bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE OPTIMUM POPULATION STRATEGY FOR PLANTHOPPERS (HOMOPTERA: DELPHACIDAE) IN STABLE MARSH HABITATS
Authors: Denno Robert F.
Published: December 2009

The wing-morph composition of populations of planthoppers exploiting stable and temporally uncertain resources was determined. In stable habitats like salt and fresh water marshes, the optimum population strategy of most planthoppers is to produce flightless brachypters which can efficiently use and remain on the immediate resource. Macropters, which can fly, are more adaptive and predominate in temporary habitats because they can emigrate and colonize new resources when conditions are no longer suitable.
REVISION OF THE NEARCTIC WOLF SPIDER GENUSSCHIZOCOSA(ARANEIDA: LYCOSIDAE)
Authors: Dondale C. D. , Redner J. H.
Published: December 2009

SchizocosaChamberlin, 1904, with type-speciesLycosa ocreataHentz, 1844, comprises 20 species occurring in southern Canada, the U.S.A., and Mexico:S.ocreata(=Lycosa charonoidesMontgomery, 1902, SYN. N.);S.crassipes(Walckenaer, 1837);S.floridanaBryant, 1934;S.saltatrix(Hentz, 1844);S.humilis(Banks, 1892) (=Lycosa episimaChamberlin, 1924, SYN. N.);S.duplexChamberlin, 1925;S.salsaBarnes, 1953;S.bilineata(Emerton, 1885);S.segregataGertsch and Wallace, 1937;S.auloniaDondale, 1969;S.crassipalpataRoewer, 1951;S.mimula(Gertsch, 1934) (=Lycosa coahuilanaGertsch and Davis, 1940, SYN. N.);S.minnesotensis(Gertsch, 1934);S.retrorsa(Banks, 1911);S.avida(Walckenaer, 1837);S.maximasp. n.;S.chiricahuasp. n.;S.cespitumsp. n.;S.communis(Emerton, 1885), comb. n. (=S.heasmaniDondale, 1969, SYN. N.);S.mccooki(Montgomery, 1904), comb. n. (=Lycosa pacificaBanks, 1904, SYN. N. =S.wasatchensisChamberlin and Ivie, 1942, SYN. N).

AvicosaChamberlin and Ivie, 1942 andEpihognaRoewer, 1960 are synonymized underSchizocosa. Fourteen of the species ofSchizocosaare represented only in the southeastern United States, the northeastern U.S., and eastern Canada, or are widespread in the eastern half of the continent; three are represented only on the prairies, and the remainder in the Rockies or the Pacific coast.
FACTORS AFFECTING DIAPAUSE DEVELOPMENT AND SURVIVAL IN THE PUPA OF MAMESTRA CONFIGURATA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE)
Authors: Bodnaryk Robert P.
Published: December 2009

Only soil temperatures below −7°C are likely to cause significant pupal mortality of M. configurata in the field, and only if exposure periods are sufficiently prolonged. At −17°C, a temperature not uncommonly encountered in the soil at 10 cm during the prairie winter, near total mortality occurred within 1 week in laboratory tests and significant mortality (20–30%) occurred within 1 day. The survival time at −12°C was considerably longer, and 50% mortality occurred after about 6 weeks of exposure. Pupal mortality caused by cold might thus vary from 0 to 100% depending on local climatic and field conditions and therefore is an essential component of a survival model for the species.

Exposure to cold accelerates diapause development by as much as four orders of magnitude for the lowest temperature tested (−17°C). However, the acceleration of diapause development by sub-zero temperatures appears to be of limited phenological significance, since in western Canada the pupae spend at least 40 weeks in the soil and can easily complete diapause development within this time at 0° to 5°C. Further evidence for a major reorganization of the endocrine system of M. configurata pupae during stage 2 of diapause development is presented.
BIOSYSTEMATICS OF THE GENUSEUXOA(LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE): X. INCIDENCE AND LEVEL OF MULTIPLE MATING IN NATURAL AND LABORATORY POPULATIONS
Authors: Byers J. R.
Published: December 2009

In most species ofEuxoaa high proportion of the females mate more than once. The mean number of matings per mated female in natural populations of 13 species ranged from 1.65 to 10.86. Mating frequency data for laboratory populations of three of these species indicate that laboratory rearing and confinement does not significantly alter the incidence and level of multiple mating. The propensity for multiple mating is species characteristic although the observed level in samples from the field can vary significantly depending on the age structure of the populations sampled and probably also on other parameters of populations or environmental factors. Since species differences in the tendency for multiple mating are probably manifestations of different reproductive strategies some of the possible advantages of this behavior are discussed.
LABORATORY BIOASSAYS OF MIXTURES OF BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS AND CHITINASE
Authors: Fast Paul G.
Published: December 2009

The addition of chitinase at the rate of 1000–4000 nephelometric units/U.S. gallon to Bacillus thuringiensis insecticide for use against spruce budworm has been advocated.

Bioassays of V instar spruce budworm larvae against seven levels of Thuricide® at four levels of chitinase corresponding to 0, 22, 220, and 2200 nephelometric units/U.S. gallon were conducted by placing larvae on balsam fir foliage (Abies balsamea) dipped in appropriate dilutions of Thuricide® with chitinase. Mortality was assessed 6 days later. An additional replicated assay at a relatively massive dose of chitinase, 33,000 nephelometric units/U.S. gallon, was compared simultaneously with a 0 chitinase control. The data were homogeneous and linear by statistical standards. No effect of chitinase on LC50 or slope of the regression line was observed.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE FOOD, FEEDING BEHAVIOUR, AND ASSOCIATED SENSE ORGANS OF GRYLLOBLATTA CAMPODEIFORMIS (GRYLLOBLATTODEA)
Authors: Pritchard Gordon , Scholefield Patrick
Published: December 2009

Grylloblatta campodeiformis Walker were collected from a site in the Alberta Rocky Mountains at an altitude of 1300 m. The gut contents in the autumn consist almost entirely of arthropods. Dominant among these was a tipulid fly, equally typical of the cold, montane habitat as Grylloblatta itself. In the laboratory, G. campodeiformis adults eat only live or recently killed animal prey, and neither adults nor larvae grow without animal food. Prey is detected by the antennae and then seized by the mandibles. Five types of sensilla, all of which are probably involved in prey identification, are described from the antennae and palpi.
ARTHROPOD COLONIZATION OF PRE-AGED AS COMPARED WITH FRESH FECES
Authors: Helsel Ethel D. , Wicklow D. T.
Published: December 2009

A field study was designed to compare the attractiveness of pre-aged (laboratory incubated) and fresh rabbit feces to potential arthropod colonists. Laboratory collected rabbit feces were incubated on moist peat for intervals of 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 days before exposure (48 h) in one of four field sites in northwestern Pennsylvania. Greater numbers and kinds of arthropods were attracted to 0-day-old dung samples than to fecal pellets that were preincubated for 10 or more days in the laboratory. Furthermore, numbers and kinds of arthropods attracted to fecal pellets increased with increasing habitat complexity. The results indicate that loss in attractiveness of aged feces to potential arthropod colonists cannot be attributed entirely to the drying of the substrate or to prior arthropod colonization. It is suggested that microfloral activity contributes to chemical changes in the incubating feces which render them less attractive to potential early colonists.
TRANSPORT OF THE EUROPEAN SKIPPER, THYMELICUS LINEOLA (LEPIDOPTERA: HESPERIIDAE), ASSOCIATED WITH THE PRODUCTION OF CERTIFIED TIMOTHY SEED
Authors: Duchesne Raymond-Marie , McNeil Jeremy N.
Published: December 2009

Analysis of samples taken during different stages of the cleaning process for certified timothy seed following harvest showed high densities of European skipper eggs in the waste. These eggs could represent a source of infestation of this insect as the waste is not destroyed but used as lawn seed or discarded on the farm.
VARIATION IN SOUTHERN PINE BEETLE ATTACK HEIGHT ASSOCIATED WITH PHORETIC UROPODID MITES
Authors: Kinn D. N. , Witcosky J. J.
Published: December 2009

Southern pine beetles (Dendroctonus frontalis) carrying phoretic Trichouropoda australis deutonymphs were caught in bucket traps baited with frontalin-alpha pinene at heights of 3, 6, and 9 m on the boles of loblolly pines. Of 8475 beetles collected, 36.3% carried uropodids or their pedicels. Beetles trapped at 3 m carried more pedicels than those trapped at 6 or 9 m, indicating that the flight of beetles is influenced by the presence of phoretic mites. Re-emerging parent beetles can be differentiated from brood adults by the color of the mite pedicels.
EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE ON DEVELOPMENT OF THE IMMATURE STAGES OF THE CEREAL LEAF BEETLE, OULEMA MELANOPUS (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE)
Authors: Guppy J. C. , Harcourt D. G.
Published: December 2009

Survival and development rates were obtained for the cereal leaf beetle, Oulema melanopus (L.), at 12 constant temperatures. Rates of survival for eggs were high at temperatures ranging from 12°C to 32°C, but none hatched at 6°C or 34°C. Larvae survived at 8° to 32°C with no drastic rise in mortality at the extremes; mortality at 34°C increased with larval age. Pupal survival was low at all temperatures from 8°C to 32°C, ranging from about 3% at these limits to 40% at intermediate temperatures (14° to 30°C). Duration of egg and larval stages decreased with rise in temperature up to 30°C, and that for pupae, up to 32°C. Developmental rates plotted against temperature did not deviate significantly from fitted curves of the form 1/y = K/(1 + ea-bx).

The threshold for complete development was at some point between 6°C and 8°C. Thermal requirements, with 7°C as developmental zero, were calculated at 105, 41, 36, 43, 46, and 282°D, respectively, for the eggs, the four larval instars and the pupae. Accumulated heat units (°D7) during development of O. melanopus in field plots at Ottawa did not differ significantly from those expected. Similar calculations using a base of 9°C (ca. 48°F) predicted development equally well.
NEST SITE SELECTION BY BUMBLE BEES (HYMENOPTERA: APIDAE) IN SOUTHERN ALBERTA
Authors: Richards K. W.
Published: December 2009

The niche breadth and overlap in nesting preferences of 15 species of bumble bees were investigated in Alberta. Some of the factors that influence the distribution of nesting sites and abundance of species and permit the species to coexist in sympatry are discussed. Artificial domiciles were used as potential nesting sites. Some species were specialists in terms of nest site selection while others were generalists. The few natural nests found, the long periods spent by queens searching for nests, the high frequency of usurpation or direct interference and death of intruders, and the frequency of high niche overlap values between species are evidence that nesting sites are limited and are incompletely partitioned among the coexisting species. Usurpation also demonstrates the competition among individuals and species. Phenological differences in nest establishment influence the competition among the species. Camouflaging of tunnels presumably reduces the intensity of usurpation and protects queens and the brood from inclement weather and from social parasites (e.g.,Psithyrus) and predators.
EVALUATION OF THE INSECT GROWTH REGULATORS METHOPRENE AND DIFLUBENZURON AGAINST FLOODWATER MOSQUITOES (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE) IN SOUTHWESTERN ONTARIO
Authors: Rodrigues C. S. , Wright R. E.
Published: December 2009

In field trials conducted at Guelph, Ont., methoprene (Altosid® SR-10) at 0.028 kg AI/ha (0.025 lb AI/ac) effectively controlled spring Aedes species following treatment of third- and fourth-instar larvae. However, when treated in the first to third instar, only partial control was obtained. The formulation remained active in the pools for 13 days during which time the average temperature was < 20°C. Methoprene also effectively controlled early-summer Aedes vexans (Meigen) after treatment of fourth-instar larvae. Diflubenzuron (Dimilin® 25% WP) at 0.022 kg AI/ha and 0.045 kg AI/ha (0.02 and 0.04 lb AI/ac) was effective against spring Aedes species following treatment of third-instar larvae.
VITAMINS E AND K IN RELATION TO GROWTH OF THE HOUSE CRICKET (ORTHOPTERA: GRYLLIDAE)
Authors: McFarlane J. E.
Published: December 2009

While there is much evidence for interrelationships between the organic components of insect diets as they relate to growth, there is very little information available on inorganic or organic-inorganic relationships. An example of inorganic interactions is found with Cu and Zn in the house cricket,Acheta domesticus(L.) (McFarlane 1976a).Organic-inorganic interactions have been shown by Fraenkel (1958), who demonstrated effects of Zn and potassium on the expression of a carnitine deficiency inTenebrio molitor, and by McFarlane (1974), who showed an interaction between Cu and vitamin E in the house cricket.
AN ARTIFICIAL HOST: ENCAPSULATED SYNTHETIC MEDIUM FORIN VITROOVIPOSITION AND REARING THE ENDOPARASITOIDITOPLECTIS CONQUISITOR(HYMENOPTERA: ICHNEUMONIDAE)
Authors: House H. L.
Published: December 2009

This note reports the firstin vitrooviposition and rearing of a parasitic insect, the endoparasitoid waspItoplectis conquisitor(Say), a male, on an artificial host consisting of an encapsulated synthetic, or meridic (Dougherty 1959, p. 53), medium.

Parasitic insects, of course, have been rearedin vitroon meridic diets (House 1954; Yazgan 1972; Thompson 1975). Some were reported to oviposit into artificial objects (Arthuret al.1972; Rajendram and Hagen 1974; Hoffmanet al.1975).Trichogramma pretiosumRiley laid viable eggs and development to adults occurred in small wax-resin spheres filled with host haemolymph (Hoffmanet al.1975).
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN OVIPOSITION HISTORY, CURRENT FECUNDITY, AND THE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF SPRUCE BUDWORM MOTHS (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) TO ULV AERIAL SPRAYS OF INSECTICIDES
Authors: Thomas A. W.
Published: December 2009

The susceptibility of female spruce budworm moths to ULV aerial sprays of aminocarb and phosphamidon was dependent on the proportion of the total complement of eggs a female had laid. Females which laid few eggs were not killed by the insecticides whereas spent and almost-spent females were killed. Methods are described for determining the number of eggs a female has laid, the number of eggs she has to lay, and her total fecundity. These methods are used to evaluate the efficacy of ULV aerial sprays against budworm moths.
A REVISION OF THE NEW WORLD SPECIES OF LEPTOTELEIA KIEFFER (HYMENOPTERA: SCELIONIDAE), EGG PARASITES OF CRICKETS
Authors: Masner Lubomir
Published: December 2009

The genus Leptoteleia of the New World is revised. Twenty-five species are recognized, of which 23 are new to science: L. alexandrae ♀ (Brazil), L. americana ♀ ♂ (USA), L. andreai ♀ (Cuba), L. annarum ♀ (Brazil), L. ferdinandi ♀ (Dominican Republic), L. jarmilae ♀ (Ecuador), L. josephi ♀ (Dominican Republic), L. kareli ♂ (Jamaica), L. lubomiri ♀ ♂ (Dominican Republic), L. majkae ♀ (Panama), L. marcelae ♀ ♂ (Brazil, Paraguay), L. mariae♀ ♂ (Argentina), L. marketae ♀ (Brazil), L. martae ♀ (USA), L. miladae ♀ ♂ (Brazil), L. monicae ♀ (Dominican Republic), L. normani ♀ ♂ (USA), L. petrum ♀ (Bélize), L. radeki ♀ (Dominican Republic), L. stani ♀ ♂ (Dominican Republic), L. vaclavi ♀ (USA), L. verae ♀ (Brazil), and L. zdenae ♀ ♂ (Peru). The two previously described species, L. oecanthi (Riley) ♀ ♂ and L. arndti Dozier ♀, are redescribed. Generic diagnosis of Leptoteleia and the key to New World species are given. The higher classification, interrelationships, and distribution of Leptoteleia species are discussed.
MATING COMPETITIVENESS OF IRRADIATED MALES AND FEMALES OF THE INDIAN MEAL MOTH (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE)
Authors: Brower John H.
Published: December 2009

One-day-old adults of the Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hübner), were irradiated (I) with either 35 krad (a partially sterilizing dose) or 50 krad (a sterilizing dose) and combined with untreated (U) adults at numbers of 1, 5, 10, 15, or 25 treated males or females per pair of untreated adults. At 25 males per pair, egg hatch was reduced to 4.8 and 22.2% at 35 and 50 krad, respectively. The use of the same number of I females reduced egg hatch to 0.8 and 9.4%, respectively. The calculated degree of competitiveness showed that both males and females were more competitive after treatment with 35 krad than after treatment with 50 krad and that treated females were more competitive (based on percentage egg hatch) at both doses than corresponding males. Irradiated females were fully competitive at most release ratios, but I males were not fully competitive even at the higher release ratios, although the decreases were not large enough to seriously affect their use for field control.
GENERIC REVISIONS OF MAYFLY NYMPHS: II. THRAULODES IN NORTH AND CENTRAL AMERICA (LEPTOPHLEBIIDAE)
Authors: Allen Richard K. , Brusca Richard C.
Published: December 2009

The 26 North and Central American species of Thraulodes are discussed, and synonymies and other pertinent data are presented for all species. On the basis of nymphal gill characters two groups of related species are recognized. Thraulodes brunneus, T. speciosus, T. sp. A, T. sp. B, and T. sp. G are included in the brunneus-group, and T. gonzalesi, T. lunatus, T. packeri, T. salinus. T. zonalis, T. sp. C, T. sp. D. T. sp. E, and T. sp. F form the gonzalesi-group, The 14 species of nymphs are included in an illustrated key and on distribution maps, and the account of each includes complete synonymy, nymphal description, and collection records. Nymphs designated as Thraulodes spp. A, B, C, D, E, F, and G are described, and new descriptions are presented for nymphs of T. packeri and T. zonalis.
XENOBORUS REUTER (1908): A NEW SYNONYM OF TROPIDOSTEPTES UHLER (1878), WITH DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES (HETEROPTERA: MIRIDAE)
Authors: Kelton Leonard A.
Published: December 2009

Xenoborus Reuter is synonymized with Tropidosteptes Uhler. Tropidosteptes brooksi n. sp. is described from Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, and Quebec. The species was collected on Fraxinus spp.
A METHOD OF DETECTING OVIPOSITION IN EUROPEAN CORN BORER MOTHS, OSTRINIA NUBILALIS (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE), AND ITS RELATION TO SUBSEQUENT LARVAL DAMAGE TO PEPPERS
Authors: Elliott W.M. , McClanahan R.J. , Founk J.
Published: December 2009

The formation of a yellow band inside the stalk of each ovariole was a good indicator that a female European corn borer had laid eggs. The absence of these bands was less reliable as an indicator that no eggs had been laid, probably due to the time taken for the bands to form. The numbers of moths accumulating in a light trap over a week at Harrow, Ontario, and the numbers of females estimated to have laid eggs correlated significantly with the numbers of larvae developing in nearby green pepper plots 3, 4, and 5 weeks later during second generation flights. This enabled linear equations for forecasting pepper damage to be developed, in which the dissection data was more useful than the total moth catch alone.
A NEW SPECIES RELATED TO THE GARDEN WEBWORM, WITH A KEY TO AMERICAN MEMBERS OF THE GENUS ACHYRA GUENÉE (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE: PYRAUSTINAE)
Authors: Munroe Eugene
Published: December 2009

Achyra llaguenalis n. sp., from western Peru, is described. Its relationships are briefly discussed and a key is given to known American species of the genus.
SOME FACTORS INFLUENCING PHEROMONE TRAP CATCHES OF THE EUROPEAN CORN BORER, OSTRINIA NUBILALIS (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE)
Authors: McLeod D. G. R. , Starratt A. N.
Published: December 2009

A study was made of the reason for the fairly rapid loss of attractancy of pheromone traps for the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner). This loss in attractancy appeared to be attributable mainly to formation of an inhibitory or repellent substance(s). Although traps with a suspended pheromone dispenser were significantly more attractive than traps with the dispenser placed in contact with the adhesive, they still became relatively unattractive to male corn borers within approximately 1 week.
POPULATION CYCLES OF THE DOUGLAS-FIR TUSSOCK MOTH (LEPIDOPTERA: LYMANTRIIDAE): THE TIME-DELAY HYPOTHESIS
Authors: Berryman Alan A.
Published: December 2009

A simple population model is used to test the hypothesis that Douglas-fir tussock moth population cycles are caused by time-delays in the responses of density-dependent (negative feedback) processes. The limited data that are available do not seriously conflict with this hypothesis.
PHYSIOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE EXPERIMENTAL REMOVAL OF THE CHORION (MATERNAL CUTICLE) FROM NEW LAID EGGS OF THE HOUSE CRICKET,ACHETA DOMESTICUS(ORTHOPTERA: GRYLLIDAE)
Authors: McFarlane J. E.
Published: December 2009

When new laid eggs of the house cricket are treated with a potassium biphthalate buffer (0.05 M) at pH 4.01 for 1 h, followed by a Na2CO3solution at pH 11.0 for 22 h at room temperature, the chorion lifts off the surface of the egg; by cutting off the end of the stretched chorion, the dechorionated egg may be pushed out of the shell. Dechorionated eggs behave in a different manner towards sucrose and salt solutions than do intact eggs. These and other experimental results are discussed in relation to the physiology of water absorption.
MITES PHORETIC ON THE SOUTHERN PINE BEETLE: WHEN AND WHERE THEY ATTACH
Authors: Roton L. M.
Published: December 2009

Southern pine beetles, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmerman, often carry mites as they emerge from host trees. At least 14 species of mites are phoretic (Moser and Roton 1971). But for D. frontalis, it is not clearly known where in the host tree and at what stage of the beetle's development the mites attach themselves. After the beetle larvae construct oval feeding cells, they develop in three stages: pupa, callow adults, and brood adults (Fig. 1). In trees with thick bark, the larvae bore into the outer bark from within, construct pupal cells, and pupate. But in trees with thin bark, the larvae pupate directly in the larval cells next to the xylem. Thus, the larval galleries in either case are in the living phloem adjacent to the sapwood.
SUCCESSFUL REARING OF CENOCORIXA EXPLETA (HEMIPTERA: CORIXIDAE) IN FRESH WATER
Authors: Cannings S.G.
Published: December 2009

The water boatman Cenocorixa expleta (Uhler) is an inhabitant of saline ponds in the interior of western North America (Jansson 1972; Scudder 1976). In a field survey, Scudder (1969a) failed to find this species in ponds with surface conductivities less than 3900 μmhos/cm. Although it is apparently absent from fresh water, the osmotic responses of C. expleta are essentially those of a fresh water insect (Scudder et al. 1972). Also, salinity tolerance experiments carried out by Scudder (1969b) show that at 15°C adults of the species can survive almost a month in fresh water (less than 800 μmhos/cm) without food. However, it has not been shown that C. expleta can actually develop and breed successfully in fresh water.
EFFECT OF AN INSECT GROWTH REGULATOR ON NON-TARGET ARTHROPODS IN AN AERIAL APPLICATION AGAINST THE SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE), IN NEW BRUNSWICK, CANADA
Authors: Sechser B. , Varty I. W.
Published: December 2009

Airplane application of the insect growth regulator CGA 13353, a juvenile hormone mimic used experimentally against spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), did not drastically reduce percentage parasitism in field samples of that host, but there was some evidence of susceptibility. Exploratory sampling of maple defoliators suggested that one species and its parasitoids suffered some mortality, but another species and its parasitoids did not. The treatment did not influence the viability of ant colonies.
A NEW GENUS OF CONIFEROPHAGOUS TORTRICIDAE, AND TWO NEW SPECIES (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Mutuura Akira
Published: December 2009

The new genus Archepandemis, with type-species Parapandemis borealis Freeman, 1965, is described. Two new species, A. coniferana from British Columbia and Alberta and A. morrisana from New Brunswick, are distinguished from A. borealis by characters of maculation and especially of male and female genitalia.
PARTICULATE FORMULATIONS OF ABATE® AND METHOXYCHLOR AS BLACK FLY LARVICIDES: THEIR SELECTIVE EFFECTS ON STREAM FAUNA
Authors: Helson B. V. , West A. S.
Published: December 2009

Several streams near Baie Comeau, Quebec were treated with a particulate formulation of methoxychlor (particle size 8–15 μ) or Abate® (particle size 2.5–20 μ) at a dosage of 0.1 ppm for 15 min to determine if such a formulation is effective against and selective for black fly larvae. The effects of these larvicides were evaluated by sampling the stream fauna before and after treatment with cones, Surber samplers, drift nets, and rock sampling. A new caging device, the entrapment sampler, was used to assess mortality directly.

Both larvicides were effective against Simuliidae. Neither particulate insecticide was completely selective for black fly larvae, since philopotamid larvae and some chironomid larvae were also killed. Although some other detritus-feeding insects also were affected, numerous families of insects including potential predators of Simuliidae were not affected appreciably by these particulate larvicides. Particulate Abate affected a few more families of insects than particulate methoxychlor. The comparative effects of these formulations and the corresponding liquid formulations on stream fauna are discussed. Particulate formulations are a promising alternative to the present formulations used for black fly larviciding, and further research on their safety and performance and on methods of aerial application is recommended.
ESTIMATED EGG DEPOSITION BY INVADING SPRUCE BUDWORM MOTHS (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Miller C. A. , Greenbank D. O. , Kettela E. G.
Published: December 2009

A 4000-ha block of spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), infested forest in western New Brunswick was sprayed repeatedly in 1975 during the larval stage of budworm development. The objective was to reduce the population of the 1975 generation to a minimum level so that most of the following generation eggs found on the block could be attributed to invading females, thus providing data on the impact of moth invasion.

The presence of dispersing adults in the airspace over the block was monitored by a ground-based radar unit while light traps and pheromone-baited traps were used to confirm that invasion had taken place. A total egg population of 33.8 masses per m2 of foliage was found on the block and indirect estimates suggest that invading females deposited about 10 of these masses.
AN OLD WORLD LEAF ROLLER POTENTIALLY INJURIOUS TO ROSACEAE, NEWLY DISCOVERED IN BRITISH COLUMBIA, CROESIA HOLMIANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Mutuura Akira , Munroe Eugene
Published: December 2009

In the past, several species of tortricid moths have been introduced in British Columbia and adjacent areas, for example: Ditula (Batodes) angustiorana (Haworth) at Victoria in 1924 (Clarke 1929: 13; Freeman 1958: 55; Powell 1964: 243); Cnephasia longana (Haworth) in Oregon in 1929 (Powell 1964: 124); Archippus oporanus (Linnaeus) at Vancouver in 1937 (Freeman 1958: 16); and Acleris comariana (Zeller) at Richmond near Vancouver in 1972 (Cram 1973: 17). These species are all of European or Eurasian origin.
THE MICROPYLAR AREA OF SOME HYMENOPTEROUS EGGS
Authors: Bronskill J. F. , Salkeld E. H.
Published: December 2009

During the course of a continuing investigation on egg structure in various insect orders by one of us (EHS), the eggs of some species of Hymenoptera became available for examination with the scanning electron microscope. In this note we report a re-examination of the micropylar region of the egg of the ichneumonid parasitoid Pimpla turionellae (L.) which was originally described by Bronskill (1959), and compare the morphological features of this region with those observed on the same region of the egg of the honey bee, Apis mellifera L. Because of their extremely thin and flexible chorions, the eggs of both species must be freeze-dried to maintain their normal shape in the vacuum of the microscope. They were glued to thin glass coverslips with a dilute solution of Scotch tape - chloroform adhesive, immediately frozen on dry ice, cut in half and freeze-dried for about 16 h at –70°C. The coverslip was mounted on a metal stub with conductive paint and gold-coated just prior to examination in a Cambridge Stereoscan MKI1A.
EPICORSIA HÜBNER AND ALLIED NEOTROPICAL GENERA: SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES AND DESCRIPTIONS (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE: PYRAUSTINAE)
Authors: Munroe Eugene
Published: December 2009

The following new taxa are described: Neoepicorsia fuscalis n. sp., Peru; Epicorsia chicalis n. sp., British Honduras; Protepicorsia quincemila n. sp., Peru; P. sordida n. sp., Bolivia; Ceuthobotys n. gen., type-species C. penai n. sp., Peru; Adoxobotys n. gen., type-species A. cacida (Dyar), n. comb., described in Pionea, also including A. discordalis (Dyar), n. comb., likewise described in Pionea, and A. cristobalis n. sp., Mexico; Hahncappsia suarezalis n. sp., Bolivia.

Pyrausta furvulalis n.n. is proposed to replace P. furvalis Hampson, 1913, nee Eversmann, 1842. P. furvulalis belongs in Neoepicorsia, becoming Neoepicorsia furvulalis (Munroe), n. comb.

Noorda flavidalis Hampson and Psara melanosoma Hampson are transferred to Protepicorsia, forming new combinations. P. melanosoma is sunk as a new synonym of P. flavidalis. P. flavidalis and the closely related P. sordida are the first reported mimetic Protepicorsia.

Phlyctaenia praxitalis Druce, Botys lautalis Lederer, and Boeotarcha fallalis Schaus are transferred to Hahncappsia as new combinations. H. fallalis is sunk as a new synonym of H. lautalis.

Lectotypes are designated for Psara melanosoma Hampson and Phlyctaenia praxitalis Druce.

The new and transferred taxa are characterized, differentiated, and illustrated.
REVISION OF THE SUBGENUS ACHRYSOCHARELLA GIRAULT OF AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO (CHALCIDOIDEA, EULOPHIDAE: CHRYSONOTOMYIA ASHMEAD)
Authors: Yoshemoto Carl M.
Published: December 2009

Chrysonotomyia (Achrysocharella) is represented in North America by three species groups. The formosa group includes damastes (Walker), formosa (Westwood), and ovulorum (Ratzeburg); the punctiventris group includes punctiventris (Crawford), gracillariae n. sp., hyphantriae n. sp., and borealis n. sp.; and the diastatae group includes diastatae (Howard). Keys, descriptions, host records, and comparison of the subgenera Achrysocharella Girault and Chrysonotomyia Ashmead are included. New synonymies and new combinations of names representing material incorrectly placed under Achrysocharella are also included.
SEX PHEROMONES AND SUPPRESSION OF THE CODLING MOTH (LEPIDOPTERA: OLETHREUTIDAE)
Authors: Hagley Elmer A. C.
Published: December 2009

Several authors (Charmillot and Baggiolini 1975; Proverbs et al. 1975; Roelofs et al. 1976; MacLellan 1976) have stated that mass-trapping male codling moths with sex pheromones did not provide economic control of this pest. MacLellan (1976), however, reported suppression of codling moth populations in unsprayed orchards 2-3 ha in size and Madsen et al. (1976) obtained similar results in orchards in which sprays were not applied specifically for codling moth control. In 1975 and 1976 similar studies were undertaken in three 0.5–0.75 ha plots (A, B, C) of mature apple trees at Vineland (Hagley 1970). Plots A and B had not received insecticide sprays from 1969 to 1974 and had relatively high codling moth infestation levels (Table I). Plot C had been on a pest management program since 1971.
COMPARISONS OF NESTING MATERIALS USED FOR THE ALFALFA LEAFCUTTER BEE, MEGACHILE PACIFICA (HYMENOPTERA: MEGACHILIDAE)
Authors: Richards K. W.
Published: December 2009

Nesting materials for use by the alfalfa leafcutter bee (Megachile pacifica Panzer) were compared. When all experimental designs were combined, the leafcutter bees nesting in grooved solid woods, such as pine and fir plywood, and in the polymers, styrofoam and polystyrene, produced a greater percentage of viable cells (i.e., cocoons) than those nesting in drilled boards, soda straws, K3 particle board, aluminum, or corrugated paper. Pine and polystyrene are the only nesting materials now used commercially in Western Canada and chalcidoid parasites occur in low numbers in them because the hives are made precisely. Cells can be mechanically removed from laminated grooved nesting boards so that a loose-cell system of bee management is feasible. Although more expensive initially, these boards are competitive with other nesting materials as they can be reused.
DAMAGE POTENTIAL OF THE SWEETCLOVER WEEVIL, SITONA CYLINDRICOLLIS (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE), IN THE CANADIAN PRAIRIES
Authors: Craig C. H.
Published: December 2009

Adults of the sweetclover weevil, Sitona cylindricollis Fähr., injure seedling, vegetative, and yearling sweet clover, Melilotus officinalis (L.) Lam. In field cage tests an infestation of 1 weevil: 7 seedlings at the cotyledon stage destroyed less than 5%, and an infestation of 1 weevil: 1 seedling destroyed 100% of the seedlings. Significant reduction of seedlings was caused by infestations of I weevil: 3 or 5 seedlings depending upon growing conditions. An infestation of 4.5 to 9 weevils per emergent second-year plant caused a significant reduction, and an infestation of 18 weevils per plant caused almost total destruction of second-year forage yield. In the Canadian mid-west, weevil populations seldom exceed these minimum threshold values, therefore the weevil should not be considered a deterrent to either stand establishment or to stand retention in the second year. Defoliation of vegetative clover by weevils at the beginning of and mid-way through the critical period, which extends from 15 August to 20 September, caused a 50% loss of second-year forage yield. Because of cultural practices associated with sweet clover production in western Canada this may be the most severe type of injury wrought by the weevil.
EFFECT OF INSECTICIDES ON THE PEA APHID, ACYRTHOSIPHON PISUM (HEMIPTERA: APHIDIDAE), AND ASSOCIATED FAUNA ON ALFALFA
Authors: Harper A. M.
Published: December 2009

Four insecticides effectively controlled the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), but differed in their effects on other pest species and on predators. Two days after treatment, methidathion, dimethoate, and malathion reduced populations of all the pest species, but pirimicarb gave no control of the weevils Hypera postica (Gyllenhal) and Sitona scissifrons Say. Methidathion reduced populations of all predators, dimethoate reduced populations of all predators except Aeolothrips fasciatus (Linnaeus), and malathion reduced populations of all the predators except Nabis alternates Parshley. Pirimicarb reduced only the populations of syrphids. Of the insecticides tested, methidathion was the most disruptive to predators and pirimicarb the least.
CONTACT TOXICITY OF 34 INSECTICIDES TO SECOND-STAGE NYMPHS OF LEPTOGLOSSUS CORCULUS (HEMIPTERA: COREIDAE)
Authors: DeBarr Gary L. , Nord John C.
Published: December 2009

Second-stage nymphs of the leaffooted pine seedbug, Leptoglossus corculus (Say), were highly susceptible to most of 34 topically applied insecticides, twenty-six chemicals ad Ld50 values of less than 5 μg/g of body weight. Nine insecticides — aldicarb, aminocarb, azinphosmethyl, carbofuran, dicrotophos, FMC 45498 ((−)-(Cyano) (3-phenoxyphenyl)-methyl (+)-cis-3-(2,2-dibromovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane-1-carboxylate), monocrotophos, propoxur, and SD 43775 (Cyano(3-phenoxyphenyl)methyl-4-chloro-alpha-(1-methylethyl)benzeneacetate) — had LD90 values of less than 1 μg/g of body weight. There was good agreement between the relative toxicities of insecticides applied topically to the leaffooted pine seedbug in these laboratory tests and the effectiveness of several insecticides previously tested in the field.
TIP DAMAGE AS AN INDEX OF NANTUCKET PINE TIP MOTH POPULATION DENSITY (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Stephen F. M. , Wallis G. W.
Published: December 2009

In order to establish a functional relationship between damaged pine tips apparently infested with Nantucket pine tip moth, Rhyacionia frustrana (Comstock), and within-tip larval and pupal population, X-ray techniques were used to determine numbers of actually infested tips and the numbers of tip moth immatures contained therein. Linear relationships existed between these variables and changes in tip moth density. The effect of different plantations, tip moth generations, season, and tree age did not significantly alter the observed relationships. Approximately 40% of the damaged (i.e. apparently infested) tips were actually infested, and these tips contained an average of 1.4 tip moth immatures per tip. The equation Y = −.509 +.57X estimates the number of tip moth immatures, given the number of apparently damaged tips per tree (r2 =.71).
DESCRIPTIONS AND OBSERVATIONS ON HOST ASSOCIATIONS OF SOME LARVAL ARRENUROIDEA (PROSTIGMATA: PARASITENGONA), WITH COMMENTS ON PHYLOGENY IN THE SUPERFAMILY
Authors: Smith Ian M.
Published: December 2009

Larvae of 13 species representing eight genera and seven families of Arrenuroidea are described, including those of Momonia marciae Habeeb, Midea expansa Marshall, Midea alaris Young (? = M. determina Marshall), Laversia berulophila Cook, Mideopsis (s.s.) crassipes Soar, Mideopsis (s.s.) borealis Habeeb, Mideopsis (s.s.) marshallae Cook, and Mideopsis (Xystonotus) aspera (Wolcott) for the first time. Diagnoses and keys are provided for the genera, subgenera, and species groups involved. Information on host associations is given for each species. Observations on morphology and host associations of these larvae provide the basis for an original, though preliminary, outline of phylogeny in the superfamily.
TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENT MODEL FOR PREDICTING FIELD POPULATIONS OF GREEN PEACH APHID, MYZUS PERSICAE (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE)
Authors: Whalon Mark E. , Smilowitz Zane
Published: December 2009

A temperature-dependent model for predicting green peach aphid population development in potato fields was devised and tested. A laboratory estimate of generation time was utilized to derive expected generation number from field accumulated degree days (1975–77). Different aphid populations were produced in replicated field plots (1975–77) with various application rates of the systemic insecticide, aldicarb. Density data from these plots were regressed on the expected number of generations to derive prediction equations. These equations were coupled in a Fortran computer program with a degree day algorithm. Weather forecasts, therefore, provide input for future aphid population predictions. The model is being used to evaluate various control strategies and to decide on spray dates from weather forecasts.
A NEW SPECIES OF THE GENUS ZDENEKIANA HUGG. IN CANADA (HYMENOPTERA: CHALCIDOIDEA: PTEROMALIDAE)
Authors: Huggert Lars
Published: December 2009

When visiting the Canadian National Collection (CNC), Ottawa in the spring of 1978, I not only studied Proctotrupoidea but also worked with Pteromalidae. To my great surprise, I came upon a female specimen of a Zdenekiana Hugg., previously only known from the type-species Z. plana (Hugg.), described from one reared pupa out of six found under pine bark in northern Sweden (Huggert 1976a, b).
A STEPWISE COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR ESTIMATING DEVELOPMENT TIME AND SURVIVAL OF AEDES VEXANS (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE) LARVAE AND PUPAE IN FIELD POPULATIONS IN SOUTHERN ALBERTA
Authors: Slater J. D. , Pritchard G.
Published: December 2009

Growth and survival rates for larvae and pupae of Aedes vexans (Meigen) were measured in the laboratory at constant temperatures of 10°, 15°, 20°, 25°, and 30 °C. Growth rates in all stages increased with temperature except for 1st stage larvae which developed marginally faster at 25°C than at 30°C. The shortest stage at all temperatures was the 2nd, followed in most cases by the 3rd, 1st, and 4th larval stages, and then pupae; pupae and 4th stage larvae took markedly longer to develop at low temperatures. Average survival rate was about 99% every 3 h for larvae and 98% for pupae. At 10° and 15°C, 1st and 2nd stage larvae survived no better than later stages, but at the higher temperatures survival to the 3rd stage larva was better than 90% but decreased markedly in the 3rd and 4th stages. Overall survival was highest at 25°C. Mosquitoes reared at 10°C did not pupate, while those reared at 30 °C pupated but adults did not emerge.

These laboratory data were used in a computer program whose output under field temperature regimes was compared with events in the field. The program works in 3 h time-steps. Rate of development varies with temperature and utilizes a modification of the algorithm of Stinner et al. (1975); the modification removes time as the independent variable in the development equation. Mortality rates are constant at 1% every 3 h for larvae and 2% for pupae. The program’s predictions for graduation from one stage to the next in the field population were all within about 13 h of the observed times and at the start of the pupal stage after 400 h, the output was running 13 h slow. The program appears to run slow at median temperatures below 10 °C and fast at median temperatures above 14°C. Events in the laboratory rearings are offered as possible explanations for these discrepancies. Predicted population size was close to that observed until the late 4th stage larva, from which point it deviated markedly. Pupal mortality in the field was much higher than in the laboratory.
HOST RESISTANCE TO THE FIR ENGRAVER BEETLE, SCOLYTUS VENTRALIS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE): 4. EFFECT OF DEFOLIATION ON WOUND MONOTERPENE AND INNER BARK CARBOHYDRATE CONCENTRATIONS
Authors: Wright L. C. , Berryman A. A. , Gurusiddaiah S.
Published: December 2009

Monoterpene production, inner bark carbohydrate concentrations, and fir engraver attacks on grand fir were monitored for 3 years following Douglas-fir tussock moth defoliation. Monoterpenes were reduced for 2 years following defoliation. Defoliation caused a reduction in total sugars the first year following defoliation and a reduction in starch the second year. Total sugars and the previous year’s starch concentrations were positively correlated with monoterpene production. The trees which produced the least amounts of monoterpenes were the ones successfully attacked by the fir engraver.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE MORTALITY OF LEAFMINERS ARGYRESTHIA THUIELLA AND PULICALVARIA THUJAELLA (LEPIDOPTERA: YPONOMEUTIDAE AND GELECHIIDAE) ON EASTERN WHITE CEDAR, IN ONTARIO
Authors: Bazinet N. L. , Sears M. K.
Published: December 2009

Mortality factors affecting populations of the leafminers Argyresthia thuiella (Pack.) and Pulicalvaria thujaella (Kft.), on eastern white cedar in the area of Guelph, Ontario were identified and summarized in life tables. During the two annual generations studied from 1975 to 1977, overwintering mortality varied widely. Winterkill increased from 6.8% to 62.9% for A. thuiella and from 8.1% to 54.6% for P. thujaella, from 1976 to 1977. Several parasitoids produced substantial mortality of each host species, but their effect may have been superseded by winterkill in 1977. Data indicate that both populations of leafminers increased from 1975 to 1976 but decreased substantially from 1976 to 1977.
EFFECT OF HOST TREE ACTIVITY ON THE RATE OF YOLK PROTEIN DEPOSITION IN DENDROCTONUS RUFIPENNIS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: Sahota T. S. , Ibaraki A.
Published: December 2009

Comparison of yolk protein deposition rates as inferred from rates of leucine incorporation in ovarial yolk proteins was made between Dendroctonus rufipennis caged on living white spruce trees and freshly cut logs of the same species. Samples coinciding with resin exudation into the beetle galleries by the living tree revealed significant inhibition of this rate as compared with that observed on cut logs. These results constitute a clear example of the effect of a specific event in the tree on the reproductive processes of the adult beetle. Advantages of measuring rate of yolk deposition over counting total oviposition for determining the effect of various factors on reproduction are discussed.
OBSERVATIONS ON DISTRIBUTION, SEASONAL LIFE HISTORY, AND ABUNDANCE OF FLEA BEETLES (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE) THAT INFEST RAPE CROPS IN MANITOBA
Authors: Wylie H. G.
Published: December 2009

Phyllotreta cruciferae (Goeze) was usually the most abundant flea beetle on crops of Argentine rape, Brassica napus L., in Manitoba, followed in order by Phyllotreta striolata (F.) and Psylliodes punctulata Melsh. These three species and small numbers of Phyllotreta bipustulata (F.) were present on volunteer rape in the spring. A few specimens of a fifth rape-eating species, Phyllotreta robusta Lee, were trapped in April after hibernating. The three main species were recorded in all 16 localities in which samples of flea beetles on rape crops and/or volunteer rape were collected. Details of seasonal life history of each species are presented, as well as data on the abundance of the three main species throughout the year on rape crops, in overwintering habitats and on volunteer rape in spring. The relative abundance of P. cruciferae, P. striolata, and Ps. punctulata in different rape-growing areas of Manitoba is discussed.
CHARACTERISTICS OF SPRUCE BEETLE (COLEOPTERA) INFESTATION IN FELLED WHITE SPRUCE IN ALASKA
Authors: Furniss Malcolm M. , Baker Bruce H. , Werner Richard A. , Yarger Larry C.
Published: December 2009

The antiaggregation pheroraone MCH was ineffective in preventing spruce beetle infestation in felled spruce near Hope, Alaska. In October, most progeny were larvae but some were pupae and new adults. Densities of spruce beetle attacks and progeny on the shaded under side of stems were about twice those on the upper side, whereas attacks of Polygraphus rufipennis (Kirby) and Dryocoetes affaber (Mann.) on the upper side were 100 times those on the under side. Ips tridens engelmanni Swain was present in only 2% of bark samples. Entomophagous insects were scarce; only Medetera sp. and Coeloides sp. were found. Spruce beetle progeny were 45 times more abundant than attacking parents. Factors affecting the efficiency of sampling spruce beetle attacks and progeny are discussed.
EFFECTS OF INSECT GROWTH REGULATORS ON THE WESTERN SPRUCE BUDWORM (CHORISTONEURA OCCIDENTALIS) (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE): II. FECUNDITY AND FERTILITY REDUCTION FOLLOWING LAST INSTAR TREATMENTS
Authors: Robertson Jacqueline L. , Kimball Richard A.
Published: December 2009

The fecundity and fertility of parent adult western spruce budworm, Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman, which survived treatment with IGRs in their last larval stage was assessed. With few exceptions, IGR treatment significantly reduced both reproductive factors regardless of whether the male or female parent had been treated. A simple model estimating population reduction in the F1-generation based on lethal and reproductive effects on the parents is described. If IGRs were applied at a dosage of 154 g/ha (ca. 2 oz/acre), the estimated percentages of F1 reduction which would result ranged from 74.6 (ZR-515) to 99+ (ZR-512 and Ro 10-3108 (oil)).
VERNAL MIGRATION OF THE MONARCH BUTTERFLY (DANAUS P. PLEXIPPUS, LEPIDOPTERA: DANAIDAE) IN NORTH AMERICA FROM THE OVERWINTERING SITE IN THE NEO-VOLCANIC PLATEAU OF MEXICO
Authors: Urquhart F. A. , Urquhart N. R.
Published: December 2009

The vernal migration routes of the eastern population of the monarch butterfly (Danaus p. plexippus L.) in North America were plotted from data resulting from the recapture of migrants alar tagged in the overwintering site of the Neo-volcanic Plateau of Mexico. One migrant, which had been alar tagged at Decorah, Iowa, on 3 September 1973, and recaptured 7 months later on 8 April 1974 at Richmond, Texas, led to the conclusion that this particular migrant had flown to the Mexican overwintering site and was recaptured on its return vernal flight. This recapture also gave data indicating that it was not returning to the original breeding area, from which it is concluded that although some migrants may return to the original breeding grounds many may not do so.