bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fallback options for airgap sensor fault of an electromagnetic suspension system
Authors: Michail Konstantinos , Zolotas Argyrios , Goodall Roger
Published: March 2013

The paper presents a method to recover the performance of an electromagnetic suspension under faulty airgap sensor. The proposed control scheme is a combination of classical control loops, a Kalman Estimator and analytical redundancy (for the airgap signal). In this way redundant airgap sensors are not essential for reliable operation of this system. When the airgap sensor fails the required signal is recovered using a combination of a Kalman estimator and analytical redundancy. The performance of the suspension is optimised using genetic algorithms and some preliminary robustness issues to load and operating airgap variations are discussed. Simulations on a realistic model of such type of suspension illustrate the efficacy of the proposed sensor tolerant control method.
The Common Core State Standards’ Quantitative Text Complexity Trajectory
Authors: Williamson Gary L. , Fitzgerald Jill , Stenner A. Jackson
Published: March 2013

The Common Core State Standards (CCSS) set a controversial aspirational, quantitative trajectory for text complexity exposure for readers throughout the grades, aiming for all high school graduates to be able to independently read complex college and workplace texts. However, the trajectory standard is presented without reference to how the grade-by-grade complexity ranges were determined or rationalized, and little guidance is provided for educators to know how to apply the flexible quantitative text exposure standard in their local contexts. We extend and elaborate the CCSS presentation and discussion, proposing that decisions about shifting quantitative text complexity levels in schools requires more than implementation of a single, static standard. A rigorous two-part analytical strategy for decision making surrounding the quantitative trajectory standard is proposed, a strategy that can be used by state policy makers, district officials, and educators in general. First, borrowing methods from student growth modeling, we illustrate an analytical method for creation of multiple trajectories that can lead to the CCSS end-of-high-school target for text complexity exposure, resulting in trajectories that place greater burden for shifting text complexity levels on students in different grades. Second, we submit that knowledge of the multiple possibilities, in conjunction with a set of guiding principles for decision making, can support educators and policy makers in critiquing and using the CCSS quantitative standard for text complexity exposure to establish particular expectations for quantitative text complexity exposure for particular students in situ.
The City of the Umbrian Griffin
Authors: Alexander William Hardy
Published: March 2013

The prophet of Israel learned to his great surprise that there were seven thousand in the kingdom who had not bowed the knee to Baal; it is a humour of statistics that there are about the same number of English and Americans permanently resident in and about Florence. It is also illuminating as to the vagaries of the human mind that when some one casually mentioned the latter fact to me, the other promptly popped into the forefront of consciousness.
Philosophy in Renaissance Art
Authors: Stewart Herbert
Published: March 2013

Judging by the treatment of the Renaissance period in most of our histories of philosophy, one must conclude that it was philosophically a sterile period, a tract barren in itself, although significant as the approach to an area of copious production. In this article I propose to discuss some aspects of the thought of that time, which suggest a very different estimate. Its men of genius were artists, but in their masterpieces of brush or chisel some of them left abundant evidence that they were more than artists. In their statues and their pictures they presented conceptions of the world and of life from which the subtle reasoners of a time to come had much to learn."The sensibility of the artist" wrote George Eliot, "seizes combinations which science explains and justifies." This is, I think, conspicuously illustrated by works of fifteenth- and sixteenth-century art, supplying to nineteenth- and twentieth-century dialectic many a text and many a stimulus.
Anatole France and His Critics
Authors: Will
Published: March 2013

Mystery surrounds us. The attraction of the unknown lures us on. The passion to comprehend is a constant spur. So articles and books on Anatole France have succeeded one another for half a century, in greater profusion than for almost any other contemporary writer, without, be it said, moving the attentive observer as the succession of volumes from the pen of Anatole France himself moved Croiset, the historian of Greek literature, who likened them to doves that rise one after another upwards slowly to the light. But man is not made to understand; and the spiritual portrait of Anatole France which emerges from these treatises-usually self-styled psychological studies-is as incongruous and as unlike the sitter as Quasimodo, king of fools, is unlike a man or as the god that has been created by many dogmas is unlike Him Who moves inscrutable in the garments of life which He has assumed as His habiliments. Speaking not of those like Shakespeare whose fame is established beyond appeal, France said that literary reputations are assured by the most pitiful adventures in which the incoherencies of the pedant play their part as well as the naive jests of the artist. He added: "How dare anyone recount the life of a man or explain the act of a man? Just imagine such a piece of folly, such a spurious thing being undertaken without a tremor!"
The Defence of Great Britain
Authors: McInnis Edgar
Published: March 2013

If there is one lesson which each successive operation in the present war has served to emphasize, it is the supreme importance of air power. In every successful invasion, from Poland to Crete, air supremacy has heen basic to the German success. In the single Nazi failure-the assault on Britain last autumn-air power was the essential obstacle which the Nazis failed to overcome. And if the attempt is renewed, it is on the basis of air superiority that the issue will be decided.
Planning of Canada's War Effort
Authors: Brady
Published: March 2013

In Canada Fights six Canadians, presided over by John W. Dafoe of Winnipeg, attempt in less than three hundred pages to explain why Canada is at war and the manner in which she conducted the struggle during the first eighteen months. The attempt, on the whole, results in a well-informed and balanced work of reference.
Rainer Maria Rilke: An Estimate
Authors: Fairley Barker
Published: March 2013

As the student of literature discovers sooner or later, a writer's dates can be somewhat misleading; and so it proves to be with Rilke. He died in 1926, aged fifty-two, which means that if he were alive now he would be in his upper sixties, not conspicuously old. His Sonnets to Orpheus and his Duino Elegies, two closely related cycles of poems, regarded by himslef and others as his crowning achievement, were written (the sonnets in their entirety, the elegies for the most part) in 1922, the year in which T. S. Eliot published The Wasteland: all of which tends to date Rilke as post-war rather than pre-war, in the sense of the War of 1914. Moreover, his European and international reputation has come in quite recent years. At the time of his death he was not well known abroad: wider recognition began after then.
The Re-Education of Germany
Authors: Lewis Cecil
Published: March 2013

Amid all the discussion of war-aims by the statesmen and writers of the United Nations there is one point, and perhaps one point alone, upon which a large measure of agreement has been reached. It is that the German people must be re-educated. President Roosevelt demands in his 1943 Message to Congress that the Germans shall abandon their philosophy. Vice-President Wallace calls for “the supervision or at least the inspection” of German schools. Even Lord Vansittart of the Foreign Office, who has produced probably the most vehement of all the denunciations of the Germans, thinks that such a process can be carried out. “Nothing in history is impossible. The soul of a people can be changed. Other peoples have performed the feat. Why not Germany? Because she has not yet really tried.”
Charles Peirce: Pioneer in American Thought
Authors: Goudge
Published: March 2013

Despite the attention which philosophers are giving to the work of Charles Peirce, his name remains virtually unknown to the general public. At best he is connected vaguely with the doctrine of pragmatism or with the more familiar figure of William James. Yet the opinion is growing in many quarters that Peirce is one of the most distinguished thinkers America has produced. James may display greater gifts of picturesque and vivid expression; Royce a superior capacity for presenting his ideas systematically; and Dewey a keener sense of the relevance of philosophy to society. But in respect of originality, penetration, comprehensiveness and versatility, Peirce surpasses all three men. These were the qualities that made him a philosophical adventurer, a pioneer who opened up new and important realms of theory. Indeed, even the contradictions in his thinking are significant, for they bring in to unique focus conflicting tendencies in the culture of his time. Because of such facts, it would seem desirable to recount the main details of his career, and thereby help to introduce him to a wider audience.
Canada's Tenth Province?
Authors: Lacey
Published: March 2013

“Why is Newfoundland not a province of Canada?” is a natural question for Canadians, especially, to ask. A glance at the map is enough in itself to suggest such a question. Here is this large island lying across the St. Lawrence, at Canada's very front door. It looks as if Mother Nature had, in some fit of caprice, cut off, with a snip of some gigantic shears, this triangular piece of territory from the rest of the mainland, and set it a short distance off-shore. It is a part, and yet not a part, of the continent. One side is indeed turned toward Canada, but the other is turned towards the Motherland across the ocean. Standing at the threshold of the New World, Newfoundland still casts a lingering glance at the Old. The most populous and most influential part of the island—the Avalon peninsula—is the part furthest from Canada and nearest to England. As an old political ditty of the year 1869 puts it: “Her face is to Britain, her back to the Gulf.” And this has, in fact, been the prevailing attitude of Newfoundland throughout her history up till the present day.
The Humanities in the War-Time University
Authors: Falconer Sir Robert
Published: March 2013

Hideous though war is because of the agony it brings both in body and mind, and the ruin of noble material structures, its most enduring evil is the attendant moral deterioration, as human nature, losing restraint, shows at its worst: fierce, vindictive, false, with consequent disaster to civilized life. Western civilization is a delicate and variegated web that has been woven with infinite care for millenia, and the hurricane of war wreaks havoc among its finer filaments. Should the struggle last for years the damage would be irreparable. The weaving cannot continue if multitudes of the most skilful are killed, while abiding hatreds paralyse the weavers who are left. False propaganda will have bred such passions among them that for many years, in a tormented world, they will be unable to work together and resume patterns of universal human value.
Charles Doughty (1843–1926)
Authors: Fairley Barker
Published: March 2013

It is putting it mildly to say that Charles Doughty is not a widely read author. Even Travels in Arabia Deserta—the best known of his books—was out of print for fifteen out of the fifty years or so that have passed since its appearance, nor is it easy today to find any who have more than a nodding acquaintance with it. His other books—poems almost entirely—are following the same slow pattern. Slow, but not, it would seem, stationary. Arabia Deserta in its entirety was reprinted by Jonathan Cape in 1921 after an interval of thirty-three years; now in the present year—the centenary year of Doughty's birth—another long work, The Dawn in Britain, has been reprinted by the same publisher after an interval of thirty-six years. It remains to be seen whether Adam Cast Forth, first published thirty-five years ago, will follow the same course.
Glances at Spanish-American Literature
Authors: Irving
Published: March 2013

When one talks of Spanish-American literature, a score of problems come to mind and among them the old question of whether we are to discuss Latin-, Ibero-, Hispano-, or Spanish-American literature. In this sketch I propose to use the term “Spanish-American” since I am deliberately excluding Portuguese- and French-American works in order to concentrate on those literary manifestations written in the Castilian tongue on the American continent.
The Projection of Canada
Authors: Buchanan Donald
Published: March 2013

The making of motion pictures is a mixture of mechanism and art, and the mechanism looms large. There is also the question of money. Who pays the bill? Romantic and fictional films can net box-office profits equally well from audiences in Lucknow, Ontario, or Lucknow, India, but it takes millions of dollars to promote them. On the other hand, with more moderate funds, government departments may aim to do a job of citizenship through visual education, or manufacturing firms may seek to gain prestige by distributing informational movies. In Canada, only the last two types of sponsor appear. We have here no Hollywood of the north, no great studio lots and highly paid stars, no cigar-smoking magnates, but we have flourishing documentary and factual film units, which aim to put the workaday face of Canada on the screen. The largest of these is the National Film Board of Canada, promoted by John Grierson, who was formerly head of the General Post Office Film unit in Great Britain. As for Grierson, his particular job has been to encourage films that will relate our familiar scenes to wider concepts of citizenship and statehood.
Poetry
Authors: Brown
Published: March 2013

Reviews of poetry published in Canada in 1943.
Poetry
Authors: Woodhouse
Published: March 2013

Reviews of poetry published in Canada in 1944.
The Second Birth of the English Novel
Authors: Stevenson Lionel
Published: March 2013

In literary history the basic processes of life figure as significantly as in the biographies of individuals. The births, matings, and deaths of literary genera have the valid dramatic qualities of suspense, surprise, conflict, and sometimes irony. The onlooker can feel a morbid sympathy with the long death-agonies of such a once-noble type as the epic or the metrical romance; he can sentimentally applaud the congenial marriage of English tragedy with blank verse in 1560 and can as sentimentally deplore its seduction by a light o'love, the heroic couplet, a century later; but perhaps more gratifying than either of these is to contemplate the birth of some promising infant which (as we are comfortably aware through the possession of hindsight) will grow into a sturdy new genus of literature.
Some Modern Guides to Faith
Authors: Robbins William
Published: March 2013

In G. B. Stern's latest book, Another Part ofthe Forest, there is described an incident in the bombing of London, in which a man whose home is literally blasted to bits by a flying bomb emerges dazed from the wreckage with an alarm-clock clutched in his hand. In the midst of shattering loss, he is at least determined to arrive at his (hypothetical) office on time. Such an irrational clinging to fixed routine might be described, under the circumstances, as an act of pure faith.
Return to an Old Book
Authors: Stanley Carleton
Published: March 2013

Recently a happy chance led me to take down an old book which I had not opened for many years, The Golden Ass, by Apuleius. As always happens, enough of it had been forgotten to make the story fresh and interesting. Little is know of Apuleius himself; but that hardly matters, in comparison with the world he depicts— the Mediterranean world of the second century A.D. We know that he was born in Africa, at Madaura which was supposed to be half Numidian and half Gaetulian. Some put his birth at about 125 to 130 A.D. Whether he married a rich widow early or late, he had money to travel and went to Greece. Later he learned the Latin tongue and it was in Latin he wrote. He probably knew the writings of Lucian pretty well and possibly models known to Lucian which are no longer extant. In a dim and less certain way, perhaps at second or third hand, he knew some of the works of Plato. His Latin is a jumble of early and late vocabulary: perhaps he picked it up mainly from half-educated people.
Reviews
Authors: Bagnani Gilbert , McInnis Edgar , Endicott
Published: March 2013

Edward T. Salmon, A History of the Roman World from 30 B.C. to A.D. 138, reviewed by Gilbert Bagnani

The R.C.A.F. Overseas: The First Four Years, reviewed by Edgar McInnis

Fannie E. Ratchford, ed. Letters of Thomas J. Wise to John Henry Wrenn: A Further Inquiry into the Guilt of Certain Nineteenth-Century Forgers, reviewed by N. J. Endicott
On Rereading Flaubert
Authors: Carter A. E.
Published: March 2013

Of the three great French novelists of the nineteenth century, Flaubert has suffered most from modern criticism. Despite fluctuations, the Stendhal vogue, which began “vers 1880,” continues undiminished; and Balzac's enormous defects are excused as the carelessness of a talent too richly gifted, too akin to the prodigal vigour of nature herself, to heed the petty restraints of art. Madame Bovary, it is true, is still read, more generally read, perhaps, than any one novel by either Stendhal or Balzac. But the dust of the library is heavy on Salammbô, on La Tentation de Saint-Antoine, on L'Education sentimentale. If it were not for Madame Bovary, who but the specialist would know much more than the name of Gustave Flaubert? His first novel is still considered one of the five or six masterpieces of nineteenth-century fiction. But apart from that fact his position is not much better than Prévoses or Laclos's. He has become a one-book author.
The Character and Poetry of Keats
Authors: Lampman Archibald
Published: March 2013

There are two sayings of John Keats which have passed upon all men's tongues, and made their way into the inner treasury of the English language. They have become proverbial. One is the first line of Endymion, “A thing of Beauty is a joy forever,” and the other the two last lines of the “Ode on a Grecian Urn”:Beauty is truth, truth beauty,—that is all Ye know on earth, and all ye need to know. When Keats used this word Beauty he meant it in that clear and lofty sense which is not always attached to the term. Beauty is often loosely spoken of, as if it were merely a single word for artistic perfection. But a thing may be perfectly genuine art without being beautiful at all and without being true. We know how much poetry of a very fervid sort has been written within the last quarter of a century, which is quite splendid from the point of view of art, and thoroughly satisfactory to the devotees of Art for Art's sake, yet is entirely unlovely in the white light of Beauty and Truth. Such poetry disturbs. It is of the darkness of doubt, of that darkest doubt of all, which has lost confidence in the existence or the possibility of purity and self-sacrifice. But Beauty cannot disturb. It ennobles the heart, lifting it into an atmosphere of golden quietude and the purest human loveliness. Keats might also have said that Beauty was Goodness as well as Truth, and then the aphorism would have been complete, for that which is beautiful and true in this lofty sense must also be good.
Alfred North Whitehead
Authors: Johnson A. H.
Published: March 2013

The twentieth century has produced few men whose achievements in the fields of mathematics and philosophy can surpass those of Alfred North Whitehead. His is not a mere technical excellence. It is a competence which, on occasion, is adorned by an unexcelled brilliance of vivid expression. Learning sits lightly on his firm shoulders. A sparkling, somewhat ironic, humour shines through his discourse. The profound humility of the truly wise dignifies his utterances. To persons in all walks of life he is a rare exemplification of cultured charm and dignity.
The Humanism of Paul Elmer More
Authors: Tait
Published: March 2013

It is primarily, of course, as a critic of literature that Paul Elmer More commands attention, for the Shelburne Essays reveal critical powers of remarkable range and sensitiveness. Here, however, there will be no attempt to examine his critical work in detail; our concern is rather to trace the development of the philosophic and religious thought from which his work of criticism in principle derives. More was convinced (and here he is in accord with other exponents of contemporary American humanism) of the prime importance of relating the study of literature to a central body of ideas which might give it unity and direction. In the preface to his Platonism, the first volume of the series entitled “The Greek Tradition,” he writes: “I can foresee no restoration of humane studies to their lost position of leadership until they are felt once more to radiate from some central spiritual truth. I do not believe that the aesthetic charms of literature can supply this want, nor is it clear to me that a purely scientific analysis of the facts of moral experience can furnish the needed motive. The former is too apt to run into dilettantism, and the latter appeals too little to the imagination and the springs of enthusiasm. Only through the centralising force of religious faith or its equivalent in philosophy can the intellectual life regain its meaning and authority for earnest men.”
Impasse in the Holy Land
Authors: Silcox Claris Edwin
Published: March 2013

Against such an historic setting, we must seek to understand the significance of the present struggle for power in the Holy Land. Here, as elsewhere, we cannot escape history, even though new factors may modify the complexion of the existing impasse, factors such as pipe-lines and the defence of the Suez Canal. But behind all this is the conflict between competing nationalisms, competing imperialisms, competing ideologies—all permeated with religious fanaticism pursuing unholy methods of promoting what it deems a holy cause.
Philosophical Trends in Nineteenth-Century America
Authors: Goudge Thomas
Published: March 2013

The nineteenth century was largely a formative period in American philosophy. Historical circumstances were unfavourable to the development of indigenous systems of thought and philosophical conceptions nearly all came from Europe. What happened to these conceptions after crossing the Atlantic is a story that deserves to be better known than it is. Not only does it possess intrinsic interest as a chapter in the history of ideas, but it also helps to illuminate the doctrines expounded later by such “typically American” philosophers as Peirce, James, and Dewey. Morover, it serves to cast a significant light on certain aspects of American civilization which emerged during the century. My purpose in the present paper is to relate this story in its broadest outlines.
The Problem of Altruistic Motivation in the Light of Modern Psychology
Authors: Wright
Published: March 2013

That men do frequently act unselfishly is, of course, a fact. But what motivates them to such altruistic behaviour is still an unsettled question. Can it be said that among the original springs of human action there is one which on occasion impels the individual to seek the good of his fellows rather than his own private interest? Or is altruistic action motivated by enlightened prudence—meaning in this case the self-preservative and egoistic drives, modified by an understanding of the mutuality of all individual human interests? This question, always important for an understanding of human nature, has taken on a new urgency in our day. The history of Soviet Russia has demonstrated what can be achieved in time of peace by the co-operative effort of all the members of a great modern nation. The atomic bomb has given warning to mankind that the nations of the world must learn to co-operate in order to escape destruction. Thus no one can question today the imperative, even desperate, need for more thorough-going and effective co-operation in both the national and the international fields. The only remaining doubt concerns the relation of such complete and far-reaching co-operation to the freedom of human individuals. The Western democracies believe that individual citizens can be induced to co-operate voluntarily in the pursuit of common national goals, and that a world government can likewise be based upon a willing co-operation between nations. Totalitarian regimes undertake to make such co-operation compulsory. They proceed on the assumption that the degree of co-operation requisite to conserve human welfare can be obtained from a citizen-body only if it is enforced by governmental machinery and the organization of social life. Of these two political doctrines, that one is probably destined to prevail which is most in harmony with the nature and constitution of man. The answer to the problem of which doctrine fits human nature best depends very largely upon the facts of human motivation. Is there an original altruistic motive operating in kindly and helpful, in patriotic, public-spirited, humanitarian action, or does all such altruistic behaviour spring from the basic self-preservative drives directely by prudential intelligence? This question, always important for an understanding of human nature, has taken on a new urgency in our day.
Marxism and the Scientific Tradition
Authors: Owen
Published: March 2013

The thesis of this article is that the dominating factor in producing modern culture has been the scientific tradition, and that this tradition receives its most explicit formulation in the philosophy of Marxism. What is meant by “tradition” is explained in the first section, and what is meant by the “scientific tradition” in the second, while the third part is an attempt to show that Marxism is an articulation of the scientific tradition and, as such, is a natural conclusion of the whole trend of modern culture. The thesis is intended not as a defence of Marxism, but as a criticism of modern culture.
“Elementary, My Dear Watson”
Authors: McInnes Graham
Published: March 2013

During the last five years our casual reading habits have undergone a sharp change. We read more books; more detective books; “tougher” detective books. The spectacular presence of the various twenty-five cent pocket editions, with their garish “come-on” covers, in every drugstore, railway station, hotel and cigar-store may help to explain why people read more books. It is simply a question of availability. But the fact that 62 per cent of these are detective stories, definitely callss for a further explanation.
The Governor Eyre Case in England
Authors: Ford George
Published: March 2013

On October 11, 1865, in the village of Morant Bay in Jamaica, an angry crowd of negro rioters assembled outside the Court House and began to throw stones at the small body of volunteer guards who had been hastily called up to protect the building. The guards retaliated by firing one volley into the crowd and they were thereupon rushed and driven back into the Court House which was set on fire. Several persons were killed by the rioters in their attack, including the chief magistrate of the district, and for two or three of the following days the rioters were able to exert their full power over the adjacent area. To restore order, martial law was quickly established and several hundred negroes were rounded up by troops, found guilty of capital crimes by military courts, and executed. When news of the ruthless conduct of the military courts and the troops reached England there was an outcry which resulted in the dismissal of the governor, Edward John Eyre. It also led to the appointment of a Royal Commission to settle what became one of the most acrimonious controversies in modern history, a controversy which has been likened to that aroused by the trial of Warren Hastings in England and the Dreyfus case in France.
Fiction
Authors: Bissell Claude
Published: March 2013

Reviews of fiction published in Canada in 1947.
The Water Symbol in The Prelude
Authors: MacLean Kenneth
Published: March 2013

In Wordsworth's The Prelude we are continually seeing lake, brook, fountain, water-fall or sea—“waters running, falling, or asleep.” Water imagery, we come to feel, is clearly dominant in this poem, which tells the story of the growth of the poet's soul. In the first part of this essay I should like, somewhat in the idiom of the poem, to follow through this story with an eye to the persistent water images. The story begins even as the poet deplores his failure to have seized and developed one of the many themes, chiefly political, which he had considered for a major work.
Matthew Arnold and W. E. Gladstone: Some New Letters
Authors: Armytage W. H. G.
Published: March 2013

Several studies of Matthew Arnold published during the last ten years still accept the interpretation of his near contemporary Paul and regard Gladstone as Arnold's enemy. The President of Dalhousie University, delivering the Alexander Lectures at Toronto in 1938, spoke of Gladstone's “antipathy” to Arnold. Even more surprising was the misrepresentation given to two of Arnold's letters by Sir Edmund K. Chambers, on the strength of which he thought that Gladstone should be numbered among Matthew Arnold's dislikes. It is now possible, however, to publish the letters which were exchanged between the poet and the politician, and to point out that there was a background of sympathy and respect in the relations between the two men, which the bitternesses of 1885 and later have hitherto obscured. These are not the only letters of Matthew Arnold which have been recently discovered, but they are by far the most complete. For, thanks to the excellent system whereby Gladstone's outgoing letters while he was in office were faithfully transcribed into letter-books, we not only have Arnold's letters to him, but the replies as well.
The Tragic Hero and Chapman's Bussy D'Ambois
Authors: McCollom William
Published: March 2013

In seeking to describe and delimit the nature of the tragic hero, Aristotle made an admirable beginning. The hero, he said, must be neither so bad that we accept his fall with indifference nor so good that we recoil from his fate with a sense of gross injustice. The hero was to be not only eminent socially but in general a superior person; for Aristotle held that tragedy pictures men as better than in actual life. Although we no longer think social distinction necessary to the tragic hero, we have to recognize that he should be, in a wide ethical sense, considerably above average. If the twentieth century is the century of the common man, it is not the tragic century, unless the commonness of this man be taken to mean his broad and deep humanity, his essential equality with uncommon men.
Archetypal Analogies in the Langauge of Criticism
Authors: Abrams
Published: March 2013

The task of analysing the nature and function of metaphor has traditionally been assigned to the rhetorician and to the critic of literature. But metaphor, whether alive or moribund, is an inseparable element of all discourse, including discourse whose professed purpose is neither persuasive nor aesthetic, but descriptive and informative. Metaphysical systems, in particular, are fundamentally metaphorical systems, as Professor Stephen Pepper has recently shown in some detail. Even the languages of the natural sciences cannot claim to be literal, although their key terms often are not recognized to be metaphors until, in the course of time, the general adoption of a new analogy yields perspective into the nature of the old. And in the criticism of poetry, metaphor and analogy, though less conspicuous, are perhaps no less functional than in poetry itself. What I want to do is to indicate briefly the role in the history of criticism of certain submerged conceptual models—what I have called “archetypal analogies”—in helping to select, interpret, systematize, and evaluate the facts of literature.
The Poetry of the Individual
Authors: Arthos John
Published: March 2013

The Divine Comedy, which is, in one view, Dante's judgment of himself most terribly pursued, has a special individuality in each line. No character speaks merely for himself; none has the tone or idiom of any other than Dante. Here there is not the free play of the imagination we marvel at in Shakespeare, the deliberate surrender of Euripides and Racine, the half-detachment of Dickens. It is not merely that Dante is always present in each scene, but that each character is answering questions Dante himself needs to have answered. They give the answers he must ultimately find for himself. The very vividness of Capaneus untouched by the thunderbolt, of Sordello in the midst of the gold light that lies across the grass, is the sign of the poet's own condition.
The Royal Ontario and other Museums in Canada
Authors: Falconer Sir Robert
Published: March 2013

The new and renovated galleries of the Royal Ontario Museums in Toronto will soon be opened to the public. It is therefore timely that attention should now be drawn to the phase of the intellectual life of Canada which they illustrate, all the more so because in October, 1932, there appeared A Report on the Museums of Canada made by Sir Henry A. Miers, F.R.S., and Mr. S. F. Markham of England for the Carnegie Corporation of New York. But consideration of the subject must, by reason of limitation of space, be confined to museums in the narrower use of the term,that is to say public museums devoted to natural history, archaeology, ethnology, the fine and the applied arts. Departmental university museums, archives and picture galleries will be excluded.
The Augustan “Mobility”
Authors: MacDonald
Published: March 2013

The vagueness in the use of the term "Augustan Age" makes some sort of demarcation necessary at the outset. Taking into account one historian of English literature and another, "Augustan" has been made to include Spenser and Blake, who are separated by two full centuries. Frequently the term is made vaguely synonymous with the "Classical Age", the "Age of Reason", and applied to the whole "eighteenth" century from Dryden to Cowper. Since the word inevitably implies associations with the Augustan Age of Roman literature, the question arises, what period of the eighteenth century corresponds most nearly with the age of Virgil and Horace? Various considerations, too numerous to mention here, make it apparent that the age of Pope is richer in parallels than any other; and the period from 1700 to 1744, or roughly, the first four decades of the century, the term of Pope's literary activity, which corresponds almost exactly in extent with the reign of Augustus, is here understood to be the era of the English Augustans.
One Hundred Years of Canadian Philosophy
Authors: Irving John
Published: March 2013

Although in the present paper we shall consider only the development of modern philosophy in English Canada, it should not be forgotten that the philosophical tradition of French Canada goes back at least three centuries. In justification of our procedure it is perhaps necessary to remind an American audience that the “conquest” of New France by the British nearly two hundred years ago was essentially military. Certainly the earlier French-speaking population has never been assimilated racially, linguistically, or culturally by the numerically superior English. Ostensibly united politically, in most other respects the two groups have gone their separate ways. The absence of any treatment of French-Canadian philosophy in the present paper should be interpreted, therefore, as symbolic of the basic cultural disunity of the country.
The Past Speaks for Germany
Authors: Field
Published: March 2013

What happens to a learned journal and its readers in a modern state when the iron curtain of a ruthless dictatorship descends upon the intellectual scene? Germany under the Nazis offers an interesting study of this question. In general the obvious answer was the voluntary or enforced liquidation or conversion to the new ideology. There were, however, one or two important exceptions to this general rule, exceptions that offer a fruitful field of research. For who can say when a similar curtain may descend upon all or part of the Western world? Although the new menace, with much more drastic measures, threatens the complete obliteration of even such vestiges of unbiased intellectual discussion as could be observed in Germany, nevertheless a study of these techniques of the past should prove rewarding, even if limited to literary and historical concerns.
Criticism and Christabel
Authors: Smith J. Percy
Published: March 2013

It is said frequently by critics – sometimes, one suspects, in an effort to reassure themselves of their own usefulness – that poets seldom are good judges of their own works. The generalization seems to he based on the notion that the person who creates a poem, and thus knows it from the inside, as it were, cannot be expected to contemplate it clearly from the outside also.
Ezra in Dublin
Authors: Thompson Francis
Published: March 2013

If Ezra Pound had escaped to Dublin in 1943, the Irish might have welcomed him like a new Christy Mahon. Or they might have remembered that Yeats, Joyce, and even, perhaps, George Bernard Shaw were much obliged to him.
The Interpretation of Dream and Poetry
Authors: Hopwood V. G.
Published: March 2013

Just as it is possible to trace back the manifest or surface elements in a dream, its images and events, to the previous experience of the dreamer, it is possible to show how the words and content of a poem are derivable from the poet's life. John Livingston Lowes has demonstrated this possibility in his justly famous study examining the sources of two poems by Coleridge, The Ancient Mariner and Kubla Khan. Although it takes as its starting-point the common source of dreams and poetry in individual experience, this article has the purpose of indicating how the nature of poetry puts limits on its interpretation by the methods of psycho-analysis.
Has Spain a Future?
Authors: Tayler Neale
Published: March 2013

In recent months Spain has come back to the front pages of the newspapers as a result of American military interest in her. Much has been said about the political and moral consequences of any financial or military aid that might be extended, and certainly no less has been said of the magnitude of the task of rehabilitation and the new construction that would be necessary, should such aid be decided upon.
Mechanism or Design? A Misleading Dilemma
Authors: Stewart Herbert
Published: March 2013

This article is not meant to argue whether the universe is planned or unplanned. Its aim is far less ambitious, to discuss whether those who believe that the universe has a plan are disavowing, by implication, the explanatory method of the physical sciences.
Berdyaev's Debt to Dostoievski
Authors: Wernham J. C. S.
Published: March 2013

Tribute to the superlative greatness of Dostoievski came freely from the pen of Nicolas Berdyaev, and he frequently underlines his influence upon the cultural renaissance in Russia at the opening of this century. “Its representatives,” he tells us, “all put themselves under the standard of Dostoievski; they were children of his mind.” Speaking more particularly of the new trends in philosophy, he observes that “philosophical works often took the form of commentaries upon Dostoievski.” Acknowledgments of his own indebtedness to Dostoievski are frequent and no less explicit. His “own initiative into philosophy was,” he says, “largely due to Dostoievski”; Dostoievski's influence was “more important” for him than “philosophical and theological schools of thought”; and, although there were many thinkers and writers who nourished his “love for the freedom of spirit ... the moot important of these was Dostoievski.” In view of such acknowledgments it is surprising that writers on Berdyaev have not sought to demonstrate how central is the influence of Dostoievski upon him. They have, of course, noted the influence where Berdyaev himself underlines it, but they have asserted it only intermittently without demonstrating it systematically. Because of this, they have failed to bring into clear focus the central unity of Berdyaev's thought. They have been content to regard Dostoievski as one source among many, and, in consequence, have been led in their expositions to underestimate his influence by exaggerating the influence of others. It is the aim of this article to remedy that failure and to show that Berdyaev's philosophy is, in substance, though not, of course, in form, of the nature of a “commentary upon Dostoievski.”
How Progressive are the "Progressives"?
Authors: Mowatt Alex
Published: March 2013

So-called "progressive" education has been under fire in the United States for a good many years, and has in recent years come under fire also in Canada. In fact one might almost say that it has become the fashion to attack “progressive” schools, as it used to be the fashion to attack "traditionalist" schools. There has been a good deal of abuse on both sides, and in Canada at least a certain flippancy, which has tended to obscure or direct attention away from more fundamental matters of educational theory. It seems to me that Canadian educators as a whole are over-concerned with matters of administrative detail, teaching method or curriculum planning and that they are too ready to pooh-pooh serious consideration of the theories that underlie all educational practice. It is true that Canadian schools, compared with schools in the United States, have so far been little affected by “progressive” methods. But this does not lessen the need for examination and discussion of “progressive” educational theories.
Matthew Arnold Visits Chicago
Authors: Long John
Published: March 2013

On Sunday morning, January 20, 1884, an advertisement appeared in the columns of the Chicago Daily Inter-Ocean. Matthew Arnold had arrived in Chicago the previous evening. A fresh wind blew across Lake Michigan from the northwest, and at ten o'clock the temperature was nine above zero. Mr. Arnold had lectured in Ann Arbor, Michigan, on Friday night to thirteen hundred students of the University of Michigan and had been most cordially received. He was descending now upon a city which had been incorporated only fifty-one years ago, on August 5, 1833. Twenty-one years before that, in 1812, many of the citizens of the old Fort Dearborn had been massacred by Indians on the sandy dunes two miles south of the fort at the mouth of the river.
Milton's Hell Revisited
Authors: Schanzer Ernest
Published: March 2013

There are, as every reader knows, two Hells in Paradise Lost. There is the geographical and there is the spiritual Hell, Hell the macrocosm and Hell the microcosm, the Hell which is the abode of the fallen angels and the Hell which these angels have created in their own minds. The one is self-created and self-imposed, the other is created and imposed by God. Much the same, of course, is true of Heaven, Paradise, and Chaos. Always in Paradise Lost there is this close relation between microcosm and macrocosm, between the mind of man or the angels and their dwelling-place. Thus, when a state of mental chaos succeeds to the paradisal state of mind in Adam and Eve, God imposes a corresponding measure of Chaos upon the Universe. When Satan and his followers create a state of Hell in their own minds they are expelled into a region which in material terms mirrors their mental state. The actual fall from Heaven of Satan and his legions is thus merely the geographical adjustment to an already accomplished series of spiritual events. And there are other factors which bear out this interrelation of mental and geographical facts in the poem: the movement from the mental Heaven or Paradise to the mental Hell is an outward-going movement, a movement from the centre to the periphery, from God to the Self.
Work and Leisure
Authors: Helleiner Karl
Published: March 2013

About ten years ago the late Professor Wesley Mitchell presented the 24th Annual Report of the National Bureau of Economic Research (1944). This document contained the following statement: “One extension of our program ... impresses the staff [of the National Bureau] as especially desirable—a search for the leading factors that determine the rate of secular change in national output and in standards of living ... a constructive study of factors that tend to accelerate and factors that tend to retard economic growth from generation to generation.”
Revision of the United Nations Charter
Authors: Anglin Douglas
Published: March 2013

Under Article 109 (3) of the United Nations Charter, a proposal to call a General Conference to review the Charter will automatically be placed on the agenda of the tenth session of the General Assembly in 1955. This fact raises two important questions. First, is the convocation of a review conference desirable and, secondly, what revisions are required in the present Charter? Each of these points will be dealt with in turn.
Fiction
Authors: Bissell Claude
Published: March 2013

Reviews of fiction published in Canada in 1954.
Remaining Material
Authors: Careless  , Brady
Published: March 2013

Reviews of works published in Canada 1954.
British Labour and the Royal Commission on Trade Unions, 1867–9
Authors: McCready
Published: March 2013

The Royal Commission on British trade unions, 1867–9, was brought to life by two events, either of which alone might well have proved fatal to unionism. The decision of the court of Queen's Bench in Hornby v. Close had questioned the very legality of trade unions, had declared them to be against public policy, and had removed their funds from the protection of the law. In addition to this, the renewal of outrages and murder by the Saw-Grinders of Sheffield had produced a whirlwind of anti-unionism in public opinion. It was the Sheffield employers led by their bitterly anti-unionist M.P., J. A. Roebuck, who first demanded an investigation by the national government, and when the request, seconded though it was by the unionists—they had no alternative—was conceded by the cabinet the workers naturally felt that “Labour on Trial” was the keynote of the hour. Outrages and murder, an apparently class-conscious court of Queen's Bench, employers in full cry against unions and a press almost unanimous in denunciation of them—all created the background for a Royal Commission to which workmen could scarcely look forward with pleasure. The shock-wave these events produced in the labour movement at large can be seen in all directions.
Reviews
Authors: Myers  , Wilson  , Goudge  , MacLure Millar , Dryer Douglas , Dray William , McCurdy
Published: March 2013

R. S. Peters, Brett's History of Psychology, reviewed by C.R. Myers

C. S. Lewis, English Literature in the Sixteenth Century, excluding Drama, reviewed by H. S. Wilson

C. D. Broad, Religion, Philosophy, and Psychical Research: Selected Essays, reviewed by T. A. Goudge

Elder Olson, The Poetry of Dylan Thomas, reviewed by Millar MacLure

Ralph Barton Perry, Realms of Value: A Critique of Human Civilization, reviewed by Douglas P. Dryer

Karl Jaspers, The Origin and Goal of History, reviewed by William Dray

Charles W. Leslie, No Graven Images: The Contemporary Relevance of the Ten Commandments, reviewed by Marcus Long

Maurice Cranston, Freedom: A New Analysis, reviewed W. J. McCurdy
Review
Authors: Woodside
Published: March 2013

Arnold Toynbee, A study of History, vols. VII, VIII, IX, X, reviewed by M. St. A. Woodside