bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
6.4.1 How Cost Effective is your V&V?
Authors: Pickard Andrew C. , Nolan Andy J.
Published: November 2014

There are many reasons for Verification and Validation (V&V) including their use to mature a product and reduce the overall development costs. However, there are many V&V approaches that can be applied, from review through modeling, analysis and testing. How effective are these at finding issues with the product? How cost effective are they? Does it matter when the approaches are performed, or in what sequence? This paper examines the Verification and Validation approaches applied during the development of gas turbine engine control and monitoring systems. How cost effective are they? In some cases it is a requirement of the Certification process that certain Verification approaches are used – but if an approach is not cost effective, would you also use it during development of the product?
5.2.2 Complexity Measures to Predict System Development Project Outcomes
Authors: Sheard Sarah A. , Mostashari Ali
Published: November 2014

While it is broadly accepted that complexity makes system development harder, there is no concrete understanding of which types of complexity have the most significant impact. Looking beyond current literature which describes complexity or measures the complexity of a system, this research seeks complexity measures that directly affect development project outcomes: project cost overrun, project schedule delay, and system performance shortfalls. A set of complexity measures was developed based on a comprehensive literature analysis and ranking via a trade study. The effect of those measures on project outcome was studied for 75 systems development efforts, primarily in the aerospace and defense sector. The findings indicate that among the dozens of complexity measures discussed in the literature, the three measures with the most significant impacts on development outcomes in these projects were: number of hard‐to‐meet requirements, degree of cognitive fog, and stability of stakeholder relationships.
How to Select Integration Strategy for your Project?
Authors: Frank Moti , Harel Amir , Orion Uzi
Published: November 2014

This paper deals with the integration process in multidisciplinary technical systems projects. The paper reviews the objectives of the integration process, planning and managing principles, as well as the pitfalls and difficulties associated with this process. Various integration approaches are described and analyzed. A method for comparing integration approaches in systems projects is suggested.
8.5.1 Process Modeling for Requirements Engineering: A Medical System Case Study
Authors: Berenbach Brian , Rea Diane , Schneider Florian
Published: November 2014

The Unified Requirements Modeling Language (URML) was created to support early systems engineering; permitting the capture of process, potential variation points, hazards, threats and mitigations during the elicitation process. It has been used on Siemens projects, but to date they have been proprietary, precluding public exposure and limiting the critical review needed to refine and improve the language. To that end, a standard medical process, phlebotomy, was modeled in detail to determine the efficacy of the language. One of the authors of this paper is an expert in the area of medical diagnostics and provided the domain expertise. The modeling experience exceeded our expectations, and provided some unanticipated benefits. The results of our study are presented in this paper.
7.2.3 Efficiency Management in Spaceflight Systems
Authors: Murphy Karen
Published: November 2014

Efficiency in spaceflight is often approached as “faster, better, cheaper – pick two”. The high levels of performance and reliability required for each mission suggest that planners can only control for two of the three. True efficiency comes by optimizing a system across all three parameters. The functional processes of spaceflight become technical requirements on three operational groups during mission planning: payload, vehicle, and launch operations. Given the interrelationships among the functions performed by the operational groups, optimizing function resources from one operational group to the others affects the efficiency of those groups and therefore the mission overall. This paper helps outline this framework and creates a context in which to understand the effects of resource trades on the overall system, improving the efficiency of the operational groups and the mission as a whole. This allows insight into and optimization of the controlling factors earlier in the mission planning stage.
10.2.1 “Composable Capability” – Principles, strategies and methods for capability systems engineering
Authors: Sillitto H G
Published: November 2014

Current systems engineering approaches for Capability Systems Engineering are difficult to understand and are not deployed consistently. Language is a barrier to understanding. A top‐down approach to “capability” still seems intractable. The traditional system focus of defence acquisition has been the “equipment”. Force elements have been constructed bottom up from equipment. Inevitably such bottom‐up integration leads to unintended emergent properties in operational “force elements”.

This paper proposes that: improved operational readiness, performance and interoperability can be achieved by applying a systems engineering methodology in which the “system focus” is the force element, not the individual equipment; it is possible to identify a finite set of stable, well characterised building blocks (Force Elements) from which a wide variety of task force structures can be put together, providing almost infinite variety of capability solutions; that by thus re‐framing the problem we can contain the complexity explosion, giving more benefit with less difficulty; and that using such an approach top‐down will allow better statements of need, requirements and acceptance criteria to be passed to the acquisition community and supply chain.
4.3.1 Towards a Common Language for Systems Praxis
Authors: Martin James , Chroust Gerhard , Lawson Harold “Bud” , Sillitto Hillary , Singer Michael , Bendz Johan , Hybertson Duane , Martin Richard , Singer Janet , Takaku Tatsumasa
Published: November 2014

Systems praxis refers to the entire intellectual and practical endeavor of creating holistic solutions to complex system challenges. Systems approaches are designed to be integrative across traditional discipline and domain boundaries. However, multiple dimensions of complexity (social, technical, environmental, etc.) may require a blend of approaches and techniques from disparate systems traditions. Terminology for the various systems domains, scales, and types may appear similar; but assumptions underpinning worldview, culture, and success criteria are not necessarily shared.

This paper documents progress towards an integrative framework that brings together concepts, principles, paradigms, and methods from the various communities involved in systems praxis. The notion of using a diagram to allow systems practitioners from different backgrounds to work together more effectively first arose at an April 2012 “Towards a Common Language for Systems Praxis” workshop, conducted as part of an IFSR Conversation. Follow‐up work led to the Systems Praxis Framework diagram that provided a neutral “map” each community can use to explain its own narrative, worldview, and belief system, as well as to appreciate how the various worldviews and belief systems complement and reinforce each other within systems praxis. The Systems Praxis Framework was adopted as a top‐level component of Part 2: Systems in the BKCASE Guide to the Systems Engineering Body of Knowledge. It has also been made available as a 2‐page brochure.
9.4.1 Risk Analysis of Solar Photovoltaic Systems
Authors: Bahill A. Terry , Chaves Andrea
Published: November 2014

This paper presents a common industry approach to risk analysis, points out problems and pitfalls with it, and suggests ways to ameliorate them. Then it summarizes the main risks associated with incorporating solar photovoltaic (PV) systems into an existing commercial electric power grid. Finally, the paper explains the reason for frequency and severity normalization, presents the results of a sensitivity analysis and shows some possible unintended consequences of incorporating solar PV systems.
Value‐Driven Design – A methodology to Link Expectations to Technical Requirements in the Extended Enterprise
Authors: Isaksson Ola , Kossmann Mario , Bertoni Marco , Eres Hakki , Monceaux Anne , Bertoni Alessandro , Wiseall Steve , Zhang Xinwei
Published: November 2014

Current systems engineering (SE) standards do not address ‘Value’ in much detail. Yet, understanding what drives the generation of stakeholder value in a given business context, is fundamental to promoting a common and clear vision throughout the extended enterprise, of what should be the focus of their early, conceptual work at all levels of development. This paper presents a Value‐Driven Design (VDD) methodology designed to strengthen the value and requirements maturation process within an extended enterprise setting. The work presented is the result of a three and a half year European program (CRESCENDO) within the aerospace sector. The VDD methodology is introduced and explained in an industrial aircraft development context and a selection of enabling methods and tools associated to the VDD methodology is presented.
10.3.2 Keep Systems Engineering Simple to Get the Job Done
Authors: Ulonska Sören , Haskins Cecilia , Tonning Oluf , Yuguero‐Garmendia Itxaso , Ulonska Sören , Haskins Cecilia
Published: November 2014

This paper is a continuation of the reporting on the result of the application of systems engineering and (lean) product development techniques in a student team. The project setting is Trondheim, where the multidisciplinary student team (their two systems engineers are co‐authors) designed and produced a car to compete in Shell Eco Marathon. The paper introduces approaches and discusses the effects of the student team applying SE in a simple way, using visual planning, modeling, and knowledge briefs of lean product development. The paper includes examples of work‐break down structure, A3‐documentation, computer‐based models, and visual planning, as well as experiences with effective knowledge capture and exchange based on knowledge briefs and the systems architecture. The conclusion is that keeping SE simple and visual helps to motivate team members and makes product development and knowledge exchange between team generations more efficient.
11.4.3 Proposed Attribute Method: A Flexible Method of Change Control for DOORS®
Authors: Huller Jerry
Published: November 2014

A flexible, understandable, inexpensive, and native method of change control is needed for the DOORS® requirements management tool. The Proposed Attribute Method (PAM) has been developed as a cost‐effective approach for change control. For those attributes to be change controlled, proposed attributes are created. Proposed change views are created that contain the actual and proposed attributes. DOORS eXtension Language (DXL) scripts are executed to lock down attribute and type definitions, as well as the values of the attributes to be controlled. Responsible Engineers fill in the proposed attribute values and obtain approval for the proposed changes. A DXL script is run to move the proposed values to the actual values. Implementation of the proposed changes usually takes a few minutes or less. The PAM method provides instant visibility into all proposed changes in work. Minimal knowledge of DXL scripting is needed to tailor the scripts for new projects (assuming only a certain format for identifying the change control authority). Pros and cons of PAM are discussed. While this paper focuses on a DOORS implementation, the PAM process should be applicable to other requirements management tools as well.
9.4.2 System Implications of Intermittent Generators
Authors: Pavlak Alex
Published: November 2014

Clean energy systems must deliver reliable electric power on demand. Intermittent generators (wind, solar, tides, waves) cannot stand alone. The rest of the system must provide power when the intermittent resource is unavailable. Therefore a system perspective is essential for assessing overall cost and performance. Classical systems architecture explains the relationship between intermittent generators and the rest of the system. Traditional concept development approach starts with simple concept models that point to hard constraints that remain valid in more complex systems. Additional variables are added to the model in stages to build more complex systems. This system perspective points to key features of electric power systems with intermittent generators and identifies new knowledge needs.
5.4.1 Developing System Models to Help Railways Embrace Innovative Technologies with Confidence
Authors: Bouch Christopher , Roberts Clive
Published: November 2014

Railways are under pressure to become more efficient and cut their costs; innovation has a part to play in achieving these goals. The railway is, however, a complex and closely‐coupled system, making it difficult in the early stages of development, to be clear what the system‐wide impact of innovation will be. The research covered in this paper stems from the idea that computer‐based models of existing systems can help overcome this problem, by providing a framework against which the impact of innovation can be identified. The paper describes a repeatable and objective modelling methodology developed for Great Britain's (GB) railways, which elicits objective system data from Railway Group Standards and integrates it using CORE®, a powerful system modelling tool, to create system models. The ability of such models to help identify impacts is verified, using as an example the introduction of RailBAM (a new technology that acoustically monitors the health of rolling stock wheel bearings) into the existing hot axle box detection system. Finally, the paper takes an initial look at the structure of railway standards outside GB, to establish whether the methodology can be applied in other countries.
An Evaluation of Security Standards Implementation in Quantum Key Distribution Systems
Authors: Harper Carole , Grimaila Michael R. , Baumgartner Gerald
Published: November 2014

Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) systems combine cryptographic primitives with quantum information theory to produce a theoretic unconditionally secure cryptographic key. However, real‐world implementations of QKD systems are far from ideal and significantly differ from the theoretic models. Because of this real‐world QKD systems require additional practical considerations when implemented to achieve secure operations. In this paper, a content analysis of the published literature is conducted to determine if established security and cryptographic standards are addressed in real world, practical QKD implementations. The research reveals that a majority of real world QKD implementations examined do not take advantage of established security and cryptographic standards. Based upon an analysis of existing industry security and cryptographic standards and best practices, systems architecture guidelines are used to make recommendations for how these standards can and should be applied to establish a practical, secure, QKD system framework.
Essential Model‐Based Systems Engineering — Applied and Practical
Authors: Smith Warren
Published: November 2014

Combine the key concepts of MBSE with the essentials of their practical application. This tutorial is designed help you leverage model‐based techniques to better meet the engineering challenges of analyzing stakeholder needs and defining system solutions. The tutorial uses a practical top‐down system analysis and design example and exercise to explore the application of layered model‐based systems engineering (MBSE) to system definition challenges. It examines the range of views available to the systems engineer for understanding and communicating design choices and provides a practical introduction to constructing the model and generating each representation. As the analysis and design advances, the engineer will use a wide variety of views drawn from traditional and SysML representations to portray aspects of the model and gain understanding of stakeholder concerns and the design choices to be made. This tutorial works for both new and experienced systems engineers, capability analysts and others working on an integrated project team, and program/project/capability managers. While a basic understanding of the systems engineering process is assumed, the MBSE framework and approach provide the foundation for those not experienced in systems engineering. The detailed discussion of MBSE methodology and model representations including SysML and traditional SE products delivers value for all but the most experienced model‐based systems analysts and engineers. This is an MBSE methods, models, and representations tutorial, not a tool tutorial. The focus is on the practical application of essential MBSE for project success. The concepts taught and methods shared are applicable regardless of the systems engineering tools the attendee may choose.
A Solutions based approach to MBSE architectures with UPDM
Authors: Hause Matthew
Published: November 2014

UPDM is the Unified Profile for DoDAF and MODAF. The UPDM specification was developed by a diverse group of tool vendors, end users, academia, and government representatives. UPDM enjoys the full support of the DOD and MOD and is a DoD mandated standard. The UML/SysML foundation improves the integration between architectural framework modeling and system modeling to support post acquisition life‐cycle design and implementation. This tutorial provides an overview of SysML, a brief introduction to how UPDM will provide a standard means of expressing DoDAF and MODAF using SysML and UML, an overview of the UPDM views and viewpoints and language concepts, and selected sample problems to demonstrate how the language can be used. Following this, the course will proceed to demonstrate how the MBSE foundation of UPDM can provide the answers to problems found in projects: How to avoid the problems of stovepipe development? How to ensure that systems deployment is in line with capability deployment requirements? How to effectively use MBSE to provide trade‐off analysis? How to transition from a system of systems to systems development? How to ensure system interfaces are compatible? How to communicate with non‐experts? How to reuse architectures? How to integrate requirements management into modeling? Rather than proceed in a mechanistic fashion through the different UPDM views, the course instead concentrates on the benefits of the framework using a solutions‐based approach.
Effects of Denosumab, Alendronate, or Denosumab Following Alendronate on Bone Turnover, Calcium Homeostasis, Bone Mass and Bone Strength in Ovariectomized Cynomolgus Monkeys
Authors: Kostenuik Paul J , Smith Susan Y , Samadfam Rana , Jolette Jacquelin , Zhou Lei , Ominsky Michael S
Published: November 2014

Postmenopausal osteoporosis is a chronic disease wherein increased bone remodeling reduces bone mass and bone strength. Antiresorptive agents including bisphosphonates are commonly used to mitigate bone loss and fracture risk. Osteoclast inhibition via denosumab (DMAb), a RANKL inhibitor, is a newer approach for reducing fracture risk in patients at increased risk for fracture. The safety of transitioning from bisphosphonate therapy (alendronate; ALN) to DMAb was examined in mature ovariectomized (OVX) cynomolgus monkeys (cynos). One day after OVX, cynos (7–10/group) were treated with vehicle (VEH, s.c.), ALN (50 μg/kg, i.v., twice monthly) or DMAb (25 mg/kg/month, s.c.) for 12 months. Other animals received VEH or ALN for 6 months and then transitioned to 6 months of DMAb. DMAb caused significantly greater reductions in serum CTx than ALN, and transition from ALN to DMAb caused further reductions relative to continued ALN. DMAb and ALN decreased serum calcium (Ca), and transition from ALN to DMAb resulted in a lesser decline in Ca relative to DMAb or to VEH-DMAb transition. Bone histomorphometry indicated significantly reduced trabecular and cortical remodeling with DMAb or ALN. Compared with ALN, DMAb caused greater reductions in osteoclast surface, eroded surface, cortical porosity and fluorochrome labeling, and transition from ALN to DMAb reduced these parameters relative to continued ALN. Bone mineral density increased in all active treatment groups relative to VEH controls. Destructive biomechanical testing revealed significantly greater vertebral strength in all three groups receiving DMAb, including those receiving DMAb after ALN, relative to VEH controls. Bone mass and strength remained highly correlated in all groups at all tested skeletal sites, consistent with normal bone quality. These data indicate that cynos transitioned from ALN to DMAb exhibited reduced bone resorption and cortical porosity, and increased BMD and bone strength, without deleterious effects on Ca homeostasis or bone quality. © 2014 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Experience with molecular adsorbent recirculating system treatment in 20 children listed for high‐urgency liver transplantation
Authors: Lexmond Willem S. , Van Dael Carin M. L. , Scheenstra René , Goorhuis Joanne F. , Sieders Egbert , Verkade Henkjan J. , Van Rheenen Patrick F. , Kömhoff Martin
Published: November 2014

For more than 10 years, children at our national center for pediatric liver transplantation (LT) have been treated with Molecular Adsorbent Recirculating System (MARS) liver dialysis as a bridging therapy to high‐urgency LT. Treatment was reserved for 20 patients with the highest degrees of hepatic encephalopathy (HE; median grade = 3.5). Death from neurological sequelae was considered imminent for these patients, and this was further reflected in significantly higher international normalized ratios and ammonia levels and worse prognostic liver indices (Model for End‐Stage Liver Disease/Pediatric End‐Stage Liver Disease scores and liver injury units) in comparison with 32 wait‐listed patients who did not receive MARS dialysis. MARS therapy was generally well tolerated, with a reduction in thrombocytes and hemorrhaging as the most common side effects. HE improvement was documented in 30% of the treated patients, but progression to grade IV encephalopathy occurred in 45% of the patients despite the treatment. Serum ammonia, bilirubin, bile acid, and creatinine levels significantly decreased during treatment. Eighty percent of MARS‐treated patients survived to undergo LT, and their survival was equivalent to that of non–MARS‐treated patients with severe liver failure (69%, P = 0.52). The heterogeneity between MARS‐treated patients and non–MARS‐treated patients in our cohort precluded a statistical evaluation of a benefit from MARS for patient survival. Our data demonstrate the safety of MARS even in the most severely ill patients awaiting LT, but strategies that promote the more rapid and widespread availability of high‐quality donor organs remain of critical importance for improving patient survival in cases of severe acute liver failure. Liver Transpl 21:369–380, 2015. © 2015 AASLD.
Spread of Muscle Spasms in Hemifacial Spasm
Authors: Conte Antonella , Falla Marika , Diana Maria Concetta , Bologna Matteo , Suppa Antonio , Fabbrini Andrea , Colosimo Carlo , Berardelli Alfredo , Fabbrini Giovanni
Published: November 2014

Hemifacial spasm (HFS) is a clinical condition characterized by involuntary contractions in facial muscles. The aim of the study was to investigate, systematically in 178 patients with HFS, the frequency of spread from the site of origin to other facial muscles. Patients enrolled underwent a complete neurological examination and a face‐to‐face interview. Spread of the spasm to other facial muscles was considered to be present in those patients whose spasms onset in a single site and involved both upper and lower facial muscles at the time of examination. We also collected information about gender, age, age at HFS onset, symptom duration, muscles involved by the spasm at the time of onset, and spread of spasm to other facial muscles. Spread of spasms to the other facial muscles of the same side of the face was present in 93.4% of patients with HFS, and latency of spread was related to disease duration and age at onset. In patients with HFS, spread of muscle spasms represents the natural history of HFS.
Phosphotyrosine profiling identifies ephrin receptor A2 as a potential therapeutic target in esophageal squamous‐cell carcinoma
Authors: Syed Nazia , Barbhuiya Mustafa A. , Pinto Sneha M. , Nirujogi Raja Sekhar , Renuse Santosh , Datta Keshava K. , Khan Aafaque Ahmad , Srikumar Kotteazeth , Prasad T. S. Keshava , Kumar M. Vijaya , Kumar Rekha Vijay , Chatterjee Aditi , Pandey Akhilesh , Gowda Harsha
Published: November 2014

Esophageal squamous‐cell carcinoma (ESCC) is one of the most common malignancies in Asia. Currently, surgical resection of early‐stage tumor is the best available treatment. However, most patients present late when surgery is not an option. Data suggest that chemotherapy regimens are inadequate for clinical management of advanced cancer. Targeted therapy has emerged as one of the most promising approaches to treat several malignancies. A prerequisite for developing targeted therapy is prior knowledge of proteins and pathways that drive proliferation in malignancies. We carried out phosphotyrosine profiling across four different ESCC cell lines and compared it to non‐neoplastic Het‐1A cell line to identify activated tyrosine kinase signaling pathways in ESCC. A total of 278 unique phosphopeptides were identified across these cell lines. This included several tyrosine kinases and their substrates that were hyperphosphorylated in ESCC. Ephrin receptor A2 (EPHA2), a receptor tyrosine kinase, was hyperphosphorylated in all the ESCC cell lines used in the study. EPHA2 is reported to be oncogenic in several cancers and is also known to promote metastasis. Immunohistochemistry‐based studies have revealed EPHA2 is overexpressed in nearly 50% of ESCC. We demonstrated EPHA2 as a potential therapeutic target in ESCC by carrying out siRNA‐based knockdown studies. Knockdown of EPHA2 in ESCC cell line TE8 resulted in significant decrease in cell proliferation and invasion, suggesting it is a promising therapeutic target in ESCC that warrants further evaluation.
Quantitative analysis on collagen of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans skin by second harmonic generation microscopy
Authors: Wu Shulian , Huang Yudian , Li Hui , Wang Yunxia , Zhang Xiaoman
Published: November 2014

Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) is a skin cancer usually mistaken as other benign tumors. Abnormal DFSP resection results in tumor recurrence. Quantitative characterization of collagen alteration on the skin tumor is essential for developing a diagnostic technique. In this study, second harmonic generation (SHG) microscopy was performed to obtain images of the human DFSP skin and normal skin. Subsequently, structure and texture analysis methods were applied to determine the differences in skin texture characteristics between the two skin types, and the link between collagen alteration and tumor was established. Results suggest that combining SHG microscopy and texture analysis methods is a feasible and effective method to describe the characteristics of skin tumor like DFSP. SCANNING 37:1–5, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Investigation of temperature induced mechanical changes in supported bilayers by variants of tapping mode atomic force microscopy
Authors: Shamitko‐Klingensmith Nicole , Legleiter Justin
Published: November 2014

Tapping mode atomic force microscopy (AFM) is an invaluable technique for examining topographical features of biological materials in solution, and there has been a growing interest in developing techniques to provide further compositional contrast and information concerning surface mechanical properties. Phase shifts, cantilever response at higher harmonic frequencies of the drive, and time‐resolved tip/sample force reconstruction have all been shown to provide additional compositional contrast of surfaces, as compared to basic tapping mode AFM imaging. This study aimed to demonstrate the relative ability of these different imaging techniques to detect temperature induced changes in the elastic modulus of supported total brain lipid extract (TBLE) bilayer patches on mica. To aid in direct comparison between the different imaging techniques, all required data was obtained simultaneously while capturing traditional tapping mode AFM topography images. While all of the techniques were able to provide compositional contrast consistent with known temperature‐induced changes in the bilayer patch, interpretation of the resulting contrast was not always straightforward. Phase imaging suffered from contrast inversion. Individual harmonics responded in a variety of ways to the temperature‐induced changes in elastic modulus of the bilayer. The maximum tapping force (or peak force) associated with imaging the bilayer correctly reflected the changes in elastic modulus of the lipid bilayer. Importantly, as the required data can be obtained simultaneously, combining these different imaging techniques can lead to a more complete understanding of a sample's mechanical features. SCANNING 37:23–35, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The effect of surface activity of pyrodextrins on their assimilability by selected strains of bacteria from genus Lactobacillus
Authors: Le Thanh‐Blicharz Joanna , Sip Anna , Malcher Agnieszka , Prochaska Krystyna , Lewandowicz Grażyna
Published: November 2014

Four commercial products based on pyrodextrins and differing in viscosity and digestibility in vitro were studied in the aspect of their surface activity. Their assimilability by probiotic strains of bacteria from genus Lactobacillus was checked by analysis of the growth of four bacteria strains cultured on a modified MRS medium containing the commercial pyrodextrins instead of glucose. Interfacial tension at the air/water and toluene/water interfaces was measured with a du Noüy tensiometer. Experimental isotherms were approximated with the Szyszkowski equation and surface parameters were calculated. It was established that commercial pyrodextrins show digestibility reduced to about 50% as well as surface activity that makes them useful as emulsifiers. The presence of dextrins in the medium has no effect on the growth of any of the probiotic Lactobacillus bacteria strains studied, but significantly modifies their metabolic activity resulting in changes in type and amount of the short chain fatty acids produced.
Impact of gate width of corral traps in potential wild pig trapping success
Authors: Metcalf Eric M. , Parker Israel D. , Lopez Roel R. , Higginbotham Billy , Davis Donald S. , Gersbach Julius R.
Published: November 2014

Wild pig (Sus scrofa) populations do considerable environmental damage throughout much of the United States and have prompted varied capture and control efforts. Corral traps are a popular wild pig trapping tool. However, the impact of gate width on the effectiveness of corral traps has not been tested. This information could increase efficacy of capture and is important for future population‐control efforts. We hypothesized that wild pigs would habituate better to corral traps with wider gate openings. We used remote game cameras to monitor the willingness of wild pigs to enter baited corral traps through 4 common gate widths (0.9 m, 1.2 m, 1.5 m, 1.8 m; no doors on any gates). We found no significant differences in gate‐width selection for total wild pigs, sex‐based selection, or number of piglets. Land managers should feel comfortable using gate sizes as small as 0.9 m when constructing corral traps. © 2014 The Wildlife Society.
Migratory bird hunter opinions regarding potential management strategies for controlling light goose populations
Authors: Dinges Andrew J. , Webb Elisabeth B. , Vrtiska Mark P. , Nilon Charles H. , Wilhelm Stanis Sonja A.
Published: November 2014

We expanded the Nebraska Light Goose Conservation Order (LGCO) harvest survey (NE, USA) in spring 2012 to assess migratory bird hunter opinions regarding future management strategies for controlling light goose populations. Although hunters strongly agreed that population control of light geese was an important wildlife management issue, they were generally unsupportive of wildlife officials using forms of direct control methods to control light goose populations. Respondents who indicated participation in the 2012 LGCO were also less supportive of any form of direct control compared with migratory bird hunters who did not participate in the LGCO. When presented with alternative methods by wildlife officials for future light goose population control, respondents were most supportive of wildlife agencies selectively shooting light geese on migration and wintering areas and least supportive of wildlife officials using bait with approved chemicals to euthanize light geese. A clear understanding of public perception of various potential direct‐control options will likely assist wildlife biologists in making informed decisions on how to proceed with population control of light geese. © 2014 The Wildlife Society.
Discussing Religion: Exploring the Link between Parental Religious Socialization Messages and Youth Outcomes
Authors: Bebiroglu Neda , Roskam Isabelle , Van Der Straten Waillet Nastasya
Published: November 2014

This study explored the relation between adolescent reports of parental religious socialization (i.e., cultural socialization, promotion of mistrust, and pluralism) and their religious out-group evaluations, externalizing and internalizing behaviors. Crosssectional data were obtained from 730 12- to 15-year old Belgian adolescents through questionnaires. Results from multilevel and ordinary linear regression analyses indicated that pluralism was associated with higher religious out-group evaluations whereas promotion of mistrust was associated with lower religious out-group evaluations and higher externalizing and internalizing behaviors. Cultural socialization interacted with the importance adolescents give to religion to influence youth externalizing behaviors. Despite its limitations, this study presents a complex picture of the association between religious socialization practices and adolescent outcomes and offers an alternative pathway to understand parental religious socialization.
Respiratory complex I from Escherichia coli does not transport Na+ in the absence of its NuoL subunit
Authors: Marreiros Bruno C. , Batista Ana P. , Pereira Manuela M.
Published: November 2014

We investigated H+ and Na+ transport by complex I from Escherichia coli devoid of the NuoL subunit, which is probably part of the ion translocating machinery. We observed that complex I devoid of the NuoL subunit still translocates H+, although to a smaller extension than the complete version of complex I, but does not transport Na+. Our results unequivocally reinforce the observation that E. coli complex I transports Na
+
in the opposite direction to that of the H+ and show that NuoL subunit is involved in the translocation of both ions by complex I.
An Unusual Case of “Late” Central Protrusion of the Helical Blade of Proximal Femoral Nail Antirotation
Authors: Kun-Chow Yip , Yun-Chiang Hsu Stephen , Hin-Keung Wong
Published: November 2014

Central protrusion, or “cut-through” of the helical blade in proximal femoral nail antirotation (PFNA), is a unique and novel complication. Cases reported in the literature were presented early in the postoperative period and were associated with no bone healing, and managed with either revision or total hip replacement. We reported a case that presented late in the postoperative period that showed some bone healing and was erroneously treated with removal of the implant, resulting in varus malunion after implant removal. Possible causes for late presentation, preventive measures, and the need for early surgical intervention are discussed.
A data-assimilation method for Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes-driven mean flow reconstruction
Authors: Foures Dimitry P. G. , Dovetta Nicolas , Sipp Denis , Schmid Peter J.
Published: November 2014

We present a data-assimilation technique based on a variational formulation and a Lagrange multipliers approach to enforce the Navier–Stokes equations. A general operator (referred to as the measure operator) is defined in order to mathematically describe an experimental measure. The presented method is applied to the case of mean flow measurements. Such a flow can be described by the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations, which can be formulated as the classical Navier–Stokes equations driven by a forcing term involving the Reynolds stresses. The stress term is an unknown of the equations and is thus chosen as the control parameter in our study. The data-assimilation algorithm is derived to minimize the error between a mean flow measurement and the measure performed on a numerical solution of the steady, forced Navier–Stokes equations; the optimal forcing is found when this error is minimal. We demonstrate the developed data-assimilation framework on a test case: the two-dimensional flow around an infinite cylinder at a Reynolds number of $\mathit{Re}=150$. The mean flow is computed by time-averaging instantaneous flow fields from a direct numerical simulation (DNS). We then perform several ‘measures’ on this mean flow and apply the data-assimilation method to reconstruct the full mean flow field. Spatial interpolation, extrapolation, state vector reconstruction and noise filtering are considered independently. The efficacy of the developed identification algorithm is quantified for each of these cases and compared with more traditional methods when possible. We also analyse the identified forcing in terms of unsteadiness characterization, present a way to recover the second-order statistical moments of the fluctuating velocities and finally explore the possibility of pressure reconstruction from velocity measurements.
Investigation of the roughness-induced transition: global stability analyses and direct numerical simulations
Authors: Loiseau Jean-Christophe , Robinet Jean-Christophe , Cherubini Stefania , Leriche Emmanuel
Published: November 2014

The linear global instability and resulting transition to turbulence induced by an isolated cylindrical roughness element of height $h$ and diameter $d$ immersed within an incompressible boundary layer flow along a flat plate is investigated using the joint application of direct numerical simulations and fully three-dimensional global stability analyses. For the range of parameters investigated, base flow computations show that the roughness element induces a wake composed of a central low-speed region surrounded by a three-dimensional shear layer and a pair of low- and high-speed streaks on each of its sides. Results from the global stability analyses highlight the unstable nature of the central low-speed region and its crucial importance in the laminar–turbulent transition process. It is able to sustain two different global instabilities: a sinuous and a varicose one. Each of these globally unstable modes is related to a different physical mechanism. While the varicose mode has its root in the instability of the whole three-dimensional shear layer surrounding the central low-speed region, the sinuous instability turns out to be similar to the von Kármán instability in the two-dimensional cylinder wake and has its root in the lateral shear layers of the separated zone. The aspect ratio of the roughness element plays a key role on the selection of the dominant instability: whereas the flow over thin cylindrical roughness elements transitions due to a sinuous instability of the near-wake region, for larger roughness elements the varicose instability of the central low-speed region turns out to be the dominant one. Direct numerical simulations of the flow past an aspect ratio ${\it\eta}=1$ (with ${\it\eta}=d/h$) roughness element sustaining only the sinuous instability have revealed that the bifurcation occurring in this particular case is supercritical. Finally, comparison of the transition thresholds predicted by global linear stability analyses with the von Doenhoff–Braslow transition diagram provides qualitatively good agreement.
Suction–shear–Coriolis instability in a flow between parallel plates
Authors: Deguchi Kengo , Matsubara Naoyoshi , Nagata Masato
Published: November 2014

A rotating fluid flow between differentially translating parallel plates, which induce uniform suction and injection, is studied as a canonical model of swirling flow where suction, shear and Coriolis effects compete. This relatively simple modelling yields several reduced equations that are valid for asymptotically large suction, shear and/or rotation rates. The linear stability problems derived from the full Navier–Stokes and reduced problems are numerically solved and compared. In addition to Taylor-vortex modes, transverse-roll-type instabilities are found in Rayleigh-stable and -unstable parameter regions when weak suction is applied. These instabilities, separated by the so-called Rayleigh line, are characterised by vortices attached to the suction wall. Another type of instability, which exists beyond the Rayleigh line and shows inviscid motion in the fluid core, is found when suction is sufficiently strong. The relation of this instability to the stability results by Gallet, Doering & Spiegel (Phys. Fluids, vol. 22, 2010, 034105) is discussed. Our nonlinear analyses indicate subcritical and supercritical bifurcations of finite-amplitude solutions for the near-wall and fluid-core instabilities, respectively.
Impact of removing iodised salt on children's goitre status in areas with excessive iodine in drinking-water
Authors: Lv Shengmin , Xu Dong , Wang Yuchun , Jun Zhao , Jia Lihui , Du Yonggui
Published: November 2014

The impact of removing iodised salt on children's goitre status in a high-iodine area (HIA) remains unclear. The aim of the present study was to explore the changes in the prevalence of goitre in children after removing iodised salt from their diet. For this purpose, three towns with the median water iodine content of 150–300 μg/l were selected randomly in Hengshui City, Hebei Province, China. A total of 452 and 459 children were randomly selected from the three towns in order to measure thyroid volume by ultrasound before and after removing iodised salt, respectively. Their goitre status was judged using the criteria of age-specific thyroid volume recommended by the WHO. After removing iodised salt, the overall median urinary iodine content (MUIC) of children decreased from 518 (interquartile range (IQR) 347–735) to 416 (IQR 274–609) μg/l. The MUIC of children across sex and age group decreased significantly except for the age group of 9 years. The overall prevalence of goitre in the three towns significantly decreased from 24·56 % (n 111/452) to 5·88 % (n 27/459) (P< 0·001). Goitre prevalence in children aged 8–10 years decreased from 33·70 % (n 31/92), 23·32 % (n 45/193) and 20·96 % (n 35/167) to 6·10 % (n 10/164), 5·52 % (n 9/163) and 6·06 % (n 8/132), respectively. Goitre prevalence in boys and girls decreased from 27·05 % (n 66/244) and 21·63 % (n 45/208) to 6·66 % (n 15/226) and 5·15 % (n 12/233), respectively. The decreases in the prevalence of goitre in children across sex and age group were all statistically significant. The present study revealed that goitre prevalence in children decreased significantly after removing iodised salt from their diet for about 1·5 years in the HIA in Hebei Province.
The greatest possible being needn't be anything impossible
Authors: TODD PATRICK
Published: November 2014

There are various argumentative strategies for advancing the claim that God does not exist. One such strategy is this. First, one notes that God is meant to have a certain divine attribute (such as omniscience). One then argues that having the relevant attribute is impossible. One concludes that God doesn't exist. For instance, Dennis Whitcomb's recent paper, ‘Grounding and omniscience’, proceeds in exactly this way. As Whitcomb says, ‘I'm going to argue that omniscience is impossible and that therefore there is no God.’ This is not, I hope to show, a very promising way to start a paper. If having a given property is impossible, the greatest possible being need not have that property. Accordingly, the argumentative strategy in question is doomed to failure. The upshot of this article is a quite general one concerning how arguments against the existence of God in fact must proceed.
Spatio-temporal investigation of the 1918 influenza pandemic in military populations indicates two different viruses
Authors: SHANKS G. D. , MILINOVICH G. J. , WALLER M. , CLEMENTS A. C. A.
Published: November 2014

There were multiple waves of influenza-like illness in 1918, the last of which resulted in a highly lethal pandemic killing 50 million people. It is difficult to study the initial waves of influenza-like illness in early 1918 because few deaths resulted and few morbidity records exist. Using extant military mortality records, we constructed mortality maps based on location of burial in France and Belgium in the British Army, and on home town in Vermont and New York in the USA Army. Differences between early and more lethal later waves in late 1918 were consistent with historical descriptions in France. The maps of Vermont and New York support the hypothesis that previous exposure may have conferred a degree of protection against subsequent infections; soldiers from rural areas, which were likely to have experienced less mixing than soldiers from urban areas, were at higher risk of mortality. Differences between combat and disease mortality in 1918 were consistent with limited influenza virus circulation during the early 1918 wave. We suggest that it is likely that more than one influenza virus was circulating in 1918, which might help explain the higher mortality rates in those unlikely to have been infected in early 1918.