bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluating the ‘New Public Management’ Reforms in the UK: A Constitutional Possibility
Authors: Broadbent Jane , Laughlin Richard
Published: March 2003

Far‐reaching managerial changes to the public sector in the UK have been occurring in the last few years. Broadly described as the ‘new public management’ (Hood 1991, 1995) these changes have reached new levels of intensity ever since the Conservative Government came to power in 1979. The article argues that the government should be accountable for these changes but not in a way which simply justifies its actions to the body politic but rather by going beyond this to a complete critical evaluation to assess their merit and worth. It is this exposure which will provide its real accountability. This article addresses the contextual factors surrounding the possibility of conducting such a wide‐ranging evaluation. It traces a range of different examples which highlight the resistance of the previous government to an open‐ended evaluation tracing the sizeable investment in implementation rather than careful policy experimentation and evaluation that has occurred. Finally, and most importantly the article explores the constitutional position of the Comptroller and Auditor General (C&AG) and the National Audit Office (NAO) who could conduct the wide‐ranging evaluation which is deemed necessary. The conclusion of the article is that there is a need for an evaluation and any resistance of the government could be overcome if the C&AG and NAO exercised their constitutional right to conduct an evaluation of the reforms.
In Pursuit of the Re‐Engineering Agenda in Public Administration
Authors: Willcocks Leslie P. , Currie Wendy , Jackson Sylvie
Published: March 2003

The article examines the findings from longitudinal case study work conducted in the 1992‐96 period in two organizations in the United Kingdom health care and post office sectors. The study highlights the many cultural, political and technical issues that emerge in the strategy and implementation of IT‐enabled re‐engineering projects. The radical re‐engineering perspective and model for change presented by Hammer and Champy (1993) are compared against empirical findings. These suggest that the Hammer and Champy advice contains many limitations. The cases show the specific circumstances in which radical re‐engineering can be effective, in managerial terms, but also point to conditions under which a unitary perspective on the organization often cannot address adequately many critical political and cultural issues. Moreover, the case histories point to the dangers of an over reliance on a methodological holism that can rarely be delivered in complex large‐scale organizations, given the scale of change envisaged; and the difficulties engendered by over‐emphasizing the need for transformation, and ‘starting again’, and downplaying the role of history and continuity in both the study and management of organizational change.
Measuring Network Structure
Authors: Milward H. Brinton , Provan Keith G.
Published: March 2003

Networks have been a research issue in public administration for many years. Because of the difficulty of measuring networks, they have often been treated as a metaphor, a conceptual scheme, or a management technique (networking). The work on networks in public administration is almost all of the case study and rarely of the comparative case variety. This article presents the results of two studies of networks using social network analysis as a technique for studying structural relationships between organizations. This technique is utilized to show both the research and practical potential of network analysis as an evaluation methodology for organizations that jointly produce a service. In the first study, the network provides mental health services to seriously mentally ill adults. In the second study, the network attempts to prevent young people from abusing drugs and alcohol. The two studies were undertaken for different reasons. The first was an elaborate comparative study of four mental health networks and the relationship between network design and performance. The second was a much simpler consulting effort to help a local prevention partnership create linkages to other community organizations. However, in both of the studies the goal was to measure the structural ties in the network based on various types of relationships that exist in a given field of practice. These linkages are ties that bind the network together and become data that can be used to compare networks on their degree and type of integration. The article makes the argument that links in a network are one way that scholars can compare networks in similar or different policy domains. At the same time, the article argues that analysing linkages in an organization’s network is an effective and practical means of determining how well integrated any given organization is in a network.
Understanding Policy Transfer: A Multi‐Level, Multi‐Disciplinary Perspective
Authors: Evans Mark , Davies Jonathan
Published: March 2003

At the same time that comparative and international political scientists have been confronting the problems of analysing state behaviour under conditions of uncertainty, state‐centred political scientists are attempting, somewhat belatedly, to deal with the increasing complexity and uncertainty which underpins modern governance. Yet despite similar research agendas these disciplines have continued to speak past each other. This article contends that policy transfer analysis can provide a context for integrating some key concerns of these disciplines. Further, we argue that the process of policy transfer should be examined through a structure and agency approach with three dimensions: global, international and transnational levels, the macro‐level and the interorganizational level. This three‐dimensional model employs the notion of a policy transfer network as a middle‐range level of analysis which links a particular form of policy development (policy transfer), microdecision making in organizations, macrosystems and global, transnational and international systems. It is hoped that this approach will stimulate an empirical research agenda which will illuminate important policy developments in domestic and world politics.
The Public Sector In An In‐Between Time: Searching For New Public Values
Authors: Beck Jørgensen Torben
Published: March 2003

A number of new governance structures has been introduced in the Danish public sector. These include contract agencies, user boards, boards of directors, marketization, corporatization, involving voluntary organizations in public services, EU‐funded state border crossing co‐operation, and Europeanization in many forms. Despite their obvious dissimilarities, these governance structures have one thing in common: they challenge the foundations of the public sector and territorial representative democracy by blurring the distinctions between politics and administration; between public and private; and between national and international. If politicians and voters are deprived of the capacity to make these distinctions, political responsibility is bound to fade away. Also, each new governance structure down‐loads degrees of indeterminateness in the public sector since they may interact in unforeseen ways and introduce new actors, roles and practices in the public sector. This may cause the development of a more flexible public sector marked by ‘local’ appropriateness and adaptability but also by a multitude of inconsistent models and principles. To avoid the latter, a general discourse on values and their institutional requirements and the invention of public ‘domains’ is needed.
Steering the Community Regulatory System: the Challenges Ahead
Authors: Radaelli Claudio M.
Published: March 2003

This article reviews the process of regulatory reform in the European Union (EU). The main argument is that EU initiatives have been cast in a rather narrow conceptual framework, limited to issues such as simplification and better law‐making. Although important, these issues are only a component of the wider task of governing regulation. Therefore I introduce and discuss three proposals for re‐casting the debate on EU regulation. First, the focus should be shifted from ‘better law‐making’ to ‘better regulatory policy‐making’. Second, regulatory management, rather than simplification, should represent the strategic objective of EU institutions. Third, regulatory reform should be accompanied by administrative reform. Consequently, the relative impenetrability of the Commission to administrative reform represents a serious obstacle to regulatory reform.
Government within Governance: Network Steering in Yorkshire and the Humber
Authors: Bache Ian
Published: March 2003

This article considers whether the narrative of ‘governing without Government in a differentiated polity’ (Rhodes 1997, p. 200) provides an accurate description of the regeneration policy networks in Yorkshire and the Humber.1 In doing so, it considers the role of the recently created Government Office for Yorkshire and the Humber within policy networks for both UK and EU regeneration initiatives at regional and local levels. The case studies show that while Rhodes’ narrative has value in explaining the transformation of the institutions of the Westminster model, the role of Government Office in the region has ensured that the transformation to ‘governing without Government’ is far from complete in Yorkshire and the Humber.
National Environmental Ministries: Managers or Ciphers of European Union Environmental Policy?
Authors: Jordan Andrew
Published: March 2003

European political integration has added a new and exciting dimension to the study of national political and administrative systems. However, comparatively little is know about the precise role of national ministries of state in either facilitating or retarding the shift towards joint rule making at the European level. Taking as an example the UK Department of the Environment's (DoE) involvement in the cumulative development of EU environmental policy since 1970, this paper examines the extent to which national environmental departments manage the process of integration or whether they are dragged along by it. It concentrates on the DoE's role in negotiating the 1987 Single European Act. It suggests that integration in the environmental sector since the Act has proceeded significantly further and faster than British negotiators originally expected, though through little conscious effort by the DoE. In fact, the DoE strongly opposed the introduction of majority voting, but was overruled by the core executive. These findings are examined against two theoretical approaches to European integration in order to reach a fuller understanding of what motivates (parts of) the British state to limit national autonomy in the process of developing European environmental rules.
Thermometer or sauna?: Performance measurement and democratic assistance in the United States Agency for International Development (USAID)
Authors: Hirschmann David
Published: March 2003

This article presents a case study of performance measurement in the United States Agency for International Development’s (USAID’s) democracy and governance program. Its purpose is to illustrate the juxtaposition (and sometimes contradiction) between the high standards of causal logic and accuracy required of performance measurement, and the untidiness involved in the ‘politics of democratization’. Based on USAID experiences in numerous countries, the article concentrates on four specific themes drawn mainly from the literature on re‐engineering but also from new public administration. These are: the complexity of politics; the challenge of attribution; the danger of distortive incentives; and the interrelated questions of product and process and quantitative and qualitative measures. Problems of measurement are clearly complicated by the fact that the Agency does not deliver service directly, has limited control over its expenditures, and, in the case of democracy assistance, by the need to operate in a complex and sensitive area, across international borders and diverse political systems and cultures. The article includes a discussion of some innovative qualitatively‐oriented USAID responses to these problems.
Vote early, vote often? Tele–democracy in European cities
Authors: Kinder Tony
Published: March 2003

This paper presents the detailed results of an empirical survey on tele–democracy in 31 European cities covering 14 states. It shows that progressive city–administrations in Europe are early adopters of tele–democracy with a diffusion rate of 72 per cent. Analysis of the survey results illustrates that cities are using tele–democracy to improve service access and the quality of services. This research shows that electronic or Internet voting is a priority for only a minority of cities. The paper suggests a typology of tele–democracy and makes wide–ranging policy suggestions. In the debate over whether information and communications technologies will have a beneficial or detrimental effect on the quality and legitimacy of local government, this paper takes an optimistic stance based on the evidence of the survey.
‘Sir Douglas in Euroland’. Treasury officials and the European Union, 1977–2001
Authors: Pickering Craig
Published: March 2003

‘… every man is a piece of the continent, a part of the main; if a clod be washed away by the sea, Europe is the less …’

John Donne

The European Union (EU) is now, in the author’s view, a pervasive part of the UK Treasury’s culture, much more than is generally recognized. Drawing on personal experience as a Treasury official, the author describes the impact of the EU on the Department’s culture, organization and work. Relations with other departments, finance ministries in other member states and the EU institutions are examined in order to demonstrate the depth and complexity of Treasury involvement in the EU. Key policies are discussed, to illustrate how Treasury culture has changed in recent decades.
Organizational and technological antecedents for knowledge acquisition and learning
Authors: Tidd Joe , Trewhella Martin J.
Published: March 2003

This paper examines the factors affecting the decision to acquire external technology and the relative importance of different technology acquisition strategies pursued by British and Japanese firms. The paper draws on a study of 38 firms, consisting of 23 UK‐based and 15 Japanese firms. This is not a comparative study of British and Japanese technology acquisition strategies. Rather, we aim to identify common factors affecting the decision to acquire external technology and the means by which firms attempt to do this. We identify two clusters of variable which appear to affect the decision to acquire technology. Firstly, an organization's inheritance, which includes corporate strategy, competencies, culture and what we refer to as management's ‘comfort’ with the technology. Secondly, the characteristics of the technology to be acquired, specifically, its competitive impact, complexity, codifiability and what we refer to as ‘credibility’ potential. Together, these factors will determine the degree and nature of technology acquisition strategy. We find that contrary to the present academic preoccupation with alliances and joint ventures, the firms examined ranked universities, research consortia and licensing as the most important sources of external technology.
Coordination at different stages of the product design process
Authors: Bailetti J. , Callahan R.
Published: March 2003

This paper addresses the following question: how does the coordination challenge faced by managers change over the life of time bound projects such as product design. We use coordination structure, an approach to modeling organizational situations that highlights concurrent responsibility interdependencies rather than the more traditional task interdependencies. We explain coordination structure and use it to capture the responsibility interdependencies in a sample of complex system design projects drawn from two different organizations. We use this data: to illustrate the differences possible in the responsibility interdependencies that can exist within design projects from different organizations and at different project key points; to identify a set of four basic modules, or groupings, of responsibility interdependencies useful for modeling design organizations; and to generate a set of testable hypotheses on how the coordination challenge faced by project managers can vary between organizations and over project key points.
How to learn in R&D partnerships?
Authors: Ingham Marc , Mothe Caroline
Published: March 2003

In this article a set of determinants of organisational learning and result appropriation are identified and then tested on a sample of Research and Development (R&D) consortia. The literature review and an exploratory case study highlight the main factors which favour learning and the appropriation of knowledge. The case study observes the organisational learning processes at work in three R&D partnerships entered into by a European high technology firm.

Six hypotheses are formulated. They pertain to the link between the firm's learning and exploitation capabilities. The hypotheses relate to (1) trust between partners, (2) R&D integration in the firm, (3) the access to adequate complementary assets, (4) the member's involvement and motivation in the cooperative process, (5) its own experience in R&D, and (6) the number of partners in the consortium. These hypotheses are tested on a sample of 317 R&D consortia in the European EUREKA initiative.

The results show that a firm's internal organisation and the level of trust between partners influence learning and result appropriation. However, the determinants vary according to the kind of outcome (tangible knowledge, new products/processes, improved products/processes, intangible knowledge). With the knowledge that alliances are increasingly becoming a necessity for firms involved in technology, a better understanding of how to benefit from R&D partnerships can only improve firms’ competitiveness in the future.
R&D performance measurement: more than choosing a set of metrics
Authors: Kerssens‐van Drongelen Inge c. , Bilderbeek Jan
Published: March 2003

In this article the results are presented of an empirical study focusing on the effectiveness of R&D performance measurement practices in the Netherlands. First, a theoretical examination of the subject ‘R&D performance measurement’ is given within the context of performance control. A distinction is made between feedback and feed forward control and between the R&D function and the R&D organisation. Subsequently, a description is given of the current practices of R&D performance measurement in terms of measurement purposes, metrics, measurement techniques, norms setting, etc. Furthermore, the influence of contingencies on measurement system design is explored. The data for this research were gathered by means of a survey and nine in‐depth interviews. Generally, managers evaluate their measurement systems as being quite valuable, having a positive impact on performance. The findings described in this paper can be used as references for managers to benchmark their R&D measurement procedures: in this respect we distinguish highly and hardly effective measurement procedures. The most important characteristic that seems to distinguish the most effective systems from the less effective ones is customer focus.
The process of change in relationships between public research and industry: two case studies from France
Authors: Gonard Thierry
Published: March 2003

This paper deals with the process through which relationships between public research laboratories and firms develop over time. Two case studies in France illustrate the lengthy and interactive process needed by laboratories and firms in learning to work together. Laboratories and firms need also to think about new R&D strategies and especially a new balance in their activities between research and development.
The roles of R&D team leaders in Korea: a contingent approach
Authors: Kim Youngbae , Min Byungwook , Cha Jongseok
Published: March 2003

This study empirically examines the relationship between the role of R&D project leaders and their team performance using data from 87 project teams in 6 R&D organizations in Korea. The results reveal that:

(1) R&D project leaders played five different roles in performing their jobs – strategic planner, team builder, gatekeeper, technical expert, and champion;

(2) All but the champion role of a leader is positively related with project team performance;

(3) However, this relationship between the role of leader and project team performance varies according to the characteristics of R&D project teams and their tasks.

Specifically, it becomes important for a leader to focus less on the team building role as the team gets older. The team building role of a leader, however, is more important for higher performance of relatively certain R&D projects, while for uncertain R&D projects, the strategic planning role appears to be more crucial. Based on these results, this study discusses several managerial and theoretical issues related to the role of a leader in R&D project teams.
Communication as a determinant of organizational innovation
Authors: Kivimäki Mika , Länsisalmi Hannakaisa , Elovainio Marko , Heikkilä Armo , Lindström Kari , Harisalo Risto , Sipilä Kari , Puolimatka Leena
Published: March 2003

This study of 32 small and medium‐sized industrial enterprises explored eight distinct aspects of communication, as appraised by the staff (n = 493), and innovative performance, assessed by two indicators: perceived innovation effectiveness and patent statistics obtained from the Patent Register at the National Board of Patents and Registration of Trademarks. The results showed that intra‐organizational aspects of communication, such as encouragement of initiatives and critical evaluation of performance, were associated with both indicators of innovative performance. In addition, a participative climate and interaction between the personnel in R&D, marketing and production were related to perceived innovative effectiveness, whereas interaction with clients and other firms related to the number of patents in the organization. The link between communication and innovation was interdependent with the organizational and staff characteristics including the number of personnel, administrative and R&D intensity, the level of vocational training, and the age distribution of the staff.
Firm management of scientific information: an empirical update
Authors: McMillan G. Steven , Hamilton III Robert D. , Deeds David L.
Published: March 2003

The purpose of this paper is to extend and test a model proposed by McMillan and colleagues in 1995. That model posited that research‐intensive firms that are more ‘cooperative’ or open in publishing their scientific findings will have higher research and development (R&D) productivity than more secretive firms. In addition, four possible predictors of this scientific information openness are proposed in lieu of two in the 1995 article. Our current effort includes an empirical examination of twenty pharmaceutical firms over thirteen years, and finds substantial support for many of the proposed relationships. In addition, interviews with field practitioners independently confirmed many of the findings. The managerial implications are also discussed.
Evolving headquarters‐subsidiary dynamics in international R&D: the case of Japanese multinationals
Authors: Asakawa Kazuhiro
Published: March 2003

The paper identifies the evolving nature of headquarters‐subsidiary relations during the whole process of R&D internationalization. In‐depth data on five Japanese multinationals revealed that the role of overseas laboratories actually evolved over time, from the ‘starter’ to the ‘innovator’ and then to the ‘contributor’. Such a shift in role of overseas laboratories affected the nature of headquarters‐subsidiary relationship accordingly. ‘Semi‐connected freedom’ was identified as an optimal condition for the overseas laboratories to reconcile the two competing pressures: need for local autonomy and need for internal information connectivity. Various managerial steps were suggested for the laboratories to reach that state: increase in process linkage, active broker’s role, short‐term socialization, and project‐level socialization. Some practical and theoretical implications were drawn from this research, and future research direction was suggested.
Empowering project scope decisions: introducing R&D content graphs
Authors: Nobelius Dennis
Published: March 2003

There have been several studies confirming the strategic and operational importance of choosing a proper project scope. There is a lack of empirically tested managerial tools to assist in this matter, and studies with longitudinally analysed R&D projects with respect to content are scarce. This article discusses the management of advanced engineering in the automotive industry. The study presents a structured approach where individual project leaders together with top management could prepare project material, discuss, visualize, and evaluate the content around a common tool. This tool, i.e. the R&D content graphs, facilitates project content selection, both during the start‐up and during the execution phase of the project. The studied project has been studied for nearly two years using an abductive case‐based research design. Since the project has been longitudinally studied, it has also been possible to test the graphs’ predicting capabilities. The graphs are based on a visualization of the project content along five identified dimensions. The results reveal that the tools bring structure to project scope discussions, have some predictive value, and can also function as a vertical as well as a horizontal communication tool.
Refining the search for project success factors: a multivariate, typological approach
Authors: Shenhar Aaron J. , Tishler Asher , Dvir Dov , Lipovetsky Stanislav , Lechler Thomas
Published: March 2003

Although the causes for project success and failure have been the subject of many studies, no conclusive evidence or common agreement has been achieved so far. One criticism involves the universalistic approach used often in project management studies, according to which all projects are assumed to be similar. A second problem is the issue of subjectiveness, and sometimes weakly defined success measures; yet another concern is the limited number of managerial variables examined by previous research. In the present study we use a project‐specific typological approach, a multidimensional criteria for assessing project success, and a multivariate statistical analysis method. According to our typology projects were classified according to their technological uncertainty at project initiation and their system scope which is their location on a hierarchical ladder of systems and subsystems. For each of the 127 projects in our study that were executed in Israel, we recorded 360 managerial variables and 13 success measures. The use of a very detailed data and multivariate methods such as canonical correlation and eigenvector analysis enables us to account for all the interactions between managerial and success variables and to address a handful of perspectives, often left unanalyzed by previous research. Assessing the variants of managerial variables and their impact on project success for various types of projects, serves also a step toward the establishment of a typological theory of projects. Although some success factors are common to all projects, our study identified project‐specific lists of factors, indicating for example, that high‐uncertainty projects must be managed differently than low‐uncertainty projects, and high‐scope projects differently than low‐scope projects.
Exploring the interaction between incubators and industrial clusters: the case of the itri incubator in Taiwan
Authors: Hsu Po–Hsuan , Shyu Joseph Z , Yu Hsiao–Cheng , Yuo Chao–Chen , Lo Ta–Hsien
Published: March 2003

This article aims to explore the interaction between incubators and industrial clusters, which is an important linkage for local development but has not been analyzed in the literature. A model is proposed to describe this interaction. The Industrial Technology Research Institute (ITRI) Incubator within the Hsinchu industrial cluster, the core of Taiwan's technology industries, is considered to be an empirical case. This case is investigated with the proposed model and methods including data analysis, in–depth interviews, manager surveys and stakeholder analysis. It was found that the clustering effect in the Hsinchu industrial cluster is main factor in the ITRI Incubator's development. The ITRI Incubator in turn reinforces the cluster in some aspects as feedback. This result confirms the existence and importance of this interaction in local development. It is recommended that government officials and incubator managers take account of this interaction in operating an incubator program and utilize the proposed model to analyze the incubator's contributions to its industrial cluster.
Knowledge networks for new technology–based firms: an international comparison of local entrepreneurship promotion
Authors: Collinson Simon , Gregson Geoff
Published: March 2003

This paper reports on an international comparison of three organisations established to promote new business start–ups in the USA, UK and Canada. A ‘knowledge–based’ approach is adopted to examine how networks of would–be entrepreneurs interact with networks of experienced entrepreneurs and managers, venture capitalists, technical experts, consultants, IPR lawyers and other specialists. This interaction is promoted and mediated at the local level by the three organisations at the centre of the study: the Austin Technology Incubator (ATI), Texas; Connect, Edinburgh; and the Canadian Environmental Technology Advancement Corporation (CETAC–West) in Canada. These act as local network–nodes or ‘knowledge integrators’, as well as ‘incubating’ new ventures to increase the new business ‘birth rate’ in their respective regions. The comparison is based on interviews and secondary data that describe the initiation, development, operation and local impact of these organisations. Findings stress the importance of the regional context as a source of particular kinds of knowledge and expertise that may promote or inhibit new technology–based business start–ups. In particular: the scale, scope and quality of ideas and business proposals in local networks; the availability of relevant expertise and experience for ‘intelligent selection’ and for successful mentoring; the nature of rewards and incentives for all players; and the importance of local champions or figureheads, are all factors that help explain differences across the example regions. The paper combines a variety of conceptual approaches around the idea of regional knowledge networks which underpin ‘distributed innovation’. Heightened technological and market uncertainty for new technology–based firms places a premium on the ability of entrepreneurs to integrate specialist knowledge and utilise expertise from a variety of local sources. Despite differences in the scale, scope and effectiveness of their efforts we conclude that all three organisations are supporting ‘accelerated learning’ amongst entrepreneurs.
The Achievement of Personhood
Authors: Goodenough Jerry
Published: March 2003

The debate on personal identity tends to conflate or ignore two different usages of the word ‘person’. Psychological‐continuity proponents concentrate upon its use to refer to human psychology or personality, while animalist critics prefer its use to refer to individual human beings. I argue that this duality undermines any attempt to see ‘person’ as a genuine sortal term. Instead, adopting suggestions found in Dennett and Sellars, I consider personhood as an ascription rather like an honorific title or achievement‐marker. I show how the questions of identity for a regular honorific title like ‘genius’ inevitably supervene on identity‐questions concerning the more basic entity of ‘person’. I then argue by analogy that, if ‘person’ be regarded as an honorific on a par with ‘genius’, questions of personal identity over time necessarily collapse into questions of the continuing identity of human beings. Attempts to separate the continuity of a person from that of the human being who embodies it then founder on conceptual and referential incoherencies. Room is left for increasing the extension of personhood ascriptions to non‐humans in the future, while much that was previously puzzling about its behaviour as a concept is explained. At least some of the revisionist debate can now be seen more profitably as a debate about the moral and pragmatic considerations underlying non‐paradigm human continuity.
Time Travel and Self‐Consistency: Implications for Determinism and the Human Condition
Authors: King David
Published: March 2003

In this paper I examine a recent scientific claim that travel into the past, so long as a ‘consistent’ trajectory is followed, may be possible. I then argue that the possibility of such travel has unexpected implications for the free will‐determinism debate. In particular, human existence may be, at best, determinate but uncaused.
Epistemic Norms and Theoretical Deliberation
Authors: Hookway Christopher
Published: March 2003

Some fundamental epistemic norms govern the conduct of the activity of inquiry and the progress of theoretical deliberation. We monitor our deliberations by raising questions about how they should be conducted and about how effectively they have been carried out. Such questions ‘occur’ to us: we are often passive recipients of them. The paper discusses what determines when questions should occur to us and it investigates how far these observations can be seen as threatening our freedom of mind. These phenomena help us to see the role of states such as virtues in epistemic evaluation.
Is Satan a Lover of the Good?
Authors: Dunn Robert
Published: March 2003

There are, apparently, two inherited stories of intentional action. On the motivational story, intentional agents are pursuers of goals. On the evaluative story, intentional agents are pursuers of value. In a spirit of unification, we might try to supplement the motivational story with the evaluative one – or even collapse the former into the latter. The problem with such moves is that they cannot accomodate certain pathologies of agency. Thus, they convert apparently perverse agents – like Satan and self‐haters – into closet lovers of the good. I argue that pathological agents like Satan and self‐haters are not lovers of the good. They are just lovers of success in action. We can make sense of such agents as practical reasoners because the cares that constitute us as practical reasoners are plural.
Tennant on Knowable Truth
Authors: Williamson Timothy
Published: March 2003

The paper responds to Neil Tennant's recent discussion of Fitch's so‐called paradox of knowability in the context of intuitionistic logic. Tennant's criticisms of the author's earlier work on this topic are shown to rest on a principle about the assertibility of disjunctions with the absurd consequence that everything we could make true already is true. Tennant restricts the anti‐realist principle that truth implies knowability in order to escape Fitch's argument, but a more complex variant of the argument is shown to elicit from his restricted principle exactly the consequences which it was intended to avoid.
‘I'm Thinking’
Authors: Costa Claudio F.
Published: March 2003

This paper aims to show that the ‘I'm thinking’, to really be the awareness of an act of thought, must refer to or indicate particular thought‐contents that are not actually being focused on in the consciousness. A consequence of this is that the ‘I'm thinking’ lacks the absolute incorrigibility necessary to justify its role as a premise for the cogito.
Does Integrity Require Moral Goodness?
Authors: Graham Jody L.
Published: March 2003

Most accounts of integrity agree that the person of integrity must have a relatively stable sense of who he is, what is important to him, and the ability to stand by what is most important to him in the face of pressure to do otherwise. But does integrity place any constraints on the kind of principles that the person of integrity stands for? In response to several recent accounts of integrity, I argue that it is not enough that a person stand for what he believes in, nor even that he is committed to and stands for what, in his best judgement, is morally right. In our web of moral concepts integrity is internally related to a host of virtues which exclude weakness of will and dogmatism, and presuppose trustworthiness. Integrity requires that the principles stood for must be those that a morally good, morally trustworthy agent would stand for, and that the agent himself is morally trustworthy.
Is Every Truth Knowable? Reply to Williamson
Authors: Tennant Neil
Published: March 2003

This paper addresses an objection raised by Timothy Williamson to the ‘restriction strategy’ that I proposed, in The Taming of The True, in order to deal with the Fitch paradox. Williamson provides a newversion of a Fitch‐style argument that purports to show that even the restricted principle of knowability suffers the same fate as the unrestricted one. I show here that the new argument is fallacious. The source of the fallacy is a misunderstanding of the condition used in stating the restricted knowability principle. I also rebut WilliamsonÃÂs criticism of my argument for the claim that any proposition of the form ‘it is known thatφ’ is decidable if φ is decidable
Intentional Objects
Authors: Crane Tim
Published: March 2003

The idea of an intentional object, or an object of thought, gives rise to a dilemma for theories of intentionality. Either intentional objects are existing objects, in which case it is impossible, contrary to appearances, to think about something which does not exist. Or some intentional objects are non‐existent real objects. But this requires an obscure and implausible metaphysics. I argue that the way out of this dilemma is to deny that being an intentional object is being an entity of any kind. ‘Object’ here does not mean thing or entity. Rather, to say that something is an intentional object is just to say that it is an object of thought (or other intentional state or act) for a subject. It is further argued that theories of intentionality should not dispense with the idea of an intentional object.
Democracy: A Convergent Value? Comments on Sheldon Leader and Ernesto Garzón Valdés
Authors: Passerin D'entrèves Maurizio
Published: March 2003

In this paper, the author contends that Leader's attempt to ground the value of toleration on a common understanding of democracy faces a number of fundamental obstacles. Such obstacles could only be overcome if both liberals and their opponents were to reach an agreement on the value of democracy and thereby converge in their support of toleration. The author shows that far from providing a common ground that liberals and their opponents can share, the so‐called “shareable understanding” of democracy appeals primarily to liberals. The author also argues that Garzón Valdés's thesis that democracy is the system best suited to the flourishing of toleration faces the same kind of difficulty, namely, that not every group in a liberal constitutional regime can be convinced of the priority of democratic principles over their other fundamental value‐commitments.
Other Phases of Legal Pluralism in the Contemporary World
Authors: Chiba Masaji
Published: March 2003

Since the discovery of the dual structure of state law and minor law in non‐Western countries, the scope of the inquiry into legal pluralism has been expanding gradually. This article attempts to prompt this inquiry by identifying hitherto neglected phases of legal pluralism working in the contemporary world. After discussing various kinds of legal pluralism, other types of legal pluralism are suggested for verification by interested scholars, such as legal pluralism in conflict, legal pluralism in subjectivity, a conceptual scheme and an operational definition of legal pluralism.
Moral Individualism and the Justification of Liberal Democracy
Authors: Hellsten Sirkku Kristiina
Published: March 2003

This article discusses the connection between individualism, pluralism and the moral foundation of liberal democracy. It analyses whether the requirement of value pluralism promoted by liberal democracies leads inevitably to communitarian ethics, or whether the liberal and democratic values of autonomy, tolerance and equality are actually based on an objectivistic and teleological account of justice. The author argues that value‐neutral procedural and methodological individualism cannot support the liberal demands for pluralism and tolerance in a democratic regime. Instead, the justification of liberal democracy has to replace mechanical, methodological individualism with moral individualism. Moral individualism shows that in order to be legitimate and functioning liberal democracy has to be based on the form of individualism which contains objectivist moral aspects.
Free Market Anti‐Formalism: The Case of Richard Posner
Authors: Scheuerman William E.
Published: March 2003

This paper analyses the impact of the Law and Economics movement on legal decision making. Focussing on the position of the leading intellectual figure of this movement, Richard Posner, the author shows how his theories imply a silent revolution in American jurisprudence. Starting from the criteria of economic efficiency and wealth maximization, seen in the light of American pragmatism, Posner upholds anti‐formalist interpretation of statutor law by judges based on the principles of free market economics. His theory starts from the assumption that statutor law has become more and more ambiguous and open‐ended and thus, as in the case of antitrust law, judges can freely interpret legal provisions on the basis of free market postulates. This position has broader implications in the debate about the meaning of the rule of law: Posner's position implies abandoning the emancipatory core of the liberal tradition.
Tocqueville's Question. The Role of a Constitution in the Process of Integration
Authors: Frankenberg Günter
Published: March 2003

Starting from the contemporary processes of “fragmentation of societies” (pluralization of individual lifestyles, the increasing ethnic‐cultural diversity, de‐solidarity, the melting away of political loyalties) and of “dissolution of the nation” (the erosion of the monopoly of the state, economic globalization), the author examines Tocqueville's question about what holds society together. This problem of integration is analysed in the perspective of social and legal sciences. Accordingly, the author stresses that solutions to such a problem should come from a constitutional theory which is open to debates and answers developing in other disciplines, thus obtaining relevant information concerning the role of law and of constitution for integration.
Laptop as Messenger: an Exploration of the Role of Portables in Home‐School Liaison
Authors: Merchant Guy , Monteith Moira
Published: March 2003

Into the now substantial research into the use of word processing as a tool to develop children’s writing, the role of the laptop computer has recently added a fresh dimension. Such machines add flexibility and portability to classroom management and there are numerous questions about their impact. In this article Guy Merchant and Moira Monteith examine one possible benefit of the use of laptops, their potential for drawing together home and school and initiating and sustaining home‐school dialogue.
Informal Measures Challenge the Suitability of the Basic Skills Agency’s Reading Test
Authors: Finlay Ann
Published: March 2003

When informal measures of reading assessment were used with a Further Education student the results were different to those obtained with the Basic Skills Agency’s reading test based on cloze exercises. After describing the informal assessment the reasons for the discrepancy between the two methods are discussed. These are based first on the language production demands of cloze, and second on the relationship between functional literacy materials and cloze success. The author concludes that the suitability of cloze for testing reading is in doubt; it is likely to underestimate some readers’ abilities and it should not be used to test reading in isolation from other measures.

Please note ALBSU has changed its name to the Basic Skills Agency, and to avoid confusion BSA will be used throughout the article even if at the time referred to it was known as ALBSU.
The Talking Books Project: Some Further Insights into the Use of Talking Books to Develop Reading
Authors: Medwell Jane
Published: March 2003

This article reports the continuation of some work already described in this journal in which the potential of electronic books for supporting reading was investigated. Jane Medwell’s conclusions suggest that this particular medium has a great deal of potential use in developing young children’s reading but also that the effects of different kinds of texts are different. As information and communications technology embeds itself into teaching practice there is a great deal to learn about its most effective use and Jane Medwell’s work offers a number of ways forward.
Putting meat on the bones: factors affecting student teachers’ confidence to teach reading
Authors: Scrivens Gill
Published: March 2003

Teacher training, especially in the teaching of reading, has come to the forefront in policy making and teacher training institutions are now subject to even more rigorous inspection procedures than schools, much of this inspection focusing on the preparation of teachers of reading. Yet much of this development has rested on very little research evidence. We still do not know exactly what constitutes effective teacher training for reading teaching. Gill Scrivens’ study reported here makes a significant contribution to this area in that it highlights the fact that some earlier research studies have taken too simplistic a view of the training process. It also suggests practical ways forward in this area.
Classroom literacies: young children’s explorations in meaning making in the age of the literacy hour
Authors: Burgess‐Macey Celia
Published: March 2003

In this article I explore contrasting approaches to literacy and learning in Key Stage One classrooms. In particular I question whether the approach to writing composition in the NLS Framework for Teaching is consistent with what we know about children’s story telling and writing in the early years. Children are powerful thinkers who constantly strive to make meaningful and playful engagements with their social and cultural worlds, of which texts are an important part. Through composing and writing stories in school the children in this study are often exploring aspects of their identities, having fun in entering into adult and fantasy worlds, and working with their friends to create texts which place them in powerful roles.
Creativity and Picture Books
Authors: Graham Judith
Published: March 2003

Where authors and illustrators exercise rigorous constraint with their texts, with neither replicating the work that the other can portray more effectively, they are at their most creative and they make picture books to which readers are repeatedly drawn because of the inherent and deeply satisfying challenges offered. Moreover, the allure is not just to children; teachers find that such texts draw from them their most creative ideas for ways of working with children. Three picture books are examined in terms of their strengths and potential activities. Conclusions are drawn which seek to justify the sharing of such picture books in terms of imaginative empowerment and lasting messages about reading.