bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of scaling back punishment on racial and ethnic disparities in criminal case outcomes
Authors: MacDonald John , Raphael Steven
Published: June 2020

Research Summary

In late 2014, California voters passed Proposition 47 that redefined a set of less serious felony drug and property offenses as misdemeanors. We examine how racial and ethnic disparities in criminal court dispositions in San Francisco change in the years before (2010–2014) and after (2015–2016) the passage of Proposition 47. We decompose disparities in court dispositions into components resulting from racial/ethnic differences in offense characteristics, involvement in the criminal justice system at the time of arrest, pretrial detention, criminal history, and the residual unexplained component. Before and after Proposition 47, case characteristics explain nearly all of the observable disparities in court dispositions between racial and ethnic groups. After the passage of Proposition 47, however, there is a narrowing of disparities in convictions and incarceration sentences that is driven by lesser weight placed on criminal history, active criminal justice status, and pretrial detention in effecting court dispositions

Policy Implications

The findings from this study suggest that policy reforms that scale back the severity of punishment for criminal history and active criminal justice status for less serious felony offenses may help narrow inter‐racial and inter‐ethnic inequalities in criminal court dispositions. Efforts to reduce racial and ethnic inequalities in mass incarceration in other states should consider reforms that reduce the weight that criminal history, pretrial detention, and active probation status has on criminal defendants’ eligibility for prison for less serious drug and property offenses.
Successful treatment of pulmonary inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor with platinum‐pemetrexed: The first report of two cases
Authors: Si Xiaoyan , Wang Hanping , Zhang Xiaotong , Wang Mengzhao , You Yan , Zhang Li
Published: June 2020

Pulmonary inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (IMT) is a rare tumor. Here, we report two cases of pulmonary IMT successfully treated with platinum and pemetrexed. The results from this study suggest that platinum‐pemetrexed might be an effective therapy in patients with IMT, but requires further investigation.
Distribution of ACE2, CD147, CD26, and other SARS‐CoV‐2 associated molecules in tissues and immune cells in health and in asthma, COPD, obesity, hypertension, and COVID‐19 risk factors
Authors: Radzikowska Urszula , Ding Mei , Tan Ge , Zhakparov Damir , Peng Yaqi , Wawrzyniak Paulina , Wang Ming , Li Shuo , Morita Hideaki , Altunbulakli Can , Reiger Matthias , Neumann Avidan U. , Lunjani Nonhlanhla , Traidl‐Hoffmann Claudia , Nadeau Kari C. , O’Mahony Liam , Akdis Cezmi , Sokolowska Milena
Published: June 2020

Background

Morbidity and mortality from COVID‐19 caused by novel coronavirus SARS‐CoV‐2 is accelerating worldwide, and novel clinical presentations of COVID‐19 are often reported. The range of human cells and tissues targeted by SARS‐CoV‐2, its potential receptors and associated regulating factors are still largely unknown. The aim of our study was to analyze the expression of known and potential SARS‐CoV‐2 receptors and related molecules in the extensive collection of primary human cells and tissues from healthy subjects of different age and from patients with risk factors and known comorbidities of COVID‐19.

Methods

We performed RNA sequencing and explored available RNA‐Seq databases to study gene expression and co‐expression of ACE2, CD147 (BSG), and CD26 (DPP4) and their direct and indirect molecular partners in primary human bronchial epithelial cells, bronchial and skin biopsies, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, whole blood, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), monocytes, neutrophils, DCs, NK cells, ILC1, ILC2, ILC3, CD4+and CD8+T cells, B cells, and plasmablasts. We analyzed the material from healthy children and adults, and from adults in relation to their disease or COVID‐19 risk factor status.

Results

ACE2andTMPRSS2were coexpressed at the epithelial sites of the lung and skin, whereas CD147 (BSG), cyclophilins (PPIAandPPIB), CD26 (DPP4), and related molecules were expressed in both epithelium and in immune cells. We also observed a distinct age‐related expression profile of these genes in the PBMCs and T cells from healthy children and adults. Asthma, COPD, hypertension, smoking, obesity, and male gender status generally led to the higher expression of ACE2‐ and CD147‐related genes in the bronchial biopsy, BAL, or blood. Additionally, CD147‐related genes correlated positively with age and BMI. Interestingly, we also observed higher expression of CD147‐related genes in the lesional skin of patients with atopic dermatitis.

Conclusions

Our data suggest different receptor repertoire potentially involved in the SARS‐CoV‐2 infection at the epithelial barriers and in the immune cells. Altered expression of these receptors related to age, gender, obesity and smoking, as well as with the disease status, might contribute to COVID‐19 morbidity and severity patterns.
Dismantling Restrictive Gender Norms: Can Better Designed Paternal Leave Policies Help?
Authors: Omidakhsh Negar , Sprague Aleta , Heymann Jody
Published: June 2020

Despite global commitments and efforts, women's equality, particularly at work, has still not been fully realized. Here, we examine whether improved parental leave policies, implemented at the national level, that encourage fathers to participate in caregiving can be effective at reducing unequal gender norms surrounding work. We use data from 1995–2018 that are nationally representative for nine countries, and employ a difference‐in‐differences approach to estimate the effect that changing parental leave policies has on attitudes towards women's work. Our results indicate that changes to parental leave policy that incentivize or encourage fathers to take time off are associated with improvements in attitudes towards women's equality in the workplace. Specifically, we find that incentives for paternal leave stimulates egalitarian changes in attitudes among both men and women. Our study is the first to longitudinally investigate whether parental leave policies can influence gender equitable norms and our findings support the notion that egalitarian changes in policy can improve gender norms.
Personalised dosing of vancomycin: A prospective and retrospective comparative quasi‐experimental study
Authors: Vali Luqman , Jenkins David R. , Vaja Rakesh , Mulla Hussain
Published: June 2020

Aims

The 2019 update to the US consensus guideline for vancomycin therapeutic monitoring advocates using Bayesian‐guided personalised dosing to maximise efficacy and minimise toxicity of vancomycin. We conducted an observational cohort study of the implementation of bed‐side Bayesian‐guided vancomycin dosing in vascular surgery patients.

Methods

Over a 9‐month prospective study period, vascular surgery patients were dosed vancomycin using Bayesian‐guided dosing decision tool (DoseMeRx) and compared retrospectively with a control group admitted to the same ward in the 14 months prior to the study and dosed using a standard algorithmic approach. Primary endpoints were proportion of patients achieving mean area under the curve in 24 hours (AUC24) in the acceptable range 350–450 mg/L• h and percentage time in acceptable range (%TTR). Secondary endpoints focused on clinical outcomes including incidence of acute kidney injury.

Results

A significantly higher proportion of DoseMeRx patients achieved mean AUC24 values in the acceptable range compared to the control group; 71/104 (68.3%) vs 58/139 (41.7%), P < .005. The median %TTR was also greater in DoseMeRx patients compared to the control group (57.1 vs 30.0%, P < .00001). Patients in the DoseMeRx group missed an average of 0.23 doses per course compared to 1.04 doses in the control group (P < .00001). No difference was observed in secondary (clinical) outcomes between the 2 groups.

Conclusion

Bedside Bayesian‐guided personalised dosing of vancomycin increases the proportion of patients achieving target AUC24 and the %TTR.
Ten‐year trend of opioid and nonopioid analgesic use in the French adult population
Authors: Daveluy Amélie , Micallef Joëlle , Sanchez‐Pena Paola , Miremont‐Salamé Ghada , Lassalle Régis , Lacueille Clémentine , Grelaud Angela , Corand Virginie , Victorri‐Vigneau Caroline , Batisse Anne , Le Boisselier Reynald , Peyrière Hélène , Frauger Elisabeth , Lapeyre‐Mestre Maryse , Haramburu Françoise
Published: June 2020

Aims

Analgesics are the most widely used medicines worldwide. In parallel, opioid abuse has increased and is of major concern. The accessibility of pharmacologically powerful medicines and the addictovigilance signals in France about the risk of opiates addiction call for an overview of analgesic use. The objective of this study was to investigate the use of analgesics reimbursed in France over a 10‐year period through its prevalence.

Methods

A cross‐sectional study repeated yearly was conducted by using data from the French reimbursement database from 2006 to 2015. Analgesics were classified according to their pharmacological potency: prevalence of use for each category and sociodemographic characteristics of patients treated were analysed.

Results

The annual prevalence of analgesic use was high and increased during the study period (59.8%, 253 976 users in 2015). In 2015, prevalence was always higher in women and increased with age, except for those older than 84 years. Peripheral analgesics were the most used (55.3%, 234 739 users). The prevalence of weak analgesic use decreased (21.3%, 90 257 users), mainly due to the definitive withdrawal of dextropropoxyphene in France in 2011, which was not offset by an increase in the consumption of other weak analgesics. For strong analgesics (1.2%, 5129 users), morphine was the most widely used, with a dramatic increase in oxycodone use, especially in the elderly.

Conclusion

The prevalence of analgesic use is high: approximately 31 million adults had at least 1 analgesic reimbursed in 2015. The most widely used analgesics were peripheral analgesics, far ahead of opioid analgesics.
Stimulation of retrotrapezoid nucleus Phox2b‐expressing neurons rescues breathing dysfunction in an experimental Parkinson’s disease rat model
Authors: Fernandes‐Junior Silvio A. , Oliveira Luiz M. , Czeisler Catherine M. , Mo Xiaokui , Roy Sashwati , Somogyi Arpad , Zhang Liewn , Moreira Thiago S. , Otero José J. , Takakura Ana C.
Published: June 2020

Emerging evidence from multiple studies indicates that Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients suffer from a spectrum of autonomic and respiratory motor deficiencies in addition to the classical motor symptoms attributed to substantia nigra degeneration of dopaminergic neurons. Animal models of PD show a decrease in the resting respiratory rate as well as a decrease in the number ofPhox2b‐expressing retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN) neurons. The aim of this study was to determine the extent to which substantia nigra pars compact (SNc) degeneration induced RTN biomolecular changes and to identify the extent to which RTN pharmacological or optogenetic stimulations rescue respiratory function following PD‐induction. SNc degeneration was achieved in adult male Wistar rats by bilateral striatal 6‐hydroxydopamine injection. For proteomic analysis, laser capture microdissection and pressure catapulting were used to isolate the RTN for subsequent comparative proteomic analysis and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA). The respiratory parameters were evaluated by whole‐body plethysmography and electromyographic analysis of respiratory muscles. The results confirmed reduction in the number of dopaminergic neurons of SNc and respiratory rate in the PD‐animals. Our proteomic data suggested extensive RTN remodeling, and that pharmacological or optogenetic stimulations of the diseased RTN neurons promoted rescued the respiratory deficiency. Our data indicate that despite neuroanatomical and biomolecular RTN pathologies, that RTN‐directed interventions can rescue respiratory control dysfunction.
Increased levels of inflammatory factors are associated with severity of polyneuropathy in type 1 diabetes
Authors: Okdahl Tina , Brock Christina , Fløyel Tina , Wegeberg Anne‐Marie L. , Jakobsen Poul Erik , Ejskjaer Niels , Pociot Flemming , Brock Birgitte , Størling Joachim
Published: June 2020

Objective

Distal symmetrical polyneuropathy (DSPN) is a severe common long‐term complication of type 1 diabetes caused by impaired sensory‐motor nerve function. As chronic low‐grade inflammation may be involved in the pathogenesis of DSPN, we investigated the circulating levels of inflammatory markers in individuals with type 1 diabetes with and without DSPN. Furthermore, we determined to what extent these factors correlated with different peripheral sensory nerve functions.

Design

Cross‐sectional study.

Patients

The study included 103 individuals with type 1 diabetes with (n = 50) and without DSPN (n = 53) as well as a cohort of healthy controls (n = 21).

Measurements

Circulating levels of various inflammatory markers (cytokines, chemokines and soluble adhesion molecules) were determined in serum samples by Luminex multiplexing technology. Peripheral sensory nerve testing, for example vibration, tactile and thermal perception, was assessed by standardized procedures.

Results

The cytokines IL‐1α, IL‐4, IL‐12p70, IL‐13, IL‐17A and TNF‐α; the chemokine MCP‐1; and the adhesion molecule E‐selectin were significantly increased in individuals with type 1 diabetes with DSPN compared to those without DSPN (P < .001). These observations were independent of age, sex, BMI, disease duration and blood pressure. Additionally, higher serum concentrations of cytokines and chemokines were associated with higher vibration and tactile perception thresholds, but not with heat tolerance threshold.

Conclusions

Individuals with type 1 diabetes and concomitant DSPN display higher serum levels of several inflammatory markers. These findings support that systemic low‐grade inflammation may play a role in the pathogenesis of DSPN.
Geographic Specificity Matters: Centering the Perspectives of Community–Based Stakeholders for a Holistic Understanding of Gentrification in the Twin Cities
Authors: Lewis Brittany , Calhoun Molly , Goetz Edward G. , Damiano Anthony
Published: June 2020

This paper highlights the qualitative component of a larger mixed methodological study that explores how community stakeholders, most impacted by gentrification pressures in the Twin Cities, understand neighborhood change as it impacts their daily lives. The purpose is to expand the current theorization of gentrification through examining the lived experiences of those most impacted. We illuminate where community stakeholders' experiences align with and diverge from the common narrative themes often cited in contemporary gentrification literature such as demographic change and physical displacement. Although common narrative frames emerged, narrative distinctions also materialized. This differentiation highlights how gentrification pressures not only influence the redevelopment of physical space, but also culture and belonging in ways that can be distinctly different even in neighborhoods of close proximity. The implications suggest the importance of geographic specificity in policy and program approaches based on distinct histories of neighborhoods and their residents.
Focus and social contagion of environmental organization advocacy on Twitter
Authors: Barrios‐O'Neill Daniel
Published: June 2020

Agriculture, overexploitation, and urbanization remain the major threats to biodiversity in the Anthropocene. The attention these threats garner among leading environmental nongovernmental organizations (eNGOs) and the wider public is critical in fostering the political will necessary to reverse biodiversity declines worldwide. I analyzed the advocacy of leading eNGOs on Twitter by scraping account timelines, screening content for advocacy relating to biodiversity threats and, for prevalent threats, further screening content for positive and negative emotional language with a sentiment lexicon. Twitter advocacy was dominated by the major threats of climate change and overexploitation and the minor threat of plastic pollution. The major threats of agriculture, urbanization, invasions, and pollution were rarely addressed. Content relating to overexploitation and plastic pollution was more socially contagious than other content. Increasing emotional negativity further increased social contagion, whereas increasing emotional positivity did not. Scientists, policy makers, and eNGOs should consider how narrowly focused advocacy on platforms like Twitter will contribute to effective global biodiversity conservation.
Characterizing the Dynamics of Learning in Repeated Reference Games
Authors: Hawkins Robert D. , Frank Michael C. , Goodman Noah D.
Published: June 2020

The language we use over the course of conversation changes as we establish common ground and learn what our partner finds meaningful. Here we draw upon recent advances in natural language processing to provide a finer‐grained characterization of the dynamics of this learning process. We release an open corpus (>15,000 utterances) of extended dyadic interactions in a classic repeated reference game task where pairs of participants had to coordinate on how to refer to initially difficult‐to‐describe tangram stimuli. We find that different pairs discover a wide variety of idiosyncratic but efficient and stable solutions to the problem of reference. Furthermore, these conventions are shaped by the communicative context: words that are more discriminative in the initial context (i.e., that are used for one target more than others) are more likely to persist through the final repetition. Finally, we find systematic structure in how a speaker's referring expressions become more efficient over time: Syntactic units drop out in clusters following positive feedback from the listener, eventually leaving short labels containing open‐class parts of speech. These findings provide a higher resolution look at the quantitative dynamics of ad hoc convention formation and support further development of computational models of learning in communication.
Left ventricular diastolic function: Effects of high‐intensity exercise after acute myocardial infarction
Authors: Lund Joakim Schistad , Aksetøy Inger‐Lise Aamot , Dalen Håvard , Amundsen Brage Høyem , Støylen Asbjørn
Published: June 2020

Objectives

Reduced left ventricular (LV) diastolic function indicates poor prognosis after acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Our aim was to study whether a twelve‐week high‐intensity interval training program could improve diastolic function in patients with a relatively recent AMI.

Design

Twenty‐eight patients (mean age 56 (SD 8) years) with a recent AMI performed high‐intensity interval training twice a week for 12 weeks. Each training session consisted of four 4‐minute bouts at 85%‐95% of peak heart rate, separated by 4‐minute active breaks. A cardiopulmonary exercise test was performed to determine peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak). Echocardiography was performed at rest and during an upright bicycle exercise test.

Results

There was a significant increase in mitral annulus early diastolic velocity (e′) at peak exercise (75 W) from baseline to follow‐up (7.9 (1.5) vs. 8.4 (1.7) cm/s, P = .012), but no change in e′ at rest (7.1 (1.9) vs. 7.3 (1.7) cm/s, P = .42). There was a significant increase in VO2peak (mean (SD), 35.2 (7.3) vs. 38.9 (7.4) ml/kg/min, P < .001). e′ at peak exercise correlated with VO2peak both at baseline and follow‐up (r = 0.50, P = .007, and r = 0.41, P = .032).

Conclusion

The present study shows that LV diastolic function during exercise is related to VO2peak. We also found an improvement of diastolic function after exercise training, even in a population with a relatively well preserved systolic and diastolic function. The results demonstrate the importance of obtaining measurements during exercise when evaluating the effects of exercise interventions.
Extreme seascape drives local recruitment and genetic divergence in brooding and spawning corals in remote north‐west Australia
Authors: Underwood Jim N. , Richards Zoe , Berry Oliver , Oades Daniel , Howard Azton , Gilmour James P.
Published: June 2020

Management strategies designed to conserve coral reefs threatened by climate change need to incorporate knowledge of the spatial distribution of inter‐ and intra‐specific genetic diversity. We characterized patterns of genetic diversity and connectivity using single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in two reef‐building corals to explore the eco‐evolutionary processes that sustain populations in north‐west Australia. Our sampling focused on the unique reefs of the Kimberley; we collected the broadcast spawning coralAcropora aspera(n = 534) and the brooding coralIsopora brueggemanni(n = 612) across inter‐archipelago (tens to hundreds of kilometres), inter‐reef (kilometres to tens of kilometres) and within‐reef (tens of metres to a few kilometres) scales. Initial analysis ofA. asperaidentified four highly divergent lineages that were co‐occurring but morphologically similar. Subsequent population analyses focused on the most abundant and widespread lineage,Acroporaasp‐c. Although the overall level of geographic subdivision was greater in the brooder than in the spawner, fundamental similarities in patterns of genetic structure were evident. Most notably, limits to gene flow were observed at scales <35 kilometres. Further, we observed four discrete clusters and a semi‐permeable barrier to dispersal that were geographically consistent between species. Finally, sites experiencing bigger tides were more connected to the metapopulation and had greater gene diversity than those experiencing smaller tides. Our data indicate that the inshore reefs of the Kimberley are genetically isolated from neighbouring oceanic bioregions, but occasional dispersal between inshore archipelagos is important for the redistribution of evolutionarily important genetic diversity. Additionally, these results suggest that networks of marine reserves that effectively protect reefs from local pressures should be spaced within a few tens of kilometres to conserve the existing patterns of demographic and genetic connectivity.
Teaching deaf culture in American Sign Language courses: Toward a critical pedagogy
Authors: Reagan Timothy , Matlins Paula E. , Pielick C. David
Published: June 2020

Critical pedagogy and social justice education have gained increasing attention in recent years in many subject matters, and world language education has been no exception to this trend. There are a number of works dedicated to critical pedagogy in world language education. At the same time that such concerns have gained attention, another parallel development has been taking place: the increasing number of courses and programs in American Sign Language (ASL) that are being offered as foreign language options at both the secondary and tertiary levels. In this article, we discuss a curriculum development project to bring these two developments together. Specifically, we are interested in the creation of a curriculum for a beginning ASL course that both introduces students to ASL as a foreign language and which provides an introduction to the Deaf culture—and which does so through the lens of critical pedagogy and social justice education.
The effectiveness of app‐based language instruction for developing receptive linguistic knowledge and oral communicative ability
Authors: Loewen Shawn , Isbell Daniel R. , Sporn Zachary
Published: June 2020

Hundreds of millions of language learners around the globe study a second language with popular apps such as Duolingo, Rosetta Stone, Busuu, and Babbel. This study examined the effectiveness of one app, Babbel, for developing both receptive linguistic knowledge of vocabulary and grammar, as well as oral communicative ability in Spanish as a second language. Fifty‐four English speakers not enrolled in Spanish classes studied Spanish on Babbel over the course of 12 weeks, with a goal of studying roughly 10 min per day. Participants completed pretests and posttests, and provided data on their motivation to learn Spanish and use Babbel. Results showed that learners were able to develop grammar and vocabulary knowledge as well as oral communicative ability. The amount of Babbel study time was the strongest predictor for all three measures, with motivation to learn Spanish also significantly predicting growth in oral communicative ability.
Living better and feeling happier: An investigation into the association between housing quality and happiness
Authors: Hu Mingzhi , Yang Yulu , Yu Xiaofen
Published: June 2020

This study examines the relationship between housing quality and individuals’ subjective well‐being. Using data from the China Labor‐force Dynamic Survey (CLDS), results show that housing quality is associated positively with one’s overall happiness. Moreover, the results are robust to potential omitted variable bias. In addition, we determine that housing quality is more correlated with perceived happiness for local residents compared with migrants, who generally have lower levels of happiness. Mechanisms are provided through which the migrant population, which is generally less likely to reside in the current cities, cares less about living conditions than the local population. Policy implications for these findings are discussed.
Gendering risk and vulnerability: Tensions and conflicting views in crisis preparedness work in Sweden
Authors: Ericson Mathias
Published: June 2020

Previous studies suggest that the integration of civil protection, crisis management and the machinery of risk assessment lies at the heart of current securitization thereby constituting a shift in focus from war and military operations to all‐risk perspectives. This article explores how these processes of integration intersect with gendered power dynamics at a practical level, by focusing on tensions and conflicting views on how this work should be organized and understood. The article is based on a study of professionals who analyse risks and vulnerability at a local and regional level in Sweden. The material consists of observations and interviews. The analysis shows that although these professionals’ work is contrasted to masculine‐coded operative professions, it seems to be the case that masculine‐coded approaches and forms of expertise are given priority. This is reproduced through the creation of an aura of neutrality and an attitude towards ‘getting the job done’.
Physicians’ and pharmacists’ perception and practice of hospital pharmacist professional role in Egypt
Authors: Said Amira , Hussain Nadia , Abdelaty Lamiaa N
Published: June 2020

Objectives

This study aimed to investigate physicians’ and pharmacists’ perceptions of the importance of pharmacists’ role in healthcare in Egypt, and actual delivery of these roles in practice. Identifying any differences and inconsistencies between these will inform future strategies that maximize pharmacists’ professional contribution to hospital practice.

Methods

A self-administered questionnaire using a 5-point Likert scale was distributed to a convenience sample of physicians (500) and pharmacists (500) practicing in selected private or public hospitals in Egypt. The main sections of the questionnaire comprised statements that pertained to physicians’/pharmacists’ views on the importance of pharmacists’ roles and their actual delivery in practice.

Key findings

In this study, physicians showed low scores for both the importance of and the delivery of advanced patient-facing clinical pharmacy roles such as suggesting prescription medications, and designing treatment plans. In comparison, pharmacists were more positive on both of these aspects of their roles. High mean scores were reported by the physicians for pharmacist’s traditional roles such as patient counselling, assessing compliance, preventing medication errors and treating minor illnesses. Both physicians and pharmacists reported poor pharmacists practice as drug information resources despite their high perception of the importance of that role.

Conclusion

This study suggested that in hospitals in Egypt, there are significant differences between physicians’ and pharmacists’ perception and practice, and pharmacists’ clinical skills are underutilized in health care.
Infants’ response to a mobile phone modified still‐face paradigm: Links to maternal behaviors and beliefs regarding technoference
Authors: Stockdale Laura A. , Porter Christin L. , Coyne Sarah M. , Essig Liam W. , Booth McCall , Keenan‐Kroff Savannah , Schvaneveldt Emily
Published: June 2020

Interruptions to parent–child interactions due to technology, or “technoference,” have been correlated with a host of negative child developmental outcomes. Yet, the influence of technoference on parent–infant interactions and infant behaviors has received less attention and more experimental work is warranted. For this study, parent–infant dyads (n = 227) completed a modified still‐face paradigm (SFP) using a mobile phone during the still‐face phase. Infant responses were coded for positive and negative affect, object and parent orientation, self‐comforting, and escape behaviors during the task. Results showed a robust still‐face effect, with infants displaying increased negative affect, decreased positive affect, increased self‐comforting, object orientation, and escape behaviors during the “still‐face” or phone distracted phase of the paradigm and frequently failing to return to baseline during the reunion phase. Older infants (older than 9 months) likewise demonstrated higher levels of negative affect across all three phases of the paradigm relative to younger infants (less than 9 months). Parent reports of technoference behavior were related to increased object orientation for younger infants. Parental technoference behaviors were also linked to more escape behaviors for younger infants and decreased object orientation in older infants during the still‐face portion of the SFP. Higher levels of technoference also appear to attenuate the negative emotional response of infants during still face. Results are discussed in relation to infants’ increasing exposure to digital technology in the context of early relationships.
Critical biomechanical and clinical insights concerning tissue protection when positioning patients in the operating room: A scoping review
Authors: Gefen Amit , Creehan Sue , Black Joyce
Published: June 2020

An optimal position of the patient during operation may require a compromise between the best position for surgical access and the position a patient and his or her tissues can tolerate without sustaining injury. This scoping review analysed the existing, contemporary evidence regarding surgical positioning‐related tissue damage risks, from both biomechanical and clinical perspectives, focusing on the challenges in preventing tissue damage in the constraining operating room environment, which does not allow repositioning and limits the use of dynamic or thick and soft support surfaces. Deep and multidisciplinary aetiological understanding is required for effective prevention of intraoperatively acquired tissue damage, primarily including pressure ulcers (injuries) and neural injuries. Lack of such understanding typically leads to misconceptions and increased risk to patients. This article therefore provides a comprehensive aetiological description concerning the types of potential tissue damage, vulnerable anatomical locations, the risk factors specific to the operative setting (eg, the effects of anaesthetics and instruments), the complex interactions between the tissue damage risk and the pathophysiology of the surgery itself (eg, the inflammatory response to the surgical incisions), risk assessments for surgical patients and their limitations, and available (including emerging) technologies for positioning. The present multidisciplinary and integrated approach, which holistically joins the bioengineering and clinical perspectives, is unique to this work and has not been taken before. Close collaboration between bioengineers and clinicians, such as demonstrated here, is required to revisit the design of operating tables, support surfaces for surgery, surgical instruments for patient stabilisation, and for surgical access. Each type of equipment and its combined use should be evaluated and improved where needed with regard to the two major threats to tissue health in the operative setting: pressure ulcers and neural damage.
Effect of alcohol leachable chloride on strength of magnesium oxychloride cement
Authors: Huang Tingjie , Yu Chao , Yuan Qiang , Liu Zanqun , Deng Dehua
Published: June 2020

The major crystalline phases in magnesium oxychloride cement (MOC) have been extensively studied, but the other phases have not been studied due to the difficulty in identifying them. In the current study, we focused on the effect of chlorine‐containing phases other than crystalline oxychlorides on the strength of cured MOC materials. The alcohol leachable chloride (ALC) was proposed to characterize the other phases containing chlorine, and the absolute ethanol leaching test was developed to determine ACL content in a cured MOC paste. The results showed that either decreasing MgO/MgCl2 molar ratio or increasing H2O/MgCl2 molar ratio led to an increase in ALC content in cured MOC slurry, but adding a small amount of phosphoric acid resulted in very little or almost no ALC in the modified MOC slurry. In addition, increasing ALC content has been shown to significantly reduce the compressive strength of hardened MOC pastes. Thus, the modified MOC pastes had high strength, compared with the corresponding common MOC pastes. According to the experimental results, the relationship between the ALC content and the compressive strength of cured MOC materials was established. Therefore, a low ALC content was proposed as a characteristic index of high‐quality MOC materials.
Ion beam irradiation of ABO4 compounds with the fergusonite, monazite, scheelite, and zircon structures
Authors: de los Reyes Massey , Aughterson Robert D. , Gregg Daniel J. , Middleburgh Simon C. , Zaluzec Nestor J. , Huai Ping , Ren Cuilan , Lumpkin Gregory R.
Published: June 2020

The effects of irradiation on CaWO4, SrWO4, BaWO4, YVO4, LaVO4, YNbO4, and LaNbO4 were investigated on thin crystals using 1.0 MeV Kr ions at 50‐1000 K. All of the ABO4 compounds can be amorphized with calculated damage cross sections (σa = 1/Fc0) in the range of ~0.30‐1.09 × 10‐14 cm2 ion−1 at zero Kelvin. The analysis of fluence‐temperature data returned critical temperatures for amorphization (Tc) of 311 ± 1, 358 ± 90, 325 ± 19, 415 ± 17, 541 ± 6, 636 ± 26, and 1012 ± 1 K, respectively, for the compounds listed above. Compared with previous in situ irradiation of ABO4 orthophosphate samples using 0.8 MeV Kr ions, the Tc values of LaVO4 and YVO4 are higher than those of LaPO4 and YPO4 by 82 K and 124 K, respectively. The Tc values of the three scheelite structures, CaWO4, SrWO4, and BaWO4, indicate that they are the most radiation tolerant compounds under these conditions. The A‐B cation anti‐site energies, EfAB, determined by DFT range from 2.48 to 10.58 eV and are highly correlated with the A‐B cation ionic radius ratio, rA/rB, but are not correlated with Tc across the different structure types, suggesting that the formation and migration energies of Frenkel defects play a more important role in damage recovery in these compounds. We also discuss the role of cation and anion charge/iconicity as determined by DFT. ABO4 compounds with the zircon structure and B = P or V have a distinct advantage over those with B = Si as the damaged regions do not appear to be significantly affected by polymerization of (PO4)3− or (VO4)3− groups which might stabilize the amorphous fraction and ultimately lead to phase separation as observed in zircon (ZrSiO4).
Can a participatory organizational intervention improve social capital and organizational readiness to change? Cluster randomized controlled trial at five Danish hospitals
Authors: Jakobsen Markus Due , Clausen Thomas , Andersen Lars Louis
Published: June 2020

Aim

This study investigates the effect of a participatory organizational intervention on social capital and organizational readiness for change.

Design

Cluster randomized controlled trial.

Methods

In 2016, 27 departments from five hospitals in Denmark were randomly allocated at the department level to 1 year of participatory intervention (14 clusters, 316 healthcare workers) or a control group (13 clusters, 309 healthcare workers). The participatory intervention consisted of 2 × 2 hr workshops, where managers, 2–5 healthcare workers from each department, and the hospital's health and safety staff, developed action plans for implementing solutions for improving the use of assistive devices at the department throughout the 1‐year intervention period. Workplace social capital: (a) within teams (bonding); (b) between teams and nearest leaders (linking A); and (c) between teams and distant leaders (linking B) and organizational readiness for change were measured using questionnaires at baseline, 6, and 12 months.

Results

No group‐by‐time interaction occurred for any of the outcome measures. However, explorative post hoc analysis showed within‐group improvements in bonding and linking B social capital and organizational readiness for change following the participatory intervention.

Conclusion

Participatory organizational interventions may improve social capital within teams and between teams and distant leaders and organizational readiness for change.

Impact

Implementing participatory interventions at the workplace may be a cost‐effective strategy as they provide additional benefits, e.g., increased social capital and improved organizational readiness for change, that exceed the primary outcome of the intervention.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02708550) March 2016.
Urinary sodium‐to‐potassium ratio and body mass index in relation to high blood pressure in a national health survey in Chile
Authors: Valentino Giovanna , Hernández Camila , Tagle Rodrigo , Orellana Lorena , Adasme Marcela , Baraona Fernando , Navarrete Carlos , Acevedo Mónica
Published: June 2020

Several lifestyle and sociodemographic factors are associated with blood pressure (BP). The authors conducted a retrospective study of 4870 subjects from the National Health Survey 2009 in Chile to identify exposure factors associated with increasing BP levels. Subjects with isolated urinary excretion of sodium (n = 2873), potassium, and creatinine were included to estimate daily salt intake and urinary sodium/potassium (Na/K) ratio. Hypertension was defined according to European guidelines 2018 and American guidelines ACC/AHA 2017. Proportional odds models were developed to analyze education level, sedentarism, smoking, alcohol intake, estimated urinary Na/K ratio, estimated daily salt intake, and body mass index (BMI) as factors associated with increasing BP levels (from high‐normal BP to hypertension). Logistic regression models were checked for overdispersion. Mean age and BMI of the population were 42 years old and 27 kg/m2, respectively; 19% had low education level and 27% had hypertension according to European guidelines, whereas 47% according to ACC/AHA criteria. Mean estimated urinary Na/K ratio was 4 ± 2, and mean salt consumption was 10 ± 2 g/day. Estimated urinary Na/K ratio (OR, 1.11; 95% CI, 1.01‐1.21), BMI (OR, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.07‐1.13), estimated daily salt intake (OR, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.03‐1.17), and alcohol intake (OR, 1.03; 95% CI, 1.01‐1.05) were significantly associated with hypertension. This study highlights that a healthy diet and weight control should be important components of BP management plans, and it suggests that public policies should include close monitoring of these factors to reduce hypertension prevalence and improve its management in a Latino population.
Cladophora glomerata enriched by biosorption with Mn(II) ions alleviates lipopolysaccharide‐induced osteomyelitis‐like model in MC3T3‐E1, and 4B12 osteoclastogenesis
Authors: Bourebaba Lynda , Michalak Izabela , Baouche Meriem , Kucharczyk Katarzyna , Fal Andrzej M. , Marycz Krzysztof
Published: June 2020

Chronic osteomyelitis, a bone infectious disease, is characterized by dysregulation of bone homeostasis, which results in excessive bone resorption. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) which is a gram‐negative endotoxin was shown to inhibit osteoblast differentiation and to induce apoptosis and osteoclasts formation in vitro. While effective therapy against bacteria‐induced bone destruction is quite limited, the investigation of potential drugs that restore down‐regulated osteoblast function remains a major goal in the prevention of bone destruction in infective bone diseases. This investigation aimed to rescue LPS‐induced MC3T3‐E1 pre‐osteoblastic cell line using the methanolic extract of Cladophora glomerata enriched with Mn(II) ions by biosorption. LPS‐induced MC3T3‐E1 cultures supplemented with C. glomerata methanolic extract were tested for expression of the main genes and microRNAs involved in the osteogenesis pathway using RT‐PCR. Moreover, osteoclastogenesis of 4B12 cells was also investigated by tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) assay. Treatment with algal extract significantly restored LPS‐suppressed bone mineralization and the mRNA expression levels of osteoblast‐specific genes such as runt‐related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and osteocalcin (OCN), osteopontin (OPN), miR‐27a and miR‐29b. The extract also inhibited osteoblast apoptosis, significantly restored the down‐regulated expression of Bcl‐2, and decreased the loss of MMP and reactive oxygen spices (ROS) production in MC3T3‐E1 cells induced by LPS. Furthermore, pre‐treatment with algal extract strongly decreased the activation of osteoclast in MC3T3‐E1‐4B12 coculture system stimulated by LPS. Our findings suggest that C. glomerata enriched with Mn(II) ions may be a potential raw material for the development of drug for preventing abnormal bone loss induced by LPS in bacteria‐induced bone osteomyelitis.
UHRF1 predicts poor prognosis by triggering cell cycle in lung adenocarcinoma
Authors: Tu Zhenbo , Deng Xinzhou , Hou Shengqi , Feng Anlin , Zhang Qiuping
Published: June 2020

Accumulating evidence suggests that ubiquitin‐like with plant homeodomain and ring finger domains 1 (UHRF1) is overexpressed in non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC); however, the expression and function of UHRF1 in the subtype of NSCLC are still unclear. Here, we investigate the expression and prognosis traits of UHRF1 in large NSCLC cohorts and explore the molecular characters during UHRF1 up‐regulation. We find that UHRF1 is predominantly overexpressed in lung squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Surprisingly, the up‐regulated UHRF1 is only associated with the overall survival of lung adenocarcinoma (ADC) and knockdown of UHRF1 dramatically attenuates ADC tumorigenesis. Mechanically, we identify a hub gene that includes a total of 55 UHRF1‐related genes, which are tightly associated with cell cycle pathway and yield to the poor clinical outcome in ADC patients. What's more, we observe knockdown of UHRF1 only affects ADC cells cycle and induces cell apoptosis. These results suggest that up‐regulated UHRF1 only contributes to lung ADC survival by triggering cell cycle pathway, and it may be a prognostic biomarker for lung ADC patients.
Anorexia nervosa and autism: a prospective twin cohort study
Authors: Dinkler Lisa , Taylor Mark J. , Råstam Maria , Hadjikhani Nouchine , Bulik Cynthia M. , Lichtenstein Paul , Gillberg Christopher , Lundström Sebastian
Published: June 2020

Background

Anorexia nervosa (AN) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) may be phenotypically and etiologically linked. However, due to the absence of prospective studies, it remains unclear whether the elevation of autistic traits in AN is evident in early childhood. Here, we prospectively investigated autistic traits before and after the first diagnosis of AN.

Methods

In a population‐based sample of 5,987 individuals (52.4% female) from the Child and Adolescent Twin Study in Sweden, parents reported autistic traits at ages 9 and 18. AN and ASD diagnoses were retrieved from the Swedish National Patient Register. In addition, AN diagnoses were ascertained by parent‐reported treatment for AN. We compared whether individuals with and without AN differed in autistic traits before the first diagnosis of AN (age 9) and after the first diagnosis of AN (age 18).

Results

We did not find evidence for elevated autistic traits in 9‐year‐old children later diagnosed with AN. At age 18, however, there was a marked elevation in restricted/repetitive behavior and interests, but only in the subgroup of individuals with acute AN. A less pronounced elevation was observed for social communication problems.

Conclusions

Coping strategies in individuals with ASD and the somewhat different female ASD phenotype may explain why we did not find elevated autistic traits in children who later developed AN. Alternatively, it is possible that elevated autistic traits were not present prior to the onset of AN, thus questioning the previously reported elevated prevalence of ASD in AN. Future studies should use tailored measurements in order to investigate whether autistic traits in individuals with AN are best conceptualized as an epiphenomenon of the acute AN phase or whether these symptoms indeed represent ASD as a clinically verifiable neurodevelopmental disorder.
Position statement of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology Task Force on Quality of Life and Patient Oriented Outcomes on quality of life issues in dermatologic patients during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Chernyshov P.V. , Tomas‐Aragones L. , Augustin M. , Svensson A. , Bewley A. , Poot F. , Szepietowski J.C. , Marron S.E. , Manolache L. , Pustisek N. , Suru A. , Salavastru C.M. , Blome C. , Salek M.S. , Abeni D. , Sampogna F. , Dalgard F. , Linder D. , Evers A.W.M. , Finlay A.Y.
Published: June 2020

The pandemic of COVID‐19 is a global challenge for health care, and dermatologists are not standing apart from trying to meet this challenge. The European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology (EADV) has collected recommendations from its Task Forces (TFs) related to COVID‐19. The Journal of the EADV has established a COVID‐19 Special Forum giving free access to related articles. The psychosocial effects of the pandemic, an increase in contact dermatitis and several other skin diseases because of stress, disinfectants and protective equipment use, especially in healthcare workers, the temporary limited access to dermatologic care, the dilemma whether or not to pause immunosuppressive therapy, and, finally, the occurrence of skin lesions in patients infected by COVID‐19 all contribute to significant quality of life (QoL) impairment. Here, we present detailed recommendations of the EADV TF on QoL and patient‐oriented outcomes on how to improve QoL in dermatologic patients during the COVID‐19 pandemic for several different groups of patients and for the general population.