bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A REVISION OF GRAPHOMYA ROBINEAU-DESVOIDY (DIPTERA: MUSCIDAE) FROM NORTH AMERICA
Authors: Arntfield Peter William
Published: December 2009

A revision is presented of the species of Graphomya Robineau-Desvoidy found in North America. Nine species are recognized of which two, G. americana R.-D. and G. idessa Walker, are resurrected from synonymy under G. maculata (Scopoli), and the others, G. occidentalis, G. interior, G. columbiana, G. minuta, G. ungava, G. alaskensis, and G. transitionis, are described as new.

A review of the taxonomic position and biological information of the genus Graphomya is presented. Keys are provided for both males and females of the species from North America. Each species is described and biological information, when known, is presented. Distribution for each species is presented by locality records and a distribution map. A generic diagnosis for Graphomya from North America is also given.
NEW AND LITTLE KNOWN HIGH ALTITUDE QUEDIUS FROM MEXICO (COLEOPTERA: STAPHYLINIDAE)
Authors: Smetana A.
Published: December 2009

Eight new high altitude species of the subgenera Microsaurus (Steph.) Smet., Quedionuchus Shp., and Raphirus (Steph.) Smet. of the genus Quedius Steph. (Staphylinidae) from Mexico are described as new.

Quedius (Raphirus) advena Shp. is redescribed, and a lectotype is designated.Each species is described and illustrated. A key to all nearctic species of the caseyi-group of the subgenus Microsaurus, and of the aenescens-group of the subgenus Raphirus is given.
ECOLOGY OF THE CABBAGE MAGGOT, HYLEMYA BRASSICAE (DIPTERA: ANTHOMYIIDAE), IN RUTABAGA IN SOUTHWESTERN ONTARIO, WITH SOME OBSERVATIONS ON OTHER ROOT MAGGOTS
Authors: Nair K.S.S. , McEwen F. L.
Published: December 2009

The cabbage maggot, Hylemya brassicae (Bouché), had three generations per year from 1970 to 1973 inclusive, a partial fourth was noted in most years. A small proportion of first generation pupae entered aestivation in 1971.

Thermal units required for fly emergence from overwintered pupae fell within a narrow range (174 to 199), but there was little correlation between thermal units and fly emergence in subsequent generations. Lack of adequate moisture delayed establishment of larvae in roots in some generations. Lack of adequate soil moisture delayed establishment of larvae in roots in some generations, and this appeared to be the chief reason for the lack of correlation between thermal units and fly peaks.

Throughout this investigation the over-all population remained remarkably constant. Parasitism by a staphylinid, Aleochara bilineata Gyll., and a fungus, Strongwellsea castrans Batko and Weiser, and soil moisture were the most important biological and climatic factors affecting survival. Parasitism of the adult by a nematode, Heterotylenchus sp., was recorded for the first time.

Although large numbers of seed maggot adults, Hylemya florilega (Zett.) and H. platura (Meig.), were recorded, few infested rutabaga. Other species trapped included Euxesta notata (Weid.) and Muscina spp.
BERTHA ARMYWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE): DETECTION OF A SEX PHEROMONE AND THE STIMULATORY EFFECT OF SOME SYNTHETIC CHEMICALS
Authors: Struble D. L. , Jacobson M. , Green N. , Warthen J. D.
Published: December 2009

A sex pheromone, detected in female moths of the bertha armyworm, Mamestra configurata Wlk., was extracted from females that were more than 3 days old. Males responded to the pheromone from 2 days of age until they died; younger males were not tested. Chemical and bioassay analyses indicated that the pheromone was an acetate.

The stimulatory effect of several chemicals was determined with males in a laboratory bioassay. Sexual responses were induced by Z7-, Z9-, Z10-, Z11-, and Z13-hexadecen-1-ol acetates. The maximum response in the laboratory was from the Z10-isomer, but this compound was only weakly attractive to males in the field.
EVIDENCE FOR CIS-11-HEXADECEN-1-OL ACETATE AS A MAJOR COMPONENT OF THE SEX PHEROMONE OF THE BERTHA ARMYWORM, MAMESTRA CONFIGURATA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE)
Authors: Chisholm M. D. , Steck W. F. , Arthur A. P. , Underhill E. W.
Published: December 2009

A potent sex pheromone produced by female bertha army worm moths was isolated. A 16 carbon, unsaturated, alkenol acetate was indicated from chemical degradative and GLC retention data. The location and configuration of the double bond was determined from the antennal responses (EAG) of male moths to a series of cis and trans mono-unsaturated alken-1-ol acetates; cis-11-hexadecen-1-ol acetate elicited the greatest EAG response. GLC retention times of the purified insect sex pheromone corresponded exactly with those of authentic cis-11-hexadecen-1-ol acetate on several analytical columns. Maximum biological response in laboratory bioassays of synthetic materials was obtained from a mixture of approximately 85% cis- and 15% trans-11-hexadecen-1-ol acetates.
THEFUSCOMARGINATUSANDHISTRIOGROUPS OF THE SPIDER GENUSPHILODROMUSIN NORTH AMERICA (ARANEIDA: THOMISIDAE)
Authors: Dondale C. D. , Redner J. H.
Published: December 2009

The spider genus-group namesHorodromoidesGertsch 1933,RhysodromusSchick 1965, andLocupletusSchick 1965 are synonymized withPhilodromusWalckenaer 1826.Horodromoides validusGertsch 1933 is the sole North American member of thefuscomarginatusgroup ofPhilodromus, other representatives of the group occurring in Eurasia.Rhysodromus histrio(Latreille) 1819,Philodromus mysticussp. n.,Rhysodromus(Locupletus)alascensis(Keyserling) 1884, and one European species constitute thehistriogroup ofPhilodromus.P.lentiginosusKeyserling 1882 is synonymized withP.histrio, andRhysodromus(Locupletus)alascensis dondaleiSchick 1965 is synonymized withP.alascensis.
FIELD TESTS OF DEVICES TO DETECT INSECTS IN DIFFERENT KINDS OF GRAIN STORAGES
Authors: Loschiavo S. R.
Published: December 2009

Insect infestations in farm-stored grain, country elevators, and grain residues or spillages were detected by probes, traps, and scoops. Of 68 storages examined at 50 Saskatchewan farms in 1970, 25 were infested with the rusty grain beetle, Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens). Of 52 storages examined in Saskatchewan in 1971 none of the permanent buildings was infested, but 27%, 30%, and 45% of temporary cribs, open piles, and grain residues, respectively, were infested with rusty grain beetles, fungus beetles, or both. The fungus beetles found most frequently in the traps were Lathridius minutus L. Cryptophagus varus Woodroffe and Coombs, and Cartodere constricta (Gyllenhal). A survey of different grain storages in Manitoba in 1972 showed that 44%, 45%, and 69% of country elevalors, farm granaries, and open piles of grain, respectively, were infested with fungus beetles. None of the storages contained the rusty grain beetle alone but 5% of farm granaries and 31% of open piles examined were infested with both kinds of insects. The least infestation occurred in country elevators and the highest in open piles. In general, the lowest insect infestations were in grain stored in weather-proof buildings, and the highest in exposed grain. Grain in open piles or temporary cribs suffered considerable spoilage. The traps were useful in determining insect distribution and behavior in stored grain.
EFFECTS OF MOISTURE, GRAVITY, AND LIGHT ON THE BEHAVIOR OF LARVAE OF THE WHEAT STEM SAWFLY, CEPHUS CINCTUS (HYMENOPTERA: CEPHIDAE)
Authors: Holmes N. D.
Published: December 2009

Until mid- or late July, most larvae of the wheat stem sawfly generally move into the upper internodes of the host stems. Then, as the stems mature, the larvae migrate down to the basal internodes and cut the stems at about ground level.

The migration is initiated in response to the visible and infrared light transmitted through the ripening stems. The direction of the migration, toward the basal internodes, results from the orientation of the larvae to the vertical axis of the stems reinforced by a positive larval response to gravity.

The larvae cut the stems at ground level because they are shielded there by the soil from visible and infrared radiation. The location of cutting is also influenced by the preference of the larvae for drier sites in which to cut.

The date of cutting is directly related to the loss of moisture from the stems, but not to a precise level of stem moisture. The larvae may form their cocoons in response to desiccation.
THE EFFECT OF METHOPRENE, AN INSECT GROWTH REGULATOR, ON MUSCA DOMESTICA (DIPTERA: MUSCIDAE)
Authors: Morgan Philip B. , LaBrecque G. C. , Weidhaas D. E. , Benton A.
Published: December 2009

Methoprene, when incorporated into the food of laying hens at concentrations of 0.005 and 0.01%, produced 70.9 and 99.3% larval mortality, respectively, among house flies (Musca domestica L.) reared in the resultant poultry droppings. Exposure to the treated diet did not produce any weight loss in the chickens. However, it was not effective when the poultry droppings were treated topically under field conditions. In laboratory studies, when incorporated with moistened droppings, concentrations of 0.001 and 0.0001% produced complete larval mortality throughout a 7-day exposure period, though only 98% mortality was achieved on the first day at the higher concentration. Concentrations of 0.5 and 1.08 of the compound in fly food produced only a low order of sterility. Topical applications produced a low order of sterility except in the insecticide-susceptible females.
THERMAL CONSTANTS FOR DEVELOPMENT OF THE PEA APHID (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE) AND SOME OF ITS PARASITES
Authors: Campbell A. , Mackauer M.
Published: December 2009

The relationship between the temperature and the speed of development is described for the Kamloops ‘biotype’ of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum, and some of its associated hymenopterous parasites. The primary parasites are: Aphidius ervi ervi, A. ervi pulcher, A. smithi, and Praon pequodorum; and the secondary parasites are: Asaphes lucens and Dendrocerus niger. For each species the lower temperature threshold for development and the time-to-adult was determined under constant laboratory conditions using field-grown alfalfa as a host plant for the pea aphid and the first-generation offspring of field-collected aphids and parasites. The thermal constants enable the prediction of aphid and parasite population growth, as influenced by temperature, on a physiological time-scale.
A STUDY ON THE DISPERSION PATTERN AND FOLIAGE INJURY BY TETRANYCHUS MCDANIELI (ACARINA: TETRANYCHIDAE) IN SIMPLE APPLE ECOSYSTEMS
Authors: Tanigoshi L. K. , Browne R. W. , Hoyt S. C.
Published: December 2009

Population growth and dispersion of Tetranychus mcdanieli McGregor were studied in an experiment conducted on Red Delicious apple trees grown in a light and temperature controlled walk-in growth room. Lloyd’s index of mean crowding was calculated as a means of interpreting aggregation patterns; however, it was found that mean colony size was a more generally useful population parameter . The regression of on mean density (m) and the ratio of mean density to were used to determine and characterize the patterns of dispersion obtained under the experimental conditions of the study.

It was shown that the ratio of mean density to is the proportion of sampling units (i.e. individual leaves) that would have a colony size of individuals per unit, all other units being unoccupied. Characterization by the concomitant parameters and provides a more sensitive and meaningful method of describing populations than does the arithmetic mean.

The data indicated that adult female populations of T. mcdanieli tend to be distributed as clumped colonies on apple trees. A plant feeding mite damage scale was devised to evaluate the reliability and accuracy of gross observational estimates as indicators of spider mite levels.
A NEW SPECIES OF CHIRONOMUS (DIPTERA: CHIRONOMIDAE) FROM SALINE LAKES IN BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Cannings Robert A.
Published: December 2009

A new species, Chironomus athalassicus, is described from saline lakes in south-central British Columbia.
CRETACEOUS CHALCIDOID FOSSILS FROM CANADIAN AMBER
Authors: Yoshimoto Carl M.
Published: December 2009

This is the first paper on Canadian Cretaceous chalcidoid fossils of the families Mymaridae, Trichogrammatidae, and Tetracampidae, based on 54 specimens representing 12 species from Manitoba and Alberta. Four new subfamilies are proposed, Triadomerinae (Mymaridae), Baeomorphinae, Distylopinae, and Bouceklytinae (Tetracampidae). Descriptions and remarks are given for Archaeromma nearctica n. gen., n. sp.; A. minutissima (Brues) (Mymaromminae); Triadomerus bulbosus n. gen., n. sp.; Carpenteriana tumida n. gen., n. sp.; Protooctonus masneri n. gen., n. sp. (Mymaridae); Enneagmus pristinus n. gen., n. sp. (Trichogrammatidae); Distylopus bisegmentus n. gen., n. sp.; Baeomorpha distincta n. gen., n. sp., B. dubitata Brues (transferred from Scelionidae, Prototrupoidea), B. elongata n. sp., B. ovatata n. sp. and Bouceklytus arcuodens n. gen., n. sp. (Tetracampidae). A list of all previously known fossil Chalcidoidea is provided. A table of primitive and specialized conditions of characters studied is given. The possible lines of phylogeny of families and genera of these fossils are discussed. Keys to the pertinent families and subfamilies and to the fossil species of Baeomorpha are provided. Photomicrographs of species treated are included.
WATER UPTAKE IN EGGS OF CAMNULA PELLUCIDA (ORTHOPTERA: ACRIDIDAE) AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO EMBRYOGENESIS
Authors: Pickford R.
Published: December 2009

Water uptake and embryogenesis were investigated in eggs of Camnula pellucida (Scudd.) kept under a variety of conditions. Under both laboratory and field conditions eggs take in no water for several weeks after oviposition while embryonic growth progresses; then slowly a little water is absorbed as anatrepsis is completed. Following the breaking of diapause by chilling, eggs incubated at 30 °C in the laboratory rapidly take in water; embryonic growth resumes, blastokinesis rapidly takes place, and hatching occurs in about 10 days. In a natural habitat, however, eggs take in most of their required moisture shortly after the snow melts; during this time no embryonic development takes place, presumably because temperatures are too low. As temperatures rise embryonic growth resumes, with hatchlings emerging sooner or later, depending upon seasonal temperatures.

Eggs laid late in the season show little or no embryonic development and most seem unable to survive the winter.
SAMPLING SYSTEMS FOR EUROPEAN RED MITE, PANONYCHUS ULMI (ACARINA: TETRANYCHIDAE): II. EFFECT OF SPUR CLUSTER SIZE ON MITE DISTRIBUTION
Authors: Herbert H. J. , Butler K. P.
Published: December 2009

The relationship between the distribution of Panonychus ulmi (Koch) and cluster size was examined. As the population intensity increased, P. ulmi numbers and distribution tended to be more closely related to the number of leaves in a cluster.
REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOUR AND PHYSIOLOGY OFTENEBRIO MOLITOR(COLEOPTERA: TENEBRIONIDAE): II. EGG DEVELOPMENT AND OVIPOSITION IN YOUNG FEMALES AND THE EFFECTS OF MATING
Authors: Gerber G. H.
Published: December 2009

Virgin females ofTenebrio molitorL. initiate vitellogenesis about 2 days after the imaginal moult. During the first 6 days after the imaginal moult, each female with males matured on the average 41 eggs and each virgin matured 29 eggs. Stimuli associated with copulation and(or) insemination apparently are not required to initiate vitellogenesis, but do enhance the rate of oocyte maturation. Mated females lay their first eggs on the fourth day and virgin females about 1 day later. After the sixth day, mated females matured oocytes at about the same rate as before this time, whereas oocyte production is almost completely inhibited in virgins. Mated females also laid about 7.5 times as many eggs and accumulated an average of 40% fewer eggs in their reproductive systems than virgins. It is suggested that stimuli associated with copulation and(or) insemination enhance oviposition per se in mated females, that the accumulation of eggs in the reproductive systems slows further development of oocytes in virgins, and that the inhibition of vitellogenesis in virgins occurs at, or soon after, the time the first gonadotropic cycle is completed. A system for classifying stages of oocyte maturation inT.molitoris described.
DENSITY ESTIMATES AND DAILY MORTALITY RATE EVALUATIONS OF STABLE FLY (STOMOXYS CALCITRANS (DIPTERA: MUSCIDAE)) POPULATIONS IN FIELD CAGES
Authors: LaBrecque G. C. , Bailey Donald L. , Meifert D. W. , Weidhaas D. E.
Published: December 2009

In outdoor cage studies undertaken in the late summer of 1973, a method of estimating the absolute density of a stable fly (Stomoxys calcitrans (L.)) population was developed by correlating the average number of insects feeding or resting on a calf to the total number in the cage. Under the same cage conditions, where emigration, immigration, and to some extent, predation have been excluded, the daily mortality rate of normal stable flies marked with a fluorescent dye ranged from 25.3% to 27.3% dependent upon the sampling technique. Marker dyes have a deleterious effect on survival but surprisingly gamma irradiated flies succumbed at a lower rate than normal individuals.
A NEW SPECIES OF CHRYSOMELOBIA (ACARI: TARSONEMINA; PODAPOLIPIDAE) FROM NORTH AMERICA AND THE TAXONOMIC POSITION OF THE GENUS
Authors: Eickwort George C.
Published: December 2009

The larva, adult female, and adult male of Chrysomelobia labidomerae n. sp. are described. The adult female is compared with that of the only other described species in the genus, C. mahunkai from Europe. Chrysomelobia labidomerae is a parasite of adult milkweed leaf beetles, Labidomera clivicollis (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), in North America. Morphological similarities of all stages of Chrysomelobia with those of the generalized podapolipid Dorsipes support the retention of Chrysomelobia in the Podapolipidae as a most primitive genus in that family and the only one with 4 pairs of legs in the adult female.
DEVELOPMENT AND BIONOMICS OF CHRYSOMELOBIA LABIDOMERAE (ACARI: TARSONEMINA; PODAPOLIPIDAE), A PARASITE OF THE MILKWEED LEAF BEETLE (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE)
Authors: Baker Thomas C. , Eickwort George C.
Published: December 2009

Adult females of Chrysomelobia labidomerae Eickwort lay eggs on the upper surfaces of the hind wings of Labidomera clivicollis (Kirby). The eggs hatch in approximately 7 days and male and female larvae feed at the base of the wings and in the meso–metathoracic crevice and swell to about twice their original length. For about the second half of the approximately 7-day larval stadium, the larvae are inactive (pharate adults) and are usually cemented to the undersurfaces of the elytra. Inactive female larvae are accompanied by adult males that apparently copulate with the newly emerged adult females. The pharate adult is enclosed in a cuticular sac that may represent a calyptostatic nymphal instar. Adult females feed on the beetle’s abdominal terga and sometimes also occur on its venter where they do not feed. Females disperse from host to host when the beetles copulate. The species is arrhenotokous. Mites overwinter on the diapausing adult beetles and do not infest the immature stages of their host. Even at high population levels, the mites do not noticeably affect the longevity or fecundity of their hosts.
FACTORS DETERMINING LEVELS OF PARASITISM BY WINTHEMIA RUFOPICTA (DIPTERA: TACHINIDAE), WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO HELIOTHIS SPP. (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) AS HOSTS
Authors: Danks H. V.
Published: December 2009

Short-term interactions of the polyphagous tachinid Winthemia rufopicta (Big.) with its hosts, especially Heliothis zea (Boddie) and H. virescens (Fab.), are considered.

Within a given host species, interacting factors fall into three groups: (1) factors that have little influence on parasite oviposition, or cause little parasite mortality (host responses to ovipositing parasites, previous parasitism, firmness of attachment of eggs and, in the populations studied here, direct competition with other insect parasites); (2) factors that may account for significant limitation of oviposition (habitat, diel activity, and seasonal occurrence of a given host, and species preference of the parasite) or that cause significant parasite mortality (destruction by the host and other mortality of hatching maggots, which in turn depends partly on the position of eggs on the host): and (3) factors that can vary widely in a given host species and are therefore of great potential importance. These are: (a) host feeding behaviour—initial parasitism of H. zea, for example, varies from negligible levels for larvae concealed in corn ears to sometimes very high levels for larvae feeding openly on tobacco leaves; (b) host size—smaller larvae (especially penultimate compared with final instars) receive fewer ovipositions, and fewer eggs per oviposition; (c) host moulting—surface-deposited eggs are lost if the host moults before they hatch, but the rate of moulting varies with instar and foodplant, and interacts differently with parasite egg incubation times at different temperatures (most eggs are lost except in final instars); (d) intraspecific competition—depends on parasite and host densities, but reaches the highest levels in the fall; (e) competition with host pathogens—parasites may be killed during development if the host dies from pathogens.

For different hosts, family, size, surface quality, and spatial and temporal availability are known to have divergent influences on the levels of parasitism, but many other interactions are probably important.

The interpretation of records of total or of successful parasitism in host samples is considered—behavioural, developmental, and numerical interactions may make conclusions drawn from such records unreliable. In particular, levels of parasitism may change very rapidly as host or parasite populations develop; laboratory rearing may distort recorded levels of successful parasitism; and the proportion of attacked hosts that produce parasites, and the number of parasites produced by each host, normally varies directly with the number of eggs per host even when this is large.
NOTES ON THE BIOLOGY AND REARING OF TWO SPECIES OF GROUND BEETLES, PTEROSTICHUS MELANARIUS AND HARPALUS PENSYLVANICUS (COLEOPTERA: CARABIDAE)
Authors: Tomlin Alan D.
Published: December 2009

Adult carabid beetles of the species Harpalus pensylvanicus (DeGeer) and Pterostichus melanarius (Illiger) were collected from a cultivated field near London, Ont., and brought into the laboratory for observation and mass culture in terraria; the culture method is described. Both species oviposited successfully in the laboratory; P. melanarius produced as many as 134 eggs/female over a 6-month period, whereas H. pensylvanicus deposited only about 10 eggs/female under similar conditions. However, percentage emergence in Harpalus was substantially higher (62.6) than with Pterostichus (36.8 and 45.7). Large numbers of first- and second-instar P. melanarius larvae may be obtained by using the rearing method described. The low oviposition rate of H. pensylvanicus made large-scale rearing of this species difficult.

Observations are made on the mating behaviour and adult parasitization by horsehair worms (Nematomorpha) of Pterostichus.
TOXICITY OF BENOMYL TO THE CABBAGE MAGGOT, HYLEMYA BRASSICAE (DIPTERA: ANTHOMYIIDAE), IN GREENHOUSE TESTS
Authors: Reyes Andres A. , Stevenson A. B.
Published: December 2009

Benomyl controlled cabbage maggot, Hylemya brassicae (Bouché), on potted cabbage plants in a greenhouse when applied as a drench 3 days or 3 hours before eggs were introduced. It was not effective when applied 2 days or more after eggs were added or when the plants were transplanted from treated to untreated soil before eggs were added. The results suggested that the action of benomyl was ovicidal.
MOSQUITOES AND HUMAN DISEASE IN CANADA
Authors: McLintock J. , Iversen J.
Published: December 2009

In the early 19th century, malaria was indigenous in Upper Canada (Ontario), but indigenous infection has not been seen in Canada since about 1909. For many years mosquitoes were regarded principally as harmless pests of man and domestic animals until the recognition of a number of mosquito-borne viruses. At present, mosquitoes in Canada are known to be involved in the maintenance or spread of at least seven arboviruses. One of these viruses, western equine encephalomyelitis, occurs in epidemics in man and horses at irregular intervals in the western provinces. The extent to which the other arboviruses might cause disease in man or domestic animals in Canada is unknown at present but California encephalitis virus infection rates can be high in human residents of central Saskatchewan, central Alberta, and southern British Columbia. On the basis of observations made in the United States, St. Louis encephalitis virus could pose a threat to public health in Canada whereas the Cache Valley virus might involve livestock. Even if man and livestock are not involved at present in epidemics of disease due to these viruses, the presence of the viruses and their vectors should be of concern. Epidemics could arise either from amplification of causal viruses already present in indigenous foci or by amplification of viruses from new enzootic foci recently established by extension of the geographic ranges of the viruses. Evidence indicating which category each of the known viruses in Saskatchewan belongs to is briefly reviewed. Japanese B encephalitis virus has not yet been seen in Canada but the environmental prerequisites for an epidemic or epizootic due to this virus appear to be present and awaiting the arrival of the virus.
NUTRITIONAL STUDIES OF EASTERN SPRUCE BUDWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE): II. STARCHES
Authors: Harvey G. T.
Published: December 2009

Amylopectin added to a sugar-free wheat-germ diet was equal to or better than sucrose as a carbohydrate source, and appears to be readily utilized by the eastern spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.)). Larval growth on diets containing dextrins or potato starch shows that they are partly utilized. Starches from other sources, including those isolated from mature balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) or white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) needles, are not utilized to any extent, on the basis of larval growth on diets to which they have been added.

Sixth-instar budworm reared on artificial diets contain amylase(s) in midgut and salivary gland homogenates, which show a low rate of digestion of starches from host foliage. However, the presence of appreciable starch in frass from foliage-fed insects and the apparent low utilizability of foliar starch indicate that the latter is not an important nutrient for the budworm under natural conditions.
THE INSECTICIDE FENITROTHION IN HEADWATERS STREAMS FROM LARGE-SCALE FOREST SPRAYING
Authors: Eidt D. C. , Sundaram K. M. S.
Published: December 2009

Concentrations of the insecticide fenitrothion in water varied greatly among streams, depending upon spray history and weather. Sprays at 3 oz/ac (210 g/ha) resulted in measurable concentrations in streams as far as 2.5 mi (4 km) from the sprayed area. Concentrations (usually < 15 ppb) diminished quickly in fast flowing streams, and still faster when a spate followed spray application.
THE EFFECT OF FENITROTHION FROM LARGE-SCALE FOREST SPRAYING ON BENTHOS IN NEW BRUNSWICK HEADWATERS STREAMS
Authors: Eidt D. C.
Published: December 2009

Kills of arthropods in three streams containing fenitrothion up to 6.38 ppb were measured using drift nets. Stoneflies and some species of mayflies were most affected. The drift responses of various taxa to the insecticide and to stream discharge are documented. The benthos was not seriously depleted.
COLD-HARDINESS OF FIRST INSTAR LARVAE OF THE FOREST TENT CATERPILLAR, MALACOSOMA DISSTRIA (LEPIDOPTERA: LASIOCAMPIDAE)
Authors: Raske A. G.
Published: December 2009

Unfed forest tent caterpillar (Malacosoma disstria Hbn.) larvae were subjected to temperature treatments of −18°, −12°, −7°, −1°, 4°, and 22 °C, each at durations of 2 days, 7 days, and 14 days. Each temperature–duration treatment was initiated 3 days before expected hatch, and 3 days after hatch. Fed larvae were subjected to identical treatments 2 days after hatch. Temperature treatments of the before hatch group resulted in appreciable mortality only at −18 °C for 7 days and at −18 °C and −12 °C for 14 days. Temperature treatments of the after hatch group resulted in nearly 100% mortality at −18 °C for all durations, at −12 °C for 14 days, and about 50% mortality at −7 °C for 14 days. Other temperature–duration combinations caused little mortality. The mortality resulting from temperature treatments of fed larvae did not differ from unfed larvae of the after hatch group.
SELECTION OF OVIPOSITIONAL SITES BY THE EUROPEAN PINE SAWFLY, NEODIPRION SERTIFER (HYMENOPTERA: DIPRIONIDAE), ON SCOTS PINE
Authors: Hardy Yvan J. , Allen Douglas C.
Published: December 2009

On Scots pine, Neodiprion sertifer prefers the lowermost needle of fascicles on the distal one-third of shoots for oviposition. The amount of divergence between needles in a fascicle may influence the selection of oviposition sites, as the needles were further apart in egg-bearing fascicles. The interior diameter of resin canals was significantly greater on egg-bearing than non-egg-bearing needles.
PHOTOPERIODIC CONTROL OF DEVELOPMENT AND PHENOTYPE IN A SUBARCTIC POPULATION OF PIERIS OCCIDENTALIS (LEPIDOPTERA: PIERIDAE)
Authors: Shapiro Arthur M.
Published: December 2009

Pieris occidentalis nelsoni W. H. Edwards from Fairbanks, Alaska, was reared under a variety of photoperiod–temperature regimes. The source population is presumably univoltine and monophenic, with a phenotype resembling the vernal one produced by multivoltine, diphenic P. o. occidentalis Reakirt in Colorado and California. Photoperiods of 10 or 15 h produced 100% diapause pupae at 15 °C and circa 65% at 25 °C. Under continuous light 22% diapaused at 15 °C and < 1% at 25 °C. About 20% of non-diapause pupae produced adults resembling the estival phenotype of P. o. occidentalis, which is unknown in wild P. o. nelsoni. Although nelsoni is more likely to diapause than the nominate subspecies from the Sierra Nevada, its potential for direct development and polyphenism is interpreted as evidence that it is derived from a multivoltine ancestor.
USE OF TRAPS BAITED WITH VIRGIN FEMALES FOR FIELD OBSERVATIONS ON THE BERTHA ARMYWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE)
Authors: Swailes G. E. , Struble D. L. , Holmes N. D.
Published: December 2009

Cylindrical traps with screen cones at the ends baited with virgin females and placed in rape fields about 1 m above ground level were effective in trapping males of the bertha armyworm. Males were most active between 0330 and 0430 h M.D.T. and moved precisely to confined females. Virgin females became attractive 1 day after emergence and remained attractive for at least 7 days. Trapping was an effective method for rapidly determining the presence of bertha armyworm.
EVIDENCE FOR THE EXISTENCE OF AN INTERGRADE POPULATION BETWEENHYALOPHORA GLOVERI NOKOMISANDH.COLUMBIAIN NORTHWESTERN ONTARIO (LEPIDOPTERA: SATURNIIDAE)
Authors: Köhalmi Lester , Moens Peter
Published: December 2009

Adult silkmoths captured in northwestern Ontario and tentatively identified asHyalophora columbia(Smith) were found to resembleH.gloveri nokomis(Brodie) which occurs as far east as Winnipeg, Man. Habitat studies showed that the larvae of the northwestern Ontario moths are not strictly larch feeders as are the larvae of typicalH.Columbia.

The dorsal thoracic tubercle colour of typical fifth instarH.Columbialarvae is red. Matings between typicalH.ColumbiaandH.cecropia(L.) have produced fifth instar larvae with only reddish-orange tubercles. However, matings of male moths from northwestern Ontario withH,cecropiafemales have produced fifth instar larvae with reddish-orange, light orange, or yellow dorsal thoracic tubercles. Further matings of northwestern Ontario males withH.euryalis(Boisd.) and typicalH.Columbiafemales have established the presence in northwestern Ontario of a colour polymorphism of which the phenotypic colour components are red, reddish orange, and yellow.

The fifth instar dorsal thoracic tubercle colour ofH.gloveri nokomislarvae is yellow and it is proposed that the yellow tubercle colour of the northwestern Ontario larvae has originated from the influx of genes from the nearbyH.gloveri nokomispopulation.

The evidence presented in this paper points to the existence of an intergrade population betweenH.gloveri nokomisandH.columbiain northwestern Ontario.
A NEW SPECIES OF OOENCYRTUS (HYMENOPTERA: CHALCIDOIDEA, ENCYRTIDAE) REARED FROM THE ELM SPANWORM, ENNOMOS SUBSIGNARIUS (LEPIDOPTERA: GEOMETRIDAE)
Authors: Yoshimoto Carl M.
Published: December 2009

Ooencyrtus ennomophagus n. sp., an egg parasite of the elm spanworm, Ennomos subsignarius (Hübner), from Connecticut, U.S.A., is described and illustrated.
NEW SPECIES AND RECORDS OFTACHINUS(COLEOPTERA: STAPHYLINIDAE) FROM NORTH AMERICA
Authors: Campbell J. M.
Published: December 2009

Two new species ofTachinusare described:T.minorfrom the Huachuca Mountains, Ariz., and Durango, Mexico, andT.schuhifrom Oregon.Tachinus corticinusGravenhorst, a common Palaearctic species is recorded from North America for the first time and is redescribed. A male ofT.vergatusCampbell, previously unknown, is described from an Ontario specimen. The latest key to North and Central AmericanTachinus(Campbell 1973) is modified to include these additions. The pertinent features of each species are illustrated with line drawings or scanning electron photomicrographs.
MATING BEHAVIOR IN RHAGOLETIS POMONELLA (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE): V. VIRGIN FEMALE ATTRACTION TO MALE ODOR
Authors: Prokopy Ronald J.
Published: December 2009

Evidence from studies in large field cages indicated that odor from virgin male apple maggot flies, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh), was attractive to virgin females. Whether the principal role of this odor in mating behavior is in fact that of a female attractant or rather that of an aphrodisiac is uncertain and awaits further study.
THE EFFECT OF PARASITISM BY APHIDIUS SMITHI (HYMENOPTERA: APHIDIIDAE) ON REPRODUCTION AND POPULATION GROWTH OF THE PEA APHID (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE)
Authors: Campbell A. , Mackauer M.
Published: December 2009

Parasitism by Aphidius smithi reduced the fecundity and population growth of pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum. Aphids that were parasitized during the first or second instar period died as fourth instars without producing offspring. Parasitized third or fourth instars usually reached maturity and produced a variable number of progeny. Parasitized adult aphids stopped producing nymphs approximately 7 to 8 days following attack by A. smithi. Equations are given for the relationship between the mean total fecundity, the intrinsic rate of increase, and the doubling time of apterous and alate viviparous pea aphid and the aphid age at the beginning of parasitism.
CARBON DIOXIDE AS A FUMIGANT AGAINST THE SAN JOSE SCALE (HOMOPTERA: DIASPIDIDAE) ON HARVESTED APPLES
Authors: Morgan C. V. G. , Gaunce A. P.
Published: December 2009

Carbon dioxide shows some promise as a fumigant for control of stored product insects and some of its properties and uses have been summarized by Monro (1969). Recently, horticulturists have shown that firmness in apples and cherries is retained longer when they are treated with carbon dioxide before storage (S. W. Porritt, Research Station, Agriculture Canada, Summerland, B.C., pers. comm.). Since the gas has favorable properties for use as a fumigant and leaves no residue in food, we examined its potential for killing pests on harvested apples.
PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS ON ELECTROPHORETIC PATTERNS OF TOTAL SOLUBLE PROTEINS OFMACROSIPHUM EUPHORBIAE(HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE)
Authors: Chawla S. S. , Islam M. N. , Cloutier M. , Perron J. M.
Published: December 2009

Soluble extract ofMacrosiphum euphorbiae(Thomas) was separated electrophoretically into fast moving and slow moving protein bands These bands were fractionated and studied for their amino acid content. Glycine was the most prominent amino acid in both bands. Aspartic acid, serine, glutamic acid, alanine, and leucine were present in high concentrations in the fast moving protein band. Lysine, alanine, valine, tyrosine, and phenylalanine were present in traces in the slow moving protein band.
FACTORS AFFECTING ADULT EMERGENCE AND MATING BEHAVIOR OF THE EASTERN SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Sanders C. J.
Published: December 2009

Laboratory and field experiments indicate that the female spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.)) pupal stadium requires approximately 122C degree-days above a threshold of 7.2 °C (45°F), the male 124. Emergence time on any given day depends on temperature but is independent of photoperiod. Under field conditions male and female budworm mate only once per 24-h period. In the laboratory under continuous illumination females mate repeatedly and males readily mate a second time within a few hours, but the duration of the second copulation is abnormally long. The probability of multiple matings under field conditions is reduced by the restricted period of sexual activity coupled with the duration of copulation and the lower competitiveness of mated insects. Antennae are essential to the male for successful copulation.
FRONTALIN ATTRACTANT IN STANDS INFESTED BY THE SPRUCE BEETLE, DENDROCTONUS RUFIPENNIS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: Dyer E. D. A.
Published: December 2009

Field trials of the synthetic bark-beetle pheromone frontalin demonstrated that lines of single, baited spruce trees, in or near Dendroctonus rufipennis infestations, resulted in concentrated beetle attacks on trees in a strip 2 chains (40 m) wide on either side of the lines of baited trees. Pre-flight insecticide (Lindane) application killed the beetles and prevented tree mortality. Post-attack arboricide (Silvisar) treatment killed most parent beetles and brood under the bark. A predator, Thanasimus undatulus, also was aggregated at frontalin-baited trees. This application of pheromone shows promise of becoming a forest management tool to concentrate beetle attacks in partly infested stands prior to logging.
NESTING AGGREGATIONS OF THE EUGLOSSINE BEE EUPLUSIA SURINAMENSIS (HYMENOPTERA: APIDAE): INDIVIDUAL INTERACTIONS AND THE ADVANTAGE OF LIVING TOGETHER
Authors: Myers Judith , Loveless M. D.
Published: December 2009

The nesting behaviour of the euglossine bee Euplusia surinamensis was observed on the Osa Peninsula of Costa Rica. We found that female bees nest in aggregations, re-use old nests, will take over abandoned nests shortly after the original owner is removed, and will fight off invading bees which attempt to take over their nests. We suggest that the nesting aggregations give bees the opportunity to use old nests and take over partially provisioned nests if the original owner disappears. In this way bees are able to increase their rate of egg laying above that which would be possible with solitary nesting and de novo nest construction.
MYCOPLASMA-LIKE BODIES, RICKETTSIA-LIKE BODIES, AND SALIVARY BODIES IN THE SALIVARY GLANDS AND SALIVA OF THE LEAFHOPPER MACROSTELES FASCIFRONS (HOMOPTERA: CICADELLIDAE)
Authors: Raine J. , Forbes A. R. , Skelton F. E.
Published: December 2009

Examination of the salivary glands and the saliva of the six-spotted leafhopper, Macrosteles fascifrons (Stål), with the transmission electron microscope revealed three kinds of membrane-limited bodies. Typical mycoplasma-like bodies (MLBs) were found in the salivary glands of leafhoppers transmitting aster yellows, but were absent in those never exposed to a disease source. Rickettsia-like bodies (RLBs) and other small bodies named salivary bodies (SBs), apparently associated with the secretion of saliva, were found in both transmitting and nontransmitting leafhoppers. Pronase digested the SBs in 20 min and pepsin in 2 h, but neither enzyme had any effect on MLBs or RLBs.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GLUCOSINOLATE CONTENT OF CRUCIFEROUS PLANTS AND OVIPOSITION PREFERENCES OF HYLEMYA BRASSICAE (DIPTERA: ANTHOMYIIDAE)
Authors: Nair K. S. S. , McEwen F. L. , Snieckus V.
Published: December 2009

Leaves of each of six cruciferous plant species investigated contained glucosinolates. There was no correlation between the total glucosinolate concentration of the species (identity of the glucosinolates unknown) and the oviposition response of the adult cabbage maggot, Hylemya brassicae (Bouché). Tests with chemical fractions isolated from rutabaga root tissue indicated that glucosinolates are the major, and perhaps the only, oviposition-inducing substances present in cruciferous plants. It is suggested that oviposition preferences are governed by the presence of some ’key’ glucosinolates and the absence of inhibitory chemicals.
INCIDENCE OF PARASITOIDS ATTACKING ENDEMIC SPRUCE BUDWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) POPULATIONS IN NEW BRUNSWICK
Authors: Miller C. A. , Renault T. R.
Published: December 2009

Annual population estimates of spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), larvae and the incidence of larval parasitism were monitored in northern New Brunswick following the collapse of the 1949–1959 epidemic in the region. The most common parasitoid among the very sparse hosts was Synetaeris tenuifemur, although it had been rarely found during the epidemic. Larval parasitism sometimes exceeded 50% but it could not be shown as a key factor associated with changing host abundance.
CHIRONOMIDAE (DIPTERA) OF CHAR LAKE, CORNWALLIS ISLAND, N.W.T., WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEW SPECIES
Authors: Oliver D. R.
Published: December 2009

Pseudodiamesa arctica (Mall.), Heterotrissocladius subpilosus (Kieff.), Orthocladius (s.s.) lapponicus Goetgh., Orthocladius (s.s.) sp., Paracladius quadrinodosus Hirv., Trissocladius tricornis n. sp., and Lauterbornia sedna n. sp. develop from egg to pharate adult in Char Lake. The occurrence of the larvae of 7 additional species is apparently adventitious, All stages of the two new species plus the larvae of P. arctica and P. quadrinodosus are described. The males of T. tricornis are dimorphic and L. sedna is parthenogenetic. New distribution records are given for most of the species. The chironomid fauna of Char Lake is compared with that of other arctic lakes.
THE AERIAL APHID PLANKTON OVER THE RESEARCH STATION, FREDERICTON, NEW BRUNSWICK, 1967–1969
Authors: Adams Jean B. , Drew M. E. , MacGillivray M. E.
Published: December 2009

Gauze covers placed over the entrance of one air intake louver (1.52 m × 1.52 m, ht. 11.85 m, air passage 3055.8 cu.m/min) on the penthouse of the Research Station, from May until December, during a 3-year period, trapped more than 150 aphid species. In addition a considerable amount of intercepted aphid material was identified to genus only. A total of 31,482 specimens were trapped over the period.

Five species, Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch), Rhopalosiphum padi (Linnaeus), Mindarus abietinus Koch, Alhis craccae Linnaeus, and Capitophorus eleagni (del Guercio), predominated in all years. In 1967 and 1968 more than 100 specimens each of Pterocallis alnifoliae (Fitch), Tinocallis ulmifolii Monell, Myzocallis occultus Richards, Prociphilus americanus (Walker), Capitophorus hippophaes (Walker), Hayhurstia atriplicis (Linnaeus), Thuleaphis rumexicolens (Patch), and Myzus persicae (Sulzer) were trapped each year.

Once potential development temperatures were reached there was little correlation between mean temperatures and aphid numbers up until frost.

The earliest interception was 6 May; general dispersal was under way by 6 June and continued until late November, despite preceding October frost.
FURTHER LARVAE AND PUPAE OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICAN TABANIDAE (DIPTERA)
Authors: Teskey H. J. , Burger J. F.
Published: December 2009

Larvae and pupae of eight species of Tabanidae are described: Chrysops sequax Williston, Hybomitra cincta (Fabricius), H. longiglossa (Philip), H. microcephala (Osten Sacken), H. daeckei (Hine), Tabanus novaescotiae Macquart, T. colon Thunberg, and T. wiedemanni Osten Sacken. A key is provided for identification of nine of the 10 species of Tabanus currently known to possess a stigmatal spine.
DISTRIBUTION, ABUNDANCE, AND SURVIVAL OF THE BALSAM WOOLLY APHID, ADELGES PICEAE (HOMOPTERA: PHYLLOXERIDAE), ON BRANCHES OF BALSAM FIR, ABIES BALSAMEA
Authors: Bryant D. G.
Published: December 2009

Over 95% of feeding balsam woolly aphids occur in crevices on balsam fir branches and the highest density occurs within the 3-year tip of branches. The crevices occur under the bud scales at nodes, the base of each season’s growth, and among staminate flower buds or among and within flower bracts. The abundance and survival of aphids as well as mortality factors vary with the location of the nodes in a branch, the type of branch, and aphid generation. The significant differences show that there are 9 to 13 strata within the 3-year tip of a branch. For ecological studies and measuring population levels, the cluster of aphids within a defined crevice, for example under the bud scale at the base of a cluster of shoots, can be selected as a sample unit.
SAMPLING POPULATIONS OF ADELGES PICEAE (HOMOPTERA: PHYLLOXERIDAE) ON BALSAM FIR, ABIES BALSAMEA
Authors: Bryant D. G.
Published: December 2009

The balsam woolly aphid, Adelges piceae, has a complex distribution in the crown of trees; The sample universe and sample units are defined, and methods of detecting, monitoring, and measuring population levels at stated levels of confidence, accuracy, and assurance are described. Suggestions are given for sampling aphids on the stems of trees.
REVIEW OF THE MEXICAN SPECIES OF THE SUBGENUS MICROSAURUS OF THE GENUS QUEDIUS (COLEOPTERA: STAPHYLINIDAE)
Authors: Smetana A.
Published: December 2009

All species of the subgenus Microsaurus Steph. of the genus Quedius Steph. (Staphylinidae), known to occur at present in Mexico, are treated. A key is given. Three species are described as new.
POTENTIAL OF ANTIFEEDANTS TO CONTROL LARVAL FEEDING OF SELECTED NEODIPRION SAWFLIES (HYMENOPTERA: DIPRIONIDAE)
Authors: All J. N. , Benjamin D. M.
Published: December 2009

Antifeedants for controlling larval feeding of several Neodiprion sawflies were evaluated in laboratory and field studies. Nine commercially available insect antifeedants and a hexane extract of the juvenile foliage of jack pine, Pinus banksiana Lambert, were tested on larvae of six species. In laboratory bioassays larvae exhibited varying sensitivity to antifeedants; generally species with monophagous or restricted oligophagous feeding habits were most sensitive. In the laboratory the Swaine jack pine sawfly, Neodiprion swainei Middleton, had severely restricted feeding, development, survival, and fecundity. Triphenyltin hydroxide was toxic to N. swainei and to European pine sawfly, N. sertifer (Geoffroy). In field tests certain antifeedants disrupted N. swainei feeding and development. The colonial behavior of larvae often was disrupted and solitary larvae fell from trees or wandered on twigs. Colony disruption by most antifeedants was temporary and many larvae resumed feeding.
A NEW SPECIES OF BRACHYPOGON (DIPTERA: CERATOPOGONIDAE), THE FIRST RECORD OF THE GENUS IN CANADA
Authors: Downes J. A.
Published: December 2009

Brachypogon canadensis n. sp. is described from western Quebec; the known range of the species extends southwards to Florida. It is perhaps most nearly allied to the widespread Palaearctic species B. vitiosus (Winnertz).
EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON OVIPOSITION AND BROOD DEVELOPMENT OF PISSODES STROBI (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE)
Authors: McMullen L. H.
Published: December 2009

The effects of temperature on rates of oviposition and development of immature stages of Pissodes strobi from Sitka and white spruce were investigated in the laboratory. Maximum rate of oviposition occurred at 20° to 26 °C. Brood development from egg to emergence took 888 and 785 degree-days above a threshold of 7.2 °C for the weevil from Sitka and white spruce, respectively.