bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Lignin Syringyl/Guaiacyl Ratio in Eucalyptus Camaldulensis across Three Diverse Sites Based on near Infrared Spectroscopic Calibration Modelling with Five Eucalyptus Species and its Impact on Kraft Pulp Yield
Authors: Ramadevi Payyavula , Hegde Deepak V. , Varghese Mohan , Kamalakannan Rathinam , Ganapathy Suraj P. , Gurumurthy Demlapura S.
Published: November 2016

Lignin composition [syringyl/guaiacyl (S/G) ratio] and cellulose content in wood have an important bearing on pulp yield. This paper deals with the development of a calibration model for S/G ratio using five Eucalyptus species from different sites by diffuse reflectance near infrared spectroscopy. The model was constructed with 120 samples covering an S/G ratio range from 1.8 to 3.6, determined by pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The calibration plot has an R2 value of 0.825 which was validated in E. camaldulensis, E. urophylla and E. pellita. Variation in S/G ratio was studied in more than 3000 E. camaldulensis trees across three diverse sites in southern India. The S/G ratio was lower in a low rainfall site (Mahabubnagar) compared to a higher rainfall site (Ongole). A positive correlation ( R2 = 0.72) was observed between S/G ratio and Kraft pulp yield in E. camaldulensis. Alkali consumption in Kraft pulping experiments was inversely proportional to the S/G ratio ( R2 = 0.914).
Innovativeness of Industry Considering Organizational Slack and Cooperation
Authors: Facó Júlio Francisco Blumetti , Csillag João Mário
Published: November 2016

The purpose of this research study is to evaluate the influence of a company's cooperation resource availability on its innovativeness. 229 companies in the Manufacturing Industry segment were analyzed. Descriptive statistical analysis associated to regression analysis was used in order to achieve the research objective. Based on analysis of the data, it has become evident that the existence of organizational slack, as well as that of cooperation, positively influence a company's innovativeness, resulting in superior performance. Additionally, the quantitative research permitted the proposition of a predictive model which is applicable to the industry.
Defining goal terms in development and health
Authors: Ogbeiwi Osahon
Published: November 2016

Introduction:

Most academic literature uses ‘goal’, ‘aim’, ‘objective’ and ‘target’ as synonymous terms, but development and healthcare sectors define them as distinct etymological entities with varied and confusing interpretations. This review sought to constructively harmonise and differentiate each definition using a thematic framework.

Method:

An inductive synthesis of definitions of the goal terms collected from 22 literature sources selected through a systematic internet search. Thirty-three specific definitions were reduced through serial category-building to single general definitions, and a set of theoretical themes generated as characteristic framework of each goal.

Results:

Seven conceptual themes evolved from the synthesis, including the object, scope, hierarchy, timeframe, measurability, significance and expression of each goal term. Two terms, ‘goal’ and ‘aim’ are thematically similar as broad objects of immeasurable terminal impact, with a long-term timeframe. They signify organisational success, expressed as general purpose statements. ‘Objective’ is differentiated as a specific object of measurable intermediate outcome, with short-term timeframe. It signifies intervention effectiveness, expressed as a SMART statement. ‘Target’ is simply a specific quantifiable level of an indicator.

Conclusions:

Goal, aim, objective and target are conceptually different. New frameworks for writing complete goal statements are proposed, including impact and timeframe; and outcome, indicator and timeframe frameworks for aim and objective respectively
Measurement of quality of life for elderly people on dialysis
Authors: Thomas Nicola
Published: November 2016

Renal nurses face certain difficulties when caring for a rapidly increasing population of elderly people. This article examines quality of life and analyses the appropriateness of a self-care philosophy for this group of patients. In addition, the process of adaptation to chronic illness is discussed.
Educating for collaboration in community care
Authors: Walker Liz , Gorman Helen
Published: November 2016

Successful collaborative community care depends upon all agencies respecting and valuing each other. The key — according to Sheila Roy (former Director of Nursing Management and Research, North West Thames Regional Health Authority), a speaker at the recent conference held at CAIPE (Centre for the Advancement of Interprofessional Education in Primary Health Care) — is education and training throughout organizations at every level.
Lessons to be learnt from the Victoria Climbié inquiry
Authors: Powell Catherine
Published: November 2016

On 28 Janua ry, the long-awaited report of the inquiry into the circumstances surrounding the tragic life and death of 8-year old Victoria Climbie was made public (Laming, 2003). The report is clear in its condemnation of public sector workers, and their managers, who failed in their duty to ensure that this child was sa fegua rded from harm. It is of concern that such workers include hospital-based nurses who failed to document suspicious injuries (including bite marks, belt buckle marks and bruising) that they ob erved in the process of providing ca re to Victoria. Such a finding is just one example of a multitude of missed opportunities to rescue Victoria from what Alan Milburn, the Secretary of State for Hea lth, has rightly described as ‘the worst cruelty … the stuff of nightmares’.
Propaganda, Inequality, and Epistemic Movement
Authors: Pohlhaus Gaile
Published: November 2016

I analyze Jason Stanley’s model for how propaganda works, paying close attention to Stanley’s own rhetoric. I argue that Stanley’s language be supplemented with a vocabulary that helps us to attend to what sorts of things move democratic knowers (epistemically speaking), what sorts of things do not, and why. In addition, I argue that the reasonableness necessary for considering the views of others within democratic deliberation ought to be understood, not as an empathic, but as an interactive capacity. Finally, I critique some of the ways in which Stanley speaks about the marginalized populations he aims to support.
Precis of How Propaganda Works
Authors: Stanley Jason
Published: November 2016

The overarching goal of How Propaganda Works is to provide an argument that democracy requires material equality. My aim was to forge an argument for this view without premises about morality or justice. I do so by arguing that material inequality, like other forms of inequality, has pernicious epistemic effects. Inequality results in anti-democratic flawed ideologies, such as the ideology of meritocracy, and the ideology underlying the division of labor, the subjects of the last two chapters. Propaganda plays crucial roles both in preventing us from recognizing these epistemic harms, in the form of demagoguery, and in repairing them, in the form of civic rhetoric.
Propaganda, Non-Rational Means, and Civic Rhetoric
Authors: Maitra Ishani
Published: November 2016

This paper examines Jason Stanley’s account of propaganda. I begin with an overview and some questions about the structure of that account. I then argue for two main conclusions. First, I argue that Stanley’s account over-generalizes, by counting mere incompetent argumentation as propaganda. But this problem can be avoided, by emphasizing the role of emotions in effective propaganda more than Stanley does. In addition, I argue that more propaganda is democratically acceptable than Stanley allows. Focusing especially on sexual assault prevention campaigns, I show that propaganda can be acceptable even when it represents some in our communities as worthy of contempt.
Debate - Achievements of the Trafficking Protocol: Perspectives from the former UN Special Rapporteur on Trafficking in Persons
Authors: Ezeilo Joy N
Published: November 2016

The United Nations (UN) Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, Supplementing the UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, 2000 (Trafficking Protocol), is a watershed in galvanising the global movement against human trafficking. Thanks to the Protocol, international and regional bodies, along with civil society groups, have become involved in researching the issue and supporting anti-trafficking efforts; and states have begun to introduce new laws and policies aimed at criminalising trafficking, protecting victims and preventing future trafficking.[1][1] J N Ezeilo, ‘First decade of the mandate of the Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially women and children’, A/HRC/26/37, UN, 2014.
Debate - The Trafficking Protocol has Advanced the Global Movement against Human Exploitation: The case of the United Kingdom
Authors: Parkes Caroline
Published: November 2016

When politicians, responding to public campaigns focused on human trafficking, make bold and over-emotive statements, invoking William Wilberforce and the pressing need to lead the global fight against slavery, the Trafficking Protocol,[1] proves its worth.  Insulated from national political rhetoric, international treaties, be it the Trafficking Protocol or regional instruments, provide an invaluable structure for governments’ national legislative responses to human trafficking. As the United Kingdom’s (UK) Solicitor General noted,[2]The UK’s legal framework has been directly influencedby UN [United Nations] and EU [European Union] Conventions and Directives (emphasis added) … [and] The ‘Palermo Protocol’ continues to shape the UK’s response to human trafficking and in particular the care and support afforded to identified human trafficking victims.[1] In full: Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children.[2] Speech, Solicitor General, Oliver Heald QC MP, ‘Prosecuting human trafficking and slavery: The law and the UK response’, UK Government, 12 October 2012, retrieved 6 January 2015 https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/prosecuting-human-trafficking-and-slavery-the-law-and-the-uk-response
Editorial: What’s in a Name? Distinguishing forced labour, trafficking and slavery
Authors: Piper Nicola , Segrave Marie , Napier-Moore Rebecca
Published: November 2016

Over the last fifteen years the parameters of anti-trafficking have shifted considerably. This shift has not been immediate or seismic. It has been a gradual shift, and what was once advocated for as a specific practice of trafficking is now associated with, and at times used interchangeably with, slavery and forced labour.
Debate: When it Comes to Modern Slavery, do Definitions Matter?
Authors: David Fiona
Published: November 2016

On the 3rd of April 2015, Indonesian government officials visited the remote island village of Benjina.[1] This followed press reports by Associated Press (AP) that Burmese men were being kept on Benjina island in cages, beaten with stingray tails and paid little or nothing, to fish for a company that occupies the port on the island, Pusaka Benjina Resources.[1] R McDowell and M Mason, ‘AP Investigation Prompts Emergency Rescue of 300 Plus Slaves’, AP,  3 April 2015, retrieved 23 July 2015, http://bigstory.ap.org/article/197048ef871f4b56b4a129d0e3c0f129/fishermen-rush-be-rescued-amid-indonesian-slavery-probe
Innocent Traffickers, Guilty Victims: The case for prosecuting so-called ‘bottom girls’ in the United States
Authors: Levy Alexandra F
Published: November 2016

Response to ATR Debate Proposition: ‘Prosecuting trafficking deflects attention from much more important responses and is anyway a waste of time and money’
The Importance of Strategic, Victim-Centred Human Trafficking Prosecutions
Authors: French Susan , Liou Cindy C
Published: November 2016

Response to ATR Debate Proposition: ‘Prosecuting trafficking deflects attention from much more important responses and is anyway a waste of time and money’
Privatization, Unemployment, and Welfare in the Harris-Todaro Model with a Mixed Duopoly
Authors: Pi Jiancai , Yin Jun
Published: November 2016

This paper explores the unemployment and welfare effects of privatization through the Harris-Todaro model with a mixed duopoly. Our approach is more generalized than the existing literature. When capital is sector-specific (i. e., it is in the short run), an increase in the degree of partial privatization will raise the unemployment rate, but the change of social welfare is conditional on the market share of the public firm and the relative degree of partial privatization. When capital is sector-mobile (i. e., it is in the long run), an increase in the degree of partial privatization will reduce the unemployment rate, but the change of social welfare is also dependent on the market share of the public firm and the relative degree of partial privatization. Our results capture the fact that the public firm and the private firm usually coexist in a competitive environment in the real world.
Recent change in the productivity and schematicity of theway-construction: A distributional semantic analysis
Authors: Perek Florent
Published: November 2016

This paper presents a corpus-based study of recent change in the Englishway-construction, drawing on data from the 1830s to the 2000s. Semantic change in the distribution of the construction is characterized by means of a distributional semantic model, which captures semantic similarity between verbs through their co-occurrence frequency with other words in the corpus. By plotting and comparing the semantic domain of the three senses of the construction at different points in time, it is found that they all have gained in semantic diversity. These findings are interpreted in terms of increases in schematicity, either of the verb slot or the motion component contributed by the construction.
Analysis of the acoustic climate of a spa park
using the fuzzy set theory
Authors: Sztubecka Małgorzata , Sztubecki Jacek
Published: November 2016

The paper describes the differences between the
actual results of the measurement of equivalent sound
level and the feelings of people visiting "a Spa Park".
Noise, as one of the environmental pollutants, cause detrimental
effects on the recipient. Measurements of noise
are usually performed in urban areas, especially in the
road environments, providing a basis for measures to limit
their impact on the environment. Often in the measurement
there are ignored areas for recreation. Usually, they
do not determine the relationship between the results of
measurements of noise equivalent sound level and the individual
feelings of the people living in these areas. The
analysis was performed with the use of fuzzy set theory.
The evaluation of the acoustic climate on the "Spa Park"
should be determined on the basis of sound level measurements
and questionnaires.
Logistics Response to the Industry 4.0: the
Physical Internet
Authors: Maslarić Marinko , Nikoličić Svetlana , Mirčetić Dejan
Published: November 2016

Today’s mankind and all human activities are
constantly changing and evolving in response to changes
in technology, social and economic environments and climate.
Those changes drive a “new” way of manufacturing
industry. That novelty could be described as the organization
of production processes based on technology and devices
autonomously communicating with each other along
the value chain. Decision-makers have to address this novelty
(usually named as Industry 4.0) and try to develop
appropriate information systems, physical facilities, and
different kind of technologies capable of meeting the future
needs of economy. As a consequence, there is a need
for new paradigms of the way freight is move, store, realize,
and supply through the world (logistics system). One
of the proposed solutions is the Physical Internet, concept
of open global logistics system which completely redefines
current supply chain configuration, business models,
and value-creation patterns.However, further detailed
research on this topic is much needed. This paper aims to
provide a balanced review of the variety of views considered
among professionals in the field of Physical Internet
with the final aim to identify the biggest challenges (technological,
societal, business paradigm) of proposed new
logistics paradigm as a practical solution in supporting Industry
4.0.
New 8-substituted BODIPY-based chromophores: synthesis, optical and electrochemical properties
Authors: Vologdin Nikolay , Achelle Sylvain , Gauthier Sébastien , Caro Bertrand , Robin-le Guen Françoise
Published: November 2016

BODIPY-based chromophores, in which an electron withdrawing difluoro-boraindacene fragment is connected via position 8 to different donor fragments, were synthesized. Their electrochemical and photophysical properties were studied. All compounds exhibit a quasi-reversible oxidation corresponding to the formation of a BODIPY π-radical cation at around 0.8 V vs. FeCp2
+/FeCp2 that is slightly sensitive to the nature of the electron donating group. A reversible reduction is observed around−1.6 V vs. FeCp2
+/FeCp2 corresponding to the formation of the BODIPY π-radical anion. Cyclic voltammetry analysis of a γ-methylenepyran substituted BODIPY indicates the formation of redox bistable system with high bistability. In dichloromethane solution, the chromophores exhibit an intense absorption band around 502 nm and an emission in the 516–528 nm range. A significant emission quench is observed in case of amino and γ-methylenepyran substituents.
An American Advantage? How American and Swiss Criminal Defense Attorneys Evaluate Forensic DNA Evidence
Authors: Vuille Joelle , Thompson William C.
Published: November 2016

Critics of the American system of justice sometimes perceive “inquisitorialism” as an attractive alternative. In this article we will report a comparative study investigating the way forensic DNA evidence is handled in criminal prosecutions in the Swiss and American systems, focusing particularly on the behavior of criminal defense lawyers. We will argue that the successes and failures of American and Swiss lawyers in this context offer important insights into the relative strengths and limitations of adversarial and non-adversarial legal systems.
Hope, aspirations, and resilience in children and adolescents: a review of research on measurement and related antecedents
Authors: Leung Hildie , Wu Florence K.Y. , Shek Daniel T.L.
Published: November 2016

Hope, aspirations, and resilience are important developmental assets for children and adolescents. Based on the existing Western and Chinese literature, this review aims to identify instruments used to assess hope, aspirations, resilience, and conceptually related constructs as well as antecedents of the constructs in adolescents. A systematic literature search in the major databases was conducted. A total of 223 articles, with 144 being retrieved from international databases and 79 from China’s database, met the criteria and were included in the present review. Findings revealed that the majority of the existing scales were developed predominantly in the West and there were few validated Chinese hope and aspirations scales. Indigenous measures were also not identified in the literature. In terms of antecedent studies, predictors at different levels including the personal, family, school, and community were found. Implications on the development of hope-based interventions and recommendations for future research are discussed.
In vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of isolated compounds of ethanol extract from Sanchezia speciosa Leonard’s leaves
Authors: Bui Thanh Tung , Vu Duc Loi , Nguyen Thanh Hai , Nguyen Tien Vung
Published: November 2016

Background:

Sanchezia speciosa has been used in traditional medicine for gastritis treatment in Vietnam. Some phytochemical study showed that S. speciosa contains high amounts of flavonoids and cardiac glycoside compounds. In the present study, we isolated four compounds from the ethanol extract of the S. speciosa leaf, and we evaluated the in vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect of the isolated compound from the ethanol extract of the S. speciosa leaf.

Methods:

The leaf of S. speciosa Leonard was extracted with ethanol 96%. Compounds were isolated using column chromatography and identified by spectroscopic method, including IR, MS, and NMR and by comparing their physicochemical and spectral data with those published in literatures. These isolated compounds were investigated for their antioxidant activity using DPPH and inflammation inhibitory activity by inhibition of albumin denaturation assay.

Results:

We have isolated four compounds quercetin 3-O-α-l-rhamnopyranosid (quercitrin) (1), quercetin 3-O-β-
d-galactopyranosid (hyperosid) (2), sitosterol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranosid (daucosterol) (3), and 3-methyl-1H-benz[f]indole-4,9-dione (4) from the ethanolic extract of the S. speciosa leaf. The antioxidant activities were in the following order: compound 2>compound 1>compound 4>compound 3. The IC50 values of scavenging DPPH radicals for compound 2 was 20.83±1.29 μg/mL. For anti-inflammatory activities, the order was compound 4>compound 3>compound 2>compound 1. Compound 4 showed the strongest inhibition, with IC50 values of 193.70±5.24 µg/mL.

Conclusions:

These compounds 1, 2, and 4 were isolated for the first time from the leaves of S. speciosa. These compounds showed strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity.
Reliability-exploitation analysis of the alarm columns of highway emergency communication system / Analiza niezawodnościowo-eksploatacyjna kolumn alarmowych autostradowego systemu łączności alarmowej
Authors: Siergiejczyk Mirosław , Krzykowska Karolina , Rosiński Adam
Published: November 2016

The article presents issues concerning on the alarm columns of highway emergency communication system. The system is presented in general and then the reliability-exploitation analysis was done. This enabled preparing a development graph of the relationship, under which is created a set of Kolmogorov-Chapman equations describing the system. On this basis, it was possible to find the relation for calculating the probabilities of system staying (in symbolic terms) in the functional: states of full ability SPZ, impendency over safety SZB and unreliability of safety SB.
Analysis and assessment of an information subsystem in an inland container terminal / Analiza i ocena podsystemu informacyjnego w lądowym terminalu kontenerowym
Authors: Świeboda Justyna
Published: November 2016

An inland terminal is a complex system whereby properly designed elements allow for their efficient operation, by means of transport such as ship, rail or truck with semi-trailer. An information system is an inherent part of a technical system. Every employee of a company is a user of such a system. The aim of this article is to analyse and assess the information flow at the container terminal. The article consists of three parts: the first one characterizes the notion of information and also presents various approaches to the information system occurring in the literature; the second, describes the information subsystem in the terminal container. For the selected sub-process, the methodology of research at the container terminal is presented together with an analysis and assessment of the results obtained. The summary will present a conclusion from the analysis conducted and from the specification of weaknesses of the discussed information subsystem, and will propose the possibilities for further studies and research related to this subsystem.
Dependability issues in designing warehouse facilities and their functional areas / Zagadnienia niezawodności w projektowaniu magazynów i ich obszarów funkcjonalnych magazynów
Authors: Lewczuk Konrad
Published: November 2016

The dependability of warehouse facility results from dependability and reliability of its functional areas and effects on the reliability of entire supply chain. The elements of dependability of warehouse facilities should be taken into account at the design stage, but this is difficult because of the complexity of these systems and the variability of qualitative and quantitative structure of material flows at the inputs and outputs. Currently used procedures in warehouse designing include the dependability as criteria to assess the solutions in simplistic terms. The paper presents attempts to systematize basic research issues related to the dependability of warehouses as elements of supply chains on one hand, and technical systems on the other. This will allow specifying reliability measures possible to determine in relation to typical parameters of warehouse facility. This will lead to generalization of the model assessing the reliability of the warehousing processes.
Markov model in logistic management of enterprise / Model Markowa w logistycznym zarządzaniu przedsiębiorstwem
Authors: Ziółkowski Jarosław , Borucka Anna
Published: November 2016

The article presents an analysis of exploitation of vehicles of a transportation company, offering services in international transport. The research referred to two stages of the company operations - before and after introducing some organizational changes. Due to the lack of relation between probability of the future event and all preceding events except the current one, Markov processes have been used in the calculations. A simple, 5-state model, constituted a base for defining main directions of improvements and at the same time, effectively indicated areas of negligence and failures. The conducted research showed many faults in the studied system resulting from excessive trust towards the drivers and allowed to introduce some changes and corrections, which in effect allowed to obtain better results.
Effect of flux compounds on the luminescence properties of Eu3+doped YBO3phosphors
Authors: Rafiaei Seyed Mahdi
Published: November 2016

In this investigation, Eu3+doped YBO3phosphors were synthesized by conventional solid state method at 1100°C under atmosphere condition. Meanwhile, different amounts of LiCl, BaCl2and CaCl2were used as the flux compounds to modify the morphology of the phosphor particles and also final luminescent properties. It was concluded that even small amounts of fluxes play a vital role in the growth of particles. Then the emission and excitation photoluminescence spectra were measured respectively at λexc= 240 nm and λem= 610 nm and it was found that using 2 wt.% of flux compounds has a significant influence on the emission intensity of YBO3phosphors.
Multidimensional microstructured photonic device based on all-solid waveguide array fiber and magnetic fluid
Authors: Miao Yinping , Ma Xixi , He Yong , Zhang Hongmin , Yang Xiaoping , Yao Jianquan
Published: November 2016

An all-solid waveguide array fiber (WAF) is one kind of special microstructured optical fiber in which the higher-index rods are periodically distributed in a low-index silica host to form the transverse two-dimensional photonic crystal. In this paper, one kind of multidimensional microstructured optical fiber photonic device is proposed by using electric arc discharge method to fabricate periodic tapers along the fiber axis. By tuning the applied magnetic field intensity, the propagation characteristics of the all-solid WAF integrated with magnetic fluid are periodically modulated in both radial and axial directions. Experimental results show that the wavelength changes little while the transmission loss increases for an applied magnetic field intensity range from 0 to 500 Oe. The magnetic field sensitivity is 0.055 dB/Oe within the linear range from 50 to 300 Oe. Meanwhile, the all-solid WAF has very similar thermal expansion coefficient for both high- and low-refractive index glasses, and thermal drifts have a little effect on the mode profile. The results show that the temperature-induced transmission loss is <0.3 dB from 26°C to 44°C. Further tuning coherent coupling of waveguides and controlling light propagation, the all-solid WAF would be found great potential applications to develop new micro-nano photonic devices for optical communications and optical sensing applications.
Der Lehrer als Erbe der prophetischen Mission
Authors: Twardella Johannes
Published: November 2016

Gegenwärtig werden unterschiedliche Vorstellungen davon diskutiert, wie die Position des Lehrers im islamischen Religionsunterricht zu verstehen ist. Vor dem Hintergrund dieser Kontroverse wird in dem vorliegenden Artikel der Frage nachgegangen, wie im Islam die Position des Lehrers gedacht wird. Eine mögliche Antwort auf diese Frage findet sich in den Schriften des aus der Türkei stammenden islamischen Predigers Fethullah Gülen. Seine Überlegungen zur Position des Lehrers werden in dem vorliegenden Artikel mit Bezug auf einen Text aus dem dritten Band der „Smaragdgrünen Hügel des Herzens“, einer Sammlung von Texten Fethullah Gülens zur islamischen Mystik, rekonstruiert. In diesem Text wird der aus dem Koran stammende Begriff der „Rechtleitung“ dergestalt interpretiert, dass die Rechtleitung als ein Erbe betrachtet wird, das von dem Propheten auf den Lehrer übergeht. Mohammed wird in diesem Text von Gülen nicht nur als Prophet begriffen, sondern auch als Lehrer und zwar als derjenige Lehrer, der am Anfang einer Kette von Lehrern steht. Während die Kette der Propheten mit Mohammed als beendet gilt, wird die Kette der Lehrer mit ihm erst begonnen. Das hat zur Folge, dass jeder sich „in die Fußstapfen Mohammeds“ begeben und an seinem Charisma partizipieren kann, der zum Lehrer wird und die Aufgabe der Rechtleitung, so wie sie Gülen definiert, übernimmt. Die Position des Lehrers wird von Gülen also – in einer für den islamischen Religionsunterricht freilich ungeeigneten Weise – unabhängig von allen weltlichen Bezügen gedacht und konsequent religiös legitimiert.
Bildcluster
Authors: Müller Michael R.
Published: November 2016

Die Vielzahl möglicher sozialer Gebrauchsweisen der Fotografie ist beträchtlich. Das vorliegend dargestellte hermeneutische Verfahren der Bildclusteranalyse bezieht sich auf eine vergleichsweise neuartige Form der Verwendung und des Verständnisses der Fotografie: auf ihre digitale Montage zu komplexen Bildzusammenstellungen und auf die Präsentation solcher Bildzusammenstellungen in technisierten Umgebungen des sozialen Austauschs. Im methodischen Zentrum des Verfahrens steht (a) die figurative Analyse der Kompositionsprinzipien jeweiliger Bildzusammenstellungen, d.h. ihres Ausdruckssinns. Erweitert und ergänzt wird diese ideografische Perspektive (b) durch die Untersuchung der Struktur des medialen Wahrnehmungs- und Handlungsraumes jeweiliger Bildcluster sowie der Beobachtungs- und Erkenntnisstile, die sie prädizieren. Methodologisch gesehen stützt sich das Verfahren auf die Annahme, dass das für ikonische Bildcluster konstitutive „Spiel“ (Wittgenstein) mit Ähnlichkeitsbeziehungen und Differenzverhältnissen keine medientechnische Erfindung ist, sondern seine anthropologische Grundlage und primäre soziale Ausprägung in der Körpersprache des Menschen und den feinen Unterschieden der sozialen Distinktion findet. Dem entsprechend wird die Fotografie in rezenten Bildclustern nicht mehr notwendig als Abbildung oder Dokument lebensweltlicher Begebenheiten verstanden, sondern, so die These, verstärkt als kollektiv geteiltes Ausdrucksmittel, das immer wieder zu neuen Ausdrucksfiguren zusammengestellt werden kann – das also eine dezidiert idiomatische (oder wenn man so will: sprachähnliche) Qualität erlangt.
(Re)präsentation deutschsprachiger Soziologie
Authors: Scheid Claudia
Published: November 2016

Das Themenpapier des letzten Kongresses der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Soziologie wies zwei einigermaßen etablierte Fachbegriffe in seinem Titel auf, nämlich „Krise“ und „Routine“. Irritierenderweise wird im Text auf diese selbst gar nicht sowie auf die diesen Begriffen zugrunde liegenden Theorietraditionen nur ausschnitthaft hingewiesen und auch sonst Theorientraditionen nur sehr begrenzt Raum gegeben. Die genauere Betrachtung des Themenpapiers lässt als hierfür ursächlich eine eigentümliche Verzagtheit in der Selbstpräsentation als Bestandteil einer offensiv gedachten Werbestrategie vermuten.
Triarylmethyl Radical: EPR Signal to Noise at Frequencies between 250 MHz and 1.5 GHz and Dependence of Relaxation on Radical and Salt Concentration and on Frequency
Authors: Shi Yilin , Quine Richard W. , Rinard George A. , Buchanan Laura , Eaton Sandra S. , Eaton Gareth R. , Epel Boris , Seagle Simone Wanless , Halpern Howard J.
Published: November 2016

In vivo oximetry by pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance is based on measurements of changes in electron spin relaxation rates of probe molecules, such as the triarylmethyl radicals. A series of experiments was performed at frequencies between 250 MHz and 1.5 GHz to assist in the selection of an optimum frequency for oximetry. Electron spin relaxation rates for the triarylmethyl radical OX063 as a function of radical concentration, salt concentration, and resonance frequency were measured by electron spin echo 2-pulse decay and 3-pulse inversion recovery in the frequency range of 250 MHz–1.5 GHz. At constant OX063 concentration, 1/T1 decreases with increasing frequency because the tumbling dependent processes that dominate relaxation at 250 MHz are less effective at higher frequency. 1/T2 also decreases with increasing frequency because 1/T1 is a significant contribution to 1/T2 for trityl radicals in fluid solution. 1/T2–1/T1, the incomplete motional averaging contribution to 1/T2, increases with increasing frequency. At constant frequency, relaxation rates increase with increasing radical concentration due to contributions from collisions that are more effective for 1/T2 than 1/T1. The collisional contribution to relaxation increases as the concentration of counter-ions in solution increases, which is attributed to interactions of cations with the negatively charged radicals that decrease repulsion between trityl radicals. The Signal-to-Noise ratio (S/N) of field-swept echo-detected spectra of OX063 were measured in the frequency range of 400 MHz–1 GHz. S/N values, normalized by √Q, increase as frequency increases. Adding salt to the radical solution decreased S/N because salt lowers the resonator Q. Changing the temperature from 19 to 37°C caused little change in S/N at 700 MHz. Both slower relaxation rates and higher S/N at higher frequencies are advantageous for oximetry. The potential disadvantage of higher frequencies is the decreased depth of penetration into tissue.
Ipsilateral and Contralateral Retinal Ganglion Cells Express Distinct Genes during Decussation at the Optic Chiasm
Authors: Wang Qing , Marcucci Florencia , Cerullo Isadora , Mason Carol
Published: November 2016

The increasing availability of transcriptomic technologies within the last decade has facilitated high-throughput identification of gene expression differences that define distinct cell types as well as the molecular pathways that drive their specification. The retinal projection neurons, retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), can be categorized into distinct morphological and functional subtypes and by the laterality of their projections. Here, we present a method for purifying the sparse population of ipsilaterally projecting RGCs in mouse retina from their contralaterally projecting counterparts during embryonic development through rapid retrograde labeling followed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Through microarray analysis, we uncovered the distinct molecular signatures that define and distinguish ipsilateral and contralateral RGCs during the critical period of axonal outgrowth and decussation, with more than 300 genes differentially expressed within these two cell populations. Among the differentially expressed genes confirmed throughin vivoexpression validation, several genes that mark “immaturity” are expressed within postmitotic ipsilateral RGCs. Moreover, at least one complementary pair, Igf1 and Igfbp5, is upregulated in contralateral or ipsilateral RGCs, respectively, and may represent signaling pathways that determine ipsilateral versus contralateral RGC identity. Importantly, the cell cycle regulator cyclin D2 is highly expressed in peripheral ventral retina with a dynamic expression pattern that peaks during the period of ipsilateral RGC production. Thus, the molecular signatures of ipsilateral and contralateral RGCs and the mechanisms that regulate their differentiation are more diverse than previously expected.
Contrast Enhancement without Transient Map Expansion for Species-Specific Vocalizations in Core Auditory Cortex during Learning
Authors: Shepard Kathryn N. , Chong Kelly K. , Liu Robert C.
Published: November 2016

Tonotopic map plasticity in the adult auditory cortex (AC) is a well established and oft-cited measure of auditory associative learning in classical conditioning paradigms. However, its necessity as an enduring memory trace has been debated, especially given a recent finding that the areal expansion of core AC tuned to a newly relevant frequency range may arise only transiently to support auditory learning. This has been reinforced by an ethological paradigm showing that map expansion is not observed for ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) or for ultrasound frequencies in postweaning dams for whom USVs emitted by pups acquire behavioral relevance. However, whether transient expansion occurs during maternal experience is not known, and could help to reveal the generality of cortical map expansion as a correlate for auditory learning. We thus mapped the auditory cortices of maternal mice at postnatal time points surrounding the peak in pup USV emission, but found no evidence of frequency map expansion for the behaviorally relevant high ultrasound range in AC. Instead, regions tuned to low frequencies outside of the ultrasound range show progressively greater suppression of activity in response to the playback of ultrasounds or pup USVs for maternally experienced animals assessed at their pups’ postnatal day 9 (P9) to P10, or postweaning. This provides new evidence for a lateral-band suppression mechanism elicited by behaviorally meaningful USVs, likely enhancing their population-level signal-to-noise ratio. These results demonstrate that tonotopic map enlargement has limits as a construct for conceptualizing how experience leaves neural memory traces within sensory cortex in the context of ethological auditory learning.
A High-ResolutionIn VivoAtlas of the Human Brain's Serotonin System
Authors: Beliveau Vincent , Ganz Melanie , Feng Ling , Ozenne Brice , Højgaard Liselotte , Fisher Patrick M. , Svarer Claus , Greve Douglas N. , Knudsen Gitte M.
Published: November 2016

The serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) system modulates many important brain functions and is critically involved in many neuropsychiatric disorders. Here, we present a high-resolution, multidimensional,in vivoatlas of four of the human brain's 5-HT receptors (5-HT1A, 5-HT1B, 5-HT2A, and 5-HT4) and the 5-HT transporter (5-HTT). The atlas is created from molecular and structural high-resolution neuroimaging data consisting of positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans acquired in a total of 210 healthy individuals. Comparison of the regional PET binding measures with postmortem human brain autoradiography outcomes showed a high correlation for the five 5-HT targets and this enabled us to transform the atlas to represent protein densities (in picomoles per milliliter). We also assessed the regional association between protein concentration and mRNA expression in the human brain by comparing the 5-HT density across the atlas with data from the Allen Human Brain atlas and identified receptor- and transporter-specific associations that show the regional relation between the two measures. Together, these data provide unparalleled insight into the serotonin system of the human brain.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTWe present a high-resolution positron emission tomography (PET)- and magnetic resonance imaging-based human brain atlas of important serotonin receptors and the transporter. The regional PET-derived binding measures correlate strongly with the corresponding autoradiography protein levels. The strong correlation enables the transformation of the PET-derived human brain atlas into a protein density map of the serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) system. Next, we compared the regional receptor/transporter protein densities with mRNA levels and uncovered unique associations between protein expression and density at high detail. This newin vivoneuroimaging atlas of the 5-HT system not only provides insight in the human brain's regional protein synthesis, transport, and density, but also represents a valuable source of information for the neuroscience community as a comparative instrument to assess brain disorders.
Coenzyme Q deficiency causes impairment of the sulfide oxidation pathway
Authors: Ziosi Marcello , Di Meo Ivano , Kleiner Giulio , Gao Xing‐Huang , Barca Emanuele , Sanchez‐Quintero Maria J , Tadesse Saba , Jiang Hongfeng , Qiao Changhong , Rodenburg Richard J , Scalais Emmanuel , Schuelke Markus , Willard Belinda , Hatzoglou Maria , Tiranti Valeria , Quinzii Catarina M
Published: November 2016

Coenzyme Q (CoQ) is an electron acceptor for sulfide‐quinone reductase (SQR), the first enzyme of the hydrogen sulfide oxidation pathway. Here, we show that lack of CoQ in human skin fibroblasts causes impairment of hydrogen sulfide oxidation, proportional to the residual levels of CoQ. Biochemical and molecular abnormalities are rescued by CoQ supplementation in vitro and recapitulated by pharmacological inhibition of CoQ biosynthesis in skin fibroblasts and ADCK3 depletion in HeLa cells. Kidneys of Pdss2kd/kd mice, which only have ~15% residual CoQ concentrations and are clinically affected, showed (i) reduced protein levels of SQR and downstream enzymes, (ii) accumulation of hydrogen sulfides, and (iii) glutathione depletion. These abnormalities were not present in brain, which maintains ~30% residual CoQ and is clinically unaffected. In Pdss2kd/kd mice, we also observed low levels of plasma and urine thiosulfate and increased blood C4‐C6 acylcarnitines. We propose that impairment of the sulfide oxidation pathway induced by decreased levels of CoQ causes accumulation of sulfides and consequent inhibition of short‐chain acyl‐CoA dehydrogenase and glutathione depletion, which contributes to increased oxidative stress and kidney failure.
Clinical outcomes of a cohort of patients with central nervous system metastases from thyroid cancer
Authors: Simões-Pereira Joana , Macedo Daniel , Bugalho Maria João
Published: November 2016

Introduction

Metastases to central nervous system (M1-CNS) are rarely reported in thyroid cancer (TC) patients. We aimed to characterize patients with M1-CNS from TC followed in our department.

Methods

Review of the medical records of 27 patients with TC-related M1-CNS.

Results

Mean age at TC diagnosis was 56.9 ± 19.1 years. Papillary TC (55.6%) was the commonest histological type, followed by poorly differentiated (18.5%), medullary (11.1%), follicular (7.4%) and Hürthle cell (7.4%) carcinomas. Angioinvasion and extrathyroidal extension were observed in a high number of patients. At M1-CNS diagnosis, other distant metastases were already present in 77.8% of the patients. Treatment directed to M1-CNS was offered to 20 (74%) patients: 1 was submitted to surgery, 18 to radiotherapy (either whole-brain radiotherapy or stereotaxic radiosurgery or both) and 4 to surgery and radiotherapy. Four patients received cytotoxic chemotherapy and one was submitted to 131I. Median survival since M1-CNS detection was 5.0 months. The only factor associated with better survival was surgery to brain metastases (P = 0.012).

Conclusions

The management of these patients is very challenging given the inexistence of effective treatments, except for brain surgery in selected cases.
Interrelationships among reproductive hormones and antral follicle count in human menstrual cycles
Authors: Robertson David Mark , Lee Chel Hee , Baerwald Angela
Published: November 2016

It is recognised that ovarian factors, including steroid and protein hormones, are critical in the feedback regulation of pituitary gonadotropins; however, their individual contributions are less defined. The aim of this study was to explore the reciprocal relationships between ovarian and pituitary hormones across the normal ovulatory menstrual cycle as women age. FSH, LH, oestradiol, progesterone, inhibin A, inhibin B and anti-mullerian hormone (AMH) were measured in serum collected every 1–3 days across one interovulatory interval (IOI) from 26 healthy women aged 18–50 years. The antral follicle count (AFC) for follicles 2–5 mm, >6 mm and 2–10 mm were tabulated across the IOI. Independent associations between ovarian hormones/AFC vs pituitary follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinising hormone (LH) were investigated using multivariate regression analysis. The data were sub-grouped based on the presence or absence luteal phase-dominant follicles (LPDF). Serum oestradiol and AMH were inversely correlated with FSH in both follicular and luteal phases. Inhibin B correlated inversely with FSH and LH in the late follicular phase and directly in the luteal phase. AFC, inhibin A and progesterone were not key predictors of either FSH or LH. The strong association between AMH and FSH with age implies that AMH, as well as oestradiol and inhibin B are important regulators of FSH. The change in feedback response of inhibin B with both FSH and LH across the cycle suggests two phases of the negative feedback.
Screening in Primary Care: What Is the Best Way to Identify At-Risk Youth for Substance Use?
Authors: D’Amico Elizabeth J. , Parast Layla , Meredith Lisa S. , Ewing Brett A. , Shadel William G. , Stein Bradley D.
Published: November 2016

BACKGROUND:

It is important to improve primary care providers’ capability to identify youth at risk for alcohol and other drug use. To our knowledge, this is the first study to use Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition criteria to compare screeners for youth for both alcohol and marijuana, given that these are the most frequently used substances by this age group.

METHODS:

We compared the psychometric performance of 4 screeners: the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Screening Guide (NIAAA SG), the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test, the Car–Relax–Alone–Forget–Family and Friends–Trouble (CRAFFT) screener, and the Personal Experience Screening Questionnaire Problem Severity Scale (PESQ-PS) in identifying alcohol and marijuana use outcomes. Youth age 12 through 18 (N = 1573; 27% black, 51% Hispanic) were screened with the NIAAA SG, followed by a Web survey that included the other screeners and outcomes.

RESULTS:

Sensitivity for alcohol outcomes indicated that the NIAAA SG (0.87) did not perform as well as the CRAFFT (0.97) or PESQ-PS (0.97) screeners but performed better than the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (0.70). The pattern for sensitivity across screeners for marijuana outcomes was similar.

CONCLUSIONS:

An important tradeoff in primary care settings is precision versus practicality. Because of brevity and focus on frequency of drinking, the NIAAA SG offers ease of administration and is good at identifying youth with probably problematic drinking levels. The PESQ-PS and the CRAFFT correctly identify more at-risk youth for alcohol and marijuana than the NIAAA SG. Future work is needed to elucidate how to efficiently and accurately identify at-risk youth in the primary care setting, including determining the best cutoff points to use to increase sensitivity.