bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Maritime Destiny as Manifest Destiny: American Commercial Expansionism and the Idea of the Indian
Authors: Rouleau Brian
Published: August 2010

Following the Revolution, the United States merchant marine and whaling fleet sent thousands of young American men into the world. Far outnumbering tourists, travelers, and missionaries, sailors represented the predominant face and voice of the fledgling nation abroad. A survey of the journals and correspondence they kept while laboring overseas provides ample evidence of how working men thought about the wider world and their own country’s place within it. And when seafarers rendered intercultural contact, they often depended, in part, upon the use of Indian comparatives derived from domestic popular culture. Frontier language and the discourses of civilization and savagery became one means by which American men comprehended the otherwise baffling novelty and diversity they encountered while abroad. In addition, expansionist rhetoric helped to legitimate violence against so-called “Indians” overseas, as well as authorize American intervention and commercial intrusion into underdeveloped environments and economies. As such, mariners—a large population of mobile Americans—provide a valuable entryway into current efforts to resituate the history of the early republic within a more global framework.
Discovered! The First Engraving of an Audubon Bird
Authors: Peck Robert M. , Newman Eric P.
Published: August 2010

In 1824 the eminent bird artist John James Audubon (1785–1851) created a drawing for use in the design of a New Jersey bank note. Although the artist mentions the drawing and the resulting paper currency in two separate diary entries, no one has ever been able to locate a bank note with an illustration that can be confidently attributed to Audubon. By tracing the graphic offerings of the bank note engraver Gideon Fairman (1774–1827) and his successors, this paper identifies the lost Audubon image and offers two possible explanations for why the physical evidence of Audubon’s first published bird illustration has proven so illusive to Audubon scholars.
Wild in the City: Past, Present, and Future
Authors: Ilicheva Aleksandra
Published: August 2010

This paper analyzes human-animal landscapes within an urban setting. I use a historical ecology approach to discuss the formation of (post)modern landscapes in the twenty-first century Los Angeles. The historical approach is necessary to make informed decisions for habitat restoration, and to map out human influences on natural ecosystems (Egan and Howell 2001). In the process I discuss strategies for a new urban wildlife theory. Conflicts and encounters between humans and non-humans can be more intense and controversial in a city. Because cities are usually seen as human-only landscapes, urban wildlife is more marginalized there than anywhere else. This is especially relevant in Los Angeles, a prime example of unchecked growth that brings more urbanites to the periphery and into contact with wild animals. For that reason I maintain that an urban setting is ideal for wildlife conservation and creating more egalitarian human-nonhuman relations and for breaching of traditional boundaries of exclusion. The definition of urban, in this paper, includes areas within city limits, as well as areas outside: suburbs or urban fringe. With growing urbanization and the spread of built-up areas all over the world, there remains no choice but to create more hospitable conditions for wildlife within the city, if we want to preserve the wellbeing of individual animals or entire species and ecosystems. I am interested in various qualities in urban landscapes that would create these conditions.
Life as Adventure, Adventure as Life: Alvena Storm, Pioneer Woman Geographer
Authors: Fredrich Barbara , Osborn Alan
Published: August 2010

In this article, we review the life and contributions to San Diego State University of Alvena Marie Suhl Storm. We begin with a discussion of the San Diego Normal School and follow that with a chronological description of her early childhood, which was significant in framing her development as a geographer. We review her four decades of teaching, starting in a one-room schoolhouse on the Umatilla Reservation in Oregon, and ending with her retirement as professor of geography at San Diego State University. We include some of her correspondence with Carl O. Sauer, her contribution to education, and, briefly, her interests in the development of the campus’s now-historic East Quad Mediterranean Garden. Professor Storm helped to shape geography in California through her teaching, development of field classes, and service to the university and community. We provide a glimpse of this woman geographer who led a remarkable, adventurous life.
Henry Fanshawe Tozer: A “Missing Person” in Historical Geography?
Authors: Koelsch William A.
Published: August 2010

This fragment of an ongoing research project into the historical relations of geography and classics introduces a minor but significant scholar, Henry Fanshawe Tozer (1829–1916). Tozer’s lectures on the geography of ancient Greece as part of an effort to modernize Oxford University’s curriculum; his exploratory travels in the Balkans, the Aegean, and Asia Minor that resulted in three classic volumes; his book of selections from Strabo as an alternative to standard classical texts; and his well-regarded History of Ancient Geography entitle him to consideration from geographers. Most of his books have been reprinted (from 75 to 135 years after their initial publication), and he was regarded in his own time as a geographer. Yet few Anglo-American geographers today know his work. His selection for the Dictionary of National Biography’s “Missing Persons” volume in 1993 and his omission from more recent surveys, such as those in the 2003 British Academy volume on British geography, suggest how much more we have yet to learn about the nineteenth-century roots of our discipline.
Changes in expression of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), their receptors and inhibin co-receptor betaglycan during bovine antral follicle development: inhibin can antagonize the suppressive effect of BMPs on thecal androgen production
Authors: Glister Claire , Satchell Leanne , Knight Philip G
Published: August 2010

We reported previously that bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) potently suppress CYP17 expression and androgen production by bovine theca interna cells (TC)in vitro. In this study, real-time PCR was used to analyse gene expression in TC and granulosa cell (GC) layers from developing bovine antral follicles (1–18 mm). Abundance of mRNA transcripts for four BMPs (BMP2,BMP4,BMP6, andBMP7) and associated type I (BMPR1A,BMPR1B,ACVR1andACVR1B) and type II (BMPR2,ACVR2AandACVR2B) receptors showed relatively modest, though significant, changes during follicle development.BMP2was selectively expressed in GC, whileBMP6,BMP7and betaglycan (TGFBR3) were more abundant in TC. Abundance of betaglycan mRNA (inhibin co-receptor) in TC increased progressively (fivefold;P<0.001) as follicles grew from 1–2 to 9–10 mm. This suggests a shift in thecal responsiveness to GC-derived inhibin, produced in increasing amounts as follicles achieve dominance. This prompted us to investigate whether inhibin can function as a physiological antagonist of BMP action on bovine TCin vitro, in a manner comparable to that for activin signalling. BMP4, BMP6 and BMP7 abolished LH-induced androstenedione secretion and suppressedCYP17mRNA >200-fold (P<0.001), while co-treatment with inhibin-A reversed the suppressive action of BMP in each case (P<0.001). Results support a physiological role for granulosa-derived inhibin as an antagonist of BMP action on thecal androgen synthesis. A shift in intrafollicular balance between thecal BMP signalling (inhibitory for androgen synthesis) and betaglycan-dependent inhibin signalling (stimulatory for androgen synthesis) accords with the physiological requirement to deliver an adequate supply of aromatase substrate to GC of developing follicles.
Progesterone receptor membrane component 1 expression and putative function in bovine oocyte maturation, fertilization, and early embryonic development
Authors: Luciano Alberto M , Lodde Valentina , Franciosi Federica , Ceciliani Fabrizio , Peluso John J
Published: August 2010

Although the mRNA that encodes progesterone receptor membrane component 1 (PGRMC1) is present in mammalian oocytes, nothing is known about either PGRMC1's expression pattern or function in oocytes during maturation, fertilization, and subsequent embryonic development. As PGRMC1 associates with the mitotic spindle in somatic cells, we hypothesized that PGRMC1 is involved in oocyte maturation (meiosis). Western blot analysis confirmed the presence of PGRMC1 in bovine oocytes. This study also shows that PGRMC1 is present at the germinal vesicle (GV)- and MII-stage oocytes and is associated with male and female pronucleus formation of the zygote and is highly expressed in blastocysts. A more detailed examination of PGRMC1 localization using confocal imaging demonstrated that in GV-stage oocytes, PGRMC1 was concentrated throughout the GV but did not localize to the chromatin. With the resumption of meiosis in vitro, PGRMC1 concentrated in the centromeric region of metaphase I chromosomes, while in the anaphase I/telophase I stages the majority of PGRMC1 concentrated between the separating chromosomes. At the metaphase II stage, PGRMC1 re-associated with the centromeric region of the chromosomes. A colocalization study demonstrated that PGRMC1 associated with the phosphorylated form of aurora kinase B, which localizes to the centromeres at metaphase. Finally, PGRMC1 antibody injection significantly lowered the percentage of oocytes that matured and reached the metaphase II stage after 24 h of culture. The majority of the PGRMC1 antibody-injected oocytes arrested in the prometaphase I stage of meiosis. Furthermore, in most of the PGRMC1 antibody-injected oocytes, the chromosomes were disorganized and scattered. Taken together, these data demonstrate that PGRMC1 is expressed in bovine oocytes and its localization changes at specific stages of oocyte maturation. These observations suggest an important role for PGRMC1 in oocyte maturation, which may be specifically related to the mechanism by which chromosomes segregate.
Cryptococcus gattii meningoencephalitis in an HIV-negative patient from the Peruvian Andes
Authors: Gutierrez Ericson L. , Valqui Willi , Vilchez Luis , Evangelista Lourdes , Crispin Sarita , Tello Mercedes , Ñavincopa Marcos , Béjar Vilma , Gonzáles José , Ortega-Loayza Alex G.
Published: August 2010

We report a case of an immunocompetent Peruvian patient from the Andes with a one-month history of meningoencephalitis. Cryptococcus gattii was identified from a cerebrospinal fluid culture through assimilation of D-proline and D-tryptophan as the single nitrogen source. Initially, the patient received intravenous antifungal therapy with amphotericin B. The patient was discharged 29 days after hospitalization and continued with oral fluconazole treatment for ten weeks. During this period, the patient showed clinical improvement with slight right-side residual weakness. Through this case report, we confirm the existence of this microorganism as an infectious agent in Peru.
Amiloidose e insuficiência renal crônica terminal associada à hanseníase
Authors: Silva Júnior Geraldo Bezerra da , Barbosa Orivaldo Alves , Barros Roseanne de Moura , Carvalho Priscila dos Reis , Mendoza Talita Rodrigues de , Barreto Dulce Maria Sousa , Barboza Célio Araújo , Guimarães Antônio Augusto Carvalho , Daher Elizabeth de Francesco
Published: August 2010

O envolvimento renal na hanseníase é diverso, incluindo glomerulonefrites, amiloidose e nefrite túbulo-intersticial. Um homem de 58 anos foi admitido com edema de membros inferiores e dispnéia. Na admissão, havia retenção de escórias nitrogenadas, anemia, hipercalemia e acidose metabólica, com necessidade de hemodiálise. Referia história de hanseníase virchoviana. Foi realizada biopsia renal, compatível com amiloidose. O paciente evoluiu estável, sem recuperação da função renal, permanecendo em tratamento hemodialítico. A hanseníase deve ser investigada em todo paciente com perda de função renal, sobretudo naqueles que apresentam lesões cutâneas ou outras manifestações sugestivas de hanseníase.
Análise do número de linfonodos em espécimes de ressecções colorretais por neoplasia entre a cirurgia aberta e videolaparoscópica
Authors: Kotze Paulo Gustavo , Freitas Cristiano Denoni , Froehner Junior Ilário , Steckert Juliana Stradiotto , Ishie Elissa , Steckert Filho Álvaro , Martins Juliana Ferreira , Miranda Eron Fábio
Published: August 2010

Introdução: o estadiamento patológico com a análise do número de linfonodos dissecados é fator importante na determinação da segurança oncológica das ressecções por câncer colorretal, independentemente da via de acesso. Em fase inicial de curva de aprendizado em laparoscopia colorretal, a equivalência entre a cirurgia convencional e laparoscópica pode ser comprometida. O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar o número de linfonodos dissecados em espécimes de ressecções por câncer colorretal pela via convencional e laparoscópica, e verificar a equivalência oncológica entre ambas. Método: estudo retrospectivo de uma série de casos de pacientes submetidos a ressecções por câncer colorretal por via convencional e laparoscópica. Variáveis analisadas: idade, sexo, via de acesso, tipo de procedimento, estadiamento de Dukes e número de linfonodos dissecados nas peças. Análise estatística pelo método de Mann-Whitney. Resultados: 50 pacientes foram analisados (33 operados por via convencional, 17 por via laparoscópica). Houve maior número de colectomias direitas e retossigmoidectomias altas nos dois grupos. O número médio de linfonodos dissecados foi de 10,35 no grupo laparoscópico e de 10,15 no grupo de acesso convencional (p=0,859). Conclusões: não houve diferença estatística entre o número médio de linfonodos dissecados entre os espécimes ressecados por via convencional e laparoscópica, numa fase inicial de curva de aprendizado.
Reindução da remissão clínica com adalimumabe após interrupção do tratamento: uma alternativa no manejo da doença de Crohn
Authors: Kotze Paulo Gustavo , Albuquerque Idblan Carvalho de , Kotze Lorete Maria da Silva , Formiga Galdino José Sitonio
Published: August 2010

Introdução: o Adalimumabe (ADA) é um anticorpo monoclonal totalmente humano, utilizado no tratamento da doença de Crohn (DC). Nos casos com necessidade de interrupção desta terapia, o resgate da resposta é controverso, e o papel da reindução da remissão com dose total de ataque pode ser uma alternativa nos casos graves da DC. Não há relatos desta forma de tratamento na literatura. O objetivo deste estudo foi relatar a experiência de dois pacientes tratados com reindução da remissão com ADA, após sua interrupção. Método: análise retrospectiva de dois casos submetidos a reindução em meio a uma coorte de 24 pacientes em uso de ADA para DC. Resultados: são descritos dois casos de pacientes jovens, em tratamento com ADA subcutâneo, que tiveram necessidade de interrupção da terapia (um por abscesso perineal extenso e outro por dificuldade de acesso ao fornecimento da medicação). Ambos foram tratados pela reindução com dose total de ataque do ADA, com bons resultados, sem efeitos adversos. Conclusão: não há na literatura estudos controlados que comparem a reindução com outras formas de resgate da terapia após a parada de qualquer agente anti-TNF. Experiências isoladas mostram bons resultados com esta alternativa terapêutica em casos graves e selecionados.
Os fios da trama: grandes temas da música popular tradicional brasileira
Authors: Monteiro Marianna F. M. , Dias Paulo
Published: August 2010

Nos cantos, danças e folguedos populares brasileiros, podemos encontrar um feixe de motivos entrelaçados, padrões multicores de um tecido de que conviria procurar e acompanhar cada um dos fios aí urdidos e tramados, agrupando-os segundo sua textura ou coloração. Essas diferentes linhas temáticas, os fios da trama das expressões artísticas e religiosas do povo brasileiro são o assunto deste artigo, que procura analisar formas culturais caracterizadas pela hibridação, as quais transitam muitas vezes na ambiguidade entre resistência e aceitação de um padrão cultural dominante. O dinamismo dos arranjos de um certo número de motivos condutores recorrentes no âmbito da cultura de tradição oral brasileira nos leva a especular sobre os processos de formação de suas práticas artísticas, bem como sobre sua circulação num país de dimensões continentais.
Samba de roda, patrimônio imaterial da humanidade
Authors: Sandroni Carlos
Published: August 2010

Em 2005, o samba de roda, forma musical-coreográfica da região do Recôncavo, na Bahia, foi incluída pela Unesco na sua III Declaração de Obras-Primas do Patrimônio Imaterial da Humanidade. Essa candidatura vitoriosa foi construída num processo complexo, que envolveu agentes de políticas públicas, antropólogos, etnomusicólogos e, especialmente, sambadores e sambadoras do Recôncavo. A candidatura envolveu a elaboração de um Plano de Ação, previsto para cinco anos, para a salvaguarda do samba de roda no Recôncavo. No presente texto, depois de tratar brevemente do processo que levou à premiação da Unesco, são abordadas sobretudo questões suscitadas pela implementação do Plano de Ação, que se estruturou em torno de quatro "eixos": organização dos sambadores do Recôncavo, transmissão, difusão e documentação do samba de roda.
Violência familiar: obesidade mórbida e função ômega
Authors: Almeida-Prado Maria do Carmo Cintra de , Féres-Carneiro Terezinha
Published: August 2010

Este estudo objetiva explorar aspectos psicológicos de obesos mórbidos e se baseia em treze casos atendidos em avaliação psicodiagnóstica. Para este trabalho, foram utilizadas suas histórias de vida, conforme relatadas por eles durante as entrevistas. O material coletado foi analisado a partir do referencial psicanalítico. Conclui-se que a obesidade mórbida é uma patologia dos estados-limite, que diz respeito ao ômega somático, em que há perturbações na continência psíquica e nos processos de transformação.
Phylogeography ofChelonus insularis(Hymenoptera: Braconidae) andCampoletis sonorensis(Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), Two Primary Neotropical Parasitoids of the Fall Armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: Jourdie Violaine , Virla Eduardo , Murillo Henry , Bento José Mauricio S , Turlings Ted C J , Alvarez Nadir
Published: August 2010

In a previous study, we observed no spatial genetic structure in Mexican populations of the parasitoids Chelonus insularis Cresson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and Campoletis sonorensis Cameron (Hymenoptera: Ichneumomdae) by using microsatellite markers. In the current study, we investigated whether for these important parasitoids of the fall armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) there is any genetic structure at a larger scale. Insects of both species were collected across the American continent and their phylogeography was investigated using both nuclear and mitochondrial markers. Our results suggest an ancient north-south migration of C. insularis, whereas no clear pattern could be determined for C. sonorensis. Nonetheless, the resulting topology indicated the existence of a cryptic taxon within this later species: a few Canadian specimens determined as C. sonorensis branch outside a clade composed of the Argentinean Chelonus grioti Blanchard, the Brazilian Chehnus flavicincta Ashmead, and the rest of the C. sonorensis individuals. The individuals revealing the cryptic taxon were collected from Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on tomato (Lycopersicon spp.) and may represent a biotype that has adapted to the early season phenology of its host. Overall, the loosely defined spatial genetic structure previously shown at a local fine scale also was found at the larger scale, for both species. Dispersal of these insects may be partly driven by wind as suggested by genetic similarities between individuals coming from very distant locations.
Offspring Size and Sex Ratio Variation in a Feral Population of Alfalfa Leafcutting Bees (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)
Authors: O'Neill Kevin M , Pearce April M , O'Neill Ruth P , Miller Richard S
Published: August 2010

The alfalfa leafcutting bee, Megachile rotundata (F.) (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae), is widely used in western North America to enhance pollination of alfalfa, Medicago sativa L., grown for seed production. Feral populations have been documented but have been little-studied, We used trap-nests of a wide range of diameters (3–9 mm) to study a feral population at a wildflower seed farm in Montana. Adult females accepted all hole sizes but tended to provision nest tunnels of smaller diameters (3–4 mm) than those provided in managed populations (5–7 mm). Progeny, especially females, from intermediate- and large-diameter nests averaged larger body size that those in the two smallest nest-diameter classes. Offspring were often larger in nests with greater numbers of offspring, indicating that there was no trade-off between offspring size and number within nests. Individual nests tended to contain a relatively small range of progeny sizes and those sizes tended to vary among nests of the same diameter. Previous studies of M. rotundata indicate that heritability of body size is low, most offspring within nests are full siblings, and variation in offspring size is due to variation in the amount of provision provided by mothers. Thus, the fact that body size varied among families probably related to variation in provisioning capabilities among females. We also found evidence that offspring size varied spatially but that seasonal trends in offspring size were weak. Sex ratio varied among different nest sizes, but only the smallest and largest nests produced biased ratios. Sex ratios were less male-biased than in commercially managed populations of M. rotundata.
Utilization of Object‐Oriented Software in the Image Analysis of Soil Thin Sections
Authors: Taina I. A. , Heck R. J.
Published: August 2010

Computerized analysis of soil thin section imagery leads to quantitative estimation of various soil features and allows interpretation of soil properties in connection with soil genesis and evolution. Our objective was to assess an object‐oriented software (that was created especially for remote sensing) in the study of soil thin sections. The capabilities of this software were tested on three Orthic Humic Gleysols (Typic Humaquepts), profiles that have been thoroughly analyzed in the past by means of more traditional image analysis methods. The software utilizes a multiresolution segmentation function that enables the separation, at different levels of observation, of objects representing micromorphological features. Objects that corresponded to voids, coarse and fine fractions with variable compositions, and redoximorphic pedofeatures were distinguished and grouped in classes arranged in a hierarchical manner. Classification was based not only on object spectral values, but also on object shape characteristics, as well as class‐related features. Each designated class was evaluated quantitatively. Structural changes caused by agricultural practices were evidenced by image analysis in conjunction with micromorphological characterization. Relational and contextual data concerning Fe–Mn nodules and mottles were extracted and interpreted from the perspective of pedogenetic conditions.
Soil Carbon Stocks and Carbon Stability in a Twenty‐Year‐Old Temperate Plantation
Authors: Maillard Émilie , Paré David , Munson Alison D
Published: August 2010

Afforestation and reforestation are considered important tools for mitigating fossil fuel emission; however, establishment of plantations necessarily involves several silvicultural treatments that may influence soil organic C sequestration and, potentially, its relative stability. An experimental design established 20 yr ago, consisting of plantations of white pine (Pinus strobus L.) and white spruce [Picea glauca (Moench) Voss] was used to determine midterm impacts of blade scarification, fertilization, application of an herbicide, and tree species on soil C stocks and on the fraction of labile C determined by measurement of C mineralization on laboratory incubations. Twenty years after treatment, blade scarification had the greatest effect on soil organic C stock and stability. Carbon content was 54.2% lower in the F/H layer (equivalent to Oi and Oe/Oa layers) of blade‐scarified plots compared with plots without blade scarification. Effects on the mineral soil layers were less obvious and partly mitigated by the addition of fertilizer on the surface. Blade scarification affected the general quality of C in the F/H layer because it significantly increased by 21.1% the fraction of labile C to total C; nevertheless, labile C content was 51.9% lower in the blade‐scarified treatment. Vegetation control by herbicide as well as tree species had minor effects on C stocks and stability. A 9.0% decrease in mineral soil C content was observed with vegetation control. The F/H layer C concentration was 18.6% higher under white spruce than under white pine but these differences did not lead to a difference in C content. The small effects of treatments on surface mineral soil C could be explained by the limited capacity of this coarse‐textured soil to sequester more silt‐ and clay‐associated C.
Adsorption of Antibiotics by Montmorillonite and Kaolinite
Authors: Essington M. E. , Lee J. , Seo Y.
Published: August 2010

Agricultural antibiotics are commonly present in animal manures that are applied to soil. The objective of this study was to examine the influence of pH, ionic strength, background electrolyte cation type, and dissolved organic C (DOC) concentration on the adsorption of chlortetracycline (CTC), tylosin (TYL), and sulfamethazine (SMT) to montmorillonite and kaolinite. Surface complexation and isotherm models were used to analyze antibiotic adsorption. Adsorption of CTC and TYL decreased with increasing pH and ionic strength. Adsorption also decreased when Ca2+ was substituted for Na+ as the background electrolyte and when DOC was added. The CTC and TYL isotherms were Langmuirian. We concluded that ion exchange was the predominant process responsible for CTC and TYL retention. The adsorption of SMT generally decreased with increasing pH in response to the deprotonation of the phenolic amine group and the formation of the nonionic SMT molecule. The retention of SMT was generally unaffected by ionic strength and background electrolyte type, and the isotherms were either linear (montmorillonite) or S type; however, adsorption increased on the addition of DOC and the isotherm was Langmuirian. We postulated that ion exchange was the predominant retention mechanism for SMT in pH < 4 systems but that weak nonionic interactions predominated in the pH 5 to 6 range. Antibiotic adsorption as a function of pH was satisfactorily characterized by surface complexation models that considered outer sphere complexation (cation exchange), although these models were not unique (models that considered inner sphere complexation also satisfactorily described adsorption). Similarly, the adsorption isotherms were generally well characterized by the Dubinin–Radushkevich adsorption isotherm model.
Load Risks of Subsoil Compaction and Depths of Stress Propagation in Arable Luvisols
Authors: Zink Alexander , Fleige Heiner , Horn Rainer
Published: August 2010

The objective of the study was to investigate the effects of (i) wheel load (3.3, 6.3, and 7.5 Mg), (ii) tire inflation pressure, and (iii) tillage treatment (conventional vs. conservation) on stress propagation in Luvisols derived from loess and glacial till and to assess the compressibility risk of these soils under different stress situations. Stress and its distribution in the soil were determined with wheel track experiments using a tractor‐pulled load frame and stress‐state transducer stress sensors. The soil stability with respect to the soil mechanical parameter precompression stress (Pc, −6 kPa) was analyzed on undisturbed soil samples using the oedometer test. Wheel track experiments pointed out no significant differences in stress distribution between the two parent materials and higher stress (σ1) with heavier wheel load, whereby σ1 more than doubled with a load increase from 3.3 to 7.5 Mg. Conservation tillage showed a greater attenuation of σ1 and lower stress in the topsoil and subsoil (∼26%). A reduction in tire inflation pressure decreased σ1 in the topsoil for all loads. In the subsoil, σ1 decreased for 3.3‐ and 6.3‐Mg loads, whereas the 7.5‐Mg wheel load resulted in a trend of increasing stress and propagation into depth with lower inflation pressure. The ratio Pc/σ1 (the Pc concept), which specifies the transition between plastic and elastic deformation behavior of the soil, indicated that regardless of the tillage treatment, the stress of wheel loads >6.3 Mg exceeded the Pc of the Luvisols down into the subsoil.
Effects of Soil/Solution Ratios and Cation Types on Adsorption and Desorption of Tetracycline in Soils
Authors: Bao Yanyu , Zhou Qixing , Wan Ying , Yu Qiang , Xie Xiujie
Published: August 2010

The adsorption and desorption behavior of tetracycline on an Alfisol and an Ultisol was investigated at varying soil/solution ratios (1:10, 1:50, and 1:100) and different cation types (CaCl2, KCl, and NaCl) and H2O using a batch equilibration experiment. Kinetic studies revealed that the adsorption of tetracycline on the two soils was rate limited, and the adsorption kinetics could be well described by the Elovich equation and exponent equation. Changes in the soil/solution ratio affected the relative equilibration time in the Ultisol, but there was no effect of the initial tetracycline concentration. The adsorption rate in the soils decreased as the soil/solution ratio increased from 1:50 to 1:10. The adsorption and desorption data on tetracycline in the two soils could be described by the Freundlich isotherm equation, with r values >0.952 under all experimental treatments. The Ultisol always had stronger adsorption (higher distribution coefficient [Kd] value) than the Alfisol under all experimental conditions. The Kd values decreased with increasing soil/solution ratios in the two tested soils at 1 or 1.25 mg L−1 of tetracycline; however, this trend did not occur at 25 mg L−1 of tetracycline. The adsorption isotherm had an S‐type curve that changed into an L‐type curve with decreasing soil/solution ratios from 1:10 to 1:100. The presence of cations in the soil solution, especially CaCl2, can significantly reduce the adsorption of tetracycline in soils. The presence of cations also significantly reduced the nonlinearity of the adsorption isotherms.
Soil Greenhouse Gas and Ammonia Emissions in Long‐Term Maize‐Based Cropping Systems
Authors: Adviento-Borbe M. A. A. , Kaye J. P. , Bruns M. A. , McDaniel M. D. , McCoy M. , Harkcom S.
Published: August 2010

Legume rotations and animal manures can reduce synthetic fertilizer use in row crops, but only long‐term experiments can elucidate effects of multiple legume rotations and decades of manure additions on soil gas emissions. In 2006 and 2007, we measured soil‐atmosphere fluxes of N2O, NH3, and CO2 in maize (Zea mays L.) crops within a replicated experiment comparing continuous maize to maize–alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) rotations initiated in 1969. In both systems, comparisons of synthetic fertilizer N and manure N were initiated in 1990. With synthetic fertilizer as the main N source, mean CO2–C fluxes (from March 31st to October18th) were lower from continuous maize (CC, 512 ± 132 g m−2 growing season−1) than from maize following alfalfa (CA, 691 ± 91 g m−2 growing season−1). In contrast, with manure as the main N source, mean soil CO2–C fluxes from CC (943 ± 111 g m−2 growing season−1) were greater than from CA (682 ± 21g m−2 growing season−1). Soil CO2–C emissions correlated with long‐term inputs of manure. Synthetically fertilized continuous maize had lower N2O‐N fluxes (0.36 ± 0.26 g m−2 growing season−1) than other treatments (0.55–0.58 g m−2 growing season−1). Nitrous oxide‐N fluxes were not correlated with current N inputs or soil nitrate concentrations, suggesting that long‐term treatment effects (e.g., on soil structure, labile C, or microbial communities) contribute to contemporary N2O variation. Elevated NH3 fluxes (>5 mg NH3–N m−2 h−1) followed manure applications, but within weeks there were no significant treatment differences in NH3 fluxes. These results suggest that short‐term or single‐factor studies may not capture important interactions among crop rotations and N sources affecting greenhouse gas emissions from agricultural soils.
Carbon Characteristics in Restored and Reference Riparian Soils
Authors: Card Suzanne M. , Quideau Sylvie A. , Oh S.-W.
Published: August 2010

In the prairie pothole region of Canada, wetlands once utilized for agricultural purposes are being restored in an attempt to return them to their preexisting hydrologic state. The overall objective of this research was to assess differences in riparian soil organic matter (SOM) quality and quantity between reference wetlands, which had never been cropped, and restored wetlands of varying times since restoration. Samples (0–6 cm) were taken from 15 reference and 28 restored sites, and SOM fractions were isolated using a combination of acid hydrolysis and physical separation techniques. Climatic variables (moisture deficit and effective growing degree days) were the primary influence on the chemical composition of the light fraction (LF), as characterized using ramped‐cross‐polarization 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The younger restored soils (1–3 yr) showed significantly lower C concentrations than the reference soils in the bulk samples and both size separates (sand and silt + clay size). There also was an enrichment in 13C in the LF and acid‐unhydrolyzable residue fractions of these younger restored soils compared with the older restored (7–11 yr) and reference soils, suggesting that this material was more decomposed. Total C concentrations in the restored soils increased with time and reached levels comparable to reference soils after 7 to 11 yr. The C distribution among soil fractions remained different from the reference soils even in the older restored soils, however, indicating that restoration was not complete in terms of C characteristics.
Effective Soil Properties of Heterogeneous Areas For Modeling Infiltration and Redistribution
Authors: Ahuja L.R. , Ma L. , Green T.R.
Published: August 2010

Field‐scale infiltration, soil water, and solute transport models require spatially averaged “effective” soil hydraulic parameters to represent the average flux and storage. The values of these effective parameters vary for different conditions and processes. The objective of this study was to explore some effective parameter sets to describe field‐average infiltration and redistribution under different rainfall conditions. We investigated whether an effective field saturated hydraulic conductivity, Ks,eff, and correlated hydraulic parameters derived from matching early‐stage average ponded infiltration could give reasonable results for infiltration under lower rainfall rates as well as for soil water redistribution. The results of this Effective Parameter Set 1 (EPS‐1) were compared with those of two other parameter sets: EPS‐2, where the same Ks,eff was combined with other hydraulic parameters that were arithmetic mean values of the component soils in the field; and EPS‐3, where all parameters were arithmetic mean values. The RZWQM2 model was used to explore these objectives for five different cases of a heterogeneous field, comparing results from effective properties with weighted mean values of component soils at four different rainfall intensities. The mean absolute error for infiltration generally increased with decreasing rain intensity but were generally least with EPS‐1 and greatest with EPS‐3. The EPS‐1 gave good results for infiltration up to 4 h; however, it gave poor results for the mean soil water content distributions 7 d after infiltration. The EPS‐2 gave reasonable results for both cumulative infiltration and soil water redistribution. The study confirms that an optimal EPS must strike a balance between infiltration and redistribution. For infiltration, computing Ks,eff was critical, and this needed to be combined with mean values of water retention parameters for redistribution.
Trends in Soil Science Education and Employment
Authors: Havlin J. , Balster N. , Chapman S. , Ferris D. , Thompson T. , Smith T.
Published: August 2010

During the last several decades, members of the SSSA have discussed several trends related to soil science education, including: (i) declining academic programs and course offerings at land grant universities, (ii) decreased enrollments, and (iii) improved employment opportunities for soil science graduates (SSSA, 2006; Ferris et al., 2010). The SSSA Advocacy/Education Task Force met in 2007 and concluded that quantitative survey information was needed to document trends in soil science academic programs, student enrollment, faculty, and job opportunities for graduates. Suggested survey topics included:

· Has the recognition of soil science as a distinct discipline increased or decreased?

· How has the job market changed during the past decade, and how will job opportunities for soil scientists change in the future?

· How have undergraduate and graduate soils curricula changed during the last decade?

· Has enrollment in soil science degree programs and courses changed during the past decade?

· Has there been a change in the degree programs of students enrolling in soils courses in the past decade?

· Have soil science programs been combined with other programs?

Therefore, the objective of the survey was to quantify trends in student enrollment, faculty positions, pertinent educational issues in soil and related sciences, and career or job opportunities and trends. Expected outcomes included a better understanding of current educational practices and trends, and identification of specific opportunities for SSSA to enhance the practice and profession of soil science.
All-Cause Mortality Risk Among a National Sample of Individuals With Diabetes
Authors: Nelson Karin M. , Boyko Edward J. , Koepsell Thomas
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVE

Little is known about the relative contributions of modifiable risk factors to overall diabetes mortality. The purpose of the current study is to 1) assess the association between modifiable risk factors and all-cause mortality among a nationally representative sample of individuals with diabetes and 2) determine the population-attributable risk percent (PAR%) for these factors.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

We analyzed data from a nationally representative sample of 1,507 adults over the age of 17 years with a self-reported diagnosis of diabetes from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) mortality study. Our main outcome measures were all-cause mortality and PAR%. We used the Cox proportional hazard analysis to determine hazard ratios (HRs) for known diabetes risks and calculated PAR%.

RESULTS

Among adults with diabetes, the HRs for all-cause mortality were significant for individuals who had an A1C ≥8% (HR 1.65, 95% CI 1.11–2.45) or reported no regular physical activity (1.58, 1.24–2.02) or current tobacco use (1.77, 1.15–2.73). The population-attributable risk was 15.3% for A1C value ≥8%, 16.4% for no regular physical activity, and 7.5% for current tobacco use.

CONCLUSIONS

Health systems may consider prioritizing care to include smoking cessation, increasing physical activity, and moderate glycemic control among patients with diabetes. This study suggests that focusing on these areas may result in significant reductions in mortality in individuals with diabetes.
The Use of Expert System for Marine Diesel Engine Diagnosis
Authors: Charchalis Adam , Pawletko Rafał
Published: August 2010

The Use of Expert System for Marine Diesel Engine Diagnosis

The paper presents a diagnostic system for marine diesel engine based on an expert system model. The research relevant to knowledge acquisition for this system was done, knowledge data set was built and general structures of the expert system was proposed. Basic sources of knowledge which can be used for construction of knowledge data set are also identified. The basic knowledge related to the diesel diagnostic was undertaken from experts and diagnostic data base. The paper questionnaire was used to the knowledge acquisition from experts. The basic knowledge related to the marine diesel exploitation was undertaken. The rule induction algorithms was used to knowledge acquisition from data base. During the experiment efficiency of LEM induction algorithms was compared to new MODLEM and EXPLORE algorithms. Training and test data were acquired from experiment on marine engine Sulzer 3AL 25/30.
Comparative Perspectives on Euthanasia in Nigeria and Ethiopia
Authors: Nwafor Anthony O.
Published: August 2010

Discussions on euthanasia usually revolve around medical, legal and moral issues geared at determining the extent to which a physician may feel obliged to accede to the request of the terminally ill patient to bring to a graceful end his or her pain and suffering by assisting the patient to die. In some jurisdictions, physicians are statutorily conceded such rights in spite of the Hippocratic Oath. But the conservatively religious would have none of such as life is seen as sacred which only the Creator could terminate at the chosen time. This paper examines various views on euthanasia, zeroing in on criminal law regimes of two countries in Africa, namely Nigeria and Ethiopia. It is discovered that while the statutes and judicial decisions in these countries (especially in Nigeria) appear favourably disposed to the idea of passive euthanasia, active euthanasia is still criminalised whatever may be the intention of the doctor, and even at the request of the patient. A strong case is made for the need for these countries to borrow a leaf from some European countries, such as the Netherlands and Belgium, which have legalised euthanasia as a mark of respect to the right of the terminally ill to choose the most honourable way of passage to the Creator while putting an end to unceasing pain and suffering associated with the ailment.
Effective Fingerprint Quality Estimation for Diverse Capture Sensors
Authors: Xie Shan Juan , Yoon Sook , Shin Jinwook , Park Dong Sun
Published: August 2010

Recognizing the quality of fingerprints in advance can be beneficial for improving the performance of fingerprint recognition systems. The representative features to assess the quality of fingerprint images from different types of capture sensors are known to vary. In this paper, an effective quality estimation system that can be adapted for different types of capture sensors is designed by modifying and combining a set of features including orientation certainty, local orientation quality and consistency. The proposed system extracts basic features, and generates next level features which are applicable for various types of capture sensors. The system then uses the Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier to determine whether or not an image should be accepted as input to the recognition system. The experimental results show that the proposed method can perform better than previous methods in terms of accuracy. In the meanwhile, the proposed method has an ability to eliminate residue images from the optical and capacitive sensors, and the coarse images from thermal sensors.
Sensory Evaluation of Pralines Containing Different Honey Products
Authors: Popov-Raljić Jovanka V. , Laličić-Petronijević Jovanka G. , Georgijev Aneta S. , Popov Vladimir S. , Mladenović Mića A.
Published: August 2010

In this study, pralines manufactured by hand were evaluated sensorially. These pralines were obtained from dark chocolate containing 60% cocoa components, filled with Apis mellifera carnica Poll drone larvae, blossom honey and a blossom honey/pollen mixture from the protected region of Stara Planina-Eastern Serbia (a specific botanical region). The objectives of this study were investigations related to the use of sensory analysis for quality assessment of new functional products with potential benefits for human health, in particular of desserts based on dark chocolate pralines filled with different bee products characterized by a specific botanical and geographic origin, as well as of their storage properties and expected shelf life. Sensory quality (appearance, texture, odor and taste were evaluated by a group of experienced panelists immediately after the production (day 0), and then after 30, 90 and 180 days of storage under ambient conditions (temperature 18–20 ºC). The results were statistically analyzed by the two-factorial analysis of variance (MANOVA) and with the LSD-test. It is possible to conclude that the storage time and composition of dark chocolate pralines containing different honey-bee products have statistically highly significant (p < 0.01) influence on the sensorially evaluated properties of pralines.
Cure and Curse: E. coli Heat-Stable Enterotoxin and Its Receptor Guanylyl Cyclase C
Authors: Weiglmeier Philipp R. , Rösch Paul , Berkner Hanna
Published: August 2010

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) associated diarrhea is responsible for roughly half a million deaths per year, the majority taking place in developing countries. The main agent responsible for these diseases is the bacterial heat-stable enterotoxin STa. STa is secreted by ETEC and after secretion binds to the intestinal receptor guanylyl cyclase C (GC-C), thus triggering a signaling cascade that eventually leads to the release of electrolytes and water in the intestine. Additionally, GC-C is a specific marker for colorectal carcinoma and STa is suggested to have an inhibitory effect on intestinal carcinogenesis. To understand the conformational events involved in ligand binding to GC-C and to devise therapeutic strategies to treat both diarrheal diseases and colorectal cancer, it is paramount to obtain structural information on the receptor ligand system. Here we summarize the currently available structural data and report on physiological consequences of STa binding to GC-C in intestinal epithelia and colorectal carcinoma cells.
L'enracinement social de la mortalité routière
Authors: Grossetête Matthieu
Published: August 2010

Résumé Aucun chiffre officiel en France n’établit de corrélation entre le fait de mourir sur la route et le milieu social alors que ce lien existe pourtant bel et bien. L’absence remarquable de données sur la profession des tués de la route entretient l’idée, largement reçue, que perdre la vie ou se blesser au volant serait lié au seul hasard des déplacements individuels et que nous serions, à l’exception des jeunes hommes, tous égaux devant la mortalité routière. Pourtant, la mortalité routière ne frappe pas au hasard. Les conducteurs appartenant à la catégorie des ouvriers affichent une surmortalité relativement stable dans le temps pendant que les cadres sont sous-représentés dans les accidents mortels. Tandis que les plus démunis meurent sur les routes dans l’indifférence collective, le fait social n’est pas construit comme un problème public. L’enjeu n’est rendu visible que sous une forme particulière, vidée de son contenu social, au prisme de la seule responsabilité personnelle du conducteur.
La territorialisation de la politique alimentaire française : le regard des acteurs publics sur la gouvernance du PNNS
Authors: Hernandez Solange , Messaoudène Leila
Published: August 2010

Résumé Le Programme National Nutrition Santé (PNNS), lancé en 2001 en France, vise l’amélioration de l’état de santé de l’ensemble de la population, en agissant sur l’un de ses déterminants majeurs : la nutrition. Cette politique, déterminée à l’échelon central, est l’objet d’une territorialisation. Cette recherche étudie le rôle des acteurs locaux, leurs modes d’organisation et de coopération, ainsi que les voies d’amélioration de l’action publique dans ce domaine.