bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of purified Trichoderma reesei cellulases on formation of cotton powder from cotton fabric
Authors: Heikinheimo Lea , Miettinen‐Oinonen Arja , Cavaco‐Paulo Artur , Buchert Johanna
Published: September 2003

The mode of action of monocomponent purified Trichoderma reesei cellobiohydrolases (CBHI and CBHII) and endoglucanases (EGI and EGII) on cotton fabrics was studied by analyzing the weight loss of the fabric, the reducing sugars, the soluble oligosaccharides and the molecular weight of the cotton powder formed. The impact of mechanical action on these factors was also evaluated. EGI and EGII released the highest amounts of reducing sugars and soluble oligosaccharides in both treatments with or without additional mechanical action. After cellulase treatment without additional mechanical action, all of the cellulases were found to have reduced the molecular weight of cotton poplin powder. When mechanical action was combined with enzyme treatments, only EGII reduced the molecular weight. The weight loss of EG‐treated fabrics was clearly higher than the weight loss of CBH‐treated fabrics with both low and high mechanical action levels. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 90: 1917–1922, 2003
What can developmental disorders tell us about modularity?
Authors: Marcus Gary F.
Published: September 2003

This commentary discusses the logic of inferring modularity or the lack of modularity from observed patterns of developmental disorders.
Information processing and dynamical systems approaches are complementary
Authors: Spurrett David
Published: September 2003

Shanker & King (S&K) trumpet the adoption of a “new paradigm” in communication studies, exemplified by ape language research. Though cautiously sympathetic, I maintain that their argument relies on a false dichotomy between “information” and “dynamical systems” theory, and that the resulting confusion prevents them from recognizing the main chance their line of thinking suggests.
The spatial reorientation data do not support the thesis that language is the medium of cross-modular thought
Authors: Samuels Richard
Published: September 2003

A central claim of the target article is that language is the medium of domain-general, cross-modular thought; and according to Carruthers, the main, direct evidence for this thesis comes from a series of fascinating studies on spatial reorientation. I argue that the these studies, in fact, provide us with no reason whatsoever to accept this cognitive conception of language.
Generations Lost: A Cancer Genetics Case Report
Authors: Matloff Ellen T.
Published: September 2003

The process of cancer genetic counseling can unearth issues that, sometimes unbeknownst to the counselor, are emotionally and psychologically significant to the patient. The following case report illustrates how the precounseling process of obtaining a medical chart on a deceased parent affected two sister counselees. This medical chart helped these sisters to reconnect with the mother they lost as children and to better understand her struggle with breast cancer. This case also chronicles the counselor's professional growth and discovery during this process.
Subsequent Mortality in Medically Serious Suicide Attempts: A 5 Year Follow-Up
Authors: Beautrais Annette L.
Published: September 2003

Objective: To document mortality in a consecutive series of 302 individuals who made medically serious suicide attempts and were followed-up for 5 years.

Method: All sources of mortality were examined in a 5 year prospective study of 302 individuals who made medically serious suicide attempts. Mortality data were obtained by checks with the national mortality database and, for suicide and accidental deaths, were confirmed by review of coronial records.

Results: Within 5 years of making a medically serious suicide attempt, one in 11 (8.9%) participants had died. Most deaths (59.2%) were by suicide. Comparison of mortality in this series with rates expected in a comparable general population sample showed the excess mortality was attributable to death by suicide and by motor vehicle accidents.

Conclusion: Mortality among those who make medically serious suicide attempts is high. These findings imply the need for the development of enhanced and long-term treatment, follow-up and surveillance programmes for those who make medically serious suicide attempts.
TRIZAL study: switching from successful HAART to TrizivirTM (abacavir‐lamivudine‐zidovudine combination tablet): 48 weeks efficacy, safety and adherence results
Authors: Katlama C , Fenske S , Gazzard B , Lazzarin A , Clumeck N , Mallolas J , Lafeuillade A , Mamet J‐P , Beauvais L
Published: September 2003

Objective

To assess the antiviral efficacy, safety, and adherence in subjects who switched to Trizivir™ following long‐term HIV‐1 RNA suppression.

Study design

A randomized, open‐label, multicentre, 48‐week comparative study in subjects who have received two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors plus a protease inhibitor or an nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor or three nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors for at least 6 months, with a history of undetectable plasma HIV‐1 RNA since initiation of therapy and plasma viral load of < 50 HIV‐1 RNA copies/mL at screening.

Methods

Subjects were randomized 1:1 to continue their current treatment or to switch to a simplified treatment with Trizivir™ administered twice daily. Assessments included plasma HIV‐1 RNA, lymphocyte counts, clinical laboratory evaluations, adverse events, and adherence to treatment (obtained via subject self‐report). Treatment failure was defined as a plasma viral load of ≥ 400 HIV‐1 RNA copies/mL on two consecutive occasions or premature discontinuation of randomized treatment.

Results

At week 48, the proportion of treatment failures in Trizivir™ arm (23/106, 22%) was noninferior to that observed in continued arm (23/103, 22%) with a treatment difference stratified by prior ART of 1.2%[‐10.1; 12.5]. Incidence of adverse events was similar in both treatment groups. The incidence of possible hypersensitivity reaction in the Trizivir™ arm was 10%. Significant reductions in cholesterol and triglyceride plasma levels were observed in the Trizivir™ arm (P < 0.001 and P = 0.006, respectively).

Conclusion

Switching to Trizivir™ offers a potent and simplified regimen with equivalent efficacy and significant improvement in lipid abnormalities compared to continued triple therapy.
Embedded minimal disks: Proper versus nonproper—global versus local
Authors: Colding Tobias , Minicozzi William
Published: September 2003

We construct a sequence of compact embedded minimal disks in a ball in

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3

\mathbf {R}^3

with boundaries in the boundary of the ball and where the curvatures blow up only at the center. The sequence converges to a limit which is not smooth and not proper. If instead the sequence of embedded disks had boundaries in a sequence of balls with radii tending to infinity, then we have shown previously that any limit must be smooth and proper.
The classical problem of the calculus of variations in the autonomous case: Relaxation and Lipschitzianity of solutions
Authors: Cellina Arrigo
Published: September 2003

We consider the problem of minimizing
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is continuous and satisfies a growth assumption that does not imply superlinear growth, we provide a result on the relaxation of the functional and show that a solution to the minimum problem is Lipschitzian.
An index for gauge-invariant operators and the Dixmier-Douady invariant
Authors: Nistor Victor , Troitsky Evgenij
Published: September 2003

LetG→B\mathcal {G}\to Bbe a bundle of compact Lie groups acting on a fiber bundleY→BY \to B. In this paper we introduce and study gauge-equivariantKK-theory groupsKGi(Y)K_\mathcal {G}^i(Y). These groups satisfy the usual properties of the equivariantKK-theory groups, but also some new phenomena arise due to the topological non-triviality of the bundleG→B\mathcal {G}\to B. As an application, we define a gauge-equivariant index for a family of elliptic operators(Pb)b∈B(P_b)_{b \in B}invariant with respect to the action ofG→B\mathcal {G}\to B, which, in this approach, is an element ofKG0(B)K_\mathcal {G}^0(B). We then give another definition of the gauge-equivariant index as an element ofK0(C∗(G))K_0(C^*(\mathcal {G})), theKK-theory group of the Banach algebraC∗(G)C^*(\mathcal {G}). We prove that<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="upper K 0 left-parenthesis upper C Superscript asterisk Baseline left-parenthesis script upper G right-parenthesis right-parenthesis asymptotically-equals upper K Subscript script upper G Superscript 0 Baseline left-parenthesis script upper G right-parenthesis">K0(C∗(G))≃KG0(G)K_0(C^*(\mathcal {G})) \simeq K^0_\mathcal {G}(\mathcal {G})and that the two definitions of the gauge-equivariant index are equivalent. The algebraC∗(G)C^*(\mathcal {G})is the algebra of continuous sections of a certain field ofC∗C^*-algebras with non-trivial Dixmier-Douady invariant. The gauge-equivariantKK-theory groups are thus examples of twistedKK-theory groups, which have recently turned out to be useful in the study of Ramond–Ramond fields.
Reusable software architectures for aerospace systems
Authors: Anne Weiss Kathryn , Ong Elwin C. , Leveson Nancy G.
Published: September 2003

Modern, complex control systems for specific application domains often display common system design architectures with similar subsystem functionality and interactions. The similarities between these subsystems in most spacecraft can be exploited to create a model‐driven system development environment and then transformed into software or hardware either manually or automatically. Modifications to software and hardware during operations can be similarly made in the same controlled way. The approach is illustrated using a spacecraft attitude determination and control subsystem, but applies equally to other types of aerospace systems.
Transforming the annual fiasco
Authors: Pickett Les
Published: September 2003

The annual fiasco of the performance review continues in many organisations despite evidence that it has the potential to be one of the most effective management tools in the entire executive toolkit. Senior executives in many countries indicate that they regard the performance review (particularly the part where they are required to have an open and honest dialogue with the people who report to them) as one of the most difficult things they are required to do. Perhaps that is why so many do not do it at all! While the number of organisations that utilise their performance review programmes is increasing, a virtually useless version of form filling‐in and filing that has become the annual fiasco of so‐called performance review continues in many organisations. The message is clear. People make the difference and the successful enterprises of the current decade will have an integrated performance management programme that effectively links corporate strategy and individual performance.
Trends in German document delivery services (with particular reference to subito)
Authors: Rosemann Uwe
Published: September 2003

The article describes the development and the functionality of the document delivery service subito as a decentralised, co‐operative model involving 27 libraries. Special attention is given to questions of copyright.
On clinical research in finance
Authors: Ardalan Kavous
Published: September 2003

Finance has begun to utilize clinical approach in its research. The extent of its appropriate use is a serious point for consideration. Any adequate use of a research methodology would highly benefit from a deep understanding of its underlying worldview. This paper, therefore, discusses how worldviews underlie methodologies in general, and those of finance, in particular. It starts with a discussion on how any worldview can be positioned on a continuum formed by four basic paradigms: functionalist, interpretive, radical humanist, and radical structuralist. Next, the paper focuses on methodologies implied by the functionalist and interpretive paradigms, namely: scientific and clinical, respectively. Then, it notes that mainstream finance adheres to the functionalist paradigm. It examines how mainstream functionalist finance intends to use the interpretive clinical approach in its research. While this step towards a more balanced approach to research in finance is appreciated, the paper points out that clinical approach can be appropriately used only if certain fundamental, contextual, paradigmatic assumptions are met.
The fluid flow due to two submerged sinks in a two layer stratified fluid
Authors: Wen X. , Manik K.
Published: September 2003

A boundary integral technique is developed to study the free surface flow of a steady, two‐dimensional, incompressible, irrotational and inviscid fluid flow which is produced by two submerged sinks (or sources) which are of equal strength, placed along a solid horizontal boundary with a stagnation point on the free surface in a two layer stratified fluid in the presence of gravity. A special form of the Riemann‐Hilbert problem, namely the Dirichlet boundary problem, is applied in the derivation of the governing non‐linear boundary integral‐differential equations which are solved for the fluid velocity on the free surface and this involves the use of an interpolative technique and an iterative process. Results have been obtained for the free surface flow for various values of the Froude number and sink locations on the solid horizontal boundary and we have also studied the largest value of the Froude number for which no convergent solutions are possible, namely the critical Froude number. We have found that the free surface profile is dependent on two parameters, namely the Froude number on the free surface and the non‐dimensional distance between the two sinks.
Strategic implications of a multi‐dimensional pricing environment
Authors: Estelami Hooman
Published: September 2003

A significant amount of research in pricing has focused on price as a unidimensional construct – one consisting of a single number (e.g. $1.99). However, the evolving marketing environment, combined with notable growth in services and goods categories that require the communication of complex price information, has led to the use of multi‐dimensional prices. Multi‐dimensional prices consist of multiple numbers (e.g. $199 a month for 36 months) and as a result require the consumer to carry out specific mental computations to determine the cost of the offer. In this paper, empirical evidence on consumer difficulty in evaluating multi‐dimensional prices is examined. Then the strategic impact of such difficulties for pricing managers as well as regulators is examined. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications of multi‐dimensional pricing on past research findings, and reflects on existing understanding of consumer response to price.
Academic tradition in a digital age
Authors: Sax Boria
Published: September 2003

Contemporary institutions of higher education encourage veneration of the past through anachronisms their rhetoric and their design. This characteristic, however, owes less to scholarship or tradition than to a mood of nostalgia. Universities tend to have far greater longevity than institutions of government or commerce. They have managed to survive the Industrial Revolution and other upheavals with remarkably little structural change. Nevertheless, it is still uncertain how, or whether, they will adapt to a post‐industrial world.
A variational approach to intensity approximation for remote sensing images using dynamic neural networks
Authors: Zhou Shang Ming , Li Hong Xing , Xu Li Da
Published: September 2003

Abstract: In remote sensing image processing, image approximation, or obtaining a high‐resolution image from a corresponding low‐resolution image, is an ill‐posed inverse problem. In this paper, the regularization method is used to convert the image approximation problem into a solvable variational problem. In regularization, the constraints on smoothness and discontinuity are considered, and the original ill‐posed problem is thereby converted to a well‐posed optimization problem. In order to solve the variational problem, a Hopfield‐type dynamic neural network is developed. This neural network possesses two states that describe the discrepancy between a pixel and adjacent pixels, the intensity evolution of a pixel and two kinds of corresponding weights. Based on the experiment in this study with a Landsat TM image free of added noise and a noisy image, the proposed approach provides better results than other methods. The comparison shows the feasibility of the proposed approach.
Complicity in genocide as understood through the ICTR experience
Authors: Obote-Odora
Published: September 2003

No Abstract
Current developments
Authors: Gallmetzer Reinhold
Published: September 2003

Prosecutor v. Zoran Kupreškićet al., Case No.: IT-95-16-A, Appeal Judgement, 23 October 2001
Free‐radical attachment of nadic anhydride onto poly(alkylene terephthalate)s
Authors: Sasaki Akinobu , White James L.
Published: September 2003

There has been little research on poly(alkylene terephthalate) modification by graft copolymerization with vinyl monomers. There is no reported information on graft polymerization in the molten state. In this study, nadic anhydride was grafted onto poly(butylene terephthalate) and poly(trimethylene terephthalate) with a free‐radical initiator in an internal mixer. The influence of the monomer and initiator concentrations on the degree of grafting was investigated. The degradation of these polymers was investigated and characterized with their complex melt viscosity. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 90: 1839–1845, 2003
Measuring and modeling the rheological data of diglycidylether of bisphenol‐A during polymerization for finite element analyses
Authors: Blumenstock T. , Woicke N. , Eyerer P.
Published: September 2003

Finite element analyses (FEA) of thermosets are often performed on the basis of rheological data for fully cured resin. For the FEA of thermosets during curing, a material model is established and a technique is demonstrated, which allows the rheological data of the linear viscoelastic material to be derived. As the moduli are sensitive to conversion, all measured properties are related to temperature and conversion. Therefore the basis for the rheological data has to be a suitable reaction kinetic. Based on the kinetics shear and compression properties are measured independently and modeled mathematically with the focus to gain a formulation, which is suitable for FEA. The considered time constants are in the range between one second and one month as these times are relevant for the investigated relaxation times. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 90: 1868–1872, 2003
A new paradigm?
Authors: Bonvillian John D. , Patterson Francine G. P.
Published: September 2003

Shanker & King argue for a shift in the focus of ape language research from an emphasis on information processing to a dynamic systems approach. We differ from these authors in our understanding of how this “new paradigm” emerged and in our perceptions of its limitations. We see information processing and dynamic systems as complementary approaches in the study of communication.
Communication and communion
Authors: Ingold Tim
Published: September 2003

Shanker & King's (S&K's) dynamic systems approach converges with developments in social anthropological studies of communication which were long ago anticipated in the writings of Volosinov and Schutz. Following a review of these writings, this commentary suggests that a dynamic systems approach should distinguish communion from communication. It concludes with a remark on the evolutionary implications of the approach.
Metaphor muddles in communication theory
Authors: Rendall Drew , Vasey Paul
Published: September 2003

Shanker & King (S&K) argue that information-theoretic approaches to communication are too rigid to capture the ebb and flow of communicative interactions. They advocate instead a dynamic systems approach based on the metaphor of dance. We focus on two problems arising from the dance metaphor: first, that its inherently cooperative tone contradicts basic tenets of behavioral biology; and second, that it risks obscuring rather than clarifying the details of communicative interactions.
Making meaning
Authors: Waters Gabriel , Wilcox Sherman
Published: September 2003

This commentary discusses the dynamic systems (DS) approach to communication over an information-processing (IP) model. The commenters suggest that the authors of the target article, in their treatment of the issue, do not identify the central failing of the IP model. Further, it is suggested that the DS approach should include examination of mechanisms in the emergence of symbolic communication.
What language is “mentalese”?
Authors: Slobin Dan I.
Published: September 2003

Carruthers’ “mentalese expressions” take the form of English sentences, thus suggesting an isomorphism between thought and language that ignores linguistic diversity. Furthermore, complex syntax is not the only linguistic means of combining information from various domain-specific modules into domain-general expressions, nor is such syntax the preferred means of encoding basic experiences in all languages. The analysis seems to rest on an unacknowledged version of linguistic determinism.
Nonparticipation in Huntington's Disease Predictive Testing: Reasons for Caution in Interpreting Findings
Authors: Binedell Julia , Soldan Jo R.
Published: September 2003

When given the opportunity to clarify their genetic status, most individuals at risk for Huntington's disease (HD) currently show a preference not to know. Our understanding of the characteristics of those who do not request HD predictive testing, and the factors influencing their decision, lags behind our knowledge of test applicants. In the light of our experience with interviewing a random sample of nonparticipants in an ongoing study, we critically analyze research concerning the differences between participants and nonparticipants in HD predictive testing programs and the interpretive characterization of these two groups. The findings concerning nonparticipants are limited to a small sample of the at‐risk population, with the problems of biased samples and low response rates. We discuss this and other aspects of research in this area, notably the context and timing of data collection and the predominantly questionnaire‐based methodology, that lead us to interpret the conclusions drawn about these two groups with caution.
The Calcium Binding Loops of the Cytosolic Phospholipase A2C2 Domain Specify Targeting to Golgi and ER in Live Cells
Authors: Evans John H. , Gerber Stefan H. , Murray Diana , Leslie Christina C.
Published: September 2003

Translocation of cytosolic phospholipase A2(cPLA2) to Golgi and ER in response to intracellular calcium mobilization is regulated by its calcium-dependent lipid-binding, or C2, domain. Although well studied in vitro, the biochemical characteristics of the cPLA2C2 domain offer no predictive value in determining its intracellular targeting. To understand the molecular basis for cPLA2C2 targeting in vivo, the intracellular targets of the synaptotagmin 1 C2A (Syt1C2A) and protein kinase Cα C2 (PKCαC2) domains were identified in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells and compared with that of hybrid C2 domains containing the calcium binding loops from cPLA2C2 on Syt1C2A and PKCαC2 domain backbones. In response to an intracellular calcium increase, PKCαC2 targeted plasma membrane regions rich in phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate, and Syt1C2A displayed a biphasic targeting pattern, first targeting phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate-rich regions in the plasma membrane and then the trans-Golgi network. In contrast, the Syt1C2A/cPLA2C2 and PKCαC2/cPLA2C2 hybrids targeted Golgi/ER and colocalized with cPLA2C2. The electrostatic properties of these hybrids suggested that the membrane binding mechanism was similar to cPLA2C2, but not PKCαC2 or Syt1C2A. These results suggest that primarily calcium binding loops 1 and 3 encode structural information specifying Golgi/ER targeting of cPLA2C2 and the hybrid domains.
Managing the transition
Authors: McGreevy Malcolm
Published: September 2003

This is the second article dealing with the changing nature of work, the previous one having been published in Industrial and Commercial Training, Vol. 35 No. 5. This deals with the managerial responsibilities for managing an organisation through a change process to maintain current levels of performance and to move towards the desired future state through dealing with the people issues involved in the change programme. It covers the issues of coping with change and uncertainty, the role of managers at times of change, motivating teams through the change process, anticipating problems and planning ways of handling them.
Information and redundancy in the legend of Theseus
Authors: Warner Julian
Published: September 2003

This paper considers an instance of non‐verbal graphic communication from the legend of Theseus, in terms of information theory. The efficient cause of a failure in communication is regarded as a selection error and the formal cause as the absence of redundancy from the signals (a binary contrast between a black and a white sail) for transmission. Two considerations are then introduced. First, why should such a system of signalling have been succeeded by a graphic communication system, in alphabetic written language, so strongly marked by its redundancy? Second, why has information theory been so successful in describing systems for signal transmission but far less productive for modelling human‐to‐human communication, at the level of meaning or of the effects of messages on recipients? The legend is read historically, adopting specific insights, a method of interpretation, and a historical schema from Vico. The binary code used for the signal transmission is located as a rare but significant transitional form, mediating between heroic emblems and written language. For alphabetic written language, a link to the sounds of oral utterance replaces the connection to the mental states of the human information source and destination. It is also suggested that redundancy was deliberately introduced to counteract the effects of selection errors and noise. With regard to information theory, it is suggested that conformity with necessary conditions for signal transmission, which may include the introduction of redundancy, cannot be expected to yield insights into communication, at the level of meaning or the effects of messages.
Success Factors in Product Innovation: A Selective Review of the Literature
Authors: Johne F. Axel , Snelson Patricia A.
Published: September 2003

In today's increasingly competitive climate, more and more managers are having to update themselves on the range of factors that determine product innovation success. Such successes can be measured at the project (product) level or at the program level. Axel Johne and Patricia Snelson have prepared a review of factors associated with achieving success in a high proportion of recently developed new products.

The authors address practical questions, such as the following: To what extent can product innovation be planned? Should development tasks be scheduled sequentially or in parallel? What is the proper degree of formality in effective new product decision making? What are the optimal organizational arrangements?

The article concentrates on recent writings, drawing chiefly from journal articles published after 1980, including a large number from the Journal of Product Innovation Management. Factors contributing to success are ordered according to the now well‐known McKinsey 7 Ss framework popularized by Peters and Waterman in their book In Search of Excellence. Detailed development tasks are considered according to the schema advanced by Crawford in his book New Products Management.
Market Adaptation as a Process in the Product Life Cycle of Radical Innovations and High Technology Products
Authors: McIntyre Shelby H.
Published: September 2003

Sales for radically new products often depend on the development of an associated infrastructure. This is particularly true in the case of hightechnology innovations. This infrastructure reflects society's and/or industry's adaptation to the new product's potential or capability. Supportive infrastructure developments can hasten product growth in early stages of the product life cycle or retard growth in their absence. Shelby McIntyre shares his thoughts about the role of infrastructure in this perspective and presents useful guidelines for evaluating its impact. A radical innovation lives or dies, in part, by a company's vision and commitment to developing its long term potential. It is in this sense that a product or innovation can be “ahead of its time” (i.e., ahead of its infrastructure).
A Perspective on Creativity
Authors: Altier William J.
Published: September 2003

New products professionals intuitively understand the need for creative thought; however, to many, creativity remains an elusive concept. In the abstract, it has little value, yet translated to creative product ideas, it can help to create exciting growth opportunities.

Drawing from his experiences William Altier discusses how we can make creativity happen. He discusses a series of triggers for creativity, the importance of thorough problem definition and barriers to creative thought. Finally, he recommends a simple path to creative ideas, emphasizing the need to rearrange our thinking about conventional relationships. This can transform our thinking about existing products.
R&D: Its Relationship to Company Performance
Authors: Morbey Graham K.
Published: September 2003

Decisions made by management today on investment in research and development can influence the viability and growth of a corporation into the 21st century. Graham Morbey reports on results of this study of R&D spending of major US companies for the ten‐year period 1976 to 1985, including possibly controversial inferences concerning the relationship between R&D and company performance. He finds a strong association between R&D spending and subsequent growth in sales. However, he detects a threshold R&D funding level which must be exceeded if R&D is to contribute to future sales growth. The study shows little correlation between R&D intensity and growth in profitability. Also, it is apparent that sales growth and increasing profitability do not lead to increased allocations for R&D in most industries.
Accelerating the Durable Replacement Cycle with Marketing Mix Variables
Authors: Bayus Barry L.
Published: September 2003

In many established product categories, a large component of sales is due to the replacement of existing units. Because of the long expected lifetime of durables, replacement decisions can often be postponed by the consumer. In light of this, one marketing strategy for manufacturers of such products may be to accelerate the timing of product replacement decisions for buyers planning to replace. In this article, Barry Bayus presents the results of his investigation of the effect of marketing efforts on shortening the replacement cycle. Such information can be used by new product managers to forecast more accurately long‐term sales and to help decide when to introduce new products (e.g., with enhanced features). Using data on color television purchases, he shows that the marketing variables of price, advertising, new features and styling are related to the timing of discretionary replacements. Further, these data suggest that price has the most impact in accelerating replacement purchases.
Characteristics of the Industrial Distributor's Innovation Activities
Authors: Yoon Eunsang , Lilien Gary L.
Published: September 2003

Recent trends in industrial distribution suggest that distributors may perform an important role in various stages of product innovation from idea generation, through product design, to product launch and subsequent marketing. In this article, Eunsang Yoon and Gary Lilien review the literature and discuss the potential role of the industrial distributor as an innovation participant. An exploratory study with an Australian data base suggests that the industrial distributor performs tasks associated with market‐driven product innovation (reformulation and imitative new products in particular) as effectively as the industrial manufacturer.
Expert Systems: An Emerging Technology for Selecting New Product Winners
Authors: Ram Sundaresan , Ram Sudha
Published: September 2003

Sundaresan Ram and Sudha Ram describe INNOVATOR, an expert system that they have developed to assess the success potential of new products in the financial services industry. They provide details on key aspects of the system: how knowledge is collected from experts and encoded; how a user interacts with the system to obtain recommendations on specific new products; and how the inference engine of the system arrives at the final recommendation. They discuss how INNOVATOR can, if necessary, be linked to external databases for additional data inputs. The authors also recommend alternative ways of eliciting the expertise of new product planners and different ways of programming their knowledge into the system. They highlight the key advantages that an expert system provides over conventional new product planning models. With its ability to detect potential winners early, an expert system like INNOVATOR can significantly contribute to the new product development process.
External Technology and In‐House R&D's Facilitative Role
Authors: Sen Falguni , Rubenstein A. H.
Published: September 2003

A number affirms use external sourcing of technology to create technological change in their organizations. In this article, Falguni Sen and Albert Rubenstein develop a rationale to support the concept of an integrative technology development strategy which emphasizes the role of in‐house R&D during the planning and implementation process for externally sourced technology. They divide the external sourcing process into two major components: an acquisition phase and an implementation phase. Next, they define five distinct stages within both phases. Based on a review of the literature, the authors identify some common problems with external sourcing and discuss potential ways that in‐house R&D can alleviate them by becoming involved in specific steps in each of the ten stages. The data in the article have been obtained from thirty‐one cases of external sourcing of technology from a diverse group of industries in the United States and India. R&D's involvement in the external technology process varies among firms and is generally low in the acquisition phase. In the research, R&D managers describe barriers to their involvement, and the article develops measures of effectiveness of the activities in each stage of the external sourcing process. The authors recommend removing relevant barriers, especially in those stages where the involvement of in‐house R&D groups could increase the effectiveness of the process.
Success and Failure in New Industrial Services
Authors: de Brentani Ulrike
Published: September 2003

The critical role of innovation has long been recognized in physical goods; however, the development of innovative services has received much less attention. The research described here reports on an early major study of success and failure in new industrial services. Building on her integration of two literatures on new product innovation and services marketing, Ulrike de Brentani reports how companies measure new service performance and the factors which are associated with success. She reports that new industrial services share some important success factors with physical goods, such as the firm's market orientation, a formal service development process, project synergy and a truly superior new service offering. Yet she finds that firms must adjust their approach to the distinctive character of services, including customer perceptions of service quality, features that successfully differentiate services in competitive terms and cost reduction.
An Analysis of the Use of Extrafunctional Information by R&D and Marketing Personnel: Review and Model
Authors: Moenaert Rudy K. , Souder William E.
Published: September 2003

Successful technological innovation requires contributions from both technologists and marketers. Each group contributes information to the other, making the eventual use of this extrafunctional information a concern. In this article, Rudy Moenaert and William Souder report the findings of exploratory research conducted in Belgium and present a model to describe essential elements of this process. They argue that the value of extrafunctional information is determined by channel, message, source and receiver attributes. Further, this value is thought to vary throughout the stages of the innovation process and also to depend on organizational characteristics such as formalization, centralization, climate and the type of project structure.
Product Growth Strategies in Young High‐Technology Firms
Authors: Pavia Teresa M.
Published: September 2003

This article presents an analysis of the strategies, business practices and growth patterns of 68 small, young, high‐technology firms. These firms manufactured high‐technology goods or produced advanced computer software products, had at most 100 employees and reported under $30 million in annual sales. In reporting the results of her study, Teresa Pavia writes that neither a technological growth path (new products to existing customers) nor a market‐expansion growth path (existing products to new customers) is superior. Practices that minimize strategic dependencies and produce a high‐quality product that suits the customer's needs directly (needing no further modifications after the sale) are associated with success. Firms that have used market expansion to grow demonstrate higher levels of systematic planning and describe their industry as rapidly changing. Furthermore, they describe themselves as technologically innovative and their customers as well informed about the products they buy.
The Harvesting of USAUTO?
Authors: Cook Victor J. , Rothberg Robert R.
Published: September 2003

A great many explanations have been offered for the precipitous decline of Detroit as the dominant force in the North American automobile market. One of the key factors not yet explored in‐depth is the competition for differential marketing advantage between domestic and foreign auto companies. This competition is documented with comprehensive new evidence covering the free‐market years between the first oil embargo and voluntary import restraints. A controversial relationship between differential advantages and change in market share is tested empirically and found to hold. The implications of competitive marketing parity are discussed and the authors conclude that domestic auto companies may have had no choice but to harvest their market position.
High-Dose Azithromycin versus High-Dose Amoxicillin-Clavulanate for Treatment of Children with Recurrent or Persistent Acute Otitis Media
Authors: Arrieta Antonio , Arguedas Adriano , Fernandez Pilar , Block Stan L. , Emperanza Paz , Vargas Sergio L. , Erhardt William A. , de Caprariis Pascal J. , Rothermel Constance D.
Published: September 2003

Infants and young children, especially those in day care, are at risk for recurrent or persistent acute otitis media (AOM). There are no data on oral alternatives to high-dose amoxicillin-clavulanate for treating AOM in these high-risk patients. In this double-blind, double-dummy multicenter clinical trial, we compared a novel, high-dose azithromycin regimen with high-dose amoxicillin-clavulanate for treatment of children with recurrent or persistent AOM. Three hundred four children were randomized; 300 received either high-dose azithromycin (20 mg/kg of body weight once a day for 3 days) or high-dose amoxicillin-clavulanate (90 mg/kg divided twice a day for 10 days). Tympanocentesis was performed at baseline; clinical response was assessed at day 12 to 16 and day 28 to 32. Two-thirds of patients were aged ≤2 years. A history of recurrent, persistent, or recurrent plus persistent AOM was noted in 67, 18, and 14% of patients, respectively. Pathogens were isolated from 163 of 296 intent-to-treat patients (55%). At day 12 to 16, clinical success rates for azithromycin and amoxicillin-clavulanate were comparable for all patients (86 versus 84%, respectively) and for children aged ≤2 years (85 versus 79%, respectively). At day 28 to 32, clinical success rates for azithromycin were superior to those for amoxicillin-clavulanate for all patients (72 versus 61%, respectively;
P
= 0.047) and for those aged ≤2 years (68 versus 51%, respectively;
P
= 0.017). Per-pathogen clinical efficacy against
Streptococcus pneumoniae
and
Haemophilus influenzae
was comparable between the two regimens. The rates of treatment-related adverse events for azithromycin and amoxicillin-clavulanate were 32 and 42%, respectively (
P =
0.095). Corresponding compliance rates were 99 and 93%, respectively (
P
= 0.018). These data demonstrate the efficacy and safety of high-dose azithromycin for treating recurrent or persistent AOM.
Activities of a New Oral Streptogramin, XRP 2868, Compared to Those of Other Agents against
Streptococcus pneumoniae
and
Haemophilus
Species
Authors: Pankuch Glenn A. , Kelly Linda M. , Lin Gengrong , Bryskier Andre , Couturier Catherine , Jacobs Michael R. , Appelbaum Peter C.
Published: September 2003

MIC methodology was used to test the antibacterial activity of XRP 2868, a new oral combination of two semisynthetic streptogramins, RPR 132552A and RPR 202868, compared to activities of other antibacterial agents against pneumococci,
Haemophilus influenzae
, and
Haemophilus parainfluenzae
. For 261 pneumococci, XRP 2868 and pristinamycin MICs were similar, irrespective of penicillin G and erythromycin A susceptibilities (MIC at which 50% of isolates were inhibited [MIC
50
], 0.25 μg/ml; MIC
90
, 0.5 μg/ml), while quinupristin/dalfopristin had MICs which were 1 to 2 dilutions higher. Single components of both XRP 2868 and quinupristin/dalfopristin had higher MICs. Erythromycin A, azithromycin, clarithromycin, and clindamycin MICs were higher for penicillin G-intermediate and -resistant than -susceptible pneumococci. Against 150
H. influenzae
strains, all compounds tested had unimodal MIC distributions. XRP 2868 had an overall MIC
50
of 0.25 μg/ml and an MIC
90
of 1.0 μg/ml, with no differences between β-lactamase-positive, β-lactamase-negative, and β-lactamase-negative ampicillin-resistant strains. Of note was the similarly low activity of one of its components, RPR 132552A. Pristinamycin and quinupristin/dalfopristin had MICs of 0.125 to 8.0 μg/ml; quinupristin alone had MICs of 8.0 to >64.0 μg/ml, and dalfopristin had MICs of 1.0 to >64.0 μg/ml. Erythromycin A, azithromycin, and clarithromycin had modal MICs of 4.0, 1.0, and 8.0 μg/ml, respectively. MICs of all compounds against
H. parainfluenzae
were 1 to 2 dilutions higher than against
H. influenzae
. XRP 2868 showed potent activity against pneumococci and
Haemophilus
strains irrespective of their susceptibility to other agents.
Nitric Oxide Synthase Gene Transfer as a Tool to Study Biology of Endothelial Cells
Authors: Katusic Zvonimir S. , Caplice Noel M. , Nath Karl A.
Published: September 2003

During the past decade, the development of gene transfer technology provided a powerful and facile tool that afforded the genetic modification of vascular endothelial function. This development has coincided with molecular cloning and extensive accumulation of knowledge concerning the role of nitric oxide synthase isoforms in vascular homeostasis. Experimental evidence continues to accumulate that in vivo adenovirus-mediated gene transfer into the vessel wall is a very useful technique in studies designed to characterize function of a given gene or protein. In this review, we will use nitric oxide synthase gene transfer as a paradigm to illustrate how gene transfer technology can be used to address key issues in the vascular biology of endothelium.
l
-Arginine Reverses p47phox and gp91phox Expression Induced by High Salt in Dahl Rats
Authors: Fujii Shigemoto , Zhang Ling , Igarashi Junsuke , Kosaka Hiroaki
Published: September 2003

Derangements in the production and degradation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as well as nitric oxide (NO) have been implicated in cardiovascular diseases. We explored how supplementation with
l
-arginine, an NO synthase substrate, restores such derangements of ROS/NO systems in Dahl salt-sensitive, hypertensive (DS) rats. We detected an increase of NADPH oxidase activity, a key enzyme that produces superoxide, in the membrane fraction of the renal cortex derived from DS rats loaded with high salt for 4 weeks; high salt loading also remarkably increased urinary H
2
O
2
, 8-isoprostane, and thromboxane B
2
excretion and decreased plasma NO end products. These changes from high salt loading were counteracted by oral
l
-arginine supplementation. We further examined expression patterns of NADPH oxidase subunits in renal cortex derived from these animals. High salt loading increased gp91phox and p47phox but not p22phox or Rac1 or mRNA abundance, which were counteracted with
l
-arginine supplementation. Western blot analyses after subcellular fractionation revealed that
l
-arginine supplementation distinctly decreases membrane localization of p47phox protein, as it decreases total expression of Rac1 protein in DS rats with high salt loading. These results disclose that high salt loading causes a deficiency in available
l
-arginine amounts for NO synthases and induces NADPH oxidase activation in the renal cortex of DS rats, which
l
-arginine supplementation markedly restores. Since superoxide rapidly eliminates NO, which inhibits sodium reabsorption in the cortical collecting duct, superoxide production caused by upregulated NADPH oxidase activity in the renal cortex of high salt–loaded DS rats may accelerate sodium reabsorption and hypertension.
'WE' AND EMPEDOCLES' COSMIC LOTTERY: P. STRASB. GR. INV. 1665-1666, ENSEMBLE A
Authors:   Trépanier
Published: September 2003

This paper presents an alternative interpretation and reconstruction of

ensemble

a

from the Strasbourg papyrus of Empedocles,

P. Strasb. gr.

Inv. 1665-1666 , first published by A. Martin and O. Primavesi in 1999. I claim that Martin and Primavesi's working hypothesis for the reconstruction of lines

a (ii) 3-17

, upon which most of their individual supplements rely, is wrong, and that the doctrinal implications they draw from it are unfounded. Against them, I propose an alternate reconstruction of the text. If correct, two consequences follow from my alternative. First, it presents further reasons to reject a controversial variant reading revealed by the papyrus, retained by the editors, and the "we" of my title. Second, it provides new support for the role of chance in Empedocles' cosmic cycle, a theme largely ignored in modern scholarship on Empedocles.