bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Graphite/Metal Electrodes for Electrochemical Exfoliation: Few Layers Graphene with Low Defects
Authors: Rodrigues F.C. , Nobre G.A. , da Silva E.E. , Terence Mauro Cesar , Carrió Juan Alfredo Guevara
Published: February 2017

Graphene was obtained by electrochemical exfoliation of graphite and metal/graphite electrodes of different compositions and electrical conductivities. Metal/graphite electrodes were prepared using high purity copper and nickel precursor and commercial graphite. Processes of rapid expansion and direct exfoliation of graphite in a H2SO4 solution were observed using voltages from 2V to 15V and currents of 0.03 mA to 0.08 mA. The total time for each process was one hour and the maximal concentration of few layers graphene flakes was 0.002 mg/mL. X rays powder diffraction of the expanded electrodes showed the effect of the electrochemical process in the crystallinity and the increasing of interlayer distance. A characterization of a large amount of graphene flakes was performed by Raman spectroscopy and optical microscopy. Typical size of the flakes are between 1 μm and 10 μm and the Raman spectra indicate number of layers from single or bilayers to approximately ten layers. The greatest variations in thickness of flakes are observed when the intercalation process concludes before the expansion of the layers. A low degree of oxidation and of structural defects was characteristic of the experiments with lower acid concentration.
Estimating and Extracting of the Surface Profile Waviness by Use of the Spatial Notch Filters in the Roughness Profile Analysis
Authors: Golabczak Marcin , Golabczak Andrzej , Konstantynowicz Andrzej
Published: February 2017

Classical surveying of the machined surface quality is performed very often with using roughness profile recording by means of contact mechanical profilometer [4-7]. Also classical attitude to the profile run elaboration is to regard it as to a curve composed of the three main components: shape – treated mostly as deterministic, waviness – treated essentially as deterministic with some probabilistic component, and roughness itself – treated to as purely probabilistic. The question is: how to estimate this three components quantitatively and extract for individual evaluation. In our works we have developed methodical procedures of profile elaboration divided into three major steps: shape estimation and extraction with using polynomials of the order fitted to the evaluated profile, waviness estimation and extraction with using spatial filtering methods employing so called notch filters, statistical roughness estimation with using the set of tests and methods devoted especially to roughness runs of the purely probabilistic type. The notch filters are filters cutting out one, well determined spatial frequency λ0 from the spectrum of frequencies related with investigated profile. The second but not less important advantage of this choose, was the phase characteristics of this filter, which tends rapidly to zero outside the “notch” band, not distorting unfiltered spatial signal. The width of cutting “notch” is controlled with using one independent variable Q. Our methodology is based upon cutting out a set of frequencies from the profile, tuned separately for to achieve as well reflection of the periodic impulse-like signal as possible, due to the well known theorem of decomposing physical, periodical signals into their harmonic components. In our researches we have employed the set of 8 filters providing us with good results even with profiles “scared” with substantial tracks of periodically acting tool. Of course, it is still possible to employ even greater number of filters, due to their low numerical complexness. Also the comparison has been performed with the profile not affected by waviness for to convince, that this type of filter simply do not affect the probabilistic roughness component. All of the profile elaboration stages have been checked due to their spatial spectrum with using classical tool – FFT transform of the roughness profile autocovariance function. As the major check of the proposed procedure correctness, i.e. proper extraction of the waviness component without disturbing of the statistical roughness parameters we assumed checking of the shape factor Rq/Ra before and after waviness extraction, which turned to be the same at the good level of accuracy. Our results, basing on simple and fundamental frequency analysis seems to be the good alternative to much complicated and time consuming analysis based on wavelet transforms in different forms.
An In Situ High-Temperature X-Ray Diffraction Study of Phase Transformations in Maraging 300 Steel
Authors: Reis Adriano Gonçalves , Reis Danieli Aparecida Pereira , Abdalla Antônio Jorge , Couto Antônio Augusto , Otubo Jorge
Published: February 2017

An in situ high-temperature X-ray diffraction (HTXRD) study in maraging 300 steel was carried out to study the martensite to austenite transformation and effect of time of exposure in the austenite reversion below austenite start temperature. Solution annealed materials were subjected to controlled heating-holding cycles. The first sample was heated at a rate of 10 oC/min from room temperature to 800 oC, showing that the microstructure is completely martensitic (α’110) until 600 oC. From 650 oC until 800 oC, the microstructure is gradually changing from martensitic to austenitic, showed by the increasing peaks of γ111 and reducing peaks of α’110. At 800 oC the microstructure is completely austenitic (γ111). Another sample was heated at 10 oC/min from room temperature to 600 oC and held for 4 hours. At 600 oC, at 0 h time of exposure, only a martensitic peak was observed. An austenite peak can be observed after some time of exposure at this temperature. The volume fraction of austenite increased with increasing time of exposure at 600 oC, reaching 50/50 volume fraction after 4 hours of exposure. XRD diffraction patterns for the same sample that was held for 4 hours at 600 oC and then cooled down in air to room temperature showed the same intensity of austenite and martensitic peaks found in situ at 600 oC for 4 hours (retained austenite), with the volume fraction of 50/50 of austenite and martensite phases. The HTXRD technique can be used to identify and quantify martensite to austenite transformation and austenite retention.
Effect of Hydrogen on the Mechanical Behavior on AISI 4140 with Borided Coatings
Authors: Doñu Ruiz M.A. , Carranza Florida S.C. , López Perrusquia N. , Cortes-Suarez J.V. , Vargas Caballero J.C. , Torres San Miguel C.R.
Published: February 2017

In this work, the mechanical behavior on AISI 4140 with boride coating and hardened quenching-tempering was studies subsequently to boriding. The boriding is conducted at temperatures 1203 and 1233 K for 7 h, after that all samples at a temperature of 1143 K for 1 h and tempering 473 K were exposed for 1 h 30 minutes. The microstructural characterization was examined by scanning electron microscopy with saw-tooth morphology of boride coatings type Fe2B. Three-point bend test was used to study the effect of hydrogen cathodic charging on the mechanical behavior of AISI 4140 with boride coatings, the results show a reduction of ductility and 58.17% of indices of embrittlement () and show a crack on the substrate due to interaction of hydrogen atom. Also, sample boride at 1203 K with hydrogen show a low decrease of the bending stress with respectively a sample boride without hydrogen and a decrease of the parameter () with 35.32% due to the formation of boride coatings.
Implementation of Megaplastic Deformation for Control of the Gradient Composition of Pseudo-Layers in the Nitrided Surface of Fe-Ni-Cr Steel - Production of Quasi-Bimetallic Plate
Authors: Shabashov V.A. , Afanasiev S.V. , Zavalishin V.A. , Korshunov L.G. , Borisov S.V. , Litvinov A.V. , Zamatovsky A.E. , Semionkin V.A.
Published: February 2017

Megaplastic deformation has been realized by sliding friction (or high-pressure torsion) on ion-plasma-nitrided surface of austenitic Fe-Cr-Ni steel. The deformation-induced dissolution of iron and chromium nitrides, the formation of secondary chromium nitride phases and the increase of depth of gradient-composition matrix pseudo-layer have been achieved under friction and subsequent annealing. A quasi-bimetallic foil with the largest dimension of deflection has been produced with the use of friction and subsequent annealing of the nitrided surface.
MicroRNA-15b Suppresses Th17 Differentiation and Is Associated with Pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis by Targeting O-GlcNAc Transferase
Authors: Liu Ruiqiong , Ma Xiaofeng , Chen Li , Yang Yang , Zeng Yi , Gao Jie , Jiang Wei , Zhang Fang , Li Daojing , Han Bin , Han Ranran , Qiu Rongfang , Huang Wei , Wang Yan , Hao Junwei
Published: February 2017

IL-17–producing Th17 cells have gradually become considered as key factors in the pathogenesis of many autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS). Although the involvement of certain microRNAs in the development of MS has been reported, their role in Th17-driven autoimmunity is still poorly understood. In this study, we identified microRNA (miR)-15b as an important factor in Th17-associated effects and determined that the expression of miR-15b is significantly downregulated in MS patients and in mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Overexpression of miR-15b alleviated experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, whereas knockdown of miR-15b aggravated it. We demonstrated that miR-15b suppressed Th17 differentiation both in vivo and in vitro. We also found that O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase is a potential target of miR-15b, enabling it to affect the transcriptional regulation of retinoic acid–related orphan receptor γT through O-linked N-acetylglucosamine glycosylation of NF-κB. These results contribute to the importance of miR-15b in Th17 differentiation and the pathogenesis of MS.
The Ribosomal Protein S19 Suppresses Antitumor Immune Responses via the Complement C5a Receptor 1
Authors: Markiewski Maciej M. , Vadrevu Surya Kumari , Sharma Sharad K. , Chintala Navin Kumar , Ghouse Shanawaz , Cho Jun-Hung , Fairlie David P. , Paterson Yvonne , Astrinidis Aristotelis , Karbowniczek Magdalena
Published: February 2017

Relatively little is known about factors that initiate immunosuppression in tumors and act at the interface between tumor cells and host cells. In this article, we report novel immunosuppressive properties of the ribosomal protein S19 (RPS19), which is upregulated in human breast and ovarian cancer cells and released from apoptotic tumor cells, whereupon it interacts with the complement C5a receptor 1 expressed on tumor infiltrating myeloid-derived suppressor cells. This interaction promotes tumor growth by facilitating recruitment of these cells to tumors. RPS19 also induces the production of immunosuppressive cytokines, including TGF-β, by myeloid-derived suppressor cells in tumor-draining lymph nodes, leading to T cell responses skewed toward Th2 phenotypes. RPS19 promotes generation of regulatory T cells while reducing infiltration of CD8+ T cells into tumors. Reducing RPS19 in tumor cells or blocking the C5a receptor 1–RPS19 interaction decreases RPS19-mediated immunosuppression, impairs tumor growth, and delays the development of tumors in a transgenic model of breast cancer. This work provides initial preclinical evidence for targeting RPS19 for anticancer therapy enhancing antitumor T cell responses.
1986 Great Lakes seismic refraction survey [GLIMPCE]: line A - refraction mode
Authors: Morel-à-l'Huissier P , Karl J H , Tréhu A , Hajnal Z , Mereu R
F , Meyer R P , Sexton J
L , Ervin C P , Green A
G , Hutchinson D
Published: February 2017

In the fall of 1986, the Geological Survey of Canada (GSC), the United States Geological Survey (USGS), two Canadian universities -- University of Western Ontario and University of Saskatchewan, and four American universities -- Northern Illinois University,
Southern Illinois University, University of Wisconsin-Madison and University of Wisconsin-Oshkosh participated in a major deep seismic experiment in Lake Superior under the GLIMPCE (Great Lakes International Multidisciplinary Program on Crustal Evolution) umbrella. This Open-File Report presents the
seismic sections for line A, which was shot specifically for refraction recording. The main target for study by this line was the Mid-Continent Rift System. All recording stations, 31 in total (26 land stations and 5 OBSs), recorded energy from shots fired every two minutes (333 m spacing) by a
tuned airgun array towed by a contracted ship along line A in Lake Superior. These data are the densest such data ever recorded in the continental North America over such distances. It is also unique since coincident seismic reflection and refraction are available.
Amaranthus palmeri, a second record for Africa and notes on A. sonoriensis nom. nov.
Authors: Iamonico Duilio , El Mokni Ridha
Published: February 2017

Background: Amaranthus is a critical genus from a taxonomic point of view because of its high phenotypic variability, which has led to nomenclatural disorder, misapplication of names, and erroneous species identification. As a whole, floristic and taxonomic studies on this genus are still incomplete. Objectives: The main objective was to record the North American species Amaranthus palmeri in Tunisia for the first time and to point out a second occurrence for Africa. At the same time, we highlight some nomenclatural confusion concerning the name A. palmeri var. glomeratus which appears to be untypified and which should be treated at species rank. Method: The work is based on field surveys, analysis of relevant literature and examination of specimens preserved in the herbaria GH, FI, HFLA, K, MICH, NEBC, NY, MO, P, RO, US, and the Herbarium of Bizerta University. Results: A population of Amaranthus palmeri was discovered in Bizerta Province, representing the first record for the national flora. This record also represents the second record for Africa. Morphological characters, as well as ecological data are provided. Nomenclatural notes are provided for A. palmeri var. glomeratus (lectotype at GH, here designated; isolectotypes at MICH and US), and a new name (A. sonoriensis) is proposed. Conclusion: Amaranthus palmeri is an alien species in Tunisia, growing along roadsides and in public gardens. Future monitoring of the populations found will be necessary to verify possible naturalisation and spreading of A. palmeri in Tunisia. If this happens, actions for eradication of the plants will be necessary.
Long-term surgical anaesthesia with isoflurane in human habituated Nile Crocodiles
Authors: Stegmann George F. , Williams Catherine J.A. , Franklin Craig , Wang Tobias , Axelsson Michael
Published: February 2017

A suitable long-term anaesthetic technique was required for implantation of physiological sensors and telemetric devices in sub-adult Nile crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus) to allow the collection of physiological data. Five Nile crocodiles with a median body mass of 24 kg were used. After manual capture, they were blindfolded and 0.2 mL (1 mg/mL) medetomidine was administered intramuscularly in four of the animals which had an estimated body mass between 20 kg and 30 kg. One crocodile with an estimated body mass of 50 kg received 0.5 mL. For induction, 5 mL propofol (10 mg/mL) was injected intravenously into the occipital sinus. Additional doses were given when required to ensure adequate anaesthesia. Anaesthesia was maintained with 1.5% isoflurane. Ventilation was controlled. Local anaesthesia was administered for surgical incision and external placement of the radio transmitter. Medetomidine was antagonised with atipamezole at the end of surgery. Median heart rate during surgery was 22 beats/min, at extubation 32 beats per min and 30 beats per min the following day at the same body temperature as under anaesthesia. Median body temperature of the animals increased from 27.3 °C to 27.9 °C during anaesthesia, as room temperature increased from 24.5 °C to 29.0 °C during surgery. Anaesthesia was successfully induced with intramuscular medetomidine and intravenous propofol and was maintained with isoflurane for the placement of telemetric implants. Intraoperative analgesia was supplemented with lidocaine infiltration. Perioperative physiological parameters remained stable and within acceptable clinical limits. Multiple factors appear to influence these variables during the recovery period, including residual anaesthetic effects, environmental temperature and physical activity.
Response of cattle with clinical osteochondrosis to mineral supplementation
Authors: Van der Veen Gerjan , Fosgate Geoffrey T. , Botha Frederick K. , Meissner Heinz H. , Jacobs Lubbe , Prozesky Leon
Published: February 2017

Since 1982, farmers in the North West province and other parts of South Africa have noticed an increase in the incidence of lameness in cattle. Macro- and microscopical lesions of joints resembled osteochondrosis. Pre-trial data indicated that cattle with osteochondrotic lesions recovered almost completely when fed a supplement containing bio-available micro- and macrominerals of high quality. In the present trial, 43 clinically affected cattle of varying ages (1–5 years) and sexes were randomly divided into three groups. Each group was fed the same commercial supplement base with differing micro- and macromineral concentrations to determine the effect of mineral concentrations on the recovery from osteochondrosis. Both supplements 1 and 2 contained 25% of the recommended National Research Council (NRC) mineral values. Additional phosphate was added to supplement 2. Supplement 3, containing 80% of the NRC mineral values, was used as the control. Results from all three groups indicated no recovery from osteochondrosis. Urine pH of a small sample of the test cattle showed aciduria (pH < 6). Supplement analysis revealed addition of ammonium sulphate that contributed sulphate and nitrogen to the supplement. Supplementary dietary cation anion difference (DCAD) values were negative at -411 mEq/kg, -466 mEq/kg and -467 mEq/kg for supplements 1, 2 and 3, respectively, whereas the pre-trial supplement was calculated at +19.87 mEq/kg. It was hypothesised that feeding a low (negative) DCAD diet will predispose growing cattle to the development of osteochondrosis or exacerbate subclinical or clinical osteochondrosis in cattle.
The dual model of perfectionism and depression among Chinese University students
Authors: Wang Yefei , Zhang Bin
Published: February 2017

The dual model of perfectionism was adopted to explore the influence of adaptive and maladaptive perfectionism on depression in college students. The results support the dual process model of perfectionism in Chinese undergraduates. A sample of 206 Chinese undergraduates completed measures of perfectionism, General Self-efficacy Measure, Beck Depression Inventory, State Anxiety Inventory, Positive and Negative Affect Scale (Time 1) and Beck Depression Inventory 4 months later (Time 2). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the three-factor model of perfectionism with dimensions of maladaptive perfectionism, adaptive perfectionism and order factor fit the date well. Partial correlations analyses revealed that maladaptive perfectionism was related to psychopathology, whereas adaptive perfectionism was more closely correlated with positive features of mental health. In cross-sectional analyses, the discrepancy which measures the perceived difference between the standards one has set for one’s own behaviour and actual performance and the socially prescribed perfectionism subscales of maladaptive perfectionism could significantly predict baseline depressive symptoms. However, after controlling for the initial scores of depression, none of the perfectionism subscales significantly predicted the change in depression across a 4-month lag. Distinguishing adaptive and maladaptive aspects of perfectionism may be beneficial to understanding the influence of perfectionism on depression.
Self-Propelled Sweepers—Air Flow Performance—Part 1: Suction Air Volume Performance
Authors:   MTC2, Sweeper, Cleaner, and Machinery
Published: February 2017

This SAE Standard establishes a test method and a definition for disclosing the suction air volume performance of self-propelled sweepers that solely use a pneumatic conveyance means for the collection and transfer of “sweepings” into a collection hopper.
On Board Diagnostics Implementation Guide
Authors:   Truck Bus Control and Communications Network Committee
Published: February 2017

SAE J1939-03 provides requirements and guidelines for the implementation of On Board Diagnostics (OBD) on heavy-duty vehicles (HDV) using the SAE J1939 family of standards. The guidelines identify where the necessary information to meet OBD regulations may be found among the SAE J1939 document set. Key requirements are identified here to insure the interoperability of OBD scan tools across individual OBD compliant vehicles.

Market-defined regulations permit the use of SAE J1939 to meet OBD requirements. Implementers are cautioned to obtain and review the specific regulations for the markets where their products are sold. This document is focused on guidelines and requirements to satisfy the State of California Air Resources Board (ARB), the authors of 13 CCR 1971.1, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Euro IV and V requirements from European Commission directives, and UN/ECE WP 29 GRPE WWH OBD Global Technical Regulation (GTR)
Filiform Corrosion Test Procedure for Painted Aluminum Wheels and Painted Aluminum Wheel Trim
Authors:   Wheel Standards Committee
Published: February 2017

This test procedure defines a laboratory procedure for generating and evaluating filiform corrosion on painted aluminum wheels and painted aluminum wheel trim.

While this test was developed specifically for the testing of painted aluminum wheels and wheel trim it may be applicable to other components. The application owner will need to assess if this test generates filiform similar to that found in the relevant usage to ensure it will provide accurate data for the application.
Road/Lane Departure Warning Systems: Information for the Human Interface
Authors:   Safety and Human Factors Standards Steering Committee
Published: February 2017

The Road/Lane Departure Warning System is a crash-avoidance technology which warns drivers if they are drifting (or have drifted) out of their lane or from the road. This warning system is designed to help prevent the possibility of a run-off-road crash. This system will not take control of the vehicle; it will only let the driver know that he/she needs to steer back into the lane. This warning system is not designed as a lane-change monitor, which addresses intentional lane changes, or a merging system which warns of other vehicles.

This informational report applies to OEM and after-market Road/Lane Departure warning systems for light-duty vehicles on relatively straight roads with a radius of curvature of 500 m or more, and under good weather conditions. Future revisions should consider the implications of newer variations on the user experience.
Keyword Protocol 1281
Authors:   Vehicle E E System Diagnostic Standards Committee
Published: February 2017

This Technical Information Report defines the diagnostic communication protocol Keyword Protocol 1281 (KWP1281). This document should be used in conjunction with SAE J2534-2 in order to fully implement the communication protocol in an SAE J2534 interface.

Some Volkswagen of America and Audi of America vehicles are equipped with ECUs, in which a KWP1281 proprietary diagnostic communication protocol is implemented. The purpose of this document is to specify the KWP1281 protocol in enough detail to support the requirements necessary to implement the communication protocol in an SAE J2534 interface device.
TP2.0 Vehicle Diagnostic Protocol
Authors:   Vehicle E E System Diagnostic Standards Committee
Published: February 2017

This Technical Information Report defines the diagnostic communication protocol TP2.0. This document should be used in conjunction with SAE J2534-2 in order to fully implement the communication protocol in an SAE J2534 interface.

Some Volkswagen of America and Audi of America vehicles are equipped with ECU(s), in which a TP2.0 proprietary diagnostic communication protocol is implemented. The purpose of this document is to specify the requirements necessary to implement the communication protocol in an SAE J2534 interface.
TORQUE-TENSION TESTING AND EVALUATION OF FASTENER FINISHES
Authors:   USCAR
Published: February 2017

This standard provides a test method for determining the torque-tension relationship of a fastener finish as applied to a surrogate screw for the purpose of measuring the frictional characteristic of the fastener finish. The results obtained by this test shall be used as a process control attribute of the fastener finish and shall not be utilized for specific applications.
HIGH VOLTAGE CONNECTOR PERFORMANCE SUPPLEMENT TO SAE/USCAR-2
Authors:   USCAR
Published: February 2017

Procedures included within this specification supplement are, when used in conjunction with SAE/USCAR 2, intended to cover performance testing at all phases of development, production, and field analysis of electrical terminals, connectors, and components that constitute the electrical connection systems in high voltage (60~600V) road vehicle applications. These procedures are applicable to terminals used for In-Line, Header, and Device Connector systems with and without Shorting Bars.

This supplement applies to both sealed and unsealed connection systems.
Widespread and persistent ozone pollution in eastern China during the non-winter season of 2015: observations and source attributions
Authors: Li Guohui , Bei Naifang , Cao Junji , Wu Jiarui , Long Xin , Feng Tian , Dai Wenting , Liu Suixin , Zhang Qiang , Tie Xuexi
Published: February 2017

Abstract. Rapid growth of industrialization, transportation, and urbanization has caused increasing emissions of ozone (O3) precursors recently, enhancing the O3 formation in eastern China. We show here that eastern China has experienced widespread and persistent O3 pollution from April to September 2015 based on the O3 observations in 223 cities. The observed maximum 1 h O3 concentrations exceed 200 µg m−3 in almost all the cities, 400 µg m−3 in more than 25 % of the cities, and even 800 µg m−3 in six cities in eastern China. The average daily maximum 1 h O3 concentrations are more than 160 µg m−3 in 45 % of the cities, and the 1 h O3 concentrations of 200 µg m−3 have been exceeded on over 10 % of days from April to September in 129 cities. Analyses of pollutant observations from 2013 to 2015 have shown that the concentrations of CO, SO2, NO2, and PM2.5 from April to September in eastern China have considerably decreased, but the O3 concentrations have increased by 9.9 %. A widespread and severe O3 pollution episode from 22 to 28 May 2015 in eastern China has been simulated using the Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled to chemistry (WRF-CHEM) to evaluate the O3 contribution of biogenic and various anthropogenic sources. The model generally performs reasonably well in simulating the temporal variations and spatial distributions of near-surface O3 concentrations. Using the factor separation approach, sensitivity studies have indicated that the industry source plays the most important role in the O3 formation and constitutes the culprit of the severe O3 pollution in eastern China. The transportation source contributes considerably to the O3 formation, and the O3 contribution of the residential source is not significant generally. The biogenic source provides a background O3 source, and also plays an important role in the south of eastern China. Further model studies are needed to comprehensively investigate O3 formation for supporting the design and implementation of O3 control strategies, considering rapid changes of emission inventories and photolysis caused by the Atmospheric Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan released by the Chinese State Council in 2013.
Technical Note: Gas Phase Pesticide Measurement Using Iodide Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Murschell Trey , Fulgham S. Ryan , Farmer Delphine K.
Published: February 2017

Abstract. Volatilization and subsequent processing in the atmosphere is an important environmental pathway for the transport and chemical fate of pesticides. However, these processes remain a particularly poorly understood component of pesticide lifecycles due to analytical challenges. Most pesticide measurements require long (hours to days) sampling times coupled with off-line analysis, inhibiting observation of meteorologically driven events or investigation of rapid oxidation chemistry. Here, we present chemical ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry with iodide reagent ions as a fast and sensitive measurement of four current-use pesticides. These semi-volatile pesticides were calibrated with injections of solutions onto a filter and subsequently volatilized to generate gas phase analytes. Trifluralin and atrazine are detected as iodide-molecule adducts, while permethrin and metolachlor are detected as adducts between iodide and fragments of the parent analyte molecule. Limits of detection (1 second) are 0.37, 0.67, 0.56, and 1.1 µg/m3 for gas phase trifluralin, metolachlor, atrazine and permethrin, respectively. The sensitivities of trifluralin and metolachlor depend on relative humidity, changing as much as 70 % and 59 %, respectively, as relative humidity of the sample air varies from 0 to 80 %. This measurement approach is thus appropriate for laboratory experiments and potentially near-source field measurements.
A global data set of soil hydraulic properties and sub-grid variability of soil water retention and hydraulic conductivity curves
Authors: Montzka Carsten , Herbst Michael , Weihermüller Lutz , Verhoef Anne , Vereecken Harry
Published: February 2017

Abstract. Agroecosytem models, regional and global climate models, as well as numerical weather prediction models require adequate parameterization of soil hydraulic properties. These properties are fundamental for describing and predicting water and energy exchange processes at the transition zone between solid Earth and Atmosphere, and regulate evapotranspiration, infiltration, and runoff generation. Hydraulic parameters describing the soil water retention (WRC) and hydraulic conductivity (HCC) curves are typically derived from soil texture via pedotransfer functions (PTFs). Resampling of those parameters for specific model grids is typically performed by different aggregation approaches such a spatial averaging and the use of dominant textural properties or soil classes. These aggregation approaches introduce uncertainty, bias and parameter inconsistencies throughout spatial scales due to nonlinear relationships between hydraulic parameters and soil texture. Therefore, we present a method to scale hydraulic parameters to individual model grids and provide a global data set that overcomes the mentioned problems. The approach is based on Miller-Miller scaling that fits the parameters of the WRC through all sub-grid WRCs to provide an effective parameterization for the grid cell at model resolution; at the same time it preserves the information of sub-grid variability of the water retention curve by deriving local scaling parameters. Based on the Mualem van Genuchten approach we also derive the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity from the water retention functions, thereby assuming that the local parameters are also valid for this function. In addition, via the Miller-Miller scaling parameter lambda, information on global sub-grid scaling variance is given that enables modellers to improve dynamical downscaling of (regional) climate models or to perturb hydraulic parameters for model ensemble output generation. The present analysis is based on the ROSETTA PTF of Schaap et al. (2001) applied to the SoilGrids1km data set of Hengl et al. (2014). The example data set is provided at a global resolution of 0.25° at DOI:10.1594/PANGAEA.870605 (DOI registration in progress, so far the data can be accessed under https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.870605).
River water quality changes in New Zealand over 26 years: response to land use intensity
Authors: Julian Jason P. , de Beurs Kirsten M. , Owsley Braden , Davies-Colley Robert J. , Ausseil Anne-Gaelle E.
Published: February 2017

Abstract. Relationships between land use and water quality are complex with interdependencies, feedbacks, and legacy effects. Most river water quality studies have assessed catchment land use as areal coverage, but here, we hypothesize and test whether land use intensity – the inputs (fertilizer, livestock) and activities (vegetation removal) of land use – is a better predictor of environmental impact. We use New Zealand (NZ) as a case study because it has had one of the highest rates of agricultural land intensification globally over recent decades. We interpreted water quality state and trends for the 26 years from 1989 to 2014 in the National Rivers Water Quality Network (NRWQN) – consisting of 77 sites on 35 mostly large river systems. To characterize land use intensity, we analyzed spatial and temporal changes in livestock density and land disturbance (i.e., bare soil resulting from vegetation loss by either grazing or forest harvesting) at the catchment scale, as well as fertilizer inputs at the national scale. Using simple multivariate statistical analyses across the 77 catchments, we found that median visual water clarity was best predicted inversely by areal coverage of intensively managed pastures. The primary predictor for all four nutrient variables (TN, NOx, TP, DRP), however, was cattle density, with plantation forest coverage as the secondary predictor variable. While land disturbance was not itself a strong predictor of water quality, it did help explain outliers of land use–water quality relationships. From 1990 to 2014, visual clarity significantly improved in 35 out of 77 (34∕77) catchments, which we attribute mainly to increased dairy cattle exclusion from rivers (despite dairy expansion) and the considerable decrease in sheep numbers across the NZ landscape, from 58 million sheep in 1990 to 31 million in 2012. Nutrient concentrations increased in many of NZ's rivers with dissolved oxidized nitrogen significantly increasing in 27∕77 catchments, which we largely attribute to increased cattle density and legacy nutrients that have built up on intensively managed grasslands and plantation forests since the 1950s and are slowly leaking to the rivers. Despite recent improvements in water quality for some NZ rivers, these legacy nutrients and continued agricultural intensification are expected to pose broad-scale environmental problems for decades to come.
DEPTH CAMERAS ON UAVs: A FIRST APPROACH
Authors: Deris A. , Trigonis I. , Aravanis A. , Stathopoulou E. K.
Published: February 2017

Abstract. Accurate depth information retrieval of a scene is a field under investigation in the research areas of photogrammetry, computer vision and robotics. Various technologies, active, as well as passive, are used to serve this purpose such as laser scanning, photogrammetry and depth sensors, with the latter being a promising innovative approach for fast and accurate 3D object reconstruction using a broad variety of measuring principles including stereo vision, infrared light or laser beams. In this study we investigate the use of the newly designed Stereolab's ZED depth camera based on passive stereo depth calculation, mounted on an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle with an ad-hoc setup, specially designed for outdoor scene applications. Towards this direction, the results of its depth calculations and scene reconstruction generated by Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) algorithms are compared and evaluated based on qualitative and quantitative criteria with respect to the ones derived by a typical Structure from Motion (SfM) and Multiple View Stereo (MVS) pipeline for a challenging cultural heritage application.
A REVIEW OF
POINT CLOUDS SEGMENTATION AND CLASSIFICATION ALGORITHMS
Authors: Grilli E. , Menna F. , Remondino F.
Published: February 2017

Abstract. Today 3D models and point clouds are very popular being currently used in several fields, shared through the internet and even accessed on mobile phones. Despite their broad availability, there is still a relevant need of methods, preferably automatic, to provide 3D data with meaningful attributes that characterize and provide significance to the objects represented in 3D. Segmentation is the process of grouping point clouds into multiple homogeneous regions with similar properties whereas classification is the step that labels these regions. The main goal of this paper is to analyse the most popular methodologies and algorithms to segment and classify 3D point clouds. Strong and weak points of the different solutions presented in literature or implemented in commercial software will be listed and shortly explained. For some algorithms, the results of the segmentation and classification is shown using real examples at different scale in the Cultural Heritage field. Finally, open issues and research topics will be discussed.
VISUALIZATION OF THE CONSTRUCTION OF ANCIENT ROMAN BUILDINGS IN OSTIA USING POINT CLOUD DATA
Authors: Hori Y. , Ogawa T.
Published: February 2017

Abstract. The implementation of laser scanning in the field of archaeology provides us with an entirely new dimension in research and surveying. It allows us to digitally recreate individual objects, or entire cities, using millions of three-dimensional points grouped together in what is referred to as "point clouds". In addition, the visualization of the point cloud data, which can be used in the final report by archaeologists and architects, should usually be produced as a JPG or TIFF file. Not only the visualization of point cloud data, but also re-examination of older data and new survey of the construction of Roman building applying remote-sensing technology for precise and detailed measurements afford new information that may lead to revising drawings of ancient buildings which had been adduced as evidence without any consideration of a degree of accuracy, and finally can provide new research of ancient buildings. We used laser scanners at fields because of its speed, comprehensive coverage, accuracy and flexibility of data manipulation. Therefore, we “skipped” many of post-processing and focused on the images created from the meta-data simply aligned using a tool which extended automatic feature-matching algorithm and a popular renderer that can provide graphic results.
PROCEDURAL 3D MODELLING FOR TRADITIONAL SETTLEMENTS. THE CASE
STUDY OF CENTRAL ZAGORI
Authors: Kitsakis D. , Tsiliakou E. , Labropoulos T. , Dimopoulou E.
Published: February 2017

Abstract. Over the last decades 3D modelling has been a fast growing field in Geographic Information Science, extensively applied in various domains including reconstruction and visualization of cultural heritage, especially monuments and traditional settlements. Technological advances in computer graphics, allow for modelling of complex 3D objects achieving high precision and accuracy. Procedural modelling is an effective tool and a relatively novel method, based on algorithmic modelling concept. It is utilized for the generation of accurate 3D models and composite facade textures from sets of rules which are called Computer Generated Architecture grammars (CGA grammars), defining the objects’ detailed geometry, rather than altering or editing the model manually. In this paper, procedural modelling tools have been exploited to generate the 3D model of a traditional settlement in the region of Central Zagori in Greece. The detailed geometries of 3D models derived from the application of shape grammars on selected footprints, and the process resulted in a final 3D model, optimally describing the built environment of Central Zagori, in three levels of Detail (LoD). The final 3D scene was exported and published as 3D web-scene which can be viewed with 3D CityEngine viewer, giving a walkthrough the whole model, same as in virtual reality or game environments. This research work addresses issues regarding textures' precision, LoD for 3D objects and interactive visualization within one 3D scene, as well as the effectiveness of large scale modelling, along with the benefits and drawbacks that derive from procedural modelling techniques in the field of cultural heritage and more specifically on 3D modelling of traditional settlements.
FIRST EXPERIENCES WITH THE TRIMBLE SX10 SCANNING TOTAL STATION
FOR BUILDING FACADE SURVEY
Authors: Lachat E. , Landes T. , Grussenmeyer P.
Published: February 2017

Abstract. The use of Terrestrial Laser Scanner (TLS) tends to become a solution in many research areas related to large scale surveying. Meanwhile, the technological advances combined with the investigation of user needs have brought to the design of innovative devices known as scanning total stations. Such instruments merge in a unique hardware both scanning and surveying facilities. Even if their scanning rate is often reduced compared to conventional TLS, they make it possible to directly georeference laser scanning projects and to complete them with measurements of individual points of interest. The recent Trimble SX10 which was launched on the market in early October 2016 has been tested and some experiences carried out with it are reported in this paper. The analyses mainly focus on the survey of a building facade. Next to laser scanning survey, a photogrammetry campaign using an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) has been carried out. These different datasets are used to assess the Trimble SX10 issued point clouds through a set of comparisons. Since georeferencing is possible either directly or indirectly using this device, data processed both ways are also compared to conclude about the more reliable method.
A LOW-COST MARKERLESS TRACKING SYSTEM FOR TRAJECTORY
INTERPRETATION
Authors: Laggis A. , Doulamis N. , Protopapadakis E. , Georgopoulos A.
Published: February 2017

Abstract. The tracking abilities of 1st generation Kinect sensors have been tested over common trajectories of folk dances. Trajectories related errors, including offset, curve shape, noisy points are investigated and mitigated using well-known signal processing filters. Low cost depth trackers can contribute towards the remote tutoring of folk dances, by providing adequate data to instructors and explicit details to the trainees which segments of their dance trajectories need more work.
FROM OSS CAD TO BIM FOR CULTURAL HERITAGE DIGITAL REPRESENTATION
Authors: Logothetis S. , Karachaliou E. , Stylianidis E.
Published: February 2017

Abstract. The paper illustrates the use of open source Computer-aided design (CAD) environments in order to develop Building Information Modelling (BIM) tools able to manage 3D models in the field of cultural heritage. Nowadays, the development of Free and Open Source Software (FOSS) has been rapidly growing and their use tends to be consolidated. Although BIM technology is widely known and used, there is a lack of integrated open source platforms able to support all stages of Historic Building Information Modelling (HBIM) processes. The present research aims to use a FOSS CAD environment in order to develop BIM plug-ins which will be able to import and edit digital representations of cultural heritage models derived by photogrammetric methods.
DISCOVERING AND SHARING OF SECRET ARCHITECTURES: THE HIDDEN TOMB
OF THE PHARAOH OF EL-KHASNEH, JORDAN
Authors: Malinverni E. S. , Pierdicca R.
Published: February 2017

Abstract. The documentation of the archaeological heritage through 3D models to know ancient findings, has become a common practice within the international panorama. Using minimal hardware, as well as its ease of use in almost every environmental condition, make 3D sampling solutions based on Multiple View Stereo (MVS) matching and Structure from Motion techniques ideal for on-site documentation of excavations or emergencies. Moreover, the availability of inexpensive platforms for web-based visualization represents great benefit in the field of archaeology, where generally the low budged and the limitation of more complex instruments are a must. The case study presented in these pages, experienced in Petra, Jordan, moves towards this direction. In the close proximity of the El- Khasneh façade, is situated an excavation where two entrance, well preserved, give access to the Tomb of Pharaoh. The documentation described in these pages has the twofold objective of providing the research community with a priceless dataset, acquired for one of the most important heritage of the world that is partially still unknown and to share on line these computations. This work confirms how cultural heritage documentation and dissemination of architectural rests, that are important for tourism and their interactive visualization, can strongly benefit from the creation of 3D models and their sharing on the web. This particular archaeological setting is an interesting base for investigation, given the complexity of the structure and its precarious condition.
PHOTOGRAMMETRY DRIVEN TOOLS TO SUPPORT THE RESTORATION OF
OPEN-AIR BRONZE SURFACES OF SCULPTURES: AN INTEGRATED SOLUTION
STARTING FROM THE EXPERIENCE OF THE NEPTUNE FOUNTAIN IN BOLOGNA
Authors: Apollonio F. I. , Gaiani M. , Basilissi W. , Rivaroli L.
Published: February 2017

Abstract. Checking the irreversible process of clean-up is a delicate task that requires a work of synthesis between theoretical knowledge and practical experience, to define an effective operating protocol on a limited patch area to be extended later to the entire artefact’s surface. In this paper, we present a new, quick, semi-automated 3D photogrammetry-based solution to support restorers in the open-air bronze artwork cleaning from corrosion and weathering decay. The solution allows the conservators to assess in real time and with a high level of fidelity in colour and shape, the ‘surfaces’ to be cleaned before, during and after the clear-out treatment. The solution besides allows an effective and valuable support tool for restorers to identify the original layer of the bronze surface, developed and validated during the ongoing restoration of the Neptune Fountain in Bologna.
DYNAMIC 3D MODELING OF A CANAL-TUNNEL USING PHOTOGRAMMETRIC AND
BATHYMETRIC DATA
Authors: Moisan E. , Heinkele C. , Charbonnier P. , Foucher P. , Grussenmeyer P. , Guillemin S. , Koehl M.
Published: February 2017

Abstract. This contribution introduces an original method for dynamically surveying the vault and underwater parts of a canal-tunnel for 3D modeling. The recording system, embedded on a barge, is composed of cameras that provide images of the above-water part of the tunnel, and a sonar that acquires underwater 3D profiles. In this contribution we propose to fully exploit the capacities of photogrammetry to deal with the issue of geo-referencing data in the absence of global positioning system (GPS) data. More specifically, we use it both for reconstructing the vault and side walls of the tunnel in 3D and for estimating the trajectory of the boat, which is necessary to rearrange sonar profiles to form the 3D model of the canal. We report on a first experimentation carried out inside a canal-tunnel and show promising preliminary results that illustrate the potentialities of the proposed approach.