bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Cappelli Peter
Published: November 2023

Most of the headline-grabbing developments in the work place concern trends in the economy as a whole, such as the growth in employee involvement or the increase in downsizing. Our previous study for the New American Realities Committee, Change at Work, examined these trends. But it is an open secret that the attention given to trends in the workplace masks the fact that the range of experience with any of these practices is huge: Despite the downsizing trend, there are a great many employers that still provide employment security, just as there are those that never did. The overall trend toward increased employee participation comprises some employers that embrace the notion fully and others that continue to reject it. Relatively little popular attention has been given to understanding the range of experience with such workplace practices as these.
Introducing the Concept of Managing Death in the ICU
Authors: Curtis J Randall , Rubenfeld Gordon D
Published: November 2023

In the medical professions and among the lay public, there is growing concern that excessive resources are used to provide un wanted life-sustaining medical care for patients at the end of their lives. Many authors have criticized the high cost of dying in our society and have proposed solutions to decrease the cost of end-of-life care/ while others have questioned whether changing the way we provide care at the end of life will save money. Several well-conceived and carefully executed interventions to decrease costs and improve the quality of end-of-life care have been unsuccessful. While the general public has expressed increasing concern that medical care at the end of life is poor and that death will be unnecessarily prolonged by technological, invasive, and impersonal treatment, patients and providers are worried that managed care may limit access to potentially life-saving, but expensive, treat ments. In this complex and contradictory environment, clinicians are struggling to provide the highest quality medical care for many dying patients in intensive care units around the world.
The Changing Nature of Death in the ICU
Authors: Luce John M , Prendergast Thomas J
Published: November 2023

Intensive care units proliferated in the United States and other developed countries in the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s alongside advances in medical knowledge, improvements in artificial ventilation, the introduction of cardiac monitoring, and the need for prolonged support following complex surgeries. This proliferation was influenced by physician demands that new technologies be made available for their patients and by willingness on the part of hospitals to meet these demands. Such willingness stemmed from the need to remain competitive, the desire to attract the best physicians and their patients—by providing state-of-the-art treatment—and the fact that hospitals and physicians alike were reimbursed on a fee-for-service basis. In the mid-1980s, over 90% of all American acute care hospitals had at least one ICU, and U.S. expenditures for critical care approached $15 billion, or 11% of all acute care costs.
Outcome Prediction in the ICU
Authors: Kollef Marin H
Published: November 2023

The major goals of intensive care can be simplified as the following: to save the lives of salvageable patients with reversible medical conditions and to offer the dying a peaceful and dignified death. Prognostic information can be viewed as a tool for accomplishing and facilitating these primary goals. This may occur, in part, by enabling clinicians to provide understandable information to patients and their families to facilitate decision making processes regarding the level of desired medical support. The accurate prediction of patient-specific outcomes is, and will continue to be, an important area of clinical research that has the real potential to influence medical practices. Physicians, nurses, patients and their families, health care administrators, government agencies, and health insurance companies all require accurate and assessible data on which to base their decision-making processes. Within ICUs, with their large quantity of clinical data (e.g., ventilator alarms, laboratory re ports, family questions and concerns, medication infusions, hemodynamic monitoring data), refinements in our ability to identify important data, collect and process that data accurately and inexpensively, and use it to guide medical decision-making at the bedside will be the necessary focus of future research efforts. To effectively achieve the major goals of intensive care, especially as they relate to the management of the dying patient, we may need to develop new strategies for the delivery of health care at the end of life.
Transdisciplinary Research to Understand the Role of Bias and Heuristics
Authors: Cook Deborah J
Published: November 2023

Results from biomedical, social science, and psycho logical studies of end-of-life decision making are just beginning to be integrated into care for patients in the ICU. Concurrent with this trend are qualitative investigations into decision making at the end of life, an increasing understanding of the ICU as a social world, and calls to assess the ethical and social inffuences of the use of life support technologies. In this chapter the use of these methods toward understanding end-of-life care in the ICU will be discussed by means of examples from the critical care literature and through a transdisciplinary perspective.
The Role of the Physician Sacred End-of-life Rituals in the ICU
Authors: Miles Steven H
Published: November 2023

The alien and overwhelming power of the ICU often eclipses a patient’s personal identity. Ordinarily this submersion of a patient’s personal life in the culture, behaviors, expectations, values, dress, and language of this technical milieu is acceptable for the pursuit of technical healing. Sometimes, however, the ICU is needed to palliate dying or to manage a life support technology—dependent patient as its tools are judiciously removed. In such situations, the overwhelming culture of the ICU can fail to accommodate the ways those patients and their families draw meaning and solace from their personal lives and culture in the face of death. Many people find such strength, purpose, and solace in affirming faiths, rituals, and membership in spiritual communities. Physicians must understand why spiritual life should be accommodated in medical settings during dying. They must learn that this accommodation is equally important and especially difficult in ICUs. An ICU can accommodate a meaningful death.
An International Perspective on Death in the ICU
Authors: Fisher Malcolm
Published: November 2023

The complex rituals and practices associated with death and dying vary among countries. Over the last 15 years, developed countries have shown a major interest in the period of dying, particularly as to the appropriate application and withdrawal of artificial forms of life support. The provision of a comfortable, dignified death was once a priority for the medical and nursing professions. In learning to use life support technology, medicine in developed countries focused on prolonging life, which, for some patients, led to a prolongation of suffering. This focus on life preservation led to the loss of the traditional skills of the healing professions in dealing with the dying patient. Much of the current literature on appropriate care of the dying stems from a desire to recapture those skills. Many factors, from both within the health professions and society at large, influence the international variability in end of-life care in the ICU. Unfortunately, there is relatively little data on which to base formal comparisons between countries. Five factors that influence the variability in practice across countries are economic, cultural and religious, and legal issues and medical training.
Cancer
Authors: Back Anthony
Published: November 2023

Patients with cancer are most commonly admitted to an ICU for postoperative recovery, respiratory failure, sepsis, or multiorgan system failure. Less commonly, the indication for admission is a complication of progressive cancer (such as pericardial tamponade) or a complication of anticancer therapy (such as neutropenic sepsis). Overall, the most common cause of death for patients with cancer in ICUs is infection, rather than pro gressive cancer. However, the exact cause of death may be difficult to identify clinically, and in one autopsy study that included 69% of the deaths in a medical oncology ICU, the clinically identified cause of death was correct in only 41% of cases.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Authors: Heffner John E
Published: November 2023

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) pre sents considerable challenges and unique opportunities for physicians who care for critically ill patients at the end of life. This disease is the fourth leading cause of death in the United States, afflicting 30 to 35 million Americans, one half of whom have symptomatic disease. Patients with symptomatic disease follow a progressive course over several decades, experiencing a more rapid loss of lung function than age-matched, nonsmoking individuals. This gradual and predictable deterioration of lung function provides an opportunity for patients and their physicians to anticipate the general nature of future respiratory health events and initiate timely advance care planning.
Special Concerns for Infants and Children
Authors: Robinson Walter M
Published: November 2023

The death of a child in the pediatric ICU is an important but relatively rare occurrence. The total number of deaths from all causes in all locations under the age of 14 is 15,000 per year, with the major causes of mortality being accidents, congenital malformations, and malignant neoplasm. In the United States, the incidence of children needing intensive care is approximately 200 per 100,000. Intensive care for children is generally segregated by age, with neonates being treated in separate intensive care nurseries and those born healthy and older children being cared for in pediatric ICUs. There are similarities but also some important differences in the management of death in the different locations.
An Industry Transformed
Authors: Belzer Michael H
Published: November 2023

The new regulatory regime—designed to subject the trucking industry to market forces—has changed the economic environment for the industry and its workers. Before 1977 the trucking industry was a utility, regulated and tied to the public trust. Regulatory restructuring forced carriers to repackage themselves as niche producers, focusing their energies on definable markets and customer needs. Compelled by the market to redesign business strategies forged over decades, successful carriers that could find markets which fit their expertise and capital structures succeeded. Those that could not went out of business.
The Background for Organization Ethics
Authors: Spencer Edward M , Mills Ann E , Rorty Mary V , Werhane Patricia H
Published: November 2023

Scrutiny of the ethical operations of larger non-healthcare-related corporations is not new. Beginning shortly after the Watergate scandal, both governmental watchdog agencies and private groups have been showing an increasing interest in how corporations address ethical issues. Recent specific cases of ethically problematic activities in a number of corporations have received particular attention and criticism, and, within the corporations themselves, have led to the development of compliance and ethics programs as attempts to meet the criticism. Originally, the mission of these programs was not always focused on the ethical climate of the organization or on the details of the decision-making process within the organization. Rather, illegal activities such as fraud, improper handling of funds, unscrupulous practices, or overtly immoral behavior (usually sexual harassment issues) constituted the majority of cases of concern. Such programs that developed along these lines were more clearly compliance programs than ethics programs, although they were often labeled “ethics.” The aim of a compliance program is to make sure a company complies with regulations, laws, and those societal norms for which there is general consensus.
Business Ethics and Organization Ethics
Authors: Spencer Edward M , Mills Ann E , Rorty Mary V , Werhane Patricia H
Published: November 2023

Business ethics, as an area of applied ethics, is the study of ethics and economics, the analysis of individual and company decision making, and the examination of codes, rules, and principles that govern business conduct. Business ethics also seeks to understand, describe, and evaluate business practices, institutions, and managerial actions in light of some concept of human good or human rights. Business is usually identified with certain utilitarian ends, e.g., profitability, economic sustainability, productivity, innovation, growth, and/or economic well-being, and ordinarily these are goals that also increase human satisfaction. A business that was unprofitable, engaged in risky choices that undermined its survivability, did not grow, or lost jobs for its employees would be judged as poorly managed and detrimental to human good.

We also appeal to other values in evaluating business decision making, actions, and outcomes: those of commonly accepted morality. A firm that consistently mistreats or does not respect its employees, that engages in unfair business practices, cheats its suppliers or customers, wantonly pollutes, or misrepresents its assets and liabilities is judged to be a bad company. Managers that perpetuate these practices, even if they are within the letter of current law, are judged to be morally bad managers.
Conclusion
Authors: Spencer Edward M , Mills Ann E , Rorty Mary V , Werhane Patricia H
Published: November 2023

We have defined organization ethics, we have applied various ethics approaches to organization ethics, and we have called attention to numerous divergent forces that have a negative impact on healthcare organizations today. Before moving to the practical task of instituting organization ethics programs, let us summarize our argument.

In Chapter 1 we suggested some provisional definitions of organization ethics. There we quoted the Virginia Bioethics Network definition:

Organization ethics consists of a process to address ethical issues associated with patient care, with the business, financial, and management areas of healthcare organizations, as well as with professional, educational, and contractual relationships affecting the operation of the HCO.

It is difficult, however, to spell out the ethics of an organization, in contrast to the ethics of the individuals, such as professionals, managers, clinicians, and patients, who act independently and as agents for an organization. To begin, we argued in Chapter 2 that organizations, like individuals, are moral agents, but unlike individual people they are collective moral agents that depend on other agents (individuals and groups of individuals) to act on their behalf. We discussed the shortcomings of thinking about organizations as self-contained, closed, formal entities, analogous to autonomous individuals.
Menstruation in Western Civilization
Authors: Coutinho Elsimar M , Segal Sheldon J
Published: November 2023

For the hundreds of thousands of years of the prehistoric epoch, with life based on hunting and gathering, the role of women was perceived as producing a child, preferably a man-child. The status of human females began to change when people moved into collective groups, taking up agriculture and abandoning nomadic life. The beginning of agriculture permitted the development of villages, towns, and cities. Social organization began, with tasks and roles allotted to men and women. Agriculture started around eight thousand years before Christ in the plateaus of the Middle East and later extended to the valleys and riverbanks of that region. People abandoned nomadic existence in exchange for a more stable life.

Western civilization is believed to have begun in Sumer and other nearby settlements of southernmost Mesopotamia, between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, around three thousand five hundred years before the common era (B.C.). People came together in one area, shared their skills and knowledge, and began urban life. From primitive writings in Mesopotamia, modern man has acquired knowledge of the history of the Sumerians, the Babylonians, and the Syrians. The thousands of documents left as clay tablets by the writers of that distant age make it possible to imagine today the lives of those early ancestors at the dawn of civilization.
Menstruation: The Basis of Therapeutic Bloodletting
Authors: Coutinho Elsimar M , Segal Sheldon J
Published: November 2023

When ancient Greece stood as the fountain of medical knowledge in the Western world, menstruation was considered beneficial to women’s health. This positive interpretation reflected the opinion of prestigious doctors, influenced by the legendary Hippocrates, the father of medicine. Not understanding why women bled periodically, Hippocrates based his favorable opinion on the observation that the arrival of the menstrual period brought noticeable relief of symptoms for women who suffered severe headaches, nervous tension, and other physical symptoms in the premenstrual days. Unaware of ovulation or even of blood circulation, the founder of observation-based medicine could only interpret the menstrual flow as the natural way to alleviate the monthly distress of many women. He had no way of knowing that the premenstrual days were physiologically a part of the cyclical events that centered around ovulation and terminated with menstruation itself. He reasoned that since neither men nor pregnant women suffered from the periodic mood changes and physical symptoms that affected non-pregnant women, they had no reason to bleed.
Process Theories and Narrative Explanation
Authors: Poole Marshall Scott , Van de Ven Andrew H , Dooley Kevin , Holmes Michael E
Published: November 2023

While the variance approach offers good explanations of continuous change driven by deterministic causation, this is a limited way to conceptualize change and development. It overlooks many critical and interesting aspects of change processes. However, because most organizational scholars have been taught a version of social science that depends on variance methods and because methods for narrative research are not well developed, researchers tend to conceptualize process problems in variance terms. One can see the “law of the hammer” in operation here: Give a child a hammer, and everything seems made to be hit; give a social scientist variables and the general linear model, and everything seems made to be factored, regressed, and fit.
Conclusion
Authors: Poole Marshall Scott , Van de Ven Andrew H , Dooley Kevin , Holmes Michael E
Published: November 2023

While the vast majority of research to date has focused on the first question, recently there has been a growing interest in the second question, which is concerned with the temporal sequence of events that unfold as an organizational entity changes over time. Process studies are fundamental to understanding the dynamics of organizational life and to the development and testing of theories of organizational creation, innovation, adaptation, and termination. However, a dearth of systematic and codified research methods for studying question 2, relative to the abundance of methods for studying question 1, has impeded many scholars in their attempts to conduct process studies. We wrote this book to address this problem by presenting a theoretical framework and a family of research methods for studying processes of organizational change.
Guillain-Barr é Syndrome
Authors: Kissel John T , Cornblath David R , Mendell Jerry R
Published: November 2023

As recently as 1980, Cuillain-Barre syndrome was considered an idiopathic peripheral nervous system disorder defined by clinical, electrophysiologic, and spinal fluid findings, which was poorly understood in terms of pathophysiologic mechanisms . No specific treatment was known or proven, and management consisted entirely of supportive care. Since that time, there has been an explosion of knowledge concerning the causes and pathogenesis of the group of conditions classified under the term “Cuillain-Barre syndrome” (Table 9-1), and several treatment modalities have been demonstrated to be effective for the condition.
Porphyric Neuropathy
Authors: Albers James W
Published: November 2023

The porphyrias represent a group of metabolic disorders caused by enzymatic defects in the biosynthesis of heme. As a group they include inherited and acquired disorders in which activities of enzymes of the heme biosynthetic pathway are partially deficient. The porphyrias are classified as either hepatic or erythroid, depending on the principal site of expression of the enzymatic defect. The four hepatic porphyrias [acute intermittent porphyria, hereditary coproporphyria,variegate porphyria, and 8-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) dehydratase deficiency] associated with neuropathy, referred to as the porphyric neuropathies, are the focus of this chapter (Table 17-1). These disorders have been poorly understood by most clinicians, and often go unrecognized until recurrent attacks or involvement of other organ systems suggest the diagnosis. The severity of neurologic involvement, and the availability of potential treatments or avoidance of provocative factors, makes identification important.
Focal Brain Disorders In Moderately Advanced HIV Disease: Tuberculosis And Multiple Sclerosis-Like Illness
Authors: Brew Bruce James
Published: November 2023

Focal brain lesions in advanced human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease are commonly the result of toxoplasmosis or primary central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma. In patients with less advanced HIV disease, the causes of focal brain lesions are no different from those of lesions occurring in the non-HIV–infected population. There are, however, two exceptions. Tuberculosis (TB) in the form of tuberculoma or tuberculous brain abscess is an important cause of focal brain lesions in patients who come from areas where TB is endemic or from risk groups such as intravenous drug users among whom it is relatively common. A multiple sclerosis-like illness may also occur at this stage of HIV disease, causing focal or multifocal brain lesions. This illness is included here for completeness even though it is rare. Knowledge of this complication is important, as it may lead to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of demyelinating diseases in general.
Common Spinal Cord Diseases
Authors: Brew Bruce James
Published: November 2023

Spinal cord involvement by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is unusual in early HIV disease, but it is relatively common in advanced HIV disease. It is usually related to HIV infection per se leading to vacuolar myelopathy and HIV myelitis, both of which are usually intertwined with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) dementia complex (ADC). An appreciation of the nature of HIV spinal cord disease and its relationship to AIDS dementia complex can lead to appropriate therapy and clinical improvement in some patients. Moreover, development of myelopathy early in the course of HIV disease should suggest that the patient may be co-infected with human T-lymphotropic virus type I. Dually infected patients are more likely to develop spinal cord disease.
Argument in the 18th Century
Authors: Bruce Steve
Published: November 2023

In the French Memoires of 1737, there appears an article by Geoffrey and Hunauld, “In which We Inquire Whether Olive Oil is a Cure for Snake Bite.” It contains a passage that leads us to question whether our notions of scientific relevance and those of the French Academy coincide, even roughly:
Style and Presentation in the 19th Century
Authors: Bruce Steve
Published: November 2023

At the founding of the British Association for the Advancement of Science in 1831, William Whewell suggested that membership be restricted to those “who have published written papers in the memoirs of any learned society” (quoted in Stimson 1968, p. 215). He wanted to exclude as members those who were not, as one critic of the Royal Society put it, “labourers in the vineyard” of science. This linking of journal publication with the scientific profession led to an influx of individual articles primarily aimed at subject-matter experts. It also spawned the first specialty journals in natural history and physical science from Germany, France, and England, including Archiv fur Mikroskopische Anatomic (Archive for Microscopic Anatomy), Journal de Pharmacy et de Chimie (Journal of Pharmacy and Chemistry), and Transactions of the Entomological Society of London. In addition, during the 19th century, the number of scientific journals rose, not just steadily, but very steeply (Houghton 1975, p. 101). In de Solla Price’s (1986) well-known plot of total number of scientific journals (p. 8), there are fewer than 10 journals by 1700, about 100 by 1800, and 10,000 by 1900.’1
Argument in the 19th Century
Authors: Bruce Steve
Published: November 2023

Concluding his article on European bats. Lord Lilford asked the readers of The Zoologist for more research on the subject, not because of any particular problem, but because of its past neglect: In conclusion, I may mention that, besides the species mentioned above as occurring on our islands, I find that Lord Clermont (on the authority, as I suppose, of Thomas Bell, “Brit. Quad.”) admits six other species, viz. V. Bechsteinii, Desm., V. Leisleri, Desm., V. discolor, Desm., V. Daubentonii, Desm., V. emarginatus, Desm., and Plecotus brevimanus, Bonap.*; but the simple truth is that few English zoologists have studied, or al. all events published I he results of I heir studies on our Bals, and if my meagre remarks should induce any of your readers Io turn their attention to I his subject, I will hope that we may shortly have the benefit of “more light.” (1892-11095)
Explaining the Development of the Scientific Article
Authors: Bruce Steve
Published: November 2023

In chapter 1 we compare two scientific articles published three centuries apart as a means of representing, in dramatic form, the scientific article as a developing textual entity, characterized by changes in style, presentation, and argument. Chapters 2-9 describe these changes century by century, drawing upon our analysis of a large and diverse sample covering three languages and many scientific disciplines. We have now reached the point where it is time to attempt to explain what we have described. This is a more perilous venture, and what we will offer is more an explanatory sketch than an explanation per se.
Temporolimbic Epilepsy and Behavior
Authors: Schomer Donald L , o’connor margaret , spiers paul , seeck margitta , mesulam, M -marsel , bear david
Published: November 2023

The word “epilepsy” almost invariably conjures up dramatic images of tonic-clonic convulsions, incontinence, and tongue biting with a postseizure period of confusion. However, there is a large group of patients with epilepsy lacking these features who in contrast have seizures that are associated with subtle alterations of mood, perception, cognition, comportment, endocrine balance, and autonomic function without any necessary loss of consciousness. This type of epilepsy, usually emanating from the temporal lobe and related components of the limbic system, is of great interest to behavioral neurology and neuropsychiatry.
Dynamics of Change in Organizational Fields
Authors: Hinings C R (Bob) , Greenwood Royston , Reay Trish , Suddaby Roy
Published: November 2023

This chapter proposes a process model for understanding institutional change at the organizational field level of analysis. This process model consists of five overlapping stages of institutional change: (1) pressures for change; (2) the sources of new practices from institutional entrepreneurs; (3) the processes of deinstitutionalization and reinstitutionalization; (4) the dynamics of deinstitutionalization and reinstitutionalization; and (5) reinstitutionalization and stability. We see this process model as useful for integrating much of the literature on institutional change. While this literature has been criticized for its static focus on convergence toward similar and stable states, it has always included an interest in change, and we use the process model to indicate the specific contributions of existing studies.
The Nation-State and Culture as Influences on Organizational Change and Innovation
Authors: Lewin Arie Y , Kim Jisung
Published: November 2023

Social science disciplines have explored or implied the thesis that cultural, historical, political, social, and economic dimensions of a nation-state influence managerial practices and organizational strategic adaptation (Adler, Doktor and Redding, 1986; Badie and Birnbaum, 1983; Chandler, 1990; Clegg and Reddings, 1990; Djelic, 1998; Fligstein, 1996; Hickson and McMillan, 1981; Lammers, 1978; Lange and Regini, 1989; Meyer, 1994; Nelson, 1993; Putnam, 1993; Skocpol, 1985; Stinchcombe, 1965; Warner, 1997; Weber, Hsee, and Sokolowska, 1998; Whitley, 1999). However, much of the research centers on partial relationships reflecting disciplinary orientations and often involves historical accounts without theoretical underpinnings of explored events. The result is a fragmented literature on comparative management (Redding, 1997).
Employee Relations
Authors: Hall Robert T
Published: November 2023

Employment opportunities in the hospital sector increased in the 1990s: by 2.7% for full-time employees and 5.2% for part-time employees between 1992 and 1996 (AHA, 1998). This does not mean that employees’ jobs are secure, however. The rise in outpatient services and home health care during this period must be considered in light of layoffs due to the decline in inpatient utilization. While registered nurse employment increased over this period, licensed practical nurse employment decreased. Recent cuts in federal programs, furthermore, may lead to continued downsizing of staff in certain sectors. In health care, as in other sectors of the economy, employees are nervous about job security (Caudron, 1996).

The shift of power from hospitals to managed care plans and insurance companies has exacerbated the problem. Middle-level administrators fear that they may be laid off, and direct care givers worry that they will be short-staffed and overloaded with duties beyond their professional capabilities. Reorganization often moves administrative decision making further away from caregivers and imposes a less personal regime on employees. The more distant management becomes, the more employees feel that decisions are made on the basis of some hidden agenda or that the administration’s agenda is no longer in touch with the daily problems of direct care. All of this results in considerable stress on employee relations.
The Position of the Clitic Cluster
Authors: Franks Steven , King Tracy Holloway
Published: November 2023

This chapter deals with specific problems associated with locating the clitic cluster properly within the sentence. Most systems are seen as variations on two basic themes: Slavic clitics can be either clause second or verb-adjacent. SC, Cz, Slk, and Sln belong to the first category, which are often referred to as having Wackernagel position clitics (section 6.1), while Bg and Mac belong to the second category (section 6.2).

Examples (1) and (2) illustrate the basic contrast between Wackernagel second-position clitics and verb-adjacent clitics. In the SC example in (la) the clitic ga is in second position following the adverb sutra and is not adjacent to the verb. If it is not in second position, as in (lb), then the sentence is ungrammatical. In contrast, in the Bg example in (2a) the clitics mu gi are adjacent to the verb dade but are not in second position because they follow two adverbial phrases, as well as the subject. If the clitics are not adjacent to the verb, as in (2b), then the structure is ungrammatical. Note that there is no difference in behavior whether the clitic cluster contains an auxiliary clitic, a pronominal clitic, or some combination thereof.
Other Clausal Domain Clitics
Authors: Franks Steven , King Tracy Holloway
Published: November 2023

This chapter treats clausal domain clitics other than the personal pronouns and verbal auxiliaries. It presents data about a variety of such elements, including the interrogative clitic li (section 8.1.2), which is a complementizer clitic in all the languages in which it occurs, the modal by-/bi- (section 8.2), which has varying status as either a clitic or fully conjugated verb, and clausal negation (section 8.3), which is proclitic on the verb. Section 12.1 further discusses relevant theoretical analyses of li.
Survey of Recent Analyses
Authors: Franks Steven , King Tracy Holloway
Published: November 2023

This chapter summarizes the major theoretical approaches to Slavic clitic clusters. All these approaches combine both prosodic and syntactic information to explain the distribution of clitic clusters. However, some approaches rely primarily on prosodic requirements of the clitics, whereas others rely primarily on syntactic factors. Section 10.1 focuses on purely prosodic accounts and discusses some problems with these accounts. Then section 10.2 briefly outlines some nonderivational approaches to clitic placement. Section 10.3 presents the purely syntactic accounts, followed by some problems with these approaches. Finally, section 10.4 presents two approaches which involve both syntactic and prosodic factors in clitic placement.
The Fall and Rise of Restorative Justice
Authors: Braithwaite John
Published: November 2023

This book conceives of restorative justice as a major development in human thought grounded in traditions of justice from the ancient Arab, Greek, and Roman civilizations that accepted a restorative approach even to homicide (Van Ness 1986, pp. 64- 68); the restorative approach of the public assemblies (moots) of the Germanic peoples who swept across Europe after the fall of Rome (Berman 1983, pp. 53-56); Indian Hindus as ancient as the Vedic civilization (6000-2000 b.c.; Beck 1997, p. 77) for whom “he who atones is forgiven” (Weitekamp 1989); and ancient Buddhist, Taoist, and Confucian traditions that one sees blended with Western influences today in North Asia (Haley 1996). Contemporary Nobel Peace Prize-winning Buddhists Aug San Suu Kyi of Burma and the Dalai Lama are reteaching the West that the more evil the crime, the greater the opportunity for grace to inspire a transformative will to resist tyranny with com passion. They follow in the footsteps of Hindus like Ghandi and Christians like Tutu. In the words of the Dalai Lama: “Learning to forgive is much more useful than merely picking up a stone and throwing it at the object of one’s anger, the more so when the provocation is extreme. For it is under the greatest adversity that there exists the greatest potential for doing good, both for oneself and for others” (Eckel 1997, p. 135).
New Theory of Web-based Chinese Management
Authors: Schlevogt Kai-Alexander
Published: November 2023

The main objective of this study is to analyze the nature, causes, and outcomes of the organizational structure and management practices in mainland Chinese companies, including both private and state enterprises. In particular, I will test whether the dynamic, newly established private enterprises have adopted a distinctive web-based Chinese management model. As a first step, it is necessary to introduce the reader to the basic concepts and principles of Chinese management. This discussion provides a basis for the full theoretical research model, since it helps to (a) identify the need for further research, (b) decide which variables to include in the research model, and (c) deduce detailed theoretical hypotheses to be tested. It will thus prepare the ground for chapter 3.
Distinctive Characteristics of Chinese Management
Authors: Schlevogt Kai-Alexander
Published: November 2023

The three findings chapters in part II concentrate mainly on the important evidence and facts related to the research hypotheses. A broader discussion of their applications will be presented in part III. Details on sample characteristics are presented in appendix C. The general objective of this chapter is to answer the first research question, “Is there a distinctive Chinese management model in private enterprises in mainland China?” To answer the question, I will test the first hypothesis related to the distinctive nature of organizational structure and management practices in Chinese private firms, comparing the structural and managerial profiles of private enterprises with those of state enterprises.
Organization of the Future: Chinese Management as a Model for the Twenty-first Century and Beyond
Authors: Schlevogt Kai-Alexander
Published: November 2023

An organization is the leader’s vehicle and catalyst for implementing strategies but also constrains strategic options. Because of its importance, for thousands of years, leaders have been searching for better organizational ways of coordinating and motivating human endeavors toward the achievement of lofty visions. The dominant organizational model perfectioned in the twentieth century, bureaucracy, proved effective under classical conditions of certainty, when past experience is highly relevant for the present and future. However, because of its rigidity, bureaucracy turned out to be inadequate to deal with the high uncertainty and complexity that result from rapid change and multiplying interdependencies.
Explicature and Semantics
Authors: Carston Robyn
Published: November 2023

A standard view of the semantics of natural language sentences or utterances is that a sentence has a particular logical structure and is assigned truth-conditional content on the basis of that structure. Such a semantics is assumed to be able to capture the logical properties of sentences, including necessary truth, contradiction, and valid inference; our knowledge of these properties is taken to be part of our semantic competence as native speakers of the language.
Quantifier Phrases, Meaningfulness “in Isolation,” and Ellipsis
Authors: Stainton Robert J
Published: November 2023

Semanticists and philosophers of language have traditionally divided expressions into two classes: those that do, and those that do not, have meaning “in isolation.” Among expressions which are commonly said to lack meaning in isolation are particles in natural language (e.g., ‘up’ in ‘shoot up’, ‘on’ in ‘catch on’, etc.) and the logical vocabulary of both natural and artificial languages (e.g., the sentential connectives ‘and’, ‘if’, etc.).
Leveraging Knowledge through Leadership of Organizational Learning
Authors: Crossan Mary , Hulland John
Published: November 2023

The field of strategic management has offered a variety of perspectives on the key considerations in managing the success of the enterprise. Mintzberg et al. (1998) identify organizational learning as one of the many perspectives. Within the organizational learning school, Mintzberg et al. cite the 41 organizational learning framework developed by Crossan et al. (1997) as particularly insightful. This chapter extends the 41 framework to examine how leadership affects knowledge management, organizational learning, strategy, and ultimately the performance of the enterprise. The chapter begins with a brief discussion of the critical connections between the various fields. We then use the 41 framework to anchor the discussion and demonstrate how learning, knowledge, and strategy relate. Next, the role of leadership is incorporated into the model. The methodology for testing the model is then presented and the results discussed. Finally, we address directions for future research. It is a lofty goal to both develop and test theory linking strategy, knowledge, learning, leadership, and performance. We see our efforts as only a preliminary thrust to connect several fields of inquiry that have much to offer one another. Our efforts are aided by the advanced state of development of the research within each field.
Craniofacial Morphology and Growth in Infants and Young Children with Cleft Lip and Palate
Authors: Kreiborg Sven , Hermann Nuno V
Published: November 2023

Cleft lip and palate (CLP) may have severe consequences for affected individuals because oral clefts interfere with two of the most important means of communication: facial expression and speech. Individuals with either unoperated or operated clefts usually have a face which differs from that of unaffected individuals. Studies including both unoperated and operated individuals have shown that some deviations are directly caused by the primary anomaly, while others are caused by the surgical interventions and the subsequent dys plastic and compensatory growth of the facial bones (Dahl, 1970; Ehmann, 1989; Mars and Houston, 1990; Dahl and Kreiborg, 1995; Sandham and Foong, 1997). Severe surgical iatrogenesis to maxillary development in individuals with clefts has been documented repeatedly (Graber, 1949, 1954; Slaughter and Brodie, 1949; Bishara and Olin, 1972; Friede and Pruzansky, 1972a,b; Friede and Johanson, 1974; Tomanova and Miillerova, 1994). Attention has been drawn to the harmful interference with the maxillary growth zones (Friede, 1998), including the premaxillary-vomerine complex (Pruzansky, 1971; Friede and Morgan, 1976; Friede, 1977, 1978). As a consequence of these studies, certain surgical procedures, such as premaxillary setback and primary bone grafting, have been largely abandoned because they were shown to lead to disturbed maxillary growth and facial concavity. However, even more cautious surgical procedures are claimed to interfere with maxillary growth. Maxillary retrognathia is a good example.
Epidemiology of Oral Clefts: An International Perspective
Authors: Mossey Peter A , Little Julian
Published: November 2023

Cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CUP) and isolated cleft palate (CP) are serious birth defects, which on a worldwide level affect approximately 1 in every 600 newborn babies. This means that assuming a global birth rate of 15,000 children per hour (United States Bureau of the Census, new.html, 2001), a child with a cleft is born somewhere in the world every 2.5 min. From birth to maturity, children with oral clefts (OCs) undergo multidisciplinary surgical and nonsurgical treatment with considerable disruption to their lives and often adverse psychological consequences to themselves and their families. Efforts over the years have been made to record the frequency of birth defects, and accurate data on epidemiology are important for documenting the burden in relation to the planning of public health services. They also form the basis for research into causes. The eventual objective must be, from both scientific and humanitarian viewpoints, to advance the knowledge and understanding of causative factors and to institute primary preventive measures. Among the barriers to achieving this objective are (1) the heterogeneity of OCs, (2) the lack of standard criteria for the collection of data, and (3) the lack of and/or failure to apply an internationally comparable OC classification.
Otolaryngologic Needs of Individuals with Oral Clefts
Authors: Antonelli Patrick J
Published: November 2023

Oral clefts can profoundly impact the physiology of the entire upper aerodigestive tract. Although disorders of the upper aerodigestive tract are central to the field of otolaryngology, patients with oral clefts are best managed by a multidisciplinary team. Many of the issues related to the otolaryngologic needs of individuals with oral clefts have been addressed in other chapters (e.g., velopharyngeal insufficiency). Accordingly, this chapter focuses on the ear, nose, and throat issues for which individuals with oral clefts most commonly seek otolaryngologic care (Table 30.1). Disorders of the ear are the most common reason that children with cleft palate seek care from an otolaryngologist. Otologic problems in individuals with oral clefts, like those in individuals without clefts, change with age. In early childhood, the primary concerns include acute otitis media, chronic otitis media with effusion, and the cognitive sequelae of hearing loss. With advancing age, otologic concerns shift to the middle ear sequelae of chronic eustachian tube dysfunction and its treatment. Otitis media is defined as any inflammation within the middle ear. The sine qua non of otitis media is effusion within the middle ear space. Further classification is based largely on duration, the nature of the effusion, and the presence or absence of symptoms (Table 30.2). Though these definitions may seem unambiguous, there are no clear distinctions in clinical practice.
Reducing Harm to Smokers: Methods, Their Effectiveness, and the Role of Policy
Authors: Warner Kenneth E
Published: November 2023

Historically, efforts at tobacco control have focused on three strategies to diminish the toll of smoking: preventing the initiation of smoking by children, reducing nonsmokers’ involuntary exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), and encouraging adults who smoke to stop. The first of these is necessary to avoid future smoking-produced illness in the youngest generation and to break the seemingly endless cycle of childhood addiction followed by premature adult death. The second is essential to protect the innocent, nonsmoking victims of ETS. The last is crucial to minimize the near-future damage on smoking adults caught in the cycle of addiction and disease decades ago.

In general, tobacco control policy has focused on the first two objectives, with relatively little policy directed at adult cessation, at least little explicitly identified as motivated, even in part, by the objective of encouraging adults to quit smoking.
Ways and Means
Authors: McDonald JoAnna M
Published: November 2023

During this battle most of the infantrymen carried muzzleloading smoothbore muskets with percussion ignition. A few regiments, however, shouldered the newer muzzle-loading rifles. To load both weapons the tactical manuals specified nine steps.
The Battle at Blackburn’s Ford
Authors: McDonald JoAnna M
Published: November 2023

An hour later, Tyler’s lead brigade entered Centreville and found the Confederates had retreated toward Mitchell’s and Blackburn’s Ford. “Desiring to ascertain the extent” of the Confederate force near these fords, Tyler directed his lead brigade, commanded by Colonel Israel Richardson, down the Manassas-Centreville road. It was now 10:00 a.m. After two hours Tyler ordered six cannon to unlimber on the northern ridge, about one-and-a-half miles away from the fords. At 12:00 p.m. the Union cannoneers opened fire on Mitchell’s and Blackburn’s Fords. Tyler hoped the Confederates would return fire so he could assess their infantry strength and battery positions. Yet, for nearly half-an-hour the Confederate guns were silent. Finally, at 12:30 p.m., Confederate artilleryman Captain Del Kemper fired back six shots and then retreated across Mitchell’s Ford.
Hunter’s and Heintzelman’s Flank March
Authors: McDonald JoAnna M
Published: November 2023

Around 5:30 a.m. Colonel Ambrose E. Burnside’s brigade, lead unit of Colonel David Hunter’s flanking column, finally crossed Cub Run. Four regiments formed his brigade: 2d New Hampshire, 1st and 2d Rhode Island and the 71st New York Militia.
Summary
Authors: McDonald JoAnna M
Published: November 2023

As Robert L. Wilson of Illinois walked with President Lincoln toward the White House he asked the president about the news from the battlefield. Lincoln politely stated he could not provide any information at that time due to military security. Wilson then inquired whether the news was good or bad. Lincoln grasped Wilson, placed his face near his ear, and in a shrill, subdued voice exclaimed, ‘It’s damned bad!’1