bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How do Facts Speak for Themselves? The Doctrine and Practice of Classical Empiricism
Authors: Ben-Chaim Michael
Published: May 2005

This study concerns the relationship between agent, author, and matters of fact in the doctrine and practice of classical empiricism. More particularly, it aims to provide a tentative answer to the following questions: how were empirical facts originally considered the principal object of scientific research and communication? What were the images of human conduct and the ethical codes which accompanied the rise of the fact as the prime object of human understanding? What rhetorical sources were originally deployed for the purpose of the communication of scientific factual knowledge? The historical study of empiricism provides a critical perspective on positivism on the one hand, and social constructivism on the other. It yields important insights into the linkage between experience and intentionality and its role in establishing trust in collective processes of learning.
What School can Teach about Health Services Planning
Authors: Klarman H. E.
Published: May 2005

This paper advances two propositions. The first is: It is important to know why one wishes to plan in a particular instance. Sometimes it is better not to intervene; and at other times it may be preferable to resort to other mechanisms of public intervention than planning, such as licensure, public utility status, and pricing schemes.

The second proposition is advanced more tentatively at this time: Schools should concentrate on teaching the techniques of planning. True, techniques are not all-important in planning. However, one can learn the limitations of techniques and the relative worth of value judgments from a critique of past planning efforts. This is the second part of a course in the Foundations of Health Planning, or the third if the bases for planning are taken as the first.

This paper is based on a presentation given to the Seminar on Planning at The Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health in Baltimore on October 15, 1970. Much of the author's inquiry into health planning was supported by U.S. Public Health Service Grant Number HS00363, Research Program in the Economics of Health, from the National Center for Health Services Research and Development, which terminated on September 30, 1970.
Canons, Categories, and Technical Communications
Authors: Book Virginia A.
Published: May 2005

Dramatic cultural and social changes during the past two decades have strongly influenced the dimensions of the communication process. Contemporary communicators argue that communication adaptation has not kept pace with technological and cultural adaptation. One reason they cite is the continued reliance on traditional theories and methods when new systems and strategies seem more appropriate in our complex society. Communicators of technical and scientific information tend to be conservative and change methods slowly. Some do not accept the concept of process as change. If we are to overcome the adaptation lag, and help individuals learn to control the imbalance created by the communication explosion, we must adjust to the idea of change. We must be more innovative, exhibit more flexibility in our attitudes, and assume responsibility for becoming better informed about interdisciplinary relationships and research in communication.
Computer-Aided Performance Training for Diagnostic and Procedural Tasks
Authors: Rigney J. W. , Towne D. M.
Published: May 2005

Two large, modularized, computer programs were developed to explore the possibilities for utilizing the processing speed and power of digital computers in interactions with students designed to teach them procedural and diagnostic tasks. The programs operated on simple list structures to 1) generate all interactions with the student, 2) simulate and continuously update device and task structure states, and 3) track students while performing complex tasks. The development and testing of these programs is described.
Selecting Metaphoric Terminology for the Computer Industry
Authors: Chisholm Richard M.
Published: May 2005

Well-selected metaphoric terminology can reduce the fear and ignorance that often dishearten first-time computer users and can help them grasp new concepts and procedures. Many people are amused by terms such as bit, byte, and mouse and are enlightened by terms such as menu and wild card. Some users of computers, however, are offended by the metaphoric terminology that is commonly used in writing about computers and computing. They bridle at words like memory and intelligence applied to computing machinery. They are annoyed by casual uses of interface and parameter or puzzled by words like spool, boot, and argument. With the concept of usability as their guiding principle, writers in the computer industry can assess the appropriateness of metaphoric terminology by applying seven criteria: 1) Is a metaphoric term needed? 2) Is the old word familiar? 3) Is the metaphoric relation close? 4) Is the usage of the word consistent? 5) Is the metaphoric word brief? 6) Is the metaphoric usage acceptable? 7) Is the metaphoric word memorable?
A Review of the Postconcussion Syndrome
Authors: Szymanski Herman V. , Linn Richard
Published: May 2005

Objective:

This review will focus on aspects of the postconcussion syndrome (PCS), including accompanying symptomatology, neuropsychological changes, brain imaging studies and treatment.

Method:

In each topic area, those research studies resulting in the most interpretable data are reported. Since there is little research in some aspects of the PCS, some studies of limited merit are described, with their limitations outlined, in lieu of not reporting any study. The section on psychopharmacology largely consists of opinions of recognized clinicians, since there is almost no research on the psychopharmacology of PCS.

Results:

Mild traumatic brain injury is a relatively frequent occurrence which often results in the postconcussion syndrome (PCS), consisting of complaints of irritability, fatigue, headache, difficulty concentrating, dizziness, and memory problems. Anxiety and depression are also frequently present, especially later in its course. Although the PCS has often been thought to reflect a psychological response to injury, there is considerable recent evidence to suggest that it is primarily a physiologic disturbance. For most individuals, treatment consists primarily of education of the patient and his/her family, along with supportive counseling regarding emerging problems at work or at home. A subgroup of patients, however, may require psychopharmacologic intervention.

Conclusion:

More research is needed in all aspects of PCS, especially its neurophysiology and pharmacologic treatment. Relationships between neurophysiological changes and behavioral and neuropsychological changes are unknown. New imaging techniques, such as single-photon emission tomography, and positron emission tomography will likely play an important role in understanding the physiology of this disorder.
Social Indicators: For Individual Well-Being or Social Control?
Authors: Nectoux Francois , Lintott John , Carr-Hill Roy
Published: May 2005

This article is concerned with the way that social statistics reflect particular views of the world, and focuses on the specific case of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development's program to develop a set of social indicators. Some illustrations of previous attempts to collect social indicators are given, but the bulk of the article discusses the series of contradictions which regulate the generation and use of statistics by governments, the principal one being between measures which play the ideological role of displaying economic and social “progress” and measures which are of direct use in social planning. This is discussed both for social indicators in general and for social concerns linked to the measurement of health. The article ends with an attempt to evaluate the future of the OECD program within the development of modern capitalism.
A Statistical Assessment of an Experiment to Compare Traditional vs. Laboratory Approach in Teaching Introductory Computer Programming
Authors: Romeu Jorge Luis , Alemzadeh Jalal
Published: May 2005

During the Spring of 1995 a statistical experiment to assess the effects of two methods of teaching introduction to Computer programming concepts, was developed. The experiment implemented two teaching approaches: traditional lecture vs. laboratory (technology). Several performance measures were defined and then collected throughout the course, to assess student learning. Among them are: results from common tests, quizzes, and homework/projects. In this article we assess, the effects of these two teaching approaches on students' learning, retention, and success rates. We analyze statistically the data collected, testing several hypotheses based on our teaching experience. Finally, we give several conclusions drawn on the analyses results.
The Use of the Dexamethasone Suppression Test in the Differential Diagnosis of Catatonic Stupor
Authors: Bloodworth Ronald C.
Published: May 2005

Catatonic stupor is a cluster of symptoms and not necessarily a disease entity. It may be seen not only in schizophrenia, but in major affective disorders, conversion disorders, organic brain syndromes, and atypical psychoses. The dexamethasone suppression test is a valuable tool in the diagnosis of major affective disorders, differentiating them from other types of psychopathology. In a twelve month retrospective study, five patients admitted to Psychiatric Institute of Atlanta were identified as meeting the criteria for catatonic schizophrenia. A dexamethasone suppression test was performed shortly after admission. Four of the five had patterns of inadequate suppression, indicative of a major affective disorder rather than a schizophrenic disorder. The dexamethasone suppression test is simple to administer, relatively painless, free from hazards, easy to interpret, readily available, and reliable. Not only can the dexamethasone suppression test be used in diagnosis, but also as a valuable aid in following the therapeutic progress in resolution of a major affective disorder.
Feelings of Deprivation, Death Anxiety, and Depressive Symptoms among Funeral Directors
Authors: Keith Pat M.
Published: May 2005

Objective indicators (personal and work characteristics) and subjective assessments (feelings of deprivation and death anxiety) were examined in relation to depressive symptoms among 163 funeral directors. The findings from a multivariate analysis supported theorizing about the salience of subjective assessments relative to objective indicators for psychological well-being. Death education, death anxiety, and deprivation were most important in explaining depressive symptoms. Death anxiety and depressive symptoms were independent of the amount of contact with the dead and bereaved.
Writing Together: Gender's Effect on Collaboration
Authors: Rehling Louise
Published: May 2005

Recent studies identify gendered differences in communication and collaboration styles which suggest consequences for professional writing classrooms. If, indeed, men tend to stereotype women as clerks, prefer hierarchical collaboration, and value product over process, and, too, if gendered differences tend to increase counterproductive dissent, then the gender balance of writing groups might affect their dominant styles in those respects. However, when I analyzed the behaviors of over sixty student groups in my professional writing classes, I did not find gender balancing to have such effects. Instead, however, I observed other gender-related effects on collaboration: tendencies to stereotype men as technical experts and to self-segregate into gendered working teams. These findings suggest new perspectives on the role of gender for collaborative groups in professional writing classrooms.
Emotionality in Early Infancy Predicts Temperament through the Second Year of Life
Authors: Izard Carroll E. , Lawler Teri Brown , Haynes O. Maurice , Simons Robert F. , Porges Stephen W.
Published: May 2005

Several theories maintain that temperament, personality, or individual differences in behavior are rooted in emotions. The present longitudinal study of sixty-three normal children supported this premise. We found substantial stability from early infancy to age two years for a broad range of emotion-related variables—objectively coded emotion expressions, indexes of cardiac functioning, mother's ratings of temperament. Indexes of these variables provide an early window on the development of stable individual traits. Emotion variables measured in early infancy predicted temperament scores at thirteen, eighteen, and twenty-four months of age.
Psycho-Cognitive Aspects of Dynamic Model-Building in Logo: A Simple Population Evolution and Predator/Prey Program
Authors: Vitale Bruno
Published: May 2005

A family of simple models, which can be deployed from the case of the growth of a single population to the mutual interaction of two populations in a predators/prey relation, is programmed in LOGO by using the most elementary programming skills. The deployment is followed step by step, by emphasizing the elements of cognitive novelty and the possible cognitive obstructions, more than the possible programming difficulties. This family of models is used to model a way of introducing, through programming experience, dynamical models of change and a first approach to dynamical systems.
“The Worst of Both Worlds”: The Management Reform of the World Health Organization
Authors: Lerer Leonard , Matzopoulos Richard
Published: May 2005

The governance and management of global health institutions, such as the World Health Organization (WHO), are under increasing critical scrutiny. This management case study explores the first year of transformation at the WHO under Director-General Dr. Gro Harlem Brundtland, focusing on the key stakeholders and the role of complexity in institutional change. This is a story about transition in a difficult, politically fraught, and management-resource-constrained environment. In the search for appropriate management paradigms, organizations such as the WHO may believe that the answers lie in harsh reengineering and the search for high-profile “success stories.” Ironically, global business has moved away from such approaches and is far more focused on collaboration, empowerment, and knowledge sharing.
Women, Housing, and Mental Health
Authors: Gabe Jonathan , Williams Paul
Published: May 2005

This article is concerned with crowding in the home and psychological health in women. After a brief literature review, the relationship is investigated using data from a community survey conducted in West London in 1977. Our findings indicate a J-shaped relationship between internal density and psychological symptoms— low as well as high levels of crowding were detrimental. This pattern was found to persist after relevant intervening variables were controlled for. These findings are interpreted within the context of women's subordination within the home.
Technology and Self-Study
Authors: Miller David C.
Published: May 2005

Out-of-class use of technology systems as an aid to self-study is discussed. Four possible systems are described and compared against a proposed set of ideal specifications. The characteristics and advantages of the system using “interactive lectures” are stressed.
Death Shall have no Dominion: The Passing of the World of the Dead in America
Authors: Jackson Charles O.
Published: May 2005

The dead have largely lost their social importance, visibility, and impact in American society. This event is essentially a phenomenon of the present century. For three centuries prior, the dead world occupied a significant and readily recognizable place in the living world. Indeed, that place was growing rapidly through much of the 19th century. Causes of the reversal in relationship between the two worlds are examined and consequences of the present radical withdrawal from the dead are suggested.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder following Brain Injury: A Review
Authors: Coetzer Bernardus R.
Published: May 2005

Objective:

This article reviews obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) following acquired brain injury. OCD type symptomatology without any other cognitive, behavioral, or emotional problems following a brain injury appears to be rare. However, the first onset of obsessions and compulsions following a brain injury has been described, but cognitive impairments can potentially color the presentation.

Method:

This article reviews obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) after brain injury, including traumatic brain injury, cerebrovascular accidents, brain tumors and brain infections. Overlapping symtomatology between OCD and brain injury is discussed.

Results:

Findings regarding the neuro-imaging of OCD after brain injury are reviewed and integrated with neuropsychological data from studies with idiopathic OCD.

Conclusion:

There appears to be some convergance between findings from studies of the neuropsychology of idiopathic OCD and neuro-imaging of OCD following brain injury.
Research and Liaison Activities for Technical Publications
Authors: Resnick Sam L.
Published: May 2005

Existing literature in the technical publications field indicates large deficiencies in many areas. Technical writing, per se, is only a small portion of the technical publications field. This chapter, Research and Liaison Activities for Technical Publications, is an attempt to fill part of that gap. Research for raw source data inputs for the preparation of a technical manual involves special knowledge and techniques in dealing with other groups and departments. Since technical writing also requires support services such as art, editing, typing, proofreading, and production, liaison activities with such groups require knowledge of their special needs.
The Challenge of Educational Technology for Students with Multiple Impairments in the Classroom
Authors: Molloy Paul , Baskin Barbara
Published: May 2005

This article describes the instructional dilemma the first author (PM) presented when he enrolled in a university class, The Special Child, taught by the second (BB). Since exceptional children are heavy users of assistive devices, the course content deals extensively with educational technology, but focuses on single technologies matched to single needs. Because of his multiple impairments, PM is legally blind and hearing impaired, numerous adaptations were required to allow him to continue his successful academic pursuits. This article describes the need for adaptation and the procedures, developed jointly by both authors, to facilitate the learning process.
The Effects of Functional Brain Asymmetry upon Subliminal Perception
Authors: Yahnke Beverly K.
Published: May 2005

The study examines children's preconscious processing of auditory subliminal stimuli. Subjects used five adjective continua scales to rate the affect of a blurred neutral face and their own affect. Subjects preferring left hemisphere cognition were most sensitive to the subliminal stimulation. And, subjects processing messages unilaterally were significantly more sensitive to subliminal stimuli than were subjects processing the messages bilaterally. Further, subjects' personal affect was influenced by the subliminal stimuli at a significantly greater level than subjects' ratings of a neutral face. Finally, significant differences emerged among the rating scales, with some scales more sensitive to the subliminal effect than others. Results are discussed in light of research on functional brain asymmetry.
Personal Adjustment Variables in Early Recollections and Recalled Parental Strictness-Permissiveness
Authors: Rule Warren R.
Published: May 2005

The earliest recollection along with ratings of remembered strictness-permissiveness was obtained from 118 university students. Three raters rated each early recollection on nine scales of variables related to personal adjustment. The two scales measuring behavior of self dimensions were significant as was the scale of internal frame of reference of self-confidence. Discussion was given to possibilities for further study.
Health Indexes Sensitive to Medical Care Variation
Authors: Martini Carlos J. M. , Allan G. J. Boris , Davison Jan , Backett E. Maurice
Published: May 2005

Data from the fifteen Hospital Regions of England and Wales were used to determine the utility of health outcome indexes, derived from existing health statistics, for monitoring the quality and effectiveness of health services. Outcome measures reflect not only the impact of the system of care but also the sociodemographic characteristics of the population. An attempt therefore was made to identify those outcome measures most sensitive to variations in medical care and least affected by sociodemographic differences. In general, most indexes examined in this paper appear to be more sensitive to variations in the sociodemographic characteristics of the population. However, those outcome measures related to provision of care in hospital appear to be relatively more sensitive to variation in medical care than those which are community based. This suggests that, at least for monitoring the effectiveness of medical care in the community, it may be necessary to move away from the more “traditional” health indexes toward measures that take into consideration the different patterns of care and the social and behavioral aspects of health.
A Psychiatrist's Experience in a Primary Health Care Setting
Authors: Schniewind Henry E.
Published: May 2005

Psychiatrists have, for years, offered consultation to their nonpsychiatrist colleagues in many settings and have worked with them in a variety of ways. The development of new programs in primary medical care offers new challenges and opportunities to the liaison psychiatrist. This paper describes the experience of a full-time psychiatrist in a hospital-based primary health care setting. Special problems are encountered in developing working relationships with patients, physicians, nurses, social workers, administrators, and other members of the health care team. Effective resolution of these problems makes it possible to offer comprehensive mental health services as an integral part of primary health care. This psychiatrist's role differs from other consultation-liaison functions by virtue of full-time economic, patient care, academic, geographic and administrative assimilation into the primary health care setting itself. It is suggested that this role is an effective way to bring supportive and educational psychiatric services to patients and providers of all levels of sophistication and need.
Attitudes toward Suicide among Attempters, Contemplators, and Nonattempters
Authors: Limbacher Mary , Domino George
Published: May 2005

The Suicide Opinion Questionnaire (SOQ) was administered to a sample ( N=738) of undergraduate volunteers, and responses were analyzed comparing attempters ( N = 35), contemplators ( N = 131) and nonattempters ( N = 483). A factor analysis indicated seven significant factors accounting for 24.2 percent of the total variance. A discriminant function analysis, using the seven factors, yielded two significant functions that discriminated respondents on the basis of sex and prior suicide history. The results are considered in the context of three issues (acceptability, lethality, and mental illness) important to the dynamics of suicide, and in terms of Goffman's theory of deviance.
On the Relationship between Significant Yearly Events and Time of Death: Random or Systematic Distribution?
Authors: Baltes Margret M.
Published: May 2005

Using cross-sections of the age-range one to nineteen, birth and death dates were collected for 8653 people who died during the calendar years 1972 and 1973 in ten U. S. states. Based on previous findings with adults and on the development of the time concept, it was hypothesized that a relationship between time of death and significant yearly events such as birthdate and Christmas would emerge with increasing age. The predicted emerging relationship postulates a decrease of death frequency before, and a rise after, the two criterion dates rather than a rectangular pattern of death frequency. Data were analyzed comparing age differences of pre- and post-birthdate (or Christmas) death frequencies extending over a one-month interval before and after the criterion dates. Contrary to research on adult samples, no overall significances were found. Analysis of the weekly death pattern with birthdate and Christmas as target dates led to a U-shaped curve exhibiting higher death frequencies one month before and after and lower but expected death frequencies in the one to three preceding and following weeks. Results are compared with previous research findings with adults and the failing of the developmental perspective is discussed.
An Experimental Comparison of Two Science Laboratory Environments: Traditional and Microcomputer-Based
Authors: Stein Joanne Striley , Nachmias Rafi , Friedler Yael
Published: May 2005

This article examines the cognitive consequences for science students of two modes of laboratory data collection: traditional manual data point recording; and an automated data collection system of microcomputer-based laboratory (MBL). This experiment was conducted during a semester-length course given to four eighth-grade science classes in which all students carried out daily experiments in topics of heat and temperature. During the course, all students collected temperature data using both modalities, thermometer and MBL, in similar experiments. At a time in the course when all students had equivalent amounts of experience with both modalities, we split each class during a single boiling-point experiment to compare classroom processes, learning outcomes and students' perspectives for each of the modalities. Results indicate: students had larger set-up times and more off-task behavior in the traditional mode; the graphs produced by the computer for the MBL group were better, on most measures, than the graphs students produced manually; students in both groups drew equally valid conclusions from their data; and MBL was generally preferred by students as a laboratory tool. Based on these results a discussion of the advantages and nonadvantages of MBL is provided, along with provisions in each modality which advance the goals of science laboratory learning effectively.
Conceptual Problems Encountered by Children While Learning Logo
Authors: Vaidya Sheila , McKeeby John
Published: May 2005

For almost a year now, we have been teaching Logo to four- and five-year-old children at the Drexel Early Childhood Center (DECC). The goal is to provide DECC children with new ways of discovering knowledge of mathematics, reading, and problem solving, ultimately enhancing their intellectual development while experiencing the joy of learning. While helping the children accomplish their Logo projects, we find that they have several conceptual problems while working with Logo. This article provides a detailed description of the major conceptual problems we have encountered consistently with most of the DECC children and some of the solutions we have invented to the problems. The observations are interpreted within a theoretical framework. Future implications are discussed.
A Concept of Health-Financing Reform in the Soviet Union
Authors: Telyukov Alexander V.
Published: May 2005

A conceptual framework and a blueprint of the health-financing reform have been proposed to the Soviet Parliament by a group of economists and health policy analysts. The draft law offers a new pattern of health financing that is expected to increase both the volume and quality of medical care through raising additional funds, decentralizing health policies and management, providing medical facilities with higher motivation for productive and cost-effective performance, and creating economic incentives for employees and individuals for better labor conditions, pollution abatement, and healthy lifestyles.
The World Bank, the Monetary Fund, and Poverty
Authors: Brand Horst
Published: May 2005

The debt crisis into which heavy borrowing, steeply rising interest rates, and a worldwide recession had plunged a number of developing countries in the late 1970s and 1980s was alleviated largely by policies and conditionalities imposed by the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. These policies and conditions were meant to strengthen the export and financial markets of those countries, stabilize their currencies, and reduce the reach of their governments in their economies. However, they contributed to deepening poverty and structural crises, as the reports and data published by the international financial institutions themselves attest.
Designing Logo-like Environments for Young Children: The Interaction between Theory and Practice
Authors: Cohen Rina , Geva Esther
Published: May 2005

Recent Logo research documents young children's difficulties in learning Logo programming. This article describes a systematic approach to designing a series of increasingly complex Logo-like environments tailored to primary children. The approach involves a combination of theoretical principles related to cognitive development and practical considerations based on Logo research and classroom observations. The article first examines reports on difficulties encountered by young school children in learning the standard Logo language. A brief review of the psychological-cognitive literature on the development of spatial concepts is presented, shedding light on cognitive prerequisites of various Logo concepts and tasks. Based on these analyses, a methodology for the design of a graduated series of Pre-Logo Microworlds for young children is presented. These microworlds include cognitive scaffolding features such as graphic utilities and measurement tools designed to facilitate the acquisition of mathematical-spatial and programming concepts. The article concludes with a description of findings related to a) field-testing of the series in elementary classrooms and subsequent revisions of the series, and b) experimental results pertaining to children's acquisition of programming and mathematical-spatial concepts and transfer effects.
The Design of an Intelligent Web-Based Interactive Language Learning System
Authors: Kuo Chin-Hwa , Wible David , Chen Meng-Chang , Sung Li-Chun , Tsao Nai-Lung , Chio Chia-Lin
Published: May 2005

The design of an Intelligent Web-based Interactive Language Learning (IWiLL) system to support English learning on the Internet is described. We designed two kinds of learning environments: 1) an interactive English writing environment; and 2) an authentic conversation learning environment. These are intended to improve learners' basic language skills in listening, reading, speaking, and writing. In addition, the system also offers authoring tools that facilitate teachers' content preparation. The system not only provides multimedia learning environments for users, but also builds a learner corpus, an archive of English texts written by learners for whom English is a second language. Further analysis of the learner corpus creates the potential to detect the users' persistent errors and then to provide adequate help to the users. An important aspect of the system is the careful integration of the multimedia environments in ways that systematically enrich the learners exposure to and grasp of specific aspects of the target language. For example, particular targeted vocabulary items can be encountered in text as well as video. The system also is designed to track a variety of facets of each learner's interaction with the environment. This tracked data in turn supports spiraling of English material that the learner has encountered.
Computer in the Classroom: A Unit in Teacher Education
Authors: Lunetta Vincent N.
Published: May 2005

This paper provides a rationale for introducing preservice and inservice teachers to appropriate computer applications, and it describes a unit and interactive computer modules for use in teacher education. The unit and modules have been used effectively at the University of Iowa; programs and supporting materials may be obtained from the author.
Increasing Associative Learning of Abstract Concepts through Audiovisual Redundancy
Authors: Lai Shu-Ling
Published: May 2005

In this study, the researcher developed a computer-based learning (CBL) courseware that presented the abstract concept with a concrete analogy through five different versions: 1) static graphic group; 2) static graphic with full audio group; 3) animation group; 4) animation with cued audio group; and 5) animation with full audio group. The participants were 316 college students and were divided into three ability levels based on their IQ reasoning score. Research results found that either static graphics without audio narration or animation with full audio can help students understand the abstract concepts better than either static graphics with full audio or animation alone groups. Animation with full audio has the best effect on long term retention. Students' IQ reasoning ability significantly helps them build associations between abstract and concrete knowledge more accurately and efficiently. The results of this study will contribute to the application of using multimedia CBL in teaching abstract concepts.
Technical Writing Skills: A Question of Aptitude or Interest?
Authors: Weber Barbara
Published: May 2005

Employers must frequently choose between hiring a professional writer or a technician to communicate high technology to the lay public. The professional writer may well be the better choice. Writers can develop their technical writing skills to meet this challenge by practicing Technical Communication Competency, by standardizing technical objectives, by learning to write readable and interesting technical documents, and by requesting diagrams that clearly show functions and relationships. At the same time, writers must keep up with the rapid changes in technology if they want to continue providing a valuable link between the lay public and this technology.
Repressed Affect and Memory Reactive to Grief: A Case Fragment
Authors: Switzer David K.
Published: May 2005

Reactive to a broken love affair and the death of a grandfather, with whom she had had a very close and unique lifelong relationship, a 20-year-old woman developed a depression for which she was admitted to a psychiatric hospital. A process of intensive crisis therapy, focusing on grief work, was attempted in order to break through the blockages to other therapeutic procedures. The direct, active, and even forceful methods sought to lead her into the expression of the several emotions which one might be expected to feel and express at a time of severe loss of love object. The second step in this therapeutic movement, which assumed the dynamic priority of the loss of the grandfather, was the exploration of her total relationship with him in order to release external ties, reaffirm her own self as a worthwhile person, and rekindle early internalized good objects. The preparation for the termination of the six-session course of crisis therapy included the interpretation of the meaning of the present relationship between patient and therapist and the need to prepare for this loss in open and direct encounter. Abrupt withdrawal of the patient from the hospital following the fifth session prevented completion of this initial interventive procedure.
Too Much Trouble to Think Straight?
Authors: Foley Louis
Published: May 2005

A sentence should have from the beginning a definite plan to be kept clearly in view. When a writer becomes tangled in his grammar and goes off the track, we may believe that he started without being sure of what he wanted to say. Henry David Thoreau wrote in 1849: “A sentence should read as if its author, had he held a plow instead of a pen, could have drawn a furrow deep and straight to the end.”
Sowing the Seeds of Neo-Imperialism: The Rockefeller Foundation's Yellow Fever Campaign in Mexico
Authors: Solórzano Armando
Published: May 2005

The Rockefeller Foundation's campaign against yellow fever in Mexico sought to advance the economic and political interests of U.S. capitalism. The campaign was implemented at a time of strong anti-American sentiments on the part of the Mexican people. With no diplomatic relationships between Mexico and the United States, the Rockefeller Foundation presented its campaign as an international commitment. Thus, Foundation doctors became the most salient U.S. diplomats. At the same time they made sure that the Mexican yellow fever would not spread to the United States through the southern border. The by-products of the campaign went beyond the political arena. Special techniques to combat the vectors allowed the Rockefeller Foundation's brigades to change the anti-American sentiments of the people. When the campaign ended, the Foundation had already set in place the foundation for the modern Mexican health care system. Benefits from the campaign also accrued to President Obregón, who used the campaign to strengthen his position of power. Mexican doctors adopting a pro-American attitude also allied with the Rockefeller Foundation to gain reputation and power within the emerging Mexican State.
The Importance of Group Size in the Use of Problem-Solving Skills on a Microcomputer
Authors: Cox Dorothy A. , Berger Carl F.
Published: May 2005

Sixty-six seventh and eighth grade students were tested to find if group size was related to microcomputer problem-solving success and time to solution of problems. Individuals or groups of two, three or five students attempted to solve problems requiring the indirect linking of twenty clues. The microcomputer was used as a data presentation and recall device for students and a data gathering device for the researchers. The number of problems successfully solved significantly differed based on group size with students in groups scoring best. There were no differences in time to solve problems based on group size but practice significantly decreased problem-solving time for all.
Microcomputer Users' Preferences for Software Documentation: An Analysis
Authors: Penrose John M. , Seiford Lawrence M.
Published: May 2005

Fundamental requirements for good user documentation have not changed over the years. Manuals must be complete, accurate, clear, readable, and available on time. What has changed are tolerances and standards. Today's users—typically business professionals but even expert technicians and engineers—will no longer accept unreadable and inaccessible publications. The days of documentation with poor organization, limited graphic support, and poor aesthetics have passed. This article analyzes users' opinions and preferences for microcomputer software documentation. The results provide valuable guidance for software authors, designers, and publishers.
A Global Assessment of Recent Stress (GARS) Scale
Authors: Linn Margaret W.
Published: May 2005

The Global Assessment of Recent Stress (GARS) Scale was developed to assess current stress perception. Most measurements of environment are derived from life event scales that capture amount of stress or change associated with stressful events that have occurred over the past six to twenty-four months. A scale that provides a more immediate estimate of stress is needed when physiological tests and perceived stress are studied together. The GARS has been subjected to a series of studies concerning its reliability, validity, and factor structure. Results suggest that it may be a useful instrument for helping individuals assess their current feelings of stress.
Role and Reactions of Psychiatrists in Chronic Hemodialysis Programs
Authors: De-Nour Atara Kaplan
Published: May 2005

This study concentrates on the role and functions of the psychiatrist in chronic hemodialysis. These functions include participating in the selection and treatment of patients, collecting observations on patients' reactions to chronic dialysis, and working with their families and the medical team. A great deal of information, often contradictory, has been reported so far in the areas of treatment and observation. The lack of information in other areas is attributed to insufficient objectivity and neutrality on the part of the psychiatrist, caused by the intense emotional impact of working in chronic hemodialysis units. It is suggested that if psychiatrists work together, some of the stresses might be reduced, and the knowledge and understanding of the psychological aspects of chronic hemodialysis would be greatly enhanced.
Contributions towards the Philosophy of Health
Authors: Evang K.
Published: May 2005

The author, one among the sixteen who drafted the Constitution of the World Health Organization, analyzes the evolution of the meaning of health in the light of its three dimensions—the somatic or physical, the mental or psychologic, and the social or sociologic—and indicates its implications for the health services.
Technical Writers, Readers, and Context Clues
Authors: Schenck Eleanor M.
Published: May 2005

This study examines some assumptions about context clues. Relating research in vocabulary instruction for readers yields a generic system of semantic function categories. These categories are broad enough to include word and nonword clues. Samples from technical writings of different readability levels are analyzed to demonstrate the utility of teaching such a system to technical writers and editors.
Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes: The Case of Toxic Waste Dumping in Africa
Authors: Anyinam Charles A.
Published: May 2005

Developed and developing countries are in the throes of environmental crisis. The planet earth is increasingly being literally choked by the waste by-products of development. Of major concern, especially to industrialized countries, is the problem of what to do with the millions of tons of waste materials produced each year. Owing to mounting pressure from environmental groups, the “not-in-my-backyard” movement, the close monitoring of the activities of waste management agents, an increasing paucity of repositories for waste, and the high cost of waste treatment, the search for dumping sites for waste disposal has, in recent years, extended beyond regional and national boundaries. The 1980s have seen several attempts to export hazardous wastes to third world countries. Africa, for example, is gradually becoming the prime hunting ground for waste disposal companies. This article seeks to examine, in the context of the African continent, the sources and destinations of this form of relocation-diffusion of pollution, factors that have contributed to international trade in hazardous wastes between developed and developing countries, the potential problems such exports would bring to African countries, and measures being taken to abolish this form of international trade.
Ecological Edges and Archaeological Site Location in Saskatchewan, Canada
Authors: Epp Henry T.
Published: May 2005

Ecological concepts are being increasingly employed in archaeological explanation. Included are the concepts of the edge area and the edge effect. Archaeological data in Saskatchewan indicate that the presence of local landform-based edges influenced precise choice of habitation location by prehistoric human groups. The near proximity of a maximum variety and stability of resources to such ecological edges may have been the overriding factor resulting in site concentrations in and near such edge areas.
Self-Transcendence: Conceptualization and Measurement
Authors: Levenson Michael R. , Jennings Patricia A. , Aldwin Carolyn M. , Shiraishi Ray W.
Published: May 2005

Self-transcendence has been hypothesized to be a critical component of wisdom (Curnow, 1999) and adaptation in later life (Tornstam, 1994). It reflects a decreasing reliance on externals for definition of the self, increasing interiority and spirituality, and a greater sense of connectedness with past and future generations. The Adult Self-Transcendence Inventory was administered to 351 individuals along with the NEO-FFI Personality Scale (McCrae & Costa, 1989). A principal axis factor analysis identified two factors: self-transcendence and alienation. The relationships between self-transcendence and neuroticism, openness to experience, extraversion, and agreeableness were significant, although modest, suggesting that self-transcendence cannot be accounted for in terms of positive personality traits alone. As expected, a multiple regression analysis indicated that self-transcendence was negatively related to neuroticism and positively related to meditation practice. The present study appears to lend support to the construct of self-transcendence.
Shared Meaning and Public Relations Writing
Authors: Blyler Nancy Roundy
Published: May 2005

Public relations writing has been neglected as a research topic in professional communication. This article uses rhetorical theory from a number of fields to examine a topic of recent concern—shared, or negotiated, meaning—in relation to two very different samples of public relations writing: the public relations texts produced by political-advocacy organizations involved in the midwestern farm crisis of the 1980s and an entry from an organizational newsletter. More specifically, the article studies the role of four rhetorical elements—exophoric and intertextual references, metaphors, and narratives—in generating a shared meaning. In doing so, the article develops the thesis that narratives were particularly important to this public relations writing because they provided a comprehensive, compelling framework for belief and thus contributed greatly to the shared meaning created by writers and readers.
Screening for Somatization and Depression in Saudi Arabia: A Validation Study of the Phq in Primary Care
Authors: Becker Susan , Al Zaid Khalid , Al Faris Eiad
Published: May 2005

Objectives:

Somatization, the tendency to seek treatment for medically unexplained physical symptoms, is an important issue in primary care practice. This study examines the somatoform, depression, and anxiety modules of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ), a screening instrument for the identification of somatoform and other mental disorders. We also utilized the PHQ to measure the prevalence of somatization and co-morbid depression in Saudi Arabian primary care patients.

Methods:

This is a cross sectional study of 431 male and female Saudi Arabian primary care patients with a two stage design for purposes of validation of the somatoform, depression and anxiety modules of the PHQ. The self administered Patient Health Questionnaire was given to 431 primary care patients and, of this group, the first, consecutive 173 patients (40 percent) were interviewed by mental health professionals using the Structured Clinical Interview (SCID-R) as the criterion standard for validation of the PHQ in the Saudi population. The PHQ was then used to measure the prevalence of somatization and depression in the remaining 258 patients.

Results:

The somatoform and depression modules of the PHQ were found to be valid in a Saudi population using the criterion standard of SCID based psychiatric interviews. Agreement between the PHQ and psychiatric interviews was (κ = .65) for both somatoform disorders and depression but the anxiety module was weak in terms of sensitivity (.37) and agreement with the criterion standard (k = .37). Clinically significant rates of somatization (19.3 percent) and depression (20 percent) were identified in this population.

Conclusions:

The prevalence of somatization and co-morbid depression in a primary care population in Saudi Arabia is similar to published rates in the U.S. and worldwide. It is possible to screen primary care patients for mental disorders in international settings and the PHQ is a valid instrument for that purpose.