bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Un « nazisme tropical » au Rwanda ? Image ou logique d'un génocide
Authors: Chrétien Jean-Pierre
Published: July 2010

"Tropical nazism" in Rwanda? Image or logic of a genocide, Jean-Pierre Chrétien.

The massacres in Rwanda between April and July 1994 were not synonymous with a spontaneous and uncontrollable "ethnie" outburst. On the contrary, prepared by previous ethnicist propaganda, organised by a corrupt political regime, the killing directed against — but not exclusively — the Tutsi minority had the features of a genuine genocide.
Du 14 juillet 1919 au 11 novembre 1920 mort, où est ta victoire ?
Authors: Becker Annette
Published: July 2010

From 14 July 1919 to 11 November 1920. Death, where is your victory? Annette Becker.

From 14 July 1919 to 11 November 1920, from the victory celebrations to the burial of an unknown soldier under the Arch of Triumph, the French and particularly Parisians lived in the posthumous cuit of World War soldiers. Far from unanimity, the national manifestations were criticized by various sectors of public opinion. Some groups organized their own competing or complementary ceremonies: the socialists around the cuit of Jaurès, the Catholics for the consecration of the Sacred Heart Basilica in Montmartre. Beyond intrinsic differences, each manifestation displayed a fervor born from and in the war, and welded by the millions of dead and wounded.
La haute magistrature sous Vichy
Authors: Bancaud Alain
Published: July 2010

The high bench under Vichy, Alain Bancaud.

Studying the judiciary under the Vichy regime makes it possible to understand its judicial policy, with inherited characteristics in its professional organization as well as innovations linked to the regime's ideology and to the German occupation. Judicial appointments and the judges' position with respect to the executive were complex and contradictory, combining dependence and distance vis-à-vis current events. The judiciary knows how to adapt to political events and lessen novelty so as to make it part of its own continuity. That is what judges call judicial independence from politics.
Autour des propositions de 1992 pour les programmes d'histoire
Authors: Martin Jean-Clément
Published: July 2010

The 1992 [French high school] history program proposals, Jean-Clément Martin.

The former president of the technical disciplinary group responsible for drafting new programs for the teaching of history in high schools does not go over the reasons which led the Minister of Education to reject the conclusions of his work group, but presents the group's ambitions and describes, especially for the second high school year (classe de première), the place it gave to national, European, world, religious and cultural history.
Les nouveaux programmes d'histoire des lycées
Authors: Berstein Serge , Borne Dominique
Published: July 2010

The new [French] high school history programs, Serge Berstein, Dominique Borne.

The two co-presidents of the technical disciplinary group responsible for drafting high school and middle school programs explain how the high school program is being worked out the spirit in which they work and the major outlines of the solutions retained applicable as of September 1996 in the first high school class (classe de seconde).
Déconstruire l'état-nation. Travaux et discussions
Authors: Roussellier Nicolas
Published: July 2010

Deconstruct the nation-state. Work in progress and questions.

Before being verified or rejected by the reality of historical evolution, the deconstruction of the nation-state is first an intellectual operation. Whether it be celebrated or feared, the "nation-state crisis" deals with some presuppositions that have to be put in perspective: the presupposition of the end of empires, that of the splitting of the nation through identity politics or the idea of the entry in a new "post-national era".
La déconstruction de l'état-nation : le cas Belge
Authors: Stengers Jean
Published: July 2010

The deconstruction of the nation-state : the Belgian example.

Since 1830, Belgium has offered the example of a constantly changing nation-state. After the unity period of the 19th century, the emergence of Flemish autonomism and the Walloon identity crisis during the 20th century skewed the institutional and intellectual basic data of the nation-state construction. The recent 1993 Constitution is a spectacular illustration of the political and legal complexity of Belgium today.
La spécificité française du chômage structurel de masse, des années 1930 aux années 1990
Authors: Baverez Nicolas
Published: July 2010

The specifîty of French structural mass unemployment, 1930-1990, Nicolas Baverez.

Structural unemployment seems to apply specifically to France in the 1930s as well as today. But production System archaisms can not be the only explanation of the persistance of this plague. Disastrous national policies - obstinate defense of the franc, high interest rates, pressure from the farmers' lobby, the savers' lobby or, concerning the present time, the retired people's lobby - explain the high rates recorded by this country.
Psychanalyse des chocs boursiers
Authors: Rowley Anthony
Published: July 2010

Psychoanalysis of market shocks, Anthony Rowley.

From a reading of the analyses following the two stock market crashes of 1929 and 1987, it would seem that the literature produced on the shock shows the difficulty of analyzing them with the methodological apparatus available. Thus, one enters an area in which it is no longer a question of proving but of understanding why people believe what they believe.
Les «vingt glorieuses». La croissance française des années 1970 à nos jours
Authors: Marseille Jacques
Published: July 2010

The "Vingt Glorieuses". The growth of the French economy from 1970 to today, Jacques Marseille.

Since 1970, the French average annual GDP has been 2 % ; household consumption has grown more quickly than production in spite of the increase of prices ; the discrepancy in purchasing power between socio-professional categories has decreased; the rate of households purchasing appliances has leaped ; the French economy increased its trade with foreign countries from 17.5 % in 1973 to 22.8 % in 1994. Signs that, despite the virtual stagnation in investment volume, show these last 20 years as a period of exceptional economic dynamism and challenge the current reading of the crisis. Sectorial analyses indicate a deep change in the French economy, the emergence of the tertiary as the main producer of wealth contrasting with a relative decline of the secondary sector whose more detailed analysis illustrates its selective character. Growth, however, proves unable to deal with the increase of unemployment. The massive irruption of underemployment shows that the relationship of French society to work has changed at the same time as its consumption habits. Because officials talk about an imaginary crisis instead of grasping the change, they prevent themselves from understanding the basic causes of unemployment and solving it.
Théodore Roosevelt et l'avènement de la présidence médiatique aux États-Unis
Authors: Ricard Serge
Published: July 2010

Theodore Roosevelt and the emergence of the media-dominated presidency in the United States, Serge Ricard.

American presidents did not wait for the invention of the radio or television to try to influence public opinion. As of the late 19th century, Theodore Roosevelt aimed at charming the increasingly powerful written press. Attempting to draw attention to his excentric personality rather than to his not very reformist home accomplishments, Roosevelt succeeded brilliantly in planting false confidences and discreet allusions, calculated leaks, and diversionary tactics. This strategy made public opinion an actor on the political stage, a given that later on has weighed heavily on the functioning of American democracy.
« Intellectuels catholiques » ? Réflexions sur une naissance différée
Authors: Fouilloux Étienne
Published: July 2010

"Intellectual Catholics"? History of a Postponed Birth, Etienne Fouilloux.

How can it be explained that French catholic intellectuals did not have an official body before the 1945 creation of the Centre catholique des intellectuels français (CCIF) (Catholic Center of French Intellectuals) ? The first obstacle was French. At the time of the Dreyfus affair, the Catholics took objection to the word "intellectual, because it was associated with a Dreyfusard fight that the majority of them didn't share. This incompatibility continued in the period between the two wars, in spite of a renewal marked by the flowering of Catholic-inspired intellectual journals, in spite also of the waves of conversions from 1880 to 1930. On the Catholic side, the inheritance of the modernist crisis discredited any autonomy of Catholic thinkers with regard to the religious Catholic authorities. Theologians were relegated to the role of the training of Catholic elites and of the explanation of pontifical texts that kept them outside of intellectual debate. While the condemnation of the Action française in 1926 released the stranglehold and gave the floor to "civil theologians", it was after 1945 that the church became aware of the wrongs that this marginalization was subjecting it to. The involvement of Catholic intellectuals in public debate showed the interest of hearing a Christian voice without in-volving Rome directly. The intellectuals fully in the 1950 fights, but the reciprocal suspicion between them and the religious authorities inherited from previous decades never disappeared.
Tahiti, avec et sans la bombe
Authors: Regnault Jean-Marc
Published: July 2010

Tahiti With and Without the Bomb, Jean-Marc Regnault.

Since 1963, French Polynesia has been a rich but undeveloped territory. Political autonomy, more and more widely granted since 1977, has not reduced economic dependence. With the stopping of nuclear testing (1996), there are two opposing approaches. One sees the key to development in independence. The other counts on aid from the mother country to succeed the post-bomb era and end an artificial wealth.
Le procès des protocoles des sages de sion, une tentative de riposte juive à l'antisémitisme dans les années 1930
Authors: Nicault Catherine
Published: July 2010

The Trial of the Protocols of the Sages of Sion. An Attempt of Jewish Retaliation to the Anti-Semitism of the 1930s, Catherine Nicault.

In 1933, when the copies of the Protocols of the Sages of Sion began to proliferate around Germany, the Swiss Jewish leaders undertook a legal battle, counting that the proof of falsehood would hinder the Nazi offensive against the Jews and democracy.
La genèse inachevée des verts
Authors: Villalba Bruno
Published: July 2010

The Unfinished Genesis of the Greens, Bruno Villalba.

The Greens, an ecological movement that appeared in the French political
1939-1940 : l'internement en temps de guerre les politiques de la France et de la Grande-Bretagne
Authors: Grynberg Anne
Published: July 2010

1939-1940: Internment in wartime. French and British policies, Anne Grynberg.

At the beginning of the Second World War, France and Great Britain have both to face the question of aliens and refugges from the Third Reich who might be, according to some set ideas, dangerous spies of the Fifth Column. Since september 1939, internment camps are created but the British authorities decide in favour of a selective policy and most people are exempted. In France, on the other hand, the government doesn't make any difference at first between foreigners from these countries, whatever their origins or political opinions may be; sorting commissions are organized afterwards.

In May 1940, with the increasing military danger, the English population is panic stricken. As the inclusive internment of aliens appears as a goof pledge to allay it, thousands of inmates are sent to the Isle of Man. In France, most of the men who had been liberated during the winter and women are arrested as well. At this period, aliens and refugees function as easy scapegoats in the two countries.

Must this attitude be explained only in the context of war? It may be interesting to go ahead and to study it in the frame of the immigration policy of Great Britain and France during the thirties, clearly marked by nationalism and xenophobia.
La photo de presse et la libération des camps en 1945 : images et formes de la mémoire
Authors: Zeliger Barbie
Published: July 2010

The press photo and the liberation of the camps in 1945. Images and Forms of memory, Barbie Zeliger.

At the liberation of the camps, the atrocity put language itself in question, and words were lacking to account for it usefully. The image alone became capable of transmitting the horror. The press photo in reportage or as a still played a decisive role in registering the Holocaust in universel consciences. It is a particularly rich aid for collective memory in construction and to which it has given some particular forms.
Les camps pour personnes déplacées juives en allemagne de 1945 à 1957
Authors: Wetzel Juliane
Published: July 2010

Jewish displaced persons camps in Germany (1945-1957), Juliane Wetzel.

Among the populations given the "displaced persons" status after the liberation of Germany, the Jewish populations of Central and Southern Europe were not immediately given a specific status. They were grouped with others in "Lodging Centers" that sometimes used former Nazi concentration camps. It was only in the American occupation zone, after a February 1946 report revealed the painful conditions in which the former Jewish deportees were gathered, that they received a special status, without, however, obtaining the closing of the camps. In this milieu, Jewish "displaced persons" developed an intensive cultural activity, organized with the financial and moral aid of international Jewish organizations. The rupture with the German society and the old tradition of assimilation helped bring about the emergence of a new culture, of which the reprinting of the Babylon Talmud is the most important testimony. In spite of the bad relations with the German populations that by and large remained hostile, this intellectual life, that continued until 1957, date of the closing of the last camp, allowed the transition between the former Jewish communities of Central Europe and the identity that formed through the emigration towards the United States and the participation in the construction of the State of Israël.
Industrialisation, hiérarchies au travail et hiérarchies sociales au 20e siècle
Authors: Schweitzer Sylvie
Published: July 2010

Industrialization, hierarchies at work and social hierarchies in the 20th century, Sylvie Schweitzer.

Social history of the 20th century hasn't focused enough on the role of the company in the education and diversification of hierarchies and social statuses. The second industrialization has modified the traditional association between bosses and workers by introducing new functions and a more complex hierarchy within the company. Shifting the center of analysis from the possession of capital towards the occupation of management jobs in the firm, one discovers the ambiguity of the words boss, business community, industrialist, entrepreneur or director and the variety of individual itineraries they cover. The term engineer designates a social status made complex by the variety of initial educational routes and the diversification of careers. Foremen, whose power used to be based on technical skill and their position of authority over the workers, have lost their autonomy by specializing and being subjected to the authority of engineers. At the bottom of the ladder, the same diversification affects worker status whose classification no longer resides on the inheritance of the dominant former trades. The deep modification of hierarchies, the consequence of internal changes in the company, affected all collective representations after the second world war. It substituted both a more opaque and a less fixed image of social groups for the traditional boss/worker opposition marked by the growing place of the "middle-classes", themselves fragmented in multiple roles.
Populismes français
Authors: Winock Michel
Published: July 2010

French populisms, Michel Winock.

In taking up again the distinction proposed by Pierre-Andre Taguieff between protestation populism and identity populism, Michel Winock retraces the history of French populisms. While the end-of-century Boulangism and anti-Semitism represented respectively the protestation side and the identity side of populism, their 2Oth century successors, the leagues of the between-world-wars and Pouja- dism, merged. Lepenism is the result of these crossbred populisms.
L'appel au petit peuple selon Staline
Authors: Werth Nicolas
Published: July 2010

The appeal to the "little people" according to Stalin, Nicolas Werth.

The cause seemed to have been heard. Victorious Bolshevism ruined Russian populism and only the need to defend the old fatherland, in 1941, could give a populist color to the Red Army and its glo- rious Chief. However, Nicolas Werth tells us, at the worst moment of the Great Terror of collectivization, Stalin had already begun to count on the hatred of the «little people» for their new «little leaders» and to play with impunity at being the good Czar righting wrongs. Stalinism and populism: to continue the comparison is fruitful.
Les quasi-populismes d'Asie du sud-est
Authors: Margolin Jean-Louis
Published: July 2010

Quasi-populisms of South-East Asia?, Jean-Louis Margolin.

Only the regimes of President Sukarno has been able to be episodically but rightfully called populist. As for South-East Asia, it has other resources to impose moral order and to indoctrinate the people. Populisms have ebbed; a quasi-populism is vegetating: economic expansion is more profitable for a "neo-Bismackism". Here is the first overall study of a quasi-case.
Islamisme et populisme
Authors: Leveau Rémy
Published: July 2010

Islamism and populism, Rémy Leveau.

The irruption of Islamist movements on front and Middle-East stage coincide with the wearing out of political slogans developed during decolonization. It is contemporary with the adoption of a free-market development model in which economic globalization has increased the social cost. By turning against the leaders who had supported them for a long time because they considered them as a useful counterweight to the Marxist opposition, the Islamicists recuperated the discontent of the young populations, frustrated in their hopes for prosperity. They proposed a just model founded on religion and community and offered an outlet for the despair of societies that felt like humiliated victims of foreign powers. This maximalist discourse doesn't exclude compromise with the powers in place, as shown by the example of Turkey or Algeria before the explosion of the present conflict. A political and cultural movement Islamism is also a "populist" response to economic policies of structural adjustment imposed from the exterior that the political and economic elites have used at the price of the exclusion of major parts of the society.
Changer le siècle
Authors: Prost Antoine
Published: July 2010

Change the Century, Antoine Prost.

Unlike specific commitments born out of a particular cause to defend, the 20th century saw the emergence of commitment in the singular. This engagement characterized a relationship to the world and history in progress, a way of defining the human condition by its historicity.Thus committed writers, a literature and a cinema came into being. This com- mitment for which existentialism provided the theoretical underpinning at the Liberation and that culminated with the Communist Party's engagement was gradually worked out during the period between the two wars, by the intellectuals attracted by the Communist Party requiring from them a disciplined and global membership, but also by Catholic action movements and personalism whose role should be stressed. It was dissolved in the last third of the century with the rise of contemporary individualism and the denunciation of power at work in any militant organization.
Le syndicalisme : un horizon sans grandeur ?
Authors: Michel Joël
Published: July 2010

Trade Unionism, a Limited Horizon ?, Joël Michel.

There is a gap that can't easily be reduced between intellectual engagement and trade union militantism. Commitment is an individual act taken in the name of a uniserval morality whereas trade union militantism is a collective act whose aim is to defend oneself and those like oneself. The former seeks the greatest immediate visibility whereas the latter's action exists in the long term and accepts the humility of the daily management of social relations. That the notion of commitment spread to social militantism was thanks to the political commitment model put into practice by the French Communist Party and the CGT after W.W.II. The accounts of militants' lives clarify the collective motivations of social commitment and highlight its spe- cificity. Today, however, the decline of the major unions and the wearing out of the traditional forms of worker militantism link the latter with the individual engagement of intellectuals.
Le parti et le don de soi
Authors: Lazar Marc
Published: July 2010

The Party and self-sacrifice, Marc Lazar.

Engagement or commitment means not so much belonging to the Communist Party as a process whose end product is becoming communist. To understand this it's necessary to take into account the conception of the party, the constraints the French Communist Party decreed for its militants, and the type of activities and behavior demanded of them. Nevertheless, this ideal commitment pattern must not hide the varied forms of communist engagement. While the general meaning can be thought of as a special form of religion, it is true that it is going through decisive changes today.
Contestataires et compagnons : les formes de l'engagement gaulliste
Authors: Lachaise Bernard
Published: July 2010

Protesters and Companions : The Patterns of Gaullist Involvement, Bernard Lachaise.

Since Free France, commitment to Gaullism means a total and personal belonging, a devotion to the exaltation of the figure of General de Gaulle. But from the adventure of the RPF up to post-de Gaulle Gaullism, Bernard Lachaise shows that the motivations as well as the forms of engagement in Gaullism have varied over time. Companionship was a strong and simple image, but it covers divergences and conflicts as well.
Les renouveaux de l'action politique
Authors: Perrineau Pascal
Published: July 2010

Renewals in Political Action, Pascal Perrineau.

Conventional wisdom by the French themselves and even more foreigners think of political commitment in France as militantism on the model of its golden age in the 1950s and 1960s. But these representations are far from the realities covered by the word "engagement". It thus seemed necessary to review these old forms, to assess their durability and to detect the signs of a renewal. The most important seems to be the unsatisfied social demand for a "post-policy." The present crisis of political participation might be born from the difficulty of the political system to respond to citizens' new demands more than a subtle and deep depolitization of the social body.
Les États-Unis à la conquête de la lune
Authors: Trochon Jean-Marc
Published: July 2010

The United States and the Conquest of the Moon, Jean-Marc Trochon.

In 1961, President Kennedy asserted that an American would set foot on the moon by 1970. The goal was far from being scientific only. At the heart of the cold war, it was a question of a technological challenge to show the United States' power. The implications were as much technical and scientific as political and economic. By walking on the moon on July 20, 1969, Neil Armstrong guaranteed American success. However, the development of the moon program was complex and marked by many technical problems to which were added financial and political difficulties. Apollo was not unanimously supported in the United States and it was hotly debated. Many facts remain to be discovered about this major event in the history of humanity.
Les élèves juifs et l'école polytechnique (1940-1943). La reconquête d'une identité
Authors: Guigueno Vincent
Published: July 2010

Jewish Students at the Polytechnique School (1940-1943). The Recovery of an identity, Vincent Guigueno.

In the fall of 1940, the Polytechnique School was evacuated to the south zone and lost its military status. A new organization redefined the school's mission and what would happen to the Jewish candidates accepted before and during the war. The development of the school during the war shows a contradiction between the life of and at the school, its history, and the cyclical repetition of its studies, and the life grasped in the daily understanding of the facts and of the memory of recent events, private or public: acceptance at the school, the war, and Vichy.
Le théâtre national populaire au temps de Jean Vilar (1951-1963)
Authors: Loyer Emmanuelle
Published: July 2010

National Popular Theater at the time of Jean Vilar (1951-1963), Emmanuelle Loyer.

Following a long tradition going back to the French revolution, Jean Vilar's national theater was dedicated to service to the people. He carried out an effective policy to attract the people and renewed the classic repertory in an original way. For him the theater was an explicit form of commitment to the left. This gave him an incontestable success, especially as in France the theater traditionally represents a political and social stake. Conceived as a public service, the TNP knit close ties with the State, considering that it had duties toward its citizens' culture. For Jean Vilar, the theater belonged to the life of a human being; it was as vital as living and eating. But of the role of who decided which culture was the right one were born the ambiguities and difficulties of a form of theater denounced in 1968.
Armée et justice en guerre d'Algérie
Authors: Thénault Sylvie
Published: July 2010

Army and Justice in the Algerian War, Sylvie Thénault.

The Algerian war brought about an unprecedented transfer of jurisdiction from civil towards military justice, allowing military courts to judge thousands of accused people. Under general de Gaulle, the army's judicial power was strengthened with the institution of military prosecu- tors. One of their official missions was to keep an eye on what was going on in the army. But without a strong determination and means of action, these conscripted judges failed to stop the army's illegal practices and their history confirmed the subordination of justice to the "necessities" of the fight against the "subversive war."
De la demeure à l'agora. Pour une histoire culturelle du politique
Authors: Sirinelli Jean-François
Published: July 2010

From Home to Public Place. For a Cultural History of Politics, Jean-François Sirinelli.

Formerly, Michel Vovelle gave the historian permission to go from the basement of social and economic exchange to the attic of "mental operations of reality scanning". Jean-François Sirinelli suggests that the historian go, just as faithfully, just as privately, from home to the public place. In other words, that the political history of the contemporary, having exhausted reviviscence, should record the expansion of cultural history to go forward, dismissing frontiers.
Le juge Henri Bernard au procès de Tokyô
Authors: Esmein Jean
Published: July 2010

The Tokyo War Crimes Trial's French Justice Bernard and his Dissenting Judgment, Jean Esmein.

Justice Röling of The Nederlands, who had been sitting in the judgment tribune close to Henri Bernard at the IMTFE, has said in his interviews, when The Tokyo Trial and Beyond was written, that thinking the Memorandum of Dissent of the Honourable Mr Justice Bernard over in the forty years after the trial, he had corne to esteem more and more his insight. Yet the french Indictment in Tokyo has not been much analysed until now, and the personality of the french representative at the IMTFE is still less known. This article tries to give an account of the action and afterthoughts of the french party.
L'anti-américanisme français face à la guerre du Golfe
Authors: Duranton-Crabol Anne-Marie
Published: July 2010

Anti-Americanism and the Gulf War, Anne-Marie Duranton-Crabol.

The Gulf War showed that a powerful anti-American current persisted in France in the 1990s in spite of the apparent seduction of the American model following the disappearance of De Gaulle and the Berlin wall. Latent among the French who sided the American led anti-Irakian camp, Americanophobia welded together the mixed bag of war opponents. Complaints such as the vassalization of the world, the thirst for gas, the confrontation of cultures, and media misinformation also expressed a profound worry about French identity itself.
Des mutilés et des machines. Images de corps mutilés et rationalisation industrielle sous la république de Weimar
Authors: Wermester Catherine
Published: July 2010

Des mutilés et des machines. Images de corps mutilés et rationalisation industrielle sous la République de Weimar, Catherine Wermester.

La première guerre mondiale avait tragiquement confronté l'homme à la machine. Les années qui la suivirent furent marquées, dans l'Allemagne de Weimar, par un intense débat sur les rapports entre la société moderne et la technique, au cœur duquel se trouvait posée la question du modèle industriel américain. Proche de l'extrême gauche, l'avant-garde artistique utilisa d'abord la figure grotesque de l'homme machine pour dénoncer le capitalisme. Mais le débat changea de dimension avec le retour de la croissance économique. Les mutilés de guerre (Kriegskrüppel) furent conviés à retrouver leur place dans la société par le travail et l'oubli de leur douleur. Dans ce contexte, la généralisation de l'utilisation de prothèses pouvait apparaître comme la marque du triomphe de la technique sur l'imperfection des organismes humains. Derrière George Grosz, les artistes de la Nouvelle Figuration firent de ces prothèses le symbole d'une société qui asservissait les corps au travail au nom de la rationalisation des gestes et de la productivité.
Georges Pompidou, président conducteur, et la première crise urbaine de l'automobile
Authors: Flonneau Mathieu
Published: July 2010

Georges Pompidou, The Driver-President, and the First Urban Automobile Crisis, Mathieu Flonneau.

There is more to Georges Pompidou's privileged relations with the automobile than the unique and legendary formula "the necessary adaptation of the city to the car". Studying the archives and rereading the presidential speeches allow for a more balanced record of a mandate foreshortened by the president's death. After 1968, the automobile was dealt its first vigorous and fundamental challenge, particularly in the urban centers where pollution and noise provoked much dispute. The public authorities, and first among them the President of the Republic, were not hostile and encouraged measures in favor of road safety and defense of the environment.
L'enfant du pays. Champions en Alsace (1920-1980)
Authors: Rauch André , Richez Jean-Claude
Published: July 2010

L'enfant du pays. Champions en Alsace (1920-1980), André Rauch, Jean-Claude Richez.

Les sportifs régionaux retiennent peu l'attention aujourd'hui. Ils ont pourtant souvent porté les couleurs des identités locales. En choisissant quelques cas en Alsace, on peut étudier de près ce que l'enfant du pays révèle des caractères de la population dont il est le représentant passager. Des années 1920 aux années 1980, des ruptures apparaissent dans la chronologie : elles traduisent le passage de la province à la notion de région et incluent la crise politique vécue par ceux qui consacrent ces héros.
Les archives du Komintern à Moscou
Authors: Bayerlein Bernhard H. , Mouradian Georges , Studer Brigitte , Wolikow Serge
Published: July 2010

Les archives du Komintern à Moscou, Bernhard H. Bayerling, Georges Mouradian, Brigitte Studer, Serge Wolikow.

Description du sauvetage, du classement et de la mise à disposition numérisée des fonds du Komintern, avec l'aide du Conseil de l'Europe.
Comment l'histoire fait-elle l'historien ?
Authors: Prost Antoine
Published: July 2010

Voici le texte de la dernière leçon que professa Antoine Prost devant ses étudiants de Sorbonne, en 1998. Autrement dit, sa « dernière classe », comme dans Alphonse Daudet, mais en conclusion et prolongemènt de ses Douze Leçons sur l'histoire. L'analyse distingue l'histoire comme consentement au temps, l'histoire école de civisme, l'histoire comme construction de l'historien. En filiation, séculaire et si française, avec Charles Seignobos et Lucien Febvre.
Pierre-Marie Durand, Avoué Lyonnais, roi de l'électricité
Authors: Vuillermot Catherine
Published: July 2010

Pierre-Marie Durand, qui commença sa carrière comme avoué à Lyon, est peu connu des historiens de l'économie. Il fut pourtant un chef d'entreprise aussi atypique que novateur. Incompétent aux yeux de ses détracteurs, très attaché à l'aspect familial de ses affaires, il fut un précurseur dans sa façon de gérer les finances de sa compagnie. À la tête d'un empire gigantesque produisant et commercialisant de l'électricité dans toute la France, il réussit l'exploit de constituer et de ne jamais perdre le contrôle d'un groupe qu'il géra sans interruption de 1906 à 1945 avec l'intuition de la rentabilité immédiate et des coups audacieux.
Socialisme français et social-démocratie européenne
Authors: Bergounioux Alain
Published: July 2010

Les partis socialistes européens connaissent aujourd'hui un débat d'orientation. Pour comprendre la situation du socialisme français, il est nécessaire de restituer les principaux traits de sa culture politique et de ses évolutions. Les années 1980-1990 ont connu plusieurs ruptures importantes qui le placent aujourd'hui pleinement dans le concert du socialisme européen. Il y a plusieurs « troisièmes voies ».
Pourquoi lit-on Le Canard Enchaîné ?
Authors: Martin Laurent
Published: July 2010

Le Canard enchaîné, créé en 1915 par le rédacteur Maurice Maréchal et le dessinateur Henri-Paul Deyvaux-Gassier, est devenu une institution de la presse française. Sa renommée actuelle doit beaucoup aux révélations sensationnelles qu'il publie chaque semaine sur tous les sujets. Mais cette spécialisation est relativement récente. Avant les années 1960, l'essentiel des informations contenues dans Le Canard était connu de tous ; c'est le traitement particulier de ces informations qui distinguait l'hebdomadaire satirique du reste de la presse. L'attachement de ses premiers lecteurs tenait à une attitude morale, un langage et une forme d'humour originaux et à un imaginaire de la vie simple et joyeuse qui continuent de caractériser ce journal unique au monde.
La dissidence aux Antilles (1940-1943)
Authors: Jennings Eric T.
Published: July 2010

This article examines the motivations, expressions and consequences of resis tance to the Vichy regime in the French Caribbean. The multiple forms of opposition employed by the Antillais were profoundly influenced by the legacy of slavery. By dismantling the republican System in the French West Indies, Vichy unwittingly associated itself with a lineage of authoritarian regimes which had relegated the Antillais from citizens to subjects. It is in this context that one should understand both the success of Antillais resistance and the place of its memory in the post-war era.
Le tourisme Citroën au Sahara (1924-1925)
Authors: Murray Levine Alison J.
Published: July 2010

Citroën and Tourism in the Sahara (1924-1925).

CEGETAF/CITRACIT(1924-1925) was an ambitions project initiated by André Citroën to establish a regular automobile service between French North Africa and French West Africa and at the same time to attract high-end tourism to the colonies. The project was a total failure ; the hotels that Citroën built in the middle of the desert were sold offto the army before they were ever used, and Citroën himself refused to speak ofthe plan after its cancel-lation. However, the elaboration of this project provides an interesting case study of the political and cultural ramifications of an attempt to rationalize the French Empire both geographically and symbolically. Despite its ultimate failure, the short history of CITRACIT shows Citroën 's understanding of the prevalling colonial psychology. Couching his argument in terms of technical rationalization rather than of military conquest, and adding an element of fantasy that would appeal to the bud-ding tourist market, Citroën was able to garner considerable support from the French State for his venture. The silence thatfollowed the cancellation of the project was complete, though the name of Citroën was linked in the press to another major mission, the Croisière noire, a journey across Africa in Citroën-made vehicles. This diversion of public attention confirms the extent to which the French Empire remained an unknown in the public imag ination during the interwar period ; the idea of the Empire could therefore be easily manipulated according to the political climate in the metropole.
L'Europe des religions aujourd'hui
Authors: Pelletier Denis
Published: July 2010

Le retour du fait religieux dans l'actualité européenne depuis deux décennies est d'abord la conséquence paradoxale de la sécularisation des sociétés et de la crise de transmission du patrimoine religieux traditionnel. Loin de confirmer la pertinence de l'utopie d'une Europe chrétienne ranimée par Jean-Paul II, l'effondrement du bloc socialiste a réactivé de façon dramatique le couple religion-nation et crispé l'orthodoxie sur des positions défensives. À l'Est comme à l'Ouest, l'islam est enfin devenu une composante essentielle du multiconfessionnalisme. D'une confession à l'autre, la vitalité des marges religieuses contraste avec les difficultés des institutions à maîtriser la recomposition du champ des croyances.
État, nation et religion dans l'Allemagne réunifiée
Authors: Galembert Claire de
Published: July 2010

Tout en redonnant l'avantage au protestantisme sur le catholicisme, la réunification allemande accentue la disjonction entre de larges pans de la société allemande et la religion chrétienne. Cette nou velle donne, loin de ne concerner que le champ religieux, porte en germe une rupture avec une culture politique reposant plus ou moins explicitement sur les valeurs chrétiennes. Accroissant subitement la conscience de la disqualification des Églises et du christianisme dans l'espace social, la réunification met en cause le statut privilégié qui leur est réservé dans l'espace public. Elle pose la question de la légitimité d'un statut qui reconnaît implicitement le christianisme comme l'un des pôles de structuration de l'identité nationale. Elle ouvre sur une redistribution des rapports entre nation et religion et de nouvelles formes de pluralisme. Les récentes controverses à propos de l'avortement, les débats relatifs à la présence de crucifix dans les écoles publiques en Bavière ou suscités par la mise en place dans le Brandebourg d'un enseignement des normes et des valeurs échappant au contrôle des Églises, les polémiques relatives à l'institutionnalisation de l'islam sont autant d'indicateurs des déplacements en cours.
Le grand retour de la mission ?
Authors: Prudhomme Claude
Published: July 2010

Renouvelée par les expériences de la mission ouvrière et par l'essor de la mis-siologie, l'idée de mission en est venue au début des années I960 à dominer la pastorale dans son ensemble. L'idéal de « plantation » de l'Église, qui conduisait à privilégier l'installation d'infrastructures permettant l'essor du christianisme en pays de mission au détriment de la simple stratégie de conversion, a fait privilégier un engagement social qui était aussi une forme de présence silencieuse du missionnaire aux côtés des populations locales. Ce triomphe de la mission est en partie à l'origine de la crise de l'idée missionnaire qui se dessine à la fin des années I960, renforcée par la décolonisation, et de l'essor du tiers-mondisme. Si toute l'Église est devenue missionnaire, pourquoi former des clercs et des laïques spécialisés en vue de cet engagement ? Pourtant, les années 1980 et 1990 voient le retour en force de l'idée missionnaire dans l'Église catholique, sous l'effet conjoint du renouveau charismatique et de la stratégie romaine de « nouvelle évangélisation » de l'Europe. Tout débat n'est donc pas clos, entre les partisans d'une action visible de conversion du monde et les partisans d'une présence plus discrète des chrétiens au sein des sociétés modernes.
Une histoire toujours ouverte
Authors: Rémond René
Published: July 2010

An Always Open History.

The articles gathered in this special issue of Vingtieme Siecle show the diversity of religion in Europe. They highlight the speed of change in Europe in the last thirty years. Is there still a future for religious and particularly Christianity in Europe ? While the question can be legitimately asked, the historian cannot conclude too quickly that there is a post-Christian Europe on the horizon from which religion is doomed to disappear. The recompositions in progress show, on the contrary, the vitality of renewed beliefs in the now dominant values of individual autonomy, pluralism and secularism.
Magistrature et « crise de la répression » à la veille de la grande guerre (1911-1912)
Authors: Kalifa Dominique
Published: July 2010

Procureur général près la cour d'appel de Lyon, Guillaume Loubat lança en 1911 une offensive à la fois doctrinale et administrative contre ce qu'il considérait être l'insupportable laxisme des tribunaux et des magistrats. Connu sous le nom de « crise de la répression », cet épisode permet de cerner au plus près, en ce début de 20e siècle, le programme des tenants du « tout répressif ». Mais il introduit aussi au cœur d'une crise institutionnelle moderne et livre, à travers une vaste enquête nationale, les conceptions de la haute magistrature en matière de répression, de pénalité et de « sécurité publique ».
Célébrations de novembre 1918 dans le royaume de Belgique
Authors: Ypersele Laurence van , Tixhon Axel
Published: July 2010

La paix acquise le 11 novembre 1918 a suscité en Belgique comme en France des sentiments ambivalents. En revanche, le travail de la mémoire dans ces deux pays a été fort différent. En Belgique, la figure du soldat, si elle tient la première place, n'occupe pas tout l'espace mémoriel. À ses côtés, se trouve la figure du martyr et du déporté. Il n'y a pas de déni de mémoire concernant les populations occupées.
Toury : une grève à la campagne sous le front populaire
Authors: Lynch Édouard
Published: July 2010

Le Front populaire, moment clé de l'histoire politique contemporaine française a été jusqu'à présent l'objet de lecture principalement urbaine et ouvrière, négligeant l'impact en amont de la crise agricole et les tentatives de solutions élaborées par le nouveau gouvernement. Or cette période voit également culminer les tensions villes-campagnes, sous l'effet d'une mobilisation sans précédent de la paysannerie en partie canalisée par de nouvelles organisations entraînant de nouvelles pratiques politiques dans les campagnes. Les affrontements provoqués par la grève dans une sucrerie d'Eure-et-Loir, à Toury, le 15 novembre 1936, au-delà du seul récit des faits, sont l'occasion de saisir les multiples enjeux que soulèvent les questions paysannes dans ces décisives années 1930.
Un nouvel art de bâtir
Authors: Monnier Gérard
Published: July 2010

Un nouvel art de bâtir, Gérard Monnier.

Mise au point sur les transformations accomplies depuis une trentaine d'années dans la maîtrise matérielle des matériaux de construction, des procédés et des méthodes de mises en œuvre, ce texte montre l'implication des réseaux internationaux d'ingénieurs, l'impact de l'industrie et des brevets, et le poids des commandes majeures dans la stimulation des connivences entre bureaux d'études et architectes. Dans ce sens, en France, la politique des grands travaux, la décentralisation et les commandes de sites industriels nouveaux ont été les moteurs de la venue d'importants bureaux d'études, et à l'origine d'un nouvel « art de bâtir », qui associe de façon étroite conception et fabrication, pour déterminer des espaces (halls, nefs, atriums) propres aux dispositifs d'accueil dans les bâtiments publics. En retour, les architectes actifs dans cette ligne ont pu convaincre l'industrie des matériaux et des composants d'étudier de nouveaux produits. Le texte se termine sur l'instabilité induite par les nouvelles demandes sociales (environnement et normes de qualité), et les conséquences sur le statut de l'architecte du rapprochement de l'architecture et de la construction.
Faire l'histoire sociale d'une entreprise. Péchiney (1921-1973)
Authors: Vindt Gérard
Published: July 2010

The Social History of a Company. Pechiney (1921-1973), Gérard Vindt.

From 1921-1973 Pechiney's social history revolves around two Systems of interactions : the virtually permanent hierarchic System and that of social relations that adapts to local and national contexts according to three main periods, from the time of autonomy to that of productivist consensus and its limits.
Produire pour le Reich. Les commandes allemandes à l'industrie française (1940-1944)
Authors: Radtke-Delacor Arne
Published: July 2010

Produire pour le Reich. Les commandes allemandes à l'industrie française (1940 - 1944), Arne Radtke-Delacor.

La débâcle de mai-juin 1940, l'armistice et l'occupation de la majeure partie de l'Hexagone furent une surprise complète pour les dirigeants nazis comme pour leurs ennemis. Après une première phase (été 1940) d'hésitations et d'adaptations à la nouvelle donne, l'occupant mit en place, à partir de l'automne 1940 et grâce à l'orientation collaboratrice de Vichy, un appareil d'exploitation systématique mais encore limitée des ressources françaises sous le signe de la poursuite de la guerre. Avec le passage du Troisième Reich à la guerre totale, avec l'échec de la guerre-éclair devant Moscou et l'élargissement mondial, du conflit, commença en France, au début de 1942, une nouvelle étape, marquée par l'emploi intensif des ressources disponibles au profit de l'effort de guerre allemand. Cette phase ne s'acheva qu'à la Libération. Au cours de ces trois phases majeures de la politique économique allemande des quatre années d'Occupation, trois stratégies fondamentales d'exploitation des territoires conquis furent mises en place. Inscrites au cœur des délibérations au sein du régime nazi à l'été 1940, elles furent appliquées simultanément ou successivement en France : politique classique de pillage pur et simple, stratégie plus subtile de relance de la production dans le pays occupé afin d'augmenter à long terme le « rendement » au bénéfice de l'économie de guerre allemande, exploitation physique incluant la stratégie de la chasse à l'homme et sa déportation au travail forcé hors du terri- toire occupé. Répondant à la poursuite de la guerre et à la politique de collaboration de « l'État français », la deuxième option se trouvait au centre de la pratique d'exploitation en France, à de brèves exceptions près (début et fin de l'Occupation, intermède de 1942-1943).
Rumeurs défaitistes et apocalyptiques dans l'URSS des années 1920 et 1930
Authors: Werth Nicolas
Published: July 2010

Rumeurs défaitistes et apocalyptiques dans l'URSS des années 1920 et 1930, Nicolas Werth.

Face à « l'État-Propagande », au secret érigé en principe de gouvernement, aux visions officielles d'un « avenir radieux », la société soviétique des années 1920-1930 a développé ses propres canaux d'information, au premier rang desquels les « rumeurs » jouaient un rôle essentiel. Parmi celles-ci, les plus constantes et les plus répandues, notamment dans les campagnes, étaient celles d'une guerre prochaine s'achevant sur une défaite libératrice, sur l'effondrement d'un système politique qui avait fait de la guerre contre sa propre société un mode de gouvernement. Les rapports de la police politique sur « l'esprit public », aujourd'hui accessibles, permettent de prendre la mesure des diverses rumeurs « défaitistes » et « apocalyptiques », véritables miroirs, écrivait Marc Bloch, « où la conscience collective contemple ses propres traits ».