bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ultrastructure of posterior sternal glands of Macrotermes annandalei (Silvestri): New members of the sexual glandular set found in termites (Insecta)
Authors: Quennedey André , Peppuy Alexis , Courrent Annie , Robert Alain , Everaerts Claude , Bordereau Christian
Published: October 2004

In female alates of Macrotermes annandalei, two types of abdominal glands are involved in the secretion of sex pheromone. Tergal glands are found at the anterior margin of tergites 6–10 and posterior sternal glands (PSGs) are located at the anterior margin of sternites 6–7. The cytological features of both types of glands are quite similar. The fine structural organization of PSGs is studied more precisely and described for the first time. The glandular cuticle is pitted with narrow apertures corresponding to the openings of numerous subcuticular pouches. Several Class 3 glandular units open in each pouch. One canal cell and one secretory cell make an individual glandular unit. The canal cell is enlarged apically and is connected with the other canal cells to form a common pouch. Based on the structural features found in these glands, we propose a common secretory process for PSGs and tergal glands. During the physiological maturation of alates inside the nest, secretory vesicles amass in the cytoplasm of secretory cells, while large intercellular spaces collapse the cuticular pouches. At the time of dispersal flight, pouches are filled with the content of secretory vesicles while intercellular spaces are sharply reduced. After calling behavior, no secretion remains in the glands and pouches collapse again, while secretory cells are drastically reduced in size. The structure and the secretory processes of PSGs and tergal glands are compared to those of abdominal sexual glands known in termites. J. Morphol. 262:683–691, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Release of aldosterone and catecholamines from the interrenal gland of Triturus carnifex in response to adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) administration
Authors: Capaldo A. , Gay F. , Valiante S. , Varlese M.G. , Laforgia V. , Varano L.
Published: October 2004

The influence of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) on the interrenal gland of Triturus carnifex was investigated by in vivo administration of synthetic ACTH. The effects were evaluated by examination of the ultrastructural morphological and morphometrical features of the tissues as well as the circulating serum levels of aldosterone, noradrenaline (NA), and adrenaline (A). In June and November, ACTH administration increased aldosterone release (from 281.50 ± 1.60 pg/ml in carrier‐injected newts to 597.02 ± 3.35 pg/ml in June; from 187.45 ± 1.34 pg/ml in carrier‐injected animals to 651.00 ± 3.61 pg/ml in November). The steroidogenic cells showed clear signs of stimulation, together with a reduction of lipid content in June and an increase of lipid content in November. Moreover, ACTH administration decreased the mean total number of secretory vesicles in the chromaffin cells in June (from 7.73 ± 0.60 granules/μm2 in carrier‐injected animals to 5.91 ± 0.40 granules/μm2) and November (from 7.78 ± 0.75 granules/μm2 in carrier‐injected newts to 4.87 ± 0.40 granules/μm2). In June, however, when T. carnifex chromaffin cells contain almost exclusively NA granules (NA: 7.42 ± 0.86 granules/μm2; A: 0.32 ± 0.13 granules/μm2), ACTH decreased NA content (5.52 ± 0.32 granules/μm2) increasing NA release (from 639.82 ± 3.30 pg/ml in carrier‐injected to 880.55 ± 4.52 pg/ml). In November, when both catecholamines, NA (3.92 ± 0.34 granules/μm2) and A (3.84 ± 0.33 granules/μm2), are present in the chromaffin cells, ACTH administration reduced A content (1.02 ± 0.20 granules/μm2), enhancing adrenaline secretion (from 681.30 ± 3.62 pg/ml in carrier‐injected newts to 1,335.73 ± 9.03 pg/ml). The results of this study indicate that ACTH influences the steroidogenic tissue, eliciting aldosterone release. The effects on the chromaffin tissue, increase of NA or A secretion, according to the period of chromaffin cell functional cycle, may be direct and/or mediated through the increase of aldosterone release. Finally, the lack of an increase of A content in the chromaffin cells, or A serum level, following ACTH administration in June might suggest an independence of PNMT enzyme on corticosteroids. J. Morphol. 262:692–700, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Embryological aspects of inducible morphological defenses in Daphnia
Authors: Laforsch Christian , Tollrian Ralph
Published: October 2004

Many cases of predator‐induced morphological plasticity in daphnids are well studied examples of inducible defenses. However, little is known about the early development of these sometimes conspicuous traits. We compared for the first time in five different Daphnia species the embryonic development of predator‐induced and noninduced animals using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). We observed significant morphological changes in the last embryonic stage in helmet formation in Daphnia cucullata and in neck‐pedestal development in Daphnia pulex. In contrast, no morphological changes could be found during embryogenesis between induced and noninduced Daphnia lumholtzi, D. longicephala, and D. ambigua. Strategies for initiating the defensive traits differ among Daphnia species because of trade‐offs between environmental requirements and developmental constraints. Some general features of Daphnia embryonic development are described using SEM. All Daphnia embryos have to shed at least three different membranes before leaving the brood pouch of the mother. After the embryos shed the third membrane, chemosensillae that are likely able to detect predator‐released chemicals are exposed to the olfactory environment. J. Morphol. 262: 701–707, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Intracranial portion of the trochlear nerve and dorsal oblique muscle composition in dog: A structural and ultrastructural study
Authors: Vivo Joaquín , Morales José L. , Diz Andrés , Galisteo Alfonso M. , Monterde José G. , Blanco Alfonso , Agüera Eduardo
Published: October 2004

In the present investigation the right intracranial portion of the trochlear nerves and dorsal oblique muscle of the right ocular globe were removed from six adult dogs and analyzed by light and electron microscopy. Unmyelinated fibers were observed in the analyzed nerves. The number, diameter, area, and density of myelinated fibers were determined, as were corresponding axon area and diameter and myelin sheath thickness. Frequency histograms of myelin sheath thickness and fiber size show a bimodal distribution with a similar proportion of large and small fibers. Muscle samples were taken from the central portion of the muscle belly, subsequently frozen, cut, and stained with m‐ATPase at pH 4.6. Fibers were classified as Type 1 or Type 2 according to their reaction to the m‐ATPase and detailed morphologic and morphometric studies were made. The muscles showed two clearly distinct layers, a central layer and a peripheral layer, chiefly composed of Type 2 fibers. The fibers in the central layer were larger in size than those in the peripheral layer. J. Morphol. 262:708–713, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ultrastructure of the reproductive system of the black swamp snake (Seminatrix pygaea). IV. Occurrence of an ampulla ductus deferentis
Authors: Sever David M.
Published: October 2004

The distal end of the ductus deferens of Seminatrix pygaea (Cope) differs from more proximal portions of the tube by possessing a highly fluctuated epithelium. Similar morphology has been reported in this area in one lizard and some mammals and the region has been designated in these taxa as the ampulla ductus deferentis. In this study, light and transmission electron microscopy were used to study the posterior ductus deferens in S. pygaea and compare the histology in this region to more proximal regions of the duct and to descriptions of the ampulla of other species. Seminatrix pygaea stores sperm throughout the ductus deferens during the entire year. The epithelium of the ductus deferens is not secretory, but the presence of numerous small apical vesicles indicates a role in fluid absorption. In addition to the highly folded epithelium, clusters of sperm nuclei are more intimately associated with the apical ampullary epithelium than elsewhere in the ductus deferens. No evidence of phagocytosis of sperm was found. In contrast, the ampulla of mammals and presumably the lizard Calotes versicolor is glandular and phagocytic. The common character shared by the squamates and mammals with specializations in this area is the folded epithelium, and whether this is due to shared ancestry with amniotes or is homoplastic is unresolved. J. Morphol. 262:714–730, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Glial fibrillary acidic protein and vimentin immunoreactivity of astroglial cells in the central nervous system of the African lungfish, Protopterus annectens (Dipnoi: Lepidosirenidae)
Authors: Lazzari Maurizio , Franceschini Valeria
Published: October 2004

The distribution of glial intermediate filament molecular markers, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and vimentin, in the brain and spinal cord of the African lungfish, Protopterus annectens, was examined by light microscopy immunoperoxidase cytochemistry. Glial fibrillary acidic protein immunoreactivity is clear and is evident in a radial glial system. It consists of fibers of different lengths and thicknesses that are arranged in a regular radial pattern throughout the central nervous system (CNS). They emerge from generally immunopositive radial ependymoglia (tanycytes), lining the ventricular surface, and are directed from the ventricular wall to the meningeal surface. These fibers give rise to endfeet that are apposed to the subpial surface and to blood vessel walls forming the glia limitans externa and the perivascular glial layer, respectively. GFAP‐immunopositive star‐shaped astrocytes were not found in P. annectens CNS. In the gray matter of the spinal cord, cell bodies of immunopositive radial glia are displaced from the ependymal layer. Vimentin‐immunopositive structures are represented by thin fibers mostly localized in the peripheral zones of the brain and the spinal cord. While a few stained fibers appear in the gray matter, the ependymal layer shows no antivimentin immunostaining. In P. annectens the immunocytochemical response of the astroglial intermediate filaments is typical of a mature astroglia cell lineage, since they primarily express GFAP immunoreactivity. This immunocytochemical study shows that the glial pattern of the African lungfish resembles that found in tetrapods such as urodeles and reptiles. The glial pattern of lungfishes is comparable to that of urodeles and reptiles but is not as complex as that of teleosts, birds, and mammals. J. Morphol. 262:741–749, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anatomy of the pharyngeal jaw apparatus of Zenarchopterus (gill) (Teleostei: Beloniformes)
Authors: Tibbetts Ian R. , Carseldine Lee
Published: October 2004

The structure of the pharyngeal jaw apparatus (PJA) of Zenarchopterus dispar and Z. buffonis, carnivorous estuarine and freshwater West‐Pacific halfbeaks, was investigated using dissection, light, and scanning electron microscopy as part of a comparison with estuarine and marine herbivorous confamilials. The Zenarchopterus PJA differs from published descriptions of hemiramphid PJAs in that the otic capsules are less pronounced; the pharyngocranial articulation facet is trough‐like; the third pharyngobranchials are ankylosed; the second pharyngobranchial anterior processes are relatively hypotrophied; all pharyngeal teeth except the posterior teeth in the fifth ceratobranchial face posteriorly; the muscularis craniopharyngobranchialis 2 posterior is short; the muscularis craniopharyngobranchialis 2 anterior is lacking, as is its insertion site, the inferior parasphenoid apophysis; the protractor pectoralis is well developed; the pharyngocleithralis internus originates dorsal to the level of the fifth ceratobranchial bony process; the fifth ceratobranchial bony processes are directed ventrolaterally; the opposing upper and lower tooth fields appear not to occlude erosively; and the muscular portion of the pharyngohyoideus is well developed anteriorly. The extent of these differences and their implications for the function of the PJA support recent molecular studies that suggest that the Hemiramphidae is polyphyletic. J. Morphol. 262:750–759, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Functional morphology of the ear in fossorial rodents, Microtus arvalis and Arvicola terrestris
Authors: Lange Simone , Stalleicken Julia , Burda Hynek
Published: October 2004

Functionally relevant features and parameters of the outer, middle, and inner ear were studied morphologically and morphometrically in two species of voles, smaller Microtus arvalis and larger Arvicola terrestris. The findings in these fossorial (i.e., burrowing) rodents with components of surface activity were compared with respective findings reported for taxonomically related muroid rodents representing the same size classes but different eco‐morphotypes: obligate subterranean rodents (Ellobius talpinus and Spalax ehrenbergi superspecies) and generalized rodents (Mus domesticus and Rattus norvegicus). The ear in voles was characterized by traits reported for subterranean rodents. The eardrum was round, without a distinct pars flaccida, and had an area of 5.4 mm2 in M. arvalis and 9 mm2 in A. terrestris. The middle ear exhibited reduced goniale, enlarged incus nearly parallel to the manubrium of the malleus. The malleus‐incus lever ratio amounted to 2.1 (M. arvalis) and 2.0 (A. terrestris). The malleus‐incus complex weighed about 0.8 mg in both vole species. The stapedial footplate had an area of 0.3 mm2 in M. arvalis and 0.4 mm2 in A. terrestris. The cochlea had 2.3 coils in both vole species; the basilar membrane was 8.5 mm and 10.5 mm long in M. arvalis and A. terrestris, respectively. There were on average 1,030 (M. arvalis) and 1,220 (A. terrestris) inner hair cells, and 3,760 (M. arvalis) and 4,250 (A. terrestris) outer hair cells in the organ of Corti. In quantitative terms, all these (as well as some further) traits and parameters were intermediate (related to body size) between those reported for generalized rodents on the one hand and subterranean ones on the other. The sound transmission system of the ear seems to be best tuned to frequencies of about 8–16 kHz with a high‐frequency cut‐off at about 50–60 kHz. The ear of A. terrestris seems to be tuned to somewhat lower frequencies than that in M. arvalis. In this aspect as well as regarding hearing sensitivity (as judged from the mechanical transmission parameters), voles can be considered intermediate not only in their lifestyle but also in their hearing abilities between the subterranean rodents (mole‐vole and blind mole‐rat) and the surface dwellers (house mouse and Norway rat). J. Morphol. 262:770–779, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Avian fissura prima: Differential accumulation of extracellular matrix at a fold
Authors: Bowers Doria F. , Atkins David L.
Published: October 2004

Extracellular matrix components that flank the fissura prima, a primary surface infolding of the cerebellum in birds and mammals, were examined in the embryonic chick using light and transmission electron microscopy. Cerebella dissected from Day 10 embryos were perfused with a paraformaldehyde‐glutaraldehyde‐tannic acid primary fixative and sectioned in the sagittal plane through the mid‐vermis. Ultrastructural analysis revealed a distinct, continuous basal lamina separating the organ parenchyma (epithelia) from pia mater (mesenchyme) at the fissure surface (arbitrarily labeled; fissure floor, folia wall, and folia apex). The basal lamina was significantly thicker (P < 0.001) at the fissure floor compared to that found at the folia wall, which was significantly thicker (P < 0.001) than that observed at the folia apex. Folds in the basal lamina were observed exclusively at the fissure floor. Surface‐associated collagen fibrils were distributed in an aligned, relatively dense manner at the fissure floor, compared with fibrils observed in various orientations and widely separated or absent at the folia wall and folia apex. Metachromasia was more pronounced in the fissure floor than in either the folia wall or folia apex in methylene blue‐stained tissue sections. Together, the thicker, folded basal lamina and densely aligned collagen fibrils at the fissure floor provide a chemical rationale for this color change. These findings suggest that the differential accumulation of extracellular matrix at the fissura prima is positioned to play a structural and/or biochemical role in the maintenance of this fold. J. Morphol. 262:780–790, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development of the genital ducts in Telmatodrilinae (Tubificidae, Clitellata)
Authors: Gustavsson Lena M.
Published: October 2004

In Tubificidae, the male genital duct comprises a funnel in the testes segment, followed by a vas deferens, an atrium, and, frequently, a copulatory structure in the adjacent ovarian segment. There may also be a diffuse or compact prostate gland in association with the duct. The morphology and position of the genital ducts are important for the classification of the oligochaetous Clitellata. Different parts of the male duct, however, have been named without regard to whether they are homologous or not. One way to establish better hypotheses of homology is to study the detailed morphology and/or the development of the genital ducts. The morphogenesis of the genital ducts in Alexandrovia onegensis (Telmatodrilinae) is described. The male funnel originates by multiplication of peritoneal (mesodermal) cells in the posterior septum in the testes segment. A cord of these cells breaks through the septum and grows backwards into the next segment, where it connects to the epidermis. This cord gives rise to the vas deferens, and is therefore mesodermal in origin. The atrium in A. onegensis develops from a primary epidermal (ectodermal) invagination. The vas deferens and atrium connect and a continuous duct from the testes segment to the exterior is formed. Several compact prostate glands develop along the atrium, each being formed from cells in the atrial epithelium. The spermatheca develops from an invagination of the epidermis in the testes segment. The female duct is formed from peritoneal (mesodermal) cells in the posterior septum in the ovarian segment. These developmental findings strengthen the hypothesis about a closer relationship between the Telmatodrilinae and Tubificinae (both Tubificidae). J. Morphol. 262:791–799, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ontogeny of tracheal system structure: A light and electron‐microscopy study of the metathoracic femur of the American locust, Schistocerca americana
Authors: Hartung DeeAnn K. , Kirkton Scott D. , Harrison Jon F.
Published: October 2004

Does oxygen delivery become more challenging for insects as they increase in size? To partially test this hypothesis, we used quantitative light and electron microscopy to estimate the oxygen delivery capacity for two steps of tracheal oxygen delivery within the metathoracic femur (jumping leg) for 2nd instar (about 47 mg) and adult (about 1.7 g) locusts, Schistocerca americana. The fractional cross‐sectional areas of the major tracheae running longitudinally along the leg were similar in adults and 2nd instars; however, since the legs of adults are longer, the mass‐specific diffusive conductances of these tracheae were 4‐fold greater in 2nd instars. Diffusive gas exchange longitudinally along the leg is easily possible for 2nd instars but not adults, who have many air sacs within the femur. Mitochondrial content fell proximally to distally within the femur in 2nd instars but not adults, supporting the hypothesis that diffusion was more important for the former. Lateral diffusing capacities of the tracheal walls were 12‐fold greater in adults than 2nd instars. This was primarily due to differences in the smallest tracheal class (tracheoles), which had thinner epidermal and cuticular layers, greater surface to volume ratios, and greater mass‐specific surface areas in adults. Adults also had greater mitochondrial contents, larger cell sizes and more intracellular tracheae. Thus, larger insects do not necessarily face greater problems with oxygen delivery; adult grasshoppers have superior oxygen delivery systems and greater mass‐specific aerobic capacities in their legs than smaller/younger insects. J. Morphol. 262:800–812, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Soluble KDI domain of γ1 laminin protects adult hippocampus from excitotoxicity of kainic acid
Authors: Wiksten Markus , Väänänen Antti , Liebkind Ron , Rauhala Pekka , Liesi Päivi
Published: October 2004

Recent data indicate that the soluble KDI domain of γ1 laminin promotes survival and neurite outgrowth of human central neurons in vitro (Liebkind et al.[2003] J Neurosci Res 73:637–643), and seems to neutralize both glia‐ and myelin‐derived signals that hamper regeneration in the central nervous system (CNS) of adult mammals. We show that damage of adult rat neocortical and hippocampal areas by a stereotaxic injection of kainic acid (KA) is prevented by a preceding injection of the soluble KDI domain. In the presence of the KDI domain, both neocortical and hippocampal areas show extensive gliosis but have viable neurons and glial cells, which are absent and the areas fully destroyed after injection of KA alone. This result indicates that the KDI domain of the γ1 laminin protects the CNS against excitotoxic insults and promotes survival of both neurons and glial cells. The KDI domain may thus be a potential drug to prevent CNS damage induced by neurodegenerative disorders, mechanical injury, or ischemia. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A Study on Biomineralization Behavior of N‐Methylene Phosphochitosan Scaffolds
Authors: Yin Yu Ji , Luo Xiao Yan , Cui Jun Feng , Wang Chang Yong , Guo Xi Min , Yao Kang De
Published: October 2004

Summary: Biomimetic growth of calcium phosphate over natural polymer may be an effective approach to constituting an organic/inorganic composite scaffold for bone tissue engineering. In this work, N‐methylene phosphochitosan (NMPCS) was prepared via formaldehyde addition and condensation with phosphoric acid in a step that allowed homogeneous modification without obvious deterioration in chitosan (CS) properties. The NMPCS obtained was characterized by using FT‐IR and elemental analysis. The macroporous scaffolds were fabricated through a freeze‐drying technique. A comparative study on NMPCS and CS scaffold biomimetic mineralization was carried out in different media, i.e, a simulated body fluid (SBF) or alternative CaCl2 and Na2HPO4 solutions respectively. Apatite formation within NMPCS and CS scaffolds was identified with FT‐IR, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy‐dispersive X‐ray (EDX) and X‐ray diffractometery (XRD). The results revealed alternate soaking of the scaffolds in CaCl2 and Na2HPO4 solutions was better than soaking in SBF solution alone in relation to apatite deposition on the scaffold pore walls. Biomineralization provides an approach to improve nature derived materials, e.g., chitosan derivative NMPCS properties e.g., compressive modulus, etc.

SEM image of a NMPCS/apatite composite scaffold.

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SEM image of a NMPCS/apatite composite scaffold.
Controlling Degradation of Acid‐Hydrolyzable Pluronic Hydrogels by Physical Entrapment of Poly(lactic acid‐co‐glycolic acid) Microspheres
Authors: Lee Jun Bae , Chun Ki Woo , Yoon Jun Jin , Park Tae Gwan
Published: October 2004

Summary: Chemically crosslinked biodegradable hydrogels based on di‐acrylated Pluronic F‐127 tri‐block copolymer were prepared by a photopolymerization method. Poly(lactic acid‐co‐glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres were physically entrapped within the Pluronic hydrogel in order to modulate the local pH environment by acidic degradation by‐products of PLGA microspheres. The PLGA microspheres were slowly degraded to create an acidic microenvironment, which facilitated the cleavage of an acid‐labile ester‐linkage in the biodegradable Pluronic hydrogel network. The presence of PLGA microspheres accelerated the degradation of the Pluronic hydrogel and enhanced the protein release rate when protein was loaded in the hydrogel.

SEM image of photo‐crosslinked Pluronic hydrogel entrapping PLGA microspheres.

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SEM image of photo‐crosslinked Pluronic hydrogel entrapping PLGA microspheres.
Synthesis and Functionalization of Isotactic Poly(propylene) Containing Pendant Styrene Groups
Authors: Zou Junfeng , Cao Chengang , Dong Jin‐Yong , Hu Youliang , Chung Tze‐Chiang
Published: October 2004

Summary: Copolymerization of propylene and 1,4‐divinylbenzene was successfully performed by a MgCl2‐supported TiCl4 catalyst, yielding isotactic poly(propylene) (i‐PP) polymers containing a few pendant styrene groups. With a metalation reaction with butyllithium and a hydrochlorination reaction with dry hydrogen chloride, the pendant styrene groups were quantitatively transformed into benzyllithium and 1‐chloroethylbenzene groups, respectively, which allowed the synthesis of i‐PP‐based graft copolymers by living anionic and atom transfer radical (ATRP) polymerization mechanisms.

The incorporation of styrene pendant groups into isotactic poly(propylene) using a Zeigler–Natta catalyst gave functionalized polymers able to undergo living anionic and atom transfer radical (ATRP) polymerizations.

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The incorporation of styrene pendant groups into isotactic poly(propylene) using a Zeigler–Natta catalyst gave functionalized polymers able to undergo living anionic and atom transfer radical (ATRP) polymerizations.
Abnormalities of sensory processing and sensorimotor interactions in secondary dystonia: A neurophysiological study in two patients
Authors: Tamburin Stefano , Zanette Giampietro
Published: October 2004

Experimental data suggest that abnormalities of sensory processing and sensorimotor integration may play a role in the genesis of symptoms in primary dystonia. We studied 2 patients with dystonia secondary to lesions in the somatosensory pathways. We documented sensorimotor alterations in these patients that strongly resemble those found in primary dystonia. Our data are consistent with the hypothesis that abnormalities in sensorimotor processing may contribute to the pathogenesis of dystonic conditions. © 2004 Movement Disorder Society
Repeated visual hallucinations in Parkinson's disease as disturbed external/internal perceptions: Focused review and a new integrative model
Authors: Diederich Nico J. , Goetz Christopher G. , Stebbins Glenn T.
Published: October 2004

Visual hallucinations (VH) in Parkinson's disease (PD) are a chronic complication in 30 to 60% of treated patients and have a multifaceted phenomenology. Flickering, faultive impressions, and illusionary misperceptions precede the core syndrome of stereotyped, colorful images. The patient variably recognizes these images as hallucinations, being rarely irritated or frightened and more often amused as a bystander. Although studies on VH in PD focus on several research domains, no comprehensive, unified theory has been developed to study their pathophysiology. We have adapted Hobson's work on the states of consciousness and propose a model integrating seemingly disparate data on VH. We suggest that VH should be considered as a dysregulation of the gating and filtering of external perception and internal image production. Contributive elements and anatomical links for the model include poor primary vision, reduced activation of primary visual cortex, aberrant activation of associative visual and frontal cortex, lack of suppression or spontaneous emergence of internally generated imagery through the ponto‐geniculo‐occipital system, intrusion of rapid eye movement dreaming imagery into wakefulness, errative changes of the brainstem filtering capacities through fluctuating vigilance, and medication‐related overactivation of mesolimbic systems. Different etiologies likely produce different phenomenologies and the prognosis may not be uniform. This new conceptual framework permits an anatomical view of VH and suggests new, testable hypotheses regarding their pathophysiology and therapy. © 2004 Movement Disorder Society
Sacsin‐related autosomal recessive ataxia without prominent retinal myelinated fibers in Japan
Authors: Hara Kenju , Onodera Osamu , Endo Minoru , Kondo Hiroshi , Shiota Hiroshi , Miki Kenji , Tanimoto Naoyuki , Kimura Tetsuya , Nishizawa Masatoyo
Published: October 2004

Autosomal recessive spastic ataxia of Charlevoix–Saguenay (ARSACS) has been described in the Quebec region and in Tunisia. We report on two Japanese siblings with a new homozygous mutation (6543 del A) of the SACS gene. Compared with previously reported ARSACS patients, both of these patients had a unique phenotype characterized by dementia, ophthalmoplegia, and the absence of prominent retinal myelinated fibers. © 2004 Movement Disorder Society
Panconnectivity, fault‐tolerant hamiltonicity and hamiltonian‐connectivity in alternating group graphs
Authors: Chang Jou‐Ming , Yang Jinn‐Shyong , Wang Yue‐Li , Cheng Yuwen
Published: October 2004

Jwo et al. [Networks 23 (1993) 315–326] introduced the alternating group graph as an interconnection network topology for computing systems. They showed that the proposed structure has many advantages over n‐cubes and star graphs. For example, all alternating group graphs are hamiltonian‐connected (i.e., every pair of vertices in the graph are connected by a hamiltonian path) and pancyclic (i.e., the graph can embed cycles with arbitrary length with dilation 1). In this article, we give a stronger result: all alternating group graphs are panconnected, that is, every two vertices x and y in the graph are connected by a path of length k for each k satisfying d(x, y) ≤ k ≤ |V| − 1, where d(x, y) denotes the distance between x and y, and |V| is the number of vertices in the graph. Moreover, we show that the r‐dimensional alternating group graph AGr, r ≥ 4, is (r − 3)‐vertex fault‐tolerant Hamiltonian‐connected and (r − 2)‐vertex fault‐tolerant hamiltonian. The latter result can be viewed as complementary to the recent work of Lo and Chen [IEEE Trans. Parallel and Distributed Systems 12 (2001) 209–222], which studies the fault‐tolerant hamiltonicity in faulty arrangement graphs. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, Vol. 44(4), 302–310 2004
Pentacyclic triterpene 5‐phenylpenta‐2,4‐dienoyl esters from Peltastes peltatus (Vell.) Woodson
Authors: Humberto Margarida M. S. , Nascimento Maria Cleonice B. S. , Sant'Ana Antônio E. G.
Published: October 2004

Two new pentacyclic triterpene esters, peltastine A {3β‐[5‐phenyl‐(2E,4E)‐penta‐2,4‐dienoyloxy]‐urs‐12‐ene} and peltastine B {3β‐[5‐phenyl‐(2E,4E)‐penta‐2,4‐dienoyloxy}‐lup‐20(29)‐ene}, have been isolated from the stem of Peltastes peltatus (Vell.) Woodson along with the previously reported β‐amyrin juarezate {3β‐[5‐phenyl‐(2E,4E)‐penta‐2,4‐dienoyloxy]‐olean‐12‐ene}. The structures of these compounds were established by MS, 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR experiments as well as by chemical degradation. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tetrahedral intermediates in reactions of carboxylic acid derivatives with nucleophiles
Authors: Adler Martin , Adler Sandra , Boche Gernot
Published: October 2004

Transacylation reactions of carboxylic acids, carboxylic acid esters, carboxylic acid amides and other carboxylic acid derivatives are among the most widespread and most important reactions in chemistry and biochemistry. Already in 1887, Claisen suggested a tetrahedral intermediate in transformations of carboxylic acid derivatives with nucleophiles. A historical overview gives insight into the studies to detect possible tetrahedral intermediates in such reactions. However, only in recent years has detailed information concerning the structures of such species become available. In this review, neutral, cationic and anionic tetrahedral intermediates are described which serve as models for transacylations under neutral, acid‐catalysed or basic conditions. The characteristically different structures correspond nicely with experimental experience with reactions of carboxylic acid derivatives and with quantum chemical model calculations on tetrahedral intermediates. Finally, by means of model calculations, an explanation is given for the fast reactions of Weinreb amides, RC(O)N(CH3)OCH3, with organolithium and even with Grignard reagents: the reactions are determined by comparatively stable chelate transition states. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tailored noise waveform/collision‐induced dissociation of ions stored in a linear ion trap combined with liquid chromatography/Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry
Authors: Vilkov Andrey N. , Bogdanov Bogdan , Paša‐Tolić Ljiljana , Prior Dave C. , Anderson Gordon A. , Masselon Christophe D. , Moore Ronald J. , Smith Richard D.
Published: October 2004

A new collision‐induced dissociation (CID) technique based on broadband tailored noise waveform (TNW) excitation of ions stored in a linear ion trap has been developed. In comparison with the conventional sustained off‐resonance irradiation (SORI) CID method commonly used in Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR‐MS), this MS/MS technique increases throughput by eliminating the long pump‐down delay associated with gas introduction into the high vacuum ICR cell region. In addition, the TNW‐CID method speeds spectrum acquisition since it does not require Fourier transformation, calculation of resonant frequencies and generation of the excitation waveforms. We demonstrate TNW‐CID coupled with on‐line capillary reverse‐phase liquid chromatography separations for the identification of peptides. The experimental results are compared with data obtained using conventional quadrupole ion trap MS/MS and SORI‐CID MS/MS in an ICR cell. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Derivatization of phosphorylated peptides with S‐ and N‐nucleophiles for enhanced ionization efficiency in matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry
Authors: Klemm Clementine , Schröder Stephan , Glückmann Matthias , Beyermann Michael , Krause Eberhard
Published: October 2004

The identification of phosphorylation sites is essential for a full understanding of the cellular functions of proteins. However, mass spectrometric analysis is often hampered by the low abundance of phosphoproteins, the difficulty of obtaining full sequence coverage by specific proteolysis reactions, and the low ionization efficiency of phosphopeptides compared with their non‐phosphorylated analogs. In the present work a beta‐elimination/Michael addition was used to replace the phosphate groups of pSer or pThr by a group which gives rise to an enhanced ionization efficiency. In order to find optimum reaction conditions, beta‐elimination/Michael addition was examined using phosphorylated model peptides. Whereas complete elimination of phosphate could be achieved by treatment with barium hydroxide in organic solvents such as ethanol or acetonitrile, the yield of the Michael adduct strongly depended on the nucleophile and the peptide sequence. Reaction with 2‐phenylethanethiol, p‐bromophenethylamine and ethylenediamine clearly resulted in products showing higher matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) signal intensities compared with those of the corresponding phosphorylated precursors. The method was successfully used to identify phosphorylated sequences of ovalbumin and human Stat1 by in‐gel derivatization with 2‐phenylethanethiol and subsequent peptide mass fingerprint analysis of the trypsin digests. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of intact long‐chain p‐hydroxycinnamate esters in leaf fibers of abaca (Musa textilis) using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry
Authors: del Río José C. , Rodríguez Isabel M. , Gutiérrez Ana
Published: October 2004

The study of acetone‐extractable components from the leaf fibers of the non‐wood plant abaca (Musa textilis) resulted in the isolation and identification of series of intact hydroxycinnamate esters consisting of ferulic and p‐coumaric acids esterified to long‐chain fatty alcohols (C20 to C28) and ω‐hydroxyfatty acids (C22 to C28). These series of compounds were characterized by high‐temperature gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) using capillary columns (12 m length) with thin films that allowed the analysis of intact (i.e., without prior saponification) hydroxycinnamate esters. Characterization of intact individual compounds was achieved based on the mass spectra obtained by GC/MS of the underivatized compounds and their methyl and/or trimethylsilyl ether derivatives. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Proximal B cell receptor signaling pathways
Authors: Skaggs Brian J. , Clark Marcus R.
Published: October 2004

Engagement of the B cell antigen receptor by antigen initiates a complex and interconnected cascade of signaling pathways that determine whether a B cell will divide, differentiate, or die. Both biochemical and genetic studies have defined the principal molecules, including the BCR components Igσ and Igβ, Src kinases, Syk, and Btk. Linker proteins such as BLNK have recently been shown to play a vital role in organizing proximal signaling molecules and coupling the BCR to distal signaling pathways. In this review, we will pay particular attention to how BCR‐proximal kinases coordinate the activation of PLCγ2, leading to the initiation and amplification of BCR‐mediated calcium flux and the activation of PI‐3 kinase.
Extrusion of Starch Acetate with Mixed Blowing Agents
Authors: Zhou Jiahua , Hanna Milford A.
Published: October 2004

There are three consecutive processes involved in extrusion foaming: extrusion (mixing and melting), cell initiation and cell growth, and cooling. Extrusion of polysaccharide‐based polymers with a single blowing agent is limited by cost, safety, and the various physicochemical requirements of the three processes in extrusion. Balancing or comprising between requirements of various processes should be maintained in the optimization process. Secondary blowing agents such as pentane, ethyl acetate, and sodium bicarbonate were used in water and ethanol‐based foaming processes. The introduction of secondary blowing agents of low surface tension or, in other words, of high evaporation rate, such as pentane and ethyl acetate, increased cell density while the addition of high surface tension secondary blowing agents reduced cell density. The specific volume of foams can be increased by secondary blowing agents by increasing nuclei density, increasing solvency, and increasing the amount of vaporized blowing agent.
EPR Studies of Thermally Treated Oxidized Corn Starch
Authors: Bidzińska Ewa , Dyrek Krystyna , Fortuna Teresa , Łabanowska Maria , Pietrzyk Sławomir
Published: October 2004

The formation of radicals in oxidized corn starch at 20–250°C in air was investigated by quantitative EPR spectroscopy. It was found that the presence of carboxyl groups in the oxidized starch increases the starch's ability to generate radical species. Introducing Cu2+ ions into the starch, as a catalyst or as an EPR probe, leads to the formation of copper‐carboxyl complexes containing two carboxyl ligands. Drastic increase in the number of radical species at about 250°C is accompanied by a decrease in the intensity of EPR signal of Cu2+‐carboxyl complexes, indicating that the thermal degradation of oxidized corn starch occurs with the formation of radicals, probably via breaking the chemical bonds in the carboxyl groups.
Resistant Starch Made from Banana Starch by Autoclaving and Debranching
Authors: González‐Soto Rosalia A. , Agama‐Acevedo Edith , Solorza‐Feria Javier , Rendón‐Villalobos Rodolfo , Bello‐Pérez Luis Arturo
Published: October 2004

Resistant starches (RS) were prepared from banana starch by debranching with pullulanase for different times and after autoclaving treatment. The different treatments produced seven RS products, which were tested with respect to available starch (AS), RS and in vitro hydrolysis rate. The control sample (without debranching) had the highest AS (80.5%) and the lowest RS content (9.1%). The samples debranched for 5 h and longer did not show significant differences (α = 0.05) in AS (approximately 72%) and RS (approximately 18%). The RS values obtained in the samples prepared were twice as high as that of the control sample. However, the sample debranched for the longest time had the highest hydrolysis rate, demonstrating that this product has a high digestion rate. Banana starch is a good source for RS preparation by autoclaving due to its high RS content and can be an alternative source in developing countries for obtaining a nutraceutic ingredient for functional food preparation.
In vitro Digestibility of Cross‐Linked Starches – RS4
Authors: Shin Malshick , Song Jiyoung , Seib Paul A.
Published: October 2004

In vitro digestibility of cross‐linked starches (RS4 type), which were prepared from wheat, corn, rice, potato, and high‐amylose corn starches, was determined by Prosky AOAC and pancreatin gravimetric (P/G) methods. The RS levels of RS4 starches obtained by the AOAC method were higher than those by the P/G method. Pronase treatment before digestion with heat‐stable α‐amylase (AOAC method) gave similar RS levels as those by P/G method. The shapes of residues after digestion by the AOAC method were not different from untreated ones, but those after digestion by the P/G method showed irregular and fluffy forms. It was found that the P/G method provided more exhaustive digestion of RS4 starches than the AOAC method.
Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Palsy in Well‐differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma: Clinicopathologic Features and Outcome Study
Authors: Chan Wai‐Fan , Lo Chung‐Yau , Lam King‐Yin , Wan Koon‐Yat
Published: October 2004

Involvement of the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) by well‐differentiated thyroid carcinoma may not invariably lead to unilateral cord palsy, although the presence of RLN palsy is associated with locally advanced disease. The present study evaluates the clinicopathologic features and outcomes of patients surgically treated for well‐differentiated thyroid carcinoma with documented nonfunctioning RLN at presentation. From 1970 to 2002, 20 of 709 patients undergoing surgical treatment for well‐differentiated thyroid carcinoma were found to have ipsilateral unilateral cord palsy by routine preoperative laryngoscopy. There were 5 men and 15 women with a median age of 70 years. Nine patients (45%) did not have a clinically palpable thyroid mass, and hoarseness was the primary presenting symptom. All patients had histologically confirmed pT4 papillary thyroid carcinoma with a median size of 4 cm. Cervical nodal and pulmonary metastases were detected in 14 (70%) and 2 (10%) patients, respectively. The ipsilateral recurrent nerve was transected in all patients because of gross tumor involvement, and 19 patients underwent total or completion total thyroidectomy. Resection was incomplete in 15 patients, including 2 who underwent a debulking procedure and required reoperation for local control. Postoperative radioactive iodine ablation and external‐beam irradiation were administered to 18 and 13 patients, respectively. Over a median follow‐up of 4.5 years, 10 patients survived without evidence of recurrence, 5 died of disease recurrence, and 5 died of unrelated causes. The 5‐year and 10‐year cause‐specific mortality was 17% and 42%, respectively. Patients developing distant metastasis at presentation or during follow‐up had a significantly increased cause‐specific mortality (p = 0.002). Preoperative RLN palsy can be the first symptom in patients with locally advanced papillary thyroid carcinoma. Despite the adoption of a relatively conservative surgical treatment, long‐term survival can be achieved in selected patients.
Focused Cervical Exploration for Primary Hyperparathyroidism without Intraoperative Parathyroid Hormone Monitoring or Use of the Gamma Probe
Authors: Jacobson Steven R. , van Heerden Jon A. , Farley David R. , Grant Clive S. , Thompson Geoffrey B. , Mullan Brian P. , Curlee Kathleen J.
Published: October 2004

Selected patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT) who have a positive preoperative sestamibi scan can be managed safely and successfully with a focused cervical exploration without either adjuvant intraoperative parathyroid hormone (PTH) monitoring or use of a gamma probe. This article reports a retrospective analysis of a consecutive series of patients surgically treated at a tertiary referral center. From August 1998 to August 2002, 100 patients (68 women, 32 men; mean age 63 years [range: 29–89 years]) underwent a focused cervical approach without intraoperative PTH monitoring or use of the gamma probe after perioperative sestamibi injection. The study group comprised 9% of all patients (n = 1063) undergoing cervical exploration for pHPT during the study period. Ninety patients underwent an initial exploration, and 10 others underwent repeat cervical exploration following prior parathyroid (n = 7) or thyroid (n = 3) operation. Sestamibi scanning correlated with one enlarged parathyroid gland in all patients. Other enlarged glands were, however, not demonstrated in three patients (true positive = 97%; false negative = 3%). The single enlarged glands excised in all patients had a mean weight of 795 mg (range: 90–3640) and were histologically compatible with an adenoma. Postoperatively, 97% of patients were eucalcemic. Three patients remained hypercalcemic (3%). Of the three patients with persistent hypercalcemia, one underwent successful re‐exploration with excision of a 500 mg second adenoma, whereas the other two patients (with confirmed familial HPT) remained hypercalcemic. Mean hospitalization was 0.5 days (range: 0–3 days). There was no operative mortality. No patients had permanent hypocalcemia. Postoperative morbidity occurred in three patients: two self‐limiting cervical hematomas and one permanent vocal cord paralysis. Selected patients with pHPT due to single‐gland disease and an unequivocally positive preoperative sestamibi scan can safely and successfully be managed with a focused unilateral cervical exploration without either intraoperative PTH monitoring or use of the gamma probe. Further experience with this surgical approach seems warranted to determine the overall cure rate, operative morbidity, and the sensitivity and specificity of preoperative localization studies.
Sestamibi Scan–directed Parathyroid Surgery: Potentially High Failure Rate without Measurement of Intraoperative Parathyroid Hormone
Authors: Westerdahl Johan , Bergenfelz Anders
Published: October 2004

The present study evaluated sestamibi scan–directed parathyroidectomy with intraoperative parathyroid hormone (PTH) assessment (ioPTH). The preoperative sestamibi scintigraphies were compared with the intraoperative findings for 103 patients undergoing first exploration for sporadic primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT). Data were collected prospectively. Ninety‐nine patients (96%) were cured. Patients with persistent pHPT (n = 4) all had an incorrect scintigram as well as an insufficient decline of ioPTH. At operation, 90 patients (87%) had solitary parathyroid adenoma; 12 patients had multiglandular disease. In one patient no enlarged parathyroid gland was found. Overall 77 of 118 abnormal glands (65%) were correctly identified by sestamibi scintigraphy. The sensitivity for localizing a single parathyroid adenoma was 80%. Patients with incorrect scintigrams had a higher proportion of upper pole adenomas than patients with correct scans. High glandular weight and high level of serum PTH were important factors for detectability. Sestamibi scintigraphy did not predict multiglandular disease. However, the use of ioPTH identified 8 of the 9 patients with a positive scan (a solitary focus) and multiglandular disease. In contrast, false‐negative ioPTH led to four unnecessary bilateral explorations in the 63 patients with a scan‐identified adenoma. With the help of ioPTH, a focused parathyroidectomy was accomplished in 43% of scan‐negative patients with a solitary adenoma. In conclusion, sestamibi scintigraphy is an acceptable method for localizing a solitary parathyroid adenoma. However, the technique alone does not reliably predict multiglandular disease. Potentially the failure rate in scan‐directed parathyroidectomy could increase, with up to 10% of patients without ioPTH.