bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Хронічний гастрит: континуум діагностики й лікування
Authors: Stepanov Yu.M. , Kushnirenko I.V.
Published: December 2020

У статті викладені основні етапи розвитку поглядів на діагностику хронічного гастриту з висвітленням проблеми діагностики як невід’ємної частини комплексу заходів щодо своєчасного виявлення пренеопластичних змін слизової оболонки шлунка. Подані основні погляди на шляхи розвитку канцерогенезу з урахуванням сучасних знань про фактори, що впливають на перебіг цього процесу. Серед відомих заходів щодо запобігання розвитку преканцерозних змін на сьогодні найбільш важливими є надійна стратифікація груп ризику їх розвитку та стратегія виявлення й усунення Helicobacter pylori як визнаного фактора канцерогенезу. Розвиток резистентності бактерії до базових препаратів, рекомендованих для включення у схеми ерадикаційної терапії, зумовлює подальший пошук способів підвищення їх ефективності. Як показано в низці досліджень, результати яких наведені в статті, найбільш надійним є додавання до схем ерадикації субцитрату вісмуту (Де-Нол).
Consequences of Functional Deficiency of Organic Natural Intelligence (ONI) for Politics
Authors: Achuthan M. Radh
Published: December 2020

In a changing environment, Kin Altruism KA (what is good for the welfare of my genetic family) and Reciprocal Altruism RA (what is good for my business concerns with non-familial others) have been the intrinsic successful governing human principles through history, in “decision making”. Animals and Humans developed organic natural intelligence to guide their organizing behavior. A central nervous system evolved, leading to human Organic Natural Intelligence (henceforth, ONI.)  Over the past 2500 years or so, expression of “empathy and compassion”, under “share and care” was proposed by various spiritual leaders.  Efforts for acceptance of the same in society through Empathetic Altruistic behavior EA followed. Subject to political contests, national ONI practiced decision making at both local and global levels. The extent to which EA is to be incorporated into policy and decision making is a central concern, leading to substantial violence that challenges ONI.  The functional presence of a new form of fast, self-teaching, self-learning, intelligence in inorganic matter capable of deep, machine learning, unhindered by KA or RA is expected in nature by about 2045. It is designated as Strong Artificial Intelligence. SAI. Emotion-laden ONI, threatened by other ONI may create additional evidence to affirm the Fermi Paradox; that would be to the detriment of ONI in the biosphere. This article proposes a solution. All ONI are threatened by SAI.
Desregulación y movilidad religiosa: dinamismo identitario al interior del campo cristiano-evangélico chileno
Authors: Bravo Vega Fabián
Published: December 2020

Se reflexiona sobre el campo cristiano-evangélico a través de un análisis de las dinámicas identitarias internas: adscripciones institucionales en relación a creencias teológicas-doctrinarias, reflexividad biográfica, significados en torno a la conversión y movilidad religiosa. En términos metodológicos la investigación se estructura a través de un enfoque que combina el enfoque cuatitativo con el cualitativo de manera consecutiva, la producción de información a través de un cuestionario online a través de sitios virtuales de alta visibilidad dentro del mundo cristiano-evangélico, Redes Sociales, a través de correo electrónico mediante la técnica de ‘bola de nieve’; y trabajo de campo etnográfico con entrevistas en profundidad. Entre los resultados obtenidos se puede mencionar una gestión identitaria definida por la translocalización, las movilidades religiosas y rupturas biográficas
Clustering Majors for New Students at Vocational High School Muhammadiyah 3 Yogyakarta Using Fuzzy C-Means
Authors: Az-Zahra Rifqi Rahmatika , Umar Rusydi , Fadlil Abdul
Published: December 2020

The development of the era demands quality human resources. For that need to be equipped with the knowledge and skills to be ready to compete in the world of work. Vocational High School has many skills programs. Examples of skills programs in Vocational High School are Computer Network Engineering, Audio and Video Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Building, Drawing Techniques, Motorcycle Engineering, Installation and Power Engineering, systems that can assist in the decision-making process of prospective students. The grouping system will be created using the Fuzzy C-Means method. Grouping majors using fuzzy c-means algorithm is expected to help prospective students choose majors from the many majors that exist. This is done so that prospective students do not experience difficulties in learning activities, can develop optimally and is expected to work in accordance with the expertise that has been owned, so that ultimately can improve the quality of output and outcome of vocational education. The results obtained in this study in the form of data grouped based on 3 clusters, so that prospective students can choose the majors in accordance with the selected cluster.
NOTARY RESPONSIBILITIES ON THE MAKING OF DEED WITH DOUBLE NUMBER
Authors: Putra I Wayan Erik Pratama , Sudini Luh Putu , Puspadma I Nyoman Alit
Published: December 2020

The objective of this research to reveal (1) the responsibility of a notary for the drafting of a double number and (2) the legal consequences if a double number occurs in a notarial deed. The types of this research is normative legal research. The research results indicated that (1) The notary's responsibility for making a notarial deed with a double number must be accounted for administratively. The existence of a double number on the notary deed indicates that the notary has been inadvertently applied in making an authentic deed. In every legal action that implies the use of authority, it implies an obligation of accountability. Thus, a notary who makes a notarial deed with a double number requires the notary to be administratively responsible, remembering that the negligence made by a notary is an administrative error; and (2) The legal consequences in the event of a double number in a notary deed do not cause any consequences if no party feels disadvantaged by the existence of this double number. All that is left is for the notary to publish the minutes of changing the deed number and notify parties such as the parties, the Ministry of Law and Human Rights and the local Land Office if the double-numbered deed is related to land rights. However, if the double numbered deed brings harm to another party, then the party who feels disadvantaged can sue the notary.
The Roles of Notary in Living Environment Conservation
Authors: Luh Putu Sudini
Published: December 2020

Humans as one of the objects of life face increasingly complex problems leading to a prosperous life. Humans in life towards prosperity in society need a Notary in making a deed. Notary is a legal profession, so the Notary profession is a noble profession (Nobile officium), considering that the notary profession is very closely related to humanity. This study aims to know and understand the role of the notary in Living Environment conservation. This study uses normative legal research methods, with sources of legal materials such as primary legal materials, secondary legal materials and tertiary legal material. Notary is a public official who is authorized to make an authentic deed and has other authority as referred to in this Law or based on other laws. While the Living Environment is a number of objects and conditions that exist in the space we occupy that affect our lives. This Living Environment includes dynamic (biotic) and static (abiotic). The role of a notary in Living Environment conservation is very important, remembering the duties and functions of a notary in the community primarily on making a deed, and a notary in carrying out his profession must pay attention to Living Environment conservation (especially the Living Environment on land) considering the notarial deed has implications on the Living Environment such as land deeds, and so on, which are beneficial to the community.
PKM Pemanfaatan Kotoran Kelinci Pada Kelompok Tani Ternak Di Kawasan Wisata Desa Pancasari-Kecamatan Sukasada Kabupaten Buleleng, Provinsi Bali
Authors: Wirajaya Anak Agung Mayun , Yuliartini Made Sri , Sudita I Dewa Nyoman
Published: December 2020

Kegiatan PKM ini dilaksanakan pada Kelompok Tani Ternak “Wana Sari Merta” di Desa Pancasari, Kecamatan Sukasada-Kabupaten Buleleng, Provinsi Bali dengan judul ”PKM Pemanfaatan Kotoran Kelinci Pada Kelompok Tani Ternak Di Kawasan Wisata Desa Pancasari-Kecamatan Sukasada, Kabupaten Buleleng  Provinsi Bali”.  Sampai saat ini di Desa Pancasari yang berada disekitar lokasi wisata Danau Buyan dan Danau Tamblingan masyarakatnya dalam budidaya tanaman yang banyak dikembangkan tanaman cabai, tomat, sawi, kentang, brokoli, selada, wortel, stroberi dan jenis lainnya dan masih banyak menggunakan pupuk organik yang berasal dari kotoran ayam yang mudah didapat dalam jumlah besar dan dapat memenuhi kebutuhan luasan tanam yang cukup luas.  Kesempatan ini sebenarnya dapat dimanfaatkan oleh masyarakat petani ternak khususnya kelinci sebagai peluang untuk mensuplai pupuk organik dari limbah kelinci baik padat maupun cair.  Sampai saat ini permasalahan yang dihadapi mitra adalah  kotoran padat dan cair  belum diolah secara optimal dan memproses /memproduksi pupuk organik dari kotoran tersebut belum secara intensif/hanya sewaktu-waktu sesuai permintaan, produk belum dikemas dengan baik dan belum ada label sehingga dalam proses pemasaran belum dapat dikenal secara luas asal produsennya yang menjadi kendala bagi kelompok mitra, aspek manajemen dan pemasaran produk serta faktor penunjang lainnya  masih perlu ditingkatkan.  Solusi yang sudah diberikan pada kelompok mitra adalah transfer teknologi budidaya kelinci penyiapan pakan fermentasi, teknologi pengolahan kotoran kelinci, uji mutu produk pada laboratorium, kemasan dan pelabelan, manajemen usaha, pemasaran, temu usaha/mitra, serta bantuan alat dan bahan. Tujuan kegiatan PKM ini bagi mitra adalah: adanya peningkatan pengetahuan dan keterampilan mitra dalam budidaya kelinci serta memanfaatkan limbah padat dan cair kelinci sebagai pupuk organik dalam mensubstitusi penggunaan pupuk anorganik yang ada di wilayah mitra. Selain itu, dapat menjadi alternatif bahwa limbah padat dan cair kelinci bagi masyarakat disekitar mitra dapat dipakai sebagai pupuk organik dalam pemupukan tanaman yang dibudidayakan selain pupuk-pupuk organik dari ayam yang telah digunakan saat ini . Sentuhan teknologi dalam pengolahan limbah kelinci akan memberi nilai tambah yang tinggi bagi petani ternak mitra.  Dari kegiatan ini target luaran yang telah dicapai yaitu kelompok mitra secara mandiri mampu memanfaatkan limbah kelinci padat maupun cair dengan baik menjadi “Pupuk Organik Padat” (POP) dan “Pupuk Organik Cair” (POC) yang dikemas dan ada label sehingga dapat dipasarkan lebih luas dan diharapkan dapat meningkatkan pendapatan kelompok mitra.
Key Features of the External Expansion of South Korean Protestant Organizations and Its Main Reasons
Authors:   Sergei A. Sevriugin Academy of Korean Studies, Sevriugin Sergei A.
Published: December 2020

This article analyzes the process of active international expansion of South Korean Protestant organizations, continuing since the end of the 20th century. Today, based on various numerical and qualitative indicators, they could be called one of the most influential global actors in the religious sphere and partly even in international relations. On the one hand, the language and methods, which such organizations use in order to disseminate their teachings continue the centuries-old tradition of Christian missionary work, in particular the American view of it. On the other hand, they are its rethinking, that could be possible only in the conditions of modern, constantly changing, but on the whole capitalistic, deeply globalized and a democratized world, throwing new challenges to religious organizations and forcing them looking for novel ways to survive in an increasingly aggressive environment. Special attention is paid to the major reasons for the appearance of such phenomenon and its characteristic features connected with them. Based on the results of the study, the author concludes that characteristic features of South Korean Protestant organizations’ activities abroad such as interchurch competition, factionalism along with high involvement in the commercial sector and politics are directly related to the historical process of the development of this denomination on the Korean Peninsula. Therefore, despite the transnational nature of these organizations, their activities are still predominately targeted the society that gave rise to them. However, this does not prevent them from being also an instrument for expanding foreign policy influence and even an element of soft power.
Ethnographic Studies of P.V. Shkurkin: Religious and Сult Features of the Culture of Foreign Tribes of China
Authors:   Eugenia A. Kontaleva Amur State University, Kontaleva Eugenia A.
Published: December 2020

The article reveals the ethnographic research data of an officer, orientalist and Russian emigrant P.V. Shkurkin on the history, culture, religion, everyday life, economic activity, appearance and other features of foreign tribes living on the territory of southwestern China. The material is based on an archival source – an article “Lolo (Old and New about the Foreigners of Southwestern China)” written by P.V. Shkurkin and published in the journal “Vestnik Asii” (“Bulletin of Asia”) in Harbin in 1913 (no. 17–18). The author of the current article provides extensive extracts from Shkurkin’s work, covering religious and cult features of the culture of Lolo (historical name) – peoples of East and Southeast Asia, currently living in China in the provinces of Yunnan, Sichuan, Guizhou, and the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, as well as in Vietnam, Thailand, Myanmar, and Laos. The author structures the extracts on the relevant topics providing with necessary comments and additions.
Jews in the Post-Soviet Religious Space of Dagestan: Features and Problems in the National Region
Authors:   Olga B. Khalidova Institute of History, Archaeology and Ethnography of Dagestan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Khalidova Olga B.
Published: December 2020

There is ethnic revival in modern Russian society that makes us to comprehend the dynamics of ethno-confessional processes, including historical ones. After the collapse of state socialism and in the conditions of the unfolding dramatic process of transformations of the religious landscape, ethnic identification began serving to preserve the sociocultural specificity of an ethnic group. Based on this, one of the primary questions for us is the analysis of the influence of religious revival on the Jewish population of Dagestan and the identification of the totality of the features and problems of the Jewish population in the ethnoconfessional space of the national region. The so-called “Jewish issue”, which took place during the time of Imperial Russia, remained relevant for a sufficiently large Soviet period, and became topical in the post-Soviet period. The practical relevance of this issue is primarily associated with an increase in interethnic tension and xenophobia in modern Russian society. There is a problem of Jewish identification in the 1985–2000s in this article associated with the growth of migration processes among them. This process intensified after the adoption of the religious legislation of the 1990s. This study was conducted with using archival documents from the Central State Archive of the Republic of Dagestan. Author concludes that, despite the upheavals in the political life of our country and the growth of migration activity among the Jews of the republic, there was a religious identification with Judaism as part of the culture. In the compartment of features and problems associated with the Jewish population in the post-Soviet space, the author also points out the role of clergy, their interaction with authorities in solving pressing social problems.
African Peacekeeping and African Integration: Current Challenges
Authors: Gottschalk Keith
Published: December 2020

Peacekeeping and economic union are the two most important dimensions of African integration. The first section of this article aims to analyse some current challenges to African peacekeeping, peacemaking, and African integration. The continuing Libyan civil war epitomizes the diplomatic stalemates and military stalemates which form the limits of current African peacekeeping. It exposes the North African Regional Capability and North African Standby Brigade as paper structures which do not exist operationally, and so limit the capacity of the African Union’s Peace and Security Council. The military intervention of states outside Africa can polarize conflicts and escalate civil wars. Africa’s colonial epoch serves as a warning of the potential dangers of foreign military bases in Africa. In parts of West Africa, states sub-contract peacemaking and anti-terrorist operations to unsupervised local militias, which are lawless at best, and commit ethnic killings at worst. African integration fares better in the economic dimension. The second section analyses African integration, with its focus on the most recent step of the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA), which starts to lay the cornerstone envisaged four decades ago in the Lagos Plan of Action, and three decades ago in the Abuja Treaty for an African Economic Community. The historic track record of African continental organizations indicates that a decade will be a realistic minimum period for it to be substantially implemented. The Pan-African Payment and Settlement System will help operationalize the AfCFTA by lowering forex currency transaction charges. Severe difficulties can be predicted for future attempts to upgrade the AfCFTA into a continental customs union, and ultimately into a continental common market.
Germany’s Participation in Peacekeeping Operations in Africa at Present
Authors: Ivkina Natalia Viktorovna
Published: December 2020

The article is devoted to the study of the peculiarities of Germanys participation in UN, EU and NATO peacekeeping operations in Africa. The relevance of the research topic is due to conflicting opinions about the need to preserve and prolong most operations in the region. In this regard, the opinions of experts with optimistic and pessimistic views on this problem are considered, and the stages of the evolution of peacekeeping activities are highlighted. The purpose of the study is to prove the validity of the assumption of the critical theory of the use of peacemaking by countries as a tool for realizing their foreign policy aspirations. Based on the analysis of German efforts to increase its military contingent in UN peacekeeping operations and maintain positions (despite the presence of oppositional representatives of the Parliament) in EU and NATO operations, it is proposed to identify the cause-and-effect relationships of such behavior. To achieve this goal, we used the method of historicism, which helped to identify the problems of the past that Germany is trying to get rid of by participating in the operations of international organizations, as well as the method of comparative analysis, which regulates the comparison of Germanys efforts in missions with its foreign policy tasks. The analysis of the documents of the international organizations under consideration, as well as legislation and foreign policy doctrines of Germany, allows us to assess not only the legality of the country's operations outside its borders, but also to identify foreign policy priorities in order to obtain reliable results when comparing them. In conclusion, we present the following conclusions: the evolution of Germanys efforts in the UN, EU and NATO missions in Africa. The results of the research reflect the postulates of critical theory in the process of studying German peacekeeping activities in Africa.
Farmers-Herdsmen Conflict in Africa: The Case of Nigeria
Authors: Oghuvbu Ejiroghene Augustine , Oghuvbu Oluwatobi Blessing
Published: December 2020

General population growth and an increase in the number of farmers, environmental degradation, disruption of conditions for resolving land and water disputes, and the proliferation of Small Arms and Light Weapons (SALW) in the Sahel and West Africa have exacerbated the struggle for the survival and security of economic livelihoods, and in particular negatively affected relationships between shepherds and farmers in several communities in Africa. This kind of conflict between farmers and herdsmen mainly applies to Nigeria, but is also present in other African countries, especially in Mali, Burkina Faso, Chad, Senegal, Cameroon, and Côte d’Ivoire. Such conflicts are not triggered by a single reason, but are driven by a set of multi-causal factors, such as scarce resources in the face of greater need, reprisal attacks, land and climate change, etc. Obviously, in case of Nigeria this kind of conflicts have a disintegrative impact, as they lead to the inimical effects to the country’s unity. The need for fostering value reorientation and restoring earlier interactive ties between herdsmen and farmers seems vital today, so that Nigerians can learn to appreciate the values that unite them more than those that separate the society.
Peacekeeping Potential of the Collective Security Treaty Organization
Authors: Kornilenko Aleksandr Vladimirovich
Published: December 2020

The Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO), as an international regional organization, unites states that have common principles for ensuring collective security in the post-Soviet space. In addition to military, political, anti-terrorist, anti-drug, migration aspects, the Organizations practical activities provide for the implementation of peacekeeping missions in the region, as well as beyond. Over the past decade, the CSTO has been systematically raising the level of its readiness to respond to various types of threats, interacting with both states and other international organizations in this area. The purpose of this article is to assess the current state of the CSTO peacekeeping activity, to identify its strengths and weaknesses, and possible ways to increase the effectiveness of peacekeeping. The scientific novelty of the research lays in the consideration, on the basis of a retrospective analysis, of the actual state of the political, military, information components of the Organizations peacekeeping, which at the present time, obviously, have not yet reached their maximum efficiency. The author examines the reasons for the creation of the CSTO, the historical stages of the Organizations interaction with the UN, the practical aspects of their cooperation. Special attention is paid to the existing relationship between the member states within the Organization itself, to the political problems of the perception of the CSTO by other subjects of international law as an equal partner. It notes its complete political ignorance on the part of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in the presence of bilateral contacts with most member states. In conclusion, the author comes to the conclusion that the Organization is currently experiencing an identity crisis and does not show sufficient efficiency in the context of the implementation of close allied relations in the system of ensuring regional security.
The Evolution of Peacekeeping Operations : Interview with Professor Alexander I. Nikitin
Authors: Nikitin Alexander I.
Published: December 2020

Professor Dr. Alexander I. Nikitin is a leading Russian IR scholar, an expert on problems of international security, international conflicts, peacekeeping operations, activities of international organizations. Professor of the Political Sciences Department at MGIMO University, Director of the MGIMO Center for Euro-Atlantic Security of the Institute for International Studies, Director of the Center for Political and International Studies, Professor of the State Management Department of the Lomonosov Moscow State University, Professor of the Public Policy Department of the Research University - Higher School of Economics, President Emeritus of the Russian Political Science Association (RPSA) and Chairman of the RPSA International Cooperation Council. Subject area: International Security, Peacekeeping, Conflict Resolution, International Relations, NATO Policy and Russia - NATO Relations, International Organizations (UN, OSCE, NATO, CSTO, SCO), Nuclear Policy and Non-Proliferation, Regulation of Private Military and Security Companies, Civil-Military Relations. Born in 1958, graduated from the Department of Philosophy of Moscow State University in 1979. PhD (International Relations) in 1983 and 2000. Research work for 10 years (1979-1989) in the USA and Canada Studies Institute (Senior Research Fellow, Head of Section). From 1989 to the present day Dr. Nikitin has been teaching in the Moscow State Institute of International Relations (from 1996 to the present day - Professor of the Department of Political Sciences). From 2004 to the present day - Director of the Center for Euro-Atlantic Security of the Institute for International Studies at the Moscow State Institute of International Relations. Center specializes in research in the spheres of international security and international relations. In his interview Professor Dr. Alexander I. Nikitin describes the current state of international peacekeeping, current trends and characteristics of conflicts and their impact on international relations. Professor Nikitin assesses Russias participation in peacekeeping operations within the UN and other formats of international cooperation.
Terrorist Islamist Groups on the Sinai Peninsula
Authors: Krylov Alexander Vladimirovich
Published: December 2020

The article examines the illegal activities of terrorist Islamist groups in the Sinai Peninsula. Within the framework of this study, the main attention is focused on the analysis of those links that make up the modern structure of local takfiri jihadist organizations that oppose the secular government of Egypt and demand the establishment of an Islamic order in the country based on Sharia law. The author reveals the reasons that turned one of the most famous resort areas in the world into a hotbed of terrorism and Islamist extremism. After the destruction of the quasi-state structures of the so-called Islamic State in Syria and Lebanon, a significant part of its militants moved to hard-to-reach areas of the Sinai Peninsula. An extensive network of well-armed bandit formations was created here, which carried out hundreds of terrorist acts. On October 31, 2015, a Russian Airbus A320 belonging to the Kogalymavia campaign was blown up over the central part of the Sinai Peninsula. As a result of this plane 224 people were killed, and the Russian government was forced to interrupt air traffic with Egypt, as a result of which the Egyptian budget suffered multibillion-dollar losses. A significant part of the article is devoted to an analysis of the response measures taken by the current Egyptian government to eliminate hotbeds of terrorist threats in the Sinai and establish an effective security regime on the peninsula. At the same time, the author reveals all the shortcomings admitted by the authorities of the Arab Republic of Egypt during counter-terrorism operations. The article presents consolidated recommendations for the Russian state foreign affairs agencies that currently determine the level of security in the areas where Egyptian attractions and resorts are located and, therefore, the possibility of restoring in full the cooperation of the Russian Federation with Egypt in the tourism sector. The article may arouse the interest of all those who associate themselves with the Middle East scientific community, as well as those who are professionally involved in the problems of terrorism and the fight against terrorist threats and challenges in the region.
Transformation of Uzbekistan’s Approaches to Afghanistan after 2016
Authors: Pritchin Stanislav Aleksamdrovish
Published: December 2020

With its key geostrategic position in the center of the Eurasian continent, Uzbekistan has a prominent impact on the nature of the development of interregional relations in Central Asia. After the transit of power in the republic that took place in 2016, a gradual transformation of Uzbekistans foreign policy model was carried out - from a closed and isolated to a proactive one. This led to several major changes - there was a significant improvement in both the nature of cooperation and the regional dialogue between the countries of Central Asia. The author analyzes the changes in Uzbekistans foreign policy in the Afghan direction, their reasons and the impact they had on the position of the republic both in the Central Asian region and in the international arena. This is especially relevant given both the importance of Afghanistan and Uzbekistan as partners for each other and the degree of threats posed by the difficult internal political situation in Afghanistan and holding back their bilateral interaction. As a methodological basis for the study, we used a systematic and comparative analysis of Uzbekistans approaches to solving security issues through the implementation of its foreign policy towards Afghanistan until 2016 and after. They also considered both internal factors influencing the formation of Uzbek approaches to the southern neighbor, and external ones. The theory of political realism was used as a theoretical basis for the study. The change of power in Uzbekistan in 2016 marked a radical revision of Tashkents approaches to the Afghan vector of its foreign policy. Uzbekistan has begun to implement a strategy to stabilize the situation in Afghanistan through the pragmatic development of economic cooperation and support for a peaceful inter-Afghan dialogue, abandoning a rigid isolation policy towards its southern neighbor. At the same time, the main emphasis in mediation activities was placed on formats that were supported by the United States. Thus, today, thanks to the revitalization of its Afghan agenda, Uzbekistan is actively increasing its authority in the international arena as an important regional player for Afghan regulation.
The Evolution of the Cooperation between South American Countries in the Amazon Basin: From the Development of the Amazon Cooperation Treaty to the Signing of the Leticia Pact for the Amazon
Authors: Nekrasov Boris Igorevich
Published: December 2020

This article is focused on special characteristics of formation and development of the interaction between South American countries located on the territory of the Amazon Basin from the development of the Amazon Cooperation Treaty (ACT) in 1978 to the signing of the Leticia Pact for the Amazon in 2019. Considering the evolution of cooperation between South American countries in the Amazon River basin, the author relied on the regional integration theory and the Neoliberal IR theory and proposed his own periodization of this process with an analysis of the stages of interaction. The main methods used by the author in the study are systemic analysis and structural-functional analysis, thanks to which the author was able to examine in detail the main directions and characteristics in the sphere of interaction of South American countries in the ACTO. The method of content analysis was used in dealing with documents of the organization. The author came to the conclusion that for South American countries geographically located in the one area, one of the most important components in the interaction was the creation of a common mechanism - ACTO. Without the creation of ACTO and the implementation of coordinated activities in this area, there would be a certain risk of an institutional vacuum in the Amazon, which, due to the activity of illegal armed groups, could potentially lead to the emergence of quasi-governmental entities. In the context of the global transition to a sustainable development model, such format of interaction as the ACTO plays a special role because natural disasters occurring in the Amazon region strongly affect climate change on a global scale. Thanks to the existing coordination among member countries in the ACTO the Leticia Pact was signed.
Book review: Lebedeva, M.M. & Nikitina, Y.A. (Eds.). (2020). International Security: Global and Regional Actors. Moscow: Aspekt Press publ., 320 p. (In Russian)
Authors: Eremin Arkadiy Alekseevich
Published: December 2020

-
Book review: Balezin, A.S., Mazov, S.V. & Filatova, I.I. (Eds.). (2019). Peacemaking and Peacekeeping in Africa. To the 90th Anniversary of Academician Apollon Borisovich Davidson. Moscow: Ves’ mir publ., 313 p. (In Russian).
Authors: Bokeriya Svetlana Aleksandrovna
Published: December 2020

-
Book review: Karbo, T. & Virk, K. (Eds.). (2018). The Palgrave Handbook of Peacebuilding in Africa. Palgrave Macmillan, 498 p.
Authors: Kostelyanets Sergey Valer’yanovich
Published: December 2020

-
Dimensions of time and space in sociology
Authors: Šubrt J. , Titarenko L. G.
Published: December 2020

Contemporary sociology has significantly changed the concept of space and time. According to Wallerstein, time and space represent a reality that sociology has long neglected. The situation is different in historical sciences, in which, as White states, the narrative approach prevails, and in historical sociology. The authors focus on time and space as frames for the historically oriented explanation. Thus, time can be understood in different ways - as passing, duration, measure, moment appropriate for an action or change. Different forms of time represent different frames for interpreting social events. Space is often interpreted in the relational perspective - as an order of relations formed by interacting subjects. The frame, in which we place an event, determines how we see and think about space and time. Reflections on time were significantly influenced by Braudel, who distinguished three levels of historical time. Today, the issue of space and time-space is considered by social geography, which provides some insights for sociology, as Giddens shows, especially when examining modernization and globalization. The sociological concept of time-space was developed by Wallerstein, who distinguished five types of space-time: episodic-geopolitical, conjunctural-ideological, structural, eternal, and transformative. These types of space-time provide different perspectives for the analysis of specific historical events. One of the reasons why Wallerstein places such an emphasis on space-time is that he believes that we are in the transformative time-space, which marks the end of the long structural space-time of the world system. Therefore, we face opposing historical choices and have no certainty, except that every step we take will have serious consequences.
Fundamental determinants and consequences of consumerism in the contemporary capitalist society
Authors: Goncharov N. V.
Published: December 2020

Abstact. The article considers consumerism as embracing virtually all areas of social life and creating persistent structural algorithms of consumption, which are efficiently integrated by the market into contemporary societal systems. By exploiting and distorting the true humanistic principles, commercialization of social structure, which is determined by the market relations liberalization, raises capitalist values to the highest rank of the axiological hierarchy and contributes to strengthening of social and individual consumerism. The article emphasizes significance and consequences of the commodity worlds dazzle, because dominant consumer values acquired the status of global social trends that determine the structural-essential elements of socialization. Contemporary advertising technologies based on behavioral concepts expand limits of consuming goods and services and successfully form customer needs by verbal and non-verbal semantic speculations that support the desire to consume. The author emphasizes that today the commodity consumption is not just purchase and use of goods but rather a commercial ritual designed by marketers to make people follow certain consumer standards regardless of their social-economic status. The consequences of the internalized consumerism are obvious: first, consumerism contributes to the transformation of personal communication by making goods and services mediators of relationships; second, the permanent development of consumer values contributes to axiological transformations, especially to commodification of the moral component of social reality.
Dynasties and brand names in the political sphere of the post-industrial society
Authors: Barkov S. A. , Dorokhina O. V. , Markeeva A. V. , Maximov A. A.
Published: December 2020

During the formation of contemporary democracy, its ideologists strived to create a management mechanism that did not resemble monarchy at all, so that to emphasize the radical nature of social-political changes in the transition from pre-industrial to industrial society. The dynastic transfer of power in all its manifestations and at all levels of governance was denounced as outdated, ineffective, and violating the very foundations of the peoples will. The article shows that, despite the initial criticism, dynasties are widespread in contemporary politics. The family is a part of politics and systems of public administration in a truly post-industrial form - as a brand, image, and symbol. The transition to the post-industrial society predetermines a change in the attitude to dynasties and their role not only in politics but also in systems of interaction with the population (electorate). Based on the analysis of other research and authors data on political dynasties at different levels of government in 17 countries, the article proves the changing attitude to political dynasties even within democratic systems. Political dynasties increasingly often contribute to the creation and expansion of social networks, establishing sustainable political ties, ensuring gender presentation in government, etc. There are numerous manifestations of dynasties in countries with different levels of social-economic development (developed and developing) and different types of government (authoritarian and democratic) due to the application of marketing thinking and technologies in politics. Dynasties allow to effectively use the family potential to create and promote political brands, to ensure sustainable social choices of political candidates and parties, to facilitate political socialization of new generations and relative predictability of politicians behavior, who would follow a family line in making important decisions.
Sociological portrait of the self-employed in contemporary Russia
Authors: Golenkova Z. T. , Goliusova Yu. V. , Gorina T. I.
Published: December 2020

The article considers the development of self-employment in the contemporary society: the history of its representation in legal norms and practices; the scope of informal employment according to statistical and sociological data; definitions of self-employment in the scientific literature. The self-employed are usually defined as not employed in organizations but independently selling goods and services produced by themselves. The global number of the self-employed grows. The authors present an algorithm for calculating the indicator potential self-employed based on the secondary analysis of the 27th wave of the RLMS (2018), and stress the lack of a unified methodology for calculating informal employment. According to the official data, the number of the self-employed in Russia ranges from several thousands to several millions, which confuses researchers who study this phenomenon. The article focuses on the results of the study Self-Employed: Who Are They? (Moscow, 2019), whose object were not potential but real self-employed selected on the basis of online advertisements of their services in Moscow. The authors collected information with the method of semi-formalized telephone interview. Based on the collected data, the authors make conclusions about motivating and demotivating factors of self-employment: independence, freedom in planning time and activity, distrust in the state, lack of social guarantees, unpredictable legislation, and imperfect tax system. Today, the status of the self-employed in Russia is still unclear and often substitutes the individual entrepreneur status in order to apply for tax preferences.
Social media potential for developing participatory governance
Authors: Vasilenko L. A. , Zotov V. V. , Zakharova S. A.
Published: December 2020

Participatory governance as an opportunity for citizens to take part in public management can be realized in different forms. The article considers the potential of social media in the development of participatory management. The authors conducted a survey in Moscow to estimate the possibilities of social networks in establishing dialogue and partnership for solving urgent social problems, in particular, the peoples readiness to participate in social-network interaction, approaches of networks to its organization, and efficiency of the current forms of such interaction. The study of online and offline activity showed that despite the general satisfaction with the possibilities of personal initiative in solving socially significant problems, the respondents are not ready to be socially active; their activity in social networks consists of obtaining information, sometimes - in its use for socially significant activities, and very rarely - in organizing such activities. The comparison of social networks from the standpoint of the convenience for discussing socially significant issues and interaction with authorities showed that VKontakte and Instagram are promising platforms for participatory governance. In most cases, Muscovites participate in the network communities of the mass media, public organizations or public opinion leaders, very rarely - in the network communities of the authorities. According to the majority, in interaction with the authorities, social media perform an informative function by drawing attention to socially significant issues; however, it is also important to involve citizens in solving these problems. The low efficiency of the social-network interaction between the authorities and the population is obvious. The survey results indicate the general dissatisfaction with the organization of dialogue between the population and authorities in social networks. Respondents admit both the importance of developing dialogue-partner forms of Internet communications and the low level of their implementation. Thus, the portal Active Citizen receives contradictory assessments as a platform for electronic voting, i.e., the potential of social media in the development of participatory governance is not used efficiently.
The role of insurance in the social-economic system
Authors: Puzanova Zh. V. , Trifonova M. A.
Published: December 2020

The article considers the position and meaning of insurance in the social-economic system of Russia. Insurance is associated primarily with protection of the property interests under risky events. There is a large classification of risks, which is closely related to the insurance institution, and the authors analyze some types of risks providing relevant contemporary examples. Insurance is a means of the risk management system; however, the current economic, political, and social situation has a direct impact on the insurance system. Thus, in periods of instability, insurance companies have to adapt to the economic situation and financial possibilities of people to purchase insurance products. Insurance as a type of activity performs two groups of functions - economic and social. The main task of insurance is to implement effective measures of insurance protection from risky events. The article also considers activities of insurers in Russia from 2012 to 2018: the number of insurance companies, the authorized capital, the peak volume of foreign deposits, insurance payments, reinsurance operations, etc. The authors present two types of insurance - voluntary and compulsory - and consider the features of each type. The data of sociological surveys allows to analyze these features and to identify the role of voluntary and compulsory insurance in the social-economic system (tasks, functions, and so on).
Agricultural cooperation in the Northern Non-Black-Earth Region: formal and informal practices
Authors: Bozhkov O. B. , Nikulin A. M. , Poleshchuk I. K.
Published: December 2020

Based on the review of the research on the relationship between cooperation and self-organization in the rural development of Russia and other countries, and also taking into account the recent trends in the international cooperative movement, the authors present the results of the sociological research conducted in 2005-2008, and then in 2018-2019 in nine rural areas of five subjects of the Russian Federation: Leningrad, Vologda, Novgorod, Arkhangelsk and Tver Regions of the Northern Non-Black-Earth Region. These empirical studies were comparative case studies based on a combination of quantitative and qualitative approaches. The authors consider the historical and contemporary specifics of cooperation and self-organization of the Non-Black-Earth Region as compared to other Russian regions; identify theoretical and practical differences between the concepts cooperation, self-organization, mutual assistance; propose to use the concept symbiosis for the analytical explanation of paradoxes of the interaction of traditions and innovations in practices of rural cooperation and mutual assistance. In the final part of the article, the authors provide empirical examples from their sociological studies in the Northern Non-Black-Earth Region, which prove the efficiency of cooperation between local entrepreneurs and rural communities, especially provided measures and programs of the state support to cooperation. The authors emphasize the importance of the symbiosis of formal and informal local cooperative practices, which requires an extremely flexible cooperative policy in order to overcome the legacy of the Soviet bureaucratic overregulation and to revive the historical legacy of the local self-organization of rural communities.
Social well-being of the student youth (regional aspect)
Authors: Kosharnaya G. B. , Korzh N. V.
Published: December 2020

At the present stage of the Russian modernization, social well-being indicates satisfaction with various aspects of life, which makes it a focus of sociological research. Positive social well-being, especially of the youth, is an important indicator of social stabilization. The authors considered different theoretical-methodological approaches to provide a structural operationalization of social well-being. The article presents the content of this concept, its indicators, and factors that affect the social well-being of students in the Russian region. The relevance of studying the social mood of the younger generation is determined by the need to ensure the positive social well-being of the youth, because the future development of our country depends on how the youth evaluates their present and what plans they have for the future. The research was to identify both factors that affect the social well-being of students and their relationship. The study combined quantitative (survey) and qualitative (focus groups) methods. The latter allowed to assess the priority of various factors for students. Based on the survey results, the authors developed a factor model of the social well-being of provincial students, which presents as the key factors employment opportunities, education, health and implementation of life strategies. The results of the qualitative study showed that students are worried by their chances in the labor market, possibilities of self-realization, and deviant practices among the youth. In general, there are anxious moods among university graduates. The authors believe that there should be a monitoring of the social well-being of the younger generation, which would allow to see changes in factors of the greatest impact on the social well-being and, thus, to prevent social tensions in the regional society.