bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dependencies in Temporal Adjunct Clauses
Authors: Kusumoto Kiyomi
Published: July 2015

No abstract.
Disruption of NPI Licensing: the Case of Presuppositions
Authors: Homer Vincent
Published: July 2015

No abstract.
Epistemics with Attitude
Authors: Anand Pranav , Hacquard Valentine
Published: July 2015

No abstract.
Letting negative polarity alone for "let alone"
Authors: Toosarvandani Maziar
Published: July 2015

No abstract.
Narrative Effects in Russian Indirect Reports and What They Reveal About the Meaning of the Past Tense
Authors: Altshuler Daniel
Published: July 2015

No abstract.
Negative Adjectives and Transformation Values
Authors: Sassoon Galit Weidman
Published: July 2015

No abstract.
Front matter
Authors: Moore Steven K. , Wyner Adam Zachary
Published: July 2015

Proceedings of the 1st Semantics and Linguistic Theory Conference, held April 19-21, 1991 at Cornell University, edited by Steven K. Moore and Adam Zachary Wyner.
The Syntax and Semantics of Nominals
Authors: Bowers John
Published: July 2015

No abstract.
Uniqueness and Bijection in Wh Constructions
Authors: Srivastav Veneeta
Published: July 2015

No abstract.
Simultaneous analyses for simultaneous present
Authors: Percus Orin , Lungu Oana
Published: July 2015

“Simultaneous” uses of the present tense pose a challenge for the position that present tense is essentially indexical. Two kinds of accounts have been given that stay close to this position: on the Tense Deletion account, present tense can get converted into a simple bound variable over times; on the Shifting Indexical account, present tense interacts with a context variable that can get bound below a character-selecting operator. We argue that in fact both of these mechanisms are needed. We specifically argue that a Shifting Indexical approach is useful in accounting for cross-linguistic variation in the use of simultaneous present; our arguments are based on a comparison of English and Romanian data. We suggest moreover that the Romanian data have important consequences for what a Shifting Indexical analysis of present tense should look like.
Sufficiency inference in anankastic conditionals
Authors: Krasikova Sveta
Published: July 2015

The minimal sufficiency reading of anankastic conditionals, discussed in connection with Heim's (2001) ambiguities in comparative constructions and von Fintel & Iatridou's (2007) 'Prejacent Problem' in the sufficiency modal construction, is argued to stem from the kind of ordering associated with anankastic modals.
The metalinguistic use of vague predicates in conditionals
Authors: Hinterwimmer Stefan
Published: July 2015

This paper deals with an at first sight surprising reading that indicative conditionals whose antecedents contain vague predicates receive under certain conditions. I argue that the existence of this reading can be explained if indicative conditionals are allowed to receive a special kind of metalinguistic interpretation. According to this reading, the worlds quantified over do not (possibly) differ from the world of evaluation with respect to some extralinguistic state of affairs, but only with respect to the standards according to which the vague predicates in the antecedents are interpreted. I show that the availability of the metalinguistic reading can be accounted for if both the epistemic modal bases and the selection function relative to which the worlds quantified over are determined are allowed to operate in a more flexible way than is standardly assumed.
Triggering verbal presuppositions
Authors: Abrusan Marta
Published: July 2015

This paper offers a predictive mechanism to derive the presuppositions of verbs. The starting point is the intuition, dating back at least to Stalnaker (1974), that the information conveyed by a sentence that is in some sense independent from its main point is presupposed. The contribution of this paper is to spell out a mechanism for deciding what will become the main point of the sentence and how to calculate independence. It is proposed that this can be calculated by making reference to event times. As a very rough approximation, the main point of an utterance is what (in a sense to be defined) has to be about the event time of the matrix predicate and the information that the sentence conveys but is not (or does not have to be) about the event time of the matrix predicate is presupposed. The notion of aboutness used to calculate independence is based on Demolombe and Farinas del Cerro (2000).
A Framework for Focus-Sensitive Quantification
Authors: Krifka Manfred
Published: July 2015

No abstract.
A Compositional Spatio-temporal Semantics for French Motion Verbs and Spatial PPs
Authors: Asher Nicholas , Sablayrolles Pierre
Published: July 2015

No abstract.
Adverbs of Quantification and Sequence-of-Tense Phenomena
Authors: Ogihara Toshiyuki
Published: July 2015

No abstract.
Binding Connectivity in Copular Sentences
Authors: Jacobson Pauline
Published: July 2015

No abstract.
Predicate Logic with Anaphora
Authors: Dekker Paul
Published: July 2015

In this paper I make a case for a separate treatment of (singular) anaphoric pronouns within a predicate logic with anaphora (PLA). Discourse representation theoretic results (from Kamp 1981) can be formulated in a compositional way, without fid­dling with orthodox notions of scope and binding. In contrast with its predecessor dynamic predicate logic (Groenendijk and Stokhof 1991), the system of PLA is a proper extension of ordinary predicate logic and it has a genuine update semantics. Moreover, in contrast with other compositional reformulations of DRT, the seman­tics of PLA remains well within the bounds of ordinary, extensional type theory.
Umbrellas and Bathrooms
Authors: Krahmer Emiel , Muskens Reinhard
Published: July 2015

No abstract.
Weak Definites
Authors: Poesio Massimo
Published: July 2015

No abstract.
Young Mozart and the Joking Woody Allen: Proper Names, Individuals and Parts
Authors: Paul Matthias
Published: July 2015

No abstract.
EVALUATING THE CLEANSING EFFICIENCY OF AN EXTENDED LIVING FAÇADE DRAPED WITH VERNONIA ELAEAGNIFOLIA
Authors: Varghese Jacob Thottathil , Ghosh Sat , Pandey Swetank , Samanta Rudranshu
Published: July 2015

Nature has its own astonishing capability to naturally cleanse the environment. Living green drapes on buildings look elegant and can provide sustainable solutions in congested cities. The Vellore Institute of Technology in India promotes green values within the country. Although the campus is lush and verdant, its ever growing student population precipitated an increase in public thoroughfare causing air pollution. To partially alleviate this problem, walls of a subway connecting the main academic campus and the hostel premises are draped with Vernonia elaegnifolia creeper; this is aesthetically elegant and was found to be efficient in capturing much of the vehicular pollution within the subway. An experimental investigation clubbed with an Ecotect analysis helped ascertain the optimal duration of the temperature drop across the subway. The analysis also predicts an annual savings of 36000 USD per hostel block. A detailed Scanning Electron Microscopic analyses coupled with Spectrophotometry established the deposition pattern of sulphates and nitrates. It is expected that the results of this analysis will promote the use of green facades in this sun drenched country.
Rocks and minerals for the Collector: northeastern Nova Scotia, Cape Breton, and Prince Edward Island
Authors: Sabina A P
Published: July 2015

Occurrences of minerals, rocks, and fossils are described from seventy-five easily accessible localities in northeastern Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island. A few rocks and minerals are suitable for ornamental purposes, but the majority of the de posits furnish
specimen material only. Gem minerals are not known in the area.
In the area between Dartmouth and the Strait of Canso, there are numerous old gold mines and a few copper, lead, tungsten, and iron mines. Good specimens of specularite, siderite, arsenopyrite, and andalusite can be collected. In the Antigonish-Amherst region, attractive specimens of copper -bearing
plant fossils are found in old copper mines. Other deposits include hematite, barite, celestite, agalmatolite, diatomite, and limestone.
In Cape Breton there are numerous deposits of gypsum and limestone, including crystalline and shell limestones. Metallic-mineral specimens can be obtained from old lead, zinc, copper, and bismuth mines. Attractive barite-fluorite specimens are found in old mines near Lake Ainslie. Two
ornamental-type rocks suitable for the lapidary are described: Mainadieu felsite breccia and Scotch Lake serpentine-bearing crystalline limestone.
Shoreline exposure s of sedimentary rocks in Prince Edward Island provide specimens of mineralized fossil plant remains. Good specimens of barite, crystalline quartz, and hematite are found at a locality near Charlottetown, and an uncommon copper mineral-paratacamite-occurs near
Summerside.
Major rock units of the Morin Complex, southwestern Quebec
Authors: Emslie R F , Ermanovics I F
Published: July 2015

The Morin Complex contains the largest mass of anorthositic rocks in southwestern Quebec. The major meta-igneous units of the complex from older to younger comprise anorthosite-leucogabbro, pyroxene monzodiorite and pyroxene quartz monzonite compositions.
Anorthosite-leucogabbro and pyroxene quartz monzonite underlie by far the largest areas. Relict igneous textures and structures are preserved in much of the anorthositeleucogabbro except in the southern part of the east lobe where recrystallization to polygonal textures is far advanced or complete.
Most measured plagioclase compositions in anorthositeleucogabbro lie in the range An42 to An54. The Or content of plagioclase averages about 5 mol per cent but drops to about 1. 5 mol per cent in recrystallized plagioclases. Orthopyroxenes typically contain 60 to 70 mol per cent MgSi03 in
anorthosite-leucogabbro and range down to less than 40 mol per cent MgSi03 in pyroxene quartz monzonite. Anorthosite-leucogabbro is interpreted as essentially a plagioclase cumulate with interstital pyroxenes. Rocks corresponding to the liquid from which this cumulate crystallized have not been
identified and may not be present at the existing level of exposure. The pyroxene and oxide-rich pyroxene monzodiorite probably also formed in part by crystal accumulation processes. The pyroxene quartz monzonites, on the other hand, show little or no evidence of having formed by crystal
accumulation. Fe-Ti oxide concentrations are common in parts of the complex. Many of these are associated with contacts between anorthositeleucogabbro and pyroxene monzodiorite. Direct dating of rocks of the complex has not been carried out but recent Rb-Sr whole rock ages indicate that the age of
last regional metamorphism (Grenvillian Orogeny) was 1100-1125 m. y. ago. It has also been suggested that this is also a close approximation to the age of emplacement of the smaller Lac Croche meta- anorthositic complex nearby.
Geological Survey of Canada, radiocarbon dates XXXI
Authors: McNeely R , Jorgensen P K
Published: July 2015

This list presents 298 radiocarbon age determinations made by the Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory, Geological Survey of Canada, plus 13 AMS dates done by IsoTrace Laboratories, 1 date by Beta Analytical Inc., and 6 dates made at the Saskatchewan Research Council in
Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. All samples dated more than 2 years ago have now been reported in date lists. The total number (314) of samples from various areas are as follows: Newfoundland (40); Nova Scotia (22); New Brunswick (2); Québec (51); Ontario (4); Manitoba (9); Saskatchewan (3);
Alberta (3); British Columbia (48); Yukon Territory (19); Northwest Territories, mainland (5); Northwest Territories, Arctic Archipelago (103); United States of America - New York State (1); Washington State (5). Tables 1 and 2 summarize the details of background and standard counts for the 2 L and
5 L counters during the period from January 8, 1991 to January 15, 1992.
Attitude and Practice toward Delivering of Verbal Postoperative Instructions by Undergraduates and Trainees: A Descriptive Study
Authors: Wali Aisha , Siddiqui Talha M , Shamim Aisha , Majeed Tabassum , Khan Miran
Published: July 2015

Introduction

Dentists’ knowledge and attitudes toward oral health concern provides the structure for their professional work and should be able to convey evidence-based knowledge of oral healthcare to the community. The delivery of safe and appropriate care and instructions to patients is of prime importance to dental professionals.

Materials and methods

A cross-sectional study was conducted for analysis of attitude and practice toward delivering of postoperative instructions by undergraduates and trainees. A cluster sampling technique was used and 220 forms were distributed in five dental institutes of Karachi. Two hundred forms were fully filled and returned. Students of final year and house surgeons were included in the study. Data were statistically analyzed for frequencies and percentages with Chi-square test using SPSS version 19.

Results

The result of the present study reported that 124 (62%) of the respondents informed the patients that how long the anesthesia will last and numbing wears off. One hundred and eleven (55.5%) of the respondents delivered verbal postoperative instructions after amalgam restoration and 127 (63.5%) after composite restorations. One hundred and thirty-one (65.5%) of the respondents informed patients about temporary filling materials. One hundred and twenty-two (61%) of the respondents delivered the verbal instructions after placing a post or doing core build-ups. Ninety-nine (49.5%) of the respondents verbally explained the importance of full coverage crown.

Conclusion

The present study concluded that majority of the students and trainees are lacking in uttering the required postoperative instructions after restorative treatment.

How to cite this article

Wali A, Siddiqui TM, Shamim A, Majeed T, Khan M. Attitude and Practice toward Delivering of Verbal Postoperative Instructions by Undergraduates and Trainees: A Descriptive Study. World J Dent 2015;6(2):71-76.
Prevalence of Anterior Tooth Fracture due to Trauma
Authors: Abootty Shaheen , Attavar Shruthi
Published: July 2015

Aim

To evaluate the prevalence of anterior tooth fracture due to trauma in 2000 patients randomly from the population of south Canara district.

Materials and methods

The present study was conducted on 2000 patients attending the Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, AB Shetty Dental College, Mangalore, and rural satellite centers of Nitte University. Each patient was examined for anterior tooth fracture due to trauma under dental chair in a good illumination of light using sterilized mouth mirror, explorer, tweezer and teeth are isolated by cotton roles. The patient who had anterior tooth fracture were questioned with a standard questionnaire from oral health survey WHO format 2013, to find its relation associated to age, gender, location, occupation, etiology, type of fracture and its relation to molar.

Results

According to the present study, prevalence of anterior tooth fracture due to trauma in south Canara population was low and found to be 18.8% with increase in prevalence in males (56.2%) between the age group of 36 and 45 years (33.2%), common etiological factor seen was falls (44.7%). The most common type of fracture was enamel-dentine fracture (44.7%) with class 1 molar relation (55.6%).

Conclusion

The prevalence of anterior tooth fracture due to trauma was most commonly seen in males with increased prevalence in age group between 36 and 45 years, common etiological factor being falls, type of fracture most commonly seen are cases with enamel-dentine fracture with class 1 molar relation.

How to cite this article

Hegde MN, Abootty S, Attavar S. Prevalence of Anterior Tooth Fracture due to Trauma. World J Dent 2015;6(2):77-81.
Evaluation of Prevalence of Bacteria Helicobacter pylori in Potentially Malignant Disorders and Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Chaudhary Minal , Gawande Madhuri , Sharma Preethi
Published: July 2015

Cancer is a complex disease that is variable in its presentation, development and outcome. The same heterogeneity and variability exist at the cellular and molecular level. Cancer is a multistep process during which cells undergo intense metabolic and behavioral changes, leading them to proliferate in an extreme and early way to escape supervision by the immune system and ultimately invades distant tissues to form metastases. Globally, almost 20% of cancers are related to infectious agents. Several viruses with oncogenic potential stimulate cell proliferation leading to cancer in animals and humans. Viruses, in particular, have been found to play a major role in the process of cancer involving several organs. Bacterial species related with cancer etiology are varied; however, the infections they cause have common characteristics. The association between Helicobacter pylori and gastric carcinoma is well established but the association between H. pylori and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is not evident. Studies have also reported the existence of H. pylori in the oral cavity, but whether the oral cavity serves as an extra gastric source for H. pylori or carries the organism only transiently is debatable. Hence, with this aim in the mind, we conducted the present study to evaluate the incidence of H. pylori in premalignant disorders and OSCC.

How to cite this article

Sharma P, Gawande M, Chaudhary M. Evaluation of Prevalence of Bacteria Helicobacter pylori in Potentially Malignant Disorders and Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. World J Dent 2015;6(2):82-86.
Large Dentigerous Cyst associated with Supernumerary Canine with Unilateral Nasal Obstruction: An Unusual Case
Authors: Bhattacharjee Abhinandan , Chakraborty Adity , Rathor Aakanksha , Talukdar Bandana
Published: July 2015

Dentigerous cyst is the most frequent developmental odontogenic cysts. It forms in relation to unerupted teeth, decidous teeth or supernumerary tooth as seen in our case. It is common in younger individuals in lower jaw involving mostly the third molar region. Here, we report a case of 25 years old female with a large dentigerous cyst of right maxilla who presented with complete unilateral nasal obstruction. Radiologically, a supernumerary tooth was seen located superiorly in the medial wall of the maxillary antrum. The cyst was surgically removed through a gingivobuccal sulcus incision. Although, Weber Fergusson incision is generally required for removal of large cysts, sublabial or Caldwell-Luc approach is equally useful for large cyst removal and is also more cosmetically acceptable.

How to cite this article

Bhattacharjee A, Chakraborty A, Rathor A, Talukdar B. Large Dentigerous Cyst associated with Supernumerary Canine with Unilateral Nasal Obstruction: An Unusual Case. World J Dent 2015;6(2):104-107.
Osteonecrosis of the Jaw associated with the Use of Bisphosphonates
Authors: Bandéca Matheus Coelho , Diniz Rafael Soares , Maciel Francisco José Lima , De Almeida Bastos Maciel Andrezza , Araújo Marcio Antônio Rodrigues , Lamha Ana Paula Fernandes , Pereira Erika Martins
Published: July 2015

The bisphosphonates (BPs) are drugs used to treat metabolic bone diseases involving intense bone resorption. These compounds are capable of altering the bone remodeling by decreasing osteoclast activity. However, the changes that these drugs cause to the bones of patients without a history of cervico-facial radiotherapy can result in a complication called osteonecrosis of the jaw, which is caused by dental surgery, trauma or infections. Osteonecrosis of the jaw is characterized by an exposed necrotic bone in the maxillofacial region, persisting for prolonged periods without complete healing. Based on clinical experience and literature review, the aim of the present study was to describe a clinical case of a patient with osteoporosis taking alendronate (Fosamax®) to control the progression of the disease with a characteristic clinical condition of osteonecrosis of the jaw. We evaluated the etiological factors, the relationship between BPs and osteonecrosis of the jaw, the mechanisms of action and possible treatments.

How to cite this article

Diniz RS, Maciel FJL, De Almeida Bastos Maciel A, Araújo MAR, Lamha APF, Bandeca MC, Pereira EM. Osteonecrosis of the Jaw associated with the Use of Bisphosphonates. World J Dent 2015;6(2):116-122.
Influence of Different Ceramic Systems on the Polymerization of Dual-cured Resin Cement evaluated Immediately and after 24 Hours: An in vitro Study
Authors: Jain Nikhil V , Dugal Ramandeep , Madanshetty Pallavi , Poplai Gaurav R , Gharatkar Affaf A , Shinde Purva H
Published: July 2015

Background

To check the influence of different all-ceramic systems on the polymerization of a dual-cured resin cement, evaluated immediately and 24 hours after curing cycle.

Materials and methods

A total of 80 resin cement disk specimens (n = 20) were fabricated by polymerization through lithium disilicate disks (group B), leucite-reinforced disks (group C), zirconia disks (group D) and without an intervening ceramic disk (group A). Each group further consisted of two subgroups (n = 10), t30 and t60 according to two different exposure times of 30 and 60 seconds respectively. Each of the 80 resin disk specimens was evaluated for microhardness (VHN) immediately and after 24 hours, giving us a total of 160 readings. One way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test was used for multiple group comparisons followed by Tukey's post-hoc for group-wise comparisons.

Results

Direct activation (group A) of the resin cement showed statistically significant higher mean microhardness values as compared to the experimental groups (groups B, C and D), both immediately and after 24 hours. The mean microhardness for immediate postactivation was always inferior to the 24 hours postactivation test for both direct activation and through different ceramics. For immediate testing time, of both the 30 and 60 seconds curing cycle, there was a significant increase in the microhardness of the resin cement disks cured for 60 seconds through the different ceramics (groups B, C and D) and direct light activation (group A). For the 24 hours testing time, of both the 30 and 60 seconds curing cycle, there was a significant increase in the microhardness of the resin cement disks cured for 60 seconds through the different ceramics except for the direct light-activation group.

Conclusion

Ceramic composition affected the polymerization of dual-cured resin cements. Doubling the light irradiation time significantly increased mean microhardness value. Greater degree of conversion leading to an increase in hardness was observed when the resin cement disks were evaluated after 24 hours.

How to cite this article

Jain NV, Dugal R, Madanshetty P, Poplai GR, Gharatkar AA, Shinde PH. Influence of Different Ceramic Systems on the Polymerization of Dual-cured Resin Cement evaluated Immediately and after 24 Hours. An in vitro Study. Int J Prosthodont Restor Dent 2015;5(1):1-9.
A comprehensive investigation on afternoon transition of the atmospheric boundary layer over a tropical rural site
Authors: Sandeep A. , Rao T. N. , Rao S. V. B.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. The transitory nature of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) a few hours before and after the time of sunset has been studied comprehensively over a tropical station, Gadanki (13.45° N, 79.18° E), using a suite of in situ and remote sensing devices. This study addresses the following fundamental and important issues related to the afternoon transition (AT): which state variable first identifies the AT? Which variable best identifies the AT? Does the start time of the AT vary with season and height? If so, which physical mechanism is responsible for the observed height variation in the start time of the transition? At the surface, the transition is first seen in temperature (T) and wind variance (σ2WS), ~ 100 min prior to the time of local sunset, then in the vertical temperature gradient and finally in water vapor mixing ratio variations. Aloft, both signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and spectral width (σ) show the AT nearly at the same time. The T at the surface and SNR aloft are found to be the best indicators of transition. Their distributions for the start time of the AT with reference to time of sunset are narrow and consistent in both total and seasonal plots. The start time of the transition shows some seasonal variation, with delayed transitions occurring mostly in the rainy and humid season of the northeast monsoon. Interestingly, in contrast to the general perception, the signature of the transition is first seen in the profiler data, then in the sodar data, and finally in the surface data. This suggests that the transition follows a top-to-bottom evolution. It indicates that other processes, like entrainment, could also play a role in altering the structure of the ABL during the AT, when the sensible heat flux decreases progressively. These mechanisms are quantified using a unique high-resolution data set to understand their variation in light of the intriguing height dependency of the start time of the AT.
An objective determination of optimal site locations for detecting expected trends in upper-air temperature and total column ozone
Authors: Kreher K. , Bodeker G. E. , Sigmond M.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. Detection of climate change requires a network of stable ground-based long-term measurements. Building upon earlier work, we first explore requirements of such measurements (such as maximum random uncertainty and sampling frequency) to ensure a minimum random uncertainty in monthly mean temperatures and to ensure effective detection of trends. In agreement with previous work we find that only for individual measurement random uncertainties > 0.2 K does the measurement random uncertainty start to contribute significantly to the random uncertainty in the monthly mean. For trend analysis, we find that the quality of the trend determination is only compromised when the measurement random uncertainty exceeds 2 K and measurements are made just once or twice a month. In the second part of the study we provide guidance on how to most effectively design a measurement network. To this end we developed a method to objectively identify the optimal location of sites for detecting projected trends in upper-air temperatures and total column ozone in the shortest possible time. This is done by first estimating the spatial distribution of the minimum length of time during which measurements have to be made in order to detect projected trends in temperature and ozone. This quantity is calculated from the unforced variance in the signal and the degree of autocorrelation, both estimated from historical data sets and assumed not to change in the future, and the projected trends as estimated from chemistry–climate models. The optimal site locations are then selected by an iterative procedure based on the minimum time required to detect a trend and a minimal distance between different measurement sites. While the optimal sites identified here result from our use of only one of a wide range of objective strategies, these results provide additional incentives for initiating measurement programmes at these sites or, if already in operation, to continue to be supported.
Aircraft measurements of gravity waves in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere during the START08 field experiment
Authors: Zhang Fuqing , Wei Junhong , Zhang Meng , Bowman K. P. , Pan L. L. , Atlas E. , Wofsy S. C.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. This study analyzes in situ airborne measurements from the 2008 Stratosphere–Troposphere Analyses of Regional Transport (START08) experiment to characterize gravity waves in the extratropical upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (ExUTLS). The focus is on the second research flight (RF02), which took place on 21–22 April 2008. This was the first airborne mission dedicated to probing gravity waves associated with strong upper-tropospheric jet–front systems. Based on spectral and wavelet analyses of the in situ observations, along with a diagnosis of the polarization relationships, clear signals of mesoscale variations with wavelengths ~ 50–500 km are found in almost every segment of the 8 h flight, which took place mostly in the lower stratosphere. The aircraft sampled a wide range of background conditions including the region near the jet core, the jet exit and over the Rocky Mountains with clear evidence of vertically propagating gravity waves of along-track wavelength between 100 and 120 km. The power spectra of the horizontal velocity components and potential temperature for the scale approximately between ~ 8 and ~ 256 km display an approximate −5/3 power law in agreement with past studies on aircraft measurements, while the fluctuations roll over to a −3 power law for the scale approximately between ~ 0.5 and ~ 8 km (except when this part of the spectrum is activated, as recorded clearly by one of the flight segments). However, at least part of the high-frequency signals with sampled periods of ~ 20–~ 60 s and wavelengths of ~ 5–~ 15 km might be due to intrinsic observational errors in the aircraft measurements, even though the possibilities that these fluctuations may be due to other physical phenomena (e.g., nonlinear dynamics, shear instability and/or turbulence) cannot be completely ruled out.
Development of a high temporal–spatial resolution vehicle emission inventory based on NRT traffic data and its impact on air pollution in Beijing – Part 2: Impact of vehicle emission on urban air quality
Authors: He J. J. , Wu L. , Mao H. J. , Liu H. L. , Jing B. Y. , Yu Y. , Ren P. P. , Feng C. , Liu X. H.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. In a companion paper (Jing et al., 2015), a high temporal–spatial resolution vehicle emission inventory (HTSVE) for 2013 in Beijing has been established based on near real time (NRT) traffic data and bottom up methodology. In this study, based on the sensitivity analysis method of switching on/off pollutant emissions in the Chinese air quality forecasting model CUACE, a modeling study was carried out to evaluate the contributions of vehicle emission to the air pollution in Beijing main urban areas in the periods of summer (July) and winter (December) 2013. Generally, CUACE model had good performance of pollutants concentration simulation. The model simulation has been improved by using HTSVE. The vehicle emission contribution (VEC) to ambient pollutant concentrations not only changes with seasons but also changes over moment. The mean VEC, affected by regional pollutant transports significantly, is 55.4 and 48.5 % for NO2, while 5.4 and 10.5 % for PM2.5 in July and December 2013, respectively. Regardless of regional transports, relative vehicle emission contribution (RVEC) to NO2 is 59.2 and 57.8 % in July and December 2013, while 8.7 and 13.9 % for PM2.5. The RVEC to PM2.5 is lower than PM2.5 contribution rate for vehicle emission in total emission, which may be caused by easily dry deposition of PM2.5 from vehicle emission in near-surface layer compared to elevated source emission.
Characterization of Mediterranean hail-bearing storms using an operational polarimetric X-band radar
Authors: Vulpiani G. , Baldini L. , Roberto N.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. This work documents the fruitul use of X-band radar observations for the monitoring of severe storms in an operational framework. More specifically, a couple of severe hail-bearing Mediterranean storms occurred in 2013 in southern Italy, flooding two important cities of Sicily, are described in terms of their polarimetric radar signatures and retrieved rainfall fields. It is used the X-band dual-polarization radar operating inside the Catania airport (Sicily, Italy), managed by the Italian Department of Civil Protection. A suitable processing is applied to X-band radar measurements. The crucial procedural step relies on the differential phase processing based on an iterative approach that uses a very short-length (1 km) moving window allowing to properly catch the observed high radial gradients of the differential phase. The parameterization of the attenuation correction algorithm, which use the reconstructed differential phase shift, is derived from electromagnetic simulations based on 3 years of DSD observations collected in Rome (Italy). A Fuzzy Logic hydrometeor classification algorithm was also adopted to support the analysis of the storm characteristics. The precipitation fields amount were reconstructed using a combined polarimetric rainfall algorithm based on reflectivity and specific differential phase. The first considered storm was observed on the 21 February, when a winter convective system, originated in the Tyrrhenian sea, hit only marginally the central-eastern coastline of Sicily causing the flash-flood of Catania. Due to the optimal radar location (the system is located at just few kilometers from the city center), it was possible to well retrieve the storm characteristics, including the amount of rainfall field at ground. Extemporaneous signal extinction, caused by close-range hail core causing significant differential phase shift in very short range path, is documented. The second storm, occurred on 21 August 2013, is a summer mesoscale convective system originated by the temperature gradient between sea and land surface, lasted a few hours and eventually flooded the city of Siracusa. The undergoing physical process, including the storm dynamics, is inferred by analysing the vertical sections of the polarimetric radar measurements. The high registered precipitation amount was fairly well reconstructed even though with a trend to underestimation at increasing distances. Several episodes of signal extinction clearly manifested during the mature stage of the observed supercell.
ACTRIS ACSM intercomparison – Part I: Reproducibility of concentration and fragment results from 13 individual Quadrupole Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitors (Q-ACSM) and consistency with Time-of-Flight ACSM (ToF-ACSM), High Resolution ToF Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS) and other co-located instruments
Authors: Crenn V. , Sciare J. , Croteau P. L. , Verlhac S. , Fröhlich R. , Belis C. A. , Aas W. , Äijälä M. , Alastuey A. , Artiñano B. , Baisnée D. , Bonnaire N. , Bressi M. , Canagaratna M. , Canonaco F. , Carbone C. , Cavalli F. , Coz E. , Cubison M. J. , Esser-Gietl J. K. , Green D. C. , Gros V. , Heikkinen L. , Herrmann H. , Lunder C. , Minguillón M. C. , Močnik G. , O'Dowd C. D. , Ovadnevaite J. , Petit J.-E. , Petralia E. , Poulain L. , Priestman M. , Riffault V. , Ripoll A. , Sarda-Estève R. , Slowik J. G. , Setyan A. , Wiedensohler A. , Baltensperger U. , Prévôt A. S. H. , Jayne J. T. , Favez O.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. As part of the European ACTRIS project, the first large Quadrupole Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor (Q-ACSM) intercomparison study was conducted in the region of Paris for three weeks during the late fall–early winter period (November–December 2013). The first week was dedicated to tuning and calibration of each instrument whereas the second and third were dedicated to side-by-side comparison in ambient conditions with co-located instruments providing independent information on submicron aerosol optical, physical and chemical properties. Near real-time measurements of the major chemical species (organic matter, sulfate, nitrate, ammonium and chloride) in the non-refractory submicron aerosols (NR-PM1) were obtained here from 13 Q-ACSM. The results show that these instruments can produce highly comparable and robust measurements of the NR-PM1 total mass and its major components. Taking the median of the 13 Q-ACSM as a reference for this study, strong correlations (r2 > 0.9) were observed systematically for each individual ACSM across all chemical families except for chloride for which three ACSMs showing weak correlations partly due to the very low concentrations during the study. Reproducibility expanded uncertainties of Q-ACSM concentration measurements were determined using appropriate methodologies defined by the International Standard Organization (ISO 17025) and were found to be of 9, 15, 19, 28 and 36 % for NR-PM1, nitrate, organic matter, sulfate and ammonium respectively. However, discrepancies were observed in the relative concentrations of the constituent mass fragments for each chemical component. In particular, significant differences were observed for the organic fragment at mass-to-charge ratio 44, which is a key parameter describing the oxidation state of organic aerosol. Following this first major intercomparison exercise of a large number of ACSMs, detailed intercomparison results are presented as well as a discussion of some recommendations about best calibration practices, standardized data processing and data treatment.
The role of photo- and thermal degradation for CO2 and CO fluxes in an arid ecosystem
Authors: van Asperen H. , Warneke T. , Sabbatini S. , Nicolini G. , Papale D. , Notholt J.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. Recent studies have suggested the potential importance of abiotic degradation in arid ecosystems. In this study, the role of photo- and thermal degradation in ecosystem CO2 and CO exchange is assessed. A field experiment was performed in Italy using an FTIR-spectrometer (Fourier Transform Infrared) coupled to a flux gradient system and to flux chambers. In a laboratory experiment, field samples were exposed to different temperatures and radiation intensities. No photodegradation-induced CO2 and CO fluxes of in literature suggested magnitudes were found in the field nor in the laboratory study. In the laboratory, we measured CO2 and CO fluxes that were derived from thermal degradation. In the field experiment, CO uptake and emission have been measured and are proposed to be a result of biological uptake and abiotic thermal degradation-production. We suggest that previous studies, addressing direct photodegradation, have overestimated the role of photodegradation and observed fluxes might be due to thermal degradation, which is an indirect effect of radiation. The potential importance of abiotic decomposition in the form of thermal degradation, especially for arid regions, should be considered in future studies.
Shower heat exchanger: reuse of energy from heated drinking water for CO2 reduction
Authors: Deng Z. , Mol S. , van der Hoek J. P.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. The heating of drinking water in households contributes for a significant amount to the emission of greenhouse gases. As a water utility aiming to operate climate neutral by 2020, Waternet needs to reduce its CO2 emission by 53 kton yr−1. To contribute to this ambition, a pilot project was carried out in Uilenstede, Amstelveen, the Netherlands, to recover the shower heat energy with a shower heat exchanger from Dutch Solar Systems. An experimental set up was built in the Waternet laboratory to compare field conditions and lab conditions. The energy recovery efficiency observed in the lab was 61–64 % under winter conditions and 58–62 % under summer conditions, while the energy recovery efficiency observed in Uilenstede was 57 % in December 2014. Based on the observations, 4 % of the total energy consumption of households in Amsterdam (electricity and gas) can be recovered with a shower heat exchanger installed in all households in Amsterdam, which also means a 54 kton yr−1 CO2 emission reduction.
The role of log jams and exceptional flood events in mobilizing coarse particulate organic matter in a steep headwater stream
Authors: Jochner M. , Turowski J. M. , Badoux A. , Stoffel M. , Rickli C.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. Coarse particulate organic matter (CPOM) fulfills important functions in the physical and ecological system of a stream. CPOM delivery to and export from the stream has implications for the stream's morphology and sediment transport capacity as well as the energy budget and food availability. Export rates of CPOM from mountain catchments have been observed to strongly increase with rising discharge, but the mechanism leading to this strong relationship is unclear. Here, we show that log jams in the Erlenbach, a steep headwater stream in the Swiss Prealps, are an effective barrier for the transport of CPOM pieces, and thus become sites of storage of large quantities of material over time. Exceptional discharge events with return periods exceeding 20 years play a dual role in CPOM transport in the Erlenbach. First, they appear to destroy existing log jams, releasing the stored material (wood and sediment). Second, they intensify channel–hillslope coupling, thereby recruiting new logs to the channel, around which new jams can form. This allows for the formulation of a new, fully episodic end-member in a four-end-member model of CPOM dynamics of steep mountain streams based on wood delivery and export.
DYNAMIC TRIP ATTRACTION ESTIMATION WITH LOCATION BASED SOCIAL NETWORK DATA BALANCING BETWEEN TIME OF DAY VARIATIONS AND ZONAL DIFFERENCES
Authors: Hu N. W. , Jin P. J.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. The emergence of location based social network (LBSN) services make it accessible and affordable to study individuals’ mobility patterns in a fine-grained level. Via mobile devices, LBSN enables the availability of large-scale location-sensitive data with spatial and temporal context dimensions, which is capable of the potential to provide traffic patterns with significantly higher spatial and temporal resolution at a much lower cost than can be achieved by traditional methods. In this paper, the Foursquare LBSN data was applied to analyze the trip attraction for the urban area in Austin, Texas, USA. We explore one time-dependent function to validate the LBSN’s data with the origin-destination matrix regarded as the ground truth data. The objective of this paper is to investigate one new validation method for trip distribution. The results illustrate the promising potential of studying the dynamic trip attraction estimation with LBSN data for urban trip pattern analysis and monitoring.
OSM-ORIENTED METHOD OF MULTIMODAL ROUTE PLANNING
Authors: Li X. , Wu Q. , Chen L. , Xiong W. , Jing N.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. With the increasing pervasiveness of basic facilitate of transportation and information, the need of multimodal route planning is becoming more essential in the fields of communication and transportation, urban planning, logistics management, etc. This article mainly described an OSM-oriented method of multimodal route planning. Firstly, it introduced how to extract the information we need from OSM data and build proper network model and storage model; then it analysed the accustomed cost standard adopted by most travellers; finally, we used shortest path algorithm to calculate the best route with multiple traffic means.
INCREMENTAL PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS BASED OUTLIER DETECTION METHODS FOR SPATIOTEMPORAL DATA STREAMS
Authors: Bhushan A. , Sharker M. H. , Karimi H. A.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. In this paper, we address outliers in spatiotemporal data streams obtained from sensors placed across geographically distributed locations. Outliers may appear in such sensor data due to various reasons such as instrumental error and environmental change. Real-time detection of these outliers is essential to prevent propagation of errors in subsequent analyses and results. Incremental Principal Component Analysis (IPCA) is one possible approach for detecting outliers in such type of spatiotemporal data streams. IPCA has been widely used in many real-time applications such as credit card fraud detection, pattern recognition, and image analysis. However, the suitability of applying IPCA for outlier detection in spatiotemporal data streams is unknown and needs to be investigated. To fill this research gap, this paper contributes by presenting two new IPCA-based outlier detection methods and performing a comparative analysis with the existing IPCA-based outlier detection methods to assess their suitability for spatiotemporal sensor data streams.
Density structure and geometry of the Costa Rican subduction zone from 3-D gravity modeling and local earthquake data
Authors: Lücke O. H. , Arroyo I. G.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. The eastern part of the oceanic Cocos Plate presents a heterogeneous crustal structure due to diverse origins and ages as well as plate-hot spot interactions which originated the Cocos Ridge, a structure that converges with the Caribbean Plate in southeastern Costa Rica. The complex structure of the oceanic plate directly influences the dynamics and geometry of the subduction zone along the Middle American Trench. In this paper an integrated interpretation of the slab geometry is presented based on three-dimensional density modeling of combined satellite and surface gravity data, constrained by available geophysical and geological data and seismological information obtained from local networks. The results show the continuation of steep subduction geometry from the Nicaraguan margin into Northwestern Costa Rica, followed by a moderate dipping slab under the Central Cordillera toward the end of the Central American Volcanic Arc. To the southeast end of the volcanic arc, our preferred model shows a steep, coherent slab that extends up to the landward projection of the Panama Fracture Zone. Overall, a gradual change in the depth of the intraplate seismicity is observed, reaching 220 km in the northwestern part, and becoming progressively shallower toward the southeast, where it reaches a terminal depth of 75 km. The changes in the terminal depth of the observed seismicity correlate with the increased density in the modeled slab. The absence of intermediate depth intraplate seismicity in the southeastern section and the higher densities for the subducted slab in this area, support a model in which dehydration reactions in the subducted slab cease at a shallower depth, originating an anhydrous and thus aseismic slab.
Incertidumbre en adultos diabéticos tipo 2 a partir de la teoría de Merle Mishel
Authors: Gómez Palencia Isabel Patricia , Castillo Ávila Irma Yolanda , Alvis Estrada Luis Reinaldo
Published: July 2015

Objetivo: describir el nivel de incertidumbre de adultos con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 atendidos en instituciones prestadoras de servicios de salud en Cartagena (Colombia). Materiales y métodos: estudio descriptivo a partir de una muestra de 163 pacientes que tuvieran como mínimo dos meses de haber sido diagnosticados con diabetes mellitus tipo 2. El instrumento utilizado fue la escala de la Incertidumbre ante la enfermedad de Mishel y para el análisis de los datos fue utilizado el paquete estadístico SPSS versión 20.0. Resultados: del total de participantes 76,1 % mostraron un nivel de incertidumbre regular. El fenómeno de la incertidumbre está más relacionado con la incapacidad para identificar si ha mejorado o no (86,5 %), de predecir o explicar la causa de un malestar físico (76,7 %) o predecir el cambio de los síntomas (60,1 %). Conclusiones: para enfermería, abarcar este fenómeno permite una mejor aproximación al análisis de los desafíos y las expectativas de quienes viven con una enfermedad crónica y así proporcionar cuidados que permitan un proceso de adaptación óptimo, que apoyen y enriquezcan la práctica enfermera.