bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Art. XII.—On Imperial and other Titles
Authors: Colebrooke T. E.
Published: March 2011

The collection of specimens of imperial titles which will be found in this paper was begun during the recent discussions in Parliament, and with reference to India only. When it was proposed to add to the titles hitherto borne by the Sovereigns of the British Isles another, which was supposed to be more expressive of the relation of the Crown of England to the people and princes of India, it seemed to me important to inquire what were the titles borne by the sovereigns of dynasties in the East whose power could alone compare with our own. Many of the titles of honour, and especially sovereign titles, which have been at different times current in the East, bear a different significance to those in Europe; and to apply to an Eastern dominion titles which had their origin in the public law and policy of the Western world seemed an anachronism, and likely to lead to confusion of language and ideas. Popular language has, indeed, long applied the title of Emperor to the sovereigns of extensive dominions in the East. So far is this carried that it is almost universally used in speaking of all the great monarchies in Asia in modern times, and by grave historians. We read of Emperors of China, of India, of Tartary, and of Constantinople.
Kaempfer and Thai history: the documents behind the printed texts
Authors: Terwiel B.J.
Published: March 2011

The 39-year old Engelbert Kaempfer sighted the Siamese coast on 1 June 1690, and on 7 June his ship entered the river Chao Phraya, and reached the Dutch residence “Amsterdam”. Three days later he arrived in the Thai capital, Ayutthaya. Almost a month later, on 4 July, Kaempfer's boat began its journey downriver, spending some days loading goods at “Amsterdam”, and on 10 July he left Siamese territory, continuing his journey to Japan.
Reamker (Rāmakerti), the Cambodian version of the Rāmāyaṇa. a review article
Authors: Marrison G. E.
Published: March 2011

Mrs. Jacob has provided us with a translation, for the first time in English, of the most important text in classical Cambodian literature, with an introduction and critical notes and lists, which will be of great help to anyone studying the Cambodian text. The Cambodian Rāmāyaṇa was composed anonymously by at least three authors over three centuries, and is divided into two parts. The earliest writer, of the sixteenth century, accounts for about a fifth of the first part, covering the main events of the Bālakāṇḍa and Ayodhyakāṇḍa. It was continued in the seventeenth century with the story up to Rāvaṇa's assembling the remnants of his army for the final battle with Rāma: but Rāvaṇa's death, the rescue of Sītā and her trial by fire, and the triumphant return to Ayodhya, are all missing. The second part of the Cambodian Rāmāyaṇa relates those events from the Uttarakāṇḍa which deal specifically with the later history of Rāma and Sītā: her second rejection and exile, the birth of their two sons, the meeting again, and Sītā's going down into the earth. This part is believed to have been composed in the eighteenth century.
A Seleucid Legal Text
Authors: Winckworth C. P. T.
Published: March 2011

In the Centenary Supplement to this Journal, pp. 41–8, Mr. G. R. Driver edited a Neo-Babylonian tablet concerned with the sale of a GÍR.LAL-priesthood, and made some excellent observations on this class of transaction. In what follows there will be frequent occasion to refer to that article.
XXVII. An Inscription from Besnager
Authors: Fleet J. F.
Published: March 2011

The circumstances in which this inscription has been discovered are stated by Mr. Marshall on p. 1053 f. above; and a reproduction of it is given in Plate I, a, with a reading and translation by Dr. Bloch. I edit the record, as an accompaniment to Mr. Marshall's remarks, from a photograph and an ink-impression received from him: owing, however, to the manner in which the record had been covered with paint, the ink-impression does not help much beyond the photograph. The writing covers an area about 1 ft. 10 in. wide by 1 ft. 8½ in. high. The size of the letters, that is, of those which are formed between the top and bottom lines of writing without any projections above or below, ranges from about 1⅛ to 1⅞ inches.
State, Power, Anarchism
Authors: Roberts Neil
Published: March 2011

The Art of Not Being Governed: An Anarchist History of Upland Southeast Asia.By James C. Scott. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009. 464p. $35.00.

The book under discussion is James C. Scott's latest contribution to the study of agrarian politics, culture, and society, and to the ways that marginalized communities evade or resist projects of state authority. The book offers a synoptic history of Upland Southeast Asia, a 2.5 million–kilometer region of hill country spanning Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Burma, and China. It offers a kind of “area study.” It also builds on Scott's earlier work on “hidden transcripts” of subaltern groups and on “seeing like a state.” The book raises many important theoretical questions about research methods and social inquiry, the relationship between political science and anthropology, the nature of states, and of modernity more generally. The book is also deeply relevant to problems of “state-building” and “failed states” in places like Afghanistan, Iraq, and Somalia. As Scott writes, “The huge literature on state-making, contemporary and historic, pays virtually no attention to its obverse: the history of deliberate and reactive statelessness. This is the history of those who got away, and state-making cannot be understood apart from it. This is also what makes it an anarchist history” (p. x).

In this symposium, I have invited a number of prominent political and social scientists to comment on the book, its historical narrative, and its broader theoretical implications for thinking about power, state failure, state-building, and foreign policy. How does the book shed light on the limits of states and the modes of resistance to state authority? Are there limits, theoretical and normative, to this “anarchist” understanding of governance and the “art of being governed”?

—Jeffrey C. Isaac, Editor
Governing the Tap: Special District Governance and the New Local Politics of Water. By Megan Mullin. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2009. 280p. $44.00 cloth, $22.00 paper.
Authors: Selin Henrik
Published: March 2011

This notable book on a little-studied but central aspect of American water politics addresses analytical issues important to a range of political science fields. It is, for example, of considerable relevance to scholars working in areas of American federalism and community politics, as well as to those who are interested in cross-cutting issues of public administration and policy fragmentation, public and private stakeholder participation and democracy, and multilevel governance. In Governing the Tap, Megan Mullin analyzes the institutional context and means through which local public services are provided, the governance structures that shape policy outcomes and how they are able to meet developing community goals, and the ways in which specialized structures fit into the complex political landscape of city, county, state, and federal policymaking. Because of both its broad appeal and its own qualities, this book deserves a wide readership.
Blue–Green Coalitions: Fighting for Safe Workplaces and Healthy Communities. By Brian Mayer
Authors: Henry Laura A.
Published: March 2011

Blue–Green Coalitions: Fighting for Safe Workplaces and Healthy Communities. By Brian Mayer. Ithaca, NY: ILR Press and Cornell University Press, 2009. 240p. $57.95 cloth. $19.95 paper.

When do labor-environmental coalitions emerge and endure? In a period when headlines are dominated by economic recession, unemployment, and oil spills, the focus of Brian Mayer's book takes on practical urgency. The question is theoretically intriguing as well. Labor unions are often characterized as archetypical interest-based organizations, representing industrial workers' concerns for their own material well-being. Environmental mobilization, in contrast, is seen as a quality-of-life movement most commonly associated with members of the postindustrial middle class who possess leisure time and resources sufficient to enable their activism. When the question of how to regulate industries that employ toxic chemicals arises, these two groups can become locked in an acrimonious jobs versus the environment debate, making them more likely antagonists than allies. This sense of latent opposition is captured by one worker's assertion that greens want to “save the whales and kill the workers” (p. 2). How can these divisions be overcome? In his clearly written and compelling book, Blue–Green Coalitions, Mayer argues that concern over the effects of hazardous materials on human health offers one avenue for generating powerful and enduring coalitions.
Response to Laura Henry's review of Blue-Green Coalitions: Fighting for Safe Workplaces and Healthy Communities
Authors: Mayer Brian
Published: March 2011

Both the labor and environmental movements have recently experienced significant crises of faith in their ability to mobilize enough popular support to carry on with their respective missions. At a 2004 meeting of the Environmental Grantmakers Association, a report entitled “The Death of Environmentalism” proclaimed that environmentalism as a special interest group had accomplished its goal of raising awareness but had ultimately failed to galvanize a sustainable social movement. Mirroring that debate within the environmental movement, in 2004 the Service Employees International Union called for major reforms within the AFL-CIO; demanding that the labor federation focus on organizing new workers rather than defending its existing members. This divide within the AFL-CIO ultimately led to the formation of the Change to Win coalition, with several other major unions joining the SEIU in a new reformist coalition federation.
Red to Green: Environmental Activism in Post-Soviet Russia. By Laura A. Henry. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2010. 282p. $64.00 cloth, $24.95 paper.
Authors: Mayer Brian
Published: March 2011

In this richly detailed and comprehensive account of environmental organizations in post-Soviet Russia, Laura A. Henry delivers an insightful analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of the many green groups to emerge during the post-Soviet era and the challenges they face in sustaining a vibrant movement. Red to Green delivers an important contribution to the field of contemporary Russian politics by utilizing the environmental movement to illustrate the growth of civil society and the strategies used by civic organizations to overcome the institutional and normative barriers created by the legacy of Soviet rule. Given the deplorable state of the Russian Federation's environment, a strong environmental movement would seem a logical outcome of the internationally desired democratization and participation in civil society among the Russian citizenry. Yet as Henry is careful to point out, participation in social movement organizations is not always a natural consequence of environmental grievances, and in order for green groups to survive, they must make use of preexisting norms, institutions, and social networks that both enable and constrain their efforts to advocate for a safe and healthy environment.
Response to Brian Mayer's review of Red to Green: Environmental Activism in Post-Soviet Russia
Authors: Henry Laura A.
Published: March 2011

In his thoughtful review, Brian Mayer identifies some of the key factors that will shape the future development of Russia's environmental movement. In doing so, he provides me the opportunity to highlight and expand upon these themes. Mayer's comments suggest that the study of social movements is enriched by the interaction of scholars focused on vastly different societies. In this vein, attention to one key aspect of my argument—how activists' diverse interpretations of the Soviet period shape their current perceptions—helps respond to some of the questions that Mayer raises.
Treading Softly: Paths to Ecological Order. By Thomas Princen
Authors: Bennett Jane
Published: March 2011

Treading Softly: Paths to Ecological Order. By Thomas Princen. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2010. 224p. $22.95.

When you are trying to get someone to embrace new habits of mind and body, like, say, those of ecological sustainability, it sometimes works to appeal to common sense. Thomas Princen employs this stragegy of persuasion—he also invokes enlightened self-interest, but I think he prefers to appeal to common sense—in his bold, tolerant, honest, and powerful short book. To be more specific, he invokes a set of minor or currently rather quiet “segments” (p. 171) inside the mixed bag that is American common sense. Common sense is not, after all, a stable block but a conglomeration of diverse parts, some of which do not fit at all well with the others. And it is the heterogeneity of the common store of wisdom that makes possible Princen's reorganization of it. He highlights some underutilized segments of the “old normal” and harnesses their power to the project of building a society that “takes infinite material growth as impossible,” “embraces limits” (p. 187), and is devoted to “living well by living well within our means” (p. 124).
Response to Jane Bennett's review of Treading Softly: Paths to Ecological Order
Authors: Princen Thomas
Published: March 2011

First, I offer a big thank you to Jane Bennett for an insightful and kind review. As authors know, it is hard looking back at one's work as a mere reader, let alone in a constructively critical vein. Often as not, my reaction is: I wrote that? Bennett helped me see this work with fresh eyes. And, having read and reviewed Vibrant Matter (kudos to editor Jeff Isaac), I can see my work through an entirely different lens—vibrant materiality. In this reply, I'd like to flag two points of convergence in our work and take up the notion of “common sense.”
Space Science Informatics: A Canadian Approach
Authors: Rankin R. , Shillington J. , Gordon M.
Published: March 2011

The rapidly increasing volume of space science data is leading to a growing need for tools for scientists to access, analyze, and share data. To address this need, the Canadian Space Science Data Portal (CSSDP) provides space scientists with access to a wide range of space data, observations, and investigative tools. CSSDP serves as a one‐stop shop for scientists to discover, gather, and visualize relevant data. The data portal has embedded analysis tools and workflows to simplify common research tasks, along with a rich collaboration framework to develop and share scientific findings (see Figure 1). The data portal is accessible at http://www.cssdp.ca.
In Brief: Nominations requested for U.S. science medals
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: March 2011

Scientists can help recognize the contributions of colleagues by submitting nominations for the National Medal of Science and the National Medal of Technology and Innovation, which are the highest honors the president bestows in science, technology, and innovation. The National Medal of Science, the nation's highest honor for American scientists and engineers, is given to individuals deserving special recognition for outstanding contributions to knowledge, or the total impact of their work, in the chemical, physical, biological, mathematical, engineering, or behavioral sciences. Nominations and three letters of support must be submitted by 31 March. For more information, contact program manager Mayra Montrose at nms@nsf.gov or +1‐703‐292‐8040, or visithttp://www.nsf.gov/od/nms/medal.jsp.
Owen Martin Phillips (1930–2010)
Authors: Olson Peter
Published: March 2011

Owen Martin Phillips, a pioneer in geophysical fluid dynamics, died at home on 13 October 2010 in Chestertown, Md., at the age of 79. To his many friends and colleagues, Phillips was an inspirational and gracious person who combined a deep intellect, a lively spirit, and a generous heart that matched his passionate interest in the geophysical sciences. Phillips was born on 30 December 1930 in Parramatta, N. S. W., Australia. In 1948 he enrolled in the University of Sydney, where he earned a B.S. in applied mathematics in 1952. That same year, he joined the Cavendish Laboratory at Cambridge University as a research student, where he began to apply to the ocean concepts in turbulent flow recently developed by Andrei Kolmogorov, G. I. Taylor, and George Batchelor. While attending the 1956 celebration of Taylor's seventieth birthday, Phillips heard Fritz Ursell declare that “the process by which ocean waves are generated by the wind cannot be regarded as known.” In 1957 the Journal of Fluid Mechanics contained two remarkable papers offering contrasting theories for ocean wave generation. One paper, by the applied mathematician John Miles (J. Fluid Mech., 2(5), 417–445, 1957), proposed that energy transfer from the air to the sea occurs at a critical layer in the atmosphere boundary layer. The other paper, by Phillips, then 26 years old (J. Fluid Mech., 3(2), 185–204, 1957), proposed that turbulent pressure fluctuations in the wind resonate with propagating ocean waves, forcing them to grow. Together these became known as the Phillips‐Miles process, and it was the opening salvo in Phillips's 50‐year career of innovative contributions to geophysics through fluid mechanics.
A Closer Look at Data Independence: Comment on “Lies, Damned Lies, and Statistics (in Geology)”
Authors: Kravtsov Sergey , Saunders Rolando Olivas
Published: March 2011

In his Forum (Eos, 90(47), 443, doi:10.1029/2009EO470004, 2009), P. Vermeesch suggests that statistical tests are not fit to interpret long data records. He asserts that for large enough data sets any true null hypothesis will always be rejected. This is certainly not the case! Here we revisit this author's example of weekly distribution of earthquakes and show that statistical results support the commonsense expectation that seismic activity does not depend on weekday (see the online supplement to this Eos issue for details (http://www.agu.org/eos_elec/)).
Diversity of Hydrothermal Systems on Slow Spreading Ocean Ridges
Authors: Schultz Colin
Published: March 2011

In the past 3 decades, hydrothermal vents on the deep seafloor have captivated our imagination. The otherworldly vistas of vent ecosystems with chemosynthetic bacteria, animals new to science, billowing black smokers, and brightly colored polymetallic sulphide mineral deposits have changed our perception of the ocean's depths. In the new AGU monograph Diversity of Hydrothermal Systems on Slow Spreading Ocean Ridges, editors Peter A. Rona, Colin W. Devey, Jérôme Dyment, and Bramley J. Murton and participating authors take readers to the exciting exploration frontier of seafloor hydrothermal research on the slow spreading half of the 55,000‐kilometer‐long ocean ridge that spans the Atlantic, Indian, and Arctic oceans. In this interview, Eos talks with Peter Rona.
In Brief: Reducing black carbon emissions could immediately reduce global temperature increases
Authors: Tretkoff Ernie
Published: March 2011

A new assessment by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) shows that measures to reduce emissions of black carbon, or soot, which is produced through burning of wood and other biofuels as well as by some industrial processes, could improve public health and help to significantly reduce projected global temperature increases. The Integrated Assessment of Black Carbon and Tropospheric Ozone highlights how specific measures targeting black carbon and other emissions from fossil fuel extraction, residential wood‐burning cooking, diesel vehicles, waste management, agriculture, and small industries could affect climate. Full implementation of a variety of measures to reduce black carbon and methane emissions could reduce future global warming by about 0.5°C, the assessment found. Reducing black carbon could have substantial benefits in the Arctic, the Himalayas, and other snow‐covered regions because black carbon that settles on top of snow absorbs heat, speeding melting of snow and ice. Black carbon emission reductions would affect global temperatures more quickly than carbon dioxide emission reductions. Furthermore, reducing black carbon emissions would improve public health in the regions that emit large amounts of the harmful air pollutant.
In Brief: International Year of Chemistry
Authors: Tretkoff Ernie
Published: March 2011

The United Nations has designated 2011 as the International Year of Chemistry (IYC). As part of IYC, chemical societies and institutions around the world are organizing various activities to promote chemistry and its ability to improve lives. IYC, timed to celebrate the 100th anniversary of Marie Curie's 1911 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the discovery of radium, is an initiative of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry and the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). In the United States, the American Chemical Society, in partnership with other organizations, is promoting educational and outreach programs to increase public appreciation of chemistry and increase interest in chemistry in young people. More information on IYC can be found at http://www.chemistry2011.org andhttp://iyc2011.acs.org/.
Lobell, Rickaby, and Vrugt Receive 2010 James B. Macelwane Medals
Authors: Gorelick Steven M. , Lobell David B. , Elderfield Harry , Rickaby Rosalind , Sorooshian Soroosh , Vrugt Jasper A.
Published: March 2011

David B. Lobell, Rosalind E. Rickaby, and Jasper A. Vrugt were awarded the 2010 James B. Macelwane Medal at the AGU Fall Meeting Honors Ceremony, held on 15 December 2010 in San Francisco, Calif. The medal is for “significant contributions to the geophysical sciences by an outstanding young scientist.”
Proposed U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Budget Shows Belt‐Tightening
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: March 2011

President Barack Obama's proposed fiscal year (FY) 2012 budget for the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is $8.97 billion, a 13% decrease from the agency's FY 2010 enacted budget of $10.3 billion. While Congress has approved a moderate continuing resolution (CR) to fund the federal government until 18 March, the House of Representatives also has passed a CR (House Resolution 1; HR 1) that would call for sharp cuts to the budget for EPA and other agencies for the current fiscal year (2011). EPA administrator Lisa Jackson acknowledged the difficult budget situation during a 14 February teleconference. The proposed budget “reflects the tough choices needed for our nation's short‐ and long‐term fiscal health and allows EPA to maintain its fundamental mission of protecting human health and the environment,” she said. “This budget focuses our resources on the most urgent health and environmental challenges we face. Though it includes significant cuts, it provides EPA with what we need to fundamentally protect the health of the American people,” Jackson added.
High-quality and excellent green-light-emitting poly(acenaphthylene) film: electrosynthesis and characterization
Authors: Hao Qingli , Lei Wu , Xie Xingen , Xia Mingzhu , Wang Fengyun , Yang Xujie
Published: March 2011

Conducting poly(acenaphthylene) (PAcN) films with high quality have been electrochemically synthesized in boron trifluoride diethyl etherate medium containing 20% (by volume) ethyl ether. The green-light-emitting PAcN film has a high molecular weight and a narrow distribution of molecular weights.
How protein kinases co-ordinate mitosis in animal cells
Authors: Ma Hoi Tang , Poon Randy Y. C.
Published: March 2011

Mitosis is associated with profound changes in cell physiology and a spectacular surge in protein phosphorylation. To accomplish these, a remarkably large portion of the kinome is involved in the process. In the present review, we will focus on classic mitotic kinases, such as cyclin-dependent kinases, Polo-like kinases and Aurora kinases, as well as more recently characterized players such as NIMA (never in mitosis in Aspergillus nidulans)-related kinases, Greatwall and Haspin. Together, these kinases co-ordinate the proper timing and fidelity of processes including centrosomal functions, spindle assembly and microtubule–kinetochore attachment, as well as sister chromatid separation and cytokinesis. A recurrent theme of the mitotic kinase network is the prevalence of elaborated feedback loops that ensure bistable conditions. Sequential phosphorylation and priming phosphorylation on substrates are also frequently employed. Another important concept is the role of scaffolds, such as centrosomes for protein kinases during mitosis. Elucidating the entire repertoire of mitotic kinases, their functions, regulation and interactions is critical for our understanding of normal cell growth and in diseases such as cancers.
Proteases as therapeutics
Authors: Craik Charles S. , Page Michael J. , Madison Edwin L.
Published: March 2011

Proteases are an expanding class of drugs that hold great promise. The U.S. FDA (Food and Drug Administration) has approved 12 protease therapies, and a number of next generation or completely new proteases are in clinical development. Although they are a well-recognized class of targets for inhibitors, proteases themselves have not typically been considered as a drug class despite their application in the clinic over the last several decades; initially as plasma fractions and later as purified products. Although the predominant use of proteases has been in treating cardiovascular disease, they are also emerging as useful agents in the treatment of sepsis, digestive disorders, inflammation, cystic fibrosis, retinal disorders, psoriasis and other diseases. In the present review, we outline the history of proteases as therapeutics, provide an overview of their current clinical application, and describe several approaches to improve and expand their clinical application. Undoubtedly, our ability to harness proteolysis for disease treatment will increase with our understanding of protease biology and the molecular mechanisms responsible. New technologies for rationally engineering proteases, as well as improved delivery options, will expand greatly the potential applications of these enzymes. The recognition that proteases are, in fact, an established class of safe and efficacious drugs will stimulate investigation of additional therapeutic applications for these enzymes. Proteases therefore have a bright future as a distinct therapeutic class with diverse clinical applications.
Numerical simulation and modeling of spectral conversion by silicon nanocrystals with multiple exciton generation
Authors: Ding Wuchang , Jia Rui , Wu Deqi , Chen Chen , Li Haofeng , Liu Xinyu , Ye Tianchun
Published: March 2011

Silicon nanocrystals (Si-NCs) were applied on the front surface of a conventional silicon solar cell. Considering absorption with multiple exciton generation (MEG) yields and consequently photoluminescence, the cell performance was simulated based on a numerical model founded on experimental results in literature. The results show that the cell efficiency could be prominently enhanced by MEG yields and spectral down-conversion. However, though MEG yields could reach 250% within Si-NCs, it only contributes 8.7% to the cell efficiency enhancement while wavelength shifting dominates the cell efficiency enhancement mechanism. Additionally, extraction factor which is defined as ratio of photons extracted from Si-NCs to the generated carries in Si-NCs is the most critical parameter for cell performance improvement. Therefore, to realize this novel structure cell, further experimental work should be lay on improving MEG efficiency as well as photoluminescence efficiency and optical confinement of the photoluminescence.
Study of the growth mechanisms of GaN/(Al, Ga)N quantum dots: Correlation between structural and optical properties
Authors: Sergent S. , Damilano B. , Huault T. , Brault J. , Korytov M. , Tottereau O. , Vennéguès P. , Leroux M. , Semond F. , Massies J.
Published: March 2011

The ammonia-based molecular beam epitaxy of GaN/(Al, Ga)N quantum dots is investigated using reflection high-energy electron diffraction, atomic force microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and photoluminescence. The main steps of the formation kinetics are identified and the influence of diffusion and evaporation processes on both the quantum dot and the wetting layer morphology is addressed. The correlation between the optical and structural properties of such structures finally allows for the analysis of matter exchanges between the quantum dots and the wetting layer during capping.
Light-induced degradation in compensated p- and n-type Czochralski silicon wafers
Authors: Geilker Juliane , Kwapil Wolfram , Rein Stefan
Published: March 2011

Light-induced degradation (LID) due to boron-oxygen complex formation seriously diminishes the minority carrier lifetime of p-type Czochralski-grown (Cz) wafers. Depending linearly on the boron concentration NA in uncompensated silicon, the boron-oxygen defect density was suggested to depend on the net doping concentration p0 = NA − ND in compensated p-type samples, containing similar amounts of boron and phosphorus [D. Macdonald, F. Rougieux, A. Cuevas, et al., Journal of Applied Physics 105, 093704 (2009)]. However, this dependency contradicts observations of LID in compensated n-type silicon wafers [T. Schutz-Kuchly, J. Veirman, S. Dubois, et al., Applied Physics Letters 96, 1 (2010)], which are confirmed in this study by investigating the boron-oxygen complex formation on a large variety of compensated p- and n-type samples. In spite of their high boron content, compensated n-type samples may show a less pronounced LID than p-type samples containing less boron. Our experiments indicate that in compensated silicon, the defect concentration is only a function of the compensation ratio RC = (NA + ND)/(NA – ND).
The lifetime of optical phonons in a single heterostructure
Authors: Dyson A. , Ridley B. K.
Published: March 2011

The lifetime of long-wavelength optical phonons in bulk semiconductors is known to be a function of electron density, decreasing with increasing density. An explanation of this has been given in terms of the effect of plasmon coupling on the anharmonic decay route. This explanation is limited to small wave vectors and is not applicable to the case of phonons in general because their interaction with electrons involves larger wave vectors for which the plasma coupling is Landau damped. Nevertheless, a similar decrease of lifetime with density is observed for hot phonons in the channel of a GaN Heterostructure Field Effect Transistor (HFET). We show that this dependence on electron density can be associated with the interaction with the barrier interface mode and the temperature dependence of the phonon lifetimes. It is pointed out that a complete account of the shortening of phonon lifetime in a working HFET requires an analysis of the specific thermal and electron transport properties of thesystem. Important differences arise between HFETs grown on sapphire and on SiC.
Characterization study of an intensified complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor active pixel sensor
Authors: Griffiths J. A. , Chen D. , Turchetta R. , Royle G. J.
Published: March 2011

An intensified CMOS active pixel sensor (APS) has been constructed for operation in low-light-level applications: a high-gain, fast-light decay image intensifier has been coupled via a fiber optic stud to a prototype “VANILLA” APS, developed by the UK based MI3 consortium. The sensor is capable of high frame rates and sparse readout. This paper presents a study of the performance parameters of the intensified VANILLA APS system over a range of image intensifier gain levels when uniformly illuminated with 520 nm green light. Mean–variance analysis shows the APS saturating around 3050 Digital Units (DU), with the maximum variance increasing with increasing image intensifier gain. The system's quantum efficiency varies in an exponential manner from 260 at an intensifier gain of 7.45 × 103 to 1.6 at a gain of 3.93 × 101. The usable dynamic range of the system is 60 dB for intensifier gains below 1.8 × 103, dropping to around 40 dB at high gains. The conclusion is that the system shows suitability for the desired application.
Resonance magnetoelectric interactions in an asymmetric ferromagnetic-ferroelectric layered structure
Authors: Fetisov L. Y. , Perov N. S. , Fetisov Y. K. , Srinivasan G. , Petrov V. M.
Published: March 2011

Strain mediated magnetoelectric (ME) interactions have been investigated in a sample consisting of oppositely poled lead zirconate titanate (PZT) and asymmetric magnetostrictive layers. A thin layer of Ni with negative magnetostriction and amorphous ferromagnetic Metglas with positive magnetostriction are bonded to the PZT layers. It is shown that the magnetic layers facilitate effective excitation of bending oscillations in the structure, whereas the use of oppositely poled PZT layers results in an increase in the ME voltage at the bending resonance frequency, suppression of the voltage at the longitudinal electromechanical resonance frequency, and cancellation of thermal fluctuation in the voltage. The ME voltage coefficient at resonance is 18 V/(cm Oe); that is an order of magnitude higher than the value measured for a Ni–PZT bilayer of similar dimensions. Theoretical estimates of the ME voltage and resonance frequency are in good agreement with the data.
Spin-dependent transport and spin-switching effect in graphene with magnetoelectric modulations
Authors: Myoung Nojoon , Ihm G.
Published: March 2011

We investigate spin transport through magnetic potential structures in single graphene layer with the consideration of Zeeman effect. We find that the magnetic step leads to the spin-dependent transport, and the spin-polarized conductance has the oscillatory behavior as a function of fermion energy. Furthermore, the electrostatic delta-potential added to the magnetic step causes dramatic changes in the spin transport. The spin polarization can be reversed by the application of the electrostatic delta potential, leading to so called spin-switching effect. We expect that the spin-switching effect in this study gives rise to great convenience for experimental investigations on graphene spintronics.
Electronic properties and bonding characteristics of AlN:Ag thin film nanocomposites
Authors: Lekka Ch. E. , Patsalas P. , Komninou Ph. , Evangelakis G. A.
Published: March 2011

We present theoretical and experimental results on the bonding and structural characteristics of AlN:Ag thin film nanocomposites obtained by means of density functional theory (DFT) computations, high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) observations, Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), and x-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements. From the theoretical calculations it was determined that the presence of the Ag substitutional of N or Al atoms affects the electronic density of states (EDOS) of the resulting systems. In particular, occupied energy states are introduced (between others) that lie within the energy gap of the AlN matrix due to Ag-d, Al-p (accompanied with a charge transfer from Al to Ag), Ag-p, and N-p hybridizations, respectively. The effect is predicted to be even more pronounced in the case of Ag nanoparticle inclusions affecting the EDOS of the composite system. These predictions were verified by the HRTEM images that gave unequivocal evidence for the presence and stability of Ag nanoparticles in the AlN matrix. In addition, the AES data suggested a metal-metal (Ag-Al) bonding preference, while the XRD patterns revealed that the atomic Ag dispersions in the AlN thin films results in a small elongation of the Wurtzite lattice, which is in agreement with the DFT predictions. These results may useful in tailoring the electronic response of AlN-based systems and the design of devices for various opto-electronic applications.
Evidence of non-Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya ferromagnetism in epitaxial BiFeO3 films
Authors: Prokhorov V. G. , Kaminsky G. G. , Kim J. M. , Eom T. W. , Park J. S. , Lee Y. P. , Svetchnikov V. L. , Levtchenko G. G. , Nikolaenko Yu. M. , Khokhlov V. A.
Published: March 2011

X-ray diffraction analysis and high-resolution electron microscopy of BiFeO3 films prepared by dc magnetron sputtering on single-crystal LaAlO3 (001) substrates reveal that the films have a highly c-oriented orthorhombic crystalline structure. The magnetic properties of the BiFeO3 films are typical of ensembles of interacting superparamagnetic clusters, rather than Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya weak ferromagnets. The appearance of extrinsic nanoscale superparamagnetic clusters is explained by an oxygen deficiency in certain regions of the film, where ferromagnetic ordering can be realized through a double-exchange Zener mechanism.
Phase transitions in a three-dimensional diluted Potts model with 4 spin states
Authors: Murtazaev A. K. , Babaev A. B. , Aznaurova G. Ya.
Published: March 2011

A Monte–Carlo method is used to study phase transitions and critical phenomena in a three-dimensional Potts model with 4 spin states and nonmagnetic impurities. Systems with linear sizes L=20–32 and spin concentrations p=1.00, 0.90, and 0.65 are studied. A fourth order Binder cumulant method is used to show that this model yields a second order phase transition for strong dilution with a spin concentration p=0.65, while the pure model (p=1.00) and the model with weak dilution (p=0.90) yield a first order phase transition. The static critical indices for the heat capacity α, susceptibility γ, magnetization β, and correlation radius ν are calculated using a finite-dimensional scaling theory.
Subband engineering for p-type silicon ultra-thin layers for increased carrier velocities: An atomistic analysis
Authors: Neophytou Neophytos , Klimeck Gerhard , Kosina Hans
Published: March 2011

Ultra-thin-body (UTB) channel materials of a few nanometers in thickness are currently considered as candidates for future electronic, thermoelectric, and optoelectronic applications. Among the features that they possess, which make them attractive for such applications, their confinement length scale, transport direction, and confining surface orientation serve as degrees of freedom for engineering their electronic properties. This work presents a comprehensive study of hole velocities in p-type UTB films of widths from 15 nm down to 3 nm. Various transport and surface orientations are considered. The atomistic sp3d5s*-spin-orbit-coupled tight-binding model is used for the electronic structure, and a semiclassical ballistic model for the carrier velocity calculation. We find that the carrier velocity is a strong function of orientation and layer thickness. The (110) and (112) surfaces provide the highest hole velocities, whereas the (100) surfaces the lowest velocities, almost 30% lower than the best performers. Additionally, up to 35% velocity enhancements can be achieved as the thickness of the (110) or (112) surface channels is scaled down to 3 nm. This originates from strong increase in the curvature of the p-type UTB film subbands with confinement, unlike the case of n-type UTB channels. The velocity behavior directly translates to ballistic on-current trends, and correlates with trends in experimental mobility measurements.
Barocaloric effect and the pressure induced solid state refrigerator
Authors: de Oliveira N. A.
Published: March 2011

The current refrigerators are based on the heating and cooling of fluids under external pressure variation. The great inconvenience of this refrigeration technology is the damage caused to the environment by the refrigerant fluids. In this paper, we discuss the magnetic barocaloric effect, i.e., the heating or cooling of magnetic materials under pressure variation and its application in the construction of refrigerators using solid magnetic compounds as refrigerant materials and pressure as the external agent. The discussion presented in this paper points out that such a pressure induced solid state refrigerator can be very interesting because it is not harmful to the environment and can exhibit a good performance.
Re-entrant phase behavior for systems with competition between phase separation and self-assembly
Authors: Reinhardt Aleks , Williamson Alexander J. , Doye Jonathan P. K. , Carrete Jesús , Varela Luis M. , Louis Ard A.
Published: March 2011

In patchy particle systems where there is a competition between the self-assembly of finite clusters and liquid–vapor phase separation, re-entrant phase behavior can be observed, with the system passing from a monomeric vapor phase to a region of liquid–vapor phase coexistence and then to a vapor phase of clusters as the temperature is decreased at constant density. Here, we present a classical statistical mechanical approach to the determination of the complete phase diagram of such a system. We model the system as a van der Waals fluid, but one where the monomers can assemble into monodisperse clusters that have no attractive interactions with any of the other species. The resulting phase diagrams show a clear region of re-entrance. However, for the most physically reasonable parameter values of the model, this behavior is restricted to a certain range of density, with phase separation still persisting at high densities.
Evaluation of high temperature pressure sensors
Authors: Choi In-Mook , Woo Sam-Yong , Kim Yong-Kyu
Published: March 2011

It is becoming more important to measure the pressure in high temperature environments in many industrial fields. However, there is no appropriate evaluation system and compensation method for high temperature pressure sensors since most pressure standards have been established at room temperature. In order to evaluate the high temperature pressure sensors used in harsh environments, such as high temperatures above 250 °C, a specialized system has been constructed and evaluated in this study. The pressure standard established at room temperature is connected to a high temperature pressure sensor through a chiller. The sensor can be evaluated in conditions of changing standard pressures at constant temperatures and of changing temperatures at constant pressures. According to the evaluation conditions, two compensation methods are proposed to eliminate deviation due to sensitivity changes and nonlinear behaviors except thermal hysteresis.
Nonlinear interband and intersubband transitions in quantum dots for multiphoton photodetectors
Authors: Lahon Siddhartha , Jha P. K. , Mohan Man
Published: March 2011

Accurate nonperturbative Floquet theory is used to study nonlinear multiphoton transitions in quantum dot involving interband and intersubband states. The interband transitions generate electron-hole pairs, which in turn give rise to photocurrent useful for making multiphoton photodetector. We find the direct role of multiphoton absorption processes over the single photon absorption in enhancing the sensitivity of the photodetector for photon energy equal to or less than the half of the bandgap energy.
Low-temperature resistance and magnetoresistance hysteresis in polycrystalline (La0.5Eu0.5)0.7Pb0.3MnO3
Authors: Shaykhutdinov K. A. , Popkov S. I. , Semenov S. V. , Balaev D. A. , Dubrovskiy A. A. , Sablina K. A. , Sapronova N. V. , Volkov N. V.
Published: March 2011

The behavior of temperature dependences of electrical resistance and magnetoresistance of polycrystalline substituted lanthanum manganite (La0.5Eu0.5)0.7Pb0.3MnO3 at low temperatures was thoroughly studied. A broad hysteresis was found in the field dependences of electrical resistance in the low-temperature region. Above 40 K, no hysteresis feature was observed. The temperature T = 40 K corresponds to the temperature of minimum electrical resistance and the temperature TN to the antiferromagnet–paramagnet phase transition of the material of the intergrain boundaries. In this work we propose a model which explains the observed features of the ρ(T) and ρ(H) curves at temperatures below TN by the formation of a network of ferromagnet-antiferromagnet-ferromagnet tunnel contacts.
Performance of Y2O3/Al multilayer coatings for the He-II radiation at 30.4 nm
Authors: Murakami Go , Sakai Kouichi , Homma Tatsuro , Yoshioka Kazuo , Yoshikawa Ichiro , Ichimaru Satoshi , Takenaka Hisataka
Published: March 2011

We briefly report on the performance and stability of periodic multilayer mirrors containing Y2O3 and Al layers designed for normal incidence reflection at the He-II emission line (30.4 nm). We found that Y2O3/Al multilayer coatings had higher reflectivity (24.9%) at 30.4 nm and significantly lower reflectivity (1.3%) at 58.4 nm than the conventional coatings such as Mo/Si. Furthermore, we investigated the temporal stability of the Y2O3/Al multilayer coatings. Our sample was kept under vacuum, dry N2 purge, and normal atmosphere for over three months, and there were no measurable changes in the reflectivity. These results suggest that we can use Y2O3/Al multilayer coatings as standard mirrors for the He-II radiation.
Multiple Bragg diffraction in magnetophotonic crystals
Authors: Baek Seungmin , Baryshev Alexander V. , Inoue Mitsuteru
Published: March 2011

We demonstrate properties of magnetophotonic crystals (MPCs) with quasi-two-dimensional structure. Crystals were bismuth-substituted yttrium iron garnet/silicon dioxide (Bi:YIG/SiO2) multilayers sputtered on top of one-dimensional structured substrates. Parameters of these MPCs were such that two spectrally neighboring stop bands overlapped in their spectra. For MPCs in this multiple Bragg diffraction regime, we observed a strong dispersion of their magneto-optical responses—an enhancement of the polarization rotation and an alteration of the rotation sign.
High pressure ellipsometry: A novel method for measuring the optical properties and electronic structure of materials in diamond anvil cells
Authors: Nissim N. , Eliezer S. , Bakshi L. , Perelmutter L. , Pasternak M. P.
Published: March 2011

High pressure ellipsometry (HPE) method was developed for determining the index of refraction of opaque materials in a diamond anvil cell (DAC). A main difficulty in DAC-based HPE, namely, the pressure-induced birefringence developed in the diamond, was overcome enabling the extraction of the ellipsometric parameters of the sample. The method used was based on the fact that an unpolarized light is unaffected by a retarding optical element and thus reduces the number of unknown parameters in the problem. Because of technical difficulties in using unpolarized light, a linear combination of orthogonal polarizations was applied. In the experimental procedure, multiangle measurements of the ellipsometric parameter ψ are collected at each pressure and the data is fitted together with a measurement of the near normal reflectivity, in order to extract the complex index of refraction. As a test case, this procedure was used to measure the high pressure index of refraction of iron up to 30 GPa for light with wavelengths of 532 and 633 nm. From the index of refraction as a function of pressure the diamond–iron interface emissivity for different pressures was derived and from which the phase transition α → ε could be identified and characterized. The emissivity increases with pressure both at the α (0–9 GPa) and the ε phase (21–30 GPa) however decreases at the mixed α − ε (9–21 GPa) range. From the imaginary part of the index of refraction the pressure dependence of the energy skin depth of iron was extracted. It was found that the energy skin depth increases by an order of magnitude at 30 GPa relative to ambient conditions.