bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Best Argument Wins
Authors: Gastil John , Knobloch Katherine R.
Published: January 2020

Deliberation encourages participants to reason with one another chapter 6 details how cultural biases often impede such reasoning. Cultural predispositions are an indication of people’s beliefs along two dimensions: hierarchical-egalitarian and individualism-collectivism. The first relates to whether government should regulate individual behavior and the second to whether government should provide a social safety net. US political parties and subsequent policies map onto these dimensions, with Republicans more likely to identify as hierarchical individualists and Democrats more likely to identify as egalitarian collectivists. As outlined here, deliberative processes, such as the CIR and Deliberative Polling, ask participants to overcome their cultural predispositions in the interest of reaching the best decision possible. Deliberation can produce such results, particularly when the available evidence clearly favors specific policy proposals. On values-based questions, however, deliberative participants may ultimately rely on their cultural cognitions to reach decisions.
Back in the Wind Tunnel
Authors: Gastil John , Knobloch Katherine R.
Published: January 2020

Chapter 8 reviews the 2012 Citizens’ Initiative Review (CIR), which faced a problem common to contemporary elections: the influence of money. That year, participants studied Measure 82, which would have legalized non-tribal casinos in Oregon. Well-funded casino lobbyists represented the advocates of the measure and tribal members, who themselves operated casinos, represented the opponents. The chapter shows how, despite efforts by proponents to utilize manipulative campaign tactics, participants took their task seriously and produced a nuanced and readable statement for voters. It goes on to explain the results of further studies showing that the CIR continued to maintain process integrity as it expanded to other locations. Findings indicate that the CIR does not appear to favor any one type of decision, with panelists as likely to largely agree as they are to reach a more evenly split decision and as likely to ultimately side with the electorate as not.
Conclusion
Authors: Gastil John , Knobloch Katherine R.
Published: January 2020

The book’s conclusion details how the Citizen’s Initiative Review (CIR) exemplifies the possibility for democratic reform. This chapter draws on the stories of several deliberative reforms to exemplify their possibilities and pitfalls. Tough some attempts at institutionalization have fallen flat, the CIR has expanded from a pilot in Oregon to a new governing body being tested and proposed across the United States. Other citizen-centered institutions, like juries, have seen similar expansion, bringing greater opportunity for self-governance to citizens across the globe. Though the diffusion of democratic reform may seem idealistic, once immovable policy can shift. One example reviewed in the chapter is same-sex marriage legalization, which swept through the United States as voters and politicians began to understand the perspectives of individuals and communities who had been denied the right to marry. In Ireland, a deliberative minipublic produced a ballot measure to legalize same-sex marriage that won public backing. The chapter, and book, concludes that democratic reform is possible but will not happen unless the public demands it—citizens, activists, politicians, and academics alike.
Personality Disruption as Mental Torture
Authors: Luban David , Newell Katherine S.
Published: January 2020

This chapter analyzes the interrogation program employed by the CIA on high-value detainees (the so-called Rendition, Detention, and Interrogation or RDI program), and argues that it constitutes mental torture under U.S. law. By extension, the argument applies to any use of similar interrogation methods. Specifically, we show through detailed textual and historical analysis that the RDI program of inducing “learned helplessness” violates the Torture Acts’ prohibition on inflicting prolonged mental harm by procedures “calculated to disrupt profoundly the human personality.” The chapter accomplishes four main things. First, it demonstrates a connection between the RDI program and previous decades’ interrogation research sponsored by the CIA. The program was not an improvisation devised by contract psychologists because the Agency lacked expertise (one of its public claims). Second, it demonstrates that the Torture Statute prohibits the methods devised through this research. Third, it demonstrates the need for a fundamental shift in the way both lawyers and commentators talk about the RDI program: de-emphasizing the short list of “enhanced interrogation techniques” approved in the well-known “torture memos,” and emphasizing instead the larger program of round-the-clock abuse aiming at personality disruption. Finally, it documents these claims with information mined from tens of thousands of pages of declassified government sources.
The HIG Project
Authors: Fallon Mark , Brandon Susan E.
Published: January 2020

When the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) began its interrogation program post-9/11, it adopted tactics developed by the Agency after the Korean Conflict and deployed in Southeast Asia and Latin America during the Cold War. As some of these tactics had become part of military counter-interrogation training, we argue here that none of these tactics were new. In addition, they were based on the false assumption that resistance can be overcome with pain and that once this is achieved, a detainee will provide valid information—contrary to both the science known on September 11, 2001, and to what seasoned military and civilian interrogators argued for at the time. In the wake of this program, the High-Value Detainee Interrogation Group (HIG) was set up at the beginning of the Obama administration with the mandate to develop research to assess the tactics of the 2006 Army Field Manual (comprising all of the approved interrogation approaches and techniques for military and intelligence agencies) and to develop new interrogation methods based on science. The HIG Research Program, in place since 2010, has now produced a robust and public set of findings on rapport-based, information-gathering interrogation tactics based on sound science. We argue that whether these findings will be sufficient to sustain against the naïve assumption that pain makes people talk remains an open question.
What Can Be Asked of Interrogators?
Authors: Skerker Michael
Published: January 2020

This chapter considers how the rights and interests of interrogators should shape interrogation ethics. What can States ask of their police and military interrogators, given that certain interrogation techniques may have lasting moral and psychological effects on practitioners? I reject a prominent theory advocating a complete separation between professional and nonprofessional moral spheres as well as a theory that expects professionals to martyr themselves by using expedient methods even if they are conventionally considered immoral. I develop a theory of professional ethics involving a triangulation among the rights and interests of professionals, their clients, and their “targets.” The chapter applies the preferred standard of professional ethics to different modern interrogation methods. It draws on interviews with over a dozen interrogators to highlight concerns about the emotional toll that certain techniques may have on the interrogator. I conclude with recommendations on how interrogators using modern rapport-based techniques can engage in self-care to avoid compassion fatigue and moral injury.
Calvinism and Literature
Authors: Sweetnam Mark S.
Published: January 2020

Calvinists wrote indefatigably, flooding early modern Europe with sermons and commentaries, theological treatises and works of polemic. But for some critics, early modern Calvinism has seemed fundamentally inimical to the production of literature in any form. These views have retreated in the face of recent work, which has highlighted—or, at any rate, acknowledged—the Calvinism of some significant authors. These efforts have been most sustained where the poetry of John Donne and George Herbert is concerned. The critical history of these two poets provides us with an excellent, if not altogether encouraging, case study in the search for a Calvinist poetic.
Calvinism and Visual Culture: The Art of Evasion
Authors: Vanhaelen Angela
Published: January 2020

This chapter considers the seeming impossibility of reconciling Reformed interdictions with a burgeoning of the arts. Pictures proliferated in post-Reformation Europe. In spite—or perhaps because—of Reformed Protestant prohibitions, the visual arts flourished even in places that embraced Calvinism, with its noted distrust of the image. In the Dutch Republic, for instance, the Reformed faith was adopted as the public confession, yet a lively and prosperous art market was a dominant feature of the so-called Golden Age of cultural and economic vibrancy. The central claim of this chapter is that Calvinism generated an art of evasion and, in so doing, it brought about significant—and often unanticipated—changes to cultural life.
Calvinism and Moral Discipline
Authors: Murdock Graeme
Published: January 2020

The exercise of discipline was a central feature of Reformed religious life. A culture of moral discipline was not simply imposed from above by clergy and elders on passive or resentful communities. Especially in areas where joining a church was not merely a matter of obeying state laws, we need to account for the enduring popular appeal of Reformed ideals of moral renewal. Synods, clergy, and elders certainly held much greater power than ordinary church members in determining the culture of moral discipline in Reformed societies. However, in the work of consistories we find informal processes of negotiation over the limits of acceptable behavior and appropriate sanctions against offenders. This chapter explores evidence from one French community to examine the role of clergy, consistories, and congregations in the culture of Reformed moral discipline.
Foundations of the Behavioralist Approach to Comparative Participant Observation
Authors: Sánchez-Jankowski Martín , Abramson Corey M.
Published: January 2020

The specter of positivism looms large in both the discussion and the practice of sociological research. Ethnographic traditions such as grounded theory and the extended case method have long emphasized how their approaches provide a critical alternative to the typically quantitative approaches grounded in the conventional scientific tradition (CST) descendent from positivism. In contrast, this chapter takes a different approach by showing how and why an approach to participant observation drawing on behavioralist principles serves a necessary and irreducible role in the realist variable-based approach that has succeeded positivism as the standard for mainline social science. However, addressing CST concerns about validity, generalization, and replication involves more than a symbolic gesture toward these issues or critiques of other methods. Participant observers must employ a rigorous approach to multisite sampling, leverage comparison, and employ reproducible observational techniques to systematically analyze continuity and variation in human behavior. While acknowledging that this can be difficult in the current intellectual environment, this chapter argues that the payoff is substantial—when done well this form of ethnography provides unparalleled resources for observing causal mechanisms in situ, producing robust models that link micro-, meso-, and macro-level social processes, and reducing inferential error in explanations of behavioral patterns.
Comparative Ethnographic Views of Social Structure
Authors: Cicourel Aaron V.
Published: January 2020

The concept of micro social structure is viewed as a level of predication requiring explicit reference to specific knowledge processes and memory systems initiated and sustained by conscious and unconscious contacts with self and others, including verbal and nonverbal observation of daily life settings. Communal life is enabled by micro-level, affective, cognitive, analogical, and relational reasoning; different types of communicative events; and taken-for-granted normative and tacit knowledge. “Macro social structure” refers to large or enlarged complex forms of organization activities: sociocultural, political-economic, sociohistorical, aggregated micro, behavioral, communicative actions essential for eliciting demographic, sample-survey, and archival historical data that ignores tacit, micro-level phenomena—that is, real-time, real-life, conscious episodic and unconscious procedural memory, colloquial language use, gestural events, documented elicitation procedures, and mundane forms of communal daily life. This chapter examines observed and recorded, moment-to-moment, negotiated elements of behavioral outpatient clinical medicine as it emerges in situated, ethnographic settings. One goal of this chapter is to clarify the micro of the concept of cognitive overload, a cognitive/behavioral obstacle inherent in all communicative, socially organized ecological settings. Participant observation data leverages the temporal and situational comparisons of the method required for the study and explanation of micro social structure. Thus micro social structure is essential for understanding the normative, socially organized, institutionalized macro, complex activities called medical clinics, and hospital settings embedded in abstract meso-structures, such as macro-economic systems.
A Dialog with Aaron Cicourel on Comparative Ethnography
Authors: Cicourel Aaron V. , Abramson Corey M.
Published: January 2020

In this chapter, eminent ethnographer and cognitive sociologist Aaron Cicourel shares insights gleaned from using ethnographic methods for the past six decades. In conversation with Corey Abramson, Cicourel addresses a number of important issues about both the practice of comparative ethnography and the academic contexts in which it takes place. Cicourel argues for attentiveness to an often-overlooked strength of comparative ethnography—the way cross-site ethnographic comparisons can be used to chart not just variation, but comparatively invariant aspects of human behavior in a way that captures real-time, localized behavior and language use. Cicourel explains how his approach consequently draws upon diverse traditions ranging from cognitive linguistics to behavioral ecology to produce a more integrated form of comparative sociology that encompasses multiple levels of social and physical reality. In the process, Cicourel proceeds to voice his current position on topics including approaches to comparison, ecological validity and levels of analysis, language use, the historical connection of his approach to ethnomethodology, team science in contemporary academia, analogical and digital approaches to inquiry, the role of theory, and what he hopes future ethnographers will learn from his career.
Socially Undocumented
Authors: Reed-Sandoval Amy
Published: January 2020

What does it really mean to “be undocumented,” particularly in the contemporary United States? Political philosophers, policymakers and others often define the term “undocumented migrant” legalistically—that is, in terms of lacking legal authorization to live and work in one’s current country of residence. Socially Undocumented: Identity and Immigration Justice challenges such a pure “legalistic understanding” by arguing that being undocumented should not always be conceptualized along such lines. To be socially undocumented, it argues, is to possess a real, visible, and embodied social identity that does not always track one’s actual legal status in the United States. By integrating a descriptive/phenomenological account of socially undocumented identity with a normative/political account of how the oppression with which it is associated ought to be dealt with as a matter of social justice, this book offers a new vision of immigration ethics. It addresses concrete ethical challenges associated with immigration, such as the question of whether open borders are morally required, the militarization of the Mexico-U.S. border, the perilous journey that many Mexican and Central American migrants undertake to get to the United States, the difficult experiences of many socially undocumented women who cross U.S. borders to seek prenatal care while pregnant, and more.
Pregnant and Socially Undocumented
Authors: Reed-Sandoval Amy
Published: January 2020

This chapter employs the tools of ethnography and philosophical analysis to develop a descriptive account of female, socially undocumented embodiment. It explores the first-person narratives of “pregnant border-crossings” offered in ethnographic interviews conducted with many Mexican women who, while living in Mexico, crossed the Mexico-U.S. border to seek prenatal care and give birth in the United States, thereby securing U.S. citizenship for their children. It argues that for pregnant, socially undocumented people, the embodied, class-based elements of socially undocumented identity are particularly (and perhaps even inescapably) pronounced. For even a pregnant, middle-class, socially undocumented body seems indicative of what Bourdieu described as laisser aller—“letting oneself go”—causing pregnant, middle-class socially undocumented women to be “read” by immigration enforcement as belonging to a lower class-bracket. Thus, it is argued that the pregnant, socially undocumented women may be the most “illegalized” of all socially undocumented subjects in the United States.
Conclusion
Authors: Reed-Sandoval Amy
Published: January 2020

This chapter identifies four ways in which the descriptive, phenomenological account of socially undocumented identity offered over the course of these chapters shifts our focus in terms of the ethics of immigration. They include (1) a focus on oppression; (2) an employment of philosophical resources for understanding how social identities operate in the pursuit of immigration justice; (3) a focus on the perspectives and organizing activities of socially undocumented people themselves; and (4) a reframing of the philosophical “open borders debate” in light of the realities of socially undocumented oppression (as discussed in Chapters 6 and 7). Second, it offers a series of proposals for combating socially undocumented oppression as a matter of relational egalitarian justice.
Lost Voices
Authors: Meizel Katherine
Published: January 2020

Chapter 8 discusses the implications of voice loss. The experience of loss when a professional singing voice is disrupted is entangled not only in the expressive and embodied nature of vocality but also in neoliberalism, in which labor and its value are understood as core components of identity. In a neoliberally grounded music industry, losing a voice can feel like losing one’s value, and like a devastating loss of identity. The chapter focuses on the idea of voice loss as a personal loss of control, through trauma, disability, or illness, and examines the ways in which individual singers negotiate that loss. The author also discusses experiences of chronic illness, including her own, and other singers’ experiences of loss that have impacted their voices.
Introduction
Authors: Armour-Garb Bradley , Kroon Frederick
Published: January 2020

This volume aims to provide an indication of how the discussion of fictionalism has advanced over the past ten to fifteen years, in particular since the publication in 2005 of Mark Kalderon’s Fictionalism in Metaphysics. But the rise of fictionalism as a trend in metaontology raises a fundamental concern: Is fictionalism more than just a loose collection of ideas? How precisely should philosophers understand fictionalism? This introduction prepares readers for diving into the remainder of the volume by first confronting the question of how best to understand the idea of fictionalism and then providing brief summaries of the chapters.
Should the Mathematical Fictionalist Be a Moral Fictionalist, Too?
Authors: Leng Mary
Published: January 2020

On the face of it, the same motivations that lead some philosophers to adopt mathematical fictionalism seem also to push in the direction of moral fictionalism. In particular, to the extent that mathematical fictionalists are motivated by epistemological concerns about our ability to know truths about abstract mathematical objects, one might expect them to be similarly worried about our ability to know “queer” moral facts. However, the author argues that existing versions of moral fictionalism fare less well than existing versions of mathematical fictionalism in answering two key questions for fictionalists about a domain D, (1) what is it that the D-discourse is being used to do, and (2) why should we expect D-talk to be useful in this way if we do not believe our D-claims to be true? The author closes by presenting considerations that suggest that the combination of mathematical fictionalism with moral realism might be motivated on naturalist grounds.
Folk Stories
Authors: Bourne Craig , Caddick Bourne Emily
Published: January 2020

Close attention to the nature of fiction reveals a number of issues which bear on mental fictionalism, here understood as a view that proposes a fictionalist treatment of folk psychology. After sketching a few such issues, the chapter unearths difficulties for a figurative fictionalist approach, concentrating on Adam Toon’s recent attempt to understand folk psychology in terms of Kendall Walton’s notion of prop-oriented make-believe and its relationship to metaphor. But while attention to the nature of fiction creates obstacles for those sympathetic to mental fictionalism, it also suggests opportunities. Utilizing a distinction between being true in a fiction and being true to a story, the chapter sketches the beginnings of a brand of mental “storyism” that departs from mental fictionalism but may do justice to some fictionalist ambitions. Finally, it is suggested that attention to the nature of fiction offers a potential new solution to the so-called “fictionalist suicide” problem.
Weibo of China
Authors: Sun Huatong
Published: January 2020

This chapter studies the design case of Weibo from China and explores how a local social media service, which at first was regarded as a copycat of a Silicon Valley technology, arose in the Chinese social media market and beat its Western competitor on Wall Street with its culturally sensitive design features. It reviews Weibo’s two stages of development to explore the complicacy of technology design and the dynamic and dialogical structuring process behind the formation of a technological genre for microblogging. Through the case, it unpacks three sensitizing concepts of the culturally localized user engagement and empowerment (CLUE2) framework for coming up with empowering global designs: a genre of technology as normative and performative practice, a dialogic model of communication, and hybridity as creative mixing for empowerment. Together they outline a pathway to connect the macro and the micro in cross-cultural design: A rhetorical genre view helps us to see how a culturally sustaining technology functions as a technological genre, instantiating both normative and performative practice as local uptakes. The local uptake develops and evolves by following a dialogic model of communication in design practices to generate new meanings and produce new practices, and it forms through the process of hybridization as a creative mixing for agency. Various local uptakes make up an open, globally networked technology assemblage with dialogic relations flowing between.
Alien Experience
Authors: Tumulty Maura
Published: January 2020

If I were a better human being, that person’s voice wouldn’t sound so shrill to me. Many of us may have had such thoughts. They give voice to the worrying intuition that if we were less affected by sexism and racism, or better at keeping our tempers, our fellow humans would look and sound differently to us. Alien Experience argues that we should take this sense of unease seriously. It is as philosophically significant as our unease over desires or fears that we disown. Making sense of this unease requires us to re-think the relation between experiences and standing commitments; to re-consider what we mean by self-control; and to attend to empirical questions about perception, attention, and tacit cognition. Alien Experience contests the assumption that while we may be answerable (morally, ethically, legally) for our attitudes and emotions, we are not answerable, at least not in any interesting way, for our perceptions and sensations. That assumption is threaded through debates in the philosophy of mind, moral psychology, and ethics, but it leads to a flattened view of the ways experiences are related to agency. Recognizing that we in fact can be alienated from our experiences leads us to a more nuanced view of agency, and helps us appreciate distinctive opportunities for self-improvement.
Paths to Alienation
Authors: Tumulty Maura
Published: January 2020

We can feel alienated from a perception of another person when we suspect we are somehow failing to perceive that person properly. The connection of alienation to moral self-reproach is easy to see in such cases. But it is also possible to be alienated from experiences of non-human targets, such as buildings or natural landscapes. And it turns out moral self-reproach plays a role in those cases, too. Exploring experiences of non-human targets helps reveal how we can be alienated from experiences in which we aren’t, strictly speaking, misperceiving the target of our experience at all. It also helps clarify the role of distinctively moral self-reproach, as against self-reproach of other types, in driving alienation.
Ambedkar on Political Humility and Challenging Political Arrogance
Authors: Cabrera Luis
Published: January 2020

This chapter situates an initial presentation of humility and arrogance in the context of Ambedkar’s lifelong struggle against the “arrogance and selfishness” of a caste system. It contrasts Gandhi’s calls for the mostly voluntary abolition of practices of untouchability with Ambedkar’s institutional emphasis. Ambedkar sought the establishment of relatively strongly empowered democratic institutions affirming political equality for all persons, and electoral and other reservations for deeply excluded groups such as Dalits. Some recent psychological and philosophical literature is surveyed on personal and political humility, with the latter understood as an acknowledgment of the equal standing of others within political institutions, openness to input and challenge from them, and an intellectual modesty about the finality of one’s own views or judgments. Ambedkar’s own evolving conceptions of political humility are then presented, in ideals of fraternity, Deweyan social endosmosis, and the Buddhist maitri.
Public Ignorance and Democratic Technocracy
Authors: Friedman Jeffrey
Published: January 2020

It is usually thought that the “typical voter’s” well-documented ignorance of public affairs is explained by the low incentive to inform oneself about them, given the high odds against one’s vote making a difference. This theory cannot withstand either logical or empirical scrutiny. A better theory is that citizen-technocrats are unaware that they need much information if they are to make intelligent technocratic decisions, due to a tacit acceptance of a simple-society ontology—according to which social problems are straightforwardly diagnosed and solved by people with good intentions. A politics organized around good intentions, however, is unlikely to recognize unintended consequences, let alone prioritize knowledge of them. The upshot of this chapter, then, in conjunction with Chapter 5, is that we face a Hobson’s choice between rule by well-informed but doctrinaire epistocrats and rule by open-minded but ignorant citizen-technocrats.
Introduction
Authors: Charnavel Isabelle
Published: January 2020

This chapter introduces the gist of the exempt anaphora issue. Anaphors are considered to obey locality requirements defined by Condition A of Binding Theory. But some instances of anaphors (exempt anaphors) seem to escape them and further differ from plain anaphors by licensing split antecedents, triggering strict readings and freely alternating with pronouns. Four types of solutions have been proposed: Condition A must be redefined to incorporate exempt anaphors; exempt anaphors undergo LF-movement to the domain of their antecedent, thus covertly obeying Condition A; exempt anaphors are in fact pronouns with specific interpretive properties; Condition A only concerns anaphors in co-argumental positions. But these solutions face methodological and theoretical issues: how to empirically distinguish between plain and exempt anaphors; and how to uniformly account for plain and exempt anaphors without postulating homophony. This book proposes an inanimacy-based strategy and the logophoric A-binder hypothesis to solve these issues.
The Logophoric A-Binder Hypothesis
Authors: Charnavel Isabelle
Published: January 2020

This chapter defends a new analysis of exempt anaphors based on logophoric A-binding. The reduction of exempt to plain anaphors results from the presence of a logophoric operator in their spellout domain, which provides an A-binder: the subject of this operator, a covert logophoric pronoun syntactically representing the local logophoric center, locally binds exempt anaphors, which are thereby interpreted as logophoric. This hypothesis is supported by exhaustive coreference constraints on co-occurring exempt anaphors, which shows that they must be exhaustively bound by a local binder; the illusion of split or partial antecedence is due to the fact that their implicit binder need not be exhaustively bound. Although it is inspired by previous hypotheses, the logophoric A-binder hypothesis improves upon them by locating the source of difference between plain and exempt anaphors in their binders: it thus derives all properties distinguishing exempt from plain anaphors while reducing exempt to plain anaphors.
Landscape, Feasting, and Ancestors in the Burial Tradition of Mycenaean Rhodes
Authors: Georgiadis Mercourios
Published: January 2020

The number and character of the Mycenaean cemeteries found on Rhodes have allowed a thorough analysis of its burial tradition. The chamber tombs and their contents seem to have been canonical Mycenaean according to the Greek mainland examples, but recent research has highlighted significant regional idiosyncrasies. There is a symbolic interrelation between the tombs’ orientation and the surrounding landscape, which was a regional phenomenon. Furthermore, within the cemeteries the secondary burials appear to be very common and often the dominant practice. In this context the offerings in the tombs are of particular interest since they diverge from others in mainland Greece. The preference for drinking and eating vessels reveals a symbolic role attributed to feasting in relation to the afterlife beliefs. This can be combined with the role of the landscape and the secondary burial tradition within the Rhodian funerary framework. Feasting seems to be symbolically linked through ritual acts in the process of turning the deceased to an anonymous ancestor. The current analysis will trace the messages transmitted through this practice for the afterlife beliefs as much as for the sociopolitical conditions of this period on the island. Hence, a better understanding of the idiosyncratic funerary tradition and the development of the regional character of Mycenaean Rhodes will be demonstrated.
Middle Minoan III—Late Minoan IIIB Tombs and Funerary Practices in South-Central Crete
Authors: Girella Luca
Published: January 2020

This chapter explores the funerary data of South-Central Crete, with particular consideration of Western Mesara, in the Neopalatial, Final, and early Postpalatial period (16th–13th century bc). Previous studies have focused mostly on tomb types and categories of funerary artifacts, while there has been a lack of a broader analysis that explores aspects of mortuary data at different temporal levels. By drawing together the evidence derived from tombs architecture, burial assemblages, and cemeteries distribution, this chapter aims to reconstruct the cultural and political changes that occurred in this part of the island during the period corresponding to the ceramic phases LM I to LM IIIB. In particular, the transformation during the constitution of the second Palatial period and the marginal role of funerary rituals, the introduction of mainland-derived mortuary symbolisms during the hegemony of Knossos, and the decline of mortuary ostentation after the collapse of Knossian power are discussed.
Debating the Nature of the Young Republic in Song
Authors: Lohman Laura
Published: January 2020

Americans used music to disseminate competing concepts of republicanism during Washington’s second term as president. As the unfolding French Revolution accelerated Americans’ engagement with the debate over aristocracy versus equality, Americans increasingly choose the medium of music to voice their political opposition. While Federalists perceived democracy as something to be curtailed, their emerging Republican opponents advocated active public participation in politics and “universal principles” of liberty and equality. Republicans challenged the Federalists’ fundamental premise that the people must defer to the wisdom of elected officials drawn from the elite. In song, Americans voiced their political opposition through a cosmopolitan language of natural rights inspired by Thomas Paine and resisted growing British influence. Federalists launched a counterattack by connecting Republican opposition to unlawful, violent rebellion.
Conclusion
Authors: Lohman Laura
Published: January 2020

This conclusion traces how early American political music was used throughout the nineteenth century. While political music in the early nation was often ephemeral, some of it proved surprisingly durable. Not only were songs from the early national period still performed, printed, and compiled in the following decades, but their melodies were used to carry new lyrics responding to later political developments. At times, early American political music was adapted and repurposed for sectional and election purposes. Focusing on the example of Joseph Hopkinson’s “Hail Columbia,” this conclusion highlights how political music created in the early American republic was circulated in song collections, performed on varied occasions, and used to create new music through the end of the nineteenth century.
The Global Politics of Maternality
Authors: Weissman Anna L. , Hall Lucy B.
Published: January 2020

This chapter emphasizes that motherhood matters in global politics. Beginning from the position that the institution of motherhood is complicated and constructed in diverse ways across diverse settings, the chapter traces the work and influence of feminist contributions to the theorizing of motherhood and maternity to explore the ways in which practices of global politics shape and are shaped by the institution of motherhood. Calling attention to the increasing and at times deadly infringements on women’s reproductive rights across the globe, the chapter explains the role of reproduction as central to the site of maternity and motherhood, negotiating the relationship between women, reproductive bodies, and the state, and how the gendered logics of war frequently rely on maternal imagery, discourse, and representation. The chapter concludes with a description of the volume’s three sections and individual chapter contributions.
Celebrity Global Motherhood
Authors: Bergman Rosamond Annika
Published: January 2020

This chapter centers on global motherhood, a conceptual label that defines the ethical underpinnings of female celebrities’ undertakings beyond borders. The analysis of global motherhood is located within the ethics of care, noting that global expressions of care ethics are useful for thinking through celebrities’ maternal practices beyond borders. The research focuses on the maternal practices and discourses of Cate Blanchett (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees [UNHCR] Goodwill Ambassador since 2016) and Angelina Jolie (UNHCR Special Envoy since 2012), in particular their tendency to relate to refugees through their personal experiences as mothers, their sense of cosmopolitan obligation, and the racial implications of their global engagements. The chapter advances the argument that cosmopolitan thought is abstract, is gendered, and prioritizes men’s moral reasoning rather than women’s ethical stories and experiences. Nonetheless, cosmopolitanism can provide fertile ground for studying celebrity humanitarianism because celebrities themselves resort to cosmopolitan-inflected language in describing their activism. Moreover, the study of the other-regarding acts of individual celebrities can reduce the abstraction inherent in cosmopolitanism. These arguments are sustained through a discursive analysis of texts that center on celebrity global motherhood, as performed by Angelina Jolie and Cate Blanchett in the area of refugee policy.
The Kleptocracy Kings
Authors: Gillies Alexandra
Published: January 2020

Chapter 4 traces into the umbilical tie between kleptocratic regimes and their oil and describes how the industry helps keep them alive. The leaders of Angola, Azerbaijan, and Russia used their booming oil industries to strengthen their political positions. Thanks to their long-term horizons and monopolies on power, they nurtured the oil sector while also strategically milking it for political and personal purposes. Above all else, they channeled the oil boom windfall toward their allies, making sure that the riches only fattened the pockets of oligarchs loyal to the regime.
The Parietal Lobes
Authors: Coolidge Frederick L.
Published: January 2020

This chapter discusses the parietal lobes, whose primary function is to gather and integrate sensory information to aid the motor cortex in appropriate movements. Damage to the parietal regions in humans often produces a type of agnosia, where patients misidentify their fingers or body parts. The parietal lobes may have expanded in Homo sapiens compared with Neandertals, and this expansion may have occurred within the last 100,000 years. The intraparietal sulcus has, among its many functions, numerosity, which is an appreciation of numbers. The IPS may have groups of neurons or even single neurons that respond to symbolic and nonsymbolic numbers. The supramarginal gyrus plays a major role in inner speech, phonological storage, and emotional processing. The angular gyrus plays a major role in mathematical operations and may serve an important role in 15 other higher cognitive functions. The precuneus is a critical region for episodic memory, Baddeley’s visuospatial sketchpad, and self- and other-representations. The posterior portion of the cingulate cortex is the retrosplenial cortex, which translates egocentric spatial and allocentric spatial viewpoints. This translational responsibility was critical in evolution of hominin navigation. The constructive simulation hypothesis proposes that the episodic memory system may have evolved not for perfect scenario recall but for the ability to manipulate past events for future successes. The parietal lobes are an important part of the default mode network of the brain. The default mode network is active when a human or nonhuman primate is resting and not engaged in a specific mental activity.
The Temporal Lobes
Authors: Coolidge Frederick L.
Published: January 2020

One of the major adaptations of the temporal lobes is the storage and application of meanings to sounds. With the evolution of primates and later hominins, the temporal lobes became exapted for protolanguage and, later, fully modern recursive language. Language evolved through natural selection for communication. This chapter presents the hypothesis that a recent beneficent genetic event increased working memory and phonological storage capacity, allowing the release of recursive phrasing, a prerequisite for use of the subjunctive mode. The evolution of language may have been influenced by gossip, which served to keep cheaters in check in larger social groups. Freud proposed that jokes may have arisen to relieve aggressive and sexual tensions, and others have proposed that incongruent jokes may have emerged to reduce the probability of being surprised. The evolution of humor may be related to creativity; humor production and receptivity differences have been demonstrated in men and women, which may be correlated to mating strategies.
Paleopsychopathology
Authors: Coolidge Frederick L.
Published: January 2020

Paleopsychopathology is the study of mental problems and mental diseases that may have increased relative fitness in the ancestral environment but do not enhance fitness in the present environment. Some present pathologies (like Huntington’s chorea) may not have had any adaptive value in the ancestral environment, as some genetic disorders’ onset occurred well after what would have been prime reproductive years in the ancestral environment. Some psychopathologies may not have been advantageous in and of themselves, but either their polygenic basis or proximity to important genes may have given rise to successful adaptive phenotypes. For example, the location for the genes for schizophrenia are associated with the coding for immunity genes and creativity. Some personality disorders may have been adaptive in the ancestral environment because of their benefits in navigating social hierarchies. The evolution of an array of emotions may have also benefitted successful navigation in social groups.
Opening the window
Authors: Andersson Nils
Published: January 2020

This chapter provides a brief survey of gravitational-wave astronomy, including the recent recent breakthrough detection. It sets the stage for the rest of the book via simple back-of-the-envelope estimates for different sets of sources. The chapter also describes the first detection of a black hole merger (GW150914) as well as the first observed neutron star binary event (GW170817) and introduces some of the ideas required to understand these breakthroughs.
From black holes to stars and the Universe at large
Authors: Andersson Nils
Published: January 2020

This chapter discusses relevant solutions to Einstein’s field equations, describing black holes, neuotrn stars, and the evolution of the Universe. It provides a brief introduction to relativistic fluid dynamics, including an exploration of the weak-field (Newtonian) limit.
Spinning stars and cosmic recycling
Authors: Andersson Nils
Published: January 2020

This chapter considers the relevance of rotating stars as gravitational-wave sources, introducing the notion of a deformed spinning star and estimating the associated gravitational-wave strength through the quadrupole formula. The estimates are compared to the observed spin-down rate for the Crab Pulsar, providing a first idea of how faint these signals are likely to be. Additional physics that must be considered for accreting systems is introduced and a simple model for the spin–orbit evolution of such systems is outlined.
Mining the data
Authors: Andersson Nils
Published: January 2020

This chapter introduces the ideas used in gravitational-wave data analysis, starting from matched filtering and building up to Bayesian inference analysis. Key concepts like the signal-to-noise ratio are defined and their use in actual searches is demonstrated by examples.
The stellar graveyard
Authors: Andersson Nils
Published: January 2020

This chapter introduces the different classes of compact objects—white dwarfs, neutron stars, and black holes—that are relevant for gravitational-wave astronomy. The ideas are placed in the context of developing an understanding of the likely endpoint(s) of stellar evolution. Key ideas like Fermi gases and the Chandrasekhar mass are discussed, as is the emergence of general relativity as a cornerstone of astrophysics in the 1950s. Issues associated with different formation channels for, in particular, black holes are considered. The chapter ends with a discussion of the supermassive black holes that are found at the centre of galaxies.
Towards the extreme
Authors: Andersson Nils
Published: January 2020

The main aspects of neutron star physics are discussed, including the problem of determing the equation of state from first principles (using a simple matter model as example). Available observational constraints on mass and radius are considered. The effect of rotation is considered and the impact of superfluidity (manifesting itself in terms of pulsar glitches) is discussed.
Building mountains
Authors: Andersson Nils
Published: January 2020

Different ways of generating continuous gravitational waves from a deformed rotating neutron star are discussed, starting with the physics of the neutron star crust and the modelling of elasticity and strain. A summary of observational constraints is provided. The role of the star’s interior magnetic field is considered. Accreting systems are explored and notion of precessing stars is discussed.
Colliding black holes
Authors: Andersson Nils
Published: January 2020

The standard approaches to numerical simulations in general relativity are introduced, starting with the 3+1 formalism. General computational issues are discussed and the problem of providing relevant initial data for simulations is touched upon. Different slicing conditions and the extraction of wave from a numerical simualtions are discussed. The developments through to successful simulations of merging black holes are surveyed.
Anatomy of a merger
Authors: Andersson Nils
Published: January 2020

This chapter discusses the different stages of an inspiralling neutron star binary system, through the formation of a black hole and the possible emergence of a gamma-ray burst. Tidal effects and the information encoded in the so-called Love numbers are explored. The violent dynamics of the merger is considered and models of gamma-ray bursts and the late time kilonova emission are also explored.
The Problems of Legal Philosophy
Authors: Ross Alf
Published: January 2020

This chapter identifies the only perspective that can make the doctrinal study of law compatible with the methodology of empirical science. The chapter begins with a brief survey of the themes and trends in current ‘legal philosophical’ literature. It considers how the ‘nature’ of law poses a constant and fundamental problem to ‘legal philosophy’, and then analyses the concept of ‘scientifically valid law’ in accordance with the methodology of empirical science. Using the analogy of studying chess and chess rules, a behaviourist approach is considered and rejected. Instead, the chapter proposes the adoption of an ‘introspective method’ to the scientific study of validity. It is argued that when adopted in a ‘norm-descriptive’ and not a ‘norm-expressive’ way, introspection is philosophically acceptable and compatible with empirical science. This is followed by an overview of the branches of legal science. It is argued that legal philosophy is concerned with jurisprudential problems but in a different spirit than the way in which jurisprudence itself is. Legal philosophy does not aspire towards ‘solving’ these problems but merely seeks to analyse them with reference to implicit logical premises. Legal philosophy is not part of positive legal science but a discipline which is independent from it, and with specific problems and a specific method.