bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Bystander Dilemma and Child Abuse: Extending the Latane and Darley Model to Domestic Violence1
Authors: Hoefnagels Cees , Zwikker Machteld
Published: August 2006

In this paper, the theoretical framework of the bystander paradigm, as originally developed by Latane and Darley (1968, 1970), is extended to include an example of domestic violence on the basis of empirical research. The purpose of this study is to examine which personal and situational characteristics are associated with noticing and interpretation of child abuse. Records of telephone calls (n= 696) from nonprofessional bystanders who alleged child abuse were analyzed. Results show that these bystanders of child abuse are a diverse group, and include a considerable number of children (peers). Bystanders' characteristics, such as gender and age group, and bystanders' visual and auditory perceptions, affect their interpretation of the abusive situation, i. e., their level of certainty of the abuse. These and other findings are discussed, and implications for future research and the definition of bystanders are formulated.
Risk Factors of Sexual Aggression and Victimization Among Homosexual Men1
Authors: Krahé Barbara , Scheinberger‐Olwig Renate , Schütze Stephan
Published: August 2006

This study examined risk factors of sexual aggression and victimization among homosexual men (N= 310). They completed the Homosexual Experiences Survey to record sexual aggression and victimization and provided information about 2 groups of potential risk factors: childhood abuse and sexual lifestyle (number of partners, age at first intercourse, age at coming out, accepting or paying of money for sex, and rape proclivity). One in 4 respondents reported severe forms of sexual victimization; 17% reported moderate victimization. Prevalence of perpetration of sexual aggression was almost 20% for severe aggression and 9% for moderate aggression. The risk of victimization increased as a function of childhood abuse as well as high number of partners and acceptance of money for sex. The risk of committing sexual aggression was positively related to childhood abuse, acceptance and payment of money for sex, high number of sexual partners, and rape proclivity. The findings are discussed in relation to evidence on heterosexual aggression.
Social Cognitive Determinants of Blood Donation
Authors: Armitage Christopher J. , Conner Mark
Published: August 2006

This article reports two studies designed to test a theory of planned behavior‐based model of blood donation. In Study 1 (n= 136), self‐efficacy and self‐identity accounted for unique variance in behavioral intention. Study 2 (n= 172) extended Study 1: self‐efficacy, perceived control over behavior (PCB), self‐identity, and moral norm were all independently predictive of intention; behavioral intention predicted a proxy measure of behavioral enaction. Both studies provided evidence to support a distinction between self‐efficacy and PCB, and for the inclusion of self‐identity and moral norm into the model. Belief‐based measures discriminated intenders from nonintenders, and beliefs that accounted for unique variance in self‐efficacy and PCB were identified. The findings are discussed in relation to using models such as the theory of planned behavior to intervene in social and health behaviors.
Transformational Leadership and Sports Performance: The Mediating Role of Intrinsic Motivation1
Authors: Charbonneau Danielle , Barling Julian , Kelloway E. Kevin
Published: August 2006

We developed and tested a model in which transformational leadership affects sports performance indirectly, through the mediating effects of intrinsic motivation. During the season, 168 university athletes provided data on their perceptions of their coach's transformational leadership and their own intrinsic motivation. At the end of the season, their coaches assessed the performance of the athletes. Using LISREL VIII, three models were estimated following the sequence of mediator tests outlined by Kelloway (1996, 1998). The proposed model received considerable support. The results isolate intrinsic motivation as a mediator of the relationship between transformational leadership and sports performance, suggesting that transformational leadership may enhance intrinsic interest in the task.
Attitude Toward Asian Americans: Theory and Measurement
Authors: HO COLIN , JACKSON JAY W.
Published: August 2006

A theoretical framework to account for Whites' attitudes toward Asian Americans was developed and tested in 3 studies. An Attitude Toward Asians (ATA) scale was developed and found to be valid and reliable. Consistent with the framework, a negative factor and a positive factor were found to underlie attitudes toward Asian Americans. As expected, negative attitudes were shown to stem from both negative and positive instrumental attributes, whereas positive attitudes stemmed from positive instrumental and noninstrumental attributes. Predictions regarding emotional reactions to Asian Americans and attitude ambivalence were supported. Attitudes toward Asian Americans were also shown to influence judgments of African Americans. Implications and future research directions are discussed.
Do Satisfied Employees Satisfy Customers? Support‐Services Staff Morale and Satisfaction Among Public School Administrators, Students, and Parents
Authors: GRIFFITH JAMES
Published: August 2006

Data were obtained from school staff (N= 1,567) who provided support services to schools in a major metropolitan school district. These data were analyzed in relation to data obtained from 3 customer groups (school administrators, students, and parents) who provided ratings of their satisfaction with services. Several aspects of employee morale (e. g., quality of supervision, teamwork, and goal clarity, along with workgroup service climate) were significantly and positively related to administrator and parent satisfaction, but not to student satisfaction. Relations of employee morale and workgroup service climate to administrator satisfaction and parent satisfaction were moderated by customer contact with employees. Results are discussed in relation to expectations of customers and employees that affect the nature of the service‐exchange interaction.
Both Sides Now: Supervisor and Subordinate Perspectives on Relationship Quality
Authors: Paglis Laura L. , Green Stephen G.
Published: August 2006

Traditional leader–member exchange (LMX) research typically measures quality of exchange from the subordinate's or member's perspective—LMX(m). In this research, we propose a new construct, LMX(l), which reflects a supervisor's or leader's perception of the value delivered by his or her subordinate in the exchange relationship. Together, LMX(m) and LMX(l) are expected to provide a more complete picture of dyadic exchange quality. Our results indicate relatively modest convergence between the 2 perspectives on LMX. Both LMX(m) and LMX(l) were found to relate to specific currencies of exchange provided by each dyad partner, and agreement between the 2 was negatively associated with the frequency of supervisor–employee conflict. Implications for LMX theory and future research are discussed.
Team Climate and Procedural Justice as Predictors of Occupational Strain1
Authors: Elovainio Marko , Kivimauki Mika , Eccles Martin , Sinervo Timo
Published: August 2006

The aim of this study was to test the role of procedural justice (PJ) in the relationship between team climate (TC; i.e., accepted and clear goals, participation safety, perceived support for development, and commitment to good performance) and strain. The study population consisted of all the workers at 6 health centers in Finland (n= 688). PJ evaluations were found to have a strong mediating effect on the relationship between TC and occupational strain. This finding was interpreted as supporting the relational model of PJ, which states that people use quality of social relationships as an important indicator of fair treatment and that, in turn, is related to occupational strain.
Socially Desirable Responding in Computerized Questionnaires: When Questionnaire Purpose Matters More Than the Mode1
Authors: Wilkerson James M. , Nagao Dennis H. , Martin Christopher L.
Published: August 2006

The impact of questionnaire purpose (job screening interview vs. consumer survey) and the impact of questionnaire mode (paper‐and‐pencil vs. computer) on multiple measures of socially desirable responding (SDR) were examined. Students (N= 85) participated in experimental job screening (high SDR demand) and consumer survey (low SDR demand) conditions. Dependent measures included the Marlowe‐Crowne Social Desirability Scale and the impression management subscale of the Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding, Version 6. Significant questionnaire purpose effects suggest one possible, context‐related explanation for mixed SDR findings between earlier experiments. Mode effects were nonsignificant, adding further evidence of paper‐and‐pencil and computer equivalence with respect to SDR.
Mental Health and Personality of Slovak Unemployed Adolescents: The Impact of Belief in a Just World1
Authors: Dzuka Jozef , Dalbert Claudia
Published: August 2006

In 2 questionnaire studies with 3 groups of Slovak adolescents (students, short‐term unemployed, long‐term unemployed), the role of belief in a just world (B JW) as a buffer for the unemployed individuals’mental health (life satisfaction, personal worries, positive affect, negative affect, self‐esteem) was explored. The personal but not the general BJW showed a positive relationship with life satisfaction, positive affect, and self‐esteem, and this was true when controlled for objective (gender, unemployment status) and situational (subjective financial situation) predictors and further personality dimensions (Study 2: social desirability, extraversion, emotional lability). These adaptive relationships were consistently observed for students and short‐term unemployed adolescents, while the results for the long‐term unemployed participants and the negative mental health dimensions were mixed. It is discussed which coping reactions might mediate the personal BJW's adaptive effects.
Undoing the Effects of Seizing and Freezing: Decreasing Defensive Processing of Personally Relevant Messages
Authors: Block Lauren G. , Williams Patti
Published: August 2006

Health messages are directed at those who are at risk of incurring adverse consequences. However, previous experiments have found that people process personally relevant health messages in a biased, defensive manner. We examine the role of elaboration as a mechanism to encourage less biased processing of personally relevant health appeals. Results demonstrate that high‐relevance consumers freeze on the threatening information, leading to lower change appraisal (perceived severity, self‐efficacy, and response efficacy) and decreased message persuasion. For these individuals, renewed elaboration on the consequences of caffeine (Experiment 1) and olestra (Experiment 2) consumption reduces defensive processing. This elaboration “unfreezes” message processing, leading to greater change appraisal and increased persuasion. These experiments provide guidelines for practitioners to design more effective messages.
A Sociobiological Analysis of Namesaking Patterns in 322 American Families1
Authors: McAndrew Francis T. , King Jennifer C. , Honoroff Lora R.
Published: August 2006

A study of the naming patterns used for 648 children in 322 American families provided mixed support for a number of hypotheses that are derived from the propositions that namesaking (the naming of a child after another person) functions as advertisement of genetic kinship when it may be in doubt and as a strategy to procure future investment of resources from the father and other relatives. Males and second‐born children with older sisters were more likely to be namesaked, and birth order was a significant predictor of the probability of being namesaked for males. First‐borns were more likely to be named after a patrilineal relative, but there was no tendency for children born early in a marriage to be namesaked more frequently than children born after many years of marriage. Parents who themselves were namesaked were more likely to namesake their own children.
Type A as a Moderator of Stressors and Job Complexity: A Comparison of Achievement Strivings and Impatience‐Irritability
Authors: Jex Steve M. , Adams Gary A. , Elacqua Tina C. , Bachrach Daniel G.
Published: August 2006

This study examined two components (achievement strivings and impatience‐irritability) of the Type A Behavior Pattern as moderators of job stressors and job complexity on health and job satisfaction. It was predicted that achievement strivings would moderate the impact of job stressors and impatience‐irritability would impact responses to job complexity. Data from 525 employed adults provided mixed support for the moderator hypotheses. Relations between job stressors and both health and job satisfaction were strongest among employees reporting high levels of achievement strivings. Impatience‐irritability had no moderating effect. For job complexity, only one moderator effect was found. Mental demands were positively related to job satisfaction among those reporting low levels of impatience‐irritability. Implications of these findings are discussed.
Predictors of Cheating Behavior at a University: A Lesson From the Psychology of Work
Authors: Jackson Chris J. , Levine Stephen Z. , Furnham Adrian , Burr Nicole
Published: August 2006

The present study investigated students’ behavior across academic departments to establish how personality, demographic, educational, attitudinal, and climate (both psychological and departmental) predicted self‐reported cheating behavior at a university. Participants were 107 students from a variety of academic disciplines. The results explain 50.5% of the variability in self‐reported cheating behavior in terms of demographic (male, school education qualifications), departmental climate, and individual differences (Lie and Neuroticism scales). We concluded that an expanded theoretical perspective (utilizing a wide range of person and situation variables) explained more variability than would otherwise be explained from any single perspective, and that findings from the literature of integrity at work generalize to educational settings. Finally, we discuss the limitations and implications of this research.
The Effects of a Joke on Tipping When It Is Delivered at the Same Time as the Bill1
Authors: Gueaguen Nicolas
Published: August 2006

Former studies showed that a cartoon, such as a smiling face or a cheerful drawing (i.e., the image of the sun), increased the amount of tips given by a customer when added on a bill. A replication was made in accompanying the bill with a small card on which a joke was appended. The experiment took place in a bar with people who had had the same drink. The results showed that people who received the joke card were more likely to tip than were people in the control condition or in a condition where an advertisement card accompanied the bill. The size of the tips left tended to be higher in the joke‐card group than in the other conditions. The findings are discussed in terms of the positive mood activated by the joke card, which in turn increased tipping behavior.
The Proportion of Women Managers: Where Is the Critical Mass?1
Authors: Lortie‐Lussier Monique , Rinfret Natalie
Published: August 2006

This study examined the impact of proportions of women in management on attitudes of coworkers from two theoretical perspectives. According to Kanter (1977), women's competence, contribution to organizational culture, and status would be better appreciated as their proportion increased. According to Blalock (1967), men would react adversely. Data were collected from 453 managers in Canadian federal departments where the proportions varied from 9%, 20%, 35%, to 45%. Findings did not support either theory. Men made significantly more positive evaluations of women's participation in the organization and of their status in conditions above 20% than in the token condition. In the 45% sample, they recognized women's managerial talents significantly better. Women displayed confidence in their talents, irrespective of proportions. Results are discussed in the light of the influence of individual factors taken into account.
When Is Believing “Seeing”? Hostile Attribution Bias as a Function of Self‐Reported Aggression1
Authors: Matthews B. Alex , Norris Fran H.
Published: August 2006

Repeated exposure to adverse advents (e.g., risky driving) was thought to increase expectations for the recurrence of the event. Community‐based drivers (130 men, 133 women) were given scenarios depicting everyday road events that could be construed as benign, ambiguous, or malign by the degree of perceived provocation. Differences between levels of gender, ethnicity, age, aggressiveness, and provocation were measured by attributions of intent, hostility, and anger. Results showed that, overall, drivers accurately perceived provocation conditions. Hostile attributional biases were not evident among the sample as a whole, but were dependent on level of aggressiveness and provocation. Analysis of self‐reported driving behavior showed that young, aggressive majority group drivers who experience greater aggression on the road also were more likely to take more risks while driving. Controlling for miles driven, gender differences were not found.
“I Know Just How You Feel”: The Validity of Healthy Women's Perceptions of Breast‐Cancer Patients Receiving Treatment
Authors: Buick Deanna L. , Petrie Keith J.
Published: August 2006

The accuracy of healthy women's perceptions of how breast‐cancer patients cope with treatment was assessed in this study. Standardized questionnaires measuring distress, coping, and illness perceptions were completed by 78 women undergoing postsurgical treatment for primary breast cancer. The patients' responses were then compared with assessments made by a matched community sample. The results showed a marked incongruity between healthy women's perceptions and actual patients' experiences of the disease and its treatment. Community women overestimated patients' distress, perceived the consequences of breast cancer to be more severe, and were more likely to believe that patients used denial and disengagement strategies. The discrepancy in findings has implications for the appropriateness of the support offered to patients by healthy women.
Rodney King and O. J. Revisited: The Impact of Race and Defendant Empathy Induction on Judicial Decisions
Authors: Johnson James D. , Simmons Carolyn H. , Jordav Amanda , Maclean Leslie , Taddei Jeffrey , Thomas Duane , Dovidio John F. , Reed William
Published: August 2006

White university students participated in a study to investigate the impact of defendant race and empathetic induction on a subsequent juror decision‐making task. Participants read a passage involving a Black or a White defendant in a criminal case. They were subsequently induced to feel no empathy, low empathy, or high empathy for the defendant. When compared to participants in the low‐ and control empathy conditions, those in the high‐empathy condition reported greater target empathy, made attributions that were more situational, and assigned more lenient punishments. The results also indicate that group membership can moderate the impact of empathetic induction. When compared to the participants in the Black defendant condition, those in the White defendant condition reported greater target empathy, made attributions that were more situational, and assigned more lenient punishments. Implications for both empathy and judicial decision‐making research are discussed.
Does Organizational Commitment Fully Mediate Constituent Commitment Effects? A Reassessment and Clarification
Authors: Maertz Carl P. , Mosley Donald C. , Alford Bruce L.
Published: August 2006

Research suggests that employees can be committed to constituents of an organization, distinct from commitment to the organization itself. However, 2 key studies came to different conclusions on whether constituent commitments have independent effects on outcomes. This study improves on earlier methodology to clarify this contradiction. Specifically, nested‐model comparisons test a partially mediated model versus a fully mediated model (through organizational commitment). The results refute the main conclusion of Hunt & Morgan (1994), supporting a partially mediated model with direct constituent commitment effects on turnover intentions and citizenship behaviors (i.e., Becker, 1992). Effects of commitment to work group on turnover intentions and non‐idleness were in the opposite direction from those of organizational commitment. Implications for commitment research are discussed.
Reactions to Supporters and Opponents of Uranium Mining in Relation to Status, Attitude Similarity, and Right‐Wing Authoritarianism1
Authors: Feather N. T.
Published: August 2006

This research investigated participants' responses to a scenario involving either a high‐status elected senator or a public citizen either supporting or opposing uranium mining near a heritage‐listed national park in Australia, followed by the subsequent arrest and punishment of the stimulus person for failing to obey a police order. Results show that low authoritarians perceived the low‐status offender relative to the high‐status offender as less responsible for the offense, and they reported less positive affect about the penalty for the low‐status offender. Participants showed more leniency toward offenders whose position on uranium mining was congruent with participants' own attitudes. Relationships between right‐wing authoritarianism, own attitudes toward uranium mining, and participants' reactions to the offense were associated with different but somewhat overlapping sets of value priorities.
A Motivational Model of Work Turnover
Authors: Richer Sylvie F. , Blanchard Cealine , Vallerand Robert J.
Published: August 2006

The purpose of this article was to propose and test a motivational model of work turnover. The model posits that feelings of relatedness toward work colleagues and feelings of competence jointly and positively affect self‐determined work motivation, which in turn facilitates work satisfaction but prevents emotional exhaustion. Moreover, work satisfaction and emotional exhaustion respectively lead to negative and positive effects on turnover intentions. Finally, over time, turnover intentions translate into turnover behavior. A total of 490 alumni from a school of administration completed a questionnaire assessing the various components of the motivational model. Results from structural equation modeling analyses (with EQS; Bentler, 1992) supported the motivational model. Results are discussed in light of the relevant literature, and future research directions are proposed.
Volunteer Mentoring Relationships With Minority Youth: An Analysis of Same‐ Versus Cross‐Race Matches1
Authors: Rhodes Jean E. , Reddy Ranjini , Grossman Jean B. , Maxine Lee Judy
Published: August 2006

Despite the growth of youth mentoring programs in recent years, key questions remain regarding the relative importance of making matches on the basis of shared racial background. Both sides of the argument regarding racial matching are presented, followed by a comparison of the effects of same‐ vs. cross‐race matches involving minority youth (N= 476). Minority adolescents were less likely to report initiating alcohol when placed in cross‐race matches. In addition, minority boys in same‐race matches reported smaller decrements in scholastic competence and self‐worth than did minority boys in cross‐race matches. Minority girls in same‐race matches reported smaller decrements in school value and self‐worth than did minority girls in cross‐race matches. Youth, parent, and caseworker impressions of the 2 relationship types largely converged, but the few impressions that differed tended to favor cross‐race matches. The methodological limitations and implications of this study are discussed.
Acute Thoughts, Exercise Consistency, and Coping Self‐Efficacy1
Authors: Gyurcsik Nancy C. , Brawley Lawrence R. , Langhout Nicolette
Published: August 2006

One study purpose was to determine whether individuals classified with respect to consistency of exercise adherence and acute thinking tone differed on coping self‐efficacy, decisional struggle, exercise intention, and affect. A second study purpose was to examine whether coping self‐efficacy predicted struggle, intention, and affect. Participants were 160 healthy people (Mage = 25.6 years) exercising in fitness settings. Social cognitive, affect, and exercise consistency measures were obtained concurrently. A multivariate analysis indicated that positive thinkers experienced significantly lower decisional struggle and higher coping self‐efficacy compared to negative thinkers. Further, consistent exercisers experienced significantly lower decisional struggle and higher coping self‐efficacy, intention, and positive affect compared to inconsistent exercisers. Regression analyses indicated that coping self‐efficacy significantly predicted decisional struggle and intention.
The Good‐Mother Stereotype: Stay at Home (or Wish That You Did!)
Authors: Gorman Kristin A. , Fritzsche Barbara A.
Published: August 2006

This study extends prior research on the good‐mother stereotype by examining the influence of mothers’ role satisfaction on perceptions. Students read a brief description of a mother and rated her commitment to motherhood and communality. As predicted, the mother who remained home with her child and who was satisfied with staying home was rated higher than was the dissatisfied stay‐at‐home mother. However, the continuously employed mother who was satisfied with working outside of the home was perceived as less committed to motherhood and less selfless than was the dissatisfied, employed mother. The results are discussed in the context of Russo's (1976) analysis of the motherhood mandate and Eagly and Steffcn's (1984) theory of gender stereotypes. Implications for career‐oriented mothers are examined.
Human Values and Product Symbolism: Do Consumers Form Product Preference by Comparing the Human Values Symbolized by a Product to the Human Values That They Endorse?1
Authors: Allen Michael W.
Published: August 2006

The present study proposes a cognitive process in which consumers form product preference by attending to and evaluating the human values symbolized by a product against the human values that they endorse. Individuals in the treatment group were informed that owners or heavy users of specific products hold certain human values. Results show that, compared with the control group, the treatment group perceived greater human value product symbolism and held more favorable attitudes toward products that symbolized the values that they endorsed. Moreover, the consistency between value endorsement and product preference was strongest for individuals in the treatment group who had a predisposition to attend to the symbolic meanings of products or believed that values in general are personally relevant.
“The Clothing Makes the Self” Via Knowledge Activation1
Authors: Hannover Bettina , Kühnen Ulrich
Published: August 2006

This study tested the hypothesis that different clothing styles can influence self‐descriptions by priming certain trait categories. We used a cover story to tell our participants to appear for the experiment dressed in either formal or casual wear. When participants arrived for the experiment, they were asked to describe themselves as quickly as possible by endorsing or rejecting trait adjectives. These adjectives were selected in a pilot study as either a trait typically ascribed to a formally dressed person (cultivated, accurate) or a trait typically ascribed to a casually dressed person (easygoing, tolerant). Results show that participants who were dressed formally used more formal adjectives than casual ones to describe themselves. The opposite was true in participants wearing casual clothes. In addition, formally dressed participants responded faster to formal than to casual adjectives, while this difference was reversed in casually dressed participants. Implications for applied settings (e.g., achievement vs. social situations) are discussed.
Variations in the Gender‐Stereotyped Content of Children's Television Cartoons Across Genres
Authors: Leaper Campbell , Breed Lisa , Hoffman Laurie , Perlman Carly Ann
Published: August 2006

This study examined the gender‐stereotyped content of children's TV network cartoons across 4 genres: traditional adventure (e.g., “Spiderman”), nontraditional adventure (e.g., “Reboot”), educational/family (e.g., “Magic School Bus”), and comedy (“Animaniacs”). Acting negatively, showing physical aggression, and being a victim were significantly less likely in the educational/family genre cartoons than any of the other three genres. Demonstrating romantic behavior was significantly more likely in the traditional adventure and the comedy genres than the other genres. Male characters were represented in cartoons significantly more than were female characters, but only in the traditional adventure and the comedy genres. Male characters were more likely than were female characters to use physical aggression, but only in the traditional adventure genre. Behaviors that were relatively more likely among female characters across genres included showing fear, acting romantic, being polite, and acting supportive. Most of the significant differences were also associated with very large effect sizes.
Utilizing Need for Cognition and Perceived Self‐Efficacy to Predict Academic Performance1
Authors: Elias Steven M. , Loomis Ross J.
Published: August 2006

A study was conducted to determine whether academic performance could be predicted on the bases of the constructs need for cognition (NFC) and academic self‐efficacy. Two hypotheses were generated: Positive correlations will be found between academic self‐efficacy, NFC, and grade point average (GPA); and efficacy and NFC will serve as significant predictors of GPA. The path mediation technique recommended by Baron & Kenny (1986) for testing mediated relationships was also performed in order to assess the causal direction of the NFC and academic self‐efficacy variables. Participants were 138 undergraduate students. The first hypothesis was generally supported in that significant correlations were found between NFC, efficacy beliefs, and GPA. In support of the second hypothesis, path analysis revealed that NFC and academic self‐efficacy were significant predictors of GPA. Furthermore, the NFC‐GPA relationship was shown to be mediated by efficacy beliefs.
Personality, the Theory of Planned Behavior, and Exercise: A Unique Role for Extroversion's Activity Facet1
Authors: Rhodes RyanE. , Courneya Kerry S. , Jones Lee W.
Published: August 2006

The primary purpose of this study was to determine if the theory of planned behavior (TPB) mediated the relationship between selected personality traits (i.e., extroversion, neuroticism, and conscientiousness) and exercise behavior using structural equation modeling. Based on previous research, it was hypothesized that extroversion (E) would have a significant direct effect on exercise behavior while controlling for the TPB. A secondary purpose was to explore whether the facets of these personality domains had significant effects on TPB constructs or exercise behavior while controlling for the general personality domains. Female undergraduate students (N= 301) completed measures of the TPB, the Five‐Factor model of personality, and a 1‐month exercise behavior follow‐up. Model 1 resulted in a direct effect of E on exercise behavior. Model 2 suggested a significantly better fit when direct effects of E's activity facet were freed for estimation. Moreover, freeing these effects rendered the effects of general E nonsignificant. It was concluded that the direct effect of E on exercise behavior found in previous research might be explained entirely by the activity facet of E.
Stereotypes and Shifting Standards: Some Paradoxical Effects of Cognitive Load
Authors: Biernat Monica , Kobrynowicz Diane , Weber Dara L.
Published: August 2006

Four studies tested a prediction derived from the shifting‐standards model (Biernat, Manis, & Nelson, 1991) regarding the role stereotypes play in judgments of individual group members. Previous research has documented that stereotyping effects are stronger on objective than on subjective response scales, and the present studies found that these effects were intensified when participants were under heavy cognitive load. Stereotyping effects increased on objective judgment scales, but decreased on subjective scales. The latter is a paradoxical effect: By relying on stereotypes, one may increasingly use them as within‐category comparative standards, which leads to the apparent reduction of stereotyping effects.
Counterattitudinal Advocacy on a Matter of Prejudice: Effects of Distraction, Commitment, and Personal Importance1
Authors: Eisenstadt Donna , Leippe Michael R. , Rivers Jennifer A. , Stambush Mark. A.
Published: August 2006

White students were asked to advocate a tuition policy beneficial to Blacks at either high or low personal cost. Advocates wrote an essay while undistracted or distracted, or only committed to writing it. More attitude change occurred when the policy was personally costly (important) and advocates were undistracted. Distraction may disrupt the dominant covert cognitive response, which is normally favorable to a freely agreed‐to advocacy. This makes anti‐advocacy thoughts more likely and the advocacy seem weaker, especially when the advocacy involves conflicted racial beliefs whose contemplation under load activates negative stereotypes. Some participants wrote essays that defied their agreement to endorse the policy, and distraction enhanced their attitude change. In this case, distraction presumably disrupted an anti‐advocacy dominant cognitive response. Thought listings supported these interpretations. Finally, commitment alone led to attitude change. Coun‐terattitudinal advocacy fosters attitude change in prejudice‐relevant domains if conditions support advocacy‐favorable thoughts during advocacy.
Predicting Positive Academic Intention Among African American Males and Females1
Authors: Davis Larry E. , Saunders Jeanne , Johnson Sharon , Miller‐Cribbs Julie , Williams Trina , Wexler Sandra
Published: August 2006

Significant attention has been given to the educational shortcomings of African American students. This study examined predictors of educational success among African American high school sophomores. It explored factors that predict differences in students’ academic intention to complete the school year, and how these factors differ by gender. The study was guided conceptually by the theory of planned behavior (TPB). We also assessed perceptions of self. Results indicated that most students had positive predispositions toward school‐year completion, with females being more positively oriented toward academic success than males. The TPB's attitude component was the only predictor tested to operate differentially across gender. Having a positive attitude toward school was a significantly greater predictor of intention to complete the school year for males than for females.
The Effects of Prior Attitudes and Attitude Importance on Attitude Change and Class Impact in Women's and Gender Studies1
Authors: Sevelius Jeanne M. , Stake Jayne E.
Published: August 2006

Attitude change in women's and gender studies (WGS) students has been a central goal of the WGS movement since its inception. Attitude change theory stresses the crucial roles of prior attitudes and attitude importance in the effectiveness of a persuasive message. This study examined attitude change dynamics in 548 WGS students drawn from 32 United States college campuses. Results provided partial support for the following hypotheses: (a) Students with attitudes discrepant from the WGS message demonstrate more resistance to attitude change when they deem these attitudes to be more important, and (b) WGS class impact is greater among students who rate class‐relevant attitudes as more important.
Despicability in the Workplace: Effects of Behavioral Deviance and Unlikeability on the Evaluation of In‐Group and Out‐Group Members
Authors: Bown Nicola J , Abrams Dominic
Published: August 2006

This study examined how members of functionally independent work groups (bank employees) evaluated behavioral deviance among in‐group and out‐group members. Members’ behavior was either modal (normative) or deviant in relation to workplace norms, and members were either likeable or unlikeable. Based on social identity theory (Tajfel & Turner, 1979) and on the black‐sheep effect (e.g., Marques & Paez, 1994), it was predicted that both unlikeability and deviance would result in more negative evaluations. It was also predicted that behavior that challenged prescriptive in‐group standards would result in relative derogation of in‐group targets compared to similar out‐group targets (the evaluative extremity effect). These hypotheses were supported. Discussion focuses on how evaluations of deviant group members help to preserve a positive sense of social identity. Practical implications of social deviance in the workplace are considered.
Effects of Touch on Gratuities Received in Same‐Gender and Cross‐Gender Dyads1
Authors: Ebesu Hubbard Amy S. , Tsuji A. Allen , Williams Christine , Seatriz Virgilio
Published: August 2006

This study examined whether or not a nonreciprocal brief shoulder touch would increase gratuities received by servers. Data from 400 patrons were collected by 4 servers who enacted the touch manipulation while working in 2 separate eating establishments. The findings revealed that servers who touched their patrons did receive larger gratuities than servers who did not touch their patrons. Further, in one setting, servers received larger tips from patrons who were of the opposite gender than from patrons who were of the same gender. These results support the ubiquitous influence of a fleeting touch on gratuities, and the possibility that, in certain situations, touch may be more advantageous when done by members of the opposite gender.
The Exit of Residential Mobility or the Voice of Political Action? Strategies for Problem Solving in Residential Communities1
Authors: Van Vugt Mark , John Peter , Dowding Keith , Van Dijk Eric
Published: August 2006

This research investigated 2 action strategies for residents to deal with dissatisfying community services: moving out of the community (exit), or communicating dissatisfaction to local authorities (voice). Data were used from a population movement survey conducted among 1,529 households in 3 major cities in the United Kingdom in 1997. Employing concepts from interdependence theory (Kelley & Thibaut, 1978), we predicted that dissatisfaction with community services would lead to more exit and voice responses. Furthermore, exit was predicted to be dominant among residents who, for diverse reasons, were less dependent; and voice was predicted for residents who were more dependent on the community. These predictions were supported, and the relevance of these findings for understanding community stability and improvement is discussed.
Problems of Operationalizing Habits and Integrating Habits in Normative Decision‐Making Models1
Authors: KLöckner Christian A. , Matthies Ellen , Hunecke Marcel
Published: August 2006

This paper reports on a study, conducted in Bochum, Germany, involving 160 participants. Two research interests were combined in our study. The first aim was to integrate habit into the process of normative decision making to predict environmentally relevant behavior. Two approaches of implementing habits are analyzed and discussed. Both conceptualizing habitual and normative influences on behavior as excluding paths and integrating habit into the process of normative decision making are illustrated by data. With our approach, we intended to initialize a discussion about the consideration of habits in the context of normative decisions. The second aim was to develop and test different modifications of Verplanken's (Verplanken, Aarts, van Knippenberg, & van Knippenberg, 1994) response frequency measure (RFM) to improve the operational ization of habit. The modified forms of RFM were not more appropriate than the unmodified form. Therefore, we suggest using the unmodified RFM until there is an improved form available.
Work Attitudes of American Indians
Authors: Weaver Charles N.
Published: August 2006

Analysis of 22 samples representative of the labor force of the continental United States shows few differences in 13 work attitudes between American Indians (n= 732) and European Americans (n= 12,810). American Indians were more insecure in their jobs and were less satisfied with their financial situation. They were more likely to prefer a job that offers a high income and chances for promotion. As their increasing earnings reach parity and the effects of discrimination and prejudice lessen, these few differences should diminish.
Does State Versus Action Orientation Moderate the Intention‐Behavior Relationship?
Authors: Norman Paul , Sheeran Paschal , Orbell Sheina
Published: August 2006

According to Kuhl's (1985) theory of action control, action‐oriented individuals should be more likely to translate their intentions into action than state‐oriented individuals. The present study considered the moderating role of state vs. action orientation on intention‐behavior relations across 30 behaviors. Respondents (N = 211) completed questionnaires assessing their intentions to perform each of the 30 behaviors and state vs. action orientation. Two weeks later, respondents completed a second questionnaire to assess performance of the 30 behaviors. Between‐subjects and within‐subjects analyses both failed to provide support for the moderating role of state vs. action orientation, although a more detailed analysis revealed that state‐oriented individuals were more likely to act on their intentions in the case of behaviors that were under normative control. The results are discussed in relation to Kuhl's theory of action control and the need to focus on a range of volitional processes when addressing the intention‐behavior gap.
The Proposition of a General Version of the Theory of Planned Behavior: Predicting Ecological Behavior1
Authors: Kaiser Florian G. , Gutscher Heinz
Published: August 2006

The present paper explores whether the theory of planned behavior (TPB) must abandon the notion that perceived behavioral control (PBC) has a direct influence on behavior. In a cross‐sectional survey of 895 Swiss residents, our hypothesis was tested by means of structural equation models. Applied specifically, PBC turned out to be a significant direct predictor of one's performance. A general version of the TPB based on aggregated measures, however, revealed PBC's direct influence on behavior to be nonsignificant and, presumably, a non‐universally applicable and thus nongeneralizable part of the theory. Intention determined 51% to 52% of people's ecological behavior, which supports the claim of a strong attitude‐behavior relation. Attitude, subjective norms, and PBC, the 3 TPB components, account for 81% of intention's variance.
Partners in Crime: How Liars in Collusion Betray Themselves1
Authors: Granhag Pär Anders , Strömwall Leif A , Jonsson Anna‐Carin
Published: August 2006

The paradigmatic task for participants in studies on deception is to assess veracity on the basis of a single statement. However, in applied contexts, lie catchers are often faced with multiple statements (reported by one or several suspects). To appreciate this mismatch, we conducted a study where each member of 10 truth‐telling pairs and 10 lying pairs (reporting fabricated alibis) was interrogated twice about an alibi. As predicted, lying pair members were more consistent between themselves than were truth‐telling pair members, and single liars and truth tellers were equally consistent over time. Furthermore, truth tellers made more commissions than did liars. Although in line with our repeat vs. reconstruct hypothesis, these findings contrast sharply with beliefs held by professional lie catchers and recommendations found in literature on deception detection. The results are translated into an applied psycholegal context.
As Time Goes By: How Goal and Implementation Intentions Influence Enactment of Short‐Fuse Behaviors1
Authors: Dholakia Utpal M. , Pbagozzi Richard
Published: August 2006

Short‐fuse behaviors are actions that must be enacted within a limited window of opportunity for success. Such behaviors are theoretically important because they facilitate study of the intention formation, maintenance, and enactment processes, and have practical value because of their pervasiveness. Building on the recent work of motivational social psychologists, the research reported here explores 2 different components of an individual's intention to enact short‐fuse behaviors: goal intention and implementation intention. An initial study demonstrates the nomological validity of these 2 constructs and clarifies the psychological mechanisms underlying each one. Subsequent studies show the independent benefits as well as interactional effects of goal and implementation intentions. Taken together, these results demonstrate the complexity underlying the intention‐realization process, elaborate on functioning of goal and implementation intentions, and provide a better understanding of how the intention formation and enactment process transpires for short‐fuse behaviors.
Polygraph Evidence and Juror Judgments: The Effects of Corroborating Evidence1
Authors: Myers Bryan , Rosol Angela , Boelter Eric
Published: August 2006

A total of 169 college freshman were presented with a mock transcript of a sexual assault trial. We varied both polygraph expert testimony indicating that the defendant was deceptive (polygraph/no polygraph) and testimony by a medical expert and eyewitness who further corroborated the defendant's guilt (corroborating evidence/no corroborating evidence). Whereas the presence of corroborating evidence influenced verdicts as well as probability of commission (PC) estimates regarding the defendant, evidence of a failed polygraph test did not significantly influence verdicts or PC estimates, nor did the presentation of polygraph evidence interact with the corroborating evidence.
Factual and Affective/Evaluative Recall of Pretrial Publicity: Their Relative Influence on Juror Reasoning and Verdict in a Simulated Fraud Trial1
Authors: Honess Terry M. , Charman E. A. , Levi M.
Published: August 2006

This study investigated the relationship between recall of real‐life pretrial publicity (PTP) in a high‐profile fraud case and subsequent reasoning about the trial evidence and verdict decisions. Tracking the reasoning and verdict judgments of 50 mock jurors during a video simulation of the trial material, the effect of factual recall of PTP was compared with recall indicating an affective or evaluative response from the PTP. Affective/evaluative recall, but not factual recall, was significantly associated with anti‐defendant reasoning and confidence in guilt. This effect was partially mediated by reasoning developed during the course of evidence presentation. The potentially prejudicial effect of affective/evaluative recall of PTP is discussed in terms of it activating an explanatory structure that frames evidence interpretation.