bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adaptación al medio: cambios de proyectos iniciales en la prensa sefardí otomanaAdaptación al medio: cambios de proyectos iniciales en la prensa sefardí otomana
Authors: Martínez-Gálvez Cristina , Sánchez-Pérez María
Published: September 2015

Los inicios de la prensa sefardí se sitúan a mediados del siglo XIX, cuando el influjo de Occidente penetró en las comunidades sefardíes de Oriente. Los contenidos de estos periódicos eran muy diversos: obras de información general, pero también científicos, literarios, humorísticos, de tendencias políticas diferentes, etc. Estos periódicos se publicaron en diferentes lenguas, grafías y alfabetos. No obstante, los que aquí analizamos se publicaron en judeoespañol aljamiado: tres periódicos de Esmirna y tres de Salónica. A lo largo del trabajo estudiamos los diferentes obstáculos y dificultades a los que tuvieron que enfrentarse los directores y editores de esta prensa sefardí otomana para conseguir sacar adelante sus publicaciones.
Análisis de las pruebas de acceso a la formación de docentes en España y Finlandia: conocimientos o competencias
Authors: Pérez Granados Laura
Published: September 2015

Uno de los factores que influye más decisivamente en la calidad de la educación y en el rendimiento académico de los estudiantes es la calidad, preparación y dedicación de los docentes. El exquisito sistema de selección de aspirantes para los programas de formación de profesorado es una de las claves fundamentales del éxito del sistema educativo finlandés. La responsabilidad de elegir a los mejores estudiantes para convertirlos en docentes es un reto que conlleva una importante reforma del sistema de acceso a la universidad. Alcanzar este objetivo, supone la elección de estrategias y herramientas educativas acordes a las complejas demandas que presenta la profesión docente en la era digital. El presente trabajo describe, analiza y compara las pruebas de acceso a la universidad de España (PAU) y Finlandia (VAKAVA), para quienes desean formarse como profesionales de la educación, al objeto de entender la posible influencia de las mismas en la selección de los candidatos más adecuados para formarse como profesionales de la docencia. Los resultados reflejan que, en España, la prueba de acceso a la universidad es realizada de un modo general para todos los estudiantes que aspiren a cualquier área del conocimiento, mientras que en Finlandia, la prueba es específica para aspirantes al campo de la educación. Los resultados de este trabajo pueden orientar y estimular la necesaria modificación de las pruebas de acceso a la universidad española en general y de las facultades de formación de docentes en particular.
Violência física por parceiro íntimo na gestação: prevalência e alguns fatores associados
Authors: Gomes Sato Sgobero Jenny Karol , Viccentine Coutinho Monteschio Lorenna , Calvo Melo Zurita Robsmeire , Rosseto de Oliveira Rosana , Aidar de Freitas Mathias Thais
Published: September 2015

Identificar alguns fatores associados com a violência física por parceiro íntimo na gestação. Estudo transversal, com 358 puérperas residentes no município de Maringá (Paraná), atendidas pelo Sistema Único de Saúde, em que foi utilizado o instrumento World Health Organization Violence Against Women. A análise de associação foi realizada por meio do Odds Ratio OR. A prevalência da violência física por parceiro íntimo na gestação foi de 7,5%, sendo maior entre as multigestas (89%; OR = 6,3; p<0,001). Houve associação significativa da violência física por parceiro íntimo na gestação com não ter religião (OR = 3,1; p = 0,008), ter fumado na gestação (OR = 2,7, p = 0,025) e ter filhos de outro parceiro (OR = 3,4; p = 0,011). Com relação às características do companheiro, houve associação com o companheiro não ter trabalhado durante a gestação (OR = 8,2; p<0,001) e uso de drogas ilícitas (OR = 3,1, p = 0,031). Os profissionais de saúde que atendem no pré-natal devem investigar possíveis ocorrências de violência física na gestação, principalmente em mulheres multigestas, e oferecer atenção multidisciplinar extensiva à família, do planejamento familiar ao cuidado psicossocial.
Relação familiar da pessoa idosa com comprometimento da capacidade funcional
Authors: Araújo dos Reis Luana , Pereira Gomes Nadirlene , Araújo dos Reis Luciana , de Oliva Menezes Tania María , Menezes Couto Telmara , Cristane de Souza Azevedo Aguiar Aline , da Silva Neves de Abreu Margarida
Published: September 2015

Objetivo: compreender a relação familiar da pessoa idosa com comprometimento da capacidade funcional. Materiais e métodos: estudo exploratório e descritivo de abordagem qualitativa, fundamentado no método da história oral, realizado com 15 pessoas idosas assistidas por uma unidade de saúde da família, residentes com familiares e que apresentavam comprometimento da capacidade funcional. Os dados foram coletados no período de março a abril de 2012, por meio de entrevistas em profundidade. As categorias temáticas foram: bom relacionamento familiar, mudanças na relação familiar, sentindo-se um incômodo para a família, sentindo-se abandonado pela família. Resultado: o estudo revelou que as pessoas idosas com comprometimento da capacidade funcional vivenciam sentimentos variados, que vão desde a alegria, por serem respeitadas e terem suas necessidades atendidas, à tristeza e revolta, pela adaptação negativa da família e o abandono dos filhos. Conclusão: a relação familiar da pessoa idosa passa por reajustes após o comprometimento da capacidade funcional, o que repercute significativamente na dinâmica das relações. A partir dessa compreensão, os profissionais de saúde, sobretudo de enfermagem, devem reconhecer os desafios enfrentados pela família, orientá-la e capacitá-la para o atendimento às demandas de cuidado apresentadas pela pessoa idosa com comprometimento da capacidade funcional, e favorecer a realização do cuidado sem que haja desgaste das relações.
Sensitivity and Specificity of Histoplasma Antigen Detection by Enzyme Immunoassay
Authors: Cunningham Lauren , Cook Audrey , Hanzlicek Andrew , Harkin Kenneth , Wheat Joseph , Goad Carla , Kirsch Emily
Published: September 2015

The objective of this study was to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of an antigen enzyme immunoassay (EIA) on urine samples for the diagnosis of histoplasmosis in dogs. This retrospective medical records review included canine cases with urine samples submitted for Histoplasma EIA antigen assay between 2007 and 2011 from three veterinary institutions. Cases for which urine samples were submitted for Histoplasma antigen testing were reviewed and compared to the gold standard of finding Histoplasma organisms or an alternative diagnosis on cytology or histopathology. Sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive value, positive predictive value, and the kappa coefficient and associated confidence interval were calculated for the EIA-based Histoplasma antigen assay. Sixty cases met the inclusion criteria. Seventeen cases were considered true positives based on identification of the organism, and 41 cases were considered true negatives with an alternative definitive diagnosis. Two cases were considered false negatives, and there were no false positives. Sensitivity was 89.47% and the negative predictive value was 95.35%. Specificity and the positive predictive value were both 100%. The kappa coefficient was 0.9207 (95% confidence interval, 0.8131–1). The Histoplasma antigen EIA test demonstrated high specificity and sensitivity for the diagnosis of histoplasmosis in dogs.
Contradicciones y conflictos en la alborada: el caso del testimonio de Yolanda Colom
Authors: Román Lagunas Vicki
Published: September 2015

Este trabajo es un análisis de Mujeres en la alborada (1992), testimonio de Yolanda Colom. La autora, perteneciente a la clase media alta guatemalteca, toma partido porla Revolución y relata sus experiencias como guerrillera entre 1973 y 1978. A pesar de que han pasado más de 40 años de los episodios relatados en esta obra, el hecho de que el libro lleve cuatro ediciones (la última en 2013), es prueba de la actual validez de aquella lucha por una sociedad más justa. Se analiza este texto como testimonio femenino y se sitúa a la autora en la larga tradición del ensayo en Guatemala y dentro de la tradición más reciente del género testimonio en Centroamérica.
Aproximación al modelo agroexportador de Nicaragua y relaciones de género
Authors: León Campos Paloma , Mosquera Góngora Johan
Published: September 2015

El estudio presenta una aproximación al modelo agroexportador del banano como catalizador en la reproducción de las inequidades de género al interior de un grupo poblacional en el municipio de El Viejo, en el departamento de Chinandega, Nicaragua. La información obtenida por medio del trabajo de campo hizo posible observar las contradicciones que existen dentro del actual modelo de desarrollo agrario implementado en el país, que tiene como objetivo la producción de grandes cantidades de productos del campo destinados a la exportación. Se concluye que el modelo agroexportador en la actualidad no solo provoca un deterioro socioambiental,sino que también trae consigo una serie de problemas en la salud y malas condiciones laborales de las que se deriva la ampliación de las relaciones desiguales de género en el campo. El análisis del caso de la Clínica Xóchitl también reveló cómo, a partir de la movilización social, es posible generar propuestas de autogestión con perspectiva de género.
Encuentro: un espacio de debate y reflexión académica
Authors: Pérez Picado Anielka María
Published: September 2015

La revista Encuentro de la Universidad Centroamericana nace en 1968. A 47 años de su fundación y con la publicación del número 100, es oportuno hacer un recorrido histórico que permita encontrarnos con su génesis, sus épocas de cambios y el camino pendiente por andar para los próximos números de Encuentro. Encuentro surge con el propósito de ser un espacio de intercambio y debate del contexto nacional. En el primer número de la revista, Julio Ycaza Tigerino, quien fuera en esa época el director de la revista, hace una reflexión acerca del por qué deciden dar el nombre de Encuentro.
Pensar desde/sobre: quiebres y posibilidades del quehacer académico
Authors: Gómez Juan Pablo
Published: September 2015

Agradezco a la revista Encuentro por invitarme a escribir, con motivo de la publicación de su ejemplar número cien, sobre los aportes que una revista científica editada desde Nicaragua hace al campo intelectual nacional e internacional. Mi reflexión se ciñe a las ciencias sociales y los estudios culturales, territorios en los que localizo mi práctica investigativa como miembro del Instituto de Historia de Nicaragua y Centroamérica, de la Universidad Centroamericana (IHNCA-UCA).
Deconstruyendo un célebre soneto de Sor Juana
Authors: Hopp Christian
Published: September 2015

El título“Procura desmentir los elogios que a un retrato de la poetisa inscribió la verdad, que llama pasión” de este célebre soneto no proviene de la pluma de la excelsa poetisa mexicana Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, sino de su editor, Alfonso Méndez Plancarte (1909-1955). Con este título pretendió fijar para siempre la idea de que el “engaño colorido” (verso 1) es el retrato de la poetisa misma. Pero quitándole este título ajeno al soneto, bien cabe la interpretación de fuerte impronta deconstructivista de que la obra de arte que evoca el yo lírico sea el soneto mismo que el lector tiene ante sí.
Liderazgos colectivos y compartidos: antídoto para una sociedad dependiente de patrones y jefes
Authors: Mendoza V. René
Published: September 2015

La relación patrón-cliente (patrón-mozo, jefe-subordinado) ha persistido detrás de las grandes obras, sea la construcción de una catedral, mina de oro, la organización de un ejército, la estructura de la Iglesia Católica Romana, o de las haciendas. Con el boom de las organizaciones se habla más de jefes–subordinados, directores–técnicos y presidentes–socios, la que puede llamarse una relación social líder–seguidor. Ese enfoque (el histórico de patrón-cliente y el de líder-seguidor) fue creado en un tiempo en que se dependía de la fuerza física humana y donde la habilidad del líder (patrón o jefe) se creía necesaria. En este artículo se argumenta que el principal obstáculo al desarrollo rural está en la persistencia del ‘matrimonio’ de ambas relaciones, el de patrón–cliente y el de líder–seguidor, en un contexto en que crecientemente dependemos más del trabajo cognitivo (conocimiento) que del trabajo físico humano. En correspondencia, y en coherencia con la frase de Einsteinarriba citada, proponemos un enfoque de liderazgos colectivos y compartidos donde las personas –de las organizaciones, de las comunidades y de las cadenas– liberen sus energías y se hagan líderes visionarios en cada área de la vida, contribuyendo a que cualquier forma de organización social sea más efectiva y llena de vida.
Multi-Objective Trajectory Planning of FFSM Carrying a Heavy Payload
Authors: Liu Yong , Jia Qingxuan , Chen Gang , Sun Hanxu , Peng Junjie
Published: September 2015

Aiming at carrying a heavy payload to a desired pose (including position and orientation), a multi-objective optimization-based approach for maximum-payload trajectory planning of free-floating space manipulators (FFSM) is proposed in this paper. The presented approach corresponds to two typical applications: (i) the manipulator joints attain the desired states; (ii) the inertial pose of the end-effector (pose with respect to the inertial frame) attains the desired values, for which a novel two-stage method is presented. Firstly, for the purpose of reducing computational complexity, dynamics equations are derived using a spatial operator algebra (SOA) method. Secondly, objective functions are defined according to the improvement of load-carrying capacity and pose requirements of the end-effector. Then, the joint trajectories are specified using sinusoidal polynomial functions. Finally, a multi-objective particle optimization (MOPSO) algorithm is employed to obtain a non-dominated solution set, during which process particles that do not satisfy the constraints are eliminated. Simulations are performed for a 7-DOF FFSM, considering three and five objectives for optimization in the two applications, respectively. The results demonstrate that the proposed approach can provide satisfactory joint trajectories and improve load-carrying capacity effectively.
Surface Roughness Evolution Model for Finishing Using an Abrasive Tool on a Robot
Authors: Fernandez Angel , Jose Antonio Dieste , Javierre Carlos , Jorge Santolaria
Published: September 2015

The polishing process is the final step in the manufacturing workflow for many parts and tools. While previous tasks have evolved technically, the finishing of freeform surfaces is still effected mostly by hand. Many parts are rejected because no control of the process is possible. The main problems are geometrical shape deviations and no repeatability of the process. A new methodology has been developed for the passes of the abrasive on the polished part.

This research focusses on the feasibility of robotic polishing and the development of a new evolution model pertaining to the surface roughness for an abrasive tool mounted on a spherical robot. The polishing principle is mechanic and based on dry friction. The tool is multilayered with a compressive foamed core. The combination of rotational and translational movement requires the creation of a model that can predict the footprint on the polished surface. The mathematical model developed for the evolution model permits for making a prediction of the final surface quality in the function of the programmed polishing parameters. Furthermore, the model described allows for setting up polishing parameters in order to reach a desired final roughness with less than 15% deviation. Repeatability is assured and polishing time is reduced down to 1/5 of manually effected procedures.
Four new species of the subfamily Candoninae (Crustacea, Ostracoda) from freshwater habitats in Japan
Authors: Smith Robin James , Kamiya Takahiro
Published: September 2015

Three species of the genus Pseudocandona Kaufmann, 1900 and one of the genus Undulacandona Smith, 2011, collected from freshwater habitats in Japan, are described. The Pseudocandona species, Pseudocandona becca sp. nov., Pseudocandona atmeta sp. nov. and Pseudocandona falcula sp. nov., all belong to the rostrata-group. Previous reports of Pseudocandona rostrata (Brady & Norman, 1889) and Pseudocandona sarsi (Hartwig, 1899) from Japan are reassessed and are subsequently synonymized with Pseudocandona tenuirostris Hiruta & Mawatari, 2013 and Pseudocandona falcula sp. nov. respectively. Undulacandona colymba sp. nov. is only the second to be described in this genus. Like the type species of the genus, it is a stygobiont, collected from groundwater in Shiga Prefecture. Additional records of Candona candida (O.F. Müller, 1776), are presented herein; so far, Japanese records of this species are restricted to the eastern part of Hokkaido.
Characterization of the finch embryo supports evolutionary conservation of the naive stage of development in amniotes
Authors: Mak Siu-Shan , Alev Cantas , Nagai Hiroki , Wrabel Anna , Matsuoka Yoko , Honda Akira , Sheng Guojun , Ladher Raj K
Published: September 2015

Innate pluripotency of mouse embryos transits from naive to primed state as the inner cell mass differentiates into epiblast. In vitro, their counterparts are embryonic (ESCs) and epiblast stem cells (EpiSCs), respectively. Activation of the FGF signaling cascade results in mouse ESCs differentiating into mEpiSCs, indicative of its requirement in the shift between these states. However, only mouse ESCs correspond to the naive state; ESCs from other mammals and from chick show primed state characteristics. Thus, the significance of the naive state is unclear. In this study, we use zebra finch as a model for comparative ESC studies. The finch blastoderm has mESC-like properties, while chick blastoderm exhibits EpiSC features. In the absence of FGF signaling, finch cells retained expression of pluripotent markers, which were lost in cells from chick or aged finch epiblasts. Our data suggest that the naive state of pluripotency is evolutionarily conserved among amniotes.
Water-mediated recognition of t1-adenosine anchors Argonaute2 to microRNA targets
Authors: Schirle Nicole T , Sheu-Gruttadauria Jessica , Chandradoss Stanley D , Joo Chirlmin , MacRae Ian J
Published: September 2015

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) direct post-transcriptional regulation of human genes by guiding Argonaute proteins to complementary sites in messenger RNAs (mRNAs) targeted for repression. An enigmatic feature of many conserved mammalian miRNA target sites is that an adenosine (A) nucleotide opposite miRNA nucleotide-1 confers enhanced target repression independently of base pairing potential to the miRNA. In this study, we show that human Argonaute2 (Ago2) possesses a solvated surface pocket that specifically binds adenine nucleobases in the 1 position (t1) of target RNAs. t1A nucleotides are recognized indirectly through a hydrogen-bonding network of water molecules that preferentially interacts with the N6 amine on adenine. t1A nucleotides are not utilized during the initial binding of Ago2 to its target, but instead function by increasing the dwell time on target RNA. We also show that N6 adenosine methylation blocks t1A recognition, revealing a possible mechanism for modulation of miRNA target site potency.
A neural command circuit for grooming movement control
Authors: Hampel Stefanie , Franconville Romain , Simpson Julie H , Seeds Andrew M
Published: September 2015

Animals perform many stereotyped movements, but how nervous systems are organized for controlling specific movements remains unclear. Here we use anatomical, optogenetic, behavioral, and physiological techniques to identify a circuit in Drosophila melanogaster that can elicit stereotyped leg movements that groom the antennae. Mechanosensory chordotonal neurons detect displacements of the antennae and excite three different classes of functionally connected interneurons, which include two classes of brain interneurons and different parallel descending neurons. This multilayered circuit is organized such that neurons within each layer are sufficient to specifically elicit antennal grooming. However, we find differences in the durations of antennal grooming elicited by neurons in the different layers, suggesting that the circuit is organized to both command antennal grooming and control its duration. As similar features underlie stimulus-induced movements in other animals, we infer the possibility of a common circuit organization for movement control that can be dissected in Drosophila.
Strong plume fluxes at Mars observed by MAVEN: An important planetary ion escape channel
Authors: Dong Y. , Fang X. , Brain D. A. , McFadden J. P. , Halekas J. S. , Connerney J. E. , Curry S. M. , Harada Y. , Luhmann J. G. , Jakosky B. M.
Published: September 2015

We present observations by the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) mission of a substantial plume‐like distribution of escaping ions from the Martian atmosphere, organized by the upstream solar wind convection electric field. From a case study of MAVEN particle‐and‐field data during one spacecraft orbit, we identified three escaping planetary ion populations: plume fluxes mainly along the upstream electric field over the north pole region of the Mars‐Sun‐Electric field (MSE) coordinate system, antisunward ion fluxes in the tail region, and much weaker upstream pickup ion fluxes. A statistical study of O+ fluxes using 3 month MAVEN data shows that the plume is a constant structure with strong fluxes widely distributed in the MSE northern hemisphere, which constitutes an important planetary ion escape channel. The escape rate through the plume is estimated to be ~30% of the tailward escape and ~23% of the total escape for > 25 eV O+ ions.
A coordinated study of 1 h mesoscale gravity waves propagating from Logan to Boulder with CRRL Na Doppler lidars and temperature mapper
Authors: Lu Xian , Chen Cao , Huang Wentao , Smith John A. , Chu Xinzhao , Yuan Tao , Pautet Pierre‐Dominique , Taylor Mike J. , Gong Jie , Cullens Chihoko Y.
Published: September 2015

We present the first coordinated study using two lidars at two separate locations to characterize a 1 h mesoscale gravity wave event in the mesopause region. The simultaneous observations were made with the Student Training and Atmospheric Research (STAR) Na Doppler lidar at Boulder, CO, and the Utah State University Na Doppler lidar and temperature mapper at Logan, UT, on 27 November 2013. The high precision possessed by the STAR lidar enabled these waves to be detected in vertical wind. The mean wave amplitudes are ~0.44 m/s in vertical wind and ~1% in relative temperature at altitudes of 82–107 km. Those in the zonal and meridional winds are 6.1 and 5.2 m/s averaged from 84 to 99 km. The horizontal and vertical wavelengths inferred from the mapper and lidars are ~219 ± 4 and 16.0 ± 0.3 km, respectively. The intrinsic period is ~1.3 h for the airglow layer, Doppler shifted by a mean wind of ~17 m/s. The wave packet propagates from Logan to Boulder with an azimuth angle of ~135° clockwise from north and an elevation angle of ~ 3° from the horizon. The observed phase difference between the two locations can be explained by the traveling time of the 1 h wave from Logan to Boulder, which is about ~2.4 h. The wave polarization relations are examined through the simultaneous quantifications of the three wind components and temperature. This study has developed a systematic methodology for fully characterizing mesoscale gravity waves, inspecting their intrinsic properties and validating the derivation of horizontal wave structures by applying multiple instruments from coordinated stations.
Effects of vertical wind shear on the predictability of tropical cyclones: Practical versus intrinsic limit
Authors: Tao Dandan , Zhang Fuqing
Published: September 2015

The effects of environmental shear on the dynamics and predictability of tropical cyclones (TCs) are further explored through a series of cloud‐permitting ensemble sensitivity experiments with small, random initial condition perturbations on the low‐level moisture fields. As an expansion of earlier studies, it is found that larger the shear magnitude, less predictable the TCs, especially the onset time of the rapid intensification (RI), until the shear is too large for the TC formation. Systematic differences amongst the ensemble members begin to arise right after the initial burst of moist convection associated with the incipient vortex. This randomness inherent in moist convection first changes the TC vortex structure subtly, but the location and strength of subsequent moist convection are greatly influential to the precession and alignment of the TC vortex as well as the RI onset time. Additional ensemble sensitivity experiments with different magnitude random perturbations to the mean environmental shear (6 m s−1) show that when the standard deviation of the random shear perturbations among different ensemble members is as small as 0.5 m s−1, the difference in shear magnitude overwhelms the randomness of moist convection in influencing the TC development and rapid intensification (indicative of limited practical predictability). However, for the ensemble with standard deviation of 0.1 m s−1 in random shear perturbations, the uncertainty in TC onset timing is comparable to the ensemble that is perturbed only by small random moisture conditions in the initial moisture field (indicative of the limit in intrinsic predictability).
Ion Dissociation Methods in Proteomics
Authors: Rathore Deepali , Aboufazeli Forouzan , Huang Yuting , Kolli Venkata , Fernando Ganga S. , Dodds Eric D.
Published: September 2015

This article serves as a review of polypeptide ion dissociation methods in the context of mass spectrometry (MS)‐based proteomic analysis. Given the many tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) instrument types and ion fragmentation approaches presently in use, the proteomic analyst is confronted with numerous methodological considerations in selecting and implementing an ion fragmentation technique for primary structure determination of polypeptides. Because the physical and chemical bases for a given mode of dissociation largely dictate the outcome of an MS/MS experiment, the underlying fundamental principles and the manner of executing each fragmentation approach must inform any subsequent spectral interpretation. Here, we endeavor to encapsulate the current state of the art in peptide and protein ion fragmentation methods, including methods in widespread use for proteomic analysis and maturing but less commonly applied approaches with significant potential in the field of proteomics. A general overview of MS/MS and polypeptide ion fragmentation is followed by a discussion of the fundamental basis for several ion dissociation approaches and how each technique is implemented in various MS/MS hardware configurations. Representative examples from the literature are also highlighted, with emphasis on the unique features and specific strengths of each dissociation method. Finally, several proposed peptide ion fragmentation mechanisms and fragment ion structures are presented.
Swansea and Nantgarw Porcelain Bodies Based on Analytical Evidence: A Case Study
Authors: Edwards Howell G.M.
Published: September 2015

The analysis of ceramic bodies has received renewed attention in recent years with the advent of microtechniques, which have provided qualitative and quantitative analytical data for the identification of mineralogical components in microdomains from which deductions can often be made about the initial composition, changes during the firing process and to an attribution of manufactory. The two small but related manufactories at Swansea and Nantgarw in South Wales, linked by the name of William Billingsley, in just a few years between 1814 and 1822 produced some of the finest quality porcelains ever made. This article reviews the known analytical results for these porcelains and examines critically the conclusions made: it is clear that comprehensive analyses have not completely clarified the porcelain production at Swansea and Nantgarw. Finally, the proposal for the adoption of nondestructive analytical Raman spectroscopy to be applied to this field is made to resolve these issues and to assist in the understanding of the complexities of production of this finest porcelain, which was achieved only through staggeringly high kiln losses approaching 90% and which has not been emulated since 1820.
Dimethyl fumarate inhibits integrin α4 expression in multiple sclerosis models
Authors: Kihara Yasuyuki , Groves Aran , Rivera Richard R. , Chun Jerold
Published: September 2015

Dimethyl fumarate is an orally bioavailable compound for the treatment of multiple sclerosis and psoriasis. A mechanism involving nuclear factor erythroid 2‐like 2 activation has been proposed to account for its efficacy in multiple sclerosis. Here, we report that dimethyl fumarate inhibits expression of integrin α4 on circulating lymphocytes in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mice and also on activated human Jurkat T cells in a manner distinct from nuclear factor erythroid 2‐like 2 activation. Our results offer an alternative mechanism for the efficacy of dimethyl fumarate in multiple sclerosis.
Copper‐Catalyzed Trifluoromethylation of Aliphatic N‐Arylhydrazones: A Concise Synthetic Entry to 2‐Trifluoromethylindoles from Simple Aldehydes
Authors: Prieto Alexis , Landart Mélissa , Baudoin Olivier , Monteiro Nuno , Bouyssi Didier
Published: September 2015

The copper‐catalyzed C(sp2)H trifluoromethylation of N,N‐disubstituted hydrazones using the Togni reagent is demonstrated to proceed efficiently for aliphatic aldehyde‐derived substrates. The success of the reactions relied on the choice of the N,N‐diphenylamino group as the terminal hydrazone amino group where N,N‐dialkylamino groups were preferred for (hetero)aromatic aldehyde‐derived substrates. In addition, the trifluoromethylated N‐arylhydrazones are shown to be ideal substrates for Fischer indole synthesis allowing a straightforward, three‐step access to 2‐trifluoromethylindole derivatives from simple aldehydes.

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Iron(III) Chloride‐Catalyzed Decarboxylative–Deaminative Functionalization of Phenylglycine: A Tandem Synthesis of Quinazolinones and Benzimidazoles
Authors: Kumar Manoranjan , Richa  , Sharma Sushila , Bhatt Vinod , Kumar Neeraj
Published: September 2015

The first iron(III) chloride‐catalyzed decarboxylative–deaminative functionalization of phenylglycine with o‐substituted nitroarenes was achieved for the synthesis of 4(3H)‐quinazolinones and benzimidazoles. The reaction of 2‐nitrobenzonitrile/2‐nitro‐N,N‐diphenylamine with phenylglycine at 120 °C in the presence of potassium carbonate as a base in toluene generated the products in 45–87% yields. Various functional groups like nitro, fluoride, chloride and trifluoromethyl were well tolerated under the present reaction conditions. In this tandem approach, involvement of transfer hydrogenation of the nitro functionality with in situ generated ammonia, imination, nitrile hydration to amide and oxidative cyclization sequences have been established. The process avoids the use of an external hydrogen source, costly catalysts as well as the isolation of amine and amide intermediates.

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Expanding the phenotype of feingold syndrome‐2
Authors: Grote Lauren E. , Repnikova Elena A. , Amudhavalli Shivarajan M.
Published: September 2015

Feingold syndrome‐2 has been recently shown to be caused by germline heterozygous deletions of MIR17HG with 10 reported patients to date. Manifestations common to both Feingold syndrome‐1 and Feingold syndrome‐2 include microcephaly, short stature, and brachymesophalangy; but those with Feingold syndrome‐2 lack gastrointestinal atresias. Here we describe a 14‐year‐old male patient who presented to our Cardiovascular Genetics Clinic with a history of a bicuspid aortic valve with aortic stenosis, short stature, hearing loss, and mild learning disabilities. Upon examination he was noted to have dysmorphic features and brachydactyly of his fingers and toes. His head circumference was 54.5 cm (25th–50th centile) and his height was 161.3 cm (31st centile) after growth hormone therapy. A skeletal survey noted numerous abnormalities prompting suspicion for Feingold syndrome. A comparative genomic hybridization microarray was completed and a ∼3.6 Mb interstitial heterozygous deletion at 13q31.3 including MIR17HG was found consistent with Feingold syndrome‐2. Clinically, this patient has the characteristic digital anomalies and short stature often seen in Feingold syndrome‐2 with less common features of a congenital heart defect and hearing loss. Although non‐skeletal features have been occasionally reported in Feingold syndrome‐1, only one other patient with a 13q31 microdeletion including MIR17HG has had non‐skeletal manifestations. Additionally, our patient does not have microcephaly and, to our knowledge, is the first reported pediatric patient with Feingold syndrome‐2 without this feature. This report illustrates significant phenotypic variability within the clinical presentation of Feingold syndrome‐2 and highlights considerable overlap with Feingold syndrome‐1. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Low‐Temperature CO Oxidation over a Ternary Oxide Catalyst with High Resistance to Hydrocarbon Inhibition
Authors: Binder Andrew J. , Toops Todd J. , Unocic Raymond R. , Parks James E. , Dai Sheng
Published: September 2015

Platinum group metal (PGM) catalysts are the current standard for control of pollutants in automotive exhaust streams. Aside from their high cost, PGM catalysts struggle with CO oxidation at low temperatures (<200 °C) due to inhibition by hydrocarbons in exhaust streams. Here we present a ternary mixed oxide catalyst composed of copper oxide, cobalt oxide, and ceria (dubbed CCC) that outperforms synthesized and commercial PGM catalysts for CO oxidation in simulated exhaust streams while showing no signs of inhibition by propene. Diffuse reflectance IR (DRIFTS) and light‐off data both indicate low interaction between propene and the CO oxidation active site on this catalyst, and a separation of adsorption sites is proposed as the cause of this inhibition resistance. This catalyst shows great potential as a low‐cost component for low temperature exhaust streams that are expected to be a characteristic of future automotive systems.
A Fluorescent Molecular Probe for the Detection of Hydrogen Based on Oxidative Addition Reactions with Crabtree‐Type Hydrogenation Catalysts
Authors: Kos Pavlo , Plenio Herbert
Published: September 2015

A Crabtree‐type IrI complex tagged with a fluorescent dye (bodipy) was synthesized. The oxidative addition of H2 converts the weakly fluorescent IrI complex (Φ=0.038) into a highly fluorescent IrIII species (Φ=0.51). This fluorogenic reaction can be utilized for the detection of H2 and to probe the oxidative addition step in the catalytic hydrogenation of olefins.
Cation‐Dependent Stabilization of Electrogenerated Naphthalene Diimide Dianions in Porous Polymer Thin Films and Their Application to Electrical Energy Storage
Authors: DeBlase Catherine R. , Hernández‐Burgos Kenneth , Rotter Julian M. , Fortman David J. , dos S. Abreu Dieric , Timm Ronaldo A. , Diógenes Izaura C. N. , Kubota Lauro T. , Abruña Héctor D. , Dichtel William R.
Published: September 2015

Porous polymer networks (PPNs) are attractive materials for capacitive energy storage because they offer high surface areas for increased double‐layer capacitance, open structures for rapid ion transport, and redox‐active moieties that enable faradaic (pseudocapacitive) energy storage. Here we demonstrate a new attractive feature of PPNs—the ability of their reduced forms (radical anions and dianions) to interact with small radii cations through synergistic interactions arising from densely packed redox‐active groups, only when prepared as thin films. When naphthalene diimides (NDIs) are incorporated into PPN films, the carbonyl groups of adjacent, electrochemically generated, NDI radical anions and dianions bind strongly to K+, Li+, and Mg2+, shifting the formal potentials of NDI’s second reduction by 120 and 460 mV for K+ and Li+‐based electrolytes, respectively. In the case of Mg2+, NDI’s two redox waves coalesce into a single two‐electron process with shifts of 240 and 710 mV, for the first and second reductions, respectively, increasing the energy density by over 20 % without changing the polymer backbone. In contrast, the formal reduction potentials of NDI derivatives in solution are identical for each electrolyte, and this effect has not been reported for NDI previously. This study illustrates the profound influence of the solid‐state structure of a polymer on its electrochemical response, which does not simply reflect the solution‐phase redox behavior of its monomers.
Function‐Led Design of Aerogels: Self‐Assembly of Alloyed PdNi Hollow Nanospheres for Efficient Electrocatalysis
Authors: Cai Bin , Wen Dan , Liu Wei , Herrmann Anne‐Kristin , Benad Albrecht , Eychmüller Alexander
Published: September 2015

One plausible approach to endow aerogels with specific properties while preserving their other attributes is to fine‐tune the building blocks. However, the preparation of metallic aerogels with designated properties, for example catalytically beneficial morphologies and transition‐metal doping, still remains a challenge. Here, we report on the first aerogel electrocatalyst composed entirely of alloyed PdNi hollow nanospheres (HNSs) with controllable chemical composition and shell thickness. The combination of transition‐metal doping, hollow building blocks, and the three‐dimensional network structure make the PdNi HNS aerogels promising electrocatalysts for ethanol oxidation. The mass activity of the Pd83Ni17 HNS aerogel is 5.6‐fold higher than that of the commercial Pd/C catalyst. This work expands the exploitation of the electrocatalysis properties of aerogels through the morphology and composition control of its building blocks.
Alkaline‐Earth‐Catalyzed Dehydrocoupling of Amines and Boranes
Authors: Liptrot David J. , Hill Michael S. , Mahon Mary F. , Wilson Andrew S. S.
Published: September 2015

Dehydrocoupling reactions between the boranes HBpin and 9‐borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane and a range of amines and anilines ensue under very mild reaction conditions in the presence of a simple β‐diketiminato magnesium n‐butyl precatalyst. The facility of the reactions is suggested to be a function of the Lewis acidity of the borane substrate, and is dictated by resultant pre‐equilibria between, and the relative stability of, magnesium hydride and borohydride intermediates during the course of the catalysis.
Facile Synthesis and Properties of 2‐λ5‐Phosphaquinolines and 2‐λ5‐Phosphaquinolin‐2‐ones
Authors: Vonnegut Chris L. , Shonkwiler Airlia M. , Khalifa Muhammad M. , Zakharov Lev N. , Johnson Darren W. , Haley Michael M.
Published: September 2015

Treatment of 2‐ethynylanilines with P(OPh)3 gives either 2,2‐diphenoxy‐2‐λ5‐phosphaquinolines or 2‐phenoxy‐2‐λ5‐phosphaquinolin‐2‐ones under transition‐metal‐free conditions. This reaction offers access to an underexplored heterocycle, which opens up the study of the fundamental nature of the NPV double bond and its potential for delocalization within a cyclic π‐electron system. This heterocycle can serve as a carbostyril mimic, with application as a bioisostere for pharmaceuticals based on the 2‐quinolinone scaffold. It also holds promise as a new fluorophore, since initial screening reveals quantum yields upwards of 40 %, Stokes shifts of 50–150 nm, and emission wavelengths of 380–540 nm. The phosphaquinolin‐2‐ones possess one of the strongest solution‐state dimerization constants for a D–A system (130 M−1) owing to the close proximity of a strong acceptor (PO) and a strong donor (phosphonamidate NH), which suggests that they might hold promise as new hydrogen‐bonding hosts for optoelectronic sensing.
Impact of Disease Duration on Vascular Surrogates of Early Atherosclerosis in Childhood‐Onset Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Barsalou Julie , Bradley Timothy J. , Tyrrell Pascal N. , Slorach Cameron , Ng Lawrence W. K. , Levy Deborah M. , Silverman Earl D.
Published: September 2015

Objective

To determine whether longer disease duration negatively impacts carotid intima‐media thickness (CIMT), flow‐mediated dilation (FMD), and pulse wave velocity (PWV) in a cohort of patients with childhood‐onset systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and to compare CIMT, FMD, and PWV in patients with childhood‐onset SLE with those in healthy children and explore determinants of vascular test results in childhood‐onset SLE.

Methods

Cross‐sectional analysis was performed in a prospective longitudinal cohort of patients with childhood‐onset SLE at the latest followup visit. Clinical and laboratory data were collected for patients with childhood‐onset SLE. CIMT, FMD, and PWV were measured using standardized protocols in patients with childhood‐onset SLE and healthy children. Correlations between disease duration and results of the 3 vascular tests were performed. Vascular data in patients with childhood‐onset SLE were compared with those in healthy children. Multivariable linear regression was used to identify determinants of CIMT, FMD, and PWV in childhood‐onset SLE.

Results

Patients with childhood‐onset SLE (n = 149) and healthy controls (n = 178) were enrolled. The median age of the patients was 17.2 years (interquartile range [IQR] 15.7–17.9 years), and their median disease duration was 3.2 years (IQR 1.8–4.9 years). The median age of the healthy children was 14.7 years (IQR 13.1–15.9 years). Longer disease duration correlated with worse FMD (r = −0.2, P = 0.031) in patients with childhood‐onset SLE. Patients with childhood‐onset SLE had smaller (better) CIMT, higher (better) FMD, and similar PWV compared with healthy controls. Linear regression analysis explained <24% of the variation in vascular test results in patients with childhood‐onset SLE, suggesting that other variables should be explored as important determinants of CIMT, FMD, and PWV.

Conclusion

In this cohort of 149 patients with childhood‐onset SLE, patients did not have worse CIMT, FMD, or PWV than did healthy controls. Longer disease duration was associated with worse FMD, suggesting progressive endothelial dysfunction over time.
Association of Acroosteolysis With Enhanced Osteoclastogenesis and Higher Blood Levels of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Systemic Sclerosis
Authors: Park Jin Kyun , Fava Andrea , Carrino John , Del Grande Filippo , Rosen Antony , Boin Francesco
Published: September 2015

Objective

Bone resorption of distal phalanges, or acroosteolysis (AO), can develop in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc), causing pain and functional limitation. This study was undertaken to investigate whether AO may be associated with abnormal osteoclastogenesis in SSc patients and whether hypoxia may be involved in this process.

Methods

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) obtained from 26 SSc patients (11 with AO and 15 without AO) and 14 healthy controls were cultured in the presence of RANKL and macrophage colony‐stimulating factor for 9 days. Tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase–positive multinucleated giant cells (MGCs) containing 3 or more nuclei were counted as osteoclasts. Plasma levels and effects of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) on osteoclast formation were evaluated.

Results

SSc patients with AO formed significantly more osteoclasts after 9 days than did patients without AO (mean ± SD 142.4 ± 67.0 versus 27.2 ± 17.6 MGCs/well; P < 0.001) or healthy controls (mean ± SD 18.7 ± 27.0 MGCs/well; P < 0.001). No significant difference in osteoclast formation was noted between the patients without AO and healthy controls. Plasma levels of VEGF were higher in SSc patients with AO compared to those without (mean ± SD 142.4 ± 69.6 pg/ml versus 88.1 ± 38.2 pg/ml; P < 0.005) or healthy controls (54.2 ± 24.6 pg/ml; P = 0.018). Priming with VEGF‐A for 24 hours significantly increased osteoclast generation by 5.3 ± 1.9 fold (P = 0.0018). The radiographic extent of AO was associated with increased osteoclast formation (Spearman's ρ = 0.741, P = 0.01).

Conclusion

Our findings indicate that increased osteoclast formation and higher VEGF levels may contribute to AO in SSc patients. Further studies are needed to elucidate whether targeting osteoclastogenesis may provide a specific therapeutic option for SSc‐associated AO.
Brief Report: Atypical Femoral Fracture in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients Treated With Bisphosphonates: A Nested Case–Control Study
Authors: Koh Jung Hee , Myong Jun Pyo , Jung Seung Min , Lee Jennifer , Kwok Seung‐Ki , Park Sung‐Hwan , Ju Ji Hyeon
Published: September 2015

Objective

To examine the clinical characteristics of atypical femoral fracture (AFF) and to determine the risk factors for and clinical outcomes of AFFs in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients treated with bisphosphonates (BPs).

Methods

A nested case–control study was conducted using data derived from the medical records of all RA patients treated with BPs at Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, a tertiary rheumatology center, from January 1, 2008 to December 31, 2014. All of the patients with RA and had been treated with BPs for at least 1 year. Ten RA patients with AFF were identified, and each of these patients (cases) was age‐ and sex‐matched with 4 RA patients without AFF (controls).

Results

Five hundred fifty‐two RA patients had BP exposure. Of the 10 with AFF, all were female (mean ± SD age 66.3 ± 8.7 years), and 90% of cases involved fracture of the proximal femur. The mean ± SD length of BP exposure in patients with AFF was 7.4 ± 3.2 years. Compared with controls, patients with AFF had a longer exposure to BPs and more often had a femorotibial angle of <175 degrees (both P < 0.001). There were no differences in RA duration, medications taken during the previous 6 months, and bone mineral density in the femur and lumbar spine between patients with and those without AFF. Multivariate logistic analyses identified longer BP exposure (odds ratio 2.386 [95% confidence interval 1.066–5.343]) as being associated with an increased risk of AFF.

Conclusion

RA patients who have a valgus deformity and are receiving long‐term BP treatment are at higher risk of AFF compared with matched control patients with RA. These patients should be carefully followed up with hip radiography or dual x‐ray absorptiometry.
Transient accretion disc‐like envelope in the symbiotic binary BF Cygni during its 2006–2015 optical outburst
Authors: Tomov N. A. , Tomova M. T. , Bisikalo D. V.
Published: September 2015

The optical light of the symbiotic binary BF Cyg during its last eruption after 2006 shows orbital variations because of an eclipse of the outbursting compact object. The first orbital minimum is deeper than the following ones. Moreover, the Balmer profiles of this system acquired additional satellite components indicating a bipolar collimated outflow at one time between the first and second orbital minima. This behaviour is interpreted in the framework of the model of a collimated stellar wind from the outbursting object. It is supposed that one extended disc‐like envelope covering the accretion disc of the compact object and collimating its stellar wind forms in the period between the first and second minima. The uneclipsed part of this envelope is responsible for the decrease of the depth of the orbital minimum. The calculated UBVRCIC fluxes of this uneclipsed part are in agreement with the observed residual of the depths of the first and second orbital minima. The parameters of the envelope require that it is the main emitting region of the line Hα but the Hα profile is less determined from its rotation and mostly from other mechanisms. It is concluded that the envelope is a transient nebular region and its destruction determines the increase of the depth of the orbital minimum with fading of the optical light. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)