bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Drug Treatment on Institutional Behavior
Authors: Kinlock Timothy W. , O'Grady Kevin E. , Hanlon Thomas E.
Published: September 2003

This study examines the effects of drug abuse treatment on the behavior of drug-involved offenders during incarceration and offender characteristics associated with rule violations. Participants included 170 prerelease inmates with histories of drug abuse who were randomly assigned to either weekly cognitive-behavioral counseling or brief monthly supportive counseling for a 6-month period. During this period, three outcomes were examined: reclassification to greater security, self-reported commission of major rule violations, and citations received for these rule violations. Results of multivariate analyses indicated that cognitive-behavioral treatment was associated with reduced likelihood of reclassification to more secure facilities. Aspects of psychological functioning were also related to reclassification as well as to citations for major infractions.
Correctional Officer Burnout and Stress: Does Gender Matter?
Authors: Carlson Joseph R. , Anson Richard H. , Thomas George
Published: September 2003

Numerous researchers have hypothesized or found that women correctional officers experience greater job-related stress than their male counterparts (Cullen, Link, Wolfe, & Frank, 1985; Slate, 1993; Wright and Saylor, 1991; Zupan, 1986). The con-temporary literature has presented little data testing the relationship between gender and burnout in a maximum security prison setting. In the present study, 277 correctional officers were administered the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI). Item analysis of the MBI confirms earlier studies demonstrating scale reliability. Contrary to earlier stress studies conducted in the 1980s, women correctional officers demonstrated a greater sense of job-related personal achievement and accomplishment (F = 5.38, p = .02) than their men counterparts. Men and women correctional officers were found to be homogeneous groups on emotional exhaustion and depersonalization.
The Prioritization of Treatment among Texas Parole Officers
Authors: Quinn James F. , Gould Larry A.
Published: September 2003

A factor analysis using data from 559 parole officers is used to examine the relation-ship between officers `traits, work situation, and perceived needs. The results show an overwhelming desire for more treatment resources that challenge some established typologies of community supervision officers. Results suggest that seniority, job type, and caseload size were the most powerful factors in predicting the prioritization of treatment resources, whereas race, city size, political ideology, gender, and education also affect respondents' desire for treatment resources. Placed in a context of evolving agency policies, the growing popularity of the “new penology,” and the privatization of mental health and substance abuse services, the interpretation of the data is of heuristic interest to national corrections planning.
Comparing the Quality of Confinement and Cost-Effectiveness of Public Versus Private Prisons: What We Know, Why We Do Not Know More, and Where to Go from Here
Authors: Perrone Dina , Pratt Travis C.
Published: September 2003

The movement to privatize correctional institutions has gained considerable momentum as the need to reduce the costs of incarceration to public agencies has become more critical. The empirical evidence regarding whether private prisons are more cost-effective and whether they provide a higher quality of confinement to inmates, however, is inconclusive. To help clarify this portion of the prison privatization debate, this article contains a systematic review of the evaluation literature comparing the costs and quality of confinement of public versus private prisons. In doing so, three issues are highlighted: (a) the conclusions that can be reached based on the existing literature,(b) the major methodological inconsistencies that have hindered researchers' ability to draw firm conclusions from the body of empirical studies thus far, and (c) the direction that future research in this area may take to advance a better understanding of the potential advantages and disadvantages of prison privatization.
The Evolving Nature of Prison Argot and Sexual Hierarchies
Authors: Hensley Christopher , Wright Jeremy , Tewksbury Richard , Castle Tammy
Published: September 2003

Prison argot and sexual hierarchies have consistently been found to be present in U.S. correctional facilities. However, recent years have seen very few studies that focus specifically on argot labels and sexual hierarchies that exist in prisons. Using data collected from 174 face-to-face structured interviews with male inmates in multisecurity-level correctional facilities in Oklahoma, we found many similarities and differences with previous research on the issues of argot labels and the sexual hierarchy. For example, inmates who engage in same-sex sexual activity continue to be labeled based on the sexual role they portray in the institution. However, the findings of the present study suggest that the nature of these sexual relationships is changing.
Black Males' Structural Conditions, Achievement Patterns, Normative Needs, and “Opportunities”
Authors: Swanson Dena Phillips , Cunningham Michael , Spencer Margaret Beale
Published: September 2003

The relations between normative developmental transitions, contextual influences, and life-stage outcomes such as academic achievement for African American males are examined. The integration ofaffective and cognitive processes are reviewed for preschool- and elementary-aged boys, and an empirical examination ofvulnerable and resilient outcomes of219 urban adolescent males is used to illustrate how structural conditions provide opportunities for vulnerable and successful academic outcomes. The results indicate that negative stereotyping and tracking from early experiences in educational settings influence African American males' scholastic achievement. By adolescence, given normative developmental experiences ofsocial mobility and increased cognitive reasoning, experiences in their community as well as school contexts influences African American males' reactive or proactive coping strategies that influence vulnerability and resilience in school. Suggestions for future research and intervention efforts are offered.
Early Schooling and Academic Achievement of African American Males
Authors: Davis James Earl
Published: September 2003

African American males challenge schools in many ways.Perhaps the single most important challenge that has garnered recent attention in research reports, policy documents, and public commentary has been the increasing disparity in the educational achievement of African American males relative to their peers.Although other issues, such as the need to develop programs that promote school readiness, improving teacher education, and providing resources to meet increasing academic standards, are important, the implications for achievement differentials are even more far-reaching.The negative consequences of the achievement gap are more acute for African American males who are victimized by chronic, systemic levels of poor performance and behavior problems in school.In short, the potential loss of resources—intellectual, cultural, and economic—resulting from lower achievement reduces the capacity of African American males to be productive, integral, and contributing members of their communities.
What's Happening to the Boys?
Authors: Roderick Melissa
Published: September 2003

This article examines the transition to high school among African American males who were part of a longitudinal study in Chicago. It begins with a comparison of gender differences in school performance from 8th to 12th grade. It then presents an in-depth qualitative look at the experiences of the 15 males in the longitudinal study. In 8th grade, there were few gender differences in school performance or teachers' ratings of students' behavior and skills. African American males experienced much more dramatic declines than females in their grades between 8th and 9th grade and were viewed more negatively by their 9th grade teachers. Ultimately, only 40% of the males graduated compared to 80% of the females. By looking carefully at individual students' experiences, this article seeks to gain insight into the school, peer, familial and developmental processes that shape the school performance of African American males over this critical period.
Adolescent Ambiguities in American Pie
Authors: Ashcraft Catherine
Published: September 2003

Popular culture is a key site in the formation of teen knowledges about sex. Yet formal sex education programs have largely ignored this arena. In this article, the author proposes the need to critically incorporate popular culture into sex education efforts to develop programs that resonate with teens' experiences and, at the same time, allow them to construct more equitable social relations. The author illustrates how this might be done through an analysis of the recent teen film American Pie. In addition, the author identifies specific implications and resources for broader theoretical efforts to reconstruct discourses of masculinity, femininity, and sexuality.
Interpreting Community Effects on Youth Educational Attainment
Authors: South Scott J. , Baumer Eric P. , Lutz Amy
Published: September 2003

Longitudinal data from 1,128 respondents in the National Survey of Children are used to examine factors that help explain the higher rates of school dropout and lower rates of high school graduation in socioeconomically distressed communities. The authors find that approximately one third of the observed positive effect of community socioeconomic disadvantage on high school discontinuation can be explained by the educational behaviors of peers, a result broadly consistent with epidemic models of neighborhood effects. A smaller proportion of the impact of neighborhood socioeconomic status on youth educational attainment can be attributed to youth's lower educational aspirations and higher rates of residential mobility in poor neighborhoods. Despite their centrality to theories of neighborhood effects, adolescents' delinquent behavior, attachment to school and parents, and parental control over adolescent behavior do little to mediate the impact of community disadvantage on high school dropout and graduation.
Religion and U.S. Secondary School Students
Authors: Wallace John M. , Forman Tyrone A. , Caldwell Cleopatra H. , Willis Deborah S.
Published: September 2003

This study used large nationally representative samples of 8th-, 10th-, and 12th-grade students to examine current patterns, recent trends, and sociodemographic correlates of religiosity among American adolescents. The results indicate that approximately 60% of American young people feel that religion is an important part of their life, 50% regularly attend religious services, and the vast majority report an affiliation with a specific religion. Trend data suggest that key indicators of religiosity have been relatively stable for nearly a decade among8th and 10th graders and for more than a quarter century among high school seniors. Bivariate and multivariate analyses of the relationships between selected sociodemographic factors and the religion measures indicate that younger students, girls, Black and Latino youth, more affluent youth, rural youth, and Southern youth are generally more religious than their older, male, White, less affluent, urban, and non-Southern counterparts.
“I'll Resist with Every Inch and Every Breath”
Authors: Schilt Kristen
Published: September 2003

Scholars who argue that girls lose their confidence during adolescence neglect to examine girls who do not lose their voice as teenagers. Based on written interviews and textual analysis of zines produced by girls involved in the feminist subculture of Riot Grrrl, this article maintains that zine making is one way girls form support networks and create a safe space to examine and resist the cultural devaluation of women.
Do People Watch what they Do Not Trust?
Authors: Tsfati Yariv , Cappella Joseph N.
Published: September 2003

This article explores a possible association between skepticism toward the media and audience exposure patterns. Hypotheses predicting a relationship between media skepticism and news media consumption are tested on four large sample data sets. Findings show that media skepticism is negatively associated with mainstream news exposure but positively associated with nonmainstream news exposure.
Economic Openness and Media Penetration
Authors: Yang Fang , Shanahan James
Published: September 2003

Using country-level data, this study proposes and tests a multivariate model explaining levels of media penetration around the world, with special interest in the impact of an increasingly global economy on media industries. This study finds that countries with more open economies (i.e., those more exposed to the world market) tend to have higher penetration rates of newspapers, personal computers, Internet hosts, and main telephone lines, even after controlling for GDP per capita, literacy, urbanization, population, levels of democracy and freedom, and regional variables. The data cover most of the countries in the world. The results indicate a link between a global economy and an “information age”—an enormous expansion of world communication. This study complements earlier research on the economic constraints of media penetration; most of the earlier work was done in a U.S. setting and focused on GDP per capita in explaining media penetration.
Television Exposure, Parents' Precautionary Warnings, and Young Adults' Perceptions of Crime
Authors: Busselle Rick W.
Published: September 2003

Crime-related television viewing may influence not only the viewer but also individuals with whom the viewer communicates. A matched sample of parents and their first semester college-age children were surveyed independently (N = 178 pairs)to test a model linking parents' crime-related television viewing with their college-age children's perceptions of crime prevalence. The model identifies parents' precautionary warnings as influenced by their own crime viewing and as influencing their college-age children's crime-prevalence estimates. Results indicate the relationship between parents' crime viewing and their issuance of precautionary warnings is mediated by their own estimates of crime prevalence and that parents' precautionary warnings influence young adults' perceptions of crime prevalence. Young adults' gender influences both the frequency of parental warnings and young adults' perceptions of how frequently they were warned by parents but appears not to influence perceptions of crime directly.
The Unintended Effects of Television Advertising
Authors: Buijzen Moniek , Valkenburg Patti M.
Published: September 2003

The aim of this parent-child survey is to investigate how television advertising is related to children's purchase requests, materialism, disappointment, life dissatisfaction, and family conflict. In a first step, a conceptual model based on existing hypotheses was developed, and in a second step, this model was tested using a sample of 360 parent-child (8- to 12-year-olds) dyads. Using structural equation modeling, the findings show that advertising is positively and directly related to children's purchase requests and materialism. It is also positively, though indirectly (mediated by advertising-induced purchase requests), related to family conflict, disappointment, and life dissatisfaction. Parent-child consumer communication and parental mediation of advertising are important moderators of the effects of advertising on children's purchase requests and materialism.
Effects of Left Amygdala Lesions on Respiration, Skin Conductance, Heart Rate, Anxiety, and Activity of the Right Amygdala During Anticipation of Negative Stimulus
Authors: Masaoka Yuri , Hirasawa Kenichi , Yamane Fumitaka , Hori Tomokatsu , Homma Ikuo
Published: September 2003

The present study reports the effects of lesions in the left amygdala on anxiety, respiration, skin conductance, heart rate, and electrical potentials in the right amygdala in two patients. Trait and anticipatory-state anxiety were measured before and after left amygdala resection to control medically intractable epilepsy in the patients. Lesions in the left amygdala resulted in decreases of trait and state anxiety, respiratory rate, and activity in the right amygdala in both patients; one patient also showed notable decreases in skin conductance and heart rate. The study also reports that activities in the right amygdala before the lesion were not observed after the lesion. We suggest that the activity of the right amygdala is dominantly activated in anxiety and anxiety-related physiological responses but needs excitatory inputs from the left amygdala.
The Conditioning of Dyspneic Suffocation Fear
Authors: Mongeluzi Donna L. , Rosellini Robert A. , Ley Ronald , Caldarone Barbara J. , Stock Howard S.
Published: September 2003

Previous studies in our laboratory have shown that a single exposure to 100% carbon dioxide (CO2) can serve as an effective unconditioned stimulus (US) in a Pavlovian aversive-context conditioning paradigm in rats. Although the US exposure parameters employed in the initial studies were sufficient for producing a context-specific enhancement of behavioral freezing and analgesia, it had yet to be determined whether variations of these CO2 conditioning procedures would produce other conditioning effects. Thus, the purpose of the following experiment was to investigate the intensity of the US on the conditioned response (CR). The findings confirm that variations in CO2 concentrations produce changes in the CR that are consistent with principles of Pavlovian conditioning. The findings lend additional support to the tenability of a dyspneic suffocation fear theory of panic disorder, a theory that postulates that at least one type of panic attack could be a consequence of Pavlovian conditioning.
Behavioral Influences and Physiological Indices of Ventilatory Control in Subjects with Idiopathic Hyperventilation
Authors: Jack Sandy , Rossiter Harry B. , Warburton Christopher J. , Whipp Brian J.
Published: September 2003

Idiopathic hyperventilation has been defined as a respiratory-related psychophysiological complaint. This study attempted to clarify relationships between psychological and physiological variables in this condition. Participants demonstrated increased anxiety, depression, and symptoms consistent with hyperventilation. This was associated with a reduced peripheral chemosensitivity (isocapnic hypoxic rebreathe; -0.84 ± 0.5 min-1 *%O2-1), which was normalized with experimentally increased pCO2. Resting CO2 sensitivity was close to normal (2.1 ± 1.0 min-1 * mmHg-1). Breath hold time was significantly reduced versus controls (20.4s±12svs.63s±31s), and resting PETCO2 was correlated with the anxiety score. Also, the ventilatory response to moderate intensity exercise was augmented (vs. controls). The normalcy of pulmonary and chemoreceptor responses suggests that psychological factors may initiate this hyperventilation, which may become a conditioned response with an increased drive to breathe.
Respiratory Variability and Psychological Well-Being in Schoolchildren
Authors: Van Den Wittenboer Godfried , Van Der Wolf Kees , Van Dixhoorn Jan
Published: September 2003

Among the relations between respiration and psychological state, associations with respiratory variability have been contradictory. In this study, respiration was measured noninvasively in 162 children with a mean age of 11 years (from 9 to 13). They completed a battery of psychological tests. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM or LISREL) revealed a model that fit the data well (X2 = 88.201, df = 79, p = .224). In this model, respiratory variability was positively related to anger-in and negatively to negative fear of failure and neurotic complaints. Respiration rate was positively related to positive fear of failure, and duty cycle was positively related to the latent variable of negative affect. Variability in resting time components of respiration was higher among children with less fear of failure and fewer complaints. Therefore, respiratory variability need not necessarily be a sign of psychological dysfunctions, and interventions should not always impose a fixed breathing pattern.
The LifeShirt
Authors: Wilhelm Frank H. , Roth Walton T. , Sackner Marvin A.
Published: September 2003

An accurate ambulatory breathing monitor is needed to observe acute respiratory changes in patients with medical or psychological disorders outside the clinic (e.g., hyperventilation during panic or apneas during sleep). Significant limitations of existing monitors are size, troublesome operation, and difficulty holding chest and abdomen bands in place during 24-hour recordings. Recently, a garment has been developed with embedded inductive plethysmography sensors for continuous ambulatory monitoring of respiration, heart activity, inductive cardiography, motility, postural changes, and other functions. The signals are displayed and stored on a handheld computer (Visor), and then analyzed offline, extracting more than 40 clinical parameters relating to cardiorespiratory function (e.g., heart rate, respiratory sinus arrhythmia, tidal volume, stroke volume, pre-ejection period, apnea-hypopnea index, thoraco-abdominal coordination, sighing). The device also serves as an electronic diary of symptoms, moods, and activities. This advanced system may open a new era in ambulatory monitoring for clinical practice and scientific research.
Clinical Applications of Breathing Regulation
Authors: Gilbert Christopher
Published: September 2003

Breathing training is widely used as an aid in reducing anxiety states, but several other applications also show promise. This article reviews evidence that normalizing breathing patterns may offer help in some cases of essential hypertension, angina, functional chest disorder, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and cardiac rehabilitation. Hyperventilation and hypo-ventilation, inhibited breathing, and breath suspension are all deviations from an optimal breathing pattern in which breathing volume is closely matched to metabolic needs. Such disordered breathing has varying effects on acid/base balance, arterial diameter, and sodium retention by the kidneys. Therefore, a chronic breathing imbalance can contribute to pathophysiology, which may be remediable to an extent by altering habitual breathing patterns.
Behavioral Interventions in Asthma
Authors: Ritz Thomas , Roth Walton T.
Published: September 2003

Breathing exercises are frequently recommended as an adjunctive treatment for asthma. A review of the current literature found little that is systematic documenting the benefits of these techniques in asthma patients. The physiological rationale of abdominal breathing in asthma is not clear, and adverse effects have been reported in chronic obstructive states. Theoretical analysis and empirical observations suggest positive effects of pursed-lip breathing and nasal breathing but clinical evidence is lacking. Modification of breathing patterns alone does not yield any significant benefit. There is limited evidence that inspiratory muscle training and hypoventilation training can help reduce medication consumption, in particular ß-adrenergic inhaler use. Breathing exercises do not seem to have any substantial effect on parameters of basal lung function. Additional research is needed on the psychological and physiological mechanisms of individual breathing techniques in asthma, differential effects in subgroups of asthma patients, and the generalization of training effects on daily life.
Breathing Training for Treating Panic Disorder
Authors: Meuret Alicia E. , Wilhelm Frank H. , Ritz Thomas , Roth Walton T.
Published: September 2003

Breathing training (BT) is commonly used for treatment of panic disorder. We identified nine studies that reported the outcome of BT. Overall, the published studies of BT are not sufficiently compelling to allow an unequivocal judgment of whether such techniques are beneficial. This article discusses problems with the underlying rationale, study design, and techniques used in BT, and it identifies factors that may have determined therapy outcomes. The idea that hypocapnia and respiratory irregularities are underlying factors in the development of panic implies that these factors should be monitored physiologically throughout therapy. Techniques taught in BT must take account of respiration rate and tidal volume in the regulation of blood gases (pCO2). More studies are needed that are designed to measure the efficacy of BT using an adequate rationale and methodology. Claims that BT should be rejected in favor of cognitive or other forms of intervention are premature.
Technical Adversarialism and Participatory Collaboration in the U.S. Chemical Weapons Disposal Program
Authors: Futrell Robert
Published: September 2003

There has been a great deal of theoretical discussion about the merits and faults of greater public involvement in technology policy decisions but comparatively less case-based empirical consideration. This article assesses the theoretical and practical implications of two decision styles—technical adversarialism and participatory collaboration—in decision making on the U.S. Chemical Weapons Disposal Program. This case is useful in that it allows for a longitudinal assessment of these two distinct decision approaches applied to the same policy issue and provides an opportunity to evaluate the differential outcomes produced by each. In addition, the high degree of technical complexity and risk involved offers insight into the role lay citizens can play in even the most complicated technical decisions. Comparing the practical consequences of both decision-making approaches suggests that increasing collaboration among citizens and experts can produce decisions that are both politically viable and technically safer than more insular, adversarial forms.
Technomillennialism: A Subcultural Response to the Technological Threat of Y2K
Authors: Tapia Andrea H.
Published: September 2003

The year 2000 (Y2K) computer software problem is framed as a technological boundary and cultural object. The author documents and analyzes three subcultures' constructions of Y2K. The three subcultures are millennial (Evangelical-Charismatic-Pentecostal) Christians, militia-patriot survivalists, and computer professionals. Each subculture interpreted, received, comprehended, and explained the cultural object of Y2K. Combining the data from content analysis and interviews, the author creates a detailed picture of each subculture's response to Y2K. She compares and contrasts the three subcultures. Each subculture created a subcultural filter based on previously held value and belief systems, attitudes toward technology and computers, and interpretations of social environments to create a unique picture of Y2K. She examines how each of the subcultures framed technology through the framing of it as a technological object. Each response was located within the technological determinism versus social determinism debate and juxtaposed with its place in the technology as utopian or dystopian.
The Need for Public Intellectuals: A Space for STS
Authors: Bijker Wiebe E.
Published: September 2003

In this address to the president's plenary at the 2001 annual meeting of the Society for Social Studies of Science in Cambridge, Massachusetts, the author reflected on then recent international events and their possible implications for the research and teaching agendas of the social studies of science, technology, and medicine. He proposed the political engagement of science, technology, and society (STS) institutions and individual STS researchers while maintaining a strong commitment to the scholarly studies of science and technology. Drawing on the work of René Gabriëls, the author elaborated a role for STS scholars as the new generation of “public intellectuals.”
Terminology and the Construction of Scientific Disciplines: The Case of Pharmacogenomics
Authors: Hedgecoe Adam M.
Published: September 2003

This article explores the way in which social explanations underpin the names of particular disciplines. Taking the example of pharmacogenomics (a spin-off from the Human Genome Project), it shows how this term has been constructed since it appeared in 1997, the differences and similarities between it and its precursor, pharmacogenetics, and the way in which commercial interests underpin this new term. Drawing on the idea of visions and the sociology of expectation, the article shows how different actors compete to have their preferred definitions of the term accepted by the world at large.
Conflict Resolution
Authors: Tucker Corinna Jenkins , Mchale Susan M. , Crouter Ann C.
Published: September 2003

This study examined (a) sex differences in adolescents' conflict resolution with mothers, fathers, and siblings; (b) how adolescents' personal qualities and the nature of their family relationships relate to effective conflict resolution with family members; and (c) the direct role of conflict resolution in adolescents' adjustment and the moderating role of conflict resolution in the relationship between conflict with family members and adolescents' adjustment. Participants were 92 girls and 93 boys (mean age = 14.5 years) and their parents and siblings. Findings indicated that girls and boys used less effective conflict resolution strategies with siblings than with mothers or fathers and that adolescents' personal qualities were linked with effective conflict resolution. Effective conflict resolution was generally linked to better adjustment. Evidence for the role of conflict resolution effectiveness as a moderator was limited. Findings are discussed in terms of similarities and differences in adolescents' relationships with mothers, fathers, and siblings.
Childhood Living Arrangements and the Risk of Premarital Intercourse
Authors: Albrecht Chris , Teachman Jay D.
Published: September 2003

Using data taken from the 1995 National Survey of Family Growth, this study investigates the relationship between childhood living arrangements and the risk of first premarital intercourse. Both statuses and transitions associated with the parent histories of children are considered. Black and White women are examined separately, as well as two broad birth cohorts (from 1950 to 1959 and from 1960 to 1969). The findings show that experiencing more transitions and being born out of wedlock increase the risk of first premarital intercourse, and they are consistent with two theoretical perspectives: (a) socialization, and (b) instability and change.
Spousal Alternatives and Marital Relations
Authors: Trent Katherine , South Scott J.
Published: September 2003

This analysis merges marital history data for respondents in the National Survey of Families and Households with census data describing the sex composition of their local marriage markets to examine the impact of the availability of spousal alternatives on subjective measures of marital relations. The authors find significant bivariate associations between the sex composition of the local marriage market and husbands' and wives' marital happiness, perceived likelihood of divorce, and anticipated change in happiness if divorced. However, the effects of the sex composition of the local marriage market on these measures of marital quality are not significant after adjusting for racial differences. Racial differences in these subjective measures of marital quality cannot be explained by racial differences in mate availability, socioeconomic status, and other dimensions of sociodemographic background.
Early Adolescents' Career Aspirations: A Qualitative Study of Perceived Barriers and Family Support among Low-Income, Ethnically Diverse Adolescents
Authors: Hill Nancy E. , Ramirez Cynthia , Dumka Larry E.
Published: September 2003

Using qualitative methods and data, this study examined career aspirations, perceived barriers, and family support among low-income, African American, Euro-American, Mexican American, and Mexican Immigrant early adolescents. Based on themes grounded in the narratives, gender and ethnic differences emerged. Girls were more likely to express an understanding of the requirements for reaching their goals than were boys. Mexican girls were more likely to express traditionally female goals than were other girls. Adolescents of Mexican descent perceived fewer barriers for reaching their goals than did African Americans or Euro-Americans. Negative relationships were observed between career aspirations and perceived barriers and between perceived barriers and family support. The implications of the findings were discussed, in addition to directions for future research.
The Importance of Family Structure and Family Income on Family's Educational Expenditure and Children's College Attendance
Authors: Han Wen-Jui , Huang Chien-Chung , Garfinkel Irwin
Published: September 2003

Using the 1991-1998 Survey of Family Income and Expenditure, we analyzed the determinants of college attendance rates and educational expenditure among families with children in Taiwan, paying particular attention to the effects of family structure and family income. The findings indicate that higher family income is consistently associated with higher college attendance rates and spending on education. Children in single-parent families have lower college attendance rates than children in two-parent families. Furthermore, single-parent families spend less on education. When family income is taken into account, single-mother families are not significantly different from two-parent families on the outcome variables. Single-father families, however, are estimated to have significantly lower college attendance rates and educational expenditure after controlling for family income. These results suggest that improving the economic security of single-parent families will increase their children's attainment in single-mother families but will not eliminate the attainment gap between children in single-father and two-parent families.
“In Sickness and in Health”
Authors: Wu Zheng , Penning Margaret J. , Pollard Michael S. , Hart Randy
Published: September 2003

Using data from the 1994-95 (Canadian) National Population Health Survey (6,494 women, 5,368 men), we investigated the impact of cohabitation on a range of physical and mental health indicators, controlling for self-selection into cohabitation and other relevant factors. Uncontrolled results indicate that the physical and mental health of cohabitors tends to fall between that of the married and the divorced/separated, widowed, and single/never married. However, when other factors are controlled, health differences between cohabitors and the currently married become nonsignificant. Self-selection, into cohabitation and into marriage, initially appears to play a significant role in accounting for variations in health, but with controls added to the models, selection mostly becomes nonsignificant. We concluded that self-selection at most may explain a small proportion of the variation in health but that protection effects are more likely to explain the positive health advantages of marriage and cohabitation.
Social Comparisons and Satisfaction with the Division of Housework
Authors: Himsel Amy J. , Goldberg Wendy A.
Published: September 2003

Contemporary parents lack clear guidelines for the fair and equitable allocation of family work. According to social comparison theory, under conditions of uncertainty, individuals often compare themselves to others to gain a sense of what is “normal.” The authors applied social comparison theory to the examination of satisfaction with the division of housework and the experience of role strain. Results of covariance structure analysis indicated that women reported higher levels of satisfaction when they did less housework than their female friends and greater satisfaction and less role strain when their husbands did more than other male comparison referents. In contrast, men were more satisfied when their wives did more housework than their own mothers did. Satisfaction mediated the link between social comparisons and role strain. Interviews with 25 fathers revealed that some men invoke an image of the “generalized other” to make their own contributions to housework seem more noteworthy.
The Effects of Similarity Versus Dissimilarity of Spouses' Traumatic Childhood Events on Psychological Well-Being and Marital Quality
Authors: Lev-Wiesel Rachel , Amir Marianne
Published: September 2003

This study compared spouses who had experienced similar versus different childhood trauma in terms of post-traumatic symptomatology, psychological symptoms of distress, and marital quality. The sample comprised two groups: Holocaust child survivors who were sexually abused during the Holocaust and are married to Holocaust child survivors ( n = 44) who were also sexually abused, and adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse married to nonsurvivors of sexual abuse ( n = 43). All participants were administered the post-traumatic stress disorder, Symptom Checklist 90-Revised, and Enrich Scale for Marital Quality questionnaires. The results revealed that compared with survivors married to partners with different past traumatic experiences, survivors who shared similar past traumatic experiences with their spouses had higher levels of PTSD, anxiety, depression, somatization, phobic-anxiety, and hostility but also expressed greater levels of marital quality.
Incorporating Mother-Daughter Groups within Clinical Settings to Increase Adolescent Females' Self-Esteem
Authors: Owens Michelle Deaneen , Scofield Brett E. , Taylor Carol E.
Published: September 2003

Risky adolescent behaviors, such as violence, teenage pregnancy, and substance abuse, have caused a national crisis throughout the United States. The research on adolescent development and familial relations has suggested that open, communicative relationships between parents and adolescents can reduce the likelihood of teenagers'involvement in unsafe behaviors, while building up their self-esteem. Research on parent-child relationships has also indicated that parents are identified by their teenagers as having the most influence on adolescents' feelings about themselves, followed by peers, siblings, grandparents, and other relatives. For example, quality relationships with parents significantly affect adolescents' general well-being and mental health. Using an object-relational framework, this article focuses specifically on ways to develop mother-daughter therapy groups to increase teenagers' self-esteem development and the maintenance of open, supportive relationships with their parents.
Family and Career Trajectories among African American Female Attorneys
Authors: Blair-Loy Mary , Dehart Gretchen
Published: September 2003

Professional African American women are vastly understudied in sociology. We address that omission by examining how the intersection of race with the structure of elite, male-dominated occupations shapes family and work trajectories for a sample of 203 African American female attorneys. Like the general population of African American women, respondents with partners and with children do not seem to suffer a wage penalty. But like White women in male-dominated, prestigious professions, respondents tend to delay or avoid childbearing, particularly if they have uninterrupted careers. Their integration of work and family is supported by family resources found particularly in the Black community yet is also constrained by the demands of elite, male-dominated careers. We also find evidence of an impact of the historical period on respondents' work and family trajectories.
Descriptive Methods for Evaluation of State-Based Intervention Programs
Authors: Davis William W. , Graubard Barry I. , Hartman Anne M. , Stillman Frances A.
Published: September 2003

In this article, the authors discuss program evaluation of intervention studies when the outcome of interest is collected routinely at equally spaced intervals of time. They illustrate concepts using data from the American Stop Smoking Intervention Study, where the outcome is state per capita tobacco consumption. States differ widely in mean tobacco consumption, and these differences should be accounted for in the analysis. A large difference in the variance of the intervention effect maybe obtained depending on whether the variation in the between-state effects are considered. The confidence limits obtained by ignoring between-state effects are too optimistic in many cases.
Partners and Processes in HIV Services for Inmates and Ex-Offenders
Authors: Robillard Alyssa G. , Gallito-Zaparaniuk Paige , Arriola Kimberly Jacob , Kennedy Sofia , Hammett Theodore , Braithwaite Ronald L.
Published: September 2003

The elevated rates of HIV/AIDS among inmates are due in part to the high concentration of incarcerated persons with behavioral risk factors for HIV infection. Corrections, public health, and community-based organizations should partner to take full advantage of the opportunity to maximize effectiveness and efficiency in addressing HIV/AIDS in inmate populations. The purpose of this study is to document issues inhibiting collaboration, service delivery, and multisite evaluation as identified by members of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/Health Resources and Services Administration Corrections Demonstration Project (CDP). Examining the barriers (and identifying ways to resolve them) is important in developing and maintaining successful programs that ultimately benefit HIV-infected inmates and the communities to which they return.
Treating Drug-Abusing Offenders
Authors: Hser Yih-Ing , Teruya Cheryl , Evans Elizabeth A. , Longshore Douglas , Grella Christine , Farabee David
Published: September 2003

Five counties (Kern, Riverside, Sacramento, San Diego, San Francisco) that demonstrate both variations and similarities in their implementation of Proposition 36 (e.g., treatment approaches, urine testing) and patient mix have been selected to participate in a study assessing how California's Proposition 36 is affecting the drug treatment system and patient outcomes. Except for San Francisco, treatment admissions increased during the first year of Proposition 36 implementation over the prior year (27% in Kern, 21% in Riverside, 17% in Sacramento, and 16% in San Diego), mostly in outpatient drug-free programs. Compared to non-Proposition 36 patients, Proposition 36 patients were more likely to be men, first-time admissions, treated in outpatient drug-free programs, employed full-time, and users of methamphetamine or marijuana. They were less likely to be treated in residential programs or methadone maintenance programs and fewer reported heroin use or injection drug use. Guided by the multilevel open systems framework, the study examines key issues of Proposition 36 that influence treatment systems and outcomes and empirically identifies “best practice” approaches in treating drug-abusing offenders.
Access to Breast Prostheses via a Government-Funded Service in Victoria, Australia
Authors: Livingston Patricia M. , White Victoria , Roberts Susan , Pritchard Emma , Gibbs Anne , Hill David J.
Published: September 2003

For many women, the only alternative to breast reconstruction following a mastectomy is to use external prostheses, which need replacing regularly at a cost of up to $395 per prosthesis. Commonwealth and state governments across Australia have responded to this need by providing subsidies to assist in the purchase of breast prostheses. However, current arrangements have been highly variable and sometimes difficult to access. As part of a larger review of breast pros-thesis services in Victoria, Australia, the aim of this research was to evaluate client satisfaction among Victorian women who accessed funds through the State Government's Aids and Equipment Program, compare the responses of the program service providers with the experiences of clients accessing funding, and identify opportunities to improve service provision.
Reworking Professional Nursing Identity
Authors: MacIntosh Judith
Published: September 2003

In spite of professional socialization through nursing education programs, new graduates experience stress as they become working professionals. This grounded theory study explores experienced nurses' perceptions of how they became professional. The central problem for nurses was dissonance between expectations and experiences; they addressed this through an iterative, three-stage process of reworking professional identity. The stages of this process are assuming adequacy, realizing practice, and developing a reputation. Iterations of this process occur as new discrepancies are noticed, enhanced awareness dawns, practice changes, learning is undertaken, or experienced nurses become relative novices in another work area. Nurses move through stages more quickly and at different levels with each iteration. Three contextual factors influence the process: expectation; perception of the status accorded by others to nursing; and supportiveness by acceptance, assistance, and advocacy from others in the workplace. These findings expand knowledge about professional socialization and how nurses themselves understand developing professional identity.
Explanations for Improvement in Both Experimental and Control Groups
Authors: Becker Heather , Roberts Greg , Voelmeck Wayne
Published: September 2003

A true experimental design with random assignment to groups protects against false causal inferences that could be made when both the treatment and control groups change because of factors such as testing effects, reactivity, contamination, maturation, history, and other measurement effects. The occurrence of these phenomena, however, provides interesting information about factors affecting health care attitudes, knowledge, and behavior change, which can interfere with a nursing study's ability to demonstrate an experimental effect. In this article, we discuss these design threats, illustrate them with examples from recent health research, and suggest strategies for decreasing them in clinical nursing studies.
Clinical Reasoning in Experienced Nurses
Authors: Simmons Barbara , Lanuza Dorothy , Fonteyn Marsha , Hicks Frank , Holm Karyn
Published: September 2003

As an essential component of nursing practice, clinical reasoning is used to assimilate information, analyze data, and make decisions regarding patient care. Little is known about the reasoning strategies of experienced nurses who are not yet experts. This qualitative descriptive study explored the cognitive strategies used by experienced nurses as they considered assessment findings of assigned patients. To date, few studies of nurses' clinical reasoning have been conducted in a practice setting during actual patient care. A small group research design was employed using the think-aloud (TA) method with protocol analysis. A total of 15 experienced nurses were asked to “think aloud” about patient assessment findings. Data were audiotaped, transcribed, and analyzed using the three steps of protocol analysis. The results suggest that experienced nurses used a conceptual language to reason about assessment findings and used heuristics to reason more quickly and efficiently.
The Substance of a Support Group
Authors: Mohr Wanda K.
Published: September 2003

This ethnographic research constitutes a study of the culture of a family-run advocacy organization for families of children and youth with mental health needs. Data collection includes 703 pages of interview transcripts, observations, field notes, and archival material collected by the principle investigator during 2.5 years of participant observation with this support group. This article provides the context for the study and describes the support group's cultural ideologies and cultural forms that are a concrete expression of those ideologies. There are four major categories of cultural forms as follows: symbols, language, narratives or stories, and practices. Manifestations of each form are discussed and described. The proliferation of support and advocacy groups in the mental health arena promises a rich source of understanding of the needs of families in distress as well as inspiration for new and practical interventions.