bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rethinking the Region: SEDAAG and the Caribbean
Authors: Gamble Douglas W
Published: May 2005

This essay discusses the need to raise the profile of Caribbean studies within the Southeastern Geographer and the professional activities of the Southeastern Division of the Association of American Geographers (SEDAAG). My discussion addresses four basic questions. First, what is the geographic link between the Southeast and the Caribbean? Second, to what extent is this geographic link reflected in SEDAAG membership, publications, and activities? Third, how can the study of the Caribbean achieve a higher profile in the Southeastern Geographer and SEDAAG? Fourth, why is it necessary to incorporate the Caribbean into SEDAAG? Responses to each of these questions indicate that some of the greatest potential for growth of the Southeastern Geographer and SEDAAG comes with a critical rethinking of its traditional regional boundaries and interactions.
American Hegemony and the Irony of C. Vann Woodward's "The Irony of Southern History"
Authors: Jansson David R
Published: May 2005

The noted historian C. Vann Woodward made an influential contribution to the understanding of Southern identity through his essays "The Search for Southern Identity" and "The Irony of Southern History." Woodward argued that what he considered to be the Southern experience of defeat, humiliation, and impotence in the face of intractable social problems set the South apart from the American national self-concept of a successful, prosperous, and victorious people. In the face of potentially dangerous entanglements abroad, Woodward concluded that the lessons of Southern history would be salutary if heeded by national leaders. The purpose of this article is to analyze Woodward's argument through the application of the framework of internal orientalism to reveal the ironies that underlie Woodward's assumptions, particularly with regard to the influence of the political hegemony of the United States and the cultural hegemony of the internal orientalist production of the South. Next, the parallels between the contemporary period and the time during which Woodward wrote his essays are assessed, revealing that Woodward's description of the position of the U.S. in the world is remarkably similar to mainstream post 9-11 rhetoric. A content analysis of George W. Bush's radio addresses shows that the national myths of innocence, virtue, success, and victory still have currency, followed by an examination of "Southern" critiques of U.S. foreign policy. These critiques do not employ the vision of Southern identity set forth by Woodward, and the possible reasons for this divergence are discussed. Reading "The Irony of Southern History" through the lens of internal orientalism provides useful lessons for understanding the connections between regional and national histories.
The Face of the Game: African Americans' Spatial Accessibility to Golf
Authors: Mitchelson Ronald L , Lazaro Michael T
Published: May 2005

This paper investigates the spatial accessibility of African Americans to golf as an example of continued social injustice. Because of its developmental diversity, demographic diversity, and rich golf history, North Carolina is chosen to examine the relationship between the spatial distributions of golf courses and African Americans. Most previous analyses of golf and ethnicity have focused on other dimensions of inaccessibility and have ignored the spatial dimension. Despite the impression that is left by Tiger Woods' success and notoriety, African Americans remain disproportionately inaccessible to golf. An index of net accessibility, controlling for market size, indicates that census tracts with high percentages of African-American population also are unexpectedly underserved with golf. The correlation between net access and percent black is -.56. Inaccessibility is illustrated in rural, metropolitan, elite golf resort, and coastal geographic settings. This case study illustrates the outcomes of profound power relations and tensions that are played out on carefully crafted islands of privilege that signify humanity's power over nature and its willingness to exclude portions of itself from the fruits of that power.
Housing, Hispanics, and Transitioning Geographies in Charlotte, North Carolina
Authors: Smith Heather A , Furuseth Owen J.
Published: May 2005

Over the past decade, Charlotte, North Carolina
has been socially and economically transformed
by incipient Latino migration. Labeled one of the
nation's Hispanic "hyper-growth" cities, Charlotte
may be seen as illustrative of the new Latino immigrant
and settlement geographies. Traditional
models of immigrant settlement in central city
neighborhoods have not been followed here. Latino
migrants to this new south city have moved
directly to maturing suburbs at a distance from
both the urban core and its sprawling fringe. The
availability of apartment style rental housing is
an important factor steering residential choice.
Ethnic self-selectivity in housing location and
the social reproduction of place among maledominated
immigrant streams may also play a
role. As Charlotte's Latino population grows and
matures, the development of expansive, suburban
enclaves seems plausible.
Church Faith and Religious Belief: A Reading of Dominus Iesus
Authors: Haas Peter J. (Peter Jerome)
Published: May 2005

Dominus Iesus has sparked a wave of criticism for its exclusivistic message that salvation is available only through the Church. Although many Catholic theologians downplay the meaning or importance of the document and stress its inclusivistic language, a close reading shows that the text is in fact much less inclusivistic than it appears on the surface. Although there are various rhetorical nods toward inclusivism, the text not only undercuts inclusivism in its detail, but in substance reverts back to pre-Vatican II Catholic exclusivism. This dual nature of the text reflects the deep struggle within the Church as it tries to position itself in the twenty-first century.
Leo Strauss on Jerusalem and Athens: A Girardian Analysis
Authors: Ranieri John J.
Published: May 2005

For Strauss, Jerusalem and Athens are the two roots of Western civilization, with Jerusalem representing biblical revelation and Athens representing philosophy. Their relationship is one of "fundamental opposition," an opposition that constitutes the vitality of western civilization. In Strauss's reading, to choose between Jerusalem and Athens is to choose between "life in obedience to divine law or life in freedom." Girard, too, recognizes the tension between Athens and Jerusalem, but he does not conceive of it as Strauss does. The question to be considered will be whether or not Strauss's account of the relationship between Jerusalem and Athens has left him susceptible to Girard's critique of philosophy, particularly his critique of Heidegger. Has Strauss overlooked philosophy's complicity in scapegoating, and its cultural role in hiding the victim from view?
"Hardly There Even When She Wasn't Lost": Orthodox Daughters and the "Mind-Body Problem" in Contemporary Jewish American Fiction
Authors: Jacobowitz Susan
Published: May 2005

This paper analyzes contemporary Jewish fiction to suggest that both writers and their Orthodox daughter protagonists can be viewed as the inheritors and continuation of a literary tradition questioning roles, perceptions of and opportunities for Jewish women. It also proposes that the real "mind-body" problem or dilemma that Orthodox Jewish women confront comes not from the secular world—as Rebecca Goldstein's protagonist Renee presents in The Mind-Body Problem—but from the conservative and traditional religious Jewish world they experienced as children and, in several cases, leave as adults. It is within the confining and constricting world of traditional Judaism and Orthodox Jewish religious observance—traditionally male-dominated—that they experience a kind of disconnect or come to an impasse, finding that they must be perceived as either mind or body but cannot be perceived simultaneously as both.
"Were It Not for the Yetzer Hara" : Eating, Knowledge, and the Physical in Jonathan Rosen's Eve's Apple
Authors: Sol Adam
Published: May 2005

Compared to other contemporary Jewish American novels, Jonathan Rosen's Eve's Apple is less blatant in its references to Judaism and thus has taken a back seat to writers whose works are clearly derived from an encounter with traditional Jewish texts, folktales, and traditions. But beneath the secular surface of the novel—with contemporary subjects of consumerism, psychology, and eating disorders—lies a work deeply concerned with Jewish ways of looking at the world. Looking at Eve's Apple through the lens of the Rabbinic figure of the yetzer hara reveals a complex portrait of characters struggling to balance the needs of the physical body with the desire to pursue spiritual and intellectual ideals. In the novel, as in Rabbinic literature, an outright rejection of the natural impulses of the yetzer hara has the potential to be just as dangerous to one's spiritual health as a complete submission to its desires.
Representations of Family in Autobiographical Texts of Child Refugees
Authors: Hammel Andrea
Published: May 2005

This study concentrates on the autobiographical texts of five less well-known refugees, all of whom came to Britain as children and four of whom came unaccompanied, with a focus on representations of the family in their texts. Using examples of common themes in autobiographical texts of former members of the Kindertransport, such as language acquisition and evacuation procedures, the author investigates representations of the changing relationship towards birth family and continental culture as well as foster family and British culture. She argues that the successful narration of a life story is not only a part of the positioning process between different family and cultural circles, but also a part of a successful acculturation. By reconstituting or constituting one's life story, one can accommodate the different voices of analysis and anecdote, theory and experience. The case is made for including the analysis of texts by former child refugees in less specific fields such as migration studies and autobiographical theory.
Traumatization through Separation: Loss of Family and Home as Childhood Catastrophes
Authors: Benz Ute , Axelrod Toby
Published: May 2005

The author examines insights into the psychological impact of separation from family and home, one of the most troubling catastrophes for children. The younger the children, the greater their suffering and the more prolonged the consequences. Through empirical research on the traumatization of children as victims of war and persecution, Hans Keilson in Holland and Anna Freud in Great Britain have transmitted fundamental insights that assist in psychoanalytic reflection on the effect of the Kindertransports. A child's processing of the psychological burdens of persecution, separation, and starting life over is one important aspect; problems of the caregivers, including physical and emotional reactions, must be taken just as seriously. The author argues that the psychoanalytical perspective on historical events is key to understanding the Kindertransports as a complex event whose consequences extend way beyond the time of rescue from persecution under National Socialism.
The Child as Collective Subconscious: The Shoah in David Grossman's 'Ayen Erekh: 'Ahavah' and Yehudit Katzir's "Schlaffstunde"
Authors: Bernstein Marc Steven
Published: May 2005

The past three decades have witnessed a proliferation of treatments of the Shoah by Israeli writers born after the event who explore the impact the Holocaust has had on their society. In two such works, "Momik," the opening section of David Grossman's novel, See Under: "Love" (1986), and a short story by Yehudit Katzir, "Schlaffstunde" that appeared in her collection Closing the Sea (1989), the authors choose to do so through the prism of child fantasies about the Land of Over There. In each work, but to varying degrees based on distance from the event, the child protagonists seek to come to terms with the terrors that so visibly weigh on the minds and hearts of the primary adult figures in their lives. Beyond any autobiographical relevance for authors growing up in the 60s and 70s, these depictions may also serve as a figure for contemporaneous Israeli society, when discussion of the Holocaust was largely suppressed and its legacy perceived as a contradiction of the heroic myth so inextricably bound up with the rise of the State. In these works, use of the child voice may thus be connected with the search for alternative modes counter to the monolithic claims of the Zionist epic narrative that have served to silence the small, individual voice.
Preservation Serendipity: The Gallaudet University Archives and the Veditz Transcription
Authors: Olson Michael J , Van Cleve John V
Published: May 2005

The Gallaudet University Archives contains the world's most comprehensive collection of materials relating to the language, history, and culture of deaf people. Photographs, artifacts, personal correspondence, publications, and institutional records form the core of the repository, but the Archives also contains a Deaf film collection of more than 750 films and 300 videotapes. These provide rare footage that documents deaf history and illustrates the sign language used by deaf Americans long ago. A subgroup within the film archive is the Veditz film collection, a group of films the National Association of the Deaf made specifically to record sign language for posterity. One of these, George Veditz's presentation entitled Preservation of Sign Language, is captioned with a transcription prepared by Carol Padden and others. It was not until 2001, however, some nine decades after Veditz made his impassioned film for deaf audiences, that the Archives acquired Veditz's own transcription of his signed presentation. This article outlines the discovery of this important document, which was due to both good luck and diligence.
The Validity of the Gallaudet Lecture Films
Authors: Supalla Ted
Published: May 2005

Despite our growing understanding of sign languages, particularly ASL, there is still a profound limitation on the availability of literary, linguistic, historical, and other reference materials related to them because of the lack of a commonly accepted writing system. We have transcribed and are currently analyzing a set of films commissioned by the National Association of the Deaf (NAD) from 1910 to 1920. The fifteen films include speeches and poetic performances produced by master signers who were selected by the NAD to preserve the sign language in use at that time.
Does the signing in these films provide a valid sample on which to base historical linguistic and other types of analyses? This article reviews our investigation into the biographical backgrounds of those master signers selected by the NAD for filming and identifies three generations of signers, each using a distinctive register, thus providing an invaluable sample of the language of that period. Second, we propose an interpretation of the signers' attitudes toward formal and colloquial uses of sign language that is based on a review of historical documents on sign language usage as recorded by educators in the nineteenth century. As a final means of assessing these historical materials, we show how theories of language change can help us determine whether observed patterns of change occurred in particular specifiable directions. Our analyses confirm that these historical
Sign Language Interpreting: The Relationship between Metalinguistic Awareness and the Production of Interpreting Omissions
Authors: Napier Jemina , Barker Roz
Published: May 2005

This article presents the findings of the first linguistic analysis of sign language interpreting carried out in Australia. A study was conducted on ten Australian Sign Language/English interpreters to determine the rate and occurrence of interpreting omissions and the interpreters� level of metalinguistic awareness in relation to their production of interpreting omissions. After videotaping interpretations, analyzing the interpreters� output, and conducting postinterpreting task reviews and retrospective interviews, the authors report that all the interpreters appeared to have high levels of metalinguistic awareness with regard to their production of interpreting omissions. This finding led to the definition of five categories of interpreting omissions: conscious strategic, conscious intentional, conscious unintentional, conscious receptive, and unconscious omissions. The findings of this study can be applied in the education of signed and spoken interpreters not only in Australia but also worldwide.
Sign Order in Argentine Sign Language
Authors: Massone Maria Ignacia , Curiel Monica
Published: May 2005

Word order is the way in which languages establish the relationship between a verb and its arguments. The world's spoken languages have been classified into three major word orders: SOV, SVO, and VSO. As other word orders have also been identified, linguists have found it necessary to investigate and define the relevance of semantic (animate/inanimate, agent/patient) and pragmatic (topic/ comment) notions in order to determine their relevance to the ordering of elements. Different sign orders were tested in all of the possible combinations of noun and verb phrases and then verified in different text formats in order to classify the possible sign orders and analyze the influence of pragmatic and semantic notions. Deaf people from all over Argentina participated as informants. The intuition of native signers was also taken into consideration. The analysis of the corpus was completed with participant observation within the Deaf community and in different Deaf associations throughout Argentina. The canonical sign order in Argentine Sign Language was found to be SOV for sentences with transitive verbs and SV with intransitive ones. Sentences with modal verbs exhibit a different sign order. Variations of the canonical sign order occur according to various linguistic constraints and pragmatic purposes.
Orange Eyes: Bimodal Bilingualism in Hearing Adults from Deaf Families
Authors: Bishop Michele , Hicks Sherry
Published: May 2005

Different aspects of bilingualism have been studied all over the world,
and the studies have looked at a wide range of topics in spoken-
language bilinguals such as patterns of code switching, the role of
code switching in community life, the success or failure of bilingual
education, second-language learning and gender, as well as many
other issues focusing on single-modality bilinguals. These studies are
often not applicable to studies of bimodal bilingualism, in which the
subjects know a sign language from birth and the spoken language of
the larger, hearing society. The study of bilingualism in hearing people
from deaf families offers an opportunity to analyze the way that
native users of both a signed and a spoken language combine aspects
of both languages simultaneously (code blending). The lower status
of American Sign Language (ASL) in relation to English may also
contribute to how bimodal bilinguals view and use their languages.
Unlike spoken-language bilinguals, who must stop one language before
beginning another, a bimodal bilingual is able to speak and sign
at the same time. This linguistic capability informs and expands the
field of bilingualism as well as areas such as discourse analysis and the
role of code blending as a cultural identifier. This preliminary research
focuses on emails taken from a forum on the Internet for hearing
people with deaf parents. Two hundred and seventy five lines
from one hundred emails were collected and analyzed. The study
shows evidence of strong grammatical influence from ASL in these
emails (an absence of overt subjects, overt objects, determiners, copulas,
and prepositions) as well as unique structures (nonstandard verb
inflections, overgeneralization of the letters, and syntactic calquing).
There is also a strong tendency to use English to �describe� an ASL sign (i.e., �My father fork-in-throat�).
The meaning of the sign fork-in-throat is �stuck,� but the bilingual chooses to use the visual description of the
sign instead of the lexical equivalent in English (note the absence of
the copula). The overall results of this analysis are compared to Internet
Relay Chat and TDD writings.
Double Mapping in Metaphorical Expressions of Thought and Communication in Catalan Sign Language (LSC)
Authors: Jarque Maria-Josep
Published: May 2005

The presence of iconicity in sign languages—that is, conceptual mappings between form (phonology, syntax, etc.) and meaning (semantics)—constitutes a strong argument for cognitive theories. This article analyzes data from Catalan Sign Language to demonstrate an association between grammar and cognitive abilities such as object recognition, spatial structure, body awareness, and the modeling of bodily movement and position in space.
The Return of the Bandeira: Economic Calamity, Historical Memory, and Armed Expeditions to the Sertão in Minas Gerais, 1750-1808
Authors: Langfur Hal
Published: May 2005

Historians of colonial Brazil have conventionally located the conclusion of the great era of bandeira-led conquest somewhere near the end of the seventeenth century. The onset of the colony's gold cycle, corresponding with a series of major inland mineral strikes, reoriented those most actively engaged in the bandeira enterprise. Concentrated in the southern coastal captaincy of São Vicente, later, São Paulo, these wilderness adventurers had explored Portuguese America's immense interior and hunted its indigenous inhabitants. When their accompanying search for alluvial riches finally had born fruit, the Paulista backwoodsmen remade themselves into miners and merchants. The bandeirantes had first discovered gold in 1693 in Brazil's southeastern interior, the region that would soon acquire the name Minas Gerais or the General Mines; they made secondary strikes far to the west in Mato Grosso and Goiás in 1718 and 1725. Many then found themselves quickly displaced by the tide of Portuguese fortune-seekers and their African slaves who followed the paths now opened to the mining zones. As gold and then diamonds flooded the Atlantic world in unprecedented quantities, the colony's subsequent historical legacy would accrue not to São Paulo's peripatetic rustics but to those who consolidated control over the flow of riches. During the second half of the eighteenth century, with the mineral washings already in decline, attention would shift still further away from wilderness exploits, supposed to reflect a bygone era, back toward the coastal agricultural export enclaves that had traditionally preoccupied the Portuguese crown. The scholarly concerns of a later era would generally follow suit. As a consequence, the persistence of armed expeditions of exploration and conquest, which continued to roam the unmapped interior of Portuguese America, would go all but unnoticed as a critical feature of the late colonial period.
TheEntradasof Bahia of the Sixteenth Century
Authors: Metcalf Alida C.
Published: May 2005

When Pero Magalhães de Gândavo returned to Portugal from Brazil in the 1570s, he wrote two accounts about life in Brazil, both of which extol the possibilities for poor Portuguese colonists. In one treatise he proclaims that as soon as a colonist arrives, no matter how poor, if he obtains slaves “he then has the means for sustenance; because some fish and hunt, and the others produce for him maintenance and crops; and so little by little the men become rich and live honorably in the land with more ease than in the Kingdom.” In his history, published in 1576, Gândavo adds that many colonists in Brazil own 200, 300, or even more slaves. Although the Portuguese had pioneered the development of a slave trade from West Africa and despite the fact that the sugar plantations of Bahia and Pernambuco would become vast consumers of slaves from Africa, the vast majority of the slaves that Gândavo refers to were Indian, not African. But, in the 1570s, when Gândavo confidently predicted that even the poor could acquire slaves in Brazil, the reality was that the coastal regions around the Portuguese colonies, with the exception of a few friendly Indian villages, had been left “unpopulated by the natives.” Three powerful factors challenged the future of Indian slavery. One was epidemic disease, such as the smallpox epidemic of 1562 that was described as so terrible that in two or three months 30,000 died. The second was a Jesuit campaign against Indian slavery, which resulted in a new law signed by King Sebastião in 1570 that clearly stated that the Indians of Brazil were free. The third was a rapid increase in the number of slaves arriving in Bahia and Pernambuco from Africa. But while it might seem that high mortality, legal sanctions, and the increase of African slaves would limit the future of Indian slavery, it was not to be so. Instead, Indian slavery expanded dramatically after 1570, due to the emergence of a new, trans-continental, slave trade. Facilitated by mixed-racemamelucos, this trade brought Indians from thesertão(inland wilderness frontier) to the coastal plantations. This is the first manifestation of a phenomenon that would repeat itself in later centuries in São Paulo, Minas Gerais, Goiás, and Amazonia. Known asbandeirismo, it would make Indian slavery an integral part of the colonial Brazilian economy and society. The expeditions from Bahia and Pernambuco from 1570 to 1600 descended thousands of Indians for the sugar plantations of the Bahian Recôncavo, reinforcing Indian slavery in spite of high mortality, royal laws to the contrary, and the increase of African slavery.
In Servitio Dei: Fray Diego de Landa, the Franciscan Order, and the Return of the Extirpattion of Idolatry in the Colonial Diocese of Yucatán, 1573–1579
Authors: Chuchiak John F.
Published: May 2005

“My dear spiritual brothers and fathers, you whose relationship to me is closer than that of my own blood. . . . Even though my present position as Bishop might appear to separate me from you, I swear that it cannot divide me from you, because I have and always will be a son of our Father Saint Francis. . . . Now that I have returned, I come to you not as bishop, but rather as a son of this holy
province into whose brotherhood I once again seek to incorporate myself. . . .” —Fray Diego de Landa, October 1573 (Spoken before the Franciscan congregation of friars in Mérida upon his arrival as the second bishop of Yucatán)

“And of the idolatries that there were, I say that those who have procured to discover these idolatries and expose them and with great zeal for the honor of God those who look for idolatry and denounce it to the judges so that they can be punished, they are none other than the same religious friars of the order of Saint Francis . . .” —Bishop of Yucatán, Diego Vazquez de Mercado, 1603

On the afternoon of June 15, 1574, the conflict between the Franciscan Order and the local governor of the province of Yucatán intensified. A heated controversy had emerged between the recently appointed bishop of Yucatán, Fray Diego de Landa, and the provincial governor, Francisco Velázquez de Gijón. On that afternoon, the dean of the cathedral of Mérida, Licenciado Cristobal de Miranda, went to the home of the provincial governor with a message from the bishop. The governor had recently received an order of excommunication issued by the bishop for his actions against several Franciscan friars.
Effect of Sample Handling on Thiamine and Thiaminolytic Activity in Alewife
Authors: Wright Gregory M. , Brown Scott B. , Brown Lisa R. , Moore Kristin , Villella Maria , Zajicek James L. , Tillitt Donald E. , Fitzsimons John D. , Honeyfield Dale C.
Published: May 2005

Alewives Alosa pseudoharengus were collected to evaluate handling and processing conditions that may affect the measurement of their thiamine–thiaminase content. Fish were captured by otter trawl, and reference samples of live fish were quick-frozen on dry ice immediately following capture. Other samples were placed on wet ice (4°C) or held in ambient lake water (21.5°C) for periods of up to 5 h before freezing. Total thiamine levels for reference samples averaged 26 nmol/g and consisted of 66, 15, and 19% thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP), thiamine monophosphate (TMP), and unphosphorylated thiamine (Th), respectively. After 120 min at either 4°C or 21.5°C, total thiamine concentrations were lower. At 21.5°C, the TPP proportion had decreased by 30 min and the proportion as Th increased after 60 min. In the groups sampled after 5 h, total thiamine concentrations were not altered but the proportion of TPP was lower and that of Th was higher than in reference samples. The stability of thiamine in thawed muscle samples from previously frozen alewives was poor (40% loss by 1 h at 22°C and 30% loss by 2 h at 4°C). Thiaminase activity averaged 5,975 pmol·g wet weight−1·min−1 in reference samples. In fresh-caught alewives, thiaminase activities were remarkably consistent throughout the sampling period. At 4°C, thiaminase activity in muscle tissue from previously frozen alewives was stable for the entire investigation period. At 25°C, the activity initially increased by 40% after 60 min but then decreased to 50% of initial value after 5 h. We conclude that sampling times greater than 25 min could cause some changes in the various thiamine forms and net loss in total thiamine. The thiamine content in previously frozen alewife samples is highly labile, requiring low temperatures during processing for analysis.
Effectiveness of Egg Immersion in Aqueous Solutions of Thiamine and Thiamine Analogs for Reducing Early Mortality Syndrome
Authors: Brown Scott B. , Brown Lisa R. , Brown Mitra , Moore Kristin , Villella Maria , Fitzsimons John D. , Williston Bill , Honeyfield Dale C. , Hinterkopf Joy P. , Tillitt Donald E. , Zajicek James L. , Wolgamood Martha
Published: May 2005

Protocols used for therapeutic thiamine treatments in salmonine early mortality syndrome (EMS) were investigated in lake trout Salvelinus namaycush and coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch to assess their efficacy. At least 500 mg of thiamine HCl/L added to egg baths was required to produce a sustained elevation of thiamine content in lake trout eggs. Thiamine uptake from egg baths was not influenced by a pH ranging from 5.5 to 7.5 or by a water hardness between 2 and 200 mg CaCO3/L. There was poorer thiamine uptake when initial thiamine levels were low, suggesting that current treatment regimes may not be as effective when thiamine levels are severely depressed and that higher treatment doses are necessary. Exposure of eggs to the more lipid-soluble thiamine analog allithiamine (1,000 mg/L) during water hardening increased egg thiamine levels by 1.5–2.5 nmol/g and was completely effective at reversing EMS. Another more lipid-soluble thiamine analog, benfotiamine (100 mg/L), reduced EMS but did not produce detectable increases in egg thiamine content. Although benfotiamine may be more effective than thiamine at mitigating EMS, it is more expensive than thiamine HCl or allithiamine. In addition, there still needs to be a more thorough examination of dose–response relationships. We conclude that allithiamine is an alternative to the use of thiamine in egg baths as a therapeutic treatment for salmonid EMS.
The Effect of Thiamine Injection on Upstream Migration, Survival, and Thiamine Status of Putative Thiamine-Deficient Coho Salmon
Authors: Fitzsimons John D. , Williston Bill , Amcoff Patric , Balk Lennart , Pecor Charles , Ketola H. George , Hinterkopf Joy P. , Honeyfield Dale C.
Published: May 2005

A diet containing a high proportion of alewives Alosa pseudoharengus results in a thiamine deficiency that has been associated with high larval salmonid mortality, known as early mortality syndrome (EMS), but relatively little is known about the effects of the deficiency on adults. Using thiamine injection (50 mg thiamine/kg body weight) of ascending adult female coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch on the Platte River, Michigan, we investigated the effects of thiamine supplementation on migration, adult survival, and thiamine status. The thiamine concentrations of eggs, muscle (red and white), spleen, kidney (head and trunk), and liver and the transketolase activity of the liver, head kidney, and trunk kidney of fish injected with thiamine dissolved in physiological saline (PST) or physiological saline only (PS) were compared with those of uninjected fish. The injection did not affect the number of fish making the 15-km upstream migration to a collection weir but did affect survival once fish reached the upstream weir, where survival of PST-injected fish was almost twice that of controls. The egg and liver thiamine concentrations in PS fish sampled after their upstream migration were significantly lower than those of uninjected fish collected at the downstream weir, but the white muscle thiamine concentration did not differ between the two groups. At the upper weir, thiamine levels in the liver, spleen, head kidney, and trunk kidney of PS fish were indistinguishable from those of uninjected fish (called “wigglers”) suffering from a severe deficiency and exhibiting reduced equilibrium, a stage that precedes total loss of equilibrium and death. For PST fish collected at the upstream weir, total thiamine levels in all tissues were significantly elevated over those of PS fish. Based on the limited number of tissues examined, thiamine status was indicated better by tissue thiamine concentration than by transketolase activity. The adult injection method we used appears to be a more effective means of increasing egg thiamine levels than immersion of eggs in a thiamine solution.
Nasal Airway Dimensions of Adults with Cleft Lip and Palate: Differences among Cleft Types
Authors: Fukushiro Ana Paula , Kiemle Trindade Inge Elly
Published: May 2005

Objective

To determine the nasal airway dimensions in adults with repaired cleft lip and palate by rhinomanometry and to analyze the reduction associated with different types of clefts.

Model

A prospective analysis comparing three types of previously repaired clefts: bilateral cleft lip and palate (BCLP), unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP), and isolated cleft palate (CP) at the 5% level of significance.

Setting

Laboratory of Physiology, Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies, University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil.

Participants

Fifty-three subjects aged 18 to 35 years (17 BCLP, 16 UCLP, 20 CP) and a group of 20 individuals without cleft (N).

Variables

Minimum cross-sectional nasal area assessed by posterior (PR) and anterior (AR) rhinomanometry and nasopharyngeal area assessed by modified AR.

Results

Mean (± 1 SD) nasal areas obtained by PR were: 0.47 ± 0.16 cm2 (BCLP), 0.57 ± 0.19 cm2 (UCLP), 0.61 ± 0.13 cm2 (CP), and 0.60 ± 0.10 cm2 (N). The mean value for the BCLP group was significantly smaller than that for the N and CP groups. The remaining values did not differ from one another. The proportion of subjects with subnormal areas obtained by PR was 41%, 19%, and 0% for groups BCLP, UCLP, and CP, respectively. Similar results were obtained by AR. All subjects presented a nasopharyngeal area larger than 0.80 cm2, denoting absence of obstruction in the nasopharynx.

Conclusions

In adulthood BCLP is the type of cleft associated with a greater reduction of nasal airway, compared with UCLP and CP, suggesting that adults with BCLP are at a greater risk for nasal obstruction.
Changing Lifestyles and Oral Clefts Occurrence in Denmark
Authors: Bille Camilla , Knudsen Lisbeth B. , Christensen Kaare
Published: May 2005

Objective

The aim of this project was to assess whether any changes in the birth prevalence of cleft lip with/without cleft palate (CL[P]) occurred in Denmark during the period 1988 through 2001. In this period an official recommendation of a supplementation of folic acid to pregnant women was introduced; furthermore, smoking among pregnant women decreased considerably.

Design and Settings

There are few places in which ecological studies of oral clefts are possible. Denmark provides a particularly good setting for this kind of study because of a high ascertainment and a centralized registration of subjects with cleft over the last 65 years.

Participants

Cleft occurrence in Denmark from 1936 to 1987 has previously been reported. Here we extend the study to include all live-born children with oral clefts born in Denmark in 1988 through 2001. Among a total of 992,727 live births, 1332 children with CL(P) were born during this period.

Results and Conclusions

The birth prevalence of CL(P) in Denmark has previously been found to be constant in the period 1962 through 1987, with a frequency of 1.4 to 1.5 per 1000 live births. This study showed a similar occurrence in 1988 through 2001 (birth prevalence = 1.44 per 1000 live births, 95% confidence interval = 1.37 to 1.52). The introduction of folic acid and the decrease in smoking prevalence among pregnant women do not seem to have reduced the birth prevalence. This may be due to noncompliance with the folic acid recommendation and/or only a weak causal association between folic acid and smoking and occurrence of CL(P).
Study of Viridans Streptococci and Staphylococcus Species in Cleft Lip and Palate Patients before and after Surgery
Authors: Arief Erry Mochamad , Mohamed Zeehaida , Idris Fauziah Mohamad
Published: May 2005

Objective

To determine the effect of surgery on types and colony count of Streptococcus and Staphylococcus species in cleft lip and palate (CLP) patients.

Design

Saliva samples were collected after the morning meal by placing a sterile cotton swab in the vestibule of the oral cavity from cleft lip and palate patients immediately preoperative and 12 weeks postoperative. Normal children were examined as a control group. Samples were cultured; Staphylococcus and Streptococcus isolates were identified and quantified.

Patients

Fifteen cleft lip and palate patients and 22 normal children, aged 3 to 39 months were examined.

Results

Streptococcus mitis biovar 1, Streptococcus salivarius and Streptococcus oralis of the viridans group of streptococci were the most commonly found in normal children, as well as in cleft lip and palate children. In the cleft lip and palate group, mean streptococcal count was 32.41 (29.80) and 46.46 (42.80) in the pre- and postoperative periods, respectively; in the normal group, the count was 20.93 (27.93) and 49.92 (34.72) at 0 week and 12 weeks, respectively. Staphylococcus aureus was the most common Staphylococcus species found in CLP patients, representing 47.4% postoperatively. In the cleft lip and palate children, mean staphylococcal count was 5.34 (8.13) and 0.56 (0.92) in the pre- and postoperative periods, respectively; in normal children, the count was 0.82 (1.98) and 0.60 (2.55) at 0 and 12 weeks, respectively. The differences were statistically significant only for the staphylococcal count between pre- and postoperative periods in children with cleft lip and palate as tested by analysis of variance (p < .05).

Conclusions

Cleft lip and palate patients had more colonization by S. aureus compared with normal children, and the colony count decreased significantly following surgical repair of the cleft lip and palate.
A Longitudinal Analysis of Efficacy Expectations and Exercise in Older Adults
Authors: Resnick Barbara
Published: May 2005

The purpose of this study was to consider the longitudinal changes in self-efficacy and outcome expectations for exercise and the impact of these variables on maintaining regular exercise over a 4-year period in a group of older adults living in a continuing care retirement community. There were 78 individuals who completed all four surveys. The participants had at least a high school education, and the majority were Caucasian (99%), female (83%) and either widowed or never married (80%). The mean age of the participants was 84.4 ± 5.1 years. Based on repeated measure analysis of covariance, controlling for mental and physical health, there was not a statistically significant difference in self-efficacy expectations (F = 2.0, p > .05) or outcome expectations (F = 2.2, p > .05) over time. There was a statistically significant decrease in exercise over time (F = 9.9, p < .05). Using path analysis it was demonstrated that self-efficacy expectations, outcome expectations, and physical health directly and indirectly influenced maintenance of regular exercise. Age, gender, and mental health had a limited and inconsistent influence on maintenance of exercise. Future research and clinical work should focus on developing and testing interventions that strengthen both self-efficacy and positive outcome expectations in older adults to facilitate maintenance of exercise behavior over time.
Relationships of Contextual and Relational Factors to Health Empowerment in Women
Authors: Crawford Shearer Nelma B.
Published: May 2005

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationships of contextual and relational factors to health empowerment in women with children. This study used a descriptive, correlational design to answer the basic research question: “What contextual and relational factors explain health empowerment in women?” The theoretical framework of health empowerment was based upon a synthesis of social and developmental perspectives and guided by a Rogerian view of the person-environment process. The analytic approach included bivariate correlations and a series of multiple regressions to identify factors explaining health empowerment. The contextual (demographic) and relational (social and professional support) factors explained 38% of the variance in health empowerment measured as knowing participation in change. For health empowerment, measured as lifestyle behaviors, the contextual and relational factors explained 43% of the variance. The results of this study offer partial empirical support for theoretical relationships. Findings provide a basis to generate additional nursing research focusing on the continuous mutual process of human beings and the environment, leading to theory-based interventions.
Risk-Taking, Attitudes Toward Aggression, and Aggressive Behavior Among Rural Middle School Youth
Authors: Swaim Randall C. , Henry Kimberly L. , Baez Nicholas E.
Published: May 2005

This study examined the relationship between risk-taking, general acceptance of aggression (GAA), verbal harassment (VH), and aggressive behavior (AB) in the last 30 days among 1440 seventh- and eighth-grade rural middle school youth. Higher levels of risk-taking predicted higher GAA and VH. Significant interactions for AB indicated that, excepting Black youth, higher risk-taking was related to higher levels of violent behavior. Among Black youth the highest levels of AB occurred at moderate levels of risk-taking. Level of risk-taking is an important risk factor that should be taken into account in the study of attitudes toward aggression and aggressive behavior among rural youth.
Correlates of Wife Assault in Hong Kong Chinese Families
Authors: Chan Ko Ling
Published: May 2005

The objective of this study was the risk factors of wife assault in Hong Kong Chinese families. The sample included 107 battered women from a refuge for battered women. Factor analysis revealed risk factors like dominance, stress, poor anger management, aggressive personality, conflict, lack of empathy, masculine gender role stress, sense of insecurity, relationship distress, and violent socialization. Correlation analysis indicated that dominance, spousal conflict, and sense of insecurity increase the likelihood of carrying out minor physical assault and using psychological aggression, while aggressive personality predicts severe physical assault and injury. The risk factors were explained in terms of traditional Chinese concepts of gender role expectations of men and women and face orientations. The present study provides some evidence relating to the risk factors of wife assault in Chinese families.
Patterns of Mutual and Nonmutual Spouse Abuse in the U.S. Army (1998–2002)
Authors: McCarroll James E. , Ursano Robert J. , Fan Zizhong , Newby John H.
Published: May 2005

The pattern and severity of substantiated mutual and nonmutual spouse abuse between U.S. Army enlisted personnel and their spouses was determined for 1998 to 2002. The number of nonmutual and mutual abuse victims was equal in 1998, but by 2002 there were about twice as many non mutual as mutual victims. The rate per thousand of mutual abuse decreased by 58% while that of nonmutual abuse decreased by 13%. The rate per thousand of female victims was always greater than male victims for non-mutual abuse and the severity of abuse of female victims was always more severe than male victims. The active duty female had the highest risk of becoming a victim. These patterns of mutual and nonmutual domestic abuse in the U.S. Army suggest that prevention and educational approaches could be developed that would be useful to prevention specialists and to clinicians as the Army pursues avenues to reduce domestic violence.
Demographic and Situational Factors Affecting Injury, Resistance, Completion, and Charges Brought in Sexual Assault Cases: What Is Best for Arrest?
Authors: Scott Hannah S. , Beaman Rebecca
Published: May 2005

This study examines demographic and situational factors in an effort to predict whether or not a complainant was injured, used resistance, experienced a completed assault, and whether charges were brought against the offender. If the accused had consumed alcohol or drugs, he was almost seven times more likely to be arrested. The complainant was six times more likely to report rape completion if she had consumed alcohol or drugs and if the complainant fell unconscious at any time during the attack she was significantly less likely to use a resistance strategy. The complainant’s use of a compliance strategy at any time during the assault positively predicted not using a physical resistance strategy and sexual assault completion. The reporting of injury positively predicted use a physical resistance strategy and sexual assault completion. If the assault was completed, it was less likely that charges were pressed. Implications of these findings are discussed, and directions for future research are offered.
Temporal Experience in the Aged: Body Integrity and the Social Milieu
Authors: Levy Sandra M.
Published: May 2005

Variation in temporal experience among the aged has been found to be a function of a number of variables. The sociological and phenomenological literature suggest two as being of crucial importance: work and retirement and health and illness. These were investigated in the present study making use of a structured interview format with seventy male retirees. Differences in affect and temporal experience were examined using a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design comparing groups in terms of Health, Willingness to Retire, and Time Since Retirement. In general, it was found that early in retirement those individuals who were healthy but had not wanted to retire resembled the chronically ill in terms of negative affect and temporal structure (that is, loss of a sense of future, constricted present, and “disconnected” past). Over time, however, these individuals restructured their world, reflecting a positive affect and a “full” temporal experience. This restructuration was in contrast to that which occurred in the chronically ill, who, irrespective of whether they wanted to retire or not, and irrespective of time since retirement, remained uniform in terms of negative affect and loss of temporal structure.
The Impact of Methodological Changes in Gerontology
Authors: Schaie K. Warner
Published: May 2005

The impact of methodological changes on gerontology is illustrated by discussing the example of the age-cohort-period problem as an innovation in research design, and examining the case of confirmatory factor analysis as an illustration of how methodological innovation informs theory.