bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Open reduction and bone plate stabilization, compared with closed reduction and external fixation, for treatment of comminuted tibial fractures: 47 cases (1980–1995) in dogs
Authors: Dudley Melissa , Johnson Ann L. , Olmstead Marvin , Smith C. W. , Schaeffer David J. , Abbuehl Urs
Published: December 2023

Objective

To compare open reduction and bone plate fixation with closed reduction and external skeletal fixation as treatment for severely comminuted fractures of the tibia. Limb alignment, fracture reduction, operating time, hospitalization time, postoperative care, time to unrestricted activity, bone healing, complications, and number of surgical procedures were considered.

Design

Retrospective case series.

Animals

47 dogs with severely comminuted fractures of the tibia treated with open reduction and bone plate application (22 dogs) or closed reduction and external fixation (25 dogs).

Procedure

Medical records of all dogs included in this study were reviewed. Postoperative and follow-up radiographs were evaluated by 2 independent observers.

Results

Differences were not found in hospitalization time, time to unrestricted activity, or time to earliest radiographic evidence of bone healing between dogs with fractures treated with a bone plate and dogs with fractures treated with an external fixator. Fractures treated with an external fixator had more caudal malalignment, and fractures treated with a bone plate had more valgus malalignment. Malalignments were determined not to be related to clinical problems. Dogs with fractures treated with an external fixator had shorter surgery times and more recheck examinations. Dogs with fractures treated with a bone plate had more complications.

Clinical Implications

Open reduction with bone plate fixation and closed reduction with external fixation were both effective for treatment of comminuted tibial fractures. External fixation was associated with shorter surgery time, but dogs required more extensive postoperative care. Bone plate fixation was associated with more complications. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;211:1008–1012)
Antibodies to Ehrlichia equi in dogs from the northeastern United States
Authors: Magnarelli Louis A. , IJdo Jacob W. , Anderson John F. , Madigan John E. , Dumler J. Stephen , Fikrig Erol
Published: December 2023

Objective

To determine whether dogs living in tick-infested areas of the northeastern United States had been exposed to Ehrlichia equi, an etiologic agent of granulocytic ehrlichiosis.

Design

Analyses of dog sera.

Animals

106 ill dogs and 12 clinically normal dogs.

Procedure

Antibodies to E equi were detected by indirect fluorescent antibody staining methods and western blot analyses.

Results

10 of 106 (9.4%) sera tested from ill, privately owned dogs living in tick-infested areas of Connecticut and New York state had antibodies to E equi, a member of the E phagocytophila genogroup. Titration end points ranged from 1:80 to 1:1,280. Immunoblots revealed antibodies to proteins of E equi having molecular masses of predominantly 29, 40, 44, 105, 120, and 160 kd. There was good agreement between results of serologic testing methods, but use of the human isolate (NCH-1 strain) in western blot analyses detected 2 additional seropositive dogs found to be negative by indirect fluorescent antibody staining methods with the MRK strain.

Clinical Implications

Dogs living in areas where Ixodes scapularis is abundant may be exposed to multiple pathogens, such as E equi or Borrelia burgdorferi. Although mild or subclinical infections with E equi may develop, dogs with marked leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, or anemia should be viewed as possibly having ehrlichiosis. Laboratory diagnosis should include examinations for morulae in granulocytes or monocytes in addition to serologic analyses. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;211:1134–1137)
Treatment of dairy cows at parturition with prostaglandin F2α or oxytocin for prevention of retained fetal membranes
Authors: Stevens Reyneld D. , Dinsmore R. Page
Published: December 2023

Objective

To evaluate the effects of treatment at parturition with dinoprost tromethamine, fenprostalene, or oxytocin on postpartum disease and reproductive performance during the subsequent breeding season in dairy cows.

Design

Prospective study.

Animals

1,400 Holstein cows from 5 commercial dairies.

Procedure

Cows were assigned within 2 hours after calving to serve as untreated control cows or to be treated with 1 mg of fenprostalene, SC; 25 mg of dinoprost tromethamine, IM; or 20 IU of oxytocin, IM. Cows were confined to treatment pens and monitored daily until fetal membranes were expelled. Cows with retained fetal membranes (RFM) were treated according to existing treatment protocols for the dairy, with the provision that intrauterine infusions were not allowed. All other disease conditions were recorded, and appropriate treatment was administered. Postpartum reproductive examinations were performed 28 to 56 days after parturition. Breeding records were maintained for all cows until pregnancy was confirmed or the cow was removed from the herd.

Results

Fetal membranes were retained in 12.1% of all cows, and this outcome was unaffected by treatment. Compared with cows without RFM, cows with RFM had longer intervals to first insemination (76.4 vs 82.0 days), reduced first insemination conception rates (46.8 vs 28.0%), and increased number of days not pregnant (103.2 vs 127.4 days). Farm, as a variable, significantly affected development of RFM and postpartum disease conditions as well as reproductive performance during the subsequent breeding season. Fetal membranes were retained in 12.4, 15.2, 8.7, 6.3, and 16.9% of cows on farms 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, respectively. Mean days to first insemination varied from 64.5 days (farm 3) to 91.5 days (farm 1). Mean number of days not pregnant varied from 94.8 days (farm 3) to 115.9 days (farm 4).

Clinical Implications

Administration of prostaglandins or oxytocin at the time of calving does not reduce the incidence of RFM or improve reproductive performance. Farm management practices have the greatest impact on dairy cow performance. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;211:1280–1284)
Evaluation of prognostic factors for dogs with primary lung tumors: 67 cases (1985–1992)
Authors: McNiel Elizabeth A. , Ogilvie Gregory K. , Powers Barbara E. , Hutchison Jennifer M. , Salman Mowafak D. , Withrow Stephen J.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To determine associations between clinical and histologic factors in dogs with primary lung tumors and outcome and to develop a histologic grading method for primary lung tumors.

Design

Retrospective study.

Animals

67 dogs undergoing thoracotomy and lobectomy for primary lung tumors.

Procedure

Medical records and histologic sections were reviewed to evaluate factors of prognostic importance. Association of these factors with disease-free interval (DFI) and survival time was evaluated, using the Cox proportional hazards model. Median DFI and survival time were determined, using the Kaplan-Meier product-limit method.

Results

Clinical and histologic factors significantly associated with prognosis were histologic score, detection of clinical signs, and metastasis to regional lymph nodes. On the basis of histologic score, a histologic grading method was developed. Dogs with well-differentiated tumors had significantly longer survival time and DFI (median DFI, 493 days) than dogs with moderately (median DFI, 191 days) or poorly (median DFI, 0 days) differentiated tumors. Dogs with clinical signs or metastasis to regional lymph nodes had shorter survival times and DFI than dogs in which lung masses were discovered as an incidental finding.

Clinical Implications

Dogs with well-differentiated, nonmetastasized, primary lung tumors that do not have clinical signs associated with the tumor have a favorable prognosis. Dogs with more advanced disease or aggressive tumors histologically may require treatment, such as chemotherapy in combination with surgery. The grading method proposed here for primary lung tumors may be useful in other dogs with primary lung tumors. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;211:1422–1427)
Risk factors for acquired myasthenia gravis in dogs: 1,154 cases (1991–1995)
Authors: Shelton G. Diane , Schule Alan , Kass Philip H.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To determine frequency of initial clinical signs and risk factors for acquired myasthenia gravis (MG) in dogs.

Design

Retrospective study.

Sample Population

1,154 dogs residing within the United States from 1991 to 1995 with a confirmed diagnosis of acquired MG and 7,176 dogs with other neuromuscular disorders, including generalized weakness, megaesophagus, and dysphagia (control group).

Procedure

Records were retrieved from a database containing results of serum samples tested for acetylcholine receptor antibodies. Signalment, breed, age, state of origin, and month of onset of clinical signs were obtained. An antibody titer > 0.6 nmol/L was diagnostic for acquired MG. Unconditional logistic regression was used for statistical analysis.

Results

In comparison with mixed-breed dogs, dogs with the highest risk of acquired MG were Akitas, terrier group, Scottish Terriers, German Shorthaired Pointers, and Chihuahuas. Rottweilers, Doberman Pinschers, Dalmatians, and Jack Russell Terriers had low relative risks. Sexually intact males and dogs less than 1 year old had some protection from risk. Generalized weakness with megaesophagus and megaesophagus alone were the most common initial clinical signs.

Clinical Implications

Breed predispositions for acquired MG were demonstrated. Age and sex were contributing factors. Although most dogs had generalized clinical signs, a substantial proportion of dogs had focal signs. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;211:1428–1431)
Renal transplants in cats: 66 cases (1987–1996)
Authors: Mathews Kyle G. , Gregory Clare R.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To document the morbidity and survival time after renal transplants in cats with end-stage renal failure.

Design

Retrospective case series.

Animals

66 cats that had renal transplants.

Procedure

Information regarding signalment, history, diagnostic testing, and postoperative morbidity and mortality was retrieved from medical records of cats with renal failure that had renal transplants at the University of California School of Veterinary Medicine between 1987 and 1996.

Results

47 of 66 (71%) cats that had renal transplants survived until discharge. Nineteen cats died in the perioperative period. Most common causes of death were seizure-related complications (7 cats) and renal pedicle complications (4). One discharged cat was unavailable for follow-up monitoring. Of the 46 cats discharged and available for follow-up monitoring, 28 died. Most common causes of death in these cats were renal complications (9 cats) and death related to immunosuppression (8; mean and median survival times, 15 and 12 months, respectively). Of the 18 cats that were still living at the time this report was written, mean and median survival times were 26 and 22 months, respectively.

Clinical Implications

Renal transplantation resulted in long-term survival of many cats that would have otherwise died from, or have been euthanatized as a result of, renal failure. Problems with ureteral obstruction can be minimized. Postoperative CNS disorders were the most prevalent complication. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;211:1432–1436)
Rabies surveillance in the United States during 1996
Authors: Krebs John W. , Smith Jean S. , Rupprecht Charles E. , Childs James E.
Published: December 2023

In 1996, 49 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico reported 7,124 cases of rabies in non-human animals and 4 cases in human beings to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Nearly 92% (6,550 cases) were wild animals, whereas 8% (574 cases) were domestic species. The total number of reported cases decreased 9.6% from that of 1995 (7,881 cases). Although much of the decline was the result of fewer reported cases of rabies in raccoons, fewer cases were also reported among most groups of animals. Numbers of cases associated with separate epizootics of rabies in foxes in west central Texas and in dogs and coyotes in southern Texas attributable to canine variants have declined, with 56.2% fewer rabid foxes (60), 72.7% fewer rabid dogs (15), and 76.3% fewer rabid coyotes (19) during 1996, compared with cases of rabies reported among these same species during 1995. Nationally, the number of reported rabid bats (741) decreased 5.8%, with cases reported by 46 of the 48 contiguous states. Four Eastern Seaboard states, enzootic for the raccoon variant of the rabies virus, reported noteworthy increases in total numbers of reported cases: Maine (29.7%; 101 cases in 1995 to 131 in 1996), Maryland (44.2%; 441 to 636), North Carolina (59.0%; 466 to 741), and Virginia (33.3%; 459 to 612). Increases were also reported by Florida (6.4%; 251 to 267) and Georgia (3.1 %; 294 to 303). Cats continued to be the domestic animal most frequently reported rabid, but reported cases of rabies in cats (266), cattle (131), and dogs (111) decreased by 7.6%, 3.7%, and 24.0%, respectively. Thirty-one states and the District of Columbia reported decreases in rabies in animals during 1996, compared with 18 states and Puerto Rico in 1995. Hawaii was the only state that did not report a case of rabies in 1996. Two indigenously acquired cases of rabies reported in human beings were the result of infection with rabies virus variants associated with bats, whereas the remaining 2 human rabies infections were acquired outside the United States, and the variants identified were consistent with those associated with rabid dogs.
Cardiopulmonary and anesthetic effects of propofol administered intraosseously to green iguanas
Authors: Bennett R. Avery , Schumacher Juergen , Hedjazi-Haring Kyra , Newell Susan M.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To determine cardiopulmonary effects of intraosseous administration of propofol in green iguanas (Iguana iguana).

Design

Prospective study.

Animals

14 green iguanas.

Procedure

Anesthesia was induced in 4 iguanas with propofol (10 mg/kg [4.5 mg/lb] of body weight, intraosseously). Heart and respiratory rates, functional hemoglobin oxygen saturation (SpO2), end-tidal CO2 concentration, and cloacal temperature were recorded. Ten additional iguanas were given propofol intraosseously for induction (5 mg/kg [2.3 mg/lb]) and maintenance (0.5 mg/kg/min [0.23 mg/lb/min], q 30 min) of anesthesia. Heart and respiratory rates, cloacal temperature, and SpO2 were recorded.

Results

Mean induction time for the first 4 iguanas was 1.2 minutes. A significant decrease in heart rate was seen 1 minute after induction of anesthesia. All iguanas were apneic, but spontaneous ventilation resumed within 5 minutes. End-tidal CO2 concentration decreased from 46 mm of Hg 4 minutes after induction of anesthesia to 32 mm of Hg 30 minutes after induction of anesthesia. Mean duration of anesthesia was 27 minutes. Mean induction time for the other 10 iguanas was 3 minutes. A significant decrease in heart rate was detected 35 minutes after induction of anesthesia and persisted until 120 minutes. Mean SpO2 value decreased from 79% 5 minutes after induction of anesthesia to 64% 30 minutes after induction of anesthesia. Mean recovery time was 57 minutes.

Clinical Implications

Propofol is an effective anesthetic agent for use in green iguanas. It is recommended that iguanas be intubated, provided oxygen, and given assisted ventilation after administration of propofol to prevent hypoxemia and hypercapnia. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;212:93–98)
Comparison of serum concentrations of thyroid-stimulating hormone in healthy dogs, hypothyroid dogs, and euthyroid dogs with concurrent disease
Authors: Scott-Moncrieff J. Catharine R. , Nelson Richard W. , Bruner Joseph M. , Williams David A.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To evaluate use of an assay for measuring serum concentration of canine thyroid-stimulating hormone (cTSH) as an aid for diagnosing thyroid disease in a population of dogs suspected of having hypothyroidism.

Design

Case-cohort study.

Animals

62 healthy dogs and 49 dogs with clinical signs consistent with hypothyroidism (16 were hypothyroid and 33 were euthyroid with concurrent disease).

Procedure

Samples from healthy dogs were used to establish a reference range for serum cTSH concentration. The 49 dogs were categorized as hypothyroid or euthyroid with concurrent disease on the basis of clinical signs, results of additional diagnostic and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) response tests, and response to administration of levothyroxine sodium. Function of the thyroid gland was considered normal when serum total thyroxine (T4) concentration 6 hours after TSH administration was > 2.5 µg/dl. Hypothyroidism was diagnosed when serum T4 concentration after TSH administration was ≤ 1.5 µg/dl.

Results

Serum cTSH concentration differed significantly among all 3 groups. Four of 33 (12%) euthyroid dogs had cTSH concentrations that were greater than the reference range, whereas 6 of 16 (38%) hypothyroid dogs had cTSH concentrations within the reference range. Specificity for serum cTSH concentration was 0.88 and sensitivity was 0.63. When interpreted in combination with serum T4 concentration, specificity increased to 1.0.

Clinical Implications

cTSH assay had good specificity for use in the diagnosis of hypothyroidism in dogs. Because this assay had low sensitivity, a diagnosis of hypothyroidism could not be excluded on the basis of a serum cTSH concentration that was within the reference range. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998; 212:387-391)
Use of recombinant human erythropoietin for management of anemia in dogs and cats with renal failure
Authors: Cowgill Larry D. , James Katherine M. , Levy Julie K. , Browne Jeff K. , Miller Allan , Lobingier Robert T. , Egrie Joan C.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To test efficacy and safety of recombinant human erythropoietin (r-HuEPO) administration in dogs and cats with naturally developing chronic renal failure.

Design

Case series.

Animals

6 client-owned dogs and 11 client-owned cats with chronic renal failure.

Procedures

r-HuEPO was administered intravenously or subcutaneously. Erythropoietic effects were monitored by determining CBC, performing cytologic examination of bone marrow aspirates, and measuring serum iron concentration before and during treatment. Development of adverse effects was monitored by performing sequential clinical assessments, CBC, and serum biochemical tests and by measuring indirect blood pressure and anti-r-HuEPO antibody titers.

Results

Administration of r-HuEPO increased RBC and reticulocyte counts, hemoglobin concentration, and Hct comparably in dogs and cats. Assessments of clinical well-being, including appetite, energy, weight gain, alertness, strength, and playfulness, were improved variably. Adverse effects, including anemia, anti-r-HuEPO antibody production, seizures, systemic hypertension, and iron deficiency, were demonstrated inconsistently in dogs and cats.

Clinical Implications

Anemia contributes to clinical manifestations of chronic renal failure in dogs and cats. Administration of r-HuEPO has the potential to resolve anemia and improve clinical well-being. However, its administration poses risks of antibody production and adverse effects associated with correction of RBC mass. Use of r-HuEPO in dogs and cats requires conscientious assessment of risks and benefits until homologous forms of erythropoietin are available. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998; 212:521-528)
Comparison of gastric lesions in dogs and cats with and without gastric spiral organisms
Authors: Yamasaki Kanji , Suematsu Hiroaki , Takahashi Takeshi
Published: December 2023

Objectives

To determine prevalence of gastric spiral organisms (GSO) in dogs and cats that were clinically normal or had primary gastrointestinal disease and to compare histologic lesions of the stomach in dogs and cats with and without GSO.

Animals

21 dogs and 10 cats that were clinically normal and 56 dogs and 33 cats with gastrointestinal disease.

Design

Case-control study.

Results

Unevenness of the gastric mucosal surface was detected, using endoscopic techniques in 20 and 25% of clinically normal and abnormal dogs, respectively. On histologic examination, GSO were located on the mucosal surface within or beneath the mucus, in gastric pits, and within glandular lumina in 86 and 90% of clinically normal dogs and cats, respectively, and in 61 and 64% of clinically abnormal dogs and cats, respectively. Prevalence of GSO infection in dogs and cats that were clinically abnormal was not higher than in those that were clinically normal. Infection was detected in stomachs of > 60% of dogs and cats 1 year old or less. Helicobacter pylori was not isolated from any specimen; however, specimens in which GSO were found had positive results on a urease test.

Clinical Implications

Prevalence of GSO infection was high in clinically normal and abnormal dogs and cats, some of which were young. This should be considered during assessment of clinically normal animals with GSO as they can be a potential reservoir for infection in human beings. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998; 212:529-533)
Microbial flora and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of isolated pathogens from the horizontal ear canal and middle ear in dogs with otitis media
Authors: Cole Lynette K. , Kwochka Kenneth W. , Kowalski Joseph J. , Hillier Andrew
Published: December 2023

Objective

To compare microbial flora and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of isolated pathogens from the horizontal ear canal and middle ear in dogs with otitis media.

Design

Prospective study.

Animals

23 dogs with chronic bilateral otitis externa.

Procedures

Swab specimens of the horizontal ear canal and middle ear were obtained for cytologic analysis, bacterial culture, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Integrity of the tympanic membrane was observed. If the tympanic membrane was intact, myringotomy was performed to collect specimens.

Results

Otitis media was diagnosed in 38 of 46 (82.6%) ears evaluated. The tympanic membrane was intact in 71.1 % of the ears with otitis media. The 3 most common organisms isolated from the horizontal ear canal and middle ear were Staphylococcus intermedius, yeast, and Pseudomonas spp. A difference in total isolates or susceptibility patterns between the horizontal ear canal and middle ear was found in 34 (89.5%) ears. Compared with results of bacterial culture, cytologic examination of swab specimens was not as effective for detection of rods and cocci from the middle ear.

Clinical Implications

In dogs with chronic otitis externa, otitis media often exists even when there is an intact tympanic membrane. In our study, the same isolates were rarely found in the horizontal ear canal and middle ear. Therefore, to choose appropriate antimicrobial agents, in addition to cytologic examination, bacterial culture and susceptibility testing of swab specimens from the horizontal ear canal and middle ear should be performed. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998; 212:534-538)
Effect of source of cattle and distance transported to a commercial slaughter facility on carcass bruises in mature beef cows
Authors: Hoffman D. E. , Spire M. F. , Schwenke J. R. , Unruh J. A.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To determine the effect of source of cattle and distance cattle were transported to a commercial slaughter facility on prevalence and severity of carcass bruises in mature beef cows.

Design

Epidemiologic investigation.

Sample Population

Carcasses from 3,955 beef cows from 11 states assembled in 89 procurement lots.

Procedure

Each carcass was scored for bruise severity and location. Source of cattle was categorized. Distance from source to slaughter facility was determined. An ANCOVA was used to determine effects of variables on carcass bruises.

Results

Mature beef cows marketed through livestock auctions conducting first-point testing for brucellosis, especially when transported longer distances (> 325 km) to slaughter facilities, had a greater number and severity of carcass bruises than cows originating from ranches or livestock auctions not conducting first-point testing. There was an increase in number of rib bruises in cows originating from livestock auctions not conducting first-point testing. Prevalence and severity of bruises were not significantly affected by transportation distance between cows originating from auctions not conducting first-point testing and cows originating from ranches.

Clinical Implications

A strong association existed between handling for brucellosis testing prior to sale for slaughter and distance transported to slaughter facility with carcass bruises in mature beef cows. Bruises are major quality defects that decrease carcass value and slaughter-cow prices. Repeated handling and restraint as well as long-distance transport are issues to consider regarding the responsibility of the livestock industry to provide for the safety and well-being of cattle sold for slaughter. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998; 212:668-672)
Metabolic responses of chronically starved horses to refeeding with three isoenergetic diets
Authors: Witham Christine L. , Stull Carolyn L.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To examine metabolic responses of chronically starved horses to refeeding with 3 isoenergetic diets.

Design

Uncontrolled clinical trial.

Animals

22 mature mixed-breed horses that were emaciated but otherwise clinically normal.

Procedure

Horses were fed 1 of 3 diets: alfalfa hay, oat hay, or a combination diet of half oat hay and half commercially prepared ration. Digestible energy of diets was gradually increased throughout the refeeding period. One pre- and 4 postprandial blood samples were obtained daily, and analyses included RBC count, Hct, and determination of hemoglobin, glucose, insulin, free fatty acid, total bilirubin, 2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid, phosphorus, magnesium, calcium, sodium, and potassium concentrations. Body weight, fecal output, and feed and water consumption were measured and recorded daily. Repeated-measures ANOVA was used to examine dietary and temporal (day) effects of the 3 dietary regimens during 10-day trials.

Results

19 horses survived. Three horses (2 fed alfalfa diet, 1 fed combination diet) died of metabolic or gastrointestinal problems. Increasing temporal effects in serum concentrations of glucose, insulin, magnesium, calcium, and sodium; decreasing temporal effects in serum concentrations of free fatty acid, 2,3- diphosphoglyceric acid, and phosphorus; and dietary effects in serum concentrations of glucose, insulin, magnesium, and potassium were detected in the 19 surviving horses. Serum phosphorus and free fatty acid concentrations decreased dramatically during the first 5 days of refeeding with all 3 diets. Serum magnesium concentrations increased in horses fed the alfalfa hay diet, whereas improvement was not evident in horses fed oat hay or combination diets. Horses receiving the alfalfa and oat hay diets had lower postprandial glucose and insulin concentrations than horses receiving the combination diet. Horses fed oat hay alone ate 92% of feed offered, compared with 98% feed consumption for horses fed alfalfa hay or combination diets.

Clinical Implications

Clinically normal emaciated horses can be successfully rehabilitated by gradual refeeding with a high forage diet. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998; 212:691-696)
Epidemiologic analysis of reported scrapie in sheep in the United States: 1,117 cases (1947-1992)
Authors: Wineland Nora E. , Detwiler Linda A. , Salman M. D.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To determine epidemiologic features associated with reported cases of scrapie in sheep in the United States.

Design

Retrospective study.

Sample Population

Records for scrapie-positive sheep flocks and sheep with clinical signs consistent with scrapie reported to the USDA from 1947 through 1992.

Procedure

Records from the USDA's scrapie control and eradication program were abstracted, entered into a computer database, and statistically analyzed.

Results

1,117 sheep from 657 flocks located in 39 states were scrapie positive during the study period. Seasonal or spatial trends were not evident. Mean yearly proportion of scrapie-positive flocks increased slightly from 1965 through 1992. One hundred sixty-eight rams and 949 ewes were reported to be scrapie positive during the study period, which was slightly more rams than expected if the disease was equally likely to affect rams and ewes. Suffolks (972/1,117; 87%) and Hampshires (68/1,117; 6%) were most commonly affected.

Clinical Implications

The prevalence of scrapie in sheep in the United States is unknown. Bias in this study may have resulted from inconsistencies in available information, misclassification of sheep with clinically suspicious signs of scrapie, and changes in the national scrapie control and eradication program that likely affected willingness of owners and veterinarians to report potentially infected sheep. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998; 212:713-718)
Stress responses of horses during a long period of transport in a commercial truck
Authors: Friend Theodore Henry , Martin Michael Terry , Householder Don Douglas , Bushong Diana Marie
Published: December 2023

Objectives

To characterize progressive patterns of dehydration, stress responses, and water consumption in horses transported long distances in hot weather and to evaluate various measurements in detecting dehydration and stress in transported horses.

Design

Prospective study.

Animals

30 mature, healthy horses.

Procedure

The following 4 treatment groups were studied: horses that were penned and offered water every 5 hours (n = 5), horses that were penned and not offered water (5), horses that were transported in a truck and offered water every 5 hours (10), and horses that were transported and not offered water (10). The study commenced after 6 hours of water deprivation. Every 4 hours, the truck returned to the pen area and body weights were measured, physical examinations were performed, and blood samples were obtained. During this 1-hour period, water was offered to some horses, depending on treatment group.

Results

After 24 hours of transport, 3 horses were judged unable to continue and the study was terminated. Horses that were penned and offered water drank a mean of 38.2 L and horses that were transported and offered water drank 20.9 L, but some of the latter horses did not drink until after 19 or 24 hours of transport. In horses that were transported or penned and not offered water, serum electrolyte concentrations were greater than reference range values by 19 hours. Most horses that were transported and offered water consumed adequate water to postpone severe dehydration beyond 24 hours.

Clinical Implications

Tame horses in good condition and initially deprived of access of water for approximately 6 hours can be transported in groups in open trailers during hot, humid conditions for up to 24 hours before dehydration and fatigue become severe. Rectal temperature and appearance of the horses were the most useful measures for determining crisis situations. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998; 212:838-844)
Assessment of spatial and temporal clustering of ampicillin- and tetracycline-resistant strains of Pasteurella multocida and P haemolytica isolated from cattle in California
Authors: Singer Randall S. , Case James T. , Carpenter Tim E. , Walker Richard L. , Hirsh Dwight C.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To determine whether ampicillin- and tetracycline-resistant strains of Pasteurella multocida and P haemolytica isolated from California cattle with pneumonia were spatially and temporally clustered and to compare overall estimates of percentages of these isolates resistant to these antimicrobials with estimates obtained on the basis of regional and temporal information.

Design

Epidemiologic study.

Sample Population

Records of P multocida and P haemolytica isolates obtained from lung or tracheal wash samples collected from California cattle with pneumonia between July 1, 1991 and July 31, 1996. Only isolates obtained from samples submitted by dairies and calf ranches were used.

Procedure

Spatial clustering of ampicillin- and tetracycline-resistant isolates was assessed by use of nearest-neighbor and Cuzick and Edwards' analyses. Linear clustering along a north-south line was assessed by use of runs and maximum length of runs tests. Temporal clustering was assessed by use of scan tests. Spatial-temporal clustering was assessed by use of Barton's method. Regional estimates of percentages of P multocida and P haemolytica resistant to ampicillin or tetracycline were calculated.

Results

There was significant spatial clustering of resistant isolates and significant linear clustering along a north-south line. Significant differences in regional estimates of percentages of antimicrobial-resistant isolates were found.

Clinical Implications

Results support the hypothesis that antimicrobial-resistant organisms can be clustered at the local level and reinforce the need to establish regional estimates of percentages of bacterial isolates that will be susceptible to commonly used antimicrobials. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;212:1001–1005)
Description and development of compulsive tail chasing in terriers and response to clomipramine treatment
Authors: Moon-Fanelli Alice A. , Dodman Nicholas H.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To identify factors associated with onset and continued elicitation of tail chasing in Bull Terriers and other terriers and to determine response to treatment with clomipramine hydrochloride, a serotonin-reuptake inhibitor.

Design

Prospective study.

Animals

18 tail-chasing terriers (15 Bull Terriers, 1 Miniature Bull Terrier, 1 American Staffordshire Terrier, 1 Jack Russell Terrier).

Procedure

5 dogs were evaluated for tail chasing by a veterinarian at the behavior clinic of the veterinary teaching hospital and 13 dogs were evaluated by the owner's local veterinarian, who confirmed the diagnosis and treated the dog. It was recommended that all dogs in the study be given clomipramine orally at a dosage of 1 to 2 mg/kg (0.5 to 0.9 mg/lb) of body weight, every 12 hours.

Results

Of the 18 dogs, 15 were treated with clomipramine within the recommended dosage range, and 3 dogs required treatment at a slightly higher dosage range to control tail chasing. After 1 to 12 weeks of treatment, 9 of 12 (75%) dogs were reported to have a 75% or greater improvement (reduction) in tail chasing.

Clinical Implications

Findings of this study may aid in recognition and treatment of compulsive tail chasing. In conjunction with appropriate management changes, clomipramine administration appears to be an effective treatment for this otherwise refractory condition. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;212:1252–1257)
Neoplastic diseases in ferrets: 574 cases (1968–1997)
Authors: Li Xiantang , Fox James G. , Padrid Philip A.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To determine incidence of neoplastic disease in ferrets.

Design

Retrospective study.

Animals

574 ferrets with neoplastic disease.

Procedure

Medical records from the Veterinary Medical Data Base at Purdue University from 1968 to May 1997 were reviewed to identify ferrets with neoplastic disease. Data on tumor type, organ or system affected, sex, age, geographic location of affected ferrets, participating institution, and year of diagnosis were retrieved.

Results

639 tumors of various types were diagnosed in 574 of 4,774 (12%) ferrets in the database. Sixty-one ferrets had multiple tumor types. Primary tumors were found in every system; endocrine (254; 39.7%). hemolymphatic (97; 15.2 %). integumentary (83; 12.9%). and digestive (54; 8.4%) systems were most commonly affected. The most common tumor types were pancreatic islet cell (139; 21.7%) and adrenocortical cell (107; 16.7%) tumors and lymphoma (76; 11.9%). Most (94.2%) pancreatic islet cell tumors were functional. Age of affected ferrets ranged from less than 1 month to more than 15 years old. Tumor incidence was highest in ferrets between 4 and 7 years old. A sex predilection was not found, although tumors were found more commonly in spayed females and castrated males than in sexually intact females and males, respectively. Number of tumors diagnosed increased as the number of ferrets examined increased. Neoplastic disease accounted for an increasingly greater percentage of diseases diagnosed in ferrets during the study period.

Clinical Implications

Ferrets have an incidence and spectrum of neoplastic disease similar to other mammalian species. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;212: 1402–1406)
Lateral approach for arthrocentesis of the distal interphalangeal joint in horses
Authors: Vazquez de Mercado Rodrigo , Stover Susan M. , Taylor Kenneth T. , Zarucco Laura , Willits Neil H.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To determine anatomic landmarks for a lateral approach for arthrocentesis of the proximopalmarolateral aspect of the distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint in horses and the likelihood of entering synovial structures other than the DIP joint through this approach.

Design

Prospective study.

Sample Population

Paired forelimbs of 8 cadavers and 12 horses.

Procedure

Anatomic preparations were used to determine anatomic landmarks. Positive-contrast arthrography was used to determine which structures were entered.

Results

Landmarks for the lateral approach included a depression in the proximal border of the lateral ungular cartilage and the palmar border of the middle phalanx. Use of the lateral approach for arthrography resulted in deposition of contrast material exclusively in the DIP joint in only 13 of 20 limbs, whereas use of the dorsal approach resulted in deposition of contrast material exclusively in the DIP joint in 20 of 20 limbs.

Clinical Implications

The lateral approach is an alternative to the conventional dorsal approach to the DIP joint in horses; however, inadvertent entry into adjacent synovial structures is a possible complication. The lateral approach provides an additional portal for through-and-through lavage and arthroscopic access to the palmar aspect of the DIP joint. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;212:1413–1418)
Public awareness of rabies and compliance with pet vaccination laws in Connecticut, 1993
Authors: Nelson Randall S. , Mshar Patricia A. , Cartter Matthew L. , Adams Mary L. , Hadler James L.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To determine the degree of public awareness of rabies and compliance with cat and dog vaccination laws in Connecticut in 1993.

Design

Monthly telephone surveys.

Sample Population

1,810 households.

Procedure

A telephone interview was conducted, using rabies-related questions contained in the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, with an adult member from households randomly selected statewide by telephone number. Results of the surveys for the year were aggregated, and weighted data were analyzed.

Results

Ninety percent of respondents had heard about rabies during the preceding year, and 84 % considered it a problem in Connecticut. Forty-seven percent of households surveyed owned dogs or cats. Ninety-three percent of dogs and 80% of cats were reported to be vaccinated against rabies. Twenty-two percent of households with cats had at least 1 cat that was not current on rabies vaccination.

Clinical Relevance

In Connecticut, an epizootic of rabies in raccoons was accompanied by a high degree of awareness of rabies and rate of reported vaccination of dogs and cats. However, vaccination of cats was less common than that of dogs. Public education efforts should emphasize the necessity to vaccinate cats and to avoid contact with unknown cats in rabies epizootic or enzootic areas. A surveillance system can be used to help evaluate public health programs. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;212: 1552–1555)
Association between long periods without high-speed workouts and risk of complete humeral or pelvic fracture in Thoroughbred racehorses: 54 cases (1991–1994)
Authors: Carrier Tracey K. , Estberg Leah , Stover Susan M. , Gardner Ian A. , Johnson Bill J. , Read Deryck H. , Ardans Alex A.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To determine whether a two-month or longer period without official high-speed workouts (lay-up) is associated with humeral or pelvic fracture in Thoroughbred racehorses.

Design

Retrospective study.

Animals

Thoroughbred racehorses in California that were euthanatized because of a complete humeral or pelvic fracture.

Procedure

Age, sex, activity, number of lay-ups, number of days from a race or official timed workout to fracture, number of days from end of last lay-up to fracture, mean duration of lay-ups, and total number of days in race training were compared between horses with humeral fractures and horses with pelvic fractures. A case-crossover study was used to estimate relative risk for fracture of the humerus or pelvis occurring within hazard periods of 10 and 21 days following lay-up, compared with periods following more regular participation in official racing or timed workout events.

Results

Horses with pelvic fractures were more often female, older, and had 0 or ≥ 2 lay-ups. Horses with humeral fractures were typically 3-year-old males that had 1 lay-up. Horses with pelvic fractures had more total days in race training, fewer days from last exercise event to fracture, and a greater number of days from end of last lay-up to fracture than horses with humeral fractures. Return from lay-up was strongly associated with risk for humeral fracture during hazard periods of 10 and 21 days (relative risk = 71 and 45, respectively).

Clinical Implications

Risk of humeral fracture may be reduced if horses are cautiously reintroduced into race training after lay-up. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;212: 1582–1587)
Prevalence of attenuated wavy fibers in myocardium of dogs with dilated cardiomyopathy
Authors: Tidholm Anna , Häggström Jens , Jönsson Lennart
Published: December 2023

Objective

To determine the prevalence of attenuated wavy fibers in the myocardium of dogs with and without dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM).

Design

Prevalence survey.

Animals

70 dogs clinically suspected to have DCM (ie, fractional shortening < 25%, absence of echocardiographic lesions other than chamber dilatation, and radiographic or postmortem evidence of congestive heart failure) and 147 dogs with chronic valvular disease (n = 60), congenital heart disease (49), myocardial infarcts (23), myocarditis (8), or endocarditis (7).

Procedure

Echocardiography and electrocardiography were performed, and thoracic radiographs were obtained with dogs in left lateral recumbency. Necropsy specimens were examined for attenuated wavy fibers (ie, myocardial cells < 6 μm in diameter with a wavy appearance).

Results

65 of 70 dogs clinically suspected to have DCM were confirmed to have the disease on postmortem examination, and 64 of 65 had attenuated wavy fibers. The remaining 5 dogs were found during postmortem examination to have heart disease other than DCM, and none had attenuated wavy fibers. Only 1 of 147 dogs with heart disease other than DCM had attenuated wavy fibers.

Clinical Implications

Findings suggest that histologic examination for attenuated wavy fibers may be a useful postmortem test for DCM in dogs. The diagnosis was confirmed in 65 of 70 dogs suspected to have DCM on the basis of standard clinical criteria. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;212: 1732–1734)
Examination for heat-labile, heat-stable, and Shiga-like toxins and for the eaeA gene in Escherichia coli isolates obtained from dogs dying with diarrhea: 122 cases (1992–1996)
Authors: Turk James , Maddox Carol , Fales William , Ostlund Eileen , Miller Margaret , Johnson Gayle , Pace Lanny , Turnquist Susan , Kreeger John
Published: December 2023

Objective

To examine Escherichia coli isolates obtained from dogs dying with diarrhea for heat-labile, heat-stable, and Shiga-like toxins and for the eaeA gene, which is associated with attaching and effacing lesions.

Design

Retrospective study.

Animals

122 dogs.

Procedure

E coli isolates were tested by means of dot-blot hybridization of DNA extracts of cultured bacteria. Medical records of dogs from which E coli isolates with virulence genes had been isolated were examined, and histologic findings and evidence of intercurrent bacterial and viral infections were recorded.

Results

None of the E coli isolates obtained from these dogs produced heat-labile, heat-stable, or Shiga-like toxins; however, E coli isolates from 44 of 122 dogs were found to have the eaeA gene. Histologically, multifocal bacterial adherence to the epithelium and epithelial necrosis and detachment were seen in colonic specimens from 20 of 44 (45%) dogs. Escherichia coli was the sole pathogen identified in 15 of 44 (34%) dogs. Intercurrent pathogens, including canine parvovirus (n = 19). Clostridium perfringens (8), rotavirus (5). hookworms (3). coccidia (3). and Salmonella agona (1). were identified in the remaining 29 (66%) dogs.

Clinical Implications

Attaching and effacing E coli can be a primary or secondary pathogen in dogs with diarrhea. Antibiotic treatment is indicated in dogs with diarrhea because of the possibility that it is primarily bacterial in origin and because, even if it is primarily viral in origin, there may be secondary bacterial infection. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;212:1735–1736)
Prevalence of fecal shedding of Salmonella organisms among captive green iguanas and potential public health implications
Authors: Burnham Bruce R. , Atchley Daniel H. , DeFusco Russell P. , Ferris Kathleen E. , Zicarelli Jannell C. , Lee John H. , Angulo Frederick J
Published: December 2023

Objective

To determine prevalence of fecal shedding of Salmonella organisms among captive green iguanas (Iguana iguana).

Design

Cohort study.

Animals

12 captive green iguanas.

Procedure

Iguanas were isolated in an environmental chamber, and fecal samples were collected weekly for 10 consecutive weeks. Samples were incubated aerobically in tetrathionate broth for 18 to 24 hours. Aliquots were then transferred to Hektoen and Salmonella-Shigella agar plates and incubated for an additional 18 to 24 hours. Isolated colonies were subcultured on nutrient agar slants, and Salmonella isolates were serogrouped and serotyped.

Results

All 12 iguanas were found to be shedding Salmonella organisms at least once during the study, and multiple serotypes were isolated from 7 of the 12. Salmonella organisms were isolated from 88 of 106 (83%) fecal samples; 21 samples contained multiple Salmonella serotypes. Overall, 11 Salmonella serotypes were identified. In 74 of 100 instances, when a particular Salmonella serotype was isolated from an individual Iguana, the same serotype was also isolated from a subsequent fecal sample from that iguana.

Clinical Implications

Results suggested that most iguanas have a stable mixture of Salmonella serotypes in their intestinal tracts and intermittently or continuously shed Salmonella organisms in their feces. Veterinarians should advise their clients on precautions for reducing the risk of acquiring these organisms from their pets. Public health officials trying to determine whether an iguana is the source of a specific Salmonella serotype that caused infection in human patients should submit at least 3 fecal samples collected from the iguana 1 week apart for bacterial culture. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;213:48-50)