bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development Strategies and the Global Factory
Authors: GEREFFI GARY
Published: March 2007

It has become commonplace to contrast the newly industrializing countries (NICs) in Latin America and East Asia as having followed inward-oriented and outward-oriented development strategies, respectively. These are not mutually exclusive alternatives, however. They are more appropriately seen as historically interacting approaches, with the NICs in both regions moving toward mixed strategies in the 1970s and 1980s. In particular, the development of second-stage import-substitution industries has allowed the Latin American and East Asian NICs to meet a variety of domestic development objectives and ultimately to enhance the flexibility of their export structures. The NICs today are pivotal actors in a global manufacturing system with increasingly complex product networks and an unprecedented degree of geographical specialization. This has led to greater heterogeneity in the export profiles of the NICs within each region. The new patterns of export specialization are based on distinctive industrial structures at the national level and pose special issues for industrial policy and the future internationalization of each NIC.
Japan as a World Economic Power
Authors: SHINOHARA MIYOHEI
Published: March 2007

This article examines whether Japan's economic success will last or will be short-lived. The first half analyzes the reasons for the relative decline of the United States from such perspectives as changes in the competitiveness of major industries in the United States and Japan, the mismanagement of macroeconomic policy under the Reagan administration, and the overvaluation of the dollar in the mid-1980s. Therein lie a number of lessons for Japan, a new economic power, in charting its future course of action. The second half discusses Japan's tasks from now on. Its once large current-account surplus has begun to decline, and it is no longer feasible to concentrate only on augmenting domestic demand. First, Japan must be more concerned with the balance between domestic demand and current-account surplus, so as to fulfill its international responsibilities through overseas economic cooperation. Second, the considerable size of Japan's current-account surplus makes all the more necessary some kind of rules or philosophy, acceptable internationally, to serve as a guide in reallocating some of the surplus by region and purpose.
International Case Studies of Distance Learning
Authors: MOSES KURT D. , EDGERTON DAVID , SHAW WILLARD E. , GRUBB RALPH
Published: March 2007

This article describes three experiences with distance learning outside the United States, each using different delivery mechanisms. In each case, the teaching and learning objectives also differed. International experience with distance education is extensive, going back more than 45 years and, with more advanced communications technologies, more than three decades. For many of the international developments of distance education, technology has played an important, if not critical, role. For many countries, distance learning is the only possibility for learning; traditional types of learning are simply not feasible. Additionally, distance learning often realizes better cost-per-student ratios than do traditional means. In many of the international efforts, projects face a number of challenges, including geography and location, low financial support, and different linguistic traditions. The case studies presented discuss how some of these barriers have been overcome.
Getting There: Women in Political Office
Authors: CLARK JANET
Published: March 2007

Since the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment, women's representation in public offices has grown slowly, and women are still greatly underrepresented in most states and in the national government. Since 1975, the women's movement has provided impetus for the steady growth in the numbers of women in office. The number of women in Congress, 31, is the highest ever. Women constitute 18 percent of the state legislatures, 17 percent of state executives, 9 percent of county governing boards, and 14 percent of mayors and city councils. The proportion of women in America's Congress is about half the average for national legislative bodies throughout the world. Many theories have been developed to explain the under-representation of women in politics. Political culture, socialization, and role conflict have all had an impact on women's representation. Discrimination against women by political elites and voters has also existed. Finally, the political structure itself forms barriers to the election of women. Current trends, however, are favorable to the continued gradual increase in the number of women in public office.
Personnel: Active and Reserve Forces
Authors: MARSH JOHN O.
Published: March 2007

The all-volunteer force, created in the early 1970s, represented an effort, following the Vietnam war, to find an alternative to the unpopular draft, considered to be unfair in its burdens on the less privileged members of our society. The current system has been largely successful in attracting, training, and retaining skilled personnel to operate the high-tech weaponry of the modern military. The all-volunteer force has been structured to provide incentives, including educational benefits, to enlist and retain middle- and senior-level noncommissioned personnel with important experience and key job skills. As the force is reduced in the 1990s, it will be essential to develop a proper mix between Active and Reserve Components, including the National Guard and Active Reserves, as well as combat and support units. There will probably be renewed discussion of questions of national service, the size of force structure, and involuntary separation. Decisions to merge or abolish understrength units will create a dilemma for congressional budget cutters and members of Congress traditionally protective of Reserve Components from their respective districts.
U.S.-Soviet Cooperation: The Role of Third States
Authors: KOLODZIEJ EDWARD A.
Published: March 2007

U.S.-Soviet cooperation in the developing world must be pursued within a multilateral setting since neither, alone or together, is capable of defining regional security systems. In eliciting the cooperation of regional states in defining peaceful security regimes around the globe, the United States and the Soviet Union should base their cooperation on the following assumptions or principles. First, current understandings should be codified to establish a solid foundation for future cooperation. Second, impediments to further cooperation should be clearly delineated to limit misunderstandings. Third, both should be sensitive to the limits of their power as a function of the demands of other states to have a say in regional security. Fourth, these limits should not hinder cautious but optimistic expectations of advancing cooperation because both Washington and Moscow, whether under centralized or federated authority, have powerful incentives to continue to expand the scope and depth of their cooperation at the regional level.
Literacy and Human Resources Development: An Integrated Approach
Authors: LAWRENCE JOHN E. S.
Published: March 2007

The persistently high number of illiterate persons, and exacerbated conditions of stress on education, training, and employment systems worldwide necessitate major alterations in approaches to human resources development. Accordingly, this article overviews the widening scope of human resources problems facing countries at all points on the development spectrum and outlines some broad initiatives being taken by the United Nations Development Program to assist countries in addressing these issues. In particular, it is argued that strategies for improving literacy and basic learning programs must be more participatory and must explicitly acknowledge the mutualities between several social sectors. Broader, more intersectoral research, policies, and procedures are indicated that look as much at the linkages between sectors as they do at intrasectoral mechanisms. The United Nations Development Program's Human Development Index is defined, and an operational framework for more integrated human resources development is discussed.
Conservative and Traditional Brotherhoods
Authors: VOLL JOHN OBERT
Published: March 2007

The major Sufi brotherhoods have a significance in the development of political Islam in the modern era that is often underestimated. The traditional brotherhoods provided the basis for much of the militant opposition to European imperial expansion in the nineteenth century and, through these efforts, created symbols for Islamic authenticity that have remained important throughout the twentieth century. These brotherhoods also were major conservative forces, preserving a sense of an Islamic identity in times of rule by non-Muslims or secularizing and westernizing Muslim elites after independence. The long-term impact of this conservative force is to provide a foundation for popular support for political Islam at the end of the twentieth century. This popular support is a major factor in transforming political Islam from a radical force on the periphery of the political arena into the basic foundation of mainstream politics in many Islamic societies.
Critical Junctures: Theological Education Confronts its Futures
Authors: WHEELER BARBARA G.
Published: March 2007

During the 1980s, an extensive literature critical of North American theological education appeared. It challenged basic and widely accepted premises of theological study: its orientation toward clerical tasks, its conceptions of theory and practice, and the way studies were structured in a fourfold pattern of Bible, theology, history, and practice. Deploring the fragmentation that clericalism, theory-practice dualism, and disciplinary dispersion had produced, many of the authors called for a unifying theological emphasis, by which they meant that theological study should form habits of intellect and character that enable a person to make theological judgments. In the same period, however, social trends and developments pushed theological schools to diversify, offering new specialized programs for ministers and laypersons as well as new program formats for older, less mobile students. The call for unity and coherence and the countervailing trend toward diversification and diffusion will force theological schools to make choices in the 1990s that will influence the shape of religious life and leadership in the century to come.
Intervention Strategies in Foreign Language Planning
Authors: MOORE SARAH JANE
Published: March 2007

The American foreign language system, far from being resistant to change, is in a constant state of flux. One of the geniuses of the American system is that decision making is almost totally dispersed and experimentation and innovation are constantly taking place. Mechanisms for making these changes cumulative and their effect widespread are relatively weak. Moreover, these changes only occasionally affect the overall architecture of the system, and basic dissatisfaction with the results of that system remain. There are, however, a number of attempts to intervene in the system to make basic changes. These interventions have taken a variety of forms, directed by actors including state governments, faculty review committees at colleges and universities, the federal government, and private foundations. This article also discusses the most common targets of intervention by various federal and private funding projects. All of the project-specific interventions share a set of problems that limit their effectiveness. The principal problems characteristic of project-style interventions are reviewed.
National Strategic Planning in the Less Commonly Taught Languages
Authors: BRECHT RICHARD D. , WALTON A. RONALD
Published: March 2007

A rapidly changing world order has prompted renewed interest in providing a national capacity for dealing with languages and cultures beyond those of Western Europe. In particular, much recent attention has been directed toward strengthening instruction in the less commonly taught languages. The authors suggest that past approaches to providing this capacity have been of only limited success and that a national less commonly taught language strategic planning process should be initiated, aimed at creating a new architecture for managing the delivery of instruction in these languages.
The Model Employment Termination Act: A Fair Compromise
Authors: ANTOINE THEODORE J. ST.
Published: March 2007

The Model Employment Termination Act (META) provides that most full-time employees may not be discharged without good cause. Workers in every other major industrial democracy in the world now enjoy that right. The act would also relieve employers of the threat of devastating multimillion-dollar jury verdicts under the existing common law system. For both employers and employees, the act would offer cheaper, faster, and less onerous enforcement procedures by substituting arbitration for court suits.
The Employment of New Ends: Planning for Permanent Unemployment
Authors: MACAROV DAVID
Published: March 2007

The search for full employment represents a societal delusion, given that the world does not need and cannot use all of the human labor available and, as time goes on, will need less and less. The pace of technologically created unemployment is increasing, and unceasing efforts to create jobs and to obscure the amount of real unemployment inevitably lead to personal degradation, societal corruption, economic disaster, and global danger. A new social paradigm, which does not posit work as its underlying and overarching value, is needed. Among other suggestions, that for a universal basic income has attracted serious international interest.
The Iron Lotus: Los Angeles and Postmodern Urbanism
Authors: DEAR MICHAEL , FLUSTY STEVEN
Published: March 2007

In this article, we examine the landscapes of Los Angeles for evidence of a postmodern urbanism. We begin by contrasting the principles of the Chicago school's modernist industrial metropolis with the putatively postmodern Los Angeles school. We then examine the range of contemporary Southern California urbanisms and interpret this evidence as defining the problematic of a distinctively postmodern urbanism embedded within an emergent global capitalism.
The Logistics Revolution and Transportation
Authors: ALLEN W. BRUCE
Published: March 2007

A third of a century ago, management guru Peter Drucker called logistics the last great unexplored continent of business. This is no longer true. While transportation is the largest component of logistics, ordering costs, carrying costs, warehousing costs, and administrative costs are nontrivial. Corporations and academics now have departments to handle the logistics functions. Transportation has been subsumed, in many cases, by these broader departments. Managing the supply chain—from raw material assembly, to work in progress, to the physical distribution of the final product or service—is the essence of business logistics. The field has its quantitative side, with many models that minimize costs and maximize profits. A growing area is the qualitative side, which emphasizes management awareness of the logistics chain.
The Implications of the Transition to Peace for Israeli Society
Authors: SMOOHA SAMMY
Published: March 2007

Assuming that the Israeli-Arab conflict is coming to an end, this article spells out the main problem areas in Israeli society and makes projections for the coming 5-15 years. Israel will become a nonwarfare society, less mobilized and nationalistic, and more individualistic and conflict-ridden. More specifically, national security will continue to loom large because conflicts in the Middle East will not recede. Israel's orientation toward the West will increase, making integration into the region unlikely. The state will remain Jewish-Zionist despite the strengthening of certain civic elements. Democratization will accelerate, and continued globalization and economic growth will enable Israel to join the capitalist core. Peace will have mixed effects for internal cleavages: political divisions will decline, tensions between religious and secular Jews will escalate, class disparities will be exacerbated, the situation of non-European Jews will worsen, Arab citizens will improve their status, and women will make headway. It is concluded that while Israel will become more Western, the impediments for its full westernization will remain substantial. Certain policy implications are suggested.
Costs and Treatment of Pathological Gambling
Authors: LESIEUR HENRY R.
Published: March 2007

The nature and social costs of pathological gambling are reviewed. Costs of gambling in terms of indebtedness for the gambler, costs for family members, costs for the workplace, illegal activities, and physical and psychological costs are examined. The interaction of pathological gambling with other disorders, including substance abuse, anxiety, and depression, are noted. Methods of screening pathological gamblers are summarized. Different treatment approaches and their effectiveness are reviewed, including Gamblers Anonymous and Gam-Anon, psychodynamic treatment, behavioral and cognitive approaches, and treatment based on an addiction model. Treatment for spouses is discussed. Gambling expenditure data are then examined to determine what portion of total expenditures is accounted for by problem gamblers.
2. The Trade Union in the Political Community
Authors: Bunzel John H. , Belknap George
Published: March 2007

A study on the involvement of unions in urban political affairs, currently going forward, selects specific issues from which a gen eral picture of trade union influence and activity and its conse quences can be gleaned. Emphasis is upon the "gray area" of com bined public-private decision-making, as, e.g., urban re-develop ment. San Francisco Bay Area cities are the foci of study.
4. Foreign Policy and Public Opinion
Authors: Mendel Douglas H.
Published: March 2007

Striking disparities between Japanese policy and Japanese public opinion foreshadow increasing U.S. policy difficulties. Scholars must study and report effectively the opinion of foreign as well as American publics because the foreign publics are often surprisingly influential on their own governmental policy.
Is The Old Survey Order Passing?
Authors: Harris Louis
Published: March 2007

The head of a private survey organization documents the great increase in polling, describes the dominance of non-academic political surveying, and lists important innovations. A second article will deal with the contrasts between the new private political research and university research, and will glance into the future.
The Hatred of New Social Science
Authors: de Grazia Alfred
Published: March 2007

The Editor of ABS examines the range of attacks against behavioral science and finds them generally wanting in validity and balance. He suggests a typology of the "misocioscientist" and asks for a continued controlled expansion of the social sciences, and improved relations with public policy.
A Psychometric Model of the Supreme Court
Authors: Schubert Glendon
Published: March 2007

A leader of the new wave of researchers who have attacked head-on the problem of reducing the complexity of ju dicial operations to mathematical analysis and prediction, Dr. Schubert of Michigan State University here presents an explanation and formulation of his theory. We see at the end of this new scientific process a set of hard facts about the process of adjudication that will contribute to forcing a total reevaluation of the political structure and institutions of social control of our age.
Economic Development
Authors: Gurr Ted
Published: March 2007

"Technological change is a prime mover in the course of economic development. Historically, invention and innovation have led the process of growth in advanced countries. Imitation by less advanced countries affords them a short cut to higher levels of living."
Modern Organization Theory and Business Management Thought
Authors: Hilgert Raymond L.
Published: March 2007

Professor Hilgert of Washington University in St. Louis reviews the literature of organization theory as it is applicable to business manage ment. Beginning with the concept of the "whole" organization, theory is traced through scientific management and the human relations approach, including recent revisionist concepts, to new thought on organizational planning. The article concludes with a discussion and critique of some quantitative approaches to decision-making and model building.
National Planning: Some Fundamental Questions
Authors: Gross Bertram M.
Published: March 2007

Economic planning at the national level reveals basic tensions within specific societies. Underdeveloped nations must recast traditional social institutions, while economically developed societies must integrate com plex institutions without foreclosing avenues of growth and diversity, writes Bertram Gross of Syracuse University.
The National Scientific Meeting in Psychology as a Changing Social System
Authors: Griffith Belver C. , Garvey William D.
Published: March 2007

A presentation of the research of the American Psychological Association's Project in Scientific Information Exchange in Psychology. The techniques used are embodied in analyses of two APA meetings separated by thirty years. The meetings reflect the changes obtaining in psychology as a field of endeavor.
An Experimental Study Of the Learning Effects of Two Games with Simulated Environments
Authors: Boocock Sarane S.
Published: March 2007

Data from two games provide evidence that games do effect changes in players: including increase in role empathy, learning of factual information and greater feelings of efficacy. Dr. Boocock is Research Associate, Department of Social Relations, The Johns Hopkins University, and the author of publications on sociology of learning, women's role patterns, and research methodology, as well as co-director of a research project on the development and testing of games with simulated environments.
Continuity and Innovation in Reference Retrieval in the Social Sciences
Authors: De Grazia Alfred
Published: March 2007

The computerized Universal Reference System, now inde pendently organized, had its beginnings m the ABS bibliographic reference tools, such as the ABS Guide to Recent Publications in the Social and Behavioral Sciences and "New Studies," which is a regular feature of the ABS. Alfred de Grazia, founder and former editor of the ABS, is Professor of Government at New York University. This article, reviewing the URS and automated reference services in general, is excerpted from his address at the American Library Association Convention in July, 1966.
Urban Power and Social Welfare
Authors: Edgar Richard E. , Horowitz Irving Louis
Published: March 2007

"The importance of the book stems from the fact that this is one of the rare volumes which attempts a concrete investigation of a local power structure in a major American city-in this case St. Louis. Too much pluralistic writing takes place at local levels, such as New Haven and Oberlin, while too many power concentration approaches take into account primarily national and even inter national factors, leaving out of their reckoning more immediate variables related to community organization that may explain the functioning of power in American life. —from the Foreword by IRVING LOUIS HOROWITZ
Geography as Human Ecology
Authors: Porter Philip W.
Published: March 2007

[T]he contest between geographers and their adversaries is identical with the old controversy between historical and physical methods. One party claims that the ideal aim of science ought to be the discovery of general laws; the other maintains that it is the investigation of phenomena themselves.... While physical science arises from the logical and aesthetic demands of the human mind, cosmography has its source in the personal feelings of man towards the world, towards the phe nomena surrounding him. We may call this an "affective" impulse in contrast to the aesthetic impulse. Goethe expressed this idea with admirable clearness: "It seems to me that every phenomenon, every fact, itself is the really interesting object. Whoever explains it, or connects it with other events, usually only amuses himself or makes sport of it, as, for instance, the naturalist or historian. But a single action or event is interesting, not because it is explainable, but because it is true." -F. Boas, 1887
Health, Health Care Reform, and the Care of Health
Authors: MILIO NANCY
Published: March 2007

This article explores the pressures bearing on health care systems in advanced industrialized countries, particularly the United States, drawing on Geoffrey Vickers's concepts that direct attention to systemic interactions between individual health and the “health-supporting milieus” and between health and other aspects of public policy. It argues that more coordinated policies over a broad front, the management of expectations, and the development of a less technically oriented, more caring health system will all be necessary if a healthy longevity and greater equality of health are to be achieved.
Applying Social and Traditional Marketing Principles to the Reduction of Household Waste
Authors: SHRUM L. J. , LOWREY TINA M. , McCARTY JOHN A.
Published: March 2007

This article provides an overview of past research on household waste management, particularly research that pertains to recycling and to green buying. The authors discuss social marketing principles and make suggestions as to how past research might be applied toward increasing recycling behavior in communities. They also discuss traditional marketing strategy and tactics in the context of selling products based on pro-environmental positionings or attributes, and make suggestions of how past research on green buying can be applied to encourage green buying practices.
Patient and Physician Responsibility in the Treatment of Chronic Illness
Authors: Rood Robert Paul
Published: March 2007

Acute illness treatment models fail to meet the needs of the chronically ill. Traditional medical education of physicians fails to adequately prepare them to deliver effective care to community-based patients who will never be well. The wants and needs of patients with chronic illness may be dramatically opposed to the wants and needs of the treating physicians. The patients want a competent, sensitive, and caring physician. Medical training programs graduate disease-oriented specialists. These models need to be integrated. This article proposes a more realistic disease model based on a humanistic approach to illness and the education of physicians. This model will allow patients and physicians to be more satisfied with their treatment alternatives and more comfortable with their outcomes—a paradigm for delivering improved health care services for the patients medicine cannot cure.
Intrapersonal Contributors to Drug Use
Authors: NEWCOMB MICHAEL , EARLEYWINE MITCHELL
Published: March 2007

Although social-environmental factors play a large role in the development of substance use and abuse, other important contributors reside within the individual. These intrapersonal factors help determine certain aspects of the social environment, which may in turn alter the probability of drug use and abuse. In addition, these intrapersonal factors alter chances of initiation, the transition from initiation to regular use of a drug, and the transition from regular drug use to problem use. These factors include (but are not limited to) personality, cognitions, affect, problem behaviors, demographics, and bonding. We explore the potential role of each of these intrapersonal factors in a larger, biopsychosocial model of drug use and abuse. We also discuss the implications of each of these factors for prevention.
The Social/Behavioral Construction of Employees as Strategic Actors on Company Boards of Directors
Authors: CHRISTENSEN SØREN , WESTENHOLZ ANN
Published: March 2007

In this article, the authors try to develop a theoretical frame of reference to help us understand the social construction of employees as strategic company actors on boards of directors. In 1973, the Danish Parliament passed an act granting employees the right to elect two members to sit on a company's board of directors. The authors attempt to understand the processes by which employee representatives infused this institutional form with meaning through a process of identity construction. This construction process draws on general cultural forms in the Danish society, primarily the institution of democracy. However, the authors' focus is on the board level. They observe that employee representatives come to share with their board colleagues, the representatives of capital, a market or company strategic perspective on board decision making, simultaneously maintaining the perspective of employee interests. This article is based on a series of in-depth analyses of company boards and interviews with a number of directors.
The Broad Conception of Computation
Authors: COPELAND B. JACK
Published: March 2007

A myth has arisen concerning Turing's article of 1936, namely that Turing set forth a fundamental principle concerning the limits of what can be computed by machine—a myth that has passed into cognitive science and the philosophy of minds to wide and pernicious effect. This supposed principle, sometimes incorrectly termed the Church-Turing thesis, is the claim that the class of functions that can be computed by machines is identical to the class of functions that can be computed by Turing machines. In point of fact, Turing himself nowhere endorses or even states this claim (nor does Church). The author describes a number of notional machines, both analog and digital, that can compute more than a universal Turing machine. These machines are exemplars of the class of nonclassical computing machines. Nothing known at present rules out the possibility that machines in this class will one day be built or that the brain itself is such a machine. These theoretical considerations undercut a number of foundational arguments that are commonly rehearsed in cognitive science and gesture toward a new class of cognitive models.
Cyber-Politics
Authors: WHILLOCK RITA KIRK
Published: March 2007

This article analyzes electronic democracy in what critics have called the first national cyber-political campaign. The author examines what is known about these media users, the fledgling political uses of the media, and the impact of the media on the election process.
The Metropolis and Globalization
Authors: GOLDSMITH WILLIAM W.
Published: March 2007

Global economic changes affect the shape of cities. But in this article, the author sees the reverse effect: The shape of the city influences the global economy. This article argues that the peculiar spatial form of the U.S. metropolis, by pulling on a six-link chain of social forces, drags down the global economy. In an ironic twist, this puts European cities in trouble. In brief, racial segregation degrades U.S. politics, leading to acceptance of market dominance, even with the resulting inequalities among whites. The market model is exported by U.S. global power and by ideological pressures. The resultant pressures reduce municipal budgets and stimulate migration, causing European cities to suffer the spatial dilemmas of the United States.
Poverty Pockets and Life Chances
Authors: VAN KEMPEN EVA T.
Published: March 2007

Living in certain neighborhoods may exacerbate the poverty problem by affecting the life chances of people negatively. The important question is by which mechanisms the disadvantaged positions of the inhabitants of an area are reinforced. A reduced access to the job market, social isolation, stigmatization, and limited access to social citizenship rights can be seen as the most important mechanisms. What it means to be poor and live in a “poverty pocket” is explained by Dahrendorf's conceptualization of the idea of life chances, which can be unfolded in a provision, an entitlements, and a ligatures component. Although still much research is needed, it is concluded that living in poverty pockets affect life chances. This has not only to do with the quality of goods and services offered but maybe even more so with the difficult access poor people in poverty pockets have to provisions.
Making Tenure Viable
Authors: AUSTIN ANN E. , RICE R. EUGENE
Published: March 2007

This article focuses specifically on the challenges and needs that early career faculty face. The authors draw on case study interviews to point out the problems that exist for younger faculty as they struggle to attain tenure and provide recommendations about how the system might be improved.
Civil Society and Political Context in Central America
Authors: BOOTH JOHN A. , RICHARD PATRICIA BAYER
Published: March 2007

Putnam argues that civil society—citizen activity in organizations—contributes to successful governance, but he does not specify in detail how this occurs. This article spells out how citizens' participation in groups might impinge on the state through both political participation and democratic norms. The authors consider not only Putnam's social capital but add new “political capital” variables. The relationships among civil society and social and political capital are then explored, employing survey data from urban Central America. It is discovered that political context, specifically regime repression, powerfully affects civil society and social and political capital. Furthermore, civil society more clearly affects political capital variables than social capital variables.
Negotiation in the Public and Private Sectors
Authors: COLOSI THOMAS
Published: March 2007

Conventional models of negotiation assume that each side involved in a debate is monolithic, agreeing on demands and strategies. This article offers an alternative model that takes into account conflicting goals and interests within bargaining teams and their effect on the larger negotiating process, including the role of the mediator. It is also demonstrated that she model is applicable regardless of the particular issues, parties, or sector—public or private—involved.
Hospitalization for Mental Disorders in General Hospitals
Authors: PALLAK MICHAEL S. , SIBULKIN AMY E. , KIESLER CHARLES A.
Published: March 2007

Kiesler and Sibulkin (in press) reanalyzed various national data bases to develop a comprehensive view of mental hospitalization in the United States. The present article, based upon Kiesler and Sibulkin, summarizes characteristics of inpatient psychiatric episodes in general hospitals and, in particular, focuses upon episodes in general hospitals without inpatient psychiatric units. We review and update these data and discuss several recent studies employing other data bases. Desirable elements for a national data base on mental hospitalization are discussed from a behavioral science perspective.
Theory and Integrity in Business and Society
Authors: Wood Donna J.
Published: March 2007

Business and society academics face an ongoing dilemma between the rigorous demands of good scholarship and the personal and pragmatic demands of constituencies and themselves. This dilemma is, above all, an ethical one, but it is partially solvable by paying closer attention to theory and methodology while acknowledging individual biases and desires and helping others in the field to do the same.
The Impact of Accidents on Firms’ Reputation for Social Performance
Authors: Zyglidopoulos Stelios C.
Published: March 2007

Drawing on the literatures of industrial crises, corporate reputation, and stakeholder theory, this article is an empirical investigation into the impact that accident characteristics have on the corporate reputation for social performance of the firms involved. The main findings are the following: First, environmental damage does have an impact on the reputational scores for social performance, whereas damage to human life, surprisingly, does not. Second, the complexity of an accident plays a role in the reevaluation of the social performance reputational scores. Third, industry executives and analysts differ in their reputational reevaluations of accidents with respect to the complexity of the event. The article concludes with a discussion of the implications of these findings.
CEO Stakeholder Attitudes and Corporate Social Activity in the Fortune 500
Authors: Lerner Linda D. , Fryxell Gerald E.
Published: March 2007

Various corporate social activities were regressed on self-report measures of stakeholder-orientations from 220 CEOs from large Fortune 500 industrial and service firms. Overall, the relationship between who CEOs say is important and corporate activities toward those stakeholders is much weaker than anticipated. Of the expected relationships, only corporate philanthropy was positively related to CEO community orientation. The few other significant findings were less straightforward. Return on equity (ROE) of the company was related to the CEO's customer orientation rather than the CEO's stockholder orientation, and liberal HRM programs were positively associated with a CEO's stockholder orientation rather than employee orientation.
Business Perception of Contextual Changes
Authors: Antal Ariane Berthoin , Dierkes Meinolf , Hahner Katrin
Published: March 2007

A firm's ability to shape its policies to meet societal demands depends on how it perceives the opportunities and risks in its environment. The authors hypothesized that corporate culture plays a significant role in shaping organizational percep-tions. This article summarizes the findings of a study on how the organizational culture of a chemical firm headquartered in West Germany affected the evolution of its social and personnel policy from 1950 to 1989 given the changes in its sociopolitical environment during this period. The study shows that the culture of a company, by shaping its perceptions, plays a central role in determining the areas in which the organization is likely to be able to learn easily and those in which it is likely to resist changing its policies.
Business Ethics and Corporate Social Policy
Authors: Epstein Edwin M.
Published: March 2007

This article reviews the development of business ethics and corporate social policy from the perspective of a long-time major in the field.
25 Years and Going Strong
Authors: Gerde Virginia W. , Wokutch Richard E.
Published: March 2007

Using content analysis, the authors categorize all Social Issues in Management (SIM) Division papers and abstracts (636) from 1972 through 1996 by subject matter and methodology. Showing the development of the field over time, the authors integrate their findings into previous SIM frameworks. Adaptation to the changing business environment is apparent in the subject matter. Although terminology and context (such as employee rights concerning electronic mail) may have changed, the topics are similar. Nevertheless, evolution in the SIM field is apparent. Methodology has become much more sophisticated as researchers use existing and newly created databases and more rigorous techniques-such as event studies and meta-analysis.
Understanding Research on Values in Business
Authors: Agle Bradley R. , Caldwell Craig B.
Published: March 2007

Researchers in all management specialties have discussed and investigated the important role values play in personal and organizational phenomena. However, because research on values has been performed in a wide range of social science disciplines and at different levels of analysis, much of thiswork has been uninformed by other work and is neither well integrated nor systematized, resulting in a great deal of confusion concerning the topic. This article attempts to add order and clarity to this area of research by proposing a framework of values research based on level of analysis and by cataloguing and reviewing the vast theoretical and empirical research in light of this framework. It concludes with a critique of the extant literature and recommendations for further research.
How Much Does Money Matter?
Authors: COX GARY W. , THIES MICHAEL F.
Published: March 2007

Japanese elections are notorious for the money that flows between contributors, politicians, and voters. To date, however, nobody has estimated statistically the impact of this money on electoral outcomes. Students of American politics have discovered that this question is difficult to answer because, although performance may depend on spending, spending may also depend on expected performance. In this article, the authors specify a two-stage least squares model that explains the vote shares of Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) candidates as a function of their own spending, spending by other candidates, and a battery of control variables. The multiple-candidate nature of Japanese elections means that district-level demographic variables are largely unrelated to any particular LDP candidate's vote share, so that these variables can be used to create instruments for campaign spending. The authors find that the marginal dollar of campaign spending buys the spender a great deal more in Japan than is true in the United States.
The Legal-domestic Sources of Immigrant Rights
Authors: JOPPKE CHRISTIAN
Published: March 2007

This article traces the evolution of two types of immigrant rights—alien rights and the right to citizenship—across three polities (the United States, Germany, and the European Union). It argues that the sources of rights expansion are mostly legal and domestic: Rights expansion originates in independent and activist courts, which mobilize domestic law (especially constitutional law) and domestic legitimatory discourses, often against restriction-minded, democratically accountable governments. The legal-domestic hypothesis is qualified and differentiated according to polity, migrant group, and type of immigrant right.
Moving Targets
Authors: EISING RAINER , JABKO NICOLAS
Published: March 2007

After 10 years of controversial negotiations, in 1996 the European Union finally took action to liberalize the electricity supply industry. Given the intensity of bilateral contacts between France and Germany, the reform has often been presented as a straightforward intergovernmental deal. This article argues that the French-German deal was only the tip of the iceberg. Perceptions of national interests evolved considerably in both countries. The most important cause for these changes was at the European Union (EU) level, not at the national level. The institutional dynamics of EU negotiations induced a series of preference changes and key political realignments at the national level.
Latin American Catholicism and Political Integration
Authors: Williams Edward J.
Published: March 2007

EDWARD J. WILLIAMS is Associate Professor of Government at the University of Arizona. His fields of specialization include Latin Ameri can politics, comparative ideologies, and political thought and develop ment. A forthcoming article of his deals with Latin American versus Afro-Asian political development.
Materialism, Postmaterialism, and Public Views on Socioeconomic Policy
Authors: GOTTLIEB AVI , YUCHTMAN-YAAR EPHRAIM
Published: March 2007

This article is concerned with public views in Israel on a series of socioeconomic and labor market issues. The empirical findings were analyzed with the aim of exploring the nature of ideological orientations and value hierarchies underlying these public views. The main findings are that there is a major concern with economic recovery, at the expense of sensitivity to humanitarian, civil, and social problems; that there appears to be a pronounced emphasis on the need for law and order that, along with related preferences, suggests a pattern of an authoritarian variant of rightism; that a majority of the public gives priority to materialist goals; and that individual level and collectivist material orientations, while moderately interrelated, produce different patterns of socioeconomic attitudes and preferences. At the aggregate level, these findings seem counter to the stereotyped preference of the Israeli public for socialist policies, and the multidimensionality of materialist value orientations may have major implications for other postindustrial nations as well.
Setting New Spending Priorities in Japanese Prefectures
Authors: RICKARDS ROBERT C.
Published: March 2007

Several propostions about resource allocation behavior are tested with data for the Japanese national government and 46 prefectural governments. Results are compared with those from parallel tests employing data for the West German national government and 105 municipal governments. Most of the behavior observed in both countries seems compatible with the incremental model's assumptions. However, the West German national government's spending patterns are shown to be just as stable as the Japanese national government's. This finding runs counter to baransu descriptions of budgeting in Japan. Findings for subnational governments in both countries also contadict the literature. In particular, the expenditure pattern variability of Japanese prefectures and West German municipalities decreases with increased interparty competition.
Comparing the Strength of Nations
Authors: KUGLER JACEK , DOMKE WILLIAM
Published: March 2007

The political capacity of advanced societies is measured. We show that politically capable governments can mobilize vast resources from the society under the stress of war, but totalitarian, democratic and authoritarian regimes do not determine the level of performance. The absolute political capacity of rich nations is higher than that of poorer ones, but surprisingly, poor nations can increase their political capacity more effectively under stress. Finally, Power, constructed by combining total resources with the political capacity of governments, is used to postdict accurately the outcome of major wars since 1900.
The Compliant Foreign Policy of the Dependent State Revisited
Authors: MENKHAUS KENNETH J. , KEGLEY CHARLES W.
Published: March 2007

Studies of the linkage between economic dependence and foreign policy compliance have been confounded by the difficulties of measuring dependence. Single indicators of dependence may be inadequate reflections of what appears to be a multidimensional phenomenon, but the relative potency of these factors has not yet been weighed. The ability to determine the relative salience of dependence factors has been limited by the “dominant state-centric” model employed in prior research, which examines a single dominant state and the foreign policies of its many dependencies. This model fails to capture what, in reality, is the norm: that most peripheral states find themselves involved in dependent relations with two or more regional and global powers. A “dependent state-centric” model—one that examines a single dependent state's foreign policies vis-à-vis its several dominant states—thus is theoretically warranted, and its application provides an opportunity to compare the relative salience of different types of dependence across multiple dominant partners. An initial application of this model to the foreign policy of Somalia toward its dominant states from 1976 to 1980 suggests that export trade dependence is highly associated with a subordinate state's subsequent foreign policy behavior, whereas levels of foreign aid and military assistance dependence are not. In suggesting that weak states may experience different types of dependencies on different dominant countries and that these diverse relationships are associated with different kinds of behavioral consequences, this case study demonstrates the utility of this alternative model for addressing the linkage between economic dependence and political compliance, and reduces confidence in existing “bargaining”-based investigations of the generalized compliance hypothesis.