bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Responsibile marketing to children and their families
Authors: Pettersson Anette , Fjellstrom Christina
Published: April 2007

Purpose

Discusses the role of food marketing to children and how responsible marketing may facilitate healthy foodways.

Design/methodology/approach

Reports research on children as consumers and the consumer socialization process, where the role of media and brands are stronger influencing agents than before. Describes the criticism against child advertisements and the use of entertainment in marketing to children, especially in positioning unhealthy food products. Continues with describing the industry’s response in terms of conducting responsible marketing through self‐regulation.

Findings

Suggests that healthy food habits can be facilitated by making healthy food available, by promoting well‐being and through making healthy food entertaining. Several aspects in children’s experiences of fun ought to be considered in the marketing process. Responsible acting among producers and marketers is a way of forming emotional relationships and thus of creating consumer loyalty.

Practical implications

Several parallel actions are suggested to establish healthy food habits; consumer education among children along with legal restrictions and responsible marketing. The cultural meaning of food makes a subject for future research on promoting healthy food habits. It is further suggested that marketers, teachers and nutritionists should learn from each other to establish healthy eating among children and their families.

Originality/value

Responsible marketing in making healthy food attractive to children and their families makes an advantageous alternative satisfying both industry and consumer needs in the long run.
Mothers’ attitudes towards toys as fast food premiums
Authors: Pettigrew Simone , Roberts Michele
Published: April 2007

Purpose

To explore mothers’ attitudes to fast food companies’ use of toy premiums as a marketing technique.

Design/methodology/approach

Two focus groups and 12 individual interviews were conducted with 21 mothers of young children.

Findings

The mothers considered toy premiums to be a highly effective form of marketing targeted at their children. Such purchase incentives stimulate a constant barrage of requests that parents must manage.

Research limitations/implications

If parents are to successfully perform their role of food providers to address escalating rates of childhood obesity, they need assistance to counter‐balance the highly effective forms of marketing being employed by fast food companies.

Practical implications

The findings have relevance for public policy makers in their efforts to assess the impacts of various promotional activities targeted at children. They are also useful for food marketers as they suggest how product offerings may be differentiated to better meet parents’ preferences.

Originality/value

Very little research has examined parents’ attitudes to specific marketing techniques aimed at children. Understanding the impacts of these techniques on parents’ feeding practices is critical in obtaining an appreciation for how parents can better manage their children’s diets to address rapidly escalating rates of childhood obesity.
Economic policy: trash as a commodity
Authors: Lehman Peter
Published: April 2007

Over the past 25 years, trash, and facilities for the disposal of trash, have been transformed from public “problems” and resources to property. The social process of transformation has been prompted by increased environmental concerns and increasing volumes of trash which, in turn, prompted the development of regional public disposal facilities and large international trash corporations which dominate this multi‐billion dollar industry. This social and economic transformation has been accompanied by change in legal forms that ratify the economic transformations, as suggested by Balbus and Pashukanis, while also creating conflicts and contradictions, as suggested by Chambliss, which are currently the focus of attention in the United States Congress. This paper traces the social and economic transformation which has occurred and analyzes the legal process of ratifying this transformation, primarily in Federal appellate courts, and the current activity in Congress.
Influence of Plasma Spray Parameters on Formation and Morphology of ZrO2–8 wt% Y2O3 Deposits
Authors: Kucuk Ahmet , Lima Rogerio S. , Berndt Christopher C.
Published: April 2007

Spray prints of thermal spray coatings were created on glass slides for air‐plasma‐sprayed 8‐wt%‐yttria‐partially‐stabilized zirconia (YSZ) deposits. The spray parameters such as carrier gas flow rate, standoff distance, and torch power were systematically changed to investigate the influence of these parameters on the YSZ deposit characteristics. The deposit properties such as deposition efficiency (DE), substrate coverage, deposit thickness, and roughness were measured. The deposits sprayed with a 3.5–4.0 L/min carrier gas flow rate at an 80 mm standoff distance exhibited higher values of DE within the range of studied process parameters. The DE increased as much as 25% by varying the carrier gas flow rate from 2.0 to 4.0 L/min. The deposits sprayed at a higher standoff distance and low torch power gave poor deposit characteristics. The deposit characteristics were compared with the in‐flight particle parameters and revealed that the deposit characteristics strongly depended on the in‐flight particle temperature. Using the in‐flight particle properties, the flattening ratio and the splat thickness were calculated. The average size of particles adhering to the substrate was found to drastically change with a change of process conditions, being much less than the average size of the starting powder.
Evolution of Impedance Spectra during Debonding and Pullout of Single Steel Fibers from Cement
Authors: Torrents Josep M. , Easley Thomas C. , Faber K. T. , Mason Thomas O. , Shah Surendra P.
Published: April 2007

Impedance measurements were made during the debonding and pullout of a fully embedded, crack‐bridging single steel fiber from a cement matrix. Nyquist plots gave evidence of two bulk arcs, and the “cusp” between them proved to be sensitive to both debonding and pullout of the embedded fiber. Physical simulations that used a steel wire in tap water were applied to interpret the debonding and pull‐out results. The cusp resistance from impedance spectroscopy provided quantitative information about the extent of pullout and, at least qualitatively, correlated with the debond length before pullout. Impedance measurements on both sides of the matrix crack showed that crack deflection and debonding occurred on both sides symmetrically.
Geometry Optimization and Ground‐State Properties of Complex Ceramic Oxides
Authors: Ouyang Lizhi , Ching Wai‐Yim
Published: April 2007

The crystal structures of the several complex oxides including MgAl2O4, α‐Al2O3, θ‐Al2O3, r‐Al2O3, Y2O3, Y3Al5O12, and YAlO3 are fully optimized by means of first‐principles total energy calculations with relaxation of all internal parameters. This is achieved by the implementation of a simple scheme based on the finite difference method for the energy gradient. In most cases, the predicted lattice constants are within 0.5% of the experimental values. The bulk moduli and the pressure coefficients for these crystals are calculated from fitting the energy vs volume data to the equation of state. Because all of the internal parameters of the crystal are optimized at different volumes, the calculated ground‐state properties are found to be in excellent agreement with measured data. For the polymorphs of the Al2O3 system, comparison to other existing calculations are made and discussed.
Mechanochemical Synthesis of Lanthanum Oxyfluoride from Lanthanum Oxide and Lanthanum Fluoride
Authors: Lee Jaeryeong , Zhang Qiwu , Saito Fumio
Published: April 2007

A powder mixture of lanthanum oxide (La2O3) and lanthanum fluoride (LaF3) was ground by a planetary ball‐mill to investigate the mechanochemical reaction forming lanthanum oxyfluoride (LaOF) at room temperature. The grinding enables us to form LaOF monophase, and the reaction proceeds with an increase in grinding time, whereas the crystallite size of LaOF formed is about 15–20 nm irrespective of the grinding time. Other rare‐earth oxyfluorides (R–OF, R = Pr, Nd, Sm, Gd) can be synthesized by grinding the constituent components (R2O3 and RF3).
G‐protein‐coupled receptors: an update
Authors: Fredholm B. B. , Hökfelt T. , Milligan G.
Published: April 2007

Abstract The receptors that couple to G proteins (GPCR) and which span the cell membranes seven times (7‐TM receptors) were the focus of a symposium in Stockholm 2006. The ensemble of GPCR has now been mapped in several animal species. They remain a major focus of interest in drug development, and their diverse physiological and pathophysiological roles are being clarified, i.a. by genetic targeting. Recent developments hint at novel levels of complexity. First, many, if not all, GPCRs are part of multimeric ensembles, and physiology and pharmacology of a given GPCR may be at least partly guided by the partners it was formed together with. Secondly, at least some GPCRs may be constitutively active. Therefore, drugs that are inverse agonists may prove useful. Furthermore, the level of activity may vary in such a profound way between cells and tissues that this could offer new ways of achieving specificity of drug action. Finally, it is becoming increasingly clear that some of these receptors can signal via novel types of pathways, and hence that ‘GPCRs’ may not always be G‐protein‐coupled. Thus there are many challenges for the basic scientist and the drug industry.
Mining the gene repertoire and ESTs for G protein‐coupled receptors with evolutionary perspective
Authors: Schiöth H. B. , Nordström K. J. V. , Fredriksson R.
Published: April 2007

The purpose of this article was to review recent progress in mining the gene repertoire and expressed sequence tags (ESTs) for the super‐family of G protein‐coupled receptors (GPCRs) in the form of a proceeding from the Nordic GPCR meeting held at the Nobel Forum, Karolinska Institute in August 2006. We update and give an overview of the expansion of the main families of GPCRs; Glutamate, Rhodopsin, Adhesion, Frizzled and Secretin (GRAFS) in perspective of fully sequenced genomes. We look into the most recent findings including the work that has been carried out on the spotted green puffer fish (Tetraodon nigroviridis), mouse (Mus musculus), chicken (Gallus gallus), slime mold (Dictyostelium discoideum) and the plant pathogenic fungus Magnaporthe grisea. We use examples from our recent work on chicken GPCRs to highlight the importance of detailed assembly and curation of sequences and how that can affect percentage similarity and phylogeny. ESTs can give valuable information about expression patterns. GPCRs have comparatively low numbers of EST suggesting that GPCRs are in generally expressed in lower amount than other genes. We discuss similarities in the evolution of the trace amine associated receptors with other sensory receptors.
Identification of two sterol carrier protein‐2 like genes in the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti
Authors: Vyazunova I. , Wessley V. , Kim M. , Lan Q.
Published: April 2007

Two genes encoding sterol carrier protein‐2 like proteins are identified from fourth instar cDNAs of the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti. The predicted AeSCP‐2like1 (AeSCP‐2L1) and AeSCP‐2like2 (AeSCP‐2L2) proteins are small, acidic and lacking the peroxisomal targeting sequence at the C‐termini. Purified recombinant AeSCP‐2L1 and ‐2L2 bind to cholesterol with a Kd of 5.4 × 10−6 M and 2.6 × 10−6 M, respectively. The Kd values of AeSCP‐2L1 and ‐2L2 to palmitic acid are 3.7 × 10−7 M and 2.6 × 10−7 M, respectively. Both genes are expressed predominantly in gut tissues. The transcripts of the AeSCP‐2L1 gene are only detected in larval stages, whereas AeSCP‐2L2 is expressed in larval and adult stages. AeSCP‐2L2 transcription increases within 5 h after a bloodmeal and stays at high levels during vitellogenesis. In in vitro larval gut tissue cultures, AeSCP‐2L1 transcripts were increased in the presence of juvenile hormone III, whereas AeSCP‐2L2 mRNA levels increased in the presence 20‐hydroxylecdysone. The results suggest that transcription of AeSCP‐2L1 and ‐2L2 genes are regulated differently through the mosquito life cycle.
Weather‐driven dynamics of an intermediate host: mechanistic and statistical population modelling of Oncomelania hupensis
Authors: REMAIS JUSTIN , HUBBARD ALAN , ZISONG WU , SPEAR ROBERT C.
Published: April 2007

Population models of intermediate host species’ abundance are vital tools for assessing the impacts of control activities and changing environmental conditions on host–parasite dynamics. Public health practitioners require reliable predictions to inform disease control decisions that target the intermediate host of human schistosomes. A synthesis of mechanistic and statistical modelling approaches was undertaken to develop a weather‐driven mathematical population dynamics model for Oncomelania hupensis, the intermediate host for Schistosoma japonicum.

The model was parameterized with data from a novel, longitudinal mark–recapture technique incorporating enclosures in order to distinguish birth from immigration and death from emigration. Snail density, recruitment and death rates were estimated monthly, and environmental variables recorded continuously at three sites in a mountainous region of south‐western China.

Generalized estimating equation models were used to relate birth and death parameters to lagged and unlagged environmental variables, clustered by site. Competing mechanistic models, combining these submodels, were assessed based on their prediction error against observed population dynamics. In the best‐fit overall model, O. hupensis seasonal cycling was largely governed by temperature and episodic precipitation events > 15 mm, with characteristic early spring and late summer population peaks. Density‐dependent effects were not detected.

The implications for snail control and, in particular, the influence of human hydrological disturbances on snail populations were examined. The model quantified the response of O. hupensis to small changes in climate variables, providing vital data for assessing the potential impact of climate change on parasite intermediate host populations.

Synthesis and applications. The results of this study can form the basis of management measures aimed at controlling the Asian intermediate host of a widespread human parasite, with relevance to nearly 30 million affected people. As a component of larger disease transmission models, a description of snail population dynamics is valuable both for explaining the patterns of occurrence of disease in natural populations, and for evaluating the relative impact of different environmental scenarios on host–parasite interactions. Having integrated the first direct measurements of O. hupensis population parameters in a validated, weather‐driven population model, managers may now quantitatively evaluate the response of O. hupensis to changing environmental conditions, including environmental modifications designed to achieve population reductions. Results suggest that, in particular, the sensitivity of O. hupensis to heavy flow events can be exploited as a potential control technique.
Cereal Root Eelworm Pathotypes in England and Wales
Authors: Cotten John
Published: April 2007

A survey of the variation in the pathogenicity of 22 populations of the cereal root eelworm was carried out using three barley and two oat genotypes. Of the barley genotypes tested, the cultivar Cb 545 (Rika) was susceptible to all populations, while the unadapted six‐row genotype Cb 824 (No. 191) was resistant to all populations except one, a population from Akenham in Suffolk, to which it was partially susceptible. The two‐row cultivar Cb 917 (Fero) showed a range of reactions to the 22 populations from complete resistance to complete susceptibility. Of the oat genotypes used, S 225 (Milford) was susceptible to all populations, while Cc 4658 (I 376, Avena sterilis) was resistant.

The results presented indicate that there are at least three pathotypes of the cereal root eelworm in England and Wales.
Further Investigation into the Supposed Resistance of the Large Bulb Fly to Aldrin
Authors: Woodville H. C.
Published: April 2007

The figures given in a previous paper suggested that the degree of attack on aldrin‐treated bulbs was on the increase, this it was suggested was due to aldrin resistance.

But the use of aldrin wettable powder at 0·125 per cent active ingredient in the hot‐water treatment of bulbs gave very good protection against attack.

And, laboratory tests on adult Merodon gave no reasons for suspecting that the flies were developing resistance to aldrin.
An Effect of Soil Compaction on the Incidence of Potato Coiled Sprout
Authors: Lapwood D. H. , Hide G. A. , Hirst J. M.
Published: April 2007

The incidence of coiled sprout in ‘Majestic’ potatoes was increased by chitting the seed, planting deeply and compacting the soil.

Stem bases of plants from unchitted seed produced coiled stems only in rolled soil and then only few. Coils were most abundant with plants from chitted seed in rolled soil. Rolling the soil increased the incidence of coiling and fasciation more than did chitting.

Chitted seed planted 1 in. deep produced very few coils even in rolled soil. Not all coils showed lesions but Verticillium nubilum Pethybr. was frequently isolated from lesions.
The Use of Organochlorine Insecticides and Possible Alternatives Against Leatherjackets
Authors: White J. H.
Published: April 2007

It is estimated that, in England and Wales, about 162,000 acres of DDT‐setisitive barley cultivars have been grown annually in recent years under conditions where leatherjacket damage may occur. But, on average, economic damage only seems likely to occur on about 5,000 acres of DDT‐sensitive barley. About 160,000 acres of non‐sensitive cultivars are also grown under conditions where leatherjacket damage may occur, as well as a considerable acreage of wheat and oats. From limited knowledge about leatherjacket population distribution it seems unlikely that damaging populations occur on more than about 25,000 acres of cereals overall. It seems possible that about 300,000 acres of grassland may support populations in excess of 500,000 leatherjacket larvae per acre in an average year, though the economic damage done cannot be assessed at present.

Established, and possible alternative, chemical control methods are discussed.
The Chimerical Nature of a Potato Wilding
Authors: Howard H. W.
Published: April 2007

Wildings of the potato cultivar Redskin were shown by eye‐excision experiments and X‐ray treatment to be chimeras in which the outermost growing‐point layer, L1, was unchanged and in which the other layers of the stem apex, L2 and L3, had a mutation for the wilding character. It is probable that wildings of other cultivars which do not appear to be chimeras when investigated by eye‐excision experiments, have the constitution: L1 normal; L2 and L3 wilding.
The Chemical Control of Grey Mould, Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex Fr., in Mist‐propagated Chrysanthemum Cuttings
Authors: Smith Pauline M. , Evans S. G.
Published: April 2007

Fungicidal treatments indicated that the incidence ofBotrytis attacking chrysanthemum cuttings can be appreciably decreased but the economic benefits were not assessed. Of the few fungicides tested, dichlofluanid was the most promising, particularly in spray formulations. Spraying stock plants decreased subsequent infection on detached cuttings, suggesting that the stocks were an important source of inoculum. Prolonged periods of cold storage increased Botrytis attack during subsequent propagation.
Chrysanthemum White Rust in England and Wales 1963‐66
Authors: Baker J. J.
Published: April 2007

Chrysanthemum white rust (Puccinia horiana) was first seen in England late in 1963, on stock originally imported from Japan. Infected plants were destroyed during 1964, but in autumn 1965 over 50 outbreaks occurred, nearly all in south‐west England. Eleven outbreaks followed during the next season. The history of the disease and eradication measures are described.
A Rapid Identification Method for British Longidorus Species
Authors: Flegg J. J. M.
Published: April 2007

A rapid method is given for identifying British Longidorus species, using the lengths of the functional and replacement odontostyls of the various stages and other easily observed characters to separate morphometrically similar species.
Chemical Control of Chrysanthemum Leaf Miner and Some Observations on Varietal Preference
Authors: Erench N. , John Margaret E. , Wright A.
Published: April 2007

Screening trials showed that many insecticides killed chrysanthemum leaf miner (Phytomyza atricornis Meigen) adults and larvae inside chrysanthemum leaves but not eggs or pupae. Residues of demeton‐S‐methyl were not completely effective against adults and DDT did not kill larvae. In commercial glasshouses, complete larval kill was consistently obtained with high volume sprays of 0.02 per cent diazinon, 0.05 per cent dichlorvos and 0.023 per cent thionazin; 0.04 per cent azinphos‐methyl, 0.05 per cent nicotine and 0.01 per cent parathion gave nearly complete kill; 0.0125 per cent gamma‐BHC, 0.02 per cent demeton‐S‐methyl, 0.11 per cent malathion, 0.025 per cent morphothion and 0.19 per cent oxydemeton‐methyl gave variable and sometimes poor results.
Cereal Diseases and their Effects on Intensive Wheat Cropping in the East Midland Region, 1963–65
Authors: Rosser W. R. , Chadburn Barbara L.
Published: April 2007

A surely of 174 fields showed that take‐all was the major disease affecting yield when two or more successive crops of winter wheat were grown. The eyespot‐resistant cultivar Cappelle Desprez comprised more than 90 per cent of the acreage and this may be a factor reducing the incidence of eyespot under this type of cropping. The effect of husbandry practices such as previous cropping, date of sowing, and the time interval between ploughing and sowing, were examined in relation to the incidence of take‐all. With increasing intensity of cropping there was an increase in the amount of nitrogenous fertilizer used but this appeared only to maintain yield in the face of increasing disease. It was possible to establish a limited relationship between the incidence of take‐all at G.S.3 and that present at G.S.10‐5. A highly significant effect of take‐all at G.S.10‐5 on yield was established.
Cyclamen Mite: A Pest of Michaelmas Daisies
Authors: Harris K. M.
Published: April 2007

Stunting, scarring and distortion of stems and leaves and death of flower buds has caused serious failures of Michaelmas daisies (Aster spp.) in recent years. This failure is here attributed to the presence of high populations of cyclamen mite (Steneotarsonemus pallidus (Banks)). Cultivars of A. novi‐belgii are particularly susceptible to damage and although the mite also occurs on other species, these have some degree of tolerance or resistance.

Symptoms of mite damage on A. novi‐belgii are described and illustrated and preliminary observations on the biology of the pest are reported.
Observations on the Use of a Predator to Control Red Spider Mite on Commercial Cucumber Nurseries
Authors: Gould H. J.
Published: April 2007

Observations on three commercial nurseries have shown that the control of Tetranychus urticae Koch on cucumbers by means of the predator Phytoseiulus riegeli Dosse is uncertain when the predator is introduced after natural infestations develop. Artificial and early establishment of predator and prey is required to give predictable results.

The presence of other pests and diseases and the need for control measures also affects the interaction between the red spider mite and its predator.
Notes on Scottish Fungi
Authors: MacGarvie Q. D.
Published: April 2007

Observations and brief descriptions are given on the following fungi, detected during routine examinations of plant material in Scotland: Fuisarium dimerum and F. oxysporum on potato tubers; Verticillium tricorpus on tomato plants; Drechslera tritici‐repentis on Agropyron repens; D. siccans on cereals and grasses; D. dictyoides on fescue; Phoma sp. causing root rot of chrysanthemum.
Fumigation of Shallot Seed with Methyl Bromide to Control Stem Eelworm, Ditylenchus dipsaci
Authors: Hague N. G. M.
Published: April 2007

Shallot seed infested with stem eelworm, Ditylenchus dipsaci, was fumigated with methyl bromide and satisfactory control was obtained at a concentration‐time product of about 800 mg hr/1.
Population Changes of Cereal Cyst Eelworm Under Various Grass Species
Authors:   Conference of Advisory Entomologists,   National Agricultural Advisory Service, Gair R.
Published: April 2007

Pot tests using cysts of Heterodera avenae obtained from a number of British fields showed that populations fell rapidly under grasses of agronomic importance.
Cucumber Green Mottle Mosaic Virus, its Effect on Yield and its Control in the Lea Valley, England
Authors: Fletcher J. T. , George A. J. , Green D. E.
Published: April 2007

Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus was very widespread in cucumber crops in the Lea Valley in 1964. Experiments on the effect of this virus on yield indicated that losses of approximately 15 per cent occurred with early infection. Later infection had little effect on yield.

Dry heat treatment of infected cucumber seeds at 70°C for more than one day was sufficient to inactivate the virus and these results were also confirmed using virus‐impregnated filter paper squares. Cucumber seeds were found to tolerate dry heat treatment at temperatures of 75°C and 80°C with little adverse effect but, at 80°C, germination was delayed and the cotyledon leaves were distorted.

In a commercial trial, over 45,000 cucumber plants free from symptoms of the virus were raised from infected seeds which had previously been heat treated at 70°C for three days.
The Chemical Control of Red Spider Mite on Glasshouse Roses
Authors: Binns E. S.
Published: April 2007

Nine currently recommended materials were assessed for use against Tetranychus urticae on glasshouse roses. Of these, only tetradition gave acceptable control of a strain of mite infesting a commercial crop.

Seven other materials, not at present widely available, were examined as alternative treatments. GS 19,851 and a mixture containing chlor‐phenamidine and formetanate gave good control without phytotoxicity. Dinocton‐o and fenazaflor were also effective but proved phytotoxic on the yoimg shoots. Good ovicidal action was demonstrated for all four treatments.

The acaricidal effects of quinomethionate, binapacryl and dinobuton were compared at dosages reduced to eliminate possible phytotoxicity. Quinomethionate was the most effective but also the most phytotoxic at the rate used. Further reductions of phytotoxicity were also achieved by discriminating use of wetters.
Control of Euonymus Scale
Authors: Dennis E. B.
Published: April 2007

This unusual pest was found severely damaging ornamental euonymus hedges at Swanage, Dorset. The only evidence of any natural control was the recovery of a predatory mite, Anystis sp. In a chemical screening trial, 0·05 per cent ethion gave the best control of the early instars though this treatment was not so effective against the overwintered female scales. When subsequently applied in the summer months for the control of the two generations of young scales, ethion once again gave good results. An absolute control was not achieved. Further spray measures became necessary two years later. Combined sprays of ethion/white oil and malathion/white oil applied twice in the season against the young scales both gave a very good control although the pest was not eliminated. In the absence of reinfestation, complete control of the scale may be achieved with either of these repeat combined‐insecticide treatments if applied for two consecutive years.
Observations on the Development of Leaf Blotch and Net Blotch of Barley from Barley Debris, 1968
Authors: Evans S. G.
Published: April 2007

A survey of 56 fields of spring barley in West Sussex in 1968 showed that the extent and severity of leaf blotch (Rhynchosporium secalis) and net blotch (Pyrenophora teres) in the crop depended on the amount of stubble debris, from the preceding barley crop, lying on the soil surface in the spring. All the spring barley crops which did not follow barley had neghgible amounts of leaf blotch and net blotch. The cultivar Zephyr appeared to be very susceptible to net blotch and cv. Vada markedly resistant.

R. secalis and P. teres in stubble debris of barley collected from the soil surface in the spring was shown to be capable of infecting barley seedlings growing through the debris.
The Control of Narcissus White Mould
Authors: Jenkins J. E. E. , Hawken R. H.
Published: April 2007

White mould is frequently responsible for poor flower crops in certain late‐flowering narcissus cultivars as well as occasional losses in other cultivars. Bordeaux mixture and tank‐mix zineb gave the best control, and the latter is recommended for use in commercial crops. The addition of a petroleum oil emulsion slightly improved the control given by tank‐mix zineb.
Comparisons of Methyl Bromide Fumigation with Other Ways of Minimizing the Incidence of Tomato Brown Root Rot
Authors: Last F. T. , Cole J. S.
Published: April 2007

In an experiment in an unheated glasshouse in which tomatoes were picked for about four months, yields from annually cropped soils decreased from 4.48 to 2·71 kg/plant when soil remained untreated for a second year, the decrease being associated with increasing attack by Pyrenochaeta hcopersici. Partial sterilization in 1966 with chloro‐Plcrin or methyl bromide decreased brown root rot (BRR) in previously untreated soil from 60 per csnt to 11 and 12 per cent and increased yields from 2·71 to 4·96 and 4·30 kg/plant respectively. Yields were unaffected when soils, fumigated with methyl bromide in 1965. were partially sterilized with chloropicrin or methyl bromide in 1966. When cylinders of soil 0·23 m diameter and 0·23 m deep, at planting sites within untreated plots were replaced with heat sterilized soil, BRR decreased from 60 to 11 per cent and yields increased from 2·71 to 3·70 kgplant. This effect was attributed to delayed infection of older roots within the sterilized soil, because the slow growing P. lycopersici had to extend further from surrounding infestations. The largest yields (c. 5·85 kg/plant) were obtained, irrespective of soil treatment, from cv. Potentate tomatoes grafted to KN rootstocks resisting P. lycopersici.
Incidence of Cereal Rusts in Cultivar Trials, 1958–67
Authors: Doling D. A. , Dodson J. K.
Published: April 2007

Wheat yellow rust was found to be the most frequent and serious rust in cereal trials during the period 1958–67. Barley yellow rust, particularly on spring sown trials, was the next most frequent rust. The other rusts, brown rust and black stem rust on wheat, brown rust on barley and crown rust on oats occurred infrequently and at low intensity.

Brown rust and black stem rust of wheat and brown rust on barley occurred mainly in the south of the country whilst crown rust on oats was of importance only at the trial centre in the south‐west.

Weather conditions during and immediately after harvest, August‐October, seem to be of prime importance in influencing epidemics of yellow rust. But meteorological factors during other seasons of the year may modify the severity of epidemics. Wet, cool and cloudy conditions during the harvest and post‐harvest period appear to be a pre‐requisite of severe yellow rust on wheat.
Oat Mosaic Virus
Authors: Catherall P. L. , Hayes J. D.
Published: April 2007

A soil‐borne virus with rod‐shaped particles (700–750 × 12 nm) was isolated from oats. It was transmitted with difficulty by sap inoculation to oats, but not to nine other species of Gramineae nor to Chenopodium amaranticolor. Two distinct strains of the virus were found; one causing chlorotic or ash‐grey eyespots with dark green centres to appear on the basal portion of the oldest leaves and the other a general mottling of the upper portion of the youngest leaves. It is concluded that the virus is similar to, and probably identical with, oat mosaic virus in the United States.
The Effects of Known Amounts of γ‐BHC and Organophosphorus Seed Dressings on Growth of Wheat Seedlings and on Attack by Larvae of Wheat Bulb Fly (Leptohylemyia coarctata (Fall.))
Authors: Griffiths D. C. , Scott G. C. , Maskell F. E. , Mathias P. L. , Roberts P. F.
Published: April 2007

Six trials were done during three years (1966–69) in eastern England to study how known amounts of insecticidal seed dressings affect the growth of winter wheat and the severity of attack by wheat bulb fly larvae. In the first two years γ‐BHC dry dressing was applied to seeds previously treated with a liquid organomercury fungicide, but in the third year seeds were dressed with powders containing fungicide mixed with the insecticides γ‐BHC, chlorfenvinphos or ethion. Analysis using gas liquid chromatography showed that the ethion+ fungicide dressing stuck to the seeds much better than the chlorfenvinphos+fungicide dressing or either formulation of γ‐BHC. Some ethion, γ‐BHC and chlorfenvinphos later fell off the seeds, the exact amount depending on the method of drilling. Small amounts of insecticide, less than about 10μg/seed of γ‐BHC or less than about 15μg/seed of the organophosphorus compounds, were ineffective against wheat bulb fly. Increasing amounts of all three insecticides progressively decreased the percentage of damaged shoots and the percentage of plants with live larvae, but more of the organophosphorus insecticides, especially of ethion, was generally needed to give the same protection as γ‐BHC. No seed treatment damaged seedlings in trials on peaty loams or sandy clay loams, but seeds dressed with the standard amount of liquid organomercury fungicide and several different amounts of γ‐BHC dry dressing germinated poorly in the sandy loam soils.
Infection of Chrysanthemum Flowers by White Rust (Puccinia horiana Henn.)
Authors: Dickens J. S. W.
Published: April 2007

A description is given of white rust infection of the florets of cv. Yellow Delaware which is believed to be the first record of flower infection by this rust. Microscopic development of the fungus in the ray florets is described in Yellow Delaware, a cultivar susceptible to leaf infection, and in Apricot Princess Anne, a cultivar which has shown no leaf symptoms in tests in England. In the latter cultivar, fungal development was limited and associated with necrotic flecking.
The Reaction of Spring Wheat Cultivars infected with Black Rust (Puccinia graminis Pers.) in Glasshouse Tests, 1963–1968
Authors: Doodson J. K.
Published: April 2007

Nineteen spring wheat cultivars were tested for their reaction to isolates of black stem rust in glasshouse tests over a period of six years at the N.I.A.B. The various criteria assessed were incorporated into a relative infection index (RII) and cultivars grouped according to their relative resistance. Only one cultivar, Caesar, showed resistance to infection; the remainder were moderately susceptible or very susceptible.

The test results are in fair agreement with the results from natural infections in field cultivar trials.
Resistance to the Cream and White Potato Cyst Nematodes
Authors: Howard H.W. , Fuller J. M.
Published: April 2007

A recently discovered source of resistance in Solanum tuberosum ssp. andigena (the cultivated Andigena potatoes) was tested against populations of potato cyst nematodes known to produce many cysts on clones such as Maris Piper which have the H1 resistance gene. One clone of this new source possessed two genes for resistance (H1 and H3); another only the H3 gene. The clone with genes H1 and H3 was resistant to all the populations. The clone with gene H3 only was resistant to many populations but was susceptible to others, including a golden nematode (so‐called pathotype A) population. There was an indication that some populations contained a mixture of potato cyst nematode species.
The Sources and Development of Potato Blight in Kent 1966–69
Authors: Cragg I. A.
Published: April 2007

The National Forecasting Scheme for potato blight control had not been successful in the Romney Marsh area of Kent for many years.

Hygrothermographs sited over a small but uniform topographical area showed marked variation in the occurrence of Beaumont periods indicating a probable reason for the frequent failure of the National Warning Scheme when applied to this area.

A modified blight spray programme for Romney Marsh was devised in which spray timings are based primarily on the growth stage of the crop.

A nine‐spray trial showed that blight can be controlled in the Romney Marsh and an economic return produced.
Irrigation as a Practical Means to Control Potato Common Scab (Streptomyces scabies)
Authors: Lapwood D. H. , Wellings L. W. , Hawkins J. H.
Published: April 2007

Irrigation in 1970 at Gleadthorpe E.H.F. increased potato yields and, when given from the time of tuber initiation, controlled common scab on the susceptible cultivars King Edward, Majestic and Record. Pentland Crown had little scab with or without irrigation. It was the driest May and June since 1934 and there was already a soil moisture deficit (S.M.D.) of 1.8 in. (46 mm) at tuber initiation by King Edward and when water was first given. Subsequently irrigation at 0.6 in. (15 mm) or 0.8 in. (20 mm) S.M.D. was more effective than 1.5 in. (38 mm) or 2.25 in. (57 mm) S.M.D. in controlling scab, and more effective at 0.6 in. S.M.D. when maintained for 4 wk than for 2 wk.

Irrigation at 0.6 in. S.M.D. for 4 wk increased the weight of premium (Table Grade) potatoes by respectively, 16, 12, 13 and 12 tons/acre (40, 30, 32.6 and 30 t/ha) for King Edward, Majestic, Record and Pentland Crown.

Tubers developed slowly in unirrigated plots both in volume and in the rate that eyes separated. King Edwajd produced more tubers per plant than Majestic; irrigation did not increase tuber numbers.
Comparison of Fungicides for suppressing Ascospore Production by Ventmia inaequalis(Cke.) Wint.
Authors: Burchill R. T.
Published: April 2007

Post‐harvest applications of relatively low concentrations of benomyl (0.0125 per cent a. i.), phenylmercuric chloride (0.005 per cent), thia‐ bendazole (0.0125 per cent a.i.) and triarimol (0.003 per cent a.i.) were effective in preventing the production of perithecia of Venturia inaequalis. Urea (5 per cent) was also effective. Phenylmercuric chloride was the only chemical effective as a spring application in preventing the release of ascospores.
Evaluation of Three Fungicides and one Systemic Insecticide for Control of Red Core of Strawberry
Authors: MONTGOMERIE Isabel G. , Kennedy D. M.
Published: April 2007

The prophylactic properties of Bayer 22555 (1,000 p.p.m. a.i.), beno‐ myl (333 p.p.m. and 1,000 p.p.m. a.i.), FUN 52.133 (160 p.p.m. and 320 p.p.m. a.i.) and the insecticide Du Pont 1410 (20 p.p.m. and 80 p.p.m. a.i.) were assessed in a pot experiment using pure culture inoculum of Phytophthora fragariae. Bayer 22555 applied either as a drench or as a dust resulted in a significant decrease in the percentage of infected roots. The effects with and differences between the other chemicals were non‐significant.
Control of Stem Nematode (Ditylenchus dipsaci) attacking Onions by Aldicarb and Dazomet in Sandy Loam
Authors: Whitehead A. G. , Tite D. J.
Published: April 2007

In a field trial in Bedfordshire, England, in 1970–71 aldicarb at 2–8 lb a.i./acre (2·2–9·0 kg/ha) and dazomet at 196–784 lb a.i./acre (220–879 kg/ha) significantly increased the yield of onions (cv. Robusta) in irrigated sandy loam inoculated with Ditylenchus dipsaci (stem nematode). Aldicarb and dazomet prevented D. dipsaci injuring onion bulbs, but yields were greater from treating with dazomet than with aldicarb, probably because dazomet made more nitrogen available to the crop and aldicarb damaged the seedlings.
The Use of Insecticidal Seed Dressings as a Means of Decreasing a Population of Wheat Bulh Fly (Leptohylemyia coarctata(Fall.))
Authors: Dixon G. M. , Rogerson J. P.
Published: April 2007

An attempt was made in 1968 to reduce a wheat bulb fly population in a field in northern England by means of insecticidal seed dressings on early and late‐sown winter wheat. Ethion seed dressing reduced plant and shoot attack and also decreased the number of larvae within the plants on the late‐sown plots but not on the early‐sown. Chlorfenvin‐ phos seed dressing had no significant effect on either sowing. It is concluded that the control of wheat bulb fly populations by the use of these seed dressings on wheat crops in the previous year is not a promising means of control.
A Necrotic Disease of Tulip Caused by Tomato Bushy Stunt Virus
Authors: Mowat W. P.
Published: April 2007

An isolate of tomato bushy stunt virus was obtained from a tulip plant affected by a necrotic disease. The isolate differs from the type strain in virulence in some experimental hosts, and serologically is more closely related to a pelargonium leaf curl strain than to the type strain. When transmitted manually to tulip plants, both the tulip isolate and the type strain of tomato bushy stunt virus produced leaf symptoms indistinguishable from those caused by tobacco necrosis virus, but the tomato bushy stunt isolates had effects on the flowers different from those caused by tobacco necrosis virus.
Weather Conditions and Spore Trap Catches of Barley Mildew
Authors: Smith L. P. , Davies R. R.
Published: April 2007

Examination of the trap catches of barley mildew spores at Hatching Green (1971), Wellesbourne (1970 and 1971) and Paddington (1961–1970), and analysis with respect to meteorological data, indicate an increase of catch with wind strength in the vicinity of the sources; at greater distances strong winds will decrease the catch. Spore catches increase rapidly with day maximum temperatures above about 19°C (66°F) but reach a maximum in the vicinity of 24°C (75°F). The effect of an adjacent winter barley crop is discussed.
The Identification of a New Physiologic Race of Puccinia striiformis Westend. causing Yellow Rust of Wheat, 1971
Authors: Chamberlain N. H. , Smith Julia C. , Doodson J. K.
Published: April 2007

The name 43 E138 is proposed for a new race of wheat yellow rust identified from two samples collected in South‐east Scotland in 1971. With the appearance of a new virulence gene in the pathogen population there are now no commercially grown cultivars which are resistant at the seedling stage to all races of the pathogen in the U.K.
Biology, Damage and Control of Rosy Rnstic Moth, Hydraecia micacea (Esp.), on Hops
Authors: French N. , Ludlam F. A. B. , Wardlow L. R.
Published: April 2007

The biology and importance of rosy rustic moth as a pest of hops was studied during 1967–72 in Kent.

First larvae were found inside hop bines between 19 April and 7 May and they normally tunnelled in the pith of bines until June; thereafter they attacked the subterranean crown and roots. Sometimes bine tunnelling did not occur before subterranean feeding. Pupae occurred in soil near damaged hills during July and August. The earliest pupa was found on 29 June 1967. Eggs collected in September and overwintered in a Stevenson screen hatched in early May in the subsequent year.

Larval damage occurred more frequently in weedy gardens and was most severe on headlands. Some gardens were regularly damaged each year. Two DDT sprays applied on 6–7 May and 16–18 May gave good control of larvae. Generally, less effective control was obtained with fenitrothion, azinphos‐methyl and methidathion. On a headland where six per cent of bines were tunnelled, larvae were controlled with three DDT sprays and the yield of hops was increased 2·5 cwt/acre (314 kg/ha). Symptoms of Fusarium canker were found in a larger proportion of tunnelled bines than in undamaged bines.
The Effects of Prophylactic Spray Programmes on the Control of Pre‐ and Post‐harvest Diseases of Strawberry
Authors: Jordan V. W. L.
Published: April 2007

Pre‐harvest treatments of strawberry plants with benomyl, MBC, thiabendazole and thiophanate‐methyl, significantly reduced mildew on leaves and fruit, and all, with the exception of thiabendazole, significantly reduced pre‐ and post‐harvest botrytis fruit rot. The incidence of post‐harvest fruit rot caused by Rhizopus spp., however, was greater on all treated plants than on those receiving no fungicide.
Distribution of Potato Mop‐top Virus in Scotland in Relation to Soil and Climate
Authors: Cooper J. I. , Harrison B. D.
Published: April 2007

Although more than half the potato stocks examined seemed free of potato mop‐top virus (PMTV), infection was found in 66 cultivars. In the field, up to 48 per cent of plants in a stock were affected, and in the store up to 38 per cent of tubers. PMTV‐infested fields occurred in 13 Scottish counties on several types of both freely drained and imperfectly drained soil. The occurrence of the virus seems unrelated to accumulated temperature but is strongly related to annual rainfall. Little PMTV occurred where the rainfall was less than 30 in. (760 mm) but its prevalence increased with increase of rainfall from 30 to 45 in. (760 to 1,140 mm) and above 45 in. the probability of infection was great.
The Effect of Plant Parasitic Nematodes, Rainfall and Other Factors on Docking Disorder of Sugar Beet
Authors: Cooke D. A.
Published: April 2007

In the years 1963 to 1972 the area of sugar beet in England reported affected with Docking disorder ranged from 174 to 7,819 ha. The disorder was most widespread after heavy May rainfall. Trichodorus spp. and Longidorus spp., which cause the primary damage to seedling roots, were common in sites prone to the disorder and surveyed between 1968 and 1971. Nematode numbers in soil samples taken from these sites at drilling could not be correlated with subsequent yield or root shape. Of the surveyed sites, 104 showed no symptoms of Docking disorder (average root yield=44·5 tonnes/ha), 44 showed symptoms early in the season but these disappeared later (average root yield=34·5 tonnes/ha) and 40 showed persistent symptoms (average root yield=27·0 tonnes/ha). Root shape was worst in sites with persistent symptoms. Docking disorder was impossible to predict accurately because the damage is influenced by growing conditions but it was more likely to be severe in fields with a previous history of the disorder.
Observations on Saddle Gall Midge (Haplodiplosis equestris (Wagn.)) in Eastern England
Authors: Woodville H. C.
Published: April 2007

Data comparing the amount of infestation in eastern England on wheat, barley and oats by saddle gall midge are given for the years from 1967 to 1972. The level of infestation decreased in 1971 and 1972. The changes in the numbers of overwintering larvae in several fields, with their cropping, are recorded. In 1971 and 1972 the first adult was trapped on 18 and 19 May respectively; the peak flights occurred on 31 May 1971 and on 11 June 1972. It was not possible to obtain an overall relationship between the amount of galling and yield. It is suggested that the individual effects of the many factors which can affect yield can only be assessed from detailed experiments.

In a small‐scale trial in 1972, a fenitrothion spray applied in June prevented galling of barley.
The Persistence of Potato Cyst Eelworm (Heterodera pallida Stone) under Different Non‐host Regimes
Authors: Stone L. E. W. , Webley D. P. , Lewis Serfiah , Evans Elizabeth B.
Published: April 2007

Microplots were used to measure the rate of decline of potato cyst eelworm from 1961 to 1967 under different non‐host regimes. No differences in decline rate were found, but the overall decline rate was lower than expected, possibly due to the species present.