bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Identification of phosphorylation sites and binding pockets for modulation of NaV1.5 channel by Fyn tyrosine kinase
Authors: Iqbal Shahid Muhammad , Aufy Mohammed , Shabbir Waheed , Lemmens‐Gruber Rosa
Published: May 2018

Cardiac sodium channel NaV1.5 is the predominant form of sodium channels in cardiomyocytes, which exists as a macromolecular complex and interacts with multiple protein partners. Fyn kinase is one of the interacting proteins which colocalize, phosphorylate and modulate the NaV1.5 channel. To elaborate this interaction we created expression vectors for the N‐terminal, intracellular loop, and C‐terminal regions of the NaV1.5 channel, to express in HEK‐293 cells. By co‐immunoprecipitation and anti‐phosphotyrosine blotting, we identified proline‐rich binding sites for Fyn kinase in the N‐terminal, IC‐loopi–ii and C‐terminal. After binding, Fyn kinase phosphorylates tyrosine residues present in the N‐ and C‐terminal, which produce a depolarizing shift of 7 mV in fast inactivation. The functional relevance of these binding and phosphorylation sites was further underpinned by creating full length mutants masking these sites sequentially. An activation and inactivation curves were recorded with or without co‐expressed Fyn kinase which indicates that phosphorylation of tyrosine residues at positions 68, 87, 112 in the N‐terminal and at positions 1811 and 1889 in the C‐terminal creates a depolarizing shift in fast inactivation of NaV1.5 channel.
Roles of climate niche conservatism and range dynamics in woody plant diversity patterns through the Cenozoic
Authors: Shiono Takayuki , Kusumoto Buntarou , Yasuhara Moriaki , Kubota Yasuhiro
Published: May 2018

Aim

Large‐scale biodiversity patterns are often discussed in the context of ‘out of the tropics’ (OTT) dynamics and/or tropical niche conservatism (TNC), but empirical evidence of these processes remains very limited. The aim of this study was to infer diversification processes and mechanisms of Cenozoic diversity dynamics using woody angiosperms.

Location

East Asian continental islands and global.

Time period

Cenozoic.

Major taxa studied

Woody plants.

Methods

We compiled Cenozoic fossil and modern records for woody angiosperm genera to reconstruct biodiversity patterns. To evaluate the relative importance of TNC and OTT, we investigated extinction/survival patterns and latitudinal range dynamics for each genus, in combination with their clade age (mean family age), cold tolerance and per‐genus species richness.

Results

We found diversity decreasing with latitude in modern‐day flora, but not in the warmer periods of the Neogene and Palaeogene. The percentage of genera surviving decreased with latitude through the Cenozoic. Older genera with less cold tolerance and/or species‐poor genera went extinct locally at high latitudes in response to post‐Pliocene global cooling. Evolutionarily younger temperate genera dispersed from the extratropics to lower latitudes and the Southern Hemisphere after the Neogene.

Main conclusions

The latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG) has rapidly steepened post‐Pliocene through: (a) selective extinction in higher latitudes of old, less‐diversified tropical genera with low freezing tolerance, and (b) equatorward distributional shift of temperate genera. Both these processes were driven by the high‐latitude cooling. Such major roles of TNC and OTT, wherein temperate genera in the Northern Hemisphere expanded through the tropics into higher latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere across climatic boundaries without losing their temperate presence, are in contrast to OTT processes in marine systems. Cenozoic patterns of terrestrial woody angiosperm biodiversity indicate the importance of TNC and high‐latitude processes, including the extinction of tropical genera and range contraction or shift of temperate genera.
Mandibular aneurysmal bone cyst in an elderly patient: Case report
Authors: Rațiu Cristian , Ilea Aranka , Gal Florin A. , Ruxanda Flavia , Boşca Bianca A. , Miclăuș Viorel
Published: May 2018

Objective

The article aims to highlight the challenge of establishing the presumptive aetiological diagnosis when unilocular or multilocular radiolucencies are identified in an elderly patient's jawbones.

Materials and Methods

A mandibular cyst‐like lesion was identified in a 73‐year‐old patient. The therapeutic decision was cyst enucleation and grafting of the bone defect.

Results

The initial presumptive diagnosis was invalidated by the histopathological examination that revealed the features characteristic for the aneurysmal bone cyst.

Conclusion

Aneurysmal bone cyst in an elderly patient is a rare condition.
Hyaluronic acid dermal fillers in the management of recurrent angular cheilitis: A case report
Authors: Lorenzo‐Pouso Alejandro Ismael , García‐García Abel , Pérez‐Sayáns Mario
Published: May 2018

Objective

To report conservative treatment based on the use of dermal fillers for a case of recurrent angular cheilitis.

Case report

An 80‐year‐old patient with a history of recurrent angular cheilitis that was not resolved with a conventional approach sought treatment. Complete remission of the pathology was achieved with the injection of hyaluronic acid fillers.

Conclusion

This case illustrates the potential of nonsurgical facial aesthetics (NSFA) for treating this common pathology among elderly people. This case report shows that, aside from achieving aesthetic goals, NSFA approaches can also help treat some oral pathology.
Pharmacokinetic modelling and validation of the half‐life extension needed to reduce the burden of infusions compared with standard factor VIII
Authors: Hermans C. , Mahlangu J. , Booth J. , Schütz H. , Santagostino E. , Young G. , Lee H.‐Y. , Steinitz‐Trost K. N. , Blanchette V. , Berntorp E.
Published: May 2018

Introduction

Currently, no universally accepted definition of extended half‐life (EHL) recombinant FVIII (rFVIII) exists. Identifying the minimum half‐life extension ratio required for a reduction in dosing frequency compared with standard rFVIII could enable a more practical approach to decisions around prophylaxis with EHL rFVIII.

Aim

To identify the half‐life extension ratio required to decrease rFVIII dosing frequency by at least 1 day while maintaining the proportion of patients with plasma rFVIII levels above 1 IU/dL and without increasing the total weekly dose.

Methods

A previously published population pharmacokinetic model for standard rFVIII was used to estimate the percentage of patients with factor VIII (FVIII) levels always >1 IU/dL using various benchmark regimens. Using modelling, dosing frequency was reduced while rFVIII half‐life was extended until the percentage of patients with FVIII >1 IU/dL equalled that of the benchmark regimen.

Results

Benchmark 3×/wk dosing totalling 100 IU/kg/wk of rFVIII resulted in 56.6% of patients with FVIII levels always >1 IU/dL. With 2×/wk dosing, totalling 80 or 90 IU/kg/wk, half‐life extensions required to maintain 56.6% of patients at FVIII levels >1 IU/dL were 1.30 and 1.26, respectively. A half‐life extension ratio of 1.33 was required to change dosing from every 48 hours to every 72 hours (both at 105 IU/kg/wk) while maintaining 92.8% of patients with FVIII >1 IU/dL.

Conclusion

Based on this investigation, EHL rFVIII products should have a minimum half‐life extension ratio of 1.3 to provide a reduction in dosing frequency from 3× to 2×/wk compared with standard rFVIII products while maintaining the same minimum FVIII trough level.
A pharmacy carer support service: obtaining new insight into carers in the community
Authors: McMillan Sara S , King Michelle A , Stapleton Helen , Sav Adem , Kelly Fiona , Wheeler Amanda J
Published: May 2018

Objectives

Unpaid carers have many and varied responsibilities in society, which can include medication management for the person they support. However, the potential for Australian community pharmacies to better assist carers is relatively unexplored. This mixed-methods study investigated the acceptability of a local carer support service by trained community pharmacy staff, including issues regarding the implementation and impact of this service.

Methods

Staff from 11 community pharmacies in South East Queensland, Australia, were trained to deliver a six-step carer support service between September 2016 and March 2017. Pharmacies were supported by a carer and pharmacist mentor pair and asked to recruit up to six carers each. Evaluations of staff training were descriptively analysed. Semi-structured interviews were undertaken with pharmacy staff, and interview transcripts were analysed thematically.

Key findings

Staff training evaluations were positive; participants acquired new information about carers and rated the service highly in terms of its importance within the pharmacy setting. Feedback was obtained on how to improve the training, such as further opportunities for role-play. Seven staff members were interviewed, and data analysis revealed two main themes: (1) implementation of the carer support service and (2) perceived impact on pharmacy staff.

Positive attitudes towards recognising and supporting carers, and training and mentoring were identified with community pharmacies viewed as a suitable place for delivering this new service. New insights into the impact of caring were widely reported, which staff had not appreciated from previous carer interactions. Structural issues, including space and time pressures, and a lack of awareness about the types of support currently available to carers were emphasised.

Conclusion

Pharmacy staff are well positioned to support carers. Engaging carers in conversation to better understand their needs is a small step with potential for big gains, including a more empathetic understanding of their individual circumstances and overall well-being.
Assessment tool for establishing local pharmaceutical manufacturing in low- and middle-income countries
Authors: Zimmermann Marita , Adamson Blythe , Lam-Hine Tracy , Rennie Timothy , Stergachis Andy
Published: May 2018

Objective

In many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), limited availability, substandard quality and high prices of pharmaceutical products lead to lack of access to essential medicines and poor health outcomes. Manufacturing pharmaceuticals in LMICs may improve access for patients while increasing the market size for manufacturers.

Methods

We present a tool for assessment of local manufacturing feasibility of pharmaceuticals, intended for use among key stakeholders during the business development process. The tool consists of five domains: product selection and capacity, market sizing, market entry, funding and quality assurance.

Key findings

The tool is intended to identify barriers and facilitators for local manufacturing and provide a roadmap for decision-making across multiple stakeholders. A case study in Namibia identified key barriers and facilitators to successful manufacturing in that county.

Conclusions

Careful consideration of feasibility and potential for success may lead to improved health for the populations of LMIC as well as significant market potential for pharmaceutical manufacturers.
Structural and luminescence properties of silica powders and transparent glass‐ceramics containing LaF3:Eu3+ nanocrystals
Authors: Pawlik Natalia , Szpikowska‐Sroka Barbara , Pietrasik Ewa , Goryczka Tomasz , Pisarski Wojciech A.
Published: May 2018

In this work, silica powders and transparent glass‐ceramic materials containing LaF3:Eu3+ nanocrystals were synthesized using the low‐temperature sol‐gel technique. Prepared samples were characterized by TG/DSC analysis as well as X‐ray diffraction and IR spectroscopy. The transformation from liquid sols toward bulk powders and xerogels was also examined and analyzed. The optical behavior of prepared Eu3+‐doped sol‐gel samples were evaluated based on photoluminescence excitation (PLE: λem = 611 nm) and emission (PL: λexc = 393 nm, λexc = 397 nm) spectra as well as luminescence decay analysis. The series of luminescence lines located within reddish‐orange spectral scope were registered and identified as the intra‐configurational 4f6‐4f6 transitions originated from Eu3+ optically active ions (5D0 → 7FJ, J = 0‐4). Moreover, the R/O‐ratio was also calculated to estimate the symmetry in local framework around Eu3+ ions. The luminescence spectra and double‐exponential character of decay curves recorded for fabricated nanocrystalline sol‐gel samples (τ1(5D0) = 2.07 ms, τ2(5D0) = 8.07 ms and τ1(5D0) = 0.79 ms, τ2(5D0) = 9.76 ms for powders and glass‐ceramics, respectively) indicated the successful migration of optically active Eu3+ ions from amorphous silica framework to low phonon energy LaF3 nanocrystal phase.
Microstructure‐property relation in alumina ceramics during post‐annealing process after laser shock processing
Authors: Wang Fei , Zhang Chenfei , Yan Xueliang , Deng Leimin , Lu Yongfeng , Nastasi Michael , Cui Bai
Published: May 2018

Laser shock processing (LSP) is a new surface engineering approach to introduce significant compressive residual stress into ceramics to improve their mechanical properties. However, LSP of ceramics may induce microcracks, which limit the further improvement of mechanical properties of ceramics. In this research, the effect of a post‐LSP annealing process on α‐Al2O3 ceramics was investigated. The annealing treatment can cause thermal relaxation of compressive residual stress generated by LSP while still maintain the positive attribute of LSP. The compressive residual stress was stabilized after annealing after 10 hours at 1100‐1300°C. The healing of microcracks in α‐Al2O3 ceramics was observed during the post‐LSP annealing process, which is caused by diffusion bonding mechanisms and accompanied by dislocation and void formation. The combination of the stabilized compressive residual stress and microcrack healing can improve the cracking resistance of α‐Al2O3 ceramics to mechanical impact on the surface by 69%.
Rapid sintering protocol produces dense ceria‐based ceramics
Authors: Yavo Nimrod , Nissenbaum Asaf , Wachtel Ellen , Shaul Tal‐El , Mendelson Orit , Kimmel Giora , Kim Sangtae , Lubomirsky Igor , Yeheskel Ori
Published: May 2018

We report on a rapid sintering protocol, which optimizes the preparation of 0‐29 mol% Gd‐doped ceria ceramics with density ≥98% of the theoretical crystal lattice value. The starting material is a nanometer grain‐sized powder prepared by carbonate co‐precipitation and calcined with minimal agglomeration and loss of surface area. Slow (5°C/min) heating of the green‐body from 500°C to the optimum temperature of rapid sintering (, dwell time <1 minute) followed by 20°C/min cooling to 1150°C with 6 minutes dwell time, produces maximum pellet density. increases from 1300 to ~1500°C with increase in Gd‐content, while the average grain size in the maximally dense pellets, as determined by scanning electron microscopy, ranges between 600 nm and ~1 μm. For each doping level, the logarithm of the average grain size decreases linearly with 1/T1. By avoiding extended exposure to sintering temperatures, this protocol is expected to minimize undesirable Gd segregation.
Structural, magnetic and dielectric properties of Cr substituted yttrium iron garnets
Authors: Aakansha  , Ravi Seenipandian
Published: May 2018

Chromium substituted polycrystalline Yttrium Iron Garnets (Y3Fe5–xCrxO12 with x = 0 to 0.5) were prepared in single‐phase form with lattice constant in the range of 12.3775 Å to 12.3560 Å. All samples exhibit ferrimagnetic transition with transition temperature (Tc) in the range of 547 K for x = 0 to 494 K for x = 0.5. The saturation magnetization value at room temperature is found to increase with Cr concentration that is, from 24.8 to 26.6 emu/g and this is attributed to the preferential occupation of Cr3+ ions at octahedral site of Fe3+ ions. The frequency dependence of impedance data shows the relaxation and thermal activation of charge carriers across grains and grain boundaries. The complex impedance spectra were modeled by considering equivalent circuits having contributions from the resistance and constant phase element due to grains and grain boundaries and capacitance across grain boundaries. The dielectric constant is found to increase from 20 to 52 as the Cr concentration is increased and it is attributed to hopping of charge carriers across Fe2+–Fe3+ centers. The Arrhenius plots of relaxation time of charge carriers and conductivity show an anomaly in the vicinity of ferrimagnetic transition temperature and it highlights the presence of magneto‐electric coupling.
Pyroelectric energy harvesting using low–TC (1–x)(Ba0.7Ca0.3)TiO3–xBa(Zr0.2Ti0.8)O3 bulk ceramics
Authors: Ando Daisuke , Kakimoto Ken‐ichi
Published: May 2018

Lead‐free ferroelectric ceramics (1–x)(Ba0.7Ca0.3)TiO3–xBa(Zr0.2Ti0.8)O3 (BCTZ100x) with x = 0.20, 0.30, 0.40, 0.50, 0.60, 0.70, and 0.80 were evaluated for their pyroelectric energy harvesting performance, using the Olsen cycle. As the composition ratio x increased, the crystal phase changed to tetragonal, orthorhombic, rhombohedral, and cubic; the phase boundaries crossed each other in the vicinity of BCTZ70. The crossover phase transition behavior between first‐order and diffuse phase transition changed to only the diffusion phase transition with increasing x. A pinching effect occurred because an increase in dielectric constant was also observed. Energy densities ND of 229 mJ/cm3 and 256 mJ/cm3 for BCTZ50 and BCTZ80 were obtained, respectively, in temperature of 30°C‐100°C and an electric field of 0‐30 kV/cm. These ND values are over two times higher than that of soft–Pb(Ti,Zr)O3 (PZT), which exhibits piezoelectric performance equivalent to BCTZ50 at room temperature. Compared with soft–PZT, BCTZ50 and BCTZ80 exhibited larger ND values owing to their lower Curie temperatures (TC ~ 50°C‐110°C). We conclude that low–TC ferroelectrics are useful for pyroelectric energy conversion based on the Olsen cycle even if they are unsuitable for piezoelectric applications at high temperatures.
Structural impact of nitrogen incorporation on properties of alkali germanophosphate glasses
Authors: Paraschiv Georgiana L. , Muñoz Francisco , Jensen Lars R. , Larsen Raino M. , Yue Yuanzheng , Smedskjaer Morten M.
Published: May 2018

The structure, atomic packing density, calorimetric glass transition, and hardness of mixed sodium–lithium germanophosphate oxynitride glasses with varying Ge/P and N/P ratios were investigated. The combined influences of nitridation and mixed network former effect (MNFE) on the glass structure were analyzed using Raman spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Evidence for the existence of germanium in a higher coordination state, i.e., five‐ or sixfold coordination, was obtained by performing XPS analysis of the oxide glasses, with indication of conversion to tetrahedral coordination upon nitridation. Raman spectroscopy measurements implied that the germanate network was modified upon nitridation, including the removal of ring‐like germanate structures and P–O–Ge mixed linkages. The partial anionic N‐for‐O substitution gave rise to the linear dependence of the glass transition temperature (Tg) and hardness (HV) on nitrogen content (expressed as N/P ratio), especially for lower Ge/P ratio. However, nitridation also caused an unexpected increase in liquid fragility and decrease in density. This suggests that the governing structural parameter for property evolution in such LiNaGePON glasses is not only the increased degree of cross‐linking of the phosphate chains, but rather the short‐ and intermediate‐range structural modifications within the germanate component of the oxynitride glasses.
Meeting the needs of young adults with life‐limiting conditions: A UK survey of current provision and future challenges for hospices
Authors: Knighting Katherine , Bray Lucy , Downing Julia , Kirkcaldy Andrew J , Mitchell Tracy K , O'Brien Mary R , Pilkington Melissa , Jack Barbara A
Published: May 2018

Aim

The aim of this study was to seek views of UK children's and adult hospices on the availability and challenges of providing services for young adults with life‐limiting conditions.

Background

Internationally, there are a growing number of young adults with life‐limiting conditions and/or complex needs which are degenerative, progressive and diverse and involve complex life‐long symptom, medication management as well as palliative care. There are 55,721 young adults, aged 18–40 in England, which continues to increase. The hospice sector is experiencing demands to extend services for this population despite concerns about the appropriateness of adult hospices and their nursing staff to provide care for the complex and unfamiliar conditions of this patient group. Evidence is needed of hospices’ views and the main challenges faced providing services for young adults.

Design

Descriptive cross‐sectional survey.

Methods

xChildren and adult hospices completed an online survey exploring service provision and their views of respite care for young adults with life‐limiting conditions from 18 years old and onward. Data were collected between October 2015 ‐ February 2016.

Findings

Respondents (N = 76 hospices) reported that children's hospices predominantly provided short breaks and end‐of‐life care; adult hospices provided mainly symptom management, end‐of‐life care and day services. Main challenges were lack of existing adult respite services; lack of funding and capacity; lack of a skilled workforce in adult hospices; and the need for better integrated service provision.

Conclusion

Examples of good collaborative working were reported. With an increasing population of young adults and pressure on families, it is vital that services work together to find sustainable solutions to the challenges.
The prevalence and characteristics of coexisted atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia and idiopathic left fascicular ventricular tachycardia
Authors: Chung Fa‐Po , Van Ba Vu , Lin Yenn‐Jiang , Chang Shih‐Lin , Lo Li‐Wei , Hu Yu‐Feng , Tuan Ta‐Chuan , Chao Tze‐Fan , Liao Jo‐Nan , Lin Chin‐Yu , Hsieh Ming‐Hsiung , Chen Shih‐Ann
Published: May 2018

Background

Coexistence of idiopathic left fascicular ventricular tachycardia (ILFVT) and atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT) has been rarely reported.

Objectives

The study aimed at elucidating the prevalence of coexisted AVNRT in patients with ILFVT during longitudinal follow‐up. The electrophysiological properties and clinical predictors of coexisted ILFVT and AVNRT were investigated.

Methods

From 1999 to 2017, a total of 108 patients (age: 33.7 ± 14.3, 84 male) with ILFVT from one tertiary center were consecutively enrolled. The prevalence of coexisted arrhythmias was explored during a longitudinal follow‐up and the electrophysiological parameters from the index procedure were compared.

Results

During a mean follow‐up period of 106.8 ± 69.5 months, 21 of 108 patients (19.4%) had coexisted AVNRT. The electrophysiological study demonstrated patients with coexisted ILFVT and AVNRT were characterized by more antegrade dual AV node conduction (52.4% vs. 19.5%, P = 0.002; 9.5%), shorter antegrade slow pathway effective refractory period (285.1 ± 34.1 ms vs. 329.2 ± 69.2 ms, P = 0.034), longer retrograde fast pathway effective refractory period (368.9 ± 56.7 ms vs. 312.5 ± 95.2, P = 0.036), and less VA dissociation (19.0% vs. 60.9%, P = 0.001) than those without a coexisted AVNRT. Multivariate logistic analysis showed that presence of antegrade dual AV nodal physiology and retrograde VA conduction could predict a coexisted AVNRT in patients with ILFVT (P = 0.005, OR: 4.80, 95% CI: 1.65–14.37 and P = 0.002, OR: 0.14, 95% CI: 0.04–0.49, respectively).

Conclusion

There was a high prevalence of coexisted AVNRT in patients with ILFVT during longitudinal follow‐up. The presence of antegrade dual AV nodal physiology and retrograde VA conduction can predict the coexisted AVNRT in patients with ILFVT.
How do stimulant treatments for ADHD work? Evidence for mediation by improved cognition
Authors: Hawk Larry W. , Fosco Whitney D. , Colder Craig R. , Waxmonsky James G. , Pelham William E. , Rosch Keri S.
Published: May 2018

Background

Stimulant medications such as methylphenidate (MPH) are the frontline treatment for Attention‐Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Despite their well‐documented efficacy, the mechanisms by which stimulants improve clinical outcomes are not clear. The current study evaluated whether MPH effects on classroom behavior were mediated by improved cognitive functioning.

Methods

Children with ADHD (n = 82; 9–12 years old) participated in a week‐long summer research camp, consisting of cognitive testing, classroom periods, and recreational activities. After a baseline day, participants completed a 3‐day randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial of MPH (at doses approximating 0.3 and 0.6 mg/kg of immediate‐release MPH dosed TID). Cognitive domains included inhibitory control (Stop Signal Task and prepulse inhibition of startle), attention (Continuous Performance Task and reaction time variability), and working memory (forward and backward spatial span). Clinical outcomes included math seatwork productivity and teacher‐rated classroom behavior. A within‐subjects path‐analytic approach was used to test mediation. MPH‐placebo and dose–response contrasts were used to evaluate drug effects.

Results

Methylphenidate improved seatwork productivity and teacher ratings (ds = 1.4 and 1.1) and all domains of cognition (ds = 0.3–1.1). Inhibitory control (Stop Signal Task, SST) and working memory backward uniquely mediated the effect of MPH (vs. placebo) on productivity. Only working memory backward mediated the impact of MPH on teacher‐rated behavior. The dose–response (0.6 vs. 0.3 mg/kg) effects were more modest for clinical outcomes (ds = 0.4 and 0.2) and cognition (ds = 0–0.3); there was no evidence of cognitive mediation of the clinical dose–response effects.

Conclusions

These findings are novel in demonstrating that specific cognitive processes mediate clinical improvement with stimulant treatment for ADHD. They converge with work on ADHD theory, neurobiology, and treatment development in suggesting that inhibitory control and working memory may be mechanisms of stimulant treatment response in ADHD. More work is necessary to evaluate the degree to which these findings generalize to chronic treatment, a broader array of clinical outcomes, and nonstimulant treatments.
Decreased placental and muscular expression of the fibroblast growth factor 19 in gestational diabetes mellitus
Authors: Wang Dongyu , Xu Shuqia , Ding Wenjing , Zhu Caixia , Deng Songqing , Qiu Xiwen , Wang Zilian
Published: May 2018

Aims/Introduction

Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)19 has been shown to improve glycemic homeostasis and lipid metabolism in animal models. In humans, decreased FGF19 level has been described in diabetes. The present study aimed to investigate the expression of FGF19 in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) patients.

Materials and Methods

Samples for measurement were obtained from 20 women with GDM and 25 healthy controls. The messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) and protein expression levels of FGF19, FGF21 and co‐receptor β‐klotho (KLB) in the placenta, rectus muscle and subcutaneous fat tissues were quantified by real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, western blot and immunohistochemistry, respectively.

Results

Women with GDM had significantly lower mRNA and protein expressions of FGF19 than control women in the placenta (mRNA 0.33 ± 0.05 vs 0.72 ± 0.09; protein 0.34 ± 0.13 vs 0.85 ± 0.20) and rectus muscle (mRNA 0.83 ± 0.11 vs 1.28 ± 0.19; protein 0.78 ± 0.24 vs 1.23 ± 0.39). However, there were no significant differences between GDM women and controls with respect to the expression levels of FGF21 and β‐klotho in the placenta and rectus muscle. There were almost no detectable FGF19 and FGF21 expressions in subcutaneous fat tissue. Furthermore, β‐klotho expression levels were not different between the GDM and control group in subcutaneous fat.

Conclusions

FGF19 expressions are decreased in the placenta and rectus muscle of women with GDM. This might contribute to the pathophysiology or development of GDM.
Phytochemical variation mediates the susceptibility of insect herbivores to entomoviruses
Authors: Wan N.‐F. , Li X. , Guo L. , Ji X.‐Y. , Zhang H. , Chen Y.‐J. , Jiang J.‐X.
Published: May 2018

It has been reported that the susceptibility of insect herbivores to entomoviruses is affected by phytochemicals ingested during the acquisition of viral inoculum on the foliage of host plants. However, the relationship between this susceptibility and phytochemicals is poorly understood. To test this hypothesis of plant‐mediated effects on this susceptibility, we measured the effects of foliage from three plants, soybeans (Glycine max), collards (Brassica oleracea) and water convolvuluses (Ipomoea aquatica), on the susceptibility of larval beet armyworm (Spodoptera exigua) to nucleopolyhedrovirus (NPV), and analysed six foliar chemicals (total phenolics, peroxidase [POD], catalase [CAT], superoxide dismutase [SOD], endochitinase and exochitinase) in the three plants, respectively. The results of exponential modelling indicated that the LD50s (median lethal dose) of NPV to larvae increased with the increase in both phenolics and POD but declined with the increase in four other foliar chemicals, while the opposite trend was found between median lethal time (LT50) of NPV and the six foliar chemicals. This study reveals that phenolics and POD decrease host susceptibility to the entomoviruses and that CAT, SOD, endochitinase and exochitinase increase this susceptibility.
Optimization of ultrasound‐assisted enzymatic extraction of walnut kernel oil using response surface methodology
Authors: Ghasemi Yasamin Zahra , Taghian Dinani Somayeh
Published: May 2018

In this study, ultrasound‐assisted enzymatic technique was investigated using n‐hexane solvent for walnut oil extraction. To achieve this goal, ultrasonic pre‐treatment time (0–70 min) and enzymatic extracting conditions; namely, cellulase concentration (0–2 %) and incubation time (60–240 min) were optimized using response surface methodology. The optimal ultrasonic‐enzymatic extraction treatment using n‐hexane solvent was 47.37 min ultrasonic time, 2.00 % cellulase concentration and 110.91 min incubation time. This treatment resulted in significantly more EY (p≤0.001), TPC (p≤0.001) and IV (p≤0.01) and low level of PV (p≤0.01) of extracted walnut oil, compared to stirring incubation extraction using n‐hexane solvent, ultrasound‐assisted aqueous enzymatic extraction, and aqueous stirring incubation extraction treatments. Gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy showed higher content of unsaturated fatty acids of extracted oil; and scanning electron microscopy showed more pores and interspaces of walnut powder residues of optimal ultrasonic‐enzymatic extraction using n‐hexane solvent than those of stirring incubation treatment using n‐hexane solvent.

Practical applications

The ultrasonic‐enzymatic technique using n‐hexane solvent can improve the extraction yield, total phenolic content and iodine value of extracted walnut oil. The extracted walnut oil had more poly‐unsaturated fatty acids (linolenic acid and linoleic acid) than that obtained by stirring incubation method using n‐hexane solvent. Thus, the results illustrated that this method was a promising extraction method for more extraction yield of walnut oil with high quality.
Language development in deaf or hard‐of‐hearing children with additional disabilities: type matters!
Authors: Cupples L. , Ching T. Y. C. , Leigh G. , Martin L. , Gunnourie M. , Button L. , Marnane V. , Hou S. , Zhang V. , Flynn C. , Van Buynder P.
Published: May 2018

Background

This study examined language development in young children with hearing loss and different types of additional disabilities (ADs).

Method

A population‐based cohort of 67 children who were enrolled in the Longitudinal Outcomes of Children with Hearing Impairment study took part. Language ability was directly assessed at 3 and 5 years of age using the Preschool Language Scale, Fourth Edition and the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, Fourth Edition. Standard scores were used to enable comparison with age‐based expectations for typically developing children.

Results

Analysis of variance showed that, across the total cohort, children's language scores remained stable over the 2‐year period. However, this overall stability masked a significant difference between children with different types of ADs; in particular, children with autism, cerebral palsy and/or developmental delay showed a decline in standard scores, whereas children with other disabilities showed a relative improvement. In addition, larger improvements in receptive vocabulary were associated with use of oral communication only.

Conclusions

The results suggest that type of AD can be used to gauge expected language development in the population of children with hearing loss and ADs when formal assessment of cognitive ability is not feasible.
Microsampling Lu–Hf geochronology on mm‐sized garnet in eclogites constrains early garnet growth and timing of tectonometamorphism in the North Qilian orogenic belt
Authors: Cheng Hao , Zhou Ying , Du Kai‐Yang , Zhang Ling‐Min , Lu Tian‐Yi
Published: May 2018

This study presents Lu–Hf geochronology of zoned garnet in high‐P eclogites from the North Qilian orogenic belt. Selected samples have ~mm‐sized garnet grains that have been sampled with a micro‐drill and analysed for dating. The Lu–Hf dates of bulk garnet separates, micro‐drilled garnet cores and the remnant, rim‐enriched garnet were determined by two‐point isochrons, with cores being consistently older than the bulk‐ and rim‐enriched garnet. The bulk garnet separates of each sample define identical garnet–whole rock isochron date of c. 457 Ma. Consistent U–Pb zircon dates of 455 ± 8 Ma were obtained from the eclogite. The Lu–Hf dates of the drilled cores and rim‐rich separates suggest a minimum garnet growth interval of 468.9 ± 2.4 and 452.1 ± 1.6 Ma. Major and Lu element profiles in the majority of garnet grains show well‐preserved Rayleigh‐style fractionated bell‐shaped Mn and Lu zoning profiles, and increasing Mg from core to rim. Pseudosection modelling indicates that garnet grew along a P–T path from ~470–525°C and ~2.4–2.6 GPa. The exceptional high‐Mn garnet core in one sample indicates an early growth during epidote–blueschist facies metamorphism at <460°C and <0.8 GPa. Therefore, the Lu–Hf dates of drilled cores record the early prograde garnet growth, whereas the Lu–Hf dates of rim‐rich fractions provide a maximum age for the end of garnet growth. The microsampling approach applied in this study can be broadly used in garnet‐bearing rocks, even those without extremely large garnet crystals, in an attempt to retrieve the early metamorphic timing recorded in older garnet cores. Given a proper selection of the drill bit size and a detailed crystal size distribution analysis, the cores of the mm‐sized garnet in most metamorphic rocks can be dated to yield critical constraints on the early timing of metamorphism. This study provides new crucial constraints on the timing of the initial subduction (before c. 469 Ma) and the ultimate closure (earlier than c. 452 Ma) of the fossil Qilian oceanic basin.
Recognition and Treatment of Sepsis in Pregnancy
Authors: Kendle Anthony M. , Louis Judette
Published: May 2018

Sepsis that occurs in the context of pregnancy is associated with significant maternal morbidity and mortality. International and multidisciplinary organizations have advocated for expedient diagnosis and initiation of treatment in patients with sepsis. However, the physiologic changes of pregnancy complicate both identification and treatment of maternal sepsis. This article describes a case of a woman presenting with symptoms of sepsis progressing to septic shock. Strategies for identifying and treating women with presumed sepsis are reviewed, and recent data regarding maternal and fetal outcomes are discussed.
The case against transfusion‐transmitted non‐ABC hepatitis
Authors: Alter H. J.
Published: May 2018

Click here to view the Original article by Edgren et al.
Divorce Chinese Style
Authors: Ma Li , Turunen Jani , Rizzi Ester
Published: May 2018

This study investigated divorce during China's social and economic transformation period from 1970 to 2012. Specifically, the study examined the trend development of divorce and demonstrated how marriage formation type and individual socioeconomic characteristics were associated with the likelihood of divorce across time. Event‐history analysis was applied to longitudinal data from the China Family Panel Studies (2010–2012 waves). The results showed a threefold increase in divorce from the pre‐1990s to the 1990s. Surprisingly, the trend shifted to a plateau toward the 2000s. When cohabitation was in its rapidly diffusing stage in the 1990s, individuals who cohabited prior to marriage had a substantially higher likelihood of divorce. As cohabitation became increasingly common in the 2000s, its effect on divorce weakened. The role of socioeconomic characteristics in divorce also varied across time. This study enriches the knowledge of family dynamics in contemporary Chinese society.
Too anxious to help? Off‐job affective rumination as a linking mechanism between work anxiety and helping
Authors: Calderwood Charles , Bennett Andrew A. , Gabriel Allison S. , Trougakos John P. , Dahling Jason J.
Published: May 2018

This study explores the inter‐relationships of work anxiety, affective rumination, and helping behaviours. Drawing on the effort–recovery model and resource depletion perspectives to extra‐role behaviours, we hypothesized that employees with higher work anxiety would affectively ruminate about work during off‐job time, which in turn would diminish their helping behaviours at work. Results of a multisource, time‐lagged study with 167 full‐time employee‐co‐worker dyads supported this indirect effect model. The results of this study extend research on work anxiety to encompass extra‐role behaviours and indicate the value of exploring leisure time experiences as linking mechanisms in the work anxiety–job performance relationship.

Practitioner points

We identify affective rumination during off‐job time as a mechanism linking work anxiety to employee helping behaviours.

Our findings suggest that efforts to reduce work anxiety and encourage effective employee recovery may yield more helping behaviours at work.
Dietary Biotin Requirement of Fingerling Catla catla (Hamilton) Based on Growth, Feed Conversion Efficiency, and Liver Biotin Concentration
Authors: Khan Younis M. , Khan Mukhtar A.
Published: May 2018

A 12‐wk experiment was conducted to determine the dietary biotin requirement of the fingerling Catla catla (7.9 ± 0.37 cm; 3.5 ± 0.12 g). Eight diets (35% crude protein, 16.72 kJ/g gross energy) with different levels of biotin (0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 mg/kg diet) were fed to triplicate groups of fish to apparent satiation. Highest percent weight gain, protein retention efficiency, and best feed conversion ratio were observed in fish fed 0.5 mg biotin per kg diet. However, fish fed diets containing dietary biotin of 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 mg/kg did not show significant (P > 0.05) differences compared to those fed on dietary biotin of 0.5 mg/kg. Hematological indices, including hematocrit value, hemoglobin content, and red blood cell counts were found to be directly proportional (P < 0.05) to the dietary biotin levels up to 0.5 mg/kg, beyond which a plateau was recorded. Pyruvate carboxylase activity (PCA) was also found to increase with the incremental levels of dietary biotin up to 0.5 mg/kg and further increasing dietary biotin concentration led to stagnation in PCA of fish. Liver biotin concentrations responded positively (P < 0.05) until saturation, which occurred at 1.0 mg/kg diet. Broken‐line analysis of percent weight gain, protein retention efficiency, PCA, and liver biotin concentrations demonstrated that fingerling C. catla require biotin in the range of 0.41–0.87 mg/kg diet.
Effects of Four Different Feeding Techniques on the Pond Culture of Pacific White Shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei
Authors: Ullman Carter , Rhodes Melanie , Hanson Terrill , Cline David , Davis D. Allen
Published: May 2018

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of four feed‐management techniques on the production of Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, using a 16‐wk trial performed in 16, 0.1‐ha ponds stocked at 17 shrimp/m2. Four treatments were used for this study: standard feeding protocol (SFP) fed twice daily, a 15% increase to the SFP fed twice daily, timer feeders programmed to feed six times daily following the SFP, and ad libitum using the AQ1 acoustic demand feeding system. Significant increases in final weights were seen using the timer and acoustic feeders (28.66 and 35.91 g, respectively) when compared with the SFP and SFP + 15% (23.55 and 24.65 g, respectively). The AQ1 treatment also resulted in a significantly higher shrimp value ($21,198/ha) than the other treatments ($11,776–$13,446/ha). No significant differences were seen in survival (72.2 ± 5.99%), feed conversion ratio (1.03 ± 0.095), or water quality. These results demonstrate that increasing the feed by 15% when feeding twice daily gives no advantage to production. Increasing the feedings from two to six times per day did improve growth and economic returns, and using acoustic feedback to feed based on feeding activity can further improve production and economic returns.
Breastfeeding and risk for ceasing in mothers of preterm infants—Long‐term follow‐up
Authors: Ericson Jenny , Eriksson Mats , Hoddinott Pat , Hellström-Westas Lena , Flacking Renée
Published: May 2018

Breastfeeding is challenging for mothers of preterm infants. The aim of this paper is to describe risk factors for ceasing breastfeeding and methods of feeding until 12 months postnatal age in mothers who breastfed their preterm infants at discharge from neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). The data come from a randomised controlled trial, which evaluated the effectiveness on exclusive breastfeeding at 8 weeks of proactive telephone support compared with reactive support offered to mothers of preterm infants following discharge from NICU. Six NICUs across Sweden randomised a total of 493 mothers. We used regression and survival analyses to assess the risk factors for ceasing breastfeeding and the long‐term outcomes of the intervention. The results showed that 305 (64%) of the infants were breastfed at 6 months and 49 (21%) at 12 months. Partial breastfeeding at discharge, low maternal educational level, and longer length of stay in the NICU increased the risk for ceasing breastfeeding during the first 12 months. Furthermore, the Kaplan–Meier analysis showed that the proportion of mothers who ceased breastfeeding did not differ between the intervention (n = 231) and controls (n = 262) during the first 12 months (log‐rank test p = .68). No difference was found between groups on method of feeding. More than 85% of the infants were fed directly at the breast. These findings provide important insights for health professionals who are supporting mothers of preterm infants to breastfeed long term. Registered in www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT01806480).
Mergers and acquisitions in Latin America 1990–2014: Factorial distribution and contractionary impacts
Authors: Alarco Germán
Published: May 2018

The evolution of mergers and acquisitions (M&A) in Latin America from 1990 to 2014 is analyzed herein. A one‐sector production model without government and external sectors that links prices/costs, income distribution, demand and output is proposed, and the effects of changes in M&A on profit margins, income distribution and gross domestic product (GDP) are evaluated. The model is applied to most regional economies to determine the impact of these transactions on the profit share and level of economic activity. Our analysis does not reject the hypotheses that M&A have distributive effects favorable to profits and that they have contractionary effects on GDP in Latin American countries.
Dermal capillary rarefaction as a marker of microvascular damage in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: Association with inflammation and disorders of the macrocirculation
Authors: Anyfanti Panagiota , Gkaliagkousi Eugenia , Triantafyllou Areti , Zabulis Xenophon , Dolgyras Panagiotis , Galanopoulou Vasiliki , Aslanidis Spyros , Douma Stella
Published: May 2018

Objective

Capillary rarefaction is observed in various cardiovascular diseases, yet it remains understudied in RA, a chronic inflammatory disease accompanied by excess cardiovascular risk. We quantified capillary density in RA patients and explored potential associations with macrocirculatory disorders, inflammation, and cardiovascular risk.

Methods

Dermal capillary density was assessed with nailfold capillaroscopy in RA and non‐RA individuals, using specifically designed semiautomated software. Macrocirculation assessments included large artery stiffening, evaluated with PWV, and myocardial blood flow, calculated as cardiac index from impedance cardiography. Cardiovascular risk score was estimated from the Framingham Heart Study.

Results

The number of capillaries per visual field was lower in patients (n = 99) compared to controls (n = 35) (132.6 ± 30.3 vs 152.9 ± 25.2, P = .001). In the RA group, capillary density negatively correlated with CRP and PWV, and positively with HDL and cardiac index. In the multivariate analysis, CRP independently predicted capillary rarefaction (P = .044). Capillary density significantly correlated with cardiovascular risk, even after adjustment for inflammation (P = .030).

Conclusion

Capillary rarefaction appears pronounced in RA and correlates with lower cardiac output, increased arterial stiffness, and cardiovascular risk. However, the associations with macrocirculatory disorders may be obscured by inflammation, which appears as the major contributor to capillary rarefaction in RA.
Hedyotis austrosinica sp. nov. (Rubiaceae) from southern China: A new heterostylous species similar to H. pulcherrima
Authors: Yang Li‐Hua , Zhou Ji‐Gang , Xu Ping , Wu Lei
Published: May 2018

Hedyotis austrosinica L. Wu & L.H. Yang is described as a new species from southern China. It is similar to H. pulcherrima, but can be separated by its herbaceous weak to ascending habit with dense pubescence on the surface of most organs, 4‐angled to subterete stems, longer petioles, and longer stipules with 5–9 apical linear lobes. The new species is distributed in Guangdong and Guangxi in southern China.
Ophiorrhiza macrocarpa (Rubiaceae), a new viviparous species from Yunnan, southwestern China
Authors: Wu Lei , Tan Yun‐Hong , Hareesh Vadakkoot‐Sankaran , Liu Quan‐Ru
Published: May 2018

Ophiorrhiza macrocarpa, a new species of Rubiaceae is described and illustrated from China. It was previously misidentified as O. wallichii in Chinese herbaria and literature, a species originally described from India. Detailed descriptions, distribution, ecological data and colour photographs of the new species are provided. Ophiorrhiza macrocarpa is the third viviparous species in Ophiorrhiza.
Petrocosmea chrysotricha sp. nov. (Petrocosmea, Gesneriaceae), a species previously mistaken for P. begoniifolia on marlstone cliffs in Yunnan, China
Authors: Han Meng‐Qi , Yuan Quan , Lü Tian‐Feng , Jiang Hong , Liu Yan
Published: May 2018

Petrocosmea chrysotricha M.Q.Han, H. Jiang & Yan Liu, a new species from Yunnan, China, is described and illustrated. Petrocosmea chrysotricha was found growing with P. melanophthalma on damp marlstone cliffs in evergreen broad‐leaved forest on Mopan Shan. The new species has been grown for decades by Gesneriad enthusiasts under the name P. begoniifolia for decades and it is indeed similar to P. begoniifolia in its oblique campanulate corolla tube, but differs by having filaments covered with golden lanate indumentum in the middle part and by having primrose yellow flowers at the beginning if anthesis, then turning white.