bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Differential response of seven duiker species to human activities in Taï National Park, Côte d'Ivoire
Authors: Diarrassouba Abdoulaye , Gnagbo Anthelme , Célestin Kouakou Yao , Campbell Geneviève , Tiedoué Manouhin Roland , Tondossama Adama , Kühl Hjalmar S. , Koné Inza
Published: July 2019

African rainforest is severely impacted by human activities, ranging from resource collection, selective logging to fragmentation and scale deforestation. Consequently, large mammal communities occurring therein are strongly modified. Here, we present a study conducted in Taï National Park (TNP), which characterises the spatial distribution and differential response of seven duiker species to human activities. Based on extensive survey data recorded between 2005 and 2015, we used a maximum entropy modelling approach for predicting duiker species distribution and a hierarchical clustering approach to identify potential subgroups in the duiker community. The seven duiker species clearly differed in their spatial distribution, with Cephalophus dorsalis and Philantomba maxwellii being the most common and widely distributed with no clear response towards gradients of impact from human activities. In contrast, Cephalophus ogilbyi, Cephalophus jentinki, Cephalophus sylvicultor and Cephalophus zebra showed increasing responses towards anthropogenic impact gradients, with the latter two being particularly sensitive. These duikers are not found in areas of illegal human activities. The restricted distribution of Cephalophus niger seems artificial and may indicate species misidentification. The strong spatial signature of human activities in the duiker community of TNP is of concern. Effective park management, including extensive ranger patrols, is vital for ensuring the persistence of this unique duiker community in West Africa.
The relationship between bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytology and airway hyper‐reactivity in a population of Australian horses presented for poor performance
Authors: Secombe CJ , van Eps AW , Bruce M , Lester GD
Published: July 2019

Objective

To investigate the relationship between bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytology, particularly mast cells, and airway hyper‐reactivity in athletic horses presented for poor performance that included a respiratory tract evaluation in two disparate locations in Australia.

Design

Multi‐centre, retrospective and prospective cross‐sectional study

Methods

Eighty four adult horses underwent both pulmonary function testing and histamine bronchoprovocation with a commercial flowmetric plethysmography system. A bronchoalveolar lavage was performed four to twelve hours later. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytology was categorised using two differing classification systems to define mild equine asthma. Statistical analysis was used to assess associations between bronchoalveolar lavage fluid relative inflammatory cell percentages, and airway hyper‐reactivity and their associated categorisations.

Results

Sixty four percent (54/84) of horses displayed airway hyper‐reactivity, as defined by PC35 < 6 mg/ml of histamine. A relative mastocytosis was the most common bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytological abnormality. Horses with a sole mast cell response of ≥ 5% within their bronchoalveolar lavage fluid displayed airway hyper‐reactivity at a lower dose of nebulized histamine than horses with normal bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytology. Horses with mixed cell responses (relative mast cell percentage > 2% and/or relative neutrophil percentage > 5% and/or eosinophil relative cell percentage ≥ 1%) displayed airway hyper‐reactivity at a lower dose of nebulized histamine than horses with normal bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytology.

Conclusion

In the Australian context, recently revised increased bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytology relative cell percentage cut offs appear appropriate for sole mast cell responses. The historical lower cut offs appear to be appropriate for mixed inflammatory cell responses.
The role of undergraduate teaching, learning and a national prescribing safety assessment in preparation for practical prescribing: UK medical students' perspective
Authors: Kennedy Maria B. , Haq Inam , Ferns Gordon , Williams Sian E. , Okorie Michael
Published: July 2019

Aims

To investigate medical students' perspectives on the influence of their undergraduate course and the UK prescribing safety assessment (PSA) on the acquisition of practical prescribing skills.

Methods

An online questionnaire comprising multiple choice and open‐ended questions was available to UK medical students in years 3, 4 and 5. Descriptive statistics and thematic analysis were completed.

Results

In total, 1023 medical students from 25 UK medical schools responded: 22% (3rd year), 37% (4th year) and 41% (final year). A minority of medical students believed that their medical course prepared them sufficiently for practical prescribing (36.4%, n = 372, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 32–41%), 52.6%, of students thought that practical prescribing should be introduced into the curriculum earlier (n = 538, CI = 48–57%), and 73.7% reported that a more consistent approach to the teaching and learning of practical prescribing might be beneficial (n = 754, CI = 71–77%). An awareness of the national PSA was high (86.5%, n = 885), particularly amongst final year students (98.3%, n = 413, CI = 97–100%); 67.4% of all students (n = 690, CI = 64–71%) and 72.1% (n = 303) of final year students perceived that the PSA will improve or had improved their practical prescribing skills.

Conclusions

The majority of medical students perceive that their undergraduate course does not adequately prepare them for practical prescribing. Many believe that there is some merit in introducing practical prescribing teaching earlier in the curriculum and medical schools adopting a more consistent approach. Among medical students, the PSA is thought to have a positive influence on prescribing skills learning. These data might be useful in developing a programme of study dedicated to practical prescribing.
Innovative Research Methods to Advance Precision in Home Visiting for More Efficient and Effective Programs
Authors: Supplee Lauren H. , Duggan Anne
Published: July 2019

Home visiting during early childhood can improve a range of outcomes for children and families. As evidence‐based models are implemented across the nation, two questions have emerged. First, can home visiting improve outcomes more efficiently? Second, can overall effects be strengthened for specific subgroups of families? For the past several decades, research focused on testing the average effects of home visiting models on short‐ to long‐term outcomes has found small impacts. These effects are not the same for all families. The field needs new evidence produced in new ways to overcome these challenges. In this article, we provide an overview of the evidence in this field, including what works and for whom. Next, we explain precision approaches to various fields and how this approach could be used in home visiting programs. Research on precision home visiting focuses on the ingredients of home visiting models, collaborating with practitioners to identify the ingredients and testing them on near‐term outcomes, and using innovative study designs to learn more quickly what works best for which families. We conclude by proposing four pillars of research that will help achieve precision home visiting services.
The Roles of Group Status and Group Membership in the Practice of Hypodescent
Authors: Roberts Steven O. , Ho Arnold K. , Gülgöz Selin , Berka Jacqueline , Gelman Susan A.
Published: July 2019

Hypodescent emerged in U.S. history to reinforce racial hierarchy. Research suggests that among contemporary U.S. adults, hypodescent continues to shape social perception. Among U.S. children, however, hypodescent is less likely to be endorsed. Here, we tested for hypodescent by introducing U.S. children (ages 4–9) and adults (N = 273) to hierarchically ordered novel groups (one was high status and another was low status) and then to a child who had one parent from each group. In Study 1, we presented the groups in a third‐party context. In Study 2, we randomly assigned participants to the high‐status or the low‐status group. Across both studies, participants did not reliably endorse hypodescent, raising questions as to what elicits this practice.
Understanding Early Inhibitory Development: Distinguishing Two Ways That Children Use Inhibitory Control
Authors: Simpson Andrew , Carroll Daniel J.
Published: July 2019

Inhibitory control is the capacity to suppress inappropriate responses. It is central to many aspects of development, most notably executive function and effortful control. Despite its importance, however, there are significant gaps in our understanding of inhibitory control’s early development, and several findings that remain hard to explain. Here, a new account of inhibitory control is presented, explaining previous findings by distinguishing between two distinct ways that inhibitory control is used. According to this “Strength/Endurance” account, inappropriate responses which are highly prepotent tax inhibitory strength; whereas inappropriate responses which remain active for a long time tax inhibitory endurance. The developmental trajectories of these two aspects of inhibitory control, and their separate impacts on broader development, are discussed.
Pulmonary embolism in intensive care units: More frequent or more Known? Prospective study of 75 cases
Authors: Bahloul Mabrouk , Regaieg Kais , Dlela Mariem , Turki Olfa , Nouri Hana , Bradaii Sabrine , Ben Hamida Chokri , Bouaziz Nadia Khlaf , Chabchoub Imen , Haddar Sondes , Chelly Hedi , Bouaziz Mounir
Published: July 2019

Purpose

to evaluate the current rate of pulmonary embolism (PE) in our medico‐surgical intensive care unit (ICU), to identify risk factors, and to determine the outcome of PE in ICU.

Methods

We performed a prospective cohort study of consecutive patients requiring intensive care admission during a one‐year period. We included, in this prospective study, all the patients with confirmed PE admitted in ICU with more than 18 years of age, and expected to stay in ICU for more than 48 hours. Only the patients who had a clinical suspicion (unexplained hypoxemia and/or shock) for PE underwent diagnostic studies.

Results

During the study period, 842 patients were admitted in our ICU. One hundred and two patients were excluded. The diagnosis of PE was confirmed in 75 patients (10.1%). In our study, all patients (100%) had received some forms of pharmaceutical prophylaxis (PP) during ICU stay. The median time from ICU admission to diagnosis of PE was 6 days. The diagnosis of PE was made by spiral CT in 74 patients (98.7%), and by echocardiography in 1 case (1.3%). The mean ICU stay was 26.3 ± 26.5 days (median: 20 days). During their ICU stay, 73 patients (97.3%) developed one, or more, organ failure. Respiratory failure was the most observed (97.3%). Moreover, 38 patients (50.6%) developed nosocomial infections and 29 (38.6%) died. The multivariate analysis showed that the risk factors associated with mortality were the presence of shock the day of PE diagnosis and the presence of right ventricular dilatation on echocardiography.

Conclusion

Our findings confirm that subjects in the ICU are at high risk of PE, due to a high number of risk‐factors. PE was associated with higher ICU mortality and a significantly higher ICU LOS. Our results invite to revise the preventive strategies of deep venous thrombosis and PE in patients requiring ICU admission.
Level of agreement in three‐dimensional planimetric measurement of mitral valve area between transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography
Authors: Shojaei Fard Maryam , Rezaeian Nahid , Pourafkari Leili , Erami Sajad , Nader Nader D.
Published: July 2019

Background

Echocardiographic measurement of mitral valve area (MVA) is critical prior to percutaneous transmitral commissurotomy (PTMC). This study aimed to compare the agreement between transthoracic (TTE) and transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) in three‐dimensional (3D) planimetric measurement of theMVAamong patients with severe mitral stenosis.

Methods

MVAwas measured with planimetry in 105 patients before undergoingPTMC. 3D reconstruction was applied to bothTTEandTEEexaminations. TheMVAvalues from four different methods of 3D reconstruction were compared to the average values of 3D methods inTEEas the gold standard measurement method for theMVAin this study. The agreement levels between the two examinations were evaluated and analyzed for various reconstruction methods.

Results

The mean age was 49 ± 12 years for 28 men and 77 women who were enrolled. The image quality was graded as “excellent” in 57% of 3D images obtained byTTE, while it was graded as “excellent” in 81% of 3D images obtained byTEE. The ventricular zooming method inTTEwith a bias of −0.006 ± 0.065 cm2(P < 0.0001) had the highest agreement with the 3D‐MVAinTEE. While 2D‐TTEand 3D‐TEEmeasurements of theMVA(R = 0.91;P < 0.0001) were significantly correlated, 2D‐TTEoverestimated theMVAby 0.19 cm2.

Conclusion

Although the quality of 3D images was significantly better inTEEthan those inTTE, a good agreement existed between the measured 3D‐TTEand 3D‐TEEstudies. We also demonstrated that 2D‐TTEoverestimated theMVAcompare to 3D‐TEE.
Where is my mouth? Rapid experience‐dependent plasticity of perceived mouth position in humans
Authors: Bono Davide , Haggard Patrick
Published: July 2019

Several neural and behavioural studies propose that movements of the hand to the mouth are a key motor primitive of the primate sensorimotor system. These studies largely focus on sensorimotor coordination required to reach the mouth with the hand. However, hand‐to‐mouth movement depends on representing the location of the mouth. We report 5 experiments using a novel dental model illusion (DMI) that investigates the neural representation of mouth position. When participants used their right index finger to touch the teeth of an unseen dental model in synchrony with the experimenter's tactile stimulation of the participant's own teeth, participants felt that the position of their own teeth was shifted towards the dental model and stated that their right index finger was touching their actual teeth. This result replicated across four experiments and provides an oral analogue to the rubber hand illusion. Synchrony between the two tactile motions was necessary condition to elicitDMI(Experiment 3).DMIwas moderately affected by manipulating the macrogeometric or microgeometric tactile properties of the dental model, suggesting cognitive images of one's own oral morphology play a modest role (Experiments 4 and 5). Neuropsychological theories often stress that hand‐to‐mouth movement emerges early in development or may even be innate. Our research suggests that general, bottom‐up principles of multisensory plasticity suffice to provide spatial representation of the egocentric core, including mouth position.
Structural characterization of an on‐pathway intermediate and transition state in the folding of the N‐terminal SH2 domain from SHP2
Authors: Visconti Lorenzo , Malagrinò Francesca , Gianni Stefano , Toto Angelo
Published: July 2019

Src Homology 2 (SH2) domains are a class of protein domains that present a conserved three‐dimensional structure and possess a crucial role in mediating protein‐protein interactions. Despite their importance and abundance in the proteome, knowledge about the folding properties of SH2 domain is limited. Here we present an extensive mutational analysis (Φ value analysis) of the folding pathway of the N‐SH2 domain of the Src homology region 2 domain‐containing phosphatase‐2 (SHP2) protein, a 104 residues domain that presents the classical SH2 domain fold (two α‐helices flanking a central β‐sheet composed of 3‐5 antiparallel β‐strands), with a fundamental role in mediating the interaction of SHP2 with its substrates and triggering key metabolic pathways in the cell. By analysing folding kinetic data we demonstrated that the folding pathway of N‐SH2 presents an obligatory on‐pathway intermediate that accumulates during the folding reaction. The production of 24 conservative site‐directed variants allowed us to perform a Φ value analysis, by which we could fully characterize the intermediate and the transition state native‐like interactions, providing a detailed quantitative analysis of the folding pathway of N‐SH2. Results highlight the presence of a hydrophobic nucleus that stabilizes the intermediate, leading to a higher degree of native‐like interactions in the transition state. Data are discussed and compared with previous works on SH2 domains.
Global value chains in international knowledge work: networks, stratifications and labour markets
Authors: HOLLINSHEAD GRAHAM
Published: July 2019

In this article, I aim to cast light on the arguably indeterminate phenomenon of the global labour market (GLM) by placing the focus on an industry that has sometimes been perceived as epitomizing homogeneity and ‘world flatness’ in its deployment of geographically dispersed knowledge workers, that of international software development. Engaging in a sanguine analysis of this industry with reference to an empirical study of outsourcing to Ukraine it is revealed that labour markets servicing ICT (Information and communication technology) are subject to deep, if fluctuating, social stratifications. With reference to the notion of the global value chain (GVC), the significance of factors such as knowledge, language, citizenship and age as labour market differentiators for knowledge work is brought to the fore.
Management of radial scars/complex sclerosing lesions of the breast diagnosed on vacuum‐assisted large‐core biopsy: is surgery always necessary?
Authors: Bacci Julia , MacGrogan Gaëtan , Alran Léonie , Labrot‐Hurtevent Gabrielle
Published: July 2019

Aims

The diagnosis of radial scars/complex sclerosing lesions (RSs/CSLs) onpercutaneous biopsy carries a risk of histological underestimation. Consequently, surgical excision is often performed in order to exclude a possible associated malignancy. The aim of this study was to assess the rate of ‘upgrade to carcinoma’ upon subsequent surgical excision of RS/CSL cases diagnosed on vacuum‐assisted large‐core biopsy (VALCB). We also analysed the risk factors for upgrade in order to determine a subset of patients who could avoid surgery and benefit from conservative management with clinical and imaging follow‐up.

Methods and results

This was a retrospective observational single‐centre study on 174 consecutive RS/CSL cases diagnosed on VALCB from May 2008 to October 2015. Univariate analysis was performed to identify clinical, radiological and histological risk factors for upgrade. Surgical excision was performed following VALCB diagnosis of 88 RS/CSL cases with or without associated atypia. The overall rate of surgical upgrade to carcinoma was 9.1% (8/88). None of the benign biopsies without atypia was surgically upgraded. Additional to atypia, risk factors for upgrade were non‐incidental finding of the RS/CSL, the mammographic appearance, and the number of fragments obtained during the biopsy procedure (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

We demonstrate that VALCB revealing an RS/CSL is reliable for excluding malignancy when there is no associated atypia and when radiological and histological findings are concordant. In such cases, surgery can be avoided in favour of clinical and imaging follow‐up. When an RS/CSL is associated with atypia, the decision to perform surgical excision depends on other associated risk factors.
The role of reflectance confocal microscopy in the diagnosis and management of squamous cell carcinoma in situ treated with photodynamic therapy
Authors: Teoh Yee L. , Kuan Ling Y. , Chong Wei‐Sheng , Chia Hui Y. , Thng Tien G.S. , Chuah Sai Y.
Published: July 2019

Background

Reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) is increasingly used for noninvasive in vivo diagnosis of skin cancers. We seek to determine if RCM is useful for the diagnosis and follow‐up of squamous cell carcinoma in situ (SCCIS) posttreatment to document clearance.

Methods

A pilot prospective study enrolled 10 patients with a total of 11 SCCIS lesions. Clinical, confocal, histological features and fluorescence diagnosis (FD) were recorded pre‐ and posttreatment.

Results

Four SCCIS lesions underwent RCM imaging prior to biopsy, while 11 SCCIS lesions were followed up with RCM imaging. Clinical features of persistent SCCIS post‐PDT in four out of 11 follow‐up cases were confirmed with RCM and FD. There were no RCM features of SCCIS in seven lesions which were clinically cured. All eight (four new SCCIS and four follow‐up) cases displayed atypical honeycomb pattern. Two cases (25%) showed numerous epidermal dendritic cells, while small bright refractive cells were present in the epidermis in two lesions (25%). Round blood vessels in the superficial dermis were seen in four lesions (50%), while three lesions (37.5%) showed dermal inflammatory cells.

Conclusion

There was good correlation between histological and confocal features in patients who underwent RCM imaging prior to biopsy. RCM may be a complementary tool in diagnosing SCCIS and to monitor response to nonsurgical treatment by avoiding unnecessary biopsies especially in lesions with persistent residual postinflammatory erythema.
Exploring therapeutic engagement with individuals with a diagnosis of personality disorder in acute psychiatric inpatient settings: A nursing team perspective
Authors: Acford Emma , Davies Jason
Published: July 2019

Individuals with a diagnosis of personality disorder (PD) face negative attitudes and are often deemed harder to care for than individuals with other diagnoses. To improve care and engagement with services, it is essential to understand the ways general psychiatric nursing staff approach this client group. This research aims to examine the ways inpatient psychiatric nursing staff therapeutically engage with individuals with a diagnosis of PD. Focus groups were conducted with Registered Mental Health Nurses (n = 7) and Health Care Assistants (formally known as nursing assistants; n = 12) who care for individuals with a diagnosis of PD in a general psychiatric inpatient setting. A thematic analysis indicated six themes: the right frame of mind, knowing the service user, knowing when to engage, service user input, a unified approach, and structured admissions. The findings highlight what non‐PD specialist inpatient nursing staff do in order to engage therapeutically with this group of service users and areas that require improvement. Supporting good practice could improve staff confidence when caring for this client group, lower stigma around the diagnosis, and promote a more positive experience of care for individuals with a diagnosis of PD who are using general inpatient mental health services.
Unmet needs of people with Parkinson’s disease: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Lee JuHee , Kim YonJi , Kim SungHae , Kim Yielin , Lee Young Joo , Sohn Young Ho
Published: July 2019

Aims

To identify the type and extent of unmet needs in people with Parkinson's disease and to examine the impact of health locus of control and family support on these needs.

Design

A cross‐sectional study.

Methods

This study was conducted from October 2015 ‐ February 2016 in Korea. Data were collected through questionnaires focusing on unmet needs, health locus of control, family support and clinical features.

Results

Therapeutic needs represented the highest percentage of unmet needs in people with Parkinson's disease (85.05%), followed by social/spiritual/emotional needs (82.72%). Physical needs were the lowest reported score (75.01%). Unmet needs were more frequent in those with more severe non‐motor symptoms. Also, higher family support, internal locus of control and doctor locus of control were correlated with more unmet needs.

Conclusion

Understanding factors that determine the type and degree of unmet needs in people with PD is important to provide appropriate nursing care. The findings of this study can be used for providing nursing interventions reflecting unmet needs and reducing their unmet needs to improve the overall well‐being of people with PD.

Impact

This study addressed unmet needs unmet needs specific to Parkinson's disease with respect to their nursing needs. Therapeutic needs were the highest unmet needs in people with PD, followed by social/spiritual/emotional needs, need for certainty and physical needs. The findings may be useful for nurses to identify the unmet needs of people with PD which need to be addressed. By reflecting on unmet needs, nurses can give personally tailored nursing care.
Protective roles of FICZ and aryl hydrocarbon receptor axis on alveolar bone loss and inflammation in experimental periodontitis
Authors: Huang Jing , Cai Xinjie , Ou Yanjing , Fan Le , Zhou Yi , Wang Yining
Published: July 2019

Aim

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)‐ligand axis has been shown to be involved in inflammatory diseases and bone homeostasis. However, the activation of AhR signalling pathway and the possible functions of AhR ligands in periodontitis are underexplored. This study investigated the expression of the AhR target gene cytochrome P450 subfamily B member 1 (CYP1B1) and the functions and mechanisms of the AhR ligand 6 formylindolo[3,2‐b]carbazole (FICZ) in periodontitis.

Materials and Methods

CYP1B1 expression was detected in human periodontitis samples, mice with ligature‐induced periodontitis and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced inflammation in periodontal ligament cells (PDLCs) in vitro. FICZ was administered topically or systemically. The therapeutic functions of FICZ were detected via qPCR, micro‐computed tomography and immunohistochemistry. Finally, the mechanisms of AhR signalling in periodontitis were investigated by cell assays.

Results

CYP1B1 expression was downregulated in periodontitis. FICZ rescued the alveolar bone loss and mitigated the inflammatory cytokines in periodontitis mice. In vitro, FICZ pre‐treatment reduced the LPS‐induced inflammation in PDLCs via the increased phosphorylation of STAT3. Additionally, FICZ prompted the mineralization of PDLCs via activation of the Wnt/β‐catenin signalling pathway.

Conclusion

AhR signalling pathway is suppressed in periodontitis and the AhR ligand FICZ can prevent periodontitis.
Nested or exclusive? The role of identities on blame attribution during the Great Recession
Authors: Guinjoan Marc , Bermúdez Sandra
Published: July 2019

Despite an increasing number of studies assessing the importance of institutions as regards to accountability, it still remains to be known whether and how an individual's national and regional identity shapes the attribution of responsibilities in multi‐level settings. By focusing on the economic crisis that affected Europe since 2008, we argue that identity‐based assessments of responsibility for the crisis will occur solely among individuals who hold exclusively national or regional identities and who live in regions that have nationalist aspirations. This will be in contrast to individuals that have exclusively identities who live in regions that lack nationalist aspirations, as well as dual‐identity individuals, irrespective of where they live. We test our arguments by using data from Catalonia and Madrid (Spain) and Bavaria and Lower Saxony (Germany). In line with our expectations, our results show that, in minority nationalist regions such as Catalonia, an individual's identity will crucially determine which level of government is blamed for the economic crisis, while this will not occur in regions with no nationalist aspirations. The article reveals the existence of an additional determinant of blame attribution in some specific multi‐level arrangements and contributes to the understanding of the tensions between identity politics and blame avoidance.
Optimal Abort Rules for Multiattempt Missions
Authors: Levitin Gregory , Finkelstein Maxim , Huang Hong‐Zhong
Published: July 2019

Many real‐world systems use mission aborts to enhance their survivability. Specifically, a mission can be aborted when a certain malfunction condition is met and a risk of a system loss in the case of a mission continuation becomes too high. Usually, the rescue or recovery procedure is initiated upon the mission abort. Previous works have discussed a setting when only one attempt to complete a mission is allowed and this attempt can be aborted. However, missions with a possibility of multiple attempts can occur in different real‐world settings when accomplishing a mission is really important and the cost‐related and the time‐wise restrictions for this are not very severe. The probabilistic model for the multiattempt case is suggested and the tradeoff between the overall mission success probability (MSP) and a system loss probability is discussed. The corresponding optimization problems are formulated. For the considered illustrative example, a detailed sensitivity analysis is performed that shows specifically that even when the system's survival is not so important, mission aborting can be used to maximize the multiattempt MSP.
Dental‐related function and oral health in relation to eating performance in assisted living residents with and without cognitive impairment
Authors: Liu Wen , Shaw Clarissa , Chen Xi
Published: July 2019

Aims

Despite the physiologic relationship, there is a lack of evidence on how dental‐related function and oral health impact eating performance. This study aims to examine the association of eating performance with dental‐related function and oral health among assisted living residents.

Methods and results

This study was a secondary analysis of observational data collected from an instrument development study. Participants included 90 residents with normal to severely impaired cognition from three assisted livings. Multilevel mixed‐effects ordered logistic models were used. The dependent variable was eating performance measured by the single “eating” item (scored from 0 to 4 on level of dependence). Independent variables were resident age, gender, dental‐related function, and oral health. The resident and facility clustering effects accounted for 88% of variance in eating performance, among which 84% was explained by dental‐related function and oral health. Eating performance was associated with dental‐related function (coefficient = −0.10, 95% CI = −0.19, −0.01, P = .025), and was not associated with other characteristics.

Conclusion

Eating performance is influenced by the complex relationship with dental‐related function and oral health. Novel interventions using interdisciplinary partnerships are needed to maintain dental‐related function and oral health to optimize eating performance.
Spatially constrained regionalization with multilayer perceptron
Authors: Govorov Michael , Beconytė Giedrė , Gienko Gennady , Putrenko Viktor
Published: July 2019

In this article, multilayer perceptron (MLP) network models with spatial constraints are proposed for regionalization of geostatistical point data based on multivariate homogeneity measures. The study focuses on non‐stationarity and autocorrelation in spatial data. Supervised MLP machine learning algorithms with spatial constraints have been implemented and tested on a point dataset. MLP spatially weighted classification models and an MLP contiguity‐constrained classification model are developed to conduct spatially constrained regionalization. The proposed methods have been tested with an attribute‐rich point dataset of geological surveys in Ukraine. The experiments show that consideration of the spatial effects, such as the use of spatial attributes and their respective whitening, improve the output of regionalization. It is also shown that spatial sorting used to preserve spatial contiguity leads to improved regionalization performance.
On the globalization of English: Some internal factors
Authors: Kim Chin W.
Published: July 2019

Because of a wide range of factors, English has become a global and international language, of incomparable spread and utility in the world today. A number of these factors have been external factors linked to the power and politics of language, but other reasons have been linked to a number of internal factors, including ‘capaciousness’, ‘simplicity’, ‘flexibility’, ‘great literature’ and ‘a simple script’.
World Englishes in English language teaching
Authors: Sadeghpour Marzieh , Sharifian Farzad
Published: July 2019

This study explores the perceptions of English language teachers about the place and relevance of world Englishes (WEs) in English language teaching (ELT) in Australia. For this aim, 56 English teachers from all Kachruvian Circles working in Australia were interviewed. The interviews were thematically and qualitatively analysed and the results indicate that all participants were aware of the emergence of WEs. Most of the participants perceived WEs relevant to ELT in Australia; however, they believed that the inclusion of WEs in ELT may not be practical and should not go beyond developing learners’ awareness of the existence of diversity in the landscape of English. The disconnection between teachers’ theoretical knowledge about WEs and practical knowledge on how to integrate WEs into ELT, and contextual factors such as time constrains and students’ expectations were found to undermine teachers’ confidence for teaching English as a pluricentric language.
Shape Effect in Magnetohydrodynamic Free Convection Flow of Sodium Alginate-Ferrimagnetic Nanofluid
Authors: Saqib Muhammad , Khan Ilyas , Shafie Sharidan
Published: July 2019

This article presents the generalization of the unsteady MHD free convection flow of non-Newtonian sodium alginate-ferrimagnetic nanofluid in two infinite vertical parallel plates. The different shape (blade, brick, cylinder, and platelet) ferrimagnetic nanoparticles are dissolved in the non-Newtonian sodium alginate (SA) as base fluid to form non-Newtonian nanofluids. The Jeffrey fluid model together with energy equation is considered to demonstrate the flow. The Atangana–Baleanu fractional operator is utilized for the generalization of mathematical model. The Laplace transform technique and Zakian's numerical algorithm are used to developed general solutions with a fractional order for the proposed model. The obtained results are computed numerically and presented graphically to understand the physics of pertinent flow parameters. It is noticed that the velocity and temperature profiles are significantly increased with the increasing values of the fractional parameter due to the variation in thermal and momentum boundary layers. In the case of the effect of different shapes of nanoparticles, density is a dominant factor as compared to thermal conductivity, which significantly affects the flow of non-Newtonian nanofluid.
More inflammatory with age
Authors: Wong Wei
Published: July 2019

VCAM1-dependent inflammation in aged brain endothelial cells suppresses neurogenesis and cognitive performance.
One Early Course-Based Undergraduate Research Experience Produces Sustainable Knowledge Gains, but only Transient Perception Gains
Authors: Wolkow Tom D. , Jenkins Jill , Durrenberger Lisa , Swanson-Hoyle Kylie , Hines Lisa M.
Published: July 2019

Universities have been called upon to integrate research experiences into early, introductory courses to better prepare our STEM workforce. This call is primarily based on short-term studies that link research experiences with knowledge and perception gains. However, the influence of pre-existing student characteristics has not been fully disentangled from the research experience, and the long-term stability of these gains is uncertain. To address these issues, we integrated a course-based undergraduate research experience (CURE) into randomly assigned sections of a required freshman-level biology laboratory course. We previously reported that this CURE resulted in immediate targeted knowledge and perception gains. Here, we evaluate the stability of these gains as students progressed through a biology degree program. At sophomore year, the impact of the CURE on student perception was still apparent. When compared to controls, students who participated in the CURE perceived a greater understanding of what researchers do and an increased interest in pursuing a research career. However, by senior year, these positive perceptions had fallen to levels shared by control groups. Targeted knowledge gains persisted throughout this study. Our results support CURE logic models predicting that multiple CUREs will be required to sustain perception gains.
Determination of Critical Requirements for Classical Swine Fever Virus NS2-3-Independent Virion Formation
Authors: Dubrau D. , Schwindt S. , Klemens O. , Bischoff H. , Tautz N.
Published: July 2019

For
Flaviviridae
members, the nonstructural proteins are essential for virion formation and thus exert a dual role in RNA replication and virion morphogenesis. However, it remains unclear how these proteins are functionalized for either process. In wild-type pestiviruses, the NS3/4A complex is selectively active in RNA replication, while NS2-3/4A is essential for virion formation. Mutations recently identified in BVDV-1 rendered NS3/4A capable of supporting NS2-3-independent virion morphogenesis. A comparison of NS3/4A complexes incapable/capable of supporting virion morphogenesis revealed that changes in NS3/NS4A surface interactions are decisive for the gain of function. However, so far, the role of the NS2 mutations as well as the accessory mutations additionally required in the NS2-IRES-NS3 virus variant has not been clarified. To unravel the course of genome packaging, the additional sets of mutations obtained for a second pestivirus species (CSFV) are of significant importance to develop mechanistic models for this complex process.
Разностные схемы согласованной аппроксимации напряженно-деформированного состояния и энергобаланса среды
Authors: Повещенко Юрий Андреевич , Poveschenko Yurii Andreevich , Гасилов Владимир Анатольевич , Gasilov Vladimir Anatol'evich , Подрыга Виктория Олеговна , Podryga Viktoriya Olegovna , Ладонкина Марина Евгеньевна , Ladonkina Marina Eugenievna , Волошин Андрей Сергеевич , Voloshin Andrei Sergeevich , Бойков Дмитрий Сергеевич , Boykov Dmitrii Sergeevich , Беклемышева К А , Beklemysheva K A
Published: July 2019

Методом опорных операторов для двумерных задач теории упругости построены интегрально согласованные аппроксимации компонент тензора деформаций и упругой энергии среды для уравнений теории упругости в терминах смещений. Исходные уравнения аппроксимированы на нерегулярных разностных сетках в плоскости R-Z цилиндрической системы координат. Аппроксимации в плоскости переменных R-Z получены из полных трехмерных аппроксимаций путем предельного перехода при стремлении к нулю угловой переменной. Построенные схемы сохраняют свойства дивергентности, самосопряженности и знакоопределенности, присущие соответствующим операторам в исходной системе дифференциальных уравнений.
Вычислительные технологии программного комплекса DiMP-Hydro для моделирования микротечений
Authors: Балашов Владислав Александрович , Balashov Vladislav Aleksandrovich , Савенков Евгений Борисович , Savenkov Evgenii Borisovich , Четверушкин Борис Николаевич , Chetverushkin Boris Nikolaevich
Published: July 2019

Настоящая работа посвящена описанию программного комплекса DiMP-Hydro, разрабатываемого в ИПМ им. М.В. Келдыша РАН. Его назначение состоит в моделировании микротечений однофазных и двухфазных вязких сжимаемых жидкостей с различной реологией в пространственных областях, геометрия которых имеет воксельное представление. Такие геометрические модели являются актуальными ввиду развития и широкого применения методов компьютерной микротомографии. Одной из основных областей приложения данного программного комплекса является расчет микротечений в поровых пространствах образцов горных пород для определения их макроскопических свойств (например, коэффициентов абсолютной проницаемости) и особенностей процессов вытеснения на микроуровне, что составляет одну из задач технологии «цифровой керн». Приведено описание используемых математических моделей, численных алгоритмов и непосредственно программного комплекса. Для описания динамики жидкости используются уравнения Навье--Стокса (в однофазном случае) и Навье--Стокса--Кана--Хилларда (в двухфазном случае), регуляризованные согласно квазигидродинамическому подходу, который является физически обоснованным и позволяет применять сравнительно простые в реализации явные устойчивые численные алгоритмы. Программный комплекс является параллельным и ориентирован на использование высокопроизводительных вычислительных систем. Представлены результаты применения DiMPHydro для моделирования микротечений жидкости (в том числе двухфазной) и газа (в том числе умеренно-разреженного) в поровом пространстве образцов горных пород.
Компактные разностные схемы для аппроксимации дифференциальных соотношений
Authors: Гордин Владимир Александрович , Gordin Vladimir Aleksandrovich
Published: July 2019

Дифференциальные соотношения включают в себя как дифференциальные операторы, так и солверы для краевых задач. Получены формулы компактных разностных аппроксимаций дифференциальных соотношений первого и второго порядка вида $P_1[u]=P_2[f]$. Аппроксимация производится на трехточечных шаблонах. Для реализации, как и в случае классических разностных схем, требуется обращение трехдиагональной матрицы, однако компактные схемы обеспечивают существенно более высокую точность и 4-й порядок аппроксимации вместо 2-го.
Методы топологической оптимизации в программном комплексе 3D Printer
Authors: Дьянов Денис Юрьевич , Dyanov Denis Yur'evich , Медведкина Марина Валентиновна , Medvedkina Marina Valentinovna , Быков Александр Николаевич , Bykov Aleksandr Nikolaevich , Попов В В , Popov V V
Published: July 2019

В рамках проекта «Разработка атласа типовых форм для топологической оптимизации конструкций, формируемых методом селективного лазерного плавления, и их производственная верификация» (договор с Министерством образования и науки, шифр 2016-14-579-0009-492), участниками которого являются НИТУ «МИСиС», АО «НПО «ЦНИИТМАШ», ФГУП «РФЯЦ-ВНИИЭФ», Министерство образования и науки РФ, ОАО «Наука и инновации» (ГК «Росатом») ведется разработка программного обеспечения, позволяющего проводить топологическую оптимизацию деталей с различными ограничениями целевой функции, а также генерировать и использовать различные типы ячеистых структур для заполнения объeма деталей. В статье приведено описание методов и алгоритмов топологической оптимизации конструкций с ограничениями целевой функции по смещению и напряжению, разработанных в интересах использования в базовой версии программного обеспечения.
Моделирование выбора позиций индивидами при информационном противоборстве с двухкомпонентной повесткой
Authors: Петров Александр Пхоун Чжо , Petrov Alexander P , Прончева Ольга Геннадьевна , Proncheva Ol'ga Gennad'evna
Published: July 2019

Статья посвящена разработке и анализу модели выбора позиций индивидами при информационном противоборстве по двум темам. Рассматривается общество, в котором конкурируют две партии, занимающие по этим темам противоположные позиции. Противоборство состоит в том, что в каждой из этих тем каждая из партий распространяет свои информационные потоки через аффилированные средства массовой информации. Индивиды воспринимают эти потоки, становятся сторонниками той или иной партии по каждому из вопросов и агитируют других индивидов в соответствии со своими политическими предпочтениями. Относительная значимость тем определяется на основе теории установления повестки дня. Именно, дебатируемая тема считается тем более значимой, чем выше суммарная интенсивность вещания обеих партий по этой теме. Математическая модель построена в двух вариантах. Один из них предполагает межличностные коммуникации однородно распределенными по социуму; для него рассматривается вопрос о том, как параметры системы влияют на устойчивость решений. Второй вариант предполагает, что в социуме имеются две группы (этнические общины, социальные классы и т.д.), члены каждой из которых больше коммуницируют друг с другом, чем с другой группой. Для этого варианта рассмотрена простейшая теоретико-игровая постановка: каждая из партий распределяет доступное ей медийное вещание на две темы, стремясь максимизировать превосходство в количестве сторонников над другой партией в конце противоборства.
О монотонных разностных схемах
Authors: Попов Игорь Викторович , Popov Igor Viktorovich
Published: July 2019

Предлагается подход к построению монотонных разностных схем для решения простейших уравнений эллиптического и параболического типа с первыми производными и малым параметром при старшей производной. Для этого вводится понятие адаптивной искусственной вязкости. С его помощью строятся монотонные схемы аппроксимацией потока $O(h^4)$ для задачи с пограничным слоем и $O(\tau^2+h^2)$ для уравнений Бюргерса, где $h$ и $\tau$ - шаги сетки по пространству и времени. Вне области больших градиентов используется аппроксимация Самарского-Голанта (либо схемы с направленными разностями). Отмечена важность использования схем второго порядка по времени. Приводятся результаты расчeтов.
Obstructive sleep apnoea in a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia
Authors: Stimac Gregory Paul , Mekonnen Asefa Jejaw
Published: July 2019

A 69-year-old Caucasian woman presented with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL; stage 1-Rai System), significant oropharyngeal lymphoid enlargement, snoring and fatigue. Overnight polysomnography revealed moderately severe obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA), which was managed successfully with oral appliance therapy with resolution of snoring and daytime fatigue. Structural abnormalities of the upper airways are known to cause OSA. Airway narrowing can result from bony structural abnormalities, nasopharyngeal growth, soft tissue redundancy, macroglossia, malignant and benign growth of the upper aero-digestive tract, and adenotonsilar enlargement. Clinicians should be encouraged to consider a diagnosis of OSA in patients with CLL when they present with symptoms of worsening fatigue.
Left atrial cavernous haemangioma presenting with cardiac tamponade in a patient with Cowden syndrome
Authors: Drucker Alexandra , Zhou Chong , Seevanayagam Siven , Weinberg Laurence
Published: July 2019

Cowden syndrome (CS) is a rare disorder characterised by multiple non-cancerous, tumour-like growths called hamartomas. The syndrome is associated with the development of cancer of the breast, endometrium, kidneys, skin and rarely the brain. We report a rare case of symptomatic cardiac haemangioma in a patient with CS. A 54-year-old woman with CS presented with dyspnoea and orthopnoea in the setting of cardiac tamponade. Echocardiography revealed a large haemopericardium and tamponade physiology, secondary to a pericardial mass. The patient underwent urgent cardiopulmonary bypass with removal of the mass. Histopathology confirmed a benign cavernous haemangioma. We postulate that tumours involving the heart/pericardium may be an additional manifestation of CS. This case further highlights the necessity to consider pericardial/cardiac manifestations in patients with hamartomatous syndromes who present with cardiorespiratory symptoms, so that opportunistic investigation and treatment may be instituted.
Suprapubic catheter change, what could go wrong?
Authors: Ejikeme Chidozie
Published: July 2019

Some patients with neurological bladder dysfunction rely on suprapubic catheters (SPCs) for the management of their urinary symptoms. These catheters are usually changed without incident. However, problems can, and do, arise. We present the case of a 56-year-old woman who had a SPC change which was complicated by the catheter perforating the bladder and inflating in the vagina.