bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Why copper catalyzes electrochemical reduction of nitrate to ammonia
Authors: Karamad Mohammadreza , Goncalves Tiago J. , Jimenez-Villegas Santiago , Gates Ian D. , Siahrostami Samira
Published: December 2022

The activity volcano plot depicts trends in activity among various transition metals and explains why copper is more active for the nitrate reduction reaction (NO3RR) to ammonia. Several strategies are proposed to further improve copper activity.
Red raspberry supplementation mitigates alcohol-induced liver injury associated with gut microbiota alteration and intestinal barrier dysfunction in mice
Authors: Zogona Daniel , Zongo Abel Wend-Soo , Elkhedir Abdeen E. , Salah Mahmoud , Tao Mingfang , Li Rong , Wu Ting , Xu Xiaoyun
Published: December 2022

Supplementation with red raspberry enhanced hepatic antioxidant defense, modulated gut microbiota, improved intestinal barrier function and alleviated ethanol-induced liver injury in mice.
Solvent effect on the production of spherical lignin nanoparticles
Authors: Ma Ya , Liao Yuhe , Jiang Zhicheng , Sun Qingyong , Guo Xingjie , Zhang Wenhua , Hu Changwei , Luque Rafael , Shi Bi , Sels Bert F.
Published: December 2022

Ripple effects of solvent on the extracted lignin oligomers and generated LNPs.
Continuous heterogeneous isomerization of 3/4-methyltetrahydrophthalic anhydride (3/4-MTHPA) with acid- and base-modified γ-Al2O3 catalysts
Authors: Yin Lei , Li Hui Yang , Ge Tingting , Li Yuchao , Zuo Cuncun , Wang Ming , Cui GuangJun , Huang Haofei , Guo Lin
Published: December 2022

A series of tests and isomerization experiments were carried out to determine the activity and life of the catalyst.
Fabrication of honeycomb-structured composite material of Pr2O3, Co3O4, and graphene on nickel foam for high-stability supercapacitors
Authors: Xin Yulin , Lu Shixiang , Xu Wenguo , Wang Shasha
Published: December 2022

The Pr2O3/Co3O4/rGO/NF electrode has been prepared by hydrothermal method and annealing process, with high specific capacitance and excellent cycle stability.
Construction of a LiVO3/C core–shell structure for high-rate lithium storage
Authors: Yang Dizi , Zhang Dongmei , Wu Haihua , Pei Cunyuan , Xiao Ting , Ma Huijuan , Ni Shibing
Published: December 2022

A LiVO3/C hybrid electrode with a core–shell structure was prepared by a facile two-step synthetic method, and had outstanding lithium-storage performance.
A recoverable magnetic surface ion-imprinted polymer based on graphene oxide for fast and selective adsorption of Ni(ii) from aqueous solution: experimental and DFT calculations
Authors: Zhang Wei-Ye , Ye Si-Qing , Yang Xin-Tao , Zhu Bao-Shi , Li Wei-Li , He Hong-Xing , Deng Xiu-Jun
Published: December 2022

A magnetic GO-based imprinted adsorbent exhibited a high adsorption capacity, good removal rate and good reusability for Ni(ii) adsorption.
Influence of graphene oxide on the bile salts–ligand interaction: a spectroscopy study
Authors: Pandit Souvik , Bhattacharjee Sanyukta , Seth Debabrata
Published: December 2022

In recent times, much attention has been given to the study of the interaction between biomimetic assemblies with graphene oxide (GO). This study has substantial impact on the physicochemical properties of both the biomimetic assemblies and GO.
A wave energy harvesting system for applications in deep-sea exploration
Authors: Yi Minyi , Kong Weihua , Zhang Zutao , Azam Ali , Ahmed Ammar , Li Hai , He Liujin , Li Ning , Xu Yongsheng
Published: December 2022

The proposed wave energy harvesting system can convert wasted vibrations on ships into electrical energy to power low-power devices. The experimental findings recorded the maximal energy volume density of 52.75 W m−3.
A multifrequency characterization of the extragalactic hard X-ray sky
Authors: Kosiba M. , Peña-Herazo H. A. , Massaro F. , Masetti N. , Paggi A. , Chavushyan V. , Bottacini E. , Werner N.
Published: December 2022

Context. Nowadays, we know that the origin of the cosmic X-ray background (CXB) is mainly due to the integrated emission of active galactic nuclei. Therefore, in order to obtain a precise estimate of the contribution of different source classes to the CXB, it is crucial to achieve full characterization of the hard-X ray sky.

Aims. We present a multifrequency analysis of all sources listed in the third release of the Palermo Swift-BAT hard X-ray catalog (3PBC) with the goal of (i) identifying and classifying the largest number of sources adopting multifrequency criteria, with particular emphasis on extragalactic populations and (ii) extracting sources belonging to the class of Seyfert galaxies to present here the release of the second version of the Turin-SyCAT.

Methods. We outline a classification scheme based on radio, infrared (IR), and optical criteria that allows us to distinguish between unidentified and unclassified hard X-ray sources, as well as to classify those sources belonging to the Galactic and the extragalactic populations.

Results. Our revised version of the 3PBC lists 1176 classified, 820 extragalactic, and 356 Galactic sources, as well as 199 unclassified and 218 unidentified sources. According to our analysis, the hard X-ray sky is mainly populated by Seyfert galaxies and blazars. For the blazar population, we report trends between the hard X-ray and the gamma-ray emissions based on the fact that a large fraction of them also have a counterpart detected by the Fermi satellite. These trends are all in agreement with the expectations of inverse Compton models which are widely adopted to explain the blazar broadband emission. For the Seyfert galaxies, we present the second version of the Turin-SyCAT, including a total of 633 Seyfert galaxies, with 282 new sources corresponding to an increase of ~80% with respect to the previous release. Comparing the hard X-ray and the infrared emissions of Seyfert galaxies, we confirm that there is no clear difference between the flux distribution of the infrared-to-hard X-ray flux ratio of Seyfert galaxies Type 1 and Type 2. However, there is a significant trend between the mid-IR flux and hard X-ray flux, confirming previous statistical results in the literature.

Conclusions. We provide two catalog tables. The first is the revised version of the 3PBC catalog based on our multifrequency analyses. The second catalog table is a release of the second version of the Turin-SyCAT catalog. Finally, we highlight that extensive soft X-ray data are already available in the form of the Swift archive which can be used to search for potential counterparts of unidentified hard X-ray sources. All these datasets will be reduced and analyzed in a forthcoming analysis to determine the precise position of low-energy counterparts in the 0.5–10 keV energy range for 3PBC sources that can be targets of future optical spectroscopic campaigns; this is necessary to obtain their precise classification.
Molecules in the peculiar age-defying source IRAS 19312+1950
Authors: Qiu Jian-Jie , Zhang Yong , Nakashima Jun-ichi , Zhang Jiang-Shui , Koning Nico , Tang Xin-Di , Yan Yao-Ting , Feng Huan-Xue
Published: December 2022

Context. IRAS 19312+1950 is an isolated infrared source that exhibits a characteristic quasi-point-symmetric morphology in the near-and mid-infrared images and is also very bright in molecular radio lines. Because of its unique observational characteristics, various observational studies have been conducted and several hypotheses have been proposed regarding its origin, which is still unclear. So far, it has been suggested that it could be a peculiar evolved star, a young stellar object, or even a red nova remnant. Regardless of which type of object it is ultimately classified as, IRAS 19312+1950 is exceptionally bright in the infrared and molecular radio lines and therefore will undoubtedly be crucial as a prototype of this kind of object having a peculiar nature or unusual evolutionary phase.

Aims. This study aims to reveal the molecular composition of the central part of IRAS 19312+1950 by performing an unbiased molecular radio line survey and discussing the origin of the object from a molecular chemical point of view.

Methods. We carried out a spectral line survey with the Institut de Radioastronomie Millimtrique 30 m telescope towards the centre of IRAS 19312+1950 in the 3 and 1.3 mm windows with a frequency coverage of 83.9–91.8 and 218.2–226.0 GHz, respectively.

Results. In total, 28 transition lines of 22 molecular species and those isotopologues are detected towards IRAS 19312+1950, some of which exhibit a broad and a narrow component. Seventeen thermal lines and one maser line are newly detected. The molecular species of C17O, 30SiO, HN13C, HC18O+, H2CO, and c-C3H2 are detected for the first time in this object. We calculated the optical depths of the transition lines of 13CO, C18O, HCN, H13CN, and C2H, and determined the rotational temperatures, column densities, and fractional abundances of the detected molecules. We got the isotopic ratios of 12C/13C, 14N/15N, 16O/18O, 16O/17O, 18O/17O, 28Si/30Si, and 29Si/30Si in IRAS 19312+1950 and the values were compared to those of evolved stars, red novae, young stellar objects, and the Sun. The intensities of the molecular radio lines of IRAS 19312+1950 were compared with those of different categories of objects, indicating that the spectral pattern of the broad-line region is similar to that of a red nova or a low-mass young stellar object, while the narrow-line region behaves like an envelope of the asymptotic giant branch star.

Conclusions. Our results, in combination with previous studies, favour the hypothesis that IRAS 19312+1950 might be a red nova remnant, in which the progenitors that merged to become a red nova may have contained at least two evolved stars with oxygen-rich and carbon-rich chemistry, respectively.
BEYONDPLANCK
Authors: Basyrov A. , Suur-Uski A.-S. , Colombo L. P. L. , Eskilt J. R. , Paradiso S. , Andersen K. J. , Aurlien R. , Banerji R. , Bersanelli M. , Bertocco S. , Brilenkov M. , Carbone M. , Eriksen H. K. , Foss M. K. , Franceschet C. , Fuskeland U. , Galeotta S. , Galloway M. , Gerakakis S. , Gjerløw E. , Hensley B. , Herman D. , Iacobellis M. , Ieronymaki M. , Ihle H. T. , Jewell J. B. , Karakci A. , Keihänen E. , Keskitalo R. , Maggio G. , Maino D. , Maris M. , Partridge B. , Reinecke M. , Svalheim T. L. , Tavagnacco D. , Thommesen H. , Watts D. J. , Wehus I. K. , Zacchei A.
Published: December 2022

We presentPlanckLow Frequency Instrument (LFI) frequency sky maps derived within the BEYONDPLANCKframework. This framework draws samples from a global posterior distribution that includes instrumental, astrophysical, and cosmological parameters, and the main product is an entire ensemble of frequency sky map samples, each of which corresponds to one possible realization of the various modeled instrumental systematic corrections, including correlated noise, time-variable gain, as well as far sidelobe and bandpass corrections. This ensemble allows for computationally convenient end-to-end propagation of low-level instrumental uncertainties into higher-level science products, including astrophysical component maps, angular power spectra, and cosmological parameters. We show that the two dominant sources of LFI instrumental systematic uncertainties are correlated noise and gain fluctuations, and the products presented here support – for the first time – full Bayesian error propagation for these effects at full angular resolution. We compared our posterior mean maps with traditional frequency maps delivered by the Planck Collaboration, and find generally good agreement. The most important quality improvement is due to significantly lower calibration uncertainties in the new processing, as we find a fractional absolute calibration uncertainty at 70 GHz of Δg0/g0 = 5 × 10−5, which is nominally 40 times smaller than that reported byPlanck2018. However, we also note that the originalPlanck2018 estimate has a nontrivial statistical interpretation, and this further illustrates the advantage of the new framework in terms of producing self-consistent and well-defined error estimates of all involved quantities without the need of ad hoc uncertainty contributions. We describe how low-resolution data products, including dense pixel-pixel covariance matrices, may be produced from the posterior samples directly, without the need for computationally expensive analytic calculations or simulations. We conclude that posterior-based frequency map sampling provides unique capabilities in terms of low-level systematics modeling and error propagation, and may play an important role for future Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB)B-mode experiments aiming at nanokelvin precision.
Li-ion solvation in TFSI and FSI -based ionic liquid electrolytes probed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
Authors: El Kazzi Mario
Published: December 2022

For Li-ion batteries, the Li-ion solvation in liquid electrolytes is a crucial parameter affecting directly the electrochemical cycling performance. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) can play an essential role for investigating the cation and anion electronic structure and monitoring the Li-ion solvation into various solvent and salt environments. In this contribution, we demonstrate the capability of conventional laboratory XPS using Al Kα X-ray source to determine the anions solvation shell of Li+ cation within the low vapour pressure and vacuum compatible ionic liquid electrolytes. 1M of LiTFSI and 1M of LiFSI salts dissolved in (EMIM+-FSI-) and (EMIM+-TFSI-) ionic liquids respectively are investigated by acquiring the F1s, N1s, C1s, S2p and Li1s core levels. The binding energy difference between the N1s component originating from the EMIM+ cation and the N1s component originating from TFSI- or FSIanions solvating the Li+ confirms that both TFSI- and FSIcontribute simultaneously to the Li+ solvation. Additionally, the stability of the TFSI and FSI -based ionic liquid electrolytes is carefully discussed for long X-ray exposure times.
Kutane Plattenepithelkarzinome im Kopf- und Halsbereich
Authors: Deutsch Jochen , Dippel Edgar , Delank K.-Wolfgang
Published: December 2022

Hintergrund Das kutane Plattenepithelkarzinom (kPEK) als weltweit zweithäufigster Hauttumor ist überwiegend an Kopf und Gesicht lokalisiert. Aufgrund der steigenden Anzahl älterer Menschen und der dadurch zunehmenden Inzidenz gewinnt es in den letzten Jahren an Relevanz im HNO-Fachgebiet.

Material und Methoden Diese Übersichtsarbeit basiert auf einer selektiven Literaturrecherche in PubMed, der deutschen und europäischen Leitlinie sowie klinikeigenen Erfahrungen.

Ergebnisse Ätiologisch ist neben der chronischen UV-Exposition eine Störung des körpereigenen Abwehrsystems zunehmend bedeutend. Die vertikale Tumordicke ist mit dem höchsten Risiko einer Metastasierung und eines Lokalrezidivs assoziiert. Weitere bedeutende Risikofaktoren sind: horizontaler Tumordurchmesser, Entdifferenzierung, Desmoplasie, perineurales Wachstum und Lokalisation im Gesicht. Zumeist ist die Exzision mit histologischer Schnittrandkontrolle als Therapie ausreichend. Bei klinischem Verdacht auf lokoregionäre Metastasen sollen je nach Lokalisation des Primärtumors die drainierenden zervikalen Lymphknotenlevel ausgeräumt werden. kPEK der oberen Gesichtshaut und der Ohrmuschel metastasieren bevorzugt zuerst in die Glandula parotidea. Mit der Zulassung des PD-1-Antikörpers Cemiplimab in Europa steht erstmals ein Wirkstoff zur Behandlung fortgeschrittener, chirurgisch oder durch Strahlentherapie nicht therapierbarer kPEK zur Verfügung.

Schlussfolgerungen Die grundsätzlich sehr niedrige Mortalität des kPEK erhöht sich erheblich, wenn Metastasen auftreten. Dementsprechend sollen sich bildgebende Verfahren, chirurgische Therapie und Nachsorgeintervalle an den Risikofaktoren orientieren. Hierdurch können Metastasen oder Lokalrezidive frühzeitig erkannt und die Prognose verbessert werden.
Vergangenheit verstehen hilft Zukunt denken:
Psychiatrie-Reformgeschichte in Großbritannien und
Italien
Authors: Becker Thomas , Schomerus Georg , Speerforck Sven
Published: December 2022

Die Psychiatriereformen Großbritanniens und Italiens wurden viel
diskutiert. Kürzliche Publikationen erlauben eine vergleichende
Reflektion. In England begann der Prozess früher, erfolgte
kontinuierlich, in den letzten Jahrzehnten wurden die Komponenten
Deinstitutionalisierung und gemeindepsychiatrische Ausrichtung durch
Nutzerbeteiligung, Management, Evidenzbasierte Medizin und Leitlinien sowie
Budgetkürzungen ergänzt. Die Paradigmen jeweiligen
Regierungshandelns sind erkennbar. In Italien begann der Reformprozess
später, verlief disruptiver, war durch Basaglia und eine
poltisch-zeitgeschichtliche Konstellation geprägt. Die italienische
Reform zeigt Kontinuität, Defizite werden diskutiert, die Reform hat
sich historisch bewährt. Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede (GB vs I)
werden verdeutlicht, eine sozialgeschichtliche Einordnung wird vorgeschlagen, um
psychiatrische Reformen als Teil von Vergesellschaftungsprozessen zu begreifen.
Dies ist wichtig, um Allianzen zur Weiterentwicklung psychiatrischer Versorgung
identifizieren und gestalten zu können.
Hall instability driven seeding of helical magneto-Rayleigh–Taylor instabilities in axially premagnetized thin-foil liner Z-pinch implosions
Authors: Woolstrum J. M. , Seyler C. E. , McBride R. D.
Published: December 2022

Helical magneto-Rayleigh–Taylor instability (MRTI) structures have been observed in z-pinch-driven liner implosion experiments with a pre-imposed axial magnetic field. We show that the formation of these helical structures can be described by a Hall magnetohydrodynamical (HMHD) model. We used the 3D extended magnetohydrodynamics simulation code PERSEUS (which includes Hall physics) [Seyler and Martin, Phys. Plasmas 18, 012703 (2011)] to study these helical instabilities and show that a Hall interchange instability in low-density coronal plasma immediately surrounding the dense liner is responsible for producing helically oriented effects in the magnetic field and current density within the coronal layer. This seeds the helical pitch angle of the MRTI even when other proposed helical seeding mechanisms are either not present in the experiments or not accounted for in the simulations. For example, this mechanism does not require low-density power-feed plasmas to be swept in from large radius or the development of electrothermal instabilities. The Hall Instability is, thus, a new, independent explanation for the origin of the helical instabilities observed in axially premagnetized liner experiments. Simulation results supporting this mechanism are presented.
Development and application of a hybrid MHD-kinetic model in JOREK
Authors: Bogaarts T. J. , Hoelzl M. , Huijsmans G. T. A. , Wang X. ,   JOREK Team
Published: December 2022

Energetic particle (EP)-driven instabilities will be of strongly increased relevance in future burning plasmas as the EP pressure will be very large compared to the thermal plasma pressure. Understanding the interaction of EPs and bulk plasma is crucial for developing next-generation fusion devices. In this work, the JOREK magnetohydrodynamic code and its full-f kinetic particle-in-cell module are extended by an anisotropic pressure coupling model to allow for the simulation of EP instabilities at high EP pressures using realistic plasma and EP parameters. Furthermore, a diagnostic is implemented to allow for the visualization of phase-space resonances. The resulting code is first benchmarked linearly for the International Tokamak Physics Activity-toroidal Alfvén eigenmodes as well as the experiment-based ASDEX-Upgrade-NonLinear Energetic particle Dynamics cases, obtaining good agreement with other codes. Then, it is applied to a high energetic particle pressure discharge in the ASDEX Upgrade tokamak using a realistic non-Maxwellian distribution of EPs, reproducing aspects of the experimentally observed instabilities. Non-linear applications are possible based on the implementation, but will require dedicated verification and validation left for future work.
A phase shift group delay-based approach to resolving the phase ambiguity problem in plasma microwave diagnostics
Authors: Zhao Chengwei , Li Xiaoping , Liu Yanming , Liu Donglin , Sun Chao , Zhang Jia , Bao Weimin
Published: December 2022

In the diagnosis of plasma microwave transmission, when the plasma size is large and the electron density is high, the microwave will cause a phase period ambiguity problem. In order to solve the phase ambiguity, a novel method of using the phase shift group delay (PSGD) to recover the true phase shift is proposed. The PSGD method is used to recover the simulated phase shift and diagnose the plasma. The diagnostic accuracy is all greater than 91%, which verifies the method. And the new method is used to diagnose the real inductively coupled plasma with high precision. Through analysis, the method of group delay recover phase shift is more suitable for stable plasma or slow-varying plasma.
Programming material properties by tuning intermolecular bonding
Authors: Ray Upamanyu , Pang Zhenqian , Li Teng
Published: December 2022

Conventional strategies for materials design have long been used by leveraging primary bonding, such as covalent, ionic, and metallic bonds, between constituent atoms. However, bond energy required to break primary bonds is high. Therefore, high temperatures and enormous energy consumption are often required in processing and manufacturing such materials. On the contrary, intermolecular bonds (hydrogen bonds, van der Waals forces, electrostatic interactions, imine bonds, etc.) formed between different molecules and functional groups are relatively weaker than primary bonds. They, thus, require less energy to break and reform. Moreover, intermolecular bonds can form at considerably longer bond lengths between two groups with no constraint on a specific bond angle between them, a feature that primary bonds lack. These features motivate unconventional strategies for the material design by tuning the intermolecular bonding between constituent atoms or groups to achieve superior physical properties. This paper reviews recent development in such strategies that utilize intermolecular bonding and analyzes how such design strategies lead to enhanced thermal stability and mechanical properties of the resulting materials. The applications of the materials designed and fabricated by tuning the intermolecular bonding are also summarized, along with major challenges that remain and future perspectives that call for further attention to maximize the potential of programming material properties by tuning intermolecular bonding.
Spin-pumping investigations in as-deposited and 400 °C annealed Co60Fe20B20/Mo heterostructures
Authors: Gupta Nanhe Kumar , Kumar Amar , Hait Soumyarup , Pandey Lalit , Barwal Vineet , Mishra Vireshwar , Sharma Nikita , Kumar Nakul , Husain Sajid , Chaudhary Sujeet
Published: December 2022

The spin-pumping behavior in the as-deposited and post-deposition annealed (at 400 °C) Co60Fe20B20/Molybdenum (CoFeB/Mo) heterostructures is investigated. It is found that while in both the as-deposited and annealed CoFeB/Mo heterostructures, Mo crystallizes in the form of mixed phases, i.e., body centered cubic (bcc) and face centered cubic (fcc), the dominance, however, changes from fcc to bcc on annealing. The ferromagnetic resonance measurements reveal that despite relatively low spin orbit coupling of Mo, the spin-pumping efficiency and magnetic properties in both the as-deposited as well as in the annealed heterostructures was comparable with those reported in similar CoFeB based heterostructures comprising of other nonmagnetic metals such as W and Ta. The spin efficiency parameters are, however, slightly better when the Mo film is predominantly in the fcc phase as compared to the case when the Mo film dominantly comprises of the bcc phase. The different spin-pumping efficiencies in the two different combinations of phases of Mo are attributed to the different band structures and the density of states in different phases of Mo, as confirmed by density functional theory calculations. The slight changes observed in the spin-pumping response are possibly attributed to the structural manifestations that result at the interface that the two phases of Mo share with CoFeB. Importantly, despite the weak spin–orbit interaction, the 4d transition metal Mo could be a suitable choice of non-magnetic material for spin pumping when the thermal stability of different layers in the CoFeB based spintronic devices is of paramount concern.
Combined generator–accelerator scheme for high-gradient electrons acceleration by Ka-band subnanosecond superradiant pulses
Authors: Ginzburg N. S. , Fedotov A. E. , Kuzikov S. V. , Malkin A. M. , Sharypov K. A. , Shunailov S. A. , Vikharev A. A. , Yalandin M. I. , Zotova I. V.
Published: December 2022

An increase in the accelerating gradient in hollow metal structures powered by an RF field is associated with the development of sources of high-power short-pulse high-frequency radiation. To date, the most powerful (multi gigawatts) nanosecond-scale microwave pulses are produced based on the effect of Cherenkov super-radiance (SR). We consider the possibility of experimental observation of high-gradient acceleration of electrons by Ka-band SR pulses in a combined generator–accelerator scheme with two coaxial electron beams formed by a single cathode. The outer tubular beam is used to generate the SR pulse in periodical slow-wave structure, while the inner one is accelerated in a “pill-box” resonator. The main parameters of the proposed scheme are determined based on full-scale particle-in-cell simulations, according to which accelerating gradient can reach 400 MV/m as some fraction of electrons passing the resonator increases energy from 250 keV to 1.85 MeV. Using the obtained data, injector of the coaxial beams and the sensor of accelerated electrons are developed and tested.
Electroreflectance spectroscopy of few-layer MoS2 : Issues related to A1s exciton subspecies, exciton binding energy, and inter-layer exciton
Authors: Jindal Vishwas , Jana Dipankar , Ghosh Sandip
Published: December 2022

Optical spectra of few-layer transition metal dichalcogenide semiconductors reveal several transitions whose character and origins continue to be debated. We have studied hBN encapsulated few-layer MoS2 films using electroreflectance (ER) spectroscopy. Two strong features are seen in the reflectance spectrum of trilayer MoS2 around the ground state A–exciton transition. In ER, the corresponding features show opposite phase response to the applied voltage. Evidence from first principles ER line shape simulation and photoluminescence spectroscopy suggests that these two features are likely to be A1s exciton subspecies proposed earlier, whose energy depends on which layer the electron–hole pair is located in. The first excited state A2s exciton transition is also identifiable in ER. Through the two-dimensional hydrogenic exciton model, it enables an approximate estimation of the exciton binding energy Eb. The increase in Eb with decreasing film thickness, which originates from reduced dielectric screening, is phenomenologically analyzed through a film thickness and capping material dependent effective dielectric constant. Extending this idea, we show that the A1s exciton is mostly confined to a single S–Mo–S layer, as predicted by theory. An inter-layer (IL) exciton is expected in bilayer and thicker 2H-MoS2 films. However, we show that there can be bilayer films where the IL exciton is absent, which may be related to increased carrier concentration.
Research on the flow characteristics of the bulk carrier wake field based on particle image velocimetry
Authors: Xu Peng , Guo Chun-yu , Han Yang , Liang Ze-jun
Published: December 2022

The wake field has three-dimensional flow separation characteristics, affecting various ship performances. The research on the characteristics of the wake field can provide theoretical guidance for the formation of new ship design methods and provide an understanding of flow mechanisms for improving ship performance. To explore the flow mechanism of the wake field, particle image velocimetry was used to carry out the detailed flow measurement of bulk carriers. First, the experimental uncertainty and convergence are analyzed. Then, the spatial distribution characteristics of the time-averaged field, instantaneous field, and turbulent flow statistics are discussed in detail, and a criterion for discriminating turbulent anisotropy is proposed. The results show that the vortex structure significantly affects flow characteristics, and the axial velocity contours present a U-form distribution with prominent “hook-like” features. Compared with the time-averaged velocity field, the instantaneous velocity field is chaotic and has multiple additional vortex structures, and the velocity contours and streamlines have prominent non-smooth characteristics. The wake field has an apparent double vortex structure, and the aggregation of many small vortices forms the bilge vortex. The instantaneous rotation characteristics of vortices in the wake field are highly time-dependent and fluctuate with time. The turbulent kinetic energy, the root mean square of fluctuation velocity, and the Reynolds stress have a U-form distribution. The U-form region is concentrated in the area with a large gradient. The wake distribution is in a state of turbulent anisotropy, and the kinetic energy change layer and low kinetic energy region have a low turbulent anisotropy.
Electronic, vibrational, and rotational analysis of 1,2-benzanthracene by high-resolution spectroscopy referenced to an optical frequency comb
Authors: Katori Toshiharu , Kunishige Sachi , Baba Masaaki , Nakayama Naofumi , Ishimoto Takayoshi , Nishiyama Akiko , Yamasaki Sho , Misono Masatoshi
Published: December 2022

The electronic and vibrational structures of 1,2-benzanthracene-h12 (aBA-h12) and 1,2-benzanthracene-d12 (aBA-d12) were elucidated by analyzing fluorescence excitation spectra and dispersed fluorescence spectra in a supersonic jet on the basis of DFT calculation. We also observed the high-resolution and high-precision fluorescence excitation spectrum of the S1←S0000 band, and determined the accurate rotational constants in the zero-vibrational levels of the S0 and S1 states. In this high-resolution measurement, we used a single-mode UV laser whose frequencies were controlled with reference to an optical frequency comb. The inertial defect is negligibly small, the molecule is considered to be planar, and the obtained rotational constants were well reproduced by the equation-of-motion coupled cluster singles and doubles (EOM-CCSD) calculation. Both a-type and b-type transitions are found to be included in the rotationally resolved spectrum, and the a-type contribution is dominant, that is, the transition moment is nearly parallel to the long axis of the aBA molecule. We concluded that the S1 state is mainly composed of the Φ(B) configuration. The observed fluorescence lifetime (106 ns) is considerably longer than that of the Φ(A) system, such as anthracene (18 ns). The transition moment for the lower state of mixed states becomes small, reflecting a near-cancelation of the contributions from the parts of the wavefunction corresponding to the two electronic configurations. The bandwidth of the S2 ← S0 transition is large, and the structure is complicated. It is attributed to vibronic coupling with the high vibrational levels of the S1 state.
Diffraction Basics
Authors: Reeves-McLaren Nik
Published: December 2022

X-ray and neutron powder diffraction are fundamental tools in the characterization of materials for energy applications. This chapter lays out the basic theory required for a researcher to understand and apply standard x-ray and neutron powder diffraction techniques in their projects, beginning with establishing the requirement of crystallinity for Bragg diffraction, and how simple analogies lead directly to applications in-phase analysis and lattice parameter determination. Line profile analyses also allow the estimation of crystallite size and microstrain where appropriate. The chapter then concludes with a discussion of crystallographic refinement using the Rietveld method and how x-ray and neutron techniques can still be useful in analyzing total scattering data in disordered and non-crystalline materials.
Emergent Techniques and Future Directions
Authors: Reeves-McLaren Nik
Published: December 2022

This final chapter covers some emergent techniques that are seeing increasing application in the study of energy materials and discusses some likely future directions for experimental research in the field, with a particular focus on in situ and operando methods and the instrumentation available both at standard laboratory and central facility scales for scattering, imaging and spectroscopic characterization methods.
The Ruminant sorting mechanism protects teeth from abrasives
Authors: Valerio Sarah O. , Hummel Jürgen , Codron Daryl , Hatt Jean-Michel , Clauss Marcus
Published: December 2022

Dental wear due to ingestion of dust and grit has deleterious consequences. Herbivores that could not wash their food hence had to evolve particularly durable teeth, in parallel to the evolution of dental chewing surface complexity to increase chewing efficacy. The rumen sorting mechanism increases chewing efficacy beyond that reached by any other mammal and has been hypothesized to also offer an internal washing mechanism, which would be an outstanding example of an additional advantage by a physiological adaptation, but in vivo evidence is lacking so far. Here, we investigated four cannulated, live cows that received a diet to which sand was added. Silica in swallowed food and feces reflected experimental dietary sand contamination, whereas the regurgitate submitted to rumination remained close to the silica levels of the basal food. This helps explain how ruminants are able to tolerate high levels of dust or grit in their diet, with less high-crowned teeth than nonruminants in the same habitat. Palaeo-reconstructions based on dental morphology and dental wear traces need to take the ruminants’ wear-protection mechanism into account. The inadvertent advantage likely contributed to the ruminants’ current success in terms of species diversity.
Correlation-driven electronic nematicity in the Dirac semimetal BaNiS
2
Authors: Butler Christopher John , Kohsaka Yuhki , Yamakawa Youichi , Bahramy Mohammad Saeed , Onari Seiichiro , Kontani Hiroshi , Hanaguri Tetsuo , Shamoto Shinichi
Published: December 2022

In BaNiS
2
, a Dirac nodal line band structure exists within a two-dimensional Ni square lattice system, in which significant electronic correlation effects are anticipated. Using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), we discover signs of correlated-electron behavior, namely electronic nematicity appearing as a pair of
C
2
-symmetry striped patterns in the local density-of-states at ∼60 meV above the Fermi energy. In observations of quasiparticle interference, as well as identifying scattering between Dirac cones, we find that the striped patterns in real space stem from a lifting of degeneracy among electron pockets at the Brillouin zone boundary. We infer a momentum-dependent energy shift with
d
-form factor, which we model numerically within a density wave (DW) equation framework that considers spin-fluctuation-driven nematicity. This suggests an unusual mechanism driving the nematic instability, stemming from only a small perturbation to the Fermi surface, in a system with very low density of states at the Fermi energy. The Dirac points lie at nodes of the
d
-form factor and are almost unaffected by it. These results highlight BaNiS
2
as a unique material in which Dirac electrons and symmetry-breaking electronic correlations coexist.
Robust probabilistic modeling for single-cell multimodal mosaic integration and imputation via scVAEIT
Authors: Du Jin-Hong , Cai Zhanrui , Roeder Kathryn
Published: December 2022

Recent advances in single-cell technologies enable joint profiling of multiple omics. These profiles can reveal the complex interplay of different regulatory layers in single cells; still, new challenges arise when integrating datasets with some features shared across experiments and others exclusive to a single source; combining information across these sources is called mosaic integration. The difficulties lie in imputing missing molecular layers to build a self-consistent atlas, finding a common latent space, and transferring learning to new data sources robustly. Existing mosaic integration approaches based on matrix factorization cannot efficiently adapt to nonlinear embeddings for the latent cell space and are not designed for accurate imputation of missing molecular layers. By contrast, we propose a probabilistic variational autoencoder model, scVAEIT, to integrate and impute multimodal datasets with mosaic measurements. A key advance is the use of a missing mask for learning the conditional distribution of unobserved modalities and features, which makes scVAEIT flexible to combine different panels of measurements from multimodal datasets accurately and in an end-to-end manner. Imputing the masked features serves as a supervised learning procedure while preventing overfitting by regularization. Focusing on gene expression, protein abundance, and chromatin accessibility, we validate that scVAEIT robustly imputes the missing modalities and features of cells biologically different from the training data. scVAEIT also adjusts for batch effects while maintaining the biological variation, which provides better latent representations for the integrated datasets. We demonstrate that scVAEIT significantly improves integration and imputation across unseen cell types, different technologies, and different tissues.
“I learned it on the job”
Authors: Esteves Salomé , Neves Marco
Published: December 2022

Graphs, charts, and infographics have long been a part of newsrooms. Nevertheless, in recent decades, new data
processing and graphical representation findings have led to a boom in data and visual journalism. Both professionals and
newsrooms have had to adapt quickly to the fast-developing field of Data Visualization while facing an unprecedented crisis.
Through semi-structured interviews with worldwide graphic reporters and data journalists, this research delves into academic
backgrounds, daily tasks, and design processes to answer the question of how someone comes to design graphics for a living in recent
years. One common phenomenon was identified: self-teaching.
Sin noticias del chabacano
Authors: Fernández Mauro , Vázquez-Veiga Nancy
Published: December 2022

Abstracta

En un artículo reciente se ha argumentado que todas las variedades del chabacano proceden de una inicial, forjada
antes de 1640 como instrumento de comunicación interétnica. Tal propuesta incluye un rechazo explícito del argumento ex
silentio – utilizado por otros autores para defender una formación más tardía – ya que en ninguna de las áreas en las
que surgieron criollos hay evidencia de nada. Si hubiese muchos testimonios sobre el uso de las lenguas en el siglo XVII en las
zonas que posteriormente hablaron chabacano y ninguno pudiese interpretarse como referido al criollo, añaden los autores de la
nueva hipótesis, entonces el argumento ex silentio sí merecería ser tomado en serio. En el presente trabajo se
aportan diversas noticias sobre la comunicación interlingüística en Manila y Cavite antes de 1640. Como ninguna de ellas contiene
nada que pueda interpretarse como referencia al chabacano, el argumento ex silentio bien merece ser tomado en
consideración.
Signal sequences encode information for protein folding in the endoplasmic reticulum
Authors: Sun Sha , Li Xia , Mariappan Malaiyalam
Published: December 2022

One-third of newly synthesized proteins in mammals are translocated into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) through the Sec61 translocon. How protein translocation coordinates with chaperone availability in the ER to promote protein folding remains unclear. We find that marginally hydrophobic signal sequences and transmembrane domains cause transient retention at the Sec61 translocon and require the luminal BiP chaperone for efficient protein translocation. Using a substrate-trapping proteomic approach, we identify that nascent proteins bearing marginally hydrophobic signal sequences accumulate on the cytosolic side of the Sec61 translocon. Sec63 is co-translationally recruited to the translocation site and mediates BiP binding to incoming polypeptides. BiP binding not only releases translocationally paused nascent chains but also ensures protein folding in the ER. Increasing hydrophobicity of signal sequences bypasses Sec63/BiP-dependent translocation, but translocated proteins are prone to misfold and aggregate in the ER under limited BiP availability. Thus, the signal sequence–guided protein folding may explain why signal sequences are diverse and use multiple protein translocation pathways.
Senescent cells suppress macrophage-mediated corpse removal via upregulation of the CD47-QPCT/L axis
Authors: Schloesser Daniela , Lindenthal Laura , Sauer Julia , Chung Kyoung-Jin , Chavakis Triantafyllos , Griesser Eva , Baskaran Praveen , Maier-Habelsberger Ulrike , Fundel-Clemens Katrin , Schlotthauer Ines , Watson Carolin Kirsten , Swee Lee Kim , Igney Frederik , Park John Edward , Huber-Lang Markus S. , Thomas Matthew-James , El Kasmi Karim Christian , Murray Peter J.
Published: December 2022

Progressive accrual of senescent cells in aging and chronic diseases is associated with detrimental effects in tissue homeostasis. We found that senescent fibroblasts and epithelia were not only refractory to macrophage-mediated engulfment and removal, but they also paralyzed the ability of macrophages to remove bystander apoptotic corpses. Senescent cell-mediated efferocytosis suppression (SCES) was independent of the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) but instead required direct contact between macrophages and senescent cells. SCES involved augmented senescent cell expression of CD47 coinciding with increased CD47-modifying enzymes QPCT/L. SCES was reversible by interfering with the SIRPα-CD47-SHP-1 axis or QPCT/L activity. While CD47 expression increased in human and mouse senescent cells in vitro and in vivo, another ITIM-containing protein, CD24, contributed to SCES specifically in human epithelial senescent cells where it compensated for genetic deficiency in CD47. Thus, CD47 and CD24 link the pathogenic effects of senescent cells to homeostatic macrophage functions, such as efferocytosis, which we hypothesize must occur efficiently to maintain tissue homeostasis.
Scalar correlators and normal modes in holographic neutron stars
Authors: Canavesi Tobías , Fierro Octavio , Grandi Nicolás , Pisani Pablo
Published: December 2022

The holographic neutron star provides a strong coupling description for a highly degenerate metallic state on a sphere. Its phase space can be split into two different sectors, with an unstable region at intermediate degeneracies. We investigate the critical nature of such region, by analyzing the asymptotic behavior of a scalar probe to compute the two-point correlator of the boundary theory. We show that in the stable region the correlator is dominated by the normal modes, whereas it displays a critical power-law behavior as we move into the unstable region.
Weakly isolated horizons: 3

+

1 decomposition and canonical formulations in self-dual variables
Authors: Corichi Alejandro , Reyes Juan D , Vukašinac Tatjana
Published: December 2022

The notion of Isolated Horizons has played an important role in gravitational physics, being useful from the characterization of the endpoint of black hole mergers to (quantum) black hole entropy. In particular, the definition of weakly isolated horizons (WIHs) as quasilocal generalizations of event horizons is purely geometrical, and is independent of the variables used in describing the gravitational field. Here we consider a canonical decomposition of general relativity in terms of connection and vierbein variables starting from a first order action. Within this approach, the information about the existence of a (weakly) isolated horizon is obtained through a set of boundary conditions on an internal boundary of the spacetime region under consideration. We employ, for the self-dual action, a generalization of the Dirac algorithm for regions with boundary. While the formalism for treating gauge theories with boundaries is unambiguous, the choice of dynamical variables on the boundary is not. We explore this freedom and consider different canonical formulations for non-rotating black holes as defined by WIHs. We show that both the notion of horizon degrees of freedom and energy associated to the horizon is not unique, even when the descriptions might be self-consistent. This represents a generalization of previous work on isolated horizons both in the exploration of this freedom and in the type of horizons considered. We comment on previous results found in the literature.
Detecting nonclassicality and non-Gaussianity of a coherent superposed quantum state
Authors: Deepak  , Chatterjee Arpita
Published: December 2022

In this paper, we investigate the nonclassicality and non-Gaussianity of a coherent superposed quantum state (CSQS) which is obtained by applying a coherent superposition of field annihilation (a) and creation (

a
†

) operators,

N
(
t
a
+
r

a
†

)

to a classical coherent state

|
α
⟩

, where t and r are scalars with

t
2

+

r
2

=
1

. Such an operation, when applied on states having classical characters, introduces strong nonclassicality. We use different criteria to check the nonclassicality and non-Gaussianity of the considered quantum state. We first compute the Wigner function of CSQS. To study the nonclassicality of the considered state we further use (a) linear entropy (b) Wigner logarithmic negativity and (c) skew information based measure. Relative entropy based measure is considered to analyze the variation in non-Gaussianity of CSQS. Finally, the dynamics of the Wigner function evolving under the photon loss channel is addressed to probe the effect of noise on nonclassicality as well as non-Gaussianity of CSQS.
Dual-band absorber using low-profile multi-mode resonant units for controllable bandwidths
Authors: Huang Shengxiang , Wu Yueyang , Deng Lianwen , Qiu Lei-Lei
Published: December 2022

A dual-band quasi-single-layer absorber based on multimode resonance is proposed. Different from the traditional multi-substrate or multi-resonator composite structure, by virtue of stub- and slot-loaded technologies, only one single-substrate printed resonator is utilized to achieve multi-mode resonant characteristics for two absorption bands. The bandwidth of the two absorption bands can be adjusted by structural parameters. Through the detailed analysis of the surface current distribution in different modes, the generation principle of the multi-mode dual-band characteristic is revealed. Finally, the dual-band absorber is fabricated and measured, achieving dual-band absorptions in the frequency range of 7.64–10.8 GHz and 15.04–17.32 GHz with fractional bandwidth of 34.3% and 14.1%, respectively. The advantages of low-profile simple structure and controlled dual bandwidth make it very suitable for radar detection and stealth fields.