bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diurnal and nocturnal strategies of the bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus (Pallas)
Authors: WASER PETER
Published: April 2008

Bushbuck density, activity cycles, and ranging patterns on the Mweya Peninsula have been determined by continuous observation of individually recognizable animals. Individuals were followed for periods of 2 to 12 h, and observations were continued at night with the aid of a Starlight Scope image intensifier.

The density of this population of bushbuck is very high compared to those reported using more standard censusing techniques. Home range size is larger (15‐3‐35‐2 ha) for adult and subadult males than for females and immatures. Sex ratios show a preponderance of adult females, as has been reported for other populations.

Contrary to most published accounts, these bushbuck are no more active at night than during the day; rather, they exhibit cycles of activity with a periodicity of 2–5 h. A crepuscular peak of movement is, however, apparent. Examination of individual home ranges and of ranging patterns indicates that this crepuscular activity peak is connected with a complete disjunction of areas utilized at night and during the day. Bushbuck move out of thickets into patches of grassland at dusk, returning to thickets before dawn. Other differences between nocturnal and diurnal activity include an increase in the relative amount of grazing at night. Possible reasons for these phenomena, in particular the probable role of predation, are discussed.
The numbers and distribution of large mammals in Ruaha National Park, Tanzania*
Authors: NORTON‐GRIFFITHS M.
Published: April 2008

Two aerial sample counts were carried out in Ruaha National Park, Tanzania, in the dry season of 1972 and the wet season of 1973. Population estimates of elephant, buffalo and other large mammals were made, and trend surface analysis was used to identify the basic gradients and contours of density, diversity and biomass within the Park. A cluster analysis, based on similarities between principal component scores, and validated by a multiple discriminant analysis, produced a classification of the Park into three Regions which differed significantly in densities, diversity and biomass.

Ruaha Park carries year round a high density of elephants (1–7 km‐8). Seasonal movements into and out of the Park were not found, although movements within and between Regions could be detected.
Temporal patterns of reproduction in ungulates of Tsavo East National Park, Kenya
Authors: LEUTHOLD WALTER , LEUTHOLD BARBARA M.
Published: April 2008

Temporal patterns of reproduction in nine species of ungulates were studied by means of repeated road strip counts and through observation of individually known females. Zebra and oryx show one distinct peak of births annually, Coke's hartebeest two peaks per year, but all these species may give birth throughout the year. In waterbuck, impala, Grant's gazelle, gerenuk, lesser kudu and giraffe no marked peaks were evident, i.e. reproduction is largely non‐seasonal. Only the warthog (though not studied in detail) has a short, distinct reproductive season. While mean rainfall and temperatures follow a well‐defined seasonal pattern, rainfall is often irregularly distributed, both in time and in space, and varies considerably from year to year. For most species, more or less continuous reproduction may therefore be more advantageous than a seasonal pattern related to average climatic conditions. Other factors influencing the temporal pattern of reproduction include phylogenetic relationships and food habits. Seasonal reproduction is more marked in grazers than in browsers, and this difference is probably related to seasonal changes in food quality.
Rainfall, primary production and ‘carrying capacity’ of Tsavo National Park (East), Kenya
Authors: PHILLIPSON JOHN
Published: April 2008

Annual and monthly rainfall records (1969‐72) for the southern section of Tsavo National Park (East) were used to estimate net primary production above ground. Annual estimates of mean primary production varied between 210 g nr‐2 a‐1 (1971) and 545 g nr‐2 a‐1 (1969). The distribution limits of elephant deaths during 1970‐71 showed good correlation with the annual 200 g nr‐2 a‐1 contours.

The calculated food consumption of the elephant population indicated txhat 4–7% of the primary production was eaten in years of good rainfall and 8–12% in drought years. Monthly food consumption was used to demonstrate that in a year where 4 to 5 consecutive months fell below the large mammal food requirement some mortality occurred.

Maps showing the probability of a given level of primary production occurring in a specific region in any one month related very well to recorded elephant distributions. Further maps showing the probability with time of 4 and 5 consecutive months with primary production below the food requirements of the large mammals predicted 5 and 10 year and 43–50 year periodicities in primary production. The influence of the annual and longer term periodicities is discussed, and illustrated by generalized models which predict the ‘carrying capacities’ of the habitat for the different faunal categories.

The potential of the probability maps for management purposes was demonstrated by reference to the ‘elephant problem’ and the much discussed recommendations of culling and non‐interference. On the available evidence it is believed that, in Tsavo (East), non‐interference is the better management policy.
Reproduction in the giraffe in relation to some environmental factors
Authors: HALL‐MARTIN A. J. , SKINNER J. D. , DYK J. M. VAN
Published: April 2008

Environmental influences on reproduction in female giraffe were investigated by calculating conception dates for 123 calves and twenty foetal giraffe from the eastern Transvaal, South Africa. Of these, 60% occurred during the 4 months December to March. This period is the peak of the austral summer when plant leaf production is at a maximum, the preferred food species of the giraffe are abundant and the protein and energy content of these are high. Rainfall is also highest at this time. Conceptions also occurred in all other months of the year. Data on calving from captive animals in Australia, and from wild giraffe elsewhere in South and East Africa were also included in the study. Nineteen adult male giraffe collected over a period of 1 year from the eastern Transvaal were also investigated. Seminiferous tubule diameter fluctuated with age but regular seasonal fluctuation was not apparent. Testicular testosterone concentration varied from trace amounts to 10.1 μg/g. Testes mass and epididymes mass were closely correlated with age but no seasonal effects were apparent.
The feeding ecology of wildebeest and zebra in Athi‐Kaputei plains
Authors: OWAGA MARY L.
Published: April 2008

Food habit studies on wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus Burchell) and plains zebra (Equus burchelli Gray), using stomach contents analysis, were carried out between April 1972 and October 1973 in the Athi‐Kaputei plains and Nguruman in Kajiado district. Both areas fall within the semi‐arid region of Kenya and are grazed by both Masai stock and wildlife.

Wildebeest was highly selective for grass leaves, while zebra took more of the coarse plant materials, viz. sheath and stem. Zebra is more suited to coarse feeding, which enables it to survive the droughts better than wildebeest. The latter is usually hit harder at such times, as it cannot maintain itself on the fibrous materials which can constitute a maintenance diet for zebra.
Breeding of the lappet‐faced and white‐headed vultures (Torgos tracheliotus Forster and Trigonoceps occipitalis Burchell) on the Serengeti Plains, Tanzania
Authors: PENNYCUICK C. J.
Published: April 2008

The lappet‐faced and white‐headed vulture nests in a 1636 km2 study area on the Serengeti Plains were kept under observation from June 1972 to August 1973. Active nests were inspected from a light aircraft at intervals of approximately 2 weeks.

The inverse nesting densities were estimated as 43 km2/pair for the lappet‐faced vulture and 409 km2/pair for the white‐headed vulture. Nests were built of sticks in exposed sites on the crowns of trees, Acacia tortilis being the most popular species. Where the previous history was known, 44% of lappet‐faced vulture nests were newly constructed, and the rest re‐used from the previous year.

The incubation period was about 55 days and the fledging period about 100 days in both species. Juveniles continued to frequent their nests after they could fly, sometimes for several months.

Most lappet‐faced vultures laid their eggs in April‐May, the white‐headed vultures in June‐August. This means that the lappet‐faced vultures raised their young during the dry season, when Grant's and Thomson's gazelles were the only animals present in any numbers on the plains. By contrast, the Ruppell's griffons nesting in the nearby Gol Escarpment colony raise their young during February‐May, when the wildebeest and zebra herds are normally on the plains.

The survival rate of lappet‐faced vultures from laying to fledging was about 40%. The chicks are thought to be vulnerable to predation by tawny eagles, and one was known to have been killed by a leopard. Three adult vultures were killed on their nests, from unknown causes.

Food remains from lappet‐faced vulture nests showed a heavy preponderance of Grant's and Thomson's gazelles in all cases, with golden jackal the next most commonly occurring species. No food remains were obtained from white‐headed vulture nests.

The possibility of using aerial counts of vulture nests as an indicator of productivity is discussed.
Immobilization of African buffaloes (Syncerus caffer coffer) in large numbers for veterinary research
Authors: DRÄGER N. , PATTERSON L. , BRETON D.
Published: April 2008

Four hundred and eleven African buffaloes were immobilized with etorphine hydrochloride (M99, Reckitts) and sampled under difficult conditions in North Western Botswana. The buffaloes were darted from a helicopter in 36 days. 584 darts were fired giving a success rate of 70‐5%. Various age groups in three separate buffalo populations were included.

The technique and difficulties encountered when working from a helicopter are described. Mechanical failure of the darting equipment was negligible.

A breakdown of the costs involved is given and a comparison made with similar work carried out solely from land vehicles.
Palatability factors and nutritive values of the food of buffaloes (Syncerus caffer) in Uganda
Authors: FIELD C. R.
Published: April 2008

The food preferences of tame buffaloes grazing different vegetation types were recorded. The effects of fire and rainfall were investigated. By initiating a new growth cycle, fire altered the food habits of large herbivores and also the distribution of small mammals. Seasonal variations in the effect of rainfall on plant growth explains why preferences did not change in proportion to precipitation.

The more important grasses were collected and their parts analysed physically and chemically. Their stem to leaf ratio is considered to have influenced the species eaten by coarse grazers such as buffalo. A broad correlation was obtained between buffalo preferences and the percentage green leaf of Hyparrhenia filipendula and Themeda triandra. This correlation was improved when preferences were compared with the number of grams green leaf carbohydrate per 100 g dry grass. There was a negative response to the silica present in dead leaves, but stem fibre appeared to have little effect on preferences. A grazing animal experiences a combination of attractants and repellants, i.e. green leaf carbohydrate and protein less stem fibre and dead leaf silica.

Other palatability factors were noted, in particular tannins and oils in grasses of the tribe Andropogoneae. These may act as repellants, possibly only when the grazing animal has alternative vegetation from which to choose.

The mineral content of grasses appeared to be adequate and calcium and phosphorus were present in about the required proportions.

The observations support the belief that selective grazing enables a herbivore to consume a diet of significantly higher nutritive value than that of the average sward. Browsing and new growth after fire help compensate for the low nutritive value of pasture during the dry season. The nutritive value of the diet is considered to be the proximal factor in the seasonal cycle of reproduction of the buffalo and probably the ultimate factor in the reproduction of certain other ungulates and rodents.
The frequency and extent of uncontrolled grass fires in the Rwenzori National Park, Uganda
Authors: ELTRINGHAM S. K.
Published: April 2008

The area of grassland affected by uncontrolled fires was recorded in the Rwenzori National Park for each dry season between July 1970 and July 1973 with the exception of the January 1973 season. The seasonal total of burnt grassland rose to a peak of 32 7% in January 1971 but there was then a marked decline to a negligible level in July 1971. This was followed by a further steady rise which by July 1973 had reached to within 3% of the previous peak. 13 4% of the park was burnt at least once a year on average, and 55 3% was burnt at some time or other during the 3 years. Burning was not uniformly distributed throughout the park and four regions at high risk from fire are identified for particular attention should a fire control policy be introduced. The need for a controlled burning policy is emphasized particularly in view of the destruction of trees which is taking place through the agency of elephants.
Diurnal activity patterns of elephant in the Sengwa Area, Rhodesia
Authors: GUY P. R.
Published: April 2008

Nine different diurnal activities of elephant—grazing, browsing, debarking, drinking, wallowing, resting in the shade, resting in the open or sun, certain social activities and walking—were monitored during the day. Possible reasons for seasonal differences in time spent per hour engaged in each of these activities are given.
The numbers and distribution of elephant Loxodonta africana in the Rwenzori National Park and Chambura Game Reserve, Uganda
Authors: ELTRINGHAM S. K.
Published: April 2008

A series of aerial counts of elephant made between 1968 and 1972 in the Rwenzori National Park and Chambura Game Reserve, Uganda, is described. A summary is included of all previous aerial counts made in the region. Numbers present in the park since 1963 averaged 1752 during the dry seasons, some 3/5 of the wet season mean of 2896. Corresponding figures for the reserve are 325 and 501. The distribution was very significantly aggregated for each count and remained so when the totals for all counts were lumped. The distribution tended to be more aggregated in dry than in wet seasons. The overall density in the park was 1.43 elephant km‐2 with wet and dry season means of 1.74 and 1.05 respectively. Corresponding figures for the reserve are 2.06, 2.42 and 1.57 km‐2. The mean group size in the park was 6.3 elephant but there were significant variations over the whole range of observations although not between wet and dry season means. The elephant in the reserve were highly aggregated with a mean group size of 28.8. It is concluded that there was a significant rise in the wet season population of the park between 1963 and 1968 but that subsequently, numbers remained fairly stable. Numbers in the dry season and in the reserve at all seasons have not varied significantly since 1963. It is suggested that the wet season rise has been due to a reduction in the area of grazing land available outside the park at this time of year. It is concluded that vegetational differences are responsible for the un even distribution of elephant with human disturbance having an effect in some areas. It is believed that in the region censused, there are at least three distinct populations of elephant of which only that in the reserve is showing signs of stress.
Comparison of voluntary food and water consumption and digestion in Kirk's dikdik and suni
Authors: HOPPE PETER P.
Published: April 2008

Voluntary food and water consumption of Kirk's dikdik (Madoqua kirki) and suni (Nesotragus moschatus) was determined under controlled laboratory conditions. Both species consumed large amounts of dried matter (lucerne hay leaves) per day. Dry matter consumption of dikdik accounted for 3.8 ± 0.5% and of suni for 3.5 ± 0.2% of body weight. Dry matter intake in one immature dikdik and one female dikdik during late pregnancy and lactation was considerably higher.

Dikdik drank very little water (278 ml/day, equalling 83 ml/kg0.82) which is further proof of their adaptation to arid environment. Suni drank about twice as much (401 ml/day, equalling 155 ml/kg0.82), but individual variation of water con sumption was high. Thus, the forest‐dwelling suni seems to be less adapted to de hydration than the dikdik.

There was no difference in the digestibility of dry matter and gross energy of lucerne hay leaves for dikdik and suni. The fraction of N‐free extracts which consists mainly of soluble carbohydrates was digested very well (84% and 81%, respectively), whereas fibre and cellulose digestibility was poor. Suni digested crude protein, minerals and cellulose significantly better than dikdik.
Haematozoa of East African birds: III. Three years' observations on the blood parasites of birds from Ngulia
Authors: PEIRCE M. A. , BACKHURST G. C. , BACKHURST D. E. G.
Published: April 2008

A survey of blood parasites of birds from Ngulia in Kenya was carried out during the period November‐December for the years 1973–1975. A total of 468 birds was examined of which 179 (38.2%) were infected with one or more parasites. Together with a re‐examination of material from previous surveys for taxonomic purposes, the following species were identified; Haemoproteus anthi, H. centropi, H. columbae, H. coraciae, H. fallisi, H. fringillae, H. lanii, H. morneti, H. orizivorae, H. sanguinis, H. tendeiroi, H. zosteropsi, Leucocytozoon brimonti, L. coccyzus, L. dinizi, L. dub‐reuili, L. eurystomi, L. fringillinarum, L. marchouxi, Plasmodium relictum, P. rouxi, P. vaughani, Trypanosoma everetti, T. mayae, T. pycnonoti and Babesiu rustica. Unidentified species of haemogregarines, Aegyptianella, Rickettsia and microfilaria were also observed. The significance of migrant birds as reservoirs of infection, together with the probable seasonality of patent infections in the resident population is discussed.
Aerial systematic sampling applied to censuses of large mammal populations in Kenya
Authors: PENNYCUICK C. J. , SALE J. B. , PRICE M. STANLEY , JOLLY G. M.
Published: April 2008

Four systematic sample censuses are described, one of elephants in Tsavo East National Park, and three of kongoni on the Athi‐Kapiti Plains. Flight paths in the form of a regular grid with 5‐km spacing were used. Distribution maps from each census are shown.

A statistical test is described, which revealed the presence in two of the censuses of non‐random features in the spatial distribution of the animals, on a scale large enough to interact with the sampling grid. It is recognized that this could lead to an inflated estimate of variance, as compared to that which would be obtained from a stratified random sample, but it is thought unlikely that any effect of this kind would be appreciable in practice.
Seasonal change in group size amongst five wild herbivore species
Authors: RODGERS W. A.
Published: April 2008

Species group size, a parameter increasingly used in mammal census work is discussed in the light of 47 months' data for five gregarious species. It is shown that group size parameters fluctuate seasonally, can be correlated with social and reproductive behaviour and are basically predictable. Species with a closed family unit structure exhibit a constant group size whilst those with an open structure exhibit large seasonal changes.

Group density and group size for two finite animal populations are compared and the two dependent variables are found to be significantly correlated.
Foraging behaviour of the giant leaf‐nosed bat (Hipposideros commersoni)
Authors: VAUGHAN TERRY A.
Published: April 2008

Observations of the giant leaf‐nosed bat (Hipposideros commersoni) were made in southern Kenya, East Africa. This bat was present in the study area only in March and early April, at the beginning of the March to May rains, and during the November and December rains. Only females were recorded. Food was large beetles of the families Cerambycidae, Elateridae, Scarabeidae and Chrysomelidae. The bats foraged chiefly in riverine vegetation, where they typically used vantage points some 6 m above the ground in acacia trees. Detection of prey at long range from a vantage point, the selection of large prey, precise assessment of the distance and trajectory of the prey, and interception of prey by brief and direct flights tend to optimize the energy return/ unit of time during foraging. The echolocation signals in relation to foraging style are considered.

Les observations sur la chauve‐souris Hipposideros commersoni ont été faites au sud du Kenya en Afrique de I'est. Cette chauve‐souris n‘était présente dans la région surveillée qu'en Mars et le debut d'Avril, au commencement de Mars jusqu'aux pluies de Mai, et durant les pluies de Novembre et de Décembre. Seules les femelles furent enregistrées. Leur nourriture consistait de larges coléoptéres membre des familles Cerambycidae, Elateridae, Scarabeidae et Chrysomelidae. I1 a été observe que les chauves‐souris fourrageaient principallement sur la végétation au long des riviéres où elles utilisaient des points d'avantage typiquement à 6 m au dessus du terrain, dans des acacias. II est déduit que la detection à longue protée et d'un point d'avantage des proies, l'évaluation précise de la distance et du trajectoire de la proie, autant que I'interception de celle‐ci par des vols brefs et directes, tendent à hausser au maximum le gain d'énergie par unité de temps pendant le fourrage. Les signaux d'écholocation sont aussi considérés en rapport au style de fourrage.
Feeding habits of spotted hyaenas in a woodland habitat
Authors: BEARDER SIMON K.
Published: April 2008

The feeding habits of spotted hyaenas were recorded during a 2‐year full‐time study in the Lowveld of South Africa. The animals were observed for 335 h at night using artificial light. These results were supplemented by the analysis of 200 regurgitations and 527 scats collected on a monthly basis over 12 months, with a consideration of the availability of different prey species. It is argued that regurgitation gets rid of any excess of hair, the remainder in the scats giving an indication of the frequency with which hyaenas feed on each species. Hyaena foraging habits are outlined for this densely wooded habitat, where the difficulty of observing hunting behaviour may inevitably tend to an unrealistic bias towards scavenging. Faecal analysis is discussed as a guide to the most likely sources of food consumed by hyaenas and hence to their importance in a natural area.

Les habitudes nourrices de l'hyéne tachetée ont été marqué pendant une étude complbte durant 2 ans dans le Lowveld de 1'Afrique du Sud. Les animaux étaient observés de nuit pendant 335 heures utilisant une lumière artificielle. Les observations ttaient surtout limitées aux sites des antres, proies et endroits d'amorce, à cause de la végétation dense. Ces résultats étaient supplémentés par l'analyse de 200 vomisse‐ments et 527 faeces recueillis tous les mois sur une ptriode de douze mois, en con‐sidérant l'abondité des différentes espèces de proies. C'est discutt que les vomissements dtbarrasse I'animal d'excés de poils, les restes des faeces donnant une indication de la frtquence aux laquelle les hyènes se nourrissaient de chaque espèce. Les piols de giraffe et d'impala ont été trouvts avec presque la même régularité dans les faeces, comptant pour plus de 75 pourcent des régistres pour dix mois de l'année. Environ 25 pourcent de tous les faeces montraient que les hytnes avaient mangé de la viande. Une grande partie d'une giraffe tute par un lion ttait mise a la disposition des hyénes balayages à cause de sa large taille et de sa peau tpaisse. D'autres sources de charognes ttaient moindres ou irrégulière en occurrence. A part quelques 0s et de la peau, qui avaient ttt rament à l'antre, les restants de nourriture étaient généralement abandonnés durant la journeé. C'est supposé que les hyknes chassent surtout I'impala et quecette espéce présente la régime principal au moment ou les autres nourritures divien‐nent difficile à obtenir. Les moyens par lesquels les hyènes découvrent leur nourriture sont notés et leur importance dans un endroit nature1 est discutée.
Seasonal variation in the protein content and the grazing of some tropical savanna grasses
Authors: AFOLAYAN T. A. , FAFUNSHO M.
Published: April 2008

This paper presents the effects of seasonal variation on the protein contents of four grass species examined in the experimental fire plots at Kainji Lake National Park in the Northern Guinea savanna zone of Nigeria. Also reported is the proportion of grass utilized on year‐long basis.

Tropical savanna grasses generally have higher protein contents at the beginning of the growing season than at the end when they become tall, coarse and unpalatable. It is also shown that the percentage of grass species utilized by game follow the seasonal changes in their protein contents; utilization being highest when the protein content of grass is optimum. It is stressed that trees, shrubs and forbs should not be totally eliminated from grazing lands because of the great contribution they make to animal feeding during the dry season when the grasses become dry and coarse with low nutritive value.
Seasonality of reproduction in the sable antelope
Authors: SEKULIC RANKA
Published: April 2008

The timing of reproduction of the sable antelope Hippotragus niger roosevelti was studied in the Shimba Hills National Reserve, Kenya. The pattern of four herds was followed through a 3‐year period. Distribution of births throughout the year charac terizes this population while sable in southern latitudes calve seasonally. In the Shimba Hills members of a herd may synchronize their reproduction and possible adaptive significance of such synchrony is discussed.

L'époque de reproduction de 1'Antilope Sable, Hippotragus niger roosevelti a étéétudiée dans la Réserve Nationale de Shimba Hills, au Kenya. La composition de quatre troupeaux fut suivie durant une période de trois ans. La répartition des naissances tout aulong de 1'année est caractéristique de cette population alors que, sous des latitudes plus méridionales, l'Antilope Sable met bas saisonnièrement. Dans les Shimba Hills, il se peut que les membres d'un troupeau parviennent à synchroniser leur cycle de reproduction, et le sens d'une adaptation possible à une telle synchronisation est discuté.
Intestinal obstruction and torsion in a giant Aldabra tortoise (Testudo gigantea)
Authors: AKINYEMI J. O.
Published: April 2008

Necropsy examination of a male giant Aldabra tortoise (Testudo gigantea Schweigger), reported to have died suddenly, revealed an upper intestinal obstruction due to a 180' clockwise torsion of the intestine. The torsion involved the duodenum and proximal ileum. There were haemorrhagic enteritis, peritonitis, fatty degeneration of the hepatocytes and haemosiderosis of the spleen. Death was probably due to severe shock, acute anaemia, peritonitis and toxaemia.

L'examen d'autopsie chez une Tortue Géante d'Aldabra mâle (Testudo gigantea Schweigger) morte subitement, a révélé une obstruction de la partie supérieure de l'intestin due à une torsion de 180° dans le sens des aiguilles d'une montre. La torsion comprenait le duodénum et le proche iléon. II y avait une entérite hémorragique, une péritonite, une dégénérescence graisseuse des hépatocytes et une hérnosidérose de la rate. La mort était probablement due à un choc sévère, une anémie aigue, une péritonite et une toxémie.
Spermatogenic and frontal sac gland activity in Triaenops persicus (Chiroptera: Hipposideridae)
Authors: MAINOYA J. R.
Published: April 2008

Secretion of the frontal sac gland of the Persian leaf‐nosed bat varies seasonally and is correlated with changes in spermatogenic activity. The possibility that androgenic hormones are directly involved in the secretory activity was not investigated.
Histology of the neck ‘glandular’ skin patch in Eidolon helvum, Rousettus aegyptiacus and R. angolensis (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae)
Authors: MAINOYA J. R. , HOWELL K. M.
Published: April 2008

The histology of the neck ‘glandular’ skin patch has been examined in three Pteropodid bat species, Eidolon helvum. Rousettus aegyptiacus and R. angolensis. In E. helvum the neck skin patch contains a large sebaceous gland complex, which is better developed and more active in males than in females.

A comparable area in R. aegyptiacus contains rather non‐specialized sebaceous gland alveoli in association with hair follicles and which are more active in males than in females. In R. angolensis the brush‐like hair of the neck skin patch is much longer and coarser in the male than in the female, but in neither sex was the skin patch glandular.

On the basis of histological observations, the neck skin patch in E. helvum would appear to be important for scent emission while in R. aegyptiacus. the same structure would be less so. In R. angolensis, the neck skin patch, though covered by longer brush‐like hair than in other species, contained almost no glandular tissue and perhaps functions to provide visual rather than olfactory behavioural cues.

L'histologie des régions cervicales de peau ‘glandulaire’ a été examinée chez trois espèces de chauve‐souris Ptéropodides (Eidolon helvum, Rousettus aegyptiacus et R. angolensis). Chez E. helvum, cette région contient une grande glande sébacée complexe mieux développée et plus active chez les mâles que chez les femelles. Chez R. aegyptiacus, cette même région contient des alvéoles d'une glande sébacée assez peu spécialisée, associées à des follicules pileux, qui est plus active chez les mâles que chez les femelles. Chez R. angolensis, la fourrure hérissée de la région cervicale est plus longue et plus raide chez le mâle que chez la femelle, mais la peau n'est glandulaire chez aucun des deux sexes.

Sur la base d'observations histologiques, la région cervicale de la peau chez E. helvum semble responsable de l'émission d'odeur alors que chez R. aegyptiacus, la même structure l'est à un degré moindre. Chez R. angolensis, bien que couverte par des poils plus longs et hérissés que chez les autres espèces, la région cervicale de peau ne contient presque pas de tissu glandulaire et fonctionne peut‐être pour fournir des indications comportementales plus visuelles qu'olfactives.
Utilization of some common tropical foodstuffs by the African giant rat (Cricetomys gambianus, Waterhouse)
Authors: TEWE O. O. , AJAYI S. S.
Published: April 2008

Food preference trials were conducted in four phases with the African giant rat using some common tropical foodstuffs. Each phase lasted 4 weeks. Tubers were preferred by the giant rats to other classes of food used, the most favoured tuber being sweet potato. Similarly, the preferred grain was maize and the most favoured concentrate was maize mill.

Digestibility studies run with a total of eighteen rats for six food items showed that the total digestible nutrient (TDN) for maize grain and maize mill were 95.57% and 71.92% respectively. Similarly, the TDN for potato tuber and potato flour were 85.95% and 79.93% respectively. The TDN for palm kernel cake and groundnut cake were 97.73% and 57.85% respectively. The palm kernel cake was therefore better utilized, even though more groundnut cake was consumed by the rats during the experiment.

Des essais de préférence alimentaire furent menés en quatre étapes chez le rat de Gambie en utilisant certaines denrées alimentaires tropicales courantes. Chaque étape a duré quatre semaines. Les rats de Gambie préfèrent les tubercules aux autres catégories de nourriture fournies. Le tubercule favori est la patate douce. Parall èement, le grain préféré est le maïs et le concentré préféré est le maïs moylu. Des études de digestibilité pratiquées sur un total de dix‐huit rats et six alimentations différente ont montré que les éléments digestibles totaux (TDN) du maïs en grain et du maïs moulu sont respectivement de 95.57% et 71.92%. De même, les TDN du tubercule de patate et de la farine de patate sont respectivement de 85.95% et 79.93%.

Enfin, ces valeurs pour le gâteau de noix de palme et le gâteau de noix terrestre sont de 97.73% et 57.85% respectivement. Le gâteau de noix de palme est dès lors mieux utilisé, même si le gâteau de noix terrestre a été consommé en plus grande quantité par les rats durant l'expérience.
The assessment of elephant numbers and occupance by means of droppings counts in the Kasungu National Park, Malawi
Authors: JACHMANN H. , BELL R. H. V.
Published: April 2008

In Africa the usual method of obtaining information on numbers and occupance patterns of large herbivores is aerial survey. In many areas this method is unsatisfactory because of the density of woodland, uneven topography and uneven distribution of animals. Most of the conservation areas in Malawi show one or more of these features.

For this reason an estimate of numbers and occupance of elephant in the Kasungu National Park, Malawi, was made by stratified regular sample counts of elephant droppings, The results obtained are compared with those from independent sources.

This method is labour intensive and time consuming and the survey was more expensive than a single aerial census; it was, however, cheaper than the series of surveys that would have been necessary to produce comparable data. This method is considered useful in small areas (i.e., less than 3000 km2) especially where conditions are unfavourable for aerial census.

En Afrique, la méthode usuelle pour obtenir des informations sur le nombre et les modes de répartition des grands herbivores est le contrôe aCrien. Dans de nombreuses régions, cette méthode est insatisfaisante à cause de la densité forestière, la topo‐graphie irrégulière et l'inégale distribution des animaux. La plupart des zones de conservation au Malawi présentent un ou plusieurs de ces inconvénients. C'est pourquoi une estimation du nombre et de la répartition des éléphants au Parc National de Kasungu (Malawi) a été réalisé par comptages‐échantillons réguliers de leurs excréments. Les résultats obtenus sont comparés à ceux provenant d'une source différente. Cette méthode demande un travail intensif, un temps considérable et l'opération fut plus coûteuse qu'un seul comptage aérien; elle fut cependant moim coûteuse que la série de survols aériens qui aurait été nécessaire pour obtenir des résultats comparables. Cette méthode parait utile pour de petites surfaces (moins de 300 km2), particulièrement là ou les conditions ne sont pas favorables aux recensements ériens.
Management problems of the Kainji National Park, Nigeria
Authors: AYENI J. S. O.
Published: April 2008

Nigeria recently created its first national park, The Kainji Lake National Game Park. This paper presents preliminary observations on the extent and effects of poaching, burning and elephant activities in the park. The tourist potential of the Kainji area is also assessed. The following recommendations are made.

(1) Adequate anti‐poaching and public enlightenment programmes should be undertaken in order to stop game‐poaching and enable animal numbers to increase naturally.

(2) In order to enhance survival of trees within the park, the patterns and trends in habitat utilization by large game species, particularly the elephant, should be studied in greater detail and on a continuous basis.

(3) The development of fire‐breaks around the park and construction of a network of roads within the park could facilitate the implementation of a rational burning policy for the park.

Le Nigéria a récemment créé son premier parc national, le Kainji Lake National Game Park. Cet article présente des observations préiminaires sur l'importance et les effets du braconnage, des feux et des dégâts des éléphants dans le parc. Le potentiel touristique de la zone de Kainji est également évalué. II est recommandé:

(1) Que des programmes adéquats de lutte anti‐braconnage et d''éducation de la population soient entrepris en vue d'arrêter le braconnage des animaux et permettre a leurs populations de croître de manière naturelle.

(2) Que I'on étudie de façon détaillée et permanente les modes et tendances de l'utilisation de I'habitat par les grands animaux et surtout I'éléphant en vue d'aug‐menter la survie des arbres dans le parc.

(3) Que l'aménagement de coupes‐feux autour du parc et la construction d'un réseau de pistes á I'intérieur faciliteraient la mise en oeuvre d'une politique rationnelle des feux dans le parc.
The ecological role of ants (Formicidae) in the ecosystem
Authors: KALULE‐SABITI J. M. N.
Published: April 2008

The foraging activity and soil excavation of the common stink ant Paltothyreus tarsatus were studied from November 1970 to December 1971 at two sites in the vicinity of Kampala, Uganda.

The ants forage singly. Evidence from food‐middens and direct observations indicate that insects predominate in the diet, occurring in 81.8% of the samples. The diet composition showed no marked seasonal differences.

Soil excavation (203 g/m2 per year) was striking and comparable to that of two species of mound‐building termites. There was little soil excavation during either the wet or dry seasons. Maximum excavation occurred during the moderately wet months of May‐August.

L'activité de forage et d'excavation du sol chez la fourmi puante commune (Palto‐rhyreus tarsatus) fut étudiée de novembre 1970 à décembre 1971 en deux sites proches de Kampala, en Ouganda. Les fourmis forent individuellement et des observations directes montrent que les insectes prédominent dans leur régime alimentaire (81, 8%). La composition de ce régime ne présente pas de différences saisonnières marqués. L'excavation du sol (203 g/m2/an) est frappante et comparable à celle de deux espèces de termites batisseuses. II y a peu d'excavation du sol durant les saisons sèches et humides: I'excavation maximale a lieu durant les mois modérément humides de mai à août.
Black rhinoceros(Diceros bicornis L.)sub‐population on the Serengeti Plains, Tanzania*
Authors: FRAME G. W.
Published: April 2008

Black rhinoceroses on the Serengeti Plains were surveyed from February 1974 through January 1978. Sex and age composition of the sixty‐seven individuals identified was 30% adult males, 36% adult females and 34% immatures and calves. Social groupings were described for 140 sightings (237 rhinos), of which 38% were lone males. The sex ratio was 1:1 for all age classes combined. Of the adult females, 79% had calves. Two observed calving intervals were approximately 3‐3 years. The ratio of adult females to young is not significantly different from ratios reported elsewhere in East Africa.

Rhinos did not use the short grasslands of the Serengeti Plains. In the medium grasslands they used mainly the drainage lines where there was food and water, but only minimal cover. Most rhinos on the plains were found along the woodland edge. Near the Seronera River, on the edge of the plains, there was a density of one rhino per 19 km2. Home ranges varied from 43 to 133 km2, with much overlapping. Some male, female, and male‐female dyads shared the same home ranges.

An estimated 700 black rhinos live within the 12 920 km2 Serengeti National Park. Management for black rhinos in the park requires primarily that woodlands and abundant watering places be maintained and that poaching be minimized.

Les rhinocéros noirs des plaines du Serengeti furent surveillés de février 1974 jusque janvier 1978. La distribution par sexe et par âge des soixante‐sept individus identifiés fut de 30% de mâles, 36%, de femelles adultes et 34% d'immatnres et de jeunes. Les groupements sociaux furent décrits à partir de 140 observations (237 rhinos), dont 38%étaient des mâles solitaires. Toutes classes d'âge combinées, le sex‐ratio était de 1/1. 79% des femelles adultes étaient suitées. Deux observations donnent un intervalle de 3,3 ans entre deux naissances. La proportion femelles adultes/jeunes n'est pas significativement différente de celles décrites ailleurs en Afrique de 1'Est.

Les rhinos n'utilisent pas les pâturages ras des plaines du Serengeti. Dans les páTturages moyens, ils fréquentent surtout les sillons d'écoulement où ils trouvent nourriture et eau mais peu d'abri. La plupart des rhinos des plaines se trouvent en lisière forestiere. Prks de la rivière Seronera, en bordure des plaines, il y a une densité de I rhino par 19 km2. Les domaines vitaux varient de 43 à 133 km2 avec beaucoup de
Observations on growth and molar change in the African elephant
Authors: LANG E. M.
Published: April 2008

Observations were made on the growth of five African elephants in the Basel Zoological Gardens. Data on circus elephants of the same age were also collected. Growth in height decreases at 14–15 years of age in male African elephants. Growth is linear in females levelling off between 15 and 16 years of age. Tooth loss was as follows:

Molar I between 1 and 2 years of age Molar II between 3 and 4 years of age Molar III between 9 and 10 years of age Molar IV between 19 and 25 years of age.

It has not been ascertained at what age molars V and VI are lost.

La croissance de cinq éléphants d'Afrique au Jardin Zoologique de Bâble a été observée. Des données concernant des éléphants de cirque de même âge ont été aussi collectées. La croissance en hauteur diminue chez les éléphants d'Afrique mâles à 1′âge de 14–15 ans. Chez les femelles, la croissance est linéaire et se stabilise à 1′âge de 15–16 ans. La perte des dents est réalisée comme suit: la molaire I entre 1 et 2 ans II entre 3 et 4 ans III entre 9 et 10 ans IV entre 19 et 25 ans

L'âge auquel les molaires V et VI tombent n'a pas pu être établi.
Forest and primate conservation in East Africa
Authors: STRUHSAKER T. T.
Published: April 2008

The small ecological islands of rain forest remaining in East Africa and the monkeys and apes living in them are discussed. In Uganda, the number of monkey and ape species in any particular low to medium altitude rain forest seems to depend on three major factors: floral diversity, proximity to upper Pleistocene forest refugia and the size of the forest. Selected examples of forest and primate Conservation in Uganda, Tanzania and Kenya are described. From this description emerges a variegated picture of potential conservation successes and failures. Suggestions are made concerning the salvage of the remaining forest islands. More and larger areas of forest should be protected against exploitation. Detailed biological surveys must be completed in many of these forests. Long‐term monitoring research is vital to determine the effectiveness of forest conservation. Of paramount importance is the need to up‐date policies related to forest management, forestry laws and codes, and the educational curriculum in primary and secondary schools as it relates to the value of, and need for, forest conservation.

Le petit îlot écologique de forêt humide restant en Afrique de 1'Est et les primates y habitant sont présentés. En Ouganda, le nombre d'espices de petits et de grands singes dans quelque forêt de basse ou moyenne altitude semble dêpendre de trois facteurs essentiels: la diversité florale, la proximité de refuges forestiers du Pléistocène supérieur et la taille de la forêt. Des exemples choisis parmi des types de conservation de forêt et de primates en Ouganda, Tanzanie et Kenya sont décrits. Il émerge de cette description une image variée de succès ou d'échecs potentiels de types de conservation. On avance des suggestions concernant le sauvetage des derniers îlots de forêt. Des zones plus nombreuses et plus étendues devraient être protégées de I'exploitation. Des relevés biologiques détaillés doivent être réalisCs dans beaucoup des ces forêts. Une recherche d'information à long terme est vitale pour déterminer I'efficacité de la conservation des forêts. Le besoin d'une politique moderne de gestion de la forêts de codes et de lois forestières et de programmes d'éducation dans les écoles primaires et secondaires sont d'une importance primordiale pour la conservation de la forêt.
The distribution and conservation status of the Zanzibar red colobus
Authors: SILKILUWASHA F.
Published: April 2008

Field surveys since 1977 have shown the presence of some 1700 red colobus monkeys in many scattered forest localities in Zanzibar and adjacent islets. The distribution, habitat size, vegetation, colobus population size and conservation status of each locality are briefly described. Two sites, one of low conservation value and one, Jozani Forest Reserve, of high value, are described in more detail. As part of conservation efforts in Zanzibar, red colobus from areas of low status have been translocated to forest reserves. Capture and translocation techniques are described.

Des contrôles sur le terrain depuis 1977 ont démontré la présence de quelque 1700 colobes rouges dans de nombreuses localités forestières éparpillées à Zanzibar et dans les îlots adjacents. La distribution, la dimension de l'habitat, la végétation, la taille de la population des colobes et les conditions de conservation pour chaque localité sont briévement decrites. Deux sites, I'un dont la situation de conservation est précaire et l'autre, en Réserve Forestière de Josani, dont la situation de conservation est bonne, sont décrits plus en détail. La translocation de colobes rouges de sites à situation de conservation précaire dans des réserves forestiéres a été rCalisCe dans le cadre des efforts de conservation à Zanzibar. La capture et les techniques de translocation sont décrits.
Vocalizations, phylogeny and palaeogeography of red colobus monkeys (Colobus badius)
Authors: STRUHSAKER THOMAS T.
Published: April 2008

Vocalizations from eight of the fourteen subspecies of red colobus monkeys were compared to the present‐day distribution of these subspecies and the hypothetical locations of upper Pleistocene forest refugia. Many of the similarities and differences in vocalizations of these subspecies can best be understood in terms of their refuge areas in the past. The degree of vocal similarity between subspecies presumably depends upon which upper Pleistocene forest refugia they originated from, how long they have been geographically separated and the selection pressures and rates of evolution acting on the vocalizations. In addition to suggesting forest refugia from which the various subspecies of red colobus originated, predictions are made about vocal similarities of subspecies which have not previously been studied. Finally, a general critique is given on the relative values of coat colour, craniology and vocalizations in the study of phylogeny among old world monkeys.

RÉSUMEÉ

Les vocalisations de huit de quatorze sous‐espèces de Colobe rouge furent comparées avec la distribution actuelle de‐ces sous‐espèces et les localisations hypothétiques des refuges forestiers du Pléistocène supérieur. De nombreuses ressemblances et différences de vocalisations sont le mieux comprises en fonction de leur refuge dans le passé. Le degré de resemblance vocale entre 2 sous‐espèces dépend probablement du refuge forestier au Pléistocène supérieur, de la période à laquelle elles ont été géographiquement séparées et des pressions sélectives et tout d'évolution jouant sur les vocalisations. Outre la suggestion des refuges forestiers desquels les Colobes rouges proviennent, des prédictions sont avancées concernant des ressemblances vocales du sous‐espkèes non encore étudiées.

Enfin, une critique générale est formulée sur la couleur relative du pelage, la craniologie et les vocalisations dans le cadre de l'étude de la phyllogénie des singes de l'ancienmonde.