bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A hexagonal ultra‐wideband antenna with notched band
Authors: Li Peng , Ma Liuchuan , Li Jun‐Shan
Published: September 2009

A planar hexagonal patch monopole ultra‐wideband (UWB) antenna with band‐notch feature is proposed for UWB communication applications. The notched band is realized by cutting off a pair of tilted slot on the hexagonal patch, which can be tuned. The roles of various design parameters are characterized and examined. Optimal parameters are used eventually for experiments. Good agreement is achieved between the simulated and measured results. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 51: 2917–2921, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.24802
Switchable dual‐mode filter
Authors: Sung Youngje
Published: September 2009

In this article, a novel type of dual‐mode resonator for switchable filters is presented. The novel structure is achieved by embedding a pair of crossed slots and spur‐lines. The proposed filter provides low‐insertion loss, because there are no coupling gaps and radiation loss in feed structure. Using two PIN diodes mounted inside a pair of spur‐lines, the proposed structure works as a switchable filter. The two diodes are utilized to switch the spur‐lines ON or OFF. The switchable filter is built with <1.35 dB in the passband. When the diodes are ON, there is isolation over 15 dB in passband. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 51: 3019–3021, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.24810
In vitro, high‐resolution 1H and 31P NMR based analysis of the lipid components in the tissue, serum, and CSF of the patients with primary brain tumors: one possible diagnostic view
Authors: Srivastava Niraj Kumar , Pradhan Sunil , Gowda G. A. Nagana , Kumar Raj
Published: September 2009

In vitro, high‐resolution 1H and 31P NMR based qualitative and quantitative analyses of the lipid components of the tissue, serum, and CSF of patients with primary brain tumors were performed. Proton NMR spectra of the lipid extract of serum (blood specimen collected before the surgical procedure) and surgically discarded tissue showed that the total cholesterol (T.CHOL) and choline containing phospholipids (PL) were significantly higher in quantity in medulloblastoma and glioblastoma multiforme as compared to normal subjects. Serum lipid extracts of grade II/ III gliomas showed a higher quantity of PL than normal subjects. Cholestrol esters (CHOLest) were detectable in the tissue lipid extract of the patients with tumors and absent in normal tissue. There was a reduction in the quantity of CHOLest in the serum lipid extract of the tumor patients as compared to normal subjects. Ratio of PL to T.CHOL in serum lipid extract showed a significant difference between different grades of tumors versus normal subjects, while, a significant difference was observed only in medulloblastoma versus normal subjects in tissue lipid extract. Ratio of CHOL to CHOLest distinguishes the different grades of tumors versus normal subjects as well as between different grades of tumors (except medulloblastoma versus glioblastoma). The ratio of the Ph (total phospholipids except phosphatidylcholine) to PC (phosphatidylcholine) in 31P NMR based study showed a significant difference in all grades of tumors (except medulloblastoma) in normal subjects in tissue lipid extract as well as between different grades of tumors. Medulloblastoma could be differentiated from glioblastoma as well as from normal subjects in serum lipid extract by the ratio of the Ph to PC. Proton NMR spectra of the lipid extract of CSF showed that the CHOL, CHOLest, and PL were present in the patients with tumors, although these were absent in the patients with meningitis, motor neuron disease, and mitochondrial myopathies as well as in normal subjects. PL and T.CHOL provided discrimination between different grades of tumors (except glioblastoma versus medulloblastoma) in the lipid extract of the CSF. This study suggests the role of lipid estimation in CSF and serum as a complementary diagnostic tool for the evaluation of brain tumors preoperatively. NMR‐based lipid estimation of post‐surgical tumor tissue may also contribute to differentiating the tumor types. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Phynx: an open source software solution supporting data management and web‐based patient‐level data review for drug safety studies in the general practice research database and other health care databases
Authors: Egbring Marco , Kullak‐Ublick Gerd A. , Russmann Stefan
Published: September 2009

Purpose

To develop a software solution that supports management and clinical review of patient data from electronic medical records databases or claims databases for pharmacoepidemiological drug safety studies.

Methods

We used open source software to build a data management system and an internet application with a Flex client on a Java application server with a MySQL database backend. The application is hosted on Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud. This solution named Phynx supports data management, Web‐based display of electronic patient information, and interactive review of patient‐level information in the individual clinical context. This system was applied to a dataset from the UK General Practice Research Database (GPRD).

Results

Our solution can be setup and customized with limited programming resources, and there is almost no extra cost for software. Access times are short, the displayed information is structured in chronological order and visually attractive, and selected information such as drug exposure can be blinded. External experts can review patient profiles and save evaluations and comments via a common Web browser.

Conclusions

Phynx provides a flexible and economical solution for patient‐level review of electronic medical information from databases considering the individual clinical context. It can therefore make an important contribution to an efficient validation of outcome assessment in drug safety database studies. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Proteomic differential display analysis identified upregulated astrocytic phosphoprotein PEA‐15 in human malignant pleural mesothelioma cell lines
Authors: Kuramitsu Yasuhiro , Miyamoto Hiromu , Tanaka Toshiyuki , Zhang Xiulian , Fujimoto Masanori , Ueda Kazuhiro , Tanaka Toshiki , Hamano Kimikazu , Nakamura Kazuyuki
Published: September 2009

We performed proteomic differential display analysis of human malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) cell lines and a human pleural mesothelial cell line by using 2‐DE and LC‐MS/MS. The human MPM cell lines were NCI‐H28, NCI‐H2052 and NCI‐H2452, and the human pleural mesothelial cell line was MeT‐5A. Between MeT‐5A and NCI‐H2052, we found 38 protein spots whose expression levels were different, from the results of 2‐DE; 28 protein spots appeared higher, and 10 other protein spots lower in NCI‐H2052 than in MeT‐5A. These spots were analyzed by LC‐MS/MS analysis and identified by a peptide sequence tag. However, from the results of 2‐DE of the other cell lines, there was only one consistently upregulated protein, astrocytic phosphoprotein PEA‐15, in all three MPM cell lines. Western blotting using specific antibodies against PEA‐15 confirmed the elevated expression level of PEA‐15 in all three MPM cell lines compared with MeT‐5A cells and normal pleura tissues from patients. PEA‐15 was knocked down in NCI‐H2052 cells, and the proliferation of PEA‐15‐silenced NCI‐H2052 cells was suppressed 7–15% compared with negative control cells. These results suggest that PEA‐15 expression is likely to be associated with the tumorigenesis of MPM.
A new approach to monitor expression of aldo–keto reductase proteins in mouse tissues
Authors: Tu Shuyang , Ren Yan , Tong Wei , Zheng Shirong , Xu Ningzhi , Bhatnagar Aruni , Liu Siqi
Published: September 2009

The aldo–keto reductase (AKR) proteins catalyze reduction of diverse aldehydes and play detoxification roles in many organisms. Since many substrates are shared among AKR, it is generally accepted that these enzymes can functionally compensate each other in response to oxidative stress. Their overall abundances are the important factor that partially reflects the capacity of antioxidant and detoxification in tissues. In this study, the strategy was proposed for generation of Pan‐AKR antibodies to recognize most AKR proteins in mouse tissues. Derived from bioinformatic analysis, several consensus peptides with different potential antigenicities were synthesized, conjugated to hemocyanin from keyhole limpets and further delivered to rabbits to generate polyclonal antibodies. Three Pan‐AKR antibodies exhibited the immune specificities and immune sensitivities, Pan‐AKR‐P1 for AKR1B and AKR1C, Pan‐AKR‐P3 for AKR1C and Pan‐AKR‐P4 for all the AKR proteins. Pan‐AKR‐P4 antibody was employed to 2‐DE Western blot to examine the AKR abundances in mouse liver and kidney, resulting in seven immune‐reactive spots from each tissue. Protein identification with MS revealed that most immune‐positive spots were the members of AKR superfamily. Furthermore, Pan‐AKR‐P4 antibody was implemented to compare the different abundances of the AKR proteins in liver and kidney between normal and diabetic mice, suggesting that diabetes did cause some abnormal changes in the AKR protein abundances.
Interactions of the NPXY microdomains of the low density lipoprotein receptor‐related protein 1
Authors: Guttman Miklos , Betts Gina N. , Barnes Helen , Ghassemian Majid , van der Geer Peter , Komives Elizabeth A.
Published: September 2009

The low density lipoprotein receptor‐related protein 1 (LRP1) mediates internalization of a large number of proteins and protein–lipid complexes and is widely implicated in Alzheimer's disease. The cytoplasmic domain of LRP1 (LRP1‐CT) can be phosphorylated by activated protein‐tyrosine kinases at two NPXY motifs in LRP1‐CT; Tyr 4507 is readily phosphorylated and must be phosphorylated before phosphorylation of Tyr 4473 occurs. Pull‐down experiments from brain lysate revealed numerous proteins binding to LRP1‐CT, but the results were highly variable. To separate which proteins bind to each NPXY motif and their phosphorylation dependence, each NPXY motif microdomain was prepared in both phosphorylated and non‐phosphorylated forms and used to probe rodent brain extracts for binding proteins. Proteins that bound specifically to the microdomains were identified by LC‐MS/MS, and confirmed by Western blot. Recombinant proteins were then tested for binding to each NPXY motif. The NPXY4507 (membrane distal) was found to interact with a large number of proteins, many of which only bound the tyrosine‐phosphorylated form. This microdomain also bound a significant number of other proteins in the unphosphorylated state. Many of the interactions were later confirmed to be direct with recombinant proteins. The NPXY4473 (membrane proximal) bound many fewer proteins and only to the phosphorylated form.
Synthesis, structure, and property of well‐defined polymethylene‐based diblock copolymers by a combination of living polymerization of ylides and atom transfer radical polymerization
Authors: Chen Jian‐Zhuang , Zhao Qiao‐Ling , Shi Li‐Ping , Huang Jin , Li Guang‐Yu , Zhang Shu‐Yuan , Ma Zhi
Published: September 2009

A combination of living polymerization of ylides and atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) was used successfully in the design and synthesis of well‐defined polymethylene‐b‐poly(methyl methacrylate) (PM‐b‐PMMA) and polymethylene‐b‐poly(n‐butyl acrylate) (PM‐b‐Pn‐BuA). Tripolymethylene borane were firstly synthesized by living polymerization of dimethylsulfoxonium methylides and then oxidated quantitatively through trimethylamine‐N‐oxide dihydrate to provide a series of low‐polydispersity hydroxyl‐terminated polymethylenes (PM‐OHs) with different molecular weight. Subsequently, such polymers were converted into polymethylene‐based macroinitiators (PM‐MIs, Mn(GPC) = 1900–10,400 g/mol; Mw/Mn = 1.12–1.23) in ∼100% conversion. ATRPs of methyl methacrylate and n‐butyl acrylate were successfully conducted using PM‐MI to produce well‐defined diblock copolymers of PM‐b‐PMMA and PM‐b‐Pn‐BuA, respectively. The GPC traces indicated the successful extension of PMMA and Pn‐BuA segment (Mn(GPC) of PM‐b‐PMMA = 3980–10,100 g/mol; Mw/Mn = 1.16–1.22; Mn of PM‐b‐Pn‐BuA = 7400–9200 g/mol; Mw/Mn = 1.14–1.18). Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to characterize the structures of the precipitated PM‐b‐PMMA micelles, which were formed in toluene. The blend of LDPE/PMMA was prepared with PM‐b‐PMMA as compatibilizer. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results showed that the compatibilization of the LDPE/PMMA was improved greatly by the incorporation of PM‐b‐PMMA. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 5671–5681, 2009
Structural design of stimuli‐responsive bioconjugated hydrogels that respond to a target antigen
Authors: Miyata Takashi , Asami Noriko , Uragami Tadashi
Published: September 2009

Stimuli‐responsive bioconjugated hydrogels that can respond to a target antigen (antigen‐responsive hydrogels) were prepared by introducing antigen‐antibody bindings as reversible crosslinks into the gel networks. The preparation conditions of the antigen‐responsive hydrogels and the mechanism of the antigen‐responsive behavior were investigated, focusing on bioconjugated hydrogel structures. This article also focuses on the effect of semi‐interpenetrating polymer network (semi‐IPN) structures on the antigen‐responsive swelling/shrinking behavior of bioconjugated hydrogels with antigen‐antibody bindings. The preparation conditions and the network structures of the bioconjugated hydrogels are discussed in relation to designing antigen‐responsive hydrogels. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 47: 2144–2157, 2009
The effect of polyethylene addition on the morphology of polystyrene/polyamide blends
Authors: Fortelný Ivan , Lapčíková Monika , Mikešová Jana , Juza Josef
Published: September 2009

The effect of a small admixture of high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) with a high or low viscosity to polystyrene/polyamide (PS/PA) blends of various compositions was studied. PS/PA blends with composition near 50/50 form sheet‐like or fiber‐like morphology at mixing that passes to the cocontinuous structure during compression molding. Ternary PS/PA/HDPE blends with PS/PA ratio about 50/50 show similar behavior. Generally, neither continuity nor shape of PS and PA phases was changed qualitatively by the addition of a small amount of HDPE. In agreement with existing rules for ternary blends, HDPE particles prefer a contact with PS phase to PA phase. On the other hand, none of these rules explains why a number of small HDPE subinclusions were dispersed into PS particles instead of HDPE‐PS core‐shell structure with a lower Gibbs free energy. Quantitative evaluation of the size of PA particles in blends with PS matrix showed that the previously proposed rule stating, that the addition of a small amount of a third immiscible component leads to a strong decrease in the size of dispersed particles, was not valid for the blends studied in this work. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 47: 2158–2170, 2009
Theoretical optimization of GaInP/GaAs dual‐junction solar cell: Toward a 36% efficiency at 1000 suns
Authors: Baudrit Mathieu , Algora Carlos
Published: September 2009

A theoretical conversion efficiency of 36.4% at 1000 suns concentration has been determined by means of realistic models and an improved optimization routine. The starting point device was the recent world‐record monolithic GaInP/GaAs dual‐junction solar cell that was grown lattice matched on a GaAs substrate by MOVPE, which has an efficiency of 32.6% at 1000 suns. Using previously calibrated models developed at our institution, IES‐UPM, together with Silvaco ATLAS TCAD software, we reproduced the characteristics of the world‐record solar cell, and then determined a cell configuration that would yield greater efficiency by using an optimization routine to hone the doping concentration and the thickness of each layer.
The application of bespoke spending functions in group‐sequential designs and the effect of delayed treatment switching in survival trials
Authors: Stone Andrew
Published: September 2009

For a group‐sequential trial with two pre‐planned analyses, stopping boundaries can be calculated using a simple SAS™ programme on the basis of the asymptotic bivariate normality of the interim and final test statistics. Given the simplicity and transparency of this approach, it is appropriate for researchers to apply their own bespoke spending function as long as the rate of alpha spend is pre‐specified. One such application could be an oncology trial where progression free survival (PFS) is the primary endpoint and overall survival (OS) is also assessed, both at the same time as the analysis of PFS and also later following further patient follow‐up. In many circumstances it is likely, if PFS is significantly extended, that the protocol will be amended to allow patients in the control arm to start receiving the experimental regimen. Such an eventuality is likely to result in the diminution of any effect on OS. It is shown that spending a greater proportion of alpha at the first analysis of OS, using either Pocock or bespoke boundaries, will maintain and in some cases result in greater power given a fixed number of events. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Protective effects of 3′‐deoxy‐4‐O‐methylepisappanol from Caesalpinia sappan against glutamate‐induced neurotoxicity in primary cultured rat cortical cells
Authors: Moon Hyung‐In , Chung Ill‐Min , Seo Su‐Hyun , Kang Eun‐Young
Published: September 2009

To examine the neuroprotective effects of Caesalpinia sappan L., we tested its protection against the glutamate‐induced neurotoxicity in primary cortical cultured neurons. We found that an aqueous extract of this medicinal plant exhibited significant protection against glutamate‐induced toxicity in primary cultured rat cortical cells. In order to clarify the neuroprotective mechanism(s) of this observed effect, isolation was performed to seek and identify active fractions and components. By such fractionation, two known compounds – sappanchalcone and 3′‐deoxy‐4‐O‐methylepisappanol – were isolated from the methanol extracts from the air‐dried and chipped C. sappan. Among these two compounds, 3′‐deoxy‐4‐O‐methylepisappanol exhibited significant neuroprotective activities against glutamate‐induced toxicity, exhibiting cell viability of about 50%, at concentrations ranging from 0.1 μM to 10 μM. Therefore, the neuroprotective effect of C. sappan might be due to the inhibition of glutamate‐induced toxicity by the protosappanin derivative it contains. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inhibitory effect of curcumin on motility of human oral squamous carcinoma YD‐10B cells via suppression of ERK and NF‐κB activations
Authors: Shin Hye Kyoung , Kim Jin , Lee Eun Ju , Kim Seong Hwan
Published: September 2009

Oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs) are characterized by a marked propensity for local invasion, so the identification of agents inhibiting the onset and progression of OSCC has recently gained interest. Here, we found that curcumin inhibited cell proliferation and motility with decreased activities of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‐2/9 and decreased mRNA expressions of urokinase‐type plasminogen activator (uPA) and its receptor uPAR in the highly invasive human YD‐10B OSCC cells. Western blot analysis showed that curcumin inhibited the activation of MAP kinases (especially ERK) and NF‐κB, which are involved in the transcriptional regulation of proteolytic enzymes. In conclusion, curcumin is one of the strong phytochemicals with antimotility activity of OSCC; the inhibitory effect of curcumin on the motility of YD‐10B cells could result from its potential to inhibit the activation of ERK/MAP kinase and NF‐κB that consequently down‐regulate the mRNA expressions and activities of proteolytic enzymes such as uPA and MMP‐2/9. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Phytopumping for hydraulic control of an arsenic plume
Authors: Lewis‐Russ Anne , Hicks Eric , Haramut John R.
Published: September 2009

Phytoremediation, the use of plants for in situ contaminant cleanup, is gaining new appreciation as an aesthetically pleasing, sustainable method that naturally makes use of solar power. Hybrid poplars are widely used because they grow rapidly and have high transpiration rates, making them advantageous for hydraulic control of groundwater. However, the tendency for trees and other vegetation to uptake metals may be a disadvantage in some settings due to potential redistribution of metals from groundwater to the ground surface. Therefore, a pilot test in the upper midwestern United States was implemented to evaluate the applicability of poplars to groundwater withdrawal and metals transport. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
National monument locations and remediation of World War II battle sites
Authors: Abbotts John
Published: September 2009

In December 2008, George W. Bush established the World War II Valor in the Pacific National Monument, including eight locations connected with World War II fighting. The executive proclamation designating the monument briefly described the individual sites, mentioning remaining battlefield debris. World War II battle locations in Hawaii and Alaska are currently designated for remediation under different programs of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency or Department of Defense (DOD). The Pearl Harbor Naval Complex is a “Superfund” National Priority List site. Former military locations in the Aleutian Islands, involved in Japanese occupation and the U.S. offensive to regain control, are included in DOD's Formerly Used Defense Sites (FUDS) remediation program. These monument sites, the regulatory frameworks of the applicable programs, and the current cleanup status are described. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Impacts of sand transport on flow variables and dissolved oxygen in gravel‐bed streams suitable for salmonid spawning
Authors: Ferreira Rui M.L. , Ferreira Lara M. , Ricardo Ana M. , Franca Mário J.
Published: September 2009

Increased sediment production resulting from the erosion of unprotected soil in a catchment may result in severe changes in the morphodynamics and hydrodynamics of mountain rivers. Sediment overfeeding can lead to the degradation of salmonids' spawning sites. The objective of this study is to evaluate the impacts of sand transport on flow hydrodynamics and on vertical dissolved oxygen (DO) distribution in gravel‐bed rivers. To accomplish the proposed objective, conditions similar to those found in nature, in what concerns flow and bed material, were reproduced in a laboratory flume and a theoretical model of the vertical distribution of DO was developed. Three laboratory tests simulated (i) an undisturbed openwork gravel bed; (ii) a framework‐supported gravel bed with a sand matrix and (iii) a framework‐supported gravel bed with imposed sand transport at near‐capacity conditions. Instantaneous velocity maps were obtained with Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV). The collected data were analysed and theoretically framed with double‐averaged methods (DAM). Mean Reynolds stresses were unaffected by reduced bed porosity or sediment transport even in the near‐bed region. Sediment transport affected longitudinal velocity profiles and eddy viscosity decreased. Numerical simulations of the vertical distribution of DO and of gaseous species were carried out under the hydrodynamic and sedimentological conditions of the flume work. The results of the numerical simulations show that, in the presence of sand transport, near‐bed concentrations of DO are strongly reduced, mostly due to the reduction of downward diffusive fluxes of gaseous oxygen and DO. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Linear mixed models for replication data to efficiently allow for covariate measurement error
Authors: Bartlett Jonathan W. , De Stavola Bianca L. , Frost Chris
Published: September 2009

It is well known that measurement error in the covariates of regression models generally causes bias in parameter estimates. Correction for such biases requires information concerning the measurement error, which is often in the form of internal validation or replication data. Regression calibration (RC) is a popular approach to correct for covariate measurement error, which involves predicting the true covariate using error‐prone measurements. Likelihood methods have previously been proposed as an alternative approach to estimate the parameters in models affected by measurement error, but have been relatively infrequently employed in medical statistics and epidemiology, partly because of computational complexity and concerns regarding robustness to distributional assumptions. We show how a standard random‐intercepts model can be used to obtain maximum likelihood (ML) estimates when the outcome model is linear or logistic regression under certain normality assumptions, when internal error‐prone replicate measurements are available. Through simulations we show that for linear regression, ML gives more efficient estimates than RC, although the gain is typically small. Furthermore, we show that RC and ML estimates remain consistent even when the normality assumptions are violated. For logistic regression, our implementation of ML is consistent if the true covariate is conditionally normal given the outcome, in contrast to RC. In simulations, this ML estimator showed less bias in situations where RC gives non‐negligible biases. Our proposal makes the ML approach to dealing with covariate measurement error more accessible to researchers, which we hope will improve its viability as a useful alternative to methods such as RC. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
One‐Dimensional Composite Nanomaterials: Synthesis by Electrospinning and Their Applications
Authors: Lu Xiaofeng , Wang Ce , Wei Yen
Published: September 2009

This Review provides an overview of the synthesis of one‐dimensional (1D) composite nanomaterials by electrospinning and their applications. After a brief description of the development of the electrospinning technique, the transformation of an inorganic nanocomponent or polymer into another kind of polymer or inorganic matrix is discussed in terms of the electrospinning process, including the direct‐dispersed method, gas–solid reaction, in situ photoreduction, sol–gel method, emulsion electrospinning method, solvent evaporation, and coaxial electrospinning. In addition, various applications of such 1D composite nanomaterials are highlighted in terms of electronic and optical nanodevices, chemical and biological sensors, catalysis and electrocatalysis, superhydrophobic surfaces, environment, energy, and biomedical fields. An increasing number of investigations show that electrospinning has been not only a focus of academic study in the laboratory but is also being applied in a great many technological fields.

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Chemically Responsive Gels Prepared from Microspheres Dispersed in Liquid Crystals
Authors: Pal Santanu Kumar , Agarwal Ankit , Abbott Nicholas L.
Published: September 2009

Liquid‐crystalline materials are a promising class of stimuli‐responsive materials that have been demonstrated to undergo surface‐induced orientational ordering transitions that can be highly sensitive and specific to chemical species. However, past studies demonstrating surface‐induced transitions in liquid crystals (LCs) have employed thin films of low‐molecular‐weight LCs that are difficult to stabilize (due to dewetting of the LC on a surface). Here, it is reported that it is possible to prepare liquid‐crystalline gels using a mixture of polystyrene microspheres and nematic LCs that undergo changes in orientational order, and thus optical appearance, in response to exposure to specific chemical compounds. These colloid‐in‐liquid‐crystal (CLC) gels are mechanically stable and can be molded on chemically functionalized surfaces into thin films containing micrometer‐sized LC‐rich domains that span the two interfaces of the gels. In contrast to other reports of LC gels, where the presence of a polymeric or self‐assembled small‐molecule gelator network within a nematic LC frustrates ordering transitions from propagating through the gels over distances, it is demonstrated that thin films of CLC gels, when supported on chemically functionalized surfaces, do undergo easily visualized ordering transitions upon exposure to organophosphonate compounds. Because these optically responsive CLC gels are mechanically robust and can be molded, this class of composite LC material may be broadly useful for the design of chemically responsive LC devices.
BOLD MRI in sheep fetuses: a non‐invasive method for measuring changes in tissue oxygenation
Authors: Sørensen A. , Pedersen M. , Tietze A. , Ottosen L. , Duus L. , Uldbjerg N.
Published: September 2009

Objective

The purpose of this descriptive study was to correlate changes in the blood oxygen level‐dependent (BOLD) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) signal with direct measurements of fetal tissue oxygenation.

Methods

Seven anesthetized ewes carrying singleton fetuses at 125 days' gestation (term 145 days) underwent BOLD MRI, covering the entire fetus in a multislice approach. The fetuses were subjected to normoxic, hypoxic and hyperoxic conditions by changing the O2/N2O ratio in the maternal ventilated gas supply. The partial pressure of oxygen (pO2) in the fetal liver was measured using an oxygen‐sensitive optode. Maternal arterial blood samples were simultaneously withdrawn for blood gas analysis. These measurements were compared with BOLD MRI signals in the fetal liver, kidney, spleen and brain.

Results

We demonstrated a consistent increase in the BOLD MRI signal with increasing tissue pO2. For the fetal liver, spleen and kidney we observed a clear association between changes in maternal arterial blood pO2 and changes in BOLD MRI signal. Interestingly, we found that the BOLD signal of the fetal brain remained unchanged during hypoxic, normoxic and hyperoxic conditions.

Conclusions

This experimental study demonstrated that BOLD MRI is a reliable non‐invasive method for measuring changes in tissue oxygenation in fetal sheep. The unchanged signal in the fetal brain during altered maternal oxygen conditions is probably explained by the brain‐sparing mechanism. Copyright © 2009 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impact of Gender and Age on the Long‐Term Outcome of Laparoscopic Fundoplication
Authors: Beck Plauto E. , Watson David I. , Devitt Peter G. , Game Philip A. , Jamieson Glyn G.
Published: September 2009

Background

It has been suggested that gender and age could be factors that influence the likelihood of success following antireflux surgery, and our anecdotal impression has been that the outcome following Nissen fundoplication in older women is often disappointing. If correct, characterization of the extent of any differences in outcome might help patient selection and, hence, surgical outcomes. Therefore, in this study we investigated the impact of gender and age on longer‐term clinical outcomes following laparoscopic fundoplication.

Methods

Perioperative and follow‐up data from patients undergoing laparoscopic fundoplication in our departments have been collected prospectively and stored in a database. From the database, patients who had undergone either an anterior 180° partial or 360° total laparoscopic fundoplication for gastroesophageal reflux and completed 5 years clinical follow‐up were identified. Patients were classified according to gender and age, and outcome data were analyzed to determine differences. Analog scales of 0–10 were used to determine symptoms of heartburn and dysphagia and overall satisfaction.

Results

Seven hundred three patients were studied (58% males). Females were less satisfied with the outcome (score = 7.8 ± 2.8 vs. 8.4 ± 2.5, P = 0.0036), and had higher scores for heartburn (2.0 ± 2.7 vs. 1.2 ± 2.2; P = 0.0001) and dysphagia for solid food (2.7 ± 2.9 vs. 2.0 ± 2.5, P = 0.0049) compared to males. Revisional procedures were undertaken more frequently in females (15.5% vs. 8.4%, P = 0.0038). Age had no impact on any clinical outcome.

Conclusions

While the outcome for laparoscopic fundoplication is not influenced by age, the outcome for women is poorer than in males.
Magnetic Anisotropic Energy Gap and Strain Effect in Au Nanoparticles
Authors: Shih Po-Hsun , Wu ShengYun
Published: September 2009

We report on the observation of the size effect of thermal magnetization in Au nanoparticles. The thermal deviation of the saturation magnetization departs substantially from that predicted by the Bloch T3/2-law, indicating the existence of magnetic anisotropic energy. The results may be understood using the uniaxial anisotropy Heisenberg model, in which the surface atoms give rise to polarized moments while the magnetic anisotropic energy decreases as the size of the Au nanoparticles is reduced. There is a significant maximum magnetic anisotropic energy found for the 6 nm Au nanoparticles, which is associated with the deviation of the lattice constant due to magnetocrystalline anisotropy.
Ezetimibe Inhibits Expression of Acid Sphingomyelinase in Liver and Intestine
Authors: Cheng Yajun , Liu Fuli , Wu Jun , Zhang Yao , Nilsson Åke , Duan Rui‐Dong
Published: September 2009

Ezetimibe inhibits cholesterol absorption in the intestine. Sphingomyelin has strong interactions with cholesterol. We investigated the effects of ezetimibe on Sphingomyelinase (SMase) expression in intestine and liver. After feeding rats with ezetimibe (5 mg/kg per day) for 14 days, acid SMase activities in the liver and in the proximal part of small intestine were reduced by 34 and 25%, respectively. Alkaline SMase (alk‐SMase) was increased in the proximal part of the small intestine. Administration of lower doses of ezetimibe reduced acid SMase only in the liver by 14% (P < 0.05). In cell culture studies, ezetimibe decreased acid SMase activity in Hep G2 and Caco‐2 cells dose‐dependently. The reductions were more rapid for Hep G2 cells than for Caco‐2 cells. Western blot showed that acid SMase protein was decreased in both Hep G2 and Caco‐2 cells by 100 μM ezetimibe. The SM content was increased in Hep G2 cells but not Caco‐2 cells, and total cholesterol content was increased in both cell lines 24 h after stimulation with 100 μM ezetimibe. Mevastatin, the inhibitor of cholesterol synthesis, induced a mild increase in acid SMase activity in Hep G2 cells but not Caco‐2 cells. Following the reduction of acid SMase, ezetimibe at high dose slightly increased alk‐SMase activity. In conclusion, the study demonstrates an inhibitory effect of ezetimibe on acid SMase activity and expression in both liver and intestine.
Homology of some Artin and twisted Artin Groups
Authors: Clancy Maura , Ellis Graham
Published: September 2009

We begin the paper with a simple formula for the second integral homology of a range of Artin groups. The formula is derived from a polytopal classifying space. We then introduce the notion of atwisted Artin groupand obtain polytopal classifying spaces for a range of such groups. We demonstrate that these explicitly constructed spaces can be implemented on a computer and used in homological calculations.
Unstable sets, heteroclinic orbits and generic quasi-convergence for essentially strongly order-preserving semiflows
Authors: Yi Taishan , Li Qingguo
Published: September 2009

We present conditions guaranteeing the existence of non-trivial unstable sets for compact invariant sets in semiflows with certain compactness conditions, and then establish the existence of such unstable sets for an unstable equilibrium or a minimal compact invariant set, not containing equilibria, in an essentially strongly order-preserving semiflow. By appealing to the limit-set dichotomy for essentially strongly order-preserving semiflows, we prove the existence of an orbit connection from an equilibrium to a minimal compact invariant set, not consisting of equilibria. As an application, we establish a new generic convergence principle for essentially strongly order-preserving semiflows with certain compactness conditions.
Existence result for a class of nonlinear third-order two-point boundary-value problems
Authors: Wang Libo , Pei Minghe , Ge Weigao
Published: September 2009

The upper and lower solutions method and Leray–Schauder degree theory are employed to establish the existence result for a class of nonlinear third-order two-point boundary-value problems with a sign-type Nagumo condition.
Leading coefficients and cellular bases of Hecke algebras
Authors: Geck Meinolf
Published: September 2009

Let H be the generic Iwahori–Hecke algebra associated with a finite Coxeter group W. Recently, we have shown that H admits a natural cellular basis in the sense of Graham and Lehrer, provided that W is a Weyl group and all parameters of H are equal. The construction involves some data arising from the Kazhdan–Lusztig basis {Cw} of H and Lusztig's asymptotic ring J}. We attempt to study J and its representation theory from a new point of view. We show that J can be obtained in an entirely different fashion from the generic representations of H, without any reference to {Cw}. We then extend the construction of the cellular basis to the case where W is not crystallographic. Furthermore, if H is a multi-parameter algebra, we see that there always exists at least one cellular structure on H. Finally, the new construction of J may be extended to Hecke algebras associated with complex reflection groups.
Numerical simulation of viscous, nonlinear and progressive water waves
Authors: RAVAL ASHISH , WEN XIANYUN , SMITH MICHAEL H.
Published: September 2009

A numerical simulation is performed to study the velocity, streamlines, vorticity and shear stress distributions in viscous water waves with different wave steepness in intermediate and deep water depth when the average wind velocity is zero. The numerical results present evidence of ‘clockwise’ and ‘anticlockwise’ rotation of the fluid at the trough and crest of the water waves. These results show thicker vorticity layers near the surface of water wave than that predicted by the theories of inviscid rotational flow and the low Reynolds number viscous flow. Moreover, the magnitude of vorticity near the free surface is much larger than that predicted by these theories. The analysis of the shear stress under water waves show a thick shear layer near the water surface where large shear stress exists. Negative and positive shear stresses are observed near the surface below the crest and trough of the waves, while the maximum positive shear stress is inside the water and below the crest of the water wave. Comparison of wave energy decay rate in intermediate depth and deep water waves with laboratory and theoretical results are also presented.
Genetic influence on the kinetics and associated pathology of the early stage (intestinal-hepatic) migration ofAscaris suumin mice
Authors: DOLD C. , CASSIDY J. P. , STAFFORD P. , BEHNKE J. M. , HOLLAND C. V.
Published: September 2009

The generative mechanism(s) of aggregation and predisposition toAscaris lumbricoidesandA. suuminfections in their host population are currently unknown and difficult to elucidate in humans and pigs for ethical/logistical reasons. A recently developed, optimized murine model based on 2 inbred strains, putatively susceptible (C57BL/6j) and resistant (CBA/Ca) to infection, was exploited to elucidate further the basis of the contrasting parasite burdens, most evident at the pulmonary stage. We explored the kinetics of early infection, focusing on the composite lobes of the liver and lung, over the first 8 days in an effort to achieve a more detailed understanding of the larval dispersal over time and the point at which worm burdens diverge. Larval recoveries showed a heterogenous distribution among the lobes of the lungs, being higher in the right lung of both strains, and in the susceptible strain larvae accumulating preferentially in 2 (caudal and middle) of the 4 lobes. Total larval burdens in these 2 lobes were largely responsible for the higher worm burdens in the susceptible strain. While total lung larval recoveries significantly differed between mouse strains, a difference in liver larval burdens was not observed. However, an earlier intense inflammatory response coupled with more rapid tissue repair in the hepatic lobes was observed in CBA/Ca mice, in contrast to C57BL/6j mice, and it is possible that these processes are responsible for restricting onward pulmonary larval migration in the resistant genotype.
RNA interference in schistosomes: machinery and methodology
Authors: KRAUTZ-PETERSON GREICE , BHARDWAJ RITA , FAGHIRI ZAHRA , TARARAM CIBELE A. , SKELLY PATRICK J.
Published: September 2009

RNA interference (RNAi) is a potent gene silencing process that is playing an increasingly important role in investigations of gene function in schistosomes. Here we review what is known about the process in these parasites and provide an update on the methodology and machinery of RNAi. Data are presented to demonstrate that: (1) not all schistosome genes can be suppressed to the same extent, using the methods employed here; (2) while there is variation in the level of suppression achieved for one target gene (SmAP) in adult parasites, all individuals exhibit robust (>80%) suppression; (3) short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) can effect suppression when delivered by soaking (and not just via electroporation, as reported previously); (4) Male/female adult pairs need not be separated prior to siRNA delivery by electroporation for effective gene suppression in both genders and (5) electroporation of siRNAs in medium is as efficient as in commercial electroporation buffer. Regarding the machinery of RNAi in schistosomes, a homologue of theC. elegansmulti-membrane spanning, RNA importing protein SID-1 is identifiedin silico. The gene encoding this protein contains 21 exons and spans over 50 kb to potentially encode a 115,556 Mr protein (SmSID-1). These analyses, and a review of the literature, permit us to derive and present here a draft of potential RNAi pathways in schistosomes.
Unemployment as an Institutional Construct? Structural Differences in Non-Employment between Selected European Countries and the United States
Authors: ERLINGHAGEN MARCEL , KNUTH MATTHIAS
Published: September 2009

A comparison of unemployment rates in Germany, the Netherlands, France, Denmark, the UK and the United States suggests poor performance by the German labour market. The present study endeavours to show that a more sophisticated picture of unemployment can be drawn by taking into account additional forms of non-employment (such as incapacity, retirement or labour reserve). For this purpose, data from the ‘European Social Survey’ (ESS) and the survey ‘Citizenship, Involvement and Democracy’ collected in 2004 and 2005 have been analysed. While ‘unemployment’ plays a dominant role in Germany, people with comparable demographic characteristics and similar health status are more likely to identify themselves as ‘permanently sick or disabled’ and hence are classified thus in other countries. The results of this study underline that an international comparison of labour market performance, particularly a comparison of the effectiveness of labour market and social policy reforms, should not rely only on employment and unemployment rates. Taking alternate forms of non-employment into account can enhance one's knowledge and understanding of the functional differences between the labour markets in Europe and the United States.
Picard values and normal families of meromorphic functions
Authors: Xu Yan , Wu Fengqin , Liao Liangwen
Published: September 2009

Let f be a transcendental meromorphic function on the complex plane ℂ, let a be a non-zero finite complex number and let n and k be two positive integers. In this paper, we prove that if n≥k+1, then $\smash{f+a(f^{(k)})^n}$ assumes each value b∈ℂ infinitely often. Also, the related normal criterion for families of meromorphic functions is given. Our results generalize the related results of Fang and Zalcman.
Developing a National Consensus on the Accessibility Needs of Older Adults with Concurrent and Chronic, Mental and Physical Health Issues: A Preliminary Framework Informing Collaborative Mental Health Care Planning
Authors: Horgan Salinda , LeClair Ken , Donnelly Martha , Hinton Geri , MacCourt Penny , Krieger-Frost Sarah
Published: September 2009

Le Canada fait face à un défi important, soit de répondre aux besoins en soins de santé des personnes âgées manifestant des problèmes physiques et mentaux complexes. Les études montrent que les services de santé mentale en collaboration sont efficaces en ce qui concerne les divers besoins de santé de ce groupe. Cependant, un aspect négligé, néanmoins important, de la planification de la prestation de services pour cette population est de s’assurer que les personnes âgées ont suffisamment accès aux services de pratiques d’excellence offerts. Cet article présente un exercice national de réalisation de consensus mené par l’Initiative canadienne de collaboration en santé mentale – Seniors Working Group. L’objectif de la réalisation de consensus est de développer, à l’aide de renseignements provenant de tout le paysQ1: Ok, oui c bon je comprends. si ton cadre conceptuel est nationally informed, c’est que forcément il reçoit de l'info de partout dans le pays. C’est pourquoi je l’ai traduit comme ça. Pour rester plus proche de l'anglais, on pourrait mettre kekchose comme obtenant des renseignements sur le plan national..?, un cadre conceptuel sur les besoins d’accessibilité des personnes âgées relatifs aux soins de santé mentale en collaboration. Le cadre conceptuel a pour but de fournir aux planificateurs, administrateurs et fournisseurs les éléments nécessaires pour comprendre les besoins uniques des personnes âgées en matière d’accessibilité, en fonction de trois priorités (l’élément personnel, systémique, et les prestataires de soins), et de leur permettre d’implanter des stratégies pour résoudre ces problèmes, à l’intérieur d’initiatives collaboratives de santé mentale mises en place sur le terrain.
The Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging (CLSA)
Authors: Raina Parminder S. , Wolfson Christina , Kirkland Susan A. , Griffith Lauren E. , Oremus Mark , Patterson Christopher , Tuokko Holly , Penning Margaret , Balion Cynthia M. , Hogan David , Wister Andrew , Payette Hélène , Shannon Harry , Brazil Kevin
Published: September 2009

Les Canadiens vivent plus longtemps et les personnes plus âgées composent une part croissante de la population (14% en 2006, projeté d’atteindre 20% d’ici 2021). L’Étude longitudinale canadienne sur le vieillissement (ÉLCV) est une étude longitudinale nationale portant sur le développement adulte et le vieillissement qui recrutera 50 000 Canadien(ne)s âgé(e)s de 45 à 85 ans et qui les suivra pendant au moins 20 ans. Tous les participants fourniront un ensemble d’informations communes sur plusieurs aspects de la santé et du vieillissement, et 30 000 passeront un examen approfondi couplé au don de spécimens biologiques (sang et urine). L’ÉLCV deviendra une source de données riches pour l’étude d’inter-relations complexes entre les facteurs biologiques, physiques, psychosociaux et sociaux qui affectent le vieillissement en santé.