bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analytical Approximate Solution for Nonlinear Behavior of Cantilever FGM MEMS Beam with Thermal and Size Dependency
Authors: Sun Youhong , Cheng Jinhua , Wang Zhigang , Yu Yongping , Tian Lieyu , Lu Jing’an
Published: July 2019

This paper is concerned with the nonlinear static behavior of a cantilever functionally graded material (FGM) microbeam with the influence of thermal stress and the intermolecular force. A significant extension of the recent works of constructing analytical approximate solutions to a clamped‐clamped FGM MEMS/NEMS beam is formed in the paper. Based on the modified couple stress theory and an internal material length‐scale parameter, the governing equations account for the microbeam size dependency. Note that the thermal force and moment in boundary condition make procedure of solution more complex. The combinations of Galerkin method and the assumption of deflection function are used to establish analytical approximate solutions which have brief expressions. Good agreements of approximate results are found for large range of free‐end deflection of cantilever FGM microbeam through comparing them with numerical solutions and other existing results. The influence of various physical parameters, such as the material attributes (Young modulus, Poisson ratio, etc.), the electrostatic gap, and microsize of the beam on mechanical behavior, or Pull‐In voltage of electrostatically actuated microbeams, could also be investigated with these analytical expressions.
Liver- and Microbiome-derived Bile Acids Accumulate in Human Breast Tumors and Inhibit Growth and Improve Patient Survival
Authors: Tang Wei , Putluri Vasanta , Ambati Chandrashekar R. , Dorsey Tiffany H. , Putluri Nagireddy , Ambs Stefan
Published: July 2019

Purpose:

Metabolomics is a discovery tool for novel associations of metabolites with disease. Here, we interrogated the metabolome of human breast tumors to describe metabolites whose accumulation affects tumor biology.

Experimental Design:

We applied large-scale metabolomics followed by absolute quantification and machine learning-based feature selection using LASSO to identify metabolites that show a robust association with tumor biology and disease outcome. Key observations were validated with the analysis of an independent dataset and cell culture experiments.

Results:

LASSO-based feature selection revealed an association of tumor glycochenodeoxycholate levels with improved breast cancer survival, which was confirmed using a Cox proportional hazards model. Absolute quantification of four bile acids, including glycochenodeoxycholate and microbiome-derived deoxycholate, corroborated the accumulation of bile acids in breast tumors. Levels of glycochenodeoxycholate and other bile acids showed an inverse association with the proliferation score in tumors and the expression of cell-cycle and G2–M checkpoint genes, which was corroborated with cell culture experiments. Moreover, tumor levels of these bile acids markedly correlated with metabolites in the steroid metabolism pathway and increased expression of key genes in this pathway, suggesting that bile acids may interfere with hormonal pathways in the breast. Finally, a proteome analysis identified the complement and coagulation cascade as being upregulated in glycochenodeoxycholate-high tumors.

Conclusions:

We describe the unexpected accumulation of liver- and microbiome-derived bile acids in breast tumors. Tumors with increased bile acids show decreased proliferation, thus fall into a good prognosis category, and exhibit significant changes in steroid metabolism.
Clinical and Genome-Wide Analysis of Serum Platinum Levels after Cisplatin-Based Chemotherapy
Authors: Trendowski Matthew R. , El-Charif Omar , Ratain Mark J. , Monahan Patrick , Mu Zepeng , Wheeler Heather E. , Dinh Paul C. , Feldman Darren R. , Ardeshir-Rouhani-Fard Shirin , Hamilton Robert J. , Vaughn David J. , Fung Chunkit , Kollmannsberger Christian , Mushiroda Taisei , Kubo Michiaki , Hannigan Robyn , Strathmann Frederick , Einhorn Lawrence H. , Fossa Sophie D. , Travis Lois B. , Dolan M. Eileen
Published: July 2019

Purpose:

Serum platinum is measurable for years after completion of cisplatin-based chemotherapy (CBC). We report the largest investigation of serum platinum levels to date of 1,010 testicular cancer survivors (TCS) assessed 1–35 years after CBC and evaluate genetic contributions to these levels.

Experimental Design:

Eligible TCS given 300 or 400 (±15) mg/m2 cisplatin underwent extensive audiometric testing, clinical examination, completed questionnaires, and had crude serum platinum levels measured. Associations between serum platinum and various risk factors and toxicities were assessed after fitting a biexponential model adjusted for follow-up time and cumulative cisplatin dose. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) was performed using the serum platinum residuals of the dose and time-adjusted model.

Results:

Serum platinum levels exceeded the reference range for approximately 31 years, with a strong inverse relationship with creatinine clearance at follow-up (age-adjusted P = 2.13 × 10−3). We observed a significant, positive association between residual platinum values and luteinizing hormone (age-adjusted P = 6.58 × 10−3). Patients with high residual platinum levels experienced greater Raynaud phenomenon than those with medium or low levels (age-adjusted ORhigh/low = 1.46; P = 0.04), as well as a higher likelihood of developing tinnitus (age-adjusted ORhigh/low = 1.68, P = 0.07). GWAS identified one single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) meeting genome-wide significance, rs1377817 (P = 4.6 × 10−8, a SNP intronic to MYH14).

Conclusions:

This study indicates that residual platinum values are correlated with several cisplatin-related toxicities. One genetic variant is associated with these levels.
Eμ-TCL1xMyc: A Novel Mouse Model for Concurrent CLL and B-Cell Lymphoma
Authors: Lucas Fabienne , Rogers Kerry A. , Harrington Bonnie K. , Pan Alexander , Yu Lianbo , Breitbach Justin , Bundschuh Ralf , Goettl Virginia M. , Hing Zachary A. , Kanga Parviz , Mantel Rose , Sampath Deepa , Smith Lisa L. , Wasmuth Ronni , White Danielle K. , Yan Pearlly , Byrd John C. , Lapalombella Rosa , Woyach Jennifer A.
Published: July 2019

Purpose:

Aberrant Myc expression is a major factor in the pathogenesis of aggressive lymphoma, and these lymphomas, while clinically heterogeneous, often are resistant to currently available treatments and have poor survival. Myc expression can also be seen in aggressive lymphomas that are observed in the context of CLL, and we sought to develop a mouse model that could be used to study therapeutic strategies for aggressive lymphoma in the context of CLL.

Experimental Design:

We crossed the Eμ-TCL1 mouse model with the Eμ-Myc mouse model to investigate the clinical phenotype associated with B-cell–restricted expression of these oncogenes. The resulting malignancy was then extensively characterized, from both a clinical and biologic perspective.

Results:

Eμ-TCL1xMyc mice uniformly developed highly aggressive lymphoid disease with histologically, immunophenotypically, and molecularly distinct concurrent CLL and B-cell lymphoma, leading to a significantly reduced lifespan. Injection of cells from diseased Eμ-TCL1xMyc into WT mice established a disease similar to that in the double-transgenic mice. Both Eμ-TCL1xMyc mice and mice with disease after adoptive transfer failed to respond to ibrutinib. Effective and durable disease control was, however, observed by selective inhibition of nuclear export protein exportin-1 (XPO1) using a compound currently in clinical development for relapsed/refractory malignancies, including CLL and lymphoma.

Conclusions:

The Eμ-TCL1xMyc mouse is a new preclinical tool for testing experimental drugs for aggressive B-cell lymphoma, including in the context of CLL.
Aberrant Expression of ERG Promotes Resistance to Combined PI3K and AR Pathway Inhibition through Maintenance of AR Target Genes
Authors: Mao Ninghui , Gao Dong , Hu Wenhuo , Hieronymus Haley , Wang Shangqian , Lee Young Sun , Lee Cindy , Choi Danielle , Gopalan Anuradha , Chen Yu , Carver Brett S.
Published: July 2019

On the basis of our previous work defining the molecular rationale for combined targeting of the PI3K and AR pathways in PTEN loss prostate cancer, the first clinical trial was recently reported demonstrating a significant benefit for combination therapy in patients with metastatic prostate cancer. In this phase II trial, loss of PTEN was a biomarker predictive of response to combined AKT and AR inhibition. Given that PTEN loss prostate cancers are significantly enriched for ERG genomic rearrangements, we evaluated how the aberrant expression of ERG may impact response to PI3K/AR-targeted therapy. Here, we show that overexpression of ERG in the setting of Pten loss promotes resistance to combined PI3K and AR pathway inhibition with associated maintenance of AR target gene expression. Importantly, following AR knockout in the setting of ERG overexpression, there is maintenance of a subset of AR lineage–specific target genes, making AR dispensable in this context. This has important clinical implications as even in the setting of the androgen-regulated TMPRSS2:ERG genomic rearrangement, ERG expression is never abolished following AR inhibition and may allow for cell survival following AR (lineage)–targeted therapies.
Molecular Approaches to Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: Better Diagnosis – Better Treatment?
Authors: Seufferlein Thomas , Simões Carolina , Kude Fernando , Ettrich Thomas J.
Published: July 2019

Molecular diagnostics of metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) are coming of age. Whereas for many years RAS mutations were the only relevant molecular alterations examined in mCRC, nowadays the BRAF, HER2, and microsatellite instability status of a given tumor is gaining importance, since it has not only prognostic relevance but opens new avenues for therapeutic approaches. This review summarizes the recent advances in molecular approaches to mCRC and their therapeutic consequences and discusses novel approaches for molecular diagnostics in mCRC.
Etnografia da música com abordagem antropológica: ritos religiosos no Centro de Umbanda Casa de Caridade Mãe Maria
Authors: Silva Bianca Viana Monteiro da , Castro Marcos Câmara de
Published: July 2019

Este artigo tem a finalidade de descrever sobre um trabalho etnográfico realizado no Centro de Umbanda Casa de Caridade Mãe Maria (CCMM) com abordagem antropológica. A pesquisa foi realizada na cidade de Ribeirão Preto-SP. É uma pesquisa qualitativa com o propósito de relatar uma prática de trabalho de campo, na qual a música foi inserida em um contexto cultural. Foi um trabalho de observação, na qual foi descrito o que vimos. Foi estabelecida a relação entre: visão, olhar, memória, imaginário, descrição do ritual e das regras do grupo.
Corpos miméticos
Authors: Santos Thiago Haruo
Published: July 2019

Apresento neste artigo uma interpretação da prática do cover do pop sul coreano (K-pop) para delinear possíveis consequências para a teoria da mimesis, quando discutida junto às práticas musicais mediadas por dispositivos eletrônicos como celulares, tablets e computadores, que cumprem a função de máquinas miméticas. A partir de um estudo etnográfico realizado entre 2013 e 2015 junto aos praticantes do cover de K-pop em São Paulo, busco mostrar como os fãs desse gênero musical compreendem a reprodução feita por eles mesmos das performances dos artistas sul coreanos em palcos paulistanos. A prática do cover de K-pop, nesse sentido, mais do que uma imitação, surge como uma ação que assumindo o lugar do artista sul coreano, (re)produz nos palcos paulistanos os efeitos de performance presentes nos videoclipes. Se as máquinas miméticas colocam o fã em contato com o ídolo sul coreano, o cover tenta “passar um pouco do que o idol passa” quando assume o lugar de performer nos palcos paulistanos, tornando-se um corpo mimético em performance. O argumento aqui é de que ao se tornar um corpo mimético, os covers de K-pop entreveem o ponto de vista do próprio artefato artístico na relação com seu público.
Sobre Rítmicas "Complexas" e Métodos de Ensino
Authors: Silveira Natália Brunelli da , Castro Marcos Câmara de
Published: July 2019

Este artigo é uma pesquisa bibliográfica teórica sobre rítmica e seus métodos de ensino, realizada por meio de levantamento de definições e conceitos relacionados a ritmo e ao recorte rítmico escolhido; e análise de métodos utilizados por universidades estaduais paulistas, nas disciplinas de percepção musical e rítmica, quando esta existe na grade, sendo eles: Guia Teórico-Prático para o Ensino do Ditado Musical partes I e II de Pozzoli; Rítmica de José Eduardo Gramani; Manual de Rítmica de Abelardo Mato Alonso; Ritmo de Bohumil Med; e Treinamento Elementar para Músicos de Paul Hindemith; quanto aos seus respectivos princípios norteadores para elaboração dos exercícios propostos como também, quanto às suas abordagens com relação à subdivisão e ao manuseio do tempo musical. Desta forma, busca-se entender como tais métodos e, por consequência, o ensino superior de música no estado de São Paulo, trabalham questões referentes a assimetrias possíveis de ocorrerem tanto na macroestrutura do compasso, expressa por meio da fórmula de compasso, quanto em sua microestrutura, compreendida pela acentuação e subdivisão do tempo. Observa-se com relativa frequência nos estudantes de música dificuldades para execução de tais assimetrias e, sendo assim, é importante compreender primeiro a forma que são pensados os exercícios de rítmica para futuramente apontar alternativas para sanar essas dificuldades.
Entre o legado musical e a redescoberta da escuta na pós-modernidade
Authors: Nicoletti Daniela Amaral Rodrigues , Berg Silvia
Published: July 2019

O presente artigo propõe-se primeiramente a examinar o argumento de Seth Kim-Cohen sobre a existência de um divisor de águas nas artes em meados do século XX a que atribui a origem de uma “virada epistemológica e ontológica” cultural profunda – situada, na música, no ano de 1948. Kim-Cohen aponta nessa data a confluência de três eventos decisivos para isso: o início das experimentações sonoras do engenheiro Pierre Schaeffer, nos estúdios da ORTF (Office de Radiodiffusion Télévision Française) e a primeira composição silenciosa de John Cage – lançando os princípios da música concreta e da aleatoriedade na música, como alternativa ao paradigma da música ocidental erudita. O terceiro evento assinalado por Kim-Cohen refere-se às gravações elétricas pioneiras de Muddy Water, em que a tecnologia, usada tanto na gravação como na reprodução sonora, por um lado amplifica e modifica o som acústico, por outro interfere na relação presença/ausência, dada pela interação entre os próprios músicos na performance musical, entre músicos e ouvintes, entre produção sonora e espaço acústico, além de tornar possível, a ampla circulação e utilização de músicas.

Sob essa perspectiva, o artigo busca compreender os possíveis efeitos da introdução de tecnologias na produção e reprodução sonora, no século XX sobre a escuta na pós-modernidade e, de outro lado, sobre a composição musical, em particular, sobre a poética do compositor Luciano Berio, enquanto pensamento musical e estético. A escolha desse compositor entre tantos se justifica primeiramente pelo interesse na maneira como mostra articular muitas das questões que se apresentaram à sua geração, especialmente no que concerne à relação entre legado, ruptura e inovação, entre som-em-si e os significados implícitos em suas escolhas, entre o seu itinerário pessoal e a consciência do seu tempo, entre expressão pessoal e o sentimento de responsabilidade histórica, entre a representação da nacionalidade e a alteridade.
Anticytokine Immune Therapy and Atherothrombotic Cardiovascular Risk
Authors: Ait-Oufella Hafid , Libby Peter , Tedgui Alain
Published: July 2019

Accumulating observations in humans and animals indicate that inflammation plays a key role in atherosclerosis development and subsequent complications. Moreover, the use of loss- or gain-of-function genetically modified, atherosclerosis-prone mice has provided strong experimental evidence for a causal role of innate and adaptive immunity in atherosclerosis and has revealed the pathogenic activity of proinflammatory cytokines, including TNF (tumor necrosis factor)-α, IL (interleukin)-1β, IL-6, and IL-18, and the atheroprotective effect of anti-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-10 and TGF-β. For the past 15 years, treatments using monoclonal antibodies specifically targeting cytokines, commonly referred as biological therapies, have transformed the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis or psoriasis, both conditions associated with increased cardiovascular risk. Analyzing the impact of anticytokine therapies on the cardiovascular outcomes of patients with chronic inflammatory diseases provides insight into the clinical relevance of experimental data on the role of inflammation in atherothrombotic cardiovascular diseases. CANTOS (Canakinumab Antiinflammatory Thrombosis Outcome Study) provided the first evidence that targeting inflammation in humans with atherosclerosis could improve clinical outcomes. Treatment with the anti–IL-1β antibody canakinumab significantly reduced recurrent cardiovascular events in individuals with stable coronary artery disease well-treated with standard-of-care measures. Other clinical studies support the protective effects of treatment with anti–TNF-α and anti–IL-6 receptor monoclonal antibodies on cardiovascular risk. Blockade of the IL-23/IL-17 axis, however, warrants caution as a cardiovascular intervention. Targeting this pathway has improved psoriasis but may augment cardiovascular risk in certain patients. Thus, careful consideration of the cardiovascular risk profile may influence the choice of the most appropriate treatment for patients with chronic inflammatory diseases.Visual Overview: An online visual overview is available for this article.
Inhibition of VEGF (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor)-A or its Receptor Activity Suppresses Experimental Aneurysm Progression in the Aortic Elastase Infusion Model
Authors: Xu Baohui , Iida Yasunori , Glover Keith J. , Ge Yingbin , Wang Yan , Xuan Haojun , Hu Xiaolei , Tanaka Hiroki , Wang Wei , Fujimura Naoki , Miyata Masaaki , Shoji Takahiro , Guo Jia , Zheng Xiaoya , Gerritsen Mary , Kuo Calvin , Michie Sara A. , Dalman Ronald L.
Published: July 2019

Objective:

We examined the pathogenic significance of VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor)-A in experimental abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) and the translational value of pharmacological VEGF-A or its receptor inhibition in aneurysm suppression.

Approaches and Results:

AAAs were created in male C57BL/6J mice via intra-aortic elastase infusion. Soluble VEGFR (VEGF receptor)-2 extracellular ligand-binding domain (delivered in Ad [adenovirus]-VEGFR-2), anti–VEGF-A mAb (monoclonal antibody), and sunitinib were used to sequester VEGF-A, neutralize VEGF-A, and inhibit receptor tyrosine kinase activity, respectively. Influences on AAAs were assessed using ultrasonography and histopathology. In vitro transwell migration and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assays were used to assess myeloid cell chemotaxis and mRNA expression, respectively. Abundant VEGF-A mRNA and VEGF-A–positive cells were present in aneurysmal aortae. Sequestration of VEGF-A by Ad-VEGFR-2 prevented AAA formation, with attenuation of medial elastolysis and smooth muscle depletion, mural angiogenesis and monocyte/macrophage infiltration. Treatment with anti–VEGF-A mAb prevented AAA formation without affecting further progression of established AAAs. Sunitinib therapy substantially mitigated both AAA formation and further progression of established AAAs, attenuated aneurysmal aortic MMP2 (matrix metalloproteinase) and MMP9 protein expression, inhibited inflammatory monocyte and neutrophil chemotaxis to VEGF-A, and reduced MMP2, MMP9, and VEGF-A mRNA expression in macrophages and smooth muscle cells in vitro. Additionally, sunitinib treatment reduced circulating monocytes in aneurysmal mice.

Conclusions:

VEGF-A and its receptors contribute to experimental AAA formation by suppressing mural angiogenesis, MMP and VEGF-A production, myeloid cell chemotaxis, and circulating monocytes. Pharmacological inhibition of receptor tyrosine kinases by sunitinib or related compounds may provide novel opportunities for clinical aneurysm suppression.
Hepatic Forkhead Box Protein A3 Regulates ApoA-I (Apolipoprotein A-I) Expression, Cholesterol Efflux, and Atherogenesis
Authors: Li Yuanyuan , Xu Yanyong , Jadhav Kavita , Zhu Yingdong , Yin Liya , Zhang Yanqiao
Published: July 2019

Objective:

To determine the role of hepatic FOXA3 (forkhead box A3) in lipid metabolism and atherosclerosis.

Approach and Results:

Hepatic FOXA3 expression was reduced in diabetic or high fat diet-fed mice or patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. We then used adenoviruses to overexpress or knock down hepatic FOXA3 expression. Overexpression of FOXA3 in the liver increased hepatic ApoA-I (apolipoprotein A-I) expression, plasma HDL-C (high-density lipoprotein cholesterol) level, macrophage cholesterol efflux, and macrophage reverse cholesterol transport. In contrast, knockdown of hepatic FOXA3 expression had opposite effects. We further showed that FOXA3 directly bound to the promoter of the
Apoa1
gene to regulate its transcription. Finally, AAV8 (adeno-associated virus serotype 8)-mediated overexpression of human FOXA3 in the hepatocytes of
Apoe
−/−
(apolipoprotein E-deficient) mice raised plasma HDL-C levels and significantly reduced atherosclerotic lesions.

Conclusions:

Hepatocyte FOXA3 protects against atherosclerosis by inducing ApoA-I and macrophage reverse cholesterol transport.
SGLT-2 (Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2) Inhibition Reduces Ang II (Angiotensin II)–Induced Dissecting Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm in ApoE (Apolipoprotein E) Knockout Mice
Authors: Ortega Rebeca , Collado Aida , Selles Francisca , Gonzalez-Navarro Herminia , Sanz Maria-Jesus , Real José T. , Piqueras Laura
Published: July 2019

Objective:

Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a pathological condition of permanent vessel dilatation that predisposes to the potentially fatal consequence of aortic rupture. SGLT-2 (sodium-glucose cotransporter 2) inhibitors have emerged as powerful pharmacological tools for type 2 diabetes mellitus treatment. Beyond their glucose-lowering effects, recent studies have shown that SGLT-2 inhibitors reduce cardiovascular events and have beneficial effects on several vascular diseases such as atherosclerosis; however, the potential effects of SGLT-2 inhibition on AAA remain unknown. This study evaluates the effect of oral chronic treatment with empagliflozin—an SGLT-2 inhibitor—on dissecting AAA induced by Ang II (angiotensin II) infusion in apoE (apolipoprotein E)
−/
−
mice.

Approach and Results:

Empagliflozin treatment significantly reduced the Ang II–induced increase in maximal suprarenal aortic diameter in apoE
−/
−
mice independently of blood pressure effects. Immunohistochemistry analysis revealed that empagliflozin diminished Ang II–induced elastin degradation, neovessel formation, and macrophage infiltration at the AAA lesion. Furthermore, Ang II infusion resulted in a marked increase in the expression of chemokines (CCL-2 [chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2] and CCL-5 [chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5]), VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor), and MMP (matrix metalloproteinase)-2 and MMP-9 in suprarenal aortic walls of apoE
−/
−
mice, and all were reduced by empagliflozin cotreatment. Western blot analysis revealed that p38 MAPK (p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase) and NF-κB (nuclear factor-κB) activation was also reduced in the suprarenal aortas of apoE
−/
−
mice cotreated with empagliflozin. Finally, in vitro studies in human aortic endothelial cells and macrophages showed that empagliflozin inhibited leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions and release of proinflammatory chemokines.

Conclusions:

Pharmacological inhibition of SGLT-2 by empagliflozin inhibits AAA formation. SGLT-2 inhibition might represent a novel promising therapeutic strategy to prevent AAA progression.
Glucose and GLP-2 (Glucagon-Like Peptide-2) Mobilize Intestinal Triglyceride by Distinct Mechanisms
Authors: Stahel Priska , Xiao Changting , Davis Xenia , Tso Patrick , Lewis Gary F.
Published: July 2019

Objective:

Dietary triglycerides are partially retained in the intestine within intracellular or extracellular compartments, which can be rapidly mobilized in response to several stimuli, including glucose and GLP-2 (glucagon-like peptide-2). To elucidate the mechanism of intestinal lipid mobilization, this study examined the patterns and time course of lymph flow and triglycerides after glucose and GLP-2 treatment in rats.

Approach and Results:

Lymph flow, triglyceride concentration, and triglyceride output were assessed in mesenteric lymph duct-cannulated rats in response to an intraduodenal (i.d.) lipid bolus followed 5 hours later by either (1) i.d. saline+intraperitoneal (i.p.) saline (placebo), (2) i.d. glucose plus i.p. saline, (3) i.d. saline+i.p. GLP-2, or (4) i.d. glucose+i.p. GLP-2. GLP-2 and glucose administered alone or in combination stimulated total triglyceride output to a similar extent, but the timing and pattern of stimulation differed markedly. Whereas GLP-2 rapidly increased lymph flow with no effect on lymph triglyceride concentration or triglyceride:apoB48 (apolipoprotein B48) ratio (a surrogate marker of chylomicron size) compared with placebo, glucose transiently decreased lymph flow followed by delayed stimulation of lymph flow and increased lymph triglyceride concentration and triglyceride:apoB48 ratio.

Conclusions:

Glucose and GLP-2 robustly enhanced intestinal triglyceride output in rats but with different effects on lymph flow, lymph triglyceride concentration, and chylomicron size. GLP-2 stimulated triglyceride output primarily by enhancing lymph flow with no effect on chylomicron size, whereas glucose mobilized intestinal triglycerides, stimulating secretion of larger chylomicrons. This suggests that these 2 stimuli mobilize intestinal lipid by different mechanisms.
Standards for Studies of Neurological Prognostication in Comatose Survivors of Cardiac Arrest: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association
Authors: Geocadin Romergryko G. , Callaway Clifton W. , Fink Ericka L. , Golan Eyal , Greer David M. , Ko Nerissa U. , Lang Eddy , Licht Daniel J. , Marino Bradley S. , McNair Norma D. , Peberdy Mary Ann , Perman Sarah M. , Sims Daniel B. , Soar Jasmeet , Sandroni Claudio ,   On behalf of the American Heart Association Emergency Cardiovascular Care Committee
Published: July 2019

Significant improvements have been achieved in cardiac arrest resuscitation and postarrest resuscitation care, but mortality remains high. Most of the poor outcomes and deaths of cardiac arrest survivors have been attributed to widespread brain injury. This brain injury, commonly manifested as a comatose state, is a marker of poor outcome and a major basis for unfavorable neurological prognostication. Accurate prognostication is important to avoid pursuing futile treatments when poor outcome is inevitable but also to avoid an inappropriate withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment in patients who may otherwise have a chance of achieving meaningful neurological recovery. Inaccurate neurological prognostication leading to withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment and deaths may significantly bias clinical studies, leading to failure in detecting the true study outcomes. The American Heart Association Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science Subcommittee organized a writing group composed of adult and pediatric experts from neurology, cardiology, emergency medicine, intensive care medicine, and nursing to review existing neurological prognostication studies, the practice of neurological prognostication, and withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment. The writing group determined that the overall quality of existing neurological prognostication studies is low. As a consequence, the degree of confidence in the predictors and the subsequent outcomes is also low. Therefore, the writing group suggests that neurological prognostication parameters need to be approached as index tests based on relevant neurological functions that are directly related to the functional outcome and contribute to the quality of life of cardiac arrest survivors. Suggestions to improve the quality of adult and pediatric neurological prognostication studies are provided.
Canagliflozin and Cardiovascular and Renal Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Chronic Kidney Disease in Primary and Secondary Cardiovascular Prevention Groups
Authors: Mahaffey Kenneth W. , Jardine Meg J. , Bompoint Severine , Cannon Christopher P. , Neal Bruce , Heerspink Hiddo J.L. , Charytan David M. , Edwards Robert , Agarwal Rajiv , Bakris George , Bull Scott , Capuano George , de Zeeuw Dick , Greene Tom , Levin Adeera , Pollock Carol , Sun Tao , Wheeler David C. , Yavin Yshai , Zhang Hong , Zinman Bernard , Rosenthal Norman , Brenner Barry M. , Perkovic Vlado ,   On behalf of the CREDENCE Study Investigators
Published: July 2019

Background:

Canagliflozin reduces the risk of kidney failure in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease, but effects on specific cardiovascular outcomes are uncertain, as are effects in people without previous cardiovascular disease (primary prevention).

Methods:

In CREDENCE (Canagliflozin and Renal Events in Diabetes With Established Nephropathy Clinical Evaluation), 4401 participants with type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease were randomly assigned to canagliflozin or placebo on a background of optimized standard of care.

Results:

Primary prevention participants (n=2181, 49.6%) were younger (61 versus 65 years), were more often female (37% versus 31%), and had shorter duration of diabetes mellitus (15 years versus 16 years) compared with secondary prevention participants (n=2220, 50.4%). Canagliflozin reduced the risk of major cardiovascular events overall (hazard ratio [HR], 0.80 [95% CI, 0.67–0.95];
P
=0.01), with consistent reductions in both the primary (HR, 0.68 [95% CI, 0.49–0.94]) and secondary (HR, 0.85 [95% CI, 0.69–1.06]) prevention groups (
P
for interaction=0.25). Effects were also similar for the components of the composite including cardiovascular death (HR, 0.78 [95% CI, 0.61–1.00]), nonfatal myocardial infarction (HR, 0.81 [95% CI, 0.59–1.10]), and nonfatal stroke (HR, 0.80 [95% CI, 0.56–1.15]). The risk of the primary composite renal outcome and the composite of cardiovascular death or hospitalization for heart failure were also consistently reduced in both the primary and secondary prevention groups (
P
for interaction >0.5 for each outcome).

Conclusions:

Canagliflozin significantly reduced major cardiovascular events and kidney failure in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease, including in participants who did not have previous cardiovascular disease.

Clinical Trial Registration:

URL:
https://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT02065791.
Twenty‐Four‐Hour Urinary Sodium and Potassium Excretion in China: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Tan Monique , He Feng J. , Wang Changqiong , MacGregor Graham A.
Published: July 2019

Background

In China, high sodium and low potassium intakes result in elevated blood pressure, a major cause of cardiovascular disease, yet the intake estimates lack accuracy and nutritional strategies remain limited.

Methods and Results

We aimed to determine sodium and potassium intake by systematically searching for and quantitatively summarizing all published 24‐hour urinary sodium and potassium data (ie, the most accurate method).
MEDLINE
,
EMBASE
, Scopus, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and Wanfang were searched up to February 2019. All studies reporting 24‐hour urinary sodium or potassium in China were included; hospitalized patients were excluded. Data were pooled using random‐effects meta‐analysis and heterogeneity was explored with meta‐regression. Sodium data were reported in 70 studies (n=26 767), 59 of which also reported potassium (n=24 738). Mean sodium and potassium excretions were 86.99 mmol/24 h (95%
CI
, 69.88–104.10) and 14.65 mmol/24 h (95%
CI
, 11.10–18.20) in children aged 3 to 6 years, 151.09 mmol/24 h (95%
CI
, 131.55–170.63) and 25.23 mmol/24 h (95%
CI
, 22.37–28.10) in children aged 6 to 16 years, and 189.07 mmol/24 h (95%
CI
, 182.14–195.99) and 36.35 mmol/24 h (95%
CI
, 35.11–37.59) in adults aged >16 years. Compared with southern China, sodium intake was higher in northern China (
P
<0.0001) but is declining (
P
=0.0066).

Conclusions

Average sodium intake in all age groups across China is approximately double the recommended maximum limits, and potassium intake is less than half that recommended. Despite a decline, sodium intake in northern China is still among the highest in the world, and the North–South divide persists. Urgent action is needed to simultaneously reduce sodium and increase potassium intake across China.
Reputation and Accountability
Authors: Daugirdas Kristina
Published: July 2019

The cholera outbreak in Haiti offers a useful case study of reputation as a disciplinarian of international organizations. On the one hand, UN officials and member states alike have emphasized the need to repair the organization’s damaged reputation. On the other hand, the UN secretariat declined to take certain steps that might have averted—or at least mitigated—that reputational damage in the first place. This contribution argues that the United Nations’ response to cholera in Haiti showcases some important limitations and complications of reputation as a disciplinarian. Reputation will function as a less effective disciplinarian of organizations in the context of uncertainty about the facts or about what the law requires. Notably, international organizations have some capacity to perpetuate factual uncertainty through their control over key sources of information. Reputation will also serve as a less effective disciplinarian when organizations have multiple audiences that are not evaluating the organization against the same standards.
Domestic Jurisdiction over International Financial Institutions for Injuries to Project-Affected Individuals
Authors: Treichl Clemens , Reinisch August
Published: July 2019

Project-affected individuals are increasingly bringing tort claims against international financial institutions in domestic courts. In the US, such plaintiffs such plaintiffs have regularly failed to overcome the obstacle of the defendant institutions’ jurisdictional immunity under the International Organizations Immunities Act. In pending litigation, the US Supreme Court has resolved a long-standing debate as to its scope.

This paper examines the issue of jurisdictional immunity in the context of international project finance. It focuses on the specific frameworks established in treaties, analyses the interplay between international and domestic US norms and looks at possible implications of the exercise of domestic jurisdiction.

A key finding is that US courts, at least previously, used to grant more extensive immunities than international law required. While doubts persist as to whether domestic courts are a suitable venue for claims brought by project-affected people, existing means of international dispute settlement should be strengthened.
The Probabilistic Logic of Eusebius Amort (1692-1775)
Authors: Hanke* Miroslav
Published: July 2019

While classical sources including Aristotle, Cicero and Boëthius addressed different notions of probability, medieval contributions to probability (other than epistemic probability) seem rather scarce. The situation changes during the Second Scholasticism with the post-Tridentine debates on “probable opinion” in moral theology and the introduction of “moral necessity” and “moral implication” (tied to the ideas of frequency, stochastic processes, and propensity) in the debates on compatibilism and theological optimism. The eighteenth-century transformation of scholastic philosophy was marked, among other characteristics, by a gravitation towards the early modern scientific revolution. In his Philosophia Pollingana ad normam Burgundicae, the renowned moral theologian Eusebius Amort (1692-1775) addressed the basic issues of probabilistic logic from the philosophical, logical, and mathematical points of view in an attempt to synthesise earlier scholastic conceptual analyses of probability and probabilistic epistemic logic with the cutting-edge mathematical calculus introduced by Jacob Bernoulli.
An update on the distribution and morphology of Ixora amplexifolia (Ixoroideae, Rubiaceae) in Papua New Guinea
Authors: MARAIA HEVEAKORE , ORSAK LARRY , GIDEON OSIA , OKPUL TOM
Published: July 2019

Ixora amplexifolia (Ixoroideae, Rubiaceae), belongs to subgenus Sathroclamys, section Hypsophyllum. It is endemic to the northern part of Papua New Guinea (PNG). This paper updates the morphological description of the species to incorporate new fruit data, and review its alignment with its cohorts of section Hypsophyllum and their distribution in PNG.
Preliminary observations of flight activity of Trichoptera in the southern Cape, South Africa
Authors: DE MOOR FERDINAND C. , McILLERON W. GEOFF
Published: July 2019

In a study on flight activity it was observed that Trichoptera were attracted to a superactinic or UV light at a site along the lower Groot River near Nature’s Valley in the Western Cape, South Africa. The frequency of insects passing selected fixed points in space was recorded photographically, after dusk, on 44 days between October 2011 and May 2012. All digital images of insects were identified to species, where possible, and abundance of species over selected time periods was determined. Water and air temperature, relative humidity, barometric pressure, wind direction and speed were continuously recorded during each recording event. Total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity, pH, the percentage of cloud cover, rain at the time of the survey, and rainfall prior to the survey, were all recorded. The dominant species during all surveys, Athripsodes bergensis Scott, revealed a modal peak of flight activity around 50 minutes after sunset which was strongly influenced by climatic variation. The presence of egg masses carried by females was observed from the middle of November through March, with the highest percentage of females with egg masses found from late November to early December. Other species of Trichoptera that were recorded flying appeared later after sunset than did A. bergensis. Statistically the most important factor influencing flight activity was the time in minutes after sunset. Clear, cloudless conditions resulted in reduced flight activity. Information on flight activity can be used to determine the optimum weather conditions and times for collecting Trichoptera when using light sources.
Micro-caddisfly faunas of Australia and the southwest Pacific (Trichoptera, Hydroptilidae)

Authors: WELLS ALICE , JOHANSON KJELL ARNE
Published: July 2019

Today's distributions of faunal groups reflect historic events—geological and evolutionary, as well as dispersals, extinctions and chance events. The extent to which each of these contributed to the hydroptilid faunas of mainland Australia, Tasmania, New Guinea, New Zealand, New Caledonia, Fiji and Vanuatu is explored by comparison of the faunal composition, geology and geography of Australia and these SW Pacific islands. Corroborative evidence is sought from other groups, flora as well as fauna.
Andrei Vasilievich Martynov (09.[22.]viii.1879−29.i.1938): A life story
Authors: IVANOV VLADIMIR D. , RASNITSYN ALEXANDR P.
Published: July 2019

A biography of A.V. Martynov, a famous Russian trichopterologist and insect morphologist, taxonomist, paleontologist, and phylogeneticist is briefly outlined and illustrated by photographs never published before. An important input into insect faunistics, ecology and biogeography, as well as into taxonomy and faunistics of freshwater Crustacea made by Martynov is acknowledged. A.V. Martynov founded and developed Russian trichopterology and promoted it at the world scale. An original system and phylogenetic scheme of the insects created by him is accepted worldwide and continues to influence modern publications. He founded the first, and for many decades the only, worldwide paleoentomological laboratory which eventually triggered the current paleoentomological boom.
The Subseasonal Experiment (SubX): A Multimodel Subseasonal Prediction Experiment
Authors: Pegion Kathy , Kirtman Ben P. , Becker Emily , Collins Dan C. , LaJoie Emerson , Burgman Robert , Bell Ray , DelSole Timothy , Min Dughong , Zhu Yuejian , Li Wei , Sinsky Eric , Guan Hong , Gottschalck Jon , Metzger E. Joseph , Barton Neil P , Achuthavarier Deepthi , Marshak Jelena , Koster Randal D. , Lin Hai , Gagnon Normand , Bell Michael , Tippett Michael K. , Robertson Andrew W. , Sun Shan , Benjamin Stanley G. , Green Benjamin W. , Bleck Rainer , Kim Hyemi
Published: July 2019

The Subseasonal Experiment (SubX) is a multimodel subseasonal prediction experiment designed around operational requirements with the goal of improving subseasonal forecasts. Seven global models have produced 17 years of retrospective (re)forecasts and more than a year of weekly real-time forecasts. The reforecasts and forecasts are archived at the Data Library of the International Research Institute for Climate and Society, Columbia University, providing a comprehensive database for research on subseasonal to seasonal predictability and predictions. The SubX models show skill for temperature and precipitation 3 weeks ahead of time in specific regions. The SubX multimodel ensemble mean is more skillful than any individual model overall. Skill in simulating the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) and the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), two sources of subseasonal predictability, is also evaluated, with skillful predictions of the MJO 4 weeks in advance and of the NAO 2 weeks in advance. SubX is also able to make useful contributions to operational forecast guidance at the Climate Prediction Center. Additionally, SubX provides information on the potential for extreme precipitation associated with tropical cyclones, which can help emergency management and aid organizations to plan for disasters.
분석사례 구하기와 정신분석적 몰입 유지하기: 도전 및 기회들 (Finding Control Cases and Maintaining Immersion: Challenges and Opportunities)
Authors: 에를리히 리나 테오도루
Published: July 2019

설문조사나 정신분석 연구소 교육자들의 관찰에 의하면, 많은 수련생들이 분석사례 구하기와 정신분석적 몰입 유지에 어려움을 겪으며, 졸업한 분석가들의 상황 역시 크게 다르지 않다. 이점에 비추어볼 때, 정신분석 수련과정이 수련과정 중 수련생이 환자를 구하여 분석경험을 쌓을 수 있게끔 적절히 준비해주지 못하는 것으로 보일 수 있으며, 그 여파는 많은 경우 졸업 후에까지도 이어진다. 물론 외적 요인에 의한 어려움도 상당하다. 한편 수련생이 분석적 마음을 키우려면—즉 졸업요건을 충족시킬 뿐 아니라, 졸업 후에도 계속 임상에서 정신분석을 할 수 있도록 분석적 정체성, 접근법, 그리고 기술을 획득하려면—환자를 구하는 데에 겪는 어려움에는 내적인 요인들도 작용한다는 점을 깨닫고, 또 임상에 이를 활용할 줄 아는 것이 중요하다. 나는 분석 시작 시기의 여러 단계에서 (의뢰, 초기면담, 치료권유) 나타나는 내적인 방해요인 몇 가지와, 이들이 어떻게 임상에서 발현되는지 짚어보고, 사례 구하기 그리고 몰입 유지에 수련생의 역전이가 어떻게 건설적으로 활용되는지 보여주기 위해 두 개의 사례를 그려보려고 한다. 마지막으로, 연구소차원의 해결책 몇 가지를 제시하는 것으로 마무리하겠다.
Problems in Freud’s Psychology of Women
Authors: Schafer Roy
Published: July 2019

Freud’s ideas on the development and psychological characteristics of girls and women, though laden with rich clinical and theoretical discoveries and achievements, appear to have been significantly flawed by the influence of traditional patriarchal and evolutionary values. This influence is evident in certain questionable presuppositions, logical errors and inconsistencies, suspensions of intensive inquiry, underemphasis on certain developmental variables, and confusions between observations, definitions, and value preferences. Under three headings—The Problem of Women’s Morality and Objectivity, The Problem of Neglected Prephallic Development, and The Problem of Naming—I discuss Freud’s generalizations concerning ego and superego development in boys and girls, penis envy, biologically predestined procreativity, the role of the mother, the fateful linkages male-masculine-active-aggressive-dominant and female-feminine-passive-masochistic-submissive, and other topics as well. In general, it is argued that Freud’s generalizations concerning girls and women do injustice to both his psychoanalytic method and his clinical findings.
Submental Island Flap: A Technical Update
Authors: Zenga Joseph , Emerick Kevin S. , Deschler Daniel G.
Published: July 2019

Objectives:

In recent years, the submental island flap has demonstrated decreased cost and morbidity as compared with free tissue transfer and has been widely applied to a range of head and neck defects. Several studies, however, continue to report a high rate of submental flap complications including partial necrosis and venous congestion. The object of this report is to describe a technical modification to the submental flap harvest which increases efficiency and reliability.

Methods:

Single institutional case series with chart review. The essential technical details and technique modifications of the submental flap harvest are described, and a case example is discussed.

Results:

Between January 2018 through January 2019, 24 submental island flaps were performed. All flaps included the mylohyoid muscle which was delineated with manual blunt dissection. Reconstructive indications included oral cavity and oropharyngeal wounds as well as facial cutaneous and lateral skullbase defects. There were no flap-related complications.

Conclusions:

Manual blunt dissection of the mylohyoid muscle and its inclusion in the submental island flap increases efficiency and reliability.
Coherent Anti-Stokes–Stokes Raman Cross-Correlation Spectroscopy: Asymmetric Frequency Shifts in Hydrogen-Bonded Pyridine-Water Complexes
Authors: Ariunbold Gombojav O. , Semon Bryan , Nagpal Supriya , Adhikari Prakash
Published: July 2019

Hydrogen bonding is a vital molecular interaction for bio-molecular systems, yet deep understanding of its ways of creating various complexes requires extensive empirical testing. A hybrid femtosecond/picosecond coherent Raman spectroscopic technique is applied to study pyridine-water complexes. Both the coherent Stokes and anti-Stokes Raman spectra are recorded simultaneously as the concentration of water in pyridine varied. A 3 ps and 10 cm−1 narrowband probe pulse enables us to observe well-resolved Raman spectra. The hydrogen bonding between pyridine and water forms the complexes that have altered vibrational frequencies. These red and blue shifts were observed to be uneven. This asymmetry was result of the generated background nonlinear optical processes of pyridine-water complexes. This asymmetry tends to disappear as probe pulse further delayed attaining background-free coherent Raman spectra. For better visualization, spectral analyses both traditional two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy and recent second-order correlation functions defined in frequency domain are employed. Recognized as a label-free and background-free technique, the coherent Raman spectroscopy, complemented with a known high-resolution spectroscopic correlation analysis, has potential in studying the hydrogen-bonded pyridine-water complexes. These complexes are of great biological importance both due to the ubiquitous nature of hydrogen bonds and due to the close resemblance to chemical bases in macro-biomolecules.
How do sporting organisations conceptualise and operationalise the prevention of violence against women?
Authors: Hamilton Gemma , Liston Ruth , Mortimer Shaez
Published: July 2019

Sport settings have great potential to influence social change and are therefore important locations to engage in the prevention of violence against women. The following study draws on in-depth interviews with 16 stakeholders who have been involved with the implementation of prevention programmes within competitive/team sport settings. A qualitative thematic analysis of the interviews was undertaken to examine how sporting organisations understand, strategise and practise prevention work in Australia and New Zealand. Implications for long-term changes in the prevention of violence against women are discussed with reference to key prevention actions and frameworks.