bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genetic Characterisation of Fungi Producing Aflatoxins B1, Isolated from Wheat Grains in Karbala Governorate
Authors: Mohammed Anteithar Jabar , Hassan Ban Mousa , Almosawy Ahmed Najm
Published: July 2024

The widespread spread of fungi is one of the most important problems facing us at the present time because of their widespread spread in nature, causing major economic losses to the food and feed industry and seriously threatening human health due to their toxins passing through the food chain. Aflatoxins are one of the most dangerous mycotoxins produced by fungi and commonly found in grains and animal feed due to their toxic, carcinogenic, teratogenic, and mutagenic effects on human and animal health. In this study, fungal isolates producing aflatoxins were isolated from grains in Karbala Governorate, Iraq, for the year 2024. The study’s findings demonstrated that various frequencies of fungal contamination were present in each wheat sample. At frequencies of 33.33%, 25.80%, 29.03%, and 11.82%, respectively, the fungus Aspergillus caespitosus, Fusarium equiseti, Alternaria alternate, and Talaromyces tiftonensis were isolated. The ammonia test and thin layer chromatography (TLC) revealed that all fungal isolates produced aflatoxin B1. They were then identified molecularly using polymerase chain reaction technology, and the nitrogenous base sequence was determined using the ITS4 and ITS5 primers. The sequences of the numerous bases were evaluated using the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool software (BLAST), which proved that the isolates belonged to species such as Aspergillus caespitosus, Fusarium equiseti, Alternaria alternate, and Talaromyces tiftonensis. Furthermore, comparing these sequences to the data available in the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database revealed that the strains of the isolates in this investigation were (93% -100%) identical to global strains The strains under investigation were identified in the GenBank database by the sequence codes PP216644.1 for Aspergillus caespitosus, PP216655.1 for Fusarium equiseti, PP216658.1 for Alternaria alternate, and PP216657.1 for Talaromyces tiftonensis. For every isolate, a genetic tree was constructed.
Evaluation of Herbicides, CLODEX 100EC and CONQER 80EC, on Non-Targeted Pathogenic fungi (Rhizactonia solani and Fusarium solani) Isolated from Cucumber Plant
Authors: Allobawi Salwan A. Z. J. , Bisly Ali A. , Al-Shafiee Adeeb K.
Published: July 2024

This study aimed to determine the effect of the herbicides, CLODEX 100EC (CL) and Conqer 80EC (CO), which are used to control wheat weeds, on non-target pathogenic fungi Rhizactonia solani and Fusarium solani. The effect of the herbicides on the solid culture medium (P.D.A.) for fungi was measured. The results showed that the herbicides were superior in inhibiting the pathogenic fungi in the solid culture medium P.D.A., where the inhibition rate reached (17.86, 26.67) %. However, in the liquid medium P.D.B., there was encouragement with the herbicides CLODEX 100EC and Conqer 80EC. The highest encouragement was in the treatment of the pathogenic fungus R.solani and the pesticide CLODEX 100EC (13.00)%. The study showed that the pathogenic fungi Rhizactonia solani and Fusarium solani have a high pathogenic ability and that the infection rate reached (100.00 and 50.32) % respectively on cucumber seeds.
Effect of Some Plant Extracts and Herbicides on Weed Control in Irrigated and Non-Irrigated Vineyards in Sulaymaniyah-Iraq
Authors: Othman Sonia Hiwa , Lazim Zainab Sabah , Ali Al-Wakaa Adnan Hussein
Published: July 2024

Allelopathy, the inhibition of neighboring plant growth by certain plants, can be particularly useful if applied in a targeted way for weed management. So, this study aimed to determine the most environmentally friendly weed control technologies and identify the optimum management for lowering weed number and biomass, leading to improved grape quality and quantity. Two experiments were carried out in irrigated and non-irrigated vineyards in Sharbazher, Sulaymaniyah City, Kurdistan Region of Iraq, for two consecutive growing seasons, 2021 and 2022. The experiments were conducted at the Sitak and Maluma subdistricts of Sulaymaniyah, respectively. The effects of six aqueous plant extracts were investigated. The plants included pomegranate (Punica granatum) peels, walnut (Juglans regia) green husk, eucalyptus (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) leaves, Aleppo oak (Quercus infectoria) galls, cogon grass (Imperata cylindrica) rhizomes, nutgrass (Cyperus rotundus) tubers. Two herbicides (Glyphosate and Paraquat) were included, plus control. The number and dry weights of weed plants, Percentage of Weed Inhibition (PWI), some vegetative growth, yield, and qualitative properties of grapes were measured. A Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) was used. All results were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 24.0). The differences between means were compared using Duncan’s multiple range test at a 5% level. Results revealed that herbicides significantly decreased the number, biomass, and PWI of broad and narrow-leaved weeds and total weeds in all growth stages. Furthermore, all treatments led to an increase in the number of clusters.vine-1, cluster weight, total yield, and WI, and the highest values appeared in the treatment with herbicides, followed by eucalyptus leaf extract and peels of pomegranate as compared to the control. Peels of pomegranate recorded the highest leaves’ chlorophyll content. For dry weight of leaves and qualitative parameters like TSS and TA%, all treatments led to minor effects that did not reach the degree of significance compared to the control at both locations. Thus, plant extracts can be used as a bioherbicide to control and manage some weeds.
Evaluation of the Efficiency of some Biological Control Agents in Inducing Systemic Resistance of Potato Plants Against Black Scale Disease Caused by the fungus Rhizoctonia solani Kühn
Authors: Al-Ghanimi Ghada Majid , Al-Khafaji Hamed Abdzaid
Published: July 2024

The study aimed at the possibility of using safe biological agents to induce systemic resistance of potato plants against black scale disease caused by the fungus Kühn Rhizoctonia solani in In laboratory and greenhouse conditions.. Factorial experiments were carried out using a completely randomized design (CRD) with four replications for each treatment, and for four concentrations of EM1 (1, 3, 5, and 10)% and the same amount of Curcuma longa extract (1, 2, 3, and 5)% compared to the control treatment (0). The results showed that all the used concentrations of EM1 and turmeric extract increased the percentage of inhibition of the growth of R. solani in the laboratory, as the concentrations of 5 and 10% EM1 and 5% of turmeric extract achieved the highest inhibition rate of 100.00% compared to the comparison treatment of 0.00.%. The interaction treatment between EM1 added to soil contaminated with R. solani fungus inoculum and Curcuma extract added and sprayed on the plant recorded the lowest percentage and severity of plant infection with the pathogenic fungus amounted to 0.00% compared to the fungus treatment. The percentage of plant infection was 100.00% and 98.55% for the severity of infection. The overlap treatment (EM1 with Curcuma extract) gave the highest levels of the studied growth parameters, reaching 9373.30 cm2 / plant, 50.55 mg.gm / fresh weight, and 6.25 tubers / plant (leaf area, chlorophyll content, and number of tubers per plant, respectively, measured by (2354.90 and 25.40 and 2,83) in R. solani treatment, respectively.
The Effect of Solar Heating on Lesser Grain Borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (Fab.) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae)
Authors: Saber Najdat Ghazi , Mansor Mohammed Shakir , Qader Fadel Abbas
Published: July 2024

The experiments of this study were conducted in the Plant protection Department laboratories - College of Agriculture - Tikrit University in 2023 for the purpose of identifying the effect of solar heating on both larvae and pupae of lesser grain borer during four weeks of both July and Augast, 2023 at 10.00 a.m, 12.00 noon and 2.00 p.m. by using three exposure times. 15, 30, and 45 minutes It has been indicated from the results that the weeks of July and August have a distinct and significant impact on the larval stage mortality and the development of the visible adult insect, as the highest larvae killing 55.19% was recorded in the 4th week of August, while the lowest larvae killing 32.95% was recorded in the 1st week of August inside uncovered petri dishes. The July weeks, as you can see from these results, also has an effective effect on the mortalty larvae, by solar heating, as the highest larval mortalty was recorded at 63.33% for the 45-minute period at 12.00 noon inside uncovered petri dishes also., while the lowest percentage of killing larvae, 19.16%, was recorded for the exposure period of 15 minutes at 10.00 a.m.. It is worth noting here that the interaction between weeks and the exposure time also has an important and significant impact on the percentage of larvae killing, recording its highest percentage of 93.33% for the interaction between 4th Augast week and The exposure time 45 minutes at 2.00 p.m. in uncovered petri dishes, while the lowest larval stage percentage killing 10.00% was recorded for the interaction treatment between the 1st July week and the exposure time, 15 minutes for the treatment at 10.00 a.m. inside uncovered petri dishes. The results also showed that the effect of sunlight on the larval stage inside covered Petri dishes varied according to the three different exposure time included in this study. The highest rate of killing larvae was recorded, 100%, 100% larvae, all of which were observed for 15, 30, and 45 minutes for the two hour periods of larvae. 12.00 noon and 2.00 p.m. The results also showed that the four weeks observed in this study had a significant and clear effect on the rate of larval stimulation, recording its highest rate of 84.44% larvae in the 2nd Augast week inside covered petri dishes, while the lowest larval stage mortality 77.31% larvae was recorded in the 1st Augast week inside covered petri dishes also.
Molecular Diagnosis and Genetic Diversity of Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus in Basra Governorate
Authors: Abdulqader Sara Ali , Al-Waeli Muhannad A.
Published: July 2024

This study was conducted to determine the extent of the spread of the Tomato yellow leaf curl in the farms of Basra Governorate. Additionally, the study aimed to detect the genetic diversity of the coat protein CP(V1) of the virus. A total of 137 samples of leaves and stems of the tomato plant were collected from the fields located in the district of Zubair, Al-Burjisiya, Safwan, Khor Al-Zubair and Al-Lahis, Total DNA extraction was performed using the CTAB method and a primer pair; V1 (CP) Forward (EcoRI) and V1 (CP) Reverse (EcoRI), to detect TYLCV. The virus was detected in 84 out of the 137 samples (61.3%), indicating its widespread presence across all surveyed areas. The infection rate ranged from 80.55% to 29% in the districts of Al-Zubair and Khor Al-Zubair, respectively. Analysis of nucleotide sequences revealed that all the obtained sequences corresponded to TYLCV when compared with the equivalent sequences in the NCBI GenBank. The highest nucleotide similarity was observed with the M3 isolate (PP19939), exhibiting 99.31% similarity to the Iraqi isolate (JQ354991). Conversely, the M5 isolate (PP199397) showed the lowest nucleotide resemblance, with 95.30% similarity to the Iraqi isolate (MF429946). Sequencing analysis and the construction of a phylogenetic tree indicated a discrepancy among the studied isolates, with similarity rates ranging from 93% to 98%.
Morphological and Morphometrical Characterization of the Nematode Genus Filenchus spp. Associated with Olive Trees in Iraq
Authors: Albazazz Amina M. , Aljuboori Firas K.
Published: July 2024

A field survey was conducted for selected olive farms in the Basheeqa and Al-Fadhiliya districts in Nineveh Governorate - Iraq. The results of this research recorded the parasitism of the nematode Filenchus
spp. on the roots of olive trees in the tested fields. The morphological and morphometric results of the tested specimens described the most important characteristics of the adults of this species that can be relied upon in diagnosing this species. The body length of adult females ranged between 513.4-710.8 microns and its width 12-28 microns, and the body length ranged from 531-661 microns and the body width was 15-20 microns in males, respectively. The stylet is stomato stylet type and it is 8.9-11.18 microns long and has clear knobs. The esophagus is of the Tylenchoid type, 80.0-121.0 microns long in females and 118-129 microns in males, with a structured median bulb. Cuticle, the body is smooth in outline, and the lateral fields contain four clear lines. The female reproductive system is anteriorly straight and monodelphic, consisting of a single ovary extending with eggs in a single row. The filamentous tail is 76-130 microns long in females and 65-97 microns in males. The male reproductive system is monorchic and the testicle is continuous tubular. The spicules are 14-17 microns long. The morphological and morphometric diagnostic results are similar to the genus Filenchus spp. This is the first recording of this genus on olive trees in Iraq, as the provided sources did not indicate that it had been recorded previously.
Effect of Nano-Silicon Oxide and Salt Stress on the Anatomical Characteristics of the Mandevilla Sanderi Plant in Vitro Culture
Authors: Qanbar Asker Saja Al-Layle , Ghanim Nadhim Salim , Ismael Bairam Solomon
Published: July 2024

Experimental work was done at the Plant Cells and Tissues Culture Laboratory of the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering, College of Agriculture, Tikrit University, from 10/1/2023 to 2/23/2024 Through in vitro tissue culture, increase Mandevilla sanderi plants and examine their response to NaCl and Sio2. 4 weeks after planting was the “establishment stage,” and 8 weeks later was the “multiplication stage.” In the comparison treatment, Zeatin concentrations outperformed The others received 2,140 branches per plant part-1, the highest mean. With 3,220 branches on average, 1.5 mg L-1 had the most during multiplication. The seedlings were planted in media (MS) with a full salt content and various IBA concentrations after multiplication. Root length, rooting percentage, and number of roots were calculated. The concentration was estimated as 1 mg L-1. It rooted 90% better than the other concentrations. Tissue culture-derived plants were grown on Murashige and Skoog nutritional medium with NaCl and nano-Sio2 five weeks after propagation. The medium concentrations were: 50 mg L-1, 100 mg L-1, and 200 mg L-1 were higher values. At most 350 stomata were detected. Mesophyll tissue thickness was greatest at 200 mg L-1, 158 micrometers. The greatest rate was found using 100 mg L-1 Sio2 and 100 mmol L-1 NaCl. The upper cuticle layer is 6 micrometres thick and the bottom 5 micrometres. With the same mix of xylem and phloem dimensions, the average diameter of components with phloem tissue is maximized to 4 micrometres and that of components with xylem to 7 micrometres. The collenchyma tissue averaged 35 micrometres thick with the best combination of SiO2 at 200 mg L-1 and NaCl at 100 mmol L-1.
Changes in the Growth and Yield of Broccoli Grown in the Alternative Solution ABEER, Affected by Gas Enrichment and Spraying with Organic Nutrients under the Hydroponic Cultivation System
Authors: Salman Abeer Dawood , Abdulrasool Iman Jaber
Published: July 2024

A Field experiment was conducted in Horticulture and Landscape Department, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Baghdad, Al-Jadriah during fall 2019-2020 to study changes in the growth and yield of broccoli grown in the alternative solution ABEER, affected by gas enrichment and spraying with coconut water and moringa aqueous extract under the hydroponic cultivation system. Nested design with three replications adopted in the experiment, each of them included in main plot the first factor, which is gas enrichment (O2 and O3), Then levels of second factor were randomly distributed within each replicate, which included spraying with plants extracts which was Coconut water and Moringa leaves extract at two concentrations 50, 100 ml. L-1 and 2, 4 % for each of them symbolized as T1, T2, T3, T4 respectively, As well as control treatment T0. Results showed a significant effect of O2T2 on leaves content of Calcium, Manganese, Zinc, Copper, Boron and Chlorophyll, leaves area, roots length, roots dry weight, Weight of main head and total yield (1.716%, 27.80, 64.80, 64.80, 20.90 mg.Kg-1, 421.1 mg.100g fresh wt.-1, 293.48 dcm2 plant-1, 124.2 cm, 29.67g. plant1, 677.00 g. plant1 and 50.08 t.ha-1 respectively) while O2T3 produced a significant highest values of leaves content of Mg, Fe, leaves number, number and weight of side heads compared to the control treatment O2T0. It could be concluded that it is possible to culture broccoli hydroponically and increase its productivity through oxygen enrichment and spraying with the coconut water at the concentration of 100 ml. L-1 while preserving the environment from pollution.
Response of Two Hybrids of Roses to Organic Media and Biofertilizer in Vegetative and Floral Growth and Peroxidase Enzyme
Authors: Kadhim Fadhil J. , Alwan Nawal M.
Published: July 2024

The experiment was conducted at Research Station B, College of Agricultural Engineering sciences, University of Baghdad-Jadriyah, on the rose plant for the growing season 2022 2023. The response of two hybrids of roses to organic media and biofertilizer in vegetative and floral growth and peroxidase enzyme was investigated. The experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design with a split-plot arrangement with three replications. The experiment included three factors. The first factor two rose hybrids (Brighton and Pink-Martini), allocated to the main-plots. rice straw at two levels (2 and 4 kg/m2, sugarcane bagasse residues at two levels (2 and 4 kg/m2), in addition to a control treatment without additives The third factor represented bio fertilization by adding Azospirillum and Trichoderma. Trichoderma was added to the soil at a rate of 75 g per square meter, and Azospirillum was treated by soaking the roots for 20 minutes before planting. The plants were then planted according to the experimental design. The results showed that the three-way interaction between the hybrids, organic media, and biofertilizer showed the superiority of the treatment A1B2C1 in flower diameter and peroxidase enzyme, with an average of 12.00 cm and 1.76, respectively. The hybrid grown in the organic medium of 2 kg of rice husks B1 treated with Azospirillum bacteria was superior in carbohydrate content and leaf zinc content. The treatment A2B2C1 significantly outperformed in the number of leaves, length of the Flower pedicle, and total chlorophyll content of the leaves, with an average of 99.33 leaves plant-1, 40.55 cm, and 510.47, respectively. The two-way interaction between organic media and biofertilizer showed superiority of most traits in the number of leaves (92.75 leaves plant-1), length of the Flower pedicle (37.47 cm), and chlorophyll content (417.00) for treatment A2B2, with treatment A2C1 being superior in the number of leaves, length of flower pedicle, chlorophyll content, percentage of dry matter in the leaves, and carbohydrate and zinc content of the leaves. The hybrids Brighton was superior for most traits, while the factor of organic media showed the superiority of B1 in length of the flower pedicle and carbohydrate content of the leaves, as well as content of the elements iron and zinc. The significant superiority of Azospirillum bacteria for all traits of rose plants.
Response of some Varieties of Beans Phaseolus Vulgaris L. in the Plastic House and Spraying with Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles in Vegetative Growth Qualities
Authors: Aziz Wathik A. , Abdulrahman Harith B. , Saeed Ammar H.
Published: July 2024

This experiment was conducted in the greenhouse unit of the Department of Horticulture and Garden Engineering in the agricultural season 2023-2022 to study the response of four varieties of beans to spraying with zinc oxide nanoparticles at a concentration of 0, 100, 150 mg liter-1 and its effect on vegetative growth qualities. The results showed the superiority of the variety Seychelles over all varieties in the characteristics of plant height, the total leaf area of the plant and the content of leaves of chlorophyll a and b, the superiority of the variety Gia Bean in the characteristic of the number of leaves and the number of nodes and the superiority of the two varieties Sonesta and Gia Bean in the percentage of dry matter for vegetative growth. As for spraying with zinc oxide nanoparticles, spraying at a concentration of 150 mg l-1 is superior in the characteristics of plant height, number of leaves, total leaf area of the plant, number of nodes, chlorophyll A and chlorophyll B for bean plants. As for bilateral overlap, the variety Seychelles and spraying at a concentration of 100 mg L-1 were superior in the characteristics of plant height, total leafy area of the plant and chlorophyll b, The bilateral overlap between the variety Gia Bean and spraying at a concentration of 100 mg l-1 was superior in the qualities of the number of leaves and the number of nodes, The bilateral interaction treatment between the variety Gia Bean and spraying at a concentration of 50 mg L-1 excelled in the percentage of dry matter for vegetative growth, As for the content of the leaves of chlorophyll A, it exceeded the treatment of bilateral overlap between the seychelles and spraying with a concentration of 50 mg-1.
Response of Two Potato Varieties Solanum tuberosum L. to Spraying with Moringa Leaf Extract on Crop Storage Characteristics
Authors: Abdullah Adnan Mohammed , Abdullrehman Hareth Burhanalden
Published: July 2024

The study was conducted in Bazian district which is located within Sulaymaniyah Governorate for spring season of 2022 to study the response extent of two potato varieties class E (Hermes and Metro) and four levels of moringa leaf extract (0, 5, 10, 15%) to the storage characteristics of produced tubers of potato. The experiment was carried out using a split plot design within a randomized complete block design (R.C.B.D) with three replications, varieties treatments were placed in the main plots and spray treatments with moringa leaf extract were placed as a sub plots. The results showed that the varieties factor did not show significant differences between their averages in studied traits effect, but the two varieties showed a close effect that did not reach the limits of significance. While the spraying treatment with different concentrations of moringa extract had a significant effect, as spraying with a concentration of 5% of the extract excelled and gave the highest values for the percentage of sprouted tubers, which amounted 30.36%. The 10% concentration treatment of the extract also excelled in terms of percentage of dry matter and starch percentage as well as tubers specific density, the results reached (27.02%, 20.43%, 1.114075 g cm3), respectively. The interactions between the treatments showed a significant increase in dry matter percentage and germinated tubers percentage.
Effect of Spraying with Different Types and Concentrations of Auxin and Two Growth Stages of the Date Palm (Al-Sultani cultivar) on the Chemical Traits of the Leaves and the Amount of Yield
Authors: Jaaz Al-Lami Rawaa Samir , Hashem Abbas Hadi
Published: July 2024

The factorial experiment was conducted at the Al-Mahawil palm tree station (20 km north of Babylon province), affiliated with the Horticulture Department/Ministry of Agriculture, to determine the effect of spraying with three types of Auxin (IBA, NAA, and 2,4-D) at two different stages of growth (Al-Hababouk and Al-Kamari) using four concentrations of The Auxin used are (0, 0.5, 1, and 1.5) mg L-1. The first spraying appointment was conducted on April 19, 2023, in the Al-Hababouk stage, with two sprays, with a time difference of two weeks between spray 1 and spray 2. The second spraying appointment was conducted in the Al-Kamari stage on 2023/5/11, with a two-week time difference between spray 1 and spray 2. The results of this study can be summarized as follows: The triple interaction treatment between (growth stage, type of Auxin and their concentrations) achieved a significant effect on the following studied traits (the percentage of carbohydrates and the percentage of nitrogen in the leaves and the percentage of reducing sugars in the fruits), while the trait (Bunch weight) did not respond significantly to the effect of the triple interactions.
Effect of Shading and Foliar Spraying with Nutrient Solution on Vegetative Growth and Yield Traits of Sweet Orange Trees cv. Local.
Authors: Oudah M. A. , Hamad R. M.
Published: July 2024

This study was conducted in one of the private orchards at the village of Al-Budhiyab, Ramadi district, Anbar governorate, in the spring season 2023, on sweet orange young trees cv. local with age 8 years. The study investigated the effect of shading with Saran and foliar application with nutrient solution under the commercial name (Brexil Duo) on the growth and yield traits. The experiment included two factors, the first three levels of shading [0% (without shading), 50%, and 75%] and the second three levels of nutrient solution (0, 3 and 6 g.L-1). The results showed that shading level of 50% resulted in a significant increase in most characteristics that studied viz. (leaf area, leaf dry matter, chlorophyll a and b, fruit set, fruit size, and fruit weight), compared to the shading treatments of 0% (without shading) and 75%. On the other hand, foliar application with nutrient solution (3 g.L-1) resulted in a significant increase in leaf dry matter content and chlorophyll b. while application of the nutrient solution Brexil Duo at concentration (6 g.L-1) resulted in a significant increase in leaf chlorophyll a and fruit set. Furthermore, there was no significant increase in leaf area, fruit size and fruit weight was observed at this concentration.
Evaluating the Spatial Environmental Aspects in Designing the Urban Plant Landscape for the Riverbank at the Al-Athamiyah Site in the Baghdad City
Authors: Al-Mashhadani T. A. K. , Jasim S. N.
Published: July 2024

Riverbanks are one of the most effective places in connecting residents with the river, and neglecting their, especially from the vegetation aspect, leads to the natural and functional underutilization of the riverbank. Due to the lack of attention to urban green design in Baghdad and the scarcity of studies related to this aspect, the research problem of knowledge deficiency in the fundamentals of plant design for riverbank edges has emerged. Therefore, the research adopting the descriptive analysis method of the vocabulary discussed in previous studies related to the development of riverbanks to formulate a theoretical framework applicable to evaluate the local environment of the riverbank at the Al-Athamiyah site and study the impact of the location from both natural and cultural perspectives on the nature of plant design for the riverbank. The study included some indicators to develop a theoretical framework that can be applied to the current situation. The most important findings of the research are that use of local plant species contributed to supporting natural and environmental values, reinforcing the cultural aspect and local heritage and plants can be utilized to create activities that enhance the effectiveness and utilization of the riverbank.
Effect of Calcium Chloride, Magnesium Sulfate and Maleic Acid Spraying on the Qualitative Traits of Two Varieties of Potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.)
Authors: Agha Badran S. , Fadhil Nameer N. , Hassan Al-Hamadany Shamil Younis
Published: July 2024

Two different potato varieties, “Riviera” and “Argana”, were used in this study to evaluate the influence of foliar fertilization with calcium and magnesium at four concentrations (0% control, 0.5% and 1% calcium chloride, and 0.4% magnesium sulfate), as well as foliar spraying with malic acid at three concentrations (0, 250, and 500 mg L-1). The experiment was conducted in the vegetable field of the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Design at the College of Agriculture and Forestry during the spring growing season of 2022. The study employed a complete randomized block design with three replications. The findings demonstrated that the two categories differed significantly. In comparison with “Argana”, “Riviera” showed a significant advantage both in soluble solids content and tuber hardness, at the same time “Argana” was significantly superior to “Riviera” in the total sugar content and tuber magnesium content. The treatment of foliar spraying with a high concentration of calcium chloride and magnesium sulphate a significant difference with the control in the Re – magnesium – percentage in tubers. Also, the application of 500 mg L-1 of malic acid as the treatment was better than the control concerning the percentage of calcium in the tubers. The treatment with 250 mg/L of malic acid did not differ significantly from the control, while the lower sugar content was preferred in the ‘Rivera’ cultivar without calcium and magnesium treatment and with the treatment of 500 mg/L of malic acid; however, the response was lower in the ‘Susina Precoce’ cultivar, with its best result obtained with the treatment of The highest tuber hardness was found in variety “Riviera” treated with 250 mg L-1 of malic acid while the lowest in variety “Argana” also treated with malic acid at the same concentration. The highest percentage of calcium in tubers was found in the “Rivera” variety treated with 500 mg L-1 malic acid, while the “Argana” variety treated with 250 mg malic acid and 0.5% calcium chloride obtained the lowest percentage. The highest magnesium content in tubers was observed in the “Argana” cultivar treated with 0.5% calcium and 500 mg/L malic acid, while the lowest was in the comparison treatment for both cultivars.
Role of Magnesium Spray and Soil NPK and Potassium Silicates Application in Growth and Flowering Characteristics in Rose Plants
Authors: Jawad Rana Moussa , Khalil Nazik H.
Published: July 2024

This study examined effects of mineral fertilizers NPK, potassium silicate, and magnesium (Disper Mg) spraying on various vegetative growth characteristics and flowering of a one-year-old Wiener Charme rose cultivar. It was carried out in a lath house, Dept. of Hort. and Landscape, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, Univ. Baghdad, Al-Jadriya during spring and autumn 2022 growing seasons. study experiment’s factors included three amounts of magnesium fertilizer treatments; 0 (M0), 7.5(M7.5), and 15 g.L-1(M15) were sprayed, addition of two levels of NPK mineral fertilizers without addition (C0) and 5 g.transplant-1 (C100), as well as three levels of potassium silicate; without addition (S0), adding at 200 mg.L-1 (S200) plus 300 mg addition.L-1 (S300). A total of 216 plants were employed in factorial experiment in an RCBD since treatments were replicated three times (with four plants in each experimental unit). The experimental results showed that, magnesium spray especially spraying at 15 g.L-1 excelled in leaf dry weight of 34.40 and 32.82 %, leaf magnesium content of 0.277 and 0.294 mg.kg-1, leaf chlorophyll content of 27.74 and 30.46 mg.100g-1, flower diameter of 7.14 and 8.25 cm and floral stem diameter of 4.63 and 5.78 mm for spring and autumn seasons, respectively. Chemical fertilizers at 5 g.L-1(C100) significantly increased in leaf dry weight of 34.28 and 32.80 %, leaf chlorophyll content of 26.07 and 28.01 mg.100g-1, flower diameter of 7.11 and 8.02 cm and floral stem diameter of 4.49 and 5.54 mm, for spring and autumn seasons, respectively. Results also showed that potassium silicate application, showed significant effect especially adding at 300 mg.L-1 in leaf dry weight of 34.06 and 32.26 %, leaf magnesium content of 0.274 and 0.286 mg.kg-1, leaf chlorophyll content of 27.65 and 30.92 mg.100g-1, flower diameter of 7.24 and 8.23 cm and floral stem diameter of 4.39 and 5.89 mm for spring and autumn seasons, respectively. Twice and triple interactions between study factors significantly affected in all studied traits.
Fruit Pome Cracking, Causes and Solutions: A review
Authors: Al-Dulaimy Ahmed F. Z. , Al-Janabi A. M. I. , ABD N. T. , ALTaey D. K. A.
Published: July 2024

Cracking fruit happens when the fruit is still developing and is a physiological condition. It lowers the fruit’s quality and marketability, which in turn causes huge economic losses and a possible reduction in production of 70%. Many factors, including heredity, physiology, and the environment, affect whether or not fruit cracks. Fruits can develop surface cracks due to uneven internal growth, which is exacerbated by unfavourable environmental factors including heavy rainfall and high temperatures. When it comes to transporting and storing fruit, the peel is crucial for its resistance to cracking.
The Impact of Triacontanol Spraying and the Addition of Humic Acid on the Vegetative and Root Development Parameters of Pyrus cimmunis L. Cv. Le-Conte Pear Seedlings
Authors: Mahdi Heyam H. T. , Saleh Sameer A. A.
Published: July 2024

In 2022, researchers at the College of Agriculture, University of Anbar, studied the effects of triacontanol foliar spraying at 0, 25, 50, and 100 mg L-1 (T0, T1, T2 and T3 respectively) and ground humic acid addition at 0, 25, and 50 ml L-1 (H0, H1 and H2 respectively) on various aspects of CV. Le-conte pear seedlings’ vegetative and root growth. T3 treatment resulted in the highest rate of increase in plant height (35.50 cm), root length (20.55 cm), number of branches (7.44 branch seedling-1), number of lateral roots (5.33 root seedling-1) and chlorophyll content (109.32 mg gm-1 fresh weight), among other treatments. The results demonstrated that there were significant differences between the treatments. When treated with water (50 ml L-1), humic acid significantly outperformed other treatments in terms of plant height (35.17 cm), root length (20.08 cm), number of lateral roots (5.03), number of lateral branches (8.66 branch seedlings-1), and chlorophyll content in leaves (108.35 mg gm-1 fresh weight), according to the study. However, T3H2 therapy was superior in every attribute examined when the two research parameters were considered together.
Brassinolides’ Function and Involvement in Salt Stress Response : A Review
Authors: Al-Taey Duraid K. A. , Al-Musawi Zahraa J. M. , Abdul Kadium Safa Mahdi , Abbas Ahmed K. , Alsaffar Marwa Fadhil , Mahmood Saad S.
Published: July 2024

Brassinosteroids, the type of plant hormones requires the utmost attention in helping to induce plant respond to salt stress - a common problem global agricultural yield deals with. In conditions of salt stress, the cells are losing the integrity characterized by osmotic stress, ion toxicity, and oxidative damage and this has a very negative effect on plant growth and development. Brassinolides are key elements that regulate significant physiological and metabolism pathways thus acting in salt stress adaptation. This crucial step is restoring ion balance in the body When the plant roots are exposed to excessive salt levels in the soil, the sodium ions (Na+) buildup in the plant tissue disrupts the system of ion exchange within the cells of the plant. Brassinolides operate on the ion transport system including the sodium channels in, and out of, the cells, to diminish the case of high concentration of Na+ in these cellular compartments. Brassinosteroids, in addition to, activate ion transporters of potassium (K+) not just surface but also functioning against too much of sodium (Na+) toxicity. Brassinolides help to activate antioxidant defense systems for reducing the spike in oxidative stress induced by salt stress. Consequently, Brassinolides identification has been intensified as it enhances antioxidant capacity and decreasing oxidative stress which protects cells from desiccation by salt. As it relates to osmotic adjustment, a crucial capacity in salt stress response of plants, brassinolides play a specific part. They do precisely the opposite of the very function of osmosis by their ability to build these compatible solutes like, proline, glycine betaine and sugars, which play a vital role in preserving cellular turgor pressure and stablising large molecules in high osmotic environments. Brassinosteroids have a fundamental part in alleviating water loss from plants if the environment is heavy with salts and therefore helping them to stay alive. Intermediary compounds of Brassinolide are key elements in the plant defence system against salt stress. Brassinolides are the source of plants’ adaptability and survival as they increase the ability of plants to balance the ions, protect against oxidative stress, and manage the osmotic processes. The intricate methodology through which the brassinolides behave in salinity stress interaction should be understood and comprehended most sincerely considering the development of salinity-resistant varieties will be crucial in facing the increasing environment challenges that endanger food security.
Genetic Analysis of Locally Development Okra Single Hybrids by the Method of Line × Tester
Authors: Habib Maha M. , Al-Jubouri Kadhim D. H.
Published: July 2024

The field experiment was carried out over the 2021 and 2022 growing seasons with the aim of locally developing a single hybrid from grown okra cultivars, and known general and specific combining abilities in one of the private fields in the Mahmoudiya district of Baghdad. In this experiment, ten okra cultivars (denoted as O1 to O10) were introduced into a hybridization program using a 7-line × 3-tester arrangement. Subsequently, in the second season, an experiment was conducted to evaluate the hybrids, their parental lines, and commercial hybrids, totaling [10 Parents + 21 Hybrids + Commercial Hybrid]. The experimental design employed a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replicates across randomized sectors. Growth Traits were studied. Hybrid vigor and stander+ heterosis were calculated, and genetic analysis was carried out. The results indicated that certain parents, specifically O1, O3, O4, O7, and O10, exhibited a positive and significant general combining ability effect in the measured traits, particularly. Notably, the hybrids O4×O2 and O10×O3 displayed a distinct positive and significant specific combining ability effect on pod weight and overall plant yield. Additionally, the dominance variance (σ2D) exceeded the additive variance (σ2A) across in traits (no. of nodes, no. of. leaves, percentage of pods, plant yield). The average degree of dominance (ā) was most pronounced in traits related to the number of pod sets on the main stem and the percentage of nodes set, as well as plant yield. The heritability broad sense was particularly high for phalanx length (92.75%), and plant yield (84.11%), while it was moderate for the number of nodes on the main stem and the percentage of pods. The hybrid O4×O2 also recorded the highest pod weight at 5.31 g and exhibited exceptional hybrid vigor and heterosis in pod weight traits (59.96% and 53.17%, respectively), as well as in plant yield (54% and 22.73%).
Effect of Spraying with Soluamine L-24 and Apple Cider Vinegar on some Growth Traits of Le Conte Pear Seedlings Grafted onto Newly Planted Wild Pear Rootstock
Authors: Al-Omrani H. H. , Hamad R. M. , Abd N. T.
Published: July 2024

Research was carried out in one of the fields belonging to the Department of Horticulture at the College of Agriculture - Al-Qadisiyah University - Al-Nouriya, on seedlings of pear cultivar Le Conte grafted on wild pear rootstock, which were planted in 2020 at the beginning of the month of March. At the end of the season, pruning was conducted before the end of winter for all seedlings and three were chosen. Branches for each tree were cut according to the cup method, and the tree was set at a height of 1 meter. The experiment was conducted in the spring semester of 2021 to study the effect of spraying (Soluamine L-24) at three concentrations (0, 1.5, 3 ml L-1) as recommended, and apple cider vinegar at concentrations (0, 2.4 ml L-1) was sprayed around the stems of trees to determine its effect on some vegetative traits of pear trees. The results showed that treatment S2 was superior with the highest rate of tree height (cm), stem diameter (mm), branch length (cm), number of leaves (tree leaf-1), leaf area (cm2), relative chlorophyll content in leaves (SPAD), and percentage of dry leaf weight. (%) compared to the comparison treatment that gave the lowest values. Regarding spraying around the stem with apple cider vinegar, treatment Av2 was significantly superior to the rest of the treatments by giving the highest values in all the studied traits, while the comparison A0 gave the lowest values. As for the binary interaction between the study factors, treatment S2Av2 outperformed the other interaction treatments in the studied traits, while the intervention treatment S0Av0 recorded the lowest values for all traits.
Effect of Spraying with Benzyl Adenine and Potassium on the Growth, Yield and Quality of Sweet Potato
Authors: Al-Juboori Ayad Waleed , Rustum Adyba Najam , Mohammed Rasha Raad
Published: July 2024

A field experiment was conducted in one of the fields affiliated with the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences/University of Baghdad. The experiment included two factors: the first factor, benzyl adenine, at three concentrations: 0, 1, and 2 g.L-1, and the second factor was spraying with potassium chloride at two concentrations: 0 and 10 g.L-1. The experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design (R.C.B.D) with three replications. The results were analyzed statistically according to the Genstat program, and the arithmetic means of all studied traits were compared according to the least significant difference (L.S.D) test at the 5% probability level. The results showed that the spraying treatment with benzyl adenine at a concentration of 2 g.L-1 was excelled in increasing the plant height and the length of the leaf stalk, which reached 224.2 cm and 25.44 cm, respectively, and in increasing the dry matter in the plant, the chlorophyll content, the number of tubers, and the total plant yield, which reached 1454 g and 54.80 mg. 100 g fresh weight-1 and 3.00 root tubers. Plant-1 and 612 g. Plant-1, respectively. The spraying treatment of 10 g.L-1 with potassium chloride also affected the increase in plant dry matter, chlorophyll content, and plant yield, reaching 1307 g and 50.13 mg. 100 g fresh weight-1 and 650 g. plant-1, respectively. As for qualitative yield indicators, spraying treatment with benzyl adenine at a concentration of 1 g.L-1 increased the percentage of total soluble solids and the content of beta-carotene pigment and carbohydrates in the tuber roots, reaching 10.55%, 0.377 mg.100 ml-1, and 18.16%. The concentration of 10 g.L-1 of potassium chloride increased the content of lycopene and carbohydrates in the tuber roots, reaching 0.132 mg.100 ml-1 and 16.64%, respectively, as evidenced by the results of bilateral interaction of the studied factors, indicating a significant increase for most of the traits mentioned above.
The Effect of Spraying with some Nutrients and Anti-Transpiration on the Vegetative and Fruiting Characteristics of Apple Fruits (Ibrahimi cultivar)
Authors: Mulan Hamid Rashid , Hussein Al-Shammari Ghalib Nasser
Published: July 2024

The experiment was conducted in one of the apple orchards in Bani Saad district, Diyala Governorate, Iraq, during 2021–2022, to study the effect of foliar spraying of some nutrients and anti-transpiration on the vegetative, flowering, and fruiting characteristics of the apple trees (Ibrahimi cultivar). Spraying with nano-calcium carbonate was significantly superior in some of the following vegetative and fruit growth characteristics (number of leaves, area of one leaf, total leaf area of the plant, fruit weight, fruit size, yield per plant, fruit hardness), while spraying with chelated iron was significantly superior in the number of total fruits. As for nano-iron, it gave the highest percentage of chlorophyll content in the leaves. Spraying with potassium silicate was superior in giving the highest values in the number of leaves, area of one leaf, total leaf area of the plant, chlorophyll, fruit weight, fruit size, and plant yield.
The Importance of Cryoprotective Agents (CPAS) in the Cryopreservation Process for the Preservation of Plant Resources
Authors: Al-Jubori Mayada T. , Mohammed Rasha Raad
Published: July 2024

The process of vitrification involves the freezing of plant genetic components. It is based on the fact that water can be rapidly cooled to a glassy state by increasing its viscosity to extremely high values without causing intracellular ice crystallization. The genetic material of plants can undergo deleterious changes in structure and function during the cryopreservation process. It is important to remember that cryodamage can occur at any time after ice freezing, not just during the freezing process. Cryopreservation and thawing have been associated with potentially greater changes in DNA integrity. Due to the increased rate of lipid peroxidation and suppression of the antioxidant enzyme defense mechanism, cryopreservation causes oxidative stress. Cryopreservation is particularly damaging to RNA and DNA. The development of cryopreservation technology is due to the discovery of chemicals with preservative properties and protection against freezing damage. These chemicals must be applied to the culture medium for the culture to be preserved in order to prevent the formation of large ice crystals in the plant cells; the sharp edges of these crystals damage the cell walls and membranes and kill the cells.
Effect of Soil Mulching and Spraying with Growth Regulator Salicylic Acid on the Characteristics of the Mineral Content of Two Cultivars of Young Grape Vines (Halwani and Kamali)
Authors: Bayz Hana Azeez , Hussein Suzan Ali , Ahmed Osamah Ibrahim
Published: July 2024

This study was conducted in the field of the Department of Horticulture and Garden Engineering Landscape Architecture Located in Al-Sayadah area / Agricultural Research and Experiments Station of the Faculty of Agriculture - University of Kirkuk - Iraq, during the growing season (2023-2024). The study aims at studying the effect of mulching with three types (no mulching, Sawdust and Charcoal) where the mulching was done once with a thickness of 5 cm and on a circular area with a radius of 30 cm. The vegetative total was sprayed with three concentrations of salicylic acid (0, 100 and 150) mg liter and on five sprays with an interval of 15 days between each spray starting from 20/4 to 20/6 for two varieties of young vines (Halwani and Kamali). The experiment was carried out according to the design of the complete random sectors (R.C.B.D) as a factor experiment and with three replicates. The results obtained were summarized as follows:- Covering with charcoal led to a significant superiority in all the studied characteristics (percentage of macronutrients, NPK, and carbohydrates in leaves and stems), reaching (3.25, 0.64, 3.13, 12.70, 1.87, 0.61, 2.89, 11.20)%, respectively. The effect of spraying treatment with salicylic growth regulator is significant in all characteristics when spraying 150mg L-1. In terms of the varieties, the Kamli variety outperformed the Halwani In (the percentage of macronutrients PK and carbohydrates in leaves and NPK and carbohydrates in stems), Which I reached (59.90, 3.16, 12.63, 1.87, 0.66, 2.78, 10.60)%, respectively, While the Halwani variety outperformed the Kamali variety in the percentage of nitrogen in the leaves, reaching 3.07%. The two- and three-way interaction of the study treatments had a significant effect on the studied traits.