bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Antecedentes para el análisis de la monarquía como sistema de gobierno para el pueblo judío
Authors: Moreno-Goldschmidt Aliza
Published: April 2019

La vigencia del análisis del régimen monárquico en la historia del pueblo judío radica en que si bien el Estado de Israel no basa su legislación en la ley religiosa, su lazo con la tradición judía es significativo. Por ello, la pregunta sobre el sistema de gobierno ideal de acuerdo a las fuentes y los distintos actores que allí debaten, requiere un profundo estudio. Desde el origen del deseo por tener un rey hasta los fundamentos éticos, políticos y de liderazgo que se observan en especial en el Rey David, de cuya dinastía -dice la tradición judía clásica- provendrá la redención del mundo.
Reflexiones acerca de la visión del hombre en el judaísmo
Authors: Tapia Adler Ana María
Published: April 2019

El presente escrito tiene como misión presentar algunos tópicos relacionados con la visión del hombre en el judaísmo, su naturaleza, su origen y su libre albedrio.
El recuento ("Der Appell")
Authors: De Jong Lustig Leo
Published: April 2019

Testimonio de Don Leo de Jong Lustig, sobreviviente del Campo de Concentración de Bergen Belsen
Notas acerca de los estudios judaicos en Chile
Authors: Tapia Adler Ana María
Published: April 2019

El presente artículo pretende entregar una visión panorámica de cómo se presenta el estado de los estudios judaicos en Chile, tanto en el ámbito académico como fuera de él y las áreas en las que se ha trabajado tanto en investigación como en Seminarios de Tesis en universidades chilenas.
Diálogo interreligioso como clave para la formación ciudadana de estudiantes universitarios
Authors: Palet A. Pablo , Sanhueza G. Rommel
Published: April 2019

En el contexto nacional, La Araucanía es una región caracterizada por la diversidad étnica, cultural y religiosa. Al mismo tiempo, la creciente emergencia de la conciencia de identidad y pertenencia al pueblo mapuche y la asimetría de condiciones de vida en relación con la sociedad dominante, han hecho del conflicto entre el Estado de Chile y el pueblo Mapuche un tema de primera relevancia regional.

Por otra parte, la Universidad Católica de Temuco, desde su fundación el año 1959, ha declarado un claro y decidido compromiso con la región buscando comprender y contribuir a la solución de sus problemáticas, desafíos y aspiraciones. La propuesta de esta presentación es que, para cumplir su compromiso público de aportar a la convivencia social, la UC Temuco debe atender a la formación integral de sus estudiantes como profesionales y ciudadanos, una de cuyas dimensiones es la cosmovisión religiosa, lo que implica encontrar y defender el estatuto propio de la „educación de la fe‟ en el contexto universitario, caracterizado por la „neutralidad religiosa‟.

En este contexto, se propone considerar las condiciones para un auténtico diálogo interreligioso como la perspectiva más adecuada para favorecer el desarrollo de la fe en el ámbito universitario. En este marco se presenta el caso del curso electivo Manifestaciones de la espiritualidad en la Araucanía. Una mirada a la diversidad. Se describen cuatro momentos relevantes de esta experiencia: identidad religiosa, religiones ante la realidad contemporánea, testimonios de fe, y salir de sí al encuentro del otro. Finalmente se presentan algunos resultados significativos para el propósito de aportar a la formación de ciudadanos comprometidos con la convivencia armónica y la paz.
Del Silencio a la Memoria Dividida: los memoriales para los detenidos judíos en Chile (1973/2013)
Authors: Navarro-Rosenblatt Valeria
Published: April 2019

En diciembre del año 2013 se inauguraron dos memoriales para los detenidos desaparecidos y ejecutados políticos de origen judío. Ambos memoriales siguen una división histórica para los judíos chilenos, en cómo vivieron la política internacional y nacional durante la Guerra Fría. La existencia de dos memoriales se analiza para comprender cómo se excluyó y luego limitó la narrativa de las víctimas de la represión dentro de la comunidad judía chilena.
Soy Que Soy
Authors: Sánchez-Aizcorbe Alejandro
Published: April 2019

El presente artículo recorre la obra de Isaac Goldemberg, específicamente su texto el Libro de reclamaciones, y cómo éste transita entre el judaísmo y la vida cotidiana de Perú, entre la mitología judía y la cristiana.
Didáctica y Pedagogía: Una Reflexión
Authors: Tapia Adler Ana María
Published: April 2019

El presente artículo no pretende ser "el modelo pedagógico” que debe emplearse, pero sirve como un ejemplo de cómo puede incentivarse la participación de los estudiantes en las clases.
Releyendo a Fray Bartolomé De Las Casas : la historia de las indias
Authors: López Nuila Jaime Alberto
Published: April 2019

Fray Bartolomé de De Las Casas es conocido como uno de los cronistas de Indias, en el sentido de que “los cronistas” fueron, en general, personas que escribieron sobre sus experiencias vividas en el nuevo mundo, luego de la empresa histórica de “el descubrimiento”. Sus relatos han sido esenciales para conocer los orígenes y el desarrollo de la vida en América, y especialmente, en el caso de De Las Casas, de la vida de la isla “La Española”, hoy República Dominicana. El cronista, Fray Bartolomé de De Las Casas, conocedor de la historia y fundación de la América colonial, señaló sus experiencias en variados “Tratados”, todos caracterizados por la concreción y exactitud de sus relatos, prolongados hasta su muerte. Sus relatos son un grito de protesta considerados como la traición a un compromiso jurídico y moral de evangelización de los primeros habitantes de “Las Indias”; compromiso que era para de De Las Casas, el más importante objetivo del descubrimiento y la colonización.
El vuelo de la alondra de Mario Bencastro
Authors: Bencastro Mario
Published: April 2019

En esta intrigante novela el autor combina su experiencia de pintor con su inventiva literaria para ofrecernos una “ficción pictórica”, en que la realidad y el arte convergen formando un mundo alucinante.Un experto en arte, Marc Douanier, es enviado a San Salvador por una subastadora de París para adquirir la obra de un artista local, que la crítica internacional califica como “magistral expresión del realismo fantástico del nuevo mundo” y está siendo solicitada por importantes galerías, museos y colecciones privadas que incrementan rápidamente su valor monetario.Para llevar a cabo su misión el experto debe sortear situaciones extrañas como pinturas robadas y falsificadas, y sectas secretas que dificultan su tarea, encima de que el país del artista se encuentra en una convulsión política y social que le recuerda la histórica revolución francesa que conmocionó a su propia tierra hace siglos.Marc Douanier trae el especial encargo de comprar una pintura del artista salvadoreño para la colección del Museo de Louvre, pero antes debe resolver un misterio: ¿Por qué los cuadros quedan en blanco? ¿Qué sucede con los personajes de las pinturas? ¿Se escapan ellos de su prisión de colores siguiendo al pueblo que lucha por liberarse de un opresivo sistema?El lema de Benjamín Cañas “Pinto la realidad como yo la imagino” colorea estas páginas, y sus personajes pictóricos cobran vida en este mural novelesco. “Benjamín Cañas fue un virtuoso, un pintor inédito, reﬂexivo, que dejó una herencia al arte latinoamericano y al mundo.” –Bélgica Rodríguez, Directora del Museo de Arte de las Américas, Washington DC, EEUU, (1988-1994).
Prólogo No. 10
Authors: Loucel José Mauricio
Published: April 2019

Revista de Museología "Kóot" No.10 2019: i-ii
n. 12 - DEMOCRATIZAÇÃO DA GESTÃO ESCOLAR NO ESTADO DO TOCANTINS: UMA ANÁLISE CRÍTICA DO PROGRAMA ESCOLA COMUNITÁRIA DE GESTÃO COMPARTILHADA
Authors: Dias da Silva Rodrigo Manoel , Silva Rafaela Brito da
Published: April 2019

O artigo visa examinar o Programa Escola Comunitária de Gestão Compartilhada e suas possibilidades de democratização das políticas e da gestão da educação pública, no Estado do Tocantins. Considerando a situação desse programa, metodologicamente cotejada a partir de um estudo documental, reflete acerca do alcance e das possibilidades de democratização em jogo nas políticas, na gestão e nas políticas de gestão da Educação Básica implementadas. Nesse contexto, constatou-se que a aferição dos resultados opera pela classificação das escolas e, de forma desigual, determina o nível de recursos e benefícios a serem recebidos. Além disso, em se tratando de baixo rendimento, há uma tendência de culpabilização da própria escola e de seus atores. Conclui-se haver uma ambivalência entre a propagação de uma cultura da responsabilização, chamada de “rede de responsabilidade”, e a efetivação de uma gestão democrática, interpretada enquanto ação coletiva que precisa ser vivenciada continuamente através do aprendizado da democracia. Tal ambivalência evidencia a pertinência de problematizações acerca das definições de democracia no bojo dessa política.
Diagnosis and Treatment of Osteoporosis: What Orthopaedic Surgeons Need to Know
Authors: Matzkin Elizabeth G. , DeMaio Marlene , Charles Julia F. , Franklin Corinna C.
Published: April 2019

Osteoporosis, often called a silent disease, is a systemic condition of bone as a result of loss of bone mass and deterioration of its microarchitecture. The result is weakened bone, leading to an increased risk of fragility fractures. An estimated 9 million osteoporotic fractures occur every year worldwide. However, the true incidence of osteoporotic fractures is unknown because many are undetected. Astoundingly, this epidemic equates to an osteoporotic fracture every 3 seconds. Orthopaedic surgeons need to not only treat these fractures but also understand the underlying pathogenesis and risk factors to help prevent them. The management of osteoporosis is a critical part of musculoskeletal care. We must be familiar with the tools to assess osteoporosis and the treatments available, including risks and benefits. This review article is intended to deliver a review of the vast literature and provide the orthopaedic surgeon with the essential information necessary to manage the current osteoporosis epidemic.
Monte Carlo Methods for Insurance Risk Computation
Authors: Bar-Lev Shaul K. , Ridder Ad
Published: April 2019

In this paper we consider the problem of computing tail probabilities of the distribution of a random sum of positive random variables. We assume that the individual claim variables follow a reproducible natural exponential family (NEF) distribution, and that the random number has a NEF counting distribution with a cubic variance function. This specific modeling is supported by data of the aggregated claim distribution of an insurance company. Large tail probabilities are important as they reflect the risk of large losses, however, analytic or numerical expressions are not available. We propose several simulation algorithms which are based on an asymptotic analysis of the distribution of the counting variable and on the reproducibility property of the claim distribution. The aggregated sum is simulated efficiently by importance sampling using an exponential change of measure. We conclude by numerical experiments of these algorithms, based on real car insurance claim data.
DRAFT LAWS BY THE COUNCIL OF MINISTERS – SELECTED ISSUES
Authors: Borski Maciej
Published: April 2019

The legislatives procedures and norms for law-making are the important elements of good governance. This results with an attempt to examine them from the perspective of Polish Council of Ministers. Such body – as a basic legislator in our political and legal system – keeps putting efforts in improving the legislative procedures. The goals phrased in a governmental programme „Better Regulations 2015” (the Council of Ministers’ resolution of 22.01.2013, no. 13/2013) may be pointed out as a good illustration of aforementioned efforts and approach. However, there is still a lot to be done in such area. For these reasons the paper focuses not solely on the range and the degree of the Council of Ministers’ involvement in legislative level, but also on some remarks de lege ferenda that may lead to increasing the transparency of the procedures and improving the quality of law.
CHARACTERISTICS OF CORPORATION TAX IN POLAND AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF STATE TAX REVENUES
Authors: Słapczyński Tomasz
Published: April 2019

Corporate income tax was introduced in Poland along with the establishment of a free market economy. This is a income tax that does not take into account the minimum tax-free and does not differentiate tax entities. Corporate income tax in Poland has undergone a number of important transformations, especially after the accession of Poland to the European Union. Tax rates have been systematically reduced since the early 1990s. Corporate income tax should be particularly convenient for entrepreneurs, and should not act destructively because the number of entrepreneurs in the state determines the level of economic and industrial
development. This is even more important since, after Poland’s accession to the European Union, the transfer of the company to another country belonging to the community is no more a problem. The attractive income tax also attracts foreign investors for whom the aspect related to easy accounting is one of the key. The aim of the work is to bring the issue of Polish corporate income tax. It tries to address issues related to tax management in an enterprise, with the application of discounts and exemptions by entrepreneurs and also issues related to state income from corporate income tax and the income lost by the use of relief and dismissals.
COMMENTARY JUDGMENT OF WOJEWÓDZKI SĄD ADMINISTRACYJNY IN KRAKÓW OF 7 JUNE 2017, NR REF.: III SA/KR 1826/16
Authors: Majewski Kamil , Majewska Patrycja
Published: April 2019

This commentary raises the issues of proceedings conducted by faculty recruitment commissions and other university bodies. The Authors agree with the position presented by the Wojewódzki Sąd Administracyjny and the decision taken. According to the Authors, the public administration bodies (first and second instance) committed a number of procedural shortcomings that resulted in the need to eliminate administrative decisions issued from legal trading. The commented
judgment is a valuable source of knowledge for parties to proceedings and public administration bodies, university bodies
Development and Evaluation of a Novel Point-of-Use Quality Assurance Tool for Digital Pathology
Authors: Clarke Emily L. , Brettle David , Sykes Alexander , Wright Alexander , Boden Anna , Treanor Darren
Published: April 2019

Context.—

Flexible working at diverse or remote sites is a major advantage when reporting using digital pathology, but currently there is no method to validate the clinical diagnostic setting within digital microscopy.

Objective.—

To develop a preliminary Point-of-Use Quality Assurance (POUQA) tool designed specifically to validate the diagnostic setting for digital microscopy.

Design.—

We based the POUQA tool on the red, green, and blue (RGB) values of hematoxylin-eosin. The tool used 144 hematoxylin-eosin–colored, 5×5-cm patches with a superimposed random letter with subtly lighter RGB values from the background color, with differing levels of difficulty. We performed an initial evaluation across 3 phases within 2 pathology departments: 1 in the United Kingdom and 1 in Sweden.

Results.—

In total, 53 experiments were conducted across all phases resulting in 7632 test images viewed in all. Results indicated that the display, the user's visual system, and the environment each independently impacted performance. Performance was improved with reduction in natural light and through use of medical-grade displays.

Conclusions.—

The use of a POUQA tool for digital microscopy is essential to afford flexible working while ensuring patient safety. The color-contrast test provides a standardized method of comparing diagnostic settings for digital microscopy. With further planned development, the color-contrast test may be used to create a “Verified Login” for diagnostic setting validation.
Brachial plexus impingement secondary to implantable cardioverter defibrillator: A case report
Authors: Jumper Natalie , Radotra Ishan , Witt Paulina , Campbell Niall G , Mishra Anuj
Published: April 2019

Overall complication rates of 9.1% have been reported following implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) placement. Brachial plexus injury is infrequently reported in the literature. We describe a 26-year-old female experiencing left arm nerve pain, a positive Tinel’s sign, numbness in the median nerve distribution of the hand and biceps muscle weakness following revision ICD via subclavian vein approach. Nerve conduction studies identified severe partial left brachial plexopathy, which remained incompletely resolved with conservative management. Surgical exploration revealed lateral cord impingement by the ICD generator and a loop of the ICD lead, along with fibrosis, necessitating surgical neurolysis and ICD generator repositioning. As increasing numbers of patients undergo cardiac device implantation, it is incumbent on practitioners to be aware of potential increases in the prevalence of this complication.
A SURVEY ON THE COMMUNITY SATISFACTION INDEX BASED ON KEPMENPAN NO. 25/M.PAN/2/2004 AT KANUJOSO DJATIWIBOWO REGIONAL GENERAL HOSPITAL, BALIKPAPAN IN 2018
Authors: Savitri Mieke , Armando Dea Yasmine
Published: April 2019

Abstract. Community Satisfaction Index (CSI) Survey is used to measure the community’s perception on the services that they receive. In hospitals, it is used to determine whether a service or facility needs to be improved or not, and where it must be improved. In 2018, a descriptive qualitative study was performed at RSUD Dr. Kanujoso which would measure the public’s perception on the services that the hospital provided. The survey was based on the 14 aspects of CSI of the State Apparatus Empowerment Minister Decree No. 25/M.PAN/2/2004. We discovered that the highest rate was held by the Hemodialysis Unit with 100% and the lowest was held by the Medical Rehabilitation Unit with 74.18%. The other units ranged between 74.89%-90.83%. While the average score for the hospital was 78.42%, which meant that the hospital’s perfoemance was good. In general, the hospital provided good service, as evident in the average score of 78.42%. 93.6% of patients prefer to return to the hospital and 97,6% would recommend the hospital. Although some improvements were necessary, such as in the speed and fairness. Therefore, the staff involved in those areas should received further training. Abstrak. Indeks Kepuasan Masyarakat adalah data dan Informasi mengenai tingkat kepuasan masyarakat yang diperoleh dari hasil pengukuran secara kuantitatif dan kualitatif atas pendapat masyarakat dalam memperoleh pelayanan dari aparatur penyelenggara pelayanan publik. Desain Survei Kepuasan Masyarakat terhadap Pelayanan di RSUD Kanujoso Wibowo 2018 ini bersifat deskriptif dengan pendekatan kualitatif yang akan mengukur tingkat kepuasan berbasis persepsi masyarakat pada saat menerima layanan kesehatan dikaitkan dengan 14 aspek Indeks Kepuasan Masyarakat dari Keputusan Menteri PAN Nomor: 25/M.PAN/2/2004. Berdasarkan unit layanan, indeks kepuasan masyarakat tertinggi ada di unit Hemodialisa dengan nilai 100,00 (sangat baik). 12 unit layanan lainnya masuk dalam kategori baik dan sangat baik dengan rentang nilai 74,18-90,83. Unit Rehab Medik menjadi unit layanan dengan indeks kepuasan masyarakat terendah yaitu hanya sebesar 74,18, walaupun nilai tersebut masih masuk dalam kategori baik. Nilai Indeks pelayanan dari 14 aspek indeks kepuasaan masyarakat untuk pelayanan di RSUD Kanujoso Djatiwibowo adalah 78,42 artinya kinerja unit pelayanan adalah baik.
Whose Research is it Anyway? Academic Social Networks Versus Institutional Repositories
Authors: Eva Nicole C. , Wiebe Tara A.
Published: April 2019

INTRODUCTION Looking for ways to increase deposits into their institutional repository (IR), researchers at one institution started to mine academic social networks (ASNs) (namely, ResearchGate and Academia.edu) to discover which researchers might already be predisposed to providing open access to their work. METHODS Researchers compared the numbers of institutionally affiliated faculty members appearing in the ASNs to those appearing in their institutional repositories. They also looked at how these numbers compared to overall faculty numbers. RESULTS Faculty were much more likely to have deposited their work in an ASN than in the IR. However, the number of researchers who deposited in both the IR and at least one ASN exceeded that of those who deposited their research solely in an ASN. Unexpected findings occurred as well, such as numerous false or unverified accounts claiming affiliation with the institution. ResearchGate was found to be the favored ASN at this particular institution. DISCUSSION The results of this study confirm earlier studies’ findings indicating that those researchers who are willing to make their research open access are more disposed to do so over multiple channels, showing that those who already self-archive elsewhere are prime targets for inclusion in the IR. CONCLUSION Rather than seeing ASNs as a threat to IRs, they may be seen as a potential site of identifying likely contributors to the IR.
Diatom identification including life cycle stages through morphological and texture descriptors
Authors: Sánchez Carlos , Cristóbal Gabriel , Bueno Gloria
Published: April 2019

Diatoms are unicellular algae present almost wherever there is water. Diatom identification has many applications in different fields of study, such as ecology, forensic science, etc. In environmental studies, algae can be used as a natural water quality indicator. The diatom life cycle consists of the set of stages that pass through the successive generations of each species from the initial to the senescent cells. Life cycle modeling is a complex process since in general the distribution of the parameter vectors that represent the variations that occur in this process is non-linear and of high dimensionality. In this paper, we propose to characterize the diatom life cycle by the main features that change during the algae life cycle, mainly the contour shape and the texture. Elliptical Fourier Descriptors (EFD) are used to describe the diatom contour while phase congruency and Gabor filters describe the inner ornamentation of the algae. The proposed method has been tested with a small algae dataset (eight different classes and more than 50 samples per type) using supervised and non-supervised classification techniques obtaining accuracy results up to 99% and 98% respectively.
Beliefs are multidimensional and vary in stability over time - psychometric properties of the Beliefs and Values Inventory (BVI)
Authors: Barnby Joseph M. , Bell Vaughan , Sheridan Rains Luke , Mehta Mitul A. , Deeley Quinton
Published: April 2019

The cognitive processes underlying belief are still obscure. Understanding these processes may lead to more targeted treatment to better address functional impairment, such as occurs with delusions. One way in which this might be accomplished is to understand healthy, everyday beliefs, and how these may relate to characteristics observed in delusions. As yet, no such measure exists to accurately measure belief across a range of themes and dimensions. This paper outlines two studies documenting the creation and psychometric properties of a novel measure assessing three different dimensions of belief across themes of politics, science, the paranormal, religion, and morality in UK samples (n = 1, 673 total). Reliability estimates suggested good to excellent consistency (alpha > 0.8 per theme) with moderate to excellent reliability at 48 h (ICC = 0.61 –0.96) and 3.5 months (ICC = 0.61 –0.89). Factor analyses suggested good support for our five chosen themes of belief, suggesting they are distinct topic areas. Correlations across theme and dimension suggested dissociable characteristics within themes. These results have implications for 1. understanding the stability and relationship between themes of belief in a population and, 2. exploring how beliefs may change over time or as a result of an intervention. Full analysis code and data are available from the Open Science Framework (https://osf.io/hzvwr/).
Dermoscope-guided Laser Excision of a Pilomatricoma – a Novel Surgical Procedure Performed in Primary Care Settings
Authors: Chuh Antonio , Zawar Vijay , Fölster-Holst Regina , Wong William
Published: April 2019

Hypothesis: Dermoscope-guided laser excision is applicable for some cutaneous lesions seen in primary care, particularly those in body flexures or in regions with high blood perfusion.

Summary: A male patient presented with an asymptomatic mass behind his left pinna. Polarised dermoscopy revealed signs compatible with malignancy.  Excision was difficult owing to the location being concave and the region being one with hyper-perfusion.

Dermoscope-guided laser excision was performed.  The edge of the lesion and clear margins were marked via dermoscope-guidance.  Laser incisions were made following the margins.  Dermoscopy confirmed precision of the incision. Upon three laser-dermoscope cycles, the mass separated itself.  Laser in coagulation mode achieved haemostasis.

Dermoscope-guided laser excision was performed.  The edge of the lesion and clear margins were marked via dermoscope-guidance. Laser incisions were made following such margins.  Dermoscopy confirmed precision of the incision. Lesion incisions and dermoscopy were then reapplied. Upon three laser-dermoscope cycles, the mass separated itself. Laser in coagulation mode achieved haemostasis.

Outcome: The histopathological diagnosis was a pilomatricoma. Healing was uneventful, with minimal scarring. There was no relapse one year post-operatively.

Recommendation: Investigations on dermoscope-guided laser incision and other dermoscope-guided surgical procedures in primary care settings can be conducted to evaluate the outcomes of these procedures.
The Effect of Aerosols on the Air Microflora of the Indoor Air
Authors: Jeff-Agboola E. O. , Dada O. E. , Jeff-Agboola Y. A.
Published: April 2019

This research work assessed the microflora of rooms sprayed with different insecticides and air freshners with the aim of investigating the effect of the aerosols on the types of microflora in the room environment. Eight (8) different samples of chemical aerosols were used they are:  Mobile insecticide(Imidacloprid), Raid multipurpose insect killer(1R-trans Phenothrin), Morten Insecticide(pyrethroids), Rambo Insecticide(pyrethroid compound). as categorized as Insecticides, while  Febreze(hydroxypropyl beta-cyclodextrin), Air wick(Dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether (aka dipropylene glycol methyl ether), Glade(allyl 3-cyclohexylpropionate, allyl caproate, benzyl alcohol, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and Top breeze(Cyclodextrin) were purchased as air fresheners/fragrance and eight (8) different rooms were used. Microorganisms isolated from the rooms before and after spraying with aerosols were: Staphylococus aureus, Lactobacillus jensenii, Bacillus coagulans, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Micrococcus spp., Aerococcus viridans, Pediococcus cerevisiae, Streptococcus spp., Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus niger. The result of eight different rooms sprayed with different aerosol as Insecticide and air fresheners showed that, some aerosols were able to inhibit some organisms that were initially present in some rooms while there were introduction of another organisms from some aerosols into some rooms.  The occurrence of Staphylococus aureus (100%) was the highest in all the rooms followed by Aspergillus niger (87.5) and A. flavus (75%). Lactobacillus jensenii, Bacillus coagulans and Micrococcus spp. had the lowest frequency of occurrence (12.5%).
Method for the determination of carbon monoxide in workplace air using a non‐dispersive infrared gas measurement device (NDIR) [Air Monitoring Methods, 2019]
Authors: Gluschko A. , Brock T.H. , Hebisch R. , Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: April 2019

This analytical method is a validated procedure for the determination of carbon monoxide in workplace air after personal or stationary sampling. Portable, electrically‐powered gas measurement devices with integrated air sampling are used. The sample flow rate is set to 0.5 or 2.0 L/min. The air sample is transferred to the measurement cell by means of an internal sampling pump. Measurement is carried out by comparison of the IR signals of a concentration‐dependent measurement cuvette and the IR signal of the sealed reference cuvette. The current CO concentration is calculated electronically from the respective differences of these cuvettes and then immediately displayed as the measurement result for the CO concentration. This method is suitable for measurement at the workplace over long time periods as well as for short‐term measurements. Also readings of the current CO concentration can be taken any time. The limit of quantification (LOQ) is 1.6 ppm in the measurement range of 0 to 100 ppm.

Joint Publication of the Analytical Subcommittee of the Chemistry Board of Experts of the Expert Committee Raw Materials and Chemical Industry of the German Social Accident Insurance and the working group “Air Analyses” of the Permanent Senate Commission of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area.
Tri‐n‐butyl phosphate [BAT Value Documentation, 2018]
Authors: Ochsmann E. , Weistenhöfer W. , Klotz K. , Drexler H. , Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: April 2019

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area evaluated tri‐n‐butyl phosphate [CAS No.
126‐73‐8
] in 2016 and derived a biological reference value (“Biologischer Arbeitsstoff‐Referenzwert”, BAR) for dibutyl phosphate in urine. Available publications are described in detail.

In a study with persons of the general population occupationally not exposed to tri‐n‐butyl phosphate a 95
th
 percentile of 0.67 µg dibutyl phosphate/l urine was measured. Further studies with non‐exposed individuals resulted in maximum levels of 0.45 µg and 0.26 µg dibutyl phosphate/l urine.

Taking these results together with other investigations into consideration, a BAR for tri‐n‐butyl phosphate of 0.5 µg dibutyl phosphate/l urine was established. Sampling time is at the end of exposure or the end of the working shift.
Addendum zu Chlorierte Biphenyle [BAT Value Documentation in German language, 2019]
Authors: Brinkmann B. , Bartsch R. , Schriever‐Schwemmer G. , Drexler H. , Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: April 2019

In 2018 the German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area evaluated the possibility to add the indication “prerequisite for Pregnancy Risk Group C” for chlorinated biphenyls. Chlorinated biphenyls are classified in Pregnancy Risk Group B because adhering to the biological tolerance value (BAT value) of 15 µg/L plasma for the sum of the indicator congeners PCB 28, PCB 52, PCB 101, PCB 138, PCB 153, PCB 180 cannot exclude a risk to the developing foetus. This classification was mainly based on developmental neurotoxicity and reduced birth weight in monkeys exposed to mixtures of chlorinated biphenyls. In this re‐evaluation, numerous environmental epidemiological studies on developmental effects and birth weight and extensive reviews of these studies are taken into account. These studies show that the critical effect in humans is developmental neurotoxicity, for which a NOAEL of 3.5 µg/L plasma for the sum of the 6 indicator congeners can be derived.

Therefore, an internal exposure not higher than this concentration would be the prerequisite for an assignment to Pregnancy Risk Group C, which means that damage to the embryo or foetus is unlikely at this concentration.
Mercury and mercury compounds – Determination of mercury in blood and in urine by Cold Vapour AAS [Biomonitoring Methods, 2019]
Authors: Heitland P. , Göen T. , Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: April 2019

The working group “Analyses in Biological Materials” of the Permanent Senate Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area validated the presented biomonitoring method.

Mercury is determined by flow injection cold vapour atomic absorption spectrometry (CV‐AAS). The digested blood or urine samples are stabilised with potassium permanganate, introduced into the acid carrier flow (hydrochloric acid) and mixed with the reducing agent sodium borohydride. Mercury vapour formed by reduction is transported with an argon flow into the atomisation cell of the AA spectrometer.

Calibration is performed using matrix matched calibration solutions. The mercury concentrations in real samples are calculated from the linear relationship between the measured absorbance and the mass concentration of mercury.
n‐Decyloleat [MAK Value Documentation in German language, 2019]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: April 2019

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated n‐decyl oleate [
3687‐46‐5
], considering all toxicological endpoints. Available publications and unpublished study reports are described in detail.

As with white mineral oil, inhalation of aerosols of the hardly water‐soluble n‐decyl oleate could result in lung overload, inflammatory reactions and microgranulomas. To prevent this overload, a maximum concentration at the workplace (MAK value) of 5 mg/m
3
is derived for the respirable fraction by analogy with white mineral oil and an n‐decyl oleate is classified in Peak Limitation Category II with an excursion factor of 4.

There are no developmental toxicity studies and n‐decyl oleate is assigned to Pregnancy Risk Group D. n‐Decyl oleate is not genotoxic in bacteria. Carcinogenicity studies are not available. There are no indications of a contact sensitizing potential of n‐decyl oleate in humans and in animal studies. Skin contact is not expected to contribute significantly to systemic toxicity.
Natriumpyrithion [MAK Value Documentation in German language, 2019]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: April 2019

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated sodium pyrithione [3811‐73‐2;15922‐78‐8] considering all toxicological endpoints. Available publications and unpublished study reports are described in detail.

Sodium pyrithione is neurotoxic in rats and rabbits, but not in monkeys. As there is no sufficient mechanistic explanation for the observed differences between the species, the rat as the most sensitive species is used for the derivation of a maximum concentration at the workplace (MAK value).

The NOAEC in a 90‐day inhalation study with rats is 1.1 mg/m3. In a chronic feeding study with rats, a NAEL of 0.16 mg/kg body weight and day is derived from the LOAEL of 0.5 mg/kg body weight and day. Both the NOAEC and the NAEL correspond to a MAK value of 0.2 mg/m3for the inhalable fraction.

As a systemic effect is critical, the substance remains classified in Peak Limitation Category II. As the initial half‐life of sodium pyrithione is in the range of up to 2.8 hours, an excursion factor of 2 is assigned.

In developmental toxicity studies, the most critical effects of sodium pyrithione are skeletal anomalies in rats. NOAELs for developmental effects are 2 mg/kg body weight and day after oral treatment of rats as well as 3 and 5 mg/kg body weight and day after dermal application to rats and rabbits, respectively. The differences between the NOAELs for rats and rabbits scaled to an inhalation concentration at the workplace and the MAK value are considered sufficient. Therefore, damage to the embryo or foetus is unlikely when the MAK value is not exceeded and sodium pyrithione is assigned to Pregnancy Risk Group C. Sodium pyrithione is still regarded as a non‐genotoxic and non‐carcinogenic substance. Skin contact may contribute significantly to systemic toxicity and sodium pyrithione remains designated with an “H” notation. Sensitization is not expected based on the limited data available.
N,N‐Dimethylformamid [MAK Value Documentation in German language, 2019]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: April 2019

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated N,N‐dimethylformamide [
68‐12‐2
] taking into account the increased respiratory volume at the workplace (see List of MAK and BAT Values, sections I b and I c).

N,N‐Dimethylformamide is a liver toxin and the maximum concentration at the workplace (MAK value) of 5 ml/m
3
was set using data from a two‐year study in mice showing liver cell hypertrophy and single cell necrosis at the lowest concentration tested of 25 ml/m
3
. In this study, rats were less susceptible as regards the liver toxicity of N,N‐dimethylformamide. Species differences in toxicokinetics are a plausible explanation for the higher toxicity in mice. As human metabolism of N,N‐dimethylformamide is quantitatively similar to that of rats, their susceptibility is expected to be similar to that of rats. On the basis of the NOAEC of 25 ml/m
3
for rats, the MAK value of 5 ml/m
3
is retained even taking into account the increased respiratory volume at the workplace. Peak Limitation Category II and the excursion factor of 2 are confirmed.

The assignment of N,N‐dimethylformamide to Pregnancy Risk Group B is retained. In an earlier assessment, it was concluded that exposure to a concentration of up to 1 ml/m
3
is not expected to lead to developmental toxicity. This prerequisite for an assignment of N,N‐dimethylformamide to Pregnancy Risk Group C is confirmed, also taking into account the increased respiratory volume at the workplace.
2‐Methoxypropylacetate‐1 [MAK Value Documentation, 2018]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: April 2019

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated the maximum concentration at the workplace (MAK value) for 2‐methoxypropylacetate‐1 [
70657‐70‐4
]. Available publications and unpublished study reports are described in detail.

Critical effects of 2‐methoxypropylacetate‐1 are its irritancy and teratogenicity. A MAK value of 5 ml/m
3
had been set. This value is now reaffirmed based on the findings on the irritancy of the substance in a 28‐day inhalation study with rats.

Since a local effect is critical, Peak Limitation Category I with excursion factor of 2 has been set. 2‐Methoxypropylacetate‐1 remains assigned to Pregnancy Risk Group B and it also remains designated with an “H” (for substances that can be absorbed through the skin in toxicologically relevant amounts).
Monochloressigsäure, Natriummonochloracetat [MAK Value Documentation in German language, 2019]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: April 2019

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated monochloroacetic acid [
79‐11‐8
] together with sodium monochloroacetate [
3926‐62‐3
] considering all toxicological endpoints. Monochloroacetic acid is a strong acid and dissociates in biological media. Therefore, also data for sodium monochloroacetate are used to evaluate the systemic toxicity.

Monochloroacetic acid is corrosive to the eyes but there are no inhalation studies from which a NOAEC for local effects can be derived. Therefore, a maximum concentration at the workplace (MAK value) of 2 mg/m
3
(0.5 ml/m
3
), which has been set for the better investigated phosphoric acid, is also established for monochloroacetic acid. As irritation is the critical effect, monochloroacetic acid is classified in Peak Limitation Category I. By analogy with phosphoric acid, an excursion factor of 2 is set.

In chronic studies in rats, a NOAEL for sodium monochloroacetate of 3.5 mg/kg body weight and day for males was found for depressed body weight gain and diminished liver and kidney weights. After toxicokinetic scaling, extrapolation to humans and application of the preferred value approach, a MAK value of 2 mg/m
3
for the inhalable fraction is set. Since systemic effects of sodium monochloroacetate are critical, it is assigned to Peak Limitation Category II. From the half‐life of 3 hours in rat plasma, an excursion factor of 2 is derived.

In a study with monochloroacetic acid in rats, the NOAEL for developmental toxicity was 70 mg/kg body weight. This dose corresponds to a concentration of 121 mg/m
3
at the workplace, which is about 60 times as high as the MAK value of 2 mg/m
3
. Therefore, damage to the embryo or foetus is unlikely when the MAK value is not exceeded and monochloroacetic acid and its sodium salt are classified in Pregnancy Risk Group C. Monochloroacetic acid is DNA‐damaging in vitro at concentrations which are also cytotoxic, but it is not an alkylating agent. Overall, the acid and its sodium salt are not regarded as genotoxic and they are not carcinogenic in rats and mice. Monochloroacetic acid in concentrations which are not irritating to the skin is not taken up via the skin in toxicologically relevant amounts. The sodium salt, however, is expected to penetrate the skin in amounts contributing to toxicity and is therefore designated with “H”. Both compounds are not expected to be sensitizers.
Dichloressigsäure und ihre Salze [MAK Value Documentation in German language, 2019]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: April 2019

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated dichloroacetic acid [
79‐43‐6
] to derive a maximum concentration at the workplace (MAK value) and to review its carcinogenicity classification.

The critical effects are irritation, carcinogenicity in the liver of rats and mice as well as neurotoxicity. After oral application, dichloroacetic acid or its sodium salt have tumour‐promoting effects and are carcinogenic in the liver of rats and mice. The NOAEL for carcinogenic effects in rats is 3.6 mg/kg body weight. In mice, a NOAEL cannot be derived. Dichloroacetic acid is not mutagenic in most tests in vitro and in vivo. The mechanisms involved in the tumour development in the liver are most likely interference with energy metabolism, oxidative stress and inhibition of apoptosis. As the primary mode of action is non‐genotoxic, dichloroacetic acid and its salts are classified in Carcinogen Category 4.

Dichloroacetic acid is corrosive to the eye and the skin of rabbits. As no inhalation studies are available to evaluate possible irritating effects on the respiratory tract, the structurally similar trichloroacetic acid is used as a read‐across. Therefore, a MAK value of 0.2 ml/m
3
corresponding to 1.1 mg/m
3
, is derived for dichloroacetic acid. Accordingly, a MAK value of 1.1 mg/m
3
for the inhalable fraction, measured as the acid, is set for the salts. As the local effect is critical, the acid and its salts are assigned to Peak Limitation Category I with an excursion factor of 1.

As skin contact to dichloroacetate may contribute significantly to systemic toxicity, the salts are designated with “H”. Skin contact is not expected to contribute significantly to the systemic toxicity of dichloroacetic acid. Sensitization is not expected from the available data.
Azinphos‐methyl [MAK Value Documentation in German language, 2019]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: April 2019

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated azinphos‐methyl [
86‐50‐0
] considering all toxicological endpoints. Available publications and unpublished study reports are described in detail.

In human studies, the critical effect of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition was not observed up to 0.25 or 0.29 mg/kg body weight and day in men after oral application up to 28 days. The NOAELs (no observed adverse effect levels) from studies with rodents or dogs are in the same range. Based on these valid data, the MAK value is increased to 1 mg/m
3
for the inhalable fraction. Since a systemic effect is critical, Peak Limitation Category II is retained. As AChE inhibition is almost irreversible with a half‐life of 30 hours and a steady‐state is reached after 2 weeks, the excursion factor of 8 is confirmed.

There is no adequate margin between the NOAELs for developmental and perinatal toxicity in rats and mice and the MAK value. Therefore, azinphos‐methyl is assigned to Pregnancy Risk Group B. Starting from the lowest calculated air concentration of 1.18 mg/m
3
as the NAEC for perinatal toxicity and taking into account the absence of teratogenic effects in all studies, damage to the embryo or foetus is unlikely at concentrations of 0.1 mg/m
3
and below. Exposure to this or lower concentrations would be the prerequisite for an assignment to Pregnancy Risk Group C.

Azinphos‐methyl is neither genotoxic nor carcinogenic.

Skin contact is expected to contribute significantly to systemic toxicity and azinphos‐methyl remains designated with “H”. Azinphos‐methyl has been shown to be skin sensitizing in the guinea pig. The substance is therefore labelled with “Sh”.

Biomonitoring is recommended in addition to personal protective measures. A reduction of the erythrocytic AChE activity to 70% of the reference value (biological tolerance value for AChE inhibitors) must not be exceeded.
Methyl acrylate [MAK Value Documentation, 2017]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: April 2019

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated the maximum concentration at the workplace (MAK value) of 5 ml/m3for methyl acrylate [96‐33‐3] considering the endpoints local and developmental toxicity as well as genotoxicity. Available publications and unpublished study reports are described in detail. The critical effect in a two‐year inhalation study with rats was reserve cell hyperplasia with loss of ciliated and olfactory cells in the transitional nasal epithelium at the lowest concentration of 15 ml/m3. In a two‐generation reproduction toxicity study with a NOAEC of 5 ml/m3, degeneration with regeneration of the olfactory epithelium, hyperplasia of the transitional epithelium as well as hyperplasia and hypertrophy of the goblet cells were observed. A lower confidence limit of the benchmark dose for an extra risk of 5% increase of the critical effect incidence (BMDL05) of 6.8 ml/m3as a substitute for a NOAEC was calculated from the data of the two‐year inhalation study. Since 2014, the Commission uses an empirical approach to set MAK values for substances with critical effects on the upper respiratory tract or the eyes. According to this approach, the MAK value for methyl acrylate has been lowered to 2 ml/m3. As local effects are critical, the assignment to Peak Limitation Category I and the excursion factor of 2 are confirmed, in analogy to ethyl acrylate. The NOAECs for developmental toxicity in rats and rabbits are sufficiently high so that damage to the embryo or foetus is unlikely when the MAK value is not exceeded. Thus, methyl acrylate is classified in Pregnancy Risk Group C. The substance is clastogenic in vitro but not in vivo and was not carcinogenic in a 2‐year inhalation study in rats. There are only a few cases of contact sensitization in humans but there is a positive result in a local lymph node assay. Data on airway sensitization are still not available. Methyl acrylate remains designated with “Sh”. Skin absorption was calculated to contribute significantly to the systemic toxicity and methyl acrylate is designated with an “H”.