bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Endodontic Management of Maxillary Supplementary Premolar using Cone-Beam Computed Tomography
Authors: Vora Jugal , Meena N , Mehta Deepak , Murthy Chethana S
Published: May 2012

Extra teeth in dentition is termed as ‘supernumerary teeth’ and is a very well-known dental developmental anomaly. Supernumerary premolars are a rare anomaly in the maxillofacial complex. Its rarity and complex characteristics often makes it difficult to treat. Radiographs play an important role in assessment of both the location and the typing of supernumerary teeth.

This article reports the rare case of ‘nonsyndromic bilateral maxillary supernumerary premolars’ in which the endodontic management of supernumerary premolar tooth is described. In this case the value of cone-beam computerized tomography is also emphasized.

Clinical significance

Developmental anomalies can occur in any tooth and supplementary premolars are no exception. The complexity of such teeth has to be considered for planning endodontic treatment to increase the chances of success.

How to cite this article

Vora J, Meena N, Mehta D, Murthy CS. Endodontic Management of Maxillary Supplementary Premolar using Cone-Beam Computed Tomography. J Contemp Dent Pract 2012;13(1):130-135.
Emissions of mercury in Southern Africa derived from long-term observations at Cape Point, South Africa
Authors: Brunke E.-G. , Ebinghaus R. , Kock H. H. , Labuschagne C. , Slemr F.
Published: May 2012

Abstract. Mercury emissions in South Africa have so far been estimated only by a bottom-up approach from activities and emission factors for different processes. In this paper we derive GEM/CO (GEM being gaseous elemental mercury, Hg0), GEM/CO2, GEM/CH4, CO/CO2, CH4/CO2, and CH4/CO emission ratios from plumes observed during long-term monitoring of these species at Cape Point between March 2007 and December 2009. The average observed GEM/CO, GEM/CO2, GEM/CH4, CO/CO2, CH4/CO2, and CH4/CO emission ratios were 2.40 ± 2.65 pg m−3 ppb−1 (n = 47), 62.7 ± 80.2 pg m−3 ppb−1 (n = 44), 3.61 ± 4.66 pg m−3 ppb−1 (n = 46), 35.6 ± 25.4 ppb ppm−1 (n = 52), 20.2 ± 15.5 ppb ppm−1 (n=48), and 0.876 ± 1.106 ppb ppm−1 (n=42), respectively. The observed CO/CO2, CH4/CO2, and CH4/CO emission ratios agree within the combined uncertainties of the observations and emissions with the ratios calculated from EDGAR (version 4.2) CO2, CO, and CH4 inventories for South Africa and Southern Africa (South Africa, Lesotho, Swaziland, Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, and Mozambique) in 2007 and 2008 (inventories for 2009 are not available yet). Total elemental mercury emission of 13.1, 15.2, and 16.1 t Hg yr−1 are estimated independently using the GEM/CO, GEM/CO2, and GEM/CH4 emission ratios and the annual mean CO, CO2, and CH4 emissions, respectively, of South Africa in 2007 and 2008. The average of these independent estimates of 14.8 ± 1.5 t GEM yr−1 is much less than the total emission of 257 t Hg yr−1 from older inventories. Considering that emission of GEM represents only 50–78% of all mercury emissions, our estimates come close to the total mercury emission estimates ranging between 40–50 t Hg yr−1 from more recent inventories.
Tropospheric ozone trend over Beijing from 2002–2010: ozonesonde measurements and modeling analysis
Authors: Wang Y. , Konopka P. , Liu Y. , Chen H. , Müller R. , Plöger F. , Riese M. , Cai Z. , Lü D.
Published: May 2012

Abstract. Using a combination of ozonesonde data and numerical simulations of the Chemical Lagrangian Model of the Stratosphere (CLaMS), the trend of tropospheric ozone (O3) during 2002–2010 over Beijing was investigated. Tropospheric ozone over Beijing shows a winter minimum and a broad summer maximum with a clear positive trend in the maximum summer ozone concentration over the last decade. The observed significant trend of tropospheric column ozone for the entire time series is 4.6% yr−1 for a mean level of 52 DU. This trend is close to the significant trend of partial column ozone in the lower troposphere (0–3 km) during summer (3.4% yr−1 for a mean level of 23 DU). Analysis of the CLaMS simulation shows that transport rather than chemistry drives most of the seasonality of tropospheric ozone. However, dynamical processes alone cannot explain the trend of tropospheric ozone in the observational data. Clearly enhanced ozone values and a negative vertical ozone gradient in the lower troposphere in the observational data emphasize the importance of photochemistry within the troposphere during spring and summer, and suggest that the photochemistry within the troposphere significantly contributed to the tropospheric ozone trend over Beijing during the last decade.
Tracking of urban aerosols using combined LIDAR-based remote sensing and ground-based measurements
Authors: He T.-Y. , Stanič S. , Gao F. , Bergant K. , Veberič D. , Song X.-Q. , Dolžan A.
Published: May 2012

Abstract. A measuring campaign was performed over the neighboring towns of Nova Gorica in Slovenia and Gorizia in Italy on 24 and 25 May 2010, to investigate the concentration and distribution of urban aerosols. Tracking of two-dimensional spatial and temporal aerosol distributions was performed using scanning elastic LIDAR, operating at 1064 nm. In addition, PM10 concentrations of particles, NOx concentrations and meteorological data were continuously monitored within the LIDAR scanning region. Based on the data we collected, we investigated the flow dynamics and the aerosol concentrations within the lower troposphere and found an evidence for daily aerosol cycles. We observed a number of cases with spatially localized increased LIDAR returns, which are associated with the presence of point sources of particulate matter. Daily aerosol concentration cycles were also clearly visible with a peak in aerosol concentration during the morning rush hours and daily plateau at around 17:00 Central European Time. We also found that horizontal atmospheric extinction at the height of 200 m, averaged in limited region with a radius of 300 m directly above the ground-based measuring site, was linearly correlated to the PM10 concentration with a correlation coefficient of 0.84. When considering the average of the horizontal atmospheric extinction over the entire scanning region, a strong dependence on traffic conditions (concentration of NOx) in the vicinity of the ground-based measuring site was observed.
TopoSUB: a tool for efficient large area numerical modelling in complex topography at sub-grid scales
Authors: Fiddes J. , Gruber S.
Published: May 2012

Abstract. Mountain regions are highly sensitive to global climate change. However, large scale assessments of mountain environments remain problematic due to the high resolution required of model grids to capture strong lateral variability. To alleviate this, tools are required to bridge the scale gap between gridded climate datasets (climate models and re-analyses) and unresolved (by coarse grids) sub-grid mountain topography. We address this problem with a sub-grid method. It relies on sampling the most important aspects of land surface heterogeneity through a lumped scheme, allowing for the application of numerical land surface models (LSM) over large areas in mountain regions. This is achieved by including the effect of mountain topography on these processes at the sub-grid scale using a multidimensional informed sampling procedure together with a 1-D lumped model that can be driven by gridded climate datasets. This paper provides a description of this sub-grid scheme, TopoSUB, as well as assessing its performance against a distributed model. We demonstrate the ability of TopoSUB to approximate results simulated by a distributed numerical LSM at around 104 less computations. These significant gains in computing resources allow for: (1) numerical modelling of processes at fine grid resolutions over large areas; (2) extremely efficient statistical descriptions of sub-grid behaviour; (3) a "sub-grid aware" aggregation of simulated variables to course grids; and (4) freeing of resources for treatment of uncertainty in the modelling process.
How extreme is extreme? An assessment of daily rainfall distribution tails
Authors: Papalexiou S. M. , Koutsoyiannis D. , Makropoulos C.
Published: May 2012

Abstract. The upper part of a probability distribution, usually known as the tail, governs both the magnitude and the frequency of extreme events. The tail behaviour of all probability distributions may be, loosely speaking, categorized in two families: heavy-tailed and light-tailed distributions, with the latter generating more "mild" and infrequent extremes compared to the former. This emphasizes how important for hydrological design is to assess correctly the tail behaviour. Traditionally, the wet-day daily rainfall has been described by light-tailed distributions like the Gamma, although heavier-tailed distributions have also been proposed and used, e.g. the Lognormal, the Pareto, the Kappa, and others. Here, we investigate the issue of tails for daily rainfall by comparing the upper part of empirical distributions of thousands of records with four common theoretical tails: those of the Pareto, Lognormal, Weibull and Gamma distributions. Specifically, we use 15 029 daily rainfall records from around the world with record lengths from 50 to 163 yr. The analysis shows that heavier-tailed distributions are in better agreement with the observed rainfall extremes than the more often used lighter tailed distributios, with clear implications on extreme event modelling and engineering design.
Conventional but not High-Purity Dialysis Fluid Induces Apoptosis and Insulin Resistance in Adipocytes in Vitro
Authors: Cai Ling L. , Pan Yu , Guo Li L. , Zhu Xiao J. , Gao Feng H. , Tan Long Y , Xu Qin J. , Jin Hui M.
Published: May 2012

Purpose:

Previous study has shown an independent association of low body fat percentage and fat loss over time with higher mortality in hemodialysis (HD) patients. High-purity dialysis fluid (HPDF) used in place of conventional dialysis fluid (CDF) may decrease inflammation and improve nutritional status. Its effect on adipocytes and therefore fat storage is unclear. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of these dialysates on apoptosis and insulin resistance in cultured adipocytes to determine a basis for the superiority of HPDF.

Methods:

Flow cytometry and fluorescence staining were used to evaluate apoptosis in adipocytes. Insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) and −2 and serine phosphorylation of IRS-1 levels were assayed by Western blot. Tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

Results:

Although CDF contained more bacteria (66 ± 6 CFU/mL) than HPDF (7 ± 3 CFU/mL) and higher levels of bacterial DNA, endotoxin levels were similar. Combined with uremic serum (containing high TNFα levels), CDF (vs. HPDF) induced more apoptosis in adipocytes. Exposure to CDF also decreased expression of IRS-1 protein, increased expression of IRS-2 protein and insulin-stimulated serine phosphorylation of IRS-1, and decreased glucose consumption. Additionally, the culture supernatant from adipocytes exposed to CDF plus uremic serum for 48 hours contained significantly higher levels of TNFα (15.17 ± 2.89 vs. 8.12 ± 0.54 pg/mL [HPD plus uremic serum], p<0.0001).

Conclusion:

The advantage of HPDF over CDF may be due to lower levels of dialysis fluid impurities.
Outcome of Patients with Amyloidosis after Renal Transplantation: A Single-Center Experience
Authors: Gursu Meltem , Yelken Berna , Caliskan Yasar , Kazancioglu Rumeyza , Yazici Halil , Kilicaslan Isin , Turkmen Aydin , Sever Mehmet S.
Published: May 2012

Aims:

The prognostic outcome of patients with amyloidosis who receive a kidney transplant is controversial. The aim of the study was to analyze the renal transplantation outcome of patients with amyloidosis compared to transplant recipients with other kidney diseases.

Methods:

Among 940 patients who had renal transplantation in our unit between 1983 and 2009, 44 patients with amyloidosis were compared regarding early and late complications and survival, retrospectively, with a control group of 41 consecutive patients with the same donor type and a matched renal transplantation date.

Results:

The groups were similar regarding demographic parameters, HLA mismatch numbers and mean follow-up period. Groups were similar regarding early and late infectious and non-infectious complications, except recurrence of the primary disease, which was more common in the amyloidosis group. As the cause of graft loss, rejection (acute or chronic) was more common in the control group; whereas primary non-functioning graft, and death with a functioning graft were more common in the amyloidosis group. Patient survival rates at 1, 5, and 10 years were 87.6%, 78.1%, and 62.3 in the amyloidosis group; and 93.2%, 82.6%, and 69.3% in the control group. Graft survival rates at 1, 5 and 10 years were 87.6%, 75.4%, 56.4% in the amyloidosis group; and 93.2%, 80.3%, and 60.6% in the control group, respectively. These values did not show any statistical difference.

Conclusions:

The outcomes of renal transplantation in patients with amyloidosis are comparable with recipients whose primary problems are due to other kidney diseases; therefore, amyloidosis patients should be accepted as good candidates for transplantation.
Extractable Al and Soil Solution Ionic Concentrations in Strongly Leached Soils from Northwest Iberia: Effects of Liming
Authors: Auxtero Edgardo , Madeira Manuel , Parker David
Published: May 2012

Strongly leached soils occurring in Northwest Iberia contain high concentration of Al which may affect crop growth. Information regarding the extractability of Al and lime required to eliminate toxic Al species in the soil solution is scarce. In this context, the extractability of Al on these soils was determined using 1 M KCl, 0.33 M LaCl3 and 0.5 M CuCl2. The effects of lime on the concentration and activity of Al species in soil solution, using the GEOCHEM program was also evaluated. Extractability of Al was in the order: 1 M KCl < 0.33 M LaCl3 < 0.5 M CuCl2, with ranges from 0.7–3.3, 1.3–4.4, and 1.8–13.5 cmolc kg-1, respectively. These values were positively correlated with cation exchange capacity and organic C, clay, Alo and Feo contents. Application of 6 t CaCO3 ha-1 increased the total concentrations of Ca+2, Mg+2, K+, and Na+ ions in soil solution, whereas, application of 2 t CaCO3 ha-1 reduced the concentration and activity of Fe+3, Al+3, Mn+2, Zn+2, Cu+2, SO4-2, and PO4-3 ions,and eliminated toxicity threshold of free Al+3 and Al soluble complexes in the soil solution. Application of low amounts of lime may prevent the negative effects of soluble Al on crops.
Interface Engineering at the Nanoscale: Synthesis of Low‐Energy Boundaries
Authors: Kapp Marlene Walpurga , Eckert Jürgen , Renk Oliver
Published: June 2024

The low toughness and structural stability of nanostructured materials are strongly related to the numerous grain boundaries and interfaces. Among other design stratgies, the use of low‐energy boundaries has turned out to provide the most comprehensive improvement of the property spectrum targeting on ductility, toughness, as well as thermal and microstructural stability upon mechanical loading. Cyclic high‐pressure torsion (CHPT) is one prosperous technique to synthesize low‐angle boundaries (LAGB) at the nanoscale, enabling the production of high‐strength materials. It is presented here with an in‐depth analysis of the structural evolution focusing on the effect of different strain amplitudes and accumulated strains as well as crystal structure to understand how these parameters need to be adjusted to optimize the fraction of LAGBs. Different than expected from classical fatigue testing, the crystal structure seems to play a minor role for the cell structure evolution at comparably large strain amplitudes. It is, therefore, a strong asset that CHPT is feasible to produce nanostructures LAGB boundaries in both FCC and BCC structures. Furthermore, by optimizing the geometry of the anvils, it enables homogenous structural sizes in the entire sample as in contrast to other techniques the strain gradient impact on LAGB formation can be overcome.
Microstructure, Texture, and Mechanical Properties of 0.4GNPs–Mg–8Al–1Sm Composites Prepared by Pulse Current‐Assisted Multidirectional Forging
Authors: Chen Hongna , Yu Yandong , Zhou Hao
Published: June 2024

The present study investigates the evolution of the microstructure and texture of a hot‐pressed sintered 0.4GNPs–Mg–8Al–1Sm (mass fraction, %) composite material during a pulsed current‐assisted multidirectional forging process. Additionally, this study explores the use of the pulse current‐assisted multidirectional forging mechanism for strengthening the mechanical properties of composite materials. The results indicate that as the cumulative strain (ΣΔε) increases, the amount of Mg17Al12 and Al2Sm gradually increases while their size decreases. Furthermore, the fraction of the recrystallization area increases. The recrystallization mechanism is dominated by continuous dynamic recrystallization and discontinuous dynamic recrystallization. The refinement of the alloy grain size is attributed to dynamic recrystallization. Specifically, at ΣΔε = 3.15, the compressive strength and fracture strain of the multidirectional forged 0.4GNPs–Mg–8Al–1Sm composite reach 461.5 MPa and 18.8%, respectively. By quantitatively analyzing the strengthening mechanism of the alloy, it is determined that fine‐grain strengthening is the most significant mechanism contributing to the strength of the 0.4GNPs–Mg–8Al–1Sm composite.
Ferroelectric Control of Spin‐Orbitronics
Authors: Gu Youdi , Zheng Zhenyi , Jia Lanxin , Shi Shu , Zhao Tieyang , Zeng Tao , Zhang Qihan , Zhu Yao , Wang Han , Chen Jingsheng
Published: June 2024

Spin‐orbit coupling refers to the relativistic interaction between the spin and orbital motions of electrons. This interaction leads to numerous intriguing phenomena, including spin‐orbit torques, spin–momentum locking, topological spin textures, etc., that have recently gained prominence in the field of spin‐orbitronics. In particular, the emerging ferroelectric control is recognized and validated as an effective means to enhance energy efficiency across a broad spectrum of spin‐orbitronic devices. Here, cutting‐edge research on ferroelectric control of spin‐orbitronics (FECSO) by means of spontaneous polarization, reversible ferroelectric switching, and multiferroic coupling, are comprehensively reviewed. Two fascinating topics are mainly discussed: topological spin texture and spin‐charge interconversion. The classification of control mechanisms for different interactions in FECSO is summarized first. Then, from the perspective of material classification, the ferroelectric‐controlled spin‐orbit coupling with tunable topological spin texture in oxide systems, magnetic metal multilayers, and 2D van der Waals materials is reviewed. Subsequently, the ferroelectric‐tunable spin‐charge interconversion on heavy metal layers, oxide interfaces, and ferroelectric Rashba semiconductors is highlighted. In the end, the challenges and forthcoming prospects of FECSO are discussed. This work may provide pertinent and forward‐thinking guidance to accelerate the ongoing advancement of this field.
Polymersomal Poly(I:C) Self‐Magnifies Antitumor Immunity by Inducing Immunogenic Cell Death and Systemic Immune Activation
Authors: Wang Jingyi , Guo Beibei , Sun Zhiwei , Zhao Songsong , Cao Li , Zhong Zhiyuan , Meng Fenghua
Published: June 2024

Immunotherapy has emerged as a powerful weapon against lung cancer, yet only a fraction of patients respond to the treatment. Poly(I:C) (PIC) effectively triggers both innate and adaptive immunity. It can also induce immunogenic cell death (ICD) in tumor cells. However, its efficacy is hindered by its instability in vivo and limited cellular uptake. To address this, PIC is encapsulated in cRGD‐functionalized polymersomes (t‐PPIC), which significantly increases its stability and uptake, thus activating dendritic cells (DCs) and inducing apoptosis of lung tumor cells in vitro. In a murine LLC lung tumor model, systemic administration of t‐PPIC effectively suppresses tumor growth and leads to survival benefits, with 40% of the mice becoming tumor‐free. Notably, t‐PPIC provokes stronger apoptosis and ICD in tumor tissue and elicits a more potent stimulation of DCs, recruitment of natural killer (NK) cells, and activation of CD8+ T cells, compared to free PIC and nontargeted PPIC controls. Furthermore, when combined with immune checkpoint inhibitors or radiotherapy, t‐PPIC amplifies the antitumor immune response, resulting in complete regression in 60% of the mice. These compelling findings underscore the potential of integrin‐targeted polymersomal PIC to enhance antitumor immunity by simultaneously inducing ICD and systemic immune activation.
Aqueous‐Aqueous Triboelectric Nanogenerators Empowered Multifunctional Wound Healing System with Intensified Current Output for Accelerating Infected Wound Repair
Authors: Wang Weijiang , Fu Chongyang , Du Yanfeng , Zheng Huiyuan , Zhang Yage , Song Yang , Sun Wentao , Wang Xiaoxiong , Ma Qingming
Published: June 2024

Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have emerged as promising devices for generating self‐powered therapeutic electrical stimulation over multiple aspects of wound healing. However, the challenge of achieving full 100% contact in conventional TENGs presents a substantial hurdle in the quest for higher current output, which is crucial for further improving healing efficacy. Here, a novel multifunctional wound healing system is presented by integrating the aqueous‐aqueous triboelectric nanogenerators (A‐A TENGs) with a functionalized conductive hydrogel, aimed at advancing infected wound therapy. The A‐A TENGs are founded on a principle of 100% contact interface and efficient post‐contact separation of the immiscible interface within the aqueous two‐phase system (ATPS), enhancing charge transfer and subsequently increasing current performance. Leveraging this intensified current output, this system demonstrates efficient therapeutic efficacies over infected wounds both in vitro and in vivo, including stimulating fibroblast migration and proliferation, boosting angiogenesis, enhancing collagen deposition, eradicating bacteria, and reducing inflammatory cells. Moreover, the conductive hydrogel ensures the uniformity and integrity of the electric field covering the wound site, and exhibits multiple synergistic therapeutic effects. With the capability to realize accelerated wound healing, the developed “A‐A TENGs empowered multifunctional wound healing system” presenting an excellent prospect in clinical wound therapy.
Breathable Dual‐Mode Leather‐Like Nanotextile for Efficient Daytime Radiative Cooling and Heating
Authors: Cheng Ningbo , Wang Zhaohui , Lin Yanyan , Li Xueqin , Zhang Yufei , Ding Chengfeng , Wang Chao , Tan Jing , Sun Feifei , Wang Xianfeng , Yu Jianyong , Ding Bin
Published: June 2024

Incorporating passive radiative cooling and heating into personal thermal management has attracted tremendous attention. However, most current thermal management materials are usually monofunctional with a narrow temperature regulation range, and lack breathability, softness, and stretchability, resulting in a poor wearer experience and limited application scenarios. Herein, a breathable dual‐mode leather‐like nanotextile (LNT) with asymmetrical wrinkle photonic microstructures and Janus wettability for highly efficient personal thermal management is developed via a one‐step electrospinning technique. The LNT is synthesized by self‐bonding a hydrophilic cooling layer with welding fiber networks onto a hydrophobic photothermal layer, constructing bilayer wrinkle structures that offer remarkable optical properties, a wetting gradient, and unique textures. The resultant LNT exhibits efficient cooling capacity (22.0 °C) and heating capacity (22.1 °C) under sunlight, expanding the thermal management zone (28.3 °C wider than typical textiles). Additionally, it possesses favorable breathability, softness, stretchability, and sweat‐wicking capability. Actual wearing tests demonstrate that the LNT can provide a comfortable microenvironment for the human body (1.6–8.0 °C cooler and 1.0–7.1 °C warmer than typical textiles) in changing weather conditions. Such a wearable dual‐mode LNT presents great potential for personal thermal comfort and opens up new possibilities for all‐weather smart clothing.
UV‐Permeable 3D Li Anodes for In Situ Fabrication of Interface‐Gapless Flexible Solid‐State Lithium Metal Batteries
Authors: Xie Chuan , Rong Mingming , Guo Qianyi , Wei Zhenyao , Chen Zijian , Huang Qiyao , Zheng Zijian
Published: June 2024

Flexible solid‐state lithium metal batteries (SSLMBs) are highly desirable for future wearable electronics because of their high energy density and safety. However, flexible SSLMBs face serious challenges not only in regulating the Li plating/stripping behaviors but also in enabling the mechanical flexibility of the cell. Both challenges are largely associated with the interfacial gaps between the solid electrolytes and the electrodes. Here, a UV‐permeable and flexible composited Li metal anode (UVp‐Li), which possesses a unique light‐penetrating interwoven structure similar to textiles is reported. UVp‐Li allows one‐step bonding of the cathode, anode, and solid electrolyte via an in situ UV‐initiated polymerization method to achieve the gapless SSLMBs. The gapless structure not only effectively stabilizes the plating/stripping of Li metal during cycling, but also ensures the integrity of the cell during mechanical bending. UVp‐Li symmetric cell presents a stable cycling over 1000 h at 0.5 mA cm−2. LiFePO4||UVp‐Li full cells (areal capacity ranging from 0.5 to 3 mAh cm−2) show outstanding capacity retention of over 84% after 500 charge/discharge cycles at room temperature. Large pouch cells using high‐loading cathodes maintain stable electrochemical performance during 1000 times of dynamic bending.
Eco‐Friendly Solutions to Emerging Contaminants: Unveiling the Potential of Bioremediation in Tackling Microplastic Pollution in Water
Authors: Ihsanullah Ihsanullah , Khan Muhammad Tariq , Hossain Md Faysal , Bilal Muhammad , Ali Shah Izaz
Published: June 2024

Microplastics (MPs) are a class of emerging contaminants that have gained significant attention in recent years. The presence of MPs in the aquatic environment is reported to have serious potential environmental and health impacts. Therefore, it is essential to develop efficient and sustainable strategies for the remediation of MPs from the aqueous environment. Traditional techniques for the remediation of MPs from an aqueous environment have limitations, including high costs and the production of secondary pollutants. In this scenario, bioremediation offers several advantages and has emerged as a cost‐effective, eco‐friendly, and efficient strategy for the removal of MPs from water. This article critically reviews the recent progress in the applications of bioremediation for the removal of different MPs from water. The effects of key factors such as the characteristics of MPs, environmental conditions, and types of microorganisms on the removal of MPs are elaborated in detail. The underlying mechanisms involved in the removal of MPs by microorganisms are also discussed comprehensively. Major technological challenges are identified, and recommendations for future research are provided. Despite several challenges, bioremediation is a promising approach that can revolutionize the MP removal process if the major challenges are addressed.
A Novel tsRNA, m7G‐3′ tiRNA LysTTT, Promotes Bladder Cancer Malignancy Via Regulating ANXA2 Phosphorylation
Authors: Ying Xiaoling , Hu Wenyu , Huang Yapeng , Lv Yifan , Ji Ding , Chen Cong , Yang Baotong , Zhang Chengcheng , Liang Yaomin , Zhang Haiqing , Liu Mingrui , Yuan Gang , Wu Wenqi , Ji Weidong
Published: June 2024

Emerging evidence indicates that transfer RNA (tRNA)‐derived small RNAs (tsRNAs), originated from tRNA with high abundance RNA modifications, play an important role in many complex physiological and pathological processes. However, the biological functions and regulatory mechanisms of modified tsRNAs in cancer remain poorly understood. Here, it is screened for and confirmed the presence of a novel m7G‐modified tsRNA, m7G‐3′‐tiRNA LysTTT (mtiRL), in a variety of chemical carcinogenesis models by combining small RNA sequencing with an m7G small RNA‐modified chip. Moreover, it is found that mtiRL, catalyzed by the tRNA m7G‐modifying enzyme mettl1, promotes bladder cancer (BC) malignancy in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, mtiRL is found to specifically bind the oncoprotein Annexin A2 (ANXA2) to promote its Tyr24 phosphorylation by enhancing the interactions between ANXA2 and Yes proto‐oncogene 1 (Yes1), leading to ANXA2 activation and increased p‐ANXA2‐Y24 nuclear localization in BC cells. Together, these findings define a critical role for mtiRL and suggest that targeting this novel m7G‐modified tsRNA can be an efficient way for to treat BC.
Optimizing Length Scalability of InGaZnO Thin‐Film Transistors through Lateral Carrier Profile Engineering and Negative ΔL Extension Structure
Authors: Kim Su Hyun , Kim Mingoo , Lee Ji Hwan , Kim Kihwan , Park Joon Seok , Lim Jun Hyung , Oh Saeroonter
Published: June 2024

The lateral carrier profile of amorphous indium gallium zinc oxide (IGZO) thin‐film transistors (TFTs) plays a significant role in determining the effective channel length (Leff) and length scalability even when the physical gate length (Lg) is the same. Especially, devices with high carrier concentration that have a high mobility of 14.54 cm2 V·s−1 suffer from severe short channel effects at Lg = 1 µm due to the reduced Leff. The current work proposes a systematic methodology for optimizing length scalability for a given Lg that involves engineering of the lateral carrier profile. Unique lateral carrier profiles are extracted using contour maps of ΔL and RSD as a function of carrier profile parameters, and they are validated by comparing the measured Leff, drain‐to‐source resistance, and current‐voltage characteristics with the results of simulations using the extracted carrier profiles. Further, to overcome the trade‐off between enhanced mobility and degraded VT roll‐off that occurs with increasing carrier concentration, an IGZO TFT with gate‐insulator shoulders is fabricated to structurally form negative ΔL and physically increase Leff, while also obtaining a high carrier concentration, ultimately achieving both optimal electrical performance, with mobility of 17.50 cm2 V·s−1, and complete control of the electrostatic integrity of the gate.
Development of Flexure‐Based Supernumerary Robotic Finger for Hand Function Augmentation
Authors: Yang Junmo , Kim Youngrae , Kim Jisu , Lim Seunghyun , Yoon Jingon , Yun Dongwon
Published: June 2024

This study introduces a flexure‐based supernumerary robotic finger (FBSF) inspired by the proportions of the human thumb, aiming to overcome existing limitations in robotic finger design. In pursuit of seamless cooperation with the user's hand, human finger proportions are replicated. Finite element analysis of all five fingers indicates that the thumb‐mimicking configuration offers the largest workspace and bending angle. The FBSF, featuring a polycarbonate paired crossed flexural hinge structure and high impact polystyrene links, closely mirrors the human thumb. Weighing 59 g (main body) and 170 g (control box), the FBSF enables user‐driven control and decoupled actuation based on user intent, utilizing the electromyographic signal of the extensor carpi ulnaris via isometric contractions. An experimental protocol, including task blocks (releasing, clenching), confirms the FBSF's responsiveness to user intentions. When utilizing FBSF, it has been verified using a motion capture camera system that it is possible to extend the existing hand workspace by approximately 29.72%. Performance tests demonstrate the FBSF's capability to grasp various objects and assist in tasks, with a maximum load‐bearing capacity of 2.6 kg experimentally verified. This study demonstrates the potential of the developed FBSF to augment hand functionality in diverse applications.
Deep Learning for Spectroscopic X‐ray Nano‐Imaging Denoising
Authors: Fu Tianyu , Zhang Kai , Yuan Qingxi , Li Jizhou , Pianetta Piero , Liu Yijin
Published: June 2024

Synchrotron transmission X‐ray microscopy with absorption near edge structure (TXM‐XANES) is a powerful tool for investigating the structure and composition of materials at nano‐ to meso‐scales. It is, however, often challenged by high levels of noise that obscure critical details at the single‐pixel level. To address this issue, a deep learning‐based algorithm is developed for suppressing the image noise, grounded in self‐supervised learning principles. In contrast to traditional image denoising methods, this approach successfully enhances the visibility of fine details while significantly reducing the noise in the X‐ray images. Through this advancement, the potential of the approach for improving the accuracy and interpretability of the TXM‐XANES data is demonstrated, thereby enabling more precise detection of nanoscale phenomena such as inhomogeneous cation redox and metal segregation in battery cathode materials. This technique offers an effective new avenue for harnessing the full potential of synchrotron TXM‐XANES imaging, paving the way for a range of exciting new studies in materials science and beyond.
Surgical complications in combined rhinoplasty and endoscopic sinus surgery
Authors: Fereydooni Soraya , Green Allen , Wei Eric X. , Rossi‐Meyer Monica K. , Kandathil Cherian K. , Most Sam P.
Published: June 2024

Key points

Complications in combined surgery are equivalent to ESS but are higher than rhinoplasty alone.

The most common complications are pneumonia, stroke, and epistaxis.

Rhinoplasty surgeries with graft use have a higher risk of complications.
Digital Light Processing to Afford High Resolution and Degradable CO2‐Derived Copolymer Elastomers
Authors: Poon Kam C. , Segal Maddison , Bahnick Alexander J. , Chan Yin Mei , Gao Chang , Becker Matthew L. , Williams Charlotte K.
Published: June 2024

Vat photopolymerization 3D printing has proven very successful for the rapid additive manufacturing (AM) of polymeric parts at high resolution. However, the range of materials that can be printed and their resulting properties remains narrow. Herein, we report the successful AM of a series of poly(carbonate‐b‐ester‐b‐carbonate) elastomers, derived from carbon dioxide and bio‐derived ϵ‐decalactone. By employing a highly active and selective Co(II)Mg(II) polymerization catalyst, an ABA triblock copolymer (Mn=6.3 kg mol−1, ÐM=1.26) was synthesized, formulated into resins which were 3D printed using digital light processing (DLP) and a thiol‐ene‐based crosslinking system. A series of elastomeric and degradable thermosets were produced, with varying thiol cross‐linker length and poly(ethylene glycol) content, to produce complex triply periodic geometries at high resolution. Thermomechanical characterization of the materials reveals printing‐induced microphase separation and tunable hydrophilicity. These findings highlight how utilizing DLP can produce sustainable materials from low molar mass polyols quickly and at high resolution. The 3D printing of these functional materials may help to expedite the production of sustainable plastics and elastomers with potential to replace conventional petrochemical‐based options.
Supramolecular Modifying Nafion with Fluoroalkyl‐Functionalized Polyoxometalate Nanoclusters for High‐Selective Proton Conduction.
Authors: He Haibo , Song Shihao , Zhai Liang , Li Zexu , Wang Sihan , Zuo Peng , Zhu Youliang , Li Haolong
Published: June 2024

Proton exchange membranes with high selectivity are urgently required in energy and electronic technologies. Although Nafion represents the state‐of‐the‐art commercial proton exchange membrane material,it still suffers from the permeation of undesirable substances, like hydrogen in fuel cells and vanadium ions in redox flow batteries, due to the unmatched sizes between its ionic domains (3–5 nm) and these substances. In this work, we present a supramolecular modification strategy that simultaneously enhances the proton conductivity and selectivity of Nafion. We employ fluoroalkyl‐grafted polyoxometalate (POMs) nanoclusters as supramolecular additives to modify Nafion via co‐assembly. These POMs can precisely and robustly decorate at Nafion ionic domains, with their fluoroalkyl chains anchoring into the perfluorinated matrix while their inorganic clusters stay in the ionic regions. The hybrid membranes, with continuous proton hopping sites and nanoscale steric hindrance offered by POMs, exhibit a 56 % increase in proton conductivity and a 100 % improvement in proton/vanadium selectivity. This leads to significantly enhanced power density and energy efficiency in fuel cells and vanadium flow batteries, respectively. These results underscore the intriguing potential of molecular cluster additives in improving the functions of ion‐conducting membranes.
Inverse Vulcanization of Activated Norbornenyl Esters—A Versatile Platform for Functional Sulfur Polymers
Authors: Grimm Alexander P. , Plank Martina , Stihl Andreas , Schmitt Christian W. , Voll Dominik , Schacher Felix H. , Lahann Jörg , Théato Patrick
Published: June 2024

Elemental sulfur has shown to be a promising alternative feedstock for development of novel polymeric materials with high sulfur content. However, the utilization of inverse vulcanized polymers is restricted by the limitation of functional comonomers suitable for an inverse vulcanization. Control over properties and structure of inverse vulcanized polymers still poses a challenge to current research due to the dynamic nature of sulfur‐sulfur bonds and high temperature of inverse vulcanization reactions. In here, we report for the first time the inverse vulcanization of norbornenyl pentafluorophenyl ester (NB‐PFPE), allowing for post‐modification of inverse vulcanized polymers via amidation of reactive PFP esters to yield high sulfur content polymers under mild conditions. Amidation of the precursor material with three functional primary amines (α‐amino‐ω‐methoxy polyethylene glycol, aminopropyl trimethoxy silane, allylamine) was investigated. The resulting materials were applicable as sulfur containing poly(ethylene glycol) nanoparticles in aqueous environment. Cross‐linked mercury adsorbents, sulfur surface coatings, and high‐sulfur content networks with predictable thermal properties were achievable using aminopropyl trimethoxy silane and allylamine for post‐polymerization modification, respectively. With the broad range of different amines available and applicable for post‐polymerization modification, the versatility of poly(sulfur‐random‐NB‐PFPE) as a platform precursor polymer for novel specialized sulfur containing materials was showcased.
Regulating Reactive Oxygen Intermediates of Fe−N−C SAzyme via Second‐Shell Coordination for Selective Aerobic Oxidation Reactions
Authors: Xu Yuan , Ma Yuanjie , Chen Xinghua , Wu Kaiqing , Wang Kaiyuan , Shen Yanfei , Liu Songqin , Gao Xuejiao J. , Zhang Yuanjian
Published: June 2024

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) regulation for single‐atom nanozymes (SAzymes), e.g., Fe−N−C, is a key scientific issue that determines the activity, selectivity, and stability of aerobic reaction. However, the poor understanding of ROS formation mechanism on SAzymes greatly hampers their wider deployment. Herein, inspired by cytochromes P450 affording bound ROS intermediates in O2 activation, we report Fe−N−C containing the same FeN4 but with tunable second‐shell coordination can effectively regulate ROS production pathways. Remarkably, compared to the control Fe−N−C sample, the second‐shell sulfur functionalized Fe−N−C delivered a 2.4‐fold increase of oxidase‐like activity via the bound Fe=O intermediate. Conversely, free ROS (⋅O2−) release was significantly reduced after functionalization, down to only 17 % of that observed for Fe−N−C. The detailed characterizations and theoretical calculations revealed that the second‐shell sulfur functionalization significantly altered the electronic structure of FeN4 sites, leading to an increase of electron density at Fermi level. It enhanced the electron transfer from active sites to the key intermediate *OOH, thereby ultimately determining the type of ROS in aerobic oxidation process. The proposed Fe−N−Cs with different second‐shell anion were further applied to three aerobic oxidation reactions with enhanced activity, selectivity, and stability.
Cobalt complexes with bidentate (NO) versus monodentate (N) salicylaldimine ligands: Syntheses, crystal structures, and comparison in bioactivity profile against bacterial, fungal, and cancer cells and activities on wheat germination indices
Authors: Williem Ereny S. , Amro Ahmed , Ibrahim Ahmed B. M. , Elkhalik S. Abd , Meurer Florian , Bodensteiner Michael , Abbas S. M.
Published: June 2024

Two complexes of cobalt (II) with monobasic bi‐coordinated {2‐((isopropylimino)methyl)phenol} and neutral mono‐coordinated {2‐((pyridin‐3‐ylimino)methyl)phenol} ligands were prepared. The ligands were not separated as solids, and the complexes, respectively, [Co(L1)2] C1 and [Co (HL2)2Cl2] C2, were obtained from solutions containing cobalt (II) chloride, salicylaldehyde, and the respective amine. The crystallographic studies confirmed fourfold coordinated cobalt in complexes C1 and C2 via N2O2 and N2Cl2 donor atoms, respectively. Further, these complexes crystallized in the orthorhombic Pbca (C1) and monoclinic I2/a (C2) space groups. Against two fungi, the complexes (20 mg/mL) in DMSO induced only inhibition zones of 11 and 15 mm diameters in Candida albicans strains, but amphotericin B inhibited this fungus by 21 mm. All complexes (20 mg/mL) in DMSO were tested against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains. Complex C1 showed similar inhibition zones each with 12 mm diameter against these bacteria, but C2 gave inhibition zones with 17, 21, 19, and 16 mm diameters closer to those due to ampicillin which inhibited these strains by 26, 21, 25, and 26 mm. The complexes' C1 and C2 cytotoxicity was also evaluated in MCF‐7 cancer and baby hamster kidney normal cells, and they, respectively, gave IC50 values of 29.1 and 18.1 μM in the cancer cells and of 35.5 and 17.5 μM in the normal ones. The reference, doxorubicin, induced cytotoxic effect with IC50 = 9.66 and 36.42 μM on the MCF‐7 and baby hamster kidney cells, respectively. Both complexes and the control offered 100% germination for a drought‐resistive wheat cultivar, but complex C1 offered only 95% wheat germination under drought conditions. For a drought‐sensitive wheat cultivar, the control, complex C1, and complex C2 offered 90%, 85%, and 90% germination under normal irrigation and 95%, 100%, and 95% germination under drought.
Artisanal fishing affects the local distribution of broad‐snouted caiman (Caiman latirostris) within the Atlantic Forest of Brazil
Authors: Mascarenhas‐Junior Paulo B. , Strickland Bradley A. , Heithaus Michael R. , Santos Rayssa L. , Barboza Rafael S. , Simões Pedro I. , Correia Jozelia M.
Published: June 2024

Artisanal fishing is an important subsistence practice in freshwater habitats worldwide, but overexploitation threatens the conservation of several nontarget species including crocodylians. We investigated the effects of artisanal fishing on the distribution of a population of broad‐snouted caiman (Caiman latirostris) inhabiting the Tapacurá reservoir, within the highly altered and threatened Atlantic Forest biome.

We conducted spotlight surveys to detect caimans and gillnets deployed in the reservoir from April 2015 to June 2022. We evaluated temporal differences in gillnet encounter rates and the relationship between caimans and gillnet distribution.

Gillnet encounter rates remained consistent year‐round, while caiman encounter rates were highest near gillnets, especially in the river channel and in forested margins. Caimans are opportunistic predators attracted by tangled fish in gillnets and likely prefer habitats with increased fish abundance.

Future research should continue monitoring the interaction between caimans and fishing and include local communities in conservation efforts.
Family history of psychiatric conditions and development of siblings of children with autism
Authors: Bellia Giselle , Chang Joseph , Liew Zeyan , Vernetti Angelina , Macari Suzanne , Powell Kelly , Chawarska Katarzyna
Published: June 2024

Younger siblings (SIBS) of children with autism exhibit a wide range of clinical and subclinical symptoms including social, cognitive, language, and adaptive functioning delays. Identifying factors linked with this phenotypic heterogeneity is essential for improving understanding of the underlying biology of the heterogenous outcomes and for early identification of the most vulnerable SIBS. Prevalence of neurodevelopmental (NDD) and neuropsychiatric disorders (NPD) is significantly elevated in families of children with autism. It remains unknown, however, if the family history associates with the developmental outcomes among the SIBS. We quantified history of the NDDs and NPDs commonly reported in families of children with autism using a parent interview and assessed autism symptoms, verbal, nonverbal, and adaptive skills in a sample of 229 SIBS. Multiple regression analyses were used to examine links between family history and phenotypic outcomes, whereas controlling for birth year, age, sex, demographics, and parental education. Results suggest that family history of schizophrenia, depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, and intellectual disability associate robustly with dimensional measures of social affect, verbal and nonverbal IQ, and adaptive functioning in the SIBS. Considering family history of these disorders may improve efforts to predict long‐term outcomes in younger siblings of children with autism and inform about familial factors contributing to high phenotypic heterogenetity in this cohort.
The impact of GitHub on students' learning and engagement in a software engineering course
Authors: Patani Prutha , Tiwari Saurabh , Rathore Santosh Singh
Published: June 2024

GitHub, a widely used software development platform, facilitates organization of projects and collaboration. Its popularity extends to students who use it to host code and create open repositories for class projects. However, despite its potential benefits, the use of GitHub in education has often been unplanned and lacked structure. Consequently, the effectiveness of GitHub in improving student learning and project development skills remains unclear. This study explores the impact of using GitHub as a tool in a software engineering course on students' skill sets and perspectives. We present the results of an experiment conducted with 319 undergraduate students to assess whether using GitHub improves their engagement in teamwork and subsequently enhances learning. The study conducted pre‐ and postsurveys to capture students' perspectives and experiences. Additionally, we analyzed the number of commits, pull requests (PRs), and issues from group repositories to assess learning outcomes. Our findings revealed that most students had limited knowledge of collaborative development and teamwork before using GitHub in the course. However, after using GitHub, they demonstrated effective use of teamwork skills and collaborative development, resulting in significant improvements in their overall learning.