bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The bias of a two‐dimensional view: comparing two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional mesophyll surface area estimates using noninvasive imaging
Authors: Théroux‐Rancourt Guillaume , Earles J. Mason , Gilbert Matthew E. , Zwieniecki Maciej A. , Boyce C. Kevin , McElrone Andrew J. , Brodersen Craig R.
Published: July 2017

The mesophyll surface area exposed to intercellular air space per leaf area (Sm) is closely associated with CO2 diffusion and photosynthetic rates. Sm is typically estimated from two‐dimensional (2D) leaf sections and corrected for the three‐dimensional (3D) geometry of mesophyll cells, leading to potential differences between the estimated and actual cell surface area.

Here, we examined how 2D methods used for estimating Sm compare with 3D values obtained from high‐resolution X‐ray microcomputed tomography (microCT) for 23 plant species, with broad phylogenetic and anatomical coverage.

Relative to 3D, uncorrected 2D Sm estimates were, on average, 15–30% lower. Two of the four 2D Sm methods typically fell within 10% of 3D values. For most species, only a few 2D slices were needed to accurately estimate Sm within 10% of the whole leaf sample median. However, leaves with reticulate vein networks required more sections because of a more heterogeneous vein coverage across slices.

These results provide the first comparison of the accuracy of 2D methods in estimating the complex 3D geometry of internal leaf surfaces. Because microCT is not readily available, we provide guidance for using standard light microscopy techniques, as well as recommending standardization of reporting Sm values.
Injectable loop recorder implantation in an ambulatory setting by advanced practice providers: Analysis of outcomes
Authors: Kipp Ryan , Young Natasha , Barnett Anne , Kopp Douglas , Leal Miguel A. , Eckhardt Lee L. , Teelin Thomas , Hoffmayer Kurt S. , Wright Jennifer , Field Michael
Published: July 2017

Introduction

Implantable loop recorder (ILR) insertion has historically been performed in a surgical environment such as the electrophysiology (EP) lab. The newest generation loop recorder (Medtronic Reveal LINQ™, Minneapolis, MN, USA) is injectable with potential for implantation in a non‐EP lab setting by advanced practice providers (APPs) facilitating improved workflow and resource utilization. We report the safety and efficacy of injectable ILR placement in the ambulatory care setting by APPs.

Methods

A retrospective review was performed including all patients referred for injectable ILR placement from March 2014 to November 2015. All device placement procedures were performed in an ambulatory care setting using the standard manufacturer deployment kit with sterile technique and local anesthetic following a single dose of intravenous antibiotics. Acute procedural success and complication rates following injectable ILR placement in the ambulatory setting were reviewed.

Results

During the study period, 125 injectable ILRs were implanted. Acute procedural success with adequate sensing (R‐waves ≥ 0.2 mV) occurred in 100% of patients. There were no acute procedural complications. Subacute complications occurred in two patients (1.6% of implantations), including one possible infection treated with oral antibiotics and one device removal due to pain at the implant site.

Conclusion

In this retrospective single‐center study, implantation of injectable ILR in an ambulatory care setting by APPs following a single dose of intravenous antibiotics and standard manufacturer technique yielded a low complication rate with high acute procedural success. Use of this implantation strategy may improve EP lab workflow while providing a safe and effective technique for device placement.
Efficacy and safety of tiotropium in school‐age children with moderate‐to‐severe symptomatic asthma: A systematic review
Authors: Rodrigo Gustavo J. , Neffen Hugo
Published: July 2017

Background

Recently published data support the benefits and safety of the once‐daily (OD) long‐acting anticholinergic tiotropium bromide bronchodilator for the treatment of uncontrolled moderate‐to‐severe asthma in adults and adolescents. However, its role for the treatment of school‐age asthmatics has not yet been clearly defined. The aim of this systematic review was to assess the efficacy and safety of tiotropium Respimat® in children aged 6‐11 years with moderate‐to‐severe symptomatic asthma.

Methods

Randomized, placebo‐controlled trials were included. Primary outcomes were peak forced expiratory volume in 1 s measured within 3 h post‐dosing) [FEV1 (0‐3 h)] and trough FEV1 measured at the end of the dosing interval.

Results

Three studies (more than 900 patients) were selected. Tiotropium was associated with significant improvements in FEV1 peak (mean change from baseline) by 102 mL (P<.0001) and trough by 82 mL (P<.0001) compared with placebo. Tiotropium 5 μg dose presented a trend (statistically non‐significant) toward a greater bronchodilation in comparison with 2.5 μg dose. Tiotropium significantly increased the rate of the Asthma Control Questionnaire (ACQ‐7) responders compared with placebo (82.2% vs 75.4%, number needed to treat for benefit [NNTB]=15) and significantly decreased the number of patients with at least one exacerbation in comparison with placebo (29.1% vs. 39.8%, with a NNTB of 10). There were no significant differences in rescue medication use, withdrawals, and adverse events.

Conclusions

OD tiotropium Respimat® is efficacious and well tolerated as an add‐on to inhaled corticosteroids plus one or more controller medications in school‐age symptomatic asthmatics.
Differences between gastric signet‐ring cell carcinoma and poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma: A comparison of histopathologic features determined by mucin core protein and trefoil factor family peptide immunohistochemistry
Authors: Fujimoto Ai , Ishikawa Yukio , Ishii Toshiharu , Yamada Akihiro , Igarashi Yoshinori , Ohmoto Yasukazu , Kaise Mitsuru
Published: July 2017

We investigated differences between the pathological features of gastric signet‐ring cell carcinoma (sig) and poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma (por) by examining the expressions of the trefoil factor family peptides (TFFs) and mucin core proteins (MUCs). Ninety‐seven tissues of 97 gastric cancer patients were selected for this study. After gastrectomy, the major histopathologic types were determined to be sig, solid‐type poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma (por1), non‐solid type poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma (por2), and well‐differentiated tubular adenocarcinoma (tub1). We evaluated the prevalence of positive staining for MUCs (MUC5AC and MUC2) and TFFs (TFF1 and TFF3) and assessed the correlation between MUCs and TFFs in each histopathological type. The rate of MUC2 expression significantly differed between sig and por2 (50.0% vs 11.7%, P = 0.011). TFF3 expression in sig significantly differed from TFF3 expression in both por2 (100% vs 17.6%, P < 0.0001) and por1 (100% vs 33.3%, P = 0.0004). MUC5AC and TFF1 expressions were significantly correlated in por1 (r = 0.705, P = 0.002), por2 (r = 0.535, P = 0.0009), and tub1 (r = 0.470, P = 0.0034), while MUC2 and TFF3 expressions were significantly correlated only in sig (r = 0.593, P = 0.040). The expression and correlation patterns of the TFFs and MUCs suggest that the histopathologic features of gastric sig differ from those of por.
Serum testosterone, sperm quality, cytological, physicochemical and biochemical characteristics of the prostatic fraction of dogs with prostatomegaly
Authors: Aquino‐Cortez A , Pinheiro BQ , Silva HVR , Lima DBC , Silva TFP , Souza MB , Viana DA , Xavier Júnior FAF , Evangelista JSAM , Brandão FZ , Silva LDM
Published: July 2017

Contents

Prostatomegaly is a common finding in older non‐neutered dogs. This study compared the serum testosterone, sperm quality and characteristics of the prostatic fraction between healthy dogs and dogs with prostatomegaly. Blood samples of ten dogs (five dogs from each group) were taken for serum testosterone measurement. Sperm motility, vigour, concentration, viability, membrane functionality and morphology were analysed in sperm‐rich fraction. Osmolality, pH, cell types, and albumin, haemoglobin, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium and chloride were analysed in prostatic fraction. Dogs with prostatomegaly have the lowest sperm motility, vigour, concentration and functional membrane. Dogs with prostatomegaly have the highest glucose, triglycerides and cholesterol. Glucose was the only constituent positively correlated with serum testosterone and prostate volume. It can be concluded that dogs with prostatomegaly have poorer sperm quality, and glucose, triglycerides and cholesterol in prostatic fraction can be used as prostatomegaly biomarkers.
A new HLA‐A allele, HLA‐A*30:62, sequenced in a Chinese individual
Authors: Zhang X. , Li X.‐F. , Lin F.‐Q. , Zhang K.‐L. , Li J.‐P.
Published: July 2017

HLA‐A*30:62 has one nucleotide change from
HLA‐A*30:01:01 where 311 Threonine (ACC) is changed to Asparagine (AAC).
Phenotyping of lumbosacral stenosis in Labrador retrievers using computed tomography
Authors: Mukherjee Meenakshi , Jones Jeryl C. , Holásková Ida , Raylman Raymond , Meade Jean
Published: July 2017

Deep phenotyping tools for characterizing preclinical morphological conditions are important for supporting genetic research studies. Objectives of this retrospective, cross‐sectional, methods comparison study were to describe and compare qualitative and quantitative deep phenotypic characteristics of lumbosacral stenosis in Labrador retrievers using computed tomography (CT). Lumbosacral CT scans and medical records were retrieved from data archives at three veterinary hospitals. Using previously published qualitative CT diagnostic criteria, a board‐certified veterinary radiologist assigned dogs as either lumbosacral stenosis positive or lumbosacral stenosis negative at six vertebral locations. A second observer independently measured vertebral canal area, vertebral fat area, and vertebral body area; and calculated ratios of vertebral canal area/vertebral body area and vertebral fat area/vertebral body area (fat area ratio) at all six locations. Twenty‐five dogs were sampled (lumbosacral stenosis negative, 11 dogs; lumbosacral stenosis positive, 14 dogs). Of the six locations, cranial L6 was the most affected by lumbosacral stenosis (33%). Five of six dogs (83%) with clinical signs of lumbosacral pain were lumbosacral stenosis positive at two or more levels. All four quantitative variables were significantly smaller at the cranial aspects of the L6 and L7 vertebral foramina than at the caudal aspects (P< 0.0001). Fat area ratio was a significant predictor of lumbosacral stenosis positive status at all six locations with cranial L6 having the greatest predictive value (R2= 0.43) and range of predictive probability (25–90%). Findings from the current study supported the use of CT as a deep phenotyping tool for future research studies of lumbosacral stenosis in Labrador retrievers.
An “alternative finger” in robotic-assisted thoracic surgery: intraoperative ultrasound localization of pulmonary nodules
Authors: Zhou Zhenyu , Wang Zhitian , Zheng Zhelan , Cao Jinlin , Zhang Chong , He Zhehao , Lv Wang , Hu Jian
Published: July 2017

Aim: Robotic-assisted thoracic surgery (RATS) has become a promising treatment for pulmonary neoplasms. During RATS, intraoperative ultrasonography can act as an “alternative finger” to “touch” and locate lesions, especially pulmonary nodules. This study was aimed to investigate the efficacy of intraoperative ultrasonographic localization during da Vinci RATS procedures.Material and methods: Patients with pulmonary nodules were randomly divided into an Experimental Group and Control Group in which nodules were respectively located using intraoperative ultrasonography or by the surgeon’s anatomic knowledge. The success rates and relevant localization factors were compared between the groups and analyzed to conclude the efficacy of intraoperative ultrasonography. Additionally, the intraoperative ultrasonography learning curve was analyzed to evaluate each surgeon’s ability to independently perform intraoperative ultrasonography.Results: Thirty-four patients were included in the study (n = 17/group). Respectively, the Experimental Group and Control Group comprised 41.2% and 58.9% women (p= 0.937), and had average ages of 55.5 and 55.8 years. In the Experimental group, ultrasonographic localization for mixed ground-glass nodules with CT values of -500 to -100 Hounsfield units had an efficacy of 87.5%. By contrast, the localization efficacy in Control Group was 20.0% (p=0.032).A single surgeon without prior experience performed intraoperative ultrasonography in 20 cases, and the latter 10 procedures required significantly less time relative to the former 10 procedures (p=0.000).Conclusions: During RATS, the use of intraoperative ultrasonography as an “alternative finger” to “touch” and findthe accurate location of pulmonary nodules, especially mixed ground-glass nodules, is warranted.
Underwater sound radiation from an elastically coated infinite plate with periodic inhomogeneities of finite width
Authors: Zhang Yanni , Huang Hai , Pan Jie
Published: July 2017

The underwater sound radiation from a line-force-driven coated infinite plate with periodically attached distributed inhomogeneities is investigated. A typical example of a distributed inhomogeneity is a signal conditioning plate (SCP), which can be inserted between the coating and a hydrophone to increase the strength of the incoming signal. Using the wavenumber transform approach, the surface normal velocity and radiated sound power of the plate are determined by solving the indexed equations of the wavenumber components. This study demonstrates that the elastic coating between the base plate and periodic inhomogeneities may reduce the effect of band-passes and band-gaps on the radiated sound power caused by the inhomogeneities. This is explained in detail by the insulation effect of the coating as a decoupler. The effect of the SCP's width and spatial period on the radiated sound is also examined. Finally, recommendations are given for the application of SCPs for underwater sensing purposes.
Optimization of natural frequencies of a plate structure by modifying boundary conditions
Authors: Ou Dayi , Mak Cheuk Ming
Published: July 2017

A combined approach based on finite element method and genetic algorithm (FEM-GA) is proposed for optimizing the natural frequencies of plate structures. This approach can identify the optimal boundary conditions so that the plate's natural frequencies can be adjusted simultaneously to their corresponding target values. In this approach, the natural frequencies of plates with arbitrary boundary conditions are calculated by FEM, while GA is employed for searching the optimal solutions of the multiple-objective optimization problem. The FEM is validated by comparing with previous results. The proposed approach is illustrated by numerical examples. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach.
Capturing effort and recovery: reactive and recuperative cortisol responses to competition in well-trained rowers
Authors: Kallen Victor L , Stubbe Janine H , Zwolle Henk Jan , Valk Pierre
Published: July 2017

Background/aim

It is well known that physical strain is associated with increased cortisol production. And although mental stress elevates cortisol concentrations as well, little is known of the independent and/or combined effects of both on the secretion of cortisol. Aim of the study was to investigate the day-to-day cortisol dynamics associated with training, performance and recuperation and the immediate responses to mental stress and physical endurance under competitive conditions.

Methods

Sixteen freshmen competitive male rowers were prospectively followed from Thursday to Tuesday with an intermediate competition on Saturday and Sunday. On all days, three saliva samples were collected within 30 min after awakening to assess the cortisol awakening rise (CAR). Additionally, five saliva samples were collected previously to and immediately after all races during the regatta weekend.

Results

CAR values peaked during competition days and recovered during the 2 days after. Cortisol concentrations significantly increased during and after all races. Furthermore, although response patterns did not differ, the morning races showed significantly higher cortisol levels compared with the levels measured during the afternoon races. This likely reflects the normal diurnal rhythm of corticosteroids.

Conclusions

These results indicate that cortisol levels of athletes might be sensitive for both immediate responses to competition and, in case of CAR, (midterm) recovery phasing. Consequently, monitoring cortisol responses during training and competition may provide valuable information regarding how athletes cope with competition-induced stress and their recovery status during the days following. This insight might help to plan future training loads and recovery.
Assessing the use of magnetic resonance imaging virtopsy as an alternative to autopsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Ahmad Mohammad Usman , Sharif Kamal Ali , Qayyum Haisum , Ehsanullah Bushra , Balyasnikova Svetlana , Wale Anita , Shanmuganandan Arun , Siddiqui Muhammed Rafay Sameem , Athanasiou Thanos , Kemp Graham John
Published: July 2017

Background

The post mortem examination or autopsy is a trusted method of identifying the cause of death. Patients and their families may oppose an autopsy for a variety of reasons, including fear of mutilation or owing to religious and personal beliefs. Imaging alternatives to autopsy have been explored, which may provide a viable alternative.

Objective

To explore the possibility of using MRI virtopsy to establish the cause of death as an alternative to the traditional post mortem examination or autopsy.

Methods

Systematic review was carried out of all studies, without language restriction, identified from Medline, Cochrane (1960–2016) and Embase (1991–2016) up to December 2016. Further searches were performed using the bibliographies of articles and abstracts. All studies reporting the diagnosis of the cause of death by both MRI virtopsy and traditional autopsy were included.

Results

Five studies with 107 patients, contributed to a summative quantitative outcome in adults. The combined sensitivity of MRI virtopsy was 0.82 (95% CI 0.56 to 0.94) with a diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) of 11.1 (95% CI 2.2 to 57.0). There was no significant heterogeneity between studies (Q=1.96, df=4, p=0.75, I2=0). Eight studies, with 953 patients contributed to a summative quantitative outcome in children. The combined sensitivity of MRI virtopsy was 0.73 (95% CI 0.59 to 0.84) with a DOR of 6.44 (95% CI 1.36 to 30.51). There was significant heterogeneity between studies (Q=34.95, df=7, p<0.01, I2=80).

Conclusion

MRI virtopsy may offer a viable alternative to traditional autopsy. By using MRI virtopsy, a potential cost reduction of at least 33% is feasible, and therefore ought to be considered in eligible patients.
Disorder induced lifetime effects in binary disordered systems: A first principles formalism and an application to disordered graphene
Authors: Sadhukhan Banasree , Bandyopadhyay Subhadeep , Nayak Arabinda , Mookerjee Abhijit
Published: July 2017

In this work, the conducting properties of graphene lattice with a particular concentration of defect (5% and 10%) has been studied. The real space block recursion method introduced by Haydock et al. has been used in presence of the random distribution of defects in graphene. This Green function based method is found to be more powerful than the usual reciprocal based methods which need artificial periodicity. Different resonant states appear because of the presence of topological and local defects are studied within the framework of Green function.
On power sums of matrices over a finite commutative ring
Authors: Fortuny P. , Grau J. M. , Oller-Marcén A. M. , Rúa I. F.
Published: July 2017

In this paper, we deal with the problem of computing the sum of the [Formula: see text]th powers of all the elements of the matrix ring [Formula: see text] with [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] a finite commutative ring. We completely solve the problem in the case [Formula: see text] and give some results that compute the value of this sum if [Formula: see text] is an arbitrary finite commutative ring for many values of [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]. Finally, based on computational evidence and using some technical results proved in this paper, we conjecture that the sum of the [Formula: see text]th powers of all the elements of the matrix ring [Formula: see text] is always [Formula: see text] unless [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and the only element [Formula: see text] such that [Formula: see text] is idempotent, in which case the sum is [Formula: see text].
Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I: Compartmentalization Within the Somatotropic Axis?
Authors: Butler Andrew A. , Yakar Shoshana , LeRoith Derek
Published: July 2017

Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) is essential for normal growth; igf-1 gene mutations are associated with extreme growth retardation in mice and, very rarely, in humans. The relative contributions of tissue vs. endocrine (hepatic) IGF-I to the regulation of growth has been a fundamental question. New gene targeting technologies are providing answers for these questions.
Small Artery Remodeling and Significance in the Development of Hypertension
Authors: Mulvany Michael J.
Published: July 2017

The structure of the resistance vessels is altered (remodeled) in individuals with high blood pressure (essential hypertension). The structure is dependent not only on blood pressure but also on blood flow and hormonal environment. Vascular biology is providing increased knowledge of the mechanisms involved and thus contributing to our understanding of the pathophysiology of the disease.
ATP-Sensitive K+ Channels in the Brain: Sensors of Hypoxic Conditions
Authors: Yamada Katsuya , Inagaki Nobuya
Published: July 2017

Rapid minimization of energy consumption in excitable tissues is effective protection from lethal effects of extreme metabolic stress. The ATP-sensitive K+ channels in the brain respond in ATP-depleted metabolic states such as hypoxia and may be involved in the protection mechanism against energy-consuming generalized seizure.
Metabolite Profiling, Pharmacokinetics, and In Vitro Glucuronidation of Icaritin in Rats by Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Zhang Beibei , Chen Xiaoli , Zhang Rui , Zheng Fangfang , Du Shuzhang , Zhang Xiaojian
Published: July 2017

Icaritin is a naturally bioactive flavonoid with several significant effects. This study aimed to clarify the metabolite profiling, pharmacokinetics, and glucuronidation of icaritin in rats. An ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) assay was developed and validated for qualitative and quantitative analysis of icaritin. Glucuronidation rates were determined by incubating icaritin with uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid- (UDPGA-) supplemented microsomes. Kinetic parameters were derived by appropriate model fitting. A total of 30 metabolites were identified or tentatively characterized in rat biosamples based on retention times and characteristic fragmentations, following proposed metabolic pathway which was summarized. Additionally, the pharmacokinetics parameters were investigated after oral administration of icaritin. Moreover, icaritin glucuronidation in rat liver microsomes was efficient with CLint (the intrinsic clearance) values of 1.12 and 1.56 mL/min/mg for icaritin-3-O-glucuronide and icaritin-7-O-glucuronide, respectively. Similarly, the CLint values of icaritin-3-O-glucuronide and icaritin-7-O-glucuronide in rat intestine microsomes (RIM) were 1.45 and 0.86 mL/min/mg, respectively. Taken altogether, dehydrogenation at isopentenyl group and glycosylation and glucuronidation at the aglycone were main biotransformation process in vivo. The general tendency was that icaritin was transformed to glucuronide conjugates to be excreted from rat organism. In conclusion, these results would improve our understanding of metabolic fate of icaritin in vivo.
What Are the Factors Influencing Implementation of Advanced Access in Family Medicine Units? A Cross-Case Comparison of Four Early Adopters in Quebec
Authors: Abou Malham Sabina , Touati Nassera , Maillet Lara , Gaboury Isabelle , Loignon Christine , Breton Mylaine
Published: July 2017

Introduction. Advanced access is an organizational model that has shown promise in improving timely access to primary care. In Quebec, it has recently been introduced in several family medicine units (FMUs) with a teaching mission. The objectives of this paper are to analyze the principles of advanced access implemented in FMUs and to identify which factors influenced their implementation. Methods. A multiple case study of four purposefully selected FMUs was conducted. Data included document analysis and 40 semistructured interviews with health professionals and staff. Cross-case comparison and thematic analysis were performed. Results. Three out of four FMUs implemented the key principles of advanced access at various levels. One scheduling pattern was observed: 90% of open appointment slots over three- to four-week periods and 10% of prebooked appointments. Structural and organizational factors facilitated the implementation: training of staff to support change, collective leadership, and openness to change. Conversely, family physicians practicing in multiple clinical settings, lack of team resources, turnover of clerical staff, rotation of medical residents, and management capacity were reported as major barriers to implementing the model. Conclusion. Our results call for multilevel implementation strategies to improve the design of the advanced access model in academic teaching settings.
Sensitivity Analysis of a CPAM Inverse Algorithm for Composite Laminates Characterization
Authors: Masoumi Farshid , Ghasemi Ghalebahman Ahmad
Published: July 2017

Using experimental data and numerical simulations, a new combined technique is presented for characterization of thin and thick orthotropic composite laminates. Four or five elastic constants, as well as ply orientation angles, are considered as the unknown parameters. The material characterization is first examined for isotropic plates under different boundary conditions to evaluate the method’s accuracy. The proposed algorithm, so-called CPAM (Combined Programs of ABAQUS and MATLAB), utilizes an optimization procedure and makes simultaneous use of vibration test data together with their corresponding numerical solutions. The numerical solutions are based on a commercial finite element package for efficiently identifying the material properties. An inverse method based on particle swarm optimization algorithm is further provided using MATLAB software. The error function to be minimized is the sum of squared differences between experimental and simulated data of eigenfrequencies. To evaluate the robustness of the model’s results in the presence of uncertainty and unwanted noises, a sensitivity analysis that employs Gaussian disorder model is directly applied to the measured frequencies. The results with high accuracy confirm the validity and capability of the present method in simultaneous determination of mechanical constants and fiber orientation angles of composite laminates as compared to prior methods.
Impact of Carbohydrate-Electrolyte Beverage Ingestion on Heart Rate Response While Climbing Mountain Fuji at ~3000 m
Authors: Horiuchi Masahiro , Endo Junko , Kondo Koichi , Uno Tadashi , Morikawa Mayuko , Nose Hiroshi
Published: July 2017

We sought to investigate whether carbohydrate-electrolyte beverage ingestion reduced heart rate (HR) in twenty-three healthy young adults while climbing Mount Fuji at a given exercise intensity. Twenty-three healthy adults were randomly divided into two groups: the tap water (11 males [M] and 1 female [F]) and the carbohydrate-electrolyte group (10 M and 1 F). HR and activity energy expenditure (AEE) were recorded every min. The HRs for the first 30 minutes of climbing were not significantly different between the groups [121 ± 2 beats per min (bpm) in the tap water and 116 ± 3 bpm in the carbohydrate-electrolyte]; however, HR significantly increased with climbing in the tap water group (129 ± 2 bpm) but showed no significant increase in the carbohydrate-electrolyte group (121 ± 3 bpm). In addition, body weight changes throughout two days ascending and descending on Mount Fuji were inversely related to changes in resting HR. Further, individual variation of body weight changes was suppressed by carbohydrate-electrolyte drink. Collectively, carbohydrate-electrolyte beverage intake may attenuate an increase in HR at a given AEE while mountaineering at ~3000 m compared with tap water intake.
A Comparison of Off-Grid-Pumped Hydro Storage and Grid-Tied Options for an IRSOFC-HAWT Power Generator
Authors: Majidniya Mahdi , Gharali Kobra , Raahemifar Kaamran
Published: July 2017

An Internal Reforming Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (IRSOFC) is modeled thermodynamically; a Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine (HAWT) is designed; the combined IRSOFC-HAWT system should create a reliable source of electricity for the demand of a village located in Manjil, Iran. The output power of HAWT is unstable, but by controlling the fuel rate for the IRSOFC it is possible to have a stable power output from the combined system. When the electricity demand is over the peak or the wind speed is low/unstable/significantly high, the generated power may not be sufficient. To solve this problem, two scenarios are considered: connecting to the grid or using a Pumped Hydro Storage (PHS). For the second scenario, the extra produced electricity is saved when the production is more than demand and can be used when the extra power is needed. The economic analysis is done based on the economic conditions in Iran. The results will show a period of return about 9.5 and 13 years with the levelized cost of electricity about 0.0747 and 0.0882 $/kWh for the first and second scenarios, respectively. Furthermore, effects of some parameters such as the electricity price and the real interest rate are discussed.
Improved Biochemical Parameters in Patients Who Undergo Early Resection in Isolated Ileocaecal Crohn’s Disease
Authors: Saeed Mirzafaraz , Hullur Hari , Salem Amro , Ali Abbas , Sahib Yousif , Ashfaq Mobeen
Published: July 2017

Introduction. The aim of this study is to evaluate the outcome of introduction of early surgery in the course of isolated ileocecal Crohn’s disease, where there is no absolute indication of surgery. Methods. Observational study involving patients with isolated ileocecal Crohn’s disease who underwent early surgical resection (within one year of the presentation of the hospital). A complete blood count, ESR, and CRP were done and compared between the preoperative value, 1st postoperative visit (3-4 weeks), and last follow-up visit. Statistical analysis was done using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to compare the different figures. Results. There was a statistically significant increase in the hemoglobin levels between preoperative, postoperative, and long-term follow-up and a significant decrease in leukocyte count between the pre- and postoperative values (F=19.8, p<0.001 and F=8.9, p=0.002, resp.). Similarly, the ESR and CRP values were decreased significantly at long-term follow-up (F=8.5, p=0.019 and F=8.3, p=0.013, resp.). Conclusion. Early surgical resection in isolated ileocaecal Crohn’s disease achieved significant biochemical improvements. These successful results in this small number of patients indicate that early surgical intervention may provide better outcomes. These initial results encourage larger and comparative studies of long-term results versus long-term use of biological agents.
Relationship between Microstructure and Properties of Cu-Cr-Ag-(Ce) Alloy Using Microscopic Investigation
Authors: Chen Huiming , Yuan Dawei , Wu Shanjiang , Wang Hang , Xie Weibin , Yang Bin
Published: July 2017

Microstructure, precipitation hardening response, and mechanical and physical properties of Cu-Cr-Ag alloy and Cu-Cr-Ag-Ce alloy have been investigated using transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscope, optical microscope, electrical conductivity analysis, and tensile test. The influence of element Ce on the matrix refinement, impurity removal, and precipitation in the Cu-Cr-Ag alloys has been analyzed. The experimental results show that the strength and electrical conductivity of Ce containing alloys are greater than those of Ce-free alloys after each processing step. Improvement of strength and electrical conductivity of the Cu-Cr-Ag alloy by adding Ce element is attributed to removing oxygen and sulfur from as-cast alloy.
Efficient Physical-Layer Secret Key Generation and Authentication Schemes Based on Wireless Channel-Phase
Authors: Cheng Longwang , Zhou Li , Seet Boon-Chong , Li Wei , Ma Dongtang , Wei Jibo
Published: July 2017

Exploiting the inherent physical properties of wireless channels to complement or enhance the traditional security mechanisms has attracted prominent attention recently. However, the existing secret key generation schemes suffer from miscellaneous extracting procedure. Many PHY-layer authentication schemes assume that the knowledge of the shared key is preknown. In this paper, we propose PHY-layer secret key generation and authentication schemes for orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. In the secret key generation scheme, to simplify the extracting procedure, only one legitimate party is chosen to probe the channel and quantize the measurements to obtain the preliminary key. The preliminary key is masked by the channel-phase after the mapping and before equalization and distributed to the other party. The final shared key is used for the PHY-layer authentication scheme in which random signals and the shared key masked by the channel-phase are exchanged at the PHY-layer. Then, a binary hypothesis test is formulated for authentication. Simulation results show that the proposed secret key generation scheme outperforms the existing schemes. For the PHY-layer authentication scheme, it is immune to various passive and active attacks and a high successful authentication rate is acquired even at low signal-to-noise ratio region.
Ceramic-Based 3D Printed Supports for Photocatalytic Treatment of Wastewater
Authors: Hernández-Afonso Lorena , Fernández-González Ricardo , Esparza Pedro , Borges M. Emma , Díaz González Selene , Canales-Vázquez Jesús , Ruiz-Morales Juan Carlos
Published: July 2017

3D printing technology has become a powerful tool to produce 3D structures in any type of materials. In this work, 3D printing technology is used to produce 3D porous structures in CaSO4 which can be later activated with an appropriate photocatalyst. TiO2 was selected as an ideal photocatalyst producing activated 3D structures which can be used to study their effectiveness in the degradation of pollutants in wastewater. Methylene blue was used as a model molecule in these studies. The photocatalytic studies showed that TiO2-activated 3D structures using nanoparticles of SiO2 in the process produce more than 50% of conversion of methylene blue in just 1 h of irradiation and almost 90% in 5 h.
Two Landmark Studies Published in 1976/1977 Paved the Way for the Recognition of Human Papillomavirus as the Major Cause of the Global Cancer Burden
Authors: Syrjänen Kari J.
Published: July 2017

Two groundbreaking reports were published in Acta Cytologica at the transition of 1976 to 1977. One appeared in the last issue of 1976 [Meisels and Fortin: Acta Cytol 1976;20:505-509] and the other in the first issue of 1977 [Purola and Savia: Acta Cytol 1977;21:26-31]. Today, 40 years later, it is not an overstatement to conclude that these are the two most influential studies ever published in this journal. Two reports with a similar content being published so close together (in the same journal) raised the question “Which of the two reports was truly submitted first?” In this commentary, this enigma is clarified beyond reasonable doubt, based on the well-considered testimonial of Prof. Leopold G. Koss, the reviewer of one of the two papers. To fully appreciate the significance of the novel discovery made in these two reports, it is essential to align them in the right context, both retrospectively and prospectively. This commentary will assist the reader by summarizing the existing knowledge on human papillomavirus (HPV) before these two milestone papers appeared, and describe the incredibly rapid progress that they evoked during the subsequent decades, which made HPV the single most important human tumor virus. As the final proof of virus-cancer causality, prophylactic HPV vaccines have been effective in preventing (a) virus transmission and HPV infection, (b) benign HPV-induced tumors (genital warts), and (c) cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). Formal evidence of the prevention of cervical cancer by these HPV vaccines still awaits confirmation, and the same applies to the eventual prevention of human cancers at other anatomic sites, part of the global burden of oncogenic HPVs.
Guide for Current Nutrigenetic, Nutrigenomic, and Nutriepigenetic Approaches for Precision Nutrition Involving the Prevention and Management of Chronic Diseases Associated with Obesity
Authors: Ramos-Lopez Omar , Milagro Fermín I. , Allayee Hooman , Chmurzynska Agata , Choi Myung Sook , Curi Rui , De Caterina Raffaele , Ferguson Lynnette R. , Goni Leticia , Kang Jing X. , Kohlmeier Martin , Marti Amelia , Moreno Luis A. , Pérusse Louis , Prasad Chandan , Qi Lu , Reifen Ram , Riezu-Boj Jose I. , San-Cristobal Rodrigo , Santos Jose Luis , Martínez J. Alfredo
Published: July 2017

Chronic diseases, including obesity, are major causes of morbidity and mortality in most countries. The adverse impacts of obesity and associated comorbidities on health remain a major concern due to the lack of effective interventions for prevention and management. Precision nutrition is an emerging therapeutic approach that takes into account an individual's genetic and epigenetic information, as well as age, gender, or particular physiopathological status. Advances in genomic sciences are contributing to a better understanding of the role of genetic variants and epigenetic signatures as well as gene expression patterns in the development of diverse chronic conditions, and how they may modify therapeutic responses. This knowledge has led to the search for genetic and epigenetic biomarkers to predict the risk of developing chronic diseases and personalizing their prevention and treatment. Additionally, original nutritional interventions based on nutrients and bioactive dietary compounds that can modify epigenetic marks and gene expression have been implemented. Although caution must be exercised, these scientific insights are paving the way for the design of innovative strategies for the control of chronic diseases accompanying obesity. This document provides a number of examples of the huge potential of understanding nutrigenetic, nutrigenomic, and nutriepigenetic roles in precision nutrition.
Natural Killer Cell Lymphoblastic Leukaemia/Lymphoma: Case Report and Review of the Recent Literature
Authors: Sedick Qanita , Alotaibi Sultan , Alshieban Saeed , Naheet Khalid Ben , Elyamany Ghaleb
Published: July 2017

Natural killer (NK) cell lymphoblastic leukaemia/lymphoma is a rare haemopoietic tumour currently defined in the 2008 WHO classification under the category of acute leukaemias of ambiguous lineage. A diagnosis of this type of leukaemia is considered in cases expressing CD56 along with immature T-cell-associated markers such as CD2 and CD7 with absence of B-cell and myeloid markers; in addition, blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell leukaemia should be excluded. Prior to 2008, these precursor NK cell lymphoblastic leukaemias/lymphomas were categorized as myeloid/NK cell acute leukaemia with a phenotype identical to acute myeloid leukaemia with minimal differentiation. While the new classification has merit in having excluded myeloid expression, there is still persistent confusion in the literature and on a practical level with regard to precursor NK cell neoplasms. There is a paucity of recent case reports in the literature after the new WHO classification of this neoplasm. Due to the rarity of this neoplasm, an accurate pathological diagnosis is often difficult. In this article, we describe a case of precursor NK cell lymphoblastic leukaemia/lymphoma presenting with unique morphological features and conflicting immunophenotypes. We also review all case reports of this neoplasm after the WHO 2008 classification.
Infusion of Valproic Acid Into the Renal Medulla Activates Stem Cell Population and Attenuates Salt-Sensitive Hypertension in Dahl S Rats
Authors: Wang Zhengchao , Zhu Qing , Wang Weili , Yi Fan , Li Pin-Lan , Boini Krishna M. , Li Ningjun
Published: July 2017

Background: Our previous study has detected a stem cell deficiency in the renal medulla in Dahl salt-sensitive (S) rats. This study determined whether infusion of valproic acid (VA), an agent known to stimulate the stem cell function, attenuated salt-sensitive hypertension in Dahl S rats. Methods: Uninephrectomized Dahl S rats were infused with vehicle or VA (50mg/kg/d) into the renal medulla and fed with a low (LS) or high salt diet (HS). Stem cell marker and number were analyzed by immunohistochemistry, Real-time RT-PCR and Western blot. Sodium excretion and blood pressure were measured. Results: VA significantly increased the mRNA and protein levels of FGF2, a stem cell niche factor, and CD133, a stem cell marker. The number of CD133+ cells was significantly increased in the renal medulla in VA-treated rats. Meanwhile, high salt-induced increases in the mRNA level of proinflammatory factors interleukin-1β and interleukin-6 were blocked in VA-treated rats. Functionally, sodium excretion in response to the blood pressure increase and acute sodium loading was significantly enhanced, sodium retention attenuated, high salt-induced increase of blood pressure reduced in VA-treated rats. Conclusion: Activation of stem cell function by VA inhibits the activation of proinflammatory factors and attenuates salt-sensitive hypertension in Dahl S rats.
A remarkable new palpigrade (Arachnida) of the Eukoenenia mirabilis group from Spain
Authors: MAYORAL J.G. , BARRANCO P.
Published: July 2017

Eukoenenia indalica sp. nov. is described from a female captured in a cave in the mountains of Almeria, in Andalusia, southeastern Spain. It belongs to the E. mirabilis group, which includes species found in the Mediterranean region, Macaronesia, the Caribbean and, in one case, worldwide. The new species is unique within this group in showing cave-dwelling traits, especially the elongation of the legs. Its IVbta is the third largest known for a palpigrade, after those of Eukoenenia draco and E. sagarana. The chaetotaxy and metric data indicate that E. indalica sp. nov. is related to local endogean species.
Evaluation of the EUMETSAT Global AVHRR Wind Product
Authors: Horváth Ákos , Hautecoeur Olivier , Borde Régis , Deneke Hartwig , Buehler Stefan A.
Published: July 2017

The European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT) MetOp-A and MetOp-B satellites fly in the same polar orbit with a 180° phase difference, which enables the global retrieval of atmospheric motion vectors (AMVs, or “winds”) by tracking clouds in a pair of Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) infrared-window-channel images taken successively by the tandem platforms within their swath overlap area. This novel global wind product has been operational since 2015. As part of ongoing validation efforts, two months of MetOp global AMVs were compared with a suite of independent wind data, including AMVs from geostationary and polar-orbiter satellites as well as radiosonde and model winds. The performance of the new wind product is generally comparable to that of more established satellite winds. In the tropics, however, high-level MetOp global AMVs show a strong fast speed bias, increased root-mean-square difference, and considerably reduced speed correlation relative to all comparison datasets—an as-yet-unexplained drop in retrieval quality that warrants further investigation. A best-fit wind analysis also indicates that selectively applied height adjustments, such as cloud-base and inversion methods, can be a significant source of discrepancy, leading to very poor height correlation among low-level satellite AMVs. Height assignment is more consistent and better correlated at mid- to high levels, although MetOp heights derived from window-channel brightness temperatures have a bias toward lower heights because of the lack of semitransparency corrections. Collocated Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer CO2-slicing heights significantly improve the best-fit height-difference statistics at higher altitudes but are available for only ~5% of MetOp AMVs.
Urbanscope: A Lens to Observe Language Mix in Cities
Authors: Arnaboldi Michela , Brambilla Marco , Cassottana Beatrice , Ciuccarelli Paolo , Vantini Simone
Published: July 2017

Cities of the 21st century are places where various actors interact, where physical systems, that are sometime geographically distant, are strictly dependent, where relational mechanisms become crucial, and where the boundaries between individual and collective, local and global, real and digital become more and more blurred. In this context, social media can be used as a digital lens to analyze the space and the territory of cities. In fact, they offer a great opportunity to individualize and understand the connections that might exist between different spheres. In this article, we use Twitter to analyze the language mix of the city and to detect language communities within the city neighborhoods. We then compare these “digital” communities, discovered through Twitter, with the “real” communities identified by the traditional census data. Milan, a city which is increasingly becoming an international melting pot, is chosen as a case study for this work.
Twitter Adoption and Activity in U.S. Legislatures: A 50-State Study
Authors: Cook James M.
Published: July 2017

This study draws inspiration from the literature on Twitter adoption and activity in U.S. legislatures, applying predictions from those limited studies to all 7,378 politicians serving across 50 American state legislatures in the fall of 2015. Tests of bivariate association carried out for individual states lead to widely varying results, indicating an underlying diversity of legislative environments. However, a pooled multivariate analysis for all 50 states indicates that constituents per legislator, the youth and educational attainment of a district, legislative professionalism, being a woman, sitting in the upper chamber, leadership, and legislative inexperience are significantly and positively associated with Twitter adoption and current Twitter use. Controlling for these factors, neither legislator party, nor majority status, nor partisan instability, nor district income is significantly related to either Twitter adoption or current Twitter use. Although women are more likely than men to adopt and use Twitter, the most active users narrowly tend to be men. Finally, most variation in social media adoption and activity by legislators remains unexplained, leaving considerable room for further theoretical development.