bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
KELOMPOK 2
Authors: rangkuti Nur sakinah , nurliah lia fuzi , sipahutar linni sri gusti , hasibuan nirwana
Published: May 2019

BAB I PENDAHULUAN A. Latar Belakang Masalah Mata pelajaran pendidikan kewarganegaraan adalah mata pelajaran yang mengalami perubahan nama dengan sangat cepat karena mata pelajaran ini rentan terhadap perubahan politik, namun ironisnya nama berubah berkali-kali, tetapi secara umum serta pendekatan cara penyampaiannya kebanyakan tidak berubah. Dari sisi isi misalnya, lebih menekankan pengetahuan untuk di hafal dan bukan materi pembelajaran yang mendorong berpikir apalagi berpikir kritis siswa. Dari segi pendekatan yang lebih ditonjolkan adalah pendekatan politis dan kekuasaan. Dari segi pembelajaran atau sistem penyampaiannya lebih menekankan pada pembelajaran satu arah dengan dominasi guru yang lebih menonjol sehingga hasilnya sudah dapat diduga, yaitu verbalisme yang selama ini sudah dianggap sangat melekat pada pendidikan umumnya di Indonesia.Untuk dapat mengatasi hal itulah kiranya dibutuhkan perubahan-perubahan dalam pendidikan kewarganegaraan paling tidak untuk ketiga aspek tersebut. Mulai terkikisnya moral anak bangsa pada zaman sekarang ini, merupakan sebuah teguran cukup keras bagi semua kalangan umum dan bagi pendidik khususnya.Dalam mengatasi hal ini pendidik harus bisa mengintegrasikan setiap mata pelajaran menjadi pendidikan yang berkarakter baik secara langsung maupun tidak langsung.Termasuk dalam matapelajaran Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan yang mengajarkan untuk berperilaku sesuai norma-norma yang ada. Oleh karena itu, melalui tugas mata kuliah Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan Sekolah Dasar kami ingin membahas lebih dalam mengenai hakikat, karakteristik, tujuan, dan ruang lingkup Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan.
ILMU SOSIAL DASAR
Authors: Sulfemi Wahyu Bagja
Published: May 2019

Mata kuliah Ilmu Sosial Dasar adalah salah satu dari mata kuliah kelompok Matakuliah Berkehidupan Bermasyarakat (MBB) di perguruan tinggi. Matakuliah ISD mengetengahkan pengetahuan dasar tentang konsep-konsep manusia, konsep-konsep kebudayaan, konsep-konsep sosiologi, konsep-konsep nilai, moral, dan hukum, dan konsep-konsep sains, teknoloi, seni, dan lingkungan
Ilmu Sosial Dasar
Authors: Sulfemi Wahyu Bagja
Published: May 2019

Mata kuliah Ilmu Sosial Dasar adalah salah satu dari mata kuliah kelompok Matakuliah Berkehidupan Bermasyarakat (MBB) di perguruan tinggi. Matakuliah ISD mengetengahkan pengetahuan dasar tentang konsep-konsep manusia, konsep-konsep kebudayaan, konsep-konsep sosiologi, konsep-konsep nilai, moral, dan hukum, dan konsep-konsep sains, teknoloi, seni, dan lingkungan, Buku I ini berisikan Analisis Pembelajaran, Silabus, RPP, Rancangan Tugas, Penilaian Tugas, Kontrak Pembelajaran, Rencana Evaluasi Proses, dan PembelajaranSetelah membaca buku ini mahasiswa dapat menjelaskan konsep-konsep social dan budaya dasar
Exploring the Past, Present, and Future of Forensic Linguistics Study: A Brief Overview
Authors: Derin Tatum , Hamuddin Budianto
Published: May 2019

Post-print of The First Conference of Indonesian Community for Forensic Linguistics (KLFI-1)What marked forensic linguistics as unique is its young age compared to other disciplines. Here we review and collected 88 articles that strongly related to Forensic Linguistic (FL) from time to time. These articles help to reveal from its conceptualisation in 1968 to its fame in 1988, how it responds to the great diversity of people, and what form it may take in the future. A literature-based analysis as library research in nature helps in defining the FL issue and manage to see in the early stages was merely concerned about the use of language in legal cases. As society continues to change, FL has linked with so many other disciplines besides law. Therefore the definition of this discipline may also transform. Presently, FL no longer limits itself to the particular social setting of a courtroom but could be applied to the virtual world or cyberspace influences users negatively and dynamically developed. There is a line of proof that FL will be used to prevent and predict the social settings between citizens who could easily be not law-abiding as they seem. Shortly, the use of FL will be much more accessible to individuals through artificial intelligence (AI). Moreover, individuals will no longer need to hire experts and be able to use FL with freely available artificial intelligence (AI).
Marsel Abur
Authors: abur marsel
Published: May 2019

Marselinusabur17051997
Model pengembangan ekonomi lokal (PEL) berbasis produktivitas kopi arabika spesialti di Kabupaten Simalungun
Authors: Saragih Jef Rudiantho
Published: May 2019

Specialty arabica coffee productivity could be improved by land extensification, optimizing the use of family labor, increase cost of organic and chemicals fertilizer, land use (intercropping and/or multistrata), increase in the price of parchment, increase in premium coffee prices, increase in liquidity of financial of household farmer, an increase in the practice of coffee pruning, and control of coffee berry borer (CBB). The application of good agriculture practices (GAPs) can increase the quality of the coffee produced in the Simalungun highlands. Increased productivity and quality is very prospective in the LED based on specialty coffee, mainly farmers' net income and local employment indicator. As the acceleration factors to increase productivity and quality of specialty arabica coffee is necessary: (1) re-mapping the areas of unique production, including the revision of Kepmenhut 44/2005; and (2) introduce and implementation of selected development programs at the farm and the regional level. Specialty arabica coffee contributed by 3.27%; 5.99%; and 13.17o% in the regional income of Simalungun District, agriculture sector, and estate crop subsector, respectively. Base on indicators of absorption of local labor, specialty arabica coffee is able to contribute about 8.29,%; 14,47%; and 24,86%o in the total workforce, agriculture sector, and estates crop subsector. Specialty arabica coffee farm able to give a US$2.05 per capita per day, so it is able to reduce the poverty level in the rural region. It is recommended that the Simalungun local government adopt the model of LED specialty arabica coffee commodity-based.
Studi Analisis mengenai Pertalian Struktur Amsal 10:1-5 sebagai Peran Orang Tua dalam Pembentukan Karakter Anak
Authors: Sualang Farel Yosua
Published: May 2019

This article discusses the analysis of the structural strings in Proverbs 10: 1-5 as the role of parents in the formation of children's character. The purpose of this article is to interpret Proverbs 10: 1-5 and give attention to the bridge of the context of Proverbs 1-9 about the role of parents in forming a child's character. The author uses Wisdom Genre Hermeneutics as a procedure in research, so found 4 major conclusions in making this scientific work. First, the character formation of a child always begins with the role of parents in providing the educational process. The key to affinity Structure Proverbs 10: 1-5 which provides a transition / hinge in the fundamentals of wisdom Proverbs 1-9, giving the author directions that the results of the quality of the wise child cannot be separated from the education of parents. This needs to be known where the process of education in the family also continues to apply in the midst of the life of the Israelites, even in the royal period, especially in the time of his own exile. Second, the role of parents in education seems to be carried out in a balanced manner, namely father and mother. Proverbs 10: 1 explains that the character quality of a child will have consequences for the judgment of a father and mother. The teacher of wisdom is not only to a father, but also to a mother. Therefore, education in the family is carried out by a team, namely father and mother (see Context Proverbs 4: 1; 6:20; etc.). Third, the writer of Proverbs teaches that a child can have wise character qualities. The wise character quality of children is obtained from parental education. Through the study of the author in Proverbs 10: 1-5, wise children are educated in moral teachings that are based on the teachings of God (Old Testament context). In addition, the educational process is also based on good experience of the life of a father and mother, so that a child can imitate the habits / good qualities of his parents, moreover the wise nature emphasized in Proverbs 10: 1-5 is the nature of honesty (v. 3) and perseverance (vv. 4-5) as an identity of a minded person. And fourth, the action or character shown to a child can be an evaluation for parents of the teachings of wisdom that have been conveyed (Band. Teachings of wisdom in Proverbs 10: 1), so that in the future they can teach again the teachings of wisdom for a person children, so that one day they can become wise children.
ANALISIS PEMBUATAN SIMULASI 3D VIRTUAL REALITY SEBAGAI MEDIA TERAPI ACHROPOBIA
Authors: Tsani Astri Tania
Published: May 2019

Acrophobia merupakan salah satu jenis phobia yang paling umum. Acrophobia adalah rasatakut yang tidak masuk akal yang membuat individu merasakan kegelisahan, ketegangan, dan rasa tidaknyaman ketika berada pada ketinggian. Hal itu membuat para penderita acrophobia tidak dapatmenjelajah tempat yang tinggi. Untuk menyembuhkan phobia tersebut dibutuhkan terapi ke psikiater.Dalam teknik terapi, ada yang dinamakan flooding, yaitu sebuah teknik behavioral yang menghadirkansecara langsung stimulus atau sumber ketakutan yang menyebabkan seseorang mengalami ketakutansampai penderita tidak merasa cemas dan akan belajar menghadapi ketakutannya sendiri. Teknikflooding ini sangat berbahaya bagi penderita acrophobia. Teknologi Virtual Reality telah digunakanuntuk menangani penderita acrophobia, tetapi teknologi yang ada masih mahal. Oleh karena itudiperlukan sebuah teknologi yang murah agar para penderita acrophobia dapat melakukan terapi denganaman. Dengan menggunakan Multimedia Development Life Cycle sebagai metode pengembangannya,Unity, dan aplikasi berbasis Android dapat mengatasi masalah tersebut.
Implementasi Supervisi Pendidikan
Authors: hidayat rahmat , Afriansyah Hade
Published: May 2019

Educational supervision is defined as the process of providing professional assistance services to teachers to improve their ability to carry out the tasks of managing the learning process effectively and efficiently. The purpose of supervision of education is to assess and improve the factors that influence the learning process and improve the quality of learning so as to create graduates who are good in quality and quantity. The purpose of supervising education is an effort to improve the quality of learning by providing services and assistance to improve the quality of teaching teachers in the classroom so as to help teachers develop professions, personal and help principals adjust educational programs in accordance with community conditions the procurement of inappropriate supervisors, supervisor creativity is still low, as well as facilities that support uneven learning.
ISKO 2019 Barcelona Resumen final
Authors: Barité Mario
Published: May 2019

Todos los recursos de información con valor patrimonial, de identidad y memoria social están impregnados de referencias culturales, lo que hace impacto en la gestión cultural y patrimonial en bibliotecas, archivos, y museos. Los sistemas de organización del conocimiento intentan representar el mapa de las disciplinas con objetividad y neutralidad, pero están condicionados histórica y culturalmente. La garantía cultural busca interpretar y reorientar estas cuestiones a partir de aproximaciones teóricas y metodológicas. Se señalan cuatro elementos teóricos relevantes, y distintas soluciones metodológicas cualitativas que se han promovido para resolver problemas de representación temática vinculados al enfoque cultural. Entre otras conclusiones, se señala que la implantación de una perspectiva cultural para la Organización del Conocimiento implica analizar las maneras en que los usuarios se relacionan con los términos de indización, pues todas esas maneras involucran sus bagajes culturales individuales, y sus formas de entender la realidad y asimilar el conocimiento establecido.
Primer registro del género Panochthus Burmeister 1886 (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Glyptodontidae) para la provincia de Salta, Argentina
Authors: Dante Pedro
Published: May 2019

First record of genus Panochthus Burmeister, 1886 for Salta, Argentina
Effectiveness of psychological interventions to improve emotion regulation in youth - a meta-analysis
Authors: Moltrecht Bettina , Deighton Jessica , Patalay Praveetha , Childs Julian
Published: May 2019

Background: Research investigating the role of emotion regulation (ER) in the development and treatment of psychopathology has increased in recent years. Evidence suggests that an increased focus on ER in treatment can improve existing interventions. Most ER research has neglected young people, therefore the present meta-analysis summarizes the evidence for existing psychosocial intervention and their effectiveness to improve ER in youth. Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines. Twenty-one randomized-control-trials (RCTs) assessed changes in ER following a psychological intervention in youth exhibiting various psychopathological symptoms.Results: We found moderate effect sizes for current interventions to decrease emotion dysregulation in youth (g=-.46) and small effect sizes to improve emotion regulation (g=0.36). Significant differences between studies including intervention components, ER measures and populations studied resulted in large heterogeneity. Conclusion: This is the first meta-analysis that summarizes the effectiveness for existing interventions to improve ER in youth. The results suggest that interventions can enhance ER in youth, and that these improvements correlate with improvements in psychopathology. More RCTs including larger sample sizes, different age groups and psychopathologies are needed to increase our understanding of what works for who and when.
Meta-analysis of lagged regression models: A continuous-time approach
Authors: Kuiper Rebecca M. , Ryan Oisín
Published: May 2019

In science, the gold standard for evidence is an empirical result which is consistent across multiple studies. Meta-analysis techniques allow researchers to combine the results of different studies. Lagged effects models based on longitudinal data are increasingly the target for meta-analysis: However, in current practice, little attention is paid to the unique challenges of meta-analyzing these lagged effects. Namely, it is well-known that lagged effects estimates change depending on the time that elapses between measurement waves. This means that studies that use different uniform time intervals between observations (e.g., 1 hour vs 3 hours or 1 month vs 2 months) can come to very different parameter estimates, and seemingly contradictory conclusions, about the same underlying process. In this article, we introduce, describe, and illustrate a new meta-analysis method (CTmeta) which assumes an underlying continuous-time process, thereby offering a potential solution to the time-interval problem. We illustrate this method and compare it with the current best-practice in dealing with time-interval dependency in the meta-analysis literature.
Please Empathize! Instructions to empathize strengthen response facilitation after pain observation
Authors: Galang Carl Michael Orquiola , Obhi Sukhvinder S.
Published: May 2019

Recent research has shown that observing others in pain leads to a general facilitation of reaction times. The current study sheds further light on the relationship between pain observation and reaction time by exploring how bottom-up processes, in the form of perceived pain intensity, and top-down processes, in the form of explicit instructions to empathize, influence response facilitation after pain observation. Participants watched videos of a hand getting pierced by a needle or touched by a Q-tip. To manipulate bottom-up information, participants saw videos depicting either deep or shallow insertion of the needle. To investigate potential top-down modulation, half the participants were explicitly requested to empathize with the person in the video, while the other half were told to simply watch and attend to the video. Results from two experiments corroborate previous results showing response facilitation after pain observation. Critically, experiment 2 provides robust evidence that explicit instructions to empathize with a person in pain strengthen response facilitation. We discuss these results considering social cognitive neuroscience and experimental psychology studies of empathy and pain observation.
Do Moral Judgements Motivate Free Will Belief?
Authors: Monroe Andrew Elliott , Ysidron Dominic
Published: May 2019

Free will is often appraised as a necessary input to for holding others morally or legally responsible for misdeeds. Recently, however, Clark and colleagues (2014), argued for the opposite causal relationship. They assert that moral judgments and the desire to punish motivate people’s belief in free will. In three experiments—two exact replications (Studies 1 & 2b) and one close replication (Study 2a) we seek to replicate these findings. Additionally, in a novel experiment (Study 3) we test a theoretical challenge derived from attribution theory, which suggests that immoral behaviors do not uniquely influence free will judgments. Instead, our nonviolation model argues that norm deviations, of any kind—good, bad, or strange—cause people to attribute more free will to agents, and attributions of free will are explained via desire inferences. Across replication experiments we found no evidence for the original claim that witnessing immoral behavior causes people to increase their belief in free will, though we did replicate the finding that people attribute more free will to agents who behave immorally compared to a neutral control (Studies 2a & 3). Finally, our novel experiment demonstrated broad support for our norm-violation account, suggesting that people’s willingness to attribute free will to others is malleable, but not because people are motivated to blame. Instead, this experiment shows that attributions of free will are best explained by people’s expectations for norm adherence, and when these expectations are violated people infer that an agent expressed their free will to do so.
Brief Report: A Contemplative Biofeedback Intervention for Adults with ASD: Feasibility of a Community-Based Treatment
Authors: Brezis Rachel S. , Levin Amitai , Oded Yuval , Zahavi Opher , Levit-Binnun Nava
Published: May 2019

Background: As the number of adults living with ASD continues to grow, a lack of resources and lack of available interventions exacerbate their low quality of life, including low levels of education and employment, and high levels of co-morbid anxiety and depression. Here we build upon existing research showing the effectiveness of contemplative interventions on individuals with ASD, to provide a low-cost biofeedback-enhanced training which can be implemented by non-professional staff, and may help autistic individuals grasp abstract contemplative techniques. We hypothesize that the intervention will decrease participants’ anxiety and autism symptoms, and increase their self-awareness, self-determination, and empathy.Method: Fourteen adults with ASD, residing in assisted living, were provided with 16 weekly half-hour contemplative-biofeedback sessions with non-professional trainers, in which they learned to reduce their arousal levels through combined biofeedback and contemplative techniques, and apply those to everyday life. Quantitative and qualitative data was collected pre- and post-intervention, to determine changes in participants’ self-awareness, self-determination, anxiety, autism symptoms, and empathy. Results: Participants were capable of successfully improving their physiological arousal levels on the biofeedback setup, and we found initial indications for gains in all hypothesized domains on the quantitative measures. Qualitative reports by participants and counselors revealed that participants applied the techniques in many real-life situations, and these had far-ranging effects on their emotional regulation, work and social motivation, and self-determination.Conclusions: The study provides proof-of-concept for a low-cost, community-based intervention which can ameliorate the lives of adults with ASD.
Why still marry? The role of feelings in the persistence of marriage as an institution
Authors: Billari Francesco Candeloro , Liefbroer Aart C.
Published: May 2019

Despite cohabitation becoming increasingly equivalent to marriage in some of the most ‘advanced’ Western European societies, the vast majority of people still marry. Why so? Existing theories, mostly based on various approaches tied to cognitive decision‐making, do not provide a sufficient explanation of the persistence of marriage. In this article, we argue that feelings attached to marriage, i.e. the affective evaluation of those involved in a partner relationship concerning marriage as opposed to cohabitation, explain the persistent importance of marriage as an institution. We argue that socialization, biological and social‐structural factors affect these affective evaluations. We provide a test of our hypotheses using a longitudinal study of young adults in the Netherlands. The results of our analyses are consistent with a central role of feelings in the decision to marry, as well as with a role for key moderating factors such as gender.
Desarrollo de Sistema Portable para al Medición del Gasto Energético
Authors: Urrego-Higuita David Alexander
Published: May 2019

Every living system consumes energy for its growth and development processes, in the human being it becomes a research paradigm, where the aim is to determine the interaction of man with his environment and the transformation of the energy coming from food.For your study there are different techniques which differ in their level of specialization, cost and accuracy, these are divided into predictive, estimating and measurement. For this project a system that seeks to determine the energy consumption during different states is developed, due to the variability of conditions in which the study of energy consumption is developed, different techniques are established such as indirect calorimetry and the conditions for the evaluation by means of accelerometers and the study of heart rate, where a record of the related variables is made through a computational applicationFinally, the behavior of the prototype in different resting states is evaluated, as well as the evaluation of the sensors used in indirect calorimetry, where evaluation tests of the gas sensors and calibration protocol for the flow sensor are defined.
Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Desa Sumberdadi dengan Pelatihan Hidroponik dan Pupuk Organik
Authors: Nugraha Aldila Wanda
Published: May 2019

Pertanian  merupakan  potensi yang ada di Desa Sumberdadi. Mitra sasaran di Desa Sumberdadi adalah warga usia produktif  yang kurang memanfaatkan manajemen waktu dengan optimal.  Pemberdayaan masyarakat di Desa Sumberdadi Kecamatan Sumbergempol Tulungagung ini dilatarbelakangi masalah warga usia kerja yaitu waktu luang yang kurang produktif, rendahnya pemanfaatan lahan pekarangan sempit di rumah waga mitra, pengetahuan yang rendah tentang pola tanam hidroponik, serta minimnya pengetahuan mitra sasaran tentang produksi pupuk organik. Pemberdayaan masyarakat ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan ketrampilan, pengetahuan serta produktivitas produk hidroponik dan pupuk organik. Target luaran dalam kegiatan ini adalah (1) meningkatnya pengetahuan dan ketrampilan, kesadaran serta memotivasi mitra sasaran khususnya kelompok ibu-ibu dalam pemanfaatan lahan  kosong/ pekarangan sebagai sumber pangan/ketahanan pangan dan sumber alternatif pendapatan keluarga; (2) instalasi teknik hidroponik sederhana dan pemeliharaannya yang dapat diterapkan oleh masyarakat; dan (3) mampu memproduksi pupuk organik untuk tanaman, khususnya hidroponik dan tanaman dengan metode konvensional lain. Metode partisipatif digunakan untuk melibatkan mitra secara aktif dalam pelaksanaan penerapan teknik hidroponik dan produksi pupuk organik. Hasil kegiatan yang sudah dilaksanakan antara lain, introduksi metode dan teknik instalasi hidroponik, pengetahuan alat dan bahan, dan cara produksi pupuk organik serta aplikasinya. Program pengabdian masyarakat yang sudah dilaksanakan ini membantu mitra sasaran dalam menyelesaikan permasalahan dan meningkatkan produktivitas mitra sasaran.
An In Vitro Study to elucidate the Effects of Artemisia afra, Aspalathus linearis (rooibos) and SeptilinTM on Immune Pathways
Authors: Hoosen Mujeeb , Pool Edmund John
Published: May 2019

Objective: Herbal immunomodulatory preparations are increasing in popularity. In vitro, in vivo and clinical trial studies are needed to ensure safety, quality and efficacy of these herbal medicines. SeptilinTM, a proprietary herbal medicinal product has been reported to have immunomodulatory effects. Aspalathus linearis (rooibos) is a commercialised South African (SA) tea recognised for its phytopharmaceutical potential. Artemisia afra is a well known SA herbal medicine used for various inflammatory conditions. This study assessed the effects of Artemisia afra, Aspalathus linearis (rooibos) and SeptilinTM on inflammatory biomarkers using RAW 264.7 cells, a murine macrophage cell line.Materials and Methods: RAW 264.7 cells and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) activated RAW 264.7 cells were treated with various concentrations of the above mentioned samples after which the culture supernatants were assayed for specific inflammatory biomarkers namely, IL-6 and nitric oxide (NO).Results: Artemisia afra, Aspalathus linearis (rooibos) and SeptilinTM were shown to be non-cytotoxic on unstimulated RAW 264.7 cells across all concentrations tested (31-1000μg/ml). Addition of Aspalathus linearis (rooibos) to unstimulated RAW 264.7 cells significantly up regulated (P<0.001) NO and IL-6 production at concentrations of 500μg/ml and 1000μg/ml when compared to the control, whilst SeptilinTM and Artemisia afra had no effect. Artemisia afra and Aspalathus linearis (rooibos) were shown to be noncytotoxic on stimulated RAW 264.7 cells across all concentrations tested (31-1000μg/ml). However, SeptilinTM significantly (P<0.001) decreased metabolic activity at the highest concentration tested (1000μg/ml). Addition of Artemisia afra to stimulated RAW 264.7 cells significantly down regulated (P<0.001) NO and IL-6 production when compared to the control. Aspalathus linearis (rooibos) and SeptilinTM samples had no effect on the synthesis of NO and IL-6 in stimulated RAW 264.7 cells when compared to the controls.Conclusion: Artemisia afra has anti-inflammatory effects while Aspalathus linearis (rooibos) up regulated the immune system. This study also shows that SeptilinTM had no effects on RAW 264.7 cells.International Journal of Human and Health Sciences Vol. 03 No. 03 July’19. Page: 134-145
Management of Sub-gingival Fracture of Tooth by Multi-disciplinary Approach
Authors: Khan Atiquzzaman , Chowdhury Shirin Sultana , Ahmed Rubaba , Rahman Mirza Md Arifur , Quader SMA
Published: May 2019

Dental trauma is commonly occur in children and may involve adult person also. In permanent dentition crown fracture is common and it may be uncomplicated or complicated. Complicated crown-root fractures require a multidisciplinary treatment modality for longterm success. Here we presented multidisciplinary treatment of a traumatized permanent maxillary incisor of a young male patient where oblique tooth fracture involved coronal pulp. As more than 50% of the crown and palatal coronal part of the root had been fractured and the tooth could not be properly isolated during endodontic procedure which is essential for success of root canal treatment. An intra-canal wire hook was cemented in the root canal and attached to another wire fixed to the adjacent teeth. With the help of elastic band attached with hook the fractured tooth fragment was extruded to create clinical crown. Finally, gingival re-contouring was performed to establish optimum biological width. At last, porcelain fused to metal crown was placed and the patient was comfortable both esthetically and functionally.International Journal of Human and Health Sciences Vol. 03 No. 03 July’19. Page: 165-168
Double Trouble: Two Scapulothoracic Dissociation in a Single Head-On Collision
Authors: Wui Ng Bing , Long Ong Kean , Safian Mohammad Fittry Bin , Abdul Wahid Abdul Muttalib Bin
Published: May 2019

Scapulothoracic dissociation is a potentially limb-threatening and life-threatening high energy injury. Diagnosis could be obscured due to other associated trauma sustained by the patient. We present a rare case of motor vehicle accident involving 2 motorcyclists who collided onto each other, resulting in both victims sustaining left upper limb scapulothoracic dissociation.International Journal of Human and Health Sciences Vol. 03 No. 03 July’19. Page: 169-171
Analysis of a Helicopter Blade Fatigue Fracture by Digital Fractographic Imaging Analysis
Authors: McSwain R. H. , Gould R. W.
Published: May 2019

A helicopter was hovering approximately 10 ft above a ship when one spar section failed explosively. Visual inspection revealed a crack had progressed through one member of a dual spar plate assembly at a fold pin lug hole. The remaining spar plate carried the blade load until the aircraft was landed. The helicopter main rotor blade spar fracture was analyzed by conventional and advanced computerized fractographic techniques. Digital fractographic Imaging Analysis of theoretical and actual fracture surfaces was applied for automatic detection of fatigue striation spacing. The approach offered a means of quantification of fracture features, providing for objective fractography.
Airplane Fuel Line Support Bracket Failure
Authors: Hutchinson J.W.
Published: May 2019

A single-engine aircraft was climbing to 8000 ft when the engine suddenly lost power. The landing gear was torn off during the emergency landing. During the field investigation, the fuel line was found to be separated from the fuel pump outlet due to a failure of the elbow fitting. A bracket which supports the in-line fuel flow transducer also was found broken. Examination of the elbow fracture revealed characteristics of low-cycle fatigue failure. Examination of the support bracket fractures revealed a high-cycle mode of fatigue failure, with the primary fatigue extending along the full length of the 90 deg bend in the bracket. It was concluded that the failure was caused by an incorrectly-installed support bracket. It was recommended that the installation procedure be clarified.
In-Flight Separation of a Propeller in a Four Engine Aircraft
Authors: Hutchinson J.W.
Published: May 2019

A large four-engine aircraft was on a cargo flight at night when a loud bang was heard, accompanied by a loss of power from both engines on the left side. After an emergency landing, it was discovered that the propellers from both left side engines were missing. The initial investigation determined that the four-bladed propeller from the left inboard engine had separated in flight, subsequently impacting the left outboard engine, causing its propeller to separate also. Three years later, the left inboard propeller hub was recovered. All four blades had separated through the shank area adjacent to the hub. Detailed SEM examination confirmed a fatigue mode of failure in this area with a primary single origin on the inside surface of the shank. The main fatigue origin site was coincident with one of the defects on the inner surface of the blade shank. The most probable source for creating the defects on the ID bore of the shank was the blade tip chrome plating process, which was carried out during the last overhaul prior to the failure.
Damage Assessment in a Kevlar/Polyester Composite Component
Authors: Stumpff P.L.
Published: May 2019

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the cause of the ultrasonic signal attenuation noted during an inspection of a composite aircraft component. Although ultrasonics was able to identify the location of the defective areas, destructive analysis had to be utilized to determine the exact nature of the defect. The investigation describes how cross-sectioning, fractography, and chemical analysis were utilized to determine the type of defect responsible for the signal attenuation.
Use of Electron Fractography to Diagnose Hairline Cracking in an AISI 4340 Main Landing Gear Cylinder
Authors: Scott James A.
Published: May 2019

Ground maintenance personnel discovered hydraulic fluid leaking from two small cracks in a main landing gear cylinder made from AISI 4340 Cr-Mo-Ni alloy steel. Failure of the part had initiated on the ID of the cylinder. Numerous cracks were found under the chromium plate. A 6500x electron fractograph showed cracking was predominantly intergranular with hairline indications. Leaking had occurred only 43 h after overhaul of the part. Total service time on the part was 9488 h. It was concluded that cracking on the ID was caused by hydrogen embrittlement which occurred during or after overhaul. The specific source of hydrogen which produced failure was not ascertainable.
Use of Electron Fractography to Dianose Stress-Corrosion Cracking of an AISI 4340 Nose Landing Gear Cylinder
Authors: Scott James A.
Published: May 2019

A nose landing gear cylinder made from AISI 4340 Ni-Cr-Mo alloy steel was found cracked and leaking, causing partial depressurization. Investigation revealed the crack to be a stress-corrosion type, judging by the 6500x electron fractograph. It had started in a region of concentrated, large non-metallic inclusions near the chromium-plated ID of the cylinder. Also, there were breaks in the chromium plate and pits in the underlying base metal. The cylinder had been in service for 18,017 h, and 5948 h had passed since the first and only overhaul. Substandard plating of the ID at this time ultimately resulted in pitting of the metal. The combination of surface pitting and stress concentration at the nearby inclusions resulted in stress-corrosion cracking.
Uncommon Failures in Aluminum Alloys
Authors: Pellegrini H.V. , Bishop C.M. , Bennett J.M.
Published: May 2019

A longeron assembly constructed of Alclad 2024, some parts being in the T3 condition, others in the T42 condition, failed at a rivet hole. Plastic deformation at the crack site was found, but no plastic deformation was found in similar failed components. It was concluded that the numerous hairline cracks in the Alclad layer adjacent to the main fracture were fatigue cracks. In another case, bonded samples of 2024-T3 sheet were fatigue tested at various stress levels. Failures could be separated into three groups: those that failed in the adhesive bond, those that failed in the base material, and those that exhibited a dual failure. The last category failed in the adhesive bond and also showed a type of pitting on one face of the base material. In a third case, a 2024-T4 extrusion section was found to exhibit blistering after chemical milling. The presence of interconnecting microcracks between adjacent discontinuities supported a hydrogen blistering diagnosis.
Effects of Decarburization in Aircraft Components
Authors: Shah Jivan B.
Published: May 2019

A connecting rod from a failed engine ruptured in fatigue without evidence of excessive stresses, detonation, overheating, or oil starvation. The origin of the fatigue failure was completely mutilated but decarburization was observed. Significant amounts of decarburization (0.010 to 0.015 in.) were found also in other forgings, such as exhaust rocker arms, main rotor drag brace clevises, bolts of carriage diagonal struts, and spring legs of main landing gears. The failure mode was low-stress, high-cycle fatigue involving tension and bending loads. The main cause was a manufacturing deficiency. The usual way to eliminate decarburization is to machine off the soft skin or employ better quality control when making them. Many aircraft manufacturers employ forged parts with machined surfaces or with shot-peened as-forged surfaces without excessive decarburization.
Breakage of Main Undercarriage Axle of Landing Gear System of an Aircraft Under Simulated Testing
Authors: Das A. K. , Thippeswamy B. M. , Prasad J.
Published: May 2019

One main undercarriage axle made of high strength alloy steel was subjected to simulated fatigue test for 6000 h of service. After only 300 h it broke in two along the sharp radius. The fracture revealed a coarse, irregular, and brittle surface before final fracture by thick angular shear lip zone. The presence of micropores in the cleavage facets as well as at the grain boundaries and hairline type crack indications under SEM examination were all suggestive of hydrogen embrittlement. On the basis of investigation results and observations, it was concluded that the transverse breakage of the axle had occurred intergranularly in a brittle manner, possibly, initiated by a shallow zone of fatigue along the sharp radius acting as stress riser.
Analysis of Sub-Critical Cracking in a Ti-5Al-2.5Sn Liquid Hydrogen Control Valve
Authors: Meyn D. A. , Bayles R. A.
Published: May 2019

A liquid hydrogen main fuel control valve for a rocket engine failed by fracture of the Ti-5Al-2.5Sn body during the last of a series of static engine test firings. Fractographic, metallurgical, and stress analyses determined that a combination of fatigue and unexpected aqueous stress-corrosion cracking initiated and propagated the crack which caused failure. The failure analysis approach and its results are described to illustrate how fractography and fracture mechanics, together with a knowledge of the crack initiation and propagation mechanisms of the valve material under various stress states and environments, helped investigators to trace the cause of failure.
Effects of Prior Processing on the Service Life of an 18% Nickel Maraging Steel Helicopter Landing Mount
Authors: Pepi M.S.
Published: May 2019

The US Army Research Laboratory performed a failure investigation on a broken main landing gear mount from an AH-64 Apache attack helicopter. A component had failed in flight, and initially prevented the helicopter from safely landing. In order to avoid a catastrophe, the pilot had to perform a low hover maneuver to the maintenance facility, where ground crews assembled concrete blocks at the appropriate height to allow the aircraft to safely touch down. The failed part was fabricated from maraging 300 grade steel (2,068 MPa [300 ksi] ultimate tensile strength), and was subjected to visual inspection/light optical microscopy, metallography, electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, chemical analysis, and mechanical testing. It was observed that the vacuum cadmium coating adjacent to the fracture plane had worn off and corroded in service, thus allowing pitting corrosion to occur. The failure was hydrogen-assisted and was attributed to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) and/or corrosion fatigue (CF). Contributing to the failure was the fact that the material grain size was approximately double the required size, most likely caused from higher than nominal temperatures during thermal treatment. These large grains offered less resistance to fatigue and SCC. In addition, evidence of titanium-carbo-nitrides was detected at the grain boundaries of this material that was prohibited according to the governing specification. This phase is formed at higher thermal treatment temperatures (consistent with the large grains) and tends to embrittle the alloy. It is possible that this phase may have contributed to the intergranular attack. Recommendations were offered with respect to the use of a dry film lubricant over the cadmium coated region, and the possibility of choosing an alternative material with a lower notch sensitivity. In addition, the temperature at which this alloy is treated must be monitored to prevent coarse grain growth. As a result of this investigation and in an effort to eliminate future failures, ARL assisted in developing a cadmium brush plating procedure, and qualified two Army maintenance facilities for field repair of these components.
Fretting and Corrosion in Aircraft Components
Authors: Shah Jivan B.
Published: May 2019

Fretting and/or fretting corrosion fatigue have been observed on such parts as main rotor counterweight tie rods, fixed-pitch propeller blades, propeller blade clamps, pressure regulator lines, and landing gear support brackets. Microcracks started from severe corrosion pits in a failed control rotor spar tube assembly made of cadmium-plated AISI 4130 Cr-Mo alloy steel. Inadequate design was responsible for the failure. A lower tine of the main rotor blade cuff failed in fatigue. The rotor blade cuff was forged of 2014-T6 aluminum alloy. Initial stages of crack growth displayed features typical of low stress intensity fatigue of aluminum alloys. The fatigue resulted from abnormal fretting owing to inadequate torquing of the main retention bolts. Aircraft maintenance engineers and owners were advised to adhere to specifications when torquing this joint.
Failure Analysis of a Cast Steel Crosshead
Authors: Chaudhari Mohan D.
Published: May 2019

A failed crosshead of an industrial compressor was examined using optical and SEM. The crosshead was an ASTM A148 grade 105-85 steel casting. On the basis of the observations reported and available background information, it was concluded that the failure began with the initiation of cracks at slag inclusions and sharp fillets in weld-repair areas in the casting. The weld-repair procedures were unsatisfactory. The cracks propagated in a fatigue mode. he casting quality was judged unacceptable because of the presence of excessive shrinkage porosity. It was recommended that crosshead castings be properly inspected before machining. Revision of foundry practice to reduce or eliminate porosity was also recommended.
Fracture of 99.90 Pure Tin Tubes
Authors: Dieser Karin
Published: May 2019

Some 99.90 pure tin tubes (0.15 mm thick) used for packaging a chemical compound cracked on bending and underwent brittle fracture prior to filling, while others remained ductile and showed no sign of failure. Examination showed that specimens prepared by mechanical methods such as electrolytic and hand polishing and the vibration method resulted in poor edge and crack edge definition due to material thickness. Etching experiments involved a grain surface attack and hence produced a rather strong surface relief from which the grain boundary cracks could again not clearly be differentiated. The sections were therefore examined unetched in polarized light. The microstructure of the cracked tubes was shown to have much smaller grains than the ductile and showed cracks from the surface down along the grain boundaries. Material hardness also differed between the unusable tubes and the ductile, and chemical analysis showed a higher level of aluminum in the brittle specimens. Failure obviously occurred due to the high material aluminum content that increased hardness which then caused embrittlement at the surface which led to cracks or fracture on bending. Since no explanation of how the aluminum entered the tin was available, no recommendations could be made.
Oxygen-Assisted Chloride Pitting of AISI 321 Stainless Steel
Authors: Kenny Philip J.
Published: May 2019

AISI type 321 stainless steel heat exchanger tubes failed after only three months of service. Macroscopic examination revealed that the leaks were the result of localized pitting attack originating at the water side surfaces of the tubes. Metallographic sections were prepared from both sets of tubes. Microscopic examination revealed that the pits had a small mouth with a large subsurface cavity which is typical of chloride pitting of austenitic stainless steel. However, no pitting was found in other areas of the system, where the chloride content of the process water was higher. This was attributed to the fact that they were downstream from a deaeration unit. It was concluded that the pitting was caused by a synergistic effect of chlorine and oxygen in the make-up water. Because it was not possible to install a deaeration unit upstream of the heat exchangers, it was recommended that a molybdenum-bearing stainless steel such as 316L or 317L be used instead of 321.
Failure Analysis of a Large Blender in a Chemical Plant
Authors: McCowan C.N. , Siewert T.A.
Published: May 2019

On 21 April 1995, the contents of a large blender (6 cu m) reacted and caused an explosion that killed and injured a number of workers at a plant in Lodi, NJ. A mixture of sodium hydrosulfite and aluminum powder was being mixed at the time of the accident. This report focuses on evaluations of the blender to determine if material or mechanical failures were the cause of the accident. The results indicate that the mixing vessel was metallurgically sound and did not contribute to the initiation of the failure. However, the vessel was not designed for mixing chemicals that must be isolated from water and excessive heat. Water leaking into the vessel through a graphite seal may have initiated the reactions that caused the accident.
Cavitation Erosion of a Zirconium Pump Impeller in an Aqueous Hydrochloric Acid Service Environment
Authors: Parrington R.J.
Published: May 2019

Post-service destructive evaluation was performed on two commercially pure zirconium pump impellers. One impeller failed after short service in an aqueous hydrochloric acid environment. Its exposed surfaces are bright and shiny, covered with pockmarks, and peppered with pitting. Uniform corrosion is evident and two deep linear defects are present on impeller blade tips. In contrast, the undamaged impeller surfaces are covered with a dark oxide film. This and many other impellers in seemingly identical service conditions survive long lives with little or no apparent damage. No material or manufacturing defects were found to explain the different service performance of the two impellers. Microstructure, microhardness and material chemistry are consistent with the specified material. Examination reveals the damage mechanism to be corrosion-enhanced cavitation erosion, the most severe form of erosion corrosion. Cavitation damage to the protective oxide film caused the zirconium to lose its normally outstanding corrosion resistance. The root cause of the impeller failure is most likely the introduction of excessive air into the pump due to low liquid level, a bad seal or inadequate head. Corrosion pitting, crevice corrosion, and solidification cracks (casting defect) also contributed to the failure.
Creep Damage in Welds of Reformer Furnace Tubing
Authors: da Silveira T.L. , Le May I.
Published: May 2019

A sample tube was removed from a reformer furnace for life assessment after 69,000 h of service. Sections were cut from the tube, which was a spindle cast A297 Grade HK 40 (25 Cr, 20 Ni, 0.4 C) austenitic steel of 122.5 mm OD and 10.5 mm nominal wall thickness. They were examined metallographically on transverse sections and on longitudinal sections through the butt welds joining the separate cast segments of the tube. Creep damage was mainly concentrated within the inner one third of the wall thickness. The use of damage assessment parameters in evaluating the reformer tube remaining life showed the welds to be inadequate, and to have a strength and creep resistance below those of the base metal.