped to the Dominican Republic, Dick and his brother joined them there. With the help of friends, the family came to the United States from the Dominican Republic in 1940 (it was not unusual for immigrants to first come to a landing spot in the western hemisphere prior to admission to the United States).
Understanding climate policy data needs
Authors: Brown Molly E. , Macauley Molly
Published: August 2012

NASA Carbon Monitoring System: Characterizing Flux Uncertainty; Washington, D. C, 11 January 2012 Climate policy in the United States is currently guided by public‐private partnerships and actions at the local and state levels that focus on energy efficiency, renewable energy, agricultural practices, and implementation of technologies to reduce greenhouse gases. How will policy makers know if these strategies are working, particularly at the scales at which they are being implemented? The NASA Carbon Monitoring System (CMS) will provide information on carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes derived from observations of Earth's land, ocean, and atmosphere used in state‐of‐the‐art models describing their interactions. This new modeling system could be used to assess the impact of specific policy interventions on reductions of atmospheric CO2 concentrations, enabling an iterative, results‐oriented policy process.
Aligning the honors program with AGU's mission
Authors: Fine Rana A. , Paredes Elizabeth
Published: August 2012

Over the past 2 years, AGU's Honors and Recognition (H&R) Committee (http://www.agu.org/about/governance/committees_boards/honors‐recog.shtml) has been working to better align the Union medals, awards, and prizes with AGU's new vision, core values, and strategic plan. The changes described below have been approved by the AGU Council.

The H&R Committee reviewed and evaluated its charge to see how it can be aligned to better support AGU's strategic plan (http://www.agu.org/about/strategic_plan.shtml).

The committee formally defined medals, awards, and prizes. Medals are given for a scientific body of work in Earth and space sciences. Awards are related to science, society, and talent pool goals. Prizes are presented jointly by AGU and some other nonprofit, for‐profit, government, and/or nongovernmental entities and involve significant funding.
Environmental magnetism: Principles and applications
Authors: Liu Qingsong , Roberts Andrew P. , Larrasoaña Juan C. , Banerjee Subir K. , Guyodo Yohan , Tauxe Lisa , Oldfield Frank
Published: August 2012

In environmental magnetism, rock and mineral magnetic techniques are used to investigate the formation, transportation, deposition, and postdepositional alterations of magnetic minerals under the influences of a wide range of environmental processes. All materials respond in some way to an applied magnetic field, and iron‐bearing minerals are sensitive to a range of environmental processes, which makes magnetic measurements extremely useful for detecting signals associated with environmental processes. Environmental magnetism has grown considerably since the mid 1970s and now contributes to research in the geosciences and in branches of physics, chemistry, and biology and environmental science, including research on climate change, pollution, iron biomineralization, and depositional and diagenetic processes in sediments to name a few applications. Magnetic parameters are used to routinely scan sediments, but interpretation is often difficult and requires understanding of the underlying physics and chemistry. Thorough examination of magnetic properties and of the environmental processes that give rise to the measured magnetic signal is needed to avoid ambiguities, complexities, and limitations to interpretations. In this review, we evaluate environmental magnetic parameters based on theory and empirical results. We describe how ambiguities can be resolved by use of combined techniques and demonstrate the power of environmental magnetism in enabling quantitative environmental interpretations. We also review recent developments that demonstrate the mutual benefit of environmental magnetism from close collaborations with biology, chemistry, and physics. Finally, we discuss directions in which environmental magnetism is likely to develop in the future.
Magnetic evidence for solid-state solubility-limited dissolution of Ni into AuGe in alloyed AuGe/Ni/Au Ohmic contacts to GaAs
Authors: Abhilash T. S. , Ravi Kumar Ch. , Rajaram G.
Published: August 2012

The unresolved issue of magnetism of the alloyed AuGe/Ni/Au Ohmic contacts in GaAs is investigated in the context of Hall magnetic field sensors. Magnetization measurements provided some interesting insights into changes taking place in the metallization layer before alloying with the substrate takes place. The results show that Ni undergoes solid-state, solubility-limited, dissolution into the AuGe layer during the course of anneal. This results in the metallization structures becoming non-magnetic before alloying with the substrate takes place. Solubility of Ni into AuGe increases with temperature and decreases with decreasing Ge content from the eutectic composition (88:12 wt %) of the AuGe alloy. The melting temperature of the AuGe layer increases as a result of the Ni dissolution into it. Formation of NiGe phase in the structure is observed after cooling from anneal temperature at which the magnetic to non-magnetic transformation is completed, but alloying has not yet occurred.
Anisotropic electron temperature measurements without knowing the spectral transmissivity for a JT-60SA Thomson scattering diagnostic
Authors: Tojo H. , Hatae T. , Yatsuka E. , Itami K.
Published: August 2012

This paper focuses on a method for measuring the electron temperature (Te) without knowing the transmissivity using Thomson scattering diagnostic with a double-pass scattering system. Application of this method for measuring the anisotropic Te, i.e., the Te in the directions parallel (Te||) and perpendicular (Te⊥) to the magnetic field, is proposed. Simulations based on the designed parameters for a JT-60SA indicate the feasibility of the measurements except in certain Te ranges, e.g., Te|| ∼ 3.5Te⊥ at 120° of the scattering angle.
Verification and validation of linear gyrokinetic simulation of Alfvén eigenmodes in the DIII-D tokamak
Authors: Spong D. A. , Bass E. M. , Deng W. , Heidbrink W. W. , Lin Z. , Tobias B. , Van Zeeland M. A. , Austin M. E. , Domier C. W. , Luhmann N. C.
Published: August 2012

A verification and validation study is carried out for a sequence of reversed shear Alfvén instability time slices. The mode frequency increases in time as the minimum (qmin) in the safety factor profile decreases. Profiles and equilibria are based upon reconstructions of DIII-D discharge (#142111) in which many such frequency up-sweeping modes were observed. Calculations of the frequency and mode structure evolution from two gyrokinetic codes, GTC and GYRO, and a gyro-Landau fluid code TAEFL are compared. The experimental mode structure of the instability was measured using time-resolved two-dimensional electron cyclotron emission imaging. The three models reproduce the frequency upsweep event within ±10% of each other, and the average of the code predictions is within ±8% of the measurements; growth rates are predicted that are consistent with the observed spectral line widths. The mode structures qualitatively agree with respect to radial location and width, dominant poloidal mode number, ballooning structure, and the up-down asymmetry, with some remaining differences in the details. Such similarities and differences between the predictions of the different models and the experimental results are a valuable part of the verification/validation process and help to guide future development of the modeling efforts.
A Vlasov equilibrium for space charge dominated beam in a misaligned solenoidal channel
Authors: Sing Babu P. , Goswami A. , Pandit V. S.
Published: August 2012

The effect of displacement and rotational misalignments of solenoid magnets with respect to the ideal beam propagation axis on the dynamics of intense charged particle beams have been studied. The equation of motion of the beam centroid has been obtained and found to be independent of any specific beam distribution. A Vlasov equilibrium distribution for the intense beam propagation through misaligned focussing channel has been obtained. Self-consistent simulation confirms the analytical result.
A semi-automatic system for high throughput phenotyping wheat cultivars in-field conditions: description and first results
Authors: Comar Alexis , Burger Philippe , de Solan Benoit , Baret Frédéric , Daumard Fabrice , Hanocq Jean-François
Published: August 2012

A semi-automatic system was developed to monitor micro-plots of wheat cultivars in field conditions for phenotyping. The system is based on a hyperspectral radiometer and 2 RGB cameras observing the canopy from ~1.5 m distance to the top of the canopy. The system allows measurement from both nadir and oblique views inclined at 57.5° zenith angle perpendicularly to the row direction. The system is fixed to a horizontal beam supported by a tractor that moves along the micro-plots. About 100 micro-plots per hour were sampled by the system, the data being automatically collected and registered thanks to a centimetre precision geo-location. The green fraction (GF, the fraction of green area per unit ground area as seen from a given direction) was derived from the images with an automatic segmentation process and the reflectance spectra recorded by the radiometers were transformed into vegetation indices (VI) such as MCARI2 and MTCI. Results showed that MCARI2 is a good proxy of the GF, the MTCI as observed from 57° inclination is expected to be mainly sensitive to leaf chlorophyll pigments. The frequent measurements achieved allowed a good description of the dynamics of each micro-plot along the growth cycle. It is characterised by two periods: the first period corresponding to the vegetative stages exhibits a small rate of change of VI with time; followed by the senescence period characterised by a high rate of change. The dynamics were simply described by a bilinear model with its parameters providing high throughput metrics (HTM). A variance analysis achieved over these HTMs showed that several HTMs were highly heritable, particularly those corresponding to MCARI2 as observed from nadir, and those corresponding to the first period. Potentials of such semi-automatic measurement system are discussed for in field phenotyping applications.
A critical review of translation initiation factor eIF2α kinases in plants - regulating protein synthesis during stress
Authors: Immanuel Tracey M. , Greenwood David R. , MacDiarmid Robin M.
Published: August 2012

Eukaryotic cells must cope with environmental stress. One type of general stress response is the downregulation of protein synthesis in order to conserve cellular resources. Protein synthesis is mainly regulated at the level of mRNA translation initiation and when the α subunit of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 (eIF2) is phosphorylated, protein synthesis is downregulated. Although eIF2 has the same translation initiation function in all eukaryotes, it is not known whether plants downregulate protein synthesis via eIF2α phosphorylation. Similarly, although there is evidence that plants possess eIF2α kinases, it is not known whether they operate in a similar manner to the well characterised mammalian and yeast eIF2α kinases. Two types of eIF2α kinases have been reported in plants, yet the full understanding of the plant eIF2α phosphorylation mechanism is still lacking. Here we review the current knowledge of the eIF2α phosphorylation mechanism within plants and discuss plant eIF2α, plant eIF2α kinase GCN2 and the data supporting and contradicting the hypothesis that a functional orthologue for the eIF2α kinase PKR, is present and functional in plants.