bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Coarse-Grained Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Nanoscale Roughness Effects on Oil Film Delamination
Authors: Deng Shizhe , Kubo Atsushi , Todaka Yoshikazu , Shiihara Yoshinori , Mitsuhara Masatoshi , Umeno Yoshitaka
Published: June 2024

In boundary lubrication, the detachment of lubricant molecules from a solid surface is likely to occur due to the presence of high compressive normal stress combined with shear stress exerted on the solid–liquid interface. This phenomenon often results in a delamination behavior at the interface. We aim to investigate the nanoscale roughness effect on the oil film delamination from sliding iron surfaces with grain boundaries by coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations. As a result, the oil film delamination was effectively suppressed in higher roughness. Two distinct mechanisms of delamination were found depending on surface roughness when the critical normal stress is exceeded. High roughness enhanced the ability to prevent complete slip but had negligible influence on partial slip.

Graphical Abstract
Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and red blood cell distribution width to platelet ratio and their relationships with inflammatory and antioxidant status in dogs with different stages of heart failure due to myxomatous mitral valve disease
Authors: Kocaturk Meriç , Saril Ahmet , Oz Abdullah Doğukan , Rubio Camila Peres , Ceron Jose Joaquin , Yilmaz Zeki
Published: June 2024

We aimed to evaluate the red blood cell distribution width-to-platelet ratio (RDW/PLT) with other complete blood cell count (CBC) indices and their correlations with serum proinflammatory cytokines, acute phase proteins (APPs), and antioxidant biomarkers in dogs at different stages of heart failure (HF). A total of 29 dogs were divided into four groups according to the ACVIM Consensus Statement: stage-A (healthy/controls, n = 8), stage-B2 (n = 6), stage-C (n = 10), and stage-D (n = 5). Seventeen CBC indices were calculated and correlated with the measurements of inflammatory, APPs, and antioxidant biomarkers, as well as selected echocardiographic variables in all dogs. At stage-C, CBC indices were evaluated 14 days after the treatment. Statistically significant changes were observed only for RDW/PLT and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) between groups. NLR increased, but RDW/PLT deceased in dogs with HF, compared to controls (P < 0.05). There were no statistically differences between pre- and post-treatment CBC indices. There were significantly positive and negative correlations between the CBC indices, serum parameters and selected echocardiographic variables in dogs with HF(P < 0.05). ROC analysis showed the best sensitivity (57% and 68%) and specificity (100% and 57%) for NLR > 5.8 and RDW/PLT ≤ 0.057 for predicting the severity of HF, respectively. Results showed that NLR and RDW/PLT may have potential for monitoring severity of the disease and the effect of treatment in dogs with HF. Imbalances between indices of circulating blood cells can contribute to immunoinflammatory and antioxidant responses in pathogenesis of canine HF, which may provide us alternative targets to develop new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies in veterinary medicine.
How undergraduate students learn: uncovering interrelationships between factors that support self-regulated learning and strategy use
Authors: Hey Rebecca , McDaniel Mark , Hodis Flaviu A.
Published: June 2024

Being an effective learner is an important pillar supporting success in higher education and beyond. This research aimed to uncover the extent to which undergraduate students use a set of commonly researched learning strategies, as well as to understand how learning strategy usage relates to key self-regulation factors proposed in influential models of self-regulated learning. Undergraduate students from New Zealand (N = 140) were recruited through course management systems, social media, and campus posters. Data were analysed using correlation and multiple regression. Results show that students reported using more learning strategies that are relatively effective than learning strategies that are somewhat less effective. In addition, effort regulation and student engagement were the most consistent predictors of both learning strategy use and self-reported academic achievement. Building on these findings, this research provides important new insights into the associations between learning strategy usage and pivotal factors that support effective self-regulated learning and academic achievement. As we highlight in the article, these insights have key implications for advancing theory and research on self-regulated learning.
Being in Two Places at the Same Time: a Future for Hybrid Learning Based on Student Preferences
Authors: Fabian Khristin , Smith Sally , Taylor-Smith Ella
Published: June 2024

The Covid-19 pandemic moved focus from face-to-face learning to hybrid in Higher Education; many educators did not have previous experience of this mode prior to this shift in learning locations. One form of hybrid learning is “synchronous hybrid learning” where both face-to-face and online students simultaneously attend learning activities. This study set out to explore students’ experiences of, and attitudes towards, synchronous hybrid learning, using a multi-method approach: a student survey (n = 66) and interviews with both students (n = 22) and lecturers (n = 8). Findings reveal technology challenges for both face-to-face and online learning but the majority of students preferred hybrid learning. Students acknowledged that hybrid formats provided fewer opportunities to collaborate and that they felt more engaged when face-to-face, but they could manage their time better with hybrid. Staff observed equity-related benefits, while acknowledging increased complexity of delivery. The study makes recommendations for a future that encompasses good quality, post-pandemic hybrid learning.
Analysis of the spatiotemporal trends and influencing factors of Hyphantria cunea in China
Authors: Zhou Hongwei , Gong Chaoqun , Li Xiaodong , Wang Yue , Yan Yunbo
Published: June 2024

In recent years, the situation of the Hyphantria cunea (Drury) (Lepidoptera: Erebidae), infestation in China has been serious and has a tendency to continue to spread. A comprehensive analysis was carried out to examine the spatial distribution trends and influencing factors of H. cunea. This analysis involved integrating administrative division and boundary data, distribution data of H. cunea, and environmental variables for 2021. GeoDetector and gravity analysis techniques were employed for data processing and interpretation. The results show that H. cunea exhibited high aggregation patterns in 2021 and 2022 concentrated mainly in eastern China. During these years, the focal point of the infestation was in Shandong Province with a spread towards the northeast. Conditions such as high vegetation density in eastern China provided favorable situations for growth and development of H. cunea. In China, the spatial distribution of the moth is primarily influenced by two critical factors: precipitation during the driest month and elevation. These play a pivotal role in determining the spread of the species. Based on these results, suggestions are provided for a multifaceted approach to prevention and control of H. cunea infestation.
In vitro and in vivo antimicrobial activity of the fumigant, ethyl formate, against bacteria and fungi of date fruits in postharvest phase
Authors: Abo-El-Saad Mahmoud M. , Badawy Mohamed E. I. , Shawir Mohamed S. , Hegazi Yasser H. , Mohammed Youssef M. M.
Published: June 2024

The search is on for safer alternatives to fumigants like methyl bromide and phosphine, which harm the ozone layer and pose other risks. Ethyl formate is a promising candidate due to its potential antimicrobial and insecticidal action in stored products like date fruits. The susceptibility of date fruits to microbial spoilage is significantly influenced by factors such as moisture content, storage practices, and environmental conditions. In the present study, the in vitro antimicrobial effect of ethyl formate against three microbial species, namely Aspergillus niger F4, Mucor circinelloides YMM22, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa B1 was tested under laboratory conditions. In addition, two common date fruit varieties, semi-dry El-Wady I and the dry Frehi, were fumigated with ethyl formate alone in a laboratory-scale prototype and with a mixture of ethyl formate and CO2 at a semi-industrial scale prototype. Both varieties had an initial moisture content of around 13.40 and 12.48% for El-Wady I and Frehi, respectively. The fumigation was conducted using the optimal concentration of 70 mg/L air for 24 h incubation period. Fumigation with ethyl formate alone or in combination with CO2 significantly reduced the number of viable bacteria and fungi (CFU/g), but the potential for a combined effect with CO2 was not investigated. The percentages of reduction in the fungal count were 78.18 and 90.76% for Frehi and El-Wady I varieties, respectively in a semi-industrial scale prototype. Moreover, the percentages of reduction in the bacterial count were 53.31 and 65.20%, respectively for Frehi and El-Wady I varieties. Ethyl formate showed promise as a natural alternative to control microbial contamination of stored date fruits. Further research suggests that increasing fumigation duration or concentration could provide comprehensive control of microbial pathogens at all stages of development.
Robots down-under: the current climate of robotic-assisted surgery education in Australia
Authors: Sakalkale Aditya , Satheakeerthy Shriranshini , Yeung Justin M. C. , Reid Fiona
Published: June 2024

Australia has seen a significant rise in the use of Robotic-Assisted Surgery (RAS), with general surgery being the fastest-growing field in this technology. The proportion of general surgical RAS has grown from 1% to 17% of all RAS between 2008 and 2023 in Australasia. As of May 2023, there were 162 robotic platforms in Australasia, with 26 of them in the public sector. As the cost of establishing RAS decreases over time, public hospital robotics systems are expected to become more accessible. Despite the increasing demand, many specialties, including general surgery, do not have an agreed RAS curriculum for trainees. It is imperative for Australia to develop its own curriculum akin to our overseas colleagues to match this growth.
Determining anthropogenic pressure on the Southern Black Sea blue flag beaches
Authors: Guneroglu Nilgun , Guneroglu Abdulaziz , Dihkan Mustafa , Sari Derya , Onur Makbulenur , Demirsoy Emine Hilal , Hamzaoglu Canan , Yilanci Gulsena
Published: June 2024

Coasts are settlement areas that attract human for many years. Türkiye, geographically located on Mediterranean Basin and Asian Continent passage with unique climate regime, has a great coastal zone. The mid-latitude geographic setting makes possible to experience coastal recreation and tourism activities for almost all year along. Among all activities sun, sea and sand tourism can be placed on the first stage. Recent changes in local climate of the Black Sea such as rising mean atmospheric temperatures and increasing number of sunny days have triggered touristic beach activities in the region. In the literature, there are different techniques for grading and classifying coastal beaches. In this study, as an integral part of coastal landscape formation Land Use/Land Cover (LULC) structure is linked to landscape value and regarded as cover changes that determines landscape pattern of the area under investigation. The research rationale of this study is based on an assumption of Southern Black Sea coastal blue flag beaches are under severe anthropogenic pressure. For this purpose, 15 blue flag beaches which are located on the Black Sea coast of Türkiye were selected based on their morphological dimensions. To determine landscape changes and potential human induced effects on selected beaches for the last 35–40 years period, georeferenced, atmospherically corrected Landsat 5 TM and Landsat 8 OLI-TIRS satellite images were used. Furthermore, carrying capacities for all researched beaches were calculated and documented in order to find the actual human usage frequencies during the high season. According to results of the study, it is clearly observed that all beach areas are under anthropogenic pressure. The most important evidence of this situation is the proportional increases in the IS (Impervious Surface) cover class in the classified images between 1984 and 1985 and 2021 in all 15 beaches. Moreover, these increases have reached up to 5–6 times for some beaches. As inferred, from the field surveys, beach carrying capacities were also exceeded for the most of the beaches under investigation. This means the blue flag beaches of Southern Black Sea are not only affected by construction and urbanization but also under intense pressure of overuse during the high seasons. It is revealed that these areas should be carefully managed with state-of-the-art techniques that prioritize adaptive planning that takes into account all stakeholders participation. Moreover, the activities, authorization and attitudes of municipalities regarding the coastal zones must be limited and inspected by a higher organization.
Efficacy and safety of once-weekly tirzepatide for weight management compared to placebo: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis including the latest SURMOUNT-2 trial
Authors: Qin Wenhui , Yang Jun , Ni Ying , Deng Chao , Ruan Qinjuan , Ruan Jun , Zhou Peng , Duan Kai
Published: June 2024

Aim

Tirzepatide, a newly developed dual glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist, has received approval for treating type 2 diabetes (T2D) and is currently being studied for its potential in long-term weight control. We aim to explore the safety and efficacy of once-weekly subcutaneous tirzepatide for weight loss in T2D or obese patients.

Methods

A comprehensive search was performed on various databases including PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and ClinicalTrials.gov from inception up to April 29, 2024, to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that assessed the efficacy of once-weekly tirzepatide compared to a placebo in adults with or without T2D. The mean difference (MD) and risk ratio (RR) were calculated for continuous and dichotomous outcomes, respectively. The risk of bias was evaluated using the RoB-2 tool (Cochrane), while the statistical analysis was conducted utilizing RevMan 5.4.1 software.

Results

Seven RCTs comprising 4795 individuals ranging from 12 to 72 weeks were identified. Compared to the placebo group, tirzepatide at doses of 5, 10, and 15 mg demonstrated significant dose-dependent weight loss. The mean difference (MD) in the percentage change in body weight (BW) was −8.07% (95% CI −11.01, −5.13; p < 0.00001), −10.79% (95% CI −13.86, −7.71; p < 0.00001), and −11.83% (95% CI −14.52, −9.14; p < 0.00001), respectively. Additionally, the MD in the absolute change in BW was −7.5 kg (95% CI −10.9, −4.1; p < 0.0001), −11.0 kg (95% CI −16.9, −5.2; p = 0.0002), and −11.5 kg (95% CI −16.2, −6.7; p < 0.00001), for the 5, 10, and 15 mg doses, respectively. All three doses of tirzepatide also significantly reduced body mass index and waist circumference. Furthermore, it led to a greater percentage of patients experiencing weight loss exceeding 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25%. Moreover, tirzepatide showed great success in reducing blood pressure, blood sugar levels, and lipid profiles. In terms of safety, gastrointestinal side effects were the most frequently reported adverse events in all three doses of tirzepatide groups, which were generally mild-to-moderate and transient.

Conclusion

Tirzepatide treatment could lead to remarkable and sustained weight loss that is well-tolerated and safe, representing a novel and valuable therapeutic strategy for long-term weight management.
The role of the adrenalectomy in the management of pheochromocytoma: the experience of a Portuguese referral center
Authors: Carvalho Inês Costa , Machado Miguel V. B. , Morais João P. , Carvalho Filipa , Barbosa Elisabete , Barbosa José
Published: June 2024

Purpose

Pheochromocytoma is a rare neuroendocrine tumor. Despite the low incidence, these tumors are of indisputable importance. This study aimed to analyze the management of pheochromocytoma in a referral center, with an emphasis on the minimally invasive adrenalectomy, which is the preferred therapeutic approach.

Methods

A retrospective analysis was performed on a cohort of patients diagnosed with pheochromocytoma who underwent adrenalectomy between January 2013 and December 2022. Clinical data including demographics, timelines, symptomatology, comorbidities, biochemical markers, genetic testing, surgical details, and follow-up outcomes, were collected and analyzed.

Results

The cohort included 44 patients, predominantly women (52.27%), with a median age of 53.39 years (range 13–83). Most of patients exhibited paroxysmal symptoms suggesting catecholamine excess. Documented hypertension was the most frequent (86.36%), along with glucose anomalies (40.01%) and anxiety disorder (31.82%). Genetic testing was performed in 36 (81.81%) patients and 14 (38.88%) revealed a positive result, predominantly RET pathogenic variant. Laparoscopic surgery was performed in 34 (79.07%) patients, showing significantly shorter operative time (2.5 h vs. 4.25 h, t-test p < 0,001) and fewer complications (23.53% vs 77.78%, p = 0.008). Postoperative complications occurred in 36.36% of the patients, mostly mild (grade I, 56.25%), with no mortality. SDHB pathogenic variant correlated with both recurrent and metastatic disease (p = 0.006). One-year follow-up reported 9.09% recurrence and 6.82% metastasis.

Conclusions

Adrenalectomy demonstrated a high safety and effectiveness. This study exhibited a higher rate of genetic testing referral than other studies. Despite past advances, there is still a need for further studies to establish protocols and evaluate new techniques.
Valorization of Crustacean Shells: Preparation, Characterization, and Chemical Modification of Nano-Chitin Biopolymer Membrane for Application in Water Purification
Authors: Lakshmi D. Shanthana , Ravindran Lakshmipriya , Mary P. J. Maida , Rathika G. , Sreekala M. S. , Munisamy Shanmugam
Published: June 2024

Shrimp and crab shells are the most promising and viable source of raw material for the manufacturing of chitin and its derivatives. In-depth understanding of the biological properties of chitin and scientific advancements in the field of nanotechnology have enabled the development of high-performance chitin nanomaterials. Nanoscale chitin is of great economic value as a functional and reinforcement material for a wide range of applications including water purification. The use of nano-chitin to produce (bio) nanocomposites offers a good opportunity to prepare membrane materials with enhanced functional and structural properties. Chitosan-based membranes are found to be effective in water purification for the removal of pollutants like organic wastes, heavy metals, antibiotics, pathogenic microbes and acid waste. These membranes are environmentally friendly and can be used as a method to reduce humic acid waste from the aquatic environment. This review focuses on the preparation, characterization and chemical modification of nano chitin membrane and its application for water purification and water treatment.
Anti-tumor effect of dandelion flavone on multiple myeloma cells and its mechanism
Authors: Gui Hua , Fan Xiaohong
Published: June 2024

Background

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a prevalent hematologic malignancy characterized by the uncontrolled proliferation of monoclonal plasma cells in the bone marrow and excessive monoclonal immunoglobulin production, leading to organ damage. Despite therapeutic advancements, recurrence and drug resistance remain significant challenges.

Objective

This study investigates the effects of dandelion flavone (DF) on MM cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, aiming to elucidate the mechanisms involved in MM metastasis and to explore the potential of traditional Chinese medicine in MM therapy.

Methods

DF's impact on myeloma cell viability was evaluated using the CCK-8 and colony formation assays. Cell mobility and invasiveness were assessed through wound healing and transwell assays, respectively. RT-PCR was employed to quantify mRNA levels of MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-1, and TIMP-2. Apoptotic rates and molecular markers were analyzed via flow cytometry and RT-PCR. The PI3K/AKT signaling pathway was studied using Western blot and ELISA, with IGF-1 and the PI3K inhibitor LY294002 used to validate the findings.

Results

DF demonstrated dose-dependent inhibitory effects on MM cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. It reduced mRNA levels of MMP-2 and MMP-9 while increasing those of TIMP-1 and TIMP-2. Furthermore, DF enhanced the expression of pro-apoptotic proteins and inhibited M2 macrophage polarization by targeting key molecules and enzymes. The anti-myeloma activity of DF was mediated through the inhibition of the PI3K/AKT pathway, as evidenced by diminished phosphorylation and differential effects in the presence of IGF-1 and LY294002.

Conclusion

By modulating the PI3K/AKT pathway, DF effectively inhibits MM cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, and induces apoptosis, establishing a novel therapeutic strategy for MM based on traditional Chinese medicine.
Cutaneous Malignancies in People of Color: A Review of Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans and Kaposi Sarcoma
Authors: Algarin Yanci A. , Pulumati Anika , Tan Jiali , Zeitouni Nathalie
Published: June 2024

Purpose of Review

This literature review aims to address the epidemiological differences, clinical presentations, and treatment outcomes of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) and Kaposi sarcoma (KS) among people of color (POC), who are underrepresented in skin cancer research. The purpose is to bridge existing knowledge gaps and enhance the understanding of these malignancies in POC.

Recent Findings

A comprehensive review of literature from 1990 to 2023 revealed significant disparities in the incidence and management of DFSP and KS among POC. Findings indicate a two-fold higher incidence of DFSP in Black patients compared to Whites and a notable predominance of the pigmented Bednar tumor subtype. Similarly, KS shows a six-fold increase in incidence among Black males in the southern U.S. Both cancers tend to present at later stages in POC, with larger tumor sizes at diagnosis. There are also treatment disparities; for instance, Mohs micrographic surgery in DFSP shows a recurrence rate of only 1%, compared to 6.3–8.8% with wide local excision. Furthermore, survival rates for KS are significantly lower among Black patients, with a one-year survival rate of 71.50% compared to 84.26% in Whites.

This review highlights significant racial disparities in skin cancer outcomes. Disparities in treatment access and the impact of socioeconomic factors on health outcomes are evident. Enhanced training in dermatology, focusing on POC and increased representation in research are vital. Equitable healthcare can be promoted through awareness, education on sun protection, and addressing systemic healthcare disparities.
Alcohol Misuse post Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery: A Systematic Review of Longer-term Studies with Focus on new Onset Alcohol use Disorder and Differences Between Surgery Types
Authors: Kenkre Julia S. , Gesell Sutapa , Keller Annalise , Milani Raffaella M. , Scholtz Samantha , Barley Elizabeth A.
Published: June 2024

Background

Evidence suggests an increased risk of alcohol problems post-surgery where no problematic alcohol use was present prior to surgery which may be different across types of surgery.

Objective

To characterise the risk of new onset alcohol misuse post bariatric surgery, differences between surgeries and the impact over time.

Methods

All published studies on new and relapsing alcohol use were reviewed. Data were classed as ‘subjective’ (clinical interview, self-report questionnaires) and ‘objective’ (hospital admissions, substance misuse programmes) and further categorised by follow up time - ‘shorter-term’ (one year), ‘medium-term’ (one year to two years) and ‘long-term’ (> two years).

Results

Twenty-three of the forty-two studies included in the review reported new onset data. Nine studies reported on differences between surgery types. In those reporting objective measures, all of which were long term, RYGB carried a higher risk than SG, followed by LAGB. All but one study using subjective measures reported a small but significant number of new onset concerning alcohol use, and comparisons between surgery types had more varied results than the objective measures. Studies of substance abuse programmes found high rates of new onset cases (17–60%).

Conclusion

This systematic review provides support for the consensus guidance suggesting patients should be informed of a small but significant risk of new onset alcohol use following bariatric surgery, with the strongest evidence in the medium- to long-term and in those who have had RYGB followed by SG.
Adolescent leisure-time physical activity and eating disorders: a longitudinal population-based twin study
Authors: Anis Nadja , Keski-Rahkonen Anna , Kaartinen Sara , Silén Yasmina , Kaprio Jaakko , Aaltonen Sari
Published: June 2024

Purpose

High levels of physical activity have been documented in eating disorder patients. Our aim was to examine whether adolescent leisure-time physical activity is prospectively associated with eating disorders in adolescence and young adulthood.

Methods

Finnish twins born in 1983–1987 reported their physical activity frequency at ages 12, 14, and 17. A subsample of participants underwent structured, retrospective interviews for eating disorders at the mean age of 22.4 years. Associations between female twins’ physical activity and future eating disorders (571–683 twins/wave) were investigated with the Cox proportional hazards model. To illustrate the physical activity similarity of the co-twins in a twin pair, we used cross-tabulation of eating disorder–discordant twin pairs (13–24 pairs/wave).

Results

After adjusting for several covariates, we found no statistically significant longitudinal association between physical activity and eating disorders. This applied when all eating disorders were combined but also when assessed separately as restrictive and non-restrictive eating disorders. Co-twins’ physical activity in adolescence tended to be similar irrespective of their future eating disorder, supporting the results of the regression analysis.

Conclusion

We observed no evidence of adolescent physical activity frequency being prospectively associated with eating disorders in female twins. Further longitudinal studies with larger sample sizes and more detailed physical activity data are needed.

Level of evidence: III, evidence obtained from cohort or case–control analytic studies.
Impatto della terapia ormonale gender affirming sulla qualità seminale e preservazione della fertilità in soggetti transgender assegnati maschi alla nascita (AMAB)
Authors: Conflitti Anna Chiara , Cicolani Gaia , Bianchini Serena , Di Chiano Silvia , Delli Paoli Enrico , Pallotti Francesco , Paoli Donatella , Lombardo Francesco
Published: June 2024

Sommario

La terapia ormonale di affermazione di genere può avere degli effetti negativi sulla morfologia testicolare e sulla qualità del liquido seminale, riducendo la fertilità dei soggetti transgender assegnati maschi alla nascita (AMAB). È pertanto consigliabile effettuare la preservazione della fertilità (PF) prima di iniziare tale percorso. In questa rassegna si mettono in evidenza le problematiche relative alla PF tra la popolazione transgender quali il costo, l’eventuale disforia legata alla raccolta del liquido seminale e il desiderio di iniziare prima possibile il trattamento ormonale.
Exploring Unprofessional Behaviors and Biased Perceptions in the Clinical Environment: Students’ Perspectives
Authors: Song Xiaomei , Willy Mildred J.
Published: June 2024

Professionalism stands as a fundamental cornerstone within the realm of physician training, representing a core competency that holds significant importance. It entails creating workplaces that are physically and psychologically safe within the health care system. Positive role modeling from health professionals is important in creating a learning environment that fosters diversity, equity, and inclusion for all. Using the mixed-methods sequential design, this study investigated unprofessional behaviors and biased perceptions demonstrated by health professionals as perceived and experienced by medical students during their clinical rotations at one medical school. Seventy-three M3 students and 37 M4 students responded to the survey, followed by three focus groups (n = 11) to further examine unprofessionalism and biases as well as impacts on performance, learning opportunities, and well-being. The results from both the quantitative and qualitative data demonstrate the presence of unprofessionalism and biases within the current medical education environment. These issues include a lack of respect and compassion, a lack of commitment to professional duties, malfunctioning teamwork, and a lack of sensitivity towards individuals regardless of their group affiliations. The unprofessional behaviors and biased perceptions have detrimental impacts on students’ performance, learning, and well-being. The reasons behind unprofessionalism and bias are multifaceted, influenced by societal and local environmental factors that extend beyond individual beliefs and values. By collecting empirical data on students’ experiences and perceptions, the study sheds light on the areas that need improvement and offers insights into adopting strategies to decrease unprofessional conducts and foster a respectful and inclusive learning environment.
MNE spillovers and local export dynamics in China: the role of relatedness and forward–backward linkages
Authors: Qiao Yibo , Cortinovis Nicola , Morrison Andrea
Published: June 2024

This article investigates how MNEs influence the export behavior of domestic firms in the context of China. We conceptually disentangle different MNE spillovers related to local export dynamics, linking in a unique framework specific spillover mechanisms, channels, activation conditions and type of knowledge conveyed. Empirically, our analysis relies on a panel dataset containing all Chinese manufacturing firms in the period 2000–2007. The results show that relatedness linkages matter in the context of export quantity, while forward–backward linkages matter for the sophistication of export. These findings suggest that relatedness linkages convey mainly marketing-related knowledge spillovers, while forward–backward linkages are diffusing mainly product-related knowledge spillovers.
Infective Endocarditis in Pregnancy: Unveiling the Challenges, Outcomes, and Strategies for Management
Authors: Wahbah Makhoul Gennifer , Lahoud Chloe , Asogwa Nnedindu , Ling Joanne , Matar Madonna
Published: June 2024

Infective endocarditis (IE) is a serious and potentially fatal infection affecting cardiac endothelium and valves, with a significant increase in its incidence. This comprehensive review aims to discuss the challenges of diagnosing and managing IE during pregnancy, highlighting the absence of research and randomized clinical trials. Despite its low occurrence, IE in pregnancy is associated with significant maternal and fetal mortality rates, often complicated by prematurity. This review covers the physiological changes during pregnancy that can mask the symptoms of IE and the epidemiological shift in risk factors, including the rise in opioid addiction and the use of cardiac devices. It also sheds light on the specific microorganisms responsible for most IE cases. This paper involved a detailed search of PubMed databases, focusing on studies related to IE in pregnant patients, including those addressing fetal and maternal outcomes. It highlights the diagnostic challenges posed by the physiological changes in pregnancy, the impact of IE on maternal and fetal health, and the lack of specific treatment guidelines for pregnant women. We stress on the importance of a multidisciplinary approach to care, aiming to enhance early diagnosis, effective patient care strategies, and overall outcomes for this vulnerable population. Finally, our findings underscore the need for more research and the development of evidence-based guidelines to improve the management of IE in pregnancy.
A revision of the semiconductor theory from history to applications
Authors: Bernardo Catarina P. Correia V. , Lameirinhas Ricardo A. Marques , de Melo Cunha João P. , Torres João Paulo N.
Published: June 2024

Semiconductors play a crucial role in modern technology across various fields. The term “semiconductor” was introduced in the XVIII century, marking the beginning of a journey filled with discoveries and technological advancements. This article offers a comprehensive review of the historical landmarks in semiconductor development and explores the associated phenomena concerning different types of photodetectors. It also examines the key performance metrics of commonly used semiconductor materials, considering the structural variations. Additionally, the article highlights various applications of semiconductors, illustrating their significance in everyday life. By doing so, it aims to engage new readers while providing a foundational understanding for those interested in delving into this field.
The origin of the large $T_{\mathrm{c}}$ variation in FeSe thin films probed by dual-beam pulsed laser deposition
Authors: Feng Zhongpei , Zhang Hua , Yuan Jie , Jiang Xingyu , Wu Xianxin , Zhao Zhanyi , Xu Qiuhao , Stanev Valentin , Zhang Qinghua , Yang Huaixin , Gu Lin , Meng Sheng , Weng Suming , Chen Qihong , Takeuchi Ichiro , Jin Kui , Zhao Zhongxian
Published: June 2024

FeSe is one of the most enigmatic superconductors. Among the family of iron-based compounds, it has the simplest chemical makeup and structure, and yet it displays superconducting transition temperature ($T_{\text{c}}$

T
c

) spanning 0 to 15 K for thin films, while it is typically 8 K for single crystals. This large variation of $T_{\text{c}}$

T
c

within one family underscores a key challenge associated with understanding superconductivity in iron chalcogenides. Here, using a dual-beam pulsed laser deposition (PLD) approach, we have fabricated a unique lattice-constant gradient thin film of FeSe which has revealed a clear relationship between the atomic structure and the superconducting transition temperature for the first time. The dual-beam PLD that generates laser fluence gradient inside the plasma plume has resulted in a continuous variation in distribution of edge dislocations within a single film, and a precise correlation between the lattice constant and $T_{\text{c}}$

T
c

has been observed here, namely, $T_{\text{c}} \propto \sqrt{c- c_{0}}$

T
c

∝

c
−

c
0

, where c is the c-axis lattice constant (and $c_{0}$

c
0

is a constant). This explicit relation in conjunction with a theoretical investigation indicates that it is the shifting of the $d_{\text{xy}}$

d
xy

orbital of Fe which plays a governing role in the interplay between nematicity and superconductivity in FeSe.
A non-destructive, low cost and high throughput colorimetric method for chlorophyll estimation in rice (Oryza sativa L.)
Authors: Shafi Sadiah , Zaffar Aaqif , Riyaz Ishrat , Zargar Sajad Majeed , Najeeb S. , Sofi Parvaze Ahmad
Published: June 2024

Leaf chlorophyll is an important biochemical parameter used to assess plant health under stress. Chlorophyll is invariably estimated using destructive method of acetone or ethanol extraction. Reflectance spectroscopy such as IR, VIS–NIR, combined with chemometric, has been widely used in plant leaf chemical analysis. Here we report a cheap and reliable spectroscopic method of chlorophyll estimation using a low-cost handheld spectrometer. We standardized the method in a rice diversity panel of 264 genotypes using L*, a* and b* parameters using a randomly taken calibration and validation sample. The parameters used for fitting the regression analysis were L*, a*, b* and δ E that indicates deviation of L*, a* and b* values of sample from the chlorophyll solution of a known concentration. We fitted the regression of total chlorophyll in calibration sample with L*, a*, b* and δ E separately as well as multiple regression with all parameters. The best R2 value (0.671) was observed for a* and the lowest for L* (0.436). Using multiple regression, the R2 value increased to 0.778 (p < 0.005). We used the regression equation for validation sample and obtained R2 value of 0.724 indicating reliable explanatory potential of variables. The parametric test for model reliability indicates good model fit of the observed relationship between chlorophyll content and L*, a*, b* and δ E. The method is cost effective, non-destructive and takes less time (< 10 s) and can be conveniently used for screening large diversity panels especially in case of repeated measurements across growth stages under stress.
The Realistic Potential of Soil Carbon Sequestration in U.S. Croplands for Climate Mitigation
Authors: Uludere Aragon Nazli , Xie Yanhua , Bigelow Daniel , Lark Tyler J. , Eagle Alison J.
Published: June 2024

Existing estimates of the climate mitigation potential from cropland carbon sequestration (C‐sequestration) are limited because they tend to assume constant rates of soil organic carbon change over all available cropland area, use relatively coarse land delineations, and often fail to adequately consider the agronomic and socioeconomic dimensions of agricultural land use. This results in an inflated estimate of the C‐sequestration potential. We address this gap by defining a more appropriate land base for cover cropping in the United States for C‐sequestration purposes: stable croplands in annual production systems that can integrate cover cropping without irrigation. Our baseline estimate of this suitable stable cropland area is 32% of current U.S. cropland extent. Even an alternative, less restrictive definition of stability results in a large reduction in area (44% of current U.S. croplands). Focusing cover crop implementation to this constrained land base would increase durability of associated C‐sequestration and limit soil carbon loss from land conversion to qualify for carbon‐specific incentives. Applying spatially‐variable C‐sequestration rates from the literature to our baseline area yields a technical potential of 19.4 Tg CO2e yr−1 annually, about one‐fifth of previous estimates. We also find the cost of realizing about half (10 Tg CO2e yr−1) of this potential could exceed 100 USD Mg CO2e−1, an order of magnitude higher than previously thought. While our economic analyses suggest that financial incentives are necessary for large‐scale adoption of cover cropping in the U.S., they also imply any C‐sequestration realized under such incentives is likely to be additional.
Using Relationships Between Vegetation and Surface Soil Biogeochemical Properties to Assess Regional Soil Carbon Inventories for South Baffin Island, Nunavut, Canada
Authors: Gunther Ana B. , Camill Philip , Umbanhowar Charles E. , Stansfield Alexis , Dethier Evan N.
Published: June 2024

As Arctic regions warm rapidly, it is unclear whether high‐latitude soil carbon (C) will decrease or increase. Predicting future dynamics of Arctic soil C stocks requires a better understanding of the quantities and controls of soil C. We explore the relationship between vegetation and surface soil C in an understudied region of the Arctic: Baffin Island, Nunavut, Canada. We combined soil C data for three vegetation types—polar desert, mesic tundra, and wet meadow—with a vegetation classification to upscale soil C stocks. Surface soil C differed significantly across vegetation types, and interactions existed between vegetation type and soil depth. Polar desert soils were consistently mineral, with relatively thin organic layers, low percent C, and high bulk density. Mesic soils exhibited an organic‐rich epipedon overlying mineral soil. Wet meadows were consistently organic soil with low bulk density and high percent C. For the top 20 cm, polar desert contained the least soil C (2.17 ± 0.48 kg m−2); mesic tundra had intermediate C (8.92 ± 0.74 kg m−2); wet meadow stored the most C (13.07 ± 0.69 kg m−2). Extrapolating to the top 30 cm, our results suggest that approximately 44 Tg C is stored in the study region with a mean landscape soil C stock of 2.75 kg m−2 for non‐water areas. Combining vegetation mapping with local soil C stocks considerably narrows the range of estimates from other upscaling approaches (27–189 Tg) for soil C on South Baffin Island.
Separation of Internal and Forced Variability of Climate Using a U‐Net
Authors: Bône Constantin , Gastineau Guillaume , Thiria Sylvie , Gallinari Patrick , Mejia Carlos
Published: June 2024

The internal variability pertains to fluctuations originating from processes inherent to the climate component and their mutual interactions. On the other hand, forced variability delineates the influence of external boundary conditions on the physical climate system. A methodology is formulated to distinguish between internal and forced variability within the surface air temperature. The noise‐to‐noise approach is employed for training a neural network, drawing an analogy between internal variability and image noise. A large training data set is compiled using surface air temperature data spanning from 1901 to 2020, obtained from an ensemble of Atmosphere‐Ocean General Circulation Model simulations. The neural network utilized for training is a U‐Net, a widely adopted convolutional network primarily designed for image segmentation. To assess performance, comparisons are made between outputs from two single‐model initial‐condition large ensembles, the ensemble mean, and the U‐Net's predictions. The U‐Net reduces internal variability by a factor of four, although notable discrepancies are observed at the regional scale. While demonstrating effective filtering of the El Niño Southern Oscillation, the U‐Net encounters challenges in capturing the changes in the North Atlantic Ocean. This methodology holds potential for extension to other physical variables, facilitating insights into the climate change triggered by external forcings over the long term.
Seismic Features Predict Ground Motions During Repeating Caldera Collapse Sequence
Authors: Johnson Christopher W. , Johnson Paul A.
Published: June 2024

Applying machine learning to continuous acoustic emissions, signals previously deemed noise, from laboratory faults and slowly slipping subduction‐zone faults, demonstrates hidden signatures are emitted that describe physical details, including fault displacement and friction. However, no evidence currently exists to demonstrate that similar hidden signals occur during seismogenic stick‐slip on earthquake faults—the damaging earthquakes of most societal interest. We show that continuous seismic emissions emitted during the 2018 multi‐month caldera collapse sequence at the Kı̄lauea volcano in Hawai'i contain hidden signatures characterizing the earthquake cycle. Multi‐spectral data features extracted from 30 s intervals of the continuous seismic emission are used to train a gradient boosted tree regression model to predict the GNSS‐derived contemporaneous surface displacement and time‐to‐failure of the upcoming collapse event. This striking result suggests that at least some faults emit such signals and provide a potential path to characterizing the instantaneous and future behavior of earthquake faults.
Electron Energization With Bursty Bulk Flows: MHD With Embedded Particle‐In‐Cell Simulation
Authors: Wang Xiantong , Zou Shasha , Wang Zihan , Sun Weijie , Chen Yuxi , Tóth Gábor
Published: June 2024

Using a two‐way coupled magnetohydrodynamics with embedded kinetic physics model, we perform a substorm event simulation to study electron velocity distribution functions (VDFs) evolution associated with Bursty Bulk Flows (BBFs). The substorm was observed by Magnetospheric Multiscale satellite on 16 May 2017. The simulated BBF macroscopic characteristics and electron VDFs agree well with observations. The VDFs from the BBF tail to its dipolarization front (DF) during its earthward propagation are revealed and they show clear energization and heating. The electron pitch angle distributions (PADs) at the DF are also tracked, which show interesting energy dependent features. Lower energy electrons develop a “two‐hump” PAD while the higher energy ones show persist “pancake” distribution. Our study reveals for the first time the evolution of electron VDFs as a BBF moves earthward using a two‐way coupled global and kinetic model, and provides valuable contextual understanding for the interpretation of satellite observations.
Modeling Equatorial Plasma Bubbles With SAMI3/WACCM‐X: September 2017 Storm
Authors: Huba J. D. , Lu G.
Published: June 2024

We report results from a global simulation of the September 2017 geomagnetic storm. The global model comprises the ionospheric code SAMI3 and the atmosphere/thermosphere code WACCM‐X. We show that a train of large‐scale EPBs form in the Pacific sector during the storm recovery phase on 8 September 2017. The EPBs are associated with storm‐induced modification of the zonal and meridional winds. These changes lead to an eastward electric field which in turn causes an upward E × B drift in the post‐midnight sector. A large decrease in the Pedersen conductance caused by meridional equatorward winds leads to an increase in the growth rate of the generalized Rayleigh‐Taylor instability that causes EPBs to develop. Interestingly, several EPBs reach altitudes above 3,000 km.
Deciphering Multi‐Scale Submarine Groundwater Discharge in a Typical Eutrophic Bay
Authors: Xu Haowei , Xu Bochao , Yu Huaming , Zhao Shibin , Burnett William C. , Yao Qinzhen , Dimova Natasha T. , Song Shasha , Guo Xiaoyi , Chen Xiaogang , Zhang Honghai , Yu Zhigang
Published: June 2024

As a significant source of nutrients and other components into the coastal ocean, submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) is a combination of multiple spatial‐temporal scale processes, including fresh terrestrial groundwater (FSGD), recirculating seawater (RSGD), and porewater exchange (PEX). Quantifying the different types of SGD is extremely important for understanding the coastal biogeochemical cycles of various materials. The green tide bloom in the southern Yellow Sea (China) has attracted increasing attention during the past decade. Haizhou Bay is thought to be an important green tide proliferating area, but the source of an apparent high supply of nutrients has not been identified yet. We report here on our investigations of the distribution patterns of Ra and Rn isotopes in groundwater and seawater in Haizhou Bay. By solving a combined mass balance for 224Ra, 223Ra, 226Ra, and 222Rn, we estimated that the bay's water residence time is 28.8 days, FSGD is highest at 3.6 cm d−1, RSGD is 2.7 cm d−1, and PEX is lowest at 0.6 cm d−1. The total SGD into Haizhou Bay is estimated at 9.40 × 107 m3 d−1 (6.9 cm d−1), about 12 times that of the local river discharge into the bay. SGD‐derived nutrients are shown to play an important role when considered among all known nutrient sources. Our results suggest that dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and silicate (DSi) are transported by SGD mainly via FSGD. We also note that the phosphorus (DIP) budget is heavily influenced by RSGD.