bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of an Intervention to Promote Physical Activity and Reduce Sedentary Time in Disadvantaged Children: Randomized Trial
Authors: Bernal Caroline , Lhuisset Lena , Bru Noëlle , Fabre Nicolas , Bois Julien
Published: March 2021

BACKGROUND

In our society, children are particularly vulnerable to physical inactivity and excessive sedentary time (ST). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a school‐based intervention designed to promote physical activity (PA) and reduce ST in 6‐ to 10‐years‐old children from a disadvantaged neighborhood.

METHODS

The first intervention of this randomized trial was carried out in School 1 in 2017/2018 and 2018/2019, School 2 benefited from the same intervention in 2018/2019. Baseline assessments were realized using accelerometers prior to the intervention (T1‐T2), after the first intervention (T3) and after the second intervention (T4). School‐based actions targeted children, parents, teachers, physical, and organizational environment of school and politics. The chi‐square test of independence was used to analyze the evolution of the moderate and vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and ST.

RESULTS

For School 1, an increase in the percentage of very active children (over 40 minutes MVPA/day) and of having a very low ST (less 240 minutes/day) (p = .00) was found. No further evolution was revealed during the intervention (T2‐T3) and 1 year after (T3‐T4). For School 2, similar effects on PA and ST were found at T3 (p < .05).

CONCLUSIONS

Positive effects occurred before the intervention in each school and then remained stable.
Does admission time matter in a paediatric intensive care unit? A prospective cohort study
Authors: da Silva Paulo Sérgio Lucas , Kubo Emerson Yukio , Junior Emilio Lopes , Fonseca Marcelo Cunio Machado
Published: March 2021

Aim

Studies assessing the association between admission time to paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) and mortality are sparse with conflicting results. We aimed to evaluate the impact of time of admission on PICU mortality within 48 h after admission.

Methods

This was a single‐centre prospective cohort. We collected data from all consecutive children aged 1 month to 16 years over 10 years.

Results

We included a total of 1368 admissions, with a PICU mortality of 6.6%. Compared with daytime admissions, the overall mortality rate (5.3% vs. 8.5%, P = 0.026) and the mortality within 48 h after admission were higher for those admitted during night‐time (2% vs. 4.2%, P = 0.021). There were no differences between mortality rates and the day of admission (weekend admissions vs. weekday admissions). The adjusted odds of death within 48 h after admission was 2.5 (95% confidence interval = 1.22–5.24, P = 0.012) for patients admitted at night‐time. A secondary analysis assessing trends in mortality rates during admission showed that the last 5 years of study were more responsible for the chances of death within 48 h (odds ratio = 7.6, 95% confidence interval = 1.91–30.17, P = 0.0039).

Conclusion

Admission to the PICU during night shifts was strongly associated with death compared to daytime admissions. A time analysis of the moment of admission is necessary as a metric of quality of care to identify the interruption or improvement in the continuity of care. Further studies are needed to assess the modified contributing factors.
THE ROLE OF MULTIPLE WEAK LITHOLOGIES IN THE DEFORMATION OF COVER UNITS IN THE NORTHWESTERN SEGMENT OF THE ZAGROS FOLD‐AND‐THRUST BELT
Authors: Koyi Hemin A. , Mansurbeg Howri
Published: March 2021

The geometry, kinematics and dynamics of fold‐and‐thrust belts are strongly influenced by the mechanical behaviour of the basal décollement. However, many fold‐and‐thrust belts also include mechanically weak lithologies such as evaporites and marls or mudstones at different levels within the shortened stratigraphy. The kinematics and dynamic evolution of these thrust belts are controlled by the mechanical behaviour both of the basal décollement and of the weak units embedded within the overlying stratigraphic succession. In the Zagros fold‐and‐thrust belt (ZFTB), the shortened sedimentary cover is between 7 and 12 km thick and mechanically weak lithologies compartmentalize the stratigraphic column at shallow and intermediate levels. In this paper, satellite, field and seismic data from the Kurdistan Region of Iraq are used to identify structures of different sizes and surface traces. The observations are used to underline the role of mechanically weak horizons within the Zagros stratigraphy and the decoupling of deformation both laterally and with depth in the belt.

The decoupling between shallow and deeper structures observed in seismic profiles from the Kurdistan Region of Iraq is also reported from field observations from the Iranian part of the Zagros fold‐and‐thrust belt, where folds with different surface traces occur. Decoupling between shallow and deep layers by incompetent lithologies at intermediate depths (e.g. marls, mudstones and evaporites) results in the formation of disharmonic folds. The geometry, size and location of such folds may differ between outcropping and subsurface structures. Decoupling may have a significant impact on hydrocarbon exploration in different parts of the Zagros fold‐and‐thrust belt due to potential offsets between outcropping and subsurface structures and their associated traps.
Association of psychological distress with reasons for delay in seeking medical care in rural patients with worsening heart failure symptoms
Authors: Lin Chin‐Yen , Dracup Kathleen , Pelter Michele M. , Biddle Martha J. , Moser Debra K.
Published: March 2021

Background

The impact of depressive symptoms and anxiety on rural patients’ decisions to seek care for worsening heart failure (HF) symptoms remains unknown. The purposes of this study were (1) to describe rural patients’ reasons for delay in seeking care for HF, and (2) to determine whether depressive symptoms or anxiety was associated with patients’ reasons for delay in seeking medical care for worsening symptoms.

Methods

A total of 611 rural HF patients were included. Data on reasons for patient delay in seeking medical care (The Reasons for Delay Questionnaire), depressive symptoms (PHQ‐9), and anxiety (BSI‐ANX) were collected. Statistical analyses included chi‐square and multiple regression.

Results

A total of 85.4% of patients reported at least 1 reason for delay. Patients with higher levels of depressive symptoms were more likely to cite embarrassment, problems with transportation, and financial concerns as a reason for delay. Patients with anxiety not only cited nonsymptom‐related reasons but also reported symptom‐related reasons for delay in seeking care (ie, symptoms seemed vague, not sure of symptoms, symptoms didn't seem to be serious enough, and symptoms were different from the last episode). In multiple regression, patients with greater depressive symptoms and anxiety had a greater number of reasons for delay in seeking care (P = .003 and P = .023, respectively).

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that enhancement of patients’ symptom appraisal abilities and improvement in psychological distress may result in a reduction in delay in seeking medical care for worsening symptoms in rural patients with HF.
Increased viscosity of milk during infant feeding improves swallow safety through modifying sucking in an animal model
Authors: Mayerl Christopher J. , Edmonds Chloe E. , Gould Francois D. H. , German Rebecca Z.
Published: March 2021

Infants experiencing frequent aspiration, the entry of milk into the airway, are often prescribed thickened fluids to improve swallow safety. However, research on the outcomes of thickened milk on infant feeding have been limited to documenting rates of aspiration and the rheologic properties of milk following thickening. As a result, we have little insight into the physiologic and behavioral mechanisms driving differences in performance during feeding on high viscosity milk. Understanding the physiologic and behavioral mechanisms driving variation in performance at different viscosities is especially critical, because the structures involved in feeding respond differently to sensory stimulation. We used infant pigs, a validated animal model for infant feeding, to test how the tongue, soft palate, and hyoid respond to changes in viscosity during sucking and swallowing, in addition to measuring swallow safety and bolus size. We found that the tongue exhibited substantive changes in its movements associated with thickened fluids during sucking and swallowing, but that pharyngeal transit time as well as hyoid and soft palate movements during swallowing were unaffected. This work demonstrates the integrated nature of infant feeding and that behaviors associated with sucking are more sensitive to sensorimotor feedback associated with changes in milk viscosity than those associated with the pharyngeal swallow, likely due to its reflexive nature.
Not uncommon: HBV genotype G co‐infections among healthy European HBV carriers with genotype A and E infection
Authors: Basic Michael , Kubesch Alica , Kuhnhenn Lisa , Görgülü Esra , Finkelmeier Fabian , Dietz Julia , Knabe Mate , Mücke Victoria T. , Mücke Marcus M. , Berger Annemarie , Zeuzem Stefan , Sarrazin Christoph , Hildt Eberhard , Peiffer Kai‐Henrik
Published: March 2021

Background & Aims

HBV genotype G (HBV/G) is mainly found in co‐infections with other HBV genotypes and was identified as an independent risk factor for liver fibrosis. This study aimed to analyse the prevalence of HBV/G co‐infections in healthy European HBV carriers and to characterize the crosstalk of HBV/G with other genotypes.

Methods

A total of 560 European HBV carriers were tested via HBV/G‐specific PCR for HBV/G co‐infections. Quasispecies distribution was analysed via deep sequencing, and the clinical phenotype was characterized regarding qHBsAg‐/HBV‐DNA levels and frequent mutations. Replicative capacity and expression of HBsAg/core was studied in hepatoma cells co‐expressing HBV/G with either HBV/A, HBV/D or HBV/E using bicistronic vectors.

Results

Although no HBV/G co‐infection was found by routine genotyping PCR, HBV/G was detected by specific PCR in 4%‐8% of patients infected with either HBV/A or HBV/E but only infrequently in other genotypes. In contrast to HBV/E, HBV/G was found as the quasispecies major variant in co‐infections with HBV/A. No differences in the clinical phenotype were observed for HBV/G co‐infections. In vitro RNA and DNA levels were comparable among all genotypes, but expression and release of HBsAg was reduced in co‐expression of HBV/G with HBV/E. In co‐expression with HBV/A and HBV/E expression of HBV/G‐specific core was enhanced while core expression from the corresponding genotype was markedly diminished.

Conclusions

HBV/G co‐infections are common in European inactive carriers with HBV/A and HBV/E infection, but sufficient detection depends strongly on the assay. HBV/G regulated core expression might play a critical role for survival of HBV/G in co‐infections.
Food source or refuge: What is behind amphipod choices for seaweeds?
Authors: Fernandes Felipe de Oliveira , Barbosa‐Silva Marcelle Stephanne , Resende Julia Fanny de Jesus , Longo Guilherme Ortigara , Marinho‐Soriano Eliane
Published: March 2021

To assess whether amphipods' habitat choice and feeding preference for a specific seaweed species are based on nutritional value or structural complexity, and to evaluate the role of chemical cues in the amphipod choice, we carried out laboratory experiments using amphipods (Ampithoe marcuzzii) and seaweeds from different divisions (Chlorophyta, Ochrophyta, and Rhodophyta). To evaluate feeding preference, we carried out a multiple‐choice experiment offering six species of seaweeds to amphipods. To assess whether habitat choice by amphipods is guided exclusively by seaweed complexity, we conducted an assay offering seaweeds and complexity‐like mimics (artificial plants) to amphipods, quantifying their choices. To evaluate whether seaweeds' secondary metabolites acted as chemical cues affecting seaweed choice by the amphipods, we used the same plastic mimics, one of which was brushed with crude extracts from the most‐consumed seaweeds and a control. The consumption of Gracilaria cervicornis by amphipods was around three times higher than that of the other offered species, likely due to its paucity of chemical and physical defenses. The highest contents of nitrogen and crude proteins in this species may have contributed to its high consumption. Amphipods also used G. cervicornis as a shelter more than its mimic, but exhibited no preference between other seaweeds and their mimics, indicating that a more palatable refuge is preferred. This idea was corroborated when amphipods were able to detect chemical cues of G. cervicornis painted over a plastic mimic of similar structure and preferred it over the control mimic, which had the same complexity but no chemicals. Our results suggest that amphipods use chemical cues to identify high‐quality habitat regarding refuge (complexity) and food source (nutritional value).
Relative arbitrage: Sharp time horizons and motion by curvature
Authors: Larsson Martin , Ruf Johannes
Published: March 2021

We characterize the minimal time horizon over which any equity market with stocks and sufficient intrinsic volatility admits relative arbitrage with respect to the market portfolio. If , the minimal time horizon can be computed explicitly, its value being zero if and if . If , the minimal time horizon can be characterized via the arrival time function of a geometric flow of the unit simplex in that we call the minimum curvature flow.
Candidaemia in Central Slovenia: A 12‐year retrospective survey
Authors: Matos Tadeja , Lejko Zupanc Tatjana , Skofljanec Andreja , Jazbec Anja , Matos Erika , Maver Vodičar Polona , Germ Julija , Ciglar Tadeja , Tomazin Rok , Kofol Romina , Mueller Premru Manica , Pirs Mateja
Published: March 2021

Background

Candida bloodstream infections (BSI) became an important invasive disease in the late 20th century, in particular among immunocompromised patients. Although considerable progress has been made in the management of patients with invasive mycoses, Candida BSI are still widespread among hospitalised patients and are associated with relatively high mortality.

Objectives

We conducted a retrospective study to evaluate patient characteristics, incidence, species distribution and antifungal susceptibility of BSI isolates of Candida spp. as well as outcomes of Candida BSI from 2001 to 2012, before the widespread use of echinocandins. This is the first epidemiological study of Candida BSI in Slovenia so far.

Methods

All documented candidaemia cases from 2001 to 2012 in two major hospitals—University Medical Centre and Institute of Oncology in Ljubljana, Slovenia—were taken into consideration. Candida BSI were identified in 422 patients (250 male, 172 female). Laboratory and clinical data of these patients were retrospectively analysed. Mann‐Whitney U test was used to compare continuous variables and Fisher's exact test or chi‐squared test for categorical variables.

Results and conclusions

The average incidence of Candida BSI was 0.524/10.000 patient‐days (0,317/1000 admissions); 16/422 were younger than 1 year and 251/422 patients were over 60 years old. The most commonly isolated species were Candida albicans and Candida glabrata, followed by Candida parapsilosis. Majority of the patients had a single episode of Candida BSI, multiple episodes of Candida BSI occurred in 18/434 patients (4.1%); in 25/434 patients (5.8%) mixed Candida BSI were observed. Crude 30‐day case‐fatality rate was 55.4%.
Primary tissues may affect estimates of cavitation resistance in ferns
Authors: Pittermann Jarmila , Baer Alex , Sang Ying
Published: March 2021

Different methods of measuring cavitation resistance in fern petioles lead to variable results, particularly with respect to the P50 metric. We hypothesised that the fern dictyostele structure affects air entry into the xylem, and therefore impacts the shape of the vulnerability curve.

Our study examined this variation by comparing vulnerability curves constructed on petioles collected from evergreen and deciduous ferns in the field, with curves generated using the standard centrifuge, air‐injection and bench‐top dehydration methods. Additional experiments complemented the vulnerability curves to better understand how anatomy shapes estimates of cavitation resistance.

Centrifugation and radial air injection generated acceptable vulnerability curves for the deciduous species, but overestimated drought resistance in the two evergreen ferns. In these hardy plants, axial air injection and bench‐top dehydration produced results that most closely aligned with observations in nature. Additional experiments revealed that the dictyostele anatomy impedes air entry into the xylem during spinning and radial air injection.

Each method produced acceptable vulnerability curves, depending on the species being tested. Therefore, we stress the importance of validating the curves with in situ measures of water potential and, if possible, hydraulic data to generate realistic results with any of the methods currently available.
Nuclear status and leaf tumor formation in the Ustilago maydis–maize pathosystem
Authors: Lin Jer‐Sheng , Happel Petra , Kahmann Regine
Published: March 2021

Ustilago maydis is a biotrophic fungus causing smut disease in corn. The infectious forms are dikaryotic hyphae. Here we analyze mutants lacking the nlt1 transcription factor and investigate why these mutants are unable to induce leaf tumors.

The study involved reverse genetics, complementation, epistasis analysis, microscopy, gene expression analysis by quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR and virulence assays.

We show that nlt1 mutants colonize maize leaves efficiently but fail to undergo karyogamy and are attenuated in late proliferation. Nlt1 activates transcription of ros1, a transcription factor controlling karyogamy, and represses see1, an effector previously shown to contribute to leaf tumor induction. In mononuclate solopathogenic strains, nlt1 mutants cause attenuated leaf tumor formation. In actively dividing maize organs, nlt1 mutants undergo karyogamy and induce tumor formation. Sporisorium reilianum, a smut fungus unable to induce leaf tumors, possesses an ortholog of nlt1 that controls the fusion of dikaryotic nuclei late in infection during cob colonization.

Our results have established a regulatory connection between nlt1, ros1 and see1 and suggest the existence of two stages contributing to leaf tumor formation, one before nuclear fusion and involving nlt1 and one after karyogamy that is nlt1 independent.
Domestic and Global Determinants of Inflation: Evidence from Expectile Regression*
Authors: Busetti Fabio , Caivano Michele , Delle Monache Davide
Published: March 2021

This paper investigates the role of domestic and global determinants of core inflation in the euro area. We analyse the entire conditional distribution of inflation by estimating a Phillips curve type relationship with the method of expectile regression, here extended to capture time‐varying effects. Both domestic and foreign output gap appear to drive euro area core inflation. Domestic output gap has a bigger influence in the right tail of the conditional distribution of inflation than in the left tail, providing evidence of nonlinearity of the Phillips curve. In a time‐varying perspective, we find an increase in the response of inflation to domestic gap at the lower quantiles and a higher pass‐through of foreign prices in all regions of the distribution. Overall, the evidence on the so‐called ‘globalization hypothesis’ is mixed as the impact of global slack on domestic inflation remained broadly stable over time.
Age‐ and Gender‐Specific Epidemiologic Characteristics of Major Intra‐Articular Fractures: Five‐Year Data from a Level 1 Trauma Center
Authors: Zhao Wei‐guang , Zhu Yan‐bin , Ma Jiang‐tao , Yan Xiao‐li , Zhang Ying‐ze
Published: March 2021

Objective

To investigate the epidemiological characteristics of major intra‐articular fractures.

Methods

This retrospective study enrolled patients with major intra‐articular fractures who were treated in the Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University from January 2015 to December 2019. A total of 11,084 patients (7,338 [66.20%] males and 3,746 [33.80%] females) meeting the inclusion and exclusion criteria were included. The distribution characteristics of intra‐articular fractures involving shoulder, elbow, wrist, hip, knee, ankle, and subtalar joints were identified.The potential associations between fractures and various other factors, such as age, gender, sites, were explored.

Results

There were 74 cases (0.67%) of shoulder fractures, 1,941 cases (17.51%) of elbow fractures, 1,155 cases (10.42%) of wrist fractures, 520 cases (4.69%) of hip fractures, 3,118 cases (28.13%) of knee fractures, 2,156 cases (19.45%) of ankle fractures, and 2,120 cases (19.13%) of subtalar fractures. The overall male‐to‐female ratio was 1.96:1. The highest proportion age group of major intra‐articular fractures included the ages 45–54 years. For males, the highest proportion age group was 45–54 years, for females, it was 55–64 years. The knee joint fracture was the most common type, accounting for 28.13%. For male and female patients, knee fractures accounted for 26.19% and 31.93%, respectively, with a male to female ratio of 1.13:1. The proportion of shoulder fractures was the smallest among this investigation, accounting for 0.67%. For male and female patients, shoulder fractures accounted for 0.44% and 1.12%, respectively, with a male to female ratio of 0.76:1. The age group with the highest proportion of shoulder joint fractures was ≥65 year olds (41.89%), with a male to female ratio of 0.76:1. The age group with the highest risk of elbow, wrist, hip, knee, ankle, and subtalar joint fracture was 5–14 year olds (33.59%) with a male to female ratio of 3.29:1, 5–14 year olds (23.98%) with a male to female ratio of 6.91:1, 45–54 year olds (26.92%) with a male to female ratio of 5.67:1, 45–54 year olds (24.60%) with a male to female ratio of 1.68:1, 25–34 year olds (20.36%) with a male to female ratio of 2.30:1, 45–54 year olds (27.41%) with a male to female ratio of 9.02:1, respectively. The most common site of intra‐articular fractures in different age groups was corresponding as follows: 0–4 year olds (elbow), 5–14 year olds (elbow), 15–24 year olds (ankle), 25–34 year olds (subtalar joint), 35–44 year olds (subtalar joint), 45–54 year olds (knee), 55–64 year olds (knee), 65–74 year olds (knee), and ≥75 year olds (knee).

Conclusion

The current study revealed the age‐ and gender‐specific epidemiological characteristics of major intra‐articular fractures, providing a basis for clinical evaluation and practices.
Critical Design Parameters in Design and Efficacy of Upper‐Room UVC254 Luminaire Systems: Part I: Overview of Major Parameters and Relationships†
Authors: Jensen Paul Arthur
Published: March 2021

During the current SARS‐CoV‐2 and tuberculosis global pandemics, public health and infection prevention and control professionals wrestle with cost‐effective means to control airborne transmission. One technology recommended by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the World Health Organization for lowering indoor concentration of these and other microorganisms and viruses is upper‐room ultraviolet 254 nm (UVC254) systems. Applying both a material balance as well as some nondimensional parameters developed by Rudnick and First, the impact of several critical parameters and their effect on the fraction of microorganisms surviving UVC254 exposure was evaluated. Vertical airspeed showed a large impact at velocities <0.05 m s−1 but a lesser effect at velocities >0.05 m s−1. In addition, the efficacy of any upper‐room UVC system is influenced greatly by the mean room fluence rate as opposed to a simple volume‐ or area‐based dosing criteria. An alternative UVC254 dosing strategy was developed based on the fluence rate as a function of the UVC254 luminaire output (W) and the square root of the product of the room volume and the ceiling height.
Should the Non‐Classical Logician be Embarrassed?*
Authors: Rosenblatt Lucas
Published: March 2021

Non‐classical logicians do not typically reject classically valid logical principles across the board. In fact, they sometimes suggest that their preferred logic recovers classical reasoning in most circumstances. This idea has come to be known in the literature as ‘classical recapture’. Recently, classical logicians have raised various doubts about it. The main problem is said to be that no rigorous explanation has been given of how is it exactly that classical logic can be recovered. The goal of the paper is to address this problem. First, I discuss a number of different ways to characterize the idea of classical recapture and I examine how far it can be pushed. Secondly, I argue that a palatable form of classical recapture is given by the thought that classical logic can be retained for statements that are grounded (in Kripke's sense). To substantiate this view I provide a formal fixed‐point semantics for a language containing a predicate standing for the concept of groundedness and I address a couple of objections that have been deployed against the claim that classical recapture can aid the non‐classical logician's cause.
Correlation between endothelial CXCR7 expression and clinicopathological factors in oral squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Yanagiya Misa , Dawood Randa I. H. , Maishi Nako , Hida Yasuhiro , Torii Chisaho , Annan Dorcas A. , Kikuchi Hiroshi , Yanagawa Matsuda Aya , Kitamura Tetsuya , Ohiro Yoichi , Shindoh Masanobu , Tanaka Shinya , Kitagawa Yoshimasa , Hida Kyoko
Published: March 2021

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) impairs functionality and sensuousness resulting in poor quality of life. Biomarkers can predict disease trajectory and lead to effective treatments. Transcriptomics have identified genes that are upregulated in tumor endothelial cells (TECs) compared with normal endothelial cells (NECs). Among them, chemokine receptor 7 (CXCR7) is highly expressed in TECs of several cancers and involved in angiogenesis of TECs. However, levels of CXCR7 in OSCC blood vessels have not been fully investigated. In this study, we analyzed the correlation between CXCR7 expression in TECs and clinicopathological factors in OSCC. Immunohistochemistry for CXCR7 and CD34 was performed on 59 OSCC tissue specimens resected between 1996 and 2008 at Hokkaido University Hospital. CXCR7 expression in blood vessels was evaluated by the ratio of CXCR7+/CD34+ blood vessels. CXCR7 expression was 42% and 19% in tumor and non‐tumor parts, respectively, suggesting that CXCR7 expression is higher in TECs than in NECs. CXCR7 expression in TECs correlated with advanced T‐stage and cancer stage. Overall survival and disease‐free survival rates were higher in low‐expressing CXCR7 patients than in high‐expressing. These results suggest that CXCR7 expression in blood vessels may be a useful diagnostic and prognostic marker for OSCC patients.
Place‐based Identity and Framing in Local Environmental Politics
Authors: Daneri Daniel R. , Krasny Marianne E. , Stedman Richard C.
Published: March 2021

Framing has long been a central construct in scholarship on the role of rhetoric and discourse in the policy process. Research on policy framing and identity thus far has neglected the role of place‐based identity, focusing instead on identity constructs such as race, class, gender, and ethnicity. Through a mixed methods analysis of transcripts of City Council meetings in Philadelphia from 2007 to 2017, we analyze how policy makers, local interest groups, and national/regional interest groups employ place‐based framing to define, explain, and propose solutions to environmental problems. We contrast local place‐based frames with more abstract global frames that center arguments for policy change on the national or global implications of environmental problems. Our results reveal that place‐based framing is a dominant mode of discourse in Philadelphia environmental policy discussions and that actors may employ frames strategically so as to appeal to place‐based identities and to further political goals.
How trade affects pandemics? Evidence from severe acute respiratory syndromes in 2003
Authors: Lin Faqin , Wang Xiaosong , Zhou Mohan
Published: March 2021

This paper investigates whether the rapid expansion of international trade after China's WTO entry in 2001 promotes the spread of severe acute respiratory syndromes (SARS) in 2003. Examining the relationship is helpful to distinguish the hidden costs of trade openness. This paper uses Frankel and Romer (1999, The American Economic Review, 89, 379) framework to construct the geography‐based instruments by applying province‐country gravity relation for causal identification. Utilising cross‐section data of SARS cases of 31 provinces in China, our two‐stage least squares regression results show that international trade accelerates the spread of SARS. Cross‐country evidence also suggests the causal relation. In addition, we find that the people's inter‐provincial mobility driven by trade expansion drives the spread of epidemic diseases.
In vitro efficacy of a 0.2% polyhexamethylene biguanide‐impregnated gauze dressing against pathogenic bacterial isolates found in horses
Authors: Noll Charlene V. , Kilcoyne Isabelle , Nieto Jorge E. , Thio Timothy , Byrne Barbara A.
Published: March 2021

Objective

To determine the ability of 0.2% polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB)‐impregnated gauze to inhibit the growth of bacteria isolated from equine infected sites.

Study Design

In vitro study.

Methods

Nine bacterial isolates were obtained from cultures submitted from equine patients presenting with penetrating injuries of the hoof (n = 4), septic osteitis (n = 1), synovial sepsis (n = 1), wounds (n = 2), and incisional infection following laparotomy (n = 1). Two standardized strains were also included. A standard inoculum of each isolate was placed on 12 Muller–Hinton agar plates. Squares (2.5 cm × 2.5 cm) of 0.2% PHMB‐impregnated (n = 6) and nonimpregnated control gauze (n = 6) were placed on inoculated agar plates. Bacterial growth under each gauze square was assessed after a 24‐h incubation period and areas of inhibition were measured to a standardized scale, using image‐processing software. Mean ± SD growth inhibition (%) using 0.2% PHMB‐impregnated gauze was compared to the nonimpregnated gauze for each isolate using Student's t test (p < .05).

Results

The 0.2% PMHB‐impregnated gauze inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus spp. (n = 4) by 33%–83.1% and that of Escherichia coli spp. (n = 4) by 6.5%–37%. There was no inhibition of growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa or either Enterococcus spp.

Conclusion

The 0.2% PHMB‐impregnated dressing tested here inhibited the growth of staphylococcal and E. coli isolates, but the magnitude of inhibition varied between strains.

Clinical Relevance

These results justify in vivo studies to evaluate the ability of the dressing to reduce the bacterial growth of common equine bacterial pathogens in clinical practice.
Marine Climate Projections Toward the End of the Twenty-First Century in the North Atlantic
Authors: Bernardino M. , Gonçalves M. , Guedes Soares C.
Published: March 2021

An improved understanding of the present and future marine climatology is necessary for numerous activities, such as the operation of offshore structures, optimization of ship routes, and evaluation of wave energy resources. To produce global wave information, the WAVEWATCH III wave model was forced with wind and ice-cover data from an RCP8.5 EC-Earth system integration for two 30-year time slices. The first covering the periods from 1980 to 2009 represents the present climate, and the second, covering the periods from 2070 to 2099, represents the climate at the end of the twenty-first century. Descriptive empirical statistics of wind and wave parameters are obtained for different 30-year time slices, for the North Atlantic Ocean. Regarding wind, magnitude and direction will be used. For wave, significant wave height of the total sea, mean wave period, peak period, mean wave direction, and energy will be investigated. Changes from present to future climate are evaluated, regarding both mean and extreme events. Maps of these empirical statistics are presented. The long-term monthly joint distribution of significant wave heights and peak periods is generated. Changes from present to future climate are assessed, comparing the empirical statistics between time slices.
Classical Doppler Effect in Some Accelerated Systems
Authors: Wörner C. H. , Rojas Roberto
Published: March 2021

In this note, the classical Doppler shift for some accelerated mechanical systems is considered under a common graphical approach. In one dimension, we study uniform accelerated motion and simple harmonic motion. In two dimensions, uniform circular motion and pendular motion are considered. In each case, an elementary treatment shows that the period (and frequency) measured by an observer at rest depends on the straight paths of two consecutive signals between source and observer, with due consideration of the acceleration.
Rotation of Spherical Magnet Falling Through a Slit Copper Pipe
Authors: Behroozi F.
Published: March 2021

The stately fall of magnets through conducting pipes is a favorite classroom and laboratory activity used in teaching electromagnetic induction, Lenz’s law, eddy currents, electromagnetic braking, and even Newton’s third law.
The Original Bell Theorem without Calculus
Authors: Brody Jed
Published: March 2021

Bell’s theorem is a topic of perennial fascination. Publishers and the general public have a steady appetite for approachable books about its implications. The scholarly literature includes many analogies to Bell’s theorem and simple derivations of Bell inequalities, and some of these simplified discussions are the basis of interactive web pages. Less well known is that the original Bell theorem is virtually unaffected when the calculus is taken away. Indeed, the only use of integrals in Bell’s derivation is to compute averages. We can simply replace integrals with the word “average.” The resulting proof of Bell’s theorem is just as easy to understand, and just as shocking, as the analogies designed to ease comprehension.
Shear Modulus Determination Using the Smartphone in a Torsion Pendulum
Authors: Kaps Andreas , Splith Tobias , Stallmach Frank
Published: March 2021

Implementing smartphones with their internal sensors into physics experiments represents a modern, attractive, and authentic approach to improve students’ conceptual understanding of physics. In such experiments, smartphones often serve as objects with physical properties and as digital measurement devices to record, display, and analyze quantities such as the angular velocity, linear acceleration, magnetic flux, sound pressures, light intensity, etc. For example, the MEMS accelerometer and gyroscope are utilized to study the dependence of the radial acceleration on the angular velocity in circular motions and oscillation periods or the acceleration due to gravity via different pendulum setups.
Color-Coded Algebra
Authors: McCoy Bradley K.
Published: March 2021

In a typical first physics class, homework consists of problems in which numerical values for physical quantities are given and the desired answer is a number with appropriate units. In contrast, most calculations in upper-division undergraduate physics are entirely symbolic. Despite the need to learn symbolic manipulation, students are often resistant to performing symbolic calculations in their introductory classes. As instructors, we face a choice between encouraging students to use symbolic calculations, including helping them learn the necessary skills to do so, or allowing students to default to numerical calculations, which does not adequately prepare them for their future courses. In this paper, I will describe a color-coded algebra scheme, which helps lower the barriers to symbolic calculations for students.
Power Profiling, Workload Characteristics, and Race Performance of U23 and Professional Cyclists During the Multistage Race Tour of the Alps
Authors: Leo Peter , Spragg James , Mujika Iñigo , Giorgi Andrea , Lorang Dan , Simon Dieter , Lawley Justin S.
Published: March 2021

Purpose: The aim of this study was to compare the power profile, internal and external workloads, and racing performance between U23 and professional cyclists and between varying rider types across 2 editions of a professional multistage race. Methods: Nine U23 cyclists from a Union Cycliste Internationale “Continental Team” (age 20.8 [0.9] y; body mass 71.2 [6.3] kg) and 8 professional cyclists (28.1 [3.2] y; 63.0 [4.6] kg) participated in this study. Rider types were defined as all-rounders, general classification (GC) riders, and domestiques. Data were collected during 2 editions of a 5-day professional multistage race and split into the following 4 categories: power profile, external and internal workloads, and race performance. Results: The professional group, including domestiques and GC riders, recorded higher relative power profile values after certain amounts of total work (1000–3000 kJ) than the U23 group or all-rounders (P ≤ .001–.049). No significant differences were found for external workload measures between U23 and professional cyclists, nor among rider types. Internal workloads were higher in U23 cyclists and all-rounders (P ≤ .001–.043) compared with professionals, domestiques, and GC riders, respectively. The power profile significantly predicted percentage general classification and Union Cycliste Internationale points (R2 = .90–.99), whereas external and internal workloads did not. Conclusion: These findings reveal that the power profile represents a practical tool to discriminate between professionals and U23 cyclists as well as rider types. The power profile after 1000 to 3000 kJ of total work could be used by practitioners to evaluate the readiness of U23 cyclists to move into the professional ranks, as well as differentiate between rider types.
Fitness Determinants of Repeated High-Intensity Effort Ability in Elite Rugby Union Players
Authors: Vachon Adrien , Berryman Nicolas , Mujika Iñigo , Paquet Jean-Baptiste , Bosquet Laurent
Published: March 2021

Purpose: To investigate the relationship between physical fitness and repeated high-intensity effort (RHIE) ability in elite rugby union players, depending on playing position. Method: Thirty-nine players underwent a fitness testing battery composed of a body composition assessment, upper-body strength (1-repetition maximum bench press and 1-repetition maximum bench row), lower-body strength (6-repetition maximum back squat), and power (countermovement jump, countermovement jump with arms, and 20-m sprint), as well as aerobic fitness (Bronco test) and RHIE tests over a 1-week period. Pearson linear correlations were used to quantify relationships between fitness tests and the RHIE performance outcomes (total sprint time [TST] and percentage decrement [%D]). Thereafter, a stepwise multiple regression model was used to verify the influence of physical fitness measures on RHIE ability. Results: TST was strongly to very strongly associated to body fat (BF, r = .82, P < .01), the 20-m sprint (r = .86, P < .01), countermovement jump (r = −.72, P < .01), and Bronco test (r = .90, P < .01). These fitness outcomes were related to %D, with moderate to strong associations (.82 > ∣r∣ > .54, P < .01). By playing position, similar associations were observed in forwards, but RHIE ability was only related to the 20-m sprint in backs (r = .53, P < .05). The RHIE performance model equations were TST = 13.69 + 0.01 × BF + 0.08 × Bronco + 10.20 × 20 m and %D = −14.34 + 0.11 × BF +0.18 × Bronco − 9.92 × 20 m. These models explain 88.8% and 68.2% of the variance, respectively. Conclusion: Body composition, lower-body power, and aerobic fitness were highly related with RHIE ability. However, backs expressed a different profile than forwards, suggesting that further research with larger sample sizes is needed to better understand the fitness determinants of backs’ RHIE ability.
Effects of Caffeine on Performance During High- and Long-Jump Competitions
Authors: Santos-Mariano Ana C. , Tomazini Fabiano , Rodacki Cintia , Bertuzzi Romulo , De-Oliveira Fernando , Lima-Silva Adriano E.
Published: March 2021

Purpose: To investigate the effects of caffeine (CAF) on performance during high- and long-jump competitions. Methods: Using a crossover and double-blind design, 6 well-trained high jumpers and 6 well-trained long jumpers performed a simulation of a high- and long-jump competition 60 minutes after ingesting a capsule containing either 5 mg·kg−1 body mass of anhydrous CAF or a placebo. The high jumps were video recorded for kinematic analysis. The velocity during the approach run of the long jump was also monitored using photocells. Results: CAF improved jump performance (ie, the highest bar height overlap increased by 5.1% [2.3%], P = .008), as well as enhancing the height displacement of the central body mass (+1.3% [1.7%], P = .004) compared with the placebo. CAF had no ergogenic effect on jump distance (P = .722); however, CAF increased the velocity during the last 10 m of the long jump (P = .019), and the percentage of “foul jumps” was higher than that expected by chance in the CAF group (80.5% [12.5%], χ2 = 13.44, P < .001) but not in the cellulose condition (58.3% [22.9%], χ2 = 1.48, P = .224). Conclusion: CAF ingestion (5 mg·kg−1 body mass) improves high-jump performance but seems to negatively influence technical aspects during the approach run of the long jump, resulting in no improvement in long-jump performance. Thus, CAF can be useful for jumpers, but the specificity of the jump competition must be taken into account.
Frequency of Neighborhood Park Use Is Associated With Physical Activity Among Adults in Four US Cities
Authors: Hughey S. Morgan , Wende Marilyn E. , Stowe Ellen W. , Kaczynski Andrew T. , Schipperijn Jasper , Hipp J. Aaron
Published: March 2021

Background: Neighborhood parks are recognized as important spaces for facilitating physical activity (PA); however, it remains unclear how the frequency of park use is associated with PA. The purpose of this study was to examine associations between minutes of moderate to vigorous PA and multiple park use indicators: (1) use of a neighborhood park, (2) unique number of neighborhood parks used, and (3) frequency of neighborhood park use. Methods: Adults were surveyed from 4 US cities (Brooklyn, NY; Greenville County, SC; Raleigh, NC; and Seattle, WA). Using a map-based survey platform, participants indicated all neighborhood parks they used and the frequency of use in the past 30 days. Participants self-reported their weekly moderate to vigorous PA. Quantile regression was used to examine associations between PA and park use indicators. Results: Of all respondents (N = 360), 60% indicated visiting a neighborhood park in the past 30 days, with an average of about 13 total neighborhood park visits (SD = 17.5). Significant, positive associations were found between moderate to vigorous PA and both unique neighborhood park visits and total number of neighborhood parks visits. Conclusions: Frequency of park visitation is associated with PA among US adults. Ensuring equitable and safe access to neighborhood parks has the potential for population-level PA health benefits.
Receptor-ligand supplementation via a self-cleaving 2A peptide–based gene therapy promotes CNS axonal transport with functional recovery
Authors: Khatib Tasneem Z. , Osborne Andrew , Yang Sujeong , Ali Zara , Jia Wanyi , Manyakin Ilya , Hall Katie , Watt Robert , Widdowson Peter S. , Martin Keith R.
Published: March 2021

From vision impairment to memory loss, neurotrophin and receptor supplementation using gene therapy promotes functional recovery.
Near-atomic structure of an atadenovirus reveals a conserved capsid-binding motif and intergenera variations in cementing proteins
Authors: Marabini Roberto , Condezo Gabriela N. , Krupovic Mart , Menéndez-Conejero Rosa , Gómez-Blanco Josué , San Martín Carmen
Published: March 2021

The first high-resolution structure of an adenovirus with nonmammalian host provides information on adenovirus evolution.
Observation of cavitation governing fracture in glasses
Authors: Shen Lai-Quan , Yu Ji-Hao , Tang Xiao-Chang , Sun Bao-An , Liu Yan-Hui , Bai Hai-Yang , Wang Wei-Hua
Published: March 2021

Fracture of glasses can proceed through the organized nucleation, growth, and coalescence of nanocavities.
Planetary rovers in science fiction
Authors: Murphy Robin R.
Published: March 2021

Science fiction cannot match the admirable inventiveness of Perseverance, Ingenuity, and other planetary rovers.
NASA’s Perseverance: Robot laboratory on Mars
Authors: Jacobstein Neil
Published: March 2021

Perseverance could be the first robot to find Mars microfossils.
Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate 3-kinase B promotes Ca
2+
mobilization and the inflammatory activity of dendritic cells
Authors: Marongiu Laura , Mingozzi Francesca , Cigni Clara , Marzi Roberta , Di Gioia Marco , Garrè Massimiliano , Parazzoli Dario , Sironi Laura , Collini Maddalena , Sakaguchi Reiko , Morii Takashi , Crosti Mariacristina , Moro Monica , Schurmans Stéphane , Catelani Tiziano , Rotem Rany , Colombo Miriam , Shears Stephen , Prosperi Davide , Zanoni Ivan , Granucci Francesca
Published: March 2021

Inflammatory responses of dendritic cells in vitro and in vivo require IP
4
generated by the kinase ITPKB.
Discovery of a Novel Respiratory Syncytial Virus Replication Inhibitor
Authors: Wang Li , Zhu Qihui , Xiang Kunlun , Zhang Yaling , Li Baocun , Yu Xin , Yang Guang , Liang Chungen , Yun Hongying , Zhang Meifang , Qin Ning , Gao Lu
Published: March 2021

A high-throughput screen of a Roche internal chemical library based on inhibition of the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-induced cytopathic effect (CPE) on HEp-2 cells was performed to identify RSV inhibitors. Over 2,000 hits were identified and confirmed to be efficacious against RSV infection
in vitro
.
Toyoncin, a Novel Leaderless Bacteriocin That Is Produced by Bacillus toyonensis XIN-YC13 and Specifically Targets B. cereus and Listeria monocytogenes
Authors: Wang Juanjuan , Xu Haitao , Liu Shu , Song Baolong , Liu Hualin , Li Feng , Deng Shulin , Wang Guangli , Zeng Huawei , Zeng Xin , Xu Dayong , Zhang Biao , Xin Bingyue
Published: March 2021

We identified a novel leaderless bacteriocin, toyoncin, produced by
B. toyonensis
XIN-YC13. Toyoncin shows good pH and heat stability, and it has specific antimicrobial activity against
B. cereus
and
L. monocytogenes
(two important foodborne pathogens), likely by destroying their cell membrane integrity.
Atomic Structure of the Trichomonas vaginalis Double-Stranded RNA Virus 2
Authors: Stevens Alexander , Muratore Katherine , Cui Yanxiang , Johnson Patricia J. , Zhou Z. Hong
Published: March 2021

Trichomonas vaginalis
viruses (TVVs) are double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) viruses that cohabitate in
Trichomonas vaginalis
, the causative pathogen of trichomoniasis, the most common nonviral sexually transmitted disease worldwide. Featuring an unsegmented dsRNA genome encoding a single capsid shell protein (CSP), TVVs contrast with multisegmented dsRNA viruses, such as the diarrhea-causing rotavirus, whose larger genome is split into 10 dsRNA segments encoding 5 unique capsid proteins.
Complete Genome Sequence of Escherichia coli Bacteriophage U136B
Authors: Burmeister A. R. , Piya Denish , Turner Paul E.
Published: March 2021

We report the genome sequence of bacteriophage U136B, which is reliant on the lipopolysaccharide and the antibiotic efflux protein TolC for infection of
Escherichia coli
and is a useful model for studying trade-offs and trade-ups that shape evolution. Phage U136B has a 49,233-bp genome with 87 predicted genes.