bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tuning functions-based output feedback adaptive spacecraft formation flying despite disturbances
Authors: Lee K W , Singh S N
Published: August 2011

This article presents a non-linear adaptive satellite formation control system based on the tuning functions design method using output feedback. A leader spacecraft is orbiting in an elliptic orbit, and a follower satellite is in motion around it. It is assumed that unknown periodic disturbance forces as well as random disturbances are acting on the follower spacecraft, and its mass is not known. Furthermore, only the relative position of the follower satellite, with respect to the leader satellite, is measured for feedback. The objective is to design an adaptive controller so that the follower spacecraft remains in a specific formation with respect to the leader spacecraft. For the purpose of design, first a simplified model including only periodic disturbance inputs is considered, and a canonical representation of the non-linear relative dynamics is obtained. Based on this canonical form, filters are designed to obtain the estimate of the relative velocity of the follower spacecraft and an output feedback adaptive law is derived for the relative position trajectory control. Based on the Lyapunov approach, it is shown that the closed-loop system is globally uniformly stable, and that the adaptive law accomplishes global asymptotic tracking of the reference trajectory in the presence of periodic disturbances. For robustness with respect to random forces in the model, a modified form of the adaptation law using σ-modification is synthesized. Simulation results are presented, which show that the designed output feedback control system achieves precise formation control, despite the periodic and random disturbance forces and parameter uncertainty in the model.
Shock wave propagation in non-uniform gas mixtures
Authors: Falcovitz J , Igra O , Igra D
Published: August 2011

We consider a classical shock tube with Helium-filled driver section, and a driven section filled with a He– Ar gaseous mixture of continuously varying composition. We simulate a shock tube experiment, where the driven section composition starts out with pure Ar and ends with pure He (denoted ‘ − ’), or vice versa (denoted ‘+’). The initial pressures are 2 and 0.01 MPa. Two alternate initial species compositions are assumed: ‘Molar fraction’ – a linear distribution of the molar fraction; ‘Mass Fraction’ – a linear distribution of the mass fraction. Wave patterns arising in every case are presented and discussed.
Effects of strut swept angle on the drag of scramjet
Authors: Bao W , Zong Y , Chang J , Cui T
Published: August 2011

Swept angle is one of the most important geometric parameters of the strut in scramjet. The change in swept angle will make the geometric shape of the strut different and lead to distinct performances. Computational fluid dynamics method has been used in this study to obtain the cold-state flow field of scramjet model with struts of different swept angles at freestream Mach numbers 5 and 6. The results show that the effect of strut swept angle (from 0° to 60°) on the flow-field structure, total pressure losses, and drag coefficients is less. However, in the cases when strut swept angle is larger than 60°, the shock waves have been weakened significantly and so are the total pressure losses and the strut drag coefficients. In addition, the drag coefficients of all the struts are overall very small because of the small wedge angle of the leading edge. Also, the drag coefficient on the struts reduces when Mach number of freestream increases.
Embodiment, abduction, and expressive movement: A new realm of inquiry?
Authors: Shotter John
Published: August 2011

I argue that there is a much more immediate and unreflective, bodily way of being related to our surroundings than the ways that become conspicuous to us in our more cognitive reflections. Further, I suggest that this way of relating or orienting ourselves toward our surroundings becomes known to us from within the unfolding dynamics of our engaged bodily movements within them, and that we can come to embody the recurrent patterns that we experience within such engaged movements in image schema or corporeal concepts. Below, I explore some of the implications of these claims. Taken all together, they suggest the opening up of a new realm of inquiry in psychological research of a practical kind to do with 1st-person explorations, from the inside, of the felt discriminative awarenesses we make use of, not in solving intellectual problems, but in resolving difficulties of orientation or relationship we face in both our everyday lives and in our professional practices—practical difficulties of a kind that still lack extensive examination.
Researching “experience”: Embodiment, methodology, process
Authors: Brown Steven D. , Cromby John , Harper David J. , Johnson Katherine , Reavey Paula
Published: August 2011

In this paper, we explore some of the tensions involved in the process of engaging with embodiment research. Although a significant volume of discursive work on “the body” and its role in social relations now exists, there is little in the way of empirical research that moves the focus away from discourse alone to concentrate on other modalities, such as embodied feelings, sensations, and engagements with the world. We begin by briefly reviewing the turn to embodiment across the social sciences and the manner in which this has been taken up in psychology. We then outline our attempts as a research collective to develop methodologies and research activities that can produce meaningful data on embodied experience. The outcomes of one of these tasks are then described in detail, along with reflections on the difficulties and limitations that emerged. Finally, we attempt to conceptualize the challenge of researching embodiment by returning to the late 19th century psychology of John Dewey, which, we argue, neatly summarizes some of the problems to be addressed by any researchers engaged in the “turn to the body.”
Optimization of unknown parameters of adaptive backstepping in position tracking of a permanent magnet linear motor
Authors: Yousefi H , Handroos H , Hirvonen M
Published: August 2011

In the current paper a non-linear load control method is developed and implemented for a permanent magnet linear synchronous motor (PMLSM) with a flexible load. The proposed controller tracks a flexible load to the desired reference position as fast as possible and without awkward oscillation. The control method is based on an adaptive backstepping algorithm whose stability is ensured by the Lyapunov stability theorem. The unknown parameters of the controller were estimated by means of a differential evolution algorithm. The needed states of the system that are used by controller are estimated by using the Kalman filter. The proposed controller is implemented and tested in a linear motor test drive and responses are presented.
Music Literacy in an Israeli Kindergarten
Authors: Gluschankof Claudia , Kenney Susan Hobson
Published: August 2011

This article reports on a learner-centered kindergarten music program at Gan Michael Kindergarten in Israel. Actual experiences with stories and pictures provide examples of young children engaged in music making as performers, composers, and analytical listeners. The stories include teacher thoughts and reflections, providing a model of teacher as researcher and learner. What can we learn from these stories?
Differential Moderating Effects of Student- and Parent-Rated Support in the Relationship Between Learning Goal Orientation and Career Decision-Making Self-Efficacy
Authors: Garcia Patrick Raymund James M. , Restubog Simon Lloyd D. , Toledano Lemuel S. , Tolentino Laramie R. , Rafferty Alannah E.
Published: August 2011

Guided by the social cognitive career and cognitive evaluation theories, the authors theorize and test differential predictions regarding the moderating role of student- and parent-rated support when considering the influence of students’ learning goal orientation on career decision-making self-efficacy. Data were collected from 141 undergraduate students and their parents over a 6-month period. Time 1 learning goal orientation was positively related to career decision-making self-efficacy at Time 2. Results also revealed a differential pattern of moderating effects for student ratings of parental support and parent ratings of support. High student ratings of parental support strengthened the association between learning goal orientation and career decision-making self-efficacy. In contrast, low levels of parent-rated support strengthened the relationship between learning goal orientation and career decision-making self-efficacy. The discussion highlights the importance of considering how perceptions of parental support differ between parents and their children.
The New Kind of Hospital Volunteer
Authors: Orwig Marcy Leasum
Published: August 2011

While experts agree the U.S. recession is over, many employees feel that they are still being asked to do more work for less pay. This concept of less compensation for employees is not surprising, but no one has addressed how volunteers in organizations might also be affected by the economy. Are volunteers also expected to do more work for (literally) no monetary compensation? This case study explains how the duties asked of hospital volunteers are evolving and ends with a discussion of ethics relating to the volunteer descriptions used at a not-for-profit organization.
Eportfolio
Authors: Graves Nikki , Epstein Molly
Published: August 2011

At Emory University’s Goizueta Business School, eportfolio serves as the foundation for a sequence of assignments in our core “Communication and Professional Development” course. Our philosophy underlying the use of eportfolio is influenced by narrative and sense-making theory. At the beginning of the semester, students record their experiences and accomplishments on eportfolio. We then guide students to identify the narrative themes running through their experiences, and to use those themes to develop personal brand statements, stories that demonstrate their strengths and values in action, and professional development plans. This sequence of assignments allows students to imagine, construct, and articulate a professional identity through narrative.
Eportfolios
Authors: Kryder LeeAnne G.
Published: August 2011

Use of eportfolios for business communication students in an advanced two-quarter capstone brought an unexpected networking opportunity, in addition to their conventional use as a showcase for student writing and research. This article discusses how students developed their eportfolios. Then, through use of a course website providing an optional link to those eportfolios, students were able to use portfolios to jumpstart conversations among other students and business communication alumni. The instructor has required both print and digital portfolios since 2006 and explains why both types of portfolios are useful, especially to enhance professional networking.
The effect of high-pressure densification on ballistic-penetration resistance of a soda-lime glass
Authors: Grujicic M , Bell W C , Pandurangan B , Cheeseman B A , Fountzoulas C , Patel P , Templeton D W , Bishnoi K D
Published: August 2011

Molecular-level modelling and simulations of the high-pressure volumetric response and irreversible densification of a prototypical soda-lime glass are first employed. The molecular-simulation results obtained were next used to modify the pressure versus degree-of-compression (the negative of volumetric strain) and yield strength versus pressure relations in order to account for the effects of irreversible densification. These relations are next used to upgrade the equation of state and the strength constitutive laws of an existing material model for glass. This was followed by a set of transient non-linear dynamics calculations of the transverse impact of a glass test plate with a solid right-circular cylindrical steel projectile. The results obtained show that irreversible densification can provide only a minor improvement in the ballistic resistance of glass and only in the case of high-velocity (ca. 1000 m/s) projectiles. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that if the key irreversible compaction parameters can be adjusted by modifications in glass chemistry and microstructure, significant improvements in the glass ballistic resistance can be attained over a relatively wide range of projectile velocities.
Hypertension is Common among HIV-Infected Persons, But Not Associated with HAART
Authors: Medina-Torne Sheila , Ganesan Anuradha , Barahona Irma , Crum-Cianflone Nancy F.
Published: August 2011

Background: With improved survival after the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), non-AIDS-related morbidity and mortality have come to the forefront in the management of HIV patients. HAART has been linked to the development of several risk factors for cardiovascular disease including insulin resistance and hyperlipidemia, but its influence on hypertension requires further study. Methods: We performed a cross-sectional study of HIV-infected persons at two large HIV clinics to evaluate the prevalence and factors associated with hypertension. Hypertension was defined by at least two blood pressure measurements >140/90 mmHg or the use of an antihypertensive medication. Statistical analyses included multivariate logistic regression models. Results: We studied 707 HIV-infected adults with a median age of 41 years (IQR 36-46), 92% were male, 49% were Caucasian, and 72% were receiving HAART. The overall prevalence of hypertension was 31% and was similar among those receiving and not receiving HAART (32% vs. 29%, p = 0.47). Factors associated with hypertension in the multivariate model included increasing age, longer duration of HIV, higher body mass index, and diabetes, with a trend for African American ethnicity. Conclusions: Hypertension is common among HIV-infected persons and is associated with established risk factors, but not with HAART use. Given the high prevalence of hypertension and its association with duration of HIV infection, other factors such as virally-mediated endothelial changes or immune activation may play a role. Further investigations are needed.
Abandonment of Antiretroviral Therapy among HIV-Positive Patients Attended at the Reference Center for HIV/AIDS in Vitória, Brazil
Authors: Zago Adriana Marchon , Morelato Paola , Endringer Emmanuele de Angeli , Dan Germano de Freitas , Ribeiro Evanira Mendes , Miranda Angelica Espinosa
Published: August 2011

This study evaluates the risk factors for the abandonment of antiretroviral therapy (ART) among patients receiving care in an AIDS clinic in Vitória, Brazil. We conducted a case–control study of patients with AIDS attending a reference center for sexually transmitted disease (STD)/AIDS. A total of 62 patients, who abandoned therapy in 2008, and 188 HIV-infected patients answered an interview including demographic, social, and clinical characteristics. Risk factors associated with abandon in univariate analysis were entered into logistic regression models. A total of 250 patients were included in the study. Groups were similar regarding age, gender, and monthly income. In the final multivariate model, illicit drug use (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 2.3; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.03-5.07), previous abandon of medication (AOR 38.6; 95% CI 10.49-142.25), last CD4 count <200 cells/mm3 (AOR 1.5; 95% CI 1.03-2.10), and viral load higher than 1000 copies/mL (AOR 2.0 (95% CI 1.34-3.09) were independent predictors of abandonment of ART. In addition to the clinical indicators, behavioral factors remained important throughout the multivariate analysis in our study.
Time Course of Cortical Plasticity After Facial Nerve Palsy
Authors: Klingner Carsten M. , Volk Gerd F. , Brodoehl Stefan , Burmeister Hartmut P. , Witte Otto W. , Guntinas-Lichius Orlando
Published: August 2011

Background. Functional connectivity is defined as the temporal correlation between spatially remote neurophysiological events. This method has become particularly useful for studying neuroplasticity to detect changes in the collaboration of brain areas during cortical reorganization. Methods. In this article, the authors longitudinally studied voxel-based morphometry and resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging 10 times in 1 patient during the course of Bell palsy (idiopathic facial nerve palsy) up to complete clinical recovery. Results. Morphometric analysis revealed a significant alteration in the face area of the primary motor cortex (M1) contralateral to the paretic face, with an initial increase in gray matter concentration. Functional connectivity analysis between the M1 and other parts of the facial motor network revealed acutely disrupted intrahemispheric connectivity but unaltered interhemispheric connectivity. The disrupted functional connectivity was most pronounced on the day of the onset of symptoms, with a subsequent return toward normal during the course of recovery. This time course was found to differ between the selected parts of the facial motor network. However, the increase in functional connectivity strength preceded clinical recovery in all areas and reached a stable level before the patient fully recovered. Conclusion. These results demonstrate that recovery from facial nerve palsy is complemented by cortical reorganization, with pronounced changes of functional connectivity that precede clinical recovery.
Contralaterally Controlled Functional Electrical Stimulation for Upper Extremity Hemiplegia
Authors: Knutson Jayme S. , Harley Mary Y. , Hisel Terri Z. , Hogan Shannon D. , Maloney Margaret M. , Chae John
Published: August 2011

Background. Contralaterally controlled functional electrical stimulation (CCFES) is an experimental treatment intended to improve hand function after stroke. Objective. To compare the effects of 6 weeks of CCFES versus cyclic neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) on upper extremity impairment and activity limitation in patients ≤6 months poststroke. Methods. Twenty-one participants were randomized to CCFES or cyclic NMES. Treatment for both groups consisted of daily stimulation-assisted repetitive hand-opening exercise at home plus twice-weekly lab sessions of functional task practice. Assessments were made at pretreatment and posttreatment and at 1 month and 3 months posttreatment. They included maximum voluntary finger extension angle, finger movement tracking error, upper extremity Fugl-Meyer score, Box and Blocks test, and Arm Motor Abilities test. Treatment effects were estimated using a 2-factor repeated measures analysis of variance with the value of the baseline measure as a covariate. Results. Seventeen patients completed the treatment phase (9 CCFES, 8 cyclic NMES). At all posttreatment time points, CCFES produced larger improvements than cyclic NMES on every outcome measure. Maximum voluntary finger extension showed the largest treatment effect, with a mean group difference across the posttreatment time points of 28° more finger extension for CCFES. Conclusions. The results favor CCFES over cyclic NMES though the small sample size limits the statistical power of the study. The effect size estimates from this study will be used to power a larger trial.
A Villains’ Charter? The Press and the Human Rights Act
Authors: Gies Lieve
Published: August 2011

The Human Rights Act 1998 (HRA), a key piece of legislation aimed at enhancing the protection of human rights in the United Kingdom, has suffered from a bad press for as long as it has been in existence. Supporters of the legislation are concerned that it is being portrayed as a ‘villains’ charter’ which benefits only the least deserving in society. This article analyses the newspaper frames that have been applied to landmark events involving the HRA, while also giving an insight into run-of-the-mill reporting. The findings suggest that the framing is more subtle and more nuanced than the ‘villains’ charter’ epithet suggests. Focusing on broadsheet coverage of the HRA when the legislation came into force in England and Wales, it will be shown how the coverage on this occasion revealed some striking ideological differences. On the other hand, considering another milestone in the rights debate, the introduction of the controversial Identity Card scheme, it is apparent that the issue attracted a unanimous press, even if the discussion on that occasion tended to be couched in the language of civil liberties rather than that of human rights. Finally, considering tabloid coverage of a landmark ruling by the Appellate Committee of the House of Lords, the article considers who qualifies as a worthy victim in tabloid narratives about the HRA.
Eléments pour l’élaboration et la mise en place d’un programme de promotion de la santé cardiovasculaire en Communauté française de Belgique
Authors: Coppieters Yves , Béduwé Cécile , Collignon Jean-Luc , Hubens Valérie , Levêque Alain
Published: August 2011

Introduction. Les maladies cardiovasculaires restent la première cause de mortalité en Belgique malgré la diminution progressive du poids de la pathologie coronarienne. En Communauté française, un processus de mobilisation d’acteurs a été mis en place pour produire et mettre en œuvre un Plan de promotion de la santé cardiovasculaire. L’objectif est de présenter les éléments constitutifs de ce Plan ainsi que la démarche d’élaboration basée sur une approche participative et de concertation d’acteurs issus de divers secteurs. Méthode. Neuf unités de concertation (UC) ont été constituées en lien direct avec un milieu de vie, un public cible ou des groupes d’acteurs : petite enfance, enseignement fondamental, secondaire et des temps extrascolaires, enseignement supérieur et universitaire, monde du travail, seniors actifs, populations fragilisées, pouvoirs locaux et acteurs de santé travaillant en colloques singuliers. Chaque UC a analysé les déterminants environnementaux, sociaux et personnels ainsi que les différents facteurs qui les influencent. Résultats. Le Plan est constitué d’une programmation générale qui synthétise les stratégies transversales à l’ensemble des programmations produites au sein des neuf UC. Les stratégies et objectifs prioritaires sont entre autres l’aménagement des cadres de vie, le développement d’offres de promotion de la santé et d’offres de suivi sanitaire et social de proximité, la mobilisation des responsables politiques et institutionnels et le soutien des professionnels dans leurs actions envers les patients et la population. Des recommandations pour les différents milieux de vie étudiés et visant les publics fragilisés, sont également intégrées. Ce cadre général est complété de programmations opérationnelles pour chaque milieu de vie, public ou acteur. Conclusion. Cette proposition de Programme de promotion de la santé cardiovasculaire servira de cadre d’action pour les acteurs des milieux de vie impliqués et guidera également les responsables institutionnels et politiques dans leurs décisions et actions.
Powerful partnering: engaging the best to do the most in courting new realms to boost physical activity
Authors: Stefan Maria Dennison
Published: August 2011

The central thesis of the commentary is that expanding engagement between the public and private sector, especially in the area of physical activity, is needed and important. Powerful partnering offers the perspective that business is reframing its priorities, moving from short-term gain to long-term sustainability; and that business leaders are regarding the term ‘survival of the fittest’ not in terms of who is the most competitive and strongest, but who is the most collaborative and adaptable. The commentary stakes a position that global problems in the 21st century need both a left and right brain approach, where leadership and the worldview must be connected and collaborative rather than sharply delineated and disconnected. Through a series of examples, the commentary seeks to share how and why business is currently involved in physical activity partnering; and approaches and guidelines public health can consider to build the collaboration bridge.
The BCL11B tumor suppressor is mutated across the major molecular subtypes of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Gutierrez Alejandro , Kentsis Alex , Sanda Takaomi , Holmfeldt Linda , Chen Shann-Ching , Zhang Jianhua , Protopopov Alexei , Chin Lynda , Dahlberg Suzanne E. , Neuberg Donna S. , Silverman Lewis B. , Winter Stuart S. , Hunger Stephen P. , Sallan Stephen E. , Zha Shan , Alt Frederick W. , Downing James R. , Mullighan Charles G. , Look A. Thomas
Published: August 2011

The BCL11B transcription factor is required for normal T-cell development, and has recently been implicated in the pathogenesis of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) induced by TLX overexpression or Atm deficiency. To comprehensively assess the contribution of BCL11B inactivation to human T-ALL, we performed DNA copy number and sequencing analyses of T-ALL diagnostic specimens, revealing monoallelic BCL11B deletions or missense mutations in 9% (n = 10 of 117) of cases. Structural homology modeling revealed that several of the BCL11B mutations disrupted the structure of zinc finger domains required for this transcription factor to bind DNA. BCL11B haploinsufficiency occurred across each of the major molecular subtypes of T-ALL, including early T-cell precursor, HOXA-positive, LEF1-inactivated, and TAL1-positive subtypes, which have differentiation arrest at diverse stages of thymocyte development. Our findings provide compelling evidence that BCL11B is a haploinsufficient tumor suppressor that collaborates with all major T-ALL oncogenic lesions in human thymocyte transformation.
The impact of modern migrations on present-day multi-ethnic Argentina as recorded on the mitochondrial DNA genome
Authors: Catelli María Laura , Álvarez-Iglesias Vanesa , Gómez-Carballa Alberto , Mosquera-Miguel Ana , Romanini Carola , Borosky Alicia , Amigo Jorge , Carracedo Ángel , Vullo Carlos , Salas Antonio
Published: August 2011

Background

The genetic background of Argentineans is a mosaic of different continental ancestries. From colonial to present times, the genetic contribution of Europeans and sub-Saharan Africans has superposed to or replaced the indigenous genetic 'stratum'. A sample of 384 individuals representing different Argentinean provinces was collected and genotyped for the first and the second mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) hypervariable regions, and selectively genotyped for mtDNA SNPs. This data was analyzed together with additional 440 profiles from rural and urban populations plus 304 from Native American Argentineans, all available from the literature. A worldwide database was used for phylogeographic inferences, inter-population comparisons, and admixture analysis. Samples identified as belonging to hg (hg) H2a5 were sequenced for the entire mtDNA genome.

Results

Phylogenetic and admixture analyses indicate that only half of the Native American component in urban Argentineans might be attributed to the legacy of extinct ancestral Argentineans and that the Spanish genetic contribution is slightly higher than the Italian one. Entire H2a5 genomes linked these Argentinean mtDNAs to the Basque Country and improved the phylogeny of this Basque autochthonous clade. The fingerprint of African slaves in urban Argentinean mtDNAs was low and it can be phylogeographically attributed predominantly to western African. The European component is significantly more prevalent in the Buenos Aires province, the main gate of entrance for Atlantic immigration to Argentina, while the Native American component is larger in North and South Argentina. AMOVA, Principal Component Analysis and hgs/haplotype patterns in Argentina revealed an important level of genetic sub-structure in the country.

Conclusions

Studies aimed to compare mtDNA frequency profiles from different Argentinean geographical regions (e.g., forensic and case-control studies) should take into account the important genetic heterogeneity of the country in order to prevent false positive claims of association in disease studies or inadequate evaluation of forensic evidence.
Involvement of Cox-2 in the metastatic potential of chemotherapy-resistant breast cancer cells
Authors: Kang Ju-Hee , Song Ki-Hoon , Jeong Kyung-Chae , Kim Sunshin , Choi Changsun , Lee Chang Hoon , Oh Seung Hyun
Published: August 2011

Background

A major problem with the use of current chemotherapy regimens for several cancers, including breast cancer, is development of intrinsic or acquired drug resistance, which results in disease recurrence and metastasis. However, the mechanisms underlying this drug resistance are unknown. To study the molecular mechanisms underlying the invasive and metastatic activities of drug-resistant cancer cells, we generated a doxorubicin-resistant MCF-7 breast cancer cell line (MCF-7/DOX).

Methods

We used MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assays, flow cytometry assays, DNA fragmentation assays, Western blot analysis, cell invasion assays, small interfering RNA (siRNA) transfection, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, experimental lung metastasis models, and gelatin and fibrinogen/plasminogen zymography to study the molecular mechanism of metastatic activities in MCF-7/DOX cells.

Results

We found that MCF-7/DOX acquired invasive activities. In addition, Western blot analysis showed increased expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and Cox-2 in MCF-7/DOX cells. Inhibition of Cox-2, phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt, or mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways effectively inhibited the invasive activities of MCF-7/DOX cells. Gelatin and fibrinogen/plasminogen zymography analysis showed that the enzymatic activities of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), MMP-9, and urokinase-type plasminogen activator were markedly higher in MCF-7/DOX cells than in the MCF-7 cells. In vitro invasion assays and mouse models of lung metastasis demonstrated that MCF-7/DOX cells acquired invasive abilities. Using siRNAs and agonists specific for prostaglandin E (EP) receptors, we found that EP1 and EP3 played important roles in the invasiveness of MCF-7/DOX cells.

Conclusions

We found that the invasive activity of MCF-7/DOX cells is mediated by Cox-2, which is induced by the EGFR-activated PI3K/Akt and MAPK pathways. In addition, EP1 and EP3 are important in the Cox-2-induced invasion of MCF-7/DOX cells. Therefore, not only Cox-2 but also EP1 and EP3 could be important targets for chemosensitization and inhibition of metastasis in breast cancers that are resistant to chemotherapy.
HPV vaccine decision making in pediatric primary care: a semi-structured interview study
Authors: Hughes Cayce C , Jones Amanda L , Feemster Kristen A , Fiks Alexander G
Published: August 2011

Background

Despite national recommendations, as of 2009 human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination rates were low with < 30% of adolescent girls fully vaccinated. Research on barriers to vaccination has focused separately on parents, adolescents, or clinicians and not on the decision making process among all participants at the point of care. By incorporating three distinct perspectives, we sought to generate hypotheses to inform interventions to increase vaccine receipt.

Methods

Between March and June, 2010, we conducted qualitative interviews with 20 adolescent-mother-clinician triads (60 individual interviews) directly after a preventive visit with the initial HPV vaccine due. Interviews followed a guide based on published HPV literature, involved 9 practices, and continued until saturation of the primary themes was achieved. Purposive sampling balanced adolescent ages and practice type (urban resident teaching versus non-teaching). Using a modified grounded theory approach, we analyzed data with NVivo8 software both within and across triads to generate primary themes.

Results

The study population was comprised of 20 mothers (12 Black, 9 < high school diploma), 20 adolescents (ten 11-12 years old), and 20 clinicians (16 female). Nine adolescents received the HPV vaccine at the visit, eight of whom were African American. Among the 11 not vaccinated, all either concurrently received or were already up-to-date on Tdap and MCV4. We did not observe systematic patterns of vaccine acceptance or refusal based on adolescent age or years of clinician experience. We identified 3 themes: (1) Parents delayed, rather than refused vaccination, and when they expressed reluctance, clinicians were hesitant to engage them in discussion. (2) Clinicians used one of two strategies to present the HPV vaccine, either presenting it as a routine vaccine with no additional information or presenting it as optional and highlighting risks and benefits. (3) Teens considered themselves passive participants in decision making, even when parents and clinicians reported including them in the process.

Conclusions

Programs to improve HPV vaccine delivery in primary care should focus on promoting effective parent-clinician communication. Research is needed to evaluate strategies to help clinicians engage reluctant parents and passive teens in discussion and measure the impact of distinct clinician decision making approaches on HPV vaccine delivery.
Investigation of the adaptation of Lactococcus lactis to isoleucine starvation integrating dynamic transcriptome and proteome information
Authors: Dressaire Clémentine , Redon Emma , Gitton Christophe , Loubière Pascal , Monnet Véronique , Cocaign-Bousquet Muriel
Published: August 2011

Background

Amino acid assimilation is crucial for bacteria and this is particularly true for Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) that are generally auxotroph for amino acids. The global response of the LAB model Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis was characterized during progressive isoleucine starvation in batch culture using a chemically defined medium in which isoleucine concentration was fixed so as to become the sole limiting nutriment. Dynamic analyses were performed using transcriptomic and proteomic approaches and the results were analysed conjointly with fermentation kinetic data.

Results

The response was first deduced from transcriptomic analysis and corroborated by proteomic results. It occurred progressively and could be divided into three major mechanisms: (i) a global down-regulation of processes linked to bacterial growth and catabolism (transcription, translation, carbon metabolism and transport, pyrimidine and fatty acid metabolism), (ii) a specific positive response related to the limiting nutrient (activation of pathways of carbon or nitrogen metabolism and leading to isoleucine supply) and (iii) an unexpected oxidative stress response (positive regulation of aerobic metabolism, electron transport, thioredoxin metabolism and pyruvate dehydrogenase). The involvement of various regulatory mechanisms during this adaptation was analysed on the basis of transcriptomic data comparisons. The global regulator CodY seemed specifically dedicated to the regulation of isoleucine supply. Other regulations were massively related to growth rate and stringent response.

Conclusion

This integrative biology approach provided an overview of the metabolic pathways involved during isoleucine starvation and their regulations. It has extended significantly the physiological understanding of the metabolism of L. lactis ssp. lactis. The approach can be generalised to other conditions and will contribute significantly to the identification of the biological processes involved in complex regulatory networks of micro-organisms.
Coupled coincidence points for monotone operators in partially ordered metric spaces
Authors: Alotaibi Abdullah , Alsulami Saud M
Published: August 2011

Using the notion of compatible mappings in the setting of a partially ordered metric space, we prove the existence and uniqueness of coupled coincidence points involving a (ϕ, ψ)-contractive condition for a mappings having the mixed g-monotone property. We illustrate our results with the help of an example.
Impact of aprotinin and renal function on mortality: a retrospective single center analysis
Authors: Schloss Brian , Gulati Parul , Yu Lianbo , Abdel-Rasoul Mahmoud , O'Brien William , Von Visger Jon , Awad Hamdy
Published: August 2011

Background

An estimated up to 7% of high-risk cardiac surgery patients return to the operating room for bleeding. Aprotinin was used extensively as an antifibrinolytic agent in cardiac surgery patients for over 15 years and it showed efficacy in reducing bleeding. Aprotinin was removed from the market by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration after a large prospective, randomized clinical trial documented an increased mortality risk associated with the drug. Further debate arose when a meta-analysis of 211 randomized controlled trials showed no risk of renal failure or death associated with aprotinin. However, only patients with normal kidney function have been studied.

Methods

In this study, we look at a single center clinical trial using patients with varying degrees of baseline kidney function to answer the question: Does aprotinin increase odds of death given varying levels of preoperative kidney dysfunction?

Results

Based on our model, aprotinin use was associated with a 3.8-fold increase in odds of death one year later compared to no aprotinin use with p-value = 0.0018, regardless of level of preoperative kidney dysfunction after adjusting for other perioperative variables.

Conclusions

Lessons learned from our experience using aprotinin in the perioperative setting as an antifibrinolytic during open cardiac surgery should guide us in testing future antifibrinolytic drugs for not only efficacy of preventing bleeding, but for overall safety to the whole organism using long-term clinical outcome studies, including those with varying degree of baseline kidney function.
Angiofibroma of the spermatic cord: a case report and a review of the literature
Authors: Dikaiakos Panagiotis , Zizi-Sermpetzoglou Adamantia , Rizos Spyros , Marinis Athanasios
Published: August 2011

Introduction

Cellular angiofibroma is a benign vascular neoplasm that typically arises in the paratesticular region in men and is easily confused with inguinal or scrotal hernia.

Case presentation

We present a case of a cellular angiofibroma arising from the spermatic cord of a 74-year-old Caucasian man. Initially, the lesion was confused with a scrotal hernia, but imaging revealed a subcutaneous, inhomogeneous, but well-circumscribed lesion to the surrounding tissues with rich vasculature. Surgical resection of the lesion was performed. Histology revealed a benign tumor of vascular origin rich in fibroblasts.

Conclusions

Angiofibroma can easily be confused with an inguinal hernia and should be differentiated from Schwann cell tumors, perineuromas, spindle-cell lipomas, aggressive angiomyxomas, angiomyofibroblastomas, solitary fibrous tumors, spindle-cell liposarcomas, and leiomyomas. A safe initial diagnosis is difficult because of its location, nature, and correlation with other structures of the area.
Identification of transcriptional regulatory networks specific to pilocytic astrocytoma
Authors: Deshmukh Hrishikesh , Yu Jinsheng , Shaik Jahangheer , MacDonald Tobey J , Perry Arie , Payton Jacqueline E , Gutmann David H , Watson Mark A , Nagarajan Rakesh
Published: August 2011

Background

Pilocytic Astrocytomas (PAs) are common low-grade central nervous system malignancies for which few recurrent and specific genetic alterations have been identified. In an effort to better understand the molecular biology underlying the pathogenesis of these pediatric brain tumors, we performed higher-order transcriptional network analysis of a large gene expression dataset to identify gene regulatory pathways that are specific to this tumor type, relative to other, more aggressive glial or histologically distinct brain tumours.

Methods

RNA derived from frozen human PA tumours was subjected to microarray-based gene expression profiling, using Affymetrix U133Plus2 GeneChip microarrays. This data set was compared to similar data sets previously generated from non-malignant human brain tissue and other brain tumour types, after appropriate normalization.

Results

In this study, we examined gene expression in 66 PA tumors compared to 15 non-malignant cortical brain tissues, and identified 792 genes that demonstrated consistent differential expression between independent sets of PA and non-malignant specimens. From this entire 792 gene set, we used the previously described PAP tool to assemble a core transcriptional regulatory network composed of 6 transcription factor genes (TFs) and 24 target genes, for a total of 55 interactions. A similar analysis of oligodendroglioma and glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) gene expression data sets identified distinct, but overlapping, networks. Most importantly, comparison of each of the brain tumor type-specific networks revealed a network unique to PA that included repressed expression of ONECUT2, a gene frequently methylated in other tumor types, and 13 other uniquely predicted TF-gene interactions.

Conclusions

These results suggest specific transcriptional pathways that may operate to create the unique molecular phenotype of PA and thus opportunities for corresponding targeted therapeutic intervention. Moreover, this study also demonstrates how integration of gene expression data with TF-gene and TF-TF interaction data is a powerful approach to generating testable hypotheses to better understand cell-type specific genetic programs relevant to cancer.
Evaluation of Toxoplasma gondii as a live vaccine vector in susceptible and resistant hosts
Authors: Zou Jun , Huang Xiao-Xi , Yin Guang-Wen , Ding Ye , Liu Xian-Yong , Wang Heng , Chen Qi-Jun , Suo Xun
Published: August 2011

Background

Toxoplasma gondii has been shown to trigger strong cellular immune responses to heterologous antigens expressed by the parasite in the inbred mouse model [1]. We studied the immune response induced by T. gondii as an effective vaccine vector in chickens and rabbits.

Results

T. gondii RH strain was engineered to express the yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) in the cytoplasm. A subcutaneous injection of the transgenic T. gondii YFP in chickens afforded partial protection against the infection of transgenic E. tenella YFP. T. gondii YFP induced low levels of antibodies to YFP in chickens, suggesting that YFP specific cellular immune response was probably responsible for the protective immunity against E. tenella YFP infection. The measurement of T-cell response and IFN-γ production further confirmed that YFP specific Th1 mediated immune response was induced by T. gondii YFP in immunized chickens. The transgenic T. gondii stimulated significantly higher YFP specific IgG titers in rabbits than in chickens, suggesting greater immunogenicity in a T. gondii susceptible species than in a resistant species. Priming with T. gondii YFP and boosting with the recombinant YFP can induce a strong anti-YFP antibody response in both animal species.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that T. gondii can be used as an effective vaccine vector and future research should focus on exploring avirulent no cyst-forming strains of T. gondii as a live vaccine vector in animals.
Risk of Breast Cancer in Women With a CHEK2 Mutation With and Without a Family History of Breast Cancer
Authors: Cybulski Cezary , Wokołorczyk Dominika , Jakubowska Anna , Huzarski Tomasz , Byrski Tomasz , Gronwald Jacek , Masojć Bartłomiej , Dębniak Tadeusz , Górski Bohdan , Blecharz Paweł , Narod Steven A. , Lubiński Jan
Published: August 2011

Purpose

To estimate the risk of breast cancer in a woman who has a CHEK2 mutation depending on her family history of breast cancer.

Patients and Methods

Seven thousand four hundred ninety-four BRCA1 mutation–negative patients with breast cancer and 4,346 control women were genotyped for four founder mutations in CHEK2 (del5395, IVS2+1G>A, 1100delC, and I157T).

Results

A truncating mutation (IVS2+1G>A, 1100delC, or del5395) was present in 227 patients (3.0%) and in 37 female controls (0.8%; odds ratio [OR], 3.6; 95% CI, 2.6 to 5.1). The OR was higher for women with a first- or second-degree relative with breast cancer (OR, 5.0; 95% CI, 3.3 to 7.6) than for women with no family history (OR, 3.3; 95% CI, 2.3 to 4.7). If both a first- and second-degree relative were affected with breast cancer, the OR was 7.3 (95% CI, 3.2 to 16.8). Assuming a baseline risk of 6%, we estimate the lifetime risks for carriers of CHEK2 truncating mutations to be 20% for a woman with no affected relative, 28% for a woman with one second-degree relative affected, 34% for a woman with one first-degree relative affected, and 44% for a woman with both a first- and second-degree relative affected.

Conclusion

CHEK2 mutation screening detects a clinically meaningful risk of breast cancer and should be considered in all women with a family history of breast cancer. Women with a truncating mutation in CHEK2 and a positive family history of breast cancer have a lifetime risk of breast cancer of greater than 25% and are candidates for magnetic resonance imaging screening and for tamoxifen chemoprevention.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging–Detected Tumor Response for Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer Predicts Survival Outcomes: MERCURY Experience
Authors: Patel Uday B. , Taylor Fiona , Blomqvist Lennart , George Christopher , Evans Hywel , Tekkis Paris , Quirke Philip , Sebag-Montefiore David , Moran Brendan , Heald Richard , Guthrie Ashley , Bees Nicola , Swift Ian , Pennert Kjell , Brown Gina
Published: August 2011

Purpose

To assess magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and pathologic staging after neoadjuvant therapy for rectal cancer in a prospectively enrolled, multicenter study.

Methods

In a prospective cohort study, 111 patients who had rectal cancer treated by neoadjuvant therapy were assessed for response by MRI and pathology staging by T, N and circumferential resection margin (CRM) status. Tumor regression grade (TRG) was also assessed by MRI. Overall survival (OS) was estimated by using the Kaplan-Meier product-limit method, and Cox proportional hazards models were used to determine associations between staging of good and poor responders on MRI or pathology and survival outcomes after controlling for patient characteristics.

Results

On multivariate analysis, the MRI-assessed TRG (mrTRG) hazard ratios (HRs) were independently significant for survival (HR, 4.40; 95% CI, 1.65 to 11.7) and disease-free survival (DFS; HR, 3.28; 95% CI, 1.22 to 8.80). Five-year survival for poor mrTRG was 27% versus 72% (P = .001), and DFS for poor mrTRG was 31% versus 64% (P = .007). Preoperative MRI-predicted CRM independently predicted local recurrence (LR; HR, 4.25; 95% CI, 1.45 to 12.51). Five-year survival for poor post-treatment pathologic T stage (ypT) was 39% versus 76% (P = .001); DFS for the same was 38% versus 84% (P = .001); and LR for the same was 27% versus 6% (P = .018). The 5-year survival for involved pCRM was 30% versus 59% (P = .001); DFS, 28 versus 62% (P = .02); and LR, 56% versus 10% (P = .001). Pathology node status did not predict outcomes.

Conclusion

MRI assessment of TRG and CRM are imaging markers that predict survival outcomes for good and poor responders and provide an opportunity for the multidisciplinary team to offer additional treatment options before planning definitive surgery. Postoperative histopathology assessment of ypT and CRM but not post-treatment N status were important postsurgical predictors of outcome.