bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The dynamic changes in autophagy activity and its role in lung injury after deep hypothermic circulatory arrest
Authors: Kong Minjian , Wei Dongdong , Li Xuebiao , Zhu Xian , Hong Ze , Ni Ming , Wang Yifan , Dong Aiqiang
Published: January 2022

Deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (DHCA) can cause acute lung injury (ALI), and its pathogenesis mimics ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Autophagy is also involved in lung I/R injury. The present study aimed to elucidate whether DHCA induces natural autophagy activation and its role in DHCA‐mediated lung injury. Here, rats were randomly assigned to the Sham or DHCA group. The sham group (n = 5) only received anaesthesia and air intubation. DHCA group rats underwent cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) followed by the DHCA procedure. The rats were then sacrificed at 3, 6 and 24 h after the DHCA procedure (n = 5) to measure lung injury and autophagy activity. Chloroquine (CQ) was delivered to evaluate autophagic flux. DHCA caused lung injury, which was prominent 3–6 h after DHCA, as confirmed by histological examination and inflammatory cytokine quantification. Lung injury subsided at 24 h. Autophagy was suppressed 3 h but was exaggerated at 6 h. At both time points, autophagic flux appeared uninterrupted. To further assess the role of autophagy in DHCA‐mediated lung injury, the autophagy inducer rapamycin and its inhibitor 3‐methyladenine (3‐MA) were applied, and lung injury was reassessed. When rapamycin was administered at an early time point, lung injury worsened, whereas administration of 3‐MA at a late time point ameliorated lung injury, indicating that autophagy contributed to lung injury after DHCA. Our study presents a time course of lung injury following DHCA. Autophagy showed adaptive yet protective suppression 3 h after DHCA, as induction of autophagy caused worsening of lung tissue. In contrast, autophagy was exaggerated 6 h after DHCA, and autophagy inhibition attenuated DHCA‐mediated lung injury.
Does polishing of bleached enamel affect roughness and tooth color stability after exposure to coffee?
Authors: Carvalho Roberta Furtado , da Mata Galvão Alexia , Campolina Murilo Guimarães , de Mendonça Ludmila Cavalcanti , Soares Carlos José , Carvalho Ceci Nunes , da Silva Gisele Rodrigues
Published: January 2022

Objective

This laboratory randomized study was designed to evaluate the effect of polishing on roughness and color stability of bleached teeth after coffee immersion.

Materials and Methods

Ninety bovine crowns were randomly allocated to six groups (n = 15), according to bleaching protocols: At‐home: standard protocol using 10% hydrogen peroxide (HP) or In‐office: standard protocol using 35% HP; and with polishing protocols: (1) no polishing, (2) bleached enamel polished with #0.5 μm or (3) #2–4 μm diamond particles grit pastes. Samples were daily immersed into coffee solution for 45 min followed by mechanical brushing simulation (30 s) for 30 days. The surface roughness (Ra) and color alteration, expressed by ΔEab, ΔE00, and whitening index (WI) were analyzed at baseline, after bleaching/polishing protocols and after coffee solution staining. The surface from each group was examined using a scanning electron microscope. Data were analyzed by two‐way repeated measure analysis of variance followed by the Tukey test (α = 0.05).

Results

Staining increases Ra, ΔEab, ΔE00, and decreases WI values. Polishing after bleaching did not prevent staining, however, tooth polished with #0.5 μ‐grit polishing paste showed better performance than #2–4 μ‐grit (ΔEab: p = 0.001/ΔE00: p = 0.003). Scanning electron microscope revealed a more irregular surface after coffee staining for all groups regardless bleaching/polishing protocols.

Conclusions

Using #0.5 μ‐grit diamond paste to polish 35%HP in‐office bleached enamel reduces the roughness and tooth staining. However, polishing after 10%HP at‐home bleached enamel neither affects roughness nor improves tooth color stability after exposure to coffee.

Clinical Significance

Polishing after at‐home bleaching does not have benefits but after 35% hydrogen peroxide in‐office bleaching, the polishing with #0.5 μ‐grit polishing paste is indicated to reduce roughness and the tooth staining over time.
A systematic review and pooled prevalence of symptoms among childhood and adolescent and young adult cancer survivors
Authors: Hong Hye Chong , Min Ari , Kim Young Man
Published: January 2022

Aims and objectives

To systematically review the existing literature reporting symptoms in childhood and adolescent and young adult cancer survivors and to meta‐analyse the pooled prevalence of symptoms.

Background

Cancer survivors experience various symptoms caused by cancer treatments and their late effects. These symptoms are associated with adverse health outcomes. However, estimates of symptom prevalence vary largely, and no comprehensive review of symptoms has been conducted for childhood and adolescent and young adult cancer survivors.

Design

A systematic review.

Methods

This systematic review is registered in PROSPERO registry and was performed following the PRISMA guidelines. PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Scopus and CINAHL were searched up to July 2021. Three investigators assessed the eligibility of studies, extracted data and performed quality assessment. The pooled prevalence of symptoms was calculated using a random‐effect model. Subgroup analysis was conducted to identify heterogeneity.

Results

Sixty‐one studies were used to synthesise symptom prevalence, involving 114,184 participants. There were 24 physical symptoms and 10 psychological symptoms reported in two or more studies. The most studied physical symptoms were fatigue and sleep disturbance, and the most studied psychological symptoms were anxiety and depression. Among physical symptoms, drowsiness had the highest prevalence, followed by dry mouth and fatigue. Among psychological symptoms, worry and nervousness had the highest prevalence, followed by difficulty concentrating.

Conclusions

Physical and psychological symptoms are common in the target population. This review provides an up‐to‐date overview of symptom prevalence, identifying areas for future research.

Relevance to clinical practice

Education about possible symptoms related to cancer and its treatment should be given while in treatment. Symptoms should also be monitored throughout the survivorship period. Nurses have a critical role in identifying and making referrals for psychological symptoms as well as promoting preventative strategies that enhance well‐being.
Productivity correlates positively with mammalian diversity independently of the species’ feeding guild, body mass, or the vertical strata explored by the species
Authors: De Souza Ferreira Neto Gilson , Ortega Jean C. G. , Melo Carneiro Fernanda , Souza de Oliveira Sandro , Oliveira Regison , Beggiato Baccaro Fabricio
Published: January 2022

Mammals can influence ecosystem functioning through essential ecological processes. In patchy landscapes, mammalian diversity can be correlated with ecosystem productivity through its effect on resource availability. However, mammals comprise species with contrasting habitat use and requirements, and it is unknown whether the diversity–productivity relationship changes as a function of the mammal species’ traits.

We use meta‐analytical techniques to quantify the effect and assess whether mammal species richness and abundance correlates positively with productivity. Further, we assess whether the diversity–productivity relationship is influenced by the species’ body mass (<1 kg: small, and >1 kg: large, and mixed small and large), the vertical strata explored by the species (terrestrial, arboreal, and mixed terrestrial and arboreal species), and the species’ feeding guild (herbivore, omnivore, insectivore, and mixed feeding guilds).

In total, 53 studies fitted the eligibility criteria worldwide, comprising 285 different effect sizes representing the magnitude of the mammal diversity–productivity relationship in six biogeographical realms. Ecosystem productivity was quantified with various surrogate variables, such as soil nutrients, annual rainfall, above‐ground production, evapotranspiration, net primary production, plant cover, and elevation.

The relationships between productivity measures and both mammal species richness and abundance were significant and positive. Mammal diversity correlated positively with ecosystem productivity, for mammal species differing in body mass, the vertical strata explored by species (except arboreal mammals), and feeding guilds (except insectivorous mammals). Overall, this result supports the view that diversity in the entire mammal community is positively related to increasing productivity.

Sites with greater ecosystem productivity are usually associated with more resources and higher ecosystem carrying capacity, which provide greater resilience to human disturbance than less productive sites. Thus, quantifying productivity can help researchers to identify critical areas for restoration and to propose effective guidelines for mammal conservation.
Applicants' perception of fit to residency programmes in the video‐interview era: A large multidisciplinary survey
Authors: Zárate Rodriguez Jorge G. , Gan Connie Y. , Williams Gregory A. , Drake Tia O. , Ciesielski Thomas , Sanford Dominic E. , Awad Michael M.
Published: January 2022

Introduction

‘Fit’ refers to an applicants' perceived compatibility to a residency programme. A variety of structural, identity‐related and relational factors contribute to self‐assessments of fit. The 2021 residency recruitment cycle in the USA was performed virtually due to the COVID‐19 pandemic. Little is known about how video‐interviewing may affect residency applicants' ability to gauge fit.

Methods

A multidisciplinary, anonymous survey was distributed to applicants at a large academic institution between rank order list (ROL) certification deadline and Match Day 2021. Using Likert‐type scales, applicants rated factors for importance to ‘fit’ and their ease of assessment through video‐interviewing. Applicants also self‐assigned fit scores to the top‐ranked programme in their ROL using Likert‐type scales with pairs of anchoring statements.

Results

Four hundred seventy‐three applicants responded to the survey (25.7% response rate). The three most important factors to applicants for assessment of fit (how much the programme seemed to care, how satisfied residents seem with their programme and how well the residents get along) were also the factors with the greatest discrepancy between importance and ease of assessment through video‐interviewing. Diversity‐related factors were more important to female applicants compared with males and to non‐White applicants compared with White applicants. Furthermore, White male applicants self‐assigned higher fit scores compared with other demographic groups.

Conclusion

There is a marked discrepancy between the most important factors to applicants for fit and their ability to assess those factors virtually. Minoritised trainees self‐assigned lower fit scores to their top‐ranked programme, which should raise concern amongst medical educators and highlights the importance of expanding current diversity, equity and inclusion efforts in academic medicine.
Triplex Via and the ‘Gap Problem’ with Cosmological Arguments
Authors: Huneeus Clemente
Published: January 2022

Aquinas’ five ways are often criticized because, unless further argumentation is supplied, their conclusion is not obviously identical to the God of classical theism. Such criticism overlooks the semantic and hermeneutic functions of natural theology. By fixing the referent for the word ‘God’, the five ways allow the philosopher to provide an intelligible account of divinity. This knowledge of the cause through its effects follows the systematic structure of the triplex via (causation, negation, and eminence), a program that guides Aquinas’ account of divine attributes all the way through Summa Theologiae I qq.2-26 and Summa Contra Gentiles I. By following this rational itinerary the demonstrative power of the ways can be better assessed, looking at them not as an apologetic exercise, but as a first step in the seek for a deeper understanding of the divine source of Creation.
Heritability of facial soft tissue growth in mono‐ and dizygotic twins at 12 and 17 years of age: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Hersberger‐Zurfluh Monika A. , Papageorgiou Spyridon N. , Motro Melih , Kantarci Alpdogan , Will Leslie A. , Eliades Theodore
Published: January 2022

Objective

The purpose of this investigation of untreated monozygotic and dizygotic twins was to identify the genetic and environmental components to the facial soft tissue growth.

Settings and Sample Population

The sample consisted of 52 untreated monozygotic twins (36 male and 16 female) and 46 untreated dizygotic twins (23 male and 23 female) from the Forsyth Moorrees Twin Study (1959‐1975).

Materials and Methods

Lateral cephalograms were taken at 12 and 17 years of age and traced to analyse facial convexity, nasolabial angle, upper and lower lip thickness, upper and lower lip profile and nose prominence. The genetic and environmental components of variance were analysed with structural equation modelling for multilevel mixed‐effects model.

Results

At 12 years of age, strong additive genetic influence was seen for facial convexity (70%), upper lip profile (66%) and nose prominence (65%), whereas strong dominant genetic components were found for upper lip thickness (56%). Nevertheless, under unique environment influence were nasolabial angle (58%), lower lip profile (51%) and lower lip thickness (64%). At 17 years of age, only upper lip thickness (55%) and nose prominence (84%) were under strong additive genetic control, while the rest of the variables were under strong dominant genetic control. The only exception was lower lip thickness (61%), which is still influenced by the unique environment.

Conclusion

Although monozygotic/dizygotic twins share at least part of their genome, at both times either additive, dominant or environmental components were found. Nevertheless, at 17 years of age most of the variables are either under additive or dominant genetic influence.
Successful management of an arteriovenous malformation with trametinib in a patient with capillary‐malformation arteriovenous malformation syndrome and cardiac compromise
Authors: Nicholson Cynthia L. , Flanagan Siobhan , Murati Michael , Boull Christina , McGough Erin , Ameduri Rebecca , Weigel Brenda , Maguiness Sheilagh
Published: January 2022

Capillary malformation‐arteriovenous malformation (CM‐AVM) syndrome is an autosomal dominant condition characterized by multifocal, noncontiguous pink patches on the skin that often have a surrounding pale halo. In some cases, an association with a fast flow, arteriovenous malformation (AVM) can be identified. Here, we describe a case report of a 16‐year‐old woman with CM‐AVM syndrome and significant cardiac compromise successfully treated with trametinib, a mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MEK) inhibitor.
Participation in welfare legislation—A poverty‐aware paradigm
Authors: Cohen‐Rimer Yael
Published: January 2022

Public participation, responsive regulation, and other policy formulations are intended to draw governments down from their ivory towers and into engagement with the people. However, they paint at best, a hazy picture of who “the people” are. This superficial representation is felt, among other collectives, by people living in poverty, who not only face hunger, often accompanied by poorer health and lower life expectancy, but whose social exclusion typically goes unrecognized by the authorities. The legal framing of poverty—and, as a result, states' policy approaches to its alleviation—focuses on the material core, representing a very thin conceptualization that fails to address the social dimension. Furthermore, practical avenues for incorporating citizens' views into lawmaking—which might enrich understanding—are lacking when it comes to people in poverty. Combined with a blatantly hegemonic stance, the resulting ignorance around poverty and “the poor” generates welfare laws that are woefully out of touch with reality, and legislative thinking that perpetuates, rather than alleviates, poverty. This paper seeks to make a twofold contribution: (i) to demonstrate this situation with a deep empirical inquiry into the legislative process of one legal provision within the Israeli welfare law regime, juxtaposed against qualitative field‐research findings and (ii) to introduce the inventive and groundbreaking “poverty‐aware” paradigm, constructed in social‐work discourse, to illuminate and explain the empirical findings and point to potential procedural–institutional reform, to pave the way for poverty‐aware legislation.
Collective learning and COVID‐19 mitigation in Ghana
Authors: Osei‐Kojo Alex , Kenney Paul Lawer , Damoah Clement Mensah , Ahenkan Albert
Published: January 2022

COVID‐19 has created significant uncertainty and disruption among governments and people across the globe. Policy studies present various theoretical frameworks that allow scholars and practitioners to make sense of these developments in a structured and systematic fashion. In this paper, we combined the collective learning framework with documentary data and process tracing analysis to describe, first, the features of the COVID‐19 collective learning setting in Ghana. Next, we explored the linkages among learning processes, learning products, and COVID‐19 mitigation. We found that diverse policy actors operated at distinct levels of government and performed different functions in managing the pandemic. Furthermore, we confirmed all three phases of learning (acquisition, translation, and dissemination) in Ghana's context. Lastly, policies, such as public gathering management, mandatory mask‐wearing, partial lockdown, and fiscal and tax reliefs enabled the government to mitigate the pandemic's impact on people. We conclude by highlighting the implications of these findings for policy learning scholarship.
The Barker Proposal: Combining Robustness and Efficiency in Gradient-Based MCMC
Authors: Livingstone Samuel , Zanella Giacomo
Published: January 2022

There is a tension between robustness and efficiency when designing Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) sampling algorithms. Here we focus on robustness with respect to tuning parameters, showing that more sophisticated algorithms tend to be more sensitive to the choice of step-size parameter and less robust to heterogeneity of the distribution of interest. We characterise this phenomenon by studying the behaviour of spectral gaps as an increasingly poor step-size is chosen for the algorithm. Motivated by these considerations, we propose a novel and simple gradient-based MCMC algorithm, inspired by the classical Barker accept-reject rule, with improved robustness properties. Extensive theoretical results, dealing with robustness to tuning, geometric ergodicity and scaling with dimension, suggest that the novel scheme combines the robustness of simple schemes with the efficiency of gradient-based ones. We show numerically that this type of robustness is particularly beneficial in the context of adaptive MCMC, giving examples where our proposed scheme significantly outperforms state-of-the-art alternatives.
The Bayesian Spatial Bradley–Terry Model: Urban Deprivation Modelling in Tanzania
Authors: Seymour Rowland G. , Sirl David , Preston Simon P. , Dryden Ian L. , Ellis Madeleine J. A. , Perrat Bertrand , Goulding James
Published: January 2022

Identifying the most deprived regions of any country or city is key if policy makers are to design successful interventions. However, locating areas with the greatest need is often surprisingly challenging in developing countries. Due to the logistical challenges of traditional household surveying, official statistics can be slow to be updated; estimates that exist can be coarse, a consequence of prohibitive costs and poor infrastructures; and mass urbanization can render manually surveyed figures rapidly out-of-date. Comparative judgement models, such as the Bradley–Terry model, offer a promising solution. Leveraging local knowledge, elicited via comparisons of different areas’ affluence, such models can both simplify logistics and circumvent biases inherent to household surveys. Yet widespread adoption remains limited, due to the large amount of data existing approaches still require. We address this via development of a novel Bayesian Spatial Bradley–Terry model, which substantially decreases the number of comparisons required for effective inference. This model integrates a network representation of the city or country, along with assumptions of spatial smoothness that allow deprivation in one area to be informed by neighbouring areas. We demonstrate the practical effectiveness of this method, through a novel comparative judgement data set collected in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
The Psychology of White Nationalism: Ambivalence Towards a Changing America
Authors: Reyna Christine , Bellovary Andrea , Harris Kara
Published: January 2022

The rise in White nationalist ideology in America is one of the pressing issues of our times. In this article, we make the case that White nationalists both extol the talents and virtues of White Americans and idolize and romanticize a former White‐dominated America, while simultaneously condemning and demonizing the current state of America for Whites. This fundamentally ambivalent ideology contributes to dangerous downstream consequences such as fomenting violence against groups that threaten Whites’ status and resources and even calling for outright civil war. This article also examines the psychological impact of rapid demographic and cultural changes on groups in positions of power, and how these changes make some Whites, especially those who might already be suffering from instability, disenfranchisement, and loss, gravitate to groups who validate their fears and transform them into aggrieved entitlement and moral outrage. Finally, this article proposes policies that decision‐makers and other leaders can take to undo the foundational ideologies that White supremacy is built upon and to help curtail its spread.
Development of Three-Stage Bioaerosol Sampler for Size-Selective Sampling
Authors: Lim Jun-Hyung , Nam Sang Hwan , Kim Jongwoo , Kim Nam Hoon , Park Gun-Soo , Maeng Jin-Soo , Yook Se-Jin
Published: January 2022

In this study, a three-stage bio-aerosol sampler with a sampling flow rate of 170 L/min was designed and fabricated for sampling the bio-aerosols released during human breathing and coughing, and its performance was evaluated. The sampler was constructed using a cyclone separator with a cutoff size of 2.5 μm as a preseparator, a multinozzle virtual impactor with a cutoff size of 0.34 μm as an aerosol concentrator, and a Bio-Sampler, which is a commercial product, for collecting bio-aerosols in a collection fluid. The collection efficiency of the sampler was evaluated through simulations and experiments. Only particles with sizes of 0.1–4 μm were selectively collected in the collection fluid. Bacteriophage bio-aerosols were sampled using the developed sampler and ACD-200 Bobcat sampler, which is a commercial product. The amounts of collected bacteriophages were compared using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. The sampling performance of the developed sampler was similar to that of the ACD-200 Bobcat sampler. Moreover, the developed sampler showed its ability to sample bio-aerosols of a specific size range and collect them directly in a collection fluid for the PCR analysis. Therefore, the developed sampler is expected to be useful for indoor environmental monitoring by effectively sampling the bio-aerosols released indoors during human breathing and coughing.
Numerical and Experimental Investigations on Cross-Sensitivity Characteristics of Instrumented Wheelset Associated With Longitudinal Force and Lateral Contact Position
Authors: Hondo Takatoshi , Tanaka Takayuki , Kuniyuki Shoya , Suzuki Mitsugi
Published: January 2022

It is crucial to grasp wheel-rail contact forces in the evaluation of running safety and curving performance of railway vehicles. To measure the wheel-rail contact forces, instrumented wheelset, which has the strain gages on the wheel surface, is widely used. The purpose of this research is to increase the measurement accuracy of the wheel-rail contact forces by understanding the detailed characteristics of the instrumented wheelset. Although the various research works on the instrumented wheelset have been carried out to increase the measurement accuracy of wheel-rail contact forces, there are few works considering the longitudinal force and the lateral shift of the wheel-rail contact point. However, sometimes the longitudinal force has a non-negligible influence on the measurement accuracy on the instrumented wheelset. In this paper, the authors clarify the cross-sensitivity characteristics of the instrumented wheelset when the longitudinal force is applied to the various lateral position on the wheel tread through the finite element method (FEM) analysis and the static load test. The authors also propose a method to approximate the cross-sensitivity as an analytical function of the lateral and circumferential contact positions.
Modeling of Supercritical CO2 Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers Under Extreme Conditions: Part II: Heat Exchanger Model
Authors: Krishna Akshay Bharadwaj , Jin Kaiyuan , Ayyaswamy Portonovo S. , Catton Ivan , Fisher Timothy S.
Published: January 2022

Heat exchangers play a critical role in supercritical CO2 Brayton cycles by providing necessary waste heat recovery. Supercritical CO2 thermal cycles potentially achieve higher energy density and thermal efficiency operating at elevated temperatures and pressures. Accurate and computationally efficient estimation of heat exchanger performance metrics at these conditions is important for the design and optimization of sCO2 systems and thermal cycles. In this paper (Part II), a computationally efficient and accurate numerical model is developed to predict the performance of shell-and-tube heat exchangers (STHXs). Highly accurate correlations reported in Part I of this study are utilized to improve the accuracy of performance predictions, and the concept of volume averaging is used to abstract the geometry and reduce computation time. The numerical model is validated by comparison with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations and provides high accuracy and significantly lower computation time compared to existing numerical models. A preliminary optimization study is conducted and the advantage of using supercritical CO2 as a working fluid for energy systems is demonstrated.
The learning curve for ultrasound-guided peripheral intravenous cannulation in adults: a multicenter study
Authors: Loon Fredericus HJ Van , Scholten Harm J , Korsten Hendrikus HM , Dierick - van Daele Angelique TM , Bouwman Arthur RA
Published: January 2022

Aims: To lower the threshold for applying ultrasound (US) guidance during peripheral intravenous cannulation, nurses need to be trained and gain experience in using this technique. The primary outcome was to quantify the number of procedures novices require to perform before competency in US-guided peripheral intravenous cannulation was achieved. Materials and methods: A multicenter prospective observational study, divided into two phases after a theoretical training session: a hands-on training session and a supervised life-case training session. The number of US-guided peripheral intravenous cannulations a participant needed to perform in the life-case setting to become competent was the outcome of interest. Cusum analysis was used to determine the learning curve of each individual participant. Results: Forty-nine practitioners participated and performed 1855 procedures. First attempt cannulation success was 73% during the first procedure, but increased to 98% on the fortieth attempt (p<0.001). The overall first attempt success rate during this study was 93%. The cusum learning curve for each practitioner showed that a mean number of 34 procedures was required to achieve competency. Time needed to perform a procedure successfully decreased when more experience was achieved by the practitioner, from 14±3 minutes on first proce-dure to 3±1 minutes during the fortieth procedure (p<0.001). Conclusions: Competency in US-guided peripheral intravenous cannulation can be gained after following a fixed educational curriculum, resulting in an increased first attempt cannulation success as the number of performed procedures increased.
The Feasibility of Using the Virtual Time-to-Contact Measure of Postural Stability to Examine Postural Recovery in People With Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Lin Chia-Cheng , Kim Sunghan , DeVita Paul , Becker Matt , Meardon Stacey
Published: January 2022

This study aimed to examine the feasibility of using time-to-contact measures during the perturbation protocol in people with diabetes mellitus. Three-dimension motion capture and force data were collected during 0.5-s perturbations in four directions (forward, backward, right, and left) and at two accelerations (20 and 40 cm/s2) to compute the time-to-contact. Time-to-contact analysis was divided into three phases: perturbation, initial recovery, and final recovery. The statistical analysis showed the main effects of Direction and Phase (p < .01) as well as a Direction by Phase interaction (p < .01). Backward perturbation with lower acceleration and backward/forward perturbation with higher acceleration had deleterious effects on postural stability in people with diabetes mellitus.
The Amount of Recycled Crust in Sources of Mantle-Derived Melts
Authors: Sobolev Alexander V. , Hofmann Albrecht W. , Kuzmin Dmitry V. , Yaxley Gregory M. , Arndt Nicholas T. , Chung Sun-Lin , Danyushevsky Leonid V. , Elliott Tim , Frey Frederick A. , Garcia Michael O. , Gurenko Andrey A. , Kamenetsky Vadim S. , Kerr Andrew C. , Krivolutskaya Nadezhda A. , Matvienkov Vladimir V. , Nikogosian Igor K. , Rocholl Alexander , Sigurdsson Ingvar A. , Sushchevskaya Nadezhda M. , Teklay Mengist
Published: January 2022

Plate tectonic processes introduce basaltic crust (as eclogite) into the peridotitic mantle. The proportions of these two sources in mantle melts are poorly understood. Silica-rich melts formed from eclogite react with peridotite, converting it to olivine-free pyroxenite. Partial melts of this hybrid pyroxenite are higher in nickel and silicon but poorer in manganese, calcium, and magnesium than melts of peridotite. Olivine phenocrysts' compositions record these differences and were used to quantify the contributions of pyroxenite-derived melts in mid-ocean ridge basalts (10 to 30%), ocean island and continental basalts (many >60%), and komatiites (20 to 30%). These results imply involvement of 2 to 20% (up to 28%) of recycled crust in mantle melting.
Retinoic acid for gut health
Authors: VanHook Annalisa M.
Published: January 2022

Commensal-derived retinoic acid protects mice against infection by priming the innate defenses of intestinal epithelial cells.
Bacillus subtilis Histidine Kinase KinC Activates Biofilm Formation by Controlling Heterogeneity of Single-Cell Responses
Authors: Chen Zhuo , Srivastava Priyanka , Zarazúa-Osorio Brenda , Marathe Anuradha , Fujita Masaya , Igoshin Oleg A.
Published: January 2022

In many bacterial and eukaryotic systems, multiple cell fate decisions are activated by a single master regulator. Typically, the activities of the regulators are controlled posttranslationally in response to different environmental stimuli.
Advances in Model Systems for Human Cytomegalovirus Latency and Reactivation
Authors: Crawford Lindsey B. , Diggins Nicole L. , Caposio Patrizia , Hancock Meaghan H.
Published: January 2022

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a highly prevalent beta-herpesvirus and a significant cause of morbidity and mortality following hematopoietic and solid organ transplant, as well as the leading viral cause of congenital abnormalities. A key feature of the pathogenesis of HCMV is the ability of the virus to establish a latent infection in hematopoietic progenitor and myeloid lineage cells.
Oxidative Phosphorylation Is Required for Powering Motility and Development of the Sleeping Sickness Parasite Trypanosoma brucei in the Tsetse Fly Vector
Authors: Dewar Caroline E. , Casas-Sanchez Aitor , Dieme Constentin , Crouzols Aline , Haines Lee R. , Acosta-Serrano Álvaro , Rotureau Brice , Schnaufer Achim
Published: January 2022

African trypanosomes cause disease in humans and their livestock and are transmitted by tsetse flies. The insect ingests these parasites with its blood meal, but to be transmitted to another mammal, the trypanosome must undergo complex development within the tsetse fly and migrate from the insect's gut to its salivary glands.
Prochlorococcus
Exudate Stimulates Heterotrophic Bacterial Competition with Rival Phytoplankton for Available Nitrogen
Authors: Calfee Benjamin C. , Glasgo Liz D. , Zinser Erik R.
Published: January 2022

In nutrient-poor habitats, competition for limited resources is thought to select for organisms with an enhanced ability to scavenge nutrients and utilize them efficiently. Such adaptations characterize the cyanobacterium
Prochlorococcus
, the most abundant photosynthetic organism in the nutrient-limited open ocean.
Immunoprotection against Cryptococcosis Offered by Znf2 Depends on Capsule and the Hyphal Morphology
Authors: Lin Jianfeng , Pham Tuyetnhu , Hipsher Kenton , Glueck Nathan , Fan Yumeng , Lin Xiaorong
Published: January 2022

Cryptococcosis claims close to 200,000 lives annually. There is no vaccine clinically available for this fungal disease.
An Antisense RNA Fine-Tunes Gene Expression of the Type II MazEF Toxin-Antitoxin System
Authors: Van Gundy Taylor , Martin Edward , Bono Jeremy , Hatton Olivia , Lybecker Meghan C.
Published: January 2022

Next-generation RNA sequencing of numerous organisms has revealed that transcription is widespread across the genome, termed pervasive transcription, and does not adhere to annotated gene boundaries. The function of pervasive transcription is enigmatic and has generated considerable controversy as to whether it is transcriptional noise or biologically relevant.
Genome-Resolved Metagenomics Reveals Distinct Phosphorus Acquisition Strategies between Soil Microbiomes
Authors: Wu Xingjie , Rensing Christopher , Han Dongfei , Xiao Ke-Qing , Dai Yuexiu , Tang Zhixi , Liesack Werner , Peng Jingjing , Cui Zhenling , Zhang Fusuo
Published: January 2022

The soil microbiome is the key player regulating phosphorus cycling processes. Identifying phosphate-solubilizing bacteria and utilizing them for release of recalcitrant phosphate that is bound to rocks or minerals have implications for improving crop nutrient acquisition and crop productivity.
The
de novo
Purine Biosynthesis Pathway Is the Only Commonly Regulated Cellular Pathway during Biofilm Formation in TSB-Based Medium in Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis
Authors: Gélinas Martin , Museau Léa , Milot Arielle , Beauregard Pascale B.
Published: January 2022

Biofilms are often involved in nosocomial infections and can cause serious chronic infections if not treated properly. Current anti-biofilm strategies rely on antibiotic usage, but they have a limited impact because of the biofilm intrinsic tolerance to drugs.
Comparison of Four Carbapenemase Detection Methods for
bla
KPC-2
Variants
Authors: Ding Li , Shi Qingyu , Han Renru , Yin Dandan , Wu Shi , Yang Yang , Guo Yan , Zhu Demei , Hu Fupin
Published: January 2022

Carbapenemase detection is essential for the appropriate treatment of CRE infections. Several clinical laboratories have begun using relevant carbapenemase assays such as mCIM (modified carbapenem inactivation method) and eCIM (EDTA carbapenem inactivation method), the APB/EDTA method, NG-test Carba 5, and GeneXpert Carba-R to detect carbapenemases.
Serum complement component 3, complement component 4 and complement component 1q levels predict progressive visual field loss in older women with primary angle closure glaucoma
Authors: Li Shengjie , Qiu Yichao , Yu Jian , Shao Mingxi , Li Yingzhu , Cao Wenjun , Sun Xinghuai
Published: January 2022

Aim

To evaluate the association between serum levels of complement component (C) 3, C4 and C1q and visual field (VF) loss in patients with primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG).

Methods

In this prospective cohort study, a total of 308 patients with PACG were included. The patients were followed up every 6 months (at least 2 years), with clinical examination and VF testing. Based on their sex and age, the subjects were stratified into male and female subgroups, and by age at <60 and ≥60 years per subgroup.

Results

One hundred twenty-three (39.94%) patients showed glaucoma VF progression. The serum levels of C3, C4 and C1q were significantly lower (p<0.05) in the progression group compared with the non-progression group in the ≥60 years female subgroup. In female patients with age ≥60 years, (1) lower levels of baseline C3 (HR=0.98, p<0.001), C4 (HR=0.96, p=0.01) and C1q levels (HR=0.99, p=0.003) were associated with a greater risk of VF progression; (2) patients with lower C3 levels had significantly (p<0.05) higher rates of VF loss progression, similar to those with lower C4 and lower C1q levels; and (3) the generalised additive model revealed a negative correlation between baseline C3 (p<0.001), C4 (p<0.001) and C1q (p<0.001) levels with the risk of VF progression. No statistical significance was observed in the male (<60 and ≥60 years) and female (<60 years) subgroups.

Conclusion

Decreased C3, C4 and C1q levels at baseline were significantly associated with a greater risk of VF loss progression only in older women with PACG.
Assessing knowledge and self-report intention from COVID-19 symptoms based on the Health Belief Model among international students in Heilongjiang, China: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Ismael Omar Yacouba , Li Yuanheng , Sha Zhuowa , Wu Qunhong , Wei Lifeng , Jiao Mingli , Li Ye , Shan Linghan , Wang Yushu
Published: January 2022

Background

A COVID-19 outbreak has been contained in China through effective prevention measures with the collaboration of the citizens. However, there is resistance to self-reported symptoms as required in the international student community. This study explored knowledge level and symptoms reporting behaviours toward COVID-19 among international students.

Methods

An online cross-sectional investigation was conducted among 119 international students across Heilongjiang province and questionnaires implemented through WeChat between 1 and 25 March 2020. The results were explained using descriptive Χ2 test and binary logistic regression analysis using SPSS V.20.

Results

In total, 119 international students participated, with a response rate of 90.16%. Of the 119 respondents, 96 (80.7%) knew COVID-19 symptoms, 109 (91.6%) took cognisance of questions on the importance of the maintenance of wearing masks and 113 (95%) on questions regarding hand hygiene in the prevention of disease transmission. However, results show that there were still large gaps in knowledge about questions regarding the virus and the treatment methods (many participants incorrectly believed that the virus could be kill by drinking alcohol or smoking). In addition, more than half of the participants declared compliance with positive health behaviours, however 27.7% did not agree with vaccination (if any), and 31.1% did not agree to be quarantined after being diagnosed with COVID-19. Furthermore, 20 participants (16, 80%) expressed an inclination to deliberately withhold symptoms. Variables in the Health Belief Model showed a significant association with behavioural change.

Conclusion

From our study, we found that there is evident knowledge about COVID-19 among international students, although orientation and sensitisation are still required. Those who were aware of the benefits of reporting, the severity of COVID-19 and the legal consequences of deliberately concealing information showed a greater willingness to report; conversely, those who believed reporting is very inconvenient and feared being quarantined after reporting showed less willingness to report. A study focusing on international students’ knowledge and behaviour amid the pandemic will provide information for countries to cut off the chain of disease transmission of all variants of COVID-19.
Implementation of a rapid response system at an isolated radiotherapy facility through simulation training
Authors: Kawamura Hidemasa , Komatsu Yasuhiro , Tanaka Kazumi , Kanamoto Masafumi , Tobe Masaru , Usami Chisato , Hinohara Hiroshi , Oshima Kiyohiro , Kitada Yoko , Tsuda Kazuhisa , Ogano Tomoaki , Shimada Hirofumi , Ohno Tatsuya
Published: January 2022

A rapid response system is required in a radiotherapy department for patients experiencing a critical event when access to an emergency department is poor due to geographic location and the patient is immobilised with a fixation device. We, therefore, rebuilt the response system and tested it through onsite simulations. A multidisciplinary core group was created and onsite simulations were conducted using a Plan-Do-Study-Act cycle. We identified the important characteristics of our facility, including its distance from the emergency department; the presence of many staff with little direct contact with patients; the treatment room environment and patient fixation with radiotherapy equipment. We also examined processes in each phase of the emergency response: detecting an emergency, calling the medical emergency team (MET), MET transportation to the site and on-site response and patient transportation to the emergency department. The protocol was modified, and equipment was updated. On-site simulations were held with and without explanation of the protocol and training scenario in advance. The time for the MET to arrive at the site during a 2017 simulation prior to the present project was 7 min, whereas the time to arrive after the first simulation session was shortened to 5 min and was then shortened further to 4 min in the second session, despite no prior explanation of the situation. A multidisciplinary project for emergency response with on-site simulations was conducted at an isolated radiation facility. A carefully planned emergency response is important not only in heavy ion therapy facilities but also in other departments and facilities that do not have easy access to hospital emergency departments.
Platelet-rich plasma injection for tennis elbow: did it ever work?
Authors: Karjalainen Teemu , Richards Bethan , Buchbinder Rachelle
Published: January 2022

Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is a commonly used treatment for tendinopathies such as tennis elbow despite the questionable evidence of its efficacy. A recent Cochrane review suggests that it likely does not provide clinically meaningful benefits in people with tennis elbow. In this viewpoint, we discuss how lack of regulation allowed aggressive marketing and clinical use without normal phases of drug development and approval process or rigorous evidence of benefits. Since several phases of development were bypassed, we still do not know the optimal preparation method and dosing of PRP for tendinopathies. Furthermore, several clinical trials compared PRP with other interventions although it was unclear if PRP was better than placebo and these comparisons created distraction rather than improved understanding of its effects.
Point-of-care testing with high-sensitivity cardiac troponin assays: the challenges and opportunities
Authors: Cullen Louise , Collinson Paul O , Giannitsis Evangelos
Published: January 2022

Methods to improve the safety, accuracy and efficiency of assessment of patients with suspected acute coronary symptoms have occupied decades of study and have supported significant changes in clinical practice. Much of the progress is reliant on results of laboratory-based high-sensitivity cardiac troponin assays that can detect low concentrations with high precision. Until recently, point-of-care (POC) platforms were unable to perform with similar analytical precision as laboratory-based assays, and recommendations for their use in accelerated assessment strategies for patients with suspected acute coronary syndrome has been limited. As POC assays can provide troponin results within 20 min, and can be used proximate to patient care, improvements in the efficiency of assessment of patients with suspected acute coronary syndrome is possible, particularly with new high-sensitivity assays.
Do partnership dissolutions and living alone affect systemic chronic inflammation? A cohort study of Danish adults
Authors: Davidsen Karolina , Carstensen Simon , Kriegbaum Margit , Bruunsgaard Helle , Lund Rikke
Published: January 2022

Background

Partnership breakups and living alone are associated with several adverse health outcomes. The aim of this study, carried out in Denmark, is to investigate whether accumulated numbers of divorces/partnership breakups or years lived alone across 26 years of adult life are associated with levels of inflammation, and if vulnerability with regards to gender or educational level can be identified.

Methods

4835 participants from the Copenhagen Aging and Midlife Biobank (CAMB) aged 48–62 years were included. Data on accumulated numbers of partnership breakups and years living alone were retrieved from a national standardised annual register. Inflammatory markers interleukin 6 (IL-6) and high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) were measured in blood samples. Multivariate linear regression analyses were adjusted for age, educational level, early major life events, body mass index, chronic diseases, medicinal intake affecting inflammation, acute inflammation and personality scores.

Results

For men, an association was found between an increasing number of partnership breakups or number of years living alone and higher levels of inflammatory markers. No such association was found for women, and no evidence of partnership breakups and educational level having a joint effect was found for either gender.

Conclusion

The findings suggest a strong association between years lived alone or accumulated number of partnership breakups and low-grade inflammation for middle-aged men, but not for women. Among those of either sex with a lower level of education, no specific vulnerability to accumulated years lived alone or number of breakups was identified.