VARIABILITY OF TRADITIONAL WAYS OF FOOD STORING AMONG THE PEOPLES OF THE NORTH OF WESTERN SIBERIA
Authors: Федоров Р.Ю. 
Published: July 2024

Статья посвящена обобщению и анализу этнографических материалов, характеризующих особенности хранения продуктов питания у народов, проживающих на севере Западной Сибири (ханты, манси, ненцы, селькупы, зыряне, русские). Выделено два основных вида традиционных способов хранения пищи, сложившихся у народов этого ареала. Один из них связан с использованием природных криогенных ресурсов (снега, льда, холодного воздуха и многолетнемерзлых грунтов) для хранения продуктов, которые могут находиться как в необработанном виде (свежее мясо или рыба), так и подвергнуться различным видам обработки. Другой вид связан со специфическими навыками обработки продуктов питания для их длительного хранения (сушение, вяление, копчение, квашение, засаливание, маринование и др.). Сделан вывод о том, что специфика природных условий и биоресурсов в разных ландшафтно-климатических зонах севера Западной Сибири определили сходство и различия традиционных способов хранения и консервации пищи у всех народов, проживающих на этой территории. При этом активные заимствования между русскими и коренными народами Севера в навыках хранения продуктов носили взаимный характер.

The article presents an analysis of ethnographic materials characterizing the features of food storage among the peoples living in the north of Western Siberia. The choice of the Khanty-Mansiysk and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Districts of the Tyumen Oblast as an administrative-territorial framework for the study was caused by the fact that the territory of these regions covers almost all landscape and climatic conditions typical for the north of Western Siberia, including taiga, forest tundra, and tundra. The variety of natural landscapes and climatic conditions of these regions became a reason for a high degree of variability in the methods of food storing among the peoples living in the territory. Characteristic features of the practice of food storing of Nenets, Khants, Mansi and Russian old-settlers are considered. Two main types of traditional food storage methods have been identified among the peoples of Western Siberia. The first of them is associated with the use of natural cryogenic resources (snow, ice, cold air and underground permafrost) for the long-term storage of products that can be both unprocessed (fresh meat or fish) and having undergone various types of processing. The second type is associated with specific food processing skills (drying, smoking, fermentation, salting, pickling, etc.). It is concluded that the specifics of natural conditions and biological resources in different landscape and climatic zones of the north of Western Siberia largely determined the differences or similarity of traditional methods of storing and preserving food among all peoples living in its territory. In particular, unlike the tundra Nenets, who lead a nomadic lifestyle, special buildings for storing food have become widespread among the indigenous population of the taiga zone of the north of Western Siberia. At the same time, active borrowings in food storage skills were mutual between the Russian and indigenous peoples