bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Predicting Patterns of Intimate Partner Violence Perpetration From Late Adolescence to Young Adulthood
Authors: Saint-Eloi Cadely Hans , Pittman Joe F. , Pettit Gregory S. , Lansford Jennifer E. , Bates John E. , Dodge Kenneth A. , Holtzworth-Munroe Amy
Published: August 2018

Saint-Eloi Cadely et al. found longitudinal patterns for the perpetration of both psychological and physical intimate partner violence (IPV), including actively and minimally aggressive patterns. The current study builds on these findings by examining four theory-derived variables (interparental aggression, social-information processing [SIP] biases, relationship insecurities [preoccupied and fearful], and discontinuity in relationship partner over time) as predictors of membership within these patterns, using multinomial logistic regression. The analysis sample consisted of 484 participants who were romantically involved at least once during the eight waves of data collection from the ages of 18 to 25. In predicting psychological IPV, more SIP biases, higher levels of a preoccupied insecurity, and less discontinuity in relationship partners over time differentiated the actively aggressive patterns from the minimally aggressive pattern. In addition, two actively aggressive patterns of psychological IPV differed in terms of SIP biases and discontinuity in romantic partners. Specifically, more SIP biases and less discontinuity in romantic partnerships distinguished the extensively aggressive pattern from the pattern that mainly consisted of minor types of aggression. In predicting physical IPV, the aggressive pattern differed from the nonaggressive pattern in terms of more interparental aggression, more SIP biases, and more relationship insecurities. The findings that developmental patterns of IPV can be predicted by social and psychological factors may aid both developmental theory and practice.
Do the Ends Justify the Means? The Relative Focus on Overhead Versus Outcomes in Charitable Fundraising
Authors: Newman George E. , Shniderman Adam , Cain Daylian M. , Sevel Kyle
Published: August 2018

Prospective donors are often sensitive to the amount of overhead in charitable fundraising. The present studies examine how differences in one’s personal commitment to a cause moderate the relative focus on overhead versus outcomes in charitable fundraising. Three experiments find that donors who are more committed to the cause are, in fact, accepting of higher levels of overhead. Experiment 1 demonstrates that people are willing to accept a higher level of overhead for causes that are more (vs. less) important to them. Experiment 2 provides process evidence by showing that perceptions of cause importance generally influence how people evaluate the intentions behind charitable fundraising versus its outcomes. Experiment 3 directly manipulates cause importance and demonstrates a downstream effect on actual donations. Together, these studies suggest a more general framework whereby differences in personal commitment change the relative focus on the intentions behind pro-social behavior versus the outcomes achieved.
Nonlinear model predictive energy management of hydrostatic drive transmissions
Authors: Backas Joni , Ghabcheloo Reza
Published: August 2018

In this article, we devise a nonlinear model predictive control framework for the energy management of nonhybrid hydrostatic drive transmissions. The controller determines the optimal control commands of the actuators by minimising a cost function over a receding horizon. With our approach, the velocity-tracking error is minimised while keeping the fuel economy of the system high. The hydrostatic drive transmission system studied in this article is a typical commercial work machine, that is, there is no energy storage or alternative power source in the system (a nonhybrid hydrostatic drive transmission). We evaluate success with a validated simulation model of the hydrostatic drive transmission of a municipal tractor. In our experiments, a detailed system model is used both in the system simulation and in the prediction phase of the nonlinear model predictive control. The use of a detailed model in the nonlinear model predictive control framework places our design as a benchmark for controlling nonhybrid hydrostatic drive transmissions, when compared to solutions using simplified models or computationally less intensive control methods as in earlier work by the authors. Our nonlinear model predictive control approach enables numerically robust optimisation convergence with the utilised complex nonlinear model. Above all, this is accomplished with stabilising terminal constraints and distinctive terminal cost, both based on an optimal steady-state solution. In addition, a simple method to generate initial guesses for optimisation is introduced. When compared with the performance of a controller based on quasi-static models, our results show notable improvement in velocity tracking while maintaining high fuel economy. Furthermore, our experiments demonstrate that framing energy management as a nonlinear model predictive control provides a flexible and rigorous framework for fast velocity tracking and high energy efficiency. We also compare the results with those of an industrial baseline controller.
Newborn Care Practices of Mothers in Arab Societies: Implication for Infant Welfare
Authors: Arabiat Diana H. , Whitehead Lisa , AL Jabery Mohammad A. , Darawad Muhammad , Geraghty Sadie , Halasa Suhaila
Published: August 2018

Introduction: There are at least 22 Arab league states and sections in Northern Africa, southwestern Asia, and Europe that incorporate the vast Middle Eastern culture. The purpose of this study was to identify the cultural variations in newborn care practices, self-management of common illnesses, and their potential impact on infant welfare. Method: A qualitative design using a focus group approach with 37 Arab mothers in Jordan was used. Results: Findings revealed strong similarities in terms of beliefs, care practices, and the experience of intergenerational conflict in establishing and maintaining traditional practices among mothers. Potentially harmful practices included restrictive swaddling, rubbing a newborn’s body with salt, and encouraging the ingestion of herbs in newborns. Discussion: It is important for nurses and midwives to be aware of traditional practices, cultural beliefs, and the implications for infant welfare if they are to effectively engage with families to promote the well-being of the newborn.
The Macro-dynamics of Partisan Advantage
Authors: Dancey Logan , Tarpey Matthew , Woon Jonathan
Published: August 2018

How do party reputations change over time? We construct a measure of the common movement in the parties’ perceived policy handling abilities for the period 1980 to 2016 and investigate its relationship with the public’s evaluation of Congress and the president. In contrast to key claims made in theories of congressional parties, we find an inconsistent relationship between evaluations of Congress and party reputations and find no evidence that successful agenda control enhances the majority party’s reputation. Instead, our analysis shows a strong relationship between party reputations and presidential approval, reaffirming the central role the president plays in shaping party reputations.
Time to treatment failure of palbociclib and letrozole as second-line therapy or beyond in hormone receptor-positive advanced breast cancer
Authors: Schickli M Alexandra , Berger Michael J , Lustberg Maryam , Palettas Marilly , Vargo Craig A
Published: August 2018

Purpose

The management of endocrine therapy resistance is one of the most challenging facets of advanced breast cancer treatment. Palbociclib is an inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases 4 and 6 approved for the treatment of hormone receptor-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative advanced or metastatic breast cancer in combination with fulvestrant in postmenopausal women with disease progression following endocrine therapy. However, treatment responsiveness of tumors to palbociclib after multiple lines of endocrine therapy is not clearly established. The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of palbociclib and letrozole in patients pretreated with one or more lines of endocrine therapy.

Methods

This was a single-center, retrospective cohort study of all postmenopausal hormone receptor-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative metastatic breast cancer patients who received palbociclib and letrozole as a second-line endocrine therapy or beyond (and no prior cyclin-dependent kinases 4 and 6 inhibitor therapy) between February 1, 2015, and July 31, 2016. The primary objective was to evaluate time to treatment failure of palbociclib in combination with letrozole as a second-line of therapy or beyond.

Results

Fifty-three patients meeting eligibility criteria were included in the analysis. For the primary outcome, the median time to treatment failure of palbociclib and letrozole was 6.3 months (95% CI 3.1–7.4 months). Progression-free survival of palbociclib and letrozole therapy was 6.4 months (95% CI 4.9–8.3 months).

Conclusions

Palbociclib and letrozole therapy is a viable, effective treatment option for metastatic breast cancer patients who were not exposed to cyclin-dependent kinases 4 and 6 inhibitors as a first-line endocrine therapy. The benefits of palbociclib and letrozole therapy were seen without excessive toxicity, and although neutropenia was common, it may be managed with dose reduction.
Heterogeneity in Medicare Home Health Patients by Admission Source
Authors: Fout Betty , Plotzke Michael , Jung Olivia S
Published: August 2018

Unlike other post-acute care settings, a large and growing share of Medicare Fee-For-Service patients are admitted to home health without a prior hospitalization or facility-based post-acute stay. Differences in home health patients by admission source have implications for standardizing measurement, and potentially payment, across post-acute care settings. We examined home health patients’ demographic, health, and utilization patterns when stratified by their admission source. We found that community-admitted patients were more likely to be dually eligible, have multiple home health episodes, have Alzheimer disease, and have suffered from depression. Noncommunity admission sources were associated with higher 30-day post home health admission hospitalization rates. These differences should be accounted for in properly incentivizing agencies to care for all types of patients appropriate for home health.
Brief Report: The Effects of a Weighted Blanket on Engagement for a Student With ASD
Authors: Zimmerman Kathleen N. , Ledford Jennifer R. , Severini Katherine E.
Published: August 2018

The effectiveness of a weighted blanket intervention and structured work boxes for improving engagement for a child with autism during math circle time in a general education kindergarten classroom were evaluated relative to baseline using an alternating treatments design. The structured work boxes resulted in higher levels of engagement, and the weighted blanket resulted in levels that were similar to or lower than baseline. Additional research is needed on sensory-based interventions; in the meantime, teachers should use evidence-based practices.
Paradoxical Protective Effect of Perfluorooctanesulfonic Acid Against High-Fat Diet–Induced Hepatic Steatosis in Mice
Authors: Huck Ian , Beggs Kevin , Apte Udayan
Published: August 2018

Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) is a persistent organic pollutant with worldwide bioaccumulation due to a very long half-life. Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid exposure results in significant hepatic effects including steatosis, proliferation, hepatomegaly, and in rodents, carcinogenesis. The objective of this study was to determine whether PFOS exposure exacerbates nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis pathogenesis. Eight-week-old male C57BL/6 J mice (n = 5 per group) were fed ad libitum normal chow diet (ND) alone, 60% high-fat diet (HFD) alone, ND + PFOS, and HFD + PFOS (0.0001% w/w (1 mg/kg) of PFOS) for 6 weeks. Both HFD alone and the ND + PFOS treatment induced significant adiposity and hepatomegaly, but the HFD + PFOS treatment showed a marked protection. Oil Red O staining and quantitative analysis of hepatic lipid content revealed increased hepatic steatosis in ND + PFOS and in HFD alone fed mice, which was prevented in HFD + PFOS treatment. Further studies revealed that ND + PFOS treatment significantly affected expression of lipid trafficking genes to favor steatosis, but these changes were absent in HFD + PFOS group. Specifically, expression of CD36, the major lipid importer in the cells, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), its major regulator, were induced in HFD + no treatment (NT) and ND + PFOS-fed mice but remained unchanged in HFD + PFOS mice. In conclusion, these data indicate that coadministration of PFOS with HFD mitigates steatosis and hepatomegaly induced by HFD and that by PFOS fed in ND diet via regulation of cellular lipid import machinery. These findings suggest dietary lipid content be considered when performing risk management of PFOS in humans and the elucidation of PFOS-induced hepatotoxicity.
The Actor-Based Change Framework: A Pragmatic Approach to Developing Program Theory for Interventions in Complex Systems
Authors: Koleros Andrew , Mulkerne Sean , Oldenbeuving Mark , Stein Danielle
Published: August 2018

Despite a wide body of literature on the importance of program theory and the need to tackle complexity to improve international development programming, the use of program theory to underpin interventions aimed at facilitating change in complex systems remains a challenge for many program practitioners. The actor-based change framework offers a pragmatic approach to address these challenges, integrating concepts and frameworks drawn from complexity science and behavioral change literature to develop robust program theory for complex interventions. This article presents the conceptual framework for the approach and describes how it has been applied in practice on an evaluation of a security and justice program in Nepal. It concludes with a discussion of the strengths and weaknesses of the approach in practice and how it can be applied more widely to improve program theory for interventions in complex systems.
International schools: leadership reviewed
Authors: Gardner-McTaggart Alexander
Published: August 2018

This article provides a systematic review of research on leadership in international schools, though not focusing on International Baccalaureate schools which are the focus of a separate paper. International schools are autonomous, private bodies that cater to the globally advantaged. Accordingly, this literature review views them and their leadership through the Bourdieusian concept of distinction. Educational leaders in this context face considerable complexities. International schools thrive on the distinction they confer, it being intrinsic to these schools’ identity. International schools can be understood as existing on a matrix, or spectrum, between conceptions of international and global; equitable and market-place. The review finds that international schools experience considerable unhelpful change and transition, where consistency is highly prized yet difficult to achieve. Along with tensions between their equitable and market orientation, transition emerges as the most significant challenge facing educational leaders in this context.
Respond to the letter on ‘Interobserver reliability of the ankle brachial index, toe–brachial index and distal pulse palpation in patients with diabetes: a methodological issue’
Authors: Álvaro Afonso Francisco Javier , García-Morales Esther , Molines-Barroso Raúl J , García-Álvarez Yolanda , Sanz-Corbalán Irene , Lázaro-Martínez José Luis
Published: August 2018

We respond to the letter of Nadery and Shahsavari regarding our paper entitled ‘Interobserver reliability of the ankle brachial index, toe -brachial index and distal pulse palpation in patients with diabetes. In this letter, we concluded that despite some limitations, the kappa coefficient is an informative measure of agreement in most circumstances that we can use in this type of clinical research.
Paid Family Leave to Enhance the Health Outcomes of Preterm Infants
Authors: Weber Ashley , Harrison Tondi M. , Steward Deborah , Ludington-Hoe Susan
Published: August 2018

Prematurity is the largest contributor to perinatal morbidity and mortality. Preterm infants and their families are a significant vulnerable population burdened with limited resources, numerous health risks, and poor health outcomes. The social determinants of health greatly shape the economic and psychosocial resources that families possess to promote optimal outcomes for their preterm infants. The purposes of this article are to analyze the resource availability, relative risks, and health outcomes of preterm infants and their families and to discuss why universal paid family leave could be one potential public policy that would promote optimal outcomes for this infant population. First, we discuss the history of family leave in the United States and draw comparisons with other countries around the world. We use the vulnerable populations conceptual model as a framework to discuss why universal paid family leave is needed and to review how disparities in resource availability are driving the health status of preterm infants. We conclude with implications for research, nursing practice, and public policy. Although health care providers, policy makers, and other key stakeholders have paid considerable attention to and allocated resources for preventing and treating prematurity, this attention is geared toward individual-based health strategies for promoting preconception health, preventing a preterm birth, and improving individual infant outcomes. Our view is that public policies addressing the social determinants of health (e.g., universal paid family leave) would have a much greater impact on the health outcomes of preterm infants and their families than current strategies.
Interpersonal Psychotherapy With Expressive Art for Depression in a Psycho-Oncology Context
Authors: Bourke Jesse D. , Plant Camille , Wooldridge Sophia
Published: August 2018

The following case outlines the use of interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) with integrated expressive art practices over 10 sessions in treatment of AF, a 62-year-old Caucasian female presenting with depression as a psycho-oncology outpatient. AF’s presentation was in the context of a history of diagnosis and treatment of melanoma, several family losses to cancer, long-standing dysthymia and recurrent major depressive episodes, and relocation from interstate following marriage separation. IPT was delivered to address AF’s identified core problem area of interpersonal sensitivities, while expressive art exercises played a role of creative self-reflection and exploration. At the conclusion of therapy, AF demonstrated not only elimination of clinical symptoms of depression and anxiety but also growth as a newly resilient and enlivened individual. Theoretical, research, and intervention implications for treatment of depression in broad and specific to psycho-oncology contexts are discussed.
The Effect of Paternalism on Incivility: Exploring Incivility Climate as an Important Boundary Condition
Authors: Daniels Shanna R. , Jordan Samantha L.
Published: August 2018

In this article, we examine the effects of paternalism on experienced incivility across two studies. Study 1 examines the paternalism—experienced incivility relationship in a sample of health care employees, and Study 2 examines a moderated–mediated relationship, with incivility climate as the moderator of the paternalism—experienced incivility relationship, and counterproductive work behavior as the outcome. Results from these studies suggest that paternalism has a significant positive direct effect on incivility, and an indirect effect on counterproductive work behavior through experienced incivility. Moreover, our results suggest that the relationship between paternalism and experienced incivility is moderated by incivility climate, such that the effect of paternalism on experienced incivility is stronger at higher levels of incivility climate tolerance and lower levels of incivility climate policy.
Ultrasound surveillance in twin pregnancy: An update for practitioners
Authors: Townsend R , Khalil A
Published: August 2018

Ultrasound has revolutionised the management of multiple pregnancies and their complications. Increasing frequency of twin pregnancies mandates familiarity of all clinicians with the relevant pathologies and evidence-based surveillance and management protocols for their care. In this review, we summarise the latest evidence relating to ultrasound surveillance of twin pregnancies including first trimester assessment and screening, growth surveillance and the detection and management of the complications of monochorionic pregnancies including twin-to-twin-transfusion syndrome, selective fetal growth restriction, twin reversed arterial perfusion sequence and conjoined twinning.
Sonorous memory in Jonathan Perel’s El predio (2010) and Los murales (2011)
Authors: Geraghty Niall HD
Published: August 2018

Throughout his filmic production, Argentine director Jonathan Perel has demonstrated strict adherence to a unique aesthetic programme in which human agents appear to have only a minimal role. Each film contains only diegetic sounds and consists of fixed shots of architectural spaces and objects closely associated with the most recent Argentine military dictatorship (1976–1983) and recent attempts to memorialise the atrocities they committed. Through the close analysis of Perel’s first two films – El predio (2010) and Los murales (2011) – this article focusses on Perel’s highly distinctive use of environmental sound and argues that they are, in fact, uniquely musical works. Drawing on the work of John Cage, Michel Chion, Deleuze and Guattari, and Doreen Massey, the article proposes that Perel manipulates sound in order to situate debates over the memorialisation of recent atrocities in a perpetual present and thus critique contemporary abuses of power in Argentina.
Surgical techniques for reconstruction of the hypoplastic thumb
Authors: Mende Konrad , Suurmeijer José Annelie , Tonkin Michael Alan
Published: August 2018

The reconstruction of a congenital hypoplastic thumb usually involves release of a tight first web space, metacarpophalangeal joint stabilization, reconstruction of intrinsic muscle function, and extrinsic tendon reconstruction, as appropriate. Numerous surgical options and combinations are available, but the approaches vary among surgeons who work in the field of congenital hand surgery and the empirical evidence that allows for evaluation of the results of techniques is scarce. Both the pre-operative assessment and intra-operative findings of all thumb elements – bone, joints, and soft tissues – should be considered in the surgical decision-making and eventually define the methods of reconstruction. This article summarizes the different reconstructive options.
The contribution of hand drying in prevention of transmission of microorganisms: Comparison of the efficacy of three hand drying methods in the removal and distribution of microorganisms
Authors: Pitt Sarah J , Crockett Samantha L , Andreou Gregory M
Published: August 2018

Background:

Hand hygiene is a key tool in infection control. While methods of hand washing have been widely researched, there have been fewer studies investigating the effectiveness of available ways to dry hands in public areas.

Aims:

This study compared the efficacy of using paper towels (PT), warm air dryers (WAD) and jet air dryers (JAD) after hand washing in terms of microbiological effectiveness and potential for dispersal of pathogens.

Methods:

Microbial flora on palms and fingertips of 30 subjects were sampled on nutrient agar plates before washing hands and after drying with PTs, WADs and JADs. Total colony forming units (cfus) were recorded. Walls in the vicinity of a PT dispenser, WAD and JAD in female and male washrooms were sampled for the presence of viable microorganisms.

Results:

Mean cfu significantly reduced after drying with PTs (palms t= 2.67, p <0.05; fingertips t=4.44, p<0.01) significantly increased after using WADs (palms t=3.11, p<0.01; fingertips t=2.06, p<0.05), but there was no difference with JAD (palms t= 1.85, p>0.05; fingertips t=0.97, p>0.05). Some dispersal of organisms was detected on the washroom walls, with the least distribution around PT dispensers and unusual opportunistic pathogens isolated from the JAD units.

Discussion:

PTs are more effective at drying hands than WADs and JADs, they are more likely to be used appropriately and lead to minimal dispersal of microorganisms from wet hands.
Importance of elevated heart rate in the very early phase of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: Results from the DANAMI-3 trial
Authors: Nepper-Christensen Lars , Lønborg Jacob , Ahtarovski Kiril A , Høfsten Dan E , Kyhl Kasper , Schoos Mikkel M , Göransson Christoffer , Laursen Peter N , Sadjadieh Golnaz , Ghotbi Adam Ali , Bertelsen Litten , Køber Lars , Helqvist Steffen , Pedersen Frants , Jørgensen Erik , Kelbæk Henning , Vejlstrup Niels , Holmvang Lene , Engstrøm Thomas
Published: August 2018

Background:

Elevated heart rate is associated with poor clinical outcome in patients with acute myocardial infarction. However, in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention the importance of elevated heart rate in the very early phase remains unknown. We evaluated the impact of elevated heart rate in the very early pre-hospital phase of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention on cardiovascular magnetic resonance markers of reperfusion success and clinical outcome.

Methods:

In this DANAMI-3 substudy, 1560 ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction patients in sinus rhythm without cardiogenic shock were included in the analyses of clinical outcome and 796 patients underwent cardiovascular magnetic resonance to evaluate area at risk, infarct size and left ventricular ejection fraction. Heart rate was assessed on the first electrocardiogram with ST-elevation (time of diagnosis).

Results:

Despite equal area at risk (33%±11 versus 36%±16, p=0.174) patients with a pre-hospital heart rate ⩾100 beats per minute developed larger infarcts (19% (interquartile range, 9–17) versus 11% (interquartile range, 10–28), p=0.001) and a lower left ventricular ejection fraction (54%±12 versus 58%±9, p=0.047). Pre-hospital heart rate ⩾100 beats per minute was independently associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality and heart failure (hazard ratio 2.39 (95% confidence interval 1.58–3.62), p<0.001).

Conclusions:

Very early heart rate ⩾100 beats per minute in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction was independently associated with larger infarct size, reduced left ventricular ejection fraction and an increased risk of all-cause mortality and heart failure, and thus serves as an easily obtainable and powerful tool to identify ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction patients at high risk.
Incidence of Coexisting Talar and Tibial Osteochondral Lesions Correlates With Patient Age and Lesion Location
Authors: Irwin Rebecca M. , Shimozono Yoshiharu , Yasui Youichi , Megill Robin , Deyer Timothy W. , Kennedy John G.
Published: August 2018

Background:

The incidence of coexisting osteochondral lesions (OCLs) of the tibia and talus has been negatively correlated with successful clinical outcomes, yet these lesions have not been extensively characterized.

Purpose:

To determine the incidence of coexisting tibial and talar OCLs, assess the morphologic characteristics of these lesions, and evaluate whether these characteristics are predictive of outcome.

Study Design:

Case series; Level of evidence, 4.

Methods:

A total of 83 patients who underwent surgery for a talar OCL were evaluated for coexisting OCLs of the distal tibia with preoperative magnetic resonance images. Size, location, containment, International Cartilage Repair Society (ICRS) grade, patient age, and patient sex were analyzed for predictors of coexisting lesions or patient outcome. The talar and tibial surfaces were each divided into 9 zones, with 1 corresponding to the most anteromedial region and proceeding laterally and then posteriorly. The Foot and Ankle Outcome Score (FAOS) was evaluated pre- and postoperatively.

Results:

Twenty-six patients (31%) had coexisting tibial and talar OCLs, with 9 (35%) identified as kissing lesions. Age correlated with coexisting lesion incidence, as older patients were more likely to have a coexisting tibial OCL ( P = .038). More than half of talar OCLs were found in zone 4 (61%), whereas the majority of tibial OCLs were located in zones 2, 4, and 5 (19% each). Patients with coexisting lesions were more likely to have a lateral talar OCL ( P = .028), while those without a coexisting tibial lesion were more likely to have a talar OCL in zone 4 ( P = .016). There was no difference in FAOS result or lesion size between patients with and without coexisting OCLs, but patients with coexisting lesions were more likely to have an ICRS grade 4 talar OCL ( P = .034). For patients with coexisting lesions, kissing lesions were more likely to be located in zone 6 ( P = .043). There was no difference in OCL size or containment between kissing and nonkissing coexisting OCLs.

Conclusion:

The incidence of coexisting talar and tibial OCLs may be more prevalent than what previous reports have suggested, with older patients being more likely to present with this pathology. The location of a talar OCL correlates with the incidence of a coexisting tibial OCL.
A longitudinal analysis of early language difficulty and peer problems on later emotional difficulties in adolescence: Evidence from the Millennium Cohort Study
Authors: Forrest Claire L , Gibson Jenny L , Halligan Sarah L , St Clair Michelle C
Published: August 2018

Background and aim

Individuals with developmental language disorder have been found to exhibit increased emotional difficulties compared to their typically developed peers. However, the underlying pathways involved in this relationship are unclear. It may be that poor language leads to social exclusion, resulting in feelings of frustration and isolation. Additionally, previous research has focused on clinical samples or early childhood in population cohorts. Therefore, the current paper examines the mediating effect of childhood peer problems on poor emotional outcomes in adolescence using a population cohort.

Methods

Data from the Millennium Cohort Study were analysed at ages 5, 7 and 14. The risk of developmental language disorder group (children considered at risk of developing developmental language disorder based on parental report of difficulties or a score −1.5 standard deviation on Naming Vocabulary subtest at age 5) was compared to a general population group. A Sobel–Goodman test was used to examine the mediating effect of teacher-reported peer problems at age 7 on the association between language difficulties at age 5 and parent-reported emotional problems at age 7 and 14.

Results

Peer problems at age 7 accounted for approximately 14% of the effect of language difficulties at age 5 on emotional problems at age 7, and approximately 17% of the effect of language difficulties at age 5 on emotional problems at age 14.

Conclusions

This paper supports previous findings that children and adolescents with language difficulties are at increased risk for social and emotional problems as reported by their parents and teachers. Furthermore, the findings show that peer problems partially mediate the relationship between language difficulties and emotional problems, suggesting that better relationships with peers may offer some protection against poor mental health outcomes in adolescents at risk of developmental language disorder.

Implications

This paper adds to the literature that investigates the mechanisms involved in the relationship between developmental language disorder and increased emotional problems. Practitioners wishing to reduce risk of emotional difficulties in children with developmental language disorder may wish to reflect on what they can do to support a child to develop positive peer relationships.
Supporting Literacy Instruction for Students With Extensive Support Needs in Rural Settings Through Collaboration: So Much Better When We Work Together!
Authors: Gosselin Katrine S. , Sundeen Todd H.
Published: August 2018

The roles of teachers and related service providers (e.g., speech-language pathologists, occupational therapists, physical therapists) are vital to skill acquisition and meaningful access to the general education curriculum for students who have been identified as having significant or extensive support needs. However, often delivery of instruction can become fragmented and disjointed as time for service providers to collaborate with team members is limited in rural schools. As a result, students with more extensive support needs may not receive adequate access to systemic and meaningful literacy instruction. This article will identify the obstacles as well as three strategies special education teams can use to improve communication and collaboration.
Increasing burden of noninfectious lung disease in persons living with HIV: a 7-year study using the French nationwide hospital administrative database
Authors: Maitre Thomas , Cottenet Jonathan , Beltramo Guillaume , Georges Marjolaine , Blot Mathieu , Piroth Lionel , Bonniaud Philippe , Quantin Catherine
Published: August 2018

An overall reduction in the incidence of AIDS and a change in the spectrum of lung disease have been noticed in persons living with HIV (PLHIV). Our aim was to provide an epidemiological update regarding the prevalence of lung diseases in PLHIV hospitalised in France.

We analysed the prevalence of lung disease in PLHIV hospitalised in France from 2007 to 2013, from the French nationwide hospital medical information database, and assessed the association between HIV and incident noninfectious disease over 4 years of follow-up.

A total of 52 091 PLHIV were hospitalised in France between 2007 and 2013. Among PLHIV hospitalised with lung disease, noninfectious lung diseases increased significantly from 45.6% to 54.7% between 2007 and 2013, whereas the proportion of patients with at least one infectious lung disease decreased significantly. In 2010, 10 067 prevalent hospitalised PLHIV were compared with 8 244 682 hospitalised non-PLHIV. In 30–49-year-old patients, HIV infection was associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), chronic respiratory failure, emphysema, lung fibrosis and pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) even after adjustment for smoking.

The emergence of noninfectious lung disease, in particular COPD, emphysema, lung fibrosis, PAH and chronic respiratory disease, in PLHIV would justify mass screening in this population.
Identifying obstructive sleep apnoea patients responsive to supplemental oxygen therapy
Authors: Sands Scott A. , Edwards Bradley A. , Terrill Philip I. , Butler James P. , Owens Robert L. , Taranto-Montemurro Luigi , Azarbarzin Ali , Marques Melania , Hess Lauren B. , Smales Erik T. , de Melo Camila M. , White David P. , Malhotra Atul , Wellman Andrew
Published: August 2018

A possible precision-medicine approach to treating obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) involves targeting ventilatory instability (elevated loop gain) using supplemental inspired oxygen in selected patients. Here we test whether elevated loop gain and three key endophenotypic traits (collapsibility, compensation and arousability), quantified using clinical polysomnography, can predict the effect of supplemental oxygen on OSA severity.

36 patients (apnoea–hypopnoea index (AHI) >20 events·h−1) completed two overnight polysomnographic studies (single-blinded randomised-controlled crossover) on supplemental oxygen (40% inspired)versussham (air). OSA traits were quantified from the air-night polysomnography. Responders were defined by a ≥50% reduction in AHI (supine non-rapid eye movement). Secondary outcomes included blood pressure and self-reported sleep quality.

Nine of 36 patients (25%) responded to supplemental oxygen (ΔAHI=72±5%). Elevated loop gain was not a significant univariate predictor of responder/non-responder status (primary analysis). Inpost hocanalysis, a logistic regression model based on elevated loop gain and other traits (better collapsibility and compensation; cross-validated) had 83% accuracy (89% before cross-validation); predicted responders exhibited an improvement in OSA severity (ΔAHI 59±6%versus12±7% in predicted non-responders, p=0.0001) plus lowered morning blood pressure and “better” self-reported sleep.

Patients whose OSA responds to supplemental oxygen can be identified by measuring their endophenotypic traits using diagnostic polysomnography.
Patterns of healthcare utilisation for respiratory complications of adults with neuromuscular disease: a population study
Authors: Rose Louise , McKim Douglas , Leasa David , Nonoyama Mika , Tandon Anu , Bai Yu Qing , Amin Reshma , Katz Sherri , Goldstein Roger , Gershon Andrea
Published: August 2018

Our objective was to quantify health service utilisation including monitoring and treatment of respiratory complications for adults with neuromuscular disease (NMD), identifying practice variation and adherence to guideline recommendations at a population level.

We conducted a population-based longitudinal cohort study (2003–2015) of adults with NMD using hospital diagnostic and health insurance billing codes within administrative health databases.

We identified 185 586 adults with NMD. Mean age 52 years, 59% female. 41 173 (22%) went to an emergency department for respiratory complications on average 1.6 times every 3 years; 14 947 (8%) individuals were admitted to hospital 1.4 times every 3 years. Outpatient respiratory specialist visits occurred for 64 084 (35%) with four visits every 3 years, although substantial variation in visit frequency was found. 157 285 (85%) went to the emergency department (all-cause) almost 4 times every 3 years, 100 052 (54%) were admitted to hospital. Individuals with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/motor neurone disease (ALS/MND) had more emergency department visits compared with other types of NMD (p<0.0001).

One-third of adults with NMD received respiratory specialist care at a frequency recommended by professional guidelines, although substantial variation exists. Emergent healthcare utilisation was substantial, emphasising the burden of NMD on the healthcare system and urgent need to improve community and social supports, particularly for ALS/MND patients.
Baseline patient factors impact on the clinical efficacy of benralizumab for severe asthma
Authors: Bleecker Eugene R. , Wechsler Michael E. , FitzGerald J. Mark , Menzies-Gow Andrew , Wu Yanping , Hirsch Ian , Goldman Mitchell , Newbold Paul , Zangrilli James G.
Published: August 2018

Benralizumab is an anti-eosinophilic monoclonal antibody that reduces exacerbations and improves lung function for patients with severe, uncontrolled asthma with eosinophilic inflammation. We evaluated the impact of baseline factors on benralizumab efficacy for patients with severe asthma.

This analysis used pooled data from the SIROCCO (ClinicalTrials.govidentifierNCT01928771) and CALIMA (ClinicalTrials.govidentifierNCT01914757) Phase III studies. Patients aged 12–75 years with severe, uncontrolled asthma receiving high-dosage inhaled corticosteroids plus long-acting β2-agonists received benralizumab 30 mg subcutaneously every 8 weeks (Q8W, first three doses every 4 weeks (Q4W)), Q4W or placebo. Baseline factors that influenced benralizumab efficacy were evaluated, including oral corticosteroid (OCS) use, nasal polyposis, pre-bronchodilator forced vital capacity (FVC), prior year exacerbations and age at diagnosis. Efficacy outcomes included annual exacerbation rate and change in pre-bronchodilator forced expiratory volume in 1 s at treatment end relative to placebo.

Benralizumab Q8W treatment effect was enhanced with each baseline factor for all patients and those with ≥300 eosinophils·μL−1relative to the overall population. OCS use, nasal polyposis and FVC <65% of predicted were associated with greater benralizumab Q8W responsiveness for reduced exacerbation rate for patients with <300 eosinophils·μL−1.

Baseline clinical factors and blood eosinophil counts can help identify patients potentially responsive to benralizumab.
An evaluation framework for new tests that predict progression from tuberculosis infection to clinical disease
Authors: Kik Sandra V. , Schumacher Samuel , Cirillo Daniela Maria , Churchyard Gavin , Boehme Catharina , Goletti Delia , Rangaka Molebogeng X. , Denkinger Claudia M. , Lienhardt Christian , Gilpin Christopher , Matteelli Alberto , Cobelens Frank
Published: August 2018

Novel accurate tests are needed that identify individuals infected withMycobacterium tuberculosiswho have incipient disease and are likely to develop clinical tuberculosis (TB) in the near future to allow for targeted preventive treatment beyond the current risk groups. Recently, a target product profile was developed that outlines the minimal and optimal characteristics for such an incipient TB test. We describe an evaluation framework for generating evidence to inform the development of policy guidance for the use of such a new test by the World Health Organization. Two research objectives are addressed. 1) The predictive ability of an incipient TB test should be assessed in clinical evaluation studies that include the intended target population and follow-up of sufficient duration to observe whether individuals do or do not progress to clinical TB disease. 2) Studies are needed to evaluate the test under routine programmatic conditions and measure its impact on patient- or health-system-important outcomes. For both research objectives, study designs, methods and analysis are described, with the intent to inform the clinical development plans of test manufacturers, researchers and funders.
Hospital acquired vancomycin resistant enterococci in surgical intensive care patients – a prospective longitudinal study
Authors: Kampmeier Stefanie , Kossow Annelene , Clausen Larissa Monika , Knaack Dennis , Ertmer Christian , Gottschalk Antje , Freise Hendrik , Mellmann Alexander
Published: August 2018

Background

Vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE) occur with enhanced frequency in hospitalised patients. This study elucidates the prevalence of VRE on admission among surgical intensive care unit (SICU) patients, whether these patients are at special risk for VRE acquisition and which risk factors support this process.

Methods

Patients admitted to SICUs of the University Hospital Münster were examined during August–October 2017. VRE screening was performed within 48 h after admission and directly prior to discharge of patients. In parallel risk factors were recorded to estimate their effect on VRE acquisition during SICU stay.

Results

In total, 374 patients (68% male) with a median age of 66 years were admitted to one of the SICUs during the investigation period. Of all, 336 patients (89.8%) were screened on admission and 268 (71.7%) on discharge. Nine patients were admitted with previously known VRE colonisation. Twelve (3.6%) further patients were VRE positive on admission. During ICU stay, eight (3.0%) additional patients turned out to be VRE colonised. Risk factors found to be significantly associated with VRE acquisition were median length of stay on the ICU (14 vs. 3 days; p = 0.01), long-term dialysis (12.5% vs. 2.0% of patients; p = 0.05), and antibiotic treatment with flucloxacillin (28.6% vs. 7.2% of patients; p = 0.01) or piperacillin/tazobactam (57.1% vs. 26.6% of patients; p = 0.01).

Conclusions

SICU patients are not at special risk for VRE acquisition. Previous stay on a SICU should therefore not be considered as specific risk factor for VRE colonisation.
Too polluted to work? The gendered correlates of air pollution on hours worked
Authors: Montt Guillermo
Published: August 2018

Air pollution affects workers’ ability to work by damaging their own health, but also by damaging the health of their dependents. This paper draws on 20 years of air pollution and employment data from Santiago, Chile, a highly polluted metropolis, particularly in fall and winter months. The paper finds that though air pollution is not associated to a reduction in overall hours worked, it does so for women and particularly for women with children. Weeks with pollution at 100 μg/m3, common for Santiago, see double the gender difference in working hours. It is hypothesised that children, unable to go to school, must stay home and cared for. These findings suggest that air pollution may contribute to gender inequality through the gendered-biased distribution of care responsibilities. Pollution brings to evidence gender inequalities in care and, given the gendered nature of care and the geographic distribution of pollution, may contribute to enhance gender and geographic labour market inequalities. Environmental policy may serve to enhance gender equality as well.
Assessing the condition of the Domesday Books from the visual to the molecular
Authors: Bell Nancy , Larsen René , Patten Kate , Sommer Dorte V. P. , Drakopoulos Michael , Wess Tim
Published: August 2018

This article presents a collaborative study to determine the condition within volumes of the Great and Little Domesday Book, held in The National Archives, UK. Advances in technology in both biochemical and biophysical analysis have allowed for the first time undetectable sub milligram sampling of the five-volume Great and Little Domesday Books at nine sites in total. Visual analysis was followed by microscopic fibre assessment, hydrothermal stability (shrinkage activity), amino acid analysis and microfocus X-ray diffraction. Based on the visual examination of 887 leaves in all five volumes of the Domesday Book, 587 leaves or 66% of the leaves exhibit a degree of surface gelatinisation due in part to humidification and pressing practices carried out as part of the many re-binding campaigns carried out over the centuries. Microfibre assessment indicated the percentage of damaged fibres detected varies from 56 to 100% in the samples taken, a correlation between the sum of oxidative sensitive amino acids and the observed damage of fibres was obtained. More than 1000 X-ray diffraction patterns collected showed a significant variation in amount of visible fibrillar collagen within each sample scan. Micro analysis performed here on corium collagen, means the results represent an average of the cross section of the structure of which the surface constitutes the smallest part. As the major part of damage is on the surface of the parchment leaves, the condition is likely to be worse than that reflected by the analytical results shown here. This evidence therefore prompted a re-think of the preservation protocols required to extend the usable life of the Domesday Book volumes. To this end, the preservation environment for the volumes is maintained at 40–45% relative humidity (RH) significantly lower than the recommended parameter of 55% RH.