bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ours Is the Earth: Science and Human History in the Anthropocene
Authors: Jasanoff Sheila
Published: November 2020

History at one time drew unproblematically on records produced by human societies about themselves and their doings. Advances in biology and the earth sciences introduced new narrative resources that repositioned the human story in relation to the evolution of all else on the planet, thereby decentering earlier conceptions of time, life, and human agency. This essay reflects on what it means for our understanding of the human that the history of our species has become so intimately entangled with the material processes that make up the biosphere, while concurrently the temporal horizon of our imagination has been stretched forward and back, underscoring the brevity of human existence in relation to earthly time. I suggest that, despite significant changes in the resources with which we can rethink the human condition, drawing upon the sciences, history’s fundamental purposes have not been rendered irrelevant. These center, as before, on the normative project of connecting past and future in ways that make sense of human experience and give meaning to it. In particular, the question of how humans should imagine the stewardship of the Earth in the Anthropocene remains an ethical project for history and not primarily the domain of the natural sciences.
Conflicts of Planetary Proportion – A Conversation
Authors: Latour Bruno , Chakrabarty Dipesh
Published: November 2020

The introduction of the long-term history of the Earth into the preoccupations of historians has triggered a crisis because it has become impossible to keep the “planet” as one single entity outside of history properly understood. As soon as the planetary intruded into history, it became impossible to keep it as one naturalized background. By problematizing the planetary, Dipesh Chakrabarty has forced philosophers, historians and anthropologists to extend pluralism to the very ground on which history was supposed to unfold. Hence Bruno Latour’s attempt at counting the number of “planets” whose attractions are simultaneously being felt today on any political question. Each of his eight planets are defined by the disconnect between where they are situated and where they are imagined to be moving, which means that each planet is led by a different and incommensurable philosophy of history. Such a “fictional planetology” is then discussed by Chakrabarty, who reviews the difficulties historians have had in taking the nonhuman (and hence the planet) as a historical agent and then adds to Latour’s count a new planetary body which further complicates the geopolitical situation. The result of their joint effort is to shift questions of philosophy of history to philosophy of geography.
Unbinding from Humanity: Nandipha Mntambo’s Europa and the Limits of History and Identity
Authors: Domańska Ewa
Published: November 2020

This article shows that the question of “Historical Thinking and the Human” demands expanding the field of the philosophy of history. What I propose is to investigate the issue from two perspectives: firstly, by positioning it in the broader philosophical context, one that increasingly transcends the boundaries of the humanities to enter the realm of the life sciences; and secondly, by drawing on a wider range of analytical material than has usually been the case in classic works in the philosophy of history. I will critically reflect upon history’s anthropocentric biases, highlighting the need to develop an alternative to history. My thinking is aligned, on the one hand, with notions of the agency of images that have emerged from art criticism and visual culture studies (W.J.T. Mitchell), and, on the other hand, with the idea of theriomorphism, which I explore in terms of new animism, new totemism and philosophical ethology (Roberto Marchesini). In my analysis of works by the South African artist Nandipha Mntambo (cowhides and Europa), I argue that a future-oriented redefinition of the human should transcend the limited categories that have emerged within the framework of history understood as a Eurocentric approach to the past rooted in Greco-Judaic-Christian tradition.
Jamaica’s Windward Maroon “Slaveholders”
Authors: Johnson Amy M.
Published: November 2020

This article is a quantitative analysis of data sets from 1810–20 related to Maroon “slaveholding” in the Proceedings of the Honourable House of Assembly Relative to the Maroons, which have been published in the Journals of the House of Assembly of Jamaica. Colonial officials in Jamaica identified some Maroons in the Charles Town and Moore Town census records as slaves or slaveholders. The data provide important insights into how bondage may have functioned in Maroon settlements. The data, in combination with an analysis of nontraditional slavery, suggest that slaveholding practices among the Maroons may have been influenced by West African cultural norms and opportunities that emerged on the Caribbean island of Jamaica. This scholarship contributes to studies of both the Maroons in the Americas and nontraditional slaveholding.
Floral geometric morphometrics unveils a new cauliflorous species of Aristolochia (Aristolochiaceae) from the Guiana Shield

Authors: FREITAS JOELCIO , GONZÁLEZ FAVIO , PONCY ODILE , FEUILLET CHRISTIAN , ALVES-ARAÚJO ANDERSON
Published: November 2020

Aristolochia wankeana (Aristolochiaceae), a new species from French Guiana and Guyana, is described and illustrated here. Floral traits, primarily of the shape and size of the perianth limb, examined through a morphometric geometric analysis, are diagnostic to distinguish the new species from its relatives A. cornuta and A. iquitensis. The species belongs to Aristolochia subser. Anthocaulicae, characterized by having extremely short cauliflorous racemes with scale-like, triangular subtending bracts. This is the first study that uses morphometrics for taxonomic purposes in Aristolochia, an approach that becomes promising to solve species complexes in this genus.
A new species of Acianthera (Orchidaceae, Pleurothallidinae) from the Cordillera Central of Colombia

Authors: RINCÓN-GONZÁLEZ MILTON , SIERRA-ARIZA MARIO ALEXEI , KARREMANS ADAM P.
Published: November 2020

Acianthera Scheidweiler (1842: 292), a genus historically placed under the synonymy of Pleurothallis Brown (1813: 211), was reinstated by Pridgeon & Chase (2001) and redefined on the basis of molecular studies by Pridgeon et al. (2001). Additional DNA-based phylogenetic reconstructions, using broader sets of Acianthera species, resulted in further refinements in the circumscription of genus (Chiron et al. 2012, Karremans & Rincón-González 2015, Karremans et al. 2016).
Spatial distribution and content detection of gefitinib in tablets using confocal micro-raman spectroscopy mapping
Authors: Ma Li , Zhou Chun-Hua , Yang Bo , Han Xu , Cui Ying-Chun
Published: November 2020

In this study, we aim at establishing a method to evaluate the spatial distribution and content of gefitinib in tablets without destroying the tablets. The content of gefitinib tablets was determined by HPLC. Using confocal micro-Raman spectroscopy, with a wavelength of 785 nm and power
of 10%, gefitinib, starch, and hydrated magnesium silicate were scanned. Tablets with five concentrations of gefitinib (15.63–31.25%) were scanned with a 1000 × 1000 μm spectral resolution and live video imaging was performed. The surfaces of gefitinib tablets were scanned
and images were obtained by a continuous scanning method. Characteristic Raman spectra of tablets were obtained after surface scanning and map reviews of tablets with five concentrations of gefitinib for rapid and accurate identification. The characteristic spectral bands of gefitinib, starch,
and hydrated magnesium silicate were 1620 cm–1, 480 cm–1, 1350 cm–1 respectively. Comparing the surfaces of the tablets, it was found that the tablets with a flat and round surface are more suitable for Raman spectroscopy. Live video imaging
and scanning maps of five concentrations of gefitinib were performed. The results showed that the product with the content of 16.12% had a good mixing homogeneity. In conclusion, confocal micro-Raman spectroscopy can detect the spatial distribution and content of gefitinib tablets without
destroying tablets.
Synthesis of a 9,10-dihydro-9-oxo-10phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide-based reactive flame-retardant curing agent
Authors: Yi Liang , Huang Zhixiong , Yu Cao , Peng Yongli , Liu Xinglong
Published: November 2020

This paper aims to prepare a new curing agent, reactive flame retardant (DTF), through one-pot synthesis of 9,10-Dihydro-9-oxo-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO), formaldehyde and triacetonediamine for Epoxy resin (EP). This new DTF was successful prepared through Fourier-transform
infrared, 1H NMR, and 31P NMR spectroscopy. The flame-retardant epoxy thermoset was prepared using the 4′4-diaminodiphenylmethane (DDM) as a co-curing agent. The analysis results using the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) showed that DTF can cure EP and improve
the carbon residue yield of epoxy thermoset after burning. It observed that if the content of phosphorus was 1.0 wt%, the limiting oxygen index (LOI) of EP/DDM/DPT-4 was 30.4%, and UL94 reached the V-0 rating. The highest tensile property of the epoxy thermoset reached 98.56 MPa (P
content = 0.5%), whereas the highest flexural property reached 137.28 MPa (P content = 0.75%), and the highest impact property reached 24.1 KJ · m–2 (P content = 0.5%).
"All-inclusive" silicon nanoparticles for sensitive detection of blood glucose
Authors: Chen Lei , Yu Peilin , Lu Manling , Liu Jun , Chen Hualin
Published: November 2020

In this study, a success is achieved in developing a new variety of "all-inclusive" silicon nanoparticles with recognition components of boronic acid groups and anti-fouling components of PEG segments for the precise detection of glucose. The added glucose will contribute to the significant
fluorescence quenching of "all-inclusive" silicon nanoprobes. Not only does this method achieve the accurate detection of glucose in the range of 0.4 to 10 μM with a detection limit of 0.27 μM, it is also applicable to the clinical analysis of blood glucose.
Targeted study of thyroid-stimulating hormone antibody coupled with PLGA-COOH nanoparticles for thyroid cancer
Authors: Li Wenyuan , Zhang Yanmin , Sun Bowen , Dai Jianhua
Published: November 2020

In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effect of all-trans-retinoic acid (PLGA-COOH nanoparticles) on the induction of dedifferentiation of thyroid cancer and the enhancement of iodine uptake. Patients (32 cases) with pathologically confirmed thyroid cancer (24 differentiated and 8
undifferentiated) received all trans-retinoic acid (1.0–1.5 mg/kg) for six weeks. Whole-body imaging was performed after 72 h. Using the American phogamma camera, the radioactivity counts of each pixel in the metastasis was measured by the semi-quantitative method of region of interest
(ROI). Changes in uptake radioactivity of the metastases were compared before and after PLGA-COOH nanoparticle induction. The size of the metastasis was determined by ultrasound, X-ray, or computed tomography (CT), and the serum thyroglobulin (TG) was determined by radioimmunoassay. After
radioiodine treatment, the average measurable iodine uptake of different sites of metastasis was significantly lower than that before treatment. After 32 patients were treated with PLGA-COOH nanoparticles, the uptake of a single lesion was increased in 14 cases (43.8%), no significant change
was found in 7 cases (20.8%), and the uptake of one lesion was decreased in 6 cases (25%). In 827 cases, the metastasis decreased, 12 cases remained unchanged, and 7 cases increased. There was no correlation between the pathological type and the change of a lesion. After induction, serum TG
decreased in 12 cases (40%), increased in 11 cases (36.7%), and remained unchanged in 7 cases (23.3%). Serum TG level was not related to a change in iodine uptake ability. In 12 cases (37.5%), two indexes were changed (e.g., increased iodine uptake, reduced ROI, or decreased serum TG). Thyroid-stimulating
hormone nano interventional therapy breaks through the single and limitation of traditional treatment of thyroid diseases. PLGA-COOH nanoparticles can play an important role in the differentiation of differentiated thyroid cancer cells and the transformation of undifferentiated thyroid cancer
cells. PLGA-COOH nanoparticles provide an effective method to induce the treatment of undifferentiated thyroid cancer.
Effect of heat treatment on structure of nickel-based catalysts
Authors: Dong Yingnan , Tang Meiling , Li Shanshan , Zhao Yan , Zhang Dong , Tang Jian , Niu Wei , Bi Xiaoguo , Wang Jianyu , Zhang Xiaoyan
Published: November 2020

Nickel-based catalyst is the general-purpose catalyst with a wide application and good performance. Widely used in fine chemicals, petrochemicals and other industries, it has received continuous attention from researchers. Taking silica gel (SiO2) and HZSM-5 molecular sieves
as carriers, and Ni(NO3)2 · 6H2O and Cu(NO3)2 · 3H2O as precursors, in the work we prepared a series of NiO/SiO2, NiO/HZSM-5 and NiCu/HZSM-5 catalysts by impregnation method. Focused on the effects of
heat treatment (baking) temperature and time on the structure of the catalysts, the structure of the catalysts was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy. The results showed that in terms of carriers, HZSM-5 had stronger interaction with active metal particles than that SiO2
presented. It could better prevent the sintering agglomeration of catalytic particles during heat treatment, which is beneficial to preparing catalytic particles with smaller particle size. SiO2 exhibited better thermal stability for higher heat treatment temperatures and longer
heat treatment time. At the same time, the heat treatment at the high temperature for a long time was liable to cause sintering growth of the active metal particles of the catalysts. The selection of suitable heat treatment process conditions was critical to obtaining the highly active nickel-based
catalysts. The work briefly discussed the effect of heat treatment temperature and time on the structure of the catalysts, expecting to provide the useful reference for the preparation technology of supported nickel-based catalysts.
Preliminary screening of gastric cancer related transcripts based on nanometric magnetic beads
Authors: Liu Diqun , Cao Wenbo , Hu Guangsheng , Wang Nannan , Zhou Weiwei
Published: November 2020

The aim of this study was to use current genomics methodologies to screen for gastric cancer (GC)-related gene expression and to compare expression levels associated with GC and paracancerous tissues. These findings will be considered together with patient clinicopathological data with
the goal of identifying new tumor markers and novel directions for diagnosis and treatment. GC-associated gene expression profiles were identified in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) databases; these resources facilitated identification of genes that were
differentially expressed in GC and adjacent normal tissues. Genomics screening identified ∼49 genes that were expressed at comparatively high levels and 65 genes that were expressed at comparatively low levels in association with GC. Moreover, specimens from fifty-six patients diagnosed
with GC who underwent gastrointestinal surgery between March 2017 to September 2018 were used to generate RNA that was evaluated by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR in order to confirm differential expression of genes encoding orosomucoid 1 (ORM1), hepsin (HPN), uridine phosphorylase
1 (UPP1), and glycoprotein nonmetastatic melanoma protein B (GPNMB). The nucleic acid of these samples was extracted by nanometric magnetic bead method. Among our findings, GPNMB was expressed at relatively high levels in association GC, while both ORM1 and HPN are expressed at relatively
low levels in these tissues and expression of UPP1 remained unchanged. Taken together, our findings suggest that genomics methodologies can be used to identify differentially expressed genes in a comparison of GC to adjacent paracancerous tissue. Our findings also suggest that the transmembrane
glycoprotein GPNMB may play a role in promoting the incidence and development of GC.
Study of aldo-keto reductase AKR7A3 inhibits the proliferation gastric cancer cells via miR-199mediated suppression of MAPK activity
Authors: Zhou Weiwei , He Miao , Chen Ming , Chen Xuanming , Zeng Bin , Gong Hong , Hu Guangsheng
Published: November 2020

Gastric cancer (GC) is a common malignant tumor; as such, it will be critical to have a larger understanding of the mechanisms underlying GC development. In this study, we explore the mechanisms by which the enzyme, aldo-keto reductase family 7 member A3 (AKR7A3) inhibits the proliferation
and migration of GC cells via its role in regulating the synthesis of microRNA (miR)-199. We found that miR-199 expression was comparatively lower in GC compared to that detected in normal para-cancerous tissue; proliferation and migration of GC cells was augmented in response to overexpression
of miR-199. Furthermore, AKR7A3 regulated expression of miR-199 in cells of the SGC-7901 GC line; miR-199 in turn promoted the downregulated expression of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and G1 phase cell cycle arrest. Taken together, our results indicate that AKR7A3 acts to modulate
proliferation, invasion, and apoptosis of GC cells via the actions of miR-199. These findings provide a theoretical basis for the development of targeted therapy for GC.
Hydro-thermal synthesis of SnO2@hard-carbon ultrafine composites for anodic performances in lithium-ion batteries
Authors: Li Lingfang , Fan Changling , Zhang Weihua , Zeng Taotao
Published: November 2020

Preparation of nano-structured SnO2@HC composites is an effective strategy to develop advanced tin-based anode materials for Li-ion batteries. In this study, cellulose with three-dimensional multi-layer structure was chosen as hard carbon source. An ultrafine composite of
SnO2 and hard carbon, SnO2@HC, was prepared by hydro-thermal method. X Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), N2 adsorption–desorption technique, and electrochemical
characterization were used to illustrate the microstructure, surface composition, pore features, and electrochemical performance of this composite. Results showed that in-situ growth of 3–5 nm SnO2 dots anchored on hard carbon particles formed a stable structure with abundant
micropores and mesopores, which showed its good rate and cycle performance. The capacity stabilized at about 300 mAh/g after 10 cycles, at the current density of 200 mA/g. For the composite with Sn4+ to C molar ratio of 0.2:1, the discharge capacity was greater than 600 mAh/g at
the current density of 50 mA/g, and 160 mAh/g capacity was released at 2 A/g.
Pediatric Otolaryngology Telehealth in Response to COVID-19 Pandemic: Lessons Learned and Impact on the Future Management of Pediatric Patients
Authors: Belcher Ryan H. , Phillips James , Virgin Frank , Werkhaven Jay , Whigham Amy , Wilcox Lyndy , Wootten Christopher T.
Published: November 2020

Background:

Since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic outpatient medicine has drastically been altered how it is delivered. This time period likely represents the largest volume of telehealth visits in the United States health care history. Telehealth presents unique challenges within each subspecialty, and pediatric otolaryngology is no different. This retrospective review was designed to evaluate our division of pediatric otolaryngology’s experience with telehealth during the COVID19 pandemic.

Methods:

This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board at Vanderbilt University Medical Center. All telehealth and face-to-face visits for the month of April 2020 completed by the Pediatric Otolaryngology Division were reviewed. A survey, utilizing both open-ended questions and Likert scaled questions was distributed to the 16 pediatric otolaryngology providers in our group to reflect their experience with telehealth during the 1-month study period.

Results:

In April, 2020 our outpatient clinic performed a total of 877 clinic visits compared to 2260 clinic visits in April 2019. A total of 769 (88%) were telehealth visits. Telemedicine with video comprised 523 (68%) and telephone only comprised 246 (32%). There were 0 telehealth visits in April 2019. Interpretive services were required in 9.3% (N = 211) clinic visits in April 2019 and 7.5% (N = 66) of clinic visits in April 2020. The survey demonstrated a significant difference ( P < .00002) in provider’s anticipated telehealth experience (mean 3.94, 95% CI [3.0632, 4.8118] compared to their actual experience after the study period (mean 7.5, 95% CI [7.113, 7.887].

Conclusions:

Despite low initial expectations for telehealth, the majority of our providers felt after 1 month of use that telehealth would continue to be a valuable platform post-pandemic clinical practice. Limited physical exam, particularly otoscopy, nasal endoscopy, and nasolaryngoscopy present challenges. However, with adequate information and preparation for the parents and for the physician some of the obstacles can be overcome.
Corporate Governance Meets Corporate Social Responsibility: Mapping the Interface
Authors: Zaman Rashid , Jain Tanusree , Samara Georges , Jamali Dima
Published: November 2020

Despite ample research on corporate governance (CG) and corporate social responsibility (CSR), there is a lack of consensus on the nature of the relationship between these two concepts and on how this relationship manifests across institutional contexts. Drawing on the national business systems approach, this article systematically reviews 218 research articles published over a 27-year period to map how CG–CSR research has evolved and progressed theoretically and methodologically across different institutional contexts. To shed light on the full gamut of the CG–CSR relationship, we categorize and explore the nature of this relationship along two strands: (a) CSR as a function of CG and (b) CG as a function of CSR. Through this review, we identify key themes where CG–CSR research has lagged and account for under-explored contexts in this domain. Finally, we put forth a comprehensive agenda for progressing future research in the field.
Real-Time Risk Tool for Pharmacy Interventions
Authors: Nguyen Hanh L. , Alvarez Kristin S. , Manz Boryana , Nethi Arun , Sharma Varun , Sundaram Venkatraghavan , Julka Manjula
Published: November 2020

Background:

Adverse drug events (ADEs) result in excess hospitalizations. Thorough admission medication histories (AMHs) may prevent ADEs; however, the resources required oftentimes outweigh what is available in large hospital settings. Previous risk prediction models embedded into the Electronic Medical Record (EMR) have been used at hospitals to aid in targeting delivery of scarce resources.

Objective:

To determine if an AMH scoring tool used to allocate resources can decrease 30-day hospital readmissions.

Design, Setting, and Participants:

Propensity-matched cohort study, Medicine/Surgery patients in large academic safety-net hospital.

Intervention or Exposure:

Pharmacy-conducted AMHs identified by risk model versus standard of care AMH.

Main Outcomes and Measures:

A total of 30-day hospital readmissions and inpatient ADE prevention.

Results:

The model screened 87 240 hospitalizations between June 2017 and June 2019 and 4027 patients per group were included. There were significantly less 30 day readmissions among high-risk identified patients that received a pharmacy-conducted AMH compared to controls (11% vs 15%; P = 0.004) and no significant difference in readmission rates for low-risk patients. While there was significantly higher documentation of major ADE prevention in the pharmacy-led AMH group versus control (1656 vs 12; P < 0.001), there was no difference in electronically-detected inpatient ADEs between groups.

Conclusions:

A risk tool embedded into the EMR can be used to identify patients whom pharmacy teams can easily target for AMHs. This study showed significant reductions in readmissions for patients identified as high-risk. However, the same benefit in readmissions was not seen in those identified at low-risk, which supports allocating resources to those that will benefit the most.
Tourism-Induced Place Change: The Role of Place Attachment, Emotions, and Tourism Concern in Predicting Supportive or Oppositional Behavioral Responses
Authors: Lalicic Lidija , Garaus Marion
Published: November 2020

This study investigates residents’ emotional and behavioral responses to environmental changes caused by tourism development. Statistical analysis conducted on a comprehensive sample of 1,001 residents from Amsterdam, the Netherlands, explores emotional responses as an underlying mechanism used to explain residents’ behavioral responses as well as their tourism concern as boundary conditions for this mediating effect. In contributing to the extant debate on the role of place attachment (i.e., the bond between people and their environment) in predicting residents’ supportive behavior for tourism development, the findings reveal that high levels of place attachment generally result in oppositional behavior. Moreover, results confirm that emotions, as evoked by tourism-induced place change, explain residents’ supportive and oppositional responses. Positive emotional responses to tourism decrease the likelihood of residents’ oppositional behavior. High levels of tourism concern diminish the positive influence of place attachment on positive emotions.
Degree and Related Phenomena in the History of English: Evidence of Usage and Pathways of Change
Authors: Claridge Claudia , Kytö Merja
Published: November 2020

This introductory paper sets the scene for the present double special issue on degree phenomena. Besides introducing the individual contributions, it positions degree in the overlapping fields of intensity, focus and emphasis. It outlines the wide-ranging means of expressing degree, their possible categorizations, as well as the manyfold uses of intensification with respect to involvement, politeness, evaluation, emotive expression and persuasion. It also decribes the many angles from which degree features have been studied as extending across, e.g., (historical) sociolinguistics, (historical) pragmatics, and grammaticalization.
Supplying Barcelona: The Role of Public Market Halls in the Construction of the Urban Food System
Authors: Fuertes Pere , Gomez-Escoda Eulalia M.
Published: November 2020

The origin of Barcelona’s food system can be determined at the time when open-air markets were moved to covered spaces. Since then, market halls have adapted to many different scenarios: they have been the built form of public support for food sanitary control, a guarantee of quality and variety of edibles or a tool for the regeneration of urban fabrics. While in the second half of the twentieth-century comparable market systems in other European cities began to decline, half of the thirty-eight active markets at the end of the 2010s were built out of time in the city as a result of a public policy that accompanied urban expansion through the consolidation of small neighborhood centers. With the development of the so-called “Barcelona model” of regeneration of public space in the 1990s, markets became key pieces for urban transformation through food supply systems, a strategy still in force today.
Platform Competition: A Systematic and Interdisciplinary Review of the Literature
Authors: Rietveld Joost , Schilling Melissa A.
Published: November 2020

Over the past three decades, platform competition—the competition between firms that facilitate transactions and govern interactions between two or more distinct user groups who are connected via an indirect network—has attracted significant interest from the fields of management and organizations, information systems, economics, and marketing. Despite common interests in research questions, methodologies, and empirical contexts by scholars from across these fields, the literature has developed mostly in isolated fashion. This article offers a systematic and interdisciplinary review of the literature on platform competition by analyzing a sample of 333 articles published between 1985 and 2019. The review contributes by (a) documenting how the literature on platform competition has evolved; (b) outlining four themes of shared scholarly interest, including how network effects generate “winner-takes-all” dynamics that influence strategies, such as pricing and quality; how network externalities and platform strategy interact with corporate-level decisions, such as vertical integration or diversification into complementary goods; how heterogeneity in the platform and its users influences platform dynamics; and how the platform “hub” orchestrates value creation and capture in the overall ecosystem; and (c) highlighting several areas for future research. The review aims to facilitate a broader understanding of the platform competition research that helps to advance our knowledge of how platforms compete to create and capture value.
‘Yo Te AMLO’: Sentimentalism, threat and affective flows in political campaign song videos in Mexico
Authors: Green Andrew
Published: November 2020

Campaign song created as part of Mexico’s 2018 national election, usually circulated as part of music videos, produced citizenship as intimate, sentimental, affectionate and partial. In music videos published online, often anonymously, musicians sought to develop affective links with political candidates, negotiating intimate pathways for the construction of democratic subjectivities. Such videos pose difficult questions for the notion of the rational, information-driven voter. In this article I take a partly ethnographic, partly analytical approach to explore the rich set of affordances these videos present for the construction of political coalitions within emerging democracies. Exploring Brian Massumi’s theory of ‘ontopower’, I show how overlaps between threat and love served to heighten political indeterminacy, and demonstrate some of the perverse effects of this affective entanglement on the musicians involved. These videos, I highlight, raise questions about the power relations between political campaigns and audiovisual creativity in an increasingly rich media landscape.
False positive rates in positron emission tomography (PET) voxelwise analyses
Authors: Ganz Melanie , Nørgaard Martin , Beliveau Vincent , Svarer Claus , Knudsen Gitte M , Greve Douglas N
Published: November 2020

Issues with inflated false positive rates (FPRs) in brain imaging have recently received significant attention. However, to what extent FPRs present a problem for voxelwise analyses of Positron Emission Tomography (PET) data remains unknown. In this work, we evaluate the FPR using real PET data under group assignments that should yield no significant results after correcting for multiple comparisons. We used data from 159 healthy participants, imaged with the serotonin transporter ([11C]DASB; N = 100) or the 5-HT4 receptor ([11C]SB207145; N = 59). Using this null data, we estimated the FPR by performing 1,000 group analyses with randomly assigned groups of either 10 or 20, for each tracer, and corrected for multiple comparisons using parametric Monte Carlo simulations (MCZ) or non-parametric permutation testing. Our analyses show that for group sizes of 10 or 20, the FPR for both tracers was 5-99% using MCZ, much higher than the expected 5%. This was caused by a heavier-than-Gaussian spatial autocorrelation, violating the parametric assumptions. Permutation correctly controlled the FPR in all cases. In conclusion, either a conservative cluster forming threshold and high smoothing levels, or a non-parametric correction for multiple comparisons should be performed in voxelwise analyses of brain PET data.
Reduced glutathione does not further reduce contrast-induced nephropathy in elderly patients with diabetes receiving percutaneous coronary intervention
Authors: Wang Lingqing , Xu Enguo , Ren Shijia , Gu Xingjian , Zheng Jiping , Yang Jianguang
Published: November 2020

Objective

To investigate the preventive effect of hydration combined with reduced glutathione on contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) after coronary intervention therapy in elderly Chinese patients with diabetes.

Methods

Patients with diabetes aged ≥65 years, who received percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) between 1 August 2016 and 31 December 2018, were enrolled and randomized into two groups: patients treated with hydration combined with reduced glutathione (treatment group) and patients who received hydration alone (controls). Serum creatinine and creatinine clearance levels were measured in all patients before PCI and then daily for 3 days after PCI. Occurrence of CIN (the primary endpoint) was defined as serum creatinine value 25% or 44.2 mmol/l (0.5 mg/dl) above baseline at 72 h after an exposure to contrast medium.

Results

A total of 396 patients were included (treatment group, n = 204; and controls, n = 192). The CIN occurrence rate in the treatment and control group was 5.88% and 6.77%, respectively, with no statistically significant between-group difference.

Conclusion

In elderly patients with diabetes receiving PCI, the risk of CIN was not effectively lowered by hydration combined with reduced glutathione.
Time course of efficacy of ubrogepant for the acute treatment of migraine: Clinical implications
Authors: Goadsby Peter J , Blumenfeld Andrew M , Lipton Richard B , Dodick David W , Kalidas Kavita , M Adams Aubrey , Jakate Abhijeet , Liu Chengcheng , Szegedi Armin , Trugman Joel M
Published: November 2020

Background

The full utility of an acute treatment requires examination of the entire time course of effect during a migraine attack. Here the time course of effect of ubrogepant is evaluated.

Methods

ACHIEVE-I and -II were double-blind, single-attack, Phase 3 trials. Adults with migraine were randomised 1:1:1 to placebo or ubrogepant (50mg or 100mg, ACHIEVE-I; 25 mg or 50 mg, ACHIEVE-II). Pain freedom, absence of most bothersome symptom, and pain relief were assessed at various timepoints. Samples were collected for pharmacokinetic analysis. Data were pooled for this post-hoc analysis.

Results

Participants’ (n = 912 placebo, n = 887 ubrogepant 50 mg, pooled analysis population) mean age was 41 years, with a majority female and white. Pain relief separated from placebo by 1 h (43% versus 37% [OR, 95% CI: 1.30, 1.0–1.59]), absence of most bothersome symptom by 1.5 h (28% versus 22% [1.42, 1.14–1.77]), and pain freedom by 2 h (20% vs. 13% [1.72, 1.33–2.22]). Efficacy was sustained from 2–24 h (pain relief: 1.71, 1.1–2.6; pain freedom: 1.71, 1.3–2.3) and remained separated at 48 h (pain relief: 1.7, 1.1–2.6; pain freedom: 1.31, 1.0–1.7). Pharmacokinetic analysis demonstrated maximum plasma concentrations were achieved at 1 h, with pharmacologically active concentrations reached within 11 min and remaining above the EC90 for nearly 12 h.

Conclusions

Evaluation of the time course of effect of ubrogepant showed pain relief as the most sensitive and earliest measure of clinical effect, followed by absence of most bothersome symptom, and pain freedom. Efficacy was demonstrated out to 48 h, providing evidence of the long-lasting effect of ubrogepant. This evaluation supports the role of examining the entire time course of effect to understand fully the utility of an acute treatment for migraine. Trial registration: ACHIEVE I (ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02828020) and ACHIEVE II (ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02867709)
Ventilation use in nonmedical settings during COVID-19: Cleaning protocol, maintenance, and recommendations
Authors: Nembhard Melanie D , Burton D Jeff , Cohen Joel M
Published: November 2020

Coronavirus disease 2019, otherwise referred to as COVID-19, started in China and quickly became a worldwide pandemic. Beginning in March 2020, nonessential businesses in the United States were closed, and many communities were under shelter-in-place orders. As of May 2020, some business sectors started reopening, even amidst concerns of worker health as the pandemic continued. In addition to physical distancing, cleaning and disinfection routines, and using face coverings, building ventilation can also be an important risk mitigation measure for controlling exposure to SARS-CoV-2 indoors. A number of studies to date, however, have focused on ventilation in medical facilities (e.g. hospitals) as the risk of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is higher there (because of the close proximity of workers to patients who have the disease and their treatment procedures). Few studies have focused on ventilation use in nonmedical settings (e.g. office buildings and school classrooms), despite the large population of workers and community members in these facilities. In this article, we review the role that building ventilation can play in minimizing the risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission in nonmedical environments and some recommended protocols to follow for its proper use, including cleaning and maintaining mechanical ventilation systems for businesses, schools, and homes.
The Use of Healthcare Services by Prostate Cancer Patients in the Last 12 Months of Life: How Do We Improve the Quality of Care During This Period?
Authors: Tien Tony , Gkougkousis Evangelos , Allchorne Paula , Green James S. A.
Published: November 2020

Introduction:

Current research on prostate cancer is heavily focused on early detection and new treatments. There is a lack of research on the overall morbidity prostate cancer survivors face and the amount of healthcare treatment they receive toward the end of their lives. Identifying these care needs will allow appropriate healthcare modeling, resource allocation and service re-design to ensure higher quality care toward the end of life. The aim of this study is to quantify and analyze the use of healthcare services by patients dying with but not necessarily of prostate cancer.

Methods:

All patients who died with a diagnosis of prostate cancer during a 2-year period at a single hospital were included. Data on outpatient attendances, elective and emergency admissions and palliative care involvement in the 12 months prior to death were collected.

Results:

A total of 77 patients were included and of these, 60 (78.0%) had 545 scheduled appointments with 473 (86.8%) attendances. More non-attendances occurred in the last 6 months of life; 56 vs 16, p < 0.001. Nurse led clinics doubled in the last 6 months of life, 117 vs 66. There were 173 admissions from 63 (81.8%) patients resulting in 1816 days inpatient stay. This averaged to 2.7 admissions per patient for 10.5 days per episode. 32 (41.6%) patients were seen by palliative care resulting in 192 visits in total. 78 (40.6%) were inpatient and 114 (59.4%) were community reviews.

Conclusions:

In the last year of life, prostate cancer patients use a considerable amount of healthcare resources. Understanding this clinical and economical burden is important for healthcare remodeling to provide better quality care that is cost effective.
The ‘desertions crisis’ in the Irish defence forces during the Second World War, 1939–1945
Authors: Quinn Joseph
Published: November 2020

Throughout the course of the Second World War, approximately 7,000 personnel serving with the defence forces of neutral southern Ireland abandoned their posts and absented themselves from duty. A large majority of these absentees successfully evaded capture by their authorities, crossing the border into Northern Ireland and arriving at British combined forces recruiting centres where they enlisted in the British army and the Royal Air Force. At the conclusion of the war, in August 1945, some 5,000 soldiers listed as ‘absent without leave’ were formally dismissed from the defence forces, deprived of all pension and gratuity rights, and legally prevented from obtaining any form of publicly remunerated employment for a 7-year period. This article investigates desertion from the Irish defence forces during the Second World War, producing fresh conclusions as to why it occurred on such a large scale.
Success Drivers of Urban Haats Selling Craft Products
Authors: Gupta Rajesh , Sinha Piyush Kumar , Sahu Akash , Sood Vandana
Published: November 2020

Craft industry is as much the mainstay of the rural economy after agriculture. It provides occupation to a large section of population. However, it is characterised by fragmented individual artisans on one side and dispersed customers on the other. It also suffers from market separations. Urban haats were set up with the objective to present artisans and buyer on one platform and reduce these separations. In this study urban haats have been conceptualised as marketplaces that bring artisans and customers at one place to optimise their respective values. They also serve as a tool for disintermediation and a social distribution initiative and represent a retailing initiative in the inclusive entrepreneurship domain. This study focusses on identifying drivers of success of urban haats. Using a mixed method approach, data was collected from Haat officials and NGO members through personal interviews. The data from artisans and customers was collected through a survey using a structured response format. The study was conducted at 18 haats in 10 states.

The study highlights the factors that drive satisfaction of artisans and customers and the role of administrators in making the marketplace a success. Customer consider diversity of the products, quality of the products, behaviour of the salesperson, price parity with other markets, buying experience, parking space and aesthetics of the stalls as major influencing factors for the recommendation of the haats to other customers. Most important attributes of the haats in driving artisan satisfaction were stall allotment system, haat location, advertisements, product promotion and monitoring. It is also found that while the infrastructure is necessary, it is not sufficient in enhancing the performance and sustainability of haats. Administration of these haats plays a defining mediating role. Based on these findings, an approach is proposed for success of urban haats.
Butterfly vertebra and block vertebra cause overdiagnosis in trauma patients
Authors: Erdemir İsmail Bilal , Sarıhan Aydın , Kalemci Serdar , Can Çagdas , Rahman Fatih
Published: November 2020

Butterfly vertebra and block vertebra are usually reported incidental radiological view, which is a rare congenital defect of spine. Butterfly vertebra is a body formation characterized by anterior and median aplasia. The block vertebra is the result of an embryonically incomplete separation of vertebral bodies or arches or both. This rare congenital anomalies butterfly and block vertebra are usually stable and do not cause clinical symptoms.
Quality of Life and Self-Care Ability Among Individuals With Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Abu-Baker Nesrin N. , Al-Zyoud Ne’ma H. , Alshraifeen Ali
Published: November 2020

This study aimed to identify self-care ability, quality of life (QOL), and their related factors in individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI). A cross-sectional design and a convenience sample of 152 individuals with SCI from four SCI units and clinics in Jordan were used. Modified Barthel Index of Activities of Daily Living and the World Health Organization Quality of Life-BREF instruments were used. About 55.3% of participants reported moderate dependence on others to support their self-care ability, 48.0% reported good QOL, 65.8% were satisfied with their health after SCI, and physical and environmental domains received the highest scores. Having incomplete injury or paraplegia significantly predicted higher self-care ability. Being male, having a higher level of education, incomplete injury, paraplegia, and no pressure injury significantly predicted higher QOL ( p < .000). Collaboration is needed among health institutions, families, and communities to improve self-care ability and QOL after SCI.
Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy and Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction
Authors: Gireud-Goss Monica , Mack Alexis F. , McCullough Louise D. , Urayama Akihiko
Published: November 2020

Cerebral hemorrhage, a devastating subtype of stroke, is often caused by hypertension and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). Pathological evidence of CAA is detected in approximately half of all individuals over the age of 70 and is associated with cortical microinfarcts and cognitive impairment. The underlying pathophysiology of CAA is characterized by accumulation of pathogenic amyloid β (Aβ) fragments of amyloid precursor protein in the cerebral vasculature. Vascular deposition of Aβ damages the vessel wall, results in blood-brain barrier (BBB) leakiness, vessel occlusion or rupture, and leads to hemorrhages and decreased cerebral blood flow that negatively affects vessel integrity and cognitive function. Currently, the main hypothesis surrounding the mechanism of CAA pathogenesis is that there is an impaired clearance of Aβ peptides, which includes compromised perivascular drainage as well as dysfunction of BBB transport. Also, the immune response in CAA pathogenesis plays an important role. Therefore, the mechanism by which Aβ vascular deposition occurs is crucial for our understanding of CAA pathogenesis and for the development of potential therapeutic options.
Anterior uveitis after transepithelial photorefractive keratectomy: Demographics and clinical characteristics – a one-year analysis
Authors: Dhami Nimrata Bajaj , Dhami Abhinav , Dhami Gobinder Singh
Published: November 2020

Purpose:

To report a case series of anterior uveitis after Transepithelial Photorefractive Keratectomy (TransPRK) and determine its incidence, demographics and associated clinical features over a study period of 1 year.

Methods:

This retrospective case series comprised of 200 eyes (100 patients) which underwent elective TransPRK surgery for ametropia correction at a tertiary eye care center by two refractive surgeons over 1 year. TransPRK was performed on Streamlight software (EX500, Alcon Wavelight, Inc.). Postoperatively, all patients received topical antibiotic and steroid eye drops and tapered over 4 weeks.

Results:

The mean age of study patients was 25.76 ± 4.29 years with a pre-operative mean refractive spherical equivalent (MRSE) of –3.49 ± 2.12 diopter (D); 11.76% eyes had simple myopia and 88.23% had compound myopic astigmatism, mean ablation depth of 61.99 ± 24.27 um. Four patients (seven eyes) developed anterior uveitis with mean age of 25 ± 3.53 years, mean MRSE –2.91 ± 0.32 D, ablation depth 44.75 ± 5.29 um with a mean onset at 33.28 days postoperatively after surgery and 5.28 days after the routine postoperative topical steroid withdrawal. Laboratory and immunological tests were negative in all four patients. The incidence of TransPRK-related anterior uveitis was 3.5% over 1 year.

Conclusion:

Anterior uveitis after TransPRK is infrequent. It could be due to intraocular transmittance of high frequency excimer laser beams used for longer durations to provide continuous, single step ablation in this novel type of PRK surgery. Further studies are needed to investigate the mechanisms of this association.