bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Glandular neoplasia and borderline endocervical reporting rates before and after conversion to the SurePathTM liquid‐based cytology (LBC) system
Authors: Burnley C. , Dudding N. , Parker M. , Parsons P. , Whitaker C. J. , Young W.
Published: November 2010

Reporting rates for glandular neoplasia in 464,754 cervical samples reported at six laboratories in 12‐month periods before and after the implementation of Surepath™ LBC processing are compared. The introduction of LBC processing is seen to have resulted in a significant (P = 0.001) increase in the detection rate for endocervical glandular neoplasia (from 2.2 per 10,000 tests to 3.9 per 10,000) while maintaining high levels of reporting specificity. An observed fall in the number of samples reported as showing borderline glandular neoplasia falls short of statistical significance, and the reporting of possible endometrial and ‘other’ glandular abnormalities appears to be unaffected. The underlying reasons for the observed improvement in detection of endocervical glandular neoplasia are discussed. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2011. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Functional heterotypic interactions between astrocyte and oligodendrocyte connexins
Authors: Magnotti Laura M. , Goodenough Daniel A. , Paul David L.
Published: November 2010

Human genetic diseases and mouse knockouts illustrate that the maintenance of central nervous system myelin requires connexin expression by both astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. Because these cell types express nonoverlapping sets of connexins, the intercellular channels formed between them must be asymmetric with regard to connexin content, defined as heterotypic. Here, we show that oligodendrocyte Cx47 can form heterotypic channels with astrocyte Cx43 or Cx30 but not Cx26, whereas oligodendrocyte Cx32 can functionally interact with astrocyte Cx30 or Cx26 but not Cx43. Thus, as many as four types of intercellular channels could be formed between astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Potential Technological Applications of Synthetic Geomimetic Nanotubes
Authors: Pierini Filippo , Foresti Elisabetta , Fracasso Guido , Lesci Isidoro Giorgio , Roveri Norberto
Published: November 2010

Geomimetic chrysotile nanotubes have a high potentiality in nanotechnological applications. These synthetic inorganic nanotubes can be used to prepare quantum wires with interesting electrical and optical properties. In fact, they behave as host systems, exhibiting a constant inner diameter inferior to 7 nm, a low tendency to aggregate and large inter‐channel separation, preventing the interaction between individual guest filled nanomaterial acting as an unisosotropic confining structure. The chemical‐physical properties of undoped and differently Fe doped geoinspired chrysotile synthetic nanotubes have been reviewed confirming that these characteristic features make synthetic chrysotile nanotubes excellent candidates to prepare innovative inorganic nanowires. Furthermore, the possibility to synthesize undoped geomimetic chrysotile nanotubes with high reproducibility and crystallinity avoids cytotoxicity , making them safe for human health.
Identification of novel small molecule activators of nuclear factor‐κb with neuroprotective action via high‐throughput screening
Authors: Manuvakhova Marina S. , Johnson Guyla G. , White Misti C. , Ananthan Subramaniam , Sosa Melinda , Maddox Clinton , McKellip Sara , Rasmussen Lynn , Wennerberg Krister , Hobrath Judith V. , White E. Lucile , Maddry Joseph A. , Grimaldi Maurizio
Published: November 2010

Neuronal noncytokine‐dependent p50/p65 nuclear factor‐κB (the primary NF‐κB complex in the brain) activation has been shown to exert neuroprotective actions. Thus neuronal activation of NF‐κB could represent a viable neuroprotective target. We have developed a cell‐based assay able to detect NF‐κB expression enhancement, and through its use we have identified small molecules able to up‐regulate NF‐κB expression and hence trigger its activation in neurons. We have successfully screened approximately 300,000 compounds and identified 1,647 active compounds. Cluster analysis of the structures within the hit population yielded 14 enriched chemical scaffolds. One high‐potency and chemically attractive representative of each of these 14 scaffolds and four singleton structures were selected for follow‐up. The experiments described here highlighted that seven compounds caused noncanonical long‐lasting NF‐κB activation in primary astrocytes. Molecular NF‐κB docking experiments indicate that compounds could be modulating NF‐κB‐induced NF‐κB expression via enhancement of NF‐κB binding to its own promoter. Prototype compounds increased p65 expression in neurons and caused its nuclear translocation without affecting the inhibitor of NF‐κB (I‐κB). One of the prototypical compounds caused a large reduction of glutamate‐induced neuronal death. In conclusion, we have provided evidence that we can use small molecules to activate p65 NF‐κB expression in neurons in a cytokine receptor‐independent manner, which results in both long‐lasting p65 NF‐κB translocation/activation and decreased glutamate neurotoxicity. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Controlling the surgical field during a large endoscopic vascular injury
Authors: Valentine Rowan , Wormald Peter‐John
Published: November 2010

Objectives:

Since the advent of endonasal skull base surgery, internal carotid artery (ICA) injury has been considered the most dramatic and challenging intraoperative complication. A large vascular injury creates an immediately challenging surgical scenario with rapid blood loss that may result in exsanguination of the patient. Recently we have developed an animal model of the endoscopic, endonasal vascular injury. We describe important surgical steps required in managing the surgical field during a catastrophic vascular event.

Methods:

A total of 42 endoscopic carotid artery injuries and 25 endoscopic venous injuries were performed. Throughout the injuries, the “two‐surgeon” technique was used to achieve surgical field control. Videoendoscopy was performed throughout the implementation of these surgical techniques.

Results:

Techniques found useful in controlling the surgical field included the two‐surgeon technique, careful selection of the most appropriate nostril for endoscope positioning, large bore suction placement, suction guidance of the vascular stream through the contralateral nostril, and avoidance of suction obstruction. Only once the surgical field could be controlled can the injury site be addressed.

Conclusions:

Controlling the endoscopic endonasal surgical field during vascular injuries relies on the cooperation of the surgical team and a step‐based approach including careful endoscopic maneuvering within the nasal corridor, and appropriate suction selection and positioning with respect to the endoscope. Laryngoscope, 2011
Urothelial beta‐3 adrenergic receptors in the rat bladder
Authors: Kullmann F. Aura , Downs Thomas R. , Artim Debra E. , Limberg Brian J. , Shah Mansi , Contract Dan , de Groat William C. , Rosenbaum Jan S.
Published: November 2010

Aims

To investigate the distribution of beta‐3 adrenergic receptors (β3ARs) in the rat bladder and to examine the contribution of urothelial β3ARs to agonist‐induced suppression of bladder reflexes and relaxation of smooth muscle.

Methods

Bladder tissue was collected from 8‐ to 10‐month old female SD rats. In some samples, the urothelium was surgically separated from the smooth muscle. The expression and localization of βAR mRNA and β3AR protein were determined using RT‐PCR and immmunohistochemistry. Contractile responses to the specific β3AR agonists TAK‐677 and BRL37344 were measured in bladder strips with or without the urothelium. The contribution of urothelial β3ARs to the micturition reflex was assessed in continuous cystometry in urethane anesthetized rats using intravesical delivery of β3AR agonists.

Results

RT‐PCR detected mRNA of all βARs in urothelium and smooth muscle. Immunostaining detected β3ARs throughout the urothelium, in the smooth muscle, myofibroblast‐like cells, and in the peripheral nerves. Ovariectomy did not change the distribution of β3ARs in any bladder structure. Intravesical administration of TAK‐677 and BRL37344 (1–5 × 10−4 M) decreased voiding frequency and amplitude of bladder contractions. In bladder strips in vitro both β3AR agonists (10−12to 10−4 M) relaxed the smooth muscle in a concentration‐dependent manner to the same extent in strips with and without the urothelium.

Conclusions

In addition to their presence in bladder smooth muscle, β3ARs are present in the urothelium where their activation may alter reflex voiding via release of factor(s) that act on non‐myocyte structures including the afferent and/or efferent nerves to influence bladder contractility. Neurourol. Urodynam. 30:144–150, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Image analysis tools and emerging algorithms for expression proteomics
Authors: Dowsey Andrew W. , English Jane A. , Lisacek Frederique , Morris Jeffrey S. , Yang Guang‐Zhong , Dunn Michael J.
Published: November 2010

Since their origins in academic endeavours in the 1970s, computational analysis tools have matured into a number of established commercial packages that underpin research in expression proteomics. In this paper we describe the image analysis pipeline for the established 2‐DE technique of protein separation, and by first covering signal analysis for MS, we also explain the current image analysis workflow for the emerging high‐throughput ‘shotgun’ proteomics platform of LC coupled to MS (LC/MS). The bioinformatics challenges for both methods are illustrated and compared, whereas existing commercial and academic packages and their workflows are described from both a user's and a technical perspective. Attention is given to the importance of sound statistical treatment of the resultant quantifications in the search for differential expression. Despite wide availability of proteomics software, a number of challenges have yet to be overcome regarding algorithm accuracy, objectivity and automation, generally due to deterministic spot‐centric approaches that discard information early in the pipeline, propagating errors. We review recent advances in signal and image analysis algorithms in 2‐DE, MS, LC/MS and Imaging MS. Particular attention is given to wavelet techniques, automated image‐based alignment and differential analysis in 2‐DE, Bayesian peak mixture models, and functional mixed modelling in MS, and group‐wise consensus alignment methods for LC/MS.
Design considerations for proteomic reference materials
Authors: Bunk David M.
Published: November 2010

In order to improve the repeatability, comparability, and accuracy of MS‐based proteomic measurements, there has been considerable international effort to develop appropriate reference materials. Although the majority of reference materials are developed to support measurement quality of routine assays, the development of reference materials for a diverse and changing research field such as proteomics represents unique challenges. In order to define common measurement components and common features of typical proteomic samples, the metrology underpinning proteomics must be considered due to the diversity and changing nature of the field. Reference materials can then be designed around common aspects in order to produce reference materials with the broadest applicability. Reference materials are needed to support both qualitative and quantitative proteomic measurements, involving different design considerations. Consensus and validated statistical approaches to describe the confidence in qualitative measurement, such as protein identification, needs to be established. Common sources of measurement bias also need to be considered in proteomic reference material design.
The complete peptide dictionary – A meta‐proteomics resource
Authors: Askenazi Manor , Marto Jarrod A. , Linial Michal
Published: November 2010

Recent developments in MS‐based proteomics have increased the emphasis on peptides as a primary observable. While peptides are identified by tandem mass spectra, the link between peptide and protein remains implicit given the bottom‐up nature of the experiment in which proteins are enzymatically digested prior to sequencing. It is therefore useful to provide a fast lookup from peptide to protein in order to systematically establish the broadest possible protein basis for the observed peptides. Here, we describe Pep2Pro, a fast web‐service providing protein lookup by peptides covering the entire protein space comprising ∼10 million UniRef100 sequences. We demonstrate the usefulness of the service by reanalyzing peptides from two recent meta‐proteomic data sets and identifying taxon‐specific peptides, thereby implicating individual species as being present in these complex samples. The Pep2Pro web service can be accessed at http://www.pep2pro.org
Direct methods beyond small‐molecule crystallography
Authors: Fan Hai‐fu
Published: November 2010

The development of direct methods outside their traditional field began since the middle 1960s. New applications were explored gradually in four directions. They are the transition of: (i) from single crystals to powder samples, (ii) from X‐ray crystallography to electron microscopy (EM), (iii) from periodic structures to incommensurate structures and (iv) from small molecules to macromolecular structures. The research on methods of solving crystal structures at the Institute of Physics in Beijing has been focused on the last three directions. The transition of direct methods from X‐ray crystallography to EM led to a two‐step image processing technique in high‐resolution electron microscopy (HREM). This technique combines information of EM and that of electron diffraction (ED) revealing the structure of minute crystals that are unsuitable for X‐ray diffraction analysis. The transition of direct methods from periodic crystal structures to incommensurate structures led to the multi‐dimensional direct methods enabling ab initio solution of incommensurate modulated structures and composite structures without relying on an assumed modulation model or even the known basic structure. Finally the combination of direct methods with traditional protein crystallographic methods has greatly enhanced the ability of solving protein structures.
Ultrafast study of charge generation in silole:fluorene mixed film for color selective organic photoconductive device
Authors: Fukuda Takeshi , Kobayashi Ryohei , Honda Zentaro , Kamata Norihiko , Mori Keita , Suzuki Yuu , Hatano Ken , Furube Akihiro
Published: November 2010

Transient absorption characteristics of blue‐sensitive organic thin films were investigated via a femtosecond pump‐probe technique to estimate carrier kinetics. The most important finding is that the long‐lived absorbance at 3440 nm increased with increasing the concentration of 1,1‐dimethyl‐2,5‐bis(N,N ‐dimethylaminophenyl)‐3,4‐diphenylsilole (NMe2‐silole). This fact indicates photo‐excited carriers were dislocated in the organic layer, and the doping of NMe2‐silole is considered to be useful method to improve photoconductive characteristics of organic devices (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Gas phase photocatalytic decomposition of alcohols with titanium dioxide nanotube arrays in high vacuum
Authors: Hattori Masashi , Noda Kei , Kobayashi Kei , Matsushige Kazumi
Published: November 2010

Hydrogen production based on gas‐phase photocatalysis was investigated for platinized titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanotube arrays (TNAs) in high vacuum. In the presence of ethanol of 10–6 Torr, H2 generated from the ethanol photodecomposition was successfully detected at a real‐time scale for anodized TNAs. In addition, it was found that longer nanotube arrays with upright geometry are desirable for increasing the amount of the H2 production. A mechanism of gas phase photocatalytic reforming for the TNAs, considered in this work, suggests that the selective deposition of Pt cocatalyst particles on the aperture parts of the nanotube arrays is necessary for efficient H2 production. This consideration was confirmed by the experimental result of the comparison of different Pt deposition methods: RF sputtering and photodeposition. These findings obtained in this study will be useful for designing new hydrogen reformers in the future (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Growth of GaSb and InSb quantum dots on GaAs (311)A by droplet epitaxy
Authors: Kawazu T. , Noda T. , Mano T. , Ohmori M. , Akiyama Y. , Sakaki H.
Published: November 2010

We have studied the growth of GaSb quantum dots (QDs) on GaAs (311)A surfaces by droplet epitaxy. By atomic force microscopic studies, it was found that smaller and denser GaSb QDs are formed on GaAs (311)A than (100). We also tried to grow InSb QDs by droplet epitaxy. On a GaAs (100) substrate, a large ring‐like structure is formed instead of a QD structure. In contrast, InSb QDs were successfully grown on a GaAs (311)A substrate. Photoluminescence properties of these QDs were also investigated. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Structural studies of the codeposited i ‐layer of ZnPc:C60p ‐i ‐n solar cells
Authors: Iketaki Kai , Kaji Toshihiko , Nakao Satoru , Hiramoto Masahiro
Published: November 2010

The nanostructure of the codeposited i ‐layer of zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc):C60 p ‐i ‐n solar cells has been investigated, including the molecular orientation of ZnPc. The nanostructure of the i ‐layer was controlled by changing the substrate temperature during codeposition of ZnPc and C60. At a substrate temperature of 60 °C, a short‐circuit current density of 11.8 mA/cm2 and a power conversion efficiency of 2.7% are obtained under AM 1.5 simulated solar illumination at 100 mW/cm2. X‐ray diffraction reveals that ZnPc molecules form a regular π‐stacked structure in the i ‐layer. The π‐stacking direction is perpendicular to the hole transport direction in the i ‐layer thickness range from 150 to 300 nm. Therefore, the nanostructure of the codeposited i ‐layer is not necessarily suitable for hole transport to the electrode. However, the π‐stacking direction becomes parallel to the hole transport direction with increasing i ‐layer thickness from 300 to 900 nm. Thus, it is important to change the π‐stacking direction from perpendicular to parallel to the hole transport direction to increase the power conversion efficiency. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
XPS study of nitridation mechanism of GaAs (001) surface by RF‐radical source
Authors: Naritsuka Shigeya , Mori Midori , Takeuchi Yoshitaka , Monno Yohei , Maruyama Takahiro
Published: November 2010

Nitridation mechanism of GaAs (001) surface is studied with systematically changing the nitridation temperature. Consequently, N1s spectrum is found useful to determine the degree of the nitridation. N1s spectrum consists of N‐Ga component and other component (denoted by component A). The N‐Ga component becomes a major component in the samples nitridated at high temperature especially without As supply. The thickness of nitridated layers was also estimated by the concentration of N atoms accumulated at the interface of GaAs/GaN/GaAs multilayers. It was changed from 1.3 to 6.6 ML with changing nitridation temperature from 346 to 571°C. The temperature dependence of the N‐Ga component coincides with the thickness of nitridated layers. This indicates that N atoms bonded with the Ga atoms during the nitridation stayed at the interface and formed a GaN thin layer by growing a GaAs capping layer on it. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Interferometric detection of edge magnetoplasmons in AlGaAs/GaAs heterostructures
Authors: Hashisaka Masayuki , Washio Kazuhisa , Kamata Hiroshi , Muraki Koji , Fujisawa Toshimasa
Published: November 2010

We propose and demonstrate an interferometric detection scheme for edge magnetoplasmons (EMPs) propagating in two dimensional electron gas systems. Analogous to homodyne detection of electromagnetic wave in quantum optics, we apply reference microwaves to interfere with EMPs. Tuning the delay time, hence the phase, of the reference wave and analyzing the interference signal allow us to extract the amplitude and the phase of the original EMP at the detection point. The magnetic field dependence of the amplitude and the group velocity of EMPs are investigated by the detection scheme. This detection scheme is performed with a gate electrode as well as an Ohmic contact, which will be useful in evaluating spatial distribution of EMPs (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Propagation velocity of excitonic polaritons confined in GaAs thin films
Authors: Kojima Osamu , Watanabe Shingo , Kita Takashi , Wada Osamu , Isu Toshiro
Published: November 2010

We report on the dependence of exciton‐polariton propagation on film thickness in GaAs thin films using a reflection‐type pump‐probe technique. The rise time of the transient signal under exciton excitation conditions increases with an increase in the film thickness. In order to reveal the origin of the change in signal rise time, we have compared the propagation velocities estimated from values of the signal rise time and effective film thickness with the calculated group velocity of the exciton‐polaritons in bulk GaAs crystals. The propagation velocities are almost consistent with the group velocity in the bulk crystals. Therefore, we conclude that the propagation of exciton‐polaritons in a confined system coincides with that in the bulk crystal (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Scintillation properties of transparent Lu3Al5O12 (LuAG) ceramics doped with different concentrations of Pr3+
Authors: Yanagida Takayuki , Fukabori Akihiro , Fujimoto Yutaka , Ikesue Akio , Kamada Kei , Kataoka Jun , Yokota Yuui , Yoshikawa Akira , Chani Valery
Published: November 2010

Transparent ceramics of Pr‐doped (0.2 mol%, 0.6 mol%, 1 mol%, and 2 mol%) Lu3Al5O12 (LuAG) scintillators produced by the sintering method are discussed. These materials were cut to the specimens with physical dimensions of 5 × 5 × 2 mm3. Similar size specimens were also prepared from Czochralski grown Pr:LuAG single crystals to compare scintillation properties. Their transmittance and radio luminescence spectra were evaluated. All specimens were highly transparent in wavelength range above 300 nm, and intense Pr3+ 5d‐4f emission was detected around 310 and 370 nm under excitation with X‐ray. Under 137Cs γ‐ray is irradiation, 2 keV photo‐absorption peaks were also clearly observed in each sample. The Pr 0.6 mol% doped LuAG ceramics demonstrated highest light yield achievable among the ceramics, and it was half of that observed in the single crystals. Under pulse X‐ray excitation, the decay time constants became faster when Pr concentration increased, and. the fastest decay (∼5.7 ns time constant) was noticed in the 2 mol% doped ceramic. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Quasiparticle band structure and optical properties of NH3BH3
Authors: Bheema Lingam Ch. , Ramesh Babu K. , Tewari Surya P. , Vaitheeswaran G. , Lebègue S.
Published: November 2010

The quasiparticle band structure of the low temperature orthorhombic phase of NH3BH3 is studied by using the GW approximation. It is found that NH3BH3 is an insulator with a value of the band gap of 5.90 eV with GGA and of 9.60 eV with the GW approximation. Then, the optical properties of NH3BH3 are obtained by the calculation of the dielectric function, corrected by a scissor shift operation corresponding to the GW correction on the band gap. Also, the optical anisotropy in NH3BH3 is analyzed through the refractive index and static dielectric constants along the different crystallographic directions. Finally, it is found that the energy loss function has a prominent peak at 22.26 eV; at these frequencies (above 22.26 eV) NH3BH3 becomes transparent. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Allgemeine Bemessungsregeln, Bemessungsregeln für den Hochbau – Erläuterungen zur Struktur und Anwendung von DIN EN 1993‐1‐1
Authors: Kuhlmann Ulrike , Froschmeier Bernadette , Euler Mathias
Published: November 2010

Der Beitrag gibt einen Überblick über die Bemessung von Stahlbauwerken nach neuer EN 1993‐1‐1. Durch die Gegenüberstellung der alten Bemessungsregeln nach DIN 18800 und der neuen nach EN 1993‐1‐1 soll vor allem auf die Gemeinsamkeiten beider Normenwerke hingewiesen werden. An verschiedenen Stellen werden detaillierte Hinweise zum Hintergrund einzelner Festlegungen gegeben, um das Verständnis zu erleichtern und Sicherheit in deren Anwendung zu gewährleisten. Gegenstand dieses Beitrages sind die Grundlagen der Bemessung nach EN 1993‐1‐1, die Wahl der Imperfektionen und Berechnungsverfahren für die Tragwerksberechnung, die Bestimmung der Querschnittsklasse und die Querschnittsbemessung (ohne Stabilitätsgefahr). Der Beitrag ist Teil einer Beitragsserie in diesem Stahlbau‐Heft zur EN 1993.

General rules and rules for building – explanations on structure and application of DIN EN 1993‐1‐1. This article gives an overview of the design of steel structures according to EN 1993‐1‐1. By comparison of DIN 18800 and EN 1993‐1‐1 common design rules are pointed out. For a better understanding and the safety of application detailed remarks on the background are given for particular rules. This article covers the basics of design according to EN 1993‐1‐1, the choice of imperfections and methods of global analysis, the classification of cross sections and the cross sectional verification (without stability matters). It is part of a series of articles in this issue dealing with EN 1993.
Note on optimizing environmental enrichment: a study of fennec fox and zoo guests
Authors: Watters Jason V. , Miller Jessica T. , Sullivan Timothy J.
Published: November 2010

Environmental enrichment is widely used to stimulate animal time budgets that seem more natural and diverse than those of unenriched animals. Uncertainty of reward is a suggested means to maintain enrichment's efficacy. Foraging tasks are widely applied in zoo animal enrichment, yet few rely on the logic of optimal foraging theory to help maintain animal motivation. We applied a foraging strategy to zoo housed fennec foxes as enrichment. We varied only the probability of when and where food would occur in the animals' exhibit. Our methods increased behavioral diversity, animal activity, and stimulated guest interest in the exhibit. Zoo Biol 30:647–654, 2011. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Modular Training in Laparoscopic Colorectal Surgery Maximizes Training Opportunities without Clinical Compromise
Authors: Hemandas Anil , Flashman Karen G. , Farrow Jill , O’Leary Daniel P. , Parvaiz Amjad
Published: November 2010

Background

Laparoscopic surgery is increasingly proposed as the gold standard technique for colorectal resections and is offered to greater numbers of patients. To meet the rising service demands, more trainees and established consultants need to learn the technique. We sought to establish whether it is feasible and safe to train on a large proportion of patients without adversely affecting clinical outcome or smooth running of clinical service.

Methods

Between September 2006 and July 2008, four senior trainees of the Wessex Specialist Registrar training rotation were involved in training in laparoscopic colorectal surgery. Major colorectal resections were separated into clearly defined modules for training purposes. Right and left hemicolectomies each comprised two modules, and low anterior resection comprised three modules. Prospective data on consecutive patients undergoing laparoscopic colorectal surgery were collected. Data included type of surgery, module of procedure performed by trainee or trainer, body mass index (BMI), conversion rates, median operative time, complications, length of hospital stay, and mortality.

Results

During the study period 227 colorectal resections were attempted laparoscopically. Of these, 216 (96%) proved suitable for training and 97% were completed laparoscopically. Some 23% of patients were American Society of Anesthesiologists score (ASA) ≥3; 35% had a BMI ≥28; 38% had a history of previous laparotomy. Trainees performed 96% (142/148) of right hemicolectomy modules, 99% (154/156) of left hemicolectomy modules, and 67% (128/192) of rectal resection modules. Each trainee was competent to do right and left hemicolectomy at the end of the training period. Four patients (2%) required further surgery for postoperative complications. Of the procedures completed by the trainees, 155/171 (91%) cancer resections were potentially surgically curative, and R0 resections were achieved in 99%. The readmission rate was 10% (22/216) and median length of hospital stay was 4 days. Postoperative mortality was zero.

Conclusions

Using a modular approach it is possible to provide effective training during almost all laparoscopic colorectal resections while achieving good clinical outcomes for the patients.
Laparoscopic Antireflux Surgery in Patients with Throat Symptoms: A Word of Caution
Authors: Ratnasingam Dharmendran , Irvine Tanya , Thompson Sarah K. , Watson David I.
Published: November 2010

Background

A subset of patients undergoing laparoscopic fundoplication presents with atypical throat symptoms, and the benefit of surgery in these patients is debated. These patients can present with throat symptoms alone or in combination with typical reflux symptoms. We evaluated the clinical outcome in these patients and compared their outcomes with a larger group of patients who did not have throat symptoms before fundoplication.

Methods

Outcome data for 893 consecutive patients who underwent a laparoscopic fundoplication from January 2002 to June 2008 were collected prospectively and managed on a database. Ninety‐three patients with atypical throat symptoms were identified, and divided into subgroups with (n = 66) and without (n = 27) typical reflux symptoms (heartburn and/or regurgitation), and outcomes were compared with patients (n = 800) who didn’t have throat symptoms. Symptoms were assessed with analog symptom scores for heartburn and dysphagia, as well as satisfaction with the surgical outcome. Case records for patients with throat symptoms were also reviewed to obtain more detail about specific throat symptoms and their resolution.

Results

Cough was the commonest atypical symptom, followed by sore throat. Heartburn scores improved following surgery in all patient groups. Dysphagia was more common 3 months after surgery in patients without throat symptoms, although there were no differences for dysphagia at later follow‐up. Following surgery satisfaction scores were highest in patients with atypical throat symptoms who also had typical reflux symptoms, and the scores were lowest in patients who only had atypical throat symptoms. Nearly twice as many patients who had throat and reflux symptoms reported improvement or resolution of symptoms, compared to patients who only had throat symptoms.

Conclusions

Fundoplication achieves a good outcome in patients with atypical throat symptoms who also report typical symptoms of reflux. However, surgeons should be cautious about operating on the subgroup of patients with objective evidence of gastroesophageal reflux who describe throat symptoms but do not report heartburn or regurgitation. In this subgroup, expectations of a good outcome should be minimized.
Chemical Compositions of Oils from Several Wild Almond Species
Authors: Moayedi Ali , Rezaei Karamatollah , Moini Sohrab , Keshavarz Behnam
Published: November 2010

Chemical compositions of oils extracted from three wild almond species [Amygdalus scoparia from Beyza, Iran (AZ); A. scoparia from Borazjan, Iran (AJ), and A. hausknechtii from the Firuzabad region, (AH)] and a domestic species, A. dulcis from Estahban, Iran (AD), as a reference, were investigated. Total oil content ranged from 44.4% in AJ to 51.4% in AD. Saponification numbers were in the range of 173.5 (for AJ) to 192.9 for AD. Oxidative stability, total phenolic contents and total wax contents were found to be within the ranges 11.7–14.0 h, 33.9–43.2 and 2.05–2.53%, respectively. The main monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) was oleic acid ranging from 66.7% for AH to 69.7% for AZ. The only polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) was linoleic acid ranging from 18.2% for AZ to 23.0% for AD. The major saturated fatty acid was palmitic acid. MUFA contents and MUFA to PUFA ratio in the oils from wild almond species as well as those in the domestic one were found at higher levels than those in the common vegetable oils such as soybean, various nut oils, and also those from the seeds of pomegranate, grape, date and sesame. Oils from wild almond species investigated here are rich in oleic acid and can be considered as potential vegetable oils in the human diet.
Free tools and resources for Brazilian Portuguese speech recognition
Authors: Neto Nelson , Patrick Carlos , Klautau Aldebaro , Trancoso Isabel
Published: November 2010

An automatic speech recognition system has modules that depend on the language and, while there are many public resources for some languages (e.g., English and Japanese), the resources for Brazilian Portuguese (BP) are still limited. This work describes the development of resources and free tools for BP speech recognition, consisting of text and audio corpora, phonetic dictionary, grapheme-to-phone converter, language and acoustic models. All of them are publicly available and, together with a proposed application programming interface, have been used for the development of several new applications, including a speech module for the OpenOffice suite. Performance tests are presented, comparing the developed BP system with a commercial software. The paper also describes an application that uses synthesis and speech recognition together with a natural language processing module dedicated to statistical machine translation. This application allows the translation of spoken conversations from BP to English and vice versa. The resources make easier the adoption of BP speech technologies by other academic groups and industry.
THE LIMITS OF POSSIBILITY IN ENGLAND'S LONG REFORMATION
Authors: BATES LUCY
Published: November 2010

Interpretations that solely emphasize either continuity or controversy are found wanting. Historians still question how the English became Protestant, what sort of Protestants they were, and why a civil war dominated by religion occurred over a hundred years after the initial Reformation crisis. They utilize many approaches: from above and below, and with fresh perspectives, from within and without. Yet the precise nature of the relationship of the Reformation, the civil war, the interregnum and the Restoration settlement remains controversial. This review of recent Reformation historiography largely validates the current consensus of a balance of continuity and change, pressure for further reform and begrudging conformity. Yet ultimately it argues that continuity must form the foundation for any interpretation of the Reformation, for controversial or dramatic alterations to the status quo only made sense to contemporaries in the context of what had come before. Challenging ideas, like challenging individuals, did not exist in a vacuum devoid of historical context. The practical limits of possibility, constrained largely by the established norms and procedures, shaped the course of English Reformation. As such, practicality seems a unifying and central theme for current and future investigations of England's long Reformation.
NEWSPAPERS, POLITICS, AND ELECTIONS IN COLOMBIA, 1830–1930
Authors: POSADA-CARBÓ EDUARDO
Published: November 2010

This article examines the major role that newspapers played in Colombia, as central components of its political system, between 1830 and 1930. After some introductory remarks, the first section offers a general characterization of the Colombian press during the period, underlining its volatile existence, its national significance despite limited readership levels, and its overwhelming political nature in the hands of partisan editors. The second section analyses the political role of the press, by focusing on the crucial electoral functions performed by newspapers in launching candidates and providing them with platforms, serving as party organs, and measuring the amount of public support for candidates and parties. The article also explores the extent to which the press played a wider democratic role in supporting the suffrage, in instructing voters about rights and duties, and, by doing so, in forming an enduring sense of citizenship.
Asymptotic properties of the overall sound pressure level of subsonic jet flows using isotropy as a paradigm
Authors: AFSAR M. Z.
Published: November 2010

Measurements of subsonic air jets show that the peak noise usually occurs when observations are made at small angles to the jet axis. In this paper, we develop further understanding of the mathematical properties of this peak noise by analysing the properties of the overall sound pressure level with an acoustic analogy using isotropy as a paradigm for the turbulence. The analogy is based upon the hyperbolic conservation form of the Euler equations derived by Goldstein (Intl J. Aeroacoust., vol. 1, 2002, p. 1). The mean flow and the turbulence properties are defined by a Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes calculation, and we use Green's function based upon a parallel mean flow approximation. Our analysis in this paper shows that the jet noise spectrum can, in fact, be thought of as being composed of two terms, one that is significant at large observation angles and a second term that is especially dominant at small observation angles to the jet axis. This second term can account for the experimentally observed peak jet noise (Lush,J. Fluid Mech., vol. 46, 1971, p. 477) and was first identified by Goldstein (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 70, 1975, p. 595). We discuss the low-frequency asymptotic properties of this second term in order to understand its directional behaviour; we show, for example, that the sound power of this term is proportional to the square of the mean velocity gradient. We also show that this small-angle shear term does not exist if the instantaneous Reynolds stress source strength in the momentum equation itself is assumed to be isotropic for any value of time (as was done previously by Morris & Farrasat,AIAA J., vol. 40, 2002, p. 356). However, it will be significant if the auto-covariance of the Reynolds stress source, when integrated over the vector separation, is taken to be isotropic in all of its tensor suffixes. Although the analysis shows that the sound pressure of this small-angle shear term is sensitive to the statistical properties of the turbulence, this work provides a foundation for a mathematical description of the two-source model of jet noise.
Unvernacular Appalachia: an empirical perspective on West Virginia dialect variation
Authors: Hazen Kirk , Butcher Paige , King Ashley
Published: November 2010

Most popular discussions of varieties of English in Appalachia (USA) focus only on vernacular dialect features, suggesting that these hallmark characteristics are common for ‘true’ mountain folk (Dial, 1972). Naturally, the reality of the dialects in this region is more complex and subdued than the stereotype. While traditional features, such as a-prefixing (e.g. she is a-working), have played a role in the region, most stereotypical, Appalachian dialect features are fading from usage today (Hazen, 2006). Appalachia is a long region divided into numerous sections. Depending on the sources consulted, the regional divisions are quite staggering in their differences. For some, the region of Appalachia can stretch as far north as New York and as far south as Mississippi, including parts of 13 states (Appalachian Regional Commission). Other definitions limit the geography to a much smaller range (Wolfram & Christian, 1976). Aware of this problem, we have chosen to focus on one region universally accepted as part of Appalachia: West Virginia. Geographically, the state fits entirely within the boundaries of all definitions of the region. Likewise, West Virginia also fits the socio-economic profile most commonly associated with Appalachia. To provide the most comprehensive picture possible, we present a brief overview of English in West Virginia, followed by an empirical examination of 10 dialect features. The import of this empirical investigation is that the West Virginia vernacular of the twenty-first century has changed from its roots at the beginning of the twentieth century.
Lexical traps in Hong Kong English
Authors: Groves Julie M. , Chan Hei Tao
Published: November 2010

Despite a large and growing literature on Hong Kong English (HKE), few studies have been conducted on its emerging language features, particularly its grammar or vocabulary. According to Gisborne (2009), studies on HKE to date have focused on language attitudes, code-switching, learner errors, and the local accent. A quick review of the research on vocabulary reveals that even those studies with a specific lexical focus have tended to be fairly limited in scope, focusing on borrowing, politicized expressions and localized vocabulary. Additionally, by their nature, these studies have tended to only cover vocabulary items that are unique and obviously have a different meaning in the local setting. In particular, there is a noticeable dearth of in-depth studies on semantic shift, in particular extensions or adaptations of meaning for simple words or phrases which are taken for granted as being at the common core of English varieties throughout the world. This kind of usage is more likely to cause comprehension difficulties than the more-often studied borrowings or coinages, simply because it might not be apparent to either a native speaker or a Hong Kong speaker that there is a difference in meaning when it comes to the Hong Kong terms used, and therefore there is a greater potential for misunderstanding.
Old whine online: prescriptive grammar blogs on the Internet
Authors: Schaffer Deborah
Published: November 2010

Prescriptive analyses of English grammar no doubt post-date the introduction of the printing press to England in 1476, but not by much. As soon as the dissemination of standards for written English became practicable, self-appointed experts working in every area from religion (Bishop Robert Lowth, for example) to science (including Joseph Priestley, the discoverer of oxygen) published their personal recommendations for improving the English language, and the tradition has flourished ever since, even after the advent of linguistics and descriptivism. Best sellers like TV newsman Edwin Newman's Strictly Speaking (1974) and A Civil Tongue (1975), along with film and Broadway critic John Simon's Paradigms Lost (1980), have been followed by an array of more recent prescriptive mass-market guides for the grammatically unwashed, perhaps most entertaining among them, Lynne Truss's popular Eats, Shoots & Leaves (2003), but also Dennis Baron's Guide to Home Language Repair (1994), Patricia O'Conner's Woe Is I (2003), Bill Walsh's Lapsing into a Comma (2000) and The Elephants of Style (2004), and June Casagrande's Grammar Snobs Are Great Big Meanies (2006) and its encore Mortal Syntax (2008).
Popular perceptions of Galileo
Authors: Sobel Dava
Published: November 2010

Among the most persistent popular misperceptions of Galileo is the image of an irreligious scientist who opposed the Catholic Church and was therefore convicted of heresy–was even excommunicated, according to some accounts, and denied Christian burial. In fact, Galileo considered himself a good Catholic. He accepted the Bible as the true word of God on matters pertaining to salvation, but insisted Scripture did not teach astronomy. Emboldened by his discovery of the Medicean Moons, he took a stand on Biblical exegesis that has since become the official Church position.
The slow growth of humility
Authors: Owen Tobias , Bolton Scott
Published: November 2010

Galileo's stunning discovery of the four largest satellites of Jupiter forced the over throw of the Earth-centered cosmology that had dominated astronomy for centuries. Such a fundamental transformation of the Western World's view of its importance in the cosmos could be expected to produce some humility in society. However, the deep desire for our uniqueness continues to struggle with the astronomical evidence.
Atmospheric moons Galileo would have loved
Authors: Atreya Sushil K.
Published: November 2010

In the spirit of the symposium and the theme of the session of this presentation, “Our solar system after Galileo, the grand vision,” I review briefly a relatively recently discovered phenomenon in the solar system – existence of atmospheres on certain moons, including Io, one of the four moons Galileo discovered four centuries ago. The origin of such atmospheres is discussed, and comparisons are made between various gassy moons.
Near-Earth Objects 400 Years after Galileo: Physical Properties and Internal Structure
Authors: Lupishko Dmitrij , Pozhalova Zhanna
Published: November 2010

The review contains the most recent data on near-Earth objects such as their sizes and densities, rotation and shapes, taxonomy and mineralogy, optical properties and structure of their surfaces, binary systems among the NEOs and internal structure of asteroids and comets constituted the NEO population.
Ongoing transients in carbonate compensation
Authors: Boudreau Bernard P. , Middelburg Jack J. , Hofmann Andreas F. , Meysman Filip J. R.
Published: November 2010

Uptake of anthropogenic CO2is acidifying the oceans. Over the next 2000 years, this will modify the dissolution and preservation of sedimentary carbonate. By coupling new formulas for the positions of the calcite saturation horizon, zsat, the compensation depth, zcc, and the snowline, zsnow, to a biogeochemical model of the oceanic carbonate system, we evaluate how these horizons will change with ongoing ocean acidification. Our model is an extended Havardton‐Bear‐type box model, which includes novel kinetic descriptions for carbonate dissolution above, between, and below these critical depths. In the preindustrial ocean, zsatand zccare at 3939 and 4750 m, respectively. When forced with the IS92a CO2emission scenario, the model forecasts (1) that zsatwill rise rapidly (“runaway” conditions) so that all deep water becomes undersaturated, (2) that zccwill also rise and over 1000 years will pass before it will be stabilized by the dissolution of previously deposited CaCO3, and (3) that zsnowwill respond slowly to acidification, rising by ∼1150 m during a 2000 year timeframe. A further simplified model that equates the compensation and saturation depths produces quantitatively different results. Finally, additional feedbacks due to acidification on calcification and increased atmospheric CO2on organic matter productivity strongly affect the positions of the compensation horizons and their dynamics.
Nitrogen and carbon interactions between boreal soils and lakes
Authors: Khalili Maria I. , Temnerud Johan , Fröberg Mats , Karltun Erik , Weyhenmeyer Gesa A.
Published: November 2010

In this study, we used a large data set on nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) from Swedish boreal soils and lake waters to investigate N and C interactions between soils and lake waters. To link thousands of soils sites with hundreds of lake sites distributed all over Sweden, we gridded the data and found a significant relation between gridded C:N ratios of the organic soil layer and the ones of lake waters. We also found evidence of N deposition having depressed the C:N ratios of lake waters more than the ones of organic soil layers. In lake waters N strongly increased toward southern Sweden, mainly in the form of nitrate‐nitrogen (NO3−‐N) which we primarily attribute to an increased NO3−‐N input from the boreal soils into the lakes. In contrast to N we found a much weaker direct relationship for C between soils and lake waters over Sweden. Instead, lake C was strongly related to lake morphometry and catchment characteristics. Our results indicate that large‐scale variations in soil C content are not directly linked to C concentrations in lake waters, whereas soil N seems to leach in small amounts from the soils directly into the lakes in form of NO3−‐N. Such differences in N and C interactions between soils and lake waters give important insights into the global biogeochemical cycling of N and C.