bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gender Differences regarding Peer Influence and Attitude toward Substance Abuse
Authors: Rienzi Beth M. , McMillin J. Daniel , Dickson Candace L. , Crauthers Darren , McNeill Kevin F. , Pesina Maria D. , Mann Everett
Published: May 2005

Gender role socialization differentially influences attitudes toward substance abuse for boys and girls. Students ( n = 968, 456 = males, M age = 16.20, SD = 1.20) were administered a questionnaire to assess their perceptions of attitudes toward substance abuse. Boys' approval was significantly different than the level of approval estimated for girls on teenagers drinking beer or wine coolers χ2 (4, n = 931) = 418.58, p < .00001, drinking hard liquor χ2(4, n = 921) = 432.49, p < .00001, driving after drinking χ2(4, n = 924) = 492.32, p < .00001, smoking marijuana χ2(4, n = 921) = 609.62, p < .00001, smoking cigarettes χ2(4, n = 927) = 480.35, p < .00001, taking diet pills to lose weight χ2(4, n = 914) = 185.05, p < .00001, and taking diet pills to get high χ2(4, n = 921) = 428.43, p < .00001. Teens viewed getting drunk at a party as more acceptable than driving after drinking2 (4, n = 921) = 264.10, p < .00001, but gave boys more approval than girls for driving after drinking. Possible implications of these findings are discussed.
Making Sense of Usefulness: An Avenue toward Satisfaction in Later Life
Authors: Stevens Ellen S.
Published: May 2005

Studies of later life assert that sense of usefulness impacts life satisfaction. This study determines what impacts sense of usefulness. The sample consists of 108 older adults, ages sixty through ninety, who were involved with community organizations. The research instrument was a forty-five-item questionnaire. Findings identify five correlates of sense of usefulness: continuity in respect from younger ages ( p < .01), involvement with family ( p < .05), involvement with a significant other ( p < .01), involvement with community ( p < .01), and meeting one's expectations for old age ( p < .01). “Continuity in respect,” “meeting one's expectations,” and “sense of usefulness” combine into a scale that correlates with satisfaction in later life ( p < .001). Results contribute to theoretical understanding of later life development and suggest directions for work with the aging client system.
Going to School the Technological Way: Co-Constructed Classrooms and Student Perceptions of Learning with Technology
Authors: Parr Judy M.
Published: May 2005

There are problems with investigating technology in educational settings. A major issue is the complexity of the interaction among computer use, the social system of the classroom and the instructional activities, and pedagogical goals promoted by teachers. Teacher beliefs and values and their relationship to technology use have been investigated but the perspectives of students have largely been neglected. The research reported is longitudinal and employs a case study methodology. In evaluating widespread implementation of computing technology at a school, 1991–1997, a large corpus of data was collected to document multiple perspectives. Those from four cohorts of students ( n = 377) have been tapped in several ways. The article discusses data regarding student response to technology and how the beliefs and actions of students influence the use of technology in classrooms in terms of three themes: context and process for learning, changing expectations for learning, and differential responses to learning.
The Morgan Site: An Important Coles Creek Mound Complex on the Chenier Plain of Southwest Louisiana
Authors: Brown Ian W.
Published: May 2005

The chenier plain of southwest Louisiana supported a relatively dense population in the Coles Creek period. The Morgan site, located on the Pecan Island chenier, was a major center for the local inhabitants in Middle and Late Coles Creek times (c. AD 800–1000). Recent excavations at this site by the Lower Mississippi Survey resulted in the delimitation of the site, revealing areas of intensive occupation. A rich midden was tested to work out temporal changes in the local ceramics of the Coles Creek period. The excavation techniques employed enabled us to distinguish micro-evolutionary changes within the Baytown Plain rim mode assemblage recovered at Morgan. Determining such changes within the ceramics of the Coles Creek period has contributed to the relative dating of the Morgan mounds. The excavation methods presented here provide a means for ascertaining which Coles Creek components in the region were occupied contemporaneously. This information is fundamental to further studies on settlement and subsistence in the chenier plain.
New Labour and Britain's National Health Service: An Overview of Current Reforms
Authors: Iliffe Steve , Munro James
Published: May 2005

Britain's National Health Service (NHS) has been the subject of unprecedented market reforms, which have failed to solve its problems. The New Labour government elected in 1997 has halted the drive toward the marketization of health care and replaced cost with quality as the central concern of NHS administration and policy. Major changes are occurring in the regulation of professional activity, with profound implications for the medical profession and the health service. The authors discuss these changes and possible future problems for the NHS.
Computer-Based Assessment of Cognitive Abilities: Current Status/Future Directions
Authors: Eller Ben F. , Kaufman Alan S. , McLean James E.
Published: May 2005

Rapid advances in the computer industry and the concomitant knowledge explosion have created a revolution in the information handling electronics industry. The continued proliferation of computer technology in the educational environment appears inevitable. There seems to be little doubt that recent advances in educational technology will have important consequences for educational institutions at all levels during the coming decades. Students, teachers, and administrators alike have already come to rely on bibliographic and statistical data bases, automated dictionaries, micrographic storage and retrieval systems, and specialized interactive cable and videotext systems for information access. Despite the impact of computer technology in the school environment, guidelines for planning and developing useable software for assessing cognitive abilities has warranted little attention in educational literature. This article suggests that computer-based support systems are now available which could be instrumental in solving the problems associated with cognitive assessment.
Grief-Related Facsimile Illness
Authors: Zisook Sidney , De Vaul Richard A.
Published: May 2005

One aspect of the grief process which is frequently mentioned in the literature on mourning but has not yet received adequate clinical attention is the tendency for the bereaved to assume symptoms and behavior of the deceased. This paper presents evidence that pathologic identification 1) is an important clinical syndrome that is frequently misdiagnosed and mistreated, 2) defines a population at high medical and surgical risk, 3) can be diagnosed by history alone, and 4) carries a good prognosis when identified and properly managed.

Four of a series of ten clinical cases are presented and discussed. Analysis of the cases reveals a number of common features, including 1) an arrest of the normal grief process; 2) a presentation of symptoms identical or nearly identical to those experienced by the deceased; 3) previous ineffective and inappropriate treatment endeavors; 4) referral for reasons other than a recognition of an abnormal grief state; and 5) improvement or recovery during treatment aimed at facilitating the grief response.

Based on a survey of the literature and the clinical material analyzed, the authors conclude that patients who present with psychologic identification with the deceased have a distinct clinical syndrome (grief-related facsimile illness) for which recognition is important to institute proper management. Contrary to the reports in the literature, it frequently presents as other than hypochondriasis. When identified, this syndrome carries a good prognosis.
Children with Terminal Illness: A Selected Review
Authors: Lewis Susan , Armstrong Stephen H.
Published: May 2005

This brief review considers the psychiatric aspect of a child's dying from terminal illness. Much of the literature is largely theoretical, illustrated by case histories and clinical observations. Only recently has research been published based on empirical analyses of grief reactions in the child. There is no corresponding empirical research on the grief reactions of parents and siblings, or of the medical staff that cares for the terminally ill child. A review in this area points out the need for more integration of theoretical, clinical, and empirical work, including all aspects of a dying child's environment.
Health Knowledge of Nursery School Teachers in Northern Jordan
Authors: El-Qaderi Saleh S. , Khalili Khalil Y.
Published: May 2005

This study investigates the level of health knowledge of nursery school teachers in Northern Jordan. The Health Awareness Test (HAT) was administered to a sample of sixty teachers (66.7% of the population). The data analysis revealed that health knowledge among these teachers, in general, was much lower than the acceptable level determined by the HAT. Neither the teaching experience, academic degree, or marital status seemed to have influence on health knowledge on any of the dimensions covered by the HAT. In addition to the above results, the study revealed that the major sources of health knowledge among these teachers, ranked by order, were: self-education, mass media, education programs of the Ministry of Health, family, inservice training programs, and academic preparation. The implications of the above results are discussed.
Pediatric Referrals to Psychiatry: III. Is the Psychiatrist's Opinion Heard?
Authors: Froese Arthur P.
Published: May 2005

At least one psychiatric diagnosis was made for 205 of 220 children whose psychiatric evaluation had been requested by the medical service. Only 78 of 242 psychiatric diagnoses given the 205 patients were reflected correctly in the medical discharge diagnoses. In addition, seven of fifteen patients considered to be “normal” by the consulting psychiatrist had a psychiatric or mixed medical-psychiatric diagnoses included in the discharge diagnoses. Psychophysiological disorders, psychoses and special symptom diagnoses were likely to be correctly reflected in the discharge diagnoses, while depression and adjustment reaction were not. Possible reasons why the psychiatrist's diagnostic opinion is not correctly reflected in the discharge diagnosis in over one-half of the referrals are discussed. Pediatricians may be reluctant to label their patients “neurotic” for life, or may consider the problem transient—that is, only a “passing phase.” But these theories are discounted by the fact that seven patients considered to be emotionally normal when assessed by the psychiatrist were discharged with a psychiatric or mixed medical-psychiatric diagnosis.
Use of the Death Anxiety Scale in an Inter-Racial Jetting
Authors: Pandey R. E. , Templer Donald I.
Published: May 2005

The purpose of this study was to assess possible differences between black and white college students on Templer's Death Anxiety Scale (DAS) and to determine whether the DAS adequately measures death anxiety in black populations. Ss were 258 undergraduates from Lincoln University, 124 whites (66 males; 58 females) and 134 blacks (72 males; 62 females). No mean differences between race and sex categories were found to be significant. Therefore, the assumption is supported that blacks and whites share similar attitudes toward death.
“Click Here”: Teaching Composition through the Creation of on-Line Magazines
Authors: McRoy Jay
Published: May 2005

In recent years, I have taught a number of writing and literature courses in which my students, as part of their final grade in the class, contributed to the creation of on-line magazines. In the process, the students transformed their various compositions into hypertext documents linked to both a main “home” page and a variety of external locations that, in turn, positioned their writing within a community (or network) of electronic texts. Using my experiences of this project as a touchstone, I examine the potential benefits and pitfalls of teaching writing through the creation of on-line magazines. Specifically, I address the ways in which the creation of on-line magazines impacts how instructors envision their curriculum, as well as the extent to which these electronic publications problematize traditional conceptions of what it means to “create,” “read,” and “analyze” a text.
Ethics and Psychotherapy in France: A Brief Survey
Authors: Maruani Georges-Guy , Pope Kenneth S. , de Verbizier J.
Published: May 2005

Theoretical works, introductory texts, and formal legal and ethical standards set forth certain behaviors that psychotherapists are to avoid due to potential harm for the patient or the process of psychotherapy. Yet there are relatively few empirical data concerning whether psychotherapists actually engage in or refrain from engaging in such behaviors. We also lack data concerning a range of behaviors (e.g., whether therapists address clients by their first names, whether therapists ever cry in the presence of their clients), which, while they may not involve ethical issues, are still of potential interest. Initial survey data were obtained from a random sample of 1,000 United States psychologists (return rate = 46%) concerning eighty-three such behaviors [1, 2]. Survey data based on a return rate of 49 percent were also obtained from a random sample of 1,600 psychiatrists, 1,600 psychologists, and 1,600 social workers practicing in the United States concerning a subset of these behaviors constituting dual relationships [3].
Disjunctive Ambiguity as a Determinant of the Aesthetic Attractivity of Visual Patterns
Authors: Boselie Frans , Cesàgro Annalisa
Published: May 2005

An experiment is reported showing that, of two drawings both of which are readily interpreted as two objects in one or two frontal planes, the one that is disjunctive ambiguous is less preferred aesthetically than a corresponding unambiguous one.
Beyond Consistency in the Definition of Personality
Authors: Allen Bem P.
Published: May 2005

Historically, personality has been predicated on behavioral consistency. Assuming that a unique repertoire of characteristics is the minimum requirement for the existence of a personality, three methods were employed to demonstrate uniqueness. Twenty-three women recorded self-descriptive words at the end of each twenty- three days (Adjective Generation Technique or AGT). The words generated in daily self-description were assigned favorability values from the AGT norm list. Subjects varied day-to-day in favorability of self-description more than they differed from one another in over-all favorability of self-description, thereby showing little consistency. First, uniqueness was demonstrated because variability of favorability within lists of most used words was significantly less than variability between lists. Second, a determination was made as to whether subjects' lists of most used words tended to be nonoverlapping, and were thereby unique. The observed overlap of at least one word among the subjects' actual lists of most used words was 93, not significantly different from 88, the estimated chance probability of overlap. Third, raters' Semantic Differential reactions to subjects' lists indicated that they clearly saw the corresponding subjects to be unique. Results present a dilemma in that subjects' uniqueness was reflected in their lists of most used words, but consistency was not great. Dramaturgical Quality and Value were offered as additional criteria for personality, beyond consistency.
Competency-Determined Curriculum as an Instructional Technology
Authors: Cyrs Thomas E.
Published: May 2005

Competency-based approaches to curriculum design are beginning to have an impact on the health sciences where competence is requisite and mandatory to professional practice and which is purportedly assured through licensure. However, “competent” practice has never really been described in terms that are capable of valid assessment. Competency-based approaches that have been reported in the general literature view the approach as primary curriculum development. Assessment of student competence is seldom given significant consideration. The approach presented in this paper views student assessment as the locus of competency-based approaches from which curriculum development will follow.
Population Planning in the People's Republic of China: Prospects for the Future
Authors: Winfield Gerald F.
Published: May 2005

This article describes present attitudes and future prospects of population planning in the People's Republic of China. New knowledge available since China has broadened its contacts with the rest of the world permits the drawing of a fairly detailed picture of the family planning program developed there over the past 18 years. Family planning is an integral part of a national health services system. Integrated with all administrative and production units and including virtually the entire population, this system makes extensive use of “barefoot doctors” selected from local communities as well as a large and growing corps of professional health personnel organized to serve effectively both the cities and the countryside. Family planning is achieved by social and medical methods of fertility control including late marriage, use of contraceptives, abortion, and sterilization. The analysis of reasonably reliable data on family planning in six city, suburban, and rural communes with a total aggregate population of 170,500 located in three parts of the country, shows some startling results. Late marriage has lowered the proportion of married women of child bearing age to 14 per cent. A surprising 68 per cent of these women are practicing birth control, and almost two-thirds (65 per cent) of these are protected definitively by sterilization. The third who are using reversible methods are further protected by the availability of abortion on demand. It may well be that about 35 per cent of all potentially fertile women in China are now practicing family planning. It seems probable that this effective mix of methods can be fairly rapidly extended to cover the whole nation and that it will make enough of a contribution to slowing population growth to have a significant effect on the ability of China to meet its economic and security objectives and to raise its standard of living.
Captioned Television Videotapes: Effects of Visual Support on Second Language Comprehension
Authors: Markham P. L.
Published: May 2005

This study examined the effects of captioned video material on ESL student comprehension with videotaped episodes presenting both low and high audio/video correlation as defined by Garza (1991). Prior research has been restricted to high audio/video correlation material in which the audio track was strongly supported by the video portion (visual images). A total of thirty-seven advanced and thirty-four intermediate ESL students participated in the experiment. The results revealed that both groups were able to recall significantly more idea units ( p < .01) when the captions were available with the episode presenting a low level of visual support (low audio/video correlation). Conversely, caption availability did not substantially improve student recall with the episode presenting a high audio/video correlation.
Real or Imagined Confusion in Ethnohistorical Research? A Rejoinder to Thurman
Authors: Orser Charles E.
Published: May 2005

Recently, Melburn D. Thurman has argued that my handling of the James Mackay manuscript, an early 19th-century account of Plains native groups, is unsound. Many of Thurman's criticisms, specifically those concerning the date of the document, the details of Mackay's experience on the Missouri River, and the intent of my original article, stem from misrepresentation and misunderstanding. Thurman has refused, for example, to accept that my essay was a test of the document using archaeological data associated with the Arikara. In addition, Thurman portrays a narrow view of the past and a rather unique understanding of ethnohistorical methods. In this response to Thurman, I restate many of the points in my original article and provide an alternative perspective for studying the past.
The Conscious Death of a Two-Year-Old: Beautiful and Unbearable
Authors: Dembour Marie-Bénédicte
Published: May 2005

This article draws on the personal experience by the author of an infant's illness and death to make three points: 1) children, however young, should be recognized as conscious beings, able to handle their dying process; 2) close relatives and medical staff may not be able to face the impending death of a patient; professionals may need to be brought in to help them come to terms with a situation of terminal illness; 3) by keeping illness and death away from its center, society dehumanizes these very human processes.
Support Material Adds to the Bare Bones
Authors: Gould Jay R.
Published: May 2005

In this paper are discussed some of the techniques used as support material for article content. Narrative and descriptive examples give life and validity to general statements. References to events, facts, and statistics reinforce whatever the author has to say. Interviewing is important.

Various appeals are also discussed, together with brief reference to deductive and inductive reasoning.
Witchcraft, Religion and Suicides in the Light of the Witch Hammer and Contemporary Cases
Authors: Lönnqvist J. , Achté Kalle A.
Published: May 2005

The suicidal behavior of those accused of witchcraft five hundred years ago has its counterparts today. A comparison is made between case histories described in The Witch Hammer (1487), and contemporary clinical cases. The church's attitude toward suicide is examined, with particular attention given to the defense mechanism of projection. Although there are elements in religion which counteract suicidal impulses, the breakdown of a strictly religious mode of life can arouse intensive guilt feelings and aggravate the risk of self-destruction. Similarities in attitudes toward accused witches and psychiatric patients are noted and discussed.
Use of Computer-Mediated Reading Supports to Enhance Reading Comprehension of High School Students
Authors: Feldmann Shirley C. , Fish Marian C.
Published: May 2005

This study investigated whether providing reading supports for high school students who read computer-mediated text would further their comprehension. Independent variables included subjects' reading achievement level, the difficulty level of the text, passage order, and subjects' perception of the task. While most subjects in the reading support condition used them, reading supports did not improve subjects' reading comprehension scores on easy or difficult reading passages. When the subjects were blocked as high or low readers, reading supports also showed no effects on comprehension scores. It was found that reading supports were used more on the high-difficulty than low-difficulty reading passages. Suggestions for improving the presentation of reading supports are given.
Community Health Education in Refugee Camps
Authors: Simmonds Stephanie , Carlson Cynthia , Dick Bruce
Published: May 2005

The importance of developing and maintaining health education programs in refugee camps, while highlighting special constraints, is discussed. A literature review, interviews with organizations sending international health workers to refugee communities, and a survey of refugees, national and international health workers were all carried out to ascertain the interest in, and practice of health promotion, information and communication. The study revealed that there is very little health education being undertaken in refugee camps and that there is little consensus as to what health education is. There also is a lack of community involvement and most of those workers involved in health neither have the training nor feel they often have the time to devote to health education, more interested as they are in curative medicine. The health policies of national and international organizations appear to support but not define, integrate or evaluate the practice of health education in refugee camps. This is despite a strong consensus that health education is an essential component of refugee community health care. Field experience, discussions, and the review also highlighted the need for the advocacy of the health needs and problems of refugees at an international level.
Needle Sharing for the Use of Therapeutic Drugs as a Potential AIDS Risk Behavior among Migrant Hispanic Farmworkers in the Eastern Stream
Authors: Lafferty Jerry , Foulk David , Ryan Rebecca
Published: May 2005

In the United States, 41 percent of the AIDS cases are found in ethnic minorities. While it is true that AIDS is disproportionately represented among minorities, not enough research has been directed at identifying risk factors peculiar to different ethnic groups. This study explored critical knowledge of AIDS, patterns of sexual behavior, and self-injection for therapeutic reasons among migrant workers. Data were collected through face to face interviews with 378 hispanic migrant workers. Respondents, seventy-nine (21.4 percent), reported self-injecting antibiotics and vitamins for medicinal reasons while only 2.6 percent self-injected recreational drugs. The likelihood of contracting AIDS escalates as the number of risk factors increase. Self-injection of therapeutic agents is a great risk when considered in concert with the other risk factors present in the migrant farmworker population. Exposure to additional factors such as sexual promiscuity, frequenting prostitutes, homosexual behavior and having vaginal or anal intercourse without a condom creates a potentially dangerous situation. Hence, each of the individual AIDS risk factors may be multiplied and broadcast through the needle risk. AIDS health education needs to deal with this cultural pattern of self-injection in its intervention programs.
The Social Origins of Illness: A Neglected History
Authors: Waitzkin Howard
Published: May 2005

Although interest in the social origins of illness has grown recently, the sources of this concern in Marxist thought have received little attention. Friedrich Engels, Rudolf Virchow, and Salvador Allende made important early contributions to this field. Engels analyzed features of the workplace and environment that caused disability and early death for the British working class. Virchow's studies in “social medicine” and infectious diseases called for social change as a solution to medical problems. Allende traced poor health to class oppression, economic underdevelopment, and imperialism. These analysts provided divergent, though complementary, views of social etiology, multifactorial causation, the methodology of dialectic materialism, an activist role for medical scientists and practitioners, social epidemiology, health policy, and strategies of sociomedical change. The social origins of illness remain with us and reveal the scope of reconstruction needed for meaningful solutions.
A Technological Revolution in Higher Education
Authors: Barker Donald I.
Published: May 2005

This article examines the impact of key information technologies on the future of higher education. Rapid growth and advancement in the areas of telecommunications and human-computer interaction are leading to a fundamental change in how, what, and who we teach at our universities. In the near future, students will be able to “attend” class and exchange ideas with other students without leaving the comfort of their living rooms. Technologies such as computer-mediated communications, electronic publishing, intelligent tutoring systems, groupware, multimedia, intelligent agents, videoconferencing, video-on-demand, and virtual reality are maturing and converging to create “virtual classrooms.” Virtual classrooms free students and faculty from having to be in the same place at the same time, making the traditional four years of campus residency unnecessary. Administrators who ignore the implications of these technological trends risk the very existence of their institutions.
Community Health Intervention Program (Chip): Re-Educating Health Professionals for Primary Health Care
Authors: Egwu I. N.
Published: May 2005

Primary health care (PHC) in most developing countries remains largely inaccessible to a vast proportion of urban and rural populations. It is neither influenced by, nor integrated with, preventive care/community development. This may be attributed partly to lack of community participation by communities. Professional health care is isolated and impervious to the influence of health care users. In Nigeria all functional correlates are available in the existing health systems; yet, the impact is not felt. What is needed, and urgently, is an intervention to extend meaningful health care delivery into the urban poor and rural communities. The Nigerian Youth Service Corps (NYSC) scheme, through a rational and systematic mobilization and utilization of its health manpower, offers an excellent opportunity to demonstrate that PHC can work. A two-step intervention process is proposed: a reorientation during NYSC “orientation,” and a community-based practice module, during the NYSC “Primary Assignment” phase. Health professionals working as a “team,” and led by NYSC doctor(s), undertake their medical care responsibilities as well as community development projects as integrated aspects of PHC. It is envisaged that experiences accruing from such a deliberate intervention with a pilot project, will form a basis for operational adoption of the proposed CHIP as a national model.
Technical Communicators as Purveyors of Common Sense
Authors: Praetorius Pete
Published: May 2005

In this article I argue that technical communicators are in the position to foster users' commonsense understanding of products. The notion that technical communicators can increase the common sense of users is absent in the field of technical communication literature. Reasons for not recognizing the legitimacy of common sense range from its unexamined nature to a belief that it cannot be taught. After discussing different definitions of common sense, I suggest that including scenarios, common metaphors, and language that promotes procedural knowledge in product information can strengthen users' commonsense understanding of the products they use. Moreover, in failing to make use of commonsense appeals, technical communicators are ignoring a sound persuasive strategy.
Depressotypic Cognitive Patterns in Major Depression and Conjugal Bereavement
Authors: Robinson Paul J. , Fleming Stephen
Published: May 2005

The reaction to the death of a spouse is thought to be very similar to a major depressive episode. What little systematic research has been done in this area, however, has indicated that the bereaved may be differentiated from the depressed in terms of cognitive style. Based on Beck's cognitive theory of depression, the primary purpose of the present study was to investigate the differences among both uncomplicated (i.e., nondepressed) and depressed reactions to conjugal bereavement, and major depression unrelated to the death of a spouse. Psychometrically-derived assessment procedures were utilized in an attempt to contrast these populations in terms of intensity of depressive mood and pattern of depressotypic cognition. Both the uncomplicated and the depressed bereaved evidenced a less intense depressive mood, and a less dysfunctional pattern of depressotypic cognition, than did the nonbereaved psychiatric depressed. It was concluded, therefore, that a “bereavement depression” was not tantamount to a “nonbereavement depression,” at least in terms of cognitive functioning. Future research will serve to clarify the role of certain “personality” characteristics, such as cognitive style, in grief and depression.
Openness of Health Professionals about Death and Terminal Illness in a Nigerian Teaching Hospital
Authors: Adamolekun Kemi
Published: May 2005

Most physicians in developed countries are reported to have a sense of responsibility to inform a patient about the facts of his or her life-threatening condition. This study reports doctors' and nurses' responsibility to their terminally ill patients in an African environment. Since, by local tradition, doctors are not supposed to convey bad news and the patients do not see themselves as dying of illness, the doctors are not enthusiastic about informing the patients that their disease is terminal. Though doctors and nurses are of the opinion that patients or relatives should be informed of patients' diagnoses, the majority of these professionals do not discuss the prognosis with terminally ill patients. The need to discuss the diagnosis and prognosis according to the desire of each patient was examined. This is more relevant to the practice of medicine in the developing countries with the likelihood that more terminally ill patients would use the hospitals in the face of HIV/AIDS epidemic.
The Empirical Study of Literature. How Empirical can it be?
Authors: Freundlieb Dieter
Published: May 2005

This article addresses some of the problems of an empirical study of literature resulting from the fact that it cannot, qua empirical science, engage in the evaluation of literary texts and the moral issues those texts exemplify as well as the further fact (if it is a fact) that statements about textual meanings in the context of literary interpretations are not empirically true or false. Traditional interpretive literary criticism has always played a significant part in the reproduction and modification of culture. From this point of view, an empirical science of literature must appear severely limited. However, it can be argued that such an empirical study of literature can show that interpretation is necessarily a constructive process and therefore always, to a large extent, determined by (often ideological) background assumptions. An empirical study of literature would make interpretation one of its objects of study and explanation. Such investigations would further our understanding of processes of text comprehension in general, but it would also allow us to reconstruct the background assumptions guiding traditional interpretations.
Environmental and Occupational Pollutants are Avoidable Causes of Breast Cancer
Authors: Epstein Samuel S.
Published: May 2005

For over three decades, evidence has accumulated relating avoidable exposures to environmental and occupational carcinogens to the escalating incidence of breast cancer in the United States and other major industrialized nations. This evidence has until very recently been totally ignored by the cancer establishment, the National Cancer Institute, and the American Cancer Society, despite expenditures of over $1 billion on breast cancer research. Recognition of these environmental and occupational risk factors should lead to the belated development of public health policies directed to the primary prevention of breast cancer. Their recognition should also lend urgency to the need for radical reforms in the priorities and leadership of the cancer establishment.
An Examination of the Effects of Temperature Variation on the Hydration Characteristics of Two California Obsidians
Authors: Findlow Frank J. , Martin Phyllis M. , Ericson Jonathan E.
Published: May 2005

New hydration rates are proposed for obsidians from the Casa Diablo and Coso source areas in California's Sierra Nevada range. Obsidians from these two sources were used extensively throughout central California and western Nevada during prehistoric times. The new hydration rates presented here differ from earlier California hydration rates in that they account simultaneously for the effects of chemical source variation, climatic regime, and soil temperature. As a result of this greater degree of control over possible sources of variation, the two new hydration rates should provide archaeologists working in the Coso and Casa Diablo areas with reliable and highly accurate chronometric dating techniques.
The Imagined Death: Looking to the Past for Relief from the Present
Authors: Floersch Jerry , Longhofer Jeffrey
Published: May 2005

In the recent social theory and historiography, scholars have challenged us to scrutinize the ways that we use history in forming our concepts and constructing explanation. This article explores the hazards entailed in writing an oppositional history of death and dying, where we search for relief from the chaotic present by looking to an orderly past. It is argued that in sociology, bioethics, and history, the past is presented in terms of the present, through both the imposition of our current ideological preoccupations and our culturally biased categories. The result is a depiction of history that separates us from them, an idealized communal past from modern forms of social life; the community in contrast to the isolated and anonymous individual. This article encourages scholars to revisit the historical and ethnographic record with the aim of discovering the actual historical events, ruptures, and continuities that form, dissolve, and reform death events.
The Feasibility of and Requirements for Establishing A Comparative Faunal Collection
Authors: Vargo Jack , Vargo Donna
Published: May 2005

While a comparative faunal collection would be convenient in one's own laboratory, consideration must be given to sources, preparation, and storage of the animal carcasses and skeletons, federal and state laws, and transmittable diseases. The identification of bones by genus and species, age, and sex is only the first step and is not an end in itself. An experienced zooarchaeologist knows the habits and habitats of mammals, birds, reptiles, and fish to interpret their role in a society's subsistence pattern.
Physician Collective Bargaining in a U.S. Public Hospital
Authors: Thompson Stephen L. , Salmon J. Warren
Published: May 2005

In a study to investigate the factors that would drive attending physicians employed in a public hospital to seek collective bargaining with their employer, the authors developed an instrument to determine which variables and which hypotheses were predictive of union proneness. The findings reveal that a desire for voice was the number one reason for physicians' wanting to join a union. Union-prone physicians had a lower salary on average, were more dissatisfied with their income, were more likely to feel the effects of work “speed up” (too many patients and too little time), were less likely to have administrative functions (thus a larger patient care role), had a strong sense of entitlement to collective bargaining, believed that unions improve participation in decisions affecting their jobs (reinforcing their desire for voice), and had a sense that a union would improve their treatment by supervisors (reinforcing their desire for due process and equity).
Cascade Phase Lithic Technology: An Example from the Lower Snake River
Authors: Andrefsky William
Published: May 2005

Chipped stone artifact data from several Cascade phase sites located on the lower Snake River are analyzed to evaluate lithic technological characteristics of the early Cascade phase. Interpretations based upon the stone tool assemblages suggest traditional generalizations about the early Cascade phase require some rethinking. Specifically, tool type and debitage type analysis indicate that early Cascade phase settlement organization was not necessarily oriented to a local riverine setting, rather, early Cascade phase populations were highly mobile and visited major river drainages during only part of an annual cycle. Analysis of lithic raw material shows that early Cascade phase populations prefer nonlocally available cryptocrystalline cherts and fine grained basalt for production of refined tools such as projectile points and that locally available coarse grained basalts were primarily used to make nonportable situational gear.
Imaginative Involvement and Hypnotic Susceptibility: A Re-Examination of the Relationship
Authors: Drake Stephen D. , Nash Michael R. , Cawood Glenn N.
Published: May 2005

Several researchers have reported that significant correlations between hypnotic susceptibility and absorption result from the reactive effects of administering scales immediately before measurement of hypnotizability. The present study was conducted to determine whether interview measures of Imaginative Involvement are similarly reactive. Three groups of forty-eight, forty-three, and forty-three subjects each were first administered three scales of absorption/imaginativeness. This was followed by administration of a hypnotizability scale. Subjects in Group 1 who were administered the three scales immediately prior to hypnosis evidenced the usual significant positive correlation between each of the three scales and hypnotizability. Subjects in Groups 2 and 3 were administered the three scales twenty-four to thirty-six hours prior to hypnosis. Group 2 subjects were informed that administration of these scales was part of a hypnosis experiment. Group 3 subjects were not aware that the scales were part of a hypnosis experiment. No significant correlation between hypnotizability and the three measures of imagination/absorption was evidenced for either Group 2 or Group 3. Our findings suggest that any relationship between these two constructs may be quite dependent on how and when the measures are administered.
The Poster Session. The Presentation of Technical and Scientific Information on a Science Market
Authors: Van Der Meer Job
Published: May 2005

Poster sessions—also known as science markets—play an increasingly important part in the presentation of the results of scientific investigations at symposia and congresses. However, it often appears that scientists, technical communicators, and graphic designers have hardly any idea of the purpose of a poster session. This paper deals with several aspects of this fairly new phenomenon. The willingness of the visitor at a poster session to read a particular poster is determined by his interest in the subject, the structure and quantity of the scientific information involved, and the presentation as such. The person presenting the poster can influence only the last three factors. The poster can best be designed on Din A3 format (29.7 cm × 42 cm) and photographically enlarged to poster size (1 m × 1.5 m). A science market with posters may also contribute to improve scientific communication within a research institute, in combination with the conventional in-house presentations.
Wordprocessors, Spelling Checkers, and Drill and Practice Programs: Effective Tools for Spelling Instruction?
Authors: McClurg Patricia A. , Kasakow Nancy
Published: May 2005

This experimental study examined the effects of combining word processors, spelling checkers, and spelling drill and practice programs to individualize spelling instruction for fifth and sixth grade students. The three treatment conditions considered included: 1) a wordprocessing, spelling checker, computer drill and practice combination; 2) a textbook pretest, computer drill and practice combination; and 3) a traditional textbook approach. A significant treatment effect in favor of the experimental conditions was found in the analysis of covariance. The vocabulary level of words identified and studied by students in the wordprocessing group was equivalent to the vocabulary level of the traditional spelling book. The 17 percent difference on the long-term measure in favor of the wordprocessing group suggests this approach may be an effective method of spelling instruction. Suggestions for software development which would make these methods a viable alternative for the classroom teacher are included.
The Significance of Sexuality as a Deterrent to Suicide among the Aged
Authors: Leviton Dan
Published: May 2005

The hypothesis that dysfunctioning or decrease in sexuality among the aged might be related to increased suicide is discussed in relation to Farber's theory of suicide. Recommendations include: (1) Communicating to the aged person that he is an attractive human being able to generate affectional relationships in others; (2) the therapeutic uses of play, recreation, and sport as a method of improving physical fitness, social interaction, and body image; (3) encouragement of all degrees of human relationships among the aged, between the aged and other groups, and between the aged and pets of one type or another; (4) the need for the hypothesis to be tested; (5) the need for hospital staff and administrators, and medical and nursing schools to recognize the therapeutic aspects of a healthy and functioning sexuality; and (6) consideration of the status of sexual functioning as part of any medical workup. Sexual therapy, when appropriate and desirable, should be part of the total therapeutic approach. Where indicated clinical prostitution, concubinage, and pornography were suggested as having value when utilized as part of the total rehabilitative, therapeutic program.
The Environment of Death and its Influence on Police Officers in the United States
Authors: Sugimoto John D. , Oltjenbruns Kevin Ann
Published: May 2005

Exposure to the threat of death or to death events is acknowledged to be a factor in the manifestation of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Police officers in the United States are immersed in a professional and cultural environment replete with death. Given for consideration is the notion that inescapable, death-related stressors of wide variety and intensity, some of which are constructs of the police profession, contribute to the manifestation and maintenance of PTSD as well as traumatic grief reactions in American law enforcement officers. Personnel who continue police work while symptomatic may incur risks of reduced self-control, escalated use of force, and other inappropriate behavior due to irritability or outbursts of anger associated with PTSD. Because of the primacy of the element of death, those who are involved in the field of thanatology may hold the key to discovering and effecting palliative measures on behalf of this population.
Gender, Work Control, and Stress: A Theoretical Discussion and an Empirical Test
Authors: Hall Ellen M.
Published: May 2005

Within the field of occupational stress research the theoretical orientation, the research instruments, and the populations studied have largely been standardized on and restricted to male subjects. This article discusses the threats that single-sex studies pose to the valid assessment of the health effects of working life. Following this critique, an empirical examination of the differential distribution of work control is examined within a random sample (n = 13,203) of Swedish working males and females. Results indicate that even in a socially progressive society the labor force continues to be highly sex-segregated. Males, as a group, were found to have access to a larger and more diverse set of jobs than do females, as a group. Work control was found to be consistently higher among men than among women. The highest level of control was found among white-collar men in male-segregated jobs, while the lowest was found among blue-collar women in male-segregated jobs. It was notable that men had a higher level of control than women even in jobs that are traditionally considered “women's work.” The implications of these findings are discussed in terms of future directions in the psychosocial work environment field.