bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Glycosidation of sugars. IV. Methanolysis of D-glucose, D-galactose, and D-mannose
Authors: Smirnyagin V. , Bishop C. T.
Published: May 2006

Rates of methanolysis reactions of D-glucose, D-galactose, and D-mannose have been determined. The results confirm those found earlier for pentoses that the glycosidation reaction proceeds to equilibrium through four distinguishable competing reactions: (1) hexose → furanosides, (2) anomerization of furanosides, (3) furanosides → pyranosides, and (4) anomerization of pyranosides. The glycoside compositions at equilibrium are interpreted in terms of conformational analysis for furanoid and pyranoid rings. The energy differences between the ground states also contribute to an important degree in determining the relative rates of reaction.
Total synthesis of a curvularin isomer
Authors: Bagli Jehan F. , Immer H.
Published: May 2006

This paper describes a total synthesis of a biogenetically possible, hitherto unknown macrolide 4. Starting with 3,5-dimethoxybenzaldehyde, ketone 5a was generated in five steps. Alkylation of this compound by bromopentene followed by decarboxylation yielded pentenyl ketone 6. Oxymercuration–demercuration followed by dehydration gave cyclic enol ether 8. Oxidation with m-chloroperbenzoic acid led to the macrolide 4.
Réactions dans le sulfolane. III. Etude des interactions eau–sulfolane
Authors: Benoit R. L. , Choux G.
Published: May 2006

Heats of mixing at 30 °C and vapor pressures at 30, 40, and 50 °C have been measured for the system water–sulfolane. The excess thermodynamic functions ΔGE, ΔHM, and ΔSE have been calculated. The value of the heat of solution [Formula: see text] indicates that the sulfone group is a weak proton acceptor. The effects of water activity on the H− acidity function values in hydroxide media have been compared for the systems water–sulfolane and water–dimethylsulfoxide.
The γ-radiolysis of cyclohexane with electron scavengers. V. C6F12 as an electron scavenger in the vapor phase
Authors: Sagert N. H. , Blair A. S.
Published: May 2006

The radiolysis of cyclohexane in the vapor phase has been examined in the presence of up to 3 mole % perfluorocyclohexane. The results indicate that perfluorocyclohexyl radicals are produced with a yield of 2.0 G units at 3% perfluorocyclohexane. It is concluded that these radicals are formed when the perfluorocyclohexyl anions are neutralized. The relevance of this neutralization to the liquid phase radiolysis of cyclohexane is discussed.
Structure of the extracellular bacterial polysaccharide from Arthrobacter viscosus NRRL B-1973
Authors: Sloneker J. H. , Orentas Danute G. , Knutson C. A. , Watson P. R. , Jeanes Allene
Published: May 2006

D-Glucose, D-galactose, and D-mannuronic acid in equimolar proportions constitute 75% of the weight of the polysaccharide elaborated by Arthrobacter viscosus NRRL B-1973. O-Acetyl groups account for the remaining 25% of the weight; 50% of the hydroxyl groups are acetylated. Acid hydrolysis of the polysaccharide revealed that the D-mannopyranosyluronic acid bonds hydrolyzed with unexpected ease. Controlled acid hydrolysis afforded three oligosaccharides identified as 4-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-D-galactose; 4-O-β-D-mannopyranosyluronic acid-D-glucose; and O-β-D-mannopyranosyluronic acid-(1 → 4)-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 4)-D-galactose. The native polysaccharide was oxidized slowly by sodium metaperiodate and consumed 0.42 mole per sugar residue in 340 h at 4°. The deacetylated polysaccharide consumed 0.67 mole of periodate per sugar residue and produced 1 mole of acid per 160 to 165 sugar residues in 170 h at 4°. At 20° the deacetylated polysaccharide was oxidized excessively by periodate, 1.5 moles of oxidant was consumed, and 0.4 mole of acid was produced per sugar residue in 340 h. However, only 20% of the C4-substituted D-glucose residues in the polysaccharide was cleaved by periodate in spite of the excessive oxidation at 20°.The polysaccharide has a linear structure and consists predominantly of repeating trisaccharide units, O-β-D-mannopyranosyluronic acid-(1 → 4)-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 4)-D-galactose.
Preparation and rearrangement of β-chloroalkyl aziridinylformates
Authors: Culbertson B. M. , Dietz S.
Published: May 2006

Several β-chloroalkyl chloroformates have been treated with aziridines (ethylenimine or propylenimine) to obtain excellent yields of β-chloroalkyl aziridinylformates. In each case, it was found that the aziridinylformates rearranged upon thermloysis to give good yields of N-(β-chloroalkyl)-2-oxazolidones.
Positive and negative intramolecular nuclear Overhauser effects in an all-proton system
Authors: Bell R. A. , Saunders J. K.
Published: May 2006

The Overhauser effects recorded for the alkaloid ochotensimine (1) show positive effects (area increases) for adjacent protons but negative effects (area decreases) for two protons separated by an intervening proton. A qualitative explanation based on the dominance of a dipole–dipole relaxation mechanism is advanced. The Overhauser effect between geminal protons on an sp2-carbon has been measured.
Structure of pithecolobine. III. The synthesis of the 1,5- and 1,3-desoxypithecolobines
Authors: Wiesner K. , Valenta Z. , Orr D. E. , Liede V. , Kohan G.
Published: May 2006

The second communication of this series has shown that "pithecolobine" is a family of closely related analogues represented by the general formula 1. In the present paper a crude semiquantitative estimate of the individual components is achieved by a combination of vapor-phase chromatography and chemical degradation.The synthesis of the desoxypithecolobines 3a and 3b and their tetratosylates 11a and b11b is described. A comparison of these compounds with the corresponding "natural" mixtures by thin-layer chromatography in several systems, infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance, and mass spectrometry was found to support strongly the conclusions reached by the previous degradative work.
Synthèse de quelques dérivés du tétrahydro-4,5,6,7 benzothiazoline-Δ2α-acétate d'éthyle
Authors: Laliberté Réal , Warwick Hilda , Médawar Georges
Published: May 2006

Some derivatives of α-cyano tétrahydro benzothiazoline-Δ2α-acetic acid and their intermediates are described. The lack of reactivity of this class of compounds and products of treatment with concentrated sulfuric acid have been studied. Assignment of configuration was based on infrared and ultraviolet spectroscopic evidence.
Lengthening of tetrose and pentose carbon chains by vinylation reactions
Authors: Walton D. J.
Published: May 2006

Vinylation of 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-aldehydo-D-arabinose gave a 1.3:1 mixture of 1,2:3,4-di-O-isopropylidene-6-heptene-L-gulo (and D-manno)-1,2,3,4,5-pentol (1a and 2a). Successive ozonolysis and hydrolysis of the mixture of 1a and 2a gave D-glucose and D-mannose in a ratio of 1.4:1. Vinylation of 2,4-O-ethylidene-aldehydo-D-erythrose gave a 3.9:1 mixture of 1,3-O-ethylidene-5-hexene-L-ribo (and D-lyxo)-1,2,3,4-tetrol (3a and 4a), which was degraded to form D-ribose and D-arabinose in a ratio of 4:1. The configuration of each of the C-vinyl compounds 1a, 2a, 3a, and 4a was assigned by degradation to the corresponding aldose.
Bicyclic analogues of cyclohexane-1,4-dione. I. Bicyclo[3•2•2]nonan-6,8-dione
Authors: Wood Gordon , Woo E. P.
Published: May 2006

Bicyclo[3•2•2]nonan-6,8-dione has been synthesized as an example of a molecule in which the cyclohexane-1,4-dione ring is constrained to non-chair forms. The synthesis includes the double decarboxylation of the corresponding bridgehead diacid. This reaction is consistent with a new formulation of Bredt's Rule. Conformational studies suggest that the title compound exists in solution as an equilibrium mixture of two twist forms.
Reactions of sulfenyl chlorides and their derivatives. III. The reaction of 2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfenyl chloride with cis,cis-1,5-cyclooctadiene
Authors: Schmid George H.
Published: May 2006

The reaction of 2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfenyl chloride with cis,cis-1,5-cyclooctadiene forms a normal 1,2 addition product without ring closure to a bicyclic product. This result indicates that an open carbonium ion is not involved at any stage in the reaction mechanism of the addition of sulfenyl halides to symmetrical alkenes.
Structure of bisnorquassin
Authors: Flndlay J. A. , Cropp D. T.
Published: May 2006

Structure 2a has been deduced for bisnorquassin, a remarkable product of demethylation of the bitter principle quassin 1a from Quassia amara.
Radiolysis of water vapor with fission fragments
Authors: Boyd A. W. , Miller O. A.
Published: May 2006

Water vapor, and mixtures of water vapor with radical and electron scavengers, have been irradiated with fission fragments at temperatures from 170 to 365 °C and densities from 1–50 mg/ml. The unimolecular hydrogen yield is the same as in γ-ray irradiations. In D2O–C6H12 mixtures the HD yield and HD/H2 ratio are lower than in γ-ray irradiations and N2O and SF6 have little effect. The HD yield reaches a limiting value (G(HD) ~4) with increasing linear energy transfer suggesting that a fraction of the D atoms formed are hot.
Reactions of alkyl free radicals with 4-vinylcyclohexene
Authors: Shelton J. Reid. , Borchert Earl E.
Published: May 2006

Tertiary alkyl and cyanoalkyl free radicals prepared from t-butyl peroxypivalate and azobisisobutyronitrile were reacted with 4-vinylcyclohexene (1) for comparison with results previously obtained in the reaction of certain alkyl, alkoxy, peroxy, and thiyl radicals with this model olefin. The (CH3)3C• and (CH3)2(CN)C• radicals (like thiyl but in contrast to t-butoxy and t-butyl peroxy radicals) added to the vinyl double bond with subsequent abstraction of hydrogen by the resulting secondary alkyl radicals to give RH adducts along with higher molecular weight material.Vinylcyclohexenyl radicals formed by hydrogen abstraction from 1 reacted mainly by coupling to form dehydro dimers. They also formed substituted products by coupling with cyanoisopropyl radicals, but not with t-butyl radicals. The presence of both stabilized and unstabilized alkyl radicals of both secondary and tertiary types in these reactions with 1 permitted the observation of differences in the relative tendencies of these types of radicals to participate in addition, hydrogen abstraction, disproportionation, and coupling reactions. The observed effect of temperature (60 and 90°) on product distribution, together with estimated bond dissociation energies, suggest that the addition of cyanoisopropyl radicals to 1 is a reversible process.
Kinetics of formation of ethylene oxide hydrate. Part I. Experimental method and congruent solutions
Authors: Glew D. N. , Haggett M. L.
Published: May 2006

A dilatometer was constructed for studying the formation of ethylene oxide hydrate. In unstirred, congruent solutions heat transfer appeared to be the significant rate-controlling factor. Initial hydrate formation rates were independent of stirring at speeds greater than approximately 100 r.p.m. Magnetic stirring was inadequate due to hydrate build-up on the walls of the dilatometer bulb. Mechanical stirring eliminated this build-up and gave satisfactory results.
The transmission of polar effects. Part VII. A proton magnetic resonance spectra study of substituted mesitylenes, durenes, anthracenes, and triptycenes
Authors: Bowden Keith , Irving J. G. , Price M. J.
Published: May 2006

The chemical shifts of the ring protons in a series of monosubstituted mesitylenes and durenes, and of the 10-protons of a series of 9-substituted triptycenes and anthracenes have been measured in dimethyl sulfoxide, acetone, 2-methoxyethanol, and carbon tetrachloride. The solvent dependence of the substituent chemical shifts has been analyzed by linear free energy relations. The systems all show similar dependence which increases with increasing dielectric constant of the solvent. This does not result from the field effect being transmitted through the medium, but appears to arise from the formation of a hydrogen-bonded interaction between the solvent and the hydrogen of the solute. The substituent chemical shifts appear to arise from contributions from substituent field, resonance, magnetic anisotropy, and solvent effects.
FABRICATION, ASSEMBLY AND MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF NICKEL HOLLOW NANOBALLS
Authors: WANG JUN , ZHU YUEJIN , WU YEJUN , WU CHANGJUN , XU DONGFENG , ZHANG ZHEN
Published: May 2006

Nanoshells composed of close-packed nickel nanoparticles have been fabricated on sillca spheres via strong interaction between the metallic cations and ions of the support. The nickel hollow nanoballs can be self-assembled via magnetic field-assisted route, which is confirmed by the transmission electron microscopy. The magnetic properties of Ni nanoshells are discussed. It is expected that the prepared method can be extended to the synthesis of other hollow metal spheres.
Coimmunoprecipitation of FAT/CD36 and CPT I in skeletal muscle increases proportionally with fat oxidation after endurance exercise training
Authors: Schenk Simon , Horowitz Jeffrey F.
Published: May 2006

Although the increase in fatty acid oxidation after endurance exercise training has been linked with improvements in insulin sensitivity and overall metabolic health, the mechanisms responsible for increasing fatty acid oxidation after exercise training are not completely understood. The primary aim of this study was to determine the effect of adding endurance exercise training to a weight loss program on fat oxidation and the colocalization of the fatty acid translocase FAT/CD36 with carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I) in human skeletal muscle. We measured postabsorptive fat oxidation and acquired a muscle sample from abdominally obese women before and after 12% body weight loss through either dietary intervention with endurance exercise training (EX + DIET) or dietary intervention without endurance exercise training (DIET). Immunoprecipitation techniques were used on these muscle samples to determine whether the association between FAT/CD36 and CPT I is altered after DIET and/or EX + DIET. FAT/CD36 was found to coimmunoprecipitate with CPT I, and the amount of FAT/CD36 that coimmunoprecipitated with CPT I increased by ∼25% after EX + DIET ( P < 0.005) but was unchanged after DIET. In addition, the increase in the amount of FAT/CD36 that coimmunoprecipitated with CPT I in EX + DIET was strongly correlated with the increase in whole body fat oxidation ( R2= 0.857, P < 0.003). In conclusion, the findings from this study indicate that exercise training alters the localization of FAT/CD36 and increases its association with CPT I, which may help augment fat oxidation.
Renal oxidative vulnerability due to changes in mitochondrial-glutathione and energy homeostasis in a rat model of calcium oxalate urolithiasis
Authors: Meimaridou Eirini , Lobos Edgar , Hothersall John S.
Published: May 2006

Calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) crystals are the commonest component of kidney stones. Oxalate and COM crystals in renal cells are thought to contribute to pathology via prooxidant events. Using an in vivo rat model of crystalluria induced by hyperoxaluria plus hypercalciuria [ethylene glycol (EG) plus 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (DHC)], we measured glutathione and energy homeostasis of kidney mitochondria. Hyperoxaluria or hypercalciuria without crystalluria was also investigated. After 1–3 wk of treatment, kidney cryosections were analyzed by light microscopy. In kidney subcellular fractions, glutathione and antioxidant enzymes were measured. In mitochondria, oxygen consumption and superoxide formation as well as cytochrome c content were measured. EG plus DHC treatment increased formation of renal birefringent crystal. Histology revealed increased renal tubular pathology characterized by obstruction, distension, and interstitial inflammation. Crystalluria at all time points led to oxidative stress manifest as decreased cytosolic and mitochondrial glutathione and increased activity of the antioxidant enzymes glutathione reductase and -peroxidase (mitochondria) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (cytosol). These changes were followed by a significant decrease in mitochondrial cytochrome c content at 2–3 wk, suggesting the involvement of apoptosis in the renal pathology. Mitochondrial oxygen consumption was severely impaired in the crystalluria group without increased mitochondrial superoxide formation. Some of these changes were also evident in hyperoxaluria at week 1 but were absent at later times and in all calciuric groups. Our data indicate that impaired electron flow did not cause superoxide formation; however, mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to pathological events when tubular crystal-cell interactions are uncontrolled, as in kidney stones disease.
Mathematical Models of Proprioceptors. I. Control and Transduction in the Muscle Spindle
Authors: Mileusnic Milana P. , Brown Ian E. , Lan Ning , Loeb Gerald E.
Published: May 2006

We constructed a physiologically realistic model of a lower-limb, mammalian muscle spindle composed of mathematical elements closely related to the anatomical components found in the biological spindle. The spindle model incorporates three nonlinear intrafusal fiber models (bag1, bag2, and chain) that contribute variously to action potential generation of primary and secondary afferents. A single set of model parameters was optimized on a number of data sets collected from feline soleus muscle, accounting accurately for afferent activity during a variety of ramp, triangular, and sinusoidal stretches. We also incorporated the different temporal properties of fusimotor activation as observed in the twitchlike chain fibers versus the toniclike bag fibers. The model captures the spindle's behavior both in the absence of fusimotor stimulation and during activation of static or dynamic fusimotor efferents. In the case of simultaneous static and dynamic fusimotor efferent stimulation, we demonstrated the importance of including the experimentally observed effect of partial occlusion. The model was validated against data that originated from the cat's medial gastrocnemius muscle and were different from the data used for the parameter determination purposes. The validation record included recently published experiments in which fusimotor efferent and spindle afferent activities were recorded simultaneously during decerebrate locomotion in the cat. This model will be useful in understanding the role of the muscle spindle and its fusimotor control during both natural and pathological motor behavior.
Selective Toxicity of NSC73306 in MDR1-Positive Cells as a New Strategy to Circumvent Multidrug Resistance in Cancer
Authors: Ludwig Joseph A. , Szakács Gergely , Martin Scott E. , Chu Benjamin F. , Cardarelli Carol , Sauna Zuben E. , Caplen Natasha J. , Fales Henry M. , Ambudkar Suresh V. , Weinstein John N. , Gottesman Michael M.
Published: May 2006

ATP-binding cassette (ABC) proteins include the best known mediators of resistance to anticancer drugs. In particular, ABCB1 [MDR1/P-glycoprotein (P-gp)] extrudes many types of drugs from cancer cells, thereby conferring resistance to those agents. Attempts to overcome P-gp-mediated drug resistance using specific inhibitors of P-gp has had limited success and has faced many therapeutic challenges. As an alternative approach to using P-gp inhibitors, we characterize a thiosemicarbazone derivative (NSC73306) identified in a generic screen as a compound that exploits, rather than suppresses, P-gp function to induce cytotoxicity. Cytotoxic activity of NSC73306 was evaluated in vitro using human epidermoid, ovarian, and colon cancer cell lines expressing various levels of P-gp. Our findings suggest that cells become hypersensitive to NSC73306 in proportion to the increased P-gp function and multidrug resistance (MDR). Abrogation of both sensitivity to NSC73306 and resistance to P-gp substrate anticancer agents occurred with specific inhibition of P-gp function using either a P-gp inhibitor (PSC833, XR9576) or RNA interference, suggesting that cytotoxicity was linked to MDR1 function, not to other, nonspecific factors arising during the generation of resistant or transfected cells. Molecular characterization of cells selected for resistance to NSC73306 revealed loss of P-gp expression and consequent loss of the MDR phenotype. Although hypersensitivity to NSC73306 required functional expression of P-gp, biochemical assays revealed no direct interaction between NSC73306 and P-gp. This article shows that NSC73306 kills cells with intrinsic or acquired P-gp-induced MDR and indirectly acts to eliminate resistance to MDR1 substrates. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(9): 4808-15)
3,3′-Diindolylmethane Is a Novel Mitochondrial H+-ATP Synthase Inhibitor that Can Induce p21Cip1/Waf1 Expression by Induction of Oxidative Stress in Human Breast Cancer Cells
Authors: Gong Yixuan , Sohn Heesook , Xue Ling , Firestone Gary L. , Bjeldanes Leonard F.
Published: May 2006

Epidemiologic evidence suggests that high dietary intake of Brassica vegetables, such as broccoli, cabbage, and Brussels sprouts, protects against tumorigenesis in multiple organs. 3,3′-Diindolylmethane, one of the active products derived from Brassica vegetables, is a promising antitumor agent. Previous studies in our laboratory showed that 3,3′-diindolylmethane induced a G1 cell cycle arrest in human breast cancer MCF-7 cells by a mechanism that included increased expression of p21. In the present study, the upstream events leading to p21 overexpression were further investigated. We show for the first time that 3,3′-diindolylmethane is a strong mitochondrial H+-ATPase inhibitor (IC50∼20 μmol/L). 3,3′-Diindolylmethane treatment induced hyperpolarization of mitochondrial inner membrane, decreased cellular ATP level, and significantly stimulated mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. ROS production, in turn, led to the activation of stress-activated pathways involving p38 and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase. Using specific kinase inhibitors (SB203580 and SP600125), we showed the central role of p38 and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) pathways in 3,3′-diindolylmethane-induced p21 mRNA transcription. In addition, antioxidants significantly attenuated 3,3′-diindolylmethane-induced activation of p38 and JNK and induction of p21, indicating that oxidative stress is the major trigger of these events. To further support the role of ROS in 3,3′-diindolylmethane-induced p21 overexpression, we showed that 3,3′-diindolylmethane failed to induce p21 overexpression in mitochondrial respiratory chain deficient ρ0 MCF-7 cells, in which 3,3′-diindolylmethane did not stimulate ROS production. Thus, we have established the critical role of enhanced mitochondrial ROS release in 3,3′-diindolylmethane-induced p21 up-regulation in human breast cancer cells. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(9): 4880-7)
Vision
Authors: Ford Jeffrey D. , Pasmore William A.
Published: May 2006

Vision has been traditionally regarded as an asset to the success of organizational change. However, based on the results of a case study, Landau, Drori, and Porras propose that vision may also be a hindrance to the change process. The authors disagree. The authors contend that Landau et al. has collapsed the effects of psychological ownership and attachment to organizational identity with vision and as a result has misattributed the source of hindrance. Furthermore, the authors disagree with Landau et al.’s assertion that conflict during change is necessarily dysfunctional and thus a hindrance to change. In fact, the authors contend that such conflict may be functional.
Stalin through seventeenth-century eyes
Authors: Ward Chris
Published: May 2006

The article examines twentieth-century representations of Stalin. It suggests that none is entirely satisfactory and proposes that a fruitful approach to the problem of representation is to compare representations of Stalin with representations of other historical figures. Comparison with Hitler, a commonplace of modern history writing, is avoided because both are twentieth-century figures and both, therefore, have only a limited range of representations. Instead, a comparison with texts on Cromwell is essayed. Parallels are drawn with texts on Stalin and a classification for types of representation proposed. The article concludes that there is no development or progress in biographical writing over time, and that comparing representations of Stalin and Cromwell alerts us to the possibility that different views of Stalin are more likely to emerge if researches look first at the forms biography has taken.
Moral Reckoning in Nursing
Authors: Nathaniel Alvita K.
Published: May 2006

Analysis of qualitative data resulted in an original substantive grounded theory of moral reckoning in nursing, a three-stage process. After a novice period, the nurse experiences a stage of ease in which there is comfort in the workplace and congruence of internal and external values. Unexpectedly, a situational bind occurs in which the nurse’s core beliefs come into irreconcilable conflict with external forces. This compels the nurse into the stage of resolution, in which he or she either gives up or makes a stand. The nurse then moves into the stage of reflection in which he or she lives with the consequences and iteratively examines beliefs, values, and actions. The nurse tries to make sense of experiences through remembering, telling the story, and examining conflicts. This study sets the stage for further investigation of moral distress. The theory of moral reckoning challenges nurses to tell their stories, examine conflicts, and participate as partners in moral decision making.
Keeping Nursing Home Residents Hydrated
Authors: Mentes Janet C. , Chang Betty L. , Morris Joseph
Published: May 2006

The purpose of this research is to ascertain nursing home (NH) staffs’ perspectives of the problem of dehydration in NHs (skilled nursing facilities) and have them identify clinically practical interventions to ensure that NH residents consistently take adequate fluids. Four focus groups with 28 NH staff members in attendance are held in three NHs in metropolitan Los Angeles. The majority of participants are certified nursing assistants; however, licensed vocational nurses, registered nurses, and other NH staff also attend the groups. Content analytic techniques are used to analyze the data. Three themes emerge focusing on residents’ reasons for not drinking, signs and symptoms of dehydration, and strategies for improving hydration in NH residents. NH staff members identify the complexity of providing adequate hydration that was influenced by the resident’s relationship with family and NH staff and communication between staff members.
Determinants of Older Rural Women’s Activity and Eating
Authors: Walker Susan Noble , Pullen Carol H. , Hertzog Melody , Boeckner Linda , Hageman Patricia A.
Published: May 2006

This research examined the relationship of cognitive-perceptual determinants from the Health Promotion Model to physical activity and healthy eating at baseline of a clinical trial among rural women aged 50 to 69. Two multivariate regression analyses with canonical correlation ( N = 179) each yielded one interpretable canonical variate that explained similar amounts of variance (21.7% and 22.5%) in sets of activity and eating variables. In both analyses, the determinants set is a linear combination of all four cognitive-perceptual constructs from the model (perceived self-efficacy, benefits, barriers, interpersonal influences). The activity behavior set included caloric expenditure, VO2max, and stretching and strengthening activity, whereas the eating behavior set included daily percentage of calories from fat and servings of fruits and vegetables, meat, and whole grains. As predicted by theory, greater self-efficacy, benefits and interpersonal support, and fewer barriers are associated with desirable healthy lifestyle behaviors.
Building Bridges in Social Research
Authors: David Matthew
Published: May 2006

The three books examined in this review address the question of causal explanation in the non-experimental social sciences. All three books focus attention on the need to address ‘causation’ in terms of complex processes rather than through prediction. Debates over the meaning of ‘mechanism’ (Stinchcombe), ‘narrative’ (Elliott) and ‘emergence’ (Gilbert and Troitzsch) cross over each other, and are in part alternative ways of describing the same thing, even while such alternatives cannot be easily rendered compatible.
American Civilization
Authors: Murphy Peter
Published: May 2006

Autopoietic societies have produced three major images of civilization: the Greco-Roman, the Eurocentric Western, and the Settler Society type. The most important incarnation of the latter to date has been America. This article explores the deep-going differences between American and European ideas of civilization. It examines how the American kind of autopoietic civilization expresses itself in preternaturally distinctive conceptualizations of nature and freedom, life and death, order and chaos, city and ecumene. The article discusses the political and social implications of this.
Persistence of Intimate Partner Violence Among Families Referred to Child Welfare
Authors: Connelly Cynthia D. , Hazen Andrea L. , Coben Jeffrey H. , Kelleher Kelly J. , Barth Richard P. , Landsverk John A.
Published: May 2006

The purpose of this study is to examine the longitudinal course of intimate partner violence (IPV) among female caregivers of children receiving child welfare services. Data are derived from the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being, a national probability study of children investigated for child abuse and neglect in the United States. Caregivers ( n = 861) are interviewed about demographic characteristics, mental health, substance use, and physical violence by a partner at the close of the investigation and at an 18-month follow-up. Polychotomous logistic regression examines the associations of severe and minor IPV controlling for caregiver and environmental characteristics. The results suggest that factors related to initial risk for IPV do not affect the continuation of IPV and that patterns of IPV differ for racial and ethnic groups.
Toward a More Comprehensive Understanding of Violence Against Impoverished Women
Authors: Wenzel Suzanne L. , Tucker Joan S. , Hambarsoomian Katrin , Elliott Marc N.
Published: May 2006

Research and knowledge of violence against impoverished women continues to be limited. To achieve a more comprehensive understanding of violence against impoverished women and therefore inform prevention and intervention efforts for this population, the authors report on recent (past 6 months) physical, sexual, and psychological violence among 898 women who were randomly sampled from temporary shelter settings ( n = 460) and low-income housing ( n = 438) in Los Angeles County. Women experienced notable rates of violence during the past 6 months (e.g., 23% of sheltered women and 9% of housed women reported physical violence). Perpetrators were diverse, particularly for the sheltered women, including sexual partners, family, and strangers. These findings, and others suggesting that the different types of violence are distinct and severe, may call for more comprehensive screening and intervention efforts to enhance the safety of impoverished women.
Representations of Britain and British Colonialism in French Adventure Fiction, 1870–1914
Authors: Cornick Martyn
Published: May 2006

Recent scholarship has rediscovered the plural manifestations of a colonial culture in France, emerging after 1870 and reaching its apogee in the early 1930s. The period between 1870 and 1914, when France was undergoing rapid modernisation and was fully engaged in the process of consolidating its distinct national identity, constitutes the richest period for the impregnation of French society by this culture. This article reveals how images of British colonialism contrasted with representations of French colonial practice across a number of examples of popular adventure novels written between 1867 and 1903 by contemporaries and imitators of Jules Verne: Alfred Assollant, Paul d'Ivoi and Colonel Driant.
Peurs françaises et désir d'empire
Authors: Leymarie Michel
Published: May 2006

Dans leurs fictions romanesques comme dans d'autres livres ou articles, Jérõme et Jean Tharaud témoignent de l'importance que ces jeunes nationalistes attachent à l'expansion coloniale franççaise. Ils ne cessent à la fois de prôner et de justifier celle-ci, tout en craignant et admirant la puissance de l'Empire britannique. De Dingley, l'illustre écrivain, qui rapporte avant la Grande Guerre sous une forme à peine romancée l'histoire de Kipling, au Chemin de Damas, qui relate les premiers temps du mandat accordé à la France sur la Syrie et le Liban, la Grande- Bretagne apparaît comme un modèle redouté et envié, susceptible d'entraver l'existence et le développement de la Grande France.
Colonial Humanism in the 1930s
Authors: Cooper Nicola
Published: May 2006

Although a committed critic of colonial abuses and mismanagement, Andrée Viollis should not be viewed as an anticolonialist. The indigenous discontent she witnesses in India, Indochina and Tunisia does not impel her to denounce colonialism itself, but rather convinces her of the possibility of a reformed and humanitarian colonialism. This article studies Viollis's accounts of uprising in British India, the aftermath of revolt and repression in Indochina, and the emergence of Néo-destour in Tunisia. It examines comparisons she made between British and French colonial systems and colonial management, and investigates how the accession of the reformist Popular Front to government altered her perception of the value of French colonial rule. It traces the trajectory of the type of liberal, humanist colonial thought, prevalent in France before the Second World War, which Andrée Viollis embodied.
Water Governance Reform and Catchment Management in the Mekong Region
Authors: Hirsch Philip
Published: May 2006

This article investigates complexities and dynamics of water governance reforms at a number of levels in the Mekong Region. It looks comparatively at countries within the region and at the Mekong as a transboundary basin. The study takes catchment management processes as a focus for reform agendas related to water and relates water management in a river basin context to wider issues of governance reform. A central argument is that the effectiveness of water governance cannot be assessed in terms of simple environmental, economic, or social outcomes, or even against a more comprehensive “triple bottom line.” Governance agendas and definitions are too diverse, and stakeholder interests too complex, to come up with a straightforward “best practice” of catchment-oriented water governance toward which policy reform should aspire. Rather, catchment governance in the Mekong is an arena for negotiating more sustainable, equitable, and productive use and management of water at multiple scales.
The Self-Report Psychopathy Scale and Passive Avoidance Learning
Authors: Epstein Monica K. , Poythress Norman G. , Brandon Karen O.
Published: May 2006

The reliability and validity of the Self-Report Psychopathy Scale (SRPS) was examined in a noninstitutionalized offender sample of mixed gender and race. Adequate alpha coefficients were obtained for the total sample and across gender and race. The SRPS was compared to measures of trait anxiety and passive avoidance errors. SRPS total, primary, and secondary scores were positively and significantly correlated with trait anxiety and passive avoidance (commission) errors, but not omission errors. Employing hierarchical regression models, no anxiety, gender, or ethnic effects were found. Intelligence confounded the relationship between psychopathic traits and passive avoidance errors. Findings provide tentative support of the SRPS as a valid measure of psychopathy.
Incremental Validity of the MMPI-2 PSY-5 Scales in Assessing Self-Reported Personality Disorder Criteria
Authors: Wygant Dustin B. , Sellbom Martin , Graham John R. , Schenk Paul W.
Published: May 2006

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) Personality Psychopathology-Five (PSY-5) scales were developed to measure abnormal personality symptomatology. The present study examines the incremental validity of the PSY-5 scales beyond the clinical and content scales in assessing criteria associated with personality disorders. The current sample includes 240 male and 407 female clients from private practice settings who completed the MMPI-2 and the Multiaxial Diagnostic Inventory (MDI), a self-report checklist of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd ed., revised) symptoms. Six of the MDI personality disorder scales, conceptually related to the PSY-5 scales, are used as criteria. Hierarchical regression analyses determine the incremental validity of each PSY-5 scale. In most analyses, PSY-5 scales add a significant increment of variance to the clinical and content scales. Implications of the results are discussed.
Macro and Micro Patterns in the Development of Secure Custodial Institutions for Serious and Persistent Young Offenders in England and Wales
Authors: Hagell Ann , Hazel Neal
Published: May 2006

During the last two centuries England and Wales have developed what is now referred to as the ‘secure estate for juveniles’: various institutions providing custody for young offenders. Overall (macro) patterns of use of custody have been shown to relate to ideological swings in policy throughout this period. However, alongside this broader policy context, each institution has its own history of development (micro). This article identifies common themes in the rise and fall of custodial institutions. It concludes that focusing solely on macro analysis underestimates the complexities of developing a custodial institution, and disguises lessons from the past.
The Registration of Children and Young People Under the Sex Offenders Act (1997): Time for a Change?
Authors: Myers Steve
Published: May 2006

This article considers the registration requirements of the Sex Offenders Act 1997 for Children and Young People under the age of 18. It reviews the development of this legislation specific to children and young people and criticises the rationale for registration. It also explores the intended and unintended consequences of the legislation. The current position is challenged on the basis of inappropriate assumptions made of these children and young people and the negative impact of this legislation on them. Options for change are considered.
Creative Tensions? Young Offenders, Restorative Justice and the Introduction of Referral Orders
Authors: Earle Rod , Newburn Tim
Published: May 2006

This article examines the introduction of Referral Orders into the youth justice system in England and Wales. Placing the new Orders within the recent history of youth justice within this jurisdiction, it considers the experience of the eleven pilot areas in attempting to recruit and train the cohort of volunteers required to enable youth offender panels to operate. Using data from a Home Office-funded evaluation of the pilots it examines the first nine months of Referral Orders, the operation of Youth Offender Panels and the attitudes of sentencers towards the new disposal.
Referral Orders: Some Reflections on Policy Transfer and ‘What Works’
Authors: Earle Rod , Newburn Tim , Crawford Adam
Published: May 2006

In a recent article in this journal, John Muncie (2002) argued that contemporary youth justice was increasingly influenced by ideas imported from abroad. Most notably, he suggested, the dominant influence consisted of a ‘partial and piecemeal’ selection of elements of restorative justice from Australasia and Scotland, together with the utilization of a more American-influenced ‘what works’ agenda. Using the example of Referral Orders, this article challenges his contention that this provides a ‘dubious basis for reform’. We argue that in fact the Referral Orders’ pilots were both a positive example of policy transfer and, though not unproblematic, were also illustrative of some of the important aspects of the ‘what works’ agenda.
Another Side of Life: Foster Care for Young People on Remand
Authors: Lipscombe Jo
Published: May 2006

This paper reflects upon recent proposals to expand the provision of remand foster care and ‘intensive fostering’ for young people involved in the criminal justice system. The history of remand foster care is briefly documented, before initial findings from a research study of young people’s experiences of remand foster care are presented. The benefits of remand foster care for alleged young offenders are discussed, with reference to the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child. Some of the issues for the expansion of remand foster care and intensive fostering are then highlighted.
Young and Persistent: Recent Developments in Youth Justice Policy and Practice in Scotland
Authors: Whyte Bill
Published: May 2006

This paper draws on a Scottish study of young people persistent in their offending to examine recent policy developments aimed at improving the effectiveness of response to youth crime. Developments include: the establishment of national objectives and standards for youth justice; provision of specialist social work and multi-disciplinary youth justice teams; piloting specially resourced fast track hearings; and re-establishing a youth court in Scotland for the first time since 1971. Developments which include proposals to introduce electronic monitoring and community service for those under 16 may be the beginning of a shift away from the traditional and long standing adherence to welfare principles in dealing with young offenders in Scotland.
Young People, Alcohol and Supervision Orders
Authors: Collins Stewart
Published: May 2006

Whilst the majority of adolescents drink responsibly and sensibly there is a high incidence of alcohol problems amongst some young people. As children grow into their teenage years, heavy drinking and drinking problems will increase, although many adolescents do not perceive their behaviour to be problematic. In fact, it is known that many teenagers have been in trouble with the police and the courts after drinking. The focus of this article is upon young people aged under 18, alcohol problems, offending and supervision orders. It is recognised that while alcohol does not in itself necessarily cause crime, there is a strong association between alcohol and offending. Many adolescents are placed on Supervision Orders as a result of criminal proceedings. Some of these offences, especially those committed by persistent offenders, are likely to have occurred as a result of intoxication or heavy drinking. Youth Offending Team workers attempt to make effective interventions in these situations, but may experience problems in doing so. Some reasons for this are analysed and some ways forward are suggested.
Legal Commentary
Authors: Stone Nigel
Published: May 2006

This Legal Commentaryreports some recent High Court decisions on a range of issues with regard to the scope of, and limits upon, various powers relating to young persons’ liberty and integrity when subject to custodial orders, pre-sentence, during sentence and post-detention.
Effectiveness, Research and Youth Justice
Authors: Whyte Bill
Published: May 2006

Policy and practice developments in the field of youth justice have become highly politicised across the UK. The growing demand for greater transparency of outcomes sets new challenges for practitioners who have to marry direction from research with practice experience. A better dialogue is needed between practitioners and researchers to support the generation of a wide range of meaningful data on what is likely to be effective, with whom and in what situations. This paper examines issues of responding effectively to youth crime by drawing key messages from the research literature.
A Risky Business? Research, Policy, Governmentality and Youth Offending
Authors: Armstrong Derrick
Published: May 2006

Media hyperbole about children and crime, along with electoral politics, may well reflect a configuration of personal anxieties, competing social values and public policy options. In this article, I will argue that it is a configuration that represents a crisis of governance far more than a crisis of ‘youth’. However, the research community is far from blameless in the propagation of ‘myths’ about children and crime and has shown itself to be far too willing to become yet another mechanism of governmentality rather than maintaining critical distance from the administrative policies of the state and thereby contributing to a wider public debate on policy. This article is divided into four parts. First, it will briefly review recent trends in youth offending and consider the contradiction that seems to be exposed between offending rates and criminal justice policies. Second, it will explore how research on young people and ‘risk’ has contributed to the growth of a crime prevention industry focused on children, the construction of deviance and early intervention policies. Third, this dominant ‘risk factor’ paradigm is critiqued, along with the discourses of crime that are implicit within it. Finally, an alternative approach to researching children and ‘risk’ is proposed.
Incarcerating Young People: An Anglo-Finnish Comparison
Authors: Pitts John , Kuula Tarja
Published: May 2006

Burgeoning youth incarceration and high reconviction rates in England and Wales have prompted a search for alternative responses. This has led to a renewed interest in other youth justice systems which appear to incarcerate fewer children and young people. Not surprisingly, Finland with the lowest rate of youth imprisonment and one of the lowest crime rates in Europe, has become a focus of attention. The research upon which this article is based set out to discover how, if Finnish youth incarceration rates are so low, the Finns respond to their most troubled and troublesome children and young people. The results of this investigation have proved paradoxical.
Regulation of proplatelet formation and platelet release by integrin αIIbβ3
Authors: Larson Mark K. , Watson Steve P.
Published: May 2006

Mature megakaryocytes form structures called proplatelets that serve as conduits for platelet packaging and release at vascular sinusoids. Since the megakaryocyte expresses abundant levels of integrin αIIbβ3, we have examined a role for fibrinogen in proplatelet development and platelet release alongside that of other matrices. Primary mature murine megakaryocytes from bone marrow aspirates readily formed proplatelets when plated on fibrinogen at a degree that was significantly higher than that seen on other matrices. In addition, αIIbβ3 was essential for proplatelet formation on fibrinogen, as megakaryocytes failed to develop proplatelets in the presence of αIIbβ3 antagonists. Interestingly, inhibition of Src kinases or Ca2+ release did not inhibit proplatelet formation, indicating that αIIbβ3-mediated outside-in signals are not required for this response. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that fibrinogen is localized to the bone marrow sinusoids, a location that would allow it to readily influence platelet release. Further, thrombopoietin-stimulated αIIb-/- mice had a reduced increase in platelet number relative to controls. A similar observation was not observed for platelet recovery in αIIb-/- mice in response to antibody-induced thrombocytopenia, indicating the existence of additional pathways of regulation of proplatelet formation. These results demonstrate that fibrinogen is able to regulate proplatelet formation via integrin αIIbβ3.