bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Of guns and trees: impact of terrorism on forest conservation
Authors: MUKHERJEE VIVEKANANDA , GUPTA GAUTAM
Published: March 2006

Many terrorist organizations around the world seek shelter in forests and this paper tries to address the impact of this phenomenon on forest conservation. We construct a framework to measure the social loss when a terrorist lives in the forest and has full control over the forest resources. We also consider a game between the terrorists and the government when the government tries to combat them to recover the social loss. We characterize the equilibrium of the game in which the terrorist chooses the optimum rotation length of the forest and the government chooses the optimum combat-effort. We derive the impact of two popular policy measures such as strengthening the combat operations and restricting the sale of timber by the terrorist groups in the market, on forest conservation and find both to be negative.
Slash-and-burn cultivation practice and agricultural input demand and output supply
Authors: ABDULAI AWUDU , BINDER CLAUDIA R.
Published: March 2006

This study uses an endogenous switching-regression model to examine the impact of slash-and-burn cultivation practice on the application of commercial fertilizer and pesticides, as well as yields and net returns. The empirical evidence of the study indicates that cross-section analysis of the impact of technology adoption on input demand and output supply should take into consideration sample selection, and also examine the impact separately for adopters and non-adopters. The results show that education, access to credit, land rights, and visits by extension agents reduce the probability of farmers adopting slash-and-burn farm practices. Environmental variables, such as soil quality and plot slope, do not impact on the adoption decision, but affect output supply of both adopters and non-adopters of slash-and-burn technology.
Development assistance and the CDM – how to interpret ‘financial additionality’
Authors: DUTSCHKE MICHAEL , MICHAELOWA AXEL
Published: March 2006

International climate negotiations have specified that projects under the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) should not lead to a ‘diversion’ of official development assistance (ODA). It is however unchallenged that ODA can be used in capacity building for the CDM. Diversion can be interpreted in purpose, sectoral, and regional terms. There are possibilities to use ODA benchmarks to define diversion such as the UN 0.7 per cent target but they are unlikely to be politically acceptable. On the project level, three main options exist but none of them is perfect. The Development Assistance Committee of OECD endorses deduction of the value of emissions credits (CERs) from ODA. This however leads to a long-term pressure on the ODA level. Differentiating an ODA-financed baseline project and a ‘piggyback’ CDM option is likely to be arbitrary in many circumstances. Even if CERs do not accrue for the ODA share of the investment, still private CDM projects are crowded out due to the subsidizing of CDM projects.
Seven-Minute-Screen (7mS) in der ambulanten und klinischen Demenzdiagnostik
Authors: Reischies Friedel M. , Kühl Klaus-Peter
Published: March 2006

Zusammenfassung: Der Seven minute Screen (7mS) ist als Batterie von Demenz-Kurztests zur klinischen Demenzevaluation bereits vor vielen Jahren vorgestellt worden. Im Unterschied zur MMSE prüft der 7mS getrennt (1) die Amnesie mit zeitlicher Orientierung und Ausmaß der retrograden Amnesie (Benton Orientierung) und mit dem episodischen Gedächtnis (erster Durchgang von Buschkes Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test), (2) die Sprache und exekutive Funktionen mittels der Kategorien-Fluency (Tiere) und (3) Apraxie-Aspekte mittels Uhrentest. In vier Sprachen wurde der 7mS bislang validiert - z. T. in großen Multicenterstudien und auch hinsichtlich der Unterscheidung verschiedener Demenzerkrankungen. Die Identifikation des Demenzsyndroms gelingt jeweils mit Sensitivitäts- und Spezifitätswerten deutlich über 90 % und mit besserer Validität im Vergleich zur MMSE. Eine deutsche Adaptation, speziell zur Ergänzung der MMSE wird vorgestellt: Für die Orientierung (zeitlich und örtlich) wird der Orientierungsscore der MMSE genommen - für den Normwerte der Berliner Altersstudie vorliegen, wie auch für die Tierfluency (1.5 min). Als Test des episodischen Gedächtnisses wird der 10-Worttest mit Imaginations-Einspeicherhilfe verwendet und die Uhr mit dem Rating von Shulman. Klinische Daten aus zwei Studien zeigen die hohe Validität auch der Adaptationsversion.
Spatial and temporal evolution of stress and slip rate during the 2000 Tokai slow earthquake
Authors: Miyazaki Shin'ichi , Segall Paul , McGuire Jeffery J. , Kato Teruyuki , Hatanaka Yuki
Published: March 2006

We investigate an ongoing silent thrust event in the Tokai seismic gap along the Suruga‐Nankai Trough, central Japan. Prior to the event, continuous GPS data from April 1996 to the end of 1999 show that this region displaced ∼2 cm/yr to the northwest relative to the landward plate. The GPS time series show an abrupt change in rate in mid‐June 2000 that continues as of mid‐2005. We model this transient deformation, which we refer to as the Tokai slow thrust slip event, as caused by slip on the interface between the Philippine Sea and Amurian plates. The spatial and temporal distribution of slip rate is estimated with Kalman filter based inversion methods. Our inversions reveal two slow subevents. The first initiated in late June 2000 slightly before the Miyake‐jima eruption. The locus of slip then propagated southeast in the second half of 2000, with maximum slip rates of about 15 cm/yr through 2001. A second locus of slip initiated to the northeast in early 2001. The depth of the slip zone is about 25 km, which may correspond to the transition zone from a seismogenic to a freely sliding zone. The cumulative moment magnitude of the slow slip event up to November 2002 is Mw ∼ 6.8. We calculate shear stress changes on the plate interface from the slip histories. Stress change as a function of slip rate shows trajectories similar to that inferred for high‐speed ruptures; however, the maximum velocity is 8 orders of magnitude less than in normal earthquakes.
Stress changes along the Sunda trench following the 26 December 2004 Sumatra‐Andaman and 28 March 2005 Nias earthquakes
Authors: Pollitz Fred F. , Banerjee Paramesh , Bürgmann Roland , Hashimoto Manabu , Choosakul Nithiwatthn
Published: March 2006

The 26 December 2004 Mw = 9.2 and 28 March 2005 Mw = 8.7 earthquakes on the Sumatra megathrust altered the state of stress over a large region surrounding the earthquakes. We evaluate the stress changes associated with coseismic and postseismic deformation following these two large events, focusing on postseismic deformation that is driven by viscoelastic relaxation of a low‐viscosity asthenosphere. Under Coulomb failure stress (CFS) theory, the December 2004 event increased CFS on the future hypocentral zone of the March 2005 event by about 0.25 bar, with little or no contribution from viscous relaxation. Coseismic stresses around the rupture zones of the 1797 and 1833 Sunda trench events are negligible, but postseismic stress perturbations since December 2004 are predicted to result in CFS increases of 0.1 to 0.2 bar around these rupture zones between 2 and 8 years after the December 2004 event. These are considerable stress perturbations given that the 1797 and 1833 rupture zones are likely approaching the end of a complete seismic cycle.
Validation of infrasonic waveform modeling using observations of the STS107 failure upon reentry
Authors: McKenna Mihan H. , Herrin Eugene T.
Published: March 2006

On February 1, 2003, the space shuttle Columbia disintegrated over Texas. Recorded at the TXIAR seismo‐acoustic array, the signal consisted of multiple arrivals from a single explosive event. The location of the explosion was estimated from the telemetered travel path recorded by NASA. The location in space and time was combined with atmospheric profiles generated by NRL‐G2S and MSIS‐90/HWM for the given day and model the observed waveform using InfraMAP. The normal mode modeled waveform closely resembled the observed waveform, with multiple arrival peaks spanning the same time period found in the observation, as well as having only a three‐second difference between last peak times. This translates to 0.33% error in total travel time. A ray trace eigenray was found with a travel time consistent with the observed arrival packet.
Toward mitigating the double ITCZ problem in NCAR CCSM3
Authors: Zhang Guang J. , Wang Houjun
Published: March 2006

The appearance of a spurious Inter‐Tropical Convergence Zone south of the equator in the eastern and central equatorial Pacific, in addition to the observed one north of the equator, is a common problem in coupled global climate models. The present study investigates this “double ITCZ” problem in the NCAR CCSM3. It shows that use of a modified Zhang‐McFarlane convection scheme significantly mitigates the double ITCZ problem in boreal summer. This has a profound impact on the simulated sea surface temperature through cloud radiative forcing feedback. Both the warm bias in the southern ITCZ region and the cold bias in the cold tongue over the equator are reduced. Examination of the time series of precipitation, SST and surface energy fluxes shows that, depending on the convection parameterization used, double or single ITCZ emerges quickly within the first few months after the model start.
EOS Microwave Limb Sounder observations of “frozen‐in” anticyclonic air in Arctic summer
Authors: Manney G. L. , Livesey N. J. , Jimenez C. J. , Pumphrey H. C. , Santee M. L. , MacKenzie I. A. , Waters J. W.
Published: March 2006

A previously unreported phenomenon, a “frozen‐in” anticyclone (FrIAC) after the 2005 Arctic spring vortex breakup, was discovered in Earth Observing System (EOS) Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) long‐lived trace gas data. A tongue of low‐latitude (high‐N2O, low‐H2O) air was drawn into high latitudes and confined in a tight anticyclone, then advected intact in the summer easterlies through late August. A similar feature in O3 disappeared by early April as a result of chemical processes. The FrIAC was initially advected upright at nearly the same speed at all levels from ∼660 to 1300 K (∼25–45 km); increasing vertical wind shear after early June tilted the FrIAC and weakened it at higher levels. The associated feature in PV disappeared by early June; transport calculations fail to reproduce the remarkable persistence of the FrIAC, suggesting deficiencies in summer high‐latitude winds. The historical PV record suggests that this phenomenon may have occurred several times before. The lack of a persistent signature in O3 or PV, along with its small size and rapid motion, make it unlikely that a FrIAC could have been reliably identified without hemispheric daily long‐lived trace gas profiles such as those from EOS MLS.
Local time stacking of geomagnetic solar daily variations
Authors: Everett M. E.
Published: March 2006

Regular geomagnetic solar daily variations, the Sq signal, is used in electromagnetic induction studies to investigate the electrical conductivity structure of Earth's upper mantle. Traditionally, Sq induction studies employ observatory magnetic data from a few quiet days in which the overprint on the regular Sq ionospheric current vortices from various irregular disturbances is minimal. Active days are typically discarded, a procedure which results in a gappy time series that is difficult to analyze. Furthermore, the quiet day selection is largely arbitrary since daily geomagnetic activity levels range continuously from very quiet to very active. This fact precludes the establishment of rigorous quiet/active thresholds. The average local time variation on active days resembles typical quiet day variations except for a multiplicative scaling factor. A multiyear stack of yearlong geomagnetic time series aligned with respect to local time incorporates “regular active” days while greatly attenuating the effects of irregular geomagnetic disturbances. External and internal current systems that rise and fall in step with the Sun's transit across the sky above an observatory contribute coherently to the local time stack. All other current systems are incoherent and tend to stack out. An exact 1‐year‐long stack preserves the seasonal variation. The resulting stacked time series contains no gaps, is dominated by regular solar daily variations, and can be used for improved Sq induction studies and comprehensive geomagnetic field modeling. Hourly geomagnetic values from Niemegk, Boulder, Mbour, and Meanook observatories between 1970 and 2002, along with the ap index, are used in this study.
Subtropical cells and meridional overturning circulation pathways in the tropical Atlantic
Authors: Hazeleger Wilco , Drijfhout Sybren
Published: March 2006

Pathways of subtropical cells (STCs) and the basin‐wide meridional overturning circulation (MOC) are studied in the tropical Atlantic using a particle tracking algorithm and transports from a high‐resolution ocean model. Here 16 Sv (=106 m3 s−1) of MOC water flows to the equator from the south, primarily in the North Brazil Current. The MOC water recirculates in the tropics and, after crossing the equator about half of it, stays along the western boundary and the other half loops in a cyclonic circulation northward to join the North Equatorial Current. The STC on the Southern Hemisphere has a strength of 4 Sv. The northern STC has a strength of 1.5 Sv; it is confined to the retroflection area close to the equator and it contains primarily MOC water. In total, 5.5 Sv of MOC water entrains into the mixed layer in the tropical Atlantic. Here 2 Sv of MOC water recirculates in the southern STC and 1.5 Sv in the northern STC. The STCs are weaker than suggested from observations, but the interior flows in the model compare well to observations. The heat transport divergence that is associated with warming of MOC water masses between 10°S and 10°N is 0.22 PW (=1015W). The fresh water transport divergence of MOC water masses in the tropical Atlantic is 0.16 Sv. It is concluded that the MOC can substantially affect the tropical circulation, but the tropical circulation itself can also affect MOC properties.
Determination of buoyancy frequency in weakly stable waters
Authors: van Haren Hans , Millot Claude
Published: March 2006

Sea‐Bird 911(plus) conductivity‐temperature‐depth (CTD) data are scrutinized for the determination of the buoyancy frequency N in deep (Mediterranean Sea) waters, where N is very small (O(f)), f is the inertial frequency. Precise knowledge of such low stability values is imperative for the understanding of inertio‐gravity wave propagation in the ocean. In this paper, truly homogeneous layers that are neutral in stability, N = 0, are not just detected by computing N(z) over a particular pressure window Δp, as such N includes errors due to mismatches of all sensors, but foremost by inspecting individual profiles of directly measured quantities, like temperature T and its variance change with respect to the adiabatic lapse rate Γ. Depending on the size of Δp, neutral stability can be computed in the deep layer of homogeneous water to within an error of ∼0.8f (using Δp = 100 dbar) and ∼0.4f (Δp = 600 dbar). The latter error is about half due to the imprecise measurement of Γ due to poor resolution of the T sensor. The former error is largely due to the (in)accuracy of individual sensors of the CTD and/or their imperfect measurement of dynamical heterogeneity in T and salinity S due to mismatch in sensor response time. This heterogeneity in T and S can be more abundant in stratified waters, where it seems more difficult to detect the appropriate value of nonzero but small N. This is fully attributable to the problem of variable length scales of stability motions that are supported by the stratification, while modifying it.
Spatial grain size sorting in eolian ripples and estimation of wind conditions on planetary surfaces: Application to Meridiani Planum, Mars
Authors: Jerolmack Douglas J. , Mohrig David , Grotzinger John P. , Fike David A. , Watters Wesley A.
Published: March 2006

The landscape seen by the Mars Exploration Rover (MER) Opportunity at Meridiani Planum is dominated by eolian (wind‐blown) ripples with concentrated surface lags of hematitic spherules and fragments. These ripples exhibit profound spatial grain size sorting, with well‐sorted coarse‐grained crests and poorly sorted, generally finer‐grained troughs. These ripples were the most common bed form encountered by Opportunity in its traverse from Eagle Crater to Endurance Crater. Field measurements from White Sands National Monument, New Mexico, show that such coarse‐grained ripples form by the different transport modes of coarse‐ and fine‐grain fractions. On the basis of our field study, and simple theoretical and experimental considerations, we show how surface deposits of coarse‐grained ripples can be used to place tight constraints on formative wind conditions on planetary surfaces. Activation of Meridiani Planum coarse‐grained ripples requires a wind velocity of 70 m/s (at a reference elevation of 1 m above the bed). From images by the Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC) of reversing dust streaks, we estimate that modern surface winds reach a velocity of at least 40 m/s and hence may occasionally activate these ripples. The presence of hematite at Meridiani Planum is ultimately related to formation of concretions during aqueous diagenesis in groundwater environments; however, the eolian concentration of these durable particles may have led to the recognition from orbit of this environmentally significant landing site.
The Role of Complement C3 in Intracerebral Hemorrhage-Induced Brain Injury
Authors: Yang Shuxu , Nakamura Takehiro , Hua Ya , Keep Richard F , Younger John G , He Yangdong , Hoff Julian T , Xi Guohua
Published: March 2006

Activation of the complement cascade contributes to brain injury after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). However, a recent study found that complement C5 deficient mice had enhanced ICH-induced brain injury. The present study, therefore, investigated the role of complement C3 (which is upstream from C5) in ICH. Male complement C3 deficient and sufficient mice had an intracerebral infusion of 30-μL autologous whole blood. The mice were killed and the brains were sampled for edema, Western blotting, immunohistochemistry and histologic analysis. Behavioral tests including forelimb use asymmetry test and corner turn were also performed before and after ICH. Compared to complement C3 sufficient mice, C3 deficient mice had less brain edema, lower hemeoxygenase-1 levels, less microglia activation and neutrophil infiltration around the clot after ICH. In addition, the C3-deficient mice had less ICH-induced forelimb use asymmetry deficits compared with C3-sufficient mice. These results suggest complement activation may affect heme metabolism and the inflammatory response after ICH suggesting that complement C3 is an important factor causing ICH-induced brain injury.
Accelerated Progression of Kaolin-Induced Hydrocephalus in Aquaporin-4-Deficient Mice
Authors: Bloch Orin , Auguste Kurtis I , Manley Geoffrey T , Verkman AS
Published: March 2006

Hydrocephalus is caused by an imbalance in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) production and absorption, resulting in excess ventricular fluid accumulation and neurologic impairment. Current therapy for hydrocephalus involves surgical diversion of excess ventricular fluid. The water-transporting protein aquaporin-4 (AQP4) is expressed at the brain-CSF and blood-brain barriers. Here, we provide evidence for AQP4-facilitated CSF absorption in hydrocephalus by a transparenchymal pathway into the cerebral vasculature. A mouse model of obstructive hydrocephalus was created by injecting kaolin (2.5 mg/mouse) into the cisterna magna. Intracranial pressure (ICP) was ~5mm Hg and ventricular size < 0.3 mm3 in control mice. Lateral ventricle volume increased to 3.7 ± 0.5 and 5.1 ±0.5 mm3 in AQP4 null mice at 3 and 5 days after injection, respectively, significantly greater than 2.6 ± 0.3 and 3.5 ± 0.5 mm3 in wildtype mice ( P < 0.005). The corresponding ICP was 22 ± 2 mm Hg at 3 days in AQP4 null mice, significantly greater than 14 ± 1 mm Hg in wildtype mice ( P < 0.005). Brain parenchymal water content increased by 2% to 3% by 3 days, corresponding to ~50 μL of fluid, indicating backflow of CSF from the ventricle into the parenchymal extracellular space. A multi-compartment model of hydrocephalus based on experimental data from wildtype mice accurately reproduced the greater severity of hydrocephalus in AQP4 null mice, and predicted a much reduced severity if AQP4 expression/function were increased. Our results indicate a significant role for AQP4-mediated transparenchymal CSF absorption in hydrocephalus and provide a rational basis for evaluation of AQP4 induction as a nonsurgical therapy for hydrocephalus.
Certain hidden symmetries of crystals
Authors: Nardone Mario
Published: March 2006

Recently, among schemes for crystals classification, the arithmetic criterion has been introduced in solid-mechanics literature devoted to solid-to-solid phase transitions. Its main feature is to detect subtle symmetries ignored by standard classification schemes, e.g., space-group type classification. Using the arithmetic criterion, certain phase transitions can be identified by symmetry change, even when occurring between isosymmetric allotropes. Unfortunately, its original formulation is somewhat involved and not completely general. We give a general coordinate-free definition for it and prove that such a classification scheme has intrinsic character.
Effect of C∕Si ratio on deep levels in epitaxial 4H–SiC
Authors: Litton C. W. , Johnstone D. , Akarca-Biyikli S. , Ramaiah K. S. , Bhat I. , Chow T. P. , Kim J. K. , Schubert E. F.
Published: March 2006

Changing the ratio of carbon to silicon during the epitaxial 4H–SiC growth is expected to alter the dominant deep level trap, which has been attributed to a native defect. The C∕Si ratio was changed from one to six during epitaxial growth of SiC. Diodes fabricated on the epitaxial layer were then characterized using current-voltage and deep level transient spectroscopy. The single peak at 340K (Z1/Z2 peak), was deconvolved into two traps, closely spaced in energy. The concentration of one of the Z1/Z2 traps decreased with increasing C∕Si ratio. This result opposes theoretical predictions of carbon interstitial components, and supports assignment to a silicon antisite or carbon vacancy relationship. The concentration of the second component of the peak at 340K did not depend on the C∕Si ratio, which would indicate an impurity in an interstitial site.
Ion sources for the varying needs of ion implantation
Authors: Hershcovitch A. , Batalin V. A. , Bugaev A. S. , Gushenets V. I. , Johnson B. M. , Kolomiets A. A. , Kropachev G. N. , Kuibeda R. P. , Kulevoy T. V. , Litovko I. V. , Masunov E. S. , Oks E. M. , Pershin V. I. , Petrenko S. V. , Polozov S. M. , Poole H. J. , Rudskoy I. , Seleznev D. N. , Storozhenko P. A. , Svarovski A. Ya. , Yushkov G. Yu.
Published: March 2006

A joint research and development effort whose ultimate goal is to develop steady-state intense ion sources to meet the needs of the two energy extremes of ion implanters (mega-electron-volt and of hundreds of electron-volt) has been in progress for the past two years. Present day high-energy ion implanters utilize low charge state (usually single charge) ion sources in combination with rf accelerators. Usually, a MeV linear accelerator is used for acceleration of a few milliamperes. It is desirable to have instead an intense, high charge state ion source on a relatively low-energy platform (dc acceleration) to generate high-energy ion beams for implantation. This endeavor has already resulted in very high steady-state output currents of higher charge states antimony and phosphorous ions. Low-energy ion implantation is performed presently by decelerating high-energy extracted ions. Consequently, output currents are low due to space charge problems. Contamination is also a problem due to gases and plasmas employed to mitigate the space charge issues. Our efforts involve molecular ions and a plasmaless/gasless deceleration method. A program overview is presented in this article. Although source specifics are described in accompanying papers, only this article contains our most recent results.
Measurements of bremsstrahlung production and x-ray cryostat heating in VENUS
Authors: Lyneis C. , Leitner D. , Todd D. , Virostek S. , Loew T. , Heinen A. , Tarvainen O.
Published: March 2006

The VENUS superconducting electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) ion source is designed to operate at 28 GHz with up to 10 kW of rf power. Most of this power is absorbed by the plasma electrons and then dumped onto the plasma chamber wall. The distribution of heating and bremsstrahlung production is highly nonuniform and reflects the geometry of the magnetic confinement fields. The nonuniform distribution of electron losses to the wall results in localized heating on the aluminum chamber walls, which can lead to burnout. In addition, part of the bremsstrahlung produced by the collision of the hot-electrons with the walls is absorbed by the cold mass of the superconducting magnet leading to an additional heat load in the cryostat in the order of several watts. Therefore a new plasma chamber has been installed that incorporates a high-Z tantalum shield to reduce the cryostat heating and enhance water cooling to minimize the chance of burnout. In order to better understand the heat load, the spectrum of the bremsstrahlung has been carefully measured as a function of rf power, magnetic confinement, and rf frequency. In addition, the distribution of electron heating in VENUS magnetic field has been simulated with a three-dimensional computer code [H. Heinen and H. J. Andra, Proceedings of the 14th International Workshop on ECR Sources (CERN, Geneva, 1999), 224; H. J. Andra and A. Heinen, Proceedings of the 15th International Workshop on ECR lon Sources, ECRIS’02 (Jyväskylä, Finland 2002), 85.] to better understand the heat load distribution on the plasma chamber wall. The new plasma chamber design, results of the bremsstrahlung measurements, and the effectiveness of the high-Z shielding are described.
Recent results with the Phoenix booster at ISOLDE
Authors: Delahaye P. , Barton C. J. , Connell K. , Fritioff T. , Kester O. , Lamy T. , Lindroos M. , Sortais P. , Tranströmer G. , Wenander F.
Published: March 2006

At ISOLDE, CERN the development of charge breeding techniques is one of the key points for numerous future experiments. We report in this article on the latest online tests of the Daresbury Phoenix booster at ISOLDE. The performances of the continuous mode were investigated for different injected stable beams. Preliminary results were obtained with the afterglow pulsing method and two injected noble gas isotopes. These latter tests are of particular interest for the postacceleration of ISOL-type beams.
Characteristics of multiantenna rf ion source
Authors: Shoji T. , Oka Y. ,   NBI Group
Published: March 2006

We have developed a new multiantenna rf ion source for neutral beam injection and studied the effects of different antennas, connected in parallel, on the hydrogen plasma characteristics. The four-antenna elements 20 cm long are installed inside the 35×35×21 cm3 rectangular bucket chamber. The maximum rf power of 40 kW at 9 MHz is used. The ion current, electron temperature, and plasma potential for the hydrogen pressure of a few mtorr are 20–70 mA/cm2, 3–10 eV, and 0–10 V, respectively. The increasing numbers of parallel antennas improve the available rf power input and change the plasma parameters. The calculation demonstrates that the uniform density profile can be obtained by controlling the rf current of antenna array.
Nonadiabatic dynamics in the photodissociation of ICH2CN at 266 and 304nm studied by the velocity map imaging
Authors: Lee Kyoung-Seok , Lim Jung-Sik , Ahn Doo Sik , Choi Kyo-Won , Kim Sang Kyu , Choi Young S.
Published: March 2006

Photodissociation dynamics of iodoacetonitrile (ICH2CN) have been investigated at pump wavelengths of 266 and 304nm using a photofragment ion image velocity mapping technique. At both wavelengths, the prompt C–I bond rupture takes place on the repulsive excited states to give I(P3∕22) and I*(P1∕22), and their speed and spatial distributions are simultaneously measured. The recoil anisotropy parameter (β) at 266nm is determined to be 1.10 and 1.60 for I and I*, respectively, while it is found to be much higher at 304nm to give β=1.70 and 1.90 for I and I*, respectively. The branching ratios for I*∕I channels are measured to be 0.724 and 0.136 at 266 and 304nm, respectively, giving insights on nonadiabatic transition phenomena and relative oscillator strengths of optically accessible transitions of ICH2CN. Accordingly, relative oscillator strengths of parallel/perpendicular transitions and nonadiabatic transitions among the excited states are quantitatively characterized. A large portion of the available energy (41%–48%) goes into the internal energy of the CH2CN fragment. A modified impulsive model in which the CH2CN fragment is assumed to be rigid predicts the energy disposal quite well. Delocalization of an unpaired electron of the CH2CN radical during the C–I bond cleavage, leading to a large structural change of the CH2CN moiety, may be responsible for internally hot fragments.
Anyons, group theory and planar physics
Authors: Negro J. , del Olmo M. A. , Tosiek J.
Published: March 2006

Relativistic and nonrelativistic anyons are described in a unified formalism by means of the coadjoint orbits of the symmetry groups in the free case as well as when there is an interaction with a constant electromagnetic field. To deal with interactions we introduce the extended Poincaré and Galilei Maxwell groups.
Monte Carlo beam capture and charge breeding simulation
Authors: Kim J. S. , Liu C. , Edgell D. H. , Pardo R.
Published: March 2006

A full six-dimensional (6D) phase space Monte Carlo beam capture charge-breeding simulation code examines the beam capture processes of singly charged ion beams injected to an electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) charge breeder from entry to exit. The code traces injected beam ions in an ECR ion source (ECRIS) plasma including Coulomb collisions, ionization, and charge exchange. The background ECRIS plasma is modeled within the current frame work of the generalized ECR ion source model. A simple sample case of an oxygen background plasma with an injected Ar +1 ion beam produces lower charge breeding efficiencies than experimentally obtained. Possible reasons for discrepancies are discussed.
Contribution to ion source developments for SPIRAL-2 and EURISOL
Authors: Lau C. , Cheikh Mhamed M. , Essabaa S. , Arianer J. , Bajeat O. , Croizet H. , Ducourtieux M. , Lefort H. , Huet-Equilbec C. , Jardin P. , Leroy R. ,   SPIRAL-2 and EURISOL collaborations
Published: March 2006

Next generation facilities such as those designed in SPIRAL-2 and EURISOL projects require dedicated radioactive ion sources. Indeed, the ion source must be capable of operating under the very strong radiation generated by the primary beam in the production target. In the framework of the SPIRAL-2 design study, realistic and efficient solutions have been studied to face these unprecedented irradiation constraints. The considered options will be described and argued. In particular, considering forced electron beam induced are discharge-type ion sources, the reasons to start the development of a new prototype, the ionization by radial electron neat adaptation (IRENA) ion source, will be presented. The IRENA ion source is based on the electron beam generated plasma ion source. The design of the first prototype will be presented and discussed.
Acceleration of high current fully stripped carbon ion beam by direct injection scheme
Authors: Kashiwagi Hirotsugu , Fukuda Mitsuhiro , Okamura Masahiro , Jameson R. A. , Hattori Toshiyuki , Hayashizaki Noriyosu , Sakakibara Kazuhiko , Takano Junpei , Yamamoto Kazuo , Iwata Yoshiyuki , Fujimoto Tetsuya
Published: March 2006

Acceleration of a 17mA, 100keV∕u C6+ ion beam has been successfully achieved with an radio frequency quadrupole (RFQ) linac by means of “direct injection scheme.” The C6+ beam produced by a laser ion source with a Nd:YAG laser was injected to the high current RFQ linac. It has been experimentally proved that the fully stripped carbon ion beam with a current more than 10mA was accelerated by the RFQ linac.
Dynamical response of the Galileo Galilei on the ground rotor to test the equivalence principle: Theory, simulation, and experiment. II. The rejection of common mode forces
Authors: Comandi G. L. , Toncelli R. , Chiofalo M. L. , Bramanti D. , Nobili A. M.
Published: March 2006

“Galileo Galilei on the ground” (GGG) is a fast rotating differential accelerometer designed to test the equivalence principle (EP). Its sensitivity to differential effects, such as the effect of an EP violation, depends crucially on the capability of the accelerometer to reject all effects acting in common mode. By applying the theoretical and simulation methods reported in Part I of this work, and tested therein against experimental data, we predict the occurrence of an enhanced common mode rejection of the GGG accelerometer. We demonstrate that the best rejection of common mode disturbances can be tuned in a controlled way by varying the spin frequency of the GGG rotor.
Three-dimensional-IR spectroscopy: Beyond the two-point frequency fluctuation correlation function
Authors: Hamm Peter
Published: March 2006

Three-dimensional-IR spectroscopy is proposed as a new spectroscopic technique that is sensitive to three-point frequency fluctuation correlation functions. This will be important when the statistics of the underlying stochastic process is non-Gaussian, and hence when the system does not follow the linear response hypothesis. Furthermore, a very general classification of nonlinear spectroscopy in terms of higher order frequency fluctuation correlation functions is introduced, according to which certain moments of a multidimensional spectrum are related to certain frequency fluctuation correlation functions. The classification is rigorous in the so-called inhomogenous limit, but remains valid approximately also when motional narrowing becomes important. The work also puts a recent paper [J. Bredenbeck et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 083201 (2005)] onto solid theoretical grounds, where we have shown for the first time that fifth-order spectroscopy—in this case transient two-dimensional spectroscopy—is indeed sensitive to the three-point frequency fluctuation correlation function.
Towards a spin-adapted coupled-cluster theory for high-spin open-shell states
Authors: Heckert Miriam , Heun Oliver , Gauss Jürgen , Szalay Péter G.
Published: March 2006

A spin-adapted coupled-cluster (SA-CC) scheme based on the additional consideration of spin constraints is proposed for the quantum chemical treatment of high-spin open-shell cases. Its computational feasibility is demonstrated via a pilot implementation within the singles and doubles approximation. Test calculations indicate that the suggested SA-CC scheme provides results of similar accuracy as the more traditional schemes without spin adaptation.
Real-time propagation time-dependent density functional theory study on the ring-opening transformation of the photoexcited crystalline benzene
Authors: Tateyama Yoshitaka , Oyama Norihisa , Ohno Takahisa , Miyamoto Yoshiyuki
Published: March 2006

Mechanism of the ring-opening transformation in the photoexcited crystalline benzene is investigated on the femtosecond scale by a computational method based on the real-time propagation (RTP) time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT). The excited-state dynamics of the benzene molecule is also examined not only for the distinction between the intrinsic properties of molecule and the intermolecular interaction but for the first validation using the vibration frequencies for the RTP-TDDFT approach. It is found that the vibration frequencies of the excited and ground states in the molecule are well reproduced. This demonstrates that the present method of time evolution using the Suzuki-Trotter-type split operator technique starting with the Franck-Condon state approximated by the occupation change of the Kohn-Sham orbitals is adequately accurate. For the crystalline benzene, we carried out the RTP-TDDFT simulations for two typical pressures. At both pressures, large swing of the C–H bonds and subsequent twist of the carbon ring occurs, leading to tetrahedral (sp3-like) C–H bonding. The ν4 and ν16 out-of-plane vibration modes of the benzene molecule are found mostly responsible for these motions, which is different from the mechanism proposed for the thermal ring-opening transformation occurring at higher pressure. Comparing the results between different pressures, we conclude that a certain increase of the intermolecular interaction is necessary to make seeds of the ring opening (e.g., radical site formation and breaking of the molecular character) even with the photoexcitation, while the hydrogen migration to fix them requires more free volume, which is consistent with the experimental observation that the transformation substantially proceeds on the decompression.
Modulated optical sieve for sorting of polydisperse microparticles
Authors: Ricárdez-Vargas I. , Rodríguez-Montero P. , Ramos-García R. , Volke-Sepúlveda K.
Published: March 2006

We present an all-optical technique that permits sorting within a polydisperse sample of microparticles in the absence of any microfluidic flow. We can sort colloidal samples based on their size and their refractive index. We show experimental and theoretical data for this method. It is based on the specific response of different microparticles to an interference pattern of fringes vibrating with an asymmetric time modulation. The size selectivity arises from the spatial fringe periodicity whereas selection based on refractive index is controlled by the beam power.
High-quality AlN∕GaN-superlattice structures for the fabrication of narrow-band 1.4 μm photovoltaic intersubband detectors
Authors: Hofstetter Daniel , Baumann Esther , Giorgetta Fabrizio R. , Graf Marcel , Maier Manfred , Guillot Fabien , Bellet-Amalric Edith , Monroy Eva
Published: March 2006

We report on high-quality short-period superlattices in the AlN∕GaN material system. Thanks to significant advances in the epitaxial growth, up to 40 superlattice periods with a total layer thickness of 120nm could be grown without cracking problems. Given an intersubband transition energy on the order of 910meV, these superlattices could be used as room temperature, narrow-band, photovoltaic detectors for wavelengths around 1.4μm. In photovoltaic operation, the full width at half maximum is as narrow as 90meV, underlining the high quality of the interfaces and the single layers in our structures.
Antisymmetric plasmon resonance in coupled gold nanoparticles as a sensitive tool for detection of local index of refraction
Authors: Grigorenko A. N. , Gleeson H. F. , Zhang Y. , Roberts N. W. , Sidorov A. R. , Panteleev A. A.
Published: March 2006

A nanofabricated regular array of coupled gold nanopillars is employed to detect local indices of refraction of different liquids using a shift of an antisymmetric plasmon resonance peak observed in the reflection spectra. The peak’s spectral position is found to be a unique function of the local refractive index for a wide range of indices. We discuss possible applications of the fabricated nanostructured arrays in bio- and chemical sensors.
Photovoltaic effect in a periodically poled lithium niobate Solc-type wavelength filter
Authors: Chen Lijun , Shi Jianhong , Chen Xianfeng , Xia Yuxing
Published: March 2006

We report a non-field-applied Solc-type filter constructed by a periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN). By comparing two types of PPLN Solc filter setup, both theoretically and experimentally, we have proved that without external field applied, it is the photovoltaic effect that introduces pass peak in the PPLN band filter.
Temperature dependence of exciton localization dynamics in InxGa1−xN epitaxial films
Authors: Kanemitsu Yoshihiko , Tomita Koichi , Hirano Daisuke , Inouye Hideyuki
Published: March 2006

We have studied the temperature dependence of exciton localization dynamics in InxGa1−xN epitaxial films (x=0.09) by means of optical Kerr-gate time-resolved photoluminescence (PL) spectral measurements. During 30ps after 150fs laser excitation, the PL dynamics is sensitive to the measurement temperature. In the temperature range of 6–50K, the PL rise time decreases and the PL peak energy shifts to higher energy with an increase of temperature. At high temperatures above 80K, the thermal quenching of the PL at shallow localized states occurs. The energy relaxation processes of excitons in localized states of InxGa1−xN films are discussed.
Experimental validation of a homogenized energy model for magnetic after-effects
Authors: Braun Thomas R. , Smith Ralph C. , Dapino Marcelo J.
Published: March 2006

In this letter, we experimentally validate the ability of a recently developed ferromagnetic hysteresis model to characterize magnetic after-effects in ferromagnetic materials. The modeling framework, which combines energy analysis at the lattice level with stochastic homogenization techniques to accommodate material, stress, and field nonhomogeneities, quantifies after-effects through a balance of the Gibbs and relative thermal energies. Attributes of the framework are illustrated through fits to experimental steel data.
Do metabolism and contour plumage insulation vary in response to seasonal energy bottlenecks in superb fairy-wrens?
Authors: Lill Alan , Box Jeffrey , Baldwin John
Published: March 2006

Many small birds living at mid-to-high latitudes in the North Temperate Zone display seasonal increases in general metabolism and plumage insulation. We examined whether superb fairy-wrens at low altitude in temperate Australia, where winter is milder and the winter–spring transition less pronounced, exhibited similar adjustments. Their oxygen-consumption rate at ambient temperatures in and below their thermoneutral range was measured overnight in winter, spring and summer. Contour plumage mass was also compared in individuals caught in all seasons of the year. Resting-phase metabolic rate in the thermoneutral zone did not vary seasonally. The relationship between ambient temperature and whole-body metabolic rate below lower critical temperature differed in summer and winter, but the regression for spring did not differ from those for summer or winter. Plumage mass was greater (4.04% v. 2.64% of body mass) and calculated whole-bird wet thermal conductance lower (1.55 v. 2.24 mL O2 bird–1 h–1 °C–1) in winter than in summer. Enhanced plumage insulation could have improved heat conservation in autumn and winter. No increase in standard metabolism occurred in winter, perhaps because this season is relatively mild at low altitude in temperate Australia. However, superb fairy-wrens at 37°S operated below their predicted lower critical temperature for most of winter and the early breeding season, so they have presumably evolved as yet unidentified mechanisms for coping with the energy bottlenecks encountered then.
Maternal strategies of the New Zealand fur seal: evidence for interannual variability in provisioning and pup growth strategies
Authors: Goldsworthy Simon D.
Published: March 2006

Maternal attendance, nursing behaviour, pup growth and weaning age were investigated in the New Zealand fur seal (Arctocephalus forsteri) at Kangaroo Island, South Australia. Foraging trips to sea increased throughout lactation (5.9–9.8 days), while the duration of shore attendance bouts (1.7 ± 0.7 days) remained unchanged, resulting in time ashore declining from 24% to 14% throughout lactation. Mothers with sons made longer foraging trips than mothers with daughters throughout lactation and, as a consequence, maternal time ashore was less for sons (21%) than for daughters (28%). Pups maintained an overall sucking-rate of 1.4 h day–1 throughout their mothers’ lactation, by sucking more frequently and for longer periods as their mother became less available. Because mothers with daughters were ashore more frequently, the overall sucking-rate of females (1.7 h day–1) was greater than that of male pups (1.1 h day–1). The growth patterns of male and female pups from two cohorts were similar, but males grew faster and weaned heavier in one of the years. Age at weaning was ~285 days (9.4 months). This study indicates some significant differences in the nature of maternal expenditure in male and female pups, and the growth strategies used by pups both within and between years.
Sexual dimorphism in a marsupial: seasonal and lifetime differences in sex-specific mass
Authors: Isaac J. L.
Published: March 2006

Whereas sexual dimorphism in body mass is common in many vertebrates, the developmental mechanisms leading to diverging growth patterns between the sexes are poorly understood in mammals. In the present study, I investigate seasonal and lifetime differences in sex-specific mass in a marsupial, the common brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula). From the age of 2 years, males were heavier than females, but significant dimorphism was evident only at the age of 4 years. Annual mass gain was greater in males than in females from 2 to 4 years of age. The body mass of both sexes fluctuated throughout the year, although patterns differed: females lost mass during lactation in winter, whereas males lost mass during the breeding season in later summer and autumn. The mass of a juvenile predicted its mass as an adult for males, but not females. Male-biased sexual dimorphism in mass of possums appears to arise through a combination of a greater rate and duration of mass gain in young males, and the diversion of somatic reserves away from growth and into reproduction in females.
Thermoregulatory, metabolic and ventilatory physiology of the western barred bandicoot (Perameles bougainville bougainville) in summer and winter
Authors: Larcombe Alexander N. , Withers Philip C.
Published: March 2006

The metabolic, thermoregulatory and ventilatory physiology of western barred bandicoots (Perameles bougainville bougainville), measured in the laboratory during summer and winter at ambient temperatures of 10 and 30°C, is relatively unusual for a peramelid marsupial. It has a low thermoneutral body temperature (33.7 ± 0.2°C), a very high basal metabolic rate (0.68 ± 0.03 mL O2 g–1 h–1 at ambient temperature = 30°C), low respiratory exchange ratios (often less than 0.7) and a high thermal conductance, reflecting its high oxygen consumption rate and low body temperature. Ventilatory frequency and tidal volume were variable between seasons, although minute volume and oxygen extraction efficiency were not. Minute volume of the western barred bandicoot was higher than expected, reflecting its high metabolic rate. Time of year (i.e. season) had an effect on some aspects of metabolic, thermoregulatory and ventilatory physiology (carbon dioxide production, respiratory exchange ratio, total evaporative water loss), but this effect was not as substantial nor as general as the effect of ambient temperature.