bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diversity and divergence patterns in regulatory genes suggest differential gene flow in recently derived species of the Hawaiian silversword alliance adaptive radiation (Asteraceae)
Authors: LAWTON‐RAUH A. , ROBICHAUX R. H. , PURUGGANAN M. D.
Published: September 2007

The impact of gene flow and population size fluctuations in shaping genetic variation during adaptive radiation, at both the genome‐wide and gene‐specific levels, is very poorly understood. To examine how historical population size and gene flow patterns within and between loci have influenced lineage divergence in the Hawaiian silversword alliance, we have investigated the nucleotide sequence diversity and divergence patterns of four floral regulatory genes (ASAP1‐A,ASAP1‐B,ASAP3‐A,ASAP3‐B) and a structural gene (ASCAB9). Levels and patterns of molecular divergence across these five nuclear loci were estimated between two recently derived species (Dubautia ciliolataandDubautia arborea) which are presumed to be sibling species. This multilocus analysis of genetic variation, haplotype divergence and historical demography indicates that population expansion and differential gene flow occurred subsequent to the divergence of these two lineages. Moreover, contrasting patterns of allele‐ sharing for regulatory loci vs. a structural locus between these two sibling species indicate alternative histories of genetic variation and partitioning among loci where alleles of the floral regulatory loci are shared primarily fromD. arboreatoD. ciliolataand alleles of the structural locus are shared in both directions. Taken together, these results suggest that adaptively radiating species can exhibit contrasting allele migration rates among loci such that allele movement at specific loci may supersede genetic divergence caused by drift and that lineage divergence during adaptive radiation can be associated with population expansion.
The rolling‐circle plasmid pTN1 from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Thermococcus nautilus
Authors: Soler Nicolas , Justome Anthony , Quevillon‐Cheruel Sophie , Lorieux Florence , Le Cam Eric , Marguet Evelyne , Forterre Patrick
Published: September 2007

The hyperthermophilic archaeon Thermococcus nautilus carries a plasmid, pTN1, which encodes a rolling‐circle (RC) replication initiator protein of 74 kDa (Rep74) and an orphan protein of 24 kDa (p24). The Rep74 protein is homologous to the Rep75 protein encoded by the RC plasmid pGT5 from Pyrococcus abyssi. Comparative analysis of Rep74 and Rep75 sequences shows that these proteins correspond to a new family of RC initiators formed by the fusion of a Rep domain with an N‐terminal domain of unknown function. Surprisingly, the Rep domain of Rep74/75 is more closely related to transposases encoded by IS elements than to Rep proteins of other RC plasmids. The p24 protein contains a hydrophobic segment, a highly charged region and a zinc finger motif. A recombinant p24 protein lacking the hydrophobic segment binds and condenses both single‐ and double‐stranded DNA, and forms DNA aggregates with extreme compaction at high protein to DNA ratio. In addition to encoding proteins of significant interest, pTN1 is remarkable by being the only characterized plasmid isolated from a Thermococcus strain, thus being useful to develop genetic tools in Thermococcus kodakaraensis for which gene disruption methods became recently available.
Two therapeutic challenges: periocular and genital vitiligo in children successfully treated with pimecrolimus cream
Authors: Souza Leite Rubens Marcelo , Craveiro Leite Adriana Aragão
Published: September 2007

Vitiligo is characterized by the selective destruction of melanocytes resulting in patches of skin depigmentation. Vitiligo is a therapeutic challenge. Eyebrows, eyelids and genital vitiligo are a therapeutic dilemma, especially in children. The possible side effects of topical corticosteroids and the difficulties for choosing any other adequate treatment option are a major concern. We present two children, one with vitiligo of the eyelids and the other with genital vitiligo, both treated with pimecrolimus 1% cream with almost full repigmentation of the lesions, showing pimecrolimus could be an adequate option for the treatment of vitiligo for these special vitiligo areas in children.
The genetics of mitral valve prolapse
Authors: Grau JB , Pirelli L , Yu P‐J , Galloway AC , Ostrer H
Published: September 2007

Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is a very common clinical condition that refers to a systolic billowing of one or both mitral valve leaflets into the left atrium. Improvements of echocardiographic techniques and new insights in mitral valve anatomy and physiology have rendered the diagnosis of this condition more accurate and reliable. MVP can be sporadic or familial, demonstrating autosomal dominant and X‐linked inheritance. Three different loci on chromosomes 16, 11 and 13 have been found to be linked to MVP, but no specific gene has been described. Another locus on chromosome X was found to cosegregate with a rare form of MVP called ‘X‐linked myxomatous valvular dystrophy’. MVP is more frequent in patients with connective tissue disorders including Marfan syndrome, Ehlers–Danlos and osteogenesis imperfecta. The purpose of this review is to describe previous studies on the genetics and prevalence of MVP. The report warrants the need for further genetically based studies on this common, albeit not fully understood, clinical entity.
Insights into the genetics of severe congenital neutropenia
Authors: Stein RA
Published: September 2007

HAX1 deficiency causes autosomal recessive severe congenital neutropenia (Kostmann disease) Klein et al. (2007) Nature Genetics 39: 86–92
Crouzon with acanthosis nigricans. Further delineation of the syndrome
Authors: Arnaud‐López L , Fragoso R , Mantilla‐Capacho J , Barros‐Núñez P
Published: September 2007

Patients with Crouzon and acanthosis nigricans syndrome show craniofacial features similar to those observed in patients with classic Crouzon syndrome, in addition to acanthosis nigricans with peculiar characteristics. More severe physical manifestations, such as Chiari malformation, hydrocephalus, and atresia or stenosis of the choanas, which are unusual in individuals with classic Crouzon syndrome, are reported in these patients. The molecular abnormality associated with Crouzon syndrome with acanthosis nigricans (CAN) is a transition in the transmembrane domain of the FGFR3 gene that results in an Ala391Glu mutation. We describe two unrelated patients showing this mutation and compare their clinical features with those of other patients with CAN reported in the literature. In addition to craniosynostosis with crouzonoid facies and acanthosis nigricans (present in all patients), melanocytic nevi, choanal atresia or stenosis, hydrocephalus, Chiari malformations and oral abnormalities were observed in the majority of the 35 patients analyzed. Vertebral anomalies and conductive hearing loss were present with less frequency. Some characteristics considered typical of this condition (jaw cementomas, acanthomas and finger abnormalities) were absent in most of the patients.
Efficacy and complications in peripherally inserted central catheter insertion: A study using 4‐Fr non‐valved catheters and a single infusate
Authors: Chu FSK , Cheng VCC , Law MWM , Tso WK
Published: September 2007

The purpose of this prospective study was to evaluate the efficacy and complications associated with the use of 4‐Fr single‐lumen non‐valved peripherally inserted central venous catheters (PICC) for the infusion of long‐term antibiotics. Forty‐four non‐valved PICC were inserted using micropuncture technique by interventional radiologists. Six patients were lost to unrelated death or follow up. The remaining 38 patients (24 men and 14 women; mean age 54.79 years) were analysed. Catheters were placed under ultrasound guidance using micropuncture technique and subsequently advanced over guidewire through peel‐away sheath under fluoroscopic guidance. Doppler ultrasound was used before PICC removal in order to detect possible complications. All non‐valved PICC were flushed with 5 ml of heparinized saline before and after each antibiotic infusion. Efficacy was evaluated and analysed on the average duration of catheter patency and whether any complication was present. Procedural success rate was 100% in our patient population. Seven patients had complications necessitating early PICC removal with the average patency duration of 44 days (95% confidence interval 7.79–80.21 days), whereas an average indwelling patency duration of the remaining 31 patients with no complication was 30.58 days (95% confidence interval 25.74–35.43 days). Total complication rate was calculated to be 5.58 incidences per 1000 catheter days. Complication rate associated with the placement and use of 4‐Fr non‐valved PICC for antibiotic therapy was observed to be low when compared with other studies using valved and non‐valved PICC for various infusates.
Reduced expression of low‐density lipoprotein receptor in hepatocellular carcinoma with paraneoplastic hypercholesterolemia
Authors: Sohda Tetsuro , Iwata Kaoru , Kitamura Yuji , Suzuki Norihisa , Takeyama Yasuaki , Irie Makoto , Anan Akira , Nakane Hidetoshi , Yoshikane Makoto , Watanabe Hiroshi , Sakisaka Shotaro
Published: September 2007

Background and Aim:  Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is frequently associated with paraneoplastic hypercholesterolemia. In familial hypercholesterolemia, genetic mutation of the low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor gene has been recognized as being a pathogenesis of the disease. We investigate the expression of a LDL receptor protein and gene abnormalities of a LDL receptor in HCC cells in cases with paraneoplastic hypercholesterolemia.

Methods:  Eleven patients with HCC associated with paraneoplastic hypercholesterolemia and seven patients with HCC who did not have hypercholesterolemia were studied. Paraffin‐embedded tissues were obtained at operative resection, autopsy, or biopsy. Immunohistochemistry was performed using a monoclonal antibody against human LDL receptors. Confocal laser–scanning microscopy was used to observe the FITC‐labeled LDL receptor. DNA samples were extracted from paraffin‐embedded tissues. Since a LDL receptor gene is located on chromosome 19p13.2, a microsatellite marker, D19S413, was used to analyze the chromosomes.

Results:  Immunoreactive LDL receptors were observed all over the surface of non‐tumorous hepatocytes. However, expression of the LDL receptor was significantly decreased in all HCC cells derived from the 11 patients with hypercholesterolemia. In contrast, the expression was retained in the HCC cells of all patients without hypercholesterolemia. In two patients with hypercholesterolemia, DNA analysis revealed a loss of heterozygosity on chromosome 19p13.2.

Conclusion:  We demonstrated reduced expression of the LDL receptor in HCC cases with paraneoplastic hypercholesterolemia. LDL receptor genes with genomic disorders may cause decreased expression of the LDL receptor protein, leading to feed‐back failure of the cholesterol regulation system, as seen in familial hypercholesterolemia. This is the first report considering the mechanism behind the development of paraneoplastic hypercholesterolemia in HCC.
Vascular endothelial growth factor reduces Fas‐mediated acute liver injury in mice
Authors: Tanaka Yoichi , Sohda Tetsuro , Matsuo Katsuhiko , Anan Akira , Irie Makoto , Takeyama Yasuaki , Iwata Kaoru , Shakado Satoshi , Sakisaka Shotaro
Published: September 2007

Background and Aim:  Fulminant hepatitis is still a fatal liver disease, and no specific treatment for it has been available. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is the focus of attention because of its various actions. We investigated the effect of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) on Fas‐induced fulminant hepatic failure (FHF).

Method:  Male Balb/c mice were treated with an intraperitoneal injection of an anti‐Fas antibody (Jo‐2 Ab) with or without premedication with intraperitoneally administered human recombinant VEGF.

Results:  The serum level of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) was up to 300 times higher that of normal mice following the Jo‐2 Ab injection, and histological analysis revealed hepatic injury and massive hepatocyte apoptosis. The VEGF significantly suppressed an elevation in serum ALT levels and hepatocyte apoptosis. Immunohistochemically, VEGF‐treated mice showed that Bcl‐xL in hepatocytes was strongly expressed.

Conclusions:  Since hepatocytes do not express VEGF receptors, we speculated that VEGF acts on sinusoidal endothelial cells (SECs) and promotes production of cytokines such as hepatocyte growth factor in SECs, resulting in reducing apoptosis through an increase expression of Bcl‐xL in hepatocytes. We suggest that VEGF has a potent antiapoptotic effect on hepatocytes through cell–cell interaction between SECs and hepatocytes.
Idiopathic eosinophilic peritonitis in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis: Experience with percutaneous catheter placement
Authors: JO YOUNG‐IL , SONG JONG‐OH , PARK JUNG‐HWAN , LEE JONG‐HO , SHIN SUG KYUN
Published: September 2007

Background:  Peritoneal fluid eosinophilia (PFE), which is classically associated with idiopathic eosinophilic peritonitis (EP), has been known as a common event in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). However, our recent retrospective study of CAPD patients following percutaneous catheter placement showed that PFE occurred rarely. The aim of this prospective study was to clarify the incidence and characteristics of idiopathic EP and PFE in patients on CAPD following percutaneous catheter placement.

Methods:  Forty‐eight patients on CAPD following percutanous catheter placement were recruited for the present study. Peritoneal dialysis was initiated immediately after catheter insertion without break‐in period. A cytological study of dialysate was performed on days 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 14 and 30 after initiation of CAPD, and then monthly for 6 months. In addition, a cytological study was performed also when a patient revealed abdominal pain or cloudy peritoneal effluent.

Results:  PFE developed in three (6.3%) patients during the study period. The incidence of idiopathic EP and PFE without any clinical findings suggestive of PD‐related peritonitis was 2.1% and 4.2% respectively. All cases of PFE, including idiopathic EP, developed on a mean of 13 day following initiation of CAPD and resolved spontaneously after a mean of 7 days. There was no significant difference in IgE levels or the occurrence of peripheral blood eosinophilia between patients with PFE and those without.

Conclusion:  Idiopathic EP is infrequent among patients on CAPD following percutaneous catheter placement, but should be differentiated from infectious PD‐related peritonitis.
Environmental PCR survey to determine the distribution of a non‐canonical genetic code in uncultivable oxymonads
Authors: De Koning Audrey P. , Noble Geoffrey P. , Heiss Aaron A. , Wong Jensen , Keeling Patrick J.
Published: September 2007

The universal genetic code is conserved throughout most living systems, but a non‐canonical code where TAA and TAG encode glutamine has evolved in several eukaryotes, including oxymonad protists. Most oxymonads are uncultivable, so environmental RT‐PCR and PCR was used to examine the distribution of this rare character. A total of 253 unique isolates of four protein‐coding genes were sampled from the hindgut community of the cockroach, Cryptocercus punctulatus, an environment rich in diversity from two of the five subgroups of oxymonad, saccinobaculids and polymastigids. Four α‐tubulins were found with non‐canonical glutamine codons. Environmental RACE confirmed that these and related genes used only TGA as stop codons, as expected for the non‐canonical code, whereas other genes used TAA or TAG as stop codons, as expected for the universal code. We characterized α‐tubulin from manually isolated Saccinobaculus ambloaxostylus, confirming it uses the universal code and suggesting, by elimination, that the non‐canonical code is used by a polymastigid. HSP90 and EF‐1α phylogenies also showed environmental sequences falling into two distinct groups, and are generally consistent with previous hypotheses that polymastigids and Streblomastix are closely related. Overall, we propose that the non‐canonical genetic code arose once in a common ancestor of Streblomastix and a subgroup of polymastigids.
Latitudinal trends of Crenarchaeota and Bacteria in the meso‐ and bathypelagic water masses of the Eastern North Atlantic
Authors: Varela Marta M. , Van Aken Hendrik M. , Sintes Eva , Herndl Gerhard J.
Published: September 2007

The distribution and activity of the bulk picoplankton community and, using microautoradiography combined with catalysed reported deposition fluorescence in situ hybridization (MICRO‐CARD‐FISH), of the major prokaryotic groups (Bacteria, marine Crenarchaeota Group I and marine Euryarchaeota Group II) were determined in the water masses of the subtropical North Atlantic. The bacterial contribution to total picoplankton abundance was fairly constant, comprising ∼50% of DAPI‐stainable cells. Marine Euryarchaeota Group II accounted always for < 5% of DAPI‐stainable cells. The percentage of total picoplankton identified as marine Crenarchaeota Group I was ∼5% in subsurface waters (100 m depth) and between 10% and 20% in the oxygen minimum layer (250–500 m) and deep waters [North East Atlantic Deep Water (NEADW) and Lower Deep Water (LDW), 2750–4800 m depth]. Single‐cell activity, determined via a quantitative MICRO‐CARD‐FISH approach and taking only substrate‐positive cells into account, ranged from 0.05 to 0.5 amol d‐aspartic acid (Asp) cell−1 day−1 and 0.1–2 amol l‐Asp cell−1 day−1, slightly decreasing with depth. In contrast, the d‐Asp:l‐Asp cell‐specific uptake ratio increased with depth. By combining data reported previously using the same method as applied here and data reported here, we found a decreasing relative abundance of marine Crenarchaeota Group I throughout the meso‐ and bathypelagic water column from 65°N to 5°N in the eastern basin of the North Atlantic. Thus, the relative contribution of marine Crenarchaeota Group I to deep‐water prokaryotic communities might be more variable than previous studies have suggested. This apparent variability in the contribution of marine Crenarchaeota Group I to total picoplankton abundance might be related to successions and ageing of deep‐water masses in the large‐scale meridional ocean circulation and possibly, the appearance of crenarchaeotal clusters other than the marine Crenarchaeota Group I in the (sub)tropical North Atlantic.
A phase II trial of gefitinib in patients with non‐metastatic hormone‐refractory prostate cancer
Authors: Small Eric J. , Fontana Joseph , Tannir Nizar , DiPaola Robert S. , Wilding George , Rubin Mark , Iacona Renee Bailey , Kabbinavar Fairooz F.
Published: September 2007

OBJECTIVE

To investigate, in a phase II trial, the use of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor gefitinib as monotherapy in patients with non‐metastatic hormone refractory prostate cancer (HRPC), as current treatment options for this disease are limited, and agents which target the EGFR should be assessed because EGFR is highly expressed in prostate cancer and associated with a poor prognosis.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Patients with histologically or cytologically confirmed cancer of the prostate with no evidence of metastatic disease were enrolled into this open‐label, multicentre study of monotherapy with gefitinib 500 mg/day. The primary endpoint of the study was biochemical response, defined as a ≥50% decrease in serum prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) level.

RESULTS

Fifty‐eight men were enrolled across 10 centres in the USA; none of the 40 evaluable patients had a PSA response. Gefitinib was generally well tolerated, with diarrhoea being the most common treatment‐ related adverse event, in 71% of patients. There was treatment‐related grade 3 diarrhoea in 5% of patients, with no grade 4 adverse events or deaths during the course of the study.

CONCLUSIONS

Gefitinib has no single‐agent activity in non‐metastatic HRPC, as assessed by decreases in serum PSA level. This phase II study also confirmed the well‐established favourable tolerability profile of gefitinib monotherapy.
Persistence of the synaptosomal‐associated protein‐25 cleavage product after intradetrusor botulinum toxin A injections in patients with myelomeningocele showing an inadequate response to treatment
Authors: Schulte‐Baukloh Heinrich , Zurawski Tomas H. , Knispel Helmut H. , Miller Kurt , Haferkamp Axel , Dolly J. Oliver
Published: September 2007

OBJECTIVE

To monitor the presence and cleavage of synaptosomal‐associated protein of 25 kDa (SNAP‐25) by botulinum toxin type A (botox‐A), in human detrusor muscle, as the effects of botox‐A in the urinary bladder last significantly longer than when applied for disorders of striated muscles.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Tissue samples were obtained from eight patients with end‐stage neurogenic bladder at different times after injection with botox‐A. The resected bladder domes were examined using biochemical and immunohistological techniques.

RESULTS

The presence of intact SNAP‐25 in human bladder was detected, for the first time, in all samples by both Western blotting and immunofluorescence. By contrast, detection of a band potentially representing toxin‐cleaved SNAP‐25A required its enrichment by precipitation with a specific antibody. This putative product was present in four of six patients treated with botox‐A 5 weeks to 11 months previously, but could not be detected in one patient 30 months after botox injection, and in an untreated control. Fluorescence microscopy showed no obvious effects of the toxin treatment on the presence and pattern of SNAP‐25‐positive neurones.

CONCLUSIONS

A limited amount of SNAP‐25 appears to be cleaved in nerves that innervate the smooth detrusor muscle in most patients who had been injected with botox‐A; its absolute identification was precluded by the sensitivity of the detection. This protein was detectable much longer after toxin treatment than published for rodent striated muscle, and thus could contribute to the clinically reported longer duration of the effectiveness of botox‐A.
The Influence of Stakeholders on the Environmental Strategy of Service Firms: The Moderating Effects of Complexity, Uncertainty and Munificence*
Authors: Rueda‐Manzanares Antonio , Aragón‐Correa J. Alberto , Sharma Sanjay
Published: September 2007

Drawing on the resource‐based view of the firm, we examine how complexity, uncertainty and munificence in the general business environment moderate the association between a firm's stakeholder integration capability and its environmental strategy. Our data were drawn from 134 ski resorts in 12 countries in western Europe and North America. Our study finds that (1) an organizational capability of stakeholder integration is associated with a service firm's adoption of a proactive environmental strategy; (2) an uncertain business environment has a direct positive influence and a complex business environment has a direct negative influence on a firm's environmental strategy; and (3) complexity has a negative moderating influence on the relationship between a firm's stakeholder integration capability and its environmental strategy.
Human Resource Management as a Field of Research*
Authors: Martín‐Alcázar Fernando , Romero‐Fernández Pedro M. , Sánchez‐Gardey Gonzalo
Published: September 2007

Drawing on Snow and Thomas's (Journal of Management Studies, 31 (1994), pp. 457–480) matrix, we empirically explore the state of the art in human resource management (HRM) research. The data were obtained through a questionnaire directed to HRM scholars all over the world, in which they were asked about their particular theoretical and methodological approaches. The evidence obtained shows clearly that HRM scholars are progressively abandoning the universalistic perspective and completing their models with contingent and contextual variables. Trying to classify the different contributions proposed and discuss their integration, HRM is described as a field of research with three dimensions: subfunctional, strategic and international. The paper concludes that to provide reliable explanations and valid responses to professional problems, HRM research must advance simultaneously in these three dimensions. As follows from our analysis, there are certain HR issues that still need to be addressed: (1) the strategic use of HR practices, (2) their international applicability, (3) global HR strategies and (4) the synergic integration of HR activities. Nevertheless, to advance our knowledge in these issues, it seems necessary to integrate previous research in subfunctional, strategic and international aspects of HRM.
An Information Processing Theory of Ambivalence
Authors: Rudolph Thomas J. , Popp Elizabeth
Published: September 2007

This paper analyzes the sources of ambivalence toward political parties and candidates. We propose and test an information‐processing theory of ambivalence in which systematic processing is hypothesized to heighten partisan and candidate ambivalence. We show that ambivalence is linked to several dispositional sources of systematic processing, including individuals' information, motivation, and cognitive style. Specifically, we find that ambivalence tends to be greater among the well informed and those who are high in need for cognition while it tends to be lower among those motivated by directional goals. Collectively, our results suggest that levels of partisan and candidate ambivalence are greatest among those most likely to engage in effortful processing of information and that these effects are independent of value conflict. The results further suggest that the effects of effortful processing on ambivalence are moderated by attitude commitment.
When Likeness Goes with Liking: The Case of Political Preference
Authors: Caprara Gian Vittorio , Vecchione Michele , Barbaranelli Claudio , Fraley R. Chris
Published: September 2007

Three studies show that people tend to vote for politicians (i.e., either Romano Prodi or Silvio Berlusconi in Italy or George W. Bush or John Kerry in the United States) whose traits they rate as being most similar to their own. People perceived higher similarity between themselves and political figures with respect to traits that were most distinctive of each platform and their respective leaders. These findings, while corroborating the similarity‐attraction relationship, further attest to the role that personal characteristics of both voters and candidates play in orienting political preference.
The Cartoon Controversy: Offence, Identity, Oppression?
Authors: Lægaard Sune
Published: September 2007

If the publication of twelve drawings of the Prophet Mohammad in the Danish newspaper Jyllands-Posten, which sparked the ‘cartoon controversy’, was wrong, why might this be the case? The article considers four arguments advanced in relation to the quite similar Rushdie affair for judging such publications to be wrong, and asks whether they provide plausible moral reasons against such publications, and whether they justify legal restrictions on freedom of speech. The arguments concern: (a) the consistent extension of group defamation legislation to cover Muslims; (b) offence to religious sensibilities; (c) issues of identity; and (d) oppression. The article also considers whether such arguments can be acknowledged within a liberal model of toleration. It is argued that versions of several of the arguments may in fact be thus accommodated, but that they nevertheless do not provide strong reasons for judging the kind of publications under consideration to be morally wrong or suitable objects for legal restrictions. The argument from oppression is different, however, in pointing to different kinds of factors, but its applicability is limited both by a number of conditions for when oppression provides the right kind of reasons, and by empirical constraints. The suggested conclusion is that the publication of the Mohammad cartoons was not wrong, at least not all things considered, for any of the noted reasons, but that there might be other kinds of factors that are not captured by traditional liberal models of toleration, which might provide reasons for moral criticism of this and similar publications.
Shocks, Policy Reforms and Pro‐Poor Growth in Bolivia: A Simulation Analysis
Authors: Lay Jann , Thiele Rainer , Wiebelt Manfred
Published: September 2007

This paper analyzes how major external shocks and policy reforms affect Bolivia’s ability to achieve pro‐poor growth. Employing a recursive‐dynamic CGE model, it considers three different scenarios: an optimistic baseline scenario; a more realistic scenario that accounts for two important negative external shocks (declining capital inflows and El Niño); and a scenario that captures the combined effect of the shocks and two major reform projects (development of the gas sector and deregulation of the urban labor market). It turns out that the shocks are likely to impair Bolivia’s medium‐term development prospects, leading to marked increases in both urban and rural poverty. If the reform projects were implemented, the poverty increase caused by the shocks would be more than offset for urban households, but reinforced for rural households.
Arthur Schnitzler's Critical Reception in Vienna: The Liberal Press and the Question of Jewish Identity
Authors: Sayer Holly
Published: September 2007

ABSTRACT

This paper investigates Schnitzler's critical reception in the Viennese press throughout his lifetime, and is based on the articles contained in his press cuttings collection, which is housed at the University of Exeter. It shows that, contrary to the conclusions of much existing scholarship, the liberal press failed to offer an effective defence of Schnitzler's works in the face of anti‐Semitic attacks from the right‐wing press, and that it was indirectly responsible for the negative reception of Schnitzler's early works. This paper challenges the suggestion that Schnitzler's works received an overwhelmingly positive reception in the liberal press, and demonstrates how the Jewish identity of many liberal critics negatively influenced the reception of Schnitzler's works. This is achieved by focusing on the critical reception of Leutnant Gustl, Der Weg ins Freie and Professor Bernhardi. It also suggests reasons why the liberal press behaved in this way, and assesses the significance of the question of Jewish identity in offering an explanation for that behaviour.
Reading Tristan in Ingeborg Bachmann's Ich weiss keine bessere Welt and Malina
Authors: McMurtry Áine
Published: September 2007

ABSTRACT

This paper examines how the recent, controversial collection of Ingeborg Bachmann's draft poems, Ich weiß keine bessere Welt (2000), casts new light on the genesis of the acclaimed Todesarten prose. Identifying the poetological interest of the texts, the article seeks to expand the predominantly biographical response to the collection and clarify how the experience of crisis provoked a move towards prose forms during the 1960s. The article focuses on the problem of the aesthetic representation of crisis through examination of references to Richard Wagner's Tristan und Isolde in the draft poems and in Malina, the novel published later. It explores how, in the poems, the musical motifs and allusions enable primary engagement with aspects of experience conventionally excluded from the public sphere and how the same intertextual references are developed into a sophisticated aesthetic strategy in the novel's central dream chapter, whilst retaining the crucial concern with problems of expression. Drawing on the work of Friedrich Nietzsche, Arnold Schönberg and Theodor W. Adorno, ultimately the paper illuminates the beginnings of a textuality that arises out of personal crisis but develops into a metonymic mode using dream narrative and musical counterpoint to enable oblique expression of gendered cultural critique.
The Taxonomy, Model and Message Strategies of Social Behavior
Authors: HSU TSUEN‐HO , CHANG KUEI‐FENG
Published: September 2007

In an era of rising social awareness, both academics and practitioners have been concerned about the effectiveness of pro‐social consumer influence strategies. The main assumption here is that for social marketing to succeed one must first understand the factors underlying pro‐social consumer behavior. Firstly, drawing on two dimensions (i.e. the welfare receiver and restitution intention) the authors first identify four types of social behavior (altruism, compensation, reciprocity, and egoism). Next, the model describes social behavior as a result of preceding social behavior motivation and actual social behavior intention. Norms and economic evaluation have an impact on social behavior motivation, which in turn influences social behavior intention, eventually leading to actual social behavior. Actual control factors, such as the availability of resources and opportunities, decide whether social behavior intention can really translate into actual social behavior. Finally, authors propose message strategies (incorporating message appeal, message frame and central/peripheral processing) for each type of social behavior.
Measuring Self‐Respect
Authors: KRISTJÁNSSON KRISTJÁN
Published: September 2007

Can “self‐respect” supplant the now much‐maligned “global self‐esteem” in psychological research and therapy? The aim of the present paper is to examine this suggestion and develop it further. It is argued that there are two distinct philosophical concepts of self‐respect abroad in the literature, Kantian and Aristotelian, between which psychologists need to choose. The main components of Aristotelian self‐respect are then worked out. The paper concludes by exploring how, in order to make those components objectively measurable, certain methodological pitfalls must be avoided.
Changes in nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations in soil, soil water and surface run‐off following grading of irrigation bays used for intensive grazing
Authors: Nash D. , Webb B. , Hannah M. , Adeloju S. , Toifl M. , Barlow K. , Robertson F. , Roddick F. , Porter N.
Published: September 2007

Soil tests are often used to identify areas at risk of excessive phosphorus (P) exports. We investigated the changes in soil P (0–20 mm) in four recently laser‐graded (<1 year) and four established (>10 years) irrigated pastures in south‐eastern Australia before and after 3 years of irrigated dairy production. At the second sampling, soil water P and nitrogen (N), and P and N in surface run‐off (overland flow) were also measured enabling comparison of P in surface run‐off with measures of soil P. In surface soil (0–20 mm), grading reduced measures of soil P, while P sorption increased. Over 3 years, in the graded bays, Olsen P, Colwell P and P sorption decreased and water extractable P and P sorption saturation increased, while Olsen P and Colwell P decreased in the established bays. After 3 years, total dissolved P (TDP) concentrations in soil water were greater in the established bays, but dissolved reactive P (DRP) concentrations were unaffected. Organic P in soil water comprised 70 and 32% of TDP in the established and graded bays, respectively. The soil water analyses were reflected in surface run‐off. After 3 years, laser grading decreased TDP, TDN, TP and TN exports in wetting front run‐off by 40, 29, 41 and 36%, respectively, compared with established bays. This is an important result for the management of dairy systems as it suggests that the regular cultivation used to renovate pasture on more intensive dairy farms decreases the exports of P and N.
Field assessment of soil structural quality – a development of the Peerlkamp test
Authors: Ball B. C. , Batey T. , Munkholm L. J.
Published: September 2007

Increased awareness of the role of soil structure in defining the physical fertility or quality of soil has led to the need for a simple assessment relevant to the environmental and economic sustainability of soil productivity. A test is required that is usable by farmer, consultant and researcher alike. Here an assessment of soil structure quality (Sq) is described which is based on a visual key linked to criteria chosen to be as objective as possible. The influences of operator, tillage and crop type on Sq value were tested. The test takes 5–15 min per location and enough replicates were obtained for statistical comparison of data sets. The assessments of individual operators were influenced to an extent by differences between fields, making the use of multiple operators desirable. Differences in soil management were revealed by the test and related to differences in soil physical properties (bulk density, penetration resistance and porosity) and crop growth. Indicative thresholds of soil management are suggested. The assessment should be viewed as complementary to conventional laboratory assessments of soil structure. Visual soil structure assessment can indicate to the soil scientist where to sample and what soil measurements are likely to be worthwhile.
QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF COPPER‐TIN BRONZES BY MEANS OF GLOW DISCHARGE OPTICAL EMISSION SPECTROMETRY
Authors: INGO G. M. , MANFREDI L.‐I. , BULTRINI G. , PICCOLO E. L. O.
Published: September 2007

Glow discharge optical emission spectrometry (GDOES) has been used for obtaining calibration curves for copper, tin, lead, silver, antimony, arsenic, zinc and iron from standards including copper‐base alloys (Cu 61.33‐99.95%) and from bronze Punic coins. The GDOES results were calibrated using atomic absorption spectroscopy with inductively coupled plasma atomization (ICPAAS) to analyse the standards and coins. For all these materials, the results show that via GDOES it is possible to obtain reliable and reproducible calibration curves for copper, tin, lead, zinc and iron with a linear behaviour as a function of the content. The quantitative GDOES and ICPAAS data for the coins have been also compared with those obtained via X‐ray fluorescence (XRF) and it is shown that GDOES, ICPAAS and XRF agree well with one another considering that the bronze coins are inhomogeneous to some degree. As an example of GDOES analytical features, a depth concentration profile through a thin bronze patina is shown and briefly discussed.
COMPOSITIONAL INHOMOGENEITY OF SEDIMENTS AND ITS POTENTIAL EFFECTS ON DOSE RATE ESTIMATION FOR ELECTRON SPIN RESONANCE DATING OF TOOTH ENAMEL
Authors: MELLARS P. A. , ZHOU L. P. , MARSEGLIA E. A.
Published: September 2007

We present results of particle size and radioactivity analyses of sediment samples collected from five sites with different burial environments. The uranium, thorium and potassium concentrations in the five sample sets are shown to vary with particle size. The potential effects of the observed size‐dependent variations on electron spin resonance (ESR) dating of tooth enamel are assessed using two hypothetical models. Our results show that any bias to relatively fine fractions could result in a significant overestimation of the total environmental dose rate, leading to an underestimation of the calculated ESR age.
X‐RAY FLUORESCENCE AND DENSITY MEASUREMENTS ON SURFACE‐TREATED ROMAN SILVER COINS*
Authors: ZWICKY‐SOBCZYK C. N. , STERN W. B.
Published: September 2007

Some 630 Roman silver coins excavated at Augusta Raurica (Switzerland) have been analysed by non‐destructive X‐ray fluorescence and X‐ray diffraction. Furthermore, the density and the weight have been determined. The measured average density of plated and massive depletion‐silvered coins is lower than the density calculated from the chemical composition, whereas massive coins display equal values for both of the densities. Based on experimental X‐ray investigations of modern silver (tempering, acid treatment, production of corrosion layers), the nature of corrosion products on silver, their impact on surface analysis, and aspects of wearing‐off by circulation are briefly discussed.
METHODS OF ENGRAVING MESOPOTAMIAN CYLINDER SEALS: EXPERIMENTAL CONFIRMATION*
Authors: SAX M. , McNABB J. , MEEKS N. D.
Published: September 2007

Previous observations of the intaglios on quartz cylinder seals from Western Asia suggested that they had been engraved by one or more of four basic techniques, that is, micro‐chipping, filing, drilling and wheel‐cutting. In this paper we test our earlier observations and interpretations experimentally. Examination and comparison of experimentally engraved features with the seal intaglios was made directly with a binocular microscope and also by examination of impressions with a scanning electron microscope. Successful replication was achieved using tools of flint, chalcedony, copper, bronze and iron together with quartz and emery abrasives.
ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS AS A TOOL FOR ARCHAEOLOGICAL DATA ANALYSIS*
Authors: BELL S. , CROSON C.
Published: September 2007

Artificial neural networks (ANN) offer a supplement to traditional classification algorithms applied to archaeological data. Because of their flexible architecture, non‐linearity and independence from the distribution of the underlying data, neural networks have unique advantages for such applications. In particular, ANN models are well suited for use with the sparse data sets common in archaeological work. Combining multivariate techniques with networks for data validation, pre‐processing and classification exploits the merits of both and provides a comprehensive approach to the analysis and classification of archaeological data.
NEW ARCHAEOMAGNETIC STUDIES NEAR XI'AN, CHINA*
Authors: BATT C. , MENG Z. , NÖEL M.
Published: September 2007

Archaeomagnetic and mineral magnetic studies were made of known‐age samples from fired structures and sediments from archaeological sites near Xi'an, China. The fired materials retained a stable record of the direction of the past geomagnetic field, which compared well with previous investigations and could contribute to an archaeomagnetic calibration curve. However, discrepancies with documented observations of the field were noted.
STEEL FILES AS CHRONOLOGICAL MARKERS IN NORTH AMERICAN FUR TRADE SITES*
Authors: WILTZEN T. S. , WAYMAN M. L.
Published: September 2007

A selection of fragments of steel files excavated from dated western Canadian fur trade sites has been examined metallographically to assess their value as chronological indicators. It was possible in some, but not all, cases to identify the steelmaking process, distinguishing between cementation steel and crucible steel. In other file fragments manganese was detected in the steel both as manganese sulphide inclusions and in solution in the steel matrix. The identification of crucible steel provides a terminus post quem of 1740 for the fragment, and the presence of manganese a terminus post quem of about 1840. The site occupation dates were consistent with the dates deduced from the steelmaking technologies.
NATUFIAN TRADE/EXCHANGE IN BASALT IMPLEMENTS: EVIDENCE FROM NORTHERN ISRAEL*
Authors: WEINSTEIN‐EVRON M. , LANG B. , ILANI S.
Published: September 2007

Three Natufian base camps in Israel—el‐Wad, Hayonim and Eynan—have nearby basalt sources, but K/Ar ages indicate that their inhabitants obtained implements, made of Miocene‐Pliocene and Quaternary basalts, further afield. The nearest locations, in which raw material sources representing the whole range of dated basalts occur within a relatively restricted area, are to be found east of the Jordan Valley, suggesting movement of the material some 100 km to el‐Wad, 60 km to Hayonim and 20 km to Eynan. The exact nature of these longdistance contacts and the underlying social and economic systems and mechanisms are yet to be determined.
MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY THICKNESS CORRECTIONS FOR SMALL ARTEFACTS AND COMMENTS ON THE EFFECTS OF‘BACKGROUND’MATERIALS*
Authors: WILLIAMS‐THORPE O. , JONES M. C. , WEBB P. C. , RIGBY I. J.
Published: September 2007

Correction factors for magnetic susceptibility measurements on thin ( artefacts have been determined experimentally for a KT‐5 Exploranium G S. instrument using prepared blocks of Whin Sill dolerite. The cor rection factor is large (> 1.4) for samples less than 10mm thick, and reduces to 1 01 for samples of 50mm thickness. Measurements on thin samples can also be affected by the backing or substrate material on which they are measured. ‘Background’material, for example, soil or plaster, can contribute significantly to recorded measurements on artefacts, particularly for thin artefacts with low susceptibilities
ROCK SURFACE HARDNESS AS AN INDICATION OF EXPOSURE AGE: AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL APPLICATION OF THE SCHMIDT HAMMER*
Authors: BETTS M. W. , LATTA M. A.
Published: September 2007

A Schmidt Hammer was employed in evaluating the surface hardness of rocks which line ancient anthropogenic pit features, known as Pukaskwa pits, on the north shore of Lake Superior, Canada. This technique offers a possible new method of producing relative ana absolute dates for such exposed stone features Analysis of the data has provided a relative chronology for the pit features, representing two distinct construction phases. The range of absolute dates generated from the data indicates that the pits were likely constructed by Blackduck peoples c. 900 to 400 years BP.
THE ROMANESQUE FRIEZE AT LINCOLN CATHEDRAL (ENGLAND)—PRIMARY OR SECONDARY INSERTION? MAGNETIC CONSIDERATIONS*
Authors: MAKER L. , BORRADAILE G. , STEWART J. D. , O'CONNOR M.
Published: September 2007

The current debate about the age of the Romanesque frieze of Lincoln Cathedral weighs archaeological evidence against art history. On the one hand, the panels appear to be an integral part of the original Norman structure built by the first bishop (AD 1072–92). However, on grounds of style and artistic comparisons, art historians argue for a later installation during the restoration of AD 1141–6. In order to determine when the panels were stabilized in the cathedral, we used a new method that measures their degree of remagnetization by the earth's magnetic field since they were quarried. The longer that masonry remains stabilized in a given orientation, the greater its viscous remagnetization. Viscous remanent magnetization dating has previously been successful with this particular type of limestone masonry. Our results lend support to the view that the panels were installed in the early 1140s.
BIRD EGGSHELL IN DOMINICAN AMBER
Authors: POINAR GEORGE , VOISIN CLAIRE , VOISIN JEAN‐FRANÇOIS
Published: September 2007

Abstract: Here we report an eggshell in Dominican amber, representing the first vertebrate egg in any amber deposit. The eggshell is compared with present‐day eggs of lizards, snails and birds. Based on the surface structure and type of shell breakage, it appears that the most likely candidate is a bird, and with that consideration, an avian group that produces eggs similar to the fossil in shape, size and colouration is the Trochilidae (hummingbirds). Several possible explanations of how the fossil could be preserved in amber are provided. If indeed a hummingbird was involved, this discovery would represent the first New World record of a fossil trochilid.
PARASITISM VERSUS COMMENSALISM: THE CASE OF TABULATE ENDOBIONTS
Authors: ZAPALSKI MIKOŁAJ K.
Published: September 2007

Abstract:  Tube‐like traces of organisms belonging to the ichnogenus Chaetosalpinx Sokolov have been considered in the literature as commensal endobiontic organisms of tabulate corals. Their position between the corallites (or sometimes within the septa), perforation of the host's skeleton and soft tissue, modification of its phenotype and a possible inhibition of its growth show that the relationship between these organisms and tabulate corals can best be interpreted as parasitism rather than commensalism, as previously suggested. Such an interpretation may be extended to the ichnogenera Helicosalpinx Oekentorp and Actinosalpinx Sokolov, which show identical placement within the host colony and similar features, such as the absence of their own wall.