bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Randomized Trial of a Nonpolymer-Based Rapamycin-Eluting Stent Versus a Polymer-Based Paclitaxel-Eluting Stent for the Reduction of Late Lumen Loss
Authors: Mehilli Julinda , Kastrati Adnan , Wessely Rainer , Dibra Alban , Hausleiter Jörg , Jaschke Birgit , Dirschinger Josef , Schömig Albert
Published: January 2006

Background—

Although drug-eluting stents (DESs) constitute a major achievement in preventing restenosis, concerns remain regarding the increased inflammatory and thrombogenic responses associated with the polymers used. Recently, we showed that a nonpolymer on-site coating with rapamycin not only is feasible and safe but also leads to a dose-dependent reduction in restenosis.

Methods and Results—

To assess whether polymer-free stents coated on-site with 2% rapamycin solution are inferior to polymer-based paclitaxel-eluting stents for the prevention of restenosis, we randomly assigned a total of 450 patients with de novo lesions in native coronary vessels, excluding the left main trunk, to either the polymer-free, rapamycin-coated Yukon DES (rapamycin stent) or the polymer-based, paclitaxel-eluting Taxus stent (paclitaxel stent). The primary end point was in-stent late lumen loss. Secondary end points were angiographic restenosis and target lesion revascularization. The study was designed to test the noninferiority of the rapamycin stent compared with the paclitaxel stent with respect to late lumen loss according to a noninferiority margin of 0.13 mm. Follow-up angiography was completed in 81% of the patients. The mean difference in in-stent late lumen loss between the rapamycin-stent group and the paclitaxel-stent group was 0.002 mm, and the upper limit of the 1-sided 95% confidence interval was 0.10 mm (
P
=0.02 from test for noninferiority). No significant differences were observed regarding angiographic restenosis rates (14.2% with the rapamycin stent and 15.5% with the paclitaxel stent) and target lesion revascularization rates due to restenosis (9.3% in both groups).

Conclusions—

The polymer-free, rapamycin-coated stent has an antirestenotic effect that is not inferior to that observed with the polymer-based paclitaxel-eluting stent.
Alliances, Then Democracy
Authors: Gibler Douglas M. , Wolford Scott
Published: January 2006

Previous studies have not established a consistent link between regime type and alliance formation, despite the relevance of the decision to ally in a number of arguments about regime type and alliance behavior. The inconsistency in these findings turns largely on choice of research design and variable definition; when the dependent variable is alliance formation, democratic dyads are unlikely to ally, but when the dependent variable is the presence of an alliance tie, democratic dyads are likely to be allied. Under a standard research design, the authors find both claims to be true and propose a test of an explanation for this tendency of autocratic states to democratize in alliances. They show that the presence of a defense pact with all neighboring states reduces the likelihood that a state will be targeted with a territorial militarized dispute, reduces the level of state militarization, and increases the likelihood of democratic transitions.
Heterogeneous Trade Interests and Conflict
Authors: Dorussen Han
Published: January 2006

Empirical studies on trade and conflict generally make use of highly aggregated data. There are, however, good theoretical arguments to suspect that trade in some goods should have a bigger impact on the likelihood of conflict than trade in others. This article examines the relationship between trade and conflict at a lower level of aggregation. It discusses various theoretical arguments why the relationship between trade and conflict should vary across industry sectors, particularly strategic trade, asset specificity, and possible appropriation of gains from trade. The central hypotheses are tested using dyadic United Nations trade data disaggregated at industry level from 1970 to 1997. The main findings are that trade generally reduces the likelihood of conflict, the relationship is weaker for commodities that are more easily appropriable by force, and the relationship is generally stronger for manufactured goods with the notable exceptions of chemical and metal industries and the high-technology sector.
Doing the Job Well: An Investigation of Pro-Social Rule Breaking
Authors: Morrison Elizabeth W.
Published: January 2006

This article introduces and explores the construct of pro-social rule breaking. Pro-social rule breaking is rooted in a desire to promote the welfare of the organization or one of its stakeholders. The first two studies used interview data to identify three primary types of pro-social rule breaking: rule breaking to perform one’s responsibilities more efficiently, rule breaking to help a subordinate or colleague, and rule breaking to provide good customer service. A third study used a scenario-based laboratory experiment. It found that the likelihood of pro-social rule breaking was positively related to job autonomy, coworker behavior, and risk-taking propensity.
Institutional Ownership and Corporate Social Performance: The Moderating Effects of Investment Horizon, Activism, and Coordination
Authors: Neubaum Donald O. , Zahra Shaker A.
Published: January 2006

Scandals at Enron and WorldCom have thrust debates concerning corporate governance and corporate social performance (CSP) to the forefront of the minds of shareholders, managers, and public policy makers. Relying on the theory of stakeholder salience, the authors suggest that institutional owners’ investment horizons, as well as the frequency and coordination of institutional owners’ activism, moderate the institutional ownership -CSP relationship. Data collected in 1995 and 2000 from the Fortune 500 firms show that long-term institutional ownership is positively associated with CSP and that the frequency and coordination of activism interact with long-term institutional holdings to positively affect CSP 3 years later.
“Manipur Rules Here”
Authors: Mills James H.
Published: January 2006

This article looks at women's football in India and in particular at the dominance of the Manipuri women's team. It argues that its success has origins in both the region's history and its recent politics. Manipur, a troubled buffer zone between Indian and Burma, has a gender politics rare for south Asia. Women have traditionally held important positions in the religious rituals of the region, among which are dance and sporting practices in which women engage actively. Alongside the resulting physical culture, women have exercised considerable economic and political clout, most famously in their organization of resistance to British colonialism and to the Indian state throughout the 20th century. The article concludes by examining the implications of the story of Manipuri women's football for debates in academic fields as diverse as gender studies, the history of colonialism and sport, and the analysis of subalternity and the dynamics of resistance.
From Immigrant to Overstayer
Authors: Grainger Andrew
Published: January 2006

During the late 1970s, thousands of—in many cases legal—Samoan immigrants were systematically evicted from New Zealand shores. Today, however, “Samoans” are an integral part of New Zealand's national rugby team, the All Blacks. Although this may, perhaps, be interpreted as evidence of a more progressive racial climate in contemporary New Zealand, this article argues that the All Blacks, in fact, serve to obfuscate the cultural politics of race and nation embodied in, and played out through, the game of rugby. In particular, the article examines the parallels of the exploitation of Samoan industrial and athletic labor, how the public discourses that surround players of Samoan descent raise increasingly complex questions of national eligibility and allegiance, and finally how newdiasporic affiliations such as the Pacific Islanders rugby team may provide an opportunity to build on an emergent “Black Pacific” culture that transcends the boundaries of nationality and nationalism.
The Sidewalk Survey
Authors: Johnson Mark B. , Lange James E. , Voas Robert B. , Clapp John D. , Lauer Elizabeth , Snowden Cecelia B.
Published: January 2006

Alcohol use is highly prevalent among U.S. college students, and alcohol-related problems are often considered the most serious public health threat on American college campuses. Although empirical examinations of college drinking have relied primarily on self-report measures, several investigators have implemented field studies to obtain objective measures of alcohol consumption (blood alcohol concentration) from students in ecologically valid settings. This article describes the methodology of breath-test field survey that is being conducted on the grounds of San Diego State University. Descriptive summaries of the data collected through spring 2003 are provided, and limitations to methodology are discussed.
Development of a Rating Form to Evaluate Grant Applications to the Hogg Foundation for Mental Health
Authors: Whaley Arthur L. , Rodriguez Reymundo , Alexander Laurel A.
Published: January 2006

Reliance on subjective grant proposal review methods leads private philanthropies to underfund mental health programs, even when foundations have mental health focuses. This article describes a private mental health foundation’s efforts to increase the objectivity of its proposal review process by developing a reliable, valid proposal rating form. Staff from the Hogg Foundation for Mental Health, an administrative unit of The University of Texas at Austin, developed the items for the grant proposal rating form (GPRF). Four interns, who had educational backgrounds equivalent to the foundation’s grant-making staff, used the GPRF to independently rate 20 grant proposals previously reviewed by the foundation. Internal consistency and interrater reliability were very good. It had good face and construct validity and moderate criterion validity. The GPRF’s psychometric properties are sufficient to recommend its use in the foundation’s review process and suggest private philanthropies’ grant proposal review processes can be made more objective and reliable without compromising validity.
Centering or Not Centering in Multilevel Models? The Role of the Group Mean and the Assessment of Group Effects
Authors: Paccagnella Omar
Published: January 2006

In multilevel regression, centering the model variables produces effects that are different and sometimes unexpected compared with those in traditional regression analysis. In this article, the main contributions in terms of meaning, assumptions, and effects underlying a multilevel centering solution are reviewed, emphasizing advantages and critiques of this approach. In addition, in the spirit of Manski, contextual and correlated effects in a multilevel framework are defined to detect group effects. It is shown that the decision of centering in a multilevel analysis depends on the way the variables are centered, on whether the model has been specified with or without cross-level terms and group means, and on the purposes of the specific analysis.
Factors Influencing Teachers’ Attitudes Toward Personal Use and School Use of Computers
Authors: Sadik Alaa
Published: January 2006

This study reports on the Arabization and empirical evaluation of two standard scales to assess Egyptian teachers’ attitudes toward personal use and school use of computers. To date, no similar instruments have been translated and empirically evaluated in an Arabic-speaking community. Data provided by a sample of 443 teachers support the reliability and validity of the two Arabic versions and the body of the research evidence, which suggests that computer attitude is multidimensional. The relationship between gender, years of teaching experience, computer use, computer experience, and computer attitudes is also examined. Implications for preservice and in-service teacher preparation in Egypt are provided.
Portal Surveys of Time-Out Drinking Locations
Authors: Voas Robert B. , Furr-Holden Debra , Lauer Elizabeth , Bright Kristin , Johnson Mark B. , Miller Brenda
Published: January 2006

Portal surveys, defined as assessments occurring proximal to the entry point to a high-risk locale and immediately on exit, can be used in different settings to measure characteristics and behavior of attendees at an event of interest. This methodology has been developed to assess alcohol and other drug (AOD) use at specific events and has included measuring intentions to use collected at entry and reported use on exit, as well as chemical tests for AOD consumption at both entrance and exit. Recent applications of the portal survey procedure to electronic music dance events that occur in established venues (e.g., bars or nightclubs) are discussed.
Psychological Profiling of Sexual Murders: An Empirical Model
Authors: Kocsis Richard N. , Cooksey Ray W. , Irwin Harvey J.
Published: January 2006

Psychological profiling represents the investigative technique of analyzing crime behaviors for the identification of probable offender characteristics. Profiling has progressively been incorporated into police procedures despite a surprising lack of empirical research to support its validity. Indeed, in the study of sexual murder for the purpose of profiling, very few quantitative, academically reviewed studies exist. This article reports on the results of a 4- year study into Australian sexual murders for the development of psychological profiling. The study involved 85 cases of sexual murder sampled from all Australian police jurisdictions. The statistical procedure of multidimensional scaling was employed. This analysis produced a five-cluster model of sexual murder behavior. First, a central cluster of behaviors was identified that represents common behaviors to all patterns of sexual murder. Next, four distinct out- lying patterns—predator, fury, perversion, and rape—were identified that each demonstrated distinct offence styles. Further analysis of these patterns also identified distinct offender characteristics that allow for the use of empirically robust offender profiles in future sexual murder investigations.
School Violence in the Eyes of the Beholders: An Integrative Aggression-Victimization Perspective
Authors: Laskov-Peled Ronit , Wolf Yuval
Published: January 2006

Five experiments explored, within the framework of functional measurement, the importance assigned by 3rd and 4th graders (n = 117) to expectations of potential perpetrators from their potential victims. Each participant was requested to imagine potential incidents of school violence where four familiar classmates were presented as protagonists (i.e., perpetrator and victim). An orderly manipulation of the combination of the level (high or low) of aggressiveness and susceptibility to victimization in each protagonist was made. The participants were informed whether or not the victim was about to deliver tangible rewards, display signs of suffering, or retaliate (2*2*2=8 conditions). For each potential incident, the participant estimated the likelihood that an attack will take place. The following order of importance was found: Reward > Retaliation > Suffering. Victim’s aggressiveness was slightly effective. From an applied perspective, most notable is the tendency to lower the likelihood of violence when the educator knows about the incidents.
Idiographic Use of the MMPI-2 in the Assessment of Dangerousness among Incarcerated Felons
Authors: Weiss Joshua M.
Published: January 2006

Assessing dangerousness is an essential task for mental health workers in correctional facilities. The original Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and its variant the MMPI-2, appear to be among the most popular psychological tests in such settings. Two approaches to test data can be used when assessing dangerousness: an actuarial or statistical approach, and an idiographic or clinical approach. This article explores the potential for an idiographic use of the MMPI for risk assessment. Professional literature has emphasized the inadequacies of clinical approaches, whereas more actuarial or statistical approaches have been seen as preferable. This article illustrates through case examples how combining idiographic data with statistically based interpretations of MMPI scores can enhance clinical judgment. It is argued that the individual context enriches and changes the meaning of test scores. Integrating actuarial and idiographic approaches can assist in a more accurate and complete understanding of a felon’s dangerousness.
Juvenile Crime and Responses to Delinquency in Hong Kong
Authors: Wong Dennis S. W.
Published: January 2006

This article describes the juvenile crime trend and responses to juvenile delinquency in Hong Kong since the 1970s. It explores how changing conceptions of the causes of juvenile crime have influenced delinquency control policies. Although Hong Kong has a relatively low crime rate, the heavy emphasis on the use of custodial programs over community-based programs is obvious. Whereas the scope of delinquency literature is narrow and the legal professional’s opinion is rather conservative, new initiatives to further advance the juvenile justice system are difficult.
Rehabilitation in the New Machine? Exploring Drug and Alcohol Use and Variables Related to Success among DUI Offenders Under Electronic Monitoring—Some Preliminary Outcome Results
Authors: Courtright Kevin E. , Berg Bruce L. , Mutchnick Robert J.
Published: January 2006

When the “Western County” (Penn.) Probation Department implemented a house arrest with electronic monitoring (EM) program in the fall of 1992, offenders convicted under the commonwealth’s mandatory driving under the influence (DUI) act were divided into two groups: One group went to jail and the other group served their sentence under house arrest with EM. Using descriptive and inferential statistics, this article examines differences in drug and alcohol consumption between the two groups and variables related to success for those in the EM program. With regard to drug and alcohol consumption, although differences did exist, they were not significant. However, using cross-tabulation tables and chi-squares, it was determined that two variables—successful attendance at treatment and employment—were significantly related to success while on EM. Such findings indicate the importance of both variables in the selection and supervision process.
The Quality of Perceived Parenting and Its Association with Peer Relationships and Psychological Distress in a Group of Incarcerated Young Offenders
Authors: Chambers Julie A. , Power Kevin G. , Loucks Nancy , Swanson Vivien
Published: January 2006

An investigation was carried out to examine the association of perceived parenting as measured by a shortened form of the Parental Bonding Instrument with self-esteem, relationships with peers and staff, and psychological distress levels in a group of young offenders held in custody. There were strong associations between low parental care with both low self-esteem and increased psychological distress as well as between low maternal care and poorer peer relationships. In addition, poor-quality peer relationships with other inmates and low self-esteem showed strong associations with increased levels of psychological distress in prison, suggesting that peer relations and self-esteem may both act as mediator variables in the association between parental care and anxiety and depression. There were, however, no associations between self-esteem and either the quality or number of peer relationships.
A Typology of Correctional Officers
Authors: Farkas Mary Ann
Published: January 2006

This descriptive study examined types of correctional officers in a systematic fashion across four dimensions: orientation toward rule enforcement, orientation toward negotiation or exchange with inmates, extent of norms of mutual obligation toward coworkers, and interest in human service delivery. In-depth interviews were conducted with officers to characterize their approaches to the job and what they perceived as officer styles. A typology was constructed from interviews with 79 officers at two medium-security state correctional institutions. The data indicated that there were distinct and varied types. Rule enforcers, hard liners, and loners reproduced official goals, values, and modes of conduct of the organization. Other types, people workers and synthetic officers, modified formal definitions and imperatives and developed their own norms, values, and ways of doing the job. Still other types identified by respondents rejected or ignored the official organizational goals.
Offence Type and the Experience of Loneliness
Authors: Rokach Ami
Published: January 2006

This study compared the experience of loneliness of criminals to that of the general population. The heterogeneous criminal population was divided into five more homogeneous subgroups whose loneliness experience was compared. These were sex offenders, violent offenders, property offenders, drug related offenders, and a category that contained all other miscellaneous offences. Three hundred fifty-six incarcerated male offenders and 501 males from the general population volunteered to answer an 82-item yes/no questionnaire. The questionnaire was composed of five subscales: Emotional Distress, Social Inadequacy and Alienation, Growth and Discovery, Interpersonal Isolation, and Self-Alienation. Results indicated significant differences between the loneliness experience of criminals and the general population, as well as amongst the criminal subgroups.
Preliminary Validation of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory–Juvenile Offender
Authors: Calhoun Georgia B. , Glaser Brian A. , Stefurak Tres , Bradshaw Catherine P.
Published: January 2006

An examination of the relationship between self-esteem and delinquent behavior in juveniles suggests that pathological narcissism, characterized by a grandiose self-image and interpersonal exploitation, may be a factor in the etiology of juvenile delinquency. Psychoanalytic theory posits a relationship between narcissism and delinquent behavior in juveniles, however, there has been little research examining this relationship empirically. The present study represents an effort to measure the construct of narcissism in juvenile offenders via a revised version of the widely used Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI). The NPI was revised to suit the juveniles’ comprehension and reading levels and administered to 125 detained male juvenile offenders. Construct validity for the Narcissistic Personality Inventory-Juvenile Offender (NPI-JO) was provided by factor analytic cross-validation with a broad-spectrum scale (Behavior Assessment System for Children–Self-Report Profile) of adolescent behavior. Limitations and possible implications of the narcissism scale were noted.
Associations between Trait Anger and Aggression Used in the Commission of Sexual Offenses
Authors: Smallbone Stephen W. , Milne Lynley
Published: January 2006

Archival data on 110 incarcerated adult sexual offenders were used to examine associations between trait anger and type and level of aggression used in the commission of their sexual offenses. Intrafamilial child molesters (n = 43), extrafamilial child molesters (n = 35), and rapists (n = 32) did not differ in trait anger. In the combined group, significant associations were found between trait anger and verbal aggression, but not between trait anger and physical aggression. Offenders who used threats of death had higher levels of trait anger temperament, anger reaction, and anger directed outward, and lower levels of anger control than those who had used no verbal aggression. The absence of association between trait anger and physical aggression suggests that physical aggression employed in the commission of sexual offenses may be largely instrumental. Implications for engaging sexual offenders in anger management intervention, and for victim resistance to sexual assaults, are considered.
Battered Children, Medical Forensic Aspects: A 20-Year Review from Eastern Hungary (1963-1983)
Authors: Buris Laszlo F. , Posta Janos , Buris Laszlo , Darok Mario , Gorombey Steve
Published: January 2006

Child abuse generally takes four forms: physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, and neglect. The number of cases varies over time. The authors of this study present data from a region in eastern Hungary for the 20-year period from 1963 to 1983, during which there was a trend at first toward a higher incidence of cases and then a significant decrease in child abuse. That decline has continued. There is no apparent explanation for this decline. The number of sexually abused children was significant, whereas the number of psychologically abused children was small, when compared to that in other studies. Unlike other cases in the authors’ practice, child abuse occurs infrequently, which makes the use of a specialist necessary in the determination of the diagnosis.
Gender Difference in Mentally Ill Offenders: A Nationwide Japanese Study
Authors: Xie Liya
Published: January 2006

The entire population of 2,094 mentally ill offenders who were adjudicated as partially or fully not criminally responsible on account of mental disorders during the years of 1980 and 1994 throughout Japan were studied. Men were predominant. More than 60% of the participants had previously received psychiatric treatment. Schizophrenia and other psychoses were the most common diagnoses among both males and females. Females were more likely to be charged with violent crimes, and half of them committed homicide. Females attacked family members more often, and they were diagnosed with depression more often than were males. In contrast, males were more often charged with nonviolent crimes and had a greater number of criminal records. Despite the fact that persons diagnosed solely with personality disorders were largely excluded from the study, male mentally ill offenders still shared more negative demographic factors with male criminals in general, such as being unmarried, having a lower educational level, a poorer employment history, chaotic lives, and substance abuse problems.
Explaining Paraphilias and Lust Murder: Toward an Integrated Model
Authors: Arrigo Bruce A. , Purcell Catherine E.
Published: January 2006

The literature on sexual homicide and serial murder has offered mostly descriptive or anecdotal accounts. What seems to underscore these crimes is a series of paraphilias (i.e., sexually deviant behaviors) that give rise to violent conduct. The motivational model of Burgess et al. and the trauma-control model of Hickey indicate as much in their respective sexual homicide and serial murder typologies. However, neither model offers a detailed conceptual account of the etiology and process of paraphilias, especially in relationship to lust murder, or erotophonophilia. This article attempts to fill this gap in the research. The authors demonstrate how the motivational and trauma-control typologies are assimilable, making possible an integrated theoretical paraphilic schema. The authors explain how paraphilias as a system of behavior function as motive in the sexually sadistic act of lust murder. They conclude by exploring the implications of their conceptual synthesis for clinical forensic treatment and law enforcement practice.
Adult Attachment Style and Pedophilia: A Developmental Perspective
Authors: Sawle Gary A. , Kear-Colwell Jon
Published: January 2006

In this study, attachment theory was applied to three samples: male university students (controls), male nonoffending victims of sexual assault, and convicted male pedophiles. Adult attachment styles are investigated along with developmental histories of neglect, punishment, and sexual and physical abuse. It is proposed that adult attachment styles will differ among the pedophiles and the other two groups, and the duration of participants’ adult sexual relationships would vary with the amount of sexual and other trauma that they reported experiencing as young people. If these were confirmed, it would indicate that attachment style was a significant factor in the developmental history of pedophiles and male victims of sexual assault. The results of this study indicated that the victims and controls experienced more security of attachment than the pedophiles, who were found to have an insecure attachment style. Victims and pedophiles were found to have experienced similar levels of early abuse and trauma.
Coping Strategies and Attachment in Pedophiles: Implications for Treatment
Authors: Kear-Colwell Jon , Sawle Gary A.
Published: January 2006

The purpose of this article is to investigate the use of coping styles in pedophiles (n = 25) and how that use might differ in nonoffending victims (n = 22) and a control group from the general population (n = 23). TheWays of Coping Questionnaire is employed for this purpose. The results indicate significant differences. The pedophiles, although employing positive coping strategies with the same frequency as the other two groups, also employ significantly more negative coping strategies than the other two groups; namely, escape-avoidance, distancing, and confrontive coping. The victims use escape-avoidance more frequently than the controls but less frequently than the pedophiles, but primarily they use positive coping strategies to deal with their interpersonal problems. These findings are discussed in terms of the difficulties that the use of negative coping strategies combined with insecure attachment could cause in the development of a therapeutic relationship. Psychological approaches for engaging pedophiles in treatment are also discussed.
The Prevalence and Comorbidity of Axis I and Axis II Pathology in a Group of Forensic Patients
Authors: Timmerman Irma G. H. , Emmelkamp Paul M. G.
Published: January 2006

In this study, the prevalence of a broad range of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, third edition, revised (DSM-III-R) Axis I disorders (Composite International Disorder Interview) and all Axis II disorders (International Personality Disorder Examination) is determined with standardized, semistructured interviews of a group of 39 male forensic inpatients. Substance abuse (75.7%) and mood (51.3%) and anxiety (40.3%) disorders were the most prevalent Axis I disorders. Of Axis II disorders, 86.8% evinced a personality disorder most often from the B cluster. A high percentage of the participants received the diagnosis “personality disorder not otherwise specified” (42.1%). There was a high level of comorbidity of mood and anxiety disorders with personality (61%) and substance abuse (47%) disorders. Compared with the general population, the prevalence rates of the separate disorders found among these forensic participants are much higher. The results of this study emphasize the importance of the use of standardized diagnostic instruments and the assessment of a broad range of disorders.
Self-Identified Alcohol Abusers in a Low-Security Federal Prison: Characteristics and Treatment Implications
Authors: White Robert J. , Ackerman Robert J. , Caraveo L. Eduardo
Published: January 2006

One hundred fifteen male inmates arriving at a low-security federal correctional institution in 1998 completed the Michigan Alcohol Screening Test (MAST) as part of a standard psychological intake battery that included a background questionnaire, the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory, Version 3 (MCMI-III), and the Conflict Tactics Scale. The majority of inmates screened positive for alcohol problems on the MAST (61%). Self-identified alcohol abusers were more likely to evidence antisocial personality patterns, anxiety disorders, domestic violence histories, and other substance misuse. Roughly 1 in 4 (24%) showed a combination of antisocial personality and low anxiety on the MCMI, suggestive of primary psychopathic disorder. The findings suggest that low-security inmates who screen positive on the MAST often present with other substance use problems, personality pathology, and domestic violence histories that potentially inform treatment efforts by mental health professionals in federal prisons.
Intimate Partner and Nonintimate Violence History Among Drug-Using, Incarcerated Men
Authors: Logan TK , Walker Robert , Leukefeld Carl G.
Published: January 2006

There has been limited research focused on examining intimate and nonintimate violence perpetration patterns among incarcerated men. The purpose of this applied research study was to examine demographic, family, mental health, drug use, and criminal justice history among three groups of drug-using, incarcerated men: (a) those who report no violence of any kind (n = 47), (b) those who report nonintimate-only violence (n = 164), and (c) those who report both intimate and nonintimate violence—generally violent men (n = 298). There were very few men in this sample who reported perpetrating only intimate partner violence; thus, they were excluded from further comparisons. Results indicated the no-violence men were less antisocial, less drug involved, and reported fewer emotional problems and less family conflict. Generally, violent men reported more drug use, emotional problems, family conflict, and abuse victimization experiences than either the nonintimate-only violence or the no-violence groups. Implications for prison-based treatment and prerelease planning are discussed.
Eight-Year Comparative Analyses of Adolescent Rapists, Adolescent Child Molesters, Other Adolescent Delinquents, and the General Population
Authors: Hagan Michael P. , Gust-Brey Karyn L. , Cho Meg E. , Dow Edward
Published: January 2006

This study involved an 8-year comparative analysis of sexual assault among adolescent perpetrators of sexual assault against children, adolescent perpetrators of rape against same age or older peers, other adolescent delinquents, and the general population. Results of this study found that adolescent sex offenders were significantly more likely to sexually reoffend in the 8-year period after their release from a juvenile correctional facility than were a control group of other non–sex offending adolescent delinquents from the same institution. Juvenile non-sex offenders, child sexual offenders, and adolescent rapists were all found to be significantly more likely to be involved in sexual assaults than was the general male population in the United States.
The Clinical Application of Risk Assessment in the Treatment-Planning Process
Authors: Moran Marianne J. , Sweda Michael G. , Fragala M. Richard , Sasscer-Burgos Julie
Published: January 2006

In the past 10 years, there has been an impressive proliferation of information regarding the prediction of violence risk. Much of the information is devoted to describing the empirical basis of risk prediction and the various instruments available for the assessment of risk. Yet, there has been little discussion of how risk assessments can inform the therapeutic process. This article describes the application of risk assessment to clinical practice in a maximum-security forensic hospital. A brief discussion of the forensic systems issues is also included.
The Effect of Time on the Disciplinary Adjustment of Women in Prison
Authors: Casey-Acevedo Karen , Bakken Tim
Published: January 2006

The number of women in state and federal prisons has doubled in the past 10 years (from approximately 40,000 to more than 87,000), yet research on women in prisons is extremely limited, especially with regard to women in maximum-security institutions. Significant studies on women inmates have focused on inmates’ adaptation to prison life and the development of kinship groups while incarcerated. A few studies have examined the disciplinary behavior of female inmates, by comparing female inmates with male inmates. However, there exists little research on the temporal patterns of disciplinary behavior among women inmates, which was the focus of this article.
Childhood Cruelty to Animals and Subsequent Violence against Humans
Authors: Merz-Perez Linda , Heide Kathleen M. , Silverman Ira J.
Published: January 2006

Recent studies have offered compelling evidence supporting a relationship between childhood cruelty to animals and later violence against humans. This study investigated whether violent offenders were significantly more likely than nonviolent offenders to have abused animals of various types during childhood. Interviews were conducted with 45 violent and 45 nonviolent offenders incarcerated in a maximum-security prison and randomly selected for this study by institutional staff members. Two data collection instruments were used. The first extracted demographic and social history from the participants. The second was used to gather information regarding cruelty to animals as categorized into four types (wild, farm, pet, and stray). Results indicated that a statistically significant relationship existed between childhood cruelty to animals and later violence against humans. Furthermore, the study found, consistent with prior research, that violent offenders were significantly more likely than nonviolent offenders to have committed acts of cruelty toward pet animals as children.
Exhibitionism and Psychotherapy: A Case Study
Authors: Chopin-Marcé Marie-Josèphe
Published: January 2006

The relatively recent awareness of the extent of the sexual aggression phenomenon is not the result of new scientific data; rather, it precedes them. In this article, the case study of an exhibitionist is presented. The importance of combined therapy for sexual offenders, specifically, psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy, is discussed.
Restructuring Sex Offender Sentencing: A Therapeutic Jurisprudence Approach to the Criminal Justice Process
Authors: Edwards William , Hensley Christopher
Published: January 2006

Although the notion of providing specialized treatment to sex offenders has been widely, and at times enthusiastically, embraced by lawmakers and criminal justice professionals, the larger criminal justice system often maintains and fosters policies and mandates that act as disincentives for offenders to seek out or participate meaningfully in specialized sex offender treatment. This article employs the therapeutic jurisprudence perspective in examining many of the issues and problems associated with adjudicating and treating sex offenders and presents a “treatment track” or deferred sentencing model, which while primarily focusing on offender adjudication, prioritizes the therapeutic needs of offenders and emphasizes the interrelated nature of various criminal justice system components associated with sex offender cases and each component’s potential therapeutic impact on the others.
Whose Problem Is It Anyway? Women Prisoners and HIV/AIDS
Authors: Zaitzow Barbara H.
Published: January 2006

One of the pressing public health concerns facing correctional systems today is HIV/AIDS. Although no segment of the incarcerated population is immune to this infection, an alarming number of female inmates have been shown to test positive for HIV at higher rates than male inmates. As women in prison have different treatment needs and problems than their male counterparts, the impact of such inmates on correctional health care services represents a potentially critical issue confronting correctional managers and correctional health service administrators. This article highlights the need for the corrections community to address the special needs of female inmates infected with the HIV/AIDS virus and to acknowledge the impact of HIV/AIDS on all imprisoned women in the United States.
An Examination of Cross-National Variation in Punitiveness
Authors: Neapolitan Jerome L.
Published: January 2006

This research examines why nations differ as to rates of imprisonment, prison conditions, and use of capital punishment. Variables representing the major theoretical perspectives are used to examine differences in a much larger sample of nations than has been used in previous research. Regression analysis indicates that homicide rates—and, to a lesser degree, total crime rates—have positive associations to prison rates, whereas street-level law enforcement has a negative association. Dummy variables representing nations grouped by geographic region greatly increase variance explained, indicating a historical-cultural component to use of imprisonment. Little to no support was found for civilization theory, inequality, or unemployment variables. Discriminant analysis indicated that degree of human development and freedom as well as inequality helped classify nations according to prison conditions, whereas the freedom variable helped classify nations that did and did not use capital punishment. Dummy geographic region variables were important in classifying nations by prison conditions and capital punishment, again indicating the probable importance of historicalcultural factors.
Factors That Discriminate between Recidivists, Parole Violators, and Nonrecidivists in a 3-Year Follow-Up of Boot Camp Graduates
Authors: Benda Brent B.
Published: January 2006

The authors conducted a study of recidivism of 480 male graduates, aged 16 to 40 years, of a boot camp in the South. Discriminant analysis was used to determine what factors discriminated between three outcomes in a 3-year follow-up: (a) nonrecidivists, (b) recidivists who had committed additional crime after graduation from boot camp, and (c) parole violators. Analyses indicated that present age, age when unlawful behavior began, incarceration as a juvenile, several personality deficits, peer influence, and perceptions of boot camp merely as an expedient avenue to release discriminated between recidivists and the other two groups. Self-esteem, self-efficacy, resilience, expectations of future success, and favorable perceptions of various aspects of the boot camp experience distinguished nonrecidivists from others. Practice and policy implications of these findings are discussed.
Balagan: Delinquency as a Result of the Lack of a Center of Norms and Consciousness
Authors: Timor Uri
Published: January 2006

From interviews with prisoners and ex-prisoners in Israel, it emerges that their delinquency was an outcome of what is called in many languages, including Hebrew,balagan (a chaotic or messy life). The balagan is caused by a lack of moral and behavioral centers, and it is characterized by confusing and contradictory norms of criminal and noncriminal behavior. This conclusion is inconsistent with theories that explain criminality in terms of cultural perspective, but it fits the center theory and the theories of social control. The balagan was mainly expressed by contradictions between their attitudes and behavior, as well as between their positive images and criminal acts. None of the convicts and ex-convicts justified breaking the law, but they attempted to minimize their responsibility by means of justifications and excuses. This study is based on phenomenological interviews conducted with 25 prisoners and 50 former prisoners who underwent programs of rehabilitation in kibbutzim and in yeshivot in Israel.
Social Control in China: Applications of the Labeling Theory and the Reintegrative Shaming Theory
Authors: Chen Xiaoming
Published: January 2006

This article delineates the underlying philosophy and functions of social control in the Chinese society. This topic is particularly interesting because specific control functions are grounded in a unique macro-control system, which is totally different from that typical of Western countries. The article also scrutinizes the implications of labeling theory and reintegrative shaming theory, as they are elaborated in the West, and tests their sensitivity to cross-cultural differences. Although some caveats are in order, the evidence presented here tends to support the reintegrative shaming theory rather than labeling theory.
Inmate Family Functioning
Authors: Klein Shirley R. , Bartholomew Geannina S. , Hibbert Jeff
Published: January 2006

Two-hundred-nine noninmates and 169 inmates completed questionnaires that assessed retrospective perceptions of 12 dimensions of family life and one overall assessment of quality of family life. Between the inmates and noninmates, means for all dependent variables differed significantly except for self-reliance; however, meaningful eta-squares were found only for dimensions of bridging, disengagement, and quality of life. Among the independent-samples t tests for gender, eta-squares were not meaningful. Implications for family life interventions in correctional facilities are suggested.
Psychological Profiling of Offender Characteristics from Crime Behaviors in Serial Rape Offences
Authors: Kocsis Richard N. , Cooksey Ray W. , Irwin Harvey J.
Published: January 2006

Criminal psychological profiling has progressively been incorporated into police procedures despite a dearth of empirical research. Indeed, in the study of serial violent crimes for the purpose of psychological profiling, very few original, quantitative, academically reviewed studies actually exist. This article reports on the analysis of 62 incidents of serial sexual assault. The statistical procedure of multidimensional scaling was employed in the analysis of this data, which in turn produced a five-cluster model of serial rapist behavior. First, a central cluster of behaviors were identified that represent common behaviors to all patterns of serial rape. Second, four distinct outlying patterns were identified as demonstrating distinct offence styles, these being assigned the following descriptive labels brutality, intercourse, chaotic, and ritual. Furthermore, analysis of these patterns also identified distinct offender characteristics that allow for the use of empirically robust offender profiles in future serial rape investigations.
Profiles in the Offending Process of Nonserial Sexual Murderers
Authors: Beauregard Eric , Proulx Jean
Published: January 2006

The aim of this study was to investigate specific pathways in the offending processes of nonserial sexual murderers and to examine possible relationships with different precrime, per-crime, and postcrime factors. Included in this study were 36 offenders who have committed at least one sexual murder against a female victim and they were classified using cluster analysis. Participants using the sadistic pathway planned their offenses and used physical restraints during the offenses. Furthermore, they mutilated and humiliated their victims. Finally, they hid the bodies of the victims. Participants using the anger pathway had not premeditated the homicide. Mutilation, humiliation, and physical restraints were less predominant with these participants than with those using the sadistic pathway. Moreover, these offenders were more likely to leave the bodies at the crime scenes after the killings occurred. These two profiles are compared with empirical studies addressing sexual homicide.
Interpersonal Process-Oriented Group Psychotherapy with Offender Populations
Authors: Morgan Robert D. , Winterowd Carrie L.
Published: January 2006

This article discusses the application of interpersonal process-oriented group psychotherapy to offender populations. Group psychotherapy with offenders presents problems not encountered with other populations; thus, applying the group method requires special considerations. The particular focus of this article is on the relevance of therapeutic factors in group work with offenders, group process as it applies to work with offenders, and work with difficult clients.
Crime and Chaos: Applying Nonlinear Dynamic Principles to Problems in Criminology
Authors: Walters Glenn D.
Published: January 2006

Holism, nonlinear dynamics, sensitive dependence on initial conditions, and selforganization are examined in an effort to determine whether these concepts have applicability to research and theory on crime, criminals, and the criminal justice system. It is concluded that these concepts, all part of a growing science of chaos, show promise of clarifying conflicting empirical findings and resolving important theoretical issues within the general field of criminology. The topics covered in this article include empiricism and the problem of prediction, the reconciliation of polar opposites, reaffirming choice, and learning and socialization. A case example is used to illustrate how a chaotic interpretation of individual criminal behavior and change differs from the traditional positivist, classical, and rehabilitative perspectives.