bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Parallels in Scientific and Literary Discourse: Stephen Jay Gould and the Science of Form
Authors: Journet Debra
Published: May 2005

Two parallels between scientific and literary discourse are the aesthetic appeal they both make and their shared use of metaphor. Essays by Stephen Jay Gould on the science of form demonstrate these parallels. In one, Gould acts as a reader of scientific discourse, in the other as a writer. In both essays, Gould demonstrates the imaginative qualities science and literature share.
Personal Memories: An Exploratory Investigation
Authors: Richardson Alan
Published: May 2005

A type of spontaneously occurring autobiographical memory—the personal memory—is defined and a method for ensuring an adequate sample of such memories is described. Evidence is presented to suggest that personal memories may be distinguished from other autobiographical memories both in terms of stimulus (strength of odor) and person (level of defensiveness) variables. Included are some suggestions for testing further theoretically interesting hypotheses and for improving the procedures.
Death Awareness and Brain Disease
Authors: Grewal R. P.
Published: May 2005

There has been little discussion of the effects of brain disease on the awareness and perception of death. Several patients are presented with different types of brain disorders in which death awareness is affected. Brain diseases may prevent the development of the awareness of death or prevent the development of the abstract conception of death. Alternatively, these diseases may result in a loss of death awareness or produce a change in how death is perceived.
Capital Expenditures and the Availability of Funds
Authors: Muller Charlotte , Worthington Paul N. , Allen George
Published: May 2005

Data on capital expenditures and the availability of funds assembled from the annual financial and service records of 42 short-term voluntary hospitals in New York City over two decades were used to analyze the behavior of annual capital expenditures on building and equipment assets. Desired expenditures on capital as a factor of production are viewed as being the result of changes in anticipated output and of the substitution of capital for labor. Actual capital expenditures in each year also reflect the availability of flows of nonoperating revenues and the completion of capital programs initiated in previous years. Nonoperating revenues include philanthropy and earnings on financial assets as principal sources.

A monetary revenue series, adjusted for changes in hospital charges, was used to measure output and thus to separate the effects of demand for hospital services and supply of funds on investment behavior. The data were approached as annual aggregates for 42 hospitals over the years 1946–1966 and as annual hospital averages for teaching and nonteaching hospitals over the same period. In both approaches four causal factors-output, substitution, the flow of nonoperating revenues, and a distributed lag-explained about 95 per cent of the sample variance of capital expenditures. Allowing for available funds reduced the average time required for 95 per cent completion of a capital adjustment from 7 to 3 years. Responsiveness of hospitals to these economic variables suggests that socially desired investment can be attained by (a) “monetizing” needs of groups now underserved; (b) improving availability of funds if used for acceptable public purposes; and (c) including consumers in determining institutional and regional priorities.
Chronic Factitious Fever in Puberty and Adolescence: A Diagnostic Challenge to the Family Physician
Authors: Herzberg Joseph H. , Wolff Sheldon M.
Published: May 2005

Munchausen's syndrome and other forms of factitious illness have been reported in the literature.3 The possibility of factitious fever in children with diagnoses of F.U.O., however, appears to have been overlooked. Five such patients are described, with special attention to family interrelationships as etiologically relevant to the diagnosis. Emphasis is placed on the need for the family physician to consider the possibility of factitious fever early in the differential diagnosis of chronic, unexplained fever in an adolescent. Early psychiatric consultation is advisable in suspected cases since psychotherapeutic results have been favorable in spite of major management problems with the patient's family.
Definition: The First Step in the Thinking/Writing Process
Authors: Brucher Richard T.
Published: May 2005

Practicing the forms of definitions may not produce writing that satisfies the informational needs of readers. This paper discusses definition as a method for engaging students in the process by which thinking and writing test and clarify one another. By first saying all he can about the theoretical and practical meaning of a term, the student can analyze his writing to discover the significances the term has for different readers and the rhetorical devices that best express the meanings. The writer then can compose a series of redefinitions of the term for different readers according to their needs.
Experimental Uses of Shell Tools: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Pagoulatos Peter , Veit Richard
Published: May 2005

This article presents a preliminary study concerning the functional uses of Northern Quahog (Mercenaria mercenaria), or hard-shelled clam tools. A series of experiments were conducted with tools manufactured from shell. These were worked on specific materials using a cutting motion for different durations of use. The artifacts were then analyzed for observable usewear characteristics for comparative purposes.
Toward the Design of an Intelligent Courseware Production System Using Software Engineering and Instructional Design Principles
Authors: Chen J. Wey , Chen Ming-Puu
Published: May 2005

There are literally hundreds of authoring systems available for personal computers. Most of them are designed to go with specific hardware and provide no intention to facilitate individualized instruction. This article describes a prototype courseware production system which is designed not only to offer the full power of traditional authoring system, but also to propose the design based on software engineering practice to ensure system transportability. In addition, the proposed system utilizes sound instructional design theory to facilitate individualized instruction. The basic structure and characteristics of the Minimum Courseware Creation Support Environment (MCCSE), the systematic editing process using the system, the sample products, and the strength of the product are also discussed.
A Closer Look at Visual Manuals
Authors: Van Der Meij Hans
Published: May 2005

This article examines the genre of visual manuals by discussing the main forms and functions of two types in detail: step-by-step and guided tour manuals. Step-by-step manuals have a one-on-one correspondence between picture and text (explanations and instructions), reflecting the action-reaction mode in which users tend to interact with computers. Guided tour manuals give users a visual impression of the program. The pictures, mostly full-screen captures, are annotated with several paragraphs of text. An experiment is reported in which we examined whether a visual manual helps users realize tasks faster and more accurately than a non-visual manual. No effects on accuracy were found, but the visual manual did increase the speed of task execution with a significant and substantial gain of 35 percent. The conclusion draws attention to the fact that there is no single best type of visual manual, but that each has its own strengths and weaknesses.
Reintegration: Public or Private Responsibility? Consequences of Dutch and Danish Policies toward Work-Disabled Persons
Authors: Høgelund Jan
Published: May 2005

The Scandinavian welfare states are known for their universal social security coverage and high labor-market participation rates for all groups in society. The institutional setup in continental European welfare states, on the other hand, is said to foster a divide between employed persons and persons outside the labor market. In the area of disability policies, the Netherlands and Denmark illustrate this distinction. In the Netherlands, strong ties exist between the employer and the sick-listed worker, both because of solid job-protection legislation and because the financing of sickness and disability benefits is closely linked to the individual employer. In contrast, employer responsibility is limited in Denmark, where an extensive responsibility rests with public authorities. The author investigates the consequences of these differences using panel data on Dutch and Danish long-term sick-listed workers. The findings show that the strong ties in the Netherlands between employers and sick-listed workers enhance labor-market reintegration of long-term sick-listed workers. A significant drawback of the Dutch policy, however, is that employers refrain from employing persons with a high risk of falling ill. As a result, Dutch disability policy leads to a bigger insider—outsider divide than Danish policy.
Identifying the Best Scenario for Using Schematic Organizers as Integration Tools for Alcohol-Related Information
Authors: Peel Jennifer L. , Dansereau Donald F. , Dees Sandra
Published: May 2005

The goal of the present study was to examine scenarios for using two schematic organizers—schematic knowledge maps and conceptual matrices—in integrating episodic and semantic knowledge about alcohol. Seventy students from undergraduate general psychology classes participated for course credit. Participants were assigned to either a schematic organizer group or an essay writing group. These groups were subdivided further into two treatment sequences: episodic/semantic and semantic/episodic. The episodic activity required participants to complete materials using their own alcohol-related experiences, whereas the semantic activity required participants to annotate expert materials. Assessment measures used were consumer-satisfaction questionnaires and free-recall tests. While no preferences were established for any one scenario, the episodic activities were rated higher than the semantic activities regardless of integration sequence. The semantic/episodic integration scenario did produce higher recall scores for the expert information.
Smoking, Alienation, and Locus of Control Factors
Authors: Schwebel Andrew I. , Kaemmerer William F.
Published: May 2005

Several studies have reported conflicting results concerning the relationship between Rotter's Locus of Control Scale and smoking behavior. In order to clarify the relationship, college students' responses to Rotter's scale were factor analyzed, and smokers', exsmokers', and nonsmokers' factor scores were compared. A predicted significant difference between smokers and nonsmokers was found on the politically unresponsive world factor, suggesting that the relationship between locus of control and smoking is centered in the concept of alienation rather than “will-power.” Cross-validation data from a community sample were corroborative. It was reasoned that smokers are “alienated from their bodies” and thus have not internalized their intellectual knowledge that smoking endangers their bodies, and that they have (preventative) control over their own death. The findings suggest the usefulness of the concepts of “alienation” and “alienation from one's body” in understanding life-threatening behaviors.
Battered Women: A Medical Problem Requiring Detection
Authors: Rounsaville Bruce , Weissman Myrna M.
Published: May 2005

A one month study of the surgical and psychiatric service of a university hospital emergency room identified thirty-seven women coming for treatment as a result of physical abuse. Thirty-three of the thirty-seven women presented at the surgical services and represented 3.8 per cent of surgical admissions in the emergency room.

These women came from all ages, social and ethnic groups. They usually presented with contusions or other injuries to the head and neck. The majority would not accept psychiatric treatment but were willing to discuss the problem with the emergency room physician if encouraged. The preventive implications of these findings for the nonpsychiatric physician are discussed.
Patterns of Mass Media Use among Hispanic Smokers: Implications for Community Interventions
Authors: Alcalay Rina , Sabogal Fabio , Marin Gerardo , Perez-Stable Eliseo , Van Oss Marin Barbara , Otero-Sabogal Regina
Published: May 2005

A relatively large percentage of Hispanics in the United States smoke. Yet a large proportion of Hispanics are light smokers, smoking ten or fewer cigarettes per day. Previous research has shown that most light smokers quit smoking on their own and that health education and an environment conducive to non-smoking can have a significant impact in reducing smoking rates. Given the current smoking patterns of Hispanics, culturally appropriate media-based community intervention to promote smoking cessation can have a significant impact. This study identified patterns of media use and language preference among a sample of 263 Hispanic smokers from the San Francisco Bay Area. Based on this study, recommendations to reach Hispanic smokers with a series of communication strategies are suggested.
The Impact of the Technical Communicator on Software Requirements
Authors: Casey Bernice E.
Published: May 2005

The disciplines of software engineering and technical writing have much in common. Both espouse a structured approach to product development, whether the product is a computer program or a manual describing that program. These disciplinary parallels suggest that technical communicators have more to offer software engineers than our usual writing and editing services. Specifically, this article describes four special services that technical communicators could provide during the first phase of software development, requirements. These services are audience analysis, functional analysis, human factors research, and requirements writing. The goals of these services are to improve the quality of software products and to make the documentation task more efficient.
Exploring Intrasite Patterning and Assemblage Variation on Historic Sheepherder Camps
Authors: Hofman Jack L.
Published: May 2005

Nine historic sheepherder camps in northern Wyoming are the basis for this study of intrasite artifact patterning and intersite assemblage variation. The sites all represent a single functional type. Variation between sites results from natural disturbance processes and cultural factors such as idiosyncrasies in occupants' behaviors, differential curation of artifacts, chance occurrences of artifact loss and discard, and length, season and number of occupations. Intrasite patterning is evident and a drop, toss and throw zone can be defined for most sites. This aids in determining the prior location and orientation of the herders' wagons on the sites. The density of the material aids in determining the number of occupations. Assemblage differences between sites are significant and should caution us of potential problems in studies comparing small assemblages from sites such as temporary collecting stations of hunters and gatherers.
A Preferred Target Population for Comprehensive Health Promotion
Authors: Hyner Gerald C. , Melby Christopher L. , Petosa Richard , Seehafer Roger , Black David R.
Published: May 2005

Health promotion (HP) strategies have been advocated as a means of enhancing individual responsibility for health maintenance, while reducing client dependence on the medical care system. Similarly, advocates of HP have suggested that it may positively affect medical costs and physical/behavioral risk factors among others. To properly test the long-term effects of carefully planned HP interventions, a preferred target population is proposed. It is suggested that clientele would be drawn from moderate or low risk individuals who are seldom the population-of-interest within the traditional medical care model. The authors offer a model for comprehensive HP and discuss the implications of defining a target population for HP strategies.
Social Bonds, Early Trauma and Smoking: Evidence of the Group Specific Relevance of Control Theory
Authors: Pawlak Rebecca , DeFronzo James
Published: May 2005

This study analyzes data from a national sample of 595 adults to simultaneously evaluate the potential effects of social bonds and childhood trauma on tobacco smoking. Although both control factors and childhood experiences were found to affect smoking, religious belief and belief in the importance of conforming to moral and social norms had more important and robust negative relationships to smoking than commitment, attachment, or involvement social bonds. But, whereas childhood trauma appeared to promote smoking among both college educated and less educated persons, control factors significantly inhibited smoking only among the less educated. Implications for future drug research as well as anti-smoking campaigns and other anti-drug programs are discussed.
Successful Aging: Perceptions of Adults Aged between 70 and 101 Years
Authors: Knight Tess , Ricciardelli Lina A.
Published: May 2005

In this research, content analysis was employed to investigate older adults' perceptions of successful aging and the relationship of these perceptions to definitions given in the literature to date. Participants were 18 males and 42 females between the ages of 70 and 101 years. Analyses revealed older adults mentioned only 1 or 2 criteria of successful aging if asked for a definition; however, when prompted, they rated almost all the criteria emerging from the literature as highly important. Participants reported adjusting to the situations they were in by compensating for losses that occurred and selecting activities that best suited their capabilities. Overall, older adults' perceptions of successful aging were similar to aspects identified in the literature. Not all aspects, however, were seen as important by all participants, and only low to moderate correlations were found between some aspects of successful aging.
Not Better Lives, Just Fewer People: The Ideology of Population Control
Authors: Park Robert M.
Published: May 2005

At a time of increasing government involvement in and popular support for limitation of the world's population, a critique is made of population control. The socioeconomic basis of desirable family size for the world's working peoples is reviewed and the intent of population programs is described. Underlying assumptions and choices of world population planners, as reflected in economic development strategies and political power, are outlined. “Overpopulation” is interpreted as a consequence, not a cause, of problems which themselves must be attacked in spite of entrenched elites who seek to secure the current order. The damaging role of population propaganda and the importance of eliminating sexist and racist ideas, in a program for basic development alternatives, are emphasized. Specific actions are proposed in the health care field.
Design Your Future: Technology Literacy Competency Recommendations for K-12 Education
Authors: Fisher Mercedes M.
Published: May 2005

Given the growing movement for restructuring schools, educators' responsibilities have increased with the ever-changing technological advancements of society; however, one of the concerns most often expressed is the lack of opportunities for teachers to communicate with each other about how technology is being used in the classroom. This study not only identifies in-service teacher recommendations for incorporating technology competencies into K-12 education but also implies a hierarchy of the importance of these skills. Out of a total of 495 questionnaires sent to K-12 teachers in Colorado, 287 (58%) were returned. The study includes: an overview of eleven technology competency recommendations and discusses them in further detail, a description of the technology competency recommendations assessment instrument that was designed and administered, a summary of results, and a review of the implications for K-12 education. Analysis of the data provides insight into which technology competencies should take priority in instructional design and helps make fundamental classroom changes for the future.
Adolescent Mourning and Parental Death
Authors: Meshot Christopher M. , Leitner Larry M.
Published: May 2005

Ten male and ten female young adults, who had lost a parent by death as an adolescent, were given the Expanded Texas Grief Inventory (ETGI) in order to explore the bereavement process for this group as compared to an adult group previously studied [1, 2]. The ETGI included both “Past Behaviors and Feelings” and “Present Feelings” items. The young adults reported more intense shock, disbelief, and a sense of loss than the adult group at or around the time of the loss of the parent (i.e., as an adolescent). Further, greater anger at the deceased, sleep disturbance, increased dream activity, and irritability was reported by the young adult group as compared to the adult norm group. “Present feelings” items that were significant indicate issues of fairness around the death of the parent, identification with the deceased, an intense sense of loss that is very personal, feelings that the parent who died is irreplaceable, and a strong presence of the deceased in dreams and other people. Somatic concerns and identifications with the lost parent were less of a concern for the adolescent group than the adult group. Lastly, gender differences were explored within the young adult group. Women reported a higher degree of mourning accompanied by crying as well as feeling the need to cry more than men. Women tended to identify more with the deceased than men; this led to acquiring the habits and interests of the deceased as well as feeling the deceased was still with them.
Depression following Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Forrester Alfred W. , Lipsey John R. , Teitelbaum Mark L. , Depaulo J. Raymond , Andrzejewski Paula L. , Robinson Robert G.
Published: May 2005

Objective:

Although many investigators have studied mood disorders following myocardial infarction, the prevalence, severity, and persistence of depression have been disputed, and standard rating scales and criteria for depressive disorders have infrequently been utilized. The authors' goal was to determine how frequently depressive disorders occur after myocardial infarction, and to investigate predisposing factors for such disorders.

Method:

Structured clinical interviews were administered to 129 inpatients within ten days of myocardial infarction. Patients were also evaluated using standardized rating scales for depression, social function, cognition, and physical impairment. DSM-III diagnoses were derived from the structured interview.

Results:

Major depressive syndromes were present in 19 percent ( n = 25) of the patients and were associated with prior history of mood disorder, female sex, large infarcts, and functional physical impairment.

Conclusion:

Major depression is common in the acute post-myocardial infarction period. Such disorders confer significant psychiatric morbidity and, if sustained, require psychiatric intervention.
Knowledge about AIDS and Sexual Behaviors of Inmates of Agodi Prison in Ibadan, Nigeria
Authors: Okochi Charles A. , Oladepo Oladimeji , Ajuwon Ademola J.
Published: May 2005

This study explored AIDS knowledge and sexual behavior of the 381 inmates of Agodi prison in Ibadan, Nigeria. Data were collected in 1997 through interviewer-assisted questionnaires. Males dominated the sample (94.5 percent) and 49.3 percent were less than 30 years. Most respondents knew that HIV is transmitted through sex (96.6 percent) and transfusion with infected blood (94 percent); nevertheless, 30 percent believed the virus could spread through shaking infected persons' hands. Concerning sexual behavior: 53.3 percent masturbated; 46.5 percent engaged in risky sexual behaviors comprising men who had unprotected sex with male partners (53.5 percent), female prostitutes (25.6 percent) and female inmates (20.9 percent). Younger inmates had more (71 percent) homosexual contacts than older inmates (29 percent) ( p < 0.05). Homosexual practices prior to incarceration were unreported. Only 7.8 percent of sexually active prisoners used a condom. Although prisoners in Agodi were knowledgeable about HIV/AIDS, risky sexual practices persist. Multiple interventions are recommended to address this problem.
Acute Stress Reactions to Recent Life Events among Women and Men Living with Hiv/Aids
Authors: Koopman Cheryl , Gore-Felton Cheryl , Azimi Negar , O'shea Kristen , Ashton Eric , Power Rachel , De Maria Shannon , Israelski Dennis , Spiegel David
Published: May 2005

Objective:

This study examined the prevalence of acute stress reactions to recent life events among persons living with HIV/AIDS. A second aim was to investigate the relationship of acute stress reactions among HIV-infected men and women to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms to previous traumatic life events.

Method:

Participants included 64 HIV-seropositive persons (33 men and 31 women) drawn from a larger study examining the effects of group therapy on quality of life and health behavior. These individuals were assessed at baseline on demographic and medical status characteristics and (PTSD) symptoms and then randomly assigned to either receive group therapy plus education or education alone. Three months later they were assessed for acute stress reactions to recent life events.

Results:

Nearly a third (31.3 percent) of the participants reported levels of acute stress reactions to recent life events that met all symptom criteria for the diagnosis of acute stress disorder. However, only 9.4 percent of the respondents described a recent stressful life event that was threatening to the life or physical integrity of themselves or others. Acute stress reactions to recent life events were significantly and positively related to experiencing PTSD symptoms to prior traumatic life events. Acute stress did not differ significantly by gender, AIDS status, or whether or not participants had received 12 weeks of group therapy.

Conclusions:

A subset of individuals with HIV/AIDS experience high levels of acute stress reactivity to life events considered non-traumatic. HIV-infected individuals who react strongly to ongoing life stressors are more likely to have developed PTSD symptoms in response to previous traumatic life events.
Unlearning Psychiatry: A Cohort Effect in the Training Environment
Authors: Badger Lee W. , Rand Elizabeth H.
Published: May 2005

The purposes of this study were to investigate the relationship between 1) residents' psychiatric performance and their primary care training environment; 2) residents' psychiatric performance and their year of training; and 3) the utility of feedback from the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) and the year of training. Resident physicians ( N = 32) were assigned to experimental and control groups; feedback of GHQ results constituted the intervention in the experimental site. Baseline data, as well as post intervention data, were collected on a total of 1040 patient encounters. Residents' psychiatric performance was measured by notation of a mental disorder in the Assessment portion of the SOAP note. Results showed that control group residents achieved superior performance at pretest and, in spite of a two-fold increase in the number of psychiatric diagnoses following GHQ feedback, experimental site posttest diagnoses did not significantly exceed control site frequency. In addition, experimental site first-year residents outperformed second-year residents, who likewise outperformed third-year residents, in recognizing their patient's mental distress. Differences in patient morbidity, over-diagnosis by first-year residents, and failure to have acquired psychiatric skills when a first-year resident were all tested and rejected as explanations for the unexpected inverse relationship between performance and years in training. It was therefore concluded that integration of psychiatric knowledge and skills into a primary care practice may be profoundly (and negatively) influenced by factors in the residents' training environment.
Effects of Guided Programming Instruction on the Transfer of Analogical Reasoning
Authors: Grandgenett Neal , Thompson Ann
Published: May 2005

This study investigated two effects of using guided programming instruction to train analogical reasoning within a classroom setting. The first effect investigated the far transfer of such instruction on general analogical reasoning development, as measured by a test associated with general analogical reasoning. The second effect investigated the near transfer of such instruction on a related computer programming skill—the reuse of subprocedures between programming problems. To provide general analogical reasoning training within a guided programming environment, the study incorporated Swan and Black's suggested pedagogical components for the effective transfer of cognitive skills from programming, and Sternberg's component processes of analogical reasoning. Far transfer results indicated significant interaction between a student's college year and the experimental treatment, with guided programming instruction facilitating the performance of college freshman, and hindering the performance of college juniors. Near transfer results indicated that the guided instruction did not significantly increase student reuse of subprocedures between programming problems.
Comparison of on-Line and Traditional Computer Literacy Courses for Preservice Teachers: A Case Study
Authors: Gurbuz Tarkan , Yildirim Soner , Ozden M. Yasar
Published: May 2005

This study investigated the effectiveness of two computer literacy courses (one was offered as on-line and the other one was offered through traditional methods). Two courses were compared in terms of their effectiveness on computer attitude of the student teachers and their learning experience about computers. This study also explored the other factors that contributed to changes in attitudes of the student teachers and their beliefs about computers in education. The study used data from 209 (147 female, 62 male) student teachers of which 69 of them attended to the on-line computer literacy course, and 140 of them attended to the traditional computer literacy course. Findings indicate that there is a combined effect of gender, computer literacy course type (traditional vs. on-line), whether any computer-related course was taken before, previous computer attitude and possession of home a computer on student teachers' post-attitude, toward computers. The follow-up study results were also supportive to the results of statistical analysis, and they investigated student teachers' perceptions about the computer literacy course they attended.
An Immersion Course in Basic
Authors: Masat Francis E.
Published: May 2005

Intensive short-term (immersion) courses have been used in business and industrial settings for many years. This article documents a twelve-day undergraduate immersion course in introductory computer science. Four days per week for three weeks are used for an entire course, including programming, class discussions, homework, and hour exams; extensive experience is provided in programming microcomputers and time-shared computers with BASIC and WATIV. The article includes a description of the experience for the years 1979–1981, including the computer environment, curricular structure, and class evaluations. Comparisons are made to semester and summer session classes, and a statistical analysis is presented. It was found that as much is learned and experienced in the twelve-day course as in a semester or summer course. Evidence is provided that supports the claim that networks of microcomputers can offer more flexibility and throughput than large time-shared systems.
Getting Personal: Individuality, Innovation, and Technical Communication
Authors: Steiner Carol J.
Published: May 2005

This philosophical article explores individuality and innovation (creating new technology) as they relate to the communication approaches of scientists, engineers, and technologists. I suggest that effective communication between technical and non-technical people is difficult because technical communication lacks humanity, a personal dimension. I also suggest that dimension is lacking because technical people give up their identity to be considered competent and I argue that a different approach to communication education for scientists, engineers, and technologists is required to equip them with requisite communication skills to make their personal contribution to successful innovation.
An Exploratory Study of the Emotion-Expressive Behaviors of “Peace,” “Contentment,” and “Annoyed/Irritated”: Implications for Dead and Living Faces
Authors: Eyetsemitan Frank
Published: May 2005

This study initially set out to explore the facial features (and their descriptions) of the emotion-expressive behaviors of “peace” and “contentment” but ended up with a third one, “annoyed/irritated.” The emotion-expressive behaviors of “peace” and “contentment” have been associated with the faces of deceased persons in a previous study. The pictures of two volunteers taken during a class on relaxation technique were given to 93 respondents made up of volunteer students from a small midwestern college and volunteer residents of a nursing home (see Appendix A and B). Participants were asked to choose from a list provided them the emotion-expressive behavior (“e.g., peace, content, hopeful, other”) that closely described each of the facial pictures presented. They were also asked to both identify and describe the facial feature(s) that closely matched the emotion-expressive behavior they had chosen. Most of the respondents identified Picture #1 as “peaceful” and Picture 2 as “annoyed/irritated.” The eyes and the mouth were more salient in describing both emotions. This study has implications for those who identify loved ones before viewing; for individuals who prepare deceased persons for viewing; for embalming educators; and for actors of these emotions.
Depression following a Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Boekamp John R. , Overholser James C. , Schubert Daniel S. P.
Published: May 2005

Object:

Depression is a common problem following a spinal cord injury (SCI) and can greatly interfere with the rehabilitation process because of reduced energy, negative expectations, and social withdrawal. Understanding various factors which influence a vulnerability to depression may improve the diagnosis and treatment of depressive disorders and can improve rehabilitation outcome.

Method:

A thorough literature search was conducted using Medline, PsychLit, PyschInfo, and Social Science Citation Index to identify relevant articles published between 1967 and 1995.

Results:

A diathesis-stress model is proposed to explain the increased risk of depressive symptoms after a SCI. Biological changes associated with SCI and pre-existing cognitive biases may influence the individual's vulnerability to stressful life events following the injury. The nature and frequency of stressful life events following the injury can tax the individual's coping resources. Furthermore, the perceived quality of social support and the severity of conflict within the family can influence the individual's adaptation.

Conclusions:

Social support and recent stressors should be assessed to identify patients at high risk for depression. Patients are less likely to become depressed if their independence is fostered and they are encouraged to develop new sources of self-esteem. Relatives can be counseled to help maintain supportive relationships within the family.
Death, Anxiety, and Depression in Lebanese Undergraduates
Authors: Abdel-Khalek Ahmed M.
Published: May 2005

A Lebanese sample of undergraduates ( n = 228) responded to the Death Anxiety Scale (DAS), Death Depression Scale (DDS), general anxiety (Trait Anxiety; STAI-T), and general depression (Beck Depression Inventory; BDI). Administration of the psychometric instruments was carried out in March 1991, after the cessation of the civil war in Lebanon, which had lasted for sixteen years. Alpha reliabilities were either acceptable or high. The DDS has a meaningful factorial structure. All of the intercorrelations ( r) between the four scales were statistically significant Foremost among them are the following: DAS and DDS r = .709, STAI-T and BDI r = .486, DAS and STAI-T r = .198, DDS and BDI r = .215. Two orthogonal factors were extracted: death distress and general neurotic disorder. The main results are in keeping with previous results on Egyptian and U.S. participants. There is a need to test the differences of the total scores of the aforementioned four scales between the Egyptian and Lebanese samples.
Misuse of the Dexamethasone Suppression Test as a Diagnostic Tool
Authors: Madakasira Suohakar , Taylor T. Kenneth
Published: May 2005

The diagnostic reliability and appropriateness of use of the Dexamethasone Suppression Test (DST) were assessed by a retrospective chart survey of ninety-nine psychiatric admissions to a community hospital. A change in psychiatric diagnosis between admission and discharge occurred in one-third of the patients. The diagnostic change appeared to be associated with the DST result more than the clinical findings. Such reliance on the test was not justified as the observed diagnostic confidence of the DST in supporting a diagnosis of major depression was only 38 percent. These findings suggest a misuse of the test as a diagnostic tool in routine practice.
Unions and Strikes in the National Health Service in Britain
Authors: Widgery David
Published: May 2005

This article outlines the origins of the main manual and white-collar trade unions in the British Health Service, traces their growth after the establishment of the National Health Service in 1949, and examines the wave of industrial action in British hospitals in the seventies. It is argued that although strike action inside hospitals in the early seventies was a novel tactic adopted as a last resort by manual workers pressing for wage increases, industrial action over a wide range of political and medical issues has now been taken by all types of hospital worker in Britain and plays a central part in the national debate over the future of the National Health Service.
An Update on the Potential of New Technology for Humanizing Management Systems
Authors: Pogrow Stanley
Published: May 2005

This article is an update of “A People Resource Approach to Humanizing Computer Based Management Systems,” which was published in Volume 7, Number 4 of the Journal of Educational Technology Systems.
Programmer Job Training for the Disadvantaged
Authors: Feurzeig Wallace
Published: May 2005

We are developing programmer job training programs for economically disadvantaged adults. Our trainees are chronically unemployed low-income people lacking marketable skills. Most have finished high school; only a few have had any college. We have carefully screened, tested, and interviewed applicants to find suitably qualified trainees. Despite their diverse problems, our trainees have generally demonstrated the intelligence, competence, motivation, and temperament required to do professional programming work. The training is designed to give them the knowledge, skills, and effective job experience required for placement in entry-level business programming jobs.
Ethnic Differences in Knowledge of AIDS Transmission and Attitudes towards Gays and People with AIDS
Authors: Alcalay Rina , Sniderman Paul M. , Mitchell Judith , Griffin Robert
Published: May 2005

Epidemiological studies have shown disproportionately elevated risk rates of AIDS among Hispanics and blacks, particularly among the heterosexual population. Intense preventive education has resulted in dramatic infection reduction among the gay population. Yet these educational efforts aimed at the gay population failed to reach many of the minority population at risk. This study looked at some structural and cultural factors that might be preventing beneficial effects generated from existing educational programs designed to prevent AIDS. The same variables were compared among whites and Hispanics. The research showed that while all groups had a high level of knowledge regarding AIDS transmission, Hispanics had many misconceptions about the way AIDS is transmitted. In this study, Hispanics were not more intolerant toward homosexuals than whites; nor were they more intolerant towards people with AIDS. Thus AIDS education campaigns directed towards Hispanics need to be designed to address specific misconceptions regarding AIDs transmission. Homophobia does not appear to be an insurmountable barrier preventing Hispanics from dealing with this topic.
An Integrated Decision Support System for Academic Effort Planning and Review
Authors: Chung Chen-Hua , Chen Jimmy D. F.
Published: May 2005

Although academic effort planning and faculty merit review are done annually, they are by no means routine and structured tasks. Many studies have dealt with aiding the decision process related to the above tasks. Unfortunately, these studies or models are either oversimplified or too narrow in scope. This study develops a decision support system (DSS) which integrates and supports the decision processes of academic effort planning, merit review, and related activities. The support system is developed based on the concept that a DSS is a network of subsystem interfaces.
A Technique for Presenting Dynamic Illustrations with Text
Authors: Paz Noemi , Leigh William , Lin Ren-Jon
Published: May 2005

This article describes a method for displaying illustrations and accompanying text on a computer screen for interactive study and browsing. The method allows for illustrations which unfold over time, that unfolding being synchronized with the text presentation. Implementation of the method offers a comfortable and cheap vehicle for the development of semi-animated, computer-assisted learning materials by non-programmers.
Collaborative Online Learning in Virtual Discussions
Authors: Fisher Mercedes , Coleman Bonita
Published: May 2005

A useful strategy for learning communities in the virtual environment is the real-time forum, also called a synchronous discussion. Due to the fast pace of educational technology, this study hopes to benefit educators by developing an awareness and knowledge of virtual discussion capabilities. Using this strategy, instructors are able to initiate and facilitate their learning environment using dynamic methods of communication in order to achieve successful communication and collaboration between members of the class. This article discusses a case study conducted at Pepperdine University in the Online Master of Arts in Educational Technology and the critical insights which can be used by similar university programs to influence their thinking of how to best prepare future learning communities in virtual discussions. This idea that learning through utilization of real-time discussions is becoming increasingly popular throughout the educational community especially since students have become more advanced in terms of technology than those from just a few years ago. For the instructors, the major hurdle was how to design learning communities that encouraged participation by creating a sense of community greater than what is seen in the traditional face-to-face environments; thus, differentiating them from solely correspondence or courses with asynchronous discussion only. These modes of discussion are powerful environments rich in collaboration, communication, reflection, and practical application. This article addresses some of the key issues concerning this environment, as well as some of its benefits and methods and includes detailed examples. Successful strategies for conducting online discussions are proposed and the study suggests this environment has developed its own potential for unique dialect that allows communication to be most effective in a text-based environment. Discussion guidelines are also explored. Some changes brought about through Pepperdine's redesign process were obvious; however, other design considerations were more significant in bringing quality discussions online. Local consequences and the broader significance are discussed. Examples are included that describe not only what participants saw as enabling aspects of the support system but also ways in which universities can enhance program development by learning from other pioneers in this area.

Learning is the human activity which least needs manipulation by others. Most learning is not the result of instruction. It is rather the result of unhampered participation in a meaningful setting.
The Mental Patients' Rights Movement and Mental Health Institutional Change
Authors: Brown Phil
Published: May 2005

The mental patients' rights movement has added to the widespread critique of institutional psychiatry and provided leadership in opposing treatment methods such as electroshock, psychosurgery, and overdrugging, which are dangerous and regressive not only to patients, but to the expanded population of non-institutionalized persons as well. The movement has had some success in court cases for democratic rights, such as the right to treatment, the right to refuse treatment, patient labor, and commitment law.

At the same time, patients' rights demands have been partly coopted by mental health administrators. In a number of cases, mental health officials supported patients' rights litigation because it enabled them to speed up their deinstitutionalization programs. Overall, the conjuncture of the movement with economic impetus toward deinstitutionalization has allowed mental health planners to use the patients' rights issues to justify their essentially fiscal policy. Providers and administrators have set up advocacy offices, posted patients' bills of rights, and incorporated ex-patient representatives on advisory boards. Yet mental health administrators are generally opposed to a broad application of patients' rights.
Goals for Computing in Higher Education
Authors: Gillespie Robert G.
Published: May 2005

The revolutionary growth of information technology is creating new national issues and is affecting higher education's approach to computing. A study sponsored by the National Science Foundation is identifying the current policies and future needs in educational computing in order to present recommendations for dealing with the issues at the national level. Responses from a nationwide survey have helped to identify the major issues and to suggest some goals for higher education. These responses will be used in recommending possible programs for action. The continuing developments in microcomputers will greatly increase the already rapid diffusion of computing in education. We are entering a new stage in the use of computers in which there will be a much larger impact on instruction and administrative support. Since this diffusion is characterized by the kinds of technology available, as well as by educational structures, developments in educational computing will result from the interaction of those in government, industry, and education.
Hedonic Deficit in Chronic Schizophrenia
Authors: Pottash A. L. C. , Gold Marks , Pottenger Margaret , Prusoff Brigitte A.
Published: May 2005

Forty-two chronic schizophrenic patients were evaluated for extent of hedonic deficit and compared with a demographically matched sample of normals. Schizophrenics rated themselves as experiencing significantly less pleasure on four of ten pleasure factors. When the schizophrenic sample was divided into depressed and non-depressed subgroups, the depressed subgroup was found to account for these differences in pleasure between schizophrenics and normals. Psychobiological implications of these results are discussed.