bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Neurologically active plant compounds and peptide hormones: a chirality connection
Authors: Fraternali Franca , Anselmi Claudio , Temussi Piero Andrea
Published: July 2002

The most dramatic, but seldom mentioned, difference between alkaloid and peptide opioids is the change of chirality of the α carbon of the tyramine moiety. We propose that the presence of Gly2 or d‐Ala2 in the two most common message domains compensates this change by allowing the attainment of unusual conformations. A thorough conformational search of Tyr‐d‐Ala‐Phe‐NH‐CH3 and of its isomer Tyr‐l‐Ala‐Phe‐NH‐CH3 backs this view and establishes a solid link between alkaloid and peptide opioids. This finding supports the notion that morphine, like other neurologically active plant compounds, may bind to endogenous receptors in plants to regulate cell‐to‐cell signaling systems.
Pore‐forming properties of elicitors of plant defense reactions and cellulolytic enzymes
Authors: Klüsener Birgit , Weiler Elmar W
Published: July 2002

Using the planar lipid bilayer technique, it is shown that a yeast elicitor as well as several cellulolytic enzymes used in protoplasting plant cells contain components which strongly interact with the bilayers. This results in the appearance of transmembrane ion fluxes which may pass through membrane defect structures and even large conductance pores with unitary conductances above 400 pS. Since membrane depolarization is an immediate response in the process of defense elicitation in plant cells, elicitors may act directly with the lipid phase of cell membranes, causing depolarizations and thus initiating the process of elicitation. When using enzymatically prepared protoplasts in electrophysiological work, contributions to electrical activity by membrane active constituents originating from the enzymes used must be expected.
ATP/ADP switches the higher‐order structure of DNA in the presence of spermidine
Authors: Makita Naoko , Yoshikawa Kenichi
Published: July 2002

In the living cellular environment, DNAs exist in a compact state in the presence of a polyamine, such as spermidine. We found that the hydrolysis of ATP into ADP induces the folding of elongated DNAs, by the single‐chain observation of individual T4 DNA molecules. This result is discussed in relation to the possible role of ATP as a regulatory factor in genetic activity, in addition to its well‐established role as an energy source.
Sphingomyelin synthase in rat liver nuclear membrane and chromatin
Authors: Albi Elisabetta , Magni Mariapia Viola
Published: July 2002

The presence of phospholipids in chromatin has been demonstrated, as well as the difference in composition and turnover compared to those present in the nuclear membrane. Recently, some enzymes were also evidenced in chromatin: the base exchange protein complex and neutral sphingomyelinase. The latter has a particular relevance, since sphingomyelin is one of the phospholipids more represented in chromatin. We therefore decided to study the synthesis of sphingomyelin in chromatin and in nuclear membrane isolated from liver nuclei. The evaluation of the enzyme was made (i) using [3H]phosphatidylcholine as donor of radioactive phosphorylcholine and (ii) by identifying the product isolated by thin layer chromatography. In both fractions the enzyme phosphatidylcholine:ceramide phosphocholine transferase or sphingomyelin synthase was present, although with higher activity in nuclear membrane. The enzyme present in the chromatin differs in pH optimum and K
m, showing a higher affinity for the substrates than that of nuclear membrane. The results presented show that sphingomyelin synthase is present not only in the cytoplasm at the level of the Golgi apparatus, but also in the nuclei, at the level of either the nuclear membrane or the chromatin.
A heuristic approach of maximum likelihood method for inferring phylogenetic tree and an application to the mammalian SOX‐3 origin of the testis‐determining gene SRY
Authors: Katoh Kazutaka , Miyata Takashi
Published: July 2002

Applying the tree bisection and reconnection (TBR) algorithm, we have developed a heuristic method (maximum likelihood (ML)‐TBR) for inferring the ML tree based on tree topology search. For initial trees from which iterative processes start in ML‐TBR, two cases were considered: one is 100 neighbor‐joining (NJ) trees based on the bootstrap resampling and the other is 100 randomly generated trees. The same ML tree was obtained in both cases. All different iterative processes started from 100 independent initial trees ultimately converged on one optimum tree with the largest log‐likelihood value, suggesting that a limited number of initial trees will be quite enough in ML‐TBR. This also suggests that the optimum tree corresponds to the global optimum in tree topology space and thus probably coincides with the ML tree inferred by intact ML analysis. This method has been applied to the inference of phylogenetic tree of the SOX family members. The mammalian testis‐determining gene SRY is believed to have evolved from SOX‐3, a member of the SOX family, based on several lines of evidence, including their sequence similarity, the location of SOX‐3 on the X chromosome and some aspects of their expression. This model should be supported directly from the phylogenetic tree of the SOX family, but no evidence has been provided to date. A recently published NJ tree shows implausibly remote origin of SRY, suggesting that a more sophisticated method is required for understanding this problem. The ML tree inferred by the present method showed that the SRYs of marsupial and placental mammals form a monophyletic cluster which had diverged from the mammalian SOX‐3 in the early evolution of mammals.
p97 ATPase, an ATPase involved in membrane fusion, interacts with DNA unwinding factor (DUF) that functions in DNA replication
Authors: Yamada Takatomi , Okuhara Koji , Iwamatsu Akihiro , Seo Hidetaka , Ohta Kunihiro , Shibata Takehiko , Murofushi Hiromu
Published: July 2002

DNA unwinding factor (DUF) unwinds duplex DNA and is supposed to function in DNA replication in Xenopus egg extracts. Here we report the isolation and analysis of a DUF‐interacting factor. By immunoprecipitation, we found that p97 ATPase (p97) interacts with DUF in Xenopus egg extracts. This interaction was confirmed by the in vitro binding of purified p97 with DUF. When sperm chromatin was added to Xenopus egg extracts to construct nuclei active in DNA replication, p97 was incorporated into the nuclei. These data suggest that the complex of DUF and p97 may function in DNA replication.
Attitudes of Mexican physicians toward induced abortion
Authors: Casanueva E. , Lisker R. , Carnevale A. , Alonso E.
Published: July 2002

The objective of this study was to analyze physicians' attitudes towards induced abortion with normal fetuses and fetuses known to have an abnormality in various degrees. A total of 193 physicians (internists, pediatricians, gynecologists and neurologists) answered a self‐administered questionnaire. The questions were about voluntary abortion; voluntary abortion with malformed fetus; abortion because the fetus has anencephaly; and two questions were asked for the use of prenatal diagnosis and abortion in case of the fetus being the physician's child. The majority of physicians were male, over 35 years, religious and did not have experience with genetic diseases. Few physicians approved abortion of a normal pregnancy, 6 out of 10 agreed if the fetus was malformed, and this number increased to 8 or 9 out of 10 in cases of severe or lethal genetic disease. Gynecologists and neurologists were less in agreement with abortion when pregnancy is normal than the internists and pediatricians (7% vs. 20%). In general the physicians did not have consistent answers. Agreement for abortion was influenced by religious values.
Reproducibility of the revised American Fertility Society classification of endometriosis using laparoscopy or laparotomy
Authors: Lin S.‐Y , Lee R.K.‐K , Hwu Y.‐M , Lin M.‐H
Published: July 2002

Objective: To assess the discrepancy between laparoscopic and laparotomic scoring methods using the revised American Fertility Society (AFS) classification of endometriosis. Method: In this prospective study, 84 patients with endometriosis were scored twice (laparoscopically and laparotomically) by the same subspecialty‐certified reproductive endocrinologist. The magnitude of inter‐method variability was reported quantitatively by the S.D. of the differences in scores between the pairs. The differences in the mean endometriosis scores between the two methods were assessed by the paired Student's t‐test. P<0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Discrepancy between the two methods in the staging of endometriosis patients was presented by kappa measure of agreement. Result: There was considerable variability in the scores between the two scoring methods by the same observer. Among individual components of the scoring system, the greatest variability occurred in the ovarian endometriosis and cul‐de‐sac obliteration subscores, with the least variability observed for peritoneum endometriosis. The inter‐method variation in score was sufficient to alter the endometriosis staging in 34.5% of patients, including a difference of two stages in 3.6% of patients. The kappa coefficient was 0.49, indicating fair‐to‐good agreement between the two scoring methods. Conclusion: Inter‐method variability between laparoscopic and laparotomic scoring methods was high for ovarian endometriosis subscore using the revised AFS classification of endometriosis. Agreement in endometriosis staging between the two methods was fair to good.
The impact of design management and process management on quality: an empirical investigation
Authors: Ahire Sanjay L. , Dreyfus Paul
Published: July 2002

Design management and process management are two important elements of total quality management (TQM) implementation. They are drastically different in their targets of improvement, visibility, and techniques. In this paper, we establish a framework for identifying the synergistic linkages of design and process management to the operational quality outcomes during the manufacturing process (internal quality) and upon the field usage of the products (external quality). Through a study of quality practices in 418 manufacturing plants from multiple industries, we empirically demonstrate that both design and process management efforts have an equal positive impact on internal quality outcomes such as scrap, rework, defects, performance, and external quality outcomes such as complaints, warranty, litigation, market share. A detailed contingency analysis shows that the proposed model of synergies between design and process management holds true for large and small firms; for firms with different levels of TQM experience; and in different industries with varying levels of competition, logistical complexity of production, or production process characteristics. Finally, the results also suggest that organizational learning enables mature TQM firms to implement both design and process efforts more rigorously and their synergy helps these firms to attain better quality outcomes. These findings indicate that, to attain superior quality outcomes, firms need to balance their design and process management efforts and persevere with long‐term implementation of these efforts. Because the study spans all of the manufacturing sectors (SIC 20 through 39), these conclusions should help firms in any industry revisit their priorities in terms of the relative efforts in design management and process management.
The relationship between product customization and organizational structure
Authors: Vickery Shawnee , Dröge Cornelia , Germain Richard
Published: July 2002

This research examines the relationship between product customization (a key aspect of flexibility) and organizational structure. Four aspects of organizational ‘structure’ are considered. They are formal control (encompassing the measurement of competitive, internal, and supplier performance) and three key dimensions of organizational design: decentralization, layers, and spans of control. A contingency approach is taken by simultaneously examining the main and moderating effects of environmental uncertainty and firm size. LISREL results show that customization associates with more formal control, fewer layers, and narrower spans of control. Subgroup analysis revealed that these main effects are, for the most part, not moderated by size or environmental uncertainty. Additional analyses reveal the reductions in layers and spans of control that occur as companies make the transition from standardization to customization.
A simple infection model using pre‐colonized implants to reproduce rat chronic Staphylococcus aureus osteomyelitis and study antibiotic treatment
Authors: Monzón M. , García‐Álvare F. , Laclériga A. , Gracia E. , Leiva J. , Oteiza C. , Amorena B.
Published: July 2002

Staphylococcus aureus biofilms formed on medical implants represent a serious problem, being difficult to eradicate with antibiotic therapy and leading to chronic infections. Simplified in vivo and in vitro antibiotic susceptibility assays using biofilm bacteria are needed. In this work, a novel chronic osteomyelitis infection model was developed in rats in the absence of bacterial suspension, requiring the use of only 106 bacteria in biofilms at the site of surgery, with a full success in reproducing infection. Stainless‐steel implants pre‐colonized for 12 h with a highly adherent S. aureus isolate were introduced into the rat tibiae. In animals not submitted to antibiotic treatment, infection was found in the implants and spread to bone in all cases, indicating the high efficacy of the model to reproduce osteomyelitis. The effect of a 21‐day treatment with cefuroxime, vancomycin, tobramycin or ciprofloxacin on infection was studied in this model 42 days after surgery. Bone colonization was inhibited by vancomycin and cefuroxime. Cefuroxime (the most efficient antibiotic, able to sterilize 1 out of 8 implants) reduced the number of bacteria in biofilms adhered to implants at a higher extent than vancomycin, trobramycin and ciprofloxacin. Analogous observations were made in this work in vivo and in vitro on the relative antibiotic efficacy against S. aureus biofilm bacteria, suggesting the usefulness of both tests as a potential tool to study antibiotic suceptibility, and the need for new antimicrobials against these bacteria. © 2001 Orthopaedic Research Society. Punlished by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Cloning of a new chicken TRKC extracellular isoform and its mRNA expression in E9 sensory and autonomic ganglia
Authors: Bäckström A. , Söderström S. , Ebendal T.
Published: July 2002

Neuronal development and maintenance are regulated by trophic interactions with the target tissues and the innervating nerve. The neurotrophin family of polypeptide growth factors, consisting of nerve growth factor (NGF), brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophin‐3 (NT‐3) and neurotrophin‐4/5 (NT‐4/5), are produced in limited amounts in target areas. They bind to tyrosine receptor kinases of the trk family, including trkA, trkB and trkC, which mediate intracellular signalling in the responding neurons. There are reports of different isoforms of trkA, trkB and trkC having different signalling capacities. This study reports a novel deletion of the first cysteine‐rich domain in the extracellular part of chicken trkC. We describe the mRNA expression of this isoform compared to non‐deleted forms in E9 peripheral ganglia studied by reversetranscriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and in situ hybridization. We also compare the mRNA expression pattern of two existing signal peptide sequences and the distribution of trkC mRNA detected by the use of a kinase specific probe. The results show that the novel isoform is expressed in peripheral sensory and autonomic ganglia. Moreover both signal peptide forms are detected in these ganglia by RT‐PCR. In addition, in situ hybridization results showed a weak mRNA expression of the novel isoform in the E9 dorsal root ganglion (DRG) but not in Remak's ganglion. The two existing signal peptides are equally expressed in the DRG and Remak's ganglion, at labelling densities comparable to those for the full‐length catalytic form of trkC.
Comparison of glutamate and N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate toxicities on rat mesencephalic primary cell cultures
Authors: Mateu Guylaine , Privat Alain , Thibault Jean , Vignon Jacques
Published: July 2002

Excitotoxicitiesof glutamate and NMDA were studied on primary cultures of rat embryonic substantia nigra. The toxicity of the general neuronal population (identified with neuron specific enolase‐NSE) was compared with that of dopaminergic neurons (identified with TH antibodies).

We have shown that there exists a time‐dependent toxicity to glutamate in 9 d old cultures in vitro and exposures as short as 5 min are significantly toxic. By comparing the effects of long time exposures (24 h) to NMDA and glutamate, we can show dose‐dependent toxicity ; however NMDA shows a less marked effect, especially at high doses (>500–1000 μM) as opposed to less potent lower doses (<500 μM).

In comparison to the general population of NSE‐positive mesencephalic neurons, TH‐positive neurons seem to exhibit a similar vulnerability to EAA. The fact that TH‐positive neurons are only partially protected against glutamate toxicity by the non‐competitive NMDA antagonist TCP indicates that they are more susceptible to non‐NMDA mediated neurotoxicity than the general neuronal population.
Effects of spermidine treatment on neurobehavioral development in intrauterine growth retarded (IUGR) rats
Authors: Üzüm Gülay , Diler A.Sarper , Ziylan Ziya
Published: July 2002

It was previously shown that polyamine treatment could induce precocious development of several somatic and neurobehavioral functions in newborn rats. This study investigates the effects of daily injections of spermidine (SPMD) 50 μl/10 g s.c. on neurobehavioral development of newborn rats experiencing undernutrition. Neurobehavioral development was assessed by measurements of gripping and righting reflexes. SPMD treated intrauterine growth retarded (IUGR) rats reached righting reflex control values at 30 days postnatal (1.87±0.78 s vs 1.75±0.66 s). Beginning from 7 days postnatal, gripping reflex values of SPMD treated IUGR rats declined, reaching that of controls at 30 days postnatal (1.77±91° vs 1.82±65°). These results suggest the utility of exogenous SPMD in rats experiencing undernutrition, thus indicating a clinical relevance.
Biological markers for suicidal behavior in alcohol dependence
Authors: Gorwood P.
Published: July 2002

Alcohol-dependent populations have a high lifetime suicide rate (between 7 and 15%, relative risk = 7), and alcoholism is one of the two psychiatric disorders most frequently found in suicidal cases (between 15 and 25%). Biological factors that would detect patients at risk could thus be of value. Carbohydrate-deficient transferrin, monoamine oxydase B, soluble interleukin-2 receptor and cholesterol have been proposed as markers of suicidal risk in alcohol-dependent patients, although nonspecific and with low predictive value. On the other hand, there is large and convergent data stressing the importance of serotonin dysregulation as increasing the risk for aggressive behaviour toward the self, although it is not clear whether serotonin is involved through the altered behavior inhibition system, enhancement of anxiety and depression, or association with specific subtypes of alcohol-dependence, such as early-onset type II alcoholism. Considering the complex but significant impact of alcohol on serotonin metabolism and turnover, it is likely that serotonin mediates a large part of the proneness of ethanol to commit impulsive-aggressive behavior.
Use of a placebo in clinical trials
Authors: Emilien G , Maloteaux JM , Seghers A , Charles G
Published: July 2002

The use of a placebo control group in the evaluation of a new product is today considered by most as a necessary condition of experimental drug research. Placebo response is an essential consideration in all clinical trials. If not properly controlled, incorrect and dangerous conclusion may be inferred for a product efficacy and safety profile. However, the inclusion of a placebo group in clinical trials in neuropsychiatric research raises several ethical and scientific questions. Whereas in certain indications, such as suicidal patients and severe and psychotic depression, the use of a placebo is generally not accepted, it is difficult to assess drug efficacy. This article discusses the concept of placebo in clinical trials, the occurrence of adverse events after placebo treatment and the high response rate of placebo in neuropsychiatric clinical research. The experimental methodology to adequately control all the factors involved is also analysed and discussed.
An examination of the day‐of‐the‐week effect in junk bond returns over business cycles
Authors: Kohers Theodor , Patel Jayen B.
Published: July 2002

While many investors consider junk bonds to be part of a well‐diversified portfolio, the literature defining these securities is inconclusive. In particular, the day‐of‐the‐week effect, widely documented in other financial markets, has not yet been carefully examined in the junk bond market. Thus, to significantly extend the research on the day‐of‐the‐week effect, this paper tests for the existence of this anomaly in the junk bond market, the investment‐grade bond market, and the CRSP equity index over different business cycles. The findings of this study tend to confirm the uniqueness of the junk bond market, which differs significantly from the other markets. Also, the results suggest that the distinction by business cycle has important implications on the existence of the day‐of‐the‐week effect.
Skyrmion Lattice Phases in Thin Film Multilayer
Authors: Zázvorka Jakub , Dittrich Florian , Ge Yuqing , Kerber Nico , Raab Klaus , Winkler Thomas , Litzius Kai , Veis Martin , Virnau Peter , Kläui Mathias
Published: September 2020

Phases of matter are ubiquitous with everyday examples including solids and liquids. In reduced dimensions, particular phases, such as the 2D hexatic phase and corresponding phase transitions occur. A particularly exciting example of 2D ordered systems are skyrmion lattices, where in contrast to previously studied 2D colloid systems, the skyrmion size and density can be tuned by temperature and magnetic fields. This allows for the system to be driven from a liquid phase to the onset of a hexatic phase as deduced from the analysis of the hexagonal order. Using coarse‐grained molecular dynamics simulations of soft disks, the skyrmion interaction potentials are determined, and it is found that the simulations are able to reproduce the phase behavior. This shows that not only the static behavior of skyrmions is qualitatively well described in terms of a simple 2D model system but skyrmion lattices are versatile and tunable 2D model systems that allow for studying phases and phase transitions in reduced dimensions.
Recent Advances in Functionalized Nanoporous Carbons Derived from Waste Resources and Their Applications in Energy and Environment
Authors: Joseph Stalin , Saianand Gopalan , Benzigar Mercy R. , Ramadass Kavitha , Singh Gurwinder , Gopalan Anantha‐Iyengar , Yang Jae Hun , Mori Toshiyuki , Al‐Muhtaseb Ala'a H. , Yi Jiabao , Vinu Ajayan
Published: September 2020

Nanoporous carbon materials have been widely utilized for myriad applications owing to their intriguing physicochemical properties. Development of green and clean synthetic techniques/procedures to generate nanoporous carbon materials especially derived from inexpensive waste precursors/resources has rejuvenated the chemistry of carbon materials owing to the abundant nature and low cost of these sources and their ability to generate unique surface/porous structures. These nanoporous carbon materials have been heavily explored in multiple sectors such as soil/water remediation, adsorption and separation, catalysis, energy storage/conversion, capture and conversion of carbon dioxide. In this topical review, the recent state‐of‐the‐art research progress achieved in the design and development of waste‐derived advanced functionalized porous carbon materials are summarized. The various lab‐specific approaches and methodologies involved in synthesizing these materials are discussed in detail. In addition, the potential applications of waste‐derived functionalized porous carbons in the fields of environment, energy storage, and conversion applications are highlighted. Finally, a discussion on a few suggestions for future research is concluded. It is believed that this review provide inspiration for many new research activities over a wide range of disciplines.
Electrochromic Metallo–Organic Nanoscale Films: A Molecular Mix and Match Approach to Thermally Robust and Multistate Solid‐State Devices
Authors: Malik Naveen , Lahav Michal , van der Boom Milko E.
Published: September 2020

In this work, the performance of surface‐confined molecular assemblies, combined with a solid‐state electrolyte, as multicolor displays is reported. An ultraviolet (UV) crosslinked polymer is used as a matrix for the electrolyte. No dedicated ion storage layer is required to operate the laminated devices; up to 4500 redox cycles are demonstrated at a low voltage. The intense coloration and switching properties (t = 0.4–2.8 s) are retained even after thermally treating these devices at 100 °C  for 24 h in air. The versatility of this approach is demonstrated by the use of spray‐coated bimolecular assemblies for multicolor display fabrication. The molecular assemblies have coloration efficiencies as high as 338 cm2 C−1.
Birth defects that co‐occur with non‐syndromic gastroschisis and omphalocele
Authors: Oluwafemi Omobola O. , Benjamin Renata H. , Navarro Sanchez Maria Luisa , Scheuerle Angela E. , Schaaf Christian P. , Mitchell Laura E. , Langlois Peter H. , Canfield Mark A. , Swartz Michael D. , Scott Daryl A. , Northrup Hope , Ray Joseph W. , McLean Scott D. , Ludorf Katherine L. , Chen Han , Lupo Philip J. , Agopian A.J.
Published: September 2020

Gastroschisis and omphalocele are the two most common abdominal wall birth defects, and epidemiologic characteristics and frequency of occurrence as part of a syndromic condition suggest distinct etiologies between the two defects. We assessed complex patterns of defect co‐occurrence with these defects separately using the Texas Birth Defects Registry. We used co‐occurring defect analysis (CODA) to compute adjusted observed‐to‐expected (O/E) ratios for all observed birth defect patterns. There were 2,998 non‐syndromic (i.e., no documented syndrome diagnosis identified) cases with gastroschisis and 789 (26%) of these had additional co‐occurring defects. There were 720 non‐syndromic cases with omphalocele, and 404 (56%) had additional co‐occurring defects. Among the top 30 adjusted O/E ratios for gastroschisis, most of the co‐occurring defects were related to the gastrointestinal system, though cardiovascular and kidney anomalies were also present. Several of the top 30 combinations co‐occurring with omphalocele appeared suggestive of OEIS (omphalocele, exstrophy of cloaca, imperforate anus, spinal defects) complex. After the exclusion of additional cases with features suggestive of OEIS in a post‐hoc sensitivity analysis, the top combinations involving defects associated with OEIS (e.g., spina bifida) were no longer present. The remaining top combinations involving omphalocele included cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and urogenital defects. In summary, we identified complex patterns of defects that co‐occurred more frequently than expected with gastroschisis and omphalocele using a novel software platform. Better understanding differences in the patterns between gastroschisis and omphalocele could lead to additional etiologic insights.
Direct‐Space Structure Determination of Covalent Organic Frameworks from 3D Electron Diffraction Data
Authors: Sun Tu , Hughes Colan E. , Guo Linshuo , Wei Lei , Harris Kenneth D. M. , Zhang Yue‐Biao , Ma Yanhang
Published: September 2020

Structure determination of covalent organic frameworks (COFs) with atomic precision is a bottleneck that hinders the development of COF chemistry. Although three‐dimensional electron diffraction (3D‐ED) data has been used to solve structures of sub‐micrometer‐sized COFs, successful structure solution is not guaranteed as the data resolution is usually low. We demonstrate that the direct‐space strategy for structure solution, implemented using a genetic algorithm (GA), is a successful approach for structure determination of COF‐300 from 3D‐ED data. Structural models with different geometric constraints were considered in the GA calculations, with successful structure solution achieved from room‐temperature 3D‐ED data with a resolution as low as ca. 3.78 Å. The generality of this strategy was further verified for different phases of COF‐300. This study demonstrates a viable strategy for structure solution of COF materials from 3D‐ED data of limited resolution, which may facilitate the discovery of new COF materials in the future.
Energy‐saving process configurations for monoethanolamine‐based CO2 capture system
Authors: Ayittey Foster Kofi , Saptoro Agus , Kumar Perumal , Wong Mee Kee
Published: September 2020

It is evident from several researches that combining a couple of process modifications is effective in reducing reboiler duty in the chemical absorption‐based carbon capture process. Although extensive works on these combined modifications exist in literature, studies on combined lean vapour compression (LVC) and rich solvent preheating (RSP) are unavailable, despite their potentials as promising energy‐saving technologies. This simulation‐based study therefore explored standalone and combined process modifications capable of minimizing reboiler duty in monoethanolamine (MEA)‐based postcombustion CO2 capture system. Using the electrolyte nonrandom two‐liquid (ELECNRTL) property method in Aspen Plus®, a rigorous rate‐based simulation was performed and validated for conventional MEA‐based capture system. Subsequently, three main process modifications, namely, LVC, RSP and combined LVC and RSP, were investigated to evaluate their impact on energy consumption level in the stripping column. The modifications were able to reduce the total equivalent electrical penalty on the power plant by 12.94%, 5.24% and 14.48%, respectively. The results from this study demonstrate that a detailed optimization of the combined LVC and RSP process configuration could achieve considerable energy saving in MEA‐based capture systems.
Structure–activity relationship studies of indolin‐2‐one derivatives as vascular endothelial growth factor receptor inhibitors and anticancer agents
Authors: Yousefian Mozhdeh , Ghodsi Razieh
Published: September 2020

Angiogenesis is a requirement for the growth of cancer cells. The family of vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFRs) is the main target in metastasis. Indolin‐2‐one is proved to be an essential scaffold of antiangiogenic drugs. Sunitinib is the first oral indolin‐2‐one derivative marketed as a VEGFR inhibitor in the treatment of renal cell carcinoma and gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Therefore, novel compounds possessing the scaffold of sunitinib were designed and synthesized by different researchers to improve the anticancer activity, bioavailability, and solubility, and to decrease the toxicity of sunitinib. In this comprehensive review, the structure–activity relationship of different indolin‐2‐one analogs as VEGFR inhibitors is discussed. It has been observed that the indolin‐2‐one core is necessary for the inhibition of VEGFRs. It was determined that substitutions at C‐3 of the oxindole ring play an important role in their antiangiogenic and anticancer activities.
Green synthesis of silver and gold nanoparticles using Crataegus oxyacantha extract and their urease inhibitory activities
Authors: Ali Shujat , Bacha Misal , Shah Muhammad Raza , Shah Wahid , Kubra Khadijatul , Khan Ajmal , Ahmad Manzoor , Latif Abdul , Ali Mumtaz
Published: September 2020

This study reports the green synthesis and urease inhibitory activities of Ag and Au nanoparticles (NPs) using Crataegus oxyacantha extract. The synthesized NPs were characterized by UV–visible, FT‐IR spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The obtained NPs were spherical in shape, and their size was around 85 nm. A strong correlation between the phytochemicals present in the extract and their capability for the synthesis of NPs was observed. Furthermore, the shape, size, stability, and bioactivity of the NPs were strongly influenced by the stabilizing phytochemicals. The experimental analysis suggested that these NPs have substantial stability in a diverse range of physiological conditions such as pH, salinity, and temperature. The NPs exhibited potent urease enzyme inhibitory activities with percent inhibition of 99.25 and IC50 value of 1.38 ± 0.3, comparable to the standard (thiourea percent inhibition, that is, 98.2% and IC50 value 5.3 ± 0.04). These results suggested that the proposed NPs could be used in the homeopathic and pharmaceutical industries for biomedical applications.
Boerhaave's Furnace. Exploring Early Modern Chemistry through Working Models
Authors: Hendriksen Marieke M. A. , Verwaal Ruben E.
Published: September 2020

This article discusses the (re)construction and use of an Early modern instrument, better known as Herman Boerhaave's (1668–1738) little furnace. We investigate the origins, history and materiality of this furnace, and examine the dynamic relationship between historical study and reconstructing and handling an object. We argue that combining textual analysis with performative methods allows us to gain a better understanding of both the role of lost material culture in historical chemical practice, pedagogy, and knowledge production, and provide a deeper understanding of the embodied experiences and knowledge of historical actors. Having made and used two versions of Boerhaave's furnace, we provide insight in what present‐day working models can tell us about historical materials and practices approximately three centuries ago.
From the Nuclear Pore to the Fibrous Corona: A MAD Journey to Preserve Genome Stability
Authors: Cunha‐Silva Sofia , Conde Carlos
Published: September 2020

The relationship between kinetochores and nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) is intimate but poorly understood. Several NPC components and associated proteins are relocated to mitotic kinetochores to assist in different activities that ensure faithful chromosome segregation. Such is the case of the Mad1‐c‐Mad2 complex, the catalytic core of the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC), a surveillance pathway that delays anaphase until all kinetochores are attached to spindle microtubules. Mad1‐c‐Mad2 is recruited to discrete domains of unattached kinetochores from where it promotes the rate‐limiting step in the assembly of anaphase‐inhibitory complexes. SAC proficiency further requires Mad1‐c‐Mad2 to be anchored at NPCs during interphase. However, the mechanistic relevance of this arrangement for SAC function remains ill‐defined. Recent studies uncover the molecular underpinnings that coordinate the release of Mad1‐c‐Mad2 from NPCs with its prompt recruitment to kinetochores. Here, current knowledge on Mad1‐c‐Mad2 function and spatiotemporal regulation is reviewed and the critical questions that remain unanswered are highlighted.
Phosphated 2D MoS2 nanosheets and 3D NiTiO3 nanorods for efficient photocatalytic hydrogen evolution
Authors: Li Hongying , Wang Guorong , Gong Haiming , Jin Zhiliang
Published: September 2020

An efficient and stable NiTiO3/MoS2−P photocatalyst was prepared with means of hydrothermal and calcination. After optimization, the maximum hydrogen production of the composite sample reached 337.82 μmol in 5 h. After phosphating NiTiO3 nanorods and MoS2, the original structure of 3D nanorods and 2D nanosheets was maintained, which forms a tight interface between the two materials. In addition, the heterojunction established in the NiTiO3/MoS2−P composite material resulted in good separation of electrons and holes, thereby improving the photocatalytic efficiency under light conditions. Efficient charge transfer efficiency was also confirmed in photoelectrochemical experiments. Furthermore, photoluminescence spectroscopy experiments have confirmed that the formation of heterojunction between the two semiconductors increases the carrier lifetime of the composite catalyst and has efficient separation efficiency. SEM, TEM, BET, UV‐vis DRS and other series of characterization methods were used to characterize the prepared materials.
Cyanine‐Flavonol Hybrids for Near‐Infrared Light‐Activated Delivery of Carbon Monoxide
Authors: Štacková Lenka , Russo Marina , Muchová Lucie , Orel Vojtěch , Vítek Libor , Štacko Peter , Klán Petr
Published: September 2020

Carbon monoxide (CO) is an endogenous signaling molecule that controls a number of physiological processes. To circumvent the inherent toxicity of CO, light‐activated CO‐releasing molecules (photoCORMs) have emerged as an alternative for its administration. However, their wider application requires photoactivation using biologically benign visible and near‐infrared (NIR) light. In this work, a strategy to access such photoCORMs by fusing two CO‐releasing flavonol moieties with a NIR‐absorbing cyanine dye is presented. These hybrids liberate two molecules of CO in high chemical yields upon activation with NIR light up to 820 nm and exhibit excellent uncaging cross‐sections, which surpass the state‐of‐the‐art by two orders of magnitude. Furthermore, the biocompatibility and applicability of the system in vitro and in vivo are demonstrated, and a mechanism of CO release is proposed. It is hoped that this strategy will stimulate the discovery of new classes of photoCORMs and accelerate the translation of CO‐based phototherapy into practice.
Predicting Properties of Iron(III) TAML Activators of Peroxides from Their III/IV and IV/V Reduction Potentials or a Lost Battle to Peroxidase
Authors: Somasundar Yogesh , Shen Longzhu Q. , Hoane Alexis G. , Kaaret Evan Z. , Warner Genoa R. , Ryabov Alexander D. , Collins Terrence J.
Published: September 2020

A cyclic voltammetry study of a series of iron(III) TAML activators of peroxides of several generations in acetonitrile as solvent reveals reversible or quasireversible FeIII/IV and FeIV/V anodic transitions, the formal reduction potentials (E°′) for which are observed in the ranges 0.4–1.2 and 1.4–1.6 V, respectively, versus Ag/AgCl. The slope of 0.33 for a linear E°′(IV/V) against E°′(III/IV) plot suggests that the TAML ligand system plays a bigger role in the FeIII/IV transition, whereas the second electron transfer is to a larger extent an iron‐centered phenomenon. The reduction potentials appear to be a convenient tool for analysis of various properties of iron TAML activators in terms of linear free energy relationships (LFERs). The values of E°′(III/IV) and E°′(IV V−1) correlate 1) with the pKa values of the axial aqua ligand of iron(III) TAMLs with slopes of 0.28 and 0.06 V, respectively; 2) with the Stern–Volmer constants KSV for the quenching of fluorescence of propranolol, a micropollutant of broad concern; 3) with the calculated ionization potentials of FeIII and FeIV TAMLs; and 4) with rate constants kI and kII for the oxidation of the resting iron(III) TAML state by H2O2 and reactions of the active forms of TAMLs formed with donors of electrons S, respectively. Interestingly, slopes of log kII versus E°′(III/IV) plots are lower for fast‐to‐oxidize S than for slow‐to‐oxidize S. The log kI versus E°′(III/IV) plot suggests that the manmade TAML catalyst can never be as reactive toward H2O2 as a horseradish peroxidase enzyme.
Predictive molecular pathology of lung cancer in Germany with focus on gene fusion testing: Methods and quality assurance
Authors: Siemanowski Janna , Heydt Carina , Merkelbach‐Bruse Sabine
Published: September 2020

Predictive molecular testing has become an important part of the diagnosis of any patient with lung cancer. Using reliable methods to ensure timely and accurate results is inevitable for guiding treatment decisions. In the past few years, parallel sequencing has been established for mutation testing, and its use is currently broadened for the detection of other genetic alterations, such as gene fusion and copy number variations. In addition, conventional methods such as immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization are still being used, either for formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded tissue or for cytological specimens. For the development and broad implementation of such complex technologies, interdisciplinary and regional networks are needed. The Network Genomic Medicine (NGM) has served as a model of centralized testing and decentralized treatment of patients and incorporates all German comprehensive cancer centers. Internal quality control, laboratory accreditation, and participation in external quality assessment is mandatory for the delivery of reliable results. Here, we provide a summary of current technologies used to identify patients who have lung cancer with gene fusions, briefly describe the structures of NGM and the national NGM (nNGM), and provide recommendations for quality assurance.
Alternative economies, digital innovation and commoning in grassroots organisations: Analysing degrowth currencies in the Spanish region of Catalonia
Authors: Balaguer Rasillo Xavier
Published: September 2020

The wake of the 2008 financial crisis wrought economic havoc in Spain, resulting in the widespread protest of the indignados movement. Catalonia in particular saw a flourishing of various new forms of activism and socio‐economic collaboration, such as cooperative networks, eco‐villages and alternative currencies. This paper explores emerging forms of alternative currencies and commoning practices in Catalonia, Spain. It is based on ethnographic research to explore emergent grassroots innovations that theorise and practice degrowth proposals in diverse ways. In particular, it investigates developing forms of social currency and social debt, most of which are associated with the Catalan Integral Cooperative and FairCoop. This latter organisation is a network of cooperatives developing tools around Faircoin, a cryptocurrency based on social and ecological principles. In doing so, it contributes to alternative currencies scholarship. This paper shows how these self‐organised grassroots innovations are making use of technological and digital elements in order to build an alternative financial infrastructure. Furthermore, it demonstrates how these alternative social currencies and blockchain initiatives clearly show that non‐capitalist and degrowth oriented technological innovation can generate economies in more progressive and community‐led ways.
Use of routine and cohort data globally in exploring dementia care pathways and inequalities: A systematic review
Authors: Watson James , Giebel Clarissa , Green Mark , Darlington‐Pollock Frances , Akpan Asan
Published: September 2020

Objectives

The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate studies which employed routine and cohort data sets to understand inequalities in dementia care pathways.

Methods

We identified 27 research papers using routine data sets to investigate inequalities in dementia care pathways through electronic and grey literature searches. Papers were independently assessed by two reviewers for inclusion based on defined criteria. Included papers were quality rated using the National Institutes of Health Quality Assessment Tool for Observational Cohort and Cross‐Sectional Studies. Data was extracted based on stage(s) in dementia care pathway and socio‐economic factors investigated.

Results

Inequalities were noted across dementia care pathways. Socio‐economic and protected characteristics were shown to impact the likelihood of people with dementia moving into institutional nursing care, the quality and consistency of their treatment, need for emergency and urgent healthcare, the rate of illness progression and their long‐term survival. Research was often disparate ignoring the multiple parts of the dementia care pathway, or the impact of specific factors across multiple stages.

Conclusions

Our study highlights issues in dementia care pathways based on socio‐economic or protected characteristics. Equitable service provision, more culturally appropriate services, improved health literacy and increased provision for both early diagnosis and care at home can help narrow the gap in dementia care inequalities. There is greater need for research investigating dementia care pathways as something greater than the sum of its parts; exploring the influence of socio‐economic factors from a person's entrance into the system and throughout.
Can addressing food literacy across the life cycle improve the health of vulnerable populations? A case study approach
Authors: Butcher Lucy M. , Platts Julia R. , Le Nerissa , McIntosh Michelle M. , Celenza Claire A. , Foulkes‐Taylor Frances
Published: September 2020

Issue addressed

Food literacy programs aim to improve an individual's knowledge and skills in the planning, management, selection, preparation and eating of healthy foods. Unhealthy dietary patterns across the life cycle are associated with an increased risk of chronic disease. Foodbank WA’s Healthy Food for All® (HFFA) team has made addressing health inequity a priority, by enhancing food literacy skills of vulnerable people across the lifespan.

Methods

A case study approach was utilised to explore HFFA’s suite of evidence‐based food literacy programs: Food Sensations® (FS) for Parents (of 0‐5 year olds), FS for Schools (kindergarten to Year 12), Fuel Your Future (adolescents 12‐18 years), and FS for Adults (FSA) (18 years and over). These programs are contextualised to meet the needs of vulnerable groups at all life stages.

Results

In the last decade the HFFA team have delivered 5047 food literacy sessions to over 62 000 vulnerable Western Australians. Evaluation results demonstrate the FS programs are successful at improving vulnerable people's food literacy skills and dietary behaviours. For example, over 70% of participants make at least one positive food behaviour change after attending FSA.

Conclusions

By targeting vulnerable people of all ages, HFFA’s food literacy programs provide multiple opportunities for intervention, to enhance health behaviours, and therefore reduce risk of chronic disease.

So What?

Food literacy programs are one effective strategy that is complementary in helping to address the health inequities in Australia. Government and broader community investment in food literacy initiatives is vital to improving the health outcomes of vulnerable populations.
Myokines mediate the cross talk between skeletal muscle and other organs
Authors: Chen Wentao , Wang Liyi , You Wenjing , Shan Tizhong
Published: September 2020

Myokines are muscle‐derived cytokines and chemokines that act extensively on organs and exert beneficial metabolic functions in the whole‐body through specific signal networks. Myokines as mediators provide the conceptual basis for a whole new paradigm useful for understanding how skeletal muscle communicates with other organs. In this review, we summarize and discuss classes of myokines and their physiological functions in mediating the regulatory roles of skeletal muscle on other organs and the regulation of the whole‐body energy metabolism. We review the mechanisms involved in the interaction between skeletal muscle and nonmuscle organs through myokines. Moreover, we clarify the connection between exercise, myokines and disease development, which may contribute to the understanding of a potential mechanism by which physical inactivity affects the process of metabolic diseases via myokines. Based on the current findings, myokines are important factors that mediate the effect of skeletal muscle on other organ functions and whole‐body metabolism.