bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE STATE AND THE THREAT OF CASCADING FAILURE ACROSS CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURES: THE IMPLICATIONS OF EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM MEDIA INCIDENT REPORTS
Authors: VAN EETEN MICHEL , NIEUWENHUIJS ALBERT , LUIIJF ERIC , KLAVER MARIEKE , CRUZ EDITE
Published: June 2011

The threat of cascading failures across critical infrastructures has been identified as a key challenge for governments. Cascading failure is seen as potentially catastrophic, extremely difficult to predict and increasingly likely to happen. Infrastructures are largely privately operated and private actors are thought to under‐invest in mitigating this threat. Consequently, experts have demanded a more dominant role for government, including the use of regulation. Empirical evidence on cascading failure is, however, extremely scarce. This paper analyses new data drawn from news reports on incidents. We find that, contrary to current thinking, cascades are not rare. Neither do they indicate a wide array of unknown dependencies across infrastructures. Rather, we find a small number of focused, unidirectional pathways around two infrastructures: energy and telecommunications. We also found that most cascades were stopped quickly, in contrast to the oft‐cited ‘domino effect'. These findings undermine the case for more intrusive public oversight of critical infrastructures.
LEADERSHIP IN PUBLIC SERVICES NETWORKS: ANTECEDENTS, PROCESS AND OUTCOME
Authors: CURRIE GRAEME , GRUBNIC SUZANA , HODGES RON
Published: June 2011

In this article, the authors examine the implementation of policy aimed to promote the role of organizational networks and distributed leadership in the establishment and consolidation of public service reform. In theory, leadership and networks should complement each other, with the less hierarchical logic of the network allowing leadership of change, distributed among network members, rather than led from a single organizational apex, to flourish. In practice, as a consequence of inherent bureaucracy, power differentials between network participants, and a strong centralized performance management policy regime, a relatively parsimonious form of distributed leadership is enacted, with the networks tending towards ‘managed partnerships’.
Improvements in nocturnal symptoms with ropinirole prolonged release in patients with advanced Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Ray Chaudhuri K. , Martinez‐Martin P. , Rolfe K. A. , Cooper J. , Rockett C. B. , Giorgi L. , Ondo W. G.
Published: June 2011

Background:  The 24‐week, double‐blind Efficacy and Safety Evaluation in PD–Adjunct (EASE‐PD Adjunct) study randomized patients with advanced Parkinson’s disease (PD) suboptimally controlled with levodopa to once‐daily placebo or adjunctive ropinirole prolonged release (2–24 mg/day). We investigated the effect of ropinirole prolonged release on nocturnal symptoms in these patients.

Methods:  Total and grouped item PD Sleep Scale (PDSS) scores were analyzed post hoc in patients with baseline PDSS total scores ≤ 100 (troublesome nocturnal symptoms) and >100.

Results:  Baseline PDSS total score was ≤ 100 in 93 of 198 (47%) and 89 of 189 (47%) patients receiving ropinirole prolonged release and placebo, respectively; this subgroup displayed evidence at baseline of greater daily awake ‘off’ time, reduced night‐time sleep and worse quality of life, than the PDSS >100 subgroup. Significant improvements with ropinirole prolonged release versus placebo in PDSS score from baseline to Week 24 last observation carried forward were observed for those with baseline PDSS ≤ 100 [adjusted mean treatment difference 9.0 (95% CI: 2.76, 15.33; P = 0.0051)], but not >100. The PDSS ≤ 100 subgroup demonstrated treatment benefits for PDSS groupings of motor symptoms on waking and global quality of sleep. Changes in daytime sleepiness were similar between treatment groups. The PDSS >100 subgroup demonstrated significant treatment benefit for global quality of sleep. The unadjusted odds ratio for a positive response with ropinirole prolonged release relative to placebo, for the PDSS ≤ 100 subgroup, was 2.90 (95% CI: 1.42, 5.95, P = 0.004).

Conclusions:  Once‐daily ropinirole prolonged release improves nocturnal symptoms in patients with advanced PD not optimally controlled with levodopa who suffer troublesome nocturnal disturbance.
Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf – wie wirksam sind deutsche ,,Care Policies“?
Authors: Spieß C. Katharina
Published: June 2011

The objective of making it easier for parents to successfully balance career and family has recently taken on heightened importance for German family policy. In the last few years, reforms have been implemented in German care policies. In this contribution, we systematically review and evaluate German care policies before and after the implementation of these reforms. We start by discussing international research and then explore German evaluation studies on parental leave benefits, on publicly financed childcare before and after school entry, and on elderly care policies. Finally, we examine the extent to which some measures implemented conflict with another objective of family policy: that of providing an environment for a successful development of children. The paper concludes with an outlook on future research, discussing points that should be kept in mind in further German evaluation studies.
Der Einfluss von Steuern und Subventionen auf die Rendite fremd- und selbst genutzter Wohnimmobilien in Deutschland
Authors: Kiesewetter Dirk , Schönemann Kristin
Published: June 2011

The profitability of real estate investments in Germany has been highly influenced by taxation and subsidies. We calculate realized returns on investment and subsidy quotas to resident individuals from an investment in average apartments in 50 major cities, rented out and self-occupied. The investment periods (1991-2001, 1996- 2006, and 2004-2014) picture major changes in the taxation of rental income and in home buyer subsidies. Unsystematic tax shelters have favored the purchase of apartments to rent out by high income individuals. Home buyer subsidies have only partly brought similar returns to average earners. Dodgy clientele effects persist until today.
The cyclooxygenase‐2 pathway via the PGE2 EP2 receptor contributes to oligodendrocytes apoptosis in cuprizone‐induced demyelination
Authors: Palumbo Sara , Toscano Christopher D. , Parente Laura , Weigert Roberto , Bosetti Francesca
Published: June 2011

J. Neurochem. (2012) 121, 418–427.

Cyclooxygenases (COX)‐1 and ‐2 are key enzymes required for the conversion of arachidonic acid to eicosanoids, potent mediators of inflammation. In patients with multiple sclerosis, COX‐2 derived prostaglandins (PGs) are elevated in the CSF and COX‐2 is up‐regulated in demyelinating plaques. However, it is not known whether COX‐2 activity contributes to oligodendrocyte death. In cuprizone‐induced demyelination, oligodendrocyte apoptosis and a concomitant increase in the gene expression of COX‐2 and PGE2‐EP2 receptor precede histological demyelination. COX‐2 and EP2 receptor were expressed by oligodendrocytes, suggesting a causative role for the COX‐2/EP2 pathway in the initiation of oligodendrocyte death and demyelination. COX‐2 gene deletion, chronic treatment with the COX‐2 selective inhibitor celecoxib, or with the EP2 receptor antagonist AH6809 reduced cuprizone‐induced oligodendrocyte apoptosis, the degree of demyelination and motor dysfunction. These data indicate that the PGE2 EP2 receptor contributes to oligodendrocyte apoptosis and open possible new therapeutic approaches for multiple sclerosis.
N‐cadherin enhances APP dimerization at the extracellular domain and modulates Aβ production
Authors: Asada‐Utsugi Megumi , Uemura Kengo , Noda Yasuha , Kuzuya Akira , Maesako Masato , Ando Koichi , Kubota Masakazu , Watanabe Kiwamu , Takahashi Makio , Kihara Takeshi , Shimohama Shun , Takahashi Ryosuke , Berezovska Oksana , Kinoshita Ayae
Published: June 2011

J. Neurochem. (2011) 119, 354–363.

Sequential processing of amyloid precursor protein (APP) by β‐ and γ‐secretase leads to the generation of amyloid‐β (Aβ) peptides, which plays a central role in Alzheimer’s disease pathogenesis. APP is capable of forming a homodimer through its extracellular domain as well as transmembrane GXXXG motifs. A number of reports have shown that dimerization of APP modulates Aβ production. On the other hand, we have previously reported that N‐cadherin‐based synaptic contact is tightly linked to Aβ production. In the present report, we investigated the effect of N‐cadherin expression on APP dimerization and metabolism. Here, we demonstrate that N‐cadherin expression facilitates cis‐dimerization of APP. Moreover, N‐cadherin expression led to increased production of Aβ as well as soluble APPβ, indicating that β‐secretase‐mediated cleavage of APP is enhanced. Interestingly, N‐cadherin expression affected neither dimerization of C99 nor Aβ production from C99, suggesting that the effect of N‐cadherin on APP metabolism is mediated through APP extracellular domain. We confirmed that N‐cadherin enhances APP dimerization by a novel luciferase‐complementation assay, which could be a platform for drug screening on a high‐throughput basis. Taken together, our results suggest that modulation of APP dimerization state could be one of mechanisms, which links synaptic contact and Aβ production.
Regulation of GPCR activity, trafficking and localization by GPCR‐interacting proteins
Authors: Magalhaes Ana C , Dunn Henry , Ferguson Stephen SG
Published: June 2011

GPCRs represent the largest family of integral membrane proteins and were first identified as receptor proteins that couple via heterotrimeric G‐proteins to regulate a vast variety of effector proteins to modulate cellular function. It is now recognized that GPCRs interact with a myriad of proteins that not only function to attenuate their signalling but also function to couple these receptors to heterotrimeric G‐protein‐independent signalling pathways. In addition, intracellular and transmembrane proteins associate with GPCRs and regulate their processing in the endoplasmic reticulum, trafficking to the cell surface, compartmentalization to plasma membrane microdomains, endocytosis and trafficking between intracellular membrane compartments. The present review will overview the functional consequence of β‐arrestin, receptor activity‐modifying proteins (RAMPS), regulators of G‐protein signalling (RGS), GPCR‐associated sorting proteins (GASPs), Homer, small GTPases, PSD95/Disc Large/Zona Occludens (PDZ), spinophilin, protein phosphatases, calmodulin, optineurin and Src homology 3 (SH3) containing protein interactions with GPCRs.

LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on the Molecular Pharmacology of G Protein‐Coupled Receptors (GPCRs). To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2012.165.issue‐6. To view the 2010 themed section on the same topic visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.2010.159.issue‐5/issuetoc
Mast cells in canine mammary gland tumour: number, distribution and EPOR positivity
Authors: Sfacteria A. , Lanteri G. , Grasso G. , Macrì B. , Mazzullo G.
Published: June 2011

Erythropoietin (EPO)‐mediated mitogenic and anti‐apoptotic effects involve all the cells expressing functional receptors for EPO (EPOR), as demonstrated by in vitro and in vivo studies. EPO shows pleiotropic effects and acts as an endogenous mediator of adaptive tissue response to metabolic stress protecting tissues from different injuries. Recently, the EPO/EPOR complex has been identified in several neoplastic cell lines and solid tumours. In this study, the authors investigated the mast cells (MCs) number, distribution and their immunoreactivity for EPOR in normal, dysplastic and neoplastic canine mammary gland. The results showed that MCs were more numerous in displastic glands compared with normal and neoplastic glands. As far as the EPOR immunoreactivity is concerned, we did not observe MCs reaction on cancer, in contrast with previously published data where epithelium of neoplastic gland showed an increase in EPOR expression along with the neoplastic progression. Overall, our results might be suggestive for MCs role in oncogenesis and offer new insight regarding to the expression of EPOR in mammary gland cancer in dog.
PNPLA3 polymorphism influences liver fibrosis in unselected patients with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Petit Jean M. , Guiu Boris , Masson David , Duvillard Laurence , Jooste Valerie , Buffier Perrine , Bouillet Benjamin , Brindisi Marie‐Claude , Robin Isabelle , Gambert Philippe , Verges Bruno , Cercueil Jean‐Pierre , Hillon Patrick
Published: June 2011

Context: Recently, it has been shown that an allele in the adiponutrin (PNPLA3) gene was strongly associated with increased liver fat content (LFC) and liver fibrosis independent of visceral adiposity and insulin resistance.

Objective: In this study, we set out to determine whether the PNPLA3 rs738409 polymorphism was associated with liver fibrosis in unselected patients with type 2 diabetes.

Design, setting and participants: Two hundred and thirty‐four patients with type 2 diabetes were included in this study.

Main outcome measures: LFC was evaluated using 1H‐MR spectroscopy; fibrosis was measured using the non‐invasive FibroTest®.

Results: Advanced liver fibrosis (stage F2 or above) was observed in 10.2% of the patients while 149 (63.6%) patients had steatosis. The prevalence of steatosis and fibrosis was higher in minor G allele carriers than that in C allele homozygote carriers (70.3 vs 57.1%; P=0.04 and 14.7 vs 7.5%; P=0.07 respectively). In multivariate analysis, the predictive variables for advanced liver fibrosis were age (≥60) (P=0.005), sex (female) (P=0.004) and rs 738409 PNPLA3 polymorphism (P=0.01); body mass index (BMI) and LFC were not associated with liver fibrosis.

Conclusions: This study confirms that in patients with type 2 diabetes who were not selected for liver abnormalities, liver fibrosis was related to the rs738409 polymorphism independent of BMI or LFC.
Distribution and host specificity of the thistle‐feeding tortoise beetle Cassida vibex (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in southwestern Hokkaido, northern Japan
Authors: FUJIYAMA Naoyuki , TOGASHI Kozue , KIKUTA Shogo , KATAKURA Haruo
Published: June 2011

The thistle‐feeding tortoise beetle Cassida vibex (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) is widespread in the Palearctic region. In Japan, this species has been recorded only from the largest island, Honshu. Here we report the occurrence of this species on Hokkaido, the most northern main island of Japan, along with detailed distributional records from the southwestern part of the island (southern Oshima Peninsula) and information on host plants. We also present the results of laboratory experiments on adult feeding preference and larval developmental performance to determine the specificity of C. vibex for four thistle species (Cirsium grayanum, Cir. alpicola, Cir. yezoense and Cir. aomorense; Asteraceae) common in southwestern Hokkaido. Cassida vibex was detected at only four sites among 97 sites investigated on the Oshima Peninsula, in strong contrast to the common occurrence of the congeneric thistle feeder C. rubiginosa (74 of 97 sites). Cassida vibex was found mainly on Cir. alpicola in the wild, but adult beetles showed no feeding preference for this or three other thistle species when given a choice in the laboratory. Larval performance of C. vibex was similar on Cir. alpicola, Cir. yezoense and Cir. aomorense but significantly lower on Cir. grayanum. Since Cir. alpicola often forms large clumps of individual plants, whereas Cir. yezoense and Cir. aomorense are scattered in their habitats, and C. vibex was collected only at sites where there were dense patches of Cir. alpicola, we postulate that the persistence of C. vibex is possible only where a substantial amount of suitable host plants is available.
Exaggerated Neutrophil‐Mediated Reperfusion Injury after Ischemic Stroke in a Rodent Model of Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: RITTER LESLIE , DAVIDSON LISA , HENRY MELISSA , DAVIS‐GORMAN GRACE , MORRISON HELENA , FRYE JENNIFER B. , COHEN ZOE , CHANDLER SIERRA , McDONAGH PAUL , FUNK JANET L.
Published: June 2011

Please cite this paper as: Ritter, Davidson, Henry, Davis‐Gorman, Morrison, Frye, Cohen, Chandler, McDonagh and Funk (2011). Exaggerated Neutrophil‐Mediated Reperfusion Injury after Ischemic Stroke in a Rodent Model of Type 2 Diabetes. Microcirculation 18(7), 552–561.

Objective:  We tested the hypothesis that both chronic and acute inflammatory processes contribute to worse reperfusion injury and stroke outcome in an experimental model of T2DM.

Materials and Methods:  Twelve‐ to thirteen‐week‐old male Zucker Diabetic Fatty (ZDF) rats vs. Zucker Lean Controls (ZLC) rats were tested at baseline and after middle cerebral artery occlusion (ischemia) and reperfusion (I–R). Neutrophil adhesion to the cerebral microcirculation, neutrophil expression of CD11b, infarction size, edema, neurologic function, sICAM, and cerebral expression of neutrophil–endothelial inflammatory genes were measured.

Results:  At baseline, CD11b and sICAM were significantly increased in ZDF vs. ZLC animals (p < 0.05). After I–R, significantly more neutrophil adhesion and cell aggregates were observed in ZDF vs. ZLC (p < 0.05); infarction size, edema, and neurologic function were significantly worse in ZDF vs. ZLC (p < 0.05). CD11b and sICAM‐1 remained significantly increased in ZDFs (p < 0.05), and cerebral expression of IL‐1β, GRO/KC, E‐selectin, and sICAM were significantly induced in ZDF, but not ZLC groups (p < 0.05) after 2.5 hours of reperfusion.

Conclusion:  Both sides of the neutrophil–endothelial interface appear to be primed prior to I–R, and remain significantly more activated during I–R in an experimental model of T2DM. Consequently, reperfusion injury appears to play a significant role in poor stroke outcome in T2DM.
Epidermoid Cyst with a Metabolite Pattern Mimicking a Brain Abscess. A Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Study
Authors: Bernabeu Angela , López‐Celada Susana , Alenda Cristina , Baño Elena
Published: June 2011

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Intracranial epidermal cysts are benign uncommon lesions. Such lesions arise from an inclusion of an ectodermal element during neural tube closure, in which dermal elements become trapped in the suture line, diploe, meninges, or scalp. Reports have extensively demonstrated the typical magnetic resonance (MR) spectra with the presence of large lactate signals with a virtual absence of healthy brain metabolites.

METHODS

A 20‐year‐old male patient with a parietal lobe brain lesion was studied by magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance spectroscopy in a 1.5‐T Philips scanner.

RESULTS

The lesion presented atypical MR spectra with presence of alanine (1.46 ppm), lactate (1.31 ppm), and amino acids such as valine, isoleucine (0.97 ppm), and glicine (3.52 ppm). No evidence of normal parenchyma tissue metabolites (N‐acetylaspartate, creatine, and choline) or succinate and acetate signals was observed. This spectral pattern was unexpected being proposed the differential diagnosis of brain abscess versus epidermoid cyst. Finally, surgical total excision biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of epidermal cyst.

CONCLUSIONS

In this report, we describe a case of an epidermal cyst with an unusual metabolic pattern observed by magnetic resonance spectroscopy mimicking a brain abscess.
Universal vaccines: shifting to one for many or shooting too high too soon!
Authors: HAMAD MAWIEH
Published: June 2011

Hamad M. Universal vaccines: shifting to one for many or shooting too high too soon! APMIS 2011.

Switching from conventional strain‐specific vaccines to multi‐strain or multi‐species universal vaccines is both justified and scientifically merited. Long‐term cross‐protective universal vaccines eliminate the need for repetitive short‐term vaccination campaigns and short‐notice vaccine redesign during impending epidemics. They also have the potential to be cost‐effective, convenient, and amenable to stockpiling. Ongoing advances in genomics and reverse vaccinology along with the perceived ability of vaccines, if properly formulated, to induce cross‐protective adaptive immunity and long‐term T cell memory are at the heart of this trend. Consequently, the search for universal vaccines against influenza, HIV, and many other viral, bacterial, and fungal pathogens has intensified in recent years. Currently, several universal influenza vaccines are at different phases of clinical evaluation. That said, vaccine‐related differential effectiveness, escape mutants, pathogen strain replacement, limited scope of cross‐protective immunity, and diminished potential to reach optimal herd immunity thresholds present serious challenges to the concept and applicability of universal vaccines. Herein, the case for and the case against universal vaccines are investigated to realistically appreciate their prospects of success.
Prognostic significance of micropapillary pattern in lung adenocarcinoma and expression of apoptosis‐related markers: caspase‐3, bcl‐2, and p53
Authors: CAKIR EBRU , YILMAZ AYDIN , DEMIRAG FUNDA , OGUZTUZUN SERPIL , SAHIN SEZGI , YAZICI ULKU EREN , AYDIN MEHTAP
Published: June 2011

Cakir E, Yilmaz A, Demirag F, Oguztuzun S, Sahin S, Yazici UE, Aydin M. Prognostic significance of micropapillary pattern in lung adenocarcinoma and expression of apoptosis related markers: caspase‐3, bcl‐2, and p53. APMIS 2011;

We evaluated the clinicopathological characteristics and prognostic significance of lung adenocarcinoma with micropapillary pattern (MPP) and analyzed the expression of apoptosis‐related markers: caspase‐3, bcl‐2, and p53. A series of 166 lung adenocarcinoma that had been surgically resected between 2004 and 2009 were reviewed. Histopathologic patterns, presence of tumor necrosis, mitosis, lymphovascular and perineural invasion, the status of pleura, and tumor differentiation were examined. Of the 166 patients; 71 were stage I, 35 stage II, 51 stage III, and nine stage IV. Histologically they were divided into two groups: MPP‐positive (n = 55) and MPP‐negative (n = 111). The following items were significantly more frequent in the MPP positive group: female gender (p = 0.03), lymph node metastasis (p = 0.031), and pleural invasion (p = 0.045). Age, smoking status, tumor stage, lymphatic invasion, perineural invasion, mitotic count, and survival rates had no statistically significant difference between groups (p > 0.05). In MPP positive tumors, visceral pleural invasion was identified significantly more frequent than in MPP negative tumors, at stage I. Tumors with MPP showed elevated expressions of caspase‐3 (94.5%), p53 (60%), and bcl‐2 (54.5%). In MPP positive group, the expression of these three markers had no statistically significant impact on survival. In whole population, bcl‐2 expression was correlated with a better outcome. We conclude that MPP is associated with poor prognostic factors both in early and late stages in lung adenocarcinoma. Bcl‐2 provides prognostic information independent from the MPP.
THE USE OF COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC THREE‐DIMENSIONAL RECONSTRUCTIONS TO DEVELOP INSTRUCTIONAL MODELS FOR EQUINE PELVIC ULTRASONOGRAPHY
Authors: WHITCOMB MARY BETH , DOVAL JOHN , PETERS JASON
Published: June 2011

Ultrasonography has gained increased utility to diagnose pelvic fractures in horses; however, internal pelvic contours can be difficult to appreciate from external palpable landmarks. We developed three‐dimensional (3D) simulations of the pelvic ultrasonographic examination to assist with translation of pelvic contours into two‐dimensional (2D) images. Contiguous 1 mm transverse computed tomography (CT) images were acquired through an equine femur and hemipelvis using a single slice helical scanner. 3D surface models were created using a DICOM reader and imported into a 3D modeling and animation program. The bone models were combined with a purchased 3D horse model and the skin made translucent to visualize pelvic surface contours. 3D models of ultrasound transducers were made from reference photos, and a thin sector shape was created to depict the ultrasound beam. Ultrasonographic examinations were simulated by moving transducers on the skin surface and rectally to produce images of pelvic structures. Camera angles were manipulated to best illustrate the transducer–beam–bone interface. Fractures were created in multiple configurations. Animations were exported as QuickTime movie files for use in presentations coupled with corresponding ultrasound videoclips. 3D models provide a link between ultrasonographic technique and image generation by depicting the interaction of the transducer, ultrasound beam, and structure of interest. The horse model was important to facilitate understanding of the location of pelvic structures relative to the skin surface. While CT acquisition time was brief, manipulation within the 3D software program was time intensive. Results were worthwhile from an instructional standpoint based on user feedback.
Aquinas on Human Nature and the Possibility of Bodiless Existence
Authors: Conn Christopher
Published: June 2011

Aquinas contends that we are soul/body composites, and that one's death brings about the dissolution of this union. Although he also contends that our souls will exist during the interim period between our death and the General Resurrection, it is not clear whether he thinks that we will continue exist during this period. While his considered opinion appears to be that as soul/body composites we cannot exist apart from our bodies, in his Commentary on the Apostles' Creed he implies that we will exist for a time as disembodied souls. In this paper I argue that Aquinas can consistently uphold the continued existence of the faithful departed. In particular, I argue that he can consistently affirm both (i) that Peter is not his soul, and (ii) that Peter can exist for a time as a soul.
Theology, Faith, Universities: From Specialization to Specification in Theology
Authors: Reese Philip Neri
Published: June 2011

The issue of hyper-specialization within the various academic fields has often been raised in the context of recent discussions concerning the purpose or end of the modern university. Theology, one such field in which continual specialization seems prevalent, is further complicated by questions regarding the relationship between faith and the scientific character of theology, as well as the role of the university with regard to that relationship. Though seemingly diverse, a resolution to both of these questions may be found by giving an account of how the sciences, like theology, are specified. It is the purpose of the present article to explore the classical Thomistic position on this subject, and to apply its principles to the case of theology. It is shown that the specification of a science can be understood in terms of both the “formal object which” is known in a given science and the “formal object under which” it is known. The former can provide a correct starting point for managing the multiplicity of “sub-fields” and various specializations within the science of theology, while the latter can help to answer the question of the interrelation between faith and theology as a science in a university setting.
Henri de Lubac: Panorama and Proposal
Authors: Nichols Aidan
Published: June 2011

This overview of de Lubac's work considers his background in French Catholicism at the opening of the twentieth century; the intellectual currents a-swirl in his formative years; his own education in Jesuit institutions; the mosaic of his highly disparate writings, and the broad lines of his ‘career’ as priest and cardinal. This ‘panorama’ is complemented by a proposal, intended to illuminate the ‘mosaic’ referred to: the author's suggestion is that unity – in a variety of analogical senses of that word – constitutes the key to de Lubac's entire enterprise.’
Christ as Second Adam: Girardian Mimesis Redeemed
Authors: Bryce Raymond
Published: June 2011

Analysis of several chapters of the book of Genesis beginning with the Fall in chapter three reveals a consistent theme which is well-interpreted by René Girard's concept of mimetic rivalry. This mimetic rivalry can be considered one manifestation of original sin which has been perpetuated generationally since its inception with the First Adam. Since a number of scholars, including James D.G. Dunn, have identified Phil 2:6–11 as a key piece of Second Adam Christology, I examine this pericope for clues to a remedy for mimetic rivalry. Christ'skenosisand humiliation—his self-emptying and choice not to seek after self-glorification—become the cornerstones to a counter-program which redeems mimesis. Christ is the Second Adam who fulfills through his obedience the failed role of the First Adam. One facet of Christ's overall redemption is to establish himself as the perfect Girardian ‘model’—one whose imitation leads not to violent rivalry but ever-increasing humble charity.
Glass fibre reinforced acrylic resin complete dentures: a 5‐year clinical study
Authors: Goguţă Luciana Maria , Bratu Dorin , Jivănescu Anca , Erimescu Raluca , Mărcăuţeanu Corina
Published: June 2011

doi: 10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2010.00385.x

Glass fibre reinforced acrylic resin complete dentures: a 5‐year clinical study

Background and objectives:  The aim of the study was to establish the wear resistance of the glass fiber reinforced complete dentures comparative to the traditional acrylic complete dentures.

Materials and methods:  Complete new dentures were made to replace old fractured ‘un’‐reinforced acrylic dentures. The total number of dentures was 30 and woven E‐glass fibre reinforcements were used in maxillary complete dentures. Unidirectional E‐glass fibre reinforcements were used as partial fibre reinforcements in mandibular complete dentures. Ten complete acrylic un‐reinforced dentures were used as control. The follow‐up period was 5 years and the recalls were made at 6 months.

Results:  After 5 years of wearing the new dentures, the control dentures suffered seven fractures. After 5 years all the mandibular reinforced dentures were in good shape. The maxillary complete reinforced dentures suffered four partial fractures. Fracture lines were restricted by the glass fibre net and the patients could still use their dentures.

Conclusion:  Pre‐impregnated E‐glass fibre nets and polymer pre‐impregnated E‐glass unidirectional fibres are useful in reinforcing acrylic resin complete dentures especially were heavy occlusal forces are involved. Glass fibre reinforcement will be applied on the tension side in both cases (total fibre reinforcement and partial fibre reinforcement). The reinforcement cannot replace the necessary linings and occlusal adjustments.
Clinical diagnosis and outcomes for Troponin T ‘positive’ patients assessed by a high sensitivity compared with a 4th generation assay
Authors: Jairam Sumeshni , Jones Peter , Samaraie Luay , Chataline Alexei , Davidson James , Stewart Ralph
Published: June 2011

Background: High sensitivity troponin T (hsTnT) detects lower levels of troponin T with greater precision than the 4th generation (cTnT) assay. However, the clinical implications of this are uncertain.

Objectives: Primary: Describe the proportion of patients who test ‘positive’ with hsTnT but negative with cTnT. Secondary: Determine proportion in each group with an adverse event (representation, AMI or died) within 90 days of the index test.

Method: 161 patients samples were tested with cTnT and hsTNT assays. McNemar's test was used to compare paired samples. Electronic medical records were reviewed, with discharge diagnosis and 90 day outcomes determined blind to hsTnT results. Patients were then classified as ‘TnT negative’ (hsTnT was <0.014 mcg/mL), ‘new positive’ (hsTnT was ≥0.014 mcg/mL and cTnT <0.03 mcg/mL) and ‘TnT positive’ (cTNT was ≥0.03 mcg/mL).

Results: Positive results more than doubled with the hsTnT assay (50% vs 22%, P < 0.001). 81 patients were ‘TnT negative’, 44 were ‘new positive’ and 36 ‘cTnT positive’. The discharge diagnosis for ‘new positives’ was AMI in 4 (9%), other cardiac in 13 (30%) and non‐cardiac in 27 (61%). At 90 days adverse events occurred in 30%, 54% and 50% of the groups respectively. There were no late cases of AMI or cardiovascular death in ‘new positive’ patients.

Conclusion: Many patients with diagnoses other than AMI will have hsTNT above the reference level. Indiscriminate testing with hsTnT might lead to more patients requiring serial troponin testing and/or invasive further tests, which will have process and resource implications for EDs and health services.
Disease control during the colonial period in Australia
Authors: Turner AJ
Published: June 2011

The first permanent European settlers of Australia arrived in 1788 to establish a penal colony at Sydney, New South Wales (NSW). As the colony grew and wool production increased, more free settlers and emancipists developed farming in inland Australia. During the 1840s veterinarians commenced arriving in small numbers but they were not closely associated with the development and execution of disease control programs, which was left to lay inspectors of stock. The arrival of William Tyson Kendall and coordinated action with Graham Mitchell led to the establishment of a private veterinary college following the passage of veterinary surgeons legislation in Victoria. From this time, veterinarians came to be appointed to positions formerly occupied by lay inspectors and the veterinary profession was able to take up the role of planning and executing government‐led disease control programs. From a colony relying on wool for export to the UK, technical advancements in meat freezing and pasture improvement widened the range and increased the quantity of exported products. Before the advent of veterinary advances, sheep scab was eradicated, a vaccine was developed for anthrax and glanders infection of horses was prevented entry to Australia. Graduates from the Melbourne Veterinary College spread across Australia and in this period a conservative quarantine policy was developed following inaction to control an outbreak of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) and the escape of rabbits to form a plague across the continent. Coordinated control of CBPP had to await the next century and advancement of technology increased our understanding of bacteriology and immunity of infectious diseases. Veterinary services were provided to the militia sent by the colonies to the Boer Wars in South Africa 1987‐1901 and the veterinarians from Victoria were led by an Australian trained veterinarian.
Retrospective study of outcome following desmotomy of the accessory ligament of the deep digital flexor tendon for type 1 flexural deformity in Thoroughbreds
Authors: Walmsley EA , Anderson GA , Adkins AR
Published: June 2011

Objective Determine the long‐term outcome for Thoroughbreds undergoing desmotomy of the accessory ligament of the deep digital flexor tendon (DAL‐DDFT) for type 1 flexural deformity of the distal interphalangeal joint (DIPJ).

Design Retrospective matched cohort study

Procedure Medical records were retrieved over a 17‐year period for Thoroughbreds that underwent DAL‐DDFT for type 1 flexural deformity. Long‐term outcome was determined by analysis of race records and comparison with maternal siblings. Comparisons between cases and controls included 2‐year‐old, 3‐year‐old and total career performance data.

Results There were 46 cases of DAL‐DDFT. The mean age at surgery was 151 days (median 118, range 2–562); 48% of case horses and 77% of 90 controls started in a race. For case horses that did race, the time to first race, total number of starts and prize money per race were not significantly different to maternal siblings. Age at the time of surgery did not alter the likelihood of starting a race.

Conclusion Thoroughbreds undergoing DAL‐DDFT for type 1 flexural deformity of the DIPJ are less likely to race when compared with their maternal siblings. For those that do race, the time to first race, total races and earnings per race are not different from controls. There is no evidence to suggest that age at the time of surgery influences the likelihood of racing.
Lethal genetic disorder in Poll Merino/Merino sheep in Australia
Authors: Shariflou MR , Wade CM , Windsor PA , Tammen I , James JW , Nicholas FW
Published: June 2011

Objectives  Characterise a lethal genetic disorder in Poll Merino/Merino sheep

Design  Pathological description of a new congenital multisystem disorder in a commercial sheep flock, and analysis of breeding data collected each lambing season between 2004 and mid‐lambing season 2010.

Procedure  Necropsies were conducted on six affected lambs and the mode of inheritance of the disorder was determined by pedigree and segregation analyses.

Results  The affected lambs were dwarfs with multiple defects in several organs, including skeleton, heart, liver and kidneys. The disorder has been named brachygnathia, cardiomegaly and renal hypoplasia syndrome (BCRHS). Segregation analysis suggests the disorder is transmitted as an autosomal trait with a recessive mode of inheritance. An annual incidence of the disorder in the discovery flock of up to 2.5% was recorded.

Conclusions  As a lethal disorder, the occurrence of BCRHS raises potential ethical and economic concerns for Merino breeders. The development of a DNA test would be useful to investigate its distribution in the Australian wool‐sheep population. As the disorder affects both the skeleton and several critical organs, including the heart, it may provide a potential animal model for investigating key developmental processes in humans and other animals.
Neurological diseases of ruminant livestock in Australia. I: general neurological examination, necropsy procedures and neurological manifestations of systemic disease, trauma and neoplasia
Authors: Finnie JW , Windsor PA , Kessell AE
Published: June 2011

Disease surveillance is an integral part of most veterinary practices in Australia. The aim of this series of invited reviews is to facilitate the differential and ultimately definitive diagnosis of some of the previously known, as well as the novel and emerging, neurological disorders of ruminant livestock, which is of particular importance in the surveillance for transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. General principles of a systematic neurological examination, necropsy procedures and the neurological manifestations of systemic disease, trauma and neoplasia are described here.
Neurological diseases of ruminant livestock in Australia. II: toxic disorders and nutritional deficiencies
Authors: Finnie JW , Windsor PA , Kessell AE
Published: June 2011

The second in this series of clinical reviews on neurological diseases in ruminant livestock in Australia examines toxic disorders associated with plant and microbial toxins as well as the neurological effects of vitamin and mineral deficiencies. The aim of these reviews is to assist in the surveillance of neurological diseases, especially the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies.
Ore Geology, Fluid Inclusion, and S‐ and Pb‐Isotopic Constraints on the Genesis of the Chitudian Zn‐Pb Deposit, Southern Margin of the North China Craton
Authors: DUAN Shigang , XUE Chunji , CHI Guoxiang , LIU Guoyin , YAN Changhai , FENG Qiwei , SONG Yaowu
Published: June 2011

The Chitudian Zn‐Pb ore deposit, Luanchuan, Henan province, was recently discovered in the southern margin of the North China Craton. The Zn‐Pb orebodies are hosted in the Proterozoic Guandaokou and Luanchuan Groups, occurring as veins in interbedding fracture zones mainly in a WNW‐ and partially in a NS‐direction. The Zn‐Pb ores are characterized by banded, massive, and breccia structures, coarse crystal grains, and a simple mineral composition mainly of galena, sphalerite, pyrite, quartz, dolomite, and calcite. In addition to the vein type orebodies, there are Mo‐ and Zn‐bearing skarn orebodies in the northwest of the Chitudian ore field. Four types of primary fluid inclusions in quartz and calcite were recognized in the Chitudian Zn‐Pb ores, including aqueous, aqueous‐CO2, daughter‐mineral‐bearing aqueous, and daughter‐mineral‐bearing aqueous‐CO2 inclusions, with aqueous inclusion being most common. The homogenization temperatures of the fluid inclusions from the main mineralization stage are from 290°C to 340°C, and the salinities mainly from 3.7 to 14.8 wt% NaCl equivalent. In addition to CO2, CH4 and H2S were detected in the vapor phase and HS‐ in the liquid phase of the fluid inclusions by Laser Raman spectroscopy. The δ34SV‐CDT values of ore sulfides from the Chitudian deposit range from −0.32‰ to 8.30‰, and show two modal peaks in the histogram, one from 1‰ to 4‰, and the other from 5‰ to 7‰. The former peak is similar to that of porphyry‐type Mo‐W deposits in the area, whereas the latter is relatively close to the sulfur in the strata. The ore sulfur may have been derived from both the magma and the strata. The Pb‐isotopic compositions of the ore minerals from Chitudian, with 206Pb/204Pb from 17.005 to l7.953, 207Pb/204Pb from 15.414 to 15.587, and 208Pb/204Pb from 37.948 to 39.036, are similar to those of Mesozoic porphyries in the Chitudian ore field, suggesting that the ore‐forming metals were mainly derived from the Mesozoic magmatic intrusions. The Chitudian Zn‐Pb deposit is interpreted to be a distal hydrothermal vein‐type deposit, which was genetically related to the proximal, skarn‐type Mo ore deposits in the region.
Geology, Fluid Inclusion, and Sulfur Isotope Studies of the Chehugou Porphyry Molybdenum–Copper Deposit, Xilamulun Metallogenic Belt, NE China
Authors: ZENG Qingdong , LIU Jianming , ZHANG Zuolun , ZHANG Weiqing , CHU Shaoxiong , ZHANG Song , WANG Zaicong , DUAN Xiaoxia
Published: June 2011

The Chehugou Mo–Cu deposit, located 56 km west of Chifeng, NE China, is hosted by Triassic granite porphyry. Molybdenite–chalcopyrite mineralization of the deposit mainly occurs as veinlets in stockwork ore and dissemination in breccia ore, and two ore‐bearing quartz veins crop out to the south of the granite porphyry stock. Based on crosscutting relationships and mineral paragenesis, three hydrothermal stages are identified: (i) quartz–pyrite–molybdenite ± chalcopyrite stage; (ii) pyrite–quartz ± sphalerite stage; and (iii) quartz–calcite ± pyrite ± fluorite stage. Three types of fluid inclusions in the stockwork and breccia ore are recognized: LV, two‐phase aqueous inclusions (liquid‐rich); LVS, three‐phase liquid, vapor, and salt daughter crystal inclusions; and VL, two‐phase aqueous inclusions (gas‐rich). LV and LVS fluid inclusions are recognized in vein ore. Microthermometric investigation of the three types of fluid inclusions in hydrothermal quartz from the stockwork, breccia, and vein ores shows salinities from 1.57 to 66.75 wt% NaCl equivalents, with homogenization temperatures varying from 114°C to 550°C. The temperature changed from 282–550°C, 220–318°C to 114–243°C from the first stage to the third stage. The homogenization temperatures and salinity of the LV, LVS and VL inclusions are 114–442°C and 1.57–14.25 wt% NaCl equivalent, 301–550°C and 31.01–66.75 wt% NaCl equivalent, 286–420°C and 4.65–11.1 wt% NaCl equivalent, respectively. The VL inclusions coexist with the LV and LVS, which homogenize at the similar temperature. The above evidence shows that fluid‐boiling occurred in the ore‐forming stage. δ34S values of sulfide from three type ores change from −0.61‰ to 0.86‰. These δ34S values of sulfide are similar to δ34S values of typical magmatic sulfide sulfur (c. 0‰), suggesting that ore‐forming materials are magmatic in origin.
Cobalt‐Bearing Grunerite in the Metamorphosed Banded Iron Formation in Orissa, India
Authors: NAYAK Prasanta Kumar , MOHAPATRA Birendra Kumar , SINGH Prem Prakash , MARTHA Ranjit Kumar
Published: June 2011

Banded iron formation (BIF) comprising high grade iron ore are exposed in Gorumahisani‐Sulaipat‐Badampahar belt in the east of North Orissa Craton, India. The ores are multiply deformed and metamorphosed to amphibolite facies. The mineral assemblage in the BIF comprises grunerite, magnetite/martite/goethite and quartz. Relict carbonate phases are sometimes noticed within thick iron mesobands. Grunerite crystals exhibit needles to fibrous lamellae and platy form or often sheaf‐like aggregates in linear and radial arrangement. Accicular grunerite also occur within intergranular space of magnetite/martite. Grunerite needles/accicules show higher reflectivity in chert mesoband and matching reflectance with that of adjacent magnetite/martite in iron mesoband. Some grunerite lamellae sinter into micron size magnetite platelets. This grunerite has high ferrous oxide and cobalt oxide content but is low in Mg‐ and Mn‐oxide compared to the ones, reported from BIFs, of Western Australia, Nigeria, France, USA and Quebec. The protolith of this BIF is considered to be carbonate containing sediments, with high concentrations of Fe and Si but lower contents of cobalt and chromium ± Mg, Mn and Ni. During submarine weathering quartz, sheet silicate (greenalite) and Fe‐Co‐Cr (Mg‐Mn‐Ni)‐carbonate solid solution were formed. At the outset of the regional metamorphic episode grunerite, euhedral magnetite and recrystalized quartz were developed. Magnetite was grown at the expense of carbonate and later martitized under post‐metamorphic conditions. With the increasing grade of metamorphism greenalite transformed to grunerite.
Variation of Rhenium Contents in Molybdenites from the Sar Cheshmeh Porphyry Cu‐Mo Deposit in Iran
Authors: AMINZADEH Balandeh , SHAHABPOUR Jamshid , MAGHAMI Majid
Published: June 2011

This paper presents the results of a study on the variation of Re in the Sar Cheshmeh porphyry copper‐molybdenum deposit in Iran. The Re content was determined in monomineralic molybdenite separates from veinlets and from molybdenum milled floatation concentrates. Mineralogical data and chemical analyses indicate two generations of veinlet molybdenites in the Sar Cheshmeh deposit. The first generation (molybdenite I), which contains low Re, is found as intergrowth with quartz in silicified rocks with low total sulfide content, and the second generation (molybdenite II), which contains high Re, is found in veinlets with low quartz content. There is a positive correlation between the elevation of molybdenite deposition and Re content. Decrease in the temperature and pH of the hydrothermal fluids are effective for the accumulation Re in molybdenite. X‐ray diffraction study of 14 molybdenite samples indicate that the molybdenites are of the 2H polytype.
Advances in diagnostic imaging of the larynx and pharynx
Authors: Garrett K. S.
Published: June 2011

Imaging of the larynx and pharynx has traditionally been limited to upper airway endoscopy and radiography. Recently, ultrasonography, magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography have become used more widely. These modalities have increased our diagnostic yield when investigating disorders of the upper airway. The Case Report in this issue (Koenig et al. 2012) describes the diagnosis and biopsy of a laryngeal mass using ultrasonography illustrating one novel application of laryngeal ultrasonography. Increased use of laryngeal ultrasonography and advanced imaging of the larynx and pharynx will hopefully lead to a better understanding of conditions of the upper airway and improved treatment strategies.