bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Political Economy of Post-colonial Constitutionalism in Southern Africa
Authors: Klug Heinz
Published: December 2022

This chapter explores the political economy of four southern African nations to understand whether specific features of their constitutions might explain the conditions for achieving the goals of democracy and economic development set out in their constitutions. Asking what might be required to fulfil the promise of post-colonial constitutionalism in southern Africa, the chapter engages in a comparative analysis of the historical conditions shaping the constitutional political economy of each of the four case studies: Botswana, Mozambique, South Africa, and Zimbabwe. Considering the salient features of these nations’ constitutions identified by theories of constitutional political economy, from their electoral systems to their forms of government, the chapter focuses on the constitutional status of property and the history of land reform in each of the cases. Thus, while conducting a general comparative analysis of the relationship between the economic constitution and governance in southern Africa, this chapter places specific emphasis on the significance of property rights and tenure relations to constitutionalism in the region.
The New Economic Empire of the Egyptian Military
Authors: Elgebeily Sherif
Published: December 2022

Since 1952, the military in Egypt has held a valued place in society—and its constitutions—as the liberator of the people and a catalyst in the transition from kingdom to republic. Egypt is also one of only a handful of developing countries to have transitioned from a capitalist to planned economy before returning to a more capitalistic economy. The combination of these characteristics has resulted in a unique facet of the modern Egyptian economy—the special position of the armed forces and, by virtue of this, the rise of a military private sector that blurs the lines between the public and private sector. This chapter begins by briefly exploring the development of the Egyptian economy under its presidents and the role of the military under each of them. It argues that the allowances granted by law throughout the decades since the 1952 revolution have had immensely damaging effects on the constitutional protection of private business in Egypt, with these effects including impacts on the prohibition of monopolistic practices and on the pillars of competitiveness. The creation of a new economic empire under the control of the military, coupled with the political controls that current President Sisi has assumed as head of state, places at his discretion control over both the economic and political levers of Egypt. Ultimately, this chapter shows how the principles of constitutionalism in Egypt in regard to economic protections have been undermined by a private military sector that blurs the line between public provision and private gain.
Taming the Spectre of Unsustainable Public Debt in Africa
Authors: Abebe Adem Kassie
Published: December 2022

Public (or sovereign) debt constitutes the source of a significant portion of the regular budget of African countries and is central to the management of their economies. Public debt involves decisions regarding the distribution of resources, benefits, and burdens, including across generations—issues that lie at the heart of democratic theory. Considering its significant implications both for the economy and democracy, it is critical to assess the extent to which African constitutions regulate public debt. This is particularly important today, with growing and, in some cases, unsustainable debt levels and reports of ‘debt traps’ in which some African (and other) governments may be forced to hand over key infrastructure to foreign states to settle ominous debts. This chapter discusses the potential role of constitutions in the proper management and control of public debt. There is currently little literature on constitutions and public debt, particularly in the African context. This contribution seeks to trigger conversation at the political and scholarly level on the appropriate role of constitutions in regulating public debt and ensuring transparency and accountability in the mobilization and use of public debt.
Introduction
Authors: Hare John E.
Published: December 2022

This chapter, an introduction, locates the project of the book against the background of the trilogy of which this volume is the third member. The book deals with the doctrine of the work of the Holy Spirit in the world. The first volume (The Moral Gap) dealt with the work of the second person of the Trinity in atonement and justification, and the second (God’s Command) with the work of the first person in creation. The introduction discusses three recent conceptions of the good human life and finds them wanting. It then looks at four kinds of unity that the Spirit is working to produce: unity between us and the material world, unity within a human being, unity between human beings, and unity between human beings and God. The chapter starts a discussion of one example of each of these kinds of unity (namely the beautiful and the sublime, gender transition, patriotism, and contemplation), and the subsequent chapters take up each of these examples in greater detail.
Gender
Authors: Hare John E.
Published: December 2022

This chapter takes gender transition as an example of unity across significant change. It treats gender identity as a three-term relation between a set of preferences in a person for ‘secondary’ sexual characteristics, a social picture of what some gender means, and the person’s own heart or will that relates these two as fitting or failing to fit each other. It suggests we can see the Spirit as giving us a narrative connecting where we are now with where we have been and where we will be at our destination. The chapter argues that this narrative could include gender transition, and it rejects various objections to that position and to the very notion of a life-narrative. Finally, it considers whether there is only one such narrative for a person’s life, what role we have in shaping that narrative, and (using Crashaw’s poems about Teresa of Avila) whether our eventual destination includes gender at all.
Defining and describing competition
Authors: Abrams Peter A.
Published: December 2022

Chapter 2 discusses the definitions of interspecific competition used from the middle of the twentieth century until today. It shows that definitions based on mutual resource use or mutually negative effects on population growth have both been used in the past, and both are still being used. The chapter shows that these definitions identify different, although overlapping sets of systems. The chapter then argues for a definition based on use of shared resources. Mutual resource use can result in positive effects of each species on the other, or one positive and one negative effect. Some of the circumstances producing these outcomes are identified. The mechanism-based definition has the advantage of making competition theory more consistent with theory dealing with other indirect effects. This category of definition also leads to better descriptions of the interaction, and a better ability to understand coevolution of the interacting species. Descriptions of competitive interactions must include descriptions of resource growth, and both consumer functional and numerical responses. The chapter discusses the need for a more consistent basis of classifying and understanding all indirect interactions in food webs.
Understanding intraspecific and apparent competition
Authors: Abrams Peter A.
Published: December 2022

Interspecific competition shares the same dependence on consumer–resource interactions as intraspecific competition and apparent competition. These two related interactions are the subject of this chapter. Both interactions are present in most, if not all, systems in which interspecific competition occurs. Intraspecific competition is usually discussed in the context of models that lack resources, while models of apparent competition always involve explicit dynamics for consumers and resources. The chapter examines whether these differences are justified, and concludes that both interactions should be studied using a consumer–resource framework. The ‘theta-logistic’ is a popular model that extends the logistic by allowing for density dependence under which per capita growth rate decreases as abundance raised to a positive power other than unity. This, however, is shown not to correspond to popular consumer–resource models. In addition, it lacks the time lag in consumer response that follows from resource dynamics. Traditional measures of density dependence are complicated by the possibility that adverse changes in a neutral parameter can cause the equilibrium or mean abundance of a consumer to increase (i.e., a ‘hydra effect’). The forms of density dependence for several simple consumer–resource models are analysed and compared. Although apparent competition is always based on consumer–resource models, the vast majority of the literature only considers a single consumer, and usually assumes the systems are stable. The consequences of having instability and/or two or more consumer species are analysed.
Resource use and the strength of interspecific competition
Authors: Abrams Peter A.
Published: December 2022

This chapter examines the relationship between similarity in the relative abilities of two consumers to capture available resources and the amount of competition between them. From a theoretical perspective, this question was regarded as having a simple and universal answer in the early 1970s. However, the proposed Gaussian shape of resource utilization curves was shown to be rare in empirical systems. The resulting form of the similarity–competition relationship also was shown to depend on linear functional and numerical responses plus independent logistic growth of all resources. Theory suggests that a wide range of similarity–competition relationships occur in natural systems. Empirical studies of the actual relationships have been limited by lack of knowledge of resource dynamics, and most studies have limited spatial extent with a bias towards studying strong competition. Hermit crab competition for shells is one of the systems in which the process can be easily studied in the field. Work on such systems from 40 years ago suggested that interspecific competition in cases was weak relative to intraspecific in most communities. The chapter concludes with an analysis of a 6-species model to examine the relative effects of a competiting consumer vs species on higher or lower trophic levels on coexistence of the two consumer species. In a wide range of systems, the competitor is not expected to have the largest effect on existence.
The Magic Is in the Mix
Authors: Béland Daniel , Marier Patrik
Published: December 2022

With a policy mix that comprises of several major social programs, Canada’s pension system is among the best in the world in reducing poverty in old age and providing a high replacement rate for low-income retirees. In this chapter, we focus on the interaction between two closely related components of Canada’s pension system as a policy mix particularly successful at reducing old-age poverty: the Guaranteed Income Supplement (GIS) and the Old Age Security (OAS) program. More specifically, we analyse the primary root of this policy success: the ‘failure’ to dismantle a program that was meant to be temporary, the Guaranteed Income Supplement (GIS); and its complementarity to the Old Age Security (OAS) program. The GIS was introduced in 1967, as a transitory measure to tackle expediently the prevalent poverty amongst Canadian seniors while expected to disappear with the maturation of the Canada Pension Plan/Québec Pension Plan. Not only was this program never abolished, it failed to generate the kind of stigma associated with social assistance benefits by virtue of linking the program with the quasi-universal OAS program. As a result of this policy design, it is an income-test program—not to be confused with a means-tested program where assets are also taken into consideration—where older adults feel they’reentitled OAS beneficiaries. The combination of OAS and GIS provides a relatively generous floor for retirees with limited resources. This points to the close and complementary relationship of key elements of the public pension policy mix in Canada.
From R&D to Export
Authors: Wilder Matt
Published: December 2022

Canola is one of Canada’s top agricultural exports, contributing an estimated $25 billion to Canada’s economy annually. To become the boon canola is today, a series of public and private investments had to be made in research and development. This chapter chronicles the many ways public, private, and non-profit actors coordinated to achieve continuous innovation in the canola sector. Salient public policy instruments included public goods, financial support, and a favourable regulatory environment. In the early period, government and universities were directly involved in canola development. As time went on, government involvement was limited to a supportive role intended to facilitate industry-led co-production, which gave industry actors incentive to adapt to changing circumstances. Yet, because the approach taken to canola development has been criticized in some quarters, and because not every investment paid off, the case is best classified as a ‘resilient success’ according to the programmatic, political, process, and endurance (PPPE) assessment criteria used in this volume. The case serves as an example of successful innovation and industrial policy in a liberal setting.
Canadian Airport Authorities
Authors: Langlois David J.
Published: December 2022

By 1984 the operation of Canada’s major airports was costing the federal government over $750 million a year which was increasingly not politically acceptable. Starting in 1985 the response was to create local nonprofit Canadian airport authorities. By 2008, 21 airport authorities had achieved far more success than initially expected. Since 1992 they have spent over $32 billion in infrastructure development. They employ almost 100,000 people directly and indirectly in airport operations, spend almost $7 billion a year in local economies, and contribute $400 million a year to the General Revenue Fund. This remarkable success has been in place for thirty years. The governance framework and accompanying management and oversight rules under which the airport authorities operate have not fundamentally changed since 1992, even though designing and implementing the reform proceeded across Liberal and Conservative governments. Creating public policy is usually long, tedious, and fraught with pitfalls and traps. In this case policy development was undertaken in an unusual manner, having to contend with impatient political leaders and extremely conservative and suspicious public bureaucrats who saw this as a threat to their domains. This chapter tells the story of the creation of Canada’s airport authorities and the innovative administration and policy development that allowed that to occur.
Introduction
Authors: Evans C. Stephen
Published: December 2022

This chapter distinguishes the relation of accountability from the virtue that a person may have who plays the role of being accountable well. An analysis of the relation of accountability focuses on the accountor, the person who holds someone accountable, and the accountee, the person held accountable. It is crucial to have a clear view of the standing the accountor has. Various types of accountability relationships are described, which turn out not to be exclusively hierarchical in character, but can be reciprocal, horizontal, and voluntary. Accountability can be global and to a transcendent reality such as God as well. The chapter concludes with an account of the approach to virtue ethics taken in the book and a preview of the remainder of the book.
Global Accountability
Authors: Evans C. Stephen
Published: December 2022

Chapter 6 begins an exploration of global accountability. Many people have a sense that they are accountable for how they live their lives as a whole. Often these people are religious and see themselves as accountable in this way to God, but many people who are not believers still see themselves as accountable. This chapter first provides a taxonomy of various ways of understanding and explaining global accountability. Secular accountability sees this as accountability to other humans, either oneself (Kant), other people (social contract views), or the human moral community (Darwall). Transcendent accountability by contrast holds that global accountability requires a transcendent ground, either a personal God (theistic accountability), some metaphysical reality, or some transcendent principle. This chapter mainly explores secular accountability and argues that all three forms face two difficult problems: (1) the source of normativity problem; (2) the problem of providing determinate content for what we humans are accountable for doing.
Conclusions
Authors: Evans C. Stephen
Published: December 2022

This chapter begins with a summary of what has been accomplished in the previous eight chapters, in which the nature of accountability as a virtue has been defined and developed, and its importance for ethics and religion defended. Understanding accountability as a virtue could have a profound, positive impact on society. The chapter then focuses on the connection between accountability and punishment, since our current understanding of accountability focuses largely on holding people accountable in negative ways. The chapter argues that punishment, while not central in the motivation of the person who has the virtue, can play an educative role in the formation of the virtue, as well as providing protection for society. Nevertheless, recognizing the nature of the virtue and the limits of punishment would provide strong support for the restorative justice movement, which seeks to help people become accountable and seeks alternatives to incarceration which can help heal relationships. There is evidence that prisons themselves can be transformed through programs, many religious in character, which seek to help inmates develop a sense of accountability, one grounded in a new sense of identity. In addition to restorative justice, there is need for restorative prisons. The impact that recognizing accountability with respect to criminal justice is just one example from many possibilities of how the concept could be a help in the quest for human well-being and flourishing.
Liikanen’s Legacy
Authors: Howarth David , James Scott
Published: December 2022

Chapter 9 places our country-level analysis into the context of EU initiatives on banking reform. This examination provides further corroboration for our explanatory framework in two respects. First, in 2012 the European Commission sought to mobilize support for reform by delegating the issue to an independent ‘High-Level Expert Group’, headed by then Finnish central bank Governor, Erkki Liikanen. This exercise in venue shifting led the Commission to adopt a less ambitious version of the group’s recommendation for bank trading activities to be located in a separate legal entity as the basis for its own draft regulation. Second, the EU financial industry was able to leverage substantial cooperative financial power to reduce momentum for reform: through powerful national banking associations working closely with reform-sceptic governments in the EU Council of Ministers; and through influential European banking associations with well-established ties to the Commission and European Parliament. Where the EU differs from our country cases, however, is in the uniquely fragmented nature of the polity, which generated additional obstacles to reform. In particular, opposition from left and Green MEPs to the repeated dilution of the Liikanen Group’s proposals in response to pressure from the Council of Ministers and industry contributed to stalemate, and the eventual abandonment of the draft regulation on structural reform in 2017.
Introduction to Dragonflies and Damselflies, Second Edition
Authors: Córdoba-Aguilar Alex , Beatty Christopher D. , Bried Jason T.
Published: December 2022

In this introductory chapter, the book’s editors set the stage for the second edition of the book by reviewing publication rates in odonatology over the preceding eighty years and looking at trends in odonate research publications by decade over that time period. These topics have ranged from primary studies in taxonomy, life history, and distribution, to studies on ecology, behavior, sexual selection, and most recently to topics such as phylogenetics, macro-ecology, environmental change, and conservation. The editors then address how this new second edition differs in structure and breadth from the first edition of the book (published in 2008), reviewing each of the six sections and 28 subject chapters. The editors also thank the large number of chapter authors and reviewers, without whom this book would not be possible.
Odonata perception is more than vision
Authors: Rebora Manuela , Salerno Gianandrea , Piersanti Silvana
Published: December 2022

Odonata are mainly visually oriented insects and studies regarding dragonfly and damselfly sensory systems focus their attention mainly on vision, while consistently over time disregarding other sensory abilities. This chapter provides an overview of literature on Odonata perception, particularly ultrastructural, electrophysiological, and behavioral studies about mechanoreception, chemoreception, and thermo-hygroreception in nymphs and adults. It considers sensory adaptations in Odonata nymphs in response to different ecological challenges (lotic/lentic freshwater, burrowing species). Among aquatic insects, Odonata provide great opportunities to understand how insect nervous systems can adapt to different environments when passing from nymphal life in freshwater to adult aerial life. The chapter offers a comparison between the antennal sensilla, and the related sensory pathways in the brain, of larva and adults, and discusses the reduction of olfaction in adult Odonata in relation to the evolution of insect olfaction.
Migration in Anisoptera
Authors: May Michael L. , Matthews John H.
Published: December 2022

Migration is a phenomenon that has been known for at least two centuries, but research into how and why migration takes place in dragonflies, and which individuals engage in it, has occurred only in recent decades. Some species of dragonfly have demonstrated amazing migratory behavior, moving across and between continents; this chapter reviews the history of work on some of these species (Anax junius, Pantala flavescens, and others) and uses these exemplars to explore what we know about directed dragonfly movements, and what tools have been applied to this research. The chapter explores how geography and climate influence migratory patterns and considers the population genetic implications of dragonfly migration (showing that our historic expectations of the differences between migratory and non-migratory populations are not strongly supported). It considers how migrants (and residents) may have evolved, and also ponders the impacts of reproduction on migration (and vice versa). The use of more modern genetic methods, as well as stable isotope analysis, offers new doorways into research on dragonfly migration, and will hopefully help us understand this fascinating aspect of dragonfly life history in the decades to come.
Dispersal and metapopulation ecology in Odonata
Authors: McCauley Shannon J. , Baines Celina B. , Mabry Karen E.
Published: December 2022

This chapter provides an overview of dispersal in odonates and discusses how their biology makes them a potential model system for studying the dispersal process as well as its ecological and evolutionary consequences. It begins by briefly discussing the methods for studying dispersal in odonates and then it presents an overview of how dispersal shapes odonate population biology and species’ distributions. It goes on to discuss how various areas of anthropogenic change affect dispersal and colonization, and the associated implications for odonate conservation. Finally, the chapter closes with a discussion of promising new research directions in the study of odonate dispersal.
Evolutionary community ecology of Odonata
Authors: Siepielski Adam M. , Gómez Miguel , Hasik Adam Z.
Published: December 2022

Ecological dynamics among the constituent species in a community shape evolutionary processes, and the outcomes of these evolutionary processes in turn feed back to affect ecological dynamics. Determining the feedback between ecology and evolution is therefore paramount for understanding how communities are structured. Considerable progress has been made in developing this kind of research program, with studies of odonates serving as a centerpiece. This chapter highlights how the integration of ecological and evolutionary processes have provided insight into how communities containing odonates are structured. First it presents a conceptual framework from which the interactions between ecology and evolution emerge as key elements structuring communities. It then reviews the types of interactions in which odonates engage as members of complex food webs. Next it reviews the multitude of studies that capture the dynamics of natural and sexual selection in odonate communities. Lastly, it examines how adaptation has shaped the demographic features allowing species to both persist in and alter food webs, and how adaptation may contribute to species range shifts generating uniquely structured communities and novel evolutionary dynamics. At the end, it highlights future directions and key knowledge gaps. Overall, the chapter contends that odonates are an exemplar group that has provided much information about how ecology and evolution combine to structure communities.
Species identification and description
Authors: Parise Pinto Ângelo , Andrés Bota-Sierra Cornelio , Marinov Milen
Published: December 2022

Species identification (establishing an affiliation of a sampled specimen to a particular taxon) and description (introduction of a new taxon) are two of the basic tasks in taxonomy, commonly known as alpha-taxonomy. This chapter reviews practices which have shaped contemporary taxonomy in Odonata at taxonomic and nomenclature ranks within the species group. It discusses the concepts of taxa, including drilling down to species and subspecies levels, as well as those odonate ranks that appear below subspecies level. It addresses the question of when a species is “new.” It covers aspects of species description and looks at the role of “concept” in the practice. Finally, it proposes a workflow for future studies.
Odonata systematics
Authors: Kohli Manpreet K. , Ware Jessica L.
Published: December 2022

This chapter introduces the basic approaches to systematics—using morphological and molecular data—and it considers the history of systematic analysis in odonates. In this chapter we address how different molecular methods have been applied at different times to the study of odonate systematics. We also review the current understanding of relationships within the three main suborders (Zygoptera, Anisozygoptera and Anipoptera) and highlight areas in need of further research. We then look at how systematics tools can be applied to address questions in ecology and evolution, consider some questions that systematics cannot answer, and review the future of odonate systematic research.
“Bird Bombs”
Authors: Regis Ed
Published: December 2022

The chapter introduces S. Dillon Ripley, the incoming secretary of the Smithsonian. The chapter also describes some of the smallest bits of land surveyed by the POBSP: La Pérouse and Gardner Pinnacles. When news of the POBSP finally became public, which was near the very end of the program, some critics suggested that its real purpose had been to convert Pacific island bird species into carriers of pathogenic biological organisms. Supposedly, the birds would become biological agent delivery systems, or “bird bombs.” The chapter examines this claim, shows that there is no plausible evidence that this was the Army’s true motivation, and presents several reasons why using birds to transmit diseases would be ineffective. For one thing, although some species of birds do exhibit certain specific migration patterns, nobody has any real control over where individual birds go. Second, the birds studied by POBSP scientists were pelagic species, meaning that they lived on the water. Therefore they would be highly unlikely to invade major cities and cause mass death.
Aftermath and Aftereffects
Authors: Regis Ed
Published: December 2022

The chapter describes the final fates of the four main players appearing in the narrative: Binion Amerson (deceased), Roger Clapp (deceased), Larry Huber (drowned at sea), and Fed Sibley (retired, still alive), discusses the issue of health effects on members of the SHAD program who were aboard ships involved in the tests of pathogenic biological agents, and describes the effects of the Pacific Program on the Smithsonian Institution itself. Some members of Project SHAD claimed they were harmed by the infectious agents used in the biological weapons trials. However, the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences conducted not one but two separate and massive epidemiological studies of the SHAD personnel and found no evidence of adverse health effects consequent upon participation in the SHAD tests. Finally, the chapter brings the reader up to date with how the Smithsonian Institution fared after the end of the POBSP, and shows that it was not in the end harmed by its earlier association with the American biological warfare project.
“Upon This Rock”
Authors: Kling David W.
Published: December 2022

This chapter focuses on the so-called Petrine text (Matthew 16:18–19) and its place in Catholicism as a rationale for the office of the papacy. Viewed historically, the text was not invoked until the end of the fourth century by a church leader (viz., Pope Damasus) to support claims to Roman primacy based on Peter. The chapter discusses these early developments with a focus on the interpretation of Jesus’ words, “You are Peter and upon this rock I will build my church” (v. 18), noting its varied interpretations of “rock” from the early church to the present. This critical word was understood to refer to Christ, to Peter’s rocklike faith, and to Peter himself. The interpretive categories hardened following the Reformation: Catholics invoked the text as proof positive that the church was founded upon Peter and his successors, the bishops of Rome; Protestants maintained that “rock” referred to Peter’s faith or to Christ himself. The present-day general consensus is that “rock” refers to Peter, although the implications of that reference differ among Christian traditions.
“Let My People Go”
Authors: Kling David W.
Published: December 2022

This chapter focuses on the Book of Exodus in the history of African American Christians. It begins by examining the biblical exodus as one of the core events in the entire Jewish tradition—God’s deliverance of the Israelites from Egyptian oppression. It then takes up the exodus theme in America, first, from the perspective of the Puritans, then, by contrast, the various African American understandings and expressions of exodus themes in the context of slavery (particularly slave spirituals and slave revolts), emancipation, migration, the civil rights movement, black liberation theology, womanist theology, and the future prospects of the exodus theme.
“Go and Make Disciples of All Nations”
Authors: Kling David W.
Published: December 2022

This chapter focuses on what became known in the nineteenth century as the “Great Commission” text of Matthew 28:18–20—Jesus’ words to his disciples to “go . . . and make disciples of all nations.” It begins by examining the text in modern biblical studies, then considers interpretations in the early, medieval, and Reformation periods. The text as a missionary imperative was a late comer, cited occasionally before the sixteenth century, highlighted by a few individuals and groups (e.g., Anabaptists, Pietists, and Moravians) in the sixteenth through eighteenth centuries, then, thanks in large part to William Carey’s Enquiry (1792), it was elevated to its status as the Great Commission in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. While still cited by evangelicals as the text for missionary motivation, post-colonial and feminist interpreters have criticized those who fail to interpret the text from the perspective of non-Western people on the margins.
“Men Committed Shameless Acts with Men”
Authors: Kling David W.
Published: December 2022

This chapter focuses on recent American Christian perspectives on male homosexuality, one of the most contentious issues of our time. Multiple texts are examined from the Old Testament and the New Testament, with special attention given to Romans 1:26–27. Throughout nearly all of Christian history, theologians, biblical commentators, and Christian society at large condemned homosexual activity as sinful. Not until the mid-twentieth century and then accelerating during the 1960s sexual revolution, was this blanket condemnation questioned. While Conservative Christians argued that the overall negative tone in biblical texts condemned homosexuality or at least homosexual behavior, progressives either dismissed the normative value of Scripture or claimed that these texts were written in a different time, of different values and norms, and hence were no longer applicable in the context of contemporary society and the church.
A Queer Cosmopolitan
Authors: Brown Ashley
Published: December 2022

This chapter begins by examining how the Police Athletic League (PAL) led Althea Gibson to paddle tennis. Gibson’s background—Southern and working-poor—made her a decidedly unlikely tennis player, since the game was a pastime associated with the White American elite. In the summer of 1941, Gibson was given a place on the membership roster of the American Tennis Association’s (ATA) Cosmopolitan Tennis Club, which was interracial in membership. She later discovered that the Cosmopolitan and the ATA used tennis as a vehicle for teaching and expressing respectability. Gibson was not a devotee of either standardization or femininity and bristled at attempts to make her such. The chapter then recounts the first tennis tournament that Gibson won: the annual New York State Open at the Cosmopolitan in 1942. She was also a member of the Mysterious Girls A.C. (Athletic Club), Harlem’s famed basketball team, between 1943 and 1945. The Mysterious Girls A.C. gave Gibson a group of Black female friends who, in their passion for and success in sports, gave her a queer community that she did not have at the Cosmopolitan.
Ely S. Parker,
Authors: Winters John C.
Published: December 2022

Red Jacket’s grand-nephew, Ely S. Parker, launched a remarkable public career as a Seneca chief, General Ulysses S. Grant’s military secretary during the Civil War, and as the first Indigenous federal Commissioner of Indian Affairs. Although he seemed to abandon his Indigenous heritage by integrating into American society, he took pains to openly embrace and celebrate his Seneca heritage. This mattered not only to contemporaries who read about “Grant’s Indian Aid,” but also because he established himself as an important interpreter and archivist both of the history of the Haudenosaunee and of the legacy of Ulysses S. Grant and the North’s victory in the Civil War. Parker’s fame and knowledge of Haudenosaunee culture and society bound the memory of the United States’ most significant national challenge to the history and culture of the Haudenosaunee.
Arthur C. Parker and
Authors: Winters John C.
Published: December 2022

Arthur C. Parker enshrined Iroquois exceptionalism in New Yorkers’ collective unconscious through his development of the modern history museum. He had a celebrated career as a public historian and a field-shaping leader of the New York State Museum and Rochester Museum of Arts and Sciences. He was responsible for collecting the stories that grew out of the preceding generations and strategically incorporating them into influential museum exhibitions; scholarly and popular work on anthropology, archaeology, and history; and public parks and signage. Parker used these otherwise colonizing spaces to deliver to the public the opposite of what they were expecting: Indigenous perspectives on their own history. He made Iroquois exceptionalism obvious, immutable, and political.
Paths to Enlistment
Authors: Clarke Frances M. , Plant Rebecca Jo
Published: December 2022

Americans in the mid-nineteenth century inhabited a social world in which boys constantly interacted with older youths and grown men. By their mid-teens, many boys labored alongside adults in shops and fields, where specific tasks were assigned according to size, strength, and skill rather than age. Children attended speeches and other political events, and boys in their teens formed their own juvenile military companies and partisan organizations. Educational institutions, from common schools to colleges, were also far less differentiated by age than is the case today, so that boys of fifteen viewed youths of nineteen as essentially their peers. The age-integrated nature of daily life, combined with the lack of attention to numerical age in most realms, paved the way to mass underage enlistment once the Civil War began.
Contrary to All Law
Authors: Clarke Frances M. , Plant Rebecca Jo
Published: December 2022

Conflict over underage enlistees plagued the US government throughout the Civil War. As soon as the war began, masses of boys and youths rushed to enlist. But common law held that parents or guardians owned the labor and earnings of minor children, and many households leaned heavily on older sons to get by. Moreover, while parents traditionally accepted that youths above age eighteen should serve in the militia, joining a Union regiment increasingly meant service that more closely resembled that performed by regular soldiers in the US army. When the War Department refused to discharge underage enlistees, many parents turned to the courts to pursue sons’ release. Their actions contributed to Lincoln’s decision to suspend habeas corpus across the nation in late 1863, and ultimately to the permanent federalization of habeas corpus.
9/11
Authors: Leffler Melvyn P.
Published: December 2022

Chapter 3 examines the immediate American reactions to the attack by al Qaeda on 9/11. It highlights the role of George W. Bush as the key decision maker. It discusses his strategic decisions to launch a Global War on Terror, to hold nations that supported terrorists as responsible as the terrorists themselves, and to focus initially on Afghanistan and Osama bin Laden, not Iraq. Bush was motivated by fear of another attack and a keen sense of responsibility that his overriding duty as president was to protect the American people. Lurking in his mind was the knowledge that he had failed to do so despite warnings of impending danger. Should another attack occur—and intelligence analysts were certain it would, especially after anthrax spores showed up in the United States and started killing Americans—Bush feared that he and his party would be repudiated by the American people.
Coercive Diplomacy
Authors: Leffler Melvyn P.
Published: December 2022

Chapter 5 examines the strategy of coercive diplomacy embraced by George W. Bush to confront Saddam Hussein. After learning that covert action was not likely to be effective, Bush decided that the threat of military force might compel Hussein to allow inspections and relinquish his weapons of mass destruction. Alternatively, that threat might impel Hussein to flee or inspire a military coup to overthrow him, thereby producing regime change. Still fearing that Hussein might supply al Qaeda or other terrorist groups with weapons of mass destruction, Bush asked Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld and General Tommy Franks, head of CENTCOM, to prepare a new war plan. Bush stressed, however, that he had not resolved to go to war. Bush hoped that coercive diplomacy might reduce the threat emanating from Iraq while he launched other initiatives like the Millennium Challenge Account to allay the conditions that produced more terrorists.
Eugenics, Genetics, and Disability in Historical and Contemporary Perspective
Authors: O’Brien Gerald
Published: December 2022

This book focuses on the conceptual relationship between the American eugenic movement of the early 1900s and contemporary genetic research, policy, and practices, and the relevance of this for social work and related professions. While the expansion of prenatal testing and other genetic innovations are often couched as a form of “new eugenics,” this description is only partially correct. The work also provides the first in-depth exploration of the relationship between the emerging social work profession and the eugenic movement during the first quarter of the 20th century, and considers the historical importance of this for the profession today. Social workers played a particularly important role in the movement of eugenic policies from targeting persons with disabilities to limiting procreation among “welfare” recipients, especially minority women. As the profession attempts to come to terms with this problematic history, it also needs to understand the dual “faces” it displays to persons with disabilities—as purported supporters of such persons whose continued embrace of the medical model of disabilities keeps them from being accepted by many as true allies in the fight for social justice related to disability inclusion.
Introduction
Authors: Robinson Michael A.
Published: December 2022

The shifting landscape of American politics has left many of its institutions of government bereft of public confidence. One confounder of this trend has been its military, which remains a seeming bastion of the public trust. However, rising partisan polarization and the erosion of traditional barriers between the military and the partisan political space could possibly compromise this enviable position. Traditional civil-military relations scholarship not only reflects a consensus regarding the necessity of a non-partisan military able to maintain a credible voice in society, but the belief that the public values this same norm. As partisan tribalism influences increasing swaths of the political debate, there is reason to doubt the military’s ability to avoid becoming yet another partisan battlefield. Such “politicization” could be deleterious to preserving the military’s non-partisan image, designing smart foreign policy, and strengthening democratic institutions.
That Fair and Warlike Form
Authors: Robinson Michael A.
Published: December 2022

Following a general decline in the public’s trust in government following Vietnam, Americans have grown increasingly warm toward the military and increasingly cold toward one another, particularly along partisan lines. The result of these concurrent trends is an environment ripe for politicization: actions that result in the belief that the military is averse (or amenable) to the preferences of a specific political party. This chapter develops a typology of politicization activities that captures the role that the public, political parties, and the armed forces themselves can play in shaping public perceptions of military credibility. Whether through its own organizational practices, retired military speech, partisan opportunism, or media reporting, the public may draw very different conclusions about the objective credibility of its military as filtered through their own individual-level partisanship.
Return to Sender
Authors: Robinson Michael A.
Published: December 2022

If military speech can potentially influence those who trust the institution, what forces shape that trust? Civil-military scholarship has charted the impact of demography, culture, and shared political preferences on the sources of public trust in the military. But a widening “gap” between partisans over confidence in that same institution creates questions about how individuals evaluate the military’s performance. Using observational media reporting data and text-as-data on news broadcasts during the Iraq War, this chapter observes the influence of partisan media “echo-chambers” on depictions of the military’s institutional quality. Indeed, partisans of different stripes may be subjected to far different information environments depending on their preferred outlets, with Republicans less likely to see information critical of the military. Using other examples of third-party influence or media reporting, the chapter illustrates how media consumption can shape aspect politicization as the public adopts new positions with respect to the military’s credibility.
La Santa Muerte
Authors: Calvo-Quirós William A.
Published: December 2022

This chapter analyzes the spread of the veneration of La Santa Muerte, a controversial female personalization of the Grim Reaper, in both Mexico and the United States. The chapter contextualizes her modern public emergence in 2001 within the extreme precariousness that characterized the implementation of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the Tequila Crisis.1 The chapter first explores how La Santa Muerte iconography has been (mis)interpreted and appropriated to promote anti-Latinx sentiments by various groups and agencies tasked with enforcing the power of both Church and state. Intimately connected to the case of Jesús Malverde, these groups range from the US Drug Enforcement Agency to for-profit, private, consulting groups within police forces in the United States and Mexico to newly emerged organized policing agents within the Catholic Church. This chapter then discusses how followers of La Santa Muerte and LGBTQ Latinx communities—communities that share similar experiences of discrimination and criminalization—have converged in venerating her as a beacon of affirmation and liberation for the outcasts of society. Drawing on queer performance and religious studies, I focus on the LGBTQ network of leaders who sustain and organize La Santa Muerte worship in Mexico and the United States, in resistance to the state and state-sanctioned forces that try to turn her veneration to their own ends.
Conclusion
Authors: Calvo-Quirós William A.
Published: December 2022

Using the case of Phoenix, Arizona, the conclusion begins by analyzing how racial segregation, and its intersections with class, gender, and legal status, has shaped the experience of Latinx Catholic communities in the United States, and in particular the Southwest. It summarizes the main features of vernacular saints as we have examined them here, and articulates the challenges to studying them as cultural sites that navigate both secular and formal religious spaces. It explores how the spiritual and the profane are interconnected, how the battle for survival along the border is performed through the real and the imaginary, and how vernacular religiosity can be used to disseminate knowledge and receive information. The conclusion ends with a pastoral exhortation toward diversity and inclusion within the Catholic Church and those researching religious studies.
The Cartel Model
Authors: Acharya Avidit , Lee Alexander
Published: December 2022

Chapter 2 sets out the central claims of the theory. It describes the market for governance, the losses rulers suffer from competing in this marketplace, and the potential benefits to forming a cartel. It also briefly reviews the existing literature
Resilience of the Cartel
Authors: Acharya Avidit , Lee Alexander
Published: December 2022

In this chapter we discuss two developments that help explain international stability. First, international institutions made coordination between states easier. Second nationalism created “brand loyalty,’’ lowering the cost for each state of governing its own citizens while simultaneously increasing the cost for other states to govern these same citizens