bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Subglottic Stenosis Position Affects Work of Breathing
Authors: Yang Max M. , Higano Nara S. , Gunatilaka Chamindu C. , Hysinger Erik B. , Amin Raouf S. , Woods Jason C. , Bates Alister J.
Published: October 2020

Objectives

Subglottic stenosis (SGS) is the most common type of laryngeal stenosis in neonates. SGS severity is currently graded based on percent area of obstruction (%AO) via the Myer‐Cotton grading scale. However, patients with similar %AO can have widely different clinical courses. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) based on patient‐specific imaging can quantify the relationship between airway geometry and flow dynamics. We investigated the effect of %AO and axial position of SGS on work of breathing (WOB) in neonates using magnetic resonance imaging.

Methods

High‐resolution ultrashort echo‐time MRI of the chest and airway was obtained in three neonatal patients with no suspected airway abnormalities; images were segmented to construct three‐dimensional (3D) models of the neonatal airways. These models were then modified with virtual SGSs of varying %AO and axial positioning.

CFD simulations of peak inspiratory flow were used to calculate patient‐specific WOB in nonstenotic and artificially stenosed airway models.

Results

CFD simulations demonstrated a relationship between stenosis geometry and WOB increase. WOB rapidly increased with %AO greater than about 70%. Changes in axial position could also increase WOB by approximately the same amount as a 10% increase in %AO. Increased WOB was particularly pronounced when the SGS lumen was misaligned with the glottic jet.

Conclusion

The results indicate a strong, predictable relationship between WOB and axial position of the stenotic lumen relative to the glottis, which has not been previously reported. These findings may lead to precision diagnosis and treatment prediction tools in individual patients.

Level of Evidence

4 Laryngoscope, 131:E1220–E1226, 2021
High‐Yield Synthesis of Pyridyl Conjugated Microporous Polymer Networks with Large Surface Areas: From Molecular Iodine Capture to Metal‐Free Heterogeneous Catalysis
Authors: Zuo Hongyu , Lyu Wei , Zhang Weiyi , Li Ying , Liao Yaozu
Published: October 2020

Capturing volatile radioactive nuclides including iodine (I129 or I131) is one of the major problems to be solved for environmental sustainability. Multiple types of functional microporous materials such as metal organic frameworks and covalent organic frameworks have been constructed for iodine emission control. However, most of the microporous materials are limited by their weak binding force with iodine and low stability, leading to low capture efficiencies. Herein, the synthesis of pyridyl conjugated microporous polymer networks with large surface areas (PCMP‐Y) up to 1304 m2 g−1 and high yields up to 95% via a simple Yamamoto cross‐coupling reaction, is reported. The PCMP‐Y carries amine and pyridine N groups which have stronger interactions with iodine molecules. The high specific surface areas and porosities of PCMP‐Y facilitate iodine capture, delivering a maximum adsorption capacity of 4.75 g g−1 in a short time (3 h), which is superior to a majority of porous materials reported. Moreover, the reversible desorption nature of PCMP‐Y capturing iodine imparts a platform for metal‐free heterogeneous catalyst, which can be applied to synthesize aminobenzothiazole medicines via O2‐promoted cascade reactions.
Augmentation of heat transfer in a microtube and a wavy microchannel using hybrid nanofluid: A numerical investigation
Authors: Singh Shikhar Kumar , Bhattacharyya Suvanjan , Paul Akshoy Ranjan , Sharifpur Mohsen , Meyer Josua P.
Published: October 2020

The paper discusses the numerical investigation involving forced convective heat transfer (HT) in the laminar flow regime is carried out for nanofluid (NF) and hybrid NF (HNF) in a microtube and wavy microchannel. Water‐based Al2O3 NF and water‐based Al2O3‐Ag HNF is studied for this purpose. Reynolds number (Re), temperature, volume fraction, and nanoparticle (NP) size are varied for the analysis at a constant HT rate. Numerical results characterizing the performances of NF and HNF are presented in terms of the local HT coefficient. It is found that with the increase in Reynolds number, volume fraction, and temperature, local HT coefficient is increased. For Reynolds number of 50 and 𝜑 = 3%, a maximum of 11.03% increase in HT coefficient is obtained for microtube, while for the same case, a maximum of 10.16% is found for wavy microchannel. Comparison of NF and HNF reveals superior HT property of the later. However, microtube exhibits better HT coefficient than the wavy channel at constant heat flux, length, and area.
Reproducing kernel method for Fangzhu's oscillator for water collection from air
Authors: Akgül Ali , Ahmad Hijaz
Published: October 2020

In this article, reproducing kernel method is used to approximate nonlinear oscillator in order to reveal main factors affecting the usefulness of an ancient water collection device known as Fangzhu, that is, the surface temperature, the air velocity, surface structure, and suitable super‐hydrophilic and super‐hydrophobic surface duals. The approximate solution is compared with the exact solution as well as the results obtained by the simplest frequency–amplitude formulation, to show the effectiveness of the proposed technique for solving this type nonlinear oscillator. Fangzhu plays a significant role in ocean engineering, modern architecture, self‐lubrication of moving surfaces, transportation, and many others to catch water from air for day‐to‐day use.
Moving load response of an axially loaded Timoshenko beam on a multilayered transversely isotropic half‐space comprising different media
Authors: Li Yi‐Cheng , Feng Shi‐Jin , Chen Zhang‐Long
Published: October 2020

This paper investigates the dynamic response of an axially loaded Timoshenko beam coupled with a multilayered transversely isotropic (TI) half‐space subjected to a moving load. An axial force induced by the thermal expansion is taken into account in the Timoshenko beam. The half‐space considers the alternate distribution of an arbitrary number of TI elastic and poroelastic layers to model foundation soils with different properties and moisture conditions. To solve the governing equations, Fourier transform is adopted. The stratified foundation is formulated by extending an “adapted stiffness matrix method” to a more general scenario with an arbitrary number of layers. The beam is then coupled with the foundation to derive solutions to the system in the frequency‐wavenumber domain. The final results in the time‐spatial domain are recovered by the inverse Fourier transform. After confirming the accuracy of the method in this study, the influences of the pore water existence, the transverse isotropy of different parameters, and the axial force are investigated. It can be observed that the effect of pore water existence on the maximum beam deflection can reach 22% in this study. The transverse isotropy of the elastic and shear moduli influences the critical speed of the beam deflection by altering the phase velocity of the first wave propagation mode of the beam‐foundation system. The vertical permeability coefficient is more important than the horizontal one in determining the excess pore pressure. The rise of the beam temperature (axial force) decreases the critical speed and magnifies the vibrations.
Scaling recovery of susceptible and resistant stored product insects after short exposures to phosphine by using automated video‐tracking software
Authors: Agrafioti Paraskevi , Brabec Daniel L , Morrison William R , Campbell James F , Athanassiou Christos G
Published: October 2020

BACKGROUND

Phosphine‐susceptible or resistant populations of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) and Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Coleoptera: Bostrychidae) adults were exposed to 0 (control), 1000 and 3000 ppm of phosphine for 15 or 90 min, to estimate behavioral and mobility responses after exposure to phosphine. Knockdown of the exposed individuals after exposure was recorded visually. The total distance moved and velocity of movement were assessed immediately after exposure to phosphine, 2 or 24 h later using a camera coupled with automated video tracking software (i.e. Ethovision®).

RESULTS

For both species tested, the highest percentage of dead adults was noted at the highest concentration (3000 ppm) for both exposure times. For T. castaneum, total distance moved and velocity decreased as the concentration increased for the susceptible population, whereas there was significant variation among individuals in the resistant population. For R. dominica, the distance moved was reduced at the highest concentrations. Individuals of R. dominica moved less than those of T. castaneum and there were significant differences in mobility between susceptible and resistant populations for both species tested. Recovery was much faster in the case of the resistant populations.

CONCLUSIONS

Changes in movement parameters can be further exploited in assessing the efficacy of different management tactics, such as trapping and sampling. Automated video tracking systems such as Ethovision® can be used to track and record insect behavioral response, providing a more objective measure of insecticide efficacy than visual categorizations. These data shed light on insect mobility and behavioral responses to fumigation treatments in relation to resistance. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Identification and characterization of striking multiple‐insecticide resistance in a Tetranychus urticae field population from Greece
Authors: Papapostolou Kyriaki Maria , Riga Maria , Charamis Jason , Skoufa Evangelia , Souchlas Vassilis , Ilias Aris , Dermauw Wannes , Ioannidis Panagiotis , Van Leeuwen Thomas , Vontas John
Published: October 2020

BACKGROUND

Tetranychus urticae is a notorious crop pest with a worldwide distribution that has developed resistance to a wide range of acaricides. Here, we investigated the resistance levels of a T. urticae population collected from an ornamental greenhouse in Peloponnese, Greece, and analyzed its resistance mechanisms at the molecular level.

RESULTS

Toxicological assays showed resistance against compounds with different modes of action, with resistance ratios of: 89‐fold for abamectin; > 1000‐fold for clofentezine; > 5000‐fold for etoxazole; 27‐fold for fenpyroximate and pyridaben; 20‐ and 36‐fold for spirodiclofen and spirotetramat, respectively; and 116‐ and > 500‐fold for cyenopyrafen and cyflumetofen, respectively.

Bioassays with synergists indicated the involvement of detoxification enzymes in resistance to abamectin, but not to cyflumetofen and spirodiclofen. RNA sequencing (RNA‐seq) analysis showed significant over‐expression of several genes encoding detoxification enzymes such as cytochrome P450 monooxygenases and UDP‐glycosyltransferases, which have been previously associated with acaricide resistance. Known target‐site resistance mutations were identified in acetyl‐choline esterase, chitin synthase 1 and NDUFS7/psst, but putative novel resistance mutations were also discovered in targets such as glutamate‐gated chloride channel subunit 3. Interestingly, target‐site resistance mutations against pyrethroids or bifenazate were not identified, possibly indicating a recent reduced selection pressure in Greece, as well as a possible opportunity to rotate these chemistries.

CONCLUSION

We identified and characterized a striking case of multiple acaricide resistance in a field population of T. urticae. Exceptionally strong resistance phenotypes, with accumulation of multiple resistance mutations and over‐expression of P450s and other detoxification genes in the same field population are reported.
The common diabetes drug metformin can diminish the action of citral against Rhabdomyosarcoma cells in vitro
Authors: Duan Chengchen , Evison Anna , Taylor Lucy , Onur Simone , Morten Karl , Townley Helen
Published: October 2020

Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is a rare type of soft tissue sarcoma most commonly found in pediatric patients. Despite progress, new and improved drug regimens are needed to increase survival rates. Citral, a natural product plant oil can induce cell death in cancer cells. Another compound, metformin, isolated originally from French lilac and used by diabetics, has been shown to reduce the incidence of cancer in these patients. Application of citral to RMS cells showed increase in cell death, and RD and RH30 cells showed half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values as low as 36.28 μM and 62.37 μM, respectively. It was also shown that the citral initiated cell apoptosis through an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and free calcium. In comparison, metformin only showed moderate cell death in RMS cell lines at a very high concentration (1,000 μM). Combinatorial experiments, however, indicated that citral and metformin worked antagonistically when used together. In particular, the ability of metformin to quench the ROS induced by citral could lead to the suppression of activity. These results clearly indicate that while clinical use of citral is a promising anti‐tumor therapy, caution should be exercised in patients using metformin for diabetes.
On the study of influence of molecular arrangements and dipole moment on exciton binding energy in solid state
Authors: Chen Xue , Zheng Shaohui
Published: October 2020

Exciton binding energy (Eb) is one of the key factors affecting charge transfer and charge separation in organic solar cells (OSCs). However, most studies on Eb only focus on a single molecule, which is far from the real situation. How molecular arrangements and dipole moment influence Eb in solid state is still an open question. In the present work, a methodology combining the polarizable continuum model with calculated static dielectric constants, optimally tuned long‐range corrected hybrid density functional, and corrected optical gap is proposed for the calculations of Ebs with high accuracy. We have chosen boron subphthalocyanine chloride (subPC) with a strong dipole moment and anthracene without a dipole moment as two representative examples. To simulate solid‐state environmental effects better, different molecular dimers have been built up to simulate molecular arrangements. The most striking finding is that molecular arrangements and dipole moment have evident effects on Ebs. The calculated Ebs of anthracene in dimers are always smaller than that obtained with a single‐molecule model. In contrast, the Ebs of subPC dimers are generally larger (up to 30%) than that of subPC monomer; however, one exception is the convex‐to‐concave dimer configuration with the largest dipole moment, which has a smaller Eb by 5% than the monomer. These findings provide a guideline for the morphology control of thin film to improve the performance of OSC.
Identification of the metabolites of piperine via hepatocyte incubation and liquid chromatography combined with diode‐array detection and high‐resolution mass spectrometry
Authors: Li Yanping , Li Ming , Wang Zhandi , Wen Min , Tang Jie
Published: October 2020

Rationale

Piperine, an alkaloid isolated from Piper nigrum L., has been demonstrated to have many pharmacological effects and several health benefits. The aim of this work was to study the metabolic profiles of piperine in mouse, rat, dog and human hepatocytes.

Methods

The biotransformation was carried out by incubating piperine with hepatocytes at 37°C. After incubation for 2 h, the samples were pretreated and analyzed using liquid chromatography combined with diode‐array detection and high‐resolution mass spectrometry (LC/DAD‐HRMS). The structures of the metabolites were assigned through a comparison of their accurate masses and product ions with those of the parent compound.

Results

A total of 20 metabolites were detected, and the structures were proposed. Piperine was metabolized through the following pathways: (a) oxidation to form a catechol derivative, which further underwent methylation, glucuronidation, glutathione (GSH) conjugation, and hydroxylation followed by opening of the piperidine ring; (b) hydroxylation to form a carbinolamine intermediate followed by opening of the piperidine ring and the formation of alcohol and acid derivatives; and (c) hydroxylation to form stable hydroxylated metabolites. In mouse, the formation of the catechol derivative (M12) and hydroxylation (M11) were the major metabolic pathways; in rat, the formation of the catechol derivative (M12) and glucuronidation (M9) were the main pathways; and in dog and human, the formation of the catechol derivative (M12) was the predominant pathway. No human‐specific metabolite was observed.

Conclusions

This study provided some new information on the metabolic profiles of piperine, which should be of great importance in the study of the pharmacology and toxicity of this compound.
Highly Perforated V2O5 Cathode with Restricted Lithiation toward Building “Rocking‐Chair” Type Cell with Graphite Anode Recovered from Spent Li‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Divya Madhusoodhanan Lathika , Natarajan Subramanian , Lee Yun‐Sung , Aravindan Vanchiappan
Published: October 2020

Current research motivation on fabricating next‐generation lithium‐ion batteries by averting the growing demand for battery raw materials brings enormous interest on the V2O5 cathode again as a result of its abundance, ease synthesis, and tunable Li‐intercalation properties. So far, the research activities are mainly focused on V2O5 to attain a maximum capacity (>300 mAh g−1) for more than 1 mol. Li‐intercalation which results in poor structural stability. Keeping this issue in mind, here, the full‐cell assembly by limiting 1 mol is proposed and constructed. Li‐insertion in V2O5 as a cathode and LiC6 as an anode for the first time. Prior to the full‐cell assembly, hydrothermally prepared rod‐like V2O5 reveals the specific capacity of 143 mAh g−1 in half‐cell configuration with good cycling stability. The full‐cell, V2O5/LiC6, offers a specific capacity of ≈236 mAh g−1 with a maximum energy density of ≈197.1 Wh kg−1. Furthermore, the practical feasibility of the cell has been examined at different temperatures that divulged a maximum energy density of 136 Wh kg−1 at 50 °C. Also, the obtained results encourage V2O5 as a strong contender for the commercial LiFePO4/C system andpave the new directions for advanced battery technology.
A Robust and Low‐Power Bismuth Doped Tin Oxide Memristor Derived from Coaxial Conductive Filaments
Authors: Liu Yanxin , Ye Cong , Chang Kuan‐Chang , Li Lei , Jiang Bei , Xia Chen , Liu Lei , Zhang Xin , Liu Xinyi , Xia Tian , Peng Zehui , Cao Guangsen , Cheng Gong , Ke Shanwu , Wang Jiahong
Published: October 2020

Memristor, processing data storage and logic operation all‐in‐one, is an advanced configuration for next generation computer. In this work, a bismuth doped tin oxide (Bi:SnO2) memristor with ITO/Bi:SnO2/TiN structure has been fabricated. Observing from transmission electron microscope (TEM) for the Bi:SnO2 device, it is found that the bismuth atoms surround the surface of SnO2 crystals to form the coaxial Bi conductive filament. The self‐compliance current, switching voltage and operating current of Bi:SnO2 memristor are remarkably smaller than that of ITO/SnO2/TiN device. With the content of 4.8% Bi doping, the SET operating power of doped device is 16 µW for ITO/Bi:SnO2/TiN memory cell of 0.4 × 0.4 µm2, which is cut down by two orders of magnitude. Hence, the findings in this study suggest that Bi:SnO2 memristors hold significant potential for application in low power memory and broadening the understanding of existing resistive switching (RS) mechanism.
Composite action of rectangular concrete‐filled steel tube columns under lateral shear force
Authors: Ding Fa‐xing , Chen Yi‐fan , Yu Yu‐jie , Wang Li‐ping , Yu Zhi‐wu
Published: October 2020

The rectangular concrete‐filled steel tube (RCFST) has been widely applied into many engineering fields like buildings and bridges. However, the shear mechanisms and the universal design methods under lateral shear forces still remain to be fully understood. In this paper, the composite action of RCFST columns under lateral shear forces was systematically investigated with improved 3‐dimensional finite element simulations. The models adopted the improved material constitutive models and detailed contact interactions between the encased steel tube and core concrete. On the basis of available test data and numerical results of parametric studies, the critical shear span ratio and its variation range were determined. The composite effect and interactions between the encased steel tube and core concrete under different configurational dimensions and loading conditions were investigated. Calculation formulas of the shear stiffness and capacity were proposed based on identified features. The cooperative working mechanism and the constraining effect of steel tube were considered. The proposed calculations were then compared to available design regulations in different countries, and yielded more accurate predictions than the others.
Investigations on the phylogenetic position of the ditypic genus Froriepia reveal Yildirimlia, a new genus of Apiaceae
Authors: Doğru‐Koca Aslı , Bagheri Ali , Moradi Aiuob
Published: October 2020

Froriepia is a ditypic genus in the subfamily Apioideae. Froriepia subpinnata occurs in Iran and the Caucasus, while F. gracillima is a species endemic to Turkey that is known only from the type specimen collected near the country's eastern border. Although many comprehensive phylogenetic studies of members of the family Apiaceae have been conducted, the phylogenetic position of Froriepia has remained unknown. When we examined this genus in detail, we suspected that the two species assigned to it may in fact belong to separate genera because of morphological differences between them. To understand the tribal classification of this genus and to reveal its infrageneric phylogenetic relationships, we examined its members morphologically and phylogenetically. We obtained phylogenetic relationships by Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood analyses of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and rps16 intron gene sequences. We also examined pollen ornamentation and seed surface sculpturing with scanning electron microscopy. We found that, while F. subpinnata is a member of the tribe Pyramidoptereae, F. gracillima is a member of the tribe Selineae, and this conclusion was supported by our analyses of both the ITS and rps16 intron sequences. When we evaluated all of our results together, we deduced that F. gracillima should be removed from Froriepia. Ultimately, in light of both differences in morphological characteristics and phylogenetic evidence, we describe a new genus, Yildirimlia. The taxonomical diagnosis, detailed description, and illustrations of the new genus are provided herein.
Conclusion: Convergence or Divergence between the East and the West?
Authors: Pae Hye K.
Published: October 2020

This chapter briefly reviews language as a cultural tool and claims written language or script to be the influential force that runs cognition and culture. As an extension of the linguistic relativity hypothesis, script relativity is considered to be the engines and underpinnings of our cognition, everyday problem-solving strategies, and overarching culture as the consequence of accommodated brain pathways upon reading. The mixed-script advantage is also discussed. Uni-script use has evolved to the use of bi-scripts or multi-scripts, as in Chinese with Pinyin and Japanese multi-scripts as well as the recent adoptions of Hindi-English bilinguals’ Romanagari, Aralish that is used to supplement Arabic, and the Greeks’ additional use of Greeklish. As the results of the co-use of words and images, the adoption of bi-scripts or multi-scripts, and a mixture of digital and paper-based texts, more convergence as well as the state of complementarity and harmony between the East and the West are expected. The chapter ends with the notations of limitations of the book and recommendations.
mTICCS and its inter-rater reliability to predict the need for massive transfusion in severely injured patients
Authors: Horst Klemens , Lichte Philipp , Bläsius Felix , Weber Christian David , Tonglet Martin , Kobbe Philipp , Heussen Nicole , Hildebrand Frank
Published: October 2020

Purpose

The modified Trauma-Induced Coagulopathy Clinical Score (mTICCS) presents a new scoring system for the early detection of the need for a massive transfusion (MT). This easily applicable score was validated in a large trauma cohort and proven comparable to more established complex scoring systems. However, the inter-rater reliability of the mTICCS has not yet been investigated.

Methods

Therefore, a dataset of 15 randomly selected and severely injured patients (ISS ≥ 16) derived from the database of a level I trauma centre (2010–2015) was used. Moreover, 15 severely injured subjects that received MT were chosen from the same databank. A web-based survey was sent to medical professionals working in the field of trauma care asking them to evaluate each patient using the mTICCS.

Results

In total, 16 raters (9 residents and 7 specialists) completed the survey. Ratings from 15 medical professionals could be evaluated and led to an ICC of 0.7587 (95% Bootstrap confidence interval (BCI) 0.7149–0.8283). A comparison of working experience specific ICC (n = 7 specialists, ICC: 0.7558, BCI: 0.7076–0.8270;n = 8 residents, ICC: 0.7634, BCI: 0.7183–0.8335) showed no significant difference between the two groups (p = 0.67).

Conclusion

In summary, reliability values need to be considered when making clinical decisions based on scoring systems. Due to its easy applicability and its almost perfect inter-rater reliability, even with non-specialists, the mTICCS might therefore be a useful tool to predict the early need for MT in multiple trauma.
Metabolomic profiling of patients with high gradient aortic stenosis undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement
Authors: Haase Daniela , Bäz Laura , Bekfani Tarek , Neugebauer Sophie , Kiehntopf Michael , Möbius-Winkler Sven , Franz Marcus , Schulze P. Christian
Published: October 2020

Aim

Aim of our study was to evaluate metabolic changes in patients with aortic stenosis (AS) before and after transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) and to assess whether this procedure reverses metabolomic alterations.

Methods

188 plasma metabolites of 30 patients with severe high-gradient aortic valve stenosis (pre-TAVR and 6 weeks post-TAVR) as well as 20 healthy controls (HC) were quantified by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Significantly altered metabolites were then correlated to an extensive patient database of clinical parameters at the time of measurement.

Results

Out of the determined metabolites, 26.6% (n = 50) were significantly altered in patients with AS pre-TAVR compared to HC. In detail, 5/40 acylcarnitines as well as 10/42 amino acids and biogenic amines were mainly increased in AS, whereas 29/90 glycerophospholipids and 6/15 sphingomyelins were mainly reduced. In the post-TAVR group, 10.1% (n = 19) of metabolites showed significant differences when compared to pre-TAVR. Moreover, we found nine metabolites revealing reversible concentration levels. Correlation with clinically important parameters revealed strong correlations between sphingomyelins and cholesterol (r = 0.847), acylcarnitines and brain natriuretic peptide (r = 0.664) and showed correlation of acylcarnitine with an improvement of left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (r = − 0.513) and phosphatidylcholines with an improvement of LV mass (r = − 0.637).

Conclusion

Metabolic profiling identified significant and reversible changes in circulating metabolites of patients with AS. The correlation of circulating metabolites with clinical parameters supports the use of these data to identify novel diagnostic as well as prognostic markers for disease screening, pathophysiological studies as well as patient surveillance.
Effects of g-jitter and radiation on three-dimensional double diffusion stagnation point nanofluid flow
Authors: Kamal M. H. A. , Rawi N. A. , Ali A. , Shafie S.
Published: October 2020

The unsteady double diffusion of the boundary layer with the nanofluid flow near a three-dimensional (3D) stagnation point body is studied under a microgravity environment. The effects of g-jitter and thermal radiation exist under the microgravity environment, where there is a gravitational field with fluctuations. The flow problem is mathematically formulated into a system of equations derived from the physical laws and principles under the no-slip boundary condition. With the semi-similar transformation technique, the dimensional system of equations is reduced into a dimensionless system of equations, where the dependent variables of the problem are lessened. A numerical solution for the flow problem derived from the system of dimensionless partial differential equations is obtained with the Keller box method, which is an implicit finite difference approach. The effects studied are analyzed in terms of the physical quantities of principle interest with the fluid behavior characteristics, the heat transfer properties, and the concentration distributions. The results show that the value of the curvature ratio parameter represents the geometrical shape of the boundary body, where the stagnation point is located. The increased modulation amplitude parameter produces a fluctuating behavior on all physical quantities studied, where the fluctuating range becomes smaller when the oscillation frequency increases. Moreover, the addition of Cu nanoparticles enhances the thermal conductivity of the heat flux, and the thermal radiation could increase the heat transfer properties.
Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging for the detection of myocardial involvement in granulomatosis with polyangiitis
Authors: Giollo Alessandro , Dumitru Raluca B. , Swoboda Peter P. , Plein Sven , Greenwood John P. , Buch Maya H. , Andrews Jacqueline
Published: October 2020

The prevalence of undiagnosed cardiac involvement in granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) is unknown. In this prospective study we investigated the utility of cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) to identify myocardial abnormalities in GPA and their correlation with disease phenotype. Twenty-six patients with GPA and no cardiovascular disease or diabetes mellitus underwent contrast-enhanced CMR, including late gadolinium-enhancement (LGE), T1-mapping for native T1 and extra-cellular volume (ECV) quantification for assessment of myocardial fibrosis, cine imaging and tissue tagging for assessment of left ventricular (LV) function. Twenty-five healthy volunteers (HV) with comparable age, sex, BMI and arterial blood pressure served as controls. Patients with GPA had similar cardiovascular risk profile to HV. A focal, non-ischaemic LGE pattern of fibrosis was detected in 24% of patients and no controls (p = 0.010). Patients with myocardial LGE were less frequently PR3 ANCA (7% vs 93%, p = 0.007), and had involvement of the lower respiratory tract and skin. LGE scar mass was higher in patients presenting with renal involvement. Native T1 and ECV were higher in patients with GPA than HV; ECV was higher in those with relapsing disease, and native T1 was inversely associated with PR3 ANCA (β = − 0.664, p = 0.001). Peak systolic strain was slightly reduced in GPA compared to controls; LV ejection function was inversely correlated with disease duration (β = − 0.454, p = 0.026). Patients with GPA have significant myocardial abnormalities on CMR. ANCA, systemic involvement and disease severity were associated with myocardial fibrosis. CMR could be a useful tool for risk stratification of myocardial involvement in GPA.
To What Extent Do Situation-Model-Approach Interventions Improve Relative Metacomprehension Accuracy? Meta-Analytic Insights
Authors: Prinz Anja , Golke Stefanie , Wittwer Jörg
Published: October 2020

This meta-analysis investigated the extent to which relative metacomprehension accuracy can be increased by interventions that aim to support learners’ use of situation-model cues as a basis for judging their text comprehension. These interventions were delayed-summary writing, delayed-keywords listing, delayed-diagram completion, self-explaining, concept mapping, rereading, and setting a comprehension-test expectancy. First, the general effectiveness of situation-model-approach interventions was examined. The results revealed that, across 28 effect sizes (comprising a total of 2,236 participants), situation-model-approach interventions exerted a medium positive effect (g = 0.46) on relative metacomprehension accuracy. Second, the interventions were examined individually. The results showed that, with the exception of self-explaining, each intervention had a significant positive effect on relative metacomprehension accuracy. Yet, there was a tendency for setting a comprehension-test expectancy to be particularly effective. A further meta-analysis on comprehension in the selected studies revealed that, overall, the situation-model-approach interventions were also beneficial for directly improving comprehension, albeit the effect was small. Taken together, the findings demonstrate the utility of situation-model-approach interventions for supporting self-regulated learning from texts.
The influence of distant coal seam edges on seismic hazard during longwall mining
Authors: Wojtecki Łukasz , Gołda Iwona , Mendecki Maciej J.
Published: October 2020

Underground coal seam mining has been carried out in the Upper Silesian Coal Basin, Poland, for many years and with a simultaneous increase in exploitation depth. Frequently, coal seams are not fully extracted due to numerous reasons which lead to their edges and remnants remaining in the rock mass. Even in the case of the full extraction of a coal seam, mining usually ends at the border of a protecting pillar to protect underground or surface objects, sometimes at the border of the mining area, or some distance from the old goaf or high throw fault. Extraction of subsequent coal seams in an analogous range results in a cluster of coal seam edges remaining. In the vicinity of the mentioned remainders, the disrupted stress distribution is expected. The infraction of the aforementioned equilibrium repeatedly results in the occurrence of strong mining tremors. The observations from the studied coal seam no. 408’s longwall panel indicated that mining works are able to disturb the present stress-strain equilibrium in the area of the edges of other coal seams, even if they are located at a greater vertical distance away. The seismological parameters and distributions have been applied for this purpose.
Legitimization and Validity of Directives on Legal Interpretation on the Example of the Rule of Law Crisis in Poland
Authors: Piszko Robert
Published: October 2020

In case when the criteria for the validity of interpretative directives are not clearly defined and a political dispute arises, the dispute participant may refer to such interpretative directives, the use of which will determine the content of the law and determine the outcome of the political dispute. In this way a crisis of the legal order in Poland has occurred. Therefore, the aim of this article is to draw attention to the consequences of the undefined status of the directives of legal interpretation, the resulting need for legitimacy of the interpretation of the law, the role of legal views (legal doctrine) possible in this respect and the validation role of the interpretation custom in legal doctrine. The article consists of four parts. The first one describes the phenomena that have disrupted the traditional approach to the sources of law. The second part describes the traditional approach to the sources of the law. The third one proves that the traditional approach to the sources of law, in which the main role is fulfilled by normative acts, is incorrect, this part also indicates that the key role in this respect is played by spontaneous rules of law interpretation. The fourth part indicates the need to legitimize the interpretation of the law and the role of the interpretation custom in judicial doctrine. The research material includes parliamentary practice in Poland, practice of law interpretation and scientific studies on law interpretation. The research material was examined mainly using the method of linguistic analysis.
Transferlernen in der Biomedizin
Authors: Stumpf Patrick Simon , Schätzle Lisa-Katrin , Schuppert Andreas
Published: October 2020

Machine learning is commonly employed to extract meaningful information from large and complex data. In situations where only scant data is available, algorithms can leverage abundant data from a separate (unrelated) context to address the learning problem. Here, we present two recently developed biomedical applications that take advantage of transfer learning to bridge the gap from model systems to human: single-cell label transfer and drug response prediction in patients.
Standardisierte mikroRNA-Analytik — die große Chance für Biomarkerstudien?
Authors: Fauth Maria , Saul Meike J.
Published: October 2020

Circulating microRNAs (miRs) represent promising diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for various diseases. Despite the high number of biomarker studies, the results of these studies are hardly reproducible. This makes it difficult to transfer the results into clinical application. In this context, acceptance criteria for the quantification of miRs by reverse transcription quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) may help to standardize miR analysis and improve reproducibility.
Multi-target ddPCR Assays zur Detektion von KRAS- und NRAS-Mutationen
Authors: Hussung Saskia , Fritsch Ralph
Published: October 2020

Detection and quantification of tumor-derived mutations in cell-free DNA (cfDNA) holds great potential for non-invasive tumor diagnostics and molecular monitoring. We developed highly sensitive discriminatory multi-target digital droplet PCR (ddPCR) assays covering 14 KRAS and NRAS hotspot mutations.
Unterrichtsbesprechungen im Praktikum – Konstruktivistische und transmissive Lernbegleitung durch Lehrkräftebildner/innen unterschiedlicher Institutionen
Authors: Beckmann Timo , Ehmke Timo
Published: October 2020

Unterrichtsbesprechungen sind eine zentrale Lerngelegenheit im Professionalisierungsprozess von Lehramtsstudierenden. In der vorliegenden Studie wurde anhand von theoretischen Modellen zur Gesprächsführung und Reflexion untersucht, inwieweit die Gesprächsführung inn = 29 authentischen Unterrichtsnachbesprechungen während des Langzeitpraktikums Merkmale einer konstruktivistischen vs. transmissiven Orientierung aufweisen. Es zeigt sich, dass sich die Gespräche in Bezug auf die gewählten Merkmale stark voneinander unterscheiden. Auf Gruppenebene der Lehrkräftebildner/innen werden varianzanalytisch ebenfalls einzelne Unterschiede deutlich. So sind Gespräche von Mentor/innen eher kurz, beinhalten weniger Themen und Mentor/innen regen Studierende seltener zur Reflexion an, als Lehrende der Universität bzw. zweiten Ausbildungsphase dies tun. Darüber hinaus ergeben sich Korrelationen zwischen einzelnen Merkmalen, die zur Entwicklung von Gesprächsprofilen beitragen können. Die Studie trägt somit zu einem besseren Verständnis der Gesprächspraxis unterschiedlicher Lehrender bei und zeigt Möglichkeiten auf, wie die Lernbegleitung in Praxisphasen verbessert werden kann.
Das vormoderne Drama als Mediendispositiv
Authors: Ackermann Christiane
Published: October 2020

Schon die Vorrede zu den nachgelassenen Dramen Jacob Ayrers zeichnet ein recht genaues Bild von der dispositiven Wirkung Ayrerscher Dramatik, gleichwohl aus zeitgenössischer Perspektive und dient daher als Ausgangspunkt des vorliegenden Beitrags (1). Ayrers Dramen sind auf Lektüre angelegt – eine Lektüre, welche die Aufführungssituation mitzudenken hat und den Leser nicht nur zum Zuschauer eines imaginierten Theaterstückes macht, sondern auch zum Augenzeugen (historischen) Geschehens und Co-Produzenten von Geschichte. Die Abläufe der Projektion und Identifikation, in die der Rezipient involviert ist, lassen sich über den Begriff des ›Mediendispositivs‹ konzeptionell fassen (2). Die Verbindung von Historie mit literarischen Elementen zum einen und kulturellen Klischees zum anderen stört diese Imagination nicht (3). Sie befördert vielmehr den immersiven Effekt des medialen Dispositivs Drama, wie das Beispiel der Machumet-Tragedia zeigen soll (4). Der Aufsatz stellt so exemplarisch die Funktionsweise des ›Türkendramas‹ als Mediendispositiv vor, ein Dramentypus, dessen plurimediale Ästhetik an der Wende vom 16. zum 17. Jahrhundert mit Ayrer zu einem Höhepunkt gelangt.
Entropy theory for sectional hyperbolic flows
Authors: José Pacifico Maria , Yang Fan , Yang Jiagang
Published: October 2020

We use entropy theory as a new tool to study sectional hyperbolic flows in any dimension. We show that for

C^{1}

flows, every sectional hyperbolic set Λ is entropy expansive, and the topological entropy varies continuously with the flow. Furthermore, if Λ is Lyapunov stable, then it has positive entropy; in addition, if Λ is a chain recurrent class, then it contains a periodic orbit. As a corollary, we prove that for

C^{1}

generic flows, every Lorenz-like class is an attractor.
Developmental Criminology and the Crime Decline
Authors: Payne Jason , Piquero Alexis
Published: October 2020

Throughout the 1990s many countries around the world experienced the beginnings of what would later become the most significant and protracted decline in crime ever recorded. Although not a universal experience, the so-called international crime-drop was an unpredicted and unprecedented event which now offers fertile ground for reflection on many of criminology's key theories and debates. Through the lens of developmental and life-course criminology, this Element compares the criminal offending trajectories of two Australian birth cohorts born ten years apart in 1984 and 1994. It finds that the crime-drop was unlikely the result of any significant change in the prevalence or persistence of early-onset and chronic offending, but the disproportionate disappearance of their low-rate, adolescent-onset peers. Despite decades of research that has prioritized interventions for at-risk chronic offenders, it seems our greatest global crime prevention achievement to date was in reducing the prevalence of criminal offending in the general population.
A Derivation of Stiffness and Damping Coefficients for Short Hydrodynamic Journal Bearings with Pseudo-Plastic Lubricants
Authors: Tian Zhuxin , Chen Runchang
Published: October 2020

A new derivation considering the non-linear terms has been proposed to calculate stiffness and damping coefficients for short hydrodynamic journal bearings lubricated with pseudo-plastic fluids. The proposed method has relaxed the constraint of small perturbation method applicable to only small values of non-Newtonian factor α. An analytical solution is also given. The non-linear Reynolds equation is solved with a more reasonable boundary condition ∂p*/∂z* = 0 at the location of z*=0 while the analytical pressure distribution is obtained by seven-point Gauss-Legendre integral formula. When the non-dimensional non-Newtonian factor α is small, the stiffness and damping coefficients of computed by the proposed method can agree well with those from small perturbation method, which could verify the proposed derivation. As for large non-dimensional non-Newtonian factor α, the stiffness coefficients
$K_{XX}^*$
,
$K_{XY}^*$
and
$K_{YX}^*$
as well as the damping coefficients
$C_{XX}^*$
,
$C_{XY}^*$
and
$C_{YX}^*$
decrease with the increasing of non-dimensional non-Newtonian factor α. The significance of the derivation is that it can relax the constraint of small α and simplify the computation process.
The ciné-biologists: natural history film and the co-production of knowledge in interwar Britain
Authors: LONG MAX
Published: October 2020

This article analyses the production and reception of the natural history film seriesSecrets of Nature(1919–33) and its sequelSecrets of Life(1934–47), exploring what these films reveal about the role of cinema in public discourses about science and nature in interwar Britain. The first part of the article introduces theSecretsusing an ‘intermedial’ approach, linking the kinds of natural history that they displayed to contemporary trends in interwar popular science, from print publications to zoos. It examines how scientific knowledge was communicated in the series, especially the appeal to everyday experience as a vehicle to engage mass audiences with scientific subjects. The second part examines theSecretsseries through the lens of knowledge co-production, detailing how a range of different figures, including academic scientists, nature photographers, producers and teachers, became entangled in making the films. Recovering the term ‘ciné-biology’, it argues thatSecretsdeveloped a unique style of filmmaking that generated cultural space for the life sciences in British popular culture. The third part analyses two interwar cinema experiments to explore how audiences, imagined and real, shaped the kinds of natural knowledge characterized by theSecretsfilms.
SWADESHI CAPITALISM IN COLONIAL BOMBAY
Authors: VELKAR AASHISH
Published: October 2020

This article examines economic nationalism in India, specifically the role of capitalists in late colonial Bombay. It shows how swadeshi was the fulcrum that supported the expressions of nationalism and capitalism. The notion that Indian capital needed to be used for the benefit of Indian nationals became established as nationalist thought by the 1930s. Such swadeshi capitalism – Indian capital for Indian industries – recasts the notion of swadeshi as a broader, more sophisticated cultural response to colonialism and globalization. As capitalism transitioned from mercantile activities to capital-hungry industrialization, nationalism was itself reframed from being anti-colonial in 1905 to being anti-globalization by the 1950s. Swadeshi capitalism helped to overlay a radical, grittier form of economic nationalism over the intellectually driven version of the nineteenth century. Swadeshi, as a form of economic patriotism, can be distinguished from similar expressions of nationalism within the British empire and dominions. This article is an effort to decolonize the narratives of modern capitalism by shifting the focus away from the global West. It will appeal to readers interested in South Asian history, and those interested in cultural responses to globalization, the contested nature of economic nationalism, and histories of capitalism in the global South.