bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The value of migration information for conservation prioritization of sea turtles in the Mediterranean
Authors: Mazor Tessa , Beger Maria , McGowan Jennifer , Possingham Hugh P. , Kark Salit
Published: January 2016

Aim

Conservation plans often struggle to account for connectivity in spatial prioritization approaches for the protection of migratory species. Protection of such species is challenging because their movements may be uncertain and variable, span vast distances, cross international borders and traverse land and sea habitats. Often we are faced with small samples of information from various sources and the collection of additional data can be costly and time‐consuming. Therefore it is important to evaluate what degree of spatial information provides sufficient results for directing management actions. Here we develop and evaluate an approach that incorporates habitat and movement information to advance the conservation of migratory species. We test our approach using information on threatened loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) in theMediterranean.

Location

TheMediterraneanSea.

Methods

We use Marxan, a spatially explicit decision support tool, to select priority conservation areas. Four approaches with increasing amounts of information about the loggerhead sea turtle are compared, ranging from (1) the broad distribution, (2) multiple habitat types that represent foraging, nesting and inter‐nesting habitats, (3) mark–recapture movement information to (4) telemetry‐derived migration tracks.

Results

We find that spatial priorities for sea turtle conservation are sensitive to the information used in the prioritization process. Setting conservation targets for migration tracks altered the location of conservation priorities, indicating that conservation plans designed without such data would miss important sea turtle habitat. We discover that even a small number of tracks make a significant contribution to a spatial conservation plan if those tracks are substantially different.

Main conclusions

This study presents a novel approach to improving spatial prioritization for conserving migratory species. We propose that future telemetry studies tailor their efforts towards conservation prioritization needs, meaning that spatially dispersed samples rather than just large numbers should be obtained. This work highlights the valuable information that telemetry research contributes to the conservation of migratory species.
Dragons, brimstone and the geology of a volcanic arc on the island of the last Samurai, Kyushu, Japan
Authors: Williams Mark , Wallis Simon , Komatsu Toshifumi , Tanaka Gengo , Oji Tatsuo , Clark Nicola
Published: January 2016

Not even Hollywood could dream of a place so magical as Kyushu. The southern‐most of the four major islands of the Japanese archipelago, this is a land of volcanoes, dinosaurs, and the last stand of the Samurai. And for good measure, James Bond visited here too, in the 1967 film You Only Live Twice. The final explosive scenes of that film featured the destruction of megalomaniac Ernst Stavro Blofeld's headquarters hidden inside the crater of one of Kyushu's most emblematic volcanoes, Shinmoedake. Kyushu also straddles the largest geological structure in Japan, the Median Tectonic Line (MTL) that runs from the western approaches of the island to the central part of Honshu. The MTL has been active since the Cretaceous, and the sedimentary basins formed along its line in Kyushu contain some of Japan's most famous dinosaur finds. The MTL also defines a fundamental divide between the geological histories of the terranes north and south of its line, a history that takes us back to the origins of the Japanese archipelago half a billion years ago.
Early Molecular Events in Murine Gastric Epithelial Cells Mediated by Helicobacter pylori CagA
Authors: Banerjee Aditi , Basu Malini , Blanchard Thomas G. , Chintalacharuvu Subba R. , Guang Wei , Lillehoj Erik P. , Czinn Steven J.
Published: January 2016

Background

Murine models of Helicobacter pylori infection are used to study host–pathogen interactions, but lack of severe gastritis in this model has limited its usefulness in studying pathogenesis. We compared the murine gastric epithelial cell line GSM06 to the human gastric epithelial AGS cell line to determine whether similar events occur when cultured with H. pylori.

Materials and Methods

The lysates of cells infected with H. pylori isolates or an isogenic cagA‐deficient mutant were assessed for translocation and phosphorylation of CagA and for activation of stress pathway kinases by immunoblot.

Results

Phosphorylated CagA was detected in both cell lines within 60 minutes. Phospho‐ERK 1/2 was present within several minutes and distinctly present in GSM06 cells at 60 minutes. Similar results were obtained for phospho‐JNK, although the 54 kDa phosphoprotein signal was dominant in AGS, whereas the lower molecular weight band was dominant in GSM06 cells.

Conclusion

These results demonstrate that early events in H. pylori pathogenesis occur within mouse epithelial cells similar to human cells and therefore support the use of the mouse model for the study of acute CagA‐associated host cell responses. These results also indicate that reduced disease in H. pylori‐infected mice may be due to lack of the Cag PAI, or by differences in the mouse response downstream of the initial activation events.
Recovering the Divide: A Review of Strategy and Tactics in Business and Management
Authors: Mackay David , Zundel Mike
Published: January 2016

With origins in military history, strategy and tactics is a frequently used conceptual couplet in the business and management literature. This paper reviews how strategy and tactics are portrayed, identifying a dominant ‘pragmatic’ account of strategy as an expression of formal, planned ends achieved through the subordinate means of tactics. Pragmatic distinctions give rise to a range of well‐known problems, in particular in strategy implementation stages. We suggest that some of these problems may be avoided when the strategy–tactics relationship is conceived differently. We elaborate two alternative distinctions: a sociological framing of tactics as mechanisms of resistance to formal, controlling strategies; and a processual perspective, which sidesteps fixed distinctions between tactics and strategy, giving rise to more fluid interrelations between both modes. Based on a review of the business and management literature, we identify key examples of each trope and conclude by drawing insights for each account on the basis of these wider discussions.
Value of electrocardiograms ordered by junior medical officers in the emergency department
Authors: Sabbagh C. , Khazzaka A. , Rizkallah J. , El Kary N. , Chaddad M. , El Rassy E.
Published: January 2016

The diagnostic rationale for patients with chest pain requires an electrocardiogram (ECG) often limited by low pretest values and widely variable post‐test values. We assess the value of ECG ordered and interpreted by internal medicine junior medical officers in our emergency department (ED). Participants enrolled in this study included patients who presented to the ED for chest pain between June and October 2014. Seventeen leads ECG were performed systematically when an ECG was judged required by the medical officer in charge and interpreted by a blinded medical officer and ED attending. Ultrasensitive troponin T (usTrop T) and creatinine were also withdrawn. Junior medical officers ordered ECG more commonly for atypical chest pain (57 vs 43%, P = 0.049). Univariate and multivariate analysis did not demonstrate a statistically discordant diagnosis between the medical officer and the attending throughout the study period and between the different rotations. We demonstrated 97% sensitivity, 95% specificity, 92% positive predictive value, 98% negative predictive value and 96% accuracy. Our junior medical officers demonstrated an overall high proficiency in the clinical and bedside setting. This finding reinforces our ECG education in the undergraduate curriculum, highlights the importance of the intensive recapitulation sessions undergone at the beginning of the training programme and our daily internal medicine staff discussions rarely performed in other EDs as reported with our experience.
Nasal administration of interleukin‐33 induces airways angiogenesis and expression of multiple angiogenic factors in a murine asthma surrogate
Authors: Shan Shan , Li Yan , Wang Jingjing , Lv Zhe , Yi Dawei , Huang Qiong , Corrigan Chris J. , Wang Wei , Quangeng Zhang , Ying Sun
Published: January 2016

The T‐helper cell type 2‐promoting cytokine interleukin‐33 (IL‐33) has been implicated in asthma pathogenesis. Angiogenesis is a feature of airways remodelling in asthma. We hypothesized that IL‐33 induces airways angiogenesis and expression of angiogenic factors in an established murine surrogate of asthma. In the present study, BALB/c mice were subjected to serial intranasal challenge with IL‐33 alone for up to 70 days. In parallel, ovalbumin (OVA) ‐sensitized mice were subjected to serial intranasal challenge with OVA or normal saline to serve as positive and negative controls, respectively. Immunohistochemical analysis of expression of von Willebrand factor and erythroblast transformation‐specific‐related gene, both blood vessel markers, and angiogenic factors angiogenin, insulin‐like growth factor‐1, endothelin‐1, epidermal growth factor and amphiregulin was performed in lung sections ex vivo. An established in‐house assay was used to test whether IL‐33 was able to induce microvessel formation by human vascular endothelial cells. Results showed that serial intranasal challenge of mice with IL‐33 or OVA resulted in proliferation of peribronchial von Willebrand factor‐positive blood vessels to a degree closely related to the total expression of the angiogenic factors amphiregulin, angiogenin, endothelin‐1, epidermal growth factor and insulin‐like growth factor‐1. IL‐33 also induced microvessel formation by human endothelial cells in a concentration‐dependent fashion in vitro. Our data are consistent with the hypothesis that IL‐33 has the capacity to induce angiogenesis at least partly by increasing local expression of multiple angiogenic factors in an allergen‐independent murine asthma surrogate, and consequently that IL‐33 or its receptor is a potential novel molecular target for asthma therapy.
Different ways to get the job done: comparing the effects of intellectual stimulation and contingent reward leadership on task‐related outcomes
Authors: Robinson Melanie Ann , Boies Kathleen
Published: January 2016

Two experiments were conducted to compare the effects of intellectual stimulation and contingent reward leadership on performance, task enjoyment, and extra effort. Participants (N = 78 and N = 158) viewed one of three videos and performed an in‐basket exercise. Several interesting differences emerged. Across both studies, participants in the control and contingent reward leadership conditions generated more ideas than their counterparts in the intellectual stimulation condition. Additionally, participants reported more willingness to exert extra effort when the leader was either intellectually stimulating or emphasized contingent reward leadership, as compared to the control condition. Finally, while task enjoyment was higher in the contingent reward leadership condition than in the control condition in Study 1, no significant differences emerged among conditions for enjoyment in Study 2.
Did Gause Have a Yeast Infection?
Authors: Pritchard Jonathon O. , Porter Alice H.M. , Montagnes David J.S.
Published: January 2016

We planned to develop predator–prey models using Paramecium and yeast, but they have not been empirically examined since work by Gause in the 1930s. Therefore, we evaluated if Paramecium aurelia ingests and grows on eight yeasts. Recognising that it ingested yeasts but could not grow, we assessed if it might grow on other yeasts, by empirically parameterising a predator–prey model that relies on ingestion, not growth. Simulations were compared to P. aurelia‐yeast time‐series data, from Gause. We hypothesised that if the model simulated predator–prey dynamics that mimicked the original data, then possibly P. aurelia could grow on yeast; simulations did not mimic the original data. Reviewing works by Gause exposed two issues: experiments were undoubtedly contaminated with bacteria, allowing growth on bacteria, not yeast; and the population cycle data cannot be considered a self‐sustaining time series, as they were manipulated by adding yeast and ciliates. We conclude that past and future work should not rely on this system, for either empirical or theoretical evaluations. Finally, although we show that P. aurelia, P. caudatum, Euplotes patella, and Blepharisma sp. cannot grow on yeast, Tetrahymena pyriformis and Colpidium striatum can; these may provide models to explore predator–prey dynamics.
Relational coordination among home healthcare professions and goal attainment in nursing care
Authors: Sakai Mahiro , Naruse Takashi , Nagata Satoko
Published: January 2016

Aim

To examine whether interprofessional coordination is related to goal attainment in home visit nursing care.

Methods

Self‐administered questionnaire surveys were administered to home visit nursing agencies in Chiba Prefecture, Japan, from July to December 2014. Nurses evaluated their interprofessional coordination with professional groups (nursing colleague and managers, home doctors, care managers, home care workers, visiting therapists, day service and day care professionals, visiting bath professionals, and short stay professionals) using the Japanese version of the Relational Coordination Scale (RCS‐J). Goal attainment across all clients during the most recent 3 months was measured with a rating scale ranging from incompletely attained (0) to completely attained (10). Data were analyzed with multivariate logistic regression analysis.

Results

A total of 83 nurses in 14 agencies responded, and data from 74 nurses were analyzed. The mean RCS‐J and goal attainment scores were 3.59 (standard deviation = 0.47) and 6.51 (1.40), respectively. The RCS‐J scores of the low and high goal attainment groups were 3.41 (0.46) and 3.73 (0.42), respectively. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that RCS‐J scores were positively associated with goal attainment (odds ratio, 5.71; 95% confidence interval, 1.65–19.79).

Conclusion

The finding of this study suggest that well‐coordinated professionals may fulfill client needs better than poorly coordinated professionals do. Future research is needed to determine whether similar results are obtained in individual clients using a well‐validated goal attainment scale.
A Content Analysis of Quantitative Research in Journal of Marital and Family Therapy: A 10‐Year Review
Authors: Parker Elizabeth O. , Chang Jennifer , Thomas Volker
Published: January 2016

We examined the trends of quantitative research over the past 10 years in the Journal of Marital and Family Therapy (JMFT). Specifically, within the JMFT, we investigated the types and trends of research design and statistical analysis within the quantitative research that was published in JMFT from 2005 to 2014. We found that while the amount of peer‐reviewed articles have increased over time, the percentage of quantitative research has remained constant. We discussed the types and trends of statistical analysis and the implications for clinical work and training programs in the field of marriage and family therapy.
Effects of Salt Loading on the Morphology of Astrocytes in the Ventral Glia Limitans of the Rat Supraoptic Nucleus
Authors: Choe K. Y. , Prager‐Khoutorsky M. , Farmer W. T. , Murai K. K. , Bourque C. W.
Published: January 2016

In the ventral glial limitans (VGL) of the supraoptic nucleus (SON) of the rat, a unique astrocyte type is found with an ability to undergo striking morphological plasticity in response to a wide range of physiological stimulations such as chronic hypernatraemia. This includes a thinning of the VGL, which contains the somata and proximal processes of these astrocytes, as well as an almost complete withdrawal of their vertically‐oriented distal processes. Currently, there is little information available on the types of astrocytes that reside in the SON‐VGL and which of these exhibit state‐dependent structural plasticity. To address this, we enabled the visualisation of single SON‐VGL glia using two novel cell labelling techniques with fluorescence microscopy. First, we used an inducible genetic reporter mouse line that allowed the specific labelling of a low density of astrocytes expressing glutamate and aspartate transporter (GLAST)/excitatory amino acid transporter 1. This approach revealed a high degree of variability in the morphology of mouse SON‐VGL astrocytes, in contrast to what has been reported for cortical astrocytes. Next, we used the DiOlistlic labelling approach to label single glial cells with DiI in the SON‐VGL of rats. Astrocytes observed using this approach shared the morphological features of GLAST‐expressing astrocytes in the mouse SON‐VGL. Specific structural aspects of these cells were modified by chronic hypernatraemia achieved by 7‐day salt loading. Notably, the average area of cells exhibiting protoplasmic features was significantly reduced in the horizontal plane, and the size of varicosities present on fibrous projections was significantly enlarged. These observations indicate that novel cell labelling methods can significantly advance our understanding of SON‐VGL cells and reveal specific forms of morphological plasticity that can be driven by chronic hypernatraemia.
Stroke among African‐Caribbean women: lay beliefs of risks and causes
Authors: Moorley Calvin , Cahill Sharon , Corcoran Nova
Published: January 2016

Aims and Objectives

To investigate African Caribbean women's subjective accounts of stroke and how this impacted on their lives and identify beliefs attributed to the causes of stroke in this post stroke.

Background

In the UK, those from African or African Caribbean ethnicity are at an increased risk of stroke, and stroke risks are double that of the UK White population. This is because diabetes and hypertension are more common in those of African and African Caribbean ethnic groups. The main risk factors for stroke are high blood pressure, alongside obesity and overweight, poor diet and lack of physical activity.

Design

A qualitative study using interpretative phenomenological analysis.

Methods

Data were collected via semi‐structured indepth interviews for six African Caribbean women. Interviews were audio recorded and transcribed verbatim. Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis was used to deconstruct the data and facilitate developing themes.

Results

Six semi‐structured interviews were completed with women aged 47–85 years. Two themes emerged (1) the role of lifestyle and biological risk factors linked to the causes of stroke and (2) the role of spirituality, in identifying the lay beliefs and causes of stroke.

Conclusion

Alternative explanations of the causes of stroke that include witchcraft, or wishing someone wrong suggests a lack of perceived control over stroke. This may suggest a focus on less visible risk factors such as hypertension, familial history or diabetes and will need inclusion in health promotion materials. Lay beliefs such as witchcraft can co‐exist amicably alongside modern medicine, as long as they do not hinder access to medication, treatment or risk factor management of stroke.

Relevance to clinical practice

The results demonstrated that nursing care and health promotion materials should emphasise on obesity, overweight and management of these through diet and physical activity to prevent stroke occurring.
Waiting for a kidney transplant: the experience of patients with end‐stage renal disease in South Korea
Authors: Chong Hye Jin , Kim Hyun Kyung , Kim Sung Reul , Lee Sik
Published: January 2016

Aims and objectives

To explore the experiences of Korean patients with end‐stage renal disease awaiting kidney transplantation.

Background

The need for kidney transplantation has increased worldwide, while the number of kidney donors has not increased commensurately. This mismatch is a serious issue in South Korea. Prolonged waits for transplantation may cause physical and psychosocial issues and lead to poor outcomes. Nevertheless, the experience of waiting for kidney transplantation in South Korea has never been explored in depth.

Design

A qualitative descriptive design was used.

Methods

The participants were eight patients diagnosed with end‐stage renal disease on the waiting list for kidney transplantation in South Korea. Data were collected through individual in‐depth interviews. All conversations during interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim. Transcribed data were analysed using conventional content analysis.

Results

The experience of waiting for kidney transplantation consisted of six categories: (1) the light at the end of the tunnel, (2) being on call without any promise, (3) a tough tug of war between excitement and frustration, (4) doubts in the complexity, (5) A companion on the hard journey and (6) getting ready for D‐day.

Conclusions

Kidney transplantation candidates experience psychosocial difficulties and concerns while waiting for long periods of time without any assurance of resolution. Systematic education and psychosocial support from health care professionals and family members help patients get through what they describe as a difficult journey. Comprehensive management programs for kidney transplantation candidates are needed.

Relevance to clinical practice

Health care professionals need to recognise the psychosocial concerns of patients awaiting kidney transplantation. Clinicians should provide patients with information and support throughout the waiting period.
Improving the postoperative handover process in the intensive care unit of a tertiary teaching hospital
Authors: Yang Jian‐Guo , Zhang Jun
Published: January 2016

Aims and objectives

The aim of this study was to improve the postoperative handover process and immediate postoperative patient outcomes. The objective was to implement a postoperative handover protocol in the neurosurgical intensive care unit of a tertiary teaching hospital.

Background

Postoperative handover is a multidisciplinary collaborative medical activity that involves information transfer, sequenced tasks and high‐quality teamwork. Evidence suggests that a lack of a standardised postoperative handover protocol adversely influences care quality and potentially compromises patient safety. As there is a lack of such protocols in China, there is an identified need for improvement.

Design

This was a pretest/post‐test study with follow‐up after three months.

Methods

A postoperative handover protocol that included a postoperative handover checklist, a standardised handover pathway and core team member involvement was developed based on research evidence and expert opinions and was then implemented and evaluated.

Results

Following the implementation of this protocol, improved teamwork was achieved, surgeons were more frequently present at bedside handovers, the rate of transferring key messages increased, the rate of ventilator weaning within the first six hours of neurosurgical intensive care unit admission increased, and the ventilation duration per patient decreased without any clinical incident occurring in the first 24 hours after neurosurgical intensive care unit admission.

Conclusions

Following the implementation of a tailored standardised handover protocol, communication, teamwork and short‐term patient outcomes were improved.

Relevance to clinical practice

This clinically based research highlights the need for policy makers and administrators to create unit‐specific protocols for improving postoperative handovers.
Texture Quality of Candied Fruits as Influenced by Osmotic Dehydration Agents
Authors: Vilela Alice , Sobreira Carla , Abraão Ana S. , Lemos André M. , Nunes Fernando M.
Published: January 2016

Candied fruits produced with healthier ingredients for obtaining low glycemic index, low energy and/or dietary fiber enriched products were develop by substituting the traditionally used osmotic dehydration sugars sucrose and glucose by fructose, sorbitol, maltitol, fructooligosaccharides and galactooligosaccharides. Quality of candied fruits was evaluated chemically, rheologically and sensorially. For all fruits the final composition was dependent on the osmotic dehydration agent used and, in all cases, the final composition show that fruits can be impregnated successfully with the healthier ingredients.

Each of the different osmotic dehydration agents significantly influenced the texture and sensorial profile of the candied fruits, but the changes were dependent on the fruits, with the texture and sensorial quality of some products being better and other poorer than the commercial candied fruits. For all fruits tested, the osmotic dehydration agent sorbitol imprinted peculiar characteristics. The chemical composition of the final products show that candied fruits obtained with these alternative osmotic dehydration agents are suitable healthier alternatives of the traditional candied fruits. Still, only a consumer's trial would assess the palatability of the different fruits/osmotic dehydration agents tested.

Practical Applications

One of the main objectives of food processing is the preservation of perishable foods. Candying of fruits results in a decrease of water activity by osmotic dehydration, prolonging fruits shelf‐life. This process changes the textural and sensorial properties but also has an impact on its dietary value, due to sucrose and glucose used in candying, accused for being responsible for various illness. Therefore, the candying industry is looking for substitutes, those so called “healthy ingredients” that can be used for osmotic dehydration and yield products with similar or even better quality properties (structural, textural and organoleptic). Fructose, sorbitol, maltitol, and dietary fiber oligosaccharides, are possible candidates for substitution of sucrose in the candying industry. With this work we aim to increase the knowledge about modifications at the textural and sensorial level occurring on these fruits after the candying process to adequately control candying and improve the quality of candied fruits.
A Length–Weight Relationship for Pond‐raised Hybrid Catfish Fingerlings
Authors: Brown Travis W. , Mischke Charles C. , Roy Luke A. , Li Menghe H.
Published: January 2016

A length–weight relationship was developed for pond‐raised hybrid catfish fingerlings, Ictalurus punctatus × Ictalurus furcatus. A total of 4663 fish were sampled ranging from 20 to 240 mm total length. Predicted weight (g) from length (mm) is based on the equation: Y = 0.000017311X2.868474309 (r2 = 0.996) where Y is the estimated individual fish weight and X is measured total length. The predicted values generated by this model differ from, but follow the same general trends seen with channel catfish, I. punctatus, fingerlings and can be used as a baseline for the development of a length–weight table for hybrid catfish fingerling production.
Early Innate Immune Response of Mannose‐binding Lectin and Lysozyme in Juvenile Channel Catfish, Ictalurus punctatus
Authors: Raghu Deepthi , Ourth Donald D. , Peterson Brain C.
Published: January 2016

Innate immune proteins mannose‐binding lectin (MBL) and lysozyme were studied in channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, during two consecutive years at 2, 4, 6, 9, and 12 mos of age. Both groups maintained in indoor tanks in light/dark photoperiod at mean temperature 27 C. Dot‐blot enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for MBL and turbidometry lysozyme assay done to quantify the two innate proteins and means determined for two consecutive years. An increase in mean MBL was seen in 4‐mo catfish (26.9 ± 0.8 µg/mL) when compared with all other age groups. A decrease in mean MBL was seen in 6‐ and 9‐mo catfish when compared with all other age groups. Both 2‐mo (21 ± 1.4 µg/mL) and 12‐mo (19.9 ± 0.4 µg/mL) catfish were very similar in mean MBL concentrations. The greatest increase in mean lysozyme was seen at 4 mo (15 ± 5.0 µg/mL). Juvenile channel catfish could produce lysozyme at 2 mo equivalent to lysozyme concentrations found in 9‐ and 12‐mo catfish. The greatest increases for MBL and lysozyme were seen in 4‐mo catfish. Mean total protein of 26.7 mg/mL and mean albumin/globulin ratio of 0.7 were found for the two groups of channel catfish sera.
Digestibility of Glandless Cottonseed Protein in Diets for Pacific White Shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei
Authors: Siccardi Anthony J. , Richardson Cristina M. , Dowd Michael K. , Wedegaertner Tom C. , Samocha Tzachi M.
Published: January 2016

Accurate digestibility coefficients for protein, energy, and lipid are needed by feed formulators to optimize diets to meet nutritional requirements and to substitute ingredients cost‐effectively. Of particular interest is protein, which accounts for the majority of shrimp feed content and expense. The current study evaluated seven cottonseed meal and protein products. Most of the samples were derived from a glandless cotton variety that lacks significant levels of the antinutritive compound, gossypol. The various protein fractions were evaluated for apparent crude protein, crude lipid, and energy digestibility when fed to juvenile Pacific White Shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Apparent energy digestibility for the protein fractions derived from the glandless seed ranged from 76.7% for ground kernels to 94.6% for protein isolate, and these values were greater than the value obtained for the commercial meal that contained gossypol (64%). Apparent protein digestibility for the six glandless‐cotton‐based samples varied from 72.3% for the ground full‐fat kernels to 94.1% for the protein isolate, and these values were mostly higher than the value obtained for the commercial meal (82.3%). The high apparent digestibility values demonstrate that low‐gossypol cottonseed protein products may be useful as a cost‐effective replacement for more expensive protein sources in L. vannamei diets.
Biosecurity Versus Profits: A Multiobjective Model for the Aquaculture Industry
Authors: Dresdner Jorge , Estay Manuel
Published: January 2016

In this study, we measure the value of sanitary restrictions in terms of forgone profits. For this, we model the short‐run trade‐off between biosecurity and profits in the aquaculture industry. Incorporating the concept of “sanitary desirable volume (SDV)” for the salmon industry, we optimize a multiobjective model using base information from the Los Lagos region in Chile and identify a Pareto frontier. Within this setting, we analyze the shadow price of one objective in terms of the other, the effect of changes in the administrative regulations that limit fish density in the farms and the effect of prices on the Pareto frontier. We find that the effect of sanitary restrictions in terms of forgone profits is quantitatively important and that this effect is dependent on both the level of sanitary restrictions and the relative product prices. This has important implications for the design of sanitary restrictions in aquaculture. The level of the SDV should be determined carefully to avoid costly excess regulation. Moreover, market conditions can also affect the optimal level of regulation.
The Boundaries of Property: Complexity, Relationality, and Spatiality
Authors: Blomley Nicholas
Published: January 2016

What does the property boundary mean to laypersons? How do everyday geographies of property work? Merrill and Smith offer an influential set of hypotheses concerning the boundary's role in communicating simple messages of exclusion in the everyday world. The first goal of this article is to assess these claims. Drawing from qualitative data on gardening from Vancouver, I suggest that the messages of the boundary may also be complex, intersubjective, and ambiguous. The supposedly robust moral intuitions that inform people's interactions with boundaries are not always exclusionary.

Drawing from the sharp distinction between the heterogeneity of the empirical record and the studied simplicity of Merrill and Smith's account, my second goal is to make some broader claims regarding property and the boundary. Rather than seeking universality, simplicity, and singularity, I suggest the necessity and value of working with complexity. A relational view of property and space (or “spatiality”), I suggest, offers us a better perspective in which to begin to think about the complex work of the everyday property boundary.
Scraping and extirpating: two strategies to induce recovery of diseased Gorgonia ventalina sea fans
Authors: Ruiz‐Diaz Claudia Patricia , Toledo‐Hernández Carlos , Mercado‐Molina Alex E. , Sabat Alberto M.
Published: January 2016

Coral diseases are currently playing a major role in the worldwide decline in coral reef integrity. One of the coral species most afflicted by disease in the Caribbean, and which has been the focus of much research, is the sea fan Gorgonia ventalina. There is, however, very little information regarding the capacity of sea fans to recover after being infected. The aim of this study was to compare the rehabilitation capacity of G. ventalina after diseased‐induced lesions were eliminated either by scraping or extirpating the affected area. Scraping consisted of removing any organisms overgrowing the axial skeleton from the diseased area as well as the purple tissue bordering these overgrowths using metal bristle brushes. Extirpation consisted of cutting the diseased area, including the surrounding purpled tissue, using scissors. The number of scraped colonies that fully or partially rehabilitated after being manipulated and the rates at which the sea fans whose lesions were scrapped grew back healthy tissue were compared among: (i) colonies that inhabited two sites with contrasting environmental conditions; (ii) colonies of different sizes and (iii) colonies with different ratios of area of legions to total colony area (LA/CA). Both strategies proved to be very successful in eliminating lesions from sea fans. In the case of scraping, over 51% of the colonies recovered between 80% and 100% of the lost tissue within 16 months. The number of colonies that recovered from scraping was similar among sites and among colony sizes, but differed significantly depending on the relative amount of lesion to colony area (LA/CA). When lesions were extirpated, lesions did not reappear in any of the colonies. We conclude that lesion scraping is useful for eliminating relatively small lesions (i.e. LA/CA < 10%), as these are likely to recover in a shorter period of time, whereas for relatively large lesions (LA/CA ≥ 10%) it is more appropriate to extirpate the lesion.
Characterization of the Ca2+‐responsive signaling pathway in regulating the expression and secretion of cellulases in Trichoderma reesei Rut‐C30
Authors: Chen Ling , Zou Gen , Wang Jingzhi , Wang Jin , Liu Rui , Jiang Yanping , Zhao Guoping , Zhou Zhihua
Published: January 2016

Calcium signaling plays pivotal roles in the hyphal growth, conidiation, and osmosis sensitivity of fungi through the Ca2+/calmodulin‐calcineurin‐dependent pathway. This study found that an appropriate extracellular Ca2+ concentration markedly stimulated the hyphal growth, cellulase production, and total protein secretion of the cellulase hyper‐producing strain, Trichoderma reesei Rut‐C30. Transcription analysis revealed upregulation of not only encoding genes of cellulases and the transcriptional activator XYR1 but also several genes encoding endoplasmic reticulum‐chaperones after Ca2+ addition. The function of CRZ1, T. reesei calcineurin‐responsive zinc finger transcription factor 1, was further characterized by gene disruption. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs) in combination with chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) verified that CRZ1 could bind directly to the upstream regions of xyr1 and cbh1 (cellobiohydrolase I‐encoding gene) in response to Ca2+. A DNase I footprinting assay identified its putative binding consensus site (5′‐[T/G]GGCG‐3′ or 5′‐GGGC[G/T]‐3′). EMSAs confirmed that CRZ1 competed for occupancy of the xyr1 promoter with another transcription factor, ACE1. These results revealed putative signaling pathways downstream of calcineurin in response to extracellular Ca2+ involved in upregulation of cellulose degradation‐related genes, reflecting progress in the study of Ca2+ signaling in filamentous fungi. This study also provides insight that will facilitate further improvement of (hemi‐)cellulase production by T. reesei.
SlyA regulates phytotoxin production and virulence in Dickeya zeae EC1
Authors: Zhou Jia‐Nuan , Zhang Hai‐Bao , Lv Ming‐Fa , Chen Yu‐Fan , Liao Li‐Sheng , Cheng Ying‐Ying , Liu Shi‐Yin , Chen Shao‐Hua , He Fei , Cui Zi‐Ning , Jiang Zi‐De , Chang Chang‐Qing , Zhang Lian‐Hui
Published: January 2016

Dickeya zeae is a causal agent of rice root rot disease. The pathogen is known to produce a range of virulence factors, including phytotoxic zeamines and extracellular enzymes, but the mechanisms of virulence regulation remain vague. In this study, we identified a SlyA/MarR family transcription factor SlyA in D. zeae strain EC1. Disruption of slyA significantly decreased zeamine production, enhanced swimming and swarming motility, reduced biofilm formation and significantly decreased pathogenicity on rice. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis confirmed the role of SlyA in transcriptional modulation of a range of genes associated with bacterial virulence. In trans expression of slyA in expI mutants recovered the phenotypes of motility and biofilm formation, suggesting that SlyA is downstream of the acylhomoserine lactone‐mediated quorum sensing pathway. Taken together, the findings from this study unveil a key transcriptional regulatory factor involved in the modulation of virulence factor production and overall pathogenicity of D. zeae EC1.
A novel pathway for the production of H2S by DAO in rat jejunum
Authors: Tang S. , Huang D. , An N. , Chen D. , Zhao D.
Published: January 2016

Background

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is endogenously generated from L‐cysteine (L‐Cys) by the enzymes cystathionine‐β‐synthase (CBS) and cystathionine‐γ‐Lyase (CSE). Hydrogen sulfide is also produced from D‐cysteine (D‐Cys) by D‐Amino acid oxidase (DAO).

Methods

The H2S production was measured by the methylene blue assay. The expression of DAO was investigated by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. The short‐circuit current (Isc) was recorded using the Ussing chamber technique.

Key Results

The epithelium in rat jejunum possesses DAO, and generates H2S. D‐cysteine, originally used as a negative control for L‐Cys, significantly increases the H2S release, which is inhibited by I2CA, an inhibitor of DAO. In vitro study by Ussing chamber technique reveals that D‐Cys decreases the Isc across the epithelium of the rat jejunum and enhances the Na+‐coupled L‐alanine transport.

Conclusions & Inferences

A novel pathway for the production of H2S by DAO exists in rat jejunum.
Misspecification and Expectations Correction in New Keynesian DSGE Models
Authors: Angelini Giovanni , Fanelli Luca
Published: January 2016

This paper focuses on the dynamic misspecification that characterizes the class of small‐scale New Keynesian models currently used in monetary and business cycle analysis, and provides a remedy for the typical difficulties these models have in accounting for the rich contemporaneous and dynamic correlation structure of the data. We suggest using a statistical model for the data as a device through which it is possible to adapt the econometric specification of the New Keynesian model such that the risk of omitting important propagation mechanisms is kept under control. A pseudo‐structural form is built from the baseline system of Euler equations by forcing the state vector of the system to have the same dimension as the state vector characterizing the statistical model. The pseudo‐structural form gives rise to a set of cross‐equation restrictions that do not penalize the autocorrelation structure and persistence of the data. Standard estimation and evaluation methods can be used. We provide an empirical illustration based on USA quarterly data and a small‐scale monetary New Keynesian model.
A prospective, randomized, double‐blind trial of intranasal dexmedetomidine and oral chloral hydrate for sedated auditory brainstem response (ABR) testing
Authors: Reynolds Jason , Rogers Amber , Medellin Eduardo , Guzman Jonathan A. , Watcha Mehernoor F.
Published: January 2016

Background

Dexmedetomidine is increasingly used by various routes for pediatric sedation. However, there are few randomized controlled trials comparing the efficacy of dexmedetomidine to other commonly used sedatives.

Aim

To compare the efficacy of sedation with intranasal dexmedetomidine to oral chloral hydrate for auditory brainstem response (ABR) testing.

Methods

In this double‐blind, double‐dummy study, children undergoingABRtesting were randomized to receive intranasal dexmedetomidine 3 mcg·kg−1plus oral placebo (GroupIN DEX) or oral chloral hydrate 50 mg·kg−1plus intranasal saline placebo (GroupCH). We recorded demographic data, times from sedative administration to start and completion of testing, quality of sedation, occurrence of predefined adverse events, discharge times, and return to baseline activity on the day of testing.

Results

Testing completion rates with a single dose of medication were higher in theIN DEXgroup (89% vs 66% forCH, odds ratio with 95% confidence intervals 4.04 [1.3–12.6],P = 0.018). The median [95%CI)] time to successful testing start was shorter (25 [20–29] min vs 30 [20–49] min forIN DEXandCH, respectively, log rank testP = 0.02) and the proportion of children whose parents reported a return to baseline activity on the day of testing was greater for theIN DEXthan theCHgroup (89% vs 64%,OR[95%CI] 4.71 [1.34–16.6],P = 0.02). There were no major adverse events in either group and no significant differences in the incidence of minor events.

Conclusion

Intranasal dexmedetomidine is an effective alternative to oral chloral hydrate sedation forABRtesting, with the advantages of a higher incidence of testing completion with a single dose, shorter time to desired sedation level, and with significantly more patients reported to return to baseline activity on the same day.
Retracted: The Indirect Relationship Between Learning Climate and Employees’ Creativity and Adaptivity: The Role of Employee Engagement
Authors: Eldor Liat , Harpaz Itzhak
Published: January 2016

This study examines the indirect relationship between learning climate and employees’ creativity and adaptivity. Utilizing multi‐level modeling analysis techniques and data from a sample of 625 employees from 12 different organizations in Israel, we tested the proposed relationship as mediated by employee engagement and moderated by sector of employment (business versus public). Results were generally consistent with the hypothesized conceptual model in that we found the indirect relationship between learning climate and employees’ creativity and adaptivity to be mediated by employee engagement. In addition, we found that this mediation through engagement is moderated by sector of employment. We conclude that the relationship between learning climate and employee performance behaviors is more complex than previously argued in the learning climate literature. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.

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The effect of the entomopathogenic fungus Conidiobolus coronatus on the composition of cuticular and internal lipids of Blatta orientalis females
Authors: Paszkiewicz Monika , Gołębiowski Marek , Sychowska Joanna , Boguś Mieczysława I. , Włóka Emilia , Stepnowski Piotr
Published: January 2016

The composition of cuticular and internal lipids in females of the cockroach Blatta orientalis L. exposed to the entomopathogenic fungus Conidiobolus coronatus is investigated. The compositions of the fatty acids, n‐alkanes, alcohol, sterols and methyl esters in the lipids are chemically characterized. Although contact with virulent colonies of the fungus does not induce insect mortality, significant changes in the lipid profiles, both cuticular and internal, are found. The cuticular extracts of a control group of B. orientalis females contain 24 compounds varying in carbon chain length from C6 to C22. The main cuticular fatty acids identified are: C16:1, C16:0, C18:1 and C18:0. The cuticular lipids of B. orientalis females after exposure to C. coronatus contain only 14 free fatty acids from C8 to C20. The highest concentrations identified are C16:0, C18:2 and C18:1. Analysis by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry identifies the presence of a homologous series of n‐alkanes containing from 25 to 31 carbon atoms. In the case of the insects after fungal exposure, the content of the n‐alkanes in the cuticular lipid is two‐fold higher compared with the controls. Of the cuticular lipids, 11 alcohols are found, ranging from C12:0 to C20:0. There is no presence of alcohols in the internal lipids of the control B. orientalis females and in all of the extracts from the B. orientalis females after fungal exposure. In the samples analyzed, the most common sterol is cholesterol. This is present in the cuticular lipids and the internal lipids of all of the insects sampled. The cuticular and internal lipids of females contain five fatty acid methyl esters, ranging in size from C15 to C19.
Interlaboratory Evaluation of Ultraviolet Radiation Emissions from Compact Fluorescent Lamps
Authors: Miller Sharon , Bergman Rolf , Duffy Mark , Gross David , Jackson Andrew , James Robert , Kotrebai Mihaly , Lamontagne Andre , Lyon Terry , Yandek Edward , Sliney David
Published: January 2016

There have been many recent reports regarding the potential risks of UV emissions from compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs). In some of these reports, the robustness of the measurements was difficult to discern. We conducted round‐robin measurements, involving three lamp manufacturers and two government research laboratories to gather reliable data on the UV emissions from commercially available CFLs. The initial sample of lamps consisted of 71 spiral‐shaped CFLs purchased from local retailers. From the initial sample, 14 “high UV emitting” CFLs were chosen for further evaluation. We compared the UV emissions at a distance of 20 cm with the UV exposure limits (ELs) published by the International Commission on Non‐ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP). We found that the allowable exposure time for measured lamps ranged from 21 to 415 h. This indicates that the emissions would not exceed the short‐term ELs that have been established by the ICNIRP for healthy individuals. We also evaluated the potential long‐term risk and found it to be insignificant. There was a large variation in the UV emissions found, even for lamps from a single package, indicating that it is impossible to predict the UV output of a CFL based on its physical appearance and model designation.