bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Performance of Airlines
Authors: Teker Dilek , Teker Suat
Published: May 2022

This chapter investigates the financial performance of airline companies and proposes a harmonic index to state a performance ranking for the COVID-19 era covering the years 2018, 2019, and 2020. All data required for this study were obtained from the Thomson-Reuters database. A total number of 111 airlines are reached and listed by total assets. The 20 biggest airlines by total assets in 2020 are chosen for this study. A harmonic index is constructed by using performance indicators for profitability, liquidity, and efficiency. Then, the biggest 20 airlines are ranked by the harmonic index values for the COVID-19 era. The results revealed that North America and European-based airlines performed very badly in 2020 compared to pre-COVID years while Far East-based airlines were able to manage the pandemic year much better.
Data-Triangulation Through Multiple Methods
Authors: McCreery Michael P. , Head Danielle L. , Krach S. Kathleen , Leif Sam A. , Fiorentini Joseph P.
Published: May 2022

Rating scales are a traditional method for gathering social, emotional, and behavioral data. However, rating scales are at risk for validity problems associated with biased responding. A post-hoc analysis of scale data identified two groups within the sample: an anomalous response group and a non-anomalous response group. Findings indicated that those in the anomalous response group were more likely to rate themselves significantly differently on self-report rating scales measuring socially sensitive constructs. However, the two groups did not differ across the game-based behavioral stealth assessment measures (proactive aggression, reactive aggression, and prosocial skills). Findings support the need for triangulation and understanding of data through multiple methods of assessment. More directed research is needed to purposefully explore the validity of game-based assessments as part of a battery of measures.
Collaborative Civic Engagement During COVID
Authors: Chadha Anita
Published: May 2022

Research shows that inquiry-based learning, which includes critical reflection, reasoning, and autonomy of thought, is more effective than the traditional lecture and fact-finding method. With COVID changing the mode of education to online pedagogy, this study assessed student critical inquiry on an online collaborative website. Evidence revealed that students across two classes challenged each other and added information furthering critical inquiry. In addition, they revisited the weekly questions expanding the deliberative process across both their posts and responses. This study finds evidentiary proof that interaction is an invaluable method to engage students in academic inquiry-based deliberation despite the mode of education changed due to COVID.
Cyberbullying and the Importance of Cyber Security Awareness in Preventing Cyberbullying
Authors: Eriş Elif Pelin , Tuna Gurkan
Published: May 2022

With the rapid development of information and technology, countries, institutions, and individuals have been vulnerable to cyber threats and cyberbullying. It is known that cyberbullying is widespread especially among young people. In this direction, it is emphasized that students should be provided with training, guidance, and seminars on cyberbullying. In addition to the prevention of cyberbullying and cyber awareness studies, there is also a need for studies to reduce the negative effects and harms caused by exposure to cyberbullying and to provide moral support. Therefore, this chapter aims to create a conceptual framework for the definition of cyberbullying and provide suggestions to prevent cyberbullying.
Blue Economy, Food Security, and Food Sustainability
Authors: Olatidoye Olawale Paul
Published: May 2022

Blue economy refers to the economic activities geared towards advanced sustainable management and conservation of maritime resources and coastal resources and sustainable development in order to foster economic growth. The challenges of meeting the food demand of the world's rising populations require sustainable food supply chains anchored on coastal communities and sustainable food production. Moreover, marine resources are vital to ensuring food security, accounting for two-thirds of the world's fishery production, 80% of the world's aquaculture production, and per capita supply of fish is 65% higher than the world average. As the world population grows, the volume of food needed in the future will depend on these intrinsic factors and human choices. The chapter explores the current status of sea resources and proposed some ways forward based on existing opportunities and challenges using secondary data to accelerate the sustainable use of the sea resources and analyzes some of the human actions that may affect the sustainable future of the food supply chain, food waste.
The Blue Economy and the Sustainable Development Goals
Authors: Lendoye Muriel
Published: May 2022

The eco-responsible concept presents a new vision for the rational and sustainable exploitation of oceans, lakes, and rivers in the development literature. Arguably, the blue economy is very often cited as an example of a new development paradigm with the capability to fight against poverty, improve food diversification, and create added value in coastal countries of the African continent. To differentiate themselves and ensure long-lasting growth, established companies in Gabon have embraced sustainable development through several actions, some of which are CSR projects and interventions. This chapter presents a model of CSR action that impacts SDG 1 and shows how a vulnerable community has benefited from a project to improve its well-being and that of other populations.
Urban Health in Vulnerable Environments
Authors: Arana Juan , Perea Luis , Salas Adela
Published: May 2022

Adequate access to sanitation and safe water is a main challenge to improve urban health in low-income countries. Diseases derived of precarious hygiene conditions are a major burden in African rapidly growing urban areas. These challenges are embedded in complex stakeholder networks and need to be addressed through a holistic approach. It is argued that schools are a key objective for sanitation, water, and hygiene actions in the city. Concerns for improvement of hygiene conditions among school children have risen in the context of contemporary sanitary crisis. Furthermore, schools play a pivotal role between the public and the private realms and a potential to foster change. The study focuses on WASH actions implemented in schools of the city of Makeni, Sierra Leone. It seeks to define a set of context specific recommendations to improve the health-related conditions in the school environment.
A Comprehensive Study of the Structural Geology of the Schirmacher Hills
Authors: Sengupta Sudipta
Published: May 2022

The Precambrian basement of the Schirmacher Hills records multiple episodes of deformation, metamorphism, migmatization, and emplacement of successive generations of mafic and felsic bodies. The earliest tectono-thermal event (D1/M1), preserved in some mafic and ultramafic enclaves, indicates deformation at great crustal depth. The mineralogical assemblage of these enclaves indicates early high temperature (900o C) and high-pressure (10 Kbar) granulite facies conditions. The second tectono-thermal event also showed deformation under granulite facies metamorphism (D2/M2) under 800-850oC and 8 Kbar. The third group of events (D3/M3) is the most dominant in this region and involved deformation under amphibolite facies conditions with synchronous emplacement of granites and mafic dykes and culminated in regional thrusting, producing a regional inversion where the granulates were emplaced over the amphibolite facies rocks. The later events created upright folds and vertical shear zones under amphibolite facies conditions.
An Assessment of Geo-Scientific Investigation in the Antarctic Region
Authors: Asthana Rajesh , Dharwadkar Amit , Shrivastava Prakash Kumar
Published: May 2022

During the initial period of about 25 years (1981-2006), systematic geological mapping covering an area of about 19,000 sq. km, continuous monitoring of Dakshin Gangotri (DG) snout, ice core drilling, and limnological investigations are some of the significant achievements of GSI in the field of Antarctic geoscience. For the first time, ground penetrating radar (GPR) survey for lake bathymetry has been introduced in Schirmacher Oasis. Collaborative work has resulted in quantifying the annual vector movement of the ice sheet in the Schirmacher region.
An Overview of Survey and Mapping of the Antarctic Region Around Maitri Research Base
Authors: Balasubramanian Nagarajan
Published: May 2022

Survey of India, the premier mapping agency of India, has been associated with Indian Antarctica Research Program since the 10th Indian Scientific Expedition to Antarctica (1991-92). It has been taking part in all the expeditions ever since, except for the 15th expedition. The focus till the 22nd expedition has remained to carry out the surveying and mapping of the entire Antarctica region of Indian interest and provide additional technical support to the various other participating agencies. During the first two expeditions, global positioning system (GPS) and conventional triangulation techniques were used for providing primary control work to facilitate detailed mapping of the area using conventional mapping techniques. In the successive expeditions, initially, mapping was done on the scale of 1:5000 with contour interval 5m and then on a scale of 1:1000 with a contour interval of 1m. 7.8 sq. km of Schirmacher Oasis has been surveyed, and mapping has been undertaken on a large scale. Analogue and digital maps have been prepared for most of the areas for scientific use.
An Overview of the Role of Plant Functional Traits in Tropical Dry Forests
Authors: Yadav Abhinav , Verma Pramit , Raghubanshi Akhilesh Singh
Published: April 2022

Tropical dry forests (TDFs) are characterized by pronounced seasonality in precipitation, with several months of prolonged drought, 80% of annual precipitation occurring during a four- to six-month rainy season, and high interannual rainfall variability. Surprisingly, there are relatively few studies addressing patterns of functional trait in tropical dry forest (TDF) ecosystems. Functional trait analysis across plant species and the environment is a rapidly developing research field with many possible applications for forest restoration practice. Trait-based ecological research within TDFs will advance our understanding of how these ecosystems interact with and differ from other tropical ecosystems.
Analysis and Design of Solar Dryer for Forest Produce of Bastar Region in State of Chhattisgarh, India
Authors: Tapas Vikrant , Chandrakar Rituraj , Kumar Anil , Sahu Prem Shankar , Chandrakar Haldhar Ram , Vinod Yatendra
Published: April 2022

In the Chhattisgarh state of India, the Bastar region is famous for its various forest produce collected by local inhabitants. These collected forest produce are dried in open sun drying. This chapter presents the design and analysis of solar dryer which is simple in construction and a low-cost dryer. The construction of the solar dryer will be made of galvanized mild steel sheet absorbing the sun's radiation. The hot air will be taken out through a wind turbine ventilator at the top to maintain the required humidity level in the solar dryer. The analysis shows that the temperature inside the solar dryer is evenly distributed. The suggested solar dryer will reduce the drying time of the forest produce.
Sentinel SAR Data and In-Situ-Based High-Resolution Above-Ground Carbon Stocks Estimation Within the Open Forests of Ramgarh District
Authors: Anand Akash
Published: April 2022

The present study deals with an approach to estimate the above ground biomass (AGB) to assess the total carbon stock of forest cover present in Ramgarh district using remote sensing and GIS techniques. Due to the fact that biomass estimation is one of the most influential biophysical parameters in traditional carbon sequestration techniques, satellite remote sensing plays an important role in AGB and carbon stock estimation. Presently, AGB is estimated using Sentinel1A SAR data in conjunction with in-situ field data, which is conducted in 20 different sites within the forest area. Biomass is calculated for each plot, and a correlation analysis is performed with the backscatter value obtained from SAR data to generate an allometric equation that is used to calculate the AGB and carbon stock for the entire forest cover. Both Polarization VV and VH are correlated with field data in which cross-polarized backscatter value shown a stronger correlation of 0.75 (R2 Value). C-band is proved to be the best band for the estimation of biomass and carbon stock in tropical mixed forests.
Aspects of Hydrology and Water Resource Management of ASALs in the Tropics
Authors: Ondieki Christopher Misati
Published: April 2022

ASALs in the tropics present challenges to sustainable livelihoods that include drought vagaries, changing land uses, population increase, water insecurity due to rising demands and quality deterioration, as well as environmental degradation leading to declining agricultural productivity and food security. Climate change and transboundary conflicts give rise to governance challenges in water resource management of the ASALs in the tropics, and knowledge of the hydrologic processes would be critical in policy and stakeholder engagement. This chapter discusses the various aspects pertaining to the pertinent hydrological processes crucial for sustainable resource planning and development in watersheds in the tropics and also proposes best management practices including rainwater harvesting that would ensure sustained information and data for improved livelihoods in ASALs.
Time Series Multispectral Images Processing for Crops and Forest Mapping
Authors: El Mansouri Loubna , Lahssini Said , Hadria Rachid , Eddaif Nadia , Benabdelouahab Tarik , Dakir Asmae
Published: April 2022

This chapter highlights time series image processing for accurate agriculture characterization through two Moroccan experiences. The first case aims at crop mapping. A new classification approach based on multiple classifiers combination (MCC) was developed and applied to multi-temporal enhanced vegetation index (EVI) bands. The whole process is performed in three stages: (1) Landsat data preparation and multi-temporal staked EVI image extraction, (2) MCC construction from six advanced and supervised classifiers, and (3) stacked EVI image classification using the build-up MCC. Some post-classification contextual rules were also added in order to optimize the crops classification and the final parcel shape. In the second case, a post-classification change detection process was implemented to detect changes in forest area. Many classification schemes with different vegetation and texture indices were investigated. The two experiences are cost-effective, reproducible, and transferable. Consequently, they can regularly be used to produce up-to-date land use maps.
Status and Opportunities for Forest Resources Management Using Geospatial Technologies in Northeast India
Authors: Chakraborty Kasturi , Sivasankar Thota , Lone Junaid Mushtaq , Sarma K. K. , Raju P. L. N.
Published: April 2022

The forest resource of North East Region (NER) of India is a store house of several unique, endangered, endemic, medicinal plant, bamboo, etc. species in diverse forest type and high forest density. Several authors and organizations have contributed to the study of the richness and diversity distributed in different forest types and forest density. This chapter attempts to highlight the uniqueness of the forest of NER and the role of geospatial technology and presents various interesting studies pertaining to the region as an input to forest resource assessment. Remote sensing and GIS have an important role in NER forest resource assessment, management, and conservation. Various studies carried out with the help of remote sensing and GIS technology have highlighted the ongoing forest degradation and deforestation taking place in this region due to developmental activity and economic benefits. There is continuous improvement in the forest estimates from coarse resolution satellite data to unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) in the recent times.
Ecotourism in Protected Areas
Authors: Sinclair-Maragh Gaunette M.
Published: April 2022

This chapter explores the role of ecotourism in the sustainable development of protected areas. It specifically examines the aims of ecotourism in simultaneously contributing to economic development and environmental sustainability in protected areas. The chapter further analyzes protected areas within the ecological, human, and institutional dimensions, and demonstrates how the outcomes of ecotourism are linked to the economic, social, and environmental pillars that drive sustainable development. The chapter also discusses challenges surrounding the sustainability of ecotourism in protected areas and several mitigation strategies. It concludes that while ecotourism aims for economic development it can have detrimental effects on the ecological resources and host communities if not managed in a strategic sustainable way. The chapter recommends that ecotourism in protected areas should be carried out within the realm of environmental justice where all stakeholders and the natural environment are treated with respect and equity.
Predicting Woody Plant Diversity as Key Component of Ecosystems
Authors: Solomou Alexandra D. , Sfougaris Athanassios
Published: April 2022

The Mediterranean basin is a global hotspot of biodiversity. Woody plants are key components of ecosystems. This article explores the environmental impacts on woody plant species richness and diversity in maquis and abandoned olive groves in an important ecological area of central Greece. The results showed that woody plant species richness and diversity had increasing values in maquis compared to abandoned olive groves. According to Principal Component Analysis, woody plant species richness and diversity (Shannon diversity index) were positively correlated with soil organic matter, plant litter, N, P, K, slope and precipitation in maquis. Also, positive correlations among woody plant species richness and diversity, and soil organic matter, and slope were detected in abandoned olive groves. Conclusively, the present study is the first in the area and the results it will be utilized as a decision support tool for sustainability assessment of ecosystems with the help of the information systems.
Biogeographic and Anthropogenic Effects on Asian Elephants in Tropical Forests of Sumatra, Indonesia
Authors: Augeri David M.
Published: April 2022

DISTANCE protocols and MIKE Survey Standards were used in the field to determine Critically Endangered (CR) (A2c) Sumatran elephant (Elephas maximus sumatranus) occupancy, density and abundance in Gunung Leuser National Park (GLNP). Forest and habitat type, age, character, and integrity were the most significant factors affecting elephant occupancy. Principal forage types relative to elephant activity were palms and lianas, which dominated significantly in undisturbed primary forest. DISTANCE model density D=0.167 elephants/km-2 (95% CI=0.106–0.262), best-fitting occupancy Ψ=0.6321 (SE±0.0010) and detection probability p=0.6225 (SE±0.0001) estimates combined yielded N=407 elephants (95% CI: 258–638) in GLNP. The most parsimonious occupancy model estimated N=392.82 elephants (SE:±30.65; 95% CI: 332.78-452.95) in GLNP. Forest restoration, ecosystem protections, and conservation plans for Asian elephants, biodiversity, and forests are suggested in this study.
Wild Plants Used as a Forest Ecosystem Services by the Local Inhabitants of Champawat District of Uttarakhand to the Subsistence of Their Livelihood
Authors: Kharkwal Kapil , Mansotra Dalip Kumar , Bhandari Bhupendra Singh
Published: April 2022

This chapter deals with scientific information about the wild socioeconomic plants used by the local inhabitants of the Champawat district of Uttarakhand for the enhancement of their livelihood. During this entire study, it was observed and documented that poor rural people of this area are educationally and financially backward, and they do not have any permanent source of income; due to this reason they are unable to fulfill their necessary requirements. Therefore, they are totally dependent on various forest ecosystem services, viz., selling prepared herbal medicines, wild edible fruits, and wild ornamental plants, etc., which shares approximately 45-50% of their total annual income and plays a vital role for the upliftment of their livelihood. During this research work, a total of 63 plant species belonging to 58 genera under 46 families have been documented, which are being used as livelihood resources by the locals of this area.
Biological Conservation
Authors: Reyes Gerardo P. , Kanavillil Nandakumar , Stevens Ryan
Published: April 2022

Despite building a clear and compelling message about the importance of conserving biodiversity and what we risk in depleting it, meaningful engagement from implicated stakeholders remains limited. Past studies have examined the gap between the possession of environmental knowledge and displaying behavior that would help to conserve it. Essentially, increasing awareness and interest in environmental issues does not ensure that individuals will make the necessary changes in behaviours detrimental to biological conservation. This is a concern as failure to meaningfully engage the public into acting on conservation strategies will hamper efforts to curb biodiversity loss. Herein the authors investigate why action to address biodiversity loss has been slow or deficient in many jurisdictions. The authors draw from models and theories developed in health and social sciences to provide context to the key factors that prevent action and propose steps that could be taken to stimulate it.
Efficacy of Advanced Remote Sensing (Hyperspectral and LIDAR) in Enhancing Forest Resources Management
Authors: Shrama Laxmikant , Gupta Rajit , Verma Rajani Kant
Published: April 2022

Sustainable management of natural forest resources is a vital requirement in the changing climatic conditions on Earth. Two advances techniques, hyperspectral remote sensing (HRS) and LIDAR (light detection and ranging) remote sensing (LRS), provide more enhanced and accurate measurements than that of conventional optical remote sensing (ORS). Hyperspectral sensor like AVIRIS, which has hundreds of narrow bands, have advantages over a broadband multispectral sensor. In addition, the fusion of HRS and LRS can play an essential role in assessing biophysical and biochemical variables of forest species. In this chapter, the authors reviewed the extant literature and tried to understand the position of HRS, LRS, and their integration with the machine and deep learning algorithms for the effective monitoring and management of natural forest resources. Further, scopes and challenges are also discussed to enhance the effectiveness of these techniques in natural forest resources management.
An Environmental and Socio-Cultural Perspective of Textile Dye Pollution in Rivers
Authors: Sharma Baby , Mathur Shruti , Kumari Nilima , Sharma Vinay
Published: May 2022

With an increasing inclination of the world towards fashion and clothing, textile industries are becoming one of the major contributors. This has led to a simultaneous upsurge of various recalcitrant synthetic dyes. The effluents from textile industries are rich in dyes, which when dumped without treatment into rivers, deteriorate the entire ecosystem. Despite various remedial technologies and governmental regulations in this regard, lack of public attention towards the concern is worsening the situation further. The chapter, therefore, focuses on the current status of the water crisis due to water pollution with special reference to textile dye pollution in rivers. The chapter brings a unique amalgamated approach by aiming to bring in front advanced treatment methods using biotechnology that can help in efficient treatment of dye-rich textile effluents along with a deeper understanding of socio-cultural reforms that will ultimately help in the implementation of these solutions.
Fluvial Dynamics, Hypocycloids, and Hydro-Dynamic Cycles
Authors: Kuzmanović Vladan
Published: May 2022

Complex hydrological models find adequate formalization in co-nodal systems, given the abundance, multiplication, dynamics, relations of elements (hubs and nodes) and systems (basins and rivers), as well as chronologies. Hydrological models function on the principle of nodes and orientations. Hypo-cycloids (in the text: h-Cycloids) are time-spatial categories; the subject of hydrodynamic nonlinear analysis, they do not exist entirely realistically as recent flows, but are present only partially, phased, as partial flows. Hypo-cycloids are formed by summing cycles with a combination of overlapping and alternating flows. Cycles are time-spatial categories of co-nodal reconstruction. Fluvial dynamics is logically composed of nodal sets, hub systems, and junctions that are polyvalues (polyvalent, multi-oriented, cyclic) of a diverse model rather than a single-oriented output of just a simple physical model. The chapter examines four of the world's largest interfluviums: Parana-Paraguay, Euphrates-Tigris, Mississippi-Ohio, Danube-Tisza.
Alternative Utilizations of Government Guarantees
Authors: Julies Anthony
Published: May 2022

The potential catalytic role of sovereign guarantees as a public finance management (PFM) instrument of government to assess sovereign credit rating outcomes is explored. The New Institutional Economics (NIE) framework offers alternative considerations in this regard. The use of government guarantees to improve societal outcomes linked to public infrastructure investments, and state-owned enterprises' (SOEs) corporate governance performance, has enormous potential to advance Africa's growth and development agenda. Ineffective public administrative reforms between 1960 and 1980 heightened public disillusionment with government service delivery performance. The introduction of private sector risk management techniques into PFM practices as part of the ‘Washington Consensus' reform agenda may have contributed to present-day inadequacies in sovereign guarantee management practices (SGMP). This weakness can be mitigated by utilizing and managing sovereign guarantees to SOEs within an active sovereign asset and liability management (SALM) framework, thereby supporting sovereign credit rating outcomes in Africa.
Entropy Generation Rate for Performance of Heat Transfer in Heat Exchangers
Authors: Trabelsi Soraya
Published: May 2022

This chapter provides a specific study of the performance of thermal systems, principally heat exchangers, which are applied in several industrial applications such as chemical industry, energetic industry, industrial lasers, and so on. These thermodynamics systems were critical in transferring heat from a higher to a lower temperature fluid. They have been used for several years and are available currently for various designs. Thermodynamic properties influence the heat transfer and the performance of heat exchangers. Therefore, it is important during the design of heat exchangers to select primary the accurate operating conditions in terms of thermodynamics to provide a minimum amount of entropy generation in the system. In this study, the concept of entropy is used to analyze heat transfer processes from the thermodynamic viewpoint through the second law of thermodynamics. To assess heat exchanger performance, investigations are given for entropy generation, entropy generation number, and efficiency. These studies offer a new way to obtain well-designed heat exchangers.
Irreversibility and Heat Transfer in Darcy-Forchheimer Magnetized Flow in a Porous Double Lid-Driven Cavity Filled With Copper-Water Nanofluid
Authors: Marzougui Souad , Magherbi Mourad
Published: May 2022

The present work reports a numerical simulation of entropy generation and heat transfer in a lid-driven porous cavity filled with a nanofluid using Darcy-Forchheimer model. Given the large number of dimensionless parameters related to this problem, some of them are kept constant and therefore the other governing dimensionless number such as number, the Hartman number, and the nanoparticles volume fraction, 0£Ha£50, 2%£φ£8%, respectively. The effects of the nanoparticles volume fraction and Hartman number on the different irreversibilities are studied. Results show that the entropy generation is strongly affected by the increase of Hartmann number and the volume fraction. Results reveal that the irreversibility in the nanofluid decrease with the nanoparticle volume fraction for different Hartmann numbers.
The Impact of COVID-19 on the Mental Health and Well-Being of Immigrant Healthcare Workers
Authors: Williams Myia S. , Patel Vidhi H.
Published: May 2022

The COVID-19 pandemic has placed tremendous strain and presented unprecedented challenges for health systems and healthcare workers (HCW) across the world. Research shows that HCW on the frontline are at higher risk of burnout, anxiety, depression, and symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder, just to name a few. Traditionally, research on mental health and HCW has predominantly focused on the generalized healthcare professional workforce. Largely missing from this conversation are immigrant HCW. This is surprising given that immigrant workers are crucially important in treating Americans fighting COVID-19 and over-represented in various healthcare occupations and States. Through an intersectionality lens, the authors identify unique factors during the COVID-19 pandemic that can impact the mental health of immigrant HCW. The authors discuss the negative attitudes towards immigrant HCW and mental health outcomes and the unique intersecting factors of race, immigrant status, and class. Recommendations for future interventions, research, and practical implications are provided.
Pediatric Healthcare Providers
Authors: Mentrikoski Janelle M. , Baniak Claire , Lora Stephany , Ludrosky Jennifer , Perle Jonathan G.
Published: May 2022

Healthcare providers are at risk for stress-related illness (e.g., burnout, compassion fatigue, and secondary traumatic stress) due to the nature of their jobs. Healthcare providers who work in pediatrics face unique challenges compared to those who work in adult healthcare. This chapter reviews three common challenges pediatric healthcare providers face, including working with children who may die or may be facing death, managing difficult family dynamics, and responding to cases of suspected child abuse and neglect. In addition, pediatric providers face additional challenges during public health crises (e.g., natural disasters and the COVID-19 pandemic), including specific challenges related to telehealth, navigating a lack of services and mental health programs and managing adverse childhood events. Several recommendations are made throughout this chapter to assist pediatric providers with these challenges.
Oral Controlled Drug Delivery by Hot-Melt Extrusion Technology
Authors: Jain Divya D. , Tambe Srushti M. , Amin Purnima D.
Published: May 2022

Hot-melt extrusion (HME) technology is rapidly growing in the pharmaceutical industry over recent years to provide the industry's most groundbreaking drug delivery technologies. Considering the continuously changing regulatory requirement where there is a constant demand for high production efficiencies with cost-saving and superior product quality, this well-established technology provides easy scale-up and process optimization. Controlled drug delivery systems (CDDS) offer a once-daily dose that is sufficient to maintain consistent plasma levels and provide maximal therapeutic value. Extruded CDDS have been proven effective for oral delivery. The objective of this chapter is to provide a pragmatic guide for research formulators to adapt in making formulation decisions and to understand the HME processing condition at a molecular level. This chapter presents the journey and evolution of CDDS along with case studies utilizing HME, offering myriad solutions for healthcare benefits. This chapter also highlights the specific challenges faced in the development of CDDS.
Understanding Hydrogels and Insight on the Latest Hydrogel Applications in Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences
Authors: Malviya Neelesh , Saxena Rajiv , Sharma Charukeshi
Published: May 2022

Hydrogel is a three-dimensional network of hydrophilic polymer that has the ability to absorb biological fluid (almost 60-90% of weight) and still maintain structure because of physical and chemical cross-linking. In the present scenario, the hydrogels are attracting many material scientists and biomedical researchers to explore numerous applications, and great strides have been achieved to date, especially in terms of their formulations and applications with the help of hydrogel. The chapter focuses on understanding hydrogels conceptually from their basic classification, method of preparation, pharmaceutical applications, and also utilization in domestic and biomedical products.
Post-Baccalaureate Pre-Medicine Programs
Authors: Gillum J. Barton , DeVaul Nicole , Ghannouchi Souheil
Published: May 2022

Medical school and other graduate medical programs are increasingly drawing non-traditional applicants, some of whom have already been out in the work force and some of whom decide later in their academic career to go into medicine. Additionally, some pre-health students underperform during their undergraduate courses and end up with a less competitive grade point average (GPA). Historically, these students have had to take science prerequisite courses as non-degree-seeking students at community colleges or universities. More and more students are choosing post-baccalaureate or graduate programs to take needed courses or enhance their GPA for their graduate medical program applications. Pre-health advisors should make every effort to stay up to date on post-baccalaureate programs and offer resources to these particular niche students.
Writing a Personal Statement Gets Personal
Authors: Reichard-Brown Jan L. , Lam Carl
Published: May 2022

The personal statement, depending on the profession, may be the only opportunity for the voice of the applicant to be heard. Advisors understand the gravity of this essay and want to facilitate students presenting themselves in the most competitive and best possible light. While the context of the personal statement is highly specific, the best practices for professional writing remain key components for production of a compelling personal statement. This chapter provides practical advice for working with students on crafting and editing their essays. In addition, the chapter provides insights into why applicants can find writing these essays so traumatizing. Students often get caught up in comparing themselves with other individuals applying to professional health programs. Using social comparison theory, this chapter explores reasons why students may get bogged down early in the process.
Evaluation of Implementation of Gamification, Game-Based Learning, and Active Methodologies to the Flipped Classroom Model
Authors: Rojas-de-Gracia María-Mercedes , Esteban Ana , Bentabol María J. , Rodríguez-Ruiz María Dolores , Bentabol Amparo , Lopes Ana Paula , Soares Filomena , Muñoz María M. , Soler-Porta Mariano , Caña-Palma Rocío
Published: May 2022

The popularity of the flipped classroom has been rising. This pedagogical model emphasizes active and peer-assisted learning and problem solving within the classroom and leaves the transmission of conceptual knowledge to individual tasks outside the classroom. This research evaluates the implementation and results of gamification, game-based learning, and active methodologies used in the development of the flipped methodology. The team of researchers has been applying this model since 2017. The sample consisted of students from different subjects, Management and Administration Business, Finance and Accounting, Marketing and Market Research, and Chemistry, at the University of Malaga and in Accounting and Administration and Marketing at the Polytechnic of Porto. A statistical analysis of the degree of students' satisfaction with the application of the pedagogical model has been carried out, considering the general aspects and the level of application within each subject. The data show a very positive assessment of the teaching achieved and the strategies applied in the model.
Bolstering the Pedagogies of Orthodontic Education Using Smart Technologies
Authors: Rao Gururajaprasad Kaggal Lakshmana , Iskandar Yulita Hanum P. , Mokhtar Norehan
Published: May 2022

Learning has not only intrigued but has kindled human curiosity as it is the basis with which one interacts and exchanges emotions and shares societal values. To understand this innate ability we have devised theories, philosophies, and mathematical formulae. The same holds true to the field of health professional education, which seeks to as closely as possible emulate patient problems to serve as learning objectives for students. Although the traditional pedagogies in current use have trained students to become competent clinicians, the educational aspects of training are faced with challenges of content delivery, knowledge exchange, and a lack of technology-enriched learning environments. To overcome these, the chapter will introduce the readers to the concept of a smart hybrid learning environment and describe its features and suggest means for adopting this learning environment for the benefit of the learner in the context of orthodontic education.
The Role of Media in the Perception of Syrian Refugees as Terrorists
Authors: Şahin Devrim , Kocadayı Safiye
Published: May 2022

Research studies about how Turkish public opinion perceives refugees reveal that while refugees may be seen initially as innocent people in dire need of temporary protection, this perception shifts once it becomes evident that their plight could become a permanent situation. The involvement of Syrian refugees in various types of violence, including terrorist acts, gave rise to strong resistance to their presence in Turkey. In addition to the critical discourse of opposition parties and media, the ambivalent messaging of the ruling Justice and Development (Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi - AKP) in the media worsened the general perception of refugees and their relationship to Turkish Society in a manner threatening to stability in Turkey. To ensure a more peaceful life in Turkey, policies that are healthier and more cohesive need to be adopted in order that Syrian refugees can be integrated into the nation's cultural and social life.
Critical Discourse Analysis of The Özgür Gündem Newspaper During Turkey's Resolution Process
Authors: Tomgüsehan Turgül , Şahin Devrim
Published: May 2022

The ensuing news commentaries imbued with these various influences that shape the message have to be decoded by the reader in order that he or she can fully comprehend the content. So an accurate accounting of the social issues of governance requires journalists to exercise careful consideration in their use of language and terminology and to show that they fully grasp the background and history of the subject matter being analysed for presentation to readers. Discourse analyses draw on the critical discourse analysis originally devised by ‘Teun A. Van Dijk', a key approach when seeking to discern or uncover the tenets and influences underlying and shaping much of contemporary journalism. This study examines the institutionalised editorial approach of the Özgür Gündem (Independent Agenda) newspaper in its coverage of Turkey's peace negotiations with the PKK, taking due note of the newspaper's ideological bias towards the PKK.
Nonlinear Steady State and Dynamic Response Analysis of Focused Ultrasound Actuated Smart Biomaterials
Authors: Adeleye Olurotimi , Yinusa Ahmed , Konigbagbe Stephen
Published: April 2022

The nonlinear steady state and dynamic response analysis of focused ultrasound smart biomaterials is presented in this paper. The increasing demand in scientific research to develop robust governing nonlinear model with adequate boundary conditions for proper understanding of the dynamics of smart biomaterials by applying focused ultrasound excitations is of great concern particularly in remote biomedical applications. Hence, in this study, a model which describes the nonlinear steady state and dynamic response of the materials for focused ultrasound actuator which is a nonlinear partial differential equation has been developed. The Galerkin Decomposition and the Differential Transform Methods are applied to obtain the solution of the governing equations. The solutions were validated with the numerical Runge-Kutta method of fourth order and verified with results obtained in recent studies and good agreement is established among them. The effects attenuating coefficient, modal number, and damping term on the steady state response of the smart biomaterials are investigated. From the results, it is observed that the steady state deflection of the system as indicated by the attenuating coefficient is lowest for clamped-clamped boundary condition and highest for clamped-free or cantilever condition. In addition, an increase in modal number and magnitude of the damping term results in an increase in the number of nodes and anti-nodes and a decrease in the amplitude of vibration over time respectively. Hence, this study establishes the practical applications of attenuating coefficient and boundary conditions as controlling factors in the design of smart biomaterials.
Fragility Curves of RC Bridges in México
Authors: Mondragón Claudia M. Cortés , Guerrero José M. Jara , Navarrete Bertha A. Olmos , Ruiz Guillermo Martínez
Published: April 2022

Large earthquakes have epicenters on the Pacific Coast of Mexico and many of them are responsible of damages in reinforced concrete (RC) bridges. The Pacific Coast is a highly active seismic zone where most of the strong earthquakes in the country occur. In this region, there are new and old RC bridges subjected to ground motions from interplate and intraplate seismic sources. This study evaluates the seismic vulnerability of ten RC bridges, with typical geometry in Mexico, and two existing bridges located close to the Pacific Coast of Mexico. The group of ten bridges includes two span lengths (20 and 40 m), two pier heights (6 and 10 m) and two substructure types (single and multi-colum piers). The bridges were designed according to the regulation codes used in practice in Mexico, and their seismic capacity (C) was evaluated with pushover analysis. The seismic demand (D) was determined using a group of more than one hundred seismic records from interplate and intraplate seismic sources. The random ratio C/D was used to assess the fragility curves of the bridges using four earthquake return periods. The results showed that the two existing bridges have similar trend of behavior and the fragility curves of the bridge models can predict the expected behavior of multi-column or single-column existing bridges.
Numerical Analysis of the Hydrodynamics of an Anguilliform-Like Propulsor for High Efficiency
Authors: Srivastava Shivank , Taravella Brandon M. , Eastridge Jonathan R. , Akyuzlu Kazim M.
Published: April 2022

Abstract A numerical study is conducted to investigate the hydrodynamic performance of an anguilliform-like propulsor for high Reynolds number in laminar flow regimes. The undulating propulsor is an articulated, cylindrical body with dome-shaped end caps. The body undulates
with prescribed kinematics designed for an ideal anguilliform swimming motion for highest hydrodynamic efficiency and no shed vortices in its wake. Simulations are performed for an ideal swimming speed in inviscid and viscous flow regimes, which are compared to an ideal swimming theory. Viscous
flow simulations are performed for the same swimming speed, which corresponds to Reynolds number of 241,844. The swimming speed is then reduced to achieve zero net force corresponding to Reynolds number 183,796, at which the anguilliform is generating constant speed self-propulsion. The thrust
and drag forces along with lateral power loss and propulsive efficiency are reported. The viscous effects did not change when the Reynolds number is reduced; however, there is a significant increase in the thrust produced due to undulatory motion. The propulsive efficiency is predicted to
be higher than observed for live anguilliforms.
Chronohorizons Based on Resistivity Curve Variations - Upper Miocene Sediments of the Ivanić Grad Formation in the Sava Depression (NW Croatia)
Authors:   INA - Naftaplin, Zagreb, Croatia, Vrbanac Boris
Published: April 2022

Regional definition of chronohorizons represents a fundamental andmost difficult problem in geology. Adequate precision of dating canonly be obtained from biological evolution, radioactive decay andfrom the key surfaces of the sequence stratigraphic concept (MFS,TSE, and LSE). It is concluded in this paper that the variation of formation resistivity values (Ra curve), as measured in wells located inthe Croatian part of the Pannonian Basin System, is also a criterion for the stratigraphic definition of concurrently deposited sediments. This enables the construction of a sequence of lithogenetic units related to very small time-intervals. The morphology of the resistivity curve measured in well sections composed of massive marls (that were deposited in a quiet environment of moderate water depth), is regionally exceptionally well defined. This pattern consists of a succession of peaks of lower and higher resistivity values that are in the same relative position regionally, which results in similar form of the resistivity curves of the wells in the study area. On the curve, one peak of higher values together with the next (overlying) peak of lower ones composes a single cycle(SC). Marls of a single cycle were regionally deposited at the same time, thus enabling the points of both the maximal and minimal resistivity values of each SC to be considered as time-markers (chronohorizons). Variation of the resistivity reflects fine changes of petrographicand granulometric composition which can be associated with cyclic water-level fluctuations (Milankovitch cycles). For future exploration of the remaining, potential hydrocarbon accumulations in the sandstone reservoirs of the Ivanić Grad Formationin the Sava Depression, spatial modelling of the distribution, geometry, facies and palaeocurrent structure of separated depositional episodes and genetic units is suggested. This should be done with special emphasis on the spatial definition of channel sandstones thatare the most important hydrocarbon reservoirs (according to current interpretations).
Discriminant Function Analysis of Miocene Volcaniclastic Rocks from North-Western Croatia Based on Geochemical Data
Authors:   Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Croatia, Tibljaš Darko , Loparić Vanja ,   Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Croatia, Belak Mirko ,   Croatian Geological Survey, Zagreb, Croatia
Published: April 2022

Preliminary results of discriminant function analysis of geochemical data of Miocene volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks revealed that it ispossible to distinguish rocks of different ages, namely Egerian -Eggenburgian, Karpatian and Badenian. On the basis of calculated coefficients of classification functions, presented in the paper, it is possible to indicate the age of Miocene volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks if their trace element content is known. The analysis also showed that, especially in the case of volcaniclastic rocks, the mineral and petrological composition of the rocks should also be considered. Most of the investigated volcaniclastic rocks from the Moždenec and Kalnik areas, the age of which was unknown, are, according to discriminant function analysis, of Egerian - Eggenburgian age.