bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Die Meinungs- und Medienfreiheit
Authors: Frenz Walter
Published: March 2012

Die Meinungs- und Medienfreiheit nach Art. 5 I, II GG ist stark durch Einzeljudikate des BVerfG geprägt. Hier werden die wichtigsten aus jüngerer Zeit entsprechend der Prüfungsreihenfolge dargestellt.
Die aktuelle Entscheidung Verfassungskonforme Übermaßregulierung der »Grünen Gentechnik«
Authors: Dederer Hans-Georg
Published: March 2012

Das BVerfG erachtet die Novellierung des Gentechnikgesetzes (GenTG) in den Jahren 2004 und 2008 für verfassungsgemäß. Die Urteilsgründe vermögen allerdings nicht stets zu überzeugen. Neben Fragen der Gesetzgebungskompetenz des Bundes für die Änderungsgesetze und ihrer Zustimmungsbedürftigkeit stellte sich vor allem die Frage nach der Vereinbarkeit des neuen Rechtsrahmens mit den Grundrechten. Denn auf dem verfassungsgerichtlichen Prüfstand standen Berufsausübungsregelungen sowie Inhalts- und Schrankenbestimmungen des Eigentums ebenso wie Reglementierungen der Forschung und den Schutz personenbezogener Daten betreffende Regelungen.
Schwerpunktbereich Informations- und Medienrecht Die Anbieterkennzeichnung für den Onlineshop
Authors: Lorenz Bernd
Published: March 2012

Der folgende Fall befasst sich mit der Impressumspflicht für Internetangebote nach dem Telemediengesetz und Rundfunkstaatsvertrag. Gleichzeitig werden damit im Zusammenhang stehende Fragen des Wettbewerbsrechts erörtert.
Prüfungsaufbau und ausgewählte Probleme im Verwaltungsprozessrecht
Authors: Heinze Arne-Patrik , Starke Max Fabian
Published: March 2012

Der stringente Aufbau der Prozessstation im Verwaltungsrecht bereitet in Prüfungen bis zur Ersten Juristischen Prüfung häufig Schwierigkeiten. Aufgrund uneinheitlicher Darstellungen in der juristischen Fach- und Ausbildungsliteratur besteht eine gewisse Verunsicherung – insbesondere bezüglich der Zuordnung der Verwaltungsrechtswegeröffnung, der Beteiligten und des § 78 VwGO sowie in einigen Konstellationen bei Entbehrlichkeit des Vorverfahrens. Durch die folgenden Ausführungen sollen die Kandidaten
und ihre Prüfer angeregt werden, den von ihnen gewählten Aufbau im Hinblick auf etwaige Widersprüche kritisch zu hinterfragen. Mögen die Zuordnung einzelner Probleme sowie die Wahl der juristischen Termini in der Praxis irrelevant sein und sich meist eher geringfügig auf die Bewertung einer Prüfungsarbeit auswirken, sind sie für das dogmatische Verständnis hingegen von erheblicher Bedeutung.
Die einvernehmliche Beendigung des Zivilprozesses – der Prozessvergleich
Authors: Schreiber Klaus
Published: March 2012

Ein Zivilprozess kann nicht nur durch Urteil beendet werden. Vielmehr können die Parteien selbst eine Beendigung des Rechtsstreits herbeiführen, nämlich einen Prozessvergleich abschließen. Um die Details geht es im folgenden Beitrag.
Die Allgemeinverfügung (§ 35 Satz 2 VwVfG)
Authors: Schoch Friedrich
Published: March 2012

Der Verwaltungsakt ist nach wie vor die wichtigste behördliche
Handlungsform. Ein Unterfall ist die »Allgemeinverfügung«. Diese wirft Grundfragen des Allgemeinen Verwaltungsrechts, des Verwaltungsverfahrensrechts und des Verwaltungsprozessrechts auf. Der nachfolgende Beitrag gibt einen Überblick zu den studien- und prfungsrelevanten Problemen und zeigt Lösungen anhand der einschlägigen Rechtsprechung auf.
Multifunctionalized carbon nanotubes as advanced multimodal nanomaterials for biomedical applications
Authors: Lamanna Giuseppe , Battigelli Alessia , Ménard-Moyon Cécilia , Bianco Alberto
Published: March 2012

The increasing importance of nanotechnology in the field of biomedical applications has encouraged the development of new nanomaterials endowed with multiple functions. Novel nanoscale drug delivery systems with diagnostic, imaging and therapeutic properties hold many promises for the treatment of different types of diseases, including cancer, infection and neurodegenerative syndromes. Functionalized carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are one of the most recent type of nanomaterial developed in biomedicine as they can be designed and imparted with multimodal capabilities. Indeed, the possibility of inserting different functionalities on CNTs is opening the possibility to exploit them on new strategies that combine diagnosis with improved therapeutic efficacies. In this review, we describe the different approaches that have been recently developed to generate multifunctionalized CNTs for biomedical applications. In particular, covalent and non-covalent double and triple functionalization methods are discussed, putting in evidence their use in vitro and in vivo and highlighting the advantages and the drawbacks of these new systems. Preclinical studies have demonstrated that multifunctional CNTs are highly promising when combining diagnostic, imaging and therapeutic modalities.
Nobel Prize awards in Radiochemistry
Authors: Adloff J.-P.
Published: March 2012

In 1996 the Editors of Radiochimica Acta brought out a special volume of the journal to celebrate the hundredth anniversary of the discovery of radioactivity [1]. On the occasion of the 50thanniversary of Radiochimica Acta, which follows closely upon the centenary of Marie Curie’s second Nobel Prize in 1911, the author has the privilege to informally review “Radiochemistry and Nobel Prize Awards”, including discoveries of radioelements and new fields in chemistry based on radiochemical methods.
Lost in Translation: From Calle de los Negros to Nigger Alley to North Los Angeles Street to Place Erasure, Los Angeles 1855–1951
Authors: López César
Published: March 2012

This paper traces the short Los Angeles byway once known as Calle de los negros (later known as Negro Alley or Nigger Alley, briefly as an extension of Arcadia Street, later still as a frontage section of North Los Angeles Street), its changing human and spatial geography, and its eventual erasure, to uncover the historical processes of bringing social and spatial order to a zone considered disorderly from 1855 to 1951.
Economic valuation of the Emas waterfall, Mogi-Guaçu River, SP, Brazil
Authors: Peixer Janice , Giacomini Henrique C. , Petrere Jr Miguel
Published: March 2012

The Emas waterfall in Mogi-Guaçu River is regionally recognized as an important fishing spot and touristic place. The first reports of the professional and sport fishing there date back from the 30's, which is the same period when the tourism took place. The present paper provides an environmental valuation of this place and an assessment of the differences among the major groups of people using the area. During 2006 we interviewed 33 professional fishers, 107 sport fishers, 45 tourists and 103 excursionists in order to estimate the Willingness to Pay (WTP) for each category and to analyze the influence of socioeconomic factors by means of logistic regressions and ANCOVAs. The WTP of professional fisher was significantly influenced by age and education, and the WTP for the sport fishers was influenced by the family income. The variables that influenced the tourists' and excursionists' WTP were sex and education. The total annual aggregated value to maintain the waterfall in the current conditions was estimated in US$ 11.432.128, and US$ 55.424.283 to restore it.
Implantação de um protocolo para gerenciamento de quedas em hospital: resultados de quatro anos de seguimento
Authors: Correa Arlete Duarte , Marques Ifigênia Augusta Braga , Martinez Maria Carmen , Laurino Patrícia Santesso , Leão Eliseth Ribeiro , Chimentão Denise Maria Nascimento
Published: March 2012

Quedas em pacientes hospitalizados são eventos frequentes com efeitos negativos para pacientes e instituições. Este estudo descritivo objetivou apresentar os resultados de um protocolo de gerenciamento de quedas implantado em um hospital privado na cidade de São Paulo, Brasil. O seguimento foi feito por meio do índice de quedas e foi feita uma análise descritiva dos dados. Foram incluídos os pacientes internados entre 2005 e 2008, representando 284 quedas em 207.067 pacientes-dia. O índice apresentou variabilidade mensal, com diminuições subsequentes à implantação das intervenções e elevações após ações gerenciais e treinamentos. Em 2008, as quedas foram mais frequentes entre os pacientes de unidades clínicas de maior complexidade - idosos - fazendo uso de medicamentos que alteram o sistema nervoso central ou com dificuldade de marcha. As ações realizadas refletiram no índice de quedas e a caracterização dos eventos permitiu redirecionar intervenções voltadas aos pacientes mais susceptíveis e ao reforço das ações educacionais.
Percepção de idosos hipertensos sobre suas necessidades de saúde
Authors: Marin Maria José Sanches , Santana Flávio Henrique da Silva , Moracvick Maria Yvette Aguiar Dutra
Published: March 2012

Considerando a alta prevalência de hipertensão arterial em idosos, o presente estudo analisa a percepção dos mesmos sobre as suas necessidades de saúde, de forma qualitativa, a partir de grupos focais, com idosos usuários de Unidades de Saúde da Família. No processo de análise dos dados, que segue a perspectiva hermenêutico-dialética, elaboram-se três núcleos de sentido: O reconhecimento da possibilidade de acesso à atenção básica concomitante ao desejo de consumo de serviços de maior complexidade e a compreensão das fragilidades do Estado; O vínculo e acolhimento como elemento fundamental no sentimento de amparo e segurança e a autonomia permeada pela tranquilidade em lidar com a doença e as dificuldades impostas pelas condições inerentes ao modo de vida dos sujeitos. Compreende-se, assim, que a Estratégia Saúde da Família vem cumprindo o seu papel no que se refere ao acesso à porta de entrada e do vínculo profissional-usuário. No entanto, o cuidado à saúde continua centrado na doença.
Digestibilidade do fósforo em dietas como estratégia nutricional para redução de efluentes da tilapicultura
Authors: Bueno G.W. , Feiden A. , Neu D.H. , Lui T.A. , Wächter N. , Boscolo W.R.
Published: March 2012

Avaliou-se a digestibilidade do fósforo em dietas isoproteicas e isoenergéticas contendo 28% de proteína bruta e 3000kcal de ED/kg com porcentagens de 0,8 e 1,2% de fósforo total para juvenis de tilápia-do-nilo (Oreochromis niloticus). Os parâmetros de qualidade da água apresentaram diferenças significativas (P<0,05) para o fósforo total, ortofosfato, DBO5 e condutividade. A digestibilidade das dietas foi de 75,3% para os peixes alimentados com 0,8% de fósforo total e de 77,5% para os alimentados com 1,2% de fósforo total. As taxas de eficiência da absorção do fósforo foram de 74,8% e 76,3% para as tilápias alimentadas com 0,8% e 1,2% de fósforo, respectivamente. O aumento do percentual de 0,4% de fósforo na dieta levou ao acréscimo de 55% de fósforo na água. Dessa forma, a utilização de valores abaixo de 0,8% de fósforo total é uma estratégia que auxilia na redução do impacto causado pelos efluentes oriundos da criação de peixes, sem comprometer a eficiência do aproveitamento das dietas pelas tilápias.
Uma nova abordagem branch and cut aplicada ao problema de planejamento da expansão de redes de transmissão de grande porte
Authors: Sousa Aldir Silva , Asada Eduardo Nobuhiro
Published: March 2012

Neste artigo propomos um algoritmo branch and cut com novas inequações específicas ao problema de planejamento da expansão de redes de transmissão de energia elétrica. Todas as inequações propostas neste trabalho são válidas tanto para os modelos lineares como para os modelos não lineares do problema. Os testes computacionais têm mostrado a eficiência do método proposto neste trabalho quando aplicado a subsistemas reais brasileiros e ao sistema colombiano.
Condições de armazenamento e tempo de embebição na germinação de sementes de erva-doce (Pimpinella anisum L.)
Authors: Takahashi L.S.A.T. , Souza J.R.P. , Yoshida A.E. , Rocha J.N.
Published: March 2012

O trabalho teve o objetivo de avaliar o efeito de diferentes condições e períodos de armazenamento e diferentes períodos de embebição na germinação de sementes de erva-doce. As sementes foram armazenadas por 1, 3, 5, 7 e 9 meses em temperatura ambiente (22 ± 2ºC) e controlada (10ºC) e em seguida foram submetidas a cinco períodos de embebição (0, 12, 24 e 36 horas). Os testes de germinação foram conduzidos em câmara de germinação à temperatura de 25ºC com fotoperíodo de 8 horas de luz e 16 horas de escuro. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente ao acaso com parcelas subdivididas com 4 repetições de 100 sementes. A porcentagem de germinação das sementes armazenadas em temperatura controlada foi maior que aquelas armazenadas em temperatura ambiente. As sementes armazenadas à 10ºC mantiveram uma porcentagem de germinação de 57,8% por até cinco meses, e não controlada, 67,0% por um mês. Períodos crescentes de embebição afetaram negativamente a porcentagem de germinação das sementes de erva-doce.
Caracterização socio-econômico-cultural de raizeiros e procedimentos pós-colheita de plantas medicinais comercializadas em Maceió, AL
Authors: Araújo A.C. , Silva J.P. , Cunha J.L.X.L. , Araújo J.L.O.
Published: March 2012

Objetivou-se, com este trabalho, estabelecer o perfil sócio-econômico-cultural de raizeiros, bem como executar um levantamento dos procedimentos pós-colheita para as plantas medicinais comercializadas em feiras e mercados ao ar livre na cidade de Maceió, AL. Foram abordados aspectos sociais, econômicos e culturais de 46 raizeiros, bem como os procedimentos pós-colheita adotados para a conservação das plantas medicinais comercializadas no município. Os raizeiros entrevistados eram, na maioria, naturais de Maceió, católicos, casados e arrecadavam, em geral, mais de um salário mínimo por mês, predominando, com relação à raça, indivíduos pardos e negros. A maior parte trabalhava com ervas medicinais há mais de 10 anos e adquiriram conhecimento sobre as plantas, principalmente através de informações passadas pelos pais e/ou avós. Cerca de 30,43% concluíram o ensino fundamental. A forma de secagem mais adotada foi a exposição ao sol e à sobra, alternadamente. Os tempos máximos de secagem e armazenamento mais encontrados foram quatro dias e um ano, respectivamente. A secagem e o armazenamento geralmente ocorriam na própria barraca, bem como o acondicionamento após o expediente de trabalho. Há falhas no tocante as práticas adotadas, o que pode comprometer a eficicácia dos princípios curativos das plantas.
Experimental investigation of false positive errors in auditory species occurrence surveys
Authors: Miller David A. W. , Weir Linda A. , McClintock Brett T. , Grant Evan H. Campbell , Bailey Larissa L. , Simons Theodore R.
Published: March 2012

False positive errors are a significant component of many ecological data sets, which in combination with false negative errors, can lead to severe biases in conclusions about ecological systems. We present results of a field experiment where observers recorded observations for known combinations of electronically broadcast calling anurans under conditions mimicking field surveys to determine species occurrence. Our objectives were to characterize false positive error probabilities for auditory methods based on a large number of observers, to determine if targeted instruction could be used to reduce false positive error rates, and to establish useful predictors of among‐observer and among‐species differences in error rates. We recruited 31 observers, ranging in abilities from novice to expert, who recorded detections for 12 species during 180 calling trials (66 960 total observations). All observers made multiple false positive errors, and on average 8.1% of recorded detections in the experiment were false positive errors. Additional instruction had only minor effects on error rates. After instruction, false positive error probabilities decreased by 16% for treatment individuals compared to controls with broad confidence interval overlap of 0 (95% CI: −46 to 30%). This coincided with an increase in false negative errors due to the treatment (26%; −3 to 61%). Differences among observers in false positive and in false negative error rates were best predicted by scores from an online test and a self‐assessment of observer ability completed prior to the field experiment. In contrast, years of experience conducting call surveys was a weak predictor of error rates. False positive errors were also more common for species that were played more frequently but were not related to the dominant spectral frequency of the call. Our results corroborate other work that demonstrates false positives are a significant component of species occurrence data collected by auditory methods. Instructing observers to only report detections they are completely certain are correct is not sufficient to eliminate errors. As a result, analytical methods that account for false positive errors will be needed, and independent testing of observer ability is a useful predictor for among‐observer variation in observation error rates.
Immunoglobulins in Periodontal Tissues: II. Concentrations of Immunoglobulins in Granulation Tissue From Pockets of Periodontosis and Periodontitis Patients
Authors: Van Swol Ronald L. , Gross Arthur , Setterstrom Jean A. , D'Alessandro Sandra M.
Published: March 2012

In recent years evidence in the literature has indicated that the immune response may play an important role in the initiation and progression of the periodontal diseases. A study was initiated to determine the IgA, IgG, and IgM concentrations in the granulation tissue removed from deep infrabony pockets of patients with periodontosis and advanced periodontitis. Comparison of mean immunoglobulin levels between the periodontosis and periodontitis groups revealed a statistically significant increase (P < 0.05) for IgG in the granulation tissue from the periodontosis group. The possible implications of these findings are discussed.
A Comparative, Scanning Electron Microscopic Study of Supragingival and Subgingival Calculus
Authors: Friskopp Johan , Hammarström Lars
Published: March 2012

The morphology of supragingival and subgingival calculus on extracted teeth was studied with the scanning electron microscope. Oral, crevicular, and fracture surfaces were examined. Both subgingival and supragingival calculus had a heterogenous core covered by a soft, loose layer of microorganisms. On supragingival calculus this layer was dominated by filamentous microorganisms while subgingival calculus was covered by a mixture of cocci, rods and filaments. The supragingival covering of filaments was oriented with the filaments approximately perpendicular to and in direct contact with the underlying dense calculus. This arrangement was rarely seen subgingivally where there was no distinct pattern of orientation. Some of the specimens of sub‐ and supragingival calculus were treated with sodium‐hypochlorite. These lost the soft covering, and channels the same size as the filamentous organisms were found penetrating into the calculus. They were oriented perpendicular to the surface in supragingival calculus but had no specific direction in subgingival calculus. The appearance of the channels supports the concept that calcification starts between the microorganisms in both subgingival and supragingival calculus.
Controlled Clinical Evaluation of a 10% Strontium Chloride Dentifrice in Treatment of Dentin Hypersensitivity Following Periodontal Surgery
Authors: Uchida Akitsugu , Wakano Yōichi , Fukuyama Osamu , Miki Takao , Iwayama Yukio , Okada Hiroshi
Published: March 2012

Sixty adult patients were examined for dentin hypersensitivity prior to periodontal surgery. Stimuli used included mechanical, cold water and compressed air blasts. A subjective assessment of the degree of hypersensitivity for each stimulus was recorded. This presurgical examination revealed 249 hypersensitive areas among 60 subjects. Following surgery there was over a 100% increase in the pain (hypersensitivity) score. Desensitization with a 10% strontium chloride hexahydrate dentifrice was begun 1 week after surgical treatment. After 7 weeks of dentifrice use the pain score was reduced 75.5% in the test group. This was a reduction to a point below the preoperative level. The placebo group showed a reduction of 34.2% which was still above the preoperative level. These results agree with other clinical studies that have demonstrated a desensitizing effect of strontium chloride.
Comparative Periodontal Status of Caries Resistant Versus Susceptible Adults
Authors: Skier Judy , Mandel Irwin D.
Published: March 2012

The periodontal status of a group of caries resistant and caries susceptible adult subjects was compared. Assessment was made of plaque accumulation, gingival inflammation and degree of periodontal destruction. When considered as a whole, there were no significant differences between the two groups. The female caries resistant subjects, however, exhibited a significantly lower gingival index, a lower level of periodontal destruction (borderline significance) but no difference in plaque index. The reason for the sex differences is not apparent. This study fails to support the view of an inverse relation between caries and periodontal disease.
A Comparison of the Effectiveness of Variable Diameter vs. Unwaxed Floss
Authors: Stevens Alvin W.
Published: March 2012

A clinical study was undertaken to compare the effect of a variable diameter dental floss with a conventional unwaxed dental floss in the removal of plaque and the reduction of gingival inflammation in 15 patients who had little or no previous experience with dental floss. Each patient, on a random basis, was instructed in the use of one type of floss in the maxillary arch and the other type of floss in the mandibular arch. Initially and after using the floss for 14 days, plaque and gingivitis were scored using the Plaque and Gingival Index. No significant differences were found in the mean reduction of the Plaque Index or Gingival Index when comparing the effectiveness of a variable diameter dental floss to a conventional unwaxed floss in patients with minimal oral hygiene instruction.
A Bitewing Radiographic Study of a Population of Diabetic and Nondiabetic Rhesus Monkeys
Authors: Pettigrew James C. , Beideman Robert W. , Snyder Mark B. , Rabinowitz Joseph L.
Published: March 2012

A population of 7 diabetic and 13 nondiabetic rhesus monkeys (Macacca mulatta) were examined radiographically using bitewing imaging techniques. Each subject was scored radiographically for bone levels, periodontal ligament (PDL) widening, radiographic calculus, and carious lesions. Prior to examinations blood samples were obtained for fasting blood glucose levels. Results indicated that all clinical variables were generally greater for the diabetic group, with bone loss being the only statistically significant parameter. Calculus levels, however, were found to be greater radiographically in the nondiabetic group. In viewing the study population as a single group of 20 monkeys, decreased bone levels were found to be positively correlated with PDL widening and blood glucose levels suggesting an association of hyperglycemic states with possible decreased resistance to infection. It was concluded that carbohydrate intolerance with hyperglycemia in diabetes mellitus may be associated with the radiographic variable of increased bone resorption using an objective system of measurement for evaluation and scoring. Without a quantitative system of measurement such as devised in this study, other radiographic variables such as PDL widening, calculus deposits, and carious lesions may not be accurately tested against one another or correlated with other experimental clinical parameters.
Osteopoietin—Humoral Induction Factor in Osteogenesis
Authors: Amler Melvin H. , Gold William
Published: March 2012

A heat‐stable, glycoprotein‐like material, osteopoietin, produced during bone marrow regeneration, has been shown to induce bone formation when implanted in the rat eye. The material was separated by ultrasonic treatment or by acid buffer (pH 3–5) from sponges implanted in the marrow. The extracted material free of bone or cell solids, induced bone formation in the anterior eye chamber of the rat, whereas the cell solids and control sponges similarly implanted did not.
The Value of Repetition and Reinforcement in Improving Oral Hygiene Performance
Authors: Emier Barbara F. , Windchy Ann M. , Zaino Sherrie W. , Feldman Stephen M. , Scheetz James P.
Published: March 2012

The purpose of this study was to assess the value of including repetition and reinforcement in a dental health education program for school children. Sixty‐one pupils, 11 to 13 years of age, were divided into three groups according to room assignments. Group I (control) received no oral hygiene lectures or instructions until the conclusion of the experiment. Group 2 (nonreinforced) received one lecture and a toothbrushing lesson, but no repetition or reinforcement. Group 3 (reinforced) received the same program as Group 2 on the initial visit and also received two additional visits for repetition and reinforcement of the lectures and instructions, plus a final summary lecture. Six visits were conducted at intervals of 0, 1.5, 3, 8, 20 and 52 weeks, following a double‐blind experimental format. PHP scores were obtained on all subjects on each of the six visits. It was concluded that the repetition and reinforcement components of this dental health education program were of significant value in improving the oral hygiene performance of the school children over a period of 1 year. The findings provide evidence of the desirability of incorporating these concepts in plaque‐control programs.
Evaluation of a Colorimetric Assay as a Measure of Gingival Inflammation
Authors: Helldén Leif , Robertson Paul B. , Rosania David , Hock Janet
Published: March 2012

The Gindex test, a suggested measure of gingival fluid hemoglobin in saliva, has been advocated for assessment of gingival inflammation and oral hygiene. To evaluate the test, 28 subjects in good gingival health were examined prior to, during and after a 5‐day period of abstention from all oral hygiene measures. Examinations included the Gingival Index (G.I.), estimations of plaque accumulation (PHP) and Gindex™ gingival chemical analysis. Gindex scores, based on a colorimetric scale of 25 (excellent) to 100 (poor) were derived independently for each subject by two separate investigators following manufacturer's instructions. Several additional studies were conducted to determine sources of assay variability. Changes in the G.I. at the three examinations (0.38, 0.50, 0.34) were not reflected by Gindex scores (78.0, 59.6, 72.0) which gave lower values at a time when plaque accumulation was maximum. While Gindex scoring by both investigators was highly related, no correlation was demonstrated between Gindex scores and G.I. at any of the examination periods. Distributions of Gindex scores were similar in populations with clinically healthy and inflamed gingiva and a substantial number of false positive scores were observed. It was concluded that the Gindex test as presently formulated demonstrated a wide range of individual variation, was inappropriate for patient motivation in oral hygiene and was not a reliable diagnostic aid for detecting the presence or absence of gingival disease in clinical practice.
Biologic Preparation of Diseased Root Surfaces,
Authors: Wirthlin M. R. , Hancock E. B.
Published: March 2012

Untreated periodontally‐involved teeth contain cementum‐bound endotoxin, that may prevent periodontal new attachment during healing after pocket therapy. The purpose of this study was to restore biocompatibiltty to diseased root surfaces by a non‐invasive treatment. Untreated human teeth removed for severe chronic periodontal disease were split buccolingually, the level of connective tissue was scribed on the roots, the specimens cleaned of plaque and visible calculus, and autoclaved. Cementum removal was not attempted. One member of each pair was treated with phosphate‐buffered saline as a control. Sodium desoxycholate (2%), Cohn plasma fraction IV1 (5%), or deoxycholate followed by plasma fraction were applied for one minute. Roots were incubated in a suspension of gingival fibroblasts for 48 hours, then rinsed, fixed, and stained. Counts were made of the number of attached cells at 40 × magnification using an ocular grid. There was a significant increase (p < 0.01) of the combination treatment over controls. All treatments provided a biological surface for attachment of fibroblasts, in vitro, compared to untreated roots.
Experimental Gingivitis in ODU Plaque‐Susceptible Rats: V. The Presence of Bradykinin in the Gingival Tissue and the Bradykinin Inactivating Factor in Rat Dental Plaque
Authors: Iga Kiyomi , Kobayashi Hideo , Mori Masakazu
Published: March 2012

Plaque formation and gingival inflammation were found in ODU plaque‐susceptible rats. A study was performed to determine the relationship between the presence of bradykinin in gingival tissue and the inflammatory capacity of rat plaque. Bradykinin content in gingival tissue and the bradykinin inactivating activity of dental plaque of 12‐month‐old ODU rats were measured. The presence of bradykinin was observed in the gingival tissue of the ODU rat and a bradykinin inactivating factor was found in the rat plaque. The factor was destroyed at 60°C for 30 minutes, at pH 1.5 or by treatment with perchloric acid. The optimum pH of the factor was approximately 8.0. Chelate reagents, such as O‐phenanthroline and EDTA4Na, strongly inhibited the bradykinin inactivating factor. The protease inhibitor, Trasylol, also inhibited this factor. The SH reagent, l‐cysteine, inhibited weakly and Zn++ inhibited less. The investigation suggested that the rat plaque possesses the ability to inactivate bradykinin and plays an important role in modifying the inflammatory response caused by bradykinin in gingival tissue.
Ultrastructure of Regenerating Junctional Epithelium in the Monkey
Authors: Braga A. M. , Squier C. A.
Published: March 2012

It has been established that after gingivectomy the junctional epithelium is reformed from the oral epithelium but there is little information on the regenerative potential of residual junctional epithelium. In this study reformation of the epithelial attachment in the monkey was followed ultrastructurally after surgical removal of all of, or of part of, the original junctional epithelium by internal or external bevel techniques respectively. In both circumstances a new epithelial attachment developed from the adjacent gingival oral epithelium and residual junctional epithelium appeared to persist as small nests of cells adjacent to the cemento‐enamel junction. Epithelialization of the gingival wound was rapid, taking place in as little as 5 days after the partial removal of the junctional epithelium by the external bevel technique and by 10 days in wounds in which the junctional epithelium had been completely excised. This difference in the rate of epithelialization seemed to be primarily related to the quantity of coagulum and cell debris present, the greater amount remaining after the internal bevel technique tending to retard epithelial migration and reattachment.
Experimental Gingivitis in ODU Plaque‐Susceptible Rats: V. On the Vascular Permeability Factor of Dental Plaque
Authors: Matsuda Kohei , Yamanaka Yasuo , Shen Chin‐Tan , Mori Masakazu
Published: March 2012

Plaque‐induced inflammation has been documented from various aspects, but is still not well understood. In an effort to clarify the physicochemical properties of dental plaque and to isolate the active factor which gives rise to inflammation, we studied a factor in plaque which may be a direct and local cause of gingival inflammation in ODU rats. Rat dental plaque was dissolved in physiologic saline. After being homogenized, the solution was centrifuged and the supernatant (RP) was used as a sample. Protein component (pRP) of RP was isolated by ammonium sulfate fractionated procedure and then deproteinized RP (dpRP) was obtained by trichloroacetic acid treatment. The vascular permeability factor existed in RP and it was affected by heating and pH. Changes in vascular permeability were directly proportionate to the logarithm of the concentration of protein fraction in dental plaque, and were of a delayed type. It was surmised that pRP contained in RP was the main vascular permeability factor, and it was purified by gel filtration on Sephadex G‐100 and G‐200.
Full Dentition Periodontal Surgery Utilizing Intravenous Conscious‐Sedation: A Report of 5200 Cases
Authors: Ceravolo Francis J. , Meyers Herbert , Baraff Louis S. , Bennett C. R.
Published: March 2012

A brief survey of the techniques of intravenous conscious‐sedation for full dentition, all inclusive periodontal surgery is presented as used for 5200 patients. Diazepam, meperidine, and methohexital were employed in 3700 cases while diazepam plus methohexital was used in the remaining 1500 cases. Local infiltration and nerve block anesthesia were employed in all of the cases. Patients of wide age range having a physical status of I, II or III underwent total periodontal surgery in one appointment. No major complications were noted. Patient and surgeon acceptance was excellent.
Clinical Evaluation of a New Treatment for Dentinal Hypersensitivity
Authors: Tarbet Willard J , Silverman Gerald , Stolman Joseph M. , Fratarcangelo Peter A.
Published: March 2012

The effectiveness of potassium nitrate (5%, delivered in a low abrasive toothpaste vehicle) as a daily home treatment of dentinal hypersensitivity was evaluated in a 4‐week, doubleblind, parallel, comparative study of 27 subjects with the condition. Hypersensitivity levels in affected teeth were assessed by two quantifying methods—electrical stimulus and cold air stimulus—and by a subjective recall procedure. The results from these three methods of assessment indicate that potassium nitrate desensitizes hypersensitive teeth to a significant degree. The therapeutic response (decline in dentinal hypersensitivity) to potassium nitrate was evident within 1 week and increased continuously for the length of the study period. Sensitivity thresholds of teeth adjudged to be normally sensitive were not altered by treatment with potassium nitrate, nor did the agent exert any discernable effects on oral tissues.
Vascular Response to Modified Widman Flap Surgery in Monkeys
Authors: Caffesse Raul G. , Castelli Walter A. , Nasjleti Carlos E.
Published: March 2012

Revascularization of the periodontal tissues was studied after flap surgery. Modified Widman flap procedures were performed in four young Rhesus monkeys. All premolare and molars were involved. Experimental periods covered from 1 day to 90 days. The animals were sacrificed by exsanguination and perfused through the carotid arteries with a combined solution of equal parts of India ink and 10% buffered formalin solution. After fixation and decalcification, part of the blocks were processed to obtain cleared specimens following the Spalteholtz method. The remaining blocks were processed for routine histologic examination. The findings, mainly from the cleared specimens, showed that 1 day after surgery the supraperiosteal vessels in the flap demonstrated an overt hyperemic response. Patency of the vessels in the periodontal membrane and cancellous bone was evident; however, vessels were not depicted in the exposed cortical bone, nor in the clot. Vascular continuity apical to the surgical detachment was observed. In 3 to 4 days vascular proliferation within the organizing clot was observed and anastomosis between the gingiva and cancellous bone or periodontal membrane started to develop. At 7 days anastomoses were evident and vasodilation was present throughout the tissues. At 15 days and thereafter, vascular organization started to decrease, and the only hyperemic foci remaining were associated with areas of delayed bone remodeling, cementum remodeling or persistent marginal inflammation.
A Clinical Approach to Gingival Stimulation
Authors: Fourel J. , Falabregues R. , Bonfil J. J.
Published: March 2012

The role played by gingival stimulation has not yet been clearly explained. This experiment shows (1) that even with regular stimulation of the gingiva with a toothbrush, gingival inflammation indices (GI and SBI) increase when plaque (determined by PlI) accumulates on tooth surfaces; and (2) that if one proceeds to routine plaque elimination from the tooth surfaces, gingival inflammation indices (GI and SBI) increase in the absence of regular mechanical stimulation of the gingiva with a toothbrush. In the latter case, inflammation may be related to plaque accumulation on the gingiva.
Peripheral Blood Leukocyte Abnormalities and Periodontal Disease: A Family Study
Authors: Vandesteen G. Edward , Altman Leonard C. , Page Roy C.
Published: March 2012

Recent reports indicate that young individuals with moderate to severe periodontitis frequently have chemotactically defective polymorphonuclear leukocytes and/or monocytes, and that both periodontitis and the leukocyte defects may be familial. We report studies of a 23‐year‐old Caucasian female and other members of her family with regard to periodontal status and leukocyte chemotaxis. The patient had molar‐incisor bone loss at age 15, which had become more generalized by age 17. At age 23, when the studies were done, she had advanced alveolar bone destruction necessitating periodontal therapy and extraction of several teeth. The capacity of her serum to generate a chemoattractant was normal but the chemotactic responsiveness of her polymorphonuclear neutrophilic leukocytes (PMNs) was only 6.3% normal. Except for periodontitis, the patient was healthy. One sister age 20 had moderately severe gingivitis and pockets of 5 and 6 mm around three molars; her PMNs and monocytes had normal chemotactic function, although her serum manifested a borderline defect in generating chemotactic activity. Another sister age 19 was free of gingivitis and periodontitis, although she had a history of chronic middle ear disease with onset at puberty and of sufficient severity to require surgical intervention. Her serum chemotactic activity was normal, although her PMNs were grossly defective with a chemotaxis value of 27.3% of normal. The mother was 47 years of age and had generalized moderately severe periodontitis of the adult type. She manifested both an intrinsic PMN chemotaxis defect and a serum defect. All family members tested had normal monocyte chemotaxis. Additional family history revealed that the father and maternal grandmother of the proband, as well as one maternal aunt and one maternal uncle, lost their teeth from “gum” disease at a young age. Leukocyte chemotaxis defects, either cellular or serum based, may be genetically transmitted and result in unusual susceptibility to periodontitis and other recurrent infections.
Use of the Fiber Retention Procedure in Treating the Maxillary Anterior Region
Authors: Russo Nicholas M. Dello
Published: March 2012

The maxillary anterior region presents a difficult and unique therapeutic challenge to both the periodontist and restorative dentist. Although access for surgical and prosthetic procedures is certainly easiest in this part of the mouth, the problem of esthetics, in terms of increased tooth length and loss of interdental papillae, creates an environment in which the clinician's therapeutic choices may either be severely limited or the result compromised. The two cases presented show how this area can be successfully treated using fiber retention procedures to eliminate pathologic periodontal pockets effectively while minimizing root exposure, loss of interdental papillae and root sensitivity. This type of procedure enables the clinician to provide the patient with an acceptable biologic, functional and esthetic result.
Diabetes and Periodontal Disease ‐‐ Possible Role of Vitamin C Deficiency: An Hypothesis
Authors: Aleo Joseph J.
Published: March 2012

An hypothesis is proposed relating the possible role of vitamin C deficiency as an etiologic factor contributing to periodontal disease in diabetes. The hypothesis is based upon the following: (1) transport of ascorbate across cell membranes may be impaired by glucose, but facilitated by insulin; (2) glucose utilization is significantly accelerated by sublethal concentrations of endotoxin; (3) endotoxin‐induced histamine sensitivity of tissue is enhanced by ascorbic deficiency; and (4) ascorbic acid deficiency alters mucosal barrier function. The interrelationship of these factors is discussed.
Periodontal Healing Following Open Debridement Flap Procedures: II. Histologic Observations
Authors: Stahl S. S. , Froum S. J. , Kushner L.
Published: March 2012

Four tooth‐containing blocks were obtained from patients being treated for infraosseous lesions of significant depth as part of their periodontal therapy. Treatment consisted of open flap debridement and professional cleansing at least every 4 weeks. Teeth in block were removed for histologic study 4 to 6 months after surgery. Histologic evaluation of the repair process showed pocket closure by epithelial and connective tissue adhesions in the form of an elongated junctional epithelium, beneath which parallel‐oriented fibers adhered to the root for a limited distance. Apical to this adhesion, functionally inserted fibers were present. Since no cementogenesis was seen at these latter areas, it must be assumed that the inserted fibers were present before the surgery and were not significantly affected by the procedure. No significant evidence of crestal osteogenesis was noted. However, comparison of the clinical osseous profile recorded at the time of surgical debridement with the flat crest seen in two of our cases histologically, suggests that significant crestal resorption had taken place postsurgically in some of these lesions.
Effect of Periodontal Treatment on Tooth Mobility
Authors: Kerry G. J. , Morrison E. C. , Ramfjord S. P. , Hill R. W. , Caffesse R. G. , Nissle R. R. , Appleberry E. A.
Published: March 2012

The purpose of this study was to compare tooth mobility at different time periods during periodontal treatment and to relate changes in mobility to each method of treatment. Ninety‐three patients (2421 teeth) with moderate to severe periodontitis were scored: (1) at initial examination, (2) 1 month following scaling, root planing, instruction in oral hygiene and preliminary occlusal adjustment, (3) 1 month after treatment with pocket elimination or reduction, curettage, modified Widman flap or scaling and root planing by the periodontist, and (4) 1 and 2 years following completed periodontal treatment. After initial nonsurgical treatment there was a significant decrease in tooth mobility. Tooth mobility increased temporarily after pocket reduction surgery but was not altered following curettage, modified Widman flap or scaling and root planing. Two years post‐treatment there was a trend toward further decrease in tooth mobility with professional tooth cleaning every 3 months.
Dark‐Field Microscopic Monitoring of Subgingival Bacteria During Periodontal Therapy
Authors: Singletary Macon M. , Crawford James J. , Simpson David M.
Published: March 2012

The purpose of this study was to explore the application of microscopic evaluation of the sulcular flora to aid diagnosis and to evaluate progress of treatment during initial (presurgical) periodontal therapy. Fifteen adult patients with clinical diagnosis of moderate to severe periodontitis were used. Two contralateral healthy sulci and two contralateral periodontal pockets were chosen for examination in each patient. Clinical and microbiological assessments of these sites were made at four separate appointments, as follows: (1) at the inception of therapy, prior to plaque control instructions; (2) 2 weeks following plaque control instruction; (3) 2 weeks following supragingival scaling; and (4)4 weeks following root planing of diseased sites. Initial therapy was completed in 10 to 12 weeks.

Clinical features monitored during the study were the Gingival Index, Plaque Index and gingival fluid flow. The bacterial examination consisted of dark‐field microscopic counting of morphologic forms and culturing of samples using a medium selective for Bacteroides species. Subgingival bacterial samples were obtained with a sterile curette from each site at each of the four appointments. The samples were placed immediately after procurement into anaerobic transport medium from which agar plate cultures were established. Microscopic counting was performed within 1 hour. One hundred microorganisms were evaluated in random microscopic fields and categorized on the basis of cell morphology and motility.

Based on paired t tests, significant differences in subgingival flora were found when healthy sites were compared with diseased sites at the inception and completion of the experimental period. Significant changes were also found in intragroup samples, both healthy and diseased, between the beginning and end of initial therapy. Coccoid cells dominated the healthy sites at the initial appointment (62.3% vs. 18.3%), while total motile organisms dominated the diseased sites (43.7% vs. 4.8%). In the diseased sites between appointments No. 1 and No. 4 there was a reduction in the number of motile organisms, 43.7% to 14.0%, and an increase in coccoid cells from 18.3% to 41.5%. Counts of colonies grown on medium largely selective for Bacteroides species dropped markedly in both the healthy and diseased sites, especially at the end of initial therapy. High proportions of coccoid cells correlated with health and motile forms with disease. Discriminant analysis using coccoid cells and total motile organisms suggested that these bacterial categories were reliable for classifying healthy and diseased sites, respectively.

Microscopic evaluation of subgingival flora was found to be an accurate and convenient means to evaluate the presumptive activity of periodontal lesions and to monitor progress of therapy.
The Effect of Sodium Hypochlorite and Citric Acid Solutions on Healing of Periodontal Pockets
Authors: Vieira Elisabeth M. , O'Leary T. J. , Kafrawy A. H.
Published: March 2012

This study compared the effects of root planing and chemical curettage to root planing and soft tissue curettage on healing of periodontal pockets in beagle dogs. The solutions used for the chemical curettage were sodium hypochlorite and citric acid (antiformin). Following an initial 28 day period of intensive oral hygiene the four dogs all exhibited high levels of gingival health. Periodontal disease was then induced around the second, third, and fourth premolare, and first molars of all animals by the placement of silk ligatures. During the 40 days the ligatures were in place, the animals were fed a soft diet and all oral hygiene measures were discontinued. Clinically at the end of the 40 days, the dogs exhibited gingival enlargement and slight to moderate pocket formation. Radiographs at day 40 showed extensive interproximal bone destruction and decreased furcal bone density. After ligature removal, the right maxillary and mandibular teeth were scaled, root planed and treated with chemical curettage. The contralateral control teeth were treated by scaling, root planing and soft tissue curettage. Five days before sacrifice the animals were injected with Procion brilliant red H‐8BS for labeling of the hard tissues. The dogs were sacrificed at 5 hours, 1, 2, and 4 weeks after treatment. After sacrifice, the maxillary teeth were sectioned in a mesiodistal direction whereas mandibular teeth were sectioned in a buccolingual direction. Sections for light microscopy were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Unstained sections were examined with fluorescent microscopy for Procion labeling. Histologically, no significant difference was found in the crevicular epithelium and degree of connective tissue inflammation between the chemically and mechanically treated areas. A long junctional epithelium was seen more often in the mechanically treated areas. Twenty‐eight days after treatment there was less bone activity in the mechanically treated than in the chemically treated areas. Under the conditions of this study, “antiformin” application did not result in damage to the tissues. Healing was basically similar in the chemically and mechanically treated areas indicating that chemical curettage did not result in improved healing.