bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
NiTi Shape Memory Alloy Used for Multiple-Resetting Actuator for Fire Protection
Authors: Burlacu Lucian , Cimpoeşu Nicanor , Lohan Nicoleta Monica , Bujoreanu Leandru Gheorghe
Published: September 2017

The paper introduces the possibility to replace the “wet alloy”, used for sprinkler-triggering within automatic fire protection systems, with a shape memory alloy (SMA) type. The idea of the present application is based on the thermoelastic reversible martensitic transformation, governing SMA functioning, which has completely reversible character, and enables the occurrence of two-way shape memory effect (TWSME) after the application of a thermomechanical treatment called “training”. For this purpose a commercial NiTi rod, which was martensitic at room temperature, was subjected to thermal analysis tests, performed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and dilatometry. Martensite (M) reversion to parent phase (A), during heating, was emphasized by an endothermic peak on the DSC thermogram and by a length shrinkage, on the dilatogram. The capacity to develop TWSME was revealed by the change in displacement-temperature variation, with increasing the number of training cycles. This stabilized fully reversible behavior recommends NiTi rods as executive elements of a new concept of resettable sprinkler for fire protection.
Vision of Safety - Research about Fire Resistance of Materials
Authors: Olàh Arthur , Puiu Bogdan Andrei , Condrea Paula
Published: September 2017

Abstract. In this study, controlled qualitative comparative experiments regarding the behavior of several insulation materials such as autoclaved aerated concrete, ignifugated wood panels, decorative insulation panel, expanded polystyrene and plasterboard to fire exposure have been assessed. Strong deformation has been observed after 5-20s of fire exposure, followed by advanced charring of the exposed area. In the case of polystyrene and ignifugated wood, intense and irritant aerosols occurred.
Zirconia Dental Implant Materials
Authors: Focșăneanu Sergiu Ciprian , Vizureanu Petrică , Sandu Andrei Victor , Bălţatu Mădălina Simona
Published: September 2017

Ceramic materials are used for the fabrication of dental restorations respectively esthetic dentistry. The main ceramic materials are glass ceramics, spinel, alumina and zirconia. Zirconia was introduced into dentistry domain in the 1990s used like frameworks, implants, dowels, abutments and orthodontic brackets. Recently, zirconia materials are getting much attention for dental implants because of its toothlike color, mechanical properties, good corrosion and biocompatibility. This article presents an review of zirconia dental implants osseointegration and mechanical strength compared with other dental implants. Clinical studies published indicate that zirconia dental implants have the potential to become alternative of titanium dental implants used in medical applications.
H3K27 Methylation Dynamics during CD4 T Cell Activation: Regulation of JAK/STAT and IL12RB2 Expression by JMJD3
Authors: LaMere Sarah A. , Thompson Ryan C. , Meng Xiangzhi , Komori H. Kiyomi , Mark Adam , Salomon Daniel R.
Published: September 2017

The changes to the epigenetic landscape in response to Ag during CD4 T cell activation have not been well characterized. Although CD4 T cell subsets have been mapped globally for numerous epigenetic marks, little has been done to study their dynamics early after activation. We have studied changes to promoter H3K27me3 during activation of human naive and memory CD4 T cells. Our results show that these changes occur relatively early (1 d) after activation of naive and memory cells and that demethylation is the predominant change to H3K27me3 at this time point, reinforcing high expression of target genes. Additionally, inhibition of the H3K27 demethylase JMJD3 in naive CD4 T cells demonstrates how critically important molecules required for T cell differentiation, such as JAK2 and IL12RB2, are regulated by H3K27me3. Our results show that H3K27me3 is a dynamic and important epigenetic modification during CD4 T cell activation and that JMJD3-driven H3K27 demethylation is critical for CD4 T cell function.
Glycated Hemoglobin and Red Blood Cell Indices in Non-diabetic Pregnant Women
Authors: Abass Awad-Elkareem , Musa Imad R. , Rayis Duria A. , Adam Ishag , Gasim Gasim I.
Published: September 2017

Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) is affected by the red blood cell (RBC) lifespan. The association of HbA1c with RBC indices in pregnant women is not widely investigated. In this study, we investigated the association between HbA1c and Hb/RBCs count and RBCs indices; specifically, Hb/RBCs count and indices in non- diabetic pregnant women. Across-sectional study was carried- out at the antenatal care of Saad Abu Elela Hospital, Khartoum, Sudan. Obstetrics history was gathered using questionnaire and body mass index was calculated. Fasting blood sugar, at one hour, at two hours post prandial and HbA1c were investigated. Complete blood count parameters of RBCs count was performed, including, hematocrit, Hb, RBCs indices of MCV, MCH, and MCHC. One hundred twenty three women were enrolled. The mean age of the participants was 28±5.6 years and a mean body mass index was 27.65±6.8 k/m2. There was significant positive correlation between HbA1c and Hb (r=0.174, P=0.037), Hct (r=0.174, P=0.037), and MCHC (r=0.180, P=0.031). A negative correlation between HbA1c and the platelet index PDW (r= –0.198, P=0.017) was documented. The rest of the other factors showed no correlation with HbA1c. In linear regression analysis, HbA1c correlated positively with Hb (P=0.044) and Hct (P=0.047). The present study shows a significant positive correlation between HbA1c value with Hb, Hct, and MCHC. No significant correlation between HbA1c and other RBCs parameters was observed.
A three-dimensional mapping of the ocean based on environmental data
Authors: Sayre R G , Wright D J , Breyer S P , Butler K A , Van Graafeiland K , Costello M J , Harris P T , Goodin K L , Guinotte J
M , Basher Z , Kavanaugh M
T , Halpin P N , Monaco M
E , Cressie N A , Aniello P , Frye C E , Stephens D
Published: September 2017

Oceanographers have long recognized and described persistent, large, water masses which partition the global ocean into chemically and physically distinct volumetric regions. We constructed a regularly spaced ocean point mesh grid from sea surface to seafloor,
and attributed these points with the 2013 World Ocean Atlas (WOA) dataset, version 2, 57 year average values for six physical and chemical environment parameters (temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, nitrate, phosphate, and silicate). The database of over 52 million points represented the global
ocean in x, y, and z dimensions. These points were statistically clustered to define 37 distinct volumetric units, here called Ecological Marine Units (EMUs). The EMUs represent physically and chemically distinct water volumes based on spatial variation in the six marine environmental
characteristics used. Twenty two of the 37 EMUs are globally or regionally extensive, and accounted for 99% of the ocean volume, while the remaining 15 were smaller and shallower, and occurred around coastal features. We characterized the horizontal and vertical dimensions of EMUs and mapped
distinct marine regions of varying size and depth. We found vertical separation into three broad depth zones, and general spatial correspondence with the major global water masses. The EMUs are an open access resource, and are intended to be useful for disturbance assessments, ecosystem accounting
exercises, conservation priority setting and marine protected area network design, and other research and management applications.
Multi-scale harmonized geological maps of the European seas - third phase of the EMODNET-Geology project
Authors: Vallius H ,   EMODnet-Geology partners
Published: September 2017

Accelerating increase in marine and maritime activities around the globe are highlighting the amount of conflicting economic and environmental interests and the necessity of good tools for spatial planning of the maritime areas. Similarly there is a need to
support the objectives to achieve Good Environmental Status in Europe's seas by 2020, set up by the European Commission's Marine Strategy Framework Directive. Consequently the European Commission established the European Marine Observation and Data Network (EMODnet), which is now in the beginning of
its third phase (2017-2018, with an option of 2 more years). It is designed to assemble existing but fragmented and partly inaccessible marine data and to create interoperable, contiguous and publicly available information layers which are interoperable and free of restrictions on use, and which
encompass whole marine basins.
The whole package of separate EMODNET- projects (lots) covers the marine disciplines geology, chemistry, biology, bathymetry, seabed habitats, physics and human activities as well as sea basin check-points from all European regional seas.
The third phase of the EMODnet-Geology project will deliver integrated geological map products that include seabed substrates, sediment accumulation rates, seafloor geology including lithology and stratigraphy, coastal behavior, geological events such as submarine slides and earthquakes as well as
marine mineral resources and as a new feature map products on submerged landscapes of the European continental shelf at various time-frames. All new map products will have a resolution of 1:100,000 all over but finer where the underlying data permit. A multi-scale approach will be adopted whenever
possible.
There will be a close cooperation between the EMODnet lots. To begin with the seabed substrate maps produced by the EMODnet geology lot will be transferred to the EMODnet seabed habitats lot as soon as they are ready. Geomorphology will be a topic for cooperation between the EMODnet geology lot and
the high resolution seabed mapping project (EMODnet bathymetry).
Challenges of biodiversity inventories in mosaic archipelagoes - a case study from the northern Baltic Sea
Authors: Viitasalo M ,   VELMU Programme participants, Blankett P , Ekebom J , Hämäläinen J , Kallasvuo M , Kaskela A , Koskelainen M , Kostamo K , Kotilainen A , Kurvinen L , Sahla M , Virtanen E , Westerbom M
Published: September 2017

The mosaic archipelagoes, high water turbidity, variable benthic habitats and very long shoreline of the Northern Baltic Sea make it costly and technically challenging to collect data that is useful for decision making concerning conservation and sustainable use
of the marine environment.
The Finnish Inventory Programme for the Underwater Marine Environment (VELMU) has gathered information on species, communities and habitats during 2004-2016 from over 122,000 observation points. The data consists of 95,600 points made with drop-video or ROV, 23,200 with dive line points (from ca.
2000 dive sites), 1850 fish larvae sampling sites, >1000 benthos samples, 780 geological sediment samples, and 20,000 km of acoustic profiling (e.g. echosounding). In addition, satellite observations, LIDAR, aerial imaging with drones and automatic video platforms were used or tested. The
majority of the data has been published in an open map service (https://paikkatieto.ymparisto.fi/velmu).
We present our national sampling design, by which the majority of data was collected cost-effectively in a 5 year time span (2011-2015). We show examples of our results, such as geographical distribution maps and spatial models for species, habitats, biodiversity and environmental factors. We also
explain how the VELMU data has been used in marine spatial planning in the Finnish sea area. In the planning process, areas with high nature values were identified and given a high conservation priority, while other areas were identified as more suitable for human activities, such as aquaculture,
wind energy production and ecotourism.
Based on our 13 years long experience we review the challenges of mapping species and habitats in complex marine environments, and provide a checklist for establishing a successful inventory programme in such conditions.
Crossed products for actions of crossed modules on C*-algebras
Authors: Buss Alcides , Meyer Ralf
Published: September 2017

We decompose the crossed product functor for actions of crossed modules of locally compact groups on C-algebras into more elementary constructions: taking crossed products by group actions and fibres in C-algebras over topological spaces. For this, we extend Takesaki–Takai duality to Abelian crossed modules; describe the crossed product for an extension of crossed modules; show that equivalent crossed modules have equivalent categories of actions on C-algebras; and show that certain crossed modules are automatically equivalent to Abelian crossed modules.
$\mathcal A_{\infty}$-functors and homotopy theory of dg-categories
Authors: Faonte Giovanni
Published: September 2017

In this paper we prove that Töen’s derived enrichment of the model category of dg-categories defined by Tabuada, is computed by the dg-category of

\mathcal A_{\infty}

-functors. This approach was suggested by Kontsevich. We further put this construction into the framework of

(\infty, 2)

-categories. Namely, we enhance the categories dgCat and

\mathcal A_{\infty}

Cat, of dg and

\mathcal A_{\infty}

-categories, to

(\infty, 2)

-categories using the nerve construction of [4] and the

\mathcal A_{\infty}

-formalism. We prove that the

(\infty, 1)

-truncation of to the

(\infty, 2)

-category of dg-categories is a model for the simplicial localization at the model structure of Tabuada. As an application, we prove that the homotopy groups of the mapping space of endomorphisms at the identity functor in the

(\infty, 2)

-category of

\mathcal A_{\infty}

-categories compute the Hochschild cohomology.
Hemoglobin Levels and the Risk of Malaria in Papua New Guinean Infants: A Nested Cohort Study
Authors: Lombardo Patrick , Vaucher Paul , Rarau Patricia , Mueller Ivo , Favrat Bernard , Senn Nicolas
Published: September 2017

Studies are available that assess the risk of malaria in accordance to the body’s iron store and the systematic iron supplementation of preschool children. However, only a few studies evaluated the temporal association between hemoglobin and malaria and their results are opposing. A total of 1,650 3-month-old Papua New Guinean infants were enrolled in this study and followed-up for 12 months. The risk of malaria was assessed in all children every 3 months and with each episode of fever. The incidence of clinical malaria between 3 and 15 months of age was 249 cases per 1,000 infants per year. After adjustment for potential confounding factors, a decrease of 1 g/dL of hemoglobin was associated with a nonsignificant increase of 11% for risk of malaria infection (hazard ratio, 1.11, 95% confidence interval; CI, 0.99–1.25, P = 0.076). Only children with severe anemia (hemoglobin < 8.0 g/dL) at baseline were at higher risk of malaria infection (hazard ratio, 1.72, 95% CI, 1.08–2.76, P = 0.023) during the follow-up year compared with the control group (Hemoglobin > 10.0 g/dL). This association was not statistically significant if only clinical malaria episodes were taken into account (hazard ratio, 1.42, 95% CI, 0.77–2.61, P = 0.26). Our study suggests that infants with lower hemoglobin levels are not protected against malaria infection. Further research that examines the risk of malaria in relation to both hemoglobin and iron store levels would be important to better understand this complex interaction.
Case Report: Bullous Scabies in Two Children below 10 Years
Authors: Luo Ze-Yu , Zeng Mei , Gao Qian , Zhao Yu-Kun , Sarkar Rashmi , Liao Shu-Ping , Luo Di-Qing
Published: September 2017

Bullous scabies is an infrequent and atypical presentation of scabies, with predilection for elderly and males. Its median age of presentation is 70 years. We report two male cases of bullous scabies who were 7 years and 6 months old. Both patients had excellent response to sulfur 10% ointment alone and have had no recurrence in more than 3 months of follow-up.
Post-Keynesian macroeconomics since the mid 1990s: main developments
Authors: Hein Eckhard
Published: September 2017

In this paper the main developments in post-Keynesian macroeconomics since the mid 1990s will be reviewed. For this purpose the main differences between heterodox economics in general, including post-Keynesian economics, and orthodox economics will be reiterated and an overview of the strands of post-Keynesian economics, their commonalities and developments since the 1930s will be outlined. This will provide the grounds for touching upon three important areas of development and progress of post-Keynesian macroeconomics since the mid 1990s: first, the integration of distribution issues and distributional conflict into short- and long-run macroeconomics, both in theoretical and in empirical/applied works; second, the integrated analysis of money, finance and macroeconomics and its application to changing institutional and historical circumstances, such as the process of financialisation; and third, the development of full-blown macroeconomic models, providing alternatives to the mainstream ‘New Consensus Model’ (NCM), and allowing us to derive a full macroeconomic policy mix as a more convincing alternative to the one implied and proposed by the mainstream NCM, which has dramatically failed in the face of the recent crises.
Behavioral and complexity macroeconomics
Authors: Roos Michael
Published: September 2017

This paper sketches the history of behavioral macroeconomics and presents four current approaches in the literature: the ad hoc behavioral approach, partial behavioral macroeconomic models, experimental macroeconomics, and behavioral DSGE models. Much of this literature is still patchwork, with a focus on isolated aspects but little theoretical integration. I argue that integrating behavioral features into New Keynesian DSGE models is not convincing because of fundamental problems of the DSGE approach. A better way to use research from behavioral economics for more realistic macroeconomic models is to turn to complexity economics and agent-based modeling. Complexity economics and behavioral economics are linked in a very natural way, since both emphasize the direct interaction of heterogeneous agents that are boundedly rational. Behavioral and complexity macroeconomics is a promising new approach that might make mainstream macroeconomics more realistic and relevant again.
Three decades of modelling Minsky: what we have learned and the way forward
Authors: Nikolaidi Maria
Published: September 2017

This paper intends to contribute to the contemporary discussions about Minsky's economics by reviewing how the key ideas of Minsky have been formalised in the heterodox literature over the last three decades or so. First, a distinction is made between the different models based on (a) the source of financial instability they focus on, (b) the type of heterodox macroeconomic framework into which Minskyan ideas are incorporated and (c) the purpose and the nature of the dynamic analysis. Second, the key lessons learned from modelling Minsky are outlined. Finally, the paper calls for more empirically driven models, points out the usefulness of agent-based approaches and highlights the need for the development of Minsky models on open economy, shadow banking and environmental issues.
Diseño de un Experimento de Optimización del Proceso de Coagulación-Floculación de Aguas en el Laboratorio de Química
Authors: Devesa-Rey Rosa , Rodríguez Rodríguez Francisco Javier , Urréjola Madriñan Santiago
Published: September 2017

La aplicación de conceptos matemáticos y la generación de soluciones matemáticas a problemas de ingeniería son esenciales para la enseñanza de todos los estudiantes de grado de ingeniería. Como la ingeniería es una profesión de carácter eminentemente práctico, los enfoques multidisciplinares para experimentación de laboratorio pueden conducir a un mejor aprendizaje para los alumnos. En este trabajo se descríbela aplicación de metodologías de superficie de respuesta (RSM) para un curso de Ingeniería Química. En particular, el documento considera la aplicación de un diseño experimental empleando software científico como Statgraphics para simular la gestión de efluentes contaminados procedentes de las industrias, para que los estudiantes relacionen el “mundo real” con los conceptos más teóricos impartidos en el aula. Las principales competencias de laboratorio desarrolladas en este curso serán el trabajo por proyectos y la propuesta de soluciones, la comunicación y el trabajo en equipo.

 
Modelling of continuous elastic systems by using the Finite Element Method
Authors: Herrero-Durá I. , Picó R. , Sánchez-Morcillo V.J. , Garcia-Raffi L.M.
Published: September 2017

La propagación de ondas mecánicas en sistemas unidimensionales es una parte fundamental de la física, necesaria para el aprendizaje de asignaturas como acústica y vibraciones. La vibración de ondas transversales en cuerdas es el caso más sencillo de sistema elástico. Habitualmente, este es el primer sistema elástico continuo en el cual los alumnos aplican conceptos matemáticos fundamentales como modo de vibración, ecuación de movimiento y condición de contorno. En este trabajo se propone el uso de los métodos de simulación para reforzar la comprensión de fenómenos simples en acústica y vibraciones. Lo aplicaremos a los casos de cuerda vibrante, barras y membranas de longitud finita con diferentes características físicas y condiciones de contorno.
Laryngopharyngeal Reflux: Is It the Real Culprit in Patients with Laryngeal Complaints?
Authors: Vishwakarma Rajesh , Shah Ruta V
Published: September 2017

Aim

The aim of this study is to evaluate the role of laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) in patients with laryngeal complaints and study the correlation between reflux symptom index (RSI) and reflux finding score (RFS).

Materials and methods

This is a study of 104 patients, who presented in the ear, nose, and throat outpatient department at the Civil Hospital, Ahmedabad, India, from April 2015 to April 2016, with complaints like change of voice, chronic cough, foreign body sensation, throat clearing, difficulty swallowing, and regurgitation.

All the patients were examined with 90° endoscope by a single examiner, and an RSI ≥13 was considered as indicative of reflux.

Observation and discussion

The mean age of the 104 patients was 47.2 years. The male-female ratio was 1:1.8. The RSI ranged from 5 to 44, with a mean of 22.99 and standard deviation (SD) of 7.43. The RFS ranged from 4 to 22, with a mean of 11.04 and SD of 3.07. Both the parameters showed high correlation (correlation coefficient 0.98).

Conclusion

The LPR plays an important contributory role in patients with laryngeal complaints. The RFS and RSI can be used as routine parameters in establishing the diagnosis of reflux.

How to cite this article

Shah RV, Vishwakarma R. Laryngopharyngeal Reflux: Is It the Real Culprit in Patients with Laryngeal Complaints? Int J Phonosurg Laryngol 2017; 7(1):6-9.
Atypical Spindle Cell Lesion of Larynx: A Rare Benign Condition mimicking Malignancy
Authors: Dandala Sridhar R , Panuganti Achyuth , Kumuda Pindicura
Published: September 2017

Atypical spindle cell lesion of larynx is a very rare condition usually misdiagnosed as malignant spindle cell tumor, requiring immunohistochemical (IHC) studies for reaching a correct diagnosis. We present a case of a 75-year-old male patient, who presented to the ear, nose, and throat casualty in stridor, and was tracheostomized. Videolaryngoscopy revealed a huge irregular growth filling the supraglottis. Biopsy of the growth suggested a reactive fibroblastic proliferation with atypia. The patient was again subjected to biopsy and it revealed well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Total laryngectomy was done. The specimen on histopathological examination revealed atypical spindle cell lesion, and on IHC revealed a benign inflammatory spindle cell neoplasm. Here, we discuss the difficulty in making a decision on definitive treatment for such a condition and the importance of histopathological diagnosis of this condition for better understanding of its management.

How to cite this article

Dandala SR, Panuganti A, Kumuda P. Atypical Spindle Cell Lesion of Larynx: A Rare Benign Condition mimicking Malignancy. Int J Phonosurg Laryngol 2017;7(1):31-35.
Tsunami evacuation buildings and evacuation planning in Banda Aceh, Indonesia
Authors: Yuzal, MURP Hendri , Kim, PhD Karl , Pant, PhD Pradip , Yamashita, MURP Eric
Published: September 2017

Indonesia, a country of more than 17,000 islands, is exposed to many hazards. A magnitude 9.1 earthquake struck off the coast of Sumatra, Indonesia, on December 26, 2004. It triggered a series of tsunami waves that spread across the Indian Ocean causing damage in 11 countries. Banda Aceh, the capital city of Aceh Province, was among the most damaged. More than 31,000 people were killed. At the time, there were no early warning systems nor evacuation buildings that could provide safe refuge for residents. Since then, four tsunami evacuation buildings (TEBs) have been constructed in the Meuraxa subdistrict of Banda Aceh. Based on analysis of evacuation routes and travel times, the capacity of existing TEBs is examined. Existing TEBs would not be able to shelter all of the at-risk population. In this study, additional buildings and locations for TEBs are proposed and residents are assigned to the closest TEBs. While TEBs may be part of a larger system of tsunami mitigation efforts, other strategies and approaches need to be considered. In addition to TEBs, robust detection, warning and alert systems, land use planning, training, exercises, and other preparedness strategies are essential to tsunami risk reduction.
Are you ready? Crisis leadership in a hyper-VUCA environment (Part 1 of 2)
Authors: Alkhaldi, MD Khaldoon H. , Austin, MSPH, MA Meredith L. , Cura, MS, HSE Boris A. , Dantzler, PhD Darrell , Holland, MS Leslie , Maples, MBA David L. , Quarrelles, MPA, CEM Jamie C. , Weinkle Jr, MS, ACC Robert K. , Marcus, PhD Leonard J.
Published: September 2017

The current hyper-volatile, -uncertain, -complex, and -ambiguous (VUCA) threat environment demands a more cohesive support structure for crisis leaders who may be faced with crises of increasing magnitude and frequency and, in some instances, multiple crisis events simultaneously. The project team investigates the perceptions of crisis leaders regarding establishing a crisis leader advisor position for crisis leaders to benefit from their experience while prosecuting crisis response activities. The team linked hyper-VUCA crises, crisis response frameworks, meta-leadership, crisis leader attributes, and advisor attributes. The overall goal of the project is to increase the ability of the crisis leaders to more effectively and efficiently navigate crisis events resulting in more efficient and effective response and recovery. Three research questions were developed to assess the following: thoughts of integrating a crisis leader advisor position; development of a crisis leader advisor certification program; and attributes of crisis leader advisors. A qualitative research methodology using a phenomenological approach was employed. Forty-one participants were purposefully selected and administered a short, on-line survey consisting of 11 questions. Data were analyzed using percentage analysis, weighted sums, and inductive thematic analysis. The project team found an overwhelming support for the crisis leader advisor position and the crisis leader advisor certification program. Additionally, experience and trustworthiness ranked among the top sought after attributes of a crisis leader advisor. The team recommendations included (1) implement a crisis leaders advisor guide/framework; (2) create a formal crisis leader advisor position in national incident management system; (3) implement a crisis leader advisor certification framework; (4) benchmark established advisor programs; and (5) implement a framework to match leaders and advisors.
Bridging cultures: Nonprofit, church, and emergency management agency collaboration after the May 2013 Oklahoma tornado outbreak
Authors: Murphy, PhD Haley , Pudlo, PhD Candidate Jason
Published: September 2017

Community-based organizations, such as nonprofit organizations (NPOs) and churches, play an important role in helping individuals and communities bounce back after a disaster. The nature of disasters requires organizations across sectors to partner together to provide recovery services; however, collaboration is difficult even in times of stability and requires trust and communication to be built through prior collaborative relationships. These prior relationships rarely exist between the majority of the nonprofit sector, churches, and existing emergency management structures. Furthermore, these organizations often have very different cultures, values, and norms that can further hinder successful postdisaster collaboration. The authors use data collected from interviews with nonprofit and church leaders involved in recovery efforts after a series of devastating storms impacted central Oklahoma in 2013 to understand how well nonprofit and church leaders perceive their organizations collaborated with each other and with government and emergency management agencies in response and recovery efforts. Interview data suggest that NPOs and churches without a primary or secondary mission of disaster response and recovery have a difficult time collaborating with organizations involved in existing emergency management structures. The authors suggest that nonprofits with a primary or secondary purpose in disaster response are a potential bridge between other nonprofits and emergency management agencies.
An oxymoron of long-term care—Sheltering-in-place during an evacuation: A literature review of the best practices of evacuation and sheltering-in-place for long-term care facilities
Authors: Baxter, MDEM Megan
Published: September 2017

Background: Long-term care facilities (LTCFs) are defined as residential facilities that are home to elderly patrons who are no longer able to live independently. These facilities require comprehensive emergency planning to provide the best response to the threat of a disaster for their residents. However, LTCFs are often overlooked in disaster planning, leaving them to work independently to create suitable arrangements in the event of a disaster. This article examines the literature on evacuating and compares it to the literature on sheltering-in-place for LTCFs. Conclusions regarding best practices are also provided.Methods: A literature review and Internet search were completed in July 2016. Information was entered onto a spreadsheet listing the key points of each article, which was reviewed for emerging themes.Results: Out of the 399 acquired articles and grey literature found during the research portion of this article, 30 were deemed pertinent, 22 of which appear in this article. All included articles were peer reviewed. Themes emerging from these articles include the persistent absence of research into the best practices for LTCFs during emergencies and the difficulties of evacuating and sheltering-in-place with frail populations.Conclusion: While there is no one right answer for all scenarios, sheltering-in-place appears to be the default safe option for those in LTCFs—with the assumption that the facility has taken steps toward preparation, such as purchasing generators and securing enough food, water, and medical supplies to sustain the residents, staff, and families of both for 7 days. Additionally, a LTCF needs to devise contingency plans for evacuation if necessary, to be fully prepared for a catastrophic event.
Social capital, neighborhood disorder, and disaster recovery
Authors: Clay, PhD, MPH Lauren , Papas, PhD Mia , Abramson, PhD, MPH David , Kendra, PhD James
Published: September 2017

Objective: This study examined social institutions as a contextual factor that may influence perceptions of neighborhood physical and social disorder during disaster recovery.Design: The study used descriptive statistics and fit logistic regression models.Setting and Participants: Participants in this study (n = 772) were recruited from temporary housing in Louisiana and Mississippi as part of the Gulf Coast Child and Family Health Study, a longitudinal study of households heavily impacted by Hurricane Katrina. Community data were obtained from the Dun and Bradstreet Million Dollar Database and the American Community Survey.Outcome measure(s): Social disorder was assessed by asking respondents how concerned they are about issues such as being robbed or walking alone at night. Physical disorder was assessed by asking about problems experienced in the last month such as broken or missing windows and presence of mice or rats. Results: Greater income (β = −0.17, SE = 0.07), housing stability (β = −0.16, SE = 0.07), social support (β = −0.09, SE = 0.04), and home ownership (β = −0.10, SE = 0.05) were associated with lower social disorder and a larger male population at the community level was associated with greater social disorder (β = 0.00, SE = 0.00). Greater social support (β = −0.11, SE = 0.04), housing stability (β = −0.15, SE = 0.06), and higher income (β = −0.10, SE = 0.07) were associated with lower physical disorder.Conclusions: Longitudinal research is needed to understand the direction of influence between neighborhood factors and to household ability to provide for basic needs postdisaster. The findings also highlight the need for further research on postdisaster male behavior.
Inflammatory responses to secondary organic aerosols (SOA) generated from biogenic and anthropogenic precursors
Authors: Tuet Wing Y. , Chen Yunle , Fok Shierly , Champion Julie A. , Ng Nga L.
Published: September 2017

Abstract. Cardiopulmonary health implications resulting from exposure to secondary organic aerosols (SOA), which comprise a significant fraction of ambient particulate matter (PM), have received increasing interest in recent years. In this study, alveolar macrophages were exposed to SOA generated from the photooxidation of biogenic and anthropogenic precursors (isoprene, α-pinene, β-caryophyllene, pentadecane, m-xylene, and naphthalene) under different formation conditions (RO2 + HO2 vs. RO2 + NO dominant, dry vs. humid). Various cellular responses were measured, including reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) production and secreted levels of cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). SOA precursor identity and formation condition affected all measured responses in a hydrocarbon-specific manner. With the exception of naphthalene SOA, cellular responses followed a trend where TNF-α levels reached a plateau with increasing IL-6 levels. ROS/RNS levels were consistent with relative levels of TNF-α and IL-6, due to their respective inflammatory and anti-inflammatory effects. Exposure to naphthalene SOA, whose aromatic-ring-containing products may trigger different cellular pathways, induced higher levels of TNF-α and ROS/RNS than suggested by the trend. Distinct cellular response patterns were identified for hydrocarbons whose photooxidation products shared similar chemical functionalities and structures, which suggests that the chemical structure (carbon chain length and functionalities) of photooxidation products may be important for determining cellular effects. A positive nonlinear correlation was also detected between ROS/RNS levels and previously measured DTT (dithiothreitol) activities for SOA samples. In the context of ambient samples collected during summer and winter in the greater Atlanta area, all laboratory-generated SOA produced similar or higher levels of ROS/RNS and DTT activities. These results suggest that the health effects of SOA are important considerations for understanding the health implications of ambient aerosols.
Joint measurements of PM2. 5 and light-absorptive PM in woodsmoke-dominated ambient and plume environments
Authors: Zhang K. Max , Allen George , Yang Bo , Chen Geng , Gu Jiajun , Schwab James , Felton Dirk , Rattigan Oliver
Published: September 2017

Abstract. DC, also referred to as Delta-C, measures enhanced light absorption of particulate matter (PM) samples at the near-ultraviolet (UV) range relative to the near-infrared range, which has been proposed previously as a woodsmoke marker due to the presence of enhanced UV light-absorbing materials from wood combustion. In this paper, we further evaluated the applications and limitations of using DC as both a qualitative and semi-quantitative woodsmoke marker via joint continuous measurements of PM2. 5 (by nephelometer pDR-1500) and light-absorptive PM (by 2-wavelength and 7-wavelength Aethalometer®) in three northeastern US cities/towns including Rutland, VT; Saranac Lake, NY and Ithaca, NY. Residential wood combustion has shown to be the predominant source of wintertime primary PM2. 5 emissions in both Rutland and Saranac Lake, where we conducted ambient measurements. In Ithaca, we performed woodsmoke plume measurements. We compared the pDR-1500 against a FEM PM2. 5 sampler (BAM 1020), and identified a close agreement between the two instruments in a woodsmoke-dominated ambient environment. The analysis of seasonal and diurnal trends of DC, black carbon (BC, 880 nm) and PM2. 5 concentrations supports the use of DC as an adequate qualitative marker. The strong linear relationships between PM2. 5 and DC in both woodsmoke-dominated ambient and plume environments suggest that DC can reasonably serve as a semi-quantitative woodsmoke marker. We propose a DC-based indicator for woodsmoke emission, which has shown to exhibit a relatively strong linear relationship with heating demand. While we observed reproducible PM2. 5–DC relationships in similar woodsmoke-dominated ambient environments, those relationships differ significantly with different environments, and among individual woodsmoke sources. Our analysis also indicates the potential for PM2. 5–DC relationships to be utilized to distinguish different combustion and operating conditions of woodsmoke sources, and that DC–heating-demand relationships could be adopted to estimate woodsmoke emissions. However, future studies are needed to elucidate those relationships.
Canopy uptake dominates nighttime carbonyl sulfide fluxes in a boreal forest
Authors: Kooijmans Linda M. J. , Maseyk Kadmiel , Seibt Ulli , Sun Wu , Vesala Timo , Mammarella Ivan , Kolari Pasi , Aalto Juho , Franchin Alessandro , Vecchi Roberta , Valli Gianluigi , Chen Huilin
Published: September 2017

Abstract. Nighttime vegetative uptake of carbonyl sulfide (COS) can exist due to the incomplete closure of stomata and the light independence of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase, which complicates the use of COS as a tracer for gross primary productivity (GPP). In this study we derived nighttime COS fluxes in a boreal forest (the SMEAR II station in Hyytiälä, Finland; 61°51′ N, 24°17′ E; 181 m a.s.l.) from June to November 2015 using two different methods: eddy-covariance (EC) measurements (FCOS-EC) and the radon-tracer method (FCOS-Rn). The total nighttime COS fluxes averaged over the whole measurement period were −6.8 ± 2.2 and −7.9 ± 3.8 pmol m−2 s−1 for FCOS-Rn and FCOS-EC, respectively, which is 33–38 % of the average daytime fluxes and 21 % of the total daily COS uptake. The correlation of 222Rn (of which the source is the soil) with COS (average R2  =  0.58) was lower than with CO2 (0.70), suggesting that the main sink of COS is not located at the ground. These observations are supported by soil chamber measurements that show that soil contributes to only 34–40 % of the total nighttime COS uptake. We found a decrease in COS uptake with decreasing nighttime stomatal conductance and increasing vapor-pressure deficit and air temperature, driven by stomatal closure in response to a warm and dry period in August. We also discuss the effect that canopy layer mixing can have on the radon-tracer method and the sensitivity of (FCOS-EC) to atmospheric turbulence. Our results suggest that the nighttime uptake of COS is mainly driven by the tree foliage and is significant in a boreal forest, such that it needs to be taken into account when using COS as a tracer for GPP.
Variability in above- and belowground carbon stocks in a Siberian larch watershed
Authors: Webb Elizabeth E. , Heard Kathryn , Natali Susan M. , Bunn Andrew G. , Alexander Heather D. , Berner Logan T. , Kholodov Alexander , Loranty Michael M. , Schade John D. , Spektor Valentin , Zimov Nikita
Published: September 2017

Abstract. Permafrost soils store between 1330 and 1580 Pg carbon (C), which is 3 times the amount of C in global vegetation, almost twice the amount of C in the atmosphere, and half of the global soil organic C pool. Despite the massive amount of C in permafrost, estimates of soil C storage in the high-latitude permafrost region are highly uncertain, primarily due to undersampling at all spatial scales; circumpolar soil C estimates lack sufficient continental spatial diversity, regional intensity, and replication at the field-site level. Siberian forests are particularly undersampled, yet the larch forests that dominate this region may store more than twice as much soil C as all other boreal forest types in the continuous permafrost zone combined. Here we present above- and belowground C stocks from 20 sites representing a gradient of stand age and structure in a larch watershed of the Kolyma River, near Chersky, Sakha Republic, Russia. We found that the majority of C stored in the top 1 m of the watershed was stored belowground (92 %), with 19 % in the top 10 cm of soil and 40 % in the top 30 cm. Carbon was more variable in surface soils (10 cm; coefficient of variation (CV)  =  0.35 between stands) than in the top 30 cm (CV  =  0.14) or soil profile to 1 m (CV  =  0.20). Combined active-layer and deep frozen deposits (surface – 15 m) contained 205 kg C m−2 (yedoma, non-ice wedge) and 331 kg C m−2 (alas), which, even when accounting for landscape-level ice content, is an order of magnitude more C than that stored in the top meter of soil and 2 orders of magnitude more C than in aboveground biomass. Aboveground biomass was composed of primarily larch (53 %) but also included understory vegetation (30 %), woody debris (11 %) and snag (6 %) biomass. While aboveground biomass contained relatively little (8 %) of the C stocks in the watershed, aboveground processes were linked to thaw depth and belowground C storage. Thaw depth was negatively related to stand age, and soil C density (top 10 cm) was positively related to soil moisture and negatively related to moss and lichen cover. These results suggest that, as the climate warms, changes in stand age and structure may be as important as direct climate effects on belowground environmental conditions and permafrost C vulnerability.
Impact of different fertilizers on carbonate weathering in a typical karst area, Southwest China: a field column experiment
Authors: Song Chao , Liu Changli , Han Guilin , Liu Congqiang
Published: September 2017

Abstract. Carbonate weathering, as a significant vector for the movement of carbon both between and within ecosystems, is strongly influenced by agricultural fertilization, since the addition of fertilizers tends to change the chemical characteristics of soil such as the pH. Different fertilizers may exert a different impact on carbonate weathering, but these discrepancies are as yet not well-known. In this study, a field column experiment was conducted to explore the response of carbonate weathering to the addition of different fertilizers. We compared 11 different treatments, including a control treatment, using three replicates per treatment. Carbonate weathering was assessed by measuring the weight loss of limestone and dolostone tablets buried at the bottom of soil-filled columns. The results show that the addition of urea, NH4NO3, NH4HCO3, NH4Cl and (NH4)2CO3 distinctly increased carbonate weathering, which was attributed to the nitrification of NH4+. The addition of Ca3(PO4)2, Ca–Mg–P and K2CO3 induced carbonate precipitation due to the common ion effect. The addition of (NH4)3PO4 and NaNO3 had a relatively small impact on carbonate weathering in comparison to those five NH4-based fertilizers above. The results of NaNO3 treatment raise a new question: the negligible impact of nitrate on carbonate weathering may result in an overestimation of the impact of N fertilizer on CO2 consumption by carbonate weathering on the regional/global scale if the effects of NO3 and NH4 are not distinguished.
Implementation of a physically based water percolation routine in the Crocus/SURFEX (V7.3) snowpack model
Authors: D'Amboise Christopher J. L. , Müller Karsten , Oxarango Laurent , Morin Samuel , Schuler Thomas V.
Published: September 2017

Abstract. We present a new water percolation routine added to the one-dimensional snowpack model Crocus as an alternative to the empirical bucket routine. This routine solves the Richards equation, which describes flow of water through unsaturated porous snow governed by capillary suction, gravity and hydraulic conductivity of the snow layers. We tested the Richards routine on two data sets, one recorded from an automatic weather station over the winter of 2013–2014 at Filefjell, Norway, and the other an idealized synthetic data set. Model results using the Richards routine generally lead to higher water contents in the snow layers. Snow layers often reached a point at which the ice crystals' surface area is completely covered by a thin film of water (the transition between pendular and funicular regimes), at which feedback from the snow metamorphism and compaction routines are expected to be nonlinear. With the synthetic simulation 18 % of snow layers obtained a saturation of  >  10 % and 0.57 % of layers reached saturation of  >  15 %. The Richards routine had a maximum liquid water content of 173.6 kg m−3 whereas the bucket routine had a maximum of 42.1 kg m−3. We found that wet-snow processes, such as wet-snow metamorphism and wet-snow compaction rates, are not accurately represented at higher water contents. These routines feed back on the Richards routines, which rely heavily on grain size and snow density. The parameter sets for the water retention curve and hydraulic conductivity of snow layers, which are used in the Richards routine, do not represent all the snow types that can be found in a natural snowpack. We show that the new routine has been implemented in the Crocus model, but due to feedback amplification and parameter uncertainties, meaningful applicability is limited. Updating or adapting other routines in Crocus, specifically the snow compaction routine and the grain metamorphism routine, is needed before Crocus can accurately simulate the snowpack using the Richards routine.