bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of pore size and pore shape on thermo‐sensitive properties of poly[(ethylene terephthalate)‐graft‐(N‐isopropylacrylamide)] track membranes
Authors: Liu Qi , Yang Xiaomin , Chen Xiliang , Ma Mingwang , Yang Kang , Liu Dan , Zhu Zhiyong
Published: July 2009

BACKGROUND: The main aim of this work was to prepare poly[(ethylene terephthalate)‐graft‐(N‐isopropylacrylamide)] (PET‐graft‐NIPAAm) track membranes with various pore shapes and pore sizes, and to investigate the influence of pore shape and pore size on the thermo‐sensitive properties of the membranes. The PET‐graft‐NIPAAm track membranes were prepared using UV illumination, chemical etching and γ‐irradiation polymerization. Their thermo‐sensitive properties were investigated using conductimetry.

RESULTS: PET track membranes with four kinds of pore shapes and sizes were prepared using chemical etching by changing the UV illumination time. After γ‐irradiation, NIPAAm was grafted into the etched PET track membranes both inside the pores and on the membranes. Conductimetric measurements showed that only membranes with appropriate pore shape and pore size had thermo‐sensitive properties. When the grafting ratio was 5 wt%, membranes with both small double cone‐shaped pores and with very large cylinder‐shaped pores showed no thermo‐sensitive properties.

CONCLUSION: Along with the grafting ratio, the pore shape and pore size also have an influence on the thermo‐sensitive properties of PET‐graft‐NIPAAm track membranes. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Do childcare arrangements make the difference? a multilevel approach to the intention of having a second child in Italy
Authors: Fiori Francesca
Published: July 2009

Does more support in childcare increase the mother's desire to have a second child? An answer to this question was sought in Italy, a country characterised by very low fertility.

The paper explores the existence of effects on individual decisions at different levels, in the hypotheses that fertility preferences are not only related to women's individual traits, but also affected by the interactions with the surrounding social network and by the opportunity/constraints of the context of residence. Data from the ISTAT Survey on Births completed in 2005 were used to study the impact of different childcare arrangements on expected fertility of women who had a child between 18 to 21 months prior to their interviews (N = 5145). A multilevel strategy of analysis was adopted to assess the existence of a contextual effect beyond the observed individual effects.

Working women in the sample have the same fertility intentions as non‐working women, but these expectations are conditioned by several factors. A higher paternal commitment in childbirth, childcare and household chores is positively associated to the intention of a second child; help from the informal family network shows a significant positive effect on women's childbearing intentions.

Finally, and although the empirical analysis here performed does not provide clear evidence of autonomous contextual effects, it is argued that individual behaviours are connected to the context in which they belong and researchers' efforts should be directed towards its correct specification, transcending the standard geographical focus of social contextualisation. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hysteretic magnetoresistance in polymeric diodes
Authors: Majumdar Sayani , Majumdar Himadri S. , Aarnio Harri , Österbacka Ronald
Published: July 2009

We report on hysteretic organic magnetoresistance (OMAR) in polymeric diodes. We found that magnitude and lineshape of OMAR depend strongly on the scan speed of the magnetic field and on the time delay between two successive measurements. The time‐dependent OMAR phenomenon is universal for diodes made with various polymers. However, the width and magnitude of OMAR varied with the polymeric material. The suggestive reason for this hysteretic behavior is trapped carriers, which in presence of a magnetic field change the ferromagnetic ground‐state of the polymer leading to a long spin relaxation time. These experimental observations are significant for clarification of the OMAR phenomenon. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Ab initio studies of vacancy‐defected fullerenes and single‐walled carbon nanotubes
Authors: Liu Lei Vincent , Tian Wei Quan , Wang Yan Alexander
Published: July 2009

The structures, stabilities, and electronic properties of the single‐vacancy‐defected fullerenes, C60 and C70, and the single‐ and double‐vacancy‐defected single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) were studied within density functional theory. The isomerization barriers for the single‐vacancy‐defected C60 on the triplet potential energy surface (PES) are lower than those on the singlet PES. The symmetric double‐vacancy‐defected (10,0) SWCNT is the most stable one among the models investigated. According to the analyses of frontier molecular orbitals (FMOs), nature bond orbitals, and local density of states, introduction of vacancy on the SWCNT decreases the band gap of semiconducting SWCNT, increases the band gap of conducting SWCNT, destructs the π conjugation of the FMOs, and gives rise to enhanced chemical activity. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2009
The secret codes of mammalian scents
Authors: Ferrero David M. , Liberles Stephen D.
Published: July 2009

The scents of mammals are complex blends of natural products that reveal a wealth of individual information. Many mammals can decipher these scent codes to discern the gender, age, endocrine status, social status, and genotype of conspecifics using dedicated sensory receptors in their olfactory system. Among these social odors are pheromones, chemicals that trigger innate behaviors and physiological responses. Here, we review classes of mammal‐derived natural products that influence behavior through activation of the olfactory system. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

This article is categorized under:

Biological Mechanisms > Cell Signaling
Hepatitis C Virus Infection And Metabolic Syndrome—A Community‐Based Study in an Endemic Area of Taiwan
Authors: Huang Jee‐Fu , Chuang Wan‐Long , Yu Ming‐Lung , Yu Sung‐Hua , Huang Chung‐Feng , Huang Ching‐I , Yeh Ming‐Lun , Hsieh Meng‐Hsuan , Yang Jeng‐Fu , Lin Zu‐Yau , Chen Shinn‐Chern , Dai Chia‐Yen , Chang Wen‐Yu
Published: July 2009

Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a complicated disorder associated with a high risk of future development of micro‐ and macrovascular complications. The extrahepatic manifestations of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection can include multiple metabolic abnormalities. However, the extent, severity, and characteristics of MS in HCV‐infected patients have rarely been investigated in community‐based settings. This study aimed to determine the difference in prevalence and distribution of the components of MS between HCV‐infected patients and healthy controls. Multipurpose mass screening of adults was conducted in an HCV‐endemic area of Southern Taiwan. Clinical profiles in terms of anthropometric data and MS components, as well as viral hepatitis markers, were assessed. Two hundred and thirty‐seven adults (94 males; mean age, 55.5 ± 10.8 years) were recruited. The prevalence of anti‐HCV seropositivity was 39.2% (93/237). The prevalence of MS was higher in the HCV‐infected individuals (24.7%, 23/93) than in the control, uninfected subjects (13.2%, 19/144,p= 0.02). In terms of MS components, HCV‐infected subjects had a higher prevalence of high waist circumference (51.6%vs. 25.7%,p< 0.001) and hypertension (58.1%vs. 36.8%,p= 0.001) than controls. Multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that anti‐HCV positivity was significantly associated with MS (odds ratio, 6.4; 95% confidence interval, 1.82–22.84;p= 0.004). HCV infection was associated with a higher prevalence of MS. Determination of MS in patients with HCV infection could therefore be indicated.
Measurement of the Functional Status of Patients with Different Types of Muscular Dystrophy
Authors: Lue Yi‐Jing , Lin Rong‐Fong , Chen Shun‐Sheng , Lu Yen‐Mou
Published: July 2009

Muscular dystrophy (MD) comprises a group of diseases characterized by progressive muscle weakness that induces functional deterioration. Clinical management requires the use of a well‐designed scale to measure patients' functional status. This study aimed to investigate the quality of the functional scales used to assess patients with different types of MD. The Brooke scale and the Vignos scale were used to grade arm and leg function, respectively. The Barthel Index was used to evaluate the function of daily living activity. We performed tests to assess the acceptability of these scales. The characteristics of the different types of MD are discussed. This was a multicenter study and included patients diagnosed with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) (classified as severely progressive MD), Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD), limb girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD) and facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD). BMD, LGMD, and FSHD were classified as slowly progressive MD. The results demonstrated that the Brooke scale was acceptable for grading arm function in DMD, but was unable to discriminate between differing levels of severity in slowly progressive MD. The floor effect was large for all types of slowly progressive MD (range, 20.0–61.9), and was especially high for BMD. The floor effect was also large for BMD (23.8%) and FSHD (50.0%) using the Vignos scale. Grades 6–8 of the Vignos scale were inapplicable because they included items involving the use of long leg braces for walking or standing, and some patients did not use long leg braces. In the Barthel Index, a ceiling effect was prominent for slowly progressive MD (58.9%), while a floor effect existed for DMD (17.9%). Among the slowly progressive MDs, FSHD patients had the best level of functioning; they had better leg function and their daily living activities were less affected than patients with other forms of slowly progressive MD. The results of this study demonstrate the acceptability of the different applications used for measuring functional status in patients with different types of MD. Some of the limitations of these measures as applied to MD should be carefully considered, especially in patients with slowly progressive MD. We suggest that these applications be used in combination with other measures, or that a complicated instrument capable of evaluating the various levels of functional status be used.
Synchronous Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor and Adenocarcinoma at the Gastroesophageal Junction
Authors: Hsiao Hui‐Hua , Yang Sheau‐Fang , Liu Yi‐Chang , Yang Meng‐Ju , Lin Sheng‐Fung
Published: July 2009

The synchronous existence of two different tumors in the gastrointestinal tract is uncommon. We report the case of a 75‐year‐old man who had a concurrent gastrointestinal stromal tumor and adenocarcinoma at the gastroesophageal junction. The two tumors arose at the same site but had distinct morphologies. The etiology of synchronous tumors is still unclear and their coexistence causes problems for the surgeon, oncologist and pathologist in terms of their diagnosis, treatment, and follow‐up. We report a rare case of synchronous tumors and a review of the literature.
Isolated Pancreatic Metastasis of a Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma
Authors: Lin Yi‐Ting , Wu Bing‐Shiun , Yang Sheau‐Fang , Chen Huang‐Chi
Published: July 2009

Metastatic malignant mesothelioma of the pleura is uncommon at the time of initial diagnosis. When metastases are present, the major sites always include regional lymph nodes, the contralateral lung, liver, adrenal glands and kidneys. Here, we describe an extremely rare case of isolated pancreatic metastasis of mesothelioma of the pleura in a 40‐year‐old man who initially presented with epigastric discomfort and hunger pain, which were refractory to medical treatments. The possibility of pancreatic metastatic lesion should be considered in patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma in the presence of refractory epigastric tenderness.
Schwannomatosis of a Single Intercostal Nerve: A Case Report
Authors: Lee Jui‐Wen , Hsu Jane‐Yi
Published: July 2009

Schwannomatosis is a rare form of neurofibromatosis and is characterized by more than one schwannoma without any sign of neurofibromatosis. We report a case of a 60‐year‐old male patient admitted with progressive chest discomfort who was found to have six encapsulated tumors along the seventh intercostal space with a maximum tumor size of 3 × 2 × 1 cm.
COFINITENESS AND FINITENESS OF GENERALIZED LOCAL COHOMOLOGY MODULES
Authors: CHU LIZHONG
Published: July 2009

Let I be an ideal of a commutative Noetherian local ring R, and M and N two finitely generated modules. Let t be a positive integer. We mainly prove that (i) if HIi(M,N) is Artinian for all i<t, then HIi(M,N) is I-cofinite for all i<t and Hom(R/I,HIt(M,N)) is finitely generated; (ii) if d=pd(M)<∞ and dim N=n<∞, then HId+n(M,N) is I-cofinite. We also prove that if M is a nonzero cyclic R-module, then HIi(N) is finitely generated for all i<t if and only if HIi(M,N) is finitely generated for all i<t.
The Relationship between Islamic and Customary Law in the Sudan
Authors: Abu Rannat Sayyid Muhammad
Published: July 2009

I do not wish to trouble you with the details of the system of courts in the Sudan, which is extremely complicated, but it is necessary to sketch the bare outlines. For some time it has been true to say that the Sudan has an “integrated” system in that the Local Courts form part of the judicial hierarchy and come under the supervision of the judiciary rather than the executive. But it would be misleading to call the system “unified”, as the judiciary is split into two quite separate hierarchies: the Sharia Division of which the Grand Kadi is the head, and the Civil Division over which I have the honour to preside. Within the Civil Division there are three main types of courts: “Civil Courts” as established under the Civil Justice Ordinance, Native Courts set up under the Native Courts Ordinance in the six Northern Provinces, and Chiefs Courts set up by the Chiefs’ Courts Ordinance in the three Southern Provinces.
Loans in Kenya on the Security of Chattels: I
Authors: Oulton A. D. M.
Published: July 2009

Few lenders are as demanding as Shylock, but nearly all share his desire to obtain as good security as they can for their loans.

The personal remedy against the borrower is often regarded as inadequate, for “a man advancing money upon mortgage wants something better than this, he wants some jus in rem, some right in certain specific things as well as the mere jus in personam that the mortgagor's covenant will give him”.
The Interaction of English Law with Customary Law in Western Nigeria: I
Authors: Ajayi F. A.
Published: July 2009

The choice of the subject of this paper has been made in order to provide, in line with the general theme of the Conference, an analysis and evaluation of the relationship between English law and customary law in the Western Region of Nigeria. An attempt will be made not only to give a general account of the past and the present position in this matter but also to indicate the directions in which, in various respects, developments appear likely to tend in the future.
Students for Law Schools and Faculties in Africa
Authors: Macaulay Berthan
Published: July 2009

It is assumed in this article that there is an urgent need to establish in African states adequate facilities for legal education, and that such education should be of the highest possible standard and adaptable for the special needs of the new African countries. Hitherto much of the law in which an African student was instructed was that which was received from and is applied by the European colonial powers. He was not instructed in customary law or the special legislation of his country. Today the special legislation of a new African state has become increasingly important especially in the fields of co-operatives, trade unionism, agriculture, industry, public administration and social relations. Thus the lawyer of any African state whose only equipment is the received law, which in reality will remain a basis for the understanding of the new legislation, becomes ill-equipped for either private practice or the public service.
Legal Publications in an African Vernacular
Authors: Haydon E. S.
Published: July 2009

Most territories in Africa south of the Sahara have produced some printed works in a vernacular language for the guidance of African courts. In the Kingdom of Buganda, however, during the last five years the whole corpus of statutory law and case law administered by the Kabaka's courts has been published in several bilingual series which may be of interest to those engaged in the development of judicial systems elsewhere in Africa.2 Spurred on by the comment of a recent reviewer,3 I propose now to describe these publications and the evolution of a technical legal vocabulary in Luganda, the language of the Ganda.
African Customary Law: The Problem of Concept and Definition
Authors: White C. M. N.
Published: July 2009

There is no single definition of customary law agreed by lawyers, jurists, social anthropologists and others who may be concerned with it. This in itself is not surprising for both “custom” and “law” may be used in a number of differing senses depending upon the requirements of a writer's approach. The fact that these terms may mean different things to different persons in different contexts is not in itself important. But the place of customary law in the developing legal systems of new African states is a matter of some considerable contemporary importance which calls for some precise definition in this immediate respect. In general terms it may perhaps be said that here a lawyer looks for rules of law such as are familiar to him in other legal systems, whilst the anthropologist is more concerned with the interaction between law and the social and political system of a people, and in any case recognizes that legal relationships are but a part of the total relationships between individuals in a society. Some of the divergences of view on the concept and definition of customary law may be lessened however if it is recognized that a diachronic approach may clarify part of the disputed field.
Law Reform in a Developing Country: A New Code of Obligations for Senegal
Authors: Farnsworth E. Allan
Published: July 2009

The Republic of Senegal has embarked upon a project to reform its private law. This fact, of itself, might not seem worthy of the attention of the legal profession in the United States, since Senegal is a country of only about 3,250,000 inhabitants, less than the population of the state of Alabama, covering only 76,000 square miles, less than the area of the state of Kansas, and having a total of exports and imports to the dollar zone of less than twelve million dollars in 1962. With twenty per cent of its population in its six largest cities of more than 30,000 inhabitants, it is the most urban, most literate, and most Europeanized of the francophonic countries of sub-Saharan Africa, but this alone would evoke little interest abroad in its attempts at law reform.
“Opting Out”: An Experiment with Jurisdiction in Northern Nigeria
Authors: Richardson S. S.
Published: July 2009

With the commencement of the Native Courts (Amendment) Law, 1961, the Government of the Northern Region of Nigeria abolished “opting out”, an experiment with jurisdiction which must surely be unique within the history of modern legal systems and therefore worthy of recording before the facts are obscured and lest any other African state, faced with similar difficulties, is tempted to adopt this expedient as a temporary palliative to meet a similar situation. It is all the more desirable to publish the facts since the strong case for abolition presented by the Northern Regional Government is in danger of being lost by default. On 14th October, 1961, the Daily Service in Nigeria published a bitter attack on the Native Courts (Amendment) Law, 1961, under the title “The light goes out in the North”.
Assessors in Criminal Trials in Ghana—a Study from Without
Authors: Macaulay Berthan
Published: July 2009

The use of assessors in criminal trials in the Commonwealth of Nations originated in India and the first judicial attempt to examine its history and origin appears to have been made by Bhashyam Ayyanyar, J., in 1901 in the case of King Emperor v. Tribunal Reddi reported in I.L.R. 24 Madras 523, at page 543. The learned judge pointed out in that case that “the earliest legislation which authorized European functionaries presiding in Courts of Sessions to constitute two or more respectable natives to assist them as assessors … [was] Regulation VI of 1832 which was applicable only to Bengal”.
The Treatment of Exemption Clauses by the Sudan Courts: II
Authors: Mustafa Zaki
Published: July 2009

The category of exemption clauses which has received the most detailed treatment in the Sudan Courts is the owners’ risk clauses in contracts for the carriage of goods by the Sudan Railways and Steamers. The owners’ risk clause is a clause incorporated by reference in all contracts for the carriage of goods at owners’ risk.
A Note on the Construction of the Gold Coast Reception Statute
Authors: Seidman Robert B.
Published: July 2009

From the evidence of the minute paper which preceded the drafting of the first African reception statute, it may be asserted that the intendment of the Colonial Office officials was:

(1) that the limiting date in the statute was to apply as well to the common law and the doctrines of equity as to the statutes of general application;

(2) that the phrase “Imperial Laws”, refers as well to the common law and doctrines of equity as to the statutes of general application, so that the West African courts were granted a plenitude of power to determine the applicability to local conditions of judge-made law as well as legislation.

It is difficult, however, to determine the intendent of the phrase, “statutes of general application”, in the premises.
Councils and Courts Among The Tiv—Traditional Concepts and Alien Institutions in a Non-Moslem Tribe of Northern Nigeria
Authors: Arnott D. W.
Published: July 2009

The early reports which Northern Nigeria's first High Commissioner, Sir Frederick Lugard, made to Mr. Chamberlain, then Colonial Secretary, contain several unflattering references to “the hostility of the Munshi tribe” (1900–1 report) “who occupy about 4,000 square miles south of the Benue” (1904), “use poisoned arrows of a very deadly kind, and are a constant source of trouble, firing at canoes proceeding up the river” (1900–1), and arresting the construction of the important 200-mile telegraph line from Lokoja, the first capital, to the Niger Company's station up river at Ibi. Their physical dispersion in small groups over wide areas of thick bush, combined with the dispersal of authority over a number of petty “chiefs”, no doubt presented in some ways a more difficult problem than the centralised Emirates further north, the submission or capture of whose capital, combined with the appointment of a friendly-disposed Emir, could be the key to the immediate pacification of a wide area. It was not until 1907–8 that Lugard's successor could report “the inauguration of peaceful penetration and occupation of … the hitherto impenetrable Munshi country”.
The Adaptation of Imported Law in Africa
Authors: Roberts-Wray Kenneth
Published: July 2009

British administration in overseas countries has conferred no greater benefit than English law and justice. That may be a trite observation, but I offer no apology. It has been said so often by so many people—as many laymen as lawyers and perhaps more Africans than Englishmen—that it must be assumed to be true. But what, in this context, are English law and justice, or similar expressions (it is put in many different ways) to be taken to comprehend ? I have heard one or two lawyers who have served overseas speak as if there were a rebuttable presumption that anything suitable for this country should be acceptable for a country in Africa. Even if that were true, and I am sure it is not, it would not that all English legal rules and institutions are appropriate for Africa, for they are not even suitable for England. It is only too true that the law is sometimes “an ass”. Not so often as some laymen like to claim, though laymen may be fair judges of what is good sense in law. I well remember how as a law student I became impatient with principles, especially in the law of torts and the rules of evidence, which to my mind left a large gap between law on the one hand and justice or common sense on the other. I am well aware that in my critical attitude I was at one with the majority, and all lawyers must welcome the labours of the Law Reform Committees, which have borne fruit in a steady stream of important Bills during the last thirty years.
The Interaction of English Law with Customary Law in Western Nigeria: II
Authors: Ajayi F. A.
Published: July 2009

The power of the High Court to apply customary law in appropriate cases is now to be found in s. 17 of the Western Region High Court Law, 1954, No. 3 of 1955, which in this respect merely repeats in substance the provisions of s. 17 of the old Supreme Court Ordinance (cap. 211). The power to enforce customary law in the Region is, as is usual in other places, made subject to such law not being repugnant to natural justice, equity and good conscience or incompatible with legislative provisions. Also customary law may be applicable between “Nigerians” and “non-Nigerians” where otherwise substantial injustice would be done to either party, and the operation of customary law could be excluded either by the nature of the transaction in question or by the agreement of the parties.
Trial by Jury and Trial with the Aid of Assessors in the Superior Courts of British African Territories: I
Authors: Jearey J. H.
Published: July 2009

The object of this paper is to show how far the Common Law has in the course of its adoption in Africa lost this distinctive feature, to indicate some of the reasons for this loss, and to describe the institution which has taken its place in criminal trials upon indictment.
Trial by Jury and Trial with the Aid of Assessors in the Superior Courts of British African Territories: II
Authors: Jearey J. H.
Published: July 2009

We now leave West Africa to consider the history of the jury system in other parts of the continent and turn first to Zanzibar. This is the oldest as well as the smallest of Britain's East African possessions, and though the jury system was completely abolished there in 19492 its history prior to that is worthy of some consideration. It will be seen that the introduction of the system was due to the close ties of Zanzibar in its early days with India, and the later history of the system was greatly influenced by the example of its near neighbour Kenya. It is not surprising therefore that a system having little intrinsic justification and, as will be seen, great disadvantages, was finally abolished.
Estoppel by Judicial Decision in Ghana
Authors: Woodman Gordon R.
Published: July 2009

In Ghana most land cases are determined according to Ghanaian customary law. One question, however, has since early colonial times always been decided by common-law principles: the question whether a party is estopped by previous litigation from making a claim.2 Thus a court often applies common law to determine whether an issue may be raised, and then, having given an affirmative answer, applies customary law to determine its validity. The courts have never stated any legal justification for this application of common-law rules in essentially customary-law cases. The early colonial judges, perhaps because they were British lawyers, seem to have regarded the matter as self-evident. Later judges followed the earlier decisions, and since 1960 statute law has for convenience confirmed the practice.3
The Legislative History of the Gold Coast and Nigerian Marriage Ordinances:II
Authors: Zabel Shirley , Ceylon B.
Published: July 2009

The next chapter in the history of the Gold Coast and Nigerian marriage ordinances is encountered a few years later in documents concerning the law of marriage in Ceylon.2

On May, 30th, 1863, Governor MacCarthy wrote to the Duke of Newcastle, then Secretary of State for the Colonies, a lengthy despatch concerning the history of marriage in Ceylon and expressing his views on the need for a new ordinance.
The Reception and Codification of Systems of Law in Southern Africa
Authors: Kerr A. J.
Published: July 2009

The problems of reception and codification discussed by Dr. A. N. Allott in his article on “The Authority of English Decisions in Colonial Courts” in [1957] 1 J.A.L. 23 et seq. have also been encountered in Southern Africa and something of interest and value may be found in an account of experience of the problems in this area.2
Intertribal Tensions in Some Local Government Courts in Colonial Tanganyika: II
Authors: Beidelman T. O.
Published: July 2009

In order to illustrate the operation of the system, I consider various court cases in more detail.2 I begin with two cases involving Kaguru and two other tribal groups which are minorities in Kaguru-land, the Gogo and Kamba. The Gogo are a minority whose lands border the Kaguru to the west. There are some Gogo residing in every court area of Kaguru-land. In many court cases, Gogo are treated in a manner similar to that of any Kaguru so unfortunate as to dwell in an area where he has no kinsmen to support him in difficulties. These cases indicate a basic aspect of Kaguru affairs, that the rights of individuals are respected by those in authority mainly because such individuals can draw support from others whose cooperation and help in turn may one day be essential to the officials over them. Few such checks protect the lone, poor tribal outsider who has come to Ukaguru because of famine or other troubles in his own land. In the distant past, such aliens were sometimes taken as slaves.Some Gogo reside in small colonies nearby Kagaru, but in many other areas they reside alone or in very small groups. Whereas the Gogo constitute no threateningly large minority in any of the Kaguru areas of Kilosa District, the Kamba form a large minority in several Kaguru headmanships.Furthermore, some lone Kamba or small Kamba groups are found in all of the Kaguru court areas.
Reforms in Family Law in Morocco
Authors: Anderson J. N. D.
Published: July 2009

On 13 Jumādā I, 1377 (6 December, 1957), the Arabic edition of the Official Bulletin of Morocco2 published a Zahīr3 of 28 Rabi’ II, 1377 (22 November, 1957), which not only announced that a series of books covering matters of personal status and inheritance would be published (to constitute, when complete, a “Code of Personal Status and Inheritance” ), but that the first two books in this series—which were attached to the Zahīr and which covered the law of marriage and its dissolution, respectively —were to be brought into force throughout the Kingdom from 1 January, 1958.
Marriage and Internal Conflict of Laws in Ghana
Authors: Allott A. N.
Published: July 2009

Although the study of comparative law, or rather the study of foreign legal systems in a comparative manner, is in general of academic rather than practical value, except in so far as it gives us insights into the ideas, attitudes and procedures of our own legal system, yet for those who are concerned, as practitioner, judge or student, with certain types of legal system the position is radically different; I refer to legal systems in which internal conflicts of law arise. In such systems the judge is faced, constantly or even daily, with situations which require him, not merely to choose between one system and another as the appropriate one for the decision of the instant case, but to perform a running comparative interpretation, classification or analysis of the institutions of two or more legal systems, which must somehow be brought into harmony (one might aptly use the metaphor of meshing gears here). The part that a rule or a feature of one legal system plays in its functioning total legal complex must be understood, and the rule or feature must be properly characterised so as to permit it to be translated into another legal system which is administered concurrently with the first.
Problemes De L’Unification Des Droits Africains
Authors: Alliot Michel
Published: July 2009

II serait vain de sous-estimer la profondeur et la force des courants qui poussent le continent africain vers une balkanisation juridique. De tous temps, le droit traditionnel a donné l’exemple de la plus grande fragmentation.
Women's Property and Succession Thereto in Modern Ibo Law (Eastern Nigeria)
Authors: Obi S. N. C.
Published: July 2009

In the few “matrilineal” societies of Afikpo and Ohafia, women have full legal capacity to own land (insofar as land can be owned by anyone in these areas);.and to transmit their rights and interests to others either inter vivosor at death.3 The discussion which follows must, therefore, be understood as relating exclusively to the patri-lineal societies which in fact constitute the bulk of Iboland.
Some Recent Developments in The Tanganyika Judicial System
Authors: Cotran Eugene
Published: July 2009

The attainment of independence by Tanganyika has brought about some major changes in the legislative provisions relating to the judicial system of the territory. The most important of these are the provisions relating to the High Court, and the integration of the Local Courts system with the High Court and subordinate courts system. The object of this article is to discuss these new measures, as well as to give a short description of a new project in Tanganyika for the unification of the customary law of the territory.
Changes in Ghana Law Since The Military Take-Over
Authors: Uche U. U.
Published: July 2009

On Thursday, February 24th, 1966, there was a military takeover of the Government of Ghana by the Ghana Army. Before the coup, Ghana was a sovereign unitary republic under a one-party régime. The President and the National Assembly made up the Parliament of the Republic. All Cabinet and other Ministers, except the President, were members of the National Assembly. Ministers were appointed by, responsible to and dismissible by the President. The President had veto powers over any Bills passed by the National Assembly and could in any case dissolve the Assembly in the event of a disagreement with the latter. The Chief Justice and other judges were appointed and dismissible by the President. From the above it is easy to see that the President constituted and dominated the Executive, the Legislature and the Judiciary of the country. What we propose to do here is to spotlight such constitutional and other changes in the law of Ghana as there have been since the coup d'état.
The Uganda Constitution, April 1966
Authors: Morris H. F.
Published: July 2009

Uganda's Independence Constitution, which came into force on October 9th, 1962, was the culmination of long negotiation in an attempt to reconcile the conflicting interests of Buganda, the western kingdoms and Busoga on the one hand, and the rest of the country on the other, and the result was a delicate compromise between a unitary and a federal state—the fruit of a political understanding between the Uganda Peoples Congress and the Buganda traditionalists. As in the following years rifts first appeared and then steadily widened in the alliance between the Uganda Peoples Congress and the Kabaka Yekka—between radical and traditionalist— the survival of the Constitution in its original form appeared more and more doubtful. In fact, however, the Constitution survived for over three years with only three amending Acts, the first and most important of these making provision for the substitution of a President for a Governor-General in October, 1963.
Matrimonial Law among the Bali of West Cameroon: A Restatement
Authors: Rubin N. N.
Published: July 2009

The description of Bali matrimonial law which follows is based on research undertaken during the first half of 1969, while the author was on secondment from the School of Oriental and African Studies of the University of London to the Faculty of Law and Economic Sciences of the Federal University of Cameroon.
Prelude to the Legal Profession in Lagos 1861–1880
Authors: Adewoye O.
Published: July 2009

A theme which has not gained much of the attention of scholars of African law is the historical development of European law and legal institutions in Africa. There is a tendency to take their “reception” for granted, as if to say that it is redundant to know how they came to be established on the African soil. By historical development is not meant simply the chronological order of events, treating law almost as a self-contained system in no way related to the environment in which it operates. A more useful approach, it is submitted, would be to evaluate the role of European law and legal institutions in the total context of African social, economic and political development. From our appreciation of the role law has played in the past in the moulding of African societies, we are likely to be more conscious than ever of the importance of law in African development. Furthermore, historical analysis of European law and legal institutions in Africa may yield some insight into the nature of African legal institutions as they are today. This paper, a plea for the historical dimension in African legal studies, discusses the role of a class of men in the English-type courts in Lagos before the legal profession, as we know it, established itself.
Introduction: Some notes on “African Customary Law”
Authors: Roberts Simon
Published: July 2009

The papers collected here can safely be left to speak for themselves. Ranging from Abel's map of some ideal types, conceived at a level of abstraction comparable to Weber's typology of authority, to Sachs' account of a day's work in a Mozambique popular tribunal, they represent very fairly the diverse perspectives from which “customary law” is presently being written about. They show that we are dealing here with a number of different phenomena, and that people have seen these phenomena in sometimes radically opposed ways.

The very label “African Customary Law” has a flavour of the 1950s and 60s about it, recalling that new and exciting area of study which Allott marked out single handed and then enthusiastically encouraged others to join him in developing. The assumption was then that we were dealing with a living, specifically African repertoire of norms and procedures which could be put to work in helping to shape some African “future”. Since then the nature and provenance of this repertoire and the merits of that ambition have been the subject of a lively re-examination; and that discussion was at the heart of the Lisbon conference where these papers originated.

The profitable continuation of that discussion requires that we are clear about the range of meanings which “African customary law” may carry. My own, subjective, marking-out of the field would be along the following lines.
Custom, Rules, Administration, Community
Authors: Abel Richard
Published: July 2009

The concept of “customary law” often is used to refer to a particular kind of legal rule—one that is oral rather than written, for instance. Such a conception contains a kernel of truth—customary rules are distinctive—but the focus is too narrow. In this essay I want to look at the totality of legal phenomena in a society—rules, processes, institutions, personnel, and ideology—exploring how they are interrelated and how they relate to other social phenomena. For this purpose I want to construct four configurations of law in society, none of which can be found in its pure form anywhere. Such an ideal type is a heuristic device that, if successful, reveals the dynamic tendencies of a particular configuration and the connections among its parts.

The first configuration, which I will call custom, is found in the pre-capitalist societies of the third world prior to colonial domination. Obviously we never can know what those societies actually looked like, since oral history inevitably introduces nostalgic distortions, and the earliest European travellers and traders were changing die societies even as they were describing them (and of course expressed their own ethnocentric biases). Furthermore, to employ the category “precapitalist” is to invite a number of analytic difficulties: it defines these societies negatively (they are not yet capitalist); and it lumps together societies that differ greatly in economy (e.g., agricultural and pastoral), polity (e.g., chiefly and chiefless), and social structure (e.g., the presence or absence of corporate lineages).
Kwandu Law: The Evolution of a Juridical System Among an Herero People of South-West Angola
Authors: Medeiros Carlos L.
Published: July 2009

The Kwandu are an agro-pastoral people of about 2,000 persons who inhabit the area of semi-desert around the Serra da Neve near the MoÇamedes Desert. Kwandu law has largely evolved in the context of a particular notion of time held by this people for whom the past is alive in the present and history interacts with events of the moment. Among the Kwandu the past is one of the main subjects of daily conversation, a vital component of their oral traditions as well as an enduring feature of their re-enactment of the lives of ancestors, of religious ritual and of the symbolic and value-systems of the group. This study brings together data collected in 1970 and 1971 when I lived for fourteen months with the Kwandu. During this period I shared their daily lives and spent many hours listening to the telling and re-telling of past events, gaining, in the process, an insight into their way of thinking and feeling, the essential key to an understanding of their history.

The oral history of the Kwandu is permeated by a concept of time which demands the constant revival and re-enactment of the past. Whenever a narrator evokes an ancestor he becomes that ancestor and transposes himself to the time of action to confront and re-live the events of the past. In this way all narratives, including many which go back several centuries to the most remote events in the collective memory, are recounted in detail, in the first person and in the present tense.
The Kenya Patent Law: Promoting Local Inventiveness or Protecting Foreign Patentees?
Authors: Odek James Otieno
Published: July 2009

African countries, in particular Kenya, have recognized the role of science and technology in long-term economic adaptation and development. Consequently, they have turned to national planning with emphasis on science and technology. In this respect, the goals of national planning are geared towards enhancing the transfer and acquisition of foreign technology and the promotion of local inventive capacity. In Kenya, the importance of these goals is reflected in the enactment of a new patent law embodied in the Industrial Property Act of 1989.
Contemporary Law Practice in Nigeria
Authors: Oko Okechukwu
Published: July 2009

The legal profession occupies a strategic position in Nigerian society. In addition to performing the traditional function of protecting individual rights through litigation, lawyers actively involve themselves in the creation of legal institutions and concepts that promote development. Legal services profoundly affect and shape virtually all social, economic and political arrangements in the country. Nigerian society has become increasingly reliant on lawyers for its smooth functioning. The country anchors its hope for social and economic development on them.
The Right to Vote in Nigeria: A Critical Commentary on the Open Ballot System
Authors: Azinge Epiphany
Published: July 2009

The right to vote in Nigeria has a rather chequered history. Universal adult suffrage became a reality in Nigeria in the 1979 elections when women in the North were allowed for the first time to participate in elections. Originally the right to vote was thought of as a direct consequence of property interests rather than adhering to the person as a political right. It was only gradually that the vote was altered from a property and income right to a political right.
Judicial and Legislative Approaches to Tax Evasion and Avoidance in Nigeria
Authors: Abdulrazaq M. T.
Published: July 2009

This paper attempts to look at tax evasion and avoidance and the approach of the Nigerian courts and legislature. The starting point is an incursion into the history of taxation, especially personal taxation in Nigeria. Attempts are also made to define and distinguish evasion and avoidance while at the same time possible reasons are explored for explaining why people react to evasion and avoidance.

Reasons are given for resorting to English judicial decisions in explaining various Nigerian circumstances and lessons learnt from them are noted. The attitude of the Nigerian courts and legislature to tax evasion and avoidance are illustrated and in conclusion suggestions are offered to remedy the various anomalies in the system which aid tax evasion and avoidance.
Family Law and Social Change Among the Toro of Uganda
Authors: Perlman Melvin L.
Published: July 2009

Jane Collier has stated that “the long preoccupation in legal studies with explaining the gap between law and behaviour has precluded the search for a more complex model of relations between law and society that accepts the gap as given”. The purpose of this paper is to further document the need for a more complex model of the relations between law and society. One question now gaining currency is: what is the relationship of law to social change? Some observers claim that “the question is no longer whether law is a significant vehicle of social change but ratherhowit so functions and what special problems arise”. Others regard law as a potential cause of social problems. A serious debate has thus emerged over whether law works at all to effect change and, if so, for whose benefit. This is a complex question. Legal impact studies for example, have revealed some unintended consequences of law-in-action. Moreover, it is often difficult to isolate the main effect of a legal policy, and in any case, social scientists and policymakers alike are interested in longer-range, indirect effects. It is useful, therefore, to distinguish between the direct and indirect aspects of the role of law. Given this complexity, we may usefully rephrase the question as follows: what conditions or factors affect the relationship between law and society, including social change?
Law Reporting in Swaziland
Authors: Sanders A. J. G. M.
Published: July 2009

The doctrine of judicial precedent forms an integral part of the general law of Swaziland. This doctrine would be unworkable without the publication of law reports. The following is an account of the Swaziland law-reporting process.

The Kingdom of Swaziland, which regained its independence on 6 September, 1968, has retained the dual structure of laws and courts which it inherited from the British administration. In terms of this structure the traditional Swazi law and Swazi courts operate under the umbrella of the general law and the ultimate control of the general law courts.

The country's general law is based on the Roman–Dutch law. When the British found that Civilian system of law to be well-established on their arrival in Southern Africa, they decided to respect it. However, many elements of English law were introduced. The doctrine of judicial precedent was one of them.

Even though Swaziland shares with South Africa (including its “independent homelands”), Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia and Zimbabwe a mixed general legal system which resulted from the interaction between the Roman–Dutch Civilian law and the English Common law, its general law operates independently.
Constitutions on the Move Constitutional and Political Developments in 1958
Authors: Read James S.
Published: July 2009

It is axiomatic that in colonial constitutional development events move more swiftly each year in response to ever-increasing pressures. Major changes made or proposed during 1958 for dependent territories in Africa reflect considerable ingenuity and variety of approach: in order to indicate them in outline, it will be necessary to be consecutive only in a geographical sense.