bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The effects of induced positive and negative affect on Pavlovian-instrumental interactions
Authors: Weber Isla D. , Zorowitz Samuel , Niv Yael , Bennett Daniel
Published: February 2022

Across species, animals have an intrinsic drive to approach appetitive stimuli and to withdraw from aversive stimuli. In affective science, influential theories of emotion link positive affect with strengthened behavioral approach and negative affect with avoidance. Based on these theories, we predicted that individuals’ positive and negative affect levels should particularly influence their behavior when innate Pavlovian approach/avoidance tendencies conflict with learned instrumental behaviors. Here, across two experiments—exploratory Experiment 1 (N = 91) and a preregistered confirmatory Experiment 2 (N = 335)—we assessed how induced positive and negative affect influenced Pavlovian-instrumental interactions in a reward/punishment Go/No-Go task. Contrary to our hypotheses, we found no evidence for a main effect of positive/negative affect on either approach/avoidance behavior or Pavlovian-instrumental interactions. However, we did find evidence that the effects of induced affect on behavior were moderated by individual differences in self-reported behavioral inhibition and gender. Exploratory computational modelling analyses explained these demographic moderating effects as arising from positive correlations between demographic factors and individual differences in the strength of Pavlovian-instrumental interactions. These findings serve to sharpen our understanding of the effects of positive and negative affect on instrumental behavior.
Attachment, loneliness, and social connection as prospective predictors of suicidal ideation during the COVID-19 pandemic: a relational diathesis-stress experience sampling study
Authors: Lewis Katie C , ROCHE MICHAEL J , Brown Fiona , Tillman Jane
Published: February 2022

Introduction. Concerns about the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health have led to efforts to understand how pandemic-specific factors, such as decreased social contact during periods of social distancing, may relate to suicide risk. The present study evaluated personality-based risk factors and frequency of social contact as prospective predictors of suicidal ideation (SI) during the pandemic. Methods. We tested a relational diathesis-stress model of suicide focusing on insecure attachment, trait loneliness, and social contact as predictors of SI, using twice-weekly survey data collected via smartphone from a community sample (n=184) over eight weeks. Results. Multilevel modeling showed that both trait loneliness and anxious attachment predicted the prospective development of SI during the study period. Reduced in-person contact, but not remote contact, was proximally associated with increased SI. Participants with low attachment anxiety, high attachment avoidance, and high trait loneliness were more likely to develop SI in the context of reduced daily in-person contact compared to participants without these traits. Conclusion. Findings support a relational diathesis-stress model of suicide risk during the pandemic, showing that dispositional traits related to emotional connection with others predicted the relative salience of reduced social contact as a proximal risk factor for SI.
On the impact of the genocide on the intergroup empathy bias between former perpetrators, survivors and their offspring in Rwanda.
Authors: Caspar Emilie A. , Pech Guillaume , Gishoma Darius , Kanazayire
Published: February 2022

Studying what factors influence the ability to resonate with the pain of others in the aftermath of a genocide and how this extends to the following generation is critical for understand better the perpetuation of conflicts. In the present study conducted in Rwanda, we recruited former genocide perpetrators, survivors and their respective offspring and investigated how their neural response to the pain of others is modulated when they visualized pictures of former perpetrators, survivors or their children. We further evaluated how the impact of the genocide and psychological factors associated with a trauma influenced the results. Results showed that the intergroup empathy bias, that is, a reduced neural response to the pain of the outgroup, is present for both individuals alive during the genocide and their offspring. We also observed that a higher number of stressors experienced during the genocide was associated with a higher reduction of the neural response to the pain of others, even towards the children of one’s own ingroup. Finally, we observed that a deliberate and free decision to reconcile is associated with a higher neural response to the pain of others. The results may be central for encouraging reconciliation in peacebuilding programs and for fostering empathic repair after a trauma.
The Grey Areas of Romance: A Measure of Presumptuous Romantic Intentions
Authors: Valshtein Timothy Jacob , Gollwitzer Peter M , Oettingen Gabriele
Published: February 2022

To capture the attention of a romantic partner requires thoughtful selection of effective pursuit strategies. Sometimes these strategies err on the side of caution, and in other instances pursuers can take a bolder approach to their courtship endeavors. In the present research, we developed a measure capturing the degree to which a romantic pursuer intends to take a presumptuous course of action. Across five studies (Ntotal = 2,137), we validated a 13-item self-report measure: the presumptuous romantic intentions (PRI) scale. First, we used a training set to refine item content and explore factor structures. Then using a validation set, we confirmed a bifactor solution with one general and three auxiliary factors. We then observed test-retest reliability over periods of three and four weeks, found strict measurement invariance across both relationship status (single and partnered individuals) and across gender (women and men). We also found that PRI predicted actual presumptuous romantic behavior over the subsequent month. Finally, we established a pattern of convergent and discriminant associations with relationship measures, socioemotional outcomes, executive function, dark personality traits and more. This new measure may be of interest to researchers studying intimate relationships, partner violence, and the grey area in between.
To vax or not to vax: Predictors of anti-vax attitudes and COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy prior to widespread vaccine availability
Authors: Roberts Hannah A. , Clark D. Angus , Kalina Claire , Sherman Carter , Brislin Sarah J , Heitzeg Mary , Hicks Brian M.
Published: February 2022

The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is a highly contagious disease responsible for millions of deaths worldwide. Effective vaccines against COVID-19 are now available, however, an extreme form of vaccine hesitancy known as anti-vax attitudes challenge vaccine acceptance and distribution efforts. To understand these anti-vax attitudes and their associated psychological characteristics, we examined several predictors of vaccine hesitancy for COVID-19 and anti-vax attitudes generally. We surveyed 1004 adults (M = 47.0 years, SD = 17.1 years, range 18-98 years) in September-October 2020 across the United States (51% female, 49% male; 76.5% White, 23.5% non-White), prior to widespread availability of the COVID-19 vaccines. Attitudes toward vaccinations were influenced by a variety of factors, especially political attitudes. We should therefore anticipate and attempt to mitigate these challenges to achieving widespread vaccination to reduce the spread of COVID-19 and other communicable diseases.
Moving online: Experiences and potential benefits of digital dance for older adults and individuals with Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Bek Judith , Leventhal David , Groves Michelle , Growcott Charlotte , Poliakoff Ellen
Published: February 2022

Background. Dance is found to provide a range of beneficial effects for older adults including individuals with age-related neurological conditions such as Parkinson’s disease (PD). The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated the development of at-home dance programs delivered digitally through live and pre-recorded media, but little is known about how participants may engage with and benefit from these resources. Objective. This study explored experiences and potential benefits of digital dance resources among healthy older adults and individuals with neurological conditions. Methods. An online survey consisting of fixed-choice and open questions was designed in collaboration with dance program providers and distributed between June and November 2020. Results. High levels of engagement in at-home dance programs were found among healthy older adults (N = 149) and individuals with PD (N = 178). Sensorimotor outcomes (e.g., balance, posture) were more widely reported among individuals with PD, while older adults reported similar numbers of sensorimotor and non-motor (e.g., mood, confidence) outcomes. The use of strategies (imagery and vocalising) during participation were differentially associated with outcomes in older adults and PD groups. At-home dance was found to offer convenience and flexibility, but participants missed the interaction, support and routine of in-person classes. The majority expressed a preference to continue with both digital and in-person participation in the future. Qualitative analysis of participants’ comments reinforced the quantitative findings, while also revealing that online dance could help to maintain connection and well-being, and identifying further considerations for improving accessibility and facilitating digital engagement. Conclusions. At-home dance programs appear to be accessible and engaging for older adults, including individuals with PD, although potential barriers to participation need to be addressed. Digital resources for home-based activities will be increasingly important to enable cost-effective, large-scale provision of therapeutic activities for older adults.
Quantifying Error in Effect Size Estimates in Attention, Executive Function and Implicit Learning
Authors: Garner Kelly , Nolan Christopher Raymond , Nydam Abbey S , Nott Zoie , Bowman Howard , Dux Paul Edmund
Published: February 2022

Accurate quantification of effect sizes has the power to motivate theory, and reduce misinvestment of scientific resources by informing power calculations during study planning. However, a combination of publication bias and small sample sizes (~$N$ = 25) hampers certainty in current effect size estimates. We sought to determine the extent to which sample sizes may produce error in effect size estimates for four commonly used paradigms assessing attention, executive function and implicit learning (Attentional Blink (AB), Multitasking (MT), Contextual Cueing (CC), Serial Response Task (SRT)). We combined a large data-set with a bootstrapping approach to simulate 1000 experiments across a range of $N$ (13-313). Beyond quantifying the effect size and statistical power that can be anticipated for each study design, we demonstrate that experiments with lower values of N can potentially double or triple information loss. Furthermore, we identify the probability that sampling a similar study will provide a reasonable effect size estimate, and show that using such an approach for power calculations will lead to an imprecise estimate between 40-67% of the time, given commonly used sample sizes. We conclude with practical recommendations for researchers and demonstrate how our simulation approach can yield theoretical insights that are not readily achieved by other methods; such as identifying the information gained from rejecting the null hypothesis, and quantifying the contribution of individual variation to error in effect size estimates.
Autobiographical Memory
Authors: Fan Carina L. , Simpson Stephanie , Sokolowski H Moriah , Levine Brian
Published: February 2022

Autobiographical memory—memory for our personal past—is a multifaceted mnemonic activity that evolves throughout the lifespan and interacts with numerous other cognitive functions. Retrieving personal past events engages processes of cue specification, search, and elaboration of details within the specified event. The retrieved content varies from specific episodes unique in time and place to more general representations of autobiographical facts (personal semantics). As expected given this complexity, autobiographical memory is mediated by distributed brain networks, with key regions in the medial temporal lobes and their connections to both anterior and posterior cortical regions supporting different levels of specificity in memory retrieval. These patterns only partially overlap with those evoked by laboratory-based episodic memory paradigms. While most empirical work on autobiographical memory focuses on the recall of particular past events, more recent research concerns individual differences in the way that people tend to remember their past. The formal study of autobiographical memory dates to the 19th century, but research in this field is burgeoning, particularly in relation to brain network connectivity. New paradigms that bridge the gap between traditional laboratory memory tasks and rich, naturalistic autobiographical memories will enhance the understanding of memory as it operates in everyday life.
Event-related Potential Correlates of Affective Response Inhibition in Bipolar I Disorder: Comparison with Schizophrenia
Authors: Menkes Margo W , Andrews Carolyn , Suzuki Takakuni , Chun Jinsoo , O’Donnell Lisa , Grove Tyler , Deng Wisteria , McInnis Melvin G , Deldin Patricia , Tso Ivy Fei
Published: February 2022

Objectives: Individuals with bipolar I disorder (BD) have difficulty inhibiting context-inappropriate responses. However, the neural mechanisms contributing to these difficulties, especially in emotional contexts, are little understood. This study aimed to inform mechanisms of impaired impulsivity control in response to emotion in individuals with BD, and whether response inhibition indices are altered to a similar degree in schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SZ). We examined alterations to behavioral performance and event-related potentials (ERPs) during inhibition to affective stimuli in BD, relative to healthy control participants (HC) and participants with SZ. Methods: Sixty-six participants with BD, 32 participants with SZ, and 48 HC completed a Go/No-Go task with emotional face stimuli while electroencephalography was recorded. Behavioral signal detection metrics (perceptual sensitivity, response bias) and ERPs (N200, P300) were measured and compared across groups. Results: Relative to HC, participants with BD showed reduced (1) discrimination of Go vs. No-Go stimuli (i.e. emotional vs. neutral faces); and (2) P300 amplitudes elicited by emotional faces. These results similarly extended to participants with SZ, in that BD and SZ groups did not differ on behavioral performance nor ERP amplitudes. Exploratory correlational findings showed associations between ERP amplitudes and behavioral indices as well as mood symptoms. Conclusion: Findings suggest the difficulty participants with BD and SZ experienced on the current affective response inhibition task lied largely in discriminating between facial expressions. Difficulties with discriminating emotional from neutral expressions may contribute to difficulties with appropriate behavioral responding in social-affective contexts for individuals with BD and SZ.
Unethical Behaviour in the Workplace: A Direct and Conceptual Replication of Jones & Kavanagh (1996)
Authors: Evans Thomas Rhys
Published: February 2022

Intentions to act unethically in the workplace are purported to be driven by a number of situational and individual factors. Across two vignette experiments Jones and Kavanagh (1996) reported inconsistent effect sizes for manager and peer influence and locus of control, consistent significant effects for work quality and Machiavellianism, and consistent non-significant effects for sex. The current Registered Report represents a direct replication of these experimental findings (N = 1800), and a longitudinal conceptual replication capturing self-reported unethical work behaviour (N = 1800). The current studies found X. All materials, code and data for this project can be found here: osf.io/d3arx.
EPELI: a novel virtual reality task for the assessment of goal-directed behavior in real-life contexts
Authors: Seesjärvi Erik , Puhakka Jasmin , Aronen Eeva T. , Hering Alexandra , Zuber Sascha , Merzon Liya , Kliegel Matthias , Laine Matti , Salmitaival Juha
Published: February 2022

A recently developed virtual reality task, EPELI (Executive Performance in Everyday LIving), quantifies goal-directed behavior in naturalistic conditions. Participants navigate a virtual apartment, performing household chores given by a virtual character. EPELI aims to tap attention, executive function, and prospective memory. In the present study, we examined several key properties of EPELI in 77 typically developing 9–13-year-old children, namely its internal consistency, age and gender differences, sensitivity to gaming experience, head-mounted display (HMD) type, and verbal recall ability, as well as its relationships with parent-rated everyday executive problems. Of the eight EPELI measures, the following six showed good internal consistency: task and navigation efficacy, number of correctly performed tasks and overall actions, time monitoring, and controller movement. Some measures were associated with age, gender, or verbal encoding ability. Moreover, EPELI performance was associated with parent-rated everyday executive problems. There were no significant associations of gaming background, task familiarity, or HMD type with the EPELI measures. These results attest to the reliability and validity of this new virtual reality tool for the ecologically valid assessment of attention, executive functions, and prospective memory in children.
Collective Emotion: A Framework for Experimental Research
Authors: Chung Victor , Grèzes Julie , Pacherie Elisabeth
Published: February 2022

Research on collective emotion spans social sciences, psychology and philosophy. There are detailed case studies and diverse theories of collective emotion. However, experimental evidence regarding the universal characteristics, antecedents and consequences of collective emotion remains sparse. Moreover, current research mainly relies on emotion self-reports, accounting for the subjective experience of collective emotion and ignoring their cognitive and physiological bases. In response to these challenges, we argue for experimental research on collective emotion. We start with an overview of theoretical frameworks to identify a set of three characteristics of collective emotion. Based on research in cognitive and affective sciences, we then examine the corresponding candidate mechanisms. Finally, we highlight outstanding questions, review experimental evidence, and suggest ideas for future experimental research.
Linguistic dissimilarity increases age-related decline in adult language learning
Authors: Schepens Job
Published: February 2022

We investigated age-related decline in adult learning of Dutch as an additional language (Ln) in speaking, writing, listening, and reading proficiency test scores for 56,024 adult immigrants with 50 L1s who came to the Netherlands for study or work. Performance for all four language skills turned out to decline monotonically after an age of arrival of about 25 years, similar to developmental trajectories observed in earlier aging research on additional language learning and in aging research on cognitive abilities. Also, linguistic dissimilarity increased age-related decline across all four language skills, but speaking in particular. We measured linguistic dissimilarity between first languages (L1s = 50) and Dutch (Ln) for morphology, vocabulary, and phonology. Our conclusion is that the L1 language background influences the effects of age-related decline in adult language learning, and that the constraints involved reflect both biological (language learning ability) and experience-based (acquired L1 proficiency) cognitive resources.
The role of social media on psychological wellbeing from the perspectives of young people with Type 1 diabetes and their caregivers: a qualitative study
Authors: Berry Emma , Cleal Bryan , Morrissey Eimear C , Willaing Ingrid , Shields Caoimhe , Thornton Matthew , Duffy Grace , Davies Mark
Published: February 2022

Social media is an important source of social connection and information acquisition for young people with Type 1 diabetes. This study explores young people with Type 1 diabetes’ online experiences and the impact it has on mental wellbeing. Young people (N=19) with Type 1 diabetes and professional/family caregivers (N=8) took part in online mini-focus groups or an online interview. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the data. All participants reflected on social media’s capacity to facilitate accessible peer learning and emotional support. However, remaining themes for young people with Type 1 diabetes focused on the emotional resonance of diabetes content, which includes the emotional demand of perceiving new products and diets, witnessing diabetes stigma online, and perceiving ‘filtered’ peer profiles. Meanwhile, professional and family caregiver themes focused on the accuracy and trustworthiness of diabetes content. Authenticity was perceived differently between the two participant cohorts. While caregivers perceive that young people often find it difficult to be open about their condition online, young people with Type 1 diabetes value the autonomy that social media provides to choose how and what they engage with online. This study is reflective of the paradoxical nature of social media as a tool which can nourish or challenge psychological wellbeing in young people with Type 1 diabetes. Young people are aware of the nature of the content they perceive, but the task of navigating through less helpful content is emotionally demanding. Co-designing tools to address this emotional burden is discussed in reflection of the findings.
Does Caregivers’ Use of Praise Reduce Children’s Externalizing Behavior? A Longitudinal Observational Test in the Context of a Parenting Program
Authors: Weeland Joyce , Brummelman Eddie , Jaffee Sara R. , Chhangur Rabia Rita , van der Giessen Danielle , Matthys Walter , de Castro Bram Orobio , Overbeek Geertjan
Published: February 2022

Caregivers are often encouraged to praise children to reduce externalizing behavior. Although several theoretical perspectives suggest that praise works (e.g., praise reinforces positive behavior), others suggest it may not (e.g., children dismiss praise or experience it as controlling). This longitudinal-observational study examined whether (1) caregivers’ praise and children’s externalizing behavior were related; (2) an evidence-based parenting program increased caregivers’ praise; (3) and increasing praise reduced children’s externalizing behavior. Participants (387 caregiver-child dyads) were randomly assigned to a 14-session parenting program (aiming to improve parenting behavior, partly via praise) or a control group. Children (aged 4-8 years, 45% girls) scored at or above the 75th percentile on externalizing behavior problems. Caregivers (91% Caucasian, 85% born in the Netherlands, 50.5% highly educated) were mostly mothers (91%). At baseline, post-intervention, and follow-up, we assessed caregivers’ labeled and unlabeled praise via in-home observations, and children’s externalizing behavior via caregiver-reports and observations. At baseline, caregivers’ unlabeled praise was related to more (rather than less) externalizing behavior. The parenting program successfully increased praise and reduced caregiver-reported (but not observed) externalizing behavior; importantly, however, praise did not mediate the program’s effect on caregiver-reported externalizing behavior. Although the program did not directly reduce observed externalizing behavior, it did so indirectly via labeled praise. Our results suggest that, although praise and externalizing child behavior are related, praise may not be a key mechanism underlying the effects of the parenting program. If praise has beneficial effects on children’s externalizing behavior, these effects are probably limited to labeled praise.
Assessment procedures in anonymously written threats of harm and violence
Authors: van der Vegt Isabelle W. J. , van der Meer Bram B. , Gregory Pippa , Yang Junyi , Kleinberg Bennett , Gill Paul
Published: February 2022

Anonymously written threats constitute a special form of worrying behavior, in which the author of a threat decides to hide their identity. Importantly, anonymous threats are an increasingly common issue exacerbated by online communication. Anonymity raises additional challenges for threat assessors, but little is known about how practitioners approach such cases. Although a large body of research exists concerning assessment procedures of non-anonymous cases, little is known about how experts approach a case based merely on communications and in the absence of detailed contextual information. Therefore, the current study serves to gain a better picture of the assessment procedures associated with anonymous threatening communications (ATCs). Extensive semi-structured interviews were conducted with expert threat assessors, in which participants were asked about their general approach to ATCs, as well as their thoughts regarding a real-life case. Responses were qualitatively coded, in order to reveal common themes and divergent approaches. Based on the results obtained, we formulate eight recommendations for the furtherance of the field of anonymous threat assessment.
Eighteen trial-level parity judgment datasets (n = 1016) from five countries: benefits of sharing unified data of cognitive tasks
Authors: Cipora Krzysztof , van Dijck Jean-Philippe , Georges Carrie , Masson Nicolas , Goebel Silke Melanie , Willmes Klaus , Pesenti Mauro , Schiltz Christine , Nuerk Hans-Christoph
Published: February 2022

Psychological science could greatly benefit from research synthesis, especially when it comes to overcoming limitations of too small samples tested in single studies. However, initiatives aimed at sharing large, curated trial-level data from cognitive tasks remain scarce. To address this problem, we initiated a collective effort allowing to assemble and report a collection of eighteen datasets of the speeded bimanual parity judgment of single-digit numbers with response-to-key assignment flipped mid-experiment (hereafter SNARC-B-PJ). SNARC-B-PJ is one of the most popular tasks in numerical cognition and is used to evaluate the Spatial-Numerical Association of Response Codes effect (SNARC), a hallmark effect for Spatial-Numerical Associations (SNAs) more generally. Datasets, related to both published and unpublished studies, were collected in eight labs across five countries, totaling 1016 healthy adult participants. We provide thorough documentation and a tentative outline of potential future analyses of these datasets. We also intend to expand this resource and encourage potentially interested colleagues to contribute to this database. At the same time, we generalize our approach by discussing potential benefits of building similar databases comprising data from other popular tasks used in cognitive psychology.
Reconciling identity leadership and leader identity: A dual-identity framework
Authors: Haslam S. Alexander , Gaffney Amber , Hogg Michael A. , Rast David , Steffens Niklas K
Published: February 2022

Research exploring the powerful links between leadership and identity has burgeoned in recent years but cohered around two distinct approaches. Research on identity leadership, the main focus of this special issue, sees leadership as a group process that centers on leaders’ ability to represent, advance, create and embed a social identity that they share with the collectives they lead —a sense of “us as a group”. Research on leader identity sees leadership as a process that is advanced by individuals who have a well-developed personal understanding of themselves as leaders—a sense of “me as a leader”. This article explores the nature and implications of these divergent approaches, focusing on their specification of profiles, processes, pathways, products, and philosophies that have distinct implications for theory and practice. We formalize our observations in a series of propositions and also outline a dual-identity framework with the potential to integrate the two approaches.
Predictive motor activation: Modulated by expectancy or predictability?
Authors: Ghilardi Tommaso , Meyer Marlene , Hunnius Sabine
Published: February 2022

Predicting actions is a fundamental ability that helps us to comprehend what is happening in our environment and to interact with others. The motor system was previously identified as source of action predictions. Yet, which aspect of the statistical likelihood of upcoming actions the motor system is sensitive to remains an open question. This EEG study investigated how regularities in observed actions are reflected in the motor system and utilized to predict upcoming actions. Prior to measuring EEG, participants watched videos of action sequences with different transitional probabilities. After training, participants’ brain activity over motor areas was measured using EEG while watching videos of action sequences with the same statistical structure. Focusing on the mu and beta frequency bands we tested whether activity of the motor system reflects the statistical likelihood of upcoming actions. We also explored two distinct aspects of the statistical structure that capture different prediction processes, expectancy and predictability. Expectancy describes participants’ expectation of the most likely action, whereas predictability represents all possible actions and their relative probabilities. Results revealed that mu and beta oscillations play different roles during action prediction. While the mu rhythm reflected anticipatory activity without any link to the statistical structure, the beta rhythm was related to the expectancy of an action. Our findings support theories proposing that the motor system underlies action prediction, and they extend such theories by showing that multiple forms of statistical information are extracted when observing action sequences. This information is integrated in the prediction generated by the neural motor system of which action is going to happen next.
On line bisection: validity and reliability of online measures of pseudoneglect
Authors: Mitchell Alexandra Grace , Kandt Paulina O , McIntosh Robert D
Published: February 2022

This study assessed pseudoneglect online, using line bisection and perceptual landmark tasks. Around 90% of 253 participants passed data quality checks, and were included in a repeat session nine days later. Line bisection bias was characterised by the traditional measure of Directional Bisection Error (DBE), and by Endpoint Weightings Bias (EWB), derived from an ‘endpoint weightings’ analysis, made possible by the independent manipulation of left and right endpoints. The expected leftward bias (pseudoneglect) was found, with larger effect sizes for EWB (d = -0.34 in both sessions) than for DBE (-0.22 in Session 1 and -0.14 in Session 2). Although EWB was slightly less reliable than DBE, it was more sensitive to pseudoneglect, and the end-point weightings method has further advantages, including the option of an additional measure of non-lateralised attention. However, 22% of participants did not perform the landmark task as instructed, so quantitative analysis for this task was relegated to Supplementary materials. This study shows that line bisection can be used to measure pseudoneglect online, and provides grounds to suggest that the task should routinely include the independent manipulation of left and right endpoints, so that an endpoint weightings analysis can be performed.
Patient online access to general practice medical records: A qualitative study on patients’ needs and expectations
Authors: Thielmann Rosa Ricarda Leni Charlotte , Hoving Ciska , Schutgens-Kok Esther , Cals Jochen , Crutzen Rik
Published: February 2022

Background: Patient online access to medical records is assumed to foster patient empowerment and advance patient-centered healthcare. Since July 2020, patients in the Netherlands are legally entitled to electronically access their medical record in general practice. Experience from pioneering countries shows that despite high patient interest, user rates often remain low. How to best support implementation highly depends on patient populations’ individual needs and expectations, which are yet unknown in the Dutch context.Objective: To understand Dutch patients’ needs and expectations with regard to online access to their medical record in general practice.Method: Twenty participants completed semi-structured individual interviews via video or telephone call. Transcripts of interviews underwent template analysis combining deductive and inductive coding using Atlas.ti software.Results: Patients’ needs and expectations ranged across three overlapping areas: 1) prerequisites for getting online access, 2) using online access, and 3) the impact on interaction with healthcare providers. Patients expected benefits from online access such as better overview, empowerment, and improved communication with their general practitioner, but identified needs regarding technological difficulties, data privacy, and complex medical language in their record.Discussion: The concerns and obstacles participants identified point towards the need for organizational changes in general practice, for example adjusted documentation practices, and the key role of the general practitioner and staff in promoting and facilitating online access.Conclusion: Implementation strategies addressing needs identified in this study may help to unlock the full potential of online access to achieve desired outcomes of patient involvement and satisfaction.
The Exoneree Health and Life Experiences (ExHaLE) Study: Trauma Exposure and Mental Health among Wrongly Convicted Individuals
Authors: Kukucka Jeff , Horodyski Ashley M. , Dardis Christina M.
Published: February 2022

The exoneree population is growing rapidly, and legislatures are increasingly contemplating whether and how to better support exonerees, yet we know relatively little about exonerees’ mental health and other post-release needs. In this, the largest-ever study of exonerees, 59 exonerees completed measures of trauma exposure, PTSD, depression, perceived social support, posttraumatic cognitions, and personal history. Most exonerees (80%) reported having experienced trauma while incarcerated, and our measures classified half of exonerees as meeting criteria for probable PTSD (48-52%) and/or major depressive disorder (51%). Exonerees who reported stronger social support, weaker negative cognitions about the self and world, and/or full-time employment exhibited better mental health—but mental health was unrelated to time served, time since release, financial compensation, or false confession. Our findings underscore the fact that all exonerees need and deserve access to holistic and long-term transitional support. For clinicians, our findings also highlight specific psychotherapeutic approaches that may be effective with this population.
Regional Intergroup Bias
Authors: Calanchini Jimmy , Hehman Eric , Ebert Tobias , Wilson;Wilson Liz , Simon Deja , Esposito Emily
Published: February 2022

Recent advances in large-scale data collection have created new opportunities for psychological scientists who study intergroup bias. By leveraging big data, researchers can aggregate individual measures of intergroup bias into regional estimates to predict outcomes of consequence. This small-but-growing area of study has already impacted the field with well-powered research identifying relationships between regional intergroup biases and societally-important, ecologically-valid outcomes. In this chapter, we summarize existing regional intergroup bias research and review relevant theoretical perspectives. Next, we present new and recent evidence that cannot be explained by existing theory, and offer a new perspective on regional intergroup bias that highlights aggregation as changing its’ qualitative nature relative to individual intergroup bias. We conclude with a discussion of some of the important challenges that regional intergroup bias research will need to address in moving forward, focusing on issues of prediction and causality; constructs, measures, and data sources; and levels of analysis.
Artificial Intelligence-Based Analytics for Impacts of COVID-19 and Online Learning on College Students’ Mental Health
Authors: Rezapour Mostafa , Elmshaeuser Scott
Published: February 2022

COVID-19, the disease caused by the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), first emerged in Wuhan, China late in December 2019. Not long after, the virus spread worldwide and was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization in March 2020. This caused many changes around the world and in the United States, including an educational shift towards online learning. In this paper, we seek to understand how the COVID-19 pandemic and increase in online learning impact college students’ emotional wellbeing. We use several machine learning and statistical models to analyze data collected by the Faculty of Public Administration at the University of Ljubljana, Slovenia in conjunction with an international consortium of universities, other higher education institutions, and students’ associations. Our results indicate that features related to students’ academic life have the largest impact on their emotional wellbeing. Other important factors include students’ satisfaction with their university’s and government’s handling of the pandemic as well as students’ financial security.
Development and Validation of the Social Attunement Questionnaire (SAQ)
Authors: Kroon Emese , Mies Gabry , Wiers Reinout , Cousijn Janna
Published: February 2022

The social plasticity hypothesis proposes that social attunement, i.e., the adaptation to and harmonization with one’s environment, plays a crucial role in the risk for developing alcohol use disorders (AUDs) during adolescence, while in adulthood, it may paradoxically make individuals more sensitive to the social pull to reduce drinking. This study aimed to develop a valid measure of social attunement: the social attunement questionnaire (SAQ). A total of 26-items were developed and the questionnaire was completed by 576 participants over three rounds of online data collection. Using exploratory factor analysis in part of the sample (N = 373), the final questionnaire was reduced to two subscales with a total of 11 items. This structure was confirmed using confirmatory factor analysis in the second part of the sample (N = 203). Results showed that the SAQ has acceptable internal consistency, good measurement invariance to gender, and subscales assessing both cognitive as well as behavioural components of social attunement. In line with expectations on alcohol use settings, SAQ scores were not directly associated with alcohol use, but they were predictive of alcohol use when taking into account the interaction between perceived peer drinking and age. The SAQ appears suitable for the assessment of social attunement in (young) adult men and women, particularly assessing the role of social attunement in alcohol use settings. Further research is needed to confirm the utility of the SAQ in older adults and a broader variety of social settings.
Increased risk for developmental delay among babies born during the pandemic
Authors: Giesbrecht Gerald , Lebel Catherine , Dennis Cindy-Lee , Tough Suzanne C. , McDonald Sheila , Tomfohr-Madsen Lianne
Published: February 2022

The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in substantial and widespread changes to many prenatal (e.g., maternal stress) and postnatal (e.g., socialization) factors contributing to early child development. We compared developmental screening of 1-year old infants born between April 17, 2020-November 11, 2020 to data from infants born pre-pandemic. We aimed to determine whether risk for developmental delay was elevated among infants born during the pandemic compared to infants born prior to the pandemic. Data were available from 1623 PdP participants. PdP infants had lower mean scores relative to pooled pre-pandemic data on all domains except Problem Solving. PdP infants also had significantly higher risk for developmental delay in the Communication and Personal-Social domains, where the odds ratios for scoring 2 SD below the mean were 2.5 and 1.5, respectively, relative to pre-pandemic data. When stratified by sex, the odds ratios for risk of developmental delay were generally higher among female infants. In conclusions, risks for developmental delay in the Communication and Personal-Social domains were elevated in infants born during the COVID-19 pandemic compared to pre-pandemic infants, especially among girls.
Self- and other-orientation in high rank: A cultural psychological approach to social hierarchy
Authors: Gobel Matthias S , Miyamoto Yuri
Published: February 2022

Social hierarchy is one fundamental aspect of social living, structuring interactions in families, teams, and entire societies. In this review, we put forward a cultural psychological approach to social hierarchy, positing that rank differences are embedded within larger cultural meaning systems, which shape how high rank is attained or conferred and how social hierarchy affords behavior and psychology. We then examine manifestations of hierarchy in two cultural meaning systems: Western and East Asian cultural contexts. Accumulating evidence on collective, interpersonal, and individual processes suggests cultural similarities in self-orientation but cultural differences in other-orientation of high-ranking individuals. Such literatures reveal how thought and behavior within social hierarchy and cultural beliefs, values, and norms mutually constitute each other. We close with a discussion of how the present review is a stepping stone for future research and of remaining questions to further advance social hierarchy research across wider and more diverse cultural contexts.
Engaging White Parents to Address Their White Children’s Racial Biases in the Black-White Context
Authors: Scott Katharine E. , Ash Tory , Immel Bailey , Liebeck MaKayla , Devine Patricia G. , Shutts Kristin
Published: February 2022

Multiple studies (n=1065 parents, 625 female, 437 male, 3 nonbinary, 99.06% White; n=80 5–7-year-old children, 35 girls, 45 boys, 87.50% White) investigated how White U.S. parents think about White children’s Black-White racial biases. In Studies 1–3, parents reported that their own and other children would not express racial biases. When predicting children’s social preferences for Black and White children (Study 2), parents underestimated their own and other children’s racial biases. Reading an article about the nature, prevalence, and consequences of White children’s racial biases (Study 3), increased parents’ awareness of, concern about, and motivation to address children’s racial biases (relative to a control condition). The findings have implications for engaging White parents to address their White children’s racial biases.
Climate change consensus messages may cause reactance in conservatives, but there is no meta-analytic evidence that they backfire
Authors: Rode Jacob B. , Dent Amy , Ditto Peter H.
Published: February 2022

Recent studies suggest climate change consensus messages may cause psychological reactance for conservatives. However, it remains unknown how much this reactance impacts the effectiveness of consensus messaging. Using data from a recent meta-analysis on climate change interventions, the current paper seeks to add context to the debate over reactance. We integrated data from 20 experiments (N = 19,200 participants) that test how consensus messages (compared to a control condition) impact climate change attitudes. The effect of consensus messages on attitudes was small yet statistically significant and positive (g = 0.09), and not significantly moderated by political affiliation. Moreover, the moderating role of political affiliation was similar for consensus messages compared to other interventions for climate change attitudes. While conservatives may experience resistance to consensus messages, there is little meta-analytic evidence that consensus messages backfire.
Thinking more or thinking differently? Using drift-diffusion modeling to illuminate why accuracy prompts decrease misinformation sharing
Authors: Lin Hause , Pennycook Gordon , Rand David Gertler
Published: February 2022

Recent experiments have found that prompting people to think about accuracy reduces misinformation sharing intentions. The process by which this effect operates, however, remains unclear. Do accuracy prompts cause people to "stop and think," increasing deliberation? Or do they change what people think about, drawing attention to accuracy? Since these two accounts predict the same behavioral outcomes (i.e., increased sharing discernment following a prompt), we used computational modeling of sharing decisions with response time data, as well as out-of-sample ratings of headline perceived accuracy, to test the accounts' divergent predictions across six studies (N = 5633). The results suggest that accuracy prompts do not increase the amount of deliberation people engage in. Instead, they increase the weight participants put on accuracy while deliberating. By showing that prompting people makes them think better even without thinking more, our results challenge common dual-process interpretations of the accuracy-prompt effect. Our findings also highlight the importance of understanding how social media distracts people from considering accuracy, and provide evidence for scalable interventions that redirect people's attention.
How development and culture shape intuitions about prosocial obligations
Authors: Marshall Julia , Gollwitzer Anton , Mermin-Bunnell Kellen , Shinomiya Mei , Retelsdorf Jan , Bloom Paul
Published: February 2022

Do children, like most adults, believe that only kin and close others are obligated to help oneanother? In two studies (total N = 1140), we examined whether children (~5- to ~10-yos) andadults across five different societies consider social relationship when ascribing prosocialobligations. Contrary to the view that such discriminations are a natural default in humanreasoning, younger children in the United States (Studies 1 and 2) and across cultures (Study 2)generally judged everyone—parents, friends, and strangers—as obligated to help someone-inneed.Older children and adults, on the other hand, tended to exhibit more discriminant judgments.They considered parents more obligated to help than friends followed by strangers—though thiseffect was stronger in some cultures than others. Our findings suggest that children’s initial senseof prosocial obligation in social-relational contexts starts out broad and generally becomes moreselective over the course of development.