bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Carbon Availability and Nitrogen Mineralization Control Denitrification Rates and Product Stoichiometry during Initial Maize Litter Decomposition
Authors: Rummel Pauline Sophie , Well Reinhard , Pausch Johanna , Pfeiffer Birgit , Dittert Klaus
Published: June 2021

Returning crop residues to agricultural fields can accelerate nutrient turnover and increase N2O and NO emissions. Increased microbial respiration may lead to formation of local hotspots with anoxic or microoxic conditions promoting denitrification. To investigate the effect of litter quality on CO2, NO, N2O, and N2 emissions, we conducted a laboratory incubation study in a controlled atmosphere (He/O2, or pure He) with different maize litter types (Zea mays L., young leaves and roots, straw). We applied the N2O isotopocule mapping approach to distinguish between N2O emitting processes and partitioned the CO2 efflux into litter- and soil organic matter (SOM)-derived CO2 based on the natural 13C isotope abundances. Maize litter increased total and SOM derived CO2 emissions leading to a positive priming effect. Although C turnover was high, NO and N2O fluxes were low under oxic conditions as high O2 diffusivity limited denitrification. In the first week, nitrification contributed to NO emissions, which increased with increasing net N mineralization. Isotopocule mapping indicated that bacterial processes dominated N2O formation in litter-amended soil in the beginning of the incubation experiment with a subsequent shift towards fungal denitrification. With onset of anoxic incubation conditions after 47 days, N fluxes strongly increased, and heterotrophic bacterial denitrification became the main source of N2O. The N2O/(N2O+N2) ratio decreased with increasing litter C:N ratio and Corg:NO3− ratio in soil, confirming that the ratio of available C:N is a major control of denitrification product stoichiometry.
Reliability-Based Design Optimization of Structures Using the Second-Order Reliability Method and Complex-Step Derivative Approximation
Authors: Chun Junho
Published: June 2021

This paper proposes a reliability-based design optimization (RBDO) approach that adopts the second-order reliability method (SORM) and complex-step (CS) derivative approximation. The failure probabilities are estimated using the SORM, with Breitung’s formula and the technique established by Hohenbichler and Rackwitz, and their sensitivities are analytically derived. The CS derivative approximation is used to perform the sensitivity analysis based on derivations. Given that an imaginary number is used as a step size to compute the first derivative in the CS derivative method, the calculation stability and accuracy are enhanced with elimination of the subtractive cancellation error, which is commonly encountered when using the traditional finite difference method. The proposed approach unifies the CS approximation and SORM to enhance the estimation of the probability and its sensitivity. The sensitivity analysis facilitates the use of gradient-based optimization algorithms in the RBDO framework. The proposed RBDO/CS–SORM method is tested on structural optimization problems with a range of statistical variations. The results demonstrate that the performance can be enhanced while satisfying precisely probabilistic constraints, thereby increasing the efficiency and efficacy of the optimal design identification. The numerical optimization results obtained using different optimization approaches are compared to validate this enhancement.
At-Line Reversed Phase Liquid Chromatography for In-Process Monitoring of Inclusion Body Solubilization
Authors: Ebner Julian , Humer Diana , Klausser Robert , Rubus Viktor , Pell Reinhard , Spadiut Oliver , Kopp Julian
Published: June 2021

Refolding is known as the bottleneck in inclusion body (IB) downstream processing in the pharmaceutical industry: high dilutions leading to large operating volumes, slow refolding kinetics and low refolding yields are only a few of the problems that impede industrial application. Solubilization prior to refolding is often carried out empirically and the effects of the solubilizate on the subsequent refolding step are rarely investigated. The results obtained in this study, however, indicate that the quality of the IB solubilizate has a severe effect on subsequent refolding. As the solubilizate contains chaotropic reagents in high molarities, it is commonly analyzed with sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). SDS-PAGE, however, suffers from a long analysis time, making at-line analytical implementation difficult. In this study, we established an at-line reversed phase liquid chromatography method to investigate the time-dependent quality of the solubilizate. To verify the necessity of at-line solubilization monitoring, we varied the essential solubilization conditions for horseradish peroxidase IBs. The solubilization time was found to have a major influence on subsequent refolding, underlining the high need for an at-line analysis of solubilization. Furthermore, we used the developed reversed phase liquid chromatography method for an in-process control (IPC). In conclusion, the presented reversed phase liquid chromatography method allows a proper control of IB solubilization applicable for tailored refolding.
Discovering Cellular Mitochondrial Heteroplasmy Heterogeneity with Single Cell RNA and ATAC Sequencing
Authors: Marshall Aidan S. , Jones Nick S.
Published: June 2021

Next-generation sequencing technologies have revolutionised the study of biological systems by enabling the examination of a broad range of tissues. Its application to single-cell genomics has generated a dynamic and evolving field with a vast amount of research highlighting heterogeneity in transcriptional, genetic and epigenomic state between cells. However, compared to these aspects of cellular heterogeneity, relatively little has been gleaned from single-cell datasets regarding cellular mitochondrial heterogeneity. Single-cell sequencing techniques can provide coverage of the mitochondrial genome which allows researchers to probe heteroplasmies at the level of the single cell, and observe interactions with cellular function. In this review, we give an overview of two popular single-cell modalities—single-cell RNA sequencing and single-cell ATAC sequencing—whose throughput and widespread usage offers researchers the chance to probe heteroplasmy combined with cell state in detailed resolution across thousands of cells. After summarising these technologies in the context of mitochondrial research, we give an overview of recent methods which have used these approaches for discovering mitochondrial heterogeneity. We conclude by highlighting current limitations of these approaches and open problems for future consideration.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae Promoter Engineering before and during the Synthetic Biology Era
Authors: Feng Xiaofan , Marchisio Mario
Published: June 2021

Synthetic gene circuits are made of DNA sequences, referred to as transcription units, that communicate by exchanging proteins or RNA molecules. Proteins are, mostly, transcription factors that bind promoter sequences to modulate the expression of other molecules. Promoters are, therefore, key components in genetic circuits. In this review, we focus our attention on the construction of artificial promoters for the yeast S. cerevisiae, a popular chassis for gene circuits. We describe the initial techniques and achievements in promoter engineering that predated the start of the Synthetic Biology epoch of about 20 years. We present the main applications of synthetic promoters built via different methods and discuss the latest innovations in the wet-lab engineering of novel promoter sequences.
MicroRNA as a Novel Biomarker in the Diagnosis of Head and Neck Cancer
Authors: Kabzinski Jacek , Maczynska Monika , Majsterek Ireneusz
Published: June 2021

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma is the sixth most common cancer worldwide, with 890,000 new cases and 450,000 deaths in 2018, and although the survival statistics for some patient groups are improving, there is still an urgent need to find a fast and reliable biomarker that allows early diagnosis. This niche can be filled by microRNA, small single-stranded non-coding RNA molecules, which are expressed in response to specific events in the body. This article presents the potential use of microRNAs in the diagnosis of HNSCC, compares the advances in this field to other diseases, especially other cancers, and discusses the detailed use of miRNA as a biomarker in profiling and predicting the treatment outcome with radiotherapy and immunotherapy. Potential problems and difficulties related to the development of this promising technology, and areas on which future research should be focused in order to overcome these difficulties, were also indicated.
Management of Chronic and Neuropathic Pain with 10 kHz Spinal Cord Stimulation Technology: Summary of Findings from Preclinical and Clinical Studies
Authors: Tieppo Francio Vinicius , Polston Keith F. , Murphy Micheal T. , Hagedorn Jonathan M. , Sayed Dawood
Published: June 2021

Since the inception of spinal cord stimulation (SCS) in 1967, the technology has evolved dramatically with important advancements in waveforms and frequencies. One such advancement is Nevro’s Senza® SCS System for HF10, which received Food and Drug and Administration (FDA) approval in 2015. Low-frequency SCS works by activating large-diameter Aβ fibers in the lateral discriminatory pathway (pain location, intensity, quality) at the dorsal column (DC), creating paresthesia-based stimulation at lower-frequencies (30–120 Hz), high-amplitude (3.5–8.5 mA), and longer-duration/pulse-width (100–500 μs). In contrast, high-frequency 10 kHz SCS works with a proposed different mechanism of action that is paresthesia-free with programming at a frequency of 10,000 Hz, low amplitude (1–5 mA), and short-duration/pulse-width (30 μS). This stimulation pattern selectively activates inhibitory interneurons in the dorsal horn (DH) at low stimulation intensities, which do not activate the dorsal column fibers. This ostensibly leads to suppression of hyperexcitable wide dynamic range neurons (WDR), which are sensitized and hyperactive in chronic pain states. It has also been reported to act on the medial pathway (drives attention and pain perception), in addition to the lateral pathways. Other theories include a reversible depolarization blockade, desynchronization of neural signals, membrane integration, glial–neuronal interaction, and induced temporal summation. The body of clinical evidence regarding 10 kHz SCS treatment for chronic back pain and neuropathic pain continues to grow. There is high-quality evidence supporting its use in patients with persistent back and radicular pain, particularly after spinal surgery. High-frequency 10 kHz SCS studies have demonstrated robust statistically and clinically significant superiority in pain control, compared to paresthesia-based SCS, supported by level I clinical evidence. Yet, as the field continues to grow with the technological advancements of multiple waveforms and programming stimulation algorithms, we encourage further research to focus on the ability to modulate pain with precision and efficacy, as the field of neuromodulation continues to adapt to the modern healthcare era.
Hydroxycoumarin Scopoletin Inhibits Bone Loss through Enhancing Induction of Bone Turnover Markers in a Mouse Model of Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Lee Eun-Jung , Na Woojin , Kang Min-Kyung , Kim Yun-Ho , Kim Dong-Yeon , Oh Hyeongjoo , Kim Soo-Il , Oh Su-Yeon , Park Sohyun , Park Kyungho , Kang Young-Hee
Published: June 2021

Diabetes induces bone deterioration, which leads to increased risk of fracture, osteopenia, and osteoporosis. Thus, diabetes-associated bone fragility has been recognized as a diabetic complication. However, the pathophysiological effects of hyperglycemia on bone turnover remain unclear. Literature evidence demonstrates that anti-diabetic medications increase the risk of fractures in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Scopoletin is a naturally occurring hydroxycoumarin potentially exhibiting anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities and ameliorating insulin resistance as an anti-diabetic agent. However, little is known regarding the effects of scopoletin on the impairment of bone remodeling that is caused by diabetes. The aim of this study was to identify that scopoletin was capable of inhibiting the impairment of bone remodeling and turnover in a mouse model of type 2 diabetes. Submicromolar scopoletin accelerated the formation TRAP-positive multinucleated osteoclasts (40.0 vs. 105.1%) and actin ring structures impaired by 33 mM glucose. Further, 1–20 μM scopoletin enhanced bone resorption and the induction of matrix-degrading enzymes in diabetic osteoclasts. The oral administration of 10 mg/kg scopoletin elevated serum RANKL/OPG ratio and osteocalcin level reduced in db/db mice along with an increase in BMD by ~6–14%; however, it was not effective in lowering blood glucose and hemoglobin glycation. In addition, the supplementation of scopoletin elevated the formation of trabecular bones and collagen fibers in femoral epiphysis and metaphysis with a thicker epiphyseal plate and cortical bones. Furthermore, 1–20 μM scopoletin enhanced ALP activity (4.39 vs. 7.02 nmol p-nitrophenyl phosphate/min/mg protein) and deposits of mineralized bone nodules in cultured osteoblasts reduced by 33 mM glucose. The treatment of diabetic osteoblasts with scopoletin stimulated the cellular induction of BMP-2 and osteopontin and Runx2 transcription. Accordingly, the administration of scopoletin protected mice from type 2 diabetes-associated bone loss through boosting bone remodeling via the robust induction of bone turnover markers of both osteoclasts and osteoblasts. These findings suggest that scopoletin could be a potential osteoprotective agent for the treatment of diabetes-associated bone loss and fractures.
Exploiting Knowledge on Structure–Activity Relationships for Designing Peptidomimetics of Endogenous Peptides
Authors: Perez Juan J.
Published: June 2021

Endogenous peptides are important mediators in cell communication, being consequently involved in many physiological processes. Their use as therapeutic agents is limited due to their poor pharmacokinetic profile. To circumvent this drawback, alternative diverse molecules based on the stereochemical features that confer their activity can be synthesized, using them as guidance; from peptide surrogates provided with a better pharmacokinetic profile, to small molecule peptidomimetics, through cyclic peptides. The design process requires a competent use of the structure-activity results available on individual peptides. Specifically, it requires synthesis and analysis of the activity of diverse analogs, biophysical information and computational work. In the present work, we show a general framework of the process and show its application to two specific examples: the design of selective AT1 antagonists of angiotensin and the design of selective B2 antagonists of bradykinin.
Machine Learning-Guided Prediction of Central Anterior Chamber Depth Using Slit Lamp Images from a Portable Smartphone Device
Authors: Chen David , Ho Yvonne , Sasa Yuki , Lee Jieying , Yen Ching Chiuan , Tan Clement
Published: June 2021

There is currently no objective portable screening modality for narrow angles in the community. In this prospective, single-centre image validation study, we used machine learning on slit lamp images taken with a portable smartphone device (MIDAS) to predict the central anterior chamber depth (ACD) of phakic patients with undilated pupils. Patients 60 years or older with no history of laser or intraocular surgery were recruited. Slit lamp images were taken with MIDAS, followed by anterior segment optical coherence tomography (ASOCT; Casia SS-1000, Tomey, Nagoya, Japan). After manual annotation of the anatomical landmarks of the slit lamp photos, machine learning was applied after image processing and feature extraction to predict the ACD. These values were then compared with those acquired from the ASOCT. Sixty-six eyes (right = 39, 59.1%) were included for analysis. The predicted ACD values formed a strong positive correlation with the measured ACD values from ASOCT (R2 = 0.91 for training data and R2 = 0.73 for test data). This study suggests the possibility of estimating central ACD using slit lamp images taken from portable devices.
Lyme Neuroborreliosis in Children
Authors: Kozak Sylwia , Kaminiów Konrad , Kozak Katarzyna , Paprocka Justyna
Published: June 2021

Lyme neuroborreliosis (LNB) is an infectious disease, developing after a tick bite and the dissemination of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato spirochetes reach the nervous system. The infection occurs in children and adults but with different clinical courses. Adults complain of radicular pain and paresis, while among the pediatric population, the most common manifestations of LNB are facial nerve palsy and/or subacute meningitis. Moreover, atypical symptoms, such as fatigue, loss of appetite, or mood changes, may also occur. The awareness of the various clinical features existence presented by children with LNB suspicion remains to be of the greatest importance to diagnose and manage the disease.
Driving CAR T Stem Cell Targeting in Acute Myeloid Leukemia: The Roads to Success
Authors: Michelozzi Ilaria M. , Kirtsios Efstratios , Giustacchini Alice
Published: June 2021

Current treatment outcome for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients is unsatisfactory and characterized by high rates of relapse and poor overall survival. Increasing evidence points to a crucial role of leukemic stem cells (LSC) and the bone marrow (BM) leukemic niche, in which they reside, in AML evolution and chemoresistance. Thus, future strategies aiming at improving AML therapeutic protocols are likely to be directed against LSC and their niche. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cells have been extremely successful in the treatment of relapsed/refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia and B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma and comparable results in AML are highly desirable. At present, we are at the dawn of CAR T-cell application in AML, with several preclinical studies and few early phase clinical trials. However, the lack of leukemia-specific targets and the genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity of the disease combined with the leukemia-induced remodeling of the BM microenvironment are limiting CAR T-cell exploitation in AML. Here, we reviewed AML-LSC and AML-BM niche features in the context of their therapeutic targeting using CAR T-cells. We summarized recent progress in CAR T-cell application to the treatment of AML, and we discussed the remaining therapeutic challenges and promising novel strategies to overcome them.
Prognostic Value of Tie2-Expressing Monocytes in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Patients
Authors: Woś Justyna , Chocholska Sylwia , Kowalska Wioleta , Tomczak Waldemar , Szymańska Agata , Karczmarczyk Agnieszka , Szuster-Ciesielska Agnieszka , Wojciechowska Agnieszka , Bojarska-Junak Agnieszka
Published: June 2021

Tie2-expressing monocytes (TEMs) are associated with tumor progression and metastasis. This unique subset of monocytes has been identified as a potential prognostic marker in several solid tumors. However, TEMs remain poorly characterized in hematological cancers, including chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). This study analyzed, for the first time, the clinical significance of TEM population in CLL patients. Flow cytometry analysis of TEMs (defined as CD14+CD16+Tie2+ cells) was performed at the time of diagnosis on peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 104 untreated CLL patients. Our results revealed an expansion of circulating TEM in CLL patients. These monocytes express high levels of VEGF and suppressive IL-10. A high percentage of TEM was associated closely with unfavorable prognostic markers (ZAP-70, CD38, 17p and 11q deletion, and IGHV mutational status). Moreover, increased percentages of circulating TEMs were significantly higher in patients not responding to the first-line therapy as compared to responding patients, suggesting its potential predictive value. High TEM percentage was also correlated with shorter overall survival (OS) and shorter time to treatment (TTT). Importantly, based on multivariate Cox regression analysis, TEM percentage was an independent predictor for TTT. Thus, we can suggest the adverse role of TEMs in CLL.
A Systematic Review of Biosynthesized Metallic Nanoparticles as a Promising Anti-Cancer-Strategy
Authors: Andleeb Anisa , Andleeb Aneeta , Asghar Salman , Zaman Gouhar , Tariq Muhammad , Mehmood Azra , Nadeem Muhammad , Hano Christophe , Lorenzo Jose M. , Abbasi Bilal Haider
Published: June 2021

Cancer is one of the foremost causes of death worldwide. Cancer develops because of mutation in genes that regulate normal cell cycle and cell division, thereby resulting in uncontrolled division and proliferation of cells. Various drugs have been used to treat cancer thus far; however, conventional chemotherapeutic drugs have lower bioavailability, rapid renal clearance, unequal delivery, and severe side effects. In the recent years, nanotechnology has flourished rapidly and has a multitude of applications in the biomedical field. Bio-mediated nanoparticles (NPs) are cost effective, safe, and biocompatible and have got substantial attention from researchers around the globe. Due to their safe profile and fewer side effects, these nanoscale materials offer a promising cure for cancer. Currently, various metallic NPs have been designed to cure or diagnose cancer; among these, silver (Ag), gold (Au), zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) are the leading anti-cancer NPs. The anticancer potential of these NPs is attributed to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cellular compartments that eventually leads to activation of autophagic, apoptotic and necrotic death pathways. In this review, we summarized the recent advancements in the biosynthesis of Ag, Au, Zn and Cu NPs with emphasis on their mechanism of action. Moreover, nanotoxicity, as well as the future prospects and opportunities of nano-therapeutics, are also highlighted.
Lung, Breast and Colorectal Cancer Incidence by Socioeconomic Status in Spain: A Population-Based Multilevel Study
Authors: Redondo-Sánchez Daniel , Marcos-Gragera Rafael , Carulla Marià , Lopez de Munain Arantza , Sabater Gregori Consol , Jimenez Chillarón Rosario , Guevara Marcela , Nuñez Olivier , Fernández-Navarro Pablo , Sánchez María-José , Luque-Fernandez Miguel Angel
Published: June 2021

Socioeconomic inequalities in cancer incidence are not well documented in southern Europe. We aim to study the association between socioeconomic status (SES) and colorectal, lung, and breast cancer incidence in Spain. We conducted a multilevel study using data from Spanish population-based cancer registries, including incident cases diagnosed for the period 2010–2013 in nine Spanish provinces. We used Poisson mixed-effects models, including the census tract as a random intercept, to derive cancer incidence rate ratios by SES, adjusted for age and calendar year. Male adults with the lowest SES, compared to those with the highest SES, showed weak evidence of being at increased risk of lung cancer (risk ratio (RR): 1.18, 95% CI: 0.94–1.46) but showed moderate evidence of being at reduced risk of colorectal cancer (RR: 0.84, 95% CI: 0.74–0.97). Female adults with the lowest SES, compared to those with the highest SES, showed strong evidence of lower breast cancer incidence with 24% decreased risk (RR: 0.76, 95% CI: 0.68–0.85). Among females, we did not find evidence of an association between SES and lung or colorectal cancer. The associations found between SES and cancer incidence in Spain are consistent with those obtained in other European countries.
New Targeted Therapies and Immunotherapies for Locally Advanced Periocular Malignant Tumours: Towards a New ‘Eye-Sparing’ Paradigm?
Authors: Martel Arnaud , Lassalle Sandra , Picard-Gauci Alexandra , Gastaud Lauris , Montaudie Henri , Bertolotto Corine , Nahon-Esteve Sacha , Poissonnet Gilles , Hofman Paul , Baillif Stephanie
Published: June 2021

The management of periocular skin malignant tumours is challenging. Surgery remains the mainstay of treatment for localised eyelid cancers. For more locally advanced cancers, especially those invading the orbit, orbital exenteration has long been considered the gold standard; however, it is a highly disfiguring and traumatic surgery. The last two decades have been marked by the emergence of a new paradigm shift towards the use of ‘eye-sparing’ strategies. In the early 2000s, the first step consisted of performing wide conservative eyelid and orbital excisions. Multiple flaps and grafts were needed, as well as adjuvant radiotherapy in selected cases. Although being incredibly attractive, several limitations such as the inability to treat the more posteriorly located orbital lesions, as well as unbearable diplopia, eye pain and even secondary eye loss were identified. Therefore, surgeons should distinguish ‘eye-sparing’ from ‘sight-sparing’ strategies. The second step emerged over the last decade and was based on the development of targeted therapies and immunotherapies. Their advantages include their potential ability to treat almost all tumours, regardless of their locations, without performing complex surgeries. However, several limitations have been reported, including their side effects, the appearance of primary or secondary resistances, their price and the lack of consensus on treatment regimen and exact duration. The aim of this article was to review the evolution of the management of locally advanced periocular malignant tumours over the last three decades and highlight the new paradigm shift towards the use of ‘eye-sparing’ strategies.
Small Proline-Rich Protein 2A and 2D Are Regulated by the RBM38-p73 Axis and Associated with p73-Dependent Suppression of Chronic Inflammation
Authors: Kong Xiangmudong , Wang Dan , Sun Wenqiang , Chen Mingyi , Chen Jinhui , Shi Jisen , Zhang Jin , Chen Xinbin
Published: June 2021

Small proline-rich protein 2A and 2D (SPRR2A and SPRR2D) provide barrier function in terminally differentiated stratified squamous epithelia through the epidermal differentiation complex. However, little is known how SPRR2A/2D expression is controlled and their role in chronic inflammation. Here, we showed that that SPRR2A/2D expression is controlled by a regulatory loop formed by RNA-binding protein RBM38 and tumor suppressor p73. Specifically, we found that SPRR2A/2D expression was induced by ectopic expression of RBM38 or p73 but suppressed by knockout of Rbm38 or p73. We also found that RBM38-mediated expression of SPRR2A/2D was p73-dependent and that induction of SPRR2A/2D during keratinocyte differentiation was dependent on both p73 and Rbm38. Additionally, we found that SPRR2A/2D expression was closely associated with p73 expression in normal and cancerous tissues. To determine the biological function of the RBM38-p73 loop potentially via SPRR2A/2D, we generated a cohort of wild-type, Rbm38−/−, Trp73+/−, and Rbm38−/−;Trp73+/− mice. We found that Rbm38−/−;Trp73+/− mice had a much shorter lifespan than that for Rbm38−/−—and to a lesser extent for Trp73+/− mice—but were less prone to spontaneous tumors than Trp73+/− or Rbm38−/− mice. We also found that Rbm38−/−;Trp73+/− mice exhibited weak expression of SPRR2A/2D in multiple tissues and were susceptible to systemic chronic inflammation, suggesting that decreased SPRR2A/2D expression is likely responsible for chronic inflammation in Rbm38−/−;Trp73+/− mice, leading to a shortened lifespan. Together, our data reveal that SPRR2A/2D are novel targets of the RBM38-p73 loop and contribute to p73-dependent suppression of chronic inflammation.
Photocatalytic and Antibacterial Potency of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles: A Cost-Effective and Environmentally Friendly Media for Treatment of Air and Wastewater
Authors: Razzaq Zohaib , Khalid Awais , Ahmad Pervaiz , Farooq Muhammad , Khandaker Mayeen Uddin , Sulieman Abdelmoneim , Rehman Ibad Ur , Shakeel Sohail , Khan Ajmal
Published: June 2021

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2-NPs) were synthesized via a facile hydrothermal method. X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), and Raman spectroscopy were used to study the structure, morphology, chemical composition, and functional group attached to the as-synthesized TiO2-NPs. These NPs were then used to test their efficacy against various microbes and their potency as effective catalysts. TiO2-NPs are found to have the maximum antibacterial activity against Gram-negative bacterial strains rather than Gram-positive bacteria. The photocatalytic activity of the TiO2-NPs was investigated for the photodegradation of 10 ppm bromophenol blue (BPB) dye by using 0.01 g–0.05 g of catalyst. TiO2-NPs exhibited the removal of 95% BPB, respectively, within 180 min. The TiO2-NPs’ antibacterial and catalytic properties suggest that these may be used in environmental remediation as a cost-effective and environmentally friendly wastewater and air treatment material.
Slot-Die Process of a Sol–Gel Photocatalytic Porous Coating for Large-Area Fabrication of Functional Architectural Glass
Authors: Angulo-Ibáñez Adrián , Aranzabe Estibaliz , Beobide Garikoitz , Castillo Oscar , Goitandia Amaia M. , Pérez-Yáñez Sonia , Villamayor Antia
Published: June 2021

The slot-die process is an appealing technology for the fabrication of coatings on large-area substrates. However, its application on the production of photocatalytic coatings based on sol–gel formulations remains virtually unexplored. Thus, assessing the suitable formulation of the sol and operational parameters that allow one to yield high-efficacy photocatalyst coatings is a current challenge. This work aims to analyze the transferability of titania sol formulation optimized for dip-coating processes to slot-die technology. In this sense, firstly, the sol formulation is optimized by analyzing the influence of several types of surfactants on the microstructural features and photoactivity of TiO2 coatings’ growth on glass substrates. All formulations rendered a meaningful porosity and nanoscopic anatase crystallites (11–15 nm) with optical band gap values close to the expectation (3.25–3.31 eV). Accordingly, the performance of the photocatalytic dye degradation was closely related to the porosity and crystallite size led by each titania sol, and no meaningful differences were found between the results provided by the coatings developed by dip-coating and the slot-die method, which demonstrates the capability of the latter for its application on a large-scale fabrication of photocatalytic coatings.
Enhanced Performance of the OMS-2-Supported CuOx Catalysts for Carbon Monoxide, Ethyl Acetate, and Toluene Oxidation
Authors: Fu Zhidan , Chen Mengyue , Ye Qing , Dong Ning , Dai Hongxing
Published: June 2021

Different Cu contents (x wt%) were supported on the cryptomelane-type manganese oxide octahedral molecular sieve (OMS-2) (xCu/OMS-2; x = 1, 5, 15, and 20) via a pre-incorporation method. Physicochemical properties of the OMS-2 and xCu/OMS-2 samples were characterized by means of the XRD, FT-IR, SEM, TG/DTG, ICP-OES, XPS, O2-TPD, H2-TPR, and in situ DRIFTS techniques, and their catalytic activities were measured for the oxidation of CO, ethyl acetate, and toluene. The results show that the Cu species were homogeneously dispersed in the tunnel and framework structure of OMS-2. Among all of the samples, 15Cu/OMS-2 sample exhibited the best activities with the T50% of 65, 165, and 240 °C as well as the T90% of 85, 215, and 290 °C for CO, ethyl acetate and toluene oxidation, respectively, which was due to the existence of the Cu species and Mn3+/Mn4+ redox couples, rich oxygen vacancies, good oxygen mobility, low-temperature reducibility, and strong interaction between the Cu species and the OMS-2 support. The reaction mechanisms were also deduced by analyzing the in situ DRIFTS spectra of the 15Cu/OMS-2 sample. The excellent oxygen mobility associated with the electron transfer between Cu species and Mn3+/Mn4+ redox couples might be conducive to the continuous replenishment of active oxygen species and the constantly generated reactant intermediates, thereby increasing the reactant reaction rate.
Modeling Retinal Ganglion Cell Dysfunction in Optic Neuropathies
Authors: Porciatti Vittorio , Chou Tsung-Han
Published: June 2021

As in glaucoma and other optic neuropathies cellular dysfunction often precedes cell death, the assessment of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) function represents a key outcome measure for neuroprotective strategies aimed at targeting distressed but still viable cells. RGC dysfunction can be assessed with the pattern electroretinogram (PERG), a sensitive measure of electrical activity of RGCs that is recorded non-invasively in human subjects and mouse models. Here, we offer a conceptual framework based on an intuitive state-transition model used for disease management in patients to identify progressive, potentially reversible stages of RGC dysfunction leading to cell death in mouse models of glaucoma and other optic neuropathies. We provide mathematical equations to describe state-transitions with a set of modifiable parameters that alter the time course and severity of state-transitions, which can be used for hypothesis testing and fitting experimental PERG data. PERG dynamics as a function of physiological stimuli are also used to differentiate phenotypic and altered RGC response dynamics, to assess susceptibility to stressors and to assess reversible dysfunction upon pharmacological treatment.
Neuroprotection in Glaucoma: NAD+/NADH Redox State as a Potential Biomarker and Therapeutic Target
Authors: Petriti Bledi , Williams Pete A. , Lascaratos Gerassimos , Chau Kai-Yin , Garway-Heath David F.
Published: June 2021

Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. Its prevalence and incidence increase exponentially with age and the level of intraocular pressure (IOP). IOP reduction is currently the only therapeutic modality shown to slow glaucoma progression. However, patients still lose vision despite best treatment, suggesting that other factors confer susceptibility. Several studies indicate that mitochondrial function may underlie both susceptibility and resistance to developing glaucoma. Mitochondria meet high energy demand, in the form of ATP, that is required for the maintenance of optimum retinal ganglion cell (RGC) function. Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) levels have been closely correlated to mitochondrial dysfunction and have been implicated in several neurodegenerative diseases including glaucoma. NAD+ is at the centre of various metabolic reactions culminating in ATP production—essential for RGC function. In this review we present various pathways that influence the NAD+(H) redox state, affecting mitochondrial function and making RGCs susceptible to degeneration. Such disruptions of the NAD+(H) redox state are generalised and not solely induced in RGCs because of high IOP. This places the NAD+(H) redox state as a potential systemic biomarker for glaucoma susceptibility and progression; a hypothesis which may be tested in clinical trials and then translated to clinical practice.
Lipid Droplets Formation Represents an Integral Component of Endothelial Inflammation Induced by LPS
Authors: Czamara Krzysztof , Stojak Marta , Pacia Marta Z. , Zieba Alicja , Baranska Malgorzata , Chlopicki Stefan , Kaczor Agnieszka
Published: June 2021

Endothelial inflammation is the hallmark of vascular pathology often proceeding with cardiovascular diseases. Here, we adopted a multiparameter approach combining various imaging techniques at the nano- and microscale (Raman, AFM and fluorescence) to investigate endothelial inflammation in response to lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in vitro in human microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC-1) with a focus on lipid droplets (LDs) formation. Our results show that LPS-induced LDs in HMEC-1 have a composition depending on LPS-incubation time and their formation requires the presence of serum. Robust endothelial inflammation induced by LPS was linked to LDs composed of highly unsaturated lipids, as well as prostacyclin release. LPS-induced LDs were spatially associated with nanostructural changes in the cell membrane architecture. In summary, LDs formation represents an integral component of endothelial inflammation induced by LPS.
Deciphering the Long Non-Coding RNAs and MicroRNAs Coregulation Networks in Ovarian Cancer Development: An Overview
Authors: López-Camarillo César , Ruíz-García Erika , Salinas-Vera Yarely M. , Silva-Cázares Macrina B. , Hernández-de la Cruz Olga N. , Marchat Laurence A. , Gallardo-Rincón Dolores
Published: June 2021

Non-coding RNAs are emergent elements from the genome, which do not encode for proteins but have relevant cellular functions impacting almost all the physiological processes occurring in eukaryotic cells. In particular, microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a new class of small RNAs transcribed from the genome, which modulate the expression of specific genes at transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels, thus adding a new regulatory layer in the flux of genetic information. In cancer cells, the miRNAs and lncRNAs interactions with its target genes and functional pathways are deregulated as a consequence of epigenetic and genetic alterations occurring during tumorigenesis. In this review, we summarize the actual knowledge on the interplay of lncRNAs with its cognate miRNAs and mRNAs pairs, which interact in coregulatory networks with a particular emphasis on the mechanisms underlying its oncogenic behavior in ovarian cancer. Specifically, we reviewed here the evidences unraveling the relevant roles of lncRNAs/miRNAs pairs in altered regulation of cell migration, angiogenesis, therapy resistance, and Warburg effect. Finally, we also discussed its potential clinical implications in ovarian cancer and related endocrine disease therapies.
Patterns of Gene Expression in Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma: Systematic Review of Transcriptomic Studies in Mycosis Fungoides
Authors: Motamedi Melika , Xiao Maggie Z. X. , Iyer Aishwarya , Gniadecki Robert
Published: June 2021

Mycosis fungoides (MF) is the most prevalent type of skin lymphoma. In its early stages, it has a favorable prognosis. However, in its late stages, it is associated with an increased risk of mortality. This systematic review aimed to identify the transcriptomic changes involved in MF pathogenesis and progression. A literature search was conducted using the database PubMed, followed by the extraction of 2245 genes which were further filtered to 150 recurrent genes that appeared in two or more publications. Categorization of these genes identified activated pathways involved in pathways such as cell cycle and proliferation, chromosomal instability, and DNA repair. We identified 15 genes implicated in MF progression, which were involved in cell proliferation, immune checkpoints, resistance to apoptosis, and immune response. In highlighting the discrepancies in the way MF transcriptomic data is obtained, further research can focus on not only unifying their approach but also focus on the 150 pertinent genes identified in this review.
The Hippo Pathway: A Master Regulatory Network Important in Cancer
Authors: Liu Qiuping , Liu Xiaomeng , Song Guanbin
Published: June 2021

The Hippo pathway is pervasively activated and has been well recognized to play critical roles in human cancer. The deregulation of Hippo signaling involved in cancer development, progression, and resistance to cancer treatment have been confirmed in several human cancers. Its biological significance and deregulation in cancer have drawn increasing interest in the past few years. A fundamental understanding of the complexity of the Hippo pathway in cancer is crucial for improving future clinical interventions and therapy for cancers. In this review, we try to clarify the complex regulation and function of the Hippo signaling network in cancer development, including its role in signal transduction, metabolic regulation, and tumor development, as well as tumor therapies targeting the Hippo pathway.
How SARS-CoV-2 and Other Viruses Build an Invasion Route to Hijack the Host Nucleocytoplasmic Trafficking System
Authors: Sajidah Elma Sakinatus , Lim Keesiang , Wong Richard W.
Published: June 2021

The host nucleocytoplasmic trafficking system is often hijacked by viruses to accomplish their replication and to suppress the host immune response. Viruses encode many factors that interact with the host nuclear transport receptors (NTRs) and the nucleoporins of the nuclear pore complex (NPC) to access the host nucleus. In this review, we discuss the viral factors and the host factors involved in the nuclear import and export of viral components. As nucleocytoplasmic shuttling is vital for the replication of many viruses, we also review several drugs that target the host nuclear transport machinery and discuss their feasibility for use in antiviral treatment.
Ectopic Eruption of Maxillary First Permanent Molars: Preliminary Results of Prevalence and Dentoskeletal Characteristics in Spanish Paediatric Population
Authors: Helm Alexandra , Martín-Vacas Andrea , Molinero-Mourelle Pedro , Caleya Antonia M. , Gallardo Nuria E. , Mourelle-Martínez María Rosa
Published: June 2021

The ectopic eruption of the maxillary first permanent molar (EEM) is a local alteration of dental eruption with a multifactorial aetiology. The aims of our study were to determine the prevalence of the EEM in children and to analyse whether there is a relationship between EEM and dento-skeletal characteristics. A total of 322 children were analysed with the Ricketts cephalometric study and descriptive and analytical statistical analysis was carried out. The prevalence of EEM was 8.7%, with no statistically significant differences regarding gender or location, but a higher prevalence in the 7-year-old age group (18.8%) and bilateral EEM was more prevalent than unilateral EEM (p < 0.05). The most frequent findings were a shortened anterior cranial base, a retroposition of the maxilla and a distal position of the upper permanent first molar in relation to the pterygoid vertical in children with EEM. No statistically significant differences were found regarding the cephalometric parameters except a decreased palatal plane in the bilateral EEM group and a distal upper incisor position in the EEM group (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the prevalence of the EEM was 8.7%, more frequently bilateral, and significantly in seven-year-old patients. Children with bilateral EEM have decreased palatal plane values and a more posterior position of the upper incisor.
Pulmonary Vein Stenosis: Incremental Knowledge Gains to Improve Outcomes
Authors: Vanderlaan Rachel D. , Caldarone Christopher A.
Published: June 2021

Pulmonary vein stenosis remains a considerable clinical challenge, with high mortality still present in children with progressive disease. In this review, we discuss the clinical spectrum of pulmonary vein stenosis and what is known about the etiology and potential modifying and contributing factors in progressive pulmonary vein stenosis.
Novel Treatments and Technologies Applied to the Cure of Neuroblastoma
Authors: Paraboschi Irene , Privitera Laura , Kramer-Marek Gabriela , Anderson John , Giuliani Stefano
Published: June 2021

Neuroblastoma (NB) is the most common extracranial solid tumour in childhood, accounting for approximately 15% of all cancer-related deaths in the paediatric population1. It is characterised by heterogeneous clinical behaviour in neonates and often adverse outcomes in toddlers. The overall survival of children with high-risk disease is around 40–50% despite the aggressive treatment protocols consisting of intensive chemotherapy, surgery, radiation therapy and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation2,3. There is an ongoing research effort to increase NB’s cellular and molecular biology knowledge to translate essential findings into novel treatment strategies. This review aims to address new therapeutic modalities emerging from preclinical studies offering a unique translational opportunity for NB treatment.
Bilateral Permanent Childhood Hearing Loss and Health-Related Quality of Life in Adolescence
Authors: Petrou Stavros , Khan Kamran , Kennedy Colin
Published: June 2021

Little is known about the impact of bilateral permanent childhood hearing loss (PCHL) on health-related quality of life (HRQoL). The objective of this study was to describe preference-based and non-preference based HRQoL outcomes in adolescence, from both self and proxy perspectives, amongst participants of the Hearing Outcomes Project. The Health Utilities Index Marks II (HUI2) and III (HUI3) and the PedsQLTM Version 4.0 Generic Core Scales were used to measure HRQoL based on self and parent proxy reports in 114 adolescents aged 13–19 years, 76 with bilateral PCHL and 38 with normal hearing, recruited from a population sample that was followed up from birth to adolescence. Descriptive statistics and multivariable analyses were used to estimate the relationship between severity of PCHL and HRQoL outcomes. PCHL was associated with decrements in mean multi-attribute utility score that varied between 0.078 and 0.148 for the HUI2 (p = 0.001) and between 0.205 and 0.315 for the HUI3 (p < 0.001), dependent upon the national tariff set applied and respondent group. Multivariable analyses revealed that, after controlling for clinical and sociodemographic covariates, mean HUI3 multi-attribute utility scores were significantly lower in adolescents with moderately severe, severe and profound hearing loss than in adolescents with normal hearing. Significant differences in physical functioning, social functioning, psychosocial functioning and total PedsQLTM scores were only observed when assessments by parents were relied upon, but these dissipated in the multivariable analyses. Bilateral PCHL is associated with poorer HRQoL outcomes in adolescence. Further studies conducted are needed to understand the trajectory and underpinning mechanisms of HRQoL outcomes following PCHL.
Powder Diffraction Data of Aluminum-Rich FCC-Ti1−xAlxN Prepared by CVD
Authors: Endler Ingolf , Höhn Mandy , Matthey Björn , Zálešák Jakub , Keckes Jozef , Pitonak Reinhard
Published: June 2021

Fcc-Ti1−xAlxN-based coatings obtained by Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) or Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) are widely used as wear-resistant coatings. However, there exists no JCPDF card of fcc-Ti1−xAlxN for the XRD analysis of such coatings based on experimental data. In this work, an aluminum-rich fcc-Ti1−xAlxN powder was prepared and, for the first time, a powder diffraction file of fcc-Ti1−xAlxN was determined experimentally. In the first step, a 10 µm thick Ti1−xAlxN coating was deposited on steel foil and on cemented carbide inserts by CVD. The steel foil was etched and flakes of a free-standing Ti1−xAlxN layer were obtained of which a part consisted of a pure fcc phase. A powder was produced using the major part of the flakes of the free-standing Ti1−xAlxN layer. Following the Ti1−xAlxN coating, a flake of the free-standing layer and the powder were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), selected area electron diffraction and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (SAED–HRTEM), wavelength dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (WDS) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The powder consisted of 88% fcc-Ti1−xAlxN. The stoichiometric coefficient of fcc-Ti1−xAlxN was measured on a flake containing only the fcc phase. A value of x = 0.87 was obtained. Based on the powder sample, the XRD data of the pure fcc-Ti1−xAlxN phase were measured and the lattice constant of the fcc-Ti1−xAlxN phase in the powder was determined to be a = 0.407168 nm. Finally, a complete dataset comprising relative XRD intensities and lattice parameters for an fcc-Ti0.13Al0.87N phase was provided.