bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investigating the Trimethylaluminium/Water ALD Process on Mesoporous Silica by In Situ Gravimetric Monitoring
Authors: Strempel Verena E. , Knemeyer Kristian , Naumann d’Alnoncourt Raoul , Driess Matthias , Rosowski Frank
Published: May 2018

A low amount of AlOx was successfully deposited on an unordered, mesoporous SiO2 powder using 1–3 ALD (Atomic Layer Deposition) cycles of trimethylaluminium and water. The process was realized in a self-built ALD setup featuring a microbalanceand a fixed particle bed. The reactor temperature was varied between 75, 120, and 200 °C. The self-limiting nature of the deposition was verified by in situ gravimetric monitoring for all temperatures. The coated material was further analyzed by nitrogen sorption, inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, attenuated total reflection Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. The obtained mass gains correspond to average growth between 0.81–1.10 Å/cycle depending on substrate temperature. In addition, the different mass gains during the half-cycles in combination with the analyzed aluminum content after one, two, and three cycles indicate a change in the preferred surface reaction of the trimethylaluminium molecule from a predominately two-ligand exchange with hydroxyl groups to more single-ligand exchange with increasing cycle number. Nitrogen sorption isotherms demonstrate (1) homogeneously coated mesopores, (2) a decrease in surface area, and (3) a reduction of the pore size. The experiment is successfully repeated in a scale-up using a ten times higher substrate batch size.
Understanding Eating Behavior during the Transition from Adolescence to Young Adulthood: A Literature Review and Perspective on Future Research Directions
Authors: Stok F. Marijn , Renner Britta , Clarys Peter , Lien Nanna , Lakerveld Jeroen , Deliens Tom
Published: May 2018

Introduction: Eating behavior often becomes unhealthier during the transition from adolescence to young adulthood, but not much is known about the factors that drive this change. We assess the available evidence on this topic through a literature review and pay special attention to the research designs employed in the studies available as well as the modifiability of the factors investigated in previous research. Method: We systematically conducted a scoping review by searching literature published in or after 2000 in three databases that described one or more factors associated with eating behavior or changes in eating behavior during the transition from adolescence to adulthood in the general population. Our search identified eighteen articles meeting these inclusion criteria. The socio-ecological DONE (Determinants of Nutrition and Eating) framework, a recently developed dynamic framework of factors shaping dietary behavior, was used to structure and categorize the factors identified. Results: Most factors identified in the literature were individual-level factors (67%) such as food beliefs, time constraints, and taste preferences; on the other hand, interpersonal-level factors (e.g., social support), environmental-level factors (e.g., product characteristics) and policy-level factors (e.g., market regulations) have been reported on less extensively. Furthermore, most factors discussed in the literature have been classified in the DONE framework as not easily modifiable. Moreover, previous studies largely used static research designs and focused primarily on one specific population (US freshmen). Discussion: This systematic scoping review identified several gaps in the available literature that hinder insight into the drivers of eating behavior (change) during the transition from adolescence to young adulthood. There is an urgent need for research on broader populations, employing dynamic repeated-measures designs, and taking modifiability of factors into account.
High-Fructose Corn-Syrup-Sweetened Beverage Intake Increases 5-Hour Breast Milk Fructose Concentrations in Lactating Women
Authors: Berger Paige K. , Fields David A. , Demerath Ellen W. , Fujiwara Hideji , Goran Michael I.
Published: May 2018

This study determined the effects of consuming a high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS)-sweetened beverage on breast milk fructose, glucose, and lactose concentrations in lactating women. At six weeks postpartum, lactating mothers (n = 41) were randomized to a crossover study to consume a commercially available HFCS-sweetened beverage or artificially sweetened control beverage. At each session, mothers pumped a complete breast milk expression every hour for six consecutive hours. The baseline fasting concentrations of breast milk fructose, glucose, and lactose were 5.0 ± 1.3 µg/mL, 0.6 ± 0.3 mg/mL, and 6.8 ± 1.6 g/dL, respectively. The changes over time in breast milk sugars were significant only for fructose (treatment × time, p < 0.01). Post hoc comparisons showed the HFCS-sweetened beverage vs. control beverage increased breast milk fructose at 120 min (8.8 ± 2.1 vs. 5.3 ± 1.9 µg/mL), 180 min (9.4 ± 1.9 vs. 5.2 ± 2.2 µg/mL), 240 min (7.8 ± 1.7 vs. 5.1 ± 1.9 µg/mL), and 300 min (6.9 ± 1.4 vs. 4.9 ± 1.9 µg/mL) (all p < 0.05). The mean incremental area under the curve for breast milk fructose was also different between treatments (14.7 ± 1.2 vs. −2.60 ± 1.2 µg/mL × 360 min, p < 0.01). There was no treatment × time interaction for breast milk glucose or lactose. Our data suggest that the consumption of an HFCS-sweetened beverage increased breast milk fructose concentrations, which remained elevated up to five hours post-consumption.
Qualification and Application of a Liquid Chromatography-Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometric Method for the Determination of Adalimumab in Rat Plasma
Authors: Park Yuri , Kim Nahye , Choi Jangmi , Park Min-Ho , Lee Byeong ill , Shin Seok-Ho , Byeon Jin-Ju , Shin Young G.
Published: May 2018

A liquid chromatography–quadrupole time-of-flight (Q-TOF) mass spectrometric method was developed for early-stage research on adalimumab in rats. The method consisted of immunoprecipitation followed by tryptic digestion for sample preparation and LC-QTOF-MS/MS analysis of specific signature peptides of adalimumab in the positive ion mode using electrospray ionization. This specific signature peptide is derived from the complementarity-determining region (CDR) of adalimumab. A quadratic regression (weighted 1/concentration), with an equation y = ax2 + bx + c, was used to fit calibration curves over the concentration range of 1–100 μg/mL for adalimumab. The qualification run met the acceptance criteria of ±25% accuracy and precision values for quality control (QC) samples. This qualified LC-QTOF-MS/MS method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study of adalimumab in rats as a case study. This LC-QTOF-MS/MS approach would be useful as a complementary method for adalimumab or its biosimilars at an early stage of research.
Development and Characterization of New Pervaporation PVA Membranes for the Dehydration Using Bulk and Surface Modifications
Authors: Dmitrenko Maria , Penkova Anastasia , Kuzminova Anna , Missyul Alexander , Ermakov Sergey , Roizard Denis
Published: May 2018

In the present work, the novel dense and supported membranes based on polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) with improved transport properties were developed by bulk and surface modifications. Bulk modification included the blending of PVA with chitosan (CS) and the creation of a mixed-matrix membrane by introduction of fullerenol. This significantly altered the internal structure of PVA membrane, which led to an increase in permeability with high selectivity to water. Surface modification of the developed modified dense membranes, based on composites PVA-CS and PVA-fullerenol-CS, was performed through (i) making of a supported membrane with a thin selective composite layer and (ii) applying of the layer-by-layer assembly (LbL) method for coating of nano-sized polyelectrolyte (PEL) layers to increase the membrane productivity. The nature of polyelectrolyte type—(poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH), poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) (PSS), poly(acrylic acid) (PAA), CS), and number of PEL bilayers (2–10)—were studied. The structure of the composite membranes was investigated by FTIR, X-ray diffraction, and SEM. Transport properties were studied during the pervaporation separation of 80% isopropanol–20% water mixture. It was shown that supported membrane consisting of hybrid layer of PVA-fullerenol (5%)–chitosan (20%) with five polyelectrolyte bilayers (PSS, CS) deposited on it had the best transport properties.
A Sandwich-Structured Piezoresistive Sensor with Electrospun Nanofiber Mats as Supporting, Sensing, and Packaging Layers
Authors: Zhao Zicong , Li Bintian , Xu Liqun , Qiao Yan , Wang Feng , Xia Qingyou , Lu Zhisong
Published: May 2018

Electrospun nanofiber mats have been used as sensing elements to construct piezoresistive devices due to their large surface area and high porosity. However, they have not been utilized as skin-contact supporting layers to package conductive nanofiber networks for the fabrication of piezoresistive sensors. In this work, we developed a sandwich-structured pressure sensor, which can sensitively monitor human motions and vital signs, with electrospun nanofiber mats as supporting, sensing, and packaging layers. The nanofiber mats were prepared by electrospinning with biocompatible poly (l-lactide) (PLA), silk fibroin (SF), and collagen (COL) as raw materials. The synthesized PLA–SF–COL mat possesses a non-woven structure with a fiber diameter of 122 ± 28 nm and a film thickness of 37 ± 5.3 μm. Polypyrrole (PPy) nanoparticles were grown in-situ on the mat to form a conductive layer. After stacking the pristine and conductive mats to form a PLA–SF–COL mat/(PPy-coated mat)2 structure, another layer was electrospun to pack the multilayers for the construction of a sandwich-structured piezoresistive sensor. The as-prepared device can sensitively detect external pressures caused by coin loading and finger tapping/pressing. It can also tolerate more than 600 times of pressing without affecting its sensing capability. The human body-attached experiments further demonstrate that the sensor could real-time monitor finger/arm bending, arterial pulse, respiration rate, and speaking-caused throat vibration. The electrospinning-based fabrication may be used as a facile and low-cost strategy to produce flexible piezoresistive sensors with excellent skin-compatibility and great pressure sensing capability.
‘Things Greater than Thou’: Post-Apocalyptic Religion in Games
Authors: De Wildt Lars , Aupers Stef , Krassen Cindy , Coanda Iulia
Published: May 2018

In the literature on religion in games, two broad types of religion have been depicted: on the one hand, historical religions—Christian, Muslim and Buddhist narratives, tropes and symbols—and, on the other hand, fiction-based religion, referring to fantasy, myth and popular culture. In this article we aim to describe, analyze and explain the emergence of a new, unacknowledged repertoire. Building on two case studies—Fallout 3 and Horizon: Zero Dawn—we argue that modern technology (computers, AI, VR, androids) itself is becoming a sacred object of veneration in fiction, specifically in post-apocalyptic games that imagine man-made annihilation. Although the themes and topics differ, this emergent form of techno-religion in game narratives is generally located in a post-apocalyptic setting. Although they are fictitious, we conclude that such narratives reflect developments in real life, in which technology such as artificial intelligence is feared as an increasingly powerful, opaque force.
Bilateral Filter Regularized L2 Sparse Nonnegative Matrix Factorization for Hyperspectral Unmixing
Authors: Zhang Zuoyu , Liao Shouyi , Zhang Hexin , Wang Shicheng , Wang Yongchao
Published: May 2018

Hyperspectral unmixing (HU) is one of the most active hyperspectral image (HSI) processing research fields, which aims to identify the materials and their corresponding proportions in each HSI pixel. The extensions of the nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF) have been proved effective for HU, which usually uses the sparsity of abundances and the correlation between the pixels to alleviate the non-convex problem. However, the commonly used L 1 / 2 sparse constraint will introduce an additional local minima because of the non-convexity, and the correlation between the pixels is not fully utilized because of the separation of the spatial and structural information. To overcome these limitations, a novel bilateral filter regularized L 2 sparse NMF is proposed for HU. Firstly, the L 2 -norm is utilized in order to improve the sparsity of the abundance matrix. Secondly, a bilateral filter regularizer is adopted so as to explore both the spatial information and the manifold structure of the abundance maps. In addition, NeNMF is used to solve the object function in order to improve the convergence rate. The results of the simulated and real data experiments have demonstrated the advantage of the proposed method.
Classification of Hyperspectral Images with Robust Regularized Block Low-Rank Discriminant Analysis
Authors: Zu Baokai , Xia Kewen , Du Wei , Li Yafang , Ali Ahmad , Chakraborty Sagnik
Published: May 2018

Classification of Hyperspectral Images (HSIs) has gained attention for the past few decades. In remote sensing image classification, the labeled samples are insufficient or hard to obtain; however, the unlabeled ones are frequently rich and of a vast number. When there are no sufficient labeled samples, overfitting may occur. To resolve the overfitting issue, in this present work, we proposed a novel approach for HSI feature extraction, called robust regularized Block Low-Rank Discriminant Analysis (BLRDA), which is a robust and efficient feature extraction method to improve the HSIs’ classification accuracy with few labeled samples. To reduce the exponentially growing computational complexity of the low-rank method, we divide the entire image into blocks and implement the low-rank representation for each block respectively. Due to the symmetric matrix requirements for the regularized graph of discriminant analysis, the k-nearest neighbor is applied to handle the whole low-rank graph integrally. The low-rank representation and the kNN can maximally capture and preserve the global and local geometry of the data, respectively, and the performance of regularized discriminant analysis feature extraction can be apparently improved. Extensive experiments on multi-class hyperspectral images show that the proposed BLRDA is a very robust and efficient feature extraction method. Even with simple supervised and semi-supervised classifiers (nearest neighbor and SVM) and randomly given parameters, the feature extraction method achieves significant results with few labeled samples, which shows better performance than similar feature extraction methods.
Giving Meaning to the Concept of Sustainability in Architectural Design Practices: Setting Out the Analytical Framework of Translation
Authors: Schroeder Torsten
Published: May 2018

The question of how to give meaning to the concept of sustainability in architectural design practices is highly contested today. Although architects, engineers, clients, politicians, and others seem to agree that sustainability must be addressed, behind this apparent consensus many ambiguities, contradictions, and open questions emerge. Opinions largely vary on how to define the sustainability challenges that architectural design is to respond to, how to align the various stakeholders involved, which scales and elements to consider, and how to transform these questions into design strategies, spatial configurations, and materiality of buildings. These practices cannot be confined merely to technological problem-solving as they essentially mesh a range of cognitive, social, cultural, and material elements. This article draws on the interdisciplinary field of Science and Technology Studies (STS) to set out the transferable analytical framework of ‘translation’ through which to explain how the concept of sustainability is continuously transformed within contingent, complex, and dynamic architectural design practices as buildings materialize. The framework of translation is particularly well adapted to unpack claims, make them more accountable, and thereby support the larger project of sustainability.
Can Farmers’ Markets in Shrinking Cities Contribute to Economic Development? A Case Study from Flint, Michigan
Authors: Morckel Victoria , Colasanti Kathryn
Published: May 2018

We examine the extent to which the Flint Farmers’ Market produces positive spillover effects on nearby businesses in downtown Flint, Michigan. We care about spillover spending in shrinking cities like Flint because farmers’ markets may contribute to growth beyond their boundaries, and thus help to sustain their surrounding areas. We surveyed visitors of the Flint market to determine the percentage who spend downtown outside of the market, how much they spend, the demographic characteristics that predict spending, and the additional businesses that visitors would like to see in the downtown. We also interviewed downtown business owners and managers to capture their perspectives on the market, including whether its relocation in 2014 helped their businesses. This study differs from prior research on spillover effects because it uses a mixed-methods approach and it explores how the shrinking-city context affects market outcomes. Overall, we find that the Flint market has minimal impact on nearby businesses compared to markets in non-shrinking cities. We discuss the possible reasons why the Flint market under-performs, including potential visitor concerns about crime and a site design that does not promote walking to other destinations. We also discuss how these concerns (e.g., crime, walkability) stem from the shrinking-city context.
Some Approaches to the Calculation of Conservation Laws for a Telegraph System and Their Comparisons
Authors: Buhe Eerdun , Bluman G.W. , Alatancang Chen , Yulan Hu
Published: May 2018

This paper applies the direct construction method, symmetry/adjoint symmetry pair method (SA method), symmetry action on a known conservation law method, Ibragimov’s conservation theorem (which always yields the same results as the SA method) and a recursion formula to calculate several conservation laws for nonlinear telegraph systems. In addition, a comparison is made between these methods for conservation laws admitted by nonlinear telegraph systems.
Analysis of the Erosion Law of Karst Groundwater Using Hydrogeochemical Theory in Liulin Spring Area, North China
Authors: Zheng Xiuqing , Wang Kai , Zhang Fei , Chen Junfeng , Li Aimin , Chen Yanping
Published: May 2018

The comprehensive geological, hydrogeological and hydrogeochemical model of the Liulin karstic spring area in the eastern limb of the Ordos syncline was established by a combination of chemical thermodynamics, chemical kinetics and hydrogeology. The study area was divided into four zones based on the saturation indices of calcite, dolomite and gypsum, which were computed by the groundwater-chemical simulation software PHREEQC (a computer program for speciation, batch-reaction, one-dimensional transport, and inverse geochemical calculations), with consideration of the geological and hydrogeological conditions and hydro-geochemical reactions. The weight and volume modulus of carbonate rocks and sulphate rocks in each zone were calculated by the method of correlation analysis to evaluate the dissolution law of karst groundwater. The results showed that in the zone I (saturation index of calcite βc ≤ 1) the dissolution of calcite was the major geochemical reaction, the weight modulus of calcite was higher than that of dolomite and gypsum, and the pore space generated by the dissolution of calcite was one order of magnitude larger than that of dolomite and gypsum. In zone II (saturation index of calcite βc > 1 to saturation index of dolomite βd ≤ 1) the corrosion moduli were all smaller than that in zone I, the solubility of dolomite and gypsum increased, and calcite reached saturation. The space occupied by the calcite sediment was less than that dissolved by dolomite and gypsum. In zone III (saturation index of dolomite βd > 1 to saturation index of gypsum βg ≤ 1), calcite and dolomite had reached saturation, accompanied by dedolomitization, and the amount of gypsum dissolution increased obviously. The conclusions indicate that the hydrogeochemical environment plays an important role in mineral dissolution.
Geometric Characteristics of Spur Dike Scour under Clear-Water Scour Conditions
Authors: Zhang Li , Wang Pengtao , Yang Wenhai , Zuo Weiguang , Gu Xinhong , Yang Xiaoxiao
Published: May 2018

Factors such as flow and sediment characteristics affecting the spur dike’s local depth of erosion have yielded considerable research results, but there is little discussion of the geometry of the spur dike’s local scour holes. This study focuses on the spatial characteristics of the geometry of local scour holes in straight-wall spur dikes. The discussion shows that the spur dike arrangement clearly changes the plane geometry of the scour hole. The maximum scour depth has a power function relationship with the area of the scour hole and the scour hole-volume. Moreover, the ratio of the product of the maximum scour depth and the plane area of the scour hole to the scour hole-volume is a fixed constant. The average slope of upstream of the scour hole and along the axis direction of the spur dike is slightly larger than the angle of repose of the sediment, the slope distribution of the scour holes profiles presents an inverted “U” type, and its profile morphology and slope distribution have geometric similarity. This distribution also reflected that, the interaction between the downward flow and the horseshoe vortex inside the scour hole leads to the formation of a cusp.
Conservation and Education Through Ecotourism: Using Citizen Science to Monitor Cetaceans in the Four-Island Region of Maui, Hawaii
Authors: Currie Jens J. , Stack Stephanie H. , Kaufman Gregory D.
Published: May 2018

Pacific Whale Foundation (PWF) Eco-Adventures operates a fleet of nine ecotour vessels in Maui, Hawaii and has used these vessels as an opportunistic research platform since 2010. The researchers at PWF have utilized ecotour vessels as a platform of opportunity (PoP) to collect photo-ID
data, through a program called Researcher-on-Board (ROB) and for the development of an application to log cetacean sightings, called Whale and Dolphin Tracker (WDT). In this article we compare the amount of data collected using these two methods and contrast to systematic research surveys
taking place in the same location and same time period to demonstrate the value of citizen science. Both the ROB and WDT programs have been shown to be cost-effective alternatives to surveys aboard dedicated research vessels, with the additional benefit of having tour operations contribute
directly to the management and monitoring of marine mammals.
On the importance of a broad stakeholder network for developing a credible, salient and legitimate tiered approach for assessing ecosystem services
Authors: Weibel Bettina , Rabe Sven-Erik , Burkhard Benjamin , Grêt-Regamey Adrienne
Published: May 2018

As the concept of ecosystem services is being operationalised and implemented in policies, a better guidance on the selection of suitable methods for ecosystem services mapping and assessment is needed to allow more sound, transparent and comparable processes. A vast range of assessments focusing on different sets of ecosystem services at various scales is existing and the applied methods cover different disciplines from ecology to economy and social sciences. This complicates the assessment of single or bundles of ecosystem services across spatio-temporal scales and requires a broad expertise. A tiered approach for ecosystem services assessment allows selecting the appropriate application of a certain method for tackling a specific question at a given scale. In this publication, we illustrate how the EU H2020 project ESMERALDA supported the development of such a tiered approach for assessing ecosystem services. The iterative exchanges between experienced researchers and practitioners in mapping and assessing ecosystem services in various contexts allowed the co-production of an approach to guide the choice of methods. Ultimately, the proposed tiered approach will not only support communication of the ecosystem services concept, but will also reduce the tendency for selecting an unsuitable approach for solving complex problems linked to ecosystem services-based resource management.
Nicole Oresme à la Faculté des Arts de Paris : les Questions sur les Météorologiques
Authors: Panzica Aurora
Published: May 2018

Cet article porte sur les Questions sur les Météorologiques de Nicole Oresme, l’un des rares textes encore inédits de ce philosophe. Dans la première partie, il est question de la tradition manuscrite du commentaire d’Oresme, et en particulier de la découverte d’une autre rédaction, fort différente et antérieure à celle qui a été répertoriée. Dans un second temps, il s’agit de clarifier la place occupée par les deux rédactions de ces Questions dans la chronologie des écrits d’Oresme issus de son enseignement à la Faculté des Arts de Paris. Finalement, la dernière partie porte sur les problèmes que posent les attributions des Questions sur les Météorologiques rédigées au xiv e  siècle, notamment en ce qui concerne les textes d’Oresme, d’Albert de Saxe et de Thémon Juif, tous trois actifs à l’Université de Paris.
Stephen of Páleč’s Quaestio de esse aeterno . A study and critical edition
Authors: Pavlíček Ota
Published: May 2018

Cette contribution est l’ editio princeps de la Quaestio de esse aeterno d’Étienne de Páleč, accompagnée par une étude qui débute par une introduction à la vie et l’œuvre de Páleč, particulièrement à sa relation aux maîtres praguois marqués par la pensée de Jean Wyclif. Puis la quaestio est située dans la période 1407-1411 d’après l’examen des manuscrits. Enfin, sont analysées les sources et la doctrine de la quaestio , notamment comment Páleč comprenait la Cause première et sa relation à l’univers, ainsi que l’influence de Stanislas de Znojmo et d’Augustin.
Les sentiments comme atmosphères
Authors: Schmitz Hermann , Georget Jean-Louis , Grosos Philippe
Published: May 2018

Résumé La Nouvelle Phénoménologie d’Hermann Schmitz se veut une phénoménologie de la chair comme vecteur de notre rapport au monde. Suivant ce fil directeur, cet article s’efforce de penser les sentiments comme autant d’atmosphères non objectivantes et enveloppantes.
Intrusions bouffonnes au Mali dans le quotidien et dans les cérémonies : la question de l’échelle dans l’analyse des ambiances
Authors: Carbonnel Laure
Published: May 2018

Résumé Les pratiques des bouffons rituels, appelés kòròdugaw , que j’ai suivis au Mali m’ont incitée à réfléchir aux manières de restituer toute leur complexité. Au-delà de la finesse de la description, étudier l’ambiance invite à une réflexion sur la qualité des événements, son rôle et la façon de l’appréhender. Après avoir mis en perspective la place de cette dimension, cette étude explore la question des échelles spatiale et temporelle de l’ambiance à partir d’événements dans lesquels sont impliqués les bouffons rituels.
Les scènes urbaines de la peur
Authors: Gaudin Olivier
Published: May 2018

Résumé L’agoraphobie, notion médicale apparue au xix e  siècle pour désigner la peur névrotique des espaces publics, peut intéresser l’étude historique des ambiances urbaines. Une approche atmosphérique montre que l’appréciation des conditions de l’expérience sensorielle des citadins de l’époque a tenu un rôle décisif dans l’effort d’interprétation des médecins qui ont inventé cette catégorie clinique. L’article interroge le contexte historique de la « peur des places » dans la perspective indissociablement sociale, spatiale et politique que requièrent les phénomènes d’ambiance.
Du MEDAF avec risque systémique à la détermination des institutions financières d’importance systémique
Authors: Garibal Jean-Charles , Kouontchou Patrick , Maillet Bertrand
Published: May 2018

Dans cet article, nous nous proposons de tester une extension du modèle d’évaluation des actifs financiers (MEDAF), dans lequel nous ajoutons un facteur de risque systémique, mesuré par une agrégation des principales mesures de risques systémiques, comme proposée récemment par différents auteurs, dans le cadre d’une analyse en composantes principales parcimonieuse (ACPP). Il ressort de nos analyses empiriques menées sur le marché américain que le risque systémique est effectivement une composante importante de la rémunération sur certains titres. Nous proposons finalement une application originale servant à l’identification et au classement des institutions financières d’importance systémique (IFIS). Classification JEL  : C45, C53, C58, G01, G11.
Tenir promesse
Authors: Guinaudeau Isabelle , Persico Simon
Published: May 2018

Résumé Cet article explore les facteurs et les mécanismes qui interviennent dans la réalisation des promesses électorales – un aspect central du fonctionnement du gouvernement représentatif. Après un tour d’horizon de la littérature disponible, nous présentons le modèle conditionnel de respect des promesses qui structure ce numéro : une promesse électorale a d’autant plus de chances d’être tenue que le pouvoir exécutif est motivé à tenir parole et qu’il a la capacité pour le faire. Nous explicitons ensuite la manière dont chaque cas d’étude a été sélectionné pour évaluer la pertinence et les limites de ce modèle, puis nous présentons chacune des contributions, en mettant en évidence des pistes de lecture transversales. En combinant sociologie politique et sociologie de l’action publique, ce numéro améliore notre compréhension des logiques de motivations et de capacité qui conditionnent le respect, ou non, des promesses électorales. La capacité du pouvoir exécutif à tenir parole relève de dimensions institutionnelles, opérationnelles et politiques ; ses motivations s’avèrent, elles, largement déterminées par les caractéristiques des publics ciblés par les promesses électorales.
Del tiempo de la imagen del mundo a la época de la transparencia: una reflexión sobre la experiencia del tiempo en la filosofía contemporánea
Authors: Jiménez Rodríguez Alba
Published: May 2018

El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo dar cuenta del carácter ambivalente de los conceptos de transparencia y aceleración como claves de comprensión de las transformaciones de las concepciones del tiempo de la modernidad a la postmodernidad. Para arrojar luz sobre esta doble valencia se apelará a la diferencia entre una aceleración centrífuga propia de la modernidad, cuya estructura temporal se articula como aproximación asintótica al foco de luz que la orienta, frente a una aceleración centrípeta donde la transparencia es tan perfecta que, sin fondos opacos de retracción, ni centro de gravedad que ordene el decurso temporal, entrega todo a la visibilidad quedando el concepto de libertad fatalmente identificado con la autocoacción.
Reasons for inconsistent condom use by young adults in Mahalapye, Botswana
Authors: Kanda Luhaka , Mash Robert
Published: May 2018

Background: Botswana is one of the countries significantly affected by the HIV and AIDS epidemic. Despite an extensive preventive campaign, the incidence of HIV remains high.Condoms are an important contributor to prevention of new HIV infections, although they are not consistently used by young adults.Aim: The aim of this study was to explore the reasons why condoms are not consistently usedby young adults.Setting: Mahalapye District Hospital and Airstrip Clinic, Botswana.Method: This was a phenomenological qualitative study using individual in-depth interviews.Eleven participants were purposively selected, including six males and five females. Data were transcribed and analysed using the framework method.Results: All participants acknowledged the importance of utilising condoms to prevent unplanned pregnancies and sexually transmitted infections. Reasons not to use condoms were a need to have a child,implied lack of trust or faithfulness, long-term relationships need toplease the partner and decreased pleasure. Other contributing factors were lack of knowledge of benefits, less fear of contracting HIV and AIDS as it can now be controlled with medication,influence of tradition, alcohol and drug abuse, peer pressure, power and gender issues and the refusal of the partner. The female condom was largely rejected by young adults in general and by women in particular because of its size and the perception that it is complicated to insert.Conclusion: The current preventive campaign against HIV and AIDS needs to take cognisance of the factors affecting decisions on the use of condoms by young adults and the obstacles to their use, particularly the new belief that HIV and AIDS is no longer a significant concern.
Impact of High-Volume Disease in Asian Population with Newly Diagnosed Metastatic Prostate Cancer
Authors: Cheng Yung-Ting , Hong Jian-Hua , Lu Yu-Chuang , Pu Yeong-Shiau , Huang Chao-Yuan , Huang Kuo-How , Liu Shih Ping , Chen Chung-Hsin
Published: May 2018

Purpose:

The purpose of this study is to investigate the clinical oncological outcomes and prognostic factors of high-volume disease (HVD) in the Asian population with metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer.

Methods:

We retrospectively analyzed 503 patients with newly diagnosed metastatic prostate cancer. Patients were classified as HVD if visceral metastases were present and/or ≥4 bone lesions with ≥1 lesion beyond the vertebral bodies and pelvis. Overall survival (OS) and cancer-specific survival were investigated based on the disease burden. The Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to evaluate the prognostic factors.

Results:

About 50.7% patients were classified as low-volume disease (LVD) and 49.3% were HVD at diagnosis. The medians of OS and cancer-specific survival were 64 and 116 months, respectively, for patients with LVD and 26 and 46 months, respectively, for men with HVD (both P < 0.001). Among patients with HVD, 76.6% had both high-volume bone disease (HBD) (≥4 bone metastases) and appendicular bone involvement. There was no significant difference in both OS and cancer-specific survival between patients with visceral metastases and those with HBD combined with appendicular bone involvement. In the multivariable analysis, presence of Gleason score ≥8, HBD, or HVD may predict poorer OS and cancer-specific survival outcomes (all P < 0.05).

Conclusions:

Asian patients with high-volume metastatic prostate cancer had a larger proportion of HBD with appendicular bone involvement, who had a comparably poor prognosis to those with visceral metastases. Patients with HBD or HVD had reduced survival outcomes.
Outcomes and Complications after Transrectal Ultrasound-Guided Prostate Biopsy
Authors: Jhan Jhen-Hao , Huang Shu-Pin , Li Wei-Ming , Li Ching-Chia , Huang Tsung-Yi , Ke Hung-Lung , Huang Chun-Nung , Chou Yii-Her , Wen Shen-Chen
Published: May 2018

Objective:

The use of 10–12-core systemic transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)-guided prostate biopsy protocols with extended-sampling has been an optimizing strategy for diagnosis of prostate cancer. In this study, we aim to examine the cancer detection rate (CDR) and the complications following prostate biopsy at our institution.

Materials and Methods:

We retrospectively reviewed medical data of patients who underwent TRUS-guided prostate biopsy between 2007 and 2013 at our institution. The pathological outcomes, major complications, and morbidities were recorded and assessed clinically.

Results:

During the study period, 425 patients who underwent TRUS-guided prostate biopsy were enrolled. The mean age of the participants was 67.9 years. Overall, 75 (17.6%) patients were diagnosed with prostate cancer. Cancer was detected in 0% (0/10), 7.0% (15/215), 16.5% (20/121), and 50.6% (40/79) of patients in the subgroups with patient prostate-specific antigen (PSA) <4 ng/ml, 4–10 ng/ml, 10–20 ng/ml, and >20 ng/ml, respectively. The optimal cutoff values of PSA density were 0.19, 0.29, and 0.78 in the subgroups with patient PSA 4–10 ng/ml, 10–20 ng/ml, and >20 ng/ml. In total, 11 patients had afebrile urinary tract infections (UTI), 9 patients had febrile UTI, and another 2 patients had septic shock after biopsy. The overall incidence of infectious complications was 5.17% (22/425). Other complications were infrequent, consisting only of urinary retention in three patients, hematospermia in two patients, and acute hemorrhagic cerebellar infarction in 1 patient.

Conclusion:

Our study demonstrated the CDR, the incidence, and type of complications following TRUS-guided prostate biopsy. Further prospective studies are required to determine methods for reducing complications from prostate biopsy.
The Artisanal Map, 1750–1815
Authors: Brückner Martin
Published: May 2018

During the colonial and revolutionary periods, American maps emerged from a medley of artisanal workshops that were steeped in the art of pictorial printmaking. Defined by the dual status of intellectual originality and material singularity, the maps reflected the surveyor’s geodetic data, the mapmaker’s drawing and engraving skills, the printer’s work habits, and the papermaker’s competence. Addressing the preconsumer life of maps made by Lewis Evans, John Mitchell, Joshua Fry and Peter Jefferson, Nicholas Scull, and Samuel Lewis, this chapter explains the design and look of early American-made maps as they developed from an idea and a draft into a raw print and a preconsumer artifact. Because artisanal maps were by and large considered fair use objects, plagiarized at random, they led a double life of being at once rare original imprints and mass-produced copies.
Public Giants
Authors: Brückner Martin
Published: May 2018

This chapter argues that the social life of “spectacular” maps contributed to the creation of the American public sphere between 1750 and 1860. Recovering the way in which materially overdetermined maps—that is, wall maps whose representational contents were enhanced or qualified by their visual design and material heft—stood out from the vast array of printed texts, it shows how wall maps became public spectacles. Marshalling inventories, public documents, and visual evidence, the chapter documents map placements inside architectural landscapes that included lecture halls, museums, and the meeting rooms of religious or reform societies. Frequently staged as theatrical props, large maps reconfigured the public sphere as a social space where public expressions of reason and passion became predicated on the spectacle of cartographic representation, with maps providing implicit or explicit support (or withholding it) during performances that ranged from political speeches and educational meetings to ballroom dances and art exhibitions.
Self-Made Spectacles
Authors: Brückner Martin
Published: May 2018

During the same period when American-made maps began to circulate in the public and private spheres, much of the impetus for recognizing maps as a form of spectacle was generated internally from within the maps’ signs, symbols, and inscriptions. Drawing on several hundred American maps, in particular wall maps, this chapter delineates design choices made by successive generations of commercial mapmakers who transformed maps into unique communication platforms intended for the simultaneous transmission of cartographic and noncartographic information. It shows that maps freely borrowed from a visual stock of signs, images, and graphic designs available in a media landscape that included small paintings, large street signs, and the decorative arts. Contending that American mapmakers constructed large and small maps by tapping a common visual literacy, this chapter offers a comprehensive morphology of American map designs, in the course of which it demonstrates a compositional logic linking maps as unique media platforms to nascent expectations about image legibility and commercial visual culture.
When I Awake with Thy Likeness
Authors: Lindsey Rachel McBride
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines family Bible portrait galleries within the context of studio portraiture and nineteenth-century notions of “likeness.” Portrait galleries for small, card-sized “carte de visite” studio portraits became popular additions to family bibles in the 1860s and remained so through the end of the century. This chapter positions these galleries against standalone photograph albums and other forms of memory work within family bibles in order to consider what genealogies these silent likenesses created for their beholders. As a point of entry into the communion of shadows, this chapter argues that family bible portrait galleries were sites where knotted threads of race and nation were smuggled into sacred history—unwittingly, perhaps—under the guise of family pictures.
Here Is My Name When I Am Dead
Authors: Lindsey Rachel McBride
Published: May 2018

This chapter explores death and mourning pictures within a shifting memorial culture that was rooted in historical modes of representation and theologies of redemption. Over the course of the nineteenth century, photographic portraiture emerged within this memorial culture as both the preferred iconography of mourning in nineteenth-century America and, significantly, as a relic of the departed that disclosed future glory to the bereaved. In this chapter, I explore the role of photographs as relics that illuminated the communion of shadows by mediating the body of the deceased with the grieving body of the bereaved. Here, photographs were devised not as tokens of the moldering body of the deceased but of promise of celestial reunion in glory. As memorial portraiture focused attention on the body of the deceased, another facet within the communion of shadows purported to provide evidence of the soul’s survival after death.
Past as Present
Authors: Rymsza-Pawlowska M. J.
Published: May 2018

Television is one of the earliest indicators of a significant shift, by the 1970s, in how we understand and learn about history. In the 1950s and 60s, television programs like You Are There and The Twilight Zone see the past as a distant and frightening milieu. But by the 1970s, a host of programs, including the new miniseries, depict histories that are relatable and emotionally resonant.
Preservation Is People
Authors: Rymsza-Pawlowska M. J.
Published: May 2018

The preservation and collection of structures, objects and stories changes significantly in the 1960s and 1970s. Building preservation is democratized as more people and organizations are involved, and different kinds of structures are targeted, including vernacular and recent buildings, and sites associated with African American history. Likewise the collection of vernacular objects and expanded oral history practice also changed at this moment.
Conclusion
Authors: Rymsza-Pawlowska M. J.
Published: May 2018

This chapter notes that while the emergence of immersive and identificatory engagements with the past can be traced back to the 1970s, this form of historymaking remains critical and can be seen at sites like the Air Force One Discovery Center at the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library, where schoolchildren ‘play’ Reagan and his cabinet during the invasion of Granada. Likewise, video games and other digital matter continue to help make history come alive.
Barricades on Broadway
Authors: Smith Adam I. P.
Published: May 2018

This chapter uses the Astor Place theatre riot of 1849 to illuminate the tensions within American political culture over majoritarianism, political legitimacy and citizenship. It argues that the lethal confrontation between the militia and the mob was a crisis moment that formed the imagined enemies and the alliances that frame political choices. Those who supported the New York City mayor’s decision to call in the militia believed that violence was sometimes necessary to ensure that democracy was compatible with order. Their emphasis on the need for restraints on unfettered freedom provided the intellectual underpinning of the case against the Slave Power and secession.
Storm over Kansas
Authors: Smith Adam I. P.
Published: May 2018

This chapter describes the impact of the Kansas Nebraska Act on Northerner’s political assumptions. The violence in the Kansas Territory that resulted from the imposition of popular sovereignty drove Northerners to make difficult choices about the best path to securing political stability. The 1856 presidential election was therefore essentially a contest among candidates each of whom posed as a conservative.
Fear on the Campaign Trail
Authors: Smith Adam I. P.
Published: May 2018

This chapter discusses the campaign strategies of the two main presidential candidates in the free states in the 1860 election, Abraham Lincoln and Stephen A. Douglas. Both appealed to voters’ desire to contain the Slave Power and assure access to the West for free white settlers. The core difference between Douglasites and Lincolnites was over the role of the Federal government in resolving the crisis: Republicans wanted to take control in Washington to prevent the nationalisation of slavery; Democrats continued to believe that the most effective solution was decentralisation.
Children of Uncertain Fortune
Authors: Livesay Daniel
Published: May 2018

This book traces the lives of more than three hundred mixed-race Jamaicans who left the Caribbean for Britain in the eighteenth and early-nineteenth centuries. Born to free and enslaved women of color and wealthy white men, these individuals fled Jamaica owing to its lack of schools, legal restrictions, and colonial prejudice. In Britain they lived with paternal relatives, attended expensive boarding schools, and apprenticed with their father’s extended networks. Many used this refined British upbringing as a launching pad for an eventual return to Jamaica, or to venture to other parts of the British Empire, in order to establish themselves as elite members of colonial society. This study is the first to trace the group’s migration back and forth across the Atlantic. It argues that family status played a central role in one’s racial category, in both the Americas as well as in Britain, during the long eighteenth century. Because of their kinship to wealthy and influential individuals as well as their intermediate racial status, migrants of color were critical actors in the debates around race, family, and belonging in the British Empire. Using thousands of wills, hundreds of legal petitions, dozens of family correspondences, and a number of inheritance lawsuits, this study shows the deeply complex evolution of Atlantic racial ideas, even in the most nakedly oppressive of slave societies.
Introduction
Authors: Woods Rebecca J. H.
Published: May 2018

This chapter uses the case of Soay sheep, one of the United Kingdom’s most ancient and remote breeds of sheep to pose the central question of the book: what is the relationship between place and type in both the practice of and rhetoric surrounding British breeds of sheep and cattle in the nineteenth century? This relationship pivoted on the notion of the “native” breed, a category whose meaning shifted over time but nonetheless structured efforts to selectively breed sheep and cattle in both Britain and its empire during the period of study. Attention to breed as a category, this chapter argues, can revitalize scholarly conversation and inquiry around animals and environmental history, much of which has focused on the level of species, and thereby overlooked some of the most important features of ecological imperialism in the nineteenth century.