bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Relationship of high‐density lipoprotein subfractions and apolipoprotein A‐I with fat in the pancreas
Authors: Liu Yutong , Shamaitijiang Xiatiguli , Skudder‐Hill Loren , Kimita Wandia , Sequeira‐Bisson Ivana R. , Petrov Maxim S.
Published: October 2024

Aim

To investigate the associations of high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) subfractions and apolipoprotein A‐I (apo A‐I) with fat in the pancreas.

Methods

A total of 170 individuals were studied. All participants underwent magnetic resonance imaging on a single 3.0‐Tesla scanner to determine the presence/absence of fatty pancreas. HDL subfractions were measured using a commercially available lipoprotein subfractions testing system and classed as large, intermediate and small HDL. Both unadjusted and adjusted (accounting for demographics, anthropometrics, insulin resistance and other covariates) logistic regression models were built.

Results

Individuals with fatty pancreas had significantly lower circulating levels of the large HDL class and apo A‐I. Every unit decrease in the large HDL class was associated with a 93% increase in the likelihood of fatty pancreas in the most adjusted model (P < .001). Every unit decrease in apo A‐I was associated with a 45% increase in the likelihood of fatty pancreas in the most adjusted model (P = .012). The intermediate and small HDL classes were not significantly associated with fatty pancreas.

Conclusions

Fat in the pancreas is inversely associated with the circulating levels of large HDL particles and apo A‐I. Purposely designed studies are warranted to investigate the potential of fatty pancreas as an indicator of the risk of cardiovascular diseases.
Quantum cognition in management research: A novel methodological framework with an application to causal ambiguity
Authors: Mastrogiorgio Antonio , Mastrogiorgio Mariano , Felin Teppo , Kauffman Stuart
Published: October 2024

We propose a novel methodological framework based on the emerging field of quantum cognition and illustrate its application to a central problem in management and strategy research: causal ambiguity. The current literature often assumes that causal ambiguity—the difficulty of managers to understand the causal link between resources and outcomes at the basis of a firm's performance—can be reduced through learning. This literature overlooks the fact that causal ambiguity reduction is impossible when causal systems exhibit so‐called complementary properties. Building upon quantum cognition—specifically the idea of complementarity as an alternative to causality—we illustrate that causal ambiguity is only a special case of ambiguity and we offer a novel methodological framework to model what we label as ‘acausal ambiguity’, which refers to the insurmountable limit of managers to achieve causal ambiguity reduction. Managers can, of course, cognize some causal links. However, this comes at the price of being agnostic about complementary ones. The implications of this novel methodological framework applied to causal ambiguity are twofold: while complementarity opacifies the attentional faculties of managers, it also accounts for the cognitive origins of novelty.
Consensus statement on “Oral frailty” from the Japan Geriatrics Society, the Japanese Society of Gerodontology, and the Japanese Association on Sarcopenia and Frailty
Authors: Tanaka Tomoki , Hirano Hirohiko , Ikebe Kazunori , Ueda Takayuki , Iwasaki Masanori , Minakuchi Shunsuke , Arai Hidenori , Akishita Masahiro , Kozaki Koichi , Iijima Katsuya
Published: October 2024

The concept of oral frailty was first proposed in Japan in 2014 by the “Joint Working Committee on Oral Frailty,” consisting of three academic societies—the Japan Geriatrics Society, the Japanese Society of Gerodontology, and the Japanese Association on Sarcopenia and Frailty—to enhance public understanding of oral frailty. Oral frailty is a state between robust oral function (a “healthy mouth”) and its decline, characterized by slight declines in oral function, including tooth loss and difficulties in eating and communicating, which increase the risk of impaired oral functional capacity but can be reversed with proper intervention and treatment. Oral frailty can be assessed using the Oral Frailty 5‐item Checklist (OF‐5) without the need for a dental health professional. Oral frailty is defined as having at least two of the following components: (i) fewer teeth, (ii) difficulty chewing, (iii) difficulty swallowing, (iv) dry mouth, and (v) low articulatory oral motor skills. Approximately 40% of community‐dwelling older adults have oral frailty. Oral frailty is associated with poor dietary variety, social isolation, physical frailty, disability, and mortality. This statement introduces the concept and definition of oral frailty, a new assessment tool (OF‐5), and concept diagrams for healthcare professionals and the general public. These tools aim to promote public awareness and facilitate collaboration between medical and dental healthcare providers. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2024; 24: 1111–1119.
Notice the comment? Chinese government responsiveness to public participation in the policymaking process
Authors: Balla Steven J. , Wan Andrew , Xie Zhoudan , Yeung Yat To , Zhai Geng
Published: October 2024

We investigate government responsiveness in the notice and comment process, a prominent instrument of consultative authoritarianism through which policy is made in contemporary China. We conduct an extensive data collection effort, assembling draft policies, public comments, and government responses for more than one thousand instances of notice and comment policymaking over a 17‐year period. Our statistical analysis demonstrates both the promise and limitations of consultative authoritarianism in the context of the notice and comment process. Government responsiveness in salient policy areas and to lengthy and critical comments demonstrates that public scrutiny matters to policymakers. These patterns are consistent with the notion that autocrats seek to remain in power not only through repression but also by bolstering exchanges of information between state and society. Central government ministries, however, are relatively unresponsive, indicating that significant aspects of policymaking are not characterized by robust attention to public sentiment and information.
A new algorithm for coeliac disease based on the ‘long forgotten’ TCRγδ+ intra‐epithelial lymphocytes detected with an antibody working on FFPE sections
Authors: Kozan Eda N , Kırmızı Bilge A , Kirsaclioglu Ceyda T , Gokmen Derya , Savas Berna , Kansu Aydan , Soykan Arif I , Ensari Arzu
Published: October 2024

Aims

Diagnosis of coeliac disease (CD) with mild mucosal changes is difficult for all parties involved. We aimed to determine the power of T cell receptor (TCR)γδ+ intra‐epithelial lymphocytes (IELs) in discriminating CD from other causes of intra‐epithelial lymphocytosis using a new monoclonal antibody.

Methods

A total of 167 cases categorised as coeliac (117 untreated CD, classified according to Marsh, updated by Ensari, including 29 type 1, 29 type 2, 39 type 3 and 20 treated CD), and non‐coeliac groups (24 controls and 26 non‐coeliac IELosis) based on clinical, serological and histological data were studied for IEL counts enumerated per 100 enterocytes using haematoxylin and eosin, CD3, TCR δ‐stains.

Results

TCRγδ+ IELs were significantly higher in CD (24.83 ± 16.13) compared to non‐CD (6.72 ± 6.32) and were correlated with the degree of mucosal damage. Both γδ+ IEL count and ratio showed higher performance in differentiating untreated coeliacs from controls, with a sensitivity of 83.76; 85.57 and specificity of 95.83; 79.17, respectively. TCRγδ+ IEL counts distinguished type 1 CD (20.41 ± 13.57) from non‐coeliac IELosis (9.42 ± 7.28) (p = 0.025). Discriminant analysis revealed that villus/crypt ratio, γδ+ and CD3+ IEL counts, γδ+/CD3+IEL ratio, IEL distribution pattern were potent discriminants and correctly classified 82.3% of cases while the algorithm accurately diagnosed 93.4% of cases.

Conclusions

The new antibody detecting γδ+ IELs in FFPE sections revealed thresholds of 10.5 for γδ+ IELs and 14% for γδ+/CD3+IEL ratio which distinguished coeliacs from non‐coeliacs with high sensitivity and specificity, particularly in cases with normal villus/crypt axis including type 1 CD, non‐CD IELosis and controls. A ‘coeliac algorithm’ based on γδ+ IELs is proposed with the hope that it will be used in the histopathological diagnostic approach by the pathology community.
Guidelines for Bibliometric‐Systematic Literature Reviews: 10 steps to combine analysis, synthesis and theory development
Authors: Marzi Giacomo , Balzano Marco , Caputo Andrea , Pellegrini Massimiliano M.
Published: October 2024

The steady increase in academic production has been paralleled by a surge in the number of bibliometric and systematic literature reviews (SLRs) published. Over the years, scholars began to combine bibliometric analyses with SLRs. However, such combined approaches relied on fragmented methodological suggestions without clear guiding frameworks. This article introduces integrated guidelines for undertaking multi‐method literature reviews, combining bibliometric analyses with SLRs and theory development, which we call ‘Bibliometric‐Systematic Literature Review’ (B‐SLR). In doing so, we develop a 10‐step process on how to apply the B‐SLR. In each of the proposed steps, we discuss critical decisions and best practices to support researchers while crafting meaningful and theoretically relevant literature reviews. The B‐SLR is intended as a flexible toolbox designed to accommodate diverse research objectives in the miner–prospector continuum, spanning from reviewing, theorising, tracing future roadmaps or creating bridges among different topics. The B‐SLR incorporates the pillars of critical analysis, timeliness, coverage, rigour, coherence and originality of contribution, also emphasising the need for a novel and relevant theoretical contribution. The B‐SLR is supported by a companion website, providing additional resources to assist researchers in this 10‐step process: https://www.b‐slr.org.
Assessing the relevance of the concept of political corporate social responsibility in management research
Authors: Di Nardo Marie , Brulhart Franck , Vieu Marion
Published: October 2024

Should we still use the concept of political corporate social responsibility (PCSR) in management research? In response to recent and significant challenges in the management literature regarding the relevance of PCSR as a concept, we conduct a review of the literature in the field. We combine a bibliometric analysis and a qualitative content analysis to assess the use of the concept of PCSR between 2005 and 2022. We contribute to the PCSR literature in four ways: First, we map the field of PCSR in order to develop an objective understanding of the concept. Second, we demonstrate that PCSR exhibits the features of a concept, and that current research has begun to address some of the significant challenges that question its relevance. Third, we identify the four pillars at the base of the concept and uncover a fifth pillar: the dynamic perspective of PCSR. Last, we propose research directions to strengthen the PCSR concept and enrich its contributions to theory and practice.
Does complete resection of infected bone improve clinical outcomes in patients with diabetic foot osteomyelitis?
Authors: Lavery Lawrence A. , Tarricone Arthur N. , Reyes Mario C. , Suludere Mehmet A. , Sideman Matthew J. , Siah Michael C. , Peters Edgar J. G. , Wukich Dane K.
Published: October 2024

The objective of the study was to compare outcomes in patients with complete surgical resection versus partial resection of diabetic foot osteomyelitis (OM). A post hoc analysis of 171 patients with OM was performed using data from two randomized clinical trials. OM was confirmed with bone culture or histopathology. Surgical culture specimens were obtained from resected bone and sent for histopathology and microbiology. Residual osteomyelitis (RO) was defined as a positive resected margin on culture or histopathology. No residual osteomyelitis (NRO) was defined as no growth from bone culture and no histopathological inflammation in the biopsy of the resection margin. Data from the 12‐month follow‐up were used to determine clinical outcomes. During the index hospitalization, NRO patients had significantly shorter duration of antibiotic therapy (NRO 21.0, 13.0–38.0 vs. RO 37.0, 20.8–50.0, p <0.01) and more amputations than patients with RO (NRO 89.9% vs. RO 60.9%, p <0.01). During the 12‐month follow‐up, patients with NRO also had significantly shorter duration of antibiotic therapy (NRO 42, 21.0–66.5 vs. RO 50.5, 35.0–75.0, p = 0.02). During the 12‐month follow‐up, there was no difference in ulceration at the same site (NRO 3.7%, RO 4.3% p = 0.85), hospitalization (NRO 32.6%, RO 34.8%, p = 0.76), total re‐infections (NRO 25.3%, RO 29.3%, p = 0.56), re‐infection with osteomyelitis (NRO 13.3% vs. 13.5%, p = 0.36), amputation (NRO 8.8%, RO 5.4%, p = 0.86) and time to wound healing in days (NRO 94, 41.0–365 vs. RO 106, 42.8–365, p = 0.77). Successful treatment of osteomyelitis was achieved by 86.7% and 86.5% of patients. During the index hospitalization, patients with no residual osteomyelitis had more amputations and were treated with antibiotics for a shorter duration. During the 12‐month follow‐up, patients with no residual osteomyelitis had shorter durations of antibiotics. There were no differences in re‐infection, amputation, re‐ulceration or hospitalization.

Level of evidence: 1
Defect inhibition mechanism of 3D‐printed ceramics via synergetic resin composition and debinding processing regulation
Authors: Zhou Shixiang , Liu Guizhou , Chen Annan , Su Jin , Liu Kai , Wang Changshun , Zhang Yue , Yan Chunze , Shi Yunsong
Published: October 2024

Producing ceramic parts by Vat Photopolymerization (VPP) additive manufacture with desired mechanical properties typically requires time‐consuming debinding steps. This study aims at optimizing composition and processing parameters with the use of dibutyl phthalate (DBP) in the resin formulation and debinding in an argon atmosphere for dental zirconia‐toughed alumina (ZTA). The method produces parts with fewer defects, and 67.7% higher flexural strength while increasing the debinding heating rate over 400% compared to standard formulations debinded in air. These improvements are attributed to pore formation at low temperatures and reduced heat release and gas evolution rates arising from use of the DBP and the inert atmosphere, respectively. While ZTA ceramics were studied, this method should be applicable to many ceramic systems with exciting possibilities for promoting the rapid development of VPP 3D‐printed high‐performance ceramics for various engineering applications.
Clarifying early period hydration process of ultra‐low W/B cementitious composite subjected to underwater circumstance
Authors: Zhu Jinyun , Xu Liuliu , Yu Rui , Liu Xue , Wang Siyu , Wang Zhiyu
Published: October 2024

An innovative method is proposed in this study that combines long sequence precision prediction model with experiments to study how early hydration affects ultra‐low water‐binder ratio cementitious composite (ULWBRCC) properties. To be specific, by using heat release and degree of hydration as variables and introducing various temporal models to analyze the early hydration process, the micro‐ and macroscopic properties of specimens at different ages are assessed in detail. The obtained results can be summarized as follows: The long‐sequence accurate time series model can predict the earliest hydration process of underwater ULWBRCC, and the predicted late‐stage hydration pattern matches the experimental results. The underwater environment optimizes ULWBRCC's hydration process and increases its early compressive strength by 19.6%. The hydration of ULWBRCC is predicted using a time series model in the paper, filling the gap of uncertainty in the earliest performance of underwater rapid repair cement‐based composite materials, and the MSE of the Informer is improved by 92.88% compared with other models.
Debts of Gratitude in Cross‐Cultural Perspective: Confucian and Western Ethics
Authors: Tsai George , Choo Lok Chui
Published: October 2024

This article examines the contrasting conceptions of gratitude in Early Confucian and Western philosophy. It focuses on a key difference: the presence of the notion of ‘debts of gratitude’ in Western thought and its absence in Confucianism. We explore how this difference is rooted in contrasting ethical outlooks and values. Western philosophy often conceives of gratitude as a duty of reciprocation, furthering the values of social equality and individual autonomy. By contrast, Early Confucians viewed gratitude as proper acknowledgement that strengthens social relationships that are part of an ongoing collective project, spanning generations. This view reflects the importance of values such as community, harmony, and ritual propriety in Confucianism. Unlike the Western context, in the Early Confucian social world, there was no role for ‘debts of gratitude’ to play. There were no Confucian values that ‘debts of gratitude’ would help to realize, or would be responsive to, in the way that debts of gratitude further the values of equality and independence in the West. We conclude by noting that some Western philosophers express ideas about gratitude in collaborative contexts that align with Confucian ideas, suggesting some shared elements between Confucian and Western ethical outlooks.
A molecular approach to identify parrotfish (Sparisoma) species during early ontogeny
Authors: Morales‐Pulido José Manuel , Galindo‐Sánchez Clara Elizabeth , Jiménez‐Rosenberg Sylvia Patricia Adelheid , Batta‐Lona Paola Gabriela , Herzka Sharon Zinah , Arteaga María Clara
Published: October 2024

Sparisoma species (parrotfish) comprise an important functional group contributing to coral‐reef resilience. The morphological diagnostic characteristics for species identification are clearly described for adult forms but not for the early stages. Consequently, many taxonomical listings of Sparisoma larvae are restricted to the genus level. The aims of this study are to determine whether the morphological and molecular identification techniques are useful to assign the species taxonomic level to Sparisoma larvae occurring in the Gulf of Mexico and whether there is a set of diagnostic features that could be used to discriminate between species in larvae of different developmental stages. Morphological assignment of Sparisoma was performed based on morphological and meristic features for 30 larvae collected in the Gulf of Mexico from late August to mid‐September 2015. To corroborate and complement the morphological assignments, molecular identification was carried out using DNA sequences from regions of two mitochondrial genes, mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (mtDNA COI) and mitochondrial 16S rRNA (mtDNA 16S rRNA). COI and 16S gene trees for Sparisoma and related fish taxa were constructed using sequences available in the NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information) GenBank and BOLD (Barcode of Life Data) databases. Two morphotypes were identified based on morphology, but no diagnostic characteristics for species discrimination were found. Molecular identification, in contrast, successfully discriminated four early development stages of Sparisoma atomarium, three stages of Sparisoma radians, and two stages of Sparisoma chrysopterum and Sparisoma aurofrenatum, therefore demonstrating the successful and necessary application of molecular taxonomic approaches for species‐level identifications of Sparisoma larvae.
Acute freshwater CO2 exposure does not impair seawater transfer in three different sizes of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) subjected to different photoperiod manipulations
Authors: Thi Hong Gam Le , Montgomery Daniel W. , Laronde Daniel S. , Mackinnon Rachael , Richards Jeffrey G. , Brauner Colin J.
Published: October 2024

There is a growing interest in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) aquaculture to extend the time fish are reared in freshwater (FW) recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS), producing larger FW salmon that can then be induced to undergo smoltification before transfer into marine net pens for grow‐out and harvest. Smolts can be produced by photoperiod (PT) manipulation in RASs, but little is known about how delaying smoltification to larger body sizes affects susceptibility to elevated CO2 levels (hypercapnia), which can occur at high stocking densities in FW RAS or during transport from FW RAS rearing facilities to marine net pens. To address this, Atlantic salmon were reared from hatch to one of three different sizes (~230, ~580, or ~1300 g) in FW (3 ppt) under continuous light (24:0, light:dark). Once fish reached the desired sizes, a group of salmon were maintained on continuous light 24L:0D to serve as a control salmon. A second group of salmon were exposed to 8 weeks of 12L:12D and then to 4 weeks of 24L:0D to serve as PT treatment salmon, which is the PT manipulation commonly used in Atlantic salmon aquaculture to induce smoltification. At the end of PT manipulation, both control and PT treatment salmon were exposed to 0% or 1.5% CO2 (30 mg/L) for 96 h in FW and then transferred to air‐equilibrated seawater (SW, 35 ppt, normocapnia). Salmon were sampled at the end of the 96‐h FW CO2 exposure and at 24 h and 7 days in SW for measurements of blood ion/acid–base status, muscle water content (MWC), and gill and kidney Na+/K+ ATPase (NKA) activity. Exposure to 96 h of CO2 in FW resulted in acid–base disturbances in fish from all three size classes, with decreases in blood pH and increases in blood PCO2 and plasma [HCO3−] but no mortality. Despite these large acid–base disturbances in FW, after transfer to normocapnic SW, there were no significant effects of CO2 exposure on extracellular blood pH, intracellular red blood cell pH, or plasma osmoregulatory status for all three sizes of post‐smolt salmon. In general, SW transfer was associated with significant increases in plasma ions and osmolality, as well as gill and kidney NKA activity after 24 h and 1 week in SW with no significant impacts between different sizes of salmon. Thus, exposure to 30 mg CO2/L that mimics levels experienced during transport from FW RAS to an SW transfer site may have minimal effects on Atlantic salmon smolts up to 1300 g.
The COVID generation: A commentary on how the pandemic altered adolescents' life course
Authors: Fivush Robyn
Published: October 2024

The pandemic lockdowns interrupted critical developmental experiences especially for adolescents and emerging adults engaged in the challenge of constructing identities. This commentary focuses on four review articles that document both negative and positive consequences of the pandemic on family, peer, school, and community interactions. I argue that worldwide experiences of these interruptions led to a shared generational experience of disconnection and isolation, that, paradoxically, creates a shared generational identity. The COVID‐19 generation shares a view of the world as unsafe, unpredictable, and unfair; yet, at the same time, they are perhaps more oriented toward social justice. Generational identities formed at pivotal developmental moments continue to reverberate across the life course. How these formative experiences of the pandemic will continue to influence the life course of the COVID‐19 generation remains to be seen.
Clinical presentation, management and outcome of maxillofacial fractures in pet rabbits: 27 cases (2008‐2022)
Authors: Le K. , Sheen J. C.
Published: October 2024

Objectives

To report clinical findings, management strategies and outcomes in pet rabbits with maxillofacial fractures.

Materials and Methods

Medical records of pet rabbits with confirmed maxillofacial fractures from three exotic animal veterinary services between 2008 and 2022 were reviewed.

Results

Forty‐five fractured maxillofacial bones were reported in 27 rabbits, including mandibular symphyseal separation in 13 rabbits. Median age was 18 months (interquartile range, 7 to 38 months), and median bodyweight was 1.70 kg (interquartile range, 1.36 to 2.33 kg). The most common aetiology was anthropogenic accidents (16/27). Hyporexia/anorexia was the most frequent presenting complaint (17/27). Common clinical findings included dental malocclusion (12/27), craniofacial pain (9/27), crepitus (9/27) and swelling (7/27). Three (3/27) rabbits were euthanised after diagnosis. Mandibular symphyseal separation in 11 of 12 treated rabbits were addressed using circummandibular cerclage wiring. All remaining fractures were conservatively managed. Twenty‐three of 27 rabbits survived to hospital discharge. Median time of return to normal or near‐normal eating was 1 day (interquartile range, <1 to 3 days). Median survival time was 859 days (interquartile range, 567 to 1092 days). Dental malocclusion was a reported complication in 12 of 16 rabbits with follow‐up data. However, only five of 12 rabbits developed associated clinical signs requiring corrective dentistry.

Clinical Significance

Maxillofacial fracture in rabbits may present with similar clinical signs and findings to other conditions such as odontogenic disease. Successful outcomes with infrequent long‐term clinical complications are associated with management strategies that emphasise early functional recovery.
Pitolisant 40 mg for excessive daytime sleepiness in obstructive sleep apnea patients treated or not by CPAP: Randomised phase 3 study
Authors: Dauvilliers Yves , Craig Sonya Elizabeth , Bonsignore Maria R. , Barbé Ferran , Verbraecken Johan , Asin Jerryl , Georgiev Ognian , Tiholov Rumen , Caussé Christian , Lecomte Jeanne‐Marie , Schwartz Jean‐Charles , Lehert Philippe , Randerath Winfried , Pépin Jean‐Louis ,   the HAROSA III Study Group
Published: October 2024

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) syndrome commonly leads to excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS). Pitolisant, a selective histamine‐3 receptor antagonist, is efficacious at doses up to 20 mg once daily in OSA treated or not with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). We assessed the efficacy and safety of pitolisant at doses up to 40 mg once daily in patients with moderate to severe OSA treated or not with CPAP therapy. In this phase 3, multicentre, randomised, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled clinical trial, patients with OSA were assigned 2:1 to receive pitolisant (according to an individual up‐titration scheme, 10, 20 or 40 mg once daily) or placebo for 12 weeks. The primary endpoint was a change in the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) score from baseline to week 12. Secondary endpoints included a change in reaction time using the Oxford Sleep Resistance test (OSleR), Clinical Global Impression of Change (CGI‐C), and Patient's Global Opinion of the Effect (PGOE) of study treatment. Overall, 361 patients (mean age 52.4 years, 77.3% male; mean apnea‐hypopnea index [AHI] 27.0 events/h) were randomised to receive pitolisant (n = 242; 50% received CPAP) or placebo (n = 119; 48.7% CPAP). After the dose‐adjustment phase (week 3), 88.8% of patients received pitolisant 40 mg. Compared with placebo, pitolisant produced a significant reduction in the ESS score at week 12 (least square mean difference −2.6 (95% CI: −3.4; −1.8; p < 0.001)) irrespective of CPAP use; and improved the reaction time on OSleR, CGI‐C, and PGOE at week 12. Pitolisant was well tolerated; no new safety signals were identified. In conclusion, pitolisant up to 40 mg once daily was an effective treatment for EDS in patients with moderate to severe OSA irrespective of CPAP use.
The secondary classification of unequilibrated chondrites
Authors: Jacquet Emmanuel , Doisneau Béatrice
Published: October 2024

The multiplication of decimal petrologic schemes for different or the same chondrite groups evinces a lack of unified guiding principle in the secondary classification of type 1–3 chondrites. We show that the current OC, R and CO classifications can be a posteriori unified, with only minor reclassifications, if the decimal part of the subtype is defined as the ratio m = FaI/FaII of the mean fayalite contents of type I and type II chondrules, rounded to the nearest tenth (with adaptations from Cr systematics for the lowest subtypes following the past literature). This parameter is more efficiently evaluable than the oft‐used relative standard deviation of fayalite contents and defines a general metamorphic scale from M0.0 to M1, where the suffixed number is the rounded m. Type 3 chondrites thus span the range M0.0–M0.9 (i.e. subtypes 3.0–3.9) and M1 designates type 4. Corresponding applications are then proposed for other chondrite groups (with, e.g., CV secondary classification reduced to essentially three grades from M0.0 to M0.2, that is, subtypes 3.0–3.2). Known type 1 and 2 chondrites are at M0.0 (i.e. the metamorphic grade of type 3.0 chondrites), even so‐called “CY” chondrites, since our metamorphic scale is insensitive to brief heating. Independently, we define an aqueous alteration scale from A0.0 to A1.0, where the suffixed number is the (rounded) phyllosilicate fraction (PSF). For CM and CR chondrites, the alteration degrees can be characterized in terms of the thin‐section‐based criteria of previous schemes which are thus incorporated in the present framework, if in a coarser, but hereby more robust form. We propose their corresponding petrologic subtype to be 3‐PSF, rounded to the nearest tenth (so that type 1 would correspond to subtypes 2.0 and 2.1). Since nonzero alteration and metamorphic degrees remain mutually exclusive at the level of precision chosen, a single petrologic subtype ≈3+m‐PSF indeed remains a good descriptor of secondary processes for all unequilibrated chondrites, obviating the explicit mention of our separate scales unless finer subdivisions are adopted for the most primitive chondrites.
The role of artificial intelligence in optimizing management of atrial fibrillation in acute ischemic stroke
Authors: Goh Bill , Bhaskar Sonu M. M.
Published: October 2024

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a severe condition associated with high morbidity and mortality, including an increased risk of stroke and poor outcomes poststroke. Our understanding of the prognosis in AF remains poor. Machine learning (ML) has been applied to the diagnosis, management, and prognosis of AF in the context of stroke but remains suboptimal for clinical use. This article endeavors to provide a comprehensive overview of current ML applications to AF patients at risk of stroke, as well as poststroke patients without AF. Strategies to develop effective ML involve the validation of a variety of ML algorithms across internal and external datasets as well as exploring their predictive powers in hypothetical and realistic settings. Recent literature of this rapidly evolving field has displayed much promise. However, further testing and innovation of medical artificial intelligence are required before its imminent introduction to ensure complete patient trust within the community. Prioritizing this research is imperative for advancing the optimization of ongoing care for AF patients, as well as the management of stroke patients with AF.
Who Gets Vaccinated? Cognitive and Non‐Cognitive Predictors of Individual Behaviour in Pandemics
Authors: Andor Mark A. , Bauer Thomas K. , Eßer Jana , Schmidt Christoph M. , Tomberg Lukas
Published: October 2024

This study investigates different cognitive and non‐cognitive characteristics associated with individuals' willingness to get vaccinated against Covid‐19 and their actual vaccination status. Our empirical analysis is based on data obtained from three survey waves conducted in 2021 among about 2,000 individuals living in the German state of North Rhine‐Westphalia. We find that individuals with a high level of trait reactance – a personality characteristic that entails the personal tendency to perceive persuasion attempts as restricting one's freedom – display a significantly lower willingness to get vaccinated. They also tend to get inoculated later or never. Moreover, neuroticism, locus of control, and statistical numeracy appear to be associated with the willingness to get vaccinated, but these results are less pronounced and less robust. Our results indicate that vaccination campaigns and policies could be improved by specifically addressing those with a high level of trait reactance.
Growth, Morphology and Respiratory Cost Responses to Salinity in the Mangrove Plant Rhizophora Stylosa Depend on Growth Temperature
Authors: Inoue Tomomi , Fujimura Tomoko , Noguchi Ko
Published: October 2024

Mangrove plants, which have evolved to inhabit tidal flats, may adjust their physiological and morphological traits to optimize their growth in saline habitats. Furthermore, the confined distribution of mangroves within warm regions suggests that warm temperature is advantageous to their growth in saline environments. We analyzed growth, morphology and respiratory responses to moderate salinity and temperature in a mangrove species, Rhizophora stylosa. The growth of R. stylosa was accelerated in moderate salinity compared with its growth in fresh water. Under warm conditions, the increased growth is accompanied by increased specific leaf area (SLA) and specific root length. Low temperature resulted in a low relative growth rate due to a low leaf area ratio and small SLA, regardless of salinity. Salinity lowered the ratio of the amounts of alternative oxidase to cytochrome c oxidase in the mitochondrial respiratory chain in leaves. Salinity enhanced the leaf respiration rate for maintenance, but under warm conditions this enhancement was compensated by a low leaf respiration rate for growth. In contrast, salinity enhanced overall leaf respiration rates at low temperature. Our results indicate that under moderate saline conditions R. stylosa leaves require warm temperatures to grow with a high rate of resource acquisition without enhancing respiratory cost.
Effect of Global Climate Change Concern on Environmental Sensitivity of Nursing Students
Authors: Ayar Dijle , Gözüaçık Burak , Şen Bahar
Published: October 2024

Objective

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of global climate change concern on environmental sensitivity in nursing students.

Design

This study was descriptive, cross‐sectional, and correlational.

Sample

The study was conducted with undergraduate nursing students (n = 350).

Method

Descriptive Information Form, Climate Change Worry Scale, and Environmental Sensitivity Scale were used as data collection tools in the study. The relationship between global climate change concern and environmental sensitivity of nursing students was evaluated by Pearson correlation analysis, and the effect of climate change concern on environmental sensitivity of nursing students was evaluated by simple regression analysis.

Results

It was determined that there was a positive and moderately significant relationship between the mean total scores of the Climate Change Concern Scale and the mean total scores of the Environmental Sensitivity Scale (r = 0.388, p < 0.001).

Conclusions

As a result of this study, it was found that as nursing students' concern about global climate change increased, their sensitivity toward the environment also increased.
Angry allies and fearful protesters: Communicating the right emotion during non‐normative non‐violent protests increases support for concessions among resistant high‐status group members
Authors: Çakmak Hakan , Kara Ezgi , Sakarya İrem
Published: October 2024

Shuman et al. (2021) previously illustrated the effectiveness of non‐normative non‐violent protest tactics in gaining resistant high‐status group members' support for concessions. However, their focus on low‐status groups' tactics overlooks the real‐world complexities of protests, including emotional appeals and the presence of high‐status allies. Our research addressed this gap by examining emotion strategies in LGBTQ+ protests in the United States. Drawing on the concept of power‐congruent emotions (Kamans et al., 2014), two preregistered studies examined the impacts of anger and fear communication by heterosexual allies and LGBTQ+ protesters on resistant heterosexual audiences' support for concessions during non‐normative non‐violent protests. Study 1 (N = 1039) focused on how emotion communication by low‐status LGBTQ+ protesters influences support for concessions, while Study 2 (N = 1047) investigated the impacts of emotion communication by high‐status heterosexual allies. Our findings suggested that communicating actions out of fear by LGBTQ+ protesters increased support for concessions more than anger communication and the absence of emotion communication. Conversely, communicating actions out of anger by heterosexual allies increased support for concessions more than fear communication and the absence of emotion communication. These effects were evident among high‐status audiences resistant to change, but not among the progressive ones. Implications were discussed.
Regulation of exogenous sugars on the biosynthesis of key secondary metabolites in Cyclocarya paliurus
Authors: Zhang Mengjia , Deng Yimin , Xie Guorui , Deng Bo , Zhao Tingting , Yan Yafei
Published: October 2024

The biosynthesis and accumulation of secondary metabolites play a vital role in determining the quality of medicinal plants, with carbohydrate metabolism often influencing secondary metabolism. To understand the potential regulatory mechanism, exogenous sugars (sucrose, glucose/fructose) were applied to the leaves of Cyclocarya paliurus, a highly valued and multiple function tree species. The results showed that exogenous sugars enhanced the accumulation of soluble sugar and starch while increasing the enzyme activity related to carbohydrate metabolism. In addition, the plant height was increased by a mixture of exogenous mixed sugars, the addition of sucrose promoted the net photosynthetic rate, while all types of exogenous sugars facilitated the accumulation of flavonoids and terpenoids. Based on weighted gene co‐expression network analysis (WGCNA), two key gene modules and four candidate transcription factors (TFs) related to carbohydrate metabolism and secondary metabolite biosynthesis were identified. A correlation analysis between transcriptome and metabolome data showed that exogenous sugar up‐regulated the expression of key structural genes in the flavonoid and terpenoid biosynthetic pathway. The expression levels of the four candidate TFs, TIFY 10A, WRKY 7, EIL 3 and RF2a, were induced by exogenous sugar and were strongly correlated with the key structural genes, which enhanced the synthesis of specific secondary metabolites and some plant hormone signal pathways. Our results provide a comprehensive understanding of key factors in the quality formation of medicinal plants and a potential approach to improve the quality.
Identification and characterization of a key LcTPS in the biosynthesis of volatile monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes in Litchi fruit
Authors: Fu Liyu , Chen Qiuzi , Li Yawen , Li Yanlan , Pang Xuequn , Zhang Zhaoqi , Fang Fang
Published: October 2024

Litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) has a desirable sweet taste and exotic aroma, making it popular in the markets. However, the biosynthesis of aroma volatiles in litchi fruit has rarely been investigated. In this study, the content and composition of volatile compounds were determined during litchi fruit ripening. In the mature green and mature red stages of litchi, 49 and 45 volatile compounds were detected, respectively. Monoterpenes were found to be the most abundant volatile compounds in mature red fruit, and their contents significantly increased compared to green fruit, mainly including citronellol, geraniol, myrcene, and D‐limonene, which contributed to the aroma in litchi fruit. By comparing the expression profiles of the genes involved in the terpene synthesis pathway during fruit development, a terpene synthesis gene (LcTPS1‐2) was identified and characterized as a major player in the synthesis of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. A subcellular localization analysis found LcTPS1‐2 to be present in the plastid and cytoplasm. The recombinant LcTPS1‐2 enzyme was able to catalyze the formation of three monoterpenes, myrcene, geraniol and citral, from geranyl pyrophosphate (GPP) and to convert farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) to a sesquiterpene, caryophyllene in vitro. Transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants overexpressing LcTPS1‐2 exclusively released one monoterpene D‐limonene, and three sesquiterpenes cis‐thujopsene, (E)‐β‐famesene and trans‐β‐ionone. These results indicate that LcTPS1‐2 plays an important role in the production of major volatile terpenes in litchi fruit and provides a basis for future investigations of terpenoid biosynthesis in litchi and other horticultural crops.
Experimenting with artificial shelters to assist habitat restoration for medium‐sized ground‐dwelling mammals
Authors: McLean Dusty , Goldingay Ross , Letnic Mike
Published: October 2024

Many terrestrial vertebrates require microhabitat shelter structures for survival. Where anthropogenic or environmental disturbances have degraded or depleted shelter, artificial shelters are increasingly used to provide supplementary habitat for various taxa. However, their application to medium‐sized ground‐dwelling mammals (MGMs) remains largely unexplored. We installed rudimentary artificial shelters in a conservation reserve to emulate the vegetative cover used as refuge by three Australian MGMs: the long‐nosed (Perameles nasuta) and northern brown bandicoots (Isoodon macrourus), and the vulnerable long‐nosed potoroo (Potorous tridactylus). We used multi‐method occupancy modeling and behavioral analysis to compare the detections and behaviors of the target species with those of four non‐target species. Our study design included three plot types (treatments)—artificial shelter, baited lure, and disturbance control—enabling unambiguous evaluation of responses to the shelters. The bandicoots showed no difference in detection among treatments, whereas detection of the potoroo was highest at control plots. Detection of non‐target species was generally highest at baited plots. The target species demonstrated a much higher willingness to enter the shelters compared to the non‐target species. The use of the structures appeared to be exploratory, with no evidence that individuals remained in shelters during the day. There was limited evidence that the shelters reduced the target species' perceptions of predation risk and no evidence that predators were attracted to the shelters. The high availability of natural shelter and our small sample size likely influenced these findings. Nevertheless, they lay the foundation for research and refinement into more effective shelter designs.
From Islamic Charity to Muslim Philanthropy: Definitions Across Disciplines
Authors: Hughes Micah A. , Siddiqui Shariq A.
Published: October 2024

The study of Muslim philanthropy is often described as an emerging, multidisciplinary space of inquiry that takes contemporary Muslim practices of generosity such as giving and volunteering alongside behavioral motivations as objects of analysis. This emerging field follows over a century of knowledge production about Islamic charitable practices and institutions stemming from early orientalist studies of legal texts on endowments to more contemporary sociological and anthropological analyses of ritual exchange and giving across various Muslim‐majority and minority societies and communities. As the study of Muslim philanthropy grows, these two literatures are often brought together in generative, if uneven ways. In this paper, we review key themes and questions in the study of Islamic charity and ask what impact it has had on the study of Muslim philanthropy. This article surveys recent literature on charitable endowments/trusts (waqf), obligatory alms giving (zakat), and “extemporaneous charity” (sadaqa). We end with an analysis of dominant definitions of philanthropy currently used in philanthropic studies to argue that non‐denominational categories like “religious charity” exclude many religious practices that Muslims consider central to their charitable actions and their motivations, a point crucially missing in much philanthropy literature.
Integrating ecosocial policies through polycentric governance: A study of the green transformation of Danish vocational education and training
Authors: Carstensen Martin B. , Ibsen Christian Lyhne , Jensen Ida Marie Nyland
Published: October 2024

How can polycentric governance promote the development of ecosocial policies within existing policy systems? Through a study of green reforms of Danish vocational education, the paper argues that polycentric governance institutions are particularly useful at engaging constituent actors in innovation and constructive collaboration over reforming education programs to integrate ecological goals into vocational education. Combining significant autonomy for governance units and their nesting in a larger governance structure, polycentric governance helps address three key governance challenges: developing agreement among actors with clashing material interests about what green transformation entails; identifying how joint gains can be reached within a common vision of the development of the economy; and setting up an institutional structure that supports continuous adjustment to respond to technological advances and shifting social demands. Polycentric governance is, however, not a panacea. The state thus plays an important role in supporting autonomous governance units to develop ecosocial policies.
Existence of solutions to k‐Wave models of nonlinear ultrasound propagation in biological tissue
Authors: Cox Ben , Kaltenbacher Barbara , Nikolić Vanja , Lucka Felix
Published: October 2024

We investigate models for nonlinear ultrasound propagation in soft biological tissue based on the one that serves as the core for the software package k‐Wave. The systems are solved for the acoustic particle velocity, mass density, and acoustic pressure and involve a fractional absorption operator. We first consider a system that incorporates additional viscosity in the equation for momentum conservation. By constructing a Galerkin approximation procedure, we prove the local existence of its solutions. In view of inverse problems arising from imaging tasks, the theory allows for the variable background mass density, speed of sound, and the nonlinearity parameter in the systems. Second, under stronger conditions on the data, we take the vanishing viscosity limit of the problem, thereby rigorously establishing the existence of solutions for the limiting system as well.
Access to dental care among individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities in India: A scoping review
Authors: Philip Philcy , Gangaraju Beulah Amulyavathi , Lim Mathew Albert Wei Ting , Armstrong Gregory , Grills Nathan
Published: October 2024

Introduction

Individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDDs) face numerous challenges in accessing dental care. Despite difficulties, more evidence exploring difficulties among this cohort in India is needed. This study aims to conduct a scoping review of articles published in India exploring access to dental care among individuals with IDD.

Method

We followed the Arksey O'Malley framework for scoping reviews and the PRISMA guidelines for reporting studies. Findings were analyzed based on Levesque's framework for access.

Results

Seventeen articles were collated from five databases. The perceived need for dental care was low, and dental visits were mainly need‐based and infrequent. Knowledge regarding dental care did not translate to dental visits. Patient‐related barriers were cost, transportation difficulties, fear, lack of dentist skills, patient behavior, and cooperation. From the providers' perspective, most dentists were willing to treat but noted infrastructural and knowledge‐based limitations.

Conclusion

Access to dental care was limited due to infrastructure constraints and a lack of dentist training. Caregivers and individuals with IDD did not prioritize dental health, faced communication barriers, and were afraid of dental procedures. It is important to improve preventive dental care and raise awareness among caregivers of individuals with IDD in India. Training dentists and incorporating special care dentistry into the standard dental curriculum will improve access.