bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Null effects of news exposure: a test of the (un)desirable effects of a ‘news vacation’ and ‘news binging’
Authors: Wojcieszak Magdalena , Clemm von Hohenberg Bernhard , Casas Andreu , Menchen-Trevino Ericka , de Leeuw Sjifra , Gonçalves Alexandre , Boon Miriam
Published: November 2022

Democratic theorists and the public emphasize the centrality of news media to a well-functioning society. Yet, there are reasons to believe that news exposure can have a range of largely overlooked detrimental effects. This preregistered project examines news exposure effects on desirable outcomes, i.e., political knowledge, participation, and support for compromise, and detrimental outcomes, i.e., attitude and affective polarization, negative system perceptions, and worsened individual well-being. We rely on two complementary over-time experiments that combine participants’ survey self-reports and their behavioral browsing data: one that incentivized participants to take a ’news vacation’ for a week (N = 803; 6M visits) in the US, the other to ‘news binge’ for 2 weeks (N = 939; 4M visits) in Poland. Across both experiments, we demonstrate that reducing or increasing news exposure has no impact on the positive or negative outcomes tested. These null effects emerge irrespective of participants’ prior levels of news consumption and whether prior news diet was like-minded, and regardless of compliance levels. We argue that these findings reflect the reality of limited news exposure in the real world, with news exposure comprising on average roughly 3% of citizens’ online information diet.
Initial results from near-infrared spectroscopy on ADITYA-U tokamak
Authors: Ramaiya N. , Manchanda R. , Chowdhuri M. B. , Yadava N. , Dey R. , Kumar A. , Shah K. , Patel S. , Jadeja K. A. , Patel K. M. , Kumar R. , Aich S. , Pathak S. K. , Tanna R. L. , Ghosh J. ,   ADITYA-U team
Published: November 2022

Spectroscopy in vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) and visible ranges plays an important role in the investigation and diagnosis of tokamak plasmas. However, under harsh environmental conditions of fusion grade devices, such as ITER, VUV–visible systems encounter many issues due to the degradation of optical components used in such systems. Here, near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy has become an effective tool in understanding the edge plasma dynamics. Considering its importance, a NIR spectroscopic diagnostic has been developed and installed on the ADITYA-U tokamak. The system consists of a 0.5 m spectrometer having three gratings with different groove densities, and it is coupled with a linear InGaAs photodiode array. Radiation from the ADITYA-U edge plasma has been collected using a collimating lens and optical fiber combination and transported to the spectrometer. The spectrum in the NIR range from the ADITYA-U plasma has been recorded using this system, in which Paβ and Paγ along with many spectral lines from neutral and singly ionized impurities have been observed. The influxes of H and C have been estimated from measurements. The H influx value is found to be 2.8 × 1016 and 1.9 × 1016 particles cm−2 s−1 from neutral hydrogen lines Hα and Paβ, respectively, and the C influx value is found to be 3.5 × 1015 and 2.9 × 1015 particles cm−2 s−1 from the neutral carbon and singly ionized carbon, respectively. A good agreement is seen between these results and the results obtained by using a routine photomultiplier tube based diagnostic.
Applying Thomson scattering to diagnosing turbulent density and velocity fluctuations in a gas-puff z-pinch
Authors: Rocco S. V. R. , Lavine E. S. , Banasek J. T. , Potter W. M. , Hammer D. A.
Published: November 2022

The electron plasma wave feature (EPW) in the time-resolved Thomson scattering spectrum is used to obtain the local electron density in imploding high energy density gas-puff z-pinch plasmas. The optical setup was optimized to allow the relatively weak EPW feature obtained from 1 MA imploding neon gas-puff z-pinches to be seen above the continuum emission as well as the brighter ion acoustic wave (IAW) feature. Using a frequency-doubled Nd:YLF laser (E = 10 J, λ = 526.5 nm, Δt= 2.3 ns, spot size ∼ 250 μm) and two visible light streak cameras, we determined the average electron density in the imploding plasma sheath 40 ns prior to stagnation to be ne=2.5×1018/cm3. At pinch time, it reached ne=1.7×1019/cm3. The electron temperature during implosion measured via the IAW (approximately 50 eV) was four times lower than the implosion electron temperature measured via the EPW (approximately 200 eV), assuming that neither feature is affected by turbulent fluctuations in the plasma. In order for the electron temperatures inferred from the EPW and IAW spectral features to be self-consistent, we find that it is necessary to include velocity fluctuations in the analysis of the IAW feature peaks and corresponding density fluctuation in the peak widths of the EPW feature.
Temperature-dependent photoluminescence properties of water-soluble CuInS2 and CuInS2/ZnS quantum dots
Authors: Iida Kazutaka , Kim DaeGwi
Published: November 2022

Although the photoluminescence (PL) of oil-soluble CuInS2 (CIS) quantum dots (QDs) has been widely investigated, the origin of PL in water-soluble CIS QDs is less well understood. Elucidation of the PL origin of water-soluble CIS QDs is an important issue in applications such as bioimaging and optical materials. Herein, we prepared CIS and CIS/ZnS QDs using a hydrothermal method and systematically investigated the temperature dependence of their PL properties. For both CIS and CIS/ZnS QDs, the temperature dependence of the PL intensity could be quantitatively understood by considering thermally activated nonradiative recombination processes. In contrast, the Stokes shift and PL decay time of the CIS/ZnS QDs showed a significantly different temperature dependence than those of the CIS QDs. This unusual temperature-dependent behavior of the CIS/ZnS QDs was attributed to carrier localization at the core/shell interface at low temperatures. The temperature dependence of the PL decay time of the CIS/ZnS QDs could be quantitatively explained using a phenomenological rate equation model that considered carrier localization at low temperatures.
LES investigation into the cavity shedding dynamics and cavitation–vortex interaction around a surface-piercing hydrofoil
Authors: Zhi Yuchang , Huang Renfang , Qiu Rundi , Wang Yiwei , Huang Chenguang
Published: November 2022

Recent experiments have found that there is unstable vaporous cavitation around a surface-piercing hydrofoil at high Froude numbers and small yaw angles, and it would promote ventilation formation [R. Huang et al., “Investigations into the ventilated cavities around a surface-piercing hydrofoil at high Froude numbers,” Phys. Fluids 34, 043304 (2022)], but the cavity shedding dynamics and the mechanism of cavitation–vortex interaction are still open problems. In this paper, the unstable vaporous cavities around a surface-piercing hydrofoil are numerically investigated using the large-eddy simulation coupled with the Schnerr–Sauer cavitation model. Numerical simulations can predict the cavity features, including an aerated base cavity aft of the hydrofoil trailing edge, vaporous cavitation at the hydrofoil suction surface, and tip–vortex cavitation. A U-shaped vapor cloud shedding together with a horseshoe vortex is observed during the unsteady cavitation evolution, that is, the cavity development, cutoff, and collapse. This irregular shedding is related to the three-dimensional reentrant jet induced by the velocity reflection at the vaporous cavity closure line. Furthermore, the effects of the vaporous cavitation on the vorticity generation are attributed to vortex stretching, baroclinic torque, and vortex dilatation by using the vorticity transport equation. This study could contribute to the novel hydrofoil designs and their flow control.
Physics-constrained deep learning of nonlinear normal modes of spatiotemporal fluid flow dynamics
Authors: Rostamijavanani Abdolvahhab , Li Shanwu , Yang Yongchao
Published: November 2022

In this study, we present a physics-constrained deep learning method to discover and visualize from data the invariant nonlinear normal modes (NNMs) which contain the spatiotemporal dynamics of the fluid flow potentially containing strong nonlinearity. Specifically, we develop a NNM-physics-constrained convolutional autoencoder (NNM-CNN-AE) integrated with a multi-temporal-step dynamics prediction block to learn the nonlinear modal transformation, the NNMs containing the spatiotemporal dynamics of the flow, and reduced-order reconstruction and long-time future-state prediction of the flow fields, simultaneously. In test cases, we apply the developed method to analyze different flow regimes past a cylinder, including laminar flows with low Reynolds number in transient and steady states (RD = 100) and high Reynolds number flow (RD = 1000), respectively. The results indicate that the identified NNMs are able to reveal the nonlinear spatiotemporal dynamics of these flows, and the NNMs-based reduced-order modeling consistently achieves better accuracy with orders of magnitudes smaller errors in construction and prediction of the nonlinear velocity and vorticity fields, compared to the linear proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) method and the Koopman-constrained-CNN-AE using the same number or dimension of modes. We perform an analysis of the modal energy distribution of NNMs and find that compared to POD modes, the few fundamental NNMs capture a very high level of total energy of the flow, which is advantageous for reduced-order modeling and representation of the complex flows. Finally, we discuss the potentials and limitations of the presented method.
Simple in fabrication and high-performance electrohydrodynamic pump
Authors: Gazaryan A. V. , Vasilkov S. A. , Chirkov V. A.
Published: November 2022

One of the most promising applications of electrohydrodynamic (EHD) pumps occurs at the microscopic scale. However, microscopic dimensions do not always imply microscopic characteristics, and stringent requirements are sometimes imposed on the values of certain variables—for instance, a flow rate of the order of 10 ml/s and a pumping pressure of 100 kPa. This study proposes an EHD pump system based on a holed metal-clad insulation barrier pair that generates high-performance characteristics. A feature of the system is the focusing of electric field lines inside the holes, which increases the electric field strength and activates charge formation processes. Dodecane with 10% Span 85 was used as the working dielectric liquid with a conductivity of 8 × 10−9 S/m. The Onsager effect is believed to be the dominant charge formation mechanism in the pump with some injection contribution. We measured the characteristics of the electric current (curves of current–voltage and current–time) as well as the performance-related characteristics of the pump in experiments (curves of pressure–voltage and flow rate–pressure at different voltages). The scalability of the flow rate of the proposed EHD pump was investigated by comparing single-hole and nine-hole configurations. As a result, a non-linear growth of the pump performance on the number of holes was obtained, with the distance between the holes comparable to the inter-electrode gap. The estimated flow rate and pressure for the proposed modulus EHD pump with dimensions of 1 cm3 can reach values of 82 ml/s and 620 kPa, respectively.
Mechanism of front stagnation point unsteadiness for flow around a square cylinder
Authors: Qu Yuan , Lu Yiran , Wang Jinjun
Published: November 2022

The unsteady characteristics and mechanisms of the front stagnation point oscillation for the flow around a square cylinder are investigated with the two-dimensional time-resolved particle image velocimetry technique in the range of 1420 ≤ Re ≤ 8600. The front stagnation point oscillates with the frequency equal to the wake vortex-shedding frequency. The Reynolds number has no effect on the amplitude and the dimensionless frequency of the front stagnation point. It is revealed that the front stagnation point moves from the centerline to one side when the wake vortex from the opposite side is forming and moving toward the centerline. This growing wake vortex stays attached to the rear surface of the square cylinder. After the wake vortex is detached from the rear surface, the front stagnation moves from the maximum displacement back toward the centerline. Furthermore, the quantitative correspondence between the location of front stagnation point and the wake pattern is revealed via time-lag correlation. The movement of the front stagnation point and the variation of typical proper orthogonal decomposition coefficient of the wake are nearly opposite in phase.
Perceptions of research capacity in public health organisations: comparison of NSW metropolitan and non-metropolitan Local Health Districts
Authors: Raschke Nicole , Bradbury Joanne , Yoxall Jacqui
Published: November 2022

Objective The aims of this study were to explore and compare the perceptions of research capacity and culture (RCC) in metropolitan and non-metropolitan New South Wales (NSW) Local Health Districts (LHDs). Methods The Research Capacity and Culture Tool was delivered online to clinicians and health managers. A 10-point Likert scale of success or skill at organisational, team and individual level of research capacity was used. An independent t-test assessed differences in domain means between non-metropolitan and metropolitan LHDs. Results A total of 1243 participants responded. Responses to the survey indicated the perception of individual’s research skills were greater than the perception of RCC at both the team and organisational levels. Participants from metropolitan locations had significantly higher mean scores across all three domains compared with non-metropolitan locations (P < 0.001). Conclusion Results indicated the perception of individual’s research skills were greater than the team and organisational levels. Participants from metropolitan locations had significantly higher perceptions of RCC across all three domains compared with non-metropolitan locations. This was the largest study to date in Australia investigating RCC in NSW LHDs, and the first study to explore multiple professions across multiple organisations while comparing metropolitan and non-metropolitan settings. This research may inform targeted strategies for building research capacity in NSW LHDs.
Quantitative phosphoproteomic analysis of chitin-triggered immune responses in the plasma membrane of
Authors: Chen Lijuan , Xiao Jiahui , Huang Zhanhao , Zhou Qi , Liu Bing
Published: November 2022

Plant diseases seriously damage crop production, and most plant diseases are caused by fungi. Fungal cell walls contain chitin, a highly conserved component that is widely recognised by plants as a PAMP (pathogen-associated molecular pattern) to induce defence responses. The molecular mechanisms that function downstream of chitin-triggered intracellular phosphorylation remain largely unknown. In this study, we performed quantitative phosphoproteomics analysis to study protein phosphorylation changes in the plasma membrane after chitin treatment in Arabidopsis thaliana L. seedlings. Proteins with altered phosphorylation status after chitin treatment participated in biological processes ranging from signalling, localisation, and transport, to biogenesis, processing, and metabolism, suggesting that PAMP signalling targets multiple processes to coordinate the immune response. These results provide important insights into the molecular mechanism of chitin-induced plant immunity.
Opportunities to be active in retirement villages and factors associated with physical activity in residents
Authors: Yoshihara Aoi , Bloomfield Katherine , Wu Zhenqiang , Tatton Annie , Hikaka Joanna , Boyd Michal , Peri Kathy , Connolly Martin J.
Published: November 2022

Introduction Physical activity (PA) in older people is associated with improved morbidity and mortality outcomes. Increasing numbers of older people are choosing to live in retirement villages, many of which promote themselves as providing opportunities for activity. Aim To explore the characteristics of PA village residents were undertaking and the associated individual and village factors. Methods Health, functional and wellbeing information was collected from 577 residents recruited from 34 villages in Auckland, New Zealand, using an International Resident Assessment Instrument and customised survey tools containing items on self-reported PA. Managers from villages completed a survey on village characteristics and facilities. Results The mean age (s.d.) of village residents was 82 (7) years, and 325 (56%) reporting doing one or more hours of PA in the 3 days prior to assessment. Moderate exercise was performed by 240 (42%) village residents, for a mean (s.d.) of 2.7 (3.4) h per week. The most common activities provided by villages included: bowls/petanque (22, 65%) and exercise classes (22, 65%), and walking was the most common activity undertaken (348, 60%). Factors independently associated with PA included individual factors (gender, fatigue, constipation, self-reported health, number of medications, moving to village for safety and security, utilising village fitness programme, use of the internet, and satisfaction with opportunities to be active) and village-related factors (access to unit, and ownership model). Discussion PA uptake is determined by many factors at both personal (physical and psychosocial) and environmental levels. Clinicians should focus on individualised PA promotion in those with identified risk factors for low levels of PA.
Mitigation and adaptation emissions embedded in the broader climate transition
Authors: Lesk Corey , Csala Denes , Hasse Robin , Sgouridis Sgouris , Levesque Antoine , Mach Katharine J. , Horen Greenford Daniel , Matthews H. Damon , Horton Radley M.
Published: November 2022

Climate change necessitates a global effort to reduce greenhouse gas emissions while adapting to increased climate risks. This broader climate transition will involve large-scale global interventions including renewable energy deployment, coastal protection and retreat, and enhanced space cooling, all of which will result in CO
2
emissions from energy and materials use. Yet, the magnitude of the emissions embedded in these interventions remains unconstrained, opening the potential for underaccounting of emissions and conflicts or synergies between mitigation and adaptation goals. Here, we use a suite of models to estimate the CO
2
emissions embedded in the broader climate transition. For a gradual decarbonization pathway limiting warming to 2 °C, selected adaptation-related interventions will emit ∼1.3 GtCO
2
through 2100, while emissions from energy used to deploy renewable capacity are much larger at ∼95 GtCO
2
. Together, these emissions are equivalent to over 2 y of current global emissions and 8.3% of the remaining carbon budget for 2 °C. Total embedded transition emissions are reduced by ∼80% to 21.2 GtCO
2
under a rapid pathway limiting warming to 1.5 °C. However, they roughly double to 185 GtCO
2
under a delayed pathway consistent with current policies (2.7 °C warming by 2100), mainly because a slower transition relies more on fossil fuel energy. Our results provide a holistic assessment of carbon emissions from the transition itself and suggest that these emissions can be minimized through more ambitious energy decarbonization. We argue that the emissions from mitigation, but likely much less so from adaptation, are of sufficient magnitude to merit greater consideration in climate science and policy.
Earliest evidence of primate captivity and translocation supports gift diplomacy between Teotihuacan and the Maya
Authors: Sugiyama Nawa , Sugiyama Saburo , Cagnato Clarissa , France Christine A. M. , Iriki Atsushi , Hughes Karissa S. , Singleton Robin R. , Thornton Erin , Hofman Courtney A.
Published: November 2022

A multimethod archaeometry study (zooarchaeological, isotopic, ancient DNA, paleobotanical, and radiocarbon dating) of a spider monkey sacrificed in the ceremonial center of Teotihuacan, Mexico (1 to 550 CE) is interpreted as a diplomatic gift exchange with neighboring Maya. Not only does this spider monkey provide the earliest known instance of primate translocation and captivity in Mesoamerica, it helps date incipient modes of interregional diplomacy between two major powers during Early Classic Mesoamerica: Teotihuacan and the Maya. Details of human–primate interaction include age at capture and transport (before ∼3 y of age), captive duration (over 2 y), anthropogenic diet (staple was maize, though secondary resources unique to anthropogenic diet including arrowroot and chili pepper were also found), context of sacrifice (tethered and associated with complete golden eagle and an array of other statecrafts), and general site context (including presence of Maya vessels and Maya-style murals). The timing of the spider monkey’s sacrifice (250 to 300 CE) and its life history suggest a reconsideration of epigraphically attested militaristic involvement of Teotihuacan at certain Maya sites. We propose that a period of more multilateral and fluid ritual exchange with Maya dignitaries preceded the Teotihuacan state’s eventual ascent to prominence.
ATM inhibition drives metabolic adaptation via induction of macropinocytosis
Authors: Huang Zhentai , Chen Chi-Wei , Buj Raquel , Tangudu Naveen Kumar , Fang Richard S. , Leon Kelly E. , Dahl Erika S. , Varner Erika L. , von Krusenstiern Eliana , Cole Aidan R. , Snyder Nathaniel W. , Aird Katherine M.
Published: November 2022

Macropinocytosis is a nonspecific endocytic process that may enhance cancer cell survival under nutrient-poor conditions. Ataxia-Telangiectasia mutated (ATM) is a tumor suppressor that has been previously shown to play a role in cellular metabolic reprogramming. We report that the suppression of ATM increases macropinocytosis to promote cancer cell survival in nutrient-poor conditions. Combined inhibition of ATM and macropinocytosis suppressed proliferation and induced cell death both in vitro and in vivo. Supplementation of ATM-inhibited cells with amino acids, branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) in particular, abrogated macropinocytosis. Analysis of ATM-inhibited cells in vitro demonstrated increased BCAA uptake, and metabolomics of ascites and interstitial fluid from tumors indicated decreased BCAAs in the microenvironment of ATM-inhibited tumors. These data reveal a novel basis of ATM-mediated tumor suppression whereby loss of ATM stimulates protumorigenic uptake of nutrients in part via macropinocytosis to promote cancer cell survival and reveal a potential metabolic vulnerability of ATM-inhibited cells.
Glial TGFβ activity promotes neuron survival in peripheral nerves
Authors: Lassetter Alexandria P. , Corty Megan M. , Barria Romina , Sheehan Amy E. , Hill Jo Q. , Aicher Sue A. , Fox A. Nicole , Freeman Marc R.
Published: November 2022

Maintaining long, energetically demanding axons throughout the life of an animal is a major challenge for the nervous system. Specialized glia ensheathe axons and support their function and integrity throughout life, but glial support mechanisms remain poorly defined. Here, we identified a collection of secreted and transmembrane molecules required in glia for long-term axon survival in vivo. We showed that the majority of components of the TGFβ superfamily are required in glia for sensory neuron maintenance but not glial ensheathment of axons. In the absence of glial TGFβ signaling, neurons undergo age-dependent degeneration that can be rescued either by genetic blockade of Wallerian degeneration or caspase-dependent death. Blockade of glial TGFβ signaling results in increased ATP in glia that can be mimicked by enhancing glial mitochondrial biogenesis or suppressing glial monocarboxylate transporter function. We propose that glial TGFβ signaling supports axon survival and suppresses neurodegeneration through promoting glial metabolic support of neurons.
Recent advances in two-dimensional p-type metal chalcogenides: synthesis, doping strategies and applications
Authors: Wu Jie , Zhuge Fuwei , Li Huiqiao , Zhai Tianyou
Published: November 2022

Two-dimensional (2D) metal chalcogenides (MCs) showed great potential in meeting the requirements of high-performance (opto) electronic devices. In addition to the usual n-type MCs, developing p-type MCs is urgently demanded in preparing p–n junctions, bipolar junction transistors, field-effect transistors, etc. To this end, specified synthesis routes and engineering strategies for their key properties in (opto) electronics, including doping states, contact barriers and resistances, are critical to improving their performance. In the review, we summarize the recent advances in 2D p-type MCs by focusing on their direct synthesis routes, e.g. mechanical exfoliation, liquid exfoliation, chemical vapor deposition, and the p-type doping strategies, including substitutional doping, charge transfer doping and electrostatic doping. The corresponding applications in electronics and optoelectronics are also involved. Finally, the challenges and prospects of 2D p-type MCs are presented to provide a reference in this field.
Adaptive thermal camouflage using sub-wavelength phase-change metasurfaces
Authors: RahimianOmam Zahra , Ghobadi Amir , Khalichi Bahram , Ozbay Ekmel
Published: November 2022

Sub-wavelength metasurface designs can be used to artificially engineer the spectral thermal signature of an object. The real-time control of this emission can provide the opportunity to switch between radiative cooling (RC) and thermal camouflage functionalities. This performance could be achieved by using phase-change materials (PCMs). This paper presents a sub-wavelength dynamic metasurface design with the adaptive property. The proposed metasurface is made of vanadium dioxide (VO2) nanogratings on a silver (Ag) substrate. The design geometries are optimized in a way that both narrowband and broadband mid-infrared (MIR) emitters can be realized. At low temperatures, insulating VO2 nanogratings trigger the excitation of Fabry–Perot mode inside the grating and surface plasmon polaritons at the metal–dielectric interface with an emission peak located in the MIR region to maximize the RC performance of the design. As temperature rises, the PCM transforms into a metallic phase material and supports excitation of Wood’s anomaly and localized surface plasmon resonance modes. Accordingly, the thermal signature is adaptively suppressed.
Bearing fault diagnosis method based on multi-scale domain adaptative network across operating conditions
Authors: Wang Gongxian , Fu Ze , Hu Zhihui , Zhang Miao , Lu Guanghao
Published: November 2022

The intelligent rolling bearings fault diagnosis methods adopting a single vibration signal as the model input present low diagnostic precision, poor noise robustness, and difficulty in applying to variable operating conditions, so a multi-scale domain adaptation network (MSDAN) was put forward for variable load fault diagnosis of rolling bearings. This method combined multi-scale feature extraction with a lightweight convolutional neural network to extract complementary fault features from coarse-grained vibration signals at multiple time scales. Then, correlation alignment (CORAL) distance and domain identification adversarial learning were applied to extract domain invariant features to establish an end-to-end unsupervised fault diagnosis system for rolling bearings. The MSDAN model was evaluated using variable load-bearing datasets of two experimental setups and compared with other methods. The results show that MSDAN has better diagnostic accuracy and cross-domain adaptability than other domain adaptation fault diagnosis methods. In addition, our multi-scale method has more robust stability and generalization ability than any single-channel feature extraction method.
Research on improving the north-seeking precision of MEMS gyroscope
Authors: Guo Dongning , Ren Chunhua , Zhang Lu , Lu Feiping
Published: November 2022

In order to improve the north-seeking precision of the micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) gyroscope, it is necessary to measure the earth’s rotation angular velocity accurately. The output precision of the MEMS gyroscope is affected by zero bias, installation error, scale factor error, etc. Aiming at the problem of the low output precision of the MEMS gyroscope, this paper mainly studies the test method of the MEMS gyroscope scale factor. In this study, the north-seeking principle of the MEMS gyroscope is analyzed, and the equivalent relationship between scale factor error and angular rate error is investigated. A Multi-Position ground velocity method is proposed for testing the scale factor of the MEMS gyroscope. In this method, the Earth’s rotation angular velocity component is used as the input of the MEMS gyroscope, and the scale factor is calculated by dual exponential fitting. The feasibility of the test method is verified by experiments on the rate turntable. The experimental results show that when the input angular velocity is between −0.0036° s−1 and 0.0036° s−1, compared with the traditional angular rate test method, the nonlinearity of the MEMS gyroscope scale factor tested by the proposed method is reduced from 227.45 ppm to 68.19 ppm, the asymmetry is reduced from 253.61 ppm to 73.65 ppm, and the north-seeking accuracy is improved 4.17 times, which verifies the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed method.
Low-power multilevel resistive switching in β-Ga2O3 based RRAM devices
Authors: Velpula Ravi Teja , Jain Barsha , Nguyen Hieu Pham Trung
Published: November 2022

In this study, multilevel switching at low-power in Ti/TiN/Ga2O3/Ti/Pt resistive random-access memory (RRAM) devices has been systematically studied. The fabricated RRAM device exhibits an excellent non-overlapping window between set and reset voltages of ∼1.1 V with a maximum R
off/R
on ratio of ∼103. Moreover, to the best of our knowledge, the multi-bit storage capability of these RRAM devices with a reasonably high R
off/R
on ratio is experimentally demonstrated, for the first time, for lower compliance currents at 10 μA, 20 μA and 50 μA. The multi-bit resistive switching behavior of the Ga2O3 RRAM device at a low compliance current paves the way for low-power and high-density data storage applications.
Experimental investigation of the educational uses of thermal cameras
Authors: Hong Sung Ju , Im Byeonghoon , Park Jeongwoo , Kim Heekyong , Yoon Hye-Gyoung
Published: November 2022

We study the use of a thermal camera as an educational tool for physical phenomena. In particular, we check three factors: surface temperature, emissivity, and external thermal source for more physically accurate use. First, the surface temperature measured using the thermal camera is confirmed by direct comparison with the temperature obtained using a reference thermometer. Second, we demonstrate that using an appropriate emissivity of the target object is significant for accurately measuring the temperature. Finally, the exclusion of an external thermal source is essential for using a thermal camera as an accurate tool in thermal physics. We expect that this study will demonstrate the suitability of thermal cameras as convenient thermometers and the factors required to deliberately consider them in physics classes.
Electron momentum-transfer collision frequency measurements in small plasma objects via coherent microwave scattering
Authors: Patel Adam R , Wang Xingxing , Braun Erik L , Ranjan Apoorv , Slipchenko Mikhail N , Macheret Sergey , Shneider Mikhail N , Shashurin Alexey
Published: November 2022

This paper presents the possibility of using coherent microwave scattering (CMS) for temporally resolved measurements of the electron momentum-transfer collision frequency in small plasma objects. Specifically, the electron collision frequency is inferred via phase information from microwave scattering off microplasmas operating in the mixed collisional-Thomson scattering regime. We further suggest the combination of phase and amplitude measurements to derive total electron counts and temperatures in small plasmas. An experimental validation of this concept is performed by 10.5 GHz CMS off laser-induced, variable-pressure oxygen and air plasmas.
Signal formation and sharing in AC-LGADs using the ALTIROC 0 front-end chip
Authors: D'Amen G. , Chen W. , de la Taille C. , Giacomini G. , Marchand D. , Morenas M. , Munoz Camacho C. , Rossi E. , Seguin-Moreau N. , Serin L. , Tricoli A. , Wang P.-K.
Published: November 2022

The development of detectors that provide high resolution in four dimensions has attracted wide-spread interest in the scientific community for applications in high-energy physics, nuclear physics, medical imaging, mass spectroscopy as well as quantum information. However, finding a technology capable of fulfilling such aspiration proved to be an arduous task.
Among other silicon-based candidates, the Low-Gain Avalanche Diode (LGAD) has already shown excellent timing performances but proved to be unsuitable for fine pixelization. Therefore, the AC-coupled LGAD (AC-LGAD) approach was introduced to provide high resolution in both time and space, making it a promising candidate for future 4D detectors.
However, appropriate readout electronics must be developed to match the sensor's fast-time and fine-pitch capabilities. This is currently a major technological challenge.
In this paper, we test AC-LGAD prototypes read out by the fast-time ASIC ALTIROC 0, originally developed for the readout of DC-coupled LGADs for the ATLAS experiment at the High Luminosity-LHC. Signal generated by either betas from a 90Sr source or a focused infra-red laser were analyzed. This paper details the first successful readout of an AC-LGAD sensor using a readout chip. This result will pave the way for the design and construction of a new generation of AC-LGAD-based 4D detectors.
Statistical fluctuations under resetting: rigorous results
Authors: Zamparo Marco
Published: November 2022

In this paper we investigate the normal and the large fluctuations of additive functionals associated with a stochastic process under a general non-Poissonian resetting mechanism. Cumulative functionals of regenerative processes are very close to renewal-reward processes and inherit most of the properties of the latter. Here we review and use the classical law of large numbers and central limit theorem for renewal-reward processes to obtain same theorems for additive functionals of a stochastic process under resetting. Then, we establish large deviation principles for these functionals by illustrating and applying a large deviation theory for renewal-reward processes that has been recently developed by the author. We discuss applications of the general results to the positive occupation time, the area, and the absolute area of the reset Brownian motion. While introducing advanced tools from renewal theory, we demonstrate that a rich phenomenology accounting for dynamical phase transitions emerges when one goes beyond Poissonian resetting.
Rational design and low-cost fabrication of multifunctional separators enabling high sulfur utilization in long-life lithium-sulfur batteries
Authors: Zhang Xiaoqing , Yuan Wei , Huang Honglin , Xu Ming , Chen Yu , Zhao Bote , Ding Xinrui , Zhang Shiwei , Tang Yong , Lu Longsheng
Published: November 2022

The lithium-sulfur (Li-S) battery with an ultrahigh theoretical energy density has emerged as a promising rechargeable battery system. However, the practical applications of Li-S batteries are severely plagued by the sluggish reaction kinetics of sulfur species and notorious shuttling of soluble lithium polysulfides (LiPSs) intermediates that result in low sulfur utilization. The introduction of functional layers on separators has been considered as an effective strategy to improve the sulfur utilization in Li-S batteries by achieving effective regulation of LiPSs. Herein, a promising self-assembly strategy is proposed to achieve the low-cost fabrication of hollow and hierarchically porous Fe3O4 nanospheres (p-Fe3O4-NSs) assembled by numerous extremely-small primary nanocrystals as building blocks. The rationally-designed p-Fe3O4-NSs are utilized as a multifunctional layer on the separator with highly efficient trapping and conversion features toward LiPSs. Results demonstrate that the nanostructured p-Fe3O4-NSs provide chemical adsorption toward LiPSs and kinetically promote the mutual transformation between LiPSs and Li2S2/Li2S during cycling, thus inhibiting the LiPSs shuttling and boosting the redox reaction kinetics via a chemisorption-catalytic conversion mechanism. The enhanced wettability of the p-Fe3O4-NSs-based separator with the electrolyte enables fast transportation of lithium ions. Benefitting from these alluring properties, the functionalized separator with p-Fe3O4-NSs endows the battery with an admirable rate performance of 877 mAh g−1 at 2 C, an ultra-durable cycling performance of up to 2176 cycles at 1 C, and a promising areal capacity of 4.55 mAh cm−2 under high-sulfur-loading and lean-electrolyte conditions (4.29 mg cm−2, electrolyte/ratio: 8 µl mg−1). This study will offer fresh insights on the rational design and low-cost fabrication of multifunctional separator to strengthen electrochemical reaction kinetics by regulating LiPSs conversion for developing efficient and long-life Li-S batteries.
Manufacturing N,O-carboxymethyl chitosan-reduced graphene oxide under freeze-dying for performance improvement of Li-S battery
Authors: Jiang Zhibin , Jin Lujie , Jian Xiying , Huang Jinxia , Wang Hongshuai , Wu Binhong , Wang Kang , Chen Ling , Li Youyong , Liu Xiang , Li Weishan
Published: November 2022

Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries can provide far higher energy density than currently commercialized lithium ion batteries, but challenges remain before it they are used in practice. One of the challenges is the shuttle effect that originates from soluble intermediates, like lithium polysulfides. To address this issue, we report a novel laminar composite, N,O-carboxymethyl chitosan-reduced graphene oxide (CC-rGO), which is manufactured via the self-assembly of CC onto GO and subsequent reduction of GO under an extreme condition of 1 Pa and −50 °C. The synthesized laminar CC-rGO composite is mixed with acetylene black (AB) and coated on a commercial polypropylene (PP) membrane, resulting in a separator (CC-rGO/AB/PP) that can not only completely suppress the polysulfides penetration, but also can accelerate the lithium ion transportation, providing a Li-S battery with excellent cyclic stability and rate capability. As confirmed by theoretic simulations, this unique feature of CC-rGO is attributed to its strong repulsive interaction to polysulfide anions and its benefit for fast lithium ion transportation through the paths paved by the heteroatoms in CC.
Chemical modification of graphene for atomic-scale catalyst supports
Authors: Kunisada Yuji , Sakaguchi Norihito
Published: November 2022

One promising way to reduce the use of noble metal catalysts is to use extremely fine particle catalysts, such as subnanoclusters and single-atom catalysts. For practical use, suppression of diffusion and agglomeration of catalysts are needed. Heteroatom-doped graphene, which has high specific surface area, high chemical and mechanical stabilities, high electrical and thermal conductivities, and contains anchoring sites for catalysts, is promising catalyst support. Heteroatom-doped graphene can widely control the support effects. This review summarizes recent dopant structure characterization using spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations. The distribution of highly-dispersed metal catalysts and their diffusion properties are discussed. In addition, The effects of environmental conditions on catalyst dynamic behaviors are introduced. Finally, the outlook of heteroatom-doped graphene and new two-dimensional material supports is discussed.
“If you got a problem, I got a problem too”: working toward making academic science more equitable
Authors: Bhalla Needhi
Published: November 2022

I am extraordinarily grateful and humbled to win the ASCB Prize for Excellence in Inclusivity. However, even as I continue to center equity in all aspects of my work as a scientist, educator, and professor, I hope that we can make this award, and awards like it, obsolete. To do that, we need to recognize all the ways that academic science, and our society in general, is structured to limit who gets to fully participate as scientists and scientific leaders, limiting true innovation and advancement of science and technology. This essay is an attempt to illuminate those connections.
Histories of the Unsayable: Reinhart Koselleck’s Aesthetic Anthropology
Authors: Voelz Johannes
Published: November 2022

This essay reviews Sediments of Time: On Possible Histories (2019), a collection of essays by the German historian and theorist of history Reinhart Koselleck (1923–2006), edited by Sean Franzel and Stefan-Ludwig Hoffmann. Written during the last three decades of Koselleck’s life and drawn from three German-language books of essays that came out in the new millennium, Sediments of Time introduces English-language readers to Koselleck’s historical anthropology—a central dimension of his oeuvre so far largely unavailable in translation. This essay argues that Koselleck’s historical anthropology is always also an aesthetic anthropology, which helps explain Koselleck’s recurring engagement with literary writers such as Shakespeare, Kleist, and Melville. At the core of Koselleck’s work lies an argument about the mutual interdependence of history and fiction. Herein resides Koselleck’s provocation for literary studies: if, for the historian, fiction provides insights into historical experience in condensed form, the reverse of this claim may engage literary scholars; for them, Koselleck suggests, the extraliterary, extralinguistic realm of historical experience is of crucial importance as a necessary condition for fiction.Koselleck’s plea to our field, committed to historicism as it is, is to return to the aesthetic in order to dive more deeply, more fundamentally into the historical.
New nitrogen-compounds, penicidones E and F, produced by the fungal strain Oidiodendron sp. FKI-7498
Authors: Miyano Rei , Matsuo Hirotaka , Mokudai Takayuki , Higo Mayuka , Nonaka Kenichi , Niwano Yoshimi , Shiomi Kazuro , Takahashi Yōko , Ōmura Satoshi , Nakashima Takuji
Published: November 2022

The nitrogen rule in mass spectrometry was used to search for new nitrogen-compounds from microbial metabolites. During this program, two new nitrogen-containing compounds, penicidones E and F, were discovered from the filamentous fungal strain FKI-7498, which was isolated from soil collected in Tokushima, Japan, and identified as Oidiodendron sp. by sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer region, including 5.8S ribosomal RNA. The structures of penicidones E and F were determined by mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and chemical modification analyses. These analyses revealed that penicidones E and F have a core structure of 3,5-dihydroxy-2-(4-pyridone-3-carbonyl)benzoic acid. Penicidone E exhibited hydroxyl radical scavenging activity.
RLBind: a deep learning method to predict RNA–ligand binding sites
Authors: Wang Kaili , Zhou Renyi , Wu Yifan , Li Min
Published: November 2022

Identification of RNA–small molecule binding sites plays an essential role in RNA-targeted drug discovery and development. These small molecules are expected to be leading compounds to guide the development of new types of RNA-targeted therapeutics compared with regular therapeutics targeting proteins. RNAs can provide many potential drug targets with diverse structures and functions. However, up to now, only a few methods have been proposed. Predicting RNA–small molecule binding sites still remains a big challenge. New computational model is required to better extract the features and predict RNA–small molecule binding sites more accurately. In this paper, a deep learning model, RLBind, was proposed to predict RNA–small molecule binding sites from sequence-dependent and structure-dependent properties by combining global RNA sequence channel and local neighbor nucleotides channel. To our best knowledge, this research was the first to develop a convolutional neural network for RNA–small molecule binding sites prediction. Furthermore, RLBind also can be used as a potential tool when the RNA experimental tertiary structure is not available. The experimental results show that RLBind outperforms other state-of-the-art methods in predicting binding sites. Therefore, our study demonstrates that the combination of global information for full-length sequences and local information for limited local neighbor nucleotides in RNAs can improve the model’s predictive performance for binding sites prediction. All datasets and resource codes are available at https://github.com/KailiWang1/RLBind.
Time-to-event surrogate endpoint validation using mediation analysis and meta-analytic data
Authors: Le Coënt Quentin , Legrand Catherine , Rondeau Virginie
Published: November 2022

With the ongoing development of treatments and the resulting increase in survival in oncology, clinical trials based on endpoints such as overall survival may require long follow-up periods to observe sufficient events and ensure adequate statistical power. This increase in follow-up time may compromise the feasibility of the study. The use of surrogate endpoints instead of final endpoints may be attractive for these studies. However, before a surrogate can be used in a clinical trial, it must be statistically validated. In this article, we propose an approach to validate surrogates when both the surrogate and final endpoints are censored event times. This approach is developed for meta-analytic data and uses a mediation analysis to decompose the total effect of the treatment on the final endpoint as a direct effect and an indirect effect through the surrogate. The meta-analytic nature of the data is accounted for in a joint model with random effects at the trial level. The proportion of the indirect effect over the total effect of the treatment on the final endpoint can be computed from the parameters of the model and used as a measure of surrogacy. We applied this method to investigate time-to-relapse as a surrogate endpoint for overall survival in resectable gastric cancer.