bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Method for Organising the Clinical Description of Family Interaction: The “Family Interaction Summary Format”
Authors: Loader Peter , Burck Charlotte , Kinston Warren , Bentovim Arnon
Published: September 2013

Family Therapy emphasises the family as the basic unit of study and treatment for psychological problems. Family Therapists view the symptoms of an individual as predominantly meaningful within the context of his family relational system, and place emphasis on interactional processes occurring between family members. As part of any psychiatric assessment, a systematic written description of family functioning, brief or lengthy depending on the circumstances, is required. Clinicians' descriptions suffer excessively from idiosyncrasy and incompleteness. Review of the literature revealed the lack of an accepted systematic method for describing family interaction. The Family Interaction Summary Format was devised to fill this gap. This paper describes the logic of the Format and is a guide to its use.
School Refusal An Empirical Study and System Analysis
Authors: Lang Moshe
Published: September 2013

The empirical, clinical and theoretical literature on School Refusal is reviewed.

A study is reported in which a comprehensive group of forty severe school refusers was compared with a matched control group. They differed on a wide range of variables. The school refusing children were more depressed, anxious, introverted, neurotic, over protected and less intelligent. Their parents' educational attainment and levels of intelligence were lower; they were older and had larger families; father's occupational status was lower and he was often absent from home.

The results are discussed.

A three level system theory interpretation is presented:

child;

family;

beyond the family.

Some therapeutic implications are offered.
The Ecological Perspective Revisited*
Authors: Crawley Jim
Published: September 2013

Family therapy inaugurated a radical change in the way many emotional and psychiatric problems are understood. ‘Systems thinking’ dictated that the individual needed to be seen within a larger systemic context if his/her behaviour was to be understood and effective intervention carried out. The logical extension of this way of thinking is to argue that the family itself must be viewed within a wider context. This perspective has appeared a number of times in the family therapy literature, particularly in the ‘ecological’ tradition. Utilising an ecological perspective can, however, lead to a new and less clearly defined role for the therapist, and there are thus good pragmatic reasons working against its adoption.
1984 and beyond: Divergent Directions and Extra Depth*
Authors: Gilbert Diana
Published: September 2013

It is time family therapy looked wider than the therapy session. Problems presenting also need to be viewed within a societal context. The complexity and fluid nature of issues affecting the family today needs to be recognised. To highlight this, 3 divergent areas are discussed; family structure, culture, and the nuclear threat. The myth of homogeneity is exposed and the pluralistic nature of Australian society is discussed. It is argued that family therapists have a responsibility to be aware of, and to comment on, family policy issues if the approach is to continue to develop divergent directions and extra depths.
Circular Questioning and Shifting Relationships
Authors: Andersen Tom , Danielsen Heidi , Sonnesyn Hogne , Sonnesyn Magni
Published: September 2013

This article is a contribution to the necessary development of process evaluation in family therapy. A videotaped case, consisting of six sessions, is reviewed and the changes in the various family relationships are described. Attempts are made to look for correspondences between circular questioning in one of the sessions and shifts in relationships.
Some Constraints in the Learning of Family Therapy
Authors: Furlong M. , Smith J. , Goding S.
Published: September 2013

It is the authors' contention that there are identifiable learning constraints for trainee family therapists that influence their rate and range of practice development.

These constraints are conceptualised at three levels of abstraction: 1. Dogmas from the stone tablets; 2. Restrictive styles of practice; and 3. Unarticulated presuppositions.

The relationship between these constraints is discussed in relation to learning and is presented within a student‐directed framework for adult learning.
Considerations on Research in Family Therapy: An Interview with Rudolf Moos
Authors: Martin Graham
Published: September 2013

Rudolf Moos, Professor of Psychiatry, Stanford University School of Medicine and Research Career Scientist at the Palo Alto Veterans Administration Medical Centre, is not well known to Australian and New Zealand therapy circles, yet his research into instruments applicable to research into the family and its dynamics is prolific, his personal energy, integrity and dedication are admirable and his persistence at researching the very difficult areas of social environments is unequalled. This interview was recorded at the Social Ecology Laboratory at Veteran's Administration Medical Centre at Palo Alto, where he is Director of the Laboratory.
Essay/Comment. Instruments of ‘Instant’ Change? A Question of Timing
Authors: Perry Ron
Published: September 2013

Much current writing and a good deal of training in family therapy tends to focus on ways of intervening that can assist, facilitate, and hasten change.

Less attention tends to be given to an equally important question: “WHEN is the right moment for this particular intervention?” The expert and gifted therapists who are the writers and teachers have generally acquired exquisite skills in timing (including assessment). Their writing tends to take these skills for granted and more attention tends to be given to the instruments to be used than to the question of timing.

Some training in timing may be possible. At least some extended reflection on the question of timing may increase the dialogue around the use of powerful interventions which, if introduced rashly, can alienate clients, and even at times bring the field of family therapy into some disrepute.
Prisoners of Conscience
Authors: Horn Robert V.
Published: September 2013

Amnesty International is a human rights organisation that operates right around the world. This article describes its objectives and methods, and discusses some of the factors which have contributed to its successful growth over the past 27 years. It also looks at the relationships between the organisation, the offending authorities and the victims of oppression and their families.
THE RELATIONSHIP CHART — A recording and therapeutic process
Authors: Jordan Peter K
Published: September 2013

Those affected by a marital separation are inclined to talk about who caused the marriage to end, with blame being widely apportioned. In seeking to help clients come to terms with marital separation, the author developed a process involving the building of The Relationship Chart.

The Relationship Chart presents in visual form a record of the couple's relationship. Satir uses a family life chronology to change the focus from an identified client to a family relationships focus. Similarly The Relationship Chart process endeavours to change the focus from blaming others to one in which the partners can focus on their mutual responsibility for their own separation.
A Systems‐Developmental Approach to Counselling Couples with Sexual Problems: Part I — Theoretical Framework
Authors: Roughan Penny , Jenkins Alan
Published: September 2013

We present a two part model for the understanding and treatment of long‐standing sexual problems, especially those involving desire discrepancy between partners. In Part I, a theoretical model is outlined in terms of the normal developmental patterns of relationship development in current Western culture. We then discuss the balances and imbalances that develop as a consequence of differences in styles of loving, which affect sexual expectations and behaviour. In Part II we will examine the implications of the theoretical model for therapeutic intervention.
Chaos: A Challenge to Refine Systems Theory
Authors: Stevens Bruce A.
Published: September 2013

Chaos theory may have relevance to marital and family therapy. Some connections are tentatively explored.
Groups for Incest Survivors; A New Context
Authors: Wilson Anne , Hutton Jane
Published: September 2013

This article outlines a new context for group work with young women who have experienced incest. It describes how ideas from the work of White, Epston, Kamsler and de Shazer on the evolution, maintenance and resolution of problems can be applied to enhance the therapeutic effectiveness of group work with teenage survivors of incest. Externalisation, exploration of beliefs and restorying are found to assist the young women greatly to reconnect with their own resourcefulness.
Differentiation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells on decellularized extracellular matrix materials
Authors: Hoganson D. M. , Meppelink A. M. , Hinkel C. J. , Goldman S. M. , Liu X.‐H. , Nunley R. M. , Gaut J. P. , Vacanti J. P.
Published: September 2013

Mesenchymal bone marrow stromal cells may be a source of cells to preseed decellularized biologic mesh materials for improved cellularization and promote a more physiologic tissue after remodeling. Spontaneous differentiation of mesenchymal stromal cells on the decellularized material would be undesirable. Conversely, induced differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) on the material would suggest that these materials may have promise as scaffold materials for bone, cartilage, or adipocyte formation. Two sources of mesenchymal cells were evaluated for induced differentiation in control wells. These MSCs were also evaluated for spontaneous or induced differentiation on decellularized porcine dermis and mesothelium materials. Primarily harvested bone marrow MSCs and commercially obtained MSCs were induced into osteoblasts and adipocytes on decellularized dermis and mesothelium materials. The MSCs were able to be induced into chondrocytes in pellet form but not when grown as a monolayer on the materials. The MSCs did not undergo spontaneous differentiation when grown on the materials for up to four weeks. MSC grown on decellularized porcine dermis or mesothelium do not spontaneously differentiate and may serve as a source of autologous cells for preseeding these extracellular matrix materials prior to implantation. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 102A: 2875–2883, 2014.
Energy Metabolism Characterization of a Novel Cancer Stem Cell‐Like Line 3AB‐OS
Authors: Palorini Roberta , Votta Giuseppina , Balestrieri Chiara , Monestiroli Andrea , Olivieri Sandro , Vento Renza , Chiaradonna Ferdinando
Published: September 2013

Cancer stem cells (CSC) have a central role in driving tumor growth. Since metabolism is becoming an important diagnostic and therapeutic target, characterization of CSC line energetic properties is an emerging need. Embryonic and adult stem cells, compared to differentiated cells, exhibit a reduced mitochondrial activity and a stronger dependence on aerobic glycolysis. Here, we aimed to comparatively analyze bioenergetics features of the human osteosarcoma 3AB‐OS CSC‐like line, and the parental osteosarcoma MG63 cells, from which 3AB‐OS cells have been previously selected. Our results suggest that 3AB‐OS cells depend on glycolytic metabolism more strongly than MG63 cells. Indeed, growth in glucose shortage or in presence of galactose or pyruvate (mitochondrial specific substrates) leads to a significant reduction of their proliferation compared to MG63 cells. Accordingly, 3AB‐OS cells show an increased expression of lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) and a larger accumulation of lactate in the culture medium. In line with these findings 3AB‐OS cells as compared to MG63 cells present a reduced mitochondrial respiration, a stronger sensitivity to glucose depletion or glycolysis inhibition and a lessened sensitivity to oxidative phosphorylation inhibitors. Additionally, in contrast to MG63 cells, 3AB‐OS display fragmented mitochondria, which become networked as they grow in glucose‐rich medium, while almost entirely loose these structures growing in low glucose. Overall, our findings suggest that 3AB‐OS CSC energy metabolism is more similar to normal stem cells and to cancer cells characterized by a glycolytic anaerobic metabolism. J. Cell. Biochem. 115: 368–379, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
X‐ray CT and histological imaging of xylem vessels organization in Mimosa pudica
Authors: Lee Sang Joon , Song Kahye , Kim Hae Koo , Park Joonghyuk
Published: September 2013

Mimosa pudica has three distinct specialized organs, namely, pulvinus, secondary pulvinus, and pulvinule, which are respectively controlling the movements of petioles, leaflets, and pinna in response to external stimuli. Water flow is a key factor for such movements, but detailed studies on the organization of the vascular system for water transport in these organs have not been published yet. In this study, organizations of the xylem vessels and morphological features of the pulvinus, the secondary pulvinus, and the pulvinule were experimentally investigated by X‐ray computed tomography and histological technique. Results showed that the xylem vessels were circularly distributed in the specialized motile organs and reorganized into distinct vascular bundles at the extremities. The number and the total cross‐sectional area of the xylem vessels were increased inside the specialized motile organs. Morphological characteristics obtained in this study provided new insight to understand the functions of the vascular networks in the dynamic movements of M. pudica. Microsc. Res. Tech. 76:1204–1212, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Dzhungarian fault: Late Quaternary tectonics and slip rate of a major right‐lateral strike‐slip fault in the northern Tien Shan region
Authors: Campbell G. E. , Walker R. T. , Abdrakhmatov K. , Schwenninger JL. , Jackson J. , Elliott J. R. , Copley A.
Published: September 2013

The Dzhungarian strike‐slip fault of Central Asia is one of a series of long, NW‐SE right‐lateral strike‐slip faults that are characteristic of the northern Tien Shan region and extends over 300 km from the high mountains into the Kazakh Platform. Our field‐based and satellite observations reveal that the Dzhungarian fault can be characterized by three 100 km long sections based on variation in strike direction. Through morphological analysis of offset streams and alluvial fans, and through optically stimulated luminescence dating, we find that the Dzhungarian fault has a minimum average late Quaternary slip rate of 2.2 ± 0.8 mm/yr and accommodates N‐S shortening related to the India‐Eurasia collision. This shortening may also be partly accommodated by counterclockwise rotation about a vertical axis. Evidence for a possible paleo‐earthquake rupture indicates that earthquakes up to at least Mw 7 can be associated with just the partitioned component of reverse slip on segments of the central section of the fault up to 30 km long. An event rupturing longer sections of the Dzhungarian fault has the potential to generate greater magnitude earthquakes (Mw 8); however, long time periods (e.g., thousands of years) are expected in order to accumulate enough strain to generate such earthquakes.
Effects of gravity waves on the day‐night difference of the general circulation in the Venusian lower thermosphere
Authors: Hoshino N. , Fujiwara H. , Takagi M. , Kasaba Y.
Published: September 2013

We investigated generation mechanisms of the local time variation of the wind velocity in the Venusian mesosphere and thermosphere, which has been suggested from recent ground‐based CO millimeter/submillimeter and CO2 10 μm observations, using our general circulation model. Our model considers the momentum transport caused by gravity waves with the gravity wave parameterization developed by Medvedev and Klaassen (2000). Our results show that atmospheric circulation distinctly changes from the dayside to the nightside. The subsolar‐to‐antisolar (SSAS) wind is predominant in the dayside. On the other hand, the retrograde superrotating zonal (RSZ) wind is superposed on the SSAS wind in the nightside. These characteristics are consistent with the previous observations. The westward momentum, which drives the RSZ wind in the nightside at an altitude of 110 km, is supplied by gravity waves in the 115–130 km altitude region. The downward flow that originates in the SSAS wind transports the westward momentum downward in the nightside.
Liver transplantation for patients with human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus co‐infection: update in 2013
Authors: Eguchi Susumu , Takatsuki Mitsuhisa , Kuroki Tamotsu
Published: September 2013

Because of the progress of anti‐retroviral therapy (ART) for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), mortality due to opportunistic infection resulting in AIDS has been remarkably reduced. However, meanwhile, half of those patients have died of end‐stage liver cirrhosis due to hepatitis C virus (HCV) with liver cirrhosis and early occurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma. Recently, in 2013, non‐cirrhotic portal hypertension due to ART drugs or still unknown mechanisms have become problematic with early progression of the disease in this patient population. Liver transplantation (LT) could be one treatment of choice in such cases, but the indications for LT perioperative management, including both HIV and HCV treatments and immunosuppression, are still challenging. In this review, we update the literature on HIV/HCV co‐infection and LT as well as recent effort for modifying allocation system for those patients.
Long‐term fertilisation causes excess supply and loss of phosphorus in purple paddy soil
Authors: Zhang Yue‐Qiang , Wen Ming‐Xia , Li Xue‐Ping , Shi Xiao‐Jun
Published: September 2013

BACKGROUND

Phosphorus (P) loss from cropland is accelerating the eutrophication of waters around the world such as the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) in China. We investigated whether purple paddy soil under long‐term P applications was a major source of P efflux to the TGR.

RESULTS

Substantial surplus P in the plough layer (0–20 cm) was evident after 15‐year P applications. Available P (Olsen‐P) in the plough layer ranged from 1.9 to 42.4 mg kg−1 and some of which will exceed the threshold of 30 mg kg−1 for environmental concern within 7 years of P application (inorganic NPK with or without organic fertiliser). Between 30 and 70% of Olsen‐P was leached out of the 0–30 cm soil layer. Surplus P resulted in high P concentrations in the surface water during the rice cropping season, and these concentrations exceeded those in most waters of the TGR and exceeded the critical level for eutrophication (0.1 mg L−1) during the first 10 days after rice planting. Furthermore, total P in run‐off due to rainfall events exceeded the level for eutrophication, with a total loss of 43.2–147.9 g P ha−1 depending on the fertilisation.

CONCLUSION

Current agronomic P management in purple paddy soil is environmentally unsustainable in terms of the adverse impact on surface water quality. Integrated P management practices are urgently required to optimise crop yield while minimising P loss in order to protect surface water quality in the TGR region. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Extremal solutions to fourth order discontinuous functional boundary value problems
Authors: Cabada Alberto , Fialho João , Minhós Feliz
Published: September 2013

In this paper, given a L1‐Carathéodory function, it is considered the functional fourth order equation

urn:x-wiley:dummy:mana201100239:equation:mana201100239-math-0002together with the nonlinear functional boundary conditions

urn:x-wiley:dummy:mana201100239:equation:mana201100239-math-0003Here , , satisfy some adequate monotonicity assumptions and are not necessarily continuous functions. It will be proved an existence and location result in presence of non ordered lower and upper solutions.
A coalitional control scheme with applications to cooperative game theory
Authors: Maestre J.M. , Muñoz de la Peña D. , Jiménez Losada A. , Algaba E. , Camacho E. F.
Published: September 2013

In this paper, we present a control scheme in which a set of agents switches between different network topologies in order to regulate a set of unconstrained linear systems. The problems of how to decide the time‐varying communication strategy and the corresponding control strategies are addressed. A design method that guarantees closed‐loop stability for the proposed scheme is also provided. In addition, the network topology optimization problem is posed as a cooperative game, so that tools from game theory can be used to study the relevance of the different links and the agents. Finally, the proposed scheme is illustrated through a simulation example. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Template‐Free Fabrication of Hollow NiO–Carbon Hybrid Nanoparticle Aggregates with Improved Lithium Storage
Authors: Guo Hong , Wang Yapeng , Wang Wei , Liu Lixiang , Guo Yuanyuan , Yang Xiangjun , Wang Shixiong
Published: September 2013

Hollow NiO–carbon hybrid nanoparticle aggregates are fabricated through an environmental template‐free solvothermal alcoholysis route. Controlled hollow structure is achieved by adjusting the ratio of ethylene glycol to water and reaction time of solvothermal alcoholysis. Amorphous carbon can be loaded on the NiO nanoparticles uniformly in the solvothermal alcoholysis process, and the subsequent calcination results in the formation of hollow NiO–C hybrid nanoparticle aggregates. As anode materials for lithium‐ion batteries, it exhibits a stable reversible capacity of 622 mAh g−1, and capacity retention keeps over 90.7% after 100 cycles at constant current density of 200 mA g−1. The NiO–C electrode also exhibits good rate capabilities. The unique hollow structures can shorten the length of Li‐ion diffusion and offer a sufficient void space, which sufficiently alleviates the mechanical stress caused by volume change. The hybrid carbon in the particles renders the electrode having a good electronic conductivity. Here, the hollow NiO‐C hybrid electrode exhibits excellent electrochemical performance.
Effect of temperature and grain type on the long‐term persistence and efficacy of s‐methoprene in controlling Rhyzopertha dominica
Authors: Li Lei , Zeng Ling , Liang Guangwen
Published: September 2013

BACKGROUND

The efficacy of methoprene can vary with surface substrates, application methods and environmental conditions. The objectives of the present study were to examine the effects of temperature and grain type on the long‐term persistence and efficacy of methoprene in controlling Rhyzopertha dominica from Guangzhou, China.

RESULTS

Methoprene applied at 1 mg kg‐1 caused >90% suppression of F1 adult progeny of R. dominica for 150–270 days. Temperature and grain type both influenced the long‐term persistence of methoprene. Overall multivariate analysis of variance showed that the order of progeny reduction at different temperatures (°C) was: 24 > 28 > 32 > 36; the order of the progeny reduction on the different grains was: paddy > wheat and maize.

CONCLUSION

The results of our experiments show the maximum effect of methoprene for R. dominica control at 24 °C on paddy. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Cross‐resistance between cyenopyrafen and pyridaben in the twospotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae)
Authors: Sugimoto Naoya , Osakabe Masahiro
Published: September 2013

BACKGROUND

Cyenopyrafen is an inhibitor of complex II of the mitochondrial electron transport chain. It has a molecular structure that shares some common features with frequently used complex I inhibitors such as pyridaben. To evaluate whether this similarity in structure poses a cross‐resistance risk that might complicate resistance management, we selected for pyridaben and cyenopyrafen resistance in the laboratory and characterized resistance.

RESULTS

The selection for cyenopyrafen conferred cross‐resistance to pyridaben and vice versa. Resistance towards these both acaricides was incompletely dominant in adult females. However, in eggs maternal effects were observed in pyridaben resistance, but not in the cyenopyrafen‐resistance (completely dominant). In the cyenopyrafen resistant strain, the LC50 of eggs remained lower than the commercially recommended concentration. The common detoxification mechanisms by cytochrome P450 was involved in resistance to these acaricides. Carboxyl esterases were also involved in cyenopyrafen resistance as a major factor.

CONCLUSIONS

Although cross‐resistance suggests that pyridaben resistance would confer cyenopyrafen cross‐resistance, susceptibility in eggs functions to delay the development of cyenopyrafen resistance. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSORS AFFLICTING TAILWATER STREAM REACHES ACROSS THE UNITED STATES
Authors: Miranda L. E. , Krogman R. M.
Published: September 2013

The tailwater is the reach of a stream immediately below an impoundment that is hydrologically, physicochemically and biologically altered by the presence and operation of a dam. The overall goal of this study was to gain a nationwide awareness of the issues afflicting tailwater reaches in the United States. Specific objectives included the following: (i) estimate the percentage of reservoirs that support tailwater reaches with environmental conditions suitable for fish assemblages throughout the year, (ii) identify and quantify major sources of environmental stress in those tailwaters that do support fish assemblages and (iii) identify environmental features of tailwater reaches that determine prevalence of key fish taxa. Data were collected through an online survey of fishery managers. Relative to objective 1, 42% of the 1306 reservoirs included in this study had tailwater reaches with sufficient flow to support a fish assemblage throughout the year. The surface area of the reservoir and catchment most strongly delineated reservoirs maintaining tailwater reaches with or without sufficient flow to support a fish assemblage throughout the year. Relative to objective 2, major sources of environmental stress generally reflected flow variables, followed by water quality variables. Relative to objective 3, zoogeography was the primary factor discriminating fish taxa in tailwaters, followed by a wide range of flow and water quality variables. Results for objectives 1–3 varied greatly among nine geographic regions distributed throughout the continental United States. Our results provide a large‐scale view of the effects of reservoirs on tailwater reaches and may help guide research and management needs. Published 2013. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Discovering anomaly on the basis of flow estimation of alert feature distribution
Authors: Liu Xuejiao , Xia Yingjie , Wang Yanbo , Ren Jing
Published: September 2013

A challenge faced by many system administrators in utilizing the intrusion detection system (IDS) is to sift out genuine alerts buried with overwhelming alerts of benign activities generated by the IDS, especially for IDS deployed in large networks. Existing methods propose to identify the real alerts to aid the administrators. In our paper, we extend the idea of filtering irrelevant alerts based on alert volumes. And we formulate the flow estimation of abrupt changes in feature distribution caused by anomalies, by computing Kullback–Leibler distance of alert feature values under observation in comparison with a reference distribution, which is the mixture of a distribution drawing a tread from historical alerts, and a distribution derived from expertise provided by administrators. Experimental studies on the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency dataset as well as real‐life data gathered from the IDS of a large network show that our method is able to distinguish and highlight genuine anomalies arising from the tremendous number of intrusion alerts, including different kinds of attacks and network failures. Application of this technique to alerts greatly helps the administrators in identifying real alerts and then reduces the alert load in the future. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estimating and comparing time‐dependent areas under receiver operating characteristic curves for censored event times with competing risks
Authors: Blanche Paul , Dartigues Jean‐François , Jacqmin‐Gadda Hélène
Published: September 2013

The area under the time‐dependent ROC curve (AUC) may be used to quantify the ability of a marker to predict the onset of a clinical outcome in the future. For survival analysis with competing risks, two alternative definitions of the specificity may be proposed depending of the way to deal with subjects who undergo the competing events. In this work, we propose nonparametric inverse probability of censoring weighting estimators of the AUC corresponding to these two definitions, and we study their asymptotic properties. We derive confidence intervals and test statistics for the equality of the AUCs obtained with two markers measured on the same subjects. A simulation study is performed to investigate the finite sample behaviour of the test and the confidence intervals. The method is applied to the French cohort PAQUID to compare the abilities of two psychometric tests to predict dementia onset in the elderly accounting for death without dementia competing risk. The ‘timeROC’ R package is provided to make the methodology easily usable. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On gauge invariance and minimal coupling
Authors: Jenkins Elizabeth E. , Manohar Aneesh V. , Trott Michael
Published: September 2013

Abstract

The principle of minimal coupling has been used in the study of Higgs boson interactions to argue that certain higher dimensional operators in the low-energy effective theory generalization of the Standard Model are suppressed by loop factors, and thus smaller than others. It also has been extensively used to analyze beyond-the-Standard-Model theories. We show that in field theory, and even in quantum mechanics, the concept of minimal coupling is ill-defined and inapplicable as a general principle, and give many pedagogical examples which illustrate this fact. We also clarify some related misconceptions about the dynamics of strongly coupled gauge theories. Many arguments in the literature on Higgs boson interactions that use minimal coupling, particularly in pseudo-Goldstone Higgs theories, are inherently flawed.
Structures and Binary Mixing Characteristics of Enantiomers of 1‐Oleoyl‐2,3‐dipalmitoyl‐sn‐glycerol (S‐OPP) and 1,2‐Dipalmitoyl‐3‐oleoyl‐sn‐glycerol (R‐PPO)
Authors: Mizobe Hoyo , Tanaka Tomoyuki , Hatakeyama Naoko , Nagai Toshiharu , Ichioka Kenji , Hondoh Hironori , Ueno Satoru , Sato Kiyotaka
Published: September 2013

We performed differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and synchrotron radiation X‐ray diffraction (SR‐XRD) experiments of polymorphic structures and binary mixing characteristics of the enantiomers of 1‐oleoyl‐2,3‐dipalmitoyl‐sn‐glycerol (S‐OPP) and 1,2‐dipalmitoyl‐3‐oleoyl‐sn‐glycerol (R‐PPO). In the two enantiomers, oleic and palmitic acid moieties are asymmetrically connected at the sn‐1 and sn‐3 positions of the glycerol groups, with palmitic acid moiety at the sn‐2 position. Pure enantiomer samples (>99 %) were synthesized and employed throughout this study. The following results were obtained. (1) A basic feature of the mixture systems of S‐OPP and R‐PPO is of a eutectic nature due to different polymorphic structures of two enantiomers and the racemic compound of PPO (rac‐PPO). (2) Polymorphic behavior of S‐OPP and R‐PPO was quite similar, both having α‐2 and β′‐3, whereas rac‐PPO contained α rac‐3, β′rac‐2, and β′rac‐3. The DSC measurements showed that the melting points of β′‐3 (S‐OPP = 35.3 °C and R‐PPO = 34.9 °C) were higher than that of β′rac‐3 (31.0 °C). β was not crystallized in the pure enantiomers, and rac‐PPO. (3) αrac‐3 was crystallized at low cooling rates (~2 °C/min), whereas α‐2 of the two enantiomers was crystallized only with very rapid cooling (~10 °C/min). (4) Triple‐chain‐length structures were formed in αrac‐3, β′S‐3 (=β′R‐3), and β′rac‐3; α‐2 with a double‐chain‐length structure was formed in both enantiomers. These results indicate the importance of the relationship between subcell packing and glycerol conformation in the polymorphism and mixing characteristics of asymmetric unsaturated–saturated‐saturated mixed‐acid triacylglycerols.
Changes in Fatty Acid, Tocopherol and Xanthophyll Contents During the Development of Tunisian‐Grown Pecan Nuts
Authors: Bouali Intidhar , Trabelsi Hajer , Abdallah Ikram Bou , Albouchi Ali , Martine Lucy , Grégoire Stéphane , Bouzaien Ghaith , Gandour Mhemmed , Boukhchina Sadok , Berdeaux Olivier
Published: September 2013

Among oil compounds, fatty acids, tocopherols and xanthophylls (lutein and zeaxanthin) are of special interest due to their nutritional properties. The identification and quantification of these compounds in pecan nuts (Carya illinoinensis) could therefore be very useful to produce functional foods rich in compounds of this type. This paper reports studies on their accumulation and the effect of ripening on the content of these high value‐added compounds. The total lipid content increased during the ripening. Saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids decreased significantly, whereas, monounsaturated fatty acids increased during the ripening of pecan nut fruit. Maximum levels of total tocopherol (279.53 mg/kg oil) and xanthophyll (6.18 mg/kg oil) were detected at 20th weeks after the flowering date. These amounts decreased gradually as ripening advances. The early stages of pecan ripening seem to have nutritional and pharmaceutical interests. These results may be useful for evaluating the pecan nut quality and determining the optimal period when the pecans accumulated the maximum of these nutritional and healthy compounds.
The impact of sleep on adolescent depressed mood, alertness and academic performance
Authors: Short Michelle A. , Gradisar Michael , Lack Leon C. , Wright Helen R.
Published: September 2013

The present study developed and tested a theoretical model examining the inter‐relationships among sleep duration, sleep quality, and circadian chronotype and their effect on alertness, depression, and academic performance. Participants were 385 adolescents aged 13–18 years (M = 15.6, SD = 1.0; 60% male) were recruited from eight socioeconomically diverse high schools in South Australia. Participants completed a battery of questionnaires during class time and recorded their sleep patterns in a sleep diary for 8 days. A good fit was found between the model and the data (χ2/df = 1.78, CFI = .99, RMSEA = .04). Circadian chronotype showed the largest association with on adolescent functioning, with more evening‐typed students reporting worse sleep quality (β = .50, p < .001) and diminished alertness (β = .59, p < .001). Sleep quality was significantly associated with poor outcomes: adolescents with poorer sleep quality reported less sleep on school nights (β = −.28, p < .001), diminished daytime alertness (β = .33, p < .001), and more depressed mood (β = .47, p < .001). Adolescents with poor sleep quality and/or more evening chronotype were also more likely to report worse grades, through the association with depression. Sleep duration showed no direct effect on adolescent functioning. These results identified the importance of two lesser‐studied aspects of sleep: circadian chronotype and sleep quality. Easy‐to‐implement strategies to optimize sleep quality and maintain an adaptive circadian body clock may help to increase daytime alertness, elevate mood, and improve academic performance.
Automatic temporal lobe atrophy assessment in prodromal AD: Data from the DESCRIPA study
Authors: Chincarini Andrea , Bosco Paolo , Gemme Gianluca , Esposito Mario , Rei Luca , Squarcia Sandro , Bellotti Roberto , Minthon Lennart , Frisoni Giovanni , Scheltens Philip , Frölich Lutz , Soininen Hilkka , Visser Pieter‐Jelle , Nobili Flavio ,   Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
Published: September 2013

Background

In the framework of the clinical validation of research tools, this investigation presents a validation study of an automatic medial temporal lobe atrophy measure that is applied to a naturalistic population sampled from memory clinic patients across Europe.

Methods

The procedure was developed on 1.5‐T magnetic resonance images from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative database, and it was validated on an independent data set coming from the DESCRIPA study. All images underwent an automatic processing procedure to assess tissue atrophy that was targeted at the hippocampal region. For each subject, the procedure returns a classification index. Once provided with the clinical assessment at baseline and follow‐up, subjects were grouped into cohorts to assess classification performance. Each cohort was divided into converters (co) and nonconverters (nc) depending on the clinical outcome at follow‐up visit.

Results

We found the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was 0.81 for all co versus nc subjects, and AUC was 0.90 for subjective memory complaint (SMCnc) versus all co subjects. Furthermore, when training on mild cognitive impairment (MCI‐nc/MCI‐co), the classification performance generally exceeds that found when training on controls versus Alzheimer's disease (CTRL/AD).

Conclusions

Automatic magnetic resonance imaging analysis may assist clinical classification of subjects in a memory clinic setting even when images are not specifically acquired for automatic analysis.
On continuous spectra of the Orr–Sommerfeld/Squire equations and entrainment of free-stream vortical disturbances
Authors: Dong Ming , Wu Xuesong
Published: September 2013

Small-amplitude perturbations are governed by the linearized Navier–Stokes equations, which are, for a parallel or nearly parallel shear flow, customarily reduced to the Orr–Sommerfeld (O-S) and Squire equations. In this paper, we consider continuous spectra (CS) of the O-S and Squire operators for the Blasius and asymptotic suction boundary layers, and address the issue of whether and when continuous modes can represent free-stream vortical disturbances and their entrainment into the shear layer. For the Blasius boundary layer, we highlight two particular properties of the CS: (i) the eigenfunction of a continuous mode simultaneously consists of two components with wall-normal wavenumbers $\pm {k}_{2} $, a phenomenon which we refer to as ‘entanglement of Fourier components’; and (ii) for low-frequency disturbances the presence of the boundary layer forces the streamwise velocity in the free stream to take a much larger amplitude than those of the transverse velocities. Both features appear to be non-physical, and cast some doubt about the appropriateness of using CS to characterize free-stream vortical disturbances and their entrainment into the boundary layer, a practice that has been adopted in some recent studies of bypass transition. A high-Reynolds-number asymptotic description of continuous modes and entrainment is present, and it shows that the entanglement is a result of neglecting non-parallelism, which has a leading-order effect on the entrainment. When this effect is included, entanglement disappears, and moreover the streamwise velocity is significantly amplified in the edge layer when ${R}^{- 1} \ll \omega \ll 1$, where $R$ is the Reynolds number based on the local boundary-layer thickness. For the asymptotic suction boundary layer, which is an exactly parallel flow, both temporal and spatial CS may be defined mathematically. However, at a finite $R$ neither of them represents the physical process of free-stream vortical disturbances penetrating into the boundary layer. The latter must instead be characterized by a peculiar type of continuous modes whose eigenfunctions increase exponentially with the distance from the wall. In the limit $R\gg 1$, all three types of CS are identical at leading order, and hence can be used to represent free-stream vortical disturbances and their entrainment. Low-frequency disturbances are found to generate a large-amplitude streamwise velocity in the boundary layer, which is reminiscent of longitudinal streaks.
Two new species of Metachromadora (Nematoda: Desmodoridae) from Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and a revised dichotomous key to the genus
Authors: Maria Tatiana F. , Smol Nic , Esteves André M.
Published: September 2013

Two new species of Metachromadora are described from Bananal and Bica beaches in Guanabara Bay on the coast of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Both new species belong to the subgenus Bradylaimus, which is characterized by the absence of lateral alae. Metachromadora prepapillata sp. nov. is characterized by the presence of 8–9 precloacal papilliform supplements, while Metachromadora verae sp. nov. is characterized by the sexual dimorphism of the amphidial fovea, presence of 8–9 precloacal tubuliform supplements, and three postcloacal papillae. An updated dichotomous key to species of Metachromadora is proposed. Metachromadora asupplementa is reinstated as a valid species.
No heartbreak at Hilbert's Hotel: a reply to Landon Hedrick
Authors: LOKE ANDREW
Published: September 2013

In his article, ‘Heartbreak at Hilbert's Hotel’, Landon Hedrick argues that the ‘Hilbert's Hotel Argument’ (HHA) proposed by William Lane Craig is ineffective against proponents of presentism, who include Craig himself. I show that there is no heartbreak if the Hotel and persons are constructed and generated in a certain way: there exists a ‘hotel room builder’ and a ‘customer generator’, they have been building hotel rooms and generating customers at regular time intervals as long as time exists, and the hotel rooms and customers have continued existing after they have been built and generated respectively.
Molecular prevalence ofTrypanosomaspp. in wild rodents of Southeast Asia: influence of human settlement habitat
Authors: PUMHOM P. , POGNON D. , YANGTARA S. , THAPRATHORN N. , MILOCCO C. , DOUANGBOUPHA B. , HERDER S. , CHAVAL Y. , MORAND S. , JITTAPALAPONG S. , DESQUESNES M.
Published: September 2013

This study investigated the molecular prevalence ofTrypanosoma lewisiandT. evansiin wild rodents from Cambodia, Lao PDR and Thailand. Between 2008 and 2012, rodents (and shrews) were trapped in nine locations and 616 of these were tested using three sets of primers: TRYP1 (amplifying ITS1 of ribosomal DNA of all trypanosomes), TBR (amplifying satellite genomic DNA ofTrypanozoonparasites) and LEW1 (amplifying ITS1 of ribosomal DNA ofT. lewisi). Based on the size of the PCR products using TRYP1, 17% were positive forT. lewisiand 1·0% positive forTrypanozoon. Results were confirmed by sequencing PCR products and by using more specific primers (LEW1 and TBR). The specificity of TRYP1 primers, however, failed as rodent DNA was amplified in some instances, giving unexpected product sizes. Using LEW1 primers, 13·3% of the samples were confirmed positive forT. lewisi, both by PCR and sequencing. In Thailand,T. lewisiwas found inRattus tanezumi,R. exulansandBerylmys; in Lao PDR, inR. tanezumiandR. exulans, and in Cambodia inR. tanezumi,R. exulansandR. norvegicus.Using TBR, 1·3% of the samples tested positive forTrypanozoonby PCR and sequencing;T. evansiis the only species of theTrypanozoonsubgenus possibly present in wild Asian rodents. These results confirmed its presence in rodents from Thailand (R. tanezumi), Lao PDR (R. tanezumi,R. nitidus) and Cambodia (R. tanezumi,Niviventer fulvescens,Maxomys surifer). Based on the information related to rodent trapping, it was found that rodent species trapped in and around human dwellings had a higher prevalence ofT. lewisiinfection.R. tanezumiandR. exulans, two synanthropic species, were mainly found infected in this habitat suggesting a role as a reservoir and thus a potential source ofT. lewisifor human infection.
What the Beneventans heard and how they sang
Authors: PLANCHART ALEJANDRO ENRIQUE
Published: September 2013

Singers from the area south of Rome kept the Gregorian repertory received in the ninth century, including a few early tropes and proses, and their traditional Old Beneventan repertory alive side by side with remarkable consistency in oral tradition for nearly two hundred years. This might explain why the received Gregorian repertory retained its archaic traits in Benevento rather than in northern Europe. For the ‘new music’ of the tenth and eleventh centuries, mostly locally composed tropes, proses, and Latin Kyrieleison, south Italian singers adopted the musical surface of Gregorian chant, albeit Italianised (that is, moving largely in stepwise motion), but for the large-scale formal structures they harked back to the nearly obsessive repetition of extended passages that are the hallmark of Old Beneventan.
Frail Elderly as Disaster Victims: Emergency Management Strategies
Authors: Fernandez Lauren S. , Byard Deana , Lin Chien-Chih , Benson Samuel , Barbera Joseph A.
Published: September 2013

Purpose:

To identify the vulnerabilities of elderly to disasters, and to develop strategies to address these vulnerabilities.

Methods:

A relevant literature search of journal articles, government training materials, news reports, and materials from senior organizations was conducted.

Results:

The vulnerability of the elderly to disasters is related to their impaired physical mobility, diminished sensory awareness, chronic health conditions, and social and economic limitations that prevent adequate preparation for disasters, and hinder their adaptability during disasters. Frail elderly, those with serious physical, cognitive, economic, and psycho-social problems, are at especially high risk.

Conclusions:

This segment of the population is growing rapidly. Therefore, it is important that emergency management recognize the frail elderly as a special needs population, and develop targeted strategies that meet their needs. Several management strategies are presented and recommendations for further action are proposed.
PHIZ'S BLACK DOLL: INTEGRATING TEXT AND ETCHING INBLEAK HOUSE
Authors: Madsen Emily
Published: September 2013

Three black dolls appear in the etchingsby H. K. Browne (Phiz) that accompany Charles Dickens'sBleak House(1853). They hang, strange fruit, from strings on walls and in shop windows, and their purpose as commentary on the text remains unclear because it is also initially unclear what they might represent. The dolls are never mentioned in the text of the novel, nor do they receive any substantial criticism in readings ofBleak House's illustrations. This article plumbs the archive for evidence of the dolls, and uses the resulting range of associations, from the American cotton trade to Victorian advertising techniques, to argue for a greater integration of the analysis of text and illustrations in serialized, illustrated novels such asBleak House. Material culture readings of the novel to this date have overlooked elements of the illustrations (which are themselves material objects), or have focused on illustrations as print culture, and not conversations with the written text. Examining the dolls in this context not only enrichesBleak House, but also attests to the value of observing the interplay of text and illustration, as well as text and advertising, in readings of the novel's serialized form.
Network analysis of narrative content in large corpora
Authors: SUDHAHAR SAATVIGA , DE FAZIO GIANLUCA , FRANZOSI ROBERTO , CRISTIANINI NELLO
Published: September 2013

We present a methodology for the extraction of narrative information from a large corpus. The key idea is to transform the corpus into a network, formed by linking the key actors and objects of the narration, and then to analyse this network to extract information about their relations. By representing information into a single network it is possible to infer relations between these entities, including when they have never been mentioned together. We discuss various types of information that can be extracted by our method, various ways to validate the information extracted and two different application scenarios. Our methodology is very scalable, and addresses specific research needs in social sciences.