bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nature conservation
Authors: Boyd John Morton
Published: March 2014

Conservation of nature is a culture of the twentieth century possessing its own philosophical, ethical and scientific frame which is distinct from those of agriculture, forestry and other producer industries. In the latter, conservation is directed towards the creation and maintenance of the quality and quantity of the product, be it cereal, wood pulp or automobiles; in the former, nature conservation is directed towards the maintenance of numbers of different species distributed in different assemblages of natural or semi-natural type and towards the care of geological and physiographical features.
THE BEGINNINGS OF A ‘COMMON-SENSE’ APPROACH TO PORTFOLIO THEORY BY NINETEENTH-CENTURY FRENCH FINANCIAL ANALYSTS PAUL LEROY-BEAULIEU AND ALFRED NEYMARCK
Authors: Edlinger Cécile , Parent Antoine
Published: March 2014

This article is an addition to the revisited history of financial economics. While Markowitz (1952, 1959), Roy (1952), and Tobin (1958) are recognized as the founding fathers of Modern Portfolio Theory, we recall that its origins should be traced prior to 1914. We consider two, turn-of-the-century, French, financial analysts and suggest that notions such as risk aversion and risk premium, international diversification and correlation, specific and systematic risks and arbitrage were common sense for Leroy-Beaulieu (1906) and Neymarck (1913). The contribution of these authors to the development of Modern Portfolio Theory—long before the 1950s—should not be underestimated.
Bilingualism and receptive vocabulary achievement: Could sociocultural context make a difference?
Authors: SMITHSON LISA , PARADIS JOHANNE , NICOLADIS ELENA
Published: March 2014

The purpose of this study was to investigate receptive vocabulary achievement among French–English bilinguals in Canada. Standardized test scores of receptive vocabulary were measured in both languages from preschool, early-elementary, and late-elementary French–English bilingual children, and French–English bilingual adults. Mean vocabulary scores across all bilingual age groups were statistically equivalent to or above the standard mean in French and English with the exception of the early-elementary bilinguals who scored below the standard mean on the English vocabulary assessment. Mean vocabulary scores of the preschool and adult bilingual groups were not significantly different from those of their monolingual peers in either language. However, early-elementary and late-elementary bilingual children scored significantly lower than monolinguals on the English vocabulary assessment. The positive sociocultural context for French–English bilingualism in Canada as well as language input changes in school are discussed as underlying reasons for these findings.
How do women's diets compare with the new Australian dietary guidelines?
Authors: Mishra Gita D , Schoenaker Danielle AJM , Mihrshahi Seema , Dobson Annette J
Published: March 2014

Objective

To compare women's diets with recommended intakes from the new Australian Dietary Guidelines (ADG 2013).

Design

Cross-sectional study using data from the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health. Diet was assessed using a validated FFQ.

Setting

Two nationally representative age cohorts of Australian women.

Subjects

Women in the young cohort (born 1973–1978, aged 31–36 years) and mid-age cohort (born 1946–1951, aged 50–55 years). Women (n 18 226) were categorised into three groups: ‘young women’ (n 5760), young ‘pregnant women’ at the time or who had given birth in the 12 months prior to the survey (n 1999) and ‘mid-age women’ (n 10 467).

Results

Less than 2 % of women in all three groups attained the ADG 2013 recommendation of five daily servings of vegetables, with the majority needing more than two additional servings. For young women, less than one-third met recommendations for fruit (32%) and meat and alternatives (28 %), while only a small minority did so for dairy (12 %) and cereals (7 %). Fifty per cent of pregnant women met guidelines for fruit, but low percentages reached guidelines for dairy (22 %), meat and alternatives (10 %) and cereals (2·5 %). For mid-age women, adherence was higher for meat and alternatives (41 %) and cereals (45 %), whereas only 1 % had the suggested dairy intake of four daily servings.

Conclusions

For most women to follow ADG 2013 recommendations would require substantially increased consumption of cereals, vegetables and dairy. Findings have implications for tailoring the dissemination of dietary guidelines for women in different age groups and for pregnant women.
Nanoscale Focused Ion Beam Tomography of Single Bacterial Cells for Assessment of Antibiotic Effects
Authors: Liu Boyin , Yu Heidi H. , Ng Tuck Wah , Paterson David L. , Velkov Tony , Li Jian , Fu Jing
Published: March 2014

Antibiotic resistance is a major risk to human health, and to provide valuable insights into mechanisms of resistance, innovative methods are needed to examine the cellular responses to antibiotic treatment. Focused ion beam tomography is proposed to image and assess the detailed three-dimensional (3D) ultrastructure of single bacterial cells. By iteratively removing slices of thickness in the order of 10 nm, high magnification 2D images can be acquired by scanning electron microscopy at single-digit nanometer resolution. In this study,Klebsiella pneumoniaewas treated with polymyxin B, and 3D models of both cell envelope and cytoplasm regions containing the nucleoid and ribosomes were reconstructed. The 3D volume containing the nucleoid and ribosomes was significantly smaller, and the cell length along the longitudinal axis was extended by 40% in the treated cells, implying stress responses to the drug treatment. More than a 200% increase in protrusions per unit surface area on the cell envelope was observed in the curvature analysis after treatment. Experiments by conventional transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy were also performed, followed by comparison and discussions. In conclusion, the proposed 3D imaging method and associated analysis provide a unique tool for the assessment of antibiotic effects on multidrug-resistant bacteria at nanometer resolution.
Some Useful Sources
Authors: Mok Ka Ho , Hudson John
Published: March 2014

The literature on welfare in Greater China is large and growing. The references for the articles in this themed section provide a good starting point for exploring the literature for each of the cases in the region.
NAIVE TRUTH AND NAIVE LOGICAL PROPERTIES
Authors: ZARDINI ELIA
Published: March 2014

A unified answer is offered to two distinct fundamental questions: whether a nonclassical solution to the semantic paradoxes should be extended to other apparently similar paradoxes (in particular, to the paradoxes of logical properties) and whether a nonclassical logic should be expressed in a nonclassical metalanguage. The paper starts by reviewing a budget of paradoxes involving the logical properties of validity, inconsistency, and compatibility. The author’s favored substructural approach to naive truth is then presented and it is explained how that approach can be extended in a very natural way so as to solve a certain paradox of validity. However, three individually decisive reasons are later provided for thinking that no approach adopting a classical metalanguage can adequately account for all the features involved in the paradoxes of logical properties. Consequently, the paper undertakes the task to do better, and, building on the system already developed, introduces a theory in a nonclassical metalanguage that expresses an adequate logic of naive truth and of some naive logical properties.
The Psychology of AIDS Denialism
Authors: Kalichman Seth C.
Published: March 2014

More than 34 million people in the world are living with HIV/AIDS. Each year there are nearly three million new HIV infections and nearly two million AIDS-related deaths. In the face of these staggering statistics, there is a vocal group of individuals who deny reality and claim that HIV is harmless or may not even exist at all. Mirroring the AIDS pandemic itself, AIDS denialism is a threat to public health. AIDS denialism propagates the views of a few rogue scientists through press releases, social media, and a significant presence on the Internet. AIDS Denialists aim to undermine HIV testing, prevention, and treatment. Most tragic has been the adoption of AIDS Denialist views by public officials, perhaps none more infamous than former President of South Africa Thabo Mbeki. This article examines the psychology of AIDS denialism, focusing on its emergence from the earliest days of AIDS and its grounding in conspiracy thinking and medical mistrust. The article also describes the tactics and rhetoric of AIDS denialism and those who are most vulnerable to AIDS Denialist claims. Recommendations are offered for countering AIDS denialism by exposing its fake experts and baseless claims.
Water channel formation and ion transport in linear and branched lipid bilayers
Authors: Wang Shihu , Larson Ronald G.
Published: March 2014

The lipid bilayer stability and water channel morphologies are affected by the presence of methyl branches on lipid tails.
Molecular and polymeric zinc(ii) phosphonates: isolation of an octanuclear ellipsoidal ensemble
Authors: Sahoo Dipankar , Suriyanarayanan Ramakirushnan , Metre Ramesh K. , Chandrasekhar Vadapalli
Published: March 2014

Molecular and polymeric Zn(ii) phosphonates were obtained and characterized. These include an ellipsoid-shaped octanuclear complex, [Zn8(Cl)6{2,3,5,6-(Me)4C6HCH2PO3}6(Et3N)2(Et3NH)2]·2n-hexane·3H2O.
Tailoring fluorescent strigolactones for in vivo investigations: a computational and experimental study
Authors: Prandi Cristina , Ghigo Giovanni , Occhiato Ernesto G. , Scarpi Dina , Begliomini Stefano , Lace Beatrice , Alberto Gabriele , Artuso Emma , Blangetti Marco
Published: March 2014

Fluorescent strigolactones have been designed and synthesized to fit bioimaging requirements.
Exposure of vitamins to UVB and UVA radiation generates singlet oxygen
Authors: Knak Alena , Regensburger Johannes , Maisch Tim , Bäumler Wolfgang
Published: March 2014

Deleterious effects of UV radiation in tissue are usually attributed to different mechanisms. Absorption of UVB radiation in cell constituents like DNA causes photochemical reactions. Absorption of UVA radiation in endogenous photosensitizers like vitamins generates singlet oxygen via photosensitized reactions. We investigated two further mechanisms that might be involved in UV mediated cell tissue damage. Firstly, UVB radiation and vitamins also generate singlet oxygen. Secondly, UVB radiation may change the chemical structure of vitamins that may change the role of such endogenous photosensitizers in UVA mediated mechanisms. Vitamins were irradiated in solution using monochromatic UVB (308 nm) or UVA (330, 355, or 370 nm) radiation. Singlet oxygen was directly detected and quantified by its luminescence at 1270 nm. All investigated molecules generated singlet oxygen with a quantum yield ranging from 0.007 (vitamin D3) to 0.64 (nicotinamide) independent of the excitation wavelength. Moreover, pre-irradiation of vitamins with UVB changed their absorption in the UVB and UVA spectral range. Subsequently, molecules such as vitamin E and vitamin K1, which normally exhibit no singlet oxygen generation in the UVA, now produce singlet oxygen when exposed to UVA at 355 nm. This interplay of different UV sources is inevitable when applying serial or parallel irradiation with UVA and UVB in experiments in vitro. These results should be of particular importance for parallel irradiation with UVA and UVB in vivo, e.g. when exposing the skin to solar radiation.
Biofunctional nanogold microsphere doped with Prussian blue nanoparticles for sensitive electrochemical immunoassay of cancer marker
Authors: Li Qunfang , Lou Fangming , Tang Dianping
Published: March 2014

A novel signal-amplified strategy for sensitive electrochemical immunoassay of cancer marker was developed by using Prussian blue nanoparticles-doped nanogold microsphere as the promoter.
A triangular triplatinum(0) complex with bridging germylene ligands: insertion of alkynes into the Pt–Ge bond rather than the Pt–Pt bond
Authors: Tanabe Makoto , Tanaka Kimiya , Omine Shumpei , Osakada Kohtaro
Published: March 2014

A triangular triplatinum(0) complex with bridging germylene ligands was prepared and fully characterized. The Pt3Ge3 core is bonded with electron-releasing GePh2 and PMe3 ligands. Insertion of alkyne into the Pt–Ge bonds results in the formation of germaplatinacyclic compounds.
Novel coordination polymers of Zn(ii) and Cd(ii) tuned by different aromatic polycarboxylates: synthesis, structures and photocatalytic properties
Authors: Li Ming , Liu Lu , Zhang Lin , Lv Xiaofeng , Ding Jie , Hou Hongwei , Fan Yaoting
Published: March 2014

Six fascinating coordination polymers (CPs) showed good photocatalytic activities for the degradation of methylene blue (MB).
From discovery to scale-up: α-lipoic acid : nicotinamide co-crystals in a continuous oscillatory baffled crystalliser
Authors: Zhao Lihua , Raval Vishal , Briggs Naomi E. B. , Bhardwaj Rajni M. , McGlone Thomas , Oswald Iain D. H. , Florence Alastair J.
Published: March 2014

Discovery, characterisation and scale-up of novel α-lipoic acid co-crystals using continuous crystallisation in a COBC is demonstrated.
Utilising hinged ligands in MOF synthesis: a covalent linking strategy for forming 3D MOFs
Authors: Coghlan Campbell J. , Sumby Christopher J. , Doonan Christian J.
Published: March 2014

A strategy to covalently connect 2D MOFs by ligand design is reported that yields 3D MOFs topologically-related to the 2D structures without the need for a second ‘pillaring link’.
Probing interactions through space using spin–spin coupling
Authors: Stanford Martin W. , Knight Fergus R. , Athukorala Arachchige Kasun S. , Sanz Camacho Paula , Ashbrook Sharon E. , Bühl Michael , Slawin Alexandra M. Z. , Woollins J. Derek
Published: March 2014

A series of eight 5-(TeAr)-6-(SePh)acenaphthenes (Ar = aryl) were prepared and structurally characterised by X-ray crystallography, solution and solid-state NMR spectroscopy and DFT/B3LYP calculations.
Multigram synthesis of bis[(trimethylsilyl)ethynyl]benzenes suitable for post-polymerization modification
Authors: Glöcklhofer Florian , Lumpi Daniel , Stöger Berthold , Fröhlich Johannes
Published: March 2014

Novel building blocks for functional organic materials have been synthesized, subjected to polymerization and subsequently to post-polymerization modification.
Synthesis and characterisation of a novel europium(iii)-containing heptaisobutyl-POSS
Authors: Marchesi Stefano , Carniato Fabio , Boccaleri Enrico
Published: March 2014

A novel Eu(iii)-containing POSS with good light quantum efficiency and high photostability was designed and characterized by a multidisciplinary approach.
Sulphur doping: a facile approach to tune the electronic structure and optical properties of graphene quantum dots
Authors: Li Xueming , Lau Shu Ping , Tang Libin , Ji Rongbin , Yang Peizhi
Published: March 2014

Sulphur-doped graphene quantum dots emit a variety of colours.
Viscoelasticity of nematic liquid crystals at a glance
Authors: Giavazzi Fabio , Crotti Stefano , Speciale Antonio , Serra Francesca , Zanchetta Giuliano , Trappe Veronique , Buscaglia Marco , Bellini Tommaso , Cerbino Roberto
Published: March 2014

A new microscopy method is demonstrated for the characterisation of the viscoelasticity of nematic liquid crystals. Both aligned and spatially disordered samples are studied successfully. Several other heterogeneous soft materials could be studied with this approach.
Real time observation of mechanically triggered piezoelectric current in individual ZnO nanobelts
Authors: Asthana A. , Ardakani H. A. , Yap Y. K. , Yassar R. S.
Published: March 2014

We report here, the mechanically triggered electrical current in the uniaxially compressed individual ZnO nanobelts under no applied bias, measuredin situin a transmission electron microscope. In contrast to the bending, the magnitude of the electrical current increased with the increase of uniaxial compression, which indicates load-mode dependency of the detected current.
TIGAR's promiscuity
Authors: Bolaños Juan P.
Published: March 2014

TIGAR [TP53 (tumour protein 53)-induced glycolysis and apoptosis regulator] protein is known for its ability to inhibit glycolysis, shifting glucose consumption towards the pentose phosphate pathway to promote antioxidant protection of cancer cells. According to sequence homology and activity analyses, TIGAR was initially considered to be a fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase; it has thus received much attention in cancer cell metabolism, given its dependence on p53 and the key role of F26BP (fructose 2,6-bisphosphate) at modulating glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. However, in a rigorous study published in this issue of the Biochemical Journal, Gerin and colleagues report that recombinant TIGAR is a 23BPG (2,3-bisphosphoglycerate) phosphatase, although it also dephosphorylates other carboxylic acid-phosphate esters and, weakly, F26BP. As such, inhibition of endogenous TIGAR leads to a dramatic increase in cellular 23BPG, influencing F26BP to a lower extent that depends on the cellular context. These results challenge the currently held notion that TIGAR modulates glycolysis through decreasing F26BP, and opens a yet unrecognized function(s) for TIGAR-mediated 23BPG control of cellular metabolism in health and disease.
Modelling and simulating worm propagation in static and dynamic traffic
Authors: Wang Jian , Liu Yanheng , Deng Kevin
Published: March 2014

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) have no fixed infrastructure and instead relies on the vehicles themselves to provide network functionality. An attack scenario with potentially catastrophic consequences is the outbreak of mobile worm epidemic in these networks. This paper analyses the snapshot spreading results under an urban scenario with equilibrium traffic through modelling the mobility pattern, the communication channel, the medium access control (MAC) mechanism and the worm propagation process. The extensive Monte Carlo simulations uncovered the effects of the transmission range (from a typical minimum to a maximum), the minimum velocity and the maximum velocity (from the free flow to the congested traffic), the vehicle density (from a sparse topology to a dense spatial relation) and the MAC mechanism (from presence to absence) on epidemic spreading of such worms in VANETs. Furthermore, the authors simulate the wireless worm propagation in dynamic traffic with the same scenario as the static traffic by using a network simulation tool. The authors discuss the correlation between snapshot results and evolutive outcome, also analyse the reasons resulting in the local differences and finally uncover the interrelations between the affected rate and network parameters. The results are expected to help engineers design intelligent and automatic detection prevention strategies for VANETs.
Implementing Sustainable IT Strategy: The Case of Intel
Authors: Curry Edward , Donnellan Brian
Published: March 2014

Sustainable IT (Information Technology) involves the responsible management of resources (both IT and non-IT) encompassing environmental, economic, and social dimensions. Sustainable IT has the potential to be a significant contributor to an organization's sustainability strategy. In this teaching case, we examine what Intel IT has done to transform its operations with Sustainable IT, resulting in the avoidance of significant CO2 emissions and cost savings. This teaching case challenges the reader to analyze the Sustainable IT capability at Intel. The case includes insights into strategic and operational challenges of planning and managing Sustainable IT.
Exchange bias associated with phase separation in the Nd2/3Ca1/3MnO3 manganite
Authors: Fertman Elena , Dolya Sergiy , Desnenko Vladimir , Kajňaková Marcela , Feher Alexander
Published: March 2014

The exchange bias (EB) phenomenon has been found in Nd2/3Ca1/3MnO3 perovskite. The phenomenon manifests itself as a negative horizontal shift of magnetization hysteresis loops. The EB phenomenon is evident of an interface exchange coupling between coexisting antiferromagnetic (AFM) and ferromagnetic (FM) phases and confirms the phase separated state of the compound at low temperatures. The EB effect is found to be strongly dependent on the cooling magnetic field and the temperature, which is associated with the evolution of spontaneous AFM–FM phase separated state of the compound. Analysis of magnetic hysteresis loops has shown that ferromagnetic moment MFM originating from the FM clusters saturates in a relatively low magnetic field about H ∼ 0.4 T. The obtained saturation value MFM (1 T) ∼ 0.45 μB is in a good agreement with our previous neutron diffraction data.
Irreversibility and anisotropy of the low-temperature magnetization in manganites. Spin-glass polyamorphism
Authors: Sirenko V. A. , Eremenko V. V.
Published: March 2014

The temperature dependences of the magnetization in manganites of different composition and structural morphology were measured in two cooling regimes, field cooling (FC) and zero-field cooling (ZFC), for two different orientations of a magnetic field, parallel and perpendicular to the c-axis. The following general tendencies were found: (1) The difference between the magnetizations MFC and MZFC at T = 5 K increases with increasing magnetic field, reaching the maximum value in a magnetic field of about 2 kOe, and then drops in the range 2–5 kOe; (2) The field dependence of the “splitting” temperature T* below which the difference between the magnetizations MFC and MZFC appears can be reasonably well described by a power law with the exponent 2/3 as predicted by the theory of spin glasses. Both results are characteristic for single crystals, as well as for ceramics and films. On the other hand, the field dependence of the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility is different for samples with different degrees of magnetic ordering (Θ/TC). These results are consistent with the detected in the present study universality of the line separating the low-temperature region of irreversibility in the H–T phase diagram of manganites. Deviations from the T*–H-line with the exponent 2/3 in strong magnetic fields, which are commonly associated with the appearance of the magnetization component transverse to the magnetic field, are typical for samples containing the antiferromagnetic phase. The interpretation takes into account the multi-phase nature of the systems, i.e., coexistence of spin glass with ferromagnetism and antiferromagnetism. The observed change in the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility with increasing magnetic field and the behavior of magnetic and thermomagnetic irreversibility are regarded as a manifestation of the spin-reorientation phase transition in an antiferromagnetic environment. This in turn initiates the transformation of the spin-glass—from the Ising- to the Heisenberg-type—which leads to the change in the exponent in the T*–H diagram from 2/3 to 2. The observed phenomenon is universal—it was observed in manganites of different composition and structural morphology—and represents a particular type of polyamorphism, namely, spin-glass polyamorphism.
The fluid dynamics of work transfer in the non-uniform viscous rotating flow within a Tesla disc turbomachine
Authors: Guha Abhijit , Sengupta Sayantan
Published: March 2014

In this article, the fluid dynamics of work transfer within the narrow spacing (usually of the order of 100 μm) of multiple concentric discs of a Tesla disc turbomachine (turbine or compressor) has been analysed theoretically and computationally. Both the overall work transfer and its spatial development have been considered. It has been established that the work transfer mechanism in a Tesla disc turbomachine is very different from that in a conventional turbomachine, and the formulation of the Euler's work equation for the disc turbomachine contains several conceptual subtleties because of the existence of complex, three dimensional, non-uniform, viscous flow features. A work equivalence principle has been enunciated, which establishes the equality between the magnitudes of work transfer determined rigorously from two different approaches—one based on the shear stress acting on the disc surfaces and the other based on the change in angular momentum of the fluid. Care is needed in identifying the shear stress components that are responsible for the generation or absorption of useful power. It is shown from the Reynolds transport theorem that mass-flow-averaged tangential velocities (as opposed to the normally used area-averaged values) must be used in determining the change in angular momentum; the calculation has to be carefully formulated since both radial velocity (that determines throughput) and tangential velocity (that generates torque) depend strongly on the coordinate perpendicular to the disc surfaces. The principle of work transfer has been examined both in the absolute and relative frames of reference, revealing the subtle role played by Coriolis force. The concept of a new non-dimensional quantity called the torque potential fraction ($\Delta \tilde H$ΔH̃) is introduced. The value of $\Delta \tilde H$ΔH̃ at any radial position increases with a decrease in inter-disc spacing. The computational fluid dynamic analysis shows that, for small value of inter-disc spacing and high value of tangential speed ratio, most of the angular momentum of the fluid is transferred to the surfaces of the discs in the inlet region and correspondingly, the value of the torque potential fraction is very high even in the inlet region. On the other hand, for larger inter-disc spacing, the change in angular momentum in the radial direction is more uniformly distributed between the inlet and the outlet, and the value of the torque potential fraction increases gradually with decreasing radius. The complex (sometimes continuous, sometimes disjointed) three-dimensional shapes of the iso-surfaces of Uθr (product of absolute tangential velocity and radius) have been shown, for the first time, which provide insight into the fluid dynamics of work transfer within corotating discs.
An unexpected particle oscillation for electrophoresis in viscoelastic fluids through a microchannel constriction
Authors: Lu Xinyu , Patel Saurin , Zhang Meng , Woo Joo Sang , Qian Shizhi , Ogale Amod , Xuan Xiangchun
Published: March 2014

Electrophoresis plays an important role in many applications, which, however, has so far been extensively studied in Newtonian fluids only. This work presents the first experimental investigation of particle electrophoresis in viscoelastic polyethylene oxide (PEO) solutions through a microchannel constriction under pure DC electric fields. An oscillatory particle motion is observed in the constriction region, which is distinctly different from the particle behavior in a polymer-free Newtonian fluid. This stream-wise particle oscillation continues until a sufficient number of particles form a chain to pass through the constriction completely. It is speculated that such an unexpected particle oscillating phenomenon is a consequence of the competition between electrokinetic force and viscoelastic force induced in the constriction. The electric field magnitude, particle size, and PEO concentration are all found to positively affect this viscoelasticity-related particle oscillation due to their respective influences on the two forces.
A non-resonant, frequency up-converted electromagnetic energy harvester from human-body-induced vibration for hand-held smart system applications
Authors: Halim Miah A. , Park Jae Y.
Published: March 2014

We present a non-resonant, frequency up-converted electromagnetic energy harvester that generates significant power from human-body-induced vibration, e.g., hand-shaking. Upon excitation, a freely movable non-magnetic ball within a cylinder periodically hits two magnets suspended on two helical compression springs located at either ends of the cylinder, allowing those to vibrate with higher frequencies. The device parameters have been designed based on the characteristics of human hand-shaking vibration. A prototype has been developed and tested both by vibration exciter (for non-resonance test) and by manual hand-shaking. The fabricated device generated 110 μW average power with 15.4 μW cm−3 average power density, while the energy harvester was mounted on a smart phone and was hand-shaken, indicating its ability in powering portable hand-held smart devices from low frequency (<5 Hz) vibrations.
Improvement of light extraction efficiency and reduction of driving voltage in organic light emitting diodes using a plasmonic crystal
Authors: Okamoto Takayuki , Shinotsuka Kei
Published: March 2014

Two-dimensional periodic corrugation was introduced into the surface of metallic cathodes of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) to extract surface plasmon energy, which is trapped in that surface, as free-space photons. The dependence of the improvement factor of the emission efficiency on the modulation depth of the corrugation was systematically investigated. The corrugation was fabricated by using a colloidal lithography technique, which can be easily applied to a wide area. The obtained maximum improvement factor in current efficiency was 1.67 for an OLED with a 40 nm modulation depth, whereas the improvement in power efficiency was 2.35 for an OLED with a 60 nm modulation depth. We attributed the former improvement factor purely to optical effects and the latter to both optical and electrical effects, namely, a reduction of the electrical resistance of the organic layers due to the introduced corrugation.
On the broadening of the magnetic entropy change due to Curie temperature distribution
Authors: Alvarez-Alonso Pablo , Sánchez Llamazares José L. , Sánchez-Valdés César F. , Cuello Gabriel J. , Franco Victorino , Gorria Pedro , Blanco Jesús A.
Published: March 2014

We have studied the correlation between the broadening of the isothermal magnetic entropy change and the Curie temperature (TC) distribution in nanostructured Pr2Fe17 and Nd2Fe17 alloys produced by high-energy ball-milling after milling times of 10, 20, and 40 h. The changes in the microstructure affect the Fe local environments and as a consequence the magnetic interactions, giving rise to TC distributions centered around 285 K and 330 K for the Pr2Fe17 and Nd2Fe17 alloys, respectively. The width of the distributions enlarges (up to 60 K) as the milling-time increases, and consequently, the isothermal magnetic entropy change curves show an extended full width at half maximum.
Warm planets orbiting cool stars
Authors: Johnson John A.
Published: March 2014

Red dwarfs are the Milky Way’s most common stars. And their smallness helps those who hunt for Earth-like planets.
A national mailed survey exploring weight management services across Australian community pharmacies
Authors: Fakih Souhiela , Marriott Jennifer L. , Hussainy Safeera Y.
Published: March 2014

This study investigated pharmacists’ and pharmacy assistants’ current weight management recommendations to consumers across Australian community pharmacies using a mailed questionnaire. Two questionnaires were developed, one for pharmacists and one for pharmacy assistants, each divided into five sections. One pharmacist and pharmacy assistant questionnaire were mailed in November 2011 to a systematic sample of 3000 pharmacies across Australia for one pharmacist and pharmacy assistant each to complete. A total of 537 pharmacist and 403 pharmacy assistant responses, from 880 different pharmacies, were received. Overall 94.5% (n = 832/880) of associated pharmacies stocked weight loss products and 48.2% (n = 424/880) offered a weight management program. Both pharmacists and pharmacy assistants felt that the development of pharmacy-specific educational resources and additional training would help improve their ability to provide weight management services. Australian pharmacists and pharmacy assistants currently appear to be providing weight management services to consumers; however, not all their recommendations are evidence based. The need for additional training for pharmacy staff in areas identified as lacking and the development of pharmacy weight management educational resources needs to be addressed.
Subpopulation pattern of eel spermatozoa is affected by post-activation time, hormonal treatment and the thermal regimen
Authors: Gallego V. , Vílchez M. C. , Peñaranda D. S. , Pérez L. , Herráez M. P. , Asturiano J. F. , Martínez-Pastor F.
Published: March 2014

There has been a marked reduction in natural stocks of eels (genus Anguilla) over the past 60 years, and the culture of eels is still based on the capture of very large quantities of juveniles. It is necessary to close the life cycle in captivity in order to ease the pressure on wild populations. The aims of the present study were to evaluate sperm subpopulations (through cluster analysis of computer-aided sperm analysis data) in the European eel (Anguilla anguilla) and to assess the effects of motility acquisition time after activation (i.e. at 30, 60 and 90 s), the thermal regimen (i.e. 10°C (T10) or 15°C (T15) and up to 20°C, or constant at 20°C (T20)) and hormonal treatments (i.e. human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), recombinant (r) hCG or pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG)) on these subpopulations. In all cases, we obtained three subpopulations of spermatozoa: low velocity and linear (S1); high velocity with low linearity (S2); and high velocity and linear (S3; considered high quality). Total motility and S1 were affected by acquisition time; thus, 30 s is recommended as the standard time for motility acquisition. When eels were kept at 20°C (T20), motility data fitted quadratic models, with the highest motility and proportion of S3 between Weeks 8 and 12 after the first injection. Lower temperatures (T10, T15) delayed spermiation and the obtaining of high-quality spermatozoa (S3), but did not seem to alter the spermiation process (similar subpopulation pattern). Conversely, the hormonal treatments altered both the dynamics of the subpopulation pattern and the onset of spermiation (with PMSG delaying it). Total motility and the yield of S3 with the widely used hCG treatment varied throughout the spermiation period. However, using rhCG allowed us to obtain high-quality and constant motility for most of the study (Weeks 7–20), and the S3 yield was also higher overall (61.8 ± 1.3%; mean ± s.e.m.) and more stable over time than the other hormonal treatments (averaging 53.0 ± 1.4%). Using T20 and rhCG would be more economical and practical, allowing us to obtain a higher number of S3 spermatozoa over an extended time.
An evaluation of an express testing service for sexually transmissible infections in low-risk clients without complications
Authors: Gamagedara Nimal , Dobinson Sheranne , Cummings Rosey , Fairley Christopher K. , Lee David
Published: March 2014

Background One effective way of reducing the prevalence of sexually transmissible infections (STIs) in a population is ensuring easy access to clinical services and screening of populations at high risk of STIs, including HIV. We aimed to describe the features of clients using the express testing service (ETS) and the overall impact on the service. Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional study involved all clients attending the walk-in triage service at Melbourne Sexual Health Centre before the introduction of ETS in 2009 and after ETS (2011 and 2012). Results: There were 32 720 and 82 265 consultations before and after ETS respectively. The ETS saw 4387 (9%) of 55 648 consultations (excluding appointments and results), giving rise to a fall in the proportion of lower-risk clients having full consultations (from 53% to 50% of consultations; P < 0.001). The consultations testing for HIV and chlamydia (Chlamydia trachomatis) were marginally higher (HIV: 48% v. 47%, P = 0.017; chlamydia: 70% v. 68%, P = 0.015) with ETS. Young (26 v. 27 years) females (38% v. 34%) utilised the ETS more (P < 0.001). The time taken for consultation and the total time spent in the clinic was significantly decreased during the ETS period (from 25 min to 6 min for consultation time and from 59 min to 29 min for total clinic time; P < 0.001). Conclusions: The data suggest that fast-track services such as ETS are effective in increasing access for higher-risk individuals while streamlining screening of asymptomatic low-risk clients.
Endogenous localizome identifies 43 mitotic kinesins in a plant cell
Authors: Miki Tomohiro , Naito Haruko , Nishina Momoko , Goshima Gohta
Published: March 2014

Significance

It has been a mystery as to why plants have many more kinesins than do animals (e.g., 45 in humans, >60 in land plants). To address this issue, the experimental analysis of each kinesin is critical. However, it has not been trivial to analyze >60 kinesins in a comprehensive manner in plants. Here, by using endogenous YFP tagging, we found that as many as 43 kinesins are localized to the mitotic apparatus in the moss
Physcomitrella patens
. All but one kinesin showed a localization pattern distinct from the animal homologues, indicating the necessity of studying individual kinesin functions in plants.
Evidence that dimethyl sulfide facilitates a tritrophic mutualism between marine primary producers and top predators
Authors: Savoca Matthew S. , Nevitt Gabrielle A.
Published: March 2014

Significance

This study demonstrates that dimethyl sulfide, a chemical cue involved in global climate regulation, mediates a tritrophic mutualistic interaction between marine apex predators and primary producers. Our results imply that marine top predators play a critical role in maintaining both ocean health and global climate. Our results highlight the need for more collaboration and discussion between micro- and macroscale biologists working on global issues in the Southern Ocean.
Actin-dependent plastid movement is required for motive force generation in directional nuclear movement in plants
Authors: Higa Takeshi , Suetsugu Noriyuki , Kong Sam-Geun , Wada Masamitsu
Published: March 2014

Significance

High-light–induced avoidance movements of chloroplasts and nuclei from the leaf cell surface to the side walls are essential for minimizing damage from strong visible light and UV light, respectively. Phototropins, blue-light photoreceptors, regulate short actin filaments on the plasma membrane side of chloroplasts, allowing chloroplasts to move autonomously in response to light. We show that some plastids attach to the nucleus, and that their actin-dependent movements are essential for light-induced nuclear movement in the
Arabidopsis
leaf cell. Indeed, nuclei without plastid attachments did not exhibit blue-light-induced movement. Our results demonstrate that nuclei are incapable of autonomously moving in response to light, and that the close association between nuclei and plastids is essential for their cooperative movements and functions.
Strength of a bifurcated H bond
Authors: Feldblum Esther S. , Arkin Isaiah T.
Published: March 2014

Significance

Hydrogen bonding is one of the characteristic features of macromolecules. Therefore, it is not surprising that extensive research has gone into understanding the energetics and importance of hydrogen bonding. All of these studies focused on hydrogen bonds that involve a single donor and acceptor pair. Yet the H-bonding potential of many acceptors leads to the phenomenon of overcoordination between two donors and one acceptor. Here we have used both experimental approaches and computational analyses to measure the strength of such bifurcated hydrogen bonds and show that their energy is between 60% and 50% of canonical H bonds. Finally, we show how the energetics of bifurcated H bonds directly impact amino acid side-chain structure.
Concert halls with strong lateral reflections enhance musical dynamics
Authors: Pätynen Jukka , Tervo Sakari , Robinson Philip W. , Lokki Tapio
Published: March 2014

Significance

The concert hall conveys orchestral sound to the listener through acoustic reflections from directions defined by the room geometry. When sound arrives from the sides of the head, binaural hearing emphasizes the same frequencies produced by higher orchestral-playing dynamics, thus enhancing perceived dynamic range. Many studies on room acoustics acknowledge the importance of such lateral reflections, but their contribution to the dynamic responsiveness of the hall has not yet been understood. Because dynamic expression is such a critical part of symphonic music, this phenomenon helps to explain the established success of shoebox-type concert halls.
Activation induced deaminase C-terminal domain links DNA breaks to end protection and repair during class switch recombination
Authors: Zahn Astrid , Eranki Anil K. , Patenaude Anne-Marie , Methot Stephen P. , Fifield Heather , Cortizas Elena M. , Foster Paul , Imai Kohsuke , Durandy Anne , Larijani Mani , Verdun Ramiro E. , Di Noia Javier M.
Published: March 2014

Significance

The enzyme activation-induced deaminase (AID) triggers antibody class switch recombination (CSR), a critical mechanism for immune response. CSR is an intrachromosomal rearrangement requiring DNA double strand breaks that are initiated by AID and must be repaired by specific DNA repair pathways. We identify a domain of AID that is required to link the DNA damage step with the subsequent repair during CSR as well as for chromosomal translocations, a collateral effect of CSR. AID influences the recruitment of appropriate end-joining pathways for CSR, preventing aberrant DNA processing that leads to cell death or nonproductive repair and dominant-negative effects. Our results can also explain the basis of an autosomal dominant immunodeficiency caused by C-terminally truncated AID variants.
Seminal vesicle protein SVS2 is required for sperm survival in the uterus
Authors: Kawano Natsuko , Araki Naoya , Yoshida Kaoru , Hibino Taku , Ohnami Naoko , Makino Maako , Kanai Seiya , Hasuwa Hidetoshi , Yoshida Manabu , Miyado Kenji , Umezawa Akihiro
Published: March 2014

Significance

Male mice lacking seminal vesicle secretion 2 (SVS2) protein, which is a major component of seminal vesicle secretions, display prominently reduced fertility. However, their epididymal sperm are able to fertilize eggs normally in vitro, suggesting that SVS2 is only essential for in vivo fertilization. We demonstrate that infertility in
SVS2
−/−
male mice is caused not only by failed copulatory plug formation but also by the disruption of ejaculated sperm in the uterus by uterus-derived cytotoxic factors. SVS2 acts to protect sperm against these uterus-derived cytotoxic factors by coating the sperm surface and preventing uterine attack. Thus, our results provide evidence that mammalian males have developed a protective strategy against female attack at the gamete level.
Ablation of the oncogenic transcription factor ERG by deubiquitinase inhibition in prostate cancer
Authors: Wang Shan , Kollipara Rahul K. , Srivastava Nishi , Li Rui , Ravindranathan Preethi , Hernandez Elizabeth , Freeman Eva , Humphries Caroline G. , Kapur Payal , Lotan Yair , Fazli Ladan , Gleave Martin E. , Plymate Stephen R. , Raj Ganesh V. , Hsieh Jer-Tsong , Kittler Ralf
Published: March 2014

Significance

The transcription factor E-twenty-six related gene (ERG) is a major driver of prostate cancer, which makes this protein an interesting target for drug development. In this study, we report the discovery of an enzyme, ubiquitin-specific peptidase 9, X-linked (USP9X), which stabilizes ERG. We demonstrate that inhibition of USP9X with the small molecule WP1130 causes rapid degradation of ERG and blocked the growth of cultured prostate cancer cells and prostate tumors that express ERG. These findings suggest that inhibition of USP9X with small molecules should be explored for the development of a prostate cancer therapy that targets ERG.
Sparkling feather reflections of a bird-of-paradise explained by finite-difference time-domain modeling
Authors: Wilts Bodo D. , Michielsen Kristel , De Raedt Hans , Stavenga Doekele G.
Published: March 2014

Significance

Birds-of-paradise are brilliant examples of colorful displays in nature. The dazzling colors of the display, used in ritualized dances to attract the attention of mates, arise from the interference and diffraction of light within photonic nanostructures on their feathers. This study reports a quantitative investigation of the complex photonic structures by connecting experimental photonics with a state of the art computational model. The methods used in this study may be applied to numerous applications, e.g., for optimized photonic crystal designs. Here it has allowed us to unveil the coloration mechanisms in the feathers of a bird-of-paradise and investigate the connection of feather colors to the avian visual system.
Using multi-dimensional analysis to explore cross-linguistic universals of register variation
Authors: Biber Douglas
Published: March 2014

Multi-Dimensional analyses have been conducted for many different discourse domains and many different languages. Using bottom-up statistical analyses, these studies have investigated specific patterns of register variation in several different discourse domains of English, as well as the more general patterns of register variation in many different languages. Each study identifies linguistic dimensions that are peculiar to that particular language/domain. However, the more theoretically interesting finding is that linguistically similar dimensions emerge in nearly all of these studies. Two of these dimensions are especially robust, making them strong candidates for universal dimensions of register variation: 1) a fundamental opposition between clausal/‘oral’ discoursevs.phrasal/‘literate’ discourse, and 2) the opposition between narrativevs. non-narrative discourse. The present paper introduces the methodology of Multi-Dimensional analysis and surveys the research studies carried out to date, with an emphasis on these potentially universal patterns of register variation.
Patterns of reorganization of the early English nominal system
Authors: Adamczyk Elżbieta
Published: March 2014

The present paper discusses the reorganization process of early English nominal inflection, investigating in detail the mechanism involved. The focus of the study is on the old English minor (unproductive) declensions which testify to a considerable departure from the inherited Proto-Germanic inflectional system, losing their identity as independent inflectional classes in the course of the Old English period. The investigation aims at identifying the patterns of the restructuring process, in particular its distribution with respect to the criteria of case and number. The data analysis shows that the patterns of restructuring were largely determined by the case/number hierarchy as predicted by the theories of markedness. It also reveals the importance of factors such as the morphological and semantic makeup of individual classes and the frequency of occurrence (operating on different levels) with its conserving effect. In a broader context, the study explores some general consequences of the process of the reshaping of the early English inflectional system, especially its theoretical implications for the traditional philological taxonomy of Old English nouns.
What is West Germanic today?
Authors: Askedal John Ole
Published: March 2014

Most work devoted to the delineation and development of West Germanic focuses on its prehistory and early history as a branch of Germanic. The present contribution rather wishes to draw attention to certain characteristic differences between the present-day (High) German, Dutch, (West) Frisian and English standard languages which may appear interesting in view of their presumably common West Germanic origin. The discussion is based on a number of morphosyntactic phenomena that have proved useful in current studies of linguistic typology, including in particular word order and case-marking as well as certain characteristic features of verb constructions and verb morphology.