bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
iORbase: A database for the prediction of the structures and functions of insect olfactory receptors
Authors: Li Qian , Zhang Yi‐Feng , Zhang Tian‐Min , Wan Jia‐Hui , Zhang Yu‐Dan , Yang Hui , Huang Yuan , Xu Chang , Li Gang , Lu Hui‐Meng
Published: December 2022

Insect olfactory receptors (iORs) with atypical 7‐transmembrane domains, unlike Chordata olfactory receptors, are not in the GPCR protein family. iORs selectively bind to volatile ligands in the environment and affect essential insect behaviors. In this study, we constructed a new platform (iORbase, https://www.iorbase.com) for the structural and functional analysis of iORs based on a combined algorithm for gene annotation and protein structure prediction. Moreover, it provides the option to calculate the binding affinities and binding residues between iORs and pheromone molecules by virtual screening of docking. Furthermore, iORbase supports the automatic structural and functional prediction of user‐submitted iORs or pheromones. iORbase contains the well‐analyzed results of approximately 6 000 iORs and their 3D protein structures identified from 59 insect species and 2 077 insect pheromones from the literature, as well as approximately 12 million pairs of simulated interactions between functional iORs and pheromones. We also built 4 online modules, iORPDB, iInteraction, iModelTM, and iOdorTool to easily retrieve and visualize the 3D structures and interactions. iORbase can help greatly improve the experimental efficiency and success rate, identify new insecticide targets, or develop electronic nose technology. This study will shed light on the olfactory recognition mechanism and evolutionary characteristics from the perspectives of omics and macroevolution.
Fostering an inclusive workplace for LGBTQIA+ people in radiology and radiation oncology
Authors: Bird Alix , Zavaletta Vaz , Carroll Evelyn F , McGinnis Hirschel , Newsome Janice , Gichoya Judy , Oakden‐Rayner Lauren
Published: December 2022

The inclusion and celebration of LGBTQIA+ staff in radiology and radiation oncology departments is crucial in developing a diverse and thriving workplace. Despite the substantial social change in Australia, LGBTQIA+ people still experience harassment and exclusion, negatively impacting their well‐being and workplace productivity. We need to be proactive in creating policies that are properly implemented and translate to a safe and inclusive space for marginalised groups. In this work, we outline the role we all can play in creating inclusive environments, for both individuals and leaders working in radiology and radiation oncology. We can learn how to avoid normative assumptions about gender and sexuality, respect people's identities and speak out against witnessed discrimination or slights. Robust policies are needed to protect LGBTQIA+ members from discrimination and provide equal access across other pertinent parts of work life such as leave entitlements, representation in data collection and safe bathroom access. We all deserve to feel safe and respected at work and further effort is needed to ensure this extends to LGBTQIA+ staff in the radiology and radiation oncology workforces.
Ants as mealybug detectors: a novel tool for monitoring Planococcus ficus infestation based on ant behaviour
Authors: Castracani Cristina , Giannetti Daniele , Spotti Fiorenza A. , Schifani Enrico , Ghizzoni Martina , Delaiti Marco , Penner Francesco , Leonardi Stefano , Mori Alessandra , Ioriatti Claudio , Grasso Donato A.
Published: December 2022

Vineyards are economically valuable agroecosystems that have spread to all continents. As such, sustainable management of their pests is an important goal. Mealybugs are serious pests of vines with Planococcus ficus (VMB) being the most problematic worldwide. Mealybugs are attended by different ant species, whose trophobiotic relationship is often considered damaging since some ant species may offer effective protection from natural enemies in exchange for honeydew.

We tested whether this trophobiosis can be used as a VMB monitoring tool, developing a protocol to evaluate infestation on the plants based on ant behaviour (Ant method). We compared this new protocol with the conventional one, consisting in visual counting of VMBs on infested leaves (Leaf method).

Our results demonstrated that the Ant method yielded significant advantages over the Leaf method by: (i) allowing to detect VMB infestation on individual plants much earlier; and (ii) allowing to keep track of VMB presence after pest treatments.

The Ant method is proposed as a valid complementary tool for integrated pest management in vineyards and its successful achievement encourage searching for further agricultural contexts in which ants may be revaluated as a monitoring tool.
The effect of changing dialysate bicarbonate concentration on serum bicarbonate, body weight and normalized nitrogen appearance rate
Authors: Law Steven , Davenport Andrew
Published: December 2022

Introduction

Most hemodialysis machines deliver a fixed bicarbonate concentration. Higher concentrations may improve acidosis, but risk post‐hemodialysis alkalosis, whereas lower concentrations potentially increase acidosis but reduce alkalosis. We reviewed the effects of lowering dialysate bicarbonate.

Methods

We reviewed peri‐dialysis chemistries in patients switching to a lower bicarbonate dialysate at 4 time points over 19 months.

Results

We studied 126 patients, mean age 63.7 ± 16.3 years, 57.9% males. Post‐hemodialysis alkalosis fell from 1.6 to 0.3% sessions, but pre‐hemodialysis acidosis increased from 11.9 to 23.8% sessions (p = 0.005) reducing dialysate bicarbonate from 32 to 28 mmol/L. After 3 months, pre‐hemodialysis serum bicarbonate fell (21.1 ± 2.3 to 19.8 ± 2.2 mmol/L), and post‐hemodialysis (24.9 ± 2.1 to 22.5 ± 2.0 mmol/L, p < 0.001) with a fall in pre‐hemodialysis weight from 74.6 ± 20.7 to 71.7 ± 18.2 kg, normalized protein nitrogen accumulation rate 0.8 ± 0.28 to 0.77 ± 0.2 g/kg/day, p < 0.05, and serum albumin 39.7 ± 4.2 to 37.7 ± 4.9 g/L, p < 0.001. Thereafter, apart from pre‐ and post‐hemodialysis serum bicarbonate, weight and normalized protein nitrogen accumulation stabilized, although albumin remained lower (37.6 ± 4.0 g/L, p < 0.001). On multivariate logistic analysis, serum bicarbonate increased more with lower pre‐hemodialysis bicarbonate standardized coefficient β 0.5 (95% confidence interval −0.6 to −0.42), increased normalized protein nitrogen accumulation β 0.2 (0.96 to 2.38), p < 0.001, and session time β 0.09, (0.47 to 5.98), p < 0.022, and less with lower dialysate bicarbonate 0.0–0.23 (−1.54 to −0.74), p < 0.001.

Conclusion

Increases in SE‐Bic with hemodialysis, depend on the bicarbonate gradient, session time and nPNA. Lower D‐Bic reduces post‐hemodialysis alkalosis but increases pre‐hemodialysis acidosis and may initially have adverse effects on weight and normalized protein nitrogen accumulation.
Mirror, mirror, on the social media … WeChat Moments usage and negative body image among female college students: Evidence from ecological momentary assessment data
Authors: Yu Mengke , Sun Xiaomin , Xu Yan , Liu Zhenzhen , Wu Yi , Yang Shuting , Luo Fang
Published: December 2022

Negative body image is prevalent among women and may lead to physical and mental health problems. Social media—including China's most popular platform, WeChat Moments—aggregates multiple aspects of appearance‐related pressure and therefore is an important risk factor for negative body image. The current study examines the relationship between WeChat Moments usage and body image among female college students and the mediating mechanism of body surveillance. A sample of 151 female college students completed a 7‐day ecological momentary assessment (EMA), responded to three surveys per day, and provided a total of 2949 EMA responses. We used multilevel structural equation modeling (MSEM) to examine the hypothesized models at both the between‐ and within‐individual levels. The results showed that both overall WeChat Moments usage and appearance‐related exposure on WeChat Moments were inversely and indirectly related to body image through the mediating role of body surveillance at the between‐individual level. However, both overall WeChat Moments usage and appearance‐related exposure on WeChat Moments were positively and indirectly related to body image through body surveillance at the within‐individual level. Our findings indicate that WeChat Moments usage is associated with college women's body image differently at the between‐ and within‐individual level, and body surveillance serves as a crucial underlying mechanism.
Acute gastric twist after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy: A case series
Authors: Chamaa Bilal , Mouawad Christian , Dahboul Houssam , El Feghali Elie , Kazan Daniel , Sleilati Fadi
Published: December 2022

Introduction

Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) has become the most performed bariatric procedure. Like any surgical intervention, LSG is not free from complications. One of the rarest complications is gastric sleeve stenosis, caused by either stricture or axial rotation of the stomach (twisted gastric tube). There is no consensus on the management of such a complication due to several underlying mechanisms and different timings of presentation.

Methods

Between July 1, 2021 and December 31, 2021, we encountered three cases of acute gastric twist following LSG, and all of them required surgical intervention. All data (imaging results, operative reports and videos, discharge summaries, etc.) were retrospectively collected and analyzed after obtaining patients' informed consent.

Results

We report three cases of acute gastric twist post‐sleeve gastrectomy, diagnosed by different imaging modalities which showed localized distal gastric twist. All patients underwent exploratory laparoscopy which confirmed gastric sleeve twist. Gastropexy by fixation of the gastric tube to the transverse mesocolon was done in the first case which presented a localized partial distal twist, and a gastro‐jejunal anastomosis proximal to the gastric twist was performed in the two other cases to bypass the obstruction. All of them had excellent postoperative results and a total symptomatic resolution.

Conclusion

We considered gastric tube fixation to the transverse mesocolon as a feasible option when the twist is local and partial. We also presented a new surgical modality to treat local complete distal gastric twist by a single gastro‐jejunal latero‐lateral anastomosis proximal to the twist, which seems safe and effective. The best method to treat such a complication is to prevent it by giving special attention to the different technical aspects of LSG.
Reproductive Governance in Nordeste/Northeast (Juan Solanas, 2005, Argentina/France/Belgium/Spain)
Authors: Carruthers Anne
Published: December 2022

Juan Solanas's 2005 film Nordeste/Northeast problematised maternity by presenting two female characters who conform to cultural or trans‐cultural norms of the Global North and South and personify the narratives of transnational trade. As Lynn M. Morgan and Elizabeth F. S. Roberts argue, ‘reproductive governance’ is a useful analytical tool for understanding how political rationalities affect the reproductive lives of women in Latin America and globally. Reproductive governance can also be used as a lens to analyse how contradictions and ambivalences are built into the lived experience of abortion and adoption as the complexity of maternity.
Mouse vaginal development with lateral enlargement at late embryonic stages and caudal elongation after birth
Authors: Harada Masayo , Akita Keiichi
Published: December 2022

Müllerian ducts give rise to the oviducts, uterus, cervix, and vagina. During female reproductive tract development in mice, the bilateral Müllerian duct epithelium grows caudally until reaching the urogenital sinus epithelium. This is followed by further caudal growth with the reduction of the urogenital sinus epithelium. Finally, the vaginal epithelium of adult mice is entirely derived from the Müllerian duct epithelium. Here, we explored the mechanisms underlying mouse vaginal development via cell proliferation, apoptosis, and lineage analyses. We found that at the late embryonic stages, apoptosis occurred at the attachment site of bilateral Müllerian duct epithelia below the cervix, resulting in bilateral lumen traffic. The Müllerian duct epithelium was enclosed by the urogenital sinus epithelium at their boundary region on embryonic day (E) 16.5, whereas the Müllerian duct epithelium encased the urogenital sinus epithelium at postnatal day (P) 0 through lateral enlargement. Lateral Müllerian duct enlargement was accompanied by focal ERK activation within the curved epithelial tips and the specific localization of mitotic nuclei on the luminal side of the Müllerian duct epithelial layer at E17.5. Descent of the Müllerian duct epithelium and shortening of the urogenital sinus epithelium occurred rapidly after birth, accompanied by cell proliferation in the Müllerian duct epithelium and its peripheral mesenchymal tissues as well as intense apoptosis in the urogenital sinus epithelium around their boundary region. Urogenital sinus epithelium was localized at the base of the vagina at P7. In conclusion, the mouse vagina develops laterally at the late embryonic stages and caudally after birth.
Diversity of cortical bone morphology in anuran amphibians
Authors: Kondo Yoshiaki , Iwamoto Rina , Takahashi Takumi , Suganuma Kaito , Kato Hideaki , Nakamura Hiroaki , Yukita Akira
Published: December 2022

The cortical bones of mammals, birds, and reptiles are composed of a complex of woven bone and lamellar bone (fibrolamellar bone) organized into a variety of different patterns; however, it remains unclear whether amphibians possess similar structures. Importantly, to understand the evolutionary process of limb bones in tetrapods, it is necessary to compare the bone structure of amphibians (aquatic to terrestrial) with that of amniotes (mostly terrestrial). Therefore, this study compared the cortical bones in the long bones of several frog species before and after metamorphosis. Using micro‐computed tomography (CT), we found that the cortical bones in the fibrolamellar bone of Xenopus tropicalis (Pipoidea superfamily) and Lithobates catesbeianus (Ranoidea superfamily) froglets are dense, whereas those of Ceratophrys cranwelli (Hyloidea superfamily) are porous. To clarify whether these features are common to their superfamily or sister group, four other frog species were examined. Histochemical analyses revealed porous cortical bones in C. ornata and Lepidobatrachus laevis (belonging to the same family, Ceratophryidae, as C. cranwelli). However, the cortical bones of Dryophytes japonicus (Hylidae, a sister group of Ceratophryidae in the Hyloidea superfamily), Microhyla okinavensis (Microhylidae, independent of the Hyloidea superfamily), and Pleurodeles waltl, a newt as an outgroup of anurans, are dense with no observed cavities. Our findings demonstrate that at least three members of the Ceratophryidae family have porous cortical bones similar to those of reptiles, birds, and mammals, suggesting that the process of fibrolamellar bone formation arose evolutionarily in amphibians and is conserved in the common ancestor of amniotes.
Digoxigenin‐labeled RNA probes for untranslated regions enable the isoform‐specific gene expression analysis of myosin heavy chains in whole‐mount in situ hybridization
Authors: Tanji Masafumi , Wada Keitaro , Sakamoto Keita , Ono Yudai , Inui Masafumi
Published: December 2022

Myosin heavy chains (MyHCs), which are encoded by myosin heavy chain (Myh) genes, are the most abundant proteins in myofiber. Among the 11 sarcomeric Myh isoform genes in the mammalian genome, seven are mainly expressed in skeletal muscle. Myh genes/MyHC proteins share a common role as force producing units with highly conserved sequences, but have distinct spatio‐temporal expression patterns. As such, the expression patterns of Myh genes/MyHC proteins are considered as molecular signatures of specific fiber types or the regenerative status of mammalian skeletal muscles. Immunohistochemistry is widely used for identifying MyHC expression patterns; however, this method is costly and is not ideal for whole‐mount samples, such as embryos. In situ hybridization (ISH) is another versatile method for the analysis of gene expression, but is not commonly applied for Myh genes, partly because of the highly homologous sequences of Myh genes. Here we demonstrate that an ISH analysis with the untranslated region (UTR) sequence of Myh genes is cost‐effective and specific method for analyzing the Myh gene expression in whole‐mount samples. Digoxigenin (DIG)‐labeled antisense probes for UTR sequences, but not for protein coding sequences, specifically detected the expression patterns of respective Myh isoform genes in both embryo and adult skeletal muscle tissues. UTR probes also revealed the isoform gene‐specific polarized localization of Myh mRNAs in embryonic myofibers, which implied a novel mRNA distribution mechanism. Our data suggested that the DIG‐labeled UTR probe is a cost‐effective and versatile method to specifically detect skeletal muscle Myh genes in a whole‐mount analysis.
Historical data reveal contrasting habitat amount relationships with plant biodiversity
Authors: Ridding Lucy E. , Spake Rebecca , Newton Adrian C. , Keith Sally A. , Walls Robin M. , Diaz Anita , Eigenbrod Felix , Bullock James M.
Published: December 2022

Assessing habitat loss effects on biodiversity is a major focus of ecological research. The relationship between habitat amount and biodiversity, postulated in the habitat amount hypothesis, is usually assessed at one point in time, which does not account for habitat loss as a temporal process. We examined habitat amount effects at two time periods, 1930s and 2010s, using plant data from three semi‐natural habitats: calcareous grassland, heathland and broadleaved woodland, across Dorset, southern England. Woodlands, which changed little in area over the time period, showed minimal effects of habitat amount on species occurrence in both time periods. For grassland and heathland, which had undergone severe losses over the study period, we found the expected positive relationship in the 2010s, but the relationship was negative for these habitats in the 1930s. We explored possible reasons for this result. Total perimeter‐to‐area ratio (TPAR) showed positive effects in the 1930s for grassland and heathland, suggesting effects of habitat configuration, specifically edge. However, TPAR was highly correlated with habitat amount so this finding is speculative. One possible explanation for the relationships with habitat amount, and the change between the two periods could be the quality of the surrounding matrix. In the 1930s, the landscape was less intensified and was dominated by semi‐natural habitats, whereas by the 2010s much had been converted to arable and intensive grasslands. We speculate that species could likely utilise the matrix to a greater degree in the 1930s compared with the 2010s when the matrix was more hostile, thereby decreasing the importance of habitat amount in the 1930s compared with the 2010s. These findings have important implications for conservation, as they show the importance of context (i.e. matrix quality) in determining the relationship between habitat amount and biodiversity.
Competencies for dental public health specialists: A thematic analysis
Authors: Malekmohammadi Mahsa , Ghasemi Hadi , Khoshnevisan Mohammad H. , Hosseini Fakhrolsadat
Published: December 2022

Introduction

Competency frameworks have been used to accurately guide the training and assessment of professionals. Dental Public Health professionals require a variety of skills beyond clinical aspects to meet ongoing social, economic, epidemiologic, technological, etc. developments. The purpose of this study was to develop a primary competency framework for dental public health (DPH) professionals by reviewing existing documents that can be modified by authorities based on their needs.

Materials and Methods

To identify DPH competencies, first a literature review of current postgraduate DPH competencies was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Google from May to June 2021. All English language documents addressing DPH competencies were included and transferred to MAXQDA software. Next, DPH competency domains were extracted and defined, using Clarke and Braun's six‐step qualitative thematic analysis method.

Results

In total, 206 English documents were retrieved. After exclusion of 201 documents due to being duplicate or not related in screening stages, five full‐text English documents describing competencies of DPH specialists from the United Kingdom, the United States, Australia and New Zealand, Canada, and Ireland were reviewed. Thematic analysis led to the provision of a framework consisting of all mentioned competencies in the reviewed documents including nine domains in education, research, management, policy, communication, leadership, professionalism, oral health status, and oral health services.

Conclusion

The proposed primary framework covers all competency domains and, as a comprehensive tool, can be used as a guide by local, national, and international authorities to develop their own frameworks for training and evaluating the DPH workforce.
Monitoring sedimentary areas from mine waste products with Sentinel‐2 satellite images: A case study in theSEof Spain
Authors: Pereira Inés , Alcalde‐Aparicio Sara , Ferrer‐Julià Montserrat , Carreño María Francisca , García‐Meléndez Eduardo
Published: December 2022

Torrential rainfall regimes, among others, are the origin of accelerated soil erosion. The Spanish southeastern Mediterranean region is characterised by an arid climate regime affected by extreme erosion episodes with an important loss of sediments. Soil erosion effects are even more noticeable in areas where soil has been anthropically degraded, as in the mining district ofSierra Minera de Cartagena. The present research focuses on monitoring and mapping the changes in the sediment distribution of iron oxides and hydroxyl (OH−) bearing minerals caused by a cold drop known in Spanish as 'DANA' in September 2019 on theRambla del Beal. This shortramblais fed by sediments from its drainage basin and by mining residues, irrigating a wide agricultural area. When discharges overflow theramblachannel, residues spread over its floodplain and reach the ecological protected coastal lagoonMar Menor. The objective of the study was mapping the mineral distribution of the mining materials eroded from the source areas and sedimented inRambla del Bealduring a DANA. The study was carried out using a pre‐ and a post‐DANA image from the Sentinel‐2 satellite. After masking vegetation, urban areas and water bodies, different band ratios (B4/B3, B11/B12, B8A/B6) and a Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM) classification were applied. Sediment deposits were identified in wider areas after the DANA. Iron oxides increased their extension by 11.08% in the central area (B3/B4 with R2of 0.84) and hydroxyl‐bearing minerals increased by 8.95% in theRambla del Beal's headwaters (B11/B12 withR2of 0.71). The SAM classification (with a 0.1 rad threshold and an overall accuracy of 87.33%) allowed the differentiation and classification of two ferric iron oxides (haematite and goethite) and one iron hydrous sulphate mineral (jarosite). Additionally, band ratio images were spatially overlaid with the soil land uses map layer of the cadastre in order to plot the land uses most affected by the transported sediments during the DANA. These results highlighted agricultural land as the areas (land uses) most affected by iron oxides deposition, as oxidation processes occur more rapidly in these areas. However, grassland and scrubland were the areas with the highest content of hydroxyl‐bearing minerals, as water is accumulated in these places, which favours hydrolysis reactions.

Highlights

Torrential events can relocate large volumes of contaminated sediments from former mining areas.

Sentinel‐2 allows monitoring mine waste iron‐sulphate changes caused by weathering alteration.

Spatial mineralogical pattern in sediments is controlled by geomorphology and flood dynamics.

The proposed digital image analysis allows mapping short‐term evolution of mine waste sediments.
Duration of epileptic seizure types: A data‐driven approach
Authors: Meritam Larsen Pirgit , Wüstenhagen Stephan , Terney Daniella , Gardella Elena , Aurlien Harald , Beniczky Sándor
Published: December 2022

Objective

To determine the duration of epileptic seizure types in patients who did not undergo withdrawal of antiseizure medication.

Methods

From a large, structured database of 11 919 consecutive, routine video‐electroencephalograpy (EEG) recordings, labeled using the SCORE (Standardized Computer‐Based Organized Reporting of EEG) system, we extracted and analyzed 2742 seizures. For each seizure type we determined median duration and range after removal of outliers (2.5–97.5 percentile). We used surface electromyography (EMG) for accurate measurement of short motor seizures.

Results

Myoclonic seizures last <150 ms, epileptic spasms 0.4–2 s, tonic seizures 1.5–36 s, atonic seizures 0.1–12,5 s, when measured using surface EMG. Generalized clonic seizures last 1–24 s. Typical absence seizures are rarely longer than 30 s (2.75–26.5 s) and atypical absences last 2–100 s. In our patients, the duration of focal aware (median: 27 s; 1.25–166 s) and impaired awareness seizures (median: 42.5 s; 9.5–271 s) was shorter than reported previously in patients undergoing withdrawal of antiseizure medication. All focal seizures terminated within 10 min. Median duration of generalized tonic–clonic seizures was 79.5 s (57–102 s) and of focal‐to‐bilateral tonic–clonic seizures was 103.5 (77.5–237 s). All tonic–clonic seizures terminated within 5 min.

Significance

This comprehensive list of seizure durations provides important information for characterizing seizures and diagnosing patients with epilepsy. The upper limits of seizure durations are helpful in early recognition of imminent status epilepticus.
Do fund managers time momentum? Evidence from mutual fund and hedge fund returns
Authors: Wang Feifei , Zheng Lingling
Published: December 2022

By examining fund returns we find strong evidence that both hedge funds and mutual funds trade on momentum. Moreover, the average hedge fund has modest momentum timing skill, trading more aggressively when momentum profits are higher, while the average mutual fund does not. Momentum trading alone does not translate into superior performance. However, funds with momentum timing ability significantly outperform and the risk‐adjusted‐return‐difference between the top and the bottom timers is around 1.7% (1.3%) per year for hedge (mutual) funds. We provide further evidence that dynamic momentum strategies enhance fund performance, and momentum timing skills vary considerably with fund investment styles.
Predictors of attitudes toward potentially having a lesbian, gay, or bisexual child among Chinese heterosexual adults
Authors: Ying Yurun , Santtila Pekka , Li Gu
Published: December 2022

Parental acceptance is a robust protective factor for lesbian, gay, or bisexual (LGB) individuals' mental health, yet its predictors have not been frequently studied in China. The present study examined predictors of Chinese heterosexual adults' attitudes toward potentially having an LGB child. Participants were 700 Chinese nationals (37.6% women and 62.4% men) aged 18–64 who identified as exclusively heterosexual and did not have an LGB child. We found that beliefs about the changeability of sexual orientation and beliefs in negative outcomes of being LGB predicted negative attitudes toward having an LGB child in domains of emotion, cognition, and behavior. Moreover, more exposure to LGB individuals predicted reduced disapproval and negative actions as well as increased positive actions. These findings revealed the key factors to changing Chinese people's attitudes toward having an LGB child. Clinical implications for therapists and counselors working with Chinese LGB individuals and their parents are discussed.
Turned 60, is the Antarctic treaty system in good health?
Authors: Mancilla Alejandra , Jabour Julia Ann
Published: December 2022

Signed in 1959, the Antarctic Treaty is usually hailed as an example of what states can achieve when they leave aside their interests and truly collaborate. It was over 30 years ago, however, that the last significant legal instrument of the Antarctic Treaty System (namely, the Protocol on Environmental Protection) was signed. Since then, no new legal instruments have been drafted, despite a number of growing internal and external challenges. In this special issue, an interdisciplinary group of scholars examine some of these challenges and evaluate whether the system is well prepared to tackle them. Their point of agreement is that, if not severely ill, the system's chronic ailments—particularly laggardness—must be addressed if it is to respond satisfactorily to rapid social, political, environmental and economic changes on a global scale.
Boring in vein: a new direction in ichnological research
Authors: Donovan Stephen K.
Published: December 2022

Unusual conjunctions of geological phenomena in the modern environment may alert us to their potential presence in the rock record. Two erratics of Carboniferous limestone from the beach at Cleveleys on the Irish Sea coast, Lancashire, northern England bored by sponges and polychaete worms, are suggestive of potential occurrences of borings in ancient conglomerates. Such distinctive patterns of boring, commoner in crystalline veins than in limestone, are certainly unfamiliar. But borers are well‐known for invading crystalline organic substrates, such as belemnites and oysters.
Review of robot‐assisted laparoscopic surgery in management of infant congenital urology: Advances and limitations in utilization and learning
Authors: Lombardo Alyssa M. , Gundeti Mohan S.
Published: December 2022

As robotic‐assisted (RAL) surgery expanded to treat pediatric congenital disease, infant anatomy and physiology posed unique challenges that prompted adaptations to the technology and surgical technique, which are compiled and reviewed in this manuscript. From the beginning, collaboration with anesthesia is critical for a safe, efficient case including placement of an endotracheal tube rather than a laryngeal mask (LMA) and placement of a nasogastric tube and/or rectal tube to relieve distended stomach or bowel, respectively. Furthermore, end‐tidal CO2 (EtCO2) is important for monitoring and predicting the effects of pneumoperitoneum on caridiovascular physiology, incranial pressure, and risk of acidosis and hypercarbia. Positioning can further exacerbate these effects and affect intra‐abdominal working space. For infant robotic pyeloplasty and heminephrectomy, a “beanbag” is commonly used for stabilization in the lateral decubitus position. We advise against the use of a “baby bump” because it brings the bowels and vasculature more anterior than expected. Pnuemoperitoneum pressure of 8–10 mmHg during port placement maximizes safety, but thereafter, the pneumoperitoneum pressure can be minimized to 6–8 mmHg during the procedure without compromising the visual field. Port sites should be marked after insufflation, followed by the open Hasson technique for peritoneal access and port placement under direct vision with intussusception of the trocars to avoid vascular or bowel injury. Additional tips can be obtained through this manuscript, immersive fellowships, and mini‐fellowships. Ulitmately, infant robotic surgery has the potential to benefit many children but is presently limited by the lack of pediatric‐specific robotic technology and its associated costs.
Sarcopenia and excess visceral fat accumulation negatively affect early urinary function after I‐125 low‐dose‐rate brachytherapy for localized prostate cancer
Authors: Ogasawara Naoyuki , Nakiri Makoto , Kurose Hirofumi , Ueda Kosuke , Chikui Katsuaki , Nishihara Kiyoaki , Matsuo Mitsunori , Suekane Shigetaka , Morimatsu Yoshitaka , Murotani Kenta , Muraki Koichiro , Hattori Chikayuki , Ogo Etsuyo , Ishitake Tatsuya , Igawa Tsukasa
Published: December 2022

Objectives

To evaluate the effects of sarcopenia and excess visceral fat accumulation on early urinary function after I‐125 low‐dose‐rate brachytherapy for prostate cancer.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed consecutive patients who underwent brachytherapy for prostate cancer. Pre‐treatment computed tomography was used to measure skeletal muscle index at the L3 level to assess sarcopenia and visceral fat area at the umbilical level. The International Prostate Symptom Score and the University of California Los Angeles Prostate Cancer Index were used to assess quality of life during the 24 months after brachytherapy. Logistic regression analysis was used to examine whether sarcopenia and excess visceral fat accumulation had clinically significant effects on post‐treatment quality of life.

Results

Among 246 patients, 92 (37.4%) were stratified into the sarcopenia group and 141 (57.3%) into the excess visceral fat accumulation group. The sarcopenia group had significantly lower University of California Los Angeles Prostate Cancer Index urinary function than the non‐sarcopenia group 24 months post‐brachytherapy. The excess visceral fat accumulation group had significantly poorer International Prostate Symptom Score total, storage, and voiding scores than the non‐excess accumulation group 12 months post‐brachytherapy. In the multivariate analysis, sarcopenia had a clinically significant adverse effect on the University of California Los Angeles Prostate Cancer Index urinary function at 12 months. Excess visceral fat accumulation had a clinically significant adverse effect on the International Prostate Symptom Score voiding and storage scores at 12 months.

Conclusions

Sarcopenia and excess visceral fat accumulation negatively affect urinary function early after I‐125 low‐dose‐rate brachytherapy for prostate cancer.
Extrinsic factors of pressure injuries in patients during surgery: A frequency matched retrospective study
Authors: Weng Pei‐Wei , Chang Wen‐Pei
Published: December 2022

This study was to clarify the connection between extrinsic factors and the risk of perioperative pressure injuries (PIs) through the case–control approach, which involved making the intrinsic factors of the patients in the control group with no PIs consistent with those of the case group with PIs. We collected samples from a teaching hospital in Taiwan. We found a total of 132 patients deemed to have developed perioperative PIs. Using 1:2 frequency matching, we matched these cases with patients who had not developed PIs by gender, age, and BMI. Binary logistic regression analysis of the odds ratios of the extrinsic factors and PI risk revealed that the independent variables with statistical significance included duration of anaesthesia 3 h, amount of blood loss, use of electric blankets, diastolic blood pressure below 60 mmHg during surgery, and oxyhemoglobin saturation by pulse oximetry (SPO2) below 93% during surgery. Emphasis should be placed on cooperation among the medical team during surgery, less use of electric blankets, control over the duration of anaesthesia and blood loss, continuous monitoring of the patient during surgery for any emergencies, and the maintenance of patient diastolic blood pressure and blood oxygen levels to reduce the risk of PIs.
Acute‐phase response following one‐stage full‐mouth versus quadrant non‐surgical periodontal treatment in subjects with comorbid type 2 diabetes: A randomized clinical trial
Authors: Graziani Filippo , Gennai Stefano , Marruganti Crystal , Peric Marina , Ghiadoni Lorenzo , Marhl Urska , Petrini Morena
Published: December 2022

Aim

To compare the level of inflammatory markers and endothelial function 24 h (Day 1) and 90 days (Day 90) after conventional quadrant‐wise scaling and root planing (Q‐SRP) versus one‐stage full‐mouth SRP (FM‐SRP) in patients affected by type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

Materials and Methods

Patients affected by periodontitis and T2DM were randomly allocated to receive FM‐SRP or Q‐SRP and followed up at Day 1 and Day 90. Serum samples, vital signs, and flow‐mediated dilation (FMD) parameters were collected at baseline, Day 1, and Day 90. Periodontal variables were collected at baseline and Day 90. The primary outcome was the C‐reactive protein (CRP) concentration at Day 1 after periodontal treatment. Student's t‐test for independent samples was used for between‐group comparisons (Mann–Whitney U test for non‐normal data), while analysis of variance with post hoc Tukey tests (Kruskal–Wallis and Dunn tests for non‐normal data) were used for intra‐group comparisons.

Results

Forty subjects were included in the study. FM‐SRP produced a significant increase in CRP and a significant reduction in FMD at Day 1 compared to Q‐SRP (p < .05). The absolute change in HbA1c (mmol/mol) from baseline to Day 90 was significantly improved in the Q‐SRP (ΔHbA1c = −1.59 [SD = 1.20]) compared to the FM‐SRP group (ΔHbA1c = −0.8 [SD = 0.95]) (p = .04).

Conclusions

FM‐SRP triggers a robust acute‐phase response at 24 h after treatment compared to Q‐SRP. Such systemic acute perturbations may offset the beneficial systemic effects of periodontal treatment in terms of HbA1c reduction and improvement in endothelial function in T2DM subjects.
Dismantling systems of racism and oppression during adolescence: An agenda for anti‐racist research
Authors: Wray‐Lake Laura , Witherspoon Dawn P. , Halgunseth Linda C. , Morris Amanda Sheffield
Published: December 2022

In reflecting on the collection of work in the recent Journal of Research on Adolescence special series and what it means for research to dismantle systems of racism and oppression, we call for adolescent development researchers to embrace anti‐racist research. We describe a set of strategies for conceptualizing, conducting, and disseminating research with adolescents using an anti‐racist lens. These strategies flow from tenets of anti‐racist research that include recognizing racism as systemic and being critically self‐reflective on power and privilege, committed to doing no harm to adolescents, action‐oriented, and community‐centered. Despite obstacles to anti‐racist research in academic and public ecosystems, anti‐racist research is essential if we are interested in equity in adolescent' development and the well‐being of all adolescents.
Semaphorin‐RhoA signaling regulates HERS maintenance by acting against TGF‐β‐induced EMT
Authors: Azumane Marii , Ikezaki Shojiro , Otsu Keishi , Kumakami‐Sakano Mika , Arai Haruno , Yamada Hiroyuki , Kettunen Päivi , Harada Hidemitsu
Published: December 2022

Background and Objectives

Hertwig's epithelial root sheath (HERS) plays a role in root dentin formation. It produces the epithelial rests of Malassez (ERM) for the induction of periodontal tissue development during root formation. Although ERM is thought to be caused by epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), the mechanism by which HERS is maintained as epithelium is unknown. Here, we aimed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms regulating the relationship between HERS maintenance and ERM development.

Methods

To understand the relationship between HERS and ERM development during root formation, we observed the developing molar root using cytokeratin14 (CK14) Cre/tdTomato mice via stereomicroscopy. The relationship between semaphorin and transforming growth factor (TGF) signaling in the maintenance of HERS and ERM development was examined using CK14cre/R26‐tdTomato mice and a HERS cell line.

Results

tdTomato‐positive cells were observed on HERS and the migrating cells from HERS. The migrating cells showed reduced E‐cadherin expression. In contrast, HERS cells expressed semaphorin receptors and active RhoA. Semaphorin signaling was associated with RhoA activation and cell–cell adhesion, while TGF‐β induced decreased E‐cadherin and active RhoA expression, and consequently enhanced cell migration.

Conclusion

HERS induces root formation by controlling epithelial maintenance and EMT through the opposing effects of semaphorin and TGF‐β signaling.
Long‐term hepatic safety of lomitapide in homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia
Authors: Larrey Dominique , D'Erasmo Laura , O'Brien Sallyann , Arca Marcello ,   the Italian Working Group on Lomitapide
Published: December 2022

Introduction

Lomitapide is a microsomal triglyceride transfer protein inhibitor for patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia. Due to its mechanism of action, potential hepatic effects of lomitapide are of clinical interest. This study aimed to determine the long‐term hepatic safety of lomitapide.

Methods

Data were aggregated from the pivotal phase 3 and extension phase clinical trial with lomitapide (median 5.1 years; serum total bilirubin, transaminases, cytokeratin‐18 [CK‐18] and enhanced liver fibrosis [ELF] score, fat‐soluble vitamins and essential fatty acids), 8‐year data from the Lomitapide Observational Worldwide Evaluation Registry (LOWER) and real‐world evidence from a cohort of patients treated with lomitapide in Italy (hepatic elastography, and FIB‐4 score for hepatic fibrosis).

Results

In the phase 3 trial and the LOWER registry, any asymptomatic excursions in liver transaminase levels were not associated with elevations in bilirubin, and no Hy's law cases were detected in up to 8 years follow‐up. There were no clinically relevant increases among hepatic biomarkers CK‐18, CK‐18 fragments or ELF score and fat‐soluble vitamins and essential fatty acids remained above normal levels. In 34 patients treated in Italy with lomita pide for more than 9  years, elevations in hepatic fat were mild‐to‐moderate; hepatic stiffness remained normal, and the mean FIB‐4 score remained below the fibrosis threshold value of 2.67.

Conclusions

These data indicate that the hepatic safety of lomitapide remains favourable with no clinically significant elevations in hepatic biomarkers and hepatic stiffness remained normal for more than 9 years follow‐up.

Phase 3 trial

NCT00730236; extension phase: NCT00943306; LOWER: NCT02135705.
Stress, Anxiety, and School Burnout Post COVID‐19: A Study of French Adolescents
Authors: Simoës‐Perlant Aurélie , Barreau Marion , Vezilier Caroline
Published: December 2022

This study examined the symptoms of exhaustion, school stress and anxious school refusal from a comparative developmental perspective in French adolescents enrolled in public and private general, technological and vocational schools. It is particularly important to consider academic stress levels, anxiety and school burnout in middle and high school students as they are linked to many mental health problems, such as depression or suicidal thoughts. In this study, four hundred and ninety‐three adolescents completed an online questionnaire consisting of the School Burnout Inventory, the Echelle Toulousaine de Stress Scolaire perçu and the School refusal evaluation was developed. The results show a very high percentage of suffering among teenagers. The young people most affected are high school students and more particularly students in 10th and 12th grade, with nearly three‐quarters of them suffering from school burnout and/or high school stress, without any distinction between the sexes or the type of schooling.
Activation of Wnt signaling in Axin2+ cells leads to osteodentin formation and cementum overgrowth
Authors: Shi Peilei , Xie Xudong , Xu Chunmei , Wu Yafei , Wang Jun
Published: December 2022

Objectives

In this study, we used the mouse incisor model to investigate the regulatory mechanisms of Wnt/β‐catenin signaling on Axin2+ cells in tooth development.

Materials and Methods

Axin2lacZ/+ reporter mice were used to define the expression pattern of Axin2 in mouse incisors. We traced the fate of Axin2+ cells from postnatal Day 21 (P21) to P56 using Axin2CreERT2/+ and R26RtdTomato/+ reporter mice. For constitutive activation of Wnt signaling, Axin2CreERT2/+, β‐cateninflox(Ex3)/+, and R26RtdTomato/+ (CA‐β‐cat) mice were generated to investigate the gain of function (GOF) of β‐catenin in mouse incisor growth.

Results

The X‐gal staining of Axin2lacZ/+ reporter mice and lineage tracing showed that Axin2 was widely expressed in dental mesenchyme of mouse incisors, and Axin2+ cells were essential cell sources for odontoblasts, pulp cells, and periodontal ligament cells. The constitutive activation of Wnt signaling in Axin2+ cells resulted in the formation of osteodentin featured with increased DMP1 and dispersed DSP expression and overgrowth of cementum.

Conclusion

Wnt signaling plays a key role in the differentiation and maturation of Axin2+ cells in mouse incisors.
Dynamics of Union Dissolution in Sub‐Saharan Africa
Authors: John Ben Malinga , Nitsche Natalie
Published: December 2022

Not only whether but also when a union ends and how long individuals remain unpartnered subsequently is consequential for social and demographic outcomes. However, in sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA), information about the timing of union dissolution and the reproductive time “lost” due to union dissolution is lacking. We close this gap by applying standard indirect demographic techniques in a novel way to Demographic Health Survey data collected in 34 SSA countries to document (i) the level and timing of all‐cause union dissolution and (ii) the time women spend outside of marriage due to union dissolution during their reproductive life course. Results revealed that in 28 out of 34 countries, over one‐fifth of first unions end within 15 years, and in 14 out of 34 countries, the proportion of first unions ending within 25 years exceeds 40 percent. The average marital duration at first union dissolution varies between 4.8 and 9.4 years. The pace of remarriage is rapid across all countries, with the average duration between first union dissolution and first remarriage ranging between 0.2 and 2.9 years. The overall reproductive years lost to union dissolution vary between 1.3 and 5.3 years, and account for 4.0–16.3 percent of the total reproductive life expectancy. We discuss the implications of these dynamics for fertility outcomes in SSA.
A bitter future for coffee production? Physiological traits associated with yield reveal high vulnerability to hydraulic failure in Coffea canephora
Authors: Max Aldo Custódio , Loram‐Lourenço Lucas , Silva Fabiano Guimarães , de Souza Luan Henrique Martiniano , Dias Jairo Rafael Machado , Espíndula Marcelo Curitiba , Farnese Fernanda S. , Hammond William , Torres‐Ruiz José M. , Cochard Hervé , Menezes‐Silva Paulo Eduardo
Published: December 2022

The increase in frequency and intensity of drought events have hampered coffee production in the already threatened Amazon region, yet little is known about key aspects underlying the variability in yield potential across genotypes, nor to what extent higher productivity is linked to reduced drought tolerance. Here we explored how variations in morphoanatomical and physiological leaf traits can explain differences in yield and vulnerability to embolism in 11 Coffea canephora genotypes cultivated in the Western Amazon. The remarkable variation in coffee yield across genotypes was tightly related to differences in their carbon assimilation and water transport capacities, revealing a diffusive limitation to photosynthesis linked by hydraulic constraints. Although a clear trade‐off between water transport efficiency and safety was not detected, all the studied genotypes operated in a narrow and/or negative hydraulic safety margin, suggesting a high vulnerability to leaf hydraulic failure (HF), especially on the most productive genotypes. Modelling exercises revealed that variations in HF across genotypes were mainly associated with differences in leaf water vapour leakage when stomata are closed, reflecting contrasting growth strategies. Overall, our results provide a new perspective on the challenges of sustaining coffee production in the Amazon region under a drier and warmer climate.