bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exploring the Crystallinity of Mold Fluxes by Pulsed Electric Current
Authors: Huang Xiaoshan , Ba Xin , Gao Junyang , Zhang Xinfang
Published: October 2019

Herein, the effect of a pulsed external field on the crystallinity of CaO–SiO2–Al2O3‐based mold fluxes with different basicities during continuous cooling is investigated by means of X‐ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope analysis. It is well known that an increase in basicity is advantageous for increasing the crystallinity of a mold flux, which relates closely to the horizontal heat transfer and lubrication during casting. However, this rule has changed under electrical pulse processing. In this study, by comparing the crystallinity and crystal phase morphology of the different basicities of mold fluxes after pulsed current treatment, it is found that a pulsed current increases the crystallinity of mold fluxes with low basicity but inhibits the formation of the crystalline phase of mold fluxes with high basicity. It is seen that an electric pulse can play a significant role in regulating the crystallinity of mold fluxes, thus providing a new pathway to solve the contradiction between horizontal heat transfer and lubrication during solidification.
Eleganz und Vibration: Doppelwohnhaus in Bolligen
Authors: Stebler Jan , Mühlethaler Rolf
Published: October 2019

Das Doppelwohnhaus für zwei Familien liegt im nordwestlichen Teil der Gemeinde Bolligen. Die leichte Hanglage ist die eigentliche Besonderheit des Ortes: die einzigartige Topografie erlaubt gegen Süden den weiten Panoramablick vom Gantrischgebirge bis in den Jura. Der dreigeschossige Neubau weist ein Untergeschoss, ein Erdgeschoss und ein Attikageschoss auf und ist in Längsrichtung achssymmetrisch aufgebaut. Die Einheiten des Carports als Nebenbau, des Wohn‐Hauptgeschosses und des großzügigen Balkons bilden die drei Kernelemente des Projekts. Das helle, gewellte Metall der Fassade stärkt die Leichtigkeit und schlichte Eleganz der skelettartig aufgebauten Gebäudestruktur aus Stahl. Das feine Metall verbindet sich oszillierend mit den Einflüssen der Umgebung und des Himmels. Formal und im Inhalt stringent, ordnet sich das Doppelwohnhaus in der einzigartigen topografischen Situation wie selbstverständlich ein.
Experimentelle Untersuchung von Lärmschutzwandstehern und deren Befestigung auf Kunstbauten
Authors: Reiterer Michael
Published: October 2019

Das Ermüdungsverhalten von Lärmschutzwandstehern und deren Befestigung auf Kunstbauten wird experimentell untersucht und bewertet. Die durchgeführten Analysen behandeln neben dem Ermüdungsverhalten des Schweißnahtanschlusses zwischen Lärmschutzwandsteher und Fußplatte auch die zur Befestigung der Steherkonstruktion im Betonbauteil verankerten Gewindebolzen. Als dynamische Einwirkung wird die bei Zugvorbeifahrt sich einstellende impulsförmige Druck‐/Sog‐Belastung betrachtet und die zu erwartende Lebensdauer der Konstruktion rechnerisch prognostiziert. Die experimentellen Untersuchungen werden in der Form von Dauerschwingversuchen mit bis zu 5 Mio. Lastspielen durchgeführt. Die dynamische Belastung wird in realitätsnaher Größe durch einen servohydraulischen Zylinder aufgebracht und die Reaktionen der Lärmschutzwandsteher werden über die gesamte Versuchsdauer messtechnisch dokumentiert. Es wurden unterschiedliche Typen von Lärmschutzwandstehern getestet und die Auswirkungen von Ausführungsmängeln auf die Dauerhaftigkeit experimentell untersucht. Die Ergebnisse der durchgeführten Ermüdungsversuche werden umfassend dargelegt und diskutiert.
Experimentelle und numerische Untersuchungen zur Schwingfestigkeit an Schweißdetails in Stahlrohrtürmen für Windenergieanlagen
Authors: Glienke Ralf , Wegener Filip , Gericke Andreas , Hobbacher Adolf F. , Henkel Knuth‐Michael , Marten Frithjof , Günther Hans‐Peter
Published: October 2019

An Schwachwindstandorten ist ein wirtschaftlicher Betrieb von Windenergieanlagen (WEA) zumeist nur mit großen Rotordurchmessern und Nabenhöhen möglich. Große Nabenhöhen stellen große Herausforderungen an die Tragfähigkeit und Ermüdungsfestigkeit der Türme, die für den sicheren Betrieb der Anlage bestimmte statische und dynamische Eigenschaften erfüllen müssen. In Kombination mit steigenden Nennleistungen führt dies zu höheren Betriebslasten bei derartigen WEA. Für materialeffiziente Stahlrohrturmstrukturen sind daher erhöhte Anforderungen an die Schwingfestigkeit geschweißter Kerbdetails notwendig. Dieser Aufsatz befasst sich mit Untersuchungen zur Bewertung der Schwingfestigkeit eines typischen Konstruktionsdetails, der Schweißbuchse. Darüber hinaus werden alternative Konzepte mit dem Ziel der Schwingfestigkeitssteigerung vorgestellt und bewertet, welche einerseits auf die Reduktion des Wärmeeintrags und anderseits auf die Randschichtverfestigung setzen. Neben experimentellen Untersuchungen zum Blechdicken‐ und Mittelspannungseinfluss werden auf Basis der neu erschienenen Norm DIN 18088‐3 [1] die Möglichkeiten einer praxisnahen Anwendung von numerisch basierten Nachweiskonzepten zur Ermüdungsfestigkeit beleuchtet und den Versuchsergebnissen vergleichend gegenübergestellt.
Quidditism and Contingent Laws
Authors: Baysan Umut ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: October 2019

According to contingentism, laws of nature hold contingently. An objection to contingentism is that it implies quidditism, and therefore inherits its implausible consequences. This paper argues that this objection is misguided. Understood one way, quidditism is not an implication of contingentism, hence even if it has implausible consequences, these are not relevant to contingentism. Understood another way, quidditism is implied by contingentism, but it is less clear if this version of quidditism has the same implausible consequences. Whatever the merits of contingentism, the argument from anti-quidditism is not successful in showing that it is false.
Social readiness of adaptation technologies
Authors: Bellamy Rob
Published: October 2019

Despite growing recognition that Europe must adapt to climate variability and change, there is still limited evidence of adaptation implementation. At the same time, despite knowing that successful adaptation will be contingent on societal factors just as much as on technical ones, there has been very little research into social perceptions of adaptation technologies. To address this gap, I undertake an interdisciplinary synthesis of stable beliefs and values about technology—those that are less susceptible to change across different situations—from five major but hitherto disconnected theoretical perspectives on perceptions of technology: the psychometric paradigm, the technology control dilemma, cultural theory, technology acceptance models, and responsible innovation. Four common dimensions of perception were identified: knowledge of technology, scope of technological projects, impacts of technology, and trust in the control of technology. These dimensions can be used to develop a concept of and framework for social readiness, whereby aspects of adaptation technologies that are likely to be perceived negatively or positively, and by whom, can be identified. This is by no means a panacea to the challenges of adaptation implementation, but one that contributes to and would join in constructive exchange with wider efforts to evaluate adaptation technologies. I end this review by discussing the need for bridging the gap between opposing epistemic cultures that favor different styles of knowledge production around adaptation technology perception.

This article is categorized under:

Vulnerability and Adaptation to Climate Change > Institutions for Adaptation
Robot controlled, continuous passive movement of the ankle reduces spinal cord excitability in participants with spasticity: a pilot study
Authors: Noble Steven , Pearcey Gregory E. P. , Quartly Caroline , Zehr E. Paul
Published: October 2019

Spasticity of the ankle reduces quality of life by impeding walking and other activities of daily living. Robot-driven continuous passive movement (CPM) is a strategy for lower limb spasticity management but effects on spasticity, walking ability and spinal cord excitability (SCE) are unknown. The objectives of this experiment were to evaluate (1) acute changes in SCE induced by 30 min of CPM at the ankle joint, in individuals without neurological impairment and those with lower limb spasticity; and, (2) the effects of 6 weeks of CPM training on SCE, spasticity and walking ability in those with lower limb spasticity. SCE was assessed using soleus Hoffmann (H-) reflexes, collected prior to and immediately after CPM for acute assessments, whereas a multiple baseline repeated measures design assessed changes following 18 CPM sessions. Spasticity and walking ability were assessed using the Modified Ashworth Scale, the 10 m Walk test, and the Timed Up and Go test. Twenty-one neurologically intact and nine participants with spasticity (various neurological conditions) were recruited. In the neurologically intact group, CPM caused bi-directional modulation of H-reflexes creating ‘facilitation’ and ‘suppression’ groups. In contrast, amongst participants with spasticity, acute CPM facilitated H-reflexes. After CPM training, H-reflex excitability on both the more-affected and less-affected sides was reduced; on the more affected side H@Thres, H@50 and H@100 all significantly decreased following CPM training by 96.5 ± 7.7%, 90.9 ± 9.2%, and 62.9 ± 21.1%, respectively. After training there were modest improvements in walking and clinical measures of spasticity for some participants. We conclude that CPM of the ankle can significantly alter SCE. The use of CPM in those with spasticity can provide a temporary period of improved walking, but efficacy of treatment remains unknown.
How accurately can the climate sensitivity to $$\hbox {CO}_{2}$$ be estimated from historical climate change?
Authors: Gregory J. M. , Andrews T. , Ceppi P. , Mauritsen T. , Webb M. J.
Published: October 2019

The equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS, in K) to $$\hbox {CO}_{2}$$CO2 doubling is a large source of uncertainty in projections of future anthropogenic climate change. Estimates of ECS made from non-equilibrium states or in response to radiative forcings other than $$\hbox {2}\times \hbox {CO}_{2}$$2×CO2 are called “effective climate sensitivity” (EffCS, in K). Taking a “perfect-model” approach, using coupled atmosphere–ocean general circulation model (AOGCM) experiments, we evaluate the accuracy with which $$\hbox {CO}_{2}$$CO2 EffCS can be estimated from climate change in the “historical” period (since about 1860). We find that (1) for statistical reasons, unforced variability makes the estimate of historical EffCS both uncertain and biased; it is overestimated by about 10% if the energy balance is applied to the entire historical period, 20% for 30-year periods, and larger factors for interannual variability, (2) systematic uncertainty in historical radiative forcing translates into an uncertainty of $${\pm }\,30\, {\rm to} \,45\%$$±30to45% (standard deviation) in historical EffCS, (3) the response to the changing relative importance of the forcing agents, principally $$\hbox {CO}_{2}$$CO2 and volcanic aerosol, causes historical EffCS to vary over multidecadal timescales by a factor of two. In recent decades it reached its maximum in the AOGCM historical experiment (similar to the multimodel-mean $$\hbox {CO}_{2}$$CO2 EffCS of 3.6 K from idealised experiments), but its minimum in the real world (1.6 K for an observational estimate for 1985–2011, similar to the multimodel-mean value for volcanic forcing). The real-world variations mean that historical EffCS underestimates $$\hbox {CO}_{2}$$CO2 EffCS by 30% when considering the entire historical period. The difference for recent decades implies that either unforced variability or the response to volcanic forcing causes a much stronger regional pattern of sea surface temperature change in the real world than in AOGCMs. We speculate that this could be explained by a deficiency in simulated coupled atmosphere–ocean feedbacks which reinforce the pattern (resembling the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation in some respects) that causes the low EffCS. We conclude that energy-balance estimates of $$\hbox {CO}_{2}$$CO2 EffCS are most accurate from periods unaffected by volcanic forcing. Atmosphere GCMs provided with observed sea surface temperature for the 1920s to the 1950s, which was such a period, give a range of about 2.0–4.5 K, agreeing with idealised $$\hbox {CO}_{2}$$CO2 AOGCM experiments; the consistency is a reason for confidence in this range as an estimate of $$\hbox {CO}_{2}$$CO2 EffCS. Unless another explosive volcanic eruption occurs, the first 30 years of the present century may give a more accurate energy-balance historical estimate of this quantity.
Short-term and long-term outcomes of robotic rectal surgery—from the real word data of 1145 consecutive cases in China
Authors: Chang Wenju , Wei Ye , Ren Li , Jian Mi , Chen Yijiao , Chen Jingwen , Liu Tianyu , Huang Wenbai , Peng Shangjin , Xu Jianmin
Published: October 2019

Background

Due to a limited patient sample size, substantial data on robotic rectal resection (RRR) is lacking. Here, we reported a large consecutive cases from the real word data to assess the safety and efficacy of RRR.

Methods

From September 2010 to June 2017, a total of 1145 consecutive RRR procedures were performed in patients with stage I–IV disease. We conducted an analysis based on information from a prospectively designed database to evaluate surgical outcomes, urogenital function, and long-term oncological outcomes.

Results

Of three types of RRR performed, 227 (24.2%) were abdominoperineal resections, 865 (75.5%) were anterior resections, and 3 (0.3%) were Hartmann. Conversion to an open procedure occurred in 5.9% of patients. The overall positive circumferential margin rate was 1.3%. Surgical complication rate and mortality were 16.2% and 0.8% within 30 days of surgery, respectively. Mean hospital stay after surgery and hospital cost were 6.3 ± 2.9 days and 10442.5 ± 3321.5 US dollars, respectively. Risk factors for surgical complications included male gender, tumor location (mid-low rectum), combined organ resection, and clinical T category (cT3–4). Urinary function and general sexual satisfaction decreased significantly 1 month after surgery for both sexes. Subsequently, both parameters increased progressively, and the values 1 year after surgery were comparable to those measured before surgery. At a median follow-up of 34.6 months, local recurrence and distant metastases occurred in 2.3% and 21.1% of patients, respectively.

Conclusions

Robotic rectal resection was safe with preserved urogenital function and arrived equivalent oncological outcomes in a nonselected group of patients with rectal cancer.
Orthogonal Systems with a Skew-Symmetric Differentiation Matrix
Authors: Iserles Arieh , Webb Marcus
Published: October 2019

In this paper, we explore orthogonal systems in $$\mathrm {L}_2({\mathbb R})$$L2(R) which give rise to a real skew-symmetric, tridiagonal, irreducible differentiation matrix. Such systems are important since they are stable by design and, if necessary, preserve Euclidean energy for a variety of time-dependent partial differential equations. We prove that there is a one-to-one correspondence between such an orthonormal system $$\{\varphi _n\}_{n\in {\mathbb Z}_+}$${φn}n∈Z+ and a sequence of polynomials $$\{p_n\}_{n\in {\mathbb Z}_+}$${pn}n∈Z+ orthonormal with respect to a symmetric probability measure $$\mathrm{d}\mu (\xi ) = w(\xi ){\mathrm {d}}\xi $$dμ(ξ)=w(ξ)dξ. If $$\mathrm{d}\mu $$dμ is supported by the real line, this system is dense in $$\mathrm {L}_2({\mathbb R})$$L2(R); otherwise, it is dense in a Paley–Wiener space of band-limited functions. The path leading from $$\mathrm{d}\mu $$dμ to $$\{\varphi _n\}_{n\in {\mathbb Z}_+}$${φn}n∈Z+ is constructive, and we provide detailed algorithms to this end. We also prove that the only such orthogonal system consisting of a polynomial sequence multiplied by a weight function is the Hermite functions. The paper is accompanied by a number of examples illustrating our argument.
Overview of natural hydrogels for regenerative medicine applications
Authors: Catoira Marta Calvo , Fusaro Luca , Di Francesco Dalila , Ramella Martina , Boccafoschi Francesca
Published: October 2019

Hydrogels from different materials can be used in biomedical field as an innovative approach in regenerative medicine. Depending on the origin source, hydrogels can be synthetized through chemical and physical methods. Hydrogel can be characterized through several physical parameters, such as size, elastic modulus, swelling and degradation rate. Lately, research is focused on hydrogels derived from biologic materials. These hydrogels can be derived from protein polymers, such as collage, elastin, and polysaccharide polymers like glycosaminoglycans or alginate among others. Introduction of decellularized tissues into hydrogels synthesis displays several advantages compared to natural or synthetic based hydrogels. Preservation of natural molecules such as growth factors, glycans, bioactive cryptic peptides and natural proteins can promote cell growth, function, differentiation, angiogenesis, anti-angiogenesis, antimicrobial effects, and chemotactic effects. Versatility of hydrogels make possible multiple applications and combinations with several molecules on order to obtain the adequate characteristic for each scope. In this context, a lot of molecules such as cross link agents, drugs, grow factors or cells can be used. This review focuses on the recent progress of hydrogels synthesis and applications in order to classify the most recent and relevant matters in biomedical field.
Soziale Herkunft, Lebensverlaufsereignisse und die verspätete Aufnahme einer beruflichen Ausbildung formal Geringqualifizierter
Authors: Dietrich Hans , Patzina Alexander , Kretschmer Sara
Published: October 2019

Rund ein Viertel der Sekundarstufe-I-Absolventen in Deutschland erwirbt bis zum 25. Lebensjahr keinen beruflichen Abschluss. Diese Gruppe der formal Geringqualifizierten weist ein deutlich erhöhtes Risiko auf, erwerbslos zu sein, ein niedriges Einkommen zu beziehen oder eine prekäre Erwerbstätigkeit auszuüben. Dieser Beitrag geht der Frage nach, welche Faktoren formal Geringqualifizierte motivieren, ab dem 25. Lebensjahr noch eine berufliche Erstausbildung aufzunehmen. Zur Begründung nachholender Bildungsentscheidungen wird einerseits auf Theorien sozialer Herkunft und andererseits auf individuelle Lebensverlaufsereignisse (Bildungs- und Erwerbsverlauf sowie Migration) Bezug genommen. Unter Verwendung von Daten des Nationalen Bildungspanel (NEPS SC6:7.0.0) belegen Logit-Regressionen, dass formal Geringqualifizierte aus bildungsnahen Elternhäusern mit höherer Wahrscheinlichkeit ab dem Alter von 25 Jahren noch eine erste berufliche Ausbildung aufnehmen als formal Geringqualifizierte anderer Herkunftsgruppen. Während der individuelle Bildungsverlauf einen schwachen Einfluss auf verspätete Bildungsentscheidungen ausübt, erweist sich der individuelle Erwerbsverlauf bis zur Bildungsentscheidung als äußerst relevant. Langzeitarbeitslose und formal Geringqualifizierte, die sich am Arbeitsmarkt etabliert haben (d. h. Personen mit hoher Erwerbserfahrung und Betriebszugehörigkeit), haben eine geringe Neigung, verspätet in berufliche Bildung zu investieren. Bei Personen mit Migrationshintergrund kommt insbesondere dem Alter beim Zuzug nach Deutschland Bedeutung zu. Insgesamt verweisen die Befunde auf ein beachtliches Potenzial für die berufliche Bildung in Deutschland, das bislang zu wenig ausgeschöpft wird.
How artificial intelligence will change the future of marketing
Authors: Davenport Thomas , Guha Abhijit , Grewal Dhruv , Bressgott Timna
Published: October 2019

In the future, artificial intelligence (AI) is likely to substantially change both marketing strategies and customer behaviors. Building from not only extant research but also extensive interactions with practice, the authors propose a multidimensional framework for understanding the impact of AI involving intelligence levels, task types, and whether AI is embedded in a robot. Prior research typically addresses a subset of these dimensions; this paper integrates all three into a single framework. Next, the authors propose a research agenda that addresses not only how marketing strategies and customer behaviors will change in the future, but also highlights important policy questions relating to privacy, bias and ethics. Finally, the authors suggest AI will be more effective if it augments (rather than replaces) human managers.
Correction to: 10.1007/s40005-018-00414-y, 10.1007/s40005-018-00418-8, 10.1007/s40005-019-00441-3, and 10.1007/s40005-019-00446-y
Authors:   Springer Singapore
Published: October 2019

This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com.
Attachment Style, Sexual Orientation, and Biological Sex in their Relationships With Gender Role
Authors: Ciocca Giacomo , Zauri Selene , Limoncin Erika , Mollaioli Daniele , D’Antuono Laura , Carosa Eleonora , Nimbi Filippo M. , Simonelli Chiara , Balercia Giancarlo , Reisman Yacov , Jannini Emmanuele A.
Published: October 2019

Introduction

Masculinity and femininity constitute the gender role construct into the general concept of sexual identity.

Aim

To investigate the relationships of attachment style, sexual orientation and biological sex with the gender role.

Methods

A convenience sample of 344 subjects (females = 207; males = 137) was recruited.

Main Outcome Measures

The Attachment Style Questionnaire (ASQ), the Kinsey Scale, and the Bem Sex Role Inventory assessed, respectively, attachment styles, sexual orientation, and masculinity/femininity was administered.

Results

Regression analysis revealed that the confidence scale of the ASQ (secure attachment) and relationship as secondary scale of ASQ (insecure/dismissing attachment) have a predictive role toward a higher score of masculinity (β = 0.201; P = .000 and β = 0.208; P = .000, respectively), whereas the need of approval scale of the ASQ (insecure/fearful-preoccupied attachment) shows a reverse association on it (β = −0.228; P = .001). Moreover, to be a male is predictive for masculinity (β = 0.196; P = .000). Also, femininity is predicted by the confidence (β = 0.173; P = .002) and the need of approval (β = 0.151; P = .03) scales of ASQ. Instead, the relationship as secondary scale of ASQ is negatively related to femininity (β = −0.198; P = .0001). No association between non-heterosexual orientation and gender role was found.

Clinical Implications

A better knowledge of links between relational patterns and gender roles for assessment and anamnesis phases in sexual medicine.

Strengths & Limitations

This is the first study considering sexual orientation and biological sex in the relationship between attachment styles and gender role. The main limitation is the use of self-reported psychometric tests.

Conclusion

Our data indicate that a secure attachment is related to both masculinity and femininity. On the contrary, different and reverse aspects of insecure attachment style characterize masculinity and femininity. Masculinity is mostly linked to insecure/dismissing attachment, whereas femininity is linked to insecure/fearful-preoccupied attachment. Moreover, although being male is a further element in support of masculinity, sexual orientation is not associated with gender role.
Post-jökulhlaup geomorphic evolution of the Gígjökull Basin, Iceland
Authors: Harrison D. , Ross N. , Russell A. J. , Dunning S. A.
Published: October 2019

How landscapes respond to, and evolve from, large jökulhlaups (glacial outburst floods) is poorly constrained due to limited observations and detailed monitoring. We investigate how melt of glacier ice transported and deposited by multiple jökulhlaups during the 2010 eruption of Eyjafjallajökull, Iceland, modified the volume and surface elevation of jökulhlaup deposits. Jökulhlaups generated by the eruption deposited large volumes of sediment and ice, causing significant geomorphic change in the Gígjökull proglacial basin over a 4-week period. Observation of these events enabled robust constraints on the physical properties of the floods which informs our understanding of the deposits. Using ground-based LiDAR, GPS observations and the satellite-image-derived ArcticDEMs, we quantify the post-depositional response of the 60 m-thick Gígjökull sediment package to the meltout of buried ice and other geomorphic processes. Between 2010 and 2016, total deposit volume reduced by −0.95 × 106 m3 a−1, with significant surface lowering of up to 1.88 m a−1. Surface lowering and volumetric loss of the deposits is attributed to three factors: (i) meltout of ice deposited by the jökulhlaups; (ii) rapid melting of the buried Gígjökull glacier snout; and (iii) incision of the proglacial meltwater system into the jökulhlaup deposits.
The Law of Bad Smells: Making and Adjudicating Offensiveness Claims in Contemporary Local Law
Authors: Valverde Mariana
Published: October 2019

The sense of smell seems to have resisted the kind of objective measurement process that might have facilitated settling competing claims about offensive smells by applying a general rule or standard. As a result, authorities,including courts,cannot avoid making subjective judgements of taste. A nuisance lawsuit out of Ontario regarding a mushroom farm, or rather its smells, is used here as one source of material about the difficulties of adjudication in this subfield of the “law of the senses.” Attention is also paid to a curious quasi-judicial entity, Ontario’s Normal Farm Practices Protection Board, charged with resolving, mainly through mediation, disputes about farm smells between farmers and non-farming neighbours. Overall, the article shows that the ex post facto, situated and complaint-driven logic of nuisance that nineteenth-century law used to govern offensive noises as well as nasty smells, and which left plenty of room for subjective judgements of taste, keeps reappearing in the present day. Nasty smells seem particularly impervious to modernization, that is to being managed through objective measurement and preventive regulation.
Bacterial spinning top
Authors: Ishimoto Kenta
Published: October 2019

We have investigated the dynamics of a monotrichous bacteria cell near a wall boundary, taking elastic hook flexibility into consideration. Combining theoretical linear stability analysis and direct numerical computations via the boundary element method, we have found that the elastohydrodynamic coupling between the hook elasticity and cell rotational motion enables a stable vertical spinning behaviour like a low-Reynolds-number spinning top. The forwardly rotated flagellum, which generates the force exertion pushing towards the cell body, typically destabilizes the vertical upright position and leads to a boundary-following motion. In contrast, the backward rotation of the flagellum, generating a force pulling the cell body, contributes to stable upright behaviour in a large range of hook rigidity. Further numerical investigations have demonstrated that the non-spherical geometry of the cell body and boundary adhesive interactions affect the bacterial dynamics, leading to complex behaviours such as horizontal spinning and unstable vertical spinning motions, both of which are experimentally observed in Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria. These results highlight the rich diversity of bacterial surface motility emerging from mechanical boundary interactions coupled with the cell swimming and hook flexibility.
Steepened Mach waves near supersonic jets: study of azimuthal structure and generation process using conditional averages
Authors: Pineau Pierre , Bogey Christophe
Published: October 2019

The azimuthal structure and the generation process of steepened acoustic waves are investigated in the near field of temporal round jets at Mach numbers of 2 and 3. Initially, the shear layers of the jets are in a laminar state and display instability waves whose main properties are close to those predicted from linear temporal analysis. Then, they transition to a turbulent state and generate high-intensity Mach waves displaying sharp compressions typical of those recorded for jets producing crackle noise. These waves are first shown to be poorly reproduced when only the axisymmetric mode is considered, but to be well captured with the first five azimuthal modes. Their generation process is investigated by performing conditional averages of the flow and acoustic fields triggered by the detection of intense positive pressure peak close to the jets. No steepened waves are visible in the conditionally averaged pressure profiles when the procedure involves only one azimuthal mode at a time. However, sharp compressions are obtained based on the first five modes taken together. In that case, the steep compressions are correlated over a limited portion of the jet circumference and are steeper as more azimuthal modes are considered. Moreover, a direct link is established between the steepened waves and the supersonic convection of large-scale coherent flow structures located in the supersonic core of the jets. This indicates that these waves constitute an extreme, nonlinear case of Mach wave radiation by these structures. In addition, the capacity of flow structures to generate sharp, steepened waves is related to their shapes. More particularly, flow structures with a large extent in the radial direction are shown to produce stronger and steeper Mach waves than those that are elongated in the flow direction.
Atomization of acoustically forced liquid sheets
Authors: Dighe Sandip , Gadgil Hrishikesh
Published: October 2019

Atomization of a smooth laminar liquid sheet produced by the oblique impingement of two liquid jets and subjected to transverse acoustic forcing in quiescent ambient is investigated. The acoustic forcing perturbs the liquid sheet perpendicular to its plane, thereby setting up a train of sinuous waves propagating radially outwards from the impingement point. These sheet undulations grow as the wave speed decreases towards the edge of the sheet and the sheet characteristics, like intact length and mean drop size, reduce drastically as compared to the natural breakup. Our observations show that the effect of the acoustic field is perceptible over a continuous range of forcing frequencies. Beyond a certain forcing frequency, called the cutoff frequency, the effect of the external acoustic field ceases. The cutoff frequency is found to be an increasing function of the Weber number. Our measurements of the characteristics of spatially amplifying sinuous waves show that the instabilities responsible for the natural sheet breakup augment in the presence of external forcing. Combining the experimental observations and measurements, we conclude that the linear theory of aerodynamic interaction (Squire’s theory) (Squire,Brit. J. Appl. Phys., vol. 4 (6), 1953, pp. 167–169) predicts the important features of this phenomenon reasonably well.
Nutritional and physiological responses of broiler chickens to dietary supplementation with de-oiled soyabean lecithin at different metabolisable energy levels and various fat sources
Authors: Majdolhosseini Leila , Ghasemi Hossein Ali , Hajkhodadadi Iman , Moradi Mohammad Hossein
Published: October 2019

A 42-d study was conducted to investigate the effects of an emulsifier supplementation (de-oiled soyabean lecithin (DSL)) of diets with different levels of metabolisable energy (ME) and various sources of fat on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood profile and jejunal morphology of broiler chickens. Diets were arranged factorially (2 × 2 × 2) and consisted of two concentrations of ME (normal and low), two fat sources (soyabean oil (SO) and poultry fat (PF)) and two levels of DSL supplementation (0 and 1 g/kg). A total of 800 1-d-old male broiler chickens were assigned to eight treatments with five replicates/treatment. The results showed the supplemental DSL caused improvements in the overall feed conversion ratio, fat digestibility and jejunal villus height:crypt depth ratio, but the magnitude of the responses was greater in the PF-containing diets, resulting in significant fat × DSL interactions (P<0·05). Abdominal fat percentage was also reduced by the PF-containing diet, but the response was greater in the normal ME diet, resulting in a significant ME × fat interaction (P= 0·048). Dietary DSL supplementation also increased nitrogen-corrected apparent ME values but decreased blood TAG (P= 0·041) and LDL (P= 0·049) concentrations, regardless of the source of fat used or the ME values in the diet. In conclusion, the present study suggests that the improvements in growth performance, fat digestibility and intestinal morphology that can be achieved with DSL supplementation are highly dependent on the degree of saturation of lipid incorporated into broiler chicken diets.
Partnering with your Pirate: Interdependent Sino-foreign rivalry in China's textbook market
Authors: WANG FEI-HSIEN
Published: October 2019

As the Qing state launched its full-scale educational reform at the turn of the twentieth century, tens of thousands of new schools mushroomed all over China. Their urgent and enormous demand for textbooks created a thriving new market that attracted both Chinese and foreign publishing firms. Nurtured in China's traditional book trade, Chinese print capitalists had local knowledge of distribution networks and cultural politics, but not a real command of producing educational Western knowledge. To keep up with Chinese students’ increasing demand for Western knowledge, they pirated textbooks published by foreign companies. Meanwhile, leading American and British publishing corporations were expanding their international business by targeting developing countries that had recently established a modern general education system, like China. Drawing from government and company archives, as well as personal papers and legal documents, this article traces the multinational competition, copyright disputes, and business collaborations between a leading textbook provider in China and their Anglo-American competitors between the 1900s and the 1930s. It illustrates an unexpected and uneasy partnership some foreign publishers formed with Chinese pirates in order to gain better access to China's textbook market. Chinese publishers, on the other hand, used piracy and their local knowledge to bargain for better import credit and deals with their foreign rivals. Both sides were dependent on each other to gain the advantage in their transnational business operations in the globalizing Asian textbook business.
Personalized models of personality disorders: using a temporal network method to understand symptomatology and daily functioning in a clinical sample
Authors: Dotterer Hailey L. , Beltz Adriene M. , Foster Katherine T. , Simms Leonard J. , Wright Aidan G. C.
Published: October 2019

Background

An ongoing challenge in understanding and treating personality disorders (PDs) is a significant heterogeneity in disorder expression, stemming from variability in underlying dynamic processes. These processes are commonly discussed in clinical settings, but are rarely empirically studied due to their personalized, temporal nature. The goal of the current study was to combine intensive longitudinal data collection with person-specific temporal network models to produce individualized symptom-level structures of personality pathology. These structures were then linked to traditional PD diagnoses and stress (to index daily functioning).

Methods

Using about 100 daily assessments of internalizing and externalizing domains underlying PDs (i.e. negative affect, detachment, impulsivity, hostility), a temporal network mapping approach (i.e. group iterative multiple model estimation) was used to create person-specific networks of the temporal relations among domains for 91 individuals (62.6% female) with a PD. Network characteristics were then associated with traditional PD symptomatology (controlling for mean domain levels) and with daily variation in clinically-relevant phenomena (i.e. stress).

Results

Features of the person-specific networks predicted paranoid, borderline, narcissistic, and obsessive-PD symptom counts above average levels of the domains, in ways that align with clinical conceptualizations. They also predicted between-person variation in stress across days.

Conclusions

Relations among behavioral domains thought to underlie heterogeneity in PDs were indeed associated with traditional diagnostic constructs and with daily functioning (i.e. stress) in person-specific networks. Findings highlight the importance of leveraging data and models that capture person-specific, dynamic processes, and suggest that person-specific networks may have implications for precision medicine.
Surgical site infection following cesarean section in a general hospital in Kuwait: trends and risk factors
Authors: Alfouzan W. , Al Fadhli M. , Abdo N. , Alali W. , Dhar R.
Published: October 2019

Surgical site infections (SSI) are a significant cause of post-surgical morbidity and mortality. The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of SSI and identify risk factors for infections following cesarean section (CS). A prospective study of SSI after CS was carried out from January 2014 to December 2016 using the methodology of the American National Nosocomial Infection Surveillance System. Suspected SSIs were confirmed clinically by the surgeon, and or, by culture. Seven thousand two hundred thirty five CS were performed with an overall SSI prevalence of 2.1%, increasing from 1.7% in 2014 to 2.95% in 2016 (P = 0.010). Of 152 cases of SSI, the prevalence of infection was 46.7% in women ⩽30 years and 53.3% in women >30 years (P = 0.119). Of 148 culture samples from as many women, 112 (75.7%) yielded growth of microorganisms with 42 (37.5%) of isolates being multi-drug resistant (MDR). Women who did not receive prophylactic antibiotics (35.5%) developed SSI more often than those who did (P < 0.0001). These findings suggest that emergency CS and inappropriate antibiotic prophylaxis are risk factors for developing SSI. In the light of the emergence of MDR bacteria there is a need to implement revised prophylactic antibiotic policy as part of antimicrobial stewardship to decrease SSI rates.
Global Consensus Frameworks, Standards, Guidelines, and Tools: Their Implications in International Development Policy and Practice
Authors: Pokharel Suresh , Spencer Caroline , McArdle Dudley , Archer Francis
Published: October 2019

In the present world, International Consensus Frameworks, commonly called global frameworks or global agendas, guide international development policies and practices. They guide the development of all countries and influence the development initiatives by their respective governments. Recent global frameworks, adopted mostly post-2015, include both a group of over-arching frameworks (eg, the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction [SFDRR]) and a group of frameworks addressing specific issues (eg, the Dhaka Declaration on Disability and Disaster Risk Management). These global frameworks serve twin purposes: first, to set a global development standard, and second, to set policies and approaches to achieve these standards. A companion group of professional standards, guidelines, and tools (ie, Sphere’s Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards) guide the implementation and operationalization of these frameworks on the ground.

This paper gathers these global frameworks and core professional guidelines in one place, presents an analytical review of their essential features, and highlights the commonalities and differences between and among these frameworks. The aim of this paper is to facilitate understanding of these frameworks and to help in designing development and resilience policy, planning, and implementation, at international and national levels, where these frameworks complement and contribute to each other.

This Special Report describes an important and evolving aspect of the discipline and provides core information necessary to progress the science. Additionally, the report will help governments and policy makers to define their priorities and to design policies/strategies/programs to reflect the global commitments. Development practitioners can pre-empt the focus of the international community and the assistance coming from donors to the priority sectors, as identified in the global agenda. This would then help governments and stakeholders to develop and design a realistic plan and program and prepare the instruments and mechanisms to deliver the goals.
Looking on the bright side and seeing it vividly: interpretation bias and involuntary mental imagery are related to risk for bipolar disorder
Authors: Peckham Andrew D. , Modavi Kiana , Johnson Sheri L.
Published: October 2019

Background:

Involuntary mental imagery is elevated among people with bipolar disorder, and has been shown to shape biases in interpretation of ambiguous information. However, it is not clear whether biases in interpretation of ambiguous scenarios can be observed in those at risk for bipolar disorder, or whether involuntary imagery is related to such a bias.

Aims:

In the present study, we extended a prominent model of bipolar cognition to an at-risk sample. We specifically tested whether positive interpretation bias and involuntary mental imagery are linked to a greater risk of bipolar disorder.

Method:

Young adults (N = 169) completed measures of risk for bipolar disorder (the Hypomanic Personality Scale [HPS]), interpretation bias, and involuntary mental imagery.

Results:

Higher scores on the HPS were significantly correlated with more positive interpretations of ambiguous scenarios (β = 0.29, p <. 01) and more frequent involuntary mental imagery (β = 0.22, p < .01). There was no evidence of an interaction between interpretation bias and mental imagery in predicting HPS score, β = .04, p = .62.

Conclusions:

Further research is warranted to determine if intrusive imagery or interpretation bias influence the development of bipolar disorder over time in those at risk.
Fromtwig-skinnytoKate Moss skinny: expressing degree with common and proper nouns
Authors: VARTIAINEN TURO
Published: October 2019

This article provides a constructional (CxG) analysis of N-ADJ compounds in which the noun receives a degree reading (e.g.bullet-straight,Kennedy-handsome). A semantic analysis based on similes and scale matching is provided, and the recent history and increased productivity of the construction are examined in light of data from both theCorpus of Historical American Englishand a range of present-day corpora. The article introduces new evidence of the increased functional flexibility of both common and proper nouns in English and discusses the ongoing conventionalisation of proper noun degree modifiers in both American English and other varieties of English. The results of the study suggest that the recent introduction of proper noun degree modifiers has been supported by both constructional (semantic) change and macro-trends that have affected English usage more generally.
The effect of egg consumption on cardiometabolic health outcomes: an umbrella review
Authors: Mah Eunice , Chen C-Y Oliver , Liska DeAnn J
Published: October 2019

Objective:

This umbrella review provides an overview of the consistency and gaps in the evidence base on eggs and cardiometabolic health.

Design:

PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, the Nutrition Evidence Systematic Review and Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality databases were screened for evidence-based reviews in English that assessed human studies on egg consumption and cardiometabolic outcomes.

Results:

Seven systematic reviews and fifteen meta-analyses were identified, with eighteen of these published since 2015. Overall, the systematic reviews were of low quality, while meta-analyses were of moderate- to high-quality. No association of increased egg intake and risks of heart disease or stroke in the general population were found in the meta-analyses. Increased risk of heart failure was noted in two meta-analyses that analysed the same three cohort studies. Five recent meta-analyses reported no increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in the general population, although increased risk in US-based populations only has been reported. Older (<2013) meta-analyses reported increased risks of cardiovascular disease (CVD) or heart disease in T2DM populations, and no recent evidence-based reviews were identified. Finally, only one meta-analysis reported intervention studies specifically on eggs and biomarkers (i.e. lipids), and the results contradicted those from observation studies.

Conclusions:

Recent evidence-based reviews conclude that increased egg consumption is not associated with CVD risk in the general population. More research is needed on the positive associations between egg consumption and heart failure and T2DM risk, as well as CVD risk in diabetics, before firm conclusions can be made.
Equity Concerns Raised in Federal Flood Property Buyouts
Authors: Cartier Kimberly
Published: October 2019

The communities most in need of federal property buyouts after a flood are the communities least likely to get them.
Yellowstone Plume Conduit Tilt Caused by Large‐Scale Mantle Flow
Authors: Steinberger B. , Nelson P. L. , Grand S. P. , Wang W.
Published: October 2019

Mantle plumes are hot upwellings of rock thought to originate at the core‐mantle boundary. As they rise through the mantle, their conduits may become tilted due to lateral large‐scale mantle flow. Recent tomographic images have revealed a strongly tilted plume conduit starting at the core‐mantle boundary beneath northern Baja California rising toward the Yellowstone hot spot from the southwest. Here we perform numerical computations of plumes deflected in large‐scale mantle flow with the aim of finding if realistic model parameter ranges exist that yield a good fit with the tomographically observed conduit. We restrict ourselves to models that yield reasonable results for plume conduit tilt and hot spot motion globally. These models require high viscosity ≈1023 Pa s at some lower mantle depths. For a plume head reaching the surface 17 Ma, corresponding to the start of the Columbia River Basalts, our models require rise times ≈80 Myr or longer to match the tilt of the conduit observed by tomography. We used several tomography models to determine mantle density with almost all models predicting southwestward flow in the lowermost mantle beneath the western United States. Exact details of the shape of the predicted conduit's southwesterly tilt vary, depending on the density and viscosity structures we used. In many cases we find comparatively strong tilts in two depth ranges, in the upper and lower portions of the mantle, which is also a characteristic of the tomographically observed conduit. We expect that future models may help to constrain large‐scale flow by matching these corresponding depth ranges.