bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The effects of environmental context
and personal resources on depressive
symptomatology in older age:
a test of the Lawton model
Authors: KNIPSCHEER C. P. M. , BROESE VAN GROENOU M. I. , LEENE G. J. F. , BEEKMAN A. T. F. , DEEG D. J. H.
Published: July 2002

This study examines the environmental and psychosocial determinants of
depression in older adults. Based on Lawton's environmental docility thesis,
the question is posed: is the strong association between functional limitations
and depressive symptomatology affected when environmental conditions,
objective and subjective efficacy, and docile or proactive behaviour are taken
into account. Data were used from LASA (the Longitudinal Aging Study
Amsterdam), a national survey of the population between 55 and 85 years of
age, stratified by age and sex. Hierarchical regression analyses were performed
on the data of 2,981 respondents. Empirical support was found for the
extended Lawton model, including both environmental, efficacy and
behavioural factors. In particular, living in a more urbanised area, not being
able to perform heavy household tasks, having a low self-efficacy, not feeling
safe, receiving help from others and having few social contacts within the
neighbourhood, increase depressive symptoms in general but, in particular,
when combined with lower functional status. It is concluded that both being
able and feeling able to influence one's environment increases proactive
behaviour and decreases depressive symptomatology in older adults with low
functional status.
Know your Schmitt: a godfather of truth and the spectre of Nazism
Authors: HUYSMANS JEF
Published: July 2002

In a recent article in the Review of International Studies Hans-Karl Pichler argues that Hans Morgenthau's intellectual universe was saturated by ‘typically European philosophical problems’ which he transferred to an American political context. He shows this by looking at how Morgenthau tried to overcome the value determinacy of social science, as pointed out by Weber, by grounding his political realist theory in a Schmittean understanding of the political, which defines war – the friend/enemy distinction – as the essence of the political and founds it anthropologically in the evil, dangerous nature of human beings.
Indexing and alignment of 3-D objects using geometric quasi-invariants
Authors: Vasseur P. , Pegard C. , Mouaddib E. , Delahoche L.
Published: July 2002

In this paper, we are introducing a system which is able to recognize polyhedral objects in an indoor environment. Our system is intended to be implemented on autonomous mobile platforms in order to enable the localization or research of a precise item.
The algorithm is based on the use of geometric quasi-invariants associated to every object. These geometric quasi-invariants correspond to the ratio of the lengths as well as the angle formed by the pair of segments which are in relationship and which are constituting the object. We present some experimental results gained on one of our platforms in our laboratory.
HEALTH TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT IN FINLAND
Authors: Lauslahti Kalevi , Roine Risto , Semberg Virpi , Kekomäki Martti , Konttinen Mauno , Karp Pekka
Published: July 2002

Finland has a long tradition of supporting social programs

that promote equality and the welfare state.

The healthcare system is financed mainly by taxation. Everyone

is insured against illness. Each of Finland's five provinces

is run by a provincial government that monitors the provision of

social welfare and health care. However, the municipalities

actually provide the services and regulate medical equipment

and regionalization of services. During the early 1990s, gross

domestic product

(GDP) fell dramatically, and healthcare expenditure rose to 9.4% of

GDP. Due to the economy's rapid recovery, the share of

healthcare expenditure has again decreased and now matches

the average level of OECD countries of approximately 7.7 %. The

former Finnish method of

central planning and norm setting has guaranteed a fairly

uniform development of necessary services throughout the

country and free or low-cost access. Tight central planning

did not, however, create incentives to contain costs.

Therefore, in the beginning of the 1990s, decision-making power

was largely decentralized to the municipalities, and the

principles of state subsidies were reformed. In 1995, the

Finnish Office for Health Care Technology Assessment (FinOHTA)

was set up as a new unit of the National Research and

Development Centre for Welfare and Health (STAKES). FinOHTA is intended

to function as a national central body for advancing

HTA-related work in Finland, with the ultimate goal of promoting

the effectiveness and efficiency of Finnish health care. At

present, the importance of HTA is widely recognized in Finland,

especially in the face of rising healthcare costs.
HEALTH TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT IN IRELAND
Authors: Ahern Frank , O'Doherty Nessa
Published: July 2002

Ireland's health system is primarily funded from general taxation and is publicly provided, although

private health care retains a considerable role. It is a unique structure, a mixture of universal health

service free at the point of consumption and a fee-based private system where individuals subscribe to

private health insurance that covers some of their medical expenses. The recent history of the Irish

health services saw consolidation of existing services and an expansion into new areas to adapt

to changing practices and needs. There has also been a drive to extract maximum efficiency

so as to maintain the volume and quality of patient services at a time of very tight

financial constraints. Introduction of

new health technologies continued to accelerate.

New technologies tended to spread rapidly before systematic appraisal of their

costs and benefits. When the state is involved in funding the public hospital system, acceptance of new

technology is a matter for discussion between agencies and the Department of Health and Children. Decisions

about spending annual “development funding” have generally

not been based on careful assessment of proposals for new technology. In 1995, a healthcare reform put

new Public Health Departments in Health Boards in a prime position in Ireland's health services

organization. These departments now emphasize evidence-based medicine. While Ireland does not have a

national health technology assessment (HTA) program, there are plans to form an advisory group

on HTA in 1998. HTA is seen as a significant element of future health policy in Ireland.
HEALTH TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT IN THE UNITED KINGDOM
Authors: Woolf Steven H. , Henshall Chris
Published: July 2002

The National Health Service (NHS) provides universal health coverage for all British

citizens. Most services are free of charge, although modest copayments are sometimes

applied. About 11% of the population also has private insurance. General

practitioners, generally the first point of contact for accessing the system, are independent

contractors who serve as gatekeepers for specialist and hospital services and enjoy

substantial clinical autonomy. Hospitals are public and are regionalized, but the 1990

reforms made them self-governing trusts that contract with local purchasers (health

authorities and general practitioner fundholders). Reforms beginning in 1990 moved the

NHS away from a centralized administrative structure to more pluralistic arrangements in

which competition, as well as management, influences how services develop. Health

technology and health technology assessment (HTA) have gained increasing attention in the

NHS during this period, as part of a wider NHS Research and Development (R&D)

Strategy. The

strategy promotes a knowledge-based health service with a strong research infrastructure and the

capacity to critically review its own needs. HTA is the largest and most developed of the programs

within the strategy. It has a formal system for setting assessment priorities involving widespread

consultation within the NHS, and a National Co-ordinating Centre for Health Technology Assessment.

The stategy supports related centers such as the U.K. Cochrane Centre and the NHS Centre for Reviews

and Dissemination. A hallmark of the HTA program is strong public participation. The United Kingdom

has made a major commitment to HTA and to seeking effective means of reviewing and

disseminating evidence.
IDENTIFYING STUDIES FOR SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS
Authors: Berry Elizabeth , Kelly Steven , Hutton John , Harris Keith M. , Smith Michael A.
Published: July 2002

Objectives: To determine if published figures on the proportion of

articles included in systematic reviews and identified in electronic

databases are applicable to an example from medical imaging.

Methods: A systematic review was performed. Additionally,

sensitivity and precision of a MEDLINE search were compared with values from

three published searches, each customized for a specific field.

Results: All articles included in the systematic review were in

electronic databases. The MEDLINE search had low precision compared with

searches in other fields.

Conclusions: In a specific area of medical imaging, electronic

databases, including MEDLINE, are reliable sources of articles.
ASYMPTOTIC THEORY FOR THE DURBIN–WATSON STATISTIC
UNDER LONG-MEMORY DEPENDENCE
Authors: Nakamura Shisei , Taniguchi Masanobu
Published: July 2002

In time series regression models with “short-memory”
residual processes, the Durbin–Watson statistic (DW)
has been used for the problem of testing for independence of the
residuals. In this paper we elucidate the asymptotics of DW
for “long-memory” residual processes. A standardized
Durbin–Watson statistic (SDW) is proposed. Then we
derive the asymptotic distributions of SDW under both the
null and local alternative hypotheses. Based on this result we
evaluate the local power of SDW. Numerical studies for
DW and SDW are given.
Synthesis of efficient constraint-satisfaction programs
Authors: WESTFOLD STEPHEN J. , SMITH DOUGLAS R.
Published: July 2002

In this paper we describe the framework we have developed in KIDS (Kestrel Interactive Development System) for generating efficient constraint satisfaction programs. We have used KIDS to synthesise global search scheduling programs that have proved to be dramatically faster than other programs running the same data. We focus on the underlying ideas that lead to this efficiency. The key to the efficiency is the reduction of the size of the search space by an effective representation of sets of possible solutions (solution spaces) that allows efficient constraint propagation and pruning at the level of solution spaces. Moving to a solution space representation involves a problem reformulation. Having found a solution to the reformulated problem, an extraction phase extracts solutions to the original problem. We show how constraints from the original problem can be automatically reformulated and specialised in order to derive efficient propagation code automatically. Our solution methods exploit the semi-lattice structure of our solution spaces.
Trends in knowledge modelling: report on the 7th KEML Workshop
Authors: MOTTA ENRICO
Published: July 2002

The KEML (Knowledge Engineering Methods and Languages) workshop which took place on 22–24 January at the Open University in Milton Keynes (UK) was the seventh in a series of workshops on methods and languages for knowledge engineering. Although t
he KEML acronym suggests a broad knowledge engineering connotation, in practice the main emphasis of these workshops is on the construction, formalisation, verification and use of knowledge models. The term “knowledge model” originate
s from the work of Allen Newell (1982), who proposed a level of description — the knowledge level — which abstracts from implementation-related considerations to focus on the actions, goals and knowledge embodied by a problem solving
agent.
ON THE EXISTENCE OF THE PUISEUX EXPANSION OF THE DISCOUNTED
REWARDS: A COUNTEREXAMPLE
Authors: Hordijk A. , Passchier O. , Spieksma F. M.
Published: July 2002

This note presents an example indicating for denumerable
Markov decision chains that nonexistence of the Laurent
expansion of the α-discounted rewards in α = 1
implies also nonexistence of the Puiseux expansion.
LA RÉFÉRENCE AU PASSÉ DANS LE DIALOGUE:
ÉTUDE DE L'ACQUISITION DE LA TEMPORALITÉ CHEZ DES
APPRENANTS DITS AVANCÉS DE FRANÇAIS.Maria
Kihlstedt. Stockholm: Author, 1998. Pp. 227.
Authors: Moses John G.
Published: July 2002

Written in French, this work reports the results of a longitudinal study of past-time reference
in the interlanguages of four Swedish learners of French. Unlike most previous studies of L2
acquisition of temporal expression, which have focused on early interlanguage, Kihlstedt shifts
the focus of inquiry in this study to the oral production of advanced L2 learners. Kihlstedt
discusses evidence supporting a modified interpretation of Andersen's (1991)
developmental stages in past temporal expression and proposes an ordering of aspectual value
assignment to the passé composé and
imparfait constructions in Swedish-French interlanguage.
PRAGMATICS AND LANGUAGE LEARNING (VOL. 5).Lawrence
Bouton and Yamuna Kachru (Eds.). Urbana, IL: University of Illinois, 1994. Pp. v + 315.
$12.00 paper.
Authors: Houck Noel
Published: July 2002

This book, like its four predecessors, consists of invited articles selected from presentations
at the previous year's International Conference on Pragmatics and Language Learning. In a
review of this length, it would be unreasonable to attempt to do justice to all 18 articles, so I will
concentrate on a few of the theoretically oriented discussions and provide a brief overview of the
rest.
A DEVELOPMENTAL-FUNCTIONALIST APPROACH TO
CHILD LANGUAGE.Nancy Budwig. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 1995. Pp. xxi
+ 224. $45.00 cloth.
Authors: Rispoli Matthew
Published: July 2002

This book concentrates on the way young children's
speech may vary between the pronouns I, my, and me as the
subject of a sentence. For example, one child in the study at 30 months of age alternated
between my and I as the subject form, as seen in these two utterances (p.
73):

(1) I like Anna,

(2) My like vanilla.

The
fundamental claim is that such variation is motivated and principled. The author writes:

One might want to claim instead that the children were simply confused about the
distinctions between various self-reference forms and thus might use them in free variation.
(p. 58)

No one has ever claimed that children were “simply confused”
when they made pronoun Case errors, and this book's lack of attention to opposing
explanations for pronoun Case errors is a major flaw. For those interested in learning more
about the phenomenon some important citations are Chiat (1981), Loeb and Leonard (1991),
Powers (1995), Rispoli (1994), Schutze and Wexler (1996), and Vainikka (1994). Loeb and
Leonard (1991), Powers (1995), and Schutze and Wexler (1996) hold that the child's
inability to accurately assign Case leads to these errors as well as a host of simultaneously
occurring phenomena such as inaccurate production of agreement and tense marking. Rispoli
(1994) views these errors as the result of paradigm building.
SECOND LANGUAGE PROFICIENCY, FOREIGN LANGUAGE APTITUDE,
AND INTELLIGENCE: QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE ANALYSES.Miyuki Sasaki. New York: Peter Lang, 1996. Pp. xii + 155. $40.95 cloth.
Authors: Angelis Paul
Published: July 2002

There are few in-depth studies that have attempted to explore the complex relationships
among second language proficiency, foreign language aptitude, and intelligence. Information on
such studies is usually found only in unpublished dissertations or in greatly reduced form in
journal articles. This text is a rare example of a full-length report of such a study. Based on data
from 160 EFL students in Japan, the researcher employed an extensive array of analytical
procedures relating performance on English language proficiency measures with performance on
a three-part aptitude battery and an intelligence measure. The proficiency measures included
multiple-choice tests of grammar, cohesion, vocabulary, listening, and reading using short and
long texts as well as a cloze and a free composition. The foreign language aptitude battery was a
Japanese version of a test modeled after the short version of the Modern Language Aptitude Test.
The measures of verbal intelligence and reasoning came from an existing Kyoto University test
with 12 subtests.
Longitudinal measurement of growth in definitional
skill
Authors: KURLAND BRENDA F. , SNOW CATHERINE E.
Published: July 2002

This study examines individual growth rates in
definitional skill over a
period of three to six years, for 68 low-income children.
Children were
asked to define words once a year at school, from kindergarten
(youngest administration at 5;3) through fourth grade (oldest
administration at
10;10). A plateau was observed between age nine and ten both
for percent formal definitions (characterized by presence
of a superordinate)
and for the quality of formal definitions. The plateau was
lower than the
theoretical ceiling for these measures. However, the
children appear to
have attained ‘adult levels’ of definitional skill:
forty-seven fourth-graders (aged 9;1 to 10;10) performed higher,
on average, than their
own mothers when giving definitions. These results support
the notion that definitional skill is related to being part of an
academic culture: low-income mothers, whose formal schooling
is complete, generally do not
give oral definitions to simple nouns as well as do their
nine- to ten-year-old children.
Response to commentators
Authors: TOMASELLO MICHAEL
Published: July 2002

The commentators on this review raised many interesting and important

points, and I am grateful to each of them for their time and their
thoughtfulness. Each commentary deserves a thorough discussion of its own,

but unfortunately, due to extreme limitations of space, I will have to
focus
here on what I see as the major points raised by one or more of them.
Qualitative investigation of the second order equation
x¨+f(x,
x¯) x¯+g(x)=0
Authors: JIANG J. F.
Published: July 2002

This paper investigates the qualitative behaviour of solutions
of the second order
equation x¨+f(x,
x¯) x¯+g(x)=0. The
sufficient conditions for all solutions to be
oscillatory are established. The theorems on the existence of a nontrivial
periodic
solution are proved and the criteria for the origin to be a
global centre and globally asymptotically stable are given.
Mobile Data and Location Developments within RAC Motoring Services
Authors: Skilton Peter , Murdoch Max
Published: July 2002

This paper describes the rationale used by the Royal Automobile Club (RAC) Motoring Services to update and improve the location and communication systems used by their breakdown service. It discusses the needs and problems of locating customers, and of locating, controlling, and communicating with patrols; the new systems adopted to meet these needs are described. Future requirements are also discussed together with new technologies that are expected to become available.
Environmental challenges in the Rif mountains, northern Morocco
Authors: MOORE H.M. , FOX H.R. , HARROUNI M.C. , ALAMI A. EL.
Published: July 2002

The Rif mountains of northern Morocco represent a region of international significance from the standpoint of plant biodiversity with Abies maroccana amongst the endemic species; forest clearance, soil erosion, high rural population density and population growth are serious threats. Legal and illegal exploitation of the remaining natural forest for fuel, timber, forage and cork, produces some loss of forest but land clearance for extensions of the cultivated area, and other changes in the agricultural system such as the use of herbicides and fertilizers, and increased mechanization, are also resulting in loss of natural vegetation cover. Since 1989 cultivation of cannabis has increased in area from 25 000 ha to approximately 75 000 ha and this has greatly exacerbated the threat of degradation. A number of studies and initiatives are currently under way to address the challenges to the region and in particular the cannabis problem. It is suggested that an integrated approach using GIS methodology and carried out within the management framework of the Man and Biosphere Programme could provide a solution to the environmental threats facing the Rif mountains today.
A representation for comparing simulations and computing
the purpose of geometric features
Authors: STAHOVICH THOMAS F. , KARA LEVENT BURAK
Published: July 2002

We present a new representation that allows a rigid-body dynamic
simulation to be described as a set of “causal-processes.”
A causal-process is an interval of time during which both
the behavior and the causes of the behavior remain qualitatively
uniform. The representation consists of acyclic, directed
graphs that are isomorphic to the flow of causality through
the kinematic chain. Forces are the carriers of causality
in this domain; thus they are central to the representation.
We use this representation to compute the purposes of the
geometric features on the parts of a device. To compute
the purpose of a particular feature, we simulate the behavior
of the device with and without the feature present. We
then re-represent the two simulations as causal-processes
and identify any causal-processes that exist in one simulation
but not the other. Such processes are indicative of the
feature's purpose. Because they are already causal
descriptions of behavior, they can be directly translated
into natural language descriptions of the feature's
purpose. We have implemented our approach in a computer
program called ExplainIT II.
A rough set approach to the treatment of continuous-valued
attributes in multi-concept classification for mechanical diagnosis
Authors: KHOO LI-PHENG , ZHAI LIAN-YIN
Published: July 2002

The efficient use of critical machines or equipment in a
manufacturing system requires reliable information about their
current operating conditions. This information is often used
as a basis for machine condition monitoring and fault
diagnosis—which essentially is an endeavor of knowledge
extraction. Rough set theory provides a novel way to knowledge
acquisition, especially when dealing with vagueness and
uncertainty. It focuses on the discovery of patterns in incomplete
and/or inconsistent data. However, rough set theory requires
the data analyzed to be in discrete manner. This paper proposes
a novel approach to the treatment of continuous-valued attributes
in multi-concept classification for mechanical diagnosis using
rough set theory. Based on the proposed approach, a prototype
system called RClass-Plus has been developed. RClass-Plus is
validated using a case study on mechanical fault diagnosis.
Details of the validation are described.
Genetic relatedness of group A streptococci of the newly
designated serotype M90 causing a food-borne outbreak and
sporadic infections
Authors: POURNARAS S. , EFSTRATIOU A. , DOUBOYAS J. , GEORGE R. C. , TSAKRIS A.
Published: July 2002

Twenty-six isolates of the newly designated M90 serotype group A Streptococcus (GAS) from
a large food-borne outbreak of pharyngitis in Greece and six M90 sporadic isolates from UK,
were typed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Twenty-four outbreak isolates were
identical and two closely related. The Greek isolates were possibly related with one UK isolate,
while other sporadic isolates exhibited distinct PFGE profiles from the former isolates.
Seasonality in spatial organization and dispersal of sympatric jackals (Canis mesomelas and C. adustus): implications for rabies management
Authors: Loveridge A. J. , Macdonald D. W.
Published: July 2002

In Zimbabwe the incidence of reported jackal rabies varies predictably over the year with peaks during June to August (cold dry season) and December to May (wet season), and may be explained by the social behaviour of jackals. June to August is the mating season, at which time home ranges increase in size, and overlap between species and neighbouring conspecifics is greater. Intra‐group concordance in range use decreases in association with the social stress caused by mating and mate guarding, and young adults use peripheral areas, perhaps increasing contact with neighbouring jackals. Dispersal is most likely to occur in the mating season. These factors increase the contact rate between neighbours and, therefore, rabies incidence. In the hot dry season (the whelping season), home ranges decrease in size, and the overlap of interspecific and neighbouring conspecific ranges decreases. Concordance in range use of intra‐group conspecifics increases and activity focuses on the den; inter‐group contact rate therefore decreases, as does rabies incidence. The addition of juveniles to the population in the wet season increases jackal density and thus contact rate and also coincides with a high rabies incidence. Taking these factors into account, we suggest that the control of jackal rabies by oral vaccination should focus on the period before the mating season and after the whelping season.
Identification of New Zealand bats (Chalinolobus tuberculatus and Mystacina tuberculata) in flight from analysis of echolocation calls by artificial neural networks
Authors: Parsons Stuart
Published: July 2002

Time‐expanded and heterodyned echolocation calls of the New Zealand long‐tailed Chalinolobus tuberculatus and lesser short‐tailed bat Mystacina tuberculata were recorded and digitally analysed. Temporal and spectral parameters were measured from time‐expanded calls and power spectra generated for both time‐expanded and heterodyned calls. Artificial neural networks were trained to classify the calls of both species using temporal and spectral parameters and power spectra as input data. Networks were then tested using data not previously seen. Calls could be unambiguously identified using parameters and power spectra from time‐expanded calls. A neural network, trained and tested using power spectra of calls from both species recorded using a heterodyne detector set to 40 kHz (the frequency with the most energy of the fundamental of C. tuberculatus call), could identify 99% and 84% of calls of C. tuberculatus and M. tuberculata, respectively. A second network, trained and tested using power spectra of calls from both species recorded using a heterodyne detector set to 27 kHz (the frequency with the most energy of the fundamental of M. tuberculata call), could identify 34% and 100% of calls of C. tuberculatus and M. tuberculata, respectively. This study represents the first use of neural networks for the identification of bats from their echolocation calls. It is also the first study to use power spectra of time‐expanded and heterodyned calls for identification of chiropteran species. The ability of neural networks to identify bats from their echolocation calls is discussed, as is the ecology of both species in relation to the design of their echolocation calls.
Variation in adult survival rate of the tortoise Testudo hermanni in Greece: implications for evolution of body size
Authors: Willemsen R. E. , Hailey A.
Published: July 2002

Adult annual survival rates estimated by mark–recapture for eight Greek populations of the tortoise Testudo hermanni were in the range 0.80–1.0 (mean 0.886). Estimates from growth rings for the same populations were in a similar range (0.84–0.95, mean 0.899). The average survival rate from the two methods was significantly positively related to mean adult body size (r=0.815) and negatively related to effective temperature (r=−0.880). A life table model was used to investigate the consequences of adult survival rate for optimum age at maturity and mean adult size of females. The basis of the model was the trade‐off between increased reproduction from large adult size, and decreased survival to maturity from delayed age at maturity. The model showed that the observed variation in adult survival rates was more than sufficient to account for the variation of adult size among populations. The model thus predicted an even greater range of mean adult size than that observed. A negative correlation between growth rate and adult survival rate or age at maturity, as observed, was needed to fit the size data. The model supports the hypothesis that variation in adult size of T. hermanni in Greece is adaptive (rather than a non‐adaptive environmental or phylogenetic effect) and due to variation in adult survival rates (rather than other factors such as juvenile survival).
Determinants of gregariousness in the spectral tarsier (Prosimian: Tarsius spectrum)
Authors: Gursky Sharon
Published: July 2002

Interspecific comparisons of mammals and primates suggest that the major determinants of gregarious behaviour are the distribution of food resources in space and time, predation pressure and infanticide avoidance. This study of gregarious behaviour in the spectral tarsier Tarsius spectrum at Tangkoko Nature Reserve, Sulawesi Indonesia suggests that all three may be important in understanding the relatively gregarious nature of spectral tarsiers. To test whether predation pressure was the major determinant of sociality for this species, I mimicked predation pressure by using predator models and playback predator vocalizations. In response to increased predation pressure from rubber models of snakes, the family group was observed mobbing the ‘predator’. On the other hand, when plastic bird of prey models were placed throughout the tarsier's territory the adult group members often increased their distance from one another. No significant response was made by the spectral tarsiers in response to playbacks of predator vocalizations. To test whether infanticide avoidance was the major determinant of sociality for this species, I compared the distance between adult males and females for three reproductive phases. When adult females were lactating, adult males were observed to decrease the distance between themselves and the adult female, while the female often attempted to increase the distance. However, groups containing either a pregnant female or a non‐reproductive (cycling) female did not differ in their gregariousness. To explore whether the temporal distribution of resources was the major determinant of sociality in spectral tarsiers I collected insects hourly. The diet of spectral tarsiers is restricted to insects. Distance between group members closely followed hourly and monthly changes in insect abundance. During hours when abundance was high, distance between group members decreased and vice versa. Additional long‐term and more fine‐grained data need to be collected to ascertain the relative importance of resources, predators and infanticide in determining sociality in the spectral tarsier.
Investigating intra-ethnic differentiation: /ay/ in Lumbee
Native American English
Authors: Schilling-Estes Natalie
Published: July 2002

This article demonstrates the importance of investigating
language variation and change both within and across ethnic
groups, especially those that have been relatively insular
historically. The focus is on the variable patterning of
/ay/ in the variety of English spoken by the Lumbee Indians
in tri-ethnic Robeson County, North Carolina. (The Lumbee
refer to themselves as “Indians” rather than
“Native Americans”; I use their term when referring
to their tribe.) The analysis reveals that the Lumbee have
been surprisingly innovative and heterogeneous. Explanations
are both linguistic and extralinguistic. Insular groups
do not face linguistic pressure to level intra- and inter-community
differences or to curb internal innovations. In addition,
insular groups are often more concerned with intra- than
inter-group relations and hence with intra-group social
and linguistic distinctions. The study also shows a lessening
of inter- and intra-group dialect differences with increased
inter-group contact. However, the Lumbee still preserve
a degree of dialectal distinctiveness, indicating that
the need to preserve cultural uniqueness may outweigh linguistic
pressure to level out differences.
Convective instability of reaction fronts: Linear stability analysis
Authors: VOLPERT V. A. , VOLPERT A. I.
Published: July 2002

The paper is devoted to convective instability of
reaction fronts. New approaches are
developed to study some eigenvalue problems arising in chemical hydrodynamics.
For gaseous
combustion in the case of equality of transport coefficients, a linear
stability analysis of an
upward propagating front is carried out. A minimax representation of the
stability boundary
is obtained.
Automated complexity analysis of Nuprl extracted programs
Authors: BENZINGER RALPH
Published: July 2002

This paper describes the Automated Complexity Analysis Prototype (ACAp) system for automated
complexity analysis of functional programs synthesized with the Nuprl proof development
system. We define a simple abstract cost model for NUPRL's term language based
on the current call-by-name evaluator. The framework uses abstract functions and abstract
lists to facilitate reasoning about primitive recursive programs with first-order functions, lazy
lists and a subclass of higher-order functions. The ACAp system automatically derives upper
bounds on the time complexity of NUPRL extracts relative to a given profiling semantics.
Analysis proceeds by abstract interpretation of the extract, where symbolic evaluation rules
extend standard evaluation to terms with free variables. Symbolic evaluation of recursive
programs generates systems of multi-variable difference equations, which are solved using the
MATHEMATICA computer algebra system. The use of the system is exemplified by analyzing a
proof extract that computes the maximum segment sum of a list and a functional program
that determines the minimum of a list via sorting. For both results, we compare call-by-name
to call-by-value evaluation.
Monadic parsing in Haskell
Authors: HUTTON GRAHAM , MEIJER ERIK
Published: July 2002

This paper is a tutorial on defining recursive descent parsers
in Haskell. In the spirit
of one-stop shopping, the paper combines material from three areas
into a single
source. The three areas are functional parsers (Burge, 1975; Wadler, 1985;
Hutton,
1992; Fokker, 1995), the use of monads to structure functional programs
(Wadler,
1990, 1992a, 1992b), and the use of special syntax for monadic programs
in Haskell
(Jones, 1995; Peterson et al., 1996). More specifically, the paper
shows how to define
monadic parsers using do notation in Haskell.

Of course, recursive descent parsers defined by hand lack the efficiency
of bottom-up
parsers generated by machine (Aho et al., 1986; Mogensen, 1993;
Gill and
Marlow, 1995). However, for many research applications, a simple recursive
descent
parser is perfectly sufficient. Moreover, while parser generators typically
offer a
fixed set of combinators for describing grammars, the method described
here is
completely extensible: parsers are first-class values, and we have the
full power of
Haskell available to define new combinators for special applications. The
method is
also an excellent illustration of the elegance of functional programming.
Girard translation and logical predicates
Authors: HASEGAWA MASAHITO
Published: July 2002

We present a short proof of a folklore result: the Girard translation from the simply typed
lambda calculus to the linear lambda calculus is fully complete. The proof makes use of a notion
of logical predicates for intuitionistic linear logic. While the main result is of independent
interest, this paper can be read as a tutorial on this proof technique for reasoning about
relations between type theories.
Surgical treatment of urinary incontinence
Authors: Saxby M , Farrar D
Published: July 2002

Incontinence is a common problem and the incidence increases with age. Approximately 85% of all cases of incontinence occur in women, essentially because bladder neck competence and pelvic floor/urethral sphincter activity is more readily compromised than in the male. Incontinence is an important cause of admission to and a common finding in nursing homes for the elderly but is not an inevitable sequela of aging.
‘Graduates’
Authors: Dale Mark C , Burns Alistair
Published: July 2002

The term 'graduate' (hereafter without quotation marks) has been used to describe the following groups of patients:

1) All those patients with enduring psychiatric illness who have graduated to old age (usually defined as age over 65 years);

2) 'Patients who entered hospitals for the mentally ill before modern methods of treatment were available and have grown old in them after many years there.'

3) Specifically, long-stay patients with schizophrenia over the age of 65 years who came into continuous psychiatric contact well before that age.
Diagnosing undernutrition in elderly people
Authors: Gariballa SE , Sinclair AJ
Published: July 2002

One of the greatest challenges of medicine in old age is for
physicians to understand the process of aging and to be able to
distinguish it from disease, lifestyle factors and environmental
exposures whose cumulative effects account for many of the changes
observed in older people. As a result, physicians have a duty to
recognize and intervene appropriately against age-related diseases.
Measuring renal function in old age
Authors: Coyle JM , Bhowmick BK , Meara RJ
Published: July 2002

The accurate measurement of renal function in elderly subjects is often required, due to structural and functional changes resulting from age and diseases affecting the kidney. Structurally, with age there is progressive loss of renal mass, particularly in the cortex, leading to a decreased number of glomeruli and an increase in the proportion of sclerotic glomeruli. A decline in the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) has been observed in both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. However, it has also been noted that about one third of subjects have stable renal function, implying that this decline is not universal, and may reflect the effects of age-associated diseases.
STUDIES IN MONODOMINANT FORESTS IN EASTERN MATO GROSSO, BRAZIL: I. A FOREST OF BROSIMUM RUBESCENS TAUB
Authors: MARIMON B. S. , FELFILI J. M. , HARIDASAN M.
Published: July 2002

The occurrence of a monodominant tropical forest dominated by the tree species Brosimum rubescens Taub. (Moraceae) in the transition zone between the cerrado region and the Amazonian rain forests along the Araguaia valley in the state of Mato Grosso in Brazil is reported. A 6000m2 (40×150m) area located in the central portion of a forest (14°50′47″S, 52°08′37″W) on the Eldorado Farm in Nova Xavantina was sampled to determine the structure, phytosociology and soil properties. A total of 44 tree species was found in the forest, with a Shannon diversity index (H′) of 2.37 and the Pielou evenness index (J′) of 0.63. These values were similar to those reported by other workers in an Amazonian monodominant forest dominated by Peltogyne gracilipes. Average tree density equal or greater than (≥) 5cm dbh was 1066ha−1 and basal area 37.46m2 ha−1. Dead standing individuals represented 7.03% of the total density and lianas 8.12%. The main families were Moraceae, Rubiaceae, Burseraceae, Hippocrateaceae and Leguminosae–Caesalpinioideae. The species with the highest importance value indices were B. rubescens (124.55), Amaioua intermedia var. brasiliana (32.97), Cheiloclinium cognatum (22.41), Tetragastris balsamifera (19.58) and Protium pilosissimum (16.64). Brosimum rubescens alone accounted for 85.5% of the individuals ≥30cm dbh, 80.35% of those ≥20cm dbh, 57.33% of those ≥10cm dbh, and 35.85% of those ≥5cm dbh. The forest was composed of upper, middle and lower storeys. Diameter distribution was unbalanced for the community and for the main species, suggesting that establishment has been episodic. The surface soil was acid, with high exchangeable Al levels and low fertility, as is the case for most cerrados and Amazonian forests. The availability of K was in the range of adequacy, as compared with most native soils. However, concentrations of available Mg in the soil was higher than that of available Ca, with Mg/Ca ratios above three, unlike most cerrados and Amazonian forests, but similar to the soils of many monodominant tropical forests reported in the literature. Soils were characterized by high concentrations of available Fe. Besides the high Mg/Ca ratios, a high proportion of K as compared with the bivalent cations Ca and Mg, and toxicities of Fe and Mn due to strong acidity could be factors influencing the occurrence of species in this forest.
The European Syndicalists and War, 1914–1918
Authors: Thorpe Wayne
Published: July 2002

This article argues that syndicalist trade union organizations, viewed internationally, were unique in First World War Europe in not supporting the war efforts or defensive efforts of their respective governments. The support for the war of the important French organisation has obscured the fact that the remaining five national syndicalist organisations – in belligerent Germany and Italy, and in neutral Spain, Sweden and the Netherlands – remained faithful to their professed workers' internationalism. The article argues that forces tending to integrate the labour movement in pre-1914 Europe had less effect on syndicalists than on other trade unions, and that syndicalist resistance to both integration and war in the non-Gallic countries was also influenced by their rivalry with social-democratic organisations.
The Potsdam Conference and the Spanish Problem
Authors: Moradiellos Enrique
Published: July 2002

This article examines and analyses the discussion over ‘the Spanish Problem’ taking place between the leaders of the three great Allied powers during the Postdam Conference of July–August 1945. It argues that the approved condemnation of the Franco regime was a bald rhetorical declaration which contained no effective sanctions, be they diplomatic, economic or military. The reference to Spain was the result of a minimal agreement reached with great difficulty after arduous negotiations which resulted in the imposition of a toothless international ostracism. Consequently, aided by the disintegration of the Grand Alliance and its replacement by the Cold War, the Francoist dictatorship cautiously inched its way to post-war survival.
From ‘Radical’ to ‘Realistic’: Hendrik de Man and the International Plan Conferences at Pontigny and Geneva, 1934–1937
Authors: Horn Gerd-Rainer
Published: July 2002

When at Christmas 1933 the Belgian Workers' Party adopted the Plan de Man to guide its forward march to socialism, European critics of unfettered capitalist development listened carefully. Deeply worried by Hitler's legal rise to power, socialist activists and intellectuals were then searching for new answers to the crises of their day, and many believed that they had found a blueprint in the Plan. Inspired by the activist politician Hendrik de Man, a series of international plan conferences, assembling the entire spectrum of western European pro-socialist, non-Stalinist economists, met between September 1934 and October 1937. The changing nature of these debates exemplify the fate of European socialism in the mid-1930s, descending from optimistic belief in a democratic socialist future towards technocratic pragmatism in the space of thirty-seven months.
Some Overseas Angles on the History of French Literature
Authors: SAPIRO GISÈLE
Published: July 2002

Martyn Cornick, The Nouvelle Revue Française under Jean Paulhan 1925–1940 (Amsterdam and Atlanta: Rodopi, 1995), 224 pp., Fl. 65, $40.50, ISBN 9-051-83767-6.

Nicholas Hewitt, Literature and the Right in Postwar France: The Story of the ‘Hussards’ (Oxford and Washington, DC: Berg Publishers, 1996), 218 pp. (hb.), £34.95, ISBN 1-859-73029-9.

Denis Hollier, Absent Without Leave: French Literature under the Threat of War, trans. Catherine Porter (Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Press, 1997), 256 pp. (pb.), £18.50, ISBN 0-674-21271-1.

Jeffrey Mehlman, Geneologies of the Text: Literature, Psychoanalysis, and Politics in Modern France (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 262 pp., hardcover, ISBN 0-521-47213-X.

Jennifer E. Milligan, The Forgotten Generation: French Women Writers of the Inter-War Period (New York and Oxford: Berg Publishers, 1996), 236 pp. (pb.), £14.99, ISBN 1-859-73118-X.
The Creation of Partial Patients
Authors: GREAVES DAVID
Published: July 2002

Armstrong describes the rise of a new mode of medical
practice that he calls “surveillance medicine,”
in the following terms: “Despite the obvious triumph
of a medical theory and practice grounded in the hospital,
a new medicine based on the surveillance of normal populations
can be identified as emerging in the twentieth century.”
Surveillance medicine gives rise to a novel and underexplored
aspect of the long-standing tension between the different
goals of clinical medicine and public health.
Pragmatic Bioethics, by Glenn McGee, ed. Nashville, TN:
Vanderbilt University Press, 1999. 320 pp. $19.95
Authors: Moller Mark
Published: July 2002

Classical American pragmatists, such as William
James, John Dewey, and C. S. Peirce, have had little influence
on the development of bioethics. Glenn McGee and the other
authors whose essays make up this book believe that this
is a mistake. They maintain that the work of these pragmatists
constitutes an original and effective method for understanding
and resolving bioethical dilemmas. Their collective goal
is to convince the rest of us that they are right.
Abstracts of Note: The Bioethics Literature
Authors: Iserson Kenneth V.
Published: July 2002

This section is meant to be a mutual effort. If you find an
article you think should be abstracted in this section, do not
be bashful—submit it for consideration to Kenneth V. Iserson
care of CQ. If you do not like the editorial comments, this
will igve you an opportunity to respond in the letters section.
Your input is desired and anticipated.
Response to “From Pittsburgh to Cleveland: NHBD Controversies
and Bioethics” by George J. Agich (CQ Vol 8, No 3)
Authors: Agich George J.
Published: July 2002

Frank Koughan and Walt Bogdanich's response
to my article, “From Pittsburgh to Cleveland: NHBD
Controversies and Bioethics,” reminds me of the Shakespearean
line, “The lady protests too much, methinks.”
My article was not about the specifics of the 60 Minutes
April 13, 1997, story on NHBD at the Cleveland Clinic Foundation
(CCF), even though the story formed the basis for the reflection.
I did not attack the critics, though I do believe that
bioethicists are accountable for their scholarly and public
pronouncements. Although I do not see why the 60 Minutes'
story should be treated with deference, my article was
designed to raise questions for a primarily bioethics audience
about the involvement of bioethicists in media coverage
of bioethics topics. I am flattered that they took notice
of my piece, but think their efforts to set the record
straight only obfuscate matters further.
Critical Exponents, Colines, and Projective Geometries
Authors: KUNG JOSEPH P. S.
Published: July 2002

In [9, p. 469], Oxley made the following conjecture, which is a geometric analogue of a
conjecture of Lovász (see [1, p. 290]) about complete graphs.

Conjecture 1.1.Let G be a rank-n GF(q)-representable simple matroid with critical
exponent n − γ. If, for every coline X in G,
c(G/X; q) = c(G; q) − 2 = n − γ − 2,
then G is the projective geometry PG(n − 1, q).

We shall call the rank n, the critical ‘co-exponent’ γ, and the order q of the field the
parameters of Oxley's conjecture. We exhibit several counterexamples to this conjecture.
These examples show that, for a given prime power q and a given positive integer γ,
Oxley's conjecture holds for only finitely many ranks n. We shall assume familiarity with
matroid theory and, in particular, the theory of critical problems. See [6] and [9].

A subset C of points of PG(n − 1, q) is a (γ, k)-cordon if,
for every k-codimensional subspace X in PG(n − 1, q), the intersection
C ∩ X contains a γ-dimensional subspace of PG(n − 1, q). In this
paper, our primary interest will be in constructing (γ, 2)-cordons.
With straightforward modifications, our methods will also yield (γ, k)-cordons.

Complements of counterexamples to Oxley's conjecture are (γ, 2)-cordons.