bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Endocrine Regulation of Suppressor Lymphocytes
Authors: NEGRINI SIMONE , FENOGLIO DANIELA , BALESTRA PIERCESARE , FRAVEGA MARCO , FILACI GILBERTO , INDIVERI FRANCESCO
Published: July 2006

Abstract:  Mechanisms responsible for peripheral immune tolerance are currently under investigation in several laboratories, in order to define the role of immune homeostasis in physiological processes and pathologic conditions, such as autoimmunity and cancer. In this context, recent studies attributed a relevant role to the glucocorticoid‐induced TNFR‐related gene (GITR). GITR is expressed at high levels on CD4+CD25+. T regulatory (Treg) cells, but only at low levels on resting responder T lymphocytes, and is upregulated after activation. GITR triggering induces both pro‐ and anti‐apoptotic effects through different intracellular pathways, abrogates the suppressive activity of Treg cells, and co‐stimulates responder T cells. These data hint that GITR triggering overstimulates the immune system. Indeed, in vivo studies demonstrated that GITR stimulation may both induce autoimmune diseases and strengthen anti‐virus and anti‐tumor immune responses. Therefore, the GITR–GITRL system appears crucial in regulating immunity. Currently, the majority of studies about GITR's role on regulatory cells are focused on CD4+CD25+ Treg cells, while very little is known about the importance of this molecule in other Treg subtypes. We have recently characterized a subpopulation of CD8+ T suppressor lymphocytes able to inhibit both T cell proliferation and cytotoxicity. Preliminary data show that GITR is expressed on such CD8+ T suppressor cells and that its activation by a specific antibody inhibits generation, but not function, of these cells. These early results suggest the importance of GITR in human T suppressor lymphocytes other than CD4+CD25+ Treg cells.
Effects of Anti‐TNF‐α Treatment on Lipid Profile in Patients with Active Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: SERIOLO BRUNO , PAOLINO SABRINA , SULLI ALBERTO , FASCIOLO DANIELA , CUTOLO MAURIZIO
Published: July 2006

Abstract:  Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality appear to be increased in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), which might be due to increased prevalence of risk factors for cardiovascular disease, such as an accelerated progression of atherosclerosis. Patients with active RA frequently show an atherogenic lipid profile, which has been linked with the inflammatory reaction. Tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), a pivotal proinflammatory cytokine implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis in RA, may be involved in the development of the altered lipid profile observed in active RA. Our aim was to investigate the effects of anti‐TNF‐α treatment in combination with methotrexate (MTX) and corticosteroid therapy on lipid profile in patients with active RA. In this prospective study 34 consecutive RA patients were included (all women, mean age 51.6 ± 7.9 years, range 46–72 years) with active (defined as Disease Activity Index 28 joint score [DAS‐28], of at least 3.2) and refractory RA, in stable treatment with MTX (7.5–10 mg/week) and prednisone (7.5–10 mg/day) for 3 months. All patients received TNF‐α blockers (n= 16, etanercept 25 mg twice weekly; n= 14, infliximab 3 mg/kg on 0, 2, 6, and every 8 weeks thereafter; and finally, n= 4, adalimumab 40 mg every other week). Total cholesterol, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL cholesterol), triglycerides (TG) and lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)] levels and the atherogenic index (ratio cholesterol/HDL cholesterol) were measured at base line, and at 16 and 24 weeks. Results were as follows: The DAS‐28 was 6.9 ± 2.1 at base line and decreased to 4.6 ± 1.8 after 16 weeks, and further to 4.1 ± 1.3 after 24 weeks (both, P < 0.01). Following anti‐TNF‐α treatment, the mean levels of total cholesterol were 168 ± 24 mg/dL at base line and increased to 188 ± 28 mg/dL at 16 weeks (P < 0.01), and 197 ± 26 mg/dL at 24 weeks (P < 0.001). However, also the mean levels of HDL cholesterol were significantly higher than basal values after 16 and 24 weeks of treatment (34 ± 12 mg/dL versus 36 ± 18 mg/dL [P < 0.05] and 38 ± 14 mg/dL [P < 0.01], respectively). TG and Lp(a) levels, as well as the atherogenic index were not significantly changed. Interestingly, variations in disease activity were significantly and inversely correlated with HDL cholesterol levels. In conclusion: Short anti‐TNF‐α treatment was associated with a significant increase of both total cholesterol and HDL cholesterol levels, and correlated with decreased disease activity. The atherogenic index showed no changes during the study. Therefore, anti‐TNF‐α treatment might affect lipid profile in RA patients.
Neuroendocrine Modulation Induced by Selective Blockade of TNF‐α in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: DI COMITE GABRIELE , MARINOSCI ALESSANDRO , DI MATTEO PAOLA , MANFREDI ANGELO , ROVERE‐QUERINI PATRIZIA , BALDISSERA ELENA , AIELLO PATRIZIA , CORTI ANGELO , SABBADINI MARIA GRAZIA
Published: July 2006

Abstract:  Tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNFα) is a main actor in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), interacting with other molecules in complex mechanisms. The neuroendocrine system is known to be involved and Chromogranin A (CHGA) serum levels are elevated in patients with RA. We evaluated the effect of the selective blockade of TNF‐α, induced by treatment with anti‐TNF‐α monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), on the serum levels of CHGA and on its correlation with TNF‐α and TNF‐α receptors (TNFRs) serum levels. Seven patients with RA have been treated with the anti‐TNF‐α mAb, infliximab. We measured the serum levels of TNF‐α, its receptors (tumor necrosis factor receptor‐I [TNFR‐I] and tumor necrosis factor receptor‐II [TNFR‐II]), and CHGA before and during the treatment. We also measured, as a control, the serum levels of CHGA, TNF‐α, and soluble TNFRs in 14 patients who were being treated with infliximab, adalimumab, or etanercept and in 20 matching negative controls. The serum levels of TNFR‐I and TNFR‐II, which are a sensitive marker for the TNF‐α pathway, correlated with those of CHGA before treatment (Pearson's coefficient, respectively, 0.59 and 0.53). Treatment with anti‐TNF‐α mAb provided a significant clinical response in all patients and the correlation between CHGA and TNFR‐I and TNFR‐II was no more evident during treatment (respectively, −0.09 and −0.07). TNF‐α blockade allows a clinical effect in patients with RA and modifies the correlation between CHGA and TNFRs, suggesting that TNF‐α and CHGA reciprocally interfere in the pathogenesis of RA, through intermediate adaptors, whose identification warrants further studies.
Dehydroepiandrosterone Improves Psychological Well-Being in Male and Female Hypopituitary Patients on Maintenance Growth Hormone Replacement
Authors: Brooke Antonia M. , Kalingag Leonila A. , Miraki-Moud Farideh , Camacho-Hübner Cecilia , Maher Katharine T. , Walker Dorothy M. , Hinson Joy P. , Monson John P.
Published: July 2006

Context: Patients with panhypopituitarism have impaired quality of life (QoL) despite GH replacement. They are profoundly androgen deficient, and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) has been shown to have a beneficial effect on well-being and mood in patients with adrenal failure and possibly in hypopituitarism.

Objective: Our objective was to determine the effect of DHEA administration on mood in hypopituitary adults on established GH replacement with a constant serum IGF-I.

Design: A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted over an initial 6 months followed by an open phase of 6 months of DHEA.

Setting: The study was conducted at a tertiary referral endocrinology unit.

Patients: Thirty female and 21 male hypopituitary patients enrolled. Data from 26 females and 18 males were analyzed after patient withdrawal.

Interventions: DHEA (50 mg) was added to maintenance replacement including GH.

Main Outcome Measures: The primary outcome objective was the effect on QoL and libido assessed by QoL assessment in GH deficiency in adults, Short Form 36, General Health Questionnaire, EuroQol, and sexual self-efficacy scale.

Results: Patients had impaired QoL at baseline compared with the age-matched British population. Females showed improvement in QoL assessment in GH deficiency in adults score (−2.9 ± 2.8 DHEA vs.−0.53 ± 3 placebo; P < 0.05), in Short Form 36 social functioning (14.6 ± 23.1 DHEA vs.−4.7 ± 25 placebo; P = 0.047), and general health perception (9.6 ± 14.2 DHEA vs.−1.2 ± 11.6 placebo; P = 0.036) after 6 months of DHEA. Men showed improvement in self-esteem (−1.3 ± 1.7 DHEA vs. 0.5 ± 1.5 placebo; P = 0.03) and depression (−1.6 ± 2.2 DHEA vs. 1.2 ± 2.4 placebo, P = 0.02) domains of the General Health Questionnaire after 6 months of DHEA.

Conclusions: DHEA replacement leads to modest improvement in psychological well-being in female and minor psychological improvement in male hypopituitary patients on GH replacement.
Modulation of Adipokines and Cytokines in Gestational Diabetes and Macrosomia
Authors: Atègbo J.-M. , Grissa O. , Yessoufou A. , Hichami A. , Dramane K. L. , Moutairou K. , Miled A. , Grissa A. , Jerbi M. , Tabka Z. , Khan N. A.
Published: July 2006

Context/Objective: Not much is known about the implication of adipokines and different cytokines in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and macrosomia. The purpose of this study was to assess the profile of these hormones and cytokines in macrosomic babies, born to gestational diabetic women.

Design/Subjects: A total of 59 women (age, 19–42 yr) suffering from GDM with their macrosomic babies (4.35 ± 0.06 kg) and 60 healthy age-matched pregnant women and their newborns (3.22 ± 0.08 kg) were selected.

Methods: Serum adipokines (adiponectin and leptin) were quantified using an obesity-related multiple ELISA microarray kit. The concentrations of serum cytokines were determined by ELISA.

Results: Serum adiponectin levels were decreased, whereas the concentrations of leptin, inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6 and TNF-α, were significantly increased in gestational diabetic mothers compared with control women. The levels of these adipocytokines were diminished in macrosomic babies in comparison with their age-matched control newborns. Serum concentrations of T helper type 1 (Th1) cytokines (IL-2 and interferon-γ) were decreased, whereas IL-10 levels were significantly enhanced in gestational diabetic mothers compared with control women. Macrosomic children exhibited high levels of Th1 cytokines and low levels of IL-10 compared with control infants. Serum IL-4 levels were not altered between gestational diabetic mothers and control mothers or the macrosomic babies and newborn control babies.

Conclusions: GDM is linked to the down-regulation of adiponectin along with Th1 cytokines and up-regulation of leptin and inflammatory cytokines. Macrosomia was associated with the up-regulation of Th1 cytokines and the down-regulation of the obesity-related agents (IL-6 and TNF-α, leptin, and adiponectin).
THE TRUE VISCOSITY AND THE COLLOIDAL VISCOSITY
Authors: Sameshima Jitsusaburo
Published: July 2006

There are two kinds of viscosities, viz. the true viscosity and the colloidal viscosity. They can be distinguished by the conductivity measurements. The true viscosity give strong effect on the conductivity but the colloidal viscosity give slight effect on it.
ON THE MOLECULAR VOLUME OF UREA IN COMPLEX IONS
Authors: Nakagawa Haruo
Published: July 2006

(1) The molecular volume of urea, which is contained in complex ions of various metallic complex salts, was determined. The average value thus obtained was found nearly equal to the theoretical.

(2) The molecular volume of water which exists as the water of crystallisation in some urea metallic complex salts was also calculated, and found normal, while Biltz gives distinctly smaller values for water contained in complex ions as “Ligand”.
UNTERSUCHUNGEN ÜBER DIE KATALYTISCHE OXYDATIONSWIRKUNG KOLLOIDALER SUBSTANZEN. III
Authors: Shibata Yuji , Yamasaki Kazuo
Published: July 2006

Das Oxydationsvermögen von kolloidalem Platin, Silber und Gold auf Pyrogallollösung wurde manometrisch untersucht. Die Platinsole beschleunigten diese Oxydation immer bedeutend, aber Silber und Gold zeigten keine messbaren katalytischen Oxydationswirkungen.
ON THE ABSORPTION OF HYDROGEN CHLORIDE INTO VARIOUS ORGANIC LIQUIDS AND CALCULATION OF THE HEAT OF ABSORPTION. II.
Authors: Hamai Senzo
Published: July 2006

(1) The absorption of hydrogen chloride into 1,1,2-trichlorethane and pentachlorethane at 20°, 15° and 12°C. has been measured.

(2) The heat of absorption of hydrogen chloride into these organic substances has been calculated.

(3) The order of the solubilities of hydrogen chloride into these liquids including those mentioned in our previous paper, is found to be well fitted in a scheme already described, namely they are in the order of the total bond energies of these substances.
STUDIES OF THE RAMAN EFFECT OF ORGANIC SUBSTANCES. PART IV. RAMAN EFFECT OF CEDRENE.
Authors: Matsuno Kichimatsu , Han Kwan
Published: July 2006

The Raman spectrum of cedrene has been studied. The frequencies of Δv 733,780,915 and 965 cm.−1 are established to be attributable to the valency frequencies of the linkage, (Remark: Graphics omitted.) in the molecule of cedrene. The most ntense line at Δv 1666 cm.−1 is assigned to characterize the C=C bond. The occurrence of the Raman line at Δv 1375 cm.−1 seems to give an evidence of the (Remark: Graphics omitted.) linkage in the cedrene molecule, (Remark: Graphics omitted.).
ON THE PRESENCE OF INERT GASES IN SOME MINERAL SPRING GASES IN JAPAN
Authors: Suganuma I , Kitaoka K
Published: July 2006

Researches of inert gases in some mineral spring gases in Japan have been carried out with the conclusion that the primordial inert gases were contained in the ancient air which was enclosed in the internal parts of the earth, and in the long course of time the oxygen and nitrogen were gradually lost owing to their chemical activity leaving behind inert gases such as helium, neon, and argon. When the spring gases are produced largely underground and gush out of the earth they are accompanied generally by the primordial gases, that is to say, they come out upwards together with the inert gases.
QUANTITATIVE EMISSION SPECTRUM ANALYSIS OF LEAD AND CADMIUM CONTAINED IN ZINC OXIDE
Authors: Iwamura Arata
Published: July 2006

(1) Electrodes consisting of a zinc oxide sample containing lead or cadmium, were prepared for the purpose of quantitative emission-spectrum analysis.

(2) The reproducibility of the spectrograms of the electrodes was tested, and was shown to be within -4.8 to +6.5%, under the conditions of the experiment.

(3) The sensitivity of this method for estimating lead and cadmium contained in zinc oxide was determined to be 1×10−6 and 1.5×10−6 respectively under the conditions of the experiment.

(4) Influence of acids used for cementing zinc oxide, influence of the presence of carbonate and that of some metallic salts added to zinc oxide were tested. Some remarks on capacity and on the developing of the plate were described.

(5) The values obtained by emission-spectrum analysis were compared with those found by chemical analysis or with theoretical values.
AN EXPERIMENTAL METHOD OF STUDYING SUBSTITUTION AND DECOMPOSITION REACTIONS BY MEANS OF PHOTOELECTRIC CELL. I. ABSORPTION OF LIGHT OF WAVE LENGTHS 3650Å AND 4360Å BY VAPOURS OF VARIOUS HALOGEN DERIVATIVES OF ETHANE
Authors: Hamai Senzo
Published: July 2006

(1) An experimental technique, by which the halogen substitution reaction can be studied by using a photoelectric cell, is described. This may well also be applied to studying decomposition reaction where substances involved are susceptible to absorption of the light waves suitably selected.

(2) Absorption of light by the various organic vapours, hydrogen chloride, and chlorine has been studied by this apparatus, and it has been found that all except chlorine are transparent to 3650 and 4350Å from the mercury lamp as a light source.
THE HIGHLY UNSATURATED ACIDS IN SARDINE OIL. VIII THE CONSTITUTION OF CLUPANODONIC ACID C22H34O2
Authors: Toyama Yoshiyuki , Tsuchiya Tomotaro
Published: July 2006

1. Amyl clupanodonate was subjected to ozonolysis. Among the products of ozonolysis were found propyl aldehyde, acetaldehyde, carbon dioxide, succinic acid, amyl hydrogen succinate and also lower acids which were deemed to consist of propionic and acetic acids. Of these compounds, acetaldehyde, acetic acid and carbon dioxide are attributable to the secondary decomposition of the products of ozonolysis primarily derived from the group =CH· CH2·CH=. Accordingly clupanodonic acid was shown to contain the following groups: CH3·CH2·CH=, =CH·(CH2)2·COOH, =CH·CH2·CH= and =CH·(CH2)2·CH=, of which clupanodonic acid contains three of the last named group.

2. The dibromo-derivative of clupanodonic acid was separated as the chief constituent of the product which was obtained by adding 1 mol bromine to 1 mol clupanodonic acid. Similarly tetrabromo- and hexa-bromo-derivatives of clupanodonic acid were separated, respectively, as the chief constituents of the product obtained by adding 2 mols and 3 mols bromine, respectively, to 1 mol clupanodonic acid. It is seen from the following results obtained by the ozonolysis of these bromo-derivatives that, in these partial brominations, bromine adds selectively first to the ethylenic linking which is more distant from the carboxyl group. Though this selectivity is not a complete one, any of the above-mentioned bromoderivatives contains as its chief constituent the product formed in accordance to this selectivity.

3. Ozonolysis of dibromo-derivative of clupanodonic acid thus obtained gave a bromo-compound which on debromination and subsequent hydrogenation yielded, as an acidic product, heptoic acid. This fact, coupled with the results obtained by the ozonolysis of amyl clupanodonate, indicated that clupanodonic acid had the group CH3·CH2·CH=CH·(CH2)2·CH=.

4. Ozonolysis of tetrabromo-derivative of clupanodonic acid gave a bromo-compound which on debromination and subsequent hydrogenation yielded capric acid, and consequently clupanodonic acid was shown to contain the group CH3·CH2·CH=CH·(CH2)2·CH=CH·CH2·CH=.

5. Ozonolysis of hexabromo-derivative of clupanodonic acid gave a bromo-compound which on debromination and subsequent hydrogenation yielded myristic acid, and consequently clupanodonic acid was shown to contain the group CH3·CH2·CH=CH·(CH2)2·CH=CH·CH2·CH=CH·(CH2)2·CH=.

6. From the foregoing results, the constitution of clupanodonic acid has been established as Δ4:5,8:9,12:13,15:16,19:20-docosapentenoic acid which is expressed by the following formula: CH_3·CH_2·CH=CH·(CH_2)_2·CH=CH·CH_2·CH=CH·(CH_2)_2·CH=CH·(CH_2)_2·CH=CH·(CH_2)_2·COOH.
SORPTION OF GAS BY MINERAL. VI
Authors: Sameshima Jitsusaburo , Morita Noriyoshi
Published: July 2006

(1) The sorptions of ammonia and carbon dioxide under one atmospheric pressure at 25°C. by the dehydrated samples of sepiolite, talc, serpentine, asbestos, acid clay, bentonite, and vivianite have been measured.

(2) Sepiolite sorbs either ammonia or carbon dioxide in a considerable amount. It is already known that this mineral sorbs various kinds of gases and that this is a sorbent of silica gel type.

(3) Acid clay and bentonite sorb ammonia but no carbon dioxide. Asbestos sorbs some amount of ammonia.

(4) Talc, serpentine, and vivianite sorb neither ammonia nor carbon dioxide.
A NEW MICROSCOPIC METHOD FOR MEASURING THE VISCOSITY OF A LIQUID
Authors: Hirata Fumio
Published: July 2006

(1) In connection with the method for measuring the viscosity of a liquid, a microscopic method, quite different from the methods hitherto known has been proposed and its possibility has been examined.

(2) The advantages of this microscopic method has been enumerated.

(3) The apparatus and the procedure of the measurement has been described.

(4) The theoretical relation of the influence of the fine particles added to the sample liquid on the viscosity of the liquid has been confirmed by experiment.

(5) The viscosity of glycerine and acetone solution of cellulose acetate has been measured by this new method.

(6) The results of measurements by the new method and those by the Ostwald viscosimeter have been compared, and the accuracy of the new method has been shown.

(7) It is shown that the relation between the viscosity and the radius of the measuring capillary tube is in accord with the theory.

The author desires to express here his feeling of obligation to Professor S. Horiba for his kind guidance throughout the investigation. The author also desires to express his gratitude to the Department of Education which supplied him with the necessary expenses for the investigation by granting him a Subsidy for Encouragement of the Study of Natural Science. The author is also indebted to Mr. T. Daimon who assisted him in the experiments.
HEXADECENOL IN SPERM BLUBBER OIL
Authors: Toyama Yoshiyuki , Akiyama Goroku
Published: July 2006

Hexadecenol has been separated, in a very small yield, from the unsaponifiable matter of sperm blubber oil, and its constitution has been established as CH3·(CH2)5·CH=CH·(CH2)7·CH2OH. Hence, hexadecenol in sperm blubber oil is proved to be identical with zoomaryl alcohol (Δ9:10-hexadecenol) previously found in sperm head oil.
DECENOIC ACID C10H18O2 IN SPERM HEAD OIL
Authors: Toyama Yoshiyuki , Tsuchiya Tomotaro
Published: July 2006

A decenoic acid has been separated from sperm head oil. Its methyl ester was oxidised with potassium permanganate in acetone, and after the saponification of the acid ester contained in the oxidation products, azelaic acid was identified. The presence of formic acid in the oxidation products was also indicated. Accordingly the decenoic acid in sperm head oil is proved to be Δ9:10-decenoic acid, having the formula CH2=CH·(CH2)7·COOH.
STUDIES OF MONOMOLECULAR FILMS BY THE RIPPLE METHOD. I
Authors: Sameshima Jitsusaburo , Sasaki Tsunetaka
Published: July 2006

(1) The change of height of the capillary wave by the oil film has been measured, “the constant surface area method” being used. The substances tested are palmitic acid, stearic acid, myristic acid, oleic acid, tetradecyl alcohol, and palmitonitrile.

(2) The area per molecule of oil has been calculated for which the capillary wave subsides, and this has been compared with the cross sectional area of molecules obtained by other authors.

(3) The effect of the change of vibrational number on the subsiding action of wave has been studied.

(4) The mechanisms of the subsiding action of oil film on the capillary wave and the breaker have been described.
ON THE VISCOSITY OF THE CRITICAL MIXTURE OF TERNARY SYSTEM BENZENE-ALCOHOL-WATER
Authors: Kimura Osamu
Published: July 2006

(1) The viscosity of the three component system benzene-ethanol-water was measured in the neighbourhood of critical point.

(2) To the homogeneous region Andrade’s formula is strictly applicable but not to the colloidal region. This deviation is caused by the existence of colloid particles.

(3) The concentration of colloid particles was calculated by using Hatschek’s formula, and it was of the order of 0.0001 near the critical point.
OPTICAL ROTATORY DISPERSION OF SOME BRIDGED DERIVATIVES OF ALKYLTARTRATES
Authors: Tsuzuki Yojiro
Published: July 2006

(1) Rotatory dispersions in the region from 6708 Å to 4358 Å of diethyl and dimethyl isopropylidene-tartrates, diethyl and dimethyl ethylidenetartrates and diethyl methylene-tartrate, bridged derivatives of alkyltartrates, in which both the hydroxyls are linked with the rest of the carbonyl compounds have been measured, all with no solvent, and shown to be expressed by one term of Drude’s equation.

(2) It is pointed out that the absorption bands of the condensation products from ketone are located at about 1750 Å, whereas those of the compounds derived from aldehydes at about 2100 Å, and the relation between these values and the chemical constitution is discussed.

(3) Considering the fact that the dispersion ratio α4358⁄α5461 and the characteristic wave length λ0 range from 1.674 to 1.748 and from 1735 Å to 2141 Å respectively, the rotatory dispersion of these compounds is concluded to be very probably simple.
THE ELECTROLYTIC FORMATION OF PERSULPHATE. PART II
Authors: Matsuda Ryoichi , Nishimori Teruichi
Published: July 2006

(1) Experiment 1. 7 N sulphate solutions are electrolysed with an unignited Pt-anode, diaphragm being disused. The highest C.E.(2) is obtained in the case of 7 N ammonium sulphate containing no free H2SO4, which fact the present authors’ view is able to account for, but not Elbs’.

(2) Experiment 2. The same kinds of solutions are electrolysed without diaphragm as in the previous experiment and the favourable effect of using the ignited Pt-anode is clearly observed in the case of solutions containing ammonium sulphate. The C.E. in the present case, in general, does not seem inferior to that of electrolysis with diaphragm. 7 N H2SO4 solution containing no ammonium sulphate, however, has a very poor C.E. which is attributed to the vigorous cathodic reduction, in this solution, of the anodic products.

(3) Experiment 3. Four 15 N sulphate solutions are electrolysed. Caro’s acid, being formed in an appreciable amount, is proved to be helpful in explaining the mechanism of the anodic reactions from the view-point of OH′-concentration. It is suggested in this case that the viscosity of the solution has more or less effect on the C.E.

(4) Experiment 4. Three 20 N sulphate solutions are electrolysed, in which the total C.E.’s are smaller and Caro’s acid ones greater than the corresponding values in the 15 N solutions. As in the previous cases, the more concentrated the solution with respect to ammonium sulphate, the greater the total C.E. The behaviour of Caro’s acid and the viscosity of the solution are discussed in connexion with the C.E.

(5) Experiment 5. Change of the C.E. with time is traced to 15 hours, when 15 N H2SO4 solution is electrolysed at a constant C.D.(2) And it is found that electrolysis without diaphragm is, again, not inferior, but rather superior, to that with it with regard to C.E.

(6) The present authors’ view about the mechanism of electrolytic formation of persulphate comes into line with that proposed by one of them (R.M.)(4) for Kolbe’s reaction. Thus it is shown that electrolytic oxidation of both inorganic and organic compounds is explicable by one and the same theory.
SPECTROGRAPHIC METHODS OF STUDYING UNSTABLE COMPOUNDS. II. THE AQUOTIZATION OF TRANSDICHLORO-TETRAMMINE COBALTIC CHLORIDE IN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS
Authors: Tsuchida Ryutaro
Published: July 2006

(1) A new complex compound [Co(NH3)4Cl H2O(6)(1)]Cl2 was found by the spectrographic analysis.

(2) Trans-dichloro-tetrammine cobaltic chloride in aqueous solutions changes in the following scheme:

(Remark: Graphics omitted.)

(3) The velocity constants of the first two reactions were found to be 1.39×10−3 and 9.05×10−4 respectively.

(4) The absorption curves were found for the unstable complex salts [Co(NH3)4Cl2(6)(1)]Cl and [Co(NH3)4Cl H2O(6)(1)]C12, both of which can never exist in acqueous solutions without contamination of related compounds.

(5) The praseo-salt shows a third absorption band of the same type as that of [Co(NH3)4(NO2)2(6)(1)]Cl.

(6) The third absorption band is supposed to be one of the general characteristics of those complex salt which have in the co-ordination at least one pair of ions in trans-positions to each other.

(7) Substitution of Cl in [Co(NH3)4Cl2(6)(1)]Cl or [Co(NH3)4Cl H2O(2)(1)]C12 by H2O, has hypsoehromic effect.
On the Relation between the Configuration of Metallic Complex Salts and their Absorption Spectra
Authors: Sueda Hideo
Published: July 2006

(1) From the comparison of absorption curves given by nitroammine-cobaltic complex salts near 360 mμ of wave length, the following assumption was deduced: the absorption band presented by complex salt solutions can be resolved into the elements (characteristic absorption) which are due to the pairs of co-ordinated groups situated in transposition in a complex radical, and these elements show an additive property in the same complex ion.

(2) By taking into account of the above-mentioned point of view, K[Co(NH3)2(NO2)4] (Erdemann’s salt) should have a trans-configuration.

(3) This assumption may also be applied to the absorptions given by aquo-chloro-ammine salts of cobalt and chromium, in visible and ultraviolet regions.
Studies on the Constitution of Shonanic Acid, One of the Two Characteristic Volatile Acids from the Wood of Libocedrus formosana, Florin. III Studies on the Oxidation of Shonanic Acid
Authors: Ichikawa Nobutoshi
Published: July 2006

(1) Dimethylmalonic acid and formic acid were obtained by the oxidation of shonanic acid.

(2) A hydrocarbon C10H20 was obtained by the reduction of shonanic and tetrahydroshonanic acid with hydroiodic acid.

(3) A hydrocarbon C9Hi16 (Remark: Graphics omitted.) was obtained by the dry distillation of shonanic acid with soda-lime.

(4) The attempt to determine the ring structure of shonanic acid by comparing the properties of these hydrocarbons with those of known hydrocarbons gave no reliable results.

(5) The formation of o-dinitrobenzene from shonanic acid by treating it with dilute nitric acid may be taken as an evidence for the presence of six-membered ring system in its molecule.
On the Flow of Gases through a Porous Wall
Authors: Adzumi Hiroshi
Published: July 2006

(1) A formula for the flow of a gas through a porous plate has been derived and found that the observed quantity of flow is satisfactorilyexpressed by this formula.

(2) The method of estimating the values of the mean radius and the number of pores of a porous plate has been proposed.
A Theory of Surface Tension of Debye-Hückel Electrolyte
Authors: Ariyama Kyozo
Published: July 2006

A very comprehensible theory of surface tension of Debye-Hückel electrolyte is proposed. An explicit formula for surface tension is derived and compared with experiment very satisfactorily. A qualitative explanation of Heydweiller effect is given. Interfacial tension is also discussed very briefly.
Studies on the Aqueous Solutions of Some Chromic Salts. I. Spectrochemical Studies of the Chloro-aquo Compounds
Authors: Sueda Hideo
Published: July 2006

(1) The absorption spectra of six solutions of chromic chloride and sulphate hydrates were quantitatively measured in the ultra-violet region.

(2) Violet chromic sulphate and chrome alum should respectively have the formula [Cr(H2O)6]2(SO4)3 and K[Cr(H2O)6] (SO4)2.

(3) Chloro-aquo chromic salts were transformed into the hydroxopentaquo chromic salts in the solutions where the pH-values were higher than 4.0.

(4) The substitution of a chlorine atom for a molecule of water in these salts caused the absorption band to shift in the direction of the increasing wave length and absorption capacity.

(5) Following his method, the author has made a comparison of calculated and observed values of the absorption of green chromic chloride.
Experimental Studies on the Electrochemical Polarisation Produced in the Cylindrical Mass of Litharge. I
Authors: Tiku Takewo
Published: July 2006

Litharge powder was mixed with distilled water and turned to pasted form. This was stuffed in glass tubes of moderate length at their middle portions, and direct electric current was passed through the mass. Positive and negative patterns due to electrolytic polarisation was produced in the mass facing each other at definite positions in the axial direction of the cylindrical mass, the position of the negative being near the positive end of the mass. The ratios of the distance P of the positive position from the negative end to the length l of the mass were found to be independent of the length in the average.

The value of P⁄l is affected by the modification of litharge, but not by the diameter, the length of the mass and the terminal voltage.
Dipole Moments of Benzil and Stilbene Dichloride
Authors: Higasi Ken-iti
Published: July 2006

(1) The dipole moment of benzil was studied in three solvents and its temperature dependence was examined.

(2) The carbon-carbon bond of benzil is not a pure single bond and is probably a hybrid of single and double bonds. This is the result expected from Thiele’s old idea of conjugated system and also from the quantum mechanical resonance.

(3) The dipole moment of α-stilbene dichloride was also studied in benzene and carbon tetrachloride solution. The result was compared with that of ethylene dichloride.
Quantum Mechanical Resonance and Internal Rotation
Authors: Mizushima San-ichiro , Kubo Masaji
Published: July 2006

The effect of single bond—double bond resonance upon the internal rotation was discussed for carboxylic and their derivatives. In acids and ester the strong carboxylic resonance imparts the double bond character to the C–O bond the actual “mesomeric” molecule to such an extent that practically the complete inhibition of the internal motion is realized at all ordinary temperatures, while the replacement of hydrogen of H–COOR by chlorine or methoxyl group greatly reduces this double bond character, so that the internal oscillatory rotation of finite amplitude can take place about the C–O bond as axis.
The Adsorption of Helium On Charcoal below 78°K., and Production and Thermometry of Law Temperatures
Authors: Kanda Eizo
Published: July 2006

The adsorption of helium on charcoal below to 78°K. was measured and the heat of sorption was determined. Systematical trials of the desorption method for the purpose of obtaining low temperatures without liquid helium were described. Resistance thermometers of manganin and of constantan were calibrated with the helium gas thermometer down to 6°K.
Quantitative Spectral Analysis. IX. Determination of Caesium by Emission-Spectra
Authors: Iwamura Arata
Published: July 2006

(1) Solid sample electrodes were prepared from a caesium chloride solution, carbon and “sirupus simplex”, and the amount of caesium chloride was spectrographically determined with a sensitivity of 2×10−4%.

(2) The analysis was conducted on sample electrodes containing 0.0005–0.015% of CsCl.

(3) Both the “method of comparison” and the graphical method were found to be applicable for the determination of caesium chloride with a fair degree of exactness, error being always caused within the permissible limit.
Quantitative Spectral Analysis. X. Determination of Lithium by Emission-Spectra
Authors: Iwamura Arata
Published: July 2006

(1) Solid sample electrodes were prepared from carbon, “sirupus simplex” and varying amounts of lithium chloride and the amount of lithium chloride was spectrographically determined with a sensitivity of 3×10−5% with respect to the line at λ=6707.9 Å, and with that of 1×10−4% with respect to the line at λ=6103.6 Å.

(2) The method of comparison was found to be applicable for the determination of lithium chloride throughout the range of 0.001–0.050%.

(3) Several samples containing lithium were analysed by the graphical method and were found to contain 1–12×10−3% of lithium chloride.

(4) Several samples of clay produced in Seto and Inuyama were found to contain 3×10−5% of lithium by the graphical method.
Absorption Spectra of Salicylaldehyde-ethylenediimine and Related Compounds
Authors: Tsuchida Ryutaro , Tsumaki Tokuichi
Published: July 2006

(1) Absorption spectra of benzaldehyde-ethylenediimine, o-methoxybenzaldehyde-ethylenediimine, salicylaldehyde-ethylenediimine and o-hydroxyacetophenone-ethylenediimine have been measured, and the structures of the spectra have been qualitatively explained by the theories of absorption spectra of coordination compounds.

(2) The longest-waved band of salicylaldehyde-ethylenediimine as well as of o-hydroxyacetophenone-ethylenediimine has been explained as due to intramolecular formation of a hydrogen bridge between the hydroxyl group and the nitrogen atom. In other words an absorption band of a hydrogen bond has been found in the near ultra-violet region.

(3) The absorption spectrum of salicylaldehyde-ethylenediimine-cobalt has been explained and the steric configuration of the inner complex has thereby been corroborated.
Spectrochemical Study of Microscopic Crystals. I. Application of Microscopes in Spectrography
Authors: Tsuchida Ryutaro , Kobayashi Masahisa
Published: July 2006

A new method of measuring absorption spectra of microscopic crystals has been introduced. Application of a polarizing microscope renders it possible to measure pleochroism of microcrystalline substances. An example is shown of cis-dichloro-tetrammine-cobaltic chloride.
On the Nature of Foam. V. Phase Inversion and Foam Formation of Emulsion Consisting of Acetic Acid, Benzene, and Water
Authors: Sasaki Tunetaka
Published: July 2006

(1) The heterogeneous region of the system consisting of acetic acid, benzene and water (ABW) is divided into three regions A, B and C, referring to the type of emulsion produced by two different modes of shaking. Systems in region A or B produce water-in-oil or oil-in-water emulsion respectively, whatever the mode of shaking, and those in region C occasionally produce both types of emulsion according to the two modes of shaking. The region C is called the phase inversion zone by shaking.

(2) Some systems of this phase inversion zone behave both foamy and non foamy according to the two different modes of shaking. The existence of such foam-nonfoam system is restricted in a portion of the phase inversion zone which at the same time forms a portion of foamy region of heterogeneous system of ABW.

(3) The difference in nature or behaviour between two possible types of emulsions produced by one and the same system was compared in details, and its discussions were made.
Chemical Studies by Means of Molecular Beams. VII. A Method of Measuring the Intensity of Potassium Atomic Beams with an Incandescent Tungsten Surface. Part 1
Authors: Kodera Kumasaburo
Published: July 2006

In these experiments on the measurement of the intensity of potassium atomic beams with a tungsten ribbon, the following results have been obtained:

(1) The ribbon was used to catch potassium atoms at room temperature and the positive ions formed by flashing were measured with a ballistic galvanometer.

(2) The ribbon surface is uniform for the ionization of potassium atoms.

(3) For the evaporation in the form of ions of adsorbed potassium atoms, the ribbon must be heated higher than 800 °C.

(4) When the ionization of adsorbed potassium atoms is effected by flashing, the ionization is complete, when the surface concentration is below 0.04; otherwise, the ionization is incomplete.

(5) The ionization efficiency as a function of the surface concentration of potassium atoms was calculated on simple assumption and was found to deviate from the value observed.
Chemical Studies of the Western Pacific Ocean. IV. The Refractive Index of Sea Water
Authors: Miyake Yasuo
Published: July 2006

(1) Refractive indices of sea water of various chlorinities were measured and the following empirical formula was obtained:

n_D^25=1.33249_7+0.000334 Cl

(2) An assumption that the refraction of sea water is a summation of the individual refractions of pure water and dissolved salts, was proved both experimentally and theoretically.
Studies on the Oiliness of Liquids. VIII. Measurements of the Static Friction Coefficients for Silver Surfaces
Authors: Isemura Toshizo
Published: July 2006

(1) Measurements of the static friction coefficients have been made to study the oiliness of liquids. The friction surfaces consisted of a silver plate and a silver piece of spherical surface.

(2) The static friction coefficients of water, hydrocarbons, aliphatic alcohols, aliphatic acids and esters have been measured.

(3) The static friction coefficients of these compounds excepting the acids are all comparable with the results obtained for the glass surfaces. The friction coefficients of acids diminish rapidly with the number of carbon atoms in the chain of the molecule for the silver surfaces, while they are nearly constant irrespective to the number of carbon atoms for glass surfaces.
On the Rhodanate Reaction of Molybdenum
Authors: Uzumasa Yasumitsu , Doi Ken-ichi
Published: July 2006

(1) By means of a photoelectric colorimeter, the reaction products between molybdenum and rhodanate under various conditions were examined. The colour changes with the duration of time were recorded by an autographic apparatus constructed by the writers.

(2) The spectrographic observations of the products were also carried out.

(3) The red colour observed in the rhodanate test for molybdenum is ascribed to rhodanate complexes of quinquivalent molybdenum, possibly and chiefly K2[MoO(SCN)5].

(4) It is emphasized that, to attain the maximum sensitivity of the reaction, rhodanate should be added in advance of the reducing agent.
A Note on the Constitution of Dehydroergopinacone
Authors: Ando Toshio
Published: July 2006

Dehydroergopinacone diacetate was prepared and its absorption spectrum in ultraviolet region was studied. Ergopinacone diacetate was shown not to be dehydrogenated with mercuric acetate. From the results a probable constitution (VII) was assigned to dehydroergopinacone, following Inhoffen’s ergopinacone formula.
Chemical Studies of the Western Pacific Ocean. II. The Chemical Composition of the Oceanic Salt. Part 2
Authors: Miyake Yasuo
Published: July 2006

(1) Strontium in sea water from the Western Pacific Ocean has been determined gravimetrically; the analytical result: 14.4 mg. Sr per litre.

(2) Boron in sea water has been determined volumetrically; the analytical result: 4.73 mg. B per litre.

The author wishes to express his hearty thanks to Prof. T. Okada, Director of the Central Meteorological Observatory of Japan, for his kind guidance and the permission of publishing this report. He is also indebted to Mr. H. Matui for his assistance in the analytical work.
On the Nature of Foam. IV. Phase Inversion and Foaming of Emulsion Consisting of Acetic Acid, Ethyl Ether, and Water
Authors: Sasaki Tunetaka
Published: July 2006

(1) It has been discovered, that there is certain heterogeneous system consisting of acetic acid, ethyl ether and water, which behaves both foamy and non foamy, according to the different modes of shaking. This behaviour in foam formation is due to the difference in the type of emulsions produced.

(2) Three modes of shaking were noted and their influences upon the type of emulsion have been discussed.

(3) The heterogeneous region of this system is divided into three parts, according to the type of emulsion produced by shaking, namely, oil-in-water region, water-in-oil region and phase inversion zone. In phase inversion zone, both types of emulsions are possible to be produced by different modes of shaking. Observations and discussions were made upon these emulsions.
The Influence of Temperature on the Formation of Platinum-carbonyl Sol
Authors: Sano Isamu
Published: July 2006

(1) The influence of the temperature of preparation on the forma？ion of platinum-carbonyl sol from the chloroplatinic acid solution by the action of carbon monoxide were investigated at various temperatures between 5° and 80°C., together with the influence of the concentration of solution ranging from 0.01 to 0.1% with respect to H2PtCl6·6H2O.

(2) Stable sols having a tinge of red with a dash of purple may be produced from the solutions of concentrations between 0.01 and 0.08% in a wide range of temperature; sols of various colours such as brownish red, brown as well as dark brown may be formed in the same limits of concentration as the above at the elevated temperatures.

(3) Sols tinged with red slightly inclining to purple may be obtained, though unstable, from the 0.1% acid solutions only at lower temperatures.

(4) The colouration effects above-mentioned were spectroscopically analyzed with the Nutting’s spectrophotometer, and it was found that the extinction curves for the sols tinged with red reach a maximum at about 540 mμ, while those for the sols with a tinge varying from brown to black decrease monotonously with the increasing wave-length.
Effect of the Rain on the Composition of the Hot Springs of Yunohanazawa, Hakone
Authors: Kuroda Kazuo
Published: July 2006

The effect of the rain on the composition of the hot springs of Yunohanazawa was studied and it was found that the springs vary in composition according to the amount of rain falling.
On the Absorption Spectra of Polynuclear Complex Salts
Authors: Ohyagi Yoshihiko
Published: July 2006

The absorption spectra of the polynuclear cobalt complex salts are observed in the phosphoric acid solution. They are stable in it, and give distinct absorption spectra.
Catalytic Activity of Phthalocyanines in the Autoxidation of Linseed Oil and Methyl Linoleate
Authors: Tamamushi Bunichi , Tohmatsu Shizuo
Published: July 2006

The catalytic action of metallic phthalocyanines towards the aut-oxidation of linseed oil and methyl linoleate is demonstrated. Chloriron phthalocyanine is remarkably effective as catalyst, whereas copper- and magnesium phthalocyanine are slightly effective.
Studies on the Organic Molecular Compounds. Part III. On the Molecular Compound-Formation of Aromatic Hydrocarbons with Nitro-Compounds and with Antimony Trihalides
Authors: Shinomiya Chiro
Published: July 2006

As in the case of the nitro components discussed in Parts I and II, on the formation of crystalline molecular compounds, regularity was found also in the aromatic hydrocarbon components of condensed or non-condensed ring structure. The predominant tendency to compound-formation seems to be affected by the structure of both components, although it differs considerably from that in solutions. All the observed systems were almost halochromic when fused, about half the number of which gave crystalline compounds, some of which are shown in the phase diagrams. The effect of substituents of benzene ring in the binary systems containing antimony trihalides was also studied.
Studies on the Organic Molecular Compounds. Part IV. The Relation between Compound-Formation and the Substituent in the Monosubstitution Products of Several Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Authors: Shinomiya Chiro
Published: July 2006

The effect of the substituents in the aromatic (naphthalene) ring on compound-formation was studied in connexion with “aromatic—nitro-aromatic combination,”the results of which were in good agreement with those previously reported.
Studies on the Oiliness of Liquids. X. The Friction Coefficients of Mono- and Multi-Molecular Layers
Authors: Isemura Toshizo
Published: July 2006

(1) The static friction coefficients of glass surfaces covered with the mono- and multi-molecular layers of some long chain acids etc. have been measured.

(2) The friction coefficients of glass covered with monomolecular film of acids are about one tenth of that of clean glass. The friction coefficients of alcohols and esters are somewhat higher but fluctuate considerably.

(3) The friction coefficients of multimolecular layers decrease by the increase of their thickness until it becomes five or seven molecular layers, but shows no further reduction.

(4) The effect of compression during the deposition of the film was investigated. The film deposited in high compression state shows low friction coefficient.

(5) The film deposited from basic substrate shows lower friction coefficient than that deposited from acidic substrate.

(6) The force area relations of stearic acid monolayer have been studied on fresh distilled water, on tap water, and on tap water added with ammonium oxalate in relation to the transference of the film on the glass plate.