bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
AUTONOMOUS SCIENCE AND SOCIALLY RESPONSIVE SCIENCE: A Search for Resolution
Authors: Brooks Harvey
Published: July 2002

[Figure: see text]

▪ Abstract  I reflect on a career that has featured developing an advanced torpedo for submarine warfare during World War II, designing alternative nuclear reactors at the advent of nuclear power, guiding the development of the first institutions for technology assessment, assisting several of the early efforts at environmental policy analysis, and promoting experiments that have led to insights regarding the humanization of work. A recurring concern of mine, still unresolved, is how to give due weight, simultaneously, to two different visions of the scientific enterprise: an endeavor that must remain autonomous and an endeavor that must be driven by societal needs.
TURBULENT RELATIVE DISPERSION
Authors: Sawford Brian
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  This review begins with the classical foundations of relative dispersion in Kolmogorov's similarity scaling. Analysis of the special cases of isotropic and homogeneous scalar fields is then used to establish most simply the connection with turbulent mixing. The importance of the two-particle acceleration covariance in relative dispersion is demonstrated from the kinematics of the motion of particle-pairs. A summary of the development of two-particle Lagrangian stochastic models is given, with emphasis on the assumptions and constraints involved, and on predictions of the scalar variance field for inhomogeneous sources. Two-point closures and kinematic simulation are also reviewed in the context of their prediction of the Richardson constant and other fundamental constants. In the absence of reliable field data, direct numerical simulations and laboratory measurements seem most likely to provide suitable data with which to test the assumptions and predictions of these theories.
Functional Biomaterials: Design of Novel Biomaterials
Authors: Sakiyama-Elbert SE , Hubbell JA
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  The field of biomaterials has recently been focused on the design of intelligent materials. Toward this goal, materials have been developed that can provide specific bioactive signals to control the biological environment around them during the process of materials integration and wound healing. In addition, materials have been developed that can respond to changes in their environment, such as a change in pH or cell-associated enzymatic activity. In designing such novel biomaterials, researchers have sought not merely to create bio-inert materials, but rather materials that can respond to the cellular environment around them to improve device integration and tissue regeneration.
Biological Responses to Materials
Authors: Anderson James M
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  All materials intended for application in humans as biomaterials, medical devices, or prostheses undergo tissue responses when implanted into living tissue. This review first describes fundamental aspects of tissue responses to materials, which are commonly described as the tissue response continuum. These actions involve fundamental aspects of tissue responses including injury, inflammatory and wound healing responses, foreign body reactions, and fibrous encapsulation of the biomaterial, medical device, or prosthesis. The second part of this review describes the in vivo evaluation of tissue responses to biomaterials, medical devices, and prostheses to determine intended performance characteristics and safety or biocompatibility considerations. While fundamental aspects of tissue responses to materials are important from research and development perspectives, the in vivo evaluation of tissue responses to these materials is important for performance, safety, and regulatory reasons.
THE CURRENT MANAGEMENT OF CARCINOMA OF THE HEAD OF THE PANCREAS
Authors: Cameron John L.
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  Carcinoma of the head of the pancreas can be diagnosed and staged effectively by computed tomography (CT) scan and by visceral angiography. If the tumor appears to be resectable, no further studies such as percutaneous biopsy are required. Pancreaticoduodenectomy is the only potentially curable treatment. This operation can be performed with a hospital mortality rate of approximately 2%. If the resection is curative, five-year survival in excess of 20% can be anticipated. Utilizing multivariate analysis, negative lymph node status, the absence of microscopic evidence of blood vessel involvement, and two or fewer blood transfusions during surgery are all independent predictors of long-term survival. Adjuvant therapy is effective and should be used routinely.
MANAGEMENT OF PATIENTS WITH ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME
Authors: Meko, M.D J. B. , Norton, M.D J. A.
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (ZES) is caused by gastrin-secreting tumors called gastrinomas. Patients commonly present with peptic ulcer disease and may have recurrent, multiple, and atypically located ulcers, e.g. in the jejunum. Alternatively, severe diarrhea may be the only presenting symptom. Patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia Type I (MEN-I) and ZES become symptomatic at an earlier age than patients with sporadic ZES. Patients with ZES have elevated fasting serum gastrin concentrations (>100 pg/ml) and basal gastric acid hypersecretion (>15 mEq/h). The secretin stimulation test is the best test to distinguish ZES from other conditions resulting in elevated gastrin levels. Gastric acid hypersecretion can be controlled in virtually all patients with H2-receptor antagonists or omeprazole, thus rendering total gastrectomy unnecessary. Computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), radionuclide octreotide scanning, endoscopic ultrasound, and the selective arterial secretin injection test are the recommended imaging studies for localization of gastrinoma; nevertheless, 50% of gastrinomas are not evident on preoperative imaging studies. All patients with sporadic gastrinoma who do not have unresectable metastatic disease should undergo exploratory laparotomy for potential curative resection. With increased awareness of duodenal tumors, gastrinoma can be found in 80–90% of patients. Surgery may be the most effective treatment for metastatic gastrinoma if most or all of the tumor can be resected. The management of patients with MEN-I and ZES remains controversial. Some clinicians advocate an aggressive surgical approach, whereas others have had little success in rendering patients eugastrinemic.
GENETICS OF NON-INSULIN-DEPENDENT (TYPE-II) DIABETES MELLITUS
Authors: Kahn, M.D C. Ronald , Vicent, M.D David , Doria, M.D., Ph.D Alessandro
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  Both genetic and environmental factors contribute to the etiology of non-insulin-dependent diabetes. The genetic component is heterogeneous and in some patients is probably complex, involving multiple genes. Specific genetic defects have been identified for rare monogenic forms of NIDDM: maturity-onset diabetes of the young, or MODY (which is due to glucokinase mutations in about 40% of families), syndromes of extreme insulin resistance (which often involve the insulin receptor), and diabetes-deafness syndromes (with defects in mitochondrial genes). In contrast, the genes involved in common forms of NIDDM are still uncertain. Mutations have been extensively searched in genes regulating insulin signaling and secretion. Some evidence of involvement has been produced for insulin-receptor substrate-1, glycogen synthase, the glucagon receptor, a ras-related protein (Rad), histocompatibility antigens, PC-1, and fatty acid binding protein, but the contribution of these genes to NIDDM is probably small. Other candidate genes (e.g. insulin, insulin receptor, glucose transporters) have been excluded as major diabetogenes. New insights are expected in the near future from the systematic scanning of the genome for linkage with NIDDM.
Measures of Success and Health-Related Quality of Life in Lower-Extremity Vascular Surgery
Authors: Feinglass Joe , Morasch Mark , McCarthy Walter J.
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  Lower-extremity vascular surgery is most often indicated for patients with critical leg ischemia but has increasingly been used for patients with disabling intermittent claudication. This article reviews indications, follow-up protocols, and procedure-related outcomes including perioperative and late mortality, complications, and long-term patency rates, which vary with patient risk factors, vascular disease severity, and hospital volume. Population-based studies have yet to establish whether rates of limb-preserving bypass surgery are related to overall amputation rates, partly because of the continued high rate of primary amputation. The functional benefits of vascular surgery have been traditionally assessed by treadmill protocols and batteries of physical tests. Claudication treatment is increasingly being measured by both generic and disease-specific functional and health-related quality-of-life questionnaires. Patient self-reported measures of physical functioning and walking ability are reviewed. Finally, conclusions are presented about trends in lower-extremity bypass surgery rates.
Aspects of Fungal Pathogenesis in Humans
Authors: van Burik Jo-Anne H. , Magee Paul T.
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  Fungal diseases have become increasingly important in the past few years. Because few fungi are professional pathogens, fungal pathogenic mechanisms tend to be highly complex, arising in large part from adaptations of preexisting characteristics of the organisms' nonparasitic lifestyles. In the past few years, genetic approaches have elucidated many fungal virulence factors, and increasing knowledge of host reactions has also clarified much about fungal diseases. The literature on fungal pathogenesis has grown correspondingly; this review, therefore, will not attempt to provide comprehensive coverage of fungal disease but focuses on properties of the infecting fungus and interactions with the host. These topics have been chosen to make the review most useful to two kinds of readers: fungal geneticists and molecular biologists who are interested in learning about the biological problems posed by infectious diseases, and physicians who want to know the kinds of basic approaches available to study fungal virulence.
FLY WITH EAGLES
Authors: Brown G. E.
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  My training in many areas of research in theoretical physics derived from what I learned from the “eagles” I flew with. Let me enumerate them. First of all, when the Navy sent me to the University of Wisconsin in January 1944 to become an electrical engineering officer, I met Gregory Breit, who practically adopted me as a son. I learned from him to drag a problem bleeding through the street until it cried for help and gave up. My political indiscretions during my young life forced me to flee to England from Joe McCarthy, where I ended up in the inspiring theory group of Rudi Peierls. Peierls taught us to drive immediately to fundamentals. When I began collaborating with Hans Bethe, the first thing I learned was why he had never had long-term collaborators. I had to wait until he was more than 70 years old in order to have any chance of keeping up with him. He worked like a bulldozer, heading directly for the light at the end of the tunnel. Most important is confidence. He starts each day with a pile of white paper in the upper left-hand corner of his desk and fills it with calculations at a more or less even rate, although he's happy to stop for lunch. I found this to be an amazingly effective procedure to imitate. From my training with Rudi Peierls, his closest friend, I was well prepared to work with Hans. The twenty-odd years I've collaborated with him have been exciting and productive.
MECHANISMS OF PLANTVIRUS EVOLUTION
Authors: Roossinck Marilyn J.
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  Plant viruses utilize several mechanisms to generate the large amount of genetic diversity found both within and between species. Plant RNA viruses and pararetroviruses probably have highly error prone replication mechanisms, that result in numerous mutations and a quasispecies nature. The plant DNA viruses also exhibit diversity, but the source of this is less clear. Plant viruses frequently use recombination and reassortment as driving forces in evolution, and, occasionally, other mechanisms such as gene duplication and overprinting. The amount of variation found in different species of plant viruses is remarkably different, even though there is no evidence that the mutation rate varies.

The origin of plant viruses is uncertain, but several possible theories are proposed. The relationships between some plant and animal viruses suggests a common origin, possibly an insect virus. The propensity for rapid adaptation makes tracing the evolutionary history of viruses difficult, and long term control of virus disease nearly impossible, but it provides an excellent model system for studying general mechansims of molecular evolution.
C.L. Shear: Gifted Mycologist, Plant Pathologist, and APS Founder
Authors: Peterson Paul D. , Griffith Clay S.
Published: July 2002

Cornelius Lott Shear was one of the most influential plant pathologists of the early twentieth century. He was first and foremost an excellent mycologist who did pioneering research on pathogenic fungi and, as a senior pathologist with the USDA's Bureau of Plant Industry, studied important crop diseases and offered useful control measures. Shear's successful research enhanced his reputation among his fellow pathologists and allowed him to embark on what was perhaps his most significant contribution to plant pathology, his pivotal role in the creation of the American Phytopathological Society in 1908. Shear felt that an independent society dedicated to the unique needs of plant pathologists would facilitate communication and cooperation among practitioners. Between his scientific research and his role in the creation of APS, Shear stands out for the enormous impact he had on his science.
Role of Horizontal Gene Transfer in the Evolution of Fungi
Authors: Rosewich U. Liane , Kistler H. Corby
Published: July 2002

Although evidence for horizontal gene transfer (HGT) in eukaryotes remains largely anecdotal, literature on HGT in fungi suggests that it may have been more important in the evolution of fungi than in other eukaryotes. Still, HGT in fungi has not been widely accepted because the mechanisms by which it may occur are unknown, because it is usually not directly observed but rather implied as an outcome, and because there are often equally plausible alternative explanations. Despite these reservations, HGT has been justifiably invoked for a variety of sequences including plasmids, introns, transposons, genes, gene clusters, and even whole chromosomes. In some instances HGT has also been confirmed under experimental conditions. It is this ability to address the phenomenon in an experimental setting that makes fungi well suited as model systems in which to study the mechanisms and consequences of HGT in eukaryotic organisms.
TROPICAL PLANT PATHOLOGY: At Home and Abroad
Authors: Thurston H. David
Published: July 2002

[Figure: see text]

▪ Abstract  I first describe my introduction to plant pathology and early experiences with employment, the environment, diseases, pests, and various plant pathologists. Then I recount a decade of stimulating studies at the University of Minnesota and the route I followed to a career in international agriculture with the Rockefeller Foundation in Colombia and later at Cornell University. My appreciation for and knowledge of traditional farmers and sustainable agriculture occurred as a slow awakening. Comments are made regarding problems, principles, and satisfactions associated with the improvement of efforts to aid food production in developing countries. My curious love affair with root and tuber crops, especially cassava, is explained and readily defended. My favorite pathogens, Phytophthora infestans and Ralstonia solanacearum, among others, are considered. The pleasures and satisfactions of teaching, writing, and sabbatical leaves are related. Finally, thoughts on the balance between basic and applied research in plant pathology are offered with significant nervousness about the future of our discipline.
DEMOCRACY ANDTAXATION
Authors: Gould Andrew C. , Baker Peter J.
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  Does democracy affect taxation? Do varieties of democratic institutions affect levels of revenue, methods of collection, and distributions of tax burdens? Many political scientists believe so despite the currently mixed evidence. Moreover, prominent models of fiscal politics yield differing predictions about whether and how elections, parties, constitutions, and legislative and executive decision rules influence policy choices. This essay reviews recent works on taxation under democracy with a focus on how scholars derive hypotheses about institutional effects. It evaluates the leading theories' main assumptions and implications, including the results of empirical tests so far. Many explanations focus mainly on electoral competition or on post-electoral governing, but not both, and draw their evidence from a small set of countries. Promising works develop more complete models of decision making, test hypotheses against a broader range of countries' experiences, and point toward more persuasive answers to current research questions.
Ancient Images and New Technologies: The Semiotics of the Web
Authors: Codognet Philippe
Published: July 2002

The article develops an analysis of visual knowledge and the use of pictures in electronic communication. The author focuses in particular on indexical images, which we use in navigat-ing multimedia documents and the Web. For this purpose, the author bases his study on the one hand on semiotics, the core concepts of which were intro-duced by C.S. Peirce at the beginning of the last century; and on the other hand on a more classical historical analy-sis, in order to point out the deep roots of the concepts used in contemporary computer-based communication.
Longitudinal Profiles of Semantic Impairment for Living and Nonliving Concepts in Dementia of Alzheimer's Type
Authors: Garrard Peter , Ralph Matthew A. Lambon , Watson Peter C. , Powis Jane , Patterson Karalyn , Hodges John R.
Published: July 2002

Two types of theoretical account have been proposed to explain the phenomenon of category-specific impairment in tests of semantic memory: One stresses the importance of different cortical regions to the representation of living and nonliving categories, while the other emphasize the importance of statistical relationships among features of concepts belonging to these two broad semantic domains. Theories of the latter kind predict that the direction of a domain advantage will be determined in large part by the overall damage to the semantic system, and that the profiles of patients with progressive impairments of semantic memory are likely to include a point at which an advantage for one domain changes to an advantage for the other. The present series of three studies employed semantic test data from two separate cohorts of patients with probable dementia of Alzheimer's type (DAT) to look for evidence of such a crossover. In the first study, longitudinal test scores from a cohort of 58 patients were examined to confirm the presence of progressive semantic deterioration in this group. In the second study, Kaplan-Meier survival curves based on serial naming responses and plotted separately for items belonging to living and nonliving domains indicated that the representations of living concepts (as measured by naming) deteriorated at a consistently and significantly faster rate than those of nonliving concepts. A third study, carried out to look in detail at the performance of mildly affected patients, employed an additional cross-sectional cohort of 20 patients with mild DAT and utilized a graded naming assessment. This study also revealed no evidence for a crossover in the advantage of one domain over the other as a function of disease severity. Taken together with the model of anatomical progression in DAT based on the work of Braak and Braak (1991), these findings are interpreted as evidence for the importance of regional cerebral anatomy to the genesis of semantic domain effects in DAT.
The Neural Substrate of Picture Naming
Authors: Murtha Susan , Chertkow Howard , Beauregard Mario , Evans Alan
Published: July 2002

A PET study of 10 normal males was carried out using the bolus H2 15O intravenous injection technique to examine the effects of picture naming and semantic judgment on blood flow. In a series of conditions, subjects (1) passively viewed flashing plus signs, (2) noted the occurrence of abstract patterns, (3) named animal pictures, or (4) carried out a semantic judgment on animal pictures. Anticipatory scans were carried out after the subjects were presented with the instructions but before they began the cognitive task, as they were passively viewing plus signs. Our results serve to clarify a number of current controversies regarding the neural substrate of picture naming. The results indicate that the fusiform gyrus is unlikely to be the region where low-level perceptual processing such as shape analysis is undertaken. In fact, our evidence suggests that activation of the fusiform gyrus is most likely related to visual perceptual semantic processing. In addition, the inferior/middle frontal lobe activity observed while performing the picture naming and semantic judgment tasks does not appear to be due to the effects of anticipation or preparation. Furthermore, there appears to be a set of regions (a semantic network) that becomes activated regardless of whether the subjects perform a picture naming or semantic judgment task. Finally, picture naming of animals did not activate either parietal regions or anterior inferior left temporal regions, regardless of what subtraction baseline was used.
Clustering Irregular Shapes Using High-Order Neurons
Authors: Lipson H. , Siegelmann H. T.
Published: July 2002

This article introduces a method for clustering irregularly shaped data arrangements using high-order neurons. Complex analytical shapes are modeled by replacing the classic synaptic weight of the neuron by high-order tensors in homogeneous coordinates. In the first- and second-order cases, this neuron corresponds to a classic neuron and to an ellipsoidal-metric neuron. We show how high-order shapes can be formulated to follow the maximum-correlation activation principle and permit simple local Hebbian learning. We also demonstrate decomposition of spatial arrangements of data clusters, including very close and partially overlapping clusters, which are difficult to distinguish using classic neurons. Superior results are obtained for the Iris data.
Analyzing Holistic Parsers: Implications for Robust Parsing and Systematicity
Authors: Ho Edward Kei Shiu , Chan Lai Wan
Published: July 2002

Holistic parsers offer a viable alternative to traditional algorithmic parsers. They have good generalization performance and are robust inherently. In a holistic parser, parsing is achieved by mapping the connectionist representation of the input sentence to the connectionist representation of the target parse tree directly. Little prior knowledge of the underlying parsing mechanism thus needs to be assumed. However, it also makes holistic parsing difficult to understand. In this article, an analysis is presented for studying the operations of the confluent pre-order parser (CPP). In the analysis, the CPP is viewed as a dynamical system, and holistic parsing is perceived as a sequence of state transitions through its state-space. The seemingly one-shot parsing mechanism can thus be elucidated as a step-by-step inference process, with the intermediate parsing decisions being reflected by the states visited during parsing.

The study serves two purposes. First, it improves our understanding of how grammatical errors are corrected by the CPP. The occurrence of an error in a sentence will cause the CPP to deviate from the normal track that is followed when the original sentence is parsed. But as the remaining terminals are read, the two trajectories will gradually converge until finally the correct parse tree is produced. Second, it reveals that having systematic parse tree representations alone cannot guarantee good generalization performance in holistic parsing. More important, they need to be distributed in certain useful locations of the representational space. Sentences with similar trailing terminals should have their corresponding parse tree representations mapped to nearby locations in the representational space. The study provides concrete evidence that encoding the linearized parse trees as obtained via preorder traversal can satisfy such a requirement.
Impact of Geometrical Structures on the Output of Neuronal Models: A Theoretical and Numerical Analysis
Authors: Feng Jianfeng , Li Guibin
Published: July 2002

What is the difference between the efferent spike train of a neuron with a large soma versus that of a neuron with a small soma? We propose an analytical method called the decoupling approach to tackle the problem. Two limiting cases—the soma is much smaller than the dendrite or vica versa—are theoretically investigated. For both the two-compartment integrate-and-fire model and Pinsky-Rinzel model, we show, both theoretically and numerically, that the smaller the soma is, the faster and the more irregularly the neuron fires. We further conclude, in terms of numerical simulations, that cells falling in between the two limiting cases form a continuum with respect to their firing properties (mean firing time and coefficient of variation of inter-spike intervals).
Boosting Regression Estimators
Authors: Avnimelech Ran , Intrator Nathan
Published: July 2002

There is interest in extending the boosting algorithm (Schapire, 1990) to fit a wide range of regression problems. The threshold-based boosting algorithm for regression used an analogy between classification errors and big errors in regression. We focus on the practical aspects of this algorithm and compare it to other attempts to extend boosting to regression. The practical capabilities of this model are demonstrated on the laser data from the Santa Fe times-series competition and the Mackey-Glass time series, where the results surpass those of standard ensemble average.
Slaves to Sculpture: A Response to Patricia Penn Hilden
Authors: Thompson Carol
Published: July 2002

Challenging some of Hilden's assertions in “Race for Sale”, Thompson—who worked at the Museum for African Art—tells a different story of “post-colonial politics” in the Museum, its collectors, and its exhibits.
Looking at Records
Authors: Auslander Philip
Published: July 2002

In the not-too-distant future a person will listen to any music she desires by subscribing to a “celestial jukebox”—a satellite system serving selections from a vast storehouse. But even as the physical embodiments of music disappear, Auslander wonders, “What does it mean to look at records”—as material objects.
Mass-Spring Simulation of Deformation in Elastic Sheet Structures
Authors: Mahal B. S. , Clark D. E. R. , Simmons J. E. L.
Published: July 2002

Traditionally, continuous deformable models are represented using control points that are arranged in a grid format. The interaction properties between these points are controlled via a series of interconnections that are used in physically based modeling to represent environmental effects within a simulation. These effects vary from the transfer of forces from one control point (or node) to its neighboring nodes, through to representing real-world forces such as friction and energy damping that affect any object placed in an uncontrolled environment. This paper presents a real-time, computationally inexpensive environment for accurate simulations of sheet materials on a personal computer. The approach described differs from other techniques through its novel use of multilayer sheet structures. The ultimate aim is to incorporate into the environment the capacity to simulate a range of temperatures. A pseudo-immersive “window on world” (WoW) environment is used to handle the implementation of the real-time, aesthetically accurate deformation algorithm (MaSSE-Mass-Spring Simulation Engine). The motion of the sheet is controlled by simulated gravity and through its interaction with a mouse-pointing device. In addition, the mouse may be used to manipulate the sheet. An obvious application of the environment is centered on mechanical engineering-based real-time simulations of heat-sensitive sheet materials. This would allow for a wide range of applications in virtual manufacturing.
In Answer to a Quasi-Ontological Argument: On Sheridan's “Toward an Eclectic Ontology of Presence” and Mantovani and Riva's “Building a Bridge between Different Scientific Communities”
Authors: Lauria Rita
Published: July 2002

XQXQXQ
The Effects of Metals and Interfering Fields on Electromagnetic Trackers
Authors: Nixon Mark A. , McCallum Bruce C. , Fright W. Richard , Price N. Brent
Published: July 2002

The operation of six degree-of-freedom electromagnetic trackers is based on the spatial properties of the electromagnetic fields generated by three small coils. Anything in the environment that causes these fields to be distorted will result in measurement noise and/or errors. An experimental investigation was undertaken to measure the effect of external fields present in a typical working environment (namely mains and computer monitor fields) and the presence of metals (25-mm cubes of various types of metals, a large steel bar, and a large steel sheet). A theoretical model is proposed to explain the observations. Two devices were used in this investigation: a Polhemus Fastrak and an Ascension Flock of Birds.
EX. XXXIII 7-11: EINE SYNCHRONE LEKTÜRE
Authors:   Barbiero
Published: July 2002

Entgegen der verbreiteten Meinung, Ex. xxxiii 7-11 sei eine "Digression" innerhalb von Kap. xxxiii, versucht der Verfasser, die Beziehungen dieses Textes zum Kontext zu erhellen. Das affallende Imperfekt der Verba findet in V. 6 ("vom Berg Horeb an") eine Erklärung. Mit dem folgenden Kontext sind V. 7-11 vor allem durch die Hervorhebung der Rolle des Mittlers verbunden. Barbiero sieht in Ex. xxxiii 7-11 eine Darstellung der prophetischen Rolle des Mose als Vermittler der Tora. Das "Zelt der Begegnung außerhalb des Lagers" bildet somit eine alternative und komplementäre Institution gegenüber dem priesterschriftlichen Tabernakel. In Kap. xxxiii werden aber die beiden Institutionen vorausgesetzt, was für eine sinnvolle Einheit auf der Ebene der Endredaktion nicht nur von Ex. xxxii-xxxiv, sondern der ganzen Sinaiperikope spricht.
Body size effects on pursuit success and interspecific diet differences in Cnemidophorus lizards
Authors: Passek Kelly , Eifler Douglas
Published: July 2002

We examined the relationship between body size and pursuit success in the lizard Cnemidophorus uniparens. Using grasshoppers as prey in experimental feeding trials, we found a significant positive relationship between lizard body size and pursuit time. In addition, larger individuals were significantly more likely to be unsuccessful at capturing the grasshoppers. We also examined the relationship between the mean body size of Cnemidophorus populations and diet composition. We found a significant negative relationship between mean body size and the proportion of grasshoppers in the diet and a significant positive relationship between mean body size and the proportion of termites in the diet.
Variation in mating pattern in a population of the Andean frog Hyla labialis
Authors: Lüddecke Horst
Published: July 2002

Unmated frogs and mated pairs from a population of individually marked Hyla labialis were captured, measured and released over four consecutive years in a highland valley of the Colombian Andes. Across eight prolonged breeding seasons, three times more males than females were captured. On average, females were significantly larger than males. Although the largest reproductive males were larger than the smallest reproductive females, amplexing males were always smaller than the females they clasped. Larger males had no mating advantage, because the body size distribution of males was the same for mated and unmated males, and the average snout-vent length of mated males was similar to that of unmated males. There was no indication of larger males taking over clasped females during male-male competition, because there was no size difference between males clasping gravid, spawning and spent females. Significantly size-assortative matings occurred on days when male availability per female was moderately high, but not when it was low, suggesting that female mate choice is relatively more important than male-male competition in shaping mating pattern.
Military, Folklore,Eigensinn: Folkloric Militarism in Germany and France, 1871–1914
Authors: Vogel Jakob
Published: July 2002

Inhis poem “Our Military!” published in 1919, Kurt Tucholsky describes the great enthusiasm that he, or rather his pseudonym Kaspar Hauser, felt as a boy before World War II for the sis–boom–bah of martial music when the soldiers marched by. Only when he was a soldier himself “in the Russian wind” of the First World War were the young man's eyes opened to the barbarity, desperation, and despair of war and the actual power relations in the army. While the poem's antimilitaristic intentions are readily apparent, Tucholsky nevertheless also managed to capture a view widely held during the interwar years: that before 1914 there still existed in the population an unbroken enthusiasm for the army and its colorful displays, but that the experience during the war of death on such a massive scale put an end to it. Walter Rathenau echoed precisely these sentiments in his 1919 treatiseDer Kaiser: Eine Betrachtung, seeing the prewar society of the German Empire as a “militarily-drilled mass” that sought “to display their acquired military arts in grand public spectacles.” The stereotypical image of a bygone prewar era of military glory and pageantry received a more popular, less “critical” treatment in the 1934 film “Frühjahrsparade,” a musical that evoked “the good old days” of the Habsburg Empire and the k. u. k. army, and not least the passion of women for “the man in uniform.”
Infra-red studies of ammoniation of pillared montmorillonites
Authors: Witkowski S. , Sojka Z. , Dyrek K. , Fijał J. , Olkiewicz S. , Fink P. , Hobert H.
Published: July 2002

Ammoniation of montmorillonites pillared with polyhydroxo-complexes of Al was performed in flow conditions at 773–1073 K and monitored by IR spectroscopy. Interaction of the clay with ammonia revealed exchange of terminal and bridging -OH groups by NH2-, NH- and N- species depending on the reaction temperature. Amination begins at 773 K while formation of NH groups starts at 873 K. Transformation of NH- into N-species occurs at 973 K. A mechanism for the ammoniation reaction is proposed and the series of the relative reactivity of OH groups was established: Si–OH > Mg–OH–Mg > Al–OH–Mg > Al–OH–Al. This series was rationalized in terms of accessibility of the OH groups.
Five years of experience with hydroxyurea in children and young adults with sickle cell disease
Authors: Ferster Alina , Tahriri Parvine , Vermylen Christiane , Sturbois Geneviève , Corazza Francis , Fondu Pierre , Devalck Christine , Dresse Marie F. , Feremans Walter , Hunninck Kathleen , Toppet Michele , Philippet Pierre , Van Geet Chris , Sariban Eric
Published: July 2002

The short-term beneficial effect of hydroxyurea (HU) in sickle cell disease (SCD) has been proven by randomized studies in children and adults. The Belgian registry of HU-treated SCD patients was created to evaluate its long-term efficacy and toxicity. The median follow-up of the 93 patients registered is 3.5 years; clinical and laboratory data have been obtained for 82 patients at 1 year, 61 at 2 years, 44 at 3 years, 33 at 4 years, and 22 after 5 years. On HU, the number of hospitalizations and days hospitalized dropped significantly. Analysis of the 22 patients with a minimum of 5 years of follow-up confirm a significant difference in the number of hospitalizations (P = .0002) and days in the hospital (P < .01), throughout the treatment when compared to prior to HU therapy. The probabilities of not experiencing any event or any vaso-occlusive crisis requiring hospitalization during the 5 years of treatment were, respectively, 47% and 55%. On HU, the rate per 100 patient-years of severe events was estimated to be 3.5% for acute chest syndrome, 1.2% for aplastic crisis, 0.4% for splenic sequestration; it was 0% for the 9 patients with a history of stroke or transient ischemic attack followed for an average of 4 years. No important adverse effect occurred. Long-term chronic treatment with HU for patients with SCD appears feasible, effective, and devoid of any major toxicity; in patients with a history of stroke, HU may be a valid alternative to chronic transfusion support.
Multiplex reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction screening in childhood acute myeloblastic leukemia
Authors: Strehl Sabine , König Margit , Mann Georg , Haas Oskar A.
Published: July 2002

To determine the incidence of leukemia-specific rearrangements, 60 cases of childhood acute myeloblastic leukemia and transient myeloproliferative disorder were screened with a novel multiplex reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay, and the results were correlated with the cytogenetic findings. The RT-PCR assay detects 28 different fusion genes and more than 80 different fusion transcript variants. RNA was isolated from methanol/acetic acid–fixed cells that had been routinely prepared for cytogenetic analysis. Nine different fusion transcripts were found in 40% of the cases, whereas 78.3% of the cases had abnormal karyotypes. Two cases with a t(6;11) and an MLL/AF6 gene fusion were missed cytogenetically. Conversely, cytogenetic analysis revealed 10 other well-defined chromosome rearrangements. Although cytogenetic analysis reveals a much broader range of abnormalities, multiplex RT-PCR serves as quality control and provides the essential information for minimal residual disease studies. Moreover, discrepant findings lead to the detection of new rearrangements on the molecular genetic level.
How I treat patients with von Willebrand disease
Authors: Mannucci Pier Mannuccio
Published: July 2002

Von Willebrand disease (vWD) is a frequent inherited disorder of hemostasis that affects both sexes. Two abnormalities are characteristic of the disease, which is caused by a deficiency or a defect in the multimeric glycoprotein called von Willebrand factor: low platelet adhesion to injured blood vessels and defective intrinsic coagulation owing to low plasma levels of factor VIII. There are 2 main options available for the treatment of spontaneous bleeding episodes and for bleeding prophylaxis: desmopressin and transfusional therapy with plasma products. Desmopressin is the treatment of choice for most patients with type 1 vWD, who account for approximately 70% to 80% of cases. This nontransfusional hemostatic agent raises endogenous factor VIII and von Willebrand factor 3 to 5 times and thereby corrects both the intrinsic coagulation and the primary hemostasis defects. In patients with the more severe type 3 and in most patients with type 2 disease, desmopressin is ineffective or is contraindicated and it is usually necessary to resort to plasma concentrates containing both factor VIII and von Willebrand factor. Concentrates treated with virucidal methods should be preferred to cryoprecipitate because they are equally effective and are perceived as safer.
Successful allogeneic engraftment of mismatched unrelated cord blood following a nonmyeloablative preparative regimen
Authors: Rizzieri David A. , Long Gwynn D. , Vredenburgh James J. , Gasparetto Christina , Morris Ashley , Stenzel Timothy T. , Davis Patti , Chao Nelson J.
Published: July 2002

Reduction in the toxicity of allogeneic transplantation with nonmyeloablative induction regimens has expanded the scope of practice to older and more debilitated patients. However, the limited availability of matched sibling donors requires that alternative donor sources be investigated. Reported here are 2 cases of patients with advanced hematologic malignancies without matched siblings, partially matched family members, or matched unrelated donors who successfully underwent nonmyeloablative conditioning therapy followed by infusion of partially matched, unrelated-donor cord blood cells. The patients are in remission and remain 100% donor as assessed by short tandem repeat analysis of the marrow 6 and 12 months following transplantation.
Mitochondrial membrane sensitivity to depolarization in acute myeloblastic leukemia is associated with spontaneous in vitro apoptosis, wild-type TP53, and vicinal thiol/disulfide status
Authors: Pallis Monica , Grundy Martin , Turzanski Julie , Kofler Reinhard , Russell Nigel
Published: July 2002

Nonresponse to remission-induction chemotherapy, which remains a major problem in acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML), has been linked to cellular resistance to apoptosis. Because the apoptosis induced by chemotherapeutic drugs is mediated by loss of mitochondrial transmembrane potential (MTP), it was postulated that sensitivity to mitochondrial membrane depolarization might be heterogeneous in AML. Using the uncoupling agent carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (mClCCP), the mitochondrial membrane sensitivity to depolarization (mClCCP concentrations that inhibit 50% of the transmembrane potential [IC50]) in AML blasts was measured and demonstrated marked interclonal heterogeneity, with the existence of comparatively sensitive (median mClCCP IC50, 4 μM) and resistant (median mClCCP IC50, 10 μM) clones. Furthermore, the mClCCP IC50 was inversely associated with spontaneous in vitro apoptosis (P = .001). It was high in cases with mutant TP53 and correlated with the total cellular level of the multidrug resistance–associated protein (P = .019) but not of bcl-2, bax, or bcl-x. It was also found that the dithiol oxidant diamide, in contrast to the monovalent thiol oxidant diethyl maleate, increased the sensitivity of mitochondrial membranes to mClCCP. To confirm that TP53 directly affects MTP in leukemic cells and to establish the role of vicinal thiol oxidation in the TP53-dependent pathway, CEM 4G5 leukemia cells with forced, temperature-dependent expression of TP53 were studied. Monobromobimane, which inhibits mitochondrial membrane depolarization by preventing dithiol cross-linking, inhibited depolarization and apoptosis in 4G5 cells. It was concluded that in leukemia, TP53 and vicinal thiol/disulfide status are determinants of mitochondrial membrane sensitivity to depolarization, which is in turn associated with spontaneous apoptosis.
ORP-3, a human oxysterol-binding protein gene differentially expressed in hematopoietic cells
Authors: Gregorio-King Claudia C. , Collier Gregory R. , McMillan Janine S. , Waugh Caryll M. , McLeod Janet L. , Collier Fiona M. , Kirkland Mark A.
Published: July 2002

Using differential display polymerase chain reaction, a gene was identified in CD34+-enriched populations that had with low or absent expression in CD34− populations. The full coding sequence of this transcript was obtained, and the predicted protein has a high degree of homology to oxysterol-binding protein. This gene has been designated OSBP-related protein 3 (ORP-3). Expression of ORP-3 was found to be 3- to 4-fold higher in CD34+ cells than in CD34− cells. Additionally, expression of this gene was 2-fold higher in the more primitive subfraction of hematopoietic cells defined by the CD34+38− phenotype and was down-regulated with the proliferation and differentiation of CD34+ cells. The ORP-3 predicted protein contains an oxysterol-binding domain. Well-characterized proteins expressing this domain bind oxysterols in a dose-dependent fashion. Biologic activities of oxysterols include inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis and cell proliferation in a variety of cell types, among them hematopoietic cells. Characterization and differential expression of ORP-3 implicates a possible role in the mediation of oxysterol effects on hematopoiesis.
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)–induced thromboxane A2generation in human platelets requires coordinated signaling through integrin αIIbβ3 and ADP receptors
Authors: Jin Jianguo , Quinton Todd M. , Zhang Jin , Rittenhouse Susan E. , Kunapuli Satya P.
Published: July 2002

Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) is a platelet agonist that causes platelet shape change and aggregation as well as generation of thromboxane A2, another platelet agonist, through its effects on P2Y1, P2Y12, and P2X1 receptors. It is now reported that both 2-propylthio-D-βγ-dichloromethylene adenosine 5′-triphosphate (AR-C67085), a P2Y12 receptor–selective antagonist, and adenosine-2′-phosphate-5′-phosphate (A2P5P), a P2Y1 receptor–selective antagonist, inhibited ADP-induced thromboxane A2 generation in a concentration-dependent manner, indicating that coactivation of the P2Y12 and P2Y1 receptors is essential for this event. SC49992, a fibrinogen receptor antagonist, blocked ADP-induced platelet aggregation and thromboxane A2 production in a concentration-dependent manner. Similarly, P2 receptor antagonists or SC49992 blocked ADP-induced arachidonic acid liberation. Whereas SC49992 blocked arachidonic acid–induced platelet aggregation, it failed to inhibit thromboxane A2 generation induced by arachidonic acid. Thus, ADP-induced arachidonic acid liberation, but not subsequent conversion to thromboxane A2, requires outside-in signaling through the fibrinogen receptor. The Fab fragment of ligand-induced binding site–6 (LIBS6) antibody, which induces a fibrinogen-binding site on the integrin αIIbβ3, caused both platelet aggregation and thromboxane A2 generation. Inhibitors of phosphoinositide 3-kinase, Syk, Src kinases, or protein tyrosine phosphatases inhibited platelet aggregation but not thromboxane A2 generation, indicating that these signaling molecules have no significant role in phospholipase A2 activation. In the presence of P2 receptor antagonists A2P5P or AR-C67085, LIBS6 failed to generate thromboxane A2, suggesting that inside-out signaling through ADP receptors is necessary for this event. It was concluded that both outside-in signaling from the fibrinogen receptor and inside-out signaling from the P2Y1 and P2Y12 receptors are necessary for phospholipase A2 activation, resulting in arachidonic acid liberation and thromboxane A2 generation.
Ventricular Septal Rupture After ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Melot Alex , Groussin Pierre , Martins Raphaël P.
Published: October 2024

This case report describes a diagnosis of ventricular septal rupture in a patient in his 70s after ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) due to right coronary artery occlusion.