bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Viscosity modeling of a medium reactive unsaturated polyester resin used for liquid composite molding process
Authors: Raghu Raja Pandiyan K. , Neogi Swati
Published: January 2012

The development of new composite product for an application through liquid composite molding (LCM) process simulation requires submodels describing the raw material characteristics. The viscosity during resin cure is the major submodel required for the effective simulation of mold‐filling phase of LCM process. The viscosity of the resin system during mold filling changes as the cure reaction progresses. Applied process temperature also affects the viscosity of the resin system. Hence, a submodel describing the resin viscosity as a function of extent of cure and process temperature is required for the LCM process simulation. In this study, a correlation for viscosity during curing of medium reactive unsaturated polyester resin, which is mostly used for the LCM process, has been proposed as a function of temperature and degree of cure. The viscosity and the degree of cure of reacting resin system at different temperatures were measured by performing isothermal rheological and isothermal differential scanning calorimetry experiments, respectively. A nonlinear‐regression analysis of viscosity and degree of cure data were performed to quantify the dependence of viscosity on temperature and extent of cure reaction. Comparisons of model solutions with our experimental data showed that the proposed empirical model is capable of capturing resin viscosity as a function of extent of cure and temperature qualitatively as well as quantitatively. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Association of a Toll‐like receptor 1 polymorphism with heightened Th1 inflammatory responses and antibiotic‐refractory Lyme arthritis
Authors: Strle Klemen , Shin Junghee J. , Glickstein Lisa J. , Steere Allen C.
Published: January 2012

Objective

Single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that alter immune function, inflammatory responses, and disease susceptibility have been identified in several genes encoding Toll‐like receptors (TLRs). The TLR SNPs with the best evidence of an effect on immune function are those in TLR1 (1805GG), TLR2 (2258GA), and TLR5 (1174CT). This study was undertaken to assess the frequency and functional outcomes of these polymorphisms in patients with Lyme disease.

Methods

SNP frequencies and functional outcomes were assessed in 248 patients with Lyme disease. Cytokine and chemokine levels were determined using multiplex assays in the serum of patients with erythema migrans (EM), joint fluid of patients with Lyme arthritis, and supernatants of Borrelia burgdorferi–stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from patients with Lyme arthritis.

Results

The frequency of the TLR1‐1805GG polymorphism was greater in patients with antibiotic‐refractory arthritis compared with patients with EM or those with antibiotic‐responsive arthritis. Early in the illness, patients with EM carrying 1805GG, primarily those infected with B burgdorferi 16S–23S ribosomal spacer RNA intergenic type 1 (RST1) strains, had higher serum levels of interferon‐γ (IFNγ), CXCL9, and CXCL10 and had more severe infection than EM patients carrying the 1805TG/TT polymorphism. These inflammatory responses were amplified in patients with Lyme arthritis, and the highest responses were observed in patients with 1805GG in the antibiotic‐refractory group who had been infected with RST1 strains. When PBMCs from patients with Lyme arthritis were stimulated with a B burgdorferi RST1 strain, the 1805GG group had a significantly larger fold increase in the levels of IFNγ, CCL2, CXCL9, and CXCL10 compared to the 1805TG/TT group. In contrast, the TLR2 and TLR5 polymorphisms did not vary in frequency or function among the groups.

Conclusion

The TLR1‐1805GG polymorphism in B burgdorferi RST1–infected patients was associated with stronger Th1‐like inflammatory responses, an environment that may set the stage for antibiotic‐refractory arthritis.
Techno‐economic analysis of biobased chemicals production via integrated catalytic processing
Authors: Brown Tristan R. , Zhang Yanan , Hu Guiping , Brown Robert C.
Published: January 2012

We evaluate the economic feasibility of a fast pyrolysis facility producing biobased commodity chemicals based on various manifestations of Integrated Catalytic Processing (ICP). Five scenarios are analyzed: fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) of whole pyrolysis oil (WPO); one‐stage hydrotreating and FCC of WPO; FCC of the aqueous phase of pyrolysis oil (APPO); one‐stage hydrotreating and FCC of the APPO; and two‐stage hydrotreating followed by FCC of the APPO.

We calculate the internal rate of return (IRR) for each scenario as functions of the costs of feedstock, hydrogen, and catalyst, and projected revenues for the facility. The assumed feedstock cost is $83/MT for mixed wood. The assumed hydrogen cost is $3/kg. Catalyst costs are based on December 2010 prices and projected revenues are based on August 2010 petrochemical prices.

The analysis indicates that a facility employing FCC of WPO or APPO without hydrotreating is unable to generate a positive IRR. Employment of two‐stage hydrotreating significantly increases the facility IRR, although IRRs in excess of 10% are only attained when higher pyrolysis oil yields (70 wt%) are assumed. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Energy consumption, wealth, and biofuels: helping human beings achieve their potential
Authors: Dale Bruce E.
Published: January 2012

The longer we wait, the poorer and less able we will be to make the renewable power transition. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Associated malformations among infants with anophthalmia and microphthalmia
Authors: Stoll Claude , Dott Beatrice , Alembik Yves , Roth Marie‐Paule
Published: January 2012

BACKGROUND

Infants with anophthalmia and microphthalmia frequently have other associated congenital anomalies. The reported frequency and types of associated malformations vary among different studies.

METHODS

The purpose of this investigation was to assess the frequency and types of associated malformations among infants with anophthalmia and microphthalmia in a geographically well defined population from 1979 to 2004 of 346,831 consecutive births.

RESULTS

Of the 87 infants with anophthalmia and microphthalmia born during this period (prevalence at birth, 2.5 per 10,000), 90% had associated malformations. Infants with associated malformation were divided into recognizable conditions (22 infants [25%] with chromosomal and 15 infants [17%] with nonchromosomal conditions), and nonrecognizable conditions (41 infants [47%] with multiple malformations). Trisomies 13 and 18 were the most frequent chromosomal abnormalities. Amniotic bands sequence, CHARGE syndrome, Meckel‐Gruber syndrome, and VACTERL association were most often present in recognizable nonchromosomal conditions. Malformations in the musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, and central nervous systems were the most common other anomalies in infants with multiple malformations and nonrecognizable conditions.

CONCLUSIONS

The frequency of associated malformations in infants with anophthalmia or microphthalmia emphasizes the need for a thorough investigation of these infants. Routine screening for other malformations—especially musculoskeletal, cardiac, and central nervous system anomalies—may need to be considered in infants with anophthalmia or microphthalmia, and referral of these infants for genetics evaluation and counseling seems warranted. © Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A thermally baffled device for highly stabilized convective PCR
Authors: Chang Hsiao‐Fen Grace , Tsai Yun‐Long , Tsai Chuan‐Fu , Lin Ching‐Ko , Lee Pei‐Yu , Teng Ping‐Hua , Su Chen , Jeng Chien‐Chung
Published: January 2012

Rayleigh‐Bénard convective PCR is a simple and effective design for amplification of DNA. Convective PCR is, however, extremely sensitive to environmental temperature fluctuations, especially when using small‐ diameter test tubes. Therefore, this method is inherently unstable with limited applications. Here, we present a convective PCR device that has been modified by adding thermal baffles. With this thermally baffled device the influence from fluctuations in environmental temperature were significantly reduced, even in a wind tunnel (1 m/s). The thermally baffled PCR instrument described here has the potential to be used as a low‐cost, point‐of‐care device for PCR‐based molecular diagnostics in the field.
Body composition and outcome in patients undergoing resection of colorectal liver metastases19
Authors: van Vledder M G , Levolger S , Ayez N , Verhoef C , Tran T C K , IJzermans J N M
Published: January 2012

Background

Recent evidence suggests that depletion of skeletal muscle mass (sarcopenia) and an increased amount of intra-abdominal fat (central obesity) influence cancer statistics. This study investigated the impact of sarcopenia and central obesity on survival in patients undergoing liver resection for colorectal liver metastases (CLM).

Methods

Diagnostic imaging from patients who had hepatic resection for CLM in one centre between 2001 and 2009, and who had assessable perioperative computed tomograms, was analysed retrospectively. Total cross-sectional areas of skeletal muscle and intra-abdominal fat, and their influence on outcome, were analysed.

Results

Of the 196 patients included in the study, 38 (19·4 per cent) were classified as having sarcopenia. Five-year disease-free (15 per cent versus 28·5 per cent in patients without sarcopenia; P = 0·002) and overall (20 per cent versus 49·9 per cent respectively; P < 0·001) survival rates were lower for patients with sarcopenia at a median follow-up of 29 (range 1–97) months. Sarcopenia was an independent predictor of worse recurrence-free (hazard ratio (HR) 1·88, 95 per cent confidence interval 1·25 to 2·82; P = 0·002) and overall (HR 2·53, 1·60 to 4·01; P < 0·001) survival. Central obesity was associated with an increased risk of recurrence in men (P = 0·032), but not in women (P = 0·712).

Conclusion

Sarcopenia has a negative impact on cancer outcomes following resection of CLM.
Systematic review of outcomes after intersphincteric resection for low rectal cancer
Authors: Martin S T , Heneghan H M , Winter D C
Published: January 2012

Background

For a select group of patients proctectomy with intersphincteric resection (ISR) for low rectal cancer may be a viable alternative to abdominoperineal resection, with good oncological outcomes while preserving sphincter function. The purpose of this systematic review was to evaluate the current evidence regarding oncological outcomes, morbidity and mortality, and functional outcomes after ISR for low rectal cancer.

Methods

A systematic review of the literature was undertaken to evaluate evidence regarding oncological outcomes, morbidity and mortality after ISR for low rectal cancer. Three major databases (PubMed, MEDLINE and the Cochrane Library) were searched. The review included all original articles reporting outcomes after ISR, published in English, from January 1950 to March 2011.

Results

Eighty-four studies were identified. After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, 14 studies involving 1289 patients were included (mean age 59·5 years, 67·0 per cent men). R0 resection was achieved by ISR in 97·0 per cent. The operative mortality rate was 0·8 per cent and the cumulative morbidity rate 25·8 per cent. Median follow-up was 56 (range 1–227) months. The mean local recurrence rate was 6·7 (range 0–23) per cent. Mean 5-year overall and disease-free survival rates were 86·3 and 78·6 per cent respectively. Functional outcome was reported in eight studies; among these, the mean number of bowel motions in a 24-h period was 2·7.

Conclusion

Oncological outcomes after ISR for low rectal cancer are acceptable, with diverse, often imperfect functional results. These data will aid the clinician when counselling patients considering an ISR for management of low rectal cancer.
Managing your online professional identity
Authors: Jones Teresa D. , Swain Deborah E.
Published: January 2012

Editor's Summary

Confusion around names and identity features can undermine professional standing, but it can be avoided by carefully managing one's online personal and professional identity. It is advisable to routinely check hits on one's name online to be sure desired information is not clouded by mistakes or misinformation or overshadowed by another with the same name. Professionals should create personal e‐portfolios and tie them to LinkedIn and other appropriate social networking sites. Active participation on those sites helps boost search returns tied with one's professional identity. Promotional websites such as Vizilibity.com can be made more effective by adding keywords to highlight interests and achievements, while MyWebCareer.com evaluates one's networking profile. By customizing privacy settings, one can limit access to personal information. Managing personal information takes time but is critical to be sure online information accurately represents your identity.
Enabling personal knowledge management with collaborative and semantic technologies
Authors: Bedford Denise A. D.
Published: January 2012

Editor's Summary

Personal knowledge management (PKM) has come to be a central and critical element in the spectrum of knowledge management. The context and control of knowledge management is shifting from global and organizational levels to communities and ultimately to individuals. In developing a model for managing personal intellectual capital, two basic issues stand out. First, we must attend to the broad context of the individual represented on social networks, collaborative environments and other channels. Second, individuals should assume ownership, active management and control over information about themselves by building a formal PKM profile. We can collect elements of our personal information, aided by semantic and knowledge technologies for discovery and normalization, to compile and manage as our own intellectual capital. Work in progress at Kent State University has highlighted important lessons in personal knowledge management, including the foundational role of semantics and the need for a standard definition for a personal data model.
Awareness of context and privacy
Authors: Al‐Fedaghi Sabah
Published: January 2012

Editor's Summary

Adding contextual information enhances the content and value of communications, yet it can also introduce risk and threaten privacy. A common piece of contextual information is location, but context extends to identity, user profile, e‐mail address, time and more. Understanding context from the standpoint of privacy awareness requires a systematic conceptualization of the concepts of privacy and context, personally identifiable information and the ways information flows, from processing and creation through transfer and acceptance. Numerous examples illustrate the potential chain of connections that could be revealed between a personal subject and context. Such information, made explicit, can undermine privacy policies. Integrating context‐ and location‐aware services in software should be approached cautiously and with full understanding of the implications. Diagrammed scenarios provided can inform considerations and software specification building.
Twitter, information sharing and the London riots?
Authors: Tonkin Emma , Pfeiffer Heather D. , Tourte Greg
Published: January 2012

Editor's Summary

The prolific commentary disseminated via Twitter on the riots in London and other British cities in August 2011 has given rise to the question of whether their reflection in such social media forums may have added to the unrest. Investigators analyzed 600,000 tweets and retweets about the riots for evidence that Twitter was used as a central organizational tool to promote illegal group action. Results indicated that irrelevant tweets died out and that Twitter users retweeted to show support for their beliefs in others' commentaries. Tweets offered by well‐known and popular individuals were more likely to be retweeted. In the case of the British riots, there is little overt evidence that Twitter was used to promote illegal activities at the time, though it was useful for spreading word about subsequent events.
Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Propane over MoOx and POx Supported on Carbon Nanotube Catalysts
Authors: Bai Zhenwei , Li Peng , Liu Liping , Xiong Guang
Published: January 2012

Catalytic performance of MoOx–POx supported on oxidized carbon nanotube (oCNT) catalysts for oxidative dehydrogenation of propane has been investigated. The catalysts were characterized by XRD, TEM, and IR spectroscopy techniques and then tested through the propane oxidation dehydrogenation reaction. The results reveal that the addition of MoOx significantly improves the catalytic activity but reduces the selectivity to propene. In contrast, adding POx decreases the reactivity and increases the selectivity by suppressing the combustion reaction. Adding both POx and MoOx can improve the selectivity at the same conversion rate and thus increase the yield of the catalyst. As compared to MoOx/oCNTs, the stability of the MoOx–POx/oCNT catalyst is significantly improved. This is because the addition of POx can promote MoOx dispersion on the CNT surface and hence improve the catalytic performance.
Reactions of Beryllium Halides in Liquid Ammonia: The Tetraammineberyllium Cation [Be(NH3)4]2+, its Hydrolysis Products, and the Action of Be2+ as a Fluoride‐Ion Acceptor
Authors: Kraus Florian , Baer Sebastian A. , Buchner Magnus R. , Karttunen Antti J.
Published: January 2012

The first structural characterization of the text‐book tetraammineberyllium(II) cation [Be(NH3)4]2+, obtained in the compounds [Be(NH3)4]2Cl4⋅17NH3 and [Be(NH3)4]Cl2, is reported. Through NMR spectroscopic and quantum chemical studies, its hydrolysis products in liquid ammonia were identified. These are the dinuclear [Be2(μ‐OH)(NH3)6]3+ and the cyclic [Be2(μ‐OH)2(NH3)4]2+ and [Be3(μ‐OH)3(NH3)6]3+ cations. The latter species was isolated as the compound [Be3(μ‐OH)3(NH3)6]Cl3⋅7NH3. NMR analysis of solutions of BeF2 in liquid ammonia showed that the [BeF2(NH3)2] molecule was the only dissolved species. It acts as a strong fluoride‐ion acceptor and forms the [BeF3(NH3)]− anion in the compound [N2H7][BeF3(NH3)]. The compounds presented herein were characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray structure analysis, 9Be, 17O, and 19F NMR, IR, and Raman spectroscopy, deuteration studies, and quantum chemical calculations. The extension of beryllium chemistry to the ammine system shows similarities but also decisive differences to the aquo system.
Detection of Nickel in Fish Organs with a Two‐Photon Fluorescent Probe
Authors: Kang Min Young , Lim Chang Su , Kim Hyun Soo , Seo Eun Won , Kim Hwan Myung , Kwon Ohyun , Cho Bong Rae
Published: January 2012

Molecular imaging by two‐photon microscopy (TPM) has become indispensable to the study of biology/medicine owing to its capability of imaging deep inside intact tissues. To make TPM a more‐versatile tool, a large variety of two‐photon probes are needed. Herein, we report a new two‐photon fluorescent probe (ANi2) that can be excited by 750 nm femtosecond pulses and detect Ni2+ ions in fresh fish organs at 90–175 μm depth without interference from the pH value or from other biologically relevant species through the use of TPM. TPM images of fish organs labeled with ANi2 revealed that Ni2+ ions accumulate in fish organs in the order: kidney > heart > gill ≥ liver. Moreover, a linear relationship was found between the two‐photon‐excited fluorescence (TPEF) and the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry intensities (ICP‐MS), thereby allowing the quantitative measurement of Ni2+ ions in live tissue.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Structure and Physical Properties of Reduced Barium Titanate Ba2Ti13O22.
Authors: Kataoka Kunimitsu , Kijima Norihito , Hayakawa Hiroshi , Iyo Akira , Ohshima Ken‐ichi , Akimoto Junji
Published: January 2012

Polycrystalline samples of the title compound are prepared by solid state reaction of Ba2TiO4, TiO2, and Ti in a molar ratio of 1:9:1 (Fe crucible, Ar flow, 1523 K, 16 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient and Highly Selective Iron‐Catalyzed Reduction of Nitroarenes.
Authors: Jagadeesh Rajenahally V. , Wienhoefer Gerrit , Westerhaus Felix A. , Surkus Annette‐Enrica , Pohl Marga‐Martina , Junge Henrik , Junge Kathrin , Beller Matthias
Published: January 2012

Pyrolysis of Fe‐phenanthroline complexes supported on carbon leads to highly selective catalysts for the reduction of structurally diversed nitroarenes (I) to anilines (II) in high yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Antitubercular Evaluation of Novel Dibenzo[b,d]furan and 9‐Methyl‐9H‐carbazole Derived Hexahydro‐2H‐pyrano[3,2‐c]quinolines via Povarov Reaction.
Authors: Kantevari Srinivas , Yempala Thirumal , Surineni Govardhan , Sridhar Balasubramanian , Yogeesari Perumal , Sriram Dharmarajan
Published: January 2012

Novel diastereo isomeric pyrano[3,2‐c]quinolines (IV) and (V) are synthesized via imino‐Diels‐Alder reaction of primarily generated azomethines.
ChemInform Abstract: Direct Hiyama Cross‐Coupling of Enaminones with Triethoxy(aryl)silanes and Dimethylphenylsilanol.
Authors: Bi Lei , Georg Gunda I.
Published: January 2012

Organosilanol (IV) can also be used in a direct C—H cross‐coupling, even without fluoride activation [cf.
ChemInform Abstract: Development of a Highly α‐Selective Galactopyranosyl Donor Based on a Rational Design.
Authors: Li Zhitao , Zhu Lisheng , Kalikanda Jane
Published: January 2012

A galactosyl donor (I) is designed and compared with its known perbenzylated analogue in glycosylation reactions.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthetic Efforts Toward [3.3.1] Bridged Bicyclic Phloroglucinol Natural Products
Authors: Njardarson Jon T.
Published: January 2012

Review: 109 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Benzylisoquinoline Alkaloids from the Papaveraceae: The Heritage of Johannes Gadamer (1867‐1928)
Authors: Meyer Achim , Imming Peter
Published: January 2012

Review: 51 refs.
Influence of the Process Temperature on the Stability of Nanoparticular Suspensions during the Grinding Process
Authors: Schroeder Carola , Kwade A.
Published: January 2012

Die Prozessparameter sowie die Stabilisierung beeinflussen bei der Nasszerkleinerung in Rührwerkskugelmühlen die Produktivität von Nanopartikeln bzw. ‐suspensionen. Die Produkttemperatur spielte bisher bei der Untersuchung der Nanozerkleinerung nur eine untergeordnete Rolle. In der vorliegenden Arbeit lag der Fokus auf der Nanozerkleinerung von α‐Aluminiumoxid in Wasser bei verschiedenen Zerkleinerungstemperaturen. Durch Variation der Kühlwassertemperatur wurde der Einfluss der Prozesstemperatur auf die Fließeigenschaften analysiert. Es zeigt sich ein Zusammenhang zwischen der Produktaustrittstemperatur und dem Zerkleinerungsfortschritt auf der einen und den Fließeigenschaften auf der anderen Seite.
Geographic Distance as a Moderator of Curvilinear Relationship Between Cultural Distance and Shared Ownership
Authors: Malhotra Shavin
Published: January 2012

This study tests geographic distance as a moderator of the curvilinear relationship between cultural distance and a firm's preference for shared ownership entry mode. The sample consisted of US foreign direct investments in 60 countries spread over 18 years. Results showed that an inverted U‐shaped relationship between cultural distance and preference for shared ownership is stronger for firms separated by high geographic distance. While full equity ownership is most likely when both cultural and geographic distances are either low or high, shared ownership is most likely when the cultural distance is high (low) but the geographic distance is low (high). Copyright © 2012 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Can We Predict Outcomes in Atrial Fibrillation?
Authors: Desai Nihar R. , Giugliano Robert P.
Published: January 2012

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia encountered by generalists and cardiologists alike. Much of the attendant morbidity from AF arises from systemic embolic complications which are effectively reduced with utilization of anti‐platelet and/or anticoagulant therapy. The systemic embolic complications of AF and the medical therapy to attenuate these risks are very well established. Through the course of this review, we aim to highlight the complex relationship between AF and other, “non‐embolic” outcomes. The presence of AF has been demonstrated to be associated with a 1.5 to 2‐fold increase in mortality across numerous observational cohorts. Still further, AF frequently coexists with heart failure, whether as a causative factor or a consequence of underlying structural heart disease or neurohumoral derangement, where its presence is associated with worse clinical outcomes. Whether AF is an independent risk factor for acute coronary syndromes (ACS) remains controversial, though its occurrence in patients with ACS has been shown to be associated with adverse outcomes both in observational cohorts as well as clinical trial populations. Individuals with AF have a 1.5 to 3‐fold increase in the rate of hospitalization and are at elevated risk for other arrhythmic disorders including both bradyarrhythmias as well as tachyarrhythmias. AF leads to considerable morbidity and mortality for patients and exacts a tremendous financial toll on the healthcare system—estimated to range from $6.0 to $26.0 billion. Given the current demographic transition in developed countries, the prevalence of AF will continue to increase and the need for refined approaches to risk stratification and pharmacotherapeutic interventions to attenuate the burden on patients will only become more important.

N.R. Desai and R.P. Giugliano received an honorarium through an educational grant from Sanofi Aventis for their time and expertise spent writing this article. R.P. Giugliano has also received research grant support and honoraria for CME lectures/consulting services from Daiichi‐Sankyo, Merck. He has also received honoraria for CME lectures from Bristol Myers Squibb.
Explaining racial differences in prostate cancer mortality
Authors: Taksler Glen B. , Keating Nancy L. , Cutler David M.
Published: January 2012

BACKGROUND:

In the United States, black males have an annual death rate from prostate cancer that is 2.4 times that of white males. The reasons for this are poorly understood.

METHODS:

Using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results–Medicare database, 77,038 black and white males aged >65 years were identified with a first primary diagnosis of prostate cancer between 1995 and 2005, as well as 49,769 controls. The racial gap in mortality was decomposed to differential incidence and stage‐specific prostate cancer mortality. The importance of various clinical and socioeconomic factors to each of these components was then examined.

RESULTS:

The estimated mortality gap for prostate cancer–specific mortality was 1320 more cases per 100,000 males among black than white men. This gap was due to higher prostate cancer incidence among black males (76%) and higher stage‐specific mortality once diagnosed (24%). Differences in prostate‐specific antigen testing, comorbidities, and income explained 29% of the difference in metastatic cancer incidence but none of the racial gap for local/regional incidence. Conditional on diagnosis, tumor characteristics explained 50% of the racial gap, comorbidities an additional 4%, choice of treatment and physician 17%, and socioeconomic factors 15%. Overall, approximately 25% of the racial gap in mortality and 86% of the gap in mortality conditional on diagnosis could be explained.

CONCLUSIONS:

More frequent prostate‐specific antigen testing for black and low‐income males could potentially reduce the prostate cancer mortality gap through earlier diagnosis of tumors that otherwise may become metastatic. More aggressive treatment of prostate cancer, especially in poor communities, might also reduce the gap. Cancer 2012. © 2012 American Cancer Society.
Ascending gustatory pathways to the telencephalon in goldfish
Authors: Kato Takeshi , Yamada Yusuke , Yamamoto Naoyuki
Published: January 2012

Ascending pathways to the telencephalon from the secondary gustatory nucleus (SGN), preglomerular tertiary gustatory nucleus (pTGN), and medial preglomerular nucleus (PGm) were examined by tract‐tracing experiments in goldfish Carassius auratus. Tracer injections to the SGN suggest the presence of direct ascending pathways to the supracommissural and the dorsal parts of the ventral telencephalic area, and the medial part of the dorsal telencephalic area (Dm), restricted to its ventral region. The SGN experiments also suggest projections to the pTGN and PGm, and several neuronal types in the primary gustatory centers were newly found to give rise to ascending fibers to the SGN. Injections to the pTGN suggest reciprocal connections of the nucleus with the dorsal region of the Dm (dDm). Injections to the PGm resulted in labeled cells in the dorsal part of the SGN, the secondary general visceral nucleus, and the posterior part of the dorsal telencephalic area, suggesting that this preglomerular nucleus receives gustatory, general visceral, and olfactory inputs. Fibers labeled from the PGm terminated in the central part of the dorsal telencephalic area and the dDm; the latter region contained many labeled somata. The terminal zone of PGm fibers in the dDm is located laterally adjacent to that from the pTGN. Injection experiments to the pTGN and PGm also suggest connections of these nuclei with the inferior lobar nuclei and torus lateralis. Based on the results of the present as well as recent studies, an updated map is provided that shows by and large distinct sensory representation within the goldfish dorsal telencephalic area. J. Comp. Neurol. 520:2475–2499, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
What Determines the Rate of Excited‐State Intramolecular Electron‐Transfer Reaction of 4‐(N,N′‐dimethylamino)benzonitrile in Room Temperature Ionic Liquids? A Study in [bmim][PF6]
Authors: Santhosh Kotni , Samanta Anunay
Published: January 2012

The kinetics of excited‐state intramolecular electron‐transfer reaction and dynamics of solvation of the intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) state of 4‐(N,N′‐dimethylamino)benzonitrile (DMABN) was studied in 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazloium hexafluorophosphate, [bmim][PF6], by monitoring the dual fluorescence of the system. The picosecond time‐resolved emission spectra (TRES) of DMABN exhibit decay of the locally excited (LE) emission intensity and shift of the ICT emission peak position with time, thus capturing the kinetics of evolution of the ICT state from the LE state and solvent relaxation of the ICT state. These results show that the LE→ICT transformation rate is determined not by the slow dynamics of solvation in ionic liquid, but is controlled mainly by the rate of structural reorganization of the molecule, which accompanies the electron‐transfer process in this polar viscous medium. Even though both solvent reorganization around photo‐excited DMABN and structural rearrangement of the molecule are dependent on the viscosity of the medium, it is the latter process that contributes to the viscosity dependence of the LE→ICT transformation.
Influence of 2′‐Deoxy Sugar Moiety on Excited‐State Protonation Equilibrium of Adenine and Adenosine with Acridine inside SDS Micelles: A Time‐Resolved Study with Quantum Chemical Calculations
Authors: Sarangi Manas Kumar , Bhattacharyya Dhananjay , Basu Samita
Published: January 2012

The protonation dynamics of the DNA base adenine (Ade) and its nucleoside 2′‐deoxyadenosine (d‐Ade) are investigated by monitoring the deprotonation kinetics of an N‐heterocyclic DNA intercalator, acridine (Acr), in the confined environment of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) micelles. Protonation of acridine (AcrH+) occurs at the hydrophilic interface and this species remains in dynamic equilibrium with its deprotonated counterpart (Acr) inside the hydrophobic core of SDS micelles. Quenching of the fluorescence of AcrH+* at 478 nm is observed after addition of Ade and d‐Ade with Stern–Volmer constant (KSV) 298 and 75 M−1, respectively, with a concomitant increment in Acr* at 425 nm. Time‐resolved fluorescence studies reveal quenching in the lifetime of AcrH+*. The relative amplitude of AcrH+* decreases from 0.97 to 0.51 and 0.97 to 0.89 with equimolar addition of Ade and d‐Ade, respectively. These observations are explained by excited‐state proton transfer (ESPT) from AcrH+* to the bases. The reduced KSV value and negligible change in the relative amplitudes of AcrH+* with d‐Ade infer that ESPT is hindered substantially by the presence of a 2′‐deoxy sugar unit. Transient time‐resolved absorption spectra of Acr reflect that Ade reduces the absorbance of 3AcrH+*; however, d‐Ade keeps it unaltered for more than a time delay of 2 μs. The optimized geometries calculated by quantum chemical methods reflect deprotonation of AcrH+* with protonation at the N1 position of Ade, while it remains protonated with d‐Ade. The hindered ESPT between AcrH+* and d‐Ade singles out the significance of the 2′‐deoxy sugar moiety in controlling the deprotonation kinetics.
Conflict specialists as leaders: Revisiting the role of the conflict specialist from a leadership perspective
Authors: Kuttner Ran
Published: January 2012

The aim of this article is to explore the cross fertilization between the emerging fields of alternative dispute resolution (ADR) and leadership. The first section explores similarities in themes and characteristics of both disciplines that are influenced by the zeitgeist. The second section argues that the parallels between the disciplines challenge and call for further exploration of the conflict specialist's role. The third section offers a reading into skills emphasized in leadership scholarship not commonly stressed in ADR trainings, examining how conflict specialists can ameliorate their practice by incorporating a leadership mind‐set and additional relevant skills into their work.
The effects of neutral, evaluative, and pressing mediator strategies
Authors: Wall James Allen , Dunne Timothy C. , Chan‐Serafin Suzanne
Published: January 2012

This study investigates the effects of three mediator strategies—neutral, evaluative, and pressing—upon agreement and satisfaction in 100 civil case mediations. The authors found a significant difference in that a neutral strategy resulted in agreement only 28 percent of the time, whereas the evaluative strategy had an agreement rate of 69 percent and the pressing strategy a 57 percent rate. They also found that consistent use of each strategy throughout the mediation increased the agreement rate. When producing high agreements, the two assertive strategies—evaluative and pressing—modestly reduced disputant satisfaction. The study also disclosed that mediators obtained more agreements in motor vehicle, medical malpractice, and personal liability cases than in contract and employment disputes.
Development of Polymeric Palladium‐Nanoparticle Membrane‐Installed Microflow Devices and their Application in Hydrodehalogenation
Authors: Yamada Yoichi M. A. , Watanabe Toshihiro , Ohno Aya , Uozumi Yasuhiro
Published: January 2012

We have developed a variety of polymeric palladium‐nanoparticle membrane‐installed microflow devices. Three types of polymers were convoluted with palladium salts under laminar flow conditions in a microflow reactor to form polymeric palladium membranes at the laminar flow interface. These membranes were reduced with aqueous sodium formate or heat to create microflow devices that contain polymeric palladium‐nanoparticle membranes. These microflow devices achieved instantaneous hydrodehalogenation of aryl chlorides, bromides, iodides, and triflates by 10–1000 ppm within a residence time of 2–8 s at 50–90 °C by using safe, nonexplosive, aqueous sodium formate to quantitatively afford the corresponding hydrodehalogenated products. Polychlorinated biphenyl (10–1000 ppm) and polybrominated biphenyl (1000 ppm) were completely decomposed under similar conditions, yielding biphenyl as a fungicidal compound.
Scanning thin‐sheet laser imaging microscopy elucidates details on mouse ear development
Authors: Kopecky Benjamin , Johnson Shane , Schmitz Heather , Santi Peter , Fritzsch Bernd
Published: January 2012

Background: The mammalian inner ear is transformed from a flat placode into a three‐dimensional (3D) structure with six sensory epithelia that allow for the perception of sound and both linear and angular acceleration. While hearing and balance problems are typically considered to be adult onset diseases, they may arise as a developmental perturbation to the developing ear. Future prevention of hearing or balance loss requires an understanding of how closely genetic mutations in model organisms reflect the human case, necessitating an objective multidimensional comparison of mouse ears with human ears that have comparable mutations in the same gene. Results: Here, we present improved 3D analyses of normal murine ears during embryonic development using optical sections obtained through Thin‐Sheet Laser Imaging Microscopy. We chronicle the transformation of an undifferentiated otic vesicle between mouse embryonic day 11.5 to a fully differentiated inner ear at postnatal day 15. Conclusions: Our analysis of ear development provides new insights into ear development, enables unique perspectives into the complex development of the ear, and allows for the first full quantification of volumetric and linear aspects of ear growth. Our data provide the framework for future analysis of mutant phenotypes that are currently under‐appreciated using only two dimensional renderings. Developmental Dynamics 241:465–480, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Site‐Directed Spin Labelling of Nucleic Acids
Authors: Shelke Sandip A. , Sigurdsson Snorri Th.
Published: January 2012

The study of the structure and dynamics of the nucleic acids and their complexes with other biomolecules is the basis for understanding their functions. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy is a biophysical technique that in recent years has been increasingly used to investigate nucleic acids. EPR studies require paramagnetic centre(s), usually nitroxide spin‐label(s) that are incorporated at specific sites in the nucleic acid by site‐directed spin labelling (SDSL). In the last few years, spin labels with improved spectroscopic properties have emerged and new SDSL techniques have been developed. This microreview describes SDSL of nucleic acids in the context of the three spin labelling strategies: post‐synthetic spin labelling, labelling during oligonucleotide synthesis and noncovalent labelling.
Asymmetric Organocatalytic Michael Addition–Cyclization Cascade Reaction of Nitroalkanes with o‐Hydroxycinnamaldehydes
Authors: Choi Kwang‐Su , Kim Sung‐Gon
Published: January 2012

A catalytic enantioselective Michael addition–cyclization reaction of nitroalkanes with o‐hydroxycinnamaldehydes has been established by using a diphenylprolinol TMS ether as an organocatalyst. The reaction afforded the corresponding 4‐substituted chroman‐2‐ols in excellent yields with high levels of enantioselectivities (95 to >99 % ee).
Mutant p63 causes defective expansion of ectodermal progenitor cells and impaired FGF signalling in AEC syndrome
Authors: Ferone Giustina , Thomason Helen A. , Antonini Dario , De Rosa Laura , Hu Bing , Gemei Marica , Zhou Huiqing , Ambrosio Raffaele , Rice David P. , Acampora Dario , van Bokhoven Hans , Del Vecchio Luigi , Koster Maranke I. , Tadini Gianluca , Spencer‐Dene Bradley , Dixon Michael , Dixon Jill , Missero Caterina
Published: January 2012

Ankyloblepharon‐ectodermal defects‐cleft lip/palate (AEC) syndrome, which is characterized by cleft palate and severe defects of the skin, is an autosomal dominant disorder caused by mutations in the gene encoding transcription factor p63. Here, we report the generation of a knock‐in mouse model for AEC syndrome (p63+/L514F) that recapitulates the human disorder. The AEC mutation exerts a selective dominant‐negative function on wild‐type p63 by affecting progenitor cell expansion during ectodermal development leading to a defective epidermal stem cell compartment. These phenotypes are associated with impairment of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signalling resulting from reduced expression of Fgfr2 and Fgfr3, direct p63 target genes. In parallel, a defective stem cell compartment is observed in humans affected by AEC syndrome and in Fgfr2b−/− mice. Restoring Fgfr2b expression in p63+/L514F epithelial cells by treatment with FGF7 reactivates downstream mitogen‐activated protein kinase signalling and cell proliferation. These findings establish a functional link between FGF signalling and p63 in the expansion of epithelial progenitor cells and provide mechanistic insights into the pathogenesis of AEC syndrome.

See accompanying article http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/emmm.201100202
Tumour growth inhibition and anti‐metastatic activity of a mutated furin‐resistant Semaphorin 3E isoform
Authors: Casazza Andrea , Kigel Boaz , Maione Federica , Capparuccia Lorena , Kessler Ofra , Giraudo Enrico , Mazzone Massimiliano , Neufeld Gera , Tamagnone Luca
Published: January 2012

Secreted Semaphorin 3E (Sema3E) promotes cancer cell invasiveness and metastatic spreading. The pro‐metastatic activity of Sema3E is due to its proteolytic fragment p61, capable of transactivating the oncogenic tyrosine kinase ErbB2 that associates with the Sema3E receptor PlexinD1 in cancer cells. Here, we show that a mutated, uncleavable variant of Sema3E (Uncl‐Sema3E) binds to PlexinD1 like p61‐Sema3E, but does not promote the association of PlexinD1 with ErbB2 nor activates the ensuing signalling cascade leading to metastatic spreading. Furthermore, Uncl‐Sema3E competes with endogenous p61‐Sema3E produced by tumour cells, thereby hampering their metastatic ability. Uncl‐Sema3E also acts independently as a potent anti‐angiogenic factor. It activates a PlexinD1‐mediated signalling cascade in endothelial cells that leads to the inhibition of adhesion to extracellular matrix, directional migration and cell survival. The putative therapeutic potential of Uncl‐Sema3E was validated in multiple orthotopic or spontaneous tumour models in vivo, where either local or systemic delivery of Uncl‐Sema3E‐reduced angiogenesis, growth and metastasis, even in the case of tumours refractory to treatment with a soluble vascular endothelial growth factor trap. In summary, we conclude that Uncl‐Sema3E is a novel inhibitor of tumour angiogenesis and growth that concomitantly hampers metastatic spreading.

See accompanying article http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/emmm.201200206
Emotional Processing Following Recovery from Anorexia Nervosa
Authors: Oldershaw Anna , DeJong Hannah , Hambrook David , Broadbent Hannah , Tchanturia Kate , Treasure Janet , Schmidt Ulrike
Published: January 2012

Objective

Evidence suggests that poor emotional processing perpetuates anorexia nervosa (AN); however, emotional processing following recovery and interactions between aspects of processing remain unknown. This study examined beliefs about emotions, emotional tolerance and avoidance and emotion suppression to preserve relationships in recovered AN patients. It also explored whether beliefs about emotion are related to emotional avoidance.

Design

A cross‐sectional between‐groups design was employed.

Method

Currently ill (n = 40), recovered AN patients (n = 24) and a sample of healthy controls (n = 48) completed measures of clinical and demographic background in addition to the Beliefs About Emotions, Distress Tolerance and Silencing the Self emotional processing questionnaires.

Results

Recovered and healthy control groups were comparable (except for higher externalised self‐perception in recovered participants) and both had better emotional processing than current AN patients. Beliefs about emotions correlated with level of emotional avoidance.

Conclusions

This study demonstrates functional levels of emotional processing following recovery from AN. It substantiates models proposing that maladaptive beliefs about emotions link to emotional avoidance and supports inclusion of these factors as treatment foci. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Rockfall rebound: comparison of detailed field experiments and alternative modelling approaches
Authors: Bourrier Franck , Berger Frédéric , Tardif Pascal , Dorren Luuk , Hungr Oldrich
Published: January 2012

The accuracy of rockfall trajectory simulations mainly rests on the calculation of the rebound of fragments following their impact on the slope. This paper is dedicated to the comparative analysis of two rebound modelling approaches currently used in rockfall simulation using field experiments of single rebounds. The two approaches consist in either modelling the rock as a single material point (lumped mass approach) or in explicitly accounting for the fragment shape (rigid body approach). A lumped mass model accounting for the coupling between translational and rotational velocities and introducing a slope perturbation angle was used. A rigid body approach modelling the rocks as rigid locally deformable (in the vicinity of the contact surface) assemblies of spheres was chosen.

The comparative analysis of the rebound models shows that both of them are efficient with only a few parameters. The main limitation of each approach are the calibration of the value of the slope perturbation (‘roughness’) angle, for the lumped mass approach, and the estimation of the rock length and height from field geological and historical analyses, for the rigid body approach. Finally, both rebound models require being improved in a pragmatic manner to better predict the rotational velocities distribution. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.