bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Uranium and Uranium Compounds
Authors: Clark David L. , Neu Mary P. , Runde Wolfgang , Keogh D. Webster
Published: November 2006

An overview of uranium and uranium compounds with an emphasis on their relevance to chemical technology is provided. Uranium and its compounds have many uses both potential and applied; examples include nuclear fuel, radiation shielding, and kinetic energy penetrators. These uses have a substantial economic impact, the aspects of which are provided. Sections are provided that illustrate the occurrence, recovery, and radiochemistry of uranium as well as the properties and preparation of uranium metal. A broad overview of uranium coordination and organometallic compounds is also provided. Drawbacks to the application of uranium and uranium compounds in many processes include the chemical reactivity of the metal and the inherent radioactivity of uranium isotopes. As such, health and safety factors that must be taken into account while working with uranium are discussed.
Transport Phenomena for Chemical Reactor Design
Authors: Belfiore Laurence A. , Way Jeremiah J. , Zhang Li
Published: November 2006

When the thermal and mass transfer boundary layers on the outside of a catalytic pellet provide significant resistances to heat and mass transfer between the pellet and the bulk gas stream moving through a packed bed, reactor design strategies must account for these rate processes to develop accurate predictions of reactor performance. It is necessary to relate temperature and reactant conversion in the bulk gas phase to their counterparts on the external surface of the catalytic pellets. Volumetrically averaged rates of reactant consumption throughout the catalyst can be predicted in terms of the effectiveness factor and the kinetic rate law, which employs temperature and molar densities on the external surface of the pellet. The methodology discussed in this article allows one to calculate temperature and species concentrations in the bulk gas stream and on the external surface of the catalytic pellet. As convective transport is negligible within the catalytic pores, stoichiometric relations among diffusional mass fluxes are employed extensively in the early sections of this article to develop the appropriate reactor design strategy. Generalized isothermal predictions that only consider the external resistance to mass transfer reveal that higher conversion of reactants to products is achieved at shorter residence times, over a restricted range of mass transfer Peclet numbers in the creeping flow regime, in nonideal reactors that include interpellet axial dispersion. Ideal design equations for packed catalytic tubular reactors overestimate reactant conversion in these simulations because the mass transfer Peclet number is below its critical value, and reactant molar densities on the external catalytic surface are significantly less than their counterparts in the bulk fluid phase moving through the packed bed. Nonisothermal design strategies are illustrated specifically for the gas‐phase synthesis of methanol from carbon monoxide and hydrogen in fixed‐bed catalytic reactors. The classic Prater equation is modified to estimate the intrapellet temperature rise for exothermic reactions in macroporous catalysts by considering (1) thermal diffusion, (2) the effect of collision integrals on ordinary molecular diffusion coefficients, and (3) temperature effects on the enthalpy change for chemical reaction.
The Limits of Refinement by Severe Plastic Deformation
Authors: Pippan R. , Wetscher F. , Hafok M. , Vorhauer A. , Sabirov I.
Published: November 2006

The effect of the different processing parameters on the refinement during severe plastic deformation is evaluated. The attention is focused to very high strains, where saturation in the structural refinement is observed. The single phase metals and alloys show a relatively uniform behaviour, with increasing strain the size of structural elements decreases and reaches saturation between equivalent strains of 5 to 50. The resulting ultra fine or nanostructured granular microstructure contains mainly high angle grain boundaries. Alloying, the temperature, and the strain path are the most important parameters controlling the saturation in the structural refinement. The behavior of the dual and multiphase materials during SPD is more complex, it varies from simple homogenisation of the phase distribution, fragmentation of one phase to disintegration and supersaturation of the phases. Severe plastic deformation of these types of materials offers the potential for the production of new types of materials with a nanocrystalline or a nanocomposite structure for a broad range of industrial applications.
Microwave Studies of Photonic Crystals
Authors: Kuchar F. , Meisels R. , Oberhumer P. , Gajic R.
Published: November 2006

Experimental and numerical investigations on photonic crystals with millimeter dimensions and the lowest photonic bands in the microwave range are reported. Negative refraction, right‐handed and left‐handed behavior of the modes in the photonic crystal and the effect of positional disorder are analyzed.
Fatigue Crack Growth and Process Zone Development in a PE‐HD Pipe Grade in Through‐Thickness Direction
Authors: Balika W. , Pinter G. , Lang R. W.
Published: November 2006

Fatigue crack growth (FCG) experiments were performed on a commercial high density polyethylene (PE‐HD) pipe grade classified as PE 100 material. The effects of frequency on FCG behaviour were studied. Furthermore, FCG tests were interrupted in the region of stable crack propagation. The crack front and the front of the process zone ahead of the crack were systematically characterized via microscopic methods in the thickness direction of the specimen. The experimental data are employed to determine the effective crack length by compliance relationships.
Self‐organization of Nanostructures in Inorganic and Organic Semiconductor Systems
Authors: Teichert C. , Hofer C. , Hlawacek G.
Published: November 2006

Semiconductor nanostructures – and in particular ensembles of them – are the prerequisites for the ongoing miniaturization in microelectronics. Since lithographic techniques become increasingly expensive and technologically complex, self‐organization into quasiperiodic nanostructure arrays is an elegant alternative. Here, strain‐induced pattern formation in SiGe/Si(001), ion bombardment induced self‐organization of inorganic semiconductors, and crystallite ordering in oligophenylene films are presented as illustrative examples for nanostructure self‐organization that is not at all restricted to semiconductor systems.
Functional Properties of Wires and Thin Ribbons of Several Shape Memory Alloys
Authors: Kneissl A. C. , Unterweger E. , Lojen G.
Published: November 2006

The so‐called two‐way shape memory effect could be very attractive for technical applications. This work deals with the generation of a two‐way shape memory effect and its optimization in NiTi, NiTiW and CuAlNi wire material. Moreover, thin ribbons of CuAlNi have been produced by melt‐spinning to investigate the shape memory behaviour of small parts for possible applications as microsensors and microactuators.
Thermography and Simulation of Advanced Nonlinear ElectroCeramic Components
Authors: Platzer A. , Supancic P. , Danzer R.
Published: November 2006

In usage active nonlinear electroceramic PTC components are heated by Joule selfheating. The heating rate is accelerated by a positive feedback effect and leads to large temperature differences in the components, which cause large mechanical stresses and may even cause a catastrophic failure of the component. Amplitude and shape of these fields sensitively depend on material parameters, geometry, initial and boundary conditions. Even very small geometry changes can shift the region of maximum temperatures from the centre to the edge of the component. Thermography turned out to be an excellent method to determine local and transient temperature fields, is used to evaluate results of model calculations and to determine local materials properties (e.g. the electric resistance).
Numerical Modelling of Kinking in Lamellar γ‐TiAl Based Alloys
Authors: Schaden T. , Fischer F. D. , Clemens H. , Appel F. , Bartels A.
Published: November 2006

Processing of titanium aluminides often starts with the break‐down of the coarse‐grained lamellar microstructure of the ingot. The lamellar colonies consist of alternating layers of γ‐TiAl and α2‐Ti3Al. The goal of this study is to investigate which local effects are responsible for the observed global softening of the material.
Synthesis of ultrafine carbon cryogel microspheres using a homogenizer
Authors: Soottitantawat Apinan , Yamamoto Takuji , Endo Akira , Ohmori Takao , Nakaiwa Masaru
Published: November 2006

Ultrafine carbon cryogel (UCC) microspheres of diameter <5 μm with desirable mesopores were successfully synthesized using a homogenizer during the inverse emulsion polymerization of a resorcinol–formaldehyde (RF) aqueous solution in an organic solvent as a continuous phase (CP) containing nonionic surfactant, SPAN80 as an emulsifier, followed by solvent exchange, freeze‐drying, and pyrolysis in an Ar atmosphere. The curing time of RF solution before emulsification is a significant factor in controlling the size of the microspheres without changing their porosity. Both the mesoporosity and the size of the microspheres decreased on increasing SPAN80 and RF solution concentration in an inverse emulsion, which showed the possibility of controlling the mesoporosity and the size of the UCC microspheres. Furthermore, hexane could also be used as the continuous phase in the emulsion polymerization. The mean diameter of the UCC microspheres increased and their mesopore volume decreased with increasing pyrolysis temperature. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2007
Autosomal recessive von Willebrand disease associated with compound heterozygosity for a novel nonsense mutation (2908 del C) and the missense mutation C2362F: Definite evidence for the non‐penetrance of the C2362F mutation
Authors: Castaman G. , Bertoncello K. , Bernardi M. , Eikenboom J.C.J. , Budde U. , Rodeghiero F.
Published: November 2006

A novel null mutation (2908del C in exon 22) of the von Willebrand factor (VWF) gene was identified in compound heterozygosity with the missense mutation G7335T (C2362F) in exon 42 in a propositus from a new family with autosomal recessive von Willebrand disease (VWD). The propositus, referred at age 2 for severe epistaxis and prolonged bleeding after a tongue bite, had factor VIII:C 14–21 IU/dL, VWF Antigen 3–8 IU/dL and Ristocetin Cofactor activity < 3 IU/dL. Multimeric pattern showed the lack of triplet pattern and a faster mobility of central band, while heterozygotes for C2362F showed intermediate mobility compared to normal plasma and plasma from the propositus. In the propositus' family 5 subjects were heterozygotes for the C2362F mutation and 5 were heterozygotes for the cytosine deletion. Bleeding score was assessed with a detailed questionnaire in 28 heterozygotes for C2362F, 23 of whom identified in 5 previously reported families and 5 in the present one, and found to be similar to what is observed in normal controls and heterozygotes for null allele. In conclusion, the mutation C2362F is frequently observed in compound heterozygosity with null alleles in patients with recessive VWD in the Veneto region and cause bleeding only in the compound heterozygous or homozygous state. Am. J. Hematol., 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Early relapse of JAK2 V617F‐positive chronic neutrophilic leukemia with central nervous system infiltration after unrelated bone marrow transplantation
Authors: Kako Shinichi , Kanda Yoshinobu , Sato Tomohiko , Goyama Susumu , Noda Naohiro , Shoda Eriko , Oshima Kumi , Inoue Morihiro , Izutsu Koji , Watanabe Takuro , Motokura Toru , Chiba Shigeru , Fukayama Masashi , Kurokawa Mineo
Published: November 2006

Chronic neutrophilic leukemia (CNL) is a rare myeloproliferative disorder characterized by a proliferation mainly of mature neutrophils. The prognosis is generally poor and an optimal therapeutic strategy remains to be determined. Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is expected to be the only curative therapy so far. We report a 46‐year‐old male with progressive CNL who underwent bone marrow transplantation from an HLA‐matched unrelated donor. After engraftment was achieved on day 35, relapse of CNL was confirmed on day 50. The progression of CNL was very rapid afterward and infiltration to the central nervous system was observed. The Janus Kinase 2 (JAK2) V617F homozygous mutation was detected from the peripheral blood or bone marrow samples throughout the clinical course. From comparison with reports of successful HSCT for CNL in the literature, it was inferred that HSCT should be performed in a stable status before progression. Furthermore, JAK2 V617F‐positive CNL may contain an aggressive disease entity in contrast to previous reports. Accumulation of experiences is required to establish a definite role of HSCT in the treatment of CNL and a prognostic significance of JAK2 mutation in CNL. Am. J. Hematol., 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The effect of budesonide mouthwash on oral chronic graft versus host disease
Authors: Sari Ismail , Altuntas Fevzi , Kocyigit İsmail , Sisman Yildiray , Eser Bulent , Unal Aydin , Fen Turgay , Ferahbas Ayten , Ozturk Ahmet , Unal Ali , Cetin Mustafa
Published: November 2006

Oral chronic graft versus host disease (cGVHD) is common and a major cause of morbidity and loss of quality of life in long term survivors. Cyclosporine with prednisone remains the first line therapy for oral manifestations of cGVHD. However, even with routine administration of systemic agents, many patients with oral manifestations of cGVHD do not have resolution of their disease and may benefit from incorporation of local therapy. Budesonide is a highly potent steroid which has minimal systemic side effects and being used for oral cGVHD. We designed a retrospective study to compare treatment results of patients with oral cGVHD who received topical budesonide in addition to systemic therapy that consists of combined prednisone and cyclosporine (Group A, n = 12), with the treatment results of patients who were administered the same systemic therapy alone (Group B, n = 11) to determine whether budesonide mouthwash had any advantage on response rates. Three mg topical budesonide/10 ml saline was used 3–4 times a day for up to 6 months in group A. Diagnosis, clinical staging, and treatment response scoring for cGVHD were performed according to National Institutes of Health (NIH) consensus criteria. At the baseline examination, there were no statistically significant differences in terms of median oral cGVHD examination scores between two groups. After treatment, there was statistically significant decrease in median oral cGVHD examination scores compared to baseline (P < 0.001 and 0.021), and significant differences were found between two groups (P < 0.032). Overall response rate was 83% and 36% for group A and B, respectively (P = 0.036). However, no statistically significant differences were found between median pain scores of two groups before and after treatment (P = 0.740 and P = 0.091). No major systemic side effects and oral candidiasis were observed in two groups of patients. We concluded that topical budesonide might be added to systemic therapy to obtain better response rates in patients with oral cGHVD. Am. J. Hematol., 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A new genomic mechanism leading to cri‐du‐chat syndrome
Authors: South Sarah T. , Swensen Jeffrey J. , Maxwell Teresa , Rope Alan , Brothman Arthur R. , Chen Zhong
Published: November 2006

Using standard banding techniques, a within‐arm intrachromosomal insertion can be mistakenly interpreted as a paracentric inversion. The need to correctly distinguish between these two types of chromosome rearrangements is emphasized by their different reproductive risks. For carriers of an intrachromosomal insertion, the empiric risk of having a liveborn child with a recombinant chromosome leading to a genetic imbalance is at least 15%, whereas the risk for a carrier of a paracentric inversion having a liveborn child with a recombinant chromosome leading to a genetic imbalance is thought to be practically negligible. We report a unique observation in which a paracentric inversion in the short arm of chromosome 5, 46,XX,inv(5)(p13.3p15.3), was identified in a women who had a daughter with an apparently terminal deletion in the distal short arm of chromosome 5, 46,XX,del(5)(p14.3), and the clinical diagnosis of cri‐du‐chat syndrome. We further characterized the rearrangement, and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and microsatellite analyses confirmed the paracentric inversion in the mother and showed the deletion in the daughter was maternal in origin. Therefore, this represents a case in which a confirmed paracentric inversion likely resulted in a viable terminal deletion. We propose a mechanism involving dicentric chromosome formation with subsequent breakage and telomere healing during meiosis. This illustrates a new genomic mechanism of chromosome rearrangement leading to cri‐du‐chat syndrome and should provide significant information for the medical management of patients with other terminal deletion syndromes. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Intracranial abnormalities detected by three‐dimensional magnetic resonance imaging in Prader–Willi syndrome
Authors: Miller Jennifer L. , Couch Jessica A. , Schmalfuss Ilona , He Guojun , Liu Yijun , Driscoll Daniel J.
Published: November 2006

The neuropathologic abnormalities associated with Prader–Willi syndrome (PWS) are largely unknown. PWS is due to the loss of several paternally expressed genes in chromosome 15q11‐q13 region. Several of the imprinted genes in the 15q11‐q13 region are normally expressed in the brain and thought to be necessary for neuronal growth and development. Thus, we hypothesized that we would find abnormalities in gray and white matter growth in individuals with PWS. We evaluated three‐dimensional (3‐D) MRI scans of 20 individuals with PWS, aged three months to 39 years, and compared them to 3‐D MRI scans of 21 normal weight sibling controls and 16 individuals with early‐onset morbid obesity (EMO) of unknown etiology. The interpreters of the scans were blinded to the diagnosis of the subjects. Intracranial abnormalities in individuals with PWS included ventriculomegaly (100% of individuals), decreased volume of brain tissue in the parietal‐occipital lobe (50%), sylvian fissure polymicrogyria (60%), and incomplete insular closure (65%). None of the EMO or normal weight control subjects had any of these findings. We found multiple morphologic brain abnormalities in subjects with PWS suggesting that the loss of paternally expressed genes in chromosome 15q11‐q13 region may result in abnormalities of neuronal development. The specific mechanisms underlying these neuropathological abnormalities and their correlation with the clinical phenotype remain to be elucidated. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sudden infant death in a patient with FGFR3 P250R mutation
Authors: Shah P.S. , Siriwardena K. , Taylor G. , Steele L. , Ray P. , Blaser S. , Chitayat D.
Published: November 2006

P250R mutation in the FGFR3 gene also known as Muenke syndrome is associated with coronal craniosynostosis, sensorineural deafness, craniofacial, and digital abnormalities. We report a family with this mutation associated with sudden death in an affected newborn, most probably due to upper airway obstruction. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High‐throughput analysis of chromosome abnormality in spontaneous miscarriage using an MLPA subtelomere assay with an ancillary FISH test for polyploidy
Authors: Bruno Damien L. , Burgess Trent , Ren Hua , Nouri Sara , Pertile Mark D. , Francis David I. , Norris Fiona , Kenney Bronwyn K. , Schouten Jan , Andy Choo K.H. , Slater Howard R.
Published: November 2006

Chromosome analysis of spontaneous miscarriages is clinically important but is hampered by frequent tissue culture failure and relatively low‐resolution analysis. We have investigated replacement of conventional karyotype analysis with a quantitative subtelomere assay performed on uncultured tissue samples, which is based on Multiplex Ligation‐Dependent Probe Amplification. This assay is suitable for this purpose as approximately 98% of all observed karyotype abnormalities in spontaneous miscarriages involve copy‐number change to one or more subtelomere regions. A pilot study has compared karyotyping and subtelomere analysis on 78 samples. Extensive tissue necrosis accounted for failure of both karyotyping and subtelomere testing in four (5.1%) samples. Excluding these, there were no (0/74) subtelomere test failures compared to 9.5% (7/74) karyotype failures. Twenty‐two (30%) whole chromosome aneuploidies and five (6.8%) structural abnormalities were detected using the subtelomere assay. With the exception of three cases of triploidy, all karyotype abnormalities were detected by the subtelomere assay. Following on from this study, a further 100 samples were tested using the subtelomere assay in conjunction with a simple ancillary FISH test using uncultured cells to exclude polyploidy in the event of a normal subtelomere assay result. Except for three necrotic samples, tests results were obtained for all cases revealing 18 abnormalities including one case of triploidy. Taking into consideration the high success rate for the combined MLPA and FISH test results, and the very significant additional advantages of cost‐effective, high‐throughput batching, and automated, objective analysis, this approach greatly facilitates routine investigation of chromosome abnormalities in spontaneous miscarriage. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
NMR analysis of butyl acrylate/methylmethacrylate/α‐methyl styrene terpolymers
Authors: McManus Neil T. , Penlidis Alex
Published: November 2006

Composition analysis for butyl acrylate (BA)/ methyl methacrylate (MMA)/α‐methyl styrene terpolymers was carried out by NMR spectroscopy methods. 1H‐NMR was used primarily for this analysis, but because the method did not provide independent measurements for the BA and MMA fractions, the terpolymer composition analysis was open to higher than normal levels of uncertainty. Supplementary analyses were made with quantitative 13C‐NMR methods to confirm the results from 1H‐NMR (quantitative 13C‐NMR was used to provide corroboration of selected composition analyses). To confirm spectral assignments in the 1H‐ and 13C‐NMR spectra, heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence and J Modulated Spin Echo (JMOD) pulse sequences were used. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 2093–2098, 2007
Synthesis and characterization of titanium dioxide optical films by sol–gel processes
Authors: Chiu Wei‐Ming , Yang Chang‐Feng , Chao Yi‐Han
Published: November 2006

The main purpose of this study is to synthesize the front panel of monitor with a high refractive index optical film. Our experiment uses titanium dioxide nanoparticles mixed with methyl methacrylate (MMA), 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate (2‐HEMA), and tri(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) of the wet type and economical sol–gel production process. Our product has a superior mechanical, thermal, and optical properties was demonstrated by Fourier transform infrared spectrum (FTIR), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), UV/visible spectrum, and Spectro Ellipsometer. In addition, we found the surface of the two series of thin film with the organic and inorganic high refractive index (TiO2) mixed materials, has high transmittance for visible light above 90%, refractive index <1.65 and the hardness test 6H. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 2271–2280, 2007
Visualization of the citation impact environments of scientific journals: An online mapping exercise
Authors: Leydesdorff Loet
Published: November 2006

Aggregated journal–journal citation networks based on the Journal Citation Reports 2004 of the Science Citation Index (5,968 journals) and the Social Science Citation Index (1,712 journals) are made accessible from the perspective of any of these journals. A vector‐space model is used for normalization, and the results are brought online at http://www.leydesdorff.net/jcr04 as input files for the visualization program Pajek. The user is thus able to analyze the citation environment in terms of links and graphs. Furthermore, the local impact of a journal is defined as its share of the total citations in the specific journal's citation environments; the vertical size of the nodes is varied proportionally to this citation impact. The horizontal size of each node can be used to provide the same information after correction for within‐journal (self‐)citations. In the “citing” environment, the equivalents of this measure can be considered as a citation activity index which maps how the relevant journal environment is perceived by the collective of authors of a given journal. As a policy application, the mechanism of interdisciplinary developments among the sciences is elaborated for the case of nanotechnology journals.
Enantio‐ and Diastereoselective Total Synthesis of (+)‐Panepophenanthrin, a Ubiquitin‐Activating Enzyme Inhibitor, and Biological Properties of Its New Derivatives
Authors: Matsuzawa Masayoshi , Kakeya Hideaki , Yamaguchi Junichiro , Shoji Mitsuru , Onose Rie , Osada Hiroyuki , Hayashi Yujiro
Published: November 2006

The asymmetric total synthesis of (+)‐panepophenanthrin, an inhibitor of ubiquitin‐activating enzyme (E1), has been accomplished using catalytic asymmetric α aminoxylation of 1,4‐cyclohexanedione monoethylene ketal as a key step, followed by several diastereoselective reactions. The biomimetic Diels–Alder reaction of a monomer precursor was found to proceed efficiently in water. The investigation of the biological properties of new derivatives of (+)‐panepophenanthrin enabled us to develop new cell‐permeable E1 inhibitors, RKTS‐80, ‐81, and ‐82.
Precipitants and additives for membrane crystallization of lysozyme
Authors: Zhang Xinmiao , El‐Bourawi Mohamed S. , Wei Kegui , Tao Fengyun , Ma Runyu
Published: November 2006

Membrane crystallization is a newly developed crystallization technique that has proven to be superior in producing good crystal forms under operating conditions that are not appropriate to perform the crystallization process by other traditional techniques. In this work, static membrane crystallization was carried out on lysozyme, with hollow‐fiber microporous hydrophobic membranes. Numerous precipitant and additive types and concentrations were employed in the crystallization processes in order to select the most appropriate precipitant and additive types and to find their corresponding concentration levels that can yield the best crystal forms. The crystallization processes were analyzed in two ways: firstly, by evaluation of the transmembrane fluxes obtained by using different precipitants and additives; secondly, by utilization of the images and results obtained from the micrography and IR spectra in comparisons and evaluations of the crystals formed under all kinds of conditions. Moreover, the size distributions of the crystals yielded under several typical crystallization conditions were analyzed, and turbidity and induction time periods obtained during typical crystallization experiments were also measured. Amongst the numerous precipitants and additives tested, the most appropriate precipitant type and additive were chosen and their concentrations were optimized. Good lysozyme crystals were obtained using a certain precipitant and additive. The obtained results from this work further support the advantages of utilizing the membrane crystallization technique for macromolecule crystallizations.
Biotechnology and bioeconomy in China
Authors: Li Qing , Zhao Qinghua , Hu Yihong , Wang Hongguang
Published: November 2006

From the review of the achievements and advantages in the development of biotechnology (BT) and bioindustry in China, it is clear that the bioeconomy would provide a tremendous opportunity for China to develop sustainably or even surpass a few developed countries. A long‐term vision has been made to guide the research and development and industrialization of BT in China. This review detailed the strategies, targets, priorities, and key technologies in each stage. Furthermore, the reviewers expatiated on the establishment of the favorable policies, the foundation of the professional groups, the establishment of the advanced laboratories or centers, the investment mechanisms, the development and evaluation of biosafety, the encouragement and suppor7 for the international collaborations and exchanges, and the establishment of the general organizational structure.
Caenorhabditis elegans: A versatile platform for drug discovery
Authors: Artal‐Sanz Marta , de Jong Liesbeth , Tavernarakis Nektarios
Published: November 2006

Drug discovery and drug target identification are two intimately linked facets of intervention strategies aimed at effectively combating pathological conditions in humans. Simple model organisms provide attractive platforms for devising and streamlining efficient drug discovery and drug target identification methodologies. The nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans has emerged as a particularly convenient and versatile tool that can be exploited to achieve these goals. Although C. elegans is a relatively modern addition to the arsenal of model organisms, its biology has already been investigated to an exceptional level. This, coupled with effortless handling and a notable low cost of cultivation and maintenance, allows seamless implementation of high‐throughput drug screening approaches as well as in‐depth genetic and biochemical studies of the molecular pathways targeted by specific drugs. In this review, we introduce C. elegans as a model organism with significant advantages toward the identification of molecular drug targets. In addition, we discuss the value of the worm in the development of drug screening and drug evaluation protocols. The unique features of C. elegans, which greatly facilitate drug studies, hold promise for both deciphering disease pathogenesis and formulating educated and effective therapeutic interventions.
Effects of ethylene glycol on the torsion elastic constant and hydrodynamic radius of p30δ DNA
Authors: Rangel David P. , Brewood Greg P. , Fujimoto Bryant S. , Schurr J. Michael
Published: November 2006

Upon increasing the concentration of ethylene glycol (EG) at 37°C, the twist energy parameter, ET, which governs the supercoiling free energy, was recently found to undergo a decreasing (or reverse) sigmoidal transition with a midpoint near 20 w/v % EG. In this study, the effects of adding 20 w/v % EG on the torsion elastic constant (α) of linear p30δ DNA and on the hydrodynamic radius (RH) of a synthetic 24 bp duplex DNA were examined at both 40 and 20°C. The time‐resolved fluorescence intensity and fluorescence polarization anisotropy (FPA) of intercalated ethidium were measured in order to assess the effects of 20 w/v % EG on: (1) α; (2) RH; (3) the lifetimes of intercalated and non‐intercalated dye; (4) the amplitude of dye wobble in its binding site; and (5) the binding constant for intercalation. The effects of 20 w/v % EG on the circular dichroism (CD) spectrum of the DNA and on the emission spectrum of the free dye were also measured. At 40°C, addition of 20 w/v % EG caused a substantial (1.27‐ to 1.35‐fold) increase in α, a significant change in the CD spectrum, and a very small, marginally significant increase in RH, but little or no change in the amplitude of dye wobble in its binding site or the lifetime of intercalated dye. Together with previously reported measurements of ET, these results imply that the bending elastic constant of DNA is significantly decreased by 20 w/v % EG at 40°C. At 20°C, addition of 20 w/v % EG caused a marginally significant decrease in α and very little change in any other measured properties. Also at 20°C, addition of 30 w/v % betaine caused a marginally significant increase in α and significant but modest change in the CD spectrum, but very little change in any other properties. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 85: 222–232, 2007.

This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Adjuvant therapy for breast cancer
Authors: Rodenhuis S , Rutgers E J T
Published: November 2006

Requires sophistication
A liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry method for the quantitation of aristololactam‐I in rat plasma
Authors: Ling Zhen , Jiang Zhen‐zhou , Huang Xin , Zhang Lu‐yong , Xu Xiao‐yue
Published: November 2006

A sensitive method with liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization mass spectrometry has been developed and validated for the determination of aristololactam‐I in rat plasma after oral administration of aristolochic acid‐I using finesteride as the internal standard. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a Lichrospher C18 column using methanol:0.05% acetic acid in water (71:29, v/v) as a mobile phase delivered at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. The assay was linear for aristololactam‐I over the range 0.3–300 ng/mL. The analysis of quality control samples demonstrated precision with coefficient of variation less than 20% (n = 5). Absolute recovery of aristololactam‐I was 90.4–97.3%. The LC‐MS method for the determination of aristololactam‐I is sensitive, specific and can be used to investigate the toxicokinetics of aristololactam‐I. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pesticide multiresidue analysis in Panax ginseng (C. A. Meyer) by solid‐phase extraction and gas chromatography with electron capture and nitrogen‐phosphorus detection
Authors: Park Young‐Seok , El‐Aty A. M. Abd , Choi Jeong‐Heui , Cho Soon‐Kil , Shin Dong‐Hah , Shim Jae‐Han
Published: November 2006

An analytical multi‐residue method using gas chromatography coupled with electron capture and a nitrogen–phosphorus detector was investigated for the simultaneous determination of 18 commonly used insecticides and fungicides in Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer). Samples were previously extracted with an acetonitrile and cleaned up by solid‐phase extraction (SPE). The calibration curves were linear, with determination coefficients higher than 0.989. Recoveries at concentrations between 0.01 and 14.9 ppm ranged from 72.3 to 117.2%, with precision, which was expressed as relative standard deviation (RSD), at values lower than 5%. The proposed method was applied to the determination of pesticide levels from 12 ginseng samples, taken from four different agricultural areas of Jeonnam province, where several insecticides and fungicides were applied. Except in one sample, tolclofos‐m was the only pesticide contained at a level lower than the maximum residue limits (MRL) authorized by the Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA) in real ginseng samples grown for 4, 5 and 6 years. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of information layout, screen size, and field of view on user performance in information‐rich virtual environments
Authors: Polys Nicholas F. , Kim Seonho , Bowman Doug A.
Published: November 2006

This paper describes our recent experimental evaluation of Information‐Rich Virtual Environment (IRVE) interfaces. To explore the depth cue/visibility tradeoff between annotation schemes, we design and evaluate two information layout techniques to support search and comparison tasks. The techniques provide different depth and association cues between objects and their labels: labels were displayed either in the virtual world relative to their referent (Object Space) or on an image plane workspace (Viewport Space). The Software Field of View (SFOV) was controlled to 60° or 100° of vertical angle and two groups were tested: those running on a single monitor and those on a tiled nine‐panel display. Users were timed, tracked for correctness, and gave ratings for both difficulty and satisfaction on each task. Significant advantages were found for the Viewport interface, and for high SFOV. The interactions between these variables suggest special design considerations to effectively support search and comparison performance across monitor configurations and projection distortions. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prediction of the Solubility of Cholesterol and its Esters in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Bozorgmehr M. R. , Housaindokht M. R.
Published: November 2006

The ability to predict the solubility of solids in supercritical fluids is important in many applications, including the food and pharmaceutical industries, chemical processing, and separations. In the present work, the solubility of cholesterol and its esters in supercritical carbon dioxide are investigated by applying equations of state. The equations of state used are: (a) the modified Peng‐Robinson equation of state (Gasem et al.), and (b) the modified Peng‐Robinson equation of state (Boston and Mathias). These equations of state have an exponential alpha function and it is found that they give better results than those resulting from the Peng‐Robinson equation of state which has a linear alpha function. The interaction parameters are also obtained for the systems studied and the percentage of average absolute relative deviation (%AARD) is displayed for each calculation.
Direct Sulfation of Calcium Carbonate Using the Variable Diffusivity Approach
Authors: Rahmani M. , Sohrabi M.
Published: November 2006

The direct sulfation of calcium carbonate was investigated in the temperature range of 600–900 °C under atmospheric pressure. Thermogravimetric analysis was employed to study the direct sulfation reaction. A gas mixture containing 3300 ppm sulfur dioxide in 5 vol.‐% oxygen and 95 vol.‐% carbon dioxide was passed through 3–5 mg of sorbent. The influence of particle size was studied using three different levels of particle average diameter. A variable diffusivity shrinking core model was applied to interpret the time‐conversion data. The conversion dependent effective diffusivity in the porous sulfated layer was estimated based on the two mechanisms in series, i.e., pore diffusion and solid product layer diffusion. By applying the activation energy data for chemical reaction, available in the literature, the reaction rate constant, and the solid product layer diffusivity with Arrhenius type temperature dependency were estimated as adjustable parameters. The variation of fractional conversion with time can be reasonably predicted by using the developed model and the estimated parameters.
A Molecular Dynamic Investigation of the Diffusion of Methane‐Ethane and Methane‐Propane Mixtures in Zeolites
Authors: Krishna R. , van Baten J. M.
Published: November 2006

Molecular Dynamic (MD) simulations were carried out to determine the Maxwell‐Stefan (M‐S) diffusivities, Đi, and self‐diffusivities, Di,self, of methane (C1), ethane (C2), and propane (C3) for a variety of molecular loadings, qi, in three classes of zeolite topologies: (1) intersecting channels (MFI, ISV, BEA), (2) one‐dimensional (1D) channels (AFI, TON, FER, MOR, LTL), and (3) cages separated by windows (FAU, LTA, ERI, CHA, DDR). The Đi are strongly dependent on loading, decreasing to zero at saturation loading in all cases. For 1D channels, the decrease of Đi with qi is severe. For cages separated by narrow windows (LTA, ERI, DDR, CHA), the Đi increase sharply with qi before eventually reducing to zero at saturation loading. Correlation effects are reflected in the ratio of the self‐ to M‐S diffusivity, Di,self/Đi; this ratio is seen to be strongly dependent on the topology. Correlation effects are negligibly small in zeolite structures with cages separated by narrow windows. For binary C1–C2 and C1–C3 mixtures in both intersecting channel structures and 1D channels, the Di,self of the more mobile species, C1, is reduced significantly due to the presence of the more tardy C2 or C3. The mobility of the tardy species is enhanced due to the presence of the mobile C1. For cages separated by narrow windows, the inter‐cage hops are practically independent and there is no accelerating or decelerating effects during mixture diffusion.
Reduced Kinetic Mechanism of n‐Heptane Oxidation in Modeling Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Formation in Diesel Combustion
Authors: Xi J. , Zhong B. J.
Published: November 2006

A reduced chemical mechanism was developed for the chemical kinetics of n‐heptane oxidation in modeling polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon formation in diesel combustion. The complete kinetic mechanism, which comprises five hundred and seventy‐two reactions and one hundred and eight species, was reduced to a minor mechanism that includes only seventy‐six reactions and forty‐eight species by using net reaction rate analysis and sensitivity analysis, yet the model based on this reduced mechanism predicted the temperature profile and concentrations of C7H16, O2, H2O, CO2, benzene, naphthalene, phenanthrene, biphenyl, and pyrene that are essentially indistinguishable from those of the complete mechanism under the range of reaction conditions of interest.
Simulation and Prediction of Methyl‐mercaptan Removal by Chemical Scrubbing with Hydrogen Peroxide
Authors: Couvert A. , Charron I. , Laplanche A. , Renner C. , Patria L. , Requieme B.
Published: November 2006

A model has been developed in order to predict the behavior of methylmercaptan chemical scrubbing using hydrogen peroxide. New constants concerning reactions involving methylmercaptan have been proposed based on mass transfer and kinetic equations for the dissociation of methylmercaptan by the hydroxide and the reaction with perhydroxyl ions. Once this step has been achieved, the model is used to characterize the influences of the different chemical scrubbing operating parameters, i.e., the gas‐liquid contact time, the oxidant concentration, and the pH. As expected, an increase in the hydrogen peroxide concentration, the contact time, or the pH leads to an increase in the methylmercaptan removal level. However, the most interesting aspect of the model lies in the possibility of defining a new or limiting value for each parameter, below which the process is not efficient enough to be industrially implemented.
Separation of α‐Lactalbumin and β‐Lactoglobulin by a Convenient Liquid‐Solid Extraction System: Application to Milk Whey
Authors: Liu Y. , Sun X. M. , Li B. H.
Published: November 2006

A liquid‐solid extraction system based on Tween 80/phosphate was developed. Under the optimized conditions (9 wt % Tween 80, 1.6 : 1 (molar ratio) K2HPO4 : NaH2PO4, 1.25 mol/L total phosphate, pH = 7.4), α‐Lactalbumin (α‐La) and β‐Lactoglobulin (β‐Lg) were separated with recovery rates of 87.6 % (in the solid polymeric phase) and 98.2 % (in the salt aqueous phase), respectively. Under the effects of water and salt, the solid phase had the ability to form a new liquid‐solid extraction system, and 85.1 % of α‐La could be reversely extracted into the new salt aqueous phase. Following dialysis against water, proteins obtained through extraction and reverse extraction, were analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and thin‐layer scanning. The method was applied successfully to separate α‐La and β‐Lg from milk whey.
Separation of Cobalt and Nickel by Reactive Extraction – Modeling of Equilibria
Authors: Manski R. , Bart H.‐J. , Bäcker W. , Strube J. , Traving M. , Görge A.
Published: November 2006

FTIR analytics was used to estimate the complex stoichiometry when reactively extracting cobalt and nickel. Investigations were carried out at three distinct concentration levels at a Co‐to‐Ni ratio of 10. Additionally, the nonideal phase behavior in the system 2.4 M NaOH, phosphinic acid and diluent Escaid 120 was studied. Using the derived CoR4 and NiR4 complexes allows modeling of the reactive phase equilibria by applying the Pitzer model and the regular solution theory of Hildebrand and Scott.
Transition‐Metal‐Catalyzed Dehydrocoupling: A Convenient Route to Bonds between Main‐Group Elements
Authors: Clark Timothy J. , Lee Kajin , Manners Ian
Published: November 2006

The development of transition‐metal‐catalyzed dehydrocoupling reactions as a synthetic method for the formation of main‐group element–element bonds provides an increasingly attractive and convenient alternative to traditional routes such as salt metathesis/elimination‐type reactions. Since the first reported examples in the early 1980s, there has been a rapid expansion of this field, with extensions to a wide variety of metal‐mediated homonuclear and heteronuclear bond‐forming processes. Applications of this new chemistry in molecular and polymer synthesis, materials science, hydrogen storage and the transfer hydrogenation of organic substrates are attracting growing attention. An overview of this emerging area is presented in this Concepts article with a focus on recent results.
Intermolecular Interaction in TeO2 Crystal.
Authors: Gabuda Svyatoslav P. , Kozlova Svetlana G.
Published: November 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
New Intermetallic Compounds Nd4Co2Mg3 and Sm4Co2Mg3 — An Intergrowth of AlB2 and CsCl Related Slabs.
Authors: Tuncel Selcan , Hoffmann Rolf‐Dieter , Heying Birgit , Chevalier Bernard , Poettgen Rainer
Published: November 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Characterization of the Barium Zinc Tellurate Disilicate: Ba3Zn6[TeO6] [Si2O7]2.
Authors: Jiang Hai‐Long , Mao Jiang‐Gao
Published: November 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
How Do the Different Defect Structures and Element Substitutions Affect the Nonlinear Optical Properties of Lacunary Keggin Polyoxometalates? A DFT Study.
Authors: Guan Wei , Yang Guo‐Chun , Yan Li‐Kai , Su Zhong‐Min
Published: November 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Anomalous Charge Transport in CeB6.
Authors: Ignatov M. I. , Bogach A. V. , Demishev S. V. , Glushkov V. V. , Levchenko A. V. , Paderno Yu. B. , Shitsevalova N. Yu. , Sluchanko N. E.
Published: November 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Photophysical Properties and Photocatalytic Activities of Bismuth Molybdates under Visible Light Irradiation.
Authors: Shimodaira Yoshiki , Kato Hideki , Kobayashi Hisayoshi , Kudo Akihiko
Published: November 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis, Crystal Growth and Structure of Mg Containing β‐Rhombohedral Boron: MgB17.4.
Authors: Adasch Volker , Hess Kai‐Uwe , Ludwig Thilo , Vojteer Natascha , Hillebrecht Harald
Published: November 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and Crystal Structure of MgB12.
Authors: Adasch Volker , Hess Kai‐Uwe , Ludwig Thilo , Vojteer Natascha , Hillebrecht Harald
Published: November 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.