bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
β‐amyloid burden is not associated with rates of brain atrophy
Authors: Josephs Keith A. , Whitwell Jennifer L. , Ahmed Zeshan , Shiung Maria M. , Weigand Stephen D. , Knopman David S. , Boeve Bradley F. , Parisi Joseph E. , Petersen Ronald C. , Dickson Dennis W. , Jack Clifford R.
Published: September 2007

Objective

To test the hypothesis that β‐amyloid (Aβ) burden is associated with rates of brain atrophy.

Methods

Forty‐five subjects who had been prospectively studied, died, and had an autopsy diagnosis of low, intermediate, or high probability of Alzheimer's disease who had two volumetric head magnetic resonance imaging scans were identified. Compact and total (compact + diffuse) Aβ burden was measured using a computerized image analyzer with software program to detect the proportion of gray matter occupied by Aβ. Visual ratings of Aβ burden were also performed. The boundary shift integral was used to calculate change over time in whole‐brain and ventricular volume. All boundary shift integral results were annualized by adjusting for scan interval. Demographics, cognitive measures, clinical diagnoses, apolipoprotein E genotype, neurofibrillary tangle (NFT) pathology, and vascular lesion burden were determined.

Results

There was no correlation between compact or total Aβ burden, or visual Aβ ratings, and rates of brain loss or ventricular expansion in all subjects. However, significant correlations were observed between rates of brain loss and age, Braak NFT stage, and change over time in cognitive measures. These features also correlated with rates of ventricular expansion. The rates of brain loss and ventricular expansion were greater in demented compared with nondemented subjects.

Interpretation

These findings suggest that rate of brain volume loss is not determined by the amount of insoluble Aβ in the gray matter. Ann Neurol 2007
Changes in the incidence and predictors of human immunodeficiency virus–associated dementia in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy
Authors: Bhaskaran Krishnan , Mussini Cristina , Antinori Andrea , Walker Ann Sarah , Dorrucci Maria , Sabin Caroline , Phillips Andrew , Porter Kholoud ,   CASCADE Collaboration
Published: September 2007

Objective

Though effective anti–human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) therapies are now available, they have variable penetration into the brain. We therefore aimed to assess changes over calendar time in the risk for HIV‐associated dementia (HIV‐D), and factors associated with HIV‐D risk.

Methods

Using Concerted Action on Seroconversion to AIDS and Death in Europe (CASCADE) data, we analyzed factors associated with time from HIV seroconversion to HIV‐D using Cox models with time‐updated covariates. The effect of duration of infection was explored using flexible parametric survival models.

Results

222 of 15,380 seroconverters developed HIV‐D. The incidence per 1,000 person‐years was 6.49 pre‐1997 (before highly active antiretroviral therapy was available), declining to 0.66 by 2003 to 2006. Compared with most recent CD4 count ≥ 350 cells/mm3, the adjusted relative risk (95% confidence interval) of HIV‐D was 3.47 (1.91–6.28), 10.19 (5.72–18.15), and 39.03 (22.96–66.36) at 200 to 349, 100 to 199, and 0 to 99 cells/mm3, respectively. In 2003 to 2006, older age at seroconversion (relative risk = 3.24 per 10‐year increase [95% confidence interval, 2.00–5.24]) and previous acquired immune deficiency syndrome diagnosis (relative risk = 4.92 [95% confidence interval, 1.43–16.92]) were associated with HIV‐D risk, independently of current CD4 count. HIV‐D risk appeared to increase during chronic infection, by 48% at 10 years after seroconversion compared with the lowest risk at 1.8 years.

Interpretation

HIV‐D incidence has reduced markedly since 1997. However, patients with low (<200 cells/mm3) or even intermediate (200–349 cells/mm3) CD4 counts, previous acquired immune deficiency syndrome diagnosis, longer HIV infection duration, and older age at seroconversion are at increased risk and should be closely monitored for neurocognitive disorders. Ann Neurol 2007
Properties of poly(butylene terephthalate) chain‐extended by epoxycyclohexyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane
Authors: Zhou Zhiyong , Yin Nianwei , Zhang Yong , Zhang Yinxi
Published: September 2007

Epoxycyclohexyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (epoxy–POSS) was used to prepare a chain‐extended poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) with a twin‐screw extruder. The effect of epoxy–POSS on the melt flow index, mechanical properties, rheological behavior, and thermal properties of chain‐extended PBT was investigated. PBT had an intrinsic viscosity of 1.1 dL/g and a carboxy1 content of 21.6 equiv/106 g, but the PBT chain‐extended with 2 wt % epoxy–POSS had an intrinsic viscosity of 1.7 dL/g and a carboxy1 content lower than 7 equiv/106 g. After the addition of epoxy–POSS, the melt flow index of PBT dramatically decreased, the elongation at break increased greatly, the tensile strength increased slightly, and the thermal stability was also improved. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Preparation of poly(amic acid) and polyimide derived from 3,3′,4,4′‐benzophenonetetracarboxylic dianhydride with different diamines by microwave irradiation
Authors: Li Quantao , Xu Zushun , Yi Changfeng
Published: September 2007

Polycondensation‐type poly(amic acid) (PAA) was synthesized with 3,3′,4,4′‐benzophenonetetracarboxylic dianhydride as a dianhydride monomer and 4,4′‐diaminodiphenylmethane and 4,4′‐oxydianiline as diamine monomers under microwave irradiation in dimethylformamide. Then, PAA was used to make polyimide (PI) by imidization at a low temperature. The structure and performance of the polymers were characterized with Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H‐NMR), viscosity, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and thermogravimetry (TG) curve analyses. The FTIR spectra of the polymers showed characteristic peaks of PI around 1779 and 1717 cm−1. The 1H‐NMR spectrum of PAA indicated a singlet at 6.55 ppm assigned to NHCO and a singlet at 10.27 ppm assigned to carboxylic acid protons. The XRD spectrum demonstrated that the obtained PI had a low‐order aggregation structure with a d‐spacing of 0.5453 nm. The TG results revealed that the PI was thermally stable with 10% weight loss at 565°C in an N2 atmosphere. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2008
Effective preparation and characterization of montmorillonite/poly(ε‐caprolactone)‐based polyurethane nanocomposites
Authors: Jeong Eun Hwan , Yang Jie , Lee Han Sup , Seo Seung Won , Baik Du Hyun , Kim Jeonghan , Youk Ji Ho
Published: September 2007

In this study, montmorillonite (MMT)/poly(ϵ‐caprolactone)‐based polyurethane cationomer (MMT/PCL‐PUC) nanocomposites were prepared and their mechanical properties, thermal stability, and biodegradability were investigated. PCL‐PUC has 3 mol % of quaternary ammonium groups in the main chain. The MMT was successfully exfoliated and well dispersed in the PCL‐PUC matrix for up to 7 wt % of MMT. The 3 mol % of quaternary ammonium groups facilitated exfoliation of MMT. The 1 wt % MMT/PCL‐PUC nanocomposites showed enhanced tensile properties relative to the pure PCL‐PU. As the MMT content increased in the MMT/PCL‐PUC nanocomposites, the degree of microphase separation of PCL‐PUC decreased because of the strong interactions between the PCL‐PUC chains and the exfoliated MMT layers. This resulted in an increase in the Young's modulus and a decrease in the elongation at break and maximum stress of the MMT/PCL‐PUC nanocomposites. Biodegradability of the MMT/PCL‐PUC nanocomposites was dramatically increased with increasing content of MMT, likely because of the less phase‐separated morphology of MMT/PCL‐PUC. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
A market and policy interpretation of recent developments in the world ethanol industry
Authors: Gallagher Paul W.
Published: September 2007

The concept of an integrated world ethanol market refers more to a possibility than to a reality. Presently, the value of ethanol exchanged among countries is only a few billion dollars. But the possibility of trade is real in the aftermath of escalating gasoline prices and the worldwide investment boom in ethanol. However, the prospects for continued investment and growth during the next five or six years are uncertain. This perspective considers some important factors that will define the extent of expansion in worldwide ethanol production and trade. Specifically, the balance between impending processing plans and possible technical limits on ethanol use in gasoline is measured. Also, commercial policies, such as subsidies, tariffs, and trade preferences that influence trade are reviewed; a few policies are also evaluated; and an import policy change for the EU and USA that accommodates growing developed country markets while promoting import diversification and economic development, is discussed. © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Clinical outcomes of dexamethasone‐eluting stent implantation in ST‐elevation acute myocardial infarction
Authors: Jimenez‐Valero Santiago , Santos Belen , Pajin Fernando , Canton Tomas , Lazaro Esther , Moreu Jose , Hernandez Gonzalo , Padial Luis Rodriguez
Published: September 2007

Objectives:

The aim of our study was to evaluate the safety and midterm clinical results of dexamethasone‐eluting stent (DexES) implantation in ST‐segment elevation acute myocardial infarction (STEMI).

Background:

Inflammation plays a pivotal role in both inestabilization of coronary atherosclerotic plaques and development of restenosis after stent placement. Antiinflammatory agents may attenuate those mechanisms and improve clinical outcomes. There is little information about clinical results of DexES and no data are available about their utilization during percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in STEMI.

Methods:

Consecutive patients with STEMI that underwent primary or rescue PCI in our institution were treated with DexES. Clinical follow‐up with routine realization of noninvasive test for detection of myocardial ischemia and coronariography if necessary, were performed. The objective of the study was to evaluate the rate of MACE (death, reinfarction, or target lesion revascularization) during midterm follow‐up.

Results:

The procedure was successful in 96.7% of cases. There were no in‐hospital deaths or reinfarctions. One acute stent thrombosis occurred and no subacute thrombosis were observed. During a mean follow‐up period of 384 days, cardiac‐related death was 1.1%, there were no reinfarctions or late stent thrombosis and target lesion revascularization rate was 4.2%.

Conclusion:

We conclude that utilization of DexES for PCI in STEMI is safe and provides good midterm clinical outcomes. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
On‐site immediate removal of intraortic ballon pump after high‐risk percutaneous intervention with a 6 F closure suture device with the “preclosure” technique
Authors: Lozano Iñigo , Avanzas Pablo , Moris Cesar
Published: September 2007

Introduction

Intraaortic balloon counterpulsation (IABP) may be necessary during percutaneous intervention (PCI) and sometimes it would be useful to withdraw it at the end of procedure. We describe the utility of a closure suture device to retrieve the IABP in the cardiac catheterization laboratory immediately after the intervention.

Methods

Observational study of nine consecutive high‐risk PCI where an 8.5 F IABP had been retrieved at the end of the procedure with a 6 F Perclose™ with the “preclosure” technique. The baseline clinical characteristics as well as the in‐hospital and 90‐days follow‐up are described.

Results

The patients age was 67.4 ± 14.9 years (mean 45–85; three patients were >80; 3 females (33.3%). Left main coronary artery was the target lesion in 8 (88.8%) and 4 (44.4%) patients, performed by radial access. Abciximab was used in 7 patients (77.7%). Successful hemostasis was achieved in all the cases without manual or mechanical compression. Only one patient was transferred to the Coronary Care Unit due to advanced age, left main coronary artery stenting, and severe ventricular dysfunction. Five patients (55.5%) were discharged 24 h after the PCI, three (33.3%) 48 h, and only one remained 72 h after the procedure. There were no events in the 90‐days follow‐up.

Conclusions

The “preclosure” technique with the 6 F Perclose™ is an ingenious approach to achieve successful hemostasis after IABP removal. It may permit to transfer the patients to units without critical care facilities, shorten the admission and reduce vascular complications in patients with peripheral vascular disease who may need the counterpulsation only during the percutaneous intervention. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of left ventricular unloading by Impella recover LP2.5 on coronary hemodynamics
Authors: Remmelink Maurice , Sjauw Krischan D. , Henriques José P.S. , de Winter Robbert J. , Koch Karel T. , van der Schaaf René J. , Vis Marije M. , Tijssen Jan G.P. , Piek Jan J. , Baan Jan
Published: September 2007

Objectives:

We studied the effects of LV unloading by the Impella on coronary hemodynamics by simultaneously measuring intracoronary pressure and flow and the derived parameters fractional flow reserve (FFR), coronary flow velocity reserve (CFVR), and coronary microvascular resistance (MR).

Background:

Patients with compromised left ventricular (LV) function undergoing high‐risk percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) may benefit from LV unloading. Limited information is available on the effects of LV unloading on coronary hemodynamics.

Methods:

Eleven patients (mean LV ejection fraction of 35 ± 11%) underwent PCI during LV support by the LV unloading device (Impella Recover® LP2.5). Intracoronary measurements were performed in a nonstenotic coronary artery after the PCI, before and after adenosine‐induced hyperemia at four different support levels (0–2.5 L/min).

Results:

Aortic and coronary pressure increased with increasing support levels, whereas FFR remained unchanged. Baseline flow velocity remained unchanged, while hyperemic flow velocity and CFVR increased significantly with increasing support levels (61 ± 24 to 72 ± 27 cm/sec, P = 0.001 and 1.88 ± 0.52 to 2.34 ± 0.63, P < 0.001 respectively). The difference between baseline MR and hyperemic MR significantly increased with increasing support levels (1.28 ± 1.32 to 1.89 ± 1.43 mm Hg cm−1 sec, P = 0.005).

Conclusions:

Unloading of the LV by the Impella increased aortic and intracoronary pressure, hyperemic flow velocity and CFVR, and decreased MR. The Impella‐induced increase in coronary flow, probably results from both an increased perfusion pressure and a decreased LV volume‐related intramyocardial resistance. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The SIRIUS‐DIRECT trial: A multi‐center study of direct stenting using the sirolimus‐eluting stent in patients with de novo native coronary artery lesions
Authors: Moses Jeffrey W. , Weisz Giora , Mishkel Gregory , Caputo Ronald , O'Shaughnessey Charles , Wong S. Chiu , Fischell Tim A. , Mooney Michael , Williams David O. , Popma Jeffrey J. , Fitzgerald Peter , Smith Sidney , Kuntz Richard E. , Collins Michael , Cohen Sidney A. , Leon Martin B.
Published: September 2007

Objective:

To assess the safety and efficacy of direct stenting using the sirolimus‐eluting BX Velocity™ stent in patients with coronary lesions.

Background:

Although direct coronary stenting has become a widespread practice, there have been no systematic assessments of direct stenting with drug‐eluting stents.

Methods:

Total of 225 patients with identical inclusion and exclusion criteria as the original SIRIUS trial were enrolled in this prospective single‐arm study. They were compared in a no‐inferiority design with 412 similar patients from the SIRIUS trial who had sirolimus‐eluting stents deployed after predilatation and were preassigned to angiographic follow‐up evaluation.

Results:

Direct stenting was successful in 85.8% of the patients. Compared with the predilatation group, direct stenting was associated with shorter median procedure duration (33 min vs. 45 min, P < 0.001). Angiographic follow‐up at 8 months revealed similar late loss (in‐stent—0.19 ± 0.47 mm vs. 0.17 ± 0.44 mm, and in‐lesion—0.23 ± 0.41 mm vs. 0.24 ± 0.47 mm) and similar frequency of binary restenosis (in‐stent—4.6% vs. 3.2% and in‐lesion—6.1% vs. 8.9%) between the two treatment strategies. However, stent‐edge restenosis was lower with direct stenting than in the predilatation control group (2.1% vs. 6.9%, P = 0.02). At 12‐months, there were no significant differences in target lesion revascularization (3.7% vs. 5.1%, P = ns) or composite major adverse cardiac events (7.0% vs. 8.3%, P = ns).

Conclusions:

In patients similar to those treated in the SIRIUS trial, direct stenting using sirolimus‐eluting stents achieves excellent short‐ and long‐term clinical and angiographic results with shorter procedure time and less frequent stent edge restenosis compared with predilation stent implantation techniques. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ferrocenylethynyl Derivatives of Nucleoside Triphosphates: Synthesis, Incorporation, Electrochemistry, and Bioanalytical Applications
Authors: Brázdilová Petra , Vrábel Milan , Pohl Radek , Pivoňková Hana , Havran Luděk , Hocek Michal , Fojta Miroslav
Published: September 2007

Modified dATP (2′‐deoxyadenosine‐5′‐triphosphate) and dUTP (2′‐deoxyuridine‐5′‐triphosphate) bearing ferrocene (Fc) labels linked via a conjugate acetylene spacer were prepared by single‐step aqueous‐phase cross‐coupling reactions of 7‐iodo‐7‐deaza‐dATP or 5‐iodo‐dUTP with ethynylferrocene. The Fc‐labeled dNTPs were good substrates for DNA polymerases and were efficiently incorporated to DNA by primer extension (PEX). Electrochemical analysis of the 2′‐deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs) and PEX products revealed significant differences in redox potentials of the Fc label bound either to U or to 7‐deazaA and between isolated dNTPs and conjugates incorporated to DNA. Prospective bioanalytical applications are outlined.
Evolution and persistence of the cilium
Authors: Satir Peter , Guerra Charles , Bell Aaron J.
Published: September 2007

The origin of cilia, a fundamental eukaryotic organelle, not present in prokaryotes, poses many problems, including the origins of motility and sensory function, the origins of nine‐fold symmetry, of basal bodies, and of transport and selective mechanisms involved in ciliogenesis. We propose the basis of ciliary origin to be a self‐assembly RNA enveloped virus that contains unique tubulin and tektin precursors. The virus becomes the centriole and basal body, which would account for the self‐assembly and self‐replicative properties of these organelles, in contrast to previous proposals of spirochaete origin or endogenous differentiation, which do not readily account for the centriole or its properties. The viral envelope evolves into a sensory bud. The host cell supplies the transport machinery and molecular motors to construct the axoneme. Polymerization of cytoplasmic microtubules in the 9 + 0 axoneme completes the 9 + 2 pattern. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chordoma and chondrosarcoma: Similar, but quite different, skull base tumors
Authors: Almefty Kaith , Pravdenkova Svetlana , Colli Benedicto O. , Al‐Mefty Ossama , Gokden Murat
Published: September 2007

BACKGROUND

Chordoma and chondrosarcoma of the skull base are frequently amalgamated because of similar anatomic location, clinical presentation, and radiologic findings. The chondroid chordoma variant has been reported to carry a better prognosis. The objective of the current study was to investigate the distinctions between these 3 entities.

METHODS

The data concerning 109 patients with chordoma, chondroid chordoma, and chondrosarcoma who were treated by a single surgeon with maximum surgical resection and frequently by adjunct proton beam radiotherapy between 1990 and 2006 were analyzed retrospectively. Pathologic distinction was established by cytokeratin and epithelial membrane antigen staining. Clinical, radiologic, pathologic, and cytogenetic studies were analyzed in relation to disease recurrence and death.

RESULTS

The average follow‐up was 48 ± 37.5 months (range, 1–191 months). There were no reliable distinguishing clinical or radiologic features noted between the groups. Chondrosarcoma patients had a significantly better outcome compared with chordoma patients with regard to survival and recurrence‐free survival (P = .028 and P < .001, respectively), whereas patients with chondroid chordoma had a poor outcome similar to chordoma patients with regard to survival and recurrence‐free survival (P = .337 and P = .906, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS

Chordoma and chondrosarcoma differ with regard to their origin and histology, and differ markedly with regard to outcome. Chondroid chordomas behave in a manner that is clinically similar to chordomas, with the same prognosis. Both chordoma types demonstrate an aggressive clinical course and poor outcome after disease recurrence. The optimal treatment for all groups of patients involves radical surgical resection followed by high‐dose radiotherapy in patients with chordomas. Radiotherapy may not be necessary in patients with low‐grade chondrosarcoma. Cancer 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Self‐inflicted bodily harm among victims of intimate‐partner violence
Authors: Sansone Randy A. , Chu Jamie , Wiederman Michael W.
Published: September 2007

In this study, we surveyed 113 women psychiatric inpatients with regard to histories of intimate‐partner violence and six self‐harm behaviours related to the intentional damage of one's body (e.g., cutting, hitting, scratching self). Multiple regression analysis revealed that a history of domestic violence was a statistically significant predictor of bodily self‐harm even after controlling for age and having ever been married. Among some victims of domestic violence, this statistical relationship may indicate an underlying common psychodynamic theme such as a high threshold for body maltreatment and/or low body esteem. Regardless, these data suggest that mental health clinicians need to explore among women victims of intimate‐partner violence the presence of self‐initiated bodily self‐harm. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Paranoid beliefs and self‐criticism in students
Authors: Mills A. , Gilbert P. , Bellew R. , McEwan K. , Gale C.
Published: September 2007

Paranoid beliefs are associated with negative and malevolent views of others. This study, however, explored hostile and compassionate self‐to‐self relating in regard to paranoid beliefs. A total of 131 students were given a series of scales measuring paranoid ideation, forms and functions of self‐criticism, self‐reassurance, self‐compassion and depression. Test scores were subjected to correlation and hierarchical regression analyses to explore the relative contribution of study variables to paranoid beliefs.

In this population, paranoid beliefs were associated with forms and functions of self‐criticism, especially self‐hating and self‐persecution. Paranoid beliefs were negatively correlated with self‐kindness and abilities to be self‐reassuring. These variables were also associated with depression (as were paranoid beliefs). A hierarchical regression found that self‐hatred remained a predictor of paranoid ideation even after controlling for depression and self‐reassurance. Paranoid beliefs seem to be associated with a critical and even hating experience of self. These inner experiences of self may be profitable targets for therapeutic interventions. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Poor metacognition in Narcissistic and Avoidant Personality Disorders: four psychotherapy patients analysed using the Metacognition Assessment Scale
Authors: Dimaggio Giancarlo , Procacci Michele , Nicolò Giuseppe , Popolo Raffaele , Semerari Antonio , Carcione Antonino , Lysaker Paul Henry
Published: September 2007

Personality Disorders (PDs) are hypothesized to involve a decrement in the capacity to understand one's own thoughts and feelings. Patients may not, for example, recognize their own emotions or put together integrated representations of self with other. Some researchers have suggested that this deficit varies between the different PDs. However, empirical evidence that might confirm or disconfirm this hypothesis is scarce. The goal of the present research is to evaluate the metacognitive capacity in four participants, two with Narcissistic Personality Disorder and two with Avoidant Personality Disorder. Using the Metacognition Assessment Scale to analyse the transcripts of their first year of psychotherapy, we have found that three of the four participants displayed difficulties in recognizing their inner states and in linking them to the environmental and psychological causes behind them. There was, additionally, a milder deficit in the ability to integrate multiple images of self with other. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigating the phenomenology of Borderline Personality Disorder with the States Description Procedure: clinical implications
Authors: Ryle Anthony
Published: September 2007

Patients with Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) manifest major discontinuities in their experience and behaviour, and these contribute to the difficulties of clinicians seeking to treat them. The underlying problem is one of structural dissociation of self processes into a small range of distinct states, the switches between which can be abrupt and evidently unprovoked.

A method of guided introspection, the States Description Procedure (Revised) (SDP‐R), is described. The SDP‐R provides a list of commonly used titles and brief profiles of borderline states on which subjects indicate those that they experience. Descriptions of possible subjective experiences, of possible relationships between self and other and of a range of other features are provided, and respondents describe each of their states in turn by underlining those descriptions that apply.

The procedure (which is not a psychometric test) was completed by 17 patients with BPD. The patients identified and characterized from 4 to 10 states from the provided titles. On the basis of their face value, the descriptions of subjective experiences were classified as positive or negative and the presence of somatic or dissociative experiences was noted. Four states were described as predominantly positive and seven were described as predominantly negative; about half of the latter were accompanied by somatic or dissociative symptoms. Subjects reported harsh relationship patterns in association with the subjectively negative states. These findings are consistent with the Multiple Self States Model of BPD. This was developed as part of Cognitive Analytic Therapy theory, but it is suggested that clinicians working with other therapy models or with pharmacotherapy could find the procedure helpful in understanding and managing this difficult and often disruptive patient group. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dysfunctional schemas and psychopathology in referred obese adolescents
Authors: Van Vlierberghe Leen , Braet Caroline
Published: September 2007

Objective: Referred obese adolescents often display psychological problems. The present study aimed at investigating whether Young's schema theory constitutes a comprehensive framework to understand psychopathology in youth in general and in referred obese adolescents in particular. Methods: 91 youngsters referred for obesity treatment and 91 normal weight controls (all between 12 and 18 years of age) filled out the Young Schema Questionnaire and the Youth Self‐Report. Parents were asked to complete the Child Behavior Checklist. Results: The obese youngsters displayed an overall greater severity of dysfunctional schemas than normal weight controls. The obese group scored significantly higher for the schemas Emotional Deprivation, Social Isolation/Alienation, Defectiveness/Shame, Failure to Achieve, Dependence/Incompetence and Subjugation. Social Isolation/Alienation and Vulnerability to Harm/Illness were highly predictive for internalizing symptoms in youth. The schemas Entitlement and Dependence/Incompetence were predictive for externalizing symptoms in youth. Conclusion: Referred obese individuals display high levels of maladaptive schemas and these are generally related to internalizing and externalizing symptoms. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cognitive therapy for bulimia nervosa: an A‐B replication series
Authors: Cooper Myra , Todd Gillian , Turner Hannah , Wells Adrian
Published: September 2007

Objective: To investigate whether a new treatment for bulimia nervosa (BN) works, and to examine its effects on key cognitions and behaviours hypothesized to be important in the underlying model.

Method: An A‐B single‐case series with follow‐up was conducted. Treatment was based on a specific model of BN. It consisted of individualized formulation, enhancing motivation for change, cognitive restructuring of specific cognitions, behavioural experiments and targeting particular underlying assumptions and negative self‐beliefs. Relapse prevention was also addressed.

Results: All treatment completers did extremely well and no longer met Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition revised (DSM‐IV) criteria for bulimia nervosa. Two were entirely symptom‐free at the end of treatment and at follow‐up. The third experienced only very occasional binge eating and vomiting. Individual scores on self‐report symptom measures and on all measures of cognition indicated a return to normative levels.

Discussion: Treatment focusing on specific cognitive change is a promising intervention for BN. Further work might usefully evaluate this treatment in a larger study. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessment of borderline pathology using the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems Circumplex Scales (IIP‐C): a comparison of clinical samples
Authors: Hilsenroth Mark J. , Menaker John , Peters Eric J. , Pincus Aaron L.
Published: September 2007

We examined the interpersonal functioning of 74 outpatients at a university‐based community clinic in a naturalistic study. Twenty‐three individuals diagnosed with borderline pathology (BP) were compared with a non‐BP clinical control group (n = 51). Based on previous research, we hypothesized that individuals with BP would report significantly greater overall interpersonal distress as well as greater problems associated with non‐assertive, overly accommodating, self‐sacrificing and intrusive/needy relational behaviours. We found that individuals with BP reported greater interpersonal distress in regard to overly accommodating, self‐sacrificing and intrusive/needy relational behaviours. A trend was observed in regard to differences in overall interpersonal distress. Evaluation of the group‐level circumplex profiles confirmed group homogeneity in interpersonal problem endorsement, supporting the aggregate descriptions of interpersonal style as representative of individuals within each group. The clinical utility of our results, specifically in regard to psychotherapy process and outcome as well as therapeutic alliance, will be discussed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An adjective list for assessing emotional expressivity in psychotherapy research
Authors: Leising Daniel , Müller Jochen , Hahn Christina
Published: September 2007

Background: Several forms of psychotherapy aim at improving their patients' emotional expressivity, which is considered to contribute to mental health. Studies on the success of such attempts are virtually absent. Aim: To develop a measure for assessing changes of emotional expressivity in the course of psychotherapy. Method: In study 1 (N = 321), we generated a pool of German adjectives referring to emotional expressivity and reduced the number of those adjectives by means of factor‐analysis. In study 2 (N = 103), we determined how emotional expressivity is related to the Big Five personality factors. Results: An expressivity scale of 12 items with highly satisfactory psychometric properties was construed. Emotional expressivity is substantially related to Extraversion and moderately related to Agreeableness and Openness. Conclusion: The scale is ideally suited for repeated assessments in the course of psychotherapy in multi‐agent (e.g., inpatient) settings. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ecocentric management: an update
Authors: Cunha Miguel Pina e , Rego Arménio , Vieira da Cunha João
Published: September 2007

In an article published in 1995, Paul Shrivastava coined the notion of an ecocentric management paradigm. The ecocentric paradigm provided an integrated and holistic view of the organization at peace with the natural environment. This paper updates the idea of ecocentricity and enriches it with facts and fears that have emerged since then. We suggest that Shrivastava's original formulation was an improvement of the industrial paradigm, advance an alternative reconceptualization of ecocentricity and discuss some of the possible obstacles to the emergence and adoption of ecocentric management. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Supramolecular Chemistry of Acyclic Oligopyrroles
Authors: Maeda Hiromitsu
Published: September 2007

Acyclic π‐conjugated oligopyrrole derivatives, though not extensively studied, often have more advantages as anion receptors and metal‐coordination ligands than their cyclic counterparts. This is due to the formation of versatile complexes and supramolecular assemblies, although they do require conformational changes by guest binding. Of the linear oligopyrroles, oligomeric derivatives of dipyrrins bridged by π‐conjugated spacers behave as building subunits and form coordination oligomers and discrete coordination nanorings. In contrast, pyrrole oligomers with hydrogen‐bond‐acceptor site(s) have yielded unique morphologies as supramolecular assemblies and micro‐ and nanometer‐scale structures by means of hydrogen‐bonding interactions. Furthermore, a new class of acyclic anion receptors, namely, BF2 complexes of dipyrrolyl diketones, has been shown to interact with anions by means of the pyrrole NH group and bridging CH interactions. Inversion of the pyrrole rings was found to be essential to capture anions by using these binding sites. Aryl substitution of the receptors as π‐extended derivatives has enabled the formation of assemblies such as supramolecular organogels that can be controlled by the addition of anions.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
The Creolophins: A Family of Linear Triquinanes from Creolophus cirrhatus (Basidiomycete)
Authors: Opatz Till , Kolshorn Heinz , Birnbacher Judith , Schüffler Anja , Deininger Friederike , Anke Timm
Published: September 2007

Complicatic acid and five novel linear triquinanes were isolated from mycelial cultures of Creolophus cirrhatus. The creolophins A, C, D, and E represent a novel type of highly oxidized triquinane sesquiterpenoids. Whereas those compounds with a secondary alcohol moiety in ring A are stable, the exomethylene ketone creolophin E (5) partly dimerized during workup to form the decacyclic 1,4‐dioxepin‐6‐one neocreolophin (6). Compounds 5 and 6 display cytotoxic activities against several tumor cell lines.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Asymmetric Synthesis of 1‐(2‐Pyrrolyl)alkylamines by the Addition of Organometallic Reagents to Chiral 2‐Pyrroleimines
Authors: Alvaro Giuseppe , Di Fabio Romano , Gualandi Andrea , Savoia Diego
Published: September 2007

The addition of organometallic (lithium, magnesium, zinc) reagents to 2‐pyrroleimines derived from (S)‐valinol and (S)‐phenylglycinol gave N‐substituted‐1‐(2‐pyrrolyl)alkylamines with high yields and diastereoselectivities. The (S,S)‐diastereomers were useful intermediates for the preparation of enantiopure 1‐[1‐(2‐pyrrolyl)alkyl]aziridines by routine cyclization of the β‐amino alcohol moiety and for the preparation of (S)‐N‐benzoyl 1‐[1‐(2‐pyrrolyl)alkyl]amines and their N‐substituted derivatives by oxidative cleavage of the chiral auxiliary. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Application of CE in hydrodynamically closed systems for analysis of bioactive compounds in food
Authors: Kvasnička František
Published: September 2007

CE is a family of electrokinetic separation techniques that separate compounds based upon differences in electrophoretic mobilities, phase partitioning, pI, molecular size, or a combination of one or several of these properties. CE has been used in several modes to analyze and characterize a wide variety of analytes from simple inorganic ions, small organic molecules, peptides, proteins, nucleic acids to virus, microbes and particles. Food consists of a complex mixture of a variety of components, many of which are biologically active. Components classified as “nutrients” are essential for growth, maintenance, and repair of the body. Other food constituents, typically occurring in small quantities, are classified as “biologically active substances” and they have beneficial or harmful effects on human health. There are two types of biologically active substances in food – naturally occurring and food additives. The bioactive compounds of food that will be mentioned in this review are inorganic and organic acids, amino acids, vitamins, phenolic compounds, biogenic amines, antinutrients, toxins, etc. This review is focused on the application of CE with hydrodynamically closed system (suppression of EOF) for the analysis of the above‐mentioned compounds. CE can be an alternative method to HPLC or other methods for analysis of bioactive compounds in food. The main advantages of CE are low running cost (at least ten times than HPLC) and consideration to environment (hundreds of microliters of diluted water based electrolyte per analysis).
Determination of iodide in samples with complex matrices by hyphenation of capillary isotachophoresis and zone electrophoresis
Authors: Pantůčková Pavla , Urbánek Marek , Křivánková Ludmila
Published: September 2007

A method has been developed for the determination of iodide in mineral water, seawater, cooking salt, serum, and urine based on hyphenation of capillary ITP and zone electrophoresis. A commercially available instrumentation for capillary ITP with column‐switching system was used. ITP served for removal of chloride present in the analyzed samples in a ratio of 106–107:1 to iodide, zone electrophoresis was used for evaluation. Isotachophoretic separation proceeded in a capillary made of fluorinated ethylene–propylene copolymer of 0.8 mm id and 90 mm total length to the bifurcation point filled with a leading electrolyte (LE) composed of 8 mM HCl + 16 mM β‐alanine (β‐Ala) + 10% PVP + 2.86 mM N2H4×2HCl, pH 3.2; and a terminating electrolyte composed of 8 mM H3PO4 + 16 mM β‐Ala + 10% PVP + 5 mM N2H4, pH 3.85 for all the matrices except seawater. For ITP of seawater the LE consisted of 50 mM HCl + 100 mM β‐Ala + 10% PVP + 2.86 mM N2H4×2HCl, pH 3.52. Distance of conductivity detector from the injection point and bifurcation point was 52 and 38 mm, respectively. Zone electrophoresis was performed in a capillary made of fused silica of 0.3 mm id and 160 mm total length filled with LE from isotachophoretic step. LODs reached for all matrices were 2–3×10−8 M concentration (2.5–4 μg/L) enabled monitoring of iodide in all analyzed samples with RSD 0.4–9.3%. Estimated concentrations of iodide in individual matrices were 10−6–10−8 M.
Determination of association constants between steroid compounds and albumins by partial‐filling ACE
Authors: Amundsen Lotta K. , Sirén Heli
Published: September 2007

ACE is a popular technique for evaluating association constants between drugs and proteins. However, ACE has not previously been applied to study the association between electrically neutral biomolecules and plasma proteins. We studied the affinity between human and bovine serum albumins (HSA and BSA, respectively) and three neutral endogenous steroid hormones (testosterone, epitestosterone and androstenedione) and two synthetic analogues (methyltestosterone and fluoxymesterone) by applying the partial‐filling technique in ACE (PF‐ACE). From the endocrinological point of view, the distribution of endogenous steroids among plasma components is of great interest. Strong interactions with albumins suppress the biological activity of steroids. Notable differences in the association constants were observed. In the case of the endogenous steroids, the interactions between testosterone and the albumins were strongest, and those between androstenedione and the albumins were substantially weaker. The association constants, Kb, for testosterone, epitestosterone and androstenedione and HSA at 37°C were 32 100 ± 3600, 21 600 ± 1500 and 13 300 ± 1300 M−1, respectively, while the corresponding values for the steroids and BSA were 18 800 ± 1500, 14 000 ± 400 and 7800 ± 900 M−1. Methyltestosterone was bound even more strongly than testosterone, while fluoxymesterone was only weakly bound by the albumins. Finally, the steroids were separated by PF‐ACE with HSA and BSA used as resolving components.
Modelling of forecast errors in geophysical fluid flows
Authors: Bannister R. N. , Katz D. , Cullen M. J. P. , Lawless A. S. , Nichols N. K.
Published: September 2007

A method is sought to decompose errors in numerical forecasts of the atmosphere into components that are uncorrelated. This can simplify the representation of the probability density function of forecast errors so that it can be used in data assimilation. A new method based on potential vorticity (PV) is used to partition errors into balanced and unbalanced variables that are thought to be mutually uncorrelated. The effectiveness of the PV method is compared with a simpler method. A toy model and an operational forecasting model are used to show that the PV‐based variables are usually less correlated than those of the simpler approach. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On transferability of genome‐wide tagSNPs
Authors: Gu C. Charles , Yu K. , Ketkar S. , Templeton Alan R. , Rao D.C.
Published: September 2007

The question of tagging single nucleotide polymorphism (tagSNP) transferability is an important one because many ongoing and upcoming Genome‐Wide Association studies rely critically upon the validity, and practical feasibility of using a universal core set of tagSNPs. A series of recent studies analyzed performance of tagSNPs selected based on the HapMap. While these studies showed largely satisfactory transferability of the tagSNPs, they also reported that the level of transferability varies, substantively sometimes, especially when tagSNPs selected in one population were used in another distant population. We present a review of the literature about where and why tagSNP transferability may become a problem and suggest research directions that may help the resolution. Genet. Epidemiol. 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sparse source imaging in electroencephalography with accurate field modeling
Authors: Ding Lei , He Bin
Published: September 2007

We have developed a new L1‐norm based generalized minimum norm estimate (GMNE) and have fully characterized the concept of sparseness regularization inherited in the proposed algorithm, which is termed as sparse source imaging (SSI). The new SSI algorithm corrects inaccurate source field modeling in previously reported L1‐norm GMNEs and proposes that sparseness a priori should only be applied to the regularization term, not to the data term in the formulation of the regularized inverse problem. A new solver to the newly developed SSI has been adopted and known as the second‐order cone programming. The new SSI is assessed by a series of simulations and then evaluated using somatosensory evoked potential (SEP) data with both scalp and subdural recordings in a human subject. The performance of SSI is compared with other L1‐norm GMNEs and L2‐norm GMNEs using three evaluation metrics, i.e., localization error, orientation error, and strength percentage. The present simulation results indicate that the new SSI has significantly improved performance in all evaluation metrics, especially in the metric of orientation error. L2‐norm GMNEs show large orientation errors because of the smooth regularization. The previously reported L1‐norm GMNEs show large orientation errors due to the inaccurate source field modeling. The SEP source imaging results indicate that SSI has the best accuracy in the prediction of subdural potential field as validated by direct subdural recordings. The new SSI algorithm is also applicable to MEG source imaging. Hum Brain Mapp 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Impact of weight-based ribavirin with peginterferon alfa-2b in african americans with hepatitis C virus genotype 1
Authors: Jacobson Ira M. , Brown Robert S. , McCone Jonathan , Black Martin , Albert Clive , Dragutsky Michael S. , Siddiqui Firdous A. , Hargrave Thomas , Kwo Paul Y. , Lambiase Louis , Galler Greg W. , Araya Victor , Freilich Bradley , Harvey Joann , Griffel Louis H. , Brass Clifford A.
Published: September 2007

WIN-R (
W
eight-based dosing of peg
IN
terferon alfa-2b and
R
ibavirin) was a multicenter, randomized, open-label, investigator-initiated trial involving 236 community and academic sites in the United States, comparing response to pegylated interferon (PEG-IFN) alfa-2b plus a flat or weight-based dose of ribavirin (RBV) in treatment-naive patients with chronic hepatitis C and compensated liver disease. Patients were randomized to receive PEG-IFN alfa-2b at 1.5 μg/kg/week plus flat-dose (800 mg/day) or weight-based-dose RBV (800 mg/day for weight <65 kg, 1000 mg/day for 65-85 kg, 1200 mg/day for >85-105 kg, or 1400 mg/day for >105-<125 kg). Sustained virologic response (SVR; undetectable [<125 IU/mL] hepatitis C virus [HCV] RNA at end of follow-up) in patients ≥65 kg was the primary end point. Low SVR rates have been reported among African American individuals, in whom there is a preponderance of HCV genotype 1. This subanalysis of WIN-R was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of weight-based dosing among African American individuals with genotype 1 infection enrolled in the trial. Of 362 African American patients in the primary efficacy analysis, 188 received RBV flat dosing and 174 received weight-based dosing. SVR rates were higher (21% versus 10%;

P

= 0.0006) and relapse rates were lower (22% versus 30%) in the weight-based-dose group than in the flat-dose group. Safety and rates of drug discontinuation were similar between the 2 groups.

Conclusion:

Weight-based dosing of RBV is more effective than flat dosing in combination with PEG-IFN alfa-2b in African American individuals with HCV genotype 1. Even with weight-based dosing, response rates in African American individuals are lower than reported in other ethnic groups. (HEPATOLOGY 2007.)
Preparation of the β3‐Homoselenocysteine Derivatives Fmoc‐β3hSec(PMB)‐OH and Boc‐β3hSec(PMB)‐OH for Solution and Solid‐Phase‐Peptide Synthesis and Selenoligation
Authors: Flögel Oliver , Casi Giulio , Hilvert Donald , Seebach Dieter
Published: September 2007

The title compounds, 4 and 7, have been prepared from the corresponding α‐amino acid derivative selenocystine (1) by the following sequence of steps: cleavage of the SeSe bond with NaBH4, p‐methoxybenzyl (PMB) protection of the SeH group, Fmoc or Boc protection at the N‐atom and Arndt–Eistert homologation (Schemes 1 and 2). A β3‐heptapeptide 8 with an N‐terminal β3‐hSec(PMB) residue was synthesized on Rink amide AM resin and deprotected (‘in air’) to give the corresponding diselenide 9, which, in turn, was coupled with a β3‐tetrapeptide thiol ester 10 by a seleno‐ligation. The product β3‐undecapeptide was identified as its diselenide and its mixed selenosulfide with thiophenol (Scheme 3). The differences between α‐ and β‐Sec derivatives are discussed.