bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction to Applied Geophysics
Authors: Burger H. Robert , Sheehan Anne F. , Jones Craig H.
Published: October 2023

Introduction to Applied Geophysics covers the fundamental methods of exploration geophysics in a depth and style both challenging and appropriate to undergraduates. Because of the increasing opportunities for students to conduct field experiments, the authors focus on methods, examples, illustrations, applications, and problem sets that emphasize shallow exploration of the Earth's surface. The textbook includes chapters on refraction seismology, electrical resistivity methods, gravity, magnetic surveying, and electromagnetic methods, including ground conductivity measurements and ground-penetrating radar. Geologic, engineering, and environmental applications are emphasized throughout. For each geophysical method, the theory and its application in exploring a given target in introduced. Each chapter includes a brief discussion of the applicable instruments, field operations, data collection and reduction, and limitations on interpretation. The textbook is supported by an extensive package of software. This edition from Cambridge University Press is a re-issue of the W.W. Norton edition, first published in 2006.
The Collaborative Constitution
Authors: Kavanagh Aileen
Published: October 2023

In this book, Aileen Kavanagh offers a fresh account of how we should protect rights in a democracy. Departing from leading theoretical accounts which present the courts and legislature as rivals for constitutional supremacy, Kavanagh argues that protecting rights is a collaborative enterprise between all three branches of government - the Executive, the legislature, and the courts. On a collaborative vision of constitutionalism, protecting rights is neither the solitary task of a Herculean super-judge, nor the dignified pronouncements of an enlightened legislature. Instead, it is a complex, dynamic, and collaborative endeavour, where each branch has a distinct but complementary role to play, whilst engaging with each other in a spirit of comity and mutual respect. Connecting constitutional theory with the practice of protecting rights in a democracy, this book offers an innovative understanding of the separation of powers, grounded in the values and virtues of constitutional collaboration.
How might the public contribute to the discussion on cattle welfare? Perspectives of veterinarians and animal scientists
Authors: Ventura Beth , Weary Daniel M , von Keyserlingk Marina AG
Published: October 2023

Veterinarians and animal scientists can provide leadership on issues relevant to farm animal welfare, but perceptions of these stakeholders regarding societal expectations for welfare are underexplored. This study involved five focus groups of veterinarians and animal scientists (n = 50 in total), recruited at a European meeting focused on cattle welfare. Participants were invited to discuss topics related to cattle welfare and were prompted with questions to elicit their perspectives of public concerns and how the participants felt public input should be included when developing solutions. Discussions were moderated by trained facilitators, audio-recorded and transcribed, and transcripts analysed using reflexive thematic analysis. Ultimately, four primary themes were developed: (1) The public as concerned; (2) The public as ignorant; (3) The public as needing education; and (4) The public as helper or hindrance. Groups identified specific farming practices viewed as concerning to the public, including lack of pasture access, behavioural restriction, and painful procedures. Discussions about these concerns and the role of the public were often framed around the assumption that the public was ignorant about farming, and that this ignorance needed to be rectified through education. Participants were generally ambivalent in their beliefs regarding public contributions to solutions for farm animal welfare but suggested that consumers should pay more for products to help shoulder any costs of welfare improvements.
Species ex machina: ‘the crush’ of animal data in AI
Authors: Taylor Simon Michael
Published: October 2023

A canonical genealogy of artificial intelligence must include technologies and data being built with, for and from animals. Animal identification using forms of electronic monitoring and digital management began in the 1970s. Early data innovations comprised RFID tags and transponders that were followed by digital imaging and computer vision. Initially applied in the 1980s for agribusiness to identify meat products and to classify biosecurity data for animal health, yet computer vision is interlaced in subtler ways with commercial pattern recognition systems to monitor and track people in public spaces. As such this paper explores a set of managerial projects in Australian agriculture connected to computer vision and machine learning tools that contribute to dual-use. Herein, ‘the cattle crush’ is positioned as a pivotal space for animal bodies to be interrogated by AI imaging, digitization and data transformation with forms of computational and statistical analysis. By disentangling the kludge of numbering, imaging and classifying within precision agriculture the paper highlights a computational transference of techniques between species, institutional settings and domains that is relevant to regulatory considerations for AI development. The paper posits how a significant sector of data innovation – concerning uses on animals – may tend to evade some level of regulatory and ethical scrutiny afforded to human spaces and settings, and as such afford optimisation of these systems beyond our recognition.
Tackling Non-Consensual Dissemination of Intimate Images in India’s Contemporary Legal Framework
Authors: Yadav Vaibhav
Published: October 2023

The rapid proliferation of digital technologies has ushered in a new epoch replete with unprecedented challenges about safeguarding personal privacy and the unauthorized dissemination of intimate images. This article explores the intricate legal landscape encompassing the Indian Penal Code, Information Technology Act, Digital Personal Data Protection Act and the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita Bill. This analytical pursuit casts a gaze upon the imperative task of addressing the non-consensual dissemination of intimate images within the contours of the digital milieu. This article comprehensively explores the potential repercussions of digital transgressions, laying bare the seismic impacts on individuals’ privacy, inherent dignity and psychological well-being. More than a mere exploration, this paper unfurls a roadmap for conceptualizing a holistic and productive legal framework in India – uniquely attuned to tackling the complex challenge of non-consensual dissemination of intimate images. Embedded within this endeavour are methodically derived recommendations, conceived upon the bedrock of meticulous dissection of pertinent legal provisions, nuanced analysis of case law and astute juxtapositions with international approaches to analogous predicaments. The overarching objective herein is to propel the evolution of a legal edifice that transcends the constraints of the digital epoch by forging a harmonious amalgamation of its principles with the bedrock tenets of human rights. At the heart of this scholarly endeavour lies an unswerving commitment – to secure and uphold individuals’ sanctified digital privacy inviolability. The ultimate goal is to erect formidable safeguards that staunchly shield individuals from the consequences concomitant with encroachments upon their digital sanctums. Through this concerted initiative, the pursuit of a legal landscape that is not only equitable and reasonable but also at pace with the dynamic digitalization landscape stands foregrounded. This work is thus a clarion call that echoes the need for continuous refinement in the pursuit of justice within the digital echelons of our society.
The onset and saturation of the Faraday instability in miscible fluids in a rotating environment
Authors: Singh Narinder , Pal Anikesh
Published: October 2023

We investigate the influence of rotation on the onset and saturation of the Faraday instability in a vertically oscillating two-layer miscible fluid using a theoretical model and direct numerical simulations (DNS). Our analytical approach utilizes Floquet analysis to solve a set of the Mathieu equations obtained from the linear stability analysis. The solution of the Mathieu equations comprises stable and harmonic, and subharmonic unstable regions in a three-dimensional stability diagram. We find that the Coriolis force delays the onset of the subharmonic instability responsible for the growth of the mixing zone size at lower forcing amplitudes. However, at higher forcing amplitudes, the flow is energetic enough to mitigate the instability delaying effect of rotation, and the evolution of the mixing zone size is similar in both rotating and non-rotating environments. These results are corroborated by DNS at different Coriolis frequencies and forcing amplitudes. We also observe that for$(\,f/\omega )^2<0.25$, where$f$is the Coriolis frequency, and$\omega$is the forcing frequency, the instability and the turbulent mixing zone size-$L$saturates. When$(\,f/\omega )^2\geq 0.25$, the turbulent mixing zone size-$L$never saturates and continues to grow.
Scientific supremacy: How do genetic narratives relate to racism?
Authors: Nam H. Hannah , Sawyer Katherine
Published: October 2023

Recent research suggests that contemporary American society is marked by heightened hostile racial rhetoric, alongside increasing salience of White nationalists who justify an ideology of racial hierarchy with claims of biological superiority. Media coverage of such genetics research has often emphasized a deterministic (or causal) narrative by suggesting that specific genes directly increase negative outcomes and highlighting reported genetic differences between racial groups. Across two experimental studies, we examine the effect of the media’s portrayal of scientific findings linking genes with negative health and behavioral outcomes on measures of racism. We find that deterministic genetic attributions for health and behavioral outcomes can lead to more negative racial out-group attitudes. Importantly, we also investigate potential interventions in the presentation of genetic science research. Our research has implications for understanding racial attitudes and racialized ideology in contemporary American politics, as well as for framing scientific communication in intergroup contexts.
The effects of COVID-19 on domestic and international security in democratic and authoritarian regimes
Authors: Topping Kristen , Hosny Yousef , Hunter Lance Y. , Yang Yufan
Published: October 2023

While numerous studies have examined how the COVID-19 pandemic has affected health care systems, supply chains, and economies, we do not understand how the pandemic has impacted the security of democratic and authoritarian states from a global standpoint. Thus, this study examines how COVID-19 has affected the security of democratic and authoritarian regimes. In conducting a historical, qualitative review of the security effects of the pandemic, we find that COVID-19 significantly affected domestic and international security for democratic and authoritarian states in both similar and varied ways. Additionally, the manner in which states responded to the pandemic was often conditioned by their regime type and by the nature of the governing leadership during the pandemic. These findings have important implications in considering how COVID-19 affected the security of democratic and authoritarian states, how regime type shapes government responses to infectious disease outbreaks, and how democratic and authoritarian states may respond to future pandemics.
The area south of the Po River delta (Italy) is a hot spot for strandings of loggerhead sea turtles
Authors: Marisaldi Luca , Torresan Andrea , Ferrari Andrea
Published: October 2023

The northern Adriatic Sea is an important foraging ground for the loggerhead sea turtle Caretta caretta (Linnaeus, 1758) within the Mediterranean Sea. Here, stranding patterns of loggerhead sea turtles were examined over a four-year period (2019–2022) along a short (17 km) stretch of the Italian coast south of the Po River delta. A total of 355 records (alive, n = 24; dead, n = 331) were analysed, and the curved carapace lengths (CCL, notch to tip, cm) mainly reflected large juveniles and sub-adults (average CCL = 57.2 cm; 95% CI = 55.6–58.7). The month of July was identified as the critical month with the highest number of strandings, mirroring migratory processes towards this area during warmer months. The number of stranded turtles•km−1 as well as the absolute number of strandings along the short stretch of the coast might suggest this area as the most impacted in the Mediterranean Sea. This research emphasizes that human activities in the waters south of the Po River delta, particularly trawl fishing, are the primary cause of loggerhead sea turtle strandings and that tracking stranding patterns can offer valuable information about the geographic ranges, seasonal movements, and life cycles of this species.
Free Black Witnesses in the Antebellum Upper South
Authors: Eisner Eric
Published: October 2023

While every slave state except Louisiana limited free Black testimony in cases involving whites, and most barred it completely, several jurisdictions with slavery, including three in the Upper South—Delaware, Maryland, and D.C.—allowed at least some free Black testimony in cases involving whites at least some of the time. Historians and legal scholars have largely overlooked the phenomenon of free Black testimony in the South, outside of Louisiana. In this article, I argue that courts in the Upper South allowed some free Black testimony in cases involving whites in part because allowing (limited) Black testimony enabled courts to access the truth (slightly) more freely, thereby increasing the law's legitimacy. The exceptions to the general bar against Black testimony in cases involving whites also demonstrate the diversity of legal trends in the antebellum Upper South. In Maryland, the space for free Black testimony shrank. In D.C. and Delaware, it grew. But Southerners long contested the relationship between race and law. Competing pressures to administer a well-functioning legal system and to maintain racial hierarchy exerted force on the white elite. Southern elites, even before the great convulsion of the Civil War, sometimes divided on how best to administer a white supremacist legal regime.
Echocardiography evaluation of neonatal vein of Galen aneurysmal malformation
Authors: Doctor Pezad , Ramaciotti Claudio , Angelis Dimitrios , Cory Melinda
Published: October 2023

Background:

In neonatal vein of Galen aneurysmal malformation, vein of Galen aneurysmal malformation echocardiography remains the mainstay for early detection and explains various haemodynamic changes occurring due to a large systemic arterio-venous shunt. However, there is limited evidence of echocardiography in risk stratifying neonatal vein of Galen aneurysmal malformation vein of Galen aneurysmal malformation. The objective of this study was to identify echocardiographic parameters that could be associated with major outcomes and guide timing of neuro-intervention.

Methods:

In this retrospective chart review, infants < 28 days of age with the diagnosis of vein of Galen aneurysmal malformation vein of Galen aneurysmal malformation were included. Demographic, clinical, and echocardiographic parameters were compared in neonates who survived or died with neonatal presentation. A risk algorithm model based on key echocardiographic parameters was developed to determine those who are at risk of early death.

Results:

Of the 19 neonates included, with median birth weight 3.1 kg (IQR 2.58–3.36), nine (47%) neonates died at median age of 5 days (IQR 4–17). All neonates showed retrograde diastolic flow at the level of descending aorta by colour Doppler on the first post-natal echocardiogram at median age of 2 days (IQR 1–5.5). An aortic antegrade-to-retrograde velocity time integral ratio of < 1.5 and supra-systemic pulmonary artery pressure had 100% positive predictive value of death (p = 0.029), whereas aortic antegrade-to-retrograde velocity time integral ratio of > 1.5 and sub-systemic pulmonary artery pressure had 100% positive predictive value of survival (p = 0.029).

Conclusion:

Combination of aorta antegrade-to-retrograde velocity time integral ratio and degree of pulmonary hypertension on the first post-natal echocardiogram may help stratify the severity of disease and guide optimal timing for neuro-intervention for neonatal vein of Galen aneurysmal malformation.
Replacement of pulmonary venous stent during Fontan operation
Authors: Ono Shin , Torii Sho , Ueda Hideaki
Published: October 2023

Post-operative pulmonary venous stenosis is a poor prognostic factor in single-ventricle haemodynamics. Implantation of a drug-eluting stent is a therapeutic option. However, due to their small size, they inevitably become inadequate as the patient grows. We present the first case, to the best of our knowledge, of the replacement of a small-diameter stent with a large-diameter stent during Fontan surgery.
Leaders Fit for the Masses
Authors: Haskins Alex
Published: October 2023

In this article, I argue that Du Bois’s Japan—despite displaying his myopic failure to critique non-Western imperialism—served as a potential model for his reimagining transnational democratic leadership beyond Western-centric models and their legacies of White supremacy and democratic despotism. Du Bois’s reflections from the 1890s to the 1960s generally demonstrate a sustained, seven decade-long fluid commitment to realizing a vision of transnational leadership that was accountable to the democratic masses, whether in Asia, Africa, the United States, or elsewhere. Such reflections hold importance now (even as they did in Du Bois’s time) as we continue to grapple with the legacies of Western “democratic” dominance, especially in international institutions designed to facilitate global governance.
The first weed management textbook in the United States (part 2)
Authors: Byrd John D. , Russell David P. , Broster Kayla L.
Published: October 2023

This article overviews the earliest weed management book published in the United States. The most problematic weeds of that era are named, along with suggestions for their control.
Das Konstrukt der „vollständigen Tätigkeit“ als Ziel guter Arbeitsgestaltung
Authors: Mustapha Vincent , Rau Renate
Published: October 2023

Zusammenfassung: Für die Gestaltung von Arbeit wird als ein Ziel die Vollständigkeit der Tätigkeit genannt. Hintergrund ist, dass vollständige Tätigkeiten für das Lernen und die Gesundheit förderlich sein sollen. Allerdings existieren kaum Studien, die diese Annahmen geprüft haben. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist es daher, den Zusammenhang zwischen vollständig gestalteten Tätigkeiten und Beanspruchungsfolgen unter Berücksichtigung der Mediatoren Tätigkeitsspielraum und Arbeitsintensität zu untersuchen. Dazu wurden bei 801 Mitarbeitenden unterschiedlichster Berufe und Branchen Arbeits- und Beanspruchungsanalysen mittels Beobachtungsinterviews und Fragebögen durchgeführt. Im Ergebnis zeigte sich, dass vollständige Tätigkeiten, vermittelt über Tätigkeitsspielraum, mit mehr positiven und weniger negativen Beanspruchungsfolgen zusammenhängen. Gleichzeitig hängen vollständige Tätigkeiten über die Arbeitsintensität mit mehr negativen Beanspruchungsfolgen zusammen, falls der Tätigkeitsspielraum nicht wahrgenommen wird oder nicht nutzbar ist. Gute Arbeitsgestaltung sollte daher vollständige Tätigkeiten schaffen, dabei aber das Ausmaß der Arbeitsintensität kontrollieren (darf nicht überfordern). Außerdem sollte das Erkennen und Nutzen des in vollständigen Tätigkeiten immanenten Tätigkeitsspielraums unterstützt werden.
Impact of Reduced Fluvial Sediment Supply on Saltwater Intrusion in the Yangtze Estuary
Authors: Zhu Chunyan , van Maren D. S. , Guo Leicheng , He Qing , Wang Zheng B.
Published: October 2023

A decline of the fluvial sediment supply leads to coastal erosion and land loss. However, the fluvial sediment load may influence not only coastal morphodynamics but also estuarine hydrodynamics and associated saltwater intrusion. Previous studies revealed that suspended sediments influence estuarine hydrodynamics through various flow–sediment interactions. In this contribution, we systematically investigate how changes in fluvial sediment load and other climate‐change‐induced environmental change influence estuarine hydrodynamics and sediment dynamics. For this purpose, we utilize a well‐calibrated fully coupled model in which hydrodynamics, saltwater intrusion, and sediment transport interact with each other, to explore saltwater intrusion in the Yangtze Estuary in response to a decline in the sediment load, modified discharge, and sea‐level rise. Model results suggest that a 70% decline in the suspended sediment load weakens the impact of sediments on salinity‐induced stratification and thereby reducing saltwater intrusion. Sea‐level rise or discharge peak reduction increases saltwater intrusion. However, a fully coupled model accounting for sediment effects predicts a much larger increase in saltwater intrusion compared to noncoupled models. Whether this effect is important depends on estuarine sediment concentrations and therefore the potential role of sediments should be carefully investigated before applying a noncoupled model. This work highlights not only the relevance of a suspended sediment decline but also the use of fully coupled models for predicting saltwater intrusion in turbid estuaries and has broad implications for freshwater resource management in turbid estuarine systems influenced by human interventions and climate change.
An Ensemble of Neural Networks for Moist Physics Processes, Its Generalizability and Stable Integration
Authors: Han Yilun , Zhang Guang J. , Wang Yong
Published: October 2023

With the recent advances in data science, machine learning has been increasingly applied to convection and cloud parameterizations in global climate models (GCMs). This study extends the work of Han et al. (2020, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020MS002076) and uses an ensemble of 32‐layer deep convolutional residual neural networks, referred to as ResCu‐en, to emulate convection and cloud processes simulated by a superparameterized GCM, SPCAM. ResCu‐en predicts GCM grid‐scale temperature and moisture tendencies, and cloud liquid and ice water contents from moist physics processes. The surface rainfall is derived from the column‐integrated moisture tendency. The prediction uncertainty inherent in deep learning algorithms in emulating the moist physics is reduced by ensemble averaging. Results in 1‐year independent offline validation show that ResCu‐en has high prediction accuracy for all output variables, both in the current climate and in a warmer climate with +4K sea surface temperature. The analysis of different neural net configurations shows that the success to generalize in a warmer climate is attributed to convective memory and the 1‐dimensional convolution layers incorporated into ResCu‐en. We further implement a member of ResCu‐en into CAM5 with real world geography and run the neural‐network‐enabled CAM5 (NCAM) for 5 years without encountering any numerical integration instability. The simulation generally captures the global distribution of the mean precipitation, with a better simulation of precipitation intensity and diurnal cycle. However, there are large biases in temperature and moisture in high latitudes. These results highlight the importance of convective memory and demonstrate the potential for machine learning to enhance climate modeling.
The AtmoSOFAR Channel: First Direct Observations of an Elevated Acoustic Duct
Authors: Albert S. A. , Bowman D. C. , Silber E. A. , Dannemann Dugick F. K.
Published: October 2023

The Sound Fixing and Ranging (SOFAR) channel in the ocean allows for low frequency sound to travel thousands of kilometers, making it particularly useful for detecting underwater nuclear explosions. Suggestions that an elevated SOFAR‐like channel should exist in the stratosphere date back over half a century and imply that sources within this region can be reliably sensed at vast distances. However, this theory has not been supported with evidence of direct observations from sound within this channel. Here we show that an infrasound sensor on a solar hot air balloon recorded the first infrasound detection of a ground truth airborne source while within this acoustic channel, which we refer to as the AtmoSOFAR channel. Our results support the existence of the AtmoSOFAR channel, demonstrate that acoustic signals can be recorded within it, and provide insight into the characteristics of recorded signals. Results also show a lack of detections on ground‐based stations, highlighting the advantages of using balloon‐borne infrasound sensors to detect impulsive sources at altitude.
Gravity Data Allow to Image the Shallow‐Medium Subsurface Below Mud Volcanoes
Authors: Nespoli Massimo , Antonellini Marco , Albarello Dario , Lupi Matteo , Cenni Nicola , Piombo Antonello
Published: October 2023

The debate about the conceptual model of mud volcanoes functioning is still alive in the literature. A large part of the literature focuses on the characterization of the deep reservoir where expelled fluids are expected to originate. Another part of literature is focused on the study of the shallow system of mud volcanoes, which could influence the short‐term variations in mud volcanoes activity. We present and analyze a new data set of micro‐gravimetric data to study the area of the Nirano Salse, Italy. Unlike what is commonly assumed for the study area, our results suggest that the geomorphology of the Nirano Salse is not related to a caldera collapse above a shallow mud chamber, but to the surface expression of slip distribution of a fault termination along which the fluids ascended to the surface. We believe that gravimetric data can significantly improve the study of hydrocarbon seeps and mud volcanism.
Offshore Migration of Summer Monsoon Low‐Level Jet on a Diurnal Scale
Authors: Du Y.
Published: October 2023

This study investigates the diurnal migration of the low‐level jet (LLJ) over the Bay of Bengal in the summer monsoon, which remains understudied despite the well‐documented diurnal offshore propagation of rainfall worldwide. The southwesterly LLJ exhibits maximum strength during the night and morning. The LLJ undergoes a substantial eastward migration of approximately 600 km from the eastern offshore of India at midnight to the center of the Bay of Bengal by afternoon. A linear land‐sea breeze model is effective in capturing the diurnal migration with similar speed and phase. Including background wind offshore extends the migration, rather than confining it to the coast. This migration is driven by inertia‐gravity waves arising from the diurnal land‐sea thermal contrast and is influenced by the westerly upstream wind from the Indian subcontinent. Our results have important implications for understanding diurnal monsoon circulations and their associated precipitation.
S‐5P/TROPOMI‐Derived NOxEmissions From Copper/Cobalt Mining and Other Industrial Activities in the Copperbelt (Democratic Republic of Congo and Zambia)
Authors: Martínez‐Alonso S. , Veefkind J. P. , Dix B. , Gaubert B. , Theys N. , Granier C. , Soulié A. , Darras S. , Eskes H. , Tang W. , Worden H. , de Gouw J. , Levelt P. F.
Published: October 2023

We have analyzed Sentinel‐5 Precursor TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) data over the Copperbelt mining region (Democratic Republic of Congo and Zambia). Despite high background values, annual 2019–2022 means of TROPOMI NO2(nitrogen dioxide) show local enhancements consistent with six point sources (four copper/cobalt mines, two cities) where high‐emission industrial activities take place. We have quantified annual NOx(nitrogen oxides) emissions from these point sources, identified temporal trends in emissions, and found strong correlations with production data from colocated mines and one oil refinery. The Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service Global Anthropogenic (CAMS‐GLOB‐ANT) version 5 inventory underpredicts TROPOMI‐derived emissions and lacks the temporal trends observed in TROPOMI and mine/refinery production. These results demonstrate the potential for satellite monitoring of mining and other industrial activities, often unreported or underestimated, which impact the air quality of local communities. This is particularly important for Africa, where mining is increasing aggressively.
Fast and Slow Responses of Atmospheric Energy Budgets to Perturbed Cloud and Convection Processes in an Atmospheric Global Climate Model
Authors: Yang Ben , Guo Zhun , Song Fengfei , Zhang Yaocun , Zhou Tianjun , Qian Yun
Published: October 2023

Cloud and convection strongly modulate atmospheric energy budgets, but the latter's responses often vary across timescales because of complex interactions between fast and slow processes. Here, based on atmospheric model simulations at intermediate state between weather and climate timescales, we investigate how the responses in the global‐mean atmospheric energy budgets evolve over time after simultaneously perturbing various cloud‐scale processes. We find that the responses in radiative and sensible heat fluxes converge much more rapidly compared to condensation heat associated with precipitation, which is attributed to the compensating feedback effects of precipitation on longwave cooling and shortwave heating. Because of energy conservation, uncertainty in long‐term precipitation simulations can be substantially reduced by constraining the fast processes of radiative and sensible heat fluxes. These findings can help economize on computational resources required for model tuning and serve as a crucial link between the convective‐scale and equilibrium‐state outcomes within the model.
Electron‐Scale Reconnecting Current Sheet Formed Within the Lower‐Hybrid Wave‐Active Region of Kelvin‐Helmholtz Waves
Authors: Blasl K. A. , Nakamura T. K. M. , Nakamura R. , Settino A. , Hasegawa H. , Vörös Z. , Hosner M. , Schmid D. , Volwerk M. , Roberts Owen W. , Panov E. , Liu Yi‐Hsin , Plaschke F. , Stawarz J. E. , Holmes J. C.
Published: October 2023

We present Magnetospheric Multiscale observations of an electron‐scale reconnecting current sheet in the mixing region along the trailing edge of a Kelvin‐Helmholtz vortex during southward interplanetary magnetic field conditions. Within this region, we observe intense electrostatic wave activity, consistent with lower‐hybrid waves. These waves lead to the transport of high‐density magnetosheath plasma across the boundary layer into the magnetosphere and generate a mixing region with highly compressed magnetic field lines, leading to the formation of a thin current sheet associated with electron‐scale reconnection signatures. Consistencies between these reconnection signatures and a realistic, local, fully‐kinetic simulation modeling this current sheet indicate a temporal evolution of the observed electron‐scale reconnection current sheet. The multi‐scale and inter‐process character of this event can help us understand plasma mixing connected to the Kelvin‐Helmholtz instability and the temporal evolution of electron‐scale reconnection.
Quantifying Formative Processes in River‐ and Tide‐Dominated Deltas for Accurate Prediction of Future Change
Authors: Xu Zhenhua , Plink‐Björklund Piret
Published: October 2023

Although most deltas are expected to lose land due to climate change and urbanization, tide‐dominated deltas have been suggested to gain land. The processes of land change in such deltas are, however, not well understood, and tide‐dominated deltas with all their known morphological attributes have not been simulated before. Our Delft3D simulations successfully reproduce tide‐dominated delta morphology, and show that tide‐dominated deltas with seaward widening and stable channels, elongate tidal bars and a funnel shape form when bidirectional tidal flow occurs along the whole delta. In contrast, tide‐influenced but river‐dominated deltas protrude from shoreline, and are efficient at gaining land by mouth bar deposition and bifurcations. These differences are a function of tidal‐fluvial interactions expressed by month‐averaged seaward and lateral velocities. Identification of delta types is thus critical for predicting future land change. We propose morphological metrics to differentiate river‐ and tide‐dominated deltas and test metrics on 40 modern deltas.
Reduced and More Fragmented Mississippi River Navigability by Rising Flow
Authors: Amorim R. , Villarini G. , Veacth W. , White K.
Published: October 2023

The Mississippi River System (MRS) is one of the most important commercial routes in the world and its navigability is critical for anticipating potential disruptions in the global supply chain. Here we show that the navigability of the MRS has reduced since 1963, especially in the lower part of the basin. Based on analyses of daily stage time series and the associated conditions for navigation, we find that high rather than low water levels are the main culprits for the observed navigability issues. Moreover, not only have the navigable days decreased, but navigation without operational restrictions has also become more fragmented. Our findings provide basic information toward the development of strategies to mitigate potential negative effects in the U.S. navigation sector.
Palynological Evidence From the Altai Mountains for the Links Between the Asian Westerly Jet Streams and Monsoon System During the Holocene
Authors: Wu J. , Zhu Z. , Li Q. , Su Y. , Xue H. , Shi F. , Rioual P. , Chu G.
Published: October 2023

The Asian westerly jet streams in the upper troposphere play a pivotal role in shaping precipitation patterns, sustaining the diverse but fragile ecosystems in arid Central Asia. Despite their significance, the evolution history of these jet streams and their synergistic effects with the monsoon systems on regional climate change in Asia during the Holocene remain poorly understood. To address this gap, we present a continuous pollen record since 8.6 cal ka BP from Lake Shuang in the Altai Mountains. The first two principal components of the pollen data are employed to track regional changes in vegetation, summer moisture, and winter temperature. Meanwhile, the pollen data and the TraCE‐21ka simulation results were compared to reveal the dynamic mechanism of regional climate change. Results indicate a humid phase spanning the interval ∼8 to 5 cal ka BP in this region, which broadly coincides with the intensification of the Indian Summer Monsoon. This temporal correlation is potentially linked to the poleward shift of the Asian jet, as suggested by simulation results. Furthermore, our data show a consistent winter warming trend throughout the Holocene, indicated by changes in the dominant tree pollen taxa and a reduction of cold‐resistant‐taxa. This trend is associated with the weakening of the East Asian Winter Monsoon, influenced by increasing winter solar insolation and atmospheric CO2 concentration. Overall, our research provides strong paleoclimatological evidence highlighting the interconnected meteorological roles of the Asian jet and monsoon systems in shaping regional climates.
Recreating the California New Year's Flood Event of 1997 in a Regionally Refined Earth System Model
Authors: Rhoades Alan M. , Zarzycki Colin M. , Inda‐Diaz Héctor A. , Ombadi Mohammed , Pasquier Ulysse , Srivastava Abhishekh , Hatchett Benjamin J. , Dennis Eli , Heggli Anne , McCrary Rachel , McGinnis Seth , Rahimi‐Esfarjani Stefan , Slinskey Emily , Ullrich Paul A. , Wehner Michael , Jones Andrew D.
Published: October 2023

The 1997 New Year's flood event was the most costly in California's history. This compound extreme event was driven by a category 5 atmospheric river that led to widespread snowmelt. Extreme precipitation, snowmelt, and saturated soils produced heavy runoff causing widespread inundation in the Sacramento Valley. This study recreates the 1997 flood using the Regionally Refined Mesh capabilities of the Energy Exascale Earth System Model (RRM‐E3SM) under prescribed ocean conditions. Understanding the processes causing extreme events informs practical efforts to anticipate and prepare for such events in the future, and also provides a rich context to evaluate model skill in representing extremes. Three California‐focused RRM grids, with horizontal resolution refinement of 14 km down to 3.5 km, and six forecast lead times, 28 December 1996 at 00Z through 30 December 1996 at 12Z, are assessed for their ability to recreate the 1997 flood. Planetary to synoptic scale atmospheric circulations and integrated vapor transport are weakly influenced by horizontal resolution refinement over California. Topography and mesoscale circulations, such as the Sierra barrier jet, are better represented at finer horizontal resolutions resulting in better estimates of storm total precipitation and storm duration snowpack changes. Traditional time‐series and causal analysis frameworks are used to examine runoff sensitivities state‐wide and above major reservoirs. These frameworks show that horizontal resolution plays a more prominent role in shaping reservoir inflows, namely the magnitude and time‐series shape, than forecast lead time, 2‐to‐4 days prior to the 1997 flood onset.
Unlocking the out-of-plane dimension for photonic bound states in the continuum to achieve maximum optical chirality
Authors: Kühner Lucca , Wendisch Fedja J. , Antonov Alexander A. , Bürger Johannes , Hüttenhofer Ludwig , de S. Menezes Leonardo , Maier Stefan A. , Gorkunov Maxim V. , Kivshar Yuri , Tittl Andreas
Published: October 2023

The realization of lossless metasurfaces with true chirality crucially requires the fabrication of three-dimensional structures, constraining experimental feasibility and hampering practical implementations. Even though the three-dimensional assembly of metallic nanostructures has been demonstrated previously, the resulting plasmonic resonances suffer from high intrinsic and radiative losses. The concept of photonic bound states in the continuum (BICs) is instrumental for tailoring radiative losses in diverse geometries, especially when implemented using lossless dielectrics, but applications have so far been limited to planar structures. Here, we introduce a novel nanofabrication approach to unlock the height of individual resonators within all-dielectric metasurfaces as an accessible parameter for the efficient control of resonance features and nanophotonic functionalities. In particular, we realize out-of-plane symmetry breaking in quasi-BIC metasurfaces and leverage this design degree of freedom to demonstrate an optical all-dielectric quasi-BIC metasurface with maximum intrinsic chirality that responds selectively to light of a particular circular polarization depending on the structural handedness. Our experimental results not only open a new paradigm for all-dielectric BICs and chiral nanophotonics, but also promise advances in the realization of efficient generation of optical angular momentum, holographic metasurfaces, and parity-time symmetry-broken optical systems.
A service evaluation of the multidisciplinary team approach to hypodontia
Authors: Doughty Faye , Pillai Sruthi , Hamill Dylan , Amin Nadine , P. Ashley Martin
Published: October 2023

IntroductionPatients with hypodontia can be seen by a multidisciplinary team clinic (MDT) for treatment planning at the University Dental Hospital of Manchester (UDHM). The MDT consists of orthodontics, restorative dentistry and oral surgery colleagues.

Aims and methodsA retrospective case-note analysis was conducted on 558 hypodontia patients seen on Manchester Hypodontia Clinic (MHC) between 2016-2022 to assess service utilisation and treatment planning outcomes.

ResultsThe average age of patients attending the MHC was 16 (range 8-50). The distribution of mild, moderate and severe hypodontia in the sample was 28%, 37% and 35%, respectively. Most common treatments proposed were fixed appliances, extractions, implants and resin-bonded bridges. Out of 558 patients seen for consultation on the MHC, 365 (65%) were accepted for treatment. The average number of visits for treatment was 15.5 (range: 1-55). The average number of did not attend/was not brought appointments, patient cancellations and hospital cancellations were 0.8, 1.4 and 1.8, respectively.

ConclusionHypodontia patients referred to UDHM are triaged by consultants in orthodontics or restorative dentistry, and if MDT planning is required, they are booked onto the MHC. There are sufficient patients with complex cases of moderate and severe hypodontia to justify a regular MDT hypodontia clinic.
Kidney tubular epithelial cells control interstitial fibroblast fate by releasing TNFAIP8-encapsulated exosomes
Authors: Liu Xi , Liu Zhao , Wang Cong , Miao Jinhua , Zhou Shan , Ren Qian , Jia Nan , Zhou Lili , Liu Youhua
Published: October 2023

Kidney fibrosis, characterized by the activation and expansion of the matrix-producing fibroblasts, is the common outcome of chronic kidney disease (CKD). While fibroblast proliferation is well studied in CKD, little is known about the regulation and mechanism of fibroblast depletion. Here, we show that exosomes derived from stressed/injured tubules play a pivotal role in dictating fibroblast apoptosis and fate. When human kidney tubular cells (HK-2) were stimulated with TGF-β1, they produced and released increased amounts of exosomes (TGFβ-Exo), which prevented renal interstitial fibroblasts from apoptosis. In vivo, injections of TGFβ-Exo promoted renal fibroblast survival, whereas blockade of exosome secretion accelerated fibroblast apoptosis in obstructive nephropathy. Proteomics profiling identified the tumor necrosis factor-α-induced protein 8 (TNFAIP8) as a key component enriched in TGFβ-Exo. TNFAIP8 was induced in renal tubular epithelium and enriched in the exosomes from fibrotic kidneys. Knockdown of TNFAIP8 in tubular cells abolished the ability of TGFβ-Exo to prevent fibroblast apoptosis. In vivo, gain- or loss- of TNFAIP8 prevented or aggravated renal fibroblast apoptosis after obstructive injury. Mechanistically, exosomal-TNFAIP8 promoted p53 ubiquitination leading to its degradation, thereby inhibiting fibroblasts apoptosis and inducing their proliferation. Collectively, these results indicate that tubule-derived exosomes play a critical role in controlling the size of fibroblast population during renal fibrogenesis through shuttling TNFAIP8 to block p53 signaling. Strategies to target exosomes may be effective strategies for the therapy of fibrotic CKD.
DARPins detect the formation of hetero-tetramers of p63 and p73 in epithelial tissues and in squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Strubel Alexander , Münick Philipp , Hartmann Oliver , Chaikuad Apirat , Dreier Birgit , Schaefer Jonas V. , Gebel Jakob , Osterburg Christian , Tuppi Marcel , Schäfer Birgit , Buck Viktoria , Rosenfeldt Mathias , Knapp Stefan , Plückthun Andreas , Diefenbacher Markus E. , Dötsch Volker
Published: October 2023

The two p53 homologues p63 and p73 regulate transcriptional programs in epithelial tissues and several cell types in these tissues express both proteins. All members of the p53 family form tetramers in their active state through a dedicated oligomerization domain that structurally assembles as a dimer of dimers. The oligomerization domain of p63 and p73 share a high sequence identity, but the p53 oligomerization domain is more divergent and it lacks a functionally important C-terminal helix present in the other two family members. Based on these structural differences, p53 does not hetero-oligomerize with p63 or p73. In contrast, p63 and p73 form hetero-oligomers of all possible stoichiometries, with the hetero-tetramer built from a p63 dimer and a p73 dimer being thermodynamically more stable than the two homo-tetramers. This predicts that in cells expressing both proteins a p632/p732 hetero-tetramer is formed. So far, the tools to investigate the biological function of this hetero-tetramer have been missing. Here we report the generation and characterization of Designed Ankyrin Repeat Proteins (DARPins) that bind with high affinity and selectivity to the p632/p732 hetero-tetramer. Using these DARPins we were able to confirm experimentally the existence of this hetero-tetramer in epithelial mouse and human tissues and show that its level increases in squamous cell carcinoma.
A de novo missense mutation in MPP2 confers an increased risk of Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada disease as shown by trio-based whole-exome sequencing
Authors: Liu Xianyang , Meng Jiayu , Liao Xingyun , Liu Yusen , Zhou Qian , Xu Zongren , Yin Shuming , Cao Qingfeng , Su Guannan , He Siyuan , Li Wanqian , Wang Xiaotang , Wang Guoqing , Li Dali , Yang Peizeng , Hou Shengping
Published: October 2023

Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada (VKH) disease is a leading cause of blindness in young and middle-aged people. However, the etiology of VKH disease remains unclear. Here, we performed the first trio-based whole-exome sequencing study, which enrolled 25 VKH patients and 50 controls, followed by a study of 2081 VKH patients from a Han Chinese population to uncover detrimental mutations. A total of 15 de novo mutations in VKH patients were identified, with one of the most important being the membrane palmitoylated protein 2 (MPP2) p.K315N (MPP2-N315) mutation. The MPP2-N315 mutation was highly deleterious according to bioinformatic predictions. Additionally, this mutation appears rare, being absent from the 1000 Genome Project and Genome Aggregation Database, and it is highly conserved in 10 species, including humans and mice. Subsequent studies showed that pathological phenotypes and retinal vascular leakage were aggravated in MPP2-N315 mutation knock-in or MPP2-N315 adeno-associated virus-treated mice with experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU). In vitro, we used clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR‒Cas9) gene editing technology to delete intrinsic MPP2 before overexpressing wild-type MPP2 or MPP2-N315. Levels of cytokines, such as IL-1β, IL-17E, and vascular endothelial growth factor A, were increased, and barrier function was destroyed in the MPP2-N315 mutant ARPE19 cells. Mechanistically, the MPP2-N315 mutation had a stronger ability to directly bind to ANXA2 than MPP2-K315, as shown by LC‒MS/MS and Co-IP, and resulted in activation of the ERK3/IL-17E pathway. Overall, our results demonstrated that the MPP2-K315N mutation may increase susceptibility to VKH disease.
Simulation of undiagnosed patients with novel genetic conditions
Authors: Alsentzer Emily , Finlayson Samuel G. , Li Michelle M. ,   Undiagnosed Diseases Network, Kobren Shilpa N. , Kohane Isaac S.
Published: October 2023

Rare Mendelian disorders pose a major diagnostic challenge and collectively affect 300–400 million patients worldwide. Many automated tools aim to uncover causal genes in patients with suspected genetic disorders, but evaluation of these tools is limited due to the lack of comprehensive benchmark datasets that include previously unpublished conditions. Here, we present a computational pipeline that simulates realistic clinical datasets to address this deficit. Our framework jointly simulates complex phenotypes and challenging candidate genes and produces patients with novel genetic conditions. We demonstrate the similarity of our simulated patients to real patients from the Undiagnosed Diseases Network and evaluate common gene prioritization methods on the simulated cohort. These prioritization methods recover known gene-disease associations but perform poorly on diagnosing patients with novel genetic disorders. Our publicly-available dataset and codebase can be utilized by medical genetics researchers to evaluate, compare, and improve tools that aid in the diagnostic process.