bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Consensus Report by the Italian Academy of Osseointegration on the Importance of Peri-Implant Soft Tissues
Authors: Bressan Eriberto , Zucchelli Giovanni , Tommasato Grazia , Pesce Paolo , Canullo Luigi ,   Consensus Meeting Group IAO, Grusovin Maria Gabriella
Published: August 2024

Background and Objectives: The influence of the quantity and quality of peri-implant soft tissue on implant health and long-term maintenance is controversial. This consensus aimed to assess the importance of peri-implant soft tissue by analyzing four aspects: the role of keratinized mucosa (KM), the efficacy of specific collagen matrix, the influence of abutment material, and soft-tissue thickness. Materials and Methods: Active members of the Italian Academy of Osseointegration (IAO) participated in the consensus. Four systematic reviews were conducted, and their results were discussed to provide guidelines on the importance of soft tissue around implants. The first review evaluated the effect of KM on soft-tissue health, peri-implant bone loss, and patient-related variables. The second one analyzed if there was a specific type of matrix that provided better results in terms of peri-implant buccal soft-tissue thickness and keratinized mucosa width compared to autogenous soft-tissue graft. The third review evaluated the influence of different abutment materials on the soft tissues, and the fourth assessed the effect of soft-tissue thickness on peri-implant marginal bone loss (MBL). Results and Conclusions: The agreements reached by the assembly were as follows: the presence of supra-periosteal keratinized tissue is considered to favorably influence peri-implant health and aesthetics but had no relation to preventing bone crest resorption unrelated to infection. It facilitates patient cleaning around implants and reduces patient-reported pain. The free gingival graft (FGG) is considered the best in terms of supra-periosteal KM increase. Connective tissue grafts (CTG) perform better than volume-stable collagen matrices to increase soft-tissue thickness. Collagen matrices reduce surgical time and patient morbidity and can give better camouflaging. The influence of abutment material (titanium or zirconia) on MBL remains controversial, and no conclusion could be reached on this issue. Peri-implant soft-tissue health and recession seem not to be influenced by abutment material, but data are limited to zirconia and titanium. Although this systematic review highlighted the absence of a correlation between soft-tissue thickness and MBL, the assembly failed to find a consensus on this issue.
Exploring the Relationship between Cerebral Palsy and Hip Dysplasia: Insights from the National Inpatient Sample
Authors: Alyoubi Reem Abdullah , Alyahyawi Huda Yahya , Alsharief Abrar Nayel , Alahmadi Ghadeer Ghazi , Althubaiti Faris , Basheikh Mazen A. , Alhifthy Elham H. , Abu-Zaid Ahmed
Published: August 2024

Background and Objective: Cerebral palsy (CP) significantly impacts quality of life globally. Hip dysplasia (HD) is a common musculoskeletal issue in CP patients. This study investigates the prevalence, risk factors, and impact of HD on CP patients using a large national database. Materials and Methods: Data from the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database (2016–2019) were used, identifying CP and HD diagnoses through ICD-10 codes. Baseline characteristics were tabulated. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses examined predictors of HD development in CP patients, presenting data as odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: Among 3,951,040 pediatric patients, 28,880 had CP (27,466 without HD, and 1414 with HD), and 3,922,160 did not have CP. CP significantly increased the likelihood of developing HD in univariate (OR = 35.03, 95% CI [33.01, 37.17], p < 0.0001) and multivariate (OR = 26.61, 95% CI [24.94, 28.40], p < 0.0001) analyses. Among patients with CP, race was significantly associated with HD, with ORs below 1 for all racial categories compared to Whites. Females had nearly twice the odds of HD compared to males (OR = 1.96, 95% CI [1.86, 2.05], p < 0.0001). Age was significantly associated with HD, with each additional year increasing the odds (OR = 1.03, 95% CI [1.026, 1.034], p < 0.0001). Individuals in the high 51st–75th income quartile had a 17% increase in the odds of HD (OR = 1.17, 95% CI [1.09, 1.25], p < 0.0001) compared to the low 1st–25th income quartile. Conclusions: This study reinforces the strong association between CP and HD, highlighting the need for further research and prospective studies to validate these findings.
Infections in Children with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Authors: Šegulja Silvije , Vranešević Klara , Đorđević Ana , Roganović Jelena
Published: August 2024

Background and Objectives: Infections are the most common and potentially life-threatening complications of the treatment of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). The aim of this study was to determine epidemiological, clinical, and microbiological characteristics of infections in pediatric patients with ALL. Materials and Methods: Twenty-three children (16 males and 7 females, with a mean age of 5.9 years (range of 1.3 to 12.2 years)) with ALL, treated at the Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Clinical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka, Croatia, from 1 January 2015 to 31 December 2020, were included in the study. Results: One hundred and four infectious episodes (IEs) were reported (an average of 4.5 IE per patient). IEs were more frequent in the intensive phases of antileukemic treatment. Neutropenia was present in 48 IEs (46.2%) with a duration greater than 7 days in 28 IEs (58.3%). The respiratory tract was the most common infection site (48.1%). We documented 49 bacterial (47.1%), 4 viral (3.9%), 4 fungal (3.9%), and 10 mixed isolates (9.6%), while in 37 IEs (35.6%), a pathogen was not isolated. The most common causes of bacteremia were coagulase-positive staphylococci. The most frequent empirical therapy was third- and fourth-generation cephalosporins, followed by piperacillin/tazobactam. The modification of first-line antimicrobial therapy was performed in 56.9% of IEs. Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor was administered in 53.8% of IEs, and intravenous immunoglobulins were administered in 62.5% of IEs. One patient required admission to the intensive care unit. No infection-related mortality was reported. Conclusions: ALL patients have frequent IEs. Close monitoring, the identification of risk factors, the rapid empirical use of antibiotics in febrile neutropenia, and the timely modification of antimicrobial therapy play key roles in reducing infection-related morbidity and mortality in children with ALL.
Development of a Novel Electrostatic-Based Bioaerosol Sampler
Authors: Pang Zirui , Shi Lulu , Liu Wei , Liu Wenru , Tian Xin , Wang Mingyu , Tao Jifang
Published: August 2024

On-site bioaerosol monitoring is essential for estimating microbial biomass and mitigating the risk of infection induced by aerosol transmission. This study introduces a novel electrostatic bioaerosol sampler, which is fabricated by the use of 3D printing, for rapid bioaerosol collection. Aerosol particles were charged and enriched in the sampler. Relationships between particle sizes and collection efficiencies under varying charging voltages were established using a charging model. The design of the sampler was optimized using commercial software, incorporating electrostatic field analysis, computational fluid dynamics (CFD), and particle trajectory simulations. To validate the sampler’s collection efficiency, polystyrene (PS) spheres in an aerosol dispenser were atomized into an aerosol. The sampler collection efficiency exceeded 90% for particles larger than 1.2 μm under an applied voltage of 4.7 kV and an airflow rate of 2 L/min. The enrichment capacity was greater than 153,000 for particles larger than 1.2 μm under an applied voltage of 4.7 kV and an airflow rate of 8 L/min. With the merits of low cost, miniaturization, and high collection efficiency, the sampler can be used to collect samples on-site and in remote areas to verify the pathogens and reduce the risk of infection through aerosol transmission.
Exploring Electrochemical Direct Writing Machining of Patterned Microstructures on Zr702 with Polyacrylamide Polymer Electrolyte
Authors: He Junfeng , Chen Wenjie , Wang Junjie , Wu Ming , Zhou Li , Chen Ri , Liang Huazhuo
Published: August 2024

Zirconium alloys possess excellent wear resistance, which ensures the durability and longevity of the components, making them widely used in medical and other fields. To enhance the functionality of these materials, it is often necessary to fabricate functional microstructures on their surfaces. Electrochemical machining (ECM) techniques demonstrate excellent machining performance for these metals, particularly in the processing of microstructures on complex curved surfaces. However, ECM often faces challenges due to the fluid nature of the electrolyte, resulting in low machining accuracy and localization. This paper proposes a novel method for fabricating complex patterned microstructures using a maskless electrochemical direct writing technique with a polyacrylamide (PAM) polymer electrolyte. By leveraging the non-Newtonian properties of PAM, this method effectively confines the electrolyte to specific areas, thus addressing the issue of poor localization in traditional ECM and reducing stray corrosion. To elucidate the electrochemical removal mechanism of Zr702 in the presence of PAM, polarization curves, viscosity characteristics, and current efficiency parameters were analyzed. Additionally, an experimental study was conducted using a custom-designed nozzle structure. The results showed that the PAM electrolyte could effectively reduce the EF, positively impacting machining accuracy and localization. By controlling the nozzle’s motion trajectory, complex microstructures were successfully fabricated through direct writing, demonstrating promising application prospects.
Enhanced Photocatalytic Performance under Ultraviolet and Visible Light Illumination of ZnO Thin Films Prepared by Modified Sol-Gel Method
Authors: Gegova-Dzhurkova Radka , Nesheva Diana , Stambolova Irina , Zaharieva Katerina , Dzhurkov Valeri , Miloushev Ilko
Published: August 2024

Semiconductor oxides are frequently used as active photocatalysts for the degradation of organic agents in water polluted by domestic industry. In this study, sol-gel ZnO thin films with a grain size in the range of 7.5–15.7 nm were prepared by applying a novel two-step drying procedure involving hot air treatment at 90–95 °C followed by conventional furnace drying at 140 °C. For comparison, layers were made by standard furnace drying. The effect of hot air treatment on the film surface morphology, transparency, and photocatalytic behavior during the degradation of Malachite Green azo dye in water under ultraviolet or visible light illumination is explored. The films treated with hot air demonstrate significantly better photocatalytic activity under ultraviolet irradiation than the furnace-dried films, which is comparable with the activity of unmodified ZnO nanocrystal powders. The achieved percentage of degradation is 78–82% under ultraviolet illumination and 85–90% under visible light illumination. Multiple usages of the hot air-treated films (up to six photocatalytic cycles) are demonstrated, indicating improved photo-corrosion resistance. The observed high photocatalytic activity and good photo-corrosion stability are related to the hot air treatment, which causes a reduction of oxygen vacancies and other defects and the formation of interstitial oxygen and/or zinc vacancies in the films.
Towards High-Performance Inverted Mesoporous Perovskite Solar Cell by Using Bathocuproine (BCP)
Authors: Wei Yongjun , Lu Feiping , Ai Xinqi , Lei Ju , Bai Yong , Wei Zhiang , Chen Ziyin
Published: August 2024

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are considered the most promising photovoltaic devices to replace silicon-based solar cells because of their low preparation cost and high photoelectric conversion efficiency (PCE). Reducing defects in perovskite films is an effective means to improve the efficiency of PSCs. In this paper, a lead chelator was selected and mixed into hole transport layers (HTLs) to design and prepare mesoporous PSCs with the structure of ITO/PTAA(BCP)/Al2O3/PVK/PCBM/BCP/Ag, and its modification effect on the buried interface at the bottom of the perovskite layer in the mesoporous structure was explored. The experimental results show that in the presence of mesoporous alumina, the lead chelator can still play a role in modifying the bottom of the perovskite film. The use of lead chelator as passivation material added to the HTL can effectively reduce the residue of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and decrease the defects at the bottom of the perovskite film, which dramatically improves the device performance. The PCE of the device is increased from 18.03% to 20.78%, which is an increase of 15%. The work in this paper provides an effective method to enhance the performance of PSCs.
UHPLC-QTOF-MS-Based Targeted Metabolomics Provides Novel Insights into the Accumulative Mechanism of Soil Types on the Bioactive Components of Salvia miltiorrhiza
Authors: Hou Mengmeng , Gao Dan , Chen Weixu , Jiang Wenjun , Yu Dade , Li Xiwen
Published: August 2024

The root of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge (SMB) has been widely used to treat cardiovascular diseases. However, the contents of secondary metabolites in the roots from different production areas are significantly different, and the impact of soil factors on this accumulation remains unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to elucidate the regularity of variation between the active components and soil factors through targeted metabolomics and chemical dosimetry. Soils were collected from five different cities (A, B, C, D, and E) and transplanted into the study area. The results showed that there were significant differences in the soil fertility characteristics and heavy metal pollution levels in different soils. Ten water- and twelve lipid-soluble metabolites were identified in SMBs grown in all soil types. SMBs from D cities exhibited the highest total tanshinone content (p < 0.05). The salvianolic acid B content in SMBs from E cities was the highest (p < 0.05). Interestingly, correlation analysis revealed a significant negative correlation between the accumulation of lipid-soluble and water-soluble metabolites. Double-matrix correlation analysis demonstrated that available potassium (AK) was significantly negatively correlated with salvianolic acid B (r = −0.80, p = 0.0004) and positively correlated with tanshinone IIA (r = 0.66, p = 0.008). Conversely, cadmium (Cd) and cuprum (Cu) were significantly positively and negatively correlated with salvianolic acid B (r = 0.96, p < 0.0001 and r = 0.72, p = 0.0024) and tanshinone IIA (r = 0.40, p = 0.14 and r = 0.73, p = 0.0018), respectively. Mantel’s test indicated that AK (r > 0.52, p < 0.001), Cu (r > 0.60, p < 0.005), and Cd (r > 0.31, p < 0.05) were the primary drivers of the differences in the active components of SMBs. These findings provide a theoretical framework for modulating targeted metabolites of SMB through soil factors, with significant implications for the cultivation and quality control of medicinal plants.
Phytochemical Investigations, Antioxidant and Insecticidal Properties of Essential Oil and Extracts from the Aerial Parts of Pelargonium graveolens from Morocco
Authors: M’hamdi Zakya , Davì Federica , Elhourri Mohammed , Amechrouq Ali , Mondello Fabio , Cacciola Francesco , Laganà Vinci Roberto , Mondello Luigi , Miceli Natalizia , Taviano Maria Fernanda
Published: August 2024

The essential oil and the aqueous and ethanolic extracts obtained from the aerial parts of Pelargonium graveolens cultivated in Morocco were studied for their antioxidant and insecticidal activity against rice weevils (Sitophylus oryzae). The total phenolic content of the extracts was determined by a spectrophotometric method and the phenolic compounds were extensively characterized by HPLC-PDA/ESI-MS. To evaluate antioxidant potential, three in vitro assays were used. In the DPPH test, the ethanolic extract was the most active, followed by the aqueous extract and the essential oil. In the reducing power assay, excellent activity was highlighted for both extracts, while in the Fe2+ chelating activity assay, weak activity was observed for both the essential oil and the ethanolic extract and no activity for the aqueous extract. Concerning insecticide activity, the toxicity of the essential oil and the extracts was tested against rice weevils; the lethal concentrations LC50 and LC99 were determined, as well as the lethal time required for the death of 50% (LT50) and 99% (LT99) of the weevils. The essential oil had the highest activity; 100% mortality of S. oryzae was observed around 5, 9, and 8 days for the essential oil and the aqueous and ethanolic extracts, respectively.
Characteristics of Indonesian Stingless Bee Propolis and Study of Metabolomic Properties Based on Region and Species
Authors: Pratami Diah Kartika , Sahlan Muhamad , Bayu Asep , Putra Masteria Yunovilsa , Ibrahim Baharudin , Siswadi  , Qodriah Rahmatul , Mun’im Abdul
Published: August 2024

The chemical compounds found in propolis vary according to plant sources, species, and geographical regions. To date, Indonesian propolis has not yet become standardized in terms of its chemical constituents. Thus, this study aimed to identify the presence of marker compounds and determine whether different classes of Indonesian propolis exist. In this study, yields, total polyphenol content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidants were measured. Identification of chemical compounds was carried out with Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Metaboanalyst 6.0 was employed in conducting principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) using the results of the FTIR and LC-MS/MS. The propolis with the highest TFC, TPC, and antioxidant activity was Geniotrigona thoracica from North Sumatra. The results of propolis compound mapping based on region with discriminant analysis revealed that types of propolis from Java have similar characteristics. Then, based on species, the types of propolis from Tetragonula laeviceps and Heterotrigona itama have special characteristics; the samples from these species can be grouped according to similar characteristics. In conclusion, 10 potential marker compounds were identified in Indonesian propolis, enabling regional and species-specific varieties of Indonesian propolis to be classified based on chemical composition mapping.
Association between Dietary Patterns and Cardiometabolic Multimorbidity among Chinese Rural Older Adults
Authors: Hu Fangfang , Qin Wenzhe , Xu Lingzhong
Published: August 2024

Background: The global population is aging rapidly, leading to an increase in the prevalence of cardiometabolic multimorbidity (CMM). This study aims to investigate the association between dietary patterns and CMM among Chinese rural older adults. Methods: The sample was selected using a multi-stage cluster random sampling method and a total of 3331 rural older adults were ultimately included. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to examine the association between the latent dietary patterns and CMM. Results: The prevalence of CMM among rural older adults was 44.64%. This study identified four potential categories: “Low Consumption of All Foods Dietary Pattern (C1)”, “High Dairy, Egg, and Red Meat Consumption, Low Vegetable and High-Salt Consumption Dietary Pattern (C2)”, “High Egg, Vegetable, and Grain Consumption, Low Dairy and White Meat Consumption Dietary Pattern (C3)” and “High Meat and Fish Consumption, Low Dairy and High-Salt Consumption Dietary Pattern (C4)”. Individuals with a C3 dietary pattern (OR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.66–0.98; p = 0.028) and a C4 dietary pattern (OR, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.51–0.97; p = 0.034) significantly reduced the prevalence of CMM compared with the C1 dietary pattern. Conclusions: Rural older adults have diverse dietary patterns, and healthy dietary patterns may reduce the risk of CMM.
Exogenous Lactate Treatment Immediately after Exercise Promotes Glycogen Recovery in Type-II Muscle in Mice
Authors: Kim Taeho , Hwang Deunsol , Kyun Sunghwan , Jang Inkwon , Kim Sung-Woo , Park Hun-Young , Hwang Hyejung , Lim Kiwon , Kim Jisu
Published: August 2024

Recent studies suggest that lactate intake has a positive effect on glycogen recovery after exercise. However, it is important to verify the effect of lactate supplementation alone and the timing of glycogen recovery. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to examine the effect of lactate supplementation immediately after exercise on glycogen recovery in mice liver and skeletal muscle at 1, 3, and 5 h after exercise. Mice were randomly divided into the sedentary, exercise-only, lactate, and saline-treated groups. mRNA expression and activation of glycogen synthesis and lactate transport-related factors in the liver and skeletal muscle were assessed using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Skeletal muscle glycogen concentration showed an increasing trend in the lactate group compared with that in the control group at 3 and 5 h after post-supplementation. Additionally, exogenous lactate supplementation significantly increased the expression of core glycogen synthesis enzymes, lactate transporters, and pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 alpha 1 in the skeletal muscles. Conversely, glycogen synthesis, lactate transport, and glycogen oxidation to acetyl-CoA were not significantly affected in the liver by exogenous lactate supplementation. Overall, these results suggest that post-exercise lactate supplement enables glycogen synthesis and recovery in skeletal muscles.
Regular Consumption of Green Tea as an Element of Diet Therapy in Drug-Induced Liver Injury (DILI)
Authors: Winiarska-Mieczan Anna , Jachimowicz-Rogowska Karolina , Kwiecień Małgorzata , Borsuk-Stanulewicz Marta , Tomczyk-Warunek Agnieszka , Stamirowska-Krzaczek Ewa , Purwin Cezary , Stryjecka Małgorzata , Tomaszewska Marzena
Published: August 2024

The liver is a highly metabolically active organ, and one of the causes of its dysfunction is the damage caused by drugs and their metabolites as well as dietary supplements and herbal preparations. A common feature of such damage is drugs, which allows it to be defined as drug-induced liver injury (DILI). In this review, we analysed available research findings in the global literature regarding the effects of green tea and/or its phenolic compounds on liver function in the context of protective action during prolonged exposure to xenobiotics. We focused on the direct detoxifying action of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) in the liver, the impact of EGCG on gut microbiota, and the influence of microbiota on liver health. We used 127 scientific research publications published between 2014 and 2024. Improving the effectiveness of DILI detection is essential to enhance the safety of patients at risk of liver damage and to develop methods for assessing the potential hepatotoxicity of a drug during the research phase. Often, drugs cannot be eliminated, but appropriate nutrition can strengthen the body and liver, which may mitigate adverse changes resulting from DILI. Polyphenols are promising owing to their strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties as well as their prebiotic effects. Notably, EGCG is found in green tea. The results of the studies presented by various authors are very promising, although not without uncertainties. Therefore, future research should focus on elucidating the therapeutic and preventive mechanisms of polyphenols in the context of liver health through the functioning of gut microbiota affecting overall health, with particular emphasis on epigenetic pathways.
From Vineyard to Vision: Efficacy of Maltodextrinated Grape Pomace Extract (MaGPE) Nutraceutical Formulation in Patients with Diabetic Retinopathy
Authors: Schiano Elisabetta , Vaccaro Sabrina , Scorcia Vincenzo , Carnevali Adriano , Borselli Massimiliano , Chisari Domenico , Guerra Fabrizia , Iannuzzo Fortuna , Tenore Gian Carlo , Giannaccare Giuseppe , Novellino Ettore
Published: August 2024

Despite recent advances, pharmacological treatments of diabetic retinopathy (DR) do not directly address the underlying oxidative stress. This study evaluates the efficacy of a nutraceutical formulation based on maltodextrinated grape pomace extract (MaGPE), an oxidative stress inhibitor, in managing DR. A 6-month, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial involving 99 patients with mild to moderate non-proliferative DR was conducted. The MaGPE group showed improvement in best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) values at T3 (p < 0.001) and T6 (p < 0.01), a reduction in CRT (at T3 and T6, both p < 0.0001) and a stabilization of vascular perfusion percentage, with slight increases at T3 and T6 (+3.0% and +2.7% at T3 and T6, respectively, compared to baseline). Additionally, the levels of reactive oxygen metabolite derivatives (dROMs) decreased from 1100.6 ± 430.1 UCARR at T0 to 974.8 ± 390.2 UCARR at T3 and further to 930.6 ± 310.3 UCARR at T6 (p < 0.05 vs. T0). Similarly, oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) levels decreased from 953.9 ± 212.4 µEq/L at T0 to 867.0 ± 209.5 µEq/L at T3 and markedly to 735.0 ± 213.7 µEq/L at T6 (p < 0.0001 vs. T0). These findings suggest that MaGPE supplementation effectively reduces retinal swelling and oxidative stress, contributing to improved visual outcomes in DR patients.
Palmitic Acid Induces Oxidative Stress and Senescence in Human Brainstem Astrocytes, Downregulating Glutamate Reuptake Transporters—Implications for Obesity-Related Sympathoexcitation
Authors: Sivasubramanian Mahesh Kumar , Monteiro Raisa , Jagadeesh Manoj , Balasubramanian Priya , Subramanian Madhan
Published: August 2024

Obesity has been associated with a chronic increase in sympathetic nerve activity, which can lead to hypertension and other cardiovascular diseases. Preliminary studies from our lab found that oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in the brainstem contribute to sympathetic overactivity in high-fat-diet-induced obese mice. However, with glial cells emerging as significant contributors to various physiological processes, their role in causing these changes in obesity remains unknown. In this study, we wanted to determine the role of palmitic acid, a major form of saturated fatty acid in the high-fat diet, in regulating sympathetic outflow. Human brainstem astrocytes (HBAs) were used as a cell culture model since astrocytes are the most abundant glial cells and are more closely associated with the regulation of neurons and, hence, sympathetic nerve activity. In the current study, we hypothesized that palmitic acid-mediated oxidative stress induces senescence and downregulates glutamate reuptake transporters in HBAs. HBAs were treated with palmitic acid (25 μM for 24 h) in three separate experiments. After the treatment period, the cells were collected for gene expression and protein analysis. Our results showed that palmitic acid treatment led to a significant increase in the mRNA expression of oxidative stress markers (NQO1, SOD2, and CAT), cellular senescence markers (p21 and p53), SASP factors (TNFα, IL-6, MCP-1, and CXCL10), and a downregulation in the expression of glutamate reuptake transporters (EAAT1 and EAAT2) in the HBAs. Protein levels of Gamma H2AX, p16, and p21 were also significantly upregulated in the treatment group compared to the control. Our results showed that palmitic acid increased oxidative stress, DNA damage, cellular senescence, and SASP factors, and downregulated the expression of glutamate reuptake transporters in HBAs. These findings suggest the possibility of excitotoxicity in the neurons of the brainstem, sympathoexcitation, and increased risk for cardiovascular diseases in obesity.
Maternal Breast Growth and Body Mass Index Are Associated with Low Milk Production in Women
Authors: Jin Xuehua , Lai Ching Tat , Perrella Sharon L. , McEachran Jacki L. , Gridneva Zoya , Geddes Donna T.
Published: August 2024

Background: Maternal breast volume is determined by the quantity of glandular and adipose tissue, and it undergoes significant changes during pregnancy. These changes are intricately linked to the development of glandular tissue, which most likely reflects lactation capacity. Evidence indicates that women with overweight or obesity exhibit larger breast volume compared to those with a normal body mass index (BMI), emphasizing the close relationship between breast volume and maternal adiposity. Hence, we aim to investigate breast volume growth and maternal BMI as potential risk factors for low milk production. Methods: Lactating women (n = 609) from the Perth metropolitan area in Western Australia between 2011 and 2023 were included in the analysis. Twenty-four-hour milk production measurements were conducted using the test weighing method, and milk removal frequencies were recorded. Mothers completed questionnaires regarding demographic, obstetric and infant details. Linear and logistic regression models were used to determine maternal and infant factors associated with milk production. Results: Here we show that increasing maternal age and BMI are associated with low milk production. Moreover, larger pre-pregnancy breast volume and breast growth are associated with both higher BMI and milk production. Conclusions: Women who are older, have an obese BMI and who have minimal pre-pregnancy breast volume and breast growth should be provided with antenatal screening and breastfeeding support as they are more likely to experience low milk production.
Impact of Physical Exercise on Quality of Life, Self-Esteem, and Depression in Breast Cancer Survivors: A Pilot Study
Authors: Coelho Eduarda Maria Rocha Teles de Castro , Mendes Helena Isabel Azevedo , Varajidás Carla Afonso , Fonseca Sandra Celina Fernandes
Published: August 2024

Controlled study designs usually report that physical exercise improves the health of women living with breast cancer. However, many of these women are not sufficiently active to experience the benefits of exercise. The main objective was to analyze the effect of a physical exercise program on quality of life, self-esteem, and depression in breast cancer survivors. Thirteen participants (46.54 ± 6.31 years old) completed the exercise intervention. Three patient-reported questionnaires were used: Supplementary Questionnaire Breast Cancer Module (QLQ-BR23), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES). All participants had significantly improved self-esteem (p = 0.004). Although there were no statistically significant changes in depression, there was a notable decrease in scores (6.39 ± 4.75 vs. 5.00 ± 4.75; p = 0.080). Regarding quality of life, significant improvements were observed in “future perspectives” (p = 0.047) and “arm symptoms” (p = 0.015). No significant changes were noted in the other variables. Our results suggest that physical exercise is an effective strategy that positively affects breast cancer survivors’ quality of life and self-esteem. The results reinforce the need for community-based exercise programs for breast cancer survivors. Healthcare professionals should promote physical exercise to improve health outcomes before, during, and after treatment.
Development, Stability, and In Vitro/In Vivo Studies of Volatile Oil Pickering Emulsion Stabilized by Modified Amber
Authors: Zhu Maomao , Qu Zhonghuan , Yang Yanjun , Shi Ruyu , Yang Bing , Shi Yajun , Zou Junbo , Jia Xiaobin
Published: August 2024

Volatile oil stabilization strategies based on encapsulation with a large number of excipients limit further applications. The primary objective of this study is to improve the stability of volatile oils using Pickering emulsion (PE) stabilized by Chinese medicinal powder based on the principle of “integrating drug and excipient”. Modified amber was acquired through surface modification, and a stable oil-in-water PE loaded with Acorus tatarinowii volatile oil (ATVO) was constructed from modified amber. The stability, including the peroxide value (PV), malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and the content and composition of volatile components in modified amber-PE (MAPE) under intense light exposure, was analyzed deeply. In addition, the in vitro release and pharmacokinetics of MAPE and ATVO were investigated. The results demonstrate that the PV and MDA content in MAPE were significantly lower than in free ATVO, and the content and composition of volatile components in MAPE were closer to those in untreated ATVO. The release kinetics of β-asarone and α-asarone in MAPE demonstrated rapid and higher release, and pharmacokinetic studies show that MAPE has better bioavailability. This research provides a distinctive Chinese medicine solution to address the vaporization of volatile oil in solid formulations.
Applications of Capillary Electrophoresis for the Detection of Adulterants in Dietary Supplements
Authors: Hancu Gabriel , Székely-Szentmiklósi Blanka , Stroia Denisa Gabriela , Kelemen Hajnal
Published: August 2024

In recent years, the consumption of dietary supplements, particularly those incorporating plant-based ingredients, has increased greatly, driven by the perception of their natural origins and purported minimal health risks. However, one significant safety concern revolves around the adulteration of dietary supplements, wherein unscrupulous manufacturers may illegally incorporate pharmaceutical substances or their analogs into these products to achieve increased efficiency and bolster sales. This review assesses the role of capillary electrophoresis (CE) in ensuring the quality control of dietary supplement products over the past two decades. This study provides an overview of various applications of CE in analyzing dietary supplements, outlining the typical attributes of natural product analysis using CE. These analyses demonstrate the broad versatility of CE, exemplified by its diverse applications and detection modes. Moreover, the review highlights the growing prominence of CE as a separation technique in quality control, by comparison with more conventional methods like high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Through this exploration, the review elucidates the pivotal role of CE in upholding the integrity and safety of dietary supplements, in connection with a landscape of evolving regulatory challenges and consumer demands.
A New Medical Evaluation for Gastric Cancer Patients to Increase the Success Rate of Immunotherapy: A 2024 Update
Authors: Samasca Gabriel , Burz Claudia , Pintea Irena , Muntean Adriana , Deleanu Diana , Lupan Iulia , Bintintan Vasile
Published: August 2024

Researchers have performed numerous studies on immunotherapy because of the high death rate associated with gastric cancer (GC). GC immunotherapy research has made tremendous progress, and we wanted to provide an update on this topic. On the basis of this update, we suggest performing a new medical evaluation before initiating immunotherapy in patients with GC to increase the success rate of immunotherapies. We propose that before patients start GC immunotherapy, they should be evaluated and given a score of one to two points for the following factors: immunopathological features, molecular and genomic features, potential consequences for bacterial pathogens, potential immunotherapeutic resistance and hyperprogressive illness, and the potential to use biomarkers to gauge their prognosis and immunotherapy responses to optimize immunotherapy following surgery. The proposed scoring system could also help in the diagnosis of GC. With all the advances in genetics, immunology, and microbiology, the diagnosis of GC could be improved, not changed. Currently, patients diagnosed with GC undergo surgical resection as the only permanent solution. Patients who meet the maximum score from the presented proposal could be eligible immediately after diagnosis for immunotherapy. Therefore, immunotherapy could be a first-line option for clinicians.
Antibiotic Resistance in Gram-Negative Bacteria: The Threat from the Pink Corner
Authors: Hanafiah Alfizah , Lopes Bruno S.
Published: August 2024

Antibiotic resistance in Gram-negative bacteria is a formidable challenge in modern medicine [...]
Matrixing Designs for Shelf-Life Determination of Parenteral Drug Product: A Comparative Analysis of Full and Reduced Stability Testing Design
Authors: Pavčnik Lara , Locatelli Igor , Trdan Lušin Tina , Roškar Robert
Published: August 2024

This article highlights the applicability of matrixing designs in stability studies for parenteral medications. The traditional approach involves extensive testing over the product’s shelf-life. However, matrixing designs offer an alternative approach where only a fraction of samples is tested at each time point. The study conducted in this article focused on three parenteral medications and examined stability data under long-term condition. Degradation products were identified as critical parameter, and kinetics of degradation varied among the selected products. A systematic methodology was adopted to evaluate the data using different matrixing designs. The regression models obtained were assessed using statistical parameters S and R2. Also, each of the 28 matrixing designs were compared to the full design with statistical parameter RMSE and the shelf-life. The results confirmed that each of the evaluated matrixing designs can be applied, whether degradation product shows a linear or non-linear increase, and demonstrated that a reduction of two time points per batch is the most appropriate. In conclusion, this research contributes to the understanding of utilizing reduced matrixing designs in stability studies for parenteral medications and can be an effective strategy to reduce costs and time of stability testing while maintaining the necessary level of precision and reliability.
A Denoise Network for Structured Illumination Microscopy with Low-Light Exposure
Authors: Liu Xin , Li Jinze , Song Liangfeng , Zhuo Kequn , Wen Kai , An Sha , Ma Ying , Zheng Juanjuan , Gao Peng
Published: August 2024

Super-resolution structured illumination microscopy (SR-SIM) is one of the important techniques that are most suitable for live-cell imaging. The reconstructed SR-SIM images are noisy once the raw images are recorded with low-light exposure. Here, we propose a new network (entitled the ND-SIM network) to denoise the SR images reconstructed using frequency-domain algorithms (FDAs). We demonstrate that ND-SIM can yield artifact-free SR images using raw images with an average photon count down to 20 per pixel while achieving comparable resolution to the ground truth (GT) obtained with high-light exposure. We can envisage that the ND-SIM will be widely applied for the long-term, super-resolution live-cell imaging of various bioprocesses in the future.
Transmission Characteristics Analysis of a Twin-Waveguide Cavity
Authors: Luo Chanchan , Zhang Ruiying , Zhang Ben , Qin Bisheng , Zhao Yanshuang , Qiu Bocang , Liu Bohan , Zhao Xiaoming
Published: August 2024

The transmission spectrum of a twin-waveguide cavity is systematically analyzed based on coupled mode theory, using the transfer matrix method (TMM). The results show that the traveling-wave transmission spectra of the twin-waveguide cavity is entirely determined by the coherent coupling effect involving the parameters of the effective refractive indices of the upper and lower waveguides, the coupling length Lc, and the ratio of the cavity length L to the coupling length (L/Lc). Filters with single, double, or triple-notch filtering could be obtained by choosing an appropriate L/Lc value. When the facet reflection is taken into consideration, the traveling-wave transmission spectrum is modified by the Fabry––Perot (FP) resonance, making it a standing-wave transmission spectrum. As a result, resonance splitting has been observed in the transmission spectrum of twin-waveguide resonators with high facet reflectivity. Further analysis shows that such an abnormal resonance phenomenon can be attributed to the destructive interference between the two FP resonance modes of the upper and lower waveguide through coherent coupling. In addition, narrow bandwidth amplification has also been observed through asymmetric facet reflections. Undoubtedly, all these unique spectral characteristics should be beneficial to the twin-waveguide cavity, achieving many more functions and being widely used in photonic integration circuits (PICs).
Resolving the Refractive Indices of Transparent and Translucent Liquids from the Spacings, Spatial Frequencies, and Directions of Interference Fringes
Authors: Jing Qingli , Wang Jiajian , Lei Jianglong , Wang Qi , Chen Jialing , Liu Jun , Zhao Minglin , Dou Jiantai , Wang Yuanxiang , Hu Youyou
Published: August 2024

In this work, we present a novel approach to resolve the refractive indices of transparent and translucent liquids from straight interference fringes. The optical path difference between the two arms of the Mach–Zehnder interferometer is first derived by assuming a reference plane wave interfering with a plane wave passing through a rectangular cuvette. The analytic expressions for the liquid refractive indices are then deduced, describing how the refractive index is related to the fringe spacings, spatial frequencies, and directions. The structure coefficients in the above formulas are determined from the fringe spacings and directions of the interference patterns of the empty cuvette and the cuvette filled with a liquid of a known refractive index. The NaCl solution and Coca Cola are adopted as the test examples to show experimentally the validity of the proposed method. There is good agreement between the refractive indices obtained from the fringe spacings and direction of a single interference pattern. The sensitivity and resolution of this method are dependent on the structure of the experimental systems and thus can be adjusted in a controlled manner. The proposed method is simple to implement and can be easily extended to other high precision optical interferometer systems.
A Framework for Iterative Phase Retrieval Technique Integration into Atmospheric Adaptive Optics—Part I: Wavefront Sensing in Strong Scintillations
Authors: Vorontsov Mikhail A. , Polnau Ernst
Published: August 2024

The objective of this study, which is divided into two parts, is twofold: to address long-standing challenges in the sensing of atmospheric turbulence-induced wavefront aberrations under strong scintillation conditions via a comparative analysis of several basic scintillation-resistant wavefront sensing (SR-WFS) architectures and iterative phase retrieval (IPR) techniques (Part I, this paper), and to develop a framework for the potential integration of SR-WFS techniques into practical closed-loop non-astronomical atmospheric adaptive optics (AO) systems (Part II). In this paper, we consider basic SR-WFS mathematical models and phase retrieval algorithms, tradeoffs in sensor design and phase retrieval technique implementation, and methodologies for WFS parameter optimization and performance assessment. The analysis is based on wave-optics numerical simulations imitating realistic turbulence-induced phase aberrations and intensity scintillations, as well as optical field propagation inside the SR-WFSs. Several potential issues important for the practical implementation of SR-WFS and IPR techniques, such as the requirements for phase retrieval computational grid resolution, tolerance with respect to optical element misalignments, and the impact of camera noise and input light non-monochromaticity, are also considered. The results demonstrate that major wavefront sensing requirements desirable for AO operation under strong intensity scintillations can potentially be achieved by transitioning to novel SR-WFS architectures, based on iterative phase retrieval techniques.
From Text to Hologram: Creation of High-Quality Holographic Stereograms Using Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Gentet Philippe , Coffin Matteo , Gentet Yves , Lee Seung Hyun
Published: August 2024

This study simplified the creation of holographic stereograms using AI-generated prompts, overcoming the conventional need for complex equipment and professional software. AI enabled the generation of detailed perspective images suitable for various content styles. The generated images were interpolated, upscaled, and printed using a CHIMERA holoprinter to obtain high-quality holograms. This method significantly reduces the required time and expertise, thereby making holographic content creation accessible. This approach demonstrated that AI can effectively streamline the production of high-fidelity holograms, suggesting exciting future advancements in holographic technology.
Gold Nanoparticles at a Liquid Interface: Towards a Soft Nonlinear Metasurface
Authors: Schaming Delphine , Maurice Anthony , Gumy Frédéric , Scanlon Micheál D. , Jonin Christian , Girault Hubert H. , Brevet Pierre-François
Published: August 2024

Optical second-harmonic generation (SHG) is achieved using adsorbed gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) with an average diameter of 16 nm at the aqueous solution–air interface in reflection. A detailed analysis of the depth profile of the SHG intensity detected shows that two contributions appear in the overall signal, one arising from the aqueous solution–air interface that is sensitive to the AuNP surface excess and one arising from the bulk aqueous phase. The latter is an incoherent signal also known as hyper-Rayleigh scattering (HRS). The results agree with those of an analysis involving Gaussian beam propagation optics and a Langmuir-like isotherm. Discrepancies are revealed for the largest AuNP concentrations used and indicate a new route for the design of soft metasurfaces.
A Hermetic Package Technique for Multi-Functional Fiber Sensors through Pressure Boundary of Energy Systems Based on Glass Sealants
Authors: Fan Zhichun , Zhong Shuda , Zhao Kehao , Wang Qirui , Li Yuqi , Zhang Guangyin , Ma Guangqun , Zhao Jieru , Yan He , Huang Zhiyong , Sharma Jyotsna , Chen Kevin P.
Published: August 2024

This paper presents a hermitic fiber sensor packaging technique that enables fiber sensors to be embedded in energy systems for performing multi-parameter measurements in high-temperature and strong radiation environments. A high-temperature stable Intrinsic Fabry–Perot interferometer (IFPI) array, inscribed by a femtosecond laser direct writing scheme, is used to measure both temperature and pressure induced strain changes. To address the large disparity in thermo-expansion coefficients (TECs) between silica fibers and metal parts, glass sealants with TEC between silica optical fibers and metals were used to hermetically seal optical fiber sensors inside stainless steel metal tubes. The hermetically sealed package is validated for helium leakages between 1 MPa and 10 MPa using a helium leak detector. An IFPI sensor embedded in glass sealant was used to measure pressure. The paper demonstrates an effective technique to deploy fiber sensors to perform multi-parameter measurements in a wide range of energy systems that utilize high temperatures and strong radiation environments to achieve efficient energy production.