bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nucleophile‐Initiated Catalytic and Multicomponent Reactions
Authors: Nair Vijay , Menon Rajeev S.
Published: July 2018

A number of well‐known reactions, proceed through the intermediacy of dipolar/zwitterionic species generated via the addition of a neutral nucleophile with an unsaturated electrophile. A mechanistic understanding of these reactions was made possible by seminal contributions of Huisgen. The design of novel reactions based on such dipolar species was, however, not pursued in detail for a long time. Our efforts to exploit various reactivity profiles available for the zwitterionic/dipolar intermediates have resulted in the discovery of a large number of novel, convenient protocols to access a wide variety of products. The nucleophilic initiators may participate in the reaction or play a mediating role depending upon the nature of nucleophile, its quantity and the reaction conditions. In a majority of these transformations two electrophilic components, that would normally be inert towards each other, are combined by the intermediacy of a nucelophile. A brief summary of such nucleophile‐initiated novel reactions that were developed in our research group are described. Reactions involving a variety of nucleophiles such as phosphines, pyridine, quinoline, isoquinoline, isocyanides, dimethoxycarbene and N‐heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) are discussed.
Materials with Nanoscale Porosity: Energy and Environmental Applications
Authors: Bhanja Piyali , Bhaumik Asim
Published: July 2018

In this personal account, several key inventions on designing novel microporous and mesoporous materials, and their applications in energy and environmental research are reviewed. Although, crystalline materials with sub‐nanometer pore size regime like zeolites, AlPOs, MOFs, ZIFs etc. are known over the years, silicious and non‐silicious mesoporous materials have revolutionized the research on the materials with nanoscale porosity in last two and half decades. A wide range of inorganic, organic‐inorganic hybrid as well as purely organic mesoporous materials with either periodic or disordered mesopores are known. Apart from conventional hydrothermal syntheses involving soft templating route, hard templating, evaporation induced self‐assembly (EISA), electrochemical or solvothermal (using hydrophilic solvents) synthetic routes are often employed in designing a large spectrum of mesoporous materials. Ease of synthesis using available cheap raw chemicals and versatility in the framework compositions together with the unique surface properties like exceptionally high surface area, pore volume and tunability in pore dimensions have made these materials very exciting to a wide range of researchers working on materials chemistry. Nanoscale porosity in the semiconductor nanomaterials is highly beneficial for the photocatalytic, optoelectronic and related light‐harvesting applications. Their high chemical stability has been explored intensively in designing novel heterogeneous catalysts for the synthesis of biofuels from biomass or CO2 fixation to reactive organic molecules for the synthesis of fine chemicals and fuels, which has a large impact on energy and environmental research for the years to come. Diversity in mesoporous frameworks and their potential applications related to light harvesting, generation of renewable energy and synthesis of value added fine chemicals and fuels through environment friendly routes are mostly focused in this review.
Alterations in cellular lipid metabolism produce neutral lipid accumulation following exposure to the organochlorine compound trans‐nonachlor in rat primary hepatocytes
Authors: Howell George Eli , McDevitt Erin , Henein Lucie , Mulligan Charlee , Young Darian
Published: July 2018

Recent epidemiological studies have revealed significant positive associations between exposure to organochlorine (OC) pesticides and occurrence of the metabolic syndrome and there are a growing number of animal‐based studies to support causality. However, the cellular mechanisms linking OC compound exposure and metabolic dysfunction remain elusive. Therefore, the present study was designed to determine if direct exposure to three highly implicated OC compounds promoted hepatic steatosis, the hepatic ramification of the metabolic syndrome. First, the steatotic effect of p,p′‐dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE), oxychlordane, and trans‐nonachlor was determined in freshly isolated rat primary hepatocytes. Exposure to trans‐nonachlor significantly increased neutral lipid accumulation as opposed to DDE and oxychlordane. To determine possible mechanisms governing increased fatty acid availability, the effects of trans‐nonachlor exposure on fatty acid uptake, de novo lipogenesis, triglyceride secretion, and fatty acid oxidation were explored. Trans‐nonachlor did not significantly alter fatty acid uptake. However, insulin‐stimulated de novo lipogenesis as well as basal expression of fatty acid synthase, a major regulator of lipogenesis were significantly increased following trans‐nonachlor exposure. Interestingly, there was a significant decrease in fatty acid oxidation following trans‐nonachlor exposure. This decrease in fatty acid oxidation was accompanied by a slight, but significant increase in oleic acid‐induced cellular triglyceride secretion. Therefore, taken together, the present data indicate direct exposure to trans‐nonachlor has a more potent pro‐steatotic effect than exposure to DDE or oxychlordane. This pro‐steatotic effect of trans‐nonachlor appears to be predominately mediated via increased de novo lipogenesis and decreased fatty acid oxidation.
Survival rates and harvest patterns of Ohio‐Banded Canada geese
Authors: Shirkey Brendan T. , Gates Robert J. , Ervin Michael D.
Published: July 2018

Growth of temperate breeding Canada goose (Branta canadensis maxima) populations remains a challenge for agencies that seek to balance social acceptance with demand for hunting opportunity from constituents. Harvest regulation is the principle means by which federal and state agencies attempt to keep populations in balance with their environment. Band recovery data and aerial surveys are used to monitor populations and evaluate population control efforts. Greater than 140,000 temperate‐breeding Canada geese were banded in Ohio, USA, from 1990 to 2015. We used Brownie dead‐recovery models to estimate survival rates as a function of time, age, urban–rural status, winter weather severity, and hunting regulations. We derived annual direct‐recovery rates by age and urban–rural cohorts. We mapped all recoveries of Ohio‐banded geese to investigate changes in harvest distribution over time. The highest‐ranked model that explained survival of Ohio‐banded geese had urban–rural status, age, and winter weather severity effects. Survival rates were lower during severe winters for adult rural geese, adult urban geese, and hatch‐year urban geese; however, hatch‐year rural geese had greater survival rates during severe winters. Direct recovery rates of all geese remained stable over the duration of the study (1990–2015), and there was a shift eastward in distribution of band recoveries over time. Survival rates of Ohio‐banded Canada geese appear to be largely unaffected by annual harvest regulations. Furthermore, long‐term moderation of winter weather in Ohio could result in increased adult goose survival, requiring additional management actions to temper population growth. © 2018 The Wildlife Society.
Maybe Next Month? Temperature Shocks and Dynamic Adjustments in Birth Rates
Authors: Barreca Alan , Deschenes Olivier , Guldi Melanie
Published: July 2018

We estimate the effects of temperature shocks on birth rates in the United States between 1931 and 2010. We find that days with a mean temperature above 80°F cause a large decline in birth rates 8 to 10 months later. Unlike prior studies, we demonstrate that the initial decline is followed by a partial rebound in births over the next few months, implying that populations mitigate some of the fertility cost by shifting conception month. This shift helps explain the observed peak in late-summer births in the United States. We also present new evidence that hot weather most likely harms fertility via reproductive health as opposed to sexual activity. Historical evidence suggests that air conditioning could be used to substantially offset the fertility costs of high temperatures.
A Case of a Complete Hydatidiform Molar Pregnancy with a Co-existent Live Fetus
Authors: Aggarwal Aradhana , Singh Chanchal , Sharma Shreyasi , Reddy Apoorva , Kaul Anita
Published: July 2018

Complete hydatidiform mole with a co-existent healthy fetus (CHMCF) is a rare occurrence. The estimated incidence is about 1/22,000 to 1/100,000 pregnancies. As CHMCF is often associated with a high risk of pre-eclampsia, hyperthyroidism, bilateral ovarian cysts, intrauterine fetal demise and malignant neoplasia, fetal survival should always be weighed against the risk of complications of molar pregnancy. We report a case of a 35 years-old patient with raised β-hCG levels of 10.2 MoM and sonographic findings suggestive of a molar pregnancy at 15 weeks, who chose to continue the pregnancy after extensive counselling. With close surveillance, we managed to continue the pregnancy till 36 weeks, when the pregnancy was terminated via an elective Caesarean in view of fetal growth restriction with oligohydramnios, cerebral redistribution and previous 2 LSCS. A baby boy weighing 1600 grams was born with an Apgar score of 8, 9. Placental histopathology and microscopy showing large distended and cystic dilated villi with odematous cores was suggestive of a hydatidiform mole confirming our diagnosis of CHMCF.
Stability of blood‐based biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease over multiple freeze‐thaw cycles
Authors: Keshavan Ashvini , Heslegrave Amanda , Zetterberg Henrik , Schott Jonathan M.
Published: July 2018

Introduction

Freeze‐thaw instability may contribute to preanalytical variation in blood‐based biomarker studies. We investigated the effects of up to four freeze‐thaw cycles on single molecule array immunoassays of serum neurofilament light chain and plasma total tau, amyloid β 1–40 (Aß40), and Aβ 1–42 (Aβ42).

Methods

Individuals who had peripheral venepuncture during investigation of suspected neurodegenerative disease were recruited. After standardized preprocessing, 200 μL of plasma and serum aliquots were stored at −80°C within 60 minutes. Aliquots underwent one to four freeze‐thaw cycles.

Results

There was no significant difference across four freeze‐thaw cycles for serum neurofilament light chain (n = 12), plasma total tau (n = 11), or plasma Aβ42 (n = 12). For plasma Aβ40 (n = 14), there were significant median reductions by ratios of .96 and .92 at the third and fourth cycles, respectively.

Discussion

Up to four freeze‐thaw cycles do not influence single molecule array blood biomarkers of neurofilament light chain, total tau, or Aβ42, with at most minor reductions in Aβ40.
Trailing-edge flow and noise control using porous treatments
Authors: Showkat Ali Syamir Alihan , Azarpeyvand Mahdi , Ilário da Silva Carlos Roberto
Published: July 2018

This paper is concerned with the application of porous treatments as a means of flow and aerodynamic noise reduction. An extensive experimental investigation is undertaken to study the effects of flow interaction with porous media, in particular in the context of the manipulation of flow over blunt trailing edges and attenuation of vortex shedding. Comprehensive boundary layer and wake measurements have been carried out for a long flat plate with solid and porous blunt trailing edges. Unsteady velocity and surface pressure measurements have also been performed to gain an in-depth understanding of the changes to the energy–frequency content and coherence of the boundary layer and wake structures as a result of the flow interaction with a porous treatment. Results have shown that permeable treatments can effectively delay the vortex shedding and stabilize the flow over the blunt edge via mechanisms involving flow penetration into the porous medium and discharge into the near-wake region. It has also been shown that the porous treatment can effectively destroy the spanwise coherence of the boundary layer structures and suppress the velocity and pressure coherence, particularly at the vortex shedding frequency. The flow–porous scrubbing and its effects on the near-wall and large coherent structures have also been studied. The emergence of a quasi-periodic recirculating flow field inside highly permeable surface treatments has also been investigated. Finally, the paper has identified several important mechanisms concerning the application of porous treatments for aerodynamic and aeroacoustic purposes, which can help more effective and tailored designs for specific applications.
Fast and slow resonant triads in the two-layer rotating shallow water equations
Authors: Owen Alex , Grimshaw Roger , Wingate Beth
Published: July 2018

In this paper, we examine triad resonances in a rotating shallow water system when there are two free interfaces. This allows for an examination in a relatively simple model of the interplay between baroclinic and barotropic dynamics in a context where there is also a geostrophic mode. In contrast to the much-studied one-layer rotating shallow water system, we find that as well as the usual slow geostrophic mode, there are now two fast waves, a barotropic mode and a baroclinic mode. This feature permits triad resonances to occur between three fast waves, with a mixture of barotropic and baroclinic modes, an aspect that cannot occur in the one-layer system. There are now also two branches of the slow geostrophic mode, with a repeated branch of the dispersion relation. The consequences are explored in a derivation of the full set of triad interaction equations, using a multiscale asymptotic expansion based on a small-amplitude parameter. The derived nonlinear interaction coefficients are confirmed using energy and enstrophy conservation. These triad interaction equations are explored, with an emphasis on the parameter regime with small Rossby and Froude numbers.
The boundary integral formulation of Stokes flows includes slender-body theory
Authors: Koens Lyndon , Lauga Eric
Published: July 2018

The incompressible Stokes equations can classically be recast in a boundary integral (BI) representation, which provides a general method to solve low-Reynolds-number problems analytically and computationally. Alternatively, one can solve the Stokes equations by using an appropriate distribution of flow singularities of the right strength within the boundary, a method that is particularly useful to describe the dynamics of long slender objects for which the numerical implementation of the BI representation becomes cumbersome. While the BI approach is a mathematical consequence of the Stokes equations, the singularity method involves making judicious guesses that can only be justified a posteriori. In this paper, we use matched asymptotic expansions to derive an algebraically accurate slender-body theory directly from the BI representation able to handle arbitrary surface velocities and surface tractions. This expansion procedure leads to sets of uncoupled linear equations and to a single one-dimensional integral equation identical to that derived by Keller & Rubinow (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 75, 1976, p. 705) and Johnson (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 99, 1979, p. 411) using the singularity method. Hence, we show that it is a mathematical consequence of the BI approach that the leading-order flow around a slender body can be represented using a distribution of singularities along its centreline. Furthermore, when derived from either the single-layer or the double-layer modified BI representation, general slender solutions are only possible in certain types of flow, in accordance with the limitations of these representations.
Overview Study of Solder Joint Reliablity due to Creep Deformation
Authors: Ramachandran V. , Wu K. C. , Chiang K. N.
Published: July 2018

The effective lifetimes of electronic packages are affected by various thermos-mechanical deformations. Creep is considered the most salient mechanism in the failure of solder joints. Many researchers have conducted reasonable studies to portray the behavior of creep deformation using numerical models and further extended their research scope to forecast the lifetimes of packages with the results obtained from creep models. Many studies have identified particular creep and lifetime models to be nominal based on experimental data.

In this study, the characteristics of familiar creep models were examined in detail, and their significance was made known. Lifetime prediction models that seem prominent among researchers were discussed in detail. Finite element analysis of a wafer level chip-scale package (WLCSP) used to figure out the engagement of different creep models and their capability of materializing creep deformation was investigated via simulation. The results from the simulation were applied to different lifetime prediction models, and their predictions were examined carefully. After considering the various factors that affected the reliability study of the solders, the Garofalo-Arrhenius creep model and modified strain energy density model seemed to be convincingly productive for studying the reliability of various electronic packages.
Cosserat Spectrum of an Axisymmetric Elasticity Problem for a Finite-Length Solid Cylinder
Authors: Tokovyy Yu. V.
Published: July 2018

An algorithm for the computation and analysis of the Cosserat spectrum for an axisymmetric elasticity boundary-value problem in a finite-length solid cylinder with boundary conditions in terms of stresses is proposed. By making use of the cross-wise superposition method, the spectral problem is reduced to systems of linear algebraic equations. A solution method for the mentioned systems is presented and the asymptotic behavior of the Cosserat eigenvalues is established. On this basis, the key features of the Cosserat spectrum for the mentioned problem are analyzed with special attention given to the effect of the cylinder aspect ratio.
Dynamics of Water Soil Storage in the Unsaturated Zone of a Sand Dune in a Semi-Arid Region Traced by Humidity and Carbon Isotopes: The Case of Ashdod, Israel
Authors: Carmi Israel , Stiller Mariana , Kronfeld Joel
Published: July 2018

A 22 m sediment core was collected from the unsaturated zone (USZ) in the dunes south of Ashdod, Israel, in a low rainfall year, following an even lower-rainfall year. The mineralogy of was quartz with some clay and carbonate. The local climate is semi-arid. The roots of the sparse vegetation can reach ~8 m. The porosity was ~40–55%. The DIC ranged from 2 to 13 mmole C/L. Large variability is noted in the soil moisture, with a maximum at the high clay region at ~8 m. Oxygen isotopes enter the USZ with rain falling on the surface. There is18O enrichment in the top of the section due to evaporation during the summer. Below this depth δ18O values of ~ –5‰ prevail as in the local aquifer. CO2and the carbon isotopes enter the USZ laterally by exhalation from roots. The δ13C varies from –5‰ to –23‰, representing stages in carbon isotopic fractionation: CO2gasbecomes dissolved CO2aqueouswhich then forms carbonic acid and HCO3–. The high δ13C, Δ14C, and DIC are found at the 8 m depth. These values along with high humidity are replicated at ~22m depth. They most probably represent recharge water from the previous rainy season at 8 m depth subsequently pushed down 12.8±0.8 m during the last winter.
Playing Favorites? Industry Expert Directors in Diversified Firms
Authors: Ellis Jesse A. , Fee C. Edward , Thomas Shawn
Published: July 2018

We examine the influence of outside directors’ industry experience on segment investment, segment operating performance, and firm valuation for conglomerates. Given board composition is endogenous, we instrument for the presence of industry expert directors using the supply of experienced executives near conglomerate firms’ headquarters. We find that industry expert representation on the board causes increased segment investment. Consistent with experienced directors playing favorites rather than acting as dispassionate advisors, segment profitability (firm value) is lower for segments (firms) with industry expert outside directors. We do not find analogous negative profitability or valuation effects of director experience for single-segment firms.
Collapse and Failure in Complex Societies - Understanding Collapse: Ancient history and modern myths, by Guy D. Middleton, 2017. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; ISBN 978-1-316-60607-0 paperback £29.99; xviii+441 pp., 49 b/w illus, 16 tables - Why Did Ancient Civilizations Fail?, by Scott A.J. Johnson, 2017. New York/London: Routledge; ISBN 978-1-62958-283-2 paperback £33.99; xiii+293 pp., 31 b/w illus
Authors: Knodell Alex R.
Published: July 2018

Collapse, societal failure, doom and dystopia are popular topics, both in scholarship and in much wider spheres of cultural consumption. The decline or disappearance of human societies has been a point of interest for as long as people have been aware of the vestiges of cultures past, from colonial sensationalism concerning the ruins of apparently mighty civilizations through to early scholarship emphasizing historical process (e.g. Gibbon'sDecline and Fall of the Roman Empire, 1776–1789). Modern studies of collapse have highlighted the topic as a historical and anthropological problem of comparative interest in the archaeology of complex societies (see the foundational works of Tainter 1988; Yoffee & Cowgill 1988).
A Pilot of a UK Emergency Medical Team (EMT) Medical Record During a Deployment Training Course
Authors: Jafar Anisa J.N. , Fletcher Rachel J. , Lecky Fiona , Redmond Anthony D.
Published: July 2018

Introduction

Improving medical record keeping is a key part of the World Health Organization’s (WHO’s; Geneva, Switzerland) drive to standardize and evaluate emergency medical team (EMT) response to sudden onset disasters (SODs).

Problem

In response to the WHO initiative, the UK EMT is redeveloping its medical record template in line with the WHO minimum dataset (MDS) for daily reporting. When changing a medical record, it is important to understand how well it functions before it is implemented.

Methods

The redeveloped medical record was piloted at a UK EMT deployment course using simulated patients in order to examine ease of use by practitioners, and rates of data capture for key MDS variables.

Results

Some parts of the form were consistently poorly filled in, and the way in which the form was completed suggested that the flow of the form did not align with the recorder’s natural thought processes when under pressure.

Conclusion:

Piloting of a single-sheet triplicate medical record during an EMT deployment simulation led to significant modifications to improve data capture and function.

Jafar AJN, Fletcher RJ, Lecky F, Redmond AD. A pilot of a UK emergency medical team (EMT) medical record during a deployment training course. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2018;33(4):441–447.
Winter Water Formation in Coastal Polynyas of the Eastern Chukchi Shelf: Pacific and Atlantic Influences
Authors: Hirano Daisuke , Fukamachi Yasushi , Ohshima Kay I. , Watanabe Eiji , Mahoney Andrew R. , Eicken Hajo , Itoh Motoyo , Simizu Daisuke , Iwamoto Katsushi , Jones Joshua , Takatsuka Toru , Kikuchi Takashi , Tamura Takeshi
Published: July 2018

Water properties and formation processes of Alaskan Coastal Winter Water (ACWW) over the eastern Chukchi shelf along the Alaska coast, the so‐called Barrow Canyon pathway, are examined using data from moorings, atmospheric reanalysis, satellite‐derived sea‐ice production (SIP), and a numerical tracer experiment. Along this pathway, Pacific Winter Water (PWW) can be modified to produce ACWW through SIP accompanied by production of cold, saline polynya water in the coastal polynyas, upwelling of warm Atlantic Water (AW), and mixing processes on the shelf. Three different types of ACWW are formed: (i) a mixture of AW and PWW, (ii) a mixture of AW and polynya water, and (iii) hypersaline polynya water. The northeasterly winds, correlated with the north‐south atmospheric pressure gradient between Beaufort High and Aleutian Low, are common triggers of polynya SIP episodes and AW upwelling in the Barrow Coastal Polynya (BCP). Due to the dual impact of northeasterly winds, PWW modification processes in the BCP are more complicated than what occurs elsewhere in the Chukchi Polynya. The impact of AW upwelling on the ACWW formation is most prominent in the BCP, usually centered along the coast. All types of ACWW are thought to be basically transported westward or northwestward with the Chukchi slope current and/or Beaufort Gyre and finally contribute to maintenance of the lower halocline layer especially over the Chukchi Borderland, Northwind Ridge, and southern Canada Basin. Even in the Pacific sector of the Arctic Ocean, ACWW properties are strongly influenced by both Atlantic‐origin and Pacific‐origin waters.
Experimental Investigation of Gas Flow and Hydrate Formation Within the Hydrate Stability Zone
Authors: Meyer Dylan W. , Flemings Peter B. , DiCarlo David , You Kehua , Phillips Stephen C. , Kneafsey Timothy J.
Published: July 2018

We form methane hydrate by injecting methane gas into a brine‐saturated, coarse‐grained sample under hydrate‐stable thermodynamic conditions. Hydrate forms to a saturation of 11%, which is much lower than that predicted assuming three‐phase (gas‐hydrate‐brine) thermodynamic equilibrium (67%). During hydrate formation, there are temporary flow blockages. We interpret that a hydrate skin forms a physical barrier at the gas‐brine interface. The skin fails periodically when the pressure differential exceeds the skin strength. Once the skin is present, further hydrate formation is limited by the rate that methane can diffuse through the solid skin. This process produces distinct thermodynamic states on either side of the skin that allows gas to flow through the sample. This study illuminates how gas can be transported through the hydrate stability zone and thus provides a mechanism for the formation of concentrated hydrate deposits in sand reservoirs. It also illustrates that models that assume local equilibrium at the core‐scale and larger may not capture the fundamental behaviors of these gas flow and hydrate formation processes.
Impacts of Atmospheric Nitrogen Deposition and Coastal Nitrogen Fluxes on Oxygen Concentrations in Chesapeake Bay
Authors: Da Fei , Friedrichs Marjorie A. M. , St‐Laurent Pierre
Published: July 2018

Although rivers are the primary source of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) inputs to the Chesapeake Bay, direct atmospheric DIN deposition and coastal DIN concentrations on the continental shelf can also significantly influence hypoxia; however, the relative impact of these additional sources of DIN on Chesapeake Bay hypoxia has not previously been quantified. In this study, the estuarine‐carbon‐biogeochemistry model embedded in the Regional‐Ocean‐Modeling‐System (ChesROMS‐ECB) is used to examine the relative impact of these three DIN sources. Model simulations highlight that DIN from the atmosphere has roughly the same impact on hypoxia as the same gram‐for‐gram change in riverine DIN loading, although their spatial and temporal distributions are distinct. DIN concentrations on the continental shelf have a similar overall impact on hypoxia as DIN from the atmosphere (~0.2 mg L−1); however, atmospheric DIN impacts dissolved oxygen (DO) primarily via the decomposition of autochthonous organic matter, whereas coastal DIN concentrations primarily impact DO via the decomposition of allochthonous organic matter entering the Bay mouth from the shelf. The impacts of atmospheric DIN deposition and coastal DIN concentrations on hypoxia are greatest in summer and occur farther downstream (southern mesohaline) in wet years than in dry years (northern mesohaline). Integrated analyses of the relative contributions of all three DIN sources on summer bottom DO indicate that impacts of atmospheric deposition are largest in the eastern mesohaline shoals, riverine DIN has dominant impacts in the largest tributaries and the oligohaline Bay, while coastal DIN concentrations are most influential in the polyhaline region.
An Improved Soil Moisture Parametrization for Regional Climate Simulations in Europe
Authors: Breil M. , Schädler G. , Laube N.
Published: July 2018

A new depth‐dependent saturated soil hydraulic conductivity function is implemented in the Regional Climate Model COSMO‐CLM coupled to the Land Surface Model VEG3D (CCLM‐VEG3D), to improve the physical description of soils in regional climate simulations for the Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment‐European Domain. This new function is characterized by conductivity values decreasing exponentially with depth, accounting for the reduced pore volume in deeper soil layers. As a result, the new function reduces the soil water amount in the upper soil layers. Thus, less water is available for evapotranspiration and the latent heat fluxes are reduced. In turn, soil heating and the sensible heat fluxes are increased, leading to higher near‐surface temperatures in summer. Because of that, an observed cold bias in CCLM‐VEG3D simulations with a depth‐constant saturated soil hydraulic conductivity function is reduced over large parts of Europe. However, the decreased evapotranspiration results in a reduced cloud cover, which enhances the upward longwave net radiation and the cold bias in winter is getting stronger. But a comparison with observations shows that the new function effectively reduces the mean annual cold bias over almost all of Europe systematically, since the soil moisture‐temperature coupling is strongest in summer. This approach is potentially also an improvement for other Land Surface Models.
Genetic deficiency of NOD2 confers resistance to invasive aspergillosis
Authors: Gresnigt Mark S. , Cunha Cristina , Jaeger Martin , Gonçalves Samuel M. , Malireddi R. K. Subbarao , Ammerdorffer Anne , Lubbers Rosalie , Oosting Marije , Rasid Orhan , Jouvion Grégory , Fitting Catherine , Jong Dirk J. de , Lacerda João F. , Campos António , Melchers Willem J. G. , Lagrou Katrien , Maertens Johan , Kanneganti Thirumala-Devi , Carvalho Agostinho , Ibrahim-Granet Oumaima , van de Veerdonk Frank L.
Published: July 2018

Invasive aspergillosis (IA) is a severe infection that can occur in severely immunocompromised patients. Efficient immune recognition ofAspergillusis crucial to protect against infection, and previous studies suggested a role for NOD2 in this process. However, thorough investigation of the impact of NOD2 on susceptibility to aspergillosis is lacking. Common genetic variations inNOD2has been associated with Crohn’s disease and here we investigated the influence of these  genetic variations on the anti-Aspergillushost response. A NOD2polymorphism reduced the risk of IA after hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation. Mechanistically, absence of NOD2 in monocytes and macrophages increases phagocytosis leading to enhanced fungal killing, conversely, NOD2 activation reduces the antifungal potential of these cells. Crucially,Nod2deficiency results in resistance toAspergillusinfection in anin vivomodel of pulmonary aspergillosis. Collectively, our data demonstrate that genetic deficiency ofNOD2plays a protective role duringAspergillusinfection.
Silver-catalyzed remote Csp3-H functionalization of aliphatic alcohols
Authors: Zhu Yuchao , Huang Kaimeng , Pan Jun , Qiu Xu , Luo Xiao , Qin Qixue , Wei Jialiang , Wen Xiaojin , Zhang Lizhi , Jiao Ning
Published: July 2018

Aliphatic alcohols are common and bulk chemicals in organic synthesis. The site-selective functionalization of non-activated aliphatic alcohols is attractive but challenging. Herein, we report a silver-catalyzed δ-selective Csp3-H bond functionalization of abundant and inexpensive aliphatic alcohols. Valuable oximonitrile substituted alcohols are easily obtained by using well-designed sulphonyl reagents under simple and mild conditions. This protocol realizes the challenging δ-selective C–C bond formation of simple alkanols.
Observational constraint on cloud susceptibility weakened by aerosol retrieval limitations
Authors: Ma Po-Lun , Rasch Philip J. , Chepfer Hélène , Winker David M. , Ghan Steven J.
Published: July 2018

Aerosol-cloud interactions remain a major uncertainty in climate research. Studies have indicated that model estimates of cloud susceptibility to aerosols frequently exceed satellite estimates, motivating model reformulations to increase agreement. Here we show that conventional ways of using satellite information to estimate susceptibility can serve as only a weak constraint on models because the estimation is sensitive to errors in the retrieval procedures. Using instrument simulators to investigate differences between model and satellite estimates of susceptibilities, we find that low aerosol loading conditions are not well characterized by satellites, but model clouds are sensitive to aerosol perturbations in these conditions. We quantify the observational requirements needed to constrain models, and find that the nighttime lidar measurements of aerosols provide a better characterization of tenuous aerosols. We conclude that observational uncertainties and limitations need to be accounted for when assessing the role of aerosols in the climate system.
Selective ensembles in supported palladium sulfide nanoparticles for alkyne semi-hydrogenation
Authors: Albani Davide , Shahrokhi Masoud , Chen Zupeng , Mitchell Sharon , Hauert Roland , López Núria , Pérez-Ramírez Javier
Published: July 2018

Ensemble control has been intensively pursued for decades to identify sustainable alternatives to the Lindlar catalyst (PdPb/CaCO3) applied for the partial hydrogenation of alkynes in industrial organic synthesis. Although the geometric and electronic requirements are known, a literature survey illustrates the difficulty of transferring this knowledge into an efficient and robust catalyst. Here, we report a simple treatment of palladium nanoparticles supported on graphitic carbon nitride with aqueous sodium sulfide, which directs the formation of a nanostructured Pd3S phase with controlled crystallographic orientation, exhibiting unparalleled performance in the semi-hydrogenation of alkynes in the liquid phase. The exceptional behavior is linked to the multifunctional role of sulfur. Apart from defining a structure integrating spatially-isolated palladium trimers, the active ensembles, the modifier imparts a bifunctional mechanism and weak binding of the organic intermediates. Similar metal trimers are also identified in Pd4S, evidencing the pervasiveness of these selective ensembles in supported palladium sulfides.
Burden on hydropower units for short-term balancing of renewable power systems
Authors: Yang Weijia , Norrlund Per , Saarinen Linn , Witt Adam , Smith Brennan , Yang Jiandong , Lundin Urban
Published: July 2018

There is a general need to change hydropower operational regimes to balance the growing contribution of variable renewable energy sources in power systems. Quantifying the burden on generation equipment is increasingly uncertain and difficult. Here, we propose a framework combining technical and economic indicators to analyze primary frequency control (PFC) on a timescale of seconds. We develop a model integrating hydraulic, mechanical, and electrical subsystems to characterize efficiency loss, wear and fatigue, regulation mileage, and frequency quality. We evaluate burden relief strategies under three idealized remuneration schemes for PFC, inspired by those used in Sweden, the USA, and China, respectively. We show how burden and compensation vary under future scenarios of renewable power systems. Our framework can be used by producers to develop favorable operation strategies that reduce burden and increase economic value, and by transmission system operators to provide insights on the relation between incentive structures and regulating performance.
miR-103 promotes endothelial maladaptation by targeting lncWDR59
Authors: Natarelli Lucia , Geißler Claudia , Csaba Gergely , Wei Yuanyuan , Zhu Mengyu , di Francesco Andrea , Hartmann Petra , Zimmer Ralf , Schober Andreas
Published: July 2018

Blood flow at arterial bifurcations and curvatures is naturally disturbed. Endothelial cells (ECs) fail to adapt to disturbed flow, which transcriptionally direct ECs toward a maladapted phenotype, characterized by chronic regeneration of injured ECs. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) can regulate EC maladaptation through targeting of protein-coding RNAs. However, long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), known epigenetic regulators of biological processes, can also be miRNA targets, but their contribution on EC maladaptation is unclear. Here we show that hyperlipidemia- and oxLDL-induced upregulation of miR-103 inhibits EC proliferation and promotes endothelial DNA damage through targeting of novel lncWDR59. MiR-103 impedes lncWDR59 interaction with Notch1-inhibitor Numb, therefore affecting Notch1-induced EC proliferation. Moreover, miR-103 increases the susceptibility of proliferating ECs to oxLDL-induced mitotic aberrations, characterized by an increased micronucleic formation and DNA damage accumulation, by affecting Notch1-related β-catenin co-activation. Collectively, these data indicate that miR-103 programs ECs toward a maladapted phenotype through targeting of lncWDR59, which may promote atherosclerosis.
Heavily and fully modified RNAs guide efficient SpyCas9-mediated genome editing
Authors: Mir Aamir , Alterman Julia F. , Hassler Matthew R. , Debacker Alexandre J. , Hudgens Edward , Echeverria Dimas , Brodsky Michael H. , Khvorova Anastasia , Watts Jonathan K. , Sontheimer Erik J.
Published: July 2018

RNA-based drugs depend on chemical modifications to increase potency and to decrease immunogenicity in vivo. Chemical modification will likely improve the guide RNAs involved in CRISPR-Cas9-based therapeutics as well. Cas9 orthologs are RNA-guided microbial effectors that cleave DNA. Here, we explore chemical modifications at all positions of the crRNA guide and tracrRNA cofactor. We identify several heavily modified versions of crRNA and tracrRNA that are more potent than their unmodified counterparts. In addition, we describe fully chemically modified crRNAs and tracrRNAs (containing no 2′-OH groups) that are functional in human cells. These designs will contribute to Cas9-based therapeutics since heavily modified RNAs tend to be more stable in vivo (thus increasing potency). We anticipate that our designs will improve the use of Cas9 via RNP and mRNA delivery for in vivo and ex vivo purposes.
Effect of divalent ions and a polyphosphate on composition, structure, and stiffness of simulated drinking water biofilms
Authors: Shen Yun , Huang Pin Chieh , Huang Conghui , Sun Peng , Monroy Guillermo L. , Wu Wenjing , Lin Jie , Espinosa-Marzal Rosa M. , Boppart Stephen A. , Liu Wen-Tso , Nguyen Thanh H.
Published: July 2018

The biofilm chemical and physical properties in engineered systems play an important role in governing pathogen transmission, fouling facilities, and corroding metal surfaces. Here, we investigated how simulated drinking water biofilm chemical composition, structure, and stiffness responded to the common scale control practice of adjusting divalent ions and adding polyphosphate. Magnetomotive optical coherence elastography (MM-OCE), a tool developed for diagnosing diseased tissues, was used to determine biofilm stiffness in this study. MM-OCE, together with atomic force microscopy (AFM), revealed that the biofilms developed from a drinking water source with high divalent ions were stiffer compared to biofilms developed either from the drinking water source with low divalent ions or the water containing a scale inhibitor (a polyphosphate). The higher stiffness of biofilms developed from the water containing high divalent ions was attributed to the high content of calcium carbonate, suggested by biofilm composition examination. In addition, by examining the biofilm structure using optical coherence tomography (OCT), the highest biofilm thickness was found for biofilms developed from the water containing the polyphosphate. Compared to the stiff biofilms developed from the water containing high divalent ions, the soft and thick biofilms developed from the water containing polyphosphate will be expected to have higher detachment under drinking water flow. This study suggested that water chemistry could be used to predict the biofilm properties and subsequently design the microbial safety control strategies.
Transcriptional responses of soybean roots to colonization with the root endophytic fungus Piriformospora indica reveals altered phenylpropanoid and secondary metabolism
Authors: Bajaj Ruchika , Huang Yinyin , Gebrechristos Sebhat , Mikolajczyk Brian , Brown Heather , Prasad Ram , Varma Ajit , Bushley Kathryn E.
Published: July 2018

Piriformospora indica, a root endophytic fungus, has been shown to enhance biomass production and confer tolerance to various abiotic and biotic stresses in many plant hosts. A growth chamber experiment of soybean (Glycine max) colonized by P. indica compared to uninoculated control plants showed that the fungus significantly increased shoot dry weight, nutrient content, and rhizobial biomass. RNA-Seq analyses of root tissue showed upregulation of 61 genes and downregulation of 238 genes in colonized plants. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analyses demonstrated that upregulated genes were most significantly enriched in GO categories related to lignin biosynthesis and regulation of iron transport and metabolism but also mapped to categories of nutrient acquisition, hormone signaling, and response to drought stress. Metabolic pathway analysis revealed upregulation of genes within the phenylpropanoid and derivative pathways such as biosynthesis of monolignol subunits, flavonoids and flavonols (luteolin and quercetin), and iron scavenging siderophores. Highly enriched downregulated GO categories included heat shock proteins involved in response to heat, high-light intensity, hydrogen peroxide, and several related to plant defense. Overall, these results suggest that soybean maintains an association with this root endosymbiotic fungus that improves plant growth and nutrient acquisition, modulates abiotic stress, and promotes synergistic interactions with rhizobia.
Effect of different filling tendencies on the spatial quantum Zeno effect
Authors: Zhang Xin , Xu Chang , Ren Zhongzhou , Peng Jie
Published: July 2018

The quantum Zeno effect is deeply related to the quantum measurement process and thus studies of it may help shed light on the hitherto mysterious measurement process in quantum mechanics. Recently, the spatial quantum Zeno effect is observed in a Bose-Einstein condensate depleted by an electron beam. We theoretically investigate how different intrinsic tendencies of filling affect the quantum Zeno effect in this system by changing the impinging point of the electron beam along the inhomogeneous condensate. Surprisingly, we find no visible effect on the critical dissipation intensity at which the quantum Zeno effect appear. Our finding shows the recent capability of combining the Bose-Einstein condensate with an electron beam offers a great opportunity for studying the spatial quantum Zeno effect, and more generally the dynamics of a quantum many-body system out of equilibrium.
Diversity among blaKPC-containing plasmids in Escherichia coli and other bacterial species isolated from the same patients
Authors: Hazen Tracy H. , Mettus Roberta , McElheny Christi L. , Bowler Sarah L. , Nagaraj Sushma , Doi Yohei , Rasko David A.
Published: July 2018

Carbapenem resistant Enterobacteriaceae are a significant public health concern, and genes encoding the Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC) have contributed to the global spread of carbapenem resistance. In the current study, we used whole-genome sequencing to investigate the diversity of blaKPC-containing plasmids and antimicrobial resistance mechanisms among 26 blaKPC-containing Escherichia coli, and 13 blaKPC-containing Enterobacter asburiae, Enterobacter hormaechei, K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella variicola, Klebsiella michiganensis, and Serratia marcescens strains, which were isolated from the same patients as the blaKPC-containing E. coli. A blaKPC-containing IncN and/or IncFIIK plasmid was identified in 77% (30/39) of the E. coli and other bacterial species analyzed. Complete genome sequencing and comparative analysis of a blaKPC-containing IncN plasmid from one of the E. coli strains demonstrated that this plasmid is present in the K. pneumoniae and S. marcescens strains from this patient, and is conserved among 13 of the E. coli and other bacterial species analyzed. Interestingly, while both IncFIIK and IncN plasmids were prevalent among the strains analyzed, the IncN plasmids were more often identified in multiple bacterial species from the same patients, demonstrating a contribution of this IncN plasmid to the inter-genera dissemination of the blaKPC genes between the E. coli and other bacterial species analyzed.
Risk-adjustment of diabetes health outcomes improves the accuracy of performance benchmarking
Authors: Danek Eleanor , Earnest Arul , Wischer Natalie , Andrikopoulos Sofianos , Pease Anthony , Nanayakkara Natalie , Zoungas Sophia
Published: July 2018

Benchmarking clinical performance by comparing diabetes health outcomes across healthcare providers drives quality improvement. Non-care related patient risk factors are likely to confound clinical performance, but few studies have tested this. This cross-sectional study is the first Australian investigation to analyse the effect of risk-adjustment for non-care related patient factors on benchmarking. Data from 4,670 patients with type 2 (n = 3,496) or type 1 (n = 1,174) were analysed across 49 diabetes centres. Diabetes health outcomes (HbA1c levels, LDL-cholesterol levels, systolic blood pressure and rates of severe hypoglycaemia) were risk-adjusted for non-care related patient factors using multivariate stepwise linear and logistic regression models. Unadjusted and risk-adjusted funnel plots were constructed for each outcome to identify low-performing and high-performing outliers. Unadjusted funnel plots identified 27 low-performing outliers and 15 high-performing outliers across all diabetes health outcomes. After risk-adjustment, 22 (81%) low-performing outliers and 13 (87%) high-performing outliers became inliers. Additionally, one inlier became a low-performing outlier. Risk-adjustment of diabetes health outcomes significantly reduced false positives and false negatives for outlier performance, hence providing more accurate information to guide quality improvement activity.
Lifespan and functionality of mycorrhizal fungal mycelium are uncoupled from host plant lifespan
Authors: Pepe Alessandra , Giovannetti Manuela , Sbrana Cristiana
Published: July 2018

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are obligate symbionts, living in associations with the roots of most land plants. AMF produce wide networks of extraradical mycelium (ERM) of indeterminate length, spreading from host roots into the surrounding soil and establishing belowground interconnections among plants belonging to the same or to different taxa. Whether their lifespan and functionality are limited by host plant viability or can be extended beyond this limit is unknown. To address this issue, we performed time-course studies to investigate viability and functionality of ERM produced in anin vivowhole-plant system byFunneliformis mosseaeandRhizoglomus irregulare, after shoot detachment. Our data revealed that viability and functionality ofF. mosseaeandR. irregulareextraradical hyphae were uncoupled from host plant lifespan. Indeed, ERM spreading from roots of intact or shootless plants showed comparable levels of viability, similar structural traits and ability to establish mycorrhizal symbioses with new plants, as long as five months after shoot removal. Our findings expand the current knowledge on AMF biology and life cycle, providing data on ERM long-term survival in the soil of two Glomeracean species, functional to the prompt establishment of mycorrhizal symbioses and to the maintenance of soil biological fertility.