bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Thinking Manager’s Toolbox
Authors: Altier William J
Published: November 2023

Throughout history, the persecutions of the Jewish people have been central to their identity and to the cohesion of their religion and cultural heritage. But now, with the success of the Jewish State of Israel and the prosperity of Jews in the United States, the collective sufferings that have forged the Jewish identity are disappearing. The compelling question Bernard Susser and Charles Liebman ask in Choosing Survival is: Will this success paradoxically prove fatal to Judaism? Susser and Liebman paint a disturbing portrait of the decline of Judaism in both Israel and the United States and the various—and mainly ineffective—efforts to reverse that decline. In Israel, as Jews are increasingly drawn to cosmopolitan Western culture, Jewishness is in danger of being reduced merely to communal folkways, while political tensions between religious and secular Jews threaten to pull the state apart. In the U.S., assimilation and secularization is even harder to resist. Efforts to strengthen Jewish identity by claiming the U.S. is still anti-Semitic and by pointing to the Holocaust and the threats to Israel’s survival have not worked. The authors do, however, see a hopeful sign in Jewish Orthodoxy which, while not a viable solution to the problem, is successfully passing on its tenets and practices and attracting many non-Orthodox Jews. They identify several aspects of Orthodoxy that can be emulated by all Jews and hold the best hope for Jewish survival—its reverence for study, its ability to set and maintain boundaries, and its deep belief in community. For anyone concerned about the fate of Judaism and what it means to be Jewish, Choosing Survival is an impassioned, troubling, and essential book.
Organizational Change and Innovation Processes
Authors: Poole Marshall Scott , Van de Ven Andrew H , Dooley Kevin , Holmes Michael E
Published: November 2023

In a world of organizations that are in constant change, scholars have long sought to understand and explain how they change. This book introduces research methods that are specifically designed to support the development and evaluation of organizational process theories. The authors are a group of highly regarded experts who have been doing collaborative research on change and development for many years.
Pathology and Natural History of Gastric Cancer
Authors: Fenoglio-Preiser Cecilia , Noffsinger Amy , Stemmermann Grant
Published: November 2023

Gastric carcinoma is one of the most common cancers. Annually there are approximately 800,000 new cases of gastric carcinoma and an estimated 650,000 deaths worldwide from this disease. More than 50% of these cancers arise in individuals living in developing countries. The disease is less common in the United States than in other parts of the world. The majority of cancers that develop in the stomach are carcinomas.
Aging, Alzheimer’s Disease, and Dementia Clinical and Neurobiological Perspectives
Authors: Mesulam M -Marsel
Published: November 2023

Dementia is one of the most common diagnoses made by behavioral neurologists, neuropsychologists, and neuropsychiatrists. One goal of this chapter is to provide a practical approach to the diagnosis and management of dementia. An other is to explore the principles which link the patterns of neuropathology to the neurobehavioral manifestations of the major dementing diseases. The chapter starts with a discussion of aging because age is the single most important risk factor for dementia and also because the neurobiology of aging remains a challenging field where methodological hurdles often interfere with the ability to obtain clear answers to questions which initially appear to be quite straightfor ward. Subsequent sections review the definition, differential diagnosis, and clinical diversity of dementias. They are followed by a comprehensive description of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most common form of dementia. Sections VI and VII provide a highly technical analysis of AD neuropathology and its re lationship to the neurobehavioral features of the dementia. The tremendous ac cumulation of information related to AD may occasionally give the impression that this field holds no further secrets. These two sections show that this is not the case and outline a speculative hypothesis according to which a generalized perturbation of neuroplasticity may play a pivotal in the pathogenesis of AD.
Central Issues in the Study of Change and Innovation
Authors: Poole Marshall Scott
Published: November 2023

This handbook is a rich tapestry of theories, its warp the levels of analysis from individual to nation-state and its weft the time through which change and in-novation processes unfold. As with many tapestries, what first strikes the eye is the amazing diversity of ideas and subject matter. But as we step back and look a little longer, patterns and central themes emerge. These patterns are the subject of this chapter. Across the diverse and wide-ranging contributions to this handbook three basic questions consistently present themselves: What is the nature of change? How should we study change and innovation? What are the key concepts a theory of change and innovation should incorporate? This chapter will explore various answers to these questions and consider their implications for future research on organizational change and innovation. It will also attempt to illuminate various theories in this book and their relationship to one another by identifying their positions on these questions.
Adaptation and Selection in Strategy and Change: Perspectives on Strategic Change in Organizations
Authors: Lewin Arie Y , Weigelt Carmen B , Emery James D
Published: November 2023

The study of organizational change, as the many chapters in this handbook demonstrate, reflects extensive and diverse theoretical perspectives and empirical approaches. In this chapter we return to an examination of the adaptation-selection debate (Baum, 1996, Lewin and Volberda, 1999). Our purpose is to consider the implications of the different theories on adaptation and selection for strategy and change. In particular, we reconsider theories and empirical studies that inform organization-level adaptation as a direct outcome of strategic management and organizational change or have implications for organizational change but make no direct or explicit assumptions about managerial intentionality.
Dynamics of Structural Change
Authors: Drazin Robert , Glynn Mary Ann , Kazanjian Robert K
Published: November 2023

The 1960s and 1970s emerged as a critical period in the development of research related to the study of organization structure. The dominant perspective that emerged was structural contingency theory. Classical management theory, which held sway through the first half of the twentieth century, argued that there was a single organization structure that was highly effective in all settings (Donaldson, 1996). In contrast, proponents of contingency theory argued that there was no one best way, and that the appropriate structure must reflect the demands of the context. Burns and Stalker (1961) offered what emerged as one of the most widely cited examples of this perspective. Based on qualitative case studies, they found that stable settings did best with mechanistic structures, while settings characterized by high degrees of environmental and task uncertainty required organic structures. Equally important pioneering research was completed by Lawrence and Lorsch (1967), who proposed that the rate of environmental change should determine the degree of structural differentiation and integration within an organization.
Dynamics in Organizational Culture
Authors: Hatch Mary Jo
Published: November 2023

Cultures change, but they also stay the same. Sociologists and anthropologists have studied their evolution (e.g., Sahlins and Service, 1960; Sorokin, 1937; White, 1959), documented both their stability and changes, and theorized about their dynamics (Barnett, 1953; Herskovits, 1948, 1964; Kroeber, 1944; Malinowski, 1945; Redfield, 1953; Weber, 1924/1947). For some reason, however, little of this work has filtered into contemporary discussions of culture in the field of organization studies where the focus is on the cultures of business firms and other organizations. In fact, it seems fair to say that only a handful of organization studies since the 1980s, when organizational culture came into its own, mention the dynamic properties of culture (Brannen, 1998; Czarniawska and Sevon, 1996; Gagliardi, 1986; Hatch, 1993; Schein, 1985, 1992; Van Maanen and Schein, 1979).
Endometrial Cancer: Epidemiology and Molecular Endocrinology
Authors: Cook Linda S , Doherty Jennifer A , Weiss Noel S , Chen Chu
Published: November 2023

Current evidence indicates that exposure of the endometrium to high circulating levels of estrogens increases the likelihood of developing endometrial cancer. Conversely, there is evidence that progestogens (both endogenous and exogenous) have a beneficial effect in terms of reducing the occurrence of endometrial cancer. The actions of many other known or suspected factors that can alter endometrial cancer risk, such as obesity, reproductive characteristics, certain medical conditions, and cigarette smoking, may be explained at least in part by their influence on estrogen and progestogen activity. Less studied are possible genetic factors, including germline allelic variants in enzymes involved in hormone synthesis and metabolism, which may also influence the level and activity of circulating hormones. In this chapter, we summarize the evidence bearing on a role of female gonadal sex hormones in the genesis of endometrial cancer. More comprehensive and detailed reviews of endometrial cancer occurrence and risk factors can be found elsewhere.1,2 We then present detailed study results regarding the evidence for a genetic component in endometrial cancer etiology and discussions of candidate susceptibility genes involved in estrogen biosythesis or catabolism.
Explaining the Rise of Punitive Penal Policies
Authors: Roberts Julian V , Stalans Loretta J , Indermaur David , Hough Mike
Published: November 2023

The previous chapter has documented a consistent trend toward punitive penal policies in the United States, Canada, Britain, and Australia. Although the scale and nature of the punitive policies vary across the English-speaking world, the direction over the last 20 years of the twentieth century is unmistakable. This chapter assesses some possible explanations for this phenomenon. Our primary concern is with the decision at the political level to promote punitive penal policies.
Worries about Restorative Justice
Authors: Braithwaite John
Published: November 2023

My disposition is transparently optimistic about restorative justice. Partly this manifests a bias, a personality that suffers pathological optimism. But it also represents a considered belief that the criminal justice system needs a new and positive vision, that criminologists became depressingly nihilistic in the 1970s and 1980s. The optimistic bias that gives pessimists something better to shoot at can yet be the kind of optimism that we see among the best natural scientists—the medical researcher whose very optimism about a new theory of disease motivates extraordinary rigor in putting in place randomized controlled trials to refute it. But that is not enough. The scientific optimist is also required to develop and test ideas about the side effects and the contraindications of her new drug.
Art of Chinese Management
Authors: Schlevogt Kai-Alexander
Published: November 2023

This ground-breaking book is the first in-depth empirical study of Chinese organizational design in state and private enterprises. Web-based Chinese management, a new paradigm in business studies, explains the dynamism of private Chinese enterprises and demonstrates the crucial role of micro-level organizational practices for economic development. It can be used anywhere in the world to help deal with the increasing uncertainty and complexity for the next millennium and can also be used as a framework for economic policy.
Dynamic Predicate Logic
Authors: Groenendijk Jeroen , Stokhof Martin
Published: November 2023

This paper is devoted to the formulation and investigation of a dynamic semantic interpretation of the language of first-order predicate logic. The resulting system, which will be referred to as “dynamic predicate logic,” is intended as a first step toward a compositional, non-representational theory of discourse semantics. In the last decade, various theories of discourse semantics have emerged within the para-digm of model-theoretic semantics. A common feature of these theories is a tendency to do away with the principle of compositionality, a principle which, implicitly or explicitly, has dominated semantics since the days of Frege. Therefore the question naturally arises whether non-compositionality is in any way a necessary feature of discourse semantics.
Some Structural Analogies between Tenses and Pronouns in English
Authors: Partee Barbara Hall
Published: November 2023

The area of tense logic and its relation to English covers a wide range of problems, but I want to narrow my attention here to certain aspects of the uses of the two English tense morphemes Past and Present, and compare them with related uses of the personal pronouns (he, she, it, etc.). I will argue that the tenses have a range of uses which parallels that of the pronouns, including a contrast between deictic (demonstrative) and anaphoric use, and that this range of uses argues in favor of representing the tenses in terms of variables and not exclusively as sentence operators.
Success, Satisfaction, and Truth in the Logic of Speech Acts and Formal Semantics
Authors: Vanderveken Daniel
Published: November 2023

There has been much controversy about the role and place of speech act theory in the study of language. Following Morris (1975), semiotics is traditionally divided into three branches: syntax, semantics, and pragmatics. Syntax deals with relations that exist only between linguistic expressions (e.g., the rules of formation of sentences), semantics with relations that exist between linguistic expressions and their meanings (e.g., their senses or their denotations), and pragmatics with relations that exist between linguistic expressions and their meanings and uses in contexts of utterance. Because speakers use language to perform speech acts, most philosophers and linguists, following Carnap, have first tended to place speech act theory in pragmatics rather than in semantics.
Sensemaking, Knowledge Creation, and Decision Making: Organizational Knowing as Emergent Strategy
Authors: Choo Chun Wei
Published: November 2023

This chapter introduces the perspective of strategy as the outcome of organizational sensemaking, knowledge creating, and decision making. The first three sections examine the processes by which an organization constructs meaning, creates knowledge, and makes decisions that drive patterns of action. The ensuing sections show how the three processes are interconnected to form cycles of learning and adaptation. Through these cycles, the organization traces out a growth trajectory that defines its strategic position. An organization processes information to make sense of its environment, to create new knowledge, and to make decisions (Choo 1998). Sensemaking constructs the shared meanings that define the organization’s purpose and frame the perception of problems or opportunities that the organization needs to work on. Problems and opportunities become occasions for creating knowledge and making decisions. An organization possesses three types of knowledge: tacit knowledge in the experience and expertise of individuals; explicit knowledge codified as artifacts, rules, and routines; and cultural knowledge held as assumptions, beliefs, and values.
The Knowledge-Based View of the Firm
Authors: Grant Robert M
Published: November 2023

During the early part of the 1990s, a number of ideas and streams of research converged to produce what has come to be described as “the knowledge-based view of the firm.” These streams include the resource/ capability analysis of the firm (Barney 1986, 1991, Prahalad and Hamel 1990, Grant 1991), epistemology (including contributions from Polanyi 1962, 1966, Hayek 1945, Krogh et al. 1994), and organizational learning (Levitt and March 1988, Huber 1991). The outcome was not so much a new theory of the firm as a number of explorations into aspects of the firm and the organization of production that were unified by their focus on the role of knowledge as a factor of production. Among the key contributions to this literature have been Demsetz’s (1991) knowledge-based analysis of firm boundaries, Brown and Duguid’s (1991) examination of knowledge-based organization, Kogut and Zander’s (1992) view of the firm as a knowledge-processing institution, and Nonaka’s (1994) analysis of knowledge creation within the firm. In an earlier essay I attempted to reconcile and integrate some of these contributions (Grant 1996a).
Knowledge Management, Uncertainty, and an Emergent Theory of the Firm
Authors: Spender J -C
Published: November 2023

The recent attention to organizational knowledge has done much to reinvigorate theorizing about organizations and the way they operate. This is partly because organizational knowledge (K) is a broader concept than organizational rules and performance-the underpinning concepts of bureaucratic theory-and more precise than organizational climate-for those who remember that literature. But it is also because the Kdiscourse has provoked new cross-disciplinary thinking, most notably between developmental psychologists interested in human learning, economists interested in the nature of the firm and its evolution, institutional theorists interested in the nature and evolution of social cooperation, and organizational theorists grappling with the bounded rationality challenge thrown down by Simon (1957). A knowledge-based approach allows us to relax our assumption that firms compete with identical products and moves us through the notion of industry or strategic groupings (Porter 1980, Spender 1989) toward the notion of firms as uniquely evolved (Penrose 1959) and thus engaged in monopolistic competition (Chamberlin 1947, Triffin 1947). As soon as we take knowledge and information seriously, we recognize that information is neither free nor plentiful.
Knowledge Exploitation and Knowledge Exploration: Two Strategies for Knowledge Creating Companies
Authors: Ichijo Kazuo
Published: November 2023

To gain competitive advantage in a market, a company should innovate. Innovation could be achieved with a new concept of products and service by itself or with a way to bring about the concept, as well as a way to offer both. Likewise, corporate transformation is a result of innovation. This could be accomplished when a company innovates its organizational structure, business processes, management, and business models and could be achieved at various phases of the company’s activities. In other words, newly created knowledge is utilized for the concept of a new product, a new manufacturing system, a new distribution system, a new sales system, and a new marketing system, to name a few. The opportunity to create knowledge for gaining competitive advantage is spontaneous as well as deliberate. However, a company cannot innovate without knowledge, and consequently, it cannot gain competitive advantage in the market either. This means that a source of competitive advantage for a company should be knowledge. It is impossible to provide customers with new products and service with highly added value or to generate corporate innovation without knowledge.
Knowledge Creation of Global Companies
Authors: Kulkki Seija
Published: November 2023

Since the beginning of the 1990s, we have witnessed a new global phenomenon: competition through rapid successive or even parallel innovation cycles that bring about a global spread of new technologies, products, and services, even on many continents at the same time.1 The views of sequential entering into one international market after another, based on product or technology life cycles, experience-based learning curves, or cost and quality considerations of international transactions, do not fully explain this behavior. One may argue that the competitive advantages of global companies may not be based on superior technologies, products, and services only-these may even become neutralized as a competitive advantage as soon as they enter the global marketplace-but on the organizational potential to innovate continuously (Nonaka, Toyama, and Konno 2000, p. 5). This chapter argues that global companies2 have learned to compete with innovation efficiency, derived from a global scale of knowledge creation and experimentation, as much as they compete with exploitation and implementation efficiency, derived from a global scale of branding, marketing, leveraging, or manufacturing.
Managing Public and Private Firm Knowledge Within the Context of Flexible Firm Boundaries
Authors: Matusik Sharon F
Published: November 2023

The continued growth of interfirm partnering, from strategic alliances to contingent work use in core value-creation activities to networkbased competition, presents a host of complex issues surrounding how these arrangements affect firm knowledge and, ultimately, firm competitiveness. On the one hand, more porous boundaries present the firm with easier access to public knowledge resident outside of its boundaries. This may facilitate the absorption of external public knowledge and the fusion of this public knowledge with existing private firm knowledge. On the other hand, more porous boundaries may also make it easier for proprietary private firm knowledge to seep out into the external environment. This dissemination may have negative consequences particularly for firms that seek to appropriate supernormal returns from this private knowledge. This chapter focuses on partnering for the purpose of knowledge. Although there are many other kinds of partnering arrangements-such as those dedicated only to marketing or distribution-a limited focus allows for a more detailed analysis of the partnering issues that affect core value-creation activities of the firm. This study aims to provide a navigational chart through the large bodies of research on knowledge and on partnering to outline the issues that inform the competitive implications of knowledge-focused partnering.
Intellectual Capital: An Exploratory Study That Develops Measures and Models
Authors: Bontis Nick
Published: November 2023

Intellectual capital has been considered by many, defined by some, understood by a select few, and formally valued by practically no one (Stewart 1997, Sveiby 1997). Therein lies one of the greatest challenges facing business leaders and academic researchers today and tomorrow. Recently, the job title of chief knowledge officer (CKO) has been creeping up on annual reports and job advertisements with ever-increasing frequency. These pathfinding individuals have been given the enviable task of channeling their organizations’ intellectual capital as an essential source of competitive advantage. Knowledge officers are responsible for justifying the value of knowledge that is constantly being developed in their organizations (Nonaka and Takeuchi 1995). This elusive intangible may never be evaluated in the financial terms that we are currently accustomed to. However, its strategic impact is never in question. From the capture, codification, and dissemination of information, through to the acquisition of new competencies via training and development, and on to the reengineering of business processes, present and future success in competition will be based less on the strategic allocation of physical and financial resources and more on the strategic management of knowledge.
Social Capital, Intellectual Capital, and the Organizational Advantage
Authors: Nahapiet Janine , Ghoshal Sumantra
Published: November 2023

Kogut and Zander (1996) have proposed “that a firm be understood as a social community specializing in the speed and efficiency in the creation and transfer of knowledge” (p. 503). This is an important and relatively new perspective on the theory of the firm currently being formalized through the ongoing work of these authors (Kogut and Zander 1992, 1993, 1995, 1996, Zander and Kogut 1995) and several others (Boisot 1995, Conner and Prahalad 1996, Loasby 1991, Nonaka and Takeuchi 1995, Spender 1996). Standing in stark contrast to the more established transaction cost theory that is grounded in the assumption of human opportunism and the resulting conditions of market failure (e.g., Williamson 1975), those with this new perspective essentially argue that organizations have some particular capabilities for creating and sharing knowledge that give them their distinctive advantage over other institutional arrangements, such as markets. For strategy theory, the implications of this emerging perspective lie in a shift of focus from the historically dominant theme of value appropriation to one of value creation (Moran and Ghoshal 1996).
Syndromes with Orofacial Clefting
Authors: Cohen M Michael
Published: November 2023

Cleft lip with or without cleft palate is etiologically distinct from isolated cleft palate. In a patient with cleft lip with or without cleft palate, if another family member is affected, he or she will have either isolated cleft lip or cleft lip together with cleft palate but not isolated cleft palate alone. Similarly, if a patient has isolated cleft palate, another affected family member can have only isolated cleft palate. There are three exceptions. First, in genetic isolates that are inbred, both types may concur by chance (Cohen, 1978, 2000). Second, cleft lip and palate and cleft palate alone but not cleft lip alone have been associated with MSX1 (J. C. Murray, personal communication, 2000). Third, in many genetic syndromes with orofacial clefting, both types may be found. For example, in the autosomal dominantly inherited Van der Woude syndrome, in which orofacial clefting is found together with lip pits, patients may have cleft lip, cleft lip and palate, or isolated cleft palate (Cohen, 1978, 2000). When cleft data are broken down by subtype, isolated cleft palate (13%-50%) is associated more frequently with congenital malformations than cleft lip (7%-13%) or cleft lip and palate (2%-11% ). Some studies have suggested that associated anomalies occur with a frequency of 44% to 64% in patients with clefts. In general, the more malformations that occur together with orofacial clefting, the lower the birth weight (Cohen, 1978, 2000; Cohen and Bankier, 1991; Hagberg et al., 1997; Kallen et al., 1996).
Experimental Models for the Study of Oral Clefts
Authors: Abbott Barbara D
Published: November 2023

Toxicology and teratology studies routinely utilize animal models to determine the potential for chemical and physical agents to produce reproductive and developmental toxicity, including birth defects such as cleft palate (CP). The standardized teratology screen typically tests compounds in two species, one of which is a nonrodent. The laboratory rat and rabbit are often the species of choice for such screens. However, research examining the mechanisms through which agents induce their teratogenic effects has been conducted in a variety of mammalian species, including mice, rats, and hamsters, as well as in nonmammalian species, including birds, fish, and frogs. A variety of in vitro models are also available to researchers interested in the study of palatogenesis. The literature presenting palatal research is extensive, and many outstanding studies could be cited in which a wide range of models were developed and applied; however, it is beyond the scope of this chapter to present more than a brief overview of some of these models and an example of their application in the study of environmental contaminants. An overview of in vivo and in vitro models is presented and the specialized requirements for research addressing the etiology of clefting are discussed. The final section of the chapter provides examples of these models, testing the environmental contaminant 2,3,7,8 tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD).
Mode of Inheritance of Oral Clefts
Authors: Mitchell Laura E
Published: November 2023

Oral clefts (OCs), including cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CLIP) and isolated cleft palate (CP), comprise one of the most commonly occurring groups of human malformations. These malformations have a profound influence on the basic human condition, affecting appearance, nutrition, and communication, and require long-term, multidisciplinary treatment. Given the prevalence, severity, and economic consequences of OCs, it is not surprising that there has been extensive research into their etiology and inheritance. It is generally recognized that CLIP and CP are, with rare exceptions (e.g., Van der Woude’s syndrome), etiologically distinct conditions (Fogh-Andersen, 1942). Further, even within these two groups, there is causal heterogeneity; i.e., identical cleft malformations may occur as the result of different underlying factors. Over 300 recognized causes of OCs have been identified (Godin et al., 1990), including teratogenic exposures (e.g., antiepileptic medications), chromosomal abnormalities (e.g., deletion of chromosome 22qll), and single-gene disorders (e.g., Van der Woude’s syndrome). However, such factors tend to be individually rare and are estimated to account for only 30% of CLIP and 50% of CP cases (Jones, 1988; Godin et al., 1990; Saal, 1998).
Mapping Studies in Animal Models
Authors: Juriloff Diana M
Published: November 2023

Orofacial clefting has been observed sporadically in a variety of vertebrates, including monkeys (Stills and Bullock, 1981), gorillas (Siebert et al., 1998), cattle (Swartz et al., 1982), cats (Loevy and Feynes, 1968), dogs (Dreyer and Preston, 1974), and chickens (Juriloff and Roberts, 1975), but genetic studies have usually been limited. The most advanced animal models for genetic analysis and linkage mapping of orofacial defects are laboratory mice, where the extensive resources of specialized strains and crosses, spontaneous and targeted mutations, polymorphic markers, and welldeveloped linkage and physical maps can be used to identify genes and their effects on orofacial development. Conservation of genes and linkage relationships between mice and humans is well documented, and the chromosomal location of a gene in humans can often be predicted from its genetic map position in mice. Development of the orofacial complex is very similar between mouse and human embryos, and much of the understanding of developmental mechanisms in humans has been inferred from mice (Diewert and Wang, 1992). Highly penetrant Mendelian defects of craniofacial development are relatively easily mapped in both mice and humans. The most common orofacial clefting in humans does not follow Mendelian transmission ratios, however, and is clearly genetically complex and not well understood (Mitchell and Risch, 1992; Schutte and Murray, 1999). Mapping and identification of mouse genes that participate in genetically complex (“multifactorial”) causes of orofacial clefting will lead to knowledge of the gene-regulatory pathways important to nonsyndromic orofacial clefting and will identify candidate pathways, as well as candidate genes, for examination in studies of human genetic risk factors.
Costs of Cleft Lip and Palate: Personal and Societal Implications
Authors: Berk Nancy W , Marazita Mary L
Published: November 2023

One of the most common congenital anomalies, cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CLIP) is also one of the most common visible birth defects, occurring in 1 of every 500 to 1000 live births worldwide (Murray, 1995). While the severity of this condition varies, multidisciplinary treatment is often warranted. This may include craniofacial surgery, specialized dental and orthognathic treatment, speech and hearing intervention, and educational, psychological, and social assessment and intervention. The National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (2000) estimates that in the United States the annual health cost for craniofacial anomalies approaches $1 billion and reflects the “comprehensive and time-consuming habilitation required to enable each child born with such birth defects the opportunity to pursue a productive life.” The preceding statement recognizes the inherent right of each individual to pursue a life that is free from the debilitating physical and social effects of a birth defect. The economic cost of CUP is multidimensional. It is felt by the patient, his or her family, and society. It is highlighted by fiscal burden for the patient and family and can represent lost potential and productivity at the individual, family, and societal levels, which is often forgotten by those focused on dollars, budgets, and reimbursement.
Taxing Tobacco: The Impact of Tobacco Taxes on Cigarette Smoking and Other Tobacco Use
Authors: Chaloupka Frank J , Wakefield Melanie , Czart Christina
Published: November 2023

For centuries, governments at all levels have taxed tobacco and tobacco products. Historically, these taxes have been used because of their relatively low administrative costs and their substantial revenue-generating potential. This potential was based, in large part, on the perception that tobacco use was insensitive to price. However, over the past several decades, numerous studies using a wide variety of data and statistical methods have found that tobacco use is no exception to the basic principles of economics. These studies clearly show that increases in the prices of tobacco products, including those that result from increased taxation, lead to significant reductions in cigarette smoking and other tobacco use. With this evidence, more recent increases in tobacco taxes have been motivated, at least in part, by their potential to reduce tobacco use and its health consequences. Critics of these taxes, however, argue that increases in taxes are inappropriate and will have harmful economic effects, including increased smuggling and significant job losses.
Reducing the Supply of Tobacco to Youths
Authors: Rigotti Nancy A
Published: November 2023

Preventing tobacco use by young people emerged as a major, if not the major, theme of tobacco control public policy in the 1990s for several reasons. From the public health perspective, prevention is more appealing than treatment as a remedy for harmful exposure. Conceptually, the simplest way to stop the harm of tobacco use is to prevent it from starting in the first place. This inevitably leads to a focus on youths because nearly 90% of smokers in the United States smoke their first cigarette before the age of 18 (USDHHS 1994). A youth-focused approach also has great political appeal. Protecting children from harm is a popular theme in American culture and electoral politics (Cismoski 1994). Because minors are supposedly too young to make rational decisions for themselves, American political tradition opens up additional policy options for tobacco control and permits government to regulate minors’ behavior in ways that would not be acceptable if applied to adults. A youth-focused approach is also difficult for the tobacco industry to oppose because it is politically unacceptable for tobacco manufacturers to admit that they market to youths or that they want youths to use their products, even though previously secret tobacco industry documents provide ample evidence that they have done so.
Formal and informal Dimensions of Transactions
Authors: Ring Peter Smith , Ven andrew H Van de
Published: November 2023

innovation is not the isolated enterprise of a single entrepreneur. It is a collective enterprise that centers on a network of relationships that bind together people and their organizations in order to transform an abstract concept into reality. Thus, the management of innovation involves developing and maintaining a variety of cooperative relationships from inside and outside an organization.
Leadership and innovation: A Longitudinal Process View
Authors: Manz Charles C , Bastien David T , Hostager Todd J , Shapiro George L
Published: November 2023

There are countless perspectives on leadership in the literature. It is one of the most discussed topics in all of the social sciences. The definitions, perspectives, and boundaries of conceptualizations and investigative approaches have changed both over time and across cultures without necessarily disproving the previous views (Bass 1981; Yukl 1981). Rather, each perspective has tended to add a new viewpoint, situation, or set of concrete experiences, while changing the definition of the term leadership.
The ius commune In England
Authors: Helmholz R H
Published: November 2023

This study addresses the ius commune’s relation to and influence on English law. Helmholz aims to fill in some of the gaps in scholarship on the common legal past of Western law, the history of the Roman and canon laws, the history of the ecclesiastical courts, parallels between the ius commune and English common law, and English church history.
A Unified Theory of Verbal and Nominal Projections
Authors: Ogawa Yoshiki
Published: November 2023

Syntactically speaking, it has long been known that noun phrases are parallel to clauses in many respects. While most syntactic theories incorporate this principle, nouns have generally been regarded as inferior to verbs in terms of their licensing abilities, and nominal projections have been regarded as less complex than verbal projections in terms of the number of functional categories that they contain. Ogawa, however, argues that clauses and noun phrases are perfectly parallel. This book provides a unified theory of clauses and noun phrases, ultimately helping to simplify numerous thorny issues in the syntax/morphology interface.
Secularism and the Civil Society
Authors: Lewis Bernard
Published: November 2023

Secularism in the modern political meaning*—the idea that religion and political authority, church and state are different, and can or should be separated—is, in a profound sense, Christian. Its origins may be traced in the teachings of Christ, confirmed by the experience of the first Christians; its later development was shaped and, in a sense, imposed by the subsequent history of Christendom. The persecutions endured by the early church made it clear that a separation between the two was possible; the persecutions inflicted by later churches persuaded many Christians that such a separation was necessary.
House by House, Block by Block
Authors: Hoffman Alexander Von
Published: November 2023

Not long ago, neighborhoods such as the South Bronx, South Central Los Angeles, and Boston’s Roxbury were crime-ridden wastelands of vacant lots and burned-out buildings, notorious symbols of urban decay. In House by House, Block by Block, Alexander von Hoffman tells the remarkable stories of how local activists and community groups helped turn these areas around. For sixty years, federal policy has attempted with little success to solve the problems of housing and poverty in America’s inner cities. Yet increasingly, local organizations are picking up where Washington has left off. In a series of dramatic and colorful narratives, von Hoffman shows how these groups are revitalizing once desperate neighborhoods in five major cities: New York, Boston, Chicago, Atlanta, and Los Angeles. The unlikely heroes include: the tough-talking Bronx priest who made apartment buildings for low-income people glisten in the midst of ruins and despair; the “crazy white man” who scrambled to save Chicago’s historic Black Metropolis from the wrecking ball; the Boston cops who built a task force that put the brakes on youth gangs. Thanks to locally-based, bootstrap efforts like these, in inner-city neighborhoods across the country, crime rates are falling, real estate values are rising, and businesses are returning. Von Hoffman also shows that grass-roots work can’t do it alone: successful revitalization needs the support of local government and access to business and foundation capital. Based on years of research and more than a hundred interviews, this book is the first systematic account of the dramatic urban revival now going on in the United States. House by House, Block by Block will be a must-read for anyone who cares about the fate of America’s cities.
What Is Metaphor?
Authors: Kövecses Zoltán
Published: November 2023

People might say that they try to give their children an education so they will get a good start in life. If their children act out, they hope that they are just going through a stage and that they will get over it. Parents hope that their children won’t be burdened with financial worries or ill health and, if they face such difficulties, that they will be able to overcome them. Parents hope that their children will have a long life span and that they will go far in life. But they also know that their children, as all mortals, will reach the end of the road. (based on Winter, 1995, p. 235)
Maconochie’s Gentlemen
Authors: Morris Norval
Published: November 2023

In 1840, Alexander Maconochie, a privileged retired naval captain, became at his own request superintendent of two thousand twice-convicted prisoners on Norfolk Island, a thousand miles off the coast of Australia. In four years, Maconochie transformed what was one of the most brutal convict settlements in history into a controlled, stable, and productive environment that achieved such success that upon release his prisoners came to be called “Maconochie’s Gentlemen”. Here Norval Morris, one of our most renowned criminologists, offers a highly inventive and engaging account of this early pioneer in penal reform, enhancing Maconochie’s life story with a trenchant policy twist. Maconochie’s life and efforts on Norfolk Island, Morris shows, provide a model with profound relevance to the running of correctional institutions today. Using a unique combination of fictionalized history and critical commentary, Morris gives this work a powerful policy impact lacking in most standard academic accounts. In an era of “mass incarceration” that rivals that of the settlement of Australia, Morris injects the question of humane treatment back into the debate over prison reform. Maconochie and his “Marks system” played an influential role in the development of prisons; but for the last thirty years prison reform has been dominated by punitive and retributive sentiments, the conventional wisdom holding that we need ‘supermax’ prisons to control the ‘worst of the worst’ in solitary and harsh conditions. Norval Morris argues to the contrary, holding up the example of Alexander Maconochie as a clear-cut alternative to the “living hell” of prison systems today.
Autoimmune Lymphoproliferative Syndrome
Authors: Puck Jennifer M , Rieux-Laucat Frederic , Françoise Le Deist , Straus Stephen E
Published: November 2023

Immunodeficiency disorders have traditionally been thought of as conditions resulting from the inability to mount effective host responses to infectious agents. However, immune dysregulation and autoimmune phenomena are seen in many inherited and acquired immunodeficiency disorders. Particular alleles of the major histocompatibility (MHC) locus have long been associated with increased susceptibility to a variety of diseases with an autoimmune basis, for example, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and celiac disease (Bodmer, 1996; Hammer et al., 1997; Thorsby, 1997). The detailed mechanisms that allow tolerance to be broken so that immune reactions can be directed against one’s own tissues are becoming better understood. The composition of the lymphocyte antigen recognition repertoire and the potential for crossreactivity between self-antigens in one’s tissues and foreign antigens from the environment is defined in part by an individual’s MHC haplotypes. With improved understanding of the processes directing selection, expansion, and control of an appropriate lymphocyte repertoire, several non–MHC-linked heritable immune disorders are now recognized in which disruption of regulatory functions is a predominant feature. For example, autoimmune polyendocrinopathy with candidiasis and ectodermal dystrophy, or APECED (see Chapter 25), is due to defects in an inducer of presentation of self-antigens in the thymus to provide for central tolerization (Anderson et al., 2002; Liston et al., 2003). Autoimmunity is also a hallmark of interleukin (IL)-2 receptor αchain deficiency (Chapter 15), common variable immunodeficiency (Chapter 23), Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (Chapter 31), and X-linked immunodysregulation–polyendocrinopathy–enteropathy (IPEX, Chapter 26). The present chapter concentrates on a discrete class of inherited autoimmune disorders due to impaired apoptosis of activated peripheral lymphocytes.
Religiosity and Ethnicity: Jewish Identity Trends in the United States
Authors: Cohen Steven M
Published: November 2023

Historically, the religious and ethnic dimensions of Jewish identity have been closely interwoven. In fact, so closely bound are they, that the traditional Jewish lexicon hardly distinguishes between the two concepts. Jewish religious practice, by definition, was observed exclusively by the Jewish people, and notions of Jewish people-hood, nation, and community were suffused with faith in the Jewish God, the practice of Jewish (religious) law, and the study of ancient religious texts. Indeed, the Bible enjoins Jews to be a “holy people,” fusing, in one succinct phrase, the modern western concepts of religion and ethnicity.
The Positions of Demonstratives in the Extended Nominal Projection
Authors: Brugè Laura
Published: November 2023

In section 1 I propose that in Spanish the demonstrative is always generated in a low position inside the extended nominal projection and that at PF it can be real¬ized either in this position, (lc-d), or in the prenominal position, (la-b). This sec¬ond option is due to the movement of the demonstrative from its base position to [Spec, DP] before Spell-Out.

Observing the position of the postnominal demonstrative with respect to the other elements internal to the extended nominal projection, I show, in sections 2, 3, and 4, that the demonstrative is generated in the specifier of a functional projection lower than all the other functional projections containing the different classes of adjectives
Suicide
Authors: Conwell Yeates
Published: November 2023

Rates of suicide in later life are higher than at any other point in the life course. In May 2001 the National Strategy for Suicide Prevention was released by the Office of the Surgeon General of the United States, acknowledging suicide as a major public health concern and articulating specific goals and objectives for action (U.S. Public Health Service, 2001). Reduction of suicide in elders is an important component of that agenda. Older adults not only have higher rates of suicide than younger cohorts (National Center for Health Statistics, 2001) but are also the fastest-growing segment of the population. These patterns, in general, pertain worldwide. As increasing numbers of people age into the stage of life that carries the greatest risk, demographers anticipate that the absolute number of seniors who take their own lives will increase dramatically (Haas and Hendin, 1983).