bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: García María Cristina
Published: September 2017

Since 1989, US policymakers have reevaluated refugee and asylum policy against the backdrop of two dominant concerns on the home front: the contractions of the US economy and the possibility of more terrorism on American soil. American legislators have been sensitive to their constituents’ fears about continued immigration, but they have also been responsive to advocacy. Humanitarian aid workers, human rights activists, journalists, clergy, scholars, lawyers, and judges have helped secure admission for people who have fallen outside the traditional US-identified categories of persecution. Many of those who have been admitted as refugees (or who have received asylum) in the post–Cold War era would never have been considered just a few decades earlier, but their advocates mobilized political support for them.
Theosophical Luciferianism and Feminist Celebrations of Eve
Authors: Faxneld Per
Published: September 2017

Chapter 4 deals with Theosophical Lucifierianism and its feminist implications. The argument is that Helena Petrovna Blavatsky’s explicit sympathy for the Devil should be understood not only as part of an esoteric world view, but that we must also consider the political—primarily feminist—implications of such ideas. Several feminists, it would appear, drew on Blavatsky’s Satanic counter-myth to attack the patriarchal use of traditional Bible readings to keep women in their place. Blavatsky’s counter-reading of the Bible is here related to a selection of nineteenth-century feminist texts treating Genesis 3, in particular those from The Woman’s Bible (2 vols., 1895, 1898), edited by the leading American suffragette Elizabeth Cady Stanton (1815–1902), a project on which several female Theosophists were among the collaborators.
Witches as Rebels against Patriarchy
Authors: Faxneld Per
Published: September 2017

Chapter 6 provides a reading of how the subversive potential of the figure of the witch was utilized to attack the oppression of women. It commences with a discussion of Jules Michelet’s La Sorcière (1862), then considers how medical discourse on historical witches as hysterics was conflated with slander of feminists as hysterical and caricatures of them as witches. After that follows a treatment of American feminist Matilda Joslyn Gage, who presented the early modern witch cult as a Satanic rebellion against patriarchal injustice, and folklorist Charles Leland, who drew approbatory parallels between witches and the feminism of his day. The chapter demonstrates how Gage borrowed from both Michelet and Blavatsky in her texts. Finally, visual representations of the witch are discussed, focusing on how she was a symbol of female strength in both positive and negative ways in the sculptures and paintings of male as well as female artists.
Sylvia Townsend Warner’s Liberating Devil
Authors: Faxneld Per
Published: September 2017

Chapter11 scrutinizes Sylvia Townsend Warner’s (1893–1978) debut novel Lolly Willowes (1926), which tells the tale of spinster Laura ‘Lolly’ Willowes, who ends up becoming a witch liberated and empowered by Satan. The book caused a major stir, and is, it is argued, the most explicit and conspicuous literary example ever of programmatic Satanic feminism. It is demonstrated how Warner drew on contemporary understandings of witch cults and worked very much within a pre-existing tradition of Satanic feminism. Hence, the focus is in particular on aspects of the text that relate to the motifs seen repeatedly in preceding chapters, such as demonic lesbianism, a view of Christianity as a central pillar of patriarchy, and nature being coded as Satan’s feminine realm where he can offer immunity from the pressures of a male-dominated society. The chapter closes with a consideration of the critical reception of the novel.
The Emergence of Dreaming in Children and Adolescents
Authors: Domhoff G. William
Published: September 2017

The fourth chapter provides the most complete and detailed account of the development of dreaming between ages 4 and 18 that has ever been assembled. It also includes new findings with teenagers that have not been published before. It concludes by drawing on the psychology literatures on the development of conceptual abilities, mental imagery, narrative skills, imagination, and an autobiographical self to explain why dreaming is a gradual cognitive achievement that is not fully adultlike in frequency and complexity until ages 9–11 and in content until ages 11–13.
Emancipation and Free African Americans
Authors: Archer Richard
Published: September 2017

Except in parts of Rhode Island and Connecticut, slavery was a peripheral institution, and throughout New England during and after the Revolution there was widespread support to emancipate slaves. Some of the states enacted emancipation laws that theoretically allowed slavery to continue almost indefinitely, and slavery remained on the books as late as 1857 in New Hampshire. Although the laws gradually abolished slavery and although the pace was painfully slow for those still enslaved, the predominant dynamic for New England society was the sudden emergence of a substantial, free African American population. What developed was an even more virulent racism and a Jim Crow environment. The last part of the chapter is an analysis of where African Americans lived as of 1830 and the connection between racism and concentrations of people of African descent.
Unity and Uplift
Authors: Archer Richard
Published: September 2017

Any attempt to reverse the condition of African Americans in New England had to consider what a small fraction of the overall population they were. Success depended upon unity of African Americans and changing attitudes and behaviors of white New Englanders. This chapter analyzes those efforts from what to call themselves to creating black institutions to enlisting white support. Activists in the 1830s largely focused on the tactic of uplift, primarily meaning education and self-improvement societies. The idea was that African Americans needed to improve themselves to reduce white prejudice as well as for their own well-being. This chapter also includes discussions of colonization, white allies (including Garrison, The Liberator, and antislavery societies), racism within abolitionist ranks, and the appearance of “scientific” racism.
Consumers and Intermediate Producers in the Phase-out of Agricultural and Industrial Ozone-Depleting Substances
Authors: Ovodenko Alexander
Published: September 2017

The chapter analyzes the impact of downstream consumer markets on environmental regime design by explaining why wealthy countries have successfully phased out industrial ozone-depleting substances (ODS) but not an agricultural pesticide known as methyl bromide under the Montreal Protocol, despite the 2005 phase-out deadline for that pesticide. Since the analysis focuses on the regulation of different sectors under the same treaty, it isolates the impact of markets without the threat of major confounding variables interfering with the conclusions. It emphasizes competitive pressures and the structure of intermediate producers in the industrial and agricultural markets employing ODS to explain why methyl bromide has been handled differently from industrial refrigerants. The findings illustrate the impacts of consumer preferences and market competition on the investments of fluoro-product companies and, in turn, on the policies of wealthy countries and rules in the ozone regime.
Producers and Market Incentives in the Design of Global Atmospheric Institutions
Authors: Ovodenko Alexander
Published: September 2017

This chapter focuses on downstream market impacts in global regime design. It explains why governments have developed integrated and legalized institutions for financial assistance and technology transfer in the ozone layer regime but unintegrated and voluntary institutions for financial assistance and technology transfer in the climate change regime. There are similarities among these regimes and issue-areas that are useful in isolating the impact of market structures and incentives on the design of international institutions. The analysis mainly relies on the author’s fifty interviews conducted with government negotiators, international civil servants, business representatives, and civil society representatives. The findings show that governments have designed the financial and technology-transfer institutions of these atmospheric regimes in light of the opportunities provided by and the constraints on producers in a variety of regulated markets—and that producers make investments and innovation decisions based on downstream consumer demand.
The Matter of High Words
Authors: Chodat Robert
Published: September 2017

Ambitious scientific accounts of human thought and behavior have been a mainstay of American intellectual culture since World War II. But if such theories are true, what is the status of our highest words, the vocabularies that orient and inspire our actions? What forms are available today for exploring and embodying such terms as “good,” “courage,” or “justice”? This book considers the rise of the “postwar sage,” a strand of post-1945 American writing that takes up these questions in distinctive and illuminating ways. Walker Percy’s clash with behaviorist and cognitivist theories; Marilynne Robinson’s encounter with evolutionary psychology; Ralph Ellison’s combat with sociology; the quarrel with analytic philosophy in Stanley Cavell and David Foster Wallace: at stake in such cases is the status of our normative concepts, and what it means to invoke them in a technological culture that divides “facts” from “values” and treats our high words with deep suspicion. Moving among literary fiction, memoir, essays, personal correspondence, moral philosophy, and contemporary theories of mind, the book examines not only what these philosophical and literary figures think about the relationship between nature and norms, but also how this thinking emerges: when they call upon art, when they call upon argument, and how these various modes can inflect, bolster, and—just as crucially—trouble one another.
Rationality and Judgment
Authors: Siegel Harvey
Published: September 2017

Philosophical/epistemic theories of rationality differ over the role of judgment in rational argumentation. According to the “classical model” of rationality, rational justification is a matter of conformity with explicit rules or principles. Critics of the classical model, such as Harold Brown and Trudy Govier, argue that the model is subject to insuperable difficulties. They propose, instead, that rationality be understood, ultimately, in terms of judgment rather than rules. In this paper I respond to Brown’s and Govier’s criticisms of the classical model, and to the “judgment model” they propose in its place. I argue that that model is unable both to distinguish between rational and irrational judgment and to avoid recourse to rules, and is therefore inadequate as an account of rationality, critical thinking, or argument appraisal. More positively, I argue that an adequate account of rationality must include a place for both rules and judgment.
Unforgetting Chaitanya
Authors: Bhatia Varuni
Published: September 2017

What role do premodern religious traditions play in the formation of modern secular identities? What relationship exists between regional devotional cultures, key bhakti figures, and anticolonial nationalism in South Asia? What are some of the multiple sites of forgetting and unforgetting that determine how we receive iconic historical figures in the present? Unforgetting Chaitanya addresses these questions by examining late nineteenth-century transformations of Vaishnavism in Bengal—a religious tradition emanating from the figure of Krishna Chaitanya (1486–1533), and articulated in this region through various bodily and artistic practices. Building upon the concept of viraha as longing for the absent one within the Vaishnava worldview, this book argues that educated and middle-class Hindu Bengalis, the bhadralok, (re)turned to Chaitanyite Vaishnavism as a unique expression of excavating their authentic selves. It argues that by searching for literary and historical pasts, discovering long lost sacred spaces, recovering manuscripts, and disciplining Vaishnava practices across sects and castes, the Bengali Hindu middle-class successfully forged a respectable, bhadralok Vaishnavism. The book engages with questions around memory and history, poetics and praxis, and sacred space and print culture in the making of modern Vaishnavism as a devotional and cultural complex, simultaneously. Thus, Unforgetting Chaitanya argues for the methodological relevance of relocating the study of Bengali or Gaudiya Vaishnavism within the historical, intellectual, and cultural context of colonial Bengal, where it assumed its modern form. In doing so, this interdisciplinary book contributes to the fields of both Religion and History of South Asia.
Introduction
Authors: Bhatia Varuni
Published: September 2017

On September 16, 2013, the Ananda Bazar Patrika—a leading Bengali daily published from Calcutta—carried a provocatively titled piece in its op-ed pages. The piece was called “Shri Chaitanya: Our Fathomless Self-Forgetting,”1 and it attempted to draw its readers into the realization that they—the Bengali people, as it were—had been complicit in a collective performance of amnesia. Otherwise, the sixteenth-century mystic Shri Chaitanya could not have been condemned to such a degree of apathy and disinterest as he has been in contemporary times. The author of the piece—a scholar of Vaishnavism and the Hindu ...
Religious Zionism, Jewish Law, and the Morality of War
Authors: Eisen Robert
Published: September 2017

When the state of Israel was established in 1948, it was immediately thrust into war, and rabbis in the religious Zionist community were challenged with constructing a body of Jewish law to deal with this turn of events. Laws had to be “constructed” here because Jewish law had developed mostly during prior centuries when Jews had no state or army, and therefore it contained little material on war. The rabbis in the religious Zionist camp responded to this challenge by creating a substantial corpus of laws on war, and they did so with remarkable ingenuity and creativity. The work of these rabbis represents a fascinating chapter in the history of Jewish law and ethics, but it has attracted relatively little attention from academic scholars. The purpose of the present book is therefore to bring some of their work to light. It examines how five of the leading rabbis in the religious Zionist community dealt with key moral issues in the waging of war. Chapters are devoted to R. Abraham Isaac Kook, R. Isaac Halevi Herzog, R. Eliezer Waldenberg, R. Sha’ul Yisraeli, and R. Shlomo Goren. The moral issues examined include the question of who is a legitimate authority for initiating a war, why Jews in a modern Jewish state can be drafted to fight on its behalf, and whether the killing of enemy civilians is justified. Other issues examined include how the laws of war as formulated by religious Zionist rabbis compares to those of international law.
R. Abraham Isaac Kook
Authors: Eisen Robert
Published: September 2017

R. Abraham Isaac Kook (1865–1935) was Chief Ashkenazi Rabbi of Palestine before the creation of the state of the Israel and an immensely influential figure in religious Zionism. This chapter examines his correspondence with another rabbi regarding war, in which R. Kook argues that legitimate authority for waging war rests with any Jewish government that rules with the consent of the community. He justifies conscription on the premise that laws of war are different from those of everyday Halakhah; therefore a government can force an individual to risk his life in war for the sake of the nation, though compelling an individual to endanger himself to save others from harm is not normally allowed. In his discussion of discretionary war, R. Kook reveals an antipathy to war. R. Kook’s treatment of war in Halakhah is brief, but his positions had a big impact on later rabbis in religious Zionism.
R. Sha’ul Yisraeli
Authors: Eisen Robert
Published: September 2017

This chapter grapples with the views of R. Sha’ul Yisraeli (1909–95) on war presented in his famous essay on Kibiyeh composed in 1954. The essay was written in wake of an attack by Israeli soldiers on the Jordanian village of Kibiyeh to wreak revenge on its civilians for lending support to terrorists who had earlier murdered Israeli civilians. Dozens of Arab civilians in Kibiyeh were killed in the retaliatory raid. R. Yisraeli composed his essay to justify the operation by arguing that it was a battle in an ongoing war of revenge Israel was waging against its hostile Arab neighbors and that it was sanctioned by Halakhah. R. Yisraeli’s views were controversial because they endorsed violence against civilians in wartime and because there appeared to be no precedent in Halakhah for wars of revenge. This chapter examines R. Yisraeli’s ideas and asks whether they were as radical as others have claimed them to be.
R. Sha’ul Yisraeli
Authors: Eisen Robert
Published: September 2017

This chapter examines writings by R. Sha’ul Yisraeli on war composed after the Kibiyeh essay. Less well-known than their predecessor, these later writings also contain provocative positions on war, including positions that depart from the those in the Kibiyeh essay. R. Yisraeli argues in most of the later essays that wars initiated by an enemy nation are defensive wars, plain and simple, not wars of revenge. And, uniquely among the rabbis in this study, he claims that conscription is permitted because of the obligation of the Jew to risk his life for others in everyday Halakhah, an obligation applicable in war as well. However, in one essay, R. Yisraeli returns to his thinking in the Kibiyeh, arguing that there really is no such thing as defensive war, but instead of justifying such wars with the concept of revenge, he invokes the notion of kidush ha-shem, the sanctification of God’s name.
Exchange and Efficiency
Authors: Adelstein Richard
Published: September 2017

This chapter articulates the Coase Theorem, which describes how voluntary exchange works when it works perfectly, and considers its implications for both efficient and equitable allocation when conditions are perfect and when they’re not. Distinctions between utility, wealth, and value are developed in relation to the problem of distributional fairness, and transaction costs are introduced as impediments to voluntary exchange, and thus to efficient allocation in markets. Posner extends Coase’s logic to a corollary, that when transaction costs are high, efficiency can only be achieved if rights are granted initially to their highest-valuing owner, and proposes a provocative theory of the judicial role in light of the rule of law and the inevitable subjectivity of justice. This is tested in two cases: a hypothetical case where transaction costs are high, and a real one, involving rights to a significant moment in American history in which they’re low.
Property and Utility
Authors: Adelstein Richard
Published: September 2017

This chapter shows how government constrains ownership in pursuing its objectives, considers the police power and eminent domain as alternative ways of achieving them in light of the dispute between Locke and Bentham, and introduces a central concept of the book, involuntary exchange. Exercising its police power, government may destroy the value of property without compensation, but eminent domain takings require that owners be paid full compensation for their loss. Eminent domain thus governs involuntary exchanges, compelled sales of property to government at a price equal to the replacement value of the property taken, and constitutes an organizational midpoint between markets and liability as institutions to govern exchange. The Supreme Court’s problematic attempts to distinguish between the two powers, and determine when a taking has been for public use, are considered, and two modern scholarly attempts to address the takings question, one Benthamite and one Lockean, are compared.
Externality
Authors: Adelstein Richard
Published: September 2017

This chapter identifies the environmental conditions favorable to voluntary exchange and those susceptible to external cost imposition, and the consequences of each for efficiency. When someone takes a legally recognized right from another without consent or compensation, an external cost is imposed. Externality is theft. There’s no externality until the law gives the cost bearer a right to be free of the costs imposed, so imposing an external cost means stealing this right, or entitlement, which always creates an injustice for the law that requires a liability proceeding to force the cost imposer to compensate the owner and complete the unfinished involuntary exchange begun by the theft. But externality isn’t always inefficient, and forcing thieves to pay a compensatory liability price won’t necessarily deter the thefts. Absolute deterrence of externality would deter these thefts whether they’re efficient or not, but tort and criminal liability seek only full compensation, not absolute deterrence.
To Encourage the Others
Authors: Adelstein Richard
Published: September 2017

This chapter reveals a central feature of liability by showing the divergence of the outcomes of exchange governed by corrective justice from systemically efficient allocation of resources, and discusses the role of norms in liability systems. The modern economic approach to externality is traced to Pigou, whose normative objective of allocating all resources efficiently across an entire system has been almost universally adopted by contemporary economists. When the actual imposition of a liability price is uncertain, Pigou prescribes probability scaling, increasing the liability price imposed on tortfeasors who do pay far beyond the costs of their torts to create incentives for efficient cost imposition in the future, but this is shown to conflict with corrective justice, with the consequence that far more than the systemically efficient number of torts are committed. Deontological norms against cost imposition are illustrated and identified as a practical bulwark of the liability system.
The Oxford English Literary History
Authors: Ezell Margaret J. M.
Published: September 2017

This volume in the Oxford English Literary History series covering 1645–1714 removes the traditional literary period labels and boundaries used in earlier studies to categorize the literary culture of late seventeenth-century England, from the Interregnum, through the Commonwealth, the Restoration, and the first decades of the eighteenth century. It explores the continuities and literary innovations occurring as English readers and writers lived through turbulent, unprecedented events, including a King tried and executed by Parliament and another exiled, the creation of the national entity ‘Great Britain’, and an expanding English awareness of New World, and the cultures of Asia and the subcontinent. The period saw the continuation of manuscript cultures and the establishment of new concepts of authorship; it saw a dramatic increase of women working as professional, commercial writers. London theatres closed by law in 1642 reopened with new forms of entertainment. Emerging literary forms such as epistolary fictions and topical essays were circulated and promoted by new media including newspapers, periodical publications, and advertising. Laws governing censorship were changing and initial steps were taken in the development of copyright. The period produced some of the most profound and influential literary expressions of religious faith, from John Milton’s Paradise Lost to John Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress, while simultaneously giving rise to a culture of libertinism and savage polemical satire, as well as fostering the new dispassionate discourses of experimental sciences and the conventions of popular romance.
The Theatre: On the London Stage and on the Page
Authors: Ezell Margaret J. M.
Published: September 2017

Although Parliament had officially closed the London commercial stages in 1642 and many of the old theaters including the Globe and the King’s Masquing House were destroyed, throughout the Commonwealth period illicit performances continued. Newsbooks record raids on illicit performances in the remaining theatres. The 1650s also saw an increase in printed play texts, often expressing royalist sympathies Many of the actors including Michael Mohun and Charles Hart served in the King’s army. Entertainments were still performed in private houses, schools, and universities. Towards the end of the Commonwealth, William Davenant was permitted to stage ‘operas’ or moral representations.
The Voices of Religion
Authors: Ezell Margaret J. M.
Published: September 2017

Although Charles II had promised religious tolerance in the Declaration of Breda, during the opening decade of the Restoration multiple laws known as the Clarendon Code were passed, restricting religious worship among most puritans and Catholics. Many resisted including Fifth Monarchists, Quakers, and Baptists such as John Bunyan, who were imprisoned for illegal preaching and assembly. Those who did not accept the new laws were called nonconformists and their ministers were forbidden to preach. Anglican ministers such as Isaac Barrow, John Tillotson, and Edward Stillingfleet established a new style of rational preaching, frequently entering into debates with Catholic writers.
Creating ‘Great Britain’: The Act of Union 1707
Authors: Ezell Margaret J. M.
Published: September 2017

The creation of ‘Great Britain’ by the 1707 Act, under Queen Anne, united England and Scotland. The prolific poet and pamphleteer Daniel Defoe travelled to Scotland to promote the Union with poems such as The Caledonian and his journal The Review, and he celebrated it in his lengthy History of the Union of Great Britain. Because of lax oversight of local government in Scotland by the London Westminster Parliament, Jacobite supporters of King James and his son ‘the Old Pretender’ found sympathizers, which would result in the Jacobite Rising of 1715
Introduction
Authors: Owens David
Published: September 2017

This introduction restates the general view of normativity, control, and responsibility sketched in Reason without Freedom, as developed or modified in the chapters collected in the present work. First it formulates a doctrine of practical freedom, of the control we have over our own actions and intentions, one based on the notion of reflective control. Second, it claims that we lack reflective control over our own emotions. Third, it is argued that beliefs are in this respect like emotions. Fourth, the kind of responsibility we have for our beliefs is compared to the ways in which we are held to account for our actions. Finally, the chapter offers an explanation of why belief on the one hand and action/intention on the other are subject to rather different forms of control.
Normative Properties
Authors: Eklund Matti
Published: September 2017

What is it for a property to be normative? Some possible answers are explored and rejected in this chapter, among them that a property is normative if it is ascribed by some normative concept. A positive claim defended is that a property is normative if and only if it is ascribed by some concept whose reference is determined by normative role. Along the way, the supposed connection between normativity and motivation is addressed. Theoretically important distinctions are drawn relating to the idea of normative role determining reference. Normative role can determine reference either fully or partially. Also, the possibility of reference magnetism complicates how one should think about some of these things.
Some Metaphilosophical Issues
Authors: Eklund Matti
Published: September 2017

This chapter discusses three metaphilosophical issues. First, the themes that have been the focus of the discussion relate to the trend of considering conceptual engineering, or conceptual ethics: how can we improve on the concepts we currently have? In fact, consideration of thin normative concepts presents distinctive theoretical questions: what do or can we mean when we ask whether some possible thin normative concept is better than another? Second, much contemporary metaethics focuses on accounting for our actual normative terms and concepts and is a kind of applied philosophy of language: but what is the broader philosophical upshot of such discussions? Third, the book’s main themes parallel the discussion of quantifier variance in metaontology. The similarities between these parallels are explored.
Being and Ground
Authors: McDaniel Kris
Published: September 2017

This chapter focuses on grounding. In what sense might grounding be primitive? Perhaps conceptually or methodologically, but not metaphysically. Several ways of defining up a relation of grounding in terms of some kind of ontological superiority plus other connecting relations are explored. The chapter argues that the grounding pluralist, who accepts many metaphysically important grounding relations, and the grounding monist have reasons to believe in an additional relation of ontological superiority. The pluralist does because she needs to account for the unity of the generic relation of ground; it is not a mere disjunction, and so it is either a determinable or an analogous property. But these distinctions were accounted for in terms of naturalness, which is a kind of ontological superiority. The monist about grounding needs some way to defuse grounding variantism, a view analogous to quantifier variantism, and here again appealing to naturalness does the job.
Conclusion
Authors: Salton Herman T.
Published: September 2017

This conclusion argues that the historic friction between the Department of Political Affairs (DPA) and the Department of Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO) is far more than a pernicious case of bureaucratic pathology. It suggests that the roles of these two departments remain elusive both at the UN Headquarters and in peace operations around the world partly due to the all-encompassing reference to ‘political’ affairs in the DPA’s title, and partly as a result of the problematic distinction between ‘technical’ and ‘political’ functions in New York. Since few—if any—activities at UN Headquarters can be regarded as ‘technical’ or ‘non-political’ in nature, it is no wonder that the role and scope of DPA remain as unclear today as they were in Rwanda in 1994 and when the department was set up in 1992.
The Colliding Parties’ Reception: Selective Acceptance and Outright Rejection
Authors: Ignazi Piero
Published: September 2017

Chapter 2 expands the analysis of the acceptance of parties by signalling the distinction between theoretical speculation and party politics ‘on the ground’. After the ideological and practical acceptance of parties in late eighteenth-century Britain, parties found their first operation on the ground in revolutionary France and the United States. Particular attention is devoted to the events of the French revolution where the Jacobin clubs set up, albeit for a very short period, the first ever nationwide, organized political party. In the nineteenth century the appearance of political parties was still regarded with suspicion and caution, and they were not yet fully endorsed even by liberal thinkers. The idea of partition and division was still held back by the advocacy of unity and uniformity. By the end of the nineteenth century parties had been ideologically tamed by the rise of the holist dominant value of the nation (France) and state (Germany, and to a lesser extent Italy).
Party Resources at the Dawn of the New Millennium
Authors: Ignazi Piero
Published: September 2017

Chapter 6 deals with the resources parties enjoy at the present time, and examines how such resources impact on the parties’ internal dynamics and on the relationship with the mass public. The chapter first provides an empirical survey of the evolution of party membership in West European countries, and discusses the different balance between the collective-symbolic and selective-material incentives parties have been providing (and citizens demanding). Secondly, it presents a unique, original set of data on party finances demonstrating the growing and large availability of money in most of the cases. In this respect the chapter scrutinizes the relationship between increasing financial resources and declining membership. Finally, the parties’ interpenetration with the state is discussed considering their patronage and clientelistic practices. The chapter concludes with an assessment that the search for more resources and assets made parties richer but, at the same time, lonely and, ultimately, delegitimated.
Conclusions
Authors: Ignazi Piero
Published: September 2017

The Conclusion addresses the parties’ present condition in the European political systems. Indeed, at the dawn of the new century parties have become Leviathan with clay feet: powerful in the political arena thanks to control of state resources, but very weak in terms of legitimacy in the eyes of public opinion. Only by abandoning the citadelle in which they are entrenched, recasting societal linkages, relinquishing all their privileges, and dismissing their self-referential attitude might they recover the confidence of the electorate. Maintaining a state-centred status will only lead to a dead end, and this will also harm the democratic system itself. The collapse of parties’ legitimacy inevitably affects democratic institutions: the mounting populist and plebiscitary wave suggests how pervasive is the crisis and how dramatic the challenge.
Introduction
Authors: Heal Bridget
Published: September 2017

The introduction outlines the book’s key themes and methodological approaches. It situates the study within recent scholarly discussions of confessional culture and identity, and demonstrates the importance of incorporating images and other types of visual evidence into these discussions. The introduction also provides an overview of recent work on the history of Lutheran art, and argues that we need to move beyond the still-widespread assumption that it served primarily polemical and pedagogical purposes. The introduction outlines the chronological and geographical scope of the whole study, and gives brief histories of the two territories that lie at its heart: Electoral Saxony and Brandenburg. Finally, it explains the book’s structure, providing an overview of its three main sections: the confessional image, the devotional image, and the magnificent image.
Image, Instruction, and Emotion
Authors: Heal Bridget
Published: September 2017

Chapter 4 turns from the confessional to the devotional image, investigating seventeenth-century transformations in the ways in which theologians and pastors understood images’ spiritual value. It considers the rise of new types of piety during the late sixteenth century: renewed interest in mysticism and a flourishing of devotional literature aimed at the laity. It considers the impact of the Thirty Years’ War on Lutheran religious life. Drawing in particular on the writings of Johann Arndt (1555–1621), it argues that during the late-sixteenth- and early-seventeenth-century images were afforded a new role in Lutheran piety: their affective power—their ability to move Christians’ hearts and souls—was given new emphasis. It explores the increasing significance ascribed to images through looking at Bilderbibeln, cycles of biblical illustrations, and other works of religious instruction.
Anti-Politics, Depoliticization, and Governance
Authors: Fawcett Paul , Flinders Matthew , Hay Colin , Wood Matthew
Published: September 2017

This chapter introduces the volume, sets out its key themes, and explains how the chapters interrogate the nexus between governance and anti-politics via the concept of depoliticization. It argues that the literature on governance has drawn attention to a ‘capacity gap’ between elected politicians and those who actually take decisions about essential public services, while the literature on anti-politics has highlighted a growing ‘democratic gap’ between politicians and citizens. These issues arise in a dynamic context that is captured by concepts such as meta-governance and multilevel governance but also a wider disillusionment with neo-liberal ideology. This book addresses the ‘research gap’ that arises from the relative absence of studies that have drilled down into the relationship between the ‘capacity gap’ and ‘democratic gap’, by focusing on depoliticization. Overall, we argue that studies of depoliticization are well placed to examine these questions and especially the ‘nexus’ between governance and anti-politics.
Depoliticization, Meta-Governance,and Coal Seam Gas Regulationin New South Wales
Authors: Fawcett Paul , Wood Matthew
Published: September 2017

The coal seam gas industry and its future in New South Wales (Australia) is an extremely contentious policy issue that encompasses multiple policy actors and a wide variety of concerns. This chapter examines the NSW Government’s attempt to meta-govern this policy domain through storytelling. It does so by creating a link between ‘discursive’ depoliticization, statecraft, and storytelling as a strategy of meta-governance. We focus on three stories in particular—energy security, economic growth, and ‘credible science’—and argue that they have had simultaneously politicizing and depoliticizing effects. We argue that this has provided different policy actors with the opportunity to engage in ‘discursive hopping’ whereby the same story has been used to both politicize and depoliticize the issue. We argue that there is a need to ‘call out’ political actors who attempt to ‘change the subject’ of political debate by ‘hopping’ between issues in a poorly justified way.
Conclusion
Authors: Fawcett Paul , Flinders Matthew , Hay Colin , Wood Matthew
Published: September 2017

This chapter returns to the idea of ‘nexus politics’ and the collection’s overall concern with how depoliticization functions to reinforce anti-politics in the context of changes in governance. We organize an agenda for further research around theoretical, methodological, and empirical themes. Theoretically, we argue that further work is needed to better account for how and why depoliticization and politicization occur, and on which forms of politicization promote choice, deliberation, and agency. Methodologically, we need to develop analytical models that map out what institutional and discursive configurations make choice and collective agency appear more or less visible. We need to keep pushing the envelope by examining how depoliticization operates in unconventional arenas. While much more work still needs to be done, this book makes a modest yet distinctive contribution towards a better understanding of ‘nexus politics’ and the growth of anti-politics as one of the most significant issues of our time.
Introduction
Authors: Brandsma Gijs Jan , Blom-Hansen Jens
Published: September 2017

This chapter sets the scene for the book, beginning with an example that provides the reader with an immediate understanding of the book’s universe. It then introduces the important concepts of delegation and control. Further, it argues that the book contributes to three types of literature: rule-making in the EU; the EU’s administrative space; and studies of delegation. In addition, it introduces the two systems that are used to control delegated powers in the EU in the period after the Lisbon Treaty: the delegated acts system and the implementing acts system. The chapter concludes with an overview of the book, chapter by chapter.
Conclusion and the Way Ahead
Authors: Brandsma Gijs Jan , Blom-Hansen Jens
Published: September 2017

This chapter concludes the book by putting the findings in perspective. It considers three issues. First, it discusses the book’s findings in a little more detail and specifies how they advance the understanding of EU rule-making, of the EU administrative space, and of delegation in the EU more generally. However, while the book advances the understanding of these topics, it by no means answers all relevant questions in these debates. As a second issue, the chapter therefore reflects on the questions the book raises for future research in the area of delegated rule-making in the EU. Finally, the chapter reflects on the normative implications of the book’s findings. The arena of executive rule-making and its associated control systems are often said to represent one of the most opaque and least legitimate sides of the EU political system. The chapter argues that this critique is to a large degree unwarranted.
The New Mechanical Philosophy
Authors: Glennan Stuart
Published: September 2017

This book argues for a new image of nature and of science—one that understands both natural and social phenomena to be the product of mechanisms, and that suggests that much of the work of natural and social scientists involves discovering, describing, and explaining how these mechanisms work. The book explores the interplay between ontological questions about mechanisms as things in the world and methodological questions about how these mechanisms can be characterized. Ontologically, mechanisms are understood to be collections of entities whose organized activities and interactions give rise to phenomena. This minimal conception of mechanism is abstract enough to encompass most of the wide variety of things that scientists have called mechanisms. While mechanisms are particular things, localized in space and time, the models that scientists use to describe them must be abstract and idealized. The mechanistic approach provides new ways of thinking about traditional metaphysical questions—for instance, about the nature of objects, part-whole and cause-effect relations, properties and universals, natural kinds, and laws of nature. It also suggests novel approaches for thinking about methodological questions concerning scientific representation, causal inference, reduction, and scientific explanation. The New Mechanical Philosophy offers the promise of a better understanding of the sources of both the unity and diversity of science.
Mechanisms, Models, and Kinds
Authors: Glennan Stuart
Published: September 2017

This chapter explores how mechanisms and their constituents can be classified into kinds. It argues for a weakly realist account of natural kinds—one which suggests that classification into kinds is based upon real similarities between instances of those kinds, but which denies that kinds have essences or have some reality apart from their instances. I introduce a models-first account of kinds, which suggests that two things are of the same kind to the extent that they can be represented by the same model. Because target entities can be represented by multiple models, they will belong to multiple kinds. I illustrate the approach by showing how the entities and activities that make up mechanisms can be classified into kinds.
Genetic Management of Fragmented Animal and Plant Populations
Authors: Frankham Richard , Ballou Jonathan D. , Ralls Katherine , Eldridge Mark , Dudash Michele R. , Fenster Charles B. , Lacy Robert C. , Sunnucks Paul
Published: September 2017

The biological diversity of the planet is being rapidly depleted due to the direct and indirect consequences of human activity. As the size of animal and plant populations decrease and fragmentation increases, loss of genetic diversity reduces their ability to adapt to changes in the environment, with inbreeding and reduced fitness inevitable consequences for many species. Many small isolated populations are going extinct unnecessarily. In many cases, such populations can be genetically rescued by gene flow into them from another population within the species, but this is very rarely done. This novel and authoritative book addresses the issues involved in genetic management of fragmented animal and plant populations, including inbreeding depression, loss of genetic diversity and elevated extinction risk in small isolated populations, augmentation of gene flow, genetic rescue, causes of outbreeding depression and predicting its occurrence, desirability and implementation of genetic translocations to cope with climate change, and defining and diagnosing species for conservation purposes.
Introduction
Authors: Frankham Richard , Ballou Jonathan D. , Ralls Katherine , Eldridge Mark D. B. , Dudash Michele R. , Fenster Charles B. , Lacy Robert C. , Sunnucks Paul
Published: September 2017

Genetic management of fragmented populations is one of the major, largely unaddressed issues in biodiversity conservation. Many species across the planet have fragmented distributions with small isolated populations that are potentially suffering from inbreeding and loss of genetic diversity (genetic erosion), leading to elevated extinction risk. Fortunately, genetic deterioration can usually be remedied by augmenting gene flow (crossing between populations within species), yet this is rarely done, in part because of fears that crossing may be harmful (but it is possible to predict when this will occur). Benefits and risks of genetic problems are sometimes altered in species with diverse mating systems and modes of inheritance. Adequate genetic management depends on appropriate delineation of species. We address management of gene flow between previously isolated populations and genetic management under global climate change.
Population fragmentation causes inadequate gene flow and increases extinction risk
Authors: Frankham Richard , Ballou Jonathan D. , Ralls Katherine , Eldridge Mark D. B. , Dudash Michele R. , Fenster Charles B. , Lacy Robert C. , Sunnucks Paul
Published: September 2017

Most species now have fragmented distributions, often with adverse genetic consequences. The genetic impacts of population fragmentation depend critically upon gene flow among fragments and their effective sizes. Fragmentation with cessation of gene flow is highly harmful in the long term, leading to greater inbreeding, increased loss of genetic diversity, decreased likelihood of evolutionary adaptation and elevated extinction risk, when compared to a single population of the same total size. The consequences of fragmentation with limited gene flow typically lie between those for a large population with random mating and isolated population fragments with no gene flow.
Determining the number and location of genetically differentiated population fragments
Authors: Frankham Richard , Ballou Jonathan D. , Ralls Katherine , Eldridge Mark D. B. , Dudash Michele R. , Fenster Charles B. , Lacy Robert C. , Sunnucks Paul
Published: September 2017

The number and geographic location of genetically differentiated populations must be identified to determine if fragmented populations require genetic management. Clustering of related genotypes to geographic locations (landscape genetic analyses) is used to determine the number of populations and their boundaries, with the simplest analyses relying on random mating within, but not across populations. Evidence of genetic differentiation among populations indicates either that they have drifted apart (and are likely inbred) and/or that the populations are adaptively differentiated. The current response when populations are genetically differentiated is usually to recommend separate management, but this is often ill-advised. A paradigm shift is needed where evidence of genetic differentiation among populations is followed by an assessment of whether populations are suffering genetic erosion, whether there are other populations to which they could be crossed, and whether the crosses would be beneficial, or harmful.