bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Herbicidal Activity of Novel N‐(2‐Fluoro‐5(3‐methyl‐2,6‐dioxo‐4‐ (trifluoromethyl)‐2,3‐dihydro‐pyrimidin‐1 (6H)‐yl)phenyl)‐2‐phenoxyacetamide Derivatives.
Authors: Huang Mingzhi , et al. et al.
Published: February 2012

Compounds (IIIa)—(IIId) show good herbicidal activity against dicotyledonous weeds.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Novel 2‐Arylamino‐3‐(arylsulfonyl) Quinoxalines as PI3Kα Inhibitors.
Authors: Hu Yongzhou , et al. et al.
Published: February 2012

The novel one‐pot procedure from dichloroquinoxaline (I) to (III) yields 2‐chloro‐3‐(arylsulfonyl)quinoxalines rather than 2‐chloro‐3‐(arylsulfonylhydrazide)quinoxalines, although in low yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Thio‐benzodiazepines as Novel Small Molecule Inhibitors of the p53—MDM2 Protein—Protein Interaction.
Authors: Sheng Chunquan , et al. et al.
Published: February 2012

A variety of thiobenzodiazepines is synthesized based on a versatile Ugi four‐component condensation.
ChemInform Abstract: Cyclic Sulfenamide: Versatile Template for the Synthesis of 1,4‐Benzothiazepines.
Authors: Spitz Cedric , Rebou Vincent , Metzner Patrick
Published: February 2012

Two different approaches to the title skeleton are presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Generation of α,β‐Unsaturated Platinum Carbenes from Homopropargylic Alcohols: Rearrangements to Polysubstituted Furans.
Authors: Allegretti Paul A. , Ferreira Eric M.
Published: February 2012

Mono‐, bis‐ and trisubstituted furan derivatives are prepared with high yields from homopropargylic alcohols.
ChemInform Abstract: Direct Synthesis of Chiral Tertiary Diphosphines via Pd(II)‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrophosphination of Dienones.
Authors: Huang Yinhua , Chew Renta Jonathan , Li Yongxin , Pullarkat Sumod A. , Leung Pak‐Hing
Published: February 2012

A wide range of target compounds is prepared with complete enantioselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient and Recyclable Silica‐Supported Carbene—Cu(II) Catalyst for the Oxidative Coupling Reaction of Terminal Alkynes with H‐Phosphonates under Base‐Free Reaction Conditions.
Authors: Liu Ping , Yang Jin , Li Pinhua , Wang Lei
Published: February 2012

Title reaction proceeds smoothly for a variety of aromatic and aliphatic terminal alkynes to give the corresponding alkynylphosphonates (III) and (V) in good yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient One‐Step Synthesis and Properties of Photochromic Diarylethenes Having an Indene Bridging Unit.
Authors: Jin Jiayu , Zou Lei
Published: February 2012

Upon irradiation with UV‐light (254 nm) compounds (III) and (V) show ring closure.
ChemInform Abstract: Concise Total Synthesis and Stereochemical Revision of (+)‐Naseseazines A and B: Regioselective Arylative Dimerization of Diketopiperazine Alkaloids.
Authors: Kim Justin , Movassaghi Mohammad
Published: February 2012

A general, Lewis acid‐promoted method to substitute the bromide in diketopiperazine (I) by a variety of nucleophiles is developed which gives access to title alkaloids (VI).
ChemInform Abstract: Concise Synthesis of Deformylflustrabromine, a Marine Indole Alkaloid, Through a 2‐Propynyl Dicobalt Hexacarbonyl Complex.
Authors: Isaji Hisaaki , Nakazaki Atsuo , Isobe Minoru , Nishikawa Toshio
Published: February 2012

A new route for the synthesis of the title compound (IV), which is compatible to bromo, ester and basic amino groups, is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient Total Synthesis of Resokaempferol 3‐O‐β‐D‐Glucoside.
Authors: Ren Xuhong , Wang Jingjing , Shen Liu‐Lan , Li Wei , Muraoka Osamu , Cheng Maosheng
Published: February 2012

The synthesis of title compound (VI) from the inexpensive starting material (I) is achieved via an efficient glycosylation for the reaction of compound (III) with the glucopyranosyl bromide (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Carbon Formation and Gasification on Metals. Bulk Diffusion Mechanism: A Reassessment
Authors: Lobo L. S. , Figueiredo J. L. , Bernardo C. A.
Published: February 2012

Review: 57 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Lithium‐Ion Conducting Electrolyte Salts for Lithium Batteries
Authors: Aravindan Vanchiappan , Gnanaraj Joe , Madhavi Srinivasan , Liu Hua‐Kun
Published: February 2012

Review: 166 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Dynamical Magnetoelectric Effects in Multiferroic Oxides
Authors: Tokura Yoshinori , Kida Noriaki
Published: February 2012

Review: 51 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Organometallics (Roundtable 2011)
Authors: Gladysz John A. , Ball Zachary T. , Bertrand Guy , Blum Suzanne A. , Dong Vy M. , Dorta Reto , Hahn F. Ekkehardt , Humphrey Mark G. , Jones William D. , Klosin Jerzy , et al. et al.
Published: February 2012

Review: 32 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Toward Efficient Enzymatic Glycan Synthesis: Directed Evolution and Enzyme Engineering
Authors: Kwan David H. , Withers Stephen G.
Published: February 2012

Review: 66 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Intramolecular Cyclization Reaction of Multiple Bonds and Its Application
Authors: Inagaki Fuyuhiko
Published: February 2012

Review: 27 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Development of Environmentally Benign Transformations via 1,3‐Transposition of Hydroxyl Group
Authors: Egi Masahiro
Published: February 2012

Review: 24 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Total Syntheses of Chlorosulfolipids
Authors: Umezawa Taiki , Matsuda Fuyuhiko
Published: February 2012

Review: ca. 50 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: SmI2‐Mediated Carbonyl—Alkene Couplings for the Synthesis of Small Carbocyclic Rings
Authors: Harb Hassan Y. , Procter David J.
Published: February 2012

Review: about 50 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Application of Organic Azides for the Synthesis of Nitrogen‐Containing Molecules
Authors: Chiba Shunsuke
Published: February 2012

Review: ca. 100 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Nucleic Acid Amphiphiles: Synthesis and Self‐Assembled Nanostructures
Authors: Kwak Minseok , Herrmann Andreas
Published: February 2012

Review: 66 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereocontrolled Synthesis of Oligonucleotide Analogues Containing Chiral Internucleotidic Phosphorus Atoms
Authors: Oka Natsuhisa , Wada Takeshi
Published: February 2012

Review: 123 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Hybrid Lipid Oligonucleotide Conjugates: Synthesis, Self‐Assemblies and Biomedical Applications
Authors: Patwa Amit , Gissot Arnaud , Bestel Isabelle , Barthelemy Philippe
Published: February 2012

Review: 111 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Aminodiphosphines: Highly Versatile Ligands for Catalysis
Authors: Amoroso Dino , Abdur‐Rashid Kamaluddin , Chen Xuanhua , Guo Rongwei , Jia Wenli , Lu Shuiming
Published: February 2012

Review: 26 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Pyridinium and Quinolinium Halochromates: Kinetic and Mechanistic Aspects
Authors: Singh J. V. , Awasthi Anupam , Dipti Dipti , Tomar Ashish , Singh Davendra
Published: February 2012

Review: 225 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Absorption and Physicochemical Properties of the NCE
Authors: Selbo Jon , Chiang Po‐Chang
Published: February 2012

Review: 99 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Molecular Recognition of Cytochrome c by Designed Receptors for Generation of in vivo and in vitro Functions.
Authors: Shinoda Satoshi , Tsukube Hiroshi
Published: February 2012

Review: 29 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Vacuum Technology Applied to Solid State Chemical Sensors, Processing, Characterization and Applications
Authors: Lloyd Spetz Anita
Published: February 2012

Review: 31 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Laser‐Induced Crystallization and Crystal Growth.
Authors: Sugiyama Teruki , Masuhara Hiroshi
Published: February 2012

Review: 59 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Control of DNA Hybridization by Photoswitchable Molecular Glue
Authors: Dohno Chikara , Nakatani Kazuhiko
Published: February 2012

Review: 37 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Fluorescent DNA‐Based Enzyme Sensors
Authors: Dai Nan , Kool Eric T.
Published: February 2012

Review: 160 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Pyrene‐Functionalized Oligonucleotides and Locked Nucleic Acids (LNAs): Tools for Fundamental Research, Diagnostics, and Nanotechnology
Authors: Oestergaard Michael E. , Hrdlicka Patrick J.
Published: February 2012

Review: 145 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: A Computational Perspective of Olefins Metathesis Catalyzed by N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Ruthenium (Pre)catalysts.
Authors: Credendino Raffaele , Poater Albert , Ragone Francesco , Cavallo Luigi
Published: February 2012

Review: 93 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Is Organic Fluorine Really “Not” Polarizable?
Authors: Chopra Deepak
Published: February 2012

Review: 135 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Electron Localization Function as a Measure of Electron Delocalization and Aromaticity
Authors: Fuentealba Patricio , Santos Juan C.
Published: February 2012

Review: 61 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Bond Ellipticity as a Measure of Electron Delocalization in Structure and Reactivity
Authors: Lopez Carlos Silva , de Lera Angel R.
Published: February 2012

Review: 90 refs.
A new reaction model for aquathermolysis of Athabasca bitumen
Authors: Kapadia Punitkumar R. , Kallos Michael S. , Gates Ian D.
Published: February 2012

Aquathermolysis of bitumen occurs when it is thermally cracked in the presence of water. Current in situ technologies for bitumen production, such as Cyclic Steam Stimulation and Steam‐Assisted Gravity Drainage, inject high pressure, high temperature steam in the reservoir to heat the bitumen which in turn lowers its viscosity enabling flow to a production well. Thus, the major physical effect of steam is the heating of bitumen which mobilises it. Beyond physical interactions, chemical effects also result: steam heating produces acid gases, such as carbon oxides, sulphur dioxide and hydrogen sulphide along with small amounts of hydrogen and methane. For steam‐based in situ bitumen recovery processes, nearly all analyses, including simple drainage theories and thermal reservoir simulations, focus solely on the physical processes: heat transfer, fluid flow and thermodynamic equilibrium. However, steam chambers are also underground reactors: bitumen aquathermolysis occurs due to high temperatures and water saturation. Here, we describe a new in situ aquathermolysis reaction scheme for Athabasca bitumen to predict hydrogen, methane, carbon oxides, hydrogen sulphide and other heavy molecular weight hydrocarbons. Reaction parameters were fitted against one experimental data set and validated against other independent experimental data sets, both from the literature. Our results indicate that, to more accurately predict gas compositions and rates, the effects of aquathermolysis should be taken into account in reservoir modelling. © 2012 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering
Oxygen mass transfer coefficient in bubble column slurry reactor with ultrafine suspended particles and neural network prediction
Authors: Chen Zhen , Liu Hongwei , Zhang Haitao , Ying Weiyong , Fang Dingye
Published: February 2012

The gas–liquid volumetric mass transfer coefficient was determined by the dynamic oxygen absorption technique using a polarographic dissolved oxygen probe and the gas–liquid interfacial area was measured using dual‐tip conductivity probes in a bubble column slurry reactor at ambient temperature and normal pressure. The solid particles used were ultrafine hollow glass microspheres with a mean diameter of 8.624 µm. The effects of various axial locations (height–diameter ratio = 1–12), superficial gas velocity (uG = 0.011–0.085 m/s) and solid concentration (εS = 0–30 wt.%) on the gas–liquid volumetric mass transfer coefficient kLaL and liquid‐side mass transfer coefficient kL were discussed in detail in the range of operating variables investigated. Empirical correlations by dimensional analysis were obtained and feed‐forward back propagation neural network models were employed to predict the gas–liquid volumetric mass transfer coefficient and liquid‐side mass transfer coefficient for an air–water–hollow glass microspheres system in a commercial‐scale bubble column slurry reactor. © 2012 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering
Generalized surface quasi‐geostrophic equations with singular velocities
Authors: Chae Dongho , Constantin Peter , Córdoba Diego , Gancedo Francisco , Wu Jiahong
Published: February 2012

This paper establishes several existence and uniqueness results for two families of active scalar equations with velocity fields determined by the scalars through very singular integrals. The first family is a generalized surface quasigeostrophic (SQG) equation with the velocity fieldurelated to the scalarθby$u=\nabla^\perp\Lambda^{\beta-2}\theta$, where$1<\beta\le 2$and$\Lambda=(-\Delta)^{1/2}$is the Zygmund operator. The borderline caseβ= 1 corresponds to the SQG equation and the situation is more singular forβ> 1. We obtain the local existence and uniqueness of classical solutions, the global existence of weak solutions, and the local existence of patch‐type solutions. The second family is a dissipative active scalar equation with$u=\nabla^\perp (\log(I-\Delta))^\mu\theta\ {\rm for}\ \mu>0$, which is at least logarithmically more singular than the velocity in the first family. We prove that this family with any fractional dissipation possesses a unique local smooth solution for any given smooth data. This result for the second family constitutes a first step towards resolving the global regularity issue recently proposed by K. Ohkitani. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Interpersonal Psychotherapy: Evaluation, Support, Triage
Authors: Weissman Myrna , Verdeli Helen
Published: February 2012

Depression is highly prevalent and debilitating among medically ill patients. As high as one third of the primary practise patients screen positive for depression symptoms and over half of the patients diagnosed with major depressive disorder are treated in primary care. However, current primary care service arrangements do not efficiently triage patients who screen positive for depression into appropriate treatments that reflect their individual needs and preferences. In this paper, we describe a tool that aims to fill the gap between screening the patients for depression and triaging them to appropriate care. This is a three‐session adaptation of interpersonal psychotherapy: ipt; evaluation, support, triage (IPT‐EST). We first outline IPT‐EST procedures that aim to provide structure and content to primary care practitioners who identify patients with positive depression symptoms, thus assisting the practitioners to explore the patients' psychosocial triggers of depression, give basic strategies to manage these interpersonal stressors and provide decisions tools about triaging patients with severe/persistent depression into appropriate treatment. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Key Practitioner Message

IPT‐EST is a brief (2–3 sessions) intervention designed for primary care providers working with patients screened positive for depression.

It offers practitioners structure and content to 1) support patients during depression evaluation; 2) explore interpersonal triggers of depression symptoms; and 3) triage into appropriate services as needed.
A ZCZ‐CDMA system with BFSK modulation
Authors: Huang Jincheng , Matsufuji Shinya , Matsumoto Takahiro , Kuroyanagi Noriyoshi
Published: February 2012

A quasi‐timing synchronous code division multiple access (CDMA) system called ZCZ‐CDMA, which uses a set of sequences with a zero‐correlation zone called ZCZ code as a spreading code, is useful for short‐range wireless communications because of its excellent properties such as co‐channel interference‐free performance, simplified hardware design, and low transmit power as well as fast frame synchronization capability. In this paper, a ZCZ‐CDMA system with binary frequency‐shift keying (BFSK) modulation called BFSK‐ZCZ‐CDMA is proposed. This system is characterized by using a pair of balanced ZCZ codes for spreading and transmitting the two spread components over the respective keying carrier frequencies. Its bit error rate performance, compared with those of existing BPSK‐ZCZ‐CDMA, ASK‐ZCZ‐CDMA, and CDMA systems using the other spreading codes, is evaluated in theory and simulation. The bit error rate performance of the three ZCZ‐CDMA systems over additive white Gaussian noise and Rayleigh fading channels are formulated. It is proved that BFSK‐ZCZ‐CDMA is much more robust in anti‐fading performance and low transmit power in such an environment that fading distributions on the keying frequencies are independent mutually. Fading versus frequency characteristics are also investigated. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fine‐needle aspiration of metastatic papillary thyroid carcinoma found in the liver
Authors: VandenBussche Christopher J. , Gocke Christopher D. , Li Qing Kay
Published: February 2012

Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) metastasis to the liver is a rare event and may cause diagnostic dilemmas. In this study, we have reviewed the cytological features of metastatic PTC to the liver, tested the BRAF V600E status of these lesions, and discussed potential diagnostic pitfalls.

The pathological archives at the Johns Hopkins Hospital were searched for metastatic PTC. A total of 247 cases were identified; four cases were found to have metastases to the liver. Three of these cases were available for molecular testing to determine BRAF V600E status.

All patients were female with ages ranging from 39‐ to 66‐years old. Local lymph node involvement was found in all patients at the time of thyroidectomy. The average time of liver metastasis discovery following thyroidectomy was 16 years. The cytomorphology revealed predominantly microacini or two‐dimensional clusters. Tumor cells were small‐to‐intermediate in size with oval nuclei, fine chromatin, nuclear grooves, rare intranuclear pseudoinclusions, and mitoses. In all cases, immunohistochemical stains for thyroglobulin and thyroid transcription factor 1 (TTF‐1) were positive. All these tested cases were negative for the BRAF V600E mutation.

The differential diagnosis includes adenocarcinoma and neuroendocrine neoplasms. The most important morphologic features for diagnosing PTC are the presence of pale finely granular chromatin, nuclear grooves, and intranuclear pseudoinclusions. A thorough review of the patient's clinical history and the use of appropriate IHC stains are essential in reaching an accurate diagnosis. Further molecular characterization is necessary to identify the changes most strongly associated with distant metastasis. Cytopathol. 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Orphan Drugs for Rare Diseases: Grounds for Special Status
Authors: Picavet Eline , Dooms Marc , Cassiman David , Simoens Steven
Published: February 2012

Strategy, Management and Health Policy

Enabling Technology, Genomics, Proteomics
Preclinical Research
Preclinical Development Toxicology, Formulation Drug Delivery, Pharmacokinetics
Clinical Development Phases I‐III Regulatory, Quality, Manufacturing
Postmarketing Phase IV

In the European Union, rare diseases are defined as life‐threatening or chronically debilitating diseases that occur at such a low prevalence that special initiatives are needed to address them. There is a continuing debate about the special registration, pricing, and reimbursement status that orphan drugs enjoy in many countries. Therefore, the aim of this commentary is to examine the arguments that argue in favor of granting special status to orphan drugs. We conclude that monetary arguments must be carefully balanced with social and ethical motives to avoid unfair treatment of patients with a rare disease. Also, we provide an overview of how the special status of orphan drugs can be put into practice with respect to registration, pricing and reimbursement. Adopting this special status in practice is possible, but not straightforward. Hence we propose a number of policy recommendations, such as risk sharing arrangements, to take account of the special status of orphan drugs.
Synthesis, Molecular Structure, and Properties of 2‐(2‐Hydroxyphenyl)‐1‐azaazulene
Authors: Oda Mitsunori , Sugiyama Ayumi , Takeuchi Rie , Fujiwara Yurie , Miyatake Ryuta , Abe Takako , Kuroda Shigeyasu
Published: February 2012

We herein report the synthesis of 2‐(2‐methoxyphenyl)‐1‐azaazulene (8) by a Suzuki–Miyaura cross‐coupling reaction between 2‐chloro‐1‐azaazulene and 2‐methoxyphenylboronic acid and also by the condensation of tropone and the ylide derived from 1‐(o‐methoxyphenacyl)pyridinium iodide. Demethylation of 8 afforded the title compound 6. X‐ray crystallographic analysis of 6 provided evidence for an intramolecular hydrogen bond between the phenolic hydrogen atom and the nitrogen atom of the azaazulenyl ring and also revealed its coplanar ring system. We also report the acidity, basicity, and absorption and emission behavior of 6.
Antineoplasic Drug Methotrexate Redox Mechanism Using a Glassy Carbon Electrode
Authors: Pontinha A. D. R. , Jorge S. M. A. , Diculescu V. C. , Vivan M. , Oliveira‐Brett A. M.
Published: February 2012

Methotrexate (MTX) is an antimetabolite of folic acid indicated in the treatment of a variety of cancers. The electrochemical behaviour of MTX on a glassy carbon electrode was investigated. The MTX oxidation is a complex, pH‐dependent, diffusion‐controlled irreversible process and proceeds with the transfer of two electrons and two protons and the formation of one electroactive product, 7‐hydroxymethotrexate that undergoes a reversible redox reaction. The MTX reduction is a pH‐dependent, quasi‐reversible process and involves the transfer of two electrons and two protons leading to the formation of an electroactive product.
Carbon Nanotubes Electrochemistry Allows the In Situ Evaluation of the Effect of β‐Sheet Breakers on the Aggregation Process of β‐Amyloid
Authors: de la Fuente Elizabeth , Adura Carolina , Kogan Marcelo J. , Bollo Soledad
Published: February 2012

The inhibition of aggregation and disaggregation effect of a β‐sheet breaker was evaluated by in situ electrochemistry of the Aβ1–42 peptide. The exposition of 10tyr residue was followed using a carbon nanotubes modified glassy carbon electrode immersed directly in the solution. Both processes were studied at a ratio of Aβ/β‐sheet breaker of 10 µM : 100 µM which is effective in vitro. This approach was compared with Thioflavin‐T‐induced fluorescence, gel electrophoresis and electron microscopy results. The results provide new clues about the disposition of the N‐terminal residue of Aβ in the structure of small aggregates, fibrils and amorphous aggregates and is promising for screening inhibitors of β‐amyloid aggregation.
Quantifying vapor drift of dicamba herbicides applied to soybean
Authors: Egan J. Franklin , Mortensen David A.
Published: February 2012

Recent advances in biotechnology have produced cultivars of corn, soybean, and cotton resistant to the synthetic-auxin herbicide dicamba. This technology will allow dicamba herbicides to be applied in new crops, at new periods in the growing season, and over greatly expanded areas, including postemergence applications in soybean. From past and current use in corn and small grains, dicamba vapor drift and subsequent crop injury to sensitive broadleaf crops has been a frequent problem. In the present study, the authors measured dicamba vapor drift in the field from postemergence applications to soybean using greenhouse-grown soybean as a bioassay system. They found that when the volatile dimethylamine formulation is applied, vapor drift could be detected at mean concentrations of 0.56 g acid equivalent dicamba/ha (0.1% of the applied rate) at 21 m away from a treated 18.3 × 18.3 m plot. Applying the diglycolamine formulation of dicamba reduced vapor drift by 94.0%. With the dimethylamine formulation, the extent and severity of vapor drift was significantly correlated with air temperature, indicating elevated risks if dimethylamine dicamba is applied early to midsummer in many growing regions. Additional research is needed to more fully understand the effects of vapor drift exposures to nontarget crops and wild plants. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012; 31: 1023–1031. © 2012 SETAC
Introduction of moribund category to OECD fish acute test and its effect on suffering and LC50 values
Authors: Rufli Hans
Published: February 2012

It has become common practice in many laboratories in Europe to introduce the criterion “moribund” to reduce the suffering in fish acute lethality tests. Fish with severe sublethal symptoms might be declared moribund and are removed from the test as soon as this occurs (premature discontinuation of experiment). Moribund fish affect main study outcomes as the median lethal concentration (LC50) derived on fish declared as moribund may be lower than the conventional LC50. This was evaluated by a retrospective analysis of 328 fish acute toxicity tests of an industry laboratory based on five different definitions of moribund, and of 111 tests from 10 other laboratories from Europe and the United States. Using the criterion of moribund 10 to 23% of the fish were being declared as moribund in 49 to 79% of the studies. In 36 to 52% of the studies, the LC50moribund was lower than the conventional LC50 depending on the definitions of moribund. An inclusion of the moribund criterion in an updated Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development guideline for the acute fish toxicity test would reduce the period of suffering by up to 92 h, lowering the value of the main toxicity endpoint by a factor of approximately 2, and maximal by a factor of approximately 16. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012; 31: 1107–1112. © 2012 SETAC
Short-term macroinvertebrate recruitment and sediment accumulation: A novel field chamber approach
Authors: Kochersberger Jon P. , Burton G. Allen , Custer Kevin W.
Published: February 2012

Stream-deposited sediment is one of the major stressors affecting stream biota. Several methods exist to quantify stream sediment embeddedness, but they are relatively qualitative and operationally defined. The authors developed a short-term in situ embeddedness chamber method to measure aquatic insect recruitment and associated sediment accumulation in a more quantitative, better replicated manner. With sediment accumulation and aquatic insect recruitment as endpoints, three exposure periods were evaluated (4, 7, and 14 d) on a low-order stream (Honey Creek, New Carlisle, Ohio, USA) and a medium-order stream (Stillwater River, Covington, Ohio, USA). Chamber results show significant positive correlations between newly deposited fine sediment and insect recruitment. Embeddedness was also measured using the more conventional techniques of the Burns method and the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Assessment Program method. This in situ chamber method allows for increased experimental options for assessing the stress of embeddedness and siltation on benthic communities and may prove useful for investigating the resilience of benthic communities after disturbances. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012; 31: 1098–1106. © 2012 SETAC
Changes in strawberry volatile constituents after pre‐harvest treatment with natural hormonal compounds
Authors: Blanch Gracia Patricia , del Castillo María Luisa Ruiz
Published: February 2012

The effect of the pre‐harvest treatment with ethanol (EtOH), methyl jasmonate (MJ) and both of them in combination on volatile compounds in strawberry was investigated by applying different concentrations of the hormonal compounds to strawberry plants. In general terms, all treated strawberries exhibited higher total volatile content than untreated control strawberries. Surprisingly, the level of total volatiles dropped significantly by exposing the berries to the highest MJ concentration. This is probably owing to a delay in the strawberry ripening process. The effect of the pre‐harvest treatments on specific volatile compounds varied with the chemical structure of the studied compounds. Some of the most important contributors to strawberry aroma (i.e. ethyl butanoate, butyl acetate, hexyl acetate and 2,5‐dimethyl‐4‐hydroxy‐2H‐furan‐3‐one) were not significantly affected by MJ/EtOH treatments whereas others (i.e. ethyl hexanoate and methyl hexanoate) were significantly modified. Similarly, some minor compounds, such as styrene, 2‐hexenal, 2‐heptanone, exhibited insignificant changes with the pre‐harvest exposition of strawberry to natural hormonal compounds whilst the levels of linalool, nonanol and nerolidol were significantly distinct between controls and treated samples. No significant variations of the enantiomeric composition of chiral volatile compounds with the treatments were observed, however. The results suggest that the pre‐harvest treatment of strawberry plants with natural hormonal compounds is able to slow ripening process by affecting the biochemical pathways implicated in the formation of their components. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Para‐inflammation‐mediated retinal recruitment of bone marrow‐derived myeloid cells following whole‐body irradiation is CCL2 dependent
Authors: Chen Mei , Zhao Jiawu , Luo Chang , Pandi Sudha Priya Soundara , Penalva Rosana G. , Fitzgerald Denise C. , Xu Heping
Published: February 2012

Previous studies have shown that following whole‐body irradiation bone marrow (BM)‐derived cells can migrate into the central nervous system, including the retina, to give rise to microglia‐like cells. The detailed mechanism, however, remains elusive. We show in this study that a single‐dose whole‐body γ‐ray irradiation (8 Gy) induced subclinical damage (i.e., DNA damage) in the neuronal retina, which is accompanied by a low‐grade chronic inflammation, para‐inflammation, characterized by upregulated expression of chemokines (CCL2, CXCL12, and CX3CL1) and complement components (C4 and CFH), and microglial activation. The upregulation of chemokines CCL2 and CXCL12 and complement C4 lasted for more than 160 days, whereas the expression of CX3CL1 and CFH was upregulated for 2 weeks. Both resident microglia and BM‐derived phagocytes displayed mild activation in the neuronal retina following irradiation. When BM cells from CX3CR1gfp/+ mice or CX3CR1gfp/gfp mice were transplanted to wild‐type C57BL/6 mice, more than 90% of resident CD11b+ cells were replaced by donor‐derived GFP+ cells after 6 months. However, when transplanting CX3CR1gfp/+ BM cells into CCL2‐deficient mice, only 20% of retinal CD11b+ cells were replaced by donor‐derived cells at 6 month. Our results suggest that the neuronal retina suffers from a chronic stress following whole‐body irradiation, and a para‐inflammatory response is initiated, presumably to rectify the insults and maintain homeostasis. The recruitment of BM‐derived myeloid cells is a part of the para‐inflammatory response and is CCL2 but not CX3CL1 dependent. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effective delivery of chemotherapeutic nanoparticles by depleting host Kupffer cells
Authors: Ohara Yusuke , Oda Tatsuya , Yamada Keiichi , Hashimoto Shinji , Akashi Yoshimasa , Miyamoto Ryoichi , Kobayashi Akihiko , Fukunaga Kiyoshi , Sasaki Ryoko , Ohkohchi Nobuhiro
Published: February 2012

Although chemotherapeutic nanoparticles would confer various advantages, the majority of administrated nanoparticles are known to be spoiled by the reticuloendothelial system (RES). Intending to more effectively deliver therapeutic nanoparticles to target regions in vivo, host RES, especially Kupffer cells in the liver, have been depleted ahead of drug administration. To demonstrate this hypothesis, clodronate liposomes were preinjected into BALB/c nude mice for depletion of Kupffer cells 2 days before, and pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (Doxil) at the doses of 1.25, 2.5 and 5.0 mg/kg was administered. As a result, doxorubicin accumulation in the liver was decreased from 36 to 26% injected dose/organ by the Kupffer cells depletion, and consequently, the plasma concentration of doxorubicin was significantly enhanced threefold (from 11 to 33 μg/mL) on day 1 at 1.25 mg/kg‐dose group. Doxorubicin accumulation in the tumor was increased from 0.78 to 3.0 μg/g‐tissue on day 3, and tumor growth inhibition by Doxil was significantly boosted (tumor volumes from 751 to 482 mm3 on day 24) by the Kupffer cells depletion. In conclusion, Kupffer cells depletion by clodronate liposomes enhanced the plasma concentration and antitumor effects of Doxil, and would be widely applicable for various clinical cancer chemotherapies using nanoparticles.
Histone deacetylase inhibitors enhance the apoptotic activity of insulin‐like growth factor binding protein‐3 by blocking PKC‐induced IGFBP‐3 degradation
Authors: Oh Seung Hyun , Whang Young Mi , Min Hye‐Young , Han Seung Ho , Kang Ju‐Hee , Song Ki‐Hoon , Glisson Bonnie S. , Kim Yeul Hong , Lee Ho‐Young
Published: February 2012

Overexpression of insulin‐like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP)‐3 induces apoptosis of cancer cells. However, preexisting resistance to IGFBP‐3 could limit its antitumor activities. This study characterizes the efficacy and mechanism of the combination of recombinant IGFBP‐3 (rIGFBP‐3) and HDAC inhibitors to overcome IGFBP‐3 resistance in a subset of non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cells. The effects of the combination of rIGFBP‐3 and a number of HDAC inhibitors on cell proliferation and apoptosis were assessed in vitro and in vivo by using the MTT assay, a flow cytometry‐based TUNEL assay, Western blot analyses and the NSCLC xenograft tumor model. Combined treatment with HDAC inhibitors and rIGFBP‐3 had synergistic antiproliferative effects accompanied by increased apoptosis rates in a subset of NSCLC and HNSCC cell lines in vitro. Moreover, combined treatment with depsipeptide and rIGFBP‐3 completely suppressed tumor growth and increased the apoptosis rate in vivo in H1299 NSCLC xenografts. Evidence suggests that HDAC inhibitors increased the half‐life of rIGFBP‐3 protein by blocking protein kinase C (PKC)‐mediated phosphorylation and degradation of rIGFBP‐3. In addition, combined treatment of IGFBP‐3 with an HDAC inhibitor facilitates apoptosis through upregulation of rIGFBP‐3 stability and Akt signaling inhibition. The ability of HDAC inhibitors to decrease PKC activation may enhance apoptotic activities of rIGFBP‐3 in NSCLC cells in vitro and in vivo. These results indicated that combined treatment with HDAC inhibitor and rIGFBP‐3 could be an effective treatment strategy for NSCLC and HNSCC with highly activated PKC.
Depressive‐symptom onset during toddlerhood in a sample of depressed preschoolers: Implications for future investigations of major depressive disorder in toddlers
Authors: Luby Joan , Belden Andy
Published: February 2012

This study investigated the occurrence of depressive symptoms prior to age 36 months as retrospectively reported by parents of preschoolers with clinical depression. The study provides some of the first empirical data on the manifestations of depressive symptoms during the toddler period, advancing existing theoretical and case‐report literature. A sample of 301 (depressed, disruptive, and healthy) children between the ages of 3.0 and 6.0 years were screened and oversampled for depressive symptoms from community sites. Primary caregivers (parents) were interviewed about their child's symptoms of depression (as well as other symptoms of mental disorders and developmental parameters), and age of first onset of depressive symptoms was ascertained. Findings suggest that clinical‐level symptoms of depression may arise as early as age 24 months. The domain of negative self‐concept during the toddler period evidenced by self‐deprecation and difficulty making choices emerged as the two strongest variables predictive of preschool depression. Our results suggest that prospective empirical studies of depressive symptoms in children younger than 3 years of age should now be undertaken.
Cooperation of myocardin and smad2 in inducing differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into smooth muscle cells
Authors: Wang Nan , Ren Guang‐Da , Zhou Zhen , Xu Yao , Qin Tao , Yu Ru‐Fa , Zhang Tong‐Cun
Published: February 2012

Several reports demonstrated that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) might differentiate into smooth muscle cells (SMCs) in vitro and in vivo. It has been shown that myocardin protein is a strong inducer of smooth muscle genes and MSCs can differentiate into SMCs in response to transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β). However, the relationship or link between myocardin and TGF‐β3‐induced MSC differentiation has not been fully elucidated. Here, we demonstrated that both myocardin and TGF‐β3 were able to induce differentiation of rat bone marrow‐derived MSCs toward smooth‐muscle‐like cell types, as evidenced by increasing expression of SMC‐specific genes. Of note, myocardin cooperated with Smad2 to synergistically activate SM22α promoter and significantly enhance the expression of SM22α. Report assays with site‐direct mutation analysis of SM22α promoter demonstrated that myocardin and Smad2 coactivated SM22α promoter mainly depending on CArG box and less on smad binding elements (SBE) sites as well. These findings reveal the cooperation of myocardin and Smad2 in process of MSC differentiation into SMCs. © 2012 IUBMB Life, 64(4): 331–339, 2012
Does a redox cycle provide a mechanism for setting the capacity of neuroglobin to protect cells from apoptosis?
Authors: Brittain Thomas , Skommer Joanna
Published: February 2012

We hypothesize that the various, previously reported, reactivities of neuroglobin with redox partners and oxygen provide for the establishment of a redox cycle within cells, such as neurons and retinal rod cells. Using native cell lysates, from cultured human cells of neuronal origin, we have estimated the rate of reduction of the oxidized form of neuroglobin in vivo. Furthermore we provide evidence that the cytosol of these cells contains factors (presumably enzymes) capable of employing either glutathione or NADH as re‐reductants of ferric neuroglobin. Taken in conjunction with previous rate data, for the various redox reactions of neuroglobin, this information allows us to set up a computer model to estimate the steady state cellular level of the antiapoptotic ferrous form of neuroglobin. This model indicates that the steady state level of antiapoptotic neuroglobin is very sensitive to the cellular oxygen tension and moderately sensitive to the redox status of the cell. Further analysis indicates that such a system would be capable of significant modification, on the seconds time scale, following hypoxic transition, as is likely in stroke. We hypothesize that this mechanism might provide a moderately rapid mechanism for adjusting the antiapoptotic status of a cell, whilst the reaction of neuroglobin with mitochondrial cytochrome c provides a very rapid, but limited, capacity to intervene in the apoptotic pathway. © 2012 IUBMB Life, 2012
A systematic review of risk factors associated with transitioning from regional musculoskeletal pain to chronic widespread pain
Authors: Larsson B. , Björk J. , Börsbo B. , Gerdle B.
Published: February 2012

Chronic widespread pain has limited treatment options and is associated with pronounced negative individual and socioeconomic consequences. Patients with local or regional pain may be at a risk for developing chronic widespread pain. Knowledge of such risk factors can help prevent chronic widespread pain. This study systematically reviews the literature that examines risk factors associated with developing chronic widespread after developing chronic regional pain. We conducted a three‐step database search in Medline. Four articles from the authors' files formed a core set of articles that were used to validate the search strategy. We conducted a systematic quality assessment of the included studies. Based on risk estimations reported in six prospective population‐based studies and one retrospective study on pain, this study identified five risk factors: female sex, higher age, family history of pain, depressed mode and pain sites at baseline. As only a few studies were recovered, the impact of these factors is unclear. Spreading of pain from local or regional pain to widespread pain occurs in a large proportion of the general population. Few studies have addressed similar risk factors and the few risk factors associated with the transition from chronic regional pain to chronic widespread pain are inconsistent. Studies that focus on this transition have included few subjects and few possible risk factors. Future studies should explore more possible risk factors.
Biocompatibility and resorption of a radiopaque premixed calcium phosphate cement
Authors: Åberg J. , Henriksson H. B. , Engqvist H. , Palmquist A. , Brantsing C. , Lindahl A. , Thomsen P. , Brisby H.
Published: February 2012

Calcium phosphate cements (CPC) are used as bone void filler in various orthopedic indications; however, there are some major drawbacks regarding mixing, transfer, and injection of traditional CPC. By using glycerol as mixing liquid, a premixed calcium phosphate cement (pCPC), some of these difficulties can be overcome. In the treatment of vertebral fractures the handling characteristics need to be excellent including a high radio‐opacity for optimal control during injection. The aim of this study is to evaluate a radiopaque pCPC regarding its resorption behavior and biocompatibility in vivo. pCPC and a water‐based CPC were injected into a Ø 4‐mm drilled femur defect in rabbits. The rabbits were sacrificed after 2 and 12 weeks. Cross sections of the defects were evaluated using histology, electron microscopy, and immunohistochemical analysis. Signs of inflammation were evaluated both locally and systemically. The results showed a higher bone formation in the pCPC compared to the water‐based CPC after 2 weeks by expression of RUNX‐2. After 12 weeks most of the cement had been resorbed in both groups. Both materials were considered to have a high biocompatibility since no marked immunological response was induced and extensive bone ingrowth was observed. The conclusion from the study was that pCPC with ZrO2 radiopacifier is a promising alternative regarding bone replacement material and may be suggested for treatment of, for example, vertebral fractures based on its high biocompatibility, fast bone ingrowth, and good handling properties. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A:, 2012.
Normal reference ranges of inferior vena cava doppler indices from 14 to 40 weeks of gestation
Authors: Luewan Suchaya , Srisupundit Kasemsri , Tongprasert Fuanglada , Tongsong Theera
Published: February 2012

Objective:

To establish normal reference ranges of inferior vena cava (IVC) Doppler velocities in normal singleton pregnancies from 14 to 40 weeks.

Methods:

A prospective descriptive study was conducted on normal singleton pregnancies with confirmed gestational age. The sonographic measurements of IVC Doppler indices, including preload index, peak velocity index for vein, and pulsatility index for vein, were determined by experienced sonographers.

Results:

A total of 645 measurements were performed, ranging from 12 to 30 measurements available for each gestational week. The relationship between gestational age and IVC Doppler indices was not linear. The best‐fitted regression equations for the indices are as follows:

(GA = gestational age in week)

All IVC Doppler indices rapidly declined from 14 to 20 weeks of gestation and then they were relatively constant or slightly decreased throughout the rest of pregnancy. The tables of normal reference ranges were constructed.

Conclusions:

Normal reference ranges of IVC Doppler indices for each gestational week from 14 to 40 weeks were constructed. This normative data may be a useful noninvasive tool in evaluation of fetal cardiac function. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound, 2012
Sonographic appearance of nontraumatic tear of flexor carpi radialis muscle—a case report
Authors: Hsiao Ming‐Yen , Wang Tyng‐Guey , Wu Chueh‐Hung
Published: February 2012

We present an unusual case of a man with a nontraumatic tear of the flexor carpi radialis muscle after a regular swimming exercise, without known precipitation factors. The muscle tear was diagnosed by ultrasonography, which showed a cystic mass with increased peripheral vascularity, and was confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging. After conservative treatment, follow‐up ultrasonography showed resolution of the hematoma. The patient was able to continue swimming without pain or limitation of function. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 2013
Charge and substituent effects on the stability of porphyrin/G‐quadruplex adducts
Authors: Ramos Catarina I. V. , Tomé João P. C. , Santana‐Marques M. G.
Published: February 2012

The adduct ions of two tetramolecular G‐quadruplexes formed from the d(TGGGGT) and d(TTGGGGGT) single strands with a group of cationic porphyrins, with different charges and substituents, and one neutral porphyrin, were investigated by ESI‐MS and ESI‐MS/MS in the negative ion mode. Formation of [Q + nNH4++Pp+‐(z + n + p)H+]z‐ adduct ions (where Q = quadruplex, n = number of quartets minus 1, P = porphyrin and p+ =0,1,2,3,4) indicates that the porphyrins are bound outside the quadruplexes providing an additional stabilization to those structures.

The fragmentation pathways of the [Q + nNH4++Pp+‐(z + n + p)H+]z‐ adduct ions depend on the number of positive charges (p+) of the porphyrins and on the overall complex charge (z‐), but do not show a significant dependence on the type of the substituent groups in the porphyrins. Formation of the ‘unfilled’ ions [Q + Pp+‐(z + p)H+]z‐ predominates for porphyrins with a higher number of positive charges. Strand separation with the formation of [T + Pp+‐(z‐2 + p)H+](z‐2)‐ and (SS‐2H+)2‐ ions, where T = [d(TG4T)]3 and [d(T2G5T)]3 and SS = d(TG4T) and d(T2G5T) is only observed for the complexes with a higher overall negative charge. Porphyrin loss with the formation of [Q + nNH4+‐(z + n)H+]z‐ ions occurs predominantly for the neutral and monocharged porphyrins.

The predominant formation of the ‘unfilled’ ions, [Q + Pp+‐(z + n)H+]z‐, for porphyrins with a higher number of charges shows that these porphyrins can prevent strand separation and preserve, at least partially, the quadruplex structure. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sucrose cryo‐protection facilitates imaging of whole eye sections by MALDI mass spectrometry
Authors: Palmer Andrew D. , Griffiths Rian , Styles Iain , Claridge Ela , Calcagni Antonio , Bunch Josephine
Published: February 2012

Sucrose is used as a cryo‐preservation agent on large mammalian eyes post formalin fixation and is shown to reduce freezing artefacts allowing the collection of 12‐µm thick sections from these large aqueous samples. The suitability of this technique for use in MALDI imaging experiments is demonstrated by the acquisition of the first images of lipid distributions within whole sagittal porcine eye sections. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of protein quantification using standard peptides containing single conservative amino acid replacements
Authors: Remily‐Wood Elizabeth R. , Koomen John M.
Published: February 2012

Structural analogs are evaluated as peptide internal standards for protein quantification with liquid chromatography‐multiple reaction monitoring mass spectrometry (LC‐MRM); specifically, single conservative amino acid replacements (SCAR) are performed to create tagged standards that differ by the addition or subtraction of a single methylene group in one amino acid side chain. Because the performance of stable isotope‐labeled standards (SIS) has been shown to be superior to structural analogs, differences in both development and quantitative performance between assays based on SIS and SCAR peptides are explored. To establish an assay using the structural analogs, analysis of endogenous, SCAR and SIS peptides was performed to examine their ion signal, fragmentation patterns and response in LC‐MRM. Performance of SCAR and SIS peptides was compared for quantification of epidermal growth factor receptor from lung cancer cell lysates and immunoglobulin M in the serum of multiple myeloma patients. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.