bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Key to Enlightenment: John Toland’s “Clidophorus” and His Grand Theory of the Esoteric and Exoteric Doctrines
Authors: Stępień Maciej B.
Published: December 2020

Klucz do oświecenia: „Clidophorus” Johna Tolanda i jego wielka teoria doktryn ezoterycznych i egzoterycznych

 „Clidophorus” (albo „Klejdoforos”, z gr. κλειδόφορος „Niosący Klucz”) to traktat Johna Tolanda dotyczący dziejów filozofii podzielonej na „ezoteryczną” i „egzoteryczną”, napisany w 1720 r. Jego autor argumentował na rzecz tezy, że całe dziedzictwo starożytnej filozofii, we wszystkich kręgach kulturowych, nie jest niczym innym, jak tylko fasadą, celowo wzniesioną przez starożytnych filozofów, aby chronić i ukryć ich głębszą, „ezoteryczną” doktrynę przed wzrokiem gawiedzi. Autor „Klejdoforosa” tym samym podrywał wiarygodność wszystkiego, co stanowiło znane wówczas dziedzictwo filozofii— kwestionował całą filozoficzną tradycję. To jednak, w jaki sposób pojmował on podział na „ezoteryczną” i „egzoteryczną” filozofię, zrobiło w XVIII stuleciu zawrotną karierę, zwłaszcza w lożach wolnomularskich. Jest on więc także, najprawdopodobniej, głównym odpowiedzialnym za zmianę sposobu myślenia, dzięki której w drugiej połowie XVIII wieku spotykamy w źródłach historycznych nieużywane wcześniej neologizmy: rzeczowniki „ezoteryka” i „ezoteryzm” (l’esoterisme, Esoterismus). „Klejdoforos” to zatem również znaczący wkład Tolanda w wykształcenie dwojakiego charakteru epoki oświecenia: z jednej strony racjonalnego, świeckiego, reformatorskiego i stawiającego na edukację, a z drugiej—idącego ślepo za każdą obietnicą, pochodzącą od każdego szarlatana, jeśli tylko zacznie on mówić o wtajemniczeniu w arkana prawdy „ezoterycznej”— a więc prawdy ukrytej i zastrzeżonej dla nielicznych.
A The Tri-Border Area of Parana and COVID-19: A Tale Of Two Bridges in the South American Hinterland
Authors: Agullo Juan
Published: December 2020

During the COVID-19 lockdown, at night on the stretch of the Parana River that goes from the Ponte Internacional da Amizade (International Friendship Bridge) south to the geographic trifinium, where the river splits and three borders meet, the sound of outboard motors and gunfire has intensified. Seven-and-a-half miles (twelve kilometres) of border space separate Brazil from Paraguay in South America’s hinterland. Since 1965, the main transversal gates of a long-shared border of 848 miles (1,364 kilometres) are located on both sides of the Amizade Bridge. In 2020, during the pandemic, work on a second bridge, started the previous year, was intensified. This essay focuses on the study of the border space between both infrastructures: the old and the new.
Twin Cities Torn Apart: A Story about the U.S–Mexico Border
Authors: Bermudez Tapia Bertha Alicia , Jímenez Díaz Mario
Published: December 2020

This visual art project captures how the twin cities of Matamoros, Mexico, and Brownsville, Texas, have been torn apart due to COVID-19 and the temporary border closure. Families were separated, physical borders became more prominent, and loved ones were unable to stand with each other, even at six foot apart. This project describes what inhabitants of these twin cities have experienced and how they have supported each other.
A Cordon Sanitaire at the India-Bangladesh border
Authors: Boyle Edward Kieran , Rahman Mirza Zulfiqur
Published: December 2020

This commentary considers the effects of COVID-19 on the borderland communities of Meghalaya, a hill state in Northeast India. Efforts to fence this border have failed to deter informal exchanges with Bangladeshi neighbours, but the national COVID-19 lockdown looks set to shift locals into relations of dependency on and within the nation’s borders, rather than across them.
West Bank–Israel Wall During COVID-19: Migrant Labour Upends Border Function
Authors: Habbas Walid mousa
Published: December 2020

The function of the West Bank–Israeli separation barrier, designed to segregate Palestinians away from Israeli territory, was subverted by the COVID-19 crisis. For the first time, the barrier locked West Bank Palestinians inside Israel. For a two-month period, construction workers from the West Bank were sequestered at work sites in Israel to reduce movement of people between the territories while also minimizing economic losses. This turn of events illustrates the ad hoc economic interests underlying Israeli security policy toward the West Bank.
Border Control (Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina) and Local Inventiveness in Times of COVID-19
Authors: Silva Regina Coeli Machado e , Dorfman Adriana
Published: December 2020

Local level effects of closing borders between Argentina, Paraguay and Brazil in order to confront COVID-19 disarticulated modes of existence of border dwellers, generating local protests for reopening, creating “sanitary refugees”, deepening the trends of biotechnological controls and sophisticating smuggling. Data for this essay was obtained from local online newspapers and analyzed with help of anthropological and geographical experiences at the border, concentrating on the description of border life and on its changes due to the sudden closure. The essay shows that the complex control structures at these borders gained a centrality whose effects were, besides stifling the pandemic, dismantling and rearticulating border practices, evidently in favor of more control. A disregard of cross-border integration, circulation and communication demonstrates the underlying reification of borders between these three national states.
Israel / Palestine Borders and the Impact of COVID-19
Authors: Newman David
Published: December 2020

This short paper reviews the ways in which the Israeli government has managed the impact of COVID-19, with a special emphasis on the diverse border regimes—from the national to the personal. Israel has experienced two distinct phases of COVID-19, the first involving relatively low infection rates, jumping to high figures during a second phase. Two distinct borders are emphasized, the national airport through which ninety percent of travelers in and out of the country enter and which has been virtually closed down during most of the COVID-19 period, and the barriers operating between Israel and the West Bank, through which tens of thousands of Palestinian workers commute daily into Israel for employment, many of whom are now unable to work due to COVID-19 related restrictions on their movement across the border.
Kimlik ve Tarihçilik Bağlamında Vehhâbîliğe Dair Mülahazalar (Ahmed Cevdet Paşa ve Osman b. Bişr Örneği)
Authors: KOÇAK Ebru
Published: December 2020

Vehhâbîlik, tarihin belirli bir bölümünde, belirli bir coğrafyada ortaya çıkan ve kendine özgü bir sosyo-kültürel yapıdan beslenen dini-politik bir harekettir. Dinî, mezhebî, içtimaî ve siyasî boyutları ile İslam dünyasında önemli etkileri olan Vehhâbîlik, tarihsel bir olgu olarak pek çok esere konu olmuştur. Osman b. Bişr Necdî’nin (1290/1873) ‘Unvanü’l-Mecd fî Tarihi Necd’i ve Ahmed Cevdet Paşa’nın (1313/1895) Tarih-i Cevdet’i, bu konuda akla gelen kaynaklardandır. Ahmed Cevdet Paşa ve Osman b. Bişr hemen hemen aynı dönemlerde yaşayan ve ortak bir zaman diliminde meydana gelen olayları konu edinen iki tarihçidir. Her ikisinin de belirli bir söylemin temsilcisi konumunda olmaları bu çalışmaya ilham vermiştir. Bu iki tarihçi arasında yapılacak bir mukayese, toplumsal değer yargılarının ve tarihçinin konumunun, olay ve olguların anlaşılma biçimlerine ne şekilde yansıdığını ortaya koyması bakımından etkili bir örnek olacaktır. Çalışmada, karşılaştırmalı bir analiz yöntemi esas alınarak, metin ve yazar arasındaki ilişki üzerinde durulmuştur. Bu çalışma, ait oldukları toplumsal yapının resmî sözcüsü kabul edilen iki tarihçinin, tarihî, siyasî ve içtimaî olayları aktarma biçimlerindeki yorum farklılıklarını, Vehhâbîlik olgusu üzerinden örneklendirmeyi hedeflemektedir.
Clinical and Laboratory Findings of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Children Hospitalized in Mashhad, Northeastern Iran: A Twenty-Year Retrospective Study
Authors: SHAMSIAN Seyed Aliakbar , FATA Abdolmajid , ALINEZHAD Reza , MOHEBALI Mehdi , SADABADI Fatemeh , MOGHADDAS Elham , FAKHAR Mahdi
Published: December 2020

Background: Over the last decade, a few cases of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) have been reported in some provinces of northeastern Iran. We aimed to investigate clinical and laboratory findings of VL among children who admitted to the pediatric ward in a referral hospital in Mashhad, northeastern Iran.
Methods: A retrospective study, between 1997 and 2017, was performed on the data sheet registered for children with confirmed VL at the referral Emam Reza Hospital in Mashhad. Hematological and biochemical profiles of the patients were analyzed.
Results: Thirty-five children with VL, confirmed by the presence of amastigotes of Leishmania in Giemsa stained smears of the bone marrow, had been recorded through 20 yr. The mean age of patients was 3.7±4 yr. The majority of the patients suffered from hepatosplenomegaly (100%, n=35/35), followed by prolonged fever and pallor (91%, n=32/35), weight loss (85%, n=30/35). The main laboratory findings were anemia (94.1%), leukopenia (52.9%) and thrombocytopenia (70.5%). Almost one-third (37.1%; 13/35) of VL patients inhabited in rural areas of the Bojnoord district as a known VL endemic focus in northeastern Iran.
Conclusion: Our preliminary data showed that the origin of VL is still in some districts other than Mashhad, where VL just will be diagnosed.
Molecular Characterization of Fasciola spp. from a Donkey (Equus asinus) Using Partial Sequencing of cox1 and nad1
Authors: ASADPOUR Mohammad , SHARIFIYAZDI Hassan , MOAZENI Mohammad , MALEKPOUR Seyed Hossein
Published: December 2020

Background: Fasciola hepatica as an important parasite affects health of humans and animals in some tropical and subtropical areas of the world, including Iran. Little is known about the molecular diversity of Fasciola in Equidae. Therefore, this study aimed to characterize the genetic polymorphisms among parasites.
Methods: Eight adult Fasciola spp. isolates were collected from a working donkey after necropsy in Shiraz, southwestern Iran, in 2018. Primarily, various parameters were measured morphologically. Subsequently, DNA was extracted from each fluke and molecular markers of cytochrome C oxidase (cox1) and NADH dehydrogenase 1(nad1) from individual Fasciola isolates were amplified using PCR assay and sequence data were employed for molecular and phylogenetic analysis. Genetic diversity between isolates was evaluated by comparing the sequences of these two mitochondrial regions.
Results: Based on the morphological and analyzed mitochondrial sequences, all of eight donkey isolates (100%) were identified as F. hepatica. Moreover, nine and five nucleotide polymorphisms were identified in the cox1and nad1 region sequences, respectively.
Conclusion: Accordingly, phylogenetic data revealed five and four haplotypes among donkey isolates based on the cox1and nad1 markers. Similarly, some of these haplotypes have been previously reported from different host species in Iran as well as all around the world.
Next-Generation Sequencing Reveals that Oxidative Phosphoryla-tion Might Be a Key Pathway Differently Expressed in the Third and Fourth Stages Larvae of Angiostrongylus cantonensis
Authors: GUO Yue , ZHOU Hong Chang , DONG Ying , DONG Hai Yan , YAO Yun Liang , QIAN Jing , ZHANG Hui , LI Xiao Yu , ZHANG Zhong Shan , LIN Han Bing , ZHOU Tian , ZHAO Meng Jia , JI Tang Qin , WANG Run Ze , ZHANG Feng Ping
Published: December 2020

Background: When Angiostrongylus cantonensis develops from the third and fourth stage, it needs to change its host from the middle host, snail to the final host, rat. However, the mechanism involved in this change remains unclear.
Methods: The transcriptome differences of the third and fourth stages of A. cantonensis were explored by next-generation Illumina Hiseq/Miseq sequencing in China, in 2018.
Results: Overall, 137 956 488 clean reads and 20 406 213 373 clean bases of the two stages larvae were produced. Based on the queries against the Gene Ontology (GO), NCBI non-redundant protein sequences (Nr), Swissprot, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) databases, 14 204 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were predicted. GO enrichment analysis revealed 5660 DEGs with the top s categories as followings: biological process (GO:0008150, related to 5345 DEGs), cellular component (GO:0005575, related to 5297 DEGs), molecular function (GO:0003674, related to 5290 DEGs). In KEGG enrichment analysis, 116 genes were related to oxidative phosphorylation and 49 genes involved in the glycolytic process.
Conclusion: Metabolism changes, especially oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis, might play a key role in A. cantonensis infection of its final rat host. Many other pathways might also contribute to the transcriptome changes between these two life stages. Overall, additional studies are needed for further details.
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis during Pregnancy, Preterm Birth, and Neonatal Death: A Case Report
Authors: POKUTNAYA Darya , SHIRZADI Mohammad Reza , SALARI Elham , MOLAEI Goudarz
Published: December 2020

Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is an emergent public health concern, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions. Reports of pregnancy complications are scarce; however, as the endemic range of CL expands in Iran, there is concern of possible detrimental effects on fetal development amongst infected mothers through placental transmission of the parasite or enhanced maternal immune responses. We herein describe the first known case of persistent anthroponotic CL, plausibly responsible for pregnancy complications, preterm birth, and neonatal death in a healthy Iranian primigravida woman. Diagnosis was based on physical examinations of the lesions on the back of both calves of the patient and laboratory analyses including direct smear, culture, and PCR. During active CL infection, the patient gave birth to a premature female neonate who passed three days post-delivery due to immature lung development and subsequent respiratory distress syndrome. This report highlights the challenges associated with CL infection during pregnancy, exacerbation of lesions, and subsequent complications.
The Effect of Weather Parameters on Covid 19 Endemic: A Global Perspective
Authors: Roshini Sooriyarachchi Marina
Published: December 2020

Introduction: According to the Oxford Medical Dictionary, Corona virus is the largest known viral RNA genome and causes devastating epizootics in livestock and poultry. Human corona viruses cause upper respiratory tract infections and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). The initiative for this study was the extreme life threatening nature of this virus and the global pandemic it has caused. The responses were taken to be the number of deaths, number of recoveries and the number sick with the disease at a particular point in time,globally and the explanatory variables were climate variables.
Method: This is a survey type of study as the data has been extracted over a short period of time and the sampling method adopted is post cluster sampling. Simple descriptive statistics, clustering and generalized linear mixed models have been used for modelling.
Results: There was a strong regional effect of over three which was highly significant for every Covid 19 response. The air quality and temperature interaction and the air quality and humidity interaction were associated with the count of death at 0.0298 and 0.0027 levels of significance respectively. The count recovered was strongly associated with the temperature and humidity interaction and air quality at significance levels of 0.0002 and <0.0001 respectively. The Count at risk was strongly associated with the temperature, wind speeds and air quality three way interaction and this was significant at 0.0005 level.
Discussion: All four weather parameters effected one or more of the Covid 19 responses. The plots of Student residuals versus fitted values showed well-fitting models. The results of this research is useful in planning health care and allocating resources according to the region and the climate during a particular period.
Country Level Socioeconomic and Health System Indicators Explain COVID-19 Mortality Worldwide
Authors: Noorchenarboo Mohammad , Mousavi Seyed Amirreza , Moehimani Hamed
Published: December 2020

Background: COVID-19 mortality rates differ across countries. We aimed to construct a model that predicts mortality worldwide, by including only country-level socioeconomic and health system indicators and excluding variables related to short-term measures for pandemic management.
Methods: COVID-19 mortality data was collected from Johns Hopkins University resource center. Additional sources were public reports from the United Nations, the World Bank and the Heritage Foundation. We implemented multiple linear regression with backward elimination on the selected predictors.
Results: The final model constructed on seven Independent variables, significantly predicted COVID-19 mortality rate by country (F-statistic: 29.2, p<0.001). Regression coefficients (95% CI) in descending order of standardized effects: Annual tourist arrivals: 5.43 (4.03, 6.83); health expenditure per capita: 4.43 (2.92, 5.96); GDP (PPP): -4.60 (-6.81, -2.38); specialist surgical workforce per 100000: 2.63 (0.67, 4.59); number of physicians per 1000: -2.32 (-4.3, -0.28); economic freedom score: -1.35 (-2.60, -0.10); and total population: 1.66 (-0.19, 3.52). All VIF values were below 5, showing acceptable collinearity. R-squared (52.65%), adjusted R-squared (50.25%) and predicted R-squared (42.33%) showed strong model fit.
Conclusion: limited country-level socioeconomic and health system indicators can explain COVID-19 mortality worldwide; emphasizing the priority of attending to these fundamental structures when planning for pandemic preparedness.
SIR Model for Estimations of the Coronavirus Epidemic Dynamics in Iran
Authors: Deldar Maryam , Tahmasebi Ghorabi Samaneh , Sayehmiri Kourosh
Published: December 2020

Background: The Coronavirus 2019-nCOV (COVID-19) epidemic by SARS-CoV-2 is spreading worldwide, and by March 1, 2020, 67 countries, including Iran, have been affected. Many studies are being conducted at home and abroad to predict the outbreak of the disease so that they can make the necessary medical and health decisions in a timely manner. 
Methods: we used the SIR model to identify parameters to calculate epidemic features and some estimates of the new coronavirus. Data on the transmission of the novel coronavirus were extracted from the GitHub source in the covid19.analytics software package.
Results: According to our model estimates, the rate of infection β = 1 and the rate of removal γ = 0.667 and index R0 = 1.497 were obtained. Because the value of R0 is more than one, it is still an epidemic disease. Given that tfinal~132 days was estimated, we can expect the transmission of this epidemic to stop in Iran after July 3, 2020, provided that existing quarantine measures and patient isolation rates continue as usual. In comparison with the global SIR model, we reached the peak of the infection earlierthan the global model, but in improved and susceptible cases, we performed better than the global model. The graph of recovered and susceptible cases in Iran earlier than the global model cut off themselves.
Conclusion: Forecasts are set to be a useful guide for deciding whether to transfer COVID-19. According to the predictions and estimates made, more attention should be paid to control measures
Developing a Questionnaire to Investigate the Reasons for Ignoring Home Quarantine by Some Iranians
Authors: Nazari Elham , Shahriari Mohammad Hasan , Tabesh Hamed
Published: December 2020

Background: The rapid outbreak of Coronavirus has led to the worrying situation. Prevention strategies such as a stay at home offer great opportunities for transmission reduction of the virus. Therefore, the purpose of current study has developed a questionnaire to investigate the reasons for not staying at home in Iran.
Methods: In this study a self-administered questionnaire was designed in two Delphi rounds and based on 50 expert and 10 expert opinions from different fields of study.
Results: In the first Delphi round 11 questions were obtained and in the second round 14 questions were confirmed. The mean of CVR and CVI for the questionnaire was 95.33 and 94.67, respectively. A questionnaire was designed and developed according to the purpose.
Conclusion: Using the designed questionnaire, the reasons why some people do not pay attention to home quarantine can be examined and solutions can be considered for them. This can prevent further corona spread.
A Model for Determining the Number of Health Technologies in the Health Systems: An Approach Combining Multiple Attributes Decision Making and Goal Programming
Authors: Arman Hosein , Mohamadi Efat , Mobinizadeh Mohammadreza
Published: December 2020

In recent years, health technology policy-making science has gone beyond just a health technology assessment or systematic review or economic evaluation study and the science of operational research in decision making, i.e. multi-attributes and multi-objective decision-making has been included. Hence, currently, health technology policy-making follows a seven-step process. After a technology undergoes these steps and is proven that it is useful for the health system, it must be determined how many of it is needed in the health system. Determining the required number of health technologies is a challenge that remains to be considered. Therefore, this study  was designed to overcome this problem. The authors intend to introduce a multi-objective decision-making methodology considering the limited budget, to determine the number of technologies required to complete for the health technology policymaking cycle.
Barriers of students’ adherence to dress code policy in clinical settings: dental students’ viewpoint
Authors: Momeni Nafiseh , Asghari Fariba
Published: December 2020

Medical universities have called for a professional dress code to preserve the dignity of the medical profession, creating a sense of respect, tranquility, and trust in healthcare recipients and improve patient safety. This study aims to explain the reasons behind poor adherence to the professional dress code by students of the dentistry school. A qualitative study was conducted to explain the viewpoints of dentistry students of Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS). Twenty-three in-depth interviews with dentistry students of different genders, study years, living in different accommodations, and having different tuition payment status were conducted. Conventional content analysis was used to analyze the data.  One hundred and twenty initial codes were extracted. They were categorized into common causes of non-adherence to the TUMS Dress Code and specific causes of not following a specific section of the dress code (hygiene, jewelry, and makeup sections). The codes of common causes were categorized into 4 main categories including defects in education, management shortcomings, changes in societal culture, and personal factors. All components of the educational system must be aligned with each other to overcome the barriers against the students’ adherence to professional dress and put forward appropriate interventions at the policymaking, regulatory and educational levels.
Rhazes’ pioneer viewpoints about psychiatry, neurology and neuroscience
Authors: Tabatabaei Seyed Mahmoud , Jafari-Mehdiabad Amirhossein
Published: December 2020

After the emergence of Islam and its advancement in the past three centuries in various countries and the Muslims' acquaintance with civilizations emanating from the empires of Iran, Greece, and India, a civilization emerged that affected different aspects of people's lives in Islamic lands and other countries. One of the components of this civilization was medical sciences that were collected and compiled by Muslims using the resources of other civilizations and their own experiences and resources. Rhazes (Muhammad ibn Zakaryyā al-Rāzī), who lived in the ninth century AD (fourth century AH), compiled a comprehensive textbook of medicine (named in Arabic: Al-Hawi fi al-Tibb) in all specialized medical disciplines in accordance with the latest achievements of his era. This book has been published in the contemporary period as a 25-volume collection and contains knowledge and experiences from the medical resources of various civilizations and Rhazes’ own knowledge and experiences. The first volume of this collection and some other volumes are devoted to the knowledge of neuroscience, psychiatry, and related diseases, illnesses, and disorders. In this review, we cite topics from "Al-Hawi" and other Rhāzes’ manuscripts related to the definition and description of diseases and disorders associated with the nervous system as well as psychiatry and neurology and compare them with modern medical sciences in a comparative manner. This is intended to make their importance and validity clear in terms of usability as part of medical history as well as for some medical research that requires historical and contextual information.
PSS-STUDY: PSS-Study: An Exploration of Physiotherapy Student-Perceived Stress and the Related Coping Strategies whilst on Placement
Authors: Bennion Jacqueline , Symmons Trystan , Shearman Ian , Holloway Charlotte , Kain Richard
Published: December 2020

Evidence exploring stress and coping strategies amongst physiotherapy students within clinical practice is lacking. The aim of this study is two-fold: to identify common stressors and coping strategies of BSc and MSc UK physiotherapy students on clinical placement; to explore the relationship between these stressors and coping strategies, and demographics of age, gender and year of study. This cross-sectional study recruited a convenience sample. Participants completed a five-part closed questionnaire. Seventy-seven questionnaires were returned. Frequency counts identified common stressors and coping strategies (%). Chi-squared test analysis identified correlations between variables. Odds ratio analysis highlighted strength of associations. Common stressors: lack of practical skills (58.4%); participants’ perceived expectations of required knowledge (57.1%); time demands (55.8%). Common coping strategies: talking to a friend in the same year of study (79.2%); exercise (68.8%). Lack of support from university/clinical staff (p = 0.04), time demands (p = 0.03) were statistically significant stressors in relation to age. Talking to a friend in the year above was a statistically significant coping strategy (p = 0.008) for male students. Talking to a clinical educator/ward staff was a statistically significant coping strategy in relation to year of study (p = 0.035). Certain stressors were experienced more by second-year BSc and second-year MSc cohorts than the third-year BSc cohort. These findings provide awareness of students who potentially require support in managing stress.
Editorial
Authors: Callejas Ivan Julio Apolonio
Published: December 2020

Editorial
The Relationship Between Stock Prices and the Real Exchange Rate Index in BRICS Countries: Symmetric and Asymmetric Causality Analysis
Authors: Songur Mehmet , Sertkaya Burak
Published: December 2020

This study investigates the causality relationship between the real exchange rate index and stock prices in Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa (BRICS) countries over the period from March 2003 to June 2018. The relationship between the variables was made with symmetrical and asymmetrical causality tests within the framework of traditional approach and portfolio balance approach. Accordingly, Hacker-Hatemi-J (2006) test was used for symmetric analysis and Hatemi-J (2012) causality test was used for asymmetric analysis. According to the results of the analysis, the causality relationship between the mentioned variables is different in BRICS countries. The findings do not provide definitive evidence in favor of the traditional approach or portfolio balance approach. Also, it can be stated that there are noisy transactions in these two markets Key Words: BRICS, Stock Prices, Real Effective Exchange Rate, Symmetric and Asymmetric Causality AnalysisJEL Classification: C32, F31, G10, G15
Türki̇ye’de Gi̇ri̇şi̇mci̇li̇ği̇n Geli̇şi̇mi̇ni̇ Etki̇leyen Yapısal Etmenler Üzeri̇ne Bi̇r Değerlendi̇rme
Authors: Şahin Hande , Palta Sevgi
Published: December 2020

Günümüzde, girişimcilik oldukça önemli bir alan haline gelmiştir. Bu durumun en temel nedeni, 1980 sonrası yaşanılan neo liberal dönüşümdür. Türkiye’de de girişimcilik desteklenen bir alandır. Ancak desteklere rağmen dünya ortalamasının altında kalmaktadır. Bu durumun yapısal olarak analiz edilmesi, geliştirilecek politikalar açısından önemlidir. Çalışmanın amacı Türkiye’de girişimciliği etkileyen yapısal etmenleri analiz etmektir. Etmenler, demografik, kültürel ve çevresel olarak gruplandırılmıştır. Türkiye’de girişimciliğin gelişimini etkileyecek tarihsel miras da sorgulanmıştır. Günümüzdeki girişimciliğin gelişimi ile ilgili yaşanılan sınırlılıkların birçoğunun arkasında ekonomik, kültürel ve demografik etmenlerin bir arada olduğu girift bir yapı olduğu görülmüştür.
ALGUMAS REFERÊNCIAS FILOSÓFICO-RELIGIOSAS DE MIKHAIL BAKHTIN
Authors: Arena Dagoberto Buim
Published: December 2020

Este artigo elege a pesquisa sobre pensamentos religiosos de Bakhtin como tema, uma vez que são pouco comentados no meio acadêmico, tendo sido eles, e não os de natureza política, os responsáveis pela sua prisão. Os objetivos orientam para a relevância da influência de companheiros e de organizações em sua formação religiosa-filosófica e para a contestação de uma declaração do próprio Bakhtin em entrevista a Botcharov de que teria se aproximado do espiritismo. A metodologia consistiu em analisar obras que cuidam de sua vida pessoal, entre as quais as que incluem duas entrevistas concedidas por ele a Botcharov e a Duvakin, as análises de Sériot, de Depretto, de Dennes, de Ollivier, e em confrontar trechos, declarações e informações. Os resultados revelam um Bakhtin formado, desde a juventude até a morte, em movimentos de pensamentos cristãos de um lado e, de outro, de distanciamento dos princípios que alimentam lutas marxistas revolucionárias ou mesmo de princípios contrarrevolucionários. Bakhtin revelou-se apegado à moral cristã, um defensor de preceitos vinculados ao espiritualismo, mas não ao espiritismo.
Effect of Seed Ageing in Biochemical and Molecular Changes in Oilseeds: A Review
Authors: Sudhakaran Induja
Published: December 2020

Seed deterioration is the loss of quality, viability and vigour either due to ageing or effect of adverse environmental factors. The process of deterioration is an irresistible physiological phenomenon. The seeds which are stored under suitable conditions may sometime undergo a series of changes which can ultimately result in the deterioration of the quality of the seed. Hence a thorough study should be done in these deteriorative changes so that proper measures can be adopted to control the variations. Therefore in this article the changes within cellular, biochemical and metabolic aspects of long term stored oilseeds are discussed.
Effect of Foliar Application of Water Soluble Fertilizers on Growth and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)
Authors: Singh Karanbir , Kumar Santosh , Kaur Chandanpreet
Published: December 2020

Background: Foliar application or foliar nutrition is a technique of feeding plants by applying liquid fertilizer directly to their leaves. Water soluble fertilizers have been introduced exclusively for foliar feeding and fertilization. There is very little information about the foliar application of water soluble fertilizers. There is need for more research in this field. Therefore, foliar nutrition is being recognized as an important method of fertilization in modern agriculture. The current study aimed to study the effect of foliar application of water soluble fertilizers on growth and yield of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Methods: The field experiment was conducted during rabi 2017-18, 11 different treatments were laid out in a randomized block design on clay loam soil. In the field, the data was collected and analyzed and the final result was concluded. Result: The experiment revealed that the growth attributes such as plant height (60.28 cm), number of primary branches (5.22), number of secondary branches (22.93) and dry matter accumulation (241.61 g) were maximum with 75% RDF + foliar application of 2% DAP + 2% Urea + 2% WSF at 60 and 80 DAS (T10) and minimum in control (T1) at harvest stage. Further, seed yield (24.26 q ha-1), stover yield (31.38 q ha-1) and biological yield (55.65 q ha-1) was maximum with 75% RDF + foliar application of 2% DAP + 2% Urea + 2% WSF at 60 and 80 DAS (T10) and minimum in control (T1).
POLİTİKA FAİZİNDEKİ DEĞİŞİMLERİN BORSA İSTANBUL 100 ENDEKSİ ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİNİN OLAY ANALİZİ İLE İNCELENMESİ
Authors: POYRAZ Erkan , TÜRKÜN KAYA Bilge , KAHRAMAN Egemen
Published: December 2020

Merkez bankaları finansal istikrarı ve fiyat istikrarını sağlamak amacı ile para politikası araçlarını kullanmaktadır. Belirlenen politika faiz oranları para politikasının en etkili araçlarından birisidir. Bu çalışmanın amacı 2010-2020 yılları arasında TCMB tarafından uygulanan politika faiz oranlarının Borsa İstanbul üzerindeki etkisini incelemektir. Olay analizi yöntemi ile gerçekleştirilen çalışmada, TCMB’nin faiz artırım veya indirim kararlarının BIST100 endeksi getirisi üzerindeki etkisi incelenmiştir. Analiz sonuçlarına göre faiz indirim kararlarının BIST100 endeksi üzerinde anlamlı ve negatif yönde etkisi olduğu tespit edilmiş, faiz artırım kararlarının ise negatif etkisi olmakla birlikte bu etkinin anlamlı düzeyde olmadığı tespit edilmiştir.
Asoaipaz: una experiencia de organización colectiva con egresados del proyecto Utopía en el departamento del Putumayo
Authors: Frías-Navarro Rosalba , Suarez-Bocanegra Paola Milena , Regino-Vergara Johana
Published: December 2020

This article aims to document the process of creating and formalizing a collective organization with graduates from the project Utopía in the Universidad de La Salle, to identify the learnings and provide some agreed recommendations for a continuing improvement in their practice and the possibility to apply it in other territorial contexts. The methodology used herein is the experience systematization, which allowed gaining some insights and learnings. Regarding the systematization process of Asoaipaz, it was verified that this methodology is an ideal mechanism to understand the organizations in the territory. Therefore, the recommendation is to apply it in the formulation of strategies intended to the continuing improvement as a reflection on the organizational duties of a business
Adaptation of the Global Academic Performance Scale: Reliability and Validity Study
Authors: DAMAR Arif , KAÇAY Zülbiye , ESKİLER Ersin , SOYER Fikret
Published: December 2020

Today, with the skills that cannot be imitated by others the person who gains competitive advantage in the organization contributes to the organizational goals. In this way, the good performance of the employees provides reputation, prestige, brand value, awareness, quality, effectiveness, efficiency and profitability. Therefore, it is important to integrate the knowledge, experience, talent and motivation level of an academic staff with the university objectives to which it is connected and to increase the quality of education. In this context, this research was carried out to adapt the Global Academic Performance Scale developed by Abubakar et al. (2018) into Turkish, to test its validity and reliability, and to measure the academic perceptions of academic staff on global academic performance. In this research, which is an empirical research, survey technique was used as a data collection tool. Academic staff working in Faculty of Sport Sciences at universities constitute of the population of the research. In this context, data from 198 samples determined by convenience sampling method were collected. Descriptive statistics, independent groups t-test, and explanatory and confirmatory factor analyzes were used in the analysis of the data. As a result, it can be stated that the Global Academic Performance Scale is a valid and reliable measurement tool which can be used for determining the academic performance perceptions of the employees in different samples and practices in Turkey.
Development of Organizational Sustainability Scale
Authors: SEZEN-GÜLTEKİN Gözde , ARGON Türkan
Published: December 2020

The aim of this study is to develop a valid and reliable measurement tool measuring organizational sustainability. In this respect, firstly, an item pool was formed and subsequentlycontent validity rates, content validity criteria and content validity indices were calculated based on the experts. It was seen that the Organizational Sustainability Scale provided content validity with 40 items and 5 sub-dimensions in total. For the factorial validity of the scale, first, exploratory (EFA) and then confirmatory (CFA) factor analyses were performed in the separate sample groups. As result, the model established in 39 items and five sub-dimensions had an excellent and acceptable level of fit indexes. Also, it was found that both convergence validity and discriminant validity were achieved in all sub-dimensions Finally, the Cronbach alpha and composite reliability of the scale were examined. In this context, the reliability of the scale was proved as a result of all values being excellent and close to perfect. In this context, it was determined that the Organizational Sustainability Scale is a valid and reliable scale consisting of 39 items in 5-point Likert type and five sub-dimensions which are environmental sustainability, cultural sustainability, social sustainability, economic sustainability and administrative sustainability.
Analiza wydawnictw efemerycznych – ujęcie lingwistyczne
Authors: Śleziak Marta , Olszewska Izabela
Published: December 2020

The aim of the paper is to present ephemeral printed texts as an object of a linguistic description as well as to submit the model of analysis in practice. Texts called as ephemera are usually an object of a non-linguistically targeted interdisciplinary approach, although ephemera, regardless of type and style, can be subject to the scheme of a linguistic analysis. The submitted Linguera model (lingua et ephemera) enables meticulous analysis of an ephemeral text followed by its detailed and accurate analysis. The model focuses on such aspects as the role of context, evaluative language, contents and form of ephemera, as well as analytical map designing. The proposal of analysis is presented on the material of the ephemera collection from the Free City of Danzig (1920 – 1939).
Außenstereotype über die deutsche Sprache und was sich dahinter verbirgt
Authors: Domizi Alessandra
Published: December 2020

The German language is (stereo)typically viewed as a language that is both hard to learn and harsh to the ear, as well as useful and (sometimes overly) precise. Considering a few linguistic studies but focusing on layman manifestations from different countries found in literature, press, television and social networks, the author analyses these stereotypes as to their spread, connection to German culture, possible origins and social connotations. Following a qualitative approach, the analysis highlights how the outside view of Germany and the Germans has been shaped by specific historical events, from the era of the Germans as a people of poets and thinkers to the two World Wars and the modern EU. Finally, the analysis allows the identification of a clear connection between Germany/Germans-related and German-related stereotypes.
Técnicas de comunicación en las personas adultas mayores ante el aislamiento social y la soledad
Authors: León Latorre María Isabel , Martos Enrique María , Galiana Camacho Teresa
Published: December 2020

Introducción: los adultos mayores constituyen un importante segmento de la población, con su alto crecimiento en los últimos años. Son los más propensos a sufrir situaciones de aislamiento social y soledad, y los que menos utilizan las tecnologías para mejorar la comunicación y aumentar la calidad de vida. Objetivo: determinar las distintas técnicas de comunicación para reducir el aislamiento social y/o la soledad en los adultos mayores. Metodología: revisión bibliográfica entre enero y febrero de 2019 en las bases de datos CINAHL, Medline y Scopus. Se obtuvieron un total de 347 artículos en inglés, de los cuales fueron seleccionados finalmente 15. Resultados y discusión: en la mayoría de los estudios revisados se afirma la necesidad de la comunicación con el paciente adulto mayor, para reducir el aislamiento social y la soledad. Los pacientes deberán de aprender las distintas tecnologías que existen y su funcionamiento para una mejor calidad de vida. Conclusiones: una adecuada información e intervención con a los pacientes adultos mayores con aislamiento social y/o soledad, mejora los resultados, disminuyendo así los síntomas que provocan éstas.
Barreras en la comunicación asistencial con pacientes inmigrantes de origen amazig
Authors: Ferrerós Pagès Carla , Barrieras Angàs Mònica , Roca Urgell Francesc , Baltasar Bagué Alícia
Published: December 2020

Introducción: Estudio sobre problemas de comunicación asistencial teniendo en cuenta la institución y la lengua y cultura de los pacientes. Se estudiará la expresión de síntomas relacionados con cuestiones no orgánicas desde el punto de vista lingüístico, y que genera malentendidos que suelen pasar desapercibidos por los profesionales. Objetivos: El objetivo principal es analizar barreras de comunicación con pacientes de origen amazig. Los objetivos específicos son analizar recursos disponibles y formación relacionada con la atención a pacientes inmigrantes y describir dificultades de comunicación. Metodología: Cualitativa descriptiva. Realizado en los centros de atención primaria y hospitales de las comarcas de Girona y Barcelona escogidos al azar. Participantes: 32 informantes (13 médicos, 9 enfermeros, 4 mediadores y 6 trabajadores sociales). Se utilizó un cuestionario y una entrevista semiestructurada. El análisis de los discursos e interpretación de los contenidos se realizó con el soporte Atlas.ti 6.0. Resultados: Los profesionales refieren una distribución desigual de los pacientes inmigrantes y carencia de recursos y de tiempo. Las dificultades de comunicación son no son detectadas en la mayoría de los casos. Conclusiones: Algunas cuestiones lingüísticas pueden dificultar la comunicación. Más recursos y formación proporcionada por la institución podrían ayudar a solventar este problema.
Vigilancia de la publicidad de productos químicos para piscinas comercializados por internet
Authors: Gámez de la Hoz Joaquín , Padilla Fortes Ana , Padilla-Ruiz Marta
Published: December 2020

Introducción: La comunicación de los peligros asociados a los productos químicos es un aspecto fundamental para mejorar la confianza de los consumidores en el comercio electrónico. Objetivo: Examinar las indicaciones de peligro reglamentarias asociadas con productos químicos para piscinas puestos a disposición de terceros a través de su publicidad por internet. Metodología: Se seleccionaron aleatoriamente 40 productos químicos peligrosos de piscinas comercializados en tiendas online a través de internet procedentes de 8 empresas con sede social en Andalucía. Resultados: Predominaron los productos sin indicaciones de peligro visibles junto a su publicidad (n=25). Las indicaciones de peligros en las etiquetas de los productos en la web resultaron ilegibles. Únicamente 3 productos mostraron los códigos y frases de peligro visibles en el sitio web. Conclusión: La protección de consumidores y usuarios de comercio electrónico en materia de seguridad química puede verse comprometida debido a la falta de información relevante sobre la peligrosidad de los productos comercializados a través de internet.
On Understanding Syrian Diasporic Identities through a Selection of Syrian Literary Works
Authors: Alatrash Ghada , Abed Alsamad Najat
Published: December 2020

As of late August 2018, a total of 58,600 Syrian refugees have arrived in Canada (Government of Canada, 2019). The Syrian Diaspora today is a complex topic that speaks to issues of dislocation, displacement, loss, exile, identity, a desire for belonging, and resilience. The aim of this paper is to offer a better understanding of the Syrian peoples who have become, within the past four years, part of our Canadian citizenry, local communities, and members of our schools and workforce. By engaging the voices of Syrians through their literary works, this essay seeks to challenge some of the ontological and epistemological underpinnings that have historically defined Syrians and to offer alternate ways in which we may better know and understand what it means to be Syrian today. Historically Syrians have written and spoken about exile in their literature, long before the the Syrian war began in March of 2011. To deliver a sense of Syrian identities, a selected number of pre-Syrian-war writers and poets are engaged in this essay, including Nizar Kabbani, Muhammad al-Maghut, Zakaria Tamer, Mamduh Adwan, Adonis and Nasib Arida; furthermore, to capture a glimpse of a post-war sentiment, the voice of Syrian novelist Najat Abdul Samad, whose work was written from within the national borders of a war-torn Syria, is brought into the discussion.
Global Epistemic Injustice: An Ethical Confrontation With Jihadism
Authors: Ben Driss Hager
Published: December 2020

The aim of this article is to press the borders of philosophy to the terrain of literary studies and praxis of teaching. Starting from Kamila Shamsie's novel Home Fire, I try to enlarge the frame of Miranda Fricker's discussion of epistemic injustice. Indeed, Fricker's concern with everyday epistemic micro-aggressions can serve as a model of investigating global epistemic injustices. Shamsie's narrative about terrorism offers clear instances of testimonial injustice that fuse in other forms of injustices and form a continuum of epistemic injustice. Bringing the issue of terrorism and jihadism to the classroom and addressing it through philosophical epistemic lenses provides a precious occasion for an ethical confrontation with it. It is also a way to trespass the boundaries between the classroom and the outside world. The discussion with students raises the question of empathy, as constitutive of ethics, and looks into its limits.
corte urbano, as ambiências situadas e o “paradigma indiciário”
Authors: Rodríguez-Alcalá Carolina
Published: December 2020

Este artigo apresenta uma discussão teórica sobre o valor heurístico dos instrumentos descritivos da cidade nas pesquisas sobre as ambiências situadas, a partir de uma reflexão sobre o corte urbano e o modelo epistemológico que Carlo Ginzburg chamou de “indiciário”. Essa reflexão foi realizada no âmbito de uma pesquisa de campo interdisciplinar sobre o problema da coleta de lixo doméstico na cidade de São Paulo, Brasil. Primeiramente, buscamos caracterizar os elementos dispersos e heterogêneos – relativos aos sujeitos e ao espaço construído – que o corte permite reunir enquanto “pistas” que permitem visualizar uma ambiência, concebida enquanto unidade. Em seguida, discutimos o estatuto teórico dessa unidade, pensada como estrutura. Introduzimos, para tanto, a distinção entre objeto real e objeto de conhecimento, formulada em inícios do século XX pelo fundador da linguística moderna, Ferdinand de Saussure. Nosso intuito é com isso evitar uma concepção de espaço baseada em uma ideia substancialista de “totalidade”. A partir dessas considerações, definiremos o corte não como uma “representação do espaço” (um objeto real), mas como o “registro de um olhar” sobre ele (um objeto teórico). Por último, enquanto tecnologia de escrita, o corte será caracterizado como uma ferramenta para a fabricação de um olhar compartilhado sobre a cidade. Nesse sentido, ele pode contribuir para estabelecer um terreno comum de debate entre os diversos e heterogêneos campos disciplinares e registros de saber sobre a experiência sensível convocados pela noção de ambiência.