bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PML/RARa blocks the differentiation and promotes the proliferation of acute promyelocytic leukemia through activating MYB expression by transcriptional and epigenetic regulation mechanisms
Authors: Wang Genjie , Tian Ying , Hu Qingzhu , Xiao Xichun , Chen Shuxia
Published: October 2018

The promyelocytic leukemia (PML)/retinoic acid receptor‐alpha (RARα) onco‐fusion protein that is generated from t(15;17) chromosome translocation is crucial for the leukemogenesis of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) and is well documented as a transcriptional repressor. To understand the relationship between PML/RARα and the oncogene in the development of APL, we investigate the regulation mechanism of PML/RARα to MYB proto‐oncogene and the role of this regulation on the proliferation and differentiation of APL cells. Reverse transcription‐quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‐qPCR) assays show that MYB expression was significantly higher in PML/RARα positive cell lines. Microarray data verify that the MYB expression was significantly higher in APL patient samples than in normal promyelocyte samples. Further expression analysis from RT‐qPCR and microarray data verifies that the expression of MYB is upregulated by PML/RARα. Transcriptional factor binding analysis shows that MYB is directly bound by PML/RARα and its cofactors. Luciferase assays show that PML/RARα transactivated MYB promoter activity through the RARα binding site and the coexistence of CCAAT enhancer binding protein ε. We also find that PML/RARα increases the acetylation level of the promoter region of MYB. Further evidence demonstrates that PML/RARα regulates MYB expression through long‐range interaction. Functionally, PML/RARα increases the cell proliferation and blocks the differentiation through activating MYB expression. Collectively, this study uncovers a novel mechanism of PML/RARα‐mediated transcriptional activation and enriches our knowledge of the onco‐fusion protein‐mediated transcription activation.
Expression of osteoprotegerin and receptor activator for the nuclear factor‐κB ligand in XACB/LV‐bFGF/MSCs transplantation for repair of rabbit femoral head defect necrosis
Authors: Peng Wuxun , Zhang Jian , Zhang Fei , Zhao Yin , Dong Wentao
Published: October 2018

The aim of this study is to observe the changes in osteoprotegerin (OPG) and receptor activator for the nuclear factor‐κB ligand (RANKL) in a rabbit model, and to explore the therapeutic effect of tissue engineering bone on femoral head necrosis. A total of 60 rabbits were randomly divided into 5 groups. The necrosis model of femoral head defects was created by dexamethasone combined with a horse serum injection. The model of femoral head necrosis was reconstructed by tissue engineering bone. The protein expressions of OPG and RANKL were detected by Western blot analysis. The expression of OPG and the RANKL protein in group E was higher than that in the other 4 groups (P < .05); there was no significant difference between groups C and D (
P > .05). The expression of OPG protein in the rabbit femoral head necrosis group was improved by xenogeneic antigens of cancellous bone/lentiviral‐basic fibroblast growth factor/mesenchymal stem cells, which were expected to be used as an effective tissue engineering material to repair the necrosis of the femoral head.
Investigation of IGF1, IGF2BP2, and IGFBP3 variants with lymph node status and esophagogastric junction adenocarcinoma risk
Authors: Tang Weifeng , Chen Shuchen , Liu Jun , Liu Chao , Wang Yafeng , Kang Mingqiang
Published: October 2018

Esophagogastric junction adenocarcinoma (EGJA) may be associated with obesity and overweight. Thus, any variant in energy metabolism–related gene may influence the development of EGJA. In this study, we recruited 720 EGJA cases and 1541 noncancer controls. We selected IGF2BP2 rs4402960 G > T, rs1470579 A > C,
IGF1 rs5742612 A > G and
IGFBP3 rs3110697 G > A, rs2270628 C > T and rs6953668 G > A loci and assessed the relationship of these polymorphisms with lymph node status and susceptibility of EGJA. We found that
IGF2BP2 rs1470579 A > C and
IGFBP3 rs6953668 G > A polymorphisms were associated with the decreased risk of EGJA (
IGF2BP2 rs1470579: CC vs AA: adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 0.65, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.43‐0.98,
P = 0.041 and CC vs AA/AC: adjusted OR = 0.62, 95% CI = 0.41‐0.93,
P = 0.021 and
IGFBP3 rs6953668: GA vs GG: adjusted OR = 0.66, 95% CI = 0.47‐0.93,
P = 0.019 and GA/AA vs GG: adjusted OR = 0.68, 95% CI = 0.48‐0.95,
P = 0.026). However, we also found that
IGF1 rs5742612 A > G polymorphism increased the risk of LNM among patients with EGJA (GG vs AA: adjusted OR = 1.88, 95% CI = 1.02‐3.46,
P = 0.042 and GG vs AA/AG: adjusted OR = 1.92, 95% CI = 1.06‐3.47,
P = 0.032). This study suggests that
IGF2BP2 rs1470579 A > C and
IGFBP3 rs6953668 G > A polymorphisms may decrease genetic susceptibility to EGJA in eastern Chinese Han population. In addition, our findings also indicate that
IGF1 rs5742612 A > G polymorphism may increase the susceptibility of LNM among patients with EGJA.
Effects of inflammatory cytokines on bone/cartilage repair
Authors: Zhang Tingshuai , Yao Yongchang
Published: October 2018

Many inflammatory factors can affect cell behaviors and work as a form of inter‐regulatory networks through the inflammatory pathway. Inflammatory cytokines are critical for triggering bone regeneration after fracture or bone injury. Also, inflammatory cytokines play an important role in cartilage repair. The synergistic or antagonistic effects of both proinflammatory and anti‐inflammatory cytokines have a great influence on fracture healing. This review discusses key inflammatory cytokines and signaling pathways involved in bone or cartilage repair.
Metformin inhibits mTOR–HIF‐1α axis and profibrogenic and inflammatory biomarkers in thioacetamide‐induced hepatic tissue alterations
Authors: Al‐Hashem Fahaid , Al‐Humayed Suliman , Amin Shaimaa N. , Kamar Samaa S. , Mansy Soheir S. , Hassan Sarah , Abdel‐Salam Lubna O. , Ellatif Mohamed Abd , Alfaifi Mohammed , Haidara Mohamed A. , Al‐Ani Bahjat
Published: October 2018

The potential inhibitory effect of the antidiabetic and anti‐inflammatory drug, metformin on thioacetamide (TAA)‐induced hepatotoxicity associated with the inhibition of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)–hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1α (HIF‐1α) axis has not been investigated before. Therefore, we tested whether metformin can protect against liver injuries including fibrosis induced by TAA possibly via the downregulation of mTOR–HIF‐1α axis and profibrogenic and inflammatory biomarkers. Rats either injected with TAA (200 mg/kg; twice a week for 8 weeks) before being killed after 10 weeks (model group) or were pretreated with metformin (200 mg/kg) daily for 2 weeks before TAA injections and continued receiving both agents until the end of the experiment, at Week 10 (protective group). Using light and electron microscopy examinations, we observed in the model group substantial damage to the hepatocytes and liver tissue such as collagen deposition, infiltration of inflammatory cells, and degenerative cellular changes with ballooned mitochondria that were substantially ameliorated by metformin. Metformin also significantly (
p < 0.05) inhibited TAA‐induced HIF‐1α, mTOR, the profibrogenic biomarker α‐smooth muscle actin, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases‐1, tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase in harvested liver homogenates and blood samples. In addition, a significant (
p < 0.01) positive correlation between hypoxia scoring (HIF‐1α) and the serum levels of TNF‐α (
r = 0.797), IL‐6 (
r = 0.859), and ALT (
r = 0.760) was observed. We conclude that metformin protects against TAA‐induced hepatic injuries in rats, which is associated with the inhibition of mTOR–HIF‐1α axis and profibrogenic and inflammatory biomarkers; thus, may offer therapeutic potential in humans.
Using theory of change frameworks to develop evaluation strategies for research engagement: results of a pre‐pilot study
Authors: MacQueen Kathleen M , Eley Natalie T , Frick Mike , Hamilton Carol
Published: October 2018

Introduction

Inadequate community and stakeholder engagement can lead to accusations that research is unethical and can delay or slow research or translation of results to practice. Such experiences have led major funders as well as regulatory and advisory bodies to establish minimal requirements for community and stakeholder engagement in HIV and other clinical research. However, systematic efforts to formally evaluate the contributions and impact of particular practices are lacking.

Methods

A theory of change framework aligned with Good Participatory Practice for TB clinical trials was used to develop a set of measures for use in a minimally burdensome survey of trial implementing sites. The survey was pre‐piloted with three TB trial sites in North America, South America and Asia to assess the feasibility of surveying global research sites in a systematic way, and to see if the measures captured informative variation in the use of engagement strategies and desired outcomes. Surveys were conducted at baseline and six months. In‐depth interviews were conducted with site staff prior to the baseline survey to understand how sites conceptualized the concepts underlying the framework and the extent to which they viewed their work as aligned with the framework.

Results

Survey measures captured considerable variability in the intensity and variety of engagement strategies, both across sites and within sites over time, and moderate variability in outcomes. Interviews indicated that underlying concepts were often unfamiliar to staff at baseline, but the goals of engagement aligned well with existing values.

Conclusions

Brief, targeted surveys of trial sites to characterize use of broad strategies, specific practices and some outcomes are a feasible option for evaluating good participatory practice. Additional testing is warranted to assess and enhance validity, reliability and predictive value of indicators. Options for collecting outcome measures through additional objective means should be explored.
Village community mobilization is associated with reducedHIVincidence in young South African women participating in theHPTN068 study cohort
Authors: Lippman Sheri A , Leddy Anna M , Neilands Torsten B , Ahern Jennifer , MacPhail Catherine , Wagner Ryan G , Peacock Dean , Twine Rhian , Goin Dana E , Gómez‐Olivé F Xavier , Selin Amanda , Tollman Stephen M , Kahn Kathleen , Pettifor Audrey
Published: October 2018

Introduction

Adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) in South Africa bear a disproportionate burden ofHIV. Community mobilization (CM), defined as community members taking collective action to achieve a common goal related to health, equity and rights, has been associated with increasedHIVtesting and condom use and has been called a ‘critical enabler’ for addressing theHIVepidemic. However, limited research has examined whetherCMis associated withHIVincidence amongAGYW.

Methods

We examine the association ofCMwith incidentHIVamongAGYW(ages 13 to 21) enrolled in theHPTN068 cohort in the Agincourt Health and socio‐Demographic Surveillance System, South Africa. This analysis includes 2292 participants residing in 26 villages where cross‐sectional, population‐based surveys were conducted to measureCMamong 18‐ to 35‐year‐old residents in 2012 and 2014.HPTN068 participants completed up to five annual visits that included anHIVtest (2011 to 2016). Household‐level data were collected fromAGYWparents/guardians and census data is updated annually. Mean village‐levelCMscores were created using a validated community mobilization measure with seven components (social cohesion, social control, critical consciousness, shared concerns, organizations and networks, leadership and collective action). We used pooled generalized estimating equation regression with a Poisson distribution to estimate risk ratios (RR) for the association of village‐levelCMscore andCMcomponents with incidentHIVinfection, accounting for village‐level clustering and adjusting for key covariates.

Results

There were 194 incident infections over the follow‐up period. For every additional standard deviation of village‐levelCMthere was 12% lowerHIVincidence (RR: 0.88, 95%CI: 0.79, 0.98) after adjusting for individual, household and community characteristics.CMcomponents associated with lowerHIVincidence included critical consciousness (RR: 0.88;CI: 0.79, 0.97) and leadership (RR: 0.87;CI: 0.79, 0.95); while not statistically significant, social cohesion (RR: 0.91;CI: 0.81, 1.01), shared concerns (RR: 0.90;CI: 0.81, 1.00), and organizations and networks (RR: 0.91;CI: 0.79, 1.03) may also play a protective role.

Conclusions

These results suggest that having strong community social resources will reduceAGYW's risk ofHIVacquisition. Work to mobilize communities, focusing on building social cohesion, shared concerns, critical consciousness, and effective and accountable leadership, can fortify prevention programming forAGYW.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Evaluation of Surface and Thermal Properties and Cytotoxicity of 2‐Hydroxy‐3‐Phenoxypropyl Imidazolium Bola‐Type Gemini Amphiphiles
Authors: Aggarwal Rajni , Singh Sukhprit , Saini Vedangana , Kaur Gurcharan
Published: October 2018

A library of imidazolium‐based gemini cationic bola amphiphiles was synthesized using a regioselective ring‐opening reaction of glycidyl phenyl ether with imidazole under solvent‐free conditions. The corresponding hexafluorophosphate (PF6−) and tetrafluoroborate (BF4−) counterion‐containing amphiphiles were also synthesized and characterized using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectroscopy. The micellar and interfacial parameters like the critical micelle concentration (CMC), surface pressure at the CMC (Пcmc), surface tension at CMC (
γcmc), counterion binding (β), maximum surface excess concentration (
Γmax), minimum area per molecule (
Amin), standard free energy of micellization () and adsorption (), and Kraft temperature were evaluated using surface tension and conductometry methods in aqueous solution as well as in buffer solution. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) was used to determine the size of the micelles formed in the aqueous solution. Cytotoxicity tests were carried out on the C6 glioma cancerous brain cell line using the MTT assay (3‐(4, 5‐dimethylthiazole‐2‐yl)‐2, 5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide) to evaluate the IC50 value of all the synthesized amphiphiles. Thermal stability of these amphiphiles was also evaluated using a thermal gravimetric analyzer (TGA). Economic way of synthesis, moderate thermal stability, a low value of CMC, and cytotoxicity of these amphiphiles will inspire new research in the field of nanobiotechnology and pharmaceutical industries.
A Breakthrough for Fiber Lasers
Authors: Kliner Dahv A. V. , Victor Brian
Published: October 2018

The sheet metal cutting market is dominated by fiber lasers because of their unmatched combination of productivity, precision, and cost‐effectiveness. Fiber lasers in the 2 – 4 kW range have become the workhorses for many fabrication shops, offering faster and more precise cutting of thin metal than legacy cutting technologies, such as CO2 lasers and plasma torches. Many fiber laser systems are, however, designed for cutting a limited range of metal thicknesses. Specifically, a small, tightly focused laser beam provides the fastest cutting speeds for thin gauges, but for thicker plates this small beam has significant limitations in edge quality and maximum thickness. Alternatively, a larger beam can improve the edge quality for thick plate because of the wider kerf, but with a substantial speed penalty for cutting thin sheet.
ALDH2 Polymorphism rs671, but Not ADH1B Polymorphism rs1229984, Increases Risk for Hypo‐HDL‐Cholesterolemia in a/a Carriers Compared to the G/G Carriers
Authors: Imatoh Takuya , Yengo Loic , Rocheleau Ghislain , Kamimura Seiichiro , Maeda Shiro , Miyazaki Motonobu , Froguel Philippe
Published: October 2018

It has been reported that polymorphisms within the gene‐encoding enzymes related to alcohol metabolism are associated with levels of serum HDL‐cholesterol (HDL‐C) in East Asian populations. We evaluated the effects of genetic variants within the aldehyde dehydrogenase‐2 (ALDH2) gene and the alcohol dehydrogenase‐1B (ADH1B) gene on changes in the lipid profile in an 11‐year longitudinal study. We genotyped rs1229984 within ADH1B and rs671 within ALDH2. We combined the genetic data with longitudinal clinical and biochemical data from 2002 to 2013 and designed a retrospective longitudinal study of 1436 Japanese males. There were significant negative relationships between rs671 within ALDH2 and HDL‐C levels according to multiple linear regression analysis. Next, we assessed the association between the development of hypo‐HDL cholesterolemia and rs1229984 within ADH1B or rs671 within ALDH2. In logistic regression analysis, rs671 A allele homozygote carriers have 2.65 times higher risk of developing hypo‐HDL cholesterolemia than G allele homozygote carriers. Even after adjusting for possible confounding factors, a significant association was observed. However, no association between rs1229984 within ADH1B and the development of hypo‐HDL cholesterolemia was observed. Rs671 within ALDH2 but not rs1229984 within ADH1B was associated with lower HDL‐C levels in Japanese males.
Schweinfurthins: Lipid Modulators with Promising Anticancer Activity
Authors: Koubek Emily J. , Weissenrieder Jillian S. , Neighbors Jeffrey D. , Hohl Raymond J.
Published: October 2018

The schweinfurthin family of compounds displays exciting potent and differential cytotoxicity against human cancer cell lines. Currently, the effect of schweinfurthins on tumor development and progression is being explored in animal models of cancer with promising results. The first schweinfurthin family member, vedelianin, was isolated in 1992, followed by other schweinfurthins in 1998. This opened up the door for the synthesis of additional analogs. At present, the focus of research lies on delineating the mechanism of schweinfurthin action and identifying the nature of sensitivity. It appears that many of the intracellular effects of schweinfurthins are due to, or impacted by, the effect of schweinfurthins on lipid metabolism, synthesis, and homeostasis. These effects include impaired trafficking from the trans‐golgi network, disruption of lipid rafts, changes in oxysterol‐binding protein activity, and interference with the isoprenoid biosynthesis pathway (IBP). Cancer cells are known to rely heavily on fatty acid, lipid, and sterol synthesis for growth and proliferation. Therefore, compounds that target these needs, such as schweinfurthins, display promise as novel therapeutics. This timely review will take an in‐depth look at the history of schweinfurthins, their synthesis, where the research presently stands, and the questions that remain.
Detection of Endogenous Phosphatidylinositol 4,5–bisphosphate in Phytophthora cinnamomi
Authors: Howard Jeff M. , Beech Peter L. , Callahan Damien L.
Published: October 2018

Plant diseases caused by Phytophthora species are serious threats to agriculture and the natural environment. Genome sequencing has revealed the lack of a gene for canonical phospholipase C (PLC), an enzyme that was hitherto thought to be ubiquitous in eukaryotes. PLC acts in the hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol 4,5–bisphosphate (PtdIns‐4,5‐P2), a membrane‐bound phospholipid critical for signal initiation in many cellular processes. Previous studies have not provided evidence of endogenous PtdIns‐4,5‐P2 in Phytophthora and, in the absence of canonical PLC, argued for redundancy or loss in the PLC pathway in Phytophthora. Using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, we have detected endogenous PtdIns‐4,5‐P2 in Phytophthora cinnamomi. This is the first identification of the phospholipid in the genus, and is significant because it indicates that the signal transduction pathway of the PLC product, inositol 1,4,5‐trisphosphate (IP3), may have been retained in Phytophthora incorporating an as‐yet unidentified homolog or analog of PLC.
Prairie Lakes: Model Systems for Integrating Ecology and Human Dimensions for Better Management
Authors: Nanayakkara Lushani
Published: October 2018

Successfully managing the impacts of changing environmental conditions on complex socio‐ecological systems requires identifying, quantifying, and understanding the multitude of threats facing such systems. Research that transcends disciplinary boundaries is the best means of accomplishing this task. This article discusses key findings of previous studies conducted in the prairie region of Saskatchewan, Canada, the multitude of threats facing lake ecosystems, and the need to consider human dimensions to effectively address these issues.
Polymer Brush Decorated MOF Nanoparticles Loaded with AIEgen, Anticancer Drug, and Supramolecular Glue for Regulating and In Situ Observing DOX Release
Authors: Chen Shuai , Chen Qixian , Dong Shuqi , Ma Jianbiao , Yang Ying‐Wei , Chen Li , Gao Hui
Published: October 2018

UiO‐66‐based metal–organic framework nanoparticles functionalized with abundant polycationic segments as polymer brushes on surface are created to load negatively charged functional entities composed of anticancer drug, doxorubicin (DOX), and aggregation‐induced emissive luminogen, a tetraphenylethene (TPE) derivative, followed by further modification with cucurbit[7]uril (CB[7]) as a supramolecular glue with the aim of pursuing a pH‐responsive release function of the loaded functional components. The subsequent investigations verified the constructed formulation capable of promoting the stability and cellular uptake of the nanoparticles. The fluorescence resonance energy transfer between TPE donor and DOX acceptor enables in situ observation of pH‐responsive DOX release. Significantly, CB modification appears to facilitate intracellular release of the DOX payload, eventually accounting for potent cytotoxicity to the treated cells.
Effect of heat input on the corrosion resistance of the cold worked 2304 lean duplex stainless steel GMAW welded joint
Authors: Souza Carla S. , Soares Renata B. , de Faria Ricardo A. D. , Bracarense Alexandre Q. , Castro Maria das M.R. , de F. C. Lins Vanessa
Published: October 2018

The effect of the welding GMAW, with heat input of 1.4 kJ/mm, on the microstructure and corrosion resistance of the steel UNS S32304 prior cold worked (0, 10, 30, and 30% thickness reduction) was evaluated. The welding process generated, in the weld joint, the regions: fusion zone (FZ), heat‐affected zone (HAZ), an annealed region around the HAZ, and the metal base zone (BM) deformed by cold working. Excessive ferritization and high precipitation of chromium nitrides in the HAZ were identified. The corrosion resistance of the welded joints was not significantly changed for low deformation levels by cold work (up to 30% thickness reduction). However, for 50% thickness reduction a decrease in the corrosion resistance of the welded joint was observed. The annealing of the BM around the HAZ increased its corrosion resistance, making this region immune to localized corrosion. The heat input used in this study promoted higher ferritization and precipitation of chromium nitrides, lower annealing of the base metal near the HAZ and lower corrosion resistance when compared with the higher heat input used in our previous work (about 2.5 kJ/mm).
Adopt 5 proven strategies to increase learning and student retention
Authors: Hope Joan
Published: October 2018

DALLAS — For most deans and provosts, the top priorities are for students to learn as much as they can and to graduate. But what are the best strategies to accomplish those goals? Tony Holland, special assistant to the chief of staff and vice chancellor of academics for the Alabama Community College System, shared the top five strategies implemented in his system at a session at the American Association of Community Colleges annual meeting.
Attract new inquiries with lead magnets
Authors: Talarico Donna
Published: October 2018

In higher education marketing, the qualified lead is golden. This we know. There are many ways to collect names and email addresses, including with a passive “sign up for our newsletter” form on our websites. Perhaps you take things a step further with paid campaigns tied to targeted landing pages. But are you doing the most you can to encourage an email sign‐up?
Contrasting FOR and WITH factor chains: The case of material supply chains and human factor chains in Guatemalan nongovernmental organizations
Authors: Helms Marilyn M. , LeMay Stephen A. , Dwyer Michael J.
Published: October 2018

Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) have varied success in meeting the challenges of disasters in Antigua, Guatemala. This research uses the TO–FOR–WITH model based on nine criteria that separate surviving NGOs from transient NGOs. Two Guatemalan NGOs, Corazon de los Nino and Sonidos para la Vida, are used to validate the model. The two NGOs differ on three of the nine criteria in the TO–FOR–WITH model. Corazon meets all nine criteria and is considered a WITH organization using local sources for employment, supplies, and logistics. Sonidos is a FOR organization because it falls short in the three categories of bilateral communication, residual intelligence, and post hoc deployment. The criteria were found to distinguish the two NGOs in meaningful ways. However, two cases are not sufficient for theory building. We distinguish between factor chains and material supply chains, a distinction that is especially salient for humanitarian services, which are the primary offerings of many NGOs. No prior studies have tested this recent model and no previous studies have addressed the distinction between material supply chains and factor chains. Additional research is needed including expanding to other NGOs, other countries, and other settings.
Did California Paid Family Leave Impact Infant Health?
Authors: Pihl Ariel Marek , Basso Gaetano
Published: October 2018

The effects of paid parental leave policies on infant health have yet to be established. In this paper we investigate these effects by exploiting the introduction of California Paid Family Leave (PFL), the first program in the U.S. that specifically provides working parents with paid time off for bonding with a newborn. We measure health using the full census of infant hospitalizations in California and a set of control states, and implement a differences‐in‐differences approach. Our results suggest a decline in infant admissions, which is concentrated among those causes that are potentially affected by closer childcare (and to a lesser extent breastfeeding). Other admissions that are unlikely to be affected by parental leave do not exhibit the same pattern.
Low‐velocity impact behavior of a carbon/bismaleimide composite proposed for supersonic flight simulation after hygrothermal cycling
Authors: Shaoquan Wang , Shangli Dong , Yu Gao , Baichen Wang , Qi Yu , Ozbakkaloglu Togay
Published: October 2018

The combined high temperature oxidation, humidity exposure, thermal cycling, and a low temperature period were simultaneously performed on a carbon fiber‐reinforced bismaleimide (C/BMI) composite to simulate the supersonic hygrothermal flight‐cycles on long durability of the C/BMI applied in supersonic aircraft. After a hygrothermal cycling for 300 times, the drop‐weight impact test and ultrasonic analysis were carried out to evaluate low‐velocity impact damage behavior of the composite caused by foreign objects during service. The fiber/matrix interface degradation caused by hygrothermal cycling was demonstrated through a parameter proposed by Sarasua (parameter b), which is shown to reflect the level of the interfacial bond by estimating the contribution of the interphase on the damping properties of composites through the dynamic thermomechanical analysis (DMA) test. A secondary increase of delamination area initiated from one long edge was detected for the first time in the hygrothermal cycled C/BMI composite impacted by energy higher than 20 J. After experiencing 300 combined ageing cycles, the damage model of C/BMI composite impacted by more than 20 J changes from the pine tree model to gyro model because of free‐edge delamination, resulting in a serious potential risk to the application of C/BMI composite laminates in aeronautics. POLYM. COMPOS., 40:E1588–E1599, 2019. © 2018 Society of Plastics Engineers
Assessment of physical and mechanical properties of bamboo–plastic composites
Authors: Bari Ehsan , Morrell Jeffrey J. , Sistani Asqar , Firoozbehi Farhood , Haghdoost Yaser , Najafian Mohammad , Ghorbani Abbas
Published: October 2018

Lignocellulosic composites have a long history of use as building materials including deck, fences, landscaping timber, and indoor furniture. The use of bamboo in polymer‐based composite remains limited because of the lack of fundamental information on the resulting properties of these materials. The properties of a 40%–60% Giant thorny bamboo (Bambusa arundinacea) (by wt) composite containing high density polyethylene (HDPE), low density polyethylene (LDPE), and polypropylene (PP) was investigated with injection‐molded panels. Flexural properties, impact bending, and tensile strength as well as physical properties such as water uptake and swelling were investigated to assess the effects of varying bamboo content on properties of bamboo/plastic composite (BPC). Increasing bamboo levels had significant effects on flexural properties and tensile strength but little consistent effect on either impact strength or moisture behavior. Our results suggest that it Giant thorny bamboo could be added to reduce both the costs and weight of the finished product without adversely impacting properties. POLYM. COMPOS., 40:2834–2839, 2019. © 2018 Society of Plastics Engineers
Fire retardancy improvement of high‐density polyethylene composites based on thermomechanical pulp treated with ammonium polyphosphate
Authors: Schirp Arne , Hellmann Andreas
Published: October 2018

Thermomechanical pulp (TMP) was pretreated with ammonium polyphosphate (APP) to improve the fire retardancy of extruded thermoplastic composites for facades. In addition, APP was also added during compounding to protect the polymer matrix. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of the composites was significantly increased when APP was added during compounding. The additional TMP pretreatment leads to a further increase of the LOI, which resulted in a maximum value of 35% indicating the self‐extinguishing behavior of the material. Compared to untreated TMP, thermal stability of pretreated TMP was lower up to a temperature of ~250 °C which was attributed to the formation of polyphosphoric acid, which catalyzes the degradation of cellulose. Upon formation of a char layer, thermal stability of pretreated TMP was increased compared to untreated TMP. Tensile strength of composites based on pretreated TMP was slightly reduced compared to untreated TMP while tensile modulus of elasticity (MOE) was unaffected. Swelling and water uptake of the composites was increased due to the use of APP during compounding but the fiber pretreatment did not lead to any further increase. The single flame source test showed that the formulations which included APP were self‐extinguishing even when an extended flame treatment of 300 s (normally: 30 s, according to EN ISO 11925‐2) was applied. The fire shaft test was not passed for extruded profiles based on pretreated TMP; however, its conditions are more severe than those of the single‐burning item (SBI) test. POLYM. COMPOS., 40:2410–2423, 2019. © 2018 Society of Plastics Engineers
Pandemic 2009 influenza A (H1N1)‐associated deaths among children in China: A retrospective analysis
Authors: Lu Zhiwei , Zheng Yuejie , He Yanxia , Chen Huizhong , Wang Heping , Cao Ling , Zhao Deyu , Ji Wei , Shang Yunxiao , Li Changchong , Chen Zhimin , Zhao Shunying , Nong Guangmin , Chen Qiang , Liu Enmei , Wan Chaomin , Wang Ying , Yang Tong , Wang Zhenhua , Deng Li , Lu Quan
Published: October 2018

Importance

A cluster of influenza‐associated deaths occurred among children during pandemic 2009 influenza A (H1N1) in China, but the risk factors and causes for death have not been clarified.

Objective

We describe the clinical findings regarding 2009 influenza A (H1N1)‐associated pediatric deaths in China, including the risk factors for death.

Methods

The definition of 2009 influenza A (H1N1)‐associated pediatric death is death in a child who is younger than 14 years and has laboratory‐confirmed influenza. We collected data of total 810 hospitalized patients with 2009 influenza A (H1N1) infection from September 2009 to February 2010 in 17 hospitals across China. The clinical characteristics, laboratory abnormalities, and treatment course were retrospectively studied.

Results

Of the 810 patients hospitalized with 2009 influenza A (H1N1) infection, 19 (2.3%) died. Ten patients died from severe pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome; eight died from encephalopathy/encephalitis; one died from secondary fungal meningitis. Patients who died were more likely than patients who survived to have neutrophilia, lymphopenia, elevated C‐reactive protein, and elevations of lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase, creatine kinase‐MB, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase. There were no significant differences in the median age, median time from onset of illness to admission, underlying chronic disease, and initiation of antiviral therapy within 48 hours of illness onset, between patients who died and those who survived.

Interpretation

The risk factors for pediatric death associated with 2009 influenza A (H1N1) infection are different from those of seasonal influenza. The most common causes of death are viral pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and encephalopathy/encephalitis.
Long‐term outcome of acute central nervous system infection in children
Authors: Chen Tianming , Liu Gang
Published: October 2018

Importance

Central nervous system infection is a severe illness in children. Little is known about the long‐term outcome in children with central nervous system infection of various etiologies.

Objective

The aims of this study were to investigate the long‐term outcomes of childhood acute central nervous system infection and to examine possible prognostic factors.

Methods

Of 172 children who were treated for acute central nervous system infection from January 2009 through December 2009, 139 were eligible for follow‐up evaluations. A structured interview was conducted with the parents 3.8–4.7 years after hospital discharge. The global outcome was determined in all patients using the Pediatric Version of the Glasgow Outcome Scale–Extended. Clinical features of the acute episode were retrieved from medical records.

Results

The outcome was favorable in 109 of 139 patients (78%), 38 (27%) were mildly impaired, six (4%) were moderately impaired, 14 (10%) were severely impaired and two (1%) were in a vegetative state. There were eight deaths. The most frequent symptoms were difficulty concentrating (16%), epilepsy (12%), limb paralysis (12%), memory impairment (10%), speech disorders (9%), irritability (9%). Significant risk factors for epilepsy included the presence of recurrent seizures or status epilepticus, the existence of pure spikes in the electroencephalogram, brain parenchyma abnormalities on neuroimaging and herpes simplex virus encephalitis (HSVE). A multivariate analysis identified three factors that were independently associated with poor outcome: coma, brain parenchyma abnormalities on neuroimaging and HSVE.

Interpretation

Most children with acute central nervous system infection experienced a favorable outcome 3.8–4.7 years after discharge from the hospital. Minor to severe disability persists in a high proportion of cases. Coma, brain parenchymal abnormalities on neuroimaging and HSVE may predict poor long‐term outcome.
The advances of genetics research on Hirschsprung's disease
Authors: Ke Juntao , Zhu Ying , Miao Xiaoping
Published: October 2018

Hirschsprung's disease (HSCR) is a rare and complex congenital disorder characterized by the absence of the enteric neurons in lower digestive tract with an incidence of 1/5 000. Affected infant usually suffer from severe constipation with megacolon and distended abdomen, and face long‐term complications even after surgery. In the last 2 decades, great efforts and progresses have been made in understanding the genetics and molecular biological mechanisms that underlie HSCR. However, only a small fraction of the genetic risk can be explained by the identified mutations in the previously established genes. To search novel genetic alterations, new study designs with advanced technologies such as genome/exome‐wide association studies (GWASs/EWASs) and next generation sequencing (NGS) on target genes or whole genome/exome, were applied to HSCR. In this review, we summaries the current development of the genetics researches on HSCR based on GWASs/EWASs and NGS, focusing on the newly discovered variants and genes, and their potential roles in HSCR pathogenesis.
Fragmentation of thiophene and 3‐methyl‐2‐thiophenecarboxaldehyde by direct liquid phase low‐voltage discharges
Authors: Bodrikov Ivan V. , Kut'in Alexander M. , Titov Evgeniy Yu , Titov Dmitry Yu. , Kurskii Yury A. , Gazizullin Ramis R.
Published: October 2018

Thiophene and 3‐methyl‐2‐thiophenecarboxaldehyde conversion by direct liquid phase discharges has been experimentally studied. The voltage was limited to 40 V. The main products of conversion, determined by GC and GC‐MS methods, for thiophene were: acetylene, carbon disulfide, soot, and hydrogen; for 3‐methyl‐2‐thiophenecarboxaldehyde—carbon disulfide, acetylene, soot, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and diacetylene. Schemes of fragmentation of these heterocyclic compounds under the action of low‐voltage discharges are proposed.
Effect of active films incorporated with montmorillonite clay and α‐tocopherol: Potential of nanoparticle migration and reduction of lipid oxidation in salmon
Authors: Dias Marali Vilela , Azevedo Viviane Machado , Santos Taline Amorim , Pola Cícero Cardoso , Lara Bruna Rage Baldone , Borges Soraia Vilela , Soares Nildade Fatima Ferreira , Medeiros Éber Antônio Alves , Sarantópoulous Claire
Published: October 2018

Fat‐rich fish such as salmon are highly susceptible to lipid oxidation, which affects the quality of the product. The compound α‐tocopherol is widely used as an antioxidant added directly to food or through the incorporation in active packaging besides having activity of vitamin E, which is an essential nutrient to the human body absorbed from food. The objective of this paper was to evaluate the montmorillonite (MMT15A) and α‐tocopherol migration potential and antioxidant effect of chitosan/MMT15A/α‐tocopherol active films on reduction of lipid oxidation in fresh salmon. Chitosan films incorporated with MMT15A (0 and 1 g/100 g) and α‐tocopherol (0, 10, and 15 g/100 g) were applied on the fresh salmon for 8 days. Samples of salmon wrapped in films 3 and 6 (10% tocopherol and 1% MMT15A + 15%tocopherol, respectively) showed the lower values of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) at eighth storage day at 4°C. Film 6 (1% MMT15A and 15% tocopherol) showed better result on reduction in water vapour transmission rate (WVTR) and controlled release of tocopherol. All the films containing MMT15A presented migration of minerals (Mg and Si) for the salmon during the 8 days. Thus, the use of this film for release of active substances is a promising alternative for application as food packaging in order to obtain nutritionally fortified foods and inhibit oxidation reactions.
Sensitivity of the surface orographic gravity wave drag to vertical wind shear over Antarctica
Authors: Turner Holly V. , Teixeira Miguel A. C. , Methven John , Vosper Simon B.
Published: October 2018

The effects of vertical wind shear on orographic gravity wave drag derived previously from inviscid linear theory are evaluated using reanalysis data. Emphasis is placed on the relative importance of uniform and directional shear (associated with first and second vertical derivatives of the wind velocity), which are theoretically predicted, respectively, to reduce and enhance the surface drag. Two levels at which the wind derivatives are estimated are considered for evaluating the shear corrections to the drag: a height just above the parametrized boundary‐layer height (BLH) in the ECMWF model, and a height of order the standard deviation of the subgrid‐scale orography elevation (SDH), adopted by previous authors. A climatology of the Richardson number (Ri) computed for the decade 2006–2015 suggests that the Antarctic region has a high incidence of low Ri values, implying high shear conditions. Shear estimated at the BLH has a relatively modest impact on the drag, whereas shear estimated at the SDH has a stronger impact. Predicted drag enhancement is more widespread than drag reduction because terms involving second wind derivatives dominate the drag correction for a larger fraction of the time than terms involving first derivatives. A comparison of climatologies of the drag corrections for horizontally elliptical mountains (which represent anisotropic subgrid‐scale orography in parametrizations) and axisymmetric mountains always results in drag enhancement over Antarctica, with a maximum during the JJA season, showing qualitative robustness to both calculation height and orography anisotropy. However, this enhancement is smaller when using elliptical instead of axisymmetric orography. This is because the shear vector is predominantly oriented along mountain ridges rather than across them when the orography is anisotropic.
Adoption of robotic technology in Turkey: A nationwide analysis on caseload and platform used
Authors: Esen Eren , Aytac Erman , Ozben Volkan , Bas Mustafa , Bilgin Ismail Ahmet , Aghayeva Afag , Baca Bilgi , Hamzaoglu Ismail , Karahasanoglu Tayfun
Published: October 2018

Background

Limited data exist regarding adoption of evolving robotic technology in surgery. This study evaluated trends and the current condition of robotic platforms in surgical specialties and general surgical subspecialties.

Methods

Between January 2013 and December 2017, all robotic operations performed in Turkey were included.

Results

In the study period, 13 760 robotic operations were performed at 32 hospitals. The median numbers of general surgical procedures were 43and eight cases per hospital and per general surgeon, respectively. The high‐volume general surgeons performed 1734 (81%) of the cases. Forty‐five percent and 55% of the general surgical operations were performed with the Xi and S/Si robots, respectively.

Conclusion

Use of the Xi platform seems to increase caseload in general surgery operations possibly by facilitating robotic colorectal surgery. Targeting the high‐volume centres and surgeons for further training and implantation of upcoming robotic technology can be more effective in terms of increasing case volume and improving outcomes.
Theorising variation in engagement in professional and curriculum development: performativity, capital, systems and purpose
Authors: Boylan Mark , Adams Gill , Coldwell Mike , Willis Ben , Demack Sean
Published: October 2018

Increasingly, policymakers seek to improve the quality of teaching through curriculum innovations and continuing professional development (CPD) programmes. However, engagement by schools and teachers varies owing to mediating influences of neoliberal policies. In this article, we contribute to understanding how these tendencies affect participation. Problematising the notion of context, we examine ways in which systemic influences interacted with participation in a government‐funded mathematics professional and curriculum development programme and also with participants’ purposes.

A three‐level clustered Randomised Controlled Trial (RCT) and an implementation and process evaluation were augmented by in‐depth case studies, cross‐case analysis and the application of theoretical constructs to interpret findings. Theories of capital, figured worlds and systemic coupling are utilised to theorise the context.

Different levels of engagement are partly explainable by: the interaction of schools’ relative systemic advantage and disadvantage; their orientation and coupling to performativity regimes; and the alignment or dissonance between continuing professional development or change programmes and the pedagogical and CPD cultures and purposes of the ‘actors’ (schools, departments and teachers). Performativity concerns restricted what were considered legitimate outcomes in some case study schools. This depended on teachers and schools’ positioning in terms of relative degrees of systemic privilege or disadvantage—understood as economic, cultural, social and symbolic capital—and also in terms of figured worlds and system coupling. The case studies provide insights into how collaborative professional learning can be fostered more productively. Methodologically, we demonstrate the power of combining methodologies and applying explanatory social theory to augment quasi‐experimental paradigms.
Using evidence‐informed logic models to bridge methods in educational evaluation
Authors: Coldwell Mike , Maxwell Bronwen
Published: October 2018

Designs combining different types of data are increasingly used in educational evaluation, to provide both evidence of impact and an explanation of the processes by which impacts are created. Logic models are visual representations of how an intervention leads via a set of steps from resources and inputs to outputs and then sets of outcomes. Their use has become widespread to underpin evaluations; and they have become of more interest in education as they have been promoted by policy makers and funders including the Education Endowment Foundation (EEF) in England. This paper addresses the question: how can logic models be used to frame and implement educational evaluations using combinations of methods? To do so, the paper draws on theory‐based evaluation literature to identify a set of issues to be considered: the role of implementation logic; causal mechanisms; the context of interventions; and the importance of considering and addressing issues around complexity. Using detailed examples from two study designs for EEF evaluations, the paper presents an evidence‐informed logic model approach to deal with these issues. The paper concludes by reflecting on the practical and theoretical implications of this approach, laying out a set of key issues to address in future evaluations for which a design framed by an evidence‐informed logic model may be appropriate.
Fault estimation for a class of nonlinear semi‐Markovian jump systems with partly unknown transition rates and output quantization
Authors: Liang Hongjing , Zhang Linchuang , Karimi Hamid Reza , Zhou Qi
Published: October 2018

This paper studies the fault estimation problem for a class of nonlinear semi‐Markovian jump systems with partly unknown transition rates and output quantization. Firstly, a mode‐dependent intermediate variable is designed, which constructs an intermediate estimator to estimate fault signals of system. Secondly, the partly unknown transition rates and output quantization are considered and the sufficient conditions of stability for the error system are given in three cases by linear matrix inequalities. Moreover, the proposed nonlinear function satisfies Lipschitz condition, which can be employed in a multitude of practical systems. Finally, simulation results are provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed theoretical results.