bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Loaded Analysis Method for RV Cycloidal-pin Transmission Based on the Minimum Energy Principle
Authors: Li Tianxing , Xu Hang , Tian Meng
Published: November 2020

Due to the complexity of load distribution and contact conditions, as well as the lack of effective analysis methods, the theoretically designed rotary vector (RV) cycloidal-pin drive with good meshing characteristics shows poor loaded performance in practical applications. In this paper, an effective analysis method based on the minimum energy principle is proposed, which can accurately obtain the real loaded characteristics in line with the actual operations. In the process of loaded analysis, through the innovative introduction of the minimum energy principle, the actual number of teeth engaged simultaneously was accurately determined, which directly affects the quality of meshing. The results of simulation and measurement experiment demonstrate the correctness and practicability of the theoretical analysis method and the effectiveness of the introduction of the minimum energy principle. This study solves the problem that the actual meshing performance is inconsistent with the theoretical analysis results, and provides an effective way for the improvement and pre-control of the transmission accuracy and meshing quality of the robot RV reducer.
From ‘what works’ to ‘how it works’ in research on restorative justice conferencing: the concept of readiness
Authors: Suzuki Masahiro
Published: November 2020

From ‘what works’ to ‘how it works’ in research on restorative justice conferencing

While many empirical studies on restorative justice conferencing have been conducted in the context of ‘what works’, research on ‘how it works’ is scarce. Little is known about how, in what conditions and for whom restorative justice conferencing ‘works’. In this article, I aim to fill this gap in the literature by developing a concept of readiness. It refers to participants’ attitudes and emotional dispositions towards, and knowledge about, restorative justice conferencing and the other parties prior to the face-to-face dialogue process. I suggest that the concept of readiness may be a key independent variable to understand how restorative justice conferencing works because it reminds us that a restorative journey may begin before a face-to-face dialogue between participants take places. This article concludes by offering how it can be used in research on restorative justice conferencing.
Assessing the methodological quality of systematic reviews using the AMSTAR tool
Authors: Pizarro Ana Beatriz , Carvajal Sebastián , Buitrago-López Adriana
Published: November 2020

Introduction: Making decisions based on evidence has been a challenge for health professionals, given the need to have the tools and skills to carry out a critical appraisal of the evidence and assess the validity of the results. Systematic reviews of the literature (SRL) have been used widely to answer questions in the clinical field. Tools have been developed that support the appraisal of the quality of the studies. AMSTAR is one of these, validated and supported by reproducible evidence, which guides the methodological quality of the SRL.
Objectives: To show a historical, theoretical and practical guide for critical assessment of systematic reviews using AMSTAR to guide the argumental bases for their use according to the components of this methodological structure in health research, and to provide practical examples of how to apply this checklist.
Methods: We conducted a non-exhaustive review of literature in Pubmed and Cochrane Library using “AMSTAR” and “Systematic Reviews” as free terms without language or publication date limit; we also collected information from experts in the evaluation of the quality of the evidence.
Conclusions: AMSTAR is an instrument used, validated and supported by reproducible evidence for the evaluation of the internal validity of systematic reviews of the literature. It consists of 16 items that assess the overall methodological quality of an SRL. It is currently used indiscriminately and favorably, but it is not exempt from limitations and future updates based on new reproducibility and validation studies.
Comparison among subarachnoid opioid mix for cesarean section – An observational study
Authors: Osorio-Gutiérrez Cristina Isabel , Ortiz-Gómez Guillermo Alberto , Valencia-Ríos Juan Felipe , Arango-Gómez Fernando
Published: November 2020

Introduction: Classically, the local anesthetic (LA) has been combined with one lipophilic and another hydrophilic opioid for neuraxial anesthesia in cesarean section. In Colombia, the practice has been the use of morphine hydrochloride with fentanyl, but the occasional shortage of the former triggered an interest in new options. In response to the shortage of morphine in 2017-2018, a contingency plan was developed at the SES Hospital in Caldas, prefilling syringes at the hospital compounding central, with: bupivacaine, morphine y fentanyl (BMF); bupivacaine, fentanyl and hydromorphone (BHF); and bupivacaine and hydromorphone (BH). Hydromorphone has a rapid onset of action, long-lasting effect and is indicated for spinal administration in the safety data sheet; therefore, the advantages of adding fentanyl to this mix are questionable. Objective: To compare the clinical analgesic efficacy at the time of the incision and during the first 12 hours after surgery. Methods: An observational, analytical study was conducted, using the mixtures BMF, BHF and BH in patients receiving subarachnoid anesthesia for cesarean section. Pain was assessed at the time of the incision, as well as any adverse effects and the pain visual analogue scale over the following 12 hours. Results: Of the 71 patients participating in the study, 40.9 % received BMF; 22.5 %, BHF; and 36.6 %, BH. None of the patients experienced pain at the time of the incision. There was no difference in terms of adverse effects among the three groups. The mean difference in the visual analogue scale (VAS) for postoperative pain at 3, 6 and 12 hours was lower in the groups in which hydromorphone was used. Conclusions: BHF and BH combinations are comparable to the original preparation in terms of adverse effects, with the advantage of being more effective in controlling postoperative pain.
Does Not Use of Closed Suction Drainage in Total Knee Arthroplasty with Tranexamic Acid Reduce Blood Loss?
Authors: Ayan Naci Ruşen Senih , Akalın Yavuz , Çevik Nazan , Sağlıcak Harun , Güler Burak Olcay , Öztürk Alpaslan
Published: November 2020

Background. The aim of this study was to compare outcomes in patients who received intravenous tranexamic acid just before and after total knee arthroplasty with or without drains and to analyze whether there is any difference in terms of blood loss.
Material and methods. This is a retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data of patients undergoing unilateral total knee arthroplasty. Between March 2017 and March 2019, 97 knees of 94 consecutive patients with osteoarthritis were divided into two groups (Group 1, with drain; and 2, without drain). Drainage group (53 knees; average age, 66,1±7,0 years; male, 10; female, 43) and a drainless group (44 knees; average age, 63,7± 7,5 years; male, 4; female, 40). All patients received systemic tranexamic acid (in 100 mL saline infusion iv in 30 minutes prior to the tourniquet inflation and 3 hours after the operation). Blood loss, allogeneic blood transfusion rates, complications such as swelling of the cruris, infection (deep or superficial), thromboembolic incidents (Deep venous thrombosis or pulmoner thromboembolism) and length of hospital stay were assessed postoperatively.
Results. There was no difference in demographic parameters, body mass index, side ofsurgery, ASA score and anesthesia type between 2 groups. The preoperative Hb levels were comparable but on the postoperative day one, Hb level was lower in the drain group (p=0,017). Total blood loss (TBL) and allogeneic transfusion rates were lower in the drainless group, although did not differ signiﬁcantly between the two groups [TBL: 1360,9±502,5 / 646,1-2641,6 (1251,6) mL in the Group 1, 1205,6±505,0 / 396,6-2521,0 (1157,5) mL in Group 2 (p=0,134); Transfusion rates: 11 out of 53 cases (%20,8) in group 1 and 5 out of 44 cases (%11,4) in group 2]. The infection rate and length of hospital stay were lower in the drainless group. But there were no statistical difference was found in terms of complications and length of hospital stay between 2 groups.
Conclusions. 1. Performing Total Knee Arthroplasty with preoperative and postoperative ivtranexamic acid and without drain decreased postoperative reduction in Hb level on the day after surgery in the current study. 2. But blood loss and blood transfusion rates when compared to patients with drain, no significant difference was found. 3. Drain use in knee replacements does not offer an advantage over drainless TKAs regarding the findings of our study. 4. Future studies with longer follow-up are needed in our opinion.
Clinical and Radiological Evaluation of Results of Surgical Correction of Forefoot Adduction by Cuneiform and Cuboid Osteotomy Using Radiological Forefoot Measurements
Authors: Jasiewicz Barbara , Potaczek Tomasz , Duda Sławomir , Adamczyk Jakub , Lorkowski Jacek
Published: November 2020

Background. Forefoot adduction is a relatively common problem. It is usually mild or it can be effectively managed conservatively. Severe deformities may require surgical treatment. The aim of the study was to perform a clinical and radiologic evaluation of forefoot adduction correction using medial cuboid and cuneiform osteotomy with a transposed wedge.
Material and methods. This is a retrospective study involving 16 patients who underwent 20 procedures. Mean age at surgery was 6 years (3-13). Clinical evaluation was based on measurements of forefoot deviation and patients’/care-givers’ subjective opinion. The radiologic parameters assessed comprised the first ray angle, talar-first metatarsal angle, calcaneal-fifth metatarsal angle, talocalcaneal angle, metatarsus adductus angle, and Kilmartin’s angle. Results were then compared in children below and above 6 years of age. The mean duration of follow-up was 4.6 years (2-9).
Results. The clinical and subjective outcome was rated as good in 16 procedures and satisfactory in 4. The talar-first metatarsal angle, calcaneal-fifth metatarsal angle, metatarsus adductus angle, and Kilmartin’s angle were significantly reduced, while the talocalcaneal and first ray angle remained unchanged. A significantly better correction of metatarsus adductus and talar-first metatarsal angle was achieved In children below 6 years of age compared to older patients.
Conclusions. 1. Medial cuneiform and cuboid osteotomy with a transposed wedge improves both clinical and radiological parameters, especially in children under the age of 6. 2. Besides the metatarsus adductus angle, the talar-first meta­tarsal, calcaneal-fifth metatarsal and Kilmartin’s angles appear to be good radiologic indicators of correction.
Wpływ kruszyw lekkich – perlitu i granulatu styropianowego
na właściwości zapraw budowlanych
Authors: Jakubowska Patrycja
Published: November 2020

Wzrost świadomości społeczeństwa skłonił przedsiębiorców do poszukiwania materiałów zmniejszających zapotrzebowanie budynków na ciepło. Jednym z przykładów takich materiałów są zaprawy ciepłochronne, w których stosowane są składniki polepszające termiczną izolacyjność zapraw. Materiały termoizolacyjne mają coraz większe znaczenie w zakresie oszczędzania energii w budynkach. Ze względu na rozwój budownictwa energooszczędnego wzrasta zainteresowanie badaniami zapraw ciepłochronnych z kruszywami lekkimi, takimi jak perlit czy granulat styropianowy. W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań i analiz dotyczących oceny wpływu zastosowania drobnoziarnistych kruszyw lekkich – perlitu oraz granulatu styropianowego – na właściwości zapraw budowlanych. Zbadano wpływ zastosowania kruszyw lekkich na wytrzymałość, a także przewodność cieplną zapraw. Wykorzystane w badaniach kruszywa cieszą się coraz większą popularnością w przemyśle budowlanym ze względu na swoje specyficzne właściwości. W Polsce dopiero od niedawana została zapoczątkowana ,,era” wyrobów na bazie tych wypełniaczy, w przeciwieństwie do rynku zagranicznego.
Abortion, Criminal Law and the Ten Thousand Women: Portraits of the Inquisition in Contemporary Brazil
Authors: Lopes da Costa Alexandra
Published: November 2020

The deleterious effects of the criminal law, which deals with abortion in Brazil, the restriction of reproductive rights and their impact on women’s health will be the subject discussed in this chapter from an analysis of the “case of the ten thousand,” as it became known the emblematic reproductive rights violation of a universe of almost ten thousand, women, occurred in Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul (MS), in 2007, when a doctor’s office was invaded by the police after a television report denouncing the establishment for abortion practices. This chapter discusses this paradigmatic case of violation of privacy and disrespect to reproductive health by making critical considerations about the implications of the criminalization of abortion on the physical and emotional integrity of women, highlighting the discursive contradictions between the Brazilian law and the United Nations Documents that deal with the consequences of unsafe abortion in the female population worldwide.
Intracranial Pressure Waveform: History, Fundamentals and Applications in Brain Injuries
Authors: Frigieri Gustavo , Yukie Hayashi Cintya , Nunes Rabelo Nicollas , Brasil Sérgio
Published: November 2020

Intracranial pressure (ICP) can be analyzed for its absolute value, usually in mmHg or cmH2O, its tendency over time and the waveform of its pulse. This chapter will focus on the waveform of the ICP pulse (ICPwf), already observed since 1881, and for a long time not understood. Studies conducted in recent decades show the correlation between the ICPwf and intracranial compliance (ICC), another important clinical parameter added to the practice in the second half of the last century. ICC allows physicians early analyzing patients’ neurological conditions related to disorders resulting from variations in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), blood and intracranial tissue volumes. This chapter is an invitation to dive into the history and development of ICPwf analysis, clinical uses already adopted and others still under study.
Models and Methods for Intelligent Highway Routing of Human-Driven and Connected-and-Automated Vehicles
Authors: Alimardani Fatemeh , Suriyarachchi Nilesh , M. Tariq Faizan , S. Baras John
Published: November 2020

Connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) have seen a rapid surge in interest over the past few years. A lot of focus is being placed on improving the efficiency and robustness of transportation systems by leveraging the sensors and capabilities of CAVs. However, the integration of CAVs into existing traffic infrastructure would give rise to certain issues that must be addressed before the CAVs can be seen ubiquitously on public roads. Since the highway networks are considered permanent investments that are expensive to build and maintain, the priority is to improve the efficiency of the current traffic system. This chapter explores the integration of two of the most common traffic management strategies, namely, ramp metering (RM) and route guidance (RG), into existing highway networks with human-driven vehicles (HDVs). The introduction of CAVs to public roads will engender issues pertaining to safe interactions between CAVs and HDVs. The later part of the chapter addresses the specific problems of improving highway on-ramp merging efficiency by optimally coordinating CAVs. The chapter concludes by presenting a scenario that requires an explicit consideration of interactions between HDVs and CAVs.
Smart Home Monitoring System Using ESP32 Microcontrollers
Authors: Babiuch Marek , Postulka Jiri
Published: November 2020

This chapter deals with the implementation of our own monitoring system with home security. The system is designed using IoT modules and uses ESP32 microcontrollers. The chapter describes the design of the system, its hardware components, software implementation, security solutions, communication, the collecting and monitoring of processed data, as well as the quantification of costs for the production and deployment of this system. The proposed system secures a house by detecting an intruder in the building, triggering an alarm and capturing it all with camera images, and then sending data to the owner’s smart mobile phone. The secondary task of the system is to collect data from sensors for monitoring the temperature of an object and presenting it via a web server.
Editor's Note
Authors: Saunders Richard
Published: November 2020

In my college years I took a folklore class from Barre Toelken, one of the modern giants of folk studies. Along the way I gained a personal appreciation for aphorisms and idioms—short sayings commenting on a situation by comparing it to something else, usually unfavorably. Dictionaries boil down an aphorism to “a pithy observation that contains a general truth.” An idiom is an aphorism with cleverness thrown in for good measure. Anyone who has sworn “when hell freezes over” has used an idiom. The seafaring people of northern Europe occasionally invoke a folkish comment describing a futile effort. “That Jan,” someone might say, “he’s sweeping back the tide with a broom.”
Picking Up the Pieces: Library Processes and the Theft of Rare Materials
Authors: Seppi Greg , Skeem Dainan
Published: November 2020

In October 2018, Brigham Young University’s Harold B. Lee Library experienced thefts from its general circulating collection and L. Tom Perry Special Collections. This article explores the literature on theft in special collections and libraries in general, reviews the events that occurred as a case study in dealing with theft, and concludes with some thoughts on how institutions can avoid purchasing stolen materials. We also include our analysis of one of the stolen books to explain how we knew it belonged to the university and a sample theft reporting checklist.
Practical Experiences of Unsuccessful Hemostasis with Covered Self-Expandable Metal Stent Placement for Post-Endoscopic Sphincterotomy Bleeding
Authors: Yoshida Michihiro , Inoue Tadahisa , Naitoh Itaru , Hayashi Kazuki , Hori Yasuki , Natsume Makoto , Atsuta Naoki , Kataoka Hiromi
Published: November 2020

We reviewed 7 patients with unsuccessful endoscopic hemostasis using covered self-expandable metal stent (CSEMS) placement for post-endoscopic sphincterotomy (ES) bleeding. ES with a medium incision was performed in 6 and with a large incision in 1 patient. All but 1 of them (86%) showed delayed bleeding, warranting second endoscopic therapies followed by CSEMS placement 1–5 days after the initial ES. Subsequent CSEMS placement did not achieve complete hemostasis in any of the patients. Lateral-side incision lines (3 or 9 o’clock) had more frequent bleeding points (71%) than oral-side incision lines (11–12 o’clock; 29%). Additional endoscopic hemostatic procedures with hemostatic forceps, hypertonic saline epinephrine, or hemoclip achieved excellent hemostasis, resulting in complete hemostasis in all patients. These experiences provide an alert: CSEMS placement is not an ultimate treatment for post-ES bleeding, despite its effectiveness. The lateral-side of the incision line, as well as the oral-most side, should be carefully examined for bleeding points, even after the CSEMS placement.
The Impact of Peripheral Cooling on Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy: An Integrative Review
Authors: G. Sphar, MSN, APRN, FNP-C, AOCNP Bethany , Bowe, DNP, APRN, ANP-C, NPD-BC, CPHQ Christi , E. Dains, DrPH, JD, APRN, FNP-BC, FNAP, FAANP Joyce
Published: November 2020

Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a prevalent, potentially long-lasting side effect of select chemotherapies. It contributes to suboptimal chemotherapy dosing, and its symptoms negatively impact patients’ quality of life. To date, interventions to effectively prevent this toxicity have not been established, and interventions to treat CIPN have produced only modest results. The purpose of this integrative review is to examine the impact of regional cooling applied to distal extremities on the severity of CIPN. A literature review was performed using SCOPUS and PubMed databases. The search was not restricted by date but was restricted to English language. Forty-two articles were identified in the search, and six were included in the review after applying inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results related to protective effects from peripheral cooling against CIPN were variable. Four out of six studies demonstrated benefit of peripheral cooling in reducing the severity of CIPN. There was evidence to suggest that applying a relatively greater degree of cooling compared with a lesser degree may confer benefit in reducing the severity of CIPN. Both direct application of cooling and use of compression to achieve fingertip cooling showed potential benefit.
Can You Diagnose the Cause of This Patient’s Diarrhea?
Authors: Trail, PA-C Allison
Published: November 2020

This article will review the case of a 53-year-old female with a diagnosis of metastatic esophageal cancer receiving treatment on a clinical trial protocol combining chemotherapy/immunotherapy with FOLFOX and nivolumab, who presents to the clinic with 2 weeks of progressively worsening diarrhea. She experienced up to 12 loosely formed to watery bowel movements that were brown in color, not malodorous, and did not float. She also experienced associated abdominal pain and cramping, but denied fever, malaise, nausea, or vomiting. Vital signs were stable. Labs and CT chest, abdomen, and pelvis did not reveal a definitive cause. Dietary modification with a bland diet and loperamide did not significantly improved her symptoms.
Patološke spremembe v pljučih pri umrlih bolnikih s covidom-19
Authors: Vlačić Gregor , Kovačević Mile , Kern Izidor
Published: November 2020

Izhodišče: Bolezen covid-19  povzroča difuzno alveolno okvaro, povezano z visoko stopnjo umrljivosti. Namen analize umrlih bolnikov, okuženih z virusom SARS-CoV-2, je oceniti histopatološke spremembe v pljučih kot glavnem tarčnem organu pri tej okužbi.

Metode: Opravili smo delne obdukcije bolnikov s covidom-19, ki so se zdravili na Univerzitetni kliniki za pljučne bolezni in alergijo Golnik. Ocenjevali smo izraženost različnih histopatoloških sprememb v pljučih umrlih. Z imunohistokemično metodo smo dokazovali prisotnost virusa SARS-CoV-2 v vzorcih pljuč.

Rezultati: V pljučih so izstopali znaki akutne alveolne okvare s tvorbo hialinih membran, intersticijskim in alveolnim edemom ter fibrinsko eksudacijo v alveolih. Spremljajoča vnetna reakcija je bila blago do zmerno izražena. Pri nekaterih bolnikih je bila alveolna okvara že v fazi organizacije, vendar brez prisotne fibroze. Pri vseh bolnikih smo našli citopatsko spremenjen alveolni epitel kot znak virusne okužbe celic. V vzorcih pljuč vseh bolnikov smo dokazali prisotnost virusa.

Zaključek: Bolezen covid-19 prizadene pljuča in povzroči difuzno alveolno okvaro, zaradi katere bolniki lahko umrejo. Obdukcija se je izkazala za pomembno tudi v svetu zaradi raziskovanja nove bolezni.
Resilient Land Use in the Medieval and Early-modern Village
Authors: Lagerås Per , Magnell Ola
Published: November 2020

Agrarian land-use in the village Fjelie, southern Sweden, AD 1000–1800, was studied through analysis of plant macrofossils, pollen, animal bones and strontium isotopes. Three different farmsteads in the village were studied and compared with other villages in the Öresund region. The composition of crop and animal husbandry was relatively constant through time, apart from a distinct increase in rye cultivation and a slight increase in cattle keeping. Similarities in crop composition between the farmsteads indicate that infield arable farming was practised in collaboration, since the 13th century probably in a three-course rotation system. Also, herding of livestock in grazing commons and fallow infields were collective efforts, whereas vegetable gardening, fishing, beer brewing and the species-composition of livestock showed differences between the individual farmsteads. The agricultural system of the village was characterised by diversity, which was reflected in several different spheres: crops and animals, ecosystems, labour intensity and organisation. Further, fishing contributed to resilience by reducing dependency on agriculture. The high diversity within the framework of village agriculture probably contributed to sustainable management of the resources and to agricultural and social resilience.
DO Do “Projeto Marca Portugal” ao “Portugal sou eu”: que políticas públicas para a Marca Portugal?
Authors: Quintela Denise Henriques
Published: November 2020

A globalização gera fenómenos de homogeneização e, simultaneamente, uma forte competição entre os países, o que cria uma necessidade de diferenciação entre estes, a que os governos procuram dar resposta através de políticas de marca país. Desde 1990, cada vez mais países têm promovido políticas de marca para se distinguirem dos concorrentes e aumentarem o progresso socioeconómico. O agendamento político da Marca Portugal surge em 1999, caracterizado pela difusão de ideias políticas de marca país. Mas o tema da marca país ainda carece de uma teorização sólida, emergente de estudos de caso aprofundados. Com este artigo, pretende-se contribuir para colmatar esta lacuna, analisando as medidas desenvolvidas na Marca Portugal até 2015, identificando as ideias políticas que lhes estiveram subjacentes e explicando o que resultou desta trajetória.
Application of Satellite Monitoring Data for Winter Cereals Growing in the Lviv Region
Authors: Stupen Mykhailo , Stupen Nazar , Ryzhok Zoriana , Stupen Oksana
Published: November 2020

The authors applied satellite monitoring data of agricultural lands of the geographic information system of International Production Assessment Division of the United States Department of Agriculture on the example of winter cereal cultivation. The authors did so according to the indices of vegetation index NDVI, information on atmospheric precipitation, soil moisture, and air temperature compared to Earth observations to estimate the condition of their sowing area. According to the research results, one can use remote sensing data of the IPAD USDA geographic information system to monitor agricultural land, yield capacity prediction and the estimation of gross agricultural products.
BENDING OF A THIN ELASTIC PLATE OF VARIABLE THICKNESS
Authors: YEH KAI-YUAN  ,   北京大学
Published: November 2020

The classical Kirchhoff-Love theory of thin plates when applied to plates of variable thickness results in a fourth-order partial differential equation with variable coefficients which is difficult to solve. So far, only three cases are known with numerical certainty, namely, the symmetrical bending of circular plates, the unsymmetrical bending of a circular plate with quadratically varying stiffness, and a rectangular plate with linear stiffness in one direction and simply supported on two opposite edges. These solutions are analytic, generally involving special functions such as the exponential integrals and the confluent hypergeometric functions. The only difficulties involved are apparently in the nature of disagreeable computation.The problem of a clamped edge circular plate under uniform load with thickness represented by the expression .
THE COMPRESSION BUCKLING OF RECTANGULAR SANDWICH PLATES
Authors: TU CHING-HUA  ,   清华大学
Published: November 2020

The paper is an application of the author's general theory of sandwich plate (Ref. 1). Since the deformation is very small when buckling starts, the problem can be considered as a linear case. The theoretical critical stress found by this theory shows different types of buckling; symmetric and anti-symmetric, qausi-eulerian and wrinkling. The minimum symmetrical buckling stress found by the present theory, unlike most previous theoretical results (with isotropic core), is not always greater than the anti-symmetric buckling stress. In comparison with the existing theories, the theoretical results of the present work show better agreement with experiments for all types of buckling. The critical wrinkling stresses decrease when, other things remaining the same, the core to face thickness ratio decreases. This is verified by many wrinkling failures in the Forest Product Laboratory tests (Ref. 10, 11, 12). Previous theories with isotropic core theory have so far failed to indicate this fact. Comparison of the compression buckling of rectangular plates with two (the two loaded edges simply-supported, the other two being free) and four simply-supported edges has also been given in order to show the effect of the two additional supports.
THE SUMMATION OF CERTAIN FOURIER SERIES
Authors: LIN WEI-GUAN  ,   华南工学院电讯系
Published: November 2020

A method is presented here to sum certain type of Fourier series. The series is treated as a response function of a linear electric circuit with lumped constants. This electric circuit, subjected to the action of an external force expressed in the form of another Fourier series derived from the original series to be summed can be formed by inspection or by network synthesis. If this derived series can be put into a closed form, then by applying the steady-state operational technique to this electric circuit, the original series can be expressed in a closed form or in a graphical form.
THE ELECTRIC MULTIPOLE RADIATION EMITTED BY A NEUTRON
Authors: TZU HUNG-YUAN  ,   中国科学院物理研究所
Published: November 2020

It is pointed out, that that estimation made by Stech about the transition probability of a neutron emitting electric multipole radiation is not correct. The actual value of the transition matrix is not larger than that estimated by Weisskopf.
DIRECTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF NOISE GENERATING STACKS
Authors: CHANG CHIA-CHIEN  ,   北京矿业学院矿山设备教研组
Published: November 2020

The paper discusses radiation directivity patterns of noise generating stacks of various simple shapes (rectangular, square, circular). Earlier computation of Wells, R. and Crocker, B. E. is improved with regard to the assumption of baffles. The new formulae predict patterns for a wider region than the half space covered by the earlier computation and agree favorably with published experimental data.
THE DEFORMATION EFFECTS CAUSED BY ELECTRONS IN ATOMIC LATTICES
Authors: HUANG KUN  , MO TANG  , CHIN KUO-KANG  ,   北京大学物理系
Published: November 2020

The only previous work known to us on the polaron problem in atomic lattices gives a result which would mean that polarons of the adiabatic type (in the first approximation, a self-trapping state with static deformation) should exist in crystals such as Ge and Si. (The method used in dealing with the elastic energy is shown to be in error.) We have reconsidered the problem and found that most probably the reverse is the case. The problem is then investigated on the basis of the perturbation theory. It is shown that the volume change, strongest at the electron, extends essentially as far as one de Broglie wave length of an electron moving with the speed of sound; beyond this distance, the elastic displacement is of the 1/r2 type. The volume changearound the electron totals E/(a+4/3μ)(E being the deformation potential constant, a and μ beingrespectively the bulk and shear molulus). This local volume change induces a uniform strain in the specimen, the two effects together gives a total volume change E/a. The elastic deformation caused by an electron in a hydrogen-like impurity state is also considered. The total volume effect turns out to be identical with the above. The effect is quite considerable; for instance, it can be comparable with the observed volume change caused by a Ⅲ,Ⅴ type of impurity atom in a Ge or Si lattice. Energy change of a low speed electron in a conduction band is roughly ((electron mass)/(mass of lattice cell))(E/(kΘD))E which amounts to 0.001-0.1 eV for E=1-10 eV in Ge. The corresponding change in effective mass is 1/1000-1/10 electron mass. The energy change for an electron in a hydrogen-like impurity state is much smaller, it thus appears theoretically possible that the electron-lattice interaction may render an impurity state unstable against ionization!
MASSES OF LIGHT NUCLEI
Authors: LI CHENG-WU  ,   中国科学院物理研究所
Published: November 2020

The masses of nuclei from n to Ca41 have been derived from nuclear Q values exclusively, without recourse to mass spectrometric results, by an approximate least-squares adjustment. Main results are:(1) The comparison of the value of the mass difference 2D2-He4 derived from nuclear data with that from mass spectrometric data furnishes the most accurate experimental verification of the relation E=mc2. The accuracy of this verification is 1/6000.(2) Tables are given for the most probable mass values from nuclear data of the 79 nuclei from n to Ca41. Fundamental mass differences are n-H1=0.7824±0.001Mev, n+H1-D2=2.2255±0.0015Mev,2H1-D2=1.4431±0.0018Mev, 2D2-He4=23.840±0.004Mev. Mass values include n=1.008 9842(±17),H1=1.008 1440(±17),D2=2.014 7381(±29),He4=4.003 8732(±21),C12=12.003 807(±5),S32=31.982 188(±26),Ca40=39.975 204(±39) (3) The result of the present calculation demonstrates that the method used by the author, within the limitations of present-day nuclear experiments, has the same significance as an overall least-squares adjustment, attains same degree of accuracy, but is simpler in procedure and more convenient in the examination of the experimental results for systematic errors.(4) Comparison of nuclear results with recent mass spectrometric results shows that the masses of H1 and D2 are in agreement for the two systems, but definite discrepancy exists for C12 and much larger ones for S32 and Ca40.
INTERNAL FRICTION PEAK ASSOCIATED WITH THE STRESSINDUCED DIFFUSION OF CARBON IN LOW-CARBON ALLOY MARTENSITE
Authors: KE TING-SUI  , MA YING-LIANG  ,   中国科学院金属研究所
Published: November 2020

Internal friction in hardened low-carbon nickel steel was measured with a torsion pendulum and an internal friction peak was observed around 155℃ with a frequency of vibration of about 2 cycles per second. The condition for the appearance of this internal friction peak is that the steel specimens contain martensite, alloying element and carbon. This internal friction peak has also been observed in chromium steel and chromium-nickel steel under suitable conditions. Systematic observations were made with steel specimens containing 29.7% Ni, and the height of internal friction peak was found to be proportional to the carbon content in the specimen. The experimental results mentioned above show that the new internal friction peak is associated with the stress-induced micro-diffusion of carbon in low-carbon alloy martensite.A preliminary model was suggested in which the carbon is assumed to be at the interstitial positions of 00(1/2) type. The presence of alloying atoms introduces an inhomogeneous distortion in the lattice, consequently the jumping probability of carbon atoms between two types of 00(1/2) interstial positions (Fe-C-Fe and B-C-Fe, where B represents an atom of alloying element) under conditions of thermal equilibrium is altered by the application of stress. Such a stress-induced movement of carbon atoms gives rise to internal friction. This model can explain qualitatively the observed experimental facts. A quantitative study on this subject is in progress.
FARADAY ROTATION AND LOSS CHARACTERISTICS OF Ni-Mg, Mg-Mn AND Ni-Zn FERRITES IN 3 cm WAVE-LENGTH REGION
Authors: HUANG WU-HAN  , LING JAN-DAH  , HO CHANG-SHENG  ,   中国科学院电子学研究所
Published: November 2020

Faraday rotation and loss characteristics at 9200 me and at room temperature of Ni-Mg, Mg-Mn and Ni-Zn ferrite rods and disks placed in a circular waveguide are measured as a function of applied longitudinal DC magnetic field.Of particular interest are the results obtained with a new type of Ni-Mg ferrites, since very little data on Ni-Mg ferrites have been published in the literature. In this paper sufficient data are given on Faraday rotation and loss characteristics of a complete range of nickel-magnesium ferrites with composition varying from pure nickel to pure magnesium. Experimental results at 9200 me indicate that for the sintering temperature of 1300℃, the best composition range for nickel-magnesium ferrites would be Ni0.7Mg0.3Fe2O4-Ni0.8Mg0.2Fe2O4. In future, nickel-magnesium ferrites, due to their very low loss, may find practical applications in the microwave field.Comparison information as to the relative merits of these three useful microwave ferrites are given in the form of curves and tables, and their results are discussed in some detail.This paper also gives a summary of the linear theory on Faraday rotation of a linearly polarized wave propagating in ferrite-loaded waveguide which is longitudinally magnetized.
APPLICATIONS OF GREEN'S FUNCTIONS IN CALCULATING THE MUTUAL CAPACITANCE BETWEEN SMALL BODIES
Authors: LIN WEI-GANG  ,   成都电讯工程学院
Published: November 2020

In industry and in laboratory work oftentimes we are confronted with the problem of electromagnetic shielding between two bodies. In many ceases it is sufficient to have electrostatic shielding, and thus the interaction between two bodies can be determined by examining the mutual capacitance between them. When the interfering body is small and can be considered as a point source, its effect in the presence of another grounded conductor (in our case, the metallic shield) can be calculated by means of the Green's function for this grounded conductor surface. As the Green's functions for various surfaces are well established so these various forms of shielding can be handled by the method proposed in this paper.Green's functions for regions bounded by surfaces of oblate spheroidal as well as prolate spheroidal coordinate system are discussed with a mind to supplement a few formulas for the Legendre function with imaginary variables which are useful in physical and technical problems and which do not seem to appear in popular literatures.The problem of a hole of arbitrary shape on a conducting surface is then discussed with emphasis on the allowable size of the hole on a conducting surface of finite dimension, verifying the experimental results in literature. Finally the formula for calculating the mutual capacitance of two small bodies, one of which is enclosed by a closed metallic shield with a hole on its surface is given.
ON THE PROCESS OF THE PREPARATION OF NUCLEAR EMULSIONS N-2 and N-3
Authors: HO ZAH-WEI  , LOU TSU-YING  , SUN HAN-TCHENG  ,   中国科学院原子能研究所
Published: November 2020

This paper deals with some important problems on the process of preparing proton sensitive nuclear emulsion.By controlling the concentration of bromide ions during emulsification, the size of the silver halide grains is made quite uniform. In order to raise the sensitivity of emulsion, we select the optimum condition at the ripening stage and add the sensitizer "triethanolamine" before coating. Latent image fading is restricted by adding gold salts into the finished emulsion and the fog is minimized by purifying the photographic gelatin.After systematical investigation on the process of preparation, it is now possible to "produce proton sensitive nuclear emulsions with the same characteristics. They are about the same as those of "Ilford C2" emulsion for nuclear research.
A DISCUSSION ON THE SLOPE OF THE CALIBRATION CURVE IN SPECTROCHEMICAL ANALYSIS
Authors: HSU SHENG-MBI  , HO I-DJEN  ,   中国科学院金属研究所
Published: November 2020

In order to show if the relationshop obtained for Si 2516 between the slope of the calibration curve and its concentration has more general significance we carried out experiments on 13 spectral lines of two nultiplets belonging to the cobalt and nickel spectra. Results show that for a particular spectral line the slope depends on concentration and fur a definite range of the concentration, slope of the curves of spectral lines of the same mnltiplet varies linearly with log of the natural intensity of the corresponding lines. Thus, we may say that in spectrochemical analysis, slope b of the calibration curve essentially depends on the intensity of the spectral line and this in turn depends on the concentration of the constituent and the natural intensity of the line concerned. We believe that an understanding of the physical significance of b is helpful in actual analysis as to find the condition which gives a better slope of the working curve.
ELASTIC SCATTERING OF HIGH ENERGY ELECTRONS WITH NUCLEI C12
Authors: KING SING-NAN  ,   中国科学院原子能研究所
Published: November 2020

In this paper, we have calculated the elastic scattering of high energy electrons with nuclei C12 by phase shift calculation.We take the charge distribution of the nucleus C12 as following:(1) exponential distribution:ρ(x)=ρ0θ-x/a, (2) gaussian distribution:ρ(x)=ρ0e(-x2/a2),(3) uniform distribution: ρ(x) ={ρ0 when 0kR, where a and b are the parameters, and the constant R is the radius of the nucleus C12. The energy of the electrons is 187 Mev.The result of the calculation shows that the gaussian distribution confirms the experimental result better than the other two kinds of distributions, and gives R=(12)1/3r0, where r0=1.35×10-13 cm.
IMPROVEMENT OF ACCURACY IN THE SPECTRO-CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF HIGH ALLOY STEELS
Authors: RESEARCH INSTITUTE OP IRON &. STEEL  ,   钢铁研究院
Published: November 2020

wideThe application of spectro-chemical analysis to high alloy steel in our steel works has been limited by the accuracy of their methods. Through the investigation upon two typical high alloy steels, ‘P18' high speed steel and ‘Я1' stainless steel, it is proved that the minimum standard deviation that can Le reached by the photographic method of epectro-chemical analysis of such high alloy steels after adopting many improvements in each step of the analysis is about 1%. Many valuable experiences from our steel factories are introduced in this paper, and the problems concerning accuracy of the spectro-chemical analysis of high alloy steels are discussed.
THE BEHAVIOR OF INTERNAL FRICTION ASSOCIATED WITH THE PROCESS OF MARTENSITE-TYPE TRANSFORMATION
Authors: WANG YEH-NING  , CHU CHIANG-CHUNG  ,   南京大学物理系
Published: November 2020

Internal friction in two kinds of iron-manganese alloy which contain Mn 17.5% and Mn 12.8% respectively and one kind of copper-aluminum alloy containing 13% Al were measured with a torsion pendulum, and internal friction peaks were observed in the temperature range in which the martensite or reverse martensite transformation is taken place. The condition for the appearance of this internal friction peak is that it occurs only when accompanied by the process of martensite-type transformation.Systematic observations were made with iron-manganese alloy containing 17.5% Mn, and it was found that the height of internal friction peak increases with the increase of the rate of heating (or cooling) or the stress, decreases with the increase of the frequency of vibration or the carbon content in the specimen. All these may be explained by the reason that the more the amount of new phase has transformed in one period of vibration, the larger is the internal friction.The mechanism of the internal friction peak was discussed. The conclusion was reached that because of the suddeness of the formation of martensite, the applied external forces due to torsion pendulum may be considered as constant during the time of formation for martensite plates, and since half of the work done by the external forces during the alteration must be lost as confirmed by the calculation of interaction energies between stresses and iuhomogenities, it consequently gives rise to the substantial portion of internal friction. On the other hand, the stress-induced phase transformation also gives rise to a minor portion of internal friction.
ON THE BRANCHING RATIOS OF THE DECAYS OE THE HYPERONS AND THE RATIOS OE THE MEAN LIFE TIMES
Authors: CHEN  , J. M.  , HO  , T.H.  , SAN  , D. C.  , TZU  , H. Y.  ,   中国科学院原子能研究所
Published: November 2020

The branching ratios of the decay of the hyperons, the ratios of the mean life times of the decay of various hyperons and the ratios of the life times of the hyperons to that of the K+-meson are calculated by using the universal Ferm weak interaction proposed by Feynman and Gell-Mann and the strong interaction proposed by Salam. The perturbation theory is used with a cut off in the region of large momentum. By using the coupling constants of the strong interaction given by Warner and choosing suitable values for the other two coupling constants remaing to be fixed most of the results of our calculation agree fairly well with the experiments. The worst result differs from the experimental Values at most bya facto of 2. The theoretical values of the branching ratios of K+-decay is derivedfrom this set of new coupling constants shown better agreement with the experiment than the results obtained in the previous paper.Our, calculation shows that the universal Fermi weak interaction of V-A type gives quite satisfactory explanation of the decay phenomena of K-mesons and the hyperons. It is also evident from our calculation, that these decays must be regarded as phenomena brought about by the joint action of the strong and weak interactions and that there exist two classes of strong interactions: the "very strong" one and the "medium strong" one. Our results favour the assumption that the ∧ and ∑ have the same parity. It also shows, that of the 4 terms of the strong interaction Hamiltonian given by Salam involving the K-meson at least two terma involve γ5 matrix.
Developing Monte Carlo Simulator of Reinforcement Learning Type
Authors: Tsochev Georgi
Published: November 2020

Monte Carlo methods are a way to solve the reinforcement learning problem based on average test results. To ensure that well-defined results are available, Monte Carlo methods are used only for episodic tasks. The Monte Carlo term is often used more widely in any valuation method whose operation involves significant participation on a random basis. Here it is specifically used for methods based on the average of full results (as opposed to methods that are learned from incomplete results). The paper describes a simulator for estimating raindrops in a specific area using the package matlib. Keywords: Monte Carlo, reinforcement learning, simulation, matlib, python
anTraX, a software package for high-throughput video tracking of color-tagged insects
Authors: Gal Asaf , Saragosti Jonathan , Kronauer Daniel JC
Published: November 2020

Recent years have seen a surge in methods to track and analyze animal behavior. Nevertheless, tracking individuals in closely interacting, group-living organisms remains a challenge. Here, we present anTraX, an algorithm and software package for high-throughput video tracking of color-tagged insects. anTraX combines neural network classification of animals with a novel approach for representing tracking data as a graph, enabling individual tracking even in cases where it is difficult to segment animals from one another, or where tags are obscured. The use of color tags, a well-established and robust method for marking individual insects in groups, relaxes requirements for image size and quality, and makes the software broadly applicable. anTraX is readily integrated into existing tools and methods for automated image analysis of behavior to further augment its output. anTraX can handle large-scale experiments with minimal human involvement, allowing researchers to simultaneously monitor many social groups over long time periods.