bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ground-based remote sensing and uncertainty analysis of the mass eruption rate associated with the 3-5 December 2015 paroxysm of Mt.Etna
Authors: Mereu Luigi , Scollo Simona , Bonadonna Costanza , Donnadieu Franck , Freret Lorgeril Valentin , Marzano Frank Silvio
Published: March 2022

Mt. Etna, in Italy, is one of the most active volcanoes in the world, whose explosive eruptions represent a serious threat to the nearby populations and producing various dangerous effects mainly on properties, crops and transports. During explosive eruptions, the real-time estimation of the mass eruption rate (MER) is challenging although crucial to mitigate the impact due to the erupted tephra. Microwave radar techniques at L- and/or X-bands, as well as thermal infrared imagery, can provide a reliable MER estimation in real-time. Using the Etna lava fountains of 3–5 December 2015 as test cases, we investigate the differences among different approaches to estimate the MER: i) the mass continuity approach (MCA); ii) the top plume approach (TPA); and iii) the surface flux approach (SFA). We also introduce a new approach, called the near source approach (NSA) that is based on the X-band radar data alone. Finally, we extend the volcanic advanced radar retrieval methodology to estimate for the first time the gas-tephra mixture density near the volcanic crater. The analysis allows us to identify the optimal real-time MER retrieval strategy, showing the potential and limitations of each method. We show that the MCA method, entirely based on the X-band radar data processing, is the best strategy with a percentage uncertainty in the MER estimation of 22.3%, whereas other approaches exhibit a higher uncertainty (26.4% for NSA, 30% for TPA, and 31.6% for SFA). We investigate and optimize the different strategies for the volume eruption rate (VER), total erupted mass and volume estimations (TEM and TEV, respectively) including their uncertainties. The MER retrieval methods, described and applied in this work, showed promising results that can be exploited to improve the tephra dispersal and fallout forecasts at Etna in near real-time. Further work might be devoted to explore new techniques, using low-cost sensors for the MER estimation and employing microwave radars as validation tools.
Temporal variations in fast shear-wave polarisation direction observed during and after the 2011-2012 El Hierro eruption from local shear-wave splitting
Authors: Schlaphorst David , Silveira Graça , Ramalho Ricardo S. , González Pablo J. , Antón Resurrección
Published: March 2022

The Canary Islands, in the eastern North Atlantic, result from volcanism that is thought to be driven by an underlying mantle upwelling. Due to the movement of islands relative to the hotspot, these get progressively younger from east to west, with La Palma and El Hierro, situated in the north- and south-west of the archipelago being the most recent ones. In addition, those islands have experienced the most recent volcanism in the area (El Hierro: 2011/2012; La Palma: 2021), which was accompanied by large clusters of local seismicity. In the years since the eruption, further seismic clusters could be detected on El Hierro. A better understanding of crustal stress changes can help to monitor ongoing subsurface processes associated with future volcanism.

In this study we present a detailed investigation of crustal seismic anisotropy using shear-wave splitting of local events to estimate splitting parameters and investigate features such as crustal structure or stress due to aligned cracks. The study of anisotropy through shear-wave splitting is a commonly used method to observe dynamic subsurface processes and their influence on the regional stress field. The abundance of data over the last decade allows for a detailed study of temporal variation. Accordingly, using 5 broadband three-component seismic island stations of the IGN network (Instituto Geográfico Nacional) we were able to collect over 200 high quality measurements from 2010 to 2019, the majority of which correspond to syn-eruptive events. Still, nearly half of the events were recorded after 2012, revealing ongoing dynamic crustal processes.

Over the decade, results derived from event clusters show variation of distinct locations around the island. Whereas before and during the eruption results were focused on the northern part of the island, newer clusters were observed on- and offshore to the south of the island. Furthermore, we observe significantly varying fast shear-wave polarisation direction, which in a volcanic environment can be attributed to stress changes due to magma influx as it alters local stress in the crust, or a fabric induced by the lateral intrusion of sills at crustal level and/or beneath the island edifice.

This is a contribution to project SIGHT (SeIsmic and Geochemical constraints on the Madeira HoTspot; Ref. PTDC/CTA-GEF/30264/2017). The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support FCT through project UIDB/50019/2020 – IDL.
Study of Submesoscale Coherent Vortices (SCVs) in the Atlantic Ocean along different isopycnals
Authors: Chouksey Ashwita , Carton Xavier , Gula Jonathan
Published: March 2022

The ocean is densely populated with energetic coherent vortices of different sizes. Mesoscale and submesoscale vortices contribute to stirring of the ocean, transporting and redistributing water masses and tracers (active and passive), affecting ventilation pathways and thus impacting the large-scale circulation. Submesoscale Coherent Vortices (SCVs), i.e. vortices with radii between 1-30 km have been detected via satellite and in-situ measurements at surface or at depth (usually not more than ~2000 m depth). They are found to be of different shapes and sizes depending upon latitude and place of origin. Previous studies mostly describe the surface mesoscale and submesoscale eddies rather than the deep SCVs (> 2000 m). This study focuses on SCVs below the mixed layer along four different isopycnal surfaces: 26.60, 27.60, 27.80, and 27.86, which lie in the depth range of 10-500 m, 200-2000 m, 1200-3000 m, and 1800-4500 m, respectively. We aim to quantify their physical characteristics (radius, thickness, bias in polarity: cyclones versus anticyclones) in different parts of the Atlantic ocean, and analyze the dynamics involved in the generation and destruction of the SCVs throughout their life-cycle. We use the Coastal and Regional Ocean COmmunity model (CROCO) ocean model in a high resolution setup (3 km) of the Atlantic Ocean. The detection of SCVs are done every 12 hr using the Okubo-Weiss parameter along the isopycnal surfaces using the eddy-tracking algorithm by Mason et al., 2014. We consider only structures living for more than 21 days. The census of SCVs shows that there are in total more cyclonic than anticyclonic SCV detections. However cyclones are on average smaller and shorter lived, such that there is a dominance of anticyclones while considering long-lived and larger distance travelling SCVs. We concentrate on the strongest and longest lived SCVs among which meddies that we compare to previous in-situ observations. This study is the first step in the understanding of the formation, occurrences and structure of SCVs in the Atlantic Ocean, and their impact on the large-scale ocean circulation.
LP-HT metamorphism in the Jebilet Massif (Moroccan variscan belt): from Paleothetys opening to Pangea formation
Authors: Chopin Francis , Simon Martin , Schulmann Karel , Štípská Pavla , El Houicha Mohamed , Tabaud Anne-Sophie , Leprêtre Rémi , Chebli Ryma , Bosch Delphine , Míková Jitka
Published: March 2022

In the westernmost part of the Variscan belt, petro-structural observations, mineral equilibria modelling and U-Pb age determination were carried in the Jebilet massif (Morocco), in order to precise the deformation–metamorphism of NW Africa during Late Paleozoic Variscan events. A first episode corresponds to the emplacement of the main Oulad Ouaslam intrusion at 335.2 ± 0.8 Ma (U-Pb LA-ICP MS on zircon) within a Visean intracontinental basin. A second episode correspond S to SE convergence resulting into nappe stacking and upright folding in the supracrustal level together with the progressive development of a sub-horizontal metamorphic foliation around the pre-heated pelitic country rocks of the intrusion up to the sillimanite zone. Crd-And growth during this event in metapelite indicate indicating heating and increase of pressure up to 600–625 °C and 1.6–2.0 kbar. The timing of this sequence in metapelite is constrained by the U-Pb monazite age of 323.4 ± 3.6 Ma, interpreted as minimum age of metamorphic peak conditions, ca. <15 Ma younger than the emplacement of the intrusion. This very moderate thickening is followed by WNW convergence, sub-orthogonal to the first one, affecting all the previous structures and continuing probably up to the Cisuralian, similar to neighboring massifs. The first episode coincides with emplacement of magma within Visean intracontinental basins at the western tip of the ongoing opening Palaeo-Tethys Ocean, whereas the monazite dating document for the first time the precocious onset, during Late Serpukhovian–Early Bashkirian of the convergence in the NW African Variscan segment.
Analysis of the pico-seismic response of a fractured rock volume to fluid injections in the Bedretto Underground Laboratory, Switzerland
Authors: Durand Virginie , Rosskopf Martina , Plenkers Katrin , Obermann Anne , Schwarz Miriam , Villiger Linus , Meier Men-Andrin , Maurer Hansruedi , Giardini Domenico , Wiemer Stefan ,   Bedretto Team
Published: March 2022

The Bedretto Underground Laboratory for Geoenergies and Geosciences (BULGG) is a multidisciplinary laboratory on the hundred meter scale run by ETH Zurich. It is located in the Swiss Alps, in the middle of a 5.2km long horizontal tunnel, 1.0km below the surface. 
Seven 250-300m long boreholes have been equipped with different instruments: Acoustic Emission Sensors, Accelerometers, Fiber Optics (allowing simultaneous DTS, DSS and DAS measurements), Strainmeters and Pore Pressure Sensors. The variety of the instrumentation allows a multidisciplinary analysis of the response of the rock volume to fluid injections. The fluid injections are realized through a 400m injection borehole located in the center of the instrument network. It is divided into 14 intervals, allowing us to make injections at different depths.
We will first present the methods used to generate a pico-seismic catalog with precise locations and a magnitude of completeness as low as -5, and the associated challenges. Then, we show a preliminary analysis of the spatio-temporal evolution of the pico-seismicity generated by different injection protocols. We interpret the evolution of the seismicity in comparison with the injection parameters (i.e., injection pressure and rate) and the stimulated intervals.
Aerosol transport to the Arctic during moisture intrusion events
Authors: Krishnan Srinath , Sand Maria , Stjern Camilla , Ekman Annica , Böö Sebastian
Published: March 2022

Understanding how and when aerosols are transported to the Arctic is crucial to evaluating the contribution of remote aerosol emissions on Arctic Amplification. Climate models show large discrepancies in long-range aerosol transport, significantly impacting estimates of local aerosol-driven forcing at the Arctic. Long-range aerosol transport is intimately linked to moisture transport. Aerosol transport is generally high during periods of low precipitation (i.e. low wet scavenging) and strong temperature inversions (with low vertical mixing). But studies have shown the importance of intense moisture intrusion events for moisture transport, with almost 30% of total annual moisture being transported during these intervals. These events are associated with warm, cloudy moist air transport that leads to strong downwelling longwave radiation and warm surface temperatures at the Arctic. Notably, the blocking patterns established during these events also give rise to favourable conditions for long-range aerosol transport from the mid-latitudes. Here, we use two reanalysis datasets – Copernicus Atmospheric Monitoring Service (CAMS) and Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Application (MERRA-2) – to investigate moisture and aerosol transport into the Arctic for a 20-year period. We present a comparison of the relative importance of intrusion events to the total annual moisture transport into to the Arctic during intrusion events for the two different datasets and whether aerosols correlate with these moisture intrusions. This comparison can advance our understanding of aerosol transport to the Arctic and improve the representation of seasonal cycle of aerosols in climate models.  Finally, we investigate whether changes in aerosol transport during these events could have led to significant changes in local forcing at the Arctic.
Revisiting geochemical data from the Ossa-Morena Zone peralkaline rocks: New insights on petrogenesis during the Cambrian-Ordovician rift-related alkaline magmatism in the Iberian Massif
Authors: Roseiro José , Moreira Noel , Nogueira Pedro , de Oliveira Daniel , Eguiluz Luis
Published: March 2022

In SW Iberia (namely in the northernmost domains of Ossa-Morena Zone [OMZ]), NW-SE lineaments of peralkaline igneous massifs are found, known to have been emplaced during the Cambrian-Ordovician rift-related magmatic stage of the Variscan extension in northern Gondwana. In the Portuguese counterpart of the OMZ, these rocks can be found in two distinct tectono-stratigraphic segments, namely the Blastomylonitic Belt (BB) and in the Alter do Chão – Elvas Sector (ACES), intruding Neoproterozoic to Middle Cambrian successions (further extending to the Spanish side). Though the peralkaline magmas are coeval, some contrasting geochemical features allow a well-marked distinction between rocks located in the BB and ACES, which may provide sustained inferences on the petrogenesis and geotectonic framework. The BB rocks composition fit within the phonolite-trachyte spectrum, and show affinities with “within-plate” and A1-type granitoids. On the other hand, rocks from the ACES display trachyte to alkaline rhyolite compositions, chemical features of A2-type granitoids and “anomalous ocean ridge granite” tectonic setting of emplacement. However, within the ACES there are exceptions, as three massifs appear to have the same chemical signatures of the BB. Lithogeochemical data suggest the Ossa-Morena Zone alkaline melts (i) could be extracted from distinct sources, and/or (ii) underwent different degrees of fractionation along with variable crustal assimilation. In addition to lithogeochemistry data, further mineralogical and isotopic studies will be addressed to better understand and provide sustained inferences on the development of the northern OMZ peralkaline magmatism and related ore-forming systems.

Acknowledgements: JR acknowledges the financial support provided by Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT) through the PhD grant (UI/BD/150937/2021), and by the Society of Economic Geologists Foundation through the Hugh McKinstry Fund. The authors also acknowledge expenses supported by ICT financed by FCT, under the project UIDB/04683/2020. This work is a contribution to the project “ZOM-3D Metallogenic Modelling of Ossa-Morena Zone: Valorization of the Alentejo Mineral Resources” (ALT20-03-0145- FEDER-000028), funded by Alentejo 2020 through the FEDER/FSE/FEEI.
Height-integrated polar cap conductances during an average substorm
Authors: Carter Jennifer A. , Milan Steven , Lester Mark , Forsyth Colin , Paxton Larry , Gjerloev Jesper , Anderson Brian
Published: March 2022

We track the progression of height-integrated conductances over the course of an average substorm in a narrow local time sector of the nightside polar cap. These conductances are calculated from the mean energy flux and energy flux of precipitation, as estimated from a ratio of auroral emissions of the Lyman-Birge-Hopfield long and short band obtained by multiple polar region crossings of the Defence Meteorological Satellite Program F16, F17, and F18 spacecraft. Contributing auroral emission data span 1 January 2005 to 31 December 2017. Both Pedersen and Hall conductances are considered, as well as the influence of the magnetic latitude of substorm onset. Substorm onset times and magnitudes are provided by the SuperMAG network and SOPHIE substorm lists. We compare superimposed epoch ordered conductances with similarly averaged field aligned currents from the Active Magnetosphere and Planetary Electrodynamics Response Experiment (AMPERE). Shortly before onset, conductances increase in a low latitude region, before an increase in conductance seen at all latitudes at the time of onset. The energy flux is shown to peak quickly after substorm onset, followed by mean energy. The conductances, energy flux, and mean energy are ordered by magnetic latitude of substorm onset, so that the lowest onset latitudes correspond to the highest value of any given parameter. Conductances recover quicker to pre-substorm levels for those substorms with higher onset magnetic latitudes.

 
Smart Scintillating Neutron Detectors for Soil Moisture Monitoring
Authors: Stowell Patrick ,   COSMIC-SWAMP and STFC Food Network+ Collaborations
Published: March 2022

Cosmic ray neutron sensing has been shown to be a powerful method for continuously monitoring soil moisture over large areas. This technique relies on the detection of albedo cosmic ray neutrons coming from from the soil to infer the local hydrogen content. Cosmic ray neutron sensing is well-suited for hydrological monitoring in the field sizes typically seen on smallholder farms. The ongoing development of new lower-cost neutron detector instrumentation and processing tools will help to further support the adoption of this novel technique within the agricultural industry.

In this presentation I will discuss recent efforts at Durham University (UK) to develop low-cost cosmic ray neutron detectors to support soil moisture monitoring in the agriculture sector. These systems rely on lithium and boron-based scintillator foils for thermal neutron detection. Recent pilot studies in collaboration with the COSMOS-UK network have shown that the detected neutron rate in these sensors correlates well with results obtained from traditional gaseous systems. Work is now underway to improve the robustness of these scintillator systems for use in agricultural and civil engineering applications. 

In addition, I will present a new international research network, COSMIC-SWAMP, which is looking at the integration of cosmic ray neutron sensors with managed irrigation sites in Brazil. By combining low-cost neutron probes with a smart water management platform (SWAMP), this research network is looking at using cosmic ray neutrons to perform data-driven irrigation control over large areas. The instrumentation being considered for COSMIC-SWAMP will be presented before discussing the future plans for the network.
High resolution Sea Surface Temperature and seawater oxygen isotope records in IODP Site U1389 during MISs 2 to 4
Authors: Perez-Tarruella Javier , Sierro Francisco J. , Béjard Thibauld M.
Published: March 2022

IODP Site U1389 recovered a thick contouritic drift sequence deposited on the main branch of the Mediterranean Overflow Water in the gulf of Cadiz. That allows high resolution core recoveries for Quaternary period. In this study a high-resolution SST record was obtained by modern analogues method, using planktic foraminifer assemblages and Artificial Neural Networks. Seawater oxygen isotope composition was inferred by using the Globigerina bulloides δ18O record and the new SST data.

During MIS-3 the average amplitude of the SST change between Greenland stadials and interstadials is in the order of 2 to 4 °C. Foraminifer taxa that best reflects these minor changes is Globigeririnita glutinata. Heinrich stadial periods are represented by abrupt SST drops of about 8 °C compared to Interstadial values, and high abundance of polar and subpolar species Neogloboquadrina pachyderma sin and Turborotalita quinqueloba. During MIS-2 and MIS-4, SST is higher than expected for glacial maxima, with some subtropical species occurrence except in Heinrich events. Seawater δ18O also shows millennial variability, with higher values during Greenland Interstadials and the most pronounced drops or freshening in Heinrich stadial events. During glacial maxima stadials δ18O reaches its highest values, that reflects together with the high SST potential subtropical influence.

SST and seawater δ18O changes along the record precisely reflect the impact of the Greenland stadial-interstadial events and Heinrich events on sea surface conditions. Minor event Heinrich 2.2 (2b) has been identified by SST drop but not by water freshening. Otherwise, Greenland stadial 15, which corresponds to C-14 IRD event in North Atlantic shows Heinrich-like behavior according to both sea surface proxies.
Long-term thermokarst lake development and internal ecological feedbacks: A new reconstruction from Lake Satagay (Yakutia, Siberia)
Authors: Baisheva Izabella , Pestryakova Luidmila , Biskaborn Boris , Vyse Stuart , Levina Sardana , Glückler Ramesh , Herzschuh Ulrike , Stoof-Leichsenring Kathleen
Published: March 2022

The permafrost-shaped landscape of Central Yakutia is particularly rich in thermokarst lakes, which provide important cultural and ecosystem services to the local population. Climate warming and an intensification of agriculture in alaas systems (i.e. mostly drained basins of large thaw lakes formed during the early Holocene under warm climatic conditions) in the Central Yakutian Lowlands may lead to pronounced changes in water resources, water quality, nutrient loading and biodiversity. This could in turn threaten the livelihoods of affected communities, who depend on functional alaas ecosystems. To better foresee potential future impacts of environmental changes on internal lake ecological processes, it is important to gain a better understanding of how thermokarst lakes reacted to such changes in the past.

 

Here, we present a new paleoenvironmental reconstruction of ecological changes within Lake Satagay (N 63.078, E 117.998, Nyurbinsky District), covering the last ca. 10,800 years. We use sedimentological and XRF-derived geochemical parameters, in addition to the metabarcoding of sedimentary ancient DNA (sedDNA) for diatoms and aquatic plants, and microscopic diatom analyses, to evaluate sedimentological and biodiversity shifts throughout the Holocene. Our study revealed 53 diatom DNA sequence types and 53 species morphologically. High distributions of Stephanodiscus and Fragilaria, among multiple other diatom genera in the early Holocene, indicate that initial formation of this typical alaas lake occurred earlier than expected (i.e. before 10,800 BP). In recent millennia diatom abundance decreased and their community is almost exclusively composed of Pseudostaurosira and Fragilaria. Composition of aquatic plants show an overall dominance of Ceratophyllaceae and strong fluctuations in Potamogetonaceae likely related to lake level and water chemical changes. All proxies investigated support that lake conditions and biotic composition has been resilient since 4,000 BP, but youngest samples since 47 BP indicate that land use influence has been crucial for the lake quality. This study represents a step towards a better understanding of climate and human-impacted alaas lake development and its consequences for their ecosystem services in eastern Siberia in the near future.
A highly sensitive instrument for direct and long-term observations of seismic and natural-mode rotational movements
Authors: Jaroszewicz Leszek , Kurzych Anna , Dudek Michał
Published: March 2022

Over the last decade, the interest of rotational ground movements has become significant in the field of seismological research, especially in seismic engineering. Being able to reliably detect and record rotational motions is a key point in rotational seismology to better understand the origin of earthquakes and in particular to relate them to the geological context. The area of rotational seismology includes seismology, earthquake engineering, seismotectonic, geodesy as well as gravitation waves. Generally, in classical approach, seismic events are monitored by underground and surface seismic stations based on translational vibration sensors (seismometers, geophones, accelerometers). However, a full description of wave motion requires information about both displacements along the three perpendicular axes X, Y, and Z as well the rotation around these axes. The lack of a possibility of complete wave motion measurements results mainly due to technical difficulties in providing the appropriate sensors meeting all technical requirements of rotational seismology.

In this paper we present the laboratory analysis and field records of the fibre-optic seismograph (FOS) that utilizes the Sagnac effect based on a minimum optical configuration designed for a huge fibre-optic gyroscope with special attention to angular motion detection. Presented FOS utilizes a closed-loop configuration, which is based on the compensatory phase measurement method as well as specific electronic system. The experimental results showed that described FOS is characterized by a wide measuring range, it detects signals with amplitudes ranging from several dozen nrad/s up to even few rad/s and frequencies from 0.01 Hz to 100 Hz. The determined angle random walk was equal to 3∙10−8 rad/s and bias instability was equal to 2∙10−8 rad/s. Moreover,  besides the laboratory verification of FOS’s proper operation, the field observation results are also presented. Aforementioned device is constantly registering rotational motions in the seismological observatory located in the basement of the Książ Castle near Wałbrzych, Poland. We present the rotational events induced by the exploitation of the copper ore deposit in this area as well as long-term measurements, showing results confirming positive detection of small differences in Earth’s rotation rate – mainly diurnal and semi-diurnal. The presented data give broad view of the potential FOS’s application in the area of rotational seismology, including seismic monitoring in observatories, buildings, mines, chimneys and even on glaciers and in their vicinity.
Ranking the sensitivity of climate variables and FWI sub-indices to global wildfire burned area
Authors: Grillakis Manolis G. , Voulgarakis Apostolos , Rovithakis Anastasios , Seiradakis Konstantinos , Koutroulis Aristeidis , Field Robert , Kasoar Matthew , Papadopoulos Athanasios , Lazaridis Mihalis
Published: March 2022

Wildfires are integral parts of ecosystems but at the same time they consist a threat for manmade and natural environments. Variability in the area burned by wildfires has been largely attributed to weather and climate drivers, hence fire danger indices such as the Canadian Fire Weather Index (FWI) uses solely climate variables. The FWI uses four climate variables (precipitation, temperature, wind and relative humidity), to estimate two sub-indices, one for the wildfire initial spread danger - the initial spread index, and one that accounts for the longer-term drought effects on the fire danger - the buildup index, from which the FWI is finally assessed. Here, we establish correlations between the individual climate variables, FWI and its subindices, with observed GFED monthly burned area, for each one of the 14 GFED pyrographic region, at a global scale. The correlations are established on aggregated by the size of burned area data, to reduce the effect of other smaller scale climate effects, as well as other socioeconomic factors such as fire suppression activities, etc. The established correlations are then used to estimate the relative sensitivity of the area burned, to each climate variable and FWI component. The analysis is repeated for different burned area land use types, i.e. forest areas, non-forest areas as well as their combination. Our results indicate the relative importance of the four climate variables, as well as the two sub-indices of FWI index, for each GFED region. The results highlight the significance of temperature and relative humidity to the variability of area burned, in many regions, globally. This work contributes to a better understanding of the climate drivers of global wildfire activity.

 

This work is supported by CLIMPACT - National Research Network on Climate Change and its Impacts project, financed by the Public Investment Program of Greece and supervised by General Secretariat for Research and Technology (GSRT); and by the Leverhulme Centre for Wildfires, Environment, and Society through the Leverhulme Trust, grant number RC-2018-023.
WATEM/SEDEM verification by soil truncation method (Moscow region, Russia)
Authors: Fomicheva Daria , Ivanova Nadezhda , Zhidkin Andrey , Shamshurina Evgeniya
Published: March 2022

The popularity of soil erosion modeling is growing rapidly. However, less attention is given to the erosion model verification, which is mainly based on sediment yield estimates. Spatial model verifications are very few.

In this study soil losses over the 250 years (calculated by WATEM/SEDEM) have been verified by the soil truncation method on the site in the Moscow region, Russia. Just over 1,500 soil sampling points were analyzed on the area 100 km2.

Methods for spatiotemporal reconstruction of input parameters and calculations of soil erosion losses are presented in [1]. The degree of soil erosion, assessed at the sampling points, was compared with the soil losses calculated by the model. A clear tendency was revealed in the change in the proportion of non-eroded soils with an increase in the volume of modeled erosion losses: with losses <50 mm non-eroded soils was 87%; 50-100 mm 86%; 100-150 mm 81%; 150-200 mm 78%; 200-250 mm 70%;  250-300 mm 63%. 13% of points with losses <50 mm were diagnosed as weakly and moderately eroded soils. All such points are located nearby the multi-temporal borders of the arable land. This discrepancy is probably related to the inaccurate calculation of erosion due to the inaccuracy of restoring the cropland boundaries.

It is important to note that the relief and significant changes in the configuration of the cropland led to significant redeposition of sediments and the formation of a large area of warp and washed-warp soils.

It remains unclear why non-eroded soils predominate even in areas with erosion losses >250 mm calculated by the model. There are two possible explanations: i) model calculations are universally overestimated; ii) plowing changed the soil-forming process and contributed to a change in the depth of the subsurface horizons of Umbric Albeluvisols. Overestimation of erosion losses is unlikely since soil erosion rates have been verified on several slopes by independent magnetic tracer method [1]. The role of the soil-forming process needs further research.

In general, the spatial verification of the WATEM/SEDEM can be considered successful given the complexity of the historical reconstruction of input parameters over the past 250 years.

This work was supported by the Russian Science Foundation No. 22-27-00170 and state research program No. 0439-2022-0015.

 

[1] Zhidkin A., Fomicheva D., Ivanova N., Dostál T., Yurova A., Komissarov M., Krása J., 2022. A detailed reconstruction of changes in the factors and parameters of soil erosion over the past 250 years in the forest zone of European Russia (Moscow region). International Soil and Water Conservation Research, 10 (1), 149-160, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iswcr.2021.06.003
Magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling at Jupiter during Juno’s Prime mission
Authors: Provan Gabrielle , Kamran Aneesah , Bunce Emma , Cowley Stan , Nichols Jon
Published: March 2022

We study magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling at Jupiter during the Juno prime mission, considering magnetic field observations from Juno’s Perijoves 1-32.  We compare the azimuthal magnetic field and the associated determination of Jupiter’s ionospheric meridional Pedersen current, with predictions from a model of magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling developed at the University of Leicester.  We find that the Leicester model closely predicts the magnitude of the residual azimuthal field component of the field across the middle and outer magnetosphere regions, and across the tail.  However, we highlight two areas of discrepancies between the model and the data. On field lines mapping to the outer magnetosphere region, the model predicts an increase in the magnitude of the Bphi component of the magnetic field with ionospheric colatitude, whilst we observe a decrease.  This could suggest that the community needs an updated ionospheric angular velocity flow model for the Juno era. Furthermore, we do not observe the predicted upward-directed current at the boundary between the outer magnetosphere and field lines mapping to the tail.  Currently the model includes a constant ionospheric conductivity.  We suggest that the model might be improved by considering a variable ionospheric conductivity.  Finally, we produce maps of meridional ionospheric currents and discuss the variation of ionospheric currents with local time.

 
Measuring the height of the eruptive column during the 2021 eruption of Cumbre Vieja (La Palma Island, Canary Islands)
Authors: Felpeto Alicia , Molina-Arias Antonio J. , Quirós Francisco , Pereda Jorge , García-Cañada Laura , Díaz-Suárez Eduardo A.
Published: March 2022

Last year's almost 3-month eruption on the island of La Palma was a Strombolian eruption. The explosive behaviour has been very variable and significant throughout the eruption.  The IGN (Instituto Geográfico Nacional) measured the height of the eruptive column from the first days of the eruption using visual cameras. The main camera used was one from the IAC (Instituto Astrofísico de Canarias), located at 2365 masl altitude and 16.5 km north of the main vent.  The cameras were calibrated with geodetic techniques to check the accuracy of the measurements and avoid errors due to small displacements or rotation of the cameras. The effect of wind at different heights was also taken into account in the assessment of the plume height. The maximum value of the column height measured was 8500 masl, which occurred hours before the end of the eruption, while the characteristic value was about 3500 masl. This work shows the evolution of the column height throughout the eruptive period and its correlation with different volcano monitoring techniques. The measurement of the eruptive column height is of great relevance in reducing the potential impact of volcanic ash on civil aviation, as significant changes in the height of the eruptive plume are communicated to the VAAC (Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre) in Toulouse to be taken into account in volcanic ash cloud forecasts.
The skill of sub-seasonal hydrological prediction over Europe 
Authors: Di Giuseppe Francesca , Wetterhall Fredrik
Published: March 2022

The forecast lead time from the medium-range (15 days) to seasonal (up to several months) has the potential to be very useful for decision makers who rely on in hydrometeorological forecasts. Recently many forecasting systems, such as the IFS at ECMWF, are developing into fully integrated earth modeling systems by including the representation of the most relevant coupled processes such as ocean coupling, sea-ice interaction and troposphere-stratosphere feedbacks already at day 1. The immediate consequence of this new approach is that forecasting skills beyond the first two weeks might have increased to provide useful and "actionable" information to the end user. This is not only true for the meteorological output, but also for the many sectoral applications that relies on those atmospheric forcings. This study explores the sub-seasonal to seasonal predictability for a hydrological application over Europe forced by seasonal and sub-seasonal meteorological model output. The model system used was the seamless version of the European Flood Awareness System (EFAS) which combines the 46-day ECMWF Ensemble prediction system (EPS) with the seasonal forecasts (System-4). This provides biweekly forecast updates with a maximum horizon of 7 months. The forecast was evaluated against a water balance run forced with  observed meteorological input for a period of 20 years. The results show that the predictability window for river discharge at a number of locations extends to 31 days on average; beyond this limit climatology is as good as or better than dynamical forecast model. However, there are both spatial and and seasonal variations to this limit. Large river basins tends to extend the predictability to up to 45 days and there is a very relevant increase in the predictability up to 60 days for low-flow events. This indicates that a hydrological drought early warning system could provide skillful information of anomalous conditions almost at the season onset.
Regional scale monitoring results of surface deformation in the Transcarpathian Region
Authors: Magyar Balint , Horvath Roland
Published: March 2022

One of the main objectives of the GeoSES* project to investigate dangerous natural and anthropogenic geo-processes and aim hazard assessment using space geodetic technologies and concentrating on the Hungary-Slovakia-Romania-Ukraine cross-border region. The monitoring of such natural hazards and emergency situations (e.g. landslides and sinkholes ) are also additional objectives of the project. In the framework of the presented project, our study utilizes one of the fastest developing space-borne remote sensing technology, namely InSAR, which is an outstanding tool to conduct large scale ground deformation observation and monitoring. According this, we utilized ascending and descending Sentinel-1 Level-1 SLC acquisitions since 2014 until 2021 over the indicated cross-border area, focusing the Transcarpathian Region.

We also present an automated processing chain of Sentinel-1 interferometric wide mode acquisitions to generate long-term ground deformation time-series. The pre-processing part of the workflow includes the migration of the input data from the Alaska Satellite Facility (ASF), the integration of precise orbits from S1QC, as well as the corresponding radiometric calibration and mosaicing of the TOPS mode data, furtheromore the geocoding of the geometrical reference. Subsequently all slave acquisition have be co-registered to the geometrical reference using iterative intensity matching and spectral diversity methods, then subsequent deramping has been also performed. To retrieve deformation time series from co-registered SLCs stacks, we have implemented multi-reference Interferometric Point Target Analysis (IPTA) using singe-look and multi-look phases using the GAMMA Software. After forming differential interferometric point stacks, we conducted the iterative IPTA processing. According this both topographical and orbit-related phase component, as well as the atmospheric phase, height-dependent atmospheric phase and linear phase term supplemented with the deformation phase are modeled and refined through iterative steps. To retrieve recent deformations of the investigated area, SVD LSQ optimization has been utilized to transform the multi-reference stack to single-reference phase time-series such could be converted to LOS displacements within the processing chain. Involving both ascending and descending LOS solutions also supports the evaluation of quasi East-West and Up-Down components of the surface deformations. Results are interpreted both in regional scale and through local examples of the introduced cross-border region as well.

* Hungary-Slovakia-Romania-Ukraine (HU-SK-RO-UA) ENI Cross-border Cooperation Programme (2014-2020) “GeoSES” - Extension of the operational "Space Emergency System"
The biogeographic distribution of forest functional types based on ground-sourced inventory data
Authors: Ma Haozhi , Zohner Constantin M. , Mo Lidong , Maynard Daniel S. , van den Hoogen Johan , Crowther Thomas W.
Published: March 2022

Forest leaf habit and leaf type largely affect the structure and functioning of ecosystems, driving spatial variation in carbon, water, and nutrient cycles. To address spatial variation of leaf habit and leaf type across global forests, we combined a global scale forest inventory dataset with leaf habit and leaf type information from the TRY database, allowing us to generate a spatial understanding of the environmental controls of the global forest functional type distribution. Our analyses reveal large gradients of broadleaved evergreen, broadleaved deciduous and needle-leaved forest across the globe, which can be attributed to climatic, soil and anthropogenic features. In agreement with local experimental studies, hot and humid climates with acidic soil favor broadleaved evergreen species, whereas broadleaved deciduous species dominate in regions with intermediate rainfall, and needle-leaved trees dominate in nutrient-poor sites with cold or dry climate. By integrating our forest functional type maps with a recent global assessment of tree density, we estimate that 29.6%, 28.9% and 41.5% of the ~3 trillion global trees presently existing are broadleaved evergreen, broadleaved deciduous and needle-leaved. Based on the analysis of forest-type climate envelopes, we predict that 22–37% of the forest area is likely to experience a future change in climate envelope, with the evergreen forest climate envelope declining and the deciduous forest climate envelope increasing in area worldwide. By quantifying the present distribution of trees with different leaf habit and leaf type and highlighting regions where climate change will increase the climatic stress experienced by the present forest, our results are valuable to improve predictions of global terrestrial carbon cycling now, and in the future.
Multiscale analysis of a current sheet crossing associated with a fast earthward flow during a substorm event detected by MMS
Authors: Le Contel Olivier , Retino Alessandro , Alexandrova Alexandra , Nakamura Rumi , Alqeeq Soboh , Baraka Mohammed , Chust Thomas , Mirioni Laurent , Catapano Filomena , Jacquey Christian , Toledo-Redondo Sergio , Stawarz Julia , Goodrich Katherine , Gershman Daniel , Fuselier Stephen , Mukherjee Joey , Ahmadi Narges , Graham Daniel , Argall Matthew R. , Fischer David ,   A MMS Team
Published: March 2022

In July 2017, the MMS constellation was evolving in the magnetotail with an apogee of 25 Earth radii and an average inter-satellite distance of 10 km (i.e. at electron scales). On 23rd of July around 16:19 UT, MMS was located at the edge of the current sheet which was in a quasi-static state. Then, MMS suddenly entered in the central plasma sheet and detected the local onset of a small substorm as indicated by the AE index (~400 nT). Fast plasma flows towards the Earth were measured for about 1 hour starting with a period of quasi-steady flow and followed by a series of saw-tooth plasma jets (“bursty bulk flows”). In the present study, we focus on a short sequence related to the crossing of an ion scale current sheet embedded in a fast earthward flow. The current sheet appears to be corrugated and with a significant guide field (BL/BM~0.5). Tailward propagating electrostatic solitary waves are detected just after the magnetic equator crossing and at the edge of the current sheet. We also analyze in detail an electron vortex magnetic hole also detected at the edge of this current sheet and discuss the Ohm’s law and energy conversion processes. We find that the energy dissipation associated with the electron vortex is three times greater (0.15nW/m3) than at the current sheet crossing (0.05nW/m3). Based on estimated statistical weight of these vortices we discuss possible consequences for the energy dissipation associated with fast earthward plasma flows.
Magnesium isotopes as a proxy to decode the effects of microbial metabolisms on the formation of stromatolitic carbonate 
Authors: Hu Zhongya , Hohl Simon , Viehmann Sebastian , Meister Patrick , Tepe Nathalie
Published: March 2022

The growth and morphology of stromatolitic carbonates, i.e., lithified microbial mats, are tightly linked to complex microbial activities. However, the role of microbial metabolism in carbonate nucleation and formation during stromatolite growth remains controversial. Magnesium isotopes are a promising tool to trace carbonate formation processes due to significant isotopic fractionations associated with carbonate precipitation. This study reports Mg isotope compositions of Holocene, ca. 4000 years old stromatolites from the Lagoa Salgada lagoon (Brazil) with different morphologic features. Petrological and C-S isotopic evidence indicates microbial metabolisms varied during the formation of morphologically different stromatolites. However, the direction and magnitude of Mg isotope fractionation between Mg-calcite and ambient fluid are relatively constant despite the changes of microbial activities in ecosystems and consistent with the typical Mg isotope behavior during abiotic calcite precipitation. As a result, we propose that microbial metabolism do not influence the dehydration pathway of aqueous Mg2+ into calcite lattices. Our study corroborates earlier findings indicating that metabolism-related fractionation of Mg isotopes is limited or even absent during stromatolite growth. This finding also promotes understanding of Mg isotopic records in widespread Precambrian stromatolites for reconstructing seawater chemistry in deep time.
A statistical study of dipolarization fronts observed by MMS
Authors: Alqeeq Soboh , Le Contel olivier , Canu Patrick , Retinò Alessandro , Breuillard Hugo , Chust Thomas , Alexandrova Alexandra , Mirioni Laurent , Khotyaintsev Yuri , Nakamura Rumi , Wilder Frederick , Wei Hanying , Fischer David , Gershman Daniel , Burch James , Torbert Roy , Giles Barbara , Fuselier Stephen , Ergun Robert , Lindqvist Per Arne ,   MMS Team
Published: March 2022

In the present work, we consider 49 dipolarization fronts (DF) detected by the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission on 2017, near the Earth’s magnetotail equator (Bx<5nT). Criteria for selecting DF using an AIDApy routine are based on difference of maximum and minimum values computed with a 306 s sliding window. They request a Bz increase, an ion velocity increase and a density decrease. This first automatic selection is then ajusted manually with the following criteria : Bz increase larger than 5 nT, ion velocity larger than 150 km/s, density decrease and both ion and electron temperature increases. All these events belong to the most common category (A) defined by Schmid et al., 2015 in term of density decrease and temperature increase at the DF. However, based on a superposed epoch analysis of DF basic properties (magnetic field, density, velocity, ...) we distinguish two subcategories of events depending on the shape of the DF. The first subcategory (55.1%) corresponds to a slow decrease of the magnetic field after the DF and is associated with smaller ion velocity and hotter plasma. The second subcategory (44.9%) has the same time scale for the rising and the falling of the magnetic field (a bump) associated with a decrease of ion and electron pressures and faster velocity as shown in Alqeeq et al. 2021. For both categories we found that ions are mostly decoupled from the magnetic field by the Hall fields. The electron pressure gradient term is also contributing to the ion decoupling and likely responsible for an electron decoupling at DF. We also analyzed the energy conversion process. For the first subcategory we found that the energy in the spacecraft frame is transferred from the electromagnetic field to the plasma (J·E>0) ahead or at the DF. For the second subcategory, we found the same behavior ahead or at the DF whereas it is the opposite (J·E<0) behind the front. In the fluid frame, we found that the energy is mostly transferred from the plasma to the electromagnetic field (J·E ′ <0) ahead or at the DF for both subcategories but energy dissipation (J·E ′ >0) only occurs behind the front for the second subcategory. The possible origin of these two subcategories is discussed.