bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Una nueva medida de capital humano como determinante del crecimiento económico. Un caso empírico por medio de la metodología de componentes principales
Authors: Laverde Rojas Henry , Guevara Fletcher Diego Andrés
Published: October 2016

El presente documento evalúa una medida alternativa de capital humano en modelos de crecimiento económico dados los inconvenientes presentados en las estimaciones por mínimos cuadrados ordinarios. Este procedimiento se realiza mediante el método de análisis de componentes principales, el cual incorpora varios elementos relacionados con el capital humano –una de las variables fundamentales para el crecimiento económico según la teoría económica– y, de esta manera, superar varios problemas presentes en las variables educativas utilizadas tradicionalmente para medir este stock, haciéndola mucho más acertada desde una perspectiva conceptual. La medida es evaluada y contrastada en regresiones tradicionales de sección cruzada para 91 países en el periodo 1970-2011. Los resultados avalan las bondades de la variable, particularmente cuando se controla  por países de África subsahariana
Next-Generation Sequencing-Based Approaches for Mutation Mapping and Identification inCaenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Doitsidou Maria , Jarriault Sophie , Poole Richard J
Published: October 2016

The use of next-generation sequencing (NGS) has revolutionized the way phenotypic traits are assigned to genes. In this review, we describe NGS-based methods for mapping a mutation and identifying its molecular identity, with an emphasis on applications in Caenorhabditis elegans. In addition to an overview of the general principles and concepts, we discuss the main methods, provide practical and conceptual pointers, and guide the reader in the types of bioinformatics analyses that are required. Owing to the speed and the plummeting costs of NGS-based methods, mapping and cloning a mutation of interest has become straightforward, quick, and relatively easy. Removing this bottleneck previously associated with forward genetic screens has significantly advanced the use of genetics to probe fundamental biological processes in an unbiased manner.
Darwin’s Influence on Mendel: Evidence from a New Translation of Mendel’s Paper
Authors: Fairbanks Daniel J , Abbott Scott
Published: October 2016

Gregor Mendel’s classic paper, Versuche über Pflanzen-Hybriden (Experiments on Plant Hybrids), was published in 1866, hence 2016 is its sesquicentennial. Mendel completed his experiments in 1863 and shortly thereafter began compiling the results and writing his paper, which he presented in meetings of the Natural Science Society in Brünn in February and March of 1865. Mendel owned a personal copy of Darwin’s Origin of Species, a German translation published in 1863, and it contains his marginalia. Its publication date indicates that Mendel’s study of Darwin’s book could have had no influence while he was conducting his experiments but its publication date coincided with the period of time when he was preparing his paper, making it possible that Darwin’s writings influenced Mendel’s interpretations and theory. Based on this premise, we prepared a Darwinized English translation of Mendel’s paper by comparing German terms Mendel employed with the same terms in the German translation of Origin of Species in his possession, then using Darwin’s counterpart English words and phrases as much as possible in our translation. We found a substantially higher use of these terms in the final two (10th and 11th) sections of Mendel’s paper, particularly in one key paragraph, where Mendel reflects on evolutionary issues, providing strong evidence of Darwin’s influence on Mendel.
The Evolutionary Origin and Genetic Makeup of Domestic Horses
Authors: Librado Pablo , Fages Antoine , Gaunitz Charleen , Leonardi Michela , Wagner Stefanie , Khan Naveed , Hanghøj Kristian , Alquraishi Saleh A , Alfarhan Ahmed H , Al-Rasheid Khaled A , Der Sarkissian Clio , Schubert Mikkel , Orlando Ludovic
Published: October 2016

The horse was domesticated only 5.5 KYA, thousands of years after dogs, cattle, pigs, sheep, and goats. The horse nonetheless represents the domestic animal that most impacted human history; providing us with rapid transportation, which has considerably changed the speed and magnitude of the circulation of goods and people, as well as their cultures and diseases. By revolutionizing warfare and agriculture, horses also deeply influenced the politico-economic trajectory of human societies. Reciprocally, human activities have circled back on the recent evolution of the horse, by creating hundreds of domestic breeds through selective programs, while leading all wild populations to near extinction. Despite being tightly associated with humans, several aspects in the evolution of the domestic horse remain controversial. Here, we review recent advances in comparative genomics and paleogenomics that helped advance our understanding of the genetic foundation of domestic horses.
URGENSI PEMBINAN IKLIM DAN BUDAYA SEKOLAH
Authors: Zahro Lailatu
Published: October 2016

Bahasa Indonesia:

Pengembangan sekolah yang efektif, efisien, produktif dan akuntabel perlu ditunjang oleh perubahan berbagai aspek yang terkait dengan pendidikan, termasuk iklim sekolah. Perubahan iklim sekolah perlu dilakukan untuk merespons kondisi pendidikan yang semakin terpuruk. Hal ini lebih diperkuat lagi dengan perubahan-perubahan mendasar dalam berbagai aspek kehidupan, yang menuntut penyesuaian pendidikan dan iklim sekolah yang kondusif yang menunjang terhadap pembelajaran yang bermakna. Iklim dan Budaya sekolah yang kondusif ditandai dengan terciptanya lingkungan belajar yang aman, nyaman dan tertib sehingga pembelajaran dapat berlangsung secara efektif. Iklim dan budaya sekolah yang kondusif sangat penting agar siswa merasa senang dan bersikap positif terhadap sekolahnya, agar guru merasa dihargai, orang tua dan masyarakat merasa diterima dan dilibatkan. Hal ini dapat terjadi melalui penciptaan norma dan kebiasaan yang positif, hubungan dan kerja sama yang harmonis yang didasari oleh sikap saling menghormati di antara satu dengan yang lain.

 

 

English:

School development with the idea of effectiveness, efficiency, productivity, and accountability needs to go along with changing in educational settings, including the school climate. The climate transformation is urgently needed to respond degraded educational situation.  This is also required as the fundamental changing exists in every human life aspects, which requests for educational transformation and conducive school climate for meaningful learning at school. Conducive school climate is indicated by a safe, comfortable, and well-regulated school environment for effective learning. This circumstance is quite important so that students consider positively their schools, teachers feel appreciation for themselves, and parents are well-accepted and involved in school. This atmosphere can be developed through creating new positive habits and norms and teamwork under the umbrella of respects within the team member.
PENDIDIKAN ISLAM DAN KESETARAAN GENDER (Konsepsi Sosial tentang Keadilan Berpendidikan dalam Keluarga)
Authors: Rusydiyah Evi Fatimatur
Published: October 2016

Bahasa Indonesia:
Dalam pendidikan gender, orang tua memiliki peran yang sangat penting dalam mendidik dan mengarahkan anak. Apabila dalam satu keluarga atau masyarakat terjadi bias gender, maka akan berpengaruh pada pola pikir anak di masa yang akan datang. Penelitian ini bermaksud mendeskripsikan tentang pendidikan Islam dan gender, yang selama ini masih dianggap tabu oleh beberapa kalangan. Di sisi lain, kewajiban mendidik anak bagi orang tua adalah suatu hal yang wajib untuk dilaksanakan karena mereka menganggap bahwa anak adalah tanggung jawab yang diamanahkan oleh Allah untuk diberi pendidikan dan pengajaran. Dalam Islam, pendidikan yang utama adalah lingkungan keluarga. Orang tua berkewajiban memberikan arahan, bimbingan dan teladan bagi anak. Mereka adalah sosok yang akan selalu ditiru dan dijadikan rujukan bagi anak dalam menghadapi lingkungan sosial. Keadilan orang tua terhadap anak dalam memberikan pendidikan, menjadi fondasi dasar penerapan kesetaraan gender. Demikian pula dalam bidang pendidikan, setiap anak berhak untuk mendapatkan pendidikan yang sama dalam sebuah keluarga dan lingkungan masyarakat. Maka keadilan dalam memberikan pendidikan kepada anak adalah suatu keharusan.

English:
In gender education, parents have significant roles in educating and directing their children. Gender bias in a family would influence children’s way of thinking in the future. This research paper is aimed to describe the relationship between Islam and gender, in which the gender study itself still doesn’t have enough place in public discussion. On the other hand, child’s education is religiously mandated by Allah. Islam puts family education as the primary education for children. Parents are obligated to direct, to guide, and to be a role model for their children. Hence, parents are going to be children’s reference in dealing with social issues. The parents’ fairness in educating children is the foundation of gender education. In addition, from educational perspective, each child deserves the same quality of education either in family or in society. Therefore, the fairness in giving education for children is a must.
KONSEP PENDIDIKAN ISLAM BERWAWASAN MULTIKULTURALISME PERSPEKTIF H.A.R. TILAAR
Authors: Hidayati Nurul
Published: October 2016

Bahasa Indonesia:
Multikulturalisme, sebagai sebuah diskursus, memang merupakan produk kajian ilmuan Barat akan realitas-eksistensial kebudayaan mereka yang heterogen. Namun, ke-khas-an kajian mereka tidak menyentuh aspek-aspek teologis, jika tidak mau disebut Agama. Multikulturalisme hadir ke Indonesia dengan wajah yang berbeda. Ada banyak perspektif, yang kemudian, meng-amalgamasikan kepentingan faham keagamaan, dengan sumber kebudayaan yang dikaji di Barat melalui cultural studies-nya. Kendati demikian, masyarakat Indonesia tidak bisa dilepaskan dari homogenitas, pluralitas, dan multi-kebudayaan. Oleh sebab itulah, para pendiri bangsa memiliki slogan Bhinneka Tuggal Ika, dari hal yang berbeda-beda, namun memiliki satu tujuan yang sama. Slogan ini, terkadang, tidak disadari oleh seluruh masyarakat Indonesia. Untuk itulah, HAR Tilaar menawarkan sebuah konsep pendidikan yang dibasiskan kepada pengenalan dan pemahaman akan perbedaan kebudayaan yang dimiliki Indonesia. Tulisan ini berusaha mengkaitkan gagasan Tilaar ini dengan fenomena konflik yang ada di Indonesia, khususnya, berbasis agama. Melalui pendidikan multikultural, diharapkan, seluruh pemeluk agama menyadari akan tantangan perbedaan yang diciptakan oleh Tuhan.

English:
Multiculturalism as an academic discourse comes from western scholarly tradition regarding their heterogeneus cultural existential-reality. However, the distinguish discourse does not deal with theological aspects, if it is to hesitate to call religion. Multiculturalism comes to Indonesia in a different face. There are so many perspectives to amalgamate religious interest and western culture within cultural studies framework. However, Indonesian cannot be separated from homogeneity, plurality, as well as multi-culturalism. For that reason, the nation’s founding father promoted the slogan “Bhinneka Tunggal Ika”, unity in diversity. The slogan is sometimes less understood by citizens. This made H.A.R. Tilaar to offer an educational concept based upon introducation and comprehension towards Indonesian cultural diversity. This paper examines the Tilaar’s thoughts and religion-based conflict in Indonesia. Multicultural education itself is proposed to shade light for religions’s follower regarding the challenge of diversity created by God.
Research knowledge and skills in primary medical training – a cross-sectional audit
Authors: Cheek Colleen , Hays Richard , Allen Penny , Smith Janie Dade
Published: October 2016

This article was migrated. The article was marked as recommended. Background: Internationally, medical education has either adopted, or is moving toward, a Masters level qualification at completion. This reflects the higher-level learning outcomes and potentially facilitation of thinking and decision-making required of medical graduates. In Australia, the main difference between bachelor and masters programs appears to be the level of research skills training. This study explores the characteristics of research training in medical schools and alignment with higher education qualification frameworks. Methods: A cross-sectional audit was conducted of 22 medical schools in Australia and New Zealand, seeking information on: degree type, entry requirement, research knowledge and skills taught, teaching format, and barriers to offering students research experiences. Results: Information about 15 medical programs was obtained, with Australian Qualifications Framework or New Zealand Qualifications Framework Level 7, 8 or 9E outcomes. All included a variety of teaching methods on biomedical ethics, principles of evidence-based practice, and search strategies for medical evidence, critical appraisal of the literature and disease surveillance/epidemiology. Small projects were available in all programs, although voluntary in Level 7/8 programs and mandatory in Level 9E programs. Conclusions: There appear to be few differences in research training and learning outcomes from Level 7 and Level 9E programs, although Level 9E programs have a more systematic approach and assurance that all graduates can achieve the higher outcomes. Barriers to successful implementation relate to finding curriculum space and sufficient research training capacity for all medical students.
To dictogloss or not to dictogloss
Authors: Younis Riyadh , Bataineh Ruba
Published: October 2016

This study investigates the potential effect of a proposed dictogloss-based program on Jordanian EFL tenth-grade teachers' writing instruction and on their students' writing performance. The participants are 20 Jordanian EFL teachers and 96 tenth-grade students selected from the public schools of Al-Kourah Directorate of Education in the second semester of the academic year 2015/2016. The teachers were trained on both the theoretical and practical aspects of dictogloss. The students were divided into an experimental group (n=70) and a control group (n=26). The former was taught through dictogloss while the latter was taught per the guidelines of the Teacher's Book. Descriptive statistics were used to compare the teachers' performance on the one hand and that of the students on the other. The findings revealed that the level of teachers' instructional practices in writing was high on the three dimensions of the observation checklist (viz., preparation and planning, Dg procedures, and assessment), and that the teachers were reportedly highly satisfied with the content, method, and time of training as well as their interaction, motivation, and benefit. Moreover, statistically significant differences were found between the teachers' performance on the pre- and post-tests, which can be attributed to the training. The findings further revealed statistically significant differences not only among the students of the experimental group on the pre- and post-test but also in the overall writing performance of the experimental and control groups, in favor of the former.
Prognostic value of biomarkers in chronic heart failure with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction
Authors: Nikiforova T A , Shchekochikhin D Yu , Kopylov F Yu , Syrkin A L
Published: October 2016

The paper reviews major biomarkers for determining the prognosis in patients with chronic heart failure and preserved ejection fraction. It also considers cystatin C, one of the novel and probably the most practically important biomarkers.
Occupational factors and a risk of cardiovascular diseases
Authors: Strizhakov L A , Lebedeva M V , Fomin V V , Muhin N A
Published: October 2016

The paper gives Russian and foreign authors’ data on a relationship between occupational factors and cardiovascular diseases. It considers the impact of psychosocial stress on the risk of hypertension, coronary heart disease, and cardiovascular events in representatives of different professional groups.
Evaluation of the impact of community-acquired pneumonia on short-term and long-term prognosis in a patient with chronic decompensated heart failure
Authors: Polyakov D S , Fomin I V , Valikulova F Yu , Vaisberg A R , Kraiem N
Published: October 2016

Aim. To evaluate the impact of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) on short-term and long-term prognosis in patients hospitalized with signs of chronic decompensated heart failure (CDHF). Subjects and methods. A total of 852 cases were admitted to therapy/cardiology hospital with signs of CDHF during a year. Results. Among the patients hospitalized with signs of CDHF, the prevalence of CAP was 16.5%. This indicator did not depend on the age of hospitalized patients. Among the multisystem disorders, hypertension, different forms of coronary heart disease, diabetes mellitus, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were more common in the patients with CAP. The presence of the latter in a patient with CDHF statistically significantly increased the length of hospital stay (13.1 versus 11.9 days; p = 0.009) and also the probability of rehospitalization during a year (odds ratio (OR) 1.9; p = 0.02). The presence of CAP in a patient with CDHF resulted in an increase in mortality rates (OR 13.5; p < 0.001); moreover, the highest risk of a fatal outcome was noted on day 1 of hospitalization (12.7%). During one-year follow-up, the risk of death in patients hospitalized with CDHF and concomitant pneumonia proved to be higher (OR 4.8; p < 0.001) than in those without pneumonia.
Budget impact analysis of antiplatelet therapy with ticagrelor and clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndrome after coronary artery bypass surgery
Authors: Zyryanov S K , Belousov D Yu , Afanasyeva E V , Dumchenko E V
Published: October 2016

Aim. Clinical and economic examinations were made to study whether it is appropriate to use antiplatelet therapy (APT) with ticagrelor in combination with acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) versus a combination of clopidogrel and ASA in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) following coronary artery bypass surgery (CABS). Materials and methods. A budget impact analysis was used. Data on the efficiency and safety of APT were taken from a relevant analysis in the subgroups of the randomized controlled trial PLATO. Direct medical cost due to APT and expenses on therapy for acute myocardial infarction, stroke, and massive bleeding, and those on medical care for patients dying from cardiovascular events and other causes, as well as indirect cost - gross domestic product (GDP) losses due to untimely death, were taken into account. The findings were assessed from the perspectives of society. Results. The analysis indicated that direct medical costs per patient following CABS, both in case of calculation based on the recorded price for ticagrelor and on the median registered prices for clopidogrel generics, and based on the auction prices for comparison agents proved to be lower when clopidogrel was administered because of the higher cost of ticagrelor-based APT. At the same time GDP losses due to untimely death, as calculated per patient with ACS during post-CABS therapy with clopidogrel + ASA, were more than twice above average losses per patient taking ticagrelor in combination with ACA (107,122 and 221,645 rubles, respectively). From the registered price for ticagrelor and the median registered prices for clopidogrel generics, the total costs per patient with ACS following CABS were lower if Brilinta was used in combination with ASA versus therapy with clopidogrel in combination with ASA (210,092 and 273,257 rubles per year, respectively; the cost savings were 63,165 rubles per patient per year when ticagrelor was administered). On the basis of the auction prices for comparison drugs, the total costs per patient with ACS after CABS proved to be lower if Brilinta was used in combination with ASA versus therapy with brand name clopidogrel in combination with ASA (201,018 and 293,982 rubles per patients year, respectively; the cost savings were 92,963 rubles per patient per year when ticagrelor was used). Conclusion. The use of ticagrelor in combination with ASA ensures resource savings to treat ACS patients undergoing CABS as compared with a regiment including a combination of clopidogrel and ASA.
Gender characteristics of the structural organization of sleep in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome
Authors: Madaeva I M , Berdina O N , Semenova N V , Grebenkina L A , Madaev V V , Kolesnikova L I
Published: October 2016

Aim. To reveal gender characteristics of the sleep structure in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) during polysomnographic monitoring (PSGM). Subjects and methods. According to the results of a pre-survey using an apnea screening questionnaire, the investigation included 58 women (body mass index (BMI), 38.2±2.1 kg/m2) and 75 men (BMI, 34.2±1.8 kg/m2), aged 50—55 years, who complained about snoring, sleep apnea, and daytime hypersomnia. Copy-pair groups were formed and compared after objectively confirming the diagnosis by PSGM made at a specialized sleep laboratory, by applying the GRASS-TELEFACTOR Twin PSG system (Comet) with an integrated SPM-1 sleep module (USA) in accordance with the standard procedure. The International Sleep Disorder Classification (2005) was used to diagnose apnea and to estimate its severity. Results. According to the results of PSGM, the men and women were divided into 3 groups, by using the generally accepted OSAS severity scale. Comparative analysis revealed differences in sleep structure parameters with the equal severity of OSAS in the men and women. These differences were characterized by a more marked fragmentariness, impaired cyclicity, and the appearance of the basic specific phenomenon of impaired integrated activity of somnogenic structures — an alpha-delta sleep phenomenon in the men versus the women. There were increases in the time of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, in that of awakening at night after falling asleep, and in sleep latency in the women with a simultaneous decrease in the total effectiveness of sleep compared to that in the men with the equal-severity OSAS. Conclusion. The found gender differences in the sleep structure may be ascribed to the compensatory mechanisms in the function of brain somnogenic structures in the women and the preponderance of REM sleep is a compensatory adaptive response of the sleep homeostatic system, which necessitates further investigations in this area.
Clinical guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (Part 1)
Authors: Chazova I E , Martynyuk T V
Published: October 2016

Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) is precapillary pulmonary hypertension, in which chronic obstruction of large and middle branches of pulmonary arteries (PAs) and secondary changes in the lung microcirculatory bed result in a progressive increase in pulmonary vascular resistance and PA pressure with the development of severe right cardiac dysfunction and heart failure. CTEPH is a unique form of pulmonary hypertension since it is potentially curable by surgical treatment. The diagnostic criteria for CTEPH are a mean PA pressure of ≥25 mm Hg, as evidenced by right heart catheterization; a PA wedge pressure of ≤15 mm Hg; a pulmonary vascular resistance of >2 Wood units; the presence of chronic/organized thrombi/emboli in the elastic PAs (pulmonary trunk, lobular, segmental, subsegmental PAs); effective anticoagulant therapy at therapeutic dosages over at least 3 months. Up to now, our country has had no guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of this rare severe disease that, when appropriately untreated, has an extremely poor prognosis. The main task in the preparation of this document was to generalize and analyze the data of current registries, multicenter randomized clinical trials, national and international guidelines, and consensus documents recently published on this problem in order to optimize a diagnostic process and treatment in this category of patients. Part 1 gives a definition of CTEPH, its place in the clinical classification, epidemiology and prognosis, risk factors, pathogenesis and morphology, diagnostic approaches and determination of operability in patients, and specific features of differential diagnosis.
The Impact of Out-of-class Friends’ Interaction on Second Language Writing
Authors: Jabur Zainab M.
Published: October 2016

The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of friends’ interaction outside the classroom on the development and production of writing in English as a second language inside the classroom. The paper examines second language writing from the perspective of second language learning in the field of education. The terms: friends, friendship, interaction, and conversational interaction are explored as they mean in the context of this study. Then an experimental study is performed to examine the feedback the students obtain from the interaction with their friends within the same field of study and the impact of this interaction on developing the students’ writing and revision. The paper discusses how the interaction has or has not changed the writer of the paper’s view of the topic. The result of the study shows that friends’ feedback outside of the classroom plays a very important role in enhancing and developing second language writing. The group interaction helped in improving the writer’s ideas, knowledge, linguistic and academic skills which all lead to producing a better written text.
Gender-inclusive Language and Female Assertive Idiolects in Sefi Atta’s Everything Good Will Come: A Sociolinguistic Appraisal
Authors: Koutchadé Innocent Sourou , Adanvoessi Fawaz
Published: October 2016

This paper looks into the language of Sefi Atta’s Everything Good Will Come from a sociolinguistic perspective. It aims at pointing out instances of gender inclusive language and assertive idiolects from female characters. In actual fact, most of the earlier literary productions, as argued by a few scholars (Ojo-Ade, 1983; Fonchingong, 2006 and Koussouhon 2009), have come to display features of sexist language with docile female characters in subservient positions. This investigation is carried out under the scope of inclusive language and female assertiveness, as advocated by feminists and exponents of language equity. It has basically consisted in identifying and analyzing passages of the novel in which instances of inclusive language and assertive from female characters are noticeable. The findings reveal that Sefi Atta avoids using male-dominating/sexist language and draws on inclusive idiolects to collectively refer to both male and female characters. Moreover, she portrays her female characters as most assertive as possible. This is why the work concludes that Sefi Atta, like other feminist writers, espouses the women emancipation cause.
The Effects of Animation on the Socialization of 5-6 Years Old Chinese Children — Finding Dory
Authors: Huang Jing
Published: October 2016

Animated films undoubtedly play important roles in Children growth. Disney movie, as a typical American media product, enjoys a growing global popularity and influence the young audience particularly in family values or even in their socialization. Finding Dory is a popular animation among children especially aged 5-6 and it presents children of this age 1. how to face failure and 2. how to balance self-benefit and supporting friends. This paper samples Chinese kids aged from 5-6 with qualitative analysis to reveal the effects of Finding Dory on the socialization of particular aged children. Although the research is limited by children’ language proficiency and parent’s personal guidance, but it definitely set implications on how to make full advantages of those animated movies to pattern socialization for children at this particular age.
A Comparative Study of the Impact of Interpretation-based, Task-based, and Mechanical Drills Teaching Methods on Iranian English Language Learners’ Grammatical Development
Authors: Fereydoonyzadeh Faezeh , Gholami Hamid
Published: October 2016

Since grammar has been an important part of language learning, this study was aimed to investigate the impact of three different methods (meaning-based method, task-based method and mechanical drill method) on grammatical development of Iranian EFL learners by teaching conditional sentences. This study was performed in Jahad Daneshgahi Language School of Kermanshah, Iran. The researcher administered a pre-test to see if the learners could make a homogeneous group in terms of proficiency or not. 51 learners were chosen to participate in the study. The learners were studying Top notch book (the third level). The participants were divided into three groups, each group containing 17 learners. The classes were co-educational, containing both male and female learners. Their ages ranged between 17 to 35 years old. This study was done in fall 2014.  Analysis based on ANOVA and post hoc indicated that teaching conditional sentences with task-based instruction in comparison with two other methods, leads to a better grammatical development on Iranian EFL learners. The result of the study indicated that majority of the learners had a better performance on the test based on task-based method treatment.
A Study of Learners’ Satisfaction towards College Oral English Flipped Classroom
Authors: Li Sainan
Published: October 2016

Flipped Classroom, by reversing the teaching procedures, is leading a new trend of teaching reform. This paper takes questionnaire and interview as the instrument, exploring college oral English learners’ satisfaction towards college oral English Flipped Classroom teaching model. The result shows that learners are generally satisfied with college oral English Flipped Classroom teaching model, especially the phase of comprehensive improvement and the phase of language use, and they agree with the fact that Flipped Classroom teaching model is effective in improving their English speaking ability. The paper further discusses the possible explanations of the results and provides some suggestions for college oral English Flipped Classroom teaching.
The Effect of Lexical Modification on Developing Vocabulary Knowledge in Relation to Language Proficiency Level
Authors: Abbasian Gholam-Reza , Mohammadi Helia Sakhaeian Haji
Published: October 2016

This study was an attempt to comparatively investigate the effects of lexical modification models (simplification vs. elaboration) on developing EFL learners‟ vocabulary knowledge in relation to their language proficiency level. To this end, 40 EFL learners were divided into two levels (i.e. elementary and pre-intermediate) based on their performance on the Nelson proficiency test. They were further categorized into two simplification and elaboration groups. The pertinent treatments were rendered through simplification and elaboration models of modification. Two-way ANOVA was run to address the research questions. The findings revealed that not only do input modification procedures significantly affect vocabulary development but also the elaboration group outperformed the simplification group. Moreover, it was revealed that language proficiency level plays a significant role in determining the effects of modification procedures as the pre-intermediate group significantly outperformed the elementary one; then, elaboration in both groups and pre-intermediate as a proficiency level proved to play a significant role in the process of modification-based vocabulary development.
Controversial Avestan Compounds Relating to the Fire Cult
Authors: Ezdejini Azin
Published: October 2016

One of the most significant issues in the study of avestan language is the analysis of compounds which contain an extensive grammatical chapter concluding numerous sub-categories. In the other words, the juxtaposition of two words so as to construct a compound has an active and productive structure with different aspects and could be analyzed from different perspectives based on the grammatical category of the first and second part of the compound as well as the effect of each part on the other one. In various cases, the mere grammatical and structural analyses of a compound would not lead us to decipher its exact signification; hence, our target compounds āsitō.gātu- and dāitiiō (.) gātu- should be examined in different contexts which could probably indicate the implication of various crucial ceremonies and rituals concerning fire, its purification and preparation, as an important element in zoroastrian beliefs.
Ukraine's shale bearing strata gas: geochemical features
Authors: Zagnitko V. , Mykhailov V.
Published: October 2016

Relevance of research is caused by the need to expand the mineral and resource base of fuel and energy resources in Ukraine. The increasing demand for oil and natural gas, depletion of traditional deposits and rising prices cause the considerable interest in the search for hydrocarbon deposits of unconventional type, therefore the interest in studying of various aspects of oil and gas potential of shale strata of Ukraine is growing every year. An important argument in the development of search criteria and evaluation of unconventional hydrocarbon deposits is the study of their component composition and geochemical features. Among the natural gases of gas-bearing shale strata are often present: methane, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, heavy hydrocarbons (ethane, propane, pentane, hexane, butane), hydrogen, hydrogen sulfide, inert gases, and (very rarely) oxides of carbon, nitrogen, sulfur and others. The most common gas components are: methane, nitrogen, carbon dioxide and hydrogen. Formation of gases is associated with the geological history of the formation of separate areas. Therefore their genesis in different periods may be associated with both metamorphism of organic-containing strata, including coal strata, and with deep updrafts, resulting from endogenous causes (mainly due to the dynamics of tectonic development and differentiation of the Earth's geospheres), as well as provoked by external factors (including the fall of large celestial bodies). According to the pyrolysis of samples of shales and other compacted rocks the component composition of gases is defined as very uneven and is difficult to systematize and excretion patterns. In particular, due to the results of these analyzes we can state predominance of carbon dioxide and hydrogen in gases in almost all samples regardless of the lithology composition of host rocks. Some samples recorded high content of sulfurous gases, usually in rocks containing sulfides. Generally, methane content in the samples is less dependent on the content of it in the sequence, particularly in the mineral component of collectors it is also not high. The isotopic composition of carbon in the organic component of the samples is slightly enriched in the heavy isotope d13 (d13Ñ = -22-24‰) and some carbonates contain abnormal amounts of this isotope (d13Ñ to +15‰). For the formation of carbonates with this unusual isotopic composition are required unusual physical and chemical conditions of formation, in particular unbalanced conditions of isotopic fractionation resulting in systems supersaturated by hydrocarbons.
Mineralogical and Petrographical Peculiarities of Rozanovka Dyke Field Dolerites (Ingul Megablock of the Ukrainian Shield)
Authors: Mitrokhin A. , Vishnevska E.
Published: October 2016

The authors of this paper were the first to study Mafic dyke rocks drilled in deep boreholes in the southern part of the Ingul Megablock (IMB) of the Ukrainian Shield. The drilled dykes refer to the under-explored Rozanovka Dyke Field (RDF). The objective of the work was to determine the mineralogical and petrographical features of RDF dyke rocks which could further be used as an indicator to refer them, as well as other IMB mafic dykes, to certain regional magmatic associations. Under the authors' tentative examination is the mineralogy of dyke rocks as well as the chemistry of the main rock-forming minerals: plagioclase, pyroxenes, and olivine. It has been established that among the studied samples there prevail cainotypic olivine dolerites showing mineralogical and petrographical features of the Proterozoic dolerite-diabase association. Being an indicator for the subplatform stage of ancient cratons development, the association is viewed as a paleoanalog of the continental plateau-basalt Phanerozoic association. Practical application of this finding is in identifying the potential Cu-Ni specialization of many well-known dolerite-diabase complexes. A more accurate definition of the petrography, geotectonic position and metallogenic specialization of RDF dolerites requires further geochemical research.
Dark matter in the Local Group
Authors: Kudrya Yu. , Tsykaliuk Iu.
Published: October 2016

The observational properties of galaxies accumulated in the Updated Nearby Galaxy Catalog (UNGC) were used by us to derive an orbital mass of the Milky Way and Andromeda galaxy (M31) via motions of their 31 and 39 companions, respectively. The ratio of the orbital mass of galaxies, which is a measure of dark matter, to their stellar mass is ∼30. If this value is taken as the average value in the Universe, then in the standard cosmological ΛCDM models it will match the value Ωm ≈ 0.09 instead of the generally accepted value Ωm ≈ 0.28. Taking into account that this last value is realised only in rich clusters, and that the cluster at hand contains only 10% of the total number of galaxies (while the rest are in groups or field galaxies), our results confirm the well-known problem of “lack of dark matter” in the Local group.
Surface gravity and effective temperature of the K5 subdwarf G 224-58 A and Arcturus from the fits to Ti and MgH lines
Authors:   Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine, Kushniruk I. O. , Pavlenko Ya. V. ,   Main Astronomical Observatory of the NAS of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine, Gálvez-Ortiz M. C. ,   Centro de Astrobiología (CSIC-INTA), Crta, Ajalvil km 4. E-28850, Torrejón de Ardoz, Madrid, Spain, Zhang Z. H. ,   Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, E-38205 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
Published: October 2016

We discuss here the results obtained in the determination of effective temperatures and metallicities of late-type stars. We provide the abundances of MgH, TiI and TiII, with a list of selected lines, for the red giant of Arcturus and the metal-poor K subdwarf G 224-58 A. The Sun was used as a template star. After computing synthetic spectra for model atmospheres with different Teff and logg values, we used minimization procedures to determine the best fits to the observed features. The determination of Ti abundances was carried out in the framework of a self-consistent approach developed by Pavlenko et al. (2012). In the case of MgH we used similar minimization procedure. We present here the combination of two different approaches based on the fits performed to Ti and MgH, respectively. The resulting effective temperatures are Teff=4300 K for Arcturus and Teff=4600 K for G 224-58 A, where both solutions are degenerated with logg.
Search for the astrophysical sources of the Fly's Eye event with the highest to date cosmic ray energy E=3.2·1020 eV
Authors: Gnatyk R. , Kudrya Yu. , Zhdanov V.
Published: October 2016

Among the registered extremely high energy cosmic rays (EHECR, E=3.2·1020 eV) an event with the highest to date energy of E=3.2·1020 eV was detected by the Fly's Eye experiment (FE event) in 1991. With the use of the back-tracking method for the calculation of the EHECR trajectories in Galactic and extragalactic magnetic fields, we show that the galaxies UGC 03574 and UGC 03394 are the most promising candidates among the nearby extragalactic sources for the cases of iron and C-N-O group primary nucleus respectively. The most likely accelerating mechanisms are the newly-born millisecond pulsars, magnetar flares and tidal disruption events in these galaxies.
Temperature changes over storms from measurements of spacecraft TIMED
Authors: Pylypenko S. , Motsyk O. , Kozak L.
Published: October 2016

In the present work we have studied changes of mesospheric temperature over the powerful storms Wilma, Haitang, and Katrina using measurements of the space vehicle TIMED. We have found the temperature increasing at the altitude range 80-100 km. We have found the explanations for the obtained results by the dissipation of the gravity waves. Propagation of atmospheric gravity waves in a non-isothermal, windless atmosphere, with taking into account the viscosity and the thermal conductivity, has also been modelled in this work. We have determined that the maximum of amplitude of the atmospheric-gravity waves at the considered characteristics corresponds to altitudes of near 90 km (mesopause). It was found that the main factor influencing propagation and dissipation of the wave in such cases is the vertical temperature gradient. Viscosity and thermal conductivity have less influence on the wave amplitude.
La figura del "Rex Sacrorum" y la primitiva monarquía romana
Authors: Marcos Casquero Manuel Antonio
Published: October 2016

Los datos que los autores greco-romanos nos proporcionan sobre el Rex Sacrorum nos presentan a éste como heredero de los poderes religiosos que inicialmente estaban en manos del Rey. El Rex Sacrorum sintetiza en su persona las fuerzas divinas que los tres flamines maiores encarnan analíticamente. La ceremonia del Regifugium ¿vinculada al ciclo anual de la naturaleza¿evoca el recuerdo primitivo de un estadio matriarcal y exogámico en que el rey debía poner anualmente en juego su título.

The data which the greek and roman authors give us about the Rex Sacrorum show this one as if he were the heir of the religious powers that at first belonged to the King. The Rex Sacrorum representa himself the divine forces that the three flamines maiores personify in an analitycal way. The ceremony of the Regifugium -connected whit the annual cycle of nature- evoke a matriarcal and exogamic state in which the King had to risk his title in a competition every year.
"Iuppiter Lapis" y el "Lapis silex"
Authors: Riesco Álvarez Hipólito Benjamín
Published: October 2016

El Lapis silex y luppiter Lapis eran una misma piedra de sílice que se vería involucrada en las ceremonias de tratados y juramentos por ser un símbolo de Júpiter en dos de sus facetas, la de dios garante de pactos y juramentos y la de dios que gobierna el rayo. Esta relación con el dios del cielo podía otorgarle cierto valor sagrado, pero nunca hasta el punto de convertirla en un fetiche.

Lapis silex and luppiter Lapis were the same silica stone. It was used in the treaty and oath ceremonies because it was a symbol of Jupiter two facets: as god who guarantees pacts and oaths and as a god who controls the thunderbolt. This relation with the heaven god could give it some sacred value, but never to the point of turning it into a fetish.
Resultados tras consonante de "pl", "k'l" y grupos similares
Authors: Morala Gómez José Ramón
Published: October 2016

Resultados tras consonante de "pl", "k'l" y grupos similares
Acerca del modo de acción y los medios de expresión aspectual en la lengua española
Authors: Popova T.
Published: October 2016

Acerca del modo de acción y los medios de expresión aspectual en la lengua española
Bécquer y la búsqueda de lo absoluto
Authors: López Castro Armando
Published: October 2016

Bécquer demuestra en sus escritos una preocupación casi obsesiva por el lenguaje como medio de acercarse a la realidad última. El poeta, a pesar de su intento, no puede lograr una unidad total con ese espíritu, fuerza que se esconde tras el acto poético, esencial pero indefinible, y a la que puede responder pero no puede expresar plenamente. De este modo, toda poesía es siempre expresión del misterio y nace con el deseo de una perfección imposible. Para Bécquer la poesía es un medio de llegar al fondo de la realidad y de acercarse hasta lo absoluto, foco eterno y ardiente de hermosura del que procede toda la del mundo. Esto es lo que convierte a Bécquer en el primer poeta español moderno y en precursor de varias corrientes poéticas modernas

For Becquer poetry is a way of getting to the roots of reality and of approaching the absolute, eternal focus burning with beauty in which all that is nice has its origin. This approach makes of him the first modern Spanish poet and the forerunner of several modern trends in poetry.
Sobre la trilcedumbre vallejiana... una vez más
Authors: Martínez García Francisco
Published: October 2016

Sobre la trilcedumbre vallejiana... una vez más
Sobre el concepto de humor en literatura
Authors: Fernández Sánchez Carmen
Published: October 2016

En este artículo, se repasan otros trabajos sobre el humor para poner de relieve la dificultad de encontrar una definición y las diversas perspectivas desde las que se ha abordado este concepto que han dado origen a definiciones muy variadas y a veces contradictorias. Sin embargo, el factor común a todas las definiciones es que el humor aparece ligado al temperamento o personalidad del humorista, hasta el punto de ser considerado una visión del mundo. Inseparable del concepto de autor, se propone en este artículo la utilización de la palabra humor en los estudios literarios sustituyendo al concepto de lo cómico, para insistir sobre el procedimiento consciente mediante el cual un narrador crea efectos cómicos, ordena su narración y un autor expresa su posición ante la obra y el mundo.

In this article, other studies dealing with humour are examined in order to bring out the difficulty involved in defining this concept and the various perspectives from which it has been considered. The definitions given have been diverse and at times contradictory. However, the point they all share is that humour is closely linked to the personality of the writer, to the extent of being considered a type of Weltanschauung. As the concepts of humour and writer are inseparable, this article is an attempt to use humour in literary studies in substitution of the idea of comedy, in order to stress the conscious process by which a narrator creates comic effect, lays out his narrative, and an author expresses his view point regarding his work and the world.
Acerca del vocabulario técnico en los "auctores rei rusticae" y Plinio
Authors: Arias Abellán Carmen
Published: October 2016

Acerca del vocabulario técnico en los "auctores rei rusticae" y Plinio
Julio Burell: el otro ministro de "Luces de Bohemia"
Authors: Conde Guerri María José
Published: October 2016

Julio Burell: el otro ministro de "Luces de Bohemia"
Utopía y realidad en la obra de Jean Giono
Authors: Ruiz Álvarez Rafael
Published: October 2016

Utopía y realidad en la obra de Jean Giono
Acento y entonación en IE: breve introducción al tema
Authors: Jiménez Zamudio Rafael
Published: October 2016

Acento y entonación en IE: breve introducción al tema
La dicotomía entre mostrar y decir y la noción del sentido en el "Tractatus"
Authors: Peña y Gonzalo Lorenzo
Published: October 2016

La dicotomía entre mostrar y decir y la noción del sentido en el "Tractatus"
Introducción a la hermeneútica simbólica
Authors: Tomé Mario
Published: October 2016

Introducción a la hermeneútica simbólica
Literatura infantil-juvenil: nuevas variaciones sobre un tema obsesivo
Authors: Martínez García Francisco
Published: October 2016

Literatura infantil-juvenil: nuevas variaciones sobre un tema obsesivo
Observaciones sobre el estilo directo en español
Authors: Gutiérrez Ordóñez Salvador
Published: October 2016

Observaciones sobre el estilo directo en español
La letra "G" en la "Gramática Castellana" del Licenciado Villalón
Authors: Maquieira Rodríguez Marina A.
Published: October 2016

La letra "G" en la "Gramática Castellana" del Licenciado Villalón
Estudios críticos de traducciones clásicas de clásicos españoles: una parcela reciente de los estudios comparados angloespañoles
Authors: Chamosa José Luis
Published: October 2016

Estudios críticos de traducciones clásicas de clásicos españoles: una parcela reciente de los estudios comparados angloespañoles