bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction to Part Three
Authors: Rostowski Jacek
Published: October 2023

Part III looks at how the conditions of long-term macroeconomic stability in PCEs can be established. Chapter 11 first describes the evolution of banking systems from mono banks under central planning to two tier systems. This evolution was very different in Central Europe on the one hand (what I call the ‘main sequence’), and in the former Soviet Union on the other. The chapter then proceeds to identify the requirements of monetary stability as the creation of a banking system which is able to gradually develop credit allocation skills, and a ‘monetary rule’ which ensures exchange rate stability. It is argued that the former would be more likely if banks had to maintain 100 per cent-or very high-reserve ratios at the beginning of the transition. I call this position ‘banking gradualism’. McKinnon (1991) espoused a similar point of view. There is, however, one key difference: under McKinnon’s scheme, banks holding 100 per cent reserves at the central bank are effectively crediting the government. Under the scheme in Chapter 11, the need to back 100 per cent of central bank liabilities with foreign assets means that depositors are ultimately crediting world capital markets (and are therefore more likely to get their money back). The essence of this ‘monetary rule’, which is the other pillar of the proposed system, is that a key monetary aggregate should depend on changes in international reserves at a fixed exchange rate and at least current account convertibility. As the quality of the banking system improves, the key monetary aggregate to be controlled in this way can become ever narrower.
Creating Stable Monetary Systems 1n Post--Communist Economies
Authors: Rostowski Jacek
Published: October 2023

Post-communist economies (PCEs) usually enter the transition to capitalism with a high rate of inflation. This is, first, because price liberalization without a hard budget constraint or unemployment must lead to high inflation (Chapter 2). Second, the weakening of communist political power in the period before the overthrow of communist governments has often led to a weakening of such budgets constraints as there were in the Soviet-type economy-particularly as regards wages. Post communist governments are thus often faced with the need to tackle high or very high inflation just at the time when they also have to guide the country through the transition to capitalism. Creating stable monetary systems in PCEs is thus vital both in the short and the long term. Yet a major hindrance in the achievement of this aim is the nature of banking systems in these countries.
Policy conclusions
Authors: Missale Alessandro
Published: October 2023

Public debt management has important welfare effects. The choice of debt instruments determines the distribution of debt returns and the allocation of taxes across future states of the world with important implications for the distribution of risk and the efficiency of taxation.
Introduction
Authors: Garenne Michel , Gupta Monica Das , Pison Gilles , Aaby Peter
Published: October 2023

The idea of a systematic prospective study of a community to understand basic processes of births, diseases, and deaths started with the development of Public Health, Epidemiology, and Demography as major subjects of scientific research at the beginning of the twentieth century. The Pellagra Study (1916-21) is usually quoted as the first scientific prospective study of a community, in the cotton mill villages of South Carolina. It was designed to study the etiology of pellagra, a nutritional disorder, and was based on a comprehensive follow-up of a deprived Southern community.
Lessons from Narangwal about Primary Health Care, Family Planning, and Nutrition
Authors: Taylor Carl E , Sweemer Cecile De
Published: October 2023

Narangwal was the base for longitudinal field research that contributed to international understanding of how primary health care, family planning, and nutrition services can be provided for village people. For about thirteen years, the Rural Health Research Centre of the Indian Council of Medical Research and Johns Hopkins University’s Department of International Health was located in Narangwal, a village with a population of about 1,800 located in Ludhiana District of the Indian Punjab. The project worked in twenty-six villages with a population of 35,000 distributed according to a controlled experimental design in three community development blocks with a population of over 300,000.
Longitudinal Community Health Research for Equity and Accountability in Primary Health Care in Haiti
Authors: Berggren Gretchen , Berggren Warren , Menager Henri , Genece Eddy
Published: October 2023

The investigators undertook two longitudinal community health research (LCHR) studies to assess primary health-care activities in rural Haiti. The work was motivated by the need to demonstrate that selected interventions can reduce the impact on the community of the most frequent preventable, fatal and crippling diseases. Methods developed for surveillance also brought equity and accountability to primary health care at the community level.
Education and Growth in Latin America
Authors: McMahon Walter W
Published: October 2023

Economic growth in Latin America and the Caribbean has not been as steady or robust over the last several decades as it has been in East Asia. It has also varied widely among the countries in the region.
Poverty and Inequality
Authors: McMahon Walter W
Published: October 2023

The chapter considers the major factors that contribute to rural poverty, urban poverty, and inequality in the distribution of income. It does so with the purpose of isolating the direct and indirect impacts of human resource development through education. The focus is on the longer-run trends, although education also cushions the impacts of cyclical fluctuations on unemployment and poverty for those who have advanced education. After the indirect JS well as the direct impacts of education on poverty are collected, the results arc then used in Chapters 12 and 13 in the interactive model of endogenous development.
Measuring the Total Social Benefits of Education: The Complete Model
Authors: McMahon Walter W
Published: October 2023

The empirical estimate of total social benefits are shown for a few selected countries in each region (simply because ro show them for all of the 78 countries in the complete model would consume too much space) and for a period from the present usually through 2035 (although occasionally through 2020). In addition to the two kinds of strategically chosen policy changes shown, 8 other types of policy changes, including those reforms discussed in Chapter 11, can be simulated using the complete model, and for any of the 78 countries in Latin America, Asia, Africa, or the OECD. Occasional regional overviews or comparisons between poor devel oping countries and advanced industrialized countries are also presented.
The Establishment of the Bank deutscher Länder and the West German Currency Reform
Authors: Buchheim Christoph
Published: October 2023

Although the currency reform is widely held to have been the trigger for the ‘economic miracle’ in western Germany, and the Deutsche Bundesbank is regarded as one of the most successful monetary institutions in the world, historians until the end of the 1980s largely ignored events leading up to the Vrst, and the history of the second.Only Eckhard Wandel analysed both in a single book, which failed to live up to the high expectations of its title. There have also been a few more recent essays on the currency reform or some of its aspects, for instance by Hans Möller, Heinz Sauermann, Ian Turner, and Albrecht Ritschl. The last of these was embedded in a controversy about the real economic importance of the currency reform. This emerged principally in a 1975 book by Werner Abelshauser, who tried to demonstrate that the currency reform played no more than a minor role in the growth that followed.This heated debate has now run out of steam, and seems to have been decided in favour of Abelshauser’s opponents.
Introduction
Authors: Santis Gustavo De , Bacci Massimo Livi
Published: October 2023

By the end of 1994, much had already been said on poverty. However, it was felt that not all its causes and consequences had been fully analysed, and, also, that the specialized literature —sometimes excessively refined, formalized, and segmented in different disciplines —left perhaps three majors gaps to be filled: one between the various specialized circles concerned with poverty, which only rarely try to exchange views on the subject; another between scholars and the ‘public’ in the developed world, who, more often than not, feel that poverty, especially in the developing world, is not their concern; and another between what ‘experts’ say, and what politicians can (or want to) understand.
Population and Poverty How Do They Interact?
Authors: Lipton Michael
Published: October 2023

Owing mainly to better measurement techniques and more and better household surveys, knowledge about poverty has increased more in the past four decades than in the previous two millennia. Also, global poverty incidence has declined more. Sub-Saharan Africa has not shared in this improvement, but in the world’s largest low-income countries (China, India, Indonesia, Pakistan), and in 1960-80 in some large middle-income countries (Brazil, Mexico), it has been unprecedented. Most of it happened from the mid-1950s to the early 1980s (World Bank 1990: 40-1); subsequent improvement has been much slower (Chen et al. 1995).
High Fertility and Short Birth Spacing: The Poverty Consequences of Family-building Patterns
Authors: David Patricia h.
Published: October 2023

Is high fertility a strategy or a mechanism that can enable families to escape from poverty, or does it perpetuate or lead to a descent into poverty in the long term? This question has been the subject of debate and public interest since the time of Malthus. The answer is fundamental to our understanding of the determinants of fertility behaviour and the causes of persistent poverty, but posing the question presumes that we can disentangle cause from effect. That task is not straightforward. It may require us to go beyond attempts to model very complex relationships, using alternative methods of data collection to supplement quantitative survey analysis. Different disciplines have framed the question in various ways, and relevant research is widely dispersed across economics, demography, health and nutrition, education, sociology and anthropology, and development studies. The costs and benefits of high fertility may depend on the unit of analysis: the outcome for a family may be quite different from the outcome for one of its members.
The United States
Authors: Sunley Emil M , Stotsky Janet G
Published: October 2023

Taxes are levied in the USA by the federal, state, and local governments. Each government imposes its own taxes. There are no shared taxes, although more than one government may exploit the major revenue sources. In addition, there is considerable shifting of money through shared expenditure programmes from higher to lower levels of government. The federal government, most state governments, and some local governments impose income taxes. The most important revenue sources are income and payroll taxes at the federal level, sales and income taxes at the state level, and property taxes at the local level.
Trade Shocks in Developing Countries
Authors: Collier Paul , Gunning Jan Willem
Published: October 2023

Developing countries frequently experience trade shocks and the policy implications of this have been debated for decades.This important book is Volume 1 of a comparative study covering 23 countries, using a common methodology to estimate the effects of shocks. The conventional wisdom has been that private agents, in particular peasant farmers, could not be trusted to use windfalls wisely. This was, and continues to be, the main rationale for stabilising taxation of export crops. The convention was also that windfalls accruing to the public sector were a bane since governments had low savings rates. The evidence in this definitive study supports neither generalisation. Trade shocks typically lead to high savings rates, irrespective of whether they accrue to private producers or to the government. However, the case studies find substantial policy errors so that windfalls are often not translated efficiently into permanent income increases and indeed often lead to a reduction in output. The studies argue for a drastic revision of the case for government action in response to trade shocks. Volume 1 deals with Africa, Volume 2 with Asia and Latin America.
Population And The Terms Of Trade From Malthus To Keynes
Authors: Toye John
Published: October 2023

Today diminishing returns to a fixed factor is seen to be a completely general result, which applies just as surely when capital is constant and combined with additional units of land and labour, as when land is constant and combined with additional units of capital and labour. By contrast, in the nineteenth century land was taken to be the only factor of production whose supply was fixed, and this supposition was what justified the long-held distinction between agriculture (and mining) on the one hand and manufacturing industry on the other. This distinction led the great economic thinkers of that age to develop a problematic which included the expectation of declining terms of trade for industry. It was supposed that the price of agricultural (and mining) products would rise relative to the price of industrial products, as the unit costs of the former increased relative to the unit costs of the latter. This simple expectation is what I shall refer to here as the Cambridge doctrine of the terms of trade.
Gender Inequality in Two Nepali Settings
Authors: Niraula Bhanu B , Morgan S Philip
Published: October 2023

Gender inequality has existed in most human societies. The nature and causes of gender inequality, changes in its severity, and the consequences of gendered inequality have been among the most debated and researched topics of the past two decades. We draw on this literature to help explain the dramatic differences we will document in women’s status across two villages and within them. More specifically, we have conducted surveys in two Nepali villages. The first setting is in the central hills 75 kilometres south-west of Kathmandu; the second setting is in the plains (tarai), 200 kilometres south of Kathmandu very close to the Indian border.1 The plains setting we study is considered a cultural extension of the Indian Gangetic plains (e.g., similar to the north Indian pattern described by Dyson and Moore 1983, and by Basu 1992). In this region, women have low status and autonomy compared to south India. Purdah (e.g., female seclusion) is practised in the plains and women are nearly invisible to an outside visitor. In the Nepali hills, where north Indian culture has joined with tribal and ethnic culture, this north Indian pattern is weakened. In the hill setting, women clearly defer to men and ‘serve’ them. But these women have much greater freedom of movement and converse freely with other villagers, including men.
Poverty, Women’s Status, and the Utilization of Health Services in Egypt
Authors: Govindasamy Pavalavalli
Published: October 2023

According to the World Health Organization (1985), an estimated half a million women in developing countries die each year from pregnancy and pregnancy-related causes. In a concerted effort to study the determinants of maternal mortality and intervene to reduce its levels, a number of international organizations launched the Safe Motherhood Initiative in 1987 (Eschen 1992). This initiative, which is part of a broader strategy for alleviating poverty and raising women’s status through improved education, employment, health, and nutritional status, aims to reduce by half the number of maternal deaths worldwide by the year 2000 (Koblinsky et al. 1992).
Mineral Asset Depletion and Sustainability
Authors: Auty Richard M , Mikesell Raymond E
Published: October 2023

This chapter deals with how the depletion of national mineral reserves may affect sustainability and how sustainability can be maintained with depleting mineral assets. One approach is to conserve the mineral assets, which for mineral-exporting countries means delaying mineral development and export growth. Another approach, which is favoured here, is to permit mineral development as determined by competitive market conditions, while preventing mineral depletion from resulting in national capital consumption. The conventional arguments for conservation are reviewed before dealing with the conceptual and analytical problems in measuring the value of mineral depletion and its importance for environmental and resource accounting (EARA). The chapter concludes with a discussion of the role which managing a nation’s mineral industry plays in promoting sustainable development.
Environmental Issues
Authors: Auty Richard M , Mikesell Raymond E
Published: October 2023

Environmental damage and sustainability are closely related, but they are not the same. Environmental damage may impair the sustainability of output and impede the transfer to future generations of the non-renewable resources required for production and for human enjoyment. However, fo11owing the best environmental practices will not guarantee sustainability nor will the failure to adopt certain environmental practices prevent the achievement of sustainability. This chapter identifies the principal types of impacts of mineral industries on the environment and describes how these impacts affect output and social welfare. It also reviews the measures that mitigate environmental harm, and analyses the relationship between the social costs of avoiding or mitigating environmental damage and the social benefits derived from doing so.
Substituting for Depleting Mineral Assets: Economic Diversification
Authors: Auty Richard M , Mikesell Raymond E
Published: October 2023

Macroeconomic analysis tends to treat sectoral developments like a black box and in doing so it misses important insights into the obstacles to structural change. This chapter explores at the sectoral level the problems of diversification away from mineral dependence during the mature stage of the mineral-driven cycle. Such diversification is required to sustain economic growth and thereby enhance the prospects for curbing environmental degradation and easing social tensions.
Moving the Revolution Beyond Politics: the 1911 Revolution and the Common Man
Authors: Harrison Henrietta
Published: October 2023

On the evening of the thirteenth day of the eleventh month of the Xinhai year, 1 January 1912, SunYatsen, newly elected president of the Republic of China, stepped down on to the platform of Nanjing Station to greet the assembled dignitaries. Then, in a change to earlier plans, he continued directly by train to the branch station near the government buildings.
Heroes, Villains and the Creation of History
Authors: Harrison Henrietta
Published: October 2023

On 12 March 1925 Sun Yatsen died. Obituaries and appreciations poured forth. The British, long notorious for their dislike of Sun, were particularly irritated by one which ran as follows:

We shall mourn his loss and in our sorrow shall forget everything about him except that he was a leader and father of the struggle for China’s democracy. All the rest will be forgotten, including disputes, misunderstandings and differences.
Introduction
Authors: Mason Andrew , Tapinos Georges
Published: October 2023

The papers in this volume add to a growing literature on intergenerational transfers. The issues addressed are important ones. Roughly half of any population, children and elderly, depend on intergenerational transfers to fulfil their material needs. The transfers from the working population to these two dependent populations surely dominate all other transfers in any economy, modern or traditional. Thus the circumstances that govern the extent, timing, and magnitude of transfers have an enormous impact on the distribution of income. economic efficiency, and economic growth.
At the End of a Journey: The Risks of Cold-War Thinking in a New Era
Authors: Butler Lee
Published: October 2023

It is distressingly evident that, for many people, nuclear weapons retain an aura of utility, of primacy, and of legitimacy, that justifies their existence well into the future, in some number, however small. The persistence of this view, which is perfectly reflected in the modifications of US nuclear-weapons policy in recent years, lies at the core of the concern that moves me so deeply. This abiding faith in nuclear weapons was inspired and is sustained by a catechism instilled over many decades by a priesthood who speak with great assurance and authority. I was for many years among the most avid of these keepers of the faith in nuclear weapons, and for that I make no apology. Like my con temporaries, I was moved by fears and fired by beliefs that date back to the earliest days of the atomic era.
Poverty and Income Distribution
Authors: Ellis Frank
Published: October 2023

The purpose of this chapter is to link the livelihoods approach put forward in Chapter 2 to the wider body of knowledge concerning poverty and inequality in rural areas of low-income countries. After providing a brief overview of poverty concepts and policy agendas in this section, the chapter goes on to relate poverty measurement to the livelihoods context, and to consider arguments and case-study evidence that have been put forward linking livelihood strategies to income levels and to income inequality. As elsewhere in this book, diversification is utilised as a key theme helping to illustrate the interactions between livelihood strategies, poverty and inequality.
Environment and Sustainability
Authors: Ellis Frank
Published: October 2023

This chapter considers the relationship between rural livelihoods, diversification and the environment in developing countries. For this purpose, the environment is taken to mean the land, water and vegetation assets that are utilised either directly or indirectly to provide means of survival for human populations. The chapter is not concerned with urban and industrial environmental problems that are mainly about waste disposal and pollution.
Main Banks, CrAuthorConcentration, and the Resolution of Financial Distress in Japan
Authors: Brian J. Hall , Weins Tein David E
Published: October 2023

How important are firm-bank relationships? It is often argued that bank relationships are important in overcoming financial frictions that can distort the behaviour of firms. Such bank relationships are thought to be especially important when firms are in financial distress because informationgathering and monitoring performed by banks may help to overcome informational and free-rider problems associated with diffuse debt-holding. Thus, firms with strong ties to banks may be able to weather financial distress better than firms without such ties, giving such firms a more stable, informed, and committed source of financing. Consistent with this, there is some evidence that firms with strong bank ties are able to maintain investment after the onset of financial distress better than firms without such ties.1
Conceptualizing Women’s Empowerment in Countries of the North
Authors: England Paula
Published: October 2023

Policy-makers and scholars have recently given substantial attention to the question of whether the empowerment of women in poorer, Southern nations can contribute to policy goals such as decreasing fertility and increasing economic development (United Nations, 1994; McIntosh and Finkle, 1995). But should they care about women’s empowerment in the relatively affluent, highly industrialized nations, lying largely in the Northern hemisphere?1 Feminists advocate women’s empowerment for women’s own sake in all nations, even if it does not contribute to other policy goals, arguing that women’s basic human rights include having living standards and power equal to that of men. In this view, women’s empowerment does not need to contribute to any policy goals other than equality for women to be of scholarly and policy interest. If one agrees with this, as I do, then it is important to study the empowerment of women in the nations of the North, despite the fact that these nations’ fertility is already at or below replacement levels and average levels of consumption are probably as high or higher than is ecologically sustainable.
The compliance record
Authors: Lachowski Zdzislaw
Published: October 2023

The relevance and viability of an international agreement can be measured by the extent to which the agreement is implemented and by the degree of compliance with its terms. The record of CSRM implementation is generally positive, but the history of post cold-war CSHM compliance also provides numerous cases in which states have not conformed or have only partially conformed to the provisions of the Vienna Document.
Does money determine UK inflation over the long run?
Authors: Hendry David F
Published: October 2023

Inflation has long been the focus of theoretical, empirical, and policy debates, yet despite a huge literature, there are few eclectic studies of long runs of data. Most analyses have adopted specific perspectives or objectives, such as testing the impact of money growth on inflation, or building a model of price determination from costs and mark-ups. When other determinants may matter, little confidence can be placed in the outcomes of partial analyses. Here, we contrast a model of UK inflation over the last century and a quarter-where most extant theories of inflation are given the opportunity to matter, so that no ‘single cause’ explanation is imposed from the outset-with a model based on an inverted money-demand equation (from Ericsson et al. 1998).
Monetary policy: general discussion
Authors: Morgan Marys.
Published: October 2023

In writing down this little three-equation system I meant at least two of those equations to refer to blocks of equations. One of the studies that I was talking about, the one by Brayton et al. (1997), was using as their model the Fed’s existing model which has, say, fifty stochastic equations and a bunch of identities, but the logical structure of it was as I was describing. So I did not feel that anything I was saying really hinged on the model being small.
Growth models and the explanation of the forces behind development processes
Authors: Labini Paolo Sylos
Published: October 2023

Modern economic theory was born little more than two centuries ago with Adam Smith as a science concerning the economic development of nations; today we have a formal science based on an essentially static framework; only after the Second World War we have had a number of growth models, most of which share the serious shortcomings of neoclassical economics, whose foundations are static.
Interdisciplinary Legal Scholarship As Guilty Pleasure: The Case of Law and Literature
Authors: Baron Jane B
Published: October 2023

Legal scholarship has increasingly borrowed from other, non-law, disciplines; as it has done so, legal scholars have taken increasing interest in the possibilities and limits of interdisciplinarity. Tellingly, virtually all discussions of interdisciplinary scholarship call upon two related metaphors. The first is a metaphor of border-guarding. This is an immigrant—emigrant scholarship, employing tropes of insiders and outsiders, residents and aliens; it relies on images of imperialism, scavenging, and parasitism. The second metaphor is one of fidelity. This metaphoric realm employs tropes of seduction, enchantment, betrayal, faithlessness and abandonment, calling on images of marriage, adultery, and divorce. The two metaphors are linked by a common theme, the theme of boundaries that can be respected or crossed.
The Bible, Law and Liberation: Towards A Politico-Legal Hermeneutics of the Sermon on the Mount
Authors: Gearey* Adam
Published: October 2023

It is only with a proper consideration of the Bible that law and literature can achieve its promised radical insights into the law. Given the confines of this paper, the focus will be on an episode from the New Testament, the Sermon on the Mount in Matthew’s Gospel. It will be argued that this is the key passage for a realization of the critical and counter-hegemonic energies of the Bible. Why a literary reading of the Bible? This assumes, already, a perspective outside faith; but this should be seen not so much as a rejection, but a dialogue. The usefulness of the literary is that it allows the reader to take the position of an interpreter neither completely within nor outside the Christian tradition. It allows a reading that attempts to explain both why the Bible remains a profoundly provocative text, while resisting the dogmatic restraints which come from being wholly within a Christian theological perspective.
Rivka Yoselewska on the Stand: The Structure of Legality and the Construction of Heroic Memory at the Eichmann Trial
Authors: Douglas Lawrence
Published: October 2023

In the last pages of Eichmann in Jerusalem, Hannah Arendt arrogates unto herself the voice of juridical authority, supplying the missing terms of the decision that she believes should have been written by the Jerusalem court. Whatever we may think of this imagined act of judicial usurpation, it highlights Arendt’s belief that the Eichmann trial was, in the final analysis, a legal failure. At the heart of her critique lies a strict and formal separation between the legal and the extralegal—specifically, the belief that, as she put it, ‘the purpose of a trial is to render justice, and nothing else; even the noblest of ulterior purposes [such as teaching history] ... can only detract from the law’s main business: to weigh the charges brought against the accused, to render judgment, and to mete out due punishment’.
Victorian Narrative Jurisprudence
Authors: Krueger Christine L
Published: October 2023

Advocacy by legal scholars on behalf of narrative in legal reasoning might strike students of Victorian social problem literature as urging us ‘back to the future’. On the one hand, we may be heartened that members of one of the professions which discredited literary authors as sources of political insight are promoting the value of storytelling in deciding court cases and deliberating public policy. Their vision of public discourse recalls the cultural conditions of the last century, when men of letters, if not women, might also be men of law, and when overtly political literature commanded sufficient public attention on social questions to be considered pernicious by some jurists, like Sir James Fitzjames Stephen. Once again, the voice of Shelley is heard in the land: ‘poets are the unacknowledged legislators of the world’. If esteemed law school professors like Robert Weisberg say so, perhaps it is, after all, true. On the other hand, as much as we may be drawn to this heady blend of imagination and social activism—a combination which probably attracted many of us to our field of study and might promise to return literature from its exile on the margins of hedonistic consumerism—it is difficult to ignore the objections raised by literary historical scholarship on the rise of print culture, the professionalization of authorship, and, above all, the intimate connections between aesthetics and the bourgeois social order.
Mauvais Sang: The Flight of the Female
Authors: Powrie Phil
Published: October 2023

‘MA u v A Is Sang’ is, famously, the first major section of Rimbaud’s Une saison en enfer. This is a collection of prose poems of revolt and disillusion in which Rimbaud rejects the society he lives in and harks back to more ‘primitive’ ancestors, longing for an escape which he knows he cannot have. The collection ends in what one of the editors of his work has called ‘a desperate serenity’ (Rimbaud I 972: 958). The film of the same title thus immediately establishes its pitch: iconoclastic revolt, disillusion, regret. Rimbaud is not the only intertext, and I shall be exploring the significance of the many other intertexts in the first part of this chapter, before discussing the noirish intersection between sexuality and revolt. But here I would like to stress the iconoclastic element, since this film caused a considerable sensation when released, as can be judged by some of the comments made by reviewers:
Conclusion
Authors: Powrie Phil
Published: October 2023

THE films of the r 980s studied in this book have shown a tendency to dwell on the discomfiture of the male. This has usually been at the expense of women characters, exemplifying Mulvey’s view of mainstream cinema. Women are either relegated to the status of erotic objects, fetishized so that they will not threaten; or the male becomes the object of desire, the women being blamed or punished. For example, Le Papet is given a tragic apotheosis in Manon des Sources, the granddaughter being ‘married off’ and given little weight in the film’s closure, in spite of the film’s title, compared to the self-inflicted pain of the patriarch who has unwittingly caused his son’s death. Alex in Mauvais Sang dies a hero, the ‘fault’ being Anna’s because she did not love him. Antoine in Tenue de soiree ‘becomes’ a woman and ends up controlling the narrative’s truth value by his final gaze at the camera, while Monique, who was already a ‘woman’, ‘becomes’ less than one, relegated to the position of the dog at the end of the conjugal bed. Even films by women have been problematic. Coup de foudre excludes the typically aggressive male while yearning for the lost father. And in Trois hommes et un couffin, where the men are constructed as mothers, the film yearns for their lost laddishness.
The West
Authors: Millard Kenneth
Published: October 2023

The West is more than simply a geographical region of the United States, it is the cardinal direction that has come to represent, with all its frontier associations, something uniquely American. As Wallace Stegner put it, ‘America is the West’. Expressing a sense of the vast open spaces west of the Mississippi, Gertrude Stein wrote that ‘In the United States there is more space where nobody is than where any¬ body is. That is what makes America what it is’. Frederick Jackson Turner famously argued in 1893 that ‘American social development has been continually beginning over again on the frontier. This perennial rebirth, this fluidity of American life, this expansion west ward with its new opportunities, its continuous touch with the simplicity of primitive society, furnish the forces dominating American character’. Turner believed that the history of European colonization of the West, the experience of the frontier, represented the first truly American experience, and argued that it was in the West that the United States really distinguished itself from Europe.
Consumerism, Media, Technology
Authors: Millard Kenneth
Published: October 2023

The United States is overwhelmingly a free-enterprise culture, a market economy in which commercial and industrial progress is fundamental to the structure and fabric of society, and in the twentieth century America has been in the vanguard of technological and business innovation associated especially with mass production and investment capital. In American capitalism the forces of the marketplace are paramount and concepts of private ownership, property, and the drive towards profit are integral to social organization. As Henry Ford once said, ‘There is something sacred about big business. Anything which is economically right is morally right.’ Moreover, there is often a close association between the idea of freedom and economic prosperity;
Quebec And French Canada
Authors: Jack Belinda
Published: October 2023

The confrontation between English and French in Quebec (and French-Speaking Canada in general) is one of many appositions or antagonisms dramatized in Quebec texts: between Quebec and anglophone Canada, between Quebec and the United States, be-· tween Quebec and France, between secular or Protestant Quebec and Catholicism.
Morocco
Authors: Jack Belinda
Published: October 2023

That a francophone literature emerged both later and less prolifically in Morocco than was the case in Algeria can be explained by a number of differences between the two countries, in particular their relationships with France. The French colonial, and more specifically cultural, influence in Morocco was less marked. Nor was there a significant French colonial literature or body of texts written by Frenchmen about Morocco, on which Moroccan writers could draw, or against which they could write, re-forming the Moroccan and the country in a different image.
Lebanon
Authors: Jack Belinda
Published: October 2023

The French presence in the Lebanon begins with the Crusades. The French language, however, in an already polyglot country, became important only in the sixteenth century when Frarnçois I signed agreements with the Ottomans (1535) allowing the entry of traders and missionaries who were to act as the purveyors of French culture and, most importantly, of the language.
The Republic at its Zenith, II: 1659-1672
Authors: Israel Jonathan
Published: October 2023

A new era commenced in both parts of the Netherlands with the end of the great Franco-Spanish war of 1635-59. The peace of the Pyrenees (1659) which concluded the Franco-Spanish conflict, a struggle which dominated the affairs of western Europe for a quarter of a century, also signalled a fundamental change in Spain’s role in the Netherlands and in that of the Republic in the southern provinces. Before 1659, the Republic had had no role in the south and, since 1648, it had been free of any entanglement by land liable to threaten its security or commerce. The Dutch had come under heavy pressure from England. But the English threat, severe though it was, was confined to the maritime sphere and the Indies. Until 1659, Spain had shouldered the burden of containing French power in western Europe and of fortifying the south Netherlands.
Denouement
Authors: Israel Jonathan
Published: October 2023

The revolutionary government in Paris decided to acknowledge the Batavian Republic but, at the same time (yielding to pressure at home to extract compensation for the war the Republic had fought against France, since 1793), a 100 million guilder indemnity was imposed and States Flanders and Venlo, Roermond, and Maastricht annexed to France. Ceding States Flanders also meant that the Republic had to accept the permanent lifting of the Scheidt restrictions which had been in force since 1585.
Conquest and settlement
Authors: Frame Robin
Published: October 2023

During this period all the countries of the British Isles were affected by conquests and colonization. To some extent these may be regarded as flowing, however indirectly, from the victory of Duke William of Normandy at Hastings in October 1066. But they also need to be viewed in a European setting, and not merely because the political link between England and Normandy inaugurated by the Norman Conquest continued to affect Britain and Ireland for several generations. The archipelago was just one of the areas exploited by the French-speaking aristocracy rooted in the former Roman province of Gaul, whose expansion, at its height during the late eleventh and twelfth centuries, also led to the creation of principalities and lordships in the western and eastern Mediterranean. Occasionally an individual career provides a reminder of the broader scene: William Pantulf, founder of the line of barons of Wern in Shropshire, had been in the circle of Robert Guiscard in southern Italy. The growth of population that marked these centuries is also significant. It prompted an enlargement of the area of land under cultivation and offered opportunities for entrepreneurial lordship. These trends, which peaked in England in the second half of the thirteenth century, had obvious implications for the extension of Anglo-Norman activity into Wales and Ireland.
Declining advantage: the British economy
Authors: Garside W R
Published: October 2023

The success and stability of the British economy during most of the 1990s masks the extent to which there has been growing concern since at least the last quarter of the nineteenth century over the country’s economic performance compared to that of Europe and America. Indeed, relative as opposed to absolute economic ‘decline’ has been the dominant framework of interpretation of economic change for the greater part of the twentieth century. If we limit ourselves to an aggregate measure of economic output, Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per head, fluctuations in which affect the economy’s overall rate of growth, it is clear that the country’s performance for the greater part of the century in real terms has been good in relation to its own past but less favourable when compared to other major industrialized nations, as Table 6.1 shows.
Subjects, Power, and l<nowledge: Description and Prescription in Feminist Philosophies of Science
Authors: Longino Helen E
Published: October 2023

Feminists, faced with traditions in philosophy and in science that are deeply hostile to women, have had practically to invest new and more appropriate ways of knowing the world. These new ways have been less invention out of whole cloth than the revival or re-evaluation of alternative or suppressed traditions. They range from the celebration of insight into nature through identification with it to specific strategies of survey research in the social sciences. Natural scientists and lay persons anxious to see the sciences change have celebrated Barbara McClintock’s loving identification with various aspects of the plants she studied, whether whole organism or its chromosomal structure revealed under the microscope.
The End of Agreement: Collective Labour Law, 1964– 1970
Authors: Davies Paul , Freedland Mark
Published: October 2023

In Chapter 4, we saw how the Labour Governments of 1964 and 1965 sought to modernize the economy; and how that initiative became subverted into a series of increasingly desperate manreuvres to control wage inflation. What began in 1964 as a great exercise in identifying and implementing positive economic and industrial strategies had by 1968 become a search for short-term defensive tactics to protect incomes policies dependent on coercion as the consensus necessary to sustain them proved increasingly lacking. For a number of reasons, which are of great interest and concern to us in this narrative, the Labour government responded to this set of problems by making plans for significant changes in the structure of labour legislation, plans published in the White Paper In Place of Strife in January 1969. Those proposals were to prove abortive, but the political struggle which they produced did much to weaken the Labour government and led to the election, in 1970, of a Conservative government pledged to introduce its own legislation to reform industrial relations-enacted in due course as the Industrial Relations Act 1971.
Reducing the Power of Trade Unions, 1979–1990
Authors: Davies Paul , Freedland Mark
Published: October 2023

In this chapter and the next, we describe the history of labour legislation and government policy relating to labour legislation from 1979 to 1990. This means that we are concerned with the labour legislation policy of the three successive Conservative governments elected in 1979, 1983, and 1987, and with the period during which Margaret Thatcher was the Prime Minister.1 One of the main concerns of this book is to relate the developments of these years to those of the period from the end of the Second World War down to 1979. That relationship appeared to redefine itself as the 1980s progressed, and as the changes in labour legislation policy appeared to be more and more fundamental, and greater and greater in their cumulative effect. Hindsight seemed increasingly to confirm that 1979 had been a watershed, and to illuminate the enormity of the transformation brought about since then.
Force Style
Authors: Young Malcolm
Published: October 2023

West Mercia covers a large and sparsely populated area; a factor no doubt instrumental in maintaining its individual policing styles and varied cultural practices. Its northern boundary with Cheshire is only some 40-50 miles from Liverpool, and consequently officers posted to Ellesmere or Market Drayton (see Fig. 2) at the northern extremes were literally at a remote outpost. The section office in such locations could lie miles away from some village police house out of which the constable operated. Even the divisional HQ at Shrewsbury was yet another world removed, while Hindlip HQ was just a name on a map. The life at Bromsgrove or sections south of Hereford thus remained remote to officers posted to these North Shropshire locations. The same situation of course prevailed at the opposite end. of the force, where Ross on Wye was much the same distance from Bristol as Whitchurch was from Liverpool in the north. Inevitably the process of creating a single homogeneous administrative unit in such a vast and disparate area was always going to remain problematic.
Children
Authors: Marks Susan , Clapham Andrew
Published: October 2023

The starting point for a consideration of the human rights of children is the insight that children are both the same as adults and different from them. They are the same in that they too have interests and concerns which can benefit from articulation and protection in terms of human rights. But they are also different inasmuch as those interests and concerns are in part distinctive. The idea that children inhabit a distinct developmental space in relation to adults, though certainly not timeless, is quite old.
Housing
Authors: Marks Susan , Clapham Andrew
Published: October 2023

In his book City of Quartz Mike Davis describes the stark contrasts that characterise Los Angeles: while planners work to make rich neighbour hoods ‘softer’ and lovelier, ‘a few blocks away the city is engaged in a merciless struggle to make public facilities and spaces as unliveable as possible for the homeless and poor’. Elements of what Davis describes as an increasingly ‘sadistic street environment’ include the construction of ‘bum-proof ‘ bus benches, the closure of public toilets, and the installation of sprinkler systems that drench those sleeping in parks at random intervals.
Universality
Authors: Marks Susan , Clapham Andrew
Published: October 2023

Central to international human rights law is the idea that human rights are rights with universal significance. These are rights you have because you are a human being, rather than because you belong to a particular political community. In this sense, and despite the existence of important region-specific arrangements, human rights norms and institutions presuppose universality, as well as having its greater practical realisation as their stated goal.
Women
Authors: Marks Susan , Clapham Andrew
Published: October 2023

Among the many facets of that complex phenomenon we call globalisation, one is rarely noticed, yet absolutely integral. This is the migration of millions of women from poor countries to rich ones, to serve as maids, nannies, elder-carers, and sometimes sex workers. In the book Global Woman, Barbara Ehrenreich and Arlie Hochschild call this the ‘globalization of women’s traditional role’ or, more generally and in a way that highlights its relative invisibility, the ‘female underside of globalization’.