bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Altruism and Egoism/Warm Glow in Economics and Psychology: Building a Bridge Between Different Experimental Approaches
Authors: Ottoni-Wilhelm Mark
Published: September 2017

The same dual–motive theory that combines altruism and egoism/warm glow is used in economics to study charitable giving and in psychology to study helping behavior. However, the two disciplines have taken different approaches to experimental testing. This paper builds a bridge between the different experimental approaches. For economists, the importance of this bridge is that it leads to a systematic description of six specific types of egoism/warm glow, and further suggests experimental designs that could be used to investigate warm glow motives in charitable giving. For psychologists, the bridge is important because the experimental design in economics suggests a way to test, directly rather than indirectly, the empathy–altruism hypothesis.
Measuring Value Diversity within Countries
Authors: Beugelsdijk Sjoerd , Klasing Mariko J.
Published: September 2017

Diversity research has shown that ethno-linguistic, religious, and genetic diversity are related to a variety of socio-economic outcomes. We complement this literature by focusing on a dimension of diversity so far ignored in diversity research for lack of data: Diversity in key human values. Using data from all available waves of the World Values Survey and the European Values Study we develop a multi-item indicator of value diversity. This measure reflects the extent to which key human values are shared among the inhabitants of a country. Our newly developed measure is available for up to 111 countries and three decades (1981-2014). We conclude by comparing our newly developed measure of value diversity with existing measures of social diversity and relating it to various indicator of socio-economic performance.
The Role of Repugnance in the Development of Markets: The Case of the Market for Transplantable Kidneys
Authors: Jorge Elias Julio
Published: September 2017

Economic efficiency is a criterion commonly used in economic analyses to establish an order of preference between different policy alternatives. However, in many societal situations where decisions on policy are made it would seem that this criterion is not the one most often prevails. This paper examines a disgust or repugnance factor, and examines how this factor operates as a restriction on certain transactions in the market and the consequences of these restrictions. This repugnance concept, developed by Al Roth (2007), suggests that some transactions, such as the purchase and sale of kidneys for transplants are illegal simply because a sufficient number of people find it repugnant. This paper demonstrates that the level of the repugnant reaction depends on circumstances and is closely associated with the social cost imposed by the development, prohibition or regulation of a kidney transplant market.
Cultural Attitudes and the “Traditional Medicines Paradox”: Evidence from Ghana and the Philippines
Authors: Costa-Font Joan , Sato Azusa
Published: September 2017

Traditional medicines continue to be widely used worldwide despite the increasing availability of modern medicines. We term this phenomenon the ‘traditional medicines paradox’. We investigate a potential explanation for such a paradox, namely the presence of ‘entrenched cultural beliefs’ in explaining continued use. As such, this paper draws upon unique data collected in Ghana to examine the impact of 6 attitudes towards traditional medicines and healers on utilisation. To further test the importance of attitudes, we look at data from the Philippines. In both cases, cultural attitudes such as perceived healer knowledge, trust, belief in ability to cure, and acceptability are found to be significantly associated with utilisation. Hence it is unlikely that traditional medicines will be supplanted simply by increasing access to modern drugs as they are not perceived to be substitutes and the systems exhibit divergent logic.
Changing Culture to Change Society?
Authors: Borrell-Porta Mireia , Costa-Font Joan , Sato Azusa
Published: September 2017

Can culture be a policy variable, and hence of use to change society? What can we infer from the existing datasets and methods in economics? How different it is from what social scientists define as culture? Drawing on evidence from migrants interviewed in the European Values Study 2008- 2010 we show evidence of cultural persistence on a large set of attitudes suggesting that culture is a relevant variable for policy to account for. We then offer its downsides and then move to the meaning of culture in other social sciences which allows for more general equilibrium effects, and we propose to focus instead on cultural identity change reflecting newly internalized cultural norms. We argue that on the basis of the existing evidence there is some scope for changing cultural social norms that shape the locus of value (meaningfulness) in a society, which can in induce forms of ‘social change’. However, unlike with social norms, core beliefs in a society are likely to be culturally persistent.
Introduction
Authors: Kaplan David M.
Published: September 2017

Environmental philosophy and philosophy of technology have a lot in common. Both fields explore the positive and negative aspects of human modifications of the world. Both question the limits of technology in relation to natural environments, animals, plants, and food. Both examine if human making and doing is compatible with nature or wholly different from it. And both examine the difference between what is considered to be natural and artificial. Technology and the environment further intersect in a number of issues, such as climate change, sustainability, geo-engineering, and agriculture. The reason for the overlap is fundamental: Environmental issues inevitably involve technology, and technologies inevitably have environmental impacts. Technology and the environment are like two sides of the same coin: Each is fully understood only in relation to the other. Yet, despite the ample overlap of questions concerning technology and the environment, the two philosophical fields have developed in relative isolation from each other. Even when philosophers in each field address themselves to similar concerns, the research tends to be parallel rather than intersecting, and the literatures remain foreign to one another. These divergent paths are unfortunate. Philosophers from each field have a lot to contribute to the other....
Is Technology Use Insidious?
Authors: Whyte Kyle Powys , Gunderson Ryan , Clark Brett
Published: September 2017

Kyle Whyte, Ryan Gunderson, and Brett Clark compare and contrast the notion of insidiousness in the philosophy of technology and environmental philosophy, the idea that the adoption of a new technology erodes intimate relationships with the environment. The authors reject the idea that technologies are neutral or disinterested but instead embody values, preferences, and lifestyles. The authors argue that technologies can indeed sometimes transform our social and environmental relationships in insidious ways. They conclude with five questions philosophers and social scientists should consider when examining different technology-society-environment interfaces: 1) What social and social-environmental relations give rise a technology and how does it reproduce or transform these relations? 2) Who is in control of the design and application of the given technology? 3) How is the given technology governed? Which social groups and environments benefit from it? 4) Which social groups and environments are harmed by it? 5) Which values, interests, and politics are reflected in the design an application of the given technology? The answers to these questions may not determine that technology is insidious but they will likely counter the view that it is neutral and disinterested.
Early Geoengineering Governance: The Oxford Principles
Authors: Heyward Clare , Rayner Steve , Savulescu Julian
Published: September 2017

Clare Heyward, and Steve Rayner, and Julian Savulescu examine the legitimacy and social control over the research, development and eventual deployment of geo-engineering to reduce human caused climate change. They believe that it is permissible in principle but all geo-engineering R&D should be subject to some sort of governance given its potential to affect everyone in the world. They defend the Oxford Principles of ethical-political decision-making principles. 1) Geo-engineering is in the public interest and should be regulated as a public good; 2) there should be public participation in geo-engineering decision-making; 3) geo-engineering research should be transparent and available to the public; 4) risk assessments should be conducted by independent bodies, and be directed toward both the environmental and socio-economic impacts of research and deployment; and 5) the legal, social, and ethical implications of geo-engineering should be addressed before a project is undertaken or technology deployed. The authors then compare the Oxford Principles favorably the three main alternative models that guide geoengineering development. They argue that it has a greater scope of application than the alternatives and better lend themselves to action-guiding recommendations and regulations, appropriate to different technologies -- while preserving longstanding environmental and political values.
Design for Sustainability
Authors: Poel Ibo van de
Published: September 2017

Ibo van de Poel claims that there is substantial disagreement about the exact conception of sustainability even if there is general agreement on its desirability. We should see sustainability as a “compounded” value (not a mere technical issue) that consists of intergenerational justice, intragenerational justice, and care for nature. These values often conflict. The three most common ways of dealing with value conflicts are through life cycle analysis (which compares and aggregates multiple environmental impacts into one measure), respecification (which identifies higher-order and less controversial values to be specified into a design), or innovation (which develops new options that meet all design requirements). Usually value conflicts are can be handled by specifications of shared values or by new innovations. Van de Poel recommends a “values hierarchy” that organizes conflicting interpretations of a specific project in order to determine the available design options. He proposes “value dams” and “value flows” to manage conflicts among stakeholders, who might have different conceptions of sustainability. A value dam would prevent those design features that are strongly opposed by at least one or more stakeholders, and a value flow would promote design requirements that fit a number of different conceptions of sustainability.
Industrial Ecology and Environmental Design
Authors: Allenby Braden
Published: September 2017

Braden Allenby examines industrial ecology, a field of study devoted to the relationships among industrial, economic, and natural systems premised on the idea that industrial systems should attempt to emulate the efficiencies of nature. Allenby, however, identifies several weaknesses with industrial ecology. For example, it has it has not reflected evolving conceptions of either ecology, environmentalism, or the globalization of the economy. Also, its focus has been too limited, paying too much attention to manufacturing and materials and not enough on services, and information and communication technologies. Worse, the focus on high tech and developed economies has prevented industrial ecology from having much of an effect in developing nations. But even more pressing is that industrial ecology has not modified its conception of the environment in light of increasing human transformations on the natural world. If we are living in anthropocene, the biological model of the environment is not only dated but woefully inadequate to account for wide range of human values that should be incorporated into design. Allenby concludes that industrial design can overcome its limitations, evolve alongside of the environmental movement, and offer viable alternatives to theorists and practitioners concerned with sustainability.
Technology, Responsibility, and Meat
Authors: Galusky Wyatt
Published: September 2017

Wyatt Galusky examines the role of technology in producing meat for human consumption. He rehearses the litany of arguments against industrialized animal agriculture, as well as the arguments in defense of in-vitro (laboratory produced) meat. But Galusky complicates the idea that technology solves the problems of factory farming by considering meat as a technology, not just a product of it. He does this in order to understand meat as human creation that involves a network of relationships among technologies, humans, and the natural world. When we view meat as technology we highlight the worldviews, contexts, and agents that make it possible and that we are responsible for. For Galusky, these include the view of the natural world as “plastic,” the ultimate virtue of control over nature, and the diminished view of what an animal’s life as mere source of protein. Industrialized meat technologies raise the ethical question about what kind of nature, what kind of human, and what kind of animals we are designing. He reminds us that the more technologies we make, the more responsibilities we take on.
Cannabinoids, Reward, and Addiction
Authors: Parker Linda A.
Published: September 2017

Dopamine is a neurotransmitter critical for reward processing and is elevated by most addicting drugs. The effect of THC and other CB1 agonists moderately elevate dopamine in reward related regions of the rodent brain; however, there is less consistent evidence in humans for marijuana-induced changes in dopamine release or for morphological changes in brain reward areas. In humans, cannabis use disorder has been identified, which shows similar features of other substance use disorders, but not in the same extremes as opiates, psychostimulants or alcohol. This chapter discusses the interaction between cannabis and other drugs in relapse to drugs use, with a special case for the interaction between cannabinoids and opiates. Finally, the relationship between cannabinoid effects on men and women in sexual behaviour is discussed.
Cannabinoids and Neurodegenerative Disorders
Authors: Parker Linda A.
Published: September 2017

Cannabinoids play a neuroprotective function in the brain by reducing the release of excitatory glutamate release and by their anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. THC acts on both CB1 and CB2 receptors, both of which have been shown to be important in the neuroprotective effects of the endocannabinoid system, such as reducing the damage produced by stroke. The best human clinical trial evidence for the effectiveness of cannabis as a medicine is in the treatment of painful spasticity in Multiple Sclerosis (MS) patients. Preclinical research suggests that the endocannabinoid system is also involved in symptomatology of Alzheimer’s Disease, Parkinson’s Disease, Huntington’s Disease and Amyotropic Lateral Sclerosis, suggesting that treatments with activate this system, may be useful treatments for a range of neurogenerative disorders of the nervous system.
Counting Bitcoin
Authors: Finn Ed
Published: September 2017

This chapter uses the growing dominance of algorithmic high frequency trading in finance to frame a reading of Bitcoin and related cryptocurrencies. By defining the unit of exchange through computational cycles, Bitcoin fundamentally shifts the faith-based community of currency from a materialist to an algorithmic value system. Algorithmic arbitrage is forcing similar transitions in the attribution of value and meaning in many spaces of cultural exchange, from Facebook and Google’s Page Rank algorithm to journalism. The fundamental shift from valuing the cultural object itself to valuing the networks of relations that the object establishes or supports leads to new practices and aesthetics of production, where form and genre give way to memes and nebulous collaborative works. Using Bitcoin and its underlying blockchain technology as an example of this new value model, the chapter considers the consequences of programmable value for the notion of a public sphere in the twenty-first century, an era when arbitrage trumps content.
Introduction: The Age of Complexity
Authors: Young Oran R.
Published: September 2017

The Earth is moving into a new era, frequently referred to as the Anthropocene, in which anthropogenic drivers have become major determinants of the trajectory of the Earth system. Compared to the Holocene, a relatively benign era from the perspective of human well-being, the Anthropocene is emerging as a more turbulent era featuring processes of change that are often nonlinear, frequently abrupt, typically surprising, and generally challenging from a human perspective. Our basic understanding of governance, derived from the effort to solve largescale environmental problems like the depletion of stratospheric ozone remains relevant in this setting. But now we must supplement this understanding with new perspectives on meeting needs for governance that will augment the social capital available to those responsible for creating and implementing governance systems that will prove effective in addressing problems like climate change and the loss of biological diversity.
Goal-Setting as a Governance Strategy
Authors: Young Oran R.
Published: September 2017

Mainstream thinking about governance focuses on rule-making and directs attention to the challenges of developing rules, promulgating implementing regulations, and dealing with matters of compliance and enforcement. But this is not the only method for meeting needs for governance in complex systems. An alternative strategy centers of goal-setting and features the establishment of clearcut priorities, the allocation of resources to address these priorities, the development of effective teams with a mandate to pursue goals, and the introduction of metrics to measure progress toward goal fulfillment. While goal-setting is more familiar to those working at subnational and even local levels, cases like the Millennium Development Goals and the Sustainable Development Goals indicate that this strategy is usable in largescale settings as well. In some cases (e.g. the regime created under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change), rule-making and goal-setting are joined together in a single governance system. But goal-setting is a distinct governance strategy with a logic of its own. It makes sense in a variety of settings to compare and contrast the relative merits of goal-setting and other governance strategies in devising arrangements likely to prove effective in solving specific problems.
Principled Governance
Authors: Young Oran R.
Published: September 2017

Another governance strategy features the development of principles and the coalescence of sets of principles into ethical systems (e.g. medical ethics, legal ethics). Principles provide normative guidance meant to be applied thoughtfully to the complexities of specific situations rather than to be treated as fixed prescriptions to be complied with regardless of the circumstances at hand. A series of international conferences, starting with the 1972 Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment and running through the 2012 UN Conference on Environment and Development, have contributed to the development of a system of international environmental ethics. Prominent elements of this system include the polluter pays principle, the precautionary principle, and the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities. Principled governance is not meant to replace rule-making as the dominant approach to governance in largescale settings. But it has attractions as an approach to governance in complex systems where there is a compelling need to respond nimbly or agilely to changes that are nonlinear, often abrupt, and frequently irreversible.
The Contributions of Good Governance
Authors: Young Oran R.
Published: September 2017

While the idea of good governance has becomes popular in writings on international governance, there is a good deal of confusion about the meaning of this phrase. In some cases, effectiveness is treated as part of the definition of good governance. This makes it impossible to direct attention to the links between good governance and the effectiveness of governance systems in solving problems. A more interesting approach is to think of good governance in process terms and then to focus on the links between good governance and effectiveness in problem solving. Among the most interesting processes in this regard are participation, transparency, and accountability (the PTA variables). The key point regarding participation, for example, is that actors who feel they have had an opportunity to participate actively in decisionmaking are more likely to accept the results and abide by them than those who feel frustrated regarding participation. The challenge here is to apply this type of reasoning to largescale settings in which the actors are states or major interest groups. The widespread use of consensus rules at the international level means that states can expect to participate actively in the negotiation of agreements they are expected to implement within their own jurisdictions. But this gives rise to what are known as two-level games, since individuals, corporations, and interest groups within states may be reluctant to comply with or conform to the terms of agreements negotiated by their governments in the absence opportunities to voice their opinions in advance.
Invisible Mind
Authors: Harris Lasana T.
Published: September 2017

Why do people engage in pro and anti-social behaviour? Invisible Mind takes an interdisciplinary approach to address this question, among others, by focussing on the spontaneous psychological ability social cognition, and its inherent flexibility. People get inside the minds—infer the mental states—of others, including non-human agents and animals. Such social cognition is necessary for recognising another as a full human being, deserving of being included in the boundaries of moral protection, encouraging obedience to moral and social rules during social interactions. People can also withhold social cognition from other people, resulting a dehumanized perception, or extend it to non-human agents, resulting anthropomorphism. Harris argues that this flexibility is functional; social cognition evolved when people lived in much smaller groups, suggesting flexibility provided a fitness advantage specific to such a social environment, but may be occasionally maladaptive in modern societies. He reviews social, cognitive, evolutionary, and developmental psychology that supports this claim, before considering the implications of flexible social cognition for economics, legal theories, practice, and policy, international disputes, and athletic competition. He then explores what might be the consequences of flexible social cognition in modern societies where technology facilitates social communication and interaction.
Tension
Authors: Harris Lasana T.
Published: September 2017

The first chapter states that flexible social cognition—having the ability to engage and not engage in mental state inferences with others—perhaps explains why people are capable of pro and anti-social behaviour. It introduces a classical equation for social behaviour, before suggesting an edit that equation that accounts for social cognition. It then suggests a metaphor to explain how social cognition might be engaged based on the social context. Next, it defines the key terms for the argument surrounding flexible social cognition: flexible and mental state inference as the most fundamental form of social cognition. It reconciles differences in the use of various psychological jargon for various types of social cognition, then defines social groups, explaining their importance to the general theory.
Explanation
Authors: Harris Lasana T.
Published: September 2017

The fourth chapter argues that explanation may be the function of social cognition, aiding survival and driving human evolution. It explores the psychological literature on anthropomorphism—instances where people bring non-human agents and entities to life by engaging social cognition—and describes it as a type of ‘magical’ or imaginary thinking. It then contrasts this ability with dehumanizing people, describing the brain mechanisms enabling dehumanization, and the functions of withholding social cognition to people. It then considers extending social cognition to animals as a domain where the flexible nature of social cognition is revealed. Finally, it implicates explanation as a causal factor in intractable group conflict.
Naive Scientists
Authors: Harris Lasana T.
Published: September 2017

The fifth chapter presents a toy model for the development of social cognition based on psychology experiments that explore this ability in babies, infants and children. It explores when infants dissociate people from objects and other non-human agents, reviewing classical models in developmental psychology that describe these processes. It also explores the development of language, intentionality, and emotion in infants, highlighting commonalities and differences between these important components of social cognition. Finally, it addresses the theoretical debate between theory-theory and and simulation accounts of social cognition, before arguing for a more social psychological perspective that takes the social context into account.
The Social Context
Authors: Harris Lasana T.
Published: September 2017

The seventh chapter argues for the importance of the social context in continuing to influence whether social cognition is engaged or not, and describes a version of the delayed sudden death virus outbreak thought experiment without the death and virus components, set in modern society. This chapter then reviews classical social psychological studies that illustrate the power of the social context in shaping social cognition and resulting behaviour. It describes different types of social contexts, and explores the role of consistency motives in guiding human behaviour. Finally, it makes an appeal for a spectrum metaphor for social behavior, rather than alternative metaphors that categorise the phenomenon too narrowly.
The Economic Context
Authors: Harris Lasana T.
Published: September 2017

The eight chapter explores how social cognition functions in economic contexts, describing economical tendencies that are shared across species, and highlighting the difference between economic and social contexts. It then examines the 2007 global financial crisis as a case study about the problems caused by engaging social cognition in economic contexts. Finally, it explores labor markets as a second example where problems might arises if social cognition is inappropriately engaged, and argues that social cognition can often get in the way of economic motives, resulting in sub-optimal economic decisions and human exploitation.
What Sustainability Is and Why It Matters
Authors: Curren Randall , Metzger Ellen
Published: September 2017

This aim of this chapter is to clarify the idea of sustainability, and to do so in a way that supports a coherent and ethically compelling understanding of sustainability. It identifies the long-term preservation of opportunity to live well as the normative core of the idea of sustainability. It defines a primary ecological concept of sustainability and distinguishes several other concepts, including throughput sustainability and socio-political sustainability. This provides a basis for detailed inquiry into the ethical core of sustainability and the relationships between several forms of sustainability that people have reason to care about. The chapter concludes with a survey of causes and manifestations of unsustainability that are undermining opportunities to live well.
Obstacles to Sustainability
Authors: Curren Randall , Metzger Ellen
Published: September 2017

This chapter identifies a variety of human obstacles to achieving sustainability, and in doing so provides a deeper understanding of the challenges of sustainability, and the means by which these challenges might be overcome. Human attributes, practices, norms, settings, structures, cultures, institutions, systems, and policies may all be conducive or not conducive to sustainability, so the obstacles surveyed include structural determinants of the footprint intensity of consumption, cultural and social factors, systemic failures of public knowledge, aspects of human cognition, emotion, and motivation, and limitations of environmental governance. The character of these obstacles to sustainability demonstrates the need for a multi-scale and coordinated public response to problems of sustainability, but also self-organized collective efforts to create conditions favourable to global cooperation. The chapter concludes that agreement on fair principles of cooperation is essential to sustainability.
Complexity and the Structure of Opportunity
Authors: Curren Randall , Metzger Ellen
Published: September 2017

This chapter critiques three categories of institutions that are basic to personal and collective well-being: epistemic or knowledge-producing institutions, educational or personally formative institutions, and workplaces as institutional settings in which personal qualities are expressed in activity that is more or less characteristic of living well. It addresses the ways in which these institutions should ideally contribute to the creation and sustaining of opportunities to live well, and it goes on to consider how these institutions actually do function in increasingly complex contemporary societies. Joseph Tainter’s model of growing social complexity and declining marginal return on investments in complexity is examined and discussed in connection with equal opportunity, credential inflation, academic specialization, and the structure of educational systems. This extends and deepens a critique of existing institutions that runs through the entire book. The chapter ends with proposals for reforming selected institutions to make them more conducive to sustainability. Ideals of flourishing, transparency, social reciprocity, the inherent satisfactions of good work, and problem-focussed collaborative research play important roles.
Managing Complexity: Three Case Studies
Authors: Curren Randall , Metzger Ellen
Published: September 2017

This chapter identifies problems of sustainability as systemic action problems and presents illustrative case studies in environmental governance: the management of energy, water, and food systems. It begins by examining the widely discussed idea that problems of sustainability are wicked problems, and argues that systemic complexity and decisional complexity are the factors fundamentally involved in such problems. This opening discussion of the nature of sustainability problems and the case studies that follow bring together and illustrate thematic strands of the preceding chapters, including the costs, benefits, and hazards of complexity, the respective roles of market and government mechanisms, and trans-boundary environmental governance. The illustrative cases concern the 2010 Gulf of Mexico oil spill, Australia’s National Water Management System, and the changing patterns of food production in the Mekong Region of Southeast Asia. The cases progress in this way from the local and regional to the national and international, and all are concerned in one way or another with relationships between water, food, and energy systems: the widely discussed water-food-energy nexus.
The Quest for Intelligent Machines
Authors: Oliveira Arlindo
Published: September 2017

This chapter addresses the question of whether a computer can become intelligent and how to test for that possibility. It introduces the idea of the Turing test, a test developed to determine, in an unbiased way, whether a program running in a computer is, or is not, intelligent. The development of artificial intelligence led, in time, to many applications of computers that are not possible using “non-intelligent” programs. One important area in artificial intelligence is machine learning, the technology that makes possible that computers learn, from existing data, in ways similar to the ways humans learn. A number of approach to perform machine learning is addressed in this chapter, including neural networks, decision trees and Bayesian learning. The chapter concludes by arguing that the brain is, in reality, a very sophisticated statistical machine aimed at improving the chances of survival of its owner.
Cells, Bodies, and Brains
Authors: Oliveira Arlindo
Published: September 2017

This chapter describes evolution as a long-running algorithm that has designed all species on Earth. Evolution, a process discovered by Charles Darwin, has been working for more than four billion years to obtain, at first, simple unicellular organisms (prokaryotes) and, later, much more complex life forms, based on eukaryotic cells. Evolution worked not with bits stored in a computer memory, but with replicators that are digital sequences written in very long DNA molecules, the genomes. Complex cells, which are the results of this optimization algorithm, eventually organized themselves in vast multi-cellular complexes, leading to the multicellular organisms in existence today and, ultimately, to humans and the human brain, the most complex information processing device we know.
Understanding the Brain
Authors: Oliveira Arlindo
Published: September 2017

This chapter summarily describes some of the technologies that are currently being used to image living brains and understand brain behaviour. The important projects in this area are briefly enumerated, as are the many technologies used for brain imaging. The computer models that are used to integrate the obtained data, brain networks, are also briefly described, together with the methodologies used to analyze them. Also covered in this chapter are some of the techniques used to dissect and image live brains in order to obtain detailed information about the fine structure of brain tissue, such as electron microscopy. The chapter finishes by surveying the techniques used to simulate sections of brain tissue, and uses these simulations to compare the computational efficiency of biological brains with the computational efficiency of brain simulations in modern day computers.
Challenges and Promises
Authors: Oliveira Arlindo
Published: September 2017

Some of the challenges and promises that would stem from the creation of digital minds are presented and discussed. In particular, this chapter addresses the possibility that, in the future, there may exist digital persons, digital minds that have personhood rights and duties. The non-obvious possibilities raised by the creation of digital minds are discussed in some detail, including the possibility of time-travel, eternal life, and unlimited duplication. Many of the questions raised by the existence of digital minds have no obvious solution in our current legal framework, and will need to be addressed in the coming decades. Digital minds may decide to live entirely in virtual reality, using technologies that are now under development. That would raise possibilities that are hard to phantom, given our present day knowledge.
Researching children's music. Prologue.
Authors: Ruud Even
Published: September 2017

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Introduction: Children’s music—an emerging field of research
Authors: Vestad Ingeborg Lunde
Published: September 2017

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Broadcasting Children’s Music
Authors: Bignell Jonathan
Published: September 2017

Broadcasting children’s music on television and radio is motivated by, and aims to serve, adults’ perceptions of children’s wants and needs. Children’s music in general is shaped by the understanding of what ‘childhood’ means and, in turn, supports adults’ assumptions about childhood. This article develops these ideas in an analysis of examples from the history of British radio and television, beginning in the 1920s and continuing until the growing penetration of online interactive media challenged the status of broadcasting in the early 21st century. The article discusses examples of different kinds of children’s music in a broadcast context, including the broadcast of commercial recordings of music for children, such as versions of traditional songs and nursery rhymes as well as pop music aimed at children. It also considers the significance of signature tunes and repeated musical sequences from long-lived and well-loved children’s programmes, because they play key roles in differentiating children’s programmes from each other and distinguishing children’s music from music aimed at adults. Broadcast programmes frequently include music that does not play a central role, when it is used as an accompaniment to drama, entertainment performance or animation. But such music contributes to programmes’ tone and shapes their mode of address to an imagined child audience. Entertainment shows or magazine programmes include music performances alongside non-musical sequences and can use music to, for example, mark an occasion for sing-along activities or accompany games. The social function of broadcasting for children watching or listening at home or at school, usually with an adult or other children, is constituted in part by these varied forms of children’s music. These forms of music shape conceptions of childhood through particular kinds of listening practices and ways of belonging to an audience.
What Is Good and Bad Children’s Music? Exploring Quality and Value in Music for Children
Authors: Vinge John
Published: September 2017

This article outlines and discusses various aspects of quality and value in children’s music. Quality is defined as something performative—that is, characteristics within the aesthetic object that gain significance and value through interaction with listening subjects. The article argues that the judgment of quality in music is always relative, depending on the listener and the criteria in play, and when it comes to children’s music, a variety of participating subjects and possible criteria could be involved. This pluralistic, relativistic concept of quality allows the author to theoretically examine quality perceptions of children’s music by employing different sets of criteria significant to the aesthetic object and its various functions and, philosophically, through the viewpoints of different agents in the field of children’s music. Through this analytical exercise, the article contributes to the categorization and understanding of various logics underpinning normative judgments of children’s music.
Bounce Resonance Scattering of Radiation Belt Electrons by Low‐Frequency Hiss: Comparison With Cyclotron and Landau Resonances
Authors: Cao Xing , Ni Binbin , Summers Danny , Zou Zhengyang , Fu Song , Zhang Wenxun
Published: September 2017

Bounce resonant interactions with magnetospheric waves have been proposed as an important contributing mechanism for scattering near‐equatorially mirroring electrons by violating the second adiabatic invariant associated with the electron bounce motion along a geomagnetic field line. This study demonstrates that low‐frequency plasmaspheric hiss with significant wave power below 100 Hz can bounce resonate efficiently with radiation belt electrons. By performing quantitative calculations of pitch angle scattering rates, we show that low‐frequency hiss‐induced bounce resonant scattering of electrons has a strong dependence on equatorial pitch angle αeq. For electrons with αeq close to 90°, the timescale associated with bounce resonance scattering can be comparable to or even less than 1 h. Cyclotron and Landau resonant interactions between low‐frequency hiss and electrons are also investigated for comparisons. It is found that while the bounce and Landau resonances are responsible for the diffusive transport of near‐equatorially mirroring electrons to lower αeq, pitch angle scattering by cyclotron resonance could take over to further diffuse electrons into the atmosphere. Bounce resonance provides a more efficient pitch angle scattering mechanism of relativistic (≥1 MeV) electrons than Landau resonance due to the stronger scattering rates and broader resonance coverage of αeq, thereby demonstrating that bounce resonance scattering by low‐frequency hiss can contribute importantly to the evolution of the electron pitch angle distribution and the loss of radiation belt electrons.
Investigating the Capability to Extract Impulse Response Functions From Ambient Seismic Noise Using a Mine Collapse Event
Authors: Kwak Sangmin , Song Seok Goo , Kim Geunyoung , Cho Chang Soo , Shin Jin Soo
Published: September 2017

Using recordings of a mine collapse event (Mw 4.2) in South Korea in January 2015, we demonstrated that the phase and amplitude information of impulse response functions (IRFs) can be effectively retrieved using seismic interferometry. This event is equivalent to a single downward force at shallow depth. Using quantitative metrics, we compared three different seismic interferometry techniques—deconvolution, coherency, and cross correlation—to extract the IRFs between two distant stations with ambient seismic noise data. The azimuthal dependency of the source distribution of the ambient noise was also evaluated. We found that deconvolution is the best method for extracting IRFs from ambient seismic noise within the period band of 2–10 s. The coherency method is also effective if appropriate spectral normalization or whitening schemes are applied during the data processing.
Unveiling Active Sites for the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction on Monolayer MoS2
Authors: Zhang Jing , Wu Jingjie , Guo Hua , Chen Weibing , Yuan Jiangtan , Martinez Ulises , Gupta Gautam , Mohite Aditya , Ajayan Pulickel M. , Lou Jun
Published: September 2017

Here, the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) activities at the edge and basal‐plane sites of monolayer molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) synthesized by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) are studied using a local probe method enabled by selected‐area lithography. Reaction windows are opened by e‐beam lithography at sites of interest on poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)‐covered monolayer MoS2 triangles. The HER properties of MoS2 edge sites are obtained by subtraction of the activity of the basal‐plane sites from results containing both basal‐plane and edge sites. The catalytic performances in terms of turnover frequencies (TOFs) are calculated based on the estimated number of active sites on the selected areas. The TOFs follow a descending order of 3.8 ± 1.6, 1.6 ± 1.2, 0.008 ± 0.002, and 1.9 ± 0.8 × 10−4 s−1, found for 1T′‐, 2H‐MoS2 edges, and 1T′‐, 2H‐MoS2 basal planes, respectively. Edge sites of both 2H‐ and 1T′‐MoS2 are proved to have comparable activities to platinum (≈1–10 s−1). When fitted into the HER volcano plot, the MoS2 active sites follow a trend distinct from conventional metals, implying a possible difference in the reaction mechanism between transition‐metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) and metal catalysts.
Tunable, Low Optical Loss Strontium Molybdate Thin Films for Plasmonic Applications
Authors: Wells Matthew P. , Zou Bin , Doiron Brock G. , Kilmurray Rebecca , Mihai Andrei P. , Oulton Rupert F. M. , Gubeljak Patrick , Ormandy Kristian L. , Mallia Giuseppe , Harrison Nicholas M. , Cohen Lesley F. , Maier Stefan A. , Alford Neil McN. , Petrov Peter K.
Published: September 2017

Strontium molybdate (SrMoO3) thin films are grown epitaxially on strontium titanate (SrTiO3), magnesium oxide (MgO), and lanthanum aluminate (LaAlO3) substrates by pulsed laser deposition and possess electrical resistivity as low as 100 µΩ cm at room temperature. SrMoO3 is shown to have optical losses, characterized by the product of the Drude broadening, ΓD, and the square of the plasma frequency, ωpu2, significantly lower than TiN, though generally higher than Au. Also, it is demonstrated that there is a zero‐crossover wavelength of the real part of the dielectric permittivity, which is between 600 and 950 nm (2.05 and 1.31 eV), as measured by spectroscopic ellipsometry. Moreover, the epsilon near zero (ENZ) wavelength can be controlled by engineering the residual strain in the films, which arises from a strain dependence of the charge carrier concentration, as confirmed by density of states calculations. The relatively broad tunability of ENZ behavior observed in SrMoO3 demonstrates its potential suitability for transformation optics along with plasmonic applications in the visible to near infrared spectral range.
Too Many Junctions? A Case Study of Multijunction Thin‐Film Silicon Solar Cells
Authors: Si Fai Tong , Isabella Olindo , Zeman Miro
Published: September 2017

The benefit of two‐terminal multijunction solar cells in regard to the number of junctions (subcells) is critically evaluated. The optical and electrical losses inherent in the construction of multijunction cells are analyzed using information from thin‐film silicon photovoltaics as a representative case. Although the multijunction approach generally reduces the thermalization and nonabsorption losses, several types of losses rise with the number of subcells. Optical reflection and parasitic absorption are slightly increased by adding supporting layers and interfaces. The output voltages decline because of the tunnel recombination junctions, and more importantly of the illumination filtered and reduced by the top subcell(s). The loss mechanisms consume the potential gains in efficiency of multijunction cells. For thin‐film silicon, the triple‐junction is confirmed to be the best performing structure. More generally, only when each component subcell shows a high ratio between the output voltage and the bandgap of the absorber material, a multijunction cell with a large number of subcells can be beneficial. Finally, the high voltage and low current density of multijunction cells with a large number of subcells make them difficult to optimize and manufacture, vulnerable to any changes in the solar spectrum, and thus less practical for the ordinary terrestrial applications.
Electronic Delocalization in Two and Three Dimensions: Differential Aggregation in Indium “Metalloid” Clusters
Authors: Protchenko Andrey V. , Urbano Juan , Abdalla Joseph A. B. , Campos Jesús , Vidovic Dragoslav , Schwarz Andrew D. , Blake Matthew P. , Mountford Philip , Jones Cameron , Aldridge Simon
Published: September 2017

Reduction of indium boryl precursors to give two‐ and three‐dimensional M−M bonded networks is influenced by the choice of supporting ligand. While the unprecedented nanoscale cluster [In68(boryl)12]− (with an In12@In44@In12(boryl)12 concentric structure), can be isolated from the potassium reduction of a bis(boryl)indium(III) chloride precursor, analogous reduction of the corresponding (benzamidinate)InIIIBr(boryl) system gives a near‐planar (and weakly aromatic) tetranuclear [In4(boryl)4]2− system.
Evaporation‐Directed Crack‐Patterning of Metal–Organic Framework Colloidal Films and Their Application as Photonic Sensors
Authors: Dalstein Olivier , Gkaniatsou Effrosyni , Sicard Clemence , Sel Ozlem , Perrot Hubert , Serre Christian , Boissière Cédric , Faustini Marco
Published: September 2017

A straightforward crack‐patterning method is reported allowing the direct formation of periodic cracks in metal–organic framework (MOF) nanoparticle films during dip‐coating deposition. The crack propagation and periodicity can be easily tailored by controlling the evaporation front and the withdrawal speed. Several MOF‐patterned films can be fabricated on large surfaces and on several substrates (flat, curved or flexible) including the inner surface of a tube, not achievable by other lithographic techniques. We demonstrate that the periodic cracked arrays diffract light and, due to the MOF sorption properties, photonic vapor sensors are fabricated. A new concept of “in‐tube”, MOF‐based diffraction grating sensors is proposed with outstanding sensitivity that can be easily tuned “on‐demand” as function of the desired detection range.