bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Coronavirus and international business: An entrepreneurial ecosystem perspective
Authors: Ratten Vanessa
Published: June 2020

Covid‐19 (Coronavirus) is a health pandemic that has significantly affected the global economy and fundamentally changed society. The impacts of coronavirus are most apparent at the international business level due to the restrictions on travel and mobility of labor. This has necessitated an entrepreneurial outlook for businesses in order to survive in the current market environment. The aim of this article is to discuss the implications of the coronavirus for international business by taking an entrepreneurial ecosystem point of view. This enables a reflection on how the pandemic has impacted various entities of the ecosystem in terms of stakeholder engagement. Suggestions for acting in a more dynamic and innovative manner are provided that highlight the importance of utilizing entrepreneurial ecosystems in times of crises.
The study of questions
Authors: Moyer Morgan C. , Syrett Kristen
Published: June 2020

Asking questions is a fundamental aspect of human nature. Languages all around the world encode interrogative constructions. It is therefore incumbent upon semanticists to capture the meaning of questions. However, achieving this goal faces a challenge under a truth conditional approach to meaning, since questions cannot easily be assigned a truth value. Moreover, it is not sufficient to focus only on the questions themselves; one must also determine what counts as a felicitous and informative answer, and how this relates to a speaker's intention in posing a question in a discourse context. How then do semanticists approach an investigation of questions? In this article, we present the core issues inherent to question‐answer dynamics, review the main approaches to question‐answer meaning, highlight how questions are situated in a discourse context, and explore extensions of questions that highlight the connection between semantics, pragmatics, and human reasoning.

This article is categorized under:

Linguistics > Linguistic Theory
Aggregating predictions from experts: A review of statistical methods, experiments, and applications
Authors: McAndrew Thomas , Wattanachit Nutcha , Gibson Graham C. , Reich Nicholas G.
Published: June 2020

Forecasts support decision making in a variety of applications. Statistical models can produce accurate forecasts given abundant training data, but when data is sparse or rapidly changing, statistical models may not be able to make accurate predictions. Expert judgmental forecasts—models that combine expert‐generated predictions into a single forecast—can make predictions when training data is limited by relying on human intuition. Researchers have proposed a wide array of algorithms to combine expert predictions into a single forecast, but there is no consensus on an optimal aggregation model. This review surveyed recent literature on aggregating expert‐elicited predictions. We gathered common terminology, aggregation methods, and forecasting performance metrics, and offer guidance to strengthen future work that is growing at an accelerated pace.

This article is categorized under:

Statistical Learning and Exploratory Methods of the Data Sciences > Clustering and Classification

Statistical Learning and Exploratory Methods of the Data Sciences > Exploratory Data Analysis

Statistical Learning and Exploratory Methods of the Data Sciences > Modeling Methods

Statistical and Graphical Methods of Data Analysis > Multivariate Analysis
Spiritual Capital: A Framework for Spirituality‐Infused Leadership Education and Organizational Spirituality
Authors: Noghiu Alain Adrian
Published: June 2020

This chapter introduces the spiritual capital discourse and spiritual capital theory (SCT). By extending the leadership‐spirituality intersect with the notion of “capital,” it confirms the value proposition of spirituality for leadership development and extends the discourse to include “structure,” an aspect with which leadership theory struggles.
Spirituality and Leadership: Research Supports the Connection
Authors: Komives Susan R. , Mackie Michele Matteo , Shalka Tricia R. , Smith Meredith
Published: June 2020

Research demonstrates the consistent and significant positive connection between spirituality and leadership. The concluding chapter focuses on studies of the social change model of leadership development and select spirituality scales from the University of California, Los Angeles Higher Education Research Institute's spirituality project.
The complete set of two-loop master integrals for Higgs + jet production in QCD
Authors: Frellesvig H. , Hidding M. , Maestri L. , Moriello F. , Salvatori G.
Published: June 2020

Abstract

In this paper we complete the computation of the two-loop master integrals relevant for Higgs plus one jet production initiated in [1–3]. Specifically, we compute the remaining family of non-planar master integrals. The computation is performed by defining differential equations along contours in the kinematic space, and by solving them in terms of one-dimensional generalized power series. This method allows for the efficient evaluation of the integrals in all kinematic regions, with high numerical precision. We show the generality of our approach by considering both the top- and the bottom-quark contributions. This work along with [1–3] provides the full set of master integrals relevant for the NLO corrections to Higgs plus one jet production, and for the real-virtual contributions to the NNLO corrections to inclusive Higgs production in QCD in the full theory.
Gauge × gauge on spheres
Authors: Borsten L. , Jubb I. , Makwana V. , Nagy S.
Published: June 2020

Abstract

We introduce a convolution on a 2-sphere and use it to show that the linearised Becchi-Rouet-Stora-Tyutin transformations and gauge fixing conditions of Einstein-Hilbert gravity coupled to a two-form and a scalar field, follow from the product of two Yang-Mills theories. This provides an example of the convolutive product of gauge theories on a non-trivial background. By introducing a time direction the product is shown to extend to the D = 1 + 2 Einstein-static universe.
Black hole one-loop determinants in the large dimension limit
Authors: Keeler Cynthia , Priya Alankrita
Published: June 2020

Abstract

We calculate the contributions to the one-loop determinant for transverse traceless gravitons in an n + 3-dimensional Schwarzschild black hole background in the large dimension limit, due to the SO(n + 2)-type tensor and vector fluctuations, using the quasinormal mode method. Accordingly we find the quasinormal modes for these fluctuations as a function of a fiducial mass parameter ∆. We show that the behavior of the one-loop determinant at large ∆ accords with a heat kernel curvature expansion in one lower dimension, lending further evidence towards a membrane picture for black holes in the large dimension limit.
A worldline theory for supergravity
Authors: Bonezzi Roberto , Meyer Adiel , Sachs Ivo
Published: June 2020

Abstract

The

$$ \mathcal{N} $$

N

= 4 supersymmetric spinning particle admits several consistent quantizations, related to the gauging of different subgroups of the SO(4) R-symmetry on the worldline. We construct the background independent BRST quantization for all of these choices which are shown to reproduce either the massless NS-NS spectrum of the string, or Einstein theory with or without the antisymmetric tensor field and/or dilaton corresponding to different restrictions. Quantum consistency of the worldline implies equations of motion for the background which, in addition to the admissible string backgrounds, admit Einstein manifolds with or whithout a cosmological constant. The vertex operators for the Kalb-Ramond, graviton and dilaton fields are obtained from the linear variations of the BRST charge. They produce the physical states by action on the diffeomorphism ghost states.
Characterization of metal oxide gas sensors via optical techniques
Authors: Glöckler Johannes , Jaeschke Carsten , Tütüncü Erhan , Kokoric Vjekoslav , Kocaöz Yusuf , Mizaikoff Boris
Published: June 2020

Metal oxide (MOX) sensors are increasingly gaining attention in analytical applications. Their fundamental operation principle is based on conversion reactions of selected molecular species at their semiconducting surface. However, the exact turnover of analyte gas in relation to the concentration has not been investigated in detail to date. In the present study, two optical sensing techniques—luminescence quenching for molecular oxygen and infrared spectroscopy for carbon dioxide and methane—have been coupled for characterizing the behavior of an example semiconducting MOX methane gas sensor integrated into a recently developed low-volume gas cell. Thereby, oxygen consumption during MOX operation as well as the generation of carbon dioxide from the methane conversion reaction could be quantitatively monitored. The latter was analyzed via a direct mid-infrared gas sensor system based on substrate-integrated hollow waveguide (iHWG) technology combined with a portable Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, which has been able to not only detect the amount of generated carbon dioxide but also the consumption of methane during MOX operation. Hence, a method based entirely on direct optical detection schemes was developed for characterizing the actual signal generating processes—here for the detection of methane—via MOX sensing devices via near real-time online analysis.
Adverse intraoperative events during surgical repair of ruptured cerebral aneurysms: a systematic review
Authors: Muirhead William R. , Grover Patrick J. , Toma Ahmed K. , Stoyanov Danail , Marcus Hani J. , Murphy Mary
Published: June 2020

Compared with endovascular techniques, clipping of ruptured cerebral aneurysms has been shown to associate with increased morbidity in several studies. Despite this, clipping remains the preferred option for many aneurysms. The objective of this study is to describe the reported adverse events of open repair of ruptured cerebral aneurysms and their impact on patient outcome. The PubMed, Embase and Cochrane databases were searched between June 1999 and June 2019 to identify original studies of at least 100 patients undergoing surgical repair of ruptured cerebral aneurysms and in which adverse event rates were reported. Thirty-six studies reporting adverse events in a total of 12,410 operations for repair of ruptured cerebral aneurysms were included. Surgical adverse events were common with 36 event types reported including intraoperative rupture (median rate of 16.6%), arterial injury (median rate of 3.8%) and brain swelling (median rate 5.6%). Only 6 surgical events were statistically shown to associate with poor outcomes by any author and for intraoperative rupture (the most frequently analysed), there was an even split between authors finding a statistical association with poor outcome and those finding no association. Even with modern surgical techniques, the technical demands of surgical aneurysm repair continue to lead to a high rate of intraoperative adverse events. Despite this, it is not known which of these intraoperative events are the most important contributors to the poor outcomes often seen in these patients. More research directed towards identifying the events that most drive operative morbidity has the potential to improve outcomes for these patients.
TEASER: early and accurate time series classification
Authors: Schäfer Patrick , Leser Ulf
Published: June 2020

Early time series classification (eTSC) is the problem of classifying a time series after as few measurements as possible with the highest possible accuracy. The most critical issue of any eTSC method is to decide when enough data of a time series has been seen to take a decision: Waiting for more data points usually makes the classification problem easier but delays the time in which a classification is made; in contrast, earlier classification has to cope with less input data, often leading to inferior accuracy. The state-of-the-art eTSC methods compute a fixed optimal decision time assuming that every times series has the same defined start time (like turning on a machine). However, in many real-life applications measurements start at arbitrary times (like measuring heartbeats of a patient), implying that the best time for taking a decision varies widely between time series. We present TEASER, a novel algorithm that models eTSC as a two-tier classification problem: In the first tier, a classifier periodically assesses the incoming time series to compute class probabilities. However, these class probabilities are only used as output label if a second-tier classifier decides that the predicted label is reliable enough, which can happen after a different number of measurements. In an evaluation using 45 benchmark datasets, TEASER is two to three times earlier at predictions than its competitors while reaching the same or an even higher classification accuracy. We further show TEASER’s superior performance using real-life use cases, namely energy monitoring, and gait detection.
Two Polynomial Time Graph Labeling Algorithms Optimizing Max-Norm-Based Objective Functions
Authors: Malmberg Filip , Ciesielski Krzysztof Chris
Published: June 2020

Many problems in applied computer science can be expressed in a graph setting and solved by finding an appropriate vertex labeling of the associated graph. It is also common to identify the term “appropriate labeling” with a labeling that optimizes some application-motivated objective function. The goal of this work is to present two algorithms that, for the objective functions in a general format motivated by image processing tasks, find such optimal labelings. Specifically, we consider a problem of finding an optimal binary labeling for the objective function defined as the max-norm over a set of local costs of a form that naturally appears in image processing. It is well known that for a limited subclass of such problems, globally optimal solutions can be found via watershed cuts, that is, by the cuts associated with the optimal spanning forests of a graph. Here, we propose two new algorithms for optimizing a broader class of such problems. The first algorithm, that works for all considered objective functions, returns a globally optimal labeling in quadratic time with respect to the size of the graph (i.e., the number of its vertices and edges) or, for an image associated graph, the size of the image. The second algorithm is more efficient, with quasi-linear time complexity, and returns a globally optimal labeling provided that the objective function satisfies certain given conditions. These conditions are analogous to the submodularity conditions encountered in max-flow/min-cut optimization, where the objective function is defined as sum of all local costs. We will also consider a refinement of the max-norm measure, defined in terms of the lexicographical order, and examine the algorithms that could find minimal labelings with respect to this refined measure.
Roads to Necessitarianism
Authors: Mandelkern Matthew , Rothschild Daniel
Published: June 2020

We show that each of three natural sets of assumptions about the conditional entails necessitarianism: that anything possible is necessary. Since most agree that this conclusion is obviously false, this shows that at least one member of each set of assumptions must be rejected. All of these assumptions are, however, widely accepted and well-motivated. This creates a puzzle which we leave open.
On the Torsion Function with Mixed Boundary Conditions
Authors: Berg M. van den , Carroll Tom
Published: June 2020

Let D be a non-empty open subset of $\mathbb {R}^{m}, m\ge 2$

ℝ

m

,
m
≥
2
, with boundary ∂D, with finite Lebesgue measure |D|, and which satisfies a parabolic Harnack principle. Let K be a compact, non-polar subset of D. We obtain the leading asymptotic behaviour as ε↓ 0 of the $L^{\infty }$

L

∞

norm of the torsion function with a Neumann boundary condition on ∂D, and a Dirichlet boundary condition on ∂(εK), in terms of the first eigenvalue of the Laplacian with corresponding boundary conditions. These estimates quantify those of Burdzy, Chen and Marshall who showed that D ∖ K is a non-trap domain.
The Honeybee Venom Major Allergen Api m 10 (Icarapin) and Its Role in Diagnostics and Treatment of Hymenoptera Venom Allergy
Authors: Jakob Thilo , Rauber Michèle Myriam , Perez-Riverol Amilcar , Spillner Edzard , Blank Simon
Published: June 2020

Purpose of Review

In Hymenoptera venom allergy, the research focus has moved from whole venoms to individual allergenic molecules. Api m 10 (icarapin) has been described as a major allergen of honeybee venom (HBV) with potentially high relevance for diagnostics and therapy of venom allergy. Here, we review recent studies on Api m 10 characteristics as well as its role in component-resolved diagnostics and potential implications for venom-specific immunotherapy (VIT).

Recent Findings

Api m 10 is a major allergen of low abundance in HBV. It is an obviously unstable protein of unknown function that exhibits homologs in other insect species. Despite its low abundance in HBV, 35 to 72% of HBV-allergic patients show relevant sensitization to this allergen. Api m 10 is a marker allergen for HBV sensitization, which in many cases can help to identify primary sensitization to HBV and, hence, to discriminate between genuine sensitization and cross-reactivity. Moreover, Api m 10 might support personalized risk stratification in VIT, as dominant sensitization to Api m 10 has been identified as risk factor for treatment failure. This might be of particular importance since Api m 10 is strongly underrepresented in some therapeutic preparations commonly used for VIT.

Although the role of Api m 10 in HBV allergy and tolerance induction during VIT is not fully understood, it certainly is a useful tool to unravel primary sensitization and individual sensitization profiles in component-resolved diagnostics (CRD). Moreover, a potential of Api m 10 to contribute to personalized treatment strategies in HBV allergy is emerging.
Deep Learning for Cardiovascular Risk Stratification
Authors: Schlesinger Daphne E. , Stultz Collin M.
Published: June 2020

Purpose of review

Although deep learning represents an exciting platform for the development of risk stratification models, it is challenging to evaluate these models beyond simple statistical measures of success, which do not always provide insight into a model’s clinical utility. Here we propose a framework for evaluating deep learning models and discuss a number of interesting applications in light of these rubrics.

Recent findings

Data scientists and clinicians alike have applied a variety of deep learning techniques to both medical images and structured electronic medical record data. In many cases, these methods have resulted in risk stratification models that have improved discriminatory ability relative to more straightforward methods. Nevertheless, in many instances, it remains unclear how useful the resulting models are to practicing clinicians.

To be useful, deep learning models for cardiovascular risk stratification must not only be accurate but they must also provide insight into when they are likely to yield inaccurate results and be explainable in the sense that health care providers can understand why the model arrives at a particular result. These additional criteria help to ensure that the model can be faithfully applied to the demographic for which it is most accurate.
Preisaufschläge für die sportliche Relevanz
Authors: Woratschek Herbert , Kaiser Mario , Durchholz Christian , Ströbel Tim
Published: June 2020

Für die Finanzierung von Sportevents ist das Ticketing eine zentrale Einnahmequelle. Es liegen in diesem Bereich jedoch weder in Praxis noch Forschung valide Erfahrungsdaten vor. Der vorliegende Beitrag greift diese Forschungslücke auf und identifiziert die Bereitschaft von Sporteventzuschauern für Preisaufschläge (bzw. -abschläge) im Rahmen von Wettbewerben mit unterschiedlicher sportlicher Relevanz in unterschiedlichen Sitzkategorien am Beispiel des Frauenfußballs. Der Beitrag zeigt auf, dass die Conjoint-Analyse eine geeignete Methode ist, um Preisbereitschaften für Sportevents in Abhängigkeit ihrer sportlichen Relevanz zu schätzen, insbesondere für Sportevents für die bislang noch keine Erfahrungswerte aus der Vergangenheit vorliegen. Auf Basis einer Befragung von 278 Stadionbesuchern eines Spiels der deutschen Frauen Fußball-Nationalmannschaft zeigt sich, dass die Präferenzen der Zuschauer sehr unterschiedlich sind. Für die Hälfte der Probanden ist die sportliche Relevanz des Wettbewerbs der dominierende Einflussfaktor auf die Preisbereitschaft. Diese sind bereit, einen hohen Preisaufschlag für sportlich relevante Wettbewerbe in Kauf zu nehmen. Die Ergebnisse helfen Sportmanagern, ihre Preisstrategien zu optimieren und gleichzeitig an den Präferenzen und Preisbereitschaften der Zuschauer auszurichten.
The “Three Italy” of the COVID-19 epidemic and the possible involvement of SARS-CoV-2 in triggering complications other than pneumonia
Authors: Prezioso Carla , Marcocci Maria Elena , Palamara Anna Teresa , De Chiara Giovanna , Pietropaolo Valeria
Published: June 2020

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), first reported in Wuhan, the capital of Hubei, China, has been associated to a novel coronavirus, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). In March 2020, the World Health Organization declared the SARS-CoV-2 infection a global pandemic. Soon after, the number of cases soared dramatically, spreading across China and worldwide. Italy has had 12,462 confirmed cases according to the Italian National Institute of Health (ISS) as of March 11, and after the “lockdown” of the entire territory, by May 4, 209,254 cases of COVID-19 and 26,892 associated deaths have been reported. We performed a review to describe, in particular, the origin and the diffusion of COVID-19 in Italy, underlying how the geographical circulation has been heterogeneous and the importance of pathophysiology in the involvement of cardiovascular and neurological clinical manifestations.
Correction to: Eriocalyxin B Inhibits Adipogenesis in 3T3‑L1 Adipocytes by Cell Cycle Arrest
Authors: Mu Rong‑Fang , Niu Yan‑Fen , Wang Qian , Zhou Hui‑Min , Hu Jing , Qin Wan‑Ying , Xiong Wen‑Yong
Published: June 2020

In the original publication of this article, we found an error under the section “Introduction”. The first sentence of the fourth paragraph appears incorrectly. The corrected sentence is given below. Eriocalyxin B, isolated and identified in 1982 [1], is the major component in Chinese plant Isodon eriocalyx (Dunn.) Hara (family Lamiaceae) showing many pharmacological activities, such as inhibiting inflammatory response, regulating immune cell differentiation, inhibiting tumor cells proliferation, causing cell cycle arrest affecting angiogenesis and promoting cancer cells apoptosis.
Two-scale coupling for preconditioned Hamiltonian Monte Carlo in infinite dimensions
Authors: Bou-Rabee Nawaf , Eberle Andreas
Published: June 2020

We derive non-asymptotic quantitative bounds for convergence to equilibrium of the exact preconditioned Hamiltonian Monte Carlo algorithm (pHMC) on a Hilbert space. As a consequence, explicit and dimension-free bounds for pHMC applied to high-dimensional distributions arising in transition path sampling and path integral molecular dynamics are given. Global convexity of the underlying potential energies is not required. Our results are based on a two-scale coupling which is contractive in a carefully designed distance.
A numerical model for simulating the effect of strain rate on eutectic band thickness
Authors: Draxler J. , Åkerström P. , Edberg J. , Lindgren L.-E. , Singh S. , Raza T. , Andersson J.
Published: June 2020

Large tensile strains acting on the solidifying weld metal can cause the formation of eutectic bands along grain boundaries. These eutectic bands can lead to severe liquation in the partially melted zone of a subsequent overlapping weld. This can increase the risk of heat-affected zone liquation cracking. In this paper, we present a solidification model for modeling eutectic bands. The model is based on solute convection in grain boundary liquid films induced by tensile strains. The proposed model was used to study the influence of strain rate on the thickness of eutectic bands in Alloy 718. It was found that when the magnitude of the strain rate is 10 times larger than that of the solidification rate, the calculated eutectic band thickness is about 200 to 500% larger (depending on the solidification rate) as compared to when the strain rate is zero. In the paper, we also discuss how eutectic bands may form from hot cracks.
Hydrothermal Interaction of Wyoming Bentonite and Opalinus Clay
Authors: Sauer Kirsten , Caporuscio Florie , Rock Marlena , Cheshire Michael , Jové-Colón Carlos
Published: June 2020

Most investigations into clay-mineral stability and new mineral formation within engineered barrier system (EBS) materials for geologic repositories of nuclear waste have focused on temperatures <100°C. In response to the United States Department of Energy’s interest in disposing of waste packages with higher thermal loads, higher temperature (200–300°C) and pressure (~150 bar), long-term (6-week to 6-month), hydrothermal experiments were conducted to evaluate the interaction of Opalinus Clay (wall rock) and Wyoming bentonite (clay buffer) with synthetic Opalinus Clay groundwater. Experiments were conducted in autoclaves using a flexible gold reaction cell with water:rock ratios between 6:1 and 9:1. Run products were characterized in terms of mineralogy and geochemistry. Montmorillonite remained stable at 200 and 300°C; traces of illite-smectite interstratified minerals were observed. Clay minerals in Opalinus Clay experienced significant changes at 300°C, including the formation of illite, illite-smectite, and chlorite-smectite. Montmorillonite illitization within the Wyoming bentonite EBS material was likely limited by the bulk chemistry of the system (i.e. low potassium) and newly formed illite was likely limited to the Opalinus Clay fragments, nucleating on pre-existing illite in the clay rock. Zeolite minerals with compositions between analcime and wairakite formed at 300°C along edges of Opalinus Clay fragments and within the bentonite matrix, but not at 200°C. Aqueous fluids remained undersaturated with respect to quartz in Opalinus Clay ± Wyoming bentonite 300°C experiments, and dissolution and re-precipitation of phases such as kaolinite, calcite, and smectite likely contributed to zeolite formation. These results can be applied to understanding zeolite formation, clay-mineral phase stability, and silica saturation within EBS materials of a high-temperature repository.
Use of Checkpoint Inhibitors in Gray Zone Lymphoma
Authors: Rosales Yensy Mariana Zelaya , Mesquita Juliene Lima , Garcia Yhasmine Delles Oliveira , Paz Fernando Ricardo Fernandes , Campos Naiana Castelo Branco , Leitão João Paulo de Vasconcelos , Filho Francisco Dário Rocha , Filho Ricardo Vale Albino Oliveira , Lemes Romélia Pinheiro Gonçalves , Duarte Fernando Barroso
Published: June 2020

Checkpoint inhibitors, cancer immunotherapies, are the new forms of treatment for gray zone lymphoma, a rare subtype that combines the characteristics of both Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin disease forms. Programmed cell death protein 1/ programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1/PD-1) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) modulate the immune system function. Immunological checkpoints can be stimulatory or inhibitory, and tumors can use these checkpoints to protect against immune system attacks. This is a case report of a difficult diagnosis and describes the most current treatment using checkpoint inhibitors, through the review of the clinical record of a patient diagnosed with gray area lymphoma in August 2019, using a descriptive and cross-sectional analysis of the clinical history and disease evolution. The case showed that pembrolizumab therapy is an effective treatment option for patients with rare gray zone lymphoma refractory to different lines of treatment. Both the diagnosis and treatment of gray area lymphoma remain a challenge for the medical and multiprofessional teams, and collaboration between them ensured effective treatment for the patient.
A Contextual Approach to Unconstitutional Constitutional Amendments: Judicial Power and the Basic Structure Doctrine in Malaysia
Authors: NEO Jaclyn L.
Published: June 2020

This article takes a contextual approach to analyzing judicial engagement with the doctrine of unconstitutional constitutional amendments. It argues that in assessing judicial reception of the basic structure doctrine, and the content of the constitutional identity that such a doctrine seeks to preserve, a normative universalist or even functionalist approach is not sufficient. Instead, such a doctrine should be justified and understood contextually. It is necessary to contextualize constitutional identity in order to give it a robust character, rather than assuming a set of characteristics most often associated with liberal democratic constitutionalism and without understanding the political, social, and economic conditions in which the constitution operates. This article thus uses the example of Malaysia and how the courts have engaged with the basic structure doctrine to show how a contextual approach could have greater explanatory effect, including on why certain issues are more strongly contested in some countries than in others.
The long tail of language change: A trend and panel study of Québécois French futures
Authors: Sankoff Gillian , Wagner Suzanne Evans
Published: June 2020

A previous panel study of 59 speakers of Montreal French showed an increase in inflected futures (IF) at the expense of periphrastic futures (PF) as this population aged, running counter to the direction of historical change: reduction of IF. Matching two samples of speakers across the same time interval by age and social characteristics, the current trend study investigates whether or not this increase reflects retrograde change in the speech community. Results show community stability over the same period, confirming the earlier age grading interpretation and disconfirming any possibility that the disappearance of IF may be reversing. We propose that this pattern of retrograde lifespan change may emerge from a combination of social forces typically found in late stages of language change, with concomitant stylistic effect. Further, such a pattern may suggest the mechanism that creates a very long tail for retreating variants.
Intersectionality and Epistemic Erasure: A Caution to Decolonial Feminism
Authors: Thomas K. Bailey
Published: June 2020

In this article I caution that María Lugones's critiques of Kimberlé Crenshaw's intersectional theory posit a dangerous form of epistemic erasure, which underlies Lugones's decolonial methodology. This essay serves as a critical engagement with Lugones's essay “Radical Multiculturalism and Women of Color Feminisms” in order to uncover the decolonial lens within Crenshaw's theory of intersectionality. In her assertion that intersectionality is a “white bourgeois feminism colluding with the oppression of Women of Color,” Lugones precludes any possibility of intersectionality operating as a decolonial method. Although Lugones states that her “decolonial feminism” is for all women of color, it ultimately excludes Black women, particularly with her misconstruing of Crenshaw's articulation of intersectionality that is rooted within the Black American feminist tradition. I explore Lugones's claims by juxtaposing her rendering of intersectionality with Crenshaw's and conclude that Lugones's decolonial theory risks erasing Black women from her framework.
Variation in antibiotic use across intensive care units (ICU): A population-based cohort study in Ontario, Canada
Authors: Lee Erika Y. , Detsky Michael E. , Ma Jin , Bell Chaim M. , Morris Andrew M.
Published: June 2020

Objectives:

Antibiotics are commonly used in intensive care units (ICUs), yet differences in antibiotic use across ICUs are unknown. Herein, we studied antibiotic use across ICUs and examined factors that contributed to variation.

Methods:

We conducted a retrospective cohort study using data from Ontario’s Critical Care Information System (CCIS), which included 201 adult ICUs and 2,013,397 patient days from January 2012 to June 2016. Antibiotic use was measured in days of therapy (DOT) per 1,000 patient days. ICU factors included ability to provide ventilator support (level 3) or not (level 2), ICU type (medical-surgical or other), and academic status. Patient factors included severity of illness using multiple-organ dysfunction score (MODS), ventilatory support, and central venous catheter (CVC) use. We analyzed the effect of these factors on variation in antibiotic use.

Results:

Overall, 269,351 patients (56%) received antibiotics during their ICU stay. The mean antibiotic use was 624 (range 3–1460) DOT per 1,000 patient days. Antibiotic use was significantly higher in medical-surgical ICUs compared to other ICUs (697 vs 410 DOT per 1,000 patient days; P < .0001) and in level 3 ICUs compared to level 2 ICUs (751 vs 513 DOT per 1,000 patient days; P < .0001). Higher antibiotic use was associated with higher severity of illness and intensity of treatment. ICU and patient factors explained 47% of the variation in antibiotic use across ICUs.

Conclusions:

Antibiotic use varies widely across ICUs, which is partially associated with ICUs and patient characteristics. These differences highlight the importance of antimicrobial stewardship to ensure appropriate use of antibiotics in ICU patients.
Are the effects of hunger stage-specific? A case study in an aphidophagous ladybird beetle
Authors: Singh Priya , Mishra Geetanjali , Omkar
Published: June 2020

Food availability is a fundamental factor determining an animal's potential fitness. Carry-over effects of food limitation from development to adulthood are known to influence reproduction, ageing, and tolerance to stress. We have examined the effect of stage-specific variation (before adult emergence or pre-emergence, post-emergence and post-mating) in food availability in Propylea dissecta (Mulsant). Larvae were reared separately on two different pre-emergence food regimes (abundant or restricted) until pupation. Newly emerged adults were further split into two groups and placed on abundant or restricted post-emergence regimes. After mating, females were split and reared on any one of two post-mating regimes. The results revealed that: (i) time to commence mating declined with increased food availability in pre- and post-emergence stages, (ii) mating duration increased with food availability post-emergence, (iii) highest reproduction output was observed in individuals who had abundant food pre- and post-emergence. However, food availability at the time of oviposition also had a strong influence on fecundity. Solo bouts of scarcity, regardless of which stage suffered them, were effectively managed in at least two of the three stages (pre-emergence, post-emergence, post-mating) had abundant food.
Uppermost Cambrian carbon chemostratigraphy: the HERB and undocumented TOCE events are not synonymous
Authors: Landing Ed , Ripperdan Robert L. , Geyer Gerd
Published: June 2020

Chemostratigraphic units require consistent definitions and unambiguous names. So-called TOCE (Top of Cambrian Excursion) is used as an uppermost Cambrian δ13Ccarb negative excursion although it was proposed without documentation, is ambiguously defined, and variably correlated into four Laurentian trilobite zones. TOCE, a nihilartikel, is regularly substituted to the exclusion of the earlier named, precisely documented and geochronologically older HERB (Hellnmaria-Red Tops Boundary) Event. HERB allows late Cambrian global correlation; its onset is close to the lowest occurrence of the conodont Eoconodontus notchpeakensis at the base of a proposed replacement (Lawsonian Stage) of Cambrian Stage 10. TOCE must be retired from use and abandoned as a synonym of the HERB Event.
THE NATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR WOMEN AND THE DEMOCRATIC PARTY IN REAGAN'S AMERICA
Authors: RYAN-HUME JOE J.
Published: June 2020

This article explores the emergence of women in the United States as a liberal voting group in the 1980s and the impact of this development on the power of liberalism, amid the Reagan revolution – an era often viewed as the apogee of conservatism. As the Republican party shifted in a more conservative direction in the 1980s, gender started to correlate with partisan preference/election outcomes in enough contests to give credence to the belief that women were becoming a decidedly liberal voting bloc. Contemporaneously, the equality-seeking movements of the 1960s and 1970s began institutionalizing their operations and exploiting these demographic shifts, becoming more entrenched than ever within the internal politics of the Democratic party. The National Organization for Women (NOW), the largest liberal women's group, proved to be particularly successful in this respect. Therefore, by presenting substantial archival evidence that liberal politicians and organizations remained a dynamic political force during the 1980s, this article details the growing organizational prowess of NOW and examines how liberals resisted the conservative challenge to fashion a political approach suited to the ‘Reagan Era’.
CREDIT AND THE PROBLEM OF TRUST IN THE THOUGHT OF JOHN LOCKE, c. 1668–1704
Authors: COOPER JON
Published: June 2020

This article presents a reinterpretation of John Locke's contribution to debates about the interest rate in the seventeenth century. It suggests that his argument that England should maintain the ‘natural’ rate, rather than impose a lower rate, was motivated by his theological, moral, and social conceptions of credit and its dependence on trust. In order to solve the endemic shortage of metal coin limiting the growth of monetary exchange in England, Locke stressed that the higher, ‘natural’ rate of interest would facilitate interpersonal borrowing and lending among neighbours, allowing currency to flow more freely around the country. By contrast, while he acknowledged that institutional creditors such as goldsmith-bankers could quicken the circulation of money by issuing debt instruments like bills of exchange, he saw institutional credit as a threat to the moral community. Not only did he question how people could rationally trust financiers without any epistemic apprehension of their personal probity, but he moreover doubted whether individuals accumulating so much money were likely to act trustworthily. Finally, using an otherwise unstudied dialogue about the Bank of England, this article argues Locke extended his criticisms about the threats posted by private banks to the country's nascent system of public credit.
Brain imaging in catatonia: systematic review and directions for future research
Authors: Haroche Alexandre , Rogers Jonathan , Plaze Marion , Gaillard Raphaël , Williams Steve CR , Thomas Pierre , Amad Ali
Published: June 2020

Background

Catatonia is a frequent, complex and severe identifiable syndrome of motor dysregulation. However, its pathophysiology is poorly understood.

Methods

We aimed to provide a systematic review of all brain imaging studies (both structural and functional) in catatonia.

Results

We identified 137 case reports and 18 group studies representing 186 individual patients with catatonia. Catatonia is often associated with brain imaging abnormalities (in more than 75% of cases). The majority of the case reports show diffuse lesions of white matter, in a wide range of brain regions. Most of the case reports of functional imaging usually show frontal, temporal, or basal ganglia hypoperfusion. These abnormalities appear to be alleviated after successful treatment of clinical symptoms. Structural brain magnetic resonance imaging studies are very scarce in the catatonia literature, mostly showing diffuse cerebral atrophy. Group studies assessing functional brain imaging after catatonic episodes show that emotional dysregulation is related to the GABAergic system, with hypoactivation of orbitofrontal cortex, hyperactivation of median prefrontal cortex, and dysconnectivity between frontal and motor areas.

Conclusion

In catatonia, brain imaging is abnormal in the majority of cases, and abnormalities more frequently diffuse than localised. Brain imaging studies published so far suffer from serious limitations and for now the different models presented in the literature do not explain most of the cases. There is an important need for further studies including a better clinical characterisation of patients with catatonia, functional imaging with concurrent catatonic symptoms and the use of novel brain imaging techniques.
Numerous outbreaks amongst homeless and injection drug-using populations raise concerns of an evolving syndemic in London, Canada
Authors: Turner S.
Published: June 2020

London, Ontario is a mid-sized Canadian city which appears to be experiencing a syndemic predominately amongst its marginalized populations. Since 2014, rates of HIV, hepatitis A (HAV), hepatitis C (HCV), and invasive group A streptococcal disease have climbed well above provincial rates amid increasing use of injection drugs. Rates of infective endocarditis have also been on the rise. Extensive public health and community-based efforts were taken in response to these concurrent outbreaks. These efforts included establishing improved client care pathways, creating specialized teams to engage underhoused clients, providing mass immunization, and developing new health promotion campaigns. Rates of HIV and HAV were subsequently controlled locally while rates of HCV, iGAS and infective endocarditis remain high within the community and throughout the province.
HISPANICS PARA TRUMP?
Authors: Alamillo Rudy
Published: June 2020

Little has been written about the Hispanic Americans who voted for Donald Trump. Despite his comments about Mexicans and immigrants, data suggest that Trump performed as well or better than Mitt Romney among Hispanic voters. Using the 2016 Cooperative Congressional Election Study, this paper examines Hispanic support for Trump by looking at traditional predictors of vote choice such as party identification and ideology, as well as a novel measure of racism: denial of racism. This paper finds that, like non-Hispanic Whites, Hispanics higher in denial of racism were more likely to vote Trump in 2016, as well as for Romney in the 2012 election. In addition, denial of racism is the strongest predictor of support for Trump among Hispanics, above even party identification and ideology. This suggests that while Trump’s rhetoric may not appeal to most Hispanic voters, it strongly appeals to those that hold disproportionately high levels of denial of racism. I offer some theoretical reasons for these findings and discuss the role that denial of racism plays in predicting voting behavior.
Deep‐Ocean Circulation in the Southwest Pacific Ocean Interior: Estimates of the Mean Flow and Variability Using Deep Argo Data
Authors: Zilberman N. V. , Roemmich D. H. , Gilson J.
Published: June 2020

The spatial structure and time variability of the global deep‐ocean circulation are poorly understood due to limited sampling below 2,000‐m depth. A Deep Argo array deployed in 2016 has significantly increased oceanic measurements from the ocean surface to near the sea floor in the Southwest Pacific Basin interior. Deep Argo profiles collected between 2016 and 2019 show that 4.3–4.7 Sv between 1,500 and 4,800 m, relative to 4,800 m, of the Deep Western Boundary Current flowing along the Tonga Kermadec Ridge is redirected southward over the abyssal plain between the Tonga Kermadec Ridge and the East Pacific Rise. The southward recirculation of the Deep Western Boundary Current exhibits seasonality that may be influenced by Ekman pumping.
Global Measurements of Brown Carbon and Estimated Direct Radiative Effects
Authors: Zeng Linghan , Zhang Aoxing , Wang Yuhang , Wagner Nicholas L. , Katich Joseph M. , Schwarz Joshua P. , Schill Gregory P. , Brock Charles , Froyd Karl D. , Murphy Daniel M. , Williamson Christina J. , Kupc Agnieszka , Scheuer Eric , Dibb Jack , Weber Rodney J.
Published: June 2020

Brown carbon (BrC) is an organic aerosol material that preferentially absorbs light of shorter wavelengths. Global‐scale radiative impacts of BrC have been difficult to assess due to the lack of BrC observational data. To address this, aerosol filters were continuously collected with near pole‐to‐pole latitudinal coverage over the Pacific and Atlantic basins in three seasons as part of the Atmospheric Tomography Mission. BrC chromophores in filter extracts were measured. We find that globally, BrC was highly spatially heterogeneous, mostly detected in air masses that had been transported from regions of extensive biomass burning. We calculate the average direct radiative effect due to BrC absorption accounted for approximately 7% to 48% of the top of the atmosphere clear‐sky instantaneous forcing by all absorbing carbonaceous aerosols in the remote atmosphere, indicating that BrC from biomass burning is an important component of the global radiative balance.
DayCent Model Predictions of NPP and Grain Yields for Agricultural Lands in the Contiguous U.S.
Authors: Zhang Yao , Gurung Ram , Marx Ernie , Williams Stephen , Ogle Stephen M. , Paustian Keith
Published: June 2020

Accurate estimation of crop net primary production (NPP) and yields is fundamental for regional analyses of agroecosystem dynamics using process‐based models. In this study, we simulated croplands in the contiguous U.S. using the DayCent ecosystem model with new production algorithms. Crops were divided into crop variety groups based on regional varieties of three major crops (corn, soybeans, and winter wheat) and generic parameter values that were generated for each group. These varieties have been developed through crop breeding programs and enhance production of major crop types in different temperature and precipitation regimes. NPP and yields for the three major crops were evaluated at the county level with reported yields from the National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS). The predictions of the multiyear average yields in all counties were more accurate than most other published results using process‐based models. DayCent predictions of yields produced an overall R2 of 0.54, 0.54, and 0.38 for corn, soybean, and winter wheat, respectively, with predictions for most counties within ±20% of the NASS reported yields. Our estimations of the total annual NPP for the three crops in the contiguous U.S. are 0.24, 0.09, and 0.06 Pg C yr−1 for corn, soybean, and winter wheat, respectively. Together, they contribute 7.3% to 14.8% of the total NPP for all vegetation in the contiguous U.S. We conclude that crop variety groups capture heterogeneity in NPP for major crop types and can improve biogeochemical model predictions of NPP for croplands.