bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals MSTN Mutations and Mechanisms of Muscle Hypertrophy in a New Guinea Pig Breed
Authors: Carmen Sheyla , Chauca Lilia , Yalta Claudia , Alvarado Enrique , Mellisho Edwin
Published: December 2024

The guinea pig (Cavia porcellus), a species native to Peru, is valued for its meat production, where muscle development is essential for productive efficiency. The new Kuri breed, obtained through selective breeding and genetic selection, has shown a phenotype with more developed musculature compared to native guinea pigs. In this study, we conducted a comparative transcriptomic analysis between Native and Kuri breed guinea pig, complemented by histological analysis of the semitendinosus muscle to investigate the underlying mechanisms responsible for the differences in muscle morphology. Histological analysis revealed a significant increase in muscle fiber area in the Kuri breed compared to the native guinea pigs. At the molecular level, key mutations were identified in theMSTNgene, including variants in the 3’ UTR region and a frameshift mutation, which alter the gene’s inhibitory function on muscle growth. Additionally, differences were observed in the expression of pathways related to muscle degradation, energy metabolism, and angiogenesis, which explain the greater muscle hypertrophy in the Kuri breed. These findings provide a first understanding of the genetic mechanisms responsible for muscle hypertrophy in the Kuri breed and suggest candidate genes for improving meat quality through molecular genetic breeding programs in guinea pigs.

AUTHOR SUMMARY

The guinea pig in Peru is valued for its meat production. The new Kuri breed, obtained through selective breeding and genetic selection has shown a phenotype with more developed musculature compared to other breeders. In our study, comparative transcriptomic analysis between Native and Kuri breed guinea pig, complemented by histological analysis of the semitendinosus muscle to investigate the underlying mechanisms responsible for the differences in muscle morphology. Histological analysis showed significant increase in muscle fiber area in the Kuri breed compared to the native. Furthermore, it is the first time that we identify in guinea pig, key mutations in the MSTN gene, which alter the gene’s inhibitory function on muscle growth. The impact of this finding will allow us to plan genetic improvement strategies in this species that promote muscle hypertrophy, paving the way for future research and its potential impact on guinea pig production.
The environmental context of the Middle-to-Late Stone Age Transition in eastern Africa: seasonality as a key factor
Authors: Fusco Marianna , Habte Behailu , Leplongeon Alice , Ménard Clément , Manica Andrea , Spinapolice Enza Elena , Leonardi Michela
Published: December 2024

In the transition between the Middle Stone Age (MSA) and the Late Stone Age (LSA) in eastern Africa, the archaeological record shows a gradual and asynchronous decline in MSA features and an increase in LSA characteristics. A link between this pattern and climatic variations has not yet been tested in the region using lithic attribute analysis.

To investigate that, we integrated technological data of blades and bladelets from eastern African contexts (Marine Isotope Stages 5–1) with large-scale paleoclimatic reconstructions. A principal component analysis (PCA) finds the first component (reflecting artifacts’ dimensions) significantly correlating with time. This highlights a progressive reduction in size over time, a trend that has already been suggested for the MSA-LSA transition. The second principal component reflects artifact shape and shows a significant correlation with seasonality.

Based on this, we propose that more variable blades reflect greater versatility in foraging strategies as adaptation to unpredictable environments. On the other hand, during periods of mild seasonal change, a more standardized toolkit with thinner, longer elements would emerge from refining and adapting to familiar situations and challenges.
Octet baryon and heavy meson interactions in chiral effective field theory
Authors: Huang Bo-Lin , Wang Bo , Zhu Shi-Lin
Published: December 2024

We calculate the effective potentials of the octet baryon and heavy meson systems using the chiral effective field theory up to the next-to-leading order. We consider the contact terms, one-pseudoscalar-meson and two-pseudoscalar-meson exchange contributions, facilitating a comprehensive analysis of the short-, mid-, and long-range interactions in these systems. The low energy constants are correlated with those of the N¯N interaction using a quark-level Lagrangian approach. We also incorporate the decuplet baryon contributions in the loop diagrams. Our research provides new insights into several near-threshold charmed baryons [e.g., Λc(2940), Ξc(3055), and Ωc(3188), etc.] around 3 GeV from the hadronic molecular perspective. We also observe several molecular states, referred to as Ξc, within the mass range of 3100–3500 MeV. Further measurements of their resonance parameters and decay patterns in experiments may help to discriminate the conventional baryon and hadronic molecule explanations for these near-threshold states.

Published by the American Physical Society
2024
Structure of Plasmodium vivax
N-myristoyltransferase with inhibitor IMP-1088: exploring an NMT inhibitor for antimalarial therapy
Authors: Mendez Alex , Bolling Cydni , Taylor Shane , Makumire Stanley , Staker Bart , Reers Alexandra , Hammerson Brad , Mayclin Stephen J. , Abendroth Jan , Lorimer Donald D. , Edwards Thomas E. , Tate Edward W. , Subramanian Sandhya , Bell Andrew S. , Myler Peter J. , Asojo Oluwatoyin A. , Chakafana Graham
Published: December 2024

Plasmodium vivax, a significant contributor to global malaria cases, poses an escalating health burden on a substantial portion of the world's population. The increasing spread of P. vivax because of climate change underscores the development of new and rational drug-discovery approaches. The Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Diseases is taking a structure-based approach by investigating essential enzymes such as N-myristoyltransferase (NMT). P. vivax
N-myristoyltransferase (PvNMT) is a promising target for the development of novel malaria treatments unlike current drugs, which target only the erythrocytic stages of the parasite. Here, the 1.8 Å resolution ternary structure of PvNMT in complex with myristoyl-CoA and IMP-1088, a validated NMT inhibitor, is reported. IMP-1088 is a validated nonpeptidic inhibitor and a ternary complex structure with human NMT has previously been reported. IMP-1088 binds similarly to PvNMT as to human NMT.
Resilience through adversity: a case of informal artisan entrepreneurs in Kenya
Authors: Kiptoo Maryline , Sambajee Pratima , Baum Tom
Published: December 2024

Purpose

The study aims to understand how informal artisan entrepreneurs demonstrate resilience while experiencing adversity. To achieve this, it explores how artisans handle adversities and how this differs from other informal entrepreneurs.

Design/methodology/approach

The study engaged with entrepreneurial theories of resilience. It incorporated 46 qualitative telephone interviews with 32 artisans in the informal tourism industry of Kenya, conducted over two phases and analysed using thematic analysis. Notably, it draws key methodological considerations for conducting remote qualitative data collection and engaging with participants operating in an informal setting.

Findings

The findings suggest that informal artisans exhibit individual attributes and behaviours that are associated with resilience in entrepreneurship. Beyond these, their resilience is also influenced by cultural norms related to resourcing their business and culturally derived tacit knowledge.

Originality/value

The paper extends the understanding of resilience among informal artisan entrepreneurs, who display different characteristics due to the nature of their entrepreneurial activities. It shows that beyond the individualistic view of resilience, culture also influences resilience through social norms and values that govern behaviours. Furthermore, culture reinforces resilience as it is rooted in tacit knowledge held by artisan entrepreneurs. The paper thus contributes to resilience theory in entrepreneurship and to the unique context of artisanry.
Unpacking the minimum viable product (MVP): a framework for use, goals and essential elements
Authors: Lortie Jason , Cox Kevin , DeRosset Sean , Thompson Regina , Kelly Scott
Published: December 2024

Purpose

Entrepreneurial practice often relies on the minimum viable product (MVP) to test business model hypotheses, yet the conceptualization of its makeup remains inadequately defined, particularly in uncertain startup contexts. This paper aims to clarify how entrepreneurs should think about MVPs in terms of their uses, goals and essential components to enhance their effectiveness as a tool for navigating uncertainty.

Design/methodology/approach

Existing literature on MVPs is broad and often overlapping, leading to confusion regarding essential components and best practices for MVP development. Through a systematic analysis of existing published definitions, this paper offers clarity by proposing a framework that breaks the MVP concept up into process, goals and the fundamental elements necessary to launch an MVP. By doing so, it provides actionable guidance for entrepreneurs seeking to utilize MVPs in their business model testing endeavors.

Findings

This conceptual paper critically examines the lean startup approach, seeking to disentangle the complexities surrounding MVP development. Drawing on existing literature and practical insights, the study identifies and articulates a framework that clarifies the MVP concept along with the core elements required for creating a viable MVP, including (a) artistic elements, (b) a robust distribution channel and (c) an effective user feedback mechanism.

Originality/value

This paper contributes to theory development and pedagogical practices by providing a structured framework for understanding and implementing MVPs in entrepreneurial contexts. By identifying the minimal category elements of an MVP, it offers practical insights into entrepreneurs and educators alike, facilitating effective business model hypothesis testing in varied and uncertain environments.
#IAmAmazon: personalizing buyer-seller connect in Indian e-commerce
Authors: Darda Pooja , Pandey Shailesh
Published: December 2024

Research methodology

This case study is based on Amazon, a global e-commerce giant, which is well-known for its extensive product range and customer-centric approach. The nature of the research is exploratory. This study is purely exploratory in intent. Secondary sources such as reputable newspapers, blogs, websites and trade publications were used to compile the information and write this case.

Case overview/synopsis

Amazon India’s innovative Storyboxes packaging initiative has transformed the online shopping experience by integrating compelling stories of sellers into the delivery process. This case study explores the rationale, implementation and impact of the innovative approach on customer engagement and the seller community. By featuring QR codes and images of sellers on the packaging, and directing customers to their narratives on Amazon’s platform, the initiative fosters a deeper connection between buyers and sellers. To enhance customer loyalty and adapt to the dynamic e-commerce landscape, Amazon must navigate the challenge of fostering intimacy through unique initiatives like Storyboxes, while also maintaining the effectiveness and reach of its traditional methods. The solution lies in finding a strategic balance that upholds the brand’s core values and meets evolving customer expectations amidst a competitive market environment.

Complexity academic level

This case is structured for Undergraduate, Postgraduate, MBA Programs.
A rapid, non‐destructive, and accurate method for identifying citrus granulation using Raman spectroscopy and machine learning
Authors: Liu Rui , Li Yuanpeng , Li Tinghui , Liu Ping , Huang Wenchang , Liu Lingli , Zeng Rui , Hua Yisheng , Tang Jian , Hu Junhui
Published: December 2024

Citrus fruits are widely consumed for their nutritional value and taste; however, juice sac granulation during fruit storage poses a significant challenge to the citrus industry. This study used Raman spectroscopy coupled with machine learning algorithms to rapidly, non‐destructively, and precisely detect citrus granulation. The investigation analyzed 969 Raman spectral data points, comprising 714 non‐granulated and 255 granulated citrus samples. Following logistic regression, decision tree, and partial least squares discriminant analyses, the optimal model was refined using principal component analysis, a successive projection algorithm, and a competitive adaptive reweighted sampling algorithm (CARS). The identified characteristic Raman peaks at certain wavenumbers were used as input data for the classification model, revealing differences in the water, ferulic acid, and sugar contents between granulated and non‐granulated samples. The partial least squares discriminant classification model achieved an accuracy rate of 0.997, recall rate of 0.994, and F‐fraction of 0.996 after preprocessing the standard deviation data and selecting 22 optimal principal components. The critical peaks extracted from the citrus Raman spectra were those at wavenumbers of 1580 and 1661 cm−1. The classification model based on combined second derivative—CARS—partial least squares discriminant analysis exhibited the best performance, achieving 100% accuracy for all test sets. The proposed method provides a scientifically robust and reliable means of assessing the quality of an entire citrus crop. Reduced wastage and economic losses, and the related environmental effects of food waste.

Practical Application

The proposed methods can determine if citrus fruit has become granulated during storage. Additionally, they provide technical support for screening granulated citrus in a pipeline, thereby providing a more scientific and reliable classification of the quality of a citrus crop.
Effect of co‐inoculations of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and grape endophytes on the fermentation property, organic acid, and volatile aroma compounds
Authors: Zhao Jinnan , Lv Qiaoyue , Liu Manqing , Chen Weizhe , Li Jing , Qin Yi , Liu Yanlin , Song Yuyang , Lu Yao
Published: December 2024

Grape endophytic fungi (EFFs) have rich secondary metabolic pathways that can synthesize bioactive substances and various enzymes, which may contribute to the improvement of wine quality. In order to investigate the effect of EFFs on fermentation characteristics and chemical components, fermentations by co‐inoculations of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and five EFF strains at different concentrations were performed in this study. It was found that EFFs affected the fermentation rate and are related to the genus of EFFs and inoculation amount. Among them, strains RH48 and RH34 facilitated the fermentation process at an optimal concentration of 3.5 g/L. Strain RH34 had acid‐increasing potential and effectively increased malic and succinic acid contents. In terms of volatile aroma compounds, CS13 3.5 g/L and RH34 3.5 g/L treatment showed significant enhancement of acetate esters content by 91.04% and 61.34%, respectively, whereas RH48 3.5 g/L and CS13 3.5 g/L showed significant enhancement of fatty acid ethyl ester content by 52.14% and 48.45%, respectively. In addition, strain CS13 at 3.5 g/L also significantly increased the content of terpenes, higher alcohols, and aromatic compounds, showing great potential in improving the aroma quality (floral, fruity, etc.) of wine. The results of the present study may be useful for the innovation of wine fermentation aids and the improvement of wine quality.
Analysis of bioactive compounds of hen egg components at the first half of incubation
Authors: Rzhepakovsky Igor , Piskov Sergei , Avanesyan Svetlana , Kurchenko Vladimir , Shakhbanov Magomed , Sizonenko Marina , Timchenko Lyudmila , Kovaleva Irina , Özbek Hatice Neval , Gogus Fahrettin , Poklar Ulrih Natasa , Nagdalian Andrey
Published: December 2024

A comparative analysis of mass–volume characteristics of structural and morphological components of hen eggs before incubation and on the fifth (HH25–HH27) and 10th (HH36) days of incubation was carried out. During incubation, egg weight decreased by 9.25% (10 days), mainly due to a decrease in albumen weight (35.8%). The ratio of lipid‐soluble fraction (LSF) and water‐soluble fraction (WSF) in the mixed components and yolk did not change significantly. The total amount of solids in the mixed substances practically does not change during incubation. Antiradical activity of substances increased significantly by more than three times on the fifth day and additionally by 38.6% at the 10th day in relation to the fifth day. Total antioxidant activity increased by 18.9% on the fifth day and by 24.3% on the 10th day, compared to eggs before incubation. Transformation of the main components of WSF and LSF of albumin, yolk, and chicken embryo (CE) was studied using high‐performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography with mass spectrometry. On the 10th day, an increase in the number of high‐molecular proteins is recorded, which indicates the activation of enzymatic processes of transformation of the main albumen proteins into proteins of organs and tissues of CE. This may cause an increase in the biological activity of substances. It was found that in conditions of in vitro digestion, antiradical activity increases by two times, anti‐inflammatory activity increases by 2.4 times, and an angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitory effect occurs in the mixed components of a 10‐day incubation egg.
Supramolecular encapsulation of eugenol with acyclic cucurbit[n]urils: Enhancing water solubility and in vitro antioxidant activity
Authors: Guo Xue , Wang Lutao , Yao Yi , Yang Bo
Published: December 2024

In recent years, consumer demand for healthy foods containing natural food additives has increased. Eugenol (EUG) is an essential oil popular as a natural antiseptic. However, its limited water solubility, high volatility, strong odor, and fragile stability hinder its application and storage in the field of food preservation. To address these limitations and unleash the potential of EUG in food preservation, this study utilized acyclic cucurbit[n]urils (ACBs) M1 and M2 as molecular containers to encapsulate EUG to overcome the challenges associated with EUG in food preservation and improve its freshness preservation effect. The nature and behavior of the inclusion complex were confirmed by techniques such as Nuclear magnetic resonance of hydrogen (1H NMR), 2D Rotating frame Overhauser effect spectroscopy (2D‐ROESY), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM‐FEG), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). In addition, the in vitro antioxidant capacity and antibacterial activity of the host–guest inclusion complexes were also studied. The results demonstrate that a stable complex is formed between ACBs and EUG, and the water solubility of the M1/EUG and M2/EUG complexes is significantly improved after encapsulation. These two complexes maintained the better antioxidant and antibacterial activity of EUG. This study provides a promising strategy for the application of EUG as a food additive in food preservation.
Alterations on Nailfold Videocapillaroscopy in Myelodysplastic Syndrome and Onychomycosis in a Female Smoker: Microvascular Dysfunction Without Connective Tissue Disease
Authors: Nigro Angelo
Published: December 2024

A 58‐year‐old female smoker diagnosed with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) presented with Raynaud's phenomenon and a “scleroderma‐like” pattern on nailfold capillaroscopy. The capillaroscopic abnormalities were observed across all fingers, including those without clinical manifestations of onychomycosis. Over a two‐year follow‐up, there was no evidence of clinical or serological progression toward a connective tissue disease, particularly systemic sclerosis. This case underscores the potential contributory role of MDS and smoking in the development of microvascular dysfunction, presenting as capillaroscopic abnormalities in the absence of an underlying autoimmune disorder.
Relaxin‐2 improves type I diabetes mellitus‐induced erectile dysfunction in rats by protecting cavernous endothelial and smooth muscle function, and inhibiting penile fibrosis and apoptosis
Authors: Tu Bocheng , Liu Kang , Wen Bo , Hu Peng , Sun Taotao , Li Beining , Sulaiman Manan , Jiang Shujun , Wang Tao , Liu Jihong , Luan Yang
Published: December 2024

Background

Diabetes mellitus‐induced erectile dysfunction (DMED) responds poorly to first‐line treatments, necessitating the development of new therapeutic strategies. Relaxin‐2 (RLX‐2) plays a crucial role in protecting vascular endothelium, vasodilatation, and antifibrosis in various diseases. However, its effects and mechanisms on DMED remain unclear.

Objectives

To investigate the effects and mechanisms of RLX‐2 on DMED rats in vivo and vitro.

Methods

For in vivo research, 30 Sprague–Dawley rats were allocated into three groups: control, DMED, and DMED + RLX‐2. The induction of DMED in the rats was achieved through intraperitoneal administration of streptozotocin, with confirmation of ED status being conducted via the apomorphine test. Rats in the DMED + RLX‐2 group received continuous RLX‐2 treatment by osmotic pump. Following a 4‐week treatment period, assessment of erectile function was carried out using cavernous manometry, and samples of corpus cavernosum tissues were procured for subsequent analysis. For in vitro research, human cardiac microvascular endothelial cells (HCMECs) were allocated into three groups: control, high glucose (HG, 40 mM), and HG + RLX‐2. HCMECs were cultured for 6 days and treated with RLX‐2 for 48 h before collection for subsequent experiments.

Results

In DMED rats, RLX‐2 treatment partially improved erectile function. We observed relatively normalized functions of endothelial and smooth muscle cells with decreased levels of apoptosis and fibrosis in the penis. In vitro experiments also demonstrated the antihyperglycemic effects of RLX‐2.

Conclusions

RLX‐2 can protect endothelial and smooth muscle function, and inhibit aberrant apoptosis and fibrosis in the corpus cavernosum, thereby improving erectile function in DMED rats. This may provide a novel treatment for DMED.
Women's perspectives to improve prenatal care for gestational diabetes: A systematic review and meta‐aggregation of qualitative studies
Authors: Feng Yuyang Julianne , Deng Zhidi , Sivak Allison , Yeung Roseanne O. , Nagpal Taniya
Published: December 2024

Introduction

In numerous qualitative primary studies, women have identified opportunities to improve prenatal gestational diabetes care. The objective of our systematic review and meta‐aggregation was to synthesize patient‐guided suggestions for improving prenatal gestational diabetes care that are informed by lived experience of women and their support persons.

Material and Methods

This study was registered a priori on PROSPERO (CRD42023394014). Our search strategy was executed in five databases (Medline, PsycInfo, CINAHL, Scopus, and Web of Science). Primary studies that were qualitative, had full texts in English, studied women who have or had gestational diabetes or their support persons, and included experiential accounts on prenatal gestational diabetes care were included. No date restrictions were applied. Studies that were not qualitative, were secondary analyses, included data on only postpartum care, or evaluated an intervention that was not standard care were excluded. Two independent authors used Covidence software to facilitate screening. The outcomes of interest were patient‐reported suggestions to improve quality of gestational diabetes care that are informed by women's or their support persons' accounts of the lived experience of gestational diabetes. Meta‐aggregation followed by a thematic synthesis approach was used to analyze the qualitative data to identify women's perspectives to improve gestational diabetes care.

Results

After duplicate removal, a total of 4761 studies underwent screening and a total of 80 studies were ultimately included. Patient‐ and support persons‐reported suggestions to improve care include timely and comprehensive education around gestational diabetes with active engagement of family members, personalized and tailored counseling, patient‐centered care, incorporation of digital or online adjuncts to care, and increasing support for women.

Conclusions

Our systematic review and meta‐aggregation identifies several actionable and patient‐guided suggestions to improve prenatal gestational diabetes care that are important to consider when embarking on clinical quality improvement.
Evaluating the efficacy of AI systems in diabetic retinopathy detection: A comparative analysis of Mona DR and IDx‐DR
Authors: Grzybowski Andrzej , Peeters Freya , Barão Rafael Correia , Brona Piotr , Rommes Stef , Krzywicki Tomasz , Stalmans Ingeborg , Jacob Julie
Published: December 2024

Purpose

To compare two artificial intelligence (AI)‐based Automated Diabetic Retinopathy Image Assessment (ARIA) softwares in terms of concordance with specialist human graders and referable diabetic retinopathy (DR) diagnostic capacity.

Methods

Retrospective comparative study including 750 consecutive diabetes mellitus patients imaged for non‐mydriatic fundus photographs. For each patient four images (45 degrees field of view) were captured, centered on the optic disc and macula. Images were manually graded for severity of DR as no DR, any DR (mild non‐proliferative diabetic retinopathy [NPDR] or more), referable DR (RDR (more than mild DR)), or sight‐threatening DR (severe NPDR or more severe disease and/or clinically significant diabetic macular edema [CSDME]). IDx‐DR and MONA DR output was compared with manual grading and with each other.

Results

Total sample size was 750 patients, of which 55 were excluded due to ungradable images. Out of the remaining 695 patients 522 (75%) were considered as having no DR by manual consensus grading, and 106 (15%) as having RDR. Agreement between raters varied between moderate to substantial. IDx‐DR showed moderate agreement with human grading (k = 0.4285) while MONA DR had substantial agreement (k = 0.6797). Out of 106 patients with a ground truth of RDR, IDx‐DR identified 105 and MONA DR identified 99. The sensitivity and specificity rates for RDR detection of IDx‐DR were 99.1 and 71.5% compared with MONA DR of 93.4 and 89.3% respectively. Of note, both ARIAs had 100% sensitivity for the detection of STDR.

Conclusion

Both ARIAs performed well in this study population, both with sensitivity for RDR screening over 90%, with IDx‐DR showing higher sensitivity and MONA DR higher specificity. MONA DR showed superior agreement with human certified graders.
Mapping the maze: A network analysis of social–emotional skills among children and adolescents with social–emotional difficulties
Authors: Huo Ming , Ning Bo
Published: December 2024

Developing social–emotional skills is crucial for all children and adolescents, particularly those experiencing social and emotional difficulties. This study used network analysis to identify the central skills and network association of different social–emotional skills and investigated how these networks differ between childhood and adolescence. Data were obtained from the 2019 Survey on Social and Emotional Skills by the Organization for Economic Co‐operation and Development. Our study focused on the bottom quartile of participants aged 10 and 15 years, including 7737 and 7439 individuals from each age group. Optimism and cooperation consistently emerged as the central skills of social–emotional competence across both age groups. When comparing network structures, there was a significant difference between children and adolescents. The connectivity of social–emotional networks was stronger among adolescents, indicating closer skill associations. Understanding these developmental differences is important for educators and practitioners to more effectively support the social–emotional development of children and adolescents experiencing social–emotional difficulties.
Comparing Outcomes of Moyamoya Disease and Moyamoya Syndrome in a Real‐World Scenario: A Cohort Study
Authors: Wang Xiao‐Peng , Li Jing‐Jie , Wang Qian‐Nan , Gao Gan , Yu Dan , Zhang Qian , Liu Si‐Meng , Wang Min‐Jie , Bao Xiang‐Yang , Duan Lian
Published: December 2024

Background

Moyamoya disease (MMD) and moyamoya syndrome (MMS) are rare cerebrovascular conditions with unclear distinctions in clinical presentation and prognosis.

Aim

This study assessed potential differences between MMD and MMS patients using real‐world data on clinical manifestations, surgical outcomes, and stroke risk factors.

Methods

This multicenter, retrospective cohort study examined patients with MMD or MMS treated at three tertiary academic hospitals in China, with a mean follow‐up of 11.2 ± 3.1 years. Clinical differences were compared between MMD and MMS, and postoperative cerebrovascular events were compared between patients who underwent surgery and those with conservative management. Primary outcomes were postoperative ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes. Risk factors were evaluated via multivariate Cox regression analysis.

Results

Of the 2565 patients, 2349 had MMD and 216 had MMS. After 1:1 propensity‐score matching, no significant differences were observed between these two cohorts. Surgical patients had fewer cerebrovascular events than those who received conservative treatment (HR, 0.487; 95% CI, 0.334–0.711; p < 0.001). Preadmission modified Rankin scale scores > 2 (HR, 3.139; 95% CI, 1.254–7.857; p = 0.015) and periprocedural complications (HR, 8.666; 95% CI, 3.476–21.604; p < 0.001) were independent stroke risk factors in patients with MMD. Periprocedural complications (HR, 31.807; 95% CI, 10.916–92.684; p < 0.001) increased stroke risk in patients with MMS.

Conclusions

This real‐world study revealed substantial clinical overlap between MMD and MMS. Both groups derived significant benefits from surgical revascularization, suggesting distinction may not be necessary to guide surgical management decisions. Optimizing preoperative status and preventing periprocedural complications may improve outcomes in these rare cerebrovascular conditions.

Trial Registration

This study has been registered in the Chinese Clinical trial registry (registration number: ChiCTR2200064160)
Alcohol‐related injury hospitalisations in relation to alcohol policy changes, Northern Territory, Australia, 2007–2022: A joinpoint regression analysis
Authors: Chen Jerry L. J. , Zhang Xiaohua , Draper Anthony D. K. , Kaur Guddu , Field Emma , Boffa John , Liddle Leanne M. , Burgess Paul , Wright Alyson
Published: December 2024

Introduction

The Northern Territory (NT) of Australia has the highest rates of alcohol consumption and injury in the country. We aimed to: (i) describe the epidemiology of alcohol‐related injury (ARI) hospitalisations in the NT; (ii) estimate the proportion of alcohol involvement in injury hospitalisations; and (iii) consider the influence of alcohol policies on ARI hospitalisation trends.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective time‐series study using coded hospitalisation data from NT public hospitals between 2007 and 2022. ARI hospitalisation was defined combining indicators for injury and acute alcohol use. We undertook descriptive analyses and calculated alcohol involvement against all injury hospitalisations. Annual percent changes (APC) were computed using joinpoint regression to examine the influence of alcohol policies on ARI hospitalisation trends by NT geographical regions (Central Australia and Top End).

Results

Alcohol use was associated with 22.6% of all injury hospitalisations. The most common cause of ARI hospitalisations was assault (46%). In Central Australia, a significant trend decline (APC −12.2; p = 0.011) was observed after 2017 following alcohol policies implemented between 2017 and 2018 (Banned Drinkers Register v2; Minimum Unit Price; and Police Auxiliary Liquor Inspectors). Consecutive years with the greatest decrease in Central Australia were 2013–2014 (APC −25.8) and 2018–2019 (APC −35.1); likely influenced by alcohol policies in effect at the time. In the Top End, a non‐significant trend decline (APC −26.1; p = 0.186) was observed after 2020.

Discussion and Conclusions

Alcohol policies implemented between 2017 and 2018 were associated with reduced ARI hospitalisations in Central Australia. Alcohol policies that demonstrated reduced harm should be sustained.
An exploratory analysis of glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) agonists and biosimilars: A literature review
Authors: Wen Jimmy , Razick Adam , How‐Volkman Christiane , Bernstein Ethan , Nadora Denise , Truong Alina , Razick Daniel , Akhtar Muzammil , Karabala Muhammad , Frezza Eldo
Published: December 2024

Glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists (GLP‐1 RAs) are at the forefront of treating the global health crisis of diabetes mellitus (DM) and obesity. However, the demand for GLP‐1 RAs has far outstripped its supply and comes with a high monthly cost. Thus, the development of GLP‐1 RA biosimilars can potentially address these barriers by providing greater access to medications that provide clinical outcomes similar to those of the reference products. A narrative review was conducted to examine the current and future developments for GLP‐1 RA biosimilars. Liraglutide and semaglutide are the predominant GLP‐1 RAs being investigated for the development of biosimilars. Preliminary liraglutide biosimilar comparisons to reference liraglutide have demonstrated similar clinical efficacy and safety profiles. Semaglutide and beinaglutide biosimilars are currently under investigation as well. With the growing popularity of GLP‐1 RAs, accessibility and affordability remain a challenge as monthly costs without insurance for liraglutide, semaglutide and tirzepatide are $1418, $892, and $974 respectively. This trend negatively impacts patients with obesity and DM as well as patients who can utilize it for off‐label indications for conditions that benefit from weight loss such as obstructive sleep apnoea and non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease. A substantial number of pharmaceutical and healthcare companies worldwide are conducting clinical trials on their GLP‐1 RA biosimilars. Preliminary results from liraglutide biosimilars are promising, and several semaglutide biosimilars are currently being investigated. Future research should focus on conducting comparative head‐to‐head trials to determine the clinical outcomes between biosimilars and reference products.
Perceptions of the Teaching Profession and Its Professionalisation in Spain
Authors: Monarca Héctor , Rappoport Soledad , Pericacho Javier , Mottareale Daria , Gratacós Gloria , Azorín Cecilia , Ruiloba Juana , Messina Claudia
Published: December 2024

The article is based on a novel theoretical framework for studying the teaching profession and its professionalisation from a broad view of Education as a common field in which many different actors take part. The way the field of Education is (re)produced is rarely researched. Rather, its current order is assumed as valid, ignoring the infighting between different actors to control and legitimise particular areas of knowledge, know‐how and practices that comprise it as a field. The article presents a survey‐based study with the following objectives: (1) identify how the teaching faculty perceive the structural and structuring aspects of the teaching profession in the field of education and (2) analyse how those aspects affect the development of a horizontally, democratically and collaboratively articulated profession and its professionalisation with all the other fields in education. The survey was taken by 7145 preschool, primary and secondary teachers at schools in Spain. The results show the structural and structuring features of a field of education, in tatters, differentiated and hierarchical, characterised by an uneven distribution of opportunities for its actors to ‘say’, ‘do’ and ‘decide’. At the same time, the results offer a chance to explore a more horizontal articulation of the teaching profession and its professionalisation within the field of education.
Limbic/paralimbic connection weakening in preschool autism‐spectrum disorder based on diffusion basis spectrum imaging
Authors: Yi Ting , Li Weikai , Wei Weian , Wu Guangchun , Jiang Guihua , Gao Xin , Jin Ke
Published: December 2024

This study aims to investigate the value of basal ganglia and limbic/paralimbic networks alteration in identifying preschool children with ASD and normal controls using diffusion basis spectrum imaging (DBSI). DBSI data from 31 patients with ASD and 30 NC were collected in Hunan Children's Hospital. All data were imported into the post‐processing server. The most discriminative features were extracted from the connection, global and nodal metrics separately using the two‐sample t‐test. To effectively integrate the multimodal information, we employed the multi‐kernel learning support vector machine (MKL‐SVM). In ASD group, the value of global efficiency, local efficiency, clustering coefficient and synchronization were lower than NC group, while modularity score, hierarchy, normalized clustering coefficient, normalized characteristic path length, small‐world, characteristic path length and assortativity were higher. Significant weaker connections are mainly distributed in the limbic/paralimbic networks. The model combining consensus connection, global and nodal graph metrics features can achieve the best performance in identifying ASD patients, with an accuracy of 96.72%.The most specific brain regions connection weakening associated with preschool ASD are predominantly located in limbic/paralimbic networks, suggesting their involvement in abnormal brain development processes. The effective combination of connection, global and nodal metrics information by MKL‐SVM can effectively distinguish patients with ASD.
Neural tracking of the speech envelope predicts binaural unmasking
Authors: Dieudonné Benjamin , Decruy Lien , Vanthornhout Jonas
Published: December 2024

Binaural unmasking is a remarkable phenomenon that it is substantially easier to detect a signal in noise when the interaural parameters of the signal are different from those of the noise – a useful mechanism in so‐called cocktail party scenarios. In this study, we investigated the effect of binaural unmasking on neural tracking of the speech envelope. We measured EEG in 8 participants who listened to speech in noise at a fixed signal‐to‐noise ratio, in two conditions: one where speech and noise had the same interaural phase difference (both speech and noise having an opposite waveform across ears, SπNπ), and one where the interaural phase difference of the speech was different from that of the noise (only the speech having an opposite waveform across ears, SπN). We measured a clear benefit of binaural unmasking in behavioural speech understanding scores, accompanied by increased neural tracking of the speech envelope. Moreover, analysing the temporal response functions revealed that binaural unmasking also resulted in decreased peak latencies and increased peak amplitudes. Our results are consistent with previous research using auditory evoked potentials and steady‐state responses to quantify binaural unmasking at cortical levels. Moreover, they confirm that neural tracking of speech is associated with speech understanding, even if the acoustic signal‐to‐noise ratio is kept constant. From a clinical perspective, these results offer the potential for the objective evaluation of binaural speech understanding mechanisms, and the objective detection of pathologies sensitive to binaural processing, such as asymmetric hearing loss, auditory neuropathy and age‐related deficits.
Soil Organic Carbon Increases With Decreasing Microbial Carbon Use Efficiency During Vegetation Restoration
Authors: Shi Jingwei , Deng Lei , Wu Jianzhao , Bai Edith , Chen Ji , Shangguan Zhouping , Kuzyakov Yakov
Published: December 2024

Microbial carbon (C) use efficiency (CUE) describes the proportion of organic C used by microorganisms for anabolic processes, which increases with soil organic C (SOC) content on a global scale. However, it is unclear whether a similar relationship exists during natural vegetation restoration in terrestrial ecosystems. Here, we investigated the patterns of CUE along a 160‐year vegetation restoration chronosequence (from farmland to climax forest) estimated by stoichiometric modeling; additionally, we examined the relationship between CUE and SOC content and combined these results with a meta‐analysis. The combination indicated that vegetation restoration decreased CUE from 0.35 to 0.28. Surprisingly, SOC content increased with decreasing CUE during vegetation restoration because forest soils have low pH values and high microbial phosphorus limitations compared to early ecosystems, implying that climax forests may not sequester as much soil C as expected. The shift in soil pH was the most important predictor of CUE compared to climate, plant, and microbial factors. CUE changes were directly induced by soil pH and not by the pH‐induced microbial community. Alkaline soil acidification tended to decrease CUE. This first large‐scale estimate of the relationship between CUE and SOC during natural restoration highlights the need to strengthen C sink management in mature forests to sustain their C sequestration potential.
Effectiveness of oral health care intervention for stroke patients following the introduction of Oral Health Assessment Tool
Authors: Matsunaga Kazuyuki , Yoshida‐Tsuboi Ayaka , Inohara Ken , Yoshida Yasuko , Nakahama Kanako , Sasaki Kazuki , Souda Fumie , Terasawa Yuka , Shimoe Yutaka , Takeuchi‐Hatanaka Kazu , Yamamoto Tadashi , Omori Kazuhiro , Kohriyama Tatsuo , Takashiba Shogo
Published: December 2024

Aim

This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of oral health assessment tools in facilitating oral health care interventions by dental care providers for acute stroke patients within 48 h of admission, following a reform of the nursing system.

Methods

Data were gathered from a retrospective cohort study conducted at a stroke center, comparing 10 months before and after the implementation of the reformed system, with a 2‐month interval. Parameters assessed included stroke type, severity measured using the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, stroke history, stroke‐related factors, number of teeth, hospitalization cost and duration, occurrence of fever and pneumonia, stroke treatment, days from admission to dental intervention, and intervention frequency.

Results

Implementation of the new system significantly reduced the time before dental intervention (P < 0.001), increased the frequency of interventions (P < 0.001), and allowed for the management of more severe cases (P = 0.007). However, there was a slight increase in the occurrence of fevers and the days of fever (P = 0.039 and P = 0.015, respectively). Multiple regression analysis showed that fever days were positively correlated with stroke severity and the number of days from admission to dental intervention (P < 0.001 and P = 0.013, respectively). Even after propensity score matching adjusting for stroke severity, these associations persisted. Additional multiple regression analysis was performed after this, but fever days were positively correlated with stroke severity and sex (P < 0.001 and P = 0.008, respectively), as well as with the presence of other factors affecting the occurrence of fever.

Conclusions

Although the frequency and duration of fevers increased slightly, this approach, incorporating oral health assessment tools, made it possible to provide early dental intervention, particularly for patients with severe strokes. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2025; 25: 48–53.
Facile preparation and properties of foamed fly‐ash/slag‐based hollow glass microspheres/geopolymer composites
Authors: Yan Shu , He Chenyang , Zhang Man , Wang Wenguang , Wang Shengwei
Published: December 2024

In order to reuse the multiple solid waste and improve the porosity of geopolymer composites, a unique foaming process was developed to fabricate novel green foamed fly‐ash/slag‐based hollow glass microspheres/geopolymer (HGMs/FSGP) composites. A thorough investigation was carried out on the synergic effects of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and HGMs on the microstructure, strength and thermal conductivity. Results showed that the foamed HGMs/FSGP composites with the amorphous structure could be fabricated by foaming combined with HGMs at room temperature. The density of the samples changed from 1.16 to 0.47 g/cm3 with 1–5 wt.% H2O2. The acceptable compressive strength (0.71–15.05 MPa) of the HGMs/FSGP composites was attributed to the fractured HGMs, the good bond between HGMs and geopolymer matrix, and crack deflection across the HGMs. With proper H2O2 and HGMs, the composites obtained their lowest thermal conductivity of 0.116 W/(m⋅K), which could find use in insulation fields.
A study of microstructure and properties of BaTiO3 from solid‐state and hydrothermal synthesis on MLCCs performance
Authors: Wang Pengfei , Huang Xiong , Zhao Jianwei , Luan Saiwei , Fu Xinyu , Li Bo , Yang Jun , Fu Zhenxiao , Cao Xiuhua , Zhang Lei , Yu Shuhui , Sun Rong
Published: December 2024

It has generally been believed that the performance of ultra‐thin multilayer ceramic capacitors (MLCCs) are mainly controlled by doping elements and the contribution of synthesis approaches of BaTiO3 (BT) powders can be neglected. However, in this study, we demonstrate that the solid‐state powders exhibit a heterogeneous distribution of residual BaCO3 (BC), TiO2, or Ti‐rich phases, whereas hydrothermal powders are characterized by a BC surface layer, which can be characterized by nanoinfrared (AFM‐IR), and the divergent approaches play an important role in the “core–shell” structure. The BC layer in hydrothermal BT contributes to Ti vacancies during sintering, increasing the “core–shell” ratio in MLCCs. This results in augmented capacitance but reduced performance at elevated temperatures. Conversely, the presence of a Ti‐rich phase in solid‐state powders induces Ba vacancies, leading to decreased “core–shell” ratios and dielectric constants.
On the impact of nitrogen and aluminum doping on silicon carbide polytype stability: Insights from first principle calculations
Authors: Rajabzadeh Zahra , Hammer René , Romaner Lorenz
Published: December 2024

Silicon carbide (SiC) can form many different polytypes but their energetic ordering and frequency of occurrence are still not fully understood. In this study, polytype stability in pure and doped SiC as well as charged defects are studied by first‐principle calculations. The dopants under investigation include N and Al which are added as single dopants and also as dopant pairs. Regarding pure SiC, our findings align with previous works which have shown that energy differences between polytypes are smaller than uncertainties related to the choice of exchange‐correlation functional. In contrast, the effects of doping are predicted consistently for different xc functionals with N doping leading to a stabilization of the 3C polytype while Al doping causes only minor changes. This effect is explained based on the differences in the band‐gap of the polytypes and the dopant‐induced defect states in agreement with an explanation suggested by Heine et al (J Am Ceram Soc. 1991;74(10):263033). We further corroborate this explanation with calculations of charged dopants. As a consequence, Al in proximity to N can entirely neutralize the donor and its stabilization effect on 3C. Furthermore, a strong attraction (1.8–1.9 eVs) is observed between the two dopants which indicates that they will occur in pairs. Our results provide a more complete picture of SiC doping and we discuss its implications for the crystal growth process.