bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The temporal control and activity of maternal zsquildlike-A/hnrnpaba during zebrafish embryogenesis indicate a role in early pattern formation
Authors: Molnar Nicole , Capik Allie , Ishak Amgad , Maglakelidze Natella , Pasick Luke J. , Reneker Billie , Volino Alyse , O’Connell Marcia L.
Published: February 2025

During embryogenesis in Danio rerio (zebrafish), the earliest morphological patterning events are dependent on the precise temporal translation and/or localization of specific maternal mRNAs/proteins. Dorsoventral patterning in particular requires the translocation of maternal factors that are present in the Balbiani Body from the vegetal region of the unfertilized egg to the future dorsal side of the embryo (Fuentes et al., 2020), leading to the localized activation of the β-catenin pathway in the cells in that region. Since zebrafish are chordates, this dorsoventral patterning then leads to the formation of neural tissue on the dorsal side of the embryo. What is not yet clear is the identity of all maternal and zygotic factors that first establish dorsoventral patterning, and which factors lead to the establishment of neural versus non-neural tissue. Taking an evolutionary approach to this question, we investigated a gene in zebrafish, zsquidlike-A (hnrnpaba), that is homologous to a key dorsoventral patterning gene in fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) called squid (Kelley, 1993). While dorsoventral patterning in flies and fish looks quite different both morphologically and at the molecular level, we demonstrate that not only has a key dorsoventral patterning gene in flies been conserved in fish, maternal fish zsquidlike-A protein is synthesized precisely as dorsoventral patterning is unfolding in fish embryos, and in its absence, dorsoventral patterning is severely disrupted.
Increased risk of suicide among patients with social anxiety disorder
Authors: Wei Han-Ting , Tsai Shih-Jen , Cheng Chih-Ming , Chang Wen-Han , Bai Ya-Mei , Su Tung-Ping , Chen Tzeng-Ji , Chen Mu-Hong
Published: February 2025

Aims

Increasing evidence has established a strong association between social anxiety disorder and suicidal behaviours, including suicidal ideation and suicide attempts. However, the association between social anxiety disorder and suicide mortality remains unclear.

Methods

This study analysed data from 15,776 patients with social anxiety disorder, extracted from a nationwide Taiwanese cohort between 2003 and 2017. Two unexposed groups without social anxiety disorder, matched by birth year and sex in 1:4 and 1:10 ratios, respectively, were used for comparison. Suicide deaths during the same period were examined. Psychiatric comorbidities commonly associated with social anxiety disorder, including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depression, alcohol use disorder (AUD), substance use disorder (SUD), obsessive-compulsive disorder, autism, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, were identified.

Results

Time-dependent Cox regression models, adjusted for demographic factors and psychiatric comorbidities, revealed that individuals with social anxiety disorder had an increased risk of suicide (hazard ratio: 3.49 in the 1:4 matched analysis and 2.84 in the 1:10 matched analysis) compared with those without the disorder. Comorbidities such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depression, AUD, and SUD further increased the risk of suicide in patients with social anxiety disorder.

Conclusion

Social anxiety disorder is an independent risk factor for suicide death. Additional psychiatric comorbidities, including schizophrenia, major affective disorders, and AUD, further increased social anxiety disorder-related suicide risk. Therefore, mental health officers and clinicians should develop targeted suicide prevention strategies for individuals with social anxiety disorder.
The Politics of Police Reform in the States
Authors: Sances Michael W.
Published: February 2025

The 2020 Black Lives Matter protests dramatically increased the salience of police reform, yet the US Congress failed to pass any reforms. In contrast, state governments have passed hundreds of police-related bills since 2020. I summarize the plethora of state reforms passed over this period by grouping them into 18 key areas, including 14 I classify as pro-reform and four I classify as anti-reform. Next, I describe how party control and public opinion relate to state reforms. I find that state party control is a robust predictor of enacting pro-police reform policies, and that reforms are more likely in states with more Democratic and more pro-reform publics. While police reforms are responsive to public opinion, they are also typically incongruent.
Elastic textile-based wearable modulation of musculoskeletal load: A comprehensive review of passive exosuits and resistance clothing
Authors: Talukder Amit , Jo Jeyeon
Published: February 2025

Elastic textiles play a critical role in passive wearable solutions for musculoskeletal load management in both passive exosuits and resistance clothing. These textiles, based on their ability to stretch and retract, can exhibit ambivalence in their load-modulating effects when used in occupational, rehabilitation, exercise, or everyday activity settings. While passive exosuits and resistance garments may appear similar in design, they have opposing goals: to reduce the musculoskeletal load in the case of exosuits and to increase it in the case of resistance clothing. Despite this intrinsic connection, these two approaches have not been extensively linked together. This review aims to fill this gap by examining the common and distinct principles of elastic textiles in passive exosuits and resistance clothing, shedding light on their interactions and the complex dynamics of musculoskeletal load systems. The effectiveness of different designs in passive exosuits that mimic musculoskeletal function and resistance clothing that increase the workload for strength training are critically reviewed. Current challenges in practical implementation and opportunities to improve critical issues, such as preload, thermal comfort, skin friction, and donning and doffing are also highlighted.
Antenatal Vitamin C differentially affects lung development in normally grown and growth restricted sheep
Authors: McGillick Erin V. , Orgeig Sandra , Allison Beth J. , Brain Kirsty L. , Niu Youguo , Itani Nozomi , Skeffington Katie L. , Kane Andrew D. , Herrera Emilio A. , Giussani Dino A. , Morrison Janna L.
Published: February 2025

Background

Chronic hypoxemia is a common cause of fetal growth restriction and can have significant effects on the developing fetal lung. Maternal antioxidant treatment in hypoxic pregnancy protects against offspring cardiovascular dysfunction. The effects of antenatal antioxidants on lung development in the chronically hypoxic growth restricted fetus is unknown.

Methods

We investigated the effect of maternal daily Vitamin C (200 mg/kg i.v. vs. Saline) for a month in late gestation on molecular markers regulating lung maturation between normoxic normally grown and hypoxic growth-restricted fetal sheep. Chronic fetal hypoxia and fetal growth restriction were induced by exposure to maternal chronic hypoxia (10% O2 vs. Normoxia=21% O2) from 105–138 d gestation (term=145 d).

Results

The data show a differential effect of antenatal Vitamin C treatment on regulation of genes involved in surfactant maturation, sodium movement and hypoxia signaling. Limited responsiveness to antenatal Vitamin C exposure in the lung of the hypoxic fetus, compared to responsiveness to antenatal Vitamin C in the normoxic fetus, suggests a maximal upregulation of the molecular signaling pathways in response to the chronic hypoxic insult alone.

Conclusion

We provide molecular insight into the heterogeneity of antenatal Vitamin C treatment on development of the normoxic and growth restricted hypoxic fetal lung.

Impact

The effect of maternal Vitamin C on molecular markers of lung maturation between normoxic normally grown and hypoxic growth restricted fetal sheep was unknown.

We show a differential effect of Vitamin C with a greater increase in molecular markers of lung maturation in normoxic compared with hypoxic fetuses.

Limited responsiveness in the hypoxic fetal lung is likely due to maximal upregulation by the hypoxic insult alone, thus added exposure to Vitamin C is unable to upregulate the system further.

The work highlights the need to understand differential effects of antenatal interventions in healthy and complicated pregnancy, prior to clinical translation.
Iron homeostasis and ferroptosis in muscle diseases and disorders: mechanisms and therapeutic prospects
Authors: Ru Qin , Li Yusheng , Zhang Xi , Chen Lin , Wu Yuxiang , Min Junxia , Wang Fudi
Published: February 2025

The muscular system plays a critical role in the human body by governing skeletal movement, cardiovascular function, and the activities of digestive organs. Additionally, muscle tissues serve an endocrine function by secreting myogenic cytokines, thereby regulating metabolism throughout the entire body. Maintaining muscle function requires iron homeostasis. Recent studies suggest that disruptions in iron metabolism and ferroptosis, a form of iron-dependent cell death, are essential contributors to the progression of a wide range of muscle diseases and disorders, including sarcopenia, cardiomyopathy, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Thus, a comprehensive overview of the mechanisms regulating iron metabolism and ferroptosis in these conditions is crucial for identifying potential therapeutic targets and developing new strategies for disease treatment and/or prevention. This review aims to summarize recent advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying ferroptosis in the context of muscle injury, as well as associated muscle diseases and disorders. Moreover, we discuss potential targets within the ferroptosis pathway and possible strategies for managing muscle disorders. Finally, we shed new light on current limitations and future prospects for therapeutic interventions targeting ferroptosis.
Neuronal polyunsaturated fatty acids are protective in ALS/FTD
Authors: Giblin Ashling , Cammack Alexander J. , Blomberg Niek , Anoar Sharifah , Mikheenko Alla , Carcolé Mireia , Atilano Magda L. , Hull Alex , Shen Dunxin , Wei Xiaoya , Coneys Rachel , Zhou Lele , Mohammed Yassene , Olivier-Jimenez Damien , Wang Lian Y. , Kinghorn Kerri J. , Niccoli Teresa , Coyne Alyssa N. , van der Kant Rik , Lashley Tammaryn , Giera Martin , Partridge Linda , Isaacs Adrian M.
Published: February 2025

Here we report a conserved transcriptomic signature of reduced fatty acid and lipid metabolism gene expression in a Drosophila model of C9orf72 repeat expansion, the most common genetic cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia (ALS/FTD), and in human postmortem ALS spinal cord. We performed lipidomics on C9 ALS/FTD Drosophila, induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell neurons and postmortem FTD brain tissue. This revealed a common and specific reduction in phospholipid species containing polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Feeding C9 ALS/FTD flies PUFAs yielded a modest increase in survival. However, increasing PUFA levels specifically in neurons of C9 ALS/FTD flies, by overexpressing fatty acid desaturase enzymes, led to a substantial extension of lifespan. Neuronal overexpression of fatty acid desaturases also suppressed stressor-induced neuronal death in iPS cell neurons of patients with both C9 and TDP-43 ALS/FTD. These data implicate neuronal fatty acid saturation in the pathogenesis of ALS/FTD and suggest that interventions to increase neuronal PUFA levels may be beneficial.
Distribution characteristics of top SOC in different forest types of Genhe in the Greater Khingan Range of Inner Mongolia
Authors: Zhang Jie , Song Mingyue , Zheng Shulin , Zhou Pei , Guo Jun , He Junnan , Yue Haijun
Published: February 2025

Soil serves as the largest active carbon reservoir in terrestrial ecosystems, playing a pivotal role in carbon sequestration. The study area is situated in Genhe City, on the western slope of the northern segment of the Greater Khingan Range in Inner Mongolia. We utilized a TOC/TN analyzer to measure the soil organic carbon (SOC) content and applied data analysis methods, including the coefficient of variation and the semivariogram function model, to examine the spatial distribution characteristics of SOC content in the surface layer. The results showed that the variation range of SOC content in the 0–5 cm and 5–10 cm soil layers of the four types of forest land sampling points is 100.98–327.59 g/kg and 44.22–322.71 g/kg. Within the same forest land, SOC content decreases with increasing soil depth. Overall, as latitude increases, the top SOC content shows an upward trend. However, in the Hanma region, the relationship between SOC content and latitude varies across different soil layers. This variation may be attributed to differences in vegetation, topography, and altitude. We believe that latitude, forest type, and altitude all influence the spatial distribution of SOC content. These findings provide a scientific basis and reference for establishing the spatial distribution patterns of top SOC content.
Investigation on the influence of co-sensitization on semi-transparent DSSCs fabricated using NIR-sensitive squaraine dyes and visible dyes
Authors: Izyan Nur , Glinka Adam , Pradhan Safalmani , Mysorekar Chinmai , Pandey Shyam Sudhir , Ziółek Marcin
Published: February 2025

Two squaraine dyes (“blue colored” SQ258 and “green colored” SQ259) active in the near-infrared spectral range were co-sensitized with popular commercial dyes (D35 and N719) and their photophysical characterizations were performed using stationary and time-resolved spectroscopic techniques. The dye mixtures, D35:SQ258 and N719:SQ259 demonstrated a better photovoltaic performance when compared with their individual photovoltaic efficiencies. The studied different DSSC configurations using squaraine dyes and mixtures in the devices with thin TiO2 layer show the potential application in multi-color semi-transparent cells. The D35:SQ258 system was also evaluated in the presence of cobalt-based redox shuttle, revealing improved performance compared to I−/I3
−. The stationary, transient absorption and external quantum efficiency spectra indicated the squaraine dye de-aggregating function of D35 and N719 dyes. The fast internal conversion of the excited squaraine dyes which competes with too slow electron injection was observed as the main reason for the limited charge separation efficiency in the studied cells of pure squaraine dyes. However, as a result of the synergetic effects of the co-sensitized dyes, the improvement of the charge separation efficiency was revealed. Finally, transient absorption studies revealed that upon exclusive excitation of squaraine dyes an ultrafast energy transfer between the squaraine monomers and their H-aggregates takes place, and a Stark shift of absorption band of co-sensitized dyes can be observed.
Nuclear mechano-confinement induces geometry-dependent HP1α condensate alterations
Authors: Hovet Oda , Nahali Negar , Halaburkova Andrea , Haugen Linda Hofstad , Paulsen Jonas , Progida Cinzia
Published: February 2025

Cells sense external physical cues through complex processes involving signaling pathways, cytoskeletal dynamics, and transcriptional regulation to coordinate a cellular response. A key emerging principle underlying such mechanoresponses is the interplay between nuclear morphology, chromatin organization, and the dynamic behavior of nuclear bodies such as HP1α condensates. Here, applying Airyscan super-resolution live cell imaging, we report a hitherto undescribed level of mechanoresponse triggered by cell confinement below their resting nuclear diameter, which elicits changes in the number, size and dynamics of HP1α nuclear condensates. Utilizing biophysical polymer models, we observe radial redistribution of HP1α condensates within the nucleus, influenced by changes in nuclear geometry. These insights shed new light on the complex relationship between external forces and changes in nuclear shape and chromatin organization in cell mechanoreception.
Stability Study and Structural Insights into Cannabidiol Cocrystals
Authors: Koryťáková Adéla , Chatziadi Argyro , Rohlíček Jan , Zmeškalová Eliška , Beránek Josef , Soos Miroslav
Published: February 2025

Cannabidiol (CBD) is a non-psychoactive compound derived from cannabis and has attracted considerable attention due to its potential therapeutic benefits. It is increasingly used in various health-related products, including dietary...
Recent advances in heavier Group 15 (P, As, Sb, Bi) radical chemistry – frameworks, small molecule reactivity, and catalysis
Authors: Masuda Jason Douglas , Symes Deana Lillian Gladys
Published: February 2025

Main group radical chemistry has been a targeted research area for several decades. With growing examples of phosphorus radicals, heavier pnictogen radicals including arsenic, antimony, and bismuth have also become...
Global-scale analysis of the effect of gas-phase Criegee intermediates (CIs) to the sulphate aerosol formation: General trend and the importance of hydroxy radical decomposed from vibrationally-excited CIs
Authors: Hata Hiroo , Nakamura Yuya , Vazquez Santiago Jairo , Tonokura Kenichi
Published: February 2025

Stabilised Criegee intermediates (sCIs), which are formed in the atmosphere through the ozonolysis of alkenes, are known precursors of sulphate aerosols (SO42-(p)). Several previous studies have focused on the kinetics...
Ecotoxicity risk assessment of amines used in 'switchable water' and CO2-capturing processes
Authors: Ismagilova Alina , Kisand Veljo , Vares Lauri
Published: February 2025

Utilizing amines and alkanolamines as CO2-capturing agents and water-soluble ionogens in 'switchable water' systems is an intensively explored research area. However, the potential risks of such amine derivatives to the...
TOFHunter—unlocking rapid untargeted screening of inductively coupled plasma–time-of-flight–mass spectrometry data
Authors: Andrews Hunter B. , Hendriks Lyndsey , Irvine Sawyer B. , Dunlap Daniel R. , Manard Benjamin T.
Published: February 2025

This study provides an overview of a newly developed program written in Python, TOFHunter, which permits the rapid and untargeted screening of inductively coupled plasma (ICP)-time-of-flight (TOF)-mass spectrometry (MS) datasets.
A microfluidic twin islets-on-chip device for on-line electrophysiological monitoring
Authors: Lallouet Marie , Olçomendy Loïc , Gaitan Julien , Montiège Killian , Monchablon Marie , Pirog Antoine , Chapeau Dorian , Puginier Emilie Julia , Renaud Sylvie , Raoux Matthieu , Lang Jochen
Published: February 2025

Pancreatic islets play a major role in glucose homeostasis as well as diabetes and Islets-on-chip devices have been developed mainly using optical means for on-line monitoring. In contrast, a well...
Low-dimensional In2O3 nanostructures on MgO cubes
Authors: Goniakowski Jacek , Baumier Cédric , Fortuna Franck , Stankic Slavica
Published: February 2025

Self-organized and selective stabilization of trigonal-In2O3 on MgO nanocubes.
Bimetallic Ni/Co Single-Atom Catalysts Guided by Energy Descriptor for Efficient CO2 Electroreduction to Syngas
Authors: Chou Yuye , Zheng Tao , Liu Rui , Liu Jingjing , Xue Xiangdong , Liu Wengang , Liu Jian
Published: February 2025

Electrochemical CO₂ reduction to syngas (CO + H₂) offers a promising way to produce valuable chemicals and fuels from renewable electricity and captured CO₂, but developing efficient, tunable catalysts to...
Development of the all-solid-state flexible supercapacitor membranes via RAFT-mediated grafting and electrospun nanofiber modification of track-etched membranes
Authors: Aimanova Nurgulim A. , Almanov Alimzhan A. , Alipoori Saeideh , Barsbay Murat , Zhumabayev Alisher M. , Nurpeisova Dinara T. , Mashentseva Anastassiya A.
Published: February 2025

Developing novel track-etched membranes marks a significant advancement in flexible energy storage systems.
Tuning diffusion coefficient, ionic conductivity, and transference number in rGO/BaCoO3 electrode material for optimized supercapacitor energy storage
Authors: Shahzad Mohsin , Ahmad Farooq , Ibraheem M. , Shakoor Abdul , Ramay Shahid M. , Raza M. Rafi , Atiq Shahid
Published: February 2025

Due to their remarkable cycle stability and outstanding capacitance, ABO3-type perovskite materials have emerged as highly effective electrode materials, delivering remarkable electrochemical performance.
Biomass-derived carbon dots: synthesis, modification and application in batteries
Authors: Cai Dongyang , Zhong Xue , Xu Laiqiang , Xiong Yu , Deng Wentao , Zou Guoqiang , Hou Hongshuai , Ji Xiaobo
Published: February 2025

Biomass-derived carbon dots (BCDs) have attracted considerable attention for their promising attributes, including low toxicity, excellent solubility, biocompatibility, and eco-friendliness. Their rich surface chemistry and impressive photoluminescent properties have sparked...
Preparation of thermally curable materials using lignin extracted from sawmill co-product
Authors: Marshall Libby J. , Cheney Daniel , Keith Jasmine A. , Kelly Christopher , Blanc Frédéric , West Andrew J. , Adams Dave
Published: February 2025

We have exemplified the chemical reactivity of a new commercially available organosolv-like lignin via reaction with various amines to form benzoxazine groups. The resulting benzoxazine-modified lignin has desirable thermal properties,...
Electronic Transport Properties of Sandwich-Type Phthalocyanine Th(Pc)2
Authors: Xie Weiyu , Yuan Xiaobo , Wang Bo , Wang Ding , Zou Hua
Published: February 2025

Sandwich-type phthalocyanines, a significant branch of phthalocyanine complexes, exhibit unique electrical and magnetic properties, making them highly promising for applications in novel molecular devices such as single-molecule magnets and field-effect...
A [CuII24] truncated octahedron and its [CuII8] building block
Authors: Brechin Euan K. , Wilson Lucinda R. B. , Nichol Gary Stephen , Dalgarno Scott
Published: February 2025

Reaction of CuCl2·2H2O with p-tert-butylthiacalix[4]arene (H4TC[4]A) affords a [CuII24] cage whose metallic skeleton conforms to a truncated octahedron in which the metal ions are strongly antiferromagnetically coupled. A structurally related...
Milliseconds time-scale controlled freeze-quench for solute intermediates analysis by solid-state NMR
Authors: Goldberga Ieva , Chanal Trevys , Georges Tristan , Laurent Guillaume P. , Azaïs Thierry
Published: February 2025

Crystallization is a fundamental process in biomineralization, yet its complexity increases significantly in non-classical pathways of nucleation and growth, where numerous intermediates exist between free ions in solution and the...
PIDA-Mediated Synthesis of Kynurenine Derivatives by Oxidative Fragmentation of Tryptophan Scaffold
Authors: Jena Chinmay  Kumar , Patnaik Aurobindo , Nayak Sushree  S. , Kumari Supriya , Panda Ankita , Dixit Manjusha , Sharma Nagendra K
Published: February 2025

Kynurenine metabolite is derived from aromatic amino acid tryptophan and its chemical synthesis has been sought for understanding the tryptophan-kynurenine based biochemical reactions that could provide opportunity for exploring therapeutic...
ZTF SN Ia DR2: High-velocity components in the Si ii λ6355
Authors: Harvey L. , Maguire K. , Burgaz U. , Dimitriadis G. , Sollerman J. , Goobar A. , Johansson J. , Nordin J. , Rigault M. , Smith M. , Aubert M. , Cartier R. , Chen P. , Deckers M. , Dhawan S. , Galbany L. , Ginolin M. , Kenworthy W.D. , Kim Y.-L. , Liu C. , Miller A. , Rosnet P. , Senzel R. , Terwel J.H. , Tomasella L. , Kasliwal M. , Laher R. , Purdum J. , Rusholme B. , Smith R.
Published: February 2025

The Zwicky Transient Facility SN Ia Data Release 2 provides a perfect opportunity to perform a thorough search for and subsequent analysis of high-velocity features (HVFs) in the pre-peak regime. The source of such features remains unclear, but potential origins include circumstellar material, as well as enhancements to the abundances or densities intrinsic to the supernova (SN) ejecta. Therefore, they may provide clues to the elusive progenitor and explosion scenarios of Type Ia SNe (SNe Ia). We employed a Markov chain Monte Carlo fitting method followed by Bayesian information criterion testing to classify single and double components in the DR2. The detection efficiency of our classification method was investigated through the fitting of simulated features, which allowed us to place cuts on the spectral quality required for reliable classification. These simulations were also used to perform an analysis of the recovered parameter uncertainties and potential biases in the measurements. Within the spectra sample we investigated, we identified spectra exhibiting HVFs. We find that HVFs decrease in strength with phase relative to their photospheric counterparts; however, this decrease can occur at different phases for different objects. HVFs with larger velocity separations from the photosphere were observed to fade earlier, leaving only the double components with smaller separations as we moved towards maximum light. Our findings suggest that around three quarters of SN Ia spectra before -11 d show high-velocity components in the with this dropping to around one third in the six days before maximum light. We observed no difference between the populations of SNe Ia that do and do not form HVFs in terms of the SALT2 light curve parameter x_1, peak magnitude, decline rate, host mass, or host colour, supporting the idea that these features are ubiquitous across the SN Ia population.
YOLO-CL cluster detection in the Rubin/LSST DC2 simulations
Authors: Grishin Kirill , Mei Simona , Ilic Stephane , Aguena Michel , Boutigny Dominique , Paturel Marie ,   the LSST Dark Energy Science Collaboration
Published: February 2025

The next generation large ground-based telescopes like the Vera Rubin Telescope Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST) and space missions like Euclid and the Nancy Roman Space Telescope will deliver wide area imaging surveys at unprecedented depth. In particular, LSST will provide galaxy cluster catalogs up to z∼1 that can be used to constrain cosmological models once their selection function is well-understood. Machine learning based cluster detection algorithms can be applied directly on images to circumvent systematics due to models and photometric and photometric redshift catalogs. In this work, we have applied the deep convolutional network YOLO for CLuster detection ( to LSST simulations from the Dark Energy Science Collaboration Data Challenge 2 (DC2), and characterized the LSST cluster selection function. We have trained and validated the network on images from a hybrid sample of (1) clusters observed in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey and detected with the red-sequence Matched-filter Probabilistic Percolation, and (2) dark matter halos with masses 200c M_ ⊙ from the DC2 simulation, resampled to the SDSS resolution. We quantify the completeness and purity of the cluster catalog with respect to DC2 halos with 200c M_ ⊙ . The cluster catalog is 100% and 94% complete for halo mass 200c M_ ⊙ at $0.2<z<0.8$, and M_ 200c M_ ⊙ and redshift z 1, respectively, with only 6% false positive detections. We find that all the false positive detections are dark matter halos with $ M_ ⊙ 200c M_ ⊙ $, which corresponds to galaxy groups. We also found that the selection function is almost flat with respect to the halo mass at $0.2 z 0.9$. The overall performance of is comparable or better than other cluster detection methods used for current and future optical and infrared surveys. shows better completeness for low mass clusters when compared to current detections based on Matched Filter cluster finding algorithms applied to Stage 3 surveys using the Sunyaev Zel'dovich effect, such as SPT-3G, and detects clusters at higher redshifts than X-ray-based catalogs. Future complementary cluster catalogs detected with the Sunyaev Zel'dovich effect will reach similar mass depth and will be directly comparable with optical cluster detections in LSST, providing cluster catalogs with unprecedented coverage in area, redshift and cluster properties. The strong advantage of over traditional galaxy cluster detection techniques is that it works directly on images and does not require photometric and photometric redshift catalogs, nor does it need to mask stellar sources and artifacts.
Prevalence of Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Blastocystis sp. infection in foxes (Alopex lagopus) in northern China
Authors: Tang Yan , Wang Hai-Tao , Li Xue-Min , Li Zhong-Yuan , Hou Qing-Yu , Jiang Jing , Yang Li-Hua , Qin Ya
Published: February 2025

To examine the prevalence of E. bieneusi and Blastocystis sp. in foxes in China, this study analyzed the prevalence and distribution of genotypes or subtypes. A total of 352 fresh fecal samples were collected from foxes across five provinces in northern China and analyzed using PCR. The overall prevalences of E. bieneusi and Blastocystis sp. were 48.3% and 2.0%, respectively; the highest prevalences were found in Shandong Province, with 87.1% and 5.4%, respectively. The prevalence rates were influenced by several factors; a breeding scale value <1,500 was related to higher prevalences. Multivariate analysis showed that the region and breeding scale were the main risk factors for E. bieneusi. Eleven genotypes of E. bieneusi were identified, all of which are classified within Group 1. This includes five previously characterized genotypes and six novel genotypes. Among these, CHN-F1 was the predominant genotype, accounting for 67.7% of cases. Blastocystis sp. was detected with only one subtype (ST3), which represents the first report of this genotype in foxes. The identification of E. bieneusi in foxes and the first detection of the ST3 subtypes of Blastocystis sp. contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the epidemiology of these microeukaryotes. These findings suggest a potential pathway for the transmission of microeukaryotes from fox farms to human populations, underscoring the importance of monitoring the public health risks.
Management of Developmental and Epileptic Encephalopathies
Authors: Vasquez Alejandra , Fine Anthony L.
Published: February 2025

Developmental and epileptic encephalopathies (DEEs) are a group of rare, severe, early-onset epilepsies characterized by pharmacoresistance, marked electroencephalographic abnormalities, and delayed or regressive psychomotor development. DEEs are associated with poor long-term outcomes and increased mortality; however, early recognition and targeted treatment can impact neurodevelopmental outcomes and overall quality of life. Treatment with antiseizure medication is often challenging given drug resistance, chronic polypharmacy, and medication interactions. With advances in genetic testing and increased understanding of the neurobiological mechanisms of DEEs, the treatment approach is evolving and includes repurposed antiseizure medications and targeted therapies, as well as early surgical intervention in select patients. In addition to high seizure burden and neurodevelopmental delay, DEEs are associated with comorbidities affecting a range of body systems; these can include intellectual disability, psychiatric disorders, motor dysfunction, and respiratory and gastrointestinal problems. Over time, these comorbidities increase the complexity of management and have important implications on the disease burden and quality of life for both patients and their caregivers. Multidisciplinary care in DEEs is paramount. We summarize the current evidence on the management of specific DEEs, focusing on targeted therapies and optimizing outcomes.
Experimental validation of an imaging neutral particle analyzer in the EAST
Authors: Liu Yang , Xu Ming , Cai Huishan , Zhao Hailing , Liu Haiqing ,   EAST Team
Published: February 2025

An imaging neutral particle analyzer (INPA) has been successfully designed and implemented in the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak to detect fast ions (FIs). The system capitalizes on carbon foils to ionize charge exchange neutral particles and utilizes scintillator screens to differentiate the energy and radial distribution of the particles. The detection characteristics of the pitch angle profile and energy resolution are illustrated, and the modeling-based energy calibration has been validated with the experimental data. Furthermore, the FI redistribution during sawtooth crashes has been effectively recorded by the INPA, manifesting its functionality.
High-yield growth of high-quality cubic BAs single crystals using the Bridgman method
Authors: Liu Wenhao , Koirala Pawan , Glaser Evan R. , Wu Hanlin , Kondusamy Aswin , Dhale Nikhil , Patel Mahammed S. , White Sam , Culbertson James C. , Freitas Jaime A. , Lv Bing
Published: February 2025

The increasing complexity of semiconductor devices fabricated from wide-bandgap and ultra-wide-bandgap materials demand advanced thermal management solutions to mitigate heat buildup, a major cause of device failure. High thermal conductivity materials are thus becoming crucial for thermal management. Cubic boron arsenide (c-BAs) has emerged as a promising candidate. However, challenges remain in synthesizing high-quality crystals with low defect concentrations, high homogeneous thermal conductivity, and high yields using the conventional chemical vapor transport method. In this study, we report the synthesis of high-yield c-BAs single crystals using the Bridgman method. The crystals exhibit high uniformity, reduced defect densities, and lower carrier concentrations as confirmed through x-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, temperature-dependent photoluminescence, and electrical transport measurements. Our work represents a significant step toward scalable production of high-quality c-BAs for industrial applications, offering a practical solution for improving thermal management in next-generation electronic devices.
Method for calculating the density of relativistic charged particles moving in a time-dependent electric field
Authors: Bakaleinikov L. A. , Kuznetsov V. I. , Flegontova E. Yu.
Published: February 2025

We propose a method for calculating the density of relativistic charged particles that come from a planar boundary with a known velocity distribution function and move collisionless in the half-space under a time-dependent electric field of arbitrary form. Unlike the case when particles move in a stationary field, the density expression contains two additional functions: G and Q, which are associated with the field changeover time. Explicit expressions as integrals of field derivatives with respect to time are obtained for them. For the special case when particles move in a field that varies weakly in time, we get explicit expressions for G and Q functions as linear operators acting on small field perturbation amplitude. The results obtained can be used to study steady-states stability of diodes with relativistic charged particle flows. Stability features of a relativistic Bursian diode steady states for a regime without electron reflection from a potential barrier are studied as an example. The dispersion equation is obtained and solved. The eigen mode growth rates and frequencies as functions of the electron current density are built, and the relativistic factor effect on these dependences is studied.
Enhanced physics-informed generative adversarial network to estimate spatial-temporal distribution of shear stress in carotid arteries
Authors: Wang Chaoyu , Zhao Wentao , Ruan Zhikai , Pu Zhaofu , Wan Mingxi , Fu Chaoying , Wang Diya
Published: February 2025

Estimations of blood flow shear stress and its distribution have great importance for preventing carotid artery stenosis and predicting plaque stability. Physics-informed neural network (PINN) can utilize less data points with unknown boundary conditions and obtain high-resolution and accurate solutions under the constraints of physical equations. This makes PINN well-suited to address clinical hemodynamic modeling problems. However, the basic structure of PINN might cause an imbalance among the loss function terms and is hard to converge. To overcome the above problems and estimate shear stress distribution with high accuracy, this study proposed a physical consistent score (PCS) guided generative adversarial network (GAN) (PCS-GAN), which combined GAN with PINN. Physical consistent scores calculated from Navier–Stokes equations for each sampled point were used as one of the criteria for discriminator classification. The constitutive equations and the score based adaptive weights were added to the loss function of generator in order to alleviate the possible unbalance problems in the loss function and accelerate convergence. We tested PCS-GAN in carotid arteries with different stenosis degrees. Ablation experiments and comparison experiments were conducted to further demonstrate the performance of PCS-GAN. In general, PCS-GAN accurately estimated the spatiotemporal distributions of velocity and shear stress, and values of 0.268 ± 0.066 of the relative two-norm error as well as 0.976 ± 0.012 of structural similarities were achieved in shear stress and velocity prediction, respectively. PCS-GAN has the potential to reveal the local mechanical parameters near the carotid bifurcation and predict carotid stenosis as well as plaque stability.
Tribo-dynamic behaviors of a new marine bearing system with micro-asperity effects: Theory and experiment
Authors: Xie Zhongliang , Yang Kang , Yang Ming , He Tao , Zhao Bin , Gao Wenjun , Zhang Xiaohui
Published: February 2025

The traditional water-lubricated bearings are unable to respond to the large impact, severe wear and abnormal vibration of the rotating shaft system under extreme working conditions. The paper studies the lubrication behaviors and supporting effects of a new bearing. The tribo-dynamic behaviors of the bearing-shaft system are investigated. New coupling tribo-dynamic model under different lubrication regimes is constructed. The variation rules under typical conditions and parameters are analyzed. The dynamic performances in the mixed lubrication and the hydrodynamic lubrication stages are compared. The vibration mechanisms are revealed. The results indicate that the components of supporting characteristics of the bearing differ corresponding to the lubrication stages. Research provides theoretical basis and experimental guidance for the practical application of the novel multi-liner water-lubricated marine bearings.
Transpiration cooling in hypersonic flow and mutual effect on turbulent transition and cooling performance
Authors: Cerminara A. , Nayak R. , Potts J. , Tanno H. , Kloker M. J. , Saikia B. , Brehm C. , Camillo G. P. , Wagner A.
Published: February 2025

This work presents recent advancements in the study of film cooling in hypersonic flows, considering experimental and numerical investigations, with the aim to characterize the wall-cooling performance in different coolant injection and baseflow conditions in a Mach number range 2–7.7. The study explores the mutual interaction between the injected coolant film and the boundary-layer flow, with emphasis on the effects of wall blowing on the boundary-layer characteristics, stability, and transition to turbulence, as well as the effect of transition on wall-cooling performance. Considered flow configurations include cases of effusion cooling in both wall-normal or slightly inclined and wall-parallel blowing, different types of coolant, cases of favorable pressure gradient compared to zero pressure gradient, as well as transpiration cooling cases at different blowing ratios and surface geometries. For the transpiration cooling case, experiments in different hypersonic wind tunnel facilities are presented for flat plate and cone geometries, with coolant injected through C/C porous samples, whereas numerical simulations of modeled porous injection are presented for a flat plate and a blunt cone, showing results for the boundary-layer receptivity with coolant injection and the associated effects on transition and cooling performance. A summary of the main findings is provided along with a critical analysis based on a comparative study to evaluate the effect of each configuration, injection strategy, and key parameters on the boundary-layer flow and the feedback on wall-cooling performance. Conclusions are drawn about potential directions of study for the further development and optimization of the film cooling technique for future hypersonic vehicles.
Preparation of magnetorheological fluid and its application in a magnetorheological damper
Authors: Yang Xiaolong , Li Xue , Zhu Jiehong , Li Denghui
Published: February 2025

To enhance the mechanical properties of built-in valve-type magnetorheological dampers, a new magnetorheological fluid (abbreviated as HCMN-MRF) prepared using hydroxylated carbon nanotubes (HCNT)-coated micrometer-sized carbonyl iron particles (CIPs) mixed with nano-sized iron particles (NIPs) was investigated in this study. In order to assess the properties of the coated CIPs and the new MRFs, they were characterized morphologically and tested for performance. Under identical conditions, the HCNT-MRF and the commercial MRF were utilized in a built-in valve-type magnetorheological damper to conduct damping experiments, respectively. The outcomes of both MRF applications were meticulously compared and analyzed to evaluate their performance. It was found that the HCNT-coated CIPs exhibited a high saturation magnetization strength of 218 emu/g, and the new MRFs containing NIPs all have a sedimentation ratio of less than 25%. In addition, by applying the new MRF and the commercial MRF to the damper, the damper using the new MRF achieves a maximum damping force of 1505 N, which is significantly higher than the maximum damping force of 1005 N produced by the commercial MRF in the same damper, and for currents less than 2 A, the adjustable coefficients obtained with the new MRF are greater than those obtained with the commercial MRF, with a maximum adjustable coefficient of 3.2.
Vapor bubble growth and model assessment in saturated pool boiling of water across a wide range of pressures
Authors: He Wen , Han Jinyu , Liu Yao , Gao Deyang , Li Yanlin , Zhao Chenru , Bo Hanliang
Published: February 2025

The growth of vapor bubbles is a complex, rapid, and elusive phenomenon involving multiple heat transfer mechanisms, such as heat conduction, microlayer evaporation, and boundary layer evaporation. To improve the understanding of the bubble growth process, this study conducted saturated pool boiling experiments under atmospheric pressure, characterizing both the bubble growth dynamics and its stochastic nature. Then, a comprehensive dataset for heterogeneous pool boiling was established by incorporating 10 additional experiments, resulting in more than 2000 data points spanning a broad range of conditions: pressures from 0.001 24 MPa to 9.57 MPa, wall superheats between 1.6 and 40 K, Jakob numbers ranging from 0.092 to 2808, and Prandtl numbers from 0.83 to 9.4. Notably, this pressure range represents the broadest range considered in the analysis of bubble growth rates, to the author's knowledge. Subsequently, a systematic evaluation of 16 existing bubble growth models and correlations—including bubble layer-based models, microlayer-based models, and empirical correlations—was performed, providing valuable insights into the dominant heat transfer mechanisms at varying pressure ranges. Finally, a new recommendation for the bubble growth rate under a wide range of conditions was provided. Specifically, Cole's correlation was recommended for Jakob numbers below 200. For Jakob numbers exceeding 200, a new correlation was proposed. The new recommendation demonstrated high accuracy in predicting both the bubble growth rate and departure diameter, with an average error of 34.3% and 32.4%, respectively.
Coalescence-induced droplet jumping on surfaces with hydrophobic thin-walled-lattice microstructures
Authors: Wang Tuo , Huang Jun-Jie
Published: February 2025

Coalescence-induced droplet jumping (CIDJ) has significant applications in heat transfer, anti-frosting, and corrosion prevention. The thin-walled-lattice (TWL) microstructure design enhances CIDJ by continuously sieving condensing droplets on solid surfaces. However, the simultaneous appearance of many droplets has the risk of film formation, which can degrade surface performance. This study addresses this challenge by proposing symmetric four-TWL units to improve CIDJ efficiency. Using three-dimensional conservative phase-field lattice Boltzmann simulations with large density ratios, we demonstrate that these units achieve superior CIDJ performance compared to existing designs, with droplet jumping velocities reaching up to 10.15 m/s under certain conditions. The height of the TWL structure, the radius of the superhydrophilic spots (Rspot), and the wall contact angle (θw) were found to affect the jumping performance of the droplets significantly. Our results indicate that the strict requirements for θw (160 ± 10 deg) commonly seen in current CIDJ research could be relaxed to θw>120 deg on the proposed surface. A phase diagram for droplet jumping with the radius of the spot Rspot and the contact angle θw as independent variables was generated to provide essential guidance for the design of similar lattice structures. Finally, after reviewing the numerical results, we proposed two innovative surface designs, which could provide new design paradigms for future CIDJ research and applications.
A semi-nonlinear theoretical model for wind-generated waves in the
marginal ice zone
Authors: Zhang Changpeng , Zhao Xin
Published: February 2025

The wind–wave generation process in the marginal ice zone (MIZ) is a component of the evolution of polar marine environments. To more accurately describe this physical phenomenon, we conducted research on the stability and transition theories for shear flows and proposed a semi-nonlinear theoretical model for wind-generated waves in the MIZ. This model decomposes the wind speed over the sea ice surface into a nonlinear velocity profile consisting of boundary layer flow and small disturbances, incorporates the ice layer as a viscoelastic layer, and incorporates the seawater component as a nonviscous fluid. A no-slip boundary condition was applied at the air–ice interface. We solved the coefficient matrix by employing varying coefficients and the kinematic boundary conditions at the air–ice interface to obtain the solution to the dispersion equation of the theoretical model. Additionally, we analyzed the impact of sea ice properties on the wind–wave generation process in the MIZ, identifying key factors that influence the generation of wind waves. Our model can provide technical support and theoretical foundations for the accurate prediction of wave levels in polar marginal ice zones.