bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
School Locations and Traffic Emissions — Environmental (In)Justice Findings Using a New Screening Method
Authors: Gaffron Philine , Niemeier Deb
Published: February 2015

It has been shown that the location of schools near heavily trafficked roads can have detrimental effects on the health of children attending those schools. It is therefore desirable to screen both existing school locations and potential new school sites to assess either the need for remedial measures or suitability for the intended use. Current screening tools and public guidance on school siting are either too coarse in their spatial resolution for assessing individual sites or are highly resource intensive in their execution (e.g., through dispersion modeling). We propose a new method to help bridge the gap between these two approaches. Using this method, we also examine the public K-12 schools in the Sacramento Area Council of Governments Region, California (USA) from an environmental justice perspective. We find that PM2.5 emissions from road traffic affecting a school site are significantly positively correlated with the following metrics: percent share of Black, Hispanic and multi-ethnic students, percent share of students eligible for subsidized meals. The emissions metric correlates negatively with the schools’ Academic Performance Index, the share of White students and average parental education levels. Our PM2.5 metric also correlates with the traffic related, census tract level screening indicators from the California Communities Environmental Health Screening Tool and the tool’s tract level rate of asthma related emergency department visits.
Synthesis and Molecular Structure of the 5-Methoxycarbonylpentyl α-Glycoside of the Upstream, Terminal Moiety of the O-Specific Polysaccharide of Vibrio cholerae O1, Serotype Inaba
Authors: Xu Peng , Stevens Edwin , French Alfred , Kováč Pavol
Published: February 2015

The trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate (TMSOTf)-catalyzed reaction of methyl 6-hydroxyhexanoate with 3-O-benzyl-4-(2,4-di-O-acetyl-3-deoxy-L-glycero-tetronamido)-4,6-dideoxy-2-O-levulinoyl-α-d-mannopyranosyl trichloroacetimidate followed by a two-step deprotection (hydrogenolysis over Pd/C catalyst and Zemplén deacylation, to simultaneously remove the acetyl and levulinoyl groups) gave 5-(methoxycarbonyl)pentyl 4-(3-deoxy-L-glycero-tetronamido)-4,6-dideoxy-α-D-mannopyranoside. The structure of the latter, for which crystals were obtained in the analytically pure state for the first time, followed from its NMR and high-resolution mass spectra and was confirmed by X-ray crystallography. The molecule has two approximately linear components; a line through the aglycon intersects a line through the mannosyl and tetronylamido groups at 120°. The crystal packing separates the aglycon groups from the tetronylamido and mannosyl groups, with only C-H…O hydrogen bonding among the aglycon groups and N-H…O, O-H…O and C-H…O links among the tetronylamido and mannosyl groups. A carbonyl oxygen atom accepts the strongest O-H…O hydrogen bond and two strong C-H…O hydrogen bonds. The geometric properties were compared with those of related molecules.
Facile Access to Unnatural Dipeptide-Alcohols Based on cis-2,5-Disubstituted Pyrrolidines
Authors: Jia Yan-Yan , Li Xiao-Ye , Wang Ping-An , Wen Ai-Dong
Published: February 2015

Well-defined unnatural dipeptide-alcohols based on a cis-2,5-disubstitued pyrrolidine backbone were synthesized from commercially available starting materials meso-diethyl-2,5-dibromoadipate, (S)-(−)-1-phenylethylamine, and phenylalaninol. The structures of these unnatural dipeptide-alcohols are supported by HRMS, 1H- and 13C-NMR spectroscopy. These unnatural dipeptide-alcohols can act as building blocks for peptidomimetics.
Acid Catalyzed Alcoholysis of Sulfinamides: Unusual Stereochemistry, Kinetics and a Question of Mechanism Involving Sulfurane Intermediates and Their Pseudorotation
Authors: Bujnicki Bogdan , Drabowicz Józef , Mikołajczyk Marian
Published: February 2015

The synthesis of optically active sulfinic acid esters has been accomplished by the acid catalyzed alcoholysis of optically active sulfinamides. Sulfinates are formed in this reaction with a full or predominant inversion of configuration at chiral sulfur or with predominant retention of configuration. The steric course of the reaction depends mainly on the size of the dialkylamido group in the sulfinamides and of the alcohols used as nucleophilic reagents. It has been found that bulky reaction components preferentially form sulfinates with retention of configuration. It has been demonstrated that the stereochemical outcome of the reaction can be changed from inversion to retention and vice versa by adding inorganic salts to the acidic reaction medium. The unusual stereochemistry of this typical bimolecular nucleophilic substitution reaction, as confirmed by kinetic measurements, has been rationalized in terms of the addition-elimination mechanism, A-E, involving sulfuranes as intermediates which undergo pseudorotations.
Active Peptide-Conjugated Chitosan Matrices as an Artificial Basement Membrane
Authors: Hozumi Kentaro , Kumai Jun , Yamada Yuji , Nomizu Motoyoshi
Published: February 2015

The basement membrane, a thin extracellular matrix, plays a critical role in tissue development and repair. Laminins are the major component of basement membrane and have diverse biological activities. We have identified various cell-adhesive peptides from laminins and their specific cell surface receptors. Polysaccharides, including chitosan, have been used as scaffolds, which regulate cellular functions for tissue engineering. We have developed laminin-derived active peptide-chitosan matrices as functional scaffolds. The biological activity of the peptides was enhanced when the peptides were conjugated to a chitosan matrix, suggesting that the peptide-chitosan matrix approach has an advantage for an active biomaterial. Further, the laminin peptide-chitosan matrices have the potential to mimic the basement membrane and are useful for tissue engineering as an artificial basement membrane.
Persistent Citation of the Only Published Randomised Controlled Trial of Omega-3 Supplementation in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Six Years after Its Retraction
Authors: Fulton Ashley , Coates Alison , Williams Marie , Howe Peter , Hill Alison
Published: February 2015

Scientific articles are retracted infrequently, yet have the potential to influence the scientific literature for years. The only randomised controlled trial to explore the effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease was retracted in 2008 due to falsified data. The objective of this research was to determine the frequency and nature of citations of this retracted paper. Web of Science and Google Scholar were used to determine the number of times the retracted article was cited. Citations were classified as either “retraction acknowledged” or “retraction not acknowledged”. The search was conducted on 6 August 2013 and updated on 25 March 2014. Results: The search resulted in 76 citations, of which 24 occurred prior to the retraction of the article. Of the 52 citations occurring after the retraction, only two acknowledged the retraction. Of the citations not acknowledging the retraction, 20 referred to specific data and 30 cited the reference in passing. This retracted article continues to be cited by authors, suggesting that information about the retraction was unsuccessfully communicated to the scientific community. Continual citation of retracted literature has the potential to bias a field of research and potentially misinform end-users.
Evaluation of the 2010 MODIS Collection 5.1 Land Cover Type Product over China
Authors: Zeng Tian , Zhang Zengxiang , Zhao Xiaoli , Wang Xiao , Zuo Lijun
Published: February 2015

Although the MODIS Collection 5.1 Land Cover Type (MODIS v5.1 LCT) product is one of the most recent global land cover datasets and has the shortest updating cycle, evaluations regarding this collection have not been reported. Given the importance of evaluating global land cover data for producers and potential users, the 2010 MODIS v5.1 LCT product IGBP (International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme) layer was evaluated based on two grid maps at scales of 100-m and 500-m,which were derived by rasterizing the 2010 data from the national land use/cover database of China (NLUD-C). This comparison was conducted based on a new legend consisting of nine classes constructed based on the definitions of classes in the IGBP and NLUD-C legends. The overall accuracies of the aggregated classification data were 64.62% and 66.42% at the sub-pixel and pixel scales, respectively. These accuracies differed significantly in different regions. Specifically, high-quality data were obtained more easily for regions with a single land cover type, such as Xinjiang province and the northeast plain of China. The lowest accuracies were obtained for the middle of China, including Ningxia, Shaanxi, Chongqing, Yunnan and Guizhou. At the sub-pixel scale, relatively high producer and user accuracies were obtained for cropland, grass and barren regions; the highest producer accuracy was obtained for forests, and the highest user accuracy was obtained for water bodies. Shrublands and wetlands were associated with low producer and user accuracies at the sub-pixel and pixel scales, of less than 10%. Based on dominant-type reference data, the errors were classified as mixed-pixel errors and labeling errors. Labeling errors primarily originated from misclassification between grassland and barren lands. Mixed pixel errors increased as the pixel diversity increased and as the percentage of dominant-type sub-pixels decreased. Overall, mixed pixels were sources of error for most land cover types other than grassland and barren lands; whereas labeling errors were more prevalent than mixed pixel errors when considering all of the land cover data over China, due to the large amount of misclassification between the pure pixels of grassland and barren lands. Next, the accuracy of cropland/natural vegetation mosaics was assessed based on the qualitative (a mosaic of croplands, forests, shrublands, and grasslands) and quantitative (no single component composes more than 60% of the landscape) parts in the definition, which resulted in accuracies of 91.43% and less than 19.26%, respectively. These results are summarized with their implications for the development of the next generation of MCD12Q1 data and with suggestions for potential users of MCD12Q1 v5.1.
Extracting Association Patterns in Network Communications
Authors: Portela Javier , Villalba Luis , Trujillo Alejandra , Orozco Ana , Kim Tai-hoon
Published: February 2015

In network communications, mixes provide protection against observers hiding the appearance of messages, patterns, length and links between senders and receivers. Statistical disclosure attacks aim to reveal the identity of senders and receivers in a communication network setting when it is protected by standard techniques based on mixes. This work aims to develop a global statistical disclosure attack to detect relationships between users. The only information used by the attacker is the number of messages sent and received by each user for each round, the batch of messages grouped by the anonymity system. A new modeling framework based on contingency tables is used. The assumptions are more flexible than those used in the literature, allowing to apply the method to multiple situations automatically, such as email data or social networks data. A classification scheme based on combinatoric solutions of the space of rounds retrieved is developed. Solutions about relationships between users are provided for all pairs of users simultaneously, since the dependence of the data retrieved needs to be addressed in a global sense.
Efficient Evaluation of Wireless Real-Time Control Networks
Authors: Horvath Peter , Yampolskiy Mark , Koutsoukos Xenofon
Published: February 2015

In this paper, we present a system simulation framework for the design and performance evaluation of complex wireless cyber-physical systems. We describe the simulator architecture and the specific developments that are required to simulate cyber-physical systems relying on multi-channel, multihop mesh networks. We introduce realistic and efficient physical layer models and a system simulation methodology, which provides statistically significant performance evaluation results with low computational complexity. The capabilities of the proposed framework are illustrated in the example of WirelessHART, a centralized, real-time, multi-hop mesh network designed for industrial control and monitor applications.
Characterization of a Field Spectroradiometer for Unattended Vegetation Monitoring. Key Sensor Models and Impacts on Reflectance
Authors: Pacheco-Labrador Javier , Martín M.
Published: February 2015

Field spectroradiometers integrated in automated systems at Eddy Covariance (EC) sites are a powerful tool for monitoring and upscaling vegetation physiology and carbon and water fluxes. However, exposure to varying environmental conditions can affect the functioning of these sensors, especially if these cannot be completely insulated and stabilized. This can cause inaccuracy in the spectral measurements and hinder the comparison between data acquired at different sites. This paper describes the characterization of key sensor models in a double beam spectroradiometer necessary to calculate the Hemispherical-Conical Reflectance Factor (HCRF). Dark current, temperature dependence, non-linearity, spectral calibration and cosine receptor directional responses are modeled in the laboratory as a function of temperature, instrument settings, radiation measured or illumination angle. These models are used to correct the spectral measurements acquired continuously by the same instrument integrated outdoors in an automated system (AMSPEC-MED). Results suggest that part of the instrumental issues cancel out mutually or can be controlled by the instrument configuration, so that changes induced in HCFR reached about 0.05 at maximum. However, these corrections are necessary to ensure the inter-comparison of data with other ground or remote sensors and to discriminate instrumentally induced changes in HCRF from those related with vegetation physiology and directional effects.
Study of the Cytotoxic Effects of the New Synthetic Isothiocyanate CM9 and Its Fullerene Derivative on Human T-Leukemia Cells
Authors: De Gianni Elena , Turrini Eleonora , Milelli Andrea , Maffei Francesca , Carini Marco , Minarini Anna , Tumiatti Vincenzo , Ros Tatiana , Prato Maurizio , Fimognari Carmela
Published: February 2015

One important strategy to develop effective anticancer agents is based on natural products. Many active phytochemicals are in human clinical trials and have been used for a long time, alone and in association with conventional anticancer drugs, for the treatment of various types of cancers. A great number of in vitro, in vivo and clinical reports document the multi-target anticancer activities of isothiocyanates and of compounds characterized by a naphthalenetetracarboxylic diimide scaffold. In order to search for new anticancer agents with a better pharmaco-toxicological profile, we investigated hybrid compounds obtained by inserting isothiocyanate group(s) on a naphthalenetetracarboxylic diimide scaffold. Moreover, since water-soluble fullerene derivatives can cross cell membranes thus favoring the delivery of anticancer therapeutics, we explored the cytostatic and cytotoxic activity of hybrid compounds conjugated with fullerene. We studied their cytostatic and cytotoxic effects on a human T-lymphoblastoid cell line by using different flow cytometric assays. In order to better understand their pharmaco-toxicological potential, we also analyzed their genotoxicity. Our global results show that the synthesized compounds reduced significantly the viability of leukemia cells. However, the conjugation with a non-toxic vector did not increase their anticancer potential. This opens an interesting research pattern for certain fullerene properties.
Host Recovery and Reduced Virus Level in the Upper Leaves after Potato virus Y Infection Occur in Tobacco and Tomato but not in Potato Plants
Authors: Nie Xianzhou , Molen Teresa
Published: February 2015

In this study, the recovery phenomenon following infection with Potato virus Y (PVY) was investigated in tobacco (Nicotiana tobaccum), tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and potato (Solanum tuberosum) plants. In tobacco plants, infection of severe strains of PVY (PVYN or PVYN:O) induced conspicuous vein clearing and leaf deformation in the first three leaves above the inoculated leaves, but much milder symptoms in the upper leaves. The recovery phenotype was not obvious in tobacco plants infected with PVY strain that induce mild symptoms (PVYO). However, regardless of the virus strains, reduction in PVY RNA levels was similarly observed in the upper leaves of these plants. Removal of the first three leaves above the inoculated leaves interfered with the occurrence of recovery, suggesting that the signal(s) mediating the recovery is likely generated in these leaves. In PVYN or PVYN:O but not in PVYO-infected tobacco plants, the expression of PR-1a transcripts were correlated with the accumulation level of PVY RNA. Reduced level of PVY RNA in the upper leaves was also observed in infected tomato plants, whereas such phenomenon was not observed in potato plants. PVY-derived small RNAs were detected in both tobacco and potato plants and their accumulation levels were correlated with PVY RNA levels. Our results demonstrate that the recovery phenotype following PVY infection is host-specific and not necessarily associated with the expression of PR-1a and generation of PVY small RNAs.
Novel biphenyl-substituted 1,2,4-oxadiazole ferroelectric liquid crystals: synthesis and characterization
Authors: Subrao Mahabaleshwara , Potukuchi Dakshina Murthy , Sharada Ramachandra Girish , Bhagavath Poornima , Bhat Sangeetha G , Maddasani Srinivasulu
Published: February 2015

Two novel series of unsymmetrically substituted 1,2,4-oxadiazole viz., R.Ox.C*Cn compounds are synthesized and characterized. An optically active, (S)-(+)-methyl 3-hydroxy-2-methylpropionate is used to introduce a chiral center in the molecule. A biphenyl moiety prepared by Suzuki coupling reaction is directly attached to the oxadiazole core at C-5 position. Investigations for the phase behavior revealed that the series with a benzyl group on one end of the oxadiazole core exhibits an 1D orthogonal smectic-A phase while the second series with dodecyl flexible end chain shows orthogonal smectic-A and tilted chiral smectic-C (SmC*) phases over a wide range of temperatures. The smectic-C phase exhibits ferroelectric (FE) polarization switching. The mesomorphic thermal stabilities of these compounds are discussed in the domain of the symmetry and the flexibility of the alkyloxy end chain length attached to the chiral center.
La souffrance : représentations et enjeux
Authors: Dany Lionel , Dormieux Anne , Futo Francette , Favre Roger
Published: February 2015

La recherche que nous avons effectuée visait à analyser la souffrance comme objet de la relation de soin et comme expérience commune de cette relation. Dans ce sens, nous avons effectué 55 entretiens avec des patient(e)s et des infirmier(ère)s d’un service d’oncologie. Les résultats soulignent le rôle central de la relation comme moyen de donner sens à la souffrance. La connaissance des représentations de la souffrance apparaît comme un outil de compréhension des réalités complexes liées à l’expérience de la souffrance et permet de penser des démarches d’évaluation qui pourraient s’ancrer sur des « savoirs pratiques ».
Bénéfices escomptés d'une consultation infirmière sur la compliance thérapeutique de l'adolescent transplanté rénal
Authors: Joffroy-Rudzky Christelle
Published: February 2015

La non observance thérapeutique chez les adolescents malades chroniques en général et chez les adolescents transplantés d’un rein en particulier est un vrai problème de santé publique. A l’hôpital des Enfants de Toulouse, de mars 2002 à mars 2003, une consultation infirmière couplée à la consultation médicale a été instaurée pour le suivi de ces adolescents. L’objet de cette recherche en soins infirmiers a été d’évaluer, au terme d’une année de fonctionnement, les résultats de cette consultation sur l’observance thérapeutique de ces adolescents et son fonctionnement au sein de l’institution. A l’aube d’un profond bouleversement pour la profession, cette étude nous a permis de valoriser l’expertise infirmière associée à l’activité médicale au bénéfice certain des enfants. La consultation infirmière, au cœur de l’actualité depuis quelques temps, reste au cœur de nos préoccupations depuis plus d’un demi siècle.
The challenge of linguistic and cultural diversity: Does length of experience affect South African speech-language therapists’ management of children with language impairment?
Authors: Southwood Frenette , Van Dulm Ondene
Published: February 2015

Background: South African speech-language therapists (SLTs) currently do not reflect the country’s linguistic and cultural diversity. The question arises as to who might be better equipped currently to provide services to multilingual populations: SLTs with more clinical experience in such contexts, or recently trained SLTs who are themselves linguistically and culturally diverse and whose training programmes deliberately focused on multilingualism and multiculturalism?Aims: To investigate whether length of clinical experience influenced: number of bilingual children treated, languages spoken by these children, languages in which assessment and remediation can be offered, assessment instrument(s) favoured, and languages in which therapy material is required.Method: From questionnaires completed by 243 Health Professions Council of South Africa (HPCSA)-registered SLTs who treat children with language problems, two groups were drawn:71 more experienced (ME) respondents (20+ years of experience) and 79 less experienced (LE) respondents (maximum 5 years of experience).Results: The groups did not differ significantly with regard to (1) number of children(monolingual or bilingual) with language difficulties seen, (2) number of respondents seeing child clients who have Afrikaans or an African language as home language, (3) number of respondents who can offer intervention in Afrikaans or English and (4) number of respondents who reported needing therapy material in Afrikaans or English. However, significantly more ME than LE respondents reported seeing first language child speakers of English, whereas significantly more LE than ME respondents could provide services, and required therapymaterial, in African languages.Conclusion: More LE than ME SLTs could offer remediation in an African language, but there were few other significant differences between the two groups. There is still an absence of appropriate assessment and remediation material for Afrikaans and African languages, but the increased number of African language speakers entering the profession may contribute to better service delivery to the diverse South African population.
Четырехмерные калибровочные модели и модели гравитации из текстурных графов
Authors: Sochichiu Corneliu Vasilievich
Published: February 2015

Изучена статистическая модель на графах, приводящая в непрерывном пределе к модели релятивистских фермионных полей, которые взаимодействуют с гравитацией и калибровочными полями в четырехмерном пространстве-времени.
Канонический поток в пространстве калибровочных параметров
Authors: Quadri Andrea
Published: February 2015

Показано, что зависимость от калибровки для одночастично-неприводимых амплитуд в $SU(N)$-теории Янга-Миллса порождена потоком, каноническим относительно расширенного тождества Славнова-Тейлора, которое индуцировано преобразованием калибровочного параметра $\alpha$ при преобразованиях БРСТ-симметрии. В линейных ковариантных калибровках аналитическое разложение одночастично-неприводимых амплитуд по $\alpha$ задается в терминах коэффициентов, вычисляемых в калибровке Ландау, и производных по $\alpha$ от производящего функционала потока. Рассматривается приложение результатов к калибровочному потоку пропагатора глюонов.
Тензорные глюоны и структура протона
Authors: Savvidi Georgii Konstantinovich
Published: February 2015

Недавно была предложена теория, в которой предполагалось, что внутри протона, а также внутри других адронов существуют дополнительные партоны - тензорные глюоны, которые несут часть полного импульса. Как и глюоны, тензорные глюоны имеют нулевой электрический заряд, но больший спин. Тензорные глюны могут рождаться в результате испускания их глюонами и расщепляться на пары тензорных глюонов с разными спинами. Вероятности этих процессов удовлетворяют общим соотношениям симметрии, которые удалось разрешить. Найденные функции расщепления входят в обобщенные эволюционные уравнения и позволяют рассчитать однопетлевой вклад в бета-функцию Каллана-Симанчика. Согласованность теории проверена на том основании, что поведение константы связи при высокой энергии должно быть универсальным. Сумма вкладов всех спинов в бета-функцию равна нулю, что приводит к конформно-инвариантной теории в пределе высоких энергий.
Голографическое описание конических дефектов
Authors: Aref'eva Irina Yaroslavna , Bagrov Andrey Aleksandrovich
Published: February 2015

Рассмотрен движущийся конический дефект в пустом пространстве-времени $AdS_3$ и вычислены двухточечные корреляционные функции соответствующей двумерной граничной квантовой теории поля в рамках геодезического приближения. Показано, что присутствие дефекта приводит к линзированию геодезических, проявляющемуся в дуальной теории поля через возникновение конечного числа функционально схожих вкладов в функцию Грина, соответствующих намоткам геодезических в балке вокруг конической особенности. Продемонстрировано, что для квантованного дефицита угла $\gamma=\pi/2n$ такое линзирование индуцирует возбуждения типа доменной стенки в спектре граничной теории поля.
Metajezikovna razsežnost morfologije nenormirane francoščine
Authors: Perko Gregor
Published: February 2015

Članek, ki se umešča med t. i. leksematske (ang. word/lexeme-based) pristope k besedotvorju, proučuje najznačilnejše morfološke postopke, ki bogatijo besedišče slenga francoskih predmestij: preobračanje zlogov (fr. verlanisation), krajšanje (fr. troncation), podvajanje zlogov (fr. réduplication) in dodajanje psevdopripon (fr. pseudo-suffixation). Vsi ti postopki sodijo v sfero t. i. zunajgramatikalne morfologije in temeljijo na aplikaciji različnih metajezikovnih operacij, ki na nesistematičen način posegajo skoraj izključno na formalno plat jezikovnega znaka. V prvem delu analiziram morfološke operacije predmestnega slenga glede na različne kriterije, ki gramatikalno morfologijo ločijo od zunajgramatikalne, v prvi vrsti seveda operacije metajezikovnega značaja. V drugem delu te operacije analiziram glede na različne vrste jezikovnih omejitev (ang. constraints, fr. contraintes) (morfofonološke, morfološke in leksikalne), tako tiste, ki so značilne zgolj za francoščino, kot tiste univerzalnejše.
Neitalijanski elementi v italijanskih poslovnih dopisih
Authors: Lenassi Nives
Published: February 2015

Ena od značilnosti italijanske poslovne korespondence in poslovnega sporazumevanja v italijanskem jeziku nasploh je prisotnost različnih elementov iz drugih jezikov. Da bi ugotovila njihovo prisotnost in tendence, je avtorica analizirala prototipične modele v šestih priročnikih za italijansko poslovno korespondenco in v sedmih učbenikih za poslovni italijanski jezik ter večje število avtentičnih dopisov italijanskih rojstnih govorcev, ki poslujejo s slovenskimi podjetji/inštitucijami. Na osnovi opravljenih analiz je mogoče ugotoviti manjše število latinizmov in francizmovin pomembno ter naraščajočo prisotnost angleških jezikovnih elementov. V skladu z globalizacijskimi trendi so slednji pogostejši v vseh besedilih, nastalih v zadnjem času, predvsem pa v avtentičnih dopisih, pri katerih ima pomembno vlogo elektronska pošta. Primerjava rezultatov, dobljenih na osnovi analiz avtentičnih in prototipičnih besedil, kaže, da se v avtentičnih besedilih angleške leksikalne enote širijo na vse več semantičnih polj. Naslednja značilnost, ki ločuje besedila iz realnega poslovnega okolja in modele, je raba angleških elementov v avtentičnih materialih ne le na leksiklani ravni (kjer gre pogosto za menjavo koda v okviru stavčnih enot in za uveljavljene tujke), ampak tudi prisotnost celotnih sklopov angleških besedil, vstavljenih v italijansko pisno produkcijo (menjava koda na nadstavčni ravni). Raziskava ugotavlja tudi določeno število besedil, napisanih le v angleščini, s katerimi pošiljatelji uvrščajo slovenski trg v enega od številnih (homogenih) delov globalne jezikovne in poslovne celote.
"Leksikalni arzenal" Vladimirja Pogačnika
Authors: Požgaj Hadži Vesna , Balažic Bulc Tatjana
Published: February 2015

Akademski diskurz označujejo lastnosti, kot so racionalnost, strogost, objektivnost, terminološka preciznost, slovnična pravilnost, skladenjska zapletenost itd., kot tudi retorične strategije, po katerih je že na prvi pogled prepoznaven (npr. okvir znanstvenega besedila, personifikacija predmeta preučevanja ipd.). Retorične strategije ustvarjajo in vzdržujejo različne mite akademskega diskurza: mit o znanstvenikovi objektivnosti, mit o nevtralnosti jezikovnih elementov in mit o odsotnosti emocionalno-ekspresivnih elementov. V pričujočem delu poskušamo na primeru znanstvenega dela Vladimirja Pogačnika dokazati, da so omenjeni miti in/ali predsodki o absolutni objektivni poziciji avtorja, o nevtralnosti jezikovnih elementov ter o odsotnosti zaznamovane leksike povsem neutemeljeni. Pogačnikova dela so namreč za akademski diskurz precej nenavadna, saj v njih osebni stil avtorja presega "predpisane" retorične strategije, kar se med drugim kaže tudi pri izbiri jezikovnih elementov, v prvi vrsti pri vnašanju zaznamovane leksike. Na koncu sklenemo, da se v njegovih besedilih neprenehno izmenjuje pomensko relevantno s stilsko relevantnim. Vse to potrjuje dejstvo, da je nevtralnost avtorjevega stila v znanstvenih besedilih resnično samo mit.
Vladimir Pogačnik - bibliographie sélective
Authors: Šorli Metka
Published: February 2015

Cette bibliographie respecte l’ordre chronologique de la parution des oeuvres. À l’intérieur de chaque section chronologique, les unités sont rangées selon l’ordre suivant : livre, brochure, thèse de doctorat et thèse de DEA (A), contribution et article (B), contribution et article brefs (C), préface (D), entrées d’un dictionnaire (E), recension et compte rendu (F), traduction (G), adaptation (H), rédaction (I). Les notices bibliographiques abrégées sont basées sur la norme ISBD (description bibliographique internationale normalisée). Certaines sont précisées par une remarque (en français et/ou en slovène) concernant avant tout le domaine de la responsabilité.
Na sledi anonimnemu avtorju: afera volilcev v trenirkah
Authors: Zwitter Vitez Ana
Published: February 2015

V zadnjih desetletjih je ugotavljanje avtorstva besedil doživelo velik razmah, saj prinaša izrazito aplikativne rezultate na področju prava (plagiatorstvo), kriminologije (grozilna pisma), literarnih študij (psevdonimi) in tržnih analiz (strategije oglaševanja). V prispevku analiziramo besedilo, imenovano "Volivci v trenirkah", in ga primerjamo s 75 besedili 21 znanih avtorjev. Analiza temelji na metodi podpornih vektorjev (SVM), ki omogočajo določanje razlik in podobnosti med primerjanimi besedili na podlagi značilk besedišča in berljivosti. Rezultati kažejo, da so specifike enega izmed opazovanih avtorjev precej podobne besedilu neznanega izvora glede na raznolikost besedišča, Brunetovo formulo in relativno frekvenco hapaksov v besedilu. V sklepu poudarimo pomembnost povezovanja korpusnega jezikoslovja in strojnega učenja, s katerim lahko obe področji doživita nov razmah in izkoristita izjemno moč tega interdisciplinarnega pristopa.
Vocabulaire du droit pénal français: cas de polysémie externe
Authors: Vušović Olivera
Published: February 2015

La polysémie constitue un moyen important de lʼéconomie linguistique. Si les langues de spécialité ne disposent pas dʼun terme spécifique, elles trouvent la solution dans le vocabulaire général auquel elles empruntent des mots comprenant de nombreuses acceptions. Lʼune dʼelles sera précisée dʼaprès les besoins du domaine en question. Dans le présent article, nous rendons compte de lʼinterpénétration existant entre le vocabulaire du droit pénal français (issu de Code de procédure pénale et de Vocabulaire juridique), le vocabulaire général et dʼautres vocabulaires de spécialité. Les approches contemporaines de la terminologie qui prennent en considération les dimensions discursive, sociale, cognitive et culturelle permettent dʼaborder le terme avec plus de flexibilité et de ne pas le considérer comme une simple étiquette destinée à classer les connaissances. Les migrations qui sʼeffectuent entre vocabulaire général et vocabulaires de spécialité, connues sous les noms de terminologisation et déterminologisation,sʼaccompagnent des modifications sémantiques. En fonction du contexte et du domaine spécialisé, un mot peut avoir des acceptions différentes. A titre dʼexemple, le mot blanchiment ne renverra pas à la même notion pour un agent qui lutte contre la criminalité financière, un horticulteur, un cuisinier, un photographe ou un dentiste. Nous nous proposons de vérifier à quel point la polysémie externe est un phénomène répandu. Notre objectif est dʼexplorer ces transferts sémantiques, cʼest-à-dire les diverses facettes dʼun terme
Strategia estraniante e strategia addomesticante nella traduzione dei testi giuridici
Authors: Paolucci Sandro
Published: February 2015

Il traduttore, ogni volta, prima di intraprendere la traduzione di un testo da una lingua ad unʼaltra, da una cultura ad unʼaltra, è chiamato a dar vita a una macro-scelta ovvero a decidere se adottare una strategia tesa al mantenimento e al rispetto delle strutture linguistiche, del lessico, dello stile della lingua di partenza, oppure una strategia volta a commutare determinati aspetti morfosintattici, lessicali e stilistici per rendere così il testo di arrivo più vicino alla lingua e alla cultura di arrivo (cfr. Schleiermacher 1813). Nel presente contributo, dopo una breve illustrazione della problematica dellʼapproccio estraniante e dellʼapproccio addomesticante nella traduzione in generale (Schleiermacher, Venuti, Eco, Ožbot ed altri eminenti studiosi), si passa a individuare e valutare una possibile applicazione di tali strategie nella traduzione giuridica. In particolare, si tenta di distinguere determinati casi in cui, a nostro modo di vedere, sia preferibile, auspicabile o persino necessaria una traduzione principalmente estraniante e determinati altri casi in cui, invece, sia più opportuna o efficace una traduzione principalmente addomesticante.
Frazeološke enote v učbenikih za italijanščino kot tuj jezik: analiza učbenikov glede na ravni skupnega evropskega jezikovnega okvira (SEJO)
Authors: Stanič Daša
Published: February 2015

Članek obravnava problematiko frazeoloških enot v poučevanju/učenju italijanščine kot tujega jezika. V ta namen so bili sistematično analizirani nekateri učbeniki, osnovani na podlagi SEJO, in sicer z namenom ugotoviti, kako in v katerih kontekstih so frazeološke enote prisotne in obravnavane, ter določiti, v kolikšni meri so izbrani učbeniki za italijanščino učinkovita opora v procesu učenja/poučevanja.Prav zaradi njihovih značilnosti so v italijanščini frazeološke enote za nematerne govorce vir precejšnjih težav, še posebej takrat, kadar njihova materinščina ni eden od romanskih jezikov. Do uveljavitve komunikacijskega pristopa in tudi kasneje je didaktika tujih jezikov namenjala frazeologiji le malo pozornosti; predpostavljalo se je, da se ta razvija s posnemanjem ter da gre za aspekt, ki ga velja obravnavati le na višjih ravneh jezikovne zmožnosti. Kljub temu novejše raziskave kažejo, da je eksplicitna in sistematična obravnava frazeoloških enot pri poučevanju/učenju tujega jezika nujna že od ravni A1 naprej. V SEJO so frazeološke enote sicer obravnavane kot pomemben element znotraj leksikalne zmožnosti, vendar so skoraj izvzete iz opisnikov za posamezne ravni. Zdi se, da tak pristop pušča brez skupnih in objektivnih kriterijev avtorje učbenikov, ki se o tem, če in kako vključiti frazeologijo v učbenike, odločajo precej subjektivno.
The development of a CEFR-based scale for assessing young foreign language learners’ writing skills
Authors: Pižorn Karmen
Published: February 2015

The Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR) was designed with adults in mind, which is clearly reflected in the six levels encompassing a range of proficiency that represents lifelong learning. Therefore, any use of the CEFR levels as a basis for describing the ability of young learners requires adapting the content of each level, as well as identifying which levels on the scale are appropriate for children.The present article examines the contribution that feedback, in the form of an assessment scale, can make to valid classroom assessment of the writing of young learners, in the age group of 9–13 years. It shows that a scale of descriptors adapted from the CEFR can play a central role in this assessment. The article presents the AYLLIT (Assessment of Young Learner Literacy) research project, which developed a CEFR-based writing scale and guidelines for teachers, enabling them to provide their students with feedback, and to gain a clearer insight into their students’ progress. After describing the procedures followed in the project, the article examines the extent to which its outcomes may enable teachers to give feedback that could contribute to valid classroom assessment.
Self-evaluation of rater bias in written composition assessment
Authors: Sokolov Cvetka
Published: February 2015

No assessment is entirely free of bias. This paper presents findings concerning the way raters in the research group evaluate the extent to which they are influenced by various types of rater bias when grading their students’ written compositions. The sources of bias covered in the article include the teacher’s knowing the student writer and his or her proficiency in English, the difficulty of the writing task, distressful content likely to trigger the rater’s emotional reaction, the test taker’s views clashing with those of the rater, students’ progress, and the like. The data were gathered by the participants in the study via a questionnaire. In addition, the researcher’s interpretation of the respondents’ answers was verified through interviews. Although the two research methods and self-evaluation have their drawbacks, the results reveal interesting, relevant and important information on aspects which make written composition assessment less reliable and valid. The findings confirm the need to raise raters’ awareness of the causes of bias to which they are most susceptible, bringing them closer to effectively addressing the problem of assessment bias. The research involving eleven lecturers teaching Language in Use at the Department of English and American Studies at the Faculty of Arts, University of Ljubljana, is a part of a much larger project based on the author’s PhD thesis.
Relating the Slovenian secondary school English language national examinations to the CEFR: findings and implications
Authors: Ilc Gašper , Stopar Andrej , Rot Gabrovec Veronika
Published: February 2015

The present paper draws on the report of a five-year project that aligned the Slovenian national exams in English to the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages: Learning, teaching, assessment (CEFR). Discussed here are the key findings of the relating project, carried out by the National Examination Centre, a central institution for external assessment in Slovenia, for the following exams: the Vocational Matura (for technical secondary schools, vocational-technical schools, and vocational courses) and the General Matura (for general secondary education programmes). The focus of the paper is on the interpretation of the findings of the project, the significance of relating the aforementioned exams to the CEFR, the implications of project results for future language test development and, most importantly, the impact of the findings on the development of secondary school-level English education programmes in Slovenia.
Unlocking the potential of translation for FLT
Authors: Kocbek Alenka
Published: February 2015

The paper proposes unlocking the potential of translation for foreign language teaching (FLT) by seeking to create synergies with the related discipline of translation science (TS). This aim is in keeping with the guidelines for language teaching provided in the Common European Framework of Languages, which introduced a model of communicative competences including communicative language competences as those which enable a person to act by drawing on specific linguistic means. First, an overview of the changing status of translation in FLT is presented – from its being considered a fundamental teaching method and basic skill in the Grammar-Translation Method, to its being all but outlawed in more recent communicative and task-based approaches, to its final rehabilitation in recent decades. It is then shown that, in the development of FLT, the parallel evolution of TS somehow failed to be acknowledged and, consequently, the opportunity to create valuable synergies between the two disciplines was missed. Following the stance of authors who have advocated the use of translation in FLT, it is argued that translation can effectively supplement the development of the four traditional language skills and, moreover, that some of the insights developed by TS can effectively be integrated into FLT as strategies aimed at enhancing leaners’ cross-cultural communicative competences. To this purpose, selected insights from TS (e.g. the functional approach and the skopos theory, the cultureme model, the theory of memes) are discussed and their potential for creating synergies with FLT are explored. Finally, the paper discusses the omnipresence of different forms of translation and interpreting in contemporary societies and shows that this naturally and logically calls for a systematic inclusion of translation in FLT.
Connecting development of pragmatic competence with the CEFR
Authors: Kusevska Marija
Published: February 2015

The aim of this paper is to look at how The Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) can facilitate research of pragmatic competence development. Central to developing pragmatic competence are the language functions (or speech acts) and the conventions of politeness. In particular, we focus on how Macedonian learners of English at B2 level express their disagreement, and we put their performance in relation to the functions and the politeness maxims postulated in Vantage (van Ek/Trim 2001) and the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (2001). Data for the analysis was compiled by means of a Discourse Completion Task (DCT) consisting of nine tasks which required the students to express an opposing view to the one given in the tasks. In our analysis, we classified disagreement as strong, weak, direct and hints. We focus on the linguistic means that learners used to express and to modify their disagreement. In particular, we discuss the use of lexical and syntactic modifiers, putting more emphasis on the use of modal verbs and I think. We end the paper with a conclusion that the CEFR and the accompanying books provide a valuable tool not only because they list the exponents of the functions, but also because they explain the principles that these exponents are motivated by. Finally, we raise two issues that we believe are important for further consideration. One is development of further research across all levels with the aim of better understanding the processes governing the acquisition of pragmatic competence. The other is developing research on what teaching methods and techniques should be employed to facilitate it.
Transition Needs of Adolescents With Sickle Cell Disease
Authors: Abel Regina A. , Cho Esther , Chadwick-Mansker Kelley R. , D’Souza Natalia , Housten Ashley J. , King Allison A.
Published: February 2015

OBJECTIVE. This article describes how adolescents with sickle cell disease (SCD) perceive their ability to perform everyday tasks required for transition to adult health care and independent living.

METHOD. The Adolescent Autonomy Checklist (AAC) was adapted to include skills associated with managing SCD (AAC–SCD) and was administered to adolescents during clinic visits. Participants indicated “can do already” or “needs practice” for 100 activities in 12 categories.

RESULTS. Of 122 patients, the percentage of adolescents who needed practice was greatest in living arrangements (38.7%), money management (35.8%), vocational skills (29.6%), and health care skills (25.5%). We found a significant effect of age and of cerebrovascular injury on the percentage of those who reported “needs practice” in multiple categories. We found no effect of gender and limited effect of hemoglobin phenotype on any skill category.

CONCLUSION. Findings support the need for educational intervention to improve transition skills in adolescents with SCD.
Trends of non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC) emissions in Beijing during 2002–2013
Authors: Wang M. , Shao M. , Chen W. , Lu S. , Liu Y. , Yuan B. , Zhang Q. , Zhang Q. , Chang C.-C. , Wang B. , Zeng L. , Hu M. , Yang Y. , Li Y.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. Non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) play a critical role in the photochemical production of ozone (O3) and organic aerosols. Obtaining an accurate understanding on temporal trends of NMHC emissions is essential for predicting air quality changes and evaluating the effectiveness of current control measures. In this study, we evaluated temporal trends of anthropogenic NMHC emissions during August in Beijing based on ambient measurements during selected summer periods at an urban site in Beijing from 2002 to 2013. In the contrast to the results from the most recent inventory (Multi-resolution Emission Inventory for China, MEIC), which reported that anthropogenic NMHC emissions during August increased by 28% from 2004 to 2012, whereas mixing ratios of NMHCs measured at this urban site decreased by 37% during the same time period. A positive matrix factorization (PMF) model was applied to these NMHC measurements for source apportionment. The results showed that the relative contributions of vehicular exhaust and gasoline evaporation to measured NMHC concentrations decreased by 66% during August from 2004 to 2012, comparable to the relative decline of 67% for transportation-related NMHC emissions reported by the MEIC inventory. This finding indicates that the implementation of stricter emissions standards for new vehicles and specific control measures for in-use vehicles has been effective for reducing transportation-related NMHC emissions. In addition, the PMF results suggested that there were no significant temporal changes in NMHC concentrations from solvent use and industry during August from 2004 to 2012, in contrast with the rapid rate of increase (8.8% yr−1) reported by the MEIC inventory. To re-evaluate the NMHC emissions trends for solvent use and industry, annual variations in NMHC / NOx ratios were compared between ambient measurements at the PKU site and the MEIC inventory. In contrast to the significant rise in NMHC / NOx ratios from the MEIC inventory, the measured NMHC / NOx ratios declined by 14% during August from 2005 to 2012. The inferred NMHC / NOx ratios based on PMF results exhibited a comparable decline of 11% to measured ratios. These results indicate that the increase rate for NMHC emissions from solvent use and industry in Beijing might be overestimated in the current inventory; therefore, additional research is necessary to verify the NMHC emission trends for this source.