bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Regulatory Reform in Japan: The Road Ahead
Authors: Croix Sumner La , Mak James
Published: October 2023

Since the Second World War, Japan’s economy has been characterized by a high degree of formal and informal regulation in many important industries. National government ministries have regulated entry and exit, pricing, product specification, and aspects of research and development. Industry regulation was grounded in national legislation that vested broad, discretionary administrative powers in a highly educated bureaucracy that forged close ties between their ministries and regulated firms.
Japan as Number Three: Effects of European Integration
Authors: Kokko Ari , Lambert, Bruce Henry , Sjoholm Fredrik
Published: October 2023

A couple of decades ago, Ezra Vogel’s book Japan as Number One attracted much attention and reflected the understanding that the US and Japan were the main players in the race for the top position in the world economy. In fact, the Japanese edition of Vogel’s book is Japan’s all-time, non-fiction bestseller by a Western author.
Fertility Transition In South Asia
Authors: Sathar Zeba Ayesa , Phillips James F
Published: October 2023

This compendium of nineteen chapters, written by South Asia scholars and international authorities in the field of population, provides an overview of a range of issues surrounding fertility change in South Asia over the past decade. In the first section of the book, the latest levels and trends in fertility in individual countries are covered. The quality of data is compared and discussed with the aim of clarifying fertility trends in the region as a whole. The section provides an authoritative data source for those interested in pursuing demographic analyses for South Asia as it enters the twenty-first century. The second section presents explanations for the contrasting onset, pace, and differentials in fertility declines experienced by countries in the region. Authors examine a range of alternative explanatory factors, emphasizing issues such as the causal role of gender systems, son preference, linguistic and regional boundaries, and development levels. The viewpoints presented here provide a range of competing theories on the South Asia fertility transition, which will be of particular value to sociologists, historians, and all those interested in comparative research for the region. The concluding section examines the role of policies in the South Asia fertility transition. Policies designed to reduce fertility were developed and launched in this region long before other regions in the world. In particular, family planning programmes were initiated in South Asia. In these final chapters, authors review the outcome of experiments conducted in settings where demand for family planning was constrained by pro-natalist social institutions, and where services were supplied to test the capacity of programmes to foster reproductive change. This section will be of particular interest to those managing reproductive health programmes, formulating population policy, or funding population programmes, as well as to those researching the role of politics and policies in population trends.
Levels and Trends in Fertility and Mortality in South Asia: A Review of Recent Evidence
Authors: Kantner Shi-Jenhe Andrew
Published: October 2023

In recent years, there has been an emerging perception that the countries of South Asia are undergoing a process of rapid transition to conditions of low fertility and low mortality. The most spectacular decline in fertility appears to have occurred in Bangladesh, a country generally not considered to have experienced a socioeco nomic transformation of similar dimensions. However, substantial declines in birth and death rates have also been recorded in India and Nepal over the past 10-15 years, and some evidence of recent fertility decline has been noted in Pakistan. In addition, since the early 1980s, there have been reports of impressive reductions in infant and child mortality from the region. For example, current estimates indicate that infant mortality rates have now fallen to well below 100 infant deaths per 1,000 births in all South Asian countries.
Synthesizing Diverse Interpretations of Reproductive Change in India
Authors: Gupta Monica Das
Published: October 2023

Within the span of a century and a half, monarchies have been replaced by popular governments through most of the world. Anyone reflecting on this fact would consider it meaningless to look in the specific local circumstances of a particular setting for the prime driving force behind these changes. For example, it would make little sense to explain the French Revolution in very different terms from the Communist Chinese Revolution or from the independence movements of colonized countries, simply because these settings differed substantially in their specific economic and other circumstances. It would seem to make more sense to seek the underlying explanation in terms of hypotheses that are more generalizable and can only be reached by a broad comparative approach.
Common Beginnings but Different Outcomes: The Family Planning Programmes of Pakistan and Bangladesh
Authors: Robinson Warren C
Published: October 2023

When the previously undivided union of British India achieved independence in 1947, Bangladesh and Pakistan began their national existence as two wings of the same country-East and West Pakistan. The two territories inherited an adminis trative and governance structure from the colonial period, but they quickly devel oped their own political and economic systems and began to shape their own development plans and programmes. The two wings were bound together by their common religion-Islam-but from the very outset, language and other cultural differences created internal tensions. Nonetheless, East and West Pakistan shared a common social and economic development until 1971, when a political dispute erupted into civil war, leading to the intervention of India and the creation of the new state of Bangladesh in what had been East Pakistan.
Aspects of the Belfast Agreement
Authors: Wilford Rick
Published: October 2023

On 30 November 1999, in moving the Order to devolve powers to Northern Ireland, Peter Mandelson remarked: ‘After a quarter of a century the curtain is finally coming down on Direct Rule’. It was a suitably theatrical phrase for a moment of constitutional drama, both within and beyond Parliament, yet sub sequent events were to rob it of prophetic value. Three days earlier, the Ulster Unionist Council (UU C) had endorsed the decision of the Ulster Unionist Party (UUP) leader, David Trimble, to ‘jump first’ by participating in the creation of the power-sharing Executive—on the understanding that the process of decom missioning paramilitary weapons by the Irish Republican Army (IRA) would begin at the end of January 2000.
The Patten Report and Post-Sovereignty Policing in Northern Ireland
Authors: Walker Clive
Published: October 2023

Policing in Northern Ireland has been hurtful and divisive. Hurt is felt by the police—302 Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) officers have been killed since 1969, and several thousands injured. Equally, many detainees and even com munities have suffered harassment, discrimination, abuse, assaults, and ill treatment at the hands of the RUC, who have also shot dead many suspects and are alleged to have colluded with Loyalist paramilitaries. Division arises because policing is a fundamental attribute of statehood—the police are ‘the locus of ultimate coercive power’ and inevitably show ‘partisanship in favour of a dominant order’. Put simply, if Northern Ireland is a political entity whose very existence and legitimacy is challenged, then it follows that all major attributes of the entity will also be challenged, and the police in Northern Ireland, the RUC, are prime candidates for this treatment:
The New Professionalism of Internal Warfare and Military Role Expansion
Authors: Stepan Alfred
Published: October 2023

Since 1964 the Brazilian military establishment has steadily assumed control over a widening area of the country’s social and political life. Indeed, there exists the possibility that what we are witnessing in Brazil is the creation of a new political and economic model of authoritarian development. Other contributors to Authoritarian Brazil examine the internal workings, policy outputs, and institutionalization possibilities of this model. My focus is on how changing military ideology contributed to the events leading up to the military coup of 1964 and the emergence of the military-bureaucratic and authoritarian developmentalist components of the model.
State Power and the Strength of Civil Society in the Southern Cone of Latin America
Authors: Stepan Alfred
Published: October 2023

Society-centered views of political and economic transformation have never held the unchallenged sway in Latin America that they have in North America. The prevalence of “organic statist” models of society that assume a central and relatively autonomous role for the state has affected both policy makers and social scientists.1 Beginning in the late 1960s, focus on the state became particularly intense. The erosion of the intellectual credibility of the society centered “modernization” model of political and economic development coincided with the apparent exhaustion of both industrialization based on import substitution and the associated populist and parliamentary political regimes that were associated with it.2 The assumptions of modernization theory that liberal democratic regimes would be inexorably produced by the process of industrialization was replaced by a new preoccupation with the ways in which the state apparatus might become a central instrument for both the repression of subordinate classes and the reorientation of the process of industrial development.
Military Politics In Three Polity Arenas: Civil Society, Political Society, And The State
Authors: Stepan Alfred
Published: October 2023

The title of this chapter is certainly ponderous, possibly pompous, but unfortunately necessary. The focus throughout this work is on military politics in the polity. I use the word “polity” to call attention to the classic Aristotelian concern with how people organize themselves for collective life in the polis. For a modern polity in the midst of a democratization effort, it is conceptually and politically useful to distinguish three important arenas of the polity: civil society, political society, and the state. Obviously, in any given polity these three arenas expand and shrink at different rates, interpenetrate or even dominate each other, and constantly change.
The French Fifth Republic: A Model for Import? Reflections on Poland and Brazil
Authors: Stepan Alfred
Published: October 2023

Do institutional imports work? Under what conditions do they succeed or fail? Why did the British model of parliamentary government succeed in India, but not in Ghana or Uganda? These are critical questions, in part because they have enormous practical significance for numerous countries seeking to adopt workable constitutional arrangements, and in part because if we believe that institutions influence or even determine political outcomes, then it becomes incumbent upon us to assess the extent or limits of this influence.
Foreign Equity Investment Restrictions, Capital Flight, and Shareholder Wealth Maximization: Theory and Evidence
Authors: Stulz René M , Wasserfallen Walter
Published: October 2023

In many countries, foreign investors face restrictions on owning domestic shares.1 In some countries, such as Japan, these restrictions are imposed by law; in others, such as Switzerland, they are chosen by individual companies. In the United States and a number of other countries, foreign ownership restrictions which are binding only in rare cases in which a control contest is initiated by a foreign bidder exist in some industries. In other countries, such as Switzerland, Finland, or Thailand, ownership restrictions are almost always binding for the firms affected.
Toeholds and Takeovers
Authors: Bulow Jeremy , Huang Ming , Klemperer Paul
Published: October 2023

Buying a stake or ‘toehold’ in a takeover target is a common and profitable strategy.1 The potential acquirer can gain either as a buyer that needs to pay a premium for fewer shares or as a losing bidder that sells out at a profit. A bidder that owns a toehold has an incentive to bid aggressively since every price it quotes represents not just a bid for the remaining shares but also an ask for its own holdings.
Endogenous Communication among Lenders and Entrepreneurial Incentives
Authors: Jorge Padilla A , Pagano Marco
Published: October 2023

One often observes that lenders communicate to each other information about the creditworthiness of their customers. Sometimes this informational exchange is so intense and frequent as to be intermediated by information brokers, such as credit bureaus and credit rating agencies. Typically these information brokers gather information about past defaults or delays in payment (‘black information’) or about the current debt exposure, performance, and riskiness of the borrower (‘white information’). These data are mainly provided by banks, finance companies, and suppliers, and are consolidated in a file for each company or individual.
Survival of the Fittest or the Fattest? Exit and Financing in the Trucking Industry
Authors: Zingales Luigi
Published: October 2023

Most economic theories are either implicitly or explicitly based on an evolutionary argument: Competition and exit assure that only the most efficient firms survive. This argument implicitly relies on the existence of perfect capital markets. In the presence of capital market imperfections, efficient firms may be forced to exit due to lack of funds. Although this argument is well understood in theory (Telser (1966) and Bolton and Scharfstein (1990)), its empirical relevance is much less clear.
Fragmentation across Cones
Authors: Deardorff Alan V
Published: October 2023

The subject is still fragmentation, as it was in an earlier paper motivated by the previous conference in this series. This time I want to explore further how fragmentation may matter for the prices of factors. This question is most interesting in the context of a Heckscher-Ohlin trade model in which factor prices are not equalized by trade, especially if this is due to the countries having sufficiently different factor endowments to make factor price equalization (FPE) impossible.2 In such a world, with a large number of both goods and countries (but only two factors, to keep things manageable), goods and countries fall into two or more cones of specialization.3 Within these cones, countries share identical factor prices, but between cones they do not. Fragmentation either will not occur, or is not particularly interesting, within these cones. Therefore I will look primarily at fragmentation across cones.
Globalization and Fragmentation: Evidence for the Electronics Industry in Ireland
Authors: Ruane Frances , Gorg Holger
Published: October 2023

This chapter looks at fragmentation and globalization in the context of the electronics sector in Ireland. We focus on the electronics sector for several reasons. First, it is a sector which is expanding rapidly and whose effects are permeating the production structures of virtually every activity in the manufacturing and service sectors. Recent data for the sector in Table 8.1 showthatitsgrowthrate in the period 1995 to 1997 continues to exceed the growth in real GDP worldwide and in the United States and Europe. Secondly, electronics is a sector where there are increasing returns to scale at the firm level, as has been found by Pratten (1988) for the EU and O’Malley (1992) for Ireland. This implies that firms may be able to exploit significant scale effects by the increased level of specialization brought about by fragmentation. Thirdly, electronics appears to be a sector in which the process of fragmentation has been quite dramatic, especially over the past twenty years-as evidenced by the ‘downsizing’ and increasing specialization of the world’s largest electronics producers, such as IBM.
Bulgaria
Authors: Arabadjiev Alexander
Published: October 2023

The European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (‘ECHR’ or ‘the Convention’) was signed by the Republic of Bulgaria on 7 May 1992, ratified, together with Protocol No. 1 thereof by the National Assembly (Parliament) on 31 July 1992, and entered into force with respect to the Republic of Bulgaria on 7 September 1992 (date of deposit of the instrument of ratification—Article 66, § 3 of the Convention).
Cyprus
Authors: Loizou Andreas Nicolas
Published: October 2023

Cyprus is the third largest island in the Mediterranean. It lies in its north-eastern corner, where three continents—Europe, Asia, and Africa—meet. Its strategic position has through the centuries attracted many conquerors. It was under Ottoman rule from 1571 to 1878 when it was ceded to Britain in return for help in the event of an attack by Russia on certain bordering provinces. At the outbreak of the First World War, Cyprus was annexed to the British Empire and in 1925, by virtue of the Treaty of Lausanne, was formally declared a British Colony and remained so until 16 August 1960, when it was proclaimed an independent Republic.
Romania
Authors: Weber Renate
Published: October 2023

Throughout the period from the end of World War II until December 1989 Romania was governed by a tough Communist regime. In fact, the country was absent from the great moments which marked the evolution of international human rights law. The Romanian government signed the two International Covenants on Civil and Political Rights and on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (UN) in 1974, and became a party to the 1975 Helsinki Final Act (CSCE), but the purpose of such gestures was only to show the Western world an openness which did not apply to Romanian society: respect for human rights within the country was non-existent. Moreover, the concept of human rights itself was absent from the study of international law: merely referring to it was considered to be a means of undermining the power of the Communist state.
Russia
Authors: Ferschtman Maxim
Published: October 2023

An examination of the impact of the European Convention on Human Rights’ within the legal order of Russia two years after ratification inevitably has an exploratory character, leading to tentative suggestions rather than decisive conclusions. Prior to ratification, many questions had been raised about both its consequences for Russia and the future role and status of the Convention itself. Two viewpoints need to be considered with regard to this. On one hand, it was suggested that if Russia became a party to the Convention, this would mean that the legal standards developed by the European Commission and Court of Human Rights would have to be watered down. Another view is that although Russia may not be fully ready to become a party to the Convention, it would do better to join anyway and use the Convention to improve its system of human rights protection.
Slovakia
Authors: Blaško Milan
Published: October 2023

The Velvet Revolution, which started in November 1989 and which led to the fall of the Communist regime in Czechoslovakia, brought about substantial political, economic, and social changes. One of the repercussions was the need to adjust the constitutional system in order to eliminate the shortcomings of the Czecho-Slovak Federation which had been established on 1 January 1969 and to redistribute the powers between the federal State and the two national republics by which Czechoslovakia was constituted. Lengthy political talks on these issues were fruitless and, after the 1992 parliamentary elections, the leaders of the political parties in power concluded an agreement that the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic would be constitutionally dissolved.
Slovenia
Authors: Mavčič Arne
Published: October 2023

The 1991 Constitution of the Republic of Slovenia guarantees wide protection against all forms of inequality and discrimination, much wider than international documents, including the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (hereinafter ‘the Convention’).1 In addition, the other rights guaranteed by provisions of the 1991 Constitution (eg the freedom to profess one’s national affiliation, the right to use a minority language and script, the special rights of the Italian and Hungarian ethnic communities in Slovenia, as well as the status and special rights of Romany communities in Slovenia) are wider than the generally very narrow provisions concerning such rights in international instruments. The above-mentioned provisions of the 1991 Constitution exceed the Convention, which is silent on those matters.
Ukraine
Authors: Potapenko Victor , Pushkar Pavlo
Published: October 2023

The role of law as a category of philosophy and theory, when it is filled up with real content, becomes instrumental in the community. One may argue about what law is, what realities it reflects, its origins can be viewed and interpreted in various ways, and dissenting opinions relating to the substance and mission of law may be professed. However, as soon as this issue is raised on a practical plane, regardless of one’s own frame of reference, one should always endeavour to search for a common point of view, a common attitude or approach. In fact if a practising lawyer resorts to law as an instrument for resolving a specific conflict and for finding a correct solution thereof, if law shall serve as a vehicle which enables us to evaluate the actions or omissions of citizens and officials and determine whether they are lawful or wrongful, if law comes to regulate the universal scale of human behaviour, there shall be certainty at least in one aspect: which specific sources one should resort to and which sources the decisions are to be based on.
The United Kingdom
Authors: Blackburn Robert
Published: October 2023

At the start of the new century the UK is undergoing a revolution in its attitudes towards human rights generally. New developments of major constitutional importance are currently or imminently being implemented that will fundamentally alter the traditional methods and procedures of the country’s legal and political systems for establishing and protecting the basic rights and freedoms of its citizens and others resident within its borders. These momentous changes have been principally caused by the recent passage of the Human Rights Act 1998 which at last incorporates the European Convention on Human Rights into the domestic law of the UK. The Bill preceding the legislation was the subject of wide-ranging, lengthy debates in the House of Commons and House of Lords throughout the 1997 98 parliamentary session, and finally received the Royal Assent on 9 November 1998. However, the Human Rights Act’s entry into force was postponed for almost two years until October 2000, to allow for the huge amount of official preparation of an administrative and educational nature, including one of the largest programmes of judicial training ever under taken in the UK, which the government believed was necessary before the Act came into force. By a neat symmetry with the anniversary of the Convention itself, therefore, the UK became fully integrated into the Council of Europe’s human rights legal system just one month prior to the half-centenary of the signing of the Convention as an international treaty by the UK and the other founding members in Rome on 4 November 1950.
Pension Schemes And Pension Funds In The United Kingdom
Authors: Blake David
Published: October 2023

Never has there been so much media interest in pensions as there is currently. Never has the pensions world changed so rapidly as it has over the last few years; we have seen the introduction of a new state supplementary pension scheme, new stakeholder pensions, and a flood of companies closing their final salary schemes and replacing them with defined contribution schemes. Never have there been so many complaints about our pension system; about the state pension falling behind earnings, about the misselling of personal pensions, about the perceived poor value of annuities, and about high charges and poor investment performance. This new edition of Pension Schemes and Pension Funds in the United Kingdom provides the latest information on all the key state and private pension schemes operating in the UK, including: the basic state pension, minimum income guarantee and pension credit; the state second pension; company pension schemes; and personal and stakeholder pension schemes. It does this within the context of the long historical development of the UK pensions system since medieval times. It also examines government pensions policy over the last twenty years, in particular the reduction in state pensions and the transfer of the burden of pension provision to the funded private sector. It also examines future trends and future concerns, such as increasing longevity and the adequacy of savings for retirement when people are young and in work. As most pension schemes are funded, the author also examines the latest issues in pension funding, such as the new accounting standard FRS17, active and passive fund management, investment risk budgeting and management, global investment performance standards, short-termism and the Myners review of institutional investment. The book concludes with a proposal for the Ideal Pension Scheme.
Introduction
Authors: Lloyd Genevieve
Published: October 2023

Philosophy has an uneasy-and largely unexamined-relationship with its past, which often surfaces in uncertainties about the place of history of philosophy in the philosophy curriculum: is it to be construed in its own right as philosophical thinking, or as mere historical background to the real thing? Pedagogically, in English speaking universities, the issue is often resolved by treating the history of philosophy as a repository of mistaken philosophical positions which can provide appropriate stimulation for the development of real philosophical skills-the techniques of analysis and argumentation developed in more central parts of the curriculum. There is, however, a growing interest in the historiography of philosophy, which has put more firmly on the philosophical agenda methodological issues posed by the reading of past philosophical texts. Feminist philosophy has played an important part in this development.
The Passions and Philosophy
Authors: James* Susan
Published: October 2023

In 1649 the Earl of Monmouth published an English translation of a popular French work by Jean Frarn;ois Senault entitled The Use of the Passions. Monmouth’s Letter to the Reader includes a story about the Count of Gondomar, who, we are told, was wont to say, elf you make a small inconsiderable present to any great man of the court, or to your mistress, you may do well to steer it in with some preamble, whereby to excuse the meanness, and make the fancy or workmanship thereof plead acceptance; marry, if you will present him or her with a thing of real value, as (for that it was he instanced in) with a bag of gold amounting to some three or four thousand pound, you need not use any circumlocutions, but bring it in, lay it down, and say, “Take it, there it is.
Spinoza on the Pathos of Idolatrous Love and the Hilarity of True Love
Authors: Rorty* Amelie Oksenberg
Published: October 2023

Differ as we do about its nature, its causes and effects, its proper objects, we all agree that love is-or can be-the beginning of wisdom. But wisdom about what? Spinoza wrote not only truthfully but wisely about love, about its travails and dangers, about its connection to knowledge and power, about individuality and the disappearance of the self. To understand what is vital and what is mortifying about the passions, to trace the movement from the bondage of passivity to the freedom of activity, we could do no better than follow his investiga tions. In the nature of the case, each of us necessarily understands him-as we do all else-from the partiality of our own perspectives. We shall follow Ariadne’s thread, into the heart of the labyrinth, first speaking with the vulgar, telling fragmentary tales about appearances. Then we must follow the thread out again, thinking with the learned, gaining scientific understanding of what we really are; and finally we must put these two-vulgar appearance and scientific explanation together to tell the real story, the story of reality.
The Crisis of the Old Regime
Authors: McPhee Peter
Published: October 2023

Historians have long debated whether the eighteenth-century bourgeoisie was ‘class conscious’: that is, whether the French Revolution was the work of a bourgeoisie determined to overthrow the privileged orders and which therefore accelerated the transition from feudalism to capitalism in line with the Marxist model of historical development. The terms of this debate have often been cast in simplified terms, about whether the wealthiest members of the bourgeoisie were integrated into the ruling elites. If they were, could it not be argued that there was no deep-seated, long-term crisis within this society, that the Revolution had only short-term and therefore relatively unimportant causes? There is certainly evidence for this argument.
The Pioneering Swedish Experiment in Railway Regulation
Authors: Baumstark Luc
Published: October 2023

Sweden’s railway reform is arousing interest in Europe. Initiated well before the European directive of 1991, it constitutes an ideal observatory for other countries facing the same problems. Held up as a success by numerous observers and presented as an alternative to the British reform, from which it differs in numerous respects, this experiment shows how deregulation of the railway industry can take a very different path. In Sweden, while the reform has been very gradual in nature, it appears to reflect a strong commitment. The decisions made to open the sector to competition have occurred without great discontinuity, as part of a transport policy whose main characteristics are the decentralization of decisions and a massive renewal of investment in railways. Openness to competition has not led to withdrawal by the state. Instead, it has been accompanied by profound institutional changes that have gradually created a new framework for public intervention that this paper proposes to analyse.
Regulation in the Water and Sanitation Sector in France
Authors: Roche Pierre-Alain , Johannes Bruno
Published: October 2023

In France, the debate on the regulation of public services has often dealt sparingly with the water sector. Indeed, this is one of the few sectors that has not been involved in the postwar nationalization process. If water challenges the analysts, it is first of all because of its decentralized character: responsibility for its quality and price is placed on the communes, which are numerous in France. The multiplicity of contracts accords with the great diversity of local situations. Water is also the subject of health and environment policies, which often resort to economic instruments and consequent intervention on the market.
Regulating Energy in Italy
Authors: Ranci Pippo
Published: October 2023

What I am presenting in this chapter is not an essay on regulation: rather, it is an observation on the main issues I have found myself dealing with in three years as president of the Autorita per !’Energia Elettrica e il Gas in Italy. I hope that a brief description of Italy’s national experience may offer some food for thought on regulation in general.
The Spanish Experience of Regulation within the Telecommunications Sector
Authors: Quintana Jose Maria Vazquez
Published: October 2023

The change of government that occurred in Spain in 1996 was the occasion for a revision of Spanish telecommunications liberalization plans. At that time there was a clear awareness of the imbalances affecting the telecommunications market, which was then a monopoly, and of the time and effort that would be needed to correct them and transform the market into a competitive structure.
Improving Air Traffic Services Performance in Europe: The Economic Regulation Perspective
Authors: Dumez Hervé , Jeunemaître Alain
Published: October 2023

Until recently, air traffic services (ATS) management has not been a primary focus of EU transport policy. The provision of these services has developed independently from involvement of the European Commission, alongside national cooperative initiatives. In 1960, an attempt was made to transfer air traffic control of the European upper airspace to a single agency, Eurocontrol, but this failed to materialize. Only Belgium, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and northern Germany agreed on the delegation of air space management to Eurocontrol; the other European member states chose to retain control over their national airspace. Eurocontrol was then left with an advisory role in the air traffic management of European airspace and was given the task of harmonizing national en route control systems and fostering cooperation among European states.
Introduction
Authors: Antonelli Cristiano
Published: October 2023

This book is dedicated to enquiring into the systemic and dynamic characteristic of the generation of technological knowledge and introduction of technological change. It contributes to the new debate on the economics of technological knowledge and innovation with a number of qualifications and specifications about the hypotheses of increasing returns in the production of knowledge and hence in the economy at large. It provides a general framework to understand the economic and institutional determinants of the regional and technological concentration of innovation activities. To do so the book elaborates an interpretative framework for understanding the long-term interactions between location in regional space, irreversibility, localized technological knowledge, and change and complementarity. The book builds upon the results of systematic explorations into the microdynamics of technological knowledge and technological change within a large number of European technological districts and the technological clusters centred upon new communication and mechanical engineering technologies.
Inflation in open economies: the main-course model
Authors: Bårdsen Gunnar , Eitrheim Øyvind , Jansen Eilev S , Nymoen Ragnar
Published: October 2023

As noted in the introductory chapter, an important development of macroeconometric models has been the representation of the supply side of the economy, and wage–price dynamics in particular. This chapter and the next three (Chapters 4–6) present four frameworks for wage–price modelling, which all have played significant roles in shaping macroeconometric models in Norway, as well as in several other countries. We start in this chapter with a reconstruction of Aukrust’s main-course model of inflation, using the modern econometric concepts of cointegration and causality. This rational reconstruction shows that, despite originating back in the mid-1960s, the main-course model resembles present day theories of wage formation with unions and price-setting firms, and markup pricing by firms.
Alexander von Humboldt and the Romantic Imagination of America: The Impossibility of Personal Narrative
Authors: Leask Nigel
Published: October 2023

On 1 August 1804 the ship La Favorita anchored off Bordeaux after a 27-day Atlantic crossing from Philadelphia. On board was the Prussian savant and explorer Alexander von Humboldt and his compagnon de voyage, French botanist Aimé Bonpland, returning to wide celebrity in Europe after their privately financed five-year expedition to the Spanish colonies of tropical America. Writing to his old friend K. K. Freiesleben from on board the same day, while awaiting quarantine clearance, Humboldt described his return journey from Mexico via Cuba and the United States.
The Lender of Last Resort: A Historical Perspective
Authors: Humphrey Thomas M , Keleher Robert E
Published: October 2023

The current international debt situation has led some analysts to suggest the possibility of a scenario whereby international debt defaults quickly lead to severe strains on domestic commercial banks. In this context, monetary and central bank policy become especially important, and references are often made to the central bank’s function as lender of last resort (LLR). In considering stopgap versus permanent solutions to financial crises, the role of the lender of last resort assumes special pertinence.
Rituals of Qeenship
Authors: Laynesmith J L
Published: October 2023

This text comes from a book of regulations for the conduct of certain state occasions which was drawn up for the king ‘s chamberlain and ushers early in Edward IV ‘s reign. The earliest surviving manuscript of this Ryalle Book dates from about 1491-3, and includes various Tudor additions, thus providing a valuable source for ideal ritual behaviour in the latter half of the fifteenth century. According to the preface of the Ryalle Book there was at the time of composition ‘butt littill knowlege ‘ of the matters it described, implying that the monarchy of Henry VI lacked the ceremony proper to a king and that Edward IV ‘s concern to conduct such ritual appropriately indicated his superior kingship.
The Queen ‘s Family
Authors: Laynesmith J L
Published: October 2023

Luchino Dallaghiexia ‘s exaggerated portrayal of the rise of the Woodvilles in a frequently inaccurate newsletter to the duke of Milan was almost certainly based upon propaganda issued by the earl of Warwick in 1469. Nonetheless, it highlights the contemporary perception of the tensions that existed between the ambitions of a queen ‘s natal and marital families. In his assessment of Elizabeth Woodville ‘s queenship Charles Wood argued that, whereas ‘a man ‘s place tended to be defined primarily by his membership of a patrilineal family ‘, women ‘were understood by their society, within the context of a dual kinship relationship ‘ in which their divided loyalties could ultimately prove destructive to both families.
Refined Nash Equilibria
Authors: Ritzberger Klaus
Published: October 2023

Subgame Perfection Very broadly, “backwards induction” refers to the idea that any solution to a given “large” problem should induce solutions to all its “small” subproblems. So, any “large” problem can be solved by first solving its “small” subproblems, then replacing the subproblems by their solutions, and finally solving the so reduced original problem. In an extensive form representation of a game, this means that a solution to the overall game entails solutions to all subgames.
Conclusion
Authors: Bell Andrew S
Published: October 2023

‘Forum shopping’ is a phrase which has entered into the common parlance of courts dealing with transnational disputes in the last three decades. As a practice, it is undoubtedly older than that, for it constitutes a totally rational response to a situation where a range of forums is available for the resolution of a given transnational dispute. In these circumstances it is not surprising that plaintiffs, or their legal advisers, will be astute to differences between litigating in particular forums and will select that forum which offers the best prospects for the most favourable outcome from the plaintiff’s perspective.
Towards Political Inclusiveness: The Changing Role of Local Government
Authors: MacDougall Terry
Published: October 2023

This chapter examines Japanese local government primarily from the perspective of local residents seeking to realize such fundamental political values as liberty (personal rights), political equality (collective preferences through broad participation in public affairs), and human welfare in their everyday lives. These are among the common aspirations of people around the world. Most often, scholars have thought about and examined how they are pursued at the national level. Local government, however, can be an important—even the most important—arena for achieving these goals in the everyday lives of the people. The focus of this chapter is on the role of Japanese local governments in translating such aspirations into reality, and thereby contributing to the quality of political life in the country. It is concerned foremost with the relationship between local government and local residents. That relationship is shaped to a great extent by the character of centre-local relations and the jurisdictional, fiscal, and human resources available to localities. Hence, our analysis must also be concerned with local governmental capacity in these areas.
Difference/Indifference between the Sexes
Authors: Collin Francoise
Published: October 2023

Group of Feminist Research and Information) that she founded in 1973. It was the first feminist journal in the French language and one of the most widely recognized theoretical and political venues for European feminist dialogues. Her numerous books, articles, and lectures reflect the thus must be constantly theoretically and politically reworked and redefined. In Collin’s view, there is no one true embodiment of gender, but a material reality that is structured in every society by the effects of the roles, images, and power structures to which one gender is universality.
A Deceptive Universalism
Authors: Halimi Gisele
Published: October 2023

Born on 27 July 1927 in French colonial Tunisia (La Goulette), Gisele (Zo’iza) Halimi first travelled to France to study law and philosophy at the Institute of Political Studies in Paris. She became a lawyer in 1948, and practised law in Tunisia until 1958, when she was called to become a member of the Paris Bar Association.
Versions of Difference
Authors: Agacinski Sylviane
Published: October 2023

Sylviane Agacinski is a professor of philosophy at the Ecole des Hautes Etudes in Paris, where she is responsible for research seminars in the social sciences. From 1986 to 1992 she was Director of the College International de Philosophie, in Paris. She has written extensively on philosophy and politics, as well as other topics, including architecture. She is also active in the French political scene, including in the Feminist Parity Movement and in the debates surrounding the right of same-sex parents to adopt children. Intellectually engaged in current affairs generally, Agacinski writes regularly for several newspapers. Her husband, Lionel Jospin (Socialist Party), was the current Prime Minister of France.
The Meaning of Equality
Authors: Kristeva Julia
Published: October 2023

Julia Kristeva was born in 1941 in Bulgaria. She was educated by French nuns, studied literature, and worked as a journalist before going to Paris in 1966 to do graduate work with Lucien Goldmann and Roland Barthes. While in Paris she finished her doctorate in French literature, was appointed to the faculty of the Department of Texts and Documents at the University of Paris VI (Denis Diderot) and Kristeva continues to have a critical relationship to feminism and feminist movements. She objects to what she calls ‘herd’ feminism. And, she rejects some feminists’ stigmatization of maternity as the ultimate exploitation of women.
The Guillotine’s Clean Cut: The Bank of France and the Poincare Stabilization, 1926–1928
Authors: Mouré Kenneth
Published: October 2023

Returned to office as leader of a Union National coalition in July 1926, Raymond Poincaré abruptly reversed the decline of the franc, ended inflation, and effected adorable stabilization of the franc without major unemployment or economic distress. TI1e speed and the low cost with which he ended the inflationary epoch have inspired conflict(ting explanations of the reasons for his success. 111e subsequent strength of the French exmomy has sparked debate on whether France undervalued the franc deliberately and the extent to which the stabilization adversely affected the international monetary system. This chapter assesses how Poincare stabilized the franc, with particular attention to the role of the Bank of France.
The Russian Question: A Russian Play
Authors: Caute David
Published: October 2023

Among Soviet dramas of the early cold war, Konstantin Simonov’s play The Russian Question (Russkii vopros) merits a chapter to itself. It was probably unique in confining its dramatis personae to American characters-not a Russian in sight. The Russian Question was the cold war play par excellence, promoted and disseminated with Stalin’s approval in thirty Soviet theatres. In Germany the Soviet-zone premie’re followed within a month of the opening night in Moscow, despite a storm of American protests, by which time German-language translations were already on sale at Berlin kiosks. Two weeks later the Soviet Embassy in London put out an English translation; news of a Stalin Prize soon followed. Production plans for Mikhail Romm’s film of the play were announced almost immediately. At the end of the year, with the play still running, Stalin, Molotov, and Voroshilov appeared in the ‘royal box’ at the Moscow Art Theatre, the ultimate seal of approval.
Germany Divided: Stage and Screen
Authors: Caute David
Published: October 2023

The battle of the stages had also been gathering pace in Berlin, an occupied city divided into four sectors of rubble and hunger, but still allowing free passage between them-the audience for a play by Sartre or a concert by Menuhin would include the uniforms of all four Powers.
Squaring the Circle: Ionesco, Beckett, Havel, Stoppard
Authors: Caute David
Published: October 2023

The Theatre on the Balustrade (Divadlo na zabraldi) opened in 1958 in a derelict hall by the Vltava river not far from the Charles Bridge, Prague. On the basis of a promising script, Va’clav Havel was invited to join the company as a stage-hand in the summer of 1960, later as literary adviser. Acknowledging the influence of both Kafka and the Theatre of the Absurd on his plays, Havel adds the factor of his own bourgeois origins, the experience of ‘being excluded through no fault of my own’. The Havels were of ‘pampered bourgeois stock’ (as he put it); in 1948 the family business had been removed from their control, and later the estate was confiscated. When Havel and his brother finished elementary school at the age of 15 they were barred by their social origin from high school and university. The young Va’clav worked as a carpenter and laboratory assistant for five years.
All That Jazz: Iron Curtain Calls
Authors: Caute David
Published: October 2023

Like the nuclear arms race, classical music was two-way traffic; the Russians arguably possessed classical composers able to inspire larger audiences than the major modernists of the West. This was not the case in the field of popular music and entertainment. The Russians regularly exported spectacular folk-dancing ensembles, the Red Army Choir, and circus acrobats, but the balalaika was no match for the 25-watt electric guitar, the synchronized stamping of a hundred boots no match for a 100-watt PA system. If Western youths wanted balalaikas they could have them-but they didn’t.
The Ballet Dancer Defects
Authors: Caute David
Published: October 2023

The ballet dancer’s defection was the most spectacular of all: ovations, flowers, embraces-then a flying ‘leap to freedom’. Raised, protected, and tutored by ballet masters and mistresses second to none, the absconding Soviet dancer was taken to have betrayed his teachers, his colleagues, his native land (rodina). Yet defectors were the exception; Soviet dance companies regularly transported hundreds of performers across the world and brought them all home.
Social Exclusion and the Generations
Authors: Hobcraft John
Published: October 2023

This chapter focuses on the pathways into social exclusion, especially during young adulthood. More specifically, I set out to discuss some of the issues involved in assessing the influences on adult social exclusion of parental endowments, of childhood circumstances, attributes, and behaviour, and of prior experiences during adulthood. Thus, both inter-generational and intra-generational aspects of the transmission of social exclusion are considered. The conceptual and practical issues involved are illustrated with examples drawn from my ongoing research programme within CASE, using results from analysis of the experiences of the cohort of children born in the first week of March 1958, who comprise the target population for the National Child Development Study (hereafter NCDS).