bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Presença do jogo na infância de octogenários e nonagenários
Authors: Carneiro Kleber Tuxen , Assis Eliasaf Rodrigues de , Bronzatto Maurício , Camargo Ricardo Leite de
Published: September 2018

Este artigo apresenta os resultados de um estudo de doutoramento cujo objetivo foi conhecer as diferentes manifestações da cultura lúdica na infância de octogenários e nonagenários, vivida nas décadas de 20 e 30. Levou-se em consideração que as distintas configurações assumidas pela infância produzem diferentes “cenários” que podem influenciar a forma e o conteúdo da constituição da cultura lúdica. Com base no método História Oral, que resgatou a infância rememorada dos 32 “guardiões da memória”, procurou-se "escavar" o substrato do lúdico presente naquele momento histórico. Discutiu-se, ainda, a importância de preservar a memória lúdica, que é diretamente afetada por vários fatores, podendo sofrer perdas, desapegos e esquecimentos.
Representações sociais de futuros docentes sobre a teoria da evolução darwinista
Authors: Magalhães Fernanda Cândido
Published: September 2018

A teoria da evolução de Darwin, que apresenta ampla repercussão nos conhecimentos de senso comum, é o objeto desse estudo do campo representacional. Para interpretação dos dados utilizou-se a Teoria das Representações Sociais, de Moscovici. O método  de coleta de dados consistiu no  levantamento da estrutura das representações sociais sobre a Teoria da Evolução, entre 179 estudantes dos cursos de graduação de Pedagogia e Biologia. O estudo apontou forte ligação entre a Teoria da Evolução e a imagem de Darwin. Mesmo com o passar de 150 anos teoria e autor estão presentes no conhecimento popular, rompendo as barreiras do universo científico para circular amplamente nas representações desses futuros professores.
Pedagogias da alteridade. Perspectivas sobre a emoção de lidar: Manuela Malpique e Nise da Silveira
Authors: Cerqueira Vera Coimbra , Felgueiras Margarida Louro
Published: September 2018

Pretende-se apresentar a obra de duas personalidades singulares nas suas áreas de atuação, cujos interesses um dia se cruzaram, dado os seus trabalhos confluírem na relevância atribuída ao estabelecimento da harmonia entre os estados físico, mental, emocional e espiritual. Manuela Malpique desenvolveu atividades pedagógicas e psicoterapêuticas no campo da imaginativa onírica. Nise da Silveira, psiquiatra, pioneira no uso da terapia ocupacional no contexto hospitalar, abriu caminho para a expressão plástica de doentes mentais marginalizados pela sociedade, pela ciência. O estudo histórico e teórico, com recurso a entrevistas, evidencia a relação entre educação, terapia e arte teorizado e praticado pelas biografadas.Palavras-chave: Educação. Terapia. Arte. Pedagogia da Alteridade.
Revista de Educação Pública, n. 66, set./dez. 2018
Authors: Editorial Equipe
Published: September 2018

e-book
Financial Implications of the 7th NFC Award and the Impact on Social Services
Authors: Muhammad Sabir
Published: September 2018

The financial status of provincial governments in Pakistan hinges largely on federal transfers to the provinces constituted through National Finance Commission (NFC) Awards. These awards design the formula of distribution of resources between federal and provincial governments, and among the provinces for five years. Historically, federal and all provincial governments have tried their level best to get a higher share of the revenues in order to stabilise their own financial status. As a result, there are very few examples of consensus based conclusive awards in the past. These consensus based awards have had different gainers. For instance, in the NFC Award 1991, provincial governments were the main beneficiaries as they received substantially higher shares of buoyant taxes such as sales and income taxes. In contrast, the largest beneficiary of the NFC Award 1997 was the federal government as it allocated higher shares of all taxes to itself in order to stabilise its financial status. Given the sensitivity attached to NFC awards, where an increase or decrease in the share of any tier of the government affects the share of other tiers with the same magnitude in the opposite direction, it seems very difficult to develop a consensus among federal and provincial governments. As a result, since the separation of East Pakistan, there have been only three conclusive NFC Awards (1974, 1991, 1997) and one presidential distribution order (2006) prior to the 7th NFC Award.
The Effects of Fiscal Policy on Economic Growth: Empirical Evidences Based on Time Series Data from Pakistan
Authors: Shahid Ali  , Naved Ahmad
Published: September 2018

Fiscal policy refers to government‟s efforts to influence the direction of the economy through changes in taxes or expenditures. Optimal fiscal policy in Pakistan and in other developing countries plays a pivotal role in growth process and, hence, serves as a vital instrument for economic growth. The efficacy of fiscal policy in improving economic conditions in the long run is, however, a controversial issue and needs further investigation. In conventional model, a federal tax cut without a corresponding reduction in federal expenditures will encourage consumption expenditures and interest earnings due to increase in personal disposable income. Contrarily, according to Ricardian Equivalence Theorem (RET), the same change in fiscal policy will not result in any of the above mentioned macroeconomic impacts. In other words, a reduction in deficit-financed federal tax cut will not affect macroeconomic outcomes [Saxton (1999)].
Budget Balance through Revenue or Spending Adjustment: Evidence from Pakistan
Authors: Nadeem Iqbal  , Wasim Shahid Malik
Published: September 2018

Government cannot roll over the debt forever (ponzi game is not allowed). In the long run, inter-temporal budget constraint has to be satisfied, which is possible either through government spending adjustment or increasing government revenues. So current budget deficit calls for adjustment, in the future, in spending or revenues. There are four hypotheses, in the literature, in this regard: the tax-and-spending hypothesis, the spending-and-tax hypothesis, bi-directional causality between government revenues and government expenditures, and independence of taxes and expenditures hypothesis. The last hypothesis, however, have negative implications, in the long run, in terms of debt sustainability and inflation
What is Hidden, in the Hidden Economy of Pakistan? Size, Causes, Issues, and Implications
Authors: Ahmed Gulzar  , Novaira Junaid
Published: September 2018

The informal economy is initially considered as the subsidiary sector in terms of its contribution to the overall economy. However, it received the focus of attention with the publication of Peter Guttmann’s estimates for sizing the informal economy (i.e. US $ 200 billion in 1976) for the US economy especially in the context of achieving the goal of inclusive growth and development. The informal economy is recognised with different names in different countries/regions throughout the world. For example, the Swedish and Russian term it as ―Hidden Economy‖, the English call it ―Fiddle‖, the Japanese recognise it as ―Hidden Incomes‖, the French identify it as ―Travail au noir‖, the Italian consider it as ―The Lavorno Nero‖, while in Pakistan it has been analysed as an ―Hidden Economy‖ or ―Informal Economy‖.
Reformed GST: Challenges and Opportunities (PANEL DISCUSSION-II)
Authors: Asad Umar
Published: September 2018

Firstly I would like to appreciate the views and compliments. I was mentioning to Mr Idrees Khawaja that perhaps they could have chosen a much better representative for the private sector because my view is distinctly in the minority in case of RGST. I will just share with you where the private sector stands on the issue of RGST, what their opinion is and then I will give you my own stance on the subject as well as justification on the same. As you would know from newspapers and other media, the private sector is strongly against the imposition of RGST. The vast majority of chambers, which represent the bulk of Pakistan’s private sector, have been vociferous in the opposition of RGST. I must mention here that in addition to my responsibilities at Engro, I also serve in the role of Chairman of Pakistan Business Council, which was created a few years ago. Pakistan Business Council comprises of largest business groups of Pakistan. Every single large business group of Pakistan is its member, including some of the key multinationals operating in Pakistan. Pakistan Business Council formally supported the RGST, even during its hearing in the National Assembly Finance Committee. Part of the difference that you see here can be explained in terms which would be flattering to us. We have been part of the industry since a very long time but we realise where the world is headed, and understand that a modern country cannot progress and cannot be run effectively with a tax-to-GDP ratio which is in single digit. But since the private sector is not significantly represented here, I think it is only fair that I try to bring forth where some of their apprehensions come from. We at large businesses have management systems and teams who are sophisticated enough to deal with complex systems. We have the necessary resources which enable us to engage the most expensive lawyers in Pakistan, and fight with the FBR when we see corruption or unfair practices being carried out. We can also raise issues that we face in front of the highest authority in the country. The vast majority of the Pakistani businessmen are small traders or small manufacturers. They do not have the systems and resources like large companies. Moreover, fact of the matter is that the tax machinery in Pakistan is both incompetent and corrupt. Therefore, it is a very legitimate concern on part of the business community that the RGST will make their lives difficult, more than the way economic theory portrays it to be. This is because there are certain realities that have to be looked at.
Variation in the Quality of Life within Punjab: Evidence from MICS, 2007-08
Authors: Rashida Haq  , Azkar Ahmed  , Siama Shafique
Published: September 2018

Since quality of life research is essentially concerned with measuring and monitoring welfare. In order to measure quality of life, one must have a theory of what makes up a good life [Cobb (2000)]. There is a variety of such theories and notions of what constitutes a ‗good life‘ and correspondingly different concepts of welfare and quality of life have been developed. Various approaches and operationalisations are to be distinguished, each of which reveals a different concept of welfare and thus highlights different components and dimensions [Noll (2000)]. Among the various efforts to operationalise welfare in general and the quality of life concept in particular, two contrary approaches are to be distinguished, which define the two extreme positions on a broad continuum of concepts currently available: the Scandinavian level of living approach [Erickson (1993)] and the American quality of life approach [Campbell (1976)]. The Scandinavian approach focuses almost exclusively on resources and objective living conditions, whereas the American approach emphasises the subjective well-being of individuals as a final outcome of conditions and processes.
Fiscal Decentralisation: Empowering the Provinces, Strengthening the Federation (The Presidential Address)
Authors: Rashid Amjad
Published: September 2018

It is my pleasure to welcome you all to the 26th Annual General Meeting and Conference of the PSDE. I would like to thank you Deputy Chairman and Past President of the PSDE for your time to inaugurate the meeting. I would like to thank our members and many guests who have come from all over Pakistan and abroad to participate in the Conference. A special welcome to students of economics and business studies from PIDE and different universities in Islamabad and from different parts of Pakistan, who are I am sure, just as eager as the senior members to understand the issues to be discussed at the Conference better. Let me join Dr Musleh ud Din in welcoming our distinguished speakers, Dr Vito Tanzi, Dr Ehtisham Ahmed and Dr Anwar Shah who will be delivering the invited lectures this year. Our chief guest, I might add at short notice, will deliver the prestigious Quaid-i-Azam Lecture this year.
Formal Participation in a Milk Supply Chain and Technical Inefficiency of Smallholder Dairy Farms in Pakistan
Authors: Abid A. Burki
Published: September 2018

This paper provides empirical evidence on the impact on technical inefficiency of smallholder dairy producers when they formally participate in a milk supply chain. Here the stochastic production frontier and technical inefficiency effects model are estimated based on the data gathered from 800 smallholder dairy farms in Pakistan. The results suggest that the technical inefficiency of the participating farms is significantly reduced. A strong impact of the supply chain is also detected in reducing technical inefficiency of farms that are located in remote areas and on those that have larger herd-size. Experienced farmers upto the age of 36 years have the advantage of reducing technical inefficiency. The remaining differences in relative inefficiency of dairy farms are accounted for by severe long-term depressive disorders. JEL classification: D24, Q12, Q13, Q18 Keywords: Agri-food Supply Chain, Production Frontiers, Dairy Efficiency, Food Policy, Pakistan
Devaki Jain and Diane Elson (eds). Harvesting Feminist Knowledge for Public Policy. Sage Publications Pvt. Ltd. 20 II. 396 pages. US$ 43.26.
Authors: Afaq Mehmood
Published: September 2018

Harvesting Feminist Knowledge for Public Policy comprises 14 articles by feminist thinkers from all over the world, reflecting on problems of current patterns of development and calls for political, economic, and social changes to promote equality. In general the articles are about the "triple crises" of food, fuel, and finance and draw on the diversity of socioeconomic experiences of women in different countries. The authors argue for new ways of thinking about development, and offer ideas for reformulating development to secure social, economic, and political justice
Shorter Notices
Authors: Hamid Maqsood  , Sofia Ahmad
Published: September 2018

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The Role of Global Economic Growth in Pakistani Agri-Food Exports
Authors: Zahoor Ul Haq Zahoor Ul Haq  , Safdar Muhammad
Published: September 2018

This analysis uses least squares and Heckman maximum likelihood estimation procedures with fixed effects to explore the role of economic growth in 36 developed and developing economies—categorised as low-, lower-middle-, upper-middle-, and high-income—in explaining their agri-food import of 29 products from Pakistan during 1990 to 2000. We reject the hypothesis that the economic growth of these economies does not influence Pakistani agri-food product exports. However, the estimated income elasticities are statistically elastic only for lower-middle income countries, suggesting that their expenditure on Pakistani agri-food exports will increase disproportionately as their economies grow. Hence, lower-middle-income countries provide good export opportunities for Pakistan’s agri-food products. JEL Classifications: F14, Q17 Keywords: Economic Growth, Agri-food Trade, Income Elasticities, Developing Countries
Muhammad Irfan. Institutional Barriers to Sustainable Urban Transport in Pakistan. Karachi: Oxford University Press. 2010. xxi+298 pages. Pak Rs 795. Hardbound.
Authors: Lubna Hasan
Published: September 2018

The mayor of Bogota, Gustavo Petro, recently hit the headlines with his incisive comment, “A developed country is not a place where the poor have cars. It’s where the rich use public transportation.” This quip defines how policymakers around the world should look at the issue of urban transport, or rather sustainable urban transport. Rapid economic growth in the postwar period and high urbanisation combined with a greater need for mobility have escalated problems of congestion, noise and air pollution, and road accidents, necessitating a focus on the sustainability of urban transport. Pakistan finds itself at the crossroads where it has to balance the increasing demand for mobility with environmental concerns. This book by Muhammad Irfan is an opportune contribution.
The Current Account Dynamics in Pakistan: An Intertemporal Optimisation Perspective.
Authors: Tahir Mukhtar
Published: September 2018

The intertemporal approach has become a basic reference in open economy macroeconomics for the theoretical understanding of the current account. Since the early 1980s there has been substantial growth in the literature using this approach to analyse the behaviour of the current account movements for different countries and time periods. The theoretical refinements in the approach have led most of the empirical studies in the literature today to apply the basic present value model of current account (PVMCA) and its extended version to examine the fluctuations in the current account balances of both developed and developing countries. Using data on Pakistan over the period 1960 to 2009, the present study finds that the basic model fails to predict the dynamics of the actual current account. However, extending the basic model to capture variations in the world real interest rate and the real exchange rate significantly improves the fit of the intertemporal model. The extended model predictions better replicate the volatility of current account data and better explain historical episodes of current account imbalance in Pakistan. JEL classification: C32, F32, F41 Keywords: Current Account, Present Value Models, Consumption-based Interest Rate, Pakistan
Dynamic Relationship Between Energy and Economic Growth: Evidence from D8 Countries.
Authors: Sarwat Razzaqi  , Saadia . Sherbaz
Published: September 2018

Energy sector has a vital influence on an economy, on both demand and supply sides. Therefore, energy production and consumption bear great importance for the developing world. The oil embargo of 1970‘s and its impact on major macroeconomic variables throughout the world attracted many economists to examine the relationship between energy and economic prosperity. The researchers have been unable to establish a definitive direction of causality between the two variables. The purpose of this study is to empirically investigate the dynamic relationship between energy use and economic growth in the D8 countries. The evidence gathered through application of VAR Granger Causality, Johansen Cointegration and VECM proves existence of short-run and long-run correlation between energy use and economic development in all countries. The results supported either uni-directional or bi-directional causality in the D8 countries except for Indonesia in short-run where non-causality was established between the two variables. JEL classifications: C22; Q43. Keywords: Energy Use, Economic Growth, D8, VAR Granger Causality, Cointegration, VECM
Mismatch Between Education and Occupation: A Case Study of Pakistani Graduates.
Authors: Shujaat Farooq
Published: September 2018

In this study, an attempt has been made to estimate the incidences of job mismatch in Pakistan. The study has divided the job mismatch into three categories; education-job mismatch, qualification mismatch and field of study and job mismatch. Both the primary and secondary datasets have been used in which the formal sector employed graduates have been targeted. This study has measured the education-job mismatch by three approaches and found that about one-third of the graduates are facing education-job mismatch. In similar, more than one-fourth of the graduates are mismatched in qualification, about half of them are over-qualified and the half are under-qualified. The analysis also shows that 11.3 percent of the graduates have irrelevant and 13.8 percent have slightly relevant jobs to their studied field of disciplines. Our analysis shows that women are more likely than men to be mismatched in field of study. JEL classification: I23, I24, J21, J24 Keywords: Education and Inequality, Higher Education, Human Capital, Labour Market
Economic, Political and Institutional Determinants of Budget Deficits Volatility in Selected Asian Countries.
Authors: Attiya Y. Javid
Published: September 2018

In the present study the economic, political and institutional sources of budgets deficits are analysed for two regions South Asia and ASEAN countries for the period 1984 to 2010. The results reveal that high income, rising inflation and large budget to GDP ratio are associated with budget instability, where as a strong inertia in budget deficit volatility exists. The exposure of more external shocks make the budget deficit more volatile, however, countries with high population growth have less volatile budget deficits. The results indicate that high level of political stability and democracy and improvement in social and economic condition reduces the budget deficit volatility. High corruption and low institutional quality lead to more fluctuations in the budget deficit. The results suggest that political and institutional factors have a direct impact on fiscal instability beyond the economic reasons to effect fluctuations. The results of the current study leads to important implication that by improving the quality of institutions, creating situations for economic stability and moving towards democratic regimes would ensure more stable fiscal deficits and resultantly positive effect on the long term economic growth. JEL classification: H61, D70, E60 Keywords: Budget Deficits Volatility, Per Capita GDP, Openness, Inflation, Political Stability, Institutional Quality, Democracy and Corruption
Relationship between Trade Openness and Inflation: Empirical Evidences from Pakistan (1976-2010).
Authors: Sehar Munir  , Adiqa Kausar Kiani
Published: September 2018

This study empirically verifies the existence of significant relationship between inflation and trade openness for Pakistan using annual time-series data for the period of 1976 to 2010. The basic objective of this study is to examine the Romer‘s hypothesis for Pakistan with real agriculture value added, real exchange rate, real gross domestic product, financial market openness, money and quasi money and used trade openness, import openness and export openness ratios separately as explanatory variables with inflation rate as dependent variables. For this purpose, we have used multivariate Johansen (1998) and Johansen and Juselius (1990) Maximum Likelihood Cointegration Approach and a Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) and the expected empirical findings shows that there is a significant positive long-run relationship between inflation and trade openness, which rejects the existence of Romer‘s hypothesis for Pakistan. JEL classification: B26, E31, P24, P44 Keywords: Trade Openness, Inflation, Unit Root Testing, Multivariate Cointegration Approach, Vector Error Correction Model, Pakistan
Effects of Input Composition on Technical Efficiencies of Textile Industries in Pakistan
Authors: Tariq Mahmood
Published: September 2018

This paper studies the technical efficiencies of the textile manufacturing industries in Pakistan using 5-digit level industry data. Technical efficiencies are computed by the Data Envelopment Analysis technique assuming constant as well as variable returns to scale. The efficiency scores thus obtained are analysed by the TOBIT regression technique to determine how input composition influences these efficiency scores. It is found that imported raw material and machinery exercises a positive effect, whereas non-industrial costs affect technical efficiencies in a negative way. Electricity does not play its due role in affecting technical efficiencies. JEL Classification: C24, D24, L6, O14 Keywords: Technical Efficiency, Data Envelopment Analysis, TOBIT Analysis, Manufacturing Industries
Ernst G. Frankel. Managing Development: Measures of Success and Failure in Development. Palgrave, USA. 2005. 303 pages.
Authors: Saira Khan
Published: September 2018

In this book, Ernst G. Frankel has reviewed development programmes, plans and agendas, initiated by the developed world for the developing countries. He has recounted numerous examples from the developing world to provide a well-structured commentary, which helps the reader to appraise the practical application of development theory, development financing and development management over the last fifty years. Author has himself been involved in development projects and missions for a long time therefore, he explicitly accounts for the causes of the enormous failures and the meagre success rate of development projects. He primarily forms his argument on the call of incorrect perception of local context and thus inappropriate planning, funding and implementation of development projects. Overall, he has taken an unconventional view of development and making development happen. He describes development as a dynamic process, which is flexible and iconoclastic in nature and, thus, should incorporate the mutable nature of human behaviour, culture, science and technology over time.
Shorter Notices
Authors: Sajid Amin Javed  , Omer Siddique
Published: September 2018

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Economic Reforms, Corporate Governance and Dividend Policy in Sectoral Economic Growth in Pakistan
Authors: Ramizur Rehman  , Mudassar Hasan  , Inayat Ullah Mangla  , Naheed Sultana
Published: September 2018

Economic reforms are inevitable for the development of an economy like Pakistan. During the last two decades, Pakistan has passed through phenomenal economic changes and reforms. In the 1990’s, we had seen privatisation plans initiated by the government as a major economic reform. Similarly, to demonstrate the seriousness of the government in encouraging foreign investment flows in Pakistan; there has been a perceptible liberalisation of the foreign exchange regime. Allied to these efforts, the trade regime was opened up and the maximum tariff rates were cut down to 25 percent with only four slabs and the average tariff rate was lowered to 14 percent. The financial sector too, was restructured and opened up to the foreign competition. Foreign and domestic private banks currently operating in Pakistan have been able to increase their market share to more than 60 percent of assets and deposits. Central to the economic reforms process is a clear progression towards deregulation of the economy. Prices of petroleum products, gas, energy, agricultural commodities and other key inputs are mostly determined by market. Imports and domestic marketing of petroleum products have been deregulated and opened up to the private sector. More importantly, taxation reforms have been prominently on the government’s agenda, with no real reforms undertaken. This is another area where policy makers and business community has innumerable grievances and dissatisfaction with the arbitrary nature of tax administration.
Macroeconomic Policies and Business Cycle: The Role of Institutions in Selected SAARC Countries
Authors: Samina Sabir  , Khushbakht Zahid
Published: September 2018

Fiscal and monetary policies are used to smooth the cyclical fluctuations in output. There is ample evidence that developed countries use counter cyclical policies in principle for this purpose [Gali and Perotti (2002); Sack and Wieland (2007)]. Indeed, OECD and other developed countries use loose monetary and fiscal policies to tackle with financial crisis of 2007 [IMF (2008)]. However situation is reverse in developing countries, they are using the pro-cyclical policies to stabilise business cycle fluctuations that results in higher output volatility [Hausmann and Stein (1996); and Kaminsky, Reinhart, and Vegh (2004)]. Theoretically, there are several factors such as limited excess to credit, poor governance and institutions1 that are responsible for conduct of pro-cyclical policies in developing countries, of which institutional framework is important. A poor institution is a key factor that is responsible for the conduct of pro-cyclical policies in emerging market economies. Countries, where institutions are strong, conduct contractionary policies in boom and expansionary policies in recession while countries with poor level of institutions contract the policies in recession and expand in boom [Acemoglu, Johnson, Robinson, and Thaicharoen (2003); Calderon and Schmidt-Hebbel (2008)]. Countries with weak institutions show the strong negative relation between output and interest rate while countries with strong institutions have positive link between output and interest rate [Duncan (2012)]. That’s why developing countries are pursuing tight monetary policy in recession and loose policy in boom, although little empirical literature is available on this issue [Lane (2003)]. Fiscal policies are pro-cyclical in the countries, where political system is subject to multiple fiscal veto points that results in higher output fluctuation [Stein, et al. (1999); Braun (2001)]. Indeed, rent-seeking government conducts pro-cyclical policies.
Poverty Consequences of Globalisation in OIC Countries: A Comparative Analysis
Authors: M. Tariq Majeed
Published: September 2018

Williamson (2002) points out that ‘the world has seen two globalisation booms over the past two centuries and one bust. The first global century ended with World War I and the second started at the end of World War II, while the years in between were ones of anti-global backlash’. In the first period of globalisation, poverty fell from 84 percent in 1820 to 66 percent in 1910. In the second period of globalisation poverty fell from 55 percent in 1950 to 24 percent in 1992. In the inter-war period, the world population living in poverty remains probably stagnant. The historical negative relationship between globalisation and poverty masks variations within and between countries in their experiences with globalisation. Many decades of increasing globalisation have not yet silenced the debate over the benefits of globalisation. The fierce street protests surrounding the ministerial meeting of the WTO and similar protests at the World Bank and the IMF show that anti-globalisation debate is getting strong.
Life Satisfaction and Basic Needs among Elderly People in Pakistan: Evidence from the PSES Data
Authors: Rizwan Ul Haq
Published: September 2018

As an outcome of demographic transition the composition of the world’s population has changed. In turn percent share of population above 60 years of age will be doubled from 11 percent in 2010 to 22 percent in 2050 worldwide [United Nations (2011)]. Those countries which encountered demographic transition early are now facing the problem of ageing societies. In developing countries, demographic transition started late, and they have not yet encountered the problem of a large proportion of elderly in the population. However, in the coming years with the high proportion of elderly, these countries will also have to face the problems with their poor economic situation and burden of diseases. Therefore it will be a difficult task for developing countries to combat the problem of the large proportion of elderly in the population in the coming years if concrete steps have not been taken at this time. Pakistan, where demographic transition started in the 90’s, has almost six percent (more than nine million) of the population above 60 years of age in the year 2005, and it will rise to 16.5 percent (48 million) in the year 2050. If we look at the ageing index, which is the number of persons 60 years of age or above per hundred persons below 15 years of age, the value was 15.9 in 2005. It will rise to 29 in 2025 and further to 75.5 in the year 2050 due to decline in fertility and steady increase in life expectancy. The old-age dependency ratio has also increased from seven in 2005 to nine in 2025 and will reach 16 in the year 2050 [UN (2006)].
Monetary Policy, Informality and Business Cycle Fluctuations in a Developing Economy Vulnerable to External Shocks
Authors: Adnan Haider  , Musleh Ud Din  , Ejaz Ghani
Published: September 2018

Modelling the sources of Business Cycle Fluctuations (BCF)1 in an open economy Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) framework is a fascinating area of research. The main advantage of this framework over traditional modelling approach is due to an additional feature of micro-foundations in terms of welfare optimisation. This feature allows structural interpretation of deep parameters in a way that is less skeptical to Lucas critique [Lucas (1976)]. In DSGE modelling context, the sources of BCF are normally viewed as exogenous shocks, which have potential power to propagate the key endogenous variables within the system. This requires a careful identification, as the transmission of these shocks may emanate from internal side, such as, political instability; weak institutional quality in terms of low governance, or from external side, such as, natural disaster (like, earth quacks and floods); international oil and commodity prices; sudden stops in foreign capital inflows; changes in term of trade and exchange rate, or any combination of shocks from both sides. Also, the nature and magnitude of these shocks may vary, depending upon their variances and persistence levels.
Monetary Policy Restriction and Dividend Behaviour of Pakistani Firms: An Empirical Analysis
Authors: Muhammad Shahzad Ashraf  , Hasan M. Mohsin
Published: September 2018

Dividend behaviour has extensively been reviewed by many researchers from time to time across different countries. Empirical evidences observed in most of the studies reveal equivocal results about dividend theories [Bhattacharyya (2007)]. Since, in absence of any unanimous findings, need for future research has not been restricted, theoretically. In developing countries like Pakistan, where limited research is available on corporate dividend policy, need for future research is more looked for. Most of the available research papers, address only firm specific determinants of dividend policy. Do macroeconomic variables influence corporate financing decisions? The need to address this question is the prime motive of this research paper. Major objective of this paper is to observe dividend behaviour of listed firms in Pakistan under monetary policy restrictions and this is the first attempt of its kind in Pakistan to the best of my Knowledge. This study is very relevant in present scenario since State Bank of Pakistan (SBP) has been persistently pursuing restricted monetary policy since 2005 to control inflation.
The Coordination of Fiscal and Monetary Policies in Pakistan: An Empirical Analysis 1980–2011
Authors: Zubaria Andlib  , Azra Khan  , Ihtsham Ul Haq
Published: September 2018

Fiscal policy concerned with the government’s choice regarding the optimal use of taxation and government spending to control and adjust the aggregate demand in the economy. Monetary policy refers to the central bank’s control regarding the availability of credit in the economy to achieve the objective of price stability and this control can be exerted through money supply and interest rate channel. The ultimate objective of the both policies is to maximise the overall welfare of the society which can be achieved by keeping the inflation rate low and employment at its potential level. There are number of channels in which fiscal policy can impinge on monetary policy. An expansionary fiscal policy leads to an expansionary monetary policy, which may in turn fuel inflation and appreciate the domestic currency and that cause deterioration in the balance of payments. On the other hand if government finances the deficit through the markets (in a non-monetary way) then the fear of crowding out of the private sector arise in the economy. On external side when a country is depending on foreign funding of domestic debt, this results in deterioration in the exchange rate and balance of payment. Another more direct channel of fiscal policy is the impact of indirect taxes on price level. Besides this, perceptions and expectations of the general public about the large and on going budget deficits and resultant borrowings requirements may prompt a lack of confidence in the economic prospects. At the same time when people realise that government is borrowing for its own good, they will conclude that this can lead to higher taxation levels in future and consequently they consume less and save more, that is so called Recardian equivalence.
External Debt Accumulation and Its Impact on Economic Growth in Pakistan
Authors: Rifaqat Ali  , Usman Mustafa
Published: September 2018

The accumulation of external debt is common phenomenon of the developing countries and it has become a common feature of the fiscal sectors of most of the economies. A country with lower saving rate needs to borrow more to finance the given rate of economic growth. So external debt is obtained to sustain the growth rate of the economy, which is otherwise not feasible with the given domestic resources. Pakistan is one of the developing countries and faces serious debt problems, according to World Bank Report 2000-2001, Pakistan is among the Highly Indebted Countries (HICs); because Pakistan’s present and future debt situation is very grim. According to the World Bank total external debt may be defined as debt owed to non-resident repayable in terms of foreign currency, goods or services. External debt is the composition of long term debt (public and publicly guaranteed debt plus private non guaranteed debt), short term commercial debt and International Monetary Fund (IMF) loans. Prior to early 1970s the external debt of developing countries was primarily small and official phenomenon, the majority of creditors being foreign governments and international financial institutions offer loan for development project [Todaro (1988)]. At the same time current account deficit was common which increased the external indebtedness of the developing countries, until when Mexico, despite an oil exporter, declared in august, 1992 that it could not services its debt ever since, the issue of external debt and its servicing has assumed critical importance and introduced the debt crises debate [Were (2001)].
“Economic Reforms for Productivity, Innovation and Growth” (The Presidential Address)
Authors: Rashid Amjad
Published: September 2018

Finance Minister, Dr Abdul Hafeez Sheikh, Dr Nadeem Ul Haque, Patron of the Pakistan Society of Development Economists, and Deputy Chairman Planning Commission, Past Presidents and Distinguished Members of the Society, Excellencies, Ladies and Gentlemen! It is my pleasure to welcome you all to the 28th Annual General Meeting and Conference of the Pakistan Society of Development Economists. On behalf of the members of the PSDE, I would like to thank you, Finance Minister for having spared your precious time to open this important meeting. I would also like to especially thank our members and guests who have come from different parts of the country and from different continents to participate in the Conference. We are extremely pleased to see here today many young students—Pakistan’s future economists and business leaders—who I am sure are enthusiastic to learn from the many leading specialists attending this Conference on the critical economic issues and challenges that we face at the global, regional and national levels. Let me join Dr Musleh ud Din in especially welcoming Professor L. Alan Winters, Professor of Economics, University of Sussex, United Kingdom, who will be delivering The Mahbub Ul Haq Memorial Lecture later today; Professor M. Ali Khan, Abram Hutzler Professor of Political Economy, Johns Hopkins University, USA who will be delivering the Gustav Ranis Lecture; Dr Yannos Papantoniou, Former Economy and Finance Minister of Greece, and currently President of the Centre for Progressive Policy Research, Athens, who will deliver The Allama Iqbal Lecture; and Dr Ishrat Husain, Dean and Director, Institute of Business Administration, Karachi, Former Governor, State Bank of Pakistan who will be delivering the Quaid-i-Azam Lecture this year. In continuation of the tradition started last year by the Pakistan Society of Development Economists (PSDE), the Society will this year be honouring Professor S. M. Naseem to acknowledge his outstanding contribution to the field of Economics and for his pioneering work on Pakistan.
Association of Genetic Polymorphism of GSTM1 and GSTT1 with the Susceptibility to Antituberculosis Drug-induced Hepatotoxicity in Chinese Population
Authors: Xiao Gang
Published: September 2018

Objective To investigate the relationship between the polymorphism of glutathione S transferase M1, T1(GSTM1, GSTT1) gene and the susceptibility to antituberculosis drug induced hepatotoxicity (ATDH) in patients with tuberculosis. Methods GSTM1 and GSTT1 gene polymorphisms in patients with or without liver toxicity after antituberculous treatment were analyzed using multiple PCR method. Results In ATDH group and control group, the proportion of GSTM1 gene deletion was 58.0% and 50.7%respectively, and the difference was not statistically signifcant (OR=1.322, 95%CI=0.921~1.878), the frequencies of GSTT1 deletion were 46.3% and 49.3%, respectively, and there was no signifcant difference between them. There was no signifcant difference in frequency of GSTM1 and GSTT1 variation between case group and control group (P> 0.05), and no synergistic effect of those two gene polymorphism were detected in the occurrence of antituberculosis drug-induced hepatotoxicity. Conclusion The polymorphisms of GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes may not be associated with the risk of ATDH.
Endemic plants of Lake Van Basin
Authors: Demirkuş Nasip , Koyuncu Mehmet , Gül Mesut
Published: September 2018

This study was carried out on endemic plants collected from the Lake Van basin between 1994 and 2002. As a result, 98 endemic taxa, 23 of which grow only in the Lake Van basin, were determined. Including the endemic taxa reported before from the region, a list of 259 endemic taxa belonging to 34 families and 117 genera were compiled. Twenty-three of 259 taxa listed, are unique to the Lake Van Basin. There are 249 endemic taxa in the VANF Herbarium. The authors collected 98 of them. The other 151 endemic taxa were determined by other researchers. Ten endemic taxa were recorded from the literature. In addition to the features in the Flora of Turkey, new features and variations of nine endemic taxa identified. Total 612 images and 200 pictures belonging to 98 endemic taxa scanned and transferred to computer. All images were uploaded to the web page, Virtual Herbarium of the Lake Van Basin, which is also a part of VANF Herbarium.
Proposta de atividade lúdica em uma perspectiva piagetiana: possibilidades avaliativas e formativas
Authors: Rezende Felipe Augusto de Mello , Deus Thiago Cardoso , Oliveira Adriano José , Ferreira Victor Ricardo Félix
Published: September 2018

Os jogos têm acompanhado o ser humano no decorrer de sua evolução, sendo recentemente inserido no sistema educacional. Neste sentido, elaborou-se uma atividade lúdica (história em quadrinhos) avaliativa e formativa, construída a partir da epistemologia Piagetiana, com objetivo de avaliar se os conceitos da referida teoria trabalhados com os alunos de Pós-graduação em uma disciplina de Epistemologia Genética de Jean Piaget haviam sido assimilados, e também apresentar/ressaltar aos alunos a possibilidade de desenvolver jogos e/ou atividades lúdicas aliadas a teorias de ensino e aprendizagem. Por meio da pesquisa-ação, verificou-se que os alunos se apropriaram de boa parte dos conceitos trabalhados na disciplina, contudo, identificou algumas lacunas em relação a acomodação de alguns termos. Os resultados possibilitam inferir que o lúdico aliado a teorias de ensino e aprendizagem pode ser utilizado para ensinar conceitos Químicos, de forma a contribuir para a aprendizagem dos alunos.
DOĞAL TAŞ PARLATMA SÜRECİNDE KALINLIK VE PARLAKLIK DEĞİŞİMİNİN SHEWHART KONTROL GRAFİKLERİ İLE İNCELENMESİ
Authors: Çetintaşa Sevgi , Nazlı İbrahim
Published: September 2018

Son yıllarda gelişen teknoloji ve rekabet koşullarında, piyasaya sunulan ürünlerin istenilenkalite şartlarına uygunluğunu sağlamak için üretim aşamasında oluşabilecek hataları azaltmakamacıyla çeşitli çalışmalar yapılmaktadır. Üretim aşamasının geliştirilmesi, iyileştirilmesi vekontrolünün sağlanması sürecinde istatistiksel kalite kontrol büyük önem taşımaktadır. Buçalışmada, Afyonkarahisar/ Türkiye doğal taş fabrikasında üretimi yapılan iki farklı doğal taşörneklerinin süreç içerisinde hedeflenen kalınlık ve parlaklık değerlerinde meydana gelebilecekdeğişimlerin tespiti amacıyla Shewhart (Değişken nicelikler için kontrol grafikleri) kontrol grafiklerielde edilmiştir. İstatistiksel proses kontrol teknikleri, üretim süreçlerinin iyileştirilmesi, geliştirilmesive kontrolünü sağlama konusunda işletmelere yardımcı olmaktadır. İstatistiksel proses kontrolteknikleri sayesinde üretim süreçlerinde yaşanan sorunlar tespit edilebilmekte ve nedenleriaraştırılarak aynı olumsuzlukların yaşanmaması için önlemler alınabilmektedir.
Marx en la ética de Enrique Dussel. A 200 años del nacimiento de Marx y 20 de la Ética de la liberación en la edad de la globalización y la exclusión
Authors: Aguer Bárbara
Published: September 2018

A finales del siglo XX, en el contexto de la aparente consolidación de un mundo unipolar y del proyecto neoliberal en América Latina, el filósofo Enrique Dussel se dio a la tarea de delinear una ética que ofreciera las herramientas teóricas para interpelar críticamente, desde la experiencia latinoamericana, al Sistema Mundo moderno/colonial/capitalista en su fase contemporánea. Para la elaboración de este proyecto su lectura sobre el trabajo de Marx será ineludible. Realiza una exégesis de la obra de Marx en clave de la metáfora espacial levinasiana, lo que lo conduce a una interpretación que privilegia la dimensión ética y antropológica antes que la económica. En este análisis la categoría de trabajo vivo se ofrece como la exterioridad del capital y el pauper como la exterioridad de la clase. Poniendo de relieve la antropología marxiana, que está contenida en esas nociones y las intuiciones presentes en el joven Marx, Dussel consigue construir el principio material universal, articulador fundamental –aunque no único- de toda la arquitectónica de la ética de la liberación
A TROG masked.docUsing T.R.O.G to improve psychotherapy engagement, when working with Mild Learning Disability Populations
Authors: Broadway-Horner Matt
Published: September 2018

A discussion on language from a theoretical perspective with the view to support the idea of therapists using TROG. TROG is an assessment for grammar and is needful when working with people of mild learning disabilities.
PERAN PEMERINTAH DALAM PEMBERIAN LAYANAN PENDIDIKAN BAGI ANAK BERKEBUTUHAN KHUSUS (ABK) DI BANYUWANGI
Authors: Noviandari Harwanti , Huda Tian Fitriara , (Prosiding Seminar Nasional FKIP Univeristas PGRI Banyuwangi
Published: September 2018

This study aims to determine the role of the government in providing educational services for children with special needs (ABK) in Banyuwangi. The results of the study were used as reference material for the local government in Banyuwangi on the education of children with special needs. This study uses a qualitative approach with a case study design that uses a phenomenological perspective. The selection of respondents using snow ball, where the sample in this study was the head of the SLB field and the principal of SDLB PGRI Bangorejo and SDLB PGRI 2 Jajag Gambiran and several people who could provide additional information related to the research objectives. The results of this study indicate that the role of schools in the development of education for children with special needs is four (4) things, including: 1) the maximum use of BOS funds for the advancement of children's education, 2) coordinating with students to bring experts in the development of children's education and child independence, 3) always make new breakthroughs to find donors for the development of school facilities and infrastructure, 4) involve guardians of students in each school program.