bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anisotropic suppression of octahedral breathing distortion with the fully strained BaBiO3/BaCeO3 heterointerface
Authors: Lee Han Gyeol , Kim Rokyeon , Kim Jinkwon , Kim Minu , Kim Tae Heon , Lee Shinbuhm , Noh Tae Won
Published: January 2018

While the physiochemical effects of octahedral tilting and rotating distortions have been studied extensively, octahedral breathing distortion (OBD) at heterointerfaces has rarely been explored. Here, we investigated OBD in fully strained BaBiO3 (BBO) epitaxial films by making a new type of oxide heterointerface with non-breathing BaCeO3 epitaxial films. The integration of first-principles calculations with experimental observations of optical spectroscopy revealed that the oxygen displacement modes in BBO became disordered within six unit cells at the heterointerface and the surface. Controlling OBD in perovskite oxide thin films provides a means to exploit emerging material properties.
Thickness dependence of electrical conductivity and thermo-electric power of Bi2.0Te2.7Se0.3/Bi0.4Te3.0Sb1.6 thermo-electric devices
Authors: Liao M.-H. , Huang K.-C. , Tsai F.-A. , Liu C.-Y. , Lien C. , Lee M.-H.
Published: January 2018

The electrical and thermo-electric (TE) properties of the bismuth telluride (BiTe) -based two-dimensional (2D) thermoelectric (TE) devices with different thin film thicknesses are analyzed systematically. The studied thin film thicknesses are covered from 100 nm to 400 nm. The accurate measured systems for the Seebeck coefficient (S) and electrical conductivity (σ) extractions are also built up in this work. When the thickness of the BiTe-based thin film in the TE device is scaled from 400 nm to 100 nm, the occurred optimized temperature (T) for the highest S value in these devices is found to be shifted from 60°C to 100°C. On the other hand, the best σ is observed in the thinner (100 nm) BiTe-based thin film devices under the higher T (130°C). Based on the understanding of S and σ values, the power factor and the figure of merit (ZT) – i.e., the ability of a TE material to efficiently produce electricity – are also investigated further. Compared with the commercial bulk BiTe TE device, we demonstrate that the ZT value can be improved ∼50% with the thinner (100 nm) BiTe-based thin film devices in the higher T (>100°C) region.
GaN/AlGaN photonic crystal narrowband thermal emitters on a semi-transparent low-refractive-index substrate
Authors: Kang Dongyeon Daniel , Inoue Takuya , Asano Takashi , Noda Susumu
Published: January 2018

We demonstrate a GaN/AlGaN photonic crystal thermal emitter supported by a semi-transparent low-refractive-index substrate for mid-wavelength infrared operation. The employment of the substrate increases the mechanical strength of the photonic crystal, and enables the fabrication of a large-area thermal emitter for high power operation. First, we numerically investigate the control of emission spectra of the GaN/AlGaN photonic crystal thermal emitters and found that nearly single-peak emission in the normal direction can be realized in spite of the lower and asymmetric refractive index contrast due to the existence of the substrate. Then we fabricate a GaN/AlGaN thermal emitter with an area of 3.4 mm × 3.4 mm on a sapphire substrate, and experimentally demonstrate narrowband thermal emission with a Q factor of 101 and an emission power of 25 mW/μm/sr at 800°C.
An improved non-equilibrium model for the ignition of living fuel
Authors: Lamorlette A. , El Houssami M. , Morvan D.
Published: January 2018

This paper deals with the modelling of living fuel ignition, suggesting that an accurate description using a multiphase formulation requires consideration of a thermal disequilibrium within the vegetation particle, between the solid (wood) and the liquid (sap). A simple model at particle scale is studied to evaluate the flux distribution between phases in order to split the net flux on the particles into the two sub-phases. An analytical solution for the split function is obtained from this model and is implemented in ForestFireFOAM, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) solver dedicated to vegetation fire simulations, based on FireFOAM. Using this multiphase formulation, simulations are run and compared with existing data on living fuel flammability. The following aspects were considered: fuel surface temperature, ignition, flaming combustion time, mean and peak heat release rate (HRR). Acceptable results were obtained, suggesting that the thermal equilibrium might not be an acceptable assumption to properly model ignition of living fuel.
Effect of Ni interlayer on characteristics of diffusion bonded Mg/Al joints
Authors: Yin Fuxing , Liu Canchun , Zhang Yongguang , Qin Yanfang , Liu Ning
Published: January 2018

Magnesium and aluminium were joined through diffusing bonding with a Ni interlayer prepared by plasma spraying for the first time. Examination of the microstructure and phase constitution of interfacial regions indicated that Mg–Al reaction was successfully prevented in the presence of the Ni interlayer. With the elevation of temperature, a reaction layer of Mg2Ni intermetallic was formed at Mg/Ni interface but few Al–Ni intermetallic was generated at Al/Ni interface. The mechanical test results showed that the tensile strength of the Mg/Al joint was substantially improved compared to that of the direct joint of Mg and Al. A maximum value of 5.8 MPa was obtained at 420°C for the joint with Ni interlayer.
Cell-free TXTL synthesis of infectious bacteriophage T4 in a single test tube reaction
Authors: Rustad Mark , Eastlund Allen , Jardine Paul , Noireaux Vincent
Published: January 2018

The bottom-up construction of biological entities from genetic information provides a broad range of opportunities to better understand fundamental processes within living cells, as well as holding great promise for the development of novel biomedical applications. Cell-free transcription–translation (TXTL) systems have become suitable platforms to tackle such topics because they recapitulate the process of gene expression. TXTL systems have advanced to where the in vitro construction of viable, complex, self-assembling deoxyribonucleic acid-programmed biological entities is now possible. Previously, we demonstrated the cell-free synthesis of three bacteriophages from their genomes: MS2, ΦX174, T7. In this work, we present the complete synthesis of the phage T4 from its 169-kbp genome in one-pot TXTL reactions. This achievement, for one of the largest coliphages, demonstrates the integration of complex gene regulation, metabolism and self-assembly, and brings the bottom-up synthesis of biological systems to a new level.
High Risk of Mismatch Between Sanders and Risser Staging in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis: Are We Guiding Treatment Using the Wrong Classification?
Authors: Minkara Anas , Bainton Nicole , Tanaka Masashi , Kung Justin , DeAllie Christopher , Khaleel Alexandra , Matsumoto Hiroko , Vitale Michael , Roye Benjamin
Published: January 2018

Background:

Despite known limitations, Risser staging has traditionally been the primary marker of skeletal maturity utilized in decision-making for treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). The purpose of this study is to assess the incidence and factors associated with mismatch between Risser Staging and Sanders classification, and determine interobserver reliability.

Methods:

We reviewed the medical records of consecutive patients aged 10 to 18 referred to our institution for evaluation of AIS from January to June 2016 with a closed triradiate cartilage. Data collected included sex, age, race, height, weight, body mass index percentile, menarchal status, Risser stage, Sanders classification, and major curve. Risser and Sanders stage was determined by 2 fellowship-trained pediatric spine surgeons and 1 pediatric orthopaedic nurse practitioner. Mismatch was defined as Risser stage 2 to 4 corresponding to Sanders 3 to 5, and Risser 0 to 1 corresponding to Sanders 6 to 7.

Results:

A total of 165 consecutive patients were identified (mean age: 13.9±1.7 y, major curve 28.2±15.4 degrees, 76% female). The risk of skeletal maturity mismatch, based on the criteria of Risser 2 to 5 (limited growth remaining) corresponding to Sanders 3 to 5 (significant growth remaining) was 21.8%, indicating that 1 of 5 patients would be undertreated if managed by Risser criteria. Conversely, the mismatch risk for Risser 0 to 1 corresponding to Sanders 6 to 7 was 3.6%, leading such patients to be treated conservatively longer than necessary. Males and those of Hispanic ethnicity were at a higher risk of mismatch (23.1% vs. 11.9%, P=0.08; 33.3% vs. 8.8%, P=0.04, respectively). Body mass index percentile, race, and major curve were not associated with mismatch. The unweighted and weighted interobserver κ for Risser staging was 0.74 and 0.82, respectively, and 0.86 and 0.91 for Sanders classification, respectively.

Conclusion:

Given the limited sensitivity of Risser staging during peak growth velocity, high mismatch risk, and lower interobserver reliability, the Sanders classification should be utilized to guide treatment options in patients with AIS. Compared with Sanders, utilizing Risser staging results in mistreatment in a total of 1 of 4 patients, with the vast majority being undertreated.

Level of Evidence:

Level II.
Longitudinal Changes in Disc and Retinal Lesions Among Highly Myopic Adolescents in Singapore Over a 10-Year Period
Authors: Wong Yee-Ling , Ding Yang , Sabanayagam Charumathi , Wong Chee-Wai , Verkicharla Pavan , Ohno-Matsui Kyoko , Tan Donald , Yeo Anna Chwee-Hong , Hoang Quan V. , Lamoureux Ecosse , Saw Seang-Mei
Published: January 2018

Objectives:

To examine the progression pattern of disc and retinal lesions in highly myopic Chinese adolescents over a 10-year period in Singapore.

Methods:

This longitudinal study included Chinese participants who showed high myopia (spherical equivalent [SE] worse than or equal to −5 diopters [D]), no history of refractive surgery, and available fundus photographs at both 2006 (baseline) and 2016 (10-year follow-up) visits. Forty-four adolescents (aged 12–16 years at baseline) who were re-examined later at follow-up were included. Cycloplegic refraction, biometry, and fundus photography were performed at both visits. A trained grader classified myopic macular degeneration (MMD) based on the Meta–pathologic myopia classification and disc lesions from fundus photographs. Choroidal thickness (CT) measurements were performed at 10-year follow-up using swept-source optical coherence tomography. The ocular parameters and lesions were compared between baseline and follow-up.

Results:

There was a significant worsening of high myopia at follow-up to −7.5±1.8 D (mean SE±SD) in 2016 versus −6.2±1.3 D in 2006; (P<0.001). The 10-year changes included increased degree of tessellation (26 eyes, 29.5%), development of new tessellated fundus (19 eyes, 21.6%), disc tilt (7 eyes, 8.0%), and expansion of peripapillary atrophy size (33 eyes, 37.5%). Eyes with early-onset tessellation (present at baseline, 48 eyes) showed significantly thinner CT (P<0.05), compared with eyes with late-onset tessellation (incident at 10-year follow-up, 19 eyes). No cases of MMD were recorded at baseline or 10-year follow-up.

Conclusions:

Although there was no incident MMD, the retinal and disc lesions worsened over the follow-up period. Early-onset fundus tessellation was associated with thinner CT.
CapsoCam SV-1 Versus PillCam SB 3 in the Detection of Obscure Gastrointestinal Bleeding
Authors: Zwinger Lilli L. , Siegmund Britta , Stroux Andrea , Adler Andreas , Veltzke-Schlieker Winfried , Wentrup Robert , Jürgensen Christian , Wiedenmann Bertram , Wiedbrauck Felix , Hollerbach Stephan , Liceni Thomas , Bojarski Christian
Published: January 2018

Background and Study Aim:

Newer capsule with a panoramic viewing mode is available and might increase the detection rate of bleeding lesions in patients with obscure gastrointestinal bleeding (OGIB). Furthermore, an improved patient acceptance rate is expected.

Materials and Methods:

In a randomized prospective comparative multicenter study, patients with OGIB were included and examined either with CapsoCam SV-1 or with PillCam SB 3. Detection of bleeding lesions, transit, and evaluation time and adverse events were evaluated. Physicians were interviewed about their experience with both capsules and the evaluation software. A detailed subject questionnaire analyzed acceptance of each capsule. Follow-up was 3 months.

Results:

In total, 181 patients with OGIB were recruited into the study. After exclusion of 28 patients 153 patients were randomized and CapsoCam SV-1 (n=78) or PillCam SB 3 (n=75) was administered. CapsoCam SV-1 detected more cases of bleeding (31/79, diagnostic yield 39.7%) compared with PillCam SB 3 (26/75, diagnostic yield 34.6%, NS). Transit time of both capsules was not different. Evaluation time with PillCam SB 3 was superior to CapsoCam SV-1 (27 vs. 40 min, P=0.01). In total, 95% of the physicians were satisfied with each capsule system and evaluation software. The acceptance rate of the patients to retrieve the CapsoCam SV-1 was high. Adverse events/serious adverse events were 17.9%/1.3% with CapsoCam SV-1 and 16%/0% with PillCam SB 3. Rebleeding rate was 28.75% within 3 months.

Conclusions:

CapsoCam SV-1 detected more lesions; however, relevant bleeding sources were visualized by both capsules. Physician’s satisfaction was high with both capsule systems and evaluation software. Patient’s acceptance with CapsoCam SV-1 was unexpectedly high. Serious adverse events were 0% with PillCam SB 3 and 1.3% with CapsoCam SV-1.
Accretion of a symmetry-breaking scalar field by a Schwarzschild black hole
Authors: Traykova Dina , Braden Jonathan , Peiris Hiranya V.
Published: January 2018

We simulate the behaviour of a Higgs-like field in the vicinity of a Schwarzschild black hole using a highly accurate numerical framework. We consider both the limit of the zero-temperature Higgs potential and a toy model for the time-dependent evolution of the potential when immersed in a slowly cooling radiation bath. Through these numerical investigations, we aim to improve our understanding of the non-equilibrium dynamics of a symmetry-breaking field (such as the Higgs) in the vicinity of a compact object such as a black hole. Understanding this dynamics may suggest new approaches for studying properties of scalar fields using black holes as a laboratory.

This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘Higgs Cosmology’.
Higgs cosmology
Authors: Rajantie Arttu
Published: January 2018

The discovery of the Higgs boson in 2012 and other results from the Large Hadron Collider have confirmed the standard model of particle physics as the correct theory of elementary particles and their interactions up to energies of several TeV. Remarkably, the theory may even remain valid all the way to the Planck scale of quantum gravity, and therefore it provides a solid theoretical basis for describing the early Universe. Furthermore, the Higgs field itself has unique properties that may have allowed it to play a central role in the evolution of the Universe, from inflation to cosmological phase transitions and the origin of both baryonic and dark matter, and possibly to determine its ultimate fate through the electroweak vacuum instability. These connections between particle physics and cosmology have given rise to a new and growing field of Higgs cosmology, which promises to shed new light on some of the most puzzling questions about the Universe as new data from particle physics experiments and cosmological observations become available.

This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘Higgs cosmology’.
A new CdII coordination polymer with a self-penetrating architecture induced by the molecular conformation of a rigid bithiophene ligand
Authors: Ji Ning-Ning , Shi Zhi-Qiang , Hu Hai-Liang
Published: January 2018

The design and synthesis of coordination polymers with a self-penetrating architecture has attracted much interest not only due to their interesting structures but also due to their potential applications. 5,5′-Bis(pyridin-4-yl)-2,2′-bithiophene (bpbp), as a conjugated bithiophene ligand, can exhibit trans and cis conformations and this can lead to the construction of a self-penetrating architecture. In addition, the semi-rigid ancillary ligand 4,4′-oxybis(benzoic acid) (H2oba) can adopt different coordination modes, resulting in coordination polymers with high-dimensional skeletons. A new CdII coordination polymer based on mixed ligands, namely poly[diaquapentakis[μ-5,5′-bis(pyridin-4-yl)-2,2′-bithiophene-κ2
N:N′]bis(nitrato-κ2
O,O′)tetrakis(μ3-4,4′-oxydibenzoato)-κ10
O:O,O′:O′′,O′′′;κ6
O:O′:O′′-pentacadmium(II)], [Cd5(C14H14O5)4(NO3)2(C18H12N2S2)5(H2O)2]
n
, (I), has been synthesized under solvothermal conditions and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, IR spectroscopy and elemental analysis. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction indicates that there are three crystallographically independent CdII cations, three bpbp ligands, two deprotonated oba2− ligands, one nitrate ligand and one coordinated water molecule in the asymmetric unit. One CdII centre is seven-coordinated, exhibiting a distorted {CdN2O5} pentagonal bipyramidal geometry, while the other two Cd centres are both six-coordinated, showing slightly distorted {CdN2O4} octahedral geometries. The most interesting feature is the co-existence of trans and cis conformations in a single net, allowing structural interpenetration via self-threading and yet the expected self-penetrating structure was obtained. Topological analysis shows that the whole three-dimensional framework can be classified as a 3-nodal (4,6,6)-c net with Schläfli symbol {613.82}2{66}, which is a new topology. Furthermore, the luminescence properties of (I) were examined in the solid state at room temperature.
Needs of beneficiaries related to the format and content of food parcels in Ghent, Belgium
Authors: Stepman Elif , Uyttendaele Mieke , De Boeck Elien , Jacxsens Liesbeth
Published: January 2018

Purpose

As food aid is still for a great part dependent upon the donation of food surplus and as the number of persons relying on food charities is increasing, it is important to further investigate which donation system responds best to the needs of the beneficiaries. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the needs regarding the format and content of the food parcels in a selected social service in Ghent, Belgium. The “format” relates to how the food parcels are distributed, the “content” to the usability of the food products and whether additional products currently not offered are required by the beneficiaries.

Design/methodology/approach

The research is based on a qualitative study at a selected food charity in Ghent, using a semi-structured in-depth interview with 30 respondents who receive food parcels.

Findings

The food parcel beneficiaries report the need for freedom of choice regarding the offered food products (format). Fixed food parcels should be avoided. Also a need for more vegetables, milk, fresh (halal) meat and meat products was expressed (content), even though the charity purchased a great deal of additional “standard” food products to provide nutritious and varied food parcels. It should be further investigated whether other donation systems such as social groceries or restaurants meet the needs of the beneficiaries to a greater extent, or whether certain adjustments such as purchasing even more standard food products are possible to uphold.

Originality/value

To the authors’ knowledge this research is one of the first scientific studies addressing the needs of food parcel receivers in Belgium. It forms a basis for investigating which type of food donation answers best to the needs of the beneficiaries in Belgium or in other countries.
Assessment of household food waste in Hungary
Authors: Szabó-Bódi Barbara , Kasza Gyula , Szakos Dávid
Published: January 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to determine and quantify the most dominant types of food waste in Hungarian households and to analyse the effect of demographic background and income as influencing factors.

Design/methodology/approach

Data related to solid and liquid food waste were recorded from 100 households for one week. The study primarily focussed on avoidable food waste, however, unavoidable and potentially avoidable food waste were also measured. Appropriate tools and manual were provided to the households to ensure data consistency.

Findings

Estimated quantity of total food waste (including liquid waste) per capita is 68.04 kg/year. In all, 48.70 per cent of total food waste would have been avoidable (equals to 33.14 kg/capita/year). Most frequently wasted food categories were meals and bakery products. In case of some demographic categories, different wastage levels were observed. It was also confirmed that income has effect on food waste production that varies by foodstuff categories: bakery product waste was mainly dominant for middle income consumers and fresh fruits were typically wasted by more affluent households. Apart from that, higher income resulted in higher food waste production in general.

Practical implications

This primary data set about avoidable food waste in Hungary contributes with relevant information to the refining of international estimates. Having specific data on food wastage and the most affected target groups, as well as information on the impact of the income can be applied in planning awareness raising campaigns.

Originality/value

The research is based on measurement of food waste categories in households resulting in detailed data sets. This study is one of the first investigations based on primary data collection from the eastern part of Central Europe and the very first related to Hungary. The study draws attention also to the influence that household income exerts on the issue of food waste.
Sustainable supplier selection in intuitionistic fuzzy environment: a decision-making perspective
Authors: Sen Dilip Kumar , Datta Saurav , Mahapatra S.S.
Published: January 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to attempt supplier selection considering economic, environmental and social sustainability issues.

Design/methodology/approach

Subjective human judgment bears some kind of vagueness and ambiguity; fuzzy set theory has immense potential to overcome this. Owing to the advantage of intuitionistic fuzzy numbers set over classical fuzzy numbers set; three decision-making approaches have been applied here in intuitionistic fuzzy setting (namely, intuitionistic-TOPSIS, intuitionistic-MOORA and intuitionistic-GRA) to facilitate supplier selection in sustainable supply chain.

Findings

The stated objective of this research “to verify application potential of different decision support systems (in intuitionistic fuzzy setting) in the context of sustainable supplier selection” has been carried out successfully. A case empirical research has been conducted by applying three different decision-making approaches: intuitionistic fuzzy-TOPSIS, intuitionistic fuzzy-MOORA and intuitionistic fuzzy-GRA to an empirical data set of sustainable supplier selection problem. The ranking orders thus obtained through exploration of aforesaid three approaches have been explored and compared.

Originality/value

As compared to generalized fuzzy numbers, intuitionistic fuzzy numbers exhibit a membership degree, a non-membership degree and the extent of hesitation; a better way to capture inconsistency, incompleteness and imprecision of human judgment. Application potential of aforesaid three decision support approaches has been demonstrated in this reporting for a case sustainable supplier selection.
Numerical simulation of Fe3O4-water nanofluid flow in a non-Darcy porous media
Authors: Sheikholeslami M. , Zeeshan A.
Published: January 2018

Purpose

This paper aims to investigate non-Darcy magnetohydrodynamic nanofluid flow in a uniformly porous medium. It is assumed that viscosity of nanofluid (Fe3O4-water) is a function of external magnetic field. Roles of Darcy number, inclination angle, volume fraction of nanofluid, Hartmann and Rayleigh numbers are demonstrated graphically.

Design/methodology/approach

The problem is modeled, and simulation has been done by means of control volume base finite element method.

Findings

Results proved that Nusselt number enhances with augment of buoyancy forces and Darcy number while it decreases with the increase of Lorentz forces. Isotherms become denser near the inner cylinder with increase of inclination angle and the Darcy number.

Originality/value

As per the authors’ knowledge, this problem is new and not been published before.
A new effective viscosity model for nanofluids
Authors: Etaig Saleh , Hasan Reaz , Perera Noel
Published: January 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to present a novel model for predicting the effective viscosity of nanofluids. At present, no unified model exists for the same.

Design/methodology/approach

The present effective viscosity model draws upon the regression analysis of carefully selected published papers covering experimental, numerical and theoretical findings.

Findings

Unlike some other models, this one is reliable and has a good level of accuracy. This model has been assessed in a numerical investigation using a 3D horizontal pipe, and the results are presented.

Originality/value

This is a new model for predicting the effective viscosity of nanofluids. The proposed model has been tested in a 3D horizontal pipe, and the predicted results for viscosity and Nusselt number show good agreement with the available data.
Assessing e-learning system in higher education institutes
Authors: Ali Muhammad , Raza Syed Ali , Qazi Wasim , Puah Chin-Hong
Published: January 2018

Purpose

This study aims to examine university students’ acceptance of e-learning systems in Pakistan. A Web-based learning system is a new form of utilizing technological features. Although, developed countries have initiated and established the concept for e-learning, developing countries require empirical support to implement e-learning.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper further explains a conceptual model that is based on the technology acceptance model (TAM). Earlier theories such as the theory of reasoned action (TRA), theory of planned behaviour (TPB) and decomposed theory of planned behaviour (DTPB) have been conducted on user behavioural intention (BI). TAM is considered as the most relevant framework in a Web-based context. To analyse the present study’s hypothesized model, structural equation modelling (SEM) has been used to statistically analyse self-reported sample data from 424 university students.

Findings

The results revealed that TAM, with the combination of new constructs, explains university students’ acceptance of the e-learning system reasonably well. Additionally, work life quality (WLQ) and facilitating conditions (FC) have a greater influence on the BI and the actual use (AU) of the e-learning system, respectively.

Originality/value

The study has also provided valuable implications for academics and practitioners for ways to enhance the acceptance of the e-learning system in the higher education of Pakistan.
Brand personality: theory and dimensionality
Authors: Davies Gary , Rojas-Méndez José I. , Whelan Susan , Mete Melisa , Loo Theresa
Published: January 2018

Purpose

This paper aims to critique human personality as a theory underpinning brand personality and to propose instead a theory from human perception, and by doing so, to identify universally relevant dimensions.

Design/methodology/approach

A review of published measures of brand personality, a re-analysis of two existing data bases and the analysis of one new database are used to argue and test for the dimensions derived from perception theory.

Findings

Existing work on brand personality suggests 16 separate dimensions for the construct, but some appear common to most measures. When non-orthogonal rotation is used to re-analyse existing trait data on brand personality, three dimensions derived from signalling and associated theory can emerge: sincerity (e.g. warm, friendly and agreeable), competence (e.g. competent, effective and efficient) and status (e.g. prestigious, elegant and sophisticated). The first two are common to most measures, status is not.

Research limitations/implications

Three dimensions derived from signalling and associated theory are proposed as generic, relevant to all contexts and cultures. They can be supplemented by context specific dimensions.

Practical implications

Measures of these three dimensions should be included in all measures of brand personality.

Originality/value

Prior work on brand personality has focussed on identifying apparently new dimensions for the construct. While most work is not theoretically based, some have argued for the relevance of human personality. That model is challenged, and an alternative approach to both theory and analysis is proposed and successfully tested.
Direct‐acting antiviral treatment of chronic HCV‐infected patients on opioid substitution therapy: Still a concern in clinical practice?
Authors: Christensen Stefan , Buggisch Peter , Mauss Stefan , Böker Klaus H. W. , Schott Eckart , Klinker Hartwig , Zimmermann Tim , Weber Bernd , Reimer Jens , Serfert Yvonne , Wedemeyer Heiner
Published: January 2018

Background and aims

There is limited real‐world information on the effectiveness of antiviral treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection with direct‐acting antivirals (DAA) in people on opioid substitution therapy (OST). This study compared sustained virological response (SVR) rates and proportion of lost to follow‐up (LTFU) between OST and non‐OST patients in the German Hepatitis C‐Registry (DHC‐R).

Design

National multi‐centre prospective real‐world registry (German Hepatitis C‐Registry, DHC‐R). Non‐OST patients comprised patients with former/current drug use (non‐OST/DU) and patients never consuming drugs (non‐OST/NDU).

Setting

A total of 254 medical centres in Germany, including 123 centres providing OST.

Participants

A total of 7747 chronic HCV patients started DAA therapy (739 OST and 7008 non‐OST; 1500 non‐OST/DU; 5508 non‐OST/NDU) patients. Five hundred and twenty‐eight OST and 5582 non‐OST patients had completed antiviral therapy and at least one follow‐up documentation [intention‐to‐treat (ITT) population].

Measurements

Study outcomes were SVR, proportion of LTFU and safety of treatment.

Findings

SVR (ITT) was documented in 85% (450 of 528) OST patients versus 86% (969 of 1126) in non‐OST/DU (P = 0.651) and 92% (4113 of 4456) non‐OST/NDU (P < 0.001) patients. Independent predictors for SVR (P < 0.01 in multivariate analysis) included HCV genotype non‐3 [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 1.11; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.07–1.15], female sex (aOR = 1.59; CI = 1.30–1.94), platelet counts >90 × 109/l (aOR = 1.51, CI = 1.14–2.01), cirrhosis (aOR = 0.77; CI = 0.62–0.96) and patient group (OST/DI (aOR = 0.58; CI = 0.42–0.78); non‐OST/DU (OR: 0.63; CI = 0.50–0.78). In per‐protocol analysis (PP), SVR rates were ≥ 94% in all patient groups. In OST the proportion of LTFU was higher (10.2%) than in non‐OST/DU (8.5%) and non‐OST/NDU (3.2%, P < 0.001) patients. Independent factors for LTFU (P < 0.01) were HCV genotype non‐3 (aOR = 0.92; CI = 0.88–0.96), female sex (aOR: 0.7; CI = 0.53–0.92), pre‐treatment (aOR = 0.64; CI = 0.50–0.82), OST/DI (aOR = 3.35; CI = 2.35–4.78) and non‐OST/DU (aOR = 2.38; CI = 1.80–3.14).

Conclusions

In Germany, direct‐acting antiviral treatment of former or current drug users with or without opioid substitution therapy can achieve equally high sustained virological response rates as in patients with no history of drug use.
A Tragic Inheritance: The Irresolvable Conflict for Children of Perpetrators
Authors: Covington Coline
Published: January 2018

How do you live with the knowledge that your father ordered the death of thousands of innocent people? Children of parents who have committed or been involved in atrocities have to live with the guilt of their parents’ deeds, even when guilt is acknowledged by the parents. Because of their family history, these children often become ‘lightning conductors’ for social guilt, tainted with the mark of evil. Drawing on clinical material and interviews with children of Nazi SS officers, this paper examines the personal psychological repercussions and conflicts that children of perpetrators face in their lives. These conflicts live on not only within the children who have inherited their parents’ crimes but within the larger society in the form of memory, denial and guilt. The psychological dilemma for children of perpetrators provides a prism through which we can better understand the impact of past atrocities on the collective.
Impacts of Adolescent and Young Adult Civic Engagement on Health and Socioeconomic Status in Adulthood
Authors: Ballard Parissa J. , Hoyt Lindsay T. , Pachucki Mark C.
Published: January 2018

The present study examines links between civic engagement (voting, volunteering, and activism) during late adolescence and early adulthood, and socioeconomic status and mental and physical health in adulthood. Using nationally representative data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, a propensity score matching approach is used to rigorously estimate how civic engagement is associated with outcomes among 9,471 adolescents and young adults (baseline Mage = 15.9). All forms of civic engagement are positively associated with subsequent income and education level. Volunteering and voting are favorably associated with subsequent mental health and health behaviors, and activism is associated with more health‐risk behaviors and not associated with mental health. Civic engagement is not associated with physical health.
HORIZONTAL MERGERS IN THE PRESENCE OF CAPACITY CONSTRAINTS
Authors: Chen Zhiqi , Li Gang
Published: January 2018

We examine a merger between two competitors in a Bertrand‐Edgeworth model. We find that the effects of merger depend on the tightness of capacity constraints. The combination of two firms has no price effect if and only if the capacity constraints of all firms are binding both before and after the merger. However, a merger may turn a binding capacity constraint into a slack one, which results in higher prices. In an industry where excess capacity drives the premerger prices of all firms to the marginal cost, a merger may cause prices to rise even though aggregate capacity remains constant. (JEL L13, L40)
Effect of carbonized apple wood on nitrogen‐transforming microorganisms and nitrogen oxides in soil of apple tree root zone
Authors: Cao H. , Feng F. , Xun M. , Huang P. , Li Y. G. , Ji T. , Wei G. Q. , Zhang W. W. , Yang H. Q.
Published: January 2018

Biochar amendment is commonly used to mitigate anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions of agricultural soil. A new type of biochar, carbonized apple wood (CAW), was applied at different rates (0, 5, 10, 20 and 40 g kg−1) to the soil of 2‐year‐old apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh. cv. Fuji) grown in pots. The variation in soil abundance of functional genes involved in microbial ammonia oxidation (Anammox and amoA) and denitrification (nirS and nirK) was determined by quantitative PCR, and the nitric oxide (NO) and nitrous oxide (N2O) concentrations in the treated soil were analysed using microelectrodes. The soil's microbial biomass carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus increased significantly with 5 and 10 g kg−1 CAW application, and addition of 5–40 g kg−1 CAW altered microbial nitrogen transformation. Furthermore, 5–40 g kg−1 CAW application at 5–20‐cm soil depth reduced NO and N2O concentrations. Redundancy analysis showed close relations between microbial functional genes and soil variables (including microbial biomass carbon, nitric oxide, nitrate nitrogen and nitrite nitrogen) after CAW application. These results indicated that microbial nitrogen transformation varied depending on the amount of CAW applied. Application of a moderate amount of CAW (i.e. 10 g kg−1) reduced the abundance of functional genes involved in microbial nitrogen transformation, suggesting a potential link with the observed reduction in NO and N2O concentrations in the apple root‐zone soil.

Highlights

Carbonized apple wood (CAW) changed soil microbial nitrogen transformation in apple tree root zone.

Application of moderate CAW rates reduced abundances of Anammox, amoA, nirS and nirK genes.

Microelectrodes were used to measure nitrous oxides directly in apple root‐zone soil.

Moderate rates of CAW reduced soil NO and N2O amounts in the apple tree root zone.
The Upper Devonian Kellwasser event recorded in a regressive sequence from inner shelf to lagoonal pond, Catalan Coastal Ranges, Spain
Authors: Moreno Carmen , González Felipe , Sáez Reinaldo , Melgarejo Joan Carles , Suárez‐Ruiz Isabel
Published: January 2018

This study, conducted in the Catalan Coastal Ranges, north‐east Spain, describes the Upper Devonian Kellwasser event in a shallowing‐upward sequence of black shales, siltstones and quartz arenites. This sequence was deposited in a progradational and regressive coastal system where the sedimentary environment evolved from the inner shelf to a lagoonal pond located landward of the shoreline. Three anomalous succeeding steps have been identified by geochemical analysis. The first one, detected on the inner shelf, was characterized by oxygen depletion and high organic productivity. The second, detected in the nearshore, was caused by hydrothermal activity occurring under normal oxic conditions. The third and most intense step was identified in the muds of the lagoonal pond and has been linked to strong anoxic conditions, elevated clastic input derived from changes in the weathering regime at the source area and moderate hydrothermal activity. The Kellwasser event is thus defined in the study area as stepwise and multi‐causal. This is the first time that the Kellwasser event has been identified in a sedimentary environment behind the shoreline. It is also the first time that it has been reported in the Catalan Coastal Ranges.
OxyR-Dependent Transcription Response of Sinorhizobium meliloti to Oxidative Stress
Authors: Lehman Alisa P. , Long Sharon R.
Published: January 2018

Reactive oxygen species such as peroxides play an important role in plant development, cell wall maturation, and defense responses. During nodulation with the host plant
Medicago sativa
,
Sinorhizobium meliloti
cells are exposed to H
2
O
2
in infection threads and developing nodules (R. Santos, D. Hérouart, S. Sigaud, D. Touati, and A. Puppo, Mol Plant Microbe Interact 14:86–89, 2001,
https://doi.org/10.1094/MPMI.2001.14.1.86
).
S. meliloti
cells likely also experience oxidative stress, from both internal and external sources, during life in the soil. Here, we present microarray transcription data for
S. meliloti
wild-type cells compared to a mutant deficient in the key oxidative regulatory protein OxyR, each in response to H
2
O
2
treatment. Several alternative sigma factor genes are upregulated in the response to H
2
O
2
; the stress sigma gene
rpoE2
shows OxyR-dependent induction by H
2
O
2
, while
rpoH1
expression is induced by H
2
O
2
irrespective of the
oxyR
genotype. The activity of the RpoE2 sigma factor in turn causes increased expression of two more sigma factor genes,
rpoE5
and
rpoH2
. Strains with deletions of
rpoH1
showed improved survival in H
2
O
2
as well as increased levels of
oxyR
and total catalase expression. These results imply that Δ
rpoH1
strains are primed to deal with oxidative stress. This work presents a global view of
S. meliloti
gene expression changes, and of regulation of those changes, in response to H
2
O
2
.

IMPORTANCE
Like all aerobic organisms, the symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacterium
Sinorhizobium meliloti
experiences oxidative stress throughout its complex life cycle. This report describes the global transcriptional changes that
S. meliloti
makes in response to H
2
O
2
and the roles of the OxyR transcriptional regulator and the RpoH1 sigma factor in regulating those changes. By understanding the complex regulatory response of
S. meliloti
to oxidative stress, we may further understand the role that reactive oxygen species play as both stressors and potential signals during symbiosis.
Prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in extremely low gestational age neonates: current evidence
Authors: Poets Christian F , Lorenz Laila
Published: January 2018

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is one of the most frequent complications in extremely low gestational age neonates, but has remained largely unchanged in rate. We reviewed data on BPD prevention focusing on recent meta-analyses. Interventions with proven effectiveness in reducing BPD include the primary use of non-invasive respiratory support, the application of surfactant without endotracheal ventilation and the use of volume-targeted ventilation in infants requiring endotracheal intubation. Following extubation, synchronised nasal ventilation is more effective than continuous positive airway pressure in reducing BPD. Pharmacologically, commencing caffeine citrate on postnatal day 1 or 2 seems more effective than a later start. Applying intramuscular vitamin A for the first 4 weeks reduces BPD, but is expensive and painful and thus not widely used. Low-dose hydrocortisone for the first 10 days prevents BPD, but was associated with almost twice as many cases of late-onset sepsis in infants born at 24–25 weeks’ gestation. Inhaled corticosteroids, despite reducing BPD, were associated with a higher mortality rate. Administering dexamethasone to infants still requiring mechanical ventilation around postnatal weeks 2–3 may represent the best trade-off between restricting steroids to infants at risk of BPD while still affording high efficacy. Finally, identifying infants colonised with ureaplasma and treating those requiring intubation and mechanical ventilation with azithromycin is another promising approach to BPD prevention. Further interventions yet only backed by cohort studies include exclusive breastmilk feeding and a better prevention of nosocomial infections.
The experience of living with patellofemoral pain—loss, confusion and fear-avoidance: a UK qualitative study
Authors: Smith Benjamin E , Moffatt Fiona , Hendrick Paul , Bateman Marcus , Rathleff Michael Skovdal , Selfe James , Smith Toby O , Logan Pip
Published: January 2018

Objectives

To investigate the experience of living with patellofemoral pain (PFP).

Design

Qualitative study design using semistructured interviews and analysed thematically using the guidelines set out by Braun and Clarke.

Setting

A National Health Service physiotherapy clinic within a large UK teaching hospital.

Participants

A convenience sample of 10 participants, aged between 18 and 40 years, with a diagnosis of PFP and on a physiotherapy waiting list, prior to starting physiotherapy.

Results

Participants offered rich and detailed accounts of the impact and lived experience of PFP, including loss of physical and functional ability; loss of self-identity; pain-related confusion and difficulty making sense of their pain; pain-related fear, including fear-avoidance and ‘damage’ beliefs; inappropriate coping strategies and fear of the future. The five major themes that emerged from the data were: (1) impact on self; (2) uncertainty, confusion and sense making; (3) exercise and activity beliefs; (4) behavioural coping strategies and (5) expectations of the future.

Conclusions

These findings offer an insight into the lived experience of individuals with PFP. Previous literature has focused on pain and biomechanics, rather than the individual experience, attached meanings and any wider context within a sociocultural perspective. Our findings suggest that future research is warranted into biopsychosocial targeted interventions aimed at the beliefs and pain-related fear for people with PFP. The current consensus that best-evidence treatments consisting of hip and knee strengthening may not be adequate to address the fears and beliefs identified in the current study. Further qualitative research may be warranted on the impact and interpretation of medical terminology commonly used with this patient group, for example, ‘weakness’ and ‘patellar mal-tracking’ and its impact and interpretation by patients.

Trial registration number

ISRCTN35272486; Pre-results.
Health outcomes of unpaid care workers in low-income and middle-income countries: a protocol for a systematic review
Authors: Magaña Irene , Martínez Pablo , Loyola María-Soledad
Published: January 2018

Introduction

The literature on health outcomes of unpaid care work has included studies coming from high-income countries, and has reported gender inequalities that make caregiving women more vulnerable to physical and mental health problems. The impact of unpaid care work on the health of those living in low-income and middle-income countries, where women’s autonomy is more limited, is unknown.

Methods and analysis

We will conduct a systematic review of observational studies on health outcomes according to unpaid caregiving status and sex of people living in low-income and middle-income countries. Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, PubMed and Scientific Electronic Library Online Citation Index will be searched for reports in English or Spanish with published results from inception to 1 June 2017. We expect the studies to have recruited individuals in low-income and middle-income countries, including exposed and non-exposed groups to participation in unpaid care to members if their households or community reporting either physical and/or mental health problems, self-reported health-related quality of life, self-care skills/behaviours or use of any healthcare services in the participants. Data extraction, the assessment of risk of bias and confounding, and qualitative synthesis will be carried out by two independent reviewers with the assistance of a third party.

Dissemination

Results are expected to be published in peer-reviewed journals from the field of health and gender, or health and inequality.

PROSPERO registration number

CRD42017071785.
Growth across life course and cardiovascular risk markers in 18-year-old adolescents: the 1993 Pelotas birth cohort
Authors: Buffarini Romina , Restrepo-Méndez María Clara , Silveira Vera Maria , Gonçalves Helen D , Oliveira Isabel O , Menezes Ana Maria , Formoso Assunção Maria Cecília
Published: January 2018

Objective

To evaluate the association between growth trajectories from birth to adolescence and cardiovascular risk marker levels at age 18 years in a population-based cohort. In order to disentangle the effect of weight gain from that of height gain, growth was analysed using conditional weight relative to linear growth (CWh) and conditional length/height (CH).

Design

Prospective study.

Setting

1993 Pelotas birth cohort, Southern Brazil.

Participants

Individuals who have been followed up from birth to adolescence (at birth, 1, 4, 11, 15 and 18 years).

Primary outcome measures

C-reactive protein (CRP), total cholesterol (TC), LDL cholesterol (LDL-C), HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C), triglycerides (TGL), systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP), body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC).

Results

In both sexes, greater CWh at 1 year was positively associated with BMI and WC, whereas greater CWh at most age periods in childhood and adolescence predicted higher CRP, TC, LDL-C, TGL, SBP, DBP, BMI and WC levels, as well as lower HDL-C level. Higher CH during infancy and childhood was positively related with SBP in boys and girls, and with BMI and WC only in boys.

Conclusion

Our study shows that rapid weight gain from 1 year onwards is positively associated with several markers of cardiovascular risk at 18 years. Overall, our results for the first year of life add evidence to the ‘first 1000 days initiative’ suggesting that prevention of excessive weight gain in childhood might be important in reducing subsequent cardiovascular risk.