bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Liberty before Liberalism
Authors: Skinner Quentin
Published: July 2014

This extended essay by one of the world's leading historians seeks, in its first part, to excavate and to vindicate, the neo-Roman theory of free citizens and free states as it developed in early modern Britain. This analysis leads on to a powerful defence of the nature, purposes and goals of intellectual history and the history of ideas. As Quentin Skinner says, 'the intellectual historian can help us to appreciate how far the values embodied in our present way of life, and our present ways of thinking about those values, reflect a series of choices made at different times between different possible worlds'. This essay provides one of the most substantial statements yet made about the importance, relevance and potential excitement of this form of historical enquiry. Liberty before Liberalism is based on Quentin Skinner's Inaugural Lecture as Regius Professor of Modern History in the University of Cambridge, delivered in 1997.
Introduction à l'histoire du Buddhisme Indien
Authors: Burnouf Eugène , Saint-Hilaire Jules Barthélemy
Published: July 2014

Eugène Burnouf (1801–52), an eminent French orientalist and scholar of Sanskrit, made groundbreaking contributions to the knowledge of Zoroastrianism and to the deciphering of the Zend and Pāli languages. He was a member of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, and of numerous Asiatic societies throughout Europe. When he first published this monumental work of scholarship in 1844, Burnouf established European Buddhist studies on solid foundations. In it, he presents the Indian historical context in which Buddhism developed, as well as its connections and debates with Brahmanism. He also sheds light on the role of the caste system in this religion. To this day, Burnouf's pioneering vision continues to shape our understanding of Buddhism. This second edition was published posthumously in 1876, with an introduction by the French philosopher and journalist Jules Barthélemy Saint-Hilaire (1805–95). It remains of relevance to students of religion, oriental studies and Indian history.
The Works of Sir William Jones
Authors: Jones William
Published: July 2014

A renowned Enlightenment polymath, Sir William Jones (1746–94) was a lawyer, translator and poet who wrote authoritatively on politics, comparative linguistics and oriental literature. Known initially for his Persian translations and political radicalism, Jones became further celebrated for his study and translation of ancient Sanskrit texts following his appointment to the supreme court in Calcutta in 1783. He spent the next eleven years introducing Europe to the mysticism and rationality of Hinduism through works such as his nine 'Hymns' to Hindu deities and his translation of the Sanskrit classic Sacontalá, influencing Romantic writers from William Blake to August Wilhelm Schlegel. Volume 5 of his thirteen-volume works, published in 1807, contains Jones' researches into Indian botany - including the comparative 'Botanical Observations on Select Indian Plants' - coupled with his groundbreaking Grammar of the Persian Language (1771), the work which established Jones as one of the eighteenth century's greatest orientalists.
Essays on the Languages, Literature, and Religion of Nepál and Tibet
Authors: Hodgson Brian Houghton
Published: July 2014

An English civil servant who worked in British India and Nepal, Brian Houghton Hodgson (c.1801–94) was also a specialist in Tibetan Buddhism. First published in 1874, this is a collection of his essays on nineteenth-century Nepal and Tibet, earlier versions of which had appeared in the Journal of the Bengal Asiatic Society and two books of Hodgson's own, later updated for the Phoenix, a monthly magazine for China, Japan and eastern Asia. Diverse in coverage, the essays represent over thirty years' research. Those in Part 1 focus on Buddhism, covering religious practices, writing, literature, attitudes to Buddhism and the differences between Buddhism and Shaivism. The pieces in Part 2 explore other aspects of Nepal and the Himalayas, such as tribal culture, colonisation and commerce. Discussing a range of linguistic, cultural, sociological and economic topics, this collection remains relevant to scholars working in these fields.
History of the Indian Archipelago
Authors: Crawfurd John
Published: July 2014

Trained as a doctor, John Crawfurd (1783–1868) went on to have a distinguished career in colonial administration with the East India Company. He held senior posts in Java from 1811 to 1816, including that of resident at the court of Yogyakarta. A talented linguist and ethnologist, Crawfurd acquired a sound knowledge of ancient Kawi and contemporary Javanese. Upon his return to Britain in 1817, he became a fellow of the Royal Society and published this three-volume work on the Indonesian islands, principally Java, to great acclaim. Following further service abroad, he published accounts of his various missions in south-east Asia and an encyclopaedic sequel to the present work (all of which are reissued in the Cambridge Library Collection). Volume 3 examines political institutions and commerce, covering major exports and imports along with demographics, public revenue and laws.
The Life of His Royal Highness the Prince Consort
Authors: Martin Theodore
Published: July 2014

A lawyer by profession, Theodore Martin (1816–1909) gained literary distinction as both a humorous essayist and versatile translator. He found his greatest success, however, in the role of biographer to Prince Albert (1819–61). Commissioned by Queen Victoria to memorialise her late husband, this five-volume work was first published between 1875 and 1880. Intended as a continuation of the biography begun by Charles Grey (also reissued in this series), it has been described as 'less adulatory in tone than might be expected'. A treasury of letters and memoranda, it presents a detailed portrait of the character, words and deeds of a man whose life was necessarily immersed in the great events of his time. Volume 3 covers the period from 1854 to 1856 and deals extensively with the significant role played by Albert during the Crimean War.
Programming in Ada 2012
Authors: Barnes John
Published: July 2014

Ada is the language of choice for the majority of programmers involved in writing safety-critical and high-integrity software. Previous editions of John Barnes' books established themselves as the definitive references for earlier versions of Ada. With the release of the latest ISO standard, Ada 2012, this new book will become recognised as the go-to resource for those wishing to learn the language or to program in it.
Carbon footprint of crop production in China: an analysis of National Statistics data
Authors: CHENG K. , YAN M. , NAYAK D. , PAN G. X. , SMITH P. , ZHENG J. F. , ZHENG J. W.
Published: July 2014

Assessing carbon footprint (CF) of crop production in a whole crop life-cycle could provide insights into the contribution of crop production to climate change and help to identify possible greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation options. In the current study, data for the major crops of China were collected from the national statistical archive on cultivation area, yield, application rates of fertilizer, pesticide, diesel, plastic film, irrigated water, etc. The CF of direct and indirect carbon emissions associated with or caused by these agricultural inputs was quantified with published emission factors. In general, paddy rice, wheat, maize and soybean of China had mean CFs of 2472, 794, 781 and 222 kg carbon equivalent (CE)/ha, and 0·37, 0·14, 0·12 and 0·10 kg CE/kg product, respectively. For dry crops (i.e. those grown without flooding the fields: wheat, maize and soybean), 0·78 of the total CFs was contributed by nitrogen (N) fertilizer use, including both direct soil nitrous oxide (N2O) emission and indirect emissions from N fertilizer manufacture. Meanwhile, direct methane (CH4) emissions contributed 0·69 on average to the total CFs of flooded paddy rice. Moreover, the difference in N fertilizer application rates explained 0·86–0·93 of the provincial variations of dry crop CFs while that in CH4 emissions could explain 0·85 of the provincial variation of paddy rice CFs. When a 30% reduction in N fertilization was considered, a potential reduction in GHGs of 60 megatonne (Mt) carbon dioxide equivalent from production of these crops was projected. The current work highlights opportunities to gain GHG emission reduction in production of crops associated with good management practices in China.
Tranexamic acid – a useful drug in ENT surgery?
Authors: Robb P J
Published: July 2014

Background:

Tranexamic acid is a synthetic antifibrinolytic drug. It has been widely available for over 40 years, but only recently has it started to be used routinely in many surgical disciplines. For ENT surgeons, epistaxis and post-tonsillectomy bleeding contribute a significant proportion of the morbidity and emergency workload in a general ENT department. Published evidence indicates a potentially helpful role for tranexamic acid in managing epistaxis.

Results and conclusion:

To date, the benefits of tranexamic acid as a prophylactic treatment to reduce the rate and severity of post-tonsillectomy bleeding are less certain. Two recently published pilot studies looking at primary haemorrhage in children and secondary haemorrhage in adults following tonsillectomy suggest that further large, randomised trials should explore the efficacy of tranexamic acid in routine ENT surgery. There are potential reductions in patient morbidity and cost savings if tranexamic acid is found to be efficacious in larger trials.
Picking buttercups and eating butter cups: Spelling alternations, semantic relatedness, and their consequences for compound processing
Authors: MARELLI MARCO , DINU GEORGIANA , ZAMPARELLI ROBERTO , BARONI MARCO
Published: July 2014

Semantic transparency (ST) is a measure quantifying the strength of meaning association between a compound word (buttercup) and its constituents (butter, cup). Borrowing ideas from computational semantics, we characterize ST in terms of the degree to which a compound and its constituents tend to share the same contexts in everyday usage, and we collect separate measures for different orthographic realizations (solid vs. open) of the same compound. We can thus compare the effects of semantic association in cases in which direct semantic access is likely to take place (buttercup), vis-á-vis forms that encourage combinatorial procedures (butter cup). ST effects are investigated in an analysis of lexical decision latencies. The results indicate that distributionally based ST variables are most predictive of response times when extracted from contexts presenting the compounds as open forms, suggesting that compound processing involves a conceptual combination procedure focusing on the merger of the constituent meanings.
Access to Justice: Legal Aid to the Poor at Civil Law Courts in the Eighteenth-Century Low Countries
Authors: Vermeesch Griet
Published: July 2014

Medieval and early modern rulers commonly proclaimed that protecting the legal entitlements of the personae miserabiles, who included widows, orphans, the chronically ill and “the poor,” was among their principal duties. The entitlement of the poor to legal services was not a matter of grace but was in fact their “good right.” For example, widows, orphans, and other personae miserabili had the privilege of being heard in first instance before high courts, so as to save time and costs in pursuing their legal claims. Another example of manifest commitment to legal entitlement for the poor was the refusal of Philip II of Habsburg to consent to measures that would limit the jurisdiction of his Castilian chanceries; the measures had been proposed so as to limit the chanceries’ ever-increasing workload, but, because they could also restrict indigents' access to such courts, were rejected by the monarch. At first glance, such inclusiveness appears to have been achieved, particularly in view of the large numbers of petty conflicts brought before formal law courts during the long sixteenth century, leading to a so-called “legal revolution.” Historians generally acknowledge that broad layers of early modern society made abundant use of civil adjudication in arranging their social and economic relations and interests.
A novel hybrid genetic algorithm for the multidepot periodic vehicle routing problem
Authors: Mirabi Mohammad
Published: July 2014

A genetic algorithm is a metaheuristic proposed to derive approximate solutions for computationally hard problems. In the literature, several successful applications have been reported for graph-based optimization problems, such as scheduling problems. This paper provides one definition of periodic vehicle routing problem for single and multidepots conforming to a wide range of real-world problems and also develops a novel hybrid genetic algorithm to solve it. The proposed hybrid genetic algorithm applies a modified approach to generate a population of initial chromosomes and also uses an improved heuristic called the iterated swap procedure to improve the initial solutions. Moreover, during the implementation a hybrid algorithm, cyclic transfers, an effective class of neighborhood search is applied. The author uses three genetic operators to produce good new offspring. The objective function consists of two terms: total traveled distance at each depot and total waiting time of all customers to take service. Distances are assumed Euclidean or straight line. These conditions are exactly consistent with the real-world situations and have received little attention in the literature. Finally, the experimental results have revealed that the proposed hybrid method can be competitive with the best existing methods as asynchronous parallel heuristic and variable neighborhood search in terms of solution quality to solve the vehicle routing problem.
Evaluation and use of clustering algorithms for standard penetration test data classification
Authors: Göktepe A. Burak , Altun Selim , Sezer Alper
Published: July 2014

The standard penetration test (SPT) is the most common test conducted in the field, and it is used to determine in situ properties of different soils. Although it is a matter of debate, these tests are also used for the determination of the consistency of fine-grained soils, whereby the test results can also be utilized to establish numerous empirical correlations to predict the strength of soils in the field. In this study, unsupervised clustering algorithms were employed to classify the SPT standard penetration resistance value (SPT-N) in the field. In this scope, shear strength and liquidity index parameters were used to classify the SPT-N values by taking the classification system of Terzaghi and Peck (1967) into consideration. The results showed that the input parameters were successful for classifying the SPT-N value to an acceptable degree of strength attribute. Therefore, in cases where the SPT tests are unreliable or could not be performed, laboratory tests on undisturbed specimens can give valuable information regarding the consistency and SPT-N value of the soil specimen under investigation. Data in this study is based on several tests that were conducted in a region; nevertheless, it is advised that the results of this study should be evaluated using global data.
Evaluation of PCR in the diagnosis of canine leishmaniasis in two different epidemiological regions: Campinas (SP) and Teresina (PI), Brazil
Authors: COSTA L. N. G. , BORBA A. S. , CASTAGNA C. L. , CARVALHO FILHO E. B. , MARSON F. A. L. , SÁ JUNIOR F. F. , ANGERAMI R. N. , LEVY C. E. ,   the Leishmaniasis Study Group
Published: July 2014

Using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test for diagnosis of canine leishmaniasis has greater sensitivity and specificity than culture and visualization of the parasite. This study compares PCR for the diagnosis of the genus and species ofLeishmaniawith serological techniques used for the control of canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) in Brazil, considering two regions. We analysed peripheral blood samples collected from 195 dogs in the Campinas (SP) and Teresina (PI) regions. ELISA was performed as a serological method and PCR was performed using specific primers for the genusLeishmaniaspp. and the speciesLeishmania chagasi. In Campinas, a greater sensitivity of PCR (88·24%) (P = 0·0455) compared to Teresina (14·71%) (P < 0·0001) was observed, and an agreement was observed for Cohen's kappa index (0·9096). Both PCR and ELISA showed discordance for sensitivity (Campinas 100%, Teresina 21·74%), specificity (Campinas 30·77%, Teresina 100%), positive predictive value (Campinas 68·97%, Teresina 100%), negative predictive value (Campinas 100%, Teresina 37·94%) and Cohen's kappa index (0·1238). This study confirms the importance of PCR in analysis of the canine reservoir, and as an effective method for the detection of active and recent infection.
Alcohol, marijuana, and tobacco use trajectories from age 12 to 24 years: Demographic correlates and young adult substance use problems
Authors: Nelson Sarah E. , Van Ryzin Mark J. , Dishion Thomas J.
Published: July 2014

Substance use trajectories were examined from early adolescence to young adulthood among a diverse sample of 998 youths. Analysis of longitudinal data from ages 12 to 24 identified distinct trajectories for alcohol, marijuana, and tobacco use. Modeling revealed 8 alcohol, 7 marijuana, and 6 tobacco use trajectories. Analyses assessed risk for substance use problems in early adulthood within each trajectory, as well as overlap among alcohol, marijuana, and tobacco use trajectories. Findings confirmed that adolescents with early- and rapid-onset trajectories are particularly vulnerable to the development of problematic substance use in early adulthood. However, analyses also identified an escalating high school onset trajectory for alcohol and for marijuana use that was equally prognostic of problem use in adulthood. Moreover, tobacco use in early adolescence was associated with developing high-risk marijuana and alcohol use patterns. Random assignment to the Family Check-Up intervention was found to reduce risk for membership in the high-risk marijuana use trajectories, suggesting that family-based approaches delivered during adolescence can prevent escalations to problematic substance use. These findings suggest the importance of developmental heterogeneity and equifinality in considering prevention for alcohol and drug use.
Response to Howard and Walters
Authors: Lust Ellen
Published: July 2014

This response points to three critical problems inExplaining the Unexpected. First, the authors' contention that scholars ignored “everyday contestation,” including changing citizen-state relations, emerging venues of political participation, and the potential for mobilization, is based on a selective reading of the literature on politics in the Arab world before 2011. Second, their assertion that existing paradigms hindered scholars' ability to understand change mischaracterizes the literature on enduring authoritarianism. Scholars did not argue that regime breakdown wasimpossiblebefore 2011 but rather sought to understand why authoritarian regimes were sustained. Long before the uprisings, they recognized the factors that could make breakdown possible. Third, Howard and Walters' conclusion that Middle East scholars' fundamental paradigms and their focus on regime type will lead them to treat “utterly remarkable waves of mass mobilization as politically inconsequential” is misplaced. The literature has and continues to explore a wide range of issues that extend far beyond democratization, and recent scholarship has examined varied aspects of the diverse political processes and outcomes witnessed since 2011.Explaining the Unexpectedmisses the mark on many points, but it does provide a useful platform for scholars to reflect on problems facing comparative politics. These include the blinders resulting from the normative biases underpinning the discipline and the need for a nuanced discussion about how, and to what extent, scholars facing rapid, regional transformations can learn from the study of similar experiences in other regions.
Antidepressant dose and the risk of deliberate self-harm
Authors: Barbui C. , Patten S.B.
Published: July 2014

Although the mechanism by which antidepressants (ADs) may increase the risk of suicide-related outcomes is unknown, it has been hypothesised that some adverse effects, including akathisia, insomnia and panic attacks, as well as an early energising effect that might allow patients with depression to act on suicidal impulses, may have a key role. Considering that these adverse effects are dose-related, it might be hypothesised that the risk of suicidal behaviour is similarly related to the AD dose. This research question has recently been addressed by a propensity score-matched observational cohort study that involved 162 625 patients aged 10–64 years with a depression diagnosis who initiated therapy with citalopram, sertraline or fluoxetine. In this commentary, we discuss the main findings of this study in view of its methodological strengths and limitations, and we suggest possible implications for day-to-day clinical practice.
Highly sensitive and rapid sequential cortisol detection using twin sensor QCM
Authors: Ito Takeshi , Aoki Nobuyoshi , Kaneko Satoru , Suzuki Koji
Published: July 2014

Cortisol, a stress marker, was detected using twin sensor QCM integrated with FIA.
Fabrication of solid strong bases with a molecular-level dispersion of lithium sites and high basic catalytic activity
Authors: Sun Lin-Bing , Shen Jie , Lu Feng , Liu Xiao-Dan , Zhu Li , Liu Xiao-Qin
Published: July 2014

Cyclodextrin-supported lithium prepared at room temperature exhibits a molecular-level dispersion of basic sites and high activity in transesterification reactions.
Guanidyl-functionalized graphene as a bifunctional adsorbent for selective enrichment of phosphopeptides
Authors: Xu Lin-Nan , Li Li-Ping , Jin Liang , Bai Yu , Liu Hu-Wei
Published: July 2014

This novel bi-functional gfg provides two enriching performances, one is for global phosphopeptides, and the other is for multi-phosphopeptides with consecutive phosphorylated residues.
Towards intelligent bioreactor systems: triggering the release and mixing of compounds based on DNA-functionalized hybrid hydrogel
Authors: Zhou Li , Chen Cuie , Ren Jinsong , Qu Xiaogang
Published: July 2014

We have designed and synthesized an intelligent DNA-functionalized hydrogel bioreactor system that can be controlled by external stimuli.
Why does bromine square palladium off? An ab initio study of brominated palladium and its nanomorphology
Authors: Yoo Su-Hyun , Lee Ji-Hwan , Delley Bernard , Soon Aloysius
Published: July 2014

We study the chemisorption of Br on the low and high Miller-index surfaces of Pd nanoparticles, and provide a quantitative atomic picture and physics of these brominated palladium for the systematic design of more selective and active Pd shape-sculptured nanocatalysts.
Feasibility of occurrence of different types of protonated base pairs in RNA: a quantum chemical study
Authors: Halder Antarip , Halder Sukanya , Bhattacharyya Dhananjay , Mitra Abhijit
Published: July 2014

How the thermodynamic barrier associated with the protonation of a nucleobase is overcome in the context of RNA may be understood by considering protonation induced charge redistribution in the nucleobases and base pairs.
Aromatic–hydroxyl interaction of an alpha-aryl ether lignin model-compound on SBA-15, present at pyrolysis temperatures
Authors: Kandziolka M. V. , Kidder M. K. , Gill L. , Wu Z. , Savara A.
Published: July 2014

BPEa hydrogen bonds to SBA-15 surface hydroxylsviaan aromatic–hydroxyl interaction characterized by a redshift of >100 cm−1in the OH and CH vibrational frequencies. Surprisingly, this aromatic–hydroxyl interaction is present until ∼400 °C.
Local structure and lithium mobility in intercalated Li3AlxTi2−x(PO4)3 NASICON type materials: a combined neutron diffraction and NMR study
Authors: Arbi K. , Hoelzel M. , Kuhn A. , García-Alvarado F. , Sanz J.
Published: July 2014

Detection of twelve components in the 6Li MAS-NMR spectra of Li3Ti2(PO4)3 recorded at room temperature suggests the location of Li+ ions near different three-oxygen faces that define large M2 cavities. The occupation of M3 and M3′ sites deduced by the ND technique has been ascribed to the lower spatial resolution achieved in ND experiments.
Supramolecular activation of a molecular photocatalyst
Authors: Pfeffer Michael G. , Pehlken Christian , Staehle Robert , Sorsche Dieter , Streb Carsten , Rau Sven
Published: July 2014

Supramolecular activation of an intramolecular ruthenium palladium hydrogen evolving photocatalyst using polyaromatic compounds.
Microbial diversity and flavor formation in onion fermentation
Authors: Cheng Lili , Luo Jianfei , Li Pan , Yu Hang , Huang Jianfei , Luo Lixin
Published: July 2014

The fermentation of onions is not well understood. In this work, we focused on the analysis of microbial diversity and flavor formation in onion fermentation with indigenous flora (without starter cultures). Two different methods were used to establish the relationship between the microbes and the production of flavor. A link was made between the substrates, metabolites, and the microbes identified.
An environmentally benign, mild, and catalyst-free reaction of quinones with heterocyclic ketene aminals in ethanol: site-selective synthesis of rarely fused [1,2-a]indolone derivatives via an unexpected anti-Nenitzescu strategy
Authors: Zhou Bei , Liu Zhi-Cheng , Qu Wen-Wen , Yang Rui , Lin Xin-Rong , Yan Sheng-Jiao , Lin Jun
Published: July 2014

The first site-selective methodology for the construction of fused [1,2-a]indolone derivativesviaan unexpected anti-Nenitzescu strategy has been developed.
A novel aluminium–Air rechargeable battery with Al2O3 as the buffer to suppress byproduct accumulation directly onto an aluminium anode and air cathode
Authors: Mori Ryohei
Published: July 2014

An aluminium–air secondary battery was prepared with aluminium oxide placed adjacent to an aluminium anode and air cathode.
Behaviour of iprit carbonate analogues in solventless reactions
Authors: Arico' F. , Evaristo S. , Tundo P.
Published: July 2014

Sulfur iprit carbonate analogues showed to undergo nucleophilic substitution with several substrates in neat conditions at atmospheric pressure, in the presence and in the absence of a catalytic amount of base.
Spin crossover-graphene nanocomposites: facile syntheses, characterization, and magnetic properties
Authors: Qiu Dan , Ren Dong-Hong , Gu Ling , Sun Xiao-Li , Qu Ting-Ting , Gu Zhi-Guo , Li Zaijun
Published: July 2014

[Fe(Htrz)2(trz)](BF4)–graphene spin-crossover nanocomposites have been successfully synthesized and characterized. [Fe(Htrz)2(trz)](BF4) nanoparticles (ca. 50 nm) distributed uniformly onto the surface of the graphene. Graphene as a substrate produced an effect on the spin crossover properties of [Fe(Htrz)2(trz)](BF4) nanoparticles.
Novel RAFT amphiphilic brush copolymer steric stabilisers for cubosomes: poly(octadecyl acrylate)-block-poly(polyethylene glycol methyl ether acrylate)
Authors: Chong Josephine Y. T. , Mulet Xavier , Postma Almar , Keddie Daniel J. , Waddington Lynne J. , Boyd Ben J. , Drummond Calum J.
Published: July 2014

Custom amphiphilic brush co-polymers provide improved colloidal stability for cubosomes compared to Pluronics®.
Using Randomized Variable Practice in the Treatment of Childhood Apraxia of Speech
Authors: Skelton Steven L. , Hagopian Aubrie Lynn
Published: July 2014

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to determine if randomized variable practice, a central component of concurrent treatment, would be effective and efficient in treating childhood apraxia of speech (CAS). Concurrent treatment is a treatment program that takes the speech task hierarchy and randomizes it so that all tasks are worked on in one session. Previous studies have shown the treatment program to be effective and efficient in treating phonological and articulation disorders. The program was adapted to be used with children with CAS.

Method

A research design of multiple baselines across participants was used. Probes of generalization to untaught words were administered every fifth session. Three children, ranging in age from 4 to 6 years old, were the participants. Data were collected as percent correct productions during baseline, treatment, and probes of generalization of target sounds to untaught words and three-word phrases.

Results

All participants showed an increase in correct productions during treatment and during probes. Effect sizes (standard mean difference) for treatment were 3.61–5.00, and for generalization probes, they were 3.15–8.51.

Conclusions

The results obtained from this study suggest that randomized variable practice as used in concurrent treatment can be adapted for use in treating children with CAS. Replication of this study with other children presenting CAS will be needed to establish generality of the findings.
Responsible Citizens and Accountable Service Providers? Renegotiating the Contract between Citizen and State
Authors: Richardson Liz , Purdam Kingsley , Cotterill Sarah , Rees James , Squires Graham , Askew Rebecca
Published: July 2014

New forms of governance, conditional approaches to public service access, and initiatives to engage citizens in taking on new responsibilities are being developed in the context of the scaling down of the welfare state. We examine the extent to which collaboration and multidirectional accountability can be developed between the state and citizens, with a focus on a case study of Community Contracts in England. These quasi-legal agreements, operationalised at the local level, involve citizens and service providers cooperating in tackling social problems through agreed responsibilities and behaviour. Findings from interviews and focus group research suggest that Community Contracts represent an innovation in governance. Citizens are given a voice and there are new pathways for effective service delivery and accountability; conditionality applies to citizens and service providers. However, although there was evidence of increased service accountability, the impact on civic responsibility and conditionality beyond already active citizens and beyond certain issues was less apparent. Although citizens and service providers were ready to take on new roles, the legal status of the contract was only loosely defined. Challenges remain concerning how contract-based approaches can be fully realised in practice.
Being Recognised and Becoming Known: Encounters between People with and without Intellectual Disability in the Public Realm
Authors: Wiesel Ilan , Bigby Christine
Published: July 2014

The social inclusion of people with intellectual disability has typically been defined and measured in terms of their ‘presence’ and ‘participation’ in community life. In this paper we point to a very wide spectrum of social interactions—or ‘encounters’—between people with and without intellectual disability which fall into neither category. We offer the concepts of ‘being recognised’ and ‘becoming known’ to describe encounters which are neither passive presence in the community nor the fully fledged relationships of community participation. Rather, these concepts can be used to describe the day-to-day experiences of people with intellectual disability negotiating their use of public spaces and facilities in ways which can at times be different from prevailing norms. Based on a survey and interviews with local residents in three metropolitan suburbs and one country town in the State of Victoria, Australia, we analyse the social and spatial dynamics influencing the frequency and nature of encounters between people with and without intellectual disability.
Political and Social Divisions over Climate Change among Young Queenslanders
Authors: Tranter Bruce , Skrbis Zlatko
Published: July 2014

A large survey of young people in Queensland, Australia, indicates that the majority believe that climate change is occurring, that the planet is warming because of greenhouse gas emissions, and that anthropogenic global warming poses a serious risk to Australia. Parental education has an important influence upon the development of environmental attitudes among young people, with the children of tertiary-educated parents much more likely than others to be concerned about planetary warming. A strong gender divide is also apparent, with young women consistently more concerned about ‘the environment’ than young men are. Political party identification has an important influence upon environmental concerns even among these 16–17-year olds, with young conservative party identifiers far less likely than Greens or Labor identifiers to believe that global warming will pose a serious risk in their lifetime, after controlling for beliefs in human-induced climate change. The party identification findings point to an emerging support base of young Australians for parties that adopt a progressive stance on climate change.
Reducing the Number of Turbine Starts in Concentrating Solar Power Plants Through the Integration of Thermal Energy Storage
Authors: Guédez Rafael , Spelling James , Laumert Björn
Published: July 2014

The operation of steam turbine units in solar thermal power plants is very different than in conventional base-load plants. Due to the variability of the solar resource, much higher frequencies of plant start-ups are encountered. This study provides an insight to the influence of thermal energy storage (TES) integration on the typical cycling operation of solar thermal power plants. It is demonstrated that the integration of storage leads to significant reductions in the annual number of turbine starts and is thus beneficial to the turbine lifetime. At the same time, the effects of storage integration on the electricity costs are analyzed to ensure that the designs remain economically competitive. Large storage capacities, can allow the plant to be shifted from a daily starting regime to one where less than 20 plant starts occur annually. Additionally, the concept of equivalent operating hours (EOHs) is used to further analyze the direct impact of storage integration on the maintenance planning of the turbine units.
Nanoparticles of Cadmium Nitrate and Cobalt Nitrate Complexes Bearing Phosphoramide Ligands Designed for Application in Dye Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Shariatinia Zahra , Tuba Razieh Shajareh
Published: July 2014

In this study, using ultrasonic method, nanoparticles of a new phosphoramide compound and its cobalt nitrate and cadmium nitrate complexes with formula (4-NO2-C6H4NH)P(O)Cl(NH-C5H4N-2) = L (1), Co(NO3)2(L)(CH3OH) (2), Cd(NO3)2(L)(CH3OH) (3) were synthesized and characterized by 31P, 1H, 13C NMR, fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), ultraviolet–visible (UV-Vis), fluorescence spectroscopy, and elemental analysis as well as field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), transmission electron microsopy (TEM), and XRD techniques. The FE-SEM and high-resolution TEM (HR-TEM) analyses showed that particle sizes of the compounds 1–3 are about 20–50 nm. The compounds 1–3 were utilized as dyes for adsorption of light in dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) and the efficiencies of the cells were obtained equal to 0.42%, 0.49%, 0.54%, respectively. The analysis of band gap with density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed that it decreases in the order 1 > 2 > 3, which is in consistent with the band gaps measured from fluorescence spectra. Comparing the conversion efficiencies of the three dyes illustrated that compound 3 with the smallest band gap yields the greatest efficiency.
In Situ Imaging of Lithium-Ion Batteries Via the Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry
Authors: ChiuHuang Cheng-Kai , Zhou Chuanzhen , Shadow Huang Hsiao-Ying
Published: July 2014

To develop lithium-ion batteries with a high rate-capability and low cost, the prevention of capacity loss is one of major challenges, which needs to be tackled in the lithium-ion battery industry. During electrochemical processes, lithium ions diffuse from and insert into battery electrodes accompanied with the phase transformation, whereas ionic diffusivity and concentration are keys to the resultant battery capacity. In the current study, we compare voltage versus capacity of lithium-ion batteries at different current-rates (C-rates) discharging. Larger hysteresis and voltage fluctuations are observed in higher C-rate samples. We investigate origins of voltage fluctuations by quantifying lithium-ion intensity and distribution via a time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). The result shows that for fully discharged samples, lithium-ion intensity and distribution are not C-rate dependent, suggesting different lithium-ion insertion mechanisms at a higher C-rate discharging might be solely responsible for the observed low frequency voltage fluctuation.
SU‐E‐T‐334: Track Structure Simulations of Charged Particles at Low and Intermediate Energies: Cross Sections Needs for Light and Heavy Ions
Authors: Dingfelder M
Published: July 2014

Purpose/Methods:

Monte Carlo (MC) track structure simulations follow the primary as well as all produced secondary particles in an event‐by‐event manner, from starting or ejection energy down to total stopping. They provide useful information on physics and chemistry of the biological response to radiation. They depend on reliable interaction cross sections and transport models of the considered radiation quality with biologically relevant materials. Most transport models focus on sufficiently fast and bare (i.e., fully ionized) ions and cross sections calculated within the (relativistic) first Born or Bethe approximations. These theories consider the projectile as a point particle and rely on proton cross sections and simple charge‐scaling methods; they neglect the atomic nature of the ion and break down at low and intermediate ion energies. Heavier ions are used in particle therapy and slow to intermediate and low energies in the biologically interesting Bragg peak. Lighter and slower fragment ions, including alpha particles, protons, and neutrons are also produced in nuclear and break up reactions of charged particles. Secondary neutrons also produce recoil protons and ions, mainly in the intermediate energy range.

Results/Conclusion:

This work reviews existing models for track structure simulations and cross section calculations for light and heavy ions focusing on the low and intermediate energy range. It also presents new and updated aspects on cross section calculations and simulation techniques for ions and discusses the need for new models, calculations, and experimental data.
SU‐E‐T‐339: Universally Reprogrammable Automated Planning
Authors: Wang H , Xing L
Published: July 2014

Purpose:

Automating treatment planning has recently become a subject of intense research. The current limitation is there is no way to get around the black box nature of planning. One way is know the components inside the black box, but this idealistic approach is rarely practical. The purpose of this work is to develop a generic framework that is capable of automating any existing black box planning environment without the need to know the details of the implementation inside.

Methods:

We used a record, playback, and validation mechanism to fully automate the treatment planning procedure. Varian Eclipse Treatment Planning and Coutouring were used for VMAT planning. Different actions were pre‐recorded and played back with adjustable parameters calculated and inputted on the fly. The decision on which parameters to tune and how much to make the adjustment is based on previous results produced and saved.

Results:

We have tested our interface with four different head and neck VMAT patients. The system successfully ran and the results were in strong agreement with clinical requirements. Each iteration consists of tuning, decision making based on previous runs, optimization, and dose calculation. For each patient 20 iterations were sufficient and each iteration took on average 34.6 minutes. The DVH was exported after the dose calculation and the priority for all the organs were adjusted in the optimizer for each adjustment iteration.

Conclusion:

We have developed a generic framework that allows researchers to fully automate the treatment planning process. We have showed a proof‐of‐concept using Varian Eclipse. The automation does not require the user to know the details of the implementation of the treatment planning environment. It approaches treatment planning in a similar way as a manual planner would, by trying different adjustment strategies on the fly and deciding subsequently what the best action is.
SU‐E‐T‐343: Valencia Applicator Commissioning Using a Micro‐Chamber Array
Authors: Carmona‐Meseguer V , Garcia‐Martinez T , Palomo‐Llinares R , Candela‐Juan C , Richart‐Sancho J , Gimeno‐Olmos J , Lliso‐Valverde F , Granero D , Ballester F , Perez‐Calatayud J
Published: July 2014

Purpose:

In the commissioning and QA of surface isotope‐based applicators, source‐indexer distance (SID) has a great influence in the flatness, symmetry and output. To these purposes, methods described in the literature are the use of a special insert at the entrance of dwell chamber or radiochromic films. Here we present the experience with a micro‐chamber array to perform the commissioning and QA of Valencia applicators.

Methods:

Valencia applicators have been used, the classic and the new extra‐shielded version. A micro‐chamber array has been employed, 1000 SRS (PTW), with 977 liquid filled, 2.3×2.3×0.5 mm3 sized ion chambers covering 11×11 cm2, which spacing is 2.5 mm in the central 5.5×5.5 cm2, dedicated mainly in principle, in conjunction with Octavius 4D (PTW), to IMRT, VMAT, SBRT verifications. Verisoft software that allows for 3D and planar analysis has been used to evaluate the results. Applicators were located on the surface of the array. To verify the SID, measurements corresponding to the reference value, SID ± 1 mm and SID ± 2 mm were acquired (integration time was fixed in order to discard the influence of the source entrance/exit). Once SID was determined, standard protocol treatments corresponding to 3 Gy and 7 Gy were acquired in order to establish typical patient dose distribution.

Results:

The method is fast and sensitive. The SID obtained was 1321 mm which is the nominal value included in the applicator manual. For example at 1319 mm an asymmetry of ±8% with respect to the central value was measured, along with a central deviation of −4% referred to 1321 mm.

Conclusion:

A practical method for the commissioning and QA of Valencia applicators has been described. It has been shown that it is an efficient and accurate tool for these purposes as well as for the verification of the absolute output constancy.
SU‐E‐T‐344: Validation and Clinical Experience of Eclipse Electron Monte Carlo Algorithm (EMC)
Authors: Pokharel S , Rana S
Published: July 2014

Purpose:

The purpose of this study is to validate Eclipse Electron Monte Carlo (Algorithm for routine clinical uses.

Methods:

The PTW inhomogeneity phantom (T40037) with different combination of heterogeneous slabs has been CT‐scanned with Philips Brilliance 16 slice scanner. The phantom contains blocks of Rando Alderson materials mimicking lung, Polystyrene (Tissue), PTFE (Bone) and PMAA. The phantom has 30×30×2.5 cm base plate with 2cm recesses to insert inhomogeneity. The detector systems used in this study are diode, tlds and Gafchromic EBT2 films. The diode and tlds were included in CT scans. The CT sets are transferred to Eclipse treatment planning system. Several plans have been created with Eclipse Monte Carlo (EMC) algorithm 11.0.21. Measurements have been carried out in Varian TrueBeam machine for energy from 6–22mev.

Results:

The measured and calculated doses agreed very well for tissue like media. The agreement was reasonably okay for the presence of lung inhomogeneity. The point dose agreement was within 3.5% and Gamma passing rate at 3%/3mm was greater than 93% except for 6Mev(85%). The disagreement can reach as high as 10% in the presence of bone inhomogeneity. This is due to eclipse reporting dose to the medium as opposed to the dose to the water as in conventional calculation engines.

Conclusion:

Care must be taken when using Varian Eclipse EMC algorithm for dose calculation for routine clinical uses. The algorithm dose not report dose to water in which most of the clinical experiences are based on rather it just reports dose to medium directly. In the presence of inhomogeneity such as bone, the dose discrepancy can be as high as 10% or even more depending on the location of normalization point or volume. As Radiation oncology as an empirical science, care must be taken before using EMC reported monitor units for clinical uses.
SU‐E‐T‐484: A New Method of Aligning Patient Setup Lasers in Radiation Therapy
Authors: Hwang U , Lim Y , Choi S , Kwak J , Yoon K , Cho K , Jeong C , Kim M , Jeong J , Park J , Shin D , Lee S , Kim J , Park S , Kim S
Published: July 2014

Purpose:

To develop a new method to align the patient setup lasers in radiation therapy and examine its validity and effectiveness.

Methods:

The new laser alignment method was realized by a device composed of both a metallic base plate and few acrylic transparent plates with a cross hair line on each of them. The holders of radiochromic films were prepared in the device to find a radiation isocenter. The right laser positions could be found optically by matching the shadows of all the cross hairs in the gantry head and the device. The repeatability and reproducibility (R&R) of laser alignments and the dependency of the alignment on the position error of the light source were evaluated by comparing the standard deviations and the means of the measured laser positions. After aligning the lasers optically, a radiation isocenter was found by a collimator spoke shot and the gantry spoke shot, and then the lasers were parallely translated to the isocenter.

Results:

In the R&R test, the standard deviation was 1.14 mm for the new method whereas it was 1.49 mm or 2.76 mm for the conventional method with either high‐ or low‐precision levels. In the test of the dependency on the position error of the light source, the mean laser position was shifted by 5.3 mm corresponding to the shift of the light source, 4.8 mm for the new method, but for the conventional method the laser position was shifted more than 7 times than that. The positional shift could be corrected by a parallel translation to the isocenter in the new method.

Conclusion:

A new laser alignment method was devised for radiation therapy and tested successfully. The method enabled us to align the lasers easily and accurately without repetition, and all lasers could be finally aligned to the radiation isocenter.