bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
III.—The Relationship of Isostasy, Earthquakes, and Vulcanicity to the Earth's Infra-Plutonic Shell
Authors: Fermor L. Leigh
Published: May 2009

The recent discussion on the origin of the Himalaya, initiated by Colonel S. G. Burrard in his paper “On the Origin of the Himalaya Mountains”, has centred in the theories of isostasy and mountain compensation advocated by the Rev. O. Fisher and Mr. J. F. Hayford.

In his latest contribution to the subject Colonel Burrard states very clearly the problem of isostasy now requiring solution—

“Continents and mountains have been found to be compensated by underlying deficiencies of density; how has this condition resembling hydrostatic equilibrium arisen upon a solid globe of rock?”

In a recent paper I have advanced reasons for believing in the existence in the earth's crust at a certain depth, at present unknown, of a highly garnetiferous shell of rock, for which the name infra-plutonic zone or shell is suggested. This zone is situated at such a depth that pressure becomes a dominant factor in mineral transformations, the accompanying high temperature ensuring a sufficient degree of molecular mobility. It is suggested that under the influence of these high pressures (and temperatures) reactions will ensue between the various ferromagnesian silicates—micas, amphiboles, pyroxenes, olivines—and anorthite felspar, with the formation of garnet as a characteristic mineral: the reason assigned is that a reduction of volume accompanied by an absorption of heat is thereby effected, it being accepted that the garnet-forming reactions are endothermic.

If one can accept the philosophical necessity for the existence of this infra-plutonic shell, then some theory of isostasy seems logically to follow, with the garnetiferous plastic-solid shell as the cushion upon which the isostatic adjustments of the earth's crust have their foundation.
V.—Ice-Flows in the Trent Basin
Authors: Deeley R. M.
Published: May 2009

In 1866 I communicated a paper to the Geological Society of London on the Pleistocene Succession in the Trent Basin. The boulderclays and outwash deposits of this district are of two distinct kinds, the one containing rocks from the west and north-west, and the other boulders etc., from the east or north-east of the district. In all cases, except where they have been ploughed up and re-arranged by the ice itself, the drifts containing westerly rocks only are the lowest, and the drifts with easterly rocks have been spread over them. We thus have two distinct ice-flows to deal with.
I.—Notes on New or Imperfectly Known Chalk Polyzoa
Authors: Brydone R. M.
Published: May 2009

Zoarium unilaminate, adherent.

Zoæcia convex, quite separate, very small, average length .35 to .38 mm. and width .2 mm.; numerous radiating imperforate lines are faintly perceptible on some of them in a suitable light, and were doubtless present on all; they are hardly ‘furrows’, resembling rather superficial cuts; apertures very slightly heel-shaped.

Oæcia abundant, relatively large, globose with a strongly concave free edge.
II.—Notes on the Petrology of a Portion of the North Kalgoorlie Field
Authors: Farquharson R. A.
Published: May 2009

From the foregoing analyses there is little doubt that the rock is a hornblende-quartz-keratophyre. The term porphyrite, however, has been adopted in the mapping for convenience. It is worthy of note that a very similar rock, though greenish in colour, has been already described from Kanowna by the writer. In the latter, silica amounted to more than 71 per cent, while soda reached 7.85 per cent; potash was again absent.

12237, G.M.L. 4458 E., Hyman North.
I.—The Glacial Controversy in New Zealand
Authors: Trechmann C. T.
Published: May 2009

The controversy which has arisen in recent years in New Zealand regarding the problem of the Pleistocene glaciation of that country resolves itself into the two following main questions:—

1. Was there any glaciation in the North Island?

2. Was there an ice-sheet covering the South Island?
III.—Morphological Studies on the Echinoidea Holectypoida and their Allies
Authors: Hawkins Herbert L.
Published: May 2009

The characters of the apical system of a series of Holectypus hemisphæricus from the same horizon at two localities in Dorsetshire are analysed and described. It is found that the average relations of the plates of the system are different at the two localities, although certain numbers of identical forms occur at both. Out of 189 specimens (from both localities), 40 show serious departures from the normal type. These abnormalities are of three classes. One, the most prevalent, consists in the presence of madreporic pores on genital 3, in addition to the normal perforation of genital 2. This is regarded as a “progressive variant” in the direction of Discoides. The second, occurring in three specimens, consists in the interpolation of a supernumerary plate within the system. It is suggested that this may be either a “regressive variant” towards Acrosalenia, or a “progressive variant” towards Nucleolites (as illustrated by N.orlicularis). In neither case would this variation coincide with actual phyletic sequence, so that it is styled “parallel variation”. The third type of variant, seen in one specimen only, combines both the first and second types, and in addition shows an absence of genital 5 and a corresponding increase in the size of the posterior oculars, which meet round the back of the system. The variation in this specimen is interpreted as being “progressive” towards Discoides, “parallel progressive” or “regressive” towards Nucleolites or Acrosalenia respectively, and “progressive” towards Conulus. There are indications of a different series of variants in the Holectypus depressus from the Cornbrash. The high percentage of variation in the composition of the apical system of Holectypus is regarded as an indication of the evolutional activity of the genus, and of its near approximation in time and phylogeny to the common origin of many of the groups of Irregular Echinoids.
II.—The Red Zone in the Basaltic Series of the County of Antrim
Authors: Cole Grenville A. J.
Published: May 2009

One of the most beautiful features at the Giants' Causeway, from an artistic as well as a geological point of view, is the broad red zone that divides the Lower from the Upper Basalts. As is well known, this zone of lithomarge, bole, and laterite is remarkably persistent in north-eastern Ireland, and represents an interval of Eocene time when volcanic activity was lessened and when the basalts ceased to appear at the surface. At the same time, however, sporadic eruptions of rhyolite occurred, and some of the cones of acid lava supplied material for an interbasaltic conglomerate of rhyolite pebbles, which was discovered several years ago by Mr. A. McHenry near Glenarm.
II.—On the Dentition of the Palate in the South African Fossil Reptile Genus Cynognathus
Authors: Seeley H. G.
Published: May 2009

The Cynodont reptilia from the Lower Karroo rocks of South Africa, characterized by relatively large incisors and relatively small, sharp-pointed, molar teeth, were grouped under the type genus Lycosaurus as Lycosauria. The removal of matrix from the palate of Ælurosaurus showed that in one member of the group at least the palate carries patches of teeth, each of which has the form of a small blunt flattened cone. From the fact that no Cynodont skull is available in which the mandible is free from the head, the nature of the palatal dentition is imperfectly known.
VI.—The Mechanics of Overthrusts
Authors: Reade T. Mellard
Published: May 2009

In attempts to unravel some of the weightier problems of geology it has lately been assumed that certain discordances of stratification are due to the thrusting of old rocks over those of a later geological age. Without in any way suggesting that the geology has in any particular instance been misread, I should like to point out the difficulties in accepting the explanation looked at from a dynamical point of view when applied on a scale that seems to ignore mechanical probabilities. Some of the enormous overthrusts postulated are estimated at figures approaching 100 miles. Have the authors considered that this means the movement of a solid block of rock or rocks of unknown length and thickness 100 miles over the underlying complex of newer rocks? If such a movement has ever taken place, would it not require an incalculable force to thrust the upper block over the lower, even with a clean fractured bed to move upon? Assuming that the block to be moved is the same length as the overthrust, the fracture-plane would in area be 100 × 100 = 10,000 miles. I venture to think that no force applied in any of the mechanical ways known to us in Nature would move such a mass, be it ever so adjusted in thickness to the purpose, even if supplemented with a lubricant generously applied to the thrust-plane. These are the thoughts that naturally occur to me, but as my mind is quite open to receive new ideas I shall be glad to know in what way the reasoning can be met by other thinkers.
I.—Preliminary Note on the Sequence And Fossils of the Upper Triassio Strata of the Neighbourhood of St. Cassian, Tyrol
Authors: Ogilvie Maria M.
Published: May 2009

During the past autumn, at the kindly suggestion of Prof. Baron von Bichthofen, I spent some months in the study of the strata and fossils of the neighbourhood of St. Cassian. My object was to endeavour, if possible, to determine the most natural subdivisions of these classic strata, and to fix their characteristic fossils. As the results I have obtained are somewhat novel, and may prove of interest to those who are familiar with the enigmatical character of the stratigraphy of the beautiful region of the Dolomites, I may, perhaps, be permitted to give in this place a short summary of my conclusions, in anticipation of a detailed paper upon the subject.
I.—The Foraminifera of the Speeton Clay of Yorkshire
Authors: Sherlock R. L.
Published: May 2009

1. The Speeton Clay of Yorkshire contains abundant Foraminifera in the beds named by Mr. Lamplugh B (base), C10, and C2; but the specimens examined from the other subdivisions of F, E, D, and C either do not contain any Foraminifera or they are present in small numbers only.

2. Two new species, Cristellaria chapmani, Pulvinulina lamplughi, and a new variety, Lagena apiculata, var. danfordi, occur and are described. Forty-four species belonging to sixteen genera have been found.

3. The characteristic of the Foraminiferal fauna of the Speeton Clay is the great predominance of Pulvinulina caracolla (Roemer) over all other species.

4. Twenty-five per cent of the species of Foraminifera occur also in the Hils of North Germany, 35 per cent in the Red Chalk of Speeton, 40 per cent in the Bargate Beds of Surrey, and 58·5 per cent in the Gault of Folkestone.

5. Dimorphism is clearly shown by P. caracolla (Roemer). Previously it has been stated to occur among the Pulvinulinæ in P. partschiana, d'Orb., but no case has been described.

6. Notes are given on the microscopical characters of the sediments.
III.—The Sgùrr of Eigg: some Comments on Mr. Bailey's Paper
Authors: Harker Alfred
Published: May 2009

MR. Bailey has very kindly permitted me to see his manuscript, and also to examine a specimen and slice of the rock which he regards as a volcanic breccia underlying the pitchstone. Since he attaches some importance to this rock, I will consider it first.

The natural base of the thick pitchstone sheet is made by a band of more glassy aspect, almost like an obsidian. The microscope shows that this, apart from the usual enclosed crystals, is a light-brown glass, free from the crowds of crystallites found in the ordinary pitchstone. Another feature is that it encloses numerous little fragments of basalt. These indeed, with occasional larger pieces, pass up for some feet into the pitchstone, but they are most abundant near the lower surface. Such inclusions, picked up from the contiguous rocks, may occur both in lava-flows and intrusive sills, but, so far as my experience goes, are more frequent in the latter. The obsidian-like band is well seen, fresh and intact, at places on the northern side of the SgÙrr; but elsewhere it is much brecciated, and usually much decomposed in addition. The brecciation is of such a kind that pieces of the normal pitchstone have become mingled with the debris of the more glassy variety. Mr. Bailey has quoted part of my description of this brecciated basal band as it is exposed, in a decomposed state, on the southern side of the ridge. That it is a part of the pitchstone sheet, not a separate underlying deposit, is there clearly demonstrated: see fig. 6 on p. 60 of my paper.
I.—On the Pleistocene Ossiferous Deposits of the Balearic Islands
Authors: Bate Dorothea M. A.
Published: May 2009

Like so many of the islands of the Mediterranean the Balearic group has yielded interesting remains of an extinct Pleistocene fauna. These have been discovered in cave breccias and in fissures of which a brief description may be of interest.

Previous to 1909 the only record of the occurrence of any Pleistocene mammalian remains in the Balearic Islands was, I believe, that of De la Marmora, who mentioned indications of a bone breccia in the hill of Belver, near Palma, where he observed a bone which appeared to be that of a Lagomys or a rabbit. Since then, as the result of three short visits undertaken by the writer, a quantity of ossiferous remains have been obtained from the caves and fissures of Mallorca and Menorca. It may be mentioned that I failed to locate the breccia recorded near Belver.
III.—On the Organization of the Rugose Corals and the Origin of their Characteristic Peculiarities
Authors: Yakovlev N. N.
Published: May 2009

During the last ten years I have published a series of memoirs on different questions concerning the morphology and biology of the Rugose Corals. In these memoirs I have elucidated the ground-form of the polyparium of the solitary Rugosa, the mode of its attachment to the substratum, the origin of the characteristic arrangement of the septa, and the origin of the fossuloe in dependence on this form and attachment. I have established the connexion between the form of the polyparium of the Rugosa (including that of the fossulse) and the life of these corals in definite environmental conditions.
IV.—The Absence of Glacial Phenomena in large Parts of Western Asia and Eastern Europe, Etc
Authors: Howorth Henry H.
Published: May 2009

In some papers which you have done me the favour to print in the GEOLOGICAL MAGAZINE, I have endeavoured to apply a new touchstone to test the age of high mountain chains and of land of high elevation, namely, the presence or absence of distinct and prominent traces of former glaciation, and I have argued that where such traces are not forthcoming in a very unmistakable manner, we are justified in concluding that these highlands have been elevated since the so-called Glacial Period. I have endeavoured to apply the touchstone in question to the Ural and Altai Mountains, to the Thian Shan and Himalaya ranges in Asia, and to the great Cordillera which binds together the two continents forming the New World. I wish to make my survey more complete by an examination of an interesting area comprising Eastern Europe and South Western Asia.
III.—Note on a New Species of Æpyornis(Æ Titan)
Authors: Andrews C.W.
Published: May 2009

In a collection of vertebrate remains from the south-west coast of Madagascar, recently received in the British Museum, there occur numerous bones belonging to, at least, three species of Æpyornis. Among them are two tibio-tarsi, right and left, of gigantic size, much larger than any hitherto described. Both these bones are, unfortunately, considerably damaged at the upper end, the right one alone showing any portion of the proximal articular surface. They both, without doubt, belong to the same species, though probably not to the same individual. The left, which on the whole, is the better preserved, may be taken as the type of the species which it is proposed to call Æpyornis titan.
IV.—Augen-Structure in Relation to the Orgin of the Eruptive Rocks and Gneiss
Authors: Goodchild J.G.
Published: May 2009

Amongst the rocks whose original structures have been more or less deformed by metamorpbic agencies the geologist very commonly meets with curious eye-like inclusions of mineral matter, which are generally known by the name of augen. Close investigation of a large series of rocks exhibiting these eyes brings to light the fact that under this name are classed two essentially different kinds of structure. in the one, the kernels or eyes are manifestly the unsheared portions of the rock, whose sheared portions constitute the schist that envelops the eyes. in the other kind of augen structure the eyes consist of crystalline minerals, whose development as such is shewn to be posterior to the shearing to which the matrix has been reduced, by the fact that the eyes of crystalline matter have not participated in the shearing, but are bright and generally unfractured throughout.
V.—On the Three Glaciations in Switzerland
Authors: Riche Preller C.S. Du
Published: May 2009

Until very recently it was thoroughly recognised that in post- Tertiary, viz., Pleistocene or Diluvial times, there occurred in Switzerland, as elsewhere, two glaciations which covered the Alps and the greater part of the Swiss lowlands, and between which intervened a genial or interglacial period. The repeated advance of Swiss glaciers was first established by Escher von der Linth and Heer, more especially upon the evidence of the lignite slate deposits near Durnten and Wetzikon, which fringe the edge of what was at one time the Limmat and is now the Glatt valley, to the N.E. of Zurich, and were formed during the interglacial period referred to.
II.—On some Jurassic Species of Cheilostomata
Authors: Gregory J. W.
Published: May 2009

The extraordinary abundance of Bryozoa of the order Cheilostomata which occurs throughout the Cainozoic era,incomparison with their scarcity in earlier formations, has often been remarked. Interesting explanations of the suddenness of their appearance have, moreover, been offered by those who do not attach so much importance, as do some, to the imperfection of the geological record. Cheilostomata are not unknown from earlier deposits: the Cretaceous system has yielded a fair number, while even as early as the Silurian species have been found. Though doubts have been thrown on these early records, there seems no sufficient reason to discredit them. Even if Prof. Nicholson's Hippothoa inflata (Hall) should turn out to be a Stomntopora, which, if the figure be correct, is most unlikely, there remain many species in later Palæozoic deposits: such are those belonging to Prof. James Hall's genus Paleschara? which Mr. Ulrich accepts as Chilostomatons, though Prof, von Zittel includes it doubtfully with the Ptilodictyonidæ. Some of the specimens of Lichenalia, etc., figured by Hall, as well as the same author's Cystopora geniculata, may also belong to this order.
III.—Notes on the composition of Clays, Slates, etc., And on some points in their Contact-Metamorphism
Authors: Hutchings W. Maynard
Published: May 2009

After this substance has been well observed in good occurrences, it is always recognized at once, even as isolated small patches in a slide. It has a very characteristic appearance among the other constituents. It is marked off, for instance, by its special refraction from anything else that occurs in these rocks, and has other characteristics not to be missed when once observed, but not very easy to exactly describe. As soon as it ceases to be quite inert in polarized light, as soon as the speckly polarization sets in, it has also a more or less granular appearance in ordinary light with lowered condenser, which is very characteristic.indifferent slides, and often in one and the same slide, various stages of development may be observed in it from the first speckled appearance in polarized light up to a point where flakelets of white mica are recognized as forminginit, lying “criss-cross”inall directions. It passes in this way in some cases almost wholly into mica, with apparently other substances which cannot be identified with certainty, the transition, and connection with the original substance, being all the time distinct and beyond mistake.

In the inner zones, the “hornfels-zones,“ this substance is usually present in smaller amount, as already stated; but examples of its abundant occurrence are not wanting, as for instance in a hornfels from Spitzenberg, in the Harz. There is a mosaic of quartz and felspar, with brown mica and some white mica. The yellow substance lies in amongst, and surrounds, the minerals of this mosaic. It has no definite form of its own, simply occupying spaces and taking the outlines of the other minerals. It is all either in the minutely-speckly stage or variously developed from this upwards to mica; and the impression made is that if it had all developed as far as some portions of it have done, the whole mosaic-grains of the slides would be mixed in with and surrounded by white mica, as may not infrequently be observed in these contact-rocks.
I.—On the Structure and Affinities of the Genus Solenopora, Together with Descriptions of New Species
Authors: Brown Alex.
Published: May 2009

In the present paper I propose to give the results of a series of investigations carried on in the Zoological Laboratory of the University of Aberdeen. Through the kindness of Professor Nicholson, I have had access to his admirable collection of specimens of Solenopora, Dyb., and I have also had the privilege of using his extensive series of microscopic preparations of the same. With such material, and with additional preparations, I have been enabled to examine, not only species already described, but also a number of new species, of which I shall in this paper give brief descriptions. From examination of all these forms, I find it now practicable to determine the true nature of the genus Solenopora, Dyb.
III.—The Mammoth Age was Contemporary with the Age of Great Glaciers
Authors: Howorth Henry H.
Published: May 2009

There has been a long and sustained discussion among geologists as to whether the Mammoth and its companions were pre-Glacial, inter-Glacial, or post-Glacial, or whether they could not,infact, claim to have been both pre- and post-Glacial, and to have lived through the Glacial age, whence the name of Dicyclotherium proposed for the Mammoth by one writer.
I.—Restoration of Camptosaurus
Authors: Marsh O. C.
Published: May 2009

The Jurassic deposits of Western North America contain the remains of many gigantic Dinosaurs, and various skeletons of these have been obtained by the writer, who has described the more important forms. Restorations of the skeletons of three of the most interesting genera, Brontosaurus, Stegosaurus, and Ceratosaurus, have already been given in the American Journal of Science and in this Magazine, and another of these huge reptiles is thus represented on Plate VI.
IV.—On a Second British Species of the Jurassic Fish Eurycormus
Authors: Woodward A. Smith
Published: May 2009

The occurrence of a fish generically identical with Eurycormus of the Bavarian Lithographic stone, in the Upper Jurassic of England, has already been indicated by the discovery of a well-preserved head with some anterior vertebras in the Kimmeridge Clay of Ely. Only one specimen, however, has hitherto been recognized; and during a recent search for further evidence of the fish among British fossils the present writer has thus been gratified to find two more examples in the collection of the British Museum.
VIII.—On the Occurrence of Pigotite in the Caves near Porthcurnow, St. Levan, Cornwall
Authors: Creighton J. K.
Published: May 2009

Having heard from my esteemed friend and colleague, Mr. J. W. Wetherell, that some years ago a brown crystalline substance had been found in a cave close to the sea, and situate between Porthcurnow and Porthchapel, I was impelled to make a search for the mineral. Last July I succeeded in finding a cave near Porthcurnow, the small opening into which was partially hidden by masses of fallen rock; here I found after a rough examination traces of the mineral for which I was looking.
Woodwardian Museum Notes
Authors: Reed F. R. Cowper
Published: May 2009

The sub-genus Chasmops of the genus Phacops is so rarely, if ever, found in great Britain, except as disconnected heads and pygidia, that a specimen which shows the cephalic shield attached to several thoracio rings deserves notice.

The two British species recognised by Salter (omitting the doubtful Ch. Jukesii) are Ch. macroura (Sjogren) and Ch. conophthalmus (Boeck?), but he apparently perceived that more than two species were included under these names (Mon. Brit. Tril. p. 38).
IV.—Notes on some small Lake-basins in the Lepontine Alps
Authors: Bonney T. G.
Published: May 2009

Rock-Basins have been getting out of favour of late. The “heckling” which they have suffered from my friend Mr. Marr tempts one to echo Betsy Prig's classic remark about Mrs. Harris. Mr. Brend, however, though “dealing faithfully” with them in the September number of the Geological Magazine, does permit one or two to exist on sufferance, so that I feel minded, were it only as an act of charity to these depreciated securities, to describe two or three examples in the Alps which I think must be true rock-basins.
VI.—On the Continental Elevation of the Glacial Period
Authors: Spencer J. W.
Published: May 2009

Before the last meeting of the British Association, held in Liverpool, Professor Edward Hull presented a paper upon “Another Possible Cause of the Glacial Epoch.”inthat paper, Professor Hull applied the writer's work on the “Reconstruction of the Antillean Continent,” which brought together evidence of great continental elevation. This elevation and its effects upon the ocean-currents, in diverting them from the West Indian regions, with the consequent reduction of their temperature as they reach the northern latitudes in conjunction with the elevation of the land, were thought by Professor Hull to be sufficient causes for the production of the glacial climate over temperate regions in late geological times. The writer has hitherto never applied his observations on high continental elevation to climatic changes; but in this paper he proposes to extend briefly his researches from the Antillean region to the higher latitudes of America and the North Atlantic regions. Something has also been learned of the date of the great elevation; consequently inferences may be drawn as to climatic changes.
I.—The Earliest Geological Maps of Scotland and Ireland
Authors: Judd J. W.
Published: May 2009

The first geological map of Scotland has a history not less interesting than that of Smith's famous map of England; seeing that what Smith accomplished, single-handed, for the southern part of Britain, John Macculloch did, with the same independence of all extraneous aid, for the northern half of the Island. Smith's fame has happily been long since vindicated; but, owing to a variety of circumstances, Macculloch has never received full credit for his grand work; on the contrary, his fair name and even his veracity have been too often cruelly aspersed.
I.—Fulgurites from Tupungato and the Summit of Aconcagua
Authors: Bonney T. G.
Published: May 2009

The members of Mr. E. A. FitzGrerald's expedition to the Chilian. Andesin1896–7 made a rather large collection of rock specimens from the higher regions, which has been entrusted to me for examination. The descriptions will be published in Mr. FitzGerald's forthcoming book, but as two are exceptionally interesting I wish them to appear in the Geological Magazine.
III.—Preliminary Note on Prolimulus Woodwardi, Fritsch, from the Permian Gaskohle at Nyřan, Bohemia
Authors: Fritsch Ant.
Published: May 2009

Some years ago I received a fossil preserved in pyrites from the Gaskohle at Nyřan. No details could be seen under the microscope, and I was not sure if it were a Limulus or a seed. At an exhibition by Architects held last year at Prague I saw a specimen of a similar fossil with two of its appendages preserved, and I was fortunate enough to acquire the same for our Museum. I then reexamined all my material previously collected, and found appendages in other specimens also.
I.—On the Eastern Margin of the North Atlantic Basin
Authors: Hudleston Wilfrid H.
Published: May 2009

In offering a few remarks on a subject which belongs, in the first instance, to the province of physical geography, it will be necessary forme to point out certain hydrographical details, whilst, endeavouring to deduce from these details conclusions having a geological bearing. Oceanography is almost a science in itself, especially if we regard it from a geological point of view, as something more than a mere description of water-spaces and soundings. Ever since the days when the deep oceans were first explored for the purpose of laying the telegraph cables some of the leading facts were made known, and have since become familiar to all students of physical geography.
III.—A Discussion on the Use of the Terms Rock-weathering, Serpentinization, and Hydrometamorphism
Authors: Merrill George. P.
Published: May 2009

In the abstract of a paper by Mr. Thomas H. Holland, read before the British Association, Section C (Geology), Bristol, 1898, printed in the January number of this Magazine, on “The Comparative Actions of Subaërial and Submarine Agents in Rock Decomposition,” the author brings up again a question which the present writer has often had occasion to face, and has vainly tried to solve in a manner entirely satisfactory even to himself.
VI.—Note upon Pliohyrax græcus (Gaudr.) from Samos.
Authors: Forsyth C. I.
Published: May 2009

A mutilated skull of an Ungulate from the Upper Miocene of Samos, purchased by the Geological Department of the British Museum in 1894, was in that year (before I left Europe) identified by me as a Leptodon, and under this name it was registered (M 5,419).
V.—On the Courses of the Landwasser and the Landquart
Authors: Jennings A. Vaughan
Published: May 2009

Cases of relatively recent change in the courses of rivers, due to the invasion of their valleys by neighbouring and more rapidly working streams and the consequent diversion of their waters, have been investigated of late years by an increasing number of geologists in different countries. Such phenomena are, of course, most frequent in mountain districts, and the Swiss Alps have yielded many examples of greater or less certainty. Some cases are evident and undeniable; others are difficult to decide upon, and need careful consideration of all available evidence; while in yet other instances it is possible that statements as to the occurrence of such changes have been accepted on inadequate authority. The generally received opinion as to the present and past relationship of the Landwasser and the Landquart can certainly not be included in the last category, but neither can it, I think, be rightly placed in the first.
V.—Zones and ‘Chronological’ Maps
Authors: Jukes-Browne A.J.
Published: May 2009

Modern stratigraphical geologists, both those who study the Palæozoic and those who are occupied with the Neozoic rocks, are largely concerned with the establishment of zones;inother words, the zonal method of subdivision has been recognized as the best means of correlating the stratigraphical succession in one area with that of another. But when it comes to giving an exact definition of a zone there does not appear to be the same unanimity of opinion, and consequently it seems desirable that some wellconsidered definition of a zone should be put forward and discussed.
I.—Note on a Collection of Carboniferous Trilobites from the Banks of the Hodder, near Stonyhurst, Lancashire
Authors: Woodward Henry
Published: May 2009

Earlyin1893, the Rev. G. G. H. Pollen, S.J., of Stonyhurst College, was so kind as to send up to me for examination a collection of Carboniferous fossils, obtained by himself with the assistance of Mr. William van Waterschoot van der Gracht, Jur. Stud., who during his residence at Stonyhurst paid much attention to the geology of the neighbourhood.

The collection proved to be an extremely interesting one, and Mr. Pollen most kindly requested me to keep a selection of the specimens for the Museum, only returning him a named duplicate collection for Stonyhurst. Subsequently Mr. van der Gracht sent me all the specimens he had himself collected, so that I was able to study a very fair series of the fossils from these beds.

The specimens sent up were carefully examined by Mr. E. B. Newton, F.G.S., and were found to comprise as follows:—Fragments of Vertebrata (possibly phalangeal bones of a small reptile?), also a part of jaw of a small Fish ? (not determined).
III.—A Numerical Scale of Texture for Rocks
Authors: Jevons H. Stanley
Published: May 2009

When reading through descriptions of hand-specimens of igneous rocks I have often found a difficulty in forming an exact mental picture of the appearance of the rocks because of the very meagre information usually given as to the coarseness or fineness of their texture. The following simple method would, I believe, to a great extent obviate the difficulty now experienced in giving such information.
I.—Preliminary Note on a New Specimen of Squatina from the Lithographic Stone of Nusplingen, Würtemberg
Authors: Woodward Arthur Smith
Published: May 2009

Several specimens of extinct species of the angel-fish or monk-fish (Squatina) are already known from the Lithographic Stone (Lower Kimmeridgian) of Bavaria, Würtemberg, and France; and some of these are in an admirable state of preservation. Two forms are clearly distinguishable—the one a small fish not more than 0·15 m.inlength, with a dense armour of rounded dermal tubercles on the anterior border of the head and each of the paired fins, and upon the lateral aspect of the tail; the other a comparatively large fish, attaining a length of at least a metre, without any similar development of the dermal tubercles, either in the regions mentioned or on any other part of the body.
II.—On some Triassic (?) Estheriæ from the Red Beds or Cimorron Series or Kansas
Authors: Jones T. Rupert
Published: May 2009

Professor Charles S. Prosser Geological Department, JL Union College, Schenectady, N.Y., having sent me some specimens of Estheria found in the Red Beds or Cimorron Series of Kansas, with the request that I would determine the species, my notes on them are here offered to the GeologicalMagazine, in which other fossil Estheriæ from North America have been illustrated and described.
V.—On the Graptolite Family Dichograptidæ, Lapw
Authors: Herrmann Otto
Published: May 2009

Hydrosoma bilaterally developed. Branches regular, always furnished only with a single series of hydrothecæ (Monoprionidian). Hydrothecæ rectangular, touching one another, their inferior margin slightly curved. Sicula generally persistent; its free, pointed, downwardly directed end at the proximal extremity of the hydrosoma.

In 1851 M Coy (Brit. Pal. Foss. p. 9) proposed the generic name Didymograptus for two-branched species with one row of cells “sometimes on the inner, sometimes on the outer side of the branches.” Nearly at the same time Geinitz established his genus Cladograptus to include all two-armed or furcate Graptolites.
IV.—The Lower Lias of Leicestershire
Authors: Quilter H. E.
Published: May 2009

The Lower Lias in Leicestershire commences with clays and limestones (Strenshain Series), succeeded by clays and shales. In its palasontological characters, as well as in its petrological features, it agrees in the main with the Lias of contiguous districts. The following life-zones are apparently represented, viz. zones of Ammonites planorbis, angulatus, Bucklandi, semicostatus, oxynotus, armatus, Jamesoni and capricornus.
II.—Notes on a Collection of Fossil Fish-Remains from the Mountain Limestone of Derbyshire
Authors: Davis James W.
Published: May 2009

I am indebted to Thos. Parker, Esq., of Oldham, for the opportunity he has afforded me of examining his large collection of fish-remains from the Carboniferous Limestone of Derbyshire. The specimens have been obtained from quarries near Chapel-en-le-Frith, in the N.W. of the county. They are for the most part in a beautiful state of preservation, though some of the more fragile specimens are only obtained with the most careful manipulation on account of their liability to fracture. The fossils are creamy-white in a light-coloured crystalline limestone matrix.
I.—On Marekanite and its Allies
Authors: Judd John W.
Published: May 2009

In almost every collection of minerals there may be found specimens of the curious little glassy balls, which, from the locality of their occurrence—the great Marekanka, near Okhotsk in Siberia—have received the name of Marekanile. These glassy balls are more or less perfectly rounded in form, they vary in their colour, through different shades of smoke-grey to orange-brown, while in size they range from the dimensions of a pea to those of a walnut. Most mineralogical treatises still continue to recognize Marekanite as a mineral, and class it either as a variety of Obsidian or of Pearlstone.

While totally disallowing the claim of Marekanite to rank as a mineral-species or even variety—the petrographer recognizes in this substance a type of rock, which proves to be by no means devoid of interest, when its properties are carefully studied, nor destitute of suggestiveness, when its mode of occurrence is thoughtfully considered.
IV.—On the District of the Ancient Glaciers of the Isar and of the Linth
Authors: Heim Albert , Penck Albrecht
Published: May 2009

In order to interchange our views, and arrive at a common understanding on the question of the connection of glaciers with the formation of lakes, we undertook a joint excursion in Upper Bavaria, in the district of the Ammer Lake, Wuerm Lake, Staffel Lake, and Eieg Lake, and later, in the month of September, we visited together the shores of the Lake of Zurich, partly accompanied by Dr. K. I. V. Steenstrup, of Copenhagen, Dr. A. Wettstein and Dr. E. Brueckner, of Hamburg. We have drawn up a short protocol, both on the facts observed and of our views respecting them, which we here propose to communicate.
IV.—On the Tunnel Section Near Honiton, Devon
Authors: Dowes W.
Published: May 2009

The writer has for some time hesitated to seek in the pages of the Geological Magazine a publication of his-experiences upon the above subject. He fell last year into a grievous mistake with regard to it, and suffered that mistake to be published in the “Transactions of the Devonshire Association for the Promotion of Science, Literature, and Art.” It will be his duty, when the opportunity comes round (as shortly it will), to call attention to that mistake in the pages of the same periodical. In the meantime he thinks that the subject, and even the mistake associated with it, may be of something more than local interest. At least the recantation of a published error cannot be too widely circulated.
II.—Physiographioal Studies in Lakeland
Authors: Marr J. E.
Published: May 2009

To the west of the London and North-Western Eailway, after it has surmounted the incline of Shap Fells, lies the valley of the Eiver Lowther, which eventually flows into the Eamont, whichinturn drains into the Eden. The Lowther, flowing in a general northerly direction, receives the drainage of three important streams, coming from the south-west. The first of these flows through the valley of Wet Sleddale, just north of the Fells, which exhibit the exposures of the Shap Granite. It is lettered W.S.inFig. 1. The second, Swindale (S. Fig. 1), the subject of this paper, joins the Lowther stream at Kossgill Hamlet, about two miles north of Shap Village, whilst the third, Haweswater Beck (H.B. Fig. 1), flows out of Haweswater (H. Fig. 1) and joins the Lowther at Bampton.

Proceeding up Swindale from Eossgill, we follow the road over Eossgill Moor, a barren tract of country occupied by Skiddaw Slates, to Swindale Foot, near which the Borrowdale Volcanic Group appears, and causes the fine cliff scenery which marks the upper part of Swindale.
III.—On the British Earthquakes of 1891
Authors: Davison Chakles
Published: May 2009

Compared with that of the year before, the British seismic record for 1891 is somewhat meagre. It includes a slight earthquake felt in North Cornwall on March 26, several at Invergarry, Ardochy, and Loch-hourn Head in Inverness-shire; and one other, believed to be that of an earthquake, at Bournemouth on October 25. The remarkable series of earthquakes felt between November 15 and December 14, 1890, in the district round Inverness seems to have ended at the latter date; for Mr. J. Birnie, a very careful observer residing at Balnafettack, informs me that he has felt none during the past year; and his evidence is especially valuable, since the epicentra of nearly all the shocks must have been close to that village.
III.—An Irish Augitite
Authors: Hobson Bernard
Published: May 2009

When writing my paper “On the Igneous Rocks of the South of the Isle of Man,” I was led to compare a Manx melaphyre, from Scarlet Point, with a rock described by Prof. E. Hull as a melaphyre, occurring at Ballytrasna, near Limerick, and belonging to the “Upper Trap-band,” a little below the basal shales of the Coal-measures. Through the kindness of Prof. Hull, a chip of the rock was sent to me by the Irish Geological Survey. The specimen was black and basaltic-looking. I did not obtain satisfactory sections of it in time for my paper, but have since had excellent ones made. On examining them I was immediately struck by the resemblance of the rock to the augitite of Paschkapole, between Velmin and Boreslau, in Bohemia, with a section of which I compared it. Professor Hull describes the rock of Ballytrasna as containing “numerous large crystals and groups of banded felspar”; but I failed to find a single felspar in four sections, nor did I observe any in Allport's section, No. 1902, from the same locality, which agrees with my sections.
V.—On the Occurrence of a Black Limestone in the Strata of the Maltese Islands
Authors: Cooke John H.
Published: May 2009

While engaged in the examination of the superficial deposits of the Maltese Islands, I have often met with rounded pebbles and angular fragments of a black, crystalline limestone, either lying on the rock surfaces, or embedded in the Quaternary formations.

The late Professor Leith Adams drew attention to the same fact as long ago as 1867, and in a paper which was published in the Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. he expressed an opinion that the fragments which he had seen lying on the surfaces of the sides and summits of the Gozitan Hills, belonged to a formation that was of a much later age than any of the rocks that are now to be found in situ in the islands.

Dr. John Murray, too, notes in his brochure on the Maltese Islands the occurrence of similar fragments in the neighbourhood of Marsa Scirocco, and he further adds that no evidences of the rock having been found in situ in the islands had hitherto been recorded. The remarks of these gentlemen led me to consider the matter attentively, and I have, during the last year, been carrying on investigations with the object of discovering the origin of the black marble, the result of which has been to show that it is but a variety of the Lower Coralline Limestone, the basement bed of the Maltese series, and that it occurs extensively in situ in that formation.
VI.—The Discovery of Terebratulina Substriata, Schlotheim, in Yorkshire
Authors: Walker John Francis
Published: May 2009

Several years ago Mr. W. H. Hudleston, Prof. J. F. Blake and myself obtained large quantities of Waldheimia (Zeilleria) Hudlestoni, Walker, from the quarry on the Suffield Heights near Scarborough. I had separated several specimens which appeared to differ from the typical form; on rearranging my collection, I carefully examined them, and found that they were covered with fine strise and also had the characteristic form of the genus TerebratuUna.

The bed in which they occur is described by Hudleston and Blake, Q.J.G.S. vol. xxxiii. p. 331. This quarry has been long noted for the quantity of small sponges, Spongia floriceps, Spongia corallina, etc., which it contains. It is to be noticed that Quenstedt “die Brachiopoden,” p. 224, states that this brachiopod appears to prefer exclusively a spongy layer as its dwelling place.
II.—American “Surface Geology,” and its Relation to British. With some Remarks on the Glacial Conditions in Britain, especially in Reference to the “Great Ice Age” of Mr. James Geikie
Authors: Wood Searles V.
Published: May 2009

I have, in the foregoing, endeavoured to set out the general conditions under which that one principal Glacial deposit of England which I term “Upper Glacial” was accumulated, according to the views to which I have been led by several years' active examination of the area occupied by it, and a still longer study of the phenomena observed. They differ materially in many respects from the views urged by Mr. Jas. Geikie in his “Great Ice Age,” and continued observation will help to determine which can best be reconciled with the facts; but before leaving the subject of this formation, I must observe that the diagram and description by Mr. Skertchly of the manner in which Lincolnshire was glaciated, as imported by Mr. Geikie into his book, conveys what I regard as an erroneous view.
III.—Across Europe and Asia.—Travelling Notes
Authors: Milne John
Published: May 2009

About 5–30 p.m. on Thursday, 13th November, I said good-bye to Lake Baikal, and branched off upon a road to the right leading to Cabansk. Along this road, which was a very bad one, there was an apparently untouched forest of birch and pine, with here and there a clump of aspen. For some distance upon my left extended a wide lake, which joined the Baikal. After much reckless driving across wide trackless plains, through gaps in ridges, snow drifts and clumps of trees, with a wild and drunken coachman, at half-past eight I found myself at the post station of Cabansk. After a windy and bitterly cold night, I was next morning at the station of Palavinsaya, the country round which is hilly and pretty. The next station was situated in a plain between sloping hills and isolated peaks. These hills being without wood, the country had an open appearance. As I went on, the snow, which I had been told in Irkutsk would be continuous as far as Kiachta, grew less and less, and at the station where I next changed horses, I had to abandon the sledge I had purchased and hire a carriage. Although the roads were now tolerably free from snow, the surrounding hills were still white with it. The next morning I passed the station of Povorotnaya. The soil now became sandy, and the only trees were pines. The way in which these were dotted about in clumps gave a park-like aspect to the district.
IV.—Note on Penæus Sharpii, a Macrurous Decapod Crustacean, from the Upper Lias, Kingsthorpe, near Northampton
Authors: Woodward Henry
Published: May 2009

In a paper on the Lias of Ilminster, by my friend Mr. Charles Moore, F.G.S., communicated to the Somerset Natural History Society, and published in their Proceedings (1865–6, vol. xiii. p. 72), I gave a list of the Crustacea submitted to me for examination by Mr. Moore, among which was a species belonging to the genus Penæus, referred by me to P. latipes, Oppel, from the Upper and Middle Lias of Ilminster.
V.—On Linnarsson's Recent Discoveries in Swedish Geology
Authors: Lapworth Chas.
Published: May 2009

In the present communication I propose to direct the attention of British Geologists to three most valuable memoirs recently published by Mr. G. Linnarsson, the eminent palæontologist of the Geological Survey of Sweden; and at the same time to point out, as briefly as may be, what appears to me to be their special bearing upon certain tentative or disputed points in British Geology. They treat of subjects of great interest to the student of the palæontogeology of the Lower Palæeozoic or Proterozoic Rocks; but are printed in the Swedish language, with which, unfortunately, few amongst us are familiar. The first two papers deal with the Graptolite-bearing rocks of Sweden; the third treats of the peculiar fauna of a recently-detected horizon in the prolific Paradoxidian or Primordial Zone.