bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
From parasite encounter to infection: Multiple‐scale drivers of parasite richness in a wild social primate population
Authors: Benavides Julio A. , Huchard Elise , Pettorelli Nathalie , King Andrew J. , Brown Molly E. , Archer Colleen E. , Appleton Chris C. , Raymond Michel , Cowlishaw Guy
Published: October 2011

Host parasite diversity plays a fundamental role in ecological and evolutionary processes, yet the factors that drive it are still poorly understood. A variety of processes, operating across a range of spatial scales, are likely to influence both the probability of parasite encounter and subsequent infection. Here, we explored eight possible determinants of parasite richness, comprising rainfall and temperature at the population level, ranging behavior and home range productivity at the group level, and age, sex, body condition, and social rank at the individual level. We used a unique dataset describing gastrointestinal parasites in a terrestrial subtropical vertebrate (chacma baboons,Papio ursinus), comprising 662 fecal samples from 86 individuals representing all age–sex classes across two groups over two dry seasons in a desert population. Three mixed models were used to identify the most important factor at each of the three spatial scales (population, group, individual); these were then standardized and combined in a single, global, mixed model. Individual age had thestrongest influence on parasite richness, in a convex relationship. Parasite richness was also higher in females and animals in poor condition, albeit at a lower order of magnitude than age. Finally, with a further halving of effect size, parasite richness was positively correlated to day range and temperature. These findings indicate that a range of factors influence host parasite richness through both encounter and infection probabilities but that individual‐level processes may be more important than those at the group or population level. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2012. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss,Inc.
Software tools overview: process integration, modelling and optimisation for energy saving and pollution reduction
Authors: Lam Hon Loong , Klemeš Jiří Jaromír , Kravanja Zdravko , Varbanov Petar Sabev
Published: October 2011

This paper provides an overview of software tools based on long experience and applications in the area of process integration, modelling and optimisation. The first part reviews the current design practice and the development of supporting software tools. Those are categorised as: (1) process integration and retrofit analysis tools, (2) general mathematical modelling suites with optimisation libraries, (3) flowsheeting simulation and (4) graph‐based process optimisation tools. The second part covers an assessment of tools which enable the generation of new sustainable alternatives to adapt to the future needs. They deal with waste, environment, energy consumption, resources depletion and production cost constrains. The emphasis of the sustainable process design tools is largely on the evaluation of process viability under sustainable economic conditions, synthesis of sustainable process and supply chain process maintenance and life cycle analysis. Major software tools development and the potential of the research‐based tools for sustainable process design task are overviewed in the concluding part. Copyright © 2010 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impact strength improvement of wood flour–recycled polypropylene composites
Authors: Ghahri Saman , Najafi Saeed Kazemi , Mohebby Behbood , Tajvidi Mehdi
Published: October 2011

In this research, the improvement of the impact strength of wood flour–recycled polypropylene (PP) composites through impact modification was studied. For this purpose, a virgin polypropylene (VPP) was thermomechanically degraded by five extrusions under controlled conditions in a twin‐screw extruder at a rotor speed of 100 rpm and a temperature of 190°C. PP (VPP and recycled PP at the second and fifth stages) and wood flour were compounded at 50 wt % wood flour loading in a counterrotating twin‐screw extruder in the presence different contents of ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) to produce the wood flour–PP composites. From the results, the composites containing recycled PP exhibited significantly lower impact strengths. The addition of EVA up to 9 wt % increased the impact strengths of the composites made with PP recycled two and five times by about 63 and 41%, respectively. The composites containing VPP exhibited higher impact strengths than those containing recycled PP and EVA. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Synthesis and thermal properties of phase‐change microcapsules incorporated with nano alumina particles in the shell
Authors: Chen Ling , Zhang Li‐Qun , Tang Rui‐Fen , Lu Yong‐Lai
Published: October 2011

Novel phase‐change microcapsules with paraffin as core and melamine‐formaldehyde (MF) resin as shell were synthesized through in situ polymerization, in which nano alumina (nano‐Al2O3) particles were dispersed in the shell by mixing nano‐Al2O3 with MF prepolymer solution using the direct addition method (i.e., adding nano‐Al2O3 into the MF prepolymer solution directly) and the predispersed addition method (i.e., predispersing the nano‐Al2O3 homogenously in water under the assistance of dispersant and wetting agents before mixing with the MF prepolymer). Scanning electron microscope experiments demonstrated that the predispersed addition method yielded the microcapsules having the better dispersion and less self‐agglomeration of alumina, compared to the direct addition method. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, and electron backscatter diffraction imaging confirmed that the nano‐Al2O3 particles were successfully incorporated in the shell by the predispersed addition method. The phase change behavior of microcapsules incorporated with different contents (up to 12.7% relative to the microcapsule) of nano‐Al2O3 particles in the shell was investigated by differential scanning calorimeter. The results revealed that the encapsulation efficiency for this kind of novel microcapsules was >77% and the incorporation of nano‐Al2O3 in the shell affected the phase change temperature. Thermal gravimetric analysis indicated that the addition of nano‐Al2O3 improved the thermal stability of microcapsules remarkably. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Improvement in properties of multiwalled carbon nanotube/polypropylene nanocomposites through homogeneous dispersion with the aid of surfactants
Authors: Cheng Henry Kuo Feng , Pan Yongzheng , Sahoo Nanda Gopal , Chong Kahwei , Li Lin , Hwa Chan Siew , Zhao Jianhong
Published: October 2011

The effects of different surfactants on the properties of multiwalled carbon nanotubes/polypropylene (MWCNT/PP) nanocomposites prepared by a melt mixing method have been investigated. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (NaDDBS) were used as a means of noncovalent functionalization of MWCNTs to help them to be dispersed uniformly into the PP matrix. The effects of these surfactant‐treated MWCNTs on morphological, rheological, thermal, crystalline, mechanical, and electrical properties of MWCNT/PP composites were studied using field emission scanning electron microscopy, optical microscopy, rheometry, tensile, and electrical conductivity tests. It was found that the surfactant‐treatment and micromixing resulted in a great improvement in the state of dispersion of MWCNTs in the polymer matrix, leading to a significant enhancement of Young's modulus and tensile strength of the composites. For example, with the addition of only 2 wt % of SDS‐treated and NaDDBS‐treated MWCNTs, the Young's modulus of PP increased by 61.1 and 86.1%, respectively. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Novel peroxide‐vulcanized NBR‐PAni.DBSA blends, part 2: Effects of conductive filler particles alignment
Authors: Yong K. C.
Published: October 2011

Dicumyl peroxide (DCP) vulcanized poly(butadiene‐co‐acrylonitrile)‐polyaniline dodecylbenzenesulfonate [NBR‐PAni.DBSA] blends were successfully prepared by using the practical thermomechanical mixing method. The effect of alignment of PAni.DBSA particles on the mechanical and electrical properties of vulcanized blends was studied (by passing the blends through a two roll‐mills). All vulcanized blends strained parallel to the flow direction when passed through the two roll‐mills had their electrical conductivities enhanced with increasing strain in tension. Good historical memory in term of the electrical conductivities during three cycles of straining (with 300 times of strain loading and unloading motion for each cycle) was observed for all vulcanized blends (99% retention of original value before straining). These vulcanized blends also showed better mechanical properties (i.e., higher tensile strength and tear strength) than the ones strained perpendicularly to the flow direction. With the ideal mechanical properties and reversible electrical behavior, this type of blend can potentially emerge as a new class of flexible smart material. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Melt processing, mechanical, and fatigue crack propagation properties of reactively compatibilized blends of polyamide 6 and acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene copolymer
Authors: Handge Ulrich A. , Galeski Andrzej , Kim Sung Chul , Dijkstra Dirk J. , Götz Christian , Fischer Frank , Lim Goy Teck , Altstädt Volker , Gabriel Claus , Weber Martin , Steininger Helmut
Published: October 2011

Within a IUPAC study, melt processing, mechanical, and fatigue crack growth properties of blends of polyamide 6 (PA 6) and poly(acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene) (ABS) were investigated. We focused on the influence of reactive compatibilization on blend properties using a styrene–acrylonitrile–maleic anhydride random terpolymer (SANMA). Two series of PA 6/ABS blends with 30 wt % PA 6 and 70 wt % PA 6, respectively, were prepared with varying amounts of SANMA. Our experiments revealed that the morphology of the matrix (PA 6 or ABS) strongly affects the blend properties. The viscosity of PA 6/ABS blends monotonically increases with SANMA concentration because of the formation of high‐molecular weight graft copolymers. The extrudate swell of the blends was much larger than that of neat PA 6 and ABS and decreased with increasing SANMA concentrations at a constant extrusion pressure. This observation can be explained by the effect of the capillary number. The fracture resistance of these blends, including specific work to break and impact strength, is lower than that of PA 6 or ABS alone, but increases with SANMA concentration. This effect is most strongly pronounced for blends with 70 wt % PA 6. Fatigue crack growth experiments showed that the addition of 1–2 wt % SANMA enhances the resistance against crack propagation for ABS‐based blends. The correlation between blend composition, morphology and processing/end‐use properties of reactively compatibilized PA 6/ABS blends is discussed. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Preparation and properties of catalyzed polyimide/dicyanate semi‐interpenetrating networks for polymer gas membrane with suppressed CO2‐plasticization
Authors: Maya E. M. , Sanchez M. L. , Marcos A. , de la Campa J. G. , de Abajo J.
Published: October 2011

The work presents an approach to reduce the plasticization of polymeric membranes caused by condensable gases, and particularly the effect of plasticization caused on polyimides by CO2 at high pressure. A technical polyimide, Matrimid®, was chosen as a reference of polyimide membrane and the approach applied consisted of incorporating reactive oligomers to have cross‐linkable mixed systems, which do not plasticize at high CO2 pressure. Films of semi‐interpenetrating networks (semi‐IPNs) based on Matrimid® and phenolphthalein dicyanate as cross‐linking monomer in ratios 90/10, 80/20, and 70/30, were prepared using a catalyst to lower the curing temperature from 280 to 180°C. Semi‐IPNs properties such as thermal stability, mechanical properties, glass transition temperatures, or density were measured to characterize the films and were correlated with the dicyanate monomer content. The CO2 gas permeation behavior of the three semi‐IPNs was studied using a CO2 feed pressure ranging from 1 to 30 atm. The gas separation properties were mainly explained attending to the density of the films, which depended on the dicyanate content used. In the three catalyzed semi‐IPNs, the CO2 permeability coefficients remained almost constant all along the investigated range of CO2 pressure while Matrimid® treated at 180°C did show a clear tendency to plasticization over a critical feed pressure of about 17 bar. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
The effect of nanoclay and MWNT on fire‐retardency and mechanical properties of unsaturated polyester resins
Authors: Kaffashi B. , Honarvar F. M.
Published: October 2011

The influence of nanomaterials such as Multi‐Walled Carbon NanoTubes (MWNT) and organoclay (Cloisite 30B) on the physical and mechanical properties of thermoset matrix such as Unsaturated Polyester (UP) resins is investigated. Although styrene containing UP resins have a wide spread application in industry, lack of information exists regarding the behavior of MWNT/organoclay/polyester ternary nanocomposite systems. The main aim of this research was first to evaluate the effect of nanofiller on the flammability of UP resins and, second, to characterize their mechanical properties such as toughness and their tensile strength. The rheological studies showed shear thinning for samples of UP resins containing MWNT and Cloisite 30B. The cone calorimetry measurement was used to evaluate the flame‐retardency, the gas emission of the nanocomposite and whether or not this system can be designated as a nanocomposite. This was understood in the test by the peak heat release rate being lowered and shifted to shorter times. Furthermore, the tensile and impact properties of samples were evaluated. The obtained results indicated that nanofiller particles caused both increase and decrease in the impact and tensile strength. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Studies on the synthesis of electrospun PAN‐Ag composite nanofibers for antibacterial application
Authors: Mahapatra A. , Garg Nidhi , Nayak B. P. , Mishra B. G. , Hota G.
Published: October 2011

We have successfully synthesized polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibers impregnated with Ag nanoparticles by electrospinning method at room temperature. Briefly, the PAN‐Ag composite nanofibers were prepared by electrospinning PAN (10% w/v) in dimethyl formamide (DMF) solvent containing silver nitrate (AgNO3) in the amounts of 8% by weight of PAN. The silver ions were reduced into silver particles in three different methods i.e., by refluxing the solution before electrospinning, treating with sodium borohydride (NaBH4), as reducing agent, and heating the prepared composite nanofibers at 160°C. The prepared PAN nanofibers functionalized with Ag nanoparticles were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), SEM elemental detection X‐ray analysis (SEM‐EDAX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and ultraviolet‐visible spectroscopy (UV‐VIS) analytical techniques. UV‐VIS spectra analysis showed distinct absorption band at 410 nm, suggesting the formation of Ag nanoparticles. TEM micrographs confirmed homogeneous dispersion of Ag nanoparticles on the surface of PAN nanofibers, and particle diameter was found to be 5–15 nm. It was found that all the three electrospun PAN‐Ag composite nanofibers showed strong antibacterial activity toward both gram positive and gram negative bacteria. However, the antibacterial activity of PAN‐Ag composite nanofibers membrane prepared by refluxed method was most prominent against S. aureus bacteria. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Manufacturing and mechanical behavior of hybrid building materials
Authors: Papanicolaou G. C. , Lagas G. , Papadimitropoulos K. , Ioannou A.
Published: October 2011

This work is an experimental investigation of the flexural properties of hybrid matrix composites reinforced with different types of reinforcement, namely short glass fibers, glass beads, and short steel fibers. The aim of this investigation is to determine the mechanical behavior and properties of the composites that were manufactured, as well as to define an optimum composition of the materials used that will result in a composite with enhanced mechanical performance for building applications. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Fabrication of poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene)‐polysaccharide composites
Authors: Lv Renliang , Sun Yinyi , Yu Fengyuan , Zhang Hongbin
Published: October 2011

Poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) doped with a series of anionic polysaccharides such as carboxymethyl cellulose, sodium hyaluronate, xanthan gum, pectin, gellan gum were prepared by electropolymerization in aqueous solutions. Some other dopants of potassium nitrate, potassium sulfate, sodium poly(styrenesulfonate), and sodium polyacrylate were used in comparison with the anionic polysaccharides. The electrochemical properties and stability of the obtained PEDOT films were also investigated. It was found that indium tin oxide (ITO) conductive glass could be used as the working electrode of the electropolymerization of EDOT and that the dopant had a great influence on polymerization potential and overoxidation potential. These charged biomolecules of anionic polysaccharides were found to facilitate electropolymerization of EDOT instead of common doping anions as counterion. The electroactive PEDOT films doped with anionic polysaccharides showed stable electrochemical properties, good texture, and adhesion properties to the ITO conductive glass. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
The preparation of emulsion type sizing agent for carbon fiber and the properties of carbon fiber/vinyl ester resin composites
Authors: Liu Jianye , Ge Heyi , Chen Juan , Wang Dongzhi , Liu Huashi
Published: October 2011

Vinyl ester resin emulsion type sizing agent (HMSA‐1) was synthesized by phase inversion emulsification method. Centrifugal sedimentation analysis, particle size analysis, Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and gel permeation chromatography were used to characterize HMSA‐1 and Japanese commercial sizing agents (JSA‐1 and JSA‐2). Meanwhile, abrasion resistance, fluffs and breakage, stiffness, scanning electron microscope (SEM) were used to analyze the workability in later process of carbon fiber and surface morphology. The results showed that HMSA‐1 could significantly improve handling characteristics of carbon fiber. SEM micrographs demonstrated that the sized carbon fiber had smooth surface. HMSA‐1 had better compatibility with vinyl ester resin. The interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) of HMSA‐1 sized carbon fiber/vinyl ester resin composite reached the maximum value of 45.96 MPa. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Short Synthesis of Ethyl 3‐(3‐aminophenyl)propanoate
Authors: Nagel Ulrike , Radau Gregor , Link Andreas
Published: October 2011

A short and effective synthesis of ethyl 3‐(3‐aminophenyl)propanoate is presented, employing a tandem Knoevenagel condensation/alkylidene reduction of 3‐nitrobenzaldehyde with Meldrum's acid in TEAF (triethylammonium formate) followed by reduction of the intermediate 3‐(3‐nitrophenyl)propanoic acid by stannous chloride in ethanol. The use of stannous chloride as the reducing agent in ethanol enabled the simultaneous esterification of the carboxylic acid. Thus, stannous chloride was acting simultaneously as a Lewis acid, which activates the carboxylic acid towards a nucleophilic attack by ethanol.
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Some Pyrazole Derivatives as Anti‐Malarial Agents
Authors: Bekhit Adnan A. , Hymete Ariaya , Asfaw Henok , Bekhit Alaa El‐Din A.
Published: October 2011

Novel series of pyrazole derivatives were synthesized and tested for their in vivo anti‐malarial activity using mice infected with chloroquine sensitive P. berghei at a dose level of 50 µmol/kg. The most active compounds were further tested in vitro against chloroquine resistant (RKL9) strain of P. falciparum. The in vivo anti‐malarial activity study indicated that compounds 2a, 2b, 8a and 8b had mean percent suppression of 85%, 83%, 95% and 97%, respectively at equimolar dose level of the standard drug chloroquine diphosphate. Moreover, compounds 2a, 2b, 8a and 8b showed in vitro IC50 values lower (p < 0.05) than that of the standard drug chloroquine phosphate (0.188 ± 0.003  µM) using the RKL9 strain. Compound 8b was the most active with IC50 of 0.033 ± 0.014  µM. Generally, among the tested compounds, those containing a free carboxylic acid functional group on the pyrazole ring were the most active and this finding was supported by the docking results performed for the active compounds. The acute toxicity studies of the active compounds revealed that they have a good safety profile.
Synthesis and Acetylcholinesterase and Butyrylcholinesterase Inhibitory Activities of 7‐Alkoxyl Substituted Indolizinoquinoline‐5,12‐dione Derivatives
Authors: Wu Zu‐Ping , Wu Xi‐Wei , Shen Ting , Li Yan‐Ping , Cheng Xi , Gu Lian‐Quan , Huang Zhi‐Shu , An Lin‐Kun
Published: October 2011

A series of novel 7‐alkoxyl substituted indolizinoquinoline‐5,12‐dione derivatives were synthesized. The cholinesterase inhibition assays indicated that most synthesized compounds exhibited good activity for acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and high selectivity index of AChE over butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE). Compound 12b exhibited the most potent AChE inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 0.068 µM and the highest selectivity index of 144. Kinetic study of AChE indicated that a mixed type of inhibition pattern existed for these indolizinoquinoline‐5,12‐dione derivatives. Molecular docking study indicated that compound 12b could bind to both the catalytically active site and the peripheral anionic site of AChE.
Interferon‐γ regulates discordant mechanisms of uveitis versus joint and axial disease in a murine model resembling spondylarthritis
Authors: Kezic Jelena M. , Davey Michael P. , Glant Tibor T. , Rosenbaum James T. , Rosenzweig Holly L.
Published: October 2011

Objective

The spondylarthritides (such as ankylosing spondylitis) are multisystem inflammatory diseases that frequently result in uveitis. Despite the common co‐occurrence of uveitis with arthritis, there has been no explanation for the susceptibility of the eye to inflammation. Using an innovative intravital videomicroscopic approach, we discovered the coexistence of uveitis with axial and peripheral joint inflammation in mice immunized with cartilage proteoglycan (PG). The aim of this study was to elucidate the characteristics of uveitis and test the impact of interferon‐γ (IFNγ) deficiency on the eye versus the joint and spine.

Methods

Female T cell receptor (TCR)–transgenic mice or IFNγ‐knockout mice crossed to TCR‐transgenic mice were immunized with PG. Uveitis was assessed by intravital videomicroscopy and histology. The clinical and histopathologic severity of arthritis and spondylitis were evaluated. The bone remodeling process within the spine was assessed by whole‐body near‐infrared imaging. Immunoblotting and immunofluorescence staining were used to examine the expression of PG and ADAMTS‐5 and to examine the cellular composition of eyes with uveitis.

Results

PG neoepitopes along with the aggrecanase ADAMTS‐5 were present in the eye, as they were the joint. Anterior uveitis developed in response to PG immunization. The cellular infiltrate consisted mainly of neutrophils and eosinophils. Unexpectedly, IFNγ deficiency markedly exacerbated uveitis while ameliorating joint and spine disease, indicating divergent mechanisms that drive diseases in the eye versus the joints and spine.

Conclusion

This study provides the first detailed description of a murine disease model in which uveitis coincides with arthritis and spondylitis. Our observations provide a great opportunity for understanding the pathogenesis of a relatively common but poorly understood disease.
What kind of science can information science be?
Authors: Buckland Michael
Published: October 2011

During the 20th century there was a strong desire to develop an information science from librarianship, bibliography, and documentation and in 1968 the American Documentation Institute changed its name to the American Society for Information Science. By the beginning of the 21st century, however, departments of (library and) information science had turned instead towards the social sciences. These programs address a variety of important topics, but they have been less successful in providing a coherent explanation of the nature and scope of the field. Progress can be made towards a coherent, unified view of the roles of archives, libraries, museums, online information services, and related organizations if they are treated as information‐providing services. However, such an approach seems significantly incomplete on ordinary understandings of the providing of information. Instead of asking what information science is or what we might wish it to become, we ask instead what kind of field it can be given our assumptions about it. We approach the question by examining some keywords: science, information, knowledge, and interdisciplinary. We conclude that if information science is concerned with what people know, then it is a form of cultural engagement, and at most, a science of the artificial.
Chemiluminescence of a cyclometallated iridium(III) complex and its application in the detection of cysteine
Authors: Dong Yong Ping , Shi Ming Juan , Tong Bi Hai , Zhang Qian Feng
Published: October 2011

Chemiluminescence (CL) of a cyclometallated iridium (III) complex {tris[1‐(2,6‐dimethylphenoxy)‐4‐(4‐chlorophenyl)phthalazine]iridium(III)} in the presence of potassium permanganate and oxalic acid is reported for the first time. Cysteine exhibits sufficient enhancing effect on the CL generated from the cyclometallated iridium(III) complex, which make it possible for the sensitive detection of cysteine using a flow‐injection–chemiluminescence (FI–CL) method. The optimum conditions for the chemiluminescence emission were investigated. Under the optimal condition, the linear range for the determination of cysteine was 1.0 × 10–9–5.0 × 10–6 mol/L with a detection limit of 6.9 × 10–10 mol/L. A relative standard deviation of 1.6% was obtained for eight replicate determinations. The mechanisms of CL are proposed and the emitting species was identified as the metal‐to‐ligand charge‐transfer (MLCT) excited states of the iridium complex. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Luchse in der Kulturlandschaft
Authors: Battran Martin
Published: October 2011

Der Eurasische Luchs ist nach Braunbär und Wolf der größte autochthone Beutegreifer Europas. Historisch dort fast flächendeckend verbreitet, wurde er bis Anfang des 20. Jahrhunderts bis auf Restbestände in schwer zugänglichen Gebieten vollständig ausgerottet. Aus zahlreichen, meist erfolglosen Wiederansiedlungsversuchen ab den 1970er Jahren gingen zwar fünf kleine Populationen in den Alpen, dem Jura, Böhmerwald, den Vogesen und dem Harz hervor, doch sind diese stark gefährdet. Für ihr langfristiges Überleben ist ein Anschluss an die größeren Populationen insbesondere der Karpaten und des Balkans unerlässlich. Die Perspektiven dafür sind aber skeptisch zu berurteilen: Zwar findet der Luchs inzwischen in vielen Gebieten Mitteleuropas ausreichend gute Lebensbedingungen vor, doch ruft er als Reh‐ und Schafjäger insbesondere bei Jägern und Viehzüchtern oft grundsätzliche Vorbehalte hervor – Wilderei ist deshalb eine Hauptmortalitätsursache.
Plastiden und Zellkern im Zwiegespräch
Authors: Krupinska Karin
Published: October 2011

Pflanzenzellen besitzen in den Plastiden ein Genom, das Informationen zum Aufbau weniger zentraler Proteine der Photosynthese bereithält. Da die Gene der meisten Bausteine der Photosyntheseeinheiten aber im Zellkern vorliegen, ist eine Abstimmung der beiden Genome unumgänglich. In den Plastiden entstehen kontinuierlich Signale, die ihre Funktionsfähigkeit anzeigen, und die der Zellkern empfangen kann. Zu den Signalen gehören reaktive Sauerstoffverbindungen und Tetrapyrrole. An der Übertragung der Signale scheinen RNA‐Bindeproteine beteiligt zu sein.
Von der Stammlösung zur Arbeitslösung
Authors: Schrödel Andrea
Published: October 2011

Zur Herstellung von Lösungen setzt man gerne konzentrierte Stammlösungen ein. Diese können zu einem Puffer oder einem Gemisch gegeben werden, wenn diese eine geringere Konzentration der eingesetzten Stammlösung enthalten sollen. Beispielsweise lässt sich durch Verdünnung einer 37%igen Formaldehyd‐Stammlösung eine 4%ige Formaldehyd‐Arbeitslösung herstellen. Leicht gesagt, wenn man wüsste, wie viel man von der Stammlösung für die Verdünnung bräuchte...
Final 5‐year results of Z‐FAST trial
Authors: Brufsky Adam M. , Harker W. Graydon , Beck J. Thaddeus , Bosserman Linda , Vogel Charles , Seidler Christopher , Jin Lixian , Warsi Ghulam , Argonza‐Aviles Eliza , Hohneker John , Ericson Solveig G. , Perez Edith A.
Published: October 2011

BACKGROUND:

Postmenopausal breast cancer (BC) patients receiving adjuvant aromatase inhibitor therapy are at risk of progressive bone loss and fractures. Zoledronic acid inhibits osteoclastic bone resorption, is effective in maintaining bone health, and may therefore be beneficial in this setting.

METHODS:

Overall, 602 postmenopausal women with early, hormone receptor‐positive BC receiving adjuvant letrozole were randomized (301 each group) to receive upfront or delayed‐start zoledronic acid (4 mg intravenously every 6 months) for 5 years. The primary endpoint was the change in lumbar spine (LS) bone mineral density (BMD) at month 12. Secondary endpoints included changes in LS BMD, total hip BMD, and bone turnover markers at 2, 3, and 5 years; fracture incidence at 3 years; and time to disease recurrence.

RESULTS:

At month 61, the adjusted mean difference in LS and total hip BMDs between the upfront and delayed groups was 8.9% and 6.7%, respectively (P < .0001, for both). Approximately 25% of delayed patients received zoledronic acid by month 61. Only 1 patient experienced grade 4 renal dysfunction; no confirmed cases of osteonecrosis of the jaw were reported. Fracture rates (upfront, 28 [9.3%]; delayed, 33 [11%]; P = .3803) and Kaplan‐Meier disease recurrence rates (upfront, 9.8 [95% confidence interval (CI), 6.0‐10.3]; delayed, 10.5 [95% CI, 6.6‐14.4]; P = .6283) were similar at month 61.

CONCLUSIONS:

Upfront zoledronic acid seems to be the preferred treatment strategy versus delayed administration, as it significantly and progressively increases BMD in postmenopausal women with early BC receiving letrozole for 5 years, and long‐term coadministration of letrozole and zoledronic acid is well tolerated. Cancer 2012. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Multimodal dispersal during the range expansion of the tropical house gecko Hemidactylus mabouia
Authors: Short Kristen H. , Petren Kenneth
Published: October 2011

Dispersal influences both the ecological and evolutionary dynamics of range expansion. While some studies have demonstrated a role for human‐mediated dispersal during invasion, the genetic effects of such dispersal remain to be understood, particularly in terrestrial range expansions. In this study, we investigated multimodal dispersal during the range expansion of the invasive gecko Hemidactylus mabouia in Florida using 12 microsatellite loci. We investigated dispersal patterns at the regional scale (metropolitan areas), statewide scale (state of Florida), and global scale (including samples from the native range). Dispersal was limited at the smallest, regional scale, within metropolitan areas, as reflected by the presence of genetic structure at this scale, which is in agreement with a previous study in this same invasion at even smaller spatial scales. Surprisingly, there was no detectable genetic structure at the intermediate statewide scale, which suggests dispersal is not limited across the state of Florida. There was evidence of genetic differentiation between Florida and other areas where H. mabouia occurs, so we concluded that at the largest scale, dispersal was limited. Humans likely contributed to patterns of dispersal at all three scales but in different ways. Infrequent low‐volume dispersal has occurred within regions, frequent high‐volume dispersal has occurred across the state, and infrequent long‐distance dispersal has occurred among continents at the global scale. This study highlights the importance of considering different modes of dispersal at multiple spatial scales to understand the dynamics of invasion and range expansion.
Community assembly and diversification in Indo‐Pacific coral reef fishes
Authors: Hubert Nicolas , Paradis Emmanuel , Bruggemann Henrich , Planes Serge
Published: October 2011

Theories of species coexistence have played a central role in ecology and evolutionary studies of the origin and maintenance of biodiversity in highly diverse communities. The concept of niche and associated theories predict that competition for available ecological space leads to a ceiling in species richness that influences further diversification patterns. By contrast, the neutral theory supports that speciation is stochastic and diversity independent. We examined the phylogenetic community structure and diversification rates in three families and 14 sites within coral reef fish communities from the Indian and Pacific oceans. Using the phylogenetic relationships among 157 species estimated with 2300 bp of mitochondrial DNA, we tested predictions in terms of species coexistence from the neutral and niche theories. At the regional scale, our findings suggest that phylogenetic community structure shifts during community assembly to a pattern of dispersion as a consequence of allopatric speciation in recent times but overall, variations in diversification rates did not relate with sea level changes. At the local scale, the phylogenetic community structure is consistent with a neutral model of community assembly since no departure from a random sorting of species was observed. The present results support a neutral model of community assembly as a consequence of the stochastic and unpredictable nature of coral reefs favoring generalist and sedentary species competing for living space rather than trophic resources. As a consequence, the observed decrease in diversification rates may be seen as the result of a limited supply of living space as expected in a finite island model.
Water Quality Management in Japan: Recent Developments and Challenges for Integration
Authors: Kataoka Yatsuka
Published: October 2011

Japanese water quality management is evolving toward the more integrated management of water resources by adapting to the changes in society, such as changes in public perceptions on water and the environment; diversification of water usage; and the state of water quality itself. Mitigation of water pollution and conservation of the watershed environment and ecosystem services have begun to be recognized as important elements of water quality management. In that sense, water quality management in Japan is now transforming from management of water quality to management of the wider water environment. Although there have been signs of integration of the quantity and quality aspects of water management, this paper concludes that opportunities to promote integrated management should be further explored in Japan and that local governments must play a key role in the promotion of integrated water resources management. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Helical Complexes of Chiral Quaterpyridines – Mononuclear CuII and Dinuclear CuI Complexes
Authors: Yeung Ho‐Lun , Sham Kiu‐Chor , Wong Wai‐Yeung , Wong Chun‐Yuen , Kwong Hoi‐Lun
Published: October 2011

Two series of chiral helical copper–quaterpyridine complexes were prepared by reacting chiral ligands L1–4 with CuI and CuII precursors. The CuII complexes, [Cu(L)(H2O)(ClO4)2] or [Cu(L)(ClO4)2], were studied by ESI‐MS, elemental analysis, and CD spectroscopy, and the CuI complexes, [Cu2(L)2](PF6)2, were examined by NMR, ESI‐MS, elemental analysis, and CD spectroscopy. The crystal structures of [Cu(L1)(H2O)(ClO4)](ClO4) and [Cu(L3)(ClO4)2] were determined by X‐ray diffraction. They are monomeric, distorted octahedral complexes with the quaterpyridine ligand coordinated at the four equatorial positions and one or two perchlorates at the apical position. The crystal structure of [Cu(L1m)(H2O)(ClO4)](ClO4), which has an achiral quaterpyridine ligand L1m, the meso form of L1, was also determined. Comparison between [Cu(L1)(H2O)(ClO4)](ClO4) and [Cu(L1m)(H2O)(ClO4)](ClO4) shows small differences between the two structures. CD analyses of mononuclear CuII complexes of sterically demanding L2–4 indicate that these structures require a helical twist in the ligand. The crystal structure of [Cu2(L3)2](PF6)2 shows that it is a two‐metal two‐ligand double‐stranded helical structure. Solution NMR studies of the dinuclear CuI complexes show that each sample consists of two diastereomers with moderate to high diastereoselectivity (52–99 %). With L1m, head‐to‐head and head‐to‐tail configurational isomers were formed in an almost 1:1 ratio. Heterostranded helicates could also be formed with two different chiral ligands but selectivity favors the homostranded one. DFT calculations on the homostranded helicates yield evidence that interactions between the chiral groups of the ligand strands in the helicate are not solely responsible for determining the helical chirality of the CuI complexes.
A Reduced (β‐Diketiminato)iron Complex with End‐On and Side‐On Nitriles: Strong Backbonding or Ligand Non‐Innocence?
Authors: Cowley Ryan E. , Christian Gemma J. , Brennessel William W. , Neese Frank , Holland Patrick L.
Published: October 2011

Treatment of the iron(I) synthon LMeFeNNFeLMe (LMe = β‐diketiminato ligand) with pivalonitrile gives a formally iron(I) complex LMeFe(NCtBu)2, which has one strongly bound side‐on nitrile and one weakly bound end‐on nitrile ligand. The side‐on nitrile ligand has N–C–C bending and N–C weakening that suggests partial reduction of the nitrile group. The S = 3/2 ground state of this molecule can be described as either an iron(II) atom with a nitrile radical anion or an iron(I) atom that is strongly backbonding. DFT computations show that strong backbonding comes from a doubly occupied orbital, and that there is little ligand radical character. Therefore, the iron(I) formulation is the most appropriate. This study exemplifies how one‐electron transfer to ligands and two‐electron backbonding to ligands may be distinguished by using spectroscopically calibrated and validated computations.
Ruthenium Polypyridyl Sensitisers in Dye Solar Cells Based on Mesoporous TiO2 (Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 29/2011)
Authors: Reynal Anna , Palomares Emilio
Published: October 2011

The cover picture shows the molecular structure of three ruthenium polypyridyl complexes, namely the tris(isothiocyanato)bis(2,2′‐bipyridyl‐4,4′‐dicarboxylato)ruthenium(II)?2,2′:6′,2″‐terpyridine‐4,4′,4″‐tricarboxylic acid tris(tetrabutylammonium) salt (commonly known as Black Dye). The background of the picture corresponds to the drawing of a series of dye‐sensitised solar cells, which use ruthenium complexes as photosensitisers. This is the topic of the Microreview by A. Reynal and E. Palomares on p. 4509 ff, in which the properties, synthetic routes and main applications of the most relevant ruthenium–polypyridyl complexes are presented in further detail.
Performance of palm‐based fat blends with a low saturated fat content in puff pastry
Authors: Garcia‐Macias Paulina , Gordon Michael H. , Frazier Richard A. , Smith Kevin , Gambelli Luisa
Published: October 2011

Four fat blends based on palm fractions in combination with high oleic sunflower oil (HOSF) with a relatively low saturated fatty acid content (29.2 ± 0.85%, i.e. less than 50% of that of butter) were prepared. The saturated fat was located in different TAG structures in each blend. Principal saturated TAG were derived from palm stearin (POs, containing tripalmitoyl glycerol—PPP), palm mid‐fraction (PMF, containing 1,3‐dipalmitoyl‐2‐oleoyl glycerol—POP) and interesterified PMF (inPMF, containing PPP, POP and rac‐1,2‐dipalmitoyl‐3‐oleoyl glycerol—PPO). Thus, in blend 1, composed of POs and HOSF, the saturates resided principally in PPP. In blend 2, composed of POs, PMF and HOSF, the principal saturate‐containing TAG were PPP and POP. Blend 3, composed of inPMF and HOSF, was similar to blend 2 except that the disaturated TAG comprised a 2:1 mixture of PPO:POP. Finally, blend 4, a mixture of PMF and HOSF, had saturates present mainly as POP. The physical properties and the functionality of blends, as shortenings for puff pastry laminated in a warm bakery environment (20–24°C), were compared with each other, and with butter. Puff pastry prepared with blend 1 (POs:HOSF 29:71) and blend 4 (PMF:HOSF 41:59), was very hard; blend 2 (POs:PMF:HOSF 13:19:68) was most similar to butter in the compressibility of the baked product and it performed well in an independent baking trial; blend 3 (inPMF:HOSF 40:60) gave a product that required a higher force for compression than butter.
Antioxidant activity of the essential oil and methanolic extract of cumin seed (Cuminum cyminum)
Authors: Einafshar Soodabeh , Poorazrang Hashem , Farhoosh Reza , Seiedi Seyed Mohammad
Published: October 2011

The antioxidant activities of the essential oil and crude methanolic extract (CEx) of cumin seed (Cuminum cyminum) were evaluated. Total phenolics and tocopherols contents, reducing power, DPPH radical‐scavenging capacity (EC50), and the oxidative/oil stability index were assessed. The contents of total phenolics and total tocopherols in the essential oil (18.47 and 0.11 mg/g, respectively) were significantly lower than those of the CEx (29.12 and 0.42 mg/g, respectively). The CEx had an EC50 value (0.74 mg/mL) significantly lower than those of the essential oil and α‐tocopherol (1.20 and 32.50 mg/mL, respectively). The reducing power of the CEx (459.46 mmol Fe2+ per mass) was significantly higher than those of the essential oil (18.47 mmol/L) and α‐tocopherol (99.96 mmol/L). The addition of CEx to the purified sunflower oil significantly improved its oxidative stability at the levels of 800 ppm and higher whereas the essential oil indicated no antioxidant activity at the levels experimented (200–2000 ppm). The CEx was considered to be a useful antioxidative compound in bulk oil and emulsion systems but the essential oil showed no antioxidant activities. The CEx in the bulk oil system had higher antioxidant activities than in the emulsion system. The CEx concentration of 2000 ppm showed the highest antioxidant activity and reduced the formation of hydroperoxides and secondary products more than the other antioxidative compounds applied in this study.
Temperature‐Dependent Regioselective Synthesis of 1,2,4‐Triazino[2,3‐b]indazoles and 3H‐1,4‐Benzodiazepines by Domino‐Staudinger/Aza‐Wittig/Isomerization Reaction
Authors: Xie Hai , Yu Jian‐Bo , Ding Ming‐Wu
Published: October 2011

o‐Azidobenzaldimine 8 reacted with triphenylphosphane at 0 °C with warming to room temperature to give 1,2,4‐triazino[2,3‐b]indazoles 12 by a domino‐Staudinger/aza‐Wittig/isomerization reaction. However, when heated to 80 °C the same reaction mixture afforded 3H‐1,4‐benzodiazepines 14 by a tandem‐Staudinger/aza‐Wittig reaction.
Synthesis of Tetrahedral Shape‐Persistent Tetranuclear Metal–salphens (Eur. J. Org. Chem. 30/2011)
Authors: Mastalerz Michael , Oppel Iris M.
Published: October 2011

The cover picture shows tetrahedral shape‐persistent tetranuclear metal–salphens (with Zn2+, Ni2+, and Pd2+ as metal ions) and their absorption spectra. The basis for the synthesis of the metal–salphens is the tetrakis(salicylaldehyde), depicted at the center. Details are discussed in the article by M. Mastalerz and I. M. Oppel on p. 5971 ff.
Capillary electrophoresis method for the determination of isradipine enantiomers: Stability studies and pharmaceutical formulation analysis
Authors: Aguiar Fernando A. , de Gaitani Cristiane M. , Borges Keyller B.
Published: October 2011

A simple enantioselective method based on CE using CD as chiral selector was developed and validated for the determination of isradipine (IRD) enantiomers in a pharmaceutical formulation and for the determination of IRD enantiomers in degradation studies. After optimization, the best results were obtained using 15 mM borate buffer at pH 9.3 and sulfobutyl ether‐β‐cyclodextrin (2.5%, w/v) as chiral selector. The applied voltage was +30 kV, and the sample injection was performed in the hydrodynamic mode. All analyses were carried out in a fused‐silica uncoated capillary with an id of 50 μm and total length of 60.0 cm. Under these conditions, a complete separation between IRD enantiomers was achieved in less than 7 min. Linearity was obtained in the range 50–300 μg/mL for both enantiomers (r≥0.9978). The RSD (%) and relative errors (%) obtained in precision and accuracy studies (intra‐day and inter‐day) were lower than 5%. Therefore, this method was found to be appropriate for controlling pharmaceutical formulations containing IRD enantiomers and the assay was considered to be stability indicating. The drug was subjected to oxidation, hydrolysis and photolysis. In all stress conditions the drug presented considerable degradation when compared with a fresh sample (zero time).
Adaptive Gaussian predictive process models for large spatial datasets
Authors: Guhaniyogi Rajarshi , Finley Andrew O. , Banerjee Sudipto , Gelfand Alan E.
Published: October 2011

Large point referenced datasets occur frequently in the environmental and natural sciences. Use of Bayesian hierarchical spatial models for analyzing these datasets is undermined by onerous computational burdens associated with parameter estimation. Low‐rank spatial process models attempt to resolve this problem by projecting spatial effects to a lower‐dimensional subspace. This subspace is determined by a judicious choice of ‘knots’ or locations that are fixed a priori. One such representation yields a class of predictive process models (e.g., Banerjee et al., 2008) for spatial and spatial‐temporal data. Our contribution here expands upon predictive process models with fixed knots to models that accommodate stochastic modeling of the knots. We view the knots as emerging from a point pattern and investigate how such adaptive specifications can yield more flexible hierarchical frameworks that lead to automated knot selection and substantial computational benefits. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spatio‐temporal metamodeling for West African monsoon
Authors: Antoniadis Anestis , Helbert Céline , Prieur Clémentine , Viry Laurence
Published: October 2011

In this paper, we propose a new approach for modeling and fitting high‐dimensional response regression models in the setting of complex spatio‐temporal dynamics. This study is motivated by investigating one of the major atmospheric phenomena, which drives the rainfall regime in Western Africa: West African Monsoon. We are particularly interested in studying the influence of sea surface temperatures in the Gulf of Guinea on precipitation in Saharan and sub‐Saharan. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.