bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development Priorities: Postmodernist Assumptions and Pre-Modernist Aspirations
Authors: Lieten G.K.
Published: July 2008

In the developing world, after the marginalization of the socialist discourse, two kinds of discussions seem to be going on: the neo-libcral discourse and the postmodernist discourse. The latter group of theoreticians has attracted many radical opponents of the neo-liberal and globalizing development model. Over the last decade, a body of literature subscribing to the postmodern paradigm has appeared, and has started having a solid impact on western-based development academics, even though some of the major contributors originated from Third World countries. A few general remarks will therefore be made about the latter as a benchmark reference for a discussion on priorities in the development project. To what extent does postmodernism reflect a field-reality critique of the neo-liberal development model, and to what extent is it therefore a helpful theory in questioning, confronting and displacing the current development dinosaur?
The Politics of the Environment in Singapore? Lessons from a "Strange" Case
Authors: Goh Daniel P. S.
Published: July 2008

Southeast Asia has come under scholarly focus for the contradictions of rapid development and environmental protection, and the ensuing politics. Most give Singapore a miss because it is a "strange" case that does not fit into a region where affected local peoples, "middle class" activists and developmental states struggle over the exploitation of natural resources and environmental degradation. This paper claims that analysis of the "quiet" politics of environment in Singapore is instructive, and can correct the materialist bias evident in the understanding of Southeast Asian political economy/ecology. It argues that urban "middle class" environmental activism is a manifestation of resistance to enlarging systems of governance allied with capital. Environmentalism can be seen as a response against the encroachment of the system into the intimate living places of the lifeworld. This response is embedded within an international public sphere that enables environmental politics. These activists derive their motivation and political strength from public moral discursive actions. Environmentalism is a contemporary reflection of a fundamental sociological theme, the discontents' moral struggle for the good society, not necessarily reflecting parochial class interests.
Facing the Dilemma of Reintegration Versus Independence in the Transitional Period: Basic Models of CIS Negotiations
Authors: Vlasova Maria G.
Published: July 2008

Negotiations within the Former Soviet Union (FSU) are caught between the contrary directions of new independence and old interdependence, or disintegrationist vs. integrationist tendencies. They are necessary to distribute past assets and value, maintain relations and value, and build new value and institutions. Structurally, relations among the 12 states are asymmetrical around a still-dominant Russia. The negotiations follow one of three patterns: dominative, disintegrative, or integrative. However, disintegrative tendencies and structural suspicions tend to result in loose, weak and unenforced agreements, when indeed agreement is possible.
When War Won Out: Bosnian Peace Plans Before Dayton
Authors: Goodby James E.
Published: July 2008

The elements bearing on the prospects for a political settlement in Bosnia-Herzegovina came together in 1995 in a way that made peace possible. These included a forceful US lead in the negotiations, a protracted NATO air campaign, a shift in the local balance of power adverse to the Bosnian Serbs, expulsion of the Serbian population from Krajina, and a readiness of Serbian President Milosevic to negotiate a settlement on behalf of the Bosnian Serbs. These elements were not present in 1992-94 when two earlier mediation efforts collapsed before peace plans that had a measure of acceptance from the parties to the conflict could be put into effect. The particular internal features of the three plans and the distinctions between them did not cause two of them to fail and one to succeed. To conclude that the 1992-93 plans would have had a chance of succeeding if the United States or the Europeans had used military force to support them is probably not wrong but it misses an important point. There are moments in a dynamic situation when external inputs produce maximum effects while at other times the cost of intervention to achieve a given result is likely to be higher. In catastrophe theory, the condition when external input produces maximum effect within the system is called metastability. The author urges that in analyzing negotiating situations the notion of ripeness take into account the concept of metastability.
Backtracking to Reformulate: Establishing the Bosnian Federation
Authors: Rudman George
Published: July 2008

Upon the failure of the Vance-Owen and Owen-Stoltenberg efforts to devise a formula to deal with the Bosnian problem, the US took over the mediator's role. Instead of coming up with a new formula, it backtracked to parts of earlier proposals and led the parties to a solution based on an exchange of a Croat-Muslim federation in Bosnia for a confederation between that federation and Croatia. This was possible because the moment had become ripe through the development of a perception that continued war was a self-inflicted pain for no chance of unilateral gain, and through the application of side payments of aid and recognition that the mediator could deploy.
TEACHING THE CIVIL LAW AT LOUVA1N AS REPORTED BY SCOTTISH STUDENTS IN THE 1430s (MSS. ABERDEEN 195-197) with addenda on Henricus de Piro (and Johannes Andreae)
Authors: Feenstra Robert
Published: July 2008

In my recent study on Henricus Brunonis de Piro1 I already announced the publication of further research on three manuscripts of the Aberdeen University Library - nos. 195, 196 and 197 - which contain lectures on civil law by professors of Louvain University in the 1430s. These manuscripts once formed part of the private collection of Bishop William Elphinstone, founder of the University of Aberdeen. He had inherited this part of the collection from his father, also named William, who was a law student at Louvain from 1431 to 1433. My attention was drawn to these documents by Dr. Leslie Macfarlane of the Department of History of the University of Aberdeen when I was lecturing at this university in 1959 on the invitation of Professor Peter Stein. One year earlier, in 1958, Dr. Macfarlane had published a very useful description of the Elphinstone collection2; as to our three manuscripts he had made an effort to find out some details about the Louvain law professors mentioned by Elphinstone but a number of questions remained open. I promised to have a closer look at the texts and to show their importance for our knowledge of civil law studies at Louvain in this period. With the help of my then Ghent colleague Egied Strubbe, who immediately showed a great interest in the subject, a full set of copies of the manuscripts3 was put at my disposal and I started my research. Provisional results were presented in guest lectures at Belgian and British universities as early as 1960-19614 and I returned to the matter on various
De Invoering Van Bezitsvorderingen in Het Vlaamse Recht (1350-1420)
Authors: Monballyu J.
Published: July 2008

Filips Wielant n'est pas pour les historiens modernes du droit le fil d'Ariane qui puisse aider ses lecteurs à trouver la voie la plus sûre dans le labyrinthe des actions
The Influence of ENSO on Decadal Variations in the Relationship between the East Asian and Western North Pacific Summer Monsoons
Authors: Yim So-Young , Yeh Sang-Wook , Wu Renguang , Jhun Jong-Ghap
Published: July 2008

A recent study suggested that the relationship between the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) and the western North Pacific summer monsoon (WNPSM) experienced a decadal change around 1993–94. Based on a longer-term integration of a hybrid coupled model, the present study investigates decadal variations in the relationship between the EASM and the WNPSM. Apparent decadal variations in the above relationship have been identified in the model simulation.

The authors have analyzed the spatial pattern and variability during strong and weak EASM–WNPSM correlation periods. The purpose of this study is to understand potential reasons for decadal variations in the relationship between the two submonsoons. It is found that the precipitation variability associated with the WNPSM (ENSO) is enhanced over the East Asia and western North Pacific regions during periods when the EASM–WNPSM relationship is strong (weak). The large variability in precipitation associated with the WNPSM during strong periods strengthens the Pacific–Japan-like atmospheric teleconnection from the tropical western Pacific. In contrast, the Pacific–Japan-like pattern is not significant during weak periods. On the other hand, the large ENSO amplitude during weak periods results in an enhanced precipitation variability associated with ENSO. The results suggest that ENSO can destructively interfere with the relationship between the EASM and the WNPSM.
Absorbing Aerosols and Summer Monsoon Evolution over South Asia: An Observational Portrayal
Authors: Bollasina Massimo , Nigam Sumant , Lau K-M.
Published: July 2008

The South Asian haze builds up from December to May, is mostly of anthropogenic origin, and absorbs part of the solar radiation. The influence of interannual variations of absorbing aerosols over the Indo-Gangetic Plain in May on the Indian summer monsoon is characterized by means of an observational analysis. Insight into how the aerosol impact is generated is also provided.

It is shown that anomalous aerosol loading in late spring leads to remarkable and large-scale variations in the monsoon evolution. Excessive aerosols in May lead to reduced cloud amount and precipitation, increased surface shortwave radiation, and land surface warming. The June (and July) monsoon anomaly associated with excessive May aerosols is of opposite sign over much of the subcontinent (although with a different pattern) with respect to May. The monsoon strengthens in June (and July).

The analysis suggests that the significant large-scale aerosol influence on monsoon circulation and hydroclimate is mediated by the heating of the land surface, pursuant to reduced cloudiness and precipitation in May. The finding of the significant role of the land surface in the realization of the aerosol impact is somewhat novel.
Meridional Structure of the Seasonally Varying Mixed Layer Temperature Balance in the Eastern Tropical Pacific
Authors: McPhaden Michael J. , Cronin Meghan F. , McClurg Dai C.
Published: July 2008

The eastern tropical Pacific Ocean is important climatically because of its influence on the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle and the American monsoon. Accurate prediction of these phenomena requires a better understanding of the background climatological conditions on which seasonal-to-interannual time-scale anomalies develop in the region. This study addresses the processes responsible for the seasonal cycle of sea surface temperature (SST) in the eastern tropical Pacific using 3 yr (April 2000–March 2003) of moored buoy and satellite data between 8°S and 12°N along 95°W. Results indicate that at all latitudes, surface heat fluxes are important in the mixed layer temperature balance. At 8°S, in a region of relatively deep mean thermocline and mixed layer, local storage of heat crossing the air–sea interface accounts for much of the seasonal cycle in SST. In the equatorial cold tongue and the intertropical convergence zone, where mean upwelling leads to relatively thin mixed layers, vertical turbulent mixing with the upper thermocline is a major contributor to SST change. Lateral temperature advection by seasonally varying large-scale currents is most significant near the equator but is generally of secondary importance. There is a hemispheric asymmetry in seasonal SST variations, with larger amplitudes in the Southern Hemisphere than in the Northern Hemisphere. This asymmetry is mainly due to forcing from the southerly component of the trade winds, which shifts the axis of equatorial upwelling south of the equator while creating an oceanic convergence zone to the north that limits the northward spread of cold upwelled water. In general, results support the Mitchell and Wallace hypothesis about the importance of southerly winds and ocean–atmosphere feedbacks in establishing seasonally varying climatological conditions in the eastern tropical Pacific.
Would Advance Knowledge of 1930s SSTs Have Allowed Prediction of the Dust Bowl Drought?*
Authors: Seager Richard , Kushnir Yochanan , Ting Mingfang , Cane Mark , Naik Naomi , Miller Jennifer
Published: July 2008

Could the Dust Bowl drought of the 1930s have been predicted in advance if the SST anomalies of the 1930s had been foreknown? Ensembles of model simulations forced with historical observed SSTs in the global ocean, and also separately in the tropical Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, are compared with an ensemble begun in January 1929 with modeled atmosphere and land initial conditions and integrated through the 1930s with climatological SSTs. The ensemble with climatological SSTs produces values for the precipitation averaged over 1932–39 that are not statistically different from model climatology. In contrast, the ensembles with global SST forcing produce a drought centered in the central plains and southwestern North America that is clearly separated from the model climatology. Both the tropical Pacific and northern tropical Atlantic SST anomalies produce a statistically significant model drought in this region. The modeled drought has a spatial pattern that is different from the observed drought, which was instead centered in the central and northern plains and also impacted the northern Rocky Mountain states but not northeastern Mexico. The model error in extending the Dust Bowl drought too far south is attributed to an incorrect response of the model to warm subtropical North Atlantic SST anomalies. The model error in the northern states cannot be attributed to an incorrect response to tropical SST anomalies. The model also fails to reproduce the strong surface air warming across most of the continent during the 1930s. In contrast, the modeled patterns of precipitation reduction and surface air temperature warming during the 1950s drought are more realistic. Tree-ring records show that the Dust Bowl pattern of drought has occurred before, suggesting that while the extensive human-induced land surface degradation and dust aerosol loading of the 1930s drought may have played an important role in generating the observed drought pattern, natural processes, possibly including land interactions, are capable of generating droughts centered to the north of the main ENSO teleconnection region. Despite this caveat, advance knowledge of tropical SSTs alone would have allowed a high-confidence prediction of a multiyear and severe drought, but one centered too far south and without strong cross-continental warming.
A Review of Antarctic Surface Snow Isotopic Composition: Observations, Atmospheric Circulation, and Isotopic Modeling*
Authors: Masson-Delmotte V. , Hou S. , Ekaykin A. , Jouzel J. , Aristarain A. , Bernardo R. T. , Bromwich D. , Cattani O. , Delmotte M. , Falourd S. , Frezzotti M. , Gallée H. , Genoni L. , Isaksson E. , Landais A. , Helsen M. M. , Hoffmann G. , Lopez J. , Morgan V. , Motoyama H. , Noone D. , Oerter H. , Petit J. R. , Royer A. , Uemura R. , Schmidt G. A. , Schlosser E. , Simões J. C. , Steig E. J. , Stenni B. , Stievenard M. , van den Broeke M. R. , van de Wal R. S. W. , van de Berg W. J. , Vimeux F. , White J. W. C.
Published: July 2008

A database of surface Antarctic snow isotopic composition is constructed using available measurements, with an estimate of data quality and local variability. Although more than 1000 locations are documented, the spatial coverage remains uneven with a majority of sites located in specific areas of East Antarctica. The database is used to analyze the spatial variations in snow isotopic composition with respect to geographical characteristics (elevation, distance to the coast) and climatic features (temperature, accumulation) and with a focus on deuterium excess. The capacity of theoretical isotopic, regional, and general circulation atmospheric models (including “isotopic” models) to reproduce the observed features and assess the role of moisture advection in spatial deuterium excess fluctuations is analyzed.
All That Glitters Is Not Gold
Authors: González-Parra Claudio , Simon Jeanne
Published: July 2008

Can the private or public sector provide the conditions necessary to mitigate the impoverishment associated with relocation caused by induced development in indigenous communities? This article studies the impacts generated by the construction of a hydroelectric dam on the social development, health, and culture of the Pehuenche Indians in Alto Bío Bío, Chile. Dam construction resulted in the resettlement of 77 indigenous families from their ancestral lands to two new communities. The mitigation program has provided the affected families better material conditions, with a new house, potable water, and a sewage system. Unfortunately, the process does not contemplate the immaterial aspects, creating a situation of greater vulnerability and social exclusion. Among the impacts observed are the community's lack of self-determination, community atomization, irregular practice of traditional ceremonies, alcoholism, and a feeling of incapacity with respect to change.
Exploring a Link Between the Third-Person Effect and the Theory of Reasoned Action
Authors: Golan Guy J. , Banning Stephen A.
Published: July 2008

The authors tested the limitations of paternalism as an explanation for the third-person effect's behavioral aspect, suggesting that the theory of reasoned action better explains why people are sometimes motivated to act on the third-person effect. This study ( N = 600) revealed that the third-person effect can motivate people toward socially desirable action that is not corrective in nature, supporting the theory of reasoned action as a theoretical basis for the behavioral aspect of the third-person effect.
Rosuvastatin and Cardiovascular Disease: Did the Strongest Statin Hold the Initial Promises?
Authors: Efthimiadis Apostolos
Published: July 2008

Rosuvastatin is the latest and most potent statin currently on the market. It has the greatest efficacy compared with all other available statins on total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) reduction, and also provides a significant increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) better than atorvastatin. Imaging studies showed a regression of atheroma in secondary prevention patients using an intravascular ultrasound technique and a hold of progression in primary prevention patients using carotid intima—media thickness as a surrogate marker. The JUPITER trial, a primary prevention large-scale, prospective study to examine the role of statin therapy in individuals with raised C-reactive protein but normal LDL-C levels, was recently terminated early due to a significant reduction of events in the rosuvastatin group. Rosuvastatin has held its initial promises as a very potent statin, with favourable effects on HDL, showing a regression or a halt of the atherosclerotic burden and reducing cardiovascular events in low-risk patients.
Carotid Intima—Media Thickness (cIMT): A Useful Clinic Tool or Research Luxury? Another View of the ENHANCE Trial
Authors: Toutouzas P. , Richter D.
Published: July 2008

The ENHANCE trial was the first trial of ezetimibe— simvastatin with a surrogate marker as a primary endpoint. The combination of the 2 drugs is highly effective in reducing total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and with a positive profile on high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. However, there are no data as yet about the clinical effectiveness of the addition of ezetimibe on statin therapy and whether this provides a further reduction of cardiovascular events. The answer to the clinical hard endpoints question will be provided in 2012 by the IMPROVE-IT trial comparing the effectiveness of simvastatin 40 mg plus ezetimibe versus simvastatin 40 mg on 18 000 acute coronary syndrome patients. The ENHANCE study failed in its primary endpoint, carotid intima—media thickness reduction, but has various methodological weaknesses that makes it very difficult to accept the American College of Cardiology statement that ezetimibe should be the last resort after trying all other available treatments.
Manna from heaven: The exuberance of food as a topic for research in management and organization
Authors: Pina e Cunha Miguel , Cabral-Cardoso Carlos , Clegg Stewart
Published: July 2008

Organizations have, in the past, often been discussed as if they were Cartesian mentalities, planning agendas, learning from doing, processing information, reducing equivocality, mimicking and copying, floating disembodiedly apart from the actors who work in these organizations. We are offered representations of organizations as organically grounded metaphors that minimize the biological facticity of employees: namely, their need for food. While the inputs to organizations conceived as if they were quasi-systems are well explored, and the emotional and `irrational' side of organizations is increasingly discussed, the necessity of inputs to the biological systems that staff them is not. Nonetheless, despite the lack of explicit scholarly attention to food at work, its importance guarantees its hidden presence in the organizational literature, often in the context of more `serious' themes. We identify four approaches to the relationship between food, work and organization. For dessert, we propose a research menu that aims to uncover several possibilities for making the role of food in organizational life more explicit.
The regulation of smoking at work
Authors: Brewis Joanna , Grey Christopher
Published: July 2008

Smoking was for most of the 20th century a normal part of everyday life in western society, including work organizations. Within a very short space of time it has become much less acceptable in the workplace and, in many countries, banned altogether. Why has this happened? This article seeks to answer this question. Although the main legislative basis of these bans is the health and safety of employees, we argue that the issues at stake are in fact more complex. Smoking, we contend, should be understood as a practice with diverse cultural meanings, and its regulation located within the context of a longstanding and dynamic moral discourse, of which scientific and medical discourse is only one aspect. In so doing we seek to open up a significant gap in the social scientific and organization studies literature for future analysis.
Drinking beer and understanding organizational culture embodiment
Authors: Flores-Pereira Maria Tereza , Davel Eduardo , Cavedon Neusa Rolita
Published: July 2008

Although organizational researchers have gained in terms of different perspectives of thought and reflexivity regarding the subject of organizational culture, they have neglected studying the embodied dimension of organizational culture. The purpose of this article is to use embodiment perspective to enlighten understanding of organizational culture. We do that by giving special attention to: a) a pioneering empirical anthropological study that deals with the culture—embodiment relationship and b) an organizational ethnography in which work colleagues engage in the after-work beer drinking ritual. This double emphasis suggests that organizational life become first meaningful in the experiential immediacy of employees and organization. In this very moment organizational culture signification is not yet representational, but perceptual. Thus, the main contribution of this research is to show that organizational culture is more than a cognitive-representational abstraction: it is also a perceptual-embodied experience.
Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Carboxylated Carbon Nanotubes/Poly(L-lactic acid) Composite
Authors: Jiangtao Feng  , Jiehe Sui  , Wei Cai  , Zhiyong Gao
Published: July 2008

Poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA)/MWNTs composites were prepared by mixing solubilized PLLA with solutions of MWNTs treated by four kind of acids. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra revealed that carboxyl groups were grafted to the surface of MWNTs. The water solubility showed that the MWNTs treated by HNO 3/H2O2 and HNO3/H2SO 4 could suspend in the air at room temperature for more than 100 days. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed that MWNTs treated by HNO3/H 2O2 and HNO3/H2SO4 obtained relatively high COOH content. Mechanical properties of composites showed that the Young's modulus of the carboxylated MWNTs/PLLA composites increased compared to the pure PLLA. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of fracture morphology confirmed that the dispersion of carboxylated MWNTs was more homogeneous than the pristine MWNTs in polymer matrix. MWNTs treated by HNO3/H 2O2 could get more COOH group and less damage.
Early Adolescents' Perspectives on Motivation and Achievement in Academics
Authors: O'Connell Schmakel Patricia
Published: July 2008

This study, conducted in four urban schools, utilized student voice to address the relationship between early adolescent developmental needs, classroom instructional practices, and academic motivation and achievement. Results indicated effective instructional design and delivery alone may not optimize junior high students' engagement and achievement in academics. Motivational instruction constructs that emerged included effective use of classroom time, challenge, group work, and use of student resources. Motivational support constructs included teacher empathy, respectful control, and parental push. The study supported several current theoretical frameworks and findings from similar studies of sixth and eighth graders.
A Comparison of Social Skills Profiles in Intellectually Disabled Adults With and Without ASD
Authors: Wilkins Jonathan , Matson Johnny L.
Published: July 2008

The purpose of this study was to systematically examine the social-skills profiles among adults with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and intellectual disability (ID). Using one-way multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA), three groups (autism, pervasive developmental disorder—not otherwise specified [PDD-NOS], and ID only) were compared on seven global measures of social behavior. There were 72 individuals in each group matched on level of ID, verbal ability, age, and gender. Distinctions were noted in the areas of positive social behaviors and negative nonverbal social behaviors. Those with autism displayed the greatest deficits in these areas, followed by those with PDD-NOS. The results support the notions that social impairment remains a distinct feature of ASD in adults with ID, that autism and PDD-NOS are two conditions on the same spectrum, and that this spectrum is relevant for adults with ID. Implications of the results and directions for future research are discussed.
State-Level Impact of Mandated Referrals From Child Welfare to Part C Early Intervention
Authors: Derrington Taletha Mae , Lippitt John A.
Published: July 2008

New federal legislation requires states to develop policies to refer children younger than age 3 with substantiated cases of abuse or neglect to state Early Intervention (EI) systems. This article presents state-by-state estimates of potential referral and enrollment increases for EI. Many states could experience a significant increase in referrals (average 44%) and enrollment (average 22%). For effective implementation, states' EI systems will need to (a) increase EI system capacity, (b) identify additional funding, (c) find ways to successfully engage potentially resistant families, and (d) forge new interagency linkages. The state-by-state estimates provide both an indication of the potential impact in each state as well as goals that would reflect effective implementation of the referral mandate.
Rural Consumers' Online Shopping for Food and Fiber Products as a Form of Outshopping
Authors: Lennon Sharron J. , Ha Young , Johnson Kim K. P. , Jasper Cynthia R. , Damhorst Mary Lynn , Lyons Nancy
Published: July 2008

The purpose of the research was to longitudinally investigate rural consumers' online shopping for food and fiber products as a function of satisfaction with local retailing and outshopping. Innovation diffusion theory was used to guide the research. Eight hundred seventy-nine rural consumers from 11 states completed surveys twice (in 2000 and 2003). Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling and analyses of variance. Dissatisfaction with local retailing in 2000 was a powerful driver of outshopping, beliefs about online shopping, and online shopping (both in 2000 and in 2003). Outshopping was positively related to online shopping at both points in time, suggesting that variables found to affect outshopping in the literature may affect online shopping in a similar way.
Problem Structure Perceived
Authors: Mitchka Jessica , Black Catherine , Heitmeyer Jeanne , Cloud Rinn M.
Published: July 2008

DeJonge's (1984) functional design process framed an investigation of dance practicewear expectations, importance of dance practicewear attributes, and satisfaction with dance practicewear garments of adult female dancers at three levels of dance commitment. Survey data were collected from 128 university dance class students from two states. Results indicated a significant difference in dance practicewear expectations by level of commitment with more committed dancers more desirous of dancewear that enhances their physical appearance and that is less likely to blend with others than dancers with a lower level of commitment. Size and fit were identified as important dancewear attributes for all levels of commitment. Satisfaction with selection, comfort, fit, and style of dance practicewear was also influenced by level of commitment. Findings provide a basis for future implementation of the next components of the functional design process to provide dance practicewear that meets dancers' needs at various levels of commitment.
Temporary and Partial Disability Programs in Nine Countries
Authors: Mitra Sophie
Published: July 2008

This article reviews and compares disability benefit systems in nine countries—Australia, Germany, Great Britain, Japan, the Netherlands, Norway, South Africa, Sweden, and the United States. It focuses on temporary and partial disability benefit programs and on how such programs may help return persons with disabilities to work. An analysis of the general advantages and disadvantages of temporary and partial disability programs is presented. Specific concerns if such programs were to be implemented in the United States are addressed. Time-limited programs seem to have the potential to improve return to work among persons with disabilities and reduce program costs. Caution is needed in adopting such a program, as implementation would be complex and the employment outcomes of recently adopted time-limited programs overseas are yet to be evaluated. In contrast, the study found that partial disability benefit programs are complex to administer and appear to offer little potential to encourage return to work.
Access and Coordination of Health Care Service for People With Disabilities
Authors: Hwang Karen , Johnston Mark , Tulsky David , Wood Ken , Dyson-Hudson Trevor , Komaroff Eugene
Published: July 2008

Individuals with disabilities often have multiple complex medical and nonmedical needs. Furthermore, in the current facility-directed health care system, they are at enhanced risk of receiving poorly coordinated, suboptimal care. This is especially problematic because individuals with disabilities face multiple barriers to receiving quality health care services, ranging from structural barriers (e.g., physical access to doctors' offices) to procedural barriers (e.g., difficulty scheduling appointments, problems obtaining insurance coverage). By contrast, a consumer-directed approach to health care (distinct from facility-directed health care) can be effectual, cost-effective, and subjectively satisfying. This brief commentary addresses the importance of a consumer-directed approach to the delivery of health care to individuals with disabilities and the need for specific assessments of the experiences of people with disabilities regarding their care. As such, it proposes recommendations for future policy interventions.
A constructivist approach to designing business simulations for strategic management
Authors: Thavikulwat Precha , Pillutla Sharma
Published: July 2008

The authors considered two principles of simulation design (simple rules and smart algorithms) and three essential attributes (choice of industries, employer-employee relationships, and real markets for products and participant services) for strategic management business simulations. They applied these considerations and a constructivist approach to develop a computer-assisted simulation, using it to investigate the concurrent and predictive relationships of market share and production experience on profitability. The authors found that the relationships are (a) as expected and stronger than those reported in an earlier study using a simulation of a more conventional design and (b) more consistent with a well-known series of field studies. They suggest that computer-assisted simulations developed through a constructivist approach may be used to advance the discipline of strategic management.
Qualitative Sampling Methods
Authors: Koerber Amy , McMichael Lonie
Published: July 2008

Qualitative sampling methods have been largely ignored in technical communication texts, making this concept difficult to teach in graduate courses on research methods. Using concepts from qualitative health research, this article provides a primer on qualitative methods as an initial effort to fill this gap in the technical communication literature. Specifically, the authors attempt to clarify some of the current confusion over qualitative sampling terminology, explain what qualitative sampling methods are and why they need to be implemented, and offer examples of how to apply commonly used qualitative sampling methods.
When West Meets East
Authors: Roberts Elizabeth , Tuleja Elizabeth A.
Published: July 2008

Although considerable previous research has focused on Chinese students' expectations and experiences while studying in English-speaking cultures, little research to date has focused on how the instructor's cultural background affects the learning process within a managerial communication classroom Using qualitative and quantitative approaches, this exploratory case study involves two U.S. instructors teaching a managerial communication course to 106 Chinese students in Hong Kong. The findings from this study provide implications for managerial communication pedagogy and further research.
Market Discipline and Management Education
Authors: Neu Dean , Quantanilla Claudia
Published: July 2008

In the South, as in the North, the need to confront and escape poverty forces people to seek out administrative knowledge as a way of participating in economic activities. The current study considers one such group of individuals and provides a case study of a cooperative of single mothers in El Salvador (the Madres) that produces fairly traded and sweatshop-free clothing for sale in North America. The authors examine how the discipline of the market motivates the Madres to acquire specific educational capitals. Their thesis is that the production—consumption chain in which the Madres participate encourages certain management practices and hence certain forms of management education on the part of the Madres. Although the management knowledge demanded by the Madres is similar in some ways to the educational offerings of universities, there are some key differences in the form, content, and mode of acquisition.
Effects of Different Levels of Cigarette Smoke Exposure on Prognostic Heart Rate and Rate—Pressure-Product Parameters
Authors: Unverdorben Martin , van der Bijl Anina , Potgieter Linda , Venter Cornea , Munjal Sagar , Qiwei Liang  , Meyer Bernhardt , Röthig Hans-Jürgen
Published: July 2008

Reduced cigarette smoke exposure in adult smokers switching from a conventional cigarette (CC) to a potential exposure-reduced electrically heated cigarette smoking system (EHCSS) and no smoking (NS) improved exercise performance. The effects of reduced smoke exposure on the prognostic parameters heart rate (HR) and rate—pressure-product (RPP) were investigated. A total of 18 male adult CC-smokers were randomized in a 3-period cross-over study to CC, EHCSS, or to NS for 3 days each before performing spiroergometry. Exposure parameters declined from CC to EHCSS and to NS. Resting HR and RPP increased from NS to EHCSS and to CC. Chronotropic response/HR recovery were more pronounced in NS than in EHCSS and CC. RPPmax was similar in NS and EHCSS and lowest during CC. Reduced tobacco smoke exposure for 3 days improved the prognostic parameters HR and RPP in an apparently dose-dependent manner.
White Whispers
Authors: Lee Karen V.
Published: July 2008

The autoethnography in this article explores the author's struggle with racism. The emotional landscape causes her to blur the boundaries between the individual and collective human experience. She reflects on memories of discrimination and reveals the irony of how she lives in both a culture of diversity and a culture of prejudice. Reflecting challenges the author to realize that racism still exists despite societal efforts at advancing the notion of tolerance and multiculturalism. She explores constructs of ideology and hegemony, power and powerlessness, domination and resistance, representation and misrepresentation, normality and abnormality. By blending autobiography and ethnography, the author resolves a deeper understanding about the personal and cultural influences shaping racism.
Mobility Interventions to Improve Outcomes in Patients Undergoing Prolonged Mechanical Ventilation: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Choi JiYeon , Tasota Frederick J. , Hoffman Leslie A.
Published: July 2008

Survivors of critical illness often undergo an extended recovery trajectory. Reduced functional ability is one of several adverse outcomes of prolonged bed rest and mechanical ventilation during critical illness. Skeletal muscle weakness is known to be one of the major phenomena that account for reduced functional ability. Although skeletal muscle weakness is evident after prolonged mechanical ventilation (PMV), few studies have tested the benefits of various types of mobility interventions in this population. The purpose of this article is to review the published research on improving mobility outcomes in patients undergoing PMV. For this review, published studies were retrieved from MEDLINE, PubMed, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews from January 1990 to July 2007. A total of 10 relevant articles were selected that examined the effect of whole body physical therapy, electrical stimulation (ES), arm exercise, and inspiratory muscle training (IMT). Overall, there is support for the ability of mobility interventions to improve outcomes in patients on PMV but limited evidence of how to best accomplish this goal. Generating more data from multicenter studies and randomized controlled trials is recommended.
Collaborative destination marketing: Roles and strategies of convention and visitors bureaus
Authors: Youcheng Wang
Published: July 2008

The development and marketing of tourism destinations has increasingly focused on collaboration and community approach in which convention and visitors bureaus (CVBs) are playing important roles in coordinating marketing activities and developing desired image of the destination in the marketplace. However, the fulfillment of the CVB's destination marketing role has been challenged by a number of issues related to governance and positioning. Taking a case study approach, this study attempts to understand the roles and strategies of CVBs in collaborative destination marketing and assess the collaborative marketing relationships and activities between the CVB and local tourism businesses. Discussions and implications are provided based on the study results.
Evaluation of the compatibility degree of constraint variables for the demand of ski center services
Authors: Andronikidis Andreas , Vassiliadis Chris , Masmanidis Theofilos
Published: July 2008

We investigate through Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), the existence of possible common effects that the three theoretical constraint factor categories (intrapersonal, interpersonal and structural constraints) might produce in the ski center demand, utilizing data of two visitor groups (men and women) from 12 ski centers in Greece. The final analysis sample comprised 705 observations for men and 599 observations for women. AMOS 5.0 supported the CFA by creating a quantitative analysis model of the structural relations among the screening variables. The research hypothesis was the exploration of the theoretical model suitability for the interpretation of the common effect that all three constraint categories could generate onto the two visitor groups. Results indicate that intrapersonal and structural constraint limitation factors for the most part affect women. Managerial implications for strategic marketing planning aiming at the reinforcement of ski destinations viability are also discussed.
Measuring tourist satisfaction: A factor-cluster segmentation approach
Authors: Andriotis Konstantinos , Agiomirgianakis George , Mihiotis Athanasios
Published: July 2008

Tourist satisfaction has been considered as a tool for increasing destination competitiveness. In an attempt to gain a better understanding of tourists' satisfaction in an island mass destination this study has taken Crete as a case with the aim to identify the underlying dimensions of tourists' satisfaction, to investigate whether tourists could be grouped into distinct segments and to examine the differences between the segments and their sociodemographic and travel arrangement characteristics. A segmentation procedure based on destination dimensions produced three clusters: the `Higher-Satisfied'; the `In-Betweeners'; and the `Lower-Satisfied'. The implications and the conclusions of the study are provided in relation to the marketing of the island of Crete.
The `Punitive Turn' in Juvenile Justice: Cultures of Control and Rights Compliance in Western Europe and the USA
Authors: Muncie John
Published: July 2008

Separate systems of justice for children and young people have always been beset by issues of contradiction and compromise. There is compelling evidence that such ambiguity is currently being `resolved' by a greater governmental resort to neo-conservative punitive and correctional interventions and a neo-liberal responsibilizing mentality in which the protection historically afforded to children is rapidly dissolving. This resurgent authoritarianism appears all the more anachronistic when it is set against the widely held commitment to act within the guidelines established by various children's rights conventions. Of note is the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, frequently described as the most ratified human rights convention in the world, but lamentably also the most violated. Based on international research on juvenile custody rates and children's rights compliance in the USA and Western Europe, this article examines why and to what extent `American exceptionalism' might be permeating European nation states.
Damage Assessment using Generalized State-Space Correlation Features
Authors: Overbey L.A. , Todd M.D.
Published: July 2008

Recently, damage detection capability has been demonstrated successfully using state-space based algorithms. These methods are advantageous because they rely on data-driven techniques that do not conform to models or assumptions like linearity. State-space-based features traditionally involve comparisons between measurements taken at the same location but at different times to determine if a change has taken place. However, if features such as state-space cross-prediction error and generalized interdependence are formulated such that they instead employ comparisons between simultaneous measurements at different locations, a fuller assessment of structural damage is possible. In addition to the presence of damage, other characteristics such as the extent, location, and type of damage can be revealed from these features. This approach is validated through a multi-degree-of-freedom oscillator and an experimental frame structure.
Long-term Structural Health Monitoring of a Multi-girder Steel Composite Bridge Using Strain Data
Authors: Cardini A.J. , DeWolf J.T.
Published: July 2008

This paper presents an approach to use strain data from a multi-girder, composite steel bridge for long-term Structural Health Monitoring (SHM). The bridge being studied is part of a research project at the University of Connecticut in which long-term SHM systems are being installed on a series of bridges throughout the State of Connecticut. Strain data is collected from normal truck traffic to determine live load stresses, load distribution factors, and the location of the neutral axis in each girder. Known weight trucks were used along with a finite element analysis for verification of the behavior. The long-term monitoring approach is based on determining the live load distribution factors, peak strains, and the neutral axis locations. The goal is to use existing, readily applied technology for SHM for long-term use on bridges that have raised concerns, due to corrosion noted in routine visual inspections, overloading, or fatigue sensitive details. The SHM system proposed can be used on a continuous basis to determine if there are significant changes in the structural behavior that would be indicative of major damage to either the girders or the concrete deck.
When a Mother Strikes too Close to the Bone
Authors: Elizabeth Vivienne
Published: July 2008

This article contains an account of the author's childhood experiences of her mother's use of harsh corporal punishment. These childhood experiences, as well as other aspects of the author's family life, are largely conveyed to the reader through a combination of autoethnographic poems and prose. Through these writings the author reflects on the haunting power of childhood experiences of harsh corporal punishment.
Toward Transcendence: A Creative Process of Performative Writing
Authors: Viramontes Adrienne
Published: July 2008

This essay explores the process and product of creative/performative writing. The author explains aspects of how the creative process works for her, what it can produce in terms of a finished autoethnographic document, and how the process can lead to transcendence. She uses a variety of scholarly voices to discuss the ways in which performative writing relates to Heidegger's discussion of building, dwelling, and thinking.
The Learning-to-Learn Strategies of Adolescent Students With Disabilities
Authors: Englert Carol Sue , Mariage Troy V. , Okolo Cynthia M. , Shankland Rebecca K. , Moxley Kathleen D. , Courtad Carrie Anna , Jocks-Meier Barbara S. , O'Brien J. Christian , Martin Nicole M. , Chen Hsin-Yuan
Published: July 2008

This study focuses on an examination of the learning-to-learn strategies of seventh-grade students as they highlight, take notes, plan, organize, and write expository texts. Participants consist of 125 students, 41 with disabilities and 84 without disabilities. The results reveal that the students with disabilities have more difficulties in using the learning-to-learn strategies as they read, study, and write expository texts, although neither group is judged to be highly proficient. The implications point to a renewed emphasis on preparing content-area teachers to teach the literacy and learning strategies that support the development of learners who know how to read to learn and how to write to learn.