bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Food
Authors: Freudenberg Nicholas
Published: September 2021

In recent decades, a growing portion of the world’s population has adopted a diet in which increasing calories come from foods high in fat, sugar, and salt that is highly processed by industrial food companies. These ultra-processed products have become the primary determinants of the rising burden of diet-related diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, and stroke, now the world’s leading killers. This chapter shows how food retailers, restaurant and fast food chains, food manufacturers, and agricultural producers have changed in response to changes in capitalism to make the ultra-processed diet the global norm. The agricultural production for these products is also a leading cause of climate change. The chapter further describes an emerging yet uncoordinated popular response that includes farmers and food workers, consumer cooperatives, local governments, and food justice activists that are seeking alternatives strategies for making healthy food affordable to all.
Introduction
Authors: Wilson Brittany E.
Published: September 2021

The introduction begins with the bold claim that in some parts of the New Testament, God is a being who has a body and who can be seen. It briefly outlines why many Westerners today believe that God is invisible and incorporeal and discusses the role that Platonism in particular has had in forming that view. It also provides a brief overview of key scholars who discuss God’s body in the Hebrew Bible and highlights the importance of Jewish portrayals of God’s body for this project. The introduction then discusses the various ways in which embodiment can be conceived, both in recent theory and in ancient discourse, and it provides an overview of the book’s contents.
Glimpsing God
Authors: Wilson Brittany E.
Published: September 2021

This chapter turns to instances where God becomes visually manifest to humans in visions and epiphanies. The chapter argues that God’s visibility has long been a part of biblical tradition, despite modern assumptions that the “Judeo-Christian” God is heard but not seen. Seeing God is a key way to encounter God, and Luke-Acts exemplifies this tradition in particular, given that visions and epiphanies frequently occur as a means to communicate the divine will. The chapter focuses on theophanies, or instances where God specifically appears, and discusses both the verbal and visual aspects of these scenes. The chapter overall maintains that God’s form remains hidden in theophanies but that God is still visible and encounters humans in a manner that engages their senses, including their sense of sight.
Beholding the Human One
Authors: Wilson Brittany E.
Published: September 2021

This chapter brings together the previous two chapters by looking at how the ascended Jesus’s form is both epiphanic and embodied. It begins by discussing ancient accounts of heavenly ascent and how portrayals of human bodies entering (or not entering) heaven are linked to larger cosmological and anthropological views. The remainder of the chapter focuses on how Luke narrates Jesus’s ascension into heaven as an epiphany but also in a manner that suggests Jesus is taken up into heaven in bodily form. Throughout Acts, Luke depicts Jesus appearing to his followers in epiphanies, and he likewise depicts Jesus as a human who is located in heaven. With Luke’s depiction of Jesus in his ascended state, the greatest degree of overlap occurs between how humans visually experience Jesus and God. At the same time, Luke also conveys that bodies are worthy of the heavenly realm, since Jesus is a human in heaven.
Introduction
Authors: Kitcher Patricia
Published: September 2021

No philosophical dictum is better known than Descartes’s assertion about the intimate relation between thinking and existing. What remains unknown is how we are to understand the “I” who thinks and exists. This book is about the ways that the concept of an “I” or a “self” has been developed and deployed at different times in the history of western philosophy. It also offers a striking contrast case, the “interconnected” self, who appears in some expressions of African philosophy. Appealing to philosophy to illuminate the concept of a “self” may seem unnecessary. Anyone who can read this book is a self, so why ...
Aquinas and “I”
Authors: Scarpelli Cory Therese
Published: September 2021

A reified self (“the self,” “the I”) is absent from medieval European thought. Nonetheless, medieval Scholastic authors do have something to say about the subjective dimension of human experience that the later concept of the reified self was intended to address. Focusing on Thomas Aquinas (1225–1274), this chapter examines the two key themes of self-consciousness and personal identity, in order to explore how Aquinas developed his notion of the human individual as a subject of experience who can speak about herself as “I,” in the first person. This episode illustrates a key moment in the development of medieval European thought on selfhood, in the confluence of philosophical and theological traditions from the Greek, Islamic, and Latin worlds.
Descartes on Subjects and Selves
Authors: Lähteenmäki Vili
Published: September 2021

Descartes makes a double commitment about selves. While he argues that the ‘I’ is nothing but a thinking thing he also identifies it with the union of the mind and body. This chapter explores this tension by analyzing Descartes’ account of our experience of ourselves and argues that in the background of Descartes’ usage of ‘I’ in reference to both the mind and the union is an idea of a subject of experience taking herself in one or the other way. When a subject refers to herself with ‘I’, the ‘I’ always picks out a subject of experience regardless of whether the subject understands what it, metaphysically, picks out. Body-dependent features partaking in what one takes oneself to be are a matter of representation. However, embodied self-presence is on a par with purely intellectual self-presence, because the latter is likewise a matter of representation. This means that thoughts are constitutive of selfhood not because they ontologically belong to the thinking substance as its modifications, but rather in virtue of conveying content that affects what we take ourselves to be.
Leibniz on the Idea and the Concept of the Self
Authors: Barth Christian
Published: September 2021

Leibniz positions himself between Malebranche’s pessimism and Descartes’s optimism concerning our capacity of self-knowledge. In this position, he finds himself confronted with forces that pull in opposite directions. The tension between Leibniz’s optimistic and pessimistic claims about our capacity of self-knowledge can be resolved by distinguishing two distinct kinds of reflection: inner sentiment and metaphysical reflection. While the former is confused and merely allows one to recognize one’s own existence and the occurrence of one’s thoughts, it nevertheless provides the necessary starting point of metaphysical reflections on one’s self in the course of which metaphysical ideas are awakened. If carried out with attention and in proper order, metaphysical reflections lead to the recognition of metaphysical truths about the makeup of one’s own self.
Diderot, the Self, and the Science of Dreaming
Authors: Coleman Charly
Published: September 2021

This chapter presents Denis Diderot’s philosophy of the self in light of debates over the neuroscientific turn in historical research. Recent literature features an ideal of self-ownership that the history of philosophy shows to be radically contingent. Situating Diderot’s articles on dreaming and distraction in the Encyclopédie within the context of eighteenth-century theological and medical reflections on the self’s command over its ideas and actions, the chapter interrogates the relationship between science, philosophy, and religion. The dream state fascinated Diderot precisely because its structure and content allowed his contemporaries to reflect upon the fate of the human subject in a materially determined world.
Kant on the Unity of Self-Consciousness and Moral Agency
Authors: Kitcher Patricia
Published: September 2021

Kant agreed with Hume that humans have no impression of a self; the concept of the self does not enter the mind through the senses. It is, rather, an a priori representation that arises from the activities of the mind in cognizing objects. It is nonetheless a necessary representation for any creature capable of cognition. Even to be able to judge that some thing is some way, a creature must have and use the concept of a ‘self-conscious unified self.’ Kant also argued that the use of the I or self concept was possible only for creatures who were free in thought and action. In later writings, though, he seemed to differentiate the kinds of freedoms involved in thought and action.
Reflection
Authors: Ostertag Gary
Published: September 2021

Elizabeth Bishop’s celebrated poem relates a story in which six-year-old Elizabeth is confronted, in the mundane surroundings of a dentist’s waiting room, with her self as an entity in the public world. Her discovery—that she is “one of them”—is met first with disbelief, then horror. This reflection argues that the poem provides a unique expression of a profound philosophical discovery—one not communicable in standard philosophical writing.
Rethinking the Self within an African Philosophical Paradigm
Authors: Krog Antjie
Published: September 2021

This chapter explores the interconnected-Self manifesting within African Philosophy. Philosopher Michael Onyebuchi Eze suggests that ‘humanity is not embedded in my person solely as an individual . . . Humanity is a quality we owe to each other. We create each other and need to sustain this otherness creation.’ A current affairs news story about the parole of an apartheid-assassin, a poem, as well as the analyses of various concepts hallmarking South Africa’s move into full democracy, are the lenses through which this interconnected-Self is viewed. The exploration is underpinned by three areas: the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission, texts of the /Xam (First People) and various utterances by Desmond Tutu and Nelson Mandela.
Which other disorders cause dementia?
Authors: Budson Andrew E. , O’Connor Maureen K.
Published: September 2021

In addition to Alzheimer’s disease, other brain disorders of aging that affect thinking and memory include vascular dementia, dementia with Lewy bodies, Parkinson’s disease dementia, behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia, primary progressive aphasia that has logpenic, semantic, and non-fluent agrammatic variants, and normal pressure hydrocephalus. Each produces characteristic changes in thinking, memory, language, behavior, and/or movement that allow you and the doctor to know when to consider them as possible causes of your loved one’s dementia. Note that the dementia of every individual is unique, so the symptoms and signs that they will manifest are all different. However, when dementias reach the moderate to severe stage, most dementias looks similar, despite having different causes.
How to manage vision problems
Authors: Budson Andrew E. , O’Connor Maureen K.
Published: September 2021

Whether caused by dementia or an eye disease, problems with vision can disrupt your loved one’s function, create hallucinations, and even lead them to think you are an imposter. There are, however, many things you can do to help. Start with an eye examination to make sure their eyeglasses prescription is correct and to look for treatable diseases. Ensure adequate lighting in and around their home and increase visual cues in potentially hazardous areas, such as stairs. Adjust for difficulty seeing or paying attention on one side. Increase visual contrast and size of numbers and letters for their daily activities. Use navigation systems with audible directions. Reduce the impact of hallucinations. Lastly, manage difficulties when your loved one does not recognize you, thinks you are someone else, or believes that you have been replaced by an imposter.
How to manage sleep problems
Authors: Budson Andrew E. , O’Connor Maureen K.
Published: September 2021

When you get a good night’s rest, you’re better able to tackle the most challenging dementia issues. On the other hand, when your sleep is poor, even small difficulties can cause you to feel frustrated and irritable. And if that’s true for you with a healthy brain, think about how important sleep is for your loved one with dementia. Poor sleep can cause many problems in those with dementia—not to mention often disrupting your own sleep! Although sleep problems are common in dementia, most of them can be managed without medications. Start by using a sleep log. Work to improve your loved one’s sleep habits and modify their daily routines to improve sleep. Be alert for disorders such as sleep apnea and abnormal sleep movements; let your loved one’s doctor know if you suspect them.
Why is it important to sustain your relationship?
Authors: Budson Andrew E. , O’Connor Maureen K.
Published: September 2021

Despite the challenges of dementia, it is important to continue to have fun with your loved one and nurture your relationship. Engaging in pleasant activities is a great way to remain connected. These activities can also help to reduce behavioral problems, boost mood, and even improve functioning in your loved one. Engaging in activities with your loved one can also help reduce burden and stress on you. Although your loved one may have trouble doing some of the things they enjoyed before their dementia, there are a variety of activities that they can still participate in. Some activities may be variations on things they used to enjoy and others may be entirely new. We encourage you to take time to engage in pleasant activities with your loved one on a regular basis.
How to plan for the progression of dementia
Authors: Budson Andrew E. , O’Connor Maureen K.
Published: September 2021

As your loved one begins to experience more problems with thinking and memory, they will need help managing their health care, finances, and other aspects of daily living. They may need to leave their home in order to receive the amount or type of care they require. Preparing legal documents such as a will, power of attorney, and health care proxy is an important step in planning for the future. Having conversations with your loved one early after a diagnosis ensures that they can participate in future planning as much as possible, easing your burden as increased care is required. Even if they don’t want to participate, you can still explore options so you will be ready when a crisis occurs.
Claustrophobia: Totalitarianism and the Great Depression, 1920–1936
Authors: Schoppa R. Keith
Published: September 2021

This chapter focuses on two of the three-tiered political identities, specifically the power of individual control (localism) and the force of nationalism. After the Great War, the 1920s roared with the possibilities of wealth, pleasure, the good life. Women seemed to be at the center of things: the “flapper,” homemaker, and female suffrage worlds. Yet national ambitions of Germany, Italy, Japan, and the Soviet Union were put on the fast track of totalitarianism working by way of fascism, monarchical dictatorship, and communism. The policies of those four placed thousands of people in “iron houses” to be suffocated, or, more likely, executed. To deal with these tragedies, the long shot seemed perhaps to be the wide-ranging individualism of Lu Xun, the “duende” of Garcia Lorca, and the initiative of countless others to try to exorcise nationalism run amok.
Worlds Blown Apart, 1937–1949
Authors: Schoppa R. Keith
Published: September 2021

The years 1937–1949 were a pandemic of global violence with Hitler, Mussolini, Togo, and Stalin leading the way. Each had goals that drove them. Hitler wanted to build an Aryan empire using land that stretched from Germany to the Ural Mountains as Lebensraum; and he wanted to destroy the Jews and others from whom he took offense. Mussolini wanted power and an empire in northeast Africa. Though Togo was not a ruler like the others, all Japanese leaders wanted to defeat and humiliate China and become the East Asian superpower. Stalin wanted to eliminate his enemies and to initiate military successes that would make the Soviet Union a major nation and prove that communism was a viable foundation for a state. Hitler, Mussolini, and Togo lost their wars; Stalin was an ally after Germany’s invasion of the Soviet Union. Hitler’s most heinous legacy was the Holocaust.
A New Day? Revolution, Cold War, and Decolonization, 1950–1965
Authors: Schoppa R. Keith
Published: September 2021

In the aftermath of World War II, global realities seemed to have been grouped into binary formats: the United States and the USSR in a policy the United States called “containment” and included the establishment of NATO and the Warsaw Pact, the Berlin Airlift, the Cuban Missile Crisis; and the Korean War. Violent decolonization rose for Great Britain in Malaysia and Kenya and for France in Vietnam and Algeria. Another chapter dichotomy was the general success of the civil rights movement in the United States and the concomitant strengthening of apartheid in South Africa.
Bright Triumphs, Dark Disasters, 1980–1991
Authors: Schoppa R. Keith
Published: September 2021

The 1980s did celebrate space achievements and Berners-Lee’s World Wide Web. But after those memorable events, this decade brought major technological disasters. The Union Carbide gas leak at Bophal, India, in December 1984 killed almost 4,000 immediately. The wreck of the Exxon Valdez off the coast of Alaska in 1988 cost the lives of countless ocean birds and mammals and left 11 million gallons of oil in the ocean. The darkest event was history’s worst nuclear disaster in Chernobyl, Ukraine, on April 26, 1986. An eighteen square-mile area surrounding the nuclear plant and its contiguous town Pripyat was made a no-man’s land, not being safe to return for 3,000 years. One last tragedy of the 1980s was the dropping of poison gas on Iraqi Kurds living in the city of Halabja during the Iran-Iraq War (1980–1988). The attack killed 3,200 to 5,000 Kurds; 210,000 were injured. The Iraq High Criminal Court in 2010 acknowledged that the Halabja massacre was an act of genocide.
Clutch Mass, Offspring Mass, and Clutch Size: Body Mass Scaling and Taxonomic and Environmental Variation
Authors: Glazier Douglas S.
Published: September 2021

In this chapter, I show how clutch mass, offspring (egg) mass, and clutch size relate to body mass among species of branchiopod, maxillipod, and malacostracan crustaceans, as well as how these important life history traits vary among major taxa and environments independently of body size. Clutch mass relates strongly and nearly isometrically to body mass, probably because of physical volumetric constraints. By contrast, egg mass and clutch size relate more weakly and curvilinearly to body mass and vary in inverse proportion to one another, thus indicating a fundamental trade-off, which occurs within many crustacean taxa as well. In general, offspring (egg) size and number and their relationships to body mass appear to be more ecologically sensitive and evolutionarily malleable than clutch mass. The body mass scaling relationships of egg mass and clutch size show much more taxonomic and ecological variation (log-log scaling slopes varying from near 0 to almost 1 among major taxa) than do those for clutch mass, a pattern also observed in other animal taxa. The curvilinear body mass scaling relationships of egg mass and number also suggest a significant, size-related shift in how natural selection affects offspring versus maternal fitness. As body size increases, selection apparently predominantly favors increases in offspring size and fitness up to an asymptote, beyond which increases in offspring number and thus maternal fitness are preferentially favored. Crustaceans not only offer excellent opportunities for furthering our general understanding of life history evolution, but also their ecological and economic importance warrants further study of the various factors affecting their reproductive success.
Semelparity and Iteroparity
Authors: Varpe Øystein , Ejsmond Maciej J.
Published: September 2021

Diversity in reproduction schedules is a central component of life history variability, with life span and age at maturity as key traits. Closely linked is the number of reproductive attempts and if organisms reproduce only once followed by death (semelparity) or spread reproduction over multiple and separated episodes during the reproductive lifespan (iteroparity). Amphipoda and Isopoda are two crustacean groups with many semelparous species, but semelparity is also part of other groups such as Decapoda, Copepoda, and Lepostraca. We briefly review theories posited for the evolution of semelparity and iteroparity, covering models on demography in both deterministic and fluctuating environments, and examine models on optimal resource allocation. We provide predictions of these theories, a guide on how to test them in crustaceans, and illustrate how theory can help us understand the diversity within this major taxon. We also point out a few shortcomings of these theories. One is that immediate recruitment is usually assumed in studies of semelparity, which is a poor assumption for the many crustaceans that form egg banks with prolonged recruitment. Another is the lack of models where iteroparity versus semelparity emerge as a consequence of life history trade-offs, rather than the more common approach that assumes demographic parameters. Furthermore, we argue that treating semelparity and iteroparity as a dichotomy is sometimes problematic and that viewing these strategies as a continuum can be useful. We discuss life history correlates and the particularly relevant links between the semelparity-iteroparity axis and capital breeding and seasonality, parental care, and terminal molts. We also discuss some of the indirect methods used to conclude if a crustacean is semelparous or not, such as a rapid drop in adult abundance after reproduction or signs of growth or storage after reproduction. A central message in the chapter is the high value of life history theory as a guide when formulating explanations and projecting evolutionary changes in reproductive lifespan of crustaceans.
Life Cycle and Seasonal Migrations
Authors: Bauer Raymond T.
Published: September 2021

Seasonal and life cycle migrations are mass movements in which individuals move horizontally for long distances to encounter favorable conditions for reproduction and development. Such migrations have been best studied in larger mobile decapod crustaceans, many of which are commercially important. Some decapod shrimps and brachyuran crabs are dependent on productive estuaries for completion of life cycles. In these species, planktonic larvae develop in oceanic waters. Postlarval stages utilize currents and appropriate behaviors to enter estuaries via selective tidal stream transport (STST). After growth, juveniles and subadults leave for the adult oceanic habitats, again using STST. Many subtropical and temperate zone neritic species make seasonal offshore migrations into deeper waters during the winter, with return nearshore in the spring; some high latitude species make these migrations but with seasons reversed. Numerous freshwater shrimps are amphidromic, that is, they live and reproduce in streams and rivers, but their planktonic larvae drift or are released directly into the sea for development and dispersal. Postlarvae find the mouths of streams, and then make spectacular mass migrations as juveniles back upstream to the adult habitat. Adults of terrestrial crabs live inland, but brooding females move into the littoral zone during new or full moon periods to hatch out larvae into high amplitude tides that carry the larvae out to sea for development and dispersal.
Daphniaas a Model for Eco-evolutionary Dynamics
Authors: Walsh Matthew R. , Packer Michelle , Beston Shannon , Funkhouser Collin , Gillis Michael , Holmes Julian , Goos Jared
Published: September 2021

Much research has shown that variation in ecological processes can drive rapid evolutionary changes over periods of years to decades. Such contemporary adaptation sets the stage for evolution to have reciprocal impacts on the properties of populations, communities, and ecosystems, with ongoing interactions between ecological and evolutionary forces. The importance and generality of these eco-evolutionary dynamics are largely unknown. In this chapter, we promote the use of water fleas (Daphnia sp.) as a model organism in the exploration of eco-evolutionary interactions in nature. The many characteristics of Daphnia that make them suitable for laboratory study in conjunction with their well-known ecological importance in lakes, position Daphnia to contribute new and important insights into eco-evolutionary dynamics. We first review the influence of key environmental stressors in Daphnia evolution. We then highlight recent work documenting the pathway from life history evolution to ecology using Daphnia as a model. This review demonstrates that much is known about the influence of ecology on Daphnia life history evolution, while research exploring the genomic basis of adaptation as well as the influence of Daphnia life history traits on ecological processes is beginning to accumulate.
Actualizing Change with Roma Youth and Their Communities
Authors: Cass Lorente Carolyn , Ferrer-Wreder Laura
Published: September 2021

This chapter summarizes how youth development, sometimes also called positive youth development, is defined and explained in the field of human development. The authors provide illustrations of how the youth development approach has been applied through descriptive and interventional research with non-Roma, ethnic minority youth in various parts of the globe. Lessons learned from the wider intervention evidence base with non-Roma, ethnic minority youth are then explored in relation to future directions and needed advances in intervention research with Roma youth. The chapter ends with a practical consideration of how existing, beneficial youth development interventions designed for youth with other ethnic minority backgrounds might be effectively adapted to improve the lives of Roma youth.
The Origins of Overthrow
Authors: Ghalehdar Payam
Published: September 2021

Why has regime change figured so recurrently in US foreign policy? Between 1906 and 2011, the United States forcibly intervened in at least sixteen states, targeting their domestic political authority structure. Accounts thus far in International Relations scholarship fail to provide sound explanations for this pattern. Their premise that the United States seeks national security, economic benefits, or democracy in the target state is put into doubt by studies that demonstrate the limited success of most US regime change interventions. Focusing on the emotional state of US presidents, this book presents a novel explanation for the recurrence of forcible regime change in US foreign policy. It argues that regime change becomes an attractive foreign policy tool to US presidents when emotional frustration grips them. Emotional frustration, the book’s core concept, is an emotional state that comprises hegemonic expectations, perceptions of hatred in target state obstructions, and negative affect. Once instigated, it shapes both presidential preferences and strategies, carrying with it both a desire for removing foreign leaders as the perceived source of frustration and a turn to military aggression. Based on a wealth of declassified government sources, the empirical part of the book illustrates how emotional frustration has time and again shaped US regime change decisions. Spanning two world regions—the Western Hemisphere and the Middle East—and roughly one hundred years of US foreign policy, the book traces the emotional state of US presidents in five regime change episodes—Cuba 1906, Nicaragua 1909–1912, the Dominican Republic 1963–1965, Iran 1979–1980, and Iraq 2001–2003.
Introduction
Authors: Ghalehdar Payam
Published: September 2021

The Introduction identifies US regime change as the subject of inquiry and outlines the book’s emotion-based argument. It observes that US regime change decisions remain puzzling because studies show that their effects are typically detrimental to both regime changer and target state. After canvassing existing explanations and their shortcomings, the chapter turns to the book’s core claim: when US presidents experience emotional frustration, that is, when the combination of hegemonic expectations, target state obstructions perceived as stemming from hatred, and negative affect is present, regime change becomes an attractive tool to them for emotional amelioration. After defining five key attributes of regime change and specifying the universe of cases, the chapter then discusses the book’s methodological approach and its use of primary sources for the empirical analysis of five regime change episodes in the history of US foreign policy. The Introduction closes with a brief outline of subsequent chapters.
The 1909–1912 Intervention in Nicaragua
Authors: Ghalehdar Payam
Published: September 2021

This chapter contains the second case study of US regime change in the Western Hemisphere—the intervention in Nicaragua from 1909 to 1912 under US president William Howard Taft. The chapter explores the decision-making process within the Taft administration vis-à-vis Nicaragua and compares it to US-Nicaragua relations under Taft’s presidential predecessor, Theodore Roosevelt. Tracing emotional frustration in the Taft administration, the chapter shows how Taft extended US expectations toward Nicaragua, how his perceptions of Nicaraguan obstruction were more negative than Roosevelt’s, and how negative affect dominated his government’s decision-making. Emotional frustration outlived the presidency of Nicaraguan president José Zelaya, prompting Taft to target his successor, José Madriz, and a following insurrection led by Luis Mena. The chapter ends with a critical review of five alternative explanations for the Taft government’s intervention in Nicaragua.
US Dealings with the Dominican Republic, 1963–1965
Authors: Ghalehdar Payam
Published: September 2021

This chapter examines Lyndon B. Johnson’s 1965 intervention in the Dominican Republic. It contrasts Johnson’s opposition to Juan Bosch’s constitutionalist uprising to John F. Kennedy’s dealings with Bosch when the latter was the Dominican president in 1963. The comparison between the two US administrations exposes the weaknesses of standard explanations that stress the alleged threat of communism to US interests, creating space for the book’s favored emotion-based argument. In contrast to Kennedy, Johnson experienced high levels of emotional frustration in April 1965, when the constitutionalist revolt challenged the Dominican junta and demanded Bosch’s return to power. Because of his hegemonic expectations, negative affect, and Bosch’s perceived anti-Americanism, Johnson quickly turned to military action in support of the junta. After reconstructing Kennedy’s decision-making and tracing emotional frustration in Johnson’s approach to the Dominican Republic, the chapter turns to three alternative explanations and details their shortcomings.
Black Man’s Burden, White Man’s Liquor in Southern Africa
Authors: Schrad Mark Lawrence
Published: September 2021

Chapter 6 examines the history of Britain’s colonization of South Africa as a clash between imperialists like Cecil Rhodes—who wielded liquor as a tool to get indigenous leaders drunk and sign away rights to their land—and native African tribal leaders. Rhodes’s greatest obstacle in his planned Cape Town–to-Cairo railroad were the prohibitionist leaders of Bechuanaland (present-day Botswana)—King Khama, Sebele I, and Bathoen—who in 1895 went so far as to travel to England to plead to Queen Victoria and the Colonial Office to maintain their sovereignty against white incursions and their prohibition against white liquor. Harnessing British temperance networks and building goodwill, the Bechuana kings emerged victorious: Bechuanaland would remain a protectorate, but not folded into Britain’s Cape Colony, foiling Rhodes’s machinations.
Gandhi, Indian Nationalism, and Temperance Resistance against the Raj
Authors: Schrad Mark Lawrence
Published: September 2021

Chapter 7 follows Mahatma Gandhi’s embrace of prohibitionism as resistance against Britain’s “narco-military empire,” first in South Africa and then in India. Gandhi understood that the British system of imperial dominance was built upon trafficking addictive opium and alcohol, the revenues from which paid for military occupation. Nationalists Gandhi and C. Rajagopalachari adopted temperance tactics such as picketing liquor stores as part of their noncooperation activism. Their Prohibition League of India—a “social” rather than “political” organization—provided organizational safe haven for nationalists of the Indian National Congress when the British clamped down on Gandhi’s nationalist efforts. Making common cause with transnational temperance norm entrepreneurs such as “Pussyfoot” Johnson added greater legitimacy to both Indian nationalism and prohibitionism, which became utterly synonymous in Gandhi’s quest for independence.
Sampling Politics
Authors: Franklin M.I.
Published: September 2021

This book is an exploration of the geocultural politics of music sampling. Each chapter delves into one case study—a track, or larger work—from the inside out by starting with the samples that are at the heart of the work. The objective is to unpack how sampled and sampling material work together in light of shifts in the political, economic, and sociocultural contexts of their making, distribution, and reception since. Considering sampling as a material of music, not simply a digital technique or restricted to one sort of music making, addresses an under-explored dimension in studies of the relationship between music (any sort) and politics of the day (usually progressive, social movements). This is a tendency to concentrate on the lyrics as where all the political meaning lies. But this overlooks how sampling, or borrowing from the music made by others, even one’s own, can also be a political act even when this is not the intention. Based on extensive archival research, close-listening musical analysis, and interviews with artists or their estates, each study provides ways to listen, hear (again), and so learn more about how each piece, as sampled and sampling music making, work, on its own musico-cultural terms. Some errors in the public record, misperceptions about some of the works and artists who feature, are corrected in light of debates over the creative, legal, and cultural legacy of music sampling as either “borrowing,” “appropriation,” or even “theft.”
Re-Imagining Westphalia
Authors: Franklin M.I.
Published: September 2021

Chapter 5 focuses on a work from Karlheinz Stockhausen entitled Hymnen (Anthems). Stockhausen’s influence on the electronic music avant-garde, in classical and popular music domains, on those from his native Germany to the UK, the US, and elsewhere, is legendary. The techniques Stockhausen was refining were also being put to work by the Beatles, Miles Davis, and Frank Zappa, to name a few. Working with national anthems that are sampled and transformed, Hymnen is a landmark work that I argue is as much about “remembering” as it is a research-based experiment in the early years of electronic and acoustic sound transformation. This work, completed during 1960s, evokes the cold war years where space exploration, civil rights, and nuclear (dis)armament standoffs between the communist East and the capitalist West predominated. It is also the decade of Woodstock, political assassinations, civil rights, and antiwar movements in the US and around the world. Hymnen still has a lot to offer for contemporary explorations into the geopolitics of any music-politics nexus.
Becoming Precarious Subjects
Authors: Sung-Yul Park Joseph
Published: September 2021

This chapter considers the consequences of the subjectivities of English explored in the previous chapters, exploring how they contribute to the condition of extreme precarity of contemporary Korean society. Through Korea’s neoliberal transformation, work and life has grown significantly insecure. In particular, unemployment of the younger generation has reached a historical high, and fear of failure leads this generation to continuously invest in accumulation of marketable skills and to forgo life itself so that they may survive in the fierce competition in the job market. Through an analysis of how criteria for good English in the white-collar job market have been constantly raised and renewed over the decades since the 1990s, this chapter argues that subjectivities of English promoted in neoliberalism may groom workers to be precarious subjects by aligning their hopes and expectations about life and labor with the insecure and uncertain conditions of work under the neoliberal economy.
Of Arguments, Accidents, and Asks
Authors: Vaccari Cristian , Valeriani Augusto
Published: September 2021

In Western democracies, most social media users are not part of political echo chambers but encounter a mix of views they agree and disagree with. It is mostly users who are heavily involved in politics and frequently discuss it online who predominantly see content that supports their views. Conversely, accidental exposure to political news on social media is widespread and reaches beyond the types of citizens who are typically more involved in politics. Substantial numbers of social media users are also targeted by electoral mobilization, and these users tend to be more politically involved than average. Different groups of users have distinctive types of political experiences on social media, and there are stark differences between the United States and other countries: American social media users are more likely to be exposed to politically supportive content, to accidentally encounter news, and to be targeted by electoral mobilization on social media.
Do Social Media Matter?
Authors: Vaccari Cristian , Valeriani Augusto
Published: September 2021

Political experiences on social media—such as being targeted by electoral mobilization, seeing politically supportive messages, and accidentally encountering news—contribute to citizens’ repertoires of political participation. These associations are, on average, stronger for electoral mobilization than for accidental exposure, while exposure to supportive political content lies in between. Political experiences on social media do not disproportionally encourage participation in relatively easier, less resource-intensive activities, nor in activities primarily occurring in digital spaces, but foster hybrid participatory repertoires that combine higher-threshold and lower-threshold endeavors occurring both online and face to face. When placed amid the many different factors that affect participation, political experiences on social media play a distinctive and important role. However, their impact may be weaker than that of long-standing differences in resources and motivations among different groups of citizens.
Conclusion
Authors: Vaccari Cristian , Valeriani Augusto
Published: September 2021

Social media can contribute to the quality of democratic life by expanding the scope of citizens’ political participation and broadening the pool of participants. However, the relationship between political experiences on social media and political participation is not so strong as to justify unmitigated enthusiasm. Social media cannot and will not “save democracy” from citizens’ political apathy and distrust. While political experiences on social media do not disproportionately stimulate participation among ideologically extremist citizens, nor among those who voted for populist political actors, treating all forms of participation as equally desirable obscures important nuances that are key to evaluating social media’s contribution to democracy. Still, social media can be part of the solution to at least two important democratic ills—citizens’ disconnection from politics and inequalities between those who choose to exercise their voice and those who remain silent.
Background
Authors: Barany Zoltan
Published: September 2021

This chapter sets the stage for the study by calling attention to some of the key issues and turning points that are intrinsic parts of Arabia’s social and political history. The first is tribalism, which is integral to understanding these societies. The second is the atypical military force, the Ikhwan, that the founder of modern Saudi Arabia, King Ibn Saud (known in Arabia as Abdulaziz Al Saud), developed to conquer much of the territory that became the region’s largest country. The third is the British role in influencing the Gulf states’ security sector. The fourth is the creation of the United Arab Emirates and its military force. Finally, I probe two formative moments in recent history: the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait in 1990 and the country’s liberation by a US-led coalition, and the military-security dimension of the Arab uprisings that began in late 2010 and have influenced subsequent related developments.
Military Politics
Authors: Barany Zoltan
Published: September 2021

This chapter is concerned with military politics. It views the kingdoms as family states and weighs the domestic threats they face from conflicts pertaining to succession and intra-family divisions. The downsides of one of the structural aspects of these states—for example, the immense power of a few individuals to make weighty decisions—is critically examined. Attention is also devoted to the weakness of domestic political opposition, threats from abroad, and the methods GCC states have employed to repress them. In the last section, the focus shifts to civil-military relations as the methods Gulf monarchies have developed to keep their armies loyal are assessed such as the creation of privileged units and forces, the fostering of institutional rivalries between various elements, and the exclusion of certain sectarian communities from security sector employment. In short, this chapter is devoted to institutional analysis and explores how political and structural factors impede the Gulf armies’ effectiveness.
Military Performance
Authors: Barany Zoltan
Published: September 2021

In Chapter 6 the various strands of the study come together as the actual performance of the Gulf armies is appraised. Given the limited involvement of GCC countries in military operations, the available evidence to base judgments upon their battlefield effectiveness is slender. Therefore, the analysis integrates lessons that may be learned from training and large-scale exercises GCC armies have participated in. To understand Gulf armies’ deficiencies, special attention is paid to the instruction and cultural aspects of the most prestigious military specialization, pilot training. In the second section the scant foreign deployment of Gulf militaries is examined, with special emphasis on the UAE, the only GCC army with extensive experience in this area. The bulk of this chapter centers on the ongoing civil war in Yemen in which the Saudi and Emirati armed forces have played a major role, thus allowing us the opportunity to assess their performance.
And Then a Violin Began To Play
Authors: Mordden Ethan
Published: September 2021

This chapter looks at Welsh composer Ivor Novello, whose seven Big Sing musicals, from 1935 to 1949, present an imposing body of work. His seven operettas are Glamorous Night (1935), Careless Rapture (1936), Crest Of the Wave (1937), The Dancing Years (1939), Arc De Triomphe (1943), Perchance To Dream (1945), and King's Rhapsody (1949). They could be described as both terrible and wonderful, vexed by boisterous storytelling yet protected by Novello's extraordinary gifts in melody and harmony. Glamorous Night initiated the rise of the type of musical genre by which Novello is known today. He wrote the scripts, composed the songs (mostly to Christopher Hassall's lyrics), played the leads, and generally supervised the entire production without actually directing. Yet Novello himself, though he played heroes in six of these titles, did not generally sing.
Ice Age Humans (30,000 Years Ago)
Authors: Newson Lesley , Richerson Peter J.
Published: September 2021

Starting about 35,000 years ago, humans seem to have made a great leap forward culturally. The authors argue that this wasn’t because of genetic changes that caused the human brain to have increased capacity. It was because some groups culturally evolved the “social tools” that allowed them to maintain connections and share information over long distances. The groups with the most effective social tools managed to stay connected and to survive, and their descendants inherited this culture of connectedness. It’s likely that forming greater connectedness and more complex culture was necessary in order to survive the periods of high climate variability that were a feature of the last ice age.
Another Transformation
Authors: Newson Lesley , Richerson Peter J.
Published: September 2021

During the last few centuries, the invention of new social tools made it possible for humans to interact and connect. The structure of society changed, and the role of the family was much diminished. This triggered a cultural transformation we are still in the middle of. “Modernity” is a good word for this transformation, because what we think of as modern changes all the time. And that is what our culture is doing. It is changing all the time. The transformation began in Europe, but now virtually all human populations have been touched by modernity. One of the most profound effects of this transformation is our attitude toward children.
Culture and Social Work
Authors: Pallamar Alejandra , Dahal Sanjee
Published: September 2021

In this chapter, we investigate the concepts of culture and explore the role that culture plays in contemporary social work practice. This chapter highlights the historical construction of the concept of culture from 1990 to 2000 and contemporary understanding of culture across disciplines. We explore the idea of culture in anthropological research, in sociological research and in the fields of psychology and communication. Considering the expansion of market in all spheres of life, the chapter will examine how social work intersects with other disciplines to look at culture and consider cross-cultural issues. We link the importance of the role of culture in the field of social work.
Exodus 21–22
Authors: Milstein Sara J.
Published: September 2021

Parallels between Exod 21:18–22:16 and the law collections from Mesopotamia have long prompted scholars to classify the biblical unit as belonging to the same genre. Compared to the Near Eastern law collections, however, Exod 21:18–22:16 is far more narrowly focused, disjointed, and ambiguous than its cuneiform counterparts. There may be a closer Mesopotamian analogue to Exod 21:18–22:16 than the law collections. Mesopotamian scribes occasionally copied a limited series of laws in the context of their education, such as the Laws about Rented Oxen or the Sumerian Laws Exercise Tablet. These provisions were limited in scope, related to the law collections but not excerpts, and marked by disjointedness and ambiguities. Given the parallels between Exod 21:18–22:16 and these legal-pedagogical exercises, it appears that the biblical unit is rooted in an analogous type of legal-pedagogical exercise.
Introduction
Authors: Wilberding James
Published: September 2021

The concept of the world soul is difficult to understand in large part because over the course of history it has been invoked to very different ends and within the frameworks of very different ontologies, with very different concepts of the world soul emerging as a result. Yet there are three principal contexts in which the world soul is traditionally called upon to do philosophical work: the individual soul’s relation to the world (and other souls), natural science and cosmology, and especially metaphysical mediation. These three contexts are set out with reference to the following chapters and reflections.