bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Many-sorted unification
Authors: Walther Christoph
Published: July 2002

Many-sorted unification is considered; that is, unification in the many-sorted free algebras of terms, where variables, as well as the domains and ranges of functions, are restricted to certain subsets of the universe, given as a potentially infinite hierarchy of sorts. It is shown that complete and minimal sets of unifiers may not always exist for many-sorted unification. Conditions for sort hierarchies that are equivalent for the existence of these sets with one, finitely many, or infinitely many elements are presented. It is also proved that being a forest-structured sort hierarchy is a necessary and sufficient criterion for the Robinson Unification Theorem to hold for many-sorted unification. An algorithm for many-sorted unification is given.
Fast context-free grammar parsing requires fast boolean matrix multiplication
Authors: Lee Lillian
Published: July 2002

In 1975, Valiant showed that Boolean matrix multiplication can be used for parsing context-free grammars (CFGs), yielding the asympotically fastest (although not practical) CFG parsing algorithm known. We prove a dual result: any CFG parser with time complexity
O
(
gn
3-∈
), where
g
is the size of the grammar and
n
is the length of the input string, can be efficiently converted into an algorithm to multiply
m
×
m
Boolean matrices in time
O
(
m
3-∈/3
). Given that practical, substantially subcubic Boolean matrix multiplication algorithms have been quite difficult to find, we thus explain why there has been little progress in developing practical, substantially subcubic general CFG parsers. In proving this result, we also develop a formalization of the notion of parsing.
An empirical comparison of priority-queue and event-set implementations
Authors: Jones Douglas W.
Published: July 2002

Execution times for a variety of priority-queue implementations are compared under the hold model, showing many to be faster than implicit heaps.
Relativizing complexity classes with sparse oracles
Authors: Long Timothy J. , Selman Alan L.
Published: July 2002

Baker, Gill, and Solovay constructed sparse sets
A
and
B
such that P(
A
) ≠ NP(
A
) and NP(
B
) ≠ co-NP(
B
). In contrast to their results, we prove that P = NP if and only if for every tally language
T
, P(
T
) = NP(
T
), and that NP = co-NP if and only if for every tally language
T
, NP(
T
) = co-NP(
T
). We show that the polynomial hierarchy collapses if and only if there is a sparse set
S
such that the polynomial hierarchy relative to
S
collapses. Similar results are obtained for several other complexity classes.
Viewpoint: Military direction of academic CS research
Authors: Thompson Clark
Published: July 2002

Most computer scientists know that the Department of Defense (DOD) supplies most of the funds for academic research, but few know how profoundly the funding situation has changed over the last decade. In 1976 most basic research in academic computer science was funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF) [see Figure 1]. In 1985 NSF's "market share" is much less than DoD's.

When applied research money is added in, as in Figure 2 (on the next page), DOD'S preeminence is even more marked. Allowing $25 million for industrial, state, institutional, and other support in 1985 (exact data are unavailable), I conclude that most academic computer science (CS) research is now directed by military agencies.
The Clipper processor: instruction set architecture and implementation
Authors: Hollingsworth W. , Sachs H. , Smith A. J.
Published: July 2002

Intergraph's CLIPPER microprocessor is a high performance, three chip module that implements a new instruction set architecture designed for convenient programmability, broad functionality, and easy future expansion.
Requirements analysis for Ada compilers
Authors: Wallis Peter J. L. , Wichmann Brian A.
Published: July 2002

A Guide to the Selection and Specification of Ada Compilers was recently produced by the Portability Working Group of Ada-Europe. Most of the points addressed are applicable criteria for evaluation of any language compiler.
Personal computing: Windows, DOS and the MAC
Authors: Press Larry
Published: July 2002

Direct-manipulation or graphical user interfaces (GUIs) are nearly as old as command-line interfaces.
1
At the ACM Conference on The History of Personal Workstations, Doug Ross told of drawing on an oscilloscope screen by using his finger to move a spot of light in 1954. Graphic software has been a bastion of direct manipulation since the 195Os, and Douglas Englebart demonstrated direct manipulation of text to large audiences in the 1960s. The style of contemporary direct-manipulation interfaces evolved largely from prototypes developed at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (PARC) in the 1970s. The Xerox Star offered a commercial GUI in 1981 (see Figure 1), and several early GUIs, like VisiOn, TopView, and Windows version 1, failed on underpowered PCs. The Macintosh, introduced in 1984, was a major commercial success.

Although GUIs have been used for years, the hardware to support them is expensive, so the vast majority of personal computer users still control their software by typing commands. With the introduction of Windows Version 3, Microsoft hopes to move DOS users away from their command-line interface to a direct-manipulation interface. Let us take a quick look at Windows, then compare it to DOS and the Mac.
THE GENETIC PROGRAM FOR GERM-SOMA DIFFERENTIATION IN VOLVOX
Authors: Kirk David L.
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  Volvox carteri possesses only two cell types: mortal somatic cells and potentially immortal asexual reproductive cells called gonidia. Mutational analysis indicates that three categories of genes play central roles in programming this germ-soma division of labor: First the gls genes function during embryogenesis to cause asymmetric divisions that produce large and small cells. Then the lag genes act in the large cells (gonidial initials) to repress functions required for somatic development while the regA locus acts in the small cells (somatic initials) to repress functions required for reproductive development. Transposon tagging and DNA transformation have recently been used to recover and characterize the glsA and regA genes, and the sequences of these genes lead to testable hypotheses about how they play their roles in germ-soma differentiation.
Genetic Analysis of Tyrosine Kinase Function in B Cell Development
Authors: Satterthwaite Anne , Witte Owen
Published: July 2002

B lymphopoiesis is regulated by multiple signals from stromal cell contact, soluble cytokines, antigen, and T helper cells. In vitro and biochemical experiments have implicated tyrosine kinases as key components of many of these signaling pathways. Genetic analysis of the role of these tyrosine kinases has been facilitated by recent advances in transgenic and gene targeting technology as well as by the identification of the genetic basis of several human and murine immune deficiencies. This review discusses the effect of gain and loss of function mutations of selected tyrosine kinases and their regulators and substrates on B cell development and function.
The Role of Materials Research in Ceramics and Archaeology
Authors: Vandiver Pamela
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  Materials research has been applied successfully to the study of archaeological ceramics for the last fifty years. To learn about our history and the human condition is not just to analyze and preserve the objects but also to investigate and understand the knowledge and skills used to produce and use them. Many researchers have probed the limits and methods of such studies, always mindful that a glimpse at ancient reality lies in the details of time and place, context of finds, and experimentally produced data, usually compared with standards that were collected in an equivalent ethnographic setting or that were fabricated in a laboratory in order to elucidate the critical questions in a technology that could be understood in no other way. The basis of most studies of ancient technology has been established as microstructure; composition and firing; methods and sequence of manufacture; differentiation of use; use-wear and post-depositional processes; technological variability that can be interpreted as a pattern of stasis or innovation, which can be related to cultural continuity or change; and interpretation that can involve technology, subsistence trade, organization, and symbolic group- and self-definition.
VIROCRINE TRANSFORMATION: The Intersection Between Viral Transforming Proteins and Cellular Signal Transduction Pathways
Authors: DiMaio Daniel , Lai Char-Chang , Klein Ophir
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  This review describes a mechanism of viral transformation involving activation of cellular signaling pathways. We focus on four viral oncoproteins: the E5 protein of bovine papillomavirus, which activates the platelet-derived growth factor β receptor; gp55 of spleen focus forming virus, which activates the erythropoietin receptor; polyoma virus middle T antigen, which resembles an activated receptor tyrosine kinase; and LMP-1 of Epstein-Barr virus, which mimics an activated tumor necrosis factor receptor. These examples indicate that diverse viruses induce cell transformation by activating cellular signal transduction pathways. Study of this mechanism of viral transformation will provide new insights into viral tumorigenesis and cellular signal transduction.
ATOMICCLUSTERS AS ABRANCHOFNUCLEARPHYSICS
Authors: Frauendorf Stefan G. , Guet Claude
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  The conduction electrons in clusters of simple metal atoms are approximatively independent and free. Nucleons in nuclei also behave as delocalized and independent fermions. This generic behavior generates analogies between metal clusters and nuclei, such as the shell structure, the shapes, and the dipole vibration mode. However, there are also major differences that arise from the presence of ions in metal clusters. Fission of nuclei and clusters, and particle emission from them, reveal these differences.
MENTAL HEALTH AND MANAGED CARE
Authors: Durham Mary L.
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  Managed care has become the dominant method for financing and delivering care for common mental health problems and for people with severe, chronic mental health conditions. Despite the rapid growth of managed mental health care, there is very little research available to guide policy choices. Managed care has led to decreased costs for employers and other payers, mostly through reducing hospital admissions or length of stay. Managed care organizations use staff with lesser levels of training (e.g. social workers instead of psychiatrists) and are more likely to offer group outpatient programs and manualized treatment than their fee-for-service counterparts. Despite these differences, there is no clear evidence that health outcomes are worse for patients in managed care. There is an urgent need for researchers to turn their attention to issues such as cost, quality, access, satisfaction, and functional outcomes associated with managed mental health care. The impact of parity of mental health with insurance coverage for physical conditions is another important question that needs to be addressed.
The Key to the Door: Medicaid's Role in Improving Health Care for Women and Children
Authors: Rowland Diane , Salganicoff Alina , Keenan Patricia Seliger
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  Medicaid is the nation's major public financing program for providing health insurance coverage and long-term care services to the poor. This article assesses Medicaid's contributions over the last three decades to improving the coverage, access to care, and health of low-income children and women. The article reviews Medicaid's impact on the low-income population covered by this program, demonstrating both the role insurance plays and its limitations as a strategy for improving the health of vulnerable populations. Medicaid has shown over the last three decades that it is an important lever to help open the door to better health care, and ultimately to improved health for America's poor women and children, by substantially expanding coverage of the low-income population and helping to reduce differentials in access to care between the poor and the privately insured. Gaps in coverage and limitations in access persist, but overall the program has resulted in better coverage, access, and health care for millions of poor children and their parents.
US Health Care: A Look Ahead to 2025
Authors: Ginzberg Eli
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  The chapter begins with a reminder that forecasting changes in the health care sector a quarter to a third of a century in the future is likely to be a losing effort, based on past experience. It next considers changing organization and financing and questions that managed care and market competition will be the key forces introducing change. The author looks forward to the passage of universal health insurance coverage for essential care by early in the new century, with patients having to pay for more choice and more quality. The analysis next focuses on the physician supply and points to three challenges: how to moderate the numbers being trained; whether to reconsider the conventional wisdom of training more generalists; and how to support more resources for the National Health Service Corps to improve coverage in underserved areas. The author predicts the restructuring of acute care hospitals, with a marked reduction of in-patient beds, and that leading-edge research-oriented academic health centers should be able to remain out in front. There are also potential gains in health status from prevention and molecular medicine in a nation where chronic disease will dominate.
The Cybernetics of Performance and New Media Art
Authors: Lichty Patrick
Published: July 2002

The emergence of many new media art genres calls into question qualitative issues in regards to performance in virtual and electronic spaces. What constitutes performance in technological art, and how can we form a critique of new media performance by analyzing these aesthetic spaces? This essay forms an analysis of technological performance, and of the “performative” in new media through the use of cybernetics as a critical tool.
Greek Origami: A Sculpture Exploring the Golden Ratio
Authors: Storeygard Adam
Published: July 2002

The author created a sculpture using a rigorous mathematical procedure informed by aesthetic decisions. The form is based on the relationships found in the golden triangle and its spiral folded into three dimensions. In creating the form, the author discovered a three-dimensional motif (the “golden gnomonoid”) with interesting mathematical properties and sculptural ramifications.
The Large Glass Seen Anew: Reflections of Contemporary Science and Technology in Marcel Duchamp's “Hilarious Picture”
Authors: Henderson Linda Dalrymple
Published: July 2002

Marcel Duchamp's The Bride Stripped Bare by Her Bachelors, Even (The Large Glass) of 1915–1923 is a unique image-text system in which the physical object is complemented by hundreds of preparatory notes the artist considered to be as important as the object itself. Although Duchamp talked of “Playful Physics” in his notes for the Glass, much of his humor and the breadth of his creative invention was obscured for later audiences when, after 1919, the popularization of relativity theory eclipsed the late Victorian ether physics that had fascinated the public in the early years of the century. Indeed, drawing upon contemporary science and technology, among other fields, Duchamp had created in the Large Glass a witty, multivalent commentary on the age-old theme of sexual desire, presented in the very newest verbal and visual languages. These ideas are explored in this article, reprinted from the conclusion of the author's book Duchamp in Context: Science and Technology in the Large Glass and Related Works.
Wh-Subjects in English and the Vacuous Movement Hypothesis
Authors: Agbayani Brian
Published: July 2002

In this squib I consider the Vacuous Movement Hypothesis (henceforth VMH), the notion that in English local overt wh-movement takes place except for subjects (George 1980, Chomsky 1986). There is considerable evidence that a wh-subject does not move locally to [Spec, CP] in English. However, the notion that overt wh-movement in English involves feature licensing/clausal typing with C (Rizzi 1996, Cheng 1991) implies that even in the case of wh-subjects, movement to the domain of C must still occur. Furthermore, wh-islands involving a wh-subject in the embedded clause have raised problems for the VMH under the classical treatment of wh-islands that attributes them to Subjacency. I propose to reconcile the evidence for and against the VMH via a simplification of the feature-checking system advanced in Chomsky 1995 and a treatment of overt movement that separates a feature chain (CHFF) from a category chain (CHCAT). The proposal resolves the discrepancies observed with English wh-subjects in a conceptually desirable way.
Practical Experiments with Regular Approximation of Context-Free Languages
Authors: Nederhof Mark-Jan
Published: July 2002

Several methods are discussed that construct a finite automaton given a context-free grammar, including both methods that lead to subsets and those that lead to supersets of the original context-free language. Some of these methods of regular approximation are new, and some others are presented here in a more refined form with respect to existing literature. Practical experiments with the different methods of regular approximation are performed for spoken-language input: hypotheses from a speech recognizer are filtered through a finite automaton.
Modeling Alternation to Synchrony with Inhibitory Coupling: A Neuromorphic VLSI Approach
Authors: Cymbalyuk Gennady S. , Patel Girish N. , Calabrese Ronald L. , DeWeerth Stephen P. , Cohen Avis H.
Published: July 2002

We developed an analog very large-scale integrated system of two mutually inhibitory silicon neurons that display several different stable oscillations. For example, oscillations can be synchronous with weak inhibitory coupling and alternating with relatively strong inhibitory coupling. All oscillations observed experimentally were predicted by bifurcation analysis of a corresponding mathematical model. The synchronous oscillations do not require special synaptic properties and are apparently robust enough to survive the variability and constraints inherent in this physical system.

In biological experiments with oscillatory neuronal networks, blockade of inhibitory synaptic coupling can sometimes lead to synchronous oscillations. An example of this phenomenon is the transition from alternating to synchronous bursting in the swimming central pattern generator of lamprey when synaptic inhibition is blocked by strychnine. Our results suggest a simple explanation for the observed oscillatory transitions in the lamprey central pattern generator network: that inhibitory connectivity alone is sufficient to produce the observed transition.
An Optimization Approach to Design of Generalized BSB Neural Associative Memories
Authors: Park Jooyoung , Park Yonmook
Published: July 2002

This article is concerned with the synthesis of the optimally performing GBSB (generalized brain-state-in-a-box) neural associative memory given a set of desired binary patterns to be stored as asymptotically stable equilibrium points. Based on some known qualitative properties and newly observed fundamental properties of the GBSB model, the synthesis problem is formulated as a constrained optimization problem. Next, we convert this problem into a quasi-convex optimization problem called GEVP (generalized eigenvalue problem). This conversion is particularly useful in practice, because GEVPs can be efficiently solved by recently developed interior point methods. Design examples are given to illustrate the proposed approach and to compare with existing synthesis methods.
Effects of Time Delay on Depth Perception via Head-Motion Parallax in Virtual Environment Systems
Authors: Yuan Hanfeng , Sachtler W. L. , Durlach Nat , Shinn-Cunningham Barbara
Published: July 2002

Experiments were conducted to determine how the ability to detect and discriminate head-motion parallax depth cues is degraded by time delays between head movement and image update. The stimuli consisted of random-dot patterns that were programmed to appear as one cycle of a sinusoi dal grating when the subject's head moved. The results show that time delay between head movement and image update has essentially no effect on the ability to discrimi nate between two such gratings with different depth char acteristics when the delay is less than or equal to roughly 265 ms.
The Web Interface for Telescience
Authors: Backes Paul G. , Tso Kam S. , Tharp Gregory K.
Published: July 2002

The Web Interface for Telescience (WITS) is an Internet-based tool that enables members of geographically distributed science teams to participate in daily planetary lander and rover mission planning. WITS enables the viewing of downlinked images and results in various ways, terrain-feature measurement and annotation, and the planning of daily mission activities. WITS is written in the Java language and is accessible by mission scientists and the general public via a Web browser. The public can use WITS to plan and simulate their own rover missions. WITS was used during the 1997 Mars Pathfinder mission primarily for public outreach and was evaluated as a science operations tool at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). WITS will be used as an operations tool in the 1998 lander mission, which will land on Mars in December 1999, and in the 2001 and 2003 lander-rover missions to Mars.
Local Reinforcement and Recombination in Classifier Systems
Authors: Westerdale Thomas H.
Published: July 2002

We investigate classifier systems' reward schemes by way of an example that highlights the interaction of local reward schemes and recombination. We contrast averaging schemes and maximizing schemes. Our example illustrates a sense in which certain recombination operators mesh more gracefully with averaging schemes than with maximizing schemes.
Saving Energy versus Saving Materials
Authors: Nishioka Yurika , Yanagisawa Yukio , Spengler John D.
Published: July 2002

To reduce energy consumption and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in housing construction, the energy‐intensive processes and life‐cycle stages should be identified and integrated. The environmental impact of vertically integrated factory‐built homes (VIHs) constructed with increased material inputs in Japan's northern island of Hokkaido was assessed using life‐cycle inventory (LCI) analysis methods. Manufacturing process energy and CO2 intensities of the homes were evaluated based on the material inputs. They were compared with those of a counterpart home hypothetically built using the vertically integrated construction methods, but in accordance with the specifications of a less material‐intensive conventional home (CH) in Hokkaido today. Cumulative household energy consumption and CO2 emissions were evaluated and compared with those of the production stages. The annual household energy consumption was compared among a VIH, a CH, and an average home in Hokkaido. The energy intensity of the VIH was 3.9 GJ production energy per m2 of floor area, 59% higher than that of the CH. Net CO2 emissions during VIH manufacturing processes were 293 kg/m2, after discounting the carbon fixation during tree growth. The cumulative use‐phase household energy consumption and CO2 emissions of a VIH will exceed energy consumption and CO2 emissions during the initial production stage in less than six years. Although VIHs housed 21% more residents on average, the energy consumption per m2 was 17% lower than that of a CH. This may indicate that using more materials initially can lead to better energy efficiency.
IF JERUSALEM STOOD: THE DESTRUCTION OF JERUSALEM AND CHRISTIAN ANTI-JUDAISM
Authors: Perkins Pheme
Published: July 2002

Asking what would have been the case had the Jewish War of 66-70 CE not ended with the destruction of the Temple demonstrates the momentous consequences of those events for the history of Christianity and of anti-Judaism in Western culture. That the war might not have occurred or might have been nipped in the bud is a consensus view of Jewish, Roman and primitive Christian authors. That its consequences fueled a perception of Jews as abominable or rightly abandoned by their own God can be documented in both Roman and Christian texts. But the most disastrous consequence of the events of 66-70 CE was the anti-Judaism which is embedded in the Christian imagination through the canonical Gospels. Their accounts of the divinely authorized breech between followers of Jesus messiah and fellow Jews would never have been credible had moderate Jewish voices quelled the rebellion. Christianity would have remained a Jewish movement which incorporated Gentiles into God's people and anti-Judaism would not have been inscribed on the Western imagination.
The New Academy's Appeals to the Presocratics
Authors: Palmer John , Brittain Charles
Published: July 2002

Members of the New Academy presented their sceptical position as the culmination of a progressive development in the history of philosophy, which began when certain Presocratics started to reflect on the epistemic status of their theoretical claims concerning the natures of things. The Academics' dogmatic opponents accused them of misrepresenting the early philosophers in an illegitimate attempt to claim respectable precedents for their dangerous position. The ensuing debate over the extent to which some form of scepticism might properly be attributed to the Presocratics is reflected in various passages in Cicero's Academica. In this essay, we try to get clearer about the precise nature of the Academics' historical claim and their view of the general lesson to be learned from reflection on the history of philosophy down to their own time. The Academics saw the Presocratics as providing some kind of support for the thesis that things are non-cognitive, or, more specifically, that neither the senses nor reason furnishes a criterion of truth. As this view is susceptible to both 'dialectical' and non-dialectical readings, we consider the prospects for each. We also examine the evidence for the varied functions both of the Academics' specific appeals to individual Presocratics and of their collections of the Presocratics' divergent opinions. What emerges is a better understanding of why the Academics were concerned with claiming the Presocratics as sceptical ancestors and of the precise manner in which they advanced this claim.
Gli scolî di Ermia e un passo controverso del' Fedro di Platone (Phaedr. 269e1-270c5)
Authors: Longo Angela
Published: July 2002

Il brano del Fedro (269e1-270c5) in cui è menzionato Ippocrate e il suo metodo è uno dei più controversi dell'opera platonica. Alcuni studiosi si sono serviti degli scolî antichi al dialogo, tramandati sotto il nome del neoplatonico Ermia (V sec. d. C.), per sostenere che il metodo in questione non implica un'indagine preliminare dell'universo. È tuttavia utile (oltreché finora intentato) ripercorrere quanto l'esegeta neoplatonico dice a proposito dell'intero brano in questione per constatare come egli, al contrario, ne fornisca un'interpretazione cosmologica, sulla base della significazione tecnica di λη ψυχ come «anima dell'universo». In ogni caso l'esegesi di Ermia risulta essere non una semplice parafrasi grammaticale del testo platonico, ma anche una sua riformulazione filosofica nei termini della dottrina neoplatonica, la quale è estremamente complessa anche nel caso dell'anima umana.
A BLOODY QUESTION: THE POLITICS OF VENUS AND ADONIS
Authors: Wilson Richard
Published: July 2002

In 1588, Burghley drafted a "Bloody Question" for Catholics: "If the Pope were to send over an army, whose side would you be on: the Pope's or the Queen's?" What the iconography of Venus and Adonis suggests is that the poem is a critique of the martyr's course pursued by Southwell and also of the persecution brought on by Queen Elizabeth. Southwell was a cousin of Shakespeare and addressed his preface to St. Peter's Complaint to "Master W. S." (as only later appeared in the 1616 edition published on the continent). The preface clearly alludes to Venus and Adonis, The Rape of Lucrece and A Midsummer Night's Dream. By criticizing poets who make the "follies and fayninges of love" the subject of their poems, Southwell was urging Shakespeare to undertake some "graver labor" and a dangerous course of life which potentially might have led to martyrdom. As its elaborate phraseology shows, Venus and Adonis is an encoded reply in which Elizabeth is the predatory tyrannical Venus and Burghley is the boar who kills Adonis.
THE LOCATION OF RANGING CUES IN WREN SONG: EVIDENCE FROM CALIBRATED INTERACTIVE PLAYBACK EXPERIMENTS
Authors: Holland  , Dabelsteen  , Bjørn  , Pedersen
Published: July 2002

Many species of songbirds appear to monitor the distance to conspecifics by attending to songs received from them (ranging). Features of the habitat-induced degradation of the song seem to provide the ranging cues. This study investigates where, in a received, degraded song, the cues used for ranging lie; in the song elements, in the inter-element pauses or both. Examples of undegraded and degraded wren Troglodytes troglodytes song were cut into element and pause portions which were reassembled into four treatment types; two where the degradation between elements and pauses was concordant and two where either elements or pauses were degraded. These were played back at the boundaries of wren territories. The experiment was calibrated by measuring the degradation of the received playback songs and re-categorizing the trials into treatment types accordingly. Wrens responded to undegraded song by aggressively approaching and to degraded song with a less intense approach and an increase in perch height. When the level of degradation within the different song portions was concordant, subjects' responses were as expected from a wren ranging an intruder (undegraded) or a distant conspecific (degraded). When only the pauses were derived from a degraded song the behaviour closely resembled a wren ranging a distant rival, however the signal with only degraded elements elicited a response of intermediate intensity. We conclude that wrens seem able to adjust their response relative to degradation cues in either the elements or the pauses of degraded songs. In addition, the pause degradation seems to offer cues that can be used independently of element degradation, whereas element degradation needs the congruity of cues within the pauses to evoke a response equivalent to that elicited by the degraded song.
ULTRASONIC RESPONSE OF CBA NEWBORN MICE TO BEDDING ODOUR
Authors: Marchlewska-Koj Anna , Kapusta Joanna , Olejniczak Pawel
Published: July 2002

A drop in ambient temperature which increases thermogenesis is the fundamental factor stimulating ultrasonic vocalization in newborn rodents. Neonatal mice modify ultrasonic calling in response to olfactory cues. When removed from the nest and cooled, CBA-strain mouse pups produced ultrasonic calls on the 3rd, 5th and 7th days of life. The presence of conspecific bedding affected their ultrasonic vocalization. The number and duration of calls were higher in 3-day-old CBA pups exposed to bedding of C57BL lactating females than in newborns tested in the presence of bedding from CBA lactating females. This indicates that CBA pups discriminate between the odours of the two genotypes. The influence of postnatal experiences on the ability to differentiate odours was investigated. Three-day-old CBA mice nursed by their own mothers vocalized at higher frequencies than did newborns fostered by C57BL lactating females. It is suggested that ultrasonic vocalization in CBA pups is affected by genetic factors and postnatal environmental conditions.
Hydroxyl-stretching bands ‘A’ and ‘Z’ in Raman and infrared spectra of kaolinites
Authors: Shoval S. , Yariv S. , Michaelian K. H. , Boudeulle M. , Panczer G.
Published: July 2002

The high frequency OH-stretching band in micro-Raman spectra of kaolinites consistently exhibits two partly overlapping components with varying relative intensities. These bands, labelled A and Z, are located at ~3700–3690 and 3690–3680 cm-1, respectively. Band Z displays greater intensity in Raman spectra of highly crystallized kaolinites which have large coherent domains. Both components are also observed in the curve fitted infrared (IR) spectra of kaolinites; band Z is stronger in IR spectra of highly crystallized samples. Data for kaolinites with different particle size support the idea that bands A and Z are the longitudinal optic and transverse optic modes of the high frequency OH-stretching band.
Thallium cations in the analcime framework
Authors: Dyer A.
Published: July 2002

Kyono et al. (1999) have synthesized a thallium leucite. They have drawn conclusions from this relating to cation mobilities. Attention is drawn to alternative explanations and related to extensive previous work.
The distribution and recovery of gold in the Golden Sunlight gold-silver telluride deposit, Montana, U.S.A.
Authors: Spry P. G. , Thieben S. E.
Published: July 2002

The gold balance in an ore deposit where the ore is treated by cyanide is the sum of the ‘visible gold’ that is amenable to cyanidation and ‘visible gold’ and the ‘invisible gold’, which are not amenable to cyanidation. Petrographic analyses, electron and ion microprobe as well as scanning electron microscope studies of ore from the Golden Sunlight deposit, Montana, suggest that periods of relatively poor gold recoveries are primarily due to the presence of inclusions, <25 µm in size, of native gold, petzite, calaverite, buckhornite and krennerite. These are encapsulated in cyanide insoluble grains of pyrite, chalcopyrite and tennantite and are present in the tailings. This contribution probably accounts for 3–25% of the unrecoverable gold processed during the life of the mine. Minor amounts (6–7%) of ‘invisible gold’, as indicated by ion microprobe studies and the presence of up to 5% ‘visible gold’ in buckhornite, which is rare in nature, appears to account for the remainder of the gold budget.
The crystal structure of faustite and its copper analogue turquoise
Authors: Kolitsch U. , Giester G.
Published: July 2002

The crystal structure of faustite, ZnAl6(PO4)4(OH)8.4H2O, was determined using single-crystal data (Mo-Kα X-radiation, CCD area detector, 1624 unique reflections, R1 = 4.91%, wR2 = 9.23%), and compared with results of a reinvestigation of the structure of its copper analogue turquoise, CuAl6(PO4)4(OH)8.4H2O (2737 unique reflections, R1 = 2.81%, wR2 = 6.90%). Both are isostructural and crystallize in space group P, with a = 7.419(2) [turquoise: 7.410(1)], b = 7.629(3) [7.633(1)], c = 9.905(3) [9.904(1)] Å, α = 69.17(2) [68.42(1)], β = 69.88(2) [69.65(1)], γ = 64.98(2) [65.05(1)]°, V = 462.2(3) [460.27(10)] Å3, and Z = 1. The structure consists of distorted MO6 polyhedra (M = Zn, Cu), AlO6 octahedra and PO4 tetrahedra. By edge- and corner-sharing of these polyhedra a fairly dense three-dimensional framework is formed which is further strengthened by a system of hydrogen bonds. The metal atoms in the unique MO6 (M = Zn or Cu) polyhedron show a distorted [2+2+2]-coordination, the distortion being more pronounced in turquoise. About 10% of the M site is vacant in both minerals. In turquoise, a previously undetected structural site with a very low occupancy of (possibly) Cu is present at the position (Ý,0,Ý).
Mereheadite, Pb2O(OH)Cl: a new litharge-related oxychloride from Merehead Quarry, Cranmore, Somerset
Authors: Welch M. D. , Criddle A. J. , Symes R. F.
Published: July 2002

Mereheadite, ideally Pb2O(OH)Cl, is a new mineral related to litharge and which is structurally similar to synthetic bismuth-oxyhalides. With other lead- and lead-copper oxychlorides, it occupies lenses and cavities in veins of manganese and iron oxide minerals which cut through a sequence of dolomitic limestones at Merehead quarry, Cranmore, Somerset (51°12′N, 2°26′W) Mereheadite is pale yellow to reddish-orange, transparent to translucent and has a white streak and a vitreous or resinous lustre. It is not fluorescent. Individual grains, up to a few mm across, cluster together in compact masses of 10–30 mm in size, but discrete crystals have not been observed. Specular reflectance data on randomly orientated grains from 400 to 700 nm are provided, and refractive indices calculated from these at 590 nm range from 2.19 to 2.28. H = 3.5, VHN100 = 171, D(meas) = 7.12(10) g/cm3, Dcalc = 7.31 g/cm3. The mineral is brittle with an uneven, conchoidal to hackly fracture and has a perfect (001) cleavage which is parallel to the sheets of PbO and Cl. It is intimately associated with mendipite, blixite, cerussite, hydrocerussite and calcite in lenses and pods in the veins. Other minerals which occupy cavities in these veins include chloroxiphite, paralaurionite, parkinsonite and the borosilicate datolite. Mereheadite is monoclinic, space group C2/c, and its cell parameters, refined from powder X-ray diffraction are: a = 5.680(2), b = 5.565(3), c = 13.143(9) Å, β=90.64(4)°, V = 415.4 (8) Å3, Z = 4. The ten strongest reflections in the X-ray powder diffraction pattern are [d in Å, (I, hkl)]: 2.930(10,113), 3.785(5,111, –111), 2.825(4,200), 6.581(4,002), 2.182(4,115), 2.780(4,020), 3.267(4,004), 1.980(3,–220), 1.695(3,224,132,117), 1.716(3,026). Its empirical formula is Pb8O4.19(BO3)0.51 (CO3)0.62(OH)0.76Cl4.09. Although it is very similar chemically to blixite, it has notably different cell parameters. There is some uncertainty about the essential nature of boron and carbon in natural mereheadite. This stems from the impossibility of ensuring the purity of samples for wet-chemical analysis, and from the predominance of lead in the structure of the mineral which has meant that the location of boron and carbon within the mereheadite structure is unresolved, 11B MAS NMR does show, however, that boron is present as BO3 groups. The structure consists of alternating PbO sheets and layers of chlorine atoms. Each lead atom is coordinated to four chlorines and four O/OH in a square antiprism configuration. As such, it is structurally-related to nadorite, thorikosite and schwartzembergite. Comparisons with structurally analogous phases such as bismuth oxychlorides and bismutite (Bi2O2CO3) suggest that the BO3 and CO3 groups are likely to replace chlorine in the layer between PbO sheets. The composition of natural mereheadite is defined by three end-members: the mereheadite end-member Pb2O(OH)Cl, and two fictive end-members Pb2(OH)2CO3 and Pb4O(OH)3BO3.
Differential regulation of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family by α2-macroglobulin: evidence for selective modulation of FGF-2–induced angiogenesis
Authors: Asplin Iain R. , Wu Sean M. , Mathew Smitha , Bhattacharjee Gourab , Pizzo Salvatore V.
Published: July 2002

The fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family has an important role in processes such as angiogenesis, wound healing, and development in which precise control of proteinase activity is important. The human plasma proteinase inhibitor α2-macroglobulin (α2M) regulates cellular growth by binding and modulating the activity of many cytokines and growth factors. These studies investigate the ability of native and activated α2M (α2M*) to bind to members of the FGF family. Both α2M and α2M* bind specifically and saturably to FGF-1, -2, -4, and -6, although the binding to α2M* is of significantly higher affinity. Neither α2M nor α2M* bind to FGF-5, -7, -9, or -10. FGF-2 was chosen for more extensive study in view of its important role in angiogenesis. It was demonstrated that FGF-2 binds to the previously identified TGF-β binding site. The α2M* inhibits FGF-2–dependent fetal bovine heart endothelial cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. Unexpectedly, α2M* does not affect FGF-2–induced vascular tubule formation on Matrigel basement membrane matrix or collagen gels. Further studies demonstrate that FGF-2 partitions between fluid-phase α2M* and solid-phase Matrigel or collagen. These studies suggest that the ability of α2M* to modulate the activity of FGF-2 is dependent on an interplay with extracellular matrix components.
Inhibitory effect on natural killer activity of microphthalmia transcription factor encoded by the mutant mi allele of mice
Authors: Ito Akihiko , Kataoka Tatsuki R. , Kim Dae-Ki , Koma Yu-ichiro , Lee Young-Mi , Kitamura Yukihiko
Published: July 2002

The mouse mi locus encodes a basic-helix-loop-helix-leucine zipper-type transcription factor, microphthalmia transcription factor (MITF). Mice of mi/migenotype express a mutant form of MITF (mi-MITF), whereas mice of tg/tg genotype have a transgene in the 5′ flanking region of the mi gene and do not express MITF. Although themi/mi mouse is deficient in natural killer (NK) activity, it was found that the tg/tg mouse was normal in this respect. To know the cause, spleen cells of both genotypes were compared. Although the proportion of spleen cells expressing an NK cell marker, NK1.1, was comparable in both mice, the proportion of large granular lymphocytes decreased only in mi/mi mice. The difference between mi/mi and tg/tg mice was reproducible in the culture supplemented with interleukin-2. Moreover, the perforin gene expression was reduced in mi/mi–cultured spleen cells. Wild-type (+) MITF transactivated, butmi-MITF suppressed, the perforin gene promoter through the NF-P motif, a strong cis-acting element. However, neither +-MITF nor mi-MITF bound the NF-P motif. Instead, 2 nuclear factors that bound the NF-P motif were retained in the cytoplasm ofmi/mi–cultured spleen cells. In addition, overexpression of mi-MITF resulted in cytoplasmic retention of the 2 NF-P motif–binding factors in cytotoxic T lymphocytes. The presence ofmi-MITF rather than the absence of +-MITF appeared to lead to poor transactivation of the NF-P motif by intercepting NF-P motif–binding factors. This inhibitory effect of mi-MITF may cause the deficient cytotoxicity of NK cells in mi/mimice.
DNA damage–induced cell-cycle arrest of hematopoietic cells is overridden by activation of the PI-3 kinase/Akt signaling pathway
Authors: Henry Matthew K. , Lynch Jeffrey T. , Eapen Alex K. , Quelle Frederick W.
Published: July 2002

Exposure of hematopoietic cells to DNA-damaging agents induces cell-cycle arrest at G1 and G2/M checkpoints. Previously, it was shown that DNA damage–induced growth arrest of hematopoietic cells can be overridden by treatment with cytokine growth factors, such as erythropoietin (EPO) or interleukin-3 (IL-3). Here, the cytokine-activated signaling pathways required to override G1 and G2/M checkpoints induced by γ-irradiation (γ-IR) are characterized. Using factor-dependent myeloid cells stably expressing EPO receptor (EPO-R) mutants, it is shown that removal of a minimal domain required for PI-3K signaling abrogated the ability of EPO to override γ-IR–induced cell-cycle arrest. Similarly, the ability of cytokines to override γ-IR–induced arrest was abolished by an inhibitor of PI-3K (LY294002) or by overexpression of dominant-negative Akt. Moreover, the ability of EPO to override these checkpoints in cells expressing defective EPO-R mutants could be restored by overexpression of a constitutively active Akt. Thus, activation of a PI-3K/Akt signaling pathway is required for cytokine-dependent suppression of DNA-damage induced checkpoints. Together, these findings suggest a novel role for PI-3K/Akt pathways in the modulation of growth arrest responses to DNA damage in hematopoietic cells.
Awakening Change—Embracing Disability in Medical Training
Authors: Biddle Kelsey D.
Published: August 2024

This essay describes the author’s experience as a medical trainee with narcolepsy with cataplexy, highlighting the toll of self-sacrifice and the need for a cultural shift in medicine to better support trainees with disabilities.
Characterization of the gastrointestinal microbiome of the Syrian hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) and comparison to data from mice
Authors: Böswald Linda F. , Popper Bastian , Matzek Dana , Neuhaus Klaus , Wenderlein Jasmin
Published: August 2024

Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) have been increasingly used as rodent models in recent years, especially for SARS‐CoV‐2 since the pandemic. However, the physiology of this animal model is not yet well‐understood, even less when considering the digestive tract. Generally, the gastrointestinal microbiome influences the immune system, drug metabolism, and vaccination efficacy. However, a detailed understanding of the gastrointestinal microbiome of hamsters is missing. Therefore, we analyzed 10 healthy 11‐week‐old RjHan:AURA hamsters fed a pelleted standard diet. Their gastrointestinal content was sampled (i.e., forestomach, glandular stomach, ileum, cecum, and colon) and analyzed using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. Results displayed a distinct difference in the bacterial community before and after the cecum, possibly due to the available nutrients and digestive functions. Next, we compared hamsters with the literature data of young‐adult C57BL/6J mice, another important animal model. We sampled the same gastrointestinal regions and analyzed the differences in the microbiome between both rodents. Surprisingly, we found strong differences in their specific gastrointestinal bacterial communities. For instance, Lactobacillaceae were more abundant in hamsters' forestomach and ileum, while Muribaculaceae dominated in the mouse forestomach and ileum. Similarly, in mouse cecum and colon, Muribaculaceae were dominant, while in hamsters, Lachnospiraceae and Erysipelotrichaceae dominated the bacterial community. Molecular strains of Muribaculaceae in both rodent species displayed some species specificity. This comparison allows a better understanding of the suitability of the Syrian hamster as an animal model, especially regarding its comparability to other rodent models. Thereby, this work contributes to the characterization of the hamster model and allows better experimental planning.
Fabrication of Shape‐Controlled Copper Line Arrays by Meniscus‐Confined 3D Microprinting on Insulating Substrates
Authors: Lei Yu , Zhang Xianyun , Chai Xiru , Zhang Yifan , Sun Aihua , Cheng Yuchuan , Xu Gaojie , Guo Jianjun
Published: August 2024

Meniscus‐confined electrodeposition (MCED), as a 3D printing process, exhibits excellent capabilities in microstructure fabrication. However, it faces numerous challenges, particularly when integrating with different substrates, especially insulating ones and cross‐layer interconnection. This study intends to investigate the impact of factors such as nozzle diameter, flight height of the nozzle over insulating substrates, and applied current by MCED on micro/nanoscale metal structures, to fabricate shape‐controllable and nanogap copper lines. As the flight height of the nozzle increases, there is no significant variation in the line height (≈60 nm) or width (≈15 nm) of the printed copper lines. And copper lines are successfully fabricated with consistent feature size oversteps totaling 1.2 μm in height. Additionally, highly dense copper line arrays are fabricated, achieving a minimum wire spacing of 120 nm. Remarkable stability and simplicity are realized in producing high‐resolution copper microstructures, demonstrating an acceptable degree of variability in insulating substrates and promising applications in integrated microsystems.