bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Marital Histories and Associations With Later-Life Dementia and Mild Cognitive Impairment Risk in the HUNT4 70+ Study in Norway
Authors: Skirbekk Vegard , Bowen Catherine E. , Håberg Asta , Jugessur Astanand , Engdahl Bo , Bratsberg Bernt , Zotcheva Ekaterina , Selbæk Geir , Kohler Hans-Peter , Weiss Jordan , Harris Jennifer R. , Tom Sarah E. , Krokstad Steinar , Stern Yaakov , Strand Bjørn Heine
Published: November 2022

Objectives: Earlier studies suggest that being married in later life protects against dementia, and that being single in old age increases the risk of dementia. In this study, we examine midlife marital status trajectories and their association with dementia and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) at ages 70 plus using a large population based sample from Norway. Methods: Based on a general population sample linked to population registries ( N = 8706), we used multinomial logistic regression to examine the associations between six types of marital trajectories (unmarried, continuously divorced, intermittently divorced, widowed, continuously married, intermittently married) between age 44 and 68 years from national registries and a clinical dementia or a MCI diagnosis after age 70. We estimated relative risk ratios (RRR) and used mediation analyses adjusting for education, number of children, smoking, hypertension, obesity, physical inactivity, diabetes, mental distress, and having no close friends in midlife. Inverse probability weighting and multiple imputations were applied. The population attributable fraction was estimated to assess the potential reduction in dementia cases due to marital histories. Results: Overall, 11.6% of the participants were diagnosed with dementia and 35.3% with MCI. Dementia prevalence was lowest among the continuously married (11.2%). Adjusting for confounders, the risk of dementia was higher for the unmarried (RRR = 1.73; 95% CI: 1.24, 2.40), continuously divorced (RRR = 1.66; 95% CI: 1.14, 2.43), and intermittently divorced (RRR = 1.50; 95% CI: 1.09, 2.06) compared to the continuously married. In general, marital trajectory was less associated with MCI than with dementia. In the counterfactual scenario, where all participants had the same risk of receiving a dementia diagnosis as the continuously married group, there would be 6.0% fewer dementia cases. Discussion: Our data confirm that staying married in midlife is associated with a lower risk of dementia and that divorced people account for a substantial share of dementia cases.
A digital twin framework for aircraft hydraulic systems failure detection using machine learning techniques
Authors: Kosova Furkan , Unver Hakki Ozgur
Published: November 2022

Since the last decade, aircraft systems, such as flight control and landing gear, have been requiring increasing power, and consequently, the complexity of hydraulic aircraft systems has escalated. Inevitably, this complexity has resulted in the need for the troubleshooting of hydraulic aircraft systems that are dispersed around an aircraft and supply power to critical flight systems. This study proposes a novel digital twin-based health monitoring system for aircraft hydraulic systems to enable diagnostics of system failures early in the design cycle using machine learning (ML) methods. The scope of the systems is limited to hydraulic systems at the aircraft level using 20 failure scenarios. The support vector machine and several ensemble learning algorithms of ML methods were used to identify these failures. A comparison of the ML methods revealed that the random forest algorithm performed superior to the other ML algorithms. The developed digital twin framework for hydraulic system of aerial vehicle platforms, can help researchers and engineers to evaluate diagnostics systems early in the design phase.
Influence of slurry delivery rate and height from cooling slope outlet on solidification and structural behaviors of molded AZ91 magnesium alloy
Authors: Sahu Sambeet K , Kund Nirmal K
Published: November 2022

AZ91 magnesium alloy melt experiences partial solidification while flowing on cooling slope with counter flowing water channel underside. It results in continuous production of semisolid slurry available at cooling slope outlet. Current experimental investigations pertain to the influence of slurry delivery rate and slurry delivery height from cooling slope outlet on solidification and structural behaviors (microstructure along with mechanical properties) of AZ91 magnesium alloy intended for semisolid casting. Slurry delivery rate along with slurry delivery height warrant necessary solidification and shear for grain growth and globularization within metal mold for producing semisolid casting. Moderate slurry delivery rate of 0.025 kg/s along with slurry delivery height of 150 mm results fairly modest solidification that would greatly contribute toward enhanced structural behaviors. As, quite smaller/bigger slurry delivery rate/height generate low shear due to slurry flow inertia or accelerated slurry flow resulting stick-slip flow/motion of alloy slurry on cooling slope. It results poorer structural behaviors amid extremely unwanted casting issues. As, throughout the course escape/retain of metal with gas arise. Since, lesser slurry delivery rate/height allows metal to escape thereby reduces strength and vice-versa. Additionally, lesser slurry delivery rate/height allows gas to escape thereby enhances strength and vice-versa. Therefore, moderate cooling slope casting parameter magnitudes guarantee solution to bewilderment.
BES TEST™ accuracy evaluation by means of 3D-printed phantoms
Authors: Cosmi Francesca , Dal Maso Alberto
Published: November 2022

The BES TEST™ (Bone Elastic Structure Test), is a recently developed software medical device that detects pathological changes of bone trabecular architecture by measuring its elastic characteristics, known to be directly related to its resistance. The results are expressed by the Bone Structure Index (BSI) or by its T-score, that is the number of standard deviations from the healthy population average. Purpose: Evaluate the precision of BES TEST™ under reproducibility conditions, defined as repeated measurements on the same or similar objects which include different locations, operators, and measuring systems. Methods: A total of 51 replicate measurements were performed by four different operators on five different phantoms. Each phantom was 3D printed using Stereolithography (SLA) and Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) and has a unique internal structure that mimics trabecular bone. ISO 5725 guidelines were followed for the interpretation of results. Results: The 3D-printed phantoms performed like real bones when analyzed with BES TEST™. The reproducibility 95% Confidence Interval expressed in BSI is [Formula: see text], which corresponds in T-score to [Formula: see text]. The Least Significant Change in BSI is [Formula: see text], which corresponds to [Formula: see text]. Conclusion: The reproducibility of BES TEST™ within the admissible range is not inferior to that of gold standard tests for osteoporosis. 3D printing proved a valuable tool to perform reliable replicate measurements without having patients undergo unnecessary tests.
Effect of post-weld heat treatment on the metallurgical studies of dissimilar weldments of SS 316L welded with DSS 2205
Authors: Singh Harvinder , Goyal Khushdeep , Rana Jatinder Pal Singh
Published: November 2022

The present work discusses the macrostructure, microstructure, and microhardness of dissimilar metal weld joints between AISI 316L SS-DSS 2205 developed by gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) welding. Post-weld heat treatments (PWHT) were carried out at temperatures of 750°C for 24 h and 850°C for 0.5 h. The macrostructure and microstructure of the welding joints at different welding conditions were observed by scanning electron microscope. The macrostructure study results indicated that all the welded joints were fully penetrated and free from defects. However, the microstructure investigation revealed a solid-state transformation of ferrite into grain boundary austenite, widmanstatten austenite, intergranular austenite, and partially transformed austenite. The post-weld heat treatment processes enhanced the precipitation of the sigma phase in the ferrite matrix. Secondly, the microhardness across and along the weld bead has been evaluated, and the results are compared. It was observed that the microhardness of the heat-affected zone of DSS 2205 is found to be higher as compared to a heat-affected zone of AISI 316L, the weld metal zone, and base metals at all welding currents (i.e. 90 A, 109 A, and 132 A). The microhardness values decrease when transverse from the face of the weld toward the root pass. Microhardness values at the fill (top) pass of the weld zone at 90 A, 109 A, and 132 A were 268.3 HV, 257 HV, and 255 HV respectively. It was found that the microhardness has improved significantly after post-weld heat treatments and was highest for 750°C/24 h. It may be due to higher holding time which led to the involvement of carbides.
Effect of material combinations on mechanical properties of flat bottom riveted joint
Authors: Wu Jinliang , Chen Chao
Published: November 2022

Flat bottom riveting is a newly developed joining technique. Since the bottom surface of joint is flat, the joint can be applied in areas that need a high degree of smoothness. This article investigated the effect of material combinations on mechanical properties of joints. Four material combinations which involved two kinds of aluminum alloy were produced. Cross sections of joints were observed by metallographic microscope and geometrical parameters of joints were measured. It was found that material combinations exerted significant influence on the geometrical parameters of joints. When the bottom sheet remained the same, with the increase of top sheet hardness, the interlock thickness of joint decreased, while the neck thickness of joint increased. Tensile and shearing tests were conducted on joint to obtain the tensile load and the shearing load of joint. The absorbed energy of joint in shearing test was calculated. Results showed that when joining materials with different hardness values, the joint with high hardness sheet on the top exhibited higher static load than the joint with high hardness sheet on the bottom. In tensile tests, 1060–5052 joint failed in the manner of neck fracture, while other joints failed in the manner of button separation. In shearing tests, 5052–1060 joint failed in the manner of button separation, while other joints failed in the manner of neck fracture.
Velocity-free fixed-time output feedback attitude tracking control of rigid spacecraft
Authors: Yin Zheng , Zhanjie Zhou , Wang Yan , Zhao Bintao
Published: November 2022

This paper studies the problem of velocity-free fixed-time attitude tracking control for spacecraft. A new fixed-time sliding mode control method is proposed for the spacecraft attitude tracking control system. And, a novel fixed-time convergent sliding surface is designed based on the fixed-time control theory. In order to estimate the unmeasurable spacecraft information, the fixed-time observer was used to estimate the attitude information of the spacecraft. Combined with the above method, the fixed-time tracking controller is developed to guarantee the attitude tracking error of spacecraft converges to a small region within a fixed time. The fixed-time stability of the closed-loop system is proved based on the Lyapunov theory, and numerical simulations are presented to illustrate the effectiveness and superiority of the controllers.
Distributed containment formation control for multiple unmanned aerial vehicles with parameter optimization based on deep reinforcement learning
Authors: Liu Bojian , Li Aijun , Guo Yong
Published: November 2022

This paper devotes to addressing the distributed containment formation control problem for multi-UAVs with collision avoidance and external disturbances. The proposed communication structure design algorithm enables the followers to form the pre-defined formation based on the containment control. Then, based on the information of the desired position for the followers, a novel Lyapunov function is designed to achieve global collision avoidance, and an adaptive backstepping containment control law is proposed. Moreover, by taking the advantage of deep reinforcement learning, a parameter optimization method is presented to balance the value of input signals and the performance of the controller. Finally, the simulation results demonstrate the superiority and effectiveness of the proposed algorithms.
Seeing Soft Materials Draped Over Objects: A Case Study of Intuitive Physics in Perception, Attention, and Memory
Authors: Wong Kimberly W. , Bi Wenyan , Soltani Amir A. , Yildirim Ilker , Scholl Brian J.
Published: November 2022

We typically think of intuitive physics in terms of high-level cognition, but might aspects of physics also be extracted during lower-level visual processing? Might we not only think about physics, but also see it? We explored this using multiple tasks in online adult samples with objects covered by soft materials—as when you see a chair with a blanket draped over it—where you must account for the physical interactions between cloth, gravity, and object. In multiple change-detection experiments ( n = 200), observers from an online testing marketplace were better at detecting image changes involving underlying object structure versus those involving only the superficial folds of cloths—even when the latter were more extreme along several dimensions. And in probe-comparison experiments ( n = 100), performance was worse when both probes (vs. only one) appeared on image regions reflective of underlying object structure (equating visual properties). This work collectively shows how vision uses intuitive physics to recover the deeper underlying structure of scenes.
A 1300-year multi-proxy palaeoecological record from the northwest Putorana Plateau (Russian Subarctic): environmental changes, vegetation dynamics and fire history
Authors: Novenko Elena Yu , Mazei Natalia G , Kupriyanov Dmitry A , Babeshko Kirill V , Kusilman Maria V , Zyuganova Inna S , Tsyganov Andrey N , Mazei Yuri A , Phelps Leanne N , Davis Basil AS
Published: November 2022

This paper presents a reconstruction of natural environmental dynamics, wildfires and vegetation change in northwest Putorana Plateau during the last 1300 years. The study area is a remote and poorly investigated region of subarctic Siberia, relatively untouched by human impacts, which offers a unique opportunity to examine natural environmental dynamics and climate-vegetation-fire relationships. The paleoenvironmental reconstructions are based on multi-proxy analysis of the Gervi peatland including pollen, plant macrofossil, testate amoebae and charcoal analysis, loss on ignition measurements and AMS radiocarbon dating. The results revealed the main phases of regional paleoenvironmental change: a warm period between 680 and 1200 C.E. (Common Era) corresponding to the Mediaeval Climate Anomaly (MCA), followed by climate cooling during the Little Ice Age (LIA, 1200–1850 C.E.) and subsequent centuries. Climate amelioration during the MCA led to afforestation of northwestern Putorana Plateau and an expansion of spruce extending 70 km northeast of its present geographical range. A quantitative water-table reconstruction was generated using a testate amoebae transfer function and suggested that relatively dry climate conditions during the MCA triggered high fire frequencies. The LIA appeared in the study area as a period of pronounced climate cooling and moderate moistening, which caused an extension of tundra vegetation and a dramatic decline of fire activity. Distinct environmental changes at the study site were detected since 1990 C.E., characterized by a high peat accumulation rate and rising water table. Since 1990 C.E., the macroscopic charcoal accumulation rate in the peat core increased abruptly, suggesting a recent increase in the fire frequency in the study region.
High-latitude fire activity of recent decades derived from microscopic charcoal and black carbon in Greenland ice cores
Authors: Brugger Sandra O , Chellman Nathan J , McConnell Callie , McConnell Joseph R
Published: November 2022

Warming temperatures and prolonged drought periods cause rapid changes of fire frequencies and intensities in high-latitude ecosystems. Associated smoke plumes deposit dark particles from incomplete combustion on the Greenland ice sheet that reduce albedo but also provide a detailed record of paleofire history. Here, we apply an emerging microscopic charcoal technique in combination with established black carbon and lead pollution measurements to an array of 10 ice cores from southern to central Greenland that span recent decades. We found that microscopic charcoal deposition is highly variable among sites, with a few records suggesting recently increasing biomass burning possibly in response to growing fire activity in boreal forest ecosystems. This stands in contrast to decreasing trends in black carbon measured in the same ice cores, consistent with contributions from industrial fossil fuel emissions. Decreasing trends of lead pollution and occurrence of microscopic spheroidal carbonaceous particles (SCP), a microfossil tracer of fossil fuel emissions, further support our interpretation that black carbon in this region is influenced by industrial emissions during recent decades. We conclude that microscopic charcoal analyses in ice may help disentangle biomass burning from fossil-fuel emissions during the industrial period and have potential to contribute to better understanding of regional high-latitude fire regimes.
Qualifying deportation: How police translation of ‘dangerous foreign criminals’ led to expansive deportation practices in Spain
Authors: Kalir Barak
Published: November 2022

In 2009, in a move to improve the situation regarding the deportability of illegalized migrants in Spain, a left-wing government led by the Socialist Workers’ Party drafted a new policy aimed at focusing police efforts exclusively on the deportation of ‘foreign criminals’. Ethnographically tracing the enforcement of deportation by a central police unit in Madrid, this article shows how the practical implementation of a policy that seemingly sought to limit the use of deportation in fact allowed for continuous and even reinvigorated deportation practices aimed at all categories of illegalized migrants. Operating under the idea that they were now fighting ‘dangerous criminals’, many police agents felt increasingly motivated about carrying out deportations and reassured about the morality of doing so. Rather than focusing on illegalized migrants who had been indicted for serious crimes, most police agents considered anyone with a police record to fit their target group. As a result of the specific police interpretation of the new policy, the deportability of illegalized migrants in Spain was not only increased but also left to be enforced according to the racialized and racist ideas of police agents. The article argues for the need to scrutinize all new deportation policies within Western liberal states in terms of their effect on deportability by highlighting entrenched and institutionalized forms of racism against illegalized migrants within the police force.
Design of a miniaturized frequency domain near infrared spectrometer with validation in solid phantoms and human tissue
Authors: Kılıç Alper , Miao Yun , Koomson Valencia
Published: November 2022

Hemoglobin is one of the most important chromophores in the human body, since oxygen is carried to the tissue by binding with the hemoglobin. Therefore measuring the concentrations of oxy-hemoglobin (HbO) and deoxy-hemoglobin (HbR) is very important in both clinical settings and academic fields. Frequency domain near infrared spectroscopy (fdNIR spectroscopy) is a technique that can be used to measure the absolute concentrations of HbO and HbR non-invasively and locally. The fdNIR spectrometer utilizes the attenuation and the phase shift (with respect to the source) that an intensity modulated NIR light experiences in order to calculate the absorption (μa) and reduced scattering (μ′s) coefficient of the tissue. In this work, a miniaturized dual-wavelength fdNIR spectrometry instrument is presented with both tissue-like phantom and in vivo occlusion measurements. Systematic tests were performed on tissue phantoms to quantify the accuracy and stability of the instrument. The absolute errors for μa and μ′s were below 15% respectively. The amplitude and phase uncertainty were below 0.25% and 0.35°. In vivo measurements were also conducted to further validate the system.
Prevalence Difference of Helicobacter pylori Infection Between Tibetan and Han Ethnics in China: A Meta-analysis on Epidemiologic Studies (SIGES)
Authors: Bai Dan , Liu Kai , Wang Rui , Zhang Wei-Han , Chen Xin-Zu , Hu Jian-Kun
Published: November 2022

China is a multi-ethnic country, and the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori ( H. pylori) infection may be diverse among ethnics. This meta-analysis was conducted to compare the prevalence of H. pylori infection between Tibetans and Han ethnics. Ten studies that reported the prevalence of H. pylori infection between Tibetans and Hans in China were eligible. The pooled prevalence of H. pylori infection was 62.2% versus 55.3% among Tibetans and Hans, respectively. Tibetans had a higher risk of H. pylori infection than Hans (odds ratio [OR] = 1.38). In subgroup analysis, Tibetans with upper gastrointestinal symptoms (OR = 1.51), inhabiting in Tibet (OR = 1.51), or inhabiting in Northwestern region (OR = 1.15) had significantly higher risks of H. pylori infection. In addition, in the recent 10 years, Hans showed a decreased risk of H. pylori infection (OR = 1.81). Heterogeneity was common, while sensitivity analyses showed partially inconsistent results against main findings. This study demonstrated higher prevalence of H. pylori infection in Tibetans compared with Hans, especially in recent years, or in Tibet and northwest China, as well as symptomatic Tibetans. The results suggest tailored strategy and robustness need to be further considered for H. pylori screening and eradication among Tibetans.
The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act: A giant leap or baby steps to reform?
Authors: Roudaki Hajar , Cooper Kathie
Published: November 2022

The 1972 break-in to the Watergate Democratic headquarters resulted in the first-ever resignation from the office of American President. It also uncovered the use of corporate funds by many US multinational companies, including some of its most prominent, to make illicit payments to domestic and foreign governments and companies. These payments went unreported by auditors and management. Senators Proxmire and Church and others sought to address this by strengthening the disclosure and accountability requirements of the Securities and Exchange Act by the passing of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA). This article traces the legislative path of the FCPA by analysing the Congressional hearing transcripts using Moe's theory of political institutions and the theory of bureaucracies by Howell and Moe. The analysis demonstrates exertions of interests to maintain the status quo leading reformers to compromise and accept ‘baby steps’ rather than making ‘giant steps’ in order to achieve some regulatory reform.
Low Rates of Grief and Bereavement Support Pre- and Post-Death for Those Who Died Within 72 hours of Admission to a Quaternary Teaching Hospital
Authors: Katz Naomi T. , Coleman Chloe , Corbett Cathy
Published: November 2022

Grief and bereavement support are crucial to good palliative and end-of-life care. Support models differ between and within services. In addition, while patient and family needs vary based on risk and resilience factors, acute or unexpected death is associated with complicated grief. Our study was a retrospective review of 159 patients who died within 72 hours of hospital admission. We found a high proportion of unexpected and traumatic deaths and low grief and bereavement support rates. Further work is needed to streamline policies to optimize patient and family-centred grief and bereavement support in the acute hospital setting.
Assessing Neonatal Opioid Withdrawal Syndrome Severity as a Function of Maternal Buprenorphine Dose and Umbilical Cord Tissue Concentrations
Authors: Rana Divya , McLeod Allison R. , Gaston Piyamas K. , Hill David M. , Pourcyrous Massroor
Published: November 2022

Background:

Infants born to mothers with opioid use disorder (OUD) and prenatally treated with buprenorphine have a significantly lower incidence of neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome (NOWS), its treatment duration, and hospital length of stay compared with methadone. However, risk of NOWS remains and clinicians continue to lack an objective methodology to predict NOWS severity among these infants.

Objective:

The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between buprenorphine exposure, umbilical cord tissue (UCT) concentrations, and NOWS development and severity.

Methods:

A single-center retrospective observational cohort study from March 2018 through June 2020 of newborns exposed to buprenorphine in utero. Associations between quantified buprenorphine exposure, neonatal UCT concentrations, NOWS diagnosis, and severity were made using regression analyses.

Results:

A total of 24 mothers and 25 neonates were included. Length of maternal buprenorphine therapy (months) positively correlated to norbuprenorphine ( r2 = 0.234, P = 0.019) and buprenorphine + norbuprenorphine UCT concentrations ( r2 = 0.203, P = 0.031). A positive relationship was seen between active metabolite concentrations and cumulative morphine dose (mg/kg) for treatment of severe NOWS ( r2 = 0.471, P = 0.007). A 0.36 ng/g buprenorphine + norbuprenorphine UCT (CI = 0.002-0.72, P = 0.049) equated in a 1-point increase in modified peak Finnegan score.

Conclusion and Relevance:

Buprenorphine and norbuprenorphine UCT concentrations can allow for quantification of in utero fetal exposure and demonstrate an association with a longer duration of exposure with the severity and treatment of NOWS in exposed infants.
Happy cats: stress in cats and their carers associated with outpatient visits to the clinic
Authors: Caney Sarah MA , Robinson Natalie J , Gunn-Moore Danièlle A , Dean Rachel S
Published: November 2022

Objectives

The importance of the effects of stress on cats is well recognised, with visits to the veterinary clinic a common cause of stress. The aim of this study was to explore owners’ experiences of stress, both for themselves and their cat, during veterinary visits, and to gather data on owners’ perception of resources within the clinic to reduce stress in their cats.

Methods

A questionnaire aimed at cat owners with recent experience of an outpatient visit to the veterinary clinic was developed and distributed. Questions covered demographics; their most recent veterinary visit; their general experience of visits over the past 3 years; measures taken by the clinic to reduce stress; and awareness of the Cat Friendly Clinic programme. There were various question types, with owners often asked to rate stress from 1 (least stressful) to 10 (most stressful).

Results

A total of 277 respondents gave details about their experience of consultations over the past 3 years. Owners rated the stress of travelling to the clinic, other animals in the waiting room and the consultation itself (all median 6, interquartile range 4–8) as the most stressful elements. Most owners reported gentle methods of removing the cat from their carrier; however, almost a third (n = 81/263; 30.8%) had seen their cat scruffed during a consultation. Cat-only waiting rooms were viewed as the most effective measure to reduce stress in the clinic.

Conclusions and relevance

Veterinary clinics are already taking steps to address stress in cats, and owners have a good awareness of stress in their cats. Future work should focus on trialling specific interventions to determine their effectiveness in reducing stress in feline patients, and measures currently perceived by owners to be highly effective, such as cat-only waiting rooms, should be used where feasible.
Periorbital Edema as the Initial Manifestation of Pediatric Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Kasem Ali Sliman Rim , Hamad Saied Mohamad
Published: November 2022

Periorbital edema as a sole initial manifestation, without any evidence of other significant cutaneous or systemic involvement, is rare in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We report a 16 year-old female who presented with bilateral periorbital edema as the sole initial manifestation of SLE. As the disease progressed, a kidney biopsy was performed demonstrating lupus nephritis stage II. This report emphasizes the importance of the index of suspicion of SLE as one of the differential diagnosis of patients with periorbital edema in the relevant clinical context.
‘Half of who you are’: Parent and child reflections on the emotional experiences of reversing familial language shift
Authors: Little Sabine
Published: November 2022

Aims and objectives:

The study explores the emotional experiences of a mother and son during the re-introduction of the heritage language at age 6, following a 2-year hiatus. In particular, it seeks to highlight the affordances of a collaborative, emotionally sensitive approach to family language policy, with parent and child jointly incorporating and acknowledging aspects of the child’s identity development.

Methodology:

Adopting an autoethnographic approach, mother and son kept a joint research diary where critical incidents (as chosen by either one or both) were written down as verbatim as possible, and subsequently reflected on together, with reflections again entered into the diary.

Data and analysis:

Data were coded according to various emotions (frustration, pride, joy, love, guilt, etc.) as well as a code linked to identity development. These were then thematically analysed.

Findings and conclusion:

Parent–child collaboration and facilitation of child agency have a positive impact on a child’s attitude towards learning the heritage language. Jointly sharing and reflecting on the emotional journey of growing up bilingual and bringing up a bilingual child affords both parent and child an insight into each other’s concerns, charting a path towards a collaborative approach to family language policy development.

Originality:

The study is the first officially documented long-term study focusing on the reversal of familial language shift which provides emotional and language-related data from both parent and child, as part of a complex tapestry of emotion, identity, language, and parent–child relationship.

Significance and Implications:

Recommendations are made for children to be more actively involved in family language policy research, taking into account their emotional links to, and experiences with, various aspects of language use. In addition, a focus on emotions can assist in a better understanding of the links between language and identity, giving children and parents the space to reflect on and articulate their different points of view, shaping family language policy.
The prevalence of chronic diseases in international immigrants: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Nisar Mehwish , Uddin Riaz , Kolbe-Alexander Tracy , Khan Asaduzzaman
Published: November 2022

Aims:

The purpose of this study is systematically to review and synthesise available prevalence data of major chronic diseases in international immigrants.

Methods:

Four electronic databases were searched to retrieve peer-reviewed original articles published in English between January 2000 and December 2020. Cross-sectional, cohort, or longitudinal studies that reported the prevalence of cardiovascular disease, any type of cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and type 2 diabetes among immigrant adults were included. We calculated pooled prevalence using random-effects meta-analyses.

Results:

Of 13,363 articles retrieved, 24 met the eligibility criteria. The pooled prevalence of diabetes was 9.0% (95% confidence interval (CI) 7.6–10.4) with a higher prevalence in North American countries 11.1% (95% CI 8.0–14.1) than in the other destination countries: 6.6% (95% CI 5.1–8.1) including Italy, Sweden, The Netherlands, Australia, and Israel. The pooled prevalence of cardiovascular diseases and respiratory diseases was 7.7% (95% CI 5.7–9.6) and 6.5% (95% CI 2.3–10.7), respectively. Only two articles reported the prevalence of cancers (2.7% and 3.8%). We found high heterogeneity among all studies regardless of the disease.

Conclusions:

The prevalence of diabetes was higher than other chronic diseases in international immigrants. There is a strong need to enhance health information systems to understand the magnitude of chronic diseases among different immigrant subgroups.
A priority queue-based telemonitoring system for automatic diagnosis of heart diseases in integrated fog computing environments
Authors: Golkar Ali , Malekhosseini Razieh , RahimiZadeh Keyvan , Yazdani Azita , Beheshti Amin
Published: November 2022

Various studies have shown the benefits of using distributed fog computing for healthcare systems. The new pattern of fog and edge computing reduces latency for data processing compared to cloud computing. Nevertheless, the proposed fog models still have many limitations in improving system performance and patients’ response time.

This paper, proposes a new performance model by integrating fog computing, priority queues and certainty theory into the Edge computing devices and validating it by analyzing heart disease patients' conditions in clinical decision support systems (CDSS). In this model, a Certainty Factor (CF) value is assigned to each symptom of heart disease. When one or more symptoms show an abnormal value, the patient’s condition will be evaluated using CF values in the fog layer. In the fog layer, requests are categorized in different priority queues before arriving into the system. The results demonstrate that network usage, latency, and response time of patients’ requests are respectively improved by 25.55%, 42.92%, and 34.28% compared to the cloud model. Prioritizing patient requests with respect to CF values in the CDSS provides higher system Quality of Service (QoS) and patients’ response time.
Policing the pandemic: Frontline officers’ perspectives on organisational justice
Authors: Martin Denise , Leslie Neil , Graham William
Published: November 2022

Much of the literature on the policing of the coronavirus pandemic reflects research that has been extra-organisationally focused, examining the prospective impact of the police approach to applying the public health legislation on relationships with the public and the potential impact on police legitimacy. Less research has been intra-organisationally focused; investigating the potential affect on police officers of policing during an extraordinary public health crisis, which has required them to navigate an ambiguous and constantly fluctuating legislative and policy landscape that has driven significant changes to internal working practices and operational procedures within their organisational environment. Using original empirical data from a small multi-method study within one Division of a United Kingdom police force, we examined the issue from an organisational justice perspective; exploring perceptions of intra-organisational fairness, and how these may have directly impacted upon the responses of frontline officers during the pandemic. We argue that in this period, both organisational processes and their resultant outcomes did not meet normative expectations, as they discriminated against officers with public-facing (frontline) roles. This directly impacted upon the officers’ experience of the ‘organisational climate’. The resulting sense of organisational injustice felt by frontline officers reduced their morale, impacted upon relationships with senior officers, and nurtured feelings that they were not being treated with respect, dignity and trust. We conclude by discussing the potential implications of the study for police organisations and their leaders, outlining opportunities for organisational learning and consider the need for the development of policy that complements notions of organisational justice.
The Impact of Parents, Intimate Relationships, and Friends on Students’ Dropout Intentions
Authors: Baalmann Tim , Brömmelhaus Ana , Hülsemann Julika , Feldhaus Michael , Speck Karsten
Published: November 2022

The importance of close social contacts in the educational process has been widely documented, but mainly for the school sector. The present article examines the importance of close relationships on university students’ dropout tendencies. Using longitudinal panel data collected at a medium-sized German university, students (N = 7,169) were surveyed in four waves. The authors investigate how the family situation, partnerships and relations to peers correspond with students’ dropout intentions. Data analyses revealed three main findings: First, parental educational aspirations negatively influence the tendency to dropout. Second, students living in partnerships display lower dropout intentions; however, a new partnership favors the tendency to drop out. Third, while close friends decrease students’ dropout intentions, having a high proportion of friends from non-university life domains increases them.
The COVID-19 Effect: How Student Financial Well-Being, Needs Satisfaction, and College Persistence has Changed
Authors: Russell Mia B. , Head Lorna Saboe-Wounded , Wolfe-Enslow Kelli , Holland Jacqueline , Zimmerman Nicholas
Published: November 2022

Millions of students experienced increased levels of stress and worries about their college pursuits as they were forced to abrupt pivot to online and hybrid learning due to the global pandemic. Drawing from the theory of human needs, this study examined the extent to which COVID-19 influenced the relationship between financial well-being, needs satisfaction, and college persistence among undergraduate college students. Findings suggest financial well-being and needs satisfaction predicted college persistence. We also found that as social belonging (group connection) and self-actualization (academic achievement) increase, college persistence decreases. Both needs satisfaction and financial well-being were important and of critical nature, pre-pandemic, and were amplified for students during the pandemic. Suggestions on how university administrators and faculty can support their students amid crises, such as COVID-19, are provided.
Explore the role of nonprofits in local health departments’ contracting out decision
Authors: Zhao Tianshu
Published: November 2022

Although government contracting has been growing fast for many public services, local health departments still maintain most service delivery in house. This study analyzes the outsourcing data from the 2016 National Profile of Local Health Department Study. Through tobit and two-factor model analysis, this study investigates the role of nonprofits in affecting the contracting out decision in local health departments (LHDs). The findings demonstrate different mechanisms in the two-step outsourcing decisions: (1) the make-or-buy decision is influenced by the extent of market competition and (2) the buy-more-or-less decision is impacted by the rate of health care nonprofits as well as the extent of market competition. Meanwhile, LHDs would keep service delivery in house to provide health care safety net for those vulnerable population. These results provide implications for how local health department directors should tailor their contracting out decisions to meeting public health service needs.
Skeletal consequences of heart failure
Authors: Bandeira Francisco , Oliveira Lucian Batista de , Caldeira Rodrigo Botelho , Toscano Leticia Saldanha
Published: November 2022

Heart failure (HF) is a prevalent clinical syndrome that causes significant physical limitations. Osteoporosis is also an important cause of loss of functionality, and it mainly affects women. There are several reports linking HF and osteoporosis, and both share risk factors. Most of the data available so far point to bone fragility as a consequence of HF, and several mechanisms have been identified to explain this relationship. Among the proposed pathophysiological mechanisms are the hyperactivation of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system and the increase in parathyroid hormone, functional limitation, production of inflammatory mediators and the use of drugs for HF. The role of osteoprotegerin has gained attention owing to its cardiovascular and skeletal effects, its observed deficiency during the postmenopausal period along with its compensatory increases in HF and severe osteoporosis. The objective of this review was to perform a literature search for the main evidence on skeletal impairment in HF, with emphasis on women. As for epidemiological studies, we selected data from 3 meta-analyses and 20 individual observational studies, which together showed the interrelationship between the two clinical conditions in terms of both decreased bone density and increased fracture risk. In conclusion, HF and osteoporosis are interrelated conditions mediated by complex pathophysiological mechanisms which may be more relevant for postmenopausal women, considered to be a vulnerable population for both cardiovascular diseases and bone fragility.
Thirty Years of Psychological Wisdom Research: What We Know About the Correlates of an Ancient Concept
Authors: Dong Mengxi , Weststrate Nic M. , Fournier Marc A.
Published: November 2022

Psychologists have studied the ancient concept of wisdom for 3 decades. Nevertheless, apparent discrepancies in theories and empirical findings have left the nomological network of the construct unclear. Using multilevel meta-analyses, we summarized wisdom’s correlations with age, intelligence, the Big Five personality traits, narcissism, self-esteem, social desirability, and well-being. We furthermore examined whether these correlations were moderated by the general approach to conceptualizing and measuring wisdom (i.e., phenomenological wisdom as indexed by self-report vs. performative wisdom as indexed by performance ratings), by specific wisdom measures, and by variable-specific factors (e.g., age range, type of intelligence measures, and well-being type). Although phenomenological and performative approaches to conceptualizing and measuring wisdom had some unique correlates, both were correlated with openness, hedonic well-being, and eudaimonic well-being, especially the growth aspect of eudaimonic well-being. Differences between phenomenological and performative wisdom are discussed in terms of the differences between typical and maximal performance, self-ratings and observer ratings, and global and state wisdom. This article will help move the scientific study of wisdom forward by elucidating reliable wisdom correlates and by offering concrete suggestions for future empirical research based on the meta-analytic findings.
Understanding and Addressing Older Adults’ Loneliness: The Social Relationship Expectations Framework
Authors: Akhter-Khan Samia C. , Prina Matthew , Wong Gloria Hoi-Yan , Mayston Rosie , Li Leon
Published: November 2022

Loneliness is an experience resulting from a perceived discrepancy between expected and actual social relationships. Although this discrepancy is widely considered the “core mechanism” of loneliness, previous research and interventions have not sufficiently addressed what older adults specifically expect from their social relationships. To address this gap and to help situate research on older adults’ loneliness within broader life span developmental theories, we propose a theoretical framework that outlines six key social relationship expectations of older adults based on research from psychology, gerontology, and anthropology: availability of social contacts, receiving care and support, intimacy and understanding, enjoyment and shared interests, generativity and contribution, and being respected and valued. We further argue that a complete understanding of loneliness across the life span requires attention to the powerful impacts of contextual factors (e.g., culture, functional limitations, social network changes) on the expression and fulfillment of older adults’ universal and age-specific relationship expectations. The proposed Social Relationship Expectations Framework may fruitfully inform future loneliness research and interventions for a heterogeneous aging population.
Does time of day and player chronotype impact tennis-specific skills and physical performance?
Authors: Turner Mitchell , Beranek Philipp , Lo Johnny , Ferrauti Alexander , Dunican Ian C , Cruickshank Travis
Published: November 2022

Tennis players’ success relies on tennis skills, such as groundstrokes and serves, and physical attributes, such as strength, speed and endurance. This study aimed to determine if players’ tennis skills and physical attributes are influenced by time of day, chronotype or sleep–wake behaviour (SWB). Twelve male tennis players (age (years): 28.17 ± 7.85) competing in state-level competitions wore a wrist-worn activity monitor (GT3X, Actigraph) and completed a modified version of the Consensus Sleep Diary to measure SWB. The Chalder Fatigue Scale and Morningness and Eveningness Questionnaire were used to measure players’ fatigue and preferred chronotype. Mid-sleep with a sleep correction was used to determine players’ current chronotype. After the baseline period, players were tested at 8:00 am, 2:00 pm and 8:00 pm, with the order of testing sessions randomised for each player. Testing sessions were separated by at least 48 hours. Players’ groundstrokes, serve speed, agility, overhead medicine ball throw and Hit and Turn Test performance were measured in each session. General linear modelling revealed that backhand consistency was less in the evening compared to the morning by 17% ( p = 0.020) and afternoon by 15% ( p = 0.040). Maximal service velocity was less in the evening compared to the afternoon by 10.5 km/h ( p = 0.041). Chronotype did not influence tennis skills or physical performance. Average and maximal backhand velocities were reduced for every hour that time at lights out, and sleep-onset time was postponed. Tennis skills, but not physical performance tests, were influenced by time of day and SWB.
Journalistic evaluation in financial news
Authors: Hansen Lea Vindvad , Pollach Irene , Malmmose Margit
Published: November 2022

The business and financial press plays an important role for capital markets, as it routinely reports on the financial results of large companies, thereby influencing how investors perceive the economic prospects of these companies. Despite the numerical and factualized nature of such news, financial journalists have considerable power in interpreting corporate results and evaluating them as positive or negative. We examine these journalistic evaluations as metadiscourse, focusing on the variety of evaluative language resources financial journalists draw on to convey positive or negative evaluations of companies and their financial results in their news stories. Our findings illustrate how financial journalists problematize the financial results of companies, distance themselves from corporate claims or endorse them, and downtone or reinforce evaluations by means of contrast. Our analysis suggests that financial journalists convey evaluations in a manner seemingly conformant with the genre ideals of neutrality and objectivity, despite exercising considerable power over the evaluation of financial news.