bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Temporal pattern recognition in the human brain: a dual simultaneous processing
Authors: Bonetti L. , Brattico E. , Bruzzone S.E.P. , Donati G. , Deco G. , Pantazis D. , Vuust P. , Kringelbach M.L.
Published: October 2021

Pattern recognition is a major scientific topic. Strikingly, while machine learning algorithms are constantly refined, the human brain emerges as an ancestral biological example of such complex procedure. However, how it transforms sequences of single objects into meaningful temporal patterns remains elusive. Using magnetoencephalography (MEG) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), we discovered and mathematically modelled an inedited dual simultaneous processing responsible for pattern recognition in the brain. Indeed, while the objects of the temporal pattern were independently elaborated by a local, rapid brain processing, their combination into a meaningful superordinate pattern depended on a concurrent global, slower processing involving a widespread network of sequentially active brain areas. Expanding the established knowledge of neural information flow from low- to high-order brain areas, we revealed a novel brain mechanism based on simultaneous activity in different frequency bands within the same brain regions, highlighting its crucial role underlying complex cognitive functions.
Early detection of cerebrovascular pathology and protective antiviral immunity by MRI
Authors: Liu Li , Dodd Stephen , Hunt Ryan D. , Pothayee Nikorn , Atanasijevic Tatjana , Bouraoud Nadia , Maric Dragan , Moseman E. Ashley , Gossa Selamawit , McGavern Dorian B. , Koretsky Alan P.
Published: October 2021

Central nervous system (CNS) infections are a major cause of human morbidity and mortality worldwide. Even patients that survive CNS infections can have lasting neurological dysfunction resulting from immune and pathogen induced pathology. Developing approaches to noninvasively track pathology and immunity in the infected CNS is crucial for patient management and development of new therapeutics. Here, we develop novel MRI-based approaches to monitor virus-specific CD8+ T cells and their relationship to cerebrovascular pathology in the living brain. We studied a relevant murine model in which a neurotropic virus (vesicular stomatitis virus) was introduced intranasally and then entered the brain via olfactory sensory neurons – a route exploited by many pathogens in humans. Using T2*-weighted high-resolution MRI, we identified small cerebral microbleeds as the earliest form of pathology associated with viral entry into the brain. Mechanistically, these microbleeds occurred in the absence of peripheral immune cells and were associated with infection of vascular endothelial cells. We monitored the adaptive response to this infection by developing methods to iron label and track individual virus specific CD8+ T cells by MRI. Transferred antiviral T cells were detected in the brain within a day of infection and were able to reduce cerebral microbleeds. These data demonstrate the utility of MRI in detecting the earliest pathological events in the virally infected CNS as well as the therapeutic potential of antiviral T cells in mitigating this pathology.
Effect of reversible osmotic stress on live cell plasma membranes, probed via Laurdan general polarization measurements
Authors: Zapata-Mercado Elmer , Hristova Kalina
Published: October 2021

Here we seek to gain insight into changes in the plasma membrane of live cells upon the application of osmotic stress using Laurdan, a fluorescent probe that reports on membrane organization, hydration, and dynamics. It is known that the application of osmotic stress to lipid vesicles causes a decrease in Laurdan’s generalized polarization (GP), which has been interpreted as an indication of membrane stretching. In cells, we see the opposite effects, as GP increases when the osmolarity of the solution is decreased. This increase in GP is associated with the presence of caveolae, which are known to disassemble and flatten in response to osmotic stress, in a process that supplies extra plasma membrane in physiological processes.

Significance

Cells can experience multiple stresses in vivo. Furthermore, the application of osmotic stress is used as a biophysical tool to interrogate membrane proocesses in vitro. We sought to investigate the consequences of osmotic stress on the plasma membrane properties using the fluorescent probe Laurdan. Unexpectedly, we find that osmotic stress leads to an increase in GP in live cells. The opposite change in GP has been observed in model lipid bilayers, reminding us there are limitations to the utility of model systems in understanding cell membrane behavior. Despite years of research, the cell membrane still has ways to surprise us.
Differential effects of Wnt-β-catenin signaling in Purkinje cells and Bergmann glia in SCA1
Authors: Luttik Kimberly , Tejwani Leon , Ju Hyoungseok , Driessen Terri , Smeets Cleo , Lim Janghoo
Published: October 2021

Spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1) is a dominantly inherited neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive ataxia and degeneration of specific neuronal populations, including Purkinje cells (PCs) in the cerebellum. Previous studies have demonstrated a critical role for various evolutionarily conserved signaling pathways in cerebellar patterning, such as the Wnt-β-catenin pathway; however, the roles of these pathways in adult cerebellar function and cerebellar neurodegeneration are largely unknown. In this study, we found that Wnt-β-catenin activity was progressively enhanced in multiple cell types in the adult SCA1 mouse cerebellum, and that activation of this signaling occurs in an ataxin-1 polyglutamine (polyQ) expansion-dependent manner. Genetic manipulation of the Wnt-β-catenin signaling pathway in specific cerebellar cell populations revealed that activation of Wnt-β-catenin signaling in PCs alone was not sufficient to induce SCA1-like phenotypes, while its activation in astrocytes including Bergmann glia (BG) resulted in gliosis and disrupted BG localization, which was replicated in SCA1 mouse models. Our studies identify a novel mechanism in which polyQ-expanded ataxin-1 positively regulates Wnt-β-catenin signaling, and demonstrate that different cell types have distinct responses to the enhanced Wnt-β-catenin signaling in the SCA1 cerebellum, underscoring an important role of BG in SCA1 pathogenesis.

Significance statement

The mechanisms underlying the degeneration of specific cellular populations in various neurodegenerative disorders remain unknown. Here, we show that the polyQ expansion of ataxin-1 activates the Wnt-β-catenin signaling pathway in various cell types, including Purkinje cells and Bergmann glia, in the cerebellum of SCA1 mouse models. We used conditional mouse genetics to activate and silence this pathway in different cell types and found elevated activity of this signaling pathway impacted Bergmann glia and Purkinje cell populations differently. This study highlights the important role of Wnt-β-catenin signaling pathway in glial cell types for SCA1 pathogenesis.
Underlying selection for the diversity of Spike protein sequences of SARS-CoV-2
Authors: Ghosh Manisha , Basak Surajit , Dutta Shanta
Published: October 2021

The global spread of SARS-CoV-2 is fast moving and has caused a worldwide public health crisis. In the present manuscript we analyzed spike protein sequences of SARS-CoV-2 genomes to assess the impact of mutational diversity. We observed from amino acid usage patterns that spike proteins are associated with a diversity of mutational changes and most important underlying cause of variation of amino acid usage is the changes in hydrophobicity of spike proteins. The changing patterns of hydrophobicity of spike proteins over time and its influence on the receptor binding affinity provides crucial information on the SARS-CoV-2 interaction with human receptor. Our results also show that spike proteins have evolved to prefer more hydrophobic residues over time. The present study provides a comprehensive analysis of molecular sequence data to consider that mutational variants might play a crucial role in modulating the virulence and spread of the virus and has immediate implications for therapeutic strategies.
MDRNet: a lightweight network for real-time semantic segmentation in street scenes
Authors: Dai Yingpeng , Wang Junzheng , Li Jiehao , Li Jing
Published: October 2021

Purpose

This paper aims to focus on the environmental perception of unmanned platform under complex street scenes. Unmanned platform has a strict requirement both on accuracy and inference speed. So how to make a trade-off between accuracy and inference speed during the extraction of environmental information becomes a challenge.

Design/methodology/approach

In this paper, a novel multi-scale depth-wise residual (MDR) module is proposed. This module makes full use of depth-wise separable convolution, dilated convolution and 1-dimensional (1-D) convolution, which is able to extract local information and contextual information jointly while keeping this module small-scale and shallow. Then, based on MDR module, a novel network named multi-scale depth-wise residual network (MDRNet) is designed for fast semantic segmentation. This network could extract multi-scale information and maintain feature maps with high spatial resolution to mitigate the existence of objects at multiple scales.

Findings

Experiments on Camvid data set and Cityscapes data set reveal that the proposed MDRNet produces competitive results both in terms of computational time and accuracy during inference. Specially, the authors got 67.47 and 68.7% Mean Intersection over Union (MIoU) on Camvid data set and Cityscapes data set, respectively, with only 0.84 million parameters and quicker speed on a single GTX 1070Ti card.

Originality/value

This research can provide the theoretical and engineering basis for environmental perception on the unmanned platform. In addition, it provides environmental information to support the subsequent works.
Motivating or stigmatising? The public health and media messaging surrounding COVID-19 and obesity: a qualitative think aloud study
Authors: Stewart Sarah-Jane F. , Ogden Jane
Published: October 2021

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to explore how individuals with overweight and obesity living in the UK respond to the public health and media messaging surrounding COVID-19 and obesity.

Design/methodology/approach

Qualitative interview study with a think aloud protocol. A total of 10 participants self-reported to have overweight, obesity or as actively trying to lose weight were recruited through social media and were asked to think aloud whilst exposed to four sets of public health and media materials describing the link between COVID-19 and obesity. Interviews were conducted over zoom, recorded and transcribed verbatim.

Findings

Three primary themes were identified through thematic analysis: “flawed messaging”, “COVID-19 as a teachable moment” and “barriers to change”. Transcending these themes was the notion of balance. Whilst the messaging around COVID-19 and obesity was deemed problematic; for some, it was a teachable moment to facilitate change when their future self and physical health was prioritised. Yet, when focussing on their mental health in the present participants felt more overwhelmed by the barriers and were less likely to take the opportunity to change.

Practical implications

Findings hold implications for public health messaging, highlighting the need for balance between being educational and informative but also supportive, so as to achieve maximum efficacy.

Originality/value

This study offers a novel and useful insight into how the public health and media messaging concerning COVID-19 risk and obesity is perceived by those with overweight and obesity.
Teaching undergraduate psychology students about mental health through student-led case studies: a case example of the celebrity Spike Milligan
Authors: Husbands Melissa , Carson Jerome
Published: October 2021

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to suggest that student-led case studies are an important way to learn about mental health problems and to highlight this by presenting a case study of the comedic genius Spike Milligan.

Design/methodology/approach

Celebrities live their lives in the public eye. In recent years, many have talked about their struggles with mental health. This paper is based on a student-led case study of the celebrity Spike Milligan.

Findings

This case study suggests one previously under-emphasised issue and argues that Spike Milligan’s wartime experiences may have led to post-traumatic stress disorder. Second, that he may have developed neuro-inflammation, through contracting sandfly fever during the war. This could have been an additional trigger for bipolar disorder.

Research limitations/implications

While this is a single case study, it draws on a wide variety of research sources to back up the arguments advanced.

Practical implications

Student-led case studies provide a way of engaging students more actively with mental health problems.

Social implications

Mental illness is complex, if not more complex, than physical health problems. Case studies of celebrities like Spike Milligan can help develop a public understanding of mental illness, as they already have a working knowledge about the person.

Originality/value

The case study illustrates how Bipolar 1 disorder is a complex and unique condition and that every individual’s illness has different predisposing characteristics. It suggests that student-led case studies are a helpful learning tool.
Building a collaborative framework: a qualitative study of therapists collaborating with Curanderxs
Authors: Hoskins David , Platt Jason
Published: October 2021

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to investigate psychotherapists’ perspectives on collaborations with curanderxs that may improve patient outcomes. All participants have licensed psychotherapists (marriage and family therapist, social work and psychology), between ages 40 and 60 years, and spoke both English and Spanish. They had a wide range of experience practicing in the field (5 to 33 years), the number of clients they had worked with of Mexican descent (10 to 2,000), and times they had collaborated with curanderxs (2 to 3 to more than 40). Interviews lasted 2 h.

Design/methodology/approach

Phenomenological methodology was followed in conducting interviews with eight mainstream mental health practitioners and in identifying codes and themes from the interviews.

Findings

Collaboration between psychotherapists and curanderxs is rare. Few mental health training programs provide basic information on curanderismo or on how clinicians might integrate concepts related to indigenous healing approaches into their practices or collaborate with traditional healers. Substantial mistrust between psychotherapists and curanderxs is apparent and impedes collaboration.

Originality/value

The authors believe this to be one of the first integrative models that can provide guidance to services providers who would like to collaborate with traditional healers, not only with Latinx populations but also populations that seek traditional healers for physical, psychological and spiritual healing. Based on study findings, the authors offer educational, clinical and public policy recommendations.
Open challenges for ecological and microbiological safety of food and raw food materials in Azerbaijan
Authors: Yusifova Mehriban , Nasrullayeva Gunash , Omarova Elza , Magerramova Mehriban , Kurbanova Aphila
Published: October 2021

Purpose

The provision of safe food is a topic of increasing relevance worldwide. Several countries, including Azerbaijan, attempted to develop scientific, applied, social and economic solutions to the food supply and nutrition problems. However, Azerbaijan still faces important challenges, particularly providing appropriate, eco-friendly and microbiologically safe supplies and food. These issues occur in international export and import of raw food materials and food, provision of regional and municipal control in food supply and sales and teaching food culture to the public. This viewpoint paper aims to examine the challenges that impede the provision of safe food for Azerbaijan. Such information can facilitate policy implications for governments in developing solutions to the food supply.

Design/methodology/approach

Extensive literature review is done to base the discussions of this viewpoint paper.

Findings

Academic institutions and departments should take a more centralized and effective effort in scientific research concerning safety, hygiene and culture of nutrition. In conclusion, to ensure proper sustainment, it is necessary to provide strict microbiological, sanitary and hygienic control across the network of production and distribution of food and its import and export within regional and local food source provision systems and mechanisms.

Originality/value

To the authors’ best knowledge, there is no systematic study evaluating the challenges of ecologically and microbiological safety for food in Azerbaijan.
Long‐term flowering records of herbaceous plants in Tokyo, Japan, during 1994–2015 through citizen science
Authors: Maruyama Noriko , Miyazaki Keiko , Yasunaga Eriko , Uchida Kei , Kawabata Saneyuki , Fukano Yuya
Published: October 2021

We provide a 22‐year period (1994–2015) dataset of flowering records of herbaceous plant species in Tokyo, Japan. Trained volunteers of the citizen group conducted field surveys using a citizen science approach. During monthly surveys, the volunteers recorded the flowering phenology of plants in an area of the Institute for Sustainable Agro‐ecosystem Services and Tanashi Forest (The University of Tokyo) in Nishitokyo City, Tokyo, Japan. In all, 5982 observations on 401 species including 11 subspecies, 44 varieties, and six forma from 70 families of herbaceous plants were collected in Tokyo. These data provide an overview of the flowering phenology of herbaceous plants in urban areas, where regular monitoring is often difficult due to the environment being highly urbanized and subject to intensive weed control. The complete dataset for this abstract published in the Data Paper section of the journal is available in electronic format in MetaCat in JaLTER at http://db.cger.nies.go.jp/JaLTER/metacat/metacat/ERDP-2021-05.1/jalter-en.
Post‐operative ileus: definitions, mechanisms and controversies
Authors: Wells Cameron I. , Milne Tony G. E. , Seo Sean Ho Beom , Chapman Stephen J. , Vather Ryash , Bissett Ian P. , O'Grady Greg
Published: October 2021

Post‐operative ileus (POI) is a syndrome of impaired gastrointestinal transit which occurs following abdominal surgery. There are few effective targeted therapies for ileus, and research has been limited by inconsistent definitions and an incomplete understanding of the underlying pathophysiology. Despite considerable effort, there remains no widely‐adopted definition of ileus, and recent work has identified variation in outcome reporting is a major source of heterogeneity in clinical trials. Outcomes should be clearly‐defined, clinically‐relevant, and reflective of the underlying biology, impacts on hospital resources and quality of life. Further collaborative efforts will be needed to develop consensus definitions and a core outcome set for postoperative gastrointestinal recovery.

Investigation into the pathophysiology of POI has been hindered by use of low‐resolution techniques and difficulties linking cellular mechanisms to dysmotility patterns and clinical symptoms. Recent evidence has suggested the common assumption of post‐operative GI paralysis is incorrect, and that the distal colon becomes hyperactive following surgery. The post‐operative inflammatory response is important in the pathophysiology of ileus, but the time course of this in humans remains unclear, with the majority of evidence coming from animal models. Future work should investigate dysmotility patterns underlying ileus, and identify biomarkers which may be used to diagnose, monitor and stratify patients with ileus.
G‐alpha interacting protein interacting protein, C terminus 1 regulates epileptogenesis by increasing the expression of metabotropic glutamate receptor 7
Authors: Liu Yong , Wang You , Yang Juan , Xu Tao , Tan Changhong , Zhang Peng , Liu Qiankun , Chen Yangmei
Published: October 2021

Aims

It has been reported that the G‐alpha interacting protein (GAIP) interacting protein, C terminus 1 (GIPC1/GIPC) engages in vesicular trafficking, receptor transport and expression, and endocytosis. However, its role in epilepsy is unclear. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to explore the role of GIPC1 in epilepsy and its possible underlying mechanism.

Methods

The expression patterns of GIPC1 in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and in mice with kainic acid (KA)‐induced epilepsy were detected. Behavioral video monitoring and hippocampal local field potential (LFP) recordings were carried out to determine the role of GIPC1 in epileptogenesis after overexpression of GIPC1. Coimmunoprecipitation (Co‐IP) assay and high‐resolution immunofluorescence staining were conducted to investigate the relationship between GIPC1 and metabotropic glutamate receptor 7 (mGluR7). In addition, the expression of mGluR7 after overexpression of GIPC1 was measured, and behavioral video monitoring and LFP recordings after antagonism of mGluR7 were performed to explore the possible mechanism mediated by GIPC1.

Results

GIPC1 was downregulated in the brain tissues of patients with TLE and mice with KA‐induced epilepsy. After overexpression of GIPC1, prolonged latency period, decreased epileptic seizures and reduced seizure severity in behavioral analyses, and fewer and shorter abnormal brain discharges in LFP recordings of KA‐induced epileptic mice were observed. The result of the Co‐IP assay showed the interaction between GIPC1 and mGluR7, and the high‐resolution immunofluorescence staining also showed the colocalization of these two proteins. Additionally, along with GIPC1 overexpression, the total and cell membrane expression levels of mGluR7 were also increased. And after antagonism of mGluR7, increased epileptic seizures and aggravated seizure severity in behavioral analyses and more and longer abnormal brain discharges in LFP recordings were observed.

Conclusion

GIPC1 regulates epileptogenesis by interacting with mGluR7 and increasing its expression.
Contractualism and the question of direction
Authors: Salomon Aaron
Published: October 2021

Directed duties are those duties whose violation would wrong someone in particular. Under what conditions, and in virtue of what, is a duty directed to someone? This is the Question of Direction. In this article, I explore the possibility of providing a Contractualist answer to the Question of Direction—one where the directedness of a directed duty is explained by the way in which that duty is derived in Contractualist moral reasoning. After presenting and rejecting three attempts at such an answer, I arrive at a satisfactory one: An agent has a duty to an individual to perform some action just in case and because, were the agent not to perform that action, the agent would make the individual occupy the standpoint relative to which any principle that permits the agent not to perform that action is unacceptable.
The influence of electronic education on students of Islamic science
Authors: Novalic Fadil , Novalic Mevljuda , Saracevic Muzafer , Hadzic Muhedin , Kalac Nail
Published: October 2021

In contemporary education, classes are designed to include children with various characteristics. Due to such a heterogeneous class structure, certain innovations in instruction are necessary for every pupil to maximise their abilities during the school period. In the subject of Islamic science, instruction individualisation can be performed successfully to educate pupils. Pupils can vary greatly according to their religious beliefs, home upbringing, and morality. For this research, individual differences among students were identified. In the literature, e‐learning is deemed significant in the pedagogical and didactical sense in the individualisation process. E‐learning based on e‐courses has obvious advantages in instruction individualisation compared to traditional instruction, which predominantly uses printed textbooks. The use of Moodle e‐course in Islamic science instruction was tested. The course is developed according to principles of individualised instruction and was tested in one high school. The research population consists of third grade high school pupils in Serbia who take Islamic science. The significance of the research is related to discovering the most efficient way of improving instruction by using e‐courses and emphasising the possibilities that e‐education provides in the field of instruction individualisation. The research demonstrates that e‐education can improve instruction individualisation because it gives greater possibilities for pupils to express their individual preferences towards the type, format, and scope of learning material. The study was quasi‐experimental. In total, 53 pupils were in the study, with 25 in the experimental group and 28 in the control group.
Platform work and social security in German law: An international law perspective
Authors: Eichenhofer Eberhard
Published: October 2021

Platform work confronts traditional social security law in two dimensions. First, it makes the distinction between dependent and independent work uncertain and unclear, as the borderline between these blur. This is a profound challenge for social security law, because the criteria of dependent and independent work have to be precise. In the determination of work as dependent or independent, German law illustrates that a shift has taken place in determining employment status, moving from external and objective criteria to the contracting parties’ decision, which is to be executed under private law, but also respected under social security law. Second, platform work is heavily intertwined with digital communication, which has established a global environment for communication. Thereby, platform work can also facilitate international trade by making transnational work more accessible and efficient. Therefore, it seems necessary to examine the implications of platform work in international law. International law makes possible the choice of law, executed by the contracting parties. As a consequence, the protection of employees by social security law is related to the private law arrangements between the service provider and the service recipient. Gaps in social security protection of service providers are widespread. In many countries, awareness of the social protection deficits of platform workers has grown and responses to improve the social status of platform workers have come under scrutiny. Analysis reveals that there is a joint responsibility of the service provider and the service recipient to be bound to social security coverage under the same national legislation. Nevertheless, from an international law perspective, it is shown that reforms are confronted with restrictions under international law.
Social security for Spain’s platform workers: Self‐employed or employee status?
Authors: Guerrero María Luisa Pérez , Royo Miguel Rodríguez‐Piñero
Published: October 2021

Studies on the social protection of platform workers in Spain have focused on the bike couriers (or “riders”) who deliver meals to customers’ homes and whose services are used by some of the best‐known platforms on the country’s social and economic scene. Most of these workers are covered by the social security scheme for self‐employed workers. However, a Supreme Court ruling issued on 25 September 2020 reclassified the relationship between Glovo and its couriers as a contract of employment. This decision has changed the outlook for platforms and prompted the Spanish Government to regulate platform work in Spain. Nonetheless, the government ruling is limited to couriers, whereas, in reality, the issue is much broader. In this article, we look at the current reality of Spain’s platform workers vis‐à‐vis the social security system and the latest court rulings.
Social security coverage for platform workers in Switzerland: A middle way?
Authors: Magoga‐Sabatier Sabrine , Dupont Anne‐Sylvie
Published: October 2021

This article compares social security coverage for the self‐employed and for employees on digital platforms in Switzerland. It sheds light on the particularities that have acted to slow down the evolution of Swiss social legislation to the new emerging forms of work, and summarizes the solutions provided by case law. These solutions are still being fine‐tuned, but lean towards the reclassification of contracts as salaried work. Finally, despite the hesitance of the Swiss authorities to take political steps to encourage these new forms of work, which offer significant economic potential, and while also seeking to prevent the risk of precarity in work, we discuss the options available.
The lectin pathway does not contribute to glomerular injury in the nephrotoxic nephritis model
Authors: Freeley Simon J. , Tham El Li , Robson Michael G.
Published: October 2021

Aims

Rapidly progressive crescentic glomerulonephritis occurs in number systemic and primary glomerular diseases, including anti‐glomerular basement membrane disease, anti‐neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody vasculitis and lupus nephritis. Our understanding of pathogenic mechanisms comes from animal models of disease such as the nephrotoxic nephritis model. The lectin pathway of complement activation has been shown to play a key role in several models of inflammation including renal ischaemia reperfusion. However, the lectin pathway is not required for crescentic glomerulonephritis in the anti‐myeloperoxidase model of anti‐neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody vasculitis. The aim of the current study was to explore the role of the lectin pathway in the nephrotoxic nephritis model, which is another model of crescentic glomerulonephritis.

Methods

Nephrotoxic nephritis was induced in wild type and mannan‐binding lectin‐associated serine protease‐2 deficient mice. Diseases were assessed by quantifying glomerular crescents and macrophages, in addition to albuminuria and serum creatinine.

Results

There was no difference between wild type and MASP‐2 deficient mice in any of the histological or biochemical parameters of disease assessed. In addition, there was no difference in the humoral immune response to sheep IgG.

Conclusion

These data show that the lectin pathway of complement activation is not required for the development of crescentic glomerulonephritis in the nephrotoxic nephritis model, reinforcing previous findings in the anti‐myeloperoxidase model.
Parenting and person correlates of prosocial behaviors in Asian Indian young adults
Authors: Maiya Sahitya , Killoren Sarah E. , Carlo Gustavo
Published: October 2021

The primary goal of this study was to examine the intervening roles of prosocial moral reasoning and respect for family in associations between parent attachment and prosocial behaviors in Asian Indian young adults. Participants included 281 Asian Indian young adults (60.5% women; M age = 21.45 years). Path analyses suggested that parent attachment was positively associated with respect for family and prosocial moral reasoning. In turn, respect for family was positively associated with emotional, compliant, dire, and anonymous prosocial behaviors, while prosocial moral reasoning was positively associated with altruistic and negatively associated with public prosocial behaviors. Discussion focuses on the importance of both general and culture‐specific mechanisms in explaining links between parenting and prosocial behaviors in Asian Indian young adults.
The benefits of giving: Effects of prosocial behavior on recovery from stress
Authors: Lazar Lee , Eisenberger Naomi I.
Published: October 2021

Individuals regularly face stress, and the manner in which they cope with that stress is a crucial component in predicting stress recovery. While many engage in self‐rewarding behaviors to feel better, these behaviors can come with a cost. The current study tested the effect of engaging in a different behavior after experiencing stress—prosocial behavior. Given the health benefits associated with giving to others, it is plausible that engaging in prosocial behavior is more successful in reducing the psychological and physiological responses to stress. To test this, participants underwent the Trier Social Stress Test and then either sent a gift card to a person of their choosing, received a gift card for themselves, or selected the more aesthetically pleasing gift card. Measures of self‐reported mood, heart rate, blood pressure, salivary alpha‐amylase, and cortisol were collected throughout the session. While the manipulation did not elicit differences in psychological or hormonal measures, the giving group showed a significantly greater downregulation of their heart rate, diastolic blood pressure, and mean arterial pressure while recovering from the stressor. Additionally, those in the giving group who evidenced greater prosocial sentiment showed a larger reduction in diastolic blood pressure and mean arterial pressure. A follow‐up study suggested that these behaviors may be engaging different reward components, as those who gave a gift card reported greater “liking” while those who received a gift card reported greater “wanting”. Overall, the findings show that engaging in prosocial behavior following a stressor can help to downregulate physiological stress responses.
The novel HLA‐A*01:390 allele was identified in a Russian individual
Authors: Shagimardanova Elena , Ananeva Anastasiia
Published: October 2021

HLA‐ A*01:390 has three nucleotide changes from HLA‐A*01:01:01:01 at nucleotides 571, 779, 1123.
Active surveillance of serious adverse events following transfusion of COVID‐19 convalescent plasma
Authors: Swenson Erica , Wong Lisa Kanata , Jhaveri Perrin , Weng Yingjie , Kappagoda Shanthi , Pandey Suchitra , Pritchard Angelica , Rogers Angela , Ruoss Stephen , Subramanian Aruna , Shan Hua , Hollenhorst Marie
Published: October 2021

Background

The reported incidence of adverse reactions following Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) convalescent plasma (CCP) transfusion has generally been lower than expected based on the incidence of transfusion reactions that have been observed in studies of conventional plasma transfusion. This raises the concern for under‐reporting of adverse events in studies of CCP that rely on passive surveillance strategies.

Materials and Methods

Our institution implemented a protocol to actively identify possible adverse reactions to CCP transfusion. In addition, we retrospectively reviewed the charts of inpatients who received CCP at Stanford Hospital between May 13, 2020 and January 31, 2021. We determined the incidence of adverse events following CCP transfusion.

Results

A total of 49 patients received CCP. Seven patients (14%) had an increased supplemental oxygen requirement within 4 h of transfusion completion, including one patient who was intubated during the transfusion. An additional 11 patients (total of 18, 37%) had increased oxygen requirements within 24 h of transfusion, including 3 patients who were intubated. Six patients (12%) fulfilled criteria for transfusion‐associated circulatory overload (TACO).

Conclusion

Using an active surveillance strategy, we commonly observed adverse events following the transfusion of CCP to hospitalized patients. It was not possible to definitively determine whether or not these adverse events are related to CCP transfusion. TACO was likely over‐diagnosed given overlap with the manifestations of COVID‐19. Nevertheless, these results suggest that the potential adverse effects of CCP transfusion may be underestimated by reports from passive surveillance studies.
Occupational and Leisure-Time Physical Activity Have Different Relationships With Health: A Cross-Sectional Survey Study of Working Nurses
Authors: Parker Helen M. , Gallagher Robyn , Duffield Christine , Ding Ding , Sibbritt David , Perry Lin
Published: October 2021

Background: Recent research has focused on the potential benefits of physical activity in occupational settings in addition to leisure time. However, occupational physical activity (OPA) differs substantially for occupations that require heavy and repetitive physical work, such as nursing. We explored associations between leisure time and OPA and health outcomes in working nurses and midwives. Methods: Nurses who were enrolled in the Fit For the Future study (New South Wales, Australia) and who completed physical activity questionnaires (n = 4343) were classified according to high (HO) or low (LO) occupational and high (HL) or low (LL) leisure-time physical activity (LTPA): HO performed walking/heavy labor most/all of the time at work; HL met the guidelines of 150 minutes per week moderate to vigorous LTPA, creating 4 categories: HOLL, HOHL, LOHL, and LOLL. Results: HL predicted better self-rated health (unstandardized B = 0.51, 95% confidence interval, 0.44 to 0.57) and lower likelihood of ≥3 sick days in the past 12 months (OR: 0.71, 95% confidence interval, 0.61 to 0.83), whereas HO predicted higher likelihood of ≥3 sick days (OR: 1.17, 95% confidence interval, 1.01 to 1.35), adjusting for all variables. Conclusions: OPA may not confer the same health benefits as LTPA for nurses. Health-promoting interventions should emphasize the importance of achieving adequate moderate to vigorous LTPA for all, including those undertaking substantial OPA.
Nervous Regulation of Conditioned Hyperglycemia to Nociceptive Stimulation
Authors: Gutmann E. , Jakoubek B.
Published: October 2021

A conditioned rise in blood sugar occurs in rats during a 10-minute waiting period prior to nociceptive stimulation. This conditioned "preparatory hyperglycemia" is abolished after a bilateral lesion is produced in the mid-line thalamic nuclei; the experiments point to the importance of the thalamic reticular formation in adaptative metabolic reactions.
Disposable Hydrogen Generator
Authors: Brewer John H. , Allgeier Daniel L.
Published: October 2021

A convenient means of producing hydrogen gas for anaerobe jars or other situations where 2 liters of hydrogen will suffice is described. Hydrogen gas is produced by the chemical action of magnesium metal, zinc chloride, sodium chloride, and water within a unique plastic and aluminum foil envelope. That there is no excessive buildup of hydrogen greatly reduces the hazard of explosion. The gas-producing units are simple to activate and may be discarded after use.
Iron Accumulation in Cockerel Plasma after Estrogen: Relation to Induced Phosphoprotein Synthesis
Authors: Greengard Olga , Mendelsohn N. , Gordon Maria
Published: October 2021

In cockerels a single injection of estrogen causes a rise of several fold in the plasma iron. At 18 hours this response is proportional to the amount of diethylstilbestrol injected and may be used as a convenient measure of estrogen action. The phenomenon is probably related to the estrogen-induced synthesis of iron-binding phosphoproteins.
Periodic Respiratory Pattern Occurring in Conjunction with Eye Movements during Sleep
Authors: Aserinsky Eugene
Published: October 2021

With each flurry of rapid eye movements during the sleep of human subjects there is a decreased amplitude of respiration and a slight increase in rate. Occasionally the rhythmic breathing pattern may even resemble Cheyne-Stokes respiration. The consistency of this breathing pattern suggests that respiration in this stage of sleep is not a direct function of dream content.
Genetic Adaptation of
Caenorhabditis elegans
(Nematoda) to High Temperatures
Authors: Brun J.
Published: October 2021

When taken directly from a strain kept for several years at 18°C in the laboratory,
Caenorhabditis elegans
cannot reproduce indefinitely at temperatures higher than 22°C. By progressive and very slow increments of the breeding temperature, a strain fecund at 24.5°C was obtained.
Reovirus-Specific Polyribosomes in Infected L-Cells
Authors: Prevec L. , Graham A. F.
Published: October 2021

Polyribosomes were isolated from reovirus-infected L-cells. Virus-induced RNA isolated from these polyribosomes was single-stranded, heterogeneous in size, and capable of extensive hybridization with viral double-stranded RNA. Reovirus RNA, therefore, specifies in infected cells the formation of a single-stranded messenger RNA for virus-specific protein synthesis.
Propanal May Be a Precursor of Ethylene in Metabolism
Authors: Lieberman Morris , Kunishi Alice T.
Published: October 2021

Propanal, a product of the decomposition of peroxidized linolenate, is a very effective precursor of ethylene in the copper-catalyzed ethylene-forming model system. This aldehyde also stimulates production of ethylene in slices of tissue of mature green tomatoes. We suggest that propanal is a precursor of ethylene in metabolism.
Audiogenic Seizure Susceptibility Induced in C57B1/6J Mice by Prior Auditory Exposure
Authors: Henry Kenneth R.
Published: October 2021

Pronounced susceptibility to audiogenic seizures was produced in highly resistant C57B1/6J mice after earlier exposure to a loud electric bell. There is a critical period between initial acoustic presentation and subsequent testing for susceptibility; this suggests a minimum age and a minimum lapse of time during which this "priming" is effective.
Correction: Cocaine Addiction: Psychology and Neuropsychology
Authors: Gawin Frank H.
Published: October 2021

I would like to point out several errors of citation at the end of my article "Cocaine addiction: Psychology and neuropsychology'' (29 Mar., p. 1580). In the References and Notes, reference 42 was missing. It should have read, "42. T. Kosten
et al
., in preparation.'' Also in the References and Notes, reference 44 should have been numbered 43.

In the text, citation 43 should have been numbered 41. In figure 3, the attribution was missing. It should have read, "Reprinted with permission from T. Kosten
et al
. (42).''
Correction
Authors: Murthy V. Rama
Published: October 2021

I would like to point out that, in my report "Early differentiation of the earth and the problem of mantle siderophile elements: A new approach" (19 July, p. 303), columns 3 and 4 of table 1 (p. 305), which show the calculated
K
d
values at 3000 and 3500 K, are incorrect. The correct data are as follows.

[See Table in the PDF File]

The data plotted in the graphs have the correct high temperature
K
d
values, and the conclusions of the paper are unaffected by this transcription error. Also, in the heading, the phrase "calculated for an oxygen fugacity of 12.5" should have read, "calculated for an oxygen fugacity log
f
(O
2
) = –12.5".
Yellowstone Managers Stake a Claim on Hot-Springs Microbes
Authors: Milstein Michael
Published: October 2021

Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming—At a meeting in Yellowstone, park managers outlined proposals that would give the park a share of any profits derived from hot-water microbes collected from Yellowstone's hot springs. One such microbe yielded the enzyme at the heart of the polymerase chain reaction. A sidebar describes the recent identificationof three Yellowstone bacteria that appear to be the most primitive life forms yet discovered.
A Focal Point for Diverse Disciplines
Authors: Lawler Andrew
Published: October 2021

A new space science institute will make its debut next month in Bern, Switzerland. It is designed to bring together researchers from different disciplines and countries to analyze the treasure-trove of largely unexplored data from European space missions.
Researchers Protest Attack on Tobacco Study
Authors: Marshall Eliot
Published: October 2021

A group of public-health researchers has taken out newspaper advertisements to protest a move by Congress to block a study of tobacco-industry lobbying. The target of their protest is the congressman who is spearheading the effort to increase the budget of the National Institutes of Health.
University Appointments Scandal Widens
Authors: Biggin Susan
Published: October 2021

Venice, Italy—A scandal that began to engulf Italy's “concorsi” system for making academic appointments last year, when a number of appointments were exposed as being rigged, continues to widen. More than 100 professors, most of them members of concorsi boards that judge candidates for academic jobs, are now being investigated. Meanwhile, reform proposals are bogged down in the Senate. As a result, the concorsi system has been put on hold, and some 2000 academic posts are now vacant.
Long-Term Tamoxifen Trial Halted
Authors: Marshall Eliot
Published: October 2021

In a blow to a promising treatment for breast cancer, a major trial of long-term treatment with the drug tamoxifen has been halted because of evidence that the drug loses its effectiveness if it is given for more than 5 years. The U.S. National Cancer Institute says more research is needed to determine whether tamoxifen may even increase cancer mortality if given for longer periods.
Does a Cosmic Ray Gap Open the Door on New Physics?
Authors: Glanz James
Published: October 2021

Physicists have long wondered what could hurl cosmic rays through space with energies millions of times higher than terrestrial particle accelerators can achieve. Now a clue may be emerging, from a gap that has appeared in the cosmic ray spectrum just below the highest energy events ever detected. In a separate report in this issue (
p. 1977
), a group of physicists propose that the gap marks the upper energy limit of an astronomical source of cosmic rays, such as violent processes in other galaxies. Cosmic rays above the gap, say these physicists, may be the offspring of a more exotic source: primordial defects in the fabric of spacetime.
The Definition of Civil Engineering
Authors: Marvin F. O.
Published: October 2021

There is an error in my paper on the Artistic Element in Engineering which I should like to correct. Following the lead of other writers, I have ascribed the classic definition of civil engineering to Telford instead of to Tredgold, whom I have recently learned was its author. See
R. R. Gazette
of December 28, 1894, page 883, or of August 28, 1896, page 602.

I am indebted to Mr. H. G. Prout, of the
Gazette
, for calling my attention to the matter.
The Teaching of Elementary Dynamics
Authors: Kent Wm.
Published: October 2021

To the Editor of SCIENCE: Will you please note that the following typographical errors should be corrected in my article in SCIENCE of December 24, page 901:

First column, after (4) "Impulse = Momentum" should be raised two lines, and "From (3)" should be brought down to the line containing
T
= 2
S
/
V
.

After (5) "Work done = Kinetic energy" should likewise be raised and" In (4) let" lowered.

Sixth line from bottom, for
A
=
M
/
F
read A =
F
/
M
.

Second column, third line, for
Wg
/32.1740 read
Wg
1
/32.1740.
Of war, tusks, and genes
Authors: Darimont Chris T. , Pelletier Fanie
Published: October 2021

Societal conflict leaves an evolutionary signature in wildlife
Step aside, aluminum honeycomb
Authors: Tajvidi Mehdi , Gardner Douglas J.
Published: October 2021

A two-step process can turn hardwood into a strong and flexible moldable material
Misuse of funds leads to shutdown of top primate center
Authors: Normile Dennis
Published: October 2021

Kyoto University’s move follows dismissal of director
Anthropologists grapple with identifying remains by race
Authors: Wade Lizzie
Published: October 2021

Professional group is developing new standards for linking human remains to specific populations instead of races