bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Survivin expression by metastatic melanoma predicts poor disease outcome in patients receiving adjuvant polyvalent vaccine
Authors: Takeuchi Hiroya , Morton Donald L. , Elashoff David , Hoon Dave S.B.
Published: June 2005

Survivin and livin are members of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) family. We hypothesized that elevated expression levels of these 2 IAP genes in resected advanced‐stage metastatic melanoma lesions would be associated with poor disease outcome in patients receiving a polyvalent therapeutic cancer vaccine (Canvaxin™). A quantitative real‐time RT‐PCR (qRT) assay for survivin and livin genes was used to assess mRNA expression in 63 metastatic melanomas obtained during cytoreductive surgery of American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) stage IV melanoma. Nineteen of 63 metastatic melanoma patients received Canvaxin pre‐ and postoperatively, and 37 patients received only postoperative Canvaxin. Expression of survivin and livin protein was assessed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and then correlated with mRNA. Survivin mRNA was detected in 62 of 63 (98%) melanoma specimens ranging from 0–5.96 × 104 mRNA copies of total RNA. Lower mRNA copy levels of survivin significantly correlated with improved overall survival among the 37 patients who received Canvaxin postoperatively but not preoperatively (log‐rank test, p = 0.023). Among patients with low survivin mRNA copies, those who received postoperative Canvaxin did significantly better than patients who received pre‐ and postoperative Canvaxin (p = 0.003). Livin mRNA was detectable in 60 of 63 (95%) metastatic melanoma specimens but had no significant prognostic utility. These studies demonstrate that lower levels of survivin in recurrent metastatic melanomas are associated with significantly improved survival in patients receiving postoperative adjuvant immunotherapy. Overall, the study indicates survivin expression in metastatic melanomas can significantly influence disease outcome and patient responses to immunotherapy. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Analysis of DGS structures by using the iterative method
Authors: Yeddes M. , Kaddour M. , Gharsallah A. , Gharbi A.
Published: June 2005

An iterative method based on the wave concept is used to analyse a defect ground structure (DGS). In this case two applications are given. Firstly, we studied a λ/4 bias transmission line maintaining high impedance that is added dumbbell‐shaped DGS on ground plane of the conventional λ/4 bias transmission line. Secondly, a newly etched DGS with a spiral shape in metallic ground is studied. The spiral DGS can provide steep rejection characteristics with one and two spirals. Numerical results are compared with published data, a good agreement is observed. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of modified atmosphere and vacuum packaging on some quality characteristics of sliced ‘sucuk’ produced using probiotics culture
Authors: Kaya Mükerrem , Aksu Muhammet İrfan
Published: June 2005

The effects of probiotics (Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium lactis), packaging (vacuum, 50% N2 + 50% CO2 or 100% CO2), storage temperature (4 and 10 °C) and storage time (90 d) on lipid oxidation, colour and microbial properties of sliced dry fermented sausage ‘sucuk’, which has a long storage time at low temperatures, was investigated. Probiotic‐added samples showed a significant reduction in the thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances (TBARS) values compared with a control and starter culture groups. The analysis showed that control groups had the highest pH and that the pH was not affected by packaging or storage temperature. Probiotic use had a significant effect on total aerobic bacteria, lactic acid bacteria and Micrococcus/Staphylococcus counts, and bacterial counts decreased with storage time. The Enterobacteriaceae count was below detectable levels (<2.00 CFU g−1) throughout the storage period. The storage temperatures had no effect on the microbial counts. Packaging had a significant effect on lactic acid bacteria, and the highest value was determined with 50% N2 + 50% CO2. The addition of probiotics and the storage time resulted in a significant decrease of colour values (L*, a* and b*). Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Antibacterial action on pathogenic bacterial spore by green tea catechins
Authors: Hara‐Kudo Yukiko , Yamasaki Akiko , Sasaki Miho , Okubo Tsutomu , Minai Yuji , Haga Minoru , Kondo Kazuo , Sugita‐Konishi Yoshiko
Published: June 2005

Antibacterial effects of catechins, the major green tea polyphenols, were studied using Clostridium and Bacillus spores. Incubation with crude catechins decreased the number of C botulinum and C butyricum spores but not B cereus spores. Furthermore, the effects of six catechin derivatives on spores were investigated. (−)‐Epicatechin gallate (ECg), (−)‐epigallocatechin (EGC), (−)‐epigallocatechin gallate (EGCg) and (+)‐gallocatechin gallate (GCg) were more effective in decreasing C botulinum and C butyricum spore numbers than (+)‐catechin (C) and (−)‐epicatechin (EC). The vegetative growth of C botulinum and B cereus was inhibited by crude extracts of the catechins. Specifically, purified GCg and EGCg inhibited the vegetative growth of C botulinum and B cereus. The inhibitory effect of ECg on B cereus was similar to that of GCg. However, toxin‐production by B cereus was not inhibited by catechin. Damage to the membrane of C butyricum spores by catechin derivatives was shown using fluorescent microscopy. This study shows that low concentrations of catechins, although requiring a long exposure time, inhibited the growth of bacterial spores. However, the effects of the purified derivatives of the catechins were not the same and GCg and EGCg were found to be the most potent. Spores that are generally resistant to many disinfectants were sensitive to catechins. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Alterations of striatal neurons in benign hereditary chorea
Authors: Kleiner‐Fisman Galit , Calingasan Noel Y. , Putt Mary , Chen June , Beal M.Flint , Lang Anthony E.
Published: June 2005

Benign hereditary chorea (BHC) recently has been associated with mutations in TITF‐1 gene, although a pathological study of an individual with BHC and a TITF‐1 mutation revealed no significant gross or microscopic abnormalities using standard methods. Immunohistochemical staining of striatal tissue from a BHC‐affected postmortem brain was performed using antibodies against neurotransmitters of interneurons whose tangential migration is mediated by TITF‐1. There was a loss of most TITF‐1–mediated striatal interneurons in the BHC specimen compared to four matched control brains. © 2005 Movement Disorder Society
A proteome approach defines protective functions of tobacco leaf trichomes
Authors: Amme Steffen , Rutten Twan , Melzer Michael , Sonsmann Guido , Vissers Johannes P. C. , Schlesier Bernhard , Mock Hans‐Peter
Published: June 2005

The leaf surface of most terrestrial plants is covered with plant hairs called trichomes. These epidermal appendages are thought to contribute to many aspects of plant defense against biotic and abiotic stresses in a variety of species. Trichome development has been intensively studied in Arabidopsis, and the phytochemical composition of trichomes was analyzed in a number of plant species. However, comparatively little is known of the proteins expressed. We therefore initiated a proteome approach to better define the cellular mechanisms operating in plant trichomes using two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis to separate proteins of whole leaves and isolated trichomes. Tobacco was chosen due to the presence of glandular trichomes involved in the secretion of defense compounds. Comparative image analysis of the protein patterns indicated a number of spots, which were highly enriched in trichomes relative to leaves. These spots were excised for identification by mass spectrometry. The results showed that among the proteins specifically enriched in trichomes, the components of stress defense responses were strongly represented. The high expression of stress‐related proteins was verified by Western blotting. Superoxide dismutase isoforms were additionally analyzed by activity staining. Our results demonstrate feasibility of the proteome approach to elucidate the cell biology of plant trichomes.
Examining and presenting trends of internal migration flows within England and Wales
Authors: Kalogirou Stamatis
Published: June 2005

This paper examines trends in internal migration flows within England and Wales. Spatial trends are presented using tables and thematic maps. Temporal trends are presented more efficiently using a contemporary visualisation method, the heat map. Sample data from the National Health Service Central Registrar (NHSCR) are presented and discussed as a case study. The analysis includes in‐, out‐ and net migration, as well as migration flows, for the Newcastle district. It also considers the Family Health Service Authorities (FHSAs) that are net migration losers and gainers. In addition to the methodological contribution of this work, conclusions are drawn on temporal trends, the degree of dispersal in migration linkages, and the continuation of the counterurbanisation phenomenon in the 1990s. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New thinking in international trade? A case study of The Day Chocolate Company
Authors: Doherty Bob , Tranchell Sophi
Published: June 2005

This paper explores the experience of The Day Chocolate Company (Day) in connecting small‐scale cocoa farmers more directly into global markets by making the farmers significant shareholders, and therefore equity owners, within this fair trade company. It examines how Day combines both social and business goals, thus providing an alternative model to conventional international trade. The paper investigates the positive impacts that this unique fair trade model has achieved on Kuapa Kokoo (Kuapa) members in Ghana from the Fairtrade relationship coupled with the equity stake and explores how Day has achieved its business goals in what is a highly competitive UK chocolate market. Further, it explores the challenges the company has faced and the lessons learnt over the past six years. Overall, the paper concludes that Day could not have been successful in meeting its objectives without cocoa farmer ownership being at the centre of the brand. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
In search of a golden blend: perspectives on the marketing of fair trade coffee
Authors: Golding Kirsty , Peattie Ken
Published: June 2005

Fair trade markets for commodities have considerable potential to contribute to the achievement of sustainable development goals, but realizing this potential will depend upon ‘scaling up’ fair trade's impact. Unfortunately, from a marketing and consumer behaviour perspective, fair trade markets remain relatively under‐researched and poorly understood in comparison to the mainstream. Using fair trade coffee as an example, this paper proposes an alternative to the dominant view that the key to expanding fair trade market share is a focus on greater ‘commercialization’. It highlights the potential of social marketing to promote the principles of fair trade, in a way that complements the emphasis on brand‐building strategies for fair trade products. An approach that blends a commercial and social marketing orientation perhaps has the greatest potential to maintain fair trade's distinctive nature, while contributing to the achievement of its social and economic goals. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Biochemical and clinical studies of a new case of α‐aminoadipic aciduria
Authors: Casey R. E. , Zaleski W. A. , Philp M. , Mendelson I. S. , MacKenzie S. L.
Published: June 2005

A mentally retarded, 10‐year‐old female with obesity, hypotonia, clumsiness and mild ocular abnormalities excreted in her urine large amounts of α‐aminoadipic acid. Amino acid analyser studies and gas‐liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) confirmed the presence of α‐aminoadipic acid in both urine and plasma but, in contrast to most other patients with this disorder, failed to demonstrate significant levels of α‐ketoadipic acid in urine. Other known causes of α‐aminoadipic aciduria were eliminated by showing that levels of lysine, saccharopine and pipecolic acid in plasma and urine were normal and that the activity of glutaryl‐CoA dehydrogenase was also normal.

Loading with L‐lysine and L‐tryptophan both increased the concentration of α‐aminoadipic acid in blood and urine compatible with a primary deficiency of α‐ketoadipate dehydrogenase, in spite of the absence of α‐ketoadipic aciduria. Dietary restriction of lysine and administration of vitamins B1 and B6 were unsuccessful in correcting the biochemical abnormality.
Transient B cell immaturity with intractable diarrhoea: A possible new immunodeficiency syndrome
Authors: Lie S. O. , Frøland S. , Brandtzaeg P. , Vandvik B. , Steen‐Johnsen J.
Published: June 2005

A male boy is described, who suffered from an intractable diarrhoea and several infections and who died in a severe marasmic state at the age of 8 months. Immunological studies revealed a block in the normal differentiation of B cells to Ig‐producing plasma cells. After the age of 5 months, however, this block disappeared, leading to a dramatic increase in circulating Ig, most pronounced in the IgM class. In the intestine, plasma cells could only be detected after the age of 5 months, and then with a marked preponderance of IgM cells.

Our results thus indicate a reversible block in the normal maturation of B cells in our patient. An older brother may have had a similar disease, suggesting a possible genetic basis for the disorder.
Biochemical studies of a human low‐activity galactose‐1‐phosphate uridyl transferase variant
Authors: Ng W. G. , Kline F. , Lin J. , Koch R. , Donnell G. N.
Published: June 2005

A low activity galactose‐1‐phosphate uridyl transferase (transferase) variant in a newborn infant has been demonstrated by biochemical studies in erythrocytes and cultured skin fibroblasts. The newborn infant was a galactosaemic suspect identified in a neonatal metabolic screening programme. On breast feeding, he did well without clinical symptoms of galactosaemia during the first 15 days of life. However, substantial amounts of erythrocyte galactose‐1‐phosphate and urinary galactitol corresponding to the levels in untreated galactosaemic patients, along with mild amino aciduria, were found. The transferase activity, as measured by a sensitive micro kinetic radioisotopic method, was about 7–10% of the normal. On starch gel electrophoresis, the enzyme from the haemolysate had similar mobility as the normal in Tris‐glycine buffer, pH 8.8 and phosphate buffer, pH 7.0, but had a slower mobility than that of the normal in the histidine buffer, pH 7.8. The mobility difference was much clearer in a semipurified enzyme preparation. The transferase enzyme in the haemolysate appeared to be more heat labile.
Heart Transplantation: The Contributions of Christiaan Barnard and the University of Cape Town/Groote Schuur Hospital
Authors: Brink Johan G. , Cooper David K.C.
Published: June 2005

Christiaan (Chris) Neethling Barnard was born in South Africa and qualified in medicine at the University of Cape Town in 1946. Following surgical training in South Africa and the USA, Barnard established a successful open‐heart surgery program at Groote Schuur Hospital and the University of Cape Town in 1958. In 1967, he led the team that performed the world’s first human‐to‐human heart transplant. Although the first heart transplant patient survived only 18 days, four of Groote Schuur hospital’s first 10 patients survived for more than one year, two living for 13 and 23 years, respectively. This relative success amid many failures worldwide did much to generate guarded optimism that heart transplantation would eventually become a viable therapeutic option, Barnard then developed the operation of heterotopic heart transplantation (the socalled “piggy‐back” transplant), which had some advantages in the pre‐cyclosporine era when immunosuppressive therapy was limited. His group was the first to successfully transport donor hearts using a hypothermic perfusion storage device in 1981. Several studies on the haemodynamic and metabolic sequelae of brain death were carried out in his Department’s cardiovascular research laboratories at the University of Cape Town, and the concept of hormonal replacement therapy in organ donors was developed. An active heart transplant program still continues in the Chris Barnard Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery at Groote Schuur Hospital and the University of Cape Town, but the thrust of clinical activity within the Division and the research within its state‐of‐the‐art cardiovascular research laboratories is now directed towards valvular and ischaemic heart diseases, which are common in the African population.
Inversion, error analysis, and validation of GPS/MET occultation data
Authors: Steiner A. K. , Kirchengast G. , Ladreiter H. P.
Published: June 2005

Abstract. The global positioning system meteorology (GPS/MET) experiment was the first practical demonstration of global navigation satellite system (GNSS)-based active limb sounding employing the radio occultation technique. This method measures, as principal observable and with millimetric accuracy, the excess phase path (relative to propagation in vacuum) of GNSS-transmitted radio waves caused by refraction during passage through the Earth's neutral atmosphere and ionosphere in limb geometry. It shows great potential utility for weather and climate system studies in providing an unique combination of global coverage, high vertical resolution and accuracy, long-term stability, and all-weather capability. We first describe our GPS/MET data processing scheme from excess phases via bending angles to the neutral atmospheric parameters refractivity, density, pressure and temperature. Special emphasis is given to ionospheric correction methodology and the inversion of bending angles to refractivities, where we introduce a matrix inversion technique (instead of the usual integral inversion). The matrix technique is shown to lead to identical results as integral inversion but is more directly extendable to inversion by optimal estimation. The quality of GPS/MET-derived profiles is analyzed with an error estimation analysis employing a Monte Carlo technique. We consider statistical errors together with systematic errors due to upper-boundary initialization of the retrieval by a priori bending angles. Perfect initialization and properly smoothed statistical errors allow for better than 1 K temperature retrieval accuracy up to the stratopause. No initialization and statistical errors yield better than 1 K accuracy up to 30 km but less than 3 K accuracy above 40 km. Given imperfect initialization, biases >2 K propagate down to below 30 km height in unfavorable realistic cases. Furthermore, results of a statistical validation of GPS/MET profiles through comparison with atmospheric analyses of the European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) are presented. The comparisons indicate the high utility of the occultation data in that very good agreement of upper troposphere/lower stratosphere temperature (better than 1.5 K rms, <0.5 K bias) is found for a region (Europe+USA) where the ECMWF analyses are known to be good, but poorer agreement for a region (Southern Pacific) where the analyses are known to be degraded.Key words. Atmospheric composition and structure (pressure; density and temperature), Meteorology and atmospheric dynamics (instruments and techniques),  Radio science (remote sensing)
Acoustic tomography in the atmospheric surface layer
Authors: Ziemann A. , Arnold K. , Raabe A.
Published: June 2005

Abstract. Acoustic tomography is presented as a technique for remote monitoring of meteorological quantities. This method and a special algorithm of analysis can directly produce area-averaged values of meteorological parameters. As a result consistent data will be obtained for validation of numerical atmospheric micro-scale models. Such a measuring system can complement conventional point measurements over different surfaces. The procedure of acoustic tomography uses the horizontal propagation of sound waves in the atmospheric surface layer. Therefore, to provide a general overview of sound propagation under various atmospheric conditions a two-dimensional ray-tracing model according to a modified version of Snell's law is used. The state of the crossed atmosphere can be estimated from measurements of acoustic travel time between sources and receivers at different points. Derivation of area-averaged values of the sound speed and furthermore of air temperature results from the inversion of travel time values for all acoustic paths. Thereby, the applied straight ray two-dimensional tomographic model using SIRT (simultaneous iterative reconstruction technique) is characterised as a method with small computational requirements, satisfactory convergence and stability properties as well as simple handling, especially, during online evaluation.Key words. Meteorology and atmospheric dynamics (turbulence; instruments and techniques).
The application of a shift theorem analysis technique to multipoint measurements
Authors: Dieckmann M. E. , Chapman S. C.
Published: June 2005

Abstract. A Fourier domain technique has been proposed previously which, in principle, quantifies the extent to which multipoint in-situ measurements can identify whether or not an observed structure is time stationary in its rest frame. Once a structure, sampled for example by four spacecraft, is shown to be quasi-stationary in its rest frame, the structure's velocity vector can be determined with respect to the sampling spacecraft. We investigate the properties of this technique, which we will refer to as a stationarity test, by applying it to two point measurements of a simulated boundary layer. The boundary layer was evolved using a PIC (particle in cell) electromagnetic code. Initial and boundary conditions were chosen such, that two cases could be considered, i.e. a spacecraft pair moving through (1) a time stationary boundary structure and (2) a boundary structure which is evolving (expanding) in time. The code also introduces noise in the simulated data time series which is uncorrelated between the two spacecraft. We demonstrate that, provided that the time series is Hanning windowed, the test is effective in determining the relative velocity between the boundary layer and spacecraft and in determining the range of frequencies over which the data can be treated as time stationary or time evolving. This work presents a first step towards understanding the effectiveness of this technique, as required in order for it to be applied to multispacecraft data.Key words. Electromagnetics (wave propagation) · Radio science (waves in plasma) · Space plasma physics (active perturbation experiments).
Concerning the generation of geomagnetic giant pulsations by drift-bounce resonance ring current instabilities
Authors: Glassmeier K.-H. , Buchert S. , Motschmann U. , Korth A. , Pedersen A.
Published: June 2005

Abstract. Giant pulsations are nearly monochromatic ULF-pulsations of the Earth's magnetic field with periods of about 100 s and amplitudes of up to 40 nT. For one such event ground-magnetic observations as well as simultaneous GEOS-2 magnetic and electric field data and proton flux measurements made in the geostationary orbit have been analysed. The observations of the electromagnetic field indicate the excitation of an odd-mode type fundamental field line oscillation. A clear correlation between variations of the proton flux in the energy range 30-90 keV with the giant pulsation event observed at the ground is found. Furthermore, the proton phase space density exhibits a bump-on-the-tail signature at about 60 keV. Assuming a drift-bounce resonance instability as a possible generation mechanism, the azimuthal wave number of the pulsation wave field may be determined using a generalized resonance condition. The value determined in this way,  m = - 21 ± 4, is in accord with the value m = - 27 ± 6 determined from ground-magnetic measurements. A more detailed examination of the observed ring current plasma distribution function f shows that odd-mode type eigenoscillations are expected for the case ∂f / ∂W > 0, much as observed. This result is different from previous theoretical studies as we not only consider local gradients of the distribution function in real space, but also in velocity space. It is therefore concluded that the observed giant pulsation is the result of a drift-bounce resonance instability of the ring current plasma coupling to an odd-mode fundamental standing wave. The generation of the bump-on-the-tail distribution causing ∂f / ∂W > 0 can be explained due to velocity dispersion of protons injected into the ring current. Both this velocity dispersion and the necessary substorm activity causing the injection of protons into the nightside magnetosphere are observed.Key words. Magnetospheric physics (energetic particles , trapped; MHD waves and instabilities) · Space plasma physics (wave-particle interactions).
Stationary magnetospheric convection on November 24, 1981. 2. Small-scale structures in the dayside cusp/cleft
Authors: Galperin Y. I. , Bosqued J. M. , Kovrazhkin R. A. , Yahnin A. G.
Published: June 2005

Abstract. A case study of the dayside cusp/cleft region during an interval of stationary magnetospheric convection (SMC) on November, 24, 1981 is presented, based on detailed measurements made by the AUREOL-3 satellite. Layered small-scale field-aligned current sheets, or loops, superimposed to a narrow V-shaped ion dispersion structure, were observed just equatorward from the region of the "cusp proper". The equatorward sheet was accompanied by a very intense and short (less than 1 s) ion intensity spike at 100 eV. No major differences were noted of the characteristics of the LLBL, or "boundary cusp", and plasma mantle precipitation during this SMC period from those typical of the cusp/cleft region for similar IMF conditions. Simultaneous NOAA-6 and NOAA-7 measurements described in Despirak et al. were used to estimate the average extent of the "cusp proper" (defined by dispersed precipitating ions with the energy flux exceeding 10-3 erg cm-2 s-1) during the SMC period, as ~0.73° ILAT width, 2.6-3.4 h in MLT, and thus the recently merged magnetic flux, 0.54-0.70 × 107 Wb. This, together with the average drift velocity across the cusp at the convection throat, ~0.5 km s-1, allowed to evaluate the cusp merging contribution to the total cross-polar cap potential difference, ~33.8-43.8 kV. It amounts to a quite significant part of the total cross-polar cap potential difference evaluated from other data. A "shutter" scenario is suggested for the ion beam injection/penetration through the stagnant plasma region in the outer cusp to explain the pulsating nature of the particle injections in the low- and medium-altitude cusp region.Key words. Magnetospheric physics (current systems; magnetopause · cusp · and boundary layers; solar wind-magnetosphere interactions).
Simultaneous measurements from the Millstone Hill radar and the Active satellite during the SAID/SAR arc event of the March 1990 CEDAR storm
Authors: Förster M. , Foster J. C. , Smilauer J. , Kudela K. , Mikhailov A. V.
Published: June 2005

Abstract. During a nearby passage of the Active satellite above the Millstone Hill radar on 21 March 1990 at local sunset, the satellite and the radar performed simultaneous measurements of upper ionospheric parameters in nearly the same spatial volume. For this purpose the radar carried out a special azimuth-elevation scan to track the satellite. Direct comparisons of radar data and in situ satellite measurements have been carried out quite rarely. In this case, the coincidence of co-ordinated measurements and active ionospheric-magnetospheric processes during an extended storm recovery phase presents a unique occasion resulting in a very valuable data set. The measurements show generally good agreement both during quiet prestorm and storm conditions and the combination of radar and satellite observations gives a more comprehensive picture of the physical processes involved. We find a close relationship between the rapid westward ion drift peak at subauroral latitudes (SAID event) and the occurrence of a stable auroral red (SAR) arc observed after sunset by an all-sky imager and reported in an earlier study of this event. The SAID electric field is caused by the penetration of energetic ions with energies between about 1 keV and 100 keV into the outer plasmasphere to a latitude equatorward of the extent of the plasmasheet electrons. Charge separation results in the observed polarisation field and the SAID. Unusually high molecular ion densities measured by the satellite at altitudes of 700-870 km at subauroral and auroral latitudes point on strong upward-directed ion acceleration processes and an intense neutral gas upwelling. These structures are collocated with a narrow trough in electron density and an electron temperature peak as observed simultaneously by the radar and the satellite probes.Key words. Ionosphere (ionosphere-magnetosphere interactions; plasma temperature and density); Magnetospheric physics (plasmasphere).
Use of coupled ozone fields in a 3-D circulation model of the middle atmosphere
Authors: Reddmann T. , Ruhnke R. , Kouker W.
Published: June 2005

Abstract. With a detailed chemistry scheme for the middle atmosphere up to 70 km which has been added to the 3-D Karlsruhe simulation model of the middle atmosphere (KASIMA), the effects of coupling chemistry and dynamics through ozone are studied for the middle atmosphere. An uncoupled version using an ozone climatology for determining heating rates and a coupled version using on-line ozone are compared in a 10-month integration with meteorological analyses for the winter 1992/93 as the lower boundary condition. Both versions simulate the meteorological situation satisfactorily, but exhibit a too cold lower stratosphere. The on-line ozone differs from the climatological data between 20 and 40 km by exhibiting too high ozone values, whereas in the lower mesosphere the ozone values are too low. The coupled model version is stable and differs only above 40 km significantly from the uncoupled version. Direct heating effects are identified to cause most of the differences. The well-known negative correlation between temperature and ozone is reproduced in the model. As a result, the coupled version slightly approaches the climatological ozone field. Further feedback effects are studied by using the on-line ozone field as a basis for an artificial climatology. For non-disturbed ozone conditions realistic monthly and zonally averaged ozone data are sufficient to determine the heating rates for modelling the middle atmosphere.Key words. Atmospheric composition and structure (middle atmosphere · composition and chemistry) · Meteorology and atmospheric dynamics (middle atmosphere dynamics).
Erratum: Correction to: Chemical ozone loss in the Arctic vortex in the winter 1995–96: HALOE measurements in conjunction with other observations
Authors: Müller R. , Grooß J.-U. , McKenna D. S. , Crutzen P. J. , Brühl C. , Russell J. M. , Gordley L. L. , Burrows J. P. , Tuck A. F.
Published: June 2005

Abstract. The publisher would like to apologize for publishing the article with the wrong dates. The dates are corrected above.
Observations of polar patches generated by solar wind Alfvén wave coupling to the dayside magnetosphere
Authors: Prikryl P. , MacDougall J. W. , Grant I. F. , Steele D. P. , Sofko G. J. , Greenwald R. A.
Published: June 2005

Abstract. A long series of polar patches was observed by ionosondes and an all-sky imager during a disturbed period (Kp = 7- and IMF Bz < 0). The ionosondes measured electron densities of up to 9 × 1011 m-3 in the patch center, an increase above the density minimum between patches by a factor of \\sim4.5. Bands of F-region irregularities generated at the equatorward edge of the patches were tracked by HF radars. The backscatter bands were swept northward and eastward across the polar cap in a fan-like formation as the afternoon convection cell expanded due to the IMF By > 0. Near the north magnetic pole, an all-sky imager observed the 630-nm emission patches of a distinctly band-like shape drifting northeastward to eastward. The 630-nm emission patches were associated with the density patches and backscatter bands. The patches originated in, or near, the cusp footprint where they were formed by convection bursts (flow channel events, FCEs) structuring the solar EUV-produced photoionization and the particle-produced auroral/cusp ionization by segmenting it into elongated patches. Just equatorward of the cusp footprint Pc5 field line resonances (FLRs) were observed by magnetometers, riometers and VHF/HF radars. The AC electric field associated with the FLRs resulted in a poleward-progressing zonal flow pattern and backscatter bands. The VHF radar Doppler spectra indicated the presence of steep electron density gradients which, through the gradient drift instability, can lead to the generation of the ionospheric irregularities found in patches. The FLRs and FCEs were associated with poleward-progressing DPY currents (Hall currents modulated by the IMF By) and riometer absorption enhancements. The temporal and spatial characteristics of the VHF backscatter and associated riometer absorptions closely resembled those of poleward moving auroral forms (PMAFs). In the solar wind, IMP 8 observed large amplitude Alfvén waves that were correlated with Pc5 pulsations observed by the ground magnetometers, riometers and radars. It is concluded that the FLRs and FCEs that produced patches were driven by solar wind Alfvén waves coupling to the dayside magnetosphere. During a period of southward IMF the dawn-dusk electric field associated with the Alfvén waves modulated the subsolar magnetic reconnection into pulses that resulted in convection flow bursts mapping to the ionospheric footprint of the cusp.Key words. Ionosphere (polar ionosphere). Magneto- spheric physics (magnetosphere-ionosphere interactions; polar wind-magnetosphere interactions).
Simulating solar MHD
Authors: Schüssler M.
Published: June 2005

Abstract. Two aspects of solar MHD are discussed in relation to the work of the MHD simulation group at KIS. Photospheric magneto-convection, the nonlinear interaction of magnetic field and convection in a strongly stratified, radiating fluid, is a key process of general astrophysical relevance. Comprehensive numerical simulations including radiative transfer have significantly improved our understanding of the processes and have become an important tool for the interpretation of observational data. Examples of field intensification in the solar photosphere ('convective collapse') are shown. The second line of research is concerned with the dynamics of flux tubes in the convection zone, which has far-reaching implications for our understanding of the solar dynamo. Simulations indicate that the field strength in the region where the flux is stored before erupting to form sunspot groups is of the order of 105 G, an order of magnitude larger than previous estimates based on equipartition with the kinetic energy of convective flows.Key words. Solar physics · astrophysics and astronomy (photosphere and chromosphere; stellar interiors and dynamo theory; numerical simulation studies).
A straightforward estimation of the maximum sunspot number for cycle 23
Authors: Mendoza B. , Ramírez J.
Published: June 2005

Abstract. Using the annual number of geomagnetically quiet days (aa < 20 γ) for the year after the solar minimum, this precursor method predicts that the maximum sunspot number for cycle 23 will be 140 ± 32, indicating that cycle 23 will be similar to cycles 21 and 22.Key words. Solar physics · astrophysics and astronomy (magnetic fields; general)
First results from the hot plasma instrument PROMICS-3 on Interball-2
Authors: Sandahl I. , Barabash S. , Borg H. , Budnik E. Y. , Dubinin E. M. , Eklund U. , Koskinen H. , Lundin K. , Lundin R. , Mälkki A. , Pellinen R. , Pissarenko N. F. , Pulkkinen T. , Zakharov A. V.
Published: June 2005

Abstract. The PROMICS-3 instrument on Interball-2 is nominally identical to the PROMICS-3 instrument on Interball-1. It performs three-dimensional measurements of ions in the energy range 4 eV-70 keV with mass separation and of electrons in the energy range 300 eV-35 keV. Interball-2 was launched on August 29, 1996, into an orbit with the same inclination as that of Interball-1, 63°, but with apogee at 20 000 km. In this study the PROMICS-3 instrument on Interball-2 is briefly described and examples of the first results are presented. Firstly, we report observations of upward moving molecular ions with energies of up to 700 eV at the poleward edge of the auroral oval. Previous observations of outflowing molecular ions have been at lower altitudes and lower energies. Secondly, we show observations of dawnside magnetosheath plasma injections. Using conjugate data from both PROMICS-3 instruments we have found dispersion structures above the morningside auroral oval, which occurred simultaneously with isolated "pockets" of magnetosheath plasma at a distance of XGSM=-14 to -12 RE, which had been injected into the inner part of the low-latitude boundary layer. These isolated plasma structures were sites of strong field-aligned currents and are proposed to be the magnetospheric counterparts of the dispersion structures.Key words. Magnetospheric physics (auroral phenomena; magnetotail boundary layers; instruments and techniques).
Reflection of equatorial Kelvin waves at eastern ocean boundaries Part I: hypothetical boundaries
Authors: Soares J. , Wainer I. , Wells N. C.
Published: June 2005

Abstract. A baroclinic shallow-water model is developed to investigate the effect of the orientation of the eastern ocean boundary on the behavior of equatorial Kelvin waves. The model is formulated in a spherical polar coordinate system and includes dissipation and non-linear terms, effects which have not been previously included in analytical approaches to the problem. Both equatorial and middle latitude response are considered given the large latitudinal extent used in the model. Baroclinic equatorial Kelvin waves of intraseasonal, seasonal and annual periods are introduced into the domain as pulses of finite width. Their subsequent reflection, transmission and dissipation are investigated. It is found that dissipation is very important for the transmission of wave energy along the boundary and for reflections from the boundary. The dissipation was found to be dependent not only on the presence of the coastal Kelvin waves in the domain, but also on the period of these coastal waves. In particular the dissipation increases with wave period. It is also shown that the equatorial β-plane approximation can allow an anomalous generation of Rossby waves at higher latitudes. Nonlinearities generally have a small effect on the solutions, within the confines of this model.Key words. Oceanography: general (equatorial oceanography; numerical modeling) · Oceanography: physical (eastern boundary currents)
High-latitude HF Doppler observations of ULF waves: 2. Waves with small spatial scale sizes
Authors: Wright D. M. , Yeoman T. K.
Published: June 2005

Abstract. The DOPE (Doppler Pulsation Experiment) HF Doppler sounder located near Tromsø, Norway (geographic: 69.6°N 19.2°E; L = 6.3) is deployed to observe signatures, in the high-latitude ionosphere, of magnetospheric ULF waves. A type of wave has been identified which exhibits no simultaneous ground magnetic signature. They can be subdivided into two classes which occur in the dawn and dusk local time sectors respectively. They generally have frequencies greater than the resonance fundamentals of local field lines. It is suggested that these may be the signatures of high-m ULF waves where the ground magnetic signature has been strongly attenuated as a result of the scale size of the waves. The dawn population demonstrate similarities to a type of magnetospheric wave known as giant (Pg) pulsations which tend to be resonant at higher harmonics on magnetic field lines. In contrast, the waves occurring in the dusk sector are believed to be related to the storm-time Pc5s previously reported in VHF radar data. Dst measurements support these observations by indicating that the dawn and dusk classes of waves occur respectively during geomagnetically quiet and more active intervals.Key words. Ionosphere (auroral ionosphere; ionosphere-magnetosphere interactions) · Magnetospheric physics (MHD waves and instabilities)
Analysis of thick, non-planar boundaries using the discontinuity analyser
Authors: Dunlop M. W. , Woodward T. I.
Published: June 2005

Abstract. The advent of missions comprised of phased arrays of spacecraft, with separation distances ranging down to at least mesoscales, provides the scientific community with an opportunity to accurately analyse the spatial and temporal dependencies of structures in space plasmas. Exploitation of the multi-point data sets, giving vastly more information than in previous missions, thereby allows unique study of their small-scale physics. It remains an outstanding problem, however, to understand in what way comparative information across spacecraft is best built into any analysis of the combined data. Different investigations appear to demand different methods of data co-ordination. Of the various multi-spacecraft data analysis techniques developed to affect this exploitation, the discontinuity analyser has been designed to investigate the macroscopic properties (topology and motion) of boundaries, revealed by multi-spacecraft magnetometer data, where the possibility of at least mesoscale structure is considered. It has been found that the analysis of planar structures is more straightforward than the analysis of non-planar boundaries, where the effects of topology and motion become interwoven in the data, and we argue here that it becomes necessary to customise the analysis for non-planar events to the type of structure at hand. One issue central to the discontinuity analyser, for instance, is the calculation of normal vectors to the structure. In the case of planar and `thin' non-planar structures, the method of normal determination is well-defined, although subject to uncertainties arising from unwanted signatures. In the case of `thick', non-planar structures, however, the method of determination becomes particularly sensitive to the type of physical sampling that is present. It is the purpose of this article to firstly review the discontinuity analyser technique and secondly, to discuss the analysis of the normals to thick non-planar structures detected in magnetometer data. Key words. Space plasma physics (discontinuities; instruments and techniques)
Reconfiguration and closure of lobe flux by reconnection during northward IMF: possible evidence for signatures in cusp/cleft auroral emissions
Authors: Lockwood M. , Moen J.
Published: June 2005

Abstract. Observations are presented of the response of the dayside cusp/cleft aurora to changes in both the clock and elevation angles of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) vector, as monitored by the WIND spacecraft. The auroral observations are made in 630 nm light at the winter solstice near magnetic noon, using an all-sky camera and a meridian-scanning photometer on the island of Spitsbergen. The dominant change was the response to a northward turning of the IMF which caused a poleward retreat of the dayside aurora. A second, higher-latitude band of aurora was seen to form following the northward turning, which is interpreted as the effect of lobe reconnection which reconfigures open flux. We suggest that this was made possible in the winter hemisphere, despite the effect of the Earth's dipole tilt, by a relatively large negative X component of the IMF. A series of five events then formed in the poleward band and these propagated in a southwestward direction and faded at the equatorward edge of the lower-latitude band as it migrated poleward. It is shown that the auroral observations are consistent with overdraped lobe flux being generated by lobe reconnection in the winter hemisphere and subsequently being re-closed by lobe reconnection in the summer hemisphere. We propose that the balance between the reconnection rates at these two sites is modulated by the IMF elevation angle, such that when the IMF points more directly northward, the summer lobe reconnection site dominates, re-closing all overdraped lobe flux and eventually becoming disconnected from the Northern Hemisphere.Key words. Magnetospheric physics (magnetopause · cusp and boundary layers; solar-wind-magnetosphere interactions) · Space plasma physics (magnetic reconnection)
Ionospheric measurements during the CRISTA/MAHRSI campaign: their implications and comparison with previous campaigns
Authors: Laštovicka J. , Pancheva D. , Altadill D. , Benediktov E. A. , Boška J. , Bremer J. , Dick M. , Igarashi K. , Mlch P. , de la Morena B. A. , Rapoport Z. T. , Vyakhirev V. A. , Vugmeister B. O. , Zhang X. , Zolesi B.
Published: June 2005

Abstract. The CRISTA/MAHRSI experiment on board a space shuttle was accompanied by a broad campaign of rocket, balloon and ground-based measurements. Supporting lower ionospheric ground-based measurements were run in Europe and Eastern Asia between 1 October-30 November, 1994. Results of comparisons with long ionospheric data series together with short-term comparisons inside the interval October-November, 1994, showed that the upper middle atmosphere  (h = 80-100 km) at middle latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere in the interval of the CRISTA/MAHRSI experiment (4-12 November, 1994) was very close to its expected climatological state. In other words, the average results of the experiment can be used as climatological data, at least for the given area/altitudes. The role of solar/geomagnetic and "meteorological" control of the lower ionosphere is investigated and compared with the results of MAP/WINE, MAC/SINE and DYANA campaigns. The effects of both solar/geomagnetic and global meteorological factors on the lower ionosphere are found to be weak during autumn 1994 compared to those in MAP/WINE and DYANA winters, and they are even slightly weaker than those in MAP/SINE summer. The comparison of the four campaigns suggests the following overall pattern: in winter the lower ionosphere at northern middle latitudes appears to be fairly well "meteorologically" controlled with a very weak solar influence. In summer, solar influence is somewhat stronger and dominates the weak "meteorological" influence, but the overall solar/meteorological control is weaker than in winter. In autumn we find the weakest overall solar/meteorological control, local effects evidently dominate.Key words. Ionosphere (ionosphere · atmosphere interactions; mid-latitude ionosphere)