bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Which symptom assessments and approaches are uniquely appropriate for paediatric concussion?
Authors: Gioia G A , Schneider J C , Vaughan C G , Isquith P K
Published: May 2009

Objective:

To (a) identify post-concussion symptom scales appropriate for children and adolescents in sports; (b) review evidence for reliability and validity; and (c) recommend future directions for scale development.

Design:

Quantitative and qualitative literature review of symptom rating scales appropriate for children and adolescents aged 5 to 22 years.

Intervention:

Literature identified via search of Medline, Ovid-Medline and PsycInfo databases; review of reference lists in identified articles; querying sports concussion specialists. 29 articles met study inclusion criteria.

Results:

5 symptom scales examined in 11 studies for ages 5–12 years and in 25 studies for ages 13–22. 10 of 11 studies for 5–12-year-olds presented validity evidence for three scales; 7 studies provided reliability evidence for two scales; 7 studies used serial administrations but no reliable change metrics. Two scales included parent-reports and one included a teacher report. 24 of 25 studies for 13–22 year-olds presented validity evidence for five measures; seven studies provided reliability evidence for four measures with 18 studies including serial administrations and two examining Reliable Change.

Conclusions:

Psychometric evidence for symptom scales is stronger for adolescents than for younger children. Most scales provide evidence of concurrent validity, discriminating concussed and non-concussed groups. Few report reliability and evidence for validity is narrow. Two measures include parent/teacher reports. Few scales examine reliable change statistics, limiting interpretability of temporal changes. Future studies are needed to fully define symptom scale psychometric properties with the greatest need in younger student-athletes.
AVOIDING MOVING LOGARITHMIC SINGULARITIES IN 3N FADDEEV EQUATIONS
Authors: WITAŁA H. , GLÖCKLE W.
Published: May 2009

We present an approach to solve the three-nucleon Faddeev equation which avoids the complicated singularity pattern going with the moving logarithmic singularities of the standard approach. Very good agreement of the new and old approaches in the application to nucleon-deuteron elastic scattering and the breakup reaction is found.
FOUR-NUCLEON BOUND STATE AND SCATTERING: EFFECT OF MANY-NUCLEON FORCES
Authors: DELTUVA A. , FONSECA A. C. , SAUER P. U.
Published: May 2009

The four-nucleon bound state and scattering below three-body breakup threshold are described. The description is based on a realistic coupled-channel potential which allows the excitation of a single nucleon to a Δ isobar. In the four-nucleon system the Δ isobar mediates effective two-, three- and four-nucleon forces. The effect of the four-nucleon force is found to be much smaller than the effect of the three-nucleon force.
FADDEEV-TYPE CALCULATIONS OF FEW-BODY NUCLEAR REACTIONS INCLUDING COULOMB INTERACTION
Authors: DELTUVA A.
Published: May 2009

The method of screening and renormalization is used to include the Coulomb interaction between the charged particles in the description of few-body nuclear reactions. Calculations are done in the framework of Faddeev-type equations in momentum-space. The reliability of the method is demonstrated. The Coulomb effect on observables is discussed.
NEW APPROACH FOR FEW-BODY SYSTEMS BASED ON JACOBI-COORDINATE BASIS ANTI-SYMMETRIZED MOLECULAR DYNAMICS FROM ATOMS TO QUARK-SYSTEMS
Authors: WATANABE T. , ORYU S. , SAITO K.
Published: May 2009

Proposed a new method which is suitable for systematic calculations in few-body systems, we call it the Jacobi-coordinate-basis antisymmetrized molecular dynamics (JAMD). We show good abilities of the method by demonstrating some examples in atoms, molecules, nuclei, and baryons systems.
TOWARDS A THREE-DIMENSIONAL SOLUTION FOR 3N BOUND STATES WITH 3NFs
Authors: HADIZADEH M. R. , BAYEGAN S.
Published: May 2009

After a brief discussion about the necessity of using the 3D approach, we present the non partial wave (PW) formalism for 3N bound state with the inclusion of 3N force (3NF). As an example the evaluation of 3NF matrix elements, which appear in the obtained coupled three-dimensional integral equations, for 2π-exchange Tucson–Melbourne 3NF show how would be this formalism efficient and less cumbersome in comparison with the PW formalism.
STUDY OF ALL REACTION CHANNELS IN DEUTERON-DEUTERON SCATTERING
Authors: RAMAZANI-MOGHADDAM-ARANI A. , AMIR-AHMADI H. R. , BACHER A. D. , BAILEY C. D. , BIEGUN A. , ESLAMI-KALANTARI M. , GAŠPARIĆ I. , JOULAEIZADEH L. , KALANTAR-NAYESTANAKI N. , KISTRYN ST. , KOZELA A. , MARDANPOUR H. , MESSCHENDORP J. G. , MICHERDZINSKA A. M. , MOEINI H. , SHENDE S. V. , STEPHAN E. , STEPHENSON E. J. , SWORST R.
Published: May 2009

Few-nucleon systems can be used as fundamental laboratories for studying details of the nuclear force effects. We performed a series of deuteron-deuteron scattering experiments at intermediate energies. The experiments exploited BINA and BBS experimental setups and polarized deuteron beams with kinetic energies of 65 and 90 MeV/nucleon. These experiments aim to measure differential cross sections, vector and tensor analyzing powers of all available reaction channels in deuteron-deuteron scattering. With these data we will provide a systematic database, which will be used to test present theoretical approximations and upcoming ab-initio calculations in four-nucleon system.
PROTON-DEUTERON BREAK-UP MEASUREMENTS WITH BINA AT 135 MeV
Authors: ESLAMI-KALANTARI M. , AMIR-AHMADI H. R. , BIEGUN A. , GAŠPARIĆ I. , JOULAEIZADEH L. , KALANTAR-NAYESTANAKI N. , KISTRYN ST. , KOZELA A. , MARDANPOUR H. , MESSCHENDORP J. G. , MOEINI H. , RAMAZANI-MOGHADDAM-ARANI A. , SHENDE S. V. , STEPHAN E. , SWORST R.
Published: May 2009

High-precision measurements of the proton-deuteron elastic and break-up reaction have been performed in the past at KVI and elsewhere with the aim to study three-nucleon force (3NF) effects. In the present work, we explored 3NF effects in the break-up scattering process by performing a measurement of vector analyzing powers and differential cross sections using a 135 MeV polarized-proton beam impinging on a liquid-deuterium target. For this study, we used a new experimental setup, Big Instrument for Nuclear-polarization Analysis, BINA, which covers almost the entire kinematical phase space of the break-up reaction. The results are interpreted with the help of state-of-the-art Faddeev calculations.
CALCULATION OF PROTON-DEUTERON SCATTERING WITH COULOMB FORCE EFFECTS
Authors: ISHIKAWA SOUICHI
Published: May 2009

A modified version of the Faddeev three-body equation to accommodate the long-range Coulomb interaction is applied to the proton-deuteron scattering problem at energies above the three-body breakup threshold. Numerical results for elastic and breakup cross sections in proton-deuteron scattering with effects of three-nucleon forces are compared with experimental data.
MEASUREMENT OF OFF-PLANE STAR ANOMALY IN pd BREAKUP AT Ep = 9.5 MeV AND Ep = 13 MeV
Authors: SUETA T. , KUROITA S. , SHIMODA H. , EGUCHI Y. , YASHIMA K. , MAEDA Y. , SAGARA K.
Published: May 2009

We measured D (p, pp)n cross section at Ep = 9.5 MeV and 13 MeV at off-plane star configurations, including the space star where the star is perpendicular to the beam axis. The experimental results were compared with recent pd breakup calculations using screened Coulomb force, and disagreement was found to smoothly vary with an inclination angle of the off-plane star, α. Further systematic experiments are necessary to investigate the star anomaly.
RELATIVISTIC EFFECTS IN 3N REACTIONS
Authors: WITAŁA H. , GOLAK J. , SKIBIŃSKI R. , GLÖCKLE W. , POLYZOU W. N. , KAMADA H.
Published: May 2009

We solved the three-nucleon Faddeev equation in a Poincaré invariant model of the three-nucleon system. Two-body interactions are generated so that when they are added to the two-nucleon invariant mass operator (rest energy) the two-nucleon S matrix is identical to the non-relativistic S matrix with a CD Bonn interaction. Cluster properties of the three-nucleon S -matrix determine how these two-nucleon interactions are embedded in the three-nucleon mass operator. Differences in the predictions of the relativistic and corresponding non-relativistic models for elastic and breakup processes are investigated. Of special interest are the lowering of the Ay maximum in elastic nucleon-deuteron (Nd) scattering below ≈ 25 MeV caused by the Wigner spin rotations and the significant changes of the breakup cross sections in certain regions of the phase-space.
THE BLAST EXPERIMENT: POLARIZED ELECTRON SCATTERING FROM HYDROGEN AND DEUTERIUM
Authors:   THE BLAST COLLABORATION, ALARCON R.
Published: May 2009

At the MIT-Bates Linear Accelerator Center, the nucleon form factors have been measured by scattering polarized electrons from vector-polarized hydrogen and deuterium. The experiment used the longitudinally polarized electron beam stored in the MIT-Bates South Hall Ring along with an isotopically pure, highly vector-polarized internal atomic hydrogen and deuterium target provided by an atomic beam source. The measurements were carried out with the symmetric Bates Large Acceptance Spectrometer Toroid (BLAST). Results are presented for the proton form factor ratio, [Formula: see text], and for the charge form factor of the neutron, [Formula: see text]. Both results are more precise than previous data in the corresponding Q2 ranges.
ASYMMETRIES IN POLARIZED ELECTRON SCATTERING AND THE STRANGENESS CONTENT OF THE NUCLEON
Authors: BAUNACK SEBASTIAN
Published: May 2009

In the viewpoint of QCD, the nucleon is made up of constituent quarks, sea quarks and gluons. Concerning the quark sea, also strange quarks can contribute to the nucleon properties. Parity violating electron scattering offers a tool to investigate the strange quark contribution to the nucleon form factors. The measurements of different experiments are discussed and the recent results from the A4 collaboration at MAMI is presented. Altogether the existing data allow to give constraints on the strangeness contribution.
$\bar KNN$ RESONANCE $\bar KNN - \pi YN$ COUPLED CHANNEL FADDEEV EQUATION
Authors: SATO T. , IKEDA Y.
Published: May 2009

The three-body resonance of [Formula: see text] system is investigated by using the [Formula: see text] coupled channels Faddeev equation. The resonance energy is determined from the pole of S -matrix on the unphysical sheet. It is found that the pole positions of the predicted amplitudes are significantly modified when the three-body dynamics is approximately treated by introducing the effective [Formula: see text] two-body interaction.
ACCURATE EVALUATION OF WAVE FUNCTIONS OF PIONIUM AND KAONIUM
Authors: YAN Y. , NUALCHIMPLEE C. , SUEBKA P. , KOBDAJ C. , KHOSONTHOGKEE K.
Published: May 2009

Pionium and kaonium are studied in an accurate numerical approach based on Sturmian functions. It is found that the ground-state wave functions of the exotic atoms in realistic strong interactions, particularly for kaonium, are considerably different from the hydrogen-like ones at small distances. The kaon-kaon scattering length derived from the 1s energy shift of kaonium by applying the Deser-Trueman formula is strongly inconsistent with the one derived directly by solving the Schödinger equation. The theoretical results indicate that it is arguable to treat kaonium perturbatively.
NUCLEAR FORCES AND FEW NUCLEON SYSTEMS IN CHIRAL EFFECTIVE FIELD THEORY
Authors: KREBS HERMANN
Published: May 2009

Using chiral effective field theory (EFT) with explicit Δ degrees of freedom we calculated nuclear forces up to next-to-next-to-leading order (N2LO). We find a much improved convergence of the chiral expansion in all peripheral partial waves. We also present a novel lattice EFT method developed for systems with larger number of nucleons. Combining Monte Carlo lattice simulations with EFT allows one to calculate the properties of light nuclei, neutron and nuclear matter. Accurate description of two-nucleon phase-shifts and ground state energy ratio of dilute neutron matter up to corrections of higher orders show that lattice EFT is a promising tool for quantitative studies of low-energy few- and many-body systems.
RENORMALIZATION-GROUP ANALYSIS FOR LOW-ENERGY SCATTERING OF CHARGED PARTICLES
Authors: ANDO S. , BIRSE M. C.
Published: May 2009

We outline our renormalization-group analysis for low-energy scattering two charged particles. This uses dimensional regularization and extends previous analyses by including both momentum- and energy-dependent perturbations.
DIFFERENTIAL CROSS SECTION ANALYSIS IN KAON PHOTOPRODUCTION USING ASSOCIATED LEGENDRE POLYNOMIALS
Authors: HUTAURUK P. T. P. , IRELAND D. G. , ROSNER G.
Published: May 2009

Angular distributions of differential cross sections from the latest CLAS data sets,6 for the reaction γ + p→K+ + Λ have been analyzed using associated Legendre polynomials. This analysis is based upon theoretical calculations in Ref. 1 where all sixteen observables in kaon photoproduction can be classified into four Legendre classes. Each observable can be described by an expansion of associated Legendre polynomial functions. One of the questions to be addressed is how many associated Legendre polynomials are required to describe the data. In this preliminary analysis, we used data models with different numbers of associated Legendre polynomials. We then compared these models by calculating posterior probabilities of the models. We found that the CLAS data set needs no more than four associated Legendre polynomials to describe the differential cross section data. In addition, we also show the extracted coefficients of the best model.
KAON PHOTOPRODUCTION ON THE NUCLEON WITH CONSTRAINED PARAMETERS
Authors: NELSON R. , MART T.
Published: May 2009

The new experimental data of kaon photoproduction on the nucleon γp → K+Λ have been analyzed by means of a multipoles model. Different from the previous models, in this analysis the resonance decay widths are constrained to the values given by the Particle Data Group (PDG). The result indicates that constraining these parameters to the PDG values could dramatically change the conclusion of the important resonances in this reaction found in the previous studies.
LARGE ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR THREE-BODY SYSTEMS: SCATTERING AND BINDING
Authors: TOMIO LAURO , YAMASHITA M. T. , FREDERICO T.
Published: May 2009

The universal character of non-relativistic large three-body bosonic systems is addressed, with focus on highly interesting situations that occur in low-energy nuclear and atomic physics. Investigations on the trajectory of the first excited Efimov state, in a renormalized zero-range three-body model for a system with two bound and one virtual two-body subsystems, are reported. The approach is applied to n-n-18C, where the n - n virtual energy and the three-body ground state are kept fixed. It is shown that the real part of the elastic s-wave phase-shift ([Formula: see text]) presents a zero, or a pole in [Formula: see text], when the system has an Efimov excited or virtual state. A brief discussion is given on the relevance of the approach for ultracold atom physics with tunable scattering lengths.
COVALENT, IONIC, AND ATOMIC STRUCTURES IN 12Be
Authors: ITO MAKOTO , ITAGAKI NAOYUKI
Published: May 2009

The generalized two-center cluster model (GTCM), which can treat various single particle configurations in general two center systems, is applied to the light neutron-rich system, 12 Be = α+α+4N. We discuss the change of the neutrons' configuration around two α-cores as a variation of an excitation energy. We show that the covalent, ionic and atomic configurations appear in the unbound region above the α+8 He g.s. particle-decay threshold, and they coexist within a quite small energy interval.
M-SCHEME CLUSTER-ORBITAL SHELL MODEL APPROACH FOR NEUTRON-RICH SYSTEMS
Authors: MASUI HIROSHI , KATŌ KIYOSHI , IKEDA KIYOMI
Published: May 2009

We developed an m-scheme approach of the cluster-orbital shell model formalism. The radial wave function is treated as the super position of the Gaussian functions with different width parameters. Energies and r.m.s. radii of oxygen isotopes are studied.
STUDY OF LIGHT NUCLEI WITH BRUECKNER-AMD+GCM
Authors: MURAKAMI TAKAOMI , TOGASHI TOMOAKI , KATŌ KIYOSHI
Published: May 2009

To describe excited nuclear states, we developed the Brueckner-AMD combining the Brueckner theory with Antisymmetrized Molecular Dynamics (AMD), which has been recently proposed as a new framework to study nuclear structure of light nuclei based on the realistic nuclear force. In the present framework, we formulate a multi-configuration calculation with Generator Coordinate Method (GCM) in the Brueckner-AMD. An application is shown for the excited states with positive and negative parities in 4 He , and the successful results and reliability of the present framework are discussed.
PHOTOPRODUCTION OF THE NEUTRAL KAON IN THE THRESHOLD REGION AT LNS
Authors:   for NKS and NKS2 collaborations, TSUKADA K.
Published: May 2009

The K0 photoproduction process is investigated in the threshold region, Eγ = 0.8-1.1 GeV at LNS-Tohoku. K0 events are measured via π+π- decay channel. Obtained momentum spectra for the deuteron target are compared with those calculated in the spectator model using a realistic deuteron wave function. Recent isobar models and a simple phenomenological model are used as elementary amplitudes to investigate the effect of the new data on the angular behavior of the elementary cross section. The data favor a backward-peaked angular distribution of the elementary n(γ, K0)Λ process in the center-of-mass (c.m.) system, which provides additional constraints on current models of kaon photoproduction. The present study shows that the n(γ, K0)Λ reaction can provide key information on the mechanism of the photoproduction of strangeness.
MECHANISMS OF THE NONMESONIC WEAK DECAY OF Λ HYPERNUCLEI AND THE THREE-BODY PROCESS
Authors: BHANG H. , AJIMURA S. , AOKI K. , BANU A. , FUKUDA T. , HASHIMOTO O. , HWANG J. I. , KAMEOKA S. , KANG B. H. , KIM E. , KIM J. H. , KIM M. , MARUTA T. , MIURA Y. , MIYAKE Y. , NAGAE T. , NAKAMURA M. , NAKAMURA S. N. , NOUMI H. , OKADA S. , OKAYASU Y. , OUTA H. , PARK H. , SAHA P. K. , SATO Y. , SEKIMOTO M. , SHIN S. , TAKAHASHI T. , TAMURA H. , TANIDA K. , TOYATA A. , TSUKADA K. , WATANABE T. , YIM H. J.
Published: May 2009

The long standing Γn/Γp puzzle of NMWD has finally been solved recently. It appears that the reason behind the puzzle was the universal quenching of nucleon yields from the prediction of one-nucleon induced (1N-) NMWD. We have shown that the quenching of nucleon yields can be explained only when we include a fairly large contribution of the three-body process (Γ2N) in Γnm.
TWO-DIMENSIONAL INTEGRODIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS FOR MULTI-STRANGE HYPERNUCLEI
Authors: SOFIANOS S. A. , RAMPHO G. J. , ADAM R. M.
Published: May 2009

We present a Faddeev-type coupled integrodifferential equations describing unequal mass A-particle systems. The equations are obtained by assuming an expansion of the A-particle wave function in Faddeev amplitudes which, in turn, are expanded in terms of Potential Harmonics. By projecting the resulting system on rij-space we obtained a system of coupled equations which can be used to study multi-strange hypernuclei.
FERMI MOTION AND OFF-SHELL EFFECTS IN ELECTROMAGNETIC PRODUCTION OF THE HYPERTRITON
Authors: Mart T.
Published: May 2009

We present the effects of Fermi motion and different off-shell assumptions on the differential cross sections of photo- and electroproduction of the hypertriton. We found that Fermi motion plays an important role in these processes. Different off-shell assumptions yield different cross section magnitudes. The few available electroproduction data favor the assumption that the initial nucleon is off-shell and the final hyperon is on-shell. Measurement of the hypertriton photoproduction is urgently required to further support our findings.
VECTOR MESONS AND DENSE SKYRMION MATTER
Authors: PARK BYUNG-YOON
Published: May 2009

We describe a problem associated with the role the ω meson at short distance in applying the Skyrme model to the dense matter: the ω coupling to the baryon density prevents the scale-anomaly dilaton field from developing a vanishing vacuum expectation value at the chiral restoration, which is at variance with standard scenario of QCD at the phase transition. We suggest a possible phenomenological solution to this puzzle and discuss its physical consequences.
EFFECTS OF THE NEUTRINO TRAPPING ON THE LOW-DENSITY INSTABILITY OF MULTI-COMPONENT MATTER
Authors: MART T. , SULAKSONO A.
Published: May 2009

The role of the Coulomb and isovector effects in dense stellar matter with neutrino trapping in the region of perturbative momentum q ≤ 0.6 fm -1 has been investigated. The result might have an impact on the neutrino transport in stellar matter.
COLLECTIVE FLOW IN HEAVY-ION COLLISIONS FOR Eb=0.25-1.15GeV/NUCLEON
Authors: SRISAWAD PORNRAD , ZHENG YU-MING , YAN YUPENG , KOBDAJ CHINORAT , XING YONG-ZHONG
Published: May 2009

The study of the various collective flows of nuclear matter is one of the main subjects in heavy ion physics. The interest in collective nuclear motion under extreme conditions, like high density and/or high temperature originates from the equation of state (EOS) of nuclear matter. We investigate the collective transverse flow in heavy ion collisions at incident energies of 0.25 A GeV to 1.15 A GeV for Au + Au system within the quantum molecular dynamical (QMD) model. Some preliminary results are given and discussed.
MOST EFFECTIVE ENERGY IN THERMONUCLEAR REACTIONS OF SOME LIGHT NUCLEI
Authors: YUSOF NORHASLIZA , KASSIM HASAN ABU
Published: May 2009

Gamow peak describes the most effective energy E0for a nonresonant nuclear reaction to occur. At astrophysical low energies much lower than the Coulomb barrier, the ability of the interacting nuclei to tunnel through the barrier depends on the primitive probability which is proportional to the Gamow factor. The reaction rate will then be determined by the primitive tunneling probability and the astrophysical S-factor. In the literature, tables on the thermonuclear reaction rates are compiled for many reactions of interest in astrophysics by using this low energy approximation. In this paper, we describe a method to obtain E0by using the exact tunneling probability that is valid for higher energy. We illustrate the method by using three major reactions in the proton-proton chain,3He (3He , 2p)4He ,3He (4He , γ)7Be and7Be (γ, p)8B . In all cases, E0starts to divert to lower values than the low energy approximation limit at around T = 109K and hence generate lower reaction rates. This result might be significantly important for the thermonuclear reactions in the advanced stages of the evolution of massive stars.
ASYMPTOTIC BEHAVIOR OF SOLUTIONS TO DRIFT-DIFFUSION SYSTEM WITH GENERALIZED DISSIPATION
Authors: OGAWA TAKAYOSHI , YAMAMOTO MASAKAZU
Published: May 2009

We show the global existence and asymptotic behavior of solutions for the Cauchy problem of a nonlinear parabolic and elliptic system arising from semiconductor model. Our system has generalized dissipation given by a fractional order of the Laplacian. It is shown that the time global existence and decay of the solutions to the equation with large initial data. We also show the asymptotic expansion of the solution up to the second terms as t → ∞.
Negative Campaigning
Authors: Lau Richard R. , Rovner Ivy Brown
Published: May 2009

The past two decades have seen an explosion of social science research on negative political advertising as the number of political observers complaining about its use—if not negative campaigning itself—has also grown dramatically. This article reviews the literature on negative campaigning—what candidates are most likely to attack their opponent, under what circumstances, and most importantly, to what effect. We also discuss the many serious methodological issues that make studying media effects of any kind so difficult, and make suggestions for “best practices” in conducting media research. Contrary to popular belief, there is little scientific evidence that attacking one's opponent is a particularly effective campaign technique, or that it has deleterious effects on our system of government. We conclude with a discussion of whether negative political advertising is bad for democracy.
Elections Under Authoritarianism
Authors: Gandhi Jennifer , Lust-Okar Ellen
Published: May 2009

Current scholarship on elections in authoritarian regimes has focused on exploring the relationship between elections and democratization, and it has generally used analytical frameworks and methods imported from the study of genuinely democratic elections to do so. These tendencies have kept scholars from asking a wide range of questions about the micro-level dynamics of authoritarian elections and the systematic differences among them. With these issues in mind, this review examines literature that investigates the purpose of elections in dictatorships; the electoral behavior of voters, candidates, and incumbents in these elections; and the link between elections and democratization. The review ends with a call to redirect the study of authoritarian elections toward uncovering and explaining the important differences among them.
Opiates for the Matches: Matching Methods for Causal Inference
Authors: Sekhon Jasjeet S.
Published: May 2009

In recent years, there has been a burst of innovative work on methods for estimating causal effects using observational data. Much of this work has extended and brought a renewed focus on old approaches such as matching, which is the focus of this review. The new developments highlight an old tension in the social sciences: a focus on research design versus a focus on quantitative models. This realization, along with the renewed interest in field experiments, has marked the return of foundational questions as opposed to a fascination with the latest estimator. I use studies of get-out-the-vote interventions to exemplify this development. Without an experiment, natural experiment, a discontinuity, or some other strong design, no amount of econometric or statistical modeling can make the move from correlation to causation persuasive.
Domestic Terrorism: The Hidden Side of Political Violence
Authors: Sánchez-Cuenca Ignacio , de la Calle Luis
Published: May 2009

This article reviews the literature on the onset and dynamics of domestic terrorism, with special emphasis on the interactions between terrorist organizations, the state, and society. Because this literature has often been based on case studies, we seek to impose some structure to its findings. We challenge the distinction between domestic and international terrorism, which truncates the sample of violence, and we show that the actor-sense of terrorism (violence carried out by underground organizations) is the most appropriate model for causal analysis. Terrorist organizations tend to emerge in developed countries in which the state is able to prevent the loss of control over any part of its territory. Terrorists take advantage of the state's mistakes (when, for example, it is over-repressive or makes ineffective concessions) in order to boost their support. Terrorists cannot survive without some degree of support. Consequently, levels of violence and targets are determined by social constraints.
Neorepublicanism: A Normative and Institutional Research Program
Authors: Lovett Frank , Pettit Philip
Published: May 2009

Neorepublicanism may be defined as the attempt by current political scientists, philosophers, historians, lawyers, and others to draw on a classical republican tradition in the development of an attractive public philosophy intended for contemporary purposes. Three main ideas have been especially prominent in the neorepublican literature. First and most important is the conception of a free person as one who does not live under the arbitrary will or domination of others. Second is the associated conception of a free state as one that attempts to promote the freedom of its citizens without itself coming to dominate them. And third is the conception of good citizenship as consisting in a vigilant commitment to preserving the state in its distinctive role as an undominating protector against domination. The aim of the neorepublican research program is to rethink issues of legitimacy and democracy, welfare and justice, public policy and institutional design, from within the framework that these basic ideas provide.
Regimes and the Rule of Law: Judicial Independence in Comparative Perspective
Authors: Helmke Gretchen , Rosenbluth Frances
Published: May 2009

According to popular wisdom, judicial independence and the rule of law are essential features of modern democracy. Drawing on the growing comparative literature on courts, we unpack this claim by focusing on two broad questions: How does the type of political regime affect judicial independence? Are independent courts, in fact, always essential for establishing the rule of law? In highlighting the role of institutional fragmentation and public opinion, we explain why democracies are indeed more likely than dictatorships to produce both independent courts and the rule of law. Yet, by also considering the puzzle of institutional instability that marks courts in much of the developing world, we identify several reasons why democracy may not always prove sufficient for constructing either. Finally, we argue that independent courts are not always necessary for the rule of law, particularly where support for individual rights is relatively widespread.
Riots
Authors: Wilkinson Steven I.
Published: May 2009

The past century of research has identified a host of economic, political, demographic, and other factors that seem to be associated with the prevalence of riots. The study of riots has, however, probably focused too much on these “push” factors that lead to violence and not enough on understanding the response of the state to riots. Understanding the political incentives that motivate democratic and authoritarian states to sometimes allow riots to take place and at other times to take the strongest possible law-and-order measures to prevent them is key to understanding variation in violence. Scholars also need to pay more attention to the psychological factors that encourage people to riot, and to the micro-logic of target choice within these larger events.
Field Experiments and the Political Economy of Development
Authors: Humphreys Macartan , Weinstein Jeremy M.
Published: May 2009

Social scientists have begun to work alongside developing country governments, nongovernmental organizations, and international organizations on experimental projects that address fundamental questions in the political economy of development. We describe the range of projects that have taken place or are currently under-way, identify new and promising frontiers for research, and discuss some challenges that are particular to work in this area. The impact of this research will depend on the extent to which scholars can successfully link studies of experimental interventions to broader questions of social scientific interest.
Laboratory Experiments in Political Economy
Authors: Palfrey Thomas R.
Published: May 2009

This article summarizes a small part of the literature on laboratory experiments in political economy. The experiments discussed are primarily aimed at testing predictions of equilibrium models of voting in committees and elections. The specific topics discussed are voter turnout, the Condorcet jury theorem, and the swing voter's curse. The latter two topics address questions of information aggregation by voting rules. All the experiments find significant evidence of strategic voting and, with a few exceptions, find support for the equilibrium predictions of the theories.
Democratization and Economic Globalization
Authors: Milner Helen V. , Mukherjee Bumba
Published: May 2009

We address two questions that are central to the literature on the emergence of democracy and economic globalization. First, does democratization foster higher levels of trade and capital account openness? Second, do trade and capital account openness increase the likelihood of democratization? We review the literature in international political economy and comparative politics that has theoretically and empirically addressed these questions. We then conduct some empirical tests in a sample of developing countries to briefly evaluate the empirical relationship between democracy and economic globalization. Our analysis reveals that evidence for the claim that democracy fosters trade and capital account liberalization is robust but that empirical support for the predicted positive effect of economic openness on democracy among developing countries is weak. More theoretical work is needed to clarify the link between democracy and economic liberalization, and to this end we provide possible topics for future research.
A "Second Coming"? The Return of German Political Theory
Authors: Villa Dana
Published: May 2009

This article examines the political theories of Theodor Adorno and Hannah Arendt in light of shared theoretical concerns and the discussion generated by their recent centenaries (2003 and 2006, respectively). I argue that Adorno's tremendously influential critique of identity philosophies is of limited value when it comes to political thinking, in large part because he neglects to give serious thought to the problem of institutionalizing freedom. In contrast, the notion of human “plurality” is central to Arendt's political thought and is set within a rich conceptualization of the public realm and its legal and institutional preconditions.
Mechanical Researches on Young′s Modulus of SCS Nanostructures
Authors: Jin Qinhua , Li Tie , Zhou Ping , Wang Yuelin
Published: May 2009

Nanostructures of SingleCrystalSilicon (SCS) with superior electrical, mechanical, thermal, and optical properties are emerging in the development of novel nanodevices. Mechanical properties especially Young′s modulus are essential in developing and utilizing such nanodevices. In this paper, experimental researches including bending tests, resonance tests, and tensile tests on Young′ s modulus of nanoscaled SCS are reviewed, and their results are compared. It was found that the values of E measured by different testing methods cannot match to each other. As the differences cannot be explained as experimental errors, it should be understood by taking surface effect into account. With a simplified model, we qualitatively explained the difference in E value measured by tensile test and by resonance test for Si nanobeams.
Strong Laws of Large Numbers for 𝔹‐Valued Random Fields
Authors: Lagodowski Zbigniew A.
Published: May 2009

We extend to random fields case, the results of Woyczynski, who proved
Brunk′s type strong law of large numbers (SLLNs) for 𝔹‐valued random vectors under geometric
assumptions. Also, we give probabilistic requirements for above‐mentioned
SLLN, related to results obtained by Acosta as well as necessary and sufficient probabilistic
conditions for the geometry of Banach space associated to the strong and
weak law of large numbers for multidimensionally indexed random vectors.
Prediction of Continuous Cooling Diagrams for the Precision Forged Tempering Steel 50CrMo4 by Means of Artificial Neural Networks
Authors: Nürnberger Florian , Schaper Mirko , Bach Friedrich-Wilhelm , Mozgova Iryna , Kuznetsov Kostjantyn , Halikova Anna , Perederieieva Olga
Published: May 2009

Quenching and tempering of precision forged components using their forging heat leads to reduced process energy and shortens the usual process chains. To design such a process, neither the isothermal transformation diagrams (TTT) nor the continuous cooling transformation (CCT) diagrams from literature can be used to predict microstructural transformations during quenching since the latter diagrams are significantly influenced by previous deformations and process‐related high austenitising temperatures. For this reason, deformation CCT diagrams for several tempering steels from previous works have been investigated taking into consideration the process conditions of precision forging. Within the scope of the present work, these diagrams are used as input data for predicting microstructural transformations by means of artificial neural networks. Several artificial neural network structures have been examined using the commercial software MATLAB. Predictors have been established with satisfactory capabilities for predicting CCT diagrams for different degrees of deformation within the analyzed range of data.
Dependent Elements of Derivations on Semiprime Rings
Authors: Ali Faisal , Chaudhry Muhammad Anwar
Published: May 2009

We characterize dependent elements of a commuting derivation d on a semiprime ring R and investigate a decomposition of R using dependent elements of d. We show that there exist ideals U and V of R such that U ⊕ V is an essential ideal of R, U∩V = {0}, d = 0 on U, d(V)⊆V, and d acts freely on V.
Impact of Obesity on Surgical Outcomes following Open Radical Prostatectomy
Authors: van Roermund Joep G.H. , van Basten Jean-Paul A. , Kiemeney Lambertus A. , Karthaus Herbert F.M. , Witjes J. Alfred
Published: May 2009

Objective: The increasing incidence of both obesity and prostate cancer (PCa) detection will confront the urologist more often with obese men having PCa. It is unknown whether obesity affects the surgical and oncological outcomes following open radical retropubic prostatectomy (RRP). Knowledge concerning this issue is relevant when counselling obese patients with PCa for RRP. Patients and Methods: A single institution cohort study was performed including 252 men who underwent a RRP between 1992 and 2003. The surgical complications (perioperative complications, post-RRP urinary incontinence, urethral strictures) were compared between obese (BMI >30) and nonobese (BMI ≤30) men. Results: Compared to nonobese (n = 221), obese men (n = 31) developed more frequently wound infections (16.1 vs. 4.5%; p < 0.05), urinary incontinence (25.8 vs. 8.7%; p < 0.05) as well as vesico-urethral strictures (46.2 vs. 12.3%; p < 0.05). The pathology results and the 5-year cumulative risk of PSA recurrence were comparable among both groups. Conclusions: Compared to nonobese, obese men suffer more frequently from post-RRP urinary incontinence and vesicourethral strictures following open RRP.
Significance of Serum Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide Levels in Prostate Cancer Patients Receiving Hormonal Therapy
Authors: Suzuki Kazumi , Kobayashi Yutaka , Morita Tatsuo
Published: May 2009

Background: Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is one of the neuroendocrine markers. The serum CGRP levels in untreated prostate cancer (PCa) patients reportedly reflect the tumor volume and aggressiveness. However, the detailed evaluation of the serum CGRP levels in the PCa patients treated with hormonal therapy (HT) has never been reported. We measured the serum CGRP levels in PCa patients receiving HT to elucidate its clinical significance. Materials and Methods: We used serum samples from 129 PCa patients. Thirty-six patients had never received any treatment, and 93 had been treated with HT. The serum CGRP was measured by immunoradiometric assay, and we analyzed the correlation between the serum CGRP level and the clinicopathological factors. Results: The serum CGRP levels in the patients with higher clinical stages and histological grades were significantly higher than in those with lower stages and grades. Although in the patients treated with HT, the serum CGRP levels significantly correlated with clinical stage, these levels did not correlate with histological grade and the kind of HT. The highest serum CGRP level was observed in the stage D1 and stage D2 patients, not in the stage D3 patients treated with HT. Conclusion: The serum CGRP levels were significantly elevated in the PCa patients with high grade or high stage. However, in PCa patients receiving HT, various clinical factors influence the CGRP levels. Thus, evaluation of the levels should be careful.
Three-Dimensional Computed Tomography of the Orthotopic Ileal Neobladder Reconstruction: Normal and Abnormal Findings
Authors: Sassi Claudia , Santilli Lucia , Concetti Sergio , Schiavina Riccardo , Amadori Elena , Severini Enrico , Martorana Giuseppe , Battista Giuseppe
Published: May 2009

Introduction: Our study aimed to assess the usefulness of 3D-CT in patients who have undergone radical cystectomy and orthotopic ileal neobladder. Materials and Methods: We performed a CT study with 3D reconstructions in 32 patients 6 months after radical cystectomy and different orthotopic ileal neobladder (8 Studer, group A; 10 Hautmann-Ghoneim, group B; 14 Hautmann with ‘double chimney’ modification, group C). We evaluated position, shape and volume of neobladder; length of ureters and of afferent limb (in group A), length and diameter of ureteral intramural tunnel (in group B) and length of ‘chimney’ (in group C); vesico-urethral angle; vesico-ureteral reflux; possible complications. Results: In group A, we observed a renal stone with hydronephrosis, a lateral neobladder and a bilateral vesico-ureteral reflux. In 2 females of group B, neobladder was on the right side and associated in 1 case with a conical shape, hydroureteronephrosis, filling defects and urinary incontinence. In group C, 1 patient had a bilateral vesico-ureteral reflux and 1 had a left hydronephrosis. A pouchocele was detected in 1 patient with vesico-urethral angle less than 120°. Conclusions: 3D-CT is helpful for better displaying the morphology of a new reno-vesical anatomy, and some features seem to be indicative of a predisposition to develop possible complications. It may be useful for surgeons to plan a reintervention to obviate or prevent complications.
Multifocality Incidence and Accompanying Clinicopathological Factors in Renal Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Sargin Semih Yasar , Ekmekcioglu Ozan , Arpali Emre , Altinel Mert , Voyvoda Bekir
Published: May 2009

Introduction: The incidence of multifocality and associated clinicopathological factors in renal cell carcinoma were evaluated. Materials and Methods: Clinicopathological characteristics were assessed for 122 renal cell carcinoma-pathological specimens from 121 patients. Microscopic and gross tumor pathology, incidence of multifocality as well as association between tumor grade, histological subtype, stage, size and vascular involvement were assessed. Results: Multifocal renal cell carcinoma was diagnosed in 16 of 122 specimens (13.1%). Satellite lesions for 15 of 16 specimens displaying mulifocality had the same histological subtype as their primary tumor. The occult multifocality rate was 11.4%. Tumor grade and stage, but not size or volume, histological subtype, and vascular involvement were significantly related to multifocality. Conclusions: Accurate staging of renal cell carcinoma appears to be essential in determining whether a patient should undergo nephron-sparing surgery or radical nephrectomy. Patients with high stage and grade should receive the highest attention after nephron-sparing surgery. Larger studies are needed to further elucidate the association between clinicopathological factors and multifocality.
Comparison of Open Nephroureterectomy and Open Conservative Management of Upper Urinary Tract Transitional Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Dragicevic Dejan , Djokic Milan , Pekmezovic Tatjana , Vuksanovic Aleksandar , Micic Sava , Hadzi-Djokic Jovan , Tulic Cane , Milenkovic Dragica , Pljesa-Ercegovac Marija , Simic Tatjana
Published: May 2009

Introduction: The treatment preserving the kidney for upper urinary tract (UUT) transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) is still controversial. We aimed to elucidate the results of open conservative surgery and compare them with the results of radical nephroureterectomy (RNU). Patients and Methods: The study included 107 patients with UUT TCC treated by open conservative surgery (21 patients) or nephroureterectomy (86 patients). Epidemiological, clinical and pathological characteristics of patients as well as 5-year survival rates were compared between groups. Results: Patients treated by conservative surgery had a significantly higher rate of bilateral tumors (38% vs. 3%, p = 0.0001) and smaller tumor size than those treated by radical operations (2.60 ± 1.24 vs. 3.99 ± 3.94 cm, p = 0.060). Five-year survival rates for patients treated by conservative and radical surgery were 59 and 55%, respectively. Within the group of patients treated by conservative surgery, 5-year overall survival rates of patients operated due to imperative and elective indications were 41 and 75%, respectively. In univariate analysis, RNU was a statistically significant predictor of poorer outcome of the disease in comparison with conservative surgery (HR = 2.2, 95% CI 1.1–4.6, p = 0.030). Conclusions: The mode of operation affects the outcome of UUT TCC patients, in addition to factors such as tumor grade, stage and size.
Tubeless Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy for Geriatric Patients
Authors: Jou Yeong-chin , Lin Chang-te , Shen Cheng-huang , Cheng Ming-chin , Chen Pi-che
Published: May 2009

Aim: To evaluate the safety of tubeless percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) in geriatric patients. Materials and Method: This is a retrospective review of 401 patients who received tubeless PCNL in a single institute. Among these, 50 were performed in patients aged older than 70 years (group 1), while 351 were performed in the remaining younger patients (group 2). Results: There was no significant difference in stone size between the 2 groups (3.6 ± 1.9 vs. 3.5 ± 2.0 cm). The average operative time was similar in both groups (92.8 ± 34.5 vs. 86.6 ± 32.0 min). The stone-free rate in groups 1 and 2 was 68.0% (34/50) and 83.8% (294/351), respectively, which was statistically significantly different. The average postoperative hospital stay was longer in group 1 (4.6 ± 3.4 days) than in group 2 (3.9 ± 2.5 days), but the difference was not statistically significant. There was no significant difference in postoperative urinary tract infection rate and blood transfusion rate in both groups (urinary tract infection: 18.0 vs. 8.8%; blood transfusion: 4 vs. 2.6%). Two patients in group 1 and 3 patients in group 2 experienced pulmonary complications. There was no other severe complication. Conclusion: Tubeless PCNL is a safe procedure for the treatment of geriatric patients with urolithiasis.