bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tropical Cyclone Inner-Core Kinetic Energy Evolution
Authors: Maclay Katherine S. , DeMaria Mark , Vonder Haar Thomas H.
Published: April 2008

Tropical cyclone (TC) destructive potential is highly dependent on the distribution of the surface wind field. To gain a better understanding of wind structure evolution, TC 0–200-km wind fields from aircraft reconnaissance flight-level data are used to calculate the low-level area-integrated kinetic energy (KE). The integrated KE depends on both the maximum winds and wind structure. To isolate the structure evolution, the average relationship between KE and intensity is first determined. Then the deviations of the KE from the mean intensity relationship are calculated. These KE deviations reveal cases of significant structural change and, for convenience, are referred to as measurements of storm size [storms with greater (less) KE for their given intensity are considered large (small)]. It is established that TCs generally either intensify and do not grow or they weaken/maintain intensity and grow. Statistical testing is used to identify conditions that are significantly different for growing versus nongrowing storms in each intensification regime. Results suggest two primary types of growth processes: (i) secondary eyewall formation and eyewall replacement cycles, an internally dominated process, and (ii) external forcing from the synoptic environment. One of the most significant environmental forcings is the vertical shear. Under light shear, TCs intensify but do not grow; under moderate shear, they intensify less but grow more; under very high shear, they do not intensify or grow. As a supplement to this study, a new TC classification system based on KE and intensity is presented as a complement to the Saffir–Simpson hurricane scale.
Further Validation of the Psychosocial Costs of Racism to Whites Scale Among Employed Adults
Authors: Poteat V. Paul , Spanierman Lisa B.
Published: April 2008

To examine the validity and test the generalizability of the Psychosocial Costs of Racism to Whites Scale (PCRW) beyond the original college student sample, a geographically dispersed sample of employed White adults (N = 284) in eight states completed the measure to assess for White empathic reactions toward racism, White guilt, and White fear of people of other races. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the three-factor structure, and a test of factorial invariance for the adult sample data compared against the original college-student sample data suggested the need for further refinement and conceptualization of White guilt among employed adults. Convergent validity was documented with indicators of color-blind racial beliefs and openness to diversity. Finally, significant interaction effects between sample (community or college) and sex (male or female) on reported levels of costs were identified.
Carl Thoresen
Authors: Harris Alex H. S.
Published: April 2008

This interview with Carl E. Thoresen highlights the experiences, relationships, and ideas that have influenced this pioneering psychologist throughout the past half century. His scholarly work, professional service, teaching, and mentor-ship have motivated many counseling psychologists to radically expand their areas of inquiry. He was among the first to focus counseling on observable behaviors and to apply psychological science and interventions to physical problems in medical settings. More recently, he has pioneered the study of the interface between spirituality and health. His intellectual vitality, passion for new ideas, and pioneering spirit have earned him the distinction of being included in the Legacies and Traditions series of The Counseling Psychologist.
Connecting Entrance and Departure
Authors: Neild Ruth Curran , Stoner-Eby Scott , Furstenberg Frank
Published: April 2008

Recent reports have demonstrated that the United States has a dropout crisis of alarming proportions. In some large-city school systems, more than 50% of students leave high school without a diploma. A large proportion of these dropouts have not accumulated enough credits to be promoted beyond ninth grade. Using survey and student record data for a cohort of Philadelphia public school students, the authors find that ninth-grade academic outcomes are not simply proxies for student characteristics measured during the pre—high school years and that ninth-grade outcomes add substantially to the ability to predict dropout. An implication is that efforts to decrease the dropout rate would do well to focus on the critical high school transition year.
From Climate Change to Conflict? No Consensus Yet
Authors: Salehyan Idean
Published: April 2008

Many scholars, policymakers, and activists have argued that climate change will lead to resource competition, mass migration, and, ultimately, an increase in armed conflict around the world. This article takes issue with the `deterministic' view that climate change and resultant resource scarcities will have a direct impact on political violence. Rather, the effect of climate change on armed conflict is contingent on a number of political and social variables, which, if ignored by analysts, can lead to poor predictions about when and where conflict is likely. This article then discusses ways to improve research on the climate change—conflict connection and outlines broad policy suggestions for dealing with this potential problem. Scholars must communicate their findings with the policy community in order to come up with prudent solutions to this problem, while countering unnecessary rhetoric on both sides of the debate.
The Contracting Roots of Human Rights
Authors: Mousseau Michael , Mousseau Demet Yalcin
Published: April 2008

There is a broad consensus that democracy and economic development are among the key factors that promote better human rights practices in nations, but there is little agreement on how this happens. This article reports evidence that human rights, democracy, and development may all be at least partially explained by a fourth factor: market-contracting. Studies in economic history and sociology have established that in developing countries many exchanges of goods and services occur within social networks of friends and family. New institutionalist approaches posit that daily habits give rise to corresponding values and world-views. This study integrates these two fields of study to show how economic dependency on friends and family can promote perceived interests in discriminating strangers from out-groups and abiding by the orders of leaders. Dependency on strangers on a market, in contrast, can promote more individualistic identities and perceived interests in a state that enforces law and contracts with impartiality. This may cause the governments of nations with marketplace societies to be less likely than others to imprison political opponents and act contrary to law. On a large sample of nations from 1977 to 2000, robust support is found for this view: a change from weak to high levels of market-contracting is associated with a substantial 49% to 61% reduction in risk of state repression in nations. At least some of the variance in state repression accounted for by democracy and development may be attributed to market-contracting. This article introduces a new and robust variable in the field of human rights research, with direct policy implications: to reduce state repression, a crucial task is the achievement of market-oriented economic development.
Strategic Cooperation, the Invasion of Iraq and the Behaviour of the `Axis of Evil', 1990—2004
Authors: Davies Graeme A.M.
Published: April 2008

The study, using an autoregressive model and a time series of events data, tests whether Iran, Syria and North Korea have altered their behaviour towards the USA in response to the US occupation of Iraq. In particular, the study posits a modified theory of `strategic conflict avoidance', suggesting that perceived failings in US policy towards Iraq that manifest in low popularity ratings have, in fact, constrained the US president from initiating future aggressive actions. Potential targets of US aggression, rather than becoming more cooperative towards an unpopular US president, as suggested by strategic conflict avoidance theory, now become more hostile as they take advantage of public unease with an adventurous foreign policy. The analysis provides mixed support for the hypothesis, finding that North Korea has altered its strategic conflict avoidance behaviour in response to the Iraq occupation. Syria has become more hostile towards the USA, whereas, surprisingly, Iran is relatively uninfluenced by US domestic politics. The article suggests that coercive strategies might provide an opening in current US negotiations with North Korea, but also worryingly concludes, on the basis of the evidence, that the chances of a negotiated settlement with Iran are small.
Covering Death in Conflicts: Coverage of the Second Intifada on Israeli and Palestinian Television
Authors: Wolfsfeld Gadi , Frosh Paul , Awabdy Maurice T.
Published: April 2008

This exploratory study attempts to explain how journalistic routines for covering violent conflict lead to the construction of ethnocentric news. A distinction is made between two sets of routines. One set is permanent and ensures ethnocentric control over the flow of information, while a second set varies as journalists construct coherent narratives for particular events. This latter set of routines is further broken down into what are labeled the `Victims Mode' and `Defensive Mode' of reporting. The Victims Mode is used when one's own citizens have suffered an especially tragic loss of life, while the Defensive Mode is employed when one's forces have carried out an attack that has inflicted a similar loss on the enemy. It is argued that each of these modes of reporting parallels psychological reactions that have been found in individuals. The ideas raised in the theoretical discussion are investigated by comparing coverage of two events by Israeli and Palestinian television. Two events were chosen for analysis: a Palestinian suicide bombing that killed 19 Israelis, and the killing of Hamas leader Sheik Salach Shehadeh in which 16 Palestinians were killed. An in-depth reading of the six news broadcasts provides important insights into how journalists' routines ensure a steady flow of culturally acceptable news stories that reinforce hatred between enemies.
Factors Affecting ELT Reforms
Authors: Waters Alan , Vilches Ma. Luz C.
Published: April 2008

A number of recent studies, especially within the East Asian region, have chronicled the problems involved in successful implementation of the English language teaching component of large-scale, system-wide educational innovations. This paper reports on the findings of research into the implementation, in both general and ELT-related terms, of another similar recent initiative, the Philippines Basic Education Curriculum (BEC). The data indicate that classroom-level implementation of the BEC has been difficult to achieve, principally because (i) the curriculum design is insufficiently compatible with teaching situation constraints and, (ii) the necessary levels of professional support and instructional materials have not been provided. The data also show that both drawbacks can be traced in the first instance to a shortage of teaching situation and implementation process resources, a phenomenon frequently noted in the other studies and elsewhere. As the literature on curriculum development also indicates, however, such problems occur in both resource-rich as well as resource-poor contexts. The paper therefore concludes by discussing a number of additional possible underlying causes for inappropriate forms of curriculum innovation, with a view to informing directions for further enquiry.
The Role of Vocabulary in Reading Comprehension
Authors: Jun Zhang Lawrence , Bin Anual Suaini
Published: April 2008

The crucial role of vocabulary knowledge in reading comprehension has been well recognized in first language (L1) situations and this has appeared to be true of second language (L2) settings as well. However, in relation to a sociocultural context such as Singapore, where English is designated as an L1 in the school curriculum but the majority of students still learn it as an L2, little is known about how students' vocabulary size could affect their reading comprehension. Given that students and teachers often cite vocabulary as the biggest hurdle in reading, this study was undertaken to explore the role of vocabulary in reading comprehension. Thirty-seven year-4 secondary students in a neighbourhood school in Singapore participated in this study. The Vocabulary Levels Tests were used to measure students' vocabulary knowledge in relation to the different measures intended to test their reading comprehension and summary abilities. Results suggest that students' vocabulary knowledge at the 2,000-word and the 3,000-word levels was correlated to their reading comprehension. Significant correlation yielded only for the short-answer questions, but not for the summary. Pedagogical implications and recommendations for further research are also discussed.
The Creative Second Language Lesson
Authors: Magos Kostas , Politi Foteini
Published: April 2008

Acquisition of the host country's language is a basic requirement for the occupational and social inclusion of immigrants. It has been widely acknowledged that both the teaching and the learning of a second language are substantially improved by the communicative approach. A technique employed by the latter is that of role-play. This technique helps learners, especially immigrants, to practice the new language in real-life communicative situations, to enrich their vocabulary and to develop new skills and attitudes. This article presents the results of research into adult immigrants who learn Greek as a second language. The aim of the research was to identify the dimensions of role-play that facilitate the teaching of a second language to immigrant learners. The role and the attitude of the teacher and the learner, group interactions and the content of teaching are the most important dimensions outlined in the present research.
The Toastmasters Approach
Authors: Yu-Chih Sun
Published: April 2008

Toastmasters is a widely recognized international club that aims to develop and enhance the art of public speaking by offering participants educational programmes and chances to speak before groups. This article reports on the integration of the Toastmasters approach to an EFL oral-communication class in Taiwan. As both the author of this study and the teacher of an EFL course, I organized the course content and the course delivery that this paper describes. At the end of the semester, the participants completed a written questionnaire that asked their opinions about the effectiveness of this unorthodox teaching approach. Students enthusiastically reported that they had improved their proficiency in public speaking and that they had made gains in various skill areas. Drawing on these experiences, this article addresses the value of a Toastmasters approach to foreign-language curricular design.
Is Actor Network Theory Critique?
Authors: Whittle Andrea , Spicer André
Published: April 2008

In this essai we debate the extent to which Actor Network Theory (ANT) provides a meaningful contribution to the body of critical theories of organization. Critical approaches are commonly associated with a denaturalizing ontology, a reflexive epistemology and an anti-performative politics. In contrast, we suggest that ANT relies on a naturalizing ontology, an un-reflexive epistemology and a performative politics. This does not completely dismiss ANT as a useful approach to studying organizations. It does however question the contribution of ANT to developing a critical theory of organization.
Introduction: Polyphony and Organization Studies: Mikhail Bakhtin and Beyond
Authors: Belova Olga , King Ian , Sliwa Martyna
Published: April 2008

In this editorial we introduce the work of Mikhail Bakhtin and his concept of polyphony, and discuss ways in which polyphony has been interpreted and applied in organization studies. It is important to appreciate that two streams seem to emerge in this body of work: the use of polyphony as a textual strategy in writing research narratives and as a tool for analysing organizations as discursive spaces where heterogeneous and multiple voices engage in a contest for audibility and power. We conclude this editorial by briefly introducing each of the papers in this themed section.
Managing To Learn: The Social Poetics of a Polyphonic 'Classroom'
Authors: Ramsey Caroline
Published: April 2008

This paper draws on Bakhtin's use of polyphony and explores its potential for organizing processes within management education. In developing the concept of a polyphonic 'classroom', the interplay between tutor, manager-student and theory is related to Bakhtin's identification of the relationship between hero, other characters and idea within Dostoevsky's novels. In particular, a carnivalesque polyphonic relationship is argued to change tutor—student relations, extend the physical classroom into a wider polyphonic 'classroom' that includes the manager-student's work context and re-imagines learning as a changing, social poetic performance beyond common understanding of learning as cognitive processes of understanding or sense making.
Dialogism and Polyphony in Organizing Theorizing in Organization Studies: Action Guiding Anticipations and the Continuous Creation of Novelty
Authors: Shotter John
Published: April 2008

Bakhtin's ideas of polyphony and dialogism in language are explored as ways of organizing our thinking in organizational theorizing. Traditionally, language has been thought of as an already established, self-contained system of linguistic communication that sets out a set of rules or social conventions that people make use of in expressing themselves. In this account, what could be called the intellectualist, Cartesian account of language, people understand the linguistic representations contained or encoded in each other's sentences. However, another account—a relationally responsive, emotionalvolitional account articulated by Bakhtin (1981, 1984, 1986, 1993), along with a number of others, such as Wittgenstein, Merleau-Ponty, James, and Bergson—is of a much more dynamic, participatory, relational kind. In it, language and the world are intertwined in a dialogical or chiasmic relation with each other, in which we are shaped just as much, if not more, by the world, as the world by us. Indeed, in arguing for the importance of an utterance's capacity to call out a bodily response from us, spontaneously, Bakhtin is arguing that our intellectual knowledge is dependent for its achievement on a much more fundamental, spontaneously occurring, sensuous attunement to the events occurring in our surroundings—an understanding that occurs in the `movements' of our expressions, prior to our grasp of their finished forms. Thus, to switch to this very different view of language is also to switch to a very different view of the world in which we live: it is to see it as a living, dynamic, indivisible world of events that is still coming into being. It is also to switch to a form of complex thinking, very much as outlined by Chia and his colleagues (Chia 1996, 1998, 2002; Chia and King 2001; Tsoukas and Chia 2002), in which, instead of our thinking retrospectively about organizations (assuming we all already know what `an organization' is), we are reoriented toward thinking in duration, a very different way to organize our thinking in organizational studies.
Managing the Polyphonic Sounds of Organizational Truths
Authors: Sullivan Paul , McCarthy John
Published: April 2008

This paper argues that polyphony is built on the transaction between voices and experiential truths, where voice and experience constitute each other. From this perspective voice is associated with the plural, transformational character of moment-to-moment experience. This view differs from the prevalent appropriation of polyphony where voice expresses a relatively stable identity (e.g. Hazen 1993) such that many voices (polyphony) may be reduced to many identities. The experiential understanding of polyphony is examined through close inspection of Bakhtin's contextualization of polyphony in carnival, a reading of his work that is largely missing from the organizational literature. This reading is further developed in the context of talk about teamwork in a large healthcare organization. Analysis of this talk reveals three different types of discursive truths that create different kinds of identities and different kinds of possibilities for organizational change: the public, teleological truths of epic discourse; the intimate truths of confession and irony; and the contested truths of the argument and what Bakhtin (1984) calls the microdialogue (or inner conversations with ourselves).
Educating professional musicians: lessons learned from school music
Authors: Carruthers Glen
Published: April 2008

Music in Canadian schools at one time focused on skills development. Building on talent, aptitude, prior learning and physical coordination, students would become better at singing or playing an instrument by studying it at school. Over time, new approaches to music teaching and learning opened the umbrella to a more comprehensive range of objectives. Human understanding, social relevance, the ability to work and play together, and many other outcomes are now typically expected of school music programmes. The present article sets this pedagogical model against the outcomes expected of university music programmes, especially in performance. While human understanding, social responsibility and the like may be acknowledged as desirable outcomes, most university performance programmes focus on developing human capital — on creating better musicians — who may or may not be better people for it. University performance programmes still intend a kind of learning that was long ago deemed limiting, restrictive and ultimately inappropriate for public school curricula. This investigation posits a new approach to music at the university level, with new pedagogical aims, that takes as its starting point innovative and challenging developments in school music education.
Cèilidh culture and higher education
Authors: Sheridan Mark , Byrne Charles
Published: April 2008

Cèilidh is an important part of both Scottish and Irish cultures, and its role within the traditions is central to the onward transmission of music, poetry and lore. There has been a renaissance in Scottish traditional music in recent years, and this article examines the learning processes and means of transmission in traditional music that have significant implications for the teaching of music in higher education. The ways in which traditional musicians learn and the values that the people bring to the music, while not unique to Scottish culture, are of significant interest to higher education institutions. This article reflects on how traditional musicians learn their craft and examines how participating in the traditional arts helps young people to learn music and gain both confidence and pride in their own culture.
Inclusive pedagogies in music education: a comparative study of music teachers' perspectives from four countries
Authors: Burnard Pamela , Dillon Steve , Rusinek Gabriel , Sæther Eva
Published: April 2008

Recognizing the increasing importance of developing inclusive pedagogies in music education, this article offers diverse ways of promoting positive learning experiences and reaching learners who are most at risk of exclusion. The findings reported in this article arise out of a wider comparative research project investigating the pedagogies of music teachers working in challenging contexts. This article highlights one strand of the study involving teacher perspectives from accounts of pedagogy documented through interviews and observations. The complex ways in which teachers achieve `inclusion' (a term that refers to all children achieving and participating despite challenges stemming from poverty, class, race, religion, linguistic and cultural heritage or gender) in their music classrooms is best understood in connection with the interplay of policies, structures, culture and values specific to schools. This qualitative case study of four teachers from four different countries, Spain, Australia, Sweden and the UK, provides insight on ways of working with young people on the margins of society and ways of creating a learning environment in which students can succeed musically. Accounts offered by these four exceptional music teachers range from particular teacher and school strategies to management practices that promote pupil—pupil relations in and outside the classroom, to the way the school connects with its musical community. The authors ask the challenging question of how inclusive our music pedagogies are and conclude with what we can learn, as practitioners and researchers, from comparative accounts of pedagogy.
Drummistic piano composition: an approach to teaching piano composition from a Nigerian cultural perspective
Authors: Onyeji Christian
Published: April 2008

The search for Nigerian-based content and methodology for music education has been one of the primary concerns of music educators in contemporary Nigeria. Debates and criticisms surrounding the existing curriculum are ongoing. A natural response to these criticisms is the suggestion of alternative solutions that aim to develop a Nigerian-based approach to music education. Such an approach places an acknowledgement of the cultural background of the learner as a necessary basis for music education. The objective of this article is not to add another voice to those calling for changes to the content and style of music education in Nigeria without providing reference models. A theoretical framework that uses a practical approach to teaching piano composition to Nigerian students that is based on Nigeria's cultural context is proposed. Far from claiming to be a final solution to music education problems in Nigeria, it is an approach that solicits responses and contributions from others in order to foster music education that acknowledges a Nigerian perspective.
GLUT1 Deficiency Without Epilepsy: Yet Another Case
Authors: Joshi Charuta , Greenberg Cheryl R. , De Vivo Darryl , Dong Wang  , Chan-Lui Winifred , Booth Frances A.
Published: April 2008

Glucose transporter type 1 (GLUT1) deficiency syndrome is a metabolic disorder characterized by a low cerebrospinal fluid glucose level caused by decreased activity of the glucose transporter protein. Of approximately 100 patients described with this syndrome in the published literature to date, only 3 patients have had intermittent ataxia as the initial manifestation. This case report describes a 13-year-old boy with a longstanding history of intermittent ataxia who was diagnosed as having GLUT1 deficiency syndrome after the onset of seizures at age 11 years. This case highlights the importance of a carefully organized lumbar puncture in the investigation and management of any child with neurodevelopmental delay and intermittent ataxia with or without seizures.
Giant Infantile Gliosarcoma: Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings
Authors: Sanal Hatice Tuba , Bulakbasi Nail , Kocaoglu Murat , Onguru Onder , Chen Lina
Published: April 2008

Gliosarcoma is an uncommon variant of glioblastoma multiforme, which is composed of gliomatous and sarcomatous elements. The tumor is rarely encountered in childhood. This case report presents the magnetic resonance imaging characteristics of a giant gliosarcoma in a 3-year-old girl. Size and location of the tumor are described.
Ataxia With Oculomotor Apraxia Type 1 (AOA1): Clinical and Neuropsychological Features in 2 New Patients and Differential Diagnosis
Authors: D'Arrigo Stefano , Riva Daria , Bulgheroni Sara , Chiapparini Luisa , Castellotti Barbara , Gellera Cinzia , Pantaleoni Chiara
Published: April 2008

Ataxia with oculomotor apraxia type 1 (AOA1) is an autosomal recessive disease characterized by early-onset and slowly progressive cerebellar ataxia, areflexia, and peripheral neuropathy. Ocular apraxia is most prominent in the early stage of the disease, by contrast, hypoalbuminemia, hypercholesterolemia, and cognitive impairment are present in the adult stage. AOA1 is caused by a mutation in the APTX gene (9p13.3) encoding a nuclear protein named aprataxin, which is involved in the mechanism of DNA repair. We report here the clinical features of 2 patients with mutations in the APTX gene, and we discuss the differential diagnosis with other forms of hereditary ataxia.
Decompressive Hemicraniectomy in Children With Severe Ischemic Stroke and Life-Threatening Cerebral Edema
Authors: Ramaswamy Vijay , Mehta Vivek , Bauman Mary , Richer Lawrence , Massicotte Patti , Yager Jerome Y.
Published: April 2008

Decompressive hemicraniectomy has been discussed as a treatment option that increases survival in adults with malignant stroke. This approach has not been studied extensively in children. From a prospective cohort, we identified 4 children who underwent decompressive hemicraniectomy for malignant infarctions with life-threatening cerebral edema within 72 hours of their stroke. All 4 children had different causes for their stroke and experienced severe cerebral edema with increasing intracranial pressure and an impending fatal outcome. Despite massive cerebral infarction, all patients were ambulant and able to speak at the time of follow-up. Although a limited experience, decompressive hemicraniectomy is a life-saving approach for malignant stroke in children.
Health Care Utilization and Expenditures for Children and Young Adults With Muscular Dystrophy in a Privately Insured Population
Authors: Ouyang Lijing , Grosse Scott D. , Kenneson Aileen
Published: April 2008

We provide estimates of medical care utilization and expenditures for children and young adults younger than age 30 with muscular dystrophies in the United States. Accurate estimates are essential for calculations of lifetime costs and for economic evaluations of screening and management strategies for muscular dystrophy. We compare the medical expenditures for persons with muscular dystrophy with others by age groups. The incremental annual expenditures of medical care for privately insured individuals with muscular dystrophy relative to others in 2004 averaged $18 930 and ranged from $13 464 at ages 5 to 9 to $32 541 at ages 15 to 19. Individuals with muscular dystrophy had average medical expenditures 10 to 20 times greater than individuals without muscular dystrophy. Individuals aged 15 to 19 years had the highest number of inpatient admissions related to respiratory infections and cardiac complications. The findings underscore the need for appropriate treatment options for individuals with muscular dystrophy as they age.
Griscelli Syndrome Type 2: A Rare and Lethal Disorder
Authors: Masri Amira , Bakri Faris G. , Al-Hussaini Maissa , Al-Hadidy Azmy , Hirzallah Rania , de Saint Basile Geneviève , Hamamy Hanan
Published: April 2008

Griscelli syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive disorder. It is characterized by pigment dilution and variable immune deficiency leading to increased susceptibility to certain infections and a tendency to develop a life-threatening hemophagocytic syndrome known as the accelerated phase. Griscelli syndrome is now classified into 3 types based on the genetic and molecular features. Primary neurological presentation without the accelerated phase is rare in type 2. In this article, the authors report a boy who was presented with seizures and diffuse white matter involvement unaccompanied by the other features of the accelerated phase. Mutation analysis in family members revealed the presence of a missense mutation in Rab27a gene. In addition to the rare presentation, this is the first case of Griscelli syndrome to be reported from Jordan.
Is Head Balance a Major Determinant for Swallowing Problems in Patients With Spinal Muscular Atrophy Type 2?
Authors: van den Engel-Hoek Lenie , de Swart Bert J. M. , Erasmus Corrie E. , de Groot Imelda J. M.
Published: April 2008

A child with spinal muscular atrophy type 2 was referred for evaluation of eating and swallowing problems. The dysphagia evaluation demonstrated coughing during eating and drinking and occasionally stertorous when eating solid food. The videofluoroscopic swallow study showed a late upper esophageal sphincter opening with hypopharyngeal residue, more with solid food than with thin liquid. His lumbar lordosis associated with anterior tilted pelvis and his problems with head balance due to weak neck musculature caused compensatory behavior like a retracted neck and mandible. This position negatively influences the opening of the upper esophageal sphincter. This case supported the idea that dysphagia in spinal muscular atrophy type 2 is caused by both a bulbar component as well as a treatable posture component.
An Unusual Manifestation of a Neonatal Chlamydia Infection
Authors: Bertsche Astrid , Wagner Mathias H. , Bollmann Renate , Obladen Michael , Felderhoff-Mueser Ursula
Published: April 2008

A 25-day-old boy was admitted to hospital because of pneumonia and additionally developed symptoms of encephalitis. The immune fluorescence test for Chlamydia trachomatis in tracheal fluids was positive. Furthermore, ligase chain reaction for C trachomatis was positive in the cerebrospinal fluid. The antibiotic regimen was changed to erythromycin intravenously. C trachomatis encephalitis is rare in neonates and may result from a defect in the alternative pathway of complement activation which was the case in this patient.
Paradoxical Air Embolism Successfully Treated With Hyperbaric Oxygen
Authors: Scruggs Jesse E. , Joffe Aaron , Wood Kenneth E.
Published: April 2008

The use of the central venous catheter may be complicated by air embolism when central venous pressure is subatmospheric and the catheter is open to the surrounding air. Paradoxical air embolus occurs when the gas bubbles are able to traverse a right to left shunt, gaining access to the systemic arterial circulation causing ischemic symptoms in end organs. In this article, a case of a patient with an unknown patent foramen ovale through which air entered the arterial circulation resulting in obtundation and stroke after inadvertent manipulation of a Hickman catheter is presented. The physiology, clinical manifestations, and management strategies are also discussed.
A Public Sociology for California
Authors: Burawoy Michael
Published: April 2008

Some of the most inspiring public sociology takes place at the local level, often hidden from or obscured by professional sociology. Taking inspiration from Edna Bonacich's research with labor and Elizabeth Leonard's research with survivors of extreme domestic violence, this article sketches out what a public sociology for California might mean, and the ways in which professional and critical sociology could support and benefit from such a project.
The Contours of Color at the World Social Forum: Reflections on Racialized Politics, Representation, and the Global Justice Movement
Authors: Álvarez Rebecca , Gutierrez Erika , Kim Linda , Petit Christine , Reese Ellen
Published: April 2008

This essay critically reflects on our experiences and observations, as a multi-racial research team from the USA, of the politics of race and racism at the 2005 meeting of the World Social Forum which took place in Porto Alegre, Brazil. The challenges of discussing issues of race, ethnicity, and racism at the WSF are considerable given (1) the over-representation of whites and the wide variety of racial and ethnic groups participating in the WSF, (2) national differences in race and ethnic relations and the discourses used to discuss such relations, and (3) the political silences about racism that pervade Brazil and many other countries. Overcoming such challenges is crucial to making the WSF and the global justice movement more inclusive of people of color, raising consciousness about racial and ethnic oppression and its role in the current global economy among political activists, building effective transnational coalitions among anti-racist groups, and envisioning a truly just and democratic world.
Going Up Against the Global Economy: New Developments in the Anti-Sweatshops Movement
Authors: Esbenshade Jill
Published: April 2008

This article is inspired by Edna Bonacich's theoretical attention to the `big picture,' substantive dissection of the garment industry and ethical call for public sociology. The article focuses on the newest developments in the US anti-sweatshop movement by delineating the progress of two movement organizations: United Students Against Sweatshops and Sweatfree Communities. The article argues that the development of these movements has been toward progressively addressing the underlying causes of sweatshop, causes that are tied into globalization. Most importantly movements have recently begun to specifically challenge the undermining of union strength and the use of vulnerable labor. This progression has shifted the US movement toward action directly supportive of worker empowerment rather than simply improved conditions.
Horse Supply and the Development of the New Model Army, 1642-1646
Authors: Robinson Gavin
Published: April 2008

The debate over whether the creation of the New Model Army represented continuity or change in the supply systems of parliamentarian armies has suffered from a lack of detailed research on the Earl of Essex's army. This article begins to redress the balance by examining the supply of horses and saddles to the armies of Essex, Manchester, Waller, and Fairfax in equal depth. Studying Essex's army is vital to our understanding of the origins of the New Model Army. There was more continuity between the two than most historians have assumed, but there were also significant changes in 1645.
The Armenians and Ottoman Military Policy, 1915
Authors: Erickson Edward J.
Published: April 2008

Mainstream western scholarship maintains that the Armenian insurrection of 1915 was never an actual threat to the security of the Ottoman state in the First World War and that the relocation of the Armenians of eastern Anatolia was unnecessary. In truth, no study of the Armenian insurrection and its effect on Ottoman military policy has ever been conducted. This article examines the Ottoman army's lines of communications architecture and logistics posture in eastern Anatolia in 1915. Armenian threats to the logistics and security of the Ottoman armies in Caucasia and Palestine are overlaid on this system. Evolving and escalatory Ottoman military policies are then explained in terms of threat assessments and contemporary counter-insurgency strategy. The article seeks to inform the reader why the Ottomans reacted so vigorously and violently to the events of the spring of 1915.
British Tear Gas Doctrine between the World Wars
Authors: Shoul Simeon
Published: April 2008

This article argues that the refusal of the British authorities to explore tear gas use in the 1920s was a result of public relations fears, growing out of British abhorrence for lethal gas use in the trenches during the First World War. Despite continuing strong advocacy from individuals scattered throughout the civil and military hierarchies, and evidence of the efficacy of tear gas emanating from the United States, the British resisted the introduction and technical development of tear gas until the mid-1930s. By this time they had fallen so far behind, technically speaking, that it proved impossible to introduce a viable, British-based tear gas industry, and the British were left to introduce tear gas in tiny, hesitant, incremental steps, using equipment from the United States.
Romanian Naval Doctrine and Its Tests in the Second World War
Authors: Statiev Alexander
Published: April 2008

This article highlights a fierce debate among Romanian sailors over naval doctrine during the interwar period and illuminates problems that did not allow them to realize any of the proposed strategies in the war against Russia. The Romanian general staff regarded the navy as its least important arm. However, being the only Axis naval force opposing the Soviet Black Sea Fleet in 1941, the Romanian navy faced a challenge greater than the army and air force that operated merely as minor allies of the Wehrmacht. The navy's missions were less ambitious than those set for the other arms overrated by Romanian strategists. The navy performed its tasks unglamorously but it was an important component of Axis logistics, and it avoided the spectacular failures frequently experienced by the Romanian land forces.
Race Formations (Evolutionary Hegemony) and the `Aping' of the Australian Indigenous Athlete
Authors: Coram Stella
Published: April 2008

In the article `The Fire Within', Anthony Mundine, the Australian indigenous boxer and world bantam weight title holder, is the subject of discussion around his inability to be his own man. Martin Flanagan (2006: 6) writes that `Mundine is commonly accused of aping Muhammad Ali'. Flanagan, regarded as sensitive to indigenous issues, does not use quotation marks in recognition of the underlying politics of race invoked. An extraordinary oversight, this suggests that the status of elite athlete does little to deter derogatory inferences to the humanity of the racial `other'.1 Critical race theorists, Omi and Winant (2002), claim that race is central to society not an irregularity within it. I draw on the critical race construct of race formations (evolutionary hegemony) to chart the changing significance of race mediated through reference to the indigenous racial `other' as `ape-like' in the Australian sports media. To set the theoretical boundaries, I develop an etymology of `aping' drawing on Bindman's (2002) construct of aesthetics (beauty), Darwinian evolutionary theory (Watson, 2005) and colonial mimicry (Bhabha, 1994). I argue that narratives depicting the `ape-like' constitute mimicry that relies on ambiguity to invoke the subordinate status of the `other'. To that end, I employ content analysis of media texts to bring to light the racial project demarcating the ape.
Sport, Social Change and the Public Intellectual
Authors: Jarvie Grant
Published: April 2008

This article argues that the role of the public intellectual in sport is desperately needed. The research for the article draws upon key interviews and newspaper reports. The article examines three questions: i) What is the role of the public intellectual in sport? ii) Do we wish to encourage the role of the public intellectual in sport? iii) How does one balance the objective of challenging unseen silences in sport with its potential transformative capacity to produce change (or at least be a resource for hope) in many communities. The challenge is for today's sociologists of sport and others not to accept the narrow job description of the academic but instead to ensure that the social study of sport is one of these very public, visible forms of activity and engagement.
Sport Volunteerism in Canada
Authors: Safai Parissa , Harvey Jean , Lévesque Maurice , Donnelly Peter
Published: April 2008

Given the importance of volunteerism to Canadian sport, and the need for research to understand the characteristics of sport volunteerism, a pilot study was carried out to explore the experiences of volunteers in sport. The study focused on two different sport associations (one individual sport and one team sport) in two majority linguistic localities (one predominantly francophone in Québec and one predominantly anglophone in Ontario). Language is a key element of community membership, and this article pays specific attention to the relationship between language and sport volunteerism in Canada. The results indicate that there are some different patterns of sport volunteering between the two different (official) linguistic communities, and suggest that the experiences of Canadian sport volunteers in relation to linguistic community membership have implications for the recruitment, training, and retention of volunteers in sport, and warrant further research.
Nurses' Perceptions of Hospice Palliative Care Volunteers
Authors: Claxton-Oldfield Stephen , Hastings Emily , Claxton-Oldfield Jane
Published: April 2008

A total of 50 nurses (hospital and home care) responded to a survey designed to measure: (1) their attitudes toward, and knowledge of, hospice palliative care volunteers; (2) the types of tasks they felt it was appropriate for volunteers to perform; and (3) how valuable they felt different members of the hospice palliative care team are. In addition, they were asked to respond to some open-ended questions (eg, “Do you feel that it is appropriate for hospice palliative care volunteers to know patient medical information?”). The nurses' responses to the “Attitude/Knowledge” part of the survey revealed that they generally held positive attitudes toward volunteers. The majority of the nurses felt that it was appropriate for volunteers to perform most of the tasks listed, except for hands-on patient care. Nurses rated the value of nurses, family members, doctors, and pharmacists significantly higher than volunteers. Fifty-three percent of the nurses felt that volunteers should know patient medical information, and 77% thought that volunteers should have the opportunity to provide input regarding patient care. Also, 75% of the nurses felt that volunteers made their jobs easier, and 56% felt that volunteers should be included in team meetings. When asked to list the topics covered in a hospice palliative care volunteer training program, 73% of the nurses indicated that they were not sure or did not know what topics were covered, indicating a lack of knowledge regarding volunteer training.
Use of Advance Directives for Nursing Home Residents in the Emergency Department
Authors: Weinick Robin M. , Wilcox Susan R. , Park Elyse R. , Griffey Richard T. , Weissman Joel S.
Published: April 2008

Documented requests can ensure that patients' end-of-life care preferences are implemented, particularly in emergent circumstances. This study a) compared information on advance directives found in different sources of documentation in the hospital record of nursing home patients admitted through the emergency department and b) assessed emergency department clinicians' perceptions of how end-of-life care requests are communicated to them. Seven potential sources of documentation were reviewed in the medical records of 40 patients, and semistructured interviews were conducted with 10 emergency department clinicians. We found little concordance among sources of advance directive documentation. Our results suggest variability in documentation for nursing home patients on transfer to the emergency department, and that emergency department clinicians experience substantial difficulty in reliably obtaining information about advance directives. As treatment may vary based solely on available documentation, such information gaps may decrease the likelihood of adherence in the emergency department to patients' previously expressed care preferences.
Destroying Myths
Authors: Moeen ul Haq Sheikh , Butt Mehmood , Ali Raza , Bhattacharya Amlan
Published: April 2008

Palliative care emergencies such as spinal cord compression require prompt diagnosis and treatment to get the best results. Hospitals dealing with these emergencies need to develop pathways of care for these patients based on best evidence derived from hard data. The authors looked at all spinal cord compressions that presented to their hospital over a 10-year period. The authors found that the commonest day of presentation of this condition was on Mondays and not Fridays as had been widely believed prior to this study. Hospitals are encouraged to look at hard data and not anecdotes when developing pathways of care for their patients.