bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Learning Contextualized User Preferences for Co‐Adaptive Guidance in Mixed‐Initiative Topic Model Refinement
Authors: Sperrle F. , Schäfer H. , Keim D. , El‐Assady M.
Published: June 2021

Mixed‐initiative visual analytics systems support collaborative human‐machine decision‐making processes. However, many multi‐objective optimization tasks, such as topic model refinement, are highly subjective and context‐dependent. Hence, systems need to adapt their optimization suggestions throughout the interactive refinement process to provide efficient guidance. To tackle this challenge, we present a technique for learning context‐dependent user preferences and demonstrate its applicability to topic model refinement. We deploy agents with distinct associated optimization strategies that compete for the user's acceptance of their suggestions. To decide when to provide guidance, each agent maintains an intelligible, rule‐based classifier over context vectorizations that captures the development of quality metrics between distinct analysis states. By observing implicit and explicit user feedback, agents learn in which contexts to provide their specific guidance operation. An agent in topic model refinement might, for example, learn to react to declining model coherence by suggesting to split a topic. Our results confirm that the rules learned by agents capture contextual user preferences. Further, we show that the learned rules are transferable between similar datasets, avoiding common cold‐start problems and enabling a continuous refinement of agents across corpora.
Daisen: A Framework for Visualizing Detailed GPU Execution
Authors: Sun Yifan , Zhang Yixuan , Mosallaei Ali , Shah Michael D. , Dunne Cody , Kaeli David
Published: June 2021

Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) have been widely used to accelerate artificial intelligence, physics simulation, medical imaging, and information visualization applications. To improve GPU performance, GPU hardware designers need to identify performance issues by inspecting a huge amount of simulator‐generated traces. Visualizing the execution traces can reduce the cognitive burden of users and facilitate making sense of behaviors of GPU hardware components. In this paper, we first formalize the process of GPU performance analysis and characterize the design requirements of visualizing execution traces based on a survey study and interviews with GPU hardware designers. We contribute data and task abstraction for GPU performance analysis. Based on our task analysis, we propose Daisen, a framework that supports data collection from GPU simulators and provides visualization of the simulator‐generated GPU execution traces. Daisen features a data abstraction and trace format that can record simulator‐generated GPU execution traces. Daisen also includes a web‐based visualization tool that helps GPU hardware designers examine GPU execution traces, identify performance bottlenecks, and verify performance improvement. Our qualitative evaluation with GPU hardware designers demonstrates that the design of Daisen reflects the typical workflow of GPU hardware designers. Using Daisen, participants were able to effectively identify potential performance bottlenecks and opportunities for performance improvement. The open‐sourced implementation of Daisen can be found at gitlab.com/akita/vis. Supplemental materials including a demo video, survey questions, evaluation study guide, and post‐study evaluation survey are available at osf.io/j5ghq.
Leveraging Topological Events in Tracking Graphs for Understanding Particle Diffusion
Authors: McDonald T. , Shrestha R. , Yi X. , Bhatia H. , Chen D. , Goswami D. , Pascucci V. , Turbyville T. , Bremer P.‐T.
Published: June 2021

Single particle tracking (SPT) of fluorescent molecules provides significant insights into the diffusion and relative motion of tagged proteins and other structures of interest in biology. However, despite the latest advances in high‐resolution microscopy, individual particles are typically not distinguished from clusters of particles. This lack of resolution obscures potential evidence for how merging and splitting of particles affect their diffusion and any implications on the biological environment. The particle tracks are typically decomposed into individual segments at observed merge and split events, and analysis is performed without knowing the true count of particles in the resulting segments. Here, we address the challenges in analyzing particle tracks in the context of cancer biology. In particular, we study the tracks of KRAS protein, which is implicated in nearly 20% of all human cancers, and whose clustering and aggregation have been linked to the signaling pathway leading to uncontrolled cell growth. We present a new analysis approach for particle tracks by representing them as tracking graphs and using topological events – merging and splitting, to disambiguate the tracks. Using this analysis, we infer a lower bound on the count of particles as they cluster and create conditional distributions of diffusion speeds before and after merge and split events. Using thousands of time‐steps of simulated and in‐vitro SPT data, we demonstrate the efficacy of our method, as it offers the biologists a new, detailed look into the relationship between KRAS clustering and diffusion speeds.
SumRe: Design and Evaluation of a Gist‐based Summary Visualization for Incident Reports Triage
Authors: Kakar T. , Qin X. , La T. , Sahoo S. K. , De S. , Rundensteiner E. A. , Harrison L.
Published: June 2021

Incident report triage is a common endeavor in many industry sectors, often coupled with serious public safety implications. For example, at the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), analysts triage an influx of incident reports to identify previously undiscovered drug safety problems. However, these analysts currently conduct this critical yet error‐prone incident report triage using a generic table‐based interface, with no formal support. Visualization design, task‐characterization methodologies, and evaluation models offer several possibilities for better supporting triage workflows, including those dealing with drug safety and beyond. In this work, we aim to elevate the work of triage through a task‐abstraction activity with FDA analysts. Second, we design an alternative gist‐based summary of text documents used in triage (SumRe). Third, we conduct a crowdsourced evaluation of SumRe with medical experts. Results of the crowdsourced study with medical experts (n = 20) suggest that SumRe better supports accuracy in understanding the gist of a given report, and in identifying important reports for followup activities. We discuss implications of these results, including design considerations for triage workflows beyond the drug domain, as well as methodologies for comparing visualization‐enabled text summaries.
Design Space of Origin‐Destination Data Visualization
Authors: Tennekes Martijn , Chen Min
Published: June 2021

Visualization is an essential tool for observing and analyzing origin‐destination (OD) data, which encodes flows between geographic locations, e.g., in applications concerning commuting, migration, and transport of goods. However, depicting OD data often encounter issues of cluttering and occlusion. To address these issues, many visual designs feature data abstraction and visual abstraction, such as node aggregation and edge bundling, resulting in information loss. The recent theoretical and empirical developments in visualization have substantiated the merits of such abstraction, while confirming that viewers' knowledge can alleviate the negative impact due to information loss. It is thus desirable to map out different ways of losing and adding information in origin‐destination data visualization (ODDV). We therefore formulate a new design space of ODDV based on the categorization of informative operations on OD data in data abstraction and visual abstraction. We apply this design space to existing ODDV methods, outline strategies for exploring the design space, and suggest ideas for further exploration.
Boundary Objects in Design Studies: Reflections on the Collaborative Creation of Isochrone Maps
Authors: Vuillemot R. , Rivière P. , Beignon A. , Tabard A.
Published: June 2021

We propose to take an artifact‐centric approach to design studies by leveraging the concept of boundary object. Design studies typically focus on processes and articulate design decisions in a project‐specific context with a goal of transferability. We argue that design studies could benefit from paying attention to the material conditions in which teams collaborate to reach design outcomes. We report on a design study of isochrone maps following cartographic generalization principles. Focusing on boundary objects enables us to characterize five categories of artifacts and tools that facilitated collaboration between actors involved in the design process (structured collections, structuring artifacts, process‐centric artifacts, generative artifacts, and bridging artifacts). We found that artifacts such as layered maps and map collections played a unifying role for our inter‐disciplinary team. We discuss how such artifacts can be pivotal in the design process. Finally, we discuss how considering boundary objects could improve the transferability of design study results, and support reflection on inter‐disciplinary collaboration in the domain of Information Visualization.
Design Patterns and Trade‐Offs in Responsive Visualization for Communication
Authors: Kim Hyeok , Moritz Dominik , Hullman Jessica
Published: June 2021

Increased access to mobile devices motivates the need to design communicative visualizations that are responsive to varying screen sizes. However, relatively little design guidance or tooling is currently available to authors. We contribute a detailed characterization of responsive visualization strategies in communication‐oriented visualizations, identifying 76 total strategies by analyzing 378 pairs of large screen (LS) and small screen (SS) visualizations from online articles and reports. Our analysis distinguishes between the Targets of responsive visualization, referring to what elements of a design are changed and Actions representing how targets are changed. We identify key trade‐offs related to authors' need to maintain graphical density, referring to the amount of information per pixel, while also maintaining the “message” or intended takeaways for users of a visualization. We discuss implications of our findings for future visualization tool design to support responsive transformation of visualization designs, including requirements for automated recommenders for communication‐oriented responsive visualizations.
Visualization in Astrophysics: Developing New Methods, Discovering Our Universe, and Educating the Earth
Authors: Lan Fangfei , Young Michael , Anderson Lauren , Ynnerman Anders , Bock Alexander , Borkin Michelle A. , Forbes Angus G. , Kollmeier Juna A. , Wang Bei
Published: June 2021

We present a state‐of‐the‐art report on visualization in astrophysics. We survey representative papers from both astrophysics and visualization and provide a taxonomy of existing approaches based on data analysis tasks. The approaches are classified based on five categories: data wrangling, data exploration, feature identification, object reconstruction, as well as education and outreach. Our unique contribution is to combine the diverse viewpoints from both astronomers and visualization experts to identify challenges and opportunities for visualization in astrophysics. The main goal is to provide a reference point to bring modern data analysis and visualization techniques to the rich datasets in astrophysics.
Genetic and ecological evidence of long‐term translocation success of the federally endangered Stephens' kangaroo rat
Authors: Shier Debra M. , Navarro Asako Y. , Tobler Mathias , Thomas Steven M. , King Shauna N. D. , Mullaney Claire B. , Ryder Oliver A.
Published: June 2021

The efficacy of translocation as a method for conserving species in peril has not been fully evaluated. Post‐release monitoring rarely involves long‐term assessments and initial success metrics may not translate to population viability. In particular, genetic factors may play a critical role in fitness following release as founder effect, genetic drift, inbreeding depression and outbreeding depression can influence extinction risk. As part of a multi‐year recovery effort, we translocated populations of the endangered Stephens' kangaroo rat (Dipodomys stephensi; SKR), in order to restore population connectivity. Here we evaluate the success of the translocation efforts through long‐term population estimation and genetic analyses. We conducted post‐release assessments for 9 years, and used Bayesian clustering analysis and principal components analysis (PCA) of 24 microsatellite markers developed for this species to assess genetic admixture between source and translocated populations. Demographic results indicate long‐term translocation success, as evidenced by founder survival and establishment, and population growth and regulation. Genetic results show admixture at the release site between genetically discrete source populations, provide definitive evidence that translocated individuals, not immigrants, produced offspring at the release site, that these offspring successfully reproduced and that even with moderate to great genetic differentiation of source populations, outbreeding depression was not detected. Despite the historical failure of heteromyid translocation efforts, our long‐term study illustrates how the development of species‐specific best practices led to an effective strategy for SKR recovery. More broadly, our results suggest efforts that use a systematic hypothesis‐testing framework alongside long‐term monitoring offer great promise in improving translocation outcomes.
First‐ and second‐hand alcohol‐related harms among urban Chinese: A population‐based study from Hong Kong
Authors: Yu Jiazhou , Sumerlin Timothy S. , Goggins William B. , Dong Dong , Chung Roger Yat‐Nork , Kim Jean H.
Published: June 2021

Introduction

Alcohol consumption has been steadily increasing in East Asia, however, there is comparatively little regional data of alcohol‐related harms. This study examines the alcohol‐related harms prevalence and risk factors in Hong Kong, a high population density city with limited alcohol regulation.

Methods

A cross‐sectional telephone survey was conducted in 2019 on Chinese adults aged 18–74 (n = 3200). Respondents were asked about various past‐year first‐hand drinking harms (after one's own drinking), second‐hand harms (harms from other people's drinking) and views of neighbourhood alcohol outlet regulation.

Results

Of drinkers, 21.1% reported first‐hand alcohol harms, with physical/mental health harms (15.7%) most commonly reported. Younger‐aged drinkers (adjusted odds ratios [AOR] 2.64, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.63, 4.48) and heavy drinkers (AOR 2.34, 95% CI 1.55, 3.55) were more likely to report first‐hand harms. Of the sample, 18.2% experienced past‐year second‐hand harms, with public harms (12.9%) most commonly reported. Young age (AOR 1.88, 95% CI 1.43, 2.49), higher education (AOR 1.44, 95% CI 1.13, 1.83), past‐year binge drinking (AOR 4.29, 95% CI 3.04, 6.05) and communal living (AOR 2.04, 95% CI 1.13, 3.75) predicted greater likelihood of second‐hand alcohol harms. Higher neighbourhood alcohol outlet density was not associated with any first‐hand harms and only significantly predicted being inconvenienced by drinkers. Although victims of second‐hand alcohol harms were more supportive of regulating outlet density, 93.3% of respondents were opposed to such policies.

Discussion and Conclusions

Although high levels of alcohol‐related harms were not reported by Hong Kong adults, regulations should target young drinkers and binge drinkers who are most likely to experience drinking‐related harms.
Efficacy and safety of second photodynamic therapy for local failure after salvage photodynamic therapy for esophageal cancer
Authors: Yamashita Hiroki , Kadota Tomohiro , Minamide Tatsunori , Sunakawa Hironori , Sato Daiki , Takashima Kenji , Nakajo Keiichiro , Murano Tatsuro , Shinmura Kensuke , Yoda Yusuke , Ikematsu Hiroaki , Yano Tomonori
Published: June 2021

Objectives

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an optional salvage treatment for local failure of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) after chemoradiotherapy; however, local failure after PDT sometimes occurs. In such cases, second PDT is sometimes attempted, but its outcomes remain unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of second PDT.

Methods

We enrolled patients who underwent PDT for local failure of ESCC after chemoradiotherapy. We retrospectively evaluated local‐complete response (L‐CR) rate and clinical outcomes of first and second PDT. The indications for PDT were lesions within the muscle layer, <3 cm in size, and <3/4 of the esophageal circumference; not suitable for salvage surgery; and absence of metastasis. Second PDT was avoided when lesions were apparently refractory to first PDT, e.g. persistence of submucosal tumor‐like protruded component or rapid regrowth of tumor at the ulceration after first PDT. L‐CR was defined as endoscopic disappearance of tumor and post‐PDT ulcer and absence of cancer cells histologically.

Results

Among 82 patients who underwent first PDT, 27 underwent second PDT. The L‐CR rates with first and second PDT were 63.0% and 40.7%, respectively. The 2‐year overall survival rates after second PDT in patients with L‐CR and local‐nonCR were 79.5% and 40.5%, respectively. Five of 11 patients with L‐CR survived without any recurrence. No grade ≥3 adverse events occurred.

Conclusions

Second PDT demonstrated excellent safety and acceptable efficacy; therefore, it could be a useful treatment for local failure after first PDT.
Long‐term outcomes of endoscopic balloon dilation for intestinal strictures in patients with Crohn's disease during maintenance treatment with anti‐tumor necrosis factor alpha antibodies
Authors: Takeda Teruyuki , Kishi Masahiro , Takatsu Noritaka , Takada Yasumichi , Beppu Tsuyoshi , Miyaoka Masaki , Hisabe Takashi , Ueki Toshiharu , Arima Hisatomi , Hirai Fumihito , Yao Kenshi
Published: June 2021

Background and aims

Efficacy of endoscopic balloon dilation (EBD) for intestinal strictures in patients with Crohn’s disease (CD) receiving anti‐tumor necrosis factor alpha antibodies (anti‐TNF) as maintenance therapy is unclear. We investigated the long‐term efficacy and safety of EBD for intestinal strictures in patients with CD receiving anti‐TNF.

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed data from patients with CD who received anti‐TNF as maintenance therapy from 2008 to 2017, underwent EBD, and were followed up for ≥6 months. The primary endpoint was the cumulative surgery‐free rate. The main secondary endpoints were technical success, repeat EBD rate, risk factors affecting surgical outcomes, and safety.

Results

Seventy‐two patients with CD were assessed. The median observation period after EBD was 50 months. The technical success rate was 67%. The 3‐ and 5‐year cumulative surgery‐free rates were 81.1% and 73.5%, respectively. The repeat EBD rate was 74%. Multivariable analyses showed that risk factors affecting surgical outcomes were age at disease onset ≤16 years (hazard ratio 3.69; 95% confidence interval 1.36–10.01; P = 0.011). Serious complications requiring surgery developed in three patients.

Conclusions

Endoscopic balloon dilation was an effective and safe short‐term treatment and a useful long‐term treatment for CD patients with intestinal strictures receiving anti‐TNF as maintenance therapy.
Colchicine use might be associated with lower mortality in COVID‐19 patients: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Elshafei Mohamed Nabil , El‐Bardissy Ahmed , Khalil Ahmed , Danjuma Mohammed , Mubasher Mahmood , Abubeker Ibrahim Y. , Mohamed Mouhand F. H.
Published: June 2021

Background

Colchicine was recently repurposed for the management of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19). This rapid review and meta‐analysis aimed to assess colchicine's impact on mortality outcomes in COVID‐19 patients.

Materials and Methods

We systematically searched PubMed, EMBASE, Google Scholar since their inception till 25/03/2021 for observational or controlled studies that reported mortality as an outcome. The mortality odd ratios were generated with their corresponding 95% confidence intervals utilizing the random‐effects model.

Results

Nine studies comprising 5522 patients met our inclusion criteria. Our meta‐analysis revealed significantly lower mortality in the colchicine group (OR 0.35, 95% CI 0.25‐0.48, I2 0%) compared with controls. A subgroup analysis limited to hospitalized patients (OR 0.35, 95% CI 0.25‐0.50, I2 0%) revealed similarly lower mortality in the colchicine group.

Conclusions

This meta‐analysis suggests a mortality benefit with colchicine when used in the treatment of COVID‐19 patients. The majority of included studies were observational; thus, the findings of this review need to be further supported by the results of ongoing trials.
Knowledge, awareness and perception amongst dental practitioners towards natural tooth fragment reattachment procedures in clinical practice—A cross‐sectional survey
Authors: Gunwal Mohit K , Bagda Kamal , Gupta Shreya , Oak Anjali Mairal
Published: June 2021

Background/Aim

Reattachment of a tooth fragment is a viable alternative to restore a fractured tooth. The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge, awareness and perception of dental practitioners towards tooth fragment reattachment procedures.

Material and Methods

The cross‐sectional study was conducted during 2019 and comprised dental practitioners working as general dentists or dental specialists. The subjects were asked to fill out a self‐administered questionnaire. Questions related to knowledge and practice regarding fragment reattachment procedures were asked, and the responses were recorded. SPSS version 20.0 and the chi‐square test were selected as the statistical tools for data analysis with significance level established at p < .05.

Results

Eight hundred and fifty‐seven subjects participated in the study. Of them, 404 (47%) were general dentists and 453 (53%) were specialist dentists. Out of the 857 subjects, 231 (27%) had clinical experience of less than 5 years, 268 (31.3%) between 5 and 10 years, 190 (22%) between 10 and 20 years and 168 (19.6%) had experience of over 20 years. Of the 857 subjects, 673 (78.5%) had some knowledge about the reattachment procedure and 292 (34.1%) had performed reattachment in clinical practice. The most common storage medium used for the fractured fragment was saline. The bonding material used for reattachment was lightcured composite resin. A subsequent fracture of the reattached fragment was encountered by more than 62% of the subjects.

Conclusions

Lack of availability of the fragment and lack of clinical training were the major reasons for clinicians not performing the procedure routinely. The attachment procedure was most often performed by both general dentists and specialist dentists with 5–10 years of clinical experience. Furthermore, the majority of the participants did not have any familiarity with the concept of biological restorations. Cross contamination was a major clinical concern for the limited clinical application of biological restorations.
Geographic variation in cuticular hydrocarbon profiles in Pacific field crickets
Authors: Kota Mounica V. , Heinen‐Kay Justa L. , Zuk Marlene
Published: June 2021

1. Insect cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) serve a role in both desiccation resistance and sexual attractiveness. These two functions are thought to be maximised by different CHC compositions, which should lead to local adaptation between populations experiencing different natural and sexual selection pressures.

2. The Pacific field cricket (Teleogryllus oceanicus) is distributed throughout Oceania, including the Hawaiian and Cook Islands. In Hawaii, these crickets face strong natural selection from a parasitoid fly that has promoted the evolution of a novel male reproductive morph, dramatically altering sexual selection in the Hawaiian populations. The parasitoid and male polymorphism do not occur in the Cook Islands.

3. We captured male and female T. oceanicus on two Hawaiian Islands and three Cook Islands, and quantified their CHCs. We also measured temperature and RH at our collection sites to test for associations with cricket CHC profiles.

4. We discovered significant sexual dimorphism in CHC profiles, as well as differences between both island chains and particular islands. The two male reproductive morphs in Hawaii showed distinct CHC expression. There were no associations between weather variables and CHC profiles.

5. Observed differences in T. oceanicus CHC profiles appear to reflect geographic isolation rather than selection in response to local and environmental and social conditions.
First report of Pseudomonas amygdali causing bacterial leaf spot of Mallotus japonicus in South Korea
Authors: Yun Hye Young , Kim Hongsup
Published: June 2021

In 2014, bacterial leaf spots were observed in Mallotus japonicus on the Halla Mountain in Jeju Island, South Korea. The infected leaves showed leaf spot symptoms, that is discoloured circular or irregular leaf spots developing away from the leaf edge, rarely limited by veins. The causal pathogen was isolated from the diseased lesions and identified as Pseudomonas amygdali based on LOPAT tests and multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) of the 16S rRNA, gyrB, rpoB and rpoD gene sequences. The pathogenicity tests conducted on potted 2‐year‐old M. japonicus seedlings confirmed Koch's postulates and revealed that P. amygdali was the causal agent of the leaf spots in this host. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of P. amygdali causing bacterial leaf spots on M. japonicus in South Korea.
Planned missing data designs and methods: Options for strengthening inference, increasing research efficiency and improving animal welfare in ecological and evolutionary research
Authors: Noble Daniel W. A. , Nakagawa Shinichi
Published: June 2021

Ecological and evolutionary research questions are increasingly requiring the integration of research fields along with larger data sets to address fundamental local‐ and global‐scale problems. Unfortunately, these agendas are often in conflict with limited funding and a need to balance animal welfare concerns. Planned missing data design (PMDD), where data are randomly and deliberately missed during data collection, combined with missing data procedures, can be useful tools when working under greater research constraints. Here, we review how PMDD can be incorporated into existing experimental designs by discussing alternative design approaches and demonstrate with simulated data sets how missing data procedures work with incomplete data. PMDDs can provide researchers with a unique toolkit that can be applied during the experimental design stage. Planning and thinking about missing data early can (1) reduce research costs by allowing for the collection of less expensive measurement variables; (2) provide opportunities to distinguish predictions from alternative hypotheses by allowing more measurement variables to be collected; and (3) minimize distress caused by experimentation by reducing the reliance on invasive procedures or allowing data to be collected on fewer subjects (or less often on a given subject). PMDDs and missing data methods can even provide statistical benefits under certain situations by improving statistical power relative to a complete case design. The impacts of unplanned missing data, which can cause biases in parameter estimates and their uncertainty, can also be ameliorated using missing data procedures. PMDDs are still in their infancy. We discuss some of the difficulties in their implementation and provide tentative solutions. While PMDDs may not always be the best option, missing data procedures are becoming more sophisticated and more easily implemented and it is likely that PMDDs will be effective tools for a wide range of experimental designs, data types and problems in ecology and evolution.
Hatch timing of two subarctic salmonids in a stream network estimated by otolith increments
Authors: Fitzgerald Kevin A. , Haworth Matt R. , Bestgen Kevin R. , Farrell Collin J. , Utsumi Shunsuke , Kishida Osamu , Uno Hiromi , Kanno Yoichiro
Published: June 2021

Hatch timing in autumn‐spawning stream salmonids is poorly understood in the subarctic region because snow cover prevents direct sampling of cryptic early life stages. Otolith micro‐increment analysis was used to infer hatch dates of white‐spotted charr Salvelinus leucomaenis (Pallas) and masu salmon Oncorhynchus masou (Brevoort) in a mainstem‐tributary network in northern Japan. Accuracy and precision were validated by ageing hatchery individuals with known hatch date ranges. In July 2018, 93 wild young‐of‐the‐year white‐spotted charr and 81 masu salmon were collected and aged. Masu salmon hatched, on average, 24 days earlier (mean = February 8) than white‐spotted charr (March 4), and hatch dates spanned a minimum of 2 months for each species. In masu salmon, hatch dates of individuals collected in the mainstem were nearly 3 weeks earlier than those in a tributary. This study provided knowledge on intra‐ and inter‐specific variation in hatch timing of native salmonids in a subarctic stream network.
Emergent global biogeography of marine fish food webs
Authors: van Denderen P. Daniël , Petrik Colleen M. , Stock Charles A. , Andersen Ken H.
Published: June 2021

Aim

Understanding how fish food webs emerge from planktonic and benthic energy pathways that sustain them is an important challenge for predicting fisheries production under climate change and quantifying the role of fish in carbon and nutrient cycling. We examine if a trait‐based fish community model using the fish traits of maximum body weight and vertical habitat strategy can meet this challenge by globally representing fish food web diversity.

Location

Global oceans.

Time period

Predictions are representative of the early 1990s.

Major taxa studied

Marine teleost fish.

Methods

We present a size‐ and trait‐based fish community model that explicitly resolves the dependence of fish on pelagic and benthic energy pathways to globally predict fish food web biogeography. The emergent food web structures are compared with regionally calibrated models in three different ecosystem types and used to estimate two fish ecosystem functions: potential fisheries production and benthic–pelagic coupling.

Results

Variations in pelagic–benthic energy pathways and seafloor depth drive the emergent biogeography of fish food webs from shelf systems to the open ocean, and across the global ocean. Most shelf regions have high benthic production, which favours demersal fish that feed on pelagic and benthic pathways. Continental slopes also show a coupling of benthic and pelagic pathways, sustained through vertically migrating and interacting mesopelagic and deep‐sea demersal fish. Open ocean fish communities are primarily structured around the pelagic pathway. Global model results compare favourably with data‐driven regional food web models, suggesting that maximum weight and vertical behaviour can capture large‐scale variations in food web structure.

Main conclusions

Mechanistically linking ocean productivity with upper trophic levels using a size‐ and trait‐based fish community model results in spatial variations in food web structure. Energy pathways vary with ocean productivity and seabed depth, thereby shaping the dominant traits and fish communities across ocean biomes.
The geopolitics of energy system transformation: A review
Authors: Blondeel Mathieu , Bradshaw Michael J. , Bridge Gavin , Kuzemko Caroline
Published: June 2021

In 2009, Geography Compass published a paper on ‘The Geopolitics of Global Energy Security’ that reviewed research on the key geographical factors influencing the secure and affordable supply of energy resources. Now, just over a decade later, the energy landscape is undergoing a dramatic transformation, and the focus is no longer on fossil fuel scarcity. Rather, this is an age of fossil fuel abundance and the emphasis is on the need to decarbonise the global energy system, constrain the production of fossil fuels and accelerate the deployment of low‐carbon energy technologies. We conceive energy system transformation as a twofold process: a set of ‘high‐carbon’ energy transitions related to phasing out fossil fuel consumption, ‘low‐carbon’ energy transitions related to the emergence of new renewable energy and other low‐carbon technologies. This paper reviews the past decade's research that examines the nature and pace of energy system transformation, as well as that which identifies a range of geopolitical challenges associated with these two transitions. The paper concludes by advocating for a ‘whole systems’ approach to energy geopolitics that captures the critical interactions between the two transitions in a global framework.
‘I'm Not Even Bothered if they Think, is that Autism?’: An Exploratory Study Assessing Autism Training Needs for Prison Officers in the Scottish Prison Service
Authors: SLOKAN FRANK , IOANNOU MARIA
Published: June 2021

Previous studies indicate that autistic individuals can experience increased distress in prison, leading to significant disruption in the prison regime and difficulties in rehabilitation (Allely 2015; Allen et al. 2008). This exploratory study investigates autism knowledge and training needs among prison officers. Current understanding, possible training content and a strategy for implementation of autism training for officers are all explored. Methods utilised include a survey and interviews/focus group. Themes identified include specific vulnerabilities, staff skill, training needs and implementation barriers. Participants showed some awareness, but lacked understanding of autism in a prison setting. This article explores whether focused training on one condition is problematic, due to limited resources within the prison system. A wider focus on practical skills to supporting people with neurodiverse conditions and links with non‐prison‐based local health services is seen as more effective than focusing on individual diagnosis within a prison setting.
Momentum of neutrophil recovery using an exponential growth model predicts the prognosis of single cord blood transplantation
Authors: Isobe Masamichi , Konuma Takaaki , Monna‐Oiwa Maki , Okabe Motohito , Kato Seiko , Takahashi Satoshi , Tojo Arinobu
Published: June 2021

Introduction

After the first appearance of peripheral blood neutrophils, recipients from adult donor sources have a rapid increase in neutrophil recovery, whereas cord blood transplantation (CBT) recipients have a slow increase. However, the momentum of neutrophil recovery after CBT varies widely among individuals, but optimal methods to evaluate the momentum of neutrophil recovery and their clinical impacts are yet to be clarified.

Methods

We retrospectively examined the prognostic effect of the momentum of neutrophil recovery in the last 7 days until neutrophil engraftment, which was calculated by an exponential growth model, after single CBT following myeloablative conditioning for 207 adults.

Results

Among patients who achieved each hematopoietic lineage recovery by day 100, the momentum of neutrophil recovery, which was represented as a growth constant, was associated with the day of neutrophil engraftment (P < .0001), red blood cell engraftment (P < .0001), and platelet engraftment (P < .0001) using the Spearman's rank correlation coefficient test. More importantly, overall survival was superior with a higher growth constant compared with a lower growth constant (P < .001). In the multivariate analysis, a higher growth constant showed a lower overall mortality compared with a lower growth constant (hazard ratio: 0.48, P = .014).

Conclusion

Our data demonstrated that the momentum of neutrophil recovery during the last 7 days before neutrophil engraftment, which was measured using an exponential growth model, was associated not only with hematopoietic recovery but also with a better prognosis after single CBT.
Oncologic feasibility for negative pressure wound therapy application in surgical wounds: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Wang Yen‐Jen , Yao Xiao‐Feng , Lin Yang‐Sheng , Wang Jen‐Yu , Chang Chang‐Cheng
Published: June 2021

Negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) decreases postoperative complications of various surgeries. However, the use of NPWT for oncological surgical wounds remains controversial. To evaluate the association of NPWT with oncologic recurrence in surgical wounds without residual malignancy, we analysed studies that compared NPWT with conventional non‐pressure dressings for cancer surgical wounds without residual tumour by August 12, 2020. We compared tumour recurrence rates and postoperative complications between the two procedures. The six studies included 118 patients who received NPWT, and 149 patients who received conventional non‐pressure wound care. The overall quality of the included studies was high based on the Newcastle–Ottawa scale score of 7.5. Tumour recurrence after NPWT was not significantly different compared with conventional non‐negative pressure wound care (9.3% versus 11.4%, P = 0.40). There was no significant heterogeneity between the studies (I2 = 3%). Although NTWT was associated with a lower complication rate compared with the control group, the result was non‐significant (P = 0.15). Application of NPWT in oncologic resection wounds without residual malignancy revealed no difference in local recurrence and may reduce the risk of postoperative complications compared with conventional non‐negative pressure dressings. NPWT can be considered an alternative method for reconstruction in challenging cases.
Responses of a root system structure to soil compaction stress among maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids
Authors: Rut Grzegorz , Grzesiak Maciej T. , Maksymowicz Anna , Jurczyk Barbara , Rzepka Andrzej , Hura Katarzyna , Grzesiak Stanisław
Published: June 2021

Effects of soil compaction stress were investigated in maize hybrids subjected to low (L‐1.10), medium (M‐1.30) and high (H‐1.60 g/cm3) soil compaction. The hybrids selected for the study differed in their susceptibility to growth under soil compaction stress conditions. We used appropriate methods of non‐destructive cleaning and analysis of all intact compartments of the root system. Petrolatum–wax test, proved as an effective screening technique for selecting resistant and sensitive maize hybrids, was also employed. The seedlings were grown in custom‐made ‘root‐box’ and ‘root‐basket’ containers. The penetration resistance (PR) strength of 0.52 and 1.07 MPa was satisfactory for estimating root penetration index (RPA) among maize hybrids. The soil compaction stress affected root system structure (RSS) in maize hybrids. The resistant hybrids showed a lower decrease in root dry matter (DM) in M and H treatments at 0.0–15 cm soil depth, and an increase in the number of roots growing at an angle of 0°–30° in relation to the main growth axis, comparing to sensitive hybrids. The soil compaction stress lowered root number (RN) and length (RL), shoot and root DM, and increased shoot to root ratio (S/R). The changes were greater in sensitive than in resistant hybrids. In addition, a regression coefficient (R2) between stress susceptibility index (SSI) and relative trace change (RTC) marked for changes in dry matter of shoot (S), roots (R), shoot to root (S/R) ratio and root length (RL) and number RN was statistically significant. Seedlings of maize single‐cross hybrids demonstrated differences in their responses to soil compaction stress, which caused changes in shoot and root dry matter and the distribution of roots in the soil profile.
Concurrent and prospective associations between fitbit wearable‐derived RDoC arousal and regulatory constructs and adolescent internalizing symptoms
Authors: Nelson Benjamin W. , Flannery Jessica E. , Flournoy John , Duell Natasha , Prinstein Mitchell J. , Telzer Eva
Published: June 2021

Background

Adolescence is characterized by alterations in biobehavioral functioning, during which individuals are at heightened risk for onset of psychopathology, particularly internalizing disorders. Researchers have proposed using digital technologies to index daily biobehavioral functioning, yet there is a dearth of research examining how wearable metrics are associated with mental health.

Methods

We preregistered analyses using the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study dataset using wearable data collection in 5,686 adolescents (123,862 person‐days or 2,972,688 person‐hours) to determine whether wearable indices of resting heart rate (RHR), step count, and sleep duration and variability in these measures were cross‐sectionally associated with internalizing symptomatology. All models were also run controlling for age, sex, body mass index, socioeconomic status, and race. We then performed prospective analyses on a subset of this sample (n = 143) across 25 months that had Fitbit data available at baseline and follow‐up in order to explore directionality of effects.

Results

Cross‐sectional analyses revealed a small, yet significant, effect size (R2 = .053) that higher RHR, lower step count and step count variability, and greater variability in sleep duration were associated with greater internalizing symptoms. Cross‐lagged panel model analysis revealed that there were no prospective associations between wearable variables and internalizing symptoms (partialR2 = .026), but greater internalizing symptoms and higher RHR predicted lower step count 25 months later (partialR2 = .010), while higher RHR also predicted lower step count variability 25 months later (partialR2 = .008).

Conclusions

Findings indicate that wearable indices concurrently associate with internalizing symptoms during early adolescence, while a larger sample size is likely required to accurately assess prospective or directional effects between wearable indices and mental health. Future research should capitalize on the temporal resolution provided by wearable devices to determine the intensive longitudinal relations between biobehavioral risk factors and acute changes in mental health.
Early intervention for inhibited young children: a randomized controlled trial comparing the Turtle Program and Cool Little Kids
Authors: Chronis‐Tuscano Andrea , Novick Danielle R. , Danko Christina M. , Smith Kelly A. , Wagner Nicholas J. , Wang Christine H. , Druskin Lindsay , Dougherty Lea R. , Rubin Kenneth H.
Published: June 2021

Background

Children classified as behaviorally inhibited (BI) are at risk for social anxiety. Risk for anxiety is moderated by both parental behavior and social–emotional competence. Grounded in developmental–transactional theory, the Turtle Program involves both parent and child treatment components delivered within the peer context. Our pilot work demonstrated beneficial effects of the Turtle Program (‘Turtle’) over a waitlist control group. Herein, we report results of a rigorous randomized controlled trial (RCT) comparing Turtle to the best available treatment for young children high in BI, Cool Little Kids (CLK).

Methods

One hundred and fifty‐one parents and their 3.5‐ to 5‐year‐old children selected on the basis of BI were randomly assigned to Turtle or CLK, delivered in group format over 8 weeks. Effects on child anxiety, life interference, BI, and observed parenting were examined at post‐treatment and 1‐year follow‐up. ClinicalTrials.gov registration: NCT02308826.

Results

No significant main effect differences were found between Turtle and CLK on child anxiety; children in both programs evidenced significant improvements in BI, anxiety severity, family accommodation, and child impairment. However, Turtle yielded increased observed warm/engaged parenting and decreased observed negative control, compared with CLK. Parental social anxiety moderated effects; parents with higher anxiety demonstrated diminished improvements in child impairment, and parent accommodation in CLK, but not in Turtle. Children of parents with higher anxiety demonstrated more improvements in child BI in Turtle, but not in CLK.

Conclusions

Turtle and CLK are both effective early interventions for young children with BI. Turtle is more effective in improving parenting behaviors associated with the development and maintenance of child anxiety. Turtle also proved to be more effective than CLK for parents with social anxiety. Results suggest that Turtle should be recommended when parents have social anxiety; however, in the absence of parent anxiety, CLK may offer a more efficient treatment model.
The ocellate river stingray (Potamotrygon motoro) exploits vortices of sediment to bury into the substrate
Authors: Seamone Scott G. , Syme Douglas A.
Published: June 2021

Particle image velocimetry and video analysis were employed to determine the pectoral‐fin mechanism used by the stingray Potamotrygon motoro to bury into sand. Rapid oscillations of the body and folding motions of the posterior portion of the pectoral fin suspended sediment beneath the pectoral disc and directed vortices of sediment onto the dorsal surface, where they dissipated and the sediment settled. Body coverage was increased by increased fin displacement and speed and also by the occasional collision of vortices that redirected sediment flow towards the head and tail.
Environmental habituation and sexual composition affect juveniles' shoaling activity in a cichlid fish (Pelvicachromis taeniatus)
Authors: Schons Rieke F. , Vitt Simon , Thünken Timo
Published: June 2021

Group living is widespread in animals, and many fishes form shoals. Examining within‐group interactions in fishes may contribute to the general understanding of dynamic social structures in animals. The sex ratio of a group has been shown to influence grouping decisions of fishes and can be expected to affect behaviour at group level. Behavioural experiments usually involve relatively short acclimatisation times, although the establishment of environmental habituation in fishes is understudied. This study tests whether the sex ratio and long‐term habituation to experimental conditions influence general shoal performance (activity parameters, density) and responses of shoals to an acoustic‐mechanical disturbance cue in juveniles of the cichlid fishPelvicachromis taeniatus viaindividual tracking. The disturbance consisted of a defined hit against the experimental tank, which caused sudden noise and water movement. We found that a higher proportion of females increases shoal activity (swimming speed and distance covered), suggesting that femaleP. taeniatusare more active than males. Furthermore, shoal activity declined when shoals habituated to the experimental settings and with the time that the shoals were grouped together, which may reflect intensified group member familiarity. Moreover, behavioural changes after disturbance were weaker when individuals were kept with their group longer and more familiar to the experimental conditions. For prey species, lower activity might be beneficial under natural conditions due to lower conspicuousness of the group. We did not find any significant effects of the investigated factors on shoal density (mean interindividual distance) and speed synchronisation. The results indicate that sexual composition, familiarity between shoal members and habituation to the experimental environment affect shoal performance in a cichlid fish.