bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
One click is all it takes: technology-assisted child sexual abuse
Authors: Płonka Joanna
Published: January 2022

In times of easily accessible technology and the Internet, the number of technology-assisted child sexual abuse (TA-CSA) is increasing. Anonymity, the multitude of victims that can be reached at the same time, as well as the variety of online abuse forms are in some way conducive to the perpetrators of sexual crimes in undertaking the act. Nevertheless, specialists in the field indicate that the phenomenon itself, as well as its consequences are not fully investigated. The aim of this article is to introduce the reader to the issues of TA-CSA by: 1) to present what the phenomenon of child sexual abuse is and what notions it entails, 2) to identify different types and forms of online sexual abuse (cyber grooming, sexting, sextortion and web-cam sexting), and 3) to take a close look at several selected research studies in the field, examining the consequences of technology-assisted sexual abuse on children. From previous reports of researchers investigating the causes and effects of child sexual abuse, including technology-assisted abuse, it can be concluded that the consequences of online abuse are very similar to those of offline sexual abuse, and even include additional factors that victims must face. Further research on this topic should therefore be looked at in order to better understand the nature of technology-assisted sexual abuse and not succumb to the illusion of this type of experience minor importance over the experience of offline sexual violence. Understanding the relevance and consequences of this phenomenon will allow for effective interventions in support services and educational activities.
Criminal liability and the motivational background of socially unacceptable behaviour of youth
Authors: Jurczyk Marcin
Published: January 2022

The article presents an analysis of the results of research carried out among minors residing in social rehabilitation centres and adolescents from upper secondary schools complying with the legal norms. The aim of the conducted research was to analyse the previous criminal record of the respondents and to analyse the existing diff erences in the type of the declared motivational background in undertaking behaviours that violate legal and social norms among the examined adolescents. A total of 133 minors from juvenile detention centres and 133 students from upper secondary schools were examined. The diagnostic survey method was used. The results of the analysis show that in the group of girls from juvenile detention centres, the motive of getting things (money) that they do not have and imitating their colleagues dominates relatively more often. In turn, among boys from rehabilitation centres, the most frequently indicated motive was repaying someone for the harm done and willing to teach someone a lesson. Among girls from upper secondary schools, the motive of imitating friends turned out to be the dominant motive for behaviour that violates social norms. No signifi cant motive was found among boys from this group.
The importance of relationships in the process of helping people suffering from schizophrenia
Authors: Malewicz-Sawicka Maryla , Więcek-Durańska Anna
Published: January 2022

The article presents issues related to the importance of relationships in the process of helping people suffering from schizophrenia. Schizophrenia is one of the most severe mental-health disorder, in its course it often leads to mental disability. Therefore, the mental disability and initiating the recovery process of people with schizophrenia are the most important and central concepts of the text. Working with a patient suffering from schizophrenia aims at preventing disability and minimizing its consequences, and the success of these actions should be measured by the degree to which a disabled person is able to work independently, fulfil daily family and home duties and manage their free time. Creating a good or sufficiently good therapeutic relationship with a person suffering from schizophrenia is a complex configuration of many factors: from purely behavioural and information-sharing to those related to a sense of genuine closeness. The list of factors influencing creation of a therapeutic relationship can be elaborated based on various assumptions, some may emphasize the factor of patients' disability, others – cognitive deficits, and still others may be created based on existential assumptions. In this article, particular emphasis is placed on the area of psychosocial rehabilitation with its specific goals and the role of empathy and therapeutic relationship in the process of recovery of people with mental disorders.
The best interests of the child in the project of the Family Code – a semantic analysis of the concept
Authors: Barankiewicz Izabela , Bogdańska-Maciak Magdalena , Perkowska-Klejman Anna , Zduńczyk Natalia , Żurek Ewelina
Published: January 2022

The best interests of the child in the project of the Family Code – a semantic analysis of the concept
ABSTRACT
The aim of the article is a semantic analysis of the concept of the best interests of the child appearing in the draft of the new Family Code. The research material is a legal document, though it was analysed from an interdisciplinary perspective. The main research question was the following: what meanings constitute the content dominant of the best interests of the child concept, and which appear rarely, if there are any dilemmas, discrepancies, and critical points related to the concept of the best interests of the child. Six separate networks were created (equivalents, terms, associations, oppositions, descriptions of actions, and descriptions of actions regarding the best interests of the child), which, after being put in order created the semantic field of the concept of the best interests of the child. This way, the real meaning and clusters of associations related to the analysed concept were found. Each network is described separately. Based on the analysis –by using the semantic network – a detailed definition of the best interests of the child existing in the draft of the new Family Code was determined.
Recenzja książki: Mirosław Grewiński, Usługi społeczne we współczesnej polityce społecznej. Przegląd problemów i wizja przyszłości, Dom Wydawniczy ELIPSA, Warszawa 2021, ss. 598
Authors: Trafiałek Elżbieta
Published: January 2022

Recenzja książki: Mirosław Grewiński, Usługi społeczne we współczesnej polityce społecznej. Przegląd problemów i wizja przyszłości
Ekolingwistyka w dobie antropocenu: w stronę integracji i konsiliencji
Authors: STECIĄG MAGDALENA
Published: January 2022

Celem artykułu jest ukazanie głównych wyzwań antropocenu dla językoznawstwa oraz wynikający z nich kierunek rozwoju ekolingwistyki w stronę konsiliencji, rozumianej jako idea systematycznego poszukiwania zależności przyczynowych między zjawiskami z różnych dziedzin wiedzy. Integracyjny model ekolingwistyki, który jest budowany od niespełna dekady, zostanie przedstawiony w powiązaniu z najtrudniejszymi problemami poznawczymi „epoki człowieka”, do których zalicza się przełamywanie antropocentryzmu oraz problematyzowanie pojęcia natury. Odpowiedzią ekolingwistów jest sformułowanie zasady nielokalności języka oraz jego znaturalizowany ogląd w hipotezie rozszerzonej ekologii. Z tymi nowymi ideami wiążą się nadzieje na to, że ekolingwistyka nie będzie traktowana jako tematyczny dział językoznawstwa, a stanie się awangardą w takim myśleniu o języku, które dotrzyma kroku trudnym wyzwaniom antropocenu.
Ecolinguistics in the Anthropocene Era: Towards Integration and Consilience
Summary: The aim of the paper is to present the main challenges that the Anthropocene presents to linguistics, and discuss the subsequent development of ecolinguistics towards consilience, understood as the idea of a systematic search for causal relationships between phenomena from various fields of science. The integrative model of ecolinguistics, which has been built for less than a decade, will be presented in relation to the most difficult cognitive problems of the Human Era, such as the overcoming of anthropocentrism and the addressing of the concept of nature. The solution proposed by ecolinguists is the principle of the non-locality of language and the nature-oriented view of language that follows the Extended Ecology Hypothesis. These new ideas will, hopefully, lead to considering ecolinguistics not so much as a thematic branch of linguistics, but as the avant-garde in such thinking about language that will keep pace with the
challenges of the Anthropocene.
Forward Bifurcation with Hysteresis Phenomena from Atherosclerosis Mathematical Model
Authors: Aldila Dipo , Islamilova Arthana , Khosnaw Sarbaz H.A. , Handari Bevina D. , Tasman Hengki
Published: January 2022

Atherosclerosis is a non-communicable disease (NCDs) which appears when the blood vessels in the human body become thick and stiff. The symptoms range from chest pain, sudden numbness in the arms or legs, temporary loss of vision in one eye, or even kidney failure, which may lead to death. Treatment in cases with severe symptoms requires surgery, in which the number of doctors or hospitals is limited in some countries, especially countries with low health levels. This article aims to propose a mathematical model to understand the impact of limited hospital resources on the success of the control program of atherosclerosis spreads. The model was constructed based on a deterministic model, where the hospitalization rate is defined as a time-dependent saturated function concerning the number of infected individuals. The existence and stability of all possible equilibrium points were shown analytically and numerically, along with the basic reproduction number. Our analysis indicates that our model may exhibit various types of bifurcation phenomena, such as forward bifurcation, backward bifurcation, or a forward bifurcation with hysteresis depending on the value of hospitalization saturation parameter and the infection rate for treated infected individuals. These phenomenon triggers a complex and tricky control program of atherosclerosis. A forward bifurcation with hysteresis auses a possible condition of having more than one stable endemic equilibrium when the basic reproduction number is larger than one, but close to one. The more significant value of hospitalization saturation rate or the infection rate for treated infected individuals increases the possibility of the stable endemic equilibrium point even though the disease-free equilibrium is stable. Furthermore, the Pontryagin Maximum Principle was used to characterize the optimal control problem for our model. Based on the results of our analysis, we conclude that atherosclerosis control interventions should prioritize prevention efforts over endemic reduction scenarios to avoid high intervention costs. In addition, the government also needs to pay great attention to the availability of hospital services for this disease to avoid the dynamic complexity of the spread of atherosclerosis in the field.
The Constructions of Egg-Shaped Surface Equations using Hugelschaffer’s Egg-Shaped Curve
Authors: Maulana Ahmat Rif’an , Yunus Mahmud , Sulistyaningrum Dwi Ratna
Published: January 2022

Hugelschaffer’s egg-shaped curve is egg-shaped curve that is constructed by two non-concentric circles using Newton’s transformation known as hyperbolism. This study has goals to construct the egg-shaped surface equations using Hugelschafer’s egg-shaped curve that is rotated on x-axis, y-axis and z-axis; to get the volume formula of the egg-shaped solid and the egg-shaped surface area and also to visualize the egg-shaped surface equations using GeoGebra. Hugelschaffer’s egg-shaped curve is selected because its equation is simple. The procedures of the construction of the egg-shaped surface equations are done by drawing the curve on xy-plane and xz-plane, then it is rotated on axes of the coordinate. Whereas, the volume formula of the egg-shaped solid is gotten by using the disk method of the volume integral. The egg-shaped surface area is attained by using the integral of surface area. Visualisation of the egg-shaped surface equations are done by choosing vary of parameter values of the equations that aims to know the effect of the parameter values with the shaped surface.
Effect of Tool Rotation Speed on Mechanical Properties and Microstructure as the Results of Friction Stir Welding Method on Aluminium 5083-7075
Authors: Maryati Maryati , Soegijono Bambang , Masduky M Yudi , Tarmizi Tarmizi
Published: January 2022

Friction Stir Welding (FSW) is a new method of welding process which is affordable and provide good quality. Aluminium 5083-7075 has been connected successfully by using friction stir welding (FSW) method into butt joint connection form. Tool rotation speed is one of the important parameters in FSW. The changes of rotation speed will affect the characteristics of mechanical properties and microstructure. The parameters of welding being used are welding speed of 29 mm/minutes by varying the speed rotation of 525 rpm, 680 rpm, 910 rpm, and 1555 rpm. In order to find out the mechanical strength of welds, tensile strength and hardness testing is done while finding out the microstructure will be done by using optical microscope and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The result of the research showed that the highest tensile strength obtained at 910 rpm speed rotation about 244.85 MPa and the greatest hardness values was found on aluminium 5083 around the wheel zone area about 96 HV with rotary speed of 525 rpm. Then, the result of testing the macro and microstructure on all samples indicated defect which is seen as incomplete fusion and penetration causing the formation of onion rings. In other words, it is which showed that the result of stirring and tacking in the welding area is less than perfect.
2-Dimensional Pressure Distribution in Saturated Petroleum Reservoir using Finite Difference
Authors: Putra Adam Sukma , Srigutomo Wahyu
Published: January 2022

The aim of this project is to solve the Darcy’s Equation using the finite difference (FD) method. We test the governing equation by investigating a saturated petroleum reservoir in two-dimensional (2-D) system to describe the distribution of the pressure within the reservoir. We assume that the velocity of the fluid (oil) is incompressible and relatively slow as a consequence that the system is saturated. The model used is a flow in steady state 2-D porous media. We apply the modified form of FN method with Gauss-Seidel to improve the precision of the simulation.
Faddeev-Popov Ghost and BRST Symmetry in Yang-Mills Theory
Authors: Yanuwar Edyharto , Kosasih Jusak Sali
Published: January 2022

Ghost fields arise from the quantization of the gauge field with constraints (gauge fixing) through the path integral method. By substituting a form of identity, an effective propagator will be obtained from the gauge field with constraints and this is called the Faddeev-Popov method. The Grassmann odd properties of the ghost field cause the gauge transformation parameter to be Grassmann odd, so a BRST transformation is defined. Ghost field emergence with Grassmann odd properties can also be obtained through the least action principle with gauge transformation, and thus the relations between the BRST transformation parameters and the ghost field is obtained.
Governo Bolsonaro e pandemia
Authors: Santos Deborah Luísa Vieira dos , Campos Mariane Motta de , Coimbra Mayra Regina , Carvalho Willian José de
Published: January 2022

O presente estudo tem como objeto analisar o discurso presente no Instagram e Twitter do presidente Jair Bolsonaro, sobre a Covid-19, sob a perspectiva da pós-verdade. No presente trabalho observou-se quais as mensagens acionadas por Bolsonaro e de que forma o mesmo aborda a pandemia e o contexto brasileiro, em suas redes sociais oficiais. A análise realizada por meio da análise de conteúdo (BARDIN, 2011) traz como recorte temporal o período que compreende de 20 de junho a 20 de julho de 2020. No referido intervalo, o Brasil ultrapassou a marca de 50 mil mortos pela Covid-19, tornou-se o novo epicentro da pandemia e, ainda, houve a confirmação da contaminação de Bolsonaro pelo vírus. Assim, percebe-se uma postura negacionista do presidente frente ao cenário de pandemia, bem como, o ataque aos campos científico e jornalístico, o qual utiliza da desinformação e o silenciamento de discussões importantes para fazer prevalecer suas ideias.
‘Europe Gets More Game Everyday’. Professional Basketball, Transatlantic Sports Models and European Integration since the 1950s
Authors: DOPPLER-SPERANZA François , GASPARINI William
Published: January 2022

This paper examines the current feud between the two main actors of professional basketball in Europe - FIBA Europe and Euroleague Basketball - from a socio-his­torical perspective. It aims to delineate the diplomatic negotiations and organiza­tional shifts in European sport competitions in relation to the growing influence of US basketball during the Cold War. Through an analysis of official reports and the press, as well as interviews with members of the European Parliament, this paper shows that basketball has acted as an informal sporting corollary to the 1957 Treaty of Rome, promoting the European community by way of a meritocratic system of sports competitions between teams or nations. The rivalry under study shows that the hegemonic post-Cold War US market-based model has challenged the ideas be­hind a “European model of sports”, ultimately putting the recent legislatures in a quandary about the initial consensus behind European integration.
Direct Oral Anticoagulants and Vitamin K Antagonists: Role in Thrombotic Damage, Safety, and Indications
Authors: Aldhaeefi Mohammed , Alshaya Abdulrahman , Bin Saleh Khalid , Alshaya Omar , Badreldin Hisham
Published: January 2022

This chapter is intended to discuss the available oral anticoagulants, including vitamin K antagonists and the Direct Oral Anticoagulants such as dabigatran, apixaban, rivaroxaban, and edoxaban. It will review their basic pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, dosage forms, clinical indications, and place in therapy. Finally, this chapter will also discuss the currently available reversal agents.
Under-Five Mortality Causes and Prevention
Authors: Tekin Mehmet
Published: January 2022

The under-five mortality rate (U5MR) represents children who die before reaching the age of 5 per 1000 live births. It is directly related to the development and economic income levels of countries. For this reason, high rates are observed in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). The neonatal period deserves more attention as the decline in mortality rates has recently stalled. The most common causes of death under 5 years old are acute respiratory infections, diarrhea, malaria, and birth complications. Although neonatal disorders and birth complications have recently come to the fore, among these reasons, deaths due to infections are still high in LMICs. The crucial topics in prevention are perinatal care and vaccination. Apart from these, access to medicine, food, and clean water is essential in preventing deaths under 5. For preventive services to achieve their goal, these services must reach everyone. Ending preventable child deaths is only possible by improving access to well-equipped healthcare professionals during pregnancy and childbirth, life-saving interventions such as vaccinations, breastfeeding and the provision of low-cost medicines, and access to water and sanitation, which are now lacking in low-income countries.
The Importance of Aphasia Communication Groups
Authors: Charalambous Marina , Kambanaros Maria
Published: January 2022

Chronic aphasia is linked to poor functional recovery, depression, and social isolation. In the exploration of the above factors, the role of aphasia communication groups has evolved. Aphasia communication groups for stroke survivors with chronic aphasia and their communication buddies are gaining clinical importance. Communication buddies can be family members, friends, carers, health professionals, and speech and language therapy students who serve as communication facilitators for each group member. Group members share experiences on stroke and aphasia by using technology/tablets and the total communication approach. The benefits or outcomes of group involvement are measured by assessment of functional communication, individual self-ratings of the impact of aphasia on communication, and quality of life after stroke. The use of the communication buddy system, total communication approach, and systematic evaluations enables therapists to measure the effectiveness and efficacy of communication groups in terms of functional communication, social inclusion, and quality of life.
Stroke Rehabilitation and Occupational Therapy in Low Resource Settings
Authors: Mlambo Tecla , Pfavai Yvonne , R. Chimusoro Faith , Kaseke Farayi
Published: January 2022

The long-term complications of stroke interfere with function, and the level of disability varies based on the type of stroke, location, and the extent of damage. Rehabilitation services are important in the recovery of stroke patients, but not all survivors have access to the services especially in low resourced settings where accessibility and economic challenges are the major barriers. Inadequate fulfilment of stroke survivors’ rehabilitation needs contribute to poor functional outcomes and slow recovery. The objectives of this chapter is therefore to give an overview of stroke and stroke rehabilitation with specific emphasis on occupational therapy, discuss the activities and areas of participation considered important by stroke patients, stroke patients’ needs and perceived fulfilment of these needs in order to provide targeted interventions. Data to inform the chapter is based on research done in a low resource setting. The perceived important activities and participation areas, and the needs of stroke patients are discussed in light of literature on the subject and findings from the studies done in Zimbabwe.
Preeclampsia: From Etiopathology to Organ Dysfunction
Authors: Shaikh Nissar , Nahid Seema , Ummunnisa Firdous , Fatima Ifrah , Hilani Mohamad , Gul Asma , Al Basha A. , Yahia W. , Al Hail F. , Elfil H. , Abdalla E. , Nainthramveetil M.M. , Imraan M.A , Zubair Muhammad , Khan Sibghatulla , Korichi N. , Alkhawaga S. , Ismail H. , Yaqoob S. , Abdulrahman M.S. Al Khelaifi Mashael
Published: January 2022

Preeclampsia is a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy affecting 6–12% of the population. There are various risk factors for the development of preeclampsia, ranging from advanced maternal age to genetics. The proposed etiologies for preeclampsia are abnormal placentation, immunological intolerance, endothelial damage, and genetic inheritance. The pathogenesis includes endothelial activation and dysfunction leading to vasospasm. Preeclampsia is divided into two stages: asymptomatic and symptomatic stages. Preeclampsia causes multiple organ involvement, namely central nervous system, respiratory, cardiovascular, hematological dysfunction, HELLP (hemolysis elevated liver enzymes, low platelets) syndrome, endocrine, renal, hepatic, and uteroplacental dysfunction. These organ dysfunctions increase morbidity and mortality in preeclamptic pregnant patients.
Cellular Functions of ER Chaperones in Regulating Protein Misfolding and Aggregation: An Emerging Therapeutic Approach for Preeclampsia
Authors: Murugesan Janaranjani , Balakrishnan Ajithkumar , Kumpati Premkumar , Vedagiri Hemamalini
Published: January 2022

Proteinuria is one of the hallmarks of preeclampsia (PE) that differentiates other hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Protein misfolding and aggregation is an emerging pathological condition underlying many chronic metabolic diseases and neurodegenerative diseases. Recent studies indicate protein aggregation as an emerging biomarker of preeclampsia, wherein several proteins are aggregated and dysregulated in the body fluids of preeclamptic women, provoking the multi-systemic clinical manifestations of the disease. At the cellular level, these misfolded and aggregated proteins are potentially toxic interfering with the normal physiological process, eliciting the unfolded protein response (UPR) pathway activators in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) that subsequently augments the ER quality control systems to remove these aberrant proteins. ER resident chaperones, folding enzymes and other proteins serve as part of the ER quality control machinery in restoring nascent protein folding. These ER chaperones are crucial for ER function aiding in native protein folding, maintaining calcium homeostasis, as sensors of ER stress and also as immune modulators. Consequently, ER chaperones seems to be involved in many cellular processes, yet the association is expanding to be explored. Understanding the role and mechanism of ER chaperones in regulating protein misfolding and aggregation would provide new avenues for therapeutic intervention as well as for the development of new diagnostic approaches.
Ultrasound Modality in the Evaluation and Management of Gallbladder Polyps
Authors: Zaafouri Haithem , Mesbahi Meryam , Khedhiri Nizar , Riahi Wassim , Cherif Mouna , Haddad Dhafer , Ben Maamer Anis
Published: January 2022

Gallbladder polyps (GBP) are defined as developed masses inside the wall of the gallbladder; most of them (90%) are nontumor lesions. Abdominal ultrasound is the main and the first line radiological modality for their diagnosis and their risk lamination. We conducted a 12 year retrospective study between 2009 and 2020, which included patients who had preoperative transabdominal ultrasonography showing gallbladder polyps and had undergone cholecystectomy, and for whom postoperative pathology results were available, as well as patients who had at least one polyp discovered on the histopathological exam and who were not determined preoperatively. A total of 70 patients were identified. Preoperative diagnosis of vesicular polyp by ultrasound was carried in 82.9% of patients. The number of ultrasounds performed per person was 1.2 ± 0.47. The polyps’ size in mm was on average 6.14 ± 2.6 with extremes between 3 and 13 mm. On anatomopathological examination, a polyp was objectified in 33.3% of cases. In our series, abdominal ultrasound had a low sensitivity at 36.4%. We aim to provide the accuracy of abdominal ultrasound for the diagnosis of GBP, as a low-cost modality, and to evaluate the concordance of preoperative ultrasound imaging with postoperative pathology.
Musculoskeletal Manifestations in Sjogren’s Syndrome
Authors: İşik Ridvan , Ege Ferhat
Published: January 2022

Sjögren’s syndrome (SS) is a chronic, autoimmune, inflammatory disease characterized by lymphocytic infiltration, destruction and dysfunction of the exocrine glands. Sjögren’s syndrome can be described as primary or secondary, depending on whether it occurs alone or in association with other systemic autoimmune diseases. Systemic manifestations of SS involve the musculoskeletal system. SS can be seen in association with both joint and muscle manifestations, including arthralgia and arthritis, as well as myopathy, which is usually asymptomatic. Besides, it may include bone metabolic disorders, fatigue and fibromyalgia. The diagnosis of Sjögren’s syndrome is based on characteristic clinical signs and symptoms. The etiology and pathogenesis of SS is elusive and has not yet been clarified. There is no curative treatment for SS, thus the aim in the treatment of SS is to alleviate the symptoms.
Pharmacological Management of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
Authors: Panahi Ladan , Udeani George , Scott Tenpas Andrew , Ofili Theresa , Marie Aguilar Elizabeth , Burchard Sarah , Ruth Ritenour Alexandra , Jacob Chennat April , Ahmed Nehal , Atphaisit Chairat , Chi Crystal , Cruz III Jesus , D. Deleon Monica , Lee Samantha , Mayo Zack , Mcbeth Mackenzie , Morales Mariel , N. Nwosu Jennifer , Palacios Kelly , M. Pena Jaycob , Vara Nitza
Published: January 2022

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a common interstitial lung disease (ILD) caused by environmental exposures, infections, or traumatic injuries and subsequent epithelial damage. Since IPF is a progressively fatal disease without remission, treatment is both urgent and necessary. The two medications indicated solely for treatment include the tyrosine kinase inhibitor nintedanib (Ofev®) and the anti-fibrotic agent pirfenidone (Esbriet®). This chapter discusses in detail the current treatment options for clinical management of IPF, specifically the mentioned two pharmacotherapeutic agents that decrease physiological progression and likely improve progression-free survival. The chapter also discusses the evolution of drug therapy in IPF management and the drawbacks and limitations learned throughout historical trials and observational studies.
Between Home and School: Exploring Parents’ Experiences of Educating in a Pandemic
Authors: Ross Helen
Published: January 2022

Drawing on open ended survey data constructed during the Spring-Summer of 2020 at the height of COVID-19 related lockdowns, this chapter explores parents’ experiences of parenting young people with specific learning difficulties during a pandemic using a theoretical model based on the work of Bourdieu, previously developed by Ross. Bourdieusien principles underpin this study of parents’ individual sense-making of home-schooling their children. This sense-making is highlighted as framing parents’ interactions with professionals working with their children. There is a particular focus on parents’ attempts to procure and engage with appropriate support for their children with specific learning difficulties. Systemic expectations relating to home-schooling and parents’ roles in this are delineated and clarified. The intersection of systemic expectations on parents and their interactions with professionals is deconstructed to highlight the difficulties parents encountered with their ever-shifting roles during the course of home-schooling their children. Recommendations for practice are then drawn out.
Clairaut Submersion
Authors: Kumar Singh Sanjay , Gupta Punam
Published: January 2022

In this chapter, we give the detailed study about the Clairaut submersion. The fundamental notations are given. Clairaut submersion is one of the most interesting topics in differential geometry. Depending on the condition on distribution of submersion, we have different classes of submersion such as anti-invariant, semi-invariant submersions etc. We describe the geometric properties of Clairaut anti-invariant submersions and Clairaut semi-invariant submersions whose total space is a Kähler, nearly Kähler manifold. We give condition for Clairaut anti-invariant submersion to be a totally geodesic map and also study Clairaut anti-invariant submersions with totally umbilical fibers. We also give the conditions for the semi-invariant submersions to be Clairaut map and also for Clairaut semi-invariant submersion to be a totally geodesic map. We also give some illustrative example of Clairaut anti-invariant and semi-invariant submersion.
Flavonoids: A Group of Potential Food Additives with Beneficial Health Effects
Authors: Carpena Rodriguez María , Caleja Cristina , Nuñez-Estevez Bernabe , Pereira Eliana , Fraga-Corral Maria , S. Reis Filipa , Simal-Gandara Jesus , C.F.R. Ferreira Isabel , A. Prieto Miguel , Barros Lillian
Published: January 2022

Recently, there has been an increasing interest in health-promoting products which are also natural and safe for consumption because the consumer market has been searching for a healthy lifestyle. This global market trend has driven the food industry to invest in developing innovative products containing bioactive components. Flavonoids are a group of phenolic compounds of low molecular weight, consisting of 15 carbon atoms. Their alterations in the heterocyclic ring’s substitution pattern generate six subclasses: flavonols, flavanols, flavones, flavanones, isoflavones and anthocyanins. Also, different studies have reported that diets rich in flavonoids provide numerous benefits associated with health-promoting effects by reducing the risk of development of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes type II and some types of cancers. These effects have been related to their biological properties which also include other activities such as colorant effects (e.g., anthocyanins), transforming them into potential food additives with desirable capacities. Therefore, this review aims to revise the classes of flavonoids and their main biological properties as well as the most used extraction techniques applied for obtaining these compounds, their bioavailability and the application to formulate new natural food additives.
Significant Role of Trust and Distrust in Social Simulation
Authors: Ishii Akira , Kawahata Yasuko , Okano Nozomi
Published: January 2022

This paper introduces the Trust-Distrust Model and its applications, extending the Bounded Confidence Model, a theory of opinion dynamics, to include the relationship between trust and mistrust. In recent years, there has been an increase in the number of cases in which the prerequisites for conventional communication (e.g., the other person’s gender, appearance, tone of voice, etc.) cannot be established without the exchange of personal information. However, in recent years, there has been an increase in the use of personal information, such as letters and pictograms “as cryptographic asset data” for two-way communication. However, there are advantages and disadvantages to using information assets in the form of personalized data, which are excerpts of personal information as described above. In the future, the discussion of trust value in the above data will accelerate in indicators such as personal credit scoring. In this paper, the Trust-Distrust Model will be discussed with respect to theories that also address charismatic people, the effects of advertising, and social divisions. Furthermore, simulations of the Trust-Distrust Model show that 55% agreement is sufficient to build social consensus. By addressing this theory, we hope to use it to discuss and predict social risk in future credit scoring discussions.
Molecular Diagnostic Platforms for Specific Detection of Escherichia coli
Authors: Deshmukh Rehan , Roy Utpal
Published: January 2022

Developing countries due to socio-economic conditions are more prone to frequent pathogenic outbreaks; inadequate sanitation and water quality monitoring are also responsible for such conditions. Therefore, it is of paramount importance to provide microbiologically safe food/water in order to protect public health. Several flaws in traditional culturing methods have sparked a surge in interest in molecular techniques as a means of improving the efficiency and sensitivity of microbiological food/water quality monitoring. Molecular identification of water contaminants, mainly Escherichia coli, has been extensively used. Several of the molecular-based techniques are based on amplification and detection of nucleic acids. The advantages offered by these PCR-based methods over culture-based techniques are a higher level of specificity, sensitivity, and rapidity. Of late, the development of a biosensor device that is easy to perform, highly sensitive, and selective has the potential to become indispensable in detecting low CFU of pathogenic E. coli in environmental samples. This review seeks to provide a vista of the progress made in the detection of E. coli using nucleic acid-based approaches as part of the microbiological food/water quality monitoring.
A Comprehensive Overview of Broca’s Aphasia after Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Cătălin Jianu Dragoș , V. Ilic Tihomir , Nina Jianu Silviana , Docu Axelerad Any , Dumitru Bîrdac Claudiu , Flavius Dan Traian , Elena Gogu Anca , Munteanu Georgiana
Published: January 2022

Aphasia denotes an acquired central disorder of language, which alters patient’s ability of understanding and/or producing spoken and written language. The main cause of aphasia is represented by ischemic stroke. The language disturbances are frequently combined into aphasic syndromes, contained in different vascular syndromes, which may suffer evolution/involution in the acute stage of ischemic stroke. The main determining factor of the vascular aphasia’s form is the infarct location. Broca’s aphasia is a non-fluent aphasia, comprising a wide range of symptoms (articulatory disturbances, paraphasias, agrammatism, anomia, and discrete comprehension disorders of spoken and written language) and is considered the third most common form of acute vascular aphasia, after global and Wernicke’s aphasia. It is caused by a lesion situated in the dominant cerebral hemisphere (the left one in right-handed persons), in those cortical regions vascularized by the superior division of the left middle cerebral artery (Broca’s area, the rolandic operculum, the insular cortex, subjacent white matter, centrum semiovale, the caudate nucleus head, the putamen, and the periventricular areas). The role of this chapter is to present the most important acquirements in the field of language and neurologic examination, diagnosis, and therapy of the patient with Broca’s aphasia secondary to ischemic stroke.
Scale-up of Mycorrhizal-Assisted Phytoremediation System from Technology Readiness Level 6 (Relevant Environment) to 7 (Operational Environment): Cost-benefits within a Circular Economy Context
Authors: Scotti Adalgisa , Silvani Vanesa , Milia Stefano , Cappai Giovanna , Ubaldini Stefano , Ortega Valeria , Colombo Roxana , Godeas Alicia , Gómez Martín
Published: January 2022

This chapter analyzes the costs-benefits of a particular phytomining methodology named mycorrhizal-assisted phytoremediation (MAP). This MAP system is responsible for phytostabilization and/or phytoextraction of secondary and critical raw materials from contaminated soil or mining wastes. To this aim, we evaluated the application of MAP in a modified constructed wetland, the vegetable depuration module (VDM), which permits the calibration of physical-chemical-biological variables in a contaminated substrate, as well as the partition of chemical elements within the liquid phase due to leaching and solid phases (biomass and soil). This successful methodology allows to scale-up from a Technology Readiness Level (TRL) 6 (demonstration in a relevant environment) toward TRL 7 (demonstration in an operational environment), which implies the transfer to the territory.
The Impact of Endometriosis on Controlled Ovarian Stimulation Outcome
Authors: Albu Dragoș , Albu Alice
Published: January 2022

Endometriosis, a frequent condition in reproductive age women, is also associated with infertility by mechanisms incompletely clarified. The effectiveness of endometriosis treatment for infertility is debated, being possible that in vitro fertilization (IVF) offers a better alternative. The response to controlled ovarian stimulation (COS) is an important predictor of live birth, but it might be affected in endometriosis possibly through a decrease of ovarian reserve. Moreover, the predictive value of anti-mullerian hormone (AMH) for the response to COS could be altered by factors disrupting the AMH production in endometriosis. Therefore, we aim to review the literature regarding the response to COS and the AMH production and their predictive value for COS response in patients with endometriosis.
DNA-FACE™ - An Escherichia coli-based DNA Amplification-Expression Technology for Automatic Assembly of Concatemeric ORFs and Proteins
Authors: M. Skowron Piotr , Zylicz-Stachula Agnieszka
Published: January 2022

DNA-FACE™ (DNA Fragment Amplification & Concatemeric Expressed Nucleic Acids and Proteins) is a universal biotechnological platform, developed as Escherichia coli (E. coli) system. It is based on the ordered, head-to-tail directional ligation of the amplified DNA fragments. The technology enables the construction of targeted biomolecules - genetically programmed, concatemeric DNA, RNA, and proteins, designed to fit a particular task. The constructed, “artificial” (never seen in Nature) tandem repeat macromolecules, with specialized functions, may contain up to 500 copies of monomeric units. The technology greatly exceeds the current capabilities of chemical gene synthesis. The vector-enzymatic DNA fragment amplification assembles the DNA segments, forming continuous Open Reading Frames (ORFs). The obtained ORFs are ready for high-level expression in E. coli without a need for subcloning. The presented method has potential applications in pharmaceutical industry and tissue engineering, including vaccines, biological drugs, drug delivery systems, mass-production of peptide-derived biomaterials, industrial and environmental processes. The technology has been patented worldwide and used successfully in the construction of anti-HBV vaccines, pro-regenerative biological drugs and, recently, the anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. The anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, developed using the DNA-FACE™ technology, is nontoxic and induces strong immunological response to recombinant human spike and nucleocapsid proteins, as shown in animal studies.
Exosomes in Cancer Diagnosis and Radiation Therapy
Authors: Nakaoka Ai , Kobayashi Kana , Hassan Mennaallah , Sasaki Ryohei
Published: January 2022

Exosomes are a subgroup of extracellular vesicles that are released by all types of cells, including tumor cells, and mediate intercellular communication via the transport of various intracellular components, including microRNAs, messenger RNAs, and proteins. Radiation produces reactive oxygen species and induces DNA double-strand break in cancer cells and normal cells. Cancer cells have severe damage and die by irradiation, but normal cells can keep proliferation with their high DNA repair ability. Irradiated cells generate communication signals and cause biological changes in neighboring or distant non-irradiated cells. This review outlines the role of exosomes in radiation therapy. In the tumor microenvironment, exosomes are considered to regulate cell survival, migration, and resistance to therapy by interacting with vascular endothelial cells and various types of immune cells. Nowadays, radiation therapy is typically combined with immunotherapy. Regulation of the activity of exosomes may overcome the problem of resistance to immunotherapy. Furthermore, exosomes can attenuate resistance to chemotherapy by transporting certain types of microRNA. The current evidence suggests that exosomes may be useful in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer in the future.
A Review on the Cooking Attributes of African Yam Bean (Sphenostylis stenocarpa)
Authors: Suzzy Shitta Ndenum , Chukwudi Edemodu Alex , Gebreselassie Abtew Wosene , Abebe Tesfaye Abush
Published: January 2022

African yam bean, an underutilized legume usually cultivated for its edible tubers and seeds, is known for its nutrition-rich qualities; however, the crop’s level of consumption is low. The underutilization of the crop could be attributed to several constraints, including long cooking hours of up to 24 hours. Cooking time is an important food trait; it affects consumers’ choices, nutrients content, and anti-nutrient conditions. Additionally, foods requiring long cooking hours are non-economical in terms of energy usage and preparation time. The prolonged cooking time associated with AYB places enormous limitations on the invaluable food security potentials of the crop. Therefore, the availability of AYB grains with a short cooking time could lift the crop from its present underused status. To efficiently develop AYB grains with reduced cooking time, information on the crop’s cooking variables is a prerequisite. This review presents available information on variations in cooking time, cooking methods, and processing steps used in improving cooking time and nutrient qualities in AYB. Likewise, the review brings to knowledge standard procedures that could be explored in evaluating AYB’s cooking time. This document also emphasizes the molecular perspectives that could pilot the development of AYB cultivars with reduced cooking time.
Biogas Generation from Bovine Confinement: An Energy Policy Option for Brazil
Authors: Louis de Almeida d’Avignon Alexandre , Abreu Malaguti Gustavo
Published: January 2022

Brazil has the largest commercial beef herd in the world and is one of the most important players in the global agricultural market, notably for soybeans. Agriculture has an important demand for energy and emits significant quantities of greenhouse gases (GHG). To minimize the effects generated by livestock activities, from both the energetic and environmental perspectives, there exists the possibility of the use of biogas generated from beef cattle confinement. This productive system allows the reduction of methane emissions from enteric fermentation and from manure through the production of biogas. This has become an option for energy policy by contributing to the offer of energy and the reduction of the demand of agriculture for fossil fuels. With a renewable energy resource, the agricultural sector dependent on non-renewable resources, also reduces its dependence on exhaustible resources, so that a policy aimed at the use of biogas and partial energetic autonomy becomes strategic for the sector. The article analyses biogas production potential from waste throughout the entire beef production chain in more intensive systems (total or partial confinement of beef cattle). These solutions can contribute both to the offer of electric energy to the agricultural sector in the country, increasing its productivity, and to the reduction of greenhouse gases.
Anthocyanins: Dietary Sources, Bioavailability, Human Metabolic Pathways, and Potential Anti-Neuroinflammatory Activity
Authors: Hornedo-Ortega Ruth , Rasines-Perea Zuriñe , B. Cerezo Ana , Teissedre Pierre-Louis , Jourdes Michael
Published: January 2022

The objectives of this chapter are to summarize and discuss (i) the anthocyanins structure and content in foodstuffs and their dietary intake (ii) the anthocyanins bioavailability and human metabolic pathways and (iii) the in vitro and in vivo potent anti-neuroinflammatory effects of anthocyanins and their metabolites. Indeed, anthocyanins are polyphenolic compounds belonging to the group of flavonoids, and are one of the most commonly consumed polyphenols in a normal diet. They are responsible of red, blue and purple color of several fruits and vegetables and their intake has been related with several human health benefits. The anthocyanins structures diversities as well as their content in various fruits, vegetables and cereals is addressed. Moreover, despite the growing evidence for the protective effects of anthocyanins, it is important to highlight that the in vivo bioavailability of these compounds is relatively low in comparison to their more stable metabolites. Indeed, after consumption, these bioactives are subjected to substantial transformations in human body. Phase I and II metabolites generated by intestinal and hepatic enzymatic reactions, and phenolic acids produced by gut microbiota and their metabolized forms, are the most important metabolic anthocyanins forms. For this reason, the study of the biological properties of these circulating metabolites represents a more in vivo realistic situation. Although the anthocyanin bioavailability researches in humans are limited, they will be discussed together with a global metabolic pathway for the main anthocyanins. Moreover, several works have demonstrated that anthocyanins can cross the blood brain barrier, and accumulate in brain endothelial cells, brain parenchymal tissue, striatum, hippocampus, cerebellum and cortex. Consequently, the study of anthocyanins as potent therapeutic agents in neurodegenerative diseases has gained relevance and the principal and the most recent studies are also discussed in the book chapter.