bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Studies in the Metabolism of Plant Cells XI. the Donnan Equilibration and the Ionic Relations of Plant Mitochondria
Authors: Honda SI , Robertson RN
Published: November 2018

Ionic relations of mitochondria from red beetroot tissue (Beta vulgaris L.) sllsponded in various salt media were studied. Under the conditions of the experiments the mitochondrial suspensions behaved us a two-phase system, one coni,aining immobile ions and showing Donnan effects. Rome differences between mitochondria which showed simple Donnan charactoristics and those accumulating chloride ions aro described.
Enzymic Activities of Sub-Cellular Particles from Leaves II. Centrifugal Fractionation and Characterization of Particles in Homogenates of Etiolated Pea Leaves
Authors: Smillie RM
Published: November 2018

Homogonatos of otioluted pea leaves were ii'uetionated by diffm'ontiul 'rhe fraetiens were examined mierescopically, and ussaycd for nitrogen, nucleie acid, and pigment content, for the following cnzymossuecinoxidase, eytoehrome oxidase, and eyteehrome reductase, and fOt' their ability to carry out exidutive phosphOt'ylatieu. 1'hese st.udles revealed IGast four different types ef pm.,tides, llmnely nuclei, plastids, mitoehendl'ia, and particles of mitochendrial size, or smaller, laeking suecinexidase. Theso luttor particles contained cyl,oehrome roductase and corrosponded to the Inicrosomes of mammalian cells.
The Thermochemistry of Biological Nitrogen Fixation
Authors: Bayliss NS
Published: November 2018

Using standard thermodynamic data it is shown that tho oxidation of glucose by nitrogen to give carben dioxide and ammonia is all ovel'a.ll maction that involves a substantial evolution of heat and deel'easfl in ii'ee elH'rgy. 'I'his is not in a(lCOrdallce with literature statements that, biological nitrogen fixation is onrlothormie. In tho concluding section a Frost diagram is used to sun'oy the thcrrnodynamie data of oxidation l'C'adions related to nitrogen fixation.
Biological Activity of Complex Ions Mechanism of Inhibition of Acetylcholinesterase
Authors: H Koch Judith , C Gyarfas Eleanora , Dwyer FP
Published: November 2018

Previous experiments had shown that certain complex ions, whieh are co,ol'dinately saturated metal chelatcR lacking specifie gronps 01' centres, wern for mice aud inhibited acetyleholinestcrasc. As these iOllS nre extremely stable, undergoing no ehange in living organisms, it would be expected that any such effec!' would be physical and not ehcmieal in nature.
Symbiotic Variation in Trifolium Ambiguum M. Bleb. With Special Reference to the Nature of Resistance
Authors: Hely FW
Published: November 2018

(i) Tr'ifolium amb'iguum M. Bieb. was differentiated into a polyploid series of 2n, 4n, and 6n r~ces, which were examined in symbiosis with a number of st,rains of nodule bacteria.
The Effect of Sulphur Deficiency on the Free Amino Acids of Some Plants
Authors: Coleman RG
Published: November 2018

White clover (Trifolium rep ens L.) and four other species were grown in water culture with and without sulphur, and a semi-quantitative comparison was made of the free amino acid contents, using paper chromatography.
Chlorine and Bromine in the Nutrition of Higher Plants
Authors: Ozanne PG , Woolley JT , Broyer TC
Published: November 2018

Plants were cultured in purified inorganic salt solutions and with filtered glass-house air to reduce contamination by chlorine. Leaf and top yields of tomato and clover respectively were reduced by over 80 per cent. when insufficient chlorine was supplied.
Studies in the Physiology of Clostridium Botulinum Type E
Authors: Ohye DF , Scott WJ
Published: November 2018

Ten strains of Clostridium botulinum type E have been studied at 12 temperatures between 2�5 and 45�0. Growth proceeded consistently from spore inocula at temperatures between 5 and 37�5�0, but some strains developed slightly at ~empera� tures up to 45�0. Maximum rates of growth occurred at 35�0. The upper and lower temperature limits were several degrees lower than for type A and B strains.
Studies in the Metabolism of Plant Cells XII. Ionic Effects on Oxidation of Reduced Diphosphopyridine Nucleotide and Cytochrome C by Plant Mitochondria
Authors: Honda SI , Robertson RN , M Gregory Jeanette
Published: November 2018

Some effects of ions on the mitochondrial oxidation of reduced diphospho. pyridine nucleotide (DPNH) and cytochrome c were studied. Potassium, sodium, magnesium, .calcium, chloride, and orthophosphate consistently increased the rate of DPNH oxidation of beetroot mitochondria which had been isolated in a medium of O� 4M sucrose containing ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and tris(hydroxymethyl). aminomethane and washed in sucrose solution; the assay of DPNH oxidation was carried out in a O� 4M sucrose medium. The rate of DPNH oxidation was increased by increasing concentration of chlorides but decreased at higher concentrations. The optimum for divalent chloricles was lower than that for monovalent but the Ji~OLbli0" W':'O not marked when considered on the basis of ionic strengths. The optimal salt concentrations for stimulation of DPNH oxidation were much lower than those for stimulation of cytochrome c oxidation. It is concluded that this effect of salt on DPNH oxidation by mitochondria could explain salt respiration in plant tissue.
A Hypothesis of Developmental Selection Exemplified by Lethal and Semi-Lethal Mutants of Arabidopsis
Authors: Langridge J
Published: November 2018

A hypothesis of developmental selection is presented in which the internal factors of selection, barriers imposed by ontogenetic development, are considered in relation to the degree of survival of newly arisen deleterious mutations. This hypothesis states that the survival of such mutant genes to the stage of germination depends on the diffusibility of the metabolite required by the mutants and the ontogenetic stage at which it is required. As a corollary of the hypothesis, those lethal mutants of flowering plants that appear after germination should, with certain predictable exceptions, have requirements for low molecular weight substances which may be supplied from external sources.
Competitive Suppression and the Detection of Mutations in Microbial Populations
Authors: Grigg GW
Published: November 2018

In Neurospora, high concentrations of auxotrophic cells suppress the growth of prototrophic ones under conditions commonly employed in back�mutation experiments. This phenomenon is discussed in relation to the quantitative detection of rare variants in populations of microbial cells.
The Effects of Washing Treatments on the Composition of Salmonella Oranienburg
Authors: Christian JHB
Published: November 2018

Cells of Salmonella oranienburg grown in liquid media of water activity (awl O� 993 were washed in water and in solutions of sucrose, glycerol, N aCI, KCI, NH.Cl, and MgSO. at a range of aw? Retention of sodium and potassium by the cells and loss of compounds absorbing in the ultraviolet were measured. At pH 7� 5, cells retained most sodium after washing in water, while retention of potassium and ultraviolet-absorbing compounds was greatest after washing in isotonic sucrose and electrolyte solutions. Changes in the pH of washing solutions markedly affected retention of cell constituents. When washed in solutions of aw from 1�000 to 0'990, the contents of potassium and ultraviolet-absorbing compounds in the cells were a function of aw while the sodium content was largely dependent on the nature of the washing solute. These results are discussed and recommendations made concerning the choice of solutions for washing and suspending cells o� this organism.
The Effects of Incubation Temperature and Cold Shock on the Metabolism of Ram Spermatozoa
Authors: Blackshaw AW
Published: November 2018

The glycolysis of ram semen was measured at 37, 21, and 5�C. Measurements of QI0 over this range gave values between about 2 and 3 for changes in lactic acid and total reducing substances. Cold shock greatly reduced glycolysis and dehydrogenase activity which were only partially maintained by egg yolk and lecithin.
Strain Differences in the Morphology of the Gametes of the Mouse
Authors: Braden AWH
Published: November 2018

Characteristic differences in the morphology of the spenTI head have been noted between. the inbred mouse strains C57BL, CBA, A, and RIlL There were interstrain differences in the shape of the posterior portion of the sperm head and in the length and width of the .head. The spenTI of mice derived from certain interstrain crosses were also studied.
Membrane Stability in Micrococcus Lysodeikticus and its Protoplasts
Authors: Gilby AR , Few AV
Published: November 2018

The response of Micrococcus lysodeikticus and its protoplasts to storage in 1M sucrose has been studied by spectrophotometry and electron�microscopy. During several days, changes in membrane permeability properties result in the leakage of intracellular components absorbing at 260 mIL without loss of the stabil� izing effect of sucrose against osmotic explosion. Under some conditions of tempera.ture and pH, autolytic conversion of bacteria to osmotically sensitive "protoplasts" can be almost complete. Fresh protoplasts in 0�05M NaCl plus 1M sucrose are stable within the range of pH 5�5-8�0. Exposure of protoplasts to pH conditions outside these limits ca.uses lysis with disruption of the protoplast membrane.
Selection for an Invariant Character, Vibrissa Number, in the House Mouse II. Limits to Variability
Authors: Fraser AS , Kindred BM
Published: November 2018

A selection experiment for vibrissa number in tabby mice has been extended for 13 generations. Progress of selection for the first seven generations has already been reported. The results of the next six generations of selection are given and the whole experiment is considered with regard to (1) the shapes of the frequency distributions for the three genotypes (+, Ta+, and Ta�) for succeeding generations; (2) limits to phenotypic variation, i.e. canalization mechanisms; and (3) reproductive fitness.
Additional Resistance in Triticum Vulgare to Erysiphe Graminis Tritici
Authors: Pugsley AT
Published: November 2018

Additional genetic studies have been made of the resistance of four wheat varieties to races P, P.l, and T of Erysiphe graminis tritici.
Studies on the Rate of Wool Growth Using [35s]Cystine
Authors: Downes AM , Lyne AG
Published: November 2018

The radioautographic method has been used to study the length growth rate of wool fibres in a sheep subjected to changing nutritional conditions.
The Postnatal Development of Wool Follicles, Shedding, and Skin Thickness in Inbred Merino and Southdown-Merino Crossbred Sheep
Authors: Lyne AG
Published: November 2018

A quantitative study has been made of the postnatal development of the follicle population, the incidence of shed follicles, and changes in skin thickness in four Merinos and four Southdown-Merino crossbreds. The animals were sampled on 30 occasions from birth to approximately 2 years.
The Cultivation of Isolated Roots of Subterranean Clover and Effects of Amino Acids on their Growth Pattern
Authors: Goldacre PL , Unit H
Published: November 2018

First-passage, isolated roots of subterranean clover (Trifolium 8ubterraneum L.) were cultured in a basal medium of macro- and micronutrient salts and sucrose at pH 5�5. Effects of additives to this basal medium on growth rate and growth pattern of these roots and survival and growth of subcultures have been investigated
Accommodation of Gene-Chromosome Configuration Effects in Quantitative Inheritance and Selection Theory
Authors: Griffing B
Published: November 2018

Gene-chromosome configuration effects may be generated in at least two different ways. The first results from the position.effect phenomenon, and the second, which is manifest if the individual is evaluated on the basis of its inbred progeny, is due to the restriction of independent segregation because of linkage. The present study is an attempt to generalize the gene model used in quantitative inheritance and selection theory so that it may accommodate these effects.
Estimates of Cortical Differentiation in Normal and "Doggy" Merino Wools
Authors: JONEs G.
Published: November 2018

Ahmad and Lang (1957) reported a comparison of ortho- and para cortical proportions in normal and "doggy" Merino wools. The doggy samples had been selected by wool appraisers in several Australian States as characteristic examples of wools regarded in their States as markedly doggy. The normal wools with which they were compared were well-crimped wools of Australian origin, not necessarily from the same source as the doggy wools.
The Coupling of Cellobiase and Peroxidase by Glucose Oxidase
Authors: Jermyn MA
Published: November 2018

Youatt (1958) has described a method for estimating cellobiase activity that uses the coupled glucose oxidase-catalase system to determine manometrically the amount of glucose liberated from cellobiose by the enzyme. The high specificity of glucose oxidase makes it the reagent of choice for the otherwise difficult determination of glucose in the presence of excess cellobiose. The hydrogen peroxide produced by glucose oxidase can, however, also be demonstrated qualitatively by the use of peroxidase and both Eyer, Linzenmeier, and von Schrader (1957) and Huggett and Nixon (1957) have described sensitive quantitative glucose oxidase-peroxidase systems for determining glucose as such.
The Electric Double Layer and The Donnan Equilibrium in Relation to Plant Cell Walls
Authors: Dainty J , Hope AB
Published: November 2018

space in plant tissues into "water free space" (W.F.S.) and "Donnan free space" (D.F.S.) is examined in systems which contain electrically charged surfaces separated by various distances. It is suggested that plant cell walls should be described in terms of a system of electric double layers and not by classical Donnan equations. An approximate theory is presented which resl1lts in an expression for the equivalent width of D.F.S. in terms of the external concentration but which is independent of the surface charge density.
The Influence of Testosterone Treatment on the Development of the Bursa of Fabricius in the Chick Embryo
Authors: Warner NL , Burnet FM
Published: November 2018

1. The histological development of the bursa of Fabricius in the chicken is described.
Inheritance of Antibody Response IV. Heritability of Response to the Antigens of Rhizobium Meliloti and two Strains of Influenza Virus
Authors: Sobey WR , Adams KM
Published: November 2018

A heritability of -0�012 is obtained in mice to injections of Rhizobium meliloti as measured by the Vi antigen and 0�78 by the 0 antigen.
Inheritance of Antibody Response V. Correlated Antibody Responses to Various Related and Unrelated Antigens
Authors: Adams KM , Sobey WR
Published: November 2018

A number of correlation coefficients of responses of antibody injections of like and unlike antigens are presented. There is a suggestion that there is present a predisposition to immunity. The findings of negative correlations are discussed in view of suggestions of error of measurement of responses.
The Distribution of Larvae of Randomly Moving Insects
Authors: Williams EJ
Published: November 2018

Though randomly moving insects released from a central point in a uniform environment are often found to be distributed according to a circular normal distribution, their larvae will not conform to this distribution. When such insects lay at a constant rate and are subject to constant mortality, their larvae are found to be spatially distributed according to a highly peaked frequency function, depending on the modified Bessel function of the second kind. This theoretical conclusion is in good agreement with published data. Some of the properties of the theoretical distribution are discussed.
The Viability of Fowl Spermatozoa in Dilute Suspension
Authors: Wales RG , White IG
Published: November 2018

The motility of fowl spermatozoa is depressed at relatively high dilutions and the use of diluents with a high tonicity is important in helping to offset the detri� mental effect.
Studies on Marsupial Nutrition III. The Copper-Molybdenum-Inorganic Sulphate Interaction in the Rottnest Quokka, Setonix Brachyurus (Quoy & Gaimard)
Authors: Barker S
Published: November 2018

An investigation was commenced to determine whether induced copper depletion caused the seasonal anaemia known to occur in two populations of the quokka, Setonix brachyurus Quoy & Gaimard, on Rottnest 1., W.A. Long-term feeding of molybdenum and inorganic sulphate depressed liver and blood copper levels but anaemia was not produced. In experimental quokkas a relationship was found between absolute daily copper intake and copper levels in the faeces.
The Effect of Environmental Conditions on the Development of Pea Seeds
Authors: Robertson RN , Highkin HR , Smydzuk J , Went FW
Published: November 2018

The effects of environmental conditions on pea seeds developing in pods were investigated by 'growing the plants under controlled conditions in the Earhart Plant Research Laboratory. In one experiment plants were kept under a variety of conditions throughout their period of growth and of seed-pod development. In two experiments plants were grown under standard conditions until they flowered and were then transferred to a series of different environments. The environmental conditions investigated included photoperiod, light intensity, and day and night temperatures. Samples of seeds were taken at different times after flowering and seed growth was recorded by fresh weight and dry weight measurements. 'The samples were analysed for total sugar, reducing sugar, starch, total nitrogen, and protein nitrogen. The most striking results were the effects of night and day tem-peratures on the growth and composition of the seeds, particularly on the sugar content. At low temperatures, the conversion of sugar to starch was much delayed and sugar continued to increase in concentration during growth; at higher tem-peratures the sugar entering the seeds was rapidly converted to starch; thus the carbohydrate composition of seeds grown at different temperatures was markedly different. Protein synthesis was also delayed at lower temperatures. Water uptake and rate of drying out of the seeds were also affected. The possible implications and interrelations of these observations are discussed.
Bioelectric Oscillations of Bean Roots: Further Evidence foraFeedback Oscillator II. intracellular Plant Root Potentials
Authors: Jenkinson IS
Published: November 2018

Intracellular measurements using microelectrodes have revealed steady electronegative potentials across cell boundaries. Injury potentials and, in some cases, spontaneous oscillations with periods similar to those observed extracellularly have also been recorded. The amplitudes of these oscillations reach a maximum in the outer cortical cells of the root's elongating zone.
The Uptake and Assimilation of Selenite by Higher Plants
Authors: Peterson PJ , Butler GW
Published: November 2018

Plants of wheat, ryegrass, red clover, white clover, and Neptunia amplexicaul'is (a selenium accumulator) were grown in nutrient solutions containing 75Se-selenite ion. The uptake of 75Se was measured and the root and shoot tissues fractionated to examine the products of selenite assimilation.
Iodine Content of Pasture Plants II. inheritance of Leaf Iodine Content of Perennial Ryegrass (Lolium Perenne L.)
Authors: Butler GW , Glenday AC
Published: November 2018

Leaves of single plants of perennial ryegrass grown on the same soil were analysed for total iodine, using material from diallel crosses.
Inflorescence Initiation In Lolium Temulentum L. VI. Effects of Some Inhibitors of Nucleic Acid, Protein, and Steroid Biosynthesis
Authors: Evans LT
Published: November 2018

Smgle applications of 5-fluorouracil (5FU), 5-ftuorodeoxyuridine (5FDU). actinomycin D, chloramphenicol, ethionme, and tris-(2-diethylammoethyl) phosphate trihydrochloride (SK & F 7997 -A3) were made, at various times and sites, to plants of L. temulentum exposed to one long day, to determine when and where each had its greatest effect.
Induction of Mitosis By Sucrose in Excised and Attached Dormant Buds of Sunflower (Helianthus Annuus L.)
Authors: Ballard LAT , Wildman SG
Published: November 2018

The mitotic frequency in dormant cotyledonary buds of light-grown sunflower (Helianlhus annUU8 L.) plants is low. It may be sharply reduced, either by floating detached budR on a mineral solution for 6-24 hI', or by darkening plants for 3 days. This lowered mitotic frequency can be increased by the supply of sucrose alone, either to detached buds via the flotation medium, or to attached buds via the hypocotyl.
Studies on the, Comparative Physiology of Chara Australis 1. Growth Pattern and Gross Cytology of the Internodal Oell
Authors: J Peebles FV Mercer Marie , Chambers TC
Published: November 2018

The growth of the internodal cell and its parts appears to be allometric. Two growth phases are recognized, an exponential phase in the young cells followed by a linear phase during which the internode expands by up to 200 mm in length. In the exponential phase the cytoplasm to vacuole ratio declines from a very high value to about 0�04--0�06 and then remains constant throughout the linear phase. In the linear phase the structure of the protoplast, at the light.microscope level, is similar for all cells; a unit volume of the protoplast appears similar in cells from 10 to 200 rum in length.
Studies on The Greening of Dark-Grown Bean Plants I. Formation of Chloroplasts From Proplastids
Authors: Boardman NK , M Anderson Jan
Published: November 2018

Bean plants were grown in the dark for 10-14 days and then transferred to continuous artificial light for varying periods. After illumination, the plastids were isolated and purified by differential and density-gradient centrifugation. The structure of the plastids was studied by phase-contrast and fluorescence microscopy.
Studies on The Greening of Dark-Grown Bean Plants II. Development of Photochemical Activity
Authors: M Anderson Jan , Boardman NK
Published: November 2018

A study of the photochemical activity of plastids isolated from etiolated bean leaves which had been illuminated for increasing periods was undertaken. Proplastids isolated from etiolated leaves were inactive in the Hill reaction. Photochemical ferricyanide reduction was obtained with plastids isolated from etiolated leaves which had been illuminated for 6 hr. The reduction increased to a maximum value of 400 p.lloles ferricyanide/mg chlorophyll/hr after 10 hr of illumina� tion and thereafter decreased to 300,umoles ferricyanidejmg chlorophylljhr for mature bean chloroplasts. Plastids isolated from etiolated leaves illuminated for 16 hr reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) at a rate less than half that of mature chloroplasts, while B�hr plastids showed no NADP reduction.
Transpiration From Cotton Leaves Under a Range of Environmental Conditions in Relation to Internal and External Diffusive Resistances
Authors: Slatyer RO , Bierhuizen JF
Published: November 2018

tltudies on the transpiration of cotton leaves were made under a range of light intensities (3' 8, 7� 5, 15� 0, and 22�5 X 10'" erg cm-ll sec-I), temperatures (30, 35, and 40�C), and humidities (relative vapour pressures ranged from c. 0�4 to c. O� 8) at several low windspeeds, v, ranging from 0�6 to 3�1 em sec-I
Fatty Acid Oomponents of Ovine Plasma Lipids During Rumen Development
Authors: Masters CJ
Published: November 2018

The plasma lipids of young lambs have been separated by chromatography on silicic acid into cholesterol ester, triglyceride, free fatty acid, and phospholipid fractions. Alterations in the fraction weights and fa.tty acid components of these lipid fractions have been followed from birth to the stage of dietary independence. During this period, a number of changes were evident, and these results have been discussed in relation to the alterations in lipid metabolism with growth and rumen development.
Fatty Acid Components of Ovine Extrahepatic Tissues After Rumen Development
Authors: Masters CJ
Published: November 2018

The lipids of ovine heart muscle, kidney, skeletal muscle, and depot fat have been separated into cholesterol ester, triglyceride, free fatty acid, and phospholipid fractions by chromatography on silicic acid. Fatty acid components of these fractions have been identified and estimated by gas chromatography, and include two unusual major components from muscle and kidney phospholipid. The interrelationships between these results and comparative values for other species are discussed,
Studies on Ovalbumin I. Denaturation By Heat, and the Heterogeneity of Ovalbumin
Authors: Smith MB
Published: November 2018

The denaturation of ovalbumin by heat at pH 2-3 hus been studied by following the changes in optical rotation, viscosity, solubility at the isoelectric point, and amount of aggregated protein observed in the ultracentrifuge. The laevorotation and reduced viscosity of heated solutions of ovalbumin increa�se with ionic strength and protein concentration. This effect is related to the state of aggregation of the denatured protein and not to the extent of denaturation as measured by changes in solubility. The initial denaturation step is irreversible but does not involve the extensive unfolding observed in urea solutions.
Studies on the Enzymic Browning of Apples II. Properties of Apple Polyphenoloxidase
Authors: Walker JRL
Published: November 2018

The properties of a particulate polyphenoloxidase preparation from young apple fruit have been investigated. Chlorogenic acid, D-catechin, and hydrocaffeic acid were found to be the substrates most rapidly oxidized by this preparation, but its action on a number of other phenolic compounds was also investigated. The inhibition of the oxidation of phenolic compounds by cysteine and other thiol compounds was studied in detail.
Studies on the Comparative Physiology of Chara Australis II. The Fine Structure of The Protoplast
Authors: CHAMBERS TC , MERCER FV
Published: November 2018

The fine structure of the internodal cells of G. australis in the linear phase of cell expansion is described from electron micrographs of thin sections of osmium. and permanganate-fixed material. . The static picture obtained is basically similar to that of the parenchyma cells of higher plants as established by electron-microscope observations. A unit volume of protoplast has the same fine structure in cells ranging from 1 em to many centimetres in length, and contains cell wall, plasmalemma, tonoplast, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi bodies, micro somes, mitochondria, chloro_ plasts, nuclei, and other inclusions. This constant structure may account for the constant metabolism per unit volume of protoplast during the linear phase of development. A brief discussion of the possible significance of this picture of the structure of the internodal protoplast to the functional activity of the cell is given.
Products of Anaerobic Metabolism of Tetrathionate by Thiobacillus X
Authors: Trudinger PA
Published: November 2018

Under anaerobic conditions tetl'athionate was metabolized by washed cells of Thiobacillus X to thiosulphat,e, sulphate, and smnll amounts of trithionate and pentathionate. Depending upon the growth history of the cells large amounts of either elementary sulphur or higher polythionates were also former1. Some oxidation of the inner sulphur of tetrathionate occurred during tho metabolism of t�etra� thionate under nitrogen. The quantitative relationships between the amounts of tetrathionate metabolized and the products suggested that a major reaction was hydrolysis according to the equation:
A Membrane Preparation From Insect Flight Muscle Sarcosomes
Authors: Gilby AR
Published: November 2018

A membrane fraction was prepaxed from the sarcosomes of the thoracic muscles of Lucilia cuprina by the action of 0�5 % sodium deoxycholate. The sarcosome membranes contained 23% of lipid extracted with solvents in three separate fractions. Acid hydrolysis of the defatted membranes liberated 14 amino acids which were estimated semiquantitatively, but no sugars or amino sugars could be detected. The proportion of phospholipid 'contained in the sarcosome and sarcosome membrane lipids was less than that reported for the lipids of other mitochondria. The breakdown of sarcosomes by deoxycholate was accompanied by loss of lipid components which were not phospholipid in nature. Most of the phospholipids and sterols of sarcosomes formed part of the membrane structure.
The Enzymatic Activity of Bull Testis and Epididymal Spermatozoa
Authors: Blackshaw AW
Published: November 2018

The reduction of the tetrazolium salt, 2-(p-iodophenyl)-3-(p-nitl'ophenyl)- 5-phenyl tetrazolium chloride (INT), has been used to study the enzymatic activity of bull testis cells and epididymal spermatozoa. Significant reduction ofINT occurred when the substrates were succinate, glucose 6-phosphate, lactate, sorbitol, malate, and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. When ,B-hydroxybutyrate and glutamate were substrates significant reduction of INT Was only found in epididymal spermatozoa.
Neogenesis of Wool Follicles
Authors: Lyne AG , Brook AH
Published: November 2018

The possible formation of new wool follicles in healing experimental wounds was studied in one adult sheep and in three new-born lambs. True neogenesis 'was considered to have occurred in the epithelium covering the scars, though relatively few follicles were observed. Attempts to prevent contraction of the scar tissue, so that formation of new follicles might be encouraged, were unsuccessful. This failure is possibly the reason for the paucity of new follicles. Several early-stage follicles, seen in association with the neck region of existing follicles surrounding the wound margin, were also considered to be newly formed.
Studies on the Follicle Bulb of Fibres I. Mitotio and Cellular Segmentation in the Wool Follicle With Reference to Ortho·and Parasegmentation
Authors: Fraser EB
Published: November 2018

IThere is a gradient in the density of cells in mitosis which decreases in a proximodistal direction. Mitotic activity ends at a height one cell layer above the apex of the papilla. The decreasing mitotio density gradient commences at a level, in all bulbs, coincident with the proximal limit of differentiation of Henle's layer of the inner root sheath.
Distribution Of Phosphorus During Wheat Grain Development
Authors: Rijven AHGO
Published: November 2018

In a study on the development of the wheat grain (Rijven and Oohen 1961) it was found that the tissues of maternal origin, in contrast to those of the endosperm and embryo, showed early maxima "With respect to protein content and enzyme activity. In some respects the pattern reflected the histogenesis and histolysis of diverse layers which at maturity constitute the grain coat or testa-perioarp.
The Polyphenoloxidase of Pear Fruit
Authors: Walker JRL
Published: November 2018

Following a study of the enzymic browning of apples (Wall,"r 1964) a similar study of pear polyphenoloxidase (PPO) was initiated.
Ammonia?An Early Stable Product of Nitrogen Fixation by Soybean Root Nodules F. J. Bergersen
Authors: Bergersen FJ
Published: November 2018

Experiments with detached soybean root nodules exposed to atmospheres containing very high enrichments of 15N 2 for short periods of time have shown that at about 1 min from the commencement of fixation more than 90% of the soluble fixed nitrogen could be accounted for as ammonia. The proportion of the newly fixed nitrogen in this form then rapidly diminished as the ammonia was rapidly converted to amino and other compounds. After fixation for 10 min, only about 20 % of the newly fixed nitrogen was ammonia. Fixed nitrogen in amides rose steadily for 1 hr and after that time was equal in concentration to the fixed nitrogen in the form of ammonia.
Physiology of Sugar-Cane VII. Effects of Temperature, Photoperiod Duration, and Diurnal and Seasonal Temperature Changes on Growth and Ripening
Authors: Glasziou KT , Bull TA , Hatch MD , Whiteman PC
Published: November 2018

Independent and interaction effects of day and night temperature, photo-period duration, and diurnal thermoperiodicity were studied on sugar-cane grown under controlled environments. During the first 3 months of growth, day and night temperature effects were mainly additive, but at 6 months the interaction effects of all variables were numerous and complex. Many of the interaction effects could be attributed to increased responses to constant-temperature regimes with a 12-hr photoperiod. No evidence for thermoperiodicity requirements was found.
Changes in Ph Associated with the Application of Ammonia and Potassium Hydroxide to Diapausing Eggs of Teleogryllus Commodus (Walk.) (Orthoptera: Gryllidae)
Authors: Hogan TW
Published: November 2018

Diapausing eggs of T. commodus were exposed to a:mmonia evolved from solutions of ammonium hydroxide in desiccators for specific periods. It was found that the pH of the egg contents increased with increase in concentration of the ammonium hydroxide and the period of exposure.
The Effects of Acute Exposure to High Temperatures on Prenatal Development in the Mouse with Particular Reference to Secondary Vibrissae
Authors: R Pennycuik Pamela
Published: November 2018

(1) Mioe of different gestational ages (1-18 days) were exposed to raised temperatures by exposing their mothers to 43�0 for 1 hr.
The Multiple Forms of Ovine Laotate Dehydrogenase
Authors: Hinks Mary , Masters CJ
Published: November 2018

The extent of the multiplioity of laotate dehydrogenase in ovine tissues has been investigated by means of ion-exohange ohromatography on CM-and DEAE-oellulose, staroh-gel eleotrophoresis, and substrate aotivity ratios. The existenoe of five multiple forms of this enzyme has been demonstrated along with an unusual distribution of aotivity amongst the isoenzymes. These findings have been disoussed in relation to methodology, ontogeny, physiologioal funotion of the parental tetramers, and ruminant metabolism.
The Fractionation of ?-Histone from Chicken Erythrocyte Nuclei
Authors: Bellair JT , Mauritzen CM
Published: November 2018

Chicken erythrocyte .a.histone, whose behaviour on moving boundary electro-phoresis or on ultracentrifugation did not indicate any heterogeneity, has been resolved into seven components by starch.gel electrophoresis.
Movement of Previously Deposited 45ca in Subterranean Clover (Trifolium Subterraneum l.) by Foliar Injections of Certain Cations
Authors: Millikan CR , Hanger BC
Published: November 2018

45Ca deposited in subterranean clover (cv. Dwalganup) either 9 days or 9 weeks previously showed movement following foliar injection into the plant of nonradioactive Ca2+, Zn2+, Mn2+, or Mg 2+, but not water.
Subcellular Organization of the Cotyledons in Germinating Seeds and Seedlings of Pisum Sativum L.
Authors: M Bain Joan , Mercer FV
Published: November 2018

Ultrastructural changes observed in pea cotyledon cells during germination of the seed and establishment of the seedling have been related to parallel anatomical and physiological changes in the cotyledons, observations being made at daily intervals up to the lOth day, and less frequently up to the 22nd day from planting. The changes have been related to three distinct phases recognized in the development of the seedling.
The relationship of the Axis and the Cotyledons in Germinating Seeds and Seedlings of Pisum Sativum L.
Authors: M Bain Joan , Mercer FV
Published: November 2018

Observations recorded extend previous investigations on changes occurring in cotyledons during the development of the seedling of Pisum sativum L., and were made in order to further understanding of the complex relation between the axis and cotyledons in germinating pea seeds and seedlings.
The Reflection of Visible Radiation from Leaves of Some Western Australian Species
Authors: Pearman GI
Published: November 2018

A spectrophotometer with an integrating sphere-reflectance attachment was used to determine total reflectances of leaves after irradiation with visible light of wavelengths ranging from 340 to 620 m/,-, Reflectance measurements were made at 20-m/,- intervals in this range. The leaves of 32 Western Australian plant species were studied, and where upper and lower surfaces were different these were con� sidered separately. No significant differences were found between the reflectanceR of leaves from different topographic areas.
The Redistribution of Nitrogen in Silage by Lactic-Acid-Producing Bacteria
Authors: Brady CJ
Published: November 2018

Consideration is given to the part played by the lactic-acid-producing bacteria in nitrogen redistribution during ensilage. In suitable media, silage strains of Lactobacillu8 plantarum, Lactobacillu8 brevi8, and Pediococcu8 sp. were shown to have a net uptake of ammonia during growth, but this uptake was considered to have small effect on the net production of ammonia during ensilage. Cell suspensions of Lb_ plantarum produced ammonia from serine, and those of Lb. brevi8 and Pediococcu8 sp. ammonia from arginine. These reactions were studied particularly as regards the influence of pH and the physiological age of cells, and their likely contribution to ammonia production during ensilage is discussed. During growth of the lactic acid bacteria in media of defined amino acid composition, ornithine derived from arginine was the only ninhydrin-positive substance produced in significant amount.
The Response to Artificial Selection Due to Autosomal Genes of Large Effect III. The Effects of Linkage on the Rate of Advance and Approach to Fixation in Finite Populations
Authors: Latter BDH
Published: November 2018

The effects of linkage on the total response to artificial selection in finite populations have been discussed in the second paper of this series, making use of a simple genetic model involving two identical loci of additive effect. In the present paper the following related parameters are discussed: (1) the initial rate of response; (2) the half-life and 0�95 life of the selection process; (3) the number of generations to 50 and 95% fixation; (4) the mean coefficient of linkage disequilibrium; and (5) the coefficient of joint segregation.
Variation of Scutellar Bristles in Drosophila XII. Selection in Soute Lines
Authors: Fraser AS
Published: November 2018

Selection has been practised in scute lines for increased number of scutellar bristles. The substitution of sc+ into these lines showed that the selection in scute had correlated effects on the number of extrascutellar bristles in wild-type. Crosses between scute and wild-type selection lines show that selection for extrascutellar bristles in wild-type has a correlated effect on the number of scutellar bristles in 8cute. This correlation is not complete; one component of the genetic system controlling the occurrence of extrascutellars doeR not have concomitant effects on the number of scutellar bristles in scute.
The Metabolism of Ram Spermatozoa in the Presence of Genital Fluids of the Ewe
Authors: Wales RG , Restall BJ
Published: November 2018

The metabolism of washed ram spermatozoa has been studied in the presence of fluids collected from the genital tract of the ewe. The presence of cervicovaginal, uterine, tubal, and follicular fluids increased oxygen uptake by spermatozoa when compared with their oxygen uptake in saline alone. Stimulation of oxygen uptake above controls did not occur when glucose was added to the incubation medium, indicating that the increase observed was due to the presence of substrate in the fluids. In the presence of added glucose, however, vaginal, tubal, and follicular fluid stimulated aerobic and anaerobic glycolysis. The effect was abolished by dialysis.
Products of Metmyoglobin Oxidation at Acid pH
Authors: King NK , E Winfield M
Published: November 2018

When the oxidation of metmyoglobin or methaemoglobin by H 20 2 is carried out at pH 5 or less the principal product absorbs at 525 m!'-. It is taken to be the conjugate acid of the ferrylmyoglobin or ferrylhaemoglobin which is the main oxidation product at neutral pH and which absorbs at 545 m!'-. It appears to be susceptible to further attack by H202, yielding an inert ferric complex which absorbs at 586 m!'-, and which cannot be reduced to an oxygen carrier. Formation of the 586 m!,- complex could be a minor factor in the aging of erythrocytes. Whale metmyoglobin differs from that of horse in not being oxidized to the ferryl state by chloroiridate ion if the pH is less than 6�5.
The Boron Nutrition of the Diatom, Cylindrotheca Fusiformis, Grown on Agar, and the Biological Activity of Some Substituted Phenylboronic Acids
Authors: Neales TF
Published: November 2018

The boron requirement of the diatom Oylindrotheca fusiformis Reimann & Lewin, grown in liquid culture, was confirmed, Methods are described in which this requirement is also easily demonstrated on agar, when it is satisfied by 10-5M boric acid, Using this agar technique, the ability of various organic (and other) boron compounds to elicit a growth response on boron-deficient agar media was studied. Aqueous solutions of germanium dioxide were inactive. The results are discussed in relation to the various hypotheses regarding the relationship between the chemical structure and biological activity of boron compounds. The results obtained are consistent with the "complexing hypothesis" for the biological activity of borate.
Influence of Soil Fertility and Moisture on Lysis of Fungal Hyphae
Authors: Bumbieris M , Lloyd AB
Published: November 2018

Live hyphae of 13 different fungi lysed faster (from 2 to 7 days) in a fertile garden soil than in an impoverished wheat-field soil (from 3 to 12 days). Also, rate of lysis was more rapid in wet than in dry soil. Two types of lysis occurred: disappearance of protoplasm and cell wall concurrently, a feature of wet soil; and loss of protoplasm leaving an empty cell wall, as seen in dry soil.
A Relationship Between Sulphur Content of Wool and Wool Production by Merino Sheep
Authors: Reis PJ , Tunks DA , Williams OB , Williams AJ
Published: November 2018

The sulphur content of wool from 66 Peppin Merino wethers maintained together at pasture was measured in midside staples representing 49 weeks growth. The distribution of sulphur values was normal with a mean of 3�43 % and a range of 3�08-3�92 %. The sulphur content of the wool was inversely related to wool production among these sheep. There were no significant differences in the relationship when wool production was expressed as fleece weight index (F.W.I.), i.e. clean fleece weight/body weight (r = -0�48), as clean fleece weight (r = -0�42), or as wool growth per unit area of skin (r = - 0�37). The mean sulphur content of wool from sheep with the 10 highest values for F.W.I. was 3�27%, compared with a mean of 3 �55% sulphur for wool from sheep with the 10 lowest values for F.W.I.
Variation of Scutellar Bristles in Drosophila XIII. Effects of Scute Alleles
Authors: Miller DH , Fraser AS
Published: November 2018

The BCI and 8C' alleles have been substituted for 8C+ in a number of lines selected for extra (supernumerary) scutellar bristles. The gene extra-vert, which causes a marked increase in the number of scutellar bristles, is either present or absent in these lines. The substItution of 8C for 8C+ results in the suppression of extra-vert and its modifiers (termed the j3-system), but does not markedly affect the modifiers of 8C+ (termed the a-system).
Variation of Scutellar Bristles In Drosophila XIV. Effects of Temperature and Crowding
Authors: Fraser AS , Erway L , Brenton W
Published: November 2018

Several lines of D. melanoga8ter which were selected for increased numbers of scutellar bristles have been analysed for their response to temperature and larval density. Genetic data are summarized which indicates that two different polygenic systems have been separately involved in the selection responses. The one system, designated as the oo-modifiers, has been involved in the presence of 8cute+ and shows a correlated response in the presence of 8cute alleles. The other system, designated as the .a-modifiers, has been involved in several lines which also possess a major gene, provisionaJIy called extra-vert. This gene is a chromosome III recessive which manifests itself by increasing the number of dorsocentral and vertical as well as scutellar bristles. The effects of temperature and larval densities permit a further discrimination between these two genetic systems involved in bristle determination. A model is presented for the interaction of these two systems.
A Mechanism of Resistance to Organophosphorus Acaricides in A Strain of the Cattle Tick Boophilus Microplus
Authors: Schutner CA , Roulston WJ , Schnitzerling HJ
Published: November 2018

Radioactive coumaphos, diazinon, cis- and trans-dioxathion, and dioxene derivative of dioxathion individually gave similar results for penetration and metabolism in larvae of an organophosphorus-resistant and an organophosphorussusceptible strain of cattle tick. The phosphorothionates, coumaphos and diazinon, were metabolized to their respective oxygen analogues, diethyl thiophosphate and diethyl phosphate. The dioxathion components, phosphorothiolothionates, were metabolized additionally to diethyl dithiophosphate. The production of cholinesteraseinhibiting oxidation metabolites from the dioxathion components was shown indirectly by the considerable lowering of acetylcholinesterase activity in treated larvae and by assays for enzyme inhibitors in larvae treated with trans-dioxathion_
Chromosome Pairing in a Nulli-5b Di-5d Wheat Haploid
Authors: Baker EP , Mcintosh RA
Published: November 2018

Common wheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend. TheIl. subsp. vulgare) normally behaves as a strict allohexaploid forming only bivalents at meiosis. Chromosomes of homoeologous group 5, particularly 5B and 5D, are important in the genetic regulation of this behaviour. The failure of homoeologous chromosomes to pair is due to the pairing suppression shown by chromosome 5B (Riley 1960). In part the evidence is that nulli-5B haploids exhibit a high degree of bivalent and multivalent associations (Kimber and Riley 1963). Riley (1960) found that 5B interferes with processes leading to synapsis. Riley, Chapman, and Kimber (1960) located this activity on the long arm of 5B (5BL). Feldman (1966) concluded that it regulates premeiotic chromosome association. Further he found that, although six doses of 5DL have no observable meiotic effect, nullisomic-5D plants are partially asynaptic. However, they exhibit homoeologous pairing with interlocked bivalents and he concluded that 5D carries a gene increasing premeiotic association and hence that its effect is opposite to that of 5B. Riley (1966) also reported that in nulli-5D tetra-5B plants there is considerable reduction in metaphase chiasmata frequencies at low temperatures. From a comparison with tetrasomic-5B individuals he suggested that this reduction is due to the deficiency of chromosome 5D which implies that 5D carries a gene(s) which stabilizes meiotic pairing against variations due to temperature differences. From chiasmata frequencies per chromosome at different temperatures in plants with varying doses of homo eo logo us group 5 chromosomes Riley et al. (1966) confirmed that chromosome 5D is vital for the maintenance of normal synapsis at low temperatures.
A Resistance Mechanism in Organophosphorus-Resistant Strains of Sheep Blowfly (Lucilia Cuprina)
Authors: Schutner CA , Roulston WJ
Published: November 2018

After extensive field use of diazinon for control of Lucilia cuprina (Wied.) a 3�1 times resistant (DB) strain appeared (Shanahan 1966). Subsequently a 10 times resistant (G) strain has been found (Shanahan, personal communication). Resistance was confirmed but slightly lower factors of 2�2 and 6 for� the DB and G strains respectively were determined. Studies on penetration and metabolism and acetylcholinesterase inhibition in vivo and in vitro in the resistant strains, DB and G, and in a susceptible strain, LS, were made using [14C]diazinon and unlabelled diazoxon. Sufficient differences were found in in vivo inhibitor levels in the strains following equal diazinon treatment to account for the resistance factors. In add~tion, the thoracic acetylcholinesterase of the G strain was less sensitive to inhibition than those of the other two strains.