bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Possible retinotoxic effect of carbamazepine
Authors: Nielsen Niels Vesti , Syversen Kjell
Published: May 2009

Abstract Two cases of retinopathy possibly caused by the antiepileptic drug, carbamazepine (Tegretol®) are presented. Two female patients in middle age with epilepsy had been treated with carbamazepine for more than 7 years when they experienced sudden visual disturbances and reduction of visual acuity without known concomitant systemic toxic effects. Ophthalmoscopy, fundus colour photography and fundus fluorescein angiography disclosed in one patient discrete, and in the other patient extensive lesions of the retinal pigment epithelium in the posterior poles of the eyes including the macular regions. Discontinuation of carbamazepine led to improvement of visual function and of the morphological changes in the fundi of the patient with the most pronounced lesions. It is suggested that carbamazepine, a drug nearly chemically identical with the tricyclic psychotropic agents, might cause damage of the retinal pigment epithelium in long‐term treatment. Further clinical controlled studies of the possible retinotoxic effect of this agent are, however, required.
A preliminary study of corneal penetration of125l‐labelled idoxuridine liposome
Authors: Dharma Shashi K. , Fishman Peggy H. , Peyman Gholam A.
Published: May 2009

AbstractWe compared corneal penetration of idoxuridine (IDU) to liposome‐encapsulated IDU. Liposomes of phosphatidic acid, phosphatidyl choline, and alpha‐tocopherol in a molar ratio 1:8:1 were prepared using the reverse phase evaporation method. New Zealand albino rabbits received either 0.1% solution of I125‐labelled aqueous IDU or liposome‐encapsulated IDU topically every 2 min for 6 min. Corneal, aqueous, and vitreous samples were assayed for I125radioactivity at 15 min and at 1,2, 3, and 6 h following drug application. Our results indicated that corneal penetration of liposomal IDU was significantly increased over the regular form of the drug for a time interval of 6 h.
Low‐luminance myopia and dark vergence
Authors: Epstein Daniel , Björk Åke , Glansholm Daniel
Published: May 2009

Abstract In normal binocular vision, under photopic conditions, accommodation and convergence act in synergy. We examined the relationship between these two functions in darkness, in the absence of all accommodative and fusional stimuli. Accommodation was measured as it is expressed in low‐luminance myopia. There was no strong positive correlation between accommodation and vergence in darkness. Rather, the two systems were dissociated, and appeared to assume independent resting states with accommodation generally exceeding convergence.
Visual acuity measurement using evoked potentials and fast fourier transform
Authors: Furuskog Peter , Wanger Peter
Published: May 2009

Abstract Visual evoked cortical potentials (VECP) were recorded from 10 subjects with normal visual acuity (VA) 1.0. Reversing square‐wave gratings of 16 different spatial frequencies were used as stimuli. In all 10 subjects significant increase in power at the stimulation frequency was observed in the Fourier spectrum. The VA, calculated from the Fourier spectra, ranged from 0.4 to 1.0. The described method for VA measurement is entirely objective, and the examination can be performed very rapidly and conveniently with the aid of a computer. However, the results indicate that the reliability of the measurement in individual cases may be doubtful.
Radiation of the fiberoptic illuminator of an operating microscope
Authors: Aarnisalo Eero
Published: May 2009

Abstract Relative radiation spectrum of a fiberoptic illuminator of an operating microscope (Zeiss Opmi 6) was measured with a spectrophotometer within the range of 350 to 1100 nm. Total irradiance at the corneal level was measured with a radiometer within the range of 250 to 4000 nm. Illumination was measured with a standard illuminometer. Two selective filters were used to optimally reduce the total radiation. A Schott filter GG 420 was used to cut off ultraviolet radiation and a Schott thermal filter KG 1 to reduce intrared radiation. Measured without filters the energy of radiation of wavelengths shorter than 400 nm was only 0.05% of the total energy of radiation, 78.5% was within the range of 400 to 780 nm, and 21.4% was produced by radiation of wavelengths longer than 780 nm. Corresponding values measured with selective filters were 0.003, 95.4 and 4.6. Irradiance at the corneal level was 7.7 mW/cm2 without filters and 3.8 mW/cm2 with selective filters, and the corresponding illumination levels were 21 300 and 16 500 lux. Using selective filters the total irradiance was effectively reduced causing only a minor reduction of the illumination level and a small just noticeable alteration of the colour of the operating field.
Intraocular pressure reduction after argon laser trabeculoplasty in open‐agnle glaucoma
Authors: Bergeå Bengt
Published: May 2009

Abstract One hundred and twenty‐eight eyes of 113 pre‐surgical patients with open‐angle glaucoma, treated with 360‐degree orgon laser trabeculoplasty, were followed up for 24 months. Success was defined as an intraocular pressure below 23 mmHg as well as an intraocular pressure reduction of at least 20% with the same medical therapy as given before laser treatment, or less. The total success rate was 64%. In 79 eyes with capsular glaucoma the success rate was 76%, whereas in 49 eyes with simple glaucoma it was 45%. The success rate increased in groups with higher degrees of trabecular pigmentation, probably an effect of a higher proportion of eyes with capsular glaucoma in these groups. Baseline intraocular pressure had no influence on the success rate. No correlation was found between the amount of laser energy delivered and the degree of pressure reduction after 6 months. Neither was there any significant difference in laser energy levels between eyes showing succesful results and those regarded as failures at the end of the 2‐year follow‐up period.
Cell replication in retinal vessels of streptozotocin diabetic mice
Authors: Naeser Peter
Published: May 2009

Abstract The retinal vascular bed from streptozotocin diabetic mice was investigated with respect to cell replication. The diabetic animals showed a significantly decreased endothelial cell labelling index as compared to their normal controls. It is suggested that the low cell replicaition characterizes the early diabetic vascular disease and that this animal model may reflect the inducement of the simplex diabetic retinopathy.
Detection of mucus glycoconjugates in human conjunctiva by using the lectin‐colloidal gold technique in TEM
Authors: Versura P. , Maltarello M. C. , Cellini M. , Caramazza R. , Laschi R.
Published: May 2009

Abstract The mucus glycoconjugates produced by conjunctival goblet cells in dry‐eye patients were studied by a specific cytochemical reaction in Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Four lectins, proteins of vegetal origin which specifically bind glycosidic residues, (WGA, PNA, SBA and ConA) were used conjugated with colloidal gold as ultrastructural marker. We performed a quantitative analysis by counting the colloidal gold particles present on mucus granules. The results were compared with normal conditions. We found a decrease in sialic acid, N‐acetyl‐glucosamine, N‐acetyl‐galactosamine and galactose‐N‐acetyl‐galacto‐samine and an increase in mannose. The different content of glycoconjugates in goblet cells may reflect in the change of physical and functional properties of mucus. We think these data may be useful in the search for a therapeutic mucomimetic drug.
Persistance of Serratia marcescens, Serratia liquefaciens and E. coli in solutions for contact lenses
Authors: Parment Per‐Arne , Rönnerstam Rolf , Walder Mats
Published: May 2009

Abstract Twenty‐four different brands of contact lens solutions were experimentally inoculated with strains of S. marcescens, S. liquefaciens and E. coli. Only flexol and hexidin could sufficiently suppress the growth of Serratia strains. If a soaking agent is to be effective in suppressing S. marcescens it must have a Chlorhexidine concentration of at least 50 μg/ml and a thiomersal concentration of 10 μg/ml.
Normal eyes in type 1 diabetics stay normal after one year of treatment with continuous subcutaneous insulin pump
Authors: Agardh E. , Bauer B. , Tallroth G. , Agardh C.‐D.
Published: May 2009

Abstract Seven patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus were restored to near normoglycaemia by treatment with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion pumps (CSII). The patients were examined with ophthalmoscopy, fundus photography and fluorescein angiography before and one year after the start of CSII treatment. In addition, ophthalmoscopy was performed after 6 months of treatment. All 14 eyes were normal prior to the CSII treatment and none had developed any signs of retinopathy after 6 months or 1 year. It is concluded that metabolic control can be near normalized with CSII treatment without any risk for development of diabetic microangiopathy in type 1 diabetics with normal eyes.
Interindividual variation and additivity of the visual evoked potentials to the local checkerboard stimulation of the central and paracentral retina
Authors: Airas K. A.
Published: May 2009

Abstract Visually evoked cortical potentials to reversing checkerboard stimulation were recorded from normal subjects. Different locations of the central visual field of maximally 8° radius were stimulated. Stimulation of various parts of the central visual field changed the waveform and the amplitude of the responses of different subjects very individually. This makes it impossible to make a universal dicision, how large field or which part of the central field contributes most to pattern evoked cortical potentials. The responses to the upper half field stimulation showed greatest variation making the VEP recording worthless in detecting altitudinal visual field defects. The computed sum of the half field responses was of similar waveform and amplitude to the response to the full field stimulation. The good additivity of the responses applied to all parts of the central visual field tested.
pH changes of the tear fluid in the conjunctival sac during postoperative inflammation of the human eye
Authors: Thygesen J. E. M. , Jensen O. L.
Published: May 2009

Abstract Conjunctival fluid pH was measured pre‐ and post‐operatively in 16 patients suffering from senile cataract. We found a significant increase (P < 0.05) from 7.26 ± 0.23 (mean ± SD) on the day before operation to 7.50 ± 0.23 (mean ± SD) on the first post‐operative day in the conjunctival fluid of the treated eye. Therafter a gradual decrease towards preoperative level was observed. These changes were not observed in the healthy fellow eye (P > 0.05). No significant pre‐operative difference was shown between the two eyes. It is reasonable to assume that the composition of the transudate/exudate from the conjunctival vessels might be responsible for the changes observed.
An increased number of mast cells in the sclerae of alloxan‐diabetic mice
Authors: Jansson Leif , Naeser Peter
Published: May 2009

Abstract The number of mast cells in the sclerae and retinae has been investigated in alloxan‐diabetic mice, in obese‐hyperglycaemic mice and in non‐diabetic, lean control animals. In contrast to the alloxan‐diabetic mice the obese‐hyperglycaemic animals have increased circulating inulin levels. In the sclerae of alloxan‐diabetic mice the number of mast cells was significantly (P < 0.05) increased. No increase in mast cell content could be observed in the sclerae of the obese‐hyperglycaemic mice. No mast cells could be observed in the retina in any of the experimental groups. It is concluded that lack of insulin may be of importance for the accumulation of mast cells in the sclerae of mice with hyperglycaemia.
Retinal detachment
Authors: Törnquist Ragnar , Stenkula Staffan , Törnquist Per
Published: May 2009

Abstract A population‐based series of retinal detachments (RD) collected during a 10‐year period (538 patients, 590 ‘cases’, i.e. diseased eyes including new RD after 6 months in the same eye) is reported. The annual incidence was 10.6 per 100 000 population. Bilaterality was observed in 11.2%. In this material preponderance of the right eye was found. In non‐traumatic RD there was a small sex difference, with a higher incidence among females. Older persons were at high risk of sustaining RD, as were myopes. In myopic males the risk increased with the degree of myopia and with increasing age. In myopic females the greatest risk was found in the age group 30–59 years. Myopic eyes are probably also more vulnerable to traumatic RD. Lattice degeneration was more common in middle‐aged than in older patients and was also more common in myopic eyes than in eyes with other phakic RD. High myopia (> –5D) was more frequent in patients with lattice degeneration than in those without. Aphakia was found to be an important predisposing factor for RD. A classification taking into account the above‐mentioned factors is proposed.
Measurement of acute response to draught in the eye
Authors: Wyon N. M. , Wyon D. P.
Published: May 2009

Abstract In order to assess the sensitivity to draught of 7 different tests, 41 volunteer subjects were exposed experimentally: 18 to 1.0 m/s and 9 to 0.5 m/s in a climate chamber: 14 to an average of 0.67 m/s in an air‐conditioned car. All exposures were at 21–22°C. Exposures were for 30 min indoors, 45 min in the car. Break‐up Time (BUT) of the pre‐corneal film after a blink was observed before and after exposure in the laboratory. There was a significant decrease after exposure to 1.0 m/s (P < 0.01) but not to 0.5 m/s. The variance of the observed BUT increased after exposure to 0.5 m/s (P < 0.05). The Norn Lacrimal Dilution test showed increased tear flow after the climate‐chamber exposures (P < 0.05). Self‐reported BUT(S) was always several times longer than BUT. There was a significant correlation between these measures (P < 0.05) before exposure, but not after. BUT(S), like BUT, decreased after exposure to 1.0 m/s (P < 0.01), but not after 0.5 m/s. However, the variance of BUT(S) did not increase significantly after 0.5 m/s; it decreased significantly after 1.0 m/s (P < 0.01). A significantly improved mucus ferning pattern was observed after draught exposure (P < 0.005), presumably due in part to increased lacrimal flow. There was no significant effect of draught on the albumin content of tear samples taken before and after exposure. Lissamine Green staining performed before and after exposure revealed no effect on micro‐damage to the conjunctival epithelium. BUT(S) was also obtained every 5 min during the exposure. This was the only response measure used in the car. BUT(S) decreased from pre‐exposure values within the first 10 min at 0.5 m/s (P < 0.04) and at 1.0 m/s (P < 0.03). After 20 min BUT(S) was higher during exposure to 0.5 m/s than to 1.0 m/s (P < 0.02). This difference decreased with continued exposure. In the car, BUT(S) also decreased significantly after 10 min (P < 0.02). It is concluded that BUT(S) can be used as a sensitive field measure for the study of draughts in moving vehicles, as it may be obtained even from the driver.
An investigation of aetiology and heredity of pterygium
Authors: Zhang Jia‐Duo
Published: May 2009

Abstract A family with pterygium affecting 11 members of 3 generations was reported. Although the disease is not necessarily hereditary in most of the patients, the mode of transmission in this particular family was autosomal dominant. The relationship between individual predisposition and the external factors in pterygium formation is briefly discussed.
A comparison between the measured and the desirable quality of hydrogel extended wear contact lenses
Authors: Bergmanson J. P. G. , Söderberg P. G. , Estrada P.
Published: May 2009

Abstract Eighty‐two hydrogel extended wear contact lenses (EWCL) from four brands were tested for overall quality and variations in specified parameters. Two of the EWCL brands were approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for wear by the public, while two of the brands were uninvestigated. In addition, the packaging solution was examined for osmolarity and pH. All brands were delivered with solutions that had estimated means of pH and osmolarity departing from what may be considered ideal physiologically. The EWCLs all had a consistent power and an acceptable thickness reproducibility. One of the FDA approved brands, demonstrated diameter variations of a magnitude that may produce an unpredictability in the lens fit. Several lenses of one brand suffered from edge quality deficiences. Although the FDA clinical trial is designed to control the clinical performance of contact lenses prior to the market entry, the results of the present investigation indicate that an authority independent of the manufacturer should regularly sample the lens quality. It is for this purpose imperative that standards for contact lenses are established.
A biometric investigation of late onset myopic eyes
Authors: McBrien Neville A. , Millodot Michel
Published: May 2009

Abstract There is a paucity of biometric information on late onset myopia (onset after 15‐years‐old). The present investigation compared the ocular component dimensions of 30 late onset myopes and 30 emmetropes, who were both age and sex matched. Measurement techniques included A‐scan ultrasonography and keratometry. The findings revealed that the ultimate cause of late onset myopia is vitreous chamber elongation. Late onset myopes were also found to have significantly deeper anterior chambers and thinner crystalline lenses, no differences being found in corneal curvature measures. Possible mechanisms leading to these observed biometric differences are discussed in the light of recent findings.
Natural history of diabetic retinopathy in insulin‐dependent juvenile diabetics
Authors: Lund‐Andersen Charlotte , Frost‐Larsen Kim , Starup Kirsten
Published: May 2009

Abstract In 1975 a prospective longitudinal study of 63 non‐pubescent children with insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) was started in order to study the development of retinopathy. This paper presents the results of a 5‐ and an 8‐year follow‐up examination concerning the individual development of retinopathy in the patients. At the last follow‐up the mean age of the patients was 21.9 years (18–23 years) and the mean diabetes duration 13.2 years (8.1–21.2 years). In 1975 only 5% had developed retinopathy. In 1980 this incidence had risen to 63% and in 1983 to 93% (14% proliferative retinopathy and 79% background retinopathy). In most patients the retinopathy developed slowly, in some patients, however, it deteriorated severely within a few years. A slight regression in the number of microaneurysms and in the number of haemorrhages was observed in a few patients. Microaneurysms seemed in all but one case to be the first pathological element in diabetic retinopathy and developed as a rule several years before other diabetic fundus manifestations occurred. Development of retinopathy was correlated to the duration of diabetes. No correlation could be demonstrated between the progression of retinopathy and the status of regulation. Retinopathy occurred only in 5 patients (8%) before puberty.
Characterization of an intraocular retinoblastoma‐like tumour
Authors: Winther J. , Jensen O. A. , Prause J. U. , Tommerup N.
Published: May 2009

Abstract A transplantable intraocular retinoblastoma‐like tumour growing in F 344 rat eyes and tissue cultures suitable for therapeutic experiments is characterized. The tumours grew in the vitreous and infiltrated the internal layers of the retina. Feeder vessels from the retina supplied the tumours. Few and often incomplete rosettes were seen, and calcification was sparse in areas of necrosis. Stainings for glial fibrillary acidic protein, S‐100 protein, neuron‐specific enolase and desmin were negative. Ultrastructural analysis brought out a close correspondence between the tumour cell and the human retinoblastoma and other virus‐induced retinoblastoma‐like tumours. The experimental tumour cells lacked cilia, but had neurosecretory granules. Chromosome analysis showed a modal chromosome number in the triploid range, and 6 marker chromosomes were demonstrated. Flow‐cytometric analysis showed a S‐phase cell fraction of 42%, and chromosome stability was suggested by a tumour‐cell DNA index which remained stable for more than 3 months.
Photography in vivo of epithelial lesions in the human cornea with non‐contact high magnification technique
Authors: Tabery Helena M. , Holm Olle C.
Published: May 2009

Abstract A technique is described for high magnification in vivo photography of epithelial lesions in the human cornea. Combining use of a high resolution, long working‐distance microscope type lens with two‐step photographic enlargement techniques results in photomacrographs with effective linear magnification of up to 500 ×. The method allows studies of size and shape and crude details of epithelial cells.
Treatment of central corneal ulcers by à chaud transplantation of organ culture preserved donor tissue
Authors: Ehlers Niels , Andersen Jørgen
Published: May 2009

Abstract In the period 1979–83 a total of 232 penetrating corneal transplantations were performed with organ culture preserved donor material. Forty‐two operations were made à chaud for central corneal ulcerations. The results of these interventions are reported and discussed. The surgery presented no serious problems and on first post‐operative day the anterior chamber was reformed in all cases, and pain was relieved. Patients were confined to bed only for 1 day. Graft deswelling was slightly retarded compared to planned surgery, but all functioning grafts obtained normal thickness. The overall graft survival rates after 6, 12 and 18 months were 66, 53 and 48%, respectively. For herpetic ulcers the survival after 18 months was 49% and for non‐herpetic ulcers 47%. The grafts failed in all cases where it had been necessary to employ grafts of more than 10 mm. This latter group was comprised of the non‐herpetic cases; were they excluded, the graft survival rate would increase to 60%. Among cases with a clear graft the median visual acuity after 18 months was 0.33 (range < 0.1–0.67). Excluding cases with a non‐corneal cause of visual reduction, the median visual acuity was 0.4 (range 0.33–0.67). It is concluded that grafting can be successfully employed in the treatment of central ulcers, as it not only restitutes tissue integrity, but also preserves useful vision.
Centripetal movement of fluorescein dextrans in the cornea: relevance to arcus
Authors: Green Keith , De Barge L. Raymond , Cheeks Lisa , Phillips Calbert I.
Published: May 2009

Abstract The centripetal movement of fluorescein and fluorescein‐labelled dextrans (4 to 150 kD) from sclera or cut edge of the cornea was determined in isolated rabbit corneas at 4 and 24 h. Corneas were divided into 5.5 mm diameter central core, inner 5.5 to 8 mm donut, 8 to 12 mm peripheral donut and, where applicable, scleral rim. For all molecules greater than sodium fluorescein (376 D) tracer concentrations in the 5.5 mm core and the 5.5 to 8 mm donut were equal. Without sclera rim, the more central portions of the cornea (5.5 mm core and 5.5 to 8 mm donut) had tracer concentrations equal to those of corneas‐with‐sclera for all tracers greater than 10 kD. The tracer concentrations in the central cornea were the same in the presence or absence of sclera. The data indicate a physiological barrier to the lateral diffusion of molecules greater than 10 kD between the peripheral and more central cornea.
Polyvinylpyrrolidone‐iodine as a disinfectant in eye surgery for five years
Authors: Mørk Pernille
Published: May 2009

Abstract Polyvinylpyrrolidone‐iodine is a broad spectrum disinfectant which has been used in surgery for several years. The prophylactic effect of PVP‐iodine against panophthalmia was examined in a study including all cataract operated eyes (4111 eyes) from autumn 1981 to the end of 1986. The patients were randomly split up into two groups. Group 1 received PVP‐iodine eye‐drops as a pre‐operative disinfectant, the control group received 2.5% iodine on the skin only. Thirty‐two cases of panophthalmia arose, 0.8% in group 1 (21 out of 2550 eyes) treated with PVP‐iodine, and 0.7 % in the control group (11 out of 1561 eyes).
Managemment of intraocular pressure during cardiopulmonary bypass
Authors: Larkin D. F. P. , Murphy R. , Magner J. B. , Eustace P.
Published: May 2009

Abstract Intraocular pressure was measured in two groups of patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass surgery. A control group received mannitol at the start of bypass in accordance with standard practice; pressure was found to rise by 6.4 mmHg. In a second group of patients mannitol was administered 30 min prior to bypass; pressure elevation of 2.4 mmHg was found. These findings are discussed in relation to other clinical observations during bypass and to ocular morbidity complicating bypass surgery.
A double‐masked crossover study comparing the effects of carteolol 1% and 2% on intra‐ocular pressure
Authors: Duff G. R.
Published: May 2009

Abstract No significant difference was found between carteolol 1% and 2%, when their effects on intraocular pressure were compared over a 4 week treatment period. Twenty ocular hypertensive subjects were recruited for this double‐masked crossover trial.
Detection of mucus glycoconjugates in human conjunctiva by using the lectin‐colloidal gold technique in TEM
Authors: Versura P. , Maltarello M. C. , Cellini M. , Marinelli F. , Caramazza R. , Laschi R.
Published: May 2009

Abstract We characterized the mucus glycoconjugates produced by goblet and non‐goblet epithelial cells in asymptomatic contact lens (CL) wearers. We employed four lectins (proteins of vegetal origin which specifically recognize glycosidic residues: WGA, PNA, SBA and ConA) conjugated with colloidal gold as ultra‐structural marker, at Transmission Electron Microscopy. A computerized quantitative analysis was carried out in order to compare the results from the CL wearers to those from the control patients. Goblet cells produce different amount of glycosidic residues, in particular, a significant decrease in the distribution of sialic acid, N‐acetylglucosamine, N‐acetylgalactosamine, galactose‐N‐acetylgalactosamine and mannose was observed. The content of glycosidic residues in the mucus vesicles of the non‐goblet epithelial cells appeared unchanged as to the normal situation. We speculate that the CL could possibly contribute to the failure of the tear film stability by altering the production of mucus.
Subnormal visual acuity in children: prognosis and visual evoked cortical potential findings
Authors: Furuskog Peter , Persson Hans E. , Wanger Peter
Published: May 2009

Abstract Seventy‐one children, age 4–12 years, with subnormal visual acuity (VA) in at least one eye (0.7 or less) were examined using visual evoked cortical potentials (VECPs) to pattern‐reversal stimulation. Twenty‐eight children with squint had mean VA 0.3 in squinting and 0.7 in non‐squinting eyes. Thirty‐one children had unexplained subnormal VA, mean 0.6. Twelve children with mild unclassifiable fundus abnormalities had mean VA 0.5. In the squinting eyes and the eyes with fundus abnormalities the mean latency of the VECP was significantly prolonged. In squinters the mean amplitude to stimulation of the squinting eyes and to binocular stimulation was significantly reduced. Statistically significant increase in the mean VA was observed in all groups except in the cases with visible fundus abnormalities. There was no statistically significant correlation between VECP parameters and final VA. In conclusion, VA prognosis could not be predicted from VECP data in individual cases.
The sorbitol shunt in the retina and the optic nerve of mice with inherited and STZ‐induced diabetes
Authors: Naeser Peter , Brolin Sven E. , Berggren Per‐Olof
Published: May 2009

Abstract Micromethods designed for studying the sorbitol shunt permitted studies of the retina and the optic nerve from mice. A significant accumulation of sorbitol was found in the retina of 5‐months‐old obese‐hyper‐glycaemic and severely STZ diabetic mice. The latter mice also showed increased sorbitol concentrations in the optic nerve. The activities of aldose reductase were about 3 times higher in the optic nerve than in the retina. Our findings show that not only the retina but also the optic nerve accumulates sorbitol. It is suggested that this hypothetically may lead to degeneration of the optic nerve in severe diabetes as in peripheral nerves.
Trabeculectomy with the use of sodium hyaluronate
Authors: Raitta Christina , Setälä Kirsi
Published: May 2009

Abstract The effect of sodium hyaluronate (Healon) on the post‐operative course 1 week, 1 month and 1 year after trabeculectomy is reported. Forty‐six eyes of 38 patients with open‐angle glaucoma (16 simple, 16 capsular and 14 secondary glaucomas) were operated with the use of sodium hyaluronate. The study was prospective. For comparison, 46 eyes of 38 age‐, sex‐and diagnosis‐matched patients with glaucoma operated during the pre‐Healon period were selected. Patients in the study group were operated by the same surgeon and in the control group by different senior staff members. IOP decrease was essentially the same in both groups. No differences in post‐operative pressure level existed between the different types of glaucoma. Extremely shallow or flat chamber occurred more frequently in the control series: 15 versus 9. Statistical analysis could not be applied. The trend in favour of Healon is discussed. Pressure rise ≥ 30 ramHg 2–7 days after the operation was diagnosed in 8 eyes of the Healon group and 13 eyes of the control group. IOP rise was relieved by argon laser treatment of the fistula during the first week post‐operatively in 6/8 eyes of the Healon group in order to facilitate aqueous drainage. Sodium hyaluronate facilitated the technical performance and prevented collapse of anterior chamber and AC haemorrhages during the operation. Sodium hyaluronate seems to prevent excessive early filtration and hypotony. After follow‐up of one year, 7 patients in the control series and 4 in Healon series had progression of cataract. Two of the patients in the control‐group needed cataract operation during the follow‐up period. A definite conclusion in favour of Healon has to be verified.
Spatial properties of the oscillatory potentials of the frog electroretinogram in relation to state of adaptation
Authors: Wachtmeister Lillemor , Hahn Ingrid
Published: May 2009

Abstract The spatial characteristics of the oscillatory potentials (OPs) and the a‐ and b‐waves of the frog electroretinogram (ERG) were studied during different states of adaptation induced by repetitive light stimulus given at 1 min or 15 sec interval. The spatial integration area of the OPs was found to be reduced during relatively more light‐adapted conditions compared to relatively more dark‐adapted ones. No major adaptive effect on the spatial summation area of the a‐ and b‐waves observed. The results indicate that the spatial changes of the OPs observed may be signalled by the amacrine cells which would thus be indirectly involved in the generation of the OPs. The spatial properties of the OPs differed from that of the a‐ and b‐waves suggesting that the OPs have a different origin to that of the a‐ and b‐waves. Finally, the present data indicate a clear and sensitive spatial organization in the frog ERG.
Low power argon laser trabeculoplasty
Authors: Rouhiainen Harri , Teräsvirta Markku , Tuovinen Erkki
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Sixtyseven consecutive argon laser trabeculoplasties to as many patients were retrospectively followed‐up for 3 to 12 (mean 7) months. The laser power used was substantially lower than originally proposed by Wise & Witter (1979) ranging from 100 mW to 500 mW. Factors influencing the outcome of low power trabebuloplasty were evaluated. The statistical analysis of the data was performed using multiple regression analysis, analysis of variance, t‐test and χ2‐test. The mean success rate remained relatively low (33%). In the high power capsular glaucoma group it was 50%.
Nerve fiber layer photography
Authors: Peli Eli , III Thomas R. Hedges , McInnes Thomas , Hamlin Jennifer , Schwartz Bernard
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Observation of the retinal nerve fiber layer with red‐free light is an important means of evaluating optic nerve integrity. Many investigators have attempted to increase the usefulness of the technique by improving photographic procedures. Most reports comparing various parameters neither indicate the method of comparison nor give quantitative measure of the improvement gained with different films, filters, cameras, or processing procedures. We have compared in a masked fashion the parameters most recently recommended in the literature. Twelve trained observers compared 12 masked pairs of nerve fiber layer photos taken from the same eye in the same manner on two cameras and preferred those taken with a Canon CF‐60Z camera 69% of the time and those taken with a Zeiss FF‐111 17% of the time (this difference was statistically significant, P < 0.01). Fourteen observers compared 14 pairs of photographs and judged Panatomic‐X film to be superior to Plus‐X film 51 % of the time and both films to be of the same quality 25% of the time (this difference was also significant P < 0.05). Fifteen observers compared 12 pairs and preferred the Standard SE‐40 blue filter 2:1 over the green Spectrotech 540 filter. This difference was not statistically significant, and the preference was found to be dependent on fundus pigmentation and clarity of the media. The blue filter gave better contrast for the nerve fiber layer in patients with lightly pigmented fundi, and use of the green filter resulted in less light scatter in patients with ocular media opacities.
Ophthalmic changes in hydrocephalus
Authors: Mankinen‐Heikkinen Anneli , Mustonen Eila
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Fifty childen shunted for hydrocephalus aged 5–17 years underwent a later ophthalmological examination. Corrected vision of 0.9 or less was found in 45 out of 93 eyes; in 21 patients this was the vision of both eyes. Corrected vision 0.3 or less was found in 7 eyes; in 3 patients this was the vision of both eyes. Hyperopia ≥ +2.0 D was found in 20%, myopia ≥ –0.5 D in 13% and astigmatism ≥ 1.0 D in 25.5% of 98 eyes. Clear nystagmus was present in 18% of patients. Heterophoria was found in 20% and manifest horizontal strabismus in 33%, but no paretic squint. The optic disc was considered normal in 36 out of 100 eyes on ophthalmoscopy and in 35 out of 78 eyes on colour photography. Retinal nerve fibre layer photographs showed normal nerve fibres in 49 out of 71 eyes. The Friedmann field was in the normal rang e in 33 out of 53 eyes, and the Goldmann field was normal in 37 out of 44 eyes. Right homonymous hemianopia was discovered in 2 patients. The Harrington‐Flocks field was normal in 17 out of 24 eyes, and 1 patient had left homonymous hemianopia. The HRR test showed a red‐green disturbance in 22 out of 71 eyes. The Farnsworth panel D‐15 desaturated test was entirely normal in only 4 out of 65 eyes, but the errors were only slight in 48 cases.
Wound healing of rabbit cornea in organ culture
Authors: Medin Walther , Davanger Martin
Published: May 2009

Abstract. A 2 mm perforating cut was made in the central part of 28 rabbit corneas. The corneas were then kept in organ culture from 3 h to 21 days. The healing process was studied by light microscopy and by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The swelling of the corneal stroma adjacent to the wound created contact between the opposing wound edges within 3 h. Epithelial and endothelial cell migration into the wound was observed after 23 h. Penetration of cells through the perforation was avoided because the opposing wound edges were touching each other, thereby creating contact inhibition of cell proliferation. Cell cover of both the anterior and the posterior surface was completed within 3 days.
Ultrastructural analysis of corneal exposure to UV radiation
Authors: Pitts Donald G. , Bergmanson Jan P. G. , Chu Lena W‐F
Published: May 2009

Abstract. The primate cornea was exposed to 300 nm UVR with five levels of radiant exposure from 0.08 to 0.6 Jcm−2. All cellular layers of the cornea were damaged at the 0.08 Jcm−2 exposure, and damage became more severe as the exposure level was increased. The corneal cells showed variable response in that essentially normal cells were found among damaged cells. Eight days post‐exposure using the 0.6 Jcm−2 level, the epithelium had regained its normal thickness and was populated largely by normal appearing cells; however, the stroma showed damaged keratocytes and the loss of keratocytes. The corneal basement membranes (the epithelial basement membrane and the posterior limiting lamina) and the anterior limiting lamina were not damaged at any exposure level except for an isolated area along the epithelial basement membrane in one cornea. Therefore, one is lead to conclude that basement membranes are unaffected by UVR. The endothelium continued to demonstrate the loss of mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum and some vacuoles at 8 days after exposure. However, the endothelium appeared to have resumed its physiological function as demonstrated by the reduced stromal oedema. This research gives the first complete description of UV‐B induced corneal damage and repair of the full, in‐depth cornea of the primate using the EM.
The efficacy of a UV‐blocking soft contact lens in protecting cornea against UV radiation
Authors: Bergmanson Jan P. G. , Pitts Donald G. , Chu Lena W‐F
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Recently, it has been shown that UV keratitis is more serious than previously thought because it is not limited to the corneal epithelium but also involves the stroma and the endothelium. It is, therefore, very important to avoid ultraviolet radiation (UVR) damage, and the purpose of the present study was to examine the ability of a UV absorbing hydrogel lens to filter such wavelengths. Ultrastructural observations of rabbit corneas showed that a regular soft (Vistamarc normal) contact lens offered no protection, and since wearing one adds stress to the cornea it seems possible that the cornea may be more vulnerable to UVR trauma. A UV absorbing soft contact lens (Vistakon UV‐BLOC) provided complete protection to all corneal layers. Subepithelial nerve fibres in the traumatized corneas were mostly of normal morphology and may explain why UV keratitis is a very painful experience. It was concluded that a UV absorbing soft contact lenses with acceptable clinical performance may be prescribed on a routine basis.
Use of botulinum toxin in blepharospasm and other facial spasms
Authors: Ruusuvaara Pekka , Setälä Kirsi
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Essential blepharospasm is an involuntary spasmodic closure of the eyelids. It frequently makes normal social human life such as reading, driving and even walking almost impossible. Botulinum toxin has been approved for investigational use for treatment of blepharospasm. We report the results and side‐effects of botulinum A toxin treatment of the first 13 patients in Finland. Temporary control of spasms was achieved in all patients varying from 1 to 38 weeks with a mean of 11 weeks after the first injection. Most patients needed re‐treatment after varying intervals. All complications were transient.
Primary lasertrabeculoplasty a comparison of 50 spots in 180° and 100 spots in 360° of the trabecular meshwork
Authors: Elsås Tor
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Primary LTP was performed in 20 eyes with 50 spots in 180° and in 26 eyes with 100 spots in 360° of the trabecular meshwork. These eyes had received no earlier glaucoma medication. They were followed prospectively for 12 months. Prelaser IOP was 36.3 ± 8.0 mmHg in the 50 spot group and 35.9 ± 6.6 mmHg in the 100 spot group. Treatment was considered successfull if IOP was ≤ 22 mmHg with no medication and no further disk damage or loss of visual field. The success rate 12 months after LTP was 15% in the 50 spot group and 69% in the 100 spot group.
The effect of postnatal exposure to lead on the electroretinogram in young rats
Authors: el Azazi M. , Kristensson K. , Malm G. , Wachtmeister L.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. The morphological and electrophysiological effects on the retina resulting from lead exposure were assessed in neonatal rats. The electroretinogram (ERG), light and electron microscopy and morphometry of the retina were evaluated at 9, 11 and 13 days of age. The lead concentration in the blood was on average between 276 and 311 μg/100 ml in the different age groups. The brain cencentration of lead varied on average beween 102 and 104 μg/100g. A reduction in amplitude, a prolonged latency and an elevated threshold sensitivity of the a‐wave was observed in the 11 days old lead‐exposed pups. The 13 days old lead‐fed rats showed depressed amplitudes and delayed peak times of both the a‐ and b‐waves. The latency of the a‐wave was also longer in the lead‐treated 13 days old animals. No ERG was recorded at the age of 9 days in neither the lead‐exposed or control animals. No significant change in the morphology of the retina was found. We propose that lead exposure seem to induce a change primarily in the electrophysiological function of the photoreceptors. There was no evidence for a direct retardation of the development of the retina by the administration of lead.
Binding of fluorescein to vitreous in vitro
Authors: Knudsen Lars Loumann
Published: May 2009

Abstract. When the blood‐retina barrier is estimated by fluorophotometry, it is usually assumed that fluorescein is not bound in the vitreous. If a certain amount of fluorescein is not free it will influence the precise estimation of the permeability. To investigate a possible binding of fluorescein, vitreous from 25 eyes was aspirated post mortem, and an indirect esimate of the free fraction of fluorescein was made. The mean ratio between free and total amount of fluorescein was found to be 0.78 ± 0.15 sd. The implication of the present result on previously published data on the blood‐retina barrier is that the values for permeability may have been estimated erroneously. The direction of the error on the estimated permeability can not be simply predicted.
Visual and social benefits of vitreous surgery in diabetics
Authors: Algvere Peep , Franzén Gunvor , Wiklund Pia
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Eighty diabetics underwent vitreous microsurgery from 1977 to 1979 for severe vitreo‐retinal disease. At follow‐up examinations 5 to 9 years (mean 6.6 years) after surgery, 21 patients (26%) were deceased, and 8 subjects had been lost to re‐examination. Among 51 patients (53 eyes), aged 28 to 71 years (mean 47 years), visual acuity increased to 0.1–1.0 in 28 eyes (53%) at 3 months after surgery. This visual improvement was also maintained in 28 eyes during 5 to 9 years; 13 eyes (25%) were then amaurotic. Diabetic retinopathy showed a remarkable regression after vitreous surgery, proliferations did not recur (except in 2 eyes following haemorrhage), and background retinopathy remained quiet. Personal interviews with 37 patients indicated substantial social benefits from vitreous surgery. Their working capacity had improved, from 3 subjects (8%) at work pre‐operatively to 14 (38%) after surgery. The number of patients who could manage their own household duties had doubled after surgery.
A comparison of betaxolol and timolol in open angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension
Authors: Feghali J. G. , Kaufman P. L. , Radius R. L. , Mandell A. I.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. in a randomized, double‐masked study, 41 patients with primary open‐angle *** aucoma or ocular hypertension were treated with betaxolol 0.5% or timolol 0.5% drops for 26 weeks. The average decrease in intraocular pressure (IOP) over the total study period was significant with both betaxolol (‐6.3 mmHg) and timolol (‐7.2 mmHg) in patients receiving no adjunctive therapy. There was no difference between betaxolol and timolol with respect to changes from baseline IOP. Significantly decreased mean brachial arterial pressure (MAP) was seen only with timolol, although the difference between the two groups was not significant. Pulse, pupil size, and basal tear secretion were unchanged in both groups. Burning upon instillation of the drops was more frequent with hetaxolol.
Pseudopapilledema associated with abnormally small optic discs
Authors: Jonas Jost B. , Gusek Gabriele Ch. , Guggenmoos‐Holzmann Irene , Naumann Gottfried O. H.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Using Littmann's method for correcting the magnification of central fiindus photographs, we determined the absolute size of 35 unselected optic discs with pseudopapilledema. The optic disc area (1.95 ± 0.33 mm2 (mean and SD)) was significantly (P < 0.001. Student's t‐test) smaller than standard values of normal unselected optic nerve heads (2.73 ± 0.76 mm2). There was no cupping in the discs with pseudopapilledema. Cocfficients of variation for intraobserver re‐evaluation were 0.045, and for interobserver re‐evaluation 0.08. The markedly reduced optic disc size coincident with an abnormally small optic nerve scleral canal may inhibit the intraaxoplasmatic flow with secondary swelling of the juxtapapillary optic nerve fibers. This may lead to prominence and indistinct borders of the optic disc. Pseudopapilledema might be related to optic nerve head drusen, which are also associated with abnormally small optic discs.
Low glycation level and browning in human cataracts
Authors: Vidal P. , Fernandez‐Vigo J. , Cabezas‐Cerrato J.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. The extent of human cataract glycation has been determined by the 5‐HMFITBA method in 236 samples (53 from diabetic patients and 183 from now diabetic controls). The brownish‐yellow coloration typical of the advanced products of the Maillard reaction was measured spectrophotometrically. Glycation of crystallins was three times higher in diabetics than in controls, and was positively correlated with age in the latter group. The two groups did not differ significantly as regards the degree of browning, which was also uncorrelated with the primary products measured by the 5‐HMFITBA method. It is concluded that lens glycation is relatively mild and does not determine the intensity of the characteristic brownish‐yellow colour of diabetic and senile cataracts. It is suggested that other coloured compounds produced with age interfere at the relevant wavelengths.
Evaluation of keratoplasty in cases of post‐inflammatory corneal opacity with vascularization
Authors: Sayegh F. , Ehlers N. , Farah I.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Penetrating keratoplasty was performed in 106 cases of post‐inflammatory corneal opacity with vascularization. Donor material obtained post mortem was preserved in a moist chamber, MK‐medium at 4°C or in culture medium at room temperature. 55.7% of patients gained a useful vision after keratoplasty. The post‐operative spherical error of refraction was found to be ‐1.4 ± 3.6 D and the astigmatic error of refraction ‐3.3 ± 2.0 D. The post‐operative visual acuity was found to be 0.2 ± 0.2. The ocular pathology associated with keratoplasty is discussed.