bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aging properties of spinel‐type high‐entropy oxides (Co.2Cr.2Fe.2Mn.2Zn.2)3O4 for thermistors
Authors: Fan Liangchen , Yao Jincheng , Tuo Yuling , Chang Aimin , Chen Zhaoyang , Wang Junhua
Published: July 2024

Herein, a spinel‐type high‐entropy ceramics (Co.2Cr.2Fe.2Mn.2Zn.2)3O4 is introduced. The obtained ceramics exhibit superior thermal stability under accelerated aging conditions at 125°C for 500 h, that is, aging drift was less than .35% for all samples sintered at temperatures (1200or–1275or . The variation of resistance is mainly attributed to the oxidation of grain boundaries and the migration of oxygen vacancies. The relationship between crystal structure evolution and aging properties was investigated using structural analysis and P–V–L bonding theory. Theoretically, the Co/Cr/Mn/Fe–O bonds at the octahedral sites in the spinel structure are more important for controlling structural stability.
High‐temperature oxidation and TGO growth behavior of Sr.9(Zr.9Yb.05Y.05)O2.85 thermal barrier coatings
Authors: Feng Xueying , Zou Min , Liu Jiong , Lv Liang , Meng Xiangfeng , Bai Yu , Zheng Fei , Yu Li , Ma Wen , Gao Yuanming
Published: July 2024

High‐temperature oxidation (1050°C) of Sr.9(Zr.9Yb.05Y.05)O2.85 (SZYY) thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) by suspension plasma spraying (SPS) and growth behavior of thermally grown oxide (TGO) were investigated. When the TBCs were exposed to high temperature for a period of time (∼5 h), the BC oxidized and TGO inevitably formed between the bond coating (BC) and the ceramic top coating (TC). The high‐temperature oxidation behavior of the BC is generally manifested as the growth of TGO, which has four specific stages as follows: (1) formative oxidation stage (0‒10 h), (2) rapid oxidation stage (10‒50 h), (3) stable oxidation stage (50‒100 h), and (4) complex oxidation stage (100‒200 h). The main component of early TGO is α‐Al2O3. It has a very low oxygen ion diffusivity and provides an excellent diffusion barrier, which has a positive effect on preventing further BC oxidation. However, as the heat treatment time increased, the Al consumption and the formation of a CNS layer (NiO, Co3O4, and spinel) in the BC eventually led to coating failure. The working life of TBCs can be improved by improving the ceramic TC structure and the Al content of BC. SZYY‐TBCs have certain potential application value.
Utilization of international normalized ratio‐derived formula to predict plasma rivaroxaban level—Validation study and real‐world experience
Authors: Sin Chun‐fun , Wong Ka‐ping , Siu Chun Wah , Wong Tsz‐fu , Wong Hoi‐man
Published: July 2024

Introduction

Specific assays of plasma rivaroxaban level are not always readily available with short turnaround time, which hamper the management of urgent clinical situations. In this study, we aimed to build a predictive formula of plasma rivaroxaban levels from international normalized ratio (INR) value and validated in real world clinical situations.

Methods

Ninety‐four patients who were taking rivaroxaban participated in the study. Patients were randomized into testing cohort and validation cohorts. The prediction formula was built from the testing cohort and then validated in validation cohort. The predictive performance was further validated on real‐world clinical requests.

Results

The root mean square error (RMSE) of the predictive formula for the testing and validation cohorts were 61.81 and 69.32 ng/mL, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity for the formula to predict the threshold plasma rivaroxaban level of 75 ng/mL were 95% (95% CI: 85.4%–100%) and 87.5% (95% CI: 71.3%–100%), respectively, in real‐world clinical situations.

Conclusion

Plasma rivaroxaban level of threshold level of 75 ng/mL can be calculated from prediction formula by INR value with satisfactory accuracy and it can be used to guide the decision for reversal.
Back for good? Return aspirations of immigrants in the Netherlands
Authors: Özer Özge Elif , Remund Adrien , Kalmijn Matthijs
Published: July 2024

Return migration is a complex process increasingly discussed in academic and policy circles. This study calls on complementary concepts and theories of migration, such as transnationalism, integration and family ties, to explore the return migration aspirations of first‐generation immigrants in the Netherlands. It aims to examine to what extent an immigrant's contacts with their origin country, proximity to the host country and family location influence their return migration aspirations. We use the Survey of Integration of Migrants and the Survey of Integration of New Groups collected by Statistics Netherlands, which count amongst the rare surveys that capture these concepts. Our results show that, whilst return aspirations vary by country of origin, probably reflecting the conditions of the initial migration, having a family in origin and being active in transnational activities are positively related to return aspirations. Additionally, those more integrated into the host country are less likely to report aspirations to return. These results confirm the expectations that the ties to the origin and host countries matter in return aspirations.
Design of survivable networks with low connectivity requirements
Authors: Almathkour Fatmah , Magnouche Youcef , Mahjoub A. Ridha , Taktak Raouia
Published: July 2024

In this paper, we consider the survivable network design problem when the connectivity types are in {0, 1, 2, 3}. The problem has wide applications in telecommunication networks. We consider the problem from a polyhedral point of view. We describe several classes of valid inequalities and give necessary conditions and sufficient conditions for these inequalities to be facet defining. We also develop separation routines for these inequalities. Using these results, we devise a branch‐and‐cut algorithm along with an extensive computational study is presented.
Impact of Soil Moisture Depletion on Various Yield Components and Water Usage to Trigger Pods in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Desi Genotypes
Authors: Naveed Muhammad , Bansal Urmil , Kaiser Brent Norman
Published: July 2024

Chickpeas are well adapted to rainfed conditions, but a lack of moisture during the reproductive phase can result in lower pod setting and ultimately reduced grain yield. The exact reasons for this reduction are not fully understood, partly because of the lack of information on soil moisture content (SMC) and water use during podding. This study aimed to address this knowledge gap by quantifying the impact of gradual drought on various yield components of desi‐type genotypes using the fraction of transpirable soil water (FTSW) method. Two water treatments were applied at the start of anthesis: well‐watered (WW) and drought‐stressed (DS). The WW was maintained at 24% SMC, whereas the DS was dried to 3% SMC. The results showed that DS caused early podding (3.3 days less), with reductions in plant height (11.4 cm), leaf area (1249.5 cm2), flowers (18.6), pods (27.4), seeds (37.0), grain yield (0.2 g), aboveground dry biomass (11.4 g) and harvest index (0.2 g), while increasing flower abortion (14.6) and seed biomass (1.5 g). However, diverse genotypic responses were observed to treatments, as well as water usage, FTSW and SMC that triggered pods which ranged from 1.12 to 1.89 L, 0.05 to 0.43 and 4.0% to 12.2%, respectively. A positive association between days taken and the amount of water used to terminate pods indicated that quicker‐triggering genotypes, such as Rupali and Genesis 836, consumed less water to develop pods than Flipper, ICCV_06109 and PBA Slasher did. Conversely, the negative association between the amount of water used and the number of pods triggered, seeds and grain yield explained the superior performance of Rupali and Genesis 836. These genotypes extracted less water (FTSW = 0.36 and 0.43; SMC = 10.3% and 12.2%, respectively) to develop pods and maintained favourable photosynthesis at lower transpiration rates for longer periods, allowing them to use residual moisture more efficiently. Our research offers crucial insights that can be beneficial to breeders and physiologists, paving the way for future studies aimed at developing drought‐tolerant genotypes.
Screening of botanical spatial mosquito repellents from 64 essential oils and their interactions with odorant‐binding protein‐3
Authors: Ren Xiaofei , Li Wenjiao , Zhang Jinmiao , Zhu Yingxiang , Hou Xiaohui , Miao Hanwen , Xu Ximing , Zhang Dongjing , Sheng Zhaojun
Published: July 2024

Personal protection from mosquito bites is essential for preventing mosquito‐borne diseases. Mosquito repellents are effective methods for preventing mosquito bites. Due to their ease of use and indirect skin contact, mosquito‐repellent stickers loaded with essential oils (EOs) have recently become favoured as novel spatial repellents. To discover active EOs with high spatial repellency, 64 commercial EOs were screened using a modified arm‐in‐cage assay. Four EOs, including nutmeg, melissa, eucalyptus and cinnamon, displayed longer complete protection times (CPTs) of about 60 min. Ten main constituents from the four active EOs were identified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS), and their spatial repellent activities were further evaluated. 1,8‐Cineole, cinnamaldehyde and citral showed potent repellent activity, with average CPTs of 67.5, 63.8 and 60 min respectively. The interactions of 1,8‐cineole and citral with odorant‐binding protein‐3 (OBP‐3) were studied via molecular docking. Both compounds are docked well in the high hydrophobic pocket and interacted with AealOBP3 through Van der Waals interactions with Phe105, Phe112, Leu114, Met48 and Val50. These natural products provide promising lead fragments for the further development of botanical spatial repellents.
Morphology, behavior, and phylogenomics of Oxytoxum lohmannii, Dinoflagellata
Authors: Cooney Elizabeth C. , Jacobson Dean M. , Wolfe Gordon V. , Bright Kelley J. , Saldarriaga Juan F. , Keeling Patrick J. , Leander Brian S. , Strom Suzanne L.
Published: July 2024

Dinoflagellates are an abundant and diverse group of protists representing a wealth of unique biology and ecology. While many dinoflagellates are photosynthetic or mixotrophic, many taxa are heterotrophs, often with complex feeding strategies. Compared to their photosynthetic counterparts, heterotrophic dinoflagellates remain understudied, as they are difficult to culture. One exception, a long‐cultured isolate originally classified as Amphidinium but recently reclassified as Oxytoxum, has been the subject of a number of feeding, growth, and chemosensory studies. This lineage was recently determined to be closely related to Prorocentrum using phylogenetics of ribosomal RNA gene sequences, but the exact nature of this relationship remains unresolved. Using transcriptomes sequenced from culture and three single cells from the environment, we produce a robust phylogeny of 242 genes, revealing Oxytoxum is likely sister to the Prorocentrum clade, rather than nested within it. Molecular investigations uncover evidence of a reduced, nonphotosynthetic plastid and proteorhodopsin, a photoactive proton pump acquired horizontally from bacteria. We describe the ultrastructure of O. lohmannii, including densely packed trichocysts, and a new type of mucocyst. We observe that O. lohmannii feeds preferentially on cryptophytes using myzocytosis, but can also feed on various phytoflagellates using conventional phagocytosis. O. lohmannii is amenable to culture, providing an opportunity to better study heterotrophic dinoflagellate biology and feeding ecology.
Naming the other cousin: A new goldie barb (Cyprinidae: Smiliogastrininae) from the northeast escarpment in South Africa, with proposed taxonomic rearrangement of the goldie barb group in southern Africa
Authors: Scheepers Martinus , Bragança Pedro H. N. , Chakona Albert
Published: July 2024

A growing body of evidence indicates that the global diversity of freshwater fishes has not been fully documented. Studies of freshwater fishes that were previously thought to be morphologically variable have revealed the existence of deeply divergent lineages, with many distinct species. In southern Africa a number of Enteromius species exhibit either exceedingly wide or divided distribution patterns that should be rare for freshwater fishes with limited dispersal opportunities between river systems. One such species is the sidespot barb, Enteromius neefi. As currently defined, E. neefi has a disjunct distribution that is divided between rivers in the northeast escarpment in South Africa and Eswatini, and tributaries of the Upper Zambezi in Zambia and southern Congo in the Democratic Republic of Congo, with a large geographic gap between these two populations. With the use of molecular and morphological methods, the level of divergence between the two populations was examined, and a new species was described from the Steelpoort River in the Limpopo River system of South Africa. Findings from this study provide further evidence for a number of taxonomic problems within the goldie barbs of southern Africa, and some taxonomic rearrangements are proposed for this group.
Barriers and facilitators to evidence‐based perioperative hypothermia management for orthopaedic patients: A systematic review
Authors: Heidke Penny , Duff Jed , Keogh Samantha , Munday Judy
Published: July 2024

Aim

To assess barriers and facilitators to the implementation of guidelines for the prevention of inadvertent perioperative hypothermia in orthopaedic patients.

Design

Systematic review.

Data Sources

Nine databases: PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, Cochrane CENTRAL, PsycINFO, ProQuest Dissertations and Theses, Scopus, Web of Science and Trip Clinical Evidence Database.

Methods

Primary studies published in English between January 2008 to July 2022 were screened. Study selection, quality assessment, and data extraction were completed independently by researchers. Data were extracted using the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research and mapped to the Expert Recommendations for Implementing Change strategies.

Results

Eighty‐seven studies were included in the review. The most frequently reported barriers and facilitators related to evidence strength, relative advantage, and cost of implementing perioperative hypothermia prevention guidelines. The top four ERIC strategies were: Identify and prepare champions; Conduct educational meetings; Assess for readiness and identify barriers and facilitators; and Inform local opinion leaders.

Conclusion

This review provides synthesized evidence regarding barriers and facilitators to perioperative hypothermia guidelines for patients undergoing orthopaedic surgery.

Implications for the Profession and Patient Care

Our work provides theory guided strategies to promote implementation of perioperative hypothermia prevention to assist nurses caring for patients undergoing orthopaedic surgery.

Impact

Findings provide professionals caring for patients undergoing orthopaedic surgery with theory‐informed strategies to improve perioperative hypothermia prevention. Reducing perioperative hypothermia will improve outcomes for patients undergoing orthopaedic surgery.

Reporting Method

The review is reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses 2020.

No Patient or Public Consultation

Due to the study design, no patient or public consultation took place.
Very Noisy Option Prices and Inference Regarding the Volatility Risk Premium
Authors: DUARTE JEFFERSON , JONES CHRISTOPHER S. , WANG JUNBO L.
Published: July 2024

The stylized fact that volatility is not priced in individual equity options does not withstand scrutiny. First, we show that the average return of heavily traded deep out‐of‐the‐money call options on stocks is −116 basis points per day. Second, Fama‐MacBeth estimates of the volatility risk premium in stock options are similar to those in S&P 500 Index call options. Third, the mean return of heavily traded delta‐hedged at‐the‐money calls (puts) is −23 (−30) basis points. Fourth, the variance risk premium in stock options is negative. Our analysis highlights the importance of microstructure biases and robustness in empirical work with options.
Forest genomics in the Caucasus through the lens of its dominant tree species – Fagus orientalis
Authors: Capblancq Thibaut , Sękiewicz Katarzyna , Dering Monika
Published: July 2024

The last glacial period is known to have greatly influenced the demographic history of temperate forest trees, with important range contractions and post‐glacial expansions that led to the formation of multiple genetic lineages and secondary contact zones in the Northern Hemisphere. These dynamics have been extensively studied for European and North American species but are still poorly understood in other temperate regions of rich biodiversity such as the Caucasus. Our study helps filling that gap by deciphering the genomic landscapes of F. orientalis across the South Caucasus. The use of genome‐wide data confirmed a past demographic history strongly influenced by the Last Glacial Maximum, revealing two disjunct glacial refugia in the Colchis and Hyrcanian regions. The resulting patterns of genetic diversity, load and differentiation are not always concordant across the region, with genetic load pinpointing the location of the glacial refugia more efficiently than genetic diversity alone. The Hyrcanian forests show depleted genetic diversity and substantial isolation, even if long‐distance gene flow is still present with the main centre of diversity in the Greater Caucasus. Finally, we characterize a strong heterogeneity of genetic diversity and differentiation along the species chromosomes, with noticeably a first chromosome showing low diversity and weak differentiation.
Ion Channels Remodeling in the Regulation of Vascular Hyporesponsiveness During Shock
Authors: Li Keqing , Li Yuan , Chen Yinghong , Chen Tangting , Yang Yan , Li Pengyun
Published: July 2024

Shock is characterized with vascular hyporesponsiveness to vasoconstrictors, thereby to cause refractory hypotension, insufficient tissue perfusion, and multiple organ dysfunction. The vascular hyporeactivity persisted even though norepinephrine and fluid resuscitation were administrated, it is of critical importance to find new potential target. Ion channels are crucial in the regulation of cell membrane potential and affect vasoconstriction and vasodilation. It has been demonstrated that many types of ion channels including K+ channels, Ca2+ permeable channels, and Na+ channels exist in vascular smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells, contributing to the regulation of vascular homeostasis and vasomotor function. An increasing number of studies suggested that the structural and functional alterations of ion channels located in arteries contribute to vascular hyporesponsiveness during shock, but the underlying mechanisms remained to be fully clarified. Therefore, the expression and functional changes in ion channels in arteries associated with shock are reviewed, to pave the way for further exploring the potential of ion channel‐targeted compounds in treating refractory hypotension in shock.
Piloting and watch over in the end‐of‐life care of intensive care unit patients with COVID‐19—A qualitative study
Authors: Pettersson Charlotte , Forsén Johanna , Joelsson‐Alm Eva , Fridh Isabell , Björling Gunilla , Mattsson Janet
Published: July 2024

Background

During the COVID‐19 pandemic, intensive care units (ICUs) were under heavy pressure, with a significantly increased number of severely ill patients. Hospitals introduced restrictions, and families could not visit their ill and dying family members. Patients were cared for without privacy, and several died in shared patient rooms, leaving the intensive care nurse to protect the patient's need for loving care in a vulnerable situation at the end of life.

Aim

This study aimed to investigate how piloting and watch over were revealed in end‐of‐life care for patients with COVID‐19 in intensive care COVID‐19.

Study Design

A qualitative study was conducted with an abductive approach was conducted. Data were collected via semi‐structured interviews to cover the research area while allowing the informant to talk freely about the topic; 11 informants were interviewed.

Results

The findings are presented based on four categories: The road to the decision, End‐of‐life care, Farewell of close family members and Closure. Each category and subcategory reveal how piloting and watch over were addressed in the end‐of‐life care of patients with COVID‐19 in the ICU during the pandemic. Overall findings indicated that workload and organization of care directly affect the quality of care given, the acceptance of privacy and the possibility of dignified end‐of‐life care.

Conclusions

Workload directly affects the quality of care, risking dehumanization of the patient. Visiting restrictions hindered supporting family members through the various piloting phases. Visiting restrictions also forced the ICU nurses to take on the role of the relative in watching over the patient.

Relevance to Clinical Practice

Collaboration with family members is essential for the intensive care nurse to be able to provide a person‐centred and dignified end‐of‐life care.
Demography and climate influence sex‐specific survival costs of reproduction over 60 years in a free ranging primate population
Authors: Cooper Eve B. , Brent Lauren J. N. , Snyder‐Mackler Noah , Higham James P.
Published: July 2024

The life‐history tradeoff between reproduction and survival often results in a discordant timing of peak mortality risk for males and females in seasonally reproducing species. Understanding how this seasonal association between reproductive investment and survival is impacted by individual age, demography, and climate is increasingly important as anthropogenic influence is driving rapid global climate and population structure changes. We investigate how tradeoffs between seasonal reproductive investment and survival have fluctuated in response to observed changes in demography and climate using 60 years of demographic records collected from a free‐ranging population of rhesus macaques Macaca mulatta (n = 1919 males, 1609 females). Seasonal mortality rates fluctuated significantly over the 60‐year period for both males and females. In males, but not females, age‐specific survival was different during periods of low and high reproductive investment, indicating that tradeoffs between reproduction and survival are particularly age‐dependent in males. There was no little to no evidence for an effect of sex ratio on survival in either sex. In both sexes, higher population density was associated with lower survival, and this negative effect of density was particularly strong during each sex's period of low reproductive investment. While there was no evidence for an effect of temperature on female survival during periods of low reproductive investment, during periods of high reproductive investment there was a positive association between average daily temperature maximum and female survival. Female survival was higher overall when rainfall was greater, and this positive effect of rainfall on survival was particularly strong for females during periods of low reproductive investment. Conversely, there were no effects of temperature or rainfall on male survival. The results of this study illustrate the considerable ways that climatic and demographic factors can influence sex‐specific mortality during each sex's distinct periods of reproductive investment.
Efficacy of sugar‐protein non‐membranous dietary system for diapause egg production in Aedes albopictus mosquitoes under short‐day conditions
Authors: Suman Devi Shankar , Chandel Kshitij , Wang Yi , Gaugler Randy
Published: July 2024

The Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus (Skuse) (Diptera: Culicidae), is a global vector of dengue, chikungunya and zika viruses. With extreme adaptability of survival as diapause eggs, this mosquito has invaded and established in temperate climatic zones. The diapause eggs are specially programmed to overcome the harsh winter conditions in temperate habitats. In the laboratory, diapausing females are reared from early larval instars under short‐day conditions (21°C and 16D:8 L photoperiods). Aedes albopictus is normally fed on Guinea pigs for the rearing of diapause mosquitoes which requires ethical approval from the animal use committee and costly arrangements. Therefore, the present study was conducted to find whether bovine serum albumin protein (10%) with sucrose (5%) solution (SAP‐10) offered through a membrane‐free feeding system would result in an alternative diet for the production of diapause eggs in comparison to blood‐feeding. This feeding system shows a considerable rate of engorgement of diapausing females under short‐day conditions and produced 30.8 diapause eggs/female in comparison to blood‐feeding on a guinea pig (40.9 eggs/female). The diapause rate of viable eggs for the SAP‐10 diet (95.28%) was similar to the blood‐feeding (96.32%). The findings suggest that the present diet feeding system is a promising tool for the rearing of diapause Ae. albopictus mosquitoes under short‐day conditions. Further studies are suggested to evaluate the physiological and developmental aspects of mosquitoes reared on the diet.
COPD is associated with increased cardiovascular disease risk independent of phenotype
Authors: Cobb Kolton , Kenyon Jonathan , Lu Juan , Krieger Benjamin , Perelas Apostolos , Nana‐Sinkam Patrick , Kim Youngdeok , Rodriguez‐Miguelez Paula
Published: July 2024

Background and Objective

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a leading cause of death worldwide that frequently presents with concomitant cardiovascular diseases. Despite the pathological distinction between individual COPD phenotypes such as emphysema and chronic bronchitis, there is a lack of knowledge about the impact of COPD phenotype on cardiovascular disease risk. Thus, this study aimed to utilize a nationally representative sample to investigate cardiovascular disease prevalence in patients with COPD with emphysema and chronic bronchitis phenotypes.

Methods

Data from 31,560 adults including 2504 individuals with COPD, collected as part of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1999–2018), were examined.

Results

A significantly increased cardiovascular disease risk, including coronary heart disease, heart failure, myocardial infarction and stroke, was identified in patients with COPD among all disease phenotypes. Particularly, compared to those without COPD, individuals with chronic bronchitis presented with 1.76 (95% CI: 1.41–2.20) times greater odds, individuals with emphysema with 2.31 (95% CI: 1.80–2.96) times greater odds, while those with a concurrent phenotype (combined chronic bronchitis and emphysema) exhibited 2.98 (95% CI: 2.11–4.21) times greater odds of reporting cardiovascular diseases.

Conclusion

Our data confirms that patients with COPD present an elevated risk of developing cardiovascular disease among all phenotypes, with the most marked increase being in those with concurrent chronic bronchitis and emphysema phenotypes. These findings emphasize the need for awareness and appropriate cardiovascular screening in COPD.

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The shadow wage of child labor: An application to Nepal
Authors: Meneghello Elisa , Menon Martina , Perali Federico , Rosati Furio
Published: July 2024

This paper describes a new method for estimating shadow wages and identifying the shadow contribution of child labor to household income. The approach enables a direct test for recursivity by comparing the estimated shadow wages with the market wage. This is a novel option to test for non‐separability that complements traditional indirect tests based on constraining production or consumption decisions. Our innovative identification strategy is not specific to child labor but can also be used to identify gender‐specific shadow wages for women and men. The estimated shadow wages are meaningful in the context of Nepal's rural economy. Based on the results of our direct test for separability, we conclude that the separable representation of farm households is inconsistent with the Nepalese data. We also estimate the contribution of child labor to household income at both the household and national levels. A series of simulations illustrates the role that child labor plays in household livelihoods and how it affects Nepal's income distribution.
Tuberculosis and labour market participation: Evidence from South Africa
Authors: Ting Helena , Bozzola Martina , Ravetti Chiara
Published: July 2024

Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the leading causes of death from an infectious disease, but its micro‐economic impacts on labour market participation remain poorly understood. We analyse the relationship between TB and employment outcomes in South Africa, one of the countries with the highest TB disease burden worldwide, using individual‐level panel data from 2008 to 2017. Applying a coarsened exact matching methodology, we find that contracting TB entails a 5% lower probability of entering the formal labour market. Moreover, TB and its associated employment changes go hand in hand with corresponding reductions in individual income but not in household income and expenditure.
Hourly to weekly variations in halite precipitation from the hypersaline Dead Sea: The role of evaporation, water cooling and freshwater plume stability
Authors: Mor Ziv , Noy Gil , Eyal Haggai , Sirota Ido , Ezraty Roie , Morin Efrat , Lensky Nadav G.
Published: July 2024

Thick‐bedded halite sequences in the geological record are characterized by lateral variations, reflecting spatiotemporal variations in environmental forcing. Although temporal variations have been examined over seasonal scales or longer durations, there is a paucity of information regarding the dynamics of halite deposition at shorter durations of days and hours. Additionally, the influence of water discharges and surface salinity gradients remains poorly understood. Here, for the first time, in situ, hourly to weekly halite accumulation rates were measured on the Dead Sea floor (ca 20 m water depth), the only modern deep and hypersaline water body. Novel underwater photography methods were developed to directly observe halite precipitation at the lake floor, coeval with monitoring of the environmental drives, i.e. evaporation, meteorological and limnological conditions. Two fundamental environments were explored: a diluted plume environment arising from spring discharge; and a mixed hypersaline environment. The focus was on deposition during winter when the halite accumulation rate is highest, and the relationship between evaporation and halite accumulation is most straightforward since the water column is vertically uniform. Significant spatial variations in halite accumulation were found between the two environments, along with hourly variations in each environment. In the mixed hypersaline environment, over intra‐diurnal timescales, evaporation plays a more significant role in halite precipitation, whereas temperature has a greater impact on seasonal changes. In the diluted plume environment, the stability of the buoyant plume controls the rate of halite deposition; during windstorms, the plume is stirred, with higher surface water salinity and higher rate of halite accumulation. However, under calm winds, the plume is stable, with diluted surface water, and the rate of halite accumulation is a few times lower. Following these new findings, the implications for the interpretation of halite deposits are discussed.
The auxin‐responsive CsSPL9‐CsGH3.4 module finely regulates auxin levels to suppress the development of adventitious roots in tea (Camellia sinensis)
Authors: Wang Wenzhao , Jiao Mengmin , Huang Xue , Liang Wenjuan , Ma Zhonglian , Lu Zhanling , Tian Shenyang , Gao Xiuhua , Fan Li , He Xinyue , Bao Junhua , Yu Youben , Zhang Dong , Bao Lu
Published: July 2024

The cutting technique is extensively used in tea breeding, with key emphasis on promoting the growth of adventitious roots (ARs). Despite its importance in tea cultivation, the mechanisms underlying AR development in tea remain unclear. In this study, we demonstrated the essential role of auxins in the initiation and progression of AR and established that the application of exogenous 1‐naphthaleneacetic acid‐enhanced AR formation in tissue‐cultured seedlings and cuttings. Then, we found that the auxin‐responsive transcription factor CsSPL9 acted as a negative regulator of AR development by reducing the levels of free indole‐3‐acetic acid (IAA) in tea plants. Furthermore, we identified CsGH3.4 as a downstream target of CsSPL9, which was activated by direct binding to its promoter. CsGH3.4 also inhibited AR development and maintained low levels of free IAA. Thus, these results revealed the inhibitory effect of the auxin‐responsive CsSPL9‐CsGH3.4 module on AR development by reducing free IAA levels in tea. These findings have significant theoretical and practical value for enhancing tea breeding practices.
Transgenerational phenotypic responses to herbicide stress are more rapid than to shade and simulated herbivory in Arabidopsis
Authors: Sharma Gourav , Haak David , Westwood James H. , Askew Shawn , Barney Jacob N.
Published: July 2024

Weeds in agricultural settings continually adapt to stresses from ecological and anthropogenic sources, in some cases leading to resistant populations. However, consequences of repeated sub‐lethal exposure of these stressors on fitness and stress “memory” over generations remain poorly understood. We measured plant performance over a transgenerational experiment with Arabidopsis thaliana where plants were exposed to sub‐lethal stress induced by the herbicides glyphosate or trifloxysulfuron, stresses from clipping or shading in either one (G1) or four successive generations (G1–G4), and control plants that never received stress. We found that fourth‐generation (G4) plants that had been subjected to three generations of glyphosate or trifloxysulfuron stress produced higher post‐stress biomass, seed weight, and rosette area as compared to that produced by plants that experienced stress only in the first generation (G1). By the same measure, clipping and shade were more influential on floral development time (shade) and seed weight (clipping) but did not show responsive phenotypes for vegetative metrics after multiple generations. Overall, we found that plants exhibited more rapid transgenerational vegetative “stress memory” to herbicides while reproductive plasticity was stressor dependent and similar between clipping/shade and anthropogenic stressors. Our study suggests that maternal plant stress memory aids next‐generation plants to respond and survive better under the same stressors.
A review of renal tubular acidosis
Authors: Kunchur Manju Gauri , Mauch Teri Jo , Parkanzky Max , Rahilly Louisa J.
Published: July 2024

Objective

To review the current scientific literature on renal tubular acidosis (RTA) in people and small animals, focusing on diseases in veterinary medicine that result in secondary RTA.

Data Sources

Scientific reviews and original research publications on people and small animals focusing on RTA.

RTA is characterized by defective renal acid–base regulation that results in normal anion gap hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis. Renal acid–base regulation includes the reabsorption and regeneration of bicarbonate in the renal proximal tubule and collecting ducts and the process of ammoniagenesis. RTA occurs as a primary genetic disorder or secondary to disease conditions. Based on pathophysiology, RTA is classified as distal or type 1 RTA, proximal or type 2 RTA, type 3 RTA or carbonic anhydrase II mutation, and type 4 or hyperkalemic RTA. Fanconi syndrome comprises proximal RTA with additional defects in proximal tubular function. Extensive research elucidating the genetic basis of RTA in people exists. RTA is a genetic disorder in the Basenji breed of dogs, where the mutation is known. Secondary RTA in human and veterinary medicine is the sequela of diseases that include immune‐mediated, toxic, and infectious causes. Diagnosis and characterization of RTA include the measurement of urine pH and the evaluation of renal handling of substances that should affect acid or bicarbonate excretion.

Conclusions

Commonality exists between human and veterinary medicine among the types of RTA. Many genetic defects causing primary RTA are identified in people, but those in companion animals other than in the Basenji are unknown. Critically ill veterinary patients are often admitted to the ICU for diseases associated with secondary RTA, or they may develop RTA while hospitalized. Recognition and treatment of RTA may reverse tubular dysfunction and promote recovery by correcting metabolic acidosis.
Retrospective evaluation of shock index and mortality in dogs with head trauma (2015–2020): 86 cases
Authors: McConnell Briana M. , Cortes Yonaira , Bailey Dennis
Published: July 2024

Objective

To assess the relationship between shock index (SI) and mortality in dogs with head trauma (HT). A secondary objective was to compare SI with the animal trauma triage (ATT) score and Modified Glasgow Coma Scale (MCGS) score in HT cases. A tertiary aim was to assess if SI is predictive of survival to discharge or improvement in presenting neurologic signs.

Design

Retrospective study from January 2015 to December 2020.

Setting

Tertiary referral level II veterinary trauma center.

Animals

Eighty‐six dogs with evidence of HT presenting through emergency for various traumas compared to 60 healthy control dogs.

Measurements and Main Results

SI was calculated using the quotient of heart rate over systolic blood pressure measured on presentation. SI was significantly higher in HT patients than healthy controls (P = 0.0019). SI was not significantly different between traumatic brain injury dogs that died or were euthanized and HT dogs that lived until the time of discharge (P = 0.98). SI was not significantly different between HT dogs that were neurologically normal at the time of discharge and HT dogs that were static or improved but not normal neurologically at the time of discharge (P = 0.84). In HT dogs, SI did not correlate with ATT score (P = 0.16) or MGCS score (P = 0.75). There was no significant difference in SI and length of hospitalization until death or discharge (P = 0.78).

Conclusions

SI was significantly higher in HT patients compared to control patients. Interestingly, SI was not correlated with ATT score or MGCS score. The use of SI in HT patients warrants further investigation to assess the efficacy in predicting mortality.
Exploration of the mandative subjunctive in Pakistani English
Authors: Schmidt Karola , Funke Nina
Published: July 2024

The study at hand explores the alternation between the mandative subjunctive and its equivalent construction with the modal verb should in Pakistani English. The study enhances understanding of the alternation both by focusing on Pakistani English as a relatively under‐researched postcolonial variety of English and by complementing the traditional syntactic variables that influence the choice of subjunctive with a sociolinguistic dimension in the form of the language user's gender. Using data from the SAVE and SAVE2020 corpora, we investigate the following research questions: What factors influence the mandative subjunctive/should alternation, is gender a significant influence on the choice and has the subjunctive choice changed over time? A multifactorial model was fitted on the 504 extracted data points with the following predictors: gender, lexical diversity, linking word, negation, newspaper, primer, range, readability, subject number, subject person, time, trigger lemma, voice and word count. The results show an effect of gender and time in interaction with several other variables. The interactions show significant diachronic adjustments to the constructional preferences of the individual subjunctive triggers and reveals that across these triggers, women are generally more likely to pick the subjunctive over its modal alternant than men.
Placenta‐derived mesenchymal stem cells promote diabetic wound healing via exosomal protein interaction networks
Authors: Peng Cheng , Xu Hongbo , Zhuang Quan , Liu Jinya , Ding Yinhe , Tang Qiyu , Wang Zheng , Yao Kai
Published: July 2024

There is a lack of effective treatment options for diabetic refractory wounds, which presents a critical clinical issue that needs to be addressed urgently. Our research has demonstrated that human placenta‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (plaMSCs) facilitate the migration and proliferation of HaCat cells, thereby enhancing diabetic wound healing primarily via the exosomes derived from plaMSCs (plaMSCs‐Ex). Using label‐free proteomics, plaMSCs and their exosomes were analysed for proteome taxonomic content in order to explore the underlying effective components mechanism of plaMSCs‐Ex in diabetic wound healing. Differentially expressed proteins enriched in plaMSCs‐Ex were identified and underwent bioinformatics analysis including GO annotation, KEGG pathway enrichment, gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) and protein–protein interaction analysis (PPI). Results showed that the proteins enriched in plaMSCs‐Ex are significantly involved in extracellular matrix organisation, epithelium morphogenesis, cell growth, adhesion, proliferation and angiogenesis. PPI analysis filtered 2 wound healing‐related clusters characterised by hub proteins such as POSTN, FN1, SPARC, TIMP1, SERPINE1, LRP1 and multiple collagens. In brief, the exosomal proteins derived from plaMSCs reveal diverse functions of regeneration and tissue remodelling based on proteomics analysis and potentially play a role in diabetic wound healing.
Wound Healing Society 2023 update on guidelines for arterial ulcers
Authors: Federman Daniel G. , Dardik Alan , Shapshak Dag , Ueno Cristiane M. , Masterson Loren , Hopf Harriet W. , Abdullah Newaj , Junkins Scott , Mostow Eliot N.
Published: July 2024

The Wound Healing Society guidelines for the treatment of arterial insufficiency ulcers were originally published in 2006, with the last update in 2014. These guidelines provided recommendations, along with their respective levels of evidence, on seven categories: diagnosis, surgery, infection control, wound bed preparation, dressings, adjuvant therapy and long‐term maintenance. Over the last 9 years, additional literature regarding these aspects of arterial ulcer management has been published. An advisory panel comprised of academicians, clinicians and researchers was chosen to update the 2014 guidelines. Members included vascular surgeons, internists, plastic surgeons, anaesthesiologists, emergency medicine physicians and dermatologists, all with expertise in wound healing. The goal of this article is to evaluate relevant new findings upon which an updated version of the guidelines will be based.
Applying projective functors to arbitrary holonomic simple modules
Authors: Mackaay Marco , Mazorchuk Volodymyr , Miemietz Vanessa
Published: July 2024

We prove that applying a projective functor to a holonomic simple module over a semisimple finite‐dimensional complex Lie algebra produces a module that has an essential semisimple submodule of finite length. This implies that holonomic simple supermodules over certain Lie superalgebras are quotients of modules that are induced from simple modules over the even part. We also provide some further insight into the structure of Lie algebra modules that are obtained by applying projective functors to simple modules.
Electrochemical Additive Manufacturing-Based Design of a Heat Sink for Single-Phase Natural Convection Immersion Cooling Application
Authors: Lamotte-Dawaghreh Jacob , Herring Joseph , Pundla Sai Abhideep , Suthar Rohit , Nair Vivek , Bansode Pratik , Gupta Gautam , Agonafer Dereje , Madril Joseph , Ouradnik Tim , Matthews Michael , Winfield Ian
Published: July 2024

To fulfill the increasing data processing demands within modern data centers, a corresponding increase in server performance is necessary. This leads to subsequent increases in power consumption and heat generation in the servers due to high-performance processing units. Currently, air cooling is the most widely used thermal management technique in data centers, but it has started to reach its limitations in cooling of high-power density packaging. Therefore, industries utilizing data centers are looking to single-phase immersion cooling to reduce the operational and cooling costs by enhancing the thermal management of servers. In this study, heat sinks with triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) lattice structures were designed for application in single-phase immersion cooling of data center servers. These designs are made possible by electrochemical additive manufacturing (AM) technology due to their complex topologies. The electrochemical additive manufacturing process allows for generation of complex heat sink geometries not possible using traditional manufacturing processes. Geometric complexities including amorphous and porous structures with high surface area to volume ratio enable electrochemical additive manufacturing heat sinks to have superior heat transfer properties. Our objective is to compare various heat sink geometries by minimizing max case temperature in a single-phase immersion cooling setup for a natural convection setup. Computational fluid dynamics in ansysfluent is utilized to compare the electrochemical additive manufacturing heat sink designs. The additively manufactured heat sink designs are evaluated by comparing their thermal performance under natural convection conditions. This study presents a novel approach to heat sink design and bolsters the capability of electrochemical additive manufacturing-produced heat sinks.
Virtual Testbed for Economical and Reliability Analysis of Battery Thermal Management Control Strategies
Authors: Olyaei Mostafa , Singh Sagar , Jiang Kaiying , Gurumukhi Yashraj , Goodson Kenneth , Asheghi Mehdi , Miljkovic Nenad
Published: July 2024

A virtual testbed simulation framework is created for the economic, reliability, and lifetime analysis of battery thermal management control strategies in electric vehicles (EVs). The system-level model is created in the MATLAB environment using the Simscape library and custom components are developed as required. A lumped parameter coupled electrothermal model with temperature and state of charge (SOC)-dependent cell parameters is adopted from the literature to characterize battery performance. Suitable cell capacity degradation models are implemented to capture the cycle aging and calendar aging of the battery. The economic benefit of extending the lithium iron phosphate (LFP) battery lifetime by optimal thermal conditioning is weighed against the corresponding energy cost of the operation allowing for the assessment and adoption of economy-conscious strategies under different conditions. Active cooling of the battery using a vapor compression system along with a preconditioning strategy is benchmarked against passive cooling by a radiator for operating cost, battery lifetime, and net cost savings. Active cooling with precooling before fast charging can maintain optimal battery temperature but requires an additional electricity cost of 170–530 $/year, compared to passive cooling. However, the added cost is more than compensated for by the increase in battery lifetime by 1.4–1.9 years leading to a net saving of 140–550 $/year.