bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Overview of the Pathogenesis, Genetic, and Non-Invasive Clinical, Biochemical, and Scoring Methods in the Assessment of NAFLD
Authors: Kupčová Viera , Fedelešová Michaela , Bulas Jozef , Kozmonová Petra , Turecký Ladislav
Published: September 2019

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most prevalent chronic liver disease worldwide. It represents a range of disorders, including simple steatosis, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and liver cirrhosis, and its prevalence continues to rise. In some cases, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) may develop. The develop;ment of non-invasive diagnostic and screening tools is needed, in order to reduce the frequency of liver biopsies. The most promising methods are those able to exclude advanced fibrosis and quantify steatosis. In this study, new perspective markers for inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and fibrogenesis; emerging scoring models for detecting hepatic steatosis and fibrosis; and new genetic, epigenetic, and multiomic studies are discussed. As isolated biochemical parameters are not specific or sensitive enough to predict the presence of NASH and fibrosis, there is a tendency to use various markers and combine them into mathematical algorithms. Several predictive models and scoring systems have been developed. Current data suggests that panels of markers (NAFLD fibrosis score, Fib-4 score, BARD score, and others) are useful diagnostic modalities to minimize the number of liver biopsies. The review unveils pathophysiological aspects related to new trends in current non-invasive biochemical, genetic, and scoring methods, and provides insight into their diagnostic accuracies and suitability in clinical practice.
Introductory Notes on Engaging with Communities for Justice
Authors: Gambrell Kem , Topuzova Lazarina
Published: September 2019

Since the 2016 U.S. Presidential election, the rise in hate around the country has increased dramatically. According to the Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC), in the days immediately following the election of President Trump, a wave of hate crimes and lesser hate incidents swept the country- 1,094 bias incidents in the first 34 days (Potok, 2017). More than a third of these incidents directly referenced Trump, his “Make America Great Again” slogan, or his infamous misogynistic, racist, xenophobic or other demeaning remarks.
Curbing Hatred: The Ethnic Diehards' Agitations and 2015 Presidential Election Campaign in Nigeria
Authors: Ogwezzy-Ndisika Abigail Odozi , Faustino Babatunde , Amakoh Kelechi
Published: September 2019

Nigeria witnessed bouts of hate speeches during the buildup to the March 28, 2015 Presidential election. Politicians and their allies made use of acerbic words, half-truths and outright lies during their electioneering campaigns. The election was regarded as a ‘do-or-die’ affair by the politicians. Their activities were alarming and apprehensions were rife about the success of the election and peaceful transition of power. Hence, the two major contestants, Goodluck Jonathan and Muhammadu Buhari along with nine party leaders signed the ‘Abuja Accord’ on January 14, 2015.Furthermore, the country experienced a season of acerbic comments, issuance of quit notices and calls for secessions by ethnic jingoists. These activities heated up the polity and caused panic among the citizens of the country. On June 6, 2017, the Arewa Youth Consultative Forum comprising of 19 Northern states of Nigeria issued a 90-day ultimatum to South-Eastern residents in the North to vacate the region before October 1, 2017.This article explores the use of hate speech in electioneering campaign drawing from secondary data i.e. newspaper excerpts; and through the lens of ethics using relevant Communication Practice Codes, Nigerian Press Council Code, Nigerian Broadcasting Code, 2012 and relevant sections of Electoral Act 2010. It also examines the issue of the ethnic diehards’ agitations and quit notice and its implications for national peace, security and justice. The argument and submission of this paper highlights ways of curbing hatred, advancing of peace, acceptance, tolerance and justice.
How does the S-locus determining self-incompatibility in stone fruits work in self-compatible peach?
Authors: Hegedűs Attila , Halász Júlia , Szabó Zoltán , Nyéki József , Pedryc Andrzej
Published: September 2019

The majority of stone fruit species are self-incompatible, a feature that is determined by a specific recognition mechanism between the S-ribonuclease enzymes residing in the pistils and the F-box proteins expressed in the pollen tubes. Failure in the function of any component of this bipartite system resulted in self-compatibility (SC) in many cultivars of Prunus species. Peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch.) is the only species in the Prunoideae subfamily that is traditionally known to be self-compatible, but its molecular background is completely unknown. Isoelectric focusing and S-gene specific PCR revealed that SC is not due to functional inability of pistil ribonucleases. We hypothesize that SC may be a consequence of a kind of pollen-part mutation or the action of one or more currently unknown modifier gene(s). Only two S-alleles were identified in a set of peach genotypes of various origin and phenotypes in contrast to the 17–30 alleles described in self-incompatible fruit trees. Most important commercial cultivars carry the same S-allele and are in a homozygote state. This indicates the common origin of these cultivars and also the consequence of self-fertilization. According to the available information, this is the first report to elucidate the role of S-locus in the fertilization process of peach.
Metrological assurance of magnetic suspension concentration measurements during non-destructive testing of aircraft
Authors: Богоявленский А. , Bogoyavlenskiy A. , Матюхин К. , Matyuhin K.
Published: September 2019

The results of metrological certification of domestic and foreign measurement methods by indirect method of magnetic suspension concentration in technological processes of nondestructive testing of aircraft in air transport and aerospace industry are presented. The appraisal results confirm the compliance of measurement procedures with the requirements of GOST R 8.563 and OST 54-3-154.82. The components of the total measurement error were identified and investigated, the numerical values of the total measurement errors of the magnetic suspension concentration were established.
Gas temperature measurements behind the turbine during aircraft engine tests after repair
Authors: Богоявленский А. , Bogoyavlenskiy A. , Боков А. , Bokov A.
Published: September 2019

The review of means and methods of measurement of temperature of gases behind the turbine applied at tests of aviation gas-turbine (turbojet and turboprop) engines after repair is resulted. The basic methodical approaches to carrying out certification of measuring channels of temperature of gases behind the turbine on motor-testing stations of the organizations on repair are stated. Metrological certification " Methods of measuring the temperature field of gases behind the turbine when testing engines RU-19 A-300 after repair." The methodical approach and criteria which can be used at metrological certification of such techniques of the indirect measurements applied at tests of other types of aviation gas turbine engines both after repair, and at release from production are developed.
PENGARUH PENGGUNAAN GEOGEBRA TERHADAP KEMAMPUAN PEMECAHAN MASALAH MATEMATIKA
Authors: Nurhayati Nurhayati , Meirista Etriana , Suryani Dessy Rizki
Published: September 2019

Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimen dengan menggunakan desain one group pretest-posttest design. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh penggunaan Software Geogebra pada proses pembelajaran terhadap kemampuan pemecahan masalah siswa kelas VIII. Subjek penelitian ini adalah siswa kelas VIII B SMP Negeri 2 Merauke yang berjumlah 25 orang. Teknik sampling yang digunakan menggunakan cluster random sampling. Materi pelajaran yang diberikan adalah materi pelajaran pada semester ganjil yaitu persamaan garis lurus. Hasil penelitian diperoleh bahwa kemampuan pemecahan masalah matematika siswa kelas VIII SMP Negeri 2 Merauke sesudah penggunaan software geogebra lebih baik dari sebelum penggunaan software geogebra. Pengaruh tersebut ditunjukkan dari perolehan rata-rata nilai pretest lebih tinggi dari rata-rata nilai posttest, dengan peningkatan prestasi belajar matematika siswa berada pada kategori “sedang” yaitu 0,534. Dengan demikian, terdapat pengaruh kemampuan pemecahan masalah matematika siswa kelas VIII B SMP Negeri 2 Merauke setelah dilakukan pembelajaran menggunakan software geogebra
ANALISIS KUALITAS RANCANGAN PENELITIAN TINDAKAN KELAS GURU
Authors: Palobo Markus , Tembang Yonarlianto
Published: September 2019

penelitian bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan kualitas proposal penelitian tindakan kelas yang disusun oleh guru-guru SMP negeri 2 Merauke. Metode penelitian menggunakan analisis dokumen terhadap proposal penelitian guru. Populasi penelitian adalah seluruh proposal penelitian guru di SMP Negeri 2 Merauke dan objek penelitian adalah 5 proposal penelitian guru matematika, Bahasa Indonesia, Bahasa inggris, IPA dan IPS. Objek penelitian adalah hasil proposal penelitian hasil pekerjaan guru setelah diberikan pelatihan penyusunan proposal penelitian. Analisis data dilakukan dengan mendeskripsikan ketepatan ataupun kesalahan dari setiap komponen proposal penelitian tindakan kelas guru. Hasil penelitian diperoleh bahwa (1) judul penelitian masih terdapat judul yang belum lengkap. (2) Sistematika proposal sudah tepat dan permasalahan pada tata letak tulisan. (3) Latar belakang masalah terlalu umum belum menguraikan permasalahan secara spesifik dan solusi permasalahan yang diberikan belum diberikan kajian hubungan antara masalah dan solusi. (4) kajian teori masih minim referensi dan belum ada pengkajian secara mendalam terhadap teori-teori yang dituliskan. (5) penelitian relevan hanya menyajikan hasil penelitian relevan dalam bentuk angka. (6) gambar kerangka pikir sudah tepat namun deskripsinya belum sesuai dengan gambar. dan (7) sistematika metodologi penelitian sudah sesuai dan lengkap, kekurangan pada bagian instrument penelitian dan indicator keberhasilan belum sesuai secara.

Kata Kunci: Kualitas; Proposal; Penelitian
The Use of Blended Learning Approach in EFL Education
Authors:   Language Academy, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Rahim M.N.
Published: September 2019

The 21ST century education is a revolution that encounters the use of ICT (Information Communication Technology) as a component tool of education aligned with the contexts of teaching and learning. It is widely used in every surface of education particularly in teaching and learning EFL (English as a Foreign Language). When it comes to EFL education, traditional language teaching methodologies are intensively substituted with the new technological-integrated approaches. Currently, blended learning is used as an applicable approach and EFL education is surrounded by its features. It has really restructured the educational context and has paved the way for effective EFL practices. In fact, blended learning cooperates EFL educators a variety of interactive language activities while it is double component, integration of face-to-face education and technology-generated approaches. Therefore, this article investigates the use of blended learning approach in EFL education and undertakes an in-depth review of literatures, practices, and authentic enhancements of blended learning in the context of EFL education. The study enriches creative ideas toward the use of blended learning approaches in EFL classrooms. It indicates that blended learning approach provides a flexible language learning platform, endorse academic achievements of the learners, and influences EFL education.
Comparasion Of The Therapeutic Effect Between SWD And Tens On Relieving Pain In Mechanical Low Back Pain Petients
Authors: Kartadinata Robby , Indriastuti Lanny
Published: September 2019

Background : Low back pain (LBP) is the second cause of pain after headache and remains one of the most common symptoms for seeing a physician. About 90% of LBP is caused by mechanical factor. There are various physical modalities to relieve pain, such as, Short Wave Diathermy (SWD) and Transcutaneus Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) which are proved to be useful to relieve pain. The aim of the study is to compare SWD and TENS on relieving pain in mechanical LBP patients.

Methods : A pre-posttest study in 36 outpatients, with subacute mechanical LBP, ranging from 30–55 years old, were randomly divided into two even groups, the SWD group and TENS group. The subjects received either SWD or TENS on lumbosacral area for 15 minutes, 3 times a week, with the interval of 2–3 days during 2 weeks. Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) was applied for pain assessments to all subjects before and 24 hours after the sixth therapy session.

Results : There was a reduction on VAS score in the SWD group from 4.56 ± 0.62 cm to 1.90 ± 0.51 cm (p<0.001). There was a reduction on VAS score in the TENS group from 4.64 ± 0.59 cm to

2.03 ± 0.50 cm (p<0.001). There was no significant difference on VAS score reduction between SWD and TENS group (p = 0.643). Conclusion : TENS therapy relieves pain in subacute mechanical LBP patients as good as SWD Therapy.

Keywords : Mechanical low back pain, SWD, TENS.
Pengaruh Suplementasi Medisco Putih Telur Terhadap Perubahan Kadar Albumin pada Pasien Bedah dengan Hypoalbumenia di RSUP Dr. Kariaidi Semarang
Authors: - Supriyatna
Published: September 2019

Latar belakang : Makanan tinggi potein dapat meningkatkan dan mempertahankan kadar albumin. Modisco putih telur (MPT) merupakan suplementasi tinggi protein tinggi kalori yang dapat meningkatkan kadar albumin darah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh suplementasi MPT terhadap perubahan kadar albumin darah pada pasien hipoalbuminemia.

Metode : Penelitian Quasi Eksperimen pada pasien hipoalbuminemia di bangsal bedah RSUP Dr Kariadi Semarang pada bulan Agustus–September 2009 dan bulan Februari–Maret tahun 2010. Sampel diambil secara purposive terdiri dari 20 perlakuan dan 20 kontrol dengan kriteria inklusi umur 21 s/d 60 tahun, diet peroral bentuk makanan biasa atau lunak. Pasien dengan gangguan fungsi hepar dan ginjal serta menjalani operasi dalam 5 hari pengamatan dieksklusi. Kadar albumin darah sebelum perlakuan diambil dari rekam medik, evaluasi kadar albumin dilakukan pada hari ke-5. Hasil analisis dengan uji independent t test dan paired t test.

Hasil : Rerata kadar albumin darah hari pertama pada kelompok perlakuan adalah 2,5 mg/dl ± 0,22 dan kelompok kontrol 2,4 mg/dl

± 0,55. Evaluasi hari ke 5 kadar albumin darah pada kelompok perlakuan sebanyak 2,7 mg/dl ± 0,47 dan kelompok kontrol 2,2 mg/dl ± 0,53. Uji statistik didapatkan perbedaan bermakna pada perubahan kadar albumin antara kelompok perlakuan dan kelompok kontrol (p=0,002).

Simpulan : Terdapat perbedaan bermakna kadar albumin antara responden yang diberi MPT dengan yang tidak diberi MPT.

Kata kunci: hipoalbumin, kasus bedah, modisco putih telur.
Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (Primary PCI), Senjata "Baru" Untuk Melawan Serangan Jantung Akut
Authors: Rifki Sodiqur
Published: September 2019

Serangan jantung akut atau infark miokard akut (acute myocardial infarction) adalah suatu momok yang mengerikan. Keluhan nyeri dadanya begitu menakutkan sehingga bisa membuat seorang perokok fanatik yang sudah puluhan tahun merokok dan tidak pernah mau mendengar saran dari siapapun, termasuk cucunya, tiba- tiba mau berhenti merokok seketika. Seorang yang pernah mengalami serangan ini mengatakan bahwa rasa ajal mau menjemput (feeling of death) itu begitu menakutkan, sehingga membuatnya tak ingin mengalaminya lagi.

Dari semua pasien infark miokard, 25–35% akan meninggal sebelum mendapat pengobatan, umumnya disebabkan oleh gangguan irama jantung yang letal, yaitu fibrilasi ventrikel.1,2 Pasien yang berhasil sampai ke rumah sakit dari tahun ke tahun semakin menurun angka kematiannya. Penurunan tersebut terjadi karena beberapa hal, terutama sejak adanya perawatan CCU (Coronary Care Unit) dan dikembangkannya terapi reperfusi baik secara farmakologis dengan obat fibrinolitik maupun reperfusi mekanik dengan percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Sayangnya, data nasional Indonesia belum ada, tetapi analisis data register nasional di Amerika Serikat menunjukkan penurunan angka kematian pasien infark miokard yang mendapatkan terapi reperfusi jauh lebih rendah (5,7%), dibandingkan dengan yang tidak mendapatkan terapi reperfusi (14.8%).
Efek Platelet-Rich Plasma dan Skin Needling Terhadap Perbaikan Skar Akne Atrofi Tipe Boxcar dan Rolling
Authors: Aprilia Mandagie
Published: September 2019

Latar belakang: Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) mengandung faktor pertumbuhan otologus, yang bekerja secara sinergis dengan faktor pertumbuhan yang ditimbulkan oleh skin needling dengan tujuan untuk meningkatkan respon penyembuhan luka.Kombinasi PRP dan skin needling dapat meningkatkan efektifitas terapi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menilai efek PRP dan skin needlingpada skar akne atrofi
Gambaran Waktu Tunggu, Suhu, dan Total Bakteri Makanan Cair di RSUP Dr. Kariadi Semarang
Authors: Yunita Atiq , Wulandari Indah , Fridintya Aranta
Published: September 2019

Latar belakang : Penyelenggaraan makanan di rumah sakit wajib melakukan pengendalian mutu salah satunya dengan dengan menerapkan Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP). HACCP dilakukan dengan pendekatan pencegahan bahaya, salah s a tu n ya m e n ge n d a l i ka n b a h a ya b i o l o gi s s e p e rtiperkembangbiakan bakteri dalam makanan. Waktu tunggu dan suhu merupakan parameter kritis dalam menilai lajupertumbuhan bakteri. Penelitian ini bertujuan untukmendiskripsikan waktu tunggu, suhu, dan total bakteri pada makanan cair di Unit Pembuluh Darah Jantung dan Stroke di RSUP Dr. Kariadi Semarang
Pengaruh Self-Management Education Terhadap Pemberdayaan Pasien Penyakit Paru Obstruksi Kronik (PPOK) di RSUD Wangaya Denpasar
Authors: Putra Putu Wira Kusuma
Published: September 2019

PPOK merupakan penyebab utama morbiditas dan mortalitas kronik di seluruh dunia. Tahun 2020 PPOK diprediksi sebagai penyebab kematian keempat di dunia. Pemberdayaa pasien untuk berpartisipasi aktif dibutuhkan dalam penanganan pasien PPOK. Akan tetapi, pemberdayaan pasien PPOK dalam mengelola penyakitnya masih rendah. Self management education merupakan salah satu intervensi untuk meningkatan pemberdayaan pasien. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui pengaruh self management education terhadap pemberdayaan pasien PPOK. Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan quasy experiment dengan pendekatan pre test and post test control group design. Pengambilan sampel dengan teknik consecutive sampling yaitu sebesar 36 orang yang terdiri dari 18 kelompok perlakuan yang mendapatkan self management education melalui media booklet dan 18 kelompok kontrol yang mendapat prosedur edukasi yang berlaku di ruangan. Sampel diambil dari populasi pasien PPOK di Poliklinik paru RSUD Wangaya yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi. Data yang diambil meliputi karakteristik responden, pengetahuan, sikap, tindakan, kemampuan mengambil keputusan, self efficacy dan gejala PPOK. Data dikumpulkan dengan mengunakan kuesioner dan dianalisis menggunakan uji Paired t test, dan Mann whitney U test. Hasil uji statistik Mann Whitney U test menunjukkan ada perbedaan komponen pemberdayaan (pengetahuan, sikap, tindakan, kemampuan mengambil keputusan dan self efficacy) antara kelompok perlakuan dan kontrol dengan p=<0,0001, sedangkan untuk gejala PPOK tidak terdapat perbedaan dengan p=0,713. Self management education efektif meningkatkan pemberdayaan pasien PPOK, tetapi belum efektif menurunkan gejala PPOK. Penelitian di tempat yang berbeda dengan responden yang lebih homogen dan waktu pengamatan yang lebih panjang perlu dikembangkan untuk penelitian selanjutnya
Hubungan Gaya Kepemimpinan Kepala Ruang dengan Motivasi Kerja Perawat di Ruang Rawat Inap Rumah Sakit Umum Premagana, Gianyar
Authors: Diah Pitasari Ni Nyoman , Sherlyna Prihandhani IGAA
Published: September 2019

Gaya kepemimpinan merupakan suatu seni dan proses untuk mempengaruhi dan mengarahkan orang lain agar mereka memiliki motivasi untuk mencapai tujuan yang hendak dicapai dalam situasi tertentu. Berdasarkan hasil wawancara dengan 10 orang perawat, didapatkan hasil 7 (70%) orang perawat mengungkapkan pernah datang terlambat, cenderung mengeluh tentang hal-hal sepele, suka memperpanjang waktu istirahat dan bermain game dalam waktu kerja sehingga perawat bekerja tidak efektif. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan gaya kepemimpinan kepala ruang dengan motivasi kerja perawat di ruang rawat inap RSU Premagana, Gianyar. Rancangan penelitian ini adalah cross-sectional menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif. Data dikumpulkan melalui pengisian kuesioner oleh 34 orang perawat pada bulan Februari 2017 di ruang rawat inap RSU Premagana, Gianyar. Analisis data meliputi analisis univariat dan bivariat dengan koefisien korelasi lambda (λ). Analisis univariat menunjukkan bahwa sebagian besar perawat memilih tipe gaya kepemimpinan kepala ruang model demokratis sebanyak 14 responden (41,2%) dan memiliki motivasi sedang sebanyak 15 orang (44,1%). Analisis bivariat dengan nilai korelasi Lambda sebesar 0,795 menunjukkan adanya tingkat hubungan yang kuat dengan nilai p= 0,00 lebih kecil dari α = 0,05 (p<0,05) yang berarti ada hubungan yang signifikan antara gaya kepemimpinan kepala ruang dengan motivasi kerja perawat di ruang rawat inap RSU Premagana, Gianyar. Pemenuhan faktor-faktor pendukung motivasi kerja perawat diperlukan untuk mempertahankan ataupun meningkatkan motivasi kerja perawat serta kepala ruang mampu meningkatkan gaya kepemimpinan demokratis yang sesuai dengan standar prosedur pelayanan sehingga mampu mendorong perawat melakukan suatu kegiatan atau pekerjaan dengan baik demi mencapai tujuan yang diinginkan.
Gambaran Perilaku dan Motivasi Cuci Vagina pada Wanita Usia Subur dengan Servisitis di Puskesmas II Denpasar Selatan
Authors: Purnama Dewi Komang Ayu , Nurtini Ni Made , Yulia Raswati Teja Ni Made Ayu
Published: September 2019

Pendahuluan: Servisitis merupakan kasus yang paling sering dijumpai di Bali dan Denpasar khususnya di Puskesmas II Denpasar Selatan. Salah satu etiologi non infeksi penyebab dari servisitis adalah perilaku cuci vagina.  Cuci vagina adalah proses pembilasan atau pembersihan vagina dengan memaksa air atau cairan lain masuk ke dalam rongga vagina untuk membersihkan atau membilas keputihan dan lainnya. Peneliti tertarik mengetahui tentang gambaran dan motivasi perilaku cuci vagina pada WUS dengan servisitis di Puskesmas II Denpasar Selatan.

Metodologi: sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah WUS dengan servisitis yang berkunjung ke Puslesmas II Denpasar Selatan selama bulan Januari – Pebruari 2018, yaitu sebanyak 44 orang.

Hasil: Sebagian besar WUS dengan servisitis melakukan cuci vagina dengan menggunakan air saja yaitu 26 orang (59.09%), melakukan cuci vagina pada saat buang air kecil yaitu sebanyak 25 orang (56.82%), melakukan cuci vagina di rumah/tempat tinggal yaitu 38 orang (86.36%) dan melakukan cuci vagina sendiri yaitu 36 orang (81.82%). Sebagian besar motivasi perilaku cuci vagina pada WUS dengan servisitis karena merasa kotor yaittu sebanyak 23 orang (52.27%).

Diskusi: Masih ada WUS yang melakukan cuci vagina dengan air sirih, sabun mandi dan sabun khusus untuk cuci vagina. Penggunaan cairan selain air untuk cuci vagina ini mengakibatkan terjadinya kerusakan flora normal pada vagina sehingga mempermudah bakteri yang tidak menguntungkan untuk masuk dan menyebabkan infeksi pada vagina, servisitis atau penyakit kelamin lainnya.
Pengaruh Kopi sebagai Media Oral Hygiene pada Pasien Kanker Kepala Leher terhadap Derajat Mukositis
Authors: Susanti Brigitta Ayu Dwi , Sujianto Untung , Dyan Kusumaningrum Niken Safitri
Published: September 2019

Pasien kanker yang menjalani kemoterapi maupun radioterapi dapat mengalami masalah  pada rongga mulut yaitu terjadinya mukositis. Mukositis menyebabkan ketidaknyaman pada mulut, ketidakmampuan untuk mentoleransi makanan atau cairan (disfagia) sampai akhirnya mengalami penurunan status gizi, mukositis juga  dapat menimbulkan dampak pada fisik, psikologis, dan ekonomi. Oral hygiene saat menjalani kemoterapi maupun radiasi merupakan perawatan yang teraman dan termurah dalam menanggulangi mukositis. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk  melihat perbedaan derajat mukositis dengan oral hygiene menggunakan larutan kopi. Desain dalam penelitian ini menggunakan quasi experiment dengan rancangan penelitian pretest- posttest with control group design. Populasi pada penelitian ini adalah pasien yang menjalani terapi radiasi di poli Radioterapi RSUP dr. Kariadi Semarang. Penilaian derajat mukositis dinilai dari instrumen WHO. Data dianalisis dengan uji paired t test dan independence t-test untuk melihat pengaruh. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan rata-rata derajat mukositis sebelum diterapkan oral hygiene menggunakan kopi adalah 3 di kelompok intervensi dan 3 pada kelompok kontrol,  setelah diterapkan oral hygiene dengan kopi nilai rata-rata mukositis menjadi 2 pada kelompok intervensi dan pada kelompok kontrol mempunyai nilai rata-rata untuk mukositis tetap berada pada derajat 3. Terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan pada derajat mukositis pasien kanker kepala leher yang menjalani radioterapi sebelum dan sesudah penerapan oral hygiene dengan kopi pada kelompok intervensi p<0.05 dan terdapat pengaruh oral hygiene dengan kopi terhadap derajat mukositis p<0.05.
ANALISIS PERANCANGAN BUSUR PANAH POLYVYNIL CHLORIDE TIPE RECURVE DI ISI BAMBU DAN RESIN EPOKSI
Authors: Dzulfikar Muhammad , Nahar Nahar
Published: September 2019

Dalam bidang olahraga tertentu material tradisional tetap bertahan dan hanya sedikit mengalami perubahan material. Topik-topik yang dibahas mencakup teknik percetakan-polimer yang revolusioner. Busur panah mengalami berbagai macam perkembangan. Maka perancangan yang akan diteliti sedikit berbeda dengan menggunakan PVC sebagai bahan material utamanya sedangkan resin dan bambu sebagai pelengkap. Adapun perancangan tersebut, dengan memipihkan PVC. Kemudian dilakukan tiller atau bending dan menimbang busur panah untuk mengetahui bow weight, draw weight dan draw length pada busur panah pada yang memenuhi standard panahan. Nilainya bow weightnya 24,44 lbs, 34,16 lbs, 29,11 lbs, 19,59 lbs . Sementara nilai draw length sepanjang 25,6 inchi, 26,2 inchi , 26,8 inchi, 26,6 inchi. Nilai draw weightnya 26,89 lbs, 32,02 lbs, 37,57 lbs, 21,54 lbs.  Kata kunci: bow, busur panah, pvc, resin, bambu.
An overview of writing a case report
Authors: AH El-Gilany
Published: September 2019

For most authors, the case report is the first piece of research writing. This editorial discusses the essential components of a case report to guide authors to improve their writing skills and thus avoid the disappointments of rejection. The sections of the case report are the title, abstract with keywords, introduction, case description, discussion with conclusions and references. The case report should be clear, concise, coherent, and must convey a crisp message. Common pitfalls and mistakes will be discussed.
The study of the brittle fracture resistance in fusion areas between RPV steel 15H2NMFA grade 1 and austenitic padding
Authors: Orlov Viktor V. , Anosov Nikolay P. , Skorobogatykh Vladimir N. , Gordyuk Lyubov Yu. , Yurgina Zhanna V. , Koshcheev Konstantin N. , Barsanova Svetlana V. , Shamardin Valentin K.
Published: September 2019

Brittle fracture resistance of RPV 15H2NMFA grade 1 steel is investigated. Sets of small-sized testing samples and a set of standard-sizes samples were used in the study. It was demonstrated that application of sets of small-sized specimens in mechanical tests for determining the brittle fracture resistance of RPV 15H2NMFA grade 1 steel makes possible the following:

increasing the volume of tests in each batch by 8 times without significant changes in the design of irradiation facility thus ensuring maintaining the initial irradiation parameters during testing;

substantially expanding the database of test results for statistical processing.

The need for large-scale modeling of process conditions arising in weld joint zones inaccessible for direct testing, such as: (1) the welding zone between the base metal and the corrosion-resistant coating metal, (2) the welding area between the weld metal and the corrosion-resistant coating metal, and (3) the fusion area between the base metal, the weld metal, and the anticorrosive cladding metal, is demonstrated in the paper.

Process modeling of the metal in fusion areas up to 0.5 mm wide (each is 100 μm in size) with an experimental electroslag refined (ESR) ingot of up to 300 mm long with similar microstructure and variable chemical composition allows the following: (1) examining not less than 1000 small-sized impact testing samples with continuous distribution of concentrations of chemical elements in accordance with a certain law; and (2) testing these samples and identifying brittle fracture dangerous zones across fusion areas between the base metal and the anti-corrosive padding metal in the initial state or after subsequent irradiation at a given fluence rate and temperature.
Critical notes: history, state, problems and prospects of nuclear science and technology
Authors: Murogov Viktor M.
Published: September 2019

This paper does not contain new computational and experimental scientific results. It attempts to analyze, based on a simplified phenomenological approach, the methodology of the evolution histories of nuclear science and technology, as well as the contradictions and issues which, if not resolved, make senseless any discussions of scenarios for the full-scale evolution of nuclear power.

The paper analyzes in brief the evolution history of nuclear technologies in the USA and in the USSR. It also considers the present-day state of nuclear power. Two international projects, INPRO and GIF IV, were initiated in 2000. The INPRO objective is to define the evolution strategy for and the requirements to the nuclear power of tomorrow. The GIF IV project aiming to develop Generation IV reactors for future NPPs focuses on building innovative reactors capable to cope with the challenges involved in further evolution of nuclear power.

The following issues were considered as the result of the system analysis

– further evolution of nuclear power worldwide;

– nuclear non-proliferation;

– NPP safety;

– nuclear waste;

– climate and oxygen burning in the NPP operation;

– education and training of younger generations of nuclear workers.

A critical analysis into the history, status and future evolution of nuclear technologies at the present-day stage shows that the nuclear energy market has monopolized the design, development and construction of practically only one type of nuclear reactors for NPPs (95% of the NPPs under construction have water-cooled water-moderated reactors) which explains the fact that single-skilled personnel are largely trained for the construction and operation of this plant type.

Achieving the full-scale evolution level of nuclear power capable to cope with the socio-economic and ecological issues faced by humankind requires a basically new evolution concept for all fields of nuclear industry.
An Efficient Cluster Head Selection and Routing in Mobile WSN
Authors: S.V Manikanthan , T Padmapriya
Published: September 2019

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) includes numerous sensor nodes that are connected to each other through the use of wireless short distance links. The transfer of data between the individual nodes is found to be energy-constrained and the energy-efficient protocol in WSNs is a huge requirement. In addition, the deployment of large numbers of sensor nodes increases the size of the network, which in turn increases the energy consumption rate. An efficient protocol is developed in this research that includes grid-based mobile communication network formation, efficient path selection through cluster head selection and data communication. In addition, multi-stage authentication is implemented to provide security from source node to destination node for the transfer of data. Implementation is performed via NS2-based platform and the result obtained shows that the proposed system outperforms other existing techniques in terms of packet delivery and use of energy through network lifetime.
Digital Communication
Authors: Naidoo Gedala Mulliah
Published: September 2019

Many educational training institutes are adopting information communication technologies (ICTs) as a part of their teaching and learning strategies. There are many reasons for this adoption, such as the implementation of eLearning, which is becoming a more prominent form of delivery in the education sector, also providing students with a global competitive edge. However, South African educational institutions still face many disparities in effectively implementing eLearning. The chapter impresses on the importance of the usage of ICTs for teaching and learning. It is vital to learn the challenges lecturers and teachers face using ICTs to enhance the teaching and learning environment; the effective usage of ICTs for eLearning implementation for teaching by lecturers and how students respond to these new digital formats. Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) in conjunction with the Constructivism Theory (CT) are also discussed while promoting digital compliance.
Educators as Digital Learners
Authors: Galego Diego , Ferreira Dias Marta , Amorim Marlene , Madaleno Mara , Jimenez Gladys , Osorio Camila Zamora
Published: September 2019

Social innovation (SI) and social entrepreneurship (SE) progressively acquires importance in higher education institutions and it has been introduced in a capacity building strategy towards a redesign of academic curriculum, namely in Latin American universities. With the purpose to advance knowledge-transfer on these topics a teacher training course (TTC) was designed and developed as part of the Students4Change Erasmus+ Project. The TTC was built with a twofold purpose: on the one hand, to share knowledge about SI and SE in an online course addressed to university professors, from the 10 Latin American universities, partners in the project; and on the other hand, to develop also didactic strategies and active learning in a collaborative approach, as well as different tools, in order to promote the integration of SI and SE subjects in academic curriculum. To achieve this purpose, 51 professors participated on the online course, divided in two stages, first in eight webinars during two months, and second, a final face-to-face meeting after the end of the online course.
The Development of Massive Scale Learning and Its Implications for the Digital Learner
Authors: Haniya Samaa
Published: September 2019

With the proliferation of technology advancements and the popularity of digital media applications we witness every day, the architecture of knowledge communication of one-to-many in schools has been changed. Traditionally, classrooms would typically consist of a limited number of students being taught with one teacher in a teacher-centered approach. Today, new media and the development in the practices of e-learning have pushed the boundaries on the scale of learning by opening up the doors for more learners across the globe. This is particularly the case with the arrival of massive open online courses, or MOOCs. Drawing on pervious literature review, this chapter aims to investigate the developments of the MOOC phenomenon and examine its protentional implications and challenges for the digital learner.
The Contribution of the Technology Acceptance Model for an Active Teaching and Learning Process in Higher Education
Authors: Faustino Paula , Simões Dora
Published: September 2019

Building up a more engaging and active teaching and learning experience is now crucial to face the challenges that the profile of today's digital learner requires. The relevance of digital technology in the educational field cannot be denied as many studies have been conducted and many frameworks have been developed trying to understand the advantages that digital tools can bring to education. This chapter presents a bibliometric analysis of scientific articles indexed at Scopus from the previous 10 years related to the use of the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) in higher education. This resulted in the identification of the perspectives, digital technologies, methodologies, and developments in this field of research. It was possible to verify that the studies are more focused on the acceptance of technology from the perspective of the students and not so much on the perspective of the teachers. Along with the perceived ease of use and usefulness, self-efficacy is another variable to consider when accepting using technology.
Beyond Acceptance
Authors: Bulut Ibrahim Hakki , Delialioğlu Ömer , Lane H. Chad
Published: September 2019

Technology acceptance model (TAM) has been the predominant model for decades to explain how and to what extent motivational factors affect technology use of people. Despite its robustness and validity for the research in educational technologies, TAM has a behaviorist nature, focusing mainly on extrinsic motivators to explain the acceptance of technology. Considering that learning requires cognitive and social immersion as well as behavioral engagement, behaviorist-oriented approach of TAM can only make limited explanation of acceptance of learning technologies. To overcome this shortcoming of TAM, a new model is proposed, the educational technology engagement model (ETEM), based upon the self-determination theory, which basically offers that both extrinsic and intrinsic motivational factors affect engagement of students for learning. ETEM identifies cognitive, social, and behavioral engagement along with the perceived achievement as motivational outcomes.
Phylogeny of Macronematinae (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae) based on molecular and morphological analyses
Authors: Uy Christine Jewel C. , Kang Ji Hyoun , Morse John C. , Bae Yeon Jae
Published: September 2019

The phylogenetic relationships among the members of Macronematinae (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae) have long been debated and often revised. Our study based on a large subunit (28S) nuclear ribosomal DNA (D2 expansion fragment; 464 base pairs) of gene sequences found all genera to be monophyletic except for the genusPolymorphanisusWalker, which produced two clades in accordance with its species groups established using morphological characters. Phylogenetic reconstruction based on mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (658 base pairs) found the same monophyletic relationships, however, except for the generaPolymorphanisusandMacrostemumKolenati. The placement of the genusLeptonemaGuérin-Méneville as the basal clade in the subfamily was also ruled out, which is consistent with previous morphological findings. The monophyly of two previously recognised tribes (Macronematini and Polymorphanisini) was not supported. We also found that the generaCentromacronemaUlmer,BaliomorphaNeboiss, andMacronemaPictet are most closely related, having three head setal warts on the vertex of the head and unsegmented inferior appendages of male genitalia as their synapomorphies. Our study supported the hypothesis of close relationship of the generaAmphipsycheMcLachlan andProtomacronemaUlmer with the morphological synapomorphies: absence of a forewing discoidal cell and the presence of elevated head carinae on the larvae. Some notable evolutionary novelties in the structure of adults in various lineages of this subfamily include reduction of maxillae and labium, reduction and loss of a discoidal cell and evolution of ac-sccrossvein in each forewing, fusion of segments in each male inferior appendage, and evolution of dark colour patterns in the forewings. Also, the head setal warts, which are unique organs in Trichoptera, evolved towards a decreasing number in the subfamily. This first molecular phylogenetic study, covering most genera in Macronematinae and including an interpretation of 12 key evolutionary novelties, provides an important basis for resolving long-standing questions regarding phylogenetic relationships and classification of genera and species and helps lay a stronger foundation for inference of testable hypotheses about functional traits for species of this common and widespread subfamily.
Epidemiology of Injuries Sustained by Elite Under-18 Rugby Players
Authors: Solis-Mencia Cristian , Ramos-Álvarez Juan José , Murias-Lozano Roberto , Aramberri Mikel , Saló José Carlos
Published: September 2019

Context

The physical nature of rugby is responsible for the high incidence of injuries, but no researchers have examined the epidemiology of injuries sustained by elite under-18 rugby players.

Objective

To investigate the incidence of injuries sustained by players on the Spanish national under-18 rugby team during their participation in 4 European championships (2014–2017) and the types of play in which they occurred.

Design

Cohort study.

Setting

European rugby championships.

Patients or Other Participants

Ninety-eight under-18 rugby players.

Main Outcome Measure(s)

All injuries sustained during the championship periods were recorded per the World Rugby protocol.

Results

A total of 40 injuries were logged over the 4 championships. The incidence of injury was higher during matches than during training (P < .05), with 138.0 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 136.5, 139.6) injuries per 1000 hours of play compared with 1.2 (95% CI = 1.2, 1.3) per 1000 hours of training. With only 2 days of rest between games, the injury rate was higher than with 3 days of rest (P < .05). More injuries were sustained during the third quarter of the game: 13 (44.8%) versus 6 (20.6%) in the last quarter, 5 (17.3%) in the second quarter, and 5 (17.3%) in the first quarter.

Conclusions

The most common injuries during matches were sprains and concussions, and these injuries were more likely to occur during matches than during training. Most injuries were caused by tackles and occurred during the third quarter of the game. These findings indicate that teams should focus on teaching players skills to reduce injuries caused by tackles and warming up properly before returning to the field after halftime. The injury rate was higher with only 2 versus 3 days' rest between games. These results suggest that young players' matches should be at least 72 hours apart.
Automotive V-Ribbed Belt Drives and Test Methods
Authors:   Belt Drive (Automotive) Systems Committee
Published: September 2019

The following information covers engine accessory drive layout details and testing methods and includes test configurations, pulley diameters, power loads, and guidance for interpreting test data. This information has been prepared from existing literature, including standards and data supplied by both producers and users of V-ribbed belts.
Debt Sustainability in Low-Income Countries - Further Considerations on an Operational Framework and Policy Implications
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: September 2019

This paper seeks to address queries on several operational issues: (i) the robustness of the indicative thresholds; (ii) modalities for implementing DSAs; and (iii) operational implications for the Fund, Bank, and other international financial institutions and creditors.
2008 Triennial Surveillance Review - Background Information and Statistical Appendix
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: September 2019

Country surveillance constitutes an essential part of the IMF's mandate to oversee the international monetary system and to monitor the economic and financial policies of its 185 member countries. The IMF's Executive Board conducts regularly scheduled reviews of country surveillance (the Triennial Surveillance Review) to consider ways to improve its effectiveness. The 2008 review is the first such review since the Executive Board approved, in June 2007, a new Decision on Bilateral Surveillance. This Decision affirms that the focus of bilateral surveillance is on those policies of members that can significantly influence present or prospective external stability. The review focused on the implementation of country surveillance in the recent past, as presented in the following set of papers:

• The overview paper presents the main findings and priority areas for further work. The review finds that stakeholders hold the quality of IMF surveillance in high regard, but that improvements should focus on risk assessment, integration of macroeconomic and financial sector surveillance, multilateral perspectives (cross-border spillovers and cross-country analysis), and exchange rate assessments. The priority areas identified in the review served as key background for the preparation of the IMF’s Statement of Surveillance Priorities (SSP).

• The Thematic Findings (Supplement 1) provides supporting analysis on the implementation of bilateral surveillance in the recent past and, particularly, on the appropriateness of its focus and its analytical value added in particular areas, including the overall “health check”, exchange rates, financial sector issues, cross-country analysis and cross-border spillover analysis (including a case study of surveillance in the run up to the subprime crisis), the degree of candor and evenhandedness in surveillance, and the effectiveness of its communication.

• The Background Information paper (Supplement 2) provides further information, including a description of review methodologies, and results including interview findings, surveys of various audiences, and supporting data on the quality of consultation documents.

• The External Consultant’s Report provides an independent view of IMF surveillance in Europe.
Sovereign Wealth Funds - A Work Agenda
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: September 2019

Sovereign Wealth Funds (SWFs) are becoming increasingly important in the international monetary and financial system, attracting growing attention. SWFs are government-owned investment funds, set up for a variety of macroeconomic purposes. They are commonly funded by the transfer of foreign exchange assets that are invested long term, overseas. SWFs are not new, and some of the longer-established funds—for example those of Kuwait, Abu Dhabi, and Singapore—have existed for decades. However, high oil prices, financial globalization, and sustained, large global imbalances have resulted in the rapid accumulation of foreign assets particularly by oil exporters and several Asian countries. As a result, the number and size of SWFs are rising fast and their presence in international capital markets is becoming more prominent.
Review of Recent Crisis Programs
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: September 2019

This study concludes that recent Fund-supported programs in emerging market countries are delivering the kind of policy response and financing needed to cushion the blow from the worst global crisis since the 1930s. While the crisis has had a profound effect on output and employment, especially in those countries starting with large external vulnerabilities, many of the severe disruptions attending previous crises—currency overshooting and bank runs—have so far been avoided. Internalizing lessons from the past, programs have responded to country conditions and adapted to worsening economic circumstances to attenuate contractionary forces. As a result, signs of stabilization are emerging in program countries, though there remain challenges to secure sustained recovery in a number of countries.