bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Parathyroidectomy improves bone geometry and microarchitecture in female patients with primary hyperparathyroidism: A one-year prospective controlled study using high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography
Authors: Hansen Stinus , Hauge Ellen M , Rasmussen Lars , Jensen Jens-Erik Beck , Brixen Kim
Published: January 2012

Following parathyroidectomy (PTX), bone mineral density (BMD) increases in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT), yet information is scarce concerning changes in bone structure and strength following normalization of parathyroid hormone levels postsurgery. In this 1-year prospective controlled study, high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT) was used to evaluate changes in bone geometry, volumetric BMD (vBMD), microarchitecture, and estimated strength in female patients with PHPT before and 1 year after PTX, compared to healthy controls. Twenty-seven women successfully treated with PTX (median age 62 years; range, 44–75 years) and 31 controls (median age 63 years; range, 40–76 years) recruited by random sampling from the general population were studied using HR-pQCT of the distal radius and tibia as well as with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) of the forearm, spine, and hip. The two groups were comparable with respect to age, height, weight, and menopausal status. In both radius and tibia, cortical (Ct.) vBMD and Ct. thickness increased or were maintained in patients and decreased in controls (p < 0.01). Radius cancellous bone architecture was improved in patients through increased trabecular number and decreased trabecular spacing compared with changes in controls (p < 0.05). No significant cancellous bone changes were observed in tibia. Estimated bone failure load by finite element modeling increased in patients in radius but declined in controls (p < 0.001). Similar, albeit borderline significant changes in estimated failure load were found in tibia (p = 0.06). This study showed that females with PHPT had improvements in cortical bone geometry and increases in cortical and trabecular vBMD in both radius and tibia along with improvements in cancellous bone architecture and estimated strength in radius 1 year after PTX, reversing or attenuating age-related changes observed in controls. © 2012 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
SOCS2 is the critical regulator of GH action in murine growth plate chondrogenesis
Authors: Pass Chloe , MacRae Vicky Elizabeth , Huesa Carmen , Faisal Ahmed S , Farquharson Colin
Published: January 2012

Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling-2 (SOCS2) is a negative regulator of growth hormone (GH) signaling and bone growth via inhibition of the Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK/STAT) pathway. This has been classically demonstrated by the overgrowth phenotype of SOCS2−/− mice, which has normal systemic insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) levels. The local effects of GH on bone growth are equivocal, and therefore this study aimed to understand better the SOCS2 signaling mechanisms mediating the local actions of GH on epiphyseal chondrocytes and bone growth. SOCS2, in contrast to SOCS1 and SOCS3 expression, was increased in cultured chondrocytes after GH challenge. Gain- and loss-of-function studies indicated that GH-stimulated chondrocyte STATs-1, -3, and -5 phosphorylation was increased in SOCS2−/− chondrocytes but not in cells overexpressing SOCS2. This increased chondrocyte STAT signaling in the absence of SOCS2 is likely to explain the observed GH stimulation of longitudinal growth of cultured SOCS2−/− embryonic metatarsals and the proliferation of chondrocytes within. Consistent with this metatarsal data, bone growth rates, growth plate widths, and chondrocyte proliferation were all increased in SOCS2−/− 6-week-old mice as was the number of phosphorylated STAT-5–positive hypertrophic chondrocytes. The SOCS2−/− mouse represents a valid model for studying the local effects of GH on bone growth. © 2012 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Mesenchymal stem cell transplantation to promote bone healing
Authors: Gao Chan , Seuntjens Jan , Kaufman Gabriel N. , Tran‐Khanh Nicolas , Butler Alison , Li Ailian , Wang Huifen , Buschmann Michael D. , Harvey Edward J. , Henderson Janet E.
Published: January 2012

An overall decline in the availability of osteogenic precursor cells and growth factors in the bone marrow microenvironment have been associated with impaired bone formation and osteopenia in humans. The objective of the current study was to determine if transplantation of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) from a healthy, young donor mouse into an osteopenic recipient mouse could enhance osseointegration of a femoral implant. MSC harvested from normal young adult mice differentiated into bone forming osteoblasts when cultured on implant grade titanium surfaces ex vivo and promoted bone formation around titanium‐coated rods implanted in the femoral canal of osteopenic recipient mice. Micro computed tomographic imaging and histological analyses showed more, better quality, bone in the femur that received the MSC transplant compared with the contra‐lateral control femur that received carrier alone. These results provide pre‐clinical evidence that MSC transplantation promotes peri‐implant bone regeneration and suggest the approach could be used in a clinical setting to enhance bone regeneration and healing in patients with poor quality bone. © 2012 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 30:1183–1189, 2012
Micro‐CT visualization of the cricothyroid joint cavity in cadavers
Authors: Chen Shengguo , Wang Huaqiao , Fong Amy Hui Yu , Zhang Ming
Published: January 2012

Objectives/Hypothesis:

To directly visualize the cricothyroid joint (CTJ) cavity of the human cadaver and to correlate the appearance of the CTJ cavity to its fibrous capsule.

Study Design:

Prospective.

Methods:

Twenty‐five cadavers (nine females and 16 males; age range, 67–95 years) were used for gross anatomy, micro‐computed tomography (CT) arthrography, histology, E12 sheet plastination, and magnetic resonance imaging examinations. The cadavers were donated for the purposes of teaching and research under the Human Tissues Act.

Results:

Using micro‐CT arthrography with intra‐articular filling and sheet plastination technique, this study demonstrated that the dimension of the CTJ cavity was much larger than that of the articular surfaces, particularly at the superior and anterior aspects of the joint. Connective tissue fibers were regularly orientated and significantly strengthened in the posterior and inferior aspects of the CTJ capsule. Such fibrous configuration appeared to enhance the strength of the capsule itself rather than to shorten the distance between the articular surfaces. The size of the direct contact area of the opposing articular surfaces varied significantly between the sides of the same subject and among individuals.

Conclusions:

This study supports the general view that the cricoid cartilage rotates in a visor‐like fashion on the inferior cornu of the thyroid cartilage. However, the pivot for the CTJ rotation appears wobbly. The wobbly pivot may increase the joint mobility as the rotation allows the horizontal and vertical gliding movements of the CTJ.
Silk‐Based Nanocomplexes with Tumor‐Homing Peptides for Tumor‐Specific Gene Delivery
Authors: Numata Keiji , Mieszawska‐Czajkowska Aneta J. , Kvenvold Laura A. , Kaplan David L.
Published: January 2012

Nanoscale complexes of recombinant silk molecules containing THPs with DNA are designed as less cytotoxic and highly target‐specific gene carriers. Genetically engineered silk proteins containing poly(L‐lysine) domains to interact with pDNA and the THP to bind to specific tumorigenic cells for target‐specific pDNA delivery are prepared, followed by in vitro transfection into MDA‐MB‐435 melanoma cells, highly metastatic human breast tumor MDA‐MB‐231 cells, and non‐tumorigenic MCF‐10A breast epithelial cells. The silk/poly(L‐lysine) block copolymer containing Lyp1 (ML‐Lyp1) shows significant differences from silk/poly(L‐lysine) block copolymer containing F3 (ML‐F3) in cytotoxicity to MCF10A cells. ML‐F3 is the most promising candidate for target delivery into tumorigenic cells.

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Opportunity costs: Their place in the theory and practice of production
Authors: Jensen Oscar W.
Published: January 2012

The concept of opportunity cost, or foregone opportunities, is central to the economists' discussion of full costs. In many of these discussions opportunity cost in exchange is emphasized, while the opportunity costs in production are not fully discussed and embellished. It is the purpose of this paper to expand upon the notion of opportunity cost in production and demonstrate that, under general conditions, the full costs of economic theory may often illuminate the alternatives of a management decision problem.
Profit maximization and marketing strategies: Demand rotation and social influences
Authors: Aislabie C. J. , Tisdell C. A.
Published: January 2012

Microeconomic texts discuss alterations in industry demand curves as movements to higher or lower levels. Consider, instead, the implications for a monopolist's profit of rotating its (linear) demand curve. Where this can be done without cost by pivoting at the current price it will be profitable to continue to pivot the curve until it is horizontal or vertical. The possibility of rotating the demand curve of a ‘new’ product on an arbitrarily selected price allows us to consider the optimality of different advertising strategies (‘bandwagon’ or 'snob').
Expanding the spectrum of monoclonal light chain deposition disease in muscle
Authors: Ostrow Lyle W. , Corse Andrea M. , Morrison Brett M. , Huff Carol A. , Carrino John A. , Hoke Ahmet , Mammen Andrew L.
Published: January 2012

Introduction:

The diagnosis of amyloid myopathy is delayed when monoclonal gammopathies are not detected on initial testing and muscle biopsies are nondiagnostic, and the EMG and symptoms can mimic an inflammatory myopathy.

Methods:

Case report of a patient presenting with severe progressive muscle weakness of unclear etiology despite an extensive workup including two nondiagnostic muscle biopsies.

Results:

Directed by MRI, a third biopsy revealed amyloid angiopathy and noncongophilic kappa light chain deposition in scattered subsarcolemmal rings and perimysial regions. A serum free light chain (FLC) assay revealed a kappa monoclonal gammopathy, which was not detected by multiple immunofixations.

Conclusions:

The spectrum of immunoglobulin deposition in muscle is similar to other organs. It comprises a continuum that includes parenchymal amyloid deposition, amyloid angiopathy, and noncongophilic Light Chain Deposition Disease (LCDD). We recommend including the FLC assay in the routine investigation for monoclonal gammopathies. This case also highlights the value of MRI‐guided muscle biopsy. Muscle Nerve, 2012
The risk of hematoma following extensive electromyography of the lumbar paraspinal muscles
Authors: London Zachary , Quint Douglas J. , Haig Andrew J. , Yamakawa Karen S.J.
Published: January 2012

Introduction: The purpose of this study is to provide a controlled trial looking at the risk of paraspinal hematoma formation following extensive paraspinal muscle electromyography. Methods: 54 subjects ages 55–80 underwent MRI of the lumbar spine before or shortly after electromyography using the paraspinal mapping technique. A neuroradiologist, blinded to the temporal relationship between the EMG and MRI, reviewed the MRIs to look for hematomas in or around the paraspinal muscles. Results: Two MRIs demonstrated definite paraspinal hematomas, while 10 were found to have possible hematomas. All hematomas were < 15 mm, and none were close to any neural structures. There was no relationship between MRI evidence of hematoma and either the timing of the EMG or the use of aspirin or other nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs. Conclusions: Paraspinal electromyography can be considered safe in the general population and those taking nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs. Muscle Nerve 46:26–30, 2012
Hydrophobically modified poly[(divinyl ether)‐co‐(maleic anhydride)]: interactions with cyclodextrin derivatives and hydrogel formation
Authors: Bernert Dominika B. , Böhm Indra , Isenbügel Kathrin , Schönenberg Lisa , Ritter Helmut
Published: January 2012

Hydrolyzed cyclocopolymer prepared from divinyl ether and maleic anhydride, poly[(divinyl ether)‐co‐(maleic anhydride)] (DIVEMA), was functionalized with aminoadamantane and subsequently compared with the hydrolyzed DIVEMA with respect to physicochemical properties. The complexation behavior of adamantyl modified DIVEMA with cyclodextrin derivatives was examined by dynamic light scattering, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and zeta potential. The scattering studies indicated the formation of well‐defined aggregated structures with an average diameter of 120 nm. These aggregated structures collapsed on addition of randomly methylated β‐cyclodextrin to give 4.2 nm in hydrodynamic diameter. Interactions with crosslinked β‐cyclodextrins indicated gel formation which was analyzed by means of rheology and temperature‐dependent viscosity showing disaggregation of the host‐guest system at 42 °C. This novel physical hydrogel is very interesting for medical applications as a drug delivery system with included anti‐tumor activity. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Quantitative RT‐PCR analysis of PSA and prostate‐specific membrane antigen mRNA to detect circulating tumor cells improves recurrence‐free survival nomogram prediction after radical prostatectomy
Authors: Yates David R. , Rouprêt Morgan , Drouin Sarah J. , Comperat Eva , Ricci Sylvie , Lacave Roger , Sèbe Philippe , Cancel‐Tassin Geraldine , Bitker Marc‐Olivier , Cussenot Olivier
Published: January 2012

BACKGROUND

Circulating tumor cell (CTC) analysis is a potential new biomarker in prostate cancer. We hypothesize that quantitative detection of CTCs in patients pre‐ and post‐radical prostatectomy (RP) using quantitative TaqMan® fluorogenic RT‐PCR will improve the accuracy of the Kattan nomogram to predict the probability of recurrence‐free survival (RFS) post‐RP.

METHODS

Ninty‐two patients who underwent RP between 2004 and 2009 had venous blood samples taken pre‐ (Day − 1) and post‐operatively (Day + 7). We performed quantitative Taqman® RT‐PCR to detect circulating prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) and prostate‐specific membrane antigen (PSMA) mRNA. We calculated both the logarithmic ratio of Day + 7/Day − 1 for PSA (PSAr) and PSMA (PSMAr) expression (logDay+7/Day−1) and the Kattan nomogram predicted probability of disease recurrence for each patient. We then analyzed how the AUC‐ROC analysis for the Kattan nomogram prediction alone (K) compared to the addition of the PSAr and PSMAr in predicting 5‐year RFS.

RESULTS

The mean age (years), PSA (ng/ml), and follow‐up (mo) was 65.1, 9.13, and 72, respectively. The AUCs for K, PSAr + K, and PSMAr + K were 0.752 (95%CI 0.620–0.860), 0.830 (95%CI 0.740–0.911), and 0.837 (95%CI 0.613–0.923), respectively (P = 0.03). The Kattan 5‐year PSA RFS was 75%. The actual 5‐year PSA RFS survival rate was 77%.

CONCLUSIONS

Data from modern quantitative RT‐PCR to detect circulating prostate‐derived PSA and PSM mRNA pre‐ and post‐RP improves the accuracy of the Kattan nomogram to predict biochemical recurrence. Prostate 72:1382–1388, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The First Monomeric β‐Diketiminate Stabilized Four‐Coordinated Bismuth(III) Bistrifluoromethanesulfonate
Authors: Suresh Paladugu , Sathyanarayana Arruri , Prabusankar Ganesan , Hernandez Olivier , Golhen Stéphane
Published: January 2012

The sterically encumbered β‐diketiminate bismuth(III) bistriflate, LBi(OSO2CF3)2 [L = HC{(CMe)N(2, 6‐iPr2C6H3)}2] (2) was prepared from a facile one‐pot reaction between potassium β‐diketiminate LK (1) and bismuth(III) triflate. It was characterized by elemental analysis, FT‐IR, 1H NMR,13C NMR, and 19F NMR spectroscopy. The molecular structure of 2 was further confirmed by single‐crystal X‐ray crystallography. The solid‐state structure of 2 reveals a first structurally characterized monomeric β‐diketiminate supported group 15 bistriflate. The coordination number of bismuth is four.
Cs3(O3)2(O2)·NH3: the First Mixed Alkali Metal Ozonide Super­oxide
Authors: Nuss Hanne , Jansen Martin
Published: January 2012

Cs3(O3)2(O2)·NH3 was prepared by the reaction of CsO3 and CsO2, in the presence of traces of NH4Cl, in liquid ammonia. It is the first example of a mixed alkali metal ozonide superoxide. The title compound crystallizes in the trigonal space group P3121 (No.152) with a = 929.02(3) and c = 1028.63(8) pm and three formula units per unit cell. The cesium cations, O3– and O2– together build a honeycomb‐like framework structure with channels extending along [001]. The channels are occupied by ammonia molecules.
Hétéromutilation pénienne: à propos d’un cas à la clinique universitaire d’urologie-andrologie du centre national hospitalier universitaire Hubert-Koutoukou-Maga (CNHU HKM) de Cotonou (Bénin)
Authors: Hodonou K. Z. R. , Avakoudjo J. , Hodonou D. F. J. -M. , Ouattara A. , Yevi M. , Gandaho I. , Cissé D. , Akpo E. C.
Published: January 2012

Traumatismes rares, les amputations du pénis sont le plus souvent retrouvées dans le cadre d’automutilation chez des patients présentant un problème psychiatrique. Nous rapportons un cas d’amputation traumatique du pénis par agression physique. La section du pénis est située à 3 cm de sa base avec le segment sectionné non retrouvé. La prise en charge du patient a été double. Dans un premier temps, en urgence il a été réalisé une chirurgie d’hémostase, de régularisation du moignon et de mise en place d’une sonde urinaire, puis d’une prise en charge psychologique et psychiatrique dans un second temps. L’évolution est favorable avec une bonne cicatrisation du moignon et une amélioration de l’état psychiatrique sous antidépresseur. Des méthodes de chirurgie reconstructrice, telles les greffes, pourraient être envisagées.
The Invasion of the Crimea
Authors: Kinglake Alexander William
Published: January 2012

Alexander William Kinglake (1809–1891) was a travel writer and historian. He witnessed the battle of the Alma and the Charge of the Light Brigade, and became well acquainted with the British commander, Lord Raglan. This work was commissioned by Lady Raglan to repair her husband's reputation, and Kinglake was given access to Raglan's papers, and to private and confidential state records. The eight volumes were published between 1863 and 1887. They were extremely successful commercially, but received mixed critical reviews, owing to the bias and prejudice shown by the author, and serious questions were raised about his use of the sources to which he was given exclusive access. However, the breadth of his research, corresponding with or interviewing participants in the war, and use of French, Turkish and Russian sources as well as British, gives lasting value to the work. Volume 3 ends with the siege of Sebastopol.
The Invasion of the Crimea
Authors: Kinglake Alexander William
Published: January 2012

Alexander William Kinglake (1809–1891) was a travel writer and historian. He witnessed the battle of the Alma and the Charge of the Light Brigade, and became well acquainted with the British commander, Lord Raglan. This work was commissioned by Lady Raglan to repair her husband's reputation, and Kinglake was given access to Raglan's papers, and to private and confidential state records. The eight volumes were published between 1863 and 1887. They were extremely successful commercially, but received mixed critical reviews, owing to the bias and prejudice shown by the author, and serious questions were raised about his use of the sources to which he was given exclusive access. However, the breadth of his research, corresponding with or interviewing participants in the war, and use of French, Turkish and Russian sources as well as British, gives lasting value to the work. Volume 5 includes the Battle of Inkerman.
The Invasion of the Crimea
Authors: Kinglake Alexander William
Published: January 2012

Alexander William Kinglake (1809–1891) was a travel writer and historian. He witnessed the battle of the Alma and the Charge of the Light Brigade, and became well acquainted with the British commander, Lord Raglan. This work was commissioned by Lady Raglan to repair her husband's reputation, and Kinglake was given access to Raglan's papers, and to private and confidential state records. The eight volumes were published between 1863 and 1887. They were extremely successful commercially, but received mixed critical reviews, owing to the bias and prejudice shown by the author, and serious questions were raised about his use of the sources to which he was given exclusive access. However, the breadth of his research, corresponding with or interviewing participants in the war, and use of French, Turkish and Russian sources as well as British, gives lasting value to the work. Volume 6 covers the winter of 1854–1855.
A Journey from Madras through the Countries of Mysore, Canara, and Malabar
Authors: Buchanan Francis
Published: January 2012

In 1800 Lord Wellesley, the British Governor General of India, appointed the surgeon and botanist Francis Buchanan (1762–1829) to conduct a survey of the kingdom of Mysore in the south of the country, which had recently been annexed by the East India Company. In the resulting three-volume report, first published in 1807, Buchanan (later known as Francis Hamilton) records the physical and human geography of this large area of southern India. He describes the agriculture, arts and commerce, indigenous religions and customs, natural history and society and antiquities of the regions through which he travelled, and illustrates his text with a map and engravings. Volume 1 covers the early part of Buchanan's journey, from the British stronghold at Madras through Bangalore to Sira, an important strategic location for several earlier rulers. Buchanan focuses particularly on the agriculture of the region, noting the different varieties of rice under cultivation.
A Journey from Madras through the Countries of Mysore, Canara, and Malabar
Authors: Buchanan Francis
Published: January 2012

In 1800 Lord Wellesley, the British Governor General of India, appointed the surgeon and botanist Francis Buchanan (1762–1829) to conduct a survey of the kingdom of Mysore in the south of the country, which had recently been annexed by the East India Company. In the resulting three-volume report, first published in 1807, Buchanan (later known as Francis Hamilton) records the physical and human geography of this large area of southern India. He describes the agriculture, arts and commerce, indigenous religions and customs, natural history and society and antiquities of the regions through which he travelled, and illustrates his text with a map and engravings. Volume 2 covers Buchanan's travels west from Sira to southern Malabar and then northwards through that coastal region. Buchanan notes the breeds of cattle and sheep he observes there, and includes a detailed account of an iron mine and the smelting techniques it used.
Aristotelianism in the First Century BCE
Authors: Falcon Andrea
Published: January 2012

This book is a full study of the remaining evidence for Xenarchus of Seleucia, one of the earliest interpreters of Aristotle. Andrea Falcon places the evidence in its context, the revival of interest in Aristotle's philosophy that took place in the first century BCE. Xenarchus is often presented as a rebel, challenging Aristotle and the Aristotelian tradition. Falcon argues that there is more to Xenarchus and his philosophical activity than an opposition to Aristotle; he was a creative philosopher, and his views are best understood as an attempt to revise and update Aristotle's philosophy. By looking at how Xenarchus negotiated different aspects of Aristotle's philosophy, this book highlights elements of rupture as well as strands of continuity within the Aristotelian tradition.
The Oregon Trail
Authors: Parkman Francis
Published: January 2012

The American historian Francis Parkman (1823–93) published extensively on colonial North America, focusing particularly on the territorial rivalry between France and England. This famous travel diary was written early in his career and originally published in instalments in Knickerbocker's Magazine (1847–9) before appearing in book form in 1849. It enjoyed great popularity, and the 1878 sixth edition, reissued here, was fully revised by the author. The book describes Parkman's two-month journey in summer 1846 along the eastern part of the heavily-used emigrant route, from St Louis to the Rockies and back via Nebraska, Colorado, Wyoming and Kansas. It focuses particularly on a three-week hunting expedition during which Parkman lived with the Oglala Sioux. Parkman's elegant style and colourful descriptions read like an adventure novel, but the book is also a witness to the prejudices of its time about nationality and race, particularly with regard to Native Americans.
Isaac Casaubon, 1559–1614
Authors: Pattison Mark
Published: January 2012

The Victorian intellectual Mark Pattison (1813–84) published Isaac Casaubon in 1875, while rector of Lincoln College, Oxford. Casaubon (1559–1614), a French Protestant and distinguished Renaissance scholar, was the author of critical texts and commentaries on a vast corpus of classical authors, including Diogenes Laertius, Theocritus, Aristotle and Strabo. His magnum opus was his text and commentary on Athenaeus' Deipnosophistae. Pattison's account is based on letters, diaries, unpublished lecture notes and students' notes, published works, city archives, and university documents. The work covers Casaubon's youth, education, scholarly career, and final years spent in England (1610–14), where he influenced the rising 'Anglican school'. In his image of Casaubon, Pattison paints the picture of the ideal scholar, and through his portrayal reveals his deeply Victorian convictions and sensibilities. The work is an invaluable source for the life of the Renaissance scholar and the ideas and perspectives of the Victorian man.
Three-dimensional Lagrangian Voronoï analysis for clustering of particles and bubbles in turbulence
Authors: Tagawa Yoshiyuki , Mercado Julián Martínez , Prakash Vivek N. , Calzavarini Enrico , Sun Chao , Lohse Detlef
Published: January 2012

Three-dimensional Voronoï analysis is used to quantify the clustering of inertial particles in homogeneous isotropic turbulence using data sets from numerics in the point particle limit and one experimental data set. We study the clustering behaviour at different density ratios, particle response times (i.e. Stokes numbers $\mathit{St}$) and two Taylor–Reynolds numbers (${\mathit{Re}}_{\lambda } = 75$ and 180). The probability density functions (p.d.f.s) of the Voronoï cell volumes of light and heavy particles show different behaviour from that of randomly distributed particles, i.e. fluid tracers, implying that clustering is present. The standard deviation of the p.d.f. normalized by that of randomly distributed particles is used to quantify the clustering. The clustering for both light and heavy particles is stronger for higher ${\mathit{Re}}_{\lambda } $. Light particles show maximum clustering for $\mathit{St}$ around 1–2 for both Taylor–Reynolds numbers. The experimental data set shows reasonable agreement with the numerical results. The results are consistent with previous investigations employing other approaches to quantify the clustering. We also present the joint p.d.f.s of enstrophy and Voronoï volumes and their Lagrangian autocorrelations. The small Voronoï volumes of light particles correspond to regions of higher enstrophy than those of heavy particles, indicating that light particles cluster in higher vorticity regions. The Lagrangian temporal autocorrelation function of Voronoï volumes shows that the clustering of light particles lasts much longer than that of heavy or neutrally buoyant particles. Due to inertial effects arising from the density contrast with the surrounding liquid, light and heavy particles remain clustered for much longer times than the flow structures which cause the clustering.
Instabilities and turbulence in magnetohydrodynamic flow in a toroidal duct prior to transition in Hartmann layers
Authors: Zhao Yurong , Zikanov Oleg
Published: January 2012

Flow of an electrically conducting fluid in a toroidal duct of square cross-section is analysed. The flow is driven by the azimuthal Lorentz force resulting from the interaction between the radial electric currents created by the difference of electric potential maintained between the cylinder walls and the strong magnetic field imposed in the axial direction. The flow geometry and the value of the Hartmann number correspond to the experiment of Moresco & Alboussière (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 504, 2004, pp. 167–181). The purpose of the analysis is to reveal the flow features at Reynolds numbers below the threshold of transition to turbulence in Hartmann layers. We find that the flow experiences a complex evolution. The laminar base flow experiences the first instability at the Reynolds number significantly smaller than that of the threshold. The instability is axisymmetric and oscillatory. Turbulence appears at a slightly higher Reynolds number. Right up to the Hartmann layer instability, the turbulence remains localized in a layer near the outer cylinder wall. It is demonstrated that the turbulence may affect the transition in the Hartmann layers via unsteady forcing of the outer flow.
Violence and Predation in Late Medieval Mediterranean Europe
Authors: Smail Daniel Lord
Published: January 2012

In the full-text databases of Latin sources from Europe from the period between 400 and 1500, the Latin word for violence crops up around two thousand times, about as often as “justice” (2,400) though not as often as other interesting words like “envy” (6,000) or “vengeance” (3,800). The frequency of use of the word, adjusted for the vagaries of survival, reveals an interesting trend. From the tenth to the eleventh centuries, an age of predatory castellans and violent territorial expansion, the frequency nearly doubles in the extant literature, and remains high for several centuries to come. The word often appears in texts alongside nauseating tales of violence, of hands lopped off and eyes plucked out and intestines dragged from their hidden recesses. There is the story told by Guibert of Nogent about the predatory castellan Thomas de Marle, who hung his captives by their testicles until the weight of their own bodies tore them off. These were exempla. They painted verbal pictures of the behavior of those who were surely doomed to hell. In the hands of clerical authors like Guibert, they served as a goad to kings and princes who, in their indolence, might allow this stuff to go unavenged.
Does India Have History? Does History Have India?
Authors: Trautmann Thomas R.
Published: January 2012

It was the unanimous opinion of the early Orientalists of British India that India had no history, at least in the sense of historical writings. Like every consensus, it contained many variations of detail, as we shall see, but as the view of experts it was widely influential for a long time. For example, R. C. Majumdar gave a thoughtful version of this view at the beginning of the multivolumeHistory and Culture of the Indian People(Majumdar 1951) by Indian scholars, published shortly after independence. But the consensus was eroded by the rise of what we may call the “colonial knowledge” paradigm, which asserted a close connection between European rule and European knowledge of India. It tended to discredit the old consensus and to lighten the specific gravity of Orientalist knowledge, simplifying it as an object of historical explanation. This development has cleared an opening, in recent decades, for a rush of new studies tending to create an opposing consensus, that Indiadidhave history of a kind, it being the task of scholars to explicate what kind, exactly, that was (for example, Pathak 1966; Warder 1972; Thapar 1992; Wagoner 1993; Ali, ed. 1999; Narayana Rao, Shulman, and Subrahmanyam 2001; Guha 2004; Mantena 2007). This in itself has been very much to the good, by reopening questions that had been closed by the old consensus. The old consensus itself, by contrast, was dismissed without much examination, and was attributed to colonial interest, cultural misunderstanding, or insufficient grasp of Indian languages and literatures. The old consensus now is seen as a simple ideological projection, easily explained and dismissed, with little complexity or interest for historical investigation. But this simplifying action of the prevailing paradigm renders invisible some of the very real effects of the old consensus, effects whose explanation can be very valuable to us. In order to gain the benefit it holds we have to take it seriously, trying both to explain it historically and to decide whether or in what way it is true.
Little Strangers: International Adoption and American Kinship. A Review Essay
Authors: Leinaweaver Jessaca
Published: January 2012

In Victorian England, the phrase “little stranger” was used to refer to the unborn child one had not yet met. Though it has fallen out of use today, the expression is not inapt for describing the children who enter new families, new ethnic or cultural identities, new social classes, and new nations via international adoption. Over time, and through a series of social practices designed both to “kin” the child and parents, siblings, and other relatives and to explain the child's presence to an inquisitive public, the “little stranger” comes to be more or less incorporated and acculturated: less strange, more familiar. Because international adoption makes those processes visible through its very unfamiliarity and its recourse to legal and cultural strategies, it has become a centerpiece of recent writing on kinship, reproduction, and childhood (Yngvesson 2010; Marre and Briggs 2009; Kim 2010; Wade 2007; Howell 2006; Marre and Bestard 2004; Dorow 2006; Bowie 2004; Volkman 2005; Howell 2009; Leinaweaver and Seligmann 2009; Hübinette and Tigervall 2009; Briggs 2012).
Penitential discipline and Public Wars in the Middle Ages
Authors: Draper G.I.A.D.
Published: January 2012

Before dealing with the Battle of Soissons itself and its effects on penitential discipline, the author discusses its historical background and setting. The end of the Ninth and the beginning of the Tenth Century saw the disintegration of the Carolingian Empire. The French Royal house in particular was submitted to two destructive forces. The first of these were the predatory raids of the Norsemen on the lands held for the King. In order to put an end to these activities, Charles the Simple ceded in 911 a whole province of his kingdom, later to be known as Normandy, thus recognizing an occupation which had already taken place, in return for which the Normans undertook to embrace Christianity. This point is of importance in view of the behaviour of these recent converts at the Battle of Soissons some twelve years later.
Broadcasting in the service of the International Committee of the Red Cross
Authors: Dovaz René
Published: January 2012

The broadcasting activity of the International Committee of the Red Cross started sixteen years ago in a Europe which had been half destroyed by the war. It was in fact on May 2, 1945, that the first lists of names of French deported, to be liberated in Germany and who were returning home via Switzerland, were read out at Radio-Genève on the national Sottens programme.
Survival of Overconfidence in Currency Markets
Authors: Oberlechner Thomas , Osler Carol
Published: January 2012

This paper tests the influential hypothesis that irrational traders will be driven out of financial markets by trading losses. The paper’s main finding is that overconfident currency dealers are not driven out of the market. Dealers with extensive experience are neither more nor less overconfident than their junior colleagues. We set the stage for this investigation by providing evidence that currency dealers display two forms of overconfidence: They underestimate uncertainty, and they overestimate their professional success. This is notable because one might have expected the opposite: currency dealers face strong incentives for accuracy, they have access to comprehensive information, and they have extensive experience.
Asymptotic forms for jets from standing waves
Authors: LONGUET-HIGGINS MICHAEL S.
Published: January 2012

Standing gravity waves forced beyond the maximum height for perfect periodicity
can produce vertical jets with sharp-pointed tips. In this paper, canonical forms for
the wave crests are derived which display sharp cusps in the limit as the time t tends
to infinity. The theoretical profile is in general quartic in the space coordinates, and
can describe the smooth transition of a fairly low wave crest to a cusped form. There
is no singularity as the surface slope passes through 45°.
Large-eddy simulation of turbulent rotating convective flow development
Authors: CUI ANQING , STREET ROBERT L.
Published: January 2012

Large-eddy simulations were carried out to simulate laboratory-scale isolated buoyant
convection in unstratified water with shelf and slope topography in the presence of
rotation and to compare and complement the experimental study of Jacobs & Ivey
(1998) under the same conditions. The simulation code developed in this work was a
three-dimensional incompressible Navier–Stokes solver and the simulation runs were
performed on a distributed memory massively parallel computer, namely the IBM
SP2, to study the effects of different applied heat fluxes and system rotation rates. We
are able to show for the first time the detailed temporal evolution and spatial structure
of the three-dimensional convective flow field. Rayleigh–Bénard instability in the form
of circular concentric convective rings is recognized in the initiation process of the
convection. The onset of Rayleigh–Bénard instability was investigated and the critical
Rayleigh number was found to increase with Taylor number only when the Taylor
number is greater than 5 × 103, where both non-dimensional parameters are based on
the conductive layer thickness. The horizontally axisymmetric convective rings later
break down and evolve into a quasi-two-dimensional vortex field. An azimuthal rim
current develops around the periphery of the convective region. Our simulation results
confirmed that the rim current velocity scales as Bt1/2/Hf3/2.
Here B is the buoyancy flux applied over a bottom circular disk, f is the Coriolis parameter,
t is the time and H is the distance between the tank bottom and the shelf. With increasing lateral
temperature gradient the rim current undergoes a baroclinic instability. Our study of
root-mean-square velocities in the convective region suggests that the transition from
the buoyancy-flux-controlled to background-rotation-controlled flow occurred when
the natural Rossby number Ro* became smaller than a critical value between 0.015
and 0.044. The simulation results of the convective overturning time, the wavelength
of the baroclinic eddies and the density anomaly at steady state are all in reasonable
agreement with the experimental data.
‘Another Puzzle is . . . the Holy Spirit’:De Trinitateas Augustine's Pneumatology
Authors: Awad Najeeb
Published: January 2012

In their study of Augustine'sDe Trinitate, scholars read the fifteen books which comprise this text as a monolithically written discourse on the doctrine of the Trinity. This article is an attempt to examine if it is possible to argue on tenable bases that pneumatology, rather than any other doctrine, is the subject of Augustine's text by showing that the interpretation of the identity and consubstantiality of the Spirit occupies inDe Trinitatea more foundational and central place than just being part of Augustine's discussion on the doctrine of the Trinity. It ultimately suggests that freeing Augustine's text from diachronic prejudices means also wondering if he really wanted to write an additional version of the orthodox doctrine of the Trinity which he already followed, or whether he wanted to contribute something new about a relatively neglected doctrine in the faith of the church.
Beyond Justification in Paul: The Thesis of the Deliverance of God
Authors: Campbell Douglas A.
Published: January 2012

Let me begin by observing that many Pauline interpreters share with me a fundamentally participatory view of Paul's gospel, understanding salvation as a pneumatological incorporation into Christ's death and resurrection. This is arguably an irreducibly proto-trinitarian account as well, so recently Michael Gorman has rightly emphasisedtheosiswithin its description. This view holds further that the only effective ethic for a sinful humanity is generated by divine action, essentially in terms of inaugurated eschatology; humanity must be transformed in Christ in order to act well. Hence Douglas Moo clearly shares this articulation. Indeed, I do not know of an Evangelical who does not affirm everything that has just been said; but it tends to be arranged under the rubric of ‘sanctification’, and hence treated in second position in any account of Paul's gospel. And this brings us to the nub of the problem, and to the solution, that I articulate in my bookThe Deliverance of God: An Apocalyptic Rereading of Justification in Paul.
Directional transport of fast electrons at the front target surface irradiated by intense femtosecond laser pulses with preformed plasma
Authors: Lin X.X. , Li Y.T. , Liu B.C. , Liu F. , Du F. , Wang S.J. , Chen L.M. , Zhang L. , Liu X. , Liu X.L. , Wang Z.H. , Ma J.L. , Lu X. , Dong Q.L. , Wang W.M. , Sheng Z.M. , Wei Z.Y. , Zhang J.
Published: January 2012

The effects of laser incidence angle on lateral fast electron transport at front target surface, when a plasma is preformed, irradiated by intense (>1018 W/cm2) laser pulses, are studied by Kα imaging technique and electron spectrometer. A horizontally asymmetric Kα halo, resulting from directional lateral electron transport and energy deposition, is observed for a large incidence angle (70°). Moreover, a group of MeV high energy electrons is emitted along target surface. It is believed that the deformed preplasma and the asymmetrical distribution of self-generated magnetic field, at large incidence angle, play an important role in the directional lateral electron transport.
Analytical and numerical investigation of the pulse-shape effect on the longitudinal electric field of a tightly focused ultrafast few-cycle TM01 laser beam
Authors: Malav Harish , Maheshwari K.P. , Choyal Y.
Published: January 2012

The effect of temporal pulse-shape on the characterization of the longitudinal electric field resulting from the tight-focusing of an ultrashort few-cycle TM01 laser beam in free space is investigated analytically and numerically. The longitudinal field is found to be sensitive to the pulse-shape of the driving field. The temporal pulse-shapes considered are Gaussian, Lorentzian, and hyperbolic secant having identical full width at half maximum of intensity. Analytical calculations are made beyond the paraxial and slowly varying envelope approximations. From the numerical results we find that due to finite duration of the signal, the evolution of the pulse envelope before the waist is faster (negative time-delay) but slowed down (positive time-delay) after the waist. This time-delay, for single-cycle pulses of wavelength λ0, and for spot-size w0f in the range 0.6λ0 > w0f > 0.25λ0, is pulse-shape dependent. The time delay is maximum for the Gaussian pulse and minimum for the Lorentzian pulse. The carrier frequency shift depends on the temporal profile of the pulse, beam spot size, axial propagating distance and also on the number of cycles in a pulse. In addition, a comparative study of the variation of the corrected axial Gouy- phase of the longitudinal electric field of single-cycle pulse (spot size w0f = 0.5λ0) with normalized retarded time shows that the phase variation is maximum for Gaussian and minimum for the Lorentzian pulse shape.
VOLUME 27: STATISTICS AND THANKS
Authors: Mäkelä Marjukka , Ilonen Terhi
Published: January 2012

The 27th year of the International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care (IJTAHC) introduced major changes in editorial work. Submission processes were modernized by introducing Web-based submission at http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/thc in September 2010. The change has been a learning process to staff, authors, and reviewers alike. During the transition period, responses were often slower than usual, with occasional technical problems. Now that the change is completed, we expect to get back to normal reviewing times. From this issue onward, all manuscripts, including letters, are accepted through the Web site only.
Refocusing International Law on the Quest for Accountability in Africa: The Case Against the “Other” Impunity
Authors: Ocheje Paul D.
Published: January 2012

This article argues that the harrowing consequences of official corruption for African societies elevate corruption to the level of a breach of the social and economic rights recognized in international human rights law. Yet, unlike in the case of violation of civil and political rights, the principle of non-intervention in the internal affairs of sovereign states seems to provide a convenient excuse for the inaction of the international community in the face of egregious violation of social and economic rights. This inaction, the article argues, is part of the reason why corrupt public officials in Africa perpetrate graft and openly accumulate illicit gains at home and abroad without fear of punishment. The article, therefore, suggests two things: elevation of corruption to the status of a crime in positive international law, and expansion of the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court to include official corruption and looting of public funds.
Convictions for Command Responsibility Under Articles 7(1) and 7(3) of the Statute of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia
Authors: Henquet Thomas
Published: January 2012

This article discusses whether it is permissible to cumulatively convict a superior under both Articles 7(1) and 7(3) of the ICTY Statute. After introducing the various modes of command responsibility under each provision, the discussion is premised on the double jeopardy/non bis in idem concerns underlying the case law of the Tribunal, and that of the ICTR, in relation to cumulative convictions for substantive offences. The article first presents arguments supporting the proposition that superiors should not be held cumulatively responsible under the aforementioned provisions. It then presents arguments to the contrary, including considerations in relation to the impact on sentencing. In this light, the article critically appraises the case law of both Tribunals.
Worlds Apart on International Justice
Authors: Rabkin Jeremy
Published: January 2012

Differing strategic priorities are only the beginning of the dispute over the International Criminal Court. Americans will not abandon their traditional constitution, as submission to the ICC would require. European states have already subordinated their national constitutions to a German-dominated federation. Americans do not accept international monitors in fighting against evil. Europeans are drawn to relativizing abstractions. For Germans, the ICC promises to “overcome the past,” by licensing German judges to try Americans and Israelis for war crimes. Europeans may feel obliged to fall in step with this latest German project. The US still has the moral self-confidence to resist it.