bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Late Norian (Late Triassic) Radiolarian assemblages from chert pebbles of the Pentalofos Formation (Mesohellenic basin, Greece). Palaeogeographic implications
Authors: Bragin Nikita , Danelian Taniel , Chanier Frank
Published: March 2014

Well-preserved Late Norian Radiolaria were extracted from two pebbles of radiolarian chert included in Lower Miocene conglomerates of the Pentalofos Formation, in the area of Meteora (Mesohellenic basin, Greece). Both samples yielded a similar assemblage characterized by the presence of species Betraccium deweveri PESSAGNO & BLOME, Bipedis acrostylus BRAGIN, Pylostephanidium ankaraense BRAGIN & TEKIN and several other taxa typical of the Betraccium deweveri zone (uppermost Norian). This is the first evidence of Upper Norian radiolarian cherts from Greece. It is likely that the studied chert pebbles were derived from ophiolitic complexes or distal continental margin series situated to the east of the Mesohellenic basin; they were part of the Upper Norian oceanic realm that was obducted, during the Late Jurassic, over the Pelagonian continental crust. During the Late Miocene they were still present east of Meteora and they have been eroded since.
Podiform chromitites in lherzolitic mantle rocks (Andaman ophiolite, India): the role of magma/rock interaction and parental melt composition
Authors: Ghosh Biswajit , Bhatta Koyel
Published: March 2014

In this study, Alpine-type (ophiolite hosted) podiform chromitites from the lherzolite dominant mantle sequence of the Andaman ophiolite, India are described. The mantle host rocks for the chromitite pods show features of melt-mantle interaction. The chromites of the podiform chromitites have high-Cr# (= Cr/[Cr + Al] atomic ratio) ranging between 0.69 and 0.75 and high-Mg# (= Mg/[Mg + Fe2+] atomic ratio) ranging between 0.58 and 0.72. Geochemically, the chromites of these high-Cr chromitites have an arc-spinel trend and suggest a supra-subduction zone setting. Contrarily, the low-Cr chromitites (reported elsewhere) show MORB-spinel trend. Parent melt composition is assessed on the basis of liquidus chromite compositions using various methods. The deduced composition shows that the melt parental to the high-Cr chromitite of the Andaman ophiolite had 12–13 wt.% Al2O3 and 0.2–0.5 wt.% TiO2 whereas the same for the low-Cr chromitites had ~ 16 wt.% Al2O3 and 0.5–0.9 wt.% TiO2. A correlation of the deduced parent melt compositions with the volcanic rocks of the Andaman ophiolite suggests a close affinity with the East Coast volcanics (south-Andaman) for the high-Cr chromitites. Contrarily, a similar correlation for the low-Cr chromitites is not so certain.
Felsic magmatism and uranium deposits
Authors: Cuney Michel
Published: March 2014

The strongly incompatible behaviour of uranium in silicate magmas results in its concentration in the most felsic melts and a prevalence of granites and rhyolites as primary U sources for the formation of U deposits. Despite its incompatible behavior, U deposits resulting directly from magmatic processes are quite rare. In most deposits, U is mobilized by hydrothermal fluids or ground water well after the emplacement of the igneous rocks. Of the broad range of granite types, only a few have U contents and physico-chemical properties that permit the crystallization of accessory minerals from which uranium can be leached for the formation of U deposits. The first granites on Earth, which crystallized uraninite, dated at 3.1 Ga, are the potassic granites from the Kaapval craton (South Africa) which were also the source of the detrital uraninite for the Dominion Reef and Witwatersrand quartz pebble conglomerate deposits. Four types of granites or rhyolites can be sufficiently enriched in U to represent a significant source for the genesis of U deposits: peralkaline, high-K metaluminous calc-alkaline, L-type peraluminous and anatectic pegmatoids. L-type peraluminous plutonic rocks in which U is dominantly hosted in uraninite or in the glass of their volcanic equivalents represent the best U source. Peralkaline granites or syenites are associated with the only magmatic U-deposits formed by extreme fractional crystallization. The refractory character of the U-bearing minerals does not permit their extraction under the present economic conditions and make them unfavorable U sources for other deposit types. By contrast, felsic peralkaline volcanic rocks, in which U is dominantly hosted in the glassy matrix, represent an excellent source for many deposit types. High-K calc-alkaline plutonic rocks only represent a significant U source when the U-bearing accessory minerals (U-thorite, allanite, Nb oxides) become metamict. The volcanic rocks of the same geochemistry may be also a favorable uranium source if a large part of the U is hosted in the glassy matrix. The largest U deposit in the world, Olympic Dam in South Australia is hosted by highly fractionated high-K plutonic and volcanic rocks, but the origin of the U mineralization is still unclear. Anatectic pegmatoids containing disseminated uraninite which results from the partial melting of uranium-rich metasediments and/or metavolcanic felsic rocks, host large low grade U deposits such as the Rössing and Husab deposits in Namibia.

The evaluation of the potentiality for igneous rocks to represent an efficient U source represents a critical step to consider during the early stages of exploration for most U deposit types. In particular a wider use of the magmatic inclusions to determine the parent magma chemistry and its U content is of utmost interest to evaluate the U source potential of sedimentary basins that contain felsic volcanic acidic tuffs.
Deciphering orogeny: a metamorphic perspective. Examples from European Alpine and Variscan belts
Authors: Lardeaux Jean-Marc
Published: March 2014

In this paper we review and discuss, in a synthetic historical way, the main results obtained on Alpine metamorphism in the western Alps. First, we describe the finite metamorphic architecture of the western Alps and discuss its relationships with subduction and collision processes. Second, we portray the progressive metamorphic evolution through time and space with the presentation of 5 metamorphic maps corresponding to critical orogenic periods, namely 85-65 Ma, 60-50 Ma, 48-40 Ma, 38-33 Ma and 30-20 Ma. We underline the lack of temporal data on high-pressure/low-temperature metamorphic rocks as well as the severe uncertainties on the sizes of rock units that have recorded the same metamorphic history (i.e. coherent P-T-t/deformation trajectories). We discuss the role of subduction-driven metamorphism in ocean-derived protoliths and the conflicting models that account for the diachrony of continental subductions in the western Alps.
Clinical Implication of the Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone Blockers in Chronic Kidney Disease Undergoing Hemodialysis
Authors: Morishita Yoshiyuki , Kusano Eiji , Nagata Daisuke
Published: March 2014

The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) blockers have been widely used in chronic kidney disease patients undergoing hemodialysis; however, whether RAAS blockers have beneficial effects for cardiovascular disease in those patients has not been fully defined. This review focuses on the effects of RAAS blockers in chronic kidney disease undergoing hemodialysis for cardiovascular disease.
A Retrospective Analysis of Isoniazid-Monoresistant Tuberculosis: Among Iranian Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients
Authors: Varahram Mohammad , Nasiri Mohammad Javad , Farnia Parissa , Mozafari Mohadese , Velayati Ali Akbar
Published: March 2014

Background and objectives:

Isoniazid (INH) is one of the most potent anti-tuberculosis (TB) drugs. The spread and transmission of INH- resistant bacilli are likely to pose a significant problem for National TB control Program (NTP). In this study, we aimed to determine the trend of INH-monoresistant TB in Iran.

Methods:

The susceptibility patternsof Mycobacterium tuberculosis(MTB) strains that were isolated from clinical samples were retrospectively analyzed (January 2003-December 2011). Identification and drug susceptibility testing (DST) were performed using both conventional and molecular methods. The associated risk factors were assessed using the Chi-square test.

Results:

Out of 4825 culture-positive isolates, 6.1% were resistant to INH, with an increasing trend over the study period. The INH-monoresistance from 4.4 in 2003 reached to 9.4% in 2011. Among the studied risk factors, age was significantly associated with INH-monoresistance (p < 0.05).

Conclusions:

The increased trend in INH-monoresistance underlines the need for greater enforcement of national TB control programs. In this regard, better management of TB cases, establishing advanced diagnostic facilities and use of standard treatment regimens are recommended to avoid further emergence of INH resistant cases.
Application of gas chromatography analysis to quality control of residual organic solvents in clopidogrel bisulphate
Authors: Pavlovic Aleksandar , Ignjatovic Ljubisa , Popov Sasa , Mladenovic Aleksandar , Stankovic Igor
Published: March 2014

A direct-injection, split-mode capillary gas chromatographic procedure with a
flame ionization detection is developed for the analysis of eight solvents
used in the synthesis and purification of an anti-thrombotic drug clopidogrel
bisulphate. The solvents analyzed were methanol, acetone, dichloromethane
(DCM), 2-butanol, cyclohexane, toluene, acetic acid and N, N-dimethyl
formamide (DMF). In addition, as a result of dehydration of 2-butanol during
drying process, in clopidogrel bisulphate samples, significant amounts of
2-butanol dehydration products (1-butene, cis and trans isomers of 2-butene,
2,2'-oxydibutane and 1-(1-methylpropoxy)butane) may be detected. The content
of each of these volatile products can be evaluated using the same
gas-chromatographic method, with quantification based on the response factor
established for the chromatographic peak of 2-butanol. For each solvent used
in the process of clopidogrel bisulphate preparation, the procedure is
validated for selectivity, linearity, recovery, precision, robustness,
quantitation limit, and detection limit. All eight solvents plus five
2-butanol degradation products are fully separated. System suitability test
is validated, and requirements are set. Based on a large number of result
sets, retrospectively, from many different batches analyzed, conclusions were
made about process variations and reliability and a lack of consistency was
identified in the quality of the active substance from a particular producer
source. Multivariate analysis was used as statistical technique to classify
samples. From the analyzed set of 11 solvents, 6 of them were preselected
based upon their occurrence in the samples and both Principal Component
Analysis (PCA) and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) were performed.
Teacher Development: A Patchwork-Text Approach to Enhancing Critical Reflection in Veterinary and Para-Veterinary Educators
Authors: Silva-Fletcher Ayona , May Hilary , Magnier Kirsty M. , May Stephen A.
Published: March 2014

Reflection is an essential component of teacher-development programs, and reliable, valid methods to teach, assess, and evaluate reflection are critical. However, it is important that appropriate methods are created for and evaluated across multiple disciplinary backgrounds, as the participants' backgrounds are a major factor in the development of critical reflection. The patchwork-text approach is a narrative process that is predominantly focused on the personal development of the individual. The current study used the patchwork-text approach for the development of reflection in participants with a science background who had not used a reflective approach for personal development before. Twenty summative essays and 103 formative essays from 21 participants who underwent a 1-year higher-education teacher-development program were analyzed to assess whether the quality and quantity of reflective writing was enhanced through a regular, iterative process of reflective writing with feedback. The analysis of the essays involved the use of a predefined set of criteria for identifying the different reflective levels from 1 to 4 and the calculation of a reflective score to evaluate the overall development. The results show a clear improvement of higher-level critical thinking as the participants progressed through their course. Higher levels of reflection were achieved particularly where a unit focused on a familiar area for the participant as opposed to one in which the participant had less experience. The analysis provides evidence that the patchwork text is a useful method for development and evaluation of reflection in participants with a veterinary/animal-science base.
Physiotherapists' Perceptions of and Experiences with the Discharge Planning Process in Acute-Care General Internal Medicine Units in Ontario
Authors: Matmari Lakshmi , Uyeno Jennifer , Heck Carol S.
Published: March 2014

Purpose: To examine discharge planning of patients in general internal medicine units in Ontario acute-care hospitals from the perspective of physiotherapists. Methods: A cross-sectional study using an online questionnaire was sent to participants in November 2011. Respondents' demographic characteristics and ranking of factors were analyzed using descriptive statistics; t-tests were performed to determine between-group differences (based on demographic characteristics). Responses to open-ended questions were coded to identify themes. Results: Mobility status was identified as the key factor in determining discharge readiness; other factors included the availability of social support and community resources. While inter-professional communication was identified as important, processes were often informal. Discharge policies, timely availability of other discharge options, and pressure for early discharge were identified as affecting discharge planning. Respondents also noted a lack of training in discharge planning; accounts of ethical dilemmas experienced by respondents supported these themes. Conclusions: Physiotherapists consider many factors beyond the patient's physical function during the discharge planning process. The improvement of team communication and resource allocation should be considered to deal with the realities of discharge planning.
No Differences in Outcomes in People with Low Back Pain Who Met the Clinical Prediction Rule for Lumbar Spine Manipulation When a Pragmatic Non-thrust Manipulation Was Used as the Comparator
Authors: Learman Kenneth , Showalter Christopher , O'Halloran Bryan , Donaldson Megan , Cook Chad
Published: March 2014

Purpose: To investigate differences in pain and disability between patients treated with thrust manipulation (TM) and those treated with non-thrust manipulation (NTM) in a group of patients with mechanical low back pain (LBP) who had a within-session response to an initial assessment and met the clinical prediction rule (CPR). Methods: Data from 71 patients who met the CPR were extracted from a database of patients in a larger randomized controlled trial comparing TM and NTM. Treatment of the first two visits involved either TM or NTM (depending on allocation) and a standardized home exercise programme. Data analysis included descriptive statistics and a two-way ANOVA examining within- and between-groups effects for pain and disability, as well as total visits, total days in care, and rate of recovery. Results: No between-group differences in pain or disability were found for NTM versus TM groups (p=0.55), but within-subjects effects were noted for both groups (p<0.001). Conclusions: This secondary analysis suggests that patients who satisfy the CPR benefit as much from NTM as from TM.
The Effect of Molecular Parameters on the Thermal Behavior of Recycled and Virgin Polyamides and Their Glass Fiber Composites
Authors: Mirzadeh A. , Ghasemi H. , Bates P. J. , Kamal M. R.
Published: March 2014

A study was carried out to evaluate the effects of molecular weight and molecular structure on non-isothermal crystallization behavior of recycled and virgin polyamides (PA) and their corresponding glass fiber (GF) composites. Two different recycled polyamides (PA), namely post-industrial waste (PIW) and post-consumer waste (PCW) were used. The former was obtained from a fiber manufacturer and the latter was recycled from used carpets. The molecular weights of the resins were measured by intrinsic viscosity (IV) measurements and 13carbon nuclear magnetic resonance (13C-NMR). The NMR technique also provided information on PA structure, cis and trans amide conformers content and residual unreacted monomer. Non-isothermal crystallization of the resins was studied using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The molecular weights of recycled materials were higher than that of virgin injection molding grade PA-6. However, the crystallization rates (indicated by t1/2) of recycled resins were faster. It could be attributed to the presence of TiO2 in recycled materials. Moreover, the higher cis-amide conformer content of recycled resins suggested higher segmental mobility. On the other hand, the crystallization rate of composites based on recycled PA-6 was slower than that of composites based on the virgin PA-6. The suppression of crystallization rate was apparently due to PA-66 added during the preparation of reinforced recycled resins. This behavior was confirmed by model compounds based on PA-6/PA-66 blends.
Carbon Nanotube Conductive Networks through the Double Percolation Concept in Polymer Systems
Authors: Abbasi S. , Derdouri A. , Carreau P. J.
Published: March 2014

We investigated the electrical conductivity and percolation behavior of binary and ternary nanocomposites based on multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNs) using polypropylene (PP) and a blend of PP with cyclic butylene terephthalate (CBT). The nanocomposites were prepared by diluting a commercial 20 %wtMWCNT PP masterbatch using optimized melt-mixing conditions. The concentration of carbon nanotubes in the diluted PP samples was as low as 0.5 % and as high as 15 % in weight. For the PP/CBT blend CBT concentration was varied up to 40 %wt while the loading of CNT was from 0 to 5 %wt. SEM and TEM techniques were used to examine the quality of the dispersion and the formation of nanotube networks within the polymer matrix. TEM and Raman spectroscopy results showed that for the diluted PP/MWCNT composites the nanotubes are well aligned in samples obtained the microinjection molding process, although the level of alignment is less with crystalline PP than in an amorphous matrix such as polycarbonate (PC). FTIR and XRD results revealed that the orientation of both polymer chains and crystals decreased with the incorporation of nanotubes into PP. The electrical conductivity was also significantly altered by the nanotube alignment in a PP matrix, as was previously observed for PC/MWCNT composites; the conductivity decreased and the percolation threshold rose in highly sheared samples; however, the presence of a crystalline phase improved the conductivity even for high shear conditions through the phenomenon of double percolation threshold. This last concept refers to the requirement that the filler-rich phase be continuous and conductive and not to the existence of two percolation thresholds at two different CNT concentrations. The electrical conductivity of PP/CBT blends was also improved through a double percolation that is the basic requirement for the conductivity of the ternary nanocomposites.
Influence of Solvent Washing and Soxhlet Extraction on the Thermal Stability of Organically Modified Layered Silicates
Authors: Mariappan T. , Wilkie C. A.
Published: March 2014

An efficacious process for removing excess surfactant and sodium halide from an organically-modified clay is described in this paper. Improved thermal stability of the organoclay is observed using both washing with ethanol or Soxhlet extraction with methanol. The selection of the solvent to be used plays a vital role in removing the excess organic modifier from the organoclay. Approximately a 60 °C increment in onset thermal stability (T5%) is observed by solvent washing while a further 20 °C improvement is seen using Soxhlet extraction. Washing with hot deionized water followed by an ethanol washing will remove the excess modifier more effectively than does hot DI water and THF.
Effect of Screw Rotation Speed on the Properties of Polycarbonate/Vapor-Grown Carbon Fiber Composites Prepared by Melt Compounding
Authors: Tanoue S. , Nithikaranjanatharn J. , Okuzono H. , Ueda H. , Uematsu H. , Iemoto Y.
Published: March 2014

The effect of screw rotation speed on the mechanical property and thermal conductivity of polycarbonate (PC)/vapor-grown carbon fiber (VGCF) composites prepared by a twin screw extruder was discussed in this paper. Two types of VGCF (VGCF-H, the aspect ratio of 40, and VGCF-S, the aspect ratio of 100) were used. In the tensile test, the breaking pattern of PC composite changed to brittle failures by adding VGCF-H irrespective of screw rotation speed. Young's modulus of PC/VGCF-H slightly increased with the screw rotation speed. On the other hands, the breaking strain of PC/VGCF drastically decreased above 150 min−1. Young's modulus of PC/VGCF-S slightly increased with screw rotation speed until 150 min−1, however, it decreased at 175 min−1. The thermal conductivity of PC/VGCF-H was independent of the screw rotation speed. In contrast, the thermal conductivity of PC/VGCF-S gradually increased with screw rotation speed until 150 min−1 and it also decreased at 175 min−1. From the SEM observation and rheological behavior, the dispersion state of VGCF-H in PC/VGCF-H was independent of the screw rotation speed. On the other hands, the network structures of VGCF-S were observed in PC/VGCF-S and the state of these network structures depended on the screw rotation speed. It was clarified that the mechanical property and thermal conductivity of PC/VGCF were attributable to the dispersion state of VGCF.
Effects of Polymer Viscosity and Nanofillers on Morphology of Nanofibers Obtained by a Gas Jet Method
Authors: Shang J.-H. , Benavides R. E. , Jana S. C.
Published: March 2014

This research evaluates the effects of molecular weight, polymer solution concentration, and carbon nanotube concentration on diameter distribution of polymer nanofibers produced with gas jet fiber (GJF) method. In GJF method, the shear and extensional forces of high-velocity gas jets are used to spin fibers from polymer solutions. The correlation between polymer molecular weight and fiber diameter distribution is studied along with the effect of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) on fiber diameter distribution. The paper also assesses how carbon nanotubes distribute in bi-component polymer nanofibers. It is found that polymer chain entanglement is a key determinant of fiber diameter. MWCNTs do not show preference for distribution in polyvinylidene pyrrole (PVP) and polyvinylacetate (PVAc) and instead appear on the surfaces of the fibers. A negative value of spreading coefficient supports this observation.
Modeling of the Torque Requirements for the Mixing and Dispersion of Silica into Rubber
Authors: Law Y. Y. , Feke D. L. , Manas-Zloczower I.
Published: March 2014

A model for the evolution of torque requirements in the batch mixing of silica agglomerates in styrene-butadiene rubber has been developed. The analysis considers the rheology of suspensions as modeled by the Krieger-Dougherty equation but with modifications so that it can apply to a wider range of solids loading, and combines that with a separate model that expresses the kinetics of the dispersion of silica agglomerates. The model shows good agreement with the trends of experimental data, and thus can be used to make predictions about torque requirements for compounding commercial grades of silica into rubber, as related to dispersion, under practical mixing conditions.
Sensing prison climates
Authors: Martin Tomas Max , Jefferson Andrew M. , Bandyopadhyay Mahuya
Published: March 2014

In December 2010 members of the Global Prisons Research Network (GPRN) met for a seminar entitled “Dissecting the 'Non-Western' Prison.” The articles showcased in this thematic section were first presented there. This introduction proposes the notion of “prison climate” as a useful way of rethinking variations and similarities across prisons. This notion directs attention away from the prison “as such” to the prison “as is” and points to the fact that the idea of prison itself is contested and changing, however hegemonic it might appear. We argue that a truly representative and international penology should go beyond the mapping of differences and similarities. Rather, the researcher should pursue the twofold question of what persists and what mutates within and across prison worlds. We advocate an ethnographic orientation to deciphering the entanglements of relations, practices, and dynamics that constitute particular prison climates and we include some reflections on the particular challenges of conducting fieldwork in prisons.
Green Tea Extract Induces the Resistance of Caenorhabditis elegans against Oxidative Stress
Authors: Abbas Sami , Wink Michael
Published: March 2014

Epidemiological studies on the effects of green tea consumption (Camellia sinensis) have demonstrated a reduction for the risk of age-related diseases. The investigation of the in vivo and in vitro antioxidant properties of an aqueous extract of green tea (GTE) was the aim of the current study. 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•) and superoxide anion radical (O2•−) assays were used to estimate the GTE antioxidant activity. To investigate the protective effects of GTE against oxidative stress, wild-type N2 and transgenic strains (TJ374, hsp-16.2/GFP) of the model organism, Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans), were chosen. In the current study, the following catechins were identified by LC/ESI-MS: catechin, epicatechin, epicatechin gallate, gallocatechin, epigallocatechin and epigallocatechin gallate. GTE exhibited a free radical scavenging activity of DPPH• and O2•− with IC50 8.37 and 91.34 µg/mL, respectively. In the C. elegans strain (TJ374, hsp-16.2/GFP), the expression of hsp-16.2/GFP was induced by a nonlethal dose of juglone, and the fluorescence density of hsp-16.2/GFP was measured. The hsp-16.2/GFP was reduced by 68.43% in the worms pretreated with 100 µg/mL GTE. N2 worms pretreated with 100 µg/mL GTE exhibited an increased survival rate of 48.31% after a lethal dose application of juglone. The results suggest that some green tea constituents are absorbed by the worms and play a substantial role to enhance oxidative stress resistance in C. elegans.
Tenskinmetric Evaluation of Surface Energy Changes in Adult Skin: Evidence from 834 Normal Subjects Monitored in Controlled Conditions
Authors: Dal Bosco Camilla , Rossi Davide , Brunetta Andrea , Bettero Antonio
Published: March 2014

To evaluate the influence of the skin aging critical level on the adult skin epidermal functional state, an improved analytical method based on the skin surface energetic measurement (TVS modeling) was developed. Tenskinmetric measurements were carried out non-invasively in controlled conditions by contact angle method using only a water-drop as reference standard liquid. Adult skin was monitored by TVS Observatory according to a specific and controlled thermal protocol (Camianta protocol) in use at the interconnected “Mamma Margherita Terme spa” of Terme Euganee. From June to November 2013, the surface free energy and the epidermal hydration level of adult skin were evaluated on arrival of 265 male and 569 female adult volunteers (51–90 years of age) and when they departed 2 weeks later. Sensitive measurements were carried out at 0.1 mN/m. High test compliance was obtained (93.2% of all guests). Very interesting results are obtained. The high sensitivity and discrimination power of tenskinmetry combined with a thermal Camianta protocol demonstrate the possibility to evaluate at baseline level the surface energetic changes and the skin reactivity which occurs on adult skin.
Structural Variation in Polyoxomolybdate Hybrid Crystals Comprising Ionic-Liquid Surfactants
Authors: Ito Takeru , Mikurube Keisuke , Hasegawa Kimiko , Matsumoto Takashi , Kosaka Kurato , Naruke Haruo , Koguchi Shinichi
Published: March 2014

Polyoxomolybdate inorganic-organic hybrid crystals were synthesized with 1-decyl-3-methylimidazolium and 1-dodecyl-3-methylimidazolium as ionic-liquid surfactants. Both hybrid crystals possessed alternate stacking of surfactant layers and octamolybdate (Mo8) monolayers, while the molecular structures of Mo8 were different depending on the surfactants and solvents employed for crystallization. Each Mo8 anion was connected by two sodium cations to form infinite one-dimensional chain. The surfactant chains in these crystals were arranged in a complicatedly bent manner, which will be induced by the weak C–H···O hydrogen bonds between the Mo8 anions and ionic-liquid surfactants.
ƒ(R) Gravity, Relic Coherent Gravitons and Optical Chaos
Authors: Crowell Lawrence , Corda Christian
Published: March 2014

We discuss the production of massive relic coherent gravitons in a particular class of ƒ(R) gravity, which arises from string theory, and their possible imprint in the Cosmic Microwave Background. In fact, in the very early Universe, these relic gravitons could have acted as slow gravity waves. They may have then acted to focus the geodesics of radiation and matter. Therefore, their imprint on the later evolution of the Universe could appear as filaments and a domain wall in the Universe today. In that case, the effect on the Cosmic Microwave Background should be analogous to the effect of water waves, which, in focusing light, create optical caustics, which are commonly seen on the bottom of swimming pools. We analyze this important issue by showing how relic massive gravity waves (GWs) perturb the trajectories of the Cosmic Microwave Background photons (gravitational lensing by relic GWs). The consequence of the type of physics discussed is outlined by illustrating an amplification of what might be called optical chaos.
Distribution and Source Apportionment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Forest Soils from Urban to Rural Areas in the Pearl River Delta of Southern China
Authors: Xiao Yihua , Tong Fuchun , Kuang Yuanwen , Chen Bufeng
Published: March 2014

The upper layer of forest soils (0–20 cm depth) were collected from urban, suburban, and rural areas in the Pearl River Delta of Southern China to estimate the distribution and the possible sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Total concentrations of PAHs in the forest soils decreased significantly along the urban–suburban–rural gradient, indicating the influence of anthropogenic emissions on the PAH distribution in forest soils. High and low molecular weight PAHs dominated in the urban and rural forest soils, respectively, implying the difference in emission sources between the areas. The values of PAH isomeric diagnostic ratios indicated that forest soil PAHs were mainly originated from traffic emissions, mixed sources and coal/wood combustion in the urban, suburban and rural areas, respectively. Principal component analysis revealed that traffic emissions, coal burning and residential biomass combustion were the three primary contributors to forest soil PAHs in the Pearl River Delta. Long range transportation of PAHs via atmosphere from urban area might also impact the PAHs distribution in the forest soils of rural area.
A Simple Tool for Diet Evaluation in Primary Health Care: Validation of a 16-Item Food Intake Questionnaire
Authors: Hemiö Katri , Pölönen Auli , Ahonen Kirsti , Kosola Mikko , Viitasalo Katriina , Lindström Jaana
Published: March 2014

Our aim was to validate a 16-item food intake questionnaire (16-FIQ) and create an easy to use method to estimate patients’ nutrient intake in primary health care. Participants (52 men, 25 women) completed a 7-day food record and a 16-FIQ. Food and nutrient intakes were calculated and compared using Spearman correlation. Further, nutrient intakes were compared using kappa-statistics and exact and opposite agreement of intake tertiles. The results indicated that the 16-FIQ reliably categorized individuals according to their nutrient intakes. Methods to estimate nutrient intake based on the answers given in 16-FIQ were created. In linear regression models nutrient intake estimates from the food records were used as the dependent variables and sum variables derived from the 16-FIQ were used as the independent variables. Valid regression models were created for the energy proportion of fat, saturated fat, and sucrose and the amount of fibre (g), vitamin C (mg), iron (mg), and vitamin D (μg) intake. The 16-FIQ is a valid method for estimating nutrient intakes in group level. In addition, the 16-FIQ could be a useful tool to facilitate identification of people in need of dietary counselling and to monitor the effect of counselling in primary health care.
Analysis of Agricultural Land Use Change in the Middle Reach of the Heihe River Basin, Northwest China
Authors: Fu Li , Zhang Lanhui , He Chansheng
Published: March 2014

The Heihe River Basin (HRB) is the second largest inland river basin in arid Northwest China. The expanding agricultural irrigation, growing industrialization, and increasing urban development in the middle reach have depleted much of the river flow to the lower reach, degrading the corresponding ecosystems. Since the enactment of the State Council of China’s new HRB water allocation policy in 2000 tremendous land use and land cover (LULC) changes have taken place to reduce water consumption in the middle reach and deliver more water downstream. This paper analyzes LULC changes during the period of 2000–2009 to understand how the changing land use patterns have altered water resource dynamics in the region. Results, while yet to be further verified in the field, show that from 2000 to 2009, urban, agricultural land, rangeland, and forest areas have increased, and barren area has decreased. Within the cropland, rice (a high water consumption crop) planting area decreased, while corn and wheat (relatively lower water consumption crops) planting areas increased. These changes in land use patterns, especially in the agricultural zones, have ensured the discharge of the required amount of water to the lower reach.
Spatial Distribution of Greenhouse Commercial Horticulture in Kenya and the Role of Demographic, Infrastructure and Topo-Edaphic Factors
Authors: Justus Faith , Yu Danlin
Published: March 2014

Greenhouse commercial horticulture in Kenya started more than two decades ago and has evolved to be a significant sector to the national economy. So far no studies have explored the spatial patterns and dynamics of the area under greenhouse cultivation. Google Earth archives alongside data from various portals provided an opportunity to study those farms’ spatial distribution. The roles of selected topo-edaphic, infrastructure and demographics factors that might influence current location within sub-watersheds in central highlands of Kenya are also examined. Results reveal a non-uniform spread with two high clusters; one in the semi-arid sub-watersheds 3AB shared by Kajiado and Machakos districts and the other is in sub-humid sub-watersheds 3BA shared by Kiambu and Nairobi districts. Multivariate linear regression analysis reveals four statistically significant parameters; population density (p < 0.01), number of dams (p < 0.01), average rainfall (p < 0.01) and average slope (p < 0.05) in predicting the number of greenhouse farms. Soil attributes are not significantly related with greenhouse farming in this study. Findings indicate that greenhouse commercial horticulture is heterogeneous, and rapidly expanding beyond the central highlands towards marginal semi-arid zones in Kenya. These findings are applicable in policy and decision making processes that aid the horticulture sector’s progress in a sustainable manner.
Calcium Imaging Perspectives in Plants
Authors: Kanchiswamy Chidananda , Malnoy Mickael , Occhipinti Andrea , Maffei Massimo
Published: March 2014

The calcium ion (Ca2+) is a versatile intracellular messenger. It provides dynamic regulation of a vast array of gene transcriptions, protein kinases, transcription factors and other complex downstream signaling cascades. For the past six decades, intracellular Ca2+ concentration has been significantly studied and still many studies are under way. Our understanding of Ca2+ signaling and the corresponding physiological phenomenon is growing exponentially. Here we focus on the improvements made in the development of probes used for Ca2+ imaging and expanding the application of Ca2+ imaging in plant science research.
Synthesis of Analogues of Gingerol and Shogaol, the Active Pungent Principles from the Rhizomes of Zingiber officinale and Evaluation of Their Anti-Platelet Aggregation Effects
Authors: Shih Hung-Cheng , Chern Ching-Yuh , Kuo Ping-Chung , Wu You-Cheng , Chan Yu-Yi , Liao Yu-Ren , Teng Che-Ming , Wu Tian-Shung
Published: March 2014

The present study was aimed at discovering novel biologically active compounds based on the skeletons of gingerol and shogaol, the pungent principles from the rhizomes of Zingiber officinale. Therefore, eight groups of analogues were synthesized and examined for their inhibitory activities of platelet aggregation induced by arachidonic acid, collagen, platelet activating factor, and thrombin. Among the tested compounds, [6]-paradol (5b) exhibited the most significant anti-platelet aggregation activity. It was the most potent candidate, which could be used in further investigation to explore new drug leads.
The Epicardium and the Development of the Atrioventricular Junction in the Murine Heart
Authors: Lockhart Marie , Phelps Aimee , Van den Hoff Maurice , Wessels Andy
Published: March 2014

Insight into the role of the epicardium in cardiac development and regeneration has significantly improved over the past ten years. This is mainly due to the increasing availability of new mouse models for the study of the epicardial lineage. Here we focus on the growing understanding of the significance of the epicardium and epicardially-derived cells in the formation of the atrioventricular (AV) junction. First, through the process of epicardial epithelial-to-mesenchymal transformation (epiEMT), the subepicardial AV mesenchyme is formed. Subsequently, the AV-epicardium and epicardially-derived cells (EPDCs) form the annulus fibrosus, a structure important for the electrical separation of atrial and ventricular myocardium. Finally, the AV-EPDCs preferentially migrate into the parietal AV valve leaflets, largely replacing the endocardially-derived cell population. In this review, we provide an overview of what is currently known about the regulation of the events involved in this process.
On the Effect of Security and Communication Factors in the Reliability of Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors: Rusinek Damian , Ksiezopolski Bogdan
Published: March 2014

The ensuring reliability of wireless sensor networks (WSN) is one of most important problems to be solved. In this article, the influence of the security and communication factors in the reliability of Wireless Sensor Networks was analyzed. Balancing security against performance in WSN is another issue to be solved. These factors should be considered during security analysis of quality of protection of realized protocol. In the article, we analyze wireless sensor network where hierarchical topologies is implemented with high performance routing sensors that forward big amount of data. We present the experiment results which were performed by high-performance Imote2 sensor platform and TinyOS operating system.
Osteoblasts Interaction with PLGA Membranes Functionalized with Titanium Film Nanolayer by PECVD. In vitro Assessment of Surface Influence on Cell Adhesion during Initial Cell to Material Interaction
Authors: Terriza Antonia , Vilches-Pérez José , González-Caballero Juan , Orden Emilio , Yubero Francisco , Barranco Angel , Gonzalez-Elipe Agustín , Vilches José , Salido Mercedes
Published: March 2014

New biomaterials for Guided Bone Regeneration (GBR), both resorbable and non-resorbable, are being developed to stimulate bone tissue formation. Thus, the in vitro study of cell behavior towards material surface properties turns a prerequisite to assess both biocompatibility and bioactivity of any material intended to be used for clinical purposes. For this purpose, we have developed in vitro studies on normal human osteoblasts (HOB®) HOB® osteoblasts grown on a resorbable Poly (lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) membrane foil functionalized by a very thin film (around 15 nm) of TiO2 (i.e., TiO2/PLGA membranes), designed to be used as barrier membrane. To avoid any alteration of the membranes, the titanium films were deposited at room temperature in one step by plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition. Characterization of the functionalized membranes proved that the thin titanium layer completely covers the PLGA foils that remains practically unmodified in their interior after the deposition process and stands the standard sterilization protocols. Both morphological changes and cytoskeletal reorganization, together with the focal adhesion development observed in HOB osteoblasts, significantly related to TiO2 treated PLGA in which the Ti deposition method described has revealed to be a valuable tool to increase bioactivity of PLGA membranes, by combining cell nanotopography cues with the incorporation of bioactive factors.
Titania Nanotubes Grown on Carbon Fibers for Photocatalytic Decomposition of Gas-Phase Aromatic Pollutants
Authors: Jo Wan-Kuen , Lee Joon , Chun Ho-Hwan
Published: March 2014

This study aimed to prepare titania (TiO2) nanotube (TNT) arrays grown on un-activated carbon fibers (UCFs), with the application of different TiO2 loadings based on the coating-hydrothermal process, and to evaluate their photocatalytic activity for the degradation of sub-ppm levels of aromatic pollutants (benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, and o-xylene (BTEX)) using a plug-flow photocatalytic reactor. The characteristics of the prepared photocatalysts were determined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), UV-visible absorption spectroscopy (UV-Vis) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses. Spectral analysis showed that the prepared photocatalysts were closely associated with the characteristics of one-dimensional nanostructured TiO2 nanotubes for TNTUCFs and spherical shapes for TiO2-coated UCF (TUCF). The photocatalytic activities of BTEX obtained from TNTUCFs were higher than those obtained from a reference photocatalyst, TUCF). Specifically, the average degradation efficiencies of BTEX observed for TNTUCF-10 were 81%, 97%, 99%, and 99%, respectively, while those observed for TUCF were 14%, 42%, 52%, and 79%, respectively. Moreover, the photocatalytic activities obtained for TNTUCFs suggested that the degradation efficiencies of BTEX varied with changes in TiO2 loadings, allowing for the optimization of TiO2 loading. Another important finding was that input concentrations and air flow rates could be important parameters for the treatment of BTEX, which should be considered for the optimization of TNTUCFs application. Taken together, TNTUCFs can be applied to effectively degrade sub-ppm levels of gas-phase aromatic pollutants through the optimization of operational conditions.
Convergence of the Quadrature-Differences Method for Singular Integro-Differential Equations on the Interval
Authors: Fedotov Alexander
Published: March 2014

In this paper, we propose and justify the quadrature-differences method for the full linear singular integro-differential equations with the Cauchy kernel on the interval (–1,1). We consider equations of zero, positive and negative indices. It is shown that the method converges to an exact solution, and the error estimation depends on the sharpness of derivative approximations and on the smoothness of the coefficients and the right-hand side of the equation.
Chemoinformatic Analysis as a Tool for Prioritization of Trypanocidal Marine Derived Lead Compounds
Authors: Feng Yunjiang , Campitelli Marc , Davis Rohan , Quinn Ronald
Published: March 2014

Marine trypanocidal natural products are, most often, reported with trypanocidal activity and selectivity against human cell lines. The triaging of hits requires a consideration of chemical tractability for drug development. We utilized a combined Lipinski’s rule-of-five, chemical clustering and ChemGPS-NP principle analysis to analyze a set of 40 antitrypanosomal natural products for their drug like properties and chemical space. The analyses identified 16 chemical clusters with 11 well positioned within drug-like chemical space. This study demonstrated that our combined analysis can be used as an important strategy for prioritization of active marine natural products for further investigation.
New Thiophene and Flavonoid from Tagetes minuta Leaves Growing in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Al-Musayeib Nawal , Mohamed Gamal , Ibrahim Sabrin , Ross Samir
Published: March 2014

Phytochemical investigation of the methanolic extract of Tagetes minuta L. (Asteraceae) leaves resulted in the isolation and identification of two new compounds: 5-methyl-2,2',5',2'',5'',2''',5''',2''''-quinquethiophene (1) and quercetagetin-6-O-(6-O-caffeoyl-β-D-glucopyranoside) (9), in addition to seven known compounds: quercetin-3,6-dimethyl ether (2), quercetin-3-methyl ether (3), quercetin (4), axillarin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (5), quercetagetin-3,7-dimethoxy-6-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (6), quercetagetin-7-methoxy-6-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (7), and quercetagetin-6-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (8). The compounds were identified by UV, IR, 1D, 2D NMR, and HRESIMS spectral data. They showed significant antioxidant activity, comparable with that of propyl gallate. Compounds 8 and 3 showed weak to moderate antileishmanial and antimalarial activities, with IC50 values of 31.0 μg/mL and 4.37 μg/mL, respectively.
Complementing a Rural Pharmacy Course with CAM: Reflections from a Decade of Experience
Authors: Simpson Maree , Cavanagh Heather , John George , Kerr Philip , Obied Hassan , Robinson Heather , Maynard Greggory
Published: March 2014

Substantial complementary medicines (CAM) use is reported worldwide. Australian consumers use CAM for health maintenance, minor self-limiting disease states, and also for chronic conditions. The increasing use of CAM has required pharmacists to become increasingly more knowledgeable about CAM and the ethics of CAM recommendation. When the first Australian non-metropolitan pharmacy program was started at Charles Sturt University, in 1997, it was decided to incorporate two innovative courses to assist rurally educated students to engage with health consumers who expect pharmacists to be able to assist them with CAM. This discussion traces and reflects on the development, implementation and current situation of the Complementary Medicines for Pharmacy course. Over time, this course has evolved from a final year elective with a focus on familiarization to a mandated course with a phytomedicine focus to an integrated topic in final year with a focus on evidence, quality of evidence and professional decision-making demonstrated in a reflective professional portfolio. Of potentially greater importance, however, has been the introduction of complementary medicines as a topic in every year of the course with the goal of facilitating effective professional engagement with health consumers.