bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE NEW PRUSSIAN RENAISSANCE: LITERARY COMMEMORATIONS OF QUEEN LUISE
Authors: Beckwith Rhoslyn
Published: August 2021

In the wake of World War Two, Germany abandoned its onetime national idols, including Queen Luise of Prussia (1776–1810). Yet despite assertions that her legend has become obsolete (Förster, 2011), contemporary writers are rediscovering Queen Luise following the renaissance of interest in Prussia during the first ‘Prussian Wave’ (1977–82) and the ‘Prussian Year’ of 2001. This article argues that she is being repurposed by what I term a ‘third wave’ of Prussian nostalgia currently occurring in Germany. Drawing on memory studies and nostalgia studies, I argue that Queen Luise can be considered a ‘lieu de mémoire’ (Nora, 1984) whose changing commemorations reflect modulating perspectives on the Prussian era during the twentieth and twenty‐first centuries. The article provides an overview of the rediscovery of Prussian history before analysing three representative texts that reflect shifting attitudes towards Prussia and the Queen: Gertrud Mander's conventional biography Königin Luise (1981), Friedrich Christian Delius's novel, Der Königsmacher (2001), which features a cameo appearance from the Queen, and Thomas Hettche's fictional account of the early nineteenth‐century Pfaueninsel in Berlin‐Wannsee, Pfaueninsel (2014). I propose that these commemorations reflect both the twenty‐first century trend for nostalgia (Boym, 2001), as well as a tendency towards ‘perverse nostalgia’ (Kohlke, 2017).
The effects of endodontic access cavity design on dentine removal and effectiveness of canal instrumentation in maxillary molars
Authors: Wang Dan , Wang Wei , Li Yu‐Jiao , Wang Yi‐Rong , Hong Tao , Bai Shi‐Zhu , Tian Yu
Published: August 2021

Aim

To evaluate in a laboratory setting, the impact of three designs of endodontic access cavities on dentine removal and effectiveness of canal instrumentation in extracted maxillary first molars using micro‐computed tomography (micro‐CT).

Methodology

A total of 30 extracted intact maxillary first molars were selected and scanned by micro‐CT with a voxel size of 24 µm and randomly distributed into three groups: the traditional endodontic cavity (TEC) group, the conservative endodontic cavity (CEC) group and the guided endodontic cavity (GEC) group. The pulp chambers of teeth in the groups were accessed accordingly. After root canal preparation, the teeth were rescanned. The volume of dentine removed after canal preparation, the noninstrumented canal areas, canal transportation and centring ratio were analysed. Data were analysed statistically using one‐way analysis of variance. Tukey's post hoc test was used for multiple comparisons. The significance level was set at p < .05.

Results

The total volume of dentine removed was significantly greater in the TEC group after root canal preparation (p < .05). No significant differences in the volume of dentine removed occurred between the CEC and GEC groups (p > .05). The volume of dentine removed in the crown, pericervical dentine and coronal third of the canal was significantly lower in CEC and GEC groups when compared to that in the TEC group (p < .05), no difference was observed in the middle third of the canal and apical third of the canal amongst the three groups (p > .05). There was no significant difference in noninstrumented canal area, canal transportation and centring ratio amongst the TEC, CEC and GEC groups (p > .05).

Conclusions

In extracted maxillary molars tested in a laboratory setting, CEC and GEC preserved more tooth tissue in the crown, pericervical dentine and coronal third of the canal compared with TEC after root canal preparation. The design of the endodontic access cavity did not impact on the effectiveness of canal instrumentation in terms of noninstrumented canal area, canal transportation and centring ratio.
Hinge influences in murine IgG binding to Cryptococcus neoformans capsule
Authors: Oliveira Diane Sthefany Lima de , Paredes Verenice , Caixeta Adrielle Veloso , Henriques Nicole Moreira , Wear Maggie P. , Albuquerque Patrícia , Felipe Maria Sueli Soares , Casadevall Arturo , Nicola André Moraes
Published: August 2021

Decades of studies on antibody structure led to the tenet that the V region binds antigens while the C region interacts with immune effectors. In some antibodies, however, the C region affects affinity and/or specificity for the antigen. One example is the 3E5 monoclonal murine IgG family, in which the mIgG3 isotype has different fine specificity to the Cryptococcus neoformans capsule polysaccharide than the other mIgG isotypes despite their identical variable sequences. Our group serendipitously found another pair of mIgG1/mIgG3 antibodies based on the 2H1 hybridoma to the C. neoformans capsule that recapitulated the differences observed with 3E5. In this work, we report the molecular basis of the constant domain effects on antigen binding using recombinant antibodies. As with 3E5, immunofluorescence experiments show a punctate pattern for 2H1‐mIgG3 and an annular pattern for 2H1‐mIgG1; these binding patterns have been associated with protective efficacy in murine cryptococcosis. Also as observed with 3E5, 2H1‐mIgG3 bound on ELISA to both acetylated and non‐acetylated capsular polysaccharide, whereas 2H1‐mIgG1 only bound well to the acetylated form, consistent with differences in fine specificity. In engineering hybrid mIgG1/mIgG3 antibodies, we found that switching the 2H1‐mIgG3 hinge for its mIgG1 counterpart changed the immunofluorescence pattern to annular, but a 2H1‐mIgG1 antibody with an mIgG3 hinge still had an annular pattern. The hinge is thus necessary but not sufficient for these changes in binding to the antigen. This important role for the constant region in antigen binding could affect antibody biology and engineering.
Patterns of mutual exclusivity and retention: A study of monolingual and bilingual 2‐year‐olds
Authors: Rocha‐Hidalgo Joscelin , Feller Mary , Blanchfield Olivia A. , Kucker Sarah C. , Barr Rachel F.
Published: August 2021

When children learn their native language, they tend to treat objects as if they only have one label—a principle known as mutual exclusivity. However, bilingual children are faced with a different cognitive challenge—they need to learn to associate two labels with one object. In the present study, we compared bilingual and monolingual 24‐month‐olds’ performance on a challenging and semi‐naturalistic forced‐choice referent selection task and retention test. Overall, both language groups performed similarly on referent selection but differed on retention. Specifically, while monolingual infants showed some retention, bilingual infants performed at chance and significantly worse than their monolingual peers.
Beyond popularity: A user perspective on observable behaviours in a digital platform
Authors: Kunst Katrine , Ringberg Torsten , Vatrapu Ravi
Published: August 2021

The opinions and behaviours of others are recognised as powerful mechanisms for social influence in the digital sphere. The former, often referred to as electronic word of mouth (eWOM), is a thoroughly researched topic in the Information Systems literature. Conversely, the digital display of users' behaviours (e.g., number of past purchases) is less well understood despite the widespread adoption of this practice on digital platforms. Quantitative research has explored this interesting domain and found that observing others' behaviours entice observers to follow suit, but has left unaddressed the question of what sensemaking users derive from behavioural information. This is problematic as behavioural information is more open to interpretation compared to eWOM. In this article, we adopt the concept of electronic word of behaviour (eWOB) to denote such behavioural information. Through the lens of basic psychological needs theory and the qualitative means‐end chain approach, we expose how eWOB is interpreted and used by users of a digital platform, the music service Spotify. We find that eWOB leads to satisfaction of the basic psychological needs for relatedness and competence when observing others' behaviours. We also show how exposure to one's own past behaviours can yield a positive sense of self when presented in meaningful and private manners, but that it can also negatively impact users when their needs for autonomy and competence are not heeded by the digital platform. Finally, based on our empirical findings we offer a set of design implications for how digital platforms can optimise the use of eWOB.
Two tales of two protests: Principled and partisan attitudes toward politically charged protests
Authors: Peacock Navanté , Biernat Monica
Published: August 2021

The First Amendment of the United States Constitution protects individual's right to protest, but people tend to have differing attitudes toward protests depending on the issue being protested. Across two studies we examined general attitudes toward protests, racial attitudes, and political ideology as predictors of support for two separate pairs of recent, politically distinct protest actions. In Study 1, participants provided attitudes toward the 2017 Charlottesville and 2016 NFL protests. In Study 2, attitudes toward the 2020 George Floyd and COVID‐19 lockdown protests were assessed. In both studies, support was highest for protests aligned with political ideology, and racial prejudice consistently emerged as a predictor of protest support, even for the COVID‐19 lockdown protest that was not explicitly racially motivated. These findings provide further evidence of prejudice being a political force and partisan beliefs biasing understandings of social issues.
Practical implications of using non‐relational databases to store large genomic data files and novel phenotypes
Authors: Moreira Souza André , Weigert Rodrigo de Andrade Santos , Machado de Sousa Elaine Parros , Tassoni Andrietta Lucas , Ventura Ricardo Vieira
Published: August 2021

The objective of our study was to provide practical directions on the storage of genomic information and novel phenotypes (treated here as unstructured data) using a non‐relational database. The MongoDB technology was assessed for this purpose, enabling frequent data transactions involving numerous individuals under genetic evaluation. Our study investigated different genomic (Illumina Final Report, PLINK, 0125, FASTQ, and VCF formats) and phenotypic (including media files) information, using both real and simulated datasets. Advantages of our centralized database concept include the sublinear running time for queries after increasing the number of samples/markers exponentially, in addition to the comprehensive management of distinct data formats while searching for specific genomic regions. A comparison of our non‐relational and generic solution, with an existing relational approach (developed for tabular data types using 2 bits to store genotypes), showed reduced importing time to handle 50M SNPs (PLINK format) achieved by the relational schema. Our experimental results also reinforce that data conversion is a costly step required to manage genomic data into both relational and non‐relational database systems, and therefore, must be carefully treated for large applications.
Differential value of intima thickness in ischaemic stroke due to large‐artery atherosclerosis and small‐vessel occlusion
Authors: Jin Suqin , Zhang Cheng , Zhang Yun , Jia Guoyong , Zhang Mei , Xu Mingjun
Published: August 2021

No study has examined the differential value of arterial intima thickness in the subtypes of acute ischaemic stroke. This study aimed to assess whether intima thickness of carotid artery (CIT), radial artery (RIT) and dorsalis pedis artery (PIT) have an independent and additive value in differentiating ischaemic stroke subtypes due to large‐artery atherosclerosis (LAA) or small‐vessel occlusion (SVO). One hundred and sixty‐one patients with LAA and 79 patients with SVO were recruited. CIT, RIT and PIT were measured with a 24‐MHz ultrasound transducer. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the differential values of the different parameters in the two subtypes. ROC curve analyses were plotted to compare the differential performance of different parameters and the combination model. Both RIT and PIT were substantially thicker in LAA than in SVO stroke patients. RIT and carotid intima‐media thickness had similar performances in differentiating stroke subtypes. Introduction of RIT to traditional atherosclerotic associated risk factors had a marginal satisfactory differential performance for LAA and SVO stroke patients (AUC 0.775). RIT is a promising parameter for LAA and SVO subgroup classification. The combination of RIT and traditional risk factors might be a promising tool for differentiating ischaemic stroke subgroups.
Photodiagnostic services in the UK and Republic of Ireland: a British Photodermatology Group Workshop Report
Authors: Ibbotson S.H. , Allan D. , Dawe R.S. , Eadie E. , Farr P.M. , Fassihi H. , Fedele F. , Ferguson J. , Fityan A. , Freeman P. , Fullerton L. , Goulden V. , Haque S. , Ling T.C. , Mackay A. , McKenna K. , Ralph N. , Rhodes L.E. , Sarkany R. , Turner D. , Ungureanu S. , Weatherhead S.
Published: August 2021

Background

Photodiagnostic investigations are essential for the accurate diagnosis of abnormal cutaneous photosensitivity and provide important information for the management of patients with photodermatoses (cutaneous photosensitivity disorders). Although photodiagnosis has been undertaken since the early 1970s, specialist services in the United Kingdom (UK) and Republic of Ireland are limited and there is no formal guidance on diagnostic approach. Indeed, there is a limited literature in this area of methodology and diagnostic practice.

Objectives

The primary objective was to undertake a British Photodermatology Group Workshop to review the role and activities of specialist centres in the UK and Republic of Ireland in order to ascertain whether there were consensus practices. Secondary objectives were to identify key priorities for service, training and research.

Methods

An initial detailed survey review of current activities was undertaken prior to the Workshop and data from this survey were used to inform discussion at the Workshop, which was attended by key photodermatology experts from the UK and Republic of Ireland.

Results/Conclusions

We have undertaken a detailed review of current Photodiagnostic Services in the UK and Republic of Ireland and report on our findings from the 12 centres and we have identified key areas of consensus practice. This is an important step in the process of standardising and optimising procedures and protocols and defining minimum clinical standards for photodiagnostic investigations, which are of such diagnostic importance in Dermatology.
Use of a perceived efficacy tool to evaluate the FallTIPS program
Authors: Dykes Patricia C. , Khasnabish Srijesa , Adkison Lesley E. , Bates David W. , Bogaisky Michael , Burns Zoe , Carroll Diane L. , Carter Eileen , Hurley Ann C. , Jackson Emily , Kurian Susan S. , Lindros Mary Ellen , Ryan Virginia , Scanlan Maureen , Spivack Linda , Walsh Mary‐Ann , Adelman Jason
Published: August 2021

Background/Objectives

To assess nurses' opinions of the efficacy of using the FallTIPS (Tailoring Interventions for Patient Safety) fall prevention program.

Design

Survey research.

Setting

Seven adult acute‐care hospitals in 2 hospital centers located in Boston and NYC.

Participants

A total of 298 medical‐surgical nurses on 14 randomly selected units.

Intervention

Three‐step FallTIPS fall prevention program that had been in use as a clinical program for a minimum of 2 years in each hospital.

Measurements

Fall Prevention Efficiency Scale (FPES), range 13–52; four‐factorilly derived subscales: valued, efficiency, balances out and inefficiency; and 13 psychometrically validated individual items.

Results

Nurses perceived the FallTIPS fall prevention program to be efficacious. The FPES mean score of 38.55 (SD = 5.05) and median of 39 were well above the lowest possible score of 13 and scale midpoint of 32.5. Most nurses (N = 270, 90.6%) scored above 33. There were no differences in FPES scores between nurses who had only used FallTIPS and nurses who had previously used a different fall prevention program.

Conclusion

The nurses who used FallTIPS perceived that efficiencies in patient care compensated for the time spent on FallTIPS. Nurses valued the program and findings confirmed the importance of patient and family engagement with staff in the fall prevention process. Regardless of the fall prevention program used, organizations should examine staff perceptions of their fall prevention program because programs that are not perceived as being useful, efficient, and valuable will lead to nonadherence over time and then will not reduce falls and injuries. The recently developed FPES used in this study is a brief tool available for organizations to assess nurses' perceptions of the efficacy of their fall prevention program. Additional FPES research is needed with larger and more diverse samples.
Robust humoral and cellular immune responses and low risk for reinfection at least 8 months following asymptomatic to mild COVID‐19
Authors: Havervall Sebastian , Ng Henry , Jernbom Falk August , Greilert‐Norin Nina , Månberg Anna , Marking Ulrika , Laurén Ida , Gabrielsson Lena , Salomonsson Ann‐Christin , Aguilera Katherina , Kihlgren Martha , Månsson Maja , Rosell Axel , Hellström Cecilia , Andersson Eni , Olofsson Jennie , Skoglund Lovisa , Yousef Jamil , Pin Elisa , Lord Martin , Åberg Mikael , Hedhammar My , Tegel Hanna , Dönnes Pierre , Phillipson Mia , Nilsson Peter , Klingström Jonas , Mangsbo Sara , Hober Sophia , Thålin Charlotte
Published: August 2021

Background

Emerging data support detectable immune responses for months after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) infection and vaccination, but it is not yet established to what degree and for how long protection against reinfection lasts.

Methods

We investigated SARS‐CoV‐2‐specific humoral and cellular immune responses more than 8 months post‐asymptomatic, mild and severe infection in a cohort of 1884 healthcare workers (HCW) and 51 hospitalized COVID‐19 patients. Possible protection against SARS‐CoV‐2 reinfection was analyzed by a weekly 3‐month polymerase chain reaction (PCR) screening of 252 HCW that had seroconverted 7 months prior to start of screening and 48 HCW that had remained seronegative at multiple time points.

Results

All COVID‐19 patients and 96% (355/370) of HCW who were anti‐spike IgG positive at inclusion remained anti‐spike IgG positive at the 8‐month follow‐up. Circulating SARS‐CoV‐2‐specific memory T cell responses were detected in 88% (45/51) of COVID‐19 patients and in 63% (233/370) of seropositive HCW. The cumulative incidence of PCR‐confirmed SARS‐CoV‐2 infection was 1% (3/252) among anti‐spike IgG positive HCW (0.13 cases per 100 weeks at risk) compared to 23% (11/48) among anti‐spike IgG negative HCW (2.78 cases per 100 weeks at risk), resulting in a protective effect of 95.2% (95% CI 81.9%–99.1%).

Conclusions

The vast majority of anti‐spike IgG positive individuals remain anti‐spike IgG positive for at least 8 months regardless of initial COVID‐19 disease severity. The presence of anti‐spike IgG antibodies is associated with a substantially reduced risk of reinfection up to 9 months following asymptomatic to mild COVID‐19.
Making FAPE Appropriate Now for Students with Learning Disabilities
Authors: Scanlon David , Calhoon Mary Beth , Berkeley Sheri
Published: August 2021

Since its inception, a premise of special education has been to provide students with disabilities with an appropriate education. The interpretation of appropriate has evolved across eras of special education. For students with learning disabilities, emphases on inclusion and high‐stakes achievement have eroded the intention of FAPE. It is time for a re‐envisioning of FAPE. A new vision should not presume the same outcomes for all. Restoring goals and individualized curriculum informed by the general education curriculum instead of exclusively focused “in the general education curriculum” is the way forward.
Citizen science data of cetaceans in the Arabian/Persian Gulf: Occurrence and habitat preferences of the three most reported species
Authors: Natoli Ada , Moura André E. , Sillero Neftalí
Published: August 2021

Citizen science data are becoming increasingly relevant in wildlife studies, especially when obtaining data requires costly logistics. In the Arabian/Persian Gulf, baseline information about cetaceans is scarce despite their regular presence. From 2012 to 2019, a citizen science campaign conducted in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) obtained information on 1,292 cetacean sightings. These were methodically validated by experts, resulting in 1,103 records where species was confidently assigned. From the 12 species reported, we analyzed the spatial patterns of occurrence and drivers of habitat preference for the three most reported species: Tursiops aduncus (Ta 53%), Sousa plumbea (Sp 45%), and Neophocaena phocaenoides (Np 2%). Ecological niche modelling, considering seven environmental variables (physicochemical: temperature, silicate, calcite, pH; physiographic: distance from coast, bathymetry; biological: chlorophyll) showed subtle niche partitioning among the three species. Our results suggest different diets and energy requirements for Np, with Ta and Sp, segregating mostly by different patterns of space use. Specifically, Sp prefers close proximity to shore, particularly areas with complex networks of inland canals. This information provides an estimate of habitat preferences, that can be used in formulating effective conservation measures. Sp shows the narrowest area of suitable habitat and is at particular risk from habitat degradation.
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Thioredoxin1 (SsTrx1) is required for pathogenicity and oxidative stress tolerance
Authors: Rana Kusum , Ding Yijuan , Banga Surinder S. , Liao Hongmei , Zhao Siqi , Yu Yang , Qian Wei
Published: August 2021

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum infects host plant tissues by inducing necrosis to source nutrients needed for its establishment. Tissue necrosis results from an enhanced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) at the site of infection and apoptosis. Pathogens have evolved ROS scavenging mechanisms to withstand host‐induced oxidative damage. However, the genes associated with ROS scavenging pathways are yet to be fully investigated in S. sclerotiorum. We selected the S. sclerotiorum Thioredoxin1 gene (SsTrx1) for our investigations as its expression is significantly induced during S. sclerotiorum infection. RNA interference‐induced silencing of SsTrx1 in S. sclerotiorum affected the hyphal growth rate, mycelial morphology, and sclerotial development under in vitro conditions. These outcomes confirmed the involvement of SsTrx1 in promoting pathogenicity and oxidative stress tolerance of S. sclerotiorum. We next constructed an SsTrx1‐based host‐induced gene silencing (HIGS) vector and mobilized it into Arabidopsis thaliana (HIGS‐A) and Nicotiana benthamiana (HIGS‐N). The disease resistance analysis revealed significantly reduced pathogenicity and disease progression in the transformed genotypes as compared to the nontransformed and empty vector controls. The relative gene expression of SsTrx1 increased under oxidative stress. Taken together, our results show that normal expression of SsTrx1 is crucial for pathogenicity and oxidative stress tolerance of S. sclerotiorum.
Seasonal dynamics of the pink root fungus (Setophoma terrestris) in rhizosphere soil: Effect of crop species and rotation
Authors: Yoshida Naoto
Published: August 2021

Setophoma terrestris, a ubiquitous inhabitant of soil, causes pink root rot in various crops. In the present study, the density of S. terrestris was estimated by quantitative real‐time PCR in onion and non‐onion fields of Hokkaido, the northernmost island of Japan. Three‐year observations in monoculture and rotation fields demonstrated that the fungus grew significantly from the third year onwards, and declined in fields planted with poor hosts (e.g., sugar beet and soybean) that produced few or no chlamydospores of S. terrestris. Seasonal analysis revealed that the population of S. terrestris consistently increased when the tops of onions fell over in summer, which is when root activity declines. However, the soil inoculum potential estimated by a seedling bioassay showed distinct seasonal patterns, which rose from post‐harvest in winter and remained high until the subsequent planting in spring. Detailed surveys on depth distribution in an onion field detected a high population of S. terrestris in the effective layer (10–30 cm deep) but not below the hardpan (40 cm), implying that the fungus is intimately associated with roots. These results indicate that the proliferation of the fungus is closely related to root senescence and that over‐wintered propagules play an important role in primary infections, affecting disease severity. The present study shows that the temporal dynamics of S. terrestris depend exclusively on the activity of infecting roots and provides circumstantial evidence on the deleterious impact of monoculture on crop production.
Insight into the cellular and physiological regulatory modulations of Class‐I TCP9 to enhance drought and salinity stress tolerance in cowpea
Authors: Mishra Sagarika , Sahu Gyanasri , Shaw Birendra Prasad
Published: August 2021

The Teosinte branched 1/Cycloidea/Proliferating cell factor (TCP) transcription factors are potent growth and developmental regulators in plants, also responsive to various hormonal and environmental stimuli. In this study, we primarily focused on the functional role of TCP9, a nuclear‐localised Class‐I TCP transcription factor in a drought and heat‐tolerant legume crop, cowpea (Vigna unguiculata). Under drought stress, a higher protein expression level of TCP9 was observed in the leaves of the drought‐tolerant cowpea cultivar Pusa Komal as compared to the drought‐sensitive cultivar TVu‐7778. Further, overexpression of VuTCP9 resulted in reduced cell and stomata size, aperture length and width while cell and overall stomatal density in the 35S::VuTCP9 transgenic cowpea lines increased. Phenotypic alterations, such as reduced leaf size and vigour, altered seed coats displaying extension pattern similar to the ‘Watson pattern’ and delayed senescence were prominent in the transgenic lines. Under normal conditions, the gas exchange and fluorescence measurements indicated reduction in transpiration rate (E), stomatal conductance (gs) and photosynthetic efficiency (Φ PSII). However, water usage efficiency (WUE) remained unaltered in the transgenic lines as compared to the wild‐type (WT) plants. Furthermore, the transgenic lines displayed higher tolerance to oxidative, drought and salinity stress, maintained relatively higher relative water content and lower occurrence of H2O2, as compared to the WT plants. Genes related to the jasmonic acid biosynthesis, stomatal development and abiotic stress responsiveness, such as TTG1, NAC25, SPCH and GRP1, increased and LOX2 decreased significantly in the transgenic lines.
The cumulative effect of positive and negative feedback on emotional experience
Authors: Ming Xianchao , Lou Yixue , Zou Liye , Lei Yi , Li Hong , Li Yang
Published: August 2021

The cumulative effect of positive or negative feedback on subsequent emotional experiences remains unclear. Elucidating this effect could help individuals to better understand and accept the change in emotional experience, irrespective of when they or others receive consecutive positive or negative feedback. This study aimed to examine this effect on 37 participants using self‐reported pleasantness and event‐related potential data as indicators. After completing each trial, the participants received predetermined false feedback; they were then assessed on a nine‐point pleasantness scale. There were 12 false feedback conditions categorized into three valence types. The positive type consisted of three consecutive positive feedbacks and a fourth medium feedback; the medium type contained four consecutive medium feedbacks; the negative type consisted of three consecutive negative feedbacks and a fourth medium feedback. We abbreviated medium false feedback after three positive, medium, and negative false feedbacks as 3 pm, 3 mm, and 3 nm, respectively. The results showed that the score of self‐reported pleasantness of 3mm was significantly lower than that of 3 pm and higher than that of 3 nm. The feedback‐related negativity amplitude of 3 pm was significantly greater than that of 3 mm and 3 nm, and the late‐positive potential amplitude of 3 nm was significantly greater than that of 3 pm and 3 mm. We found that individuals experienced medium feedback more positively and negatively after continuous positive and negative feedback, respectively. Our findings suggest that individuals should seek continuous positive feedback and avoid continuous negative feedback; this strategy may contribute to increased positive emotional experiences in the future.
It's Politics, Isn't It? Investigating Direct and Indirect Influences of Political Orientation on Risk Perception of COVID‐19
Authors: Ju Youngkee , You Myoungsoon
Published: August 2021

Public response to the COVID‐19 pandemic provides a unique opportunity to study risk perception in relation to political orientation. We tested a risk perception model of how political orientation influences risk perception of an emerging infectious disease and how it moderates other influences. Two nationwide online surveys in South Korea (N = 2,000) revealed that conservatives showed a higher risk perception regarding an emerging infectious disease, and political orientation can even moderate the influence of perceived risk characteristics on risk perception such as how a liberal orientation exhibited a greater outrage effect of perceived unfairness on COVID‐19 risk perception. Also, the frequency of media use is positively related to higher risk perception. The implications of the direct and moderating effects of political orientation are discussed in the context of the studies of political orientation as well as risk perception.
Introduction to the symposium: A reexamination of southern distinctiveness through the lens of firearm policy
Authors: LaPlant James T. , Morris John C. , Shields Todd G.
Published: August 2021

Objective

This article reviews the extant literature on southern politics and gun/firearm ownership in the South as a precursor to three symposium papers.

Methods

We employ standard literature review techniques to synthesize two significant bodies of literature. The latter part of the article introduces the three papers in the symposium.

Results

We find that the papers in this symposium share two common themes: continued southern distinctiveness, and the importance of the role of race in southern politics and policy‐making.

Conclusion

We find support for a hypothesis that the South remains distinctive as a region in the policy arena of gun ownership/firearm policy.
Using Markov Chains to Predict Productivity of Maize in Iraq for the Period (2019-2025)
Authors: Al-Ani L.A.F. , Alhiyali A.D.K.
Published: August 2021

The research aims to predict the productivity of one of the most important major crops in Iraq, which is Maize, using Markov chains, which is one of the most important predictive methods that depend on relatively recent historical data and based mainly on previous data that is not far away. This is the advantage that Markov chains have, as relying on somewhat old historical data may negatively affect the predicted values. The results of the research showed the superiority of the third state to predict the productivity of Maize depending on the availability of Markov chains prediction conditions for this state. The results of the research also showed the continued decline in productivity for the coming years, as well as the impact of the predictive values on changes in the cultivated area more than changes in production, which confirms the existence of horizontal expansion at the expense of vertical expansion, that is, there is no intensification of production per unit area. The research also found that the actual values of productivity have approached the estimated values of the following years, and the matter applies to the convergence of these results for the subsequent years with the previous years, which confirms the accuracy of the method of Markov chains, in other words that what happened in the recent past had a clear impact in the future near.
Reviewer Acknowledgements
Authors: Young James
Published: August 2021

International Journal of Social Science Studies (IJSSS) would like to acknowledge the following reviewers for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Many authors, regardless of whether IJSSS publishes their work, appreciate the helpful feedback provided by the reviewers. Their comments and suggestions were of great help to the authors in improving the quality of their papers. Each of the reviewers listed below returned at least one review for this issue.Reviewers for Volume 9, Number 5Abdul Azim Akhtar, Independent Academic & Researcher, Delhi, IndiaAgboola O. Paul, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, MalaysiaAhmet Yıkmış, Abant Izzet Baysal Univeersity, TurkeyAnna Maria Mouza, International Hellenic University, GreeceAntónio Calha, Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre, PortugalAurora Pestaño, University of San Jose Recoletos (USJR), PhilippinesBassam Yousef Ibrahim Banat, Al-Quds University, PalestineBishnu Prasad Dahal, Tribhuvan University, NepalBo Li, Miami University, USADaniel Tia, University of Félix Houphouët-Boigny Abidjan, GRATHEL, Cote d’Ivoire (Ivory Coast)Encarnación ABAD ARENAS, National University of Distance Education (UNED), SpainFahri ÖZSUNGUR, Adana Science and Technology University, TurkeyIoannis Makris, High School of Pedagogical and Technical Education, GreeceIvan Lenard, Elementary School Ladimirevci, CroatiaJehu Onyekwere Nnaji, University of Naples II,Italy and Globe Visions Network Italy, ItalyJibrin Ubale Yahaya, National Open University of Nigeria NOUN, NigeriaLaura Diaconu Maxim, "Alexandru Ioan Cuza University" of Iasi, RomaniaLing Wei, China Foreign Affairs University, ChinaMd. Nasir Uddin, Prime Minister’s Office, BangladeshRachita Shrivastava Roy, Department of Higher Education,Chhatisgarh-India, IndiaRonaldo R. Larioque, Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology, PhilippinesShyue Chuan CHONG, New Era University College, MalaysiaSusheelabai Srinivasa, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, United StatesTracey A. Monson, CCIP for Childcare in Practice, Queens University Belfast, Republic of IrelandWahyu Nugroho, Sahid University of Jakarta, IndonesiaXian-Liang Tian, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, ChinaYanzhe Zhang, Jilin University, China, China/AustraliaYusramizza Md Isa, Universiti Utara Malaysia, Malaysia James YoungEditorial AssistantOn behalf of,The Editorial Board of International Journal of Social Science StudiesRedfame Publishing9450 SW Gemini Dr. #99416Beaverton, OR 97008, USAURL: http://ijsss.redfame.com
Low-noise optical measurement of sound using midfringe locked interferometer with differential detection
Authors: Ishikawa Kenji , Shiraki Yoshifumi , Moriya Takehiro , Ishizawa Atsushi , Hitachi Kenichi , Oguri Katsuya
Published: August 2021

A midfringe locked interferometer with differential detection is proposed for non-contact optical sound measurement, and the equivalent noise level of approximately 0 dB SPL/Hz is achieved. The noise level of the proposed method is 30 dB lower than that of a very recent laser Doppler vibrometer and close to that of a quarter-inch measurement microphone. The midfringe locking stabilizes the optical interferometer against slow environmental fluctuations and enables detection of the acoustic signal directly from optical intensity. The differential detection method eliminates laser intensity noise, which is a dominant noise source in optical interferometers. The noise level of the constructed system was approximately 10 dB above the optical shot-noise (the classical detection limit attributed to the quantum nature of light) at frequencies higher than 2 kHz. Further noise reduction by several available methods could lead to optical measurements that are more sensitive than measurements by microphones. In addition, the constructed interferometer is used to reconstruct sound fields generated by a half-inch laboratory standard microphone used as a transmitter. The proposed method will be a powerful tool for measuring small-amplitude sound fields where it has been challenging to use existing methods.
A Novel Oxazolidinone, Contezolid (MRX-I), Expresses Anti-Mycobacterium abscessus Activity
In Vitro
Authors: Guo Qi , Xu Liyun , Tan Fusheng , Zhang Yongjie , Fan Junsheng , Wang Xinghai , Zhang Zhemin , Li Bing , Chu Haiqing
Published: August 2021

An evaluation of the anti-
Mycobacterium abscessus
activity expressed by a novel oxazolidinone, contezolid (MRX-I), toward 12 reference strains and 194 clinical isolates was conducted. Contezolid was active against
M. abscessus
in vitro
, with effects comparable to the anti-
M. abscessus
effects of linezolid both extracellularly and intracellularly.
Population Pharmacokinetics of Piperacillin and Tazobactam in Critically Ill Patients Receiving Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: an ASAP ECMO Study
Authors: Cheng Vesa , Abdul-Aziz Mohd H. , Burrows Fay , Buscher Hergen , Cho Young-Jae , Corley Amanda , Diehl Arne , Gilder Eileen , Jakob Stephan M. , Kim Hyung-Sook , Levkovich Bianca J. , Lim Sung Yoon , McGuinness Shay , Parke Rachael , Pellegrino Vincent , Que Yok-Ai , Reynolds Claire , Rudham Sam , Wallis Steven C. , Welch Susan A. , Zacharias David , Fraser John F. , Shekar Kiran , Roberts Jason A.
Published: August 2021

Our study aimed to describe the population pharmacokinetics (PK) of piperacillin and tazobactam in patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), with and without renal replacement therapy (RRT). We also aimed to use dosing simulations to identify the optimal dosing strategy for these patient groups.
The Interplay between Gut Microbiota and the Immune System in Liver Transplant Recipients and Its Role in Infections
Authors: Ancona Giuseppe , Alagna Laura , Lombardi Andrea , Palomba Emanuele , Castelli Valeria , Renisi Giulia , Dondossola Daniele , Iavarone Massimo , Muscatello Antonio , Gori Andrea , Bandera Alessandra
Published: August 2021

Liver transplantation (LT) is a life-saving strategy for patients with end-stage liver disease, hepatocellular carcinoma, and acute liver failure. LT success can be hampered by several short-term and long-term complications.
Defining the Expression, Production, and Signaling Roles of Specialized Metabolites during Bacillus subtilis Differentiation
Authors: Schoenborn Alexi A. , Yannarell Sarah M. , Wallace E. Diane , Clapper Haley , Weinstein Ilon C. , Shank Elizabeth A.
Published: August 2021

Bacterially produced specialized metabolites are frequently studied for their potential use as antibiotics and antifungals. However, a growing body of work has suggested that the antagonistic potential of specialized metabolites is not their only function.
Near-constant retreat rate of a terrestrial margin of the Laurentide Ice Sheet during the last deglaciation
Authors: Lowell Thomas V. , Kelly Meredith A. , Howley Jennifer A. , Fisher Timothy G. , Barnett Peter J. , Schwart Roseanne , Zimmerman Susan R.H. , Norris Nathaniel , Malone Andrew G.O.
Published: August 2021

The Laurentide Ice Sheet (LIS) was the largest ice sheet during the last glacial period. An accurate representation of its behavior during the last deglaciation is critical to understanding its influence on and response to a changing climate. We use 10Be dating and Bayesian modeling to track the recession of the southwest sector of the Labrador Dome of the LIS along an ∼500-km-long transect west of Lake Superior during the last deglaciation. This transect reflects terrestrial ice-margin retreat and crosses multiple moraine sets, with the southwestern part of the transect deglaciated by ca. 19 ka and the northeastern part deglaciated by ca. 10 ka. The predominant behavior of the ice margin during this interval is near-constant retreat with retreat rates varying between ∼59 m/a and 38 m/a. The moraine sets mark standstills and/or readvances that in total constitute only ∼17% of the retreat interval. The spatial and temporal pattern of ice-margin retreat tracked here differs from existing reconstructions that are based on using isochrons to define ice-margin positions. Acknowledging the uncertainties associated with the modeled ages of ice-margin retreat, we suggest that the overall retreat pattern is consistent with forcing by a gradual increase in Northern Hemisphere, high-latitude summer insolation. The pattern of ice-margin retreat is inconsistent with Greenland ice-core temperature records, and thus these records may not be suitable to drive models of the LIS.
Supplemental Material: Basin response to the Jurassic geodynamic turnover from flat subduction to normal subduction in South China
Authors: Zhang Wei , Zhang Feng-Qi , al. et
Published: August 2021

Table S1–S3 and Dataset S1–S2.
Adolescent inpatient mental health services in the UK
Authors: Hayes Daniel , Thievendran Jemma , Kyriakopoulos Marinos
Published: August 2021

Inpatient mental health services are an indispensable part of the mental healthcare for adolescents. They provide comprehensive assessment and treatment for young people severely affected by mental health difficulties whose presentation is associated with high level of risk or where diagnostic clarity and effective intervention cannot be achieved with less intensive community input. In the UK, a range of different mental health units have been developed with the aim to meet the needs of young people requiring admission with the appropriate expertise and in the least restrictive way possible. Although an inpatient admission is necessary and helpful for a number of adolescents, it may also be linked to some adverse effects that need to be carefully assessed and managed when such an option is considered or pursued. Collaborative working between inpatient units, community teams and young people and their families is paramount in ensuring that inpatient interventions form part of a wider treatment plan, are as efficient and effective as possible and are used in a way that fosters engagement, independence and optimal outcomes.
Neonates with mild hypoxic–ischaemic encephalopathy receiving supportive care versus therapeutic hypothermia in California
Authors: Yieh Leah , Lee Henry , Lu Tianyao , Song Ashley , Gong Cynthia L , Wu Tai-Wei , Friedlich Philippe , Lakshmanan Ashwini , Dukhovny Dmitry , Hay Joel
Published: August 2021

Objective

The use of therapeutic hypothermia (TH) for mild hypoxic–ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE) remains controversial and inconsistent. We analysed trends in TH and maternal and infant characteristics associated with short-term outcomes of infants with mild HIE.

Design

Retrospective cohort analysis of the California Perinatal Quality Care Collaborative database 2010–2018. E-value analysis was conducted to determine the potential impact of unmeasured confounding.

Setting

California neonatal intensive care units.

Patients

1364 neonates with mild HIE.

Interventions

Supportive care versus TH.

Main outcome measures

Factors associated with TH and mortality.

Results

The proportion of infants receiving TH increased from 46% in 2010 to 79% in 2018. TH was more likely in the setting of singleton birth (OR 2.69, 95% CI 1.21 to 5.39), no major birth defects (OR 2.18, 95% CI 1.42 to 3.30), operative vaginal delivery (OR 3.04, 95% CI 1.80 to 5.10) and 5-minute Apgar score ≤5 (OR 3.17, 95% CI 2.43 to 4.13). Mortality was associated with small for gestational age (OR 5.79, 95% CI 1.90 to 18.48), <38 weeks’ gestation (OR 7.31 95% CI 2.39 to 24.93), major birth defects (OR 11.62, 95% CI 3.97 to 38.00), inhaled nitric oxide (OR 12.73, 95% CI 4.00 to 44.53) and nosocomial infection (OR 7.98, 95% CI 1.15 to 47.03). E-value analyses suggest that unmeasured confounding may have contributed to some of the observed effects.

Conclusions

Variation in management of mild HIE persists, but therapeutic drift has become more prevalent over time. Further studies are needed to assess long-term outcomes alongside resource utilisation to inform evidence-based practice.
Transverse myelitis caused by varicella-zoster
Authors: Sebastian Anjely Pulparampil , Basu Arini , Mitta Nandini , Benjamin Dominic
Published: August 2021

Transverse myelitis is a rare neurological complication seen with varicella-zoster virus (VZV) infection, which is common among immunocompromised hosts. It can occur during the primary VZV infection or reactivation of latent infection. It is a complication that requires prompt diagnosis and treatment. The present case is that of a 28-year-old immunocompetent man, who presented with fever, rash and acute-onset spastic paraparesis with bladder involvement. Causes such as herpes simplex 1 and 2, cytomegalovirus, enterovirus and Epstein-Barr virus infection were ruled out. On evaluation, he was diagnosed with acute primary disseminated VZV infection with parainfectious transverse myelitis, based on positive cerebrospinal fluid multiplex PCR (PCR) and serum VZV IgM antibodies. He was treated with intravenous acyclovir and steroids, with which he improved significantly.
Inverse association between body mass index and all-cause mortality in rural chinese adults: 15-year follow-up of the Anqing cohort study
Authors: Yang Jie , Cheng Nannan , Zhang Yue , Ye Lijing , Li Jingyi , Zhou Ziyi , Wang Zhuo , Liu Lishun , Huang Xiao , Liang Xinglong , Ling Tianchi , Xu Yongcheng , Song Yun , Wang Binyan , Tang Genfu , Qin Xianhui , Zalloua Pierre , Zhang Huisheng , Yan Fangrong , Xu Xiping
Published: August 2021

Objective

To investigate the association between body mass index (BMI) and all-cause mortality in a Chinese rural population.

Design

Prospective cohort study.

Setting

This study was conducted from 2003 to 2018 in Anqing, Anhui Province, China.

Participants

17 851 participants aged 25–64 years (49.4% female) attending physical examinations and questionnaire were included in this study. The inclusion criterion was families having a minimum of three participating siblings. The exclusion criteria included participants without family number and BMI data at baseline.

Outcome measures

The outcome measure was all-cause mortality. Generalized estimating equation (GEE) regression analysis was performed to determine the association between baseline BMI and all-cause mortality.

Results

During a mean follow-up period of 14.1 years, 730 deaths (8.0%) occurred among men, and 321 deaths (3.6%) occurred among women. The mean BMI for males was 21.3±2.5 kg/m2, and for female it was 22.1±3.1 kg/m2. Baseline BMI was significantly inversely associated with all-cause mortality risk for per SD increase (OR, 0.79 (95% CI, 0.72 to 0.87) for males; OR, 0.88 (95% CI, 0.76 to 1.01) for females). When BMI was stratified with cut points at 20 and 24 kg/m2, compared with the low BMI group, a significantly lower risk of death was found in the high BMI group (BMI ≥24: OR, 0.57 (95% CI, 0.43 to 0.77) in males; 0.65 (95% CI, 0.46 to 0.93) in females) after adjustment for relevant factors.

Conclusions

In this relatively lean rural Chinese population, the risk of all-cause mortality decreased with increasing BMI. The excess risk of all-cause mortality associated with a high BMI was not seen among this rural population.