bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Salt Taste of the Sea
Authors: Richter Virginia
Published: August 2023

The beach intensifies multisensorial bodily perception, as it touches, stimulates, and invades the human body through various material channels. Literary texts record a ‘thick description’ of the sensory and emotional experience of, for example, swimming; and they explore the ambivalence of the beach, the persistence of conflicting patterns such as sensuous liberation and a dread of the deep. The two novels this chapter examines—Kate Chopin’s The Awakening and Charles Simmons’s Salt Water—although separated by a century, address similar issues. Both are set at moments of social change, have liminal protagonists, and use littoral activities as conduits to sexual awakening, liberation, and self-knowledge. However, they also show that these positive developments are not viable outside the heterotopia of the beach. Drawing on littoral/oceanic studies and new materialism, this chapter focuses on the interplay between the material environment, the senses, and the emotional development of the novels’ protagonists.
Two kinds of English non-mannerhow-clauses
Authors: Liefke Kristina
Published: August 2023

This chapter shows that English has two kinds of non-interrogative, non-manner embedded how-clauses: clauses that are licensed by perception, memory, and fiction verbs and allow paraphrase by a DP of the form the event in which [TP] (see Umbach et al., 2021), and clauses that are licensed by presuppositional and ‘say’-verbs and allow paraphrase by a DP of the form the fact that [TP] (see Legate, 2010). The chapter provides a compositional semantics for reports with these two kinds of how-clauses that captures the intuitive entailment behavior of these reports. This semantics provides an answer to the question of how the different non-manner readings of how come about and why languages like English use the manner word how for this purpose.
Basque non-interrogativenolaas a (de dicto) factive complementizer
Authors: Irurtzun Aritz
Published: August 2023

This chapter proposes an analysis of the syntax and semantics of non-V2 nola-headed embedded clauses in Basque. Such structures have a particular behavior in three main respects: (i) Contrary to its appearance, nola does not behave like a manner wh-item; it is rather a complementizer; (ii) contrary to other types of embedded clauses, nola-headed clauses have to appear in a postverbal position; and (iii) they bring about a factive reading. A derivational analysis is proposed tying these properties together: analyzing nola as a complementizer (a Force head), the structure will be nonconvergent if it stays in situ; as it would constitute a configuration violating the Final over Final Condition (FOFC), given that a head-last structure would immediately dominate a head-first structure. The alternative configuration with extraposition of the embedded clause, however, evades any violation of FOFC.
National Constitutional Courts’ Review of European Law and its Democratic Legitimacy
Authors: de Boer Nik
Published: August 2023

Chapter 3 analyses the democratic legitimacy of the national constitutional courts’ review of European law, building on Chapter 2. The national constitutional courts’ review of European law also raises a democratic concern because it subjects political decision-making to constitutional constraints. The chapter discusses this problem on the basis of the national constitutional courts’ EU-related case law as well as the specific features of the EU context. The chapter’s main argument is that the national constitutional courts’ review of European law could be considered justified, where it ensures better consideration of the constitutional issues raised by European integration compared to where this is left to political institutions. Yet, assessing this justification requires a comparative institutional assessment. The subsequent chapters offer such an assessment in a qualitative case study of the German Federal Constitutional Court (GFCC).
The Rise of Judicial Euroscepticism: Maastricht
Authors: de Boer Nik
Published: August 2023

Chapter 4 turns to the German Federal Constitutional Court’s (GFCC) Maastricht-Urteil. This case set out the direction of the GFCC’s approach to European integration for the next twenty-five years, is of crucial significance for the role of constitutional courts beyond Germany, and has significantly influenced subsequent academic debate. The Maastricht-Urteil introduced ultra vires review and elaborately assessed the democratic credentials of the EU against a sovereigntist interpretation of democracy. One justification for the GFCC’s judgment is that, despite all its shortcomings, the Court discussed important constitutional implications of the Treaty and raised issues that political institutions had failed to consider. The chapter shows that this argument is difficult to sustain. The constitutional implications of this Treaty, and its democratic shortcomings in particular, were amply discussed in the Treaty negotiations and the German ratification debates. Instead, the chapter argues, somewhat provocatively, that the GFCC’s role is better understood as judicial Euroscepticism.
Court-Ordered Parliamentary Oversight and the Euro Crisis
Authors: de Boer Nik
Published: August 2023

Chapter 6 discusses a more positive side to the German Federal Constitutional Court’s (GFCC) euro crisis case law. The Court has also contributed to a progressive strengthening of the participation and information rights of the German parliament, both in EU affairs generally, as well as regarding decisions on financial assistance more specifically. In doing so, the Court has created space for democratic politics rather than constrained it. This has contributed to better democratic control of the executive. There is also considerable evidence that this strengthening of the German parliament would not have occurred without the GFCC’s interventions. On the basis of these insights, the chapter submits that constitutional review geared towards strengthening the position of national parliaments vis-à-vis their own governments can help to counter the EU’s democratic legitimacy problems in a fairly uncontroversial manner.
Rethinking Drug Laws
Authors: Seddon Toby
Published: August 2023

This book develops a new way of understanding what global drug prohibition is, the origins of the prohibition system, and the possibilities for alternative futures. The first part explores the intellectual resources available for analysing and explaining drug control. By framing drug control as a form of market regulation, it sets out a new theoretical approach, using the notion of exchangespace. The second part explores the historical origins of global drug prohibition. Drawing on original archival research, it argues that recentring China in the origin story allows us to see important new aspects of the emergence of prohibition. The third part considers the political dimension of drug control. It argues that rather than politics or ideology being barriers to drug law reform, in fact radical reform will require serious engagement with the politics of drug control. The book concludes by arguing that finding a path to better alternative futures will depend on recognising that the question of how we should regulate drugs is, at its heart, a question of how we should regulate world capitalism. In the Asian Century, answers will only be found if we step outside Western-centric ways of thinking and of seeing the world.
Fairness and Liability
Authors: Slavny Adam
Published: August 2023

This chapter argues that principles of distributive fairness are relevant to individual corrective duties. In particular, it evaluates three distributive principles: The Non-Reciprocity Principle, The Benefit Principle, and The Avoidance Principle. The Non-Reciprocity Principle is considered and rejected as a plausible basis of liability to compensate. However, The Benefit Principle and The Avoidance Principle are developed and defended. These two principles interlock and play an important role in grounding corrective duties. One implication of this analysis is that we must look beyond the bilateral relationship between the doer and sufferer of harm to reach a more complete picture of the grounds of corrective duties.
Compensation Schemes
Authors: Slavny Adam
Published: August 2023

This chapter considers whether our moral account of corrective duties favours tort law structures over alternative institutional means of governing claims for personal injury, particularly at-fault and no-fault compensation schemes. Although one might think the morality of corrective duties would favour tort, it argues this is not the case, and in fact our duties are consistent with all three institutional arrangements. This conclusion challenges the assumption that has structured the debate between reformists and apologists, that tort law and compensation schemes embody irreducibly distinct paradigms of justice. This means that empirical considerations play a more decisive role in the justification (or otherwise) of tort law than many apologists would be comfortable with. Which institutional arrangement should be preferred depends on issues such as deterrence, cost, and efficiency; the extent to which the effects of background injustice can be mitigated; and uptake of meritorious claims, rather than the superiority of one arrangement over another in implementing corrective justice.
The Renaissance of the Saints After Reform
Authors: Di Salvo Gina M.
Published: August 2023

The age of miracles was not yet past on the Shakespearean stage. In the first book-length study of the English saint play across the Reformation divide, The Renaissance of the Saints after Reform recovers the surprisingly long theatrical life of the saints from a tenth-century monastery to the Restoration stage. Through a reassessment of archival records of performance and religious change, this book challenges the established history of the saint play as a product of medieval devotional culture that ended with the national conversion to Protestantism during the Reformation. Not only did saints in performance frequently diverge from the narratives of devotional literature during the Middle Ages but also saints made a spectacular reappearance in the theatre of the early modern era. In the rupture between those two eras, the English church separated itself from the Cult of the Saints, and saints disappeared from public view until sainthood transformed from a matter of theology into a matter of theatricality. This book traces the transformations of sainthood in early modern drama from ambiguous supernatural association and negotiated patronage to a renaissance of miraculous theatricality and sacred place-making. By excavating saints in plays by Shakespeare, Heywood, Dekker, Massinger, and Rowley as well as plays authored by relatively unknown dramatists, this book reconfigures how we think about the legacy of late medieval religious culture, the impact of Reformation change on literary texts and social practices, and the development of English theatre and drama.
The Protagonists of a ‘Shoddy Industry’
Authors: Jettot Stéphane
Published: August 2023

The fifth chapter deals with the reputation of these compilations and their credibility problems. Situated at the crossroads between amateur scholarship and commercial entrepreneurship, compilers, mostly from a modest background, struggled to defend the reliability of their works. In contrast to the canonical authors of the Enlightenment, they remained largely obscure literary figures. The frequently derogatory comments that most received about their work were closely linked to their subordinate social position, either as booksellers’ scribblers or as patronized writers. Through various case-studies, we contextualize the criticisms expressed in polite circles or literary magazines about these compilers. The College of Arms, which tried after 1750 to regain control over these directories, was also engaged in the denunciation of those ‘unworthy hacks’ and the ‘servile’ and ‘mercenary’ authors. Some of them, such as William Berry or Sir Egerton Brydges, were even chastised during public trials and condemned as fraudsters or impersonators.
The Keys to a Rewarding Posterity
Authors: Jettot Stéphane
Published: August 2023

The final chapter explores the key ingredients which account for the fact that some compilers even succeeded in obtaining an honourable reputation. Arthur Collins posthumously benefited from the positive appraisal of influential antiquaries, whose authority and renown made them qualified to vouch for his seriousness and expertise. Others, such as William Betham and John Burke, benefited from the blurred distinction between fiction and history in the romantic era. Family members and descendants also contributed greatly to the reputation of their forebears by reframing the nature of their publishing activities or tampering with their origins. While many compilers did not conceal their humble background, their descendants felt the need to reconstruct a prestigious pedigree. At last, the compilers’ posterity relied on their ability to accommodate flattery and honesty. Thomas Wotton managed to perform a fine balancing act between accommodating his customers’ desires while still maintaining public esteem by refusing the most unacceptable accounts.
The Metaphysics of Practice
Authors: Sellars Wilfrid
Published: August 2023

Wilfrid Sellars (1912–1989) saw the development of his practical philosophy as central to his entire philosophical enterprise—the linchpin to situating the framework of persons within a scientific worldview. The core idea in Sellars’s moral writings is that the moral “ought” is to be understood as a special kind of intention. Specifically, moral judgments are we-intentions, practical commitments one makes “as one of us” or from the communal point of view. In developing this theory, Sellars articulated sophisticated and powerful answers to questions of moral motivation, the intersubjectivity of moral judgments, the nature of moral community, the relation between the normative and the natural, and much more. The Metaphysics of Practice gathers together for the first time Sellars’s published writings in moral philosophy, along with previously unpublished manuscripts and significant correspondence between Sellars and such interlocutors as R. M. Hare, Bruce Aune, and Hector-Neri Castañeda. Additionally, there is a substantive editors’ introduction which lays out the essentials of Sellars’s theory and summarizes the basic arguments of each chapter of the volume. This volume will be of great value not only to Sellars scholars but also to philosophers working in metaethics (particularly ethical expressivism), philosophy of action, and collective intentionality.
The Geomorphology and Topography of the Area of the Porta Stabia Excavations
Authors: Robinson Mark
Published: August 2023

The topography of the Porta Stabia area is defined by geomorphology of the lava plateau of Pompeii, shaped by later volcanic events as well as by the natural north–south valley of the via Stabiana. The bedrock and paleosols in this area of the plateau had been heavily quarried and terraced in the course of later building activities, but typically were shallowest on the northeastern side of the site and deepest to the southwest. Sealing the lava bedrock was a level of yellow sandy silt resulting from the Mercato eruption of Vesuvius (7,000–6,700 bce). Above, a brown sandy silt attested to weathering and biogenic soil formation processes of this material. The project did not uncover any evidence of the Ante-Plinian gray ash that covers this soil elsewhere in Pompeii. There was no evidence for human presence in the area prior to the sixth-century bce foundation of the city, likely due to the presence of swampy marshland immediately south of the later Porta Stabia.
Appendices
Authors: Kreiger Jenny R.
Published: August 2023

This section of the volume provides fourteen essays on various subjects, with a focus on certain finds and structural fixtures that feature throughout the excavations of the Porta Stabia neighborhood at Pompeii. These essays supplement the main text by bringing together information and ideas otherwise dispersed throughout the phasing chapters. Each of them includes a catalog of the associated fixtures and datasets. Each contribution has a pedagogical purpose, providing reading and subject material for students while highlighting features that tell particular stories of the Porta Stabia neighborhood’s structural and social development over time.
The Doorstops of Insulae VIII.7 and I.1
Authors: Ellis Steven J. R.
Published: August 2023

The project uncovered a total of six doorstops. These were blocks of basalt carved into a U-shape and set about 1.5 m behind a street-front door into which a wooden beam was wedged into both the cutting and the back of the door to keep the door from being opened from the outside. This chapter provides a brief overview of their contextual and chronological setting, as well as a descriptive catalog of their forms. These doorstops are a feature of the Vesuvian cities and are not well attested elsewhere, likely because the floor surfaces in which we find them, being limited to the 1st century ce, are not as widely uncovered and known in other Roman cities. The doorstops thus present a very localized—regionally, as well as chronologically—form of security.
The Ritual Contexts in Insulae VIII.7 and I.1
Authors: Kreiger Jenny R. , Spinelli Ambra
Published: August 2023

Ritual behavior can be difficult to access archaeologically, and caution is essential in assigning ritual meaning to a deposit or feature. The nature and formation processes of the context itself, as well as any associated finds, inscriptions, or decorations, must inform any interpretation of the context’s function. This chapter covers the fourteen contexts that were likely associated with ritual behavior, comprising excavated deposits, structural fixtures, and additional features documented in the archival records (some no longer extant). Taken together, these fourteen contexts paint a picture of ritual behavior in these insulae that was focused partly inwardly, on propitiating household deities, and partly outwardly, on the boundaries of the city and the neighborhood.
The Toilets and Cesspits of Insulae VIII.7 and I.1
Authors: Dicus Kevin
Published: August 2023

Studies of Roman waste management infrastructure contribute essential evidence about the relative salubrity of the Roman city. Pompeii’s preservation allows an unfettered look at the various disposal strategies that residents employed to maintain standards of hygiene for their homes and within the urban fabric. The excavations in Insulae VIII.7 and I.1, for instance, uncovered examples in nearly every property of features designed to contain and remove liquid, solid, and bodily waste. Here, far from Pompeii’s sewers, toilets channeled waste into cesspits, where liquids drained through the porous soil, leaving solids to be removed periodically. Downpipes connected toilets on upper stories to drains on the ground floor leading to the cesspits. This inventory contributes to our understanding of the form and function of private waste-management features in domestic contexts and, more broadly, strategies of ancient waste management.
Empires in Ireland
Authors: Ohlmeyer Jane
Published: August 2023

The first three sections of this chapter focus on the ‘story’ of what contemporaries understood about empire in an age when few left their parish and the opportunities to meet people from Asia, Africa, and the Atlantic world were largely limited to those who travelled, served as missionaries, sailors and soldiers, or spent time in cosmopolitan centres like London, Amsterdam, and Lisbon. It explores how empires shaped the lives (Section I), the landscapes (Section II), and the mindsets (Section III) of those living in early modern Ireland. How did imperial commodities, especially food, drink, clothing, furnishings, and representations of empires—in novels, plays, prose, images, travel literature, and maps—form and influence ideas, identities, mindsets, tastes, fashions, and landscapes? Section IV examines how early modern events and experiences of empire were remembered (or not), represented, and misrepresented.
Transcendental Philosophy and the Self-Consciousness of Reason
Authors: Schafer Karl
Published: August 2023

This chapter provides a general overview of Kant’s philosophical methodology during the critical period, focusing on what the chapter calls Kant’s “powers-first” or “capacities-first” approach. This methodology treats our basic rational or cognitive capacities as epistemically and explanatorily fundamental for (at least human forms of) philosophy. As the chapter sketches, this framework for thinking about Kant’s philosophical methodology sheds light on many familiar debates, while also providing us with important context for thinking about Kant’s conception of reason and its unity. The chapter closes by suggesting that this approach remains attractive today insofar as it captures the aspects of rationality we must treat as foundational in philosophy without committing us to further metaphysical claims that are inessential in this context.
Kant’s Rational Constitutivism
Authors: Schafer Karl
Published: August 2023

This chapter builds on the last two to continue to explore the sort of self-consciousness that Kant takes to characterize reason (and other rational powers), focusing on his willingness to use both normative and descriptive terminology to describe such power’s internal principles. This leads into the broadly meta-ethical dimensions of Kant’s account of the “sources of normativity”. Here the chapter argues that for Kant any rational power, be it practical or theoretical, is governed by an internal principle that can be characterized in either descriptive or normative terms. This supports a version of the idea of Kant as a “meta-normative constitutivist”. But the version of this view it supports focuses, not on our nature as agents, but rather on the nature of reason as a unified faculty for both theoretical and practical understanding. Thus, the chapter will argue that by viewing Kant’s “constitutivism” through the lens of his general commitment to a powers-first approach, we can better understand the sense in which Kant both is and is not a constitutivist—and see why his form of constitutivism remains attractive today.
The Economics of Financial Markets and Institutions
Authors: Sussman Oren
Published: August 2023

This manuscript is based on introductory lectures on financial economics that the author delivered to masters students in the Faculty of Law at the University of Oxford. The book approaches financial economics as an application of general economic theory to both financial markets and financial institutions. Accordingly, it presents both the general economic theory and its financial applications. The presentation is formal and rigorous, though the mathematics is simplified to the bare minimum. Formal analysis results in models that can be tested against real data (positive analysis), but can also be used as a basis for policy design (normative analysis). Unregulated (spontaneous) interaction serves as an interesting benchmark to the normative analysis, without pre-supposing that it is the most economically efficient arrangement.
Passages from the Akhbar
Authors: Tyabji Salima
Published: August 2023

This chapter contains passages from the Amiruddin and Badruddin books which convey an idea of the life led by this family, the good spirits, the sense of family togetherness, and their energetic pastimes. They are not entirely representative of the entries since many of those are hastily scribbled and of no special interest. Also not included are the numerous entries on plays, or musical evenings, as none seemed to be of special merit although these entertainments played an important part in their time at Matheran and Mahableshwar, and also in Bombay. Those included are three entries on the Turkish crisis of 1876-7 in the Akhbar-e-Amiri; the opening entry in the Wynad Akhbar by Amiruddin Tyabji (1877); an account of family picnics given by Rahat Tyabji (1891); Amina Tyabji’s descriptions of her travels in Europe in 1893-4; Mohsin Tyabji’s account of the solar eclipse in 1898; three passages about the fierce discussions on purdah at the Anglo-Mahomedan Educational Conference of 1903; Sakina Lukmani’s detailed account of her mother’s last illness and death; and the last important piece in the Badruddin books, Halima Fyzee’s description of a visit to the Jog Falls in 1907.
The Human A Priori
Authors: Moore A. W.
Published: August 2023

The essays in this collection all reckon with something ineliminably anthropocentric in our systematic pursuit of a priori sense-making. The essays in Part I deal with the nature, scope, and limits of a priori sense-making in general. The essays in Parts II, III, and IV deal with what are often thought to be the three great exemplars of the systematic pursuit of such sense-making: philosophy in the case of Part II, ethics in the case of Part III, and mathematics in the case of Part IV. Much of the attention throughout is devoted to the work of other philosophers: Kant and Wittgenstein feature prominently, and five of the essays take the form of reviews or critical notices of recent work in philosophy. But the interest in never purely exegetical. One of the lessons that emerges from the essays, either in opposition to the views of these other philosophers or by invocation of their views, is that we humans achieve nothing of real significance in philosophy, ethics, or mathematics except from a human point of view, and hence that all three of these pursuits can be said to betoken what may reasonably be called “the human a priori”.
On the Necessity of the Categories
Authors: Moore A. W.
Published: August 2023

Kant holds that human cognition involves two faculties, sensibility and the understanding, and that each of these has pure forms: space and time in the case of sensibility, and the twelve categories in the case of the understanding. But Kant is also careful to leave open the possibility of there being creatures like us, with both sensibility and understanding, who nevertheless have different pure forms of sensibility. The question is raised whether he leaves open an analogous possibility in the case of the understanding, that is to say the possibility of creatures like us, with both sensibility and understanding, who nevertheless have different categories. It is argued that textual and systematic considerations do not determine an answer to this question. It is further argued that Kant might be neutral on the issue but that, if he is, the exact form his neutrality takes is subject to unexpected constraints.
Varieties of Sense-Making
Authors: Moore A. W.
Published: August 2023

This essay was written for a special issue of Midwest Studies in Philosophy on the so-called ‘new atheism’. It is argued that part of what motivates the new atheism is an extreme naturalism, whereby the only way to make sense of things is the natural-scientific way. This naturalism is then discredited, partly on the grounds that the natural-scientific way to make sense of things is not the way to make sense of that very way of making sense of things. However, it is also argued that certain difficulties afflict any attempt, on the part of the theist, to resist the new atheism by invoking some quite different way of making sense of things: in particular, there are difficulties in ensuring that what is being invoked really is a way of making sense of things. The essay concludes with consideration of how due acknowledgement of the varieties of sense-making nevertheless provides a powerful response to the new atheism, and of how this bears specifically on one of the greatest challenges confronting the theist, namely the problem of suffering.
Sense-Making from a Human Point of View
Authors: Moore A. W.
Published: August 2023

This essay is an exploration of what it dubs the ‘artistic’ conception of philosophy. This conception has two components: first, the view of philosophy as a humanistic discipline that Bernard Williams advocates; and second, the view that the sense-making involved in philosophy is a creative exercise. The first of these components casts philosophy as anthropocentric, and stands opposed to scientism. The second casts philosophy as exploratory and open to radical innovation, and stands opposed to conservatism. In the course of the discussion, which proceeds via consideration of the distinction that is standardly drawn between ‘analytic’ philosophy and ‘continental’ philosophy, an internal tension in the artistic conception is identified. This is the tension between its anthropocentrism, which requires that philosophers make sense of things from a human point of view, and its anti-conservatism, which requires that they be prepared to make sense of things from beyond that point of view. An attempt is made to resolve the tension by arguing that the anthropocentrism in question need not be any more than provisional. In the final section of the essay some of Spinoza’s ideas are considered as a case study. The importance of proceeding with care in philosophy is emphasized, and it is urged that, even if the anthropocentrism in question need not be any more than provisional, it had better not be any less than that either: it had better not be abandoned altogether.
On There Being Nothing Else to Think, or Want, or Do
Authors: Moore A. W.
Published: August 2023

The basis for this essay, which originally appeared in a volume of essays in honour of David Wiggins, is Wiggins’s idea of there being nothing else to think. It is argued that, if we construe Wiggins’s idea in such a way that there being nothing else to think but that p is equivalent to its being true that p, then it involves the following subsidiary idea: if it is true that p, then anyone who does not think that p pays a price. A proposal is made concerning what this price is, namely that of having at most a ‘conditioned’ thought about whether or not p, where a conditioned thought is defined in such a way that any such thought is always liable to be unsettled by critical self-conscious reflection. This proposal is then extended to each of volition and agency, thereby giving substance to the idea of there being nothing else to want but that p and the idea of there being nothing else to do but x. The role played by truth in the original proposal is (roughly) played by rightness in the proposal concerning volition and by categorical requirement in the proposal concerning agency. In the final section of the essay some sketchy remarks are made about how these proposals could combine with the idea that human beings are finite but have an aspiration to be infinite, to explain the value of the true, the right, and the categorically required.
Williams, Nietzsche, and the Meaninglessness of Immortality
Authors: Moore A. W.
Published: August 2023

The first section of this essay considers the argument that Bernard Williams advances for the meaninglessness of immortality. It also considers various counter-arguments. An attempt is made to show that the more clearly these counter-arguments are targeted at the spirit of Williams’s argument, rather than at its letter, the less clearly they pose a threat to it. The focus of the second section of the essay is on Nietzsche, whose views about the eternal recurrence might appear to make him an opponent of Williams. It is argued that, properly interpreted, these views in fact make him an ally.
Introduction
Authors: Franko Katja , Goyes David R.
Published: August 2023

This chapter introduces the central arguments and theoretical assertions of the book, outlining its main concerns: consumerism, commercialism, global inequality, and the formation of collective memory in such frameworks. First, we examine consumerism which, as well as being an economic phenomenon, is one of the most important cultural forces of our time. The chapter addresses the commodification of traumatic memories. Drawing on the concept of the trauma economy, it outlines how ideas, imaginaries, and representations of traumatic experiences circulate across geographical, temporal, and social spaces, thereby enabling or disabling awareness about them. We introduce a concept that is developed throughout the book—global hierarchies of victimhood—to indicate the markedly different perceptions of victims of mass atrocities based on their nationality, social status, and other social markers. The introduction also offers a summary of subsequent chapters and a detailed description of the book’s empirical material, its methodological approach, and ethnographic fieldwork.
Dark consumerism and the trauma(tic) economy
Authors: Franko Katja , Goyes David R.
Published: August 2023

The commercialization of traumatic memories by the forces of commercialism goes beyond on-screen representations to shape the lived, material reality of Medellín’s residents. Over the past decade the city has been transformed by a dark commercial web centred on the ‘Escobar experience’, including tours and souvenirs as well as supplying tourists with drugs and sexual services. This chapter shows how media productions have contributed to the growth of dark tourism. We rely on statistical data provided by the mayor’s office, ethnographic observations of narco-tours, and interviews with taxi drivers who spoke about the demands made by foreign visitors seeking to explore and re-enact Escobar’s life. The chapter includes photos from our visits to shrines of narco-violence, such as Escobar’s grave and residences, to show the materiality of dark tourism. Finally, we deal with the difficulties that dark tourism poses for the survivors of violence and their struggles to participate in history-making and efforts to overcome their trauma. By describing the shock experienced by a person whose father was killed by Escobar when they see someone in the street wearing an Escobar T-shirt, we demonstrate the impact of this industry on the re-victimization of those who had experienced the violence. We argue that the conjunction of the symbolic power of narco-shows and dark tourism creates the impression that transnational actors have hijacked the narrative about Medellín, trapping it in the role of deviant city.
Institutional Framework
Authors: Davis Ronald , Madaus Stephan , Marcucci Monica , Mevorach Irit , Mokal Riz , Romaine Barbara , Sarra Janis , Tirado Ignacio
Published: August 2023

Any mechanism for cross-border cooperation and coordination of resolution measures based on the principles of fairness and modified universalism developed in previous chapters rests on the institutions involved. It is important to identify two basic types of situations. First, the original decision to initiate a resolution process and to select specific measures or tools will be primarily taken in the home jurisdiction; second, institutions in a foreign jurisdiction may be confronted with requests to give effect to and support measures taken by the host jurisdictions. Courts may become involved as either a resolution authority in some jurisdictions or in reviewing decisions taken by special resolution authorities. In host jurisdictions, courts may serve as a gatekeeper for the recognition and support of foreign resolution measures, or preside over parallel local proceedings. They may also be faced with a foreign resolution measure in the context of litigation involving a claim within the host jurisdiction that was supposedly modified or stayed by a foreign resolution process or involved a compensation claim for such modification. This chapter discusses the multiple roles of the courts and other institutions. It is not intended to evaluate policy decisions about which institution should be entrusted with the resolution process in a given jurisdiction. In accordance with this book’s focus, the analysis explains different institutional designs and evaluates their ability to facilitate the cross-border efficacy of resolution measures. This discussion informs the development of the rationale and key features of a Model Law in Chapter 9.
A Model Law on Cross-border Resolution of Financial Institutions
Authors: Davis Ronald , Madaus Stephan , Marcucci Monica , Mevorach Irit , Mokal Riz , Romaine Barbara , Sarra Janis , Tirado Ignacio
Published: August 2023

Chapter 9 proposes an international instrument, in the form of a model law, for the cross-border resolution of financial institutions. The chapter explains this choice of instrument (why a model law) and the nature of the model law proposed, which can provide rules both on private international law and on certain aspects of substantive law (tools for resolution). It is argued that a model law can impact the feasibility and success of cross-border cooperation, and the ability to adopt an instrument which is sufficiently comprehensive and precise. The chapter then delineates the range of issues that should be covered in a model law for distressed financial institutions. These include jurisdiction; applicable law; the resolution tools that ought to be harmonized; recognition of a foreign resolution process; recognition of, support for, and/or enforcement of particular resolution measures; cooperation; duties; and safeguards. The chapter discusses in detail each of these key features and their rationale, drawing on the experiences with existing instruments of cross-border insolvency and resolution. The chapter also provides hypothetical examples showing how the model law envisioned might apply in practice.
The Use of the Term ἴδιος in Alexandrian Theology from Alexander to Cyril
Authors: Louth Andrew
Published: August 2023

The word ἴδιος seems to have been first used in the Alexandrian tradition by Alexander, citing Rom. 8:32 to demonstrate that closeness of the Son to the Father. Athanasios uses the term extensively of the intimate relationship between the Son and the Father, and indeed between the Spirit and the Father: it is equivalent to ὁμοούσιος. The use of ἴδιος is extended to the relationship between the Word and the human nature it assumed, affirming intimacy and inseparability. Cyril extends it to characterize the nature of Eucharist: it is the Word’s ἰδία σάρξ, own flesh. It is not, however, found in later patristic tradition; as the Cappadocian use of ἴδιος, borrowed perhaps from Porphyry’s Eisagōgē, to designate the unique properties of the persons of the Trinity prevails.
Ignatios or Eusebios
Authors: Louth Andrew
Published: August 2023

Ecclesiology in the Orthodox world is based on the Byzantine concept of symphonia between Church and Emperor, the first apologist for which was Eusebios; even after the fall of the Byzantine Empire in 1453, such a notion continued to haunt the Orthodox imagination, and informed the development of autocephalous national churches in the nineteenth century. After the Russian Revolution, émigré theologians, especially Nikolai Afanasiev, sought the premisses of ecclesiology behind Eusebios in Ignatios of Antioch, developing a ‘eucharistic ecclesiology’, which has become influential, not only in Orthodoxy, but beyond. Nevertheless, there remains a hankering after symphonia of some form, even in the diaspora, the despite the dangers of anti-Semitism in trying to articulate a ‘Christian society’. Perhaps we should take the notion of diaspora more seriously, as closer to the way of life Christians should pursue in this world.
St Makrina
Authors: Louth Andrew
Published: August 2023

It is not uncommon to claim Makrina, the eldest child of Basil and Emmelia, whose other children included Basil the Great and Gregory of Nyssa, as the fourth Cappadocian; she seems to hide in the shadow of her more famous brothers. Nevertheless, it seems that Makrina had a decisive influence on her brother Basil, guiding him to the monastic life, and initiating, with her widowed mother, a form of ‘house-monasticism’, though Basil never mentions her. We know of her from epigraphs by Gregory of Nazianzus and two treatises by Gregory of Nyssa, his vita of his sister, and the Dialogue on the Soul and the Resurrection—which recounts their discussion as she lay dying. Gregory calls her didaskalos, teacher, but there is debate as to whether what Gregory presents as her teaching does not simply represent Gregory’s own views. An attempt is made to discern what is truly Makrina’s.
Pagan Theurgy and Christian Sacramentalism in Denys the Areopagite
Authors: Louth Andrew
Published: August 2023

The nature of the influence of pagan philosophy on Denys demands careful analysis both of the terms borrowed and the meaning given them. So with theurgy, θεουργία: neither with Iamblichus nor with Denys does it mean an attempt to force the hands of the gods (or God); for both it asserts the inadequacy of human effort to make contact with the divine. The language of theurgy, however, does not stray into rituals performed by humans in the same way with the pagan and the Christian. For Iamblichus, theurgy does designate ritual action; whereas for Denys it designates directly God’s activity that humans need, while the actual rites are called hierurgy, ἱερουργία—for Denys needs to draw a line between what divine and human activity. Finally, the idea of sacramental efficacy is defended against those (modern Christian) interpreters of Denys who limit the efficacy of the sacraments to contemplation of symbolic actions.
The Reception of Dionysius in the Byzantine World
Authors: Louth Andrew
Published: August 2023

The influence of Dionysios in the East has been customarily played down in contrast to his enormous influence on the Western mystical tradition. This is to ignore the real centre of gravity of Dionysios’ theology, which was liturgical. Although much Byzantine theology continued to be puzzled by the dissonance caused by his pseudonym, his influence on the interpretation and nature of liturgy continued to be resonant. The variety and depth of Dionysian influence is hard to underestimate, found in different ways, after Maximos, in John Damascene, Photios, Psellos, Symeon the New Theologian and his biographer Nikitas Stithatos, and Gregory Palamas and his predecessors. Maximos himself bequeathed insights founded on his reading of Dionysios to his successors. A prevailing tendency to diminish the Areopagite’s influence in scholarship of the last century is difficult to sustain.
Dionysios the Areopagite
Authors: Louth Andrew
Published: August 2023

This essay seeks to establish, perhaps perversely, the thesis that it is only now, with our recognition of the pseudonymity of ‘Dionysios the Areopagite’, that we can fully appreciate his strategy in the Corpus Areopagiticum. From his acceptance as authentic in the sixth century to the proof of his dependence on Neoplatonism at the end of the nineteenth, for all his influence, the nature of his achievement in his works was disguised. Since the proof of pseudonymity by Koch and Stiglmayr, scholars have set off on a wild-goose chase in pursuit of the ‘real’ author. Frank acknowledgement of his pseudonymity enables a true appreciation of his achievement. Drawing on Charles Stang’s theological interpretation of his pseudonymity and Peter Struck’s advocacy of symbolism in late antiquity, it attempts to demonstrate how Dionysios sees the unknown God manifest as unknown through participation in the Liturgy—something already well attested in Greek theology.
The Views of St Maximos the Confessor on the Institutional Church
Authors: Louth Andrew
Published: August 2023

St Maximos’ understanding of the institutional Church can only be gleaned indirectly. His vision of the Church as set out in the Mystagogia (and discussed in Essay I. 22) doubtless lies behind his attitude to the Church of his day, but actual links can only be conjectured. His clash over the emperor’s Christological nostrums expressed in the Ekthesis and Typos led to his involving the bishop of Rome in resistance to the emperor, and eventually to condemnation by the Byzantine patriarch. Two issues emerge: (1) Roman ‘primacy’; (2) Maximos’ eventual confrontation with the (apparent) united hierarchy of the Church. These two issues are discussed and a tentative conclusion suggested that, for Maximos, the Christian is called ‘to be Christ’s and to bear his name’ (Mystagogia 1) even to the point of martyrdom, and that this overrides claims to loyalty whether from emperor or from hierarch.
St Maximos’ Distinction between λόγος and τρόπος and the Ontology of the Person
Authors: Louth Andrew
Published: August 2023

Maximos’ distinction between logos of being and tropos of existence has sometimes been given a decidedly ‘existential’ interpretation by some modern scholars (including me). The terms logos and tropos find their origins in Trinitarian theology, logos designating being, ousia, held in common, and tropos the mode (or origin) of the distinct existence of the persons. The logos/tropos distinction, transferred to Christology, came to be used to clarify the meaning of personhood. However, Maximos rarely uses this distinction directly in relation to human persons; rather, he uses the logos/tropos distinction to make a difference between God’s activity in creation and in recreation, between theologia and oikonomia: its function is to preserve Maximos’ cardinal doctrine of the inviolability of the logoi of creation, tropos being used in relation to God’s renewal of nature in redemption, without calling in question the integrity of God’s creation.
The Doctrine of the Image of God in St Maximos the Confessor
Authors: Louth Andrew
Published: August 2023

The doctrine of the human image of God is a puzzle in Maximos’ thought, for, though regarded as a disciple of the Cappadocian Fathers for whom the doctrine of the image of God is central, he seems to find it curiously elusive. After a glance at Thunberg, Völker, and Larchet, a solution is found in Maximos’ having two sources for the doctrine of the image: Scripture (especially Gen. 1:26–7) and Plato. Maximos is indebted to both and was also influenced by Dionysios the Areopagite, who makes little use of Gen. 1:26–7 in his making the image central for relating the visible and invisible realms. When Maximos reflects on the image, and the human as the image of God, he tends to draw on the Platonic tradition, because the human image of God is seen as part of a wider issue, as in Dionysios.
The Doctrine of the Eucharist in the Iconoclast Controversy
Authors: Louth Andrew
Published: August 2023

Little survives of the writings of the iconoclasts to enable us to discern how they argued their case. An exception is the Definition of the iconoclast Council of Hiereia (754), which was recited, in order to be refuted, at the Seventh Ecumenical Council in 787. From it, and from extracts cited in other anti-iconoclast texts, there can be constructed a case which revolved round what could count as a true commemorative icon, leading to the conclusion that only the Eucharist fulfilled this role. There was nothing unusual about a doctrine of the Eucharist that saw it in terms of types, images, and symbols; it was the iconodules who introduces new ideas in rejecting such teaching.
Inspiration of the Scriptures
Authors: Louth Andrew
Published: August 2023

An Orthodox understanding of scriptural inspiration is to be derived from the use of the Scriptures in Orthodox worship. The Gospel Book is central, venerated as symbolizing Christ and containing his word. The Gospel forms the central scriptural reading; the Gospels are read in their entirety throughout the Church Year. They are read sequentially: the principal readings on Saturdays and Sundays, and the rest on weekdays. The rest of the New Testament is read as the accompanying ‘Apostle’; the Old Testament as essentially prophetic, very selectively, mainly at Vespers on Feasts and during Lent. From this it is evident that Scripture is not regarded as an ‘undifferentiated whole’; it has a shape, in which Christ, in the Gospels, stands at the centre. Furthermore Scripture is what the Church has received: so, e.g. the Old Testament is the Greek Septuagint. Inspiration is found in the context of reading and hearing the Scriptures.