bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
NEPOTISM AS A BASIS FOR REMOVAL (SELF-RECUSAL) OF THE COURT’S COMPOSITION: ANALYSIS OF JUDICIAL PRACTICE
Authors: Hrusha V. V. , Dyachenko S. V.
Published: October 2021

At the moment, Ukraine is trying hard to meet both European and international standards. This is manifested not only in the reform of public authorities, the creation of new state bodies, whose main task is to combat and prevent corruption, but also to bring national legislation in line with international standards. In our opinion, Ukraine’s orientation to comply with international provisions on the independence and impartiality of judges is the key to creating a judicial system that should operate in a democracy, and is a factor that will contribute to the effective implementation of other legal reforms. In every democracy, the court must be independent and impartial. Without exaggeration, we can say that this is one of the fundamental principles of the judiciary. The principle of independence and impartiality of the judiciary includes many elements, among which a prominent place is occupied by the institution of removal of a judge from participation in the case. In this study, we would like to demonstrate the complexity of proving the grounds and facts that are necessary for the removal of a judge by analyzing the decisions of different judges. Proposals were made to improve the norms of national legislation and bring it in line with international norms. The authors drew attention to law enforcement practice, as in some cases the decisions of some courts directly contradicted others.
LEGAL GENESIS OF THE CONCEPT OF FREEDOM OF THE HIGH SEA
Authors: Kovban А. V.
Published: October 2021

The article examines the content of freedom of the high seas at the present stage of development, the role of the Conventions Maritime Law in the formation and formation of freedom of the high seas as an institution of international maritime law and analysis of the results of the Conventions. The author considers the legal genesis of the concept of freedom of the high seas and current trends in the transformation of freedom of the high seas in modern international maritime law. The principle of freedom of the high seas expresses the objective need of States and peoples for the free use of maritime space for international economic, political and cultural ties, as well as for the use of living ocean resources. An important transformation of international cooperation and legislation is also related to the principle of exclusive jurisdiction of the flag state. All four conventions have been widely recognized by the member states and are considered to be the most important stage in the codification of international maritime law and its further progressive development. The adoption of the four conventions meant that the unity of the law of the sea was lost, but there may be advantages: for example, the adoption of conventions and a single protocol, instead of a single legal act, tried to involve more states in at least some of the conventions. The creation of marine protected areas in the open waters of the world’s oceans outside national jurisdiction has no legal basis. The 1982 Convention does not give states the right to extend their jurisdiction to certain parts regardless of the objectives pursued, so the creation of marine protected areas on the high seas is impossible within the existing international legal framework.
ORGANIZATIONAL AND LEGAL MECHANISMS TO COUNTERACTION ILLEGAL MIGRATION BY SEA
Authors: Kuznetsov S. O.
Published: October 2021

Globalization, imbalance in development of states, economic and political crises, search for a better life and military action often force people to leave their usual places of residence. A significant component of migration processes is illegal migration, which is especially dangerous when carried out by sea. The fragmentary nature of modern legal research in this area has led to the choice of the article to describe modern organizational and legal mechanisms to counteraction illegal migration by sea in the ongoing pandemic and develop proposals for their improvement. Based on the application of research methodology, which combines a number of general scientific (dialectical, historical) and special legal (formal legal, scientific forecasting) methods of scientific research, the article clarifies the dynamics of migration processes in the modern world. With the Mediterranean region serving as the example, their illegal component is characterized. Political, legal and organizational directions of cooperation of states in the counteraction against illegal migration are singled out, with the description of their relationship provided. It is noted that the availability of modern legal instruments has not helped to cope with the increasing number of migration flows and the consequences of illegal migration in the mid‑2010s in the EU. The impact of border restrictions due to the spread of the COVID‑19 pandemic was not significant. The decline in illegal migration in the Mediterranean region is due to other organizational measures. It is concluded that it is currently necessary to ensure high-quality implementation of international law, IMO and other international institutions’ recommendations. There is the need to develop and improve bylaws directly related to counteraction illegal migration at sea. The responsibility of states, their vessels and rescue services and migrants on board vessels that do not meet maritime safety requirements should also be addressed.
THE ORIGINS OF LEGAL ANOMALIES, THEIR HISTORICAL CAUSES
Authors: Tkalia O. V.
Published: October 2021

The article provides a general theoretical description of the origins of legal anomalies, as it allows to analyze in detail their forms, to identify the most common of them, to analyze the causes and ways to overcome them. It is confirmed that legal anomalies are a complex social phenomenon that is closely linked to the legal consciousness of a person and is determined by various negative processes in society. The historical preconditions for the emergence of legal anomalies in Ukraine are studied; special attention is paid to legal nihilism and idealism. The first type of anomaly that dates back to the times of Kievan Rus is legal nihilism. With the development of the state, the factors and the forms of manifestation that contribute to it change, but legal nihilism itself does not disappear. In Soviet times, there are manifestations of legal idealism, which is due to historical reasons. It is noted that the main objective factor in the occurrence of legal anomalies is the historical inheritance of disrespect for the law by lots of subjects since the Soviet era. The author emphasizes that the occurrence of legal anomalies is influenced by political, legal, organizational and managerial, moral and psychological and other factors. The main causes of legal anomalies are the low level of legal culture, instability of legal acts, ineffectiveness and illiteracy of legal acts, disorder of legislation, its inconsistency and instability.
​Defoliants Harvest-aid Chemicals: Cost Effective Technology to Facilitate Synchronized Maturity for Mechanical Harvesting in Cotton: A Review
Authors: Ashraf A. Mohammed , Begam S. Naziya , Ragavan T.
Published: October 2021

In the recent years, increasing labour cost and shortage of labour being the major constraints to follow manual harvesting in cotton in staggered manner. Further, it is very expensive and farmers would like to increasingly opt for mechanical harvesting. In this context, it is suggested that research should focus to reduce cost of cultivation substantially by promoting the use of synchronized maturity in cotton and use of defoliants to encourage mechanical harvesting. In agriculture, defoliants are used to eliminate the leaves of a crop plant so that they do not interfere with the harvesting by machinery. Early harvesting with good boll opening can also be achieved by use of defoliants. The use of defoliants also reduces the trash content in picked cotton which will also help in improving the quality of cotton. There is a need to identify suitable defoliant with suitable dose and time of application so as to facilitate mechanical harvesting in rainfed cotton. Some of the successful defoliants for uniform boll bursting and higher yield of cotton such as rthrel, rthepon, mepiquat chloride (MC), sodium salt and DU (Dropp Ultra) are the hormonal defoliants and TDZ thidiazuron butifos, merphos, tribufos and tribufate are the herbicidal defoliants. The best combination of thidiazuron + diuron (DCMU), pyraflufen ethyl, thidiazuron + diuroncellular isozyme, Ethephon + AMADS, ethephon + cyclanilide ethephon + tribufos Mepiquat chloride (MC) + cyclanilide may be recommended to facilitate mechanical harvesting in cotton.
Diversity Analysis in Horse Gram [Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam.) Verdc.] Mutants
Authors: Pushpayazhini V. , Sudhagar R. , Vanniarajan C. , Hepziba S. Juliet , Souframanien J.
Published: October 2021

Background: Horse gram is the potential rainfed legume in Indian farming. The major limitation in horse gram breeding is the narrow variability. Variability induction and its estimation would sustain food security. Methods: Variability was induced using gamma rays, electron beam and ethyl methanesulfonate and their combinations. The induced variation for the economic traits, their inheritance and genetic gain were ascertained. Result: The analysis of variance indicated the induction of significant variation for yield attributing traits. The population was grouped into 10 constellations by the virtue of induced variation. The groups I, II and V were the largest comprising of 38, 31 and 19 mutants respectively. The mutants exhibited significant intra and inter group variation. The mutagens induced the maximum variability for plant height (32.24%), 100 seed weight (25.42%) and number of pods per plant (19.18%). The mutants possessed high genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation for all the characters except flowering traits and duration. The induced variability for the yield attributing traits possessed significant breeding value as the heritability (86.66%-99.72%) and genetic advance as percent of mean (10.65-81.94) were high and the environmental influence was the minimum.
Effect of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilizers on Growth, Yield, Nodulation and Nutritional Composition of Bambara Groundnut [Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.]
Authors: Hasan Mahmudul , Uddin Md. Kamal , Mohamed Mahmud Tengku Muda , Zuan Ali Tan Kee , Motmainna Mst. , Haque Ahmad Numery Ashfaqul
Published: October 2021

Background: Bambara groundnut is an edible legume that is highly nutritious. This study was carried out to find the effect of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilizers on the growth, yield, nodulation, the proximate and nutritional composition of bambara groundnut [Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.]. Methods: During the period of 2018, a glasshouse experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) at Ladang 15, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia. Different rates of N and P fertilizer were used. Kjeldahl method and HPLC, respectively, determined the protein and amino acid content in seed. Result: N and P fertilizer were found to play a dominating role in increasing the vegetative growth and yield of the plant. Plant height (20.65a), pod number (45.75a) and harvest index (41.61a) increased significantly with the application of N30 + P60 kg ha-1. Application of N30P60 kg ha-1 significantly influenced nodulation and nitrogen yield. Protein, fibre, Mg and amino acid content increased with N30P60 kg ha-1. The application of N30P60 mg kg-1 has increased the growth, yield, nodulation, proximate and nutritional composition of bambara groundnut.
The Rise of Medium-Scale Farms in the Northern Savannah of Ghana: Farmland Invasion or an Inclusive Commercialised Agricultural Revolution?
Authors: Yaro Joseph , Wahab Ibrahim , Afful-Mensah Gloria , Awenam Michael Ben
Published: October 2021

Agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa is undergoing rapid transformation involving major changes in farmland ownership and farm scales from small to medium farms, with the widespread use of mechanisation and agro-inputs. Generally, households are increasing their farm sizes while others are dropping out of agriculture as the non-farm economy grows in both rural and urban areas. This study examined the changes in farmland sizes in two districts in the north of Ghana where agricultural extensification is still possible. Specifically, the study addressed the questions of the historical agrarian context; the magnitude and character of farm structure changes; the emerging spatial manifestation of farms; and the use of factors of production among the emerging socially differentiated farmers.
Descriptif technique du bois d'essence tropicale – Tauari
Authors: GERARD et al. Jean
Published: October 2021

Extrait de l’Atlas des bois tropicaux – Caractéristiques technologiques et utilisationsJ. Gérard (coord), D. Guibal (au.), J.-C. Cerre (au.), S. Paradis (au.), et 40 auteurs, 2016.Éditions Quæ, 1000 p.

https://www.quae.com/produit/1408/9782759225521/atlas-des-bois-tropicaux
Consolidation of femoral neck fractures depending on fracture type
Authors: OSIPOV Maksim D.
Published: October 2021

We study the terms of the femoral neck fracture healing, depending on the type of fractures. Currently, the diagnosis of “hip fracture” occupies a significant place in the work of a traumatologist, since this fracture tends to increase the frequency of cases, especially among people over 60 years old. This problem has long been one of the most urgent in traumatology and orthopedics, includes many facets, among which there is a high risk of complications during the operation of these fractures among elderly and senile people, the growth of people at high risk of hip fracture due to osteoporotic changes in the composition of bone tissue. And one of the sides of this problem is the non-healing and the timing of the femoral neck fracture healing, due to its anatomical features. We present the results of studies conducted at the clinical bases of the Kotovsk City Clinical Hospital and Archbishop Luke Tambov City Clinical Hospital. Aim: to study the terms of the femoral neck fracture healing, depending on the type of fractures. Task: to conduct studies, observations, collect statistical data on the management of patients with femoral neck fracture and, based on the results obtained, to characterize and evaluate the terms of femoral neck fractures healing
Sensitivity to change and responsiveness of lowering to the ground and rising from the ground evaluation in Duchenne muscular dystrophy: one-year longitudinal observation
Authors: Escorcio Renata , Voos Mariana C. , Martini Joyce , Simões Mariene S. , Caromano Fátima A.
Published: October 2021

BACKGROUND: The progressive weakness of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) interferes with performance. This study investigated the sensitivity to change and the responsiveness of sitting and standing from the ground in patients with DMD.
AIM: The aim was to assess the sensitivity to change and the responsiveness of lowering to/ rising from the ground, in three, six, nine, and twelve month-evaluation intervals and to define the most suitable reevaluation intervals for ambulatory patients with DMD.
METHOD: This is an observational, longitudinal study. Recordings of 28 patients performing lowering to/ rising from the ground were analyzed. Sensitivity to change was assessed using effect sizes and standardized response means. Responsiveness was assessed using minimal detectable changes (MDC) and minimal clinically important differences (MCID).
RESULTS: In the lowering to the ground, significant sensitivity to change was found in higher than 6 months reassessment intervals. In the rising from the ground, significant sensitivity to change was observed in higher than 9 reassessment intervals. MDC and MCID varied from 1.0 to 1.6 points and from 0.5 to 2.5 seconds when lowering to the ground and from 1.3 to 2.6 points and from 5.0 to 28.0 seconds when rising from the ground.
CONCLUSION: Patients should be reassessed after nine months from the lowering to and rising from the ground. Increments of 2.0 points and/or 2.5 seconds (or higher) in the score of lowering to the ground assessment denote clinically relevant changes. Increments of 3 points (or higher) in rising from the ground assessment are clinically relevant.
Determinants of Stunting in Children Aged 6-59 Months in Glagah Sub-District, Indonesia
Authors: Al-Ayubi Moch Thoriq Assegaf , Ariyanti Fajar
Published: October 2021

Background: According to basic health research in Indonesia from 2018, the national prevalence of stunting among children under five is 30.80%. Half of the ten highest-priority villages for national stunting interventions in the Lamongan District are located in Glagah Sub-district. Purpose: This study aimed to identify the determinants of stunting in children aged 6 to 59 months in the Muslim population in the Glagah Sub-district, Lamongan District, 2019. Methods: The design of this study was an analytic observational case-control. The population was mothers with children aged 6 to 59 months in Glagah Sub-district. The samples comprised 44 cases and 88 controls. They were paired with matching variables, including gender and clean water sources. Cluster sampling techniques and probability proportional to the size sampling method were utilized to calculate the sample size for each cluster. Data collection was carried out using a modified research questionnaire. Research was carried out in June–July 2019. Bivariate analysis was performed with chi-square and independent t-tests at the significance level α= 0.05. Results: The factors found to be related to stunting were bodyweight at birth (p-value 0.01; eta2 0.09), protein intake (p-value 0.01; eta2 0.12), energy intake (p-value 0.01; eta2 0.19), maternal height (p-value 0.01; eta2 0,08), and parenting pattern (p-value 0.03; ORpermissive 3.33, ORmoderate 1.69). Conclusion: Determinants associated with stunting were bodyweight at birth, protein and energy intake, maternal height, and parenting pattern. Integrated Service Post officers can provide education and workshops on good parenting patterns to parents of toddlers.
CORRELATION OF PARENTING STYLE AND INFECTIOUS DESEASE TOWARDS TODDLERS NUTRITIONAL STATUS IN SCAVENGER FAMILIES
Authors: Sartika Cut Dewi
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACT The period of toodler (below five years old children) is very important; it is also a critical period which determines their future. Today, there are many children who have no adequate nutrients in their growth and development. The data in 2013 revealed that 17% or 98 million children in the developing countries underwent nutrition deficiency. The objective of the research was to find out the correlation of care pattern and infectious diseases with nutrition status of scavengers’ children at the Terjun Landfill, Medan Marelan Sub-district. The research used a survey method with cross sectional design. The samples were 84 toodlers at Lingkungan I, Kelurahan Paya Pasir. The variables were care pattern and infectious diseases. The data were analyzed by using chi square test. The result of the research showed that 45 children had good nutritional status, based on BB/U (Weight/Age), TB/U (Height/Age), and BB/TB (Weight/Height). Care pattern was assessed from three sub-variables: feeding pattern, health practice, and sanitation practice. All in all, the majority of the women had care pattern well, and there were two infectious diseases: diarrhea and ISPA (Acute Respiratory Tract Infection). The result of chi square test showed that there was no correlation between care pattern and toodler’s nutritional status, but there was the correlation between infectious diseases and their nutritional status (p=0.002). It is recommended that women not take their children to a landfill since children are vulnerable to infection. Hygiene and environmental sanitation should be promoted so that the respondent will be prevented from infectious diseases.Keywords: Balita, Care Pattern, Infectious Disease, Nutritional Status, Scavengers
BOJONEGORO CORRELATION BETWEEN RAISING LIVESTOCK AND ARI‘S INCIDENT IN CHILDREN UNDER TWO TLATAH VILLAGE BOJONEGORO DISTRICT
Authors: Putri Andika Savira , Haqi Dani Nasirul
Published: October 2021

Latar Belakang: Infeksi Saluran Pernafasan Akut (ISPA) merupakan penyakit saluran pernapasan atas atau bawah yang biasanya bersifat menular dan dapat mengakibatkan berbagai spektrum penyakit. ISPA masih menjadi masalah kesehatan yang serius di negara berkembang seperti Indonesia. Tak hanya menyerang orang dewasa saja, ISPA juga menjadi penyebab utama kematian pada balita. Prevalensi ISPA di Indonesia pada tahun 2018 mencapai 9,3%, sedangkan prevalensi kasus ISPA pada balita di Bojonegoro mencapai  17,75% (Kemenkes, 2018). Berdasarkan data yang diperoleh peneliti dari posyandu Desa tercatat kasus ISPA pada tahun 2019 mencapai 253 kasus. Sebanyak 28 kasus ISPA terjadi pada balita usia 0-2 tahun. Tujuan: Menganalisis hubungan antara pemeliharaan hewan ternak di dalam rumah dengan kejadian ISPA pada balita usia 0-2 tahun di Desa Tlatah Kecamatan Purwosari Kabupaten Bojonegoro. Metode: Penelitian ini bersifat observasional dengan pendekatan cross sectional. Populasi dan sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah semua balita berusia 0 – 2 tahun di Desa Tlatah Kabupaten Bojonegoro yang berjumlah 40 orang sehingga teknik pengambilan sampel menggunakan total sampling. Data dikumpulkan menggunakan teknik wawancara dan observasi. Kemudian data dianalisis menggunakan uji chi-square. Hasil: Penelitian tidak menunjukkan adanya hubungan pemeliharaan hewan ternak dengan kejadian ISPA pada balita karena p = 0,364 > α = 0,05. Kesimpulan: Tidak terdapat hubungan antara pemeliharaan hewan ternak dengan kejadian ISPA pada balita di Desa Tlatah Kabupaten Bojonegoro. Kata kunci: ISPA, balita, hewan ternak
Community participation in demanding accountability for health systems strengthening
Authors: Sandhya YK , Khanna Renu
Published: October 2021

This paper describes how the COPASAH Global Symposium treated the Theme of ‘Community Action in Governance and Accountability for Health System Strengthening’. We first lay out COPASAH’s understanding of Social Accountability in health systems as centre-staging the transformative potential of the power of the communities rather than seeing social accountability as merely a tokenistic participation of the community. Through case studies presented by practitioners from across the globe, the Theme positioned communities and civil society at large as central to the governance and accountability of health systems (both public and private). The important role of contextual analysis in defining the strategies and interventions for demanding accountability was discussed. Participants’ experiences of demanding accountability brought out clearly the importance of linkages from local action to global mobilisation. Further, the discussions reaffirmed the COPASAH’s principles of Social Accountability in Health that informed the COPASAH Charter and Call to Action for Social Accountability for Health.
Prediction of the Development of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in Pregnant Women Using Machine Learning Methods
Authors: Basarab Marko Romanovych , Ivanko Ekateryna Olehivna , Kulkarni Vishwesh
Published: October 2021

The paper is devoted to the application of machine learning methods to the prediction of the development of gestational diabetes mellitus in early pregnancy. Based on two publicly available databases, study assesses influence of such features as body mass index, thickness of triceps skin folds, ultrasound measurements of maternal visceral fat, first measured fasting glucose, and others a predictors of gestational diabetes mellitus. The supervised machine learning methods based on decision trees, support vector machines, logistic regression, k-nearest neighbors classifier, ensemble learning, Naive Bayes classifier, and neural networks were implemented to determine the best classification models for computerized gestational diabetes mellitus disease prediction. The accuracy of the different classifiers was determined and compared.  Support vector machine classifier demonstrated the highest accuracy (83.0% of total correctly prognosed cases, 87.9% for healthy class, and 78.1% for gestational diabetes mellitus) in predicting the development of gestational diabetes based on features from Pima Indians Diabetes Database. Extreme gradient boosting classifier performed the best, comparing to other supervised machine learning methods, for Visceral Adipose Tissue Measurements during Pregnancy Database. It showed 87.9% of total correctly prognosed cases, 82.2% for healthy class, and 93.6% for gestational diabetes mellitus).
METHODS OF DETERMINING THE THRESHOLD VALUE OF IMAGE AS A WAY TO IMPROVE AUGMENTED REALITY
Authors: Bezpalko Oleksandr S.
Published: October 2021

Background. Augmented reality technology is at the initial stage of its development and requires further development of new and improvement of existing methods and algorithms. The most common and reliable approach to the implementation of augmented reality is the marker approach. The definition of the marker is divided into several stages, one of the most important of which is to determine the threshold of the image. Properly chosen algorithm for determining this threshold can significantly increase the efficiency of the algorithm for finding the marker.
Objective. The aim of the study is a comparative analysis of threshold algorithms based on the type of information used and evaluation of their effectiveness based on a set of objective indicators of segmentation quality. Comparison is made for images and documents. For an objective comparison of efficiency, we used a combination of 4 quality criteria for form segmentation.
Methods. The following performance criteria were used to determine the performance of the threshold determination methods: classification error, boundary determination error, relative foreground error, and non-uniformity region. Two approaches were considered to obtain an average performance score according to the previous criteria. The first approach was the arithmetic averaging of normalized scores obtained by all criteria. Using a specific threshold algorithm for the image, the average value of all criteria was determined, which was an indicator of its segmentation quality. In turn, the sum of these quality indicators for all images was determined as the performance indicator of the algorithm. The second approach used rank averaging, so that for each test image there was a ranking of algorithms of the threshold value from 1 to 16 according to each criterion separately. Then the ranks (not the actual scores) were averaged both by images and by all criteria.
Results. A general unified comparative analysis of the performance of 16 algorithms for determining the threshold value of the image was conducted, which makes it possible to improve the functioning of technologies that depend on determining the threshold of images, including the mechanism of augmented reality marker recognition.
Conclusions. It has been observed that the clustering-based method, namely the Kittler method, and the entropy-based method, namely the Kapoor method, are the best algorithms for determining thresholds for specialized images. Similarly, the Kittler clustering method and the Sauwol and White local variable methods are the best working algorithms for binarization of text documents.
The Characteristic Equation of the Exceptional Jordan Algebra: Its Eigenvalues, and their relation with the Mass Ratios of Quarks and Leptons
Authors: Singh Tejinder Pal
Published: October 2021

We have recently proposed a pre-quantum, pre-space-time theory as a matrix-valued Lagrangian dynamics on an octonionic space-time. This pre-theory offers the prospect of unifying the internal symmetries of the standard model with gravity. It can also predict the values of free parameters of the standard model, because these parameters arising in the Lagrangian are related to the algebra of the octonions which define the underlying non-commutative space-time on which the dynamical degrees of freedom evolve. These free parameters are related to the algebra $J_3(\mathbb O)$ [exceptional Jordan algebra] which in turn is related to the three fermion generations. The exceptional Jordan algebra [also known as the Albert algebra] is the finite dimensional algebra of 3x3 Hermitean matrices with octonionic entries. Its automorphism group is the exceptional Lie group $F_4$. These matrices admit a cubic characteristic equation whose eigenvalues are real and depend on the invariant trace, determinant, and an inner product made from the Jordan matrix. Also, there is some evidence in the literature that the groups $F_4$ and $E_6$ could play a role in the unification of the standard model symmetries, including the Lorentz symmetry. The octonion algebra is known to correctly yield the electric charge values (0, 1/3, 2/3, 1) for standard model fermions, via the eigenvalues of a $U(1)$ number operator, identified with $U(1)_{em}$. In the present article, we use the same octonionic representation of the fermions to compute the eigenvalues of the characteristic equation of the Albert algebra, and compare the resulting eigenvalues with the known mass ratios for quarks and leptons. We find that the ratios of the eigenvalues correctly reproduce the [square root of the] known mass ratios for quarks and charged leptons. We also propose a diagrammatic representation of the standard model bosons, Higgs and three fermion generations, in terms of the octonions, exhibiting an $F_4$ and $E_6$ symmetry. In conjunction with the trace dynamics Lagrangian, the Jordan eigenvalues also provide a first principles theoretical derivation of the low energy value of the fine structure constant, yielding the value $1/137.04006$. The Karolyhazy correction to this value gives an exact match with the measured value of the constant, after assuming a specific value for the electro-weak symmetry breaking energy scale.
Convolutional Neural Networks in Computer-Aided Diagnosis of Colorectal Polyps and Cancer: A Review
Authors: Keshtkar Kamyab
Published: October 2021

As a relatively high percentage of adenoma polyps are missed, a computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) tool based on deep learning can aid the endoscopist in diagnosing colorectal polyps or colorectal cancer in order to decrease polyps missing rate and prevent colorectal cancer mortality. Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) is a deep learning method and has achieved better results in detecting and segmenting specific objects in images in the last decade than conventional models such as regression, support vector machines or artificial neural networks. In recent years, based on the studies in medical imaging criteria, CNN models have acquired promising results in detecting masses and lesions in various body organs, including colorectal polyps. In this review, the structure and architecture of CNN models and how colonoscopy images are processed as input and converted to the output are explained in detail. In most primary studies conducted in the colorectal polyp detection and classification field, the CNN model has been regarded as a black box since the calculations performed at different layers in the model training process have not been clarified precisely. Furthermore, I discuss the differences between the CNN and conventional models, inspect how to train the CNN model for diagnosing colorectal polyps or cancer, and evaluate model performance after the training process.
Information Technology for the Intelligent Analysis of Labor Market and Educational Content Matching
Authors: Poletaykin A. N. , Sinitsa S. G. , Danilova L. F. , Shevtsova Y. V. , Dvurechenskaya N. A.
Published: October 2021

The article explores the task of making higher education more profession-oriented. In this context, we consider the technology of structuring and matching professional activities and content of professional education curricula with the help of ontology. This technology employs intelligent analysis of labor market and educational content matching with the aim to organize educational programs and verify professional competences based on their ontological properties. The article also considers development of a professional training cognitive map that can help design the student’s personalized educational trajectory factoring in the given parameters.
Analisis Optimalisasi, Transparansi dan Efisiensi Pengelolaan Dana Zakat Pada Badan Amil Zakat Nasional (Baznas) Sidoarjo
Authors: Yusuf Achmad , Masruchin Masruchin
Published: October 2021

Zakat is one of the pillars of philanthropy in Islam. In its management, of course, must carried out and comply with applicable laws. There are several zakat institutions in Indonesia, One of them is the National Amil Zakat Agency (Baznas). This research aims to see the extent to which the level of optimization, transparency and efficiency of zakat management at the Amil Agency National Zakat (Baznas) in Sidoarjo. Data collection techniques used in This study uses observation and interviews. The results of this research discussion areoptimization can be said to be quite optimal by utilizing human resources in the inside and outside Baznas to drive distribution optimization levels. Transparency has not been said to be maximal because there is no financial reporting to the public overall. The management efficiency in 2019 was 128.9%.
The principle of secularism of the state in the decisions of the Constitutional Court of Italy: all roads lead to Rome
Authors: Pibaev Igor
Published: October 2021

The main characteristics of the European approach to the understanding of state secularism in many respects is based on the interpretations of Article 9 of the 1950 European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms by the European Court of Human Rights are, on the one hand, private freedom of faith, civil and political equality of citizens regardless of their confession, and non-discrimination, and on the other, the autonomy of religious communities from the state and the non-interference of religious organizations in public governance. The article shows the special way these values were implemented in the Italian state from the moment of drafting and adoption of the Constitution in 1947 to the present time. We analyze the judgments of the Constitutional Court of Italy interpreting articles 2, 3, 7, 8, 17, 19 and 20 of the Constitution of Italy on freedom of faith and the relationship between the Roman Catholic Church and other religious communities of Italy with state authorities of the Republic of Italy. The author underlines the characteristic features of Italian secularism, including the principle of “bi-lateralization” providing for the possibility of combining the principle of separation of church and state with the bilateral agreement between the state and religious communities. In the article we try to answer to the questions of how, after the revision of the Lateran Concordat in 1984, the position changed of the Catholic religion, which previously was the state religion, and what role the Constitutional Court of Italy played in this change. Finally, the author concludes that the judgments of the Constitutional Court of Italy de jure promoted centrality and impartiality of all confessions to a great extent, but de facto the problem of realization of the principle of equality still exists, with the Roman Catholic Church preserving its dominant position in political life.
Defense of local autonomy in the Constitutional Court of Spain
Authors: Komlev Evgeny
Published: October 2021

The article examines the procedure for considering complaints about violation of local autonomy in the Constitutional Court of Spain. The study is based on the analysis of legal regulation of such a category of cases as conflicts in defense of local autonomy and the relevant practice of the Constitutional Court of Spain. The aim of the study is to identify the features of Spanish procedure for protecting the local autonomy by means of constitutional justice, to determine the main advantages and disadvantages of the legal regulation of this procedure. As a result of the analysis, the author comes to the conclusion that the mechanism for defense of the local autonomy in the Constitutional Court of Spain is not free from significant drawbacks. Some of such drawbacks are mainly procedural, based on the relevant legal regulation (among them – excessive requirements for the municipalities or provinces in terms of the number of territorial entities authorized to lodge the complaint; the existence of some formal requirements that can be abolished without reduction in effectiveness of justice). Positions rooted in Spanish legislation and practice of the Constitutional Court of Spain regarding the place and role of local self-government bodies in the system of public authorities in some cases also have a negative impact on the limits of defense of the local autonomy. Such positions are often taken from German legal doctrine, but they are not always successfully adapted within the framework of the Spanish legal system. It seems that the drawbacks noted in the article do not allow to completely attain the aims for which local bodies were empowered to apply to the Constitutional Court of Spain. Among the advantages of the procedure for considering complaints about violation of local autonomy are the flexible approach of the legislator and the Constitutional Court of Spain to a number of issues; taking into account the historical and national (including linguistic) characteristics of Autonomous Communities; the interpretation of the disputed issues by the Constitutional Court of Spain mainly in favor of the applicants. The article formulates ideas regarding the possible improvement of the procedure for defense of the local autonomy in the Constitutional Court of Spain.
The American common law and the will of the judiciary as a source of its binding force
Authors: Grin'ko Aleksey , Zharinov Kirill
Published: October 2021

The doctrine of precedent being recognized as an inherent part of the American legal system provokes a permanent discussion about the sources and nature of its binding force. The scholars continually examine the correlation between common and written law, especially, the U.S. Constitution as its paramount form. Some authors given the absence of stare decisis doctrine in the plain language of the Constitution tend to believe that common law is not included in the supreme law of the land and therefore, judges should follow it as a matter of their discretion. Others suppose that the doctrine of precedent was implied by the Founders in the structure and understandings of key terms that makes it binding on the judiciary. This Article attempts to suggest another approach to such problem. Considering the nature of binding force and the methods of its attribution to a legal doctrine (basing on the recent case-law) we conclude that the obligatory status of the stare decisis doctrine derives from the will of the judiciary rather than people or the legislature. It is the judicial community who decided to treat a precedent as binding on each of them. This fact makes third parties believe that such a precedent would be applied in case of potential proceedings and therefore, act in accordance with it. The declared conclusion is supported by the examination of such legal mechanisms as appellate review and judicial discipline process which enforce the doctrine regardless of one’s subjective attitude – that is essential for a rule to be binding. These findings suggest that further examination of written law as a source of common law seems to be impractical and it would be more reasonable to focus on the role of the judiciary and their willingness to enforce the stare decisis doctrine in future.
Persistence in changes: on the true causes of the irresistible attraction of the constitutions of exotic countries: Book review: The Oxford Handbook of Caribbean Constitutions / ed. by R.Albert, D.O’Brien, S.Wheatle. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020
Authors: Medushevsky Andrey
Published: October 2021

In the great international literature on comparative constitutional law, main theoretical observations and constructions normally been made on the ground of principle Western models interpretation. That is quite natural because the experience of established democracies in their historical and political implications formed the basis and resource of inspiration for many new nations looking forward to create the similar forms of constitutional government in spite of various cultural and social difficulties. But this approach substitute the problem by its ideal solution sometimes ignoring the whole bulk of emotions, hesitations, exaggerated hops, disappointments and interests, which are represented in regions and countries of so-called “periphery zone” of legal development acutely pressed to search their own strategy of constitutional modernization in quite different cultural and political context. This problem becomes the central point in the monumental work under review – “The Oxford handbook of Caribbean Constitutions”. The book providing a solid ground for the complex academic deliberation of one of such regions – a very specific group of countries, which formerly were part of the great European colonial empires, recently proclaimed their independence and stay in a permanent process of constitutional self-determination trying to find their proper way in legal globalization. Carefully summarizing the materials and ideas of this collective work, the author of this review article discusses some general conceptual items of this type of constitutionalism: the role of common culture and history in pre-colonial, colonial and post-colonial legal development; the impact of “colonial legacy” in formation of post-independence constitutionalism of respective countries. He reconsider the place of indigenous forms and imported imperial constitutional design in the establishment of the new constitutionalism and administrative governance; the specific trend to hybridization of different legal traditions, norms and institutes in process of their evolution and selection through constitutional amendments, constitutional jurisprudence and projects of reforms. In concluding part of this article the author summing up his vision of continuity and ruptures in legal development balance of Caribbean region in comparison with Post-Soviet region’s current constitutional transformation.
Your body is not only your business: commentary on Poland’s Constitutional Tribunal Judgment of 22 October 2020 no.K1/20
Authors: Shatilina Anastasia
Published: October 2021

For about 30 years, the topic of abortion has remained a “bone of contention” between conservative and liberal members of Polish society. In October 2020, these discussions moved from the political and religious planes to the legal field: the Constitutional Tribunal of the Republic of Poland considered the issue of women’s right to “eugenic abortion”. The Constitutional Tribunal scrutinized the provisions of a specialized law, allowing the termination of pregnancy in case of a high probability of a severe and irreversible fetal malformation or an incurable disease threatening its life. As a result, in the Judgment of 22 October 2020 no. K1/20 the Constitutional Tribunal upheld the position of the applicants, a group of deputies of the Sejm, and declared the contested legal norms unconstitutional. This process was the center of attention of mass media and the reason of mass protests throughout Poland. This article is the commentary on the decision, that attempts to comprehend the premises of the decision, its substantive and procedural aspects, as well as the consequences. The author concludes that the main purpose of the decision is to constitutionalize the traditionalist state policy in the field of reproductive rights. This decision is difficult to analyze in isolation from political and religious factors. The article notes that the value of the “eugenic abortion” case is not limited to legal aspects. The Constitutional Tribunal tried not only to change approaches to the correlation of competing rights (the right of an unborn child to life and woman’s rights in the context of freedom of reproductive choice), but also to increase “chilling effect”. It is expressed in the phasing out of abortion on pain of criminal prosecution.
Legal-theoretical nature of the concept of constitutional identity
Authors: Belosludtsev Oleg
Published: October 2021

This article consists of three sections. The author firstly considers the problem of ambiguity of the term “identity”, as well as its relationship with related concepts. Following from this, the main approaches to the genesis and nature of constitutional identity, including alternative interpretations are considered. The question of the nature of constitutional identity, according to the author, is of fundamental importance for the theory. The author tries to consider both traditional (positivist) and alternative points of view on this issue. In the third paragraph, the author tries to demonstrate the influence of several factors determined by national culture (constructing constitutional identity) on the formation of constitutional identity. Based on the generalization of the theoretical and legal works of R.Hirschl, G.J.Jacobsohn, M.Rosenfeld, and M.Tushnet, the author attempts to identify such independent factors as religion, politics, history, and constitutional disharmony. According to the author, the unique combination of these factors, inherent in each culture of “local” circumstances, determines the uniqueness of any national constitutional identity. The author believes that the Russian science of constitutional and international law is excessively focused on positivist interpretations of constitutional identity. Alternative approaches to the conceptualization of constitutional identity remain absent in much of the work of other researchers.
Emergency powers of the authorities of the constituent units of the federation (states) in Russia, the USA and Brazil amid the spread of a new coronavirus infection
Authors: Merkulenko Alexander
Published: October 2021

Due to the new coronavirus pandemic, high alert regimes were introduced across the Russian Federation in spring 2020. These emergency regimes were established exclusively by the state bodies of the Russian Federation’s constituent units – federal authorities did not introduce their own emergency regimes. This decentralized strategy of fighting the pandemic was also introduced by the USA and Brazil. Their states, without the sanction of the federal government, and in the case of Brazil, ignoring its bans, set emergency restrictions similar to those in Russia. The legal regulation of emergency regimes existed before 2020, when constituent units of the federation (states) actively used their emergency powers. However, the regimes introduced during the fight against the pandemic were slightly different to previous ones. The restrictions on rights and freedoms within these regimes were so severe that not only their proportionality was questioned, but there were also doubts as to whether the regional level of the government had the authority to establish such strict restrictions. In addition, the pandemic exposed old problems and revealed new shortcomings in the legal regulation of emergency regimes: lack of control over the realization of the emergency regime by legislative (representative) authorities, and gaps in legislative regulation – notably in the establishment of possible restrictions and of a mechanism for scrutinizing their proportionality. All this raised questions about the proportionality of the established restrictions. The Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation resolved a very insignificant amount of the problems. While the United States and Brazil faced similar issues, the practice of scrutinizing implemented restrictions in these countries was more common. This article takes domestic and foreign experiences into account, while examining certain aspects of the establishment and the operation of regional emergency regimes.