bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A comparison of the muscular relaxation effect of TENS and EMG‐biofeedback in patients with bruxism
Authors: Wieselmann‐Penkner Karin , Janda Michaela , Lorenzoni Martin , Polansky Raoul
Published: August 2010

This study investigated effects of electromyographic (EMG) biofeedback (BFB) and transcutaneous electrical neuromuscular stimulation (TENS) on the EMG activity of the masticatory muscles and skin conductance level (SCL) of patients, suffering from myofacial pain syndrome. In the course of the investigation, EMG activity as well as the SCL was measured after a 20 min BFB or, respectively, after a myomonitor session in 20 patients and pre‐ and post‐treatment values were compared. Results showed tendencies of decreased mean‐EMG levels for both groups after the treatment sessions, with higher EMG values for the myomonitor group. There was no indication of a significant decrease in mean EMG levels over the sessions. Furthermore, an increase of the SCL during the period of treatment was observed for both groups in session I and II, while session III produced nearly stable values. No existing correlations for changes in SCL and EMG‐activity could be established.
Obturator prostheses for hemimaxillectomy patients
Authors: Keyf Filiz
Published: August 2010

Maxillary defects are created by surgical treatment of benign or malignant neoplasms, congenital malformation and by trauma. The size and location of the defects influence the degree of impairment and difficulty in prosthetic rehabilitation. Lack of support, retention, and stability are common prosthodontic treatment problems for patients who have had a maxillectomy. A prosthesis used to close a palatal defect in a dentate or edentulous mouth is referred to as an obturator. The obturator prosthesis is used to restore masticatory function and improve speech, deglutition and cosmetics for maxillary defect patients.
Tensile bond strengths of four different dentin adhesives on irradiated and non‐irradiated human dentin in vitro
Authors: Gernhardt C. R. , Kielbassa A. M. , Hahn P. , Schaller H.‐G.
Published: August 2010

This study evaluated the influence of irradiation on dentin bond strength. Sixty irradiated and 60 non‐irradiated human third molars were used. The irradiation dose of 60 Gy was fractionally applied over 6 weeks (2 Gy day−1, 5 days week−1). All teeth were prepared in a special manner allowing the simulation of intra‐pulpal pressure and dentin perfusion. Dentin specimens with a thickness of 2·0 mm were obtained under standardized conditions. The specimens were randomly assigned to four experimental groups. Tensile bond strength of four different dentin bonding agents (Scotchbond™ 1, Solobond Plus®, Prime&Bond™ 2·1 and Syntac®) was evaluated using an Instron Universal testing machine. Pairwise comparison did not show any significant differences between the irradiated and non‐irradiated groups. The influence of the different dentin adhesives was significant (P=0·0001; ANOVA). Compared with Solobond Plus® and Prime&Bond™ 2·1, the use of Scotchbond™ 1 resulted in a significantly higher tensile bond strength in non‐irradiated specimen (P< 0·05; closed test procedure based on Kruskal–Wallis test). Within the limitations of an in vitro study, it can be concluded that adhesive restoration procedures can be successfully used in patients irradiated for cancer of the head and neck.
The effects of polishing and bleaching on the colour of discoloured teeth in vivo
Authors: Nakamura T. , Saito O. , Ko T. , Maruyama T.
Published: August 2010

Bleaching is an effective method for restoring the colour of discoloured vital teeth. Power bleaching, in particular, in which a bleaching solution containing 35% hydrogen peroxide is activated by a strong light source using a plasma arc, makes it possible to bleach teeth effectively in a short time. The purpose of this study was to determine how polishing or power bleaching the tooth surface affects tooth colour. The subjects selected were patients who had slightly discoloured teeth. The colour of precisely identified sites on six anterior teeth was measured before treatment, after polishing and after bleaching, to ascertain changes in colour. The measurements revealed that tooth colour changes slightly after polishing, but it shows a much greater change after bleaching, and that the post‐bleaching change in tooth colour was caused both by elevation of lightness and reduction of yellowness. They also revealed that the colour difference between pre‐treatment and post‐bleaching does not depend on the type of tooth. These results suggested that power bleaching is an effective technique for improving slightly discoloured vital teeth, regardless of the type of tooth.
Glass–fibre‐reinforced‐composite fixed partial dentures on dental implants
Authors: Behr M. , Rosentritt M. , Lang R. , Chazot C. , Handel G.
Published: August 2010

The objective was to investigate the fracture strength and marginal fit of implant suprastructures made of fibre‐reinforced composite which were fixed onto the implants using cementation or screws. A sample (n=8) of 4‐unit bridges, made of the fibre‐reinforced composite Vectris/Targis, were adhesively cemented onto titanium conical implant abutments. The second sample consisted of eight screwable Vectris/Targis bridges which were based on prototypes of titanium crown bases. After a 5 year simulation of thermal cycling and mechanical loading (TCML), all specimen were loaded to fracture. Marginal fit was investigated using a semiquantitative SEM analysis. The cemented 4‐unit bridges showed a fracture strength of 1553 N (Q1=1498 N, Q3=1825 N) and the screw‐fixed bridges had a median of 1457 N (Q1=1223 N, Q3= 1781 N). The analysis of the marginal adaptation showed similar results of cemented and screwed bridges. The bond between the Targis facing‐material and the composite cement was significantly deteriorated after TCML. Conclusion: Suprastructures made of glass–fibre‐reinforced composite could become an alternative to reconstructions with a metal‐framework. Both, fixation onto the implants with screws or cementation, are possible.
Effect of viscoelastic properties of resilient denture liners on pressures under dentures
Authors: Taguchi N. , Murata H. , Hamada T. , Hong G.
Published: August 2010

In order to evaluate the influence of viscoelastic properties of resilient denture liners on the pressures under dentures, a series of creep and stress relaxation tests were carried out using a simplified mandibular edentulous model and denture model. Two diaphragm pressure sensors were attached to the edentulous model so that they contacted the residual ridge and the buccal slope. The results may be summarized as follows: (i) The use of resilient denture liners is effective for stress relief under dentures. (ii) The thickness increase of each denture liners causes the effect of stress relaxation. (iii) The material exhibited viscoelastic behaviour after applying the stress and has the ability to distribute stress or stress relaxation. It is important to understand the viscoelastic behaviours of each resilient denture liner and choose the material according to the clinical situation. The information obtained should be useful to clinicians when they select materials for their patients.
Comparison of phosphocreatine concentration in the human masseter and medial pterygoid muscles by 31P‐CSI
Authors: Kanayama T. , Minowa K. , Inoue N. , Yamaguchi T. , Tamura T. , Yoshida S. , Kawasaki T.
Published: August 2010

The aim of this study is to compare phosphocreatine (PCr) concentrations of human masseter and medial pterygoid muscles by a recently developed localized magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) method, chemical shift imaging (CSI). The characteristic spectra of phosphorous metabolites including PCr and β‐ATP from the superficial part of the masseter (SM) and the deep part of the masseter (DM) and the medial pterygoid muscles (MPt) from 11 volunteers, 20–27‐year‐old were obtained. The study clearly demonstrated higher PCr/β‐ATP in the SM and MPt than in the DM both in mean values (P < 0·01) and in individual subjects. The results indicate that SM and MPt are power producers. There were no significant differences in the mean values of the PCr/β‐ATP ratios in SM and MPt, however, the PCr/β‐ATP ratios varied individually and the subjects could be divided into three distinct groups: values of MPt higher than SM (group A, 4 subjects); values of MPt almost equal to SM (group B, 3 subjects); and values of MPt lower than SM (group C, 4 subjects). There appears to be a close relationship between the PCr content as determined in the groups here and occlusal guidance.
An assessment of the ability of dental undergraduates to choose artificial teeth which are appropriate for the age and sex of the denture wearer: a pilot study
Authors: Sellen P. N. , Jagger D. C. , Harrison A.
Published: August 2010

One of the main objectives in selecting and arranging artificial teeth is to produce prostheses which defy detection. With an appropriate degree of clinical experience and expertise it should be a relatively straightforward procedure to select a suitable artificial tooth mould. However, for the relatively inexperienced dental undergraduate it can be a challenging process. The aim of this study was to assess the ability of dental undergraduates to select artificial teeth which are appropriate for the age and sex of the denture wearer. One hundred and fifty dental undergraduates aged 18–35 were asked to complete a questionnaire to assess their attitudes towards artificial tooth selection and asked to correctly identify six artificial tooth arrangements according to age and sex. The results showed that a large percentage of dental undergraduates at Bristol experience difficulty in selecting artificial teeth which are appropriate for the age and sex of the denture wearer. There is a need for improved training and guidance on artificial tooth selection and arrangement.
The use of fluorescein‐enhanced quantitative light‐induced fluorescence to monitor de‐ and re‐mineralization of in vitro root caries
Authors: Pretty I. A. , Ingram G. S. , Agalamanyi E. A. , Edgar W. M. , Higham S. M.
Published: August 2010

summary  The use of fluorescein‐enhanced quantitative light‐induced fluorescence (QLF) in the detection of in vitro root caries demineralization and reminerlization was investigated. Fourteen previously extracted human premolar roots were selected and determined to be caries‐free. Cementum was removed and nail varnish applied leaving an exposed window. Positive and negative controls were selected. During a demineralizing regimen, roots were removed at regular intervals (12, 48, 72 and 120 h) and immersed in sodium fluorescein (0·2 mg L−1). Following gentle rinsing, each root was examined using QLF before being returned to the demineralizing solution. Following 120 h, each tooth was sectioned through the lesion and one‐half retained for transverse micro radiography (TMR) analysis. The remaining half were subjected to a remineralizing regimen undergoing the same fluorescein and QLF examinations at 7, 28 and 36 days. Results showed that QLF effectively monitored demineralization/remineralization of root dentine as represented by fluorescein penetration. TMR analysis showed good correlations with QLF (ΔZ/ΔQ) after demineralization (r = 0·89) and remineralization (r = 0·84). The technique could represent an in vivo method for root caries detection and classification.
Role of mastication and swallowing in the control of autonomic nervous activity for heart rate in different postures
Authors: Nitta E. , Iwasa Y. , Sugita M. , Hirono C. , Shiba Y.
Published: August 2010

summary  Mastication and swallowing increase the heart rate, and posture change and respiration also modulate the heart rate. To clarify the role of mastication and swallowing in the modulation of the autonomic nervous activity, we investigated how they interact with modulation of the heart rate by changing body positions and respiration in young healthy subjects. R–R intervals of electrocardiogram at rest were significantly changed with different body positions, compared with supine and standing. A net shortening by mastication of a chewing gum base was similar in various postures. Respiration induced a periodic change in the R–R intervals, depending on the body postures, but mastication did not markedly change them in each posture. Dry swallowing at rest and spontaneous swallowing during the mastication in the sitting position induced a similar transient shortening and suppressed the respiration‐induced changes after the swallowing. The net transient shortening by dry swallowing at rest was similar in the different postures. These results suggest that signals from mastication and swallowing are summated with those from body positions and respiration for shortening the R–R intervals and that signals from swallowing suppress the respiration‐induced periodic changes.
Automatic regulation of occlusal force because of hardness‐change of the bite object
Authors: SHIMADA A. , TANAKA M. , YAMASHITA R. , NOGUCHI K. , TORISU T. , YAMABE Y. , FUJII H. , MURATA H.
Published: August 2010

Summary  It is considered that the information of chewed food, such as size and texture, is important for smooth mastication. In this study, we analysed aspects of the control of occlusal force, by experimentally reproducing situations in which the hardness of food changed unpredictably during mastication, using a device that utilized a 3‐sectioned urethane rubber piece with different hardness values. Seven healthy subjects were instructed to perform repetitive jaw open–close movements paced by a metronome (1·0 Hz) and to maintain constant occlusal force throughout the trial. Using the device, the following parameters were measured during the first to fifth strokes after changing the hardness, peak value, impulse, duration and time to peak of occlusal force in the waveform of occlusal force, cycle time of open–close jaw movements, jaw gape and maximum speed in the closing phase in the waveform of the jaw movements. Each parameter value was statistically analysed by anova with Fisher’s least significant difference method (P < 0·05). Peak occlusal force, impulse and jaw gape were significantly affected by the change in hardness, while an increase in hardness caused increases in the values for peak occlusal force and impulse against the instruction, after which those values remained constant while the subjects occluded the same level of hardness. Our results indicate that the level of the resulting occlusal force is regulated automatically according to the hardness of the chewed food. We concluded that occlusal force was adapted for efficient mastication when the hardness of foods changes unpredictably.
Myofascial temporomandibular disorder pain, parafunctions and psychological stress
Authors: VAN SELMS M. K. A. , LOBBEZOO F. , VISSCHER C. M. , NAEIJE M.
Published: August 2010

Summary  Associations of evening and morning masticatory muscle pain and nocturnal electromyography (EMG) activity with psycho‐behavioural factors and occlusal splint therapy were studied during a 20‐week study‐protocol. Over a period of almost 2 years, only eight of the 120 eligible patients were willing to enroll the study protocol. Further, four of the eight participants dropped out during the study, and approximately 20–30% of the nocturnal EMG recordings failed. Because of the impractical and unworkable nature of the protocol, the study was prematurely terminated and the results of the four remaining individuals are reported here as single‐patient clinical trials. Univariate and multiple regression analyses revealed that in three of the four patients, changes in nocturnal EMG activity were associated with the period of splint therapy. However, no associations were found between the changes in nocturnal EMG activity and the observed changes in muscle pain. In two patients, the changes in muscle pain were associated with the period of splint therapy and with the changes in psychological stress. Within the limitations of single‐patient clinical trials, it can be concluded that changes in chronic masticatory muscle pain seem to be more related to changes in psychological stress than to those in parafunctional activities.
Response of THP‐1 monocytes to blue light from dental curing lights
Authors: WATAHA J. C. , LEWIS J. B. , LOCKWOOD P. E. , NODA M. , MESSER R. L. , HSU S.
Published: August 2010

Summary  Blue light curing units (wavelengths of 400–500 nm) are a mainstay of restorative dentistry, and several high‐intensity light sources have been developed to polymerize resin composites more rapidly. The biological safety of visible light has been assumed, but some reports of adverse biological effects of blue light in non‐dental contexts support further evaluation of the biological safety of high‐intensity blue light. The current study tested the hypothesis that blue light provokes cell stress responses resulting in the secretion of cytokines or expression of heat‐shock proteins (HSP) in monocytes. Human monocytic cells were irradiated with three light sources (quartz‐tungsten‐halogen, plasma‐arc and laser), then cellular proliferation, secretion of the inflammatory cytokine TNFα and induction of HSP72 were measured. Results indicated that although all three light sources significantly inhibited proliferation of monocytes, the secretion of TNFα was not induced following exposure to blue light and was not potentiated with administration of the activator lipopolysaccharide. Similarly, treatment with the plasma‐arc light, which caused the largest temperature increase in previous studies, did not induce HSP72. The current results do not support activation of monocytes by blue light as an inflammatory risk factor in dental tissues during curing of composites. However, the results of the current study should be further verified in primary monocytes and an animal model before decisions about clinical risks are made.
Computerized axiography in TMD patients before and after therapy with ‘function generating bites’
Authors: PIANCINO M. G. , ROBERI L. , FRONGIA G. , REVERDITO M. , SLAVICEK R. , BRACCO P.
Published: August 2010

Summary  The study evaluates the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) movements of patients with signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) before and after therapy with the functional appliances of the ‘function generating bite’ (FGB) type. Thirty subjects suffering from TMD were selected and divided into two groups: group A (young patients: four males, nine females, mean age ± standard deviation: 13·3 ± 1·5 years); group B (adults: three males, 14 females, mean age ± standard deviation: 23·2 ± 4·4 years). A control group comprised 13 healthy subjects with perfect normal occlusion, TMD‐free, was matched for age and sex with patient groups and was examined at T0 and after 12 months (T1). Computerized axiography was performed before and after therapy (average 13 months) with FGBs to evaluate any difference in condyle border movements. Results showed a statistically significant improvement after treatment, for groups A and B, in length, clicks, tracings with normal morphology, superimposition, deviations, regularity and return to starting position and speed (statistical analysis: chi‐squared test) except for the symmetry of tracings which was significantly improved only for the young patient group. No statistically significant differences at time T0/T1 were found in the control group. In conclusion, the study shows that the TMJ tracings of TMD patients before and after therapy with ‘FGB’ significantly improve especially in young patients. FGB may be a useful appliance to improve TMJ function in young and adult TMD patients requiring orthodontic treatment.
Physical organization of mixed protease inhibitor gene clusters, coordinated expression and association with resistance to late blight at the StKI locus on potato chromosome III
Authors: ODENY DAMARIS ACHIENG , STICH BENJAMIN , GEBHARDT CHRISTIANE
Published: August 2010

Protease inhibitors (PIs) play a role in plant defence against pests and pathogens as well as in plant development. Potato (Solanum tuberosum) contains abundant levels of diverse PIs. Most potato Kunitz‐type inhibitor (KTI) genes map to the StKI locus on potato chromosome III, which is linked to a quantitative trait locus (QTL) for resistance to Phytophthora infestans. To elucidate the physical organization of PIs at the StKI locus, we screened bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) libraries with KTI probes. Ten different clones were selected, sequenced and annotated. Of 100 putative genes, 22 corresponded to five PI classes. Expression analysis by quantitative real‐time PCR (qRT‐PCR) using PI class‐specific primers in different tissues of the tetraploid potato cultivars ‘Nikita’ and ‘Baltica’ revealed different transcript levels, depending on PI type and genotype. During the compatible interaction with a complex race of P. infestans, four PI classes showed coordinated expression over 3 d after infection, a strong decrease in infected leaves and a transient induction in systemic leaves. Basal transcript levels in non‐infected leaves differed strongly between the two genotypes examined. Two microsatellite markers located within the PI gene cluster were associated with resistance to P. infestans in a population of potato varieties and breeding clones.
Oligoclonal Macroglobulinaemia
Authors: HARBOE M. , HANNESTAD K. , SLETTEN K.
Published: August 2010

Ninety macroglobulinaemia sera were tested for occurrence of multiple mono clonal immunoglobulins. Thirteen (14%) of the sera contained more than one monoclonal immunoglobulin. The homogeneous macroglobulins were isolated from 3 sera; in each case individually specific antigenic determinants common to the two components were demonstrated, in addition to determinants unique for each component. NH2‐terminal amino acid sequence studies in two pa tients showed that the IgM heterogeneity was due to differences in the primary structure of the variable parts of the x (case To) and the μ (case Nae) chains. Macroglobulinaemia appears to be a unique source of homogeneous immuno‐globulins from related clones.
IgA Deficiency and Influenza Infection
Authors: AHO K. , PYHÄLÄ R. , KOISTINEN J.
Published: August 2010

A prospective study of influenza infection was carried out on 90 blood donors deficient for serum IgA as tested with double immunodiffusion. Half of them lacked IgA even by radioimmunoassay (RIA). A correlation existed between serum haemagglutination‐inhibiting (HI) antibody and resistance to infection, suggesting that the serum HI antibody was an important determinant of protection. The rate of infection as evidenced by a fourfold or greater rise in HI titre, was about the same in the RIA‐negative and RIA‐positive donors and only slightly higher than the corresponding rate in pregnant women and in a ship's crew.
Genetic Control of the In Vitro Responses of Rat Blood Lymphocytes
Authors: NIELSEN H. E. , KOCH C.
Published: August 2010

Blood lymphocytes from the inbred rat strains AS and BN differ in the magnitude both of their in vitro proliferative response to different mitogens and of their in vivo antibody response to the mitogenic fraction of phytohemagglutinin (PHA). We have examined the segregation of in vitro responsiveness to PHA in (AS × BN)F1× BN backcross rats and have tried to correlate it with other characters that vary in backcross rats. In vitro responsiveness regulated by one or a few loci, is linked to the in vitro responsiveness to B lymphocyte mitogens and the in vivo antibody response to the mitogenic fraction of PHA, but is not linked to the major histocompatibility locus (Ag‐B) nor to the frequency of short‐lived, small Ig‐negative lymphocytes in blood. Lymphocytes from high‐responder rats have a shorter lag period before the onset of DNA synthesis in vitro than low‐responder rats, and possibly also a higher number of in vitro responding cells. To explain our findings, that the same gene og genes regulate in vitro responsiveness to different mitogens and in vivo antibody response to the mitogenic fraction of PHA, we suggest that the gene or genes act in an immunologically unspecific manner on regulation of lymphocyte proliferation in vitro as well as in vivo.
Genetic Control of Antibody Responses to PHA in Inbred Rats
Authors: KOCH C.
Published: August 2010

Phytohemagglutinin (PHA‐P; Difco) contains four immunogenic components. The antibody response in rats to two of these components is shown to be genetically determined; AS rats are high responder and BN rats are low responders to both antigens. Responsiveness to the two components segregates independently as autosomal, dominant traits in a manner that is compatible with a one‐gene hypothesis for both responses. The antibody response to the mitogenic fraction of PHA and to other mitogens. These responses are not linked to the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) of the rat. The antibody response to a nonmitogenic fraction from PHA is, however, linked to the MHC.
Carrier‐Specific B Cells Play a Role in the Production of an Antigen‐Specific T‐Cell‐Replacing Factor
Authors: KIROV S. M. , PARISH C. R.
Published: August 2010

An in vitro anti‐hapten response to dinitrophenylated monomeric flagellin (DNP‐MON) was used to examine the ability of T cells to collaborate with B cells across a cell‐impermeable Millipore membrane. It was found that T cells alone were not able to collaborate with B cells across the membrane. However, B and T cells together produced a T‐cell‐replacing factor that passed through the membrane and partially restored the antibody response of B cells cultured beneath the membrane. Production of the factor was abolished when carrier‐specific B cells were inactivated by [125I] polymeric flagellin (POL) suicide. The T‐cell‐replacing factor was shown to be nondialysable and antigen‐specific. It was also demonstrated that macrophages were required for production of the specific T‐cell‐replacing factor but that the action of the factor on B cells was macrophage‐independent.
DNA‐Synthetic Responses of Fractionated Human Lymphocytes Exposed to Lymphocyte‐Derived Mitogenic Factor
Authors: BLOMGREN H
Published: August 2010

Human peripheral lymphocytes that have been exposed to (PHA) release mitogenic factors (MF) on subsequent incubation in fresh medium. In this investigation, MF‐rich supernatants were analyzed for their ability to induce DNA synthesis in various fractions of peripheral human lymphocytes. MF was found to induce higher DNA synthesis in T‐cell preparations than in unfractionated lymphoid preparations or B‐cell‐rich fractions. Evidence is presented showing that some types of non‐T cell can inhibit the MF response of T cells. These cells are nonadherent and nonphagocytic and require DNA synthesis to express their inhibitory activity. These results suggest that the regulation of the action of lymphocyte‐derived MF is cell‐mediated.
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: Studies on the Effect of Drug Treatment on Different Lymphocytic Subpopulations
Authors: SALSANO J. , FRØLAND S. S. , NATVIG J. B. , MANDELLI J.
Published: August 2010

In the present work the effect of drug treatment on different lymphocyte populations in chronic lymphocytic leukemia was studied. During therapy there was evidence of an increased number of cells unidentifiable by conventional surface markers, provisionally termed lymphocyte surface‐marker‐negative cells. In addition, evidence of increased numbers of T lymphocytes in untreated patients and further evidence of IgG chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells were obtained.
Distribution of Heavy‐Chain Variable‐Region (VH) Subgroups on Human Lymphocytes
Authors: FØRRE Ø. , NATVIG J. B. , FRØLAND S. S. , JOHNSON P. M.
Published: August 2010

Lymphocytes from 20 normal blood donors were stained with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)‐conjugated anti‐F(ab′)2, anti‐VHI, anti‐VHII, and anti‐VHIII subgroup antisera. The means of the percentages of staining were 2.9%, 5.0%, and 5.5% for the VHI, VHII, and VHIII subgroups, respectively. The sum of the percentages of the lymphocytes stained with each of the VH subgroup‐specific antisera corresponded well with the percentages of lymphocytes stained with an anti‐F(ab′)2 antiserum. In addition, it was shown by double immunofluorescence staining and in various depletion experiments and tests with thymocytes and lymphocytes from patients with hypogammaglobulinemia that the cells staining with anti‐VH antisera corresponded to the membrane Ig‐positive cells—that is, the B‐lymphocyte population.
Specificity of Transfer Factor
Authors: SHARMA M. K. , ANARAKI F. , ALA F.
Published: August 2010

The in vivo and in vitro demonstration of specificity of transfer factor (TF) has so far been hampered by lack of a suitable antigen. The host partiality of Leishmania suggested that in the case of leishmania antigen it should be possible to obtain lymphocytes of both donors and recipients of TF which were either sensitized or truly virgin. Lymphoblast transformation of normal donor lymphocytes to leishmania major antigen (LMA) was therefore measured in the presence of TF prepared from donors with a history of cutaneous leishmania infection (LSTFd) and normal donors (NSTFd). A clear augmentation of the lymphoblast transformation equal to that usually seen when lymphocytes from sensitized individuals are exposed to LMA was observed with LSTFd. An insignificant increase in lymphoblast transformation, however, occurred when NSTFd was used together with LMA and when LSTFd Of NSTFd was used alone. The results, although limited by the number of TF preparations, tested, clearly substantiate the in vitro specificity of TF.
Studies on Interference with Tolerance Induction in T Cells
Authors: FESSIA S. L. , KONG Y. M.
Published: August 2010

The mechanism of T‐cell tolerance to a thymus‐dependent antigen was examined, using the adjuvant polyadenylic‐polyuridylic acid (poly A:U). In adoptive transfer experiments, thymus cells obtained from donor mice 2 days after treatment with a tolerogenic dose of bovine γ‐globulin (sBGG) did not cooperate with bone marrow (BM) cells in irradiated recipients challenged with aggregated BGG (aBGG). In contrast, thymus cells from donors given sBGG plus poly A:U retained their helper activity, as assayed by hemagglutination and rosette formation of spleen cells. The effect of poly A:U in preventing tolerance induction was also demonstrable in the cortisone‐resistant population, in that thymus cells from cortisone‐treated donors that had received sBGG and poly A:U retained their helper function. The presence of suppressor cells and the effect of poly A:U on their stimulation were also examined. sBGG‐treated thymus cells suppressed the response of BGG‐primed spleen cells in lethally irradiated mice, whereas thymus cells from donors treated with sBGG and poly A:U were not suppressive. These observations show that poly A:U prevents tolerance induction and the development of suppressor activity in T cells.
A Sensitive Method for Specific Quantitation of Secretory IgA
Authors: ÅKERLUND A. SOHL , HANSON L. Å. , AHLSTEDT S. , CARLSSON B.
Published: August 2010

A method to quantitate specifically secretory IgA (SIgA) has been developed using the enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. The IgA in the test sample was adsorbed to anti‐α antibodies attached to plastic tubes via a coat of IgA myeloma protein. The reacted SIgA was determined using anti‐secretory component antiserum conjugated with alkaline phosphatase. The technique permitted quantiations of secretory IgA in biological fluids like milk, urine, and Saliva with reproducibility of ±7%, down to 0.03 mg/l. In contrast to earlier techniques, the presence of up to 15794 of serum IgA without secretory component (SC) and free SC did not disturb the measurements of SIgA. Furthermore, variations in pH and osmolarity, within biological ranges in secretions, did not influence the estimations.
Detection of Hepatitis B Antigen in Circulating Immune Complexes in Acute and Chronic Hepatitis
Authors: CARELLA G. , DIGEON M. , FELDMANN G. , JUNGERS P. , DROUET J. , BACH J. F.
Published: August 2010

By using polyethylene glycol precipitation at low concentration (PEG test) and the radiolabeled Clq binding test, immune complexes were detected in sera from acute (23/28) and chronic (28/32) hepatitis patients, hemodialyzed patients with chronic hepatitis B surface (HBs) antigenemia (7/19), and asymptomatic HBs antigen carriers (2/11). After treatment of PEG precipitates with acidic pH, heating, or proteolytic enzyme (protease), electroimmunodiffusion or radioimmunoassay revealed the presence of HBs antigen or antibody in dissociated immune complexes in sera from several acute and chronic hepatitis patients. Electron microscopy showed immune complexes of HB virus in 9 of 12 PUG precipitates obtained from PEG‐test‐positive sera; these 9 precipitates were from patients with acute or chronic hepatitis and the other three from chronic HBs Ag carriers. Free HB virus particles were observed after protease digestion of PEG precipitates. Neither immune complexes nor virus particles were seen in precipitates from PEG‐test‐negative but HBs‐Ag‐positive sera from chronic carriers.
Surface Immunoglobulin Characteristics of B‐Lymphocyte Developmental States and B‐Lymphocyte Colony‐Forming Cells
Authors: HOWARD M. C. , CLAESSON M. H. , JOHNSON G. R.
Published: August 2010

B‐lymphocyte colony‐forming cells and various B‐lymphocyte developmental states were examined for expression of surface immunoglobulin. B‐lymphocyte colony forming‐cells appeared to possess a significantly greater amount of surface immunoglobulin than did newborn ‘virgin’ B lymphocytes. In terms of surface immunoglobulin content and physical property characteristics (established previously) B‐lymphocyte colony‐forming Cells resembled a more mature B‐lymphocyte subset. This subset, as characterized in previous studies, consists of mature virgin B cells that develop from the newborn virgin B cells via a process of nonspecific antigen‐induced differentiation. An alternative possibility that B‐lymphocyte colony‐forming cells are memory B lymphocytes has not been eliminated by this study.
HLA Class‐II‐Specific T‐Lymphocyte Clones with Dual Alloreactive Functions
Authors: FLOMENBERG N. , DUFFY E. , DUPONT B.
Published: August 2010

The relationship between T lymphocytes that proliferate in response to HLA class II antigens and those that mediate the cytotoxic response toward HLA class II target antigens was investigated. Alloreactive T‐cell clones were derived under conditions in which the likelihood of clonality was high. Three populations of HLA class‐II‐specific T cells were identified. Two of these populations exhibited only HLA class‐II‐directed cytotoxicity or HLA class‐II‐induced proliferation. The third population of T cells exhibited both of these responses.
Vascular Endothelial Cells Present Alloantigens to Unprimed Lymphocytes
Authors: GROENEWEGEN G. , BUURMAN W.A.
Published: August 2010

Antigen‐presenting cells (APC) were removed from canine peripheral blood by carbonyl iron treatment and adherence to plastic and to nylon‐wool. This treatment resulted in low proliferation in mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLC) and lack of generation of cell‐mediated cytotoxicity (CMC) in depleted cell suspensions compared with untreated cell suspension. The proliferative response could be restored to normal by the addition of low numbers of autologous arterial or venous endothelial cells to the MLC of depleted cell suspensions. Cytotoxicity against phytohaemagglutinin‐stimulated lymphoblasts of the stimulator was generated in the untreated MLC and also in the MLC of APC‐depleted cell suspensions with endothelial cells added. It is concluded that arterial and venous endothelial cells can substitute for APC in the proliferative response of autologous lymphocytes against alloantigen and in the generation of CMC. Therefore, endothelial cells have an alloantigen‐presenting capacity.
In Vivo Activation of Mouse Macrophages with β‐l,3‐D‐Glucan‐Derivatized Plastic Beads
Authors: SELJELID R. , BØGWALD J. , RASMUSSEN L.‐T. , LARM O. , HOFFMAN J. , BERGE A. , UGELSTAD J.
Published: August 2010

Macrophages obtained from animals treated withβ‐1.3‐D‐glucan‐derivatized plastic beads were greatly stimulated, as judged by morphology, esterase release, and cytostatic effect on L‐929 tumour cells in vitro. The pretreatment of mice with such heads conferred an apparent absolute local resistance to an otherwise lethal pneumococcal infection but had no effect on the growth of intrapcritoneal AA ascites sarcoma. Moreover, peritoneal cells from animals pretreated with glucan beads did nut protect the animals in a Winn assay.
Induction of Immunoglobulin Secretion and DNA Synthesis in Human Lymphocytes in Vitro by Cytomegalovirus Preparations
Authors: RINGDÉN O. , PAULIN T. , SUNDQVIST V. A. , WAHREN B. , PIHLSTEDT P.
Published: August 2010

Immunoglobulin secretion as evidenced by plaque‐forming cells (PFC) in an indirect hacmolysis‐in‐gel assay, and DNA synthesis were induced in human blood lymphocytes by the following preparations of cytomegalovirus (CMV): Nucleocapside Ne‐CMV antigen, membrane M‐CMV antigen, crude C‐CMV preparations and CMV‐incubated adherent cells. Peak stimulations occurred around day n in culture. Ne‐CMV and M‐CMV only stimulated PFC and DNA synthesis in lymphocytes from CMV seropositive individuals. C‐CMV also stimulated lymphocytes from CMV seronegative individuals but gave better responses in lymphocytes from CMV seropositive individuals. CMV‐incubated adherent cells occasionally stimulated lymphocytes from CMV seronegative individuals but always in CMV seropositive blood donors. Ne‐, M‐, and C‐CMV gave high numbers of PFC in B cells enriched by sheep erythrocyte sedimentation and in co‐cultures of enriched T and B cells. Almost no PFC were induced in enriched T cells. DNA synthesis induced by all the three antigenic CMV preparations increased after removal of adherent cells. Strong DNA synthesis was induced in enriched T cells compared to almost none in enriched B cells. It is concluded that some pure CMV preparations act as antigens and more crude preparations induce polyclonal activation. Different CMV preparations may be used to diagnose CMV. to study immune reactivity against CMV and as a model for CMV infections in vitro.
Characterization of a Monoclonal Antibody Recognizing a Monomorphic Determinant of the Alpha Chain of Class II DQ Antigens
Authors: FERMAND J.‐P. , CHEVALIER A. , BROUET J.‐C.
Published: August 2010

We have characterized a monoclonal antibody (L2) specific for a determinant of Human DQ class II antigens. After immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence analysis performed on a panel of DR homozygous cell lines and HLA deleted mutants, it behaves like a monomorphic anti‐DQ reagent and does not react with the products of the various DR alleles. On immuno‐blotting, it reacts with an epitope of the DQ a chain.
Retention of Immune Complexes by Murine Lymph Node or Spleen Follicular Dendritic Cells
Authors: HEINEN E. , COULIE P. , VAN SNICK J. , BRAUN M. , CORMANN N. , MOEREMANS M. , KINET‐DENOEL C. , SIMAR L. J.
Published: August 2010

Using monoclonal anti‐trinitrophenyl (TNP) antibodies complexed to TNP‐myoglobin‐coated gold particles, we analysed al the ultrastructural level the retention by follicular dendritic cells (FDC) of immune complexes containing various antibody isotypes. Gold‐labelled immune complexes were injected subcutaneously or intravenously into naive mice and, after 24 h, germinal centres of draining lymph nodes or spleen were examined by electron microscopy. FDC generally retained complexes containing IgG2a and IgG2b better than those formed with IgGl or IgG3. IgM was rarely retained. FDC isolated from lymph nodes or spleens were incubated in vitro with gold‐labelled complexes in a serum‐free medium. IgG2a and IgG2b complexes were also retained in vitro in large quantities by FDC; IgGl and IgG3 complexes were retained in smaller quantities or in highly variable quantities compared with IgG2; IgM complexes were rarely seen on FDC. There was no difference between FDC isolated from lymph nodes or from spleen with respect to the Ig isotypes required for Fe‐mediated retention of immune complexes.
Monoclonal Antibodies Specific for Sendai Virus I. Production and Characterization of Monoclonal Antibodies
Authors: FENNER M. , BINZ H.
Published: August 2010

Twelve monoclonal antibodies specific for Sendai virus were prepared by fusing immune LOU rat spleen cells with Y3 or FO myeloma cells. Six antibodies bound the viral glycoprotein HN, and six the viral protein F. Among the six HN‐specific monoclonal antibodies, five reacted with the very same epitope and inhibited viral haemagglutination. Two antibodies against the F protein recognized the same epitope, but all the others reacted with different epitopes. All monoclonals were characterized with regard to specificity, biological function, epitope recognition, isotypes, and pI.
The Mature, Mitogen‐Responsive, Human Thymocyte Population Comprises Two Functionally Distinct T‐Cell Subsets Differing in Exogenous Interleukin Requirements for Mitogenesis and in Sensitivity to Glucocorticoids
Authors: RANELLETTI F.O. , PIANTELLI M. , CARBONE A. , MAGGIANO N. , LAROCCA L. M. , AIELLO F. B. , MUSIANI P.
Published: August 2010

Human thymocytes were separated into 10 fractions by continuous Percoll density gradient centrifugation. Almost all the cells able to proliferate in response to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and about 80% of the thymocytes carrying the mature T3 marker were contained within the first two lightest fractions (Fr1 and Fr2), However, cells in Fr1 and in Fr2 were clearly different in terms of their interleukin requirement for mitogenesis. i.e., in the presence of interleukin‐1 (IL‐1). Fr1 thymocytes showed proliferative responses to PHA that were three to five times greater than those of the Fr2 cells, whereas in the presence of exogenous IL‐2 both Fr1 and Fr2 cells bad mitogenic responses of a similar magnitude. These differences could not be explained by accessory cell contamination or by different kinetics of the proliferative responses. Furthermore, in the presence of exogenous IL‐1. Fr1 thymocytes showed a greater capacity for producing IL‐2, In contrast, there was no difference in the expression of functional IL‐2 receptors between the two fractions. It can be concluded that the mature thymocyte subpopulation contains at least two functionally distinct subsets, which differ in density, and that during intrathymic maturation the capacities to produce and to respond to IL‐2 do not develop simultaneously. Although both the number and the binding characteristics of glucocorticoid (GC) receptor sites did not differ significantly between Fr1 and Fr2 thymocytes. dexamethasone was more effective in inhibiting the PHA‐induced mitogenesis of Fr2 than of Fr1 cells. Thus, the GC sensitivity of T‐cell mitogenesis is not directly correlated with receptor‐related variables. In contrast with observations made on peripheral T cells, the inhibitory activity of GC on thymocyte mitogenesis was only partially reversed by the addition of exogenous IL‐2, Thus, the inhibitory action of GC on thymocyte mitogenesis cannot be explained only by the steroid‐induced inhibition of IL‐1‐IL‐2 production; it must also be due to a GC‐inhibitory effect on the IL‐2‐responsive cell proliferation.
Functional Characterization of CD8+ Antigen‐Specific Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes after Enrichment Based on Cytokine Secretion: Comparison with the MHC‐Tetramer Technology
Authors: Oelke M. , Kurokawa T. , Hentrich I. , Behringer D. , Cerundolo V. , Lindemann A. , Mackensen A.
Published: August 2010

Cell therapy with antigen‐specific T cells holds promise for various diseases including cancer and viral infections. The powerful enrichment procedure based on major histocompatibility complex (MHC)‐tetramers, however, is of limited applicability so far. Therefore, the recently developed cell surface affinity matrix technology that allows direct identification and enrichment of life antigen‐specific T cells based on cytokine secretion was evaluated in this respect. To this end, CD8+ T cells directed against the HLA‐A*0201‐restricted melanoma‐associated peptide Melan‐A (aa26–35) were generated by combining stimulation of peptide‐pulsed autologous dendritic cells (DC) with antigen‐independent expansion with anti‐CD3/anti‐CD28 monoclonal antibodies (MoAb). Antigen‐specific cytotoxic T lympocyte (CTL) were detected based on stimulation‐induced interferon (IFN)‐γ and interleukin (IL)‐4 secretion and enriched > 100‐fold using the cell surface affinity matrix technology. The resulting IFN‐γ‐ and IL‐4‐secreting CTL lines contained > 80% and > 70% cytokine positive T cells, respectively. They exhibited a cytotoxic activity against Melan‐A expressing target cells that was significantly higher as compared to nonpurified CTL. Direct staining of enriched CTL with HLA‐A2‐Melan‐A‐tetramers revealed a high correlation between the results obtained from the cell surface affinity matrix technology and those obtained from tetrameric complexes. Altogether, our study demonstrates that cytokine‐driven enrichment based on the cell surface affinity matrix technology enables selective isolation of functionally active antigen‐specific CTL that may be used for an adoptive T cell transfer in immunotherapy.
Expression of CD1d in the Duodenum of Patients with Cow's Milk Hypersensitivity
Authors: Ulanova M. , Torebring M. , Porcelli S. A. , Bengtsson U. , Magnusson J. , Magnusson O. , Lin X. P. , Hanson L. Å. , Telemo E.
Published: August 2010

CD1 cell surface glycoproteins represent a family of non‐major histocompatibility complex (MHC) encoded antigen‐presenting molecules. All members of the CD1 family appear to mediate the recognition of microbial or endogenous lipid and glycolipid antigens. The recognition of CD1d by a unique subset of natural killer (NK) T cells that leads to rapid production of large amounts of both type 1 and type 2 cytokines can be augmented by some synthetic glycolipids. Because of the proposed role of such CD1d‐restricted T cells in immunoregulation, we hypothesized that CD1d molecules participate in mucosal immune responses in patients with gastrointestinal symptoms owing to food hypersensitivity. Patients of that category represent a heterogeneous group in which poorly defined immunological mechanisms are believed to contribute to disease pathogenesis. The expression of CD1 in duodenal biopsy samples from six patients with verified intolerance to cow's milk and six healthy controls was studied by immunoperoxidase staining of cryostat sections using a panel of mouse monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) specific for CD1a, b, c, and d. Large numbers of CD1d positive cells were found in the lamina propria of all the patients, both during the symptomatic and the asymptomatic periods, whereas healthy controls were virtually devoid of CD1d expression in the duodenum. The localization of CD1d positive cells corresponded to areas where B cells, plasma cells and dendritic cells (DC) were present. A positive correlation was found between the numbers of CD1d+ and CD19+ cells in the lamina propria. In contrast to previous reports, no CD1d expression was found on the epithelial cells. Although less numerous than CD1d+, the CD1c+ cells were also present in all the patients and in five out of six controls. No staining for CD1a or CD1b was detected in the duodenal biopsy samples from any of the subjects. The exclusive presence of CD1d in the duodenal lamina propria of the patients with cow's milk hypersensitivity might suggest the participation of these molecules in the pathogenesis of allergic reactions to food.