bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Descriptive Study of the Interactive Guided Imagery Experience
Authors: Heinschel Judie A.
Published: July 2003

The purpose of this Study was to describe the experience of participating in Interactive Guided ImagerySM (IGI) from the perspective of clients. A qualitative descriptive design guided the research. Ten clients who had engaged in IGI, each with an R.N., IGI-certified practitioner, composed the sample. To explore participants’ perceptions of their IGI experience, data were gathered through semistructured, in-depth interviews. Data analysis was carried out through data coding, categorizing, and subcategorizing; thematic synthesis; and structuring of relationships. Six primary themes emerged to compose the description of the experience of participating in IGI: the client’s lived experience, use of a nonordinary state of consciousness, the guide, the guide-client relationship, influencing factors, and the results of IGI use. Based on the primary themes and their interrelationships, a model of the IGI experience was developed. The description and the model of the IGI experience provide the basis for further nursing knowledge development of the IGI modality.
Coordinating Services Across the Continuum of Health, Housing, and Supportive Services
Authors: Mollica Robert
Published: July 2003

This article describes trends in three areas of state long-term care policy for elderly low-income Medicaid beneficiaries—providing home care services to residents in subsidized housing and assisted living; offering nursing home residents opportunities to relocate to community settings; and integrating acute and long-term care services for beneficiaries who are dually eligible for Medicare and Medicaid. The information was obtained from reports and studies on state policy, site visits, and interviews with state officials. Multiple initiatives responding to consumer preferences and fragmentation of the delivery systems were identified. Key components were consumer demand; the availability of nursing facility alternatives; and state priorities for controlling expenditure growth. States use Medicaid to develop broad service menus that include in-home, community, residential, and institutional services. Several states are conducting demonstration programs that improve coordinating or integration of longterm care with the acute care system
Managed Long-Term Care
Authors: Sparer Michael S.
Published: July 2003

In the mid-1990s, states began to reduce their reliance on commercial health plans in the primary and acute care markets. At the same time, however, many states are for the first time encouraging these plans to participate in long-term care programs. The evidence suggests, however, that commercial health plans will not provide a quick cure to the long-term care system. At the same time, several states have managed long-term care initiatives that do not rely on commercial health plans but that do an excellent job of case management and that also seem to be among the national leaders in offering home and community-based services. Oregon provides one example, but so does the traditional managed long-term care system in Arizona and the Community Options Program in Wisconsin. The current efforts in Arizona and Wisconsin to abandon these models and to embrace competition may therefore be a mistake.
Weathering the Storm: Nonprofit Organization Survival Strategies in a Hostile Climate
Authors: Lune Howard
Published: July 2003

This study examines strategies for organizational survival among community-based nonprofit organizations operating in a political environment antithetical to their missions. Qualitative fieldwork is drawn upon to examine how syringe exchange programs in New York City manage to operate despite government hostility and the disenfranchisement of drug users from policy making. This work examines the presentation of forms chosen by the groups in question, their political machinations and interorganizational relations, and the manner of claims made or not made by representatives of exchange programs in the political arena. Programs are found to have altered their outward appearance and forms away from the needs of their constituents toward protection of state interests, but they have not received very much in return.
Beyond the Liability of Newness: Nonprofit Organizations in an Emerging Policy Domain
Authors: Chambré Susan M. , Fatt Naomi
Published: July 2003

The number of new nonprofit organizations has grown considerably. New organizations influence public policy. The early years of a new organization are a time of “imprinting,” as well as vulnerability. The concept of the liability of newness has influenced organizational research, but its dimensions have not been explored fully. This article reviews past research and presents descriptive data on the experiences of newly founded HIV/AIDS organizations. The fate of new AIDS organizations was highly dependent on their acquisition of stable funding sources, particularly public funds. Internal organizational problems had a limited impact on the deaths of organizations, especially those with public funds. Although new organizations face hazards, there are also common dilemmas at other stages in the life cycle that can be traced to nonprofit organizations’dependence on multiple funding sources.
The New Reality for UK Managers: Perpetual Change and Employment Instability
Authors: Worrall Les , Cooper Cary , Campbell Fiona
Published: July 2003

Redundancy, delayering and other forms of organisational change have become increasingly prevalent over the last ten years. Some of the worst-hit industries during the recent years have been the former public utilities, the financial services sector and manufacturing. This paper is based on the results from the first three years' data from a five year UMIST-Institute of Management research programme which has been designed to explore the changing nature of managerial work in the UK and the impact of organisational change on managers' sense of loyalty, morale and motivation. It has been shown in the past (Sahdev and Vinnicombe 1998; Worrall, Cooper and Campbell 1999) that redundancy is seen a particularly damaging form of change on survivors and that redundancy often fails to achieve the objectives on which it was justified, leaving many unintended consequences. This article discusses the effects of organisational change on surviving managers where redundancy has been used, compared with organisations where redundancy has not been used. The results suggest that if redundancy is to be continually pursued as a method of change, managers should be aware of the damaging implications not only to individuals but to the culture of the downsized organisation.
Working at Home: Statistical Evidence for Seven Key Hypotheses
Authors: Felstead Alan , Jewson Nick , Phizacklea Annie , Walters Sally
Published: July 2003

It is frequently suggested that working at home will be the future of work for many people in the UK and that trends in this direction are already well underway. This paper examines these claims by analysing data from the Labour Force Survey which has, at various times, asked questions about the location of work. Seven key hypotheses are identified, including issues surrounding the extent and growth of working at home, reliance on information and communication technology, prevalence of low pay, average pay rates, gender issues, ethnic minority participation and household composition. The results paint a variegated and complex picture which suggests that those who work at home do not comprise a homogeneous group. The paper in particular highlights differences between non-manual and manual workers, and those who work mainly, partially and sometimes at home.
Dual-Earner Couples in Britain and France: Gender Divisions of Domestic Labour and Parenting Work in different Welfare States
Authors: Windebank Jan
Published: July 2003

In recent years, much cross-national research on women's work has focused on the impact of the state in creating the conditions to enable women to combine paid work and motherhood. However, when dealing with women's domestic responsibilities, this research has concentrated heavily on caring functions, whilst largely ignoring the importance of other basic household chores. Furthermore, few studies have addressed the question of how state policy concerning women, work and childcare impacts on the ways in which parenting and domestic duties are constructed and distributed between mothers, fathers and others in the everyday experiences of individuals. The present article addresses both of these questions through evidence gathered from a qualitative cross-national comparative study of the child-care strategies of two groups of women, one French and one British, working in secretarial or clerical occupations, living with a partner and with at least one child aged under twelve. Minimal differences concerning the gender division of domestic and parenting work are discovered between these two national groups. This finding is then used to question some of the theoretical perspectives regarding the relationship between women's greater participation in employment and men's greater participation in domestic and parenting work
Seeking the Balance between Flexibility and Security: A Rising Issue in the Low Countries
Authors: Sels Luc , Van Hootegem Geert
Published: July 2003

Belgian policy-makers are coming to regard the Netherlands as a `model'. Belgian observers commenting on the `Dutch miracle' frequently refer to the greater flexibility of the deployment of labour. The share taken by temporary employment is indeed much lower in Belgium. The OECD links this `shortfall' to an excess of protective regulations (Belgosclerosis). In this paper we critically evaluate the theoretical arguments cited for relaxing the right of dismissal and the use of flexible forms of employment. On the basis of this theoretical exercise, we compare the Belgian and Dutch policies on dismissal protection, prevention of dismissal and temporary employment. We examine whether differences in institutional embedding lead to differences in the way in which companies seek to achieve flexibility. The main conclusion is that the institutional frameworks of Belgium and the Netherlands have been built up along different lines. Dutch legislation encourages contractual flexibility. Belgian legislation focuses more on temporal flexibility. A competition for the greatest flexibility has little point given these observations. It is not a question of `more' or `less', but of `different' flexibility. The wider significance of the comparison is that it clearly demonstrates that the compromise between flexibility and stability (and job security) can be forged in different ways.
Insecurity and Long-Term Employment
Authors: Doogan Kevin
Published: July 2003

There is a widespread view that `jobs for life' and stable employment have been consigned to the past. The impact of technological and institutional changes are said to have eradicated traditional labour market patterns, brought about the destandardisation and individualisation of work and ushered in a new `age of insecurity'. The transformation of work, according to Sennet (1998), has witnessed the advent of a `New Capitalism' in which there is `no long term'. This paper is concerned with explanations for the paradox of pervasive insecurity and the rise in long-term employment in the 1990s in the UK. The analysis of long-term employment in the UK suggests that insecurity is not explained by compositional changes in the workforce or in terms of labour market restructuring. Instead insecurity is best understood in its institutional and ideological contexts, as the `manufactured uncertainty' that attends the greater exposure of the state sector to market forces, corporate restructuring in the private sector in terms of mergers, acquisitions and sell-offs and the diminution of social protection systems.
The Vertical Dimension of Occupational Segregation
Authors: Blackburn Robert M. , Brooks Bradley , Jarman Jennifer
Published: July 2003

This article presents a new approach to measuring the most important dimension of gender segregation - the vertical dimension-in quantitative survey data. This, in turn, allows for a reassessment of the view that high levels of gender segregation are synonymous with high levels of social inequality. In order to do this, the article also draws upon significant conceptual developments. `Segregation' as it is commonly understood is named as `overall' segregation, and is the resultant of two components, `horizontal' and `vertical' segregation, representing difference and inequality separately. This provides a clear approach to measurement. The argument is developed with a case study of the British labour force. The pattern of segregation, in terms of its overall level and its components, varies considerably across sections of the labour force. In terms of inequality, the vertical components measured indicate that British women working full-time are more advantaged than we would expect, and that women working in part-time manual occupations, though facing the greatest relative disadvantage in terms of pay, are actually slightly advantaged over men working in manual occupations in terms of social stratification. Although overall segregation has remained relatively unchanged over the five year period from 1991 to 1996, there have been some significant changes to its components within the various sections of the employed British labour force in that time. By looking at the various sections of the labour force, relative to the labour force as a whole, we can achieve a better understanding of how segregation operates with respect to gender inequalities.
Scoring Occupational Categories for Social Research: A Review of Current Practice, with Australian Examples
Authors: Jones F. L. , McMillan Julie
Published: July 2003

The scoring of occupational categories has a long history. After reviewing the historical background, we develop and discuss the properties of two new Australian scales based on current theorising in stratification research. The first is based on the operation of the labour market and scores occupations to reflect their central role in converting educational credentials into market income. The second is based on patterns of social interaction and scores occupations to reflect the choices that people make in marriage markets. While these two scales are not theoretically or empirically equivalent, they are closely related and provide equally valid, but alternative, ways of measuring the underlying stratification order of modern societies.
Recasting Work: The Example of Local Exchange Trading Schemes
Authors: Aldridge Theresa , Tooke Jane , Lee Roger , Leyshon Andrew , Thrift Nigel , Williams Colin
Published: July 2003

Local Exchange Trading Schemes (LETS) are networks for exchanging goods and services using a local currency. They are seen by some as providing an `alternative' way of negotiating changing and complex livelihoods. Current literature on LETS and work understands participation as a response to dissatisfaction around work and as a strategy for re-valuing work. In this paper we draw initially on new quantitative data to understand who engages in LETS work and find that trading is small-scale and limited to a particular group of people. The data also suggest that contrary to previous research exchanges on LETS sometimes transform and sometimes reinforce existing work relations. To illuminate these complexities we draw on in-depth interviews with Stroud and Brixton LETS members. First, we highlight the multiple ways in which their relations to work connect with their motivations for joining LETS. Second, we examine how these motivations are translated into practice by looking at how prices for LETS work are negotiated. This illustrates that the way power interweaves during these negotiations is multiple and dynamic. Finally, we suggest that for LETS trading to be more equal, the different capacities that people have to negotiate needs to be considered.
Team Membership and the Experience of Work in Britain: An Analysis of the WERS98 Data
Authors: Harley Bill
Published: July 2003

Positive accounts of teamwork emphasise its potential not just to improve organisational performance, but to transform employees' experience of work in overwhelmingly positive ways. The key outcome is said to be enhanced employee discretion, which in turn contributes to satisfaction, commitment and positive views of management. Critical accounts of teamwork, which locate the phenomenon in the context of the labour process argue that enhanced organisational performance from teams results from an undermining of employee discretion, which contributes to work intensification and increased stress for employees. Differences between the two accounts have not been resolved, in part because of the fact that neither model has been subjected to rigorous empirical scrutiny using reliable large-scale statistical data which allow generalisations to be made about the impact of team membership on employees. Utilising the data from the 1998 Workplace Employee Relations Survey (WERS98) it is possible to identify team members and non-members and to compare them in terms of discretion, commitment, satisfaction, relations with management, and stress. The analysis shows no statistically significant association between team membership and any of the outcome variables and on this basis, both positive and critical accounts are called into question.
Minority Labour Force Participation in the Post-Fordist Era: The Case of the Arabs in Israeli
Authors: Sa'di Ahmad H. , Lewin-Epstein Noah
Published: July 2003

This study investigates the impact of economic restructuring on the labour force participation of subordinate minority men. Taking Israel as a case study, we review the trends of labour force participation of Arab men over the last two decades and compare their levels of participation with those of Jewish men. We also examine the main variables, which cause their withdrawal from the labour market. The data for the study was drawn from the labour force surveys that the Central Bureau of Statistics carries out on regular basis. The unique panel structure of these surveys enabled us to analyse the dynamics and shifts in the process of withdrawal. Results of the analysis indicate that age, education, class and unemployment at any given point in time are the variables that increase the likelihood of Arab men's dropout from the labour market. These variables effect the withdrawal of Jewish men from the labour market differently. The differences in the determinants of labour force withdrawal by Arab and Jewish men reflect the segmented nature of the Israeli labour market. These results are employed to evaluate the impact of restructuring on labour market's segmentation.
Ethnicity and Female Labour Market Participation: a New Look at the Palestinian Enclave in Israel
Authors: Khattab Nabil
Published: July 2003

The enclave model and the cultural model have often been used by sociologists to explain the patterns of participation of minority women in western labour markets. While the cultural models explain, in general, the mechanisms that restrict women's employment, the enclave models, by contrast, explain the mechanisms that facilitate women's labour market participation. Using data from the 1995 Israeli population census and assuming these theoretical models, this paper aims to examine the labour market participation pattern of three groups of women in Israel: the Muslim-Arabs, the Christian-Arabs and the Druze-Arabs. The results indicate that the participation of Arab women in the Israeli labour market is determined primarily by their ethnic and religious affiliation, education (particularly post-secondary and academic education), marital status and age. By contrast, the ethnic enclave was found to exert a differential influence: its influence on the labour market participation of Muslim women was positive, while for Christian women it exerted a negative influence. The effects of labour market opportunities on female labour force participation are also discussed.
The Case for Gender-sensitive Socio-ecological Research
Authors: Littig Beate
Published: July 2003

This article deals with the emerging discourse on sustainable work, which has been triggered by the ecologically initiated discussions on sustainable development. It gives a critical overview of the most important approaches to this subject from a feminist perspective. From a feminist point of view many of the current concepts of `sustainable society' and `sustainable work' have several deficiencies. The main point of criticism is that these approaches do not consider gender differences appropriately, especially with regard to the gendered division of work. Feminist approaches to the sustainable redefinition of work, on the other hand, tend to be essentialist and therefore have to be looked upon critically, too. Trying to escape both of these pitfalls, the author suggests a gender-sensitive, socio-ecological approach to the complex field of sustainable work. This approach views socio-ecological problems as gendered problems and appreciates a transdisciplinary access to questions of sustainable development.
Customer Violence and Employee Health and Safety
Authors: Boyd Carol
Published: July 2003

This paper seeks to extend current perspectives on occupational health and safety (OHS) by integrating `emotional labour' into OHS debates. We focus on the growing incidence of customer violence in the airline and railway industries and how this intensifies the demands made on employees' emotional labour. We argue that, just as physical labour is considered in terms of volume and intensity, so should emotional labour. Moreover, we argue that high demands on emotional labour may be equally detrimental to employee health. Based on 1173 questionnaire responses, we explore the nature of demands on emotional labour and the related OHS outcomes. We also explore a range of secondary literature which examines the external and internal factors of work organization that have contributed to a rise in customer abuse, where we argue that customer abuse is perpetuated by a range of cost-rational and profit-centred policies. The paper concludes by arguing that, as a factor in OHS, emotional labour is likely to be shown equal disregard to physical labour in terms of management's relative freedom to utilize (exploit) these as far as possible, regardless of possible health and safety implications.
Does Women's Employment Reduce Poverty? Evidence from Israel
Authors: Stier Haya , Lewin Alisa C.
Published: July 2003

This article focuses on two dimensions of the effect of women's employment on poverty. On the micro level, it examines the effects of women's employment on the odds of their household being poor, and, on the macro level, it examines the effects of women's employment on poverty rates in society. Analysing Israel's 1996 Income Survey, our findings confirm the general argument that women's employment is negatively related to poverty, in both female- and couple-headed households. The findings show that poverty levels are substantially lower in households in which women participate in the labour market, either on a full-time or on a part-time basis, than in households in which the woman is not economically active. At the macro level, our simulations demonstrate that increasing women's employment, even to a part-time level, would reduce poverty in both couple- and female-headed households, and would reduce the economic disparities between these two types of households. Our findings also suggest that while universal employment of female heads of household has an unequivocal equalizing effect on poverty rates, universal employment of women in couple-headed households increases the poverty rate. These findings reveal the different selection processes of women in female- and couple-headed households into paid employment.
What's So Special About Small Firms?
Authors: Barrett Rowena , Rainnie Al
Published: July 2003

The contention in this article is that an integrated approach can be used to analyse industrial relations in small firms and to investigate the image of industrial harmony. This integrated approach, incorporating the dialectical relationship between structural forces and human agency, is underpinned by Marxist labour process theory, and can be used to explain the variety of small firm industrial relations and the conditions under which they are produced. The integrated approach points to a way forward from the old stereotype of `small is beautiful'.
The Myth of Empowerment: Work Organisation, Hierarchy and Employee Autonomy in Contemporary Australian Workplaces
Authors: Harley Bill
Published: July 2003

The aim of this paper is to assess the validity of the `empowerment thesis': the belief that new forms of work organisation are overturning traditional managerial structures and returning control to employees. Specifically, the project seeks to explore the role of `empowering' forms of work organisation (in particular Total Quality Management, team-based work and consultative committees) and of occupational hierarchies, respectively, in influencing levels of employee autonomy. Data from the 1995 Australian Workplace Industrial Relations Survey (AWIRS95) are used to construct quantitative indicators of `empowering' forms of work organisation, hierarchy and employee autonomy. Associations between the variables are measured. The analysis shows no association between `empowerment' and employee autonomy. There are, however, clear relationships between employees' positions within occupational hierarchies and their levels of control over their work. Therefore, the empowerment thesis is rejected. A provisional explanation for the failure of empowerment to enhance employee autonomy can be found in the fact that organisational power resides primarily in organisational structures. Contrary to claims of the emergence of the `post-bureaucratic organisation', hierarchical structures remain central to the majority of contemporary organisations, and the impact of other changes to work organisation must be understood in this context.
Beyond Organized Dependence: A Study of Workers' Actual and Perceived Living Standards in Guangzhou
Authors: Mok Ka-ho , He Cai
Published: July 2003

The economic reforms of the late 1970s in China have raised general living standards particularly in the coastal urban areas. At the same time, however, they have increased unemployment and widened inequalities. This article examines these issues in Guangzhou, one of the cities where market principles dominate, by looking at workers' actual living standards as well as how they perceive them. Clearly workers in private and semi-private industries have benefited from the economic reforms while employees of state owned industries feel betrayed and left behind. This has both social and political implications.
Ambivalent Patriarchs: Shiftworkers, `Breadwinners' and Housework
Authors: Speakman Sue , Marchington Mick
Published: July 2003

The notion of complementarity to analyse the relation between paid work and housework has had a limiting, and possibly misleading, influence upon understanding the persistence of inequality in the home. Through our interviews with a group of male shift working process workers, from three manufacturing firms, we explore their perceptions of their roles and relations at work and in the home. We focus upon their experience and interpretation of gendered role activity - themselves as breadwinners and their wives as homemakers. We explore their attitude to and experience of paid work, and their involvement in housework. We begin by considering the difficulties associated with defining housework, and measuring men's and women's levels of activity and responsibility. We consider what being a `breadwinner' means to the process workers, and how they translate this into their responsibility to enable their wives to be at home caring for their children. Then we focus upon one part of housework - laundering. Through this activity we explore the persistence of the unequal division of housework, despite changes in paid work, and highlight ways in which this inequality is sustained. We conclude that ambiguity, paradox and uncertainty undermine the dichotomous ordering of gendered relations, and that the balance and equity implied in the notion of complementarity provides an inadequate explanation of the gendered distribution of housework.
The Tangled Webs We Weave: Household Strategies to Co-Ordinate Home and Work
Authors: Jarvis Helen
Published: July 2003

The connections between home and work are manifest in tensions which exist between individual employment mobility and the social and spatial situatedness of the household micro-economy. This nexus is a significant dimension of a growing number of dual earning households. At a fundamental level, the co-ordination of home and work hinges on opportunities and constraints pertaining to residential location and mobility and the way this issue is negotiated through the life-course. However, this is not simply determined by the many logistical difficulties associated with the co-ordination of more than one employment from a single residential location. Households are `situated' in place in a variety of ways which feed into strategies of relative mobility and attachment to place. It is suggested that the way that households accommodate the demands of home and work are constituted through a meshing together of the action spaces and social relations of individual household members in these spheres. In effect, household behaviour emerges from a `tangled web' of networks: of social and kin relations; of resource provision; and of information, knowledge and learning.

This paper argues for the need to attend to the situatedness of household strategies that attempt to co-ordinate home and work. It suggests that this is achieved by observing the way strategies of relative mobility and attachment to place reproduce, and are reproduced through, networks within a locale. Existing concepts of strategy and network are combined and operationalised together through the interpretation of biographical narratives from interviews with couples from a sample of nuclear family households.
Unemployment and Ill Health: Local Labour Markets and Ill Health in Britain 1984-1991
Authors: Bellaby Paul , Bellaby Felix
Published: July 2003

This paper investigates the relationship between local unemployment rates and individual ill health. It is a case study of Britain in 1984-1991 based on secondary data analysis of the two sweeps of the Health and Lifestyle Survey (1993). High levels of unemployment are distinguished from increasing rates of unemployment and the effects of each on health in different employment statuses are compared, as are the outcomes for contrasting measures of ill health. Increasing rates of unemployment are seen to impact on job stress, but it is high levels of unemployment that influence premature death and self assessed health. Respiratory function is unaffected by unemployment rates. The effects of unemployment rates hold for all employment statuses, regardless of the higher job stress among the full-time employed and their otherwise better life expectancy and self assessed health. The relationships for unemployment rates and employment status are not confounded by sex, age, region or social class.
Life After Mining: Hidden Unemployment and Changing Patterns of Economic Activity amongst Miners in England and Wales, 1981-1991
Authors: Fieldhouse Edward , Hollywood Emma
Published: July 2003

Official counts of unemployment in the coalfields have not reflected the large-scale losses of thousands of jobs from the mining industry in the 1980s and 1990s. Recent studies have suggested that there are indeed high incidences of unemployment among ex-miners and that much of the unemployment in the coalfields is `hidden', masked by the removal of miners from the official unemployment register through early retirement or being classed permanently sick. This paper examines how miners have been absorbed into the labour market over a ten-year period, between 1981 and 1991. Using data from the ONS Longitudinal Study a sample of miners are identified in 1981 and their labour market position in 1991 examined. The data are used to highlight changes in occupation, employment status and social class. In addition, regional differences in unemployment and joblessness are assessed.
Total Quality Management: Anti-Union Trojan Horse or Management Albatross?
Authors: McCabe Darren
Published: July 2003

This article examines a co-operative union-management approach towards Total Quality Management (TQM) by recourse to a case study from the auto components manufacturing sector. Its purpose is twofold; first, it suggests that in contrast to much critical thinking, under certain conditions TQM need not undermine trade unions. Indeed, it is argued that a more moderate trade union stance towards TQM, in some circumstances, may prove to be a more effective form of resistance than a militant one. Second, the article provides insights into the ways in which TQM reinforces existing power relations, hierarchical structures, organisational bureaucracy and inequality, rather than transforming them as TQM pundits contend. The argument, however, is not that TQM simply enhances management control in a unilinear fashion. This is because it not only poses dangers for trade unions, but also presents management with dilemmas and contradictions. TQM is understood, therefore, to be part of the continuing and complex effort by management to balance control and consent within employment, the dynamics, and outcomes of which, are uncertain and need to be empirically examined.
Modern Management Techniques in the Developing World: The Case of TQM and its Impact on Workers in Turkey
Authors: Yildirim Engin
Published: July 2003

We have recently seen the rapid dissemination of new management techniques such as TQM to the developing world, mainly through joint ventures. This paper hopes to throw some light on the impact of TQM on the organisation of work and industrial relations in a leading company in Turkey, and how it is experienced by employees. The case study illustrates that the extension of modern management techniques to developing countries can benefit labour. It also suggests that workers and unions face new challenges for which they may not be well prepared.
Different cultures, different rationalities?
Authors: Lukes Steven
Published: July 2003

Winch’s ‘Understanding a Primitive Society’ addressed the question of how to interpret apparently irrational alien beliefs and practices. Criticizing Evans-Pritchard’s study of Zande witchcraft, Winch argued that across cultures there are divergent conceptions of what is rational and real and that, where they diverge, it is mistaken to apply ‘our’ standards and conceptions to ‘their’ beliefs. Winch’s position is here re-examined in the light of the current debate about whether the Hawaiians thought Captain Cook was divine. Sahlins holds that they did, asserting that different cultures have different rationalities. Obeyesekere disagrees, holding that these views are just further evidence of European myth-making about the natives’ savage mentality, and that ‘practical rationality’ is common to all cultures. In conclusion it is argued that Sahlins’s ‘Maussian’ interpretative strategy is preferable to Obeyesekere’s ‘Davidsonian’ approach, that Sahlins cannot sustain his Winchean claim about rationality and that denying it is a precondition for understanding a practice central to all cultures: that of trying to get the world right.
Relativism, reality and philosophy
Authors: Horton John
Published: July 2003

This article explores Peter Winch’s account of the relationship between language and reality. It defends Winch against some common misunderstandings of his views but identifies two problematic areas. The first concerns the internal coherence of his account of philosophy. The second relates to the issue of rejecting particular ways of life or cultural practices as erroneous or illusory. One source of these problems is a tension between Winch’s official conception of philosophy and his own commitment to ‘defending’ the plurality of diverse ways of life.
The philosophy of collective representations
Authors: Descombes Vincent
Published: July 2003

The mental and the social are ‘two sides of the same coin’. In other words, ‘social relations are internal relations’. In showing how this was the point of Wittgenstein’s discussion of the practice of ‘following a rule’, Peter Winch has made an important contribution to social philosophy.
Psychology and the Churches in Britain 1919-39: symptoms of conversion
Authors: Richards Graham
Published: July 2003

The encounter between the Christian Churches and Psychology has, for all its evident cultural importance, received little attention from disciplinary historians. During the period between the two world wars in Britain this encounter was particularly visible and, as it turned out, for the most part relatively amicable. Given their ostensive rivalry this is, on the face of it, somewhat surprising. Closer examination, however, reveals a substantial convergence and congruence of interests between them within the prevailing cultural climate, and considerable overlapping of membership. The character of their meeting was, it is argued, determined more by these factors than by fundamental divergences in intellectual and theoretical orientation. Such divergences were diplomatically sidelined, on the religious side, by viewing Psychology as having certain ‘blind spots’ and, on the Psychology side, by invoking the argument that ‘science’ is concerned only with ‘facts’, not ‘values’. Only some hard-line psychoanalysts adopted an explicitly anti-religious stance. Religion’s concessions ultimately proved too high a price, and following this period the Churches began distancing themselves from Psychology. Their current relationship is very different from that which prevailed from 1918 to 1939. A fuller historical picture of the relationship between Psychology and religion awaits consideration of other sites and periods.
Melanchthon’s rhetoric and the practical origins of Reformation human science
Authors: Gross Daniel M.
Published: July 2003

At the beginning of the 16th century in Germany, religious ends and human art joined forces to produce a sacred rhetoric: a rhetoric that could transform human nature, and explain at the same time how such transformation was possible according to both science and scripture. No longer was it enough to ask in Scholastic fashion ‘What is man?’ - his essence and unique faculties, his special place in God’s world. A new question took on urgency in the wake of religious reformation, namely ‘What could man become?’ But theology alone could not provide a practical response to this question. Rhetoric, in its various adopted forms, could. Consequently rhetoric emerged as architectonic of the human sciences in Reformation Germany, shaping pedagogy as a practical art. Whereas scholars have paid a good deal of attention to the way in which the exact sciences such as mathematics influenced Enlightenment human science, the history of human science as practical art has received little attention. This article contributes to such a history by showing how rhetoric as a practical protreptic art structured human scientific initiatives in the wake of Philipp Melanchthon’s Reformation pedagogy.
Narrating the modern’s subjection: Freud’s theory of the Oedipal complex
Authors: Chowers Eyal
Published: July 2003

While Freud’s theory of the Oedipus complex is concerned with psycho-sexual development, it concomitantly presents a novel historical-political imagination. This article compares the post-Oedipal self with the selves envisioned by Nietzsche and Marx, suggesting that while these 19th-century theorists constructed selves that are able to transcend the normalizing and subjugating circumstances of modernity, Freud’s theory defines a healthy self as irredeemably embedded in the prevailing culture and life-orders. In making his case, Freud spurns the quests of Nietzsche and Marx for wholeness of the individual and for self-authorship, and presents the self as structurally agonistic, riven and thoroughly molded by society.
The mind and the faculties: the controversy over ‘primitive mentality’ and the struggle for disciplinary space at the inter-war Sorbonne
Authors: Chimisso Cristina
Published: July 2003

This article deals with some aspects of the study of the mind between the 1920s and 1940s at the University of Paris. Traditionally the domain of philosophy, the study of the mind was encroached upon by other disciplines such as history of science, ethnology, sociology and psychology. These disciplines all had weak institutional status and were struggling to constitute themselves as autonomous. History of science did not as a rule reject its relationship with philosophy, whereas ethnology, sociology and psychology were constructing their identities by breaking away from philosophy. A discussion about Lévy-Bruhl’s La mentalité primitive, hosted by the Société Française de Philosophie in 1923, showed that the positions of philosophers, sociologists and psychologists about the questions posed by the book, namely the fixity and universality of the mind, were strictly linked with their views about the ‘scientificity’ of ethnology. A compromise between fixity and historical transformation of the mind was put forward by Gaston Bachelard, who institutionally represented the discipline of history and philosophy of science. This discipline was institutionally linked to ethnology, psychology and sociology, but, unlike them, had no claim to ‘scientificity’. Bachelard realized this compromise by breaking the unity of the mind and by employing an extra-institutional discipline: psychoanalysis. His freedom of choice corresponded with an increasingly weak institutional position for the discipline of history and philosophy of science.
Sociology and the vernacular voice: text, context and the sociological imagination
Authors: Williams Robin
Published: July 2003

Like some other human sciences, sociology has had a recurrent concern to clarify the ambivalent relationship between its professional accounts of social reality on the one hand and lay understandings of social reality on the other. Sociological ethnographers have claimed to accomplish this clarification by including in their accounts both direct representation and responsive interpretation of the vernacular voice of those human subjects whose actions and understandings comprise the focus of their inquiries. I briefly examine some of the practical and textual strategies by which studies have accomplished this. I go on to note that the authenticity of ethnographic work has itself become a matter of dispute on the grounds of the ineradicable asymmetry between the professional voice of the researcher and the vernacular voice of research subjects. Drawing on work in literary theory, anthropology and feminist scholarship, a favoured solution to this problem has argued for the necessity of acknowledging the essentially dialogical character of the relationship between researchers and subjects and also of finding ways to make ethnographic texts reflect this character. This article draws attention to an alternative set of professional practices that prefer ‘co-construction’ to ‘dialogue’ as a term of art. Its use encourages and facilitates the close and detailed examination of the multiple ways in which subjects already speak of and for themselves and others within the local sites of their real-world activities. Studies of these matters accord the vernacular voice of human subjects renewed significance for sociological investigation as part of a radical ‘respecification’ of prior understandings of the proper relationship between vernacular and professional accounts of social reality. The article assesses the upshot of these claims for the current practice and future prospects of sociology as one of the human sciences.
Archival action: the archive as ROM and its political instrumentalization under National Socialism
Authors: Ernst Wolfgang
Published: July 2003

In German archival terminology, the term Akte (file) as the basic unit of storage corresponds with its actualization as discursive (re-)action: the word ‘acts’ can designate at once the content of what is to be archived and the archive itself (Derrida, 1995: 17). Whereas the network of Prussian state archives from post-Napoleonic Germany until the First World War figured as a non-discursive juridical Read Only Memory of internal autopoetic bureaucracy, the German Weimar Republic sought to develop a more democratically transparent archival information politics. This remained, however, for the most part an aspiration of the new political culture, and it was never systematically adopted by state institutions. By contrast, the National Socialist regime was the first to make use of archival memory in a partisan, active manner; Akten were actively instrumentalized as part of the programme for the annihilation of European Jewry. This article, based on the German state archives and also on a case-study concerning the ideologization of the Nietzsche Archive in Weimar, examines archival micro-politics as the site of discursive repression and production, between the affirmation and the resistance of discretely segmented memory to holistic ideological demands.
Partial readings: addressing a Renaissance archive
Authors: Milner Stephen J.
Published: July 2003

By considering a variety of readings of Renaissance Florence from Burckhardt to the present, this article discusses the nature of the interrelation between the archive and the historian, with a view to illustrating the partiality of both. The records contained within the archives are by nature fragmentary; vestiges of the past, they are also partial in the sense of being subjective, testimonies to past relationships either between individuals or between individuals and institutions - social or political. Likewise, the readings of historians are partial both in the sense that the historian’s research is focused upon particular parts of the archive and in his or her subjectivity as an historian. Interestingly, in this context post-Burckhardtian Florentine historiography shares common ground, however unwittingly, with certain aspects of post-modern writing in decentring the subject, for observations concerning the partial subjectivity of Burckhardt’s Renaissance individual apply equally to observations concerning the partial subjectivity of historians as writers. The fiction of an objective historical method producing hard history becomes apparent once the static relation of historian as subject researching the archive as object is reconfigured as a dynamic and dialectical process. Through the acknowledging of the contingency of such archival readings it becomes apparent that the archive itself is a symbolic construct constituted through the process of writing.
Was Adam Smith an individualist?
Authors: Denis Andy
Published: July 2003

Smith is generally regarded as an individualist without qualification. This article argues that his predominantly individualist policy prescription is rooted in a more complex philosophy. He sees nature, including human nature, as a vast machine supervised by God and designed to maximize human happiness. Human weaknesses, as well as strengths, display the wisdom of God and play their part in this scheme. While Smith pays lip-service to justice, it is really social order that preoccupies him, and, within that, the defence of property. Individuals are valued as bearers of property. As persons, individuals are deceived by nature into acting in a socially beneficial way. In different ways Smith systematically denies the autonomy of the individual with respect to the whole of which he or she is part. For Smith, individual liberty is not the end, but the means, of sustaining social order and property.