bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Simulating the Entire Clinical Process for an Implant‐Supported Fixed Prosthesis: In Vitro Study on the Vertical Implications of Implant‐Abutment Connections and Rotational Freedom
Authors: Zipprich Holger , Ecker Stefanie , Gutmann Pauline , Seidel Kathrin , Weigl Paul , Schlee Markus , Brandt Silvia
Published: July 2024

Objectives

The aim of this in vitro study was to investigate whether and to what extent different scenarios of rotational freedom in different IAC designs affect the vertical dimension of a three‐part fixed partial denture (FPD). At the same time, the experimental setup should simulate all clinical and laboratory steps of the implementation of such an FPD as accurately as possible.

Material and Methods

Twenty identical pairs of jaw models were fabricated from aluminum, each lower‐jaw model holding two implants with conical or flat IACs. Three impressions of each model were taken to fabricate stone casts and three‐unit FPDs. Three assembly scenarios were compared for the vertical position stability they offered for these FPDs, differing by how the sequential implant components (impression posts > laboratory analogs > abutments 1 > abutments 2) were aligned with the positional index of the IAC. In this way, a total of 60 stone casts and FPDs were fabricated and statistically analyzed for changes in vertical dimension (p < 0.05).

Results

Regardless of whether a conical/flat IAC was used (p > 0.05), significantly greater mean changes in vertical dimension were consistently (all comparisons p < 0.0001) found in a “worst‐case scenario” of component alignment alternating between the left‐ and right‐limit stop of the positional index (0.286/0.350 mm) than in a “random scenario” of 10 dentists and 10 technicians with varying levels of experience freely selecting the alignment (0.003/0.014 mm) or in a “best‐case scenario” of all components being aligned with the right‐limit stop (−0.019/0.005 mm).

Conclusions

The likelihood of integrating a superstructure correctly in terms of vertical dimension appears to vary considerably more with assembly strategies than with IAC designs. Specifically, our findings warrant a recommendation that all implant components should be aligned with the right‐limit stop of the positioning index.
Tailored Postsynthetic Nitration of a Hypercrosslinked Polymer for Single‐Step Ethylene Purification from a Ternary C2 Gas Mixture
Authors: Lee Su Min , Yun Hongryeol , Kang Minjung , Kim Hyojin , Kang Dong Won , Hong Chang Seop
Published: July 2024

Purifying C2H4 from a ternary C2H2/C2H4/C2H6 mixture poses a substantial industrial challenge due to their close physical and chemical properties. In this study, we introduce an innovative design approach to regulate and optimize the nitration degree of a hypercrosslinked polymer to achieve targeted separation performance. We synthesized a porous organic polymer (HCP) using the solvent knitting method and carried out its postsynthetic nitration, resulting in HCP‐NO2‐1 and HCP‐NO2‐2 with different nitration degrees. Notably, the adsorption capacity shifted from C2H6 > C2H4 ≈ C2H2 for HCP to C2H2 > C2H6 > C2H4 for HCP‐NO2‐1 and to C2H2 > C2H4 ≈ C2H6 for HCP‐NO2‐2, demonstrating the controllable nature of the separation process via the polar nitro group insertion. Remarkably, HCP‐NO2‐1 exhibited a desirable, selective separation of C2H4 from the C2H6/C2H4/C2H2 mixture thanks to an exquisite combination of the acidic proton‐polar nitro group and nonpolar C−H⋅⋅⋅π interactions. Separation capability was further corroborated by computational simulations and breakthrough tests. This work marks a significant advancement as the first successful postsynthetic functionalization strategy for C2H4 purification from a ternary gas mixture among porous organic polymers.
IL‐6 and hsCRP predict cardiovascular mortality in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction
Authors: Berger Martin , März Winfried , Niessner Alexander , Delgado Graciela , Kleber Marcus , Scharnagl Hubert , Marx Nikolaus , Schuett Katharina
Published: July 2024

Aims

Inflammation accompanies heart failure (HF) and elevated levels of inflammatory biomarkers are linked to new onset of HF. However, whether the prognostic relevance of inflammatory biomarkers is different in HF with reduced (HFrEF) and preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is unclear. The aim of the current study is to explore the role of inflammation on the mortality risk in patients with HF.

Methods

We analysed interleukin‐6 and hsCRP levels by ELISA and immunonephelometry, respectively, in HFpEF and HFrEF patients referred for coronary angiography and assessed the prognostic value in the Ludwigshafen Risk and Cardiovascular Health (LURIC) study.

Results

HF was present in 1086 patients (N = 506 HFpEF; N = 580 HFrEF; mean age 65 ± 10 years; 28% female). Increasing IL‐6 levels were significantly associated with increased CV mortality in HFpEF [1.5 (95% CI: 1.1–2.2), P = 0.018] but not HFrEF [HR 1.3 (95% CI: 1.0–1.7), P = 0.06] patients. High‐sensitive CRP followed a similar pattern but failed to reach statistical significance after full‐adjustment (HFpEF: HR 1.4 95%C I: 1.0–2.0; P = 0.065; HFrEF HR: 1.0 95% CI: 0.7–1.3; P = 0.800). Interaction analysis in patients stratified by IL‐6 and N terminal pro brain natriuretic peptide (NT‐proBNP) above and below the median revealed a stepwise increase in CV‐mortality in HFpEF (P = 0.036) but not HFrEF patients (P = 0.220). To investigate the relationship between IL‐6 and NT‐proBNP, we assessed the genetic IL6‐Receptor variant p.Asp358Ala (rs2228145) which is linked to impaired IL‐6 receptor signalling. Homozygous carriers with HFpEF but not HFrEF exhibited significantly lower NT‐pro‐BNP levels compared with wildtype carriers (HFpEF 779 pg/mL ± 787 vs. 1180 pg/ mL ± 1532; P = 0.008; HFrEF 2289 pg/ mL ± 3439 vs. 2326 pg/ mL ± 3386; P = 0.94), raising the hypothesis that IL‐6 signalling may play a pathophysiological role in HFpEF.

Conclusions

These data suggest a predictive value of elevated IL‐6 for CV‐mortality in HFpEF but not in HFrEF patients.
Pulmonary congestion assessed by lung ultrasound in patients with severe aortic stenosis undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation: Prevalence and prognostic implications
Authors: Lillo Rosa , Cangemi Stefano , Graziani Francesca , Locorotondo Gabriella , Pedicino Daniela , Aurigemma Cristina , Romagnoli Enrico , Malara Silvia , Meucci Maria Chiara , Iannaccone Giulia , Bianchini Francesco , Nesta Marialisa , Bruno Piergiorgio , Lombardo Antonella , Trani Carlo , Burzotta Francesco
Published: July 2024

Aims

Lung ultrasound (LUS) is a sensitive tool to assess pulmonary congestion (PC). Few data are available on LUS‐PC evaluation in patients with severe aortic stenosis (AS) undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI). The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and prognostic impact of LUS‐PC in patients with severe AS before and after TAVI.

Methods and results

We designed a single‐centre prospective study in patients referred for TAVI for severe AS (ClinicalTrials.gov identification number: NCT05024942). All patients underwent echocardiography and LUS (according to a simplified 8‐zone scanning protocol) the day before and within 72 h after the procedure. The primary endpoint was the composite of all‐cause mortality, hospitalization for heart failure and urgent medical visits for worsening dyspnoea at 12‐month follow‐up. A total of 127 patients were enrolled (mean age 81.1 ± 5.8 years; 54.3% female). Pre‐TAVI LUS‐PC was documented in 65 patients (51%). After TAVI, the prevalence of LUS‐PC significantly decreased as compared to pre‐TAVI evaluation, being documented in only 28 patients (22% vs. 51%, p < 0.001) with a median B‐lines score of 4 (interquartile range [IQR] 0–11) versus 11 (IQR 6–19) pre‐TAVI (p < 0.001). During a median follow‐up of 12 (12–17) months, 25 patients (19.6%) met the composite endpoint. On multivariable Cox regression analysis, pre‐TAVI LUS‐PC was independently associated with cardiovascular events (hazard ratio 2.764, 95% confidence interval 1.114–6.857; p = 0.028).

Conclusions

Lung ultrasonography reveals a high prevalence of PC in patients with severe AS undergoing TAVI, which is significantly reduced by the procedure. Pre‐TAVI PC, measured by LUS, is an independent predictor of 1‐year clinical outcome.
Multicenter retrospective study of patients with PCDH19‐related epilepsy: The first Hungarian cohort
Authors: Kovacs Monika , Fogarasi Andras , Hegyi Marta , Siegler Zsuzsanna , Kelemen Anna , Mellar Monika , Orbok Anna , Simon Gabor , Farkas Kristof , Bessenyei Monika , Hollody Katalin
Published: July 2024

Objective

PCDH19‐related epilepsy occurs predominantly in girls and is caused by pathogenic variant of the protocadherin‐19 gene. The initial seizures usually develop in association with fever, begin on average at 15 months of age, and often occur in clusters. Autistic symptoms, intellectual disability, and sleep disturbance are often associated.

Methods

In our retrospective, multicenter study, we reviewed clinical data of nine children with epilepsy genetically confirmed to be associated with PCDH19.

Results

In the Hungarian patient population aged 0–18 years, the prevalence of PCDH19‐related epilepsy was found to be lower (1/100000 live births in females) than the reported international data (4–5/100000 live births in females). Four of our nine patients had positive family history of epilepsy (cousins, sister, and mother). We assessed brain anomalies in three patients (in one patient focal cortical dysplasia and left anterior cingulate dysgenesis, and in two children right or left hippocampal sclerosis) and in another three cases incidentally identified benign alterations on brain MRI were found. The first seizure presented as a cluster in seven out of nine children. In seven out of nine cases occurred status epilepticus. Six out of nine children had autistic symptoms and only one child had normal intellectual development. Seven of our patients were seizure free with combined antiseizure medication (ASM). The most effective ASMs were levetiracetam, valproate, and clobazam.

Significance

The prevalence of PCDH19‐related epilepsy is presumably underestimated because of the lack of widely performed molecular genetic evaluations. Molecular genetic testing including PCDH19 pathogenic variants is recommended for female patients with an onset of seizures before the age of 3 years.
The effect of myo‐inositol supplementation on AMPK/PI3K/AKT pathway and insulin resistance in patients with NAFLD
Authors: Aghajani Taha , Arefhosseini Sara , Ebrahimi‐Mameghani Mehrangiz , Safaralizadeh Reza
Published: July 2024

Insulin resistance (IR) is the pivotal pathological hit in non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). There is specific attention to combination/conjugated therapies for NAFLD management. As myo‐inositol (MI) has been shown to improve IR in animal and human trials, this study aimed to investigate the influence of MI supplementation on glycemic response and IR through AMPK/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in obese patients with NAFLD. This double‐blinded placebo‐controlled randomized clinical trial was conducted on 48 obese (BMI = 30–40 kg/m2) patients with NAFLD who were randomly assigned to receiving either MI (4 g/day) or placebo (maltodextrin 4 g/day) group for 8 weeks. Before and after the trial, weight, height, serum glycemic parameters (inc. fasting glucose and insulin) as well as IR indices were assessed. Moreover, the mRNA expression levels of AMPK, AKT, and PDK‐1 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were determined. MI supplementation resulted in significant increases in the fold changes of AMPK, AKT, and PDK‐1 genes (p = .019, p = .049, and p = .029, respectively). Indeed, IR improved in terms of all IR indices in MI group (p < .05) after adjusting for the confounders, apart from quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI). The results showed that MI supplementation not only upregulated AMPK, AKT, and PDK‐1 mRNA in PBMCs but also improved IR in obese patients with NAFLD.
Proximate composition, some phytochemical constituents, potential uses, and safety of neem leaf flour: A review
Authors: Andersa Kumsa Negasa , Tamiru Metekia , Teka Tilahun A. , Ali Ibrahim Mohammed , Chane Kasech Tibebu , Regasa Tolina Kebede , Ahmed Endris Hussen
Published: July 2024

Globally, there is a growing concern about avoiding using artificial compounds in food ingredients, food preservation, and packaging. Among the parts of the neem tree, leaf flour is one of the most commonly used parts in some countries for food and medicinal purposes and is known for containing several nutrients and phytochemicals. In this review, the proximate composition, phytochemical constituents, potential uses, and safety issues of neem leaf flour are discussed. Neem leaf flour contains high levels of crude protein, total carbohydrate, crude fat, and fiber and moderate amounts of crude fat and ash. In addition, it contains numerous health‐promoting phytochemical constituents. Some phytochemicals, such as ascorbic acid, saponin, total alkaloids, carotenoids, total phenols, total flavonoids, and the total antioxidant capacity of neem leaf flour, have been critically discussed. Neem leaf flour has various potential applications in food science, such as preserving foods and preparing food packaging materials. However, researchers' perspectives on its safety are not yet in agreement. In general, the proximate compositions, phytochemical constituents, potential uses, and safety issues of neem leaf flour were compiled and critically reviewed. In addition, research is needed to identify all the toxic substances found in neem leaves and develop methods to eliminate them that hinder their use for various purposes in food. Further research is needed to develop food products from neem leaf flour and evaluate its nutritional value and phytochemical constituents.
The Healthy Eating Index 2020 components contributed unequally to systemic inflammatory biomarkers: A large national cross‐sectional study
Authors: Yang Hongguang , Liu Yao , Huang Zhenhe , Deng Guifang
Published: July 2024

The association of Healthy Eating Index 2020 (HEI‐2020), especially its components with systemic inflammatory biomarkers, has not been examined. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between HEI‐2020 and its components with systemic inflammatory biomarkers, and to provide a dietary pattern suggestion to combat systemic inflammation. Participants aged 20 years and older with complete information on two reliable dietary recalls, blood cell counts and demographic characteristics, were recruited from six NHANES cycles from 2007 to 2018. Weighted general linear methods showed that HEI‐2020 was negatively associated with systemic immune‐inflammation index (SII) and systemic inflammation response index (SIRI). Weighted quantile regression (WQS) models and quantile g‐computation (QGC) models supported the negative association between the mixed components and systemic inflammation. High intakes of whole fruits, whole grains, greens and beans, and seafood and plant proteins, along with a low intake of added sugars, were associated with reduced systemic inflammation. In contrast, the scores of sodium, dairy, total protein, and refined grains showed no significant effect. Briefly, our study provides an anti‐inflammatory dietary pattern suggestion based on the 13 components of HEI‐2020 and Dietary Guidelines for Americans.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Photocatalytic Activity of Magnetically Separable Fe3O4@SiO2@ZnO–Ag Composite Photocatalyst
Authors: Kiziltas Hakan , Tekin Taner , Birhan Derya , Tekin Derya
Published: July 2024

Magnetically separable Fe3O4, Fe3O4@SiO2, Fe3O4@SiO2@ZnO, and Fe3O4@SiO2@ZnO–Ag composites are synthesized using hydrothermal and wet chemistry methods. The samples obtained are characterized in terms of morphology, composition, optical, and magnetic properties using TEM, SEM‐EDS, XRD, FTIR, VSM, XPS, and UV–vis, and the photodegradation of Acid Blue 161 dye under UV irradiation is investigated. As a result of SEM and TEM analyses, the diameters of Fe3O4, Fe3O4@SiO2, Fe3O4@SiO2@ZnO, and Fe3O4@SiO2@ZnO–Ag composites are determined as 210, 220, 230 and 235 nm, respectively. The magnetic properties of the samples are determined by VSM analysis. In VSM analyses, magnetization saturation values of Fe3O4, Fe3O4@SiO2, Fe3O4@SiO2@ZnO, and Fe3O4@SiO2@ZnO–Ag composites are determined as 81, 64, 41 and 20 emus × g−1, respectively. In XRD analysis, the face‐centered cubic structure of Fe3O4 particles and the hexagonal wurtzite structure of ZnO are determined and it is determined that they are compatible with standard diffraction cards. According to UV–Vis analysis, Eg values for Fe3O4, Fe3O4@SiO2, Fe3O4@SiO2@ZnO, and Fe3O4@SiO2@ZnO–Ag composites are found as 1.3, 1.68, 2.21, and 2.15 eV, respectively. Among the photocatalysts prepared, Fe3O4@SiO2@ZnO–Ag composite Acid Blue 161 shows superior removal and recyclability against photodegradation of the dyestuff.
Abundance and distribution of microplastics in benthic sediments and Cladocera taxa in a subtropical Austral reservoir
Authors: Themba Nombuso N. , Dondofema Farai , Cuthbert Ross N. , Munyai Linton F. , Dalu Tatenda
Published: July 2024

Pollution of the natural environment by microplastics has become a global issue in ecosystems as it poses a potential long-term threat to biota. Microplastics can accrue in high abundances in sediments of aquatic ecosystems while also contaminating pelagic filter feeders, which could transfer pollutants up trophic webs. We assess the abundance and distribution of microplastics in benthic sediments and Cladocera taxa in a subtropical Austral reservoir using a combination of geospatial techniques, physicochemical analyses, diversity indices, and multivariate statistics between two seasons (i.e., hot–wet and cool–dry). We found particularly high densities of microplastics during the cool–dry season for both sediments (mean 224.1 vs. 189 particles kg–1 dry weight) and Cladocera taxa (0.3 particles per individual). Cladocera microplastic shapes were dominated by fibers with high densities of the transparent color scheme. Pearson correlation results indicated that sediment microplastic abundances were negatively correlated with chlorophyll–a concentration, temperature, and resistivity, whereas they were positively correlated with pH and salinity during the hot–wet season, with no variables significant in the cool–dry season. Cladocera microplastic abundances were positively correlated with conductivity and salinity during the cool–dry season, but no variables in the hot–wet season. These findings provide insights into the role of reservoirs as microplastic retention sites and the potential for uptake and transfer from lower trophic groups. These insights can be used to strengthen future monitoring and intervention strategies. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2024;20:2256–2270. © 2024 SETAC

Key Points

Sediments and Cladocera taxa were dominated by fibers. The distribution of microplastic types varied across sites. The density of microplastics in Cladocera taxa was significantly high. Cladocera may transfer microplastics to other aquatic organisms.
Enhancing Skin Disease Diagnosis Through Deep Learning: A Comprehensive Study on Dermoscopic Image Preprocessing and Classification
Authors: Haner Kırğıl Elif Nur , Erdaş Çağatay Berke
Published: July 2024

Skin cancer occurs when abnormal cells in the top layer of the skin, known as the epidermis, undergo uncontrolled growth due to unrepaired DNA damage, leading to the development of mutations. These mutations lead to rapid cell growth and development of cancerous tumors. The type of cancerous tumor depends on the cells of origin. Overexposure to ultraviolet rays from the sun, tanning beds, or sunlamps is a primary factor in the occurrence of skin cancer. Since skin cancer is one of the most common types of cancer and has a high mortality, early diagnosis is extremely important. The dermatology literature has many studies of computer‐aided diagnosis for early and highly accurate skin cancer detection. In this study, the classification of skin cancer was provided by Regnet x006, EfficientNetv2 B0, and InceptionResnetv2 deep learning methods. To increase the classification performance, hairs and black pixels in the corners due to the nature of dermoscopic images, which could create noise for deep learning, were eliminated in the preprocessing step. Preprocessing was done by hair removal, cropping, segmentation, and applying a median filter to dermoscopic images. To measure the performance of the proposed preprocessing technique, the results were obtained with both raw images and preprocessed images. The model developed to provide a solution to the classification problem is based on deep learning architectures. In the four experiments carried out within the scope of the study, classification was made for the eight classes in the dataset, squamous cell carcinoma and basal cell carcinoma classification, benign keratosis and actinic keratosis classification, and finally benign and malignant disease classification. According to the results obtained, the best accuracy values of the experiments were obtained as 0.858, 0.929, 0.917, and 0.906, respectively. The study underscores the significance of early and accurate diagnosis in addressing skin cancer, a prevalent and potentially fatal condition. The primary aim of the preprocessing procedures was to attain enhanced performance results by concentrating solely on the area spanning the lesion instead of analyzing the complete image. Combining the suggested preprocessing strategy with deep learning techniques shows potential for enhancing skin cancer diagnosis, particularly in terms of sensitivity and specificity.
Advancements in 7T magnetic resonance diffusion imaging: Technological innovations and applications in neuroimaging
Authors: Nie Lisha , Li Siyi , Wu Bing , Xiong Yuhui , McGovern Jeffrey , Wang Yunling , Liang Huilou
Published: July 2024

The development of 7‐Tesla (7T) magnetic resonance imaging systems has opened new avenues for exploring the advantages of diffusion imaging at higher field strengths, especially in neuroscience research. This review investigates whether 7T diffusion imaging offers significant benefits over lower field strengths by addressing the following: Technical challenges and corresponding strategies: Challenges include achieving shorter transverse relaxation/effective transverse relaxation times and greater B0 and B1 inhomogeneities. Advanced techniques including high‐performance gradient systems, parallel imaging, multi‐shot acquisition, and parallel transmission can mitigate these issues. Comparison of 3‐Tesla and 7T diffusion imaging: Technologies such as multiplexed sensitivity encoding and deep learning reconstruction (DLR) have been developed to mitigate artifacts and improve image quality. This comparative analysis demonstrates significant improvements in the signal‐to‐noise ratio and spatial resolution at 7T with a powerful gradient system, facilitating enhanced visualization of microstructural changes. Despite greater geometric distortions and signal inhomogeneity at 7T, the system shows clear advantages in high b‐value imaging and high‐resolution diffusion tensor imaging. Additionally, multiplexed sensitivity encoding significantly reduces image blurring and distortion, and DLR substantially improves the signal‐to‐noise ratio and image sharpness. 7T diffusion applications in structural analysis and disease characterization: This review discusses the potential applications of 7T diffusion imaging in structural analysis and disease characterization.
RETRACTED: Effect of Oridonin on Experimental Animal Model of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia
Authors: Zhang Shanshan , Wang Junfu , Xin Zhihong , Sun Chao , Ju Zhiye , Xue Xia , Jiang Wen , Xin Qian , Wang Jue , Zhang Zhaohua , Luan Yun
Published: July 2024

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a serious disease that occurs in premature and low‐birth‐weight infants. In recent years, the incidence of BPD has not decreased, and there is no effective treatment for it. Oridonin (Ori) is a traditional Chinese medicine with a wide range of biological activities, especially pharmacological and anti‐inflammatory. It is well known that inflammation plays a key role in BPD. However, the therapeutic effect of Ori on BPD has not been studied. Therefore, in the present study, we will observe the anti‐inflammatory activity of Ori in an experimental animal model of BPD. Here, we showed that Ori could significantly decrease hyperoxia‐induced alveolar injury, inhibit neutrophil recruitment, myeloperoxidase concentrations, and release inflammatory factors in BPD neonatal rats. Taken together, the experimental results suggested that Ori can significantly improve BPD in neonatal rats by inhibiting inflammatory response.
Evaluation of unmodified human cell‐derived extracellular vesicle mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid‐based biodistribution in rodents
Authors: Cho Young‐Woo , Cho Mi Young , Yoon Jaehyeon , Hong Da Eun , Lee Ju‐young , Park Hye Sun , Lee Hyunseung , Hong Kwan Soo , Won‐Kyu Lee , Saehae Choi , Song Suk‐Gil , Noh Young‐Woock
Published: July 2024

Recently, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been developed as therapeutic targets for various diseases. Biodistribution is crucial for EVs intended for therapeutic purposes because it can determine the degree of on‐ and off‐target effects. This study aimed to explore techniques to evaluate the biodistribution of unmodified EVs. We devised a novel quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR)‐based assay to detect unmodified EVs by targeting mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid (mtDNA), a constituent of EVs. We focused on specific mtDNA regions that exhibited homologous variations distinct from their rodent mtDNA counterparts to establish this analytical approach. Herein, we successfully designed primers and probes targeting human and rodent mtDNA sequences and developed a highly specific and sensitive qPCR method. Furthermore, the quantification range of EVs isolated from various cells differed based on the manufacturer and cell source. IRDye 800CW‐labelled Expi293F EV mimetics were administered to the animals via the tail vein to compare the imaging test and mtDNA‐qPCR results. The results obtained from imaging tests and mtDNA‐qPCR to investigate EV biodistribution patterns revealed differences. The results revealed that our newly developed method effectively determined the biodistribution of unmodified EVs with high sensitivity and reproducibility.
IMERG BraMaL: An improved gridded monthly rainfall product for Brazil based on satellite‐based IMERG estimates and machine learning techniques
Authors: Freitas Emerson da Silva , Coelho Victor Hugo Rabelo , Bertrand Guillaume Francis , Lemos Filipe Carvalho , Almeida Cristiano das Neves
Published: July 2024

Precipitation is one of the main components of the hydrological cycle and its precise quantification is fundamental to providing information for the understanding and prediction of physical processes. Precipitation observations based on ground‐based devices (manual and automatic rain gauges) are highly accurate but have limited spatial coverage. On the other hand, remote sensing products cover large areas but with lower accuracy. In this context, this study aims to provide a more accurate monthly precipitation estimating product, with lower latency than other products but without directly relying on field data. The methodology consists of applying a machine learning method (k‐nearest neighbours algorithm) to satellite‐based remote sensing data (IMERG Early Run product) and re‐analysis‐based (MERRA‐2) variables with a particular connection to precipitation. The method was applied over the Brazilian territory, which features a large range of precipitation regimes. This methodology resulted in the development of an adjusted IMERG product (IMERG BraMaL). Compared with the original IMERG products (Early Run and Final Run), IMERG BraMaL has improved the evaluated metrics between ground‐based and satellite data in almost all analyses. For instance, KGE (Kling‐Gupta efficiency) went from lower values (0.70 and 0.82 for Early and Late Run, respectively) to values above 0.86 in the IMERG BraMaL. The adjusted product also presented superior performance statistics compared with other global precipitation products (CHIRPS, PERSIANN‐CDR, and MSWEP). The main advantages of IMERG BraMaL compared with IMERG Final Run are (i) much faster availability to the end‐users; (ii) non‐dependency on any field data, allowing its application in areas where rain gauge data is unavailable or of low quality; (iii) the non‐relationship of errors to local features; and (iv) the much‐improved estimations in regions in Brazil where, historically, satellite‐based products usually underestimate the observed data.
Spatiotemporal variability and underlying large‐scale atmospheric mechanisms causing the change in the Black Sea surface temperature and associated extreme precipitation events in the northeastern of Turkiye
Authors: Baltaci Hakki , Turk Mustafa Kemal
Published: July 2024

Sea surface temperature (SST) has an important local and remote influence on global climate through the distribution and transport of heat and moisture. As a result of climate forcing, significant changes occur in the SSTs, which result in many natural disasters such as supercharged storms, higher wind speeds, heavier precipitation and flooding. This study investigates the spatiotemporal changes and underlying atmospheric mechanisms of the Black Sea (BLS) surface temperature. For this purpose, National Oceanicand Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) high‐resolution SST data (0.25°), which were verified with buoy observations, were used for the period 1982–2021. To investigate the circulation impacts, the relationship between North Atlantic Oscillation and East Atlantic/West Russia (EA/WR) phases and SSTs of the western BLS (WBLS) and eastern BLS (EBLS) was analysed. According to the results, SST values increased from 1.64°C (in winter) to 2.52°C (in summer) during the 40‐year period. Significant SST increases are shown in the EBLS during the summer and fall months. Statistically significant negative correlations (p < 0.05) were found between EA/WR and winter (r = −0.57) and summer (r = −0.56) SSTs in the EBLS. During winter, surface high located in the eastern Anatolia causes southerly winds, which blows from the terrestrial areas to the EBLS and result in above‐normal SST values. During summer (under negative EA/WR phases), the Azores high‐pressure centre extends to the Balkan Peninsula and WBLS and as a consequence, a significant amount of moisture associated with high sea surface temperature (>27°C, above‐normal 2.0°C) develops low‐level moisture convergence. Proper synoptic conditions, strong instability conditions between the surface and upper levels, and orographic forcing enable the occurrence of convective cloud cells. The movement of these cells to the northeastern part of Turkiye by strong northwesterly winds causes extreme precipitation and associated flash‐flood events in a limited area where land–sea interaction occurs (i.e., Artvin, Rize and Hopa provinces of Turkiye).
Use of neoadjuvant paclitaxel in breast angiosarcoma—Impact on surgical resection and response rates
Authors: Selby Luke V. , Clark Emma , Chen James L. , Tinoco Gabriel , Beane Joal D. , Pollock Raphael E. , Liebner David , Grignol Valerie P.
Published: July 2024

Objective

Breast angiosarcoma is a tumor that can arise as a primary breast tumor or in association with prior radiation therapy. Angiosarcomas are uniquely sensitive to paclitaxel. This study evaluated the impact neoadjuvant paclitaxel (NAC) therapy has on surgical outcomes, tumor recurrence, and survival in breast angiosarcomas.

Methods

Patients with angiosarcoma of the breast, either primary or radiation‐associated, were identified from a prospective institutional database. Patients receiving NAC were compared to those treated with upfront surgery. Clinical and pathological variables were compared using Student's t‐test or Fisher's exact test, differences in survival were calculated using Kaplan–Meier methods.

Results

Twenty‐four patients with angiosarcoma of the breast were identified, 10 with primary angiosarcoma and 14 with radiation‐associated angiosarcoma. Twelve patients received NAC, 6 of each with primary angiosarcoma or radiation‐associated angiosarcoma. Of these 12 patients, 11 had a margin negative resection (91%) of which, nine had a complete pathological response on surgical pathology. Of the 12 surgery‐first patients, four (n = 4/12, 33%) had positive surgical margins, two of the four underwent reoperation. With a median follow‐up of 16 months, four NAC patients had recurrence (33%) compared to six patients in the surgery‐first group (58%) (p = 0.41). While not statistically significant, NAC patients had a 33% less risk of recurring compared to surgery‐first patients ([hazard ratio =0.67 (95% confidence interval 0.16–2.72; p = 0.6]).

Conclusion

NAC for breast angiosarcoma may be associated with high rates of complete pathological response and margin‐negative resection. However, this did not impact overall survival. Future prospective control studies and longer follow‐up periods are warranted to understand the impact on recurrence and survival.
Experiential attributes and benefits of transnational festivals
Authors: Gedecho Ermias Kifle , Kim Seongseop (Sam) , Wondirad Amare
Published: July 2024

Despite their significant impact on the well‐being of immigrants, the destination image of host countries, and preservation of heritage, transnational festivals have received limited research attention. This study aims to explore transnational festival attributes and their experiential benefits using a constructivist grounded theory approach to analyze two major Ethiopian transnational festivals that take place in the USA. Based on the research findings the study formulates five main domains of festival attributes: transnational religion, homeland atmosphere, volunteering, homeland people, and convenience. These attributes allow visitors to gain educational, spiritual, esthetic, social cohesion and volunteering experiential benefits, which are different from those of conventional festivals. Theoretical contributions and practical implications are discussed along with study limitations and directions for future research.
High‐temperature oxidation of Cu–Al–Ni–Mn shape‐memory alloy
Authors: Gomes Edelize Angélica , Antunes Renato Altobelli , Mazzer Eric Marchezini , Lins Vanessa de Freitas Cunha
Published: July 2024

The isothermal oxidation behavior of the Cu‐11.35Al‐3.2Ni‐3.5Mn (wt.%) shape‐memory alloy (SMA) in the temperature range of 500–900°C in oxygen was studied using the thermogravimetric (TG) method. TG curve showed that the alloy has parabolic isothermal oxidation characteristics. The effect of oxidation on the surface morphology and chemical composition of the Cu–Al–Ni–Mn alloy was determined by scanning electron microscopy, energy‐dispersive spectroscopy, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses. The oxidation rate of SMA increases up to 700°C, remains stable at 800°C, and increases again up to 900°C. The XPS analysis identified that the corrosion products mainly contained MnO2, MnO/Mn2O3, and Al2O3.
Accelerated microbiologically influenced corrosion of copper by sulfate‐reducing bacterium Desulfovibrio desulfovibrio
Authors: Chen Lijuan , Li Jialin , Wei Bo , Xu Jin , Sun Cheng
Published: July 2024

The corrosion behavior and electrochemical damage mechanisms induced by sulfate‐reducing bacteria (SRB) on copper (Cu) were investigated in this study. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy revealed that SRB accelerated the corrosion of Cu, albeit with a mitigating effect observed due to the formation of a protective and dense biofilm. However, upon the rupture of this protective film, the corrosion tendency of Cu significantly increased. Surface analysis corroborated these findings, with the predominant corrosion product identified as Cu2S, a result further supported by thermodynamic calculations. The accelerated corrosion of Cu was primarily attributed to the physiological metabolism of SRB, which generates hydrogen sulfide as the principal agent driving corrosion processes.
CEO fashion matters? Effect of consistent versus variable fashion style on perceived competence
Authors: Kim MinChung , Lee Jacob C.
Published: July 2024

The present research examines how a temporal dimension of the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) fashion style—consistent (vs. variable) fashion—influences stakeholders' perceptions of CEO competence. Based on the temporal aspect of attribution theory, we hypothesize that stakeholders perceive those CEOs who are consistent in their clothing across various occasions as more competent than CEOs who do not portray consistency. We also consider CEO gender a key moderator of the link between fashion consistency and perceived competence. Based on gender stereotypes and relatively unclear rules about women's clothing within professional settings, we hypothesize that the enhancement of perceived competence from a consistent fashion style is mitigated for female CEOs. Furthermore, by applying a zero‐sum belief in time management to CEOs' clothing decisions, we hypothesize that perceived work engagement mediates the “gender” moderation. Three studies, including a survey and two scenario‐based experiments in which we manipulate fashion consistency and CEO gender, largely supported the hypotheses. The results emphasize the importance for CEOs to strategically manage visual cues, like fashion style, focusing on either their consistency or variability when interacting with stakeholders across different occasions.
Gamma‐Irradiated Gum Arabic Grafted with 2‐Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate: A Novel Superabsorbent Polymer for Controlled Folic Acid Release
Authors: Mir Tariq Ahmad , Ganie Showkat Ali , Ali Akbar , Assiri Mohammed A. , Imtiyaz Khalid , Rizvi M. Moshahid Alam , Mazumdar Nasreen , Rather Luqman Jameel
Published: July 2024

This study explores the synthesis and characterization of superabsorbent hydrogels derived from chemically modified gum Arabic, designed for controlled folic acid release. The synthesis involves a two‐step process: carboxymethylation followed by grafting with 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate via gamma irradiation. The resulting hydrogels exhibit enhanced mechanical strength and controlled diffusivity, essential for nutrient delivery systems. Key factors such as copolymer composition and irradiation dose are investigated, affecting the synthesis process. Systematic studies of swelling behaviors reveal that the hydrogel achieves a maximum swelling of 888.1% at 40 °C. The hydrogels are loaded with folic acid, and in vitro, sustained release profiles are examined under various pH conditions. The maximum release of 83.3% is observed after 24 h at pH 7.0, following a Korsmeyer–Peppas release mechanism. Different characterization techniques, confirm the successful synthesis and unique properties of the superabsorbent hydrogels. Rheological behavior analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and biocompatibility assessments provide a comprehensive understanding of the hydrogel structures. Gamma irradiation ensures a homogeneous network structure, crucial for optimal swelling behavior and mechanical properties. This research highlights the potential of eco‐friendly biopolymer hydrogels in precise drug delivery applications, leveraging the safety and process control benefits of gamma irradiation.
LAIR1 promotes hepatocellular carcinoma cell metastasis and induces M2‐macrophage infiltration through activating AKT‐IKKβ‐p65 axis
Authors: Pan Banglun , Shen Shuling , Zhao Jun , Zhang Zhu , Ye Dongjie , Zhang Xiaoxia , Yao Yuxin , Luo Yue , Wang Xiaoqian , Tang Nanhong
Published: July 2024

LAIR1, a receptor found on immune cells, is capable of binding to collagen and is involved in immune‐related diseases. However, the precise contribution of LAIR1 expressed on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells to tumor microenvironment is still unclear. In our study, bioinformatics analysis and immunofluorescence were employed to study the correlation between LAIR1 levels and clinical indicators. Transwell and scratch tests were used to evaluate how LAIR1 affected the migration and invasion of HCC cells. The chemotactic capacity and alternative activation of macrophages were investigated using RT‐qPCR, transwell, and immunofluorescence. To investigate the molecular mechanisms, transcriptome sequencing analysis, Western blot, nucleus/cytoplasm fractionation, ELISA, and cytokine microarray were employed. We revealed a significant correlation between the presence of LAIR1 and an unfavorable outcome in HCC. We indicated that LAIR1 promoted migration and invasion of HCC cells through the AKT‐IKKβ‐p65 axis. Additionally, the alternative activation and infiltration of tumor‐associated macrophages induced by LAIR1 were reliant on the upregulation of IL6 and CCL5 within this axis, respectively. In conclusion, blocking LAIR1 was found to be an effective approach in combating the cancerous advancement of HCC.
Dynamics of a delayed nonlocal reaction–diffusion heroin epidemic model in a heterogenous environment
Authors: Djilali Salih , Chen Yuming , Bentout Soufiane
Published: July 2024

To study the consumption of heroin in a heterogeneous environment, we propose and analyze a spatiotemporal model with a distributed delay. Using the spectral theory, we determine the basic reproduction number
, which serves a threshold role. If
, then the addiction‐free steady state is globally asymptotically stable while if
, then there is at least one addictive steady state. Moreover, when
, if one of the dispersal coefficients is zero, then there is only one addictive steady state, and it is globally asymptotically stable; if both diffusions of susceptible and addicted individuals are present, we cannot identify the temporal behavior of solutions, and hence, we study the asymptotic profile of addictive steady states when one of the dispersal coefficients tend to zero.
A simple miniaturized sub‐6‐GHz bandpass filter with wide upper stopband in gallium arsenide‐based integrated passive device process
Authors: Wang Xuedao , Zhang Gang , Guo Zai‐Cheng , Wang Lingling
Published: July 2024

A very compact three‐pole bandpass filter with wide upper stopband is proposed and implemented by gallium arsenide integrated passive device technology. By organizing inductor and capacitor in parallel with an LC series network, a dual‐frequency bandstop structure is constructed in the first step to achieve transmission zeros (TZs). Then, the lowpass capacitor network and highpass inductor network are wisely cascaded with the bandstop structure, thus to the realization of three‐pole bandpass filter with a wide upper stopband. Based on the even‐/odd‐mode analysis, theoretical equations for the in‐band resonances and out‐of‐band TZs are given. Then, one filter prototype centered at 4.4 GHz with 3‐dB fractional bandwidth of 45.5% is designed, fabricated, and measured. Both simulated and measured results indicate that the proposed filter exhibits a wide stopband rejection of 25 dB from 6.4 to 22.8 GHz as well as a very compact size about 0.026λg × 0.031λg.
Low‐cost and easy‐to‐embed 7‐bit 360° phase shifter with transitions for large‐scale phased arrays
Authors: Liu MeiCheng , Wu Jin , Fu ZhenShuai , Zheng Shuang , Hou YueFeng
Published: July 2024

In this letter, a low‐cost and easy‐to‐embed 7‐bit 360° phase shifter with transitions is presented for applications to beamforming in the large‐scale phased array. In the proposed 360° phase shifter, the topology of the reflection‐type phase shifter (RTPS) is employed, composed of a 3‐dB branchline coupler terminated with two tunable parallel L–C loads. First, a two‐step phase extraction process for RTPS is applied to design the RTPS rapidly with competitive performance, including 360° phase range and low insertion loss. A huge amount of parameter sweep is reduced in the design and test. Meanwhile, the parameter of inductors in the tunable loads is investigated effectively, to achieve the minimal phase step. Second, aiming at the enhanced performance of beamforming and improved flexibility of integration, the stripline is adopted in the design of the phase shifter, avoiding the interference on antenna radiation effectively. To facilitate the integration with antenna and radio frequency connectors of the input and output signals, a stripline‐to‐microstrip line transition with electromagnetic bandgap structures is adopted. By this means, the complexity and cost of fabrication are decreased. Finally, fabricated in the low‐cost printed circuit board technology, our proof‐of‐concept design operated from 2.4 to 2.5 GHz is measured and achieves a 386.8° phase shift range with an insertion loss of 2.21 ± 0.82 dB at 2.45 GHz.
Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles With Cyclosorus dentatus and Nephrolepis biserrata and Their Antioxidant, Anti‐Inflammatory Studies
Authors: Chick Christian Nanga , Meva Francois Eya'ane , Kedi Phillippe Belle Ebanda , Usuki Toyonobu
Published: July 2024

This study examined the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (SNPs) with aqueous extracts of Cyclosorus dentatus and Nephrolepis biserrata fronds and the evaluation of their biological activities. Mixing of AgNO3 solution and the aqueous extracts resulted in color change, indicating the formation of SNPs. UV‐Vis spectroscopy analysis gave a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peak at approximately 420 nm, confirming the presence of the synthesized SNPs. Infrared analysis showed C‐O, N‐O, and C‐C vibrations or stretching and aliphatic vibrations of hydrocarbon chains of the synthesized SNPs. x‐Ray diffraction (XRD) analysis indicated the SNPs were face‐centered, cubic, and crystalline in nature, with crystallite sizes. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) shows the aggregation of the spherical shape nanoparticles. The SNPs significantly reduced phosphomolybdenum and captured H2O2 with respective IC50 values of 61.55 and 29.03 µg/mL for C. dentatus SNP (SNP‐Cd), and 92.61 and 9.07 µg/mL for N. biserrata SNP (SNP‐Nb), respectively. In terms of albumin‐denaturing activity, the SNPs gave an IC50 value of 21.20 µg/mL for SNP‐Cd and 7.18 µg/mL for SNP‐Nb. Thus, this work confirmed that SNP‐Cd and SNP‐Nb are potential therapeutic agents for treating oxidative stress, inflammatory problems, and related diseases.
Observer‐based optimal fault‐tolerant tracking control for input‐constrained interconnected nonlinear systems with mismatched disturbances
Authors: Liu Shihui , Xu Ning , Zhao Ning , Zhang Liang
Published: July 2024

This paper investigates an observer‐based optimal fault‐tolerant tracking control problem for interconnected nonlinear systems with input constraints and mismatched disturbances via adaptive dynamic programming (ADP). Firstly, an augmented system consisting of tracking error and the reference trajectory is constructed, and then the original optimal tracking control problem is transformed into the optimal regulation control problem of the augmented system. An integral sliding‐mode‐based optimal fault‐tolerant control scheme is developed to eliminate the effect of actuator faults and guarantee the optimal control performance. Furthermore, a neural network‐based observer is designed to identify the completely unknown system dynamics based on the input‐output data, thereby relaxing the restriction on system dynamics. Subsequently, the modified Hamilton‐Jacobi‐Bellman equations are solved by using the ADP algorithm under a critic network framework. According to the Lyapunov approach, all signals in the closed‐loop augmented system are uniformly ultimately bounded. Finally, the effectiveness of the developed control scheme is demonstrated via simulation results.