bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Competencies for educational activities in nursing
Authors: Leonello Valéria Marli , Oliveira Maria Amélia de Campos
Published: May 2008

The focus of this study is the interface between nursing education and nursing care in its educative dimension. OBJECTIVE: To develop a profile of competencies for nursing care education from the perspective of the subjects involved. METHOD: Historical and dialectical materialism was used as the theoretical and methodological framework. Competence was addressed as the conceptual category, as defined by Perrenoud, based on healthcare concepts and on instrumental knowledge as advocated by Mendes-Gonçalves. RESULTS: the analysis of empirical material resulted in the creation of 10 core competencies for nursing education activities. CONCLUSION: The need to give a new meaning to education action from the perspective of Popular Education implies the development of pedagogical opportunities during their undergraduate studies in order to enable students to use their knowledge and skills to develop a dialogical attitude of recognition of the subjects of nursing care.
Movement undertaken by newly graduated nurses towards the strengthening of their professional autonomy and towards patient autonomy
Authors: Berti Heloisa Wey , Braga Eliana Mara , Godoy Ilda de , Spiri Wilza Carla , Bocchi Silvia Cristina Mangini
Published: May 2008

This study involved newly graduated nurses performing in a public hospital and aimed at apprehending how they interpret the reality of their practice as well as their knowledge and experiences; at identifying and problematizing aspects related to the caregiving practice in terms of compliance with the autonomy bioethical framework and at pointing out ways to overcome the problems identified. The strategy adopted for data collection was the focal group and the theoretical framework was based on the Grounded Theory. Two phenomena emerged from the results: 1) Perceiving the fragility of nurse and patient autonomy and 2) Moving towards the strengthening of nurse and patient autonomy. This allowed for the identification of the core category: movement undertaken by newly graduated nurses towards the strengthening of their professional autonomy and towards patient autonomy. Understanding the experience enabled us to expand the knowledge concerning newly graduate nurses' coping, thus favoring our action as nursing professors.
Depression among nursing students associated to their self-esteem, health perception and interest in mental health
Authors: Furegato Antonia Regina Ferreira , Santos Jair Licio Ferreira , Silva Edilaine Cristina da
Published: May 2008

This study aimed to identify the presence of depression among nursing students in relation to their self-esteem, perception of physical health and interest in mental health. METHODOLOGY: the research was carried out in class among 224 nursing students. The Depression Knowledge and Points of View questionnaire was used, as well as Beck's inventory, the Self-esteem scale and information about health and quality of life. Sociodemographic and clinical data were investigated, as well as the students' interest in mental health. The project was approved by the Ethics Committee. RESULTS: depression is present among nursing students at levels expected for the population. The statistically assessed results evidenced a correlation between physical health perception (bad and medium), interest and attendance to courses in the field, concluding that there are greater chances of depression among nursing students.
Knowledge of diabetic patients about their disease before and after implementing a diabetes education program
Authors: Otero Liudmila Miyar , Zanetti Maria Lúcia , Ogrizio Michelle Daguano
Published: May 2008

The purpose of this quasi-experimental, prospective and comparative study is to evaluate the knowledge that diabetic patients have about their disease before and after implementing a Diabetes Education Program. Fifty-four diabetic patients participated in the study, which occurred from April 2004 to April 2005. Data collection was performed using a questionnaire. The study population was characterized as adult and elderly subjects, with ages between 29 and 78 years; 60 years, on the average; Most participants were female 40/54 (74.1%); white 32/54 (59.3%); married 37/54 (68.5%); retired 23/54 (42.6%); with incomplete primary education 32/54 (59.3%); and an income of one to two minimum wages 16/54 (29.6%). The patients' knowledge regarding their disease increased significantly (p<0.05); especially considering the general topics concerning diabetes mellitus: concept of the disease, physiopathology and treatments; other topics that stood out were physical activity and nutrition.
Ways of coping with AIDS: opinion of mothers with HIV children
Authors: Silva Richardson Augusto Rosendo da , Rocha Vera Maria da , Davim Rejane Marie Barbosa , Torres Gilson de Vasconcelos
Published: May 2008

The research aims at identifying strategies of coping with AIDS used by mothers of HIV positive children to live better with their children's disease. The method used was a descriptive qualitative study. Thirty-three structured interviews were conducted with HIV positive women voluntaries and registered as users in the clinic of the public hospital of reference for the treatment of AIDS in Natal/RN. For data analysis, the method used was thematic content analysis. From the analysis, prevalent categories regarding forms of facing AIDS came up, they were: overprotection and fear; donation; hope; religious belief; underestimation of HIV; hiding the diagnosis; and resignation. This study shows that despite AIDS limitations and barriers, relatives develop strategies that make it possible to face every day problems and live better with it.
Adolescent maternity in a low income community: experiences revealed by oral history
Authors: Hoga Luiza Akiko Komura
Published: May 2008

Adolescent maternity involves relevant factors associated with each family, culture and society. This research aimed to describe the experiences in the trajectory of adolescent maternity. The oral history method was used, obtaining the narratives of 21 adolescent mothers living in a low income community located in São Paulo City, Brazil. The following descriptive categories emerged from the narratives: Pregnancy: an event in the initial phase of the relationship; Insufficient knowledge and access to contraceptives, gender inferiority and God's will: the ways to look at pregnancy; To escape from family problems and define the life course: the personal meanings attributed to pregnancy; More gain than pain: the balance of adolescent maternity. Adolescent maternity in low income contexts involves very complex factors and requires an integral, integrated, personal and family centered care.
Antisocial behavior and alcohol consumption by school adolescents
Authors: García Karla Selene López , Costa Junior Moacyr Lobo da
Published: May 2008

Adolescence is a vulnerable period and facilitates the start of risk behaviors, for instance the use of drugs. This study aims to describe the differences between antisocial behavior and alcohol consumption according to gender, age and education; as well as to discover the relation between antisocial behavior and alcohol consumption in 1,221 school adolescents from Monterrey - Nuevo Leon, Mexico. The findings reveal differences in antisocial behavior according to gender. Evidences showed that 41.3% of the students had consumed alcohol at sometime in their lives, and that differences exist in alcohol consumption according to age and education. Finally, the study found positive and significant relations between antisocial behavior and alcohol consumption (r s = .272, p <.001).
Tuberculosis contact control in Brazil: a liberature review (1984-2004)
Authors: Gazetta Cláudia Eli , Santos Maria de Lourdes Sperli Geraldes , Vendramini Sílvia Helena Figueiredo , Poletti Nadia Antonia Aparecida , Pinto Neto José Martins , Villa Tereza Cristina Scatena
Published: May 2008

This study aims to review plans for tuberculosis control through the analysis of measures for tuberculosis contact tracing in Brazil from 1984 to 2004. This article presents a literature review on tuberculosis control published in manuals of the Ministry of Health and the State Department of Health of Sao Paulo, and in Medline and Lilacs databases. There was a gap in the standardization of control measures in the decade from 1984 to 1994. It was concluded that health professionals need to incorporate TB control and prevention actions from the perspective of health surveillance and systematic monitoring.
Ten years of new injury severity score (NISS): is it a possible change?
Authors: Nogueira Lilia de Souza , Domingues Cristiane de Alencar , Campos Miriam de Araújo , Sousa Regina Márcia Cardoso de
Published: May 2008

The article is a bibliographic review which intends to present the actual range of researches comparing the Injury Severity Score (ISS) and the New Injury Severity Score (NISS). Databases were searched using the keyword NISS, with 42 articles, 23 of which didn't compare the two indexes. Most part of the 19 selected articles showed that NISS has been more accurate in predicting the outcomes (dependent variables) than ISS, moreover in severe and specific trauma. Studies with populations between 1,000 and 10,000 resulted in NISS-favorable results, whereas studies with populations larger than 10,000 or smaller than 1,000 showed either NISS-favorable results or no difference between the two groups. However, there were no studies showing ISS-favorable results. These results and the easier calculation of NISS lead to a future replacement of ISS by NISS.
The aesthetics of smells: the sense of smell and nursing
Authors: Wosny Antônio de Miranda , Erdmann Alacoque Lorenzini , Belli Filho Paulo , Leite Joséte Luzia
Published: May 2008

This study aims to present reflections on the meaning of olfactory sensations and perceptions, as well as their relevance as a phenomenon present in Nursing practice. It stresses the importance of the smells' chemical language in the hospital environment, emphasizing some deductions about the aesthetics of smells from the Nursing perspective. The authors conclude that a deeper aesthetic/philosophical and technical/scientific comprehension of smell emanations will contribute to human care, especially in Nursing diagnoses and prescriptions, environmental quality regulation and therapeutics.
Disidrose: aspectos clínicos, etiopatogênicos e terapêuticos
Authors: Minelli Lorivaldo , Florião Ryssia Alvarez , Sternick Manoel , Gon Airton dos Santos
Published: May 2008

A disidrose e as erupções disidrosiformes são dermatoses vesiculosas muito freqüentes e de localização palmar e/ou plantar, de difícil tratamento e de evolução recidivante. Sua cura definitiva depende da descoberta do agente etiológico e da possibilidade de sua retirada definitiva. Fatores emocionais, atopia, medicamentos, substâncias de contato, etc. têm sido relatados como seus causadores. Além do tratamento com corticosteróides, atualmente novas drogas têm sido indicadas nos casos mais graves e/ou refratários.
Capilaroscopia periungueal e gravidade da esclerodermia sistêmica
Authors: Skare Thelma L. , Esmanhotto Letícia , Casnoch Claudine , Silva Marilia Barreto
Published: May 2008

FUNDAMENTOS: A capilaroscopia periungueal tem sido largamente utilizada para diagnóstico de esclerodermia sistêmica. Mais recentemente descobriu-se que também pode predizer o envolvimento de órgãos internos. OBJETIVO: Verificar se a capilaroscopia periungueal mostra correlação com a gravidade da esclerodermia sistêmica. MÉTODOS: Foram estudados a capilaroscopia periungueal de 14 pacientes com esclerodermia sistêmica quanto ao número médio de capilares dilatados e às áreas de desvascularização; a medida do envolvimento cutâneo pelo índice de Rodnan modificado; e o grau de gravidade da doença segundo escala proposta por Medsger e cols. RESULTADOS: Os resultados mostraram boa correlação do índice de desvascularização com o grau de gravidade da doença (p = 0.04). Não se encontrou correlação entre o aparecimento de dilatação capilar e o grau de gravidade da doença (p = 0.572). O grau de espessamento cutâneo não mostrou correspondência com o grau de dilatação capilar (p = 0.76), embora mostrasse tendência de associação com desvascularização (p = 0.07). CONCLUSÃO: Os autores concluem que a presença de desvascularização à capilaroscopia periungueal pode ser usada como elemento indicador de maior gravidade da esclerodermia sistêmica.
Caso para diagnóstico
Authors: Albuquerque Vanessa Martins Ferreira de , Cardoso Alberto Eduardo Cox , Melo Maria José de Medeiros Barros , Souza Paulo Fernando de
Published: May 2008

Relata-se caso de erythema gyratum repens em paciente do sexo masculino, de 40 anos, com eritema disseminado, pruriginoso, bizarro, figurado, com fina descamação nas bordas. Na primeira consulta, os exames laboratoriais e a radiografia do tórax foram normais. Durante acompanhamento clínico foi diagnosticado câncer de pulmão por tomografia computadorizada de tórax, tendo a imuno-histoquímica da biópsia da linfonodomegalia inguinal confirmado o pulmão como sítio primário.
O ensino de história da química: contribuindo para a compreensão da natureza da ciência
Authors: Oki Maria da Conceição Marinho , Moradillo Edílson Fortuna de
Published: May 2008

Relata-se um estudo de caso que teve como objetivo explorar as potencialidades de aproximação entre História e Filosofia da Ciência da educação científica mediante utilização do ensino de História da Química. Visou-se auxiliar os alunos na compreensão da natureza da ciência e no aprendizado de conceitos químicos. O estudo envolveu a intervenção de uma professora/investigadora numa disciplina de História da Química e teve caráter exploratório, com abordagem de pesquisa qualitativa. A análise dos resultados utilizou o modelo misto, com categorias analíticas definidas a priori, que nortearam as dimensões epistemológicas de análise e a identificação de categorias emergentes, construídas a partir das respostas dos alunos a questionários abertos. Os resultados obtidos confirmaram a importância do espaço dessa disciplina para os alunos conhecerem a natureza da ciência, adquirindo concepções menos simplistas e mais contextualizadas sobre a ciência, apesar de alguma dificuldade na superação de concepções realistas ingênuas fortemente enraizadas em suas visões epistemológicas.
Fatores associados ao início da amamentação em uma cidade do sul do Brasil
Authors: Silveira Regina Bosenbecker da , Albernaz Elaine , Zuccheto Lucas Miranda
Published: May 2008

OBJETIVOS: identificar as características - maternas, dos bebês e das maternidades - associadas com o início da amamentação na primeira hora após o parto. MÉTODOS: estudo transversal aninhado em coorte que acompanhou bebês de mães residentes em Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul. As mães responderam a questionário padronizado, com dados referentes a fatores demográficos e socioeconômicos, pré-natal, características maternas do bebê, da maternidade, condições de nascimento e início da amamentação. As entrevistas foram realizadas através de visitas diárias às maternidades, respeitando um período mínimo de quatro horas após o parto. Foram realizadas análise univariada, bivariada e regressão logística. RESULTADOS: foram entrevistadas 2741 mães, sendo que 35,5% amamentaram na primeira hora pós-parto. As que mais precocemente iniciaram a amamentação foram as de menor idade, menor escolaridade e menor renda. Mães cujo parto foi cesárea tiveram um risco cerca de duas vezes maior de não amamentar na primeira hora de vida. CONCLUSÕES: é importante a indicação adequada do tipo de parto, pois a cesárea aumenta o tempo de separação mãe-bebê. É relevante estimular a expansão da Iniciativa Hospital Amigo da Criança, pela capacidade de promover e proteger o aleitamento.
Dor crônica e violência doméstica: estudo qualitativo com mulheres que freqüentam um serviço especializado de saúde
Authors: Almeida Anna Paula Florenzano de , Sousa Edinilsa Ramos de , Fortes Sandra , Minayo Maria Cecília de Sousa
Published: May 2008

OBJETIVOS: investigar a existência de história de violência na vida de mulheres com queixa de dor crônica, e que solicitam atendimento em um serviço especializado no atendimento à dor da Universidade Estadual do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. A somatização foi um dos temas destacados para se pensar a ligação entre violência e dor crônica. MÉTODOS: estudo de casos por meio da história de vida de 11 pacientes, enfatizando suas histórias de violência e vivência da dor. RESULTADOS: observou-se grande tendência das pacientes em buscar causas físicas para suas dores e nessa procura elas peregrinam pelos serviços de saúde passando de um médico ao outro. Todas as entrevistadas relataram nunca terem falado sobre suas histórias de violência com nenhum profissional de saúde e ao fazê-lo associam sua dor não somente a ocorrências físicas, como também a sofrimentos emocionais. Há uma busca da grande maioria das pacientes pela religião como alternativa para a cura da dor. CONCLUSÕES: os resultados apontam para a necessidade dos serviços de saúde estarem mais atentos à conexão entre violência prévia e dores crônicas, investindo no preparo dos profissionais da área de saúde para atender a esses pacientes.
O aleitamento materno na pós-graduação em nutrição no Brasil: um perfil das dissertações e teses de 1974 a 2004
Authors: Araújo Raquel Maria Amaral , Almeida João Aprígio Guerra de
Published: May 2008

OBJETIVOS: traçar o perfil da produção sobre aleitamento materno na pós-graduação stricto sensu em nutrição no Brasil. MÉTODOS: análise descritiva das dissertações e teses produzidas no período de 1974 a 2004 por todos os programas reconhecidos pela Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior. RESULTADOS: os programas produziram 732 obras, das quais 48 utilizaram o aleitamento materno como objeto de construção, sendo 42 em nível de mestrado e seis de doutorado. A Universidade Federal de Pernambuco concentrou o maior número de publicações, enquanto a Universidade de Brasília e a Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro foram as que, proporcionalmente, mais se dedicaram a estudar a temática. Em 44% dos programas não se verificou produção sobre aleitamento materno. Os programas se diferenciaram quanto à especificidade dos estudos, porém não exploraram os aspectos culturais que envolvem a prática do aleitamento materno. CONCLUSÕES: a nutrição, na qualidade de espaço de construção do conhecimento científico, ainda não se encontra, no seu todo, comprometida com a questão do aleitamento materno e não tem se ocupado das peculiaridades sociais e culturais que envolvem sua prática.
The Relative Importance of Wellbore Pressure Drop and Formation Damage in Horizontal Wells
Authors: Hill A. D. , Zhu D.
Published: May 2008

Numerous studies have examined the roles of wellbore pressure drop and near-wellbore formation damage on the production performance of horizontal wells. These studies identified particular conditions for which these effects are important, but no quantitative general guidelines have been developed. In this paper, we present simple, analytical expressions that can be used to determine the relative effects of wellbore pressure drop and formation damage on horizontal well inflow. The equations developed are used to show how horizontal wells or laterals can be designed so that neither of these effects causes significant flow restrictions.

The relative importance of the pressure drop in a horizontal wellbore is shown to be a simple function of two dimensionless numbers: the Reynold's Number for the flow in the wellbore and a new dimensionless number called the Horizontal Well Number. With this relationship, we illustrate how the wellbore diameter and length can be designed to ensure that the wellbore pressure drop is not restricting production.

In this paper, we also illustrate a technique for identifying the most critical part of the well flow system (far-field reservoir flow, near-well convergent flow, or flow through the completion) from the relative sizes of different terms in the inflow equations. This analysis method shows that the importance of formation damage and the efficiency of well stimulation depend on formation thickness, well length, and reservoir extent in the horizontal plane. Guidelines are presented to show how much damage can be tolerated while still maintaining productivity within a prescribed fraction of the undamaged productivity.
Inhibitor Performance on Corrosion and Erosion/Corrosion Under Turbulent Flow With Sand and CO2—An AC Impedance Study
Authors: Wang C. , Neville A.
Published: May 2008

Erosion/corrosion is a severe problem in oil and gas producing wells because of high flow velocity and sand particles entrained in the system. Using corrosion inhibitors to reduce erosion/corrosion has recently been proposed as an economically viable solution for carbon-steel piping systems (Smart 1991). In the literature, most studies using inhibitors to mitigate corrosion have been conducted under stagnant or low flow rate (<1 m/s) conditions. However, severe erosion/corrosion may occur when inhibitor films are removed from the steel by high liquid shear forces under actual oil and gas production conditions.

The inhibiting effect of a commercial inhibitor [named Inhibitor A (Wang et al. 2005)] on the behavior of carbon steel in CO2-saturated media has been examined under high flow velocity with sand by electrochemical and gravimetric measurements. Experiments were performed using a Rotating Cylinder Electrode (RCE). The alternate current (AC) impedance technique was used to study the effect of inhibitor adsorption onto the metal surface. The study clearly reveals that the addition of the inhibitor moves the corrosion potential toward positive values and reduces the corrosion rate. Changes in impedance parameters (Rct and Cdl) are indicative of adsorption of inhibitor on the metal surface leading to the formation of protective films.
A Rigorous Composite-Inflow-Performance Relationship Model for Multilateral Wells
Authors: Guo Boyun , Zhou Jinkui , Ling Kegang , Ghalambor Ali
Published: May 2008

Use of multilateral wells for oil and gas production has gained strong momentum in the past 5 years. However, most of the multilateral wells do not deliver hydrocarbon fluids at expected production rates. One of the reasons for this is that the well planners overestimate the productivity of wells by using inaccurate methods for predicting composite-inflow-performance relationship (IPR) of well laterals. A more-accurate method for predicting composite IPR of multilateral wells is highly desirable. This paper fills the gap.

Starting from terms familiar to petroleum engineers, a general well model was developed with consideration of reservoir-wellbore crossflow for lateral IPR and coupling of fluid flow from individual laterals to the main wellbore. The model allows different IPRs of laterals and permits crossflow between laterals. Pressure losses in the vertical-, curvic- and horizontal-hole sections are rigorously considered. Oil and gas wells are treated differently. The modified Hagedorn-Brown correlation is used for modeling the flow in the vertical sections, and the Beggs and Brill correlation is used for the curvic and horizontal sections for oil wells. The Cullender and Smith method was used for modeling the flow in gas wells. A computer simulator was developed based on the model for predicting multilateral-well production rate. Case studies have indicated excellent accuracy of the computer model. This work provides petroleum engineers a reliable and user-friendly tool for designing and evaluating multilateral wells.
Quantification of Uncertainties for Drilling-Induced Formation Damage
Authors: Ding Y. , Renard G. , Herzhaft B.
Published: May 2008

It has been widely recognized that formation damage caused by drilling fluid has a huge impact on well productivities. The degree of formation damage can be studied using a numerical model. However, uncertainties in the prediction of productivity loss need to be investigated. To quantify these uncertainties, experimental designs combined with the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) are used to assess the impact of uncertain parameters on formation damage. This approach allows to identify the most influential parameters on well productivity loss and to estimate the risks of formation damage. A good control of the most sensitive parameters can limit productivity loss. This approach provides key recommendations for the selection of drilling fluid to maximize well performance.
Comparative Study of Flowback Analysis Using Polymer Concentrations and Fracturing-Fluid Tracer Methods: A Field Study
Authors: Asadi Mahmoud , Woodroof Robert A. , Himes Ronald E.
Published: May 2008

This paper compares flowback efficiencies using polymer concentration and frac fluid tracer methods. Results are presented for the flowback efficiency of each frac fluid segment using nonradioactive chemical frac tracers injected in a well, along with the results for the total flowback efficiencies using polymer concentration and frac fluid tracer analysis methods. Two wells were fraced and traced with various chemical frac tracers. Upon commencing flowback, samples of produced aqueous fluid solution were collected according to a pre-designed sampling schedule that lasted for 72 hours. Samples were analyzed for tracer, polymer, calcium, potassium, sodium, and chloride concentrations. With the use of the mass balance technique, the total flowback volume and flowback efficiency for each fluid segment were calculated by use of the tracer method. In addition, total flowback and flowback efficiency were calculated by use of both polymer concentration and tracer methods. To better evaluate and compare the results of polymer concentration and frac fluid tracer analyses, dynamic fluid leakoff tests were conducted in a laboratory environment by use of both low and high permeability core samples. Detailed laboratory and field results are presented along with a comparison of flowback results from both polymer concentration and frac fluid tracer methods.
Well Integrity Operations at Prudhoe Bay, Alaska
Authors: Anders Joe , Rossberg Steve , Dube Anna , Engel Harry , Andrews David
Published: May 2008

This paper discusses the well-integrity-management system used at the Prudhoe Bay field located in Alaska. The focus is on systems and processes implemented to manage the well operations and interventions phase of a well's life. Well integrity is a multifaceted discipline, spanning a well's life from design to abandonment. The engineering aspects of well integrity have received increasing attention in recent years as public scrutiny and resultant regulatory requirements have evolved. The issue of sustained casing pressure (SCP) on the annulus of a well has also shaped current well-integrity practices. There have been several recent applied-technology workshops focused on well integrity, demonstrating its increasing importance. However, there is notably little well-integrity-related literature in the SPE paper library (see Michel 1995; Attard 1991; Soter et al. 2003; and Bourgoyne et al. 1999 for a listing of relevant papers).

The well-integrity-management system used at Prudhoe Bay has been evolving since field startup in 1977. Extensive experience has resulted in the design and management of systems to ensure safe operations; compliance with industry standards, regulatory-agency requirements, and internal company policies; and incorporating "lessons learned" from local incidents. This paper focuses on the operational and well intervention phases of a well's life and discusses evolution of the well-integrity-management system. Current operating practices are reviewed using BP's "7 Elements of Well Integrity" categorization. Finally, the data-management system used to monitor the well-integrity-system status is reviewed.
Performance Appraisals of Gas/Oil Separation Plants
Authors: Kokal Sunil , Al-Ghamdi Abdullah
Published: May 2008

Produced crude oil typically is processed at a wet-crude-handling facility (WCHF) or a gas/oil separation plant (GOSP). Most of the crude is commingled with water and produced in the form of emulsions that are separated at the GOSP using demulsifiers. In general, the emulsions at the inlet of Saudi Aramco GOSPs are tight, and no free water is observed in the feed stream.

This paper describes the performance appraisal of several Saudi Aramco GOSPs. It also discusses the evaluation of these facilities and the efforts undertaken to reduce and optimize the costs of oil/water separation. The most important effort was the characterization of emulsions from various fields. It shows the relative tightness of emulsions and the associated causes of tightness. It has become a diagnostic tool in the quest to understand the causes and treatment of emulsions. The inlet emulsions were characterized by conducting field tests at each of the GOSPs using fresh emulsion samples. The factors associated with the tightness of emulsions include the amount of fine solids such as asphaltenes and scales in the crude, water cuts, temperature, brine chemistry, and shear. Another aspect of oil-water separation investigated was the effect of processing equipment and vessel retrofitting. These included the conversion of two-phase (gas/liquid) separators into three-phase (gas/oil/water) separators, installation of coalescer packs, demulsifier injection strategies, and use of online analyzers. An innovative approach to optimizing oil/water separation is described. The paper provides operational data including demulsifier-treatment costs per barrel of oil, invaluable experience, and many "lessons learned" that are applicable to other crude-oil-treating facilities.
Consideration for Future Stimulation Options Is Vital in Deciding Horizontal Well Drilling and Completion Schemes for Production Optimization
Authors: Surjaatmadja Jim B. , McDaniel Billy W. , Case Leonard R. , East Loyd E. , Pyecroft James F.
Published: May 2008

Many horizontal wells have been completed without plans for stimulation. Often, horizontal wells were not planned for stimulation, because the belief at the time of completion was that horizontal wellbores eliminate the need for hydraulic fracturing stimulation. This presumption has turned out to be false. Often, by the time it is discovered that a horizontal well needs to be stimulated, it cannot be stimulated effectively because of mechanical or reservoir limitations. This regrettable outcome may have been avoided if extensive preplanning had included consideration for future stimulation. Such preplanning may be limited—not only to the already extensive plans for prospective stimulation activities and selection of the most promising stimulation methods—but for all activities required during the life of the well.
PPDM - A Basis for Integration
Authors: Huszti Mel
Published: May 2008

The Public Petroleum Data Model (PPDM) is a non-proprietary data model that is designed for the oil industry to store, retrieve and process computer information more efficiently through standardization. By using a common model, data bases avoid duplicating information and improve the versatility of relating one item to any other item. It also allows compliant software to simply "plug in" to existing databases. With a common model, adding data or upgrading software becomes very easy and inexpensive. This will allow industry to better keep pace with new technology.
Workovers in Sour Environments: How Do We Avoid Coiled Tubing (CT) Failures?
Authors: Nasr-El-Din Hisham A. , Metcalf Arthur S.
Published: May 2008

Workover of wells contaminated with hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a difficult task. Coiled tubing (CT) has become one of the mainstays in treating this type of well, but failures do occur, such as tubing recovered with leaks or catastrophic parting, which can leave several thousand feet of tubing, including bottomhole assemblies (BHAs), to be fished.

Corrosion control is essential to protect production equipment, and to avoid CT failures during acid treatments. Also essential for the safe use of CT are the proper selection of metallurgy for the downhole environment, appropriate use of H2S inhibitors, nondestructive testing of the coil before usage, and periodic sampling of the coil for physical examination. Other precautionary measures are still in the development stages.

In this paper, we discuss two case histories of CT failure during workover in sour environments. The analyses performed to determine causes and recommended practices to avoid the reoccurrence of these failures are included along with a set of guidelines for the safe use of CT in sour-well workovers.
Eliminating Multiple Interventions Using a Single Rig-Up Coiled-Tubing Solution
Authors: Kumar P. Santhana , Gisbergen Stan Van , Harris Jeremy , Ferdiansyah Erik , Brady Mark , Al Harthy Salah , Pandey Arun
Published: May 2008

This paper describes new methods to economically improve production levels in one of the mature fields of Petroleum Development Oman. This field had been developed by infill drilling programs, which were suspended in early 2001 to review the development strategy. A reservoir management team set a challenge to effectively conduct logging operations and quickly use the data collected to identify and avail of optimization opportunities. The ensuing campaign resulted in maximizing the production of the wells whilst lowering overall costs. The optimization activity consisted of clean-out, saturation logging, perforation, and stimulation. These activities were initially carried out in two ways: 1) with coiled tubing using only conventional coiled tubing and e-line coiled tubing or 2) with the combination of coiled tubing and a hoist. Both methods involved multiple well entries. Both of these methods were successful in that they resulted in incremental net oil production but at relatively high costs.

This paper presents an enhanced methodology which enables clean-out, logging, stimulation, and perforation with one coiled-tubing intervention, which includes a plastic-coated "e-line" coiled tubing, coiled-tubing perforating head, and new perforation technology. All systems are in complete compliance with the most stringent safety criteria. The new method has a considerable time and cost savings impact. These results are fully illustrated in this paper with field trial case histories, in which a multi-disciplinary team effectively targeted the most suitable zones for perforation and stimulation by use of a state of the art self-diverting, non-damaging, acid system. Technical and economic comparisons are made with conventional practices. The new methodology is currently being used in this field and is potentially applicable to other fields.
Low Sulfate Seawater Injection for Barium Sulfate Scale Control: A Life-of-Field Solution to a Complex Challenge
Authors: Jordan Myles M. , Collins Ian R. , Mackay Eric J.
Published: May 2008

The injection of seawater into oil-bearing reservoirs to maintain reservoir pressure and improve secondary recovery is a well-established, mature operation. Moreover, the degree of risk posed by deposition of mineral scales to the injection and production wells during such operations has been much studied. The current deepwater subsea developments offshore West Africa and Brazil have brought into focus the need to manage scale in an effective way. To this end, the challenge of scale control during the lifecycle of water injection, production, and produced-water reinjection (PWRI) has been reviewed for a number of fields by the authors.

This paper outlines the risk assessment process that should be undertaken to select the most economical and effective scale control methodology (which for sulfate-based scale could be seawater injection with scale inhibitor squeeze treatments to maintain production, or sulfate reduction of the injection water with or without the need to scale inhibitor squeeze). In the case of sulfate reduction, parameters to be investigated include the degree of desulfation required to minimize the scale risk of downhole scale formation, the impact the degree of fluid mixing will have on the resulting brine (from injection to production), and the impact the desulfated brine will have on scale control during PWRI.

The paper draws on a wide range of technical inputs to make scale management decisions including: computer modeling techniques (e.g., deposition models that incorporate the kinetics of sulfate scale formation at low supersaturation ratios), reservoir simulation of fluid mixing and reaction; the resulting produced brine chemistry, laboratory-generated coreflood data to assess chemical selection for scale inhibitor squeeze and produced water application; and field results that will demonstrate the impact of the type of injection water source on the long-term manageability of such deepwater projects. Finally, the paper outlines in detail the particular issues associated with the full economic assessment of low-sulfate water injection vs. full sulfate seawater injection.
Traffic Stress Effects on Bentgrass Putting Green and Fairway Turf
Authors: Samaranayake H. , Lawson T. J. , Murphy J. A.
Published: May 2008

Creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.) has received more study and use as golf course turf than velvet bentgrass (A. canina L.). The objective of two field trials, managed as putting green and fairway turf, was to evaluate the performance of creeping and velvet bentgrass in mixed swards with annual bluegrass (Poa annua var. reptans Hausskn.) when subjected to traffic stresses. The trials were initiated on a sandy loam (fine‐loamy, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludult). Wear (no‐wear and wear) and compaction (no‐compaction and compaction) were applied in a factorial combination to 15 creeping or velvet bentgrasses. Turf quality, turf density, and bentgrass populations of cultivars were more susceptible to wear stress than compaction. Velvet bentgrass performed and resisted the spread of annual bluegrass better than most creeping bentgrasses. Cultivars that formed denser turf performed well in both trials; ‘Vesper’, ‘7001’, and ‘Penn A‐4’ had the best overall performance. Interactions indicated ‘SR 7200’, ‘Penn G‐2’, and ‘Providence’ were susceptible to compaction. ‘Pennlinks’ and ‘Penncross’ were ineffective at maintaining desirable bentgrass populations particularly in the putting green trial. Management strategies that minimize wear damage may have a greater impact on turf quality and bentgrass populations in mixed stands than practices intended to manage compaction, particularly on well‐drained soil.
Diversity for AFLP and SSR in Natural Populations of Lotus corniculatus L. from Italy
Authors: Savo Sardaro Maria Luisa , Atallah Maroun , Tavakol Elahe , Russi Luigi , Porceddu Enrico
Published: May 2008

Birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.) is a species native to the Mediterranean basin and one of the most widely distributed perennial forage legumes. It is found in cultivated fields as well as in natural pastures of the Mediterranean and temperate regions of Europe, Asia Minor, North Africa, South and North America, Australia, and New Zealand. It is a potential species for marginal, salty, and degraded areas. The genetic variation present in 11 populations of L. corniculatus collected in natural pastures in Italy was assessed by using four amplified fragment length polymorphisms and five simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers, which were previously identified in L. japonicum The amount of within‐population variation was high, but the among‐populations variation was higher, allowing discrimination among accessions. Amplified fragment length polymorphisms and SSRs markers provided an almost equal measure of the variation, although the latter provided a better characterization in terms of F‐statistic FST and ρ (estimate of population differentiation in autotetraploids) and indicated that the selfing rate in the species was higher than expected. The matrices of SSR genetic distances and the geographic distances of the collection sites were highly correlated. The information on the genetic structure of the populations is briefly discussed in terms of breeding perspectives.
Possible Transmission Route for Common Wheat to the Far East in Asia
Authors: Nakamura H.
Published: May 2008

High molecular weight (HMW) glutenin alleles, such as Glu‐D1, have an important effect on the quality of Japanese noodles (udon). The Glu‐D1f allele is of particular significance to common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The frequency of the Glu‐D1f allele differs among geographical areas, and it has been identified in wheat from northern and southern Japan, from Xinjiang, Nanjing, Zhejiang, and Beijing in China, the Korean Peninsula, and Afghanistan. However, a particularly high frequency of the Glu‐D1f allele has been found in wheat from southern Japan. On the basis of the distribution of an adaptively neutral character, two specific routes of transmission of common wheat to the Far East have been suggested. In the first scenario, common wheat was introduced from Afghanistan, transported to Xinjiang in northwest China, then to Shaanxi, Nanjing, and Zhejiang in southeast China, and finally to southern Japan along the so‐called Silk Road. In the second scenario, common wheat was introduced from Afghanistan, transported to Xinjiang in northwest China, then to Shaanxi and Beijing in northeast China, then to the Korean Peninsula, and finally to southern Japan. In a previous study, only the Chinese Route was revealed. Through the course of its transmission and its adaptation to diverse local environments, Japanese common wheat has developed a unique composition of glutenin Glu‐D1 alleles, including Glu‐D1f
Molecular Mapping of the Leaf Rust Resistance Gene Lr17a in Wheat
Authors: Bremenkamp‐Barrett Barbara , Faris Justin D. , Fellers John P.
Published: May 2008

Wheat leaf rust, caused by Puccinia triticina Eriks., infects millions of acres of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and causes leaves to senesce prematurely, which in turn decreases yield by reducing the plant's ability to complete kernel fill. Lr17a, a leaf rust resistance gene in wheat, is present in many wheat varieties available today. The objective of this research was to identify molecular markers linked to Lr17a Microsatellite markers were used on a mapping population of 161 F2 lines made from a cross of Chinese Spring and Thatcher‐Lr17a Capillary fragment analysis was performed and eight markers were linked to Lr17a, of which Xgwm614 and Xwmc407 flanked Lr17a at genetic distances of 0.7 and 2.5 cM, respectively. An evaluation of cultivars with and without Lr17a, and grown in the midwestern United States, revealed that multiple alleles were present for all markers and little correspondence between alleles of closely linked markers and Lr17a was observed. Therefore, caution must taken when using them for marker‐assisted selection.
Inheritance of Leaf Rust Resistance in the CIMMYT Wheat Weebill 1
Authors: Zhang Julia X. , Singh Ravi P. , Kolmer James A. , Huerta‐Espino Julio , Jin Yue , Anderson James A.
Published: May 2008

The CIMMYT spring wheat Weebill 1 has near‐immune levels of adult plant resistance (APR) to leaf rust caused by Puccinia triticina Eriks. To determine the genetic basis of resistance in seedlings and adult plants Weebill 1 was crossed with two susceptible parents Jupateco 73S and ‘Thatcher’. Advanced F4:5, F4:6, and F5:7 recombinant inbred lines (RIL) populations from Jupateco 73S/Weebill 1 and BC1F2 populations from Thatcher/Weebill 1 were derived. The F5:7 RILs and BC1F2 families were tested as seedlings with five races of P. triticina The F1 and F4:5, F4:6, and F5:7 RILs of Jupateco 73S/Weebill 1 were evaluated in plots in Mexico and St. Paul. The Jupateco 73S/Weebill 1 RILs and Thatcher*2/Weebill 1 F2 families segregated for Lr14b, an unknown seedling leaf rust resistance gene derived from Weebill 1 in both crosses, and Lr17a derived from Jupateco 73S in the RIL population. Lr17a was mapped to the distal end of chromosome 2AS and was linked to microsatellite maker Xgwm636 at a distance of 4.0 cM. The seedling genes did not condition effective resistance in the field plots with races used in the field trials. The segregation ratio in the RILs and F2 families indicated the presence of three to four APR genes in Weebill 1. One of the APR genes was linked to the seedling gene Lr14b on chromosome 7BL and reduced leaf rust by 47% in St. Paul and 31% in Mexico. Based on the haplotypes of DNA markers, we do not believe that any of the APR genes is Lr34
Stem Rust, Tan Spot, Stagonospora nodorum Blotch, and Hessian Fly Resistance in Langdon Durum–Aegilops tauschii Synthetic Hexaploid Wheat Lines
Authors: Friesen T. L. , Xu S. S. , Harris M. O.
Published: May 2008

Diseases and pests of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cause serious yield and quality losses to wheat grown worldwide. In the current study we tested synthetic hexaploid wheat (SHW) lines developed from various lines of Aegilops tauschii Cosson crossed with the tetraploid durum wheat (T. turgidum L.) cultivar Langdon. These SHW lines were tested along with their durum wheat and A. tauschii parents for resistance to stem rust (caused by Puccinia graminis Pers.:Pers. f. sp. tritici Eriks. and E. Henn.), tan spot [caused by Pyrenophora tritici‐repentis (Died.) Drechs.], and Stagonospora nodorum blotch [SNB; caused by Phaeosphaeria nodorum (E. Mull.) Hedjar] as well as for resistance to Hessian fly [Mayetiola destructor (Say) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)]. Langdon durum and all SHW lines were resistant to all races tested for stem rust. Although the durum parent Langdon was susceptible to tan spot, SNB, and Hessian fly, resistance was identified in several synthetic lines for each disease or pest indicating that the A. tauschii lines used in constructing the SHW lines are potentially useful sources of resistance. These resistant SHW lines are presently being used to characterize new sources of the resistance and introgress the resistance into bread wheat.
Potential Hybridization of Flax with Weedy and Wild Relatives: An Avenue for Movement of Engineered Genes?
Authors: Jhala Amit J. , Hall Linda M. , Hall Jocelyn C.
Published: May 2008

Flax (Linum usitatissimumL.) is being evaluated as a crop platform for the production of bio‐industrial and nutraceutical products. An important consideration for the release of any novel trait is the potential for gene flow to wild or weedy relatives and the impact it may have on their populations. The potential for gene introgression from transgenic flax to wild relatives, the occurrence, the phylogeny of flax wild relatives and reported interspecific hybridization was reviewed to initiate the evaluation of environmental risk of novel flax in Canada. The genusLinumcontains approximately 230 species which are distributed in many parts of the world and may grow in sympatry with cultivated flax. Interspecific hybridization and cytogenetic studies between flax and congeneric species demonstrated that cultivated flax has the ability to hybridize and form viable F1plants with at least nine species ofLinum(L. africanum, L. angustifolium, L. corymbiferum, L. decumbens, L. floccosum, L. hirsutum, L nervosum, L. pallescens,andL. tenue). Hybridization of flax with many other wild relatives has either not been studied or reported. However, based on the evidence of reported hybridization with wild or weedy relatives, gene flow from flax to wild or weedy relatives is possible in several species native to North America, depending on species distribution, sympatry, concurrent flowering, ploidy level, and sexual compatibility.