bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Attitudes and Interests on Personality Change Induced by Psychological Self-Help Books
Authors: Forest James J.
Published: August 2011

The failure of self-help psychology books to influence measures of personality in previous research may have been due to subjects having low interest in the book they read or having negative attitudes towards self-help books. In Study 1, 151 women served in a 2 × 3 Solomon pre-post design that varied the presence or absence of a pretest on the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire in Session 1 and the interest value (high or low interest book, or no book) of the book subjects read between Sessions 1 and 2. A multivariate analysis of Session 2 personality scores indicated no effect for any of the variables. In Study 2, 211 women served in a 2 × 4 Solomon pre-post design that varied presence or absence of a pretest on the Eysenck questionnaire in Session 1 and information about self-help books (positive, negative, neutral, or none). Subjects then read a self-help book during the two weeks between Sessions 1 and 2. A multivariate analysis of the personality scores from Session 2 showed an effect of information on the Psychoticism scale. However, neither interest value nor attitude towards self-help books had significant effects on the self-report measure of personality.
Relationship of Asset and Enhanced Act Scores at a Four-Year College
Authors: Popovics Alexander J. , Jonas Peter M.
Published: August 2011

Scores of 54 students completing the ASSET placement test and the Enhanced ACT and attending a four-year college were analyzed to assess the associations among the tests. Moderate Pearson correlations between ASSET Numerical skills and ACT Mathematics total and ACT Pre-Algebra/Elementary Algebra subscores were noted. A moderate correlation of .74 was obtained between ASSET Reading scores and ACT composite scores. These values suggest some concurrent validity.
Qualitative and Quantitative Sex Differences in Self-Reported Aggressive Behavioral Characteristics
Authors: Gladue Brian A.
Published: August 2011

Aggressive behavioral characteristics were assessed in a large group of men and women by a self-report instrument, the Aggression Inventory. Significant gender differences appeared on four factors in which men reported more physical aggression and verbal aggression than did women. Further, men had higher scores on measures of impulsiveness and lack of patience than women, while women reported being more likely to avoid confrontation. In addition to these quantitative sex differences in self-reported behavior, factor analyses indicated qualitative differences by sex, wherein most of the variance for women centered on verbal aggression, while physical aggression was the first factor for men.
Perceived Self-Efficacy as a Predictor of Aftercare Treatment Entry by the Detoxification Patient
Authors: Heller Michelle C. , Krauss Herbert H.
Published: August 2011

63 urban, male, polysubstance abusers enrolled in an inpatient, hospital detoxification program with plans for aftercare were administered a set of 27 items describing behaviors that staff members nominated as necessary to make a transition from detoxification to aftercare. Patients were asked to rate each item twice, estimating (1) the importance of the described behavior to the achievement of aftercare and (2) their perceived ability to execute it. These ratings produced two highly saturated univariate tests, the Importance to Aftercare Scale (α = .89) of 17 items that did not predict aftercare entry and the Perceived Efficacy to Aftercare Entry Scale (α = .90) of 20 items which did correlate (.28) with entering aftercare.
Contributions to the History of Psychology: LXXVIII. Citation Overlap between Histories of Animal Behavior Studies
Authors: Standing Lionel , MacLean Myra
Published: August 2011

40 histories of animal behavior studies were examined for their consensus concerning the founders of this discipline. In all, 214 different investigators were mentioned in 895 citations. Darwin and Lloyd Morgan were reliably cited (followed by Romanes, Watson, Loeb, and Thorndike), but the over-all citation overlap among different sources was generally low. The results were numerically similar to those found in bibliometric studies of Lotka's law.
Pornography as a Source of Sex Information for Students at a Private Northeastern University
Authors: Duncan David F. , Donnelly J. William
Published: August 2011

For 168 students pornography was ranked sixth of seven sources by 101 women and fourth by 67 men. Friends provided more information, but pornography was a significant source for certain topics.
Love Styles and Life Satisfaction
Authors: Yancey George , Berglass Sarah
Published: August 2011

Previous studies by Hendrick and colleagues have uncovered male-female differences in John Alan Lee's love styles. Specifically, females have tended to be more storgic (friendship love), manic (possessive love), and pragmatic (logical love), while males have tended to be more ludic (game-playing love). In this study, the utility of the different love styles for life, work, and relationship satisfaction was examined for each sex. For the 98 women in this study, the only love style that was positively related to life satisfaction was agape (unselfish love), while the manic and ludic love styles were negatively related to life satisfaction. For the 42 men in this study, storgic and ludic love were both positively related to life satisfaction, while manic and pragmatic love were negatively related to life satisfaction. Additional sex differences were also noted. The findings suggested that the “double standard” is alive and well, at least among the university students in this study.
Birth Order and Sex as Related to Memory of Parental Strictness-Permissiveness
Authors: Rule Warren R.
Published: August 2011

The birth order along with ratings of remembered parental strictness-permissiveness were obtained from 116 university students. For the total sample, firstborns regarded both parents as significantly more strict than laterborns, and firstborn women rated their fathers as significantly more strict than laterborn women. Discussion was given to previous investigations that were both consistent and inconsistent with these results.
Object Relations and Self-Reported Aids Self-Care Behavior
Authors: Bassman Lynette E.
Published: August 2011

This study examined the relationship between object relations and AIDS self-care behavior among 509 urban college students. The literature indicates that maturity of object relations is related to comfort in interpersonal relations and to taking responsibility for self-care. These concepts are widely accepted by psychoanalytic psychologists but have rarely been tested empirically. Object relations, measured by the Bell Object Relations and Reality Testing Inventory, was significantly related to AIDS knowledge as measured by the AIDS Prevention Survey of Thomas and to self-reported safer sex behavior, measured by Bassman's HIV Infection Prevention Scale. Knowledge about AIDS correlated with self-reported sexual risk behavior, and with a low level of self-reported social behavior aimed at preventing AIDS. Implications of these findings for public health education policy are discussed.
The Apperceptive Personality Test and Locus of Control
Authors: Holmstrom Robert W , Karp Stephen A. , Silber David E.
Published: August 2011

This study examined the relationship between the Apperceptive Personality Test (APT) and Rotter's Internal-External Locus of Control (I-E) Scale. These scales were administered to 131 undergraduates (83 women, 48 men) and a stepwise multiple regression analysis was performed with Rotter's I-E scores as the criterion variable and 20 APT variables as predictors. The results provided some support for modest but significant relationships between two APT variables and scores on the I-E Scale. Internal-scoring subjects described their story characters with more positive ratings for the APT variable of Leader-Follower, whereas the story characters of external-scoring subjects were described with more extreme positive ratings than those of internal scorers.
Coca-Cola, Cancers, and Coronaries: Personality and Stress as Mediating Factors
Authors: Grossarth-Maticek R. , Eysenck H. J.
Published: August 2011

A theory is presented relating the consumption of stimulant and depressant drugs to cancer and coronary heart disease, with stress/personality acting as an intermediary. The predictions from the theory that large-scale consumption of Coca-Cola would prevent cancer and promote coronary heart disease was tested and found to be supported by the results of a long-scale prospective study. Results replicate those from an earlier study using coffee as a stimulant drug.
An Experimental Analogue Examining Effects of Facilitative Behaviors and Subjects' Warmth on Students' Perceptions of a Counseling Relationship
Authors: Neidigh Larry W.
Published: August 2011

This study examined the effects of students' self-reported ratings on warmth and a female counselor's facilitative behavior on scores measuring the subjects' perception of the counseling relationship. 75 subjects were categorized as warm, neutral, or cool and then randomly assigned to either a facilitative or nonfacilitative counselor condition. Scores from the Barrett-Lennard Relationship Inventory indicate significant main effects for both subjects' warmth and the therapist's facilitative behaviors. In addition, significant interactions between these variables were obtained. The specific interpretations of these results are discussed and methodological issues are identified for further research.
Developmental Study of Moral Judgments by Japanese Children
Authors: Yamauchi Hirotsugu
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine the determinants of causal attribution in the contexts of moral judgment and the developmental shifts of the determinants. Subjects were children in Grades 2, 4, and 6 ( ns = 83, 122, and 84). Moral judgments were measured by asking subjects to provide “evaluative feedback” to an hypothetical child's helping behavior. The method of dual scaling was applied to the frequency data of moral judgments. Two-dimensional solutions show that subjects judged whether the hypothetical child should be rewarded or punished and what amount of reward or punishment was given to the hypothetical child. Developmental shifts were found for moral judgment.
Gender Differences in the Attribution of Causes for Depressed Feelings
Authors: Robbins Paul R. , Tanck Roland H.
Published: August 2011

30 male and 32 female undergraduates were asked to report over a 10-day period whether they had felt depressed and, if yes, what was causing their depressed feelings. As predicted from a sex-role framework, the men were more likely than the women to attribute the cause to academic concerns while the women were more likely than the men to attribute the cause to problems in interpersonal relationships.
Academic and Locus of Control Enhancement in a Freshman Study Skills and College Adjustment Course
Authors: Cone Al L. , Owens Sandie K.
Published: August 2011

From a previous regression analysis, 70 of 250 freshmen were identified as showing academic risk and enrolled in a study skills and college adjustment course. These students obtained higher grades than predicted, while grades of students not enrolled did not differ from predicted. Obtained GPAs for those not in the course were negatively correlated with locus of control; GPAs for students in the course were not so correlated. Examination of locus of control measures for a subset of the two groups indicated that enrolled students who initially scored external scored significantly more internal at the end of the semester. Results are discussed in terms of both GPA enhancement and taking personal responsibility for college success.
Factor Structure of the Motivation Assessment Scale for Persons with Mental Retardation
Authors: Bihm Elson M. , Kienlen Terri L. , Ness M. Ernest , Poindexter Ann R.
Published: August 2011

The rating scale used to assess the motivators of maladaptive behaviors in persons with mental retardation was the Motivation Assessment Scale. In the current study, we validated the factor structure of the scale on a sample of 118 subjects with predominately severe or profound mental retardation. They exhibited deviant behaviors such as self-injurious and tantrum behavior, aggression, and passivity. The results of the factor analysis with varimax rotation validated the assumptions of the developers of the scale that the motivators could be grouped into sensory, escape, attention, and tangible reinforcers. These four subscales are easily interpretable and should continue to provide valuable information.
The Sexual Desire Conflict Scale for Women: Construction, Internal Consistency, and Two Initial Validity Tests
Authors: Kaplan Lisa , Harder David W.
Published: August 2011

The development of a 33-item Sexual Desire Conflict Scale for Women is described. The scale was designed to measure women's experiences of subjective discomfort and conflict in relation to sexual desire. 54 women participated: 18 survivors of childhood sexual abuse, 18 survivors of nonsexual trauma, 18 controls with no histories of trauma. Three factors accounted for 25.6, 12.9, and 7.6% of the variance. While no social desirability confounding was detected, the three groups had very different scores. Suggestions for research and clinical application are made.
Correlates of Perceived Confidence in Performance Appraisals
Authors: Orpen Christopher
Published: August 2011

The relationships among a number of appraisal, firm, and personal attributes and general confidence appraisals were examined in a sample of 103 Australian middle-managers. Significant correlations were found between confidence and existence of appraisal schemes and between confidence and frequency of appraisals. The correlations between self-esteem of subjects and confidence and between internal control and confidence were both significant. The correlations with firm size, structure, reward system, and climate were all nonsignificant.
Relationships among Burnout, Death Anxiety, and Social Support in Hospice and Critical Care Nurses
Authors: Mallett Karen , Jurs Stephen G. , Price James H. , Slenker Suzanne
Published: August 2011

The present study was undertaken to compare the occupational stress, levels of burnout, death anxiety, and the social support of a national sample of 376 hospice and critical care nurses, t tests indicated that critical care nurses reported significantly more occupational stress, showed higher burnout, and experienced more death anxiety than hospice nurses. The two nursing groups differed significantly when the three components of the Maslach Burnout Inventory were compared: hospice nurses reported feeling less emotional exhaustion, utilized the technique of depersonalization less frequently, and experienced a greater sense of personal accomplishment. The two nursing groups did not differ in social support when both the quantity and quality of that construct were examined. Pearson coefficients indicated positive associations between burnout and occupational stress and between burnout and death anxiety, with a negative relationship between burnout and social support.
Effects of Rehearsal Instructions on the Primacy Effect in Free Recall
Authors: Titus Thomas G.
Published: August 2011

The effects of rehearsal on the primacy effect in the serial position curve were investigated. Subjects were instructed to either rehearse or not rehearse previous list items presented at the rate of 1 word/0.5 sec., 1 word/sec., and 1 word/2 sec. The differential rehearsal hypothesis predicted that primacy effects would be observed only in the rehearsal condition. An alternative explanation of the primacy effect in terms of the 1933 von Restorff effect and rehearsal predicted a primacy effect in both the rehearsal and nonrehearsal conditions, with a larger primacy effect in the former. Primacy effects were observed in all conditions but were not significantly larger in the rehearsal condition. The results supported the explanation which included the von Restorff effect.
Factor Analytic Study of the Aiken and Hage Measures of Perceived Organizational Structure and Technology
Authors: Miller Lynn E. , Weiss Richard M.
Published: August 2011

Much work on organizational structure has been based on a set of scales developed by Aiken and Hage to measure centralization, formalization, and technology, yet the scales have been subjected to limited psychometric testing. This paper presents factor analyses of the scales and makes recommendations for their revision and use.
Superstition and Self-Efficacy
Authors: Tobacyk Jerome , Shrader Deborah
Published: August 2011

The Revised Paranormal Belief Scale and the Self-efficacy Scale were completed by 180 university students. As hypothesized, greater belief in Superstition was associated with significantly less reported self-efficacy. Findings are consistent with past research showing linkages between superstitious belief and less effective personality functioning.
Empirical Statistics: IV. Illustrating Meehl's Sixth Law of Soft Psychology: Everything Correlates with Everything
Authors: Standing Lionel , Sproule Robert , Khouzam Nelly
Published: August 2011

A 135 × 135 matrix of correlations was computed, using educational/biographical data on 2,058 subjects, to find the background level of statistically significant correlations, or Meehl's ‘crud factor.’ Every one of the 135 variables, save ID number, displayed more statistically significant correlations with the other variables than could be predicted from chance. With alpha set at .05 (two-tailed), a given variable correlated significantly on average with 41% of the other variables, although the absolute magrutude of the correlations averaged only .07. The results reinforce Meehl's 1990 criticisms of over-reliance on significance levels for correlational data.
Cross-Cultural Cross-Validation of the Junior Eysenck Personality Questionnaire among Zimbabwean School Children
Authors: Wilson David , Panditji Lena
Published: August 2011

For 568 boys and 698 girls (ages 8 to 17 years), Neuroticism scores were reliable and factorially valid for both sexes but reliability and validity for Extraversion were modest and, while reliable, 45% of Lie scale items did not load on their factor of origin. Also, Psychoticism scores were unreliable and factorially invalid. Careful item analyses must be undertaken and the construct of psychoticism verified.
Distinguishing between Conduct Problem and Emotionally Disturbed Students in Secondary School: A Five-Instrument Discriminant Analysis
Authors: Kelly Edward J. , Van Vactor John C.
Published: August 2011

Five instruments, the Differential Test of Conduct and Emotional Problems, Louisville Behavior Checklist, Personality Inventory for Children, 16 PF Test, and Tennessee Self-concept Scale, were given to differentiate between 50 conduct problem and 48 emotionally disturbed students assigned in public school to secondary level classes for the severely emotionally handicapped. Discriminant analysis of each test's rate of classification germane to both a preassessment categorization as conduct problem vs emotionally disturbed and a postassessment classification as no problem vs conduct problem vs emotionally disturbed vs combined problem is presented. The analysis indicated that the Differential Test of Conduct and Emotional Problems, Louisville Behavior Checklist, and Personality Inventory for Children can, with variable effectiveness, significantly classify adolescents into groups using such pre- and postassessment information.
Focusing on Emotion in Group Therapy: What Clients, What Problems, and What for
Authors: Flowers John V. , Booraem Curtis D.
Published: August 2011

The problems discussed by the clients in three cognitive-behavioral (problem-solving emphasis) therapy groups of 16-week duration were classified by the therapists as (1) problems of inadequate or inappropriate emotional experience, (2) problems of inadequate or inappropriate emotional expression, or (3) other. Employing diagnoses made by therapists not involved in the present study, having a problem involving inadequate emotional experience was significantly associated with the client also having an Axis II personality diagnosis, while having problems involving inadequate emotional expression was not associated with such a diagnosis. Also, when rated by outsiders, the 16-week group experience helped significantly more with problems of inadequate emotional expression than with those involving inadequate emotional experience.
Teaching Introductory Psychology: Using Repetition, Spacing, and Lag Effects
Authors: McKelvie Stuart J.
Published: August 2011

Following a theoretical account of the repetition, spacing, and lag effects, their application to the teaching of certain ideas in an introductory psychology course is described. The structure and sequence of course topics is described, including the timing of the presentation of particular concepts: Hebb's physiological behavioristics, Skinner's radical behaviorism, the operational definition, adaptation/habituation, and bottom-up/top-down processing. The paper concludes with a description of the course grading scheme, which incorporates repeated testing of material and the possibility of improving components of the final grade.
Relationships of Sex, Education, Age, Student-Status, Marital Status, and Classification Group to MMPI Response Patterns
Authors: Shillington Sandra J. , Krige Patricia , Fullard Josua P. P.
Published: August 2011

The relationships of sex, education, age, student-status, marital status, and classification group to MMPI response patterns were investigated. The sample comprised 568 normal Afrikaans-speakers. Significant profile differences were found between the following pairs of groups: men and women, 16- to 24-yr.-olds and 24- to 55-yr.-olds, persons with 7 to 10 years of schooling and 11 or more years of schooling, students and nonstudents of the same age, single and married persons, and ‘colored’ and white persons by means of Hotelling's T2. Use of eta-squared and omega-squared indicated that even though the variables did affect MMPI response, the effects were small.
“Unfairness” in the 1978 Uniform Guidelines: The Definition Makes a Difference
Authors: Weitzman R. A.
Published: August 2011

The 1978 Uniform Guidelines on Employee Selection Procedures contains three different definitions of unfairness in selection without acknowledging the differences. The fairness counterparts of these definitions correspond to Definitions 1, 2, and 3 of test fairness described in 1971 by Darlington. Suggestive of quotas, Definition 2 no longer commands attention among test users. A test is fair according to Definition 1 if people having equal test scores tend also to be equal in criterion performance while, according to Definition 3, a test is fair if people equal in criterion performance tend also to have equal test scores, regardless of how these people might differ demographically. Satisfaction of Definition 1 yields higher predictive validity than satisfaction of any other definition of test fairness. The difference in the case of Definition 3 tends in practice to be equal to only .02, however, and Definition 3 appears to be the more logically defensible of the two definitions. Although on tests that satisfy either definition of fairness black examinees generally score lower than white examinees, black and white examinees will tend to score four-fifths of a standard-deviation unit closer on a test that satisfies Definition 3 than on a test that satisfies Definition 1. Users of the 1978 Guidelines should be aware of these differences.
Bulimics' Perceptions of Emotional Responding during Binge-Purge Episodes
Authors: Mizes J. Scott , Arbitell Michelle R.
Published: August 2011

The concept of changes in emotional arousal during the binge-purge cycle plays a principal role in bulimia theory. Female bulimic patients ( n = 29) retrospectively rated the intensify of several emotions during their binge-purge cycle. When collapsed into positive versus negative emotion categories, both categories showed significant changes in emotions over the course of the binge-purge episode. Negative emotion increased after a binge and decreased during the purge. Positive emotion decreased after binging and increased during and after purging.
Behavioral Science in Medical Education: A 1987—1991 Bibliography
Authors: Holmes George R. , Dawkins Donna R. , Faulkner Larry R.
Published: August 2011

Holmes, et al. in 1988 compiled 61 studies in an updated bibliography of behavioral science in undergraduate and graduate medical education. Since then, 64 additional studies of behavioral science in medical education have been published and abstracted in Index Medicus and Psychological Abstracts, the sources for the bibliography.
Finnish and American University Students Compared on a Verbal Aggression Construct
Authors: Sallinen-Kuparinen Aino , Thompson Catherine A , Klopf Donald W.
Published: August 2011

232 Finnish and 145 American university students showed no significant differences on Infante and Wigley's measure of verbal aggressiveness. In keeping with general stereotypes, the men of both cultures (88 Finns, 86 Americans) were more verbally aggressive than were the women (144 Finns, 59 Americans).
Personal Orientation Inventory Correlated with Physical Health
Authors: Leitschuh Gloria A. , Rawlins Melanie E.
Published: August 2011

Predicting 92 subjects' physical health status from their scores on the Personal Orientation Inventory using regression analysis showed that those who obtained high self-regard scores and high self-actualizing value scores also reported better physical health. Those subjects who reported poorer physical health also scored high on the synergy scale.
National Differences in Dexamethasone Suppression Test Results and Suicide Rates
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

For 10 nations suicide rates were not correlated with the percentages of depressed patients who responded abnormally to the Dexamethasone Suppression Test.
Bem Sex-Role Inventory Stereotypes for Men and Women Varying in Age and Race among National Register Psychologists
Authors: Turner Barbara F. , Turner Castellano B.
Published: August 2011

554 psychologists listed in the National Register of Health Care Providers in Psychology used the Bern Sex-role Inventory to rate a “mature, healthy, socially competent” individual in one of 18 target groups (a black or race-unspecified man, woman, or adult in their late 20s, late 40s, or late 60s). Factor analysis produced factors which generated three scales—nurturant, agentic, and self-governing. The attributes “feminine” and “masculine” were treated as individual items. Old targets were viewed as less agentic than younger targets and as less self-governing than the middle-aged. Female targets were perceived as more feminine and less masculine than were men. Interactions for agentic and self-governing suggest age and race and sex of target influence person perceptions.
Successful Careers and Cognitive Style: A Follow-up Study of Childhood Family Discontinuity
Authors: Gordon Virginia Z.
Published: August 2011

It was predicted that those participants who experienced discontinuity (death, divorce, and separations) from their parent(s) in childhood and who had successful careers in adulthood would manifest more innovative than adaptive cognitive styles on the Kirton Adaption-Innovation Inventory. The original research showed 61% of the sample members ( n = 41) experienced family discontinuity. Ninety percent ( n = 37) of the previous participants responded and showed 59% family discontinuity. Fifty-four percent in the follow-up study chose an alternative career path (counterstriving), the same percentage as in the original sample. When both family discontinuity and counterstriving were present, statistically significant innovation scores occurred. Family discontinuity in childhood and a successful career in adulthood are likely to be associated with high striving-motivation and an innovative (paradigm-breaking) problem-solving style.
How Empathy, Egocentrism, Kohlberg's Moral Development, and Erikson's Psychosocial Development are Related to Attitudes toward War
Authors: Westman Alida S. , Lewandowski Lisa M.
Published: August 2011

In this exploratory study 91 students took a questionnaire which measured their feelings of oneness with all humanity, their egocentrism, level of moral development according to Kohlberg, psychosocial development according to Erikson, and their attitude toward war, diplomacy, the Gulf war, civilians and soldiers in the Gulf area, etc. The hypothesis that empathy with humankind leads to concern about those involved and opposition to war was supported. These individuals were more likely to endorse values expressed in Kohlberg's Level 6. Students endorsing Level 4, law-and-order morality, especially if they had no friends overseas and used no news source other than the usual U.S. mass media, were more likely to be pro-war, believe President Bush and the military briefings, and oppose reliance on diplomacy. If people had experienced war, they were more frequently against it. However, hardship experienced, lack of egocentrism, believing in a greater good for a greater number of people (Kohlberg's Level 5), and Erikson's psychosocial development were not associated with students' orientation toward war. Further research is suggested.
Taste Preference for Brussels Sprouts: An Informal Look
Authors: Trinkaus John , Dennis Karen
Published: August 2011

An inquiry of the taste preference of 442 business students for brussels sprouts showed about a 50% dislike of the vegetable, 40% indifference, and a 10% like. Some implications of the findings are suggested.
Relationship between the Basic Personality Inventory and the Neo-Personality Inventory in a Nonpatient Sample
Authors: Levin Joseph , Montag Itzhak
Published: August 2011

The relation between psychopathology measured by Jackson's 1989 Basic Personality Inventory and personality dimensions measured by Costa and McCrae's 1985 NEO-Personality Inventory was investigated in a nonpatient sample of 457 female subjects. The results contribute to the validation of both instruments and agree with the relevant findings reported in the literature. They also provide support for the cross-cultural invariance of these instruments.
Relationship of Role-Playing Games to Self-Reported Criminal Behaviour
Authors: Abyeta Suzanne , Forest James
Published: August 2011

Fantasy role-playing games have been portrayed by the media and various social organizations as being linked to, and causing, socially maladaptive behaviour including criminality. Based on this social perception it was hypothesized that role-playing experience should be positively correlated with self-reported criminality. 20 experienced role-playing gamers and 25 nonplayers completed the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, a demographic questionnaire, and a 20-item criminality measure. Regression analysis indicated that role-playing experience did not relate to self-reported criminality; however, Psychoticism, which was higher in the nonplayers, did predict criminality.
Evidence Fails to Support More Punishment as Remedy for Childhood Violence
Authors: Justice Blair
Published: August 2011

Insisting that more punishment will produce more justice for children who are “victims of violence” at the hands of other children overlooks the fact that discipline should also change behavior. Evidence indicates that abandonment of mediation and “nonjudicial” methods in favor of stronger “police forces” for children is ill-advised. There is support for Purkey's (1990) conclusion that there is no “one-best method.” How students respond to any strategy designed to reduce violence behavior is likely to be a function of background variables as well as the nature of the method.
International Attitudes toward Americans
Authors: Allen Mary J. , Rienzi Beth M.
Published: August 2011

The lost-letter technique was used to analyze European and American attitudes toward an anonymous American citizen. Analysis of the return rates (55%, range 43 to 76%) for the 270 dropped letters suggested that Europeans and Americans have similar attitudes toward Americans, and these attitudes are not affected by nationality, city size, or recent political change.
Social Desirability Related to Children's Age, Sex, and Willingness to Help
Authors: Kalliopuska Mirja
Published: August 2011

The association of social desirability with children's age, sex, and willingness to help was explored among 335 randomly sampled pupils, ages 9 to 12 yr. (Grades 3 to 5). Willingness to help, designed by Kalliopuska in 1980, and the Crandall, Crandall, and Katkovsky Social Desirability Questionnaire were given; scores on social desirability and willingness to help decreased as a function of age among boys and girls. The change from moral realism to moral autonomy and the intellectual changes among the children seem to affect the change from normative helping to autonomous helping.
Does High Public Self-Disclosure in High-Status Persons Reduce Speakers' Persuasiveness?
Authors: McCutcheon Lynn E. , Lummis Guy
Published: August 2011

Two prior studies showed that, when a high-status person revealed intimate personal information, ability to persuade others was reduced. Three experiments, involving 283 total subjects and the original videotaped message, did not replicate earlier results.
Operant Conditioning of Activities of Daily Living on a Psychogeriatric Ward: A Simple Method
Authors: Gustafson Roland
Published: August 2011

On a psychogeriatric ward a simple token economy was established by handing out coffee and cigarette tickets for demands of concrete Activities of Daily Living from 14 men and 16 women. During the treatment period the number of target behaviors increased dramatically and many positive spin-off effects were observed. It was concluded that simple token economies of even 18 weeks can easily be introduced and administered and produce decisive positive changes with respect to psychogeriatric patients' activities of daily living, staff attitudes, and ward atmosphere.
University Students' Felt Alienation and Their Attitudes toward African-Americans, Women and Homosexuals
Authors: Wells Joel W. , Daly Alfrieda
Published: August 2011

177 respondents attending a midwestern state university reported greater alienation from the wider society when they held more positive attitudes than negative ones toward women and homosexuals. Alienation and attitudes toward African-Americans, women, and homosexuals were not influenced by gender or religiosity.
Identifying Hispanic Gifted Children Using the Screening Assessment for Gifted Elementary Students
Authors: Tallent-Runnels Mary K. , Martin Max R.
Published: August 2011

We examined the utility of the Screening Assessment for Gifted Elementary Students (SAGES) for identifying Hispanic gifted students among 162 third through fifth graders, of whom 75% were Anglo-American and 25% Hispanic. Direct discriminant analysis of subscale scores of the SAGES classified 93.2% of the sample as Anglo-American, including 35 of the 41 Hispanic children. This indicated that the subscale scores did not predict group membership. A validation procedure yielded similar results on an independent sample of 25 Anglo-American and 14 Hispanic children. Also, a multivariate profile analysis indicated small score differences between the two groups and reflected similar cognitive processes being assessed. The screening device appears to function fairly within both ethnic groups.
Contributions to the History of Psychology: LXXXVIII. Skinner at 86: An Appreciation
Authors: Wiener Daniel N.
Published: August 2011

B F Skinner grew very old between the time I first took his classes at the University of Minnesota and when I last spoke with him. Yet he retained his same charismatic qualities although these burned much lower. No one has tried to capture his personality, but this brief view hints at what was there.
Psychologists' Views of a Patient's Religiousness
Authors: Reed Philip R.
Published: August 2011

500 psychologists were mailed clinical vignettes and a questionnaire regarding a prospective patient seeking to adopt a child. The vignettes were equivalent except for a paragraph stating the patient's religious beliefs. Analysis showed that neither statements of religiousness nor stability of belief was shown to influence the clinicians' judgements on whether adoption should occur, the probability that they would recommend therapy, or estimate of the patient's adaptive functioning. Psychologists with 13 to 19 years of experience were more likely to recommend therapy than more or less experienced groups, although this finding was not related to religiousness.
Contributions to the History of Psychology: LXXXVI. Hull and His Critics: The Reception of Clark L. Hull's Behavior Theory, 1943–1960
Authors: Webster Sandra , Coleman S. R.
Published: August 2011

In the twelve-year period following the publication of Principles of Behavior in 1943, Clark L. Hull was regarded as a leading proponent of systematic behavior theory. By the end of the 1950s, his visibility in the psychological literature had greatly diminished and his contributions to psychological theory were judged by many to have been misguided. Drawing from reviews and assessments of Hull's theorizing which appeared in the period 1943–1960, this paper treats Hull's impact and subsequent decline as inevitable outcomes of the programmatic nature of Hull's behavior theory.
Effects of Type of Instruction on Solution of Psychological Self-Help Problems
Authors: Saper Zalman , Forest James J.
Published: August 2011

Information in self-help books is typically presented in one of three formats: didactic information, examples, or practice problems. The present study examined the effects of information format on the solution of personal problems. Four test problems were given to 200 subjects recruited from introductory psychology classes. Each of ten groups received a different type of information immediately prior to solving each test problem. Three of the groups received information in Didactic (D), Example (E), and Practice Problem (P) formats, respectively, while a control group received no information (NI). Six other groups (DD, DE, DP, EE, EP, and PP) received combinations of two sets of information prior to each test problem. The letters that designate each of these groups represent the formats in which the two sets of information were presented. A Ryan-Einot-Gabriel-Welsch multiple-range analysis indicated that groups EE, DP, EP, and DE obtained significantly higher scores than NI. Examples were effective as instructional material when presented with other information and when presented in pairs. Practice problems were effective when combined with other types of information but not when presented with other practice problems.
Religious Beliefs are Socialized in the Same Way as are other Beliefs
Authors: Westman Alida S. , Brackney Barbara E. , Bylski Norene C.
Published: August 2011

50 college students and their mothers answered questions about their relationships with each other and about their religiosity. On the assumption that religious beliefs are socialized like other beliefs, the hypothesis that greater closeness between mother and child would be associated with more agreement, including agreement on religion, was tested and supported. Similarly, less closeness was associated with less agreement, including on religion. Looking at religion as a reflection of socialization rather than personality traits explains many research results and also raises further questions.
Alcohol Effects on Behavioral Thermoregulation with Microwave Radiation
Authors: Vitulli William F. , Rust Mary L. , Mortellaro Pamela M. , Quinn Joseph M. , Barbin Jane M. , DePace A. Nicholas
Published: August 2011

Ethanol may play an active role in modifying “set point” levels in conjunction with behavioral thermoregulation. A geometric series of doses of ethanol solutions was administered (ip) prior to fixed-interval 2-min. schedules of microwave reinforcement in rats tested in a cold environment. Four Sprague-Dawley rats were conditioned to regulate their thermal environment with 5-sec. exposures of MW reinforcement. Friedman's nonparametric test showed significant differences between ethanol doses, and Sign tests showed that moderate and high doses of ethanol suppressed operant behavior reinforced by MW radiation. Interactions between changes in “set-point” and discriminative properties of ethanol are discussed.
Hiring Practices in Dental Education: Comparison of Top- and Lower-Ranked Schools
Authors: Bair Jeffrey H. , Boor Myron
Published: August 2011

The ten top-ranked dental schools, as indicated in The Gourman Report, had hired significantly more faculty members from among their own graduates ( Mdn = 42.5%) than had ten randomly selected lower-ranked dental schools ( Mdn = 19.6%). However, the proportions of faculty members hired by the ten top-ranked dental schools from graduates of the top-ranked schools other than their own ( Mdn = 15.9%) were nearly identical to the proportions of faculty members hired by the lower-ranked schools from graduates of the ten top-ranked schools ( Mdn = 17.2%). Both top-ranked and lower-ranked schools showed wide variations in their tendencies to hire faculty from top-ranked schools. Some variables that might account for these variations in hiring practices are noted.
Exploration of the Relationship between Choral Singing and Successful Aging
Authors: Wise George W. , Hartmann David J. , Fisher Bradley J.
Published: August 2011

This paper describes a retirement village community chorus of 49 with the goal of understanding the place of choral activities in the lives of these older people. Group musical activity provides a link to previous satisfying experiences and serves as a preventive measure against alienation. However, the nature of the activity may be consistent with a willingness to give up some inner directedness. Additional research is recommended since the present design with a comparison group of 49 non-choral members did not allow separation of effects of selection from those of activity.
Effects of Age on Ranking for Reduction in Work Force
Authors: Drehmer David E. , Carlucci Cosimo A. , Bordieri James E. , Pincus Laura B.
Published: August 2011

A laboratory experiment tested the hypothesis that age and written descriptions of performance affected simulated evaluations for reduction in work force. 56 supervisors and managers attending night school reviewed written descriptions of seven individuals' performance. Seven different ages ranging from 25 to 63 years were paired with each individual's performance in a within-subject Latin square design. Each subject rated seven simulated individuals on 10 attributes and made recommendations in the form of comparative rankings for a simulated reduction in force. Chronological age effects on performance rankings were not found. Statistically removing rating components (work performance and sociability) from rankings using an analysis of covariance also yielded no age-related bias but did indicate that the subjects were able to distinguish among performance descriptions. These findings are discussed in relation to the Age Discrimination in Employment Act.
Effects of Purpose of Appraisal on Discriminability and Accuracy of Ratings
Authors: Bernardin H. John , Cooke Donna K.
Published: August 2011

Here we evaluate, replicate, and extend 1982 research by Zedeck and Cascio on the relationship between purpose and characteristics of rating. We propose and test an alternative explanation for the Zedeck and Cascio conclusion that discriminability in ratings is affected by their purpose. Results provide partial support for both explanations. Using a measure of rating accuracy as the criterion, no significant effect of purpose is obtained.
Affective Control Efficacy and Cognitive Control Efficacy: A Comment
Authors: Sherer Mark
Published: August 2011

Arch's interesting 1992 concept of affective control efficacy deserves further study, with attention to its possible overlap with cognitive control efficacy.
Playing Safe: Helping Rates for a Dropped Mitten and a Box of Condoms
Authors: McDonald James , McKelvie Stuart J.
Published: August 2011

In a Canadian shopping centre, a mitten or a box of condoms was accidentally dropped in front of 80 individual members of the public. The dropper was helped to retrieve his object by 43% of 30 people who saw the mitten but only by 17% of 30 people who saw the condoms. This replicates Edwards' 1975 report that the rate of helping was lower for an embarrassing than for a neutral object.
Administrative Control of Prison Therapists: Use of a Variable-Interval Punishment Schedule
Authors: Eisenman Russell
Published: August 2011

Therapists working in a prison were subjected to what amounted to variable-interval punishment from the prison administrator. This technique allowed the administrator to show control and keep the therapists afraid of him. The experience is discussed in reference to the more positive 1992 findings of Myers, Boughner, and Wallbrown regarding prison administrators and staff; reasons for the differences are proposed.
Reliability of Budner's Intolerance of Ambiguity Scale in Medical Students
Authors: Sobal Jeffery , DeForge Bruce R.
Published: August 2011

Intolerance of ambiguity is the perception of ambiguous situations as threatening. It has often been measured using Budner's 1962 intolerance of ambiguity scale in studies of medical students and physicians. To examine the test-retest reliability of the scale among that population, we administered it to all 171 entering medical students at one medical school immediately prior to beginning classes and readministered it to them six to nine weeks later with an 81% follow-up rate. The Pearson correlation between the first and second administrations was .64, showing moderate reliability during this stressful period in medical socialization. The internal reliability of the scale remained constant; the alpha was .64 at the first administration and .63 at follow-up. These data indicate moderate reliability of Budner's intolerance of ambiguity scale when respondents are medical students.
A Study of the Concurrent Validity of the Screening Test of Adolescent Language with Recent Immigrants
Authors: Hayes Susan C. , Farnill Douglas
Published: August 2011

The concurrent validity of the Screening Test of Adolescent Language was investigated by correlating the total scores for 152 first-year medical students with their performances on the Woodcock Language Proficiency Battery. The sample included many recent immigrants from southeastern Asia who were not yet highly proficient in English. The Pearson correlation of .78 between the two measures was high and statistically significantly different from zero.
Fear of Future Illness, Chemical Aids, and Cancerphobia: A Review
Authors: Brown Richard S. , Lees-Haley Paul R.
Published: August 2011

A review of the literature indicates that fear of future illness shares many characteristics with a wide variety of conditions. Concepts such as hypochondriasis, adjustment disorders, generalized anxiety, and mass hysteria must be considered. Also, factors such as reporting bias, influential others, collective behavior, political groups, and litigation appear to induce symptom reporting from patients complaining of fear of illness and cancerphobia. Cancerphobia may result in impairment ranging from avoidance behaviors to cognitive dysfunctions. Various treatment modalities have been used successfully in treating cancerphobia, and the prognosis is typically good. Complaints of chemical AIDS, universal allergy, or twentieth century disease have little medical or empirical support and require further investigation. Researchers and clinicians must recognize multiple factors contribute to fear of future illness or cancerphobic complaints, and additional research must be undertaken if a thorough understanding of fear of future illness, cancerphobia, and perceptions of chemical AIDS is to be obtained.