bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tempo de análise da pragmática em crianças com alteração específica de linguagem
Authors: Befi-Lopes Debora Maria , Vieira Marcely , Cáceres Ana Manhani
Published: August 2011

OBJETIVO: Verificar se haveria influência nos parâmetros da pragmática com a redução do tempo da filmagem em crianças com alteração específica de linguagem. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizadas as filmagens e os protocolos de análise da pragmática de 30 crianças entre 3 e 6 anos de idade. Foram analisados 15 minutos (momento total) divididos em três momentos de cinco minutos cada (inicial, medial e final). Para a comparação dos dados, foi registrado o número de atos comunicativos por minuto, a porcentagem de utilização do espaço comunicativo, o uso de funções comunicativas predominantes e a porcentagem de uso de cada meio comunicativo (gestual, vocal e verbal) para os quatro momentos. RESULTADOS: Não foram encontradas diferenças entre os momentos para o número de atos comunicativos, uso do espaço comunicativo e uso de funções comunicativas. Com relação às funções utilizadas, em todos os momentos as mais recorrentes foram Comentário, Pedido de Informação e Performativa. Já as menos frequentes foram Pedido de Rotina Social, Não-focalizada e Narrativa. Para o meio comunicativo, houve diferença quanto ao meio gestual entre os momentos inicial e final (p=0,048) e uma tendência entre o inicial e o medial (p=0,097). CONCLUSÃO: A análise da prova de pragmática de crianças com alteração específica de linguagem pode ser reduzida para somente cinco minutos, desde que os primeiros sejam descartados e sejam utilizados os mediais ou finais.
Carbon Nanotubes as Supports for Palladium and Bimetallic Catalysts for Use in Hydrogenation Reactions
Authors: Oosthuizen R. S. , Nyamori V. O.
Published: August 2011

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) possess unique properties which make them competitive with conventional catalyst supports. This short review collates findings from many research groups on the benefits of palladium/carbon nanotubes in hydrogenation reactions. The effects of modifixsed CNTs and bimetallic platinum group metal (pgm) catalyst/CNT systems for hydrogenation reactions are also discussed.
Maternal Expectations: New Mothers, Nurses, and Breastfeeding
Authors: Martucci Jessica
Published: August 2011

By the middle of the 20th century, breastfeeding rates had fallen to less than 20% in some areas of the United States. Despite these grim statistics, many mothers continued to seek information, advice, and the experience of breastfeeding their infants. This article explores the role that nurses played in these women’s struggles to breastfeed in the years between the end of World War II and the 1970s. The role of the nurse in shaping the meaning and experience of breastfeeding in America has been an important, albeit often overlooked, part of the history of infant feeding. In addition to exploring the ways in which hospital policies and structures shaped nurses’ relationships with breastfeeding mothers, this article looks at how different maternal ideologies influenced the nature of these (mostly) same-sex interactions. This article argues that the ideas about, and experiences with, motherhood had important implications for how nurses and mothers approached the practice of breastfeeding in the hospital.
Probabilistic Heterogeneous Patent Protection and Innovation Incentives
Authors: Spinesi Luca
Published: August 2011

Using a general equilibrium framework, this paper shows that imperfect and heterogeneous patent protection across industries affects the relative innovation incentives of firms and the skill premium. It is found that tighter patent enforcement in some industries allows a patent enforcement externality effect to emerge, whereby varieties with relatively softer patent protection have relatively stronger innovation incentives. The theoretical mechanisms hold for a wide range of the elasticity of substitution between varieties and also hold in a North-South framework when IPR harmonization is considered. A numerical simulation shows that merging both endogenous technological change and institutional aspects in the form of imperfect and heterogeneous IPR protection can contribute to explaining the different innovation and wage inequality performances of the U.S. and the EU regions.
Molecular modeling and chemometric study of anticancer derivatives of artemisinin
Authors: Barbosa Jardel , Ferreira João , Figueiredo Antonio , Almeida Ruth , Silva Osmarina , Carvalho José , da Cristino , Ciríaco-Pinheiro Jose , Vieira José , Serra Raymony
Published: August 2011

In this work, a molecular modeling and multivariate study involving
artemisinin and 28 derivatives with activity against human hepatocellular
carcinoma HepG2 is reported. The studied calculations of the compounds were
performed at the B3LYP/6-31G level. MEP maps were used in an attempt to
identify key structural features of artemisinin and its derivatives that are
necessary for their activities, and to investigate their interaction with the
transferrin. The chemometrics methods PCA, HCA, KNN, SIMCA and SDA were
employed in order to reduce dimensionality and to investigate which subset of
variables could be more effective for classification of the compounds
according to their degree of anticancer activity. Chemometric studies
revealed that the ALOGPS_logs, Mor29m, IC5 and the Gap energy descriptors are
responsible for the separation into more active and less active compounds. In
addition, molecular docking was used to investigate the interaction between
ligands and receptor. The results showed that the ligands approached the
receptor through the endoperoxide bond.
Corrected μβ for stars of Hipparcos catalogue from independent latitude observations over many decades
Authors: Damljanovic G. , Milic I.S.
Published: August 2011

During the last century, there were many so-called independent latitude (IL)
stations with the observations which were included into data of a few
international organizations (like Bureau International de l'Heure - BIH,
International Polar Motion Service - IPMS) and the Earth rotation programmes
for determining the Earth Orientation Parameters - EOP. Because of this,
nowadays, there are numerous astrometric ground-based observations (made over
many decades) of some stars included in the Hipparcos Catalogue (ESA 1997).
We used these latitude data for the inverse investigations - to improve the
proper motions in declination ?? of the mentioned Hipparcos stars. We
determined the corrections ??? and investigated agreement of our ?? and those
from the catalogues Hipparcos and new Hipparcos (van Leeuwen 2007). To do
this we used the latitude variations of 7 stations (Belgrade,
Blagoveschtschensk, Irkutsk, Poltava, Pulkovo, Warsaw and Mizusawa), covering
different intervals in the period 1904.7 - 1992.0, obtained with 6 visual and
1 floating zenith telescopes (Mizusawa). On the other hand, with regard that
about two decades have elapsed since the Hipparcos ESA mission observations
(the epoch of Hipparcos catalogue is 1991.25), the error of apparent places
of Hipparcos stars has increased by nearly 20 mas because of proper motion
errors. Also, the mission lasted less than four years which was not enough
for a sufficient accuracy of proper motions of some stars (such as double or
multiple ones). Our method of calculation, and the calculated ?? for the
common IL/Hipparcos stars are presented here. We constructed an IL catalogue
of 1200 stars: there are 707 stars in the first part (with at least 20 years
of IL observations) and 493 stars in the second one (less than 20 years). In
the case of ?? of IL stars observed at some stations (Blagoveschtschensk,
Irkutsk, Mizusawa, Poltava and Pulkovo) we find the formal errors less than
the corresponding Hipparcos ones and for some of them (stations
Blagoveschtschensk and Irkutsk) even less than the new Hipparcos ones.
New 20-cm radio-continuum study of the small Magellanic cloud: Part I. Images
Authors: Wong G.F. , Filipovic M.D. , Crawford E.J. , de Horta , Galvin T. , Draskovic D. , Payne J.L.
Published: August 2011

We present and discuss new high-sensitivity and resolution radiocontinuum
images of the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) at ?=20 cm (?=1.4 GHz). The new
images were created by merging 20-cm radio-continuum archival data, from the
Australian Telescope Compact Array and the Parkes radio-telescope. Our images
span from ?10"to ?150" in resolution and sensitivity of r.m.s.?0.5 mJy/beam.
These images will be used in future studies of the SMC?s intrinsic sources
and its overall extended structure.
Limited Overlap Between Intermediate Hyperglycemia as Defined by A1C 5.7–6.4%, Impaired Fasting Glucose, and Impaired Glucose Tolerance
Authors: Saukkonen Tuula , Cederberg Henna , Jokelainen Jari , Laakso Mauri , Härkönen Pirjo , Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi Sirkka , Rajala Ulla
Published: August 2011

OBJECTIVE

We compared the prevalences and overlap between intermediate hyperglycemia (IH), defined by a hemoglobin A1c (A1C) 5.7–6.4%, impaired fasting glucose (IFG), and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Oral glucose tolerance test results and A1C measurements were evaluated as markers of IH in an unselected cohort of 486 nondiabetic adults from Finland.

RESULTS

The overall prevalence of IH was 34%. Prevalences of isolated A1C 5.7–6.4%, IGT, and IFG were 8.0, 13.2, and 4.5%, respectively. Overlap between these three markers was uncommon. Isolated A1C 5.7–6.4% was associated with a higher BMI compared with isolated IFG and IGT and with a more adverse lipid profile compared with isolated IFG.

CONCLUSIONS

Prevalence of isolated IH was high, with limited overlap between the definitions. Differences in cardiovascular disease risk factors were observed among the groups. This study demonstrates that an A1C of 5.7–6.4% detects, in part, different individuals with IH compared with IFG and IGT.
Adapting Models of Chronic Care to Provide Effective Diabetes Care for Refugees
Authors: Heerman William J. , Wills Morgan J.
Published: August 2011

IN BRIEF

Adapting current models of diabetes care for refugees requires careful attention to diverse cultures, the refugee experience with trauma, and different paradigms of health and illness. Improving health literacy and self-efficacy, forming community partnerships, and providing community education will create the best chance for high-quality diabetes care in the refugee population in the United States.
Statistical and evolutionary optimisation of operating conditions for enhanced production of fungal l-asparaginase
Authors: Baskar Gurunathan , Renganathan Sahadevan
Published: August 2011

A three-level central composite design of the Response Surface Methodology and the Artificial Neural Network-linked Genetic Algorithm were applied to find the optimum operating conditions for enhanced production of l-asparaginase by the submerged fermentation of Aspergillus terreus MTCC 1782. The various effects of the operating conditions, including temperature, pH, inoculum concentration, agitation rate, and fermentation time on the experimental production of l-asparaginase, were fitted to a second-order polynomial model and non-linear models using Response Surface Methodology and the Artificial Neural Network, respectively. The Artificial Neural Network model fitted well, achieving a higher coefficient of determination (R 2 = 0.999) than the second-order polynomial model (R 2 = 0.962). The l-asparaginase activity (38.57 IU s mL−1) predicted under the optimum conditions of 32.08°C, pH of 5.85, inoculum concentration of 1 vol. %, agitation rate of 123.5 min−1, and fermentation time of 55.1 h was obtained using the Artificial Neural Networklinked Genetic Algorithm in very close agreement with the activity of 37.84 IU mL−1 achieved in confirmation experiments.
Relationships between competitive anxiety, social support and self-handicapping in youth sport
Authors: Wężyk Agata
Published: August 2011

Relationships between competitive anxiety, social support and self-handicapping in youth sport

Study aim: To assess the level of self-handicapping tendency, competitive anxiety (trait) and social support within groups of young male and female athletes, as well as to determine the relationships between those variables.

Material and methods: A group of 75 athletes (46 male football players and 29 female volleyball players) from Sport Mastery School in Łódź, aged 16 - 19 years, participated in the study. Three questionnaires were administered: Anticipative Strategy of Self-Esteem Protection Scale (ASO) to measure self-handicapping tendency, Social Support Scale (SWS) and Reactions to Competition (RnW), in order to measure the competition-related anxiety (trait).

Results: Female athletes attained significantly higher scores in ASO and RnW while male players perceived their social support higher than girls. No significant correlations between self-handicapping and anxiety were found. Most of the observed relationships between self-handicapping and social support were negative, like those between anxiety and social support.

Conclusions: It is advisable to work with young athletes on eliminating self-handicapping activities and replacing them with other, more efficient, ways of coping with anxiety. Social support (adequate to the athlete's needs) might be crucial in that proceeding. The hypothesis of relationship between sport competitive anxiety and self-handicapping was not confirmed, maybe due to the relatively small number of subjects.
The Life Course and Sense-Making
Authors: Dorner Lisa M.
Published: August 2011

Implementing policies relies on their design, the will and capacity of implementors, the organizations within which implementation occurs, and individuals’ interpretations. Despite the fact that families’ decisions are critical to the successful implementation of educational programs, however, few studies examine their sense-making processes. Using life course theories, this ethnographic study examines how historical time and place and developmental timing shape immigrants’ choices for bilingual education. Findings demonstrate that the intersections of time and place (the history/structure of organizations, people, policies) and timing (family members’ composition and developmental needs) shape parents’ interactions with schools, understandings of policies, and children’s pathways toward bilingualism. Such findings have implications for theories about the policy process and for districts with growing immigrant student populations.
The Consequences of Ignoring Individuals' Mobility in Multilevel Growth Models
Authors: Luo Wen , Kwok Oi-man
Published: August 2011

In longitudinal multilevel studies, especially in educational settings, it is fairly common that participants change their group memberships over time (e.g., students switch to different schools). Participant’s mobility changes the multilevel data structure from a purely hierarchical structure with repeated measures nested within individuals and individuals nested within clusters to a cross-classified structure with repeated measures cross-classified by both individuals and clusters. If researchers fail to consider the cross-classified data structure and simply use the hierarchical linear models (HLMs) instead of the more appropriate cross-classified random-effects models (CCREMs) to analyze the data, there will be biases in the estimates of variance components and inaccurate statistical inference regarding the fixed effects. In addition, the impact of such model misspecification depends on factors including the rate of mobility and the pattern of mobility.
"Hop on the bus, Gus."
Authors: Mom Gijs , Clarsen Georgine , Kim Nanny , Seiler Cotten , Möser Kurt , Müller Dorit , Terranova charissa N. , Volti Rudi
Published: August 2011

In 1873 Edouard Manet finished his famous and beautiful “Railroad” painting. In it a woman in a blue travel coat, sitting on the stone base of a gate, stares us in the face, looking up from her book and gazing through us as if digesting what she just read, a little dog sleeping on her lap. Next to her a girl (her daughter?) stands with her back toward us, a big blue bow on her white Sunday dress, gripping the gate bars and looking through them at … a cloud of steam. No train in sight. They are waiting, for what, for whom? Perhaps the girl’s attention is not drawn by what she sees but by what she hears: a steam valve must be hissing loudly.
Mobile Electronic Media
Authors: Weber Heike
Published: August 2011

This article takes the history of mobile electronic media as a vantage point from which to view a transformation in everyday Western mobility culture. It argues that mobile media technologies rather than transport technologies constitute today's guiding symbols of mobility whilst mobility itself is seen as going beyond physical movement. In the late twentieth century, its understanding has been broadened and now refers to the mere capacity to be ready for action and, thus, movement. This shift from movement to the potential to move can be observed in the material culture of mobile media. Initially designed to accompany travel, tourism or sport activities, portable radios or cell phones have been increasingly used in stationary or domestic settings, thereby challenging the Western dualisms of mobile/sedentary and public/private. On a methodological level, a focus on mobile media history involves merging the fields of media and transport history with the aim of arriving at a comprehensive mobility history.
Mobile Perception and the Automotive Prosthetic
Authors: Terranova Charissa N.
Published: August 2011

This essay focuses on a body of photoconceptual works from the 1960s and 1970s in which the automobile functions as a prosthetic-like aperture through which to view the world in motion. I argue that the logic of the “automotive prosthetic“ in works by Paul McCarthy, Dennis Hopper, Ed Ruscha, Jeff Wall, John Baldessari, Richard Prince, Martha Rosler, Robert Smithson, Ed Kienholz, Julian Opie, and Cory Arcangel reveals a techno-genetic understanding of conceptual art, functioning in addition and alternatively to semiotics and various philosophies of language usually associated with conceptual art. These artworks show how the automobile, movement on roads and highways, and the automotive landscape of urban sprawl have transformed the human sensorium. I surmise that the car has become a prosthetic of the human body and is a technological force in the maieusis of the posthuman subject. I offer a reading of specific works of photoconceptual art based on experience, perception, and a posthumanist subjectivity in contrast to solely understanding them according to semiotics and linguistics.
Iterative Modernism
Authors: De Block Greet , De Meulder Bruno
Published: August 2011

This article traces the implicit spatial project of Belgian engineers during the interwar period. By analyzing infrastructure planning and its inscribed spatial ideas as well as examining the hybrid modernity advocated by engineers and politicians, this article contributes to both urban and transport history.

Unlike colleagues in countries such as Germany, Italy and the United States, Belgian engineers were not convinced that highways offered a salutary new order to a nation traumatized by the First World War. On the contrary, the Ponts et Chaussées asserted that this new limited access road would tear apart the densely populated areas and the diverse regional identities in Belgium. In their opinion, only an integration of existing and new infrastructure could harmonize the historically fragmented and urbanized territory. Tirelessly, engineers produced infrastructure plans, strategically interweaving different transport systems, which had to result in an overall transformation of the territory to facilitate modern production and export logics.
An Unsymmetrical Trinickel Metal Complex with 4-Sulfobenzoate Axial Ligand: [Ni3(dpa)4(4-sb)(H2O)]×3H2O
Authors: Zheng Xiao-Feng , Zhu Long-Guan
Published: August 2011

An unsymmetrical trinickel metal complex, [Ni3(dpa)4(4-sb)(H2O)]×3H2O (1), where dpa is a 2,2’-dipyridylamine anion and 4-sb is 4-sulfobenzoate dianion, was synthesized and characterized by X-ray crystallography, IR, elemental analysis, fluorescence, and cyclic voltammetry. The molecular structure of 1 is a cluster with a linear trimer. The extended structure is a 3D architecture assembled by hydrogen bonds. The 4-sulfobenzoate axial replacement leads to the change of Ni-Ni distances, the shift of the fluorescence emission, and the reversible one-electron reduction process without oxidation process.
Alcohol Mixed with Energy Drinks: Consumption Patterns and Motivations for Use in U.S. College Students
Authors: Marczinski Cecile A.
Published: August 2011

Binge drinking in college students is widespread and known to cause significant harms and health hazards for the drinker. One factor that may be exacerbating hazardous drinking in young people is the new popular trend of consuming alcohol mixed with energy drinks (AmED). However, rates of AmED use and motivations for AmED consumption in college students have not been well established. In this study, 706 undergraduate college students from a university in the United States participated in a web-based survey that queried self-reported alcohol, energy drink, and AmED use. In addition, motivations for using AmEDs were assessed. The results indicated that for all participants, 81% reported that they have tried at least one energy drink in the past and 36% reported consumption of at least one energy drink in the past 2 weeks. Alcohol consumption patterns were similar to findings from U.S. national surveys of college drinking, as 37% of respondents were classified as binge drinkers and 23% abstained from drinking. In the whole sample (including the alcohol abstainers), 44% reported trying AmED at least once and 9% reported AmED consumption at least once in the past 2 weeks. 78% of respondents agreed with the statement that AmEDs appeal to underage drinkers. When AmED users were asked about various motivations for consuming AmEDs, users reported that they consumed these beverages to get drunk and reduce sedation compared to alcohol alone. In conclusion, the consumption of AmEDs is common in U.S. college students. Motivations for using AmEDs include the reduction of the sedative effects of alcohol, an important interoceptive cue that one should stop drinking.
(+)-Kunstlerone, a New Antioxidant Neolignan from the Leaves of Beilschmiedia kunstleri Gamble
Authors: Mollataghi Abbas , Hadi A Hamid A , Awang Khalijah , Mohamad Jamaludin , Litaudon Marc , Mukhtar Mat Ropi
Published: August 2011

A new neolignan, 3,4-dimethoxy-3′,4′-methylenedioxy-2,9-epoxy-6,7-cyclo-1,8-neolign-11-en-5(5H)-one, which has been named (+)-kunstlerone (1), together with six known alkaloids: (+)-norboldine (2), (+)-N-methylisococlaurine (3), (+)-cassythicine (4), (+)-laurotetanine (5), (+)-boldine (6) and (-)-pallidine (7), were isolated from the leaves of Beilschmiedia kunstleri. The structures were established through various spectroscopic methods notably 1D- and 2D-NMR, UV, IR and LCMS-IT-TOF. (+)- Kunstlerone (1) showed a strong antioxidant activity, with an SC50 of 20.0 µg/mL.
Quantitative Structure Inter-Activity Relationship (QSInAR). Cytotoxicity Study of Some Hemisynthetic and Isolated Natural Steroids and Precursors on Human Fibrosarcoma Cells HT1080
Authors: Putz Mihai V. , Lazea Marius , Sandjo Louis P.
Published: August 2011

Combined experimental and quantitative structure inter-activity relationship (QSIAR) computation methods were advanced in order to establish the structural and mechanistic influences that steroids and triterpenes, either as newly synthesized or naturally isolated products, have on human HT1080 mammalian cancer cells. The main Hansch structural indicators such as hydrophobicity (LogP), polarizability (POL) and total energy (Etot) were considered and both the structure-projected as well as globally computed correlations were reported; while the inter-activity correlation of the global activity with those projected on structural information was revealed as equal to the direct structural-activity one for the trial sets of compounds, the prediction for the testing set of molecules reported even superior performances respecting those characteristic for the calibration set, validating therefore the present QSInAR models; accordingly, it follows that the LogP carries the most part of the cytotoxic signal, while POL has little influence on inhibiting tumor growth—A complementary behavior with their earlier known influence on genotoxic carcinogenesis. Regarding the newly hemisynthetic compounds it was found that stigmasta-4,22-dien-3-one is not adapted for cell membrane diffusion; it is recommended that aminocinnamyl chlorohydrate be further modified in order to acquire better steric influence, while aminocinnamyl-2,3,4,6-O-tétraacétyl-α-D-glucopyranoside was identified as being inhibited in the tumor cell by other molecular mechanisms–here not revealed–although it has a moderate-high anti-cancer structurally predicted activity.
In Vitro Synergy of Biochanin A and Ciprofloxacin against Clinical Isolates of Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Liu Guoxing , Liang Jun-Chao , Wang Xue-Lin , Li Zhao-Hui , Wang Wei , Guo Na , Wu Xiu-Ping , Shen Feng-Ge , Xing Ming-Xun , Liu Li-Hui , Li Lei , Liu Ming-Yuan , Yu Lu
Published: August 2011

Many clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) are resistant to numerous antimicrobials, including the fluoroquinolones (FQs). Flavonoids such as biochanin A (BCA) are compounds that are naturally present in fruits, vegetables, and plant-derived beverages. The goal of this investigation was to study the possible synergy between the antimicrobial agents BCA and ciprofloxacin (CPFX) when used in combination; CPFX was chosen as a representative FQ compound. We used S. aureus strain ATCC 25923 and 11 fluoroquinolone (FQ)-resistant methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains. Results from the drug susceptibility testing and checkerboard assays show that the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of BCA ranged from 64 µg/mL to 512 µg/mL. When BCA was combined with CPFX, the fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) data showed that there was synergy in all 12 of the S. aureus strains tested. No antagonistic activity was observed in any of the strains tested. The results of time-kill tests and agar diffusion tests confirm that there was synergy between BCA and CPFX against S. aureus strains. These results suggest that BCA can be combined with FQs to produce a powerful antimicrobial agent.
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent-Assay for Deoxynivalenol (DON)
Authors: Ji Fang , Li Hua , Xu Jianhong , Shi Jianrong
Published: August 2011

Deoxynivalenol (DON), one of the trichothecene mycotoxins, is a worldwide contaminant of wheat and barley, especially when infected by Fusarium graminearum, the causative agent of an epidemic wheat disease called Fusarium Head Blight. Because of the high risk of DON ingestion and the possibility of frequent exposure, it is important to develop a rapid and highly sensitive method for easy identification and quantification of DON in grain samples. In this study, we have developed an indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect DON in wheat. We conjugated 3-O-Hemisuccinyl-DON (3HS-DON) to Bovine serum albumin (BSA) and Ovalbumin (OVA), and obtained DON-specific mice antisera. The indirect competitive ELISA revealed that the optimal concentration of mice serum and the coated antigen was 1/1600 and 1/1500, respectively. The antiserum cross-reacted with the trichothecenes 3-acetyl-DON and T-2 toxin, reaching about 55.2% and 6.3%, respectively, as compared with DON. Results showed that the assay could be performed satisfactorily using an extraction buffer containing less than 15% methanol. Recovery from DON was 82–93% in grains. The linear detection range of DON in grains was between 0.01 and 100 μg/mL.
Cooperative Business Organizations: Intrinsic in Every Strategically Functional Tourism Industry
Authors: Leiper Neil , Lamont Matthew , Hing Nerilee
Published: August 2011

Relationships between organizations sharing the same domain (such as a marketplace) can take the form of competition, cooperation, coexistence, or a combination of such. An article previously published inTourism, Culture & Communicationsuggested that competition and cooperation are mutually exclusive. That is, business organizations cannot simultaneously compete and cooperate. This critique from Leiper, Lamont, and Hing critically discusses the notions of "competition" and "cooperation," and presents evidence supporting a contention that business organizations commonly compete and cooperate on a concurrent basis. This review also seeks to clarify the notion of industrial cooperation by identifying and discussing two forms of industrial cooperation: intraindustry, and interindustry. The importance of both intraindustry and interindustry cooperation in understanding the structure of tourism industries is also highlighted. Readers should note that this article was initially composed as a counterargument paper (and almost completed!!) by Professor Neil Leiper in his study on the east coast of Australia. The article has been read as an "in progress" work by Lamont and Hing, who had worked closely with Professor Leiper over recent years. Lamont and Hing have sought to work with precision to retain and strengthen the core ideas of their colleague, Professor Leiper. In certain places, they have drawn on their long knowledge of the Leiper manifesto for relevant and strategic Tourism Management/Tourism Development decision making to round off the interpretations that Professor Leiper was in process of finalizing at his untimely passing. (Abstract by the Critical Review Editor)
Growth and aflatoxin production of an Italian strain of Aspergillus flavus: influence of ecological factors and nutritional substrates
Authors: Giorni P. , Magan N. , Pietri A. , Battilani P.
Published: August 2011

The aim of this study was to define quantitative relationships between temperature and water activity (aw), fungal
growth and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) production. A strain of Aspergillus flavus isolated from maize in north Italy, and
previously tested and found positive for AFB1 production, was used for these experiments. The optimum temperature
for AFB1 production was at 25 °C, slightly lower with respect to results obtained in other countries. 0.83 aw was the
limit for growth of this strain of A. flavus after 60 days incubation at the optimum temperature. The solutes used to
modify aw, glycerol and NaCl, influenced both growth and secondary metabolite production. Media modified with
glycerol resulted in more AFB1 production when compared to the non-ionic solute NaCl added media. Maize based
media, prepared with flour obtained from kernels at different ripening stages, only slightly influenced growth rates of
A. flavus. The quantitative relationship obtained between fungal growth and AFB1 production in diverse temperature
and aw levels were used to develop a valid predictive model for A. flavus presence and AFB1 production in the field.
Lack of Th17 Cell Generation in Patients with Severe Burn Injuries
Authors: Inatsu Akihito , Kogiso Mari , Jeschke Marc G. , Asai Akira , Kobayashi Makiko , Herndon David N. , Suzuki Fujio
Published: August 2011

Immunodeficient patients with severe burn injuries are extremely susceptible to infection with Candida albicans. In addition to Th1 cells, IL-17–producing CD4+ T cells (Th17 cells) have recently been described as an important effector cell in host anti-Candida resistance. In this study, therefore, we tried to induce Th17 cells in cultures of severely burned patient PBMC by stimulation with the C. albicans Ag (CAg). In the results, the biomarkers for Th17 cells (IL-17 production and intracellular expression of IL-17 and retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor γt) were not displayed by burn patient PBMC stimulated with CAg, whereas these biomarkers of Th17 cells were detected in cultures of healthy donor PBMC stimulated with CAg. Burn patient sera were shown to be inhibitory on CAg-stimulated Th17 cell generation in healthy donor PBMC cultures; however, Th17 cells were induced by CAg in healthy donor PBMC cultures supplemented with burn patient sera that were previously treated with anti–IL-10 mAb. Also, the biomarkers of Th17 cells were not induced by CAg in healthy donor PBMC cultures supplemented with rIL-10. IL-10 was detected in serum specimens derived from severely burned patients. These results indicate that Th17 cells are not generated in burn patient PBMC cultures supplemented with CAg. IL-10, produced in response to burn injuries, is shown to be inhibitory on Th17 cell generation. The high susceptibility of severely burned patients to C. albicans infection might be influenced if burn-associated IL-10 production is intervened.
Allogeneic HLA-A*02–Restricted WT1-Specific T Cells from Mismatched Donors Are Highly Reactive but Show Off-Target Promiscuity
Authors: Falkenburg Willem J. J. , Melenhorst J. Joseph , van de Meent Marian , Kester Michel G. D. , Hombrink Pleun , Heemskerk Mirjam H. M. , Hagedoorn Renate S. , Gostick Emma , Price David A. , Falkenburg J. H. Frederik , Barrett A. John , Jedema Inge
Published: August 2011

T cells recognizing tumor-associated Ags such as Wilms tumor protein (WT1) are thought to exert potent antitumor reactivity. However, no consistent high-avidity T cell responses have been demonstrated in vaccination studies with WT1 as target in cancer immunotherapy. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible role of negative thymic selection on the avidity and specificity of T cells directed against self-antigens. T cell clones directed against the HLA-A*0201–binding WT1126–134 peptide were generated from both HLA-A*02–positive (self-HLA–restricted) and HLA-A*02–negative [nonself (allogeneic) HLA [allo-HLA]-restricted] individuals by direct ex vivo isolation using tetramers or after in vitro priming and selection. The functional avidity and specificity of these T cell clones was analyzed in-depth. Self-HLA–restricted WT1-specific clones only recognized WT1126–134 with low avidities. In contrast, allo-HLA–restricted WT1 clones exhibited profound functional reactivity against a multitude of HLA-A*02–positive targets, even in the absence of exogenously loaded WT1 peptide, indicative of Ag-binding promiscuity. To characterize this potential promiscuity, reactivity of the T cell clones against 400 randomly selected HLA-A*0201–binding peptides was investigated. The self-HLA–restricted WT1-specific T cell clones only recognized the WT1 peptide. In contrast, the allo-HLA–restricted WT1-reactive clones recognized besides WT1 various other HLA-A*0201–binding peptides. In conclusion, allogeneic HLA-A*02–restricted WT1-specific T cells isolated from mismatched donors may be more tumor-reactive than their autologous counterparts but can show specific off-target promiscuity of potential clinical importance. As a result of this, administration of WT1-specific T cells generated from HLA-mismatched donors should be performed with appropriate precautions against potential off-target effects.
Questões éticas para bibliotecários
Authors: Rasche Francisca
Published: August 2011

Aborda a ética bibliotecária compreendendo a constituição da biblioteconomia a partir de uma visão sistêmica. Dessa forma, com o objetivo de levantar questões para discutir ética profissional, situa os bibliotecários no mundo do trabalho e pontua aproximações, entre o contexto de atuação e de relação dos profissionais em questão, com a ética dos direitos humanos e da alteridade.
Uma iniciativa interinstitucional para a construção de ontologia sobre ciência da informação: visão geral do projeto P.O.I.S
Authors: Almeida Maurício Barcellos , Moura Maria Aparecida , Cardoso Ana Maria Pereira , Cendón Beatriz Valadares
Published: August 2011

A utilização de uma terminologia consistente é um importante passo para a consolidação e desenvolvimento de um campo científico. Além disso, uma área de pesquisa em evolução como a Ciência da Informação, pode se beneficiar de uma conceitualização consensualmente aceita pela comunidade científica. Na tentativa de colaborar nesse processo de consolidação, e, além disso, buscando preencher lacuna representada pela ausência de vocabulários para a área no Brasil, pesquisadores e alunos de duas instituições de ensino e pesquisa em Ciência da Informação de Minas Gerais, a Escola de Ciência da Informação da UFMG e o Instituto de Informática da PUC Minas, desenvolvem o projeto POIS (Portuguese Ontology in Information Science). O objetivo do presente artigo é proporcionar uma visão geral sobre o projeto e posicionar a comunidade acadêmica quanto à sua execução, além de apresentar informações sobre os recursos utilizados, sobre as experiências em sua execução e sobre a pesquisa referente a ontologias efetuada em seu escopo.
A Series of Energy‐Transfer Copolymers Derived from Fluorene and 4,7‐Dithienylbenzotriazole for High Efficiency Yellow, Orange, and White Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Zhang Lianjie , Hu Sujun , Chen Junwu , Chen Zhenhui , Wu Hongbin , Peng Junbiao , Cao Yong
Published: August 2011

Eight random and alternating copolymers PF‐DTBTA derived from 2,7‐fluorene and 4,7‐dithienylbenzotriazole (DTBTA) were synthesized. Thin solid films of the energy‐transfer copolymers possess high absolute photoluminescence (PL) quantum yields (ΦPL) between 60−72%. Inserting PVK layer between anode and emissive layer could show higher electroluminescence (EL) performances due to PVK‐enhanced hole injection. Random copolymers PF‐DTBTA1−15, with DTBTA molar contents from 1% to 15%, displayed yellow EL spectra with high external quantum efficiency (EQEmax) up to 5.78%. PF‐DTBTA50, the alternating copolymer, showed an orange EL with EQEmax of 3.3%. The good ΦPL and EQEmax of the PF‐DTBTA50 with very high DTBTA content indicate that DTBTA is a high efficiency chromophore with very low concentration quenching effects in the solid state PL and EL processes. PF‐DTBTA0.03−0.1 could emit white EL due to partial energy transfer from fluorene segments to DTBTA units. Moreover, white EL devices, with forward‐viewing maximum luminous efficiency up to 11 cd/A and stable white EL spectra (CIE coordinates of (0.33, 0.43)) in high current range from 5 mA to 60 mA, could be realized from the non‐doped polymer with simple binary structure. Our results suggest that DTBTA has big potential to construct high performanced EL polymers or oligomers.
Evolving role of biomarkers in acute cerebrovascular disease
Authors: Kernagis Dawn N. , Laskowitz Daniel T.
Published: August 2011

The development of a clinically validated biomarker of acute cerebral ischemia would have the potential to facilitate the use of time‐sensitive reperfusion strategies, allow for individualization of patient care by predicting relative risk of hemorrhage and volume of penumbral tissue, and add valuable prognostic information for patients presenting with acute stroke. Additionally, a stroke biomarker might benefit early stage clinical research by serving as a surrogate measure of ischemic injury. Although at present there are no clinically validated biomarkers of acute stroke, previous studies have focused on markers associated with different components of the ischemic cascade, including microglial activation, inflammation, oxidative stress, neuronal injury, hemostasis, and endothelial dysfunction. Evolving technologies have provided high throughput approaches to investigate potential gene and protein signatures, and methods to measure newly discovered markers of cell death and immune responses. Prior to defining the clinical utility of stroke biomarkers, it is critical to understand the inherent limitations of a biomarker‐based approach and define its potential value for providing adjunctive diagnostic and prognostic information. The identification and validation of a clinically relevant biomarker, or panel of markers, of stroke will ultimately require incorporation of both stringent research design and assessment in the clinical context in which the marker will be used. Ann Neurol 2012;
Insights into large‐scale cell‐culture reactors: I. Liquid mixing and oxygen supply
Authors: Sieblist Christian , Jenzsch Marco , Pohlscheidt Michael , Lübbert Andreas
Published: August 2011

In the pharmaceutical industry, it is state of the art to produce recombinant proteins and antibodies with animal‐cell cultures using bioreactors with volumes of up to 20 m3. Recent guidelines and position papers for the industry by the US FDA and the European Medicines Agency stress the necessity of mechanistic insights into large‐scale bioreactors. A detailed mechanistic view of their practically relevant subsystems is required as well as their mutual interactions, i.e., mixing or homogenization of the culture broth and sufficient mass and heat transfer. In large‐scale bioreactors for animal‐cell cultures, different agitation systems are employed. Here, we discuss details of the flows induced in stirred tank reactors relevant for animal‐cell cultures. In addition, solutions of the governing fluid dynamic equations obtained with the so‐called computational fluid dynamics are presented. Experimental data obtained with improved measurement techniques are shown. The results are compared to previous studies and it is found that they support current hypotheses or models. Progress in improving insights requires continuous interactions between more accurate measurements and physical models. The paper aims at promoting the basic mechanistic understanding of transport phenomena that are crucial for large‐scale animal‐cell culture reactors.
Insights into large‐scale cell‐culture reactors: II. Gas‐phase mixing and CO2 stripping
Authors: Sieblist Christian , Hägeholz Oliver , Aehle Mathias , Jenzsch Marco , Pohlscheidt Michael , Lübbert Andreas
Published: August 2011

Most discussions about stirred tank bioreactors for cell cultures focus on liquid‐phase motions and neglect the importance of the gas phase for mixing, power input and especially CO2 stripping. Particularly in large production reactors, CO2 removal from the culture is known to be a major problem. Here, we show that stripping is mainly affected by the change of the gas composition during the movement of the gas phase through the bioreactor from the sparger system towards the headspace. A mathematical model for CO2‐stripping and O2‐mass transfer is presented taking gas‐residence times into account. The gas phase is not moving through the reactor in form of a plug flow as often assumed. The model is validated by measurement data. Further measurement results are presented that show how the gas is partly recirculated by the impellers, thus increasing the gas‐residence time. The gas‐residence times can be measured easily with stimulus‐response techniques. The results offer further insights on the gas‐residence time distributions in stirred tank reactors.
Gaze and viewing angle influence visual stabilization of upright posture
Authors: Ustinova K.I. , Perkins J.
Published: August 2011

Focusing gaze on a target helps stabilize upright posture. We investigated how this visual stabilization can be affected by observing a target presented under different gaze and viewing angles. In a series of 10‐second trials, participants (N= 20, 29.3 ± 9 years of age) stood on a force plate and fixed their gaze on a figure presented on a screen at a distance of 1 m. The figure changed position (gaze angle: eye level (0°), 25° up or down), vertical body orientation (viewing angle: at eye level but rotated 25° as if leaning toward or away from the participant), or both (gaze and viewing angle: 25° up or down with the rotation equivalent of a natural visual perspective). Amplitude of participants’ sagittal displacement, surface area, and angular position of the center of gravity (COG) were compared. Results showed decreased COG velocity and amplitude for up and down gaze angles. Changes in viewing angles resulted in altered body alignment and increased amplitude of COG displacement. No significant changes in postural stability were observed when both gaze and viewing angles were altered. Results suggest that both the gaze angle and viewing perspective may be essential variables of the visuomotor system modulating postural responses.
Relatively Socially Acceptable Prejudice Within and Between Societies
Authors: West Keon , Hewstone Miles
Published: August 2011

Two studies investigated the relative social acceptability of certain prejudices within a society (Study 1) and between societies (Study 2), using (less) internal motivation to control prejudice as an indicator of social acceptability. In Study 1, White British participants reported less internal motivation to control prejudice against people with schizophrenia than against Black people. In Study 2, Jamaican participants reported less internal motivation to control anti‐homosexual prejudice than did either British participants or American participants. Other differences in motivation to control prejudice were smaller, absent, or at odds with this difference, indicating that differences in motivation to control anti‐homosexual prejudice were not solely due to cultural differences concerning motivation to control prejudice in general. Results are discussed in terms of novel findings, relevance to the literature and possible future research. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spatial Variation of Haloacetic Acids in Indoor and Outdoor Desalinated Household Drinking Water in Kuwait
Authors: Al‐Mudhaf Humood F. , Selim Mustafa I. , Astel Aleksander M. , Abu‐Shady Abdel‐Sattar I.
Published: August 2011

The present study reveals spatial variability of haloacetic acids and the basic physiochemical properties of drinking water samples through visualization based on the Kriging algorithm and hierarchical cluster analysis. Both projection and statistical method contributed to the logical classification of the indoor and outdoor water samples collected from various governorates covering more than 95% of the residential areas in Kuwait. Clustering of the variables led to the formation of several significant clusters corresponding to the effect of chlorine concentration and its residence time on the formation potential of chlorinated acetic acid derivatives in desalinated drinking water as well as to the total ionic composition of water samples and to the effect of the formation of brominated acetic acid derivatives. Clustering of samples, both indoor and outdoor, indicated that all of governorates located in the northern part of Kuwait are supplied with water containing high concentrations of chlorinated acetic acid derivatives, whereas significantly lower amounts of chlorinated or monobrominated acetic acids were found in water samples in the central and southern parts of the country.