bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Contextualizing the trauma experience of women immigrants from Central America, South America, and Mexico
Authors: Kaltman Stacey , Hurtado de Mendoza Alejandra , Gonzales Felisa A. , Serrano Adriana , Guarnaccia Peter J.
Published: December 2011

Trauma has been understudied among Latina immigrants from Central and South America. This study examined the types and context of trauma exposure experienced by immigrant women from Central America, South America, and Mexico living in the United States. Twenty‐eight women seeking care in primary care or social service settings completed life history interviews. The majority of the women reported some type of trauma exposure in their countries of origin, during immigration, and/or in the United States. In the interviews, we identified types of trauma important to the experience of these immigrants that are not queried by trauma assessments typically used in the United States. We also identified factors that are likely to amplify the impact of trauma exposure. The study highlights the importance of utilizing a contextualized approach when assessing trauma exposure among immigrant women.
Comparative hepatic proteome analysis between lean and obese rats fed a high‐fat diet reveals the existence of gender differences
Authors: Wang Xia , Choi Jung‐Won , Oh Tae Seok , Choi Duk Kwon , Mukherjee Rajib , Liu Hao , Yun Jong Won
Published: December 2011

Gender differences in obesity stem from metabolic and hormonal differences between sexes and contribute to differences between women and men in health risks attributable to obesity. We hypothesized that liver may be an ideal target for the evaluation of gender differences in obesity development in response to a high‐fat diet (HFD). Therefore, to test this hypothesis, we performed a global proteome analysis in the liver of lean and obese rats of both genders who were fed an HFD through 2‐DE combined with MALDI‐TOF‐MS. When rats were exposed to HFD, male rats gained more body weight with increased values of plasma biochemical parameters than female rats. Image analysis and further statistical analysis of a 2‐DE protein map allowed for the detection and identification of 34 proteins that were significantly modulated in a gender‐dependent manner. We found 19 proteins showing identical gender‐different regulation in both normal diet (ND) and HFD. Five proteins also showed clear gender differences in both ND and HFD; however, their regulation modes in HFD were opposite to those in ND. Of particular interest, 10 proteins showed gender differences only in either ND or HFD rats. Present proteomic insight into gender‐dimorphic protein modulation in liver would aid in the improvement of gender awareness in the health‐care system and in implementation of evidence‐based gender‐specific clinical recommendations.
Differential role of calmodulin and calcium ions in the stabilization of the catalytic domain of adenyl cyclase CyaA from Bordetella pertussis
Authors: Selwa Edithe , Laine Elodie , Malliavin Thérèse E.
Published: December 2011

The catalytic adenyl cyclase (AC) domain of the protein CyaA from Bordetella pertussis is activated by interaction with the C terminal lobe of calmodulin (C‐CaM). The AC/C‐CaM complex displays an elongated shape, but hydrodynamics measurements on the isolated AC domain allowed to characterize the shape of the protein as spherical. Here, we study by molecular dynamics simulations the complexes between AC and the apo and Ca2+‐loaded C‐CaM, as well as the isolated AC, to characterize the features of AC conformational variability and of AC/C‐CaM interaction. The removal of calcium ions from C‐CaM increases the AC flexibility, but the removal of C‐CaM induces a dramatic drift of the AC conformation. Isolated AC conformations show a general tendency to become less elongated, as the two protein extremities (regions SA and CB) tend to get closer. An analysis of the energetic influences between the C‐CaM and the AC regions shows a simple influence scheme, in agreement with the high affinity of AC to CaM. In this scheme, a single influence is observed from C‐CaM to the region CA of the AC domain. This influence is correlated to the presence of hydrogen bonds involving residues from C‐CaM, and from regions CA, C‐terminal tail, and catalytic loop of AC. This study reveals a C‐CaM/AC interaction picture where C‐CaM stabilizes AC by a steric hindrance on the conformational drift of SA, whereas the Ca2+ ions allow further stabilization by the establishment of a hydrogen bond network extending from C‐CaM to the AC catalytic loop. Proteins 2011;. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Subgroup analyses of clinical effectiveness to support health technology assessments
Authors: Paget Marie‐Ange , Chuang-Stein Christy , Fletcher Christine , Reid Carol
Published: December 2011

Subgroup analysis is an integral part of access and reimbursement dossiers, in particular health technology assessment (HTA), and their HTA recommendations are often limited to subpopulations. HTA recommendations for subpopulations are not always clear and without controversies. In this paper, we review several HTA guidelines regarding subgroup analyses. We describe good statistical principles for subgroup analyses of clinical effectiveness to support HTAs and include case examples where HTA recommendations were given to subpopulations only. Unlike regulatory submissions, pharmaceutical statisticians in most companies have had limited involvement in the planning, design and preparation of HTA/payers submissions. We hope to change this by highlighting how pharmaceutical statisticians should contribute to payers' submissions. This includes early engagement in reimbursement strategy discussions to influence the design, analysis and interpretation of phase III randomized clinical trials as well as meta‐analyses/network meta‐analyses. The focus on this paper is on subgroup analyses relating to clinical effectiveness as we believe this is the first key step of statistical involvement and influence in the preparation of HTA and reimbursement submissions. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estimation of treatment effect for the sequential parallel design
Authors: Tamura Roy N. , Huang Xiaohong , Boos Dennis D.
Published: December 2011

The sequential parallel clinical trial is a novel clinical trial design being used in psychiatric diseases that are known to have potentially high placebo response rates. The design consists of an initial parallel trial of placebo versus drug augmented by a second parallel trial of placebo versus drug in the placebo non‐responders from the initial trial. Statistical research on the design has focused on hypothesis tests. However, an equally important output from any clinical trial is the estimate of treatment effect and variability around that estimate. In the sequential parallel trial, the most important treatment effect is the effect in the overall population. This effect can be estimated by considering only the first phase of the trial, but this ignores useful information from the second phase of the trial. We develop estimates of treatment effect that incorporate data from both phases of the trial. Our simulations and a real data example suggest that there can be substantial gains in precision by incorporating data from both phases. The potential gains appear to be greatest in moderate‐sized trials, which would typically be the case in phase II trials. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Direct Synthesis and Characterization of New Copper(II) and Zinc(II) 5‐R‐Tetrazolato Complexes [R = Me, Ph, 4‐Py] with Ethylenediamine and DMSO as Coligands
Authors: Mosalkova Anastasiya P. , Voitekhovich Sergei V. , Lyakhov Alexander S. , Ivashkevich Ludmila S. , Gaponik Pavel N. , Ivashkevich Oleg A.
Published: December 2011

Three novel 5‐R‐tetrazolato complexes (R = Me, Ph, 4‐Py), namely [Zn2(MeCN4)4(DMSO)2] (1), [Cu2(PhCN4)4(en)2]·2DMSO (2), and [Cu(4‐PyCN4)2(DMSO)2]·4DMSO (3), were isolated as unexpected products under attempts to prepare heterometallic tetrazolates using a direct synthesis strategy in the Cu0‐ZnO‐en‐RCN4H‐DMSO system (en = ethylenediamine). The prepared compounds were characterized by elemental, single‐crystal X‐ray, and thermal analyses, and IR spectroscopy. Variation of the 5‐substituent of the tetrazole ring causes different composition of complexes 1–3 and diverse coordination modes of 5‐R‐tetrazolato ligands. Complex 1 is a 3D coordination polymer due to N1, N4‐bridging of 5‐methyltetrazolato anions. Complex 2, with en as a coligand, has a dinuclear structure with two copper atoms linked together by two 5‐phenyltetrazolato ligands by tetrazole N2, N3 bridges. Complex 3 represents a 2D coordination polymer, formed due to 5‐(4‐pyridyl)tetrazolato bridges between adjacent copper atoms (with the tetrazole and pyridine rings nitrogen atoms as coordination centers). DMSO molecules, included in all the compounds, are solvate and/or coordinated ones.
Reactions to Robert Southey's Life of Wesley (1820) Reconsidered
Authors: NOCKLES PETER
Published: December 2011

This article analyses the varying contemporary and later responses to Robert Southey's Life of Wesley (1820). Acclaimed for its literary qualities, its appearance in the shadow of the Evangelical Revival and the growing Methodist movement meant that its biographical perspective was long obscured by the nineteenth-century ‘Wesley legend’. Methodist reviewers such as Henry Moore and Richard Watson, repelled by his critique of ‘enthusiasm’ as well as his claim that Wesley was motivated by power and ‘ambition’, questioned Southey's theological credentials and religious orthodoxy. A more nuanced view of Southey's biography was provided by Anglican commentators such as Reginald Heber and Alexander Knox who, while sympathetic to Wesley and the Evangelical Revival, supported many of Southey's judgements from a High Church Anglican standpoint. This article sets Southey's biography within the context of his own theological and political evolution, exploring the issues of authorial motivation and the longer-term literary and historical impact and legacy of his biography.
7.—William Carmichael M'Intosh, nonagenarian.
Authors: Merriman Daniel
Published: December 2011

Synopsis

The accomplishments and writings by M'Intosh (1838–1931) of St Andrews are recounted in some detail. His major contribution in pure zoology was on marine Annelids, notably the (at that time included) Nemertinea. In fisheries biology his work on the effects of beam-trawling on the Scottish sea-fisheries as directed by a Royal Commission led him to a detailed description of the pelagic eggs and larvae of the major British marine food fishes. From this he came to the conclusion that, with some exceptions, the fauna of the open sea appeared to be independent of man's influence, and in this connection he demanded that regulatory measures be based only on scientific fact. Though his major contributions were in descriptive marine zoology, he never lacked the courage of his convictions on matters of theory and practice.
11.—Deep-sea Biological Studies in America, 1846 to 1872—their contribution to the Challenger Expedition
Authors: Scheltema Rudolf S. , Scheltema Amelie H.
Published: December 2011

On December 7, 1872, H.M.S. Challenger left Sheemess, England, on one of the great adventures of scientific exploration, a voyage of four years which was to circumnavigate the globe and to visit all the major oceans of the world. The stated purpose and objectives of the expedition are given in a letter from the Royal Society of London to the Secretary of the British Admiralty. These goals were to study: (1) ‘the physical conditions of the deep sea throughout all the great ocean-basins’, (2) ‘the chemical constitution of the water at various depths from the surface to the bottom’, (3) ‘the physical and chemical characters of the deposits’, and finally (4) ‘the distribution of organic life throughout the area explored’ (Challenger Rep., 1 (1), iii). This was an extraordinarily comprehensive plan! To get some notion of the enthusiasm this expedition engendered and to recapture some of its excitement, one needs only to read the narrative of this historic cruise written and extracted from the logs and personal journals of members from the scientific party.
23.—Oceanographic Activities in the Geophysics Branch, Office of Naval Research, 1950–1959.
Authors: Lill Gordon
Published: December 2011

Synopsis

For a full decade, the Office of Naval Research (ONR) led the United States into the development of science by research contract. Marine geophysics and oceanography were a part of this, as were the solid earth sciences and meteorology.

By 1950, ONR was firmly established, World War II seemed far behind, and oceanographers in the United States were enthusiastically looking forward to what turned out to be ten years of their most productive work. By combining oceanographic talent and ONR funds and logistics, there was created one of the most effective systems yet invented for accomplishing science and technology at sea.

New institutions were established, old institutions revived, fleets were designed, deep diving initiated, ocean monitoring begun, Arctic oceanography started, expeditions mounted, and discoveries made which, when coupled with other knowledge, were to contribute to far-reaching consequences for the earth sciences and how we now view our geophysically active planet.

The oceanographers will speak for themselves. This paper presents only the view from Washington at the time, and how at least some of the activity there helped to make possible the Great Decade of Oceanographic Development, 1950–59.
27.—Historical Development of Diving and its Contribution to Marine Science and Research.
Authors: Heberlein Hermann
Published: December 2011

One of the first diving attempts in connection with marine exploration was started some 400 km from Edinburgh. On September 8, 1820, the Swiss physician Louis- Theodore Colladon [1] submerged in a diving-bell 10 m deep to the bottom of the sea at Howth, near Dublin (Ireland). During an hour's stay under water he observed and measured the ground. Being a diving doctor, he did not only take an interest in technical dates concerning the diving-bell, but he also kept a diary where he noted the professional divers inside the bell were supplied with additional nourishment as bread and brandy ‘in order to regain soonest their lost strength’.

This paved the way for human entry into the sea, and henceforth science and research could be extended from the continents to the submarine field. People became aware of the ocean's importance which covers 71 per cent, of the terrestrial globe. Men invaded the element from where all life on earth seemed to descend.
42.—Oceanography, The First Science.
Authors: Home R. A.
Published: December 2011

‘Science,’ wrote Ernst Cassirer in his Essay on Man, ‘begins with a quest for simplicity.’ Remarkably enough, tradition has preserved the name of the man who first undertook such a quest: the first scientist. He was Thales of Miletus (ca 624–545 b.c.), one of the Seven Wise Men of the ancient world and the founder of the great Ionian school of natural philosophy. He appears to have been the first to have found the courage to abandon traditional mythopoetic explanation and to try and account for natural phenomena in terms of natural forces. As Aristotle, incidentally, the last of the Ionian scientists, put it, Thales was the founder of the philosophy which asserts that ‘the principles which (are) of the nature of matter (are) the only principles of all things’ (Aristotle a).
On the History of Recording Tide Gauges
Authors: Matthäus Wolfgang
Published: December 2011

Synopsis

Records of water levels date from the first hydrospheric observations. The levels of inland and coastal waters are recorded with the use of tide gauges of various types and construction. The float-level gauge, however, is by far the most frequently used.

The oldest self-recording tide gauge was constructed by Henry R. Palmer, civil engineer of the London Dock Company, in 1831. A float resting on the water is placed in a well communicating with the river. The motion of the water surface is transmitted to the recording machine by wheels and shafts which act on a pencil rack. As the water level rises and falls, by the combined motions of a clock and the tide the pencil produces a line as a function of time.

Even today this principle is still used for float-level gauges. It represents the basis of the modern tide gauges for observing sea levels and their variations.

In 1831 we find another construction by Mitchell, which was erected in the Sheerness dockyard. A few years later Thomas G. Bunt developed a tide gauge, which was used on the eastern bank of the river Avon near Bristol from 1837 to 1872.

In 1834 the first self-recording gauge was erected in France, near Le Havre. On the other continents the first installations were established in Algiers (1834), in the United States and in India (1846), and in Australia (1858)

An installation in Hamburg (1861), which was developed by F. H. Reitz the engineer, is identified as the first German construction.

In 1870 fifteen tide gauges were known on the shores of the European continent (except the British Isles). By 1883 Carlos Ibañez was using information from approximately 67 tide gauge stations for the determination of the mean sea level around the European mainland. Today we find more than 300 installations in Europe, about three-quarters of which are working in north-western European waters and in the Baltic.
The Beginnings of Topo-hydrographic Activities of the United States Navy Department in Exploration of the Arctic prior to 1870 as reflected in the Official Records in the National Archives in Washington, D.C.
Authors: Friis Herman R.
Published: December 2011

During the second half of the nineteenth century the United States of America embarked on a broad programme of scientific geographical exploration of the Arctic (Dodge 1961; Friis 1967). In the present century this programme has continued in cooperation with other nations, developing into a wide variety of co-ordinated scientific activities of considerable benefit to mankind and represents remarkable advances in hydrographic and oceanographic research. The very large role of the United States Navy in the history of these accomplishments is reflected in the seemingly limitless resource of extant records of the scientific work of its innumerable expeditions. It is perhaps timely that we review in brief the humble beginning and the motivations that combined to generate an interest by the Federal Government and the people in the exploration of the Arctic by the Navy Department.
100 Years of Underwater Escape
Authors: Barnard E. E. P.
Published: December 2011

In 1850 the hand-propelled submarine boatSea Diver,built by Wilhelm Bauer, dived out of control to the bottom when setting out to attack the Danish Fleet off Kiel. Shelford (1960) has described how Bauer and his crewmen Thomsen and Witt first tried to raise the boat using compressed air to blow the water out of the ballast tanks and, when the air was exhausted, they decided to try to escape by flooding the boat in the hope of equalising the pressure on the inside and the outside of the hatch. Eventually the hatch gave way and the first three underwater escapers arrived in a rush of air at the surface, to the surprise of those who had been grappling for the sunken boat.
Salinity Distribution in the Tay Estuary.
Authors: Williams D. J. A. , West J. R.
Published: December 2011

Synopsis

Salinity distribution in the Tay estuary measured during the years 1969–70 is influenced by freshwater flow and tidal range. Between Pool and Flisk, tidal-depth-mean salinity is a strong function of river flow but is much less influenced by tidal range. The relationship between salinity range (difference between maximum and minimum depth-mean salinities) and tidal range can be approximated by a linear function. The observed vertical salinity distribution varies with tidal state. The net non-tidal circulation has been estimated at Pool, Broughty Ferry, Newport, Balmerino and Flisk, and found to be dependent on river flow and position.
Recent Technical Advances in Marine Flatfish Farming
Authors: Kerr N. M.
Published: December 2011

SYNOPSIS

Progress in the development of marine flatfish farming suggests that, for two species, commercial viability is becoming a real possibility.

Dover sole can be reared in tanks on shore supplied with warmed water from the cooling of coastal power stations. Turbot can be reared likewise, or in cages floating in the sea.

The main area in which problems remain is in the controlled production of juveniles in hatcheries on shore, but recent progress has been good.

There is a good potential in the UK for marine fish farming, with probable sites available for an annual output of all species of up to around 50,000 tonnes p.a. At this level, or even at 25% of this level, the requirement for the catching of fish as farm fodder would become significant to the fishing industry.

This paper describes only those aspects of progress or outstanding problems which, in the author's opinion, are of major significance in economic terms.
General Synod of the Church of England
Authors: Slack Stephen
Published: December 2011

This report covers both the sessions held in November 2010 (the inaugural group of sessions of the new Synod that came into being following the quinquennial elections in the autumn of 2010) and those held in February and July 2011.
Architecture of the Sultanate of Ma'bar in Madura, and other Muslim Monuments in South India
Authors: Shokoohy Mehrdad
Published: December 2011

During the fourteenth century on the Travancore coast of South India an independent Muslim sultanate was established which lasted for less than half a century, and was eventually terminated by the newly established neighbouring kingdom of Vijayanagar. The short, brutal and enigmatic period of this sultanate has attracted the attention of a number of modern scholars who have tried to put together its history through study of the coins, a few inscriptions, and the brief, often dismissive remarks found in the North Indian histories, as well as, most informative of all, the travel account of Ibn Baṭṭūṭa, who visited the region when the power of the sultanate was at its peak. However, none of these studies agrees even in the number and chronology of the sultans, let alone the details of the events: a confusion which is a direct result of the lack of adequate information at the present time. Under the circumstances it may appear presumptuous to embark on a description of the architectural monuments of this sultanate.
Apocalyptic and Other Materials on Early Muslim-Byzantine Wars: A review of Arabic sources
Authors: Bashear Suliman
Published: December 2011

The standard criteria for using apocalypses as historical sources were established by the late Byzantinist, Paul J. Alexander. Examining the process of literary embellishment and adjustment of a few Syriac and Greek apocalypses, he arrived at the conclusion that historical apocalypses are in fact “propheciesex-eventu”, i.e. having actually already materialised around the time of their circulation. The amount of such material, he argued, may serve as a kind of barometer for measuring the eschatological pressure at a given time in history since apocalypses are written to provide comfort in times of tribulation, particularly during grave military crises.
An Arabic legal document from the Umayyad period
Authors: Khan Geoffrey
Published: December 2011

The number of Arabic papyri from the first two Islamic centuries that have been preserved is relatively small. Papyri from the third century A.H. are far more numerous and constitute the bulk of most collections. In this paper I publish an Arabic legal document from A.H. 77 (A.D. 707), which is in the Michaelides collection of papyri at Cambridge University Library. It is one of the earliest extant Arabic legal papyri. The document is a quittance (barā’a) drawn up by a certain Sa‘īd ibn Qays al-Dallālī to certify that Jamīla, the freedwoman of ’Umm Hunayda, is cleared of obligation to him after the payment of a sum of seven dīnārs. This sum was delivered as payment for a portion of a house.
Some Iranian and Afghan Portraits in the Public Record Office
Authors: Miller Isabel
Published: December 2011

For several years now the Lafayette Project has been compiling a data base of portrait photographs from the Copy I collection at the Public Record Office, Kew (PRO). The Lafayette Project was founded to further the cataloguing of historic photographs and funding by the Elm Trust has enabled the project to set new standards for the documentation of historic photographs based on careful analysis of an image and its contents as a historical source. The data base is a means not only of investigating portraits but also a starting point for entering into the wider scope of the collection to pursue historical research.
Kasai Zenzō'sWith the Children in Tow(Ko o tsurete): a shi-shōsetsu.
Authors: Nakagawa Masako
Published: December 2011

In 1917, Kasai Zenzō(1887–1928) wroteWith the Children in Tow(Ko o tsurete), a short story of approximately eleven pages in its original Shinchōsha edition. Kasai's work, paralleling the actual events that took place in his household from August 9th to 11th of the year of its publication, is exemplary of theshi-shōsetsugenre, I-novel or autobiographical narrative where the author recounts details of his personal life through a thin guise of fiction.
The Legacy of the Timurids
Authors: Dale Stephen Frederic
Published: December 2011

The term Timurid is generally understood to comprise all Timur's descendants who reigned or competed for power in western Turkistan, Iran and Afghanistan in the century demarcated by the deaths of Timur in 1405 and Sultan Husayn Bayqara of Herat in 1506. In political terms Timurid rulers distinguished themselves by their fractiousness and perennial internecine warfare, but they and their subjects still bequeathed a legacy that influenced a broad region of the eastern Islamic world and could be felt even in the west in the twentieth century. It would be more accurate, though, to say that there were multiple, discrete Timurid bequests. Apart from the universal acclaim for the cultural florescence that occurred in Husayn Bayqara's Herat (1469–1506), different dynasties and populations selected only those elements of Timurid civilization that suited their own political traditions and cultural preferences. There were three principal groups of Timurid legatees. These were: the Mughul emperors of India, true Timurids who enthusiastically embraced Timurid legitimacy and consciously presided over a Timurid renaissance; the Uzbek and Ottoman States, whose Turkic rulers and subjects revered Timurid cultural achievements while sharing ambiguous feelings about the figure of Timur himself; and the non-Timurid, culturally non-Turkic Safavid and modern Afghan states in which the Timurid legacy was, respectively, the most ephemeral and the most diffuse. More recently a small number of Westerners have laid claim to part of the Timurid heritage by proclaiming the most anomalous product of its culture, Zahir al-Din Muhammad Babur's autobiographical memoir, to be a work informed by modern literary sensibility and psychological insight. Their enthusiasm is only the most recent example of the diverse ways in which a civilization's legacy may be transmuted by its heirs' divergent interests.
Palmyra – Epigraphy and religion. A review article
Authors: Lieu Samuel N. C.
Published: December 2011

The Religious Life of Palmyra, By Ted Kaizer. (Oriens et Occidens 4), pp. 305, 7 pls. Stuttgart, Franz Steiner Verlag, 2002.

Palmyra (ancient Tadmor) is undoubtedly one of the most glamorous of Graeco-Roman cities in the Near East and probably the most visited of all historical sites in the modern Republic of Syria. It has long been recognised as a major centre of Semitic religious cults which flourished particularly when the city was politically within the orbis Romanus. Its semi-independent political status and its retention of Aramaic as a major day-to-day language of commerce and administration certainly helped to guarantee the continuation of its Semitic cultural traditions and religious life.
How do Galaxies get their Baryons?
Authors: Conselice Christopher J.
Published: December 2011

Understanding how galaxies obtain baryons, their stars and gas, over cosmic time is traditionally approached in two different ways - theoretically and observationally. In general, observational approaches to galaxy formation include measuring basic galaxy properties, such as luminosities, stellar masses, rotation speeds, star formation rates and how these features evolve through time. Theoretically, cosmologically based models collate the physical effects driving galaxy assembly - mergers of galaxies, accretion of gas, star formation, and feedback, amongst others, to form predictions which are matched to galaxy observables. An alternative approach is to examine directly, in an observational way, the processes driving galaxy assembly, including the effects of feedback. This is a new ‘third way’ towards understanding how galaxies are forming from gas accretion and mergers, and directly probes these effects instead of relying on simulations designed to reproduce observations. This empirical approach towards understanding galaxy formation, including the acquisition history of baryons, displays some significant differences with the latest galaxy formation models, in addition to directly demonstrating the mechanisms by which galaxies form most of their baryonic mass.
The Evolution of Luminous Compact Blue Galaxies: Disks or Spheroids?
Authors: Pisano D. J. , Rabidoux K. , Garland C. A. , Guzmán R. , Castander F. J. , Pérez-Gallego J.
Published: December 2011

Luminous compact blue galaxies (LCBGs) are a diverse class of galaxies characterized by high luminosity, blue color, and high surface brightness that sit at the critical juncture of galaxies evolving from the blue to the red sequence. As part of our multi-wavelength survey of local LCBGs, we have been studying the HI content of these galaxies using both single-dish telescopes and interferometers. Our goals are to determine if single-dish HI observations represent a true measure of the dynamical mass of LCBGs and to look for signatures of recent interactions that may be triggering star formation in LCBGs. Our data show that while some LCBGs are undergoing interactions, many appear isolated. While all LCBGs contain HI and show signatures of rotation, the population does not lie on the Tully-Fisher relation nor can it evolve onto it. Furthermore, the HI maps of many LCBGs show signatures of dynamically hot components, suggesting that we are seeing the formation of a thick disk or spheroid in at least some LCBGs. There is good agreement between the HI and Hα kinematics for LCBGs, and both are similar in appearance to the Hα kinematics of high redshift star-forming galaxies. Our combined data suggest that star formation in LCBGs is primarily quenched by virial heating, consistent with model predictions.
LSST Observations of RR Lyrae Stars for Mapping the Galactic Halo
Authors: Oluseyi Hakeem M. , Becker Andrew C. , Culliton Christopher C. , Furqan Muhammad , Hoadley Keri L. , Regencia Paul , Wells Akeem J. , Jones Lynne , Krughoff Simon , Sesar Branimir , Jacoby Suzanne
Published: December 2011

The Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST) is an anticipated to undertake a 10–year, 3π steradian survey that promises to observe millions of new periodic variable stars. We report on a study to determine the efficiency of the LSST to recover the light curve properties of RR Lyrae stars. An LSST light curve simulation tool was used to sample input idealized light curves or RR Lyrae stars observed in SDSS Stripe 82 data, returning each as it would have been observed by LSST, including realistic photometric scatter, limiting magnitudes, and telescope downtime. Our results show that the LSST will be capable of mapping the spatial distributions and chemical compositions of halo stellar overdensities using RR Lyrae discovered across 3π steradians and out to nearly 1.5 Mpc. LSST will thus enable the mapping of halo merger streams, the discovery of new dwarf galaxies, and the mapping galactic halos throughout the Local Group galaxies.
Breaking down the link between luminous and dark matter in massive galaxies
Authors: Foucaud Sébastien , Conselice Christopher J.
Published: December 2011

We present a study on the clustering of a stellar mass selected sample of galaxies with stellar masses M* > 1010M⊙ at redshifts 0.4 < z < 2.0, taken from the Palomar Observatory Wide-field Infrared Survey. We examine the clustering properties of these stellar mass selected samples as a function of redshift and stellar mass, and find that galaxies with high stellar masses have a progressively higher clustering strength than galaxies with lower stellar masses. We also find that galaxies within a fixed stellar mass range have a higher clustering strength at higher redshifts. We further estimate the average total masses of the dark matter haloes hosting these stellar-mass selected galaxies. For all galaxies in our sample the stellar-mass-to-total-mass ratio is always lower than the universal baryonic mass fraction and the stellar-mass-to-total-mass ratio is strongly correlated with the halo masses for central galaxies, such that more massive haloes contain a lower fraction of their mass in the form of stars. The remaining baryonic mass is included partially in stars within satellite galaxies in these haloes, and as diffuse hot and warm gas. We also find that, at a fixed stellar mass, the stellar-to-total-mass ratio increases at lower redshifts. This suggests that galaxies at a fixed stellar mass form later in lower mass dark matter haloes, and earlier in massive haloes. We interpret this as a ‘halo downsizing’ effect.
HerMES: Lyman Break Galaxies Individually Detected at 0.7 ≤ z ≤ 2.0 in GOODS-N with Herschel/SPIRE
Authors: Burgarella Denis , Buat Véronique , Magdis Georgios ,   the HerMES team
Published: December 2011

As part of the Herschel Multi-tiered Extragalactic Survey we have investigated the rest-frame far-infrared (FIR) properties of a sample of more than 4800 Lyman Break Galaxies (LBGs) in the Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey North field. Most LBGs are not detected individually, but we do detect a sub-sample of 12 objects at 0.7 < z < 1.6 and one object at z = 2.0. The LBGs have been selected using color-color diagrams; the ones detected by Herschel SPIRE have redder colors than the others, while the undetected ones have colors consistent with average LBGs at z > 2.5. The spectral energy distributions of the objects detected in the rest-frame FIR are investigated using the code cigale to estimate physical parameters. We include far-UV (FUV) data from GALEX. We find that LBGs detected by SPIRE are high mass, luminous infrared galaxies. It appears that LBGs are located in a triangle-shaped region in the AFUV vs. LogLFUV = 0 diagram limited by AFUV = 0 at the bottom and by a diagonal following the temporal evolution of the most massive galaxies from the bottom-right to the top-left of the diagram. This upper envelop can be used as upper limits for the UV dust attenuation as a function of LFUV. The limits of this region are well explained using a closed-box model, where the chemical evolution of galaxies produces metals, which in turn lead to higher dust attenuation when the galaxies age.
Evidence of multiple reconnection lines at the magnetopause from cusp observations
Authors: Trattner K. J. , Petrinec S. M. , Fuselier S. A. , Omidi N. , Sibeck D. G.
Published: December 2011

Recent global hybrid simulations investigated the formation of flux transfer events (FTEs) and their convection and interaction with the cusp. Based on these simulations, we have analyzed several Polar cusp crossings in the Northern Hemisphere to search for the signature of such FTEs in the energy distribution of downward precipitating ions: precipitating ion beams at different energies parallel to the ambient magnetic field and overlapping in time. Overlapping ion distributions in the cusp are usually attributed to a combination of variable ion acceleration during the magnetopause crossing together with the time‐of‐flight effect from the entry point to the observing satellite. Most “step up” ion cusp structures (steps in the ion energy dispersions) only overlap for the populations with large pitch angles and not for the parallel streaming populations. Such cusp structures are the signatures predicted by the pulsed reconnection model, where the reconnection rate at the magnetopause decreased to zero, physically separating convecting flux tubes and their parallel streaming ions. However, several Polar cusp events discussed in this study also show an energy overlap for parallel‐streaming precipitating ions. This condition might be caused by reopening an already reconnected field line, forming a magnetic island (flux rope) at the magnetopause similar to that reported in global MHD and Hybrid simulations.
Nonsustainable groundwater sustaining irrigation: A global assessment
Authors: Wada Yoshihide , van Beek L. P. H. , Bierkens Marc F. P.
Published: December 2011

Water used by irrigated crops is obtained from three sources: local precipitation contributing to soil moisture available for root water uptake (i.e., green water), irrigation water taken from rivers, lakes, reservoirs, wetlands, and renewable groundwater (i.e., blue water), and irrigation water abstracted from nonrenewable groundwater and nonlocal water resources. Here we quantify globally the amount of nonrenewable or nonsustainable groundwater abstraction to sustain current irrigation practice. We use the global hydrological model PCR‐GLOBWB to simulate gross crop water demand for irrigated crops and available blue and green water to meet this demand. We downscale country statistics of groundwater abstraction by considering the part of net total water demand that cannot be met by surface freshwater. We subsequently confront these with simulated groundwater recharge, including return flow from irrigation to estimate nonrenewable groundwater abstraction. Results show that nonrenewable groundwater abstraction contributes approximately 20% to the global gross irrigation water demand for the year 2000. The contribution of nonrenewable groundwater abstraction to irrigation is largest in India (68 km3 yr−1) followed by Pakistan (35 km3 yr−1), the United States (30 km3 yr−1), Iran (20 km3 yr−1), China (20 km3 yr−1), Mexico (10 km3 yr−1), and Saudi Arabia (10 km3 yr−1). Results also show that globally, this contribution more than tripled from 75 to 234 km3 yr−1 over the period 1960–2000.
Structural determinants for rCNT2 sorting to the plasma membrane of polarized and non-polarized cells
Authors: Pinilla-Macua Itziar , Casado F. Javier , Pastor-Anglada Marçal
Published: December 2011

rCNT2 (rat concentrative nucleoside transporter 2) (Slc28a2) is a purine-preferring concentrative nucleoside transporter. It is expressed in both non-polarized and polarized cells, where it is localized in the brush border membrane. Since no information about the domains implicated in the plasma membrane sorting of rCNT2 is available, the present study aimed to identify structural and functional requirements for rCNT2 trafficking. The comprehensive topological mapping of the intracellular N-terminal tail revealed two main features: (i) a glutamate-enriched region (NPGLELME) between residues 21 and 28 that seems to be implicated in the stabilization of rCNT2 in the cell surface, since mutagenesis of these conserved glutamates resulted in enhanced endocytosis; and (ii) mutation of a potential protein kinase CK2 domain that led to a loss of brush border-specific sorting. Although the shortest proteins assayed (rCNT2-74AA, -48AA and -37AA) accumulated intracellularly and lost their brush border membrane preference, they were still functional. A deeper analysis of CK2 implication in CNT2 trafficking, using a CK2-specific inhibitor [DMAT (2-dimethylamino-4,5,6,7-tetrabromo-1H-benzimidazole)] and other complementary mutations mimicking the negative charge provided by phosphorylation (S46D and S46E), demonstrated an effect of this kinase on rCNT2 activity. In summary, the N-terminal tail of rCNT2 contains dual sorting signals. An acidic region is responsible for its proper stabilization at the plasma membrane, whereas the putative CK2 domain (Ser46) is implicated in the apical sorting of the transporter.
Analyzing mechanisms and microscopic reversibility of self-assembly
Authors: Grant James , Jack Robert L. , Whitelam Stephen
Published: December 2011

We use computer simulations to investigate self-assembly in a system of model chaperonin proteins, and in an Ising lattice gas. We discuss the mechanisms responsible for rapid and efficient assembly in these systems, and we use measurements of dynamical activity and assembly progress to compare their propensities for kinetic trapping. We use the analytic solution of a simple minimal model to illustrate the key features associated with such trapping, paying particular attention to the number of ways that particles can misbind. We discuss the relevance of our results for the design and control of self-assembly in general.
Interactions between polymer brush-coated spherical nanoparticles: The good solvent case
Authors: Verso Federica Lo , Yelash Leonid , Egorov Sergei A. , Binder Kurt
Published: December 2011

The interaction between two spherical polymer brushes is studied by molecular dynamics simulation varying both the radius of the spherical particles and their distance, as well as the grafting density and the chain length of the end-grafted flexible polymer chains. A coarse-grained bead-spring model is used to describe the macromolecules, and purely repulsive monomer-monomer interactions are taken throughout, restricting the study to the good solvent limit. Both the potential of mean force between the particles as a function of their distance is computed, for various choices of the parameters mentioned above, and the structural characteristics are discussed (density profiles, average end-to-end distance of the grafted chains, etc.). When the nanoparticles approach very closely, some chains need to be squeezed out into the tangent plane in between the particles, causing a very steep rise of the repulsive interaction energy between the particles. We consider as a complementary method the density functional theory approach. We find that the quantitative accuracy of the density functional theory is limited to large nanoparticle separation and short chain length. A brief comparison to Flory theory and related work on other models also is presented.
Manifestations of probe presence on probe dynamics in supercooled liquids
Authors: Mackowiak Stephan A. , Noble Jade M. , Kaufman Laura J.
Published: December 2011

Experimental studies that follow behavior of single probes embedded in heterogeneous systems are increasingly common. The presence of probes may perturb the system, and such perturbations may or may not affect interpretation of host behavior from the probe observables typically measured. In this study, the manifestations of potential probe-induced changes to host dynamics in supercooled liquids are investigated via molecular dynamics simulations. It is found that probe dynamics do not necessarily mirror host dynamics as they exist either in the probe-free or probe-bearing systems. In particular, for a binary supercooled liquid, we find that smooth probes larger than the host particles induce increased translational diffusion in the host system; however, the diffusion is anisotropic and enhances caging of the probe, suppressing probe translational diffusion. This in turn may lead experiments that follow probe diffusion to suggest Stokes-Einstein behavior of the system even while both the probe-free and probe-bearing systems exhibit deviations from that behavior.
Soft cluster-induced desorption and ionization of biomolecules—Influence of surface load and morphology on desorption efficiency
Authors: Baur M. , Lee B.-J. , Gebhardt C. R. , Dürr M.
Published: December 2011

Neutral cluster-induced desorption and ionization of oligopeptides both from μm-thick films as well as from surfaces prepared with submonolayer surface concentration of biomolecules was investigated by means of mass spectrometry. Highest signal intensity was observed from thick films indicating efficient desorption from bulk-like material. In the submonolayer regime, the ion signal of the desorbed biomolecules was found to depend nonlinearly on the amount of substance of the wet-chemically applied biomolecules; the observation is correlated to the formation of aggregates of biomolecules on the surface.
A survey of current rehabilitation practices for native mammals in eastern Australia
Authors: Guy Amanda J. , Banks Peter
Published: December 2011

Wildlife rehabilitation is common in Australia, with more than 30 mainly volunteer wildlife networks caring for thousands of animals annually. Here we report on a survey of 140 Australian wildlife rehabilitators that asked questions about their motivations, their methods of rehabilitation and their methods for release and post-release assessments. Most rehabilitators were motivated by animal welfare concerns and most animals coming into care were injured or orphaned wildlife. Most rehabilitators recorded each animal’s history, conducted a medical examination and briefly quarantined new arrivals; few conducted pre-release medical testing. Animal behaviour before release was a significant concern and >50% of respondents stated that animals exhibiting stereotypic behaviours were still released. However, there were no consistent criteria for the suitability of an animal for release, its release site, or which soft-release method to use. Fewer than 60% of respondents carried out post-release monitoring, which was typically <1 month, and only 40% could identify factors that contribute to release success. Predation hampers most reintroductions and is likely to reduce survival of rehabilitated wildlife, highlighting the need for strategies to reduce predation risk; 20% of respondents carried out antipredator training, though most in an unstructured way. The ability to carry out animal training, and monitor success was perceived to be limited by poor funding, poor access to monitoring equipment, little government support and time constraints. Researchers are encouraged to collaborate with wildlife volunteer networks in order to improve this potentially valuable conservation approach.
Support the Manchester Manifesto: a case study of the free sharing of human genome data
Authors: Yang Huanming
Published: December 2011

Professor Huanming Yang is co-founder and president of BGI Shenzhen (formally the Beijing Institute of Genomics). BGI made China’s contribution to the human genome project. From 1% of the human genome project, it is now a key player in many of the world’s megasequencing projects. Professor Yang also has a strong interest in bioethics and society. He is a former member of UNESCO’s international bioethics committee and has recently been appointed to President Obama’s international research panel of the presidential commission for the study of bioethical issues.
TOPLHA: an accurate and efficient numerical tool for analysis and design of LH antennas
Authors: Milanesio D. , Meneghini O. , Maggiora R. , Guadamuz S. , Hillairet J. , Lancellotti V. , Vecchi G.
Published: December 2011

This paper presents a self-consistent, integral-equation approach for the analysis of plasma-facing lower hybrid (LH) launchers; the geometry of the waveguide grill structure can be completely arbitrary, including the non-planar mouth of the grill. This work is based on the theoretical approach and code implementation of the TOPICA code, of which it shares the modular structure and constitutes the extension into the LH range. Code results are validated against the literature results and simulations from similar codes.