bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Art of Dialogue in Building Cross-Cultural Sensitivity in the Classroom
Authors: Anakwe Uzoamaka P.
Published: July 2003

This article describes an exercise used to cultivate cross-cultural awareness and sensitivity in a classroom setting. The exercise was developed on the premise that a combination of documentary and interactional approaches is effective for building cross-cultural sensitivity. Students are assigned specific countries on which they are required to obtain factual information and personalize the information on their respective countries. Multicultural teams are developed with each team member representing a different personality. Each team is responsible for developing group norms, identifying similarities and differences, and for suggesting possible ways of dealing with the challenges faced. This exercise fosters discussion on management concepts within a multicultural environment.
Alternative Theories of Happiness in Early Adolescents
Authors: Mahon Noreen E. , Yarcheski Adela
Published: July 2003

The purpose of this study was to examine a set of variables representing enabling mechanisms vis-à-vis a set of variables representing personality characteristics in relation to happiness in early adolescents; these two theoretical perspectives were assessed using hierarchical analyses of sets that determined which of the two has greater explanatory power in relation to happiness. The fi nal sample consisted of 127 early adolescents, ages 12 to 14, who responded to instruments measuring happiness, self-esteem, future time perspective, optimism, vigor, change, and social support in classrooms. Using hierarchical analy ses of sets, the results indicated that the enabling mechanisms set explained more variance in happiness when entered first (65%) or second (22%) than did the personality characteristics set when entered first (50%) or second (7%) in the analyses. Implications for nursing are addressed.
Further Investigation of Protégés’ Negative Mentoring Experiences
Authors: Eby Lillian T. , Allen Tammy D.
Published: July 2003

Negative mentoring experiences encountered by 242 protégés across their career histories were examined. Negative mentoring experiences clustered into two factors: Distancing/Manipulative Behavior and Poor Dyadic Fit. Protégés’ reports of the impact that these experiences had on them further suggested that several types of negative mentoring experiences were related to job satisfaction, turnover intentions, and stress. Finally, protégés in formally initiated mentoring relationships reported the most negative experience as having more of an effect on turnover intentions and stress than protégés in informal relationships. The results are discussed in the context of broadening the focus of mentoring research and implications for applied practice.
The Influence of Managerial Accounts on Employees’ Reactions to Negative Feedback
Authors: Tata Jasmine
Published: July 2003

Despite the prevalent assumption that feedback consistently improves performance, recent scholars have suggested that at times negative feedback can have an unfavorable effect on employees’ attitudes and behaviors. This study proposes that such detrimental effects can be minimized through the use of managerial accounts. The results indicated that the type of account can influence employees’ reactions. Concessions, excuses, and justifications reduced employees’ anger and increased perceived interpersonal fairness; concessions also increased intentions to change behavior. Refusals, in contrast, did not influence employees’ reactions. The influence of excuses was augmented when used in conjunction with concessions but attenuated when combined with refusals. These findings suggest that organizations could benefit from training managers to understand the impact of accounts in the negative feedback context.
Product Development Process Management System Based on P_PROCE Model
Authors: Qian Fu , Shensheng Zhang
Published: July 2003

Product data management (PDM) systems are enabling tool of concurrent engineering (CE). Although the PDM system provides good support for product data, particularly at the early stages of design, it is seldom used beyond the design process. Furthermore, it provides few facilities for activity definition and no facilities for the enactment of production activities. In order to manage the whole lifecycle of motorcycle development, this paper presents a product development process management system that integrates the workflow management system (WFMS) with the PDM. On one hand we can use the powerful product data management functionality of PDM systems, on the other hand we can use the effective process management and control functionalities of WFMS. For the sake of guiding and constraining the workflow modeling, we provide an integrated product development workflow model named P_PROCE model. It is made up of five views that are the process view(P), the product view(P), the resource view(R), and the organization view(O), the control & evaluation view(CE). Based on this model, the architecture and implementation of the product development process management system is presented. It consists of the workflow modeling module, the workflow enactment module and the PDM system. The first module includes process modeling, system sustain and API. The second module includes the personal desktop and the workflow engine. The PDM system is regarded as a workflow-enabled application. The workflow engine invokes it by the Tool Agent.
Web-Based Concurrent Stamping Part and Die Development
Authors: Chin Kwai-Sang , Tang Dunbing
Published: July 2003

The Internet and World Wide Web (WWW) are evolving as an important communication technology. This paper aims to develop methodology for enabling better concurrent stamping part and die development, in the evolving Web technology. The characteristics of concurrent stamping part and die design are presented, and the necessity and feasibility of building Web-based concurrent stamping part and die development system is then discussed. Next, the overall architecture of Web-based concurrent stamping part and die design and development is established. The design services, which are the components of the Web server and play key roles in implementing the Web-based concurrent stamping part and die development, are then investigated in depth. Among the Web-based design services, the part shape analysis and feature-based cost evaluation are further illustrated in detail. While the system development approach including knowledge-based stamping part design and evaluation over Web is discussed, the cooperation and coordination between product designer and die designer are also presented with the illustration of a case study. The findings of this research allow the stamping part designer and the die designer to share product data, communicate with each other, and maintain operations consistency in the distributed cooperative sites on different product design and development platforms.
Real-Time Collaborative Solid Shape Design (RCSSD) on the Internet
Authors: Chan Stephen C. F. , Ng Vincent T. Y.
Published: July 2003

The Internet and the World-Wide Web created a new infrastructure and new possibilities for concurrent engineering. In order to support real-time (synchronous) collaborative solid shape design, however, some major issues still have to be resolved. These involved deployment of solid modeling software on the Web, shared access to common solid models, communication and control of the design actions among designers, and efficient representation of the many different but related design versions of the product. This paper discusses the development of a real-time collaborative solid modeling system that addresses these issues. The prototype system has been implemented in a client-server environment in Java, using the Java Remote Method Invocation package for networking support.
Web-based Multi-functional Scheduling System for a Distributed Manufacturing Environment
Authors: Jia H.Z. , Fuh J.Y.H. , Nee A.Y.C. , Zhang Y.F.
Published: July 2003

Globalized production has become a new trend in the current competitive business environment, especially for the multinational companies in pursuit of lower cost, shorter time-to-market and better quality. For years, much emphasis has been focused on the concurrent design and manufacturing, and other integrated production activities. However, the distributed production scheduling, a post-design procedure playing a very crucial role in the whole process of production, has not received sufficient attention. Comparing with traditional single-factory or single-jobshop scheduling, the distributed scheduling is uneasy to manage and the information exchange between different scheduling participants is much more complex. This paper reports a web-based system to enable production scheduling for the distributed manufacturing environment with the utilization of the latest Internet and World Wide Web (WWW) technology. A Genetic Algorithm (GA), which involves once gene crossover and twice gene mutation, is adopted as the scheduling kernel to make distributed scheduling optimization. The entire web-based scheduling system includes three layers, i.e., stand-alone application module, scheduling agent module, and e-scheduling module. They are implemented using Java Application and Applet Language. With such a system in place, every manufacturing participant is no longer an isolated production element and the information among the participants can be shared and exchanged in real time. Furthermore, contingencies in any factory such as machine breakdown or design modification can be handled in real time.
CAD-Based Shape Optimization Using a Meshfree Method
Authors: Grindeanu Iulian , Kim Nam H. , Choi Kyung K. , Chen Jiun S.
Published: July 2003

A shape design sensitivity analysis and optimization procedure is proposed using a meshfree method. A CAD tool connection is established to facilitate the seamless integration of structural modeling, simulation, and design optimization. A new CAD-based method for design velocity computation is proposed, applicable to both the meshfree method and the finite element method. A shape design variable can be chosen among the geometric parameters defined in the CAD model in order to support a concurrent engineering environment. A new CAD-based method for updating the discrete model is proposed, such that the meshfree model is automatically updated in a continuous and consistent way during design optimization. The proposed method is applied to 2D and 3D linear elastic problems, as well as to a large deformation hyperelastic problem.
Evidence-Based Approaches for the Treatment of Substance Abusers by Involving Family Members
Authors: Meyers Robert J. , Apodaca Timothy R. , Flicker Sharon M. , Slesnick Natasha
Published: July 2003

There is now a variety of replicable, empirically supported family-based treatments for substance use disorders. Unfortunately, the gap between evidence-based substance abuse treatment methods and treatment as usual remains wide. Disseminating evidence-based treatments into practice is of obvious importance as the overall effectiveness of health care depends on transferring best practices into routine standards of care. This article seeks to identify empirically supported interventions to substance use so that practitioners may then seek further information or training in one or more of these modalities. Three approaches to involving family members in substance abuse treatment are identified: community reinforcement and family training, marital/couples therapy, and family therapy.
Transsexual and Transgenderist Experiences and Treatment Options
Authors: Ellis Kelly M. , Eriksen Karen
Published: July 2003

When transgender individuals struggle with living as the other gender, their families also struggle. Often, however, these individuals, their families, and their counselors have difficulty finding information about the transgender experience to help them with their struggles. Because little professional literature exists on such experiences, this article provides information about treatment options for transsexuals, transgenderists, and those with gender dysphoria. It discusses the experiences of families and individuals during the discovery and treatment process, and it offers lists of resources helpful to transgender individuals and their families.
The Matrix as a Bridge to Systems Thinking
Authors: Sheperis Carl J. , Sheperis Shelly F.
Published: July 2003

Introducing the concept of systems to beginning family counseling students who have been traditionally trained in a mental health model can be an arduous task. This article offers an instructional method of using popular films to help students to widen their range of personal constructs to include that of cybernetics. The Matrix offers the opportunity to discuss multiple realities and the concepts of recursion, equifinality, morphostasis, morphogenesis, and open and closed systems with relation to selected scenes from the movie. Questions for discussion and other potential systems-oriented popular films are offered.
African American Factors for Student Success: Implications for Families and Counselors
Authors: Herndon Michael K. , Moore James L.
Published: July 2003

Many students who navigate the terrain of higher education often seek support during their journeys through college. The purpose of this article is to examine the different kinds of support African American students receive from family during the college years. After doing a comprehensive review of the literature on word combinations such as African American undergraduate students and family relationships, the authors found that the literature was replete with articles, monographs, books, and special reports. To capture this information, this article was conceptualized into four broad categories of research: academic, emotional, social, and financial support. In the final section, a model for campus climate as it relates to students of color is discussed, and specific recommendations for African American families and counselors are given to help African American college students persist through college.
Family Counseling and Referral with Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgendered Clients: Ethical Considerations
Authors: Janson Gregory R.
Published: July 2003

Couple, marriage, and family counselors face unique ethical and practice challenges in their dual commitment to the positive growth and integrity of both the individual and the family system. These challenges may become acute when working with stigmatized and oppressed populations such as gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgendered persons and their families. A brief case vignette illustrates a range of ethical issues for couple and family counselors working with this client population.
The Emergent Care and Treatment of Women with Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder
Authors: Ullery Elizabeth K. , Millner Vaughn S. , Willingham Heath A.
Published: July 2003

Hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD) is a prevalent and disabling condition for women and their partners. Clinical and empirical investigation into this disorder is still in developmental stages, and many questions about its etiology and treatment remain. Present understanding of HSDD leads to a holistic, biopsychosocial approach to this complex disorder. Emerging treatment views focus on multidisciplinary therapies that often integrate medical and psychosocial modalities.
Self-Help Career Assessment: Ethical and Professional Issues
Authors: Prince Jeffrey P. , Most Robert B. , Silver Diane G.
Published: July 2003

This article addresses the need for ethical and professional guidelines appropriate to the development and use of self-help career assessments. It provides an overview of the wide array of self-help career assessments currently available to the public and highlights the strengths and limitations of self-help career tools. The authors identify three criteria critical to the evaluation of these assessments, propose a preliminary checklist for evaluating the quality of self-help career tools, and call for interdisciplinary efforts to develop professional standards in this domain.
Ethical and Professional Issues in Career Assessment With Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Persons
Authors: Chung Y. Barry
Published: July 2003

This article proposes a framework for the consideration of ethical and professional issues in career assessment with lesbian, gay, and bisexual persons. Themes are identified and structured based on an integration of the Division 44?Committee on Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Concerns Joint Task Force's "Guidelines for Psychotherapy With Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Clients"; the American Psychological Association's Guidelines for Multicultural Counseling Proficiency for Psychologists; and conceptual work by Prince and by Croteau, Anderson, DiStefano, and Kampa-Kokesch. The themes are organized under three domains: practice, research, and education. The first two domains are further divided into three categories: attitudes?awareness, knowledge, and skills. Applications of each theme to career assessment with lesbian, gay, and bisexual persons are discussed, drawing on relevant literature in vocational psychology.
The Multilateral Fund and China's Compliance With the Montreal Protocol
Authors: Zhao Jimin
Published: July 2003

International financial assistance can encourage developing countries to deal with global environmental problems, but there is little empirical study of the specific design features most important for success. This article examines the effect of the Multilateral Fund (MLF) on China's negotiation of and compliance with the Montreal Protocol. Access to the MLF was a major impetus for China's ratification of the protocol and the government's procedural compliance. Because it closed major loopholes, the sector-based approach to funding was far more effective than the project-by-project approach, leading to China's ultimate success in meeting the protocol's targets to freeze consumption and production of chlorofluorocarbons by 1999 and halons by 2002. China's experience suggests that effective international financial assistance mechanisms should make continuous fund eligibility contingent on evidence of successful compliance with treaty obligations, target sectors in which manufacturers have limited incentives to meet treaty obligations on their own, and use market-based instruments.
Perinatal Bereavement Grief Scale
Authors: Ritsher Jennifer Boyd , Neugebauer Richard
Published: July 2003

The study evaluated the Perinatal Bereavement Grief Scale (PBGS), the first scale designed to measure grief following reproductive loss in terms of yearning for the lost pregnancy and lost baby. Participants included 304 women interviewed by telephone 1 to 3 times within 6 months after miscarriage. The PBGS had high internal consistency and test-retest reliability. It showed convergent validity with measures of attachment and investment in the child and divergent validity against measures of social desirability and depressive symptoms, supporting the conceptual distinction between grief and depression. Cross-cultural validity was acceptable whether tested by language (Spanish vs. English) or ethnicity (Hispanic vs. other). This measure of yearning enables study of the epidemiology and prognostic value of this key feature of mourning.
The Use of Reliable Digits to Detect Malingering in a Criminal Forensic Pretrial Population
Authors: Duncan Scott A. , Ausborn Denella L.
Published: July 2003

The present research is a cross-validation of previous investigation by Greiffenstein, Baker, and Gola; Greiffenstein, Gola, and Baker; and Meyers and Volbrecht on the reliable digits (RELD) method of detecting suspected malingering on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Revised (WAIS-R). The results support the use of the RELD method on a criminal forensic pretrial population (N = 187). Sensitivities, specificities, and incremental hit rates for two cut levels of the RELD method, Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory—2 (MMPI-2) Infrequency and the Personality Assessment Inventory Negative Impression Scales, as well as multiple combined cut scores, were comparable to those observed in previous studies that used neuropsychologically evaluated participants. The selection of which cut score or combination of cut scores is appropriate on the RELD method is also discussed.
Factor and Subtest Discrepancies on the Differential Ability Scales
Authors: Kahana Shoshana Y. , Youngstrom Eric A. , Glutting Joseph J.
Published: July 2003

Past literature has largely ignored the population frequency of multivariate factor and subtest score discrepancies. Another limitation has been that statistical models imperfectly model the clinical assessment process, whereby significant discrepancies between both factors and subtests are included in predictions about an individual’s academic achievement. The present study examined these issues using a nationally representative sample (N = 1,185) completing the Differential Ability Scales. Results indicate that approximately 80% of children in a nonreferred sample show at least one statistically significant ability discrepancy. In addition, the global estimate of cognitive ability was the most parsimonious predictor of academic achievement, whereas information about ability discrepancies did not significantly improve prediction. Findings suggest that when predicting academic achievement, there is little value in interpreting cognitive scores beyond the global ability estimate.
Confirmatory Factor Analysis of Singleand Multiple-Factor Competing Models of the Dissociative Experiences Scale in a Nonclinical Sample
Authors: Stockdale Gary D. , Gridley Betty E. , Balogh Deborah Ware , Holtgraves Thomas
Published: July 2003

Previous research on the Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES) has demonstrated that (a) dissociation is quantifiable in both clinical and nonclinical samples and (b) a three-factor structure (amnesia, depersonalization, and absorption) is tenable for clinical samples. The factor structure for nonclinical samples is less clear, with one- and multiple-factor solutions proposed. To clarify the DES factor structure in nonclinical samples, confirmatory factor analyses were conducted on (a) one-, two-, three-, and four-factor first-order models and (b) two bifactor (hierarchical) models of DES scores for two samples of nonclinical university students. Results ofΔχ2 and goodness-of-fit indices support the three-factor (first-order) model as best fitting of the data for these samples. The utility of this DES model for screening both dissociative pathology and elevated normal dissociative behavior in clinical and nonclinical populations is discussed.
Measures of Criminal Attitudes and Associates (MCAA)
Authors: Mills Jeremy F. , Kroner Daryl G. , Forth Adelle E.
Published: July 2003

Recent meta-analysis has demonstrated that attitudes and associates are among the best predictors of antisocial behavior. Despite this finding, there are few psychometrically developed and validated measures of criminal and antisocial attitudes and associates. This study reviews the theoretical and empirical development of the Measures of Criminal Attitudes and Associates (MCAA), which is composed of two parts. Part A is a quantified self-report measure of criminal friends. Part B contains four attitude scales: Violence, Entitlement, Antisocial Intent, and Associates. The MCAA showed reasonable reliability (internal consistency and temporal stability) and appropriate convergent and discriminant validity. Criterion validity was evidenced in the scale’s relationship with criminal history variables, and a factor analysis confirmed the four distinct scale domains.
The Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles (PICTS)
Authors: Walters Glenn D.
Published: July 2003

The Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles (PICTS) is an 80-item self-report measure designed to assess crime-supporting cognitive patterns. Data from men (N = 450) and women (N = 227) offenders indicate that the PICTS thinking, validity, and content scales possess moderate to moderately high internal consistency and test-retest stability. Metaanalyses of studies in which the PICTS has been administered reveal that besides correlating with measures of past criminality, several of the PICTS thinking and content scales are capable of predicting future adjustment/release outcome at a low but statistically significant level, and two scales (En, CUR) are sensitive to program-assisted change beyond what control subjects achieve spontaneously. The factor structure of the PICTS is then examined with the aid of exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, the results of which denote the presence of two major and two minor factors.
Hand-Scoring Error Rates in Psychological Testing
Authors: Simons Roland , Goddard Richard , Patton Wendy
Published: July 2003

Despite the comprehensive treatment of test validity in most technical manuals, test authors appear to routinely assume that clients and professionals will score their instruments without error. Recently Allard and Faust challenged this assumption by suggesting that error rates “may not be rare or benign” and demonstrated that tests with more complex scoring procedures were associated with a greater number of scoring errors. This study investigated error rates that resulted from hand scoring seven psychometric tests commonly employed in psychological practice. Significant and serious error rates were identified for both psychologist and client scorers across all tests investigated. Scoring complexity was found to predict the base rate of scorer errors. The findings suggest that greater development in and attention to test-scoring procedures is required to restrict the likelihood of scorer error.
Detecting Malingered Neurocognitive Dysfunction Using the Reliable Digit Span in Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Mathias Charles W. , Greve Kevin W. , Bianchini Kevin J. , Houston Rebecca J. , Crouch John A.
Published: July 2003

This study assessed the effectiveness of Greiffenstein’s Reliable Digit Span (RDS) score for the detection of malingered neurocognitive dysfunction. Participants were 54 traumatic brain injury patients referred for neuropsychological evaluation. Twenty-four met the Slick, Sherman, and Iverson criteria for at least probable malingered neurocognitive dysfunction. The control group was composed of 30 patients without external incentive and who thus did not meet the Slick criteria. All patients completed the digit span test as part of either the WAIS-R or WAIS-III. The RDS scores were calculated, and sensitivity, specificity, and predictive power were examined for several cutoffs. Classification accuracy for the RDS was excellent. Issues related to the clinical application of this technique are discussed.
A Factor Structure for the MMPI-A
Authors: Archer Robert P. , Bolinskey P. Kevin , Morton Todd L. , Farris Kelly L.
Published: July 2003

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory–Adolescent (MMPI-A) Structural Summary was developed as a means of simplifying the interpretation of the 69 scales and subscales of this test instrument by organizing findings around eight primary factor dimensions. The current study examined the scale-level factor structure of the MMPI-A in a large sample of 1,610 male juvenile delinquents to assess the potential usefulness of this factor structure in a delinquency population. In this attempt to replicate the MMPI-A scale-level factor structure identified by Archer, Belevich, and Elkins in the MMPI-A normative sample and by Archer and Krishnamurthy in a clinical sample, a correlation matrix of all MMPI-A scale raw scores was created for a principal factor analysis. Results from the factor analysis produced a seven-factor solution that was largely consistent with the dimensions of the MMPI-A Structural Summary. Results were also reported in terms of the frequency of elevations on Structural Summary dimensions, with particular evidence of the importance of the Immaturity factor in describing this male juvenile delinquent sample.
MMPI-A Structural Summary Characteristics of Male Juvenile Delinquents
Authors: Morton Todd L. , Farris Kelly L.
Published: July 2003

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personal Inventory–Adolescent Structural Summary factor scores for 655 male juvenile delinquents were determined. These Structural Summary scores were compared to the Structural Summary scores in the normative sample of boys. Elevations on Factor 2 (Immaturity) were most characteristic, with half of delinquents’scores being elevated by at least one standard deviation. Discriminant analyses suggested that linear combinations of the Structural Summary scores are as capable of distinguishing between the normative and delinquent samples as were linear combinations of the clinical scales. Furthermore, use of Structural Summary scores provided incremental validity in distinguishing between the two samples, increasing positive predictive power by 20% to 40% as compared to use of only the clinical, content, and supplementary scales.
Construct Validity of the Relationship Profile Test
Authors: Bornstein Robert F. , Geiselman Kimberly J. , Eisenhart Elizabeth A. , Languirand Mary A.
Published: July 2003

Studies suggest that overdependence and detachment have negative effects on psychological adjustment, health, and therapy process and outcome. In contrast, healthy dependency (i.e., flexible, situation-appropriate help and support seeking) has beneficial effects in each of these areas. In this investigation, 90 college students (50 women and 40 men) completed a battery of personality scales including the Relationship Profile Test (RPT), a 30-item measure of destructive overdependence, dysfunctional detachment, and healthy dependency. RPT scores showed the expected patterns of subscale intercorrelations, gender differences, and links with measures of attachment style, identity, relatedness, and affect. Implications of these results for the construct validity of the RPT are discussed in the context of theoretical models of dependency-detachment.
Reliability, Stability, and Factor Structure of the Bulimia Test–Revised and Eating Disorder Inventory–2 Scales in Adolescence
Authors: McCarthy Denis M. , Simmons Jean R. , Smith Gregory T. , Tomlinson Kristin L. , Hill Kelly K.
Published: July 2003

The Eating Disorder Inventory–2 (EDI-2) and Bulimia Test–Revised (BULIT-R) have demonstrated strong reliability and validity in college students and adults. Although used in adolescent samples, little is known about the psychometric properties of these measures for adolescents. The reliability, factor structure, and mean levels of five EDI-2 scales and the BULIT-R were evaluated over 3 years. Data were collected yearly from two samples of adolescent females, one recruited from three public middle schools (n = 239, mean baseline age = 12.8) and one from two public high schools (n = 119, mean baseline age = 15.9). Results provide strong evidence for the reliability and stability of these measures. Mean levels of both measures appeared remarkably consistent over the 3 years. These results provide evidence of good psychometric performance for these scales in adolescence. The lack of change in these measures raises questions about the developmental trajectory of these variables through adolescence.
The Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale
Authors: Thurber Steven , Snow Mark , Honts Charles R.
Published: July 2003

This study examined the concurrent validity of the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS) in relation to the Depression (D) scale of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory–2 (MMPI-2) and addressed a gap in the literature with respect to diagnostic discrimination. The participants were persons on probation or parole. Although women were more depressed than men on the SDS, gender did not interact with SDS as a predictor in a logistic regression analysis. The SDS was found to be the primary discriminating variable in distinguishing depressed from nondepressed participants. In addition, the SDS contributed significant incremental validity over the D scale and showed greater accuracy in identifying nondepressed individuals.
Book Review: Na+ Signals at Central Synapses
Authors: Rose C. R.
Published: July 2003

A basic characteristic of animal cells is the maintenance of a steep inwardly directed electrochemical gradient for sodium ions. In vertebrate neurons, this Na+ gradient energizes intracellular ion regulation and enables influx of Na+ during action potentials and excitatory postsynaptic currents. Several studies suggested that Na+ ions could also play a role in activity-dependent synaptic plasticity. This review focuses on recent studies that demonstrated the presence of substantial intracellular Na+ transients during action potential firing or excitatory synaptic transmission in postsynaptic dendrites and dendritic spines. The large amplitudes of these activity-induced Na+ transients suggest that this signal will significantly alter electrical and biochemical properties of spines and dendrites and might influence the properties of synaptic transmission.
Book Review: Neurobiology of Lysophosphatidic Acid Signaling
Authors: Fukushima Nobuyuki , Ye Xiaoqin , Chun Jerold
Published: July 2003

Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a growth factor-like lysophospholipid, induces diverse cellular responses. The identification of the first LPA receptor gene, through studies of neuroproliferative regions within the embryonic cerebral cortex, has led to the classification of a family of at least eight lysophospholipid receptors with diverse roles in organismal development and function. A growing body of literature has identified roles for LPA signaling under physiological and pathological conditions, particularly within the developing nervous system. Here the authors review features of the LPA receptor family and cellular responses of nervous system-derived cells, and discuss developmental and pathological roles for LPA signaling in the nervous system.
Cytokines: Powerful Regulators of Glial Cell Activation
Authors: John Gareth R. , Lee Sunhee C. , Brosnan Celia F.
Published: July 2003

It is now clear that cytokines function as powerful regulators of glial cell function in the central nervous system (CNS), either inhibiting or promoting their contribution to CNS pathology. Although these interactions are complex, the availability of animals with targeted deletions of these genes and/or their receptors, as well as transgenic mice in which cytokine expression has been targeted to specific cell types, and the availability of purified populations of glia that can be studied in vitro, has provided a wealth of interesting and frequently surprising data relevant to this activity. A particular feature of many of these studies is that it is the nature of the receptor that is expressed, rather than the cytokine itself, that regulates the functional properties of these cytokines. Because cytokine receptors are themselves modulated by cytokines, it becomes evident that the effects of these cytokines may change dramatically depending upon the cytokine milieu present in the immediate environment. An additional exciting aspect of these studies is the previously underappreciated role of these factors in repair to the CNS. In this review, we focus on current information that has helped to define the role of cytokines in regulating glial cell function as it relates to the properties of microglia and astrocytes.
The Neurobiology of Rett Syndrome
Authors: Akbarian Schahram
Published: July 2003

Rett syndrome is a neuropsychiatric disorder with onset in early childhood. Loss-of-function mutations of the X-linked gene encoding methyl-CpG binding protein 2 ( MECP2) are responsible for more than 80% of Rett cases. Despite these recent advances in molecular genetics, little is known about the neurobiology of Rett syndrome and the role of MeCP2 protein in the nervous system. The molecular functions of the MeCP2 protein were primarily studied in nonneuronal cell lines and in vitro systems; MeCP2 binds primarily, but not exclusively, to methylated DNA, and it is thought to regulate gene expression, chromatin composition, and chromosomal architecture. In the brain, MeCP2 appears to be expressed ubiquitously by neurons. There is increasing evidence that the protein is important for maintenance of neuronal chromatin during late development and in adulthood. Levels of MeCP2 expression increase during the course of neuronal differentiation and remain at high levels in the adult brain. Furthermore, genetic studies in mice demonstrated that the selective deletion of the Mecp2 gene in neurons results several weeks later in a Rett-like phenotype, including a reduction in brain weight and neuronal dystrophy. Rett syndrome is not accompanied by a neurodegenerative process and thus perhaps may be amenable to therapeutic intervention at the time of symptom expression.
The Neurobiology of Depression: Perspectives from Animal and Human Sleep Studies
Authors: Shaffery James , Hoffmann Robert , Armitage Roseanne
Published: July 2003

This article reviews human and animal studies in the neurobiology of depression. The etiology of the illness, associated neurotransmitter dysregulation, sex steroids, the role of stress, and sleep regulation are discussed. It is suggested that the genesis of depression is related to homeostatic maladaptation that is sexually dimorphic. The authors propose that depressed females are hyperresponsive to stress, whereas depressed males are hyporesponsive to stress. This divergence reflects the exaggeration of naturally occurring differences between males and females, which are most obvious under challenge conditions. The authors conclude that future work in this area should fully evaluate sexual dimorphism, neural plasticity, critical periods, and individual differences in vulnerability.
Family Experiences in the Journey Through Dementia Diagnosis and Care
Authors: Teel Cynthia S. , Carson Paula
Published: July 2003

Families caring for loved ones with dementia encounter multiple challenges. This study aimed to describe experiences of families seeking diagnosis and subsequent care and treatment for relatives with dementia. Using a descriptive qualitative approach, 14 family caregivers living in diverse areas of Kansas were interviewed regarding their experiences with dementia diagnosis and treatment. Initially uncertain about symptom interpretation, caregivers encountered marked delays in getting a diagnosis once they sought medical care. The diagnostic process often took several years and visits to numerous physicians, required considerable diligence, and ultimately resulted in feelings of mistrust toward the medical community. Caregivers described the physical and emotional strain of providing care, although support groups facilitated access to some educational and community resources. Nurses are in an opportune position to educate families about dementia and caregiving and to ease the considerable challenges they face by providing more active support during the diagnosis and care process.
Relationships Between Differences in Mother-Father Perceptions and Self-Concept and Depression in Children With Epilepsy
Authors: Haber Linda C. , Austin Joan K. , Huster Gertrude R. , Lane Kathleen A. , Perkins Susan M.
Published: July 2003

The purpose of this study was to explore relationships between differences in perceptions of mothers and fathers and self-concept and symptoms of depression, respectively, in 69 youth with epilepsy. Multiple regression was used to test whether the absolute difference scores between mothers’ and fathers’ perceptions of family adaptive resources, stigma, their children’s negative coping behaviors, and their attitudes toward epilepsy were predictors of child self-concept and depression after adjusting for epilepsy severity, children’s attitudes toward epilepsy, and children’s ratings of family adaptation. Only the mother-father differences related to children’s negative coping behaviors significantly predicted children’s self-concept and depressive symptoms. Findings suggest that differences in perceptions related to children may be more highly associated with the children’s outcomes than differences related to family characteristics or the children’s illness.
Biotechnology Policy
Authors: de CheveignÉ Suzanne
Published: July 2003

In a traditionally technocratic country such as France, the development of the life sciences provokes a number of new questions both about the consequences of scientific research and about the ways of regulating it. Risks are no longer only material; they are perceived as ethical and social, and citizens are no longer ready to hand over their control to technical experts. In this article, the author discusses this evolution on the basis of interviews and focus group material collected over the past six years in France.
Issues Emerging through the 2002 AAAS Roundtable on Biotechnology Policy Formation in Europe and North America
Authors: Priest Susanna Hornig
Published: July 2003

A roundtable discussion on biotechnology policy formation in Europe and North America was held at the 2002 annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in Boston. The panel members present represented linked research teams studying media, opinion, and public policy formation in Canada, the United States, Austria, Finland, Norway, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom; additional contributions were made to this effort by colleagues in France and Germany who were unable to attend the roundtable in person. Audience response generated many new questions and a few potential answers regarding public involvement in science policy development.
Forecasting the Future
Authors: Wilson Kris M.
Published: July 2003

The topic of climate change has recently resurfaced on many news agendas, but increasingly, the scientific and political issues mix. Previous research has noted that even though the public relies primarily on television news as a source of climate change information, broadcasting has few environment and/or science reporters to cover the topic. This study considers another potential source—television weathercasters. This research measures weathercasters' acquired climate change knowledge against the scientific consensus and analyzes differences in their knowledge on the basis of several factors that may influence their climate change reporting. The results show that television weathercasters with the most accurate climate change knowledge scored highest in the affective domain—that is, the attitudes and values they hold about this scientific concept influenced their cognitive understanding of the topic more than any other independent variable. Put more simply the “politics” of what some consider a controversial scientific topic had the greatest bearing on weathercasters'scientific knowledge.
A Mathematical Model for Pseudoelasticity of Shape Memory Alloy and Its Application in Passive Control
Authors: Wei Zhi , Ma Haiyun , Sun Dongchang
Published: July 2003

Pseudoelasticity of shape memory alloy (SMA) has attracted great attention in passive vibration control of structures due to its large energy dissipation. In this paper, a first-order differential equation—based versatile model to describe the constitutive relation of the pseudoelasticity of SMA is presented. In this model, there are several parameters used to adjust hysteretic shape, and therefore, a variety of pseudoelastic relations can be described by this model. Based on this model, the damping behaviors of pseudoelasticity of an SMA spring are investigated by analyzing the response of a mass-SMA spring system. The results show that the pseudoelasticity of the SMA can effectively damp the vibration of the system when the vibration amplitude is relatively large.
Prediction of Structure-Borne Sound in Orthotropic Plates for Far-Field Conditions
Authors: Mandal Nirmal Kumar , Leong M. Salman , Rahman R. Abd.
Published: July 2003

Structural intensity method is used to formulate vibration power flow model in naturally orthotropic plates in the frequency domain for far-field conditions considering bending waves. Dimensionless parameters are used in classical orthotropic plate equations to get this power. Techniques of Fourier transform and finite difference approximation are used in the formulation. Shear force components of vibration power transmission in x-direction and y-direction are obtained separately. Total power is obtained from the idea of far-field conditions. Cross-spectral density functions of field signal are used to facilitate the estimation of power transmission. Structural intensity is formulated, which is similar to that of the conventional two-transducer method. A transducer array of two points is required to get an intensity vector in one direction of a point in the plates. A new bending wave number and a modified Laplace operator are also proposed.
Critical Ethnography and Ecological Psychology: Conceptual and Empirical Explorations of a Synthesis
Authors: Georgiou Doris , Carspecken Phil F.
Published: July 2003

The authors present a conceptual analysis and a demonstration of the synthesis of two methodologies, set in two very different academic traditions, in a single research design used to investigate an academic department: Carspecken’s five-stage critical qualitative research (CQR) and Barker’s Behavior Setting Survey (BSS). They show that (a) conceptually, constructs associated with the BSS can be relocated within CQR as contributions to its theory of social systems, and (b) methodologically, procedures associated with the BSS contribute to the field studies of social systems. By employing features of both methodologies together, a broader, sharper methodological framework for research on human activities in relation to physical, social, and cultural contexts can be achieved.
Authoring Social Responsibility
Authors: Pilcher Janet K. , Juneau Gayle A.
Published: July 2003

To better understand how researchers author social responsibility, the authors closely examined the “privileged” language in Mitchell Duneier’s and Carol Stack’s ethnographic texts and the ways that they transformed their positions without decentering the voices of those living in poor communities. The authors then describe how these texts consider a new ethnographic sensibility for economic injustice that forces ethnographers to assume responsibilities for intersecting social class with all other oppressive structures. This ethnographic sensibility involves ethnographers writing texts that broaden and transform standpoints of economically privileged persons living and working in our local communities. That is, when ethnographers position their texts from a social class standpoint, they automatically change the dimensions of how individuals interrupt and explain race, gender, and other social injustices. The authors propose that to better understand hierarchical structures that dominate society in today’s world, ethnographers must responsibly position their texts from this standpoint. Specifically, the language of the text visibly indicates the ethnographers understood (a) that they entered a field to work with their participants to transform public consciousness, (b) how to participate in an environment where people live on the social sidelines, and (c) their responsibility in writing a reflexive text from an antihegemonic standpoint that identifies the strengths and struggles of the participants.
A Small Place: Jamaica Kincaid and a Methodology of Connection
Authors: Dolby Nadine
Published: July 2003

In this article, the author looks at the methodological implications of Jamaica Kincaid’s (1988) book, A Small Place, for ethnographic inquiry. Kincaid’s incisive critique of tourist practices in her birthplace, Antigua, forefronts the significance of connection as a paradigm for ethnography. Drawing on Kincaid’s writing, the author argues that researchers’ analysis of everyday practices and places must be situated within the global connections that Kincaid places at the center of her analysis. To illustrate the possibilities of this approach, the author draws on contemporary ethnographic inquiry, including her own research with youth in a South African high school.