bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Utilization of Limed Flesh Through Fat Extraction and Soap Preparation
Authors: Pathan Estehad , Ahmed Sobur , Shakil Saidur Rahman
Published: February 2022

Leather industry is an export oriented industry in Bangladesh and according to the Export Promotion Bureau, in the fiscal year 2017–2018 leather sector earned US$1.03 billion by exporting leather, leather products, and footwear [1] . But it is a matter of great concern that this industry produces lots of pollution which impacts on our environment immensely. Normally thousands of kg raw cattle hide converts into 200kg finished leather [2]. Leather processing (tanning) is a complex procedure comprising of several technological steps to shield the raw hide/skin against microbiological degradation as well as to stabilize collagen with defined tanning agents which produce a significant amount of waste. Wastes originate from all stages of leather manufacturing, such as tiny particles, residues from various tanning stages and reagents from different waste liquors comprising of cuttings of raw hides and skins , trimmings and shavings, fleshing residues, solid hair debris [3]. In this conversion process the amount of total solid waste produces is about 450-550kg. This work is intended to develop a fat extraction method from the limed flashings for soap production. In leather processing, just after washing, following the liming process, swollen pelts (lime treated hide/skin) have to pass through an operation to remove the remaining fat and flesh from the flesh side in order to improve the diffusion of chemicals into pelt is known as fleshing. Generally, fleshings are kept indiscriminately nearly the industrial area as green, which has an adverse effect on the environment including human health. It contains a considerable amount of fat, which could be great source raw materials for soap. The process could be optimized for large scale production, which would be allowed to produce a new product for the commercial use. The approach could also contribute a significant reduction in the environmental impact of inevitable solid waste and decrease the costs associated with disposal.
Anion-Exchange Membrane with Poly(3,3’-(hexyl) bis(1-vinylimidazolium) bromide)/PVC Composites Prepared by Inter-polymerization
Authors: Kim Soo-Yeoun , Kim Woonjung , Choi Seong-Ho
Published: February 2022

The advanced anion-exchange membranes with the poly(3,3’-(hexyl)bis(1-vinylimidazolium)bromide), PHVB, was synthesized by inter-polymerization of  a 3,3'-(hexyl)bis(1-vinylimidazolium) bromide in poly(vinyl chloride), PVC, solution.  We confirmed the successful preparation of the advanced anion-exchange membrane (AEM) such as ionic conductivity (S/cm), water uptake (%), ion-exchange capacity (meq/g), vanadium permeability, thermal properties, and SEM analysis, respectively.  The vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) performances using the prepared AEM based on PHVB/PVC composite polymers in organic electrolytes was examined.  In the prepared advanced AEM, the maximum voltages reached 2.5 V under the fixed current value of 0.005mA.  The synthesized advanced AEM has also good stability with organic electrolyte by battery performance under 1000 cycles. As results, the advanced AEM based on PHVB/PVC prepared by the inter-polymerization is suitable for use as a battery separator in VRFB.
2x2 Millimeter-Wave Microstrip Antenna Array for 5G Applications
Authors: Raviteja G. Viswanadh
Published: February 2022

In this paper, microstrip antenna array is designed and simulated for 5G applications. The array was designed with the intent to cover the millimeter-wave spectrum at 27GHz frequency. The substrate used in this antenna construction is Rogers RT Duroid 6002 with a loss tangent of 0.0012 and dielectric constant 2.94. The idea behind this research is to design antenna array for 5G systems able to operate in the frequency band of 24.25 – 27.5 GHz. Initially, a conventional antenna is designed. Thereby 2X1 microstrip antenna is designed and finally, a 2X2 antenna array is designed. In each stage, the antenna parameters such as S11 parameter, gain, and VSWR are calculated. Comparisons are also drawn concerning the directivity of the three antenna configurations discussed. For the end design which involves a 2X2 microstrip antenna array, the S11 is calculated to be -31.94 dB at the frequency of 26.78 GHz. The gain achieved was 11.02 dB and the directivity is found to be 11.12 dB. All the important findings from the simulations performed are tabulated.
Nonlinear Membrane Circuit Loaded on a Lossy Transmission Line without the Heaviside’s Condition
Authors: Angelov Vasil
Published: February 2022

The paper deals with transmission lines terminated by a nonlinear circuit describing a simplified model of membrane. This means that all elements of the membrane circuit are nonlinear ones as follows: in series connected LR-loads parallel to C-load. Using the Kirchhoff’s laws we formulate boundary conditions. For lossy transmission lines systems with the Heaviside’s condition, the mixed problem is considered in previous papers. The main goal of the present paper is to investigate the same problem for lossy transmission lines without the Heaviside’s condition. We reduce the existence of solution of the more complicated mixed problem for such a system to the existence of fixed point of an operator acting on a suitable function space. Then by ensuring the existence of this fixed point we obtain conditions for existence of a generalized solution of the mixed problem. The obtained conditions are easily verifiable. We demonstrate the advantages of our method by a numerical example.
Assessment of Crop Residues Energy Potential and Efficient Usage in the South-western Zone of Afghanistan
Authors: Noori Abdul Ghani
Published: February 2022

In the south-western zone of Afghanistan (Kandahar, Helmand, Urozgan and Zabul) about 807,890 tons of wheat, 945 tons of rice, 46,164 tons of barley and 105,276 tons of maize were produced in 2016-17. Based on the residues to product ratio (RPR) of the crops (1.8 for wheat straw, 1.5 rice stalks, 0.2 for rice husk, 1.3 for barely straw and 2 for maize stalks) about 1,454,202 tons of wheat straw, 1,418 tons of rice stalks, 189 tons of rice husk, 60,013 tons of barely straw and 210,552 tons of maize stalks were generated in the south-western zone of the country. By considering the lower heating values (LHV) of the crop residues (13.76 MJ/kg for wheat straw, 12.81 MJ/kg for rice stalks, 16.33 MJ/kg for rice husk, 13.97 MJ/kg for barely straw and 13.22 MJ/kg for maize stalks), it was resulted that 20,010 TJ energy can be generated from wheat straw, 18 TJ from rice stalks, 3 TJ from rice husk, 838 TJ from barely straw and 2,783 TJ from maize stalks. Cumulatively, around 23,653 TJ of energy can be generated from the selected crop residues in the south-western zone of Afghanistan in 2016-17. These crop residues are mainly used for cooking by using the very inefficient three stone cook stoves (? = 12.6%) and two support cook stoves (? = 13%). To use these crop residues more efficiently, it is advised to replace the mentioned inefficient cook stove with improved Chulha and Anagi II cook stoves, which have an efficiency of 21% and 22% and can save off to 43% and 40% fuel wood, respectively compared to the traditionally used cook stoves.
Optimum Techniques for the Conversion of Space Rectangular and Curvilinear Coordinates
Authors: Suara Gafar , Idowu Timothy Oluwadare
Published: February 2022

Conversion between space rectangular (X, Y, Z) and curvilinear (?, ?, h) coordinates is an important task in the field of Surveying, geodesy, positioning, navigation, mapping etc. Different techniques which include iterative methods, non-iterative techniques and closed form algebraic methods have been applied over the years to carry out the coordinate conversion. However, the results obtained using these techniques are deficient in one way or the other due to the inherent limitations such as inability to produce results for curvilinear coordinates when the values of X, Y and Z are subsequently or simultaneously equal to zero. Therefore, this study attempts to put forth an optimum coordinate conversion technique between space rectangular and curvilinear coordinates. The data used are coordinates of points which include the space rectangular coordinates and their equivalent curvilinear coordinates. They were observed and processed in Nigeria using Doppler 9 software by African Doppler Survey (ADOS) and they were confirmed to be of first order accuracy and hence of high quality. The data processing involved the design of the optimum techniques equations, coding of the algorithms and necessary computations to obtain results. Analyzing the results obtained, it can be inferred that the designed optimum model has successfully carried out the conversion between space rectangular and curvilinear coordinates. Therefore, the optimum technique model is recommended for use for the conversions from Space rectangular coordinates to Geocentric, Geodetic, Reduced coordinates and vice versa.
Identification of Smart Structures with Robust Control under Stochastic Excitation
Authors: Moutsopoulou Amalia John , Stavroulakis Georgios E. , Pouliezos Tasos D.
Published: February 2022

In light of past research in this field, this paper intends to discuss some innovative approaches in vibration control of smart structures, particularly in the case of structures with embedded piezoelectric materials. In this work, we review the principal problems in mechanical engineering that the structural control engineer has to address when designing robust control laws: structural modeling techniques, uncertainty modeling, and robustness validation under stochastic excitation. Control laws are desirable for systems where guaranteed stability or performance is required despite the presence of multiple sources of uncertainty.
Tannery Solid Waste into Wealth by Non-Edible Gelatin Production from Raw Trimmings
Authors: Shakil Md. Saidur Rahman , Ahmed Sobur , Pathan Estehad
Published: February 2022

During the conversion of raw hides or skins into leather involves generation of enormous amount of solid waste which has been major concern for environment and cause detrimental effect on it. In leather industry solid wastes can be generated almost from all operations including pre-tanning, tanning, and even post tanning operation. Solid wastes are mainly raw trimmings, fleshing, chrome shaving, buffing dust, keratin, finished scraps etc. The economic development of a country depends on the utilization of indigenous raw materials and their by-products.  This paper focuses on utilization of raw trimmings into useful product like non edible gelatin those demand is going up day by day due to its versatile application in various fields. Raw trimmings are mainly originated during sorting of leather before actual tanning process happens and best for non- edible gelatin production as it does not contain any harmful chemicals. This study will also describe the chemical properties of gelatin, gelatin manufacturing process, manufacturing parameters from the leather wastes like raw trimmings. Optimum extraction of non-edible gelatin from raw trimmings found at 75-85?C for 12 hours in slightly basic condition. This study found that huge amount of raw trimmings which generally thrown directly to environment can serve as potential raw materials for the manufacture of non-edible as well as edible gelatin.
Molecular Structures of ZnO by Aggregates of Atoms and Interaction of Two Monolayers
Authors: García-López Cristian Eduardo , Rivera Irineo-Pedro Zaragoza , Vargas-Arista Benjamín , Estrella-Suarez Verónica
Published: February 2022

The first-principles calculations are useful for determining electronic and structural properties for a model that simulates a material composed of atomic clusters of ZnO through the analysis of interaction energies and charge distribution. The two-dimensional structural form of ZnO aggregates shows regularly flat hexagons obtained in models of 6, 27 and 54 atoms of Zinc and Oxygen. The structure of a three-dimensional system was determined by dynamics calculations by using the interaction of a pair of monolayers consisting of 108 atoms and as a result, a cage structure was formed from a cluster of Zn54 and O54 identifying only bond atoms at the ends that promote the union of monolayers. The stable structure shows modifications of the atomic bonds in whose centers hexagonal rings prevailed and at the arrangements of the end of triangles, squares, pentagons and even rings of 10 and 11 atoms were obtained. Atomic positions and charge distribution were analyzed based on the methodology used Density Functional Theory (DFT), with the becke88-LYP exchange and correlation functional.
Vibration Analysis of A 3-Bladed Marine Propeller Shaft for 35000DWT Bulk Carrier
Authors: Madokuboye Asima , Ogbonnaya Alfred E.
Published: February 2022

Vibration Analysis of a 3-bladed Marine Propeller shaft for 35000 DWT Bulk Carrier was carried out. The objectives of the analysis were mathematically designing the 3-bladed propeller shaft, carrying out computer aided design of the shaft and numerically performing vibration analysis. The methodology include mathematically designing the marine propeller and the corresponding shaft, manual calculation of the natural frequency of the shaft, using solidworks to design the shaft and numerically performing vibration analysis on the designed shaft using Analysis System (ANSYS) software. Hub (boss) diameter of 0.17m was calculated. The hollow shaft has external and internal diameters of 0.10m and 0.09m respectively. Torques of 202Nm2 and 384.72Nm2 were obtained at the driver and driven shafts respectively. The natural frequency calculated manually was 249Hz while that of the ANSYS was 280Hz which gives an error of 12%. However, the numerical analysis carried out with ANSYS software also showed that a phase difference of 1800 occurs at the frequency of 280Hz which is a signal of possible misalignment of shaft. At this frequency, the displacement of the shaft has a maximum value of 7.87 . Reaction forces from the components of the shaft were also observed to play major role in the vibration of the propeller shaft. These reaction forces, which cause wearing of the stern tube and intermediate bearings due to friction, are represented by phase angles closer to zero degree. Wear due to friction is a major source of shaft misalignment.
Review of the Scrubber as a Tool for the Control of flue Gas Emissions in a Combustion System
Authors: Harry-Ngei N. , Ubong I. , Ede P. N.
Published: February 2022

This paper focuses on the description, function and working principles of the wet gas scrubber required to control air pollution emissions from a combustion system of a boiler. Important points to note in the selection and operation of the scrubber as well as the different types of scrubbers commonly deployed in the industries to cut down on emissions were addressed. A comprehensive reviews of the removal mechanisms and schemes of the scrubber were reported for various research on the subject. The packed tower scrubber, however, was recommended because of varying advantages and ease of operations.
Automated Estimation of Coastal Bathymetry from High Resolution Multi-Spectral Satellite Images
Authors: Wijesundara Anusha , Rathnayake R. M. D. I.
Published: February 2022

Coastal bathymetry is the most essential tool for marine planning, monitoring and management, modelling, nautical navigation and scientific studies of marine environments. The techniques have been developed over the last decade to derive bathymetry using remote sensing technology with efficiently and low costly. Log linear bathymetric inversion model and non-linear bathymetric inversion model provides two empirical approaches for deriving bathymetry from multispectral satellite imagery, which have been refined and widely applied. This paper compares these two approaches by means of a geographical error analysis for the site Kankesanturai using WorldView-2 satellite imagery. In order to calibrate both models; Single Beam Echo Sounding (SBES) data in this study area were used as reference points. Corrections for atmospheric and sun-glint effects are applied prior to the water depth algorithm. The algorithm was tuned and both models were calibrated by performing the necessary algorithm with available single beam echo sounding data in the study area. The coefficients of standard R2 is estimated as 0.846 for log-linear and 0.692 for non-linear model. Log linear model performs better than the non-linear model. The model residuals were mapped and the spatial auto-correlation was calculated based on the bathymetric estimation model. A spatial error model was constructed to generate more reliable estimates of bathymetry by calculating the spatial autocorrelation of model error and integrating this into an improved regression model.  Finally, the spatial error model improved the bathymetric estimates of R2 up to 0.854 for log-linear and 0.704 non-linear model respectively. The Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) was calculated for the different depth ranges and also for all reference points. The overall accuracy for the log linear and the non-linear inversion model after the geographical error analysis is estimated as ±1.532 m and ±2.089 m for this study. The spatial error model improved bathymetric estimates than those derived from a conventional log-linear and non-linear technique although these methods perform very similar estimates overall.
Study on Implementation of Rooftop Photovoltaic Power Plant as an Effort to Attain a Sustainable Campus
Authors: Thaib Razali , Amudy Munira , Rizal T. A.
Published: February 2022

The concept of Green Campus means that the University has implemented environmental preservation activities, energy efficiency, and deliver comfortable conditions to support learning and work activities. The activity to harvest renewable energy is one of several approaches towards a sustainable campus. This study aims to analyze the technical and economic feasibility of a solar power plant erected on the roof of buildings within the campus area. Based on the University of Samudra development master plan, it has carried a technical and financial feasibility study with the assists of the System Advisor Model (SAM) software. The analysis shows that the current roof area is possible to generate electrical power of 3 MW, with economic calculations of electricity production costs of 11.7 cents/kWh.
Software Risk Assessment for Windows Operating Systems with respect to CVSS
Authors: Joh HyunChul
Published: February 2022

CVSS is recognized as a de facto standard for categorizing and measuring software vulnerabilities in both how easy for exploitation for the given security bug and how much impact on a system having the vulnerability in a sense of the three security factors. Meanwhile, since the early 2000s, quantitative risk assessments of software systems had been able to be examined thanks to the accumulated enough datasets for a scientific investigation. However, there are still a lot of research attempts not to be taken in a quantitative examination of software risk assessments. In this paper, we are quantitatively analyzing CVSS scores in vulnerabilities from the three most recent Windows products, namely, Windows 7, Windows 8.1 and Windows 10. The result shows that AML vulnerability discovery model represents Windows vulnerability discovery trend reasonably. Furthermore, we found explicitly that, most of the time, security bugs are compromised with no authentication required systems. This result is corresponding with the output from the previous research based on Web browsers.
Technological Structures for Air Cooled Condensers
Authors: Říhová Zdeňka , Kočová Markéta
Published: February 2022

This paper summarizes the knowledge and results obtained in the field of designing technological platforms for energy industry. Optimal solution of the layout of elements and material of a number of technological platforms with a specific number of modules was searched. Technological platforms are the main supporting structure of the air-cooled condensers (ACC), which ensure cooling of plants. The fundament of the solution is based on the schema that the platform is composed from the at least one standardized bed containing the supporting surface equipped with the supporting columns and at least one horizontal segment for the condenser exchanger support. The platform structure must ensure sufficient spatial rigidity and stability and ACC functionality. Design requirements are defined both by size and weight of each single module of condenser and the total number of modules in assembly.
Model Trend and Application of Niger Delta Ultrasonic Field Data to Manage Erosion Corrosion in Pipelines and Flowlines
Authors: Amadi Azubuike Hope , Oriji Boniface A.
Published: February 2022

Corrosion of pipelines and other industrial facilities has led to several hazards and catastrophic events in the petroleum industry. The corrosion of pipelines can occur in different ways, as materials tend to go back to original state. This work focused on the erosion corrosion of pipelines due to sand production. Several analysis following best practices introduced in this work where carried out on field inspection data on pipelines and flowlines in which a trend was identified. This trend generated models such as erosion trend angle (ETA) and erosion trend factor (ETF) which will be used for reviews, judgment and sensitivity analysis during corrosion management. The criterion for criticality of ETA was 30 degrees for the purpose of this work and recommended that users could vary to fit work objectives. Five test points where used to establish ETA and ETF values for major decision of criticality for erosion corrosion as shown in Table 2. To enhance the use of these models and known corrosion tools, a software application known as HAZUTREND was developed using python programming and machine learning algorithms for linear regression. An erosion corrosion management procedure was also introduced as a result of analysis made, to optimize decision making.
Thermal Properties of Beef Tallow/Coconut Oil Bio PCM Using T-History Method for Wall Building Applications
Authors: Thaib Razali , Amin Muhammad , Umar Hamdani
Published: February 2022

Thermal energy storage using Phase Change Materials (PCM) is now widely applied to wall buildings. In general, PCM which is used for applications on building walls is organic PCM and has temperature range from 0? to 65oC. Beef tallow and coconut oil is a type of organic PCM known as Bio PCM needs to characterize by using the T-History Method. The T-History method is more accurate than Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA). This study aimed to determine the thermal properties of beef tallow/coconut oil PCM using the T-History method. The beef tallow and coconut oil as bio PCM material was used in this study with the variation are respectively: 100%, 70+30%, 60+40%, and 50+50%. Tests are carried out using the T-History method. From the results of testing and analysis obtained supercooling temperature, melting temperature, specific heat, and latent heat for bio PCM beef tallow/coconut oil. The effect of adding coconut oil mixture to beef tallow caused a decrease in melting temperature and supercooling temperature, while the specific heat and latent heat of bio PCM of beef tallow/coconut oil ranged from 2.96-2.19 kJ/kg.? and 101.05-72.32 kJ/kg. The result obtained that this bio PCM material of cow beef tallow/coconut oil can apply, as additional material in wall building applications.
High Water Ingress during TBM Tunnelling under Andheri Kurla Road, Marol Naka, Mumbai, India.
Authors: Pandey Vinay Kumar , Prakash Satya
Published: February 2022

For surface space limitations in metro cities, tunnel is the best option worldwide for the development of modern transport system, utilities and other infrastructures. But tunnelling is full of surprises depending on geological and hydrological factors. Underground Mumbai Metro line -03 is also full of surprises. In this paper we are going to discuss the encountered high water pressure during the Up line mining underneath the Andheri – Kurla road & elevated Mumbai Metro line -01 at Marol Naka. Pressure of water was observed to be 4.5 bars to 5 bars, geotechnical instruments showing no settlement but tunnel always filled with muck and progress were affected badly apart from taking precautions during the mining. As per geology, grade III basal and breccia were encountered. Team tried to find out the source/causes of this high water ingress but even after searching various options such as utility damage, recharging with water body, geological & geophysical investigation options, it was unable to conclude the confirm source. It was very astounding that no high water ingress was observed during the down line TBM mining. In this paper, all options have been discussed in details and also suggesting for taking high precautions during construction of cross passage in this area.
Removal of Fluoride Ion from Water Using locally Produced Adsorbent
Authors: Ekine Aboiyaa A. , Ikenyiri Patience N. , Hezekiah-Braye O.
Published: February 2022

This Research investigated the adsorption capacity of locally prepared adsorbents from Egg shells for the removal of fluoride ion in well water. It evaluated the performance of these adsorbents calcinated at 3000C and modified with 1.0M HNO3 (trioxonitrate (v)) acid. Batch adsorber was used to allow for interaction between adsorbent (grounded Egg shells) with water containing fluoride ion. The batch experiment was performed with particle size of 2.12 contact time (60, 120, 180, 240, 300min), mass dosage (5g, 10g, 15g, 20g) and temperature (250C, 300C, 400C, 500C). The modified adsorbent was characterized to determine the physiochemical properties of grounded Egg shells (GE). Also the chemical composition of the modified adsorbent was analyzed to determine the percentage of calcium element required for the uptake of the fluoride ions in water for calcium as 39.68% for grounded Egg shells (GE). Percentage adsorption increased with increase in contact time, mass dosage and temperature for the adsorbent. The adsorption capacity was also determined which also increased with increase in contact time, temperature but decreased with increase in mass dosage at constant time of 60minutes. The pseudo first-order, pseudo second order and intraparticle diffusion kinetic models were fitted into the experimental results. The results obtained indicated that the pseudo first order and intraparticle diffusion models for the grounded Egg shells (GE) reasonably described the adsorption process very well whereas the pseudo second order model was not suitable for a calcinations temperature of 3000C and particle size of 2.12m. The adsorption isotherms were obtained from equilibrium experiment Performed at temperature of 25, 35, 45 and 550C. The result showed that Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm fitted perfectly the experimental data. However, the negative values of Gibb’s free energy indicated that adsorption was favourable and the positive enthalpy change H0 revealed that adsorption process was endothermic while the positive value of the entropy change signified increased randomness with adsorption.
Development of Optimization Sensitivity Equation by Multiple Linear Regression and Correlation Analysis
Authors: Uzoma Shadrack Mathew
Published: February 2022

Gas pipeline pressure-flow problem are affected by varieties of factors notably frictional pressure drop and other pressure drops components. These problems inevitably result in the reduction of the operating efficiency of gas pipelines by virtue of reduction in the line throughput and increased pressure drop along the line. It has been established that increased pressure drop will ultimately lead to increased pump power as well as higher cost of design, construction and operations of gas pipelines. These prevailing factors prompts the need to ascertain the stability and reliability of the optimal flow results. The develop sensitivity model prediction was hinged around ?L/L (%) being zero. It invariably confirmed that the results of optimal flow capacity are more sensitive to changes in upstream and downstream pressures. It was least sensitive to pressure gradients. The governing conditions being that changes in pipe diameter, ?D/D (%) and flow capacity, ?Q/Q (%) were in the order of 5%.
Emission Rate Estimation of Fuel Oil in A Combustion System Using Empirical Method
Authors: Harry-Ngei N. , Ubong I. , Ojong E.
Published: February 2022

This work highlighted the prediction of the emission rates of the products of combustion using a fuel oil of specific gravity of 0.9. The two reaction pathways of complete combustion and incomplete combustion were used differently to ascertain the emission rates. Ultimate analysis were conducted on the fuel oil to show the percentage composition of elements using ASTM 3178 method for carbon and hydrogen, Kjedahl method for nitrogen, ASTM D1552 for sulphur and the differences used to compute that of oxygen. The estimated percentages of the various elements were the stoichiometrically used to compute the emissions rates at standard conditions. The basis of the computation was a fuel oil flow rate of 10Tonnes/h and the following emission rates were predicted for the complete combustion reaction pathway: 31,246Kg/h for CO2, 65Kg/h for H2O, 158Kg/h for NO2 and 20Kg/h for SO2 while 9,940Kg/h for CO2, 15,623Kg/h for CO, 11,700Kg/h for H2O, 11Kg/h for H2S and 158Kg/h for NO2 were predicted for the incomplete combustion pathway. The study noted that this predictive path should be taken where effective devices or logistics are not in place to measure emissions from combustion systems.
Free Convection in a Triangular Cavity Filled with Hybrid-Nanofluid along with Sinusoidal Heat
Authors: Hasan Md.Rakibul , Uddin Md. Borhan , U. Ahmed M.
Published: February 2022

A numerical study on convective heat transfer of hybrid nanofluid packed in a right angled triangular cavity heated by a sinusoidal temperature maintained from lower side and subjected to a constant magnetic field have been studied in this work. The hypotenuse side of the triangular cavity has been kept in uniform cool temperature while the remaining side is insulated. The governing equations of the problem have been discretized numerically with help of finite element method. A fixed Prandtl number Pr=6.2 has been used for the numerical solution. Several values of Rayleigh number Ra=102-106 , and Hartmann number Ha=0-100 which are the non-dimensional governing parameters have been examined. The volume fraction  =0.01, 0.05, 0.1 and the heat generation parameter Q = 1 have been taken for this work. Calculate and the graph of Nusselt number corresponding to different parameters have been presented. The results show that Nusselt number has been decreasing function of nanoparticles Rayleigh number and also it is a decreasing function of Hartmann number. Obtained results has been compared with previously obtained data by other authors.
Opus and Session Initiation Protocol Security in Voice over IP (VOIP )
Authors: Kaul Siddarth , Jain Anuj
Published: February 2022

The purpose of the paper is to clearly elaborate how Opus Codec can be used as Voice over IP or Unified Communication as known Opus is an Audio Codec which is royalty free and most versatile format of Audio Codec the Opus codec is used for Interactive Voice and Multimedia application, Opus codec with WEBRTC (Web Real Time Communication) is a framework based on the Chrome Web Browser the codec behavior is usually effectively utilized under testing conditions for understanding the MOS assessment in comparison to the Opus Codec.The Opus codec is generally a low latency codec used for real time interactive communication the Opus codec replaces both Vorbis and Speex for new applications.
Vibration Response of Tubular Joints Using a Simplified Mass-Spring Model
Authors: Alqarni Shaalan A. , Almitani Khalid H. , Othman Ramzi
Published: February 2022

Using adhesives for joining tubular structures has been widely used to replace the traditional joining methods of welding, brazing, soldering, etc. The unique features associated with adhesives include low manufacturing cost, long components’ life, and lightweight. The goal of this study is to investigate the vibration response of the tubular joints when they are subjected to a harmonic axial load considering that the shear stress is linear through the thickness. A simplified mass-spring model is applied to study the response of the problem analytically. Finite element method (FEM) using ANSYS is then availed to validate and compare results obtained in the analytical approach. Additionally, some parameters such as overlap length and adherent material will be changed to examine their influence on the frequency response. Results and findings achieved analytically and numerically showed that the natural frequencies increase as the adherent wave velocity increases, whereas they decrease as the overlap length increases.
Comparison of Solar Photovoltaic and Solar Thermal Collector for Residential Water Heating and Space Heating System
Authors: Rahaman Md. Habibur , Iqbal Tariq
Published: February 2022

Almost all single-family detached houses in Canada consume enormous electrical energy for space heating and domestic hot water (DHW) purposes. There are many possibilities to design an energy-efficient house. A solar water heating system can be used for domestic water and space heating. Water temperature can be kept constant always by connecting a heat pump or oil burner to the main tank because solar energy is intermittent. The sizing of solar photovoltaic and collector, tank, heat pump are essential to design an effective system based on the system energy consumption. The existing house is just a conventional house where space and water heating are provided by the grid electricity only. In this research, two possible ways of thermal energy storage systems have been designed for a residential single-family house with solar collector and solar photovoltaic. It is proved that the proposed PV based energy storage system is highly suitable considering lower cost, high output power, flexibility, and easy installation.
Novel Method of Clone Detection by Neural Networks
Authors: Sharma Pallavi , Singh Chetanpal
Published: February 2022

Code clone is that type of engine that helps to find duplicate code patterns find within the whole code. Programmers usually adopt code reusability task from previous few years, so that time consumption can be reduces. Code reusability can be done via replication or by just copy-paste. Code reusability leads to not writing code from scratch, just copy paste the useful part of the code. In finding of duplicated code fragment or text, plagiarism detection also work pretty well but it is not applicable to the large system in finding functional clone and also it is more time consuming even at small scale which make the detection method inappropriate. In this paper, we proposed a pattern similarity conditions on the basis of textual similarity for finding the code or text clones in the large content on the basis of SVM, Neural Network using Java coding, Neural Network and Sim Cad. This approach detects code or text clones from original one. The resultant simulation is taken place in the MATLAB environment, and it has shown that it is providing better results. The proposed algorithm performance is measured using parameters i.e. FRR, FAR and Accuracy.
Adaptive and Robust Second Order Sliding Mode Controller Dedicated to Nonlinear Uncertain Pendulum Application System
Authors: Dhouibi Hedi , Ghabi Jalel , Selmi Tarek
Published: February 2022

The research work presented within this paper deals with an innovative second-order sliding mode control (SOSMC) allocated to adaptive gain and associated with nonlinear systems subject to unknown but bounded uncertainties. The derived controller   guarantees the control gain dynamical adaptation for the sake of counteracting the system’s uncertainties and to mitigate the chattering phenomenon. The Lyapunov method is also used to analyses the stability of any closed loop system (CLS) within a finite-time under bounded uncertainties assumptions. To assess how effective is the approach considered within this paper, the adaptive controller has been carefully studied on a benchmark of nonlinear systems on a damped overturned pendulum.
Algorithm for Calculating the Basic Optimal Parameters of Magnetic Devices of Telecommunication-Information Control Systems
Authors: Ismibayli Reshad E.
Published: February 2022

For calculating magnetic devices of telecommunication –information control systems used the optimal directed graph. On the based the directed graph defining optimal parameters of magnetic devices: complex magnetic resistance, optimal value, complex size of magnetizing force of the coil and other.
Implementation of EU Requirements in the Field of Fire Safety of Passenger Rolling Stock
Authors: Radziszewska-Wolinska Jolanta Maria , Kaźmierczak Adrian
Published: February 2022

The article discusses fire test results according to EN 45545-2 [1] requirements, for various material groups which were tested at Instytut Kolejnictwa (Railway Research Institute) for Polish producers. Approach to evaluation of CCS equipment and electrical equipment to meet the requirements of fire protection are characterized. Areas of requirements of the EN 45545-2 [1] standard are also presented, which are a challenge for the Polish railways, i.e. producers and research laboratories.
Stability and Sensitivity Analysis of Yellow Fever Dynamics
Authors: Otoo Henry , Appiah S. Takyi , Arhinful D.
Published: February 2022

Several West African countries have recently reported of Yellow Fever outbreaks. Ghana recently recorded an outbreak which lead to the death of three (3) people in the West Gonja District of the Northern Region. These indicate the re-emergence of the deadly disease. This research proposes a deterministic mathematical model through non-linear ordinary differential equations in order to gain an accurate insight into the dynamics of yellow fever between human beings and the vector Aedes mosquito in an unvaccinated area for the purpose of controlling the disease. The disease threshold parameter was obtained using the next generation matrix. The Gerschgorin theorem proved the disease-Free equilibrium and the Endemic equilibrium to be locally asymptotically stable for  and  respectively. The Lyapunov function proved the disease-Free Equilibrium to be globally asymptotically stable for . In order to study the effect of the model parameters to , the sensitivity analysis of the basic reproduction number with respect to epidemiological parameters was performed.
Subsea Crude Oil Spill Detection Using Robotic Systems
Authors: Ejofodomi O'tega , Ofualagba Godswill
Published: February 2022

Underwater Robotic Oil Spill Surveillance (UROSS) system provides constant and autonomous spill surveillance for subsea pipelines. M900 embedded Radio Frequency Identification tags and readers are used to identify pipeline section for surveillance. GY-521 gyrometer and XL-MaxSonar-WR1 ultrasound sensor are used for autonomous navigation. Spills are detected using a METS methane sensor. After spill detection, images of spill site are captured with a L3C-400 Micro Ultras-Miniature Color Camera and spill location is obtained using GPS. Spill Images and location are transmitted to a remote PC on the nearest off shore platform using an Xbee Pro 900HP wireless connection. An Ocean Signal rescueME Personal Beacon Locator transmits a 406 MHz distress signal via satellite to emergency services communicating the identification of a spill. Power analysis showed the system’s ability to remain submerged and to provide surveillance for 100 m sections of a subsea pipeline once every 24 hrs for a month, and can be increased to every hour for 51 months.
Design of a Real Time Feedback Automation Irrigation System
Authors: Ejofodomi O'tega , Ofualagba Godswill
Published: February 2022

This paper presents the design of a real time feedback control automated irrigation systems that consists of monitoring units, control units, irrigation pipeline valves, and a network of irrigation pipeline. The monitoring units continuously measure the soil moisture content in the irrigation blocks, and if the moisture content drops below a predetermined threshold for the particular crop under production, it sends a wireless message to the control units controlling the pipeline valves along the water flow channel, causing the control units to open the valves leading to the water source and commencing automatic irrigation. When the moisture content rises above a predetermined threshold for the crop, the monitoring units sends a wireless message to the control units, causing them to close the pipeline valves and cease automatic irrigation. An automatic irrigation system pipeline network optimization software has also been designed to plan, cost, and design the automatic irrigation system for a piece of land prior to installation.
Non-Destructive Characterization of Subsurface Plastic Deformation in Case Carburized Steel Using Magnetic Barkhausen Noise Technique
Authors: Blaow Mohamed M. , Ballem Mohamed Ali , Shaw Brian Andrew
Published: February 2022

The effect of extreme loading in bending was investigated by magnetic Barkhausen Noise (MBN) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) in two types of inhomogeneous steels that widely used in gear industry. EN 36 and H8620 steels in the carburized, tempered and ground condition were investigated after unloading from high stress levels. The inhomogeneity arising from the variation in carbon content showed up clearly by double peaks MBN profiles before loading. The first MBN peak at low field revealed the soft subsurface region and the second peak at higher field revealed the hard surface layer. Residual stresses profiles were produced by XRD before and after loading to probe plasticity in the cross sections of both specimens. Barkhausen noise measurements showed a considerable change in the first peak height in both steels as a response to plastic deformation in tension and compression in the subsurface material. The height of the second peak remained unchanged in EN 36 specimen but increased slightly in the H8620 specimen.  The residual stress measurements after unloading indicated that the subsurface materials after a depth of 0.4 mm in both specimens were yielded. The surface layer of the H8620 steel was also affected slightly by bending as revealed by an increase in the second MBN peak height and confirmed by XRD as indication of yielding. The experiment confirmed that the magnetic Barkhausen noise can be used to characterize yielding in inhomogeneous steels non-destructively.
Performance Evaluation of Social Routing Protocols Based on the Effect of Delivery Ratio and Average Hop Count in Delay-tolerant Networks (DTN)
Authors: Roy Sujan Chandra , Enam Farhana , Islam Md. Ashraful
Published: February 2022

Delay-Tolerant Networks (DTNs) are part of Opportunistic networks. In the case of opportunistic networks, the joined node of a network can have zero or partial knowledge about other nodes in a network. For this reason, the evident information towards the nodes in the existing network is most difficult to collect for forwarding the message. The application of Opportunistic networks is where have a high tolerance for long delays, high error rate, etc. DTNs are also sparse dynamic Ad-hoc networks were source to destination path does not present all-time for successfully message transmission. As DTN has no end-to-end path for message transmission source to destination node so, the routing design is so sophisticated. The social-based routing protocol is developed to improve the routing mechanism by focusing on social behavior and the interaction with the nodes of a network. Consequently, the performance analysis of existing several DTN routing protocols represents a significant role in designing or developing a new routing protocol for a specific scenario. This article investigates the execution of ordinary routing protocols of DTNs such as Epidemic, Binary Spray and Wait (BSNW), including two social-based routing protocols such as Scorp and dLife using Opportunistic Network Environment (ONE) simulator. The performance of these routing protocols is measured based on delivery ratio and average hop count with inevitable simulation settings. From the simulation result, it is condensed that for higher delivery ratio, BSNW is best, and for average hop count, dLife is the best routing protocol.
Microcontroller Based Speech to Text Translation System
Authors: Uko Victor Sorochi , Dubukumah Gachada Benard , Ayosubomi Ibrahim Kafayat
Published: February 2022

For the purpose of an effective communication, speech becomes a convenient conduit to convey messages as an important activity in human life. The need for better reception of voice messages between humans and the environment they interact with becomes a trend and an area of interest that needs to be studied for improvements. A speech to text translation system is an embedded based design that convert analogue signals particularly voice from an input into digital signals that a computer or any electronic device can understand and perform a required task or display the equivalent digital signal in text on a screen. Speech translation systems mitigates the bottlenecks to an efficient communication caused by other varieties of communication methods. Even though speech translation and recognition designs haven’t been well explored for electronic integration due to complexity and variation of sound signals from sources, this low cost, simple and portable project was incorporated to serve as a substratum and alternative in speech to text translation designs using microcontroller, in other to bridge the gaps in the world of human communications. This research paper addresses design methodology, limitations, recommendations and applications of the implemented speech to text translation system for improved communication reception.
Assessment of Waste to Energy Potential in the Central Zone of Afghanistan
Authors: Noori Abdul Ghani , Fazli Agha Mohammad
Published: February 2022

The central zone of Afghanistan has enough cattle to be considered for generating biogas. The cattle population in the zone was 634,524, 647,229 and 633,362 heads in 2012-13, 2014-15 and 2016-17, respectively. As a result of field experiments, the fresh manure generation of cattle in the zone is 19 kg head-1 day-1, fraction recoverable of the generated cattle manure is 80% and the proportion of dry matter of the manure is 23.7%. Based on these manure parameters, about 834,320, 851,026 and 832,792 tons of dry matter recoverable could be generated in the mentioned three years, respectively. By using a biogas digester, this dry matter recoverable could be enough for generating about 86,769,319, 88,506,691 and 86,610,419 m3 of biogas in 2012-13, 2014-15 and 2016-17, respectively. The amount of generated biogas is equivalent of 1,735, 1,770 and 1,732 TJ of energy in the mentioned years, respectively. In the case study of Kabul province, it was found that till now biogas plants are not constructed in the zone. For financial evaluation of biogas utilization, a dairy of 24 cattle was selected. It was determined that the manure from 24 cattle can generate about 9 m3 per day (3,285 m3 per year) of biogas in a 24 m3 DSAC-Model biogas digester. By comparing biogas energy value from the equivalent energy of LPG, biogas has value of 66,521.25 Afg per year (978 USD per year). By considering the requirements of cooking and lighting of a family of 8 members, the generated biogas (9 m3/day) in the mentioned dairy farm can be enough for two families. Considering the situation of the zone DSAC-Model biogas plant was considered suitable among various types of it. The techno-financial analyze result was quite attractive. For this case, the NPV was 2,664.6 USD, B/C 2.37, IRR was 33% and the discounted payback period (PP) was 4.09 years (4 years and about one month). As all these financial indicators are in the acceptable range, therefore the biogas generation with DSAC-Model biogas plant in the central zone of Afghanistan is beneficent.