bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Custom‐built
Authors: Salvador Fabrizio , Brown Tom
Published: May 2009

Mass customization has rapidly moved from an abstract theory to a practical source of competitive advantage. Fabrizio Salvador has been studying the companies that have bolstered their business by tapping into the idiosyncratic needs of customers. Tom Brown reports on his latest thinking.
The village clay: recursive innovations and community self‐fashioning among Sinhalese potters
Authors: Winslow Deborah
Published: May 2009

Capital‐intensive technological change among petty commodity producers is often thought to increase socio‐economic and gender differentiation. But among the Sri Lankan potters described here, this appears not to have happened. Instead, the community has harnessed the power of kinship and memory to maintain egalitarian and communitarian values and practices, and sustain a fragile but eminently practical balance between the needs of individual households and the interests of the community they comprise and on which they depend. Building on economist W. Brian Arthur's theories of origination and archaeologist Sander van der Leeuw's work on potter agency, it is argued here that culture and social organization comprise support systems that are as vital as capital to successful technological change.

Le changement technologique à fort investissement de capitaux chez les petits producteurs de marchandises courantes est souvent considéré comme un facteur de renforcement des différenciations socio‐économiques et de genre. Il semble pourtant que cela ne soit pas le cas chez les potiers du Sri Lanka décrits ici. Leur communauté sait au contraire exploiter la force de la parenté et de la mémoire pour entretenir des valeurs et pratiques égalitaires et communautaires et maintenir un équilibre, fragile mais éminemment pratique, entre les besoins de chacun des foyers et les intérêts de la communauté qu'ils composent et de laquelle ils dépendent. Sur la base des théories des origines de l'économiste W. Brian Arthur et des travaux de l'archéologue Sander van der Leeuw sur l'agency des potiers, l'auteur affirme que la culture et l'organisation sociale composent des systèmes de soutien qui sont aussi indispensables au changement technologique que les capitaux.
Why Mapuche sing
Authors: Course Magnus
Published: May 2009

This article attempts to draw out some of the connections between the attraction of personal songs (ül) and ideas about personhood among rural Mapuche people in southern Chile. Approaching these songs from both sociological and semiotic perspectives, I argue that they are constituted as imprints of the singular subjectivities of their initial composers. A focus on three specific features ofül– their use of first‐person pronouns, their entextualization, and their musicality – reveals how they allow the subjectivities encapsulated within them to become ‘inhabited’ by others. I conclude by suggesting that this process of inhabiting distinct subjectivities through song resonates with and responds to a problem of epistemological solipsism grounded in Mapuche ideas about the singularity of human nature.

Le présent article cherche à retracer quelques‐uns des liens entre l'attrait des chants personnels (ül) et les idées sur la personnalité chez les Mapuches ruraux du Sud du Chili. À travers une approche à la fois sociologique et sémiotique de ces chants, l'auteur avance qu'ils sont perçus comme des empreintes de la subjectivité singulière de leur compositeur initial. L'accent mis sur les trois caractéristiques spécifiques desül(utilisation de pronoms à la première personne, entextualisation et musicalité) révèle la façon dont ils permettent aux subjectivités qu'ils renferment d'être « habitées » par d'autres. L'auteur suggère, en conclusion, que ce processus d'investissement de subjectivités distinctes par le chant entre en résonance et en correspondance avec un problème de solipsisme épistémologique, ancré dans les idées de singularité de la nature humaine des Mapuches.
The Optimal Mix Between Funded and Unfunded Pension Systems When People Care About Relative Consumption
Authors: KNELL MARKUS
Published: May 2009

The paper studies the optimal portfolio mix between funded and unfunded pension systems when people care about relative consumption. In pay‐as‐you‐go systems with fixed contribution rates, pensions are tied to wages. This lowers the uncertainty of individuals' future relative position thereby increasing the attractiveness of unfunded systems. The paper shows analytically that the optimal share of funding decreases with the importance of relative standing. A calibrated version of the model suggests that the concern for relative standing has also a quantitatively important impact on the optimal share of funding. For reasonable assumptions it is typically around 20%.
How reliable is an undetectable viral load?
Authors: Combescure C , Vallier N , Ledergerber B , Cavassini M , Furrer H , Rauch A , Battegay M , Bernasconi E , Vernazza P , Hirschel B ,   the Swiss HIV Cohort Study
Published: May 2009

Objectives
An article by the Swiss AIDS Commission states that patients with stably suppressed viraemia [i.e. several successive HIV‐1 RNA plasma concentrations (viral loads, VL) below the limits of detection during 6 months or more of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)] are unlikely to be infectious. Questions then arise: how reliable is the undetectability of the VL, given the history of measures? What factors determine reliability?

Methods
We assessed the probability (henceforth termed reliability) that the n+1 VL would exceed 50 or 1000 HIV‐1 RNA copies/mL when the nth one had been <50 copies/mL in 6168 patients of the Swiss HIV Cohort Study who were continuing to take HAART between 2003 and 2007. General estimating equations were used to analyse potential factors of reliability.

Results
With a cut‐off at 50 copies/mL, reliability was 84.5% (n=1), increasing to 94.5% (n=5). Compliance, the current type of HAART and the first antiretroviral therapy (ART) received (HAART or not) were predictive factors of reliability. With a cut‐off at 1000 copies/mL, reliability was 97.5% (n=1), increasing to 99.1% (n=4). Chart review revealed that patients had stopped their treatment, admitted to major problems with compliance or were taking non‐HAART ART in 72.2% of these cases. Viral escape caused by resistance was found in 5.6%. No explanation was found in the charts of 22.2% of cases.

Conclusions
After several successive VLs at <50 copies/mL, reliability reaches approximately 94% with a cut‐off of 50 copies/mL and approximately 99% with a cut‐off at 1000 copies/mL. Compliance is the most important factor predicting reliability.
Victims of Crime in Policy Making: Local Governance, Local Responsibility?
Authors: HALL MATTHEW
Published: May 2009

Abstract: This article examines victims of crime as the subject of policy making in the criminal justice system of England and Wales. The discussion draws on a series of qualitative interviews carried out with legal practitioners and court personnel at three criminal courts in the north of England, as well as representatives of relevant central government departments. These data are used to shed light on the process of implementing central government policy in the context of local criminal justice, with particular reference to the development of local governance in this area.
Testing a Civilisation: Charles Dickens on the American Penitentiary system
Authors: WILSON DAVID
Published: May 2009

Abstract: This article describes the visit of Charles Dickens to the USA in 1842, and his criticisms of the Eastern Penitentiary in Philadelphia. It is suggested that this visit and Dickens's reactions to what he saw in the prison not only influenced his later writing but was also the basis for his subsequent disenchantment with the USA.
Cuticular damage to African–American hair during relaxer treatments – A microfluorometric and SEM Study
Authors: Ruetsch S. B. , Yang B. , Kamath Y. K.
Published: May 2009

Citation: IFSCC Magazine, 11 (2008) (2) 131–137

Abstract:  In earlier publications [1,2,3 we discussed several in‐depth studies of characterization and quantification of damage done to European dark brown hair fibres by photochemical and cosmetic‐chemical oxidation (bleaching) and reduction (perming) processes. These earlier studies established considerable changes in surface chemistry such as an increase in acidity and hydrophilicity. We discussed in detail the breakdown of the lipid domains (delipidation) of the outer ®‐layer of the exposed scale faces and generation of anionic (sulphonic acid) groups (acidification) on the hair surface caused by these oxidative and reduction processes. The goal of this current study is to characterize and quantify the level of chemical and physical changes in the surface of African–American hair caused by various »lye‐based« and »no‐lye« relaxer treatments [4]. This study attempts to establish which product delivers the best »hair straightening« performance while resulting in the least chemical and physical changes in the hair surface. We again use a microfluorometric technique with the help of the cationic fluorochrome Rhodamine B to detect, map and quantify relaxer‐induced changes in the surface chemistry of human hair fibre. In addition, we also use SEM at various magnifications to highlight relaxer‐induced changes in the physical nature of the hair surface. We attempt to associate the level of increase in fluorescence intensity, which represents an increased level of delipidation/acidification of the hair surface, with the damage level to the hair topography, and thus, determine the least damaging cosmetic chemical process. Damage to the physical nature of the hair topography as observed by SEM shows a clear difference between treatments involving lab‐made relaxer solutions and commercial relaxer systems.

Keywords:  African‐American hair, commercial relaxer systems, microfluorometry, relaxer‐induced surface changes/damage, physical nature, surface chemistry, relaxer solutions, SEM, +lye‐based1/2 and +no‐lye1/2 relaxers,
A highly sensitive method to determine the washing resistance of artificial hair colours
Authors: Schulze zur Wiesche E. , Erpenbach S.
Published: May 2009

Citation: IFSCC Magazine, 11 (2008) (2) 139–142

Abstract:  Due to the improved performance of modern hair colorants, the high natural variability in hair qualities and the individual influences of manual product applications, colour care effects of cosmetic treatments are very difficult to detect. A new, highly sensitive test method to study the colour fading behaviour of human hair was established for a large variety of cosmetic treatments. This method is based on an automatic multistage application of standard wool tissues combined with automatic colour evaluation by means of CIE L × a × b × measurements (DIN 5033). The delta E values are the main interest because they include all information regarding the L (black vs. white), a (red‐green) and b (blue‐yellow) axes defined in the Hunter Lab colour space. For validation of this new method, different permanent and non‐permanent hair colour shades were applied to undamaged light brown Caucasian hair strands. The hair strands were washed manually stepwise 30 times and the colour loss compared with the results obtained on wool tissues using an automatic application system. For most of the investigated hair colours, a coefficient of determination of r2 > 0.99 was achieved. Modern permanent hair colours show a high resistance to cosmetic treatments. Over 90% of the initial colour result was retained after 30 product applications. Shampoo and conditioner formulations induce different degrees of colour loss in hair. In basic formulas significant influences of single surfactants could be detected. The new method using wool tissues correlates very well with that using manually washed Caucasian hair strands. This automatic method is very time‐effective and offers an excellent reproducibility with a high sensitivity for assessing product influences on artificial hair colours.

Keywords:  Color fading, color protection, color retention, hair color resistance, hair wash simulation

Paper presented at the IFSCC Conference 2007, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Firm Performance and Managerial Succession in Family Managed Firms
Authors: Hillier David , McColgan Patrick
Published: May 2009

Abstract:  This paper investigates whether the family status of a company's top officer affects managerial replacement decisions. We report evidence that family‐managed companies are characterized by higher levels of board control and potentially weak internal governance systems. Family CEOs are less likely than non‐family CEOs to depart their position following poor performance. Stock prices react favorably and operating performance improves when companies announce the departure of a family CEO. Overall, our evidence suggests that shareholders benefit when a powerful CEO leaves their position in the company.
Shrinkage properties of differently managed clay soils in Finland
Authors: Rasa K. , Horn R. , Räty M. , Yli‐Halla M. , Pietola L.
Published: May 2009

Soil cracking is a well‐known phenomenon, also seen in clay soils in the boreal climatic zone. This study was carried out to quantify soil shrinkage properties in six differently managed clay soils in Finland (Vertic Cambisols, 51% clay). Cylinder samples (100 cm3) were taken in spring from two depths (0–5 and 5–10 cm), then saturated with water and dried as a function of applied suction. The heights of the sample were measured after each drying step and the volume of soil was calculated assuming isotropic shrinkage. The volume loss by shrinkage at a suction of −50 kPa was 1.6–3.8% and the total shrinkage was 5.2–10.5% of the total soil volume, respectively. All shrinkage curves showed structural shrinkage which occurred in the matric potential range from saturation to around −6 kPa. The shrinkage curves were characterized by minor proportional and wide residual shrinkage zones. Eight of twelve sites showed a steeper shrinkage in the proportional shrinkage zone than the theoretical 1:1 line. Large slope values, up to 3.0, reflect the collapse of inter‐aggregate pore space due to shrinkage pressure. The results indicate significant particle rearrangement and structural changes, e.g. structural collapse and changes in inter‐aggregate pore space due to shrinkage pressure. Continuous water saturation and variable periods of freezing between spring and autumn are mostly responsible for soil weakness against increasing effective stress as soil dries. It is presumed that shrinkage behaviour will change substantially with increases in drying and wetting cycles.
The effects of applied crop residues on losses of Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn in run‐off from a soil prone to crusting
Authors: Mirás Avalos J. M. , Bertol I. , Sande Fouz P. , Díaz C. Carballeira , Vidal Vázquez E. , Gonzalez A. Paz
Published: May 2009

Tillage practices may reduce the organic matter content in near‐surface soil horizons causing crust formation. Surface conditions may cause an increase in surface run‐off, thus enhancing contaminant transfer of heavy metals or an acceleration in nutrient loss. This study examines the effect of applying crop residues to the surface of tilled soils on heavy metal losses by run‐off. Losses in iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) were analysed. Run‐off and sediment yield were measured on 1 m2 plots using a rainfall simulator with a constant 65 mm/h intensity. Four successive rainfall applications were performed, the first three at 25 mm each and the last at 65 mm. Added corn straw varied between 0 and 4 t/ha in the five studied treatments. After 140 mm cumulative rainfall, total heavy metal losses were as follows: Fe from 137 to 950 mg/L, Mn from 2.3 to 12.83 mg/L, Cu from 0.09 to 0.72 mg/L and Zn from 0.31 to 2.46 mg/L. Dissolved fractions were as follows: Fe from 0.014 to 0.229 mg/L, Mn from 0.034 to 1.45 mg/L, Cu from 0.002 to 0.013 mg/L and Zn from 0.02 to 0.12 mg/L. Total concentrations of the studied elements decreased exponentially due to the effect of corn straw on soil loss. However, dissolved contents of Fe and Cu scarcely varied. Significant positive linear correlations were observed between total heavy metal content and soil and sediment loss by run‐off. It is concluded that the addition of straw to a soil of low fertility prevents heavy metal loss.
Environmental knowledge and small‐scale rural landholding in south‐west England
Authors: MORRIS CAROL
Published: May 2009

This paper explores the environmental knowledge of small‐scale rural landholders and comments on the implications of this for environmental policy. The paper draws on conceptualisations of knowledge as ‘know what’, ‘know why’, ‘know how’ and ‘know who’, recognises a distinction between tacit and codified environmental knowledges and highlights the need to consider the politics of knowledge surrounding environmental issues. Both quantitative and qualitative data are reported, and are derived from structured interviews with 30 small‐scale landholders who were participants in a nature and landscape conservation initiative – the Landscape Heritage Scheme – within South Devon, England. These data are used to explore the place of environmental concerns within the land management objectives of respondents; the nature and extent of their environmental knowledge; how a range of factors alongside their environmental knowledge shaped the environmental practices of respondents; and the politics of knowledge associated with the Landscape Heritage Scheme. The paper suggests that small‐scale landholders should be of interest to environmental policy, prioritising environmental objectives in their land management, being relatively knowledgeable about the environment and highly responsive to environmental advice and financial incentives that support environmental management. A case is made for developing research in this area, given ongoing processes of rural demographic change and the rising importance within this of an increasingly diverse landholding population.
Pediatric Out‐of‐hospital Emergency Medical Services Utilization in Kansas City, Missouri
Authors: Miller Melissa K. , Denise Dowd M. , Gratton Matthew C. , Cai Jinwen , Simon Stephen D.
Published: May 2009

Objectives:  The objective was to describe epidemiologic features and usage patterns of pediatric emergency medical services (EMS) transports in Kansas City, Missouri.

Methods:  The study consisted of a retrospective analysis of transports from January 1, 2002, to December 31, 2004, for Kansas City, Missouri, residents younger than 15 years of age (excluding interfacility transports. Data included demographics, insurance, day and time of transport, patient zip code, chief complaint, and number of individual transports. Rates were calculated using intercensal estimates for the denominator. All rates were expressed as number of transports per 1,000 persons per year (PPY).

Results:  A total of 5,717 pediatric transports occurred in the 3‐year study period. Transport rates were 18 PPY for all users, 42 PPY for those <1 year old, 23 PPY for ages 1–4 years, 12 PPY for ages 5–9 years, and 14 PPY for ages 10–14 years. Infants <1 year were more likely than children aged 5–9 years to use EMS (relative risk [RR] = 3.7, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.4 to 4.0). Males were more likely than females to use EMS (RR = 1.2, 95% CI = 1.1 to 1.3). Most (64%) were insured by Medicaid. Transports peaked between 4 pm and 8 pm, and lowest usage was 4 am to 8 am (p < 0.001). Overall usage did not vary by weekday or season. Respiratory transports were more common in the fall and winter, while trauma transports were more common in the summer (p < 0.001). The most common diagnoses were trauma (27%), neurologic (19%), and respiratory (18%). Eleven percent of users accessed EMS more than once (26% of all transports). There was a significant inverse linear relationship between transport rate and median family income by zip code (r = −0.36, p < 0.001).

Conclusions:  Children in zip codes with lower incomes, infants, and males were more likely to use EMS. Factors related to these increased transport rates are unknown.
The impact of educational level on oral health‐related quality of life in older people in London
Authors: Tsakos Georgios , Sheiham Aubrey , Iliffe Steve , Kharicha Kalpa , Harari Danielle , Swift Cameron G. , Gillman Gerhard , Stuck Andreas E.
Published: May 2009

There are socioeconomic inequalities in oral health, but the relationship between education and oral health‐related quality of life (OHRQoL) among older adults has not been adequately studied. This study assessed whether there is an educational gradient in OHRQoL among older people in London. We employed secondary analysis of baseline data (n = 1,090) from a randomized controlled trial of health‐risk appraisal on community‐dwelling non‐disabled people 65 yr of age and older, registered with three group medical practices in suburban London. Multiple linear regressions were used to analyze the association between OHRQoL [measured using the Geriatric Oral Health Assessment Index (GOHAI)] and education, adjusted for age, gender, pension status, and denture wearing. Overall, 30.6% reported low levels of OHRQoL. Eating discomfort was the most frequent problem (24% reported ‘often/always’), while concerns about appearance were also prevalent. Significant variations in OHRQoL existed between socioeconomic groups. In adjusted analyses, there was a clear education gradient in OHRQoL, with worse perceptions at each lower level of education. Low educational level has an independent negative impact on OHRQoL in older people, which is not explained by differences in income or in denture wearing between educational groups. Policies targeting lower educated groups should be complemented with whole‐population strategies for the reduction of oral health inequalities.
Morphological and bond strength evaluation of different resin cements to root dentin
Authors: Bitter Kerstin , Paris Sebastian , Pfuertner Cindy , Neumann Konrad , Kielbassa Andrej M.
Published: May 2009

This study correlated the morphological characteristics with the bond strengths of various resin cements used for bonding fiber posts to root canal dentin. Fifty glass‐fiber posts (FRC Postec Plus) were luted into the root canals of extracted human anterior teeth using five resin cements (n = 10): Panavia F 2.0, PermaFlo DC, Variolink II, RelyX Unicem, and Clearfil Core. Before insertion of the post, the adhesive systems were labeled with fluorescein and the resin cement was labeled with rhodamine isothiocyanate. The roots were sectioned into three slices (of 2 mm thickness), and each slice was analyzed using confocal laser scanning microscopy in dual fluorescence mode to determine hybrid layer thickness, the number of resin tags, and the number of broken tags. Bond strengths were measured using a micro push‐out test. Bond strengths to root canal dentin, as well as the morphological characteristics, were significantly affected by the materials. However, these factors did not correlate. The self‐adhesive resin cement, which showed the formation of a hybrid layer and resin tags only sporadically, had the highest bond strengths. These results indicate that chemical interactions between the adhesive cement and hydroxyapatite may be more crucial for root dentin bonding than the ability of the same material to hybridize dentin.
Load‐bearing capacity of all‐ceramic posterior inlay‐retained fixed dental prostheses
Authors: Puschmann Djamila , Wolfart Stefan , Ludwig Klaus , Kern Matthias
Published: May 2009

The purpose of this in vitro study was to compare the quasi‐static load‐bearing capacity of all‐ceramic resin‐bonded three‐unit inlay‐retained fixed dental prostheses (IRFDPs) made from computer‐aided design/computer‐aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM)‐manufactured yttria‐stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystals (Y‐TZP) frameworks with two different connector dimensions, with and without fatigue loading. Twelve IRFDPs each were made with connector dimensions 3 × 3 mm2 (width × height) (control group) and 3 × 2 mm2 (test group). Inlay‐retained fixed dental prostheses were adhesively cemented on identical metal‐models using composite resin cement. Subgroups of six specimens each were fatigued with maximal 1,200,000 loading cycles in a chewing simulator with a weight load of 25 kg and a load frequency of 1.5 Hz. The load‐bearing capacity was tested in a universal testing machine for IRFDPs without fatigue loading and for IRFDPs that had not already fractured during fatigue loading. During fatigue testing one IRFDP (17%) of the test group failed. Under both loading conditions, IRFDPs of the control group exhibited statistically significantly higher load‐bearing capacities than the test group. Fatigue loading reduced the load‐bearing capacity in both groups. Considering the maximum chewing forces in the molar region, it seems possible to use zirconia ceramic as a core material for IRFDPs with a minimum connector dimension of 9 mm2. A further reduction of the connector dimensions to 6 mm2 results in a significant reduction of the load‐bearing capacity.
A comparative study of oral health knowledge, attitude and behaviour of non‐medical, para‐medical and medical students in Udaipur city, Rajasthan, India
Authors: Sharda AJ , Shetty S
Published: May 2009

To cite this article:
 
Int J Dent Hygiene  DOI: 10.1111/j.1601‐5037.2009.00393.x Sharda AJ, Shetty S. A comparative study of oral health knowledge, attitude and behaviour of non‐medical, para‐medical and medical students in Udaipur city, Rajasthan, India.

Abstract:  Aim:  The aim of the study was to assess and compare the Oral health knowledge, attitude and behaviour of the non‐medical, para‐medical and medical students.

Material and methods:  In a cross‐sectional study, a total of 825 students (males – 577, females – 248) of six different professions belonging to non‐medical, para‐medical and medical categories were surveyed using a self‐administered, structured questionnaire pretested through a pilot survey. The mean percentage scores, standard deviation and frequency distribution were calculated. The Student’s t‐test, anova test, Scheffe’s test and chi‐squared test were used as test of significance. The linear regression analysis was used to assess the relation of behaviour with knowledge and attitude.

Results:  The knowledge scores were significantly higher for the medical students compared with those of non‐medical students. The attitude scores were significantly lower for the non‐medical category compared with the other two categories and the scores were the highest among the para‐medical students. The behaviour scores were significantly lower for the non‐medical students than for the para‐medical and the medical categories. All the scores were significantly higher for females than for the males. Regression analysis showed a linear relationship of behaviour with the attitude, but no significant linear relation with the knowledge.

Conclusion:  All the students showed low level of knowledge and the preventive behaviour among the students could still be improved. The results indicate that the knowledge was not enough to influence the oral health behaviour, but behaviour showed linear relationship with attitude of the students.
Homozygous LMNA mutation R527C in atypical Hutchinson–Gilford progeria syndrome: evidence for autosomal recessive inheritance
Authors: Liang Lili , Zhang Huiwen , Gu Xuefan
Published: May 2009

Aim:  To describe two Chinese siblings of atypical Hutchinson–Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS), with genetic diagnosis and special clinical manifestation.

Methods:  We screened the LMNA gene in four members of a consanguineous family, in which two children were suffering from atypical HGPS. Besides general HGPS features, such as growth retardation and characteristic appearance, special clinical phenotypes including disorders of digestive system and severe skeletal damages were observed.

Results:  Homozygous mutation 1579C>T, which predicts R527C, was identified in the exon 9 of LMNA among the affected siblings. Heterozygous carrier status 1579C>T was detected in both of the asymptomatic parents.

Conclusion:  Homozygous mutation R527C in LMNA yields atypical HGPS, and it suggests an autosomal recessive inheritance in this family.
Starburst-driven galactic outflows
Authors: Nath Biman B. , Silk Joseph
Published: May 2009

We propose a model of starburst-driven galactic outflows whose dynamics depend on both radiation and thermal pressure. Standard models of thermal pressure-driven winds fail to explain some key observations of outflows at low- and high-redshift galaxies. We discuss a scenario in which radiation pressure from massive stars in a stellar population drive a shell of gas and dust. Subsequent supernova explosions from the most massive stars in this population then drive stellar ejecta outwards in a rarefied medium, making it collide with the radiation-pressure-driven shell. The collision imparts renewed momentum to the shell, and the resulting re-acceleration makes the shell Rayleigh–Taylor unstable, fragmenting the shell. We show that the speed of these ballistic fragments can explain some recently observed correlations in Lyman break galaxies among wind speed, reddening and star formation rate.
Cost‐Effectiveness of a School‐Based Emotional Health Screening Program
Authors: Kuo Elena , Stoep Ann Vander , McCauley Elizabeth , Kernic Mary A.
Published: May 2009

Background:  School‐based screening for health conditions can help extend the reach of health services to underserved populations. Screening for mental health conditions is growing in acceptability, but evidence of cost‐effectiveness is lacking. This study assessed costs and effectiveness associated with the Developmental Pathways Screening Program, in which students undergo universal classroom emotional health screening and those who have positive screens are provided with on‐site clinical evaluation and referral.

Methods:  Costs are enumerated for screening and clinical evaluation in terms of labor and overhead and summarized as cost per enrolled student, per positive screen, and per referral. Cost‐effectiveness is summarized as cost per student successfully linked to services. School demographics are used to generate a predictive formula for estimating the proportion of students likely to screen positive in a particular school, which can be used to estimate program cost.

Results:  Screening costs ranged from $8.88 to $13.64 per enrolled student, depending on the prevalence of positive screens in a school. Of students referred for services, 72% were linked to supportive services within 6 weeks. Cost‐effectiveness was estimated to be $416.90 per successful linkage when 5% screened positive and $106.09 when 20% screened positive. A formula to estimate the proportion of students screening positive proved accurate to within 5%.

Conclusion:  Information concerning costs and effectiveness of school‐based emotional health screening programs can guide school districts in making decisions concerning resource allocation.
Antifungal Activity of Sodium Silicate on Fusarium sulphureum and Its Effect on Dry Rot of Potato Tubers
Authors: Li Y.C. , Bi Y. , Ge Y.H. , Sun X.J. , Wang Y.
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACT:  The antifungal activity of sodium silicate on Fusarium sulphureum and its inhibitory effect on dry rot of potato tubers were investigated. Sodium silicate strongly inhibited spore germination and mycelial growth. Morphological changes in sodium silicate‐treated hyphae such as mycelium sparsity and asymmetry, hyphal swelling, curling, and cupped shape were observed by scanning electron microscopy. Ultrastructural alterations were also observed using transmission electron microscopy, including thickening of the hyphal cell walls, cell distortion, cavity, or electron‐dense material in hyphal cells. Daughter hyphae and new daughter hyphae inside of the collapsed hyphal cells were often detected in the cytoplasm of sodium silicate‐treated hyphae, although the septa of treated hyphae remained uniform. In vivo testing showed that sodium silicate at 100 and 200 mM effectively controlled dry rot of tubers that were challenged by inoculation with a F. sulphureum spore suspension. These findings suggest that sodium silicate has direct fungitoxic activity against the pathogen.
Thermal Sensitivity of Some Plantain Micronutrients during Deep‐Fat Frying
Authors: Avallone Sylvie , Rojas‐Gonzalez Juan A. , Trystram Gilles , Bohuon Philippe
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACT:  The impact of deep‐fat frying on the micronutrient content of plantain (Musa AAB“barraganete”) was evaluated during processing of plantain chips called “tostones.” Water content, micronutrients (potassium, L‐ascorbic acid, α‐carotene, β‐carotene) content, and the temperature within the food were quantified during the course of frying. A nonisothermal kinetics analysis of the 1st‐order reaction (micronutrient degradation) induced by deep‐fat frying, particularly in terms of the spatial distribution of temperature, was proposed. The kinetic parameters (pre‐exponential factor k0, activation energy Ea) were identified by nonlinear optimization, minimizing the residual variance between the experimental and theoretical micronutrient content. Agreement between model and experimental values was checked. During 1st and 2nd frying, potassium was well retained while carotenoid contents decreased significantly. Moreover, L‐ascorbic acid contents decreased significantly, just during 2nd frying. k0 was identified as well as Ea observed for L‐ascorbic acid, α‐carotene, and β‐carotene as 68.4 to 71.5, 79.6 to 84.9, and 85.9 to 88.6 kJ/mol, respectively. β‐carotene appeared to be more heat‐resistant than α‐carotene and L‐ascorbic acid. The behavior of the nutritional markers appears to be the consequence of the thermal and hydric histories of the crust and of the heart of the plantain disk related to heat transfer during preparation of the “tostones.”
Improved Determination of Phoxim Residue in Stored Wheat by HPLC with DAD
Authors: Lv Zhaolin , Gao Lili , Gao Haibo , Hou Zhixia , Zhang Bolin
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACT:  This article presents an improved method to detect the phoxim residual in whole wheat grain (not milled). The authors used petroleum ether (PE) as solvent to extract phoxim in darkness, and then determined it with high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with diode array detector (DAD) at 280 nm. Use of PE improved the extraction efficiency of phoxim from grain samples over those obtained using acetone, recovery of 83.3% and 65.9%, respectively. Light produced more side effect on the extraction of this pesticide than with darkness, recovery of 63.2% and 83.3%, respectively. The combination of PE with darkness yielded a higher recovery of phoxim in liquid‐phase extraction. The peak area of phoxim compared with its absolute values of phoxim in standard solution concentration range from 0.005 mg/kg to 0.253 mg/kg showed a good linear calibration (R2 = 0.9999). Recoveries, at spiked concentrations of 0.02, 0.05, and 0.10 mg/kg, varied between 83.3% and 106.3% with relative standard deviations (RSD) ranging from 6.5% to 8.0%. The present method provides sufficient sensitivity as reflected by the values of limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ). LOD was 0.002 mg/kg (S/N 3), and the estimated LOQ was 0.006 mg/kg (S/N = 10). Use of the proposed method successfully detected phoxim residue in wheat grain from Beijing and Kunming City of China.
Fate of Aflatoxin M1 during Manufacture and Storage of Feta Cheese
Authors: Motawee M.M. , McMahon D.J.
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACT:  The effect of feta cheese manufacture on aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) content was studied using an enzyme immunoassay technique. Feta cheese was made from milk spiked with 1 and 2 μg AFM1 per kilogram milk. Pasteurization at 63 °C for 30 min caused <10% destruction of AFM1. During cheese making, the remaining AFM1 in milk was partitioned between curd and whey with two‐thirds retained in the curd and one‐third going into the whey. Cheeses were then stored for 2 mo in 8%, 10%, and 12% brine solutions at 6 and 18 °C. There was a 22% to 27% reduction of AFM1 during the first 10 d of storage, with slightly more loss as salt concentration increased and when the cheese was stored at 18 °C. Further storage caused only slight decrease in AFM1 and after 30 d of brining there was no difference in AFM1 content of the cheese based upon salt concentration of the brine. At 18 °C, no further losses of AFM1 occurred after 30 d, and at 6 °C, there was continued slight decrease in AFM1 levels until 50 d. After 60 d of brining, there was a total loss of 25% and 29% of the AFM1 originally present for cheese brined at 6 and 18 °C, respectively. Thus, the combination of pasteurization, conversion of milk into feta cheese, and at least 50 d storage of cheese in brine caused a total loss of about 50% of the AFM1 originally present in the raw milk.
Effect of Gamma Irradiation on Molecular Structure and Physicochemical Properties of Corn Starch
Authors: Chung H.‐J. , Liu Q.
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACT:  Carboxyl content and amylose leaching of gamma‐irradiated corn starch increased and swelling factor decreased with increasing radiation dose. The apparent amylose content decreased gradually from 28.7% for native starch to 20.9% for 50 kGy irradiated starch. The proportion of short amylopectin branch chains (DP 6 to 12) increased, while the proportion of longer branch chains (DP ≥ 37) decreased with increasing radiation dose. The relative crystallinity and the degree of granule surface order decreased from 28.5% and 0.631 in native starch to 26.9% and 0.605 in 50 kGy irradiated starch, respectively. Pasting viscosity and gelatinization temperatures decreased with an increase in radiation dose. At a high dose (50 kGy), melting of amylose–lipid complex in DSC thermogram was not observed. The rapidly digestible starch (RDS) content slightly decreased up to 10 kGy but increased at 50 kGy. The resistant starch (RS) content slightly decreased at 2 kGy and then increased up to 50 kGy. The slowly digestible starch (SDS) content showed the opposite trend to RS content. Slower irradiation dose rate reduced carboxyl content, swelling factor, and amylose leaching. The apparent amylose content and amylopectin chain length distribution were not significantly affected by dose rate of gamma irradiation. However, the relative crystallinity and gelatinization enthalpy increased with slower dose rate. Slower dose rate decreased RDS and SDS contents, and increased RS content.
Prognostic Factors in Dogs with Lymphoma and Associated Hypercalcemia
Authors: Rosenberg Mona P. , Matus Robert E. , Patnaik Amiya K.
Published: May 2009

Lymphoma and hypercalcemia were diagnosed in 37 dogs. Twenty‐six of the dogs received chemotherapy. The association between some prognostic factors including clinical stage of disease, illness status, presence of bone marrow involvement, and presence of an anterior mediastinal mass and remission duration and survival time was evaluated. Statistical analysis of the prognostic factors showed that the presence of an anterior mediastinal mass had an adverse effect on remission duration (P <0.03). Calcium concentration was not significantly related to any of the prognostic factors evaluated. Dogs that received chemotherapy were more likely to be self‐supporting than the dogs that were not treated (P <0.005). However, initial illness status was not significantly related to remission duration or survival time in the 26 dogs that were treated. Six dogs (25% of dogs treated) survived longer than 14 months. Five of these dogs were female. Overall mean and median remission times were 10.4 and 6 months, respectively.
Interleukins: Biological Properties and Therapeutic Potential
Authors: Elmslie Robyn E. , Dow Steven W. , Ogilvie Gregory K.
Published: May 2009

Interleukins are biologically active glycoproteins derived primarily from activated lymphocytes and macrophages. Tremendous insight into the biochemical and biological properties of interleukins has been gained with advances in recombinant DNA technology, protein purification, and cell‐culture techniques. The biological properties of interleukins include induction of T‐lymphocyte activation and proliferation, augmentation of neutrophil, macrophage, and T‐lymphocyte cytotoxicity, and promotion of B lymphocyte and multilineage bone marrow stem‐cell precursor growth and differentiation. Interleukins may play a role in the pathogenesis of several important diseases. Interleukin therapy is likely to play an important role in the treatment of cancer, infectious diseases, and immunodeficiency syndromes.
Measurements of the Accuracy of Clinical Diagnoses of Equine Neurologic Disease
Authors: Mayhew I. G.
Published: May 2009

Parameters for the accuracy of clinical diagnosis of neurologic diseases in the horse were determined from 210 horses in which a definitive pathologic diagnosis was confirmed. The overall efficiency of diagnosis for all diseases was 0.95 although the validity varied from 0.79 to 1.00, the sensitivity varied from 0.73 to 0.95, and the specificity varied from 0.88 to 1.00 for individual disease categories. Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis was overdiagnosed, whereas Eastern equine encephalomyelitis, equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy, and traumatic neurologic disease were underdiagnosed. The use of such measurements of accuracy of diagnosis parameters in clinical practice will allow new diagnostic techniques to be objectively evaluated, resulting in greater efficiency of diagnosis and therapy.
Persistent ExperimentalSalmonella dublinIntramammary Infection in Dairy Cows
Authors: Spier Sharon J. , Smith Bradford P. , Cullor James S. , Olander Harvey J. , Da Roden Lin , Dilling George W.
Published: May 2009

Experimental intramammary infections were induced in five post‐parturient Holstein cows by inoculation of low numbers (5000 colony forming units) of virulentSalmonella dublinvia the teat canal of mammary gland quarters. Rectal temperature, pulse and respiratory rates, milk yield, and milk quality as assessed by the California Mastitis Test (CMT) and somatic cell counts (SCC) were recorded every 12 hours at milking. Bacteriologic cultures of foremilk quarter samples and feces were obtained daily, as were complete blood counts. ELISA titers for IgG and IgM recognizingS. dublinlipopolysaccharide (LPS) were obtained weekly on serum and quarter milk samples. All cows excreted 5.dublinintermittently from infected quarters, but no changes were detected in rectal temperature, appearance of the mammary gland or secretions, CBC, milk yield, and pulse and respiratory rates. Somatic cell counts were modestly increased in infected quarters as compared with uninfected quarters (P= .015, pairedttest); however, CMT scores after infection remained low, and were not significantly different from pre‐infection scores (P> .10, sign test). After infection, administration of dexamethasone resulted in signs of clinical mastitis and increased excretion ofS. dublinfrom mammary quarters (P= .0004, pairedttest). One cow had necrotizing mastitis andS. dublinsepticemia and was euthanatized. In the four surviving cows, clinical improvement was observed after systemic gentamicin therapy and intramammary infusion with polymyxin B, but all cows continued to excreteS. dublinintermittently from one or more quarters and occasionally from feces for the remaining period of observation. All infected cows demonstrated a rise in IgG and IgM ELISA titers recognizingS. dublinLPS in serum and milk. At necropsy (13–25 weeks postinfection),S. dublinwas recovered only from the mammary tissue or supramammary lymph nodes in three of four cows. In one cow, mammary gland and lymph‐node samples were negative forS. dublindespite positive milk cultures. In all cows, histopathologic examination revealed multifocal areas of chronic active mastitis. These lesions were similar to histopathologic findings from mammary gland carriers with naturally acquiredS. dublininfection.
Molecular Evidence SupportingEhrlichia canis‐Like Infection in Cats
Authors: Breitschwerdt Edward B. , Abrams‐Ogg Anthony C.G. , Lappin Michael R. , Bienzle Dorothee , Hancock Susan I. , Cowan Sara M. , Clooten Jennifer K. , Hegarty Barbara C. , Hawkins Eleanor C.
Published: May 2009

Currently, the pathogenic role ofEhrlichia canisin cats has been proposed predominantly on the basis of the serologic evidence of natural infection and the infrequent detection of morulae‐like structures within the cytoplasm of leukocytes in cats. The purpose of this report was to provide molecular evidence supportingE cams‐like infection in 3 cats that had clinical manifestations consistent with canine ehrlichiosis but lacked antibodies toE canisantigens. Serum from all 3 cats contained antinuclear antibodies (ANAs). The predominant disease manifestation was polyarthritis in 1 cat and bone marrow hypoplasia or dysplasia, accompanied by pancytopenia or anemia and thrombocytopenia, in 1 cat each. The alignment ofE canispartial 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA; 382 nucleotide positions), amplified from EDTA blood samples from each cat, was identical to each other and was identical to a canine isolate ofE canis(GenBank accession number AF373613). In 1 cat, concurrent treatment with corticosteroids may have interfered with the therapeutic effectiveness of doxycycline for the elimination ofE canis‐like infection. To further define the spectrum of ehrlichiosis in cats, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing may be necessary until serologic testing is thoroughly validated in experimentally or naturally infected cats. In addition, untilE canishas been isolated from cats and several tissue culture isolates are available from disparate geographic regions for detailed comparative genetic study, the molecular evidence presented in this study supportingE canis‐like infection in cats must be interpreted with caution.
Audiograms Estimated from Brainstem Tone‐Evoked Potentials in Dogs from 10 Days to 1.5 Months of Age
Authors: Poncelet Luc C. , Coppens Angelique G. , Deltenre Paul F.
Published: May 2009

The objective of this study was to build audiograms from thresholds of brainstem tone‐evoked potentials in dogs and to evaluate age‐related change of the audiogram in puppies. Results were obtained from 9 Beagle puppies 10–47 days of age. Vertex to mastoid brainstem auditory‐evoked potentials in response to 5.1‐millisecond Hanning‐gated sine waves with frequencies octave‐spaced from 0.5 to 32 kHz were recorded. Three dogs were examined at 10, 13, 19, 25, and 45 days. Four other dogs were examined at 16 days. Data from 7 dogs between 42 and 47 days of age were pooled to obtain audiogram reference values in 1.5‐month‐old puppies. The best auditory threshold lowered from above 60 dB sound pressure level (SPL) to values close to 0 dB SPL between 13 and 25 days of age and then stabilized. The audible frequency range widened, including 32 kHz in all tested dogs from the 19th day. In the 7 1.5‐month‐old puppies, the mean auditory threshold decreased by 11 dB per octave from 0.5 to 2 kHz. The auditory threshold was lowest and held the same value from 2 to 8 kHz. The mean auditory threshold increased by 20 dB per octave from 8 to 32 kHz. Near threshold, click‐evoked potentials test only a small part of the audible frequency range in dogs. Use of tone‐evoked potentials may become a powerful tool in investigating dogs with possible partial hearing loss, including during the auditory system maturation period.