bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Religion, Rights, and the Promises of Reconstruction
Authors: Gonzalez Aston
Published: September 2021

This chapter investigates how African American activist-artists adopted new strategies to realize the promises of Reconstruction and partnered often with leaders of the African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church leadership to accomplish these. Black image producers used their reputations and successes to encourage opportunities for, and exercise newly granted rights to, black people after the Civil War. They funded black education, supported black Reconstruction politicians, and celebrated constitutional amendments; one even attained political office. They crafted images that revealed their investment in the visual culture of John Brown, black Union veterans, and the future of Cuba. Just as these black activist artists backed the AME Church, so the AME Church leadership repeatedly encouraged its readers to collect, reflect upon, and draw inspiration from their images and the messages that they communicated.
They Are upon Us
Authors: Hess Earl J.
Published: September 2021

On May 17, after his army was defeated at the Battle of the Big Black River, Confederate General John C. Pemberton ordered a retreat back to the city of Vicksburg. He had just been humiliated by Union General Ulysses S. Grant, who, through rapid marching, staying one step ahead of his adversary, had defeated Confederate forces in four pitched battles. The Federals had captured sixty-five pieces of artillery, took out of action 14,000 Confederate troops, and most important completely turned the tide in their long and frustrating campaign against Vicksburg. As the beaten Confederates streamed into the city panic ensued among the residents. But Pemberton carefully placed two fresh divisions already holding Vicksburg at key places along the line of earthworks that protected the eastern approaches to the town while placing the demoralized veterans of his recent battles in less risky positions. Delayed by having to construct crossings of the Big Black River, Grant’s Federals did not pursue until May 18 but they had all the advantages now on their side. Many expected to enter Vicksburg as soon they marched the fifteen miles separating the Big Black River from the city that become the Gibraltar of the Confederacy.
On the War-Path for Vicksburg
Authors: Hess Earl J.
Published: September 2021

As the Federals moved from the Big Black
River to Vicksburg on May 18, they experienced enormous confidence in Grant’s judgment and skills. Faced with the real prospect that the Confederates might fold if he attacked the defences of Vicksburg quickly, Grant wasted no time in planning an assault for the next day, May 19. But he did not know that Pemberton had positioned fresh troops exactly along the sectors most likely to be attacked. The defences of Vicksburg were by no means formidable in themselves. Constructed over the past few months, they were simply trenches that linked nine major forts and a greater number of smaller artillery positions. In many places, hardly a trench existed. But the most important consideration was that Maj. Samuel H. Lockett, Pemberton’s chief engineer, had placed them well along the only roughly continuous ridge line to be found in the badly eroded, loess soil that dominated the area east of Vicksburg. Confederate soldiers were busy digging in on May 18, strengthening the minimal works Lockett had managed to construct mostly with slave labor before that day. The earthworks were the only thing standing between the victorious Federals and the city.
A Thousand Bayonets Glistened in the Sunlight
Authors: Hess Earl J.
Published: September 2021

Two other brigades from Eugene A. Carr’s division and Andrew J. Smith’s division advanced south of the Southern Railroad of Mississippi against Railroad Redoubt. Most men of Michel K. Lawler’s and William J. Landram’s brigades managed to make it to near the work, crowding around its long circumference and some taking shelter in its ditch. McClernand’s heavy artillery had battered a hole in the southeast corner of this irregular work, degrading it enough to allow Sgt. Joseph E. Griffith to lead twelve men of the 22nd Iowa into one compartment of the fort. They were unable to penetrate any farther but the small Confederate garrison was unable to drive them out. Meanwhile, a couple of regimental flags were raised on the exterior slope of the parapet. Then a small Confederate counterattack through the center of the fort was decimated by Union fire, causing demoralization among many Confederates near the work. Both sides settled into an uneasy stalemate at Railroad Redoubt.
I Don’t Believe a Word of It
Authors: Hess Earl J.
Published: September 2021

Inspired by the partial penetration of Railroad Redoubt effected by Joseph E. Griffith and twelve men of the 22nd Iowa, John A. McClernand sent three messages to Ulysses S. Grant urging him to support Thirteenth Corps efforts. McClernand exaggerated the degree of success achieved thus far. Initially Grant did not trust these reports, exposing his long term difficulties with McClernand. In fact, the Thirteenth Corps commander was not trusted by colleagues William T. Sherman or James B. McPherson. Nevertheless, Sherman urged Grant to comply with McClernand’s request, not believing it could be based on exaggeration. Sherman also did not want to let any opportunity pass by to break through the Confederate defences. As a result, Grant ordered a renewal of assaults by both Sherman and McPherson. But he allowed his personal dislike of McClernand, which was reciprocated, to influence his command style. While he visited Sherman and McPherson on May 22, he did not visit McClernand, relying on the idea that he could see the Thirteenth Corps sector well enough from his command post on a high piece of ground near the Union center.
They Ought to Be Remembered
Authors: Hess Earl J.
Published: September 2021

The failed attacks of May 19 and 22 produced many opportunities for participants to garner honors or deserve infamy, and those incidents either strengthened the rest of their lives or haunted them forever. A number of Federals failed the test of combat and shirked their duty, but the military justice system was weak and porous at best. While some of these acts of combat failure were officially reported, little was done by the system to punish the men. Officers were allowed to resign and the process of dealing with enlisted men was rarely called into use. It was easier to allow the individual to reflect and improve in his future conduct. Sgt. Joseph E. Griffith became a national hero because of his exploit at Railroad Redoubt. In fact, Griffith eventually won an appointment to West Point where he graduated and became an officer in the U. S. Army. Fourteen-year-old Orion P. Howe of the 55th Illinois became famous for telling William T. Sherman of the need for more cartridges as he returned from the failed attack of May 19 with a slight wound. Many members of the Forlorn Hope were awarded with Congressional Medals of Honor after the war.
The Last Turtlemen of the Caribbean
Authors: Crawford Sharika D.
Published: September 2021

Illuminating the entangled histories of the people and commodities that circulated across the Atlantic, Sharika D. Crawford assesses the Caribbean as a waterscape where imperial and national governments vied to control the profitability of the sea. Crawford places the green and hawksbill sea turtles and the Caymanian turtlemen who hunted them at the center of this waterscape. The story of the humble turtle and its hunter, she argues, came to play a significant role in shaping the maritime boundaries of the modern Caribbean. Crawford describes the colonial Caribbean as an Atlantic commons where all could compete to control the region’s diverse peoples, lands, and waters and exploit the region’s raw materials. Focusing on the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, Crawford traces and connects the expansion and decline of turtle hunting to matters of race, labor, political, and economic change, and the natural environment. Like the turtles they chased, the boundary-flouting laborers exposed the limits of states’ sovereignty for a time but ultimately they lost their livelihoods, having played a significant role in the legislation delimiting maritime boundaries. Still, former turtlemen have found their deep knowledge valued today in efforts to protect sea turtles and recover the region’s ecological sustainability.
Save the Turtles
Authors: Crawford Sharika D.
Published: September 2021

This chapter traces the rise of an international movement to protect sea turtles during the postwar period. It explains how the economic changes brought on by the Second World War led the Caymanian government to envision and develop an alternative economy for its subjects when the turtle industry showed signs of distress. It also charts the development of oceanography and marine science in the years during and after the Second World War. This shift spurred awareness of ocean ecosystems and shaped the nascent marine environmentalism of the first wave of turtle scientists, including Archie Carr. It concludes with Carr's sea turtle research in Costa Rica and, more broadly, the greater Caribbean. The chapter argues that macrolevel changes coupled with the depletion of sea turtles forced turtlemen to end their generations' pursuit of green and hawksbill turtles in the 1970s.
Starting the Conversation
Authors: Gussow Adam
Published: September 2021

Beginning with a reading of Black cultural documentarian Roland L. Freeman’s poem “Don’t Forget the Blues” (1997), this chapter explores a pair of opposed slogans, “Blues is black music” and “No black. No white. Just the blues,” that together constitute the principal ideological conflict within contemporary blues culture. At a moment when blues music has been thoroughly globalized with the help of events like the annual International Blues Challenge in Memphis and when African American players and fans represent a greatly attenuated minority within that global cohort, who speaks for the blues? What role do the burdens of Black history, including slavery and segregation, which critically impacted the blues’ formation and development, play in this new global blues order? Seeking to honor the complexities and dialectical thrust of the blues as evoked by the line, “You can’t judge a book by looking at the cover,” the author asks readers to suspend their ideological reflexes and attend to the music’s paradoxes, even while using writings and interviews by August Wilson, B. B. King, and Honeyboy Edwards to illustrate the way in which the blues—as racial feeling, not just music—emerges from Black lives in the Deep South.
In the Beginning
Authors: Eichler-Levine Jodi
Published: September 2021

In the beginning, there was a handkerchief. This chapter examines how Jewish women generate resilience through the activity of crafting. From a Los Angeles octogenarian who describes the meditative nature of sewing a wimpel, or Torah binder, to reflections on gender and Judaism from a working mother, the story of this chapter is the story of how generativity is gendered. Rather than taking a biological connection between women and fecundity for granted, it unsettles the ways we think about both human reproduction and the production of objects.
Threads Between People
Authors: Eichler-Levine Jodi
Published: September 2021

Beginning with handmade yads (torah pointers) in Macon, Georgia, this chapter analyzes the emotional bonds that handmade gifts forge between giver and recipient. As one Jewish grandmother said, “You have to give them emotion.” After examining gifts given (and occasionally, returned) by her interviewees, the author also reflects on the gifts she received when she became a cancer patient midway through the course of her research, and how they made her more attuned to the power of resilience through material religion.
Blasphemous Doctrine for a Slave to Teach
Authors: Hilde Libra R.
Published: September 2021

This chapter discusses enslaved men’s attempts to provision their families materially, emotionally, and spiritually. Often unable to openly exhibit the hallmarks of nineteenth century masculinity, to provide and protect, enslaved men found covert ways to support and influence their loved ones through ideological provisioning, a form of subtle resistance. Slaveholders could never entirely control the exchange of cultural goods and ideas, and caretaking fathers regularly couched their authority in the mantle of religious counsel.
Black Men Loving Black Men Is a Revolutionary Act
Authors: Royles Dan
Published: September 2021

This chapter describes the work of Gay Men of African Descent (GMAD), the leaders of which argued that Black gay men suffered from low self-esteem due to both racism and homophobia, which made them more likely to put themselves at risk for HIV through drugs and unprotected sex. As a remedy, GMAD offered up affirming images of Black gay men, often looking to the past to do so. Discussion topics frequently included homosexuality and queer identity in African and African American history, including Egyptian and Yoruba culture, the Harlem Renaissance, and the life of gay civil rights activist Bayard Rustin. At other times, the group highlighted literary and artistic work by luminaries in the Black gay renaissance, such as Joseph Beam, Essex Hemphill, and Marlon Riggs. The group also sought to claim a place for Black gay men within Afrocentric ideology, at one point collaborating with the Black Leadership Commission on AIDS to produce an AIDS education and prevention program based on Kwanzaa principles. GMAD leaders argued that these interventions helped equip members with the self-esteem necessary to protect themselves from HIV by practicing safer sex.
A Pilot Study of the Effect of Otago Exercise Program on Fall Risk and Quality of Life of Older Women
Authors: Kadir Muammar Irsyad , Hardiyanty Nur , Adliah Fadhia
Published: September 2021

Objective: This study aims to determine the effect of the Otago Exercise Program on the risk of falling and the quality of life of older people.

Methods: The method used was experimental research with pretest-posttest design and control group design, involving 16 participants. Before and after treatment, respondents measured the risk of falling using a Timed-Up-and-Go test (TUGT) and quality of life using the World Health Organization Quality of Life BREF (WHOQL-BREF). Furthermore, the obtained data were analyzed using the paired T-test and independent T-test.

Results: The results showed a significant effect on the risk of fall and the quality of life of the older people in the treatment group. In addition, there were significant different influences on the value of falling risk and quality of life (physical and environmental) between the treatment and control groups.

Conclusion: The Otago exercise program had a significant effect on reducing the risk of falls and improving the quality of life of older people.
Ergonomic Intervention on Physical Therapy Programs Decrease Pain and Disability Level on Subject with Myogenic Low Back Pain: A Case Report
Authors: Prianthara I Made Dhita , Suadnyana Ida Ayu Astiti , Suparwati Komang Tri Adi , Marufa Siti Ainun
Published: September 2021

Introduction: Myogenic Low Back Pain is an uncomfortable pain on the lower back, often caused by musculoskeletal disorders resulting in pain and disability. This case report aims to review ergonomic intervention on physical therapy program on myogenic low back pain.

Case description: A 45-years-old man working as a roof tile craftsman complained of pain in the lower back area and already felt it for 1 month ago. The pain did not radiate to the leg. The patient has no neurological signs and symptoms. Patient-reported that he had experienced the same incident about 9 times in the last 3 years ago. The patient always performed bending motion and lifting the roof tile every day. The patient has been visited physical therapy and received ergonomic intervention and physical therapy programs such as core stability exercise, soft tissue mobilization and modalities for seven weeks. Following the ergonomic intervention and therapeutic exercise application, the Visual Analogue Scale score decreased from 6 to 0. The Modified Oswestry Disability Index score gradually decreased from 60% disability to 0% disability. The patient no longer complained of MLBP and was able to lift the roof tile well.

Conclusion: After a seven-weeks physical therapy treatment session, the patient did not feel pain and can perform forward bending. Modified Oswestry Disability Index score improved and demonstrated improved lifting the roof tile without any complaints. We concluded that the ergonomic intervention combined with physical therapy programs effectively decreased pain and disability level on a subject with MLBP
Exercise Program in Post-Surgical Release of Knee Flexion Contracture in Patient with Osteochondroma: A Case Report
Authors: Motik Deva Natalia , Kurniawati Ida
Published: September 2021

Introduction: Knee flexion contracture is caused by adaptive shortening of the muscles which is marked by the incapability of the knee to fully extend. This condition is associated with long periods of immobilization, pain, and muscle weakness that are caused by various pathological conditions. Post-surgical rehabilitation program is mainly aimed to recover basic lower limb functions through an exercise program.

Case description: A 16-year-old male patient with a history of left-sided knee pain and fixed flexion contracture was undergone a surgical release procedure and diagnosed with osteochondroma. Post-surgical evaluation by physical therapist found muscle atrophy, limited range of motion, and pain on the operated limb. The patient was instructed to do muscle strengthening and active exercise on both legs. Exercise program post-surgery aimed to improve muscle strength, range of motion, functional limb ability and activities of daily living. Improvement in the range of motion of the left knee joint was observed after three sessions of physical therapy intervention.

Conclusion: Exercise program could reduce the muscle contracture and improve the knee joint range of motion in patients with osteochondroma following surgical release procedure.
Tefsir Metinlerinin Hermenötik Analizi -el-Keşşâf Tefsiri Örneği-
Authors: Altay Şeyma
Published: September 2021

Bu çalışmada, asırlardır devam eden Kur’ân’ı anlama çabasının ürünü olan tefsir metinlerini analiz etmeye yönelik bir yöntem sunulmuştur. Yöntem oluşturulurken, müfessiri tarihsel ve toplumsal bir varlık olması yönüyle ele alarak onun yorumlarını analiz etmede faydalanmak amacıyla çeşitli sosyal bilimlerin metodolojilerinden istifade edilmiştir. Teklif edilen yönteme göre tefsir metinleri, eş zamanlı ve art zamanlı kaynak taraması ile elde edilen bilgiler doğrultusunda yakın okuma ve satırarası okuma teknikleri ile analiz edilmelidir. Böylelikle yazarın ayetlere yaklaşımında etkili olan fikirleri, olayları ve nedenlerini tespit etmek mümkün olacaktır. Çalışmada sunulan yöntem, Zemahşerî’nin el-Keşşâf tefsirinden seçilen metinlere uygulanmıştır. İncelenen örneklerde Zemahşerî’nin Kur’ân yorumlarında tecrübelerinin, itikâdî mezhebinin, ilmî birikiminin ve dönemindeki sosyokültürel ortamın etkileri tespit edilmiştir.
STRATEGI SEKOLAH DALAM PRAKTIK PEMBELAJARAN JARAK JAUH PADA SITUASI PANDEMI COVID 19
Authors: HAROMAIN HAROMAIN
Published: September 2021

Artikel ini merupakan hasil penelitian yang menggambarkan tentang pelaksanaan pembelajaran jarak jauh yang difokuskan pada aspek perencanaan, pengorganisasian, implementasi serta pengawasan pembelajaran jarak jauh. Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan rancangan studi kasus pada SMP Negeri 1 Pringgarata. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perencanaan pembelajaran jarak jauh dilakukan melalui rapat umum dan sosialisasi. Pengorganisasian dilakukan dengan menjalin kerjasama diantara komponen sekolah, menyusun jadwal serta membentuk kelompok dan lokasi belajar. Pelaksanaan pembelajaran jarak jauh menggunakan media sosial dan platform e-learning sekolah. Sedangkan pengawasan dilakukan untuk memastikan proses pembelajaran berlangsung sesuai rencana.
Influence of the Change in Total Ozone Column (TOC) on the Occurrence of Tropospheric Ozone Depletion Events (ODEs) in the Antarctic
Authors: Cao Le , Fan Linjie , Li Simeng , Yang Shuangyan
Published: September 2021

Abstract. The occurrence of the tropospheric ozone depletion events (ODEs) in the Antarctic can be influenced by the change in Total Ozone Column (TOC). In this study, we combined the observational data obtained from ground observation stations with two numerical models (TUV and KINAL), to figure out the relationship between the TOC change and the occurrence of ODEs in the Antarctic. A sensitivity analysis was also performed on the change in ozone and major bromine species (BrO, HOBr and HBr) to find out key photolysis reactions determining the impact on the occurrence of tropospheric ODEs brought by the change in TOC. From the analysis of the observational data and the numerical results, we suggested that the occurrence frequency of ODEs in the Antarctic seems negatively correlated with the variation of TOC. Moreover, major ODE accelerating reactions (i.e. photolysis of ozone, H2O2 and HCHO) and decelerating reactions (i.e. photolysis of BrO and HOBr), which heavily control the start of ODEs, were also identified. It was found that when TOC varies, the major ODE accelerating reactions speed up significantly, while major ODE decelerating reactions are only slightly affected, thus leading to the negative dependence of the ODE occurrence on the change in TOC.
Technical note: Entrainment-limited kinetics of bimolecular reactions in clouds
Authors: Holmes Christopher D.
Published: September 2021

Abstract. The method of entrainment-limited kinetics enables atmospheric chemistry models that do not resolve clouds to simulate heterogeneous (surface and multiphase) cloud chemistry more accurately and efficiently than previous numerical methods. The method, which was previously described for reactions with first-order kinetics in clouds, incorporates cloud entrainment into the kinetic rate coefficient. This technical note shows how bimolecular reactions with second-order kinetics in clouds can also be treated with entrainment-limited kinetics, enabling efficient simulations of a wider range of cloud chemistry reactions. Accuracy is demonstrated using oxidation of SO2 to S(VI) – a key step in formation of acid rain – as an example. Over a large range of reaction rates, cloud fractions, and initial reactant concentrations, the numerical errors in the entrainment-limited bimolecular reaction rates are typically << 1 % and always < 4 %, which is far smaller than the errors found in several commonly used methods of simulating cloud chemistry with fractional cloud cover.
REEs associated with carbonatite-alkaline complexes in western Rajasthan, India: exploration targeting at regional-scale
Authors: Aranha Malcolm , Porwal Alok , Sundaralingam Manikandan , González-Álvarez Ignacio , Markan Amber , Rao Karunakar
Published: September 2021

Abstract. A two-stage fuzzy inference system (FIS) is applied to prospectivity modelling and exploration-target delineation for REE deposits associated with carbonatite-alkaline complexes in western part of the state of Rajasthan in India. The design of the FIS and selection of the input predictor map are guided by a generalised conceptual model of carbonatite-alkaline-complexes-related REE mineral systems. In the first stage, three FISs are constructed to map the fertility and favourable geodynamic settings, favourable lithospheric architecture, and favourable shallow crustal (near-surface) architecture, respectively, for REE deposits in the study area. In the second stage, the outputs of the above FISs are integrated to map the prospectivity of REE deposits in the study area. Stochastic and systemic uncertainties in the output prospectivity maps are estimated to facilitate decision making regarding the selection of exploration targets. The study led to identification of prospective targets in the Kamthai-Sarnu-Dandeli and Mundwara regions, where project-scale detailed ground exploration is recommended. Low-confidence targets were identified in the south of the Siwana ring complex, north and northeast of Sarnu-Dandeli, south of Barmer, and south of Mundwara. Detailed geochemical sampling and high-resolution magnetic and radiometric surveys are recommended in these areas to increase the level of confidence in the prospectivity of these targets before undertaking project-scale ground exploration. The prospectivity-analysis workflow presented in this paper can be applied to delineation of exploration targets in geodynamically similar regions globally such as Afar province (East Africa), Paraná-Etendeka (South America and Africa), Siberian (Russia), East European Craton-Kola (Eastern Europe), Central Iapetus (North America, Greenland and the Baltic region), and the Pan-superior province (North America).
Effective hydraulic properties of 3D virtual stony soils identified by inverse modeling
Authors: Naseri Mahyar , Iden Sascha C. , Durner Wolfgang
Published: September 2021

Abstract. Stony soils that have a considerable amount of rock fragments are widespread around the world. However, experiments to determine effective hydraulic properties of stony soils (SHP), i.e. the water retention curve (WRC) and hydraulic conductivity curve (HCC), are challenging. Installation of measurement devices and sensors in these soils is difficult and the data are less reliable because of high local heterogeneity. Therefore, effective properties of stony soils especially in unsaturated hydraulic conditions are still not well understood. An alternative approach to evaluate the SHP of these systems with internal structural heterogeneity is numerical simulation. We used the Hydrus 2D/3D software to create virtual stony soils in 3D and simulate water flow for different volumetric rock fragment contents, f. Soils with volumetric stone contents from 11 to 37 % were created by placing impermeable spheres in the form of rock fragments in a sandy loam soil. Time series of local pressure heads in various depths, mean water contents and fluxes across the upper boundary were generated in a virtual evaporation experiment. Additionally, a multi-step unit gradient simulation was applied to determine effective values of hydraulic conductivity near saturation up to pF = 2. The generated data were evaluated by inverse modeling, assuming a homogeneous system, and the effective hydraulic properties were identified. The effective properties were compared with predictions from available scaling models of SHP for different volumes of rock fragments. Our results showed that scaling the WRC of the background soil based on only the value of f gives acceptable results in the case of impermeable rock fragments. However, the reduction of conductivity could not be simply scaled by the value of f. Predictions were highly improved by applying the Novák, Maxwell, and GEM models to scale the HCC. The Maxwell model matched the numerically identified HCC best.
The severity and frequency distribution of endometriosis subtypes at different ages: a model to understand the natural history of endometriosis based on single centre/single surgeon data
Authors: Koninckx P.R. , Ussia A , Wattiez A , Adamyan L , Martin D.C. , Gordts S
Published: September 2021

Background and Objective: to study the natural history of endometriosis.

Materials and methods: the analysis of all women (n=2086) undergoing laparoscopy for pelvic pain and endometriosis between 1988 and 2011 at University Hospital Gasthuisberg.

Main outcome measures: the severity of subtle, typical, cystic and deep endometriosis in adult women, with or without a pregnancy, as estimated by their pelvic area and their volume.

Results: the number of women undergoing a laparoscopy increased up to 28 years of age and decreased thereafter. Between 24 and 44 years, the severity and relative frequencies of subtle, typical, cystic and deep lesions did not vary significantly. The number of women younger than 20 years was too small to ascertain the impression of less severe lesions. The severity of endometriosis lesions was not less in women with 1 or more previous pregnancies or with previous surgery. There was no bias over time since the type and severity of endometriosis lesions remained constant between 1988 and 2011.

Conclusions: severity of endometriosis does not increase between 24 and 44 years of age, suggesting that growth is limited by intrinsic or extrinsic factors. Severity was not lower in women with a previous pregnancy.

What is new: considering the time needed for lesions to become symptomatic together with the diagnostic delay, the decreasing number of laparoscopies after age 28 is compatible with a progressively declining risk of initiating endometriosis lesions after menarche, the remaining women being progessively less susceptible.
Survey: acceptability of opportunistic bilateral salpingectomy in Flanders
Authors: Maryns A.S. , Makar A , Hamerlynck T , De Vree B , Tummers P , Tjalma W.A.A.
Published: September 2021

Background: The VVOG (Flemish Society of Obstetrics and Gynaecology) published a consensus statement promoting opportunistic bilateral salpingectomy (OBS).

Objectives: The aim of the study was to obtain insight into the current opinion and general practice of Flemish gynaecologists to counsel and perform OBS.

Materials and Methods: A questionnaire was distributed to Flemish gynaecologists three months following publication.

Main outcome measures: The drawbacks and incentives to counsel and perform OBS were questioned.

Results: Complete response rate was obtained from 99 gynaecologists (17%) and 37 trainees (19%). The majority of respondents (77%) always counselled for OBS in patients scheduled for hysterectomy without oophorectomy. Eighteen per cent counselled only above a certain age cut off and/or if patient was already menopausal. The most important incentive to counsel in cases of hysterectomy by the abdominal approach and vaginal hysterectomy (VH) was the opportunity to prevent ovarian cancer. The yet-undetermined risk of premature ovarian failure was mentioned as the most important barrier in counselling women for OBS in those undergoing hysterectomy by the abdominal approach. For VH, the respondents saw the risk of complications and increased surgical time as the most important barriers. Sixty-one percent of gynaecologists preferred to perform bilateral salpingectomy as sterilisation method.

Conclusions: Our study suggests that the concept of OBS is already well known in Flanders. There is a positive attitude towards the routine implementation of OBS, although some barriers and doubts about an age cut-off still exist in practice.
Localised childhood vulvar pemphigoid: a rare case study
Authors: Peeters A.S. , Dhont N , Stals H
Published: September 2021

In this case report we present a young patient with localised childhood vulvar pemphigoid. It is a rare variant of bullous pemphigoid with mostly a favourable prognosis and prompt response to potent topical corticosteroids. She presented with relapsing vulvar pain and lesions. Our case enlightens the recognition of this unusual subtype and the importance of performing a cutaneous biopsy.
Daily practice management of septate uterus: reproductive outcome after septoplasty
Authors: Rousseau L , Brichant G , Timmermans M , Nisolle M , Tebache L
Published: September 2021

Background: Septate uterus is the most common uterine malformation found in women presenting poor reproductive history. Hysteroscopic septoplasty (HS) restores the uterine anatomy in a safe procedure.

Objectives: The goal of our study is to determine the reproductive outcomes after HS of symptomatic septate uterus.

Materials and Methods: In a retrospective observational single centre study the reproductive outcomes and complications after HS were evaluated in 31 women with symptomatic septate uterus. The patients were separated into two groups according to the symptoms - infertility or recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL).

Main outcome measures were the pregnancy and live birth rate and secondarily the complication rate. Furthermore, the results were analysed depending on the need of assisted reproductive techniques (ART).

Results: The treatment has resulted in an overall pregnancy rate of 71% for both groups. The spontaneous pregnancy rate is 45% and 8 pregnancies resulted from ART (26%). The overall first live birth rate is 51.6%. A decrease has been noticed in the miscarriage rate from 95.24% to 24% (p<0.001) in the overall population.

Conclusions: In patients with a symptomatic septate uterus hysteroscopic septoplasty is a safe and effective procedure. The favourable results pointing out the benefits of surgery on the reproductive outcomes as well as the relatively simple and safe technique of HS make the intervention attractive.
A protocol for developing, disseminating, and implementing a core outcome set for adenomyosis research
Authors: Tellum T , Naftalin J , Hirsch M , Saridogan E , Jurkovic D
Published: September 2021

Background: Adenomyosis is a common benign gynaecological condition that has been associated with heavy and/or painful periods, subfertility and poor obstetric outcomes including miscarriage and preterm delivery. Studies evaluating treatments for adenomyosis have reported a wide range of outcomes and outcome measures. This variation in outcomes and outcome measures prevents effective data synthesis, thereby hampering the ability of meta-analyses to draw useful conclusions and inform clinical practice.

Objectives: Our aim is to develop a minimum set of outcomes to be reported in all future studies that investigate any uterus-sparing intervention for treating uterine adenomyosis. Wide adoption of ‘core outcomes’ into research on adenomyosis would reduce the heterogeneity of studies and make data synthesis easier. This will ultimately lead to comparable, prioritised, and patient-centred conclusions from meta-analyses and guidelines.

Materials and Methods: Outcomes identified from a systematic review of the literature will form a long list, agreed by an international steering group representing key stakeholders, including healthcare professionals, researchers, and public research partners. Through a modified Delphi process, key stakeholders will score outcomes from the agreed long list on a nine-point Likert scale that ranges from 1 (not important) to 9 (critical). Following the Delphi process, the refined outcome set will be finalised by the steering group. Finally, the steering group will develop recommendations for high-quality measures for each outcome. The study was prospectively registered with Core Outcome Measures in Effectiveness Trials Initiative; number 1649.

Conclusion: The implementation of the core outcome set for adenomyosis in future trials will enhance the availability of comparable data to facilitate more patient-centred evidence-based care.

What is new? The core outcome set will facilitate the generation of clinically important and patient centred outcomes for studies evaluating treatments for adenomyosis.
Teaching writing as public work: John Macmillan Brown and ‘practical’ composition
Authors: Gerrard Hannah
Published: September 2021

John Macmillan Brown, Professor of Classics and English at Canterbury College,

was one of the first teachers of writing in a New Zealand university. Here I examine

how his composition pedagogy offers a relationship between English instruction,

academic success, and professional and public life, which remains relevant and

provocative today. I suggest that the move away from Macmillan Brown’s pedagogy

can be located in a history of student writing in the New Zealand university and its

increasing marginalisation, as a result of limited teaching resources and the challenge

of instituting a liberal arts model for university education. Acknowledging the

complexity of Macmillan Brown’s ‘practical’ pedagogical project, I also suggest that

attention to such teaching might put pressure on histories of the university that

prioritise the development of research capacity, and can serve to denaturalise and

explain some of our present-day assumptions about the teaching of writing and

literacy in the university
‘I don’t think we’re seen as a nuisance’: the positioning of postgraduate learning advisors in New Zealand universities
Authors: Strauss Pat
Published: September 2021

New Zealand universities host linguistically and culturally diverse cohorts of

students. Many of these students, both first and second language speakers of English,

struggle to achieve their potential because their academic language skills do not meet

the requirements of the academy. Despite the acknowledged need to facilitate the

improvement of all students’ language skills, in particular the ability to write clearly

and cogently, the learning advisors at each university who are tasked with assisting

this development are, on the whole, not held is in high esteem by the institutions they

serve. This lack of regard makes it difficult for them to be effective in helping

students reach their full potential. This article sought to capture the perspectives of

postgraduate learning advisors at universities around New Zealand, which might have

relevance for those based elsewhere. It concludes with some suggestions as to how

advisors might strengthen their position and gain recognition for the contribution they

make in the postgraduate sector.
Comparison of Intrauterine Device Insertion-Related Pain and Ease of Procedure at Different Times During Menstruation
Authors: Hocaoğlu Meryem , Günay Taner , Demirçivi Bor Ergül , Nur Ayşe Gül , Turgut Abdulkadir , Karateke Ateş
Published: September 2021

Objective: Fear of pain during the copper intrauterine device (Cu-IUD) insertion may lead patients to reject this highly effective birth control method. The aim of this study was to investigate the pain scores associated with IUD insertion and the ease of procedure at different times during menstruation. Method: In this prospective cohort trial, eligible women received IUD at three-time segments of menstruation: Group I, at 0.5 to 0.69-time segment (n=53); Group II, at 0.7 to 0.89-time segment (n=67); and Group III, at 0.9 to 1-time segment (n=72). The time segments during menstruation were calculated for each participant by dividing the menstrual cycle day of IUD insertion to total number of menses days. The score of pain experienced at different steps of IUD insertion during and five min. after the procedure measured by Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale (WBS) and the ease of insertion were compared among groups. Results: There were significant differences in age (p=0.011) and time since the last delivery (p=0.017). After adjusting for potential confounding factors, the mean WBS score and the ease of insertion were not statistically significant among groups, respectively (p=0.664 and p=0.149). The most painful step was observed as uterine sounding (median, 4 [interquartile range {IQR}, 2]). No significant correlation was observed between WBS scores, the ease of insertion, and main characteristics of the participants. Conclusion: The most painful step of IUD insertion was observed as uterine sounding. IUD insertion-related pain and the ease of procedure do not appear to be different at any time in the second half of menstruation.
Ante las metas 230 del convenio de biodiversidad. ¿Es la gobernanza de las áreas protegidas una alternativa a la gobernanza política tradicional?
Authors: Martín Guillermo
Published: September 2021

Decisions on the future conformation of the planet and its biosphere will soon have to be made. About 30% of the globe under different categories will be declared a protected area by 2030. Such determination on international level, perhaps unique in its kind due to its territorial scope, will lead to the re-conformation and resignification of enormous spaces. For a century and a half, protected areas have been changing their purposes; it is now necessary to review their governance and the effectiveness of their management, which should not replicate that of unprotected territories. High social and environmental expectations will fall on marginal public institutions within their governments. Many of them dream that these territories will provide alternative models to those offered by traditional governance, projecting non-environmental political utopias and adding complexity. The objective of this work is to evaluate the challenge and lay out criteria to confront it. To this end, demands and feasibility in the case of Argentina are analyzed through two scenarios, estimating the necessary resources and pointing out possible criteria. It is concluded that many priorities must be reformulated in the country and the world to meet a new territoriality since the environmental governance is a good alternative, which is as much in crisis as the traditional one.
Some Naturalized and Wilded Woody Plants in the Vcinity of Tbilisi
Authors: Eradze Nino , Nadiradze Tamar
Published: September 2021

The article deals with the contemporary condition of some naturalized and wilded woody plants in the vicinity of Tbilisi: Koelreuteria paniculata Laxm., Cercis siliquastrum L., Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle., Fraxinus ornus L. and the nature of their participation in phytocenoses. The research took place in Tbilisi surrounding, approximately in 20 places. The study revealed that Koelreuteria paniculata Laxm., Cercis siliquastrum L. Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle, Fraxinus ornus L., are distinguished by aggression, and those who have a high coefficient of multiplication, propagate well by seeds and root shoots. Besides, they get well into natural and artificial phytocenoses, and win in competition with local and introduced plants and micro groupings, causing their transformation. It is necessary to limit the spread of these introduced plants, in order to avoid complete destruction of local phytcenoses and decorative plants.
For Structural-Semantic Perception of Georgian Short Prose Titles
Authors: Geldiashvili Nunu
Published: September 2021

We consider the analysis of the linguistic aspects of titles as one of the important components of the study of Georgian short prose, as it is an integral part of the text and a kind of mediator with the reader. That is why the difficult task facing writers i.e. the meaning of a title which represents a phrase consisting of one or more words - is special. A poorly thought-out title can diminish the meaning of the text, or, if it effectively exceeds the content of the text, disappoint the reader. The title is also seen not only as an indicator of the author's style, but also as an expression of the artistic-cultural thinking in which it was created. In this paper, we discuss the main features of the structure and semantics of the titles of small prose samples.Most of the titles in Georgian short prose samples representone full word; there are relatively few samles of two, three, four and more-member cases. Expressionism and gradation are mainly served by lexical repetition, synonymy and antonymy. In the paper we draw the main conclusions based on the qualitative, quantitative, analysis and synthesis methods of research.
Analysis of Marketing Strategy of PT. ERP as a Modern Smartphone Retailer
Authors: Aqmarina Izzati , Suroso Arif Imam , Ratono Joko
Published: September 2021

In the last five years, smartphone sales have increased by an average of 2% annually. This increase is supported by the era of globalization and technology that makes smartphones become one of the needs at this time. At the level of competition between modern retail players who are very competitive, directly causing PT. ERP should carry out a strategy to increase its sales. PT. ERP as one of the retail players needs to recognize the strengths and weaknesses of the company in competition against competitors and need to recognize the opportunities and threats that exist in the market. Considering this background, the objectives of this study are: (1) Analyzing the market share of PT sales. ERP and sales volume growth rate (2) analyze internal strengths and weaknesses pt. ERP and opportunities and threats to PT. ERP (3) formulate and effective marketing strategy for PT. ERP to increase sales. This study employed the descriptive with guided group discussion, in-depth interviews and using BCG matrix anaylze and so SWOT analysis. The result showed that, PT ERP should focus on strengthening marketing materials related to the officiality of the product, as well as vigorously conducting exchange promos for outlets located in the Mall, WO strategy that can be applied is cooperation with brands related to sales training, as well as ST Strategy is to open outlets outside the Mall, while the WT strategy that can be done is strengthening the price strategy and the implementation of scheduled promotions.

Keywords: BCG, PT. ERP, Retail, Smartphone, SWOT.
Maximum Likelihood Estimation using the EM Algorithm
Authors: Lanani Ahsene
Published: September 2021

This paper yields with the Maximum likelihood estimation using the EM algorithm. This algorithm is very used to solve nonlinear equations with missing data. We estimated the linear mixed model parameters and those of the variance-covariance matrix. The considered structure of this matrix is not necessarily linear.

Keywords: Algorithm EM; Maximum likelihood; Mixed linear model.
School-Family Interagency to Enhance Students’ Active Participation
Authors: Rusmadji Aloysius , Raharjo Tri Joko , . Rustono
Published: September 2021

Partnership is considered the key to the education and school improvement. In Indonesia, Law no 3 of 2003 articulates that the school-family partnership is a priority program to improve the quality of education. This study examined a model of the teacher-parent collaboration to increase the students’ active participation in the learning process for schools situated in poor villages and parental low education (82%) in remote villages of Regency Keerom, Papua, Indonesia. The results of the multivariate analysis indicated that interactive monitoring has significant effect (.265) on students’ participation in the learning process in the classroom, while parenting or direnct accompaniment of the parents to their children during the learning at home has greater effect (.415) We conclude, therefore, school-family partnership, a combination of monitoring-accompaniment, is a boost for children to actively participate in the learning process in school.

Keywords: partnership, interactive monitoring, parenting, active participation.