bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chytridiomycosis of Marine Diatoms—The Role of Stress Physiology and Resistance in Parasite-Host Recognition and Accumulation of Defense Molecules
Authors: Scholz Bettina , Küpper Frithjof , Vyverman Wim , Ólafsson Halldór , Karsten Ulf
Published: January 2017

Little is known about the role of chemotaxis in the location and attachment of chytrid zoospores to potential diatom hosts. Hypothesizing that environmental stress parameters affect parasite-host recognition, four chytrid-diatom tandem cultures (Chytridium sp./Navicula sp., Rhizophydium type I/Nitzschia sp., Rhizophydium type IIa/Rhizosolenia sp., Rhizophydium type IIb/Chaetoceros sp.) were used to test the chemotaxis of chytrid zoospores and the presence of potential defense molecules in a non-contact-co-culturing approach. As potential triggers in the chemotaxis experiments, standards of eight carbohydrates, six amino acids, five fatty acids, and three compounds known as compatible solutes were used in individual and mixed solutions, respectively. In all tested cases, the whole-cell extracts of the light-stressed (continuous light exposure combined with 6 h UV radiation) hosts attracted the highest numbers of zoospores (86%), followed by the combined carbohydrate standard solution (76%), while all other compounds acted as weak triggers only. The results of the phytochemical screening, using biomass and supernatant extracts of susceptible and resistant host-diatom cultures, indicated in most of the tested extracts the presence of polyunsaturated fatty acids, phenols, and aldehydes, whereas the bioactivity screenings showed that the zoospores of the chytrid parasites were only significantly affected by the ethanolic supernatant extract of the resistant hosts.
Advances in Welding Metal Alloys, Dissimilar Metals and Additively Manufactured Parts
Authors: Casalino Giuseppe
Published: January 2017

Nowadays, strong, light-weight, multi-functional, high performing products are key for achieving success in the worldwide markets. Meeting those requirements calls for enabling technologies that lead to innovative and sustainable manufacturing [1].[...]
Backstabbing P-gp: Side-Chain Cleaved Ecdysteroid 2,3-Dioxolanes Hyper-Sensitize MDR Cancer Cells to Doxorubicin without Efflux Inhibition
Authors: Hunyadi Attila , Csábi József , Martins Ana , Molnár Joseph , Balázs Attila , Tóth Gábor
Published: January 2017

P-glycoprotein (P-gp, ABCB1) over-expression, causing a multi-drug resistant (MDR) phenotype, is a major problem in cancer chemotherapy that urgently requires novel approaches. Our previous studies showed certain ecdysteroid derivatives as promising chemo-sensitizers against MDR and non-MDR cancer cell lines while also exerting mild to moderate inhibition of P-gp function. Here we report the preparation of a set of substituted 2,3-dioxolane derivatives of poststerone, a known in vivo metabolite of 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E). In contrast with previously studied ecdysteroid dioxolanes, the majority of the new compounds did not inhibit the efflux function of P-gp. Nevertheless, a strong, dose dependent sensitization to doxorubicin was observed on a P-gp transfected cancer cell line and on its susceptible counterpart. We also observed that the MDR cell line was more sensitive to the compounds’ effect than the non-MDR. Our results showed for the first time that the chemo-sensitizing activity of ecdysteroids can be fully independent of functional efflux pump inhibition, and suggest these compounds as favorable leads against MDR cancer.
Methacrylate-Based Copolymers for Polymer Optical Fibers
Authors: Zaremba Daniel , Evert Robert , Neumann Laurie , Caspary Reinhard , Kowalsky Wolfgang , Menzel Henning , Johannes Hans-Hermann
Published: January 2017

Waveguides made of poly-methyl-methacrylate (PMMA) play a major role in the homogeneous distribution of display backlights as a matrix for solid-state dye lasers and polymer optical fibers (POFs). PMMA is favored because of its transparency in the visible spectrum, low price, and well-controlled processability. Nevertheless, technical drawbacks, such as its limited temperature stability, call for new materials. In this work, the copolymerization technique is used to modify the properties of the corresponding homopolymers. The analytical investigation of fourteen copolymers made of methyl-methacrylate (MMA) or ethyl-methacrylate (EMA) as the basis monomer is summarized. Their polymerization behaviors are examined by NMR spectroscopy with subsequent copolymerization parameter evaluation according to Fineman-Ross and Kelen-Tüdös. Therefore, some r-parameter sets are shown to be capable of copolymerizations with very high conversions. The first applications as high-temperature resistant (HT) materials for HT-POFs are presented. Copolymers containing isobornyl-methacrylate (IBMA) as the comonomer are well-suited for this demanding application.
Influence of Biodegradable Polymer Properties on Antifouling Paints Activity
Authors: Loriot Marion , Linossier Isabelle , Vallée-Réhel Karine , Faÿ Fabienne
Published: January 2017

The development of new antifouling paints requires understanding the parameters involved in antifouling activity and to develop new analytical tools for their evaluation. A series of biodegradable poly(ε-caprolactone-co-δ-valerolactone) copolymers varying by molecular weight and composition were synthesized, characterized and formulated as antifouling paints. The physico-chemical properties such as hydration, degradation, erosion and lixiviation of paints were studied. Microfouling (bacteria and microalgae) was observed by microscopic observations in a short delay, whereas macrofouling colonization was observed by visual inspection during one year. The antifouling activity of paints was modified by varying the composition and molecular weight of copolymer. The crystallinity appears to play a major role in antifouling activity, however the involvement of other properties such as hydration, degradation or erosion remains difficult to understand. Confocal laser scanning and scanning electron microscopes were used for the evaluation of antifouling paints. Results show that microalgae seem to be a pertinent indicator of antifouling activity.
Experimental and Simulation-Based Investigation of Polycentric Motion of an Inherent Compliant Pneumatic Bending Actuator with Skewed Rotary Elastic Chambers
Authors: Wilkening André , Hacker Steffen , Stöppler Henning , Dürselen Lutz , Ivlev Oleg
Published: January 2017

To offer a functionality that could not be found in traditional rigid robots, compliant actuators are in development worldwide for a variety of applications and especially for human–robot interaction. Pneumatic bending actuators are a special kind of such actuators. Due to the absence of fixed mechanical axes and their soft behavior, these actuators generally possess a polycentric motion ability. This can be very useful to provide an implicit self-alignment to human joint axes in exoskeleton-like rehabilitation devices. As a possible realization, a novel bending actuator (BA) was developed using patented pneumatic skewed rotary elastic chambers (sREC). To analyze the actuator self-alignment properties, knowledge about the motion of this bending actuator type, the so-called skewed rotary elastic chambers bending actuator (sRECBA), is of high interest and this paper presents experimental and simulation-based kinematic investigations. First, to describe actuator motion, the finite helical axes (FHA) of basic actuator elements are determined using a three-dimensional (3D) camera system. Afterwards, a simplified two-dimensional (2D) kinematic simulation model based on a four-bar linkage was developed and the motion was compared to the experimental data by calculating the instantaneous center of rotation (ICR). The equivalent kinematic model of the sRECBA was realized using a series of four-bar linkages and the resulting ICR was analyzed in simulation. Finally, the FHA of the sRECBA were determined and analyzed for three different specific motions. The results show that the actuator’s FHA adapt to different motions performed and it can be assumed that implicit self-alignment to the polycentric motion of the human joint axis will be provided.
Validation Analysis of SMAP and AMSR2 Soil Moisture Products over the United States Using Ground-Based Measurements
Authors: Zhang Xuefei , Zhang Tingting , Zhou Ping , Shao Yun , Gao Shan
Published: January 2017

Soil moisture products acquired from passive satellite missions have been widely applied in environmental processes. A primary challenge for the use of soil moisture products from passive sensors is their reliability. It is crucial to evaluate the reliability of those products before they can be routinely used at a global scale. In this paper, we evaluated the Soil Moisture Active/Passive (SMAP) and the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR2) radiometer soil moisture products against in situ measurements collected from American networks with four statistics, including the mean difference (MD), the root mean squared difference (RMSD), the unbiased root mean square error (ubRMSE) and the correlation coefficient (R). The evaluation results of SMAP and AMSR2 soil moisture products were compared. Moreover, the triple collocation (TC) error model was used to assess the error among AMSR2, SMAP and in situ data. The monthly average and daily AMSR2 and SMAP soil moisture data were analyzed. Different spatial series, temporal series and combined spatial-temporal analysis were carried out. The results reveal that SMAP soil moisture retrievals are generally better than AMSR2 soil moisture data. The remotely sensed retrievals show the best agreement with in situ measurements over the central Great Plains and cultivated crops throughout the year. In particular, SMAP soil moisture data shows a stable pattern for capturing the spatial distribution of surface soil moisture. Further studies are required for better understanding the SMAP soil moisture product.
Customization of UWB 3D-RTLS Based on the New Uncertainty Model of the AoA Ranging Technique
Authors: Jachimczyk Bartosz , Dziak Damian , Kulesza Wlodek
Published: January 2017

The increased potential and effectiveness of Real-time Locating Systems (RTLSs) substantially influence their application spectrum. They are widely used, inter alia, in the industrial sector, healthcare, home care, and in logistic and security applications. The research aims to develop an analytical method to customize UWB-based RTLS, in order to improve their localization performance in terms of accuracy and precision. The analytical uncertainty model of Angle of Arrival (AoA) localization in a 3D indoor space, which is the foundation of the customization concept, is established in a working environment. Additionally, a suitable angular-based 3D localization algorithm is introduced. The paper investigates the following issues: the influence of the proposed correction vector on the localization accuracy; the impact of the system’s configuration and LS’s relative deployment on the localization precision distribution map. The advantages of the method are verified by comparing them with a reference commercial RTLS localization engine. The results of simulations and physical experiments prove the value of the proposed customization method. The research confirms that the analytical uncertainty model is the valid representation of RTLS’ localization uncertainty in terms of accuracy and precision and can be useful for its performance improvement. The research shows, that the Angle of Arrival localization in a 3D indoor space applying the simple angular-based localization algorithm and correction vector improves of localization accuracy and precision in a way that the system challenges the reference hardware advanced localization engine. Moreover, the research guides the deployment of location sensors to enhance the localization precision.
Technology Innovation and Engineering’ Education and Entrepreneurship (TIEE) in Engineering Schools: Novel Model for Elevating National Knowledge Based Economy and Socio-Economic Sustainable Development
Authors: Abdulwahed Mahmoud
Published: January 2017

The Technology Innovation and Engineering Education (TIEE) is a proposed Unit/Center/Department concept model inside a college of engineering. The TIEE concept has been developed in particular taking in consideration the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) and/or Qatar contextual needs and National Vision in the transformation into a Knowledge Based Economy (KBE). The main purpose of such structure is to enable engineering colleges to better respond to these emerging needs of the GCC countries. In this paper, the concept of TIEE is provisioned as an abstract example of organizational structure development for other engineering education institutions that aim to play a key role in innovation and sustainable socio-economic development. The concept is derived from similar global examples and contextualized regionally; it is generic and can be deployed elsewhere with slight modifications. The TIEE concept is in particular vital for engineering institutions in the Middle East and North Africa as a vehicle for economic and technological development. The paper outlines the organizational structure of TIEE, together with its various programs and activities for implementing its stated vision, mission, and strategic objectives. Within this context, the paper also provides a thorough account on advances in engineering innovation, education, scholarship of engineering education, and developments of similar entities.
A Framework for Building Efficient Environmental Permitting Processes
Authors: Ulibarri Nicola , Cain Bruce , Ajami Newsha
Published: January 2017

Despite its importance as a tool for protecting air and water quality, and for mitigating impacts to protected species and ecosystems, the environmental permitting process is widely recognized to be inefficient and marked by delays. This article draws on a literature review and interviews with permitting practitioners to identify factors that contribute to delayed permit decisions. The sociopolitical context, projects that are complex or use novel technology, a fragmented and bureaucratic regulatory regime, serial permit applications and reviews, and applicant and permitting agency knowledge and resources each contribute to permitting inefficiency when they foster uncertainty, increase transaction costs, and allow divergent interests to multiply, yet remain unresolved. We then use the interviews to consider the potential of a collaborative dialogue between permitting agencies and applicants to mitigate these challenges, and argue that collaboration is well positioned to lessen permitting inefficiency.
Cyclotomic Aperiodic Substitution Tilings
Authors: Pautze Stefan
Published: January 2017

The class of Cyclotomic Aperiodic Substitution Tilings (CASTs) is introduced. Its vertices are supported on the 2 n -th cyclotomic field. It covers a wide range of known aperiodic substitution tilings of the plane with finite rotations. Substitution matrices and minimal inflation multipliers of CASTs are discussed as well as practical use cases to identify specimen with individual dihedral symmetry D n or D 2 n , i.e., the tiling contains an infinite number of patches of any size with dihedral symmetry D n or D 2 n only by iteration of substitution rules on a single tile.
Temporal Modeling of Neural Net Input/Output Behaviors: The Case of XOR
Authors: Zeigler Bernard , Muzy Alexandre
Published: January 2017

In the context of the modeling and simulation of neural nets, we formulate definitions for the behavioral realization of memoryless functions. The definitions of realization are substantively different for deterministic and stochastic systems constructed of neuron-inspired components. In contrast to earlier generations of neural net models, third generation spiking neural nets exhibit important temporal and dynamic properties, and random neural nets provide alternative probabilistic approaches. Our definitions of realization are based on the Discrete Event System Specification (DEVS) formalism that fundamentally include temporal and probabilistic characteristics of neuron system inputs, state, and outputs. The realizations that we construct—in particular for the Exclusive Or (XOR) logic gate—provide insight into the temporal and probabilistic characteristics that real neural systems might display. Our results provide a solid system-theoretical foundation and simulation modeling framework for the high-performance computational support of such applications.
La naissance du Soudan du Sud : la paix impossible ?
Authors: Giraudeau Géraldine
Published: January 2017

The independence of the Republic of South Sudan, officially proclaimed on 9 July 2011 further to the organisation of a referendum on self-determination, has been hailed by the international community. The new state was rapidly recognised, including by Sudan, and accepted as a member of the UN and the African Union. The process of secession by which South Sudan separated from Sudan is little controlled by international law and the appearance of a new state is always a one-off phenomenon, which in the case in point was negotiated after a lengthy civil war. The enthusiasm for the outcome stands in stark contrast to the difficulties encountered in building South Sudan. These pertain to the conflicting relations it maintains with Sudan, especially over the Abyei zone and petroleum resources, but also over serious internal problems. The existence of South Sudan, within the meaning of international law, and international peace and security are under threat and the humanitarian situation in the region is a matter of particular concern.
Au coeur des relations entre violence et droit : la pratique des meurtres ciblés au regard du droit international
Authors: Ubeda-Saillard Muriel
Published: January 2017

La pratique des meurtres ciblés consiste en l’utilisation délibérée de la force meurtrière par des agents publics ou des membres de groupes armés organisés, en période de conflit armé, contre des individus préalablement identifiés qui ne se trouvent pas sous la garde physique de leur agresseur. Mise en oeuvre par certains États, y compris des États de droit, notamment dans le cadre du contre-terrorisme, à l’encontre de personnes dont les activités violentes sont jugées extrêmement dangereuses pour la sauvegarde de l’ordre public et la protection de la population, cette pratique soulève de nombreuses interrogations quant à son éventuelle licéité au regard du jus ad bellum et du jus in bello. Elle est présentée comme un moyen de mise en oeuvre des normes internationales mais il est difficile, sinon impossible, de l’appréhender sous l’angle de l’application du droit.
L’usage de la force dans le cyberespace et le droit international
Authors: Simonet Loïc
Published: January 2017

La mise en péril de la sécurité nationale d’un État par des moyens informatiques ne relève plus de la science-fiction, et les États se dotent de capacités d’action militaire dans le cyberespace. Dans ce contexte, assimiler l’acte de cyberhostilité à une attaque armée pourrait autoriser l’État victime à répliquer sur la base de la légitime défense individuelle ou collective. La succession d’une cyberattaque d’une gravité particulière et de contre-mesures de même ampleur, pourrait déboucher sur un conflit armé, ce qui soulève la question de la transposition à la « cyberguerre » du jus in bello, dont les normes sont aujourd’hui mises au défi par cet univers immatériel. La difficulté d’identifier l’auteur de la cyberattaque et de le rattacher aux autorités d’un État complique, elle aussi, l’appréhension de la cyberdéfense par le droit international. Un régime juridique international consacré au cyberespace permettrait-il d’introduire davantage de sécurité, pour autant que les États consentent à limiter leurs moyens d’action dans cet espace stratégique ?
Les relations de voisinage franco-espagnoles en matière d’environnement
Authors: Fernández de Casadevante Romani Carlos
Published: January 2017

Même si des problèmes ou des raisons d’agir existaient, la protection de l’environnement n’a pas fait l’objet de traités dans les relations de voisinage franco-espagnoles. Cependant, des questions concernant l’utilisation des eaux frontalières, la pollution et l’épuration des eaux de certains fleuves ou bassins frontaliers, la réalisation de travaux publics ou les parcs naturels pyrénéens ont, par exemple, été traitées dans le cadre de la Commission internationale des Pyrénées (CIP) créée en 1875. Le traité de Bayonne du 10 mars 1995 relatif à la coopération transfrontalière entre collectivités territoriales a ouvert la porte – également en matière d’environnement – à des formes de coopération nouvelles, qui vont se développant alors qu’elles étaient auparavant impossibles. Il faut y ajouter les possibilités offertes aux collectivités territoriales par les programmes de l’Union européenne.
La délimitation de la frontière maritime dans le golfe du Bengale : courir deux lièvres à la fois avec succès dans le règlement de la délimitation maritime
Authors: Kim Hyun Jung
Published: January 2017

The ITLOS is endeavouring to satisfy two jurisprudential requirements in the judgment of 14 March 2012 concerning the delimitation of the maritime boundary between Bangladesh and Myanmar. First it is seeking to be coherent with the judgments of other international courts and tribunals on maritime boundaries. While ensuring a general harmony, the Tribunal allows itself to be more flexible in adopting the method of delimitation and in enforcing it. Second, the decision contributes to advancing the rules on maritime boundaries, especially with regard to the continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles. The Tribunal also engages in an authentic interpretation of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, although some points remain unclear.
Les problèmes juridiques relatifs à la communautarisation du droit des investissements dans l’espace UEMOA
Authors: Ouedraogo Séni Mahamadou
Published: January 2017

Le développement du droit communautaire en Afrique de l’Ouest couvre aujourd’hui un large champ qui s’étend aux investissements demeurés au lendemain des indépendances des États africains dans le périmètre de leur souveraineté. Les enjeux actuels du droit international des investissements, en raison des exigences de la mondialisation des économies, ont contraint les États de l’espace CEDEAO et UEMOA, importateurs de capitaux, à faire converger leur réglementation des investissements afin de favoriser leur attractivité et d’en tirer le meilleur parti. La difficulté d’un tel objectif réside dans la nécessité d’arriver à concilier leurs intérêts avec ceux des investisseurs, qui ne sont pas toujours convergents.
L’affaire « Katyn » dans le prétoire de la Cour européenne des droits de l’homme : l’un des plus grands crimes de l’histoire enfin jugé
Authors: Eudes Marina
Published: January 2017

Apart from the belated international recognition that a war crime was committed at Katyn with the programmed killing of several thousand prisoners of war, the ECHR decision in Janowiec and others v. Russia sanctions unacceptable behaviour by the Russian authorities towards both the families of the victims of the 1940 massacres and the Strasbourg court. The decision most forcefully denounces the Russian authorities’ long denial that this international crime occurred and their responsibility in its commission, as well as their lack of cooperation with the European Court. However, these positive features are not enough to offset certain shortcomings in the handling of this important matter : some of the consequences to be expected from finding that a crime of this scale has been committed were overlooked, be it the obligation to investigate this type of serious violation of human rights and international humanitarian law or the obligation to make reparation for the resulting harm.
Une voûte à clef pendante du XIIIe siècle à Saint-Urbain de Troyes
Authors: Gallet Yves
Published: January 2017

A thirteenth-century hanging keystone in Saint-Urbain in Troyes.

The collegiate church of Saint-Urbain in Troyes, a remarkable rayonnant monument, preserves in its south sacristy a hanging keystone that has never been published. It is studied for the first time in this article. Critical research on its authenticity allows us to conclude that whereas the actual vault is a remounting made by Selmersheim in 1877, the boss, which is carved with a Coronation of the Virgin, is ancient. The stylistic study, combined with an analysis of the phases of construction of the church, results in a dating of around 1280-1290. The possible meaning of the keystone is examined in the theological context surrounding the establishment of the observance of the Fête-Dieu by Urbain IV, founder of the collegiate church. Given its dating, the keystone at Saint-Urbain deTroyes turns out to be the only thirteenthcentury example known on French soil. The keystone is of particular interest given the success of this type of architectural ornament in the flamboyant style in France, but also in three major European constructions of the mid fourteenth century – the Cathedral of Strasbourg, the Papal Palace at Avignon, and the Cathedral of Prague –, which until now were thought to be the oldest examples of Gothic monuments with hanging keystones.
Une représentation de monnaies à la façade de l’abbatiale de Saint-Gilles-du-Gard
Authors: Bénézet Jérôme
Published: January 2017

Eine Münzdarstellung an der Fassade der Abteikirche von Saint-Gilles-du-Gard.

Eine Untersuchung der Münzdarstellungen an der Fassade von Saint-Gilles erbringt einen unerwarteten chronologischen Hinweis auf die späte Zeitstellung des Bauwerks. In der Szene der drei Frauen beim Salbkrämer sind die auf dem Tisch aufgehäuften Geldstücke in sehr realistischer Ausführung als vier unterschiedliche Münztypen gekennzeichnet, die in der Region in der zweiten Hälfte des 12. und der ersten
L’ancienne abbaye de Saint-Gilles-du-Gard. Les vestiges architecturaux du sous-sol d’après les investigations archéologiques
Authors: Hartmann-Virnich Andreas , Buffat Loïc , Schneider Laurent , Legrand Alexandrine , Masbernat-Buffet Aurélie , Hansen Heike , Markiewicz Christian
Published: January 2017

Die ehemalige Abtei von Saint-Gilles-du-Gard und die in den archäologischen Grabungen erfassten Baubefunde.

Die archäologische Bodenforschung zur ehemaligen Abtei von Saint-Gilles-du-Gard war unlängst auf wenige Bereiche beschränkt geblieben. Seit 2004 haben Sondierungen vor der Westfassade und im südlichen Seitenschiff der Unterkirche sowie eine Teilgrabung des ehemaligen Klosterhofs neue Erkenntnisse zur vorromanischen Bebauungsgeschichte erbracht. Die in den Fundamenten des Fassadensockels und der nördlichen Begrenzungswand des Raumes unter der Fassadentreppe erhaltenen Mauerreste sowie zwei Chorschrankenplatten in den mit dem romanischen Bauvorgang verbundenen Füllschichten belegen die Existenz von Vorgängerbauten. Das bei der Fundamentierung und Errichtung der romanischen Fassade bewahrte ältere Mauerwerk lässt erkennen, dass die heutige Abteikirche weit über die frühere Nordbegrenzung des Klosterbereichs hinaus auf den nach Süden anschließenden Kreuzgang übergriff. Im Areal des zukünftigen Kreuzganghofes befand sich ehemals ein auf einer frühmittelalterlichen Geländeanschüttung angelegter vorkarolingischer Bau, der jedoch bereits nicht mehr bestand, als im 10. Jh an derselben Stelle mehrere große Vorratsgruben ausgehoben wurden. Zwar deuten geringfügige Spuren auf eine Bebauung vor dem 12. Jahrhundert, doch stellt die Errichtung der Klausurgebäude und des Kreuzganges mit dessen gleichzeitig beginnender Nutzung als Friedhof einen tiefgreifenden Wendepunkt in der Bebauungs-und Nutzungsgeschichte dieses Bereichs dar. Reste qualitätvoller Bauplastik im Stil der Fassaden-und Chorskulptur sowie Baubefunde lassen vermuten, dass die mit der heutigen Abteikirche neu errichtete Nordgalerie des Kreuzgangs einen vergleichbaren Skulpturenschmuck besaß. Noch vor der französischen Revolution besiegelte die Zerstörung der bis zur Fundamentsohle ausgebrochenen Arkadenmauern sowie die offensichtliche Verwertung der zerkleinerten Säulen und zu rekonstruierenden Grabmonumenten als Rohmaterial für die Kalkbrennerei das Schicksal des Kreuzganges, der schon seit geraumer Zeit als Laienfriedhof genutzt wurde. Die Reste der seit der Säkularisation 1538 aufgegebenen und zweckentfremdeten Klausurgebäude wurden wenig später als Bien National verkauft.
Évolution de l'architecture des églises éthiopiennes du XIIe au milieu du XVe siècle
Authors: Lepage Claude , Mercier Jacques
Published: January 2017

L'étude de l'architecture et des installations liturgiques fixes (chancels, surélévations, autels) des églises éthiopiennes du XIIe au milieu du XVe siècle permet d'identifier trois types, situables, avec précaution, dans une chronologie relative. Les deux premiers types, en rupture avec les installations post-aksumites, ne sont guère documentés qu'au Lasta et au Wag. Cette apparente spécificité est l'indice de probables différences liturgiques entre le Lasta et le Tigray aux XIIe-XIIIe siècles. Le type 3, caractérisé principalement par l'ouverture des salles d'angle et leur intégration dans l'espace global, a diffusé dans toute l'Éthiopie au temps de la dynastie salomonienne.
King Lalibela : His supposed travels, tribulations and achievements
Authors: Pankhurst Richard , Pankhurst Rita
Published: January 2017

Cet article détaille l'histoire d'une « bande dessinée » retraçant la vie du roi Lalibela, réalisée et peinte par un artiste traditionnel des églises éthiopiennes désormais âgé, Qes Marigeta Afawarq de Lalibela. Ce travail, dont plusieurs copies sont étudiées, se place dans la tradition des célèbres « bandes dessinées » narrant la visite de la reine de Saba au roi Salomon. Ces peintures représentent une époque importante dans l'histoire de l'Éthiopie. Elles doivent beaucoup, à une échelle plus ou moins large, à la légende populaire incorporée dans un texte guèze classique (le Kebra Negast pour l'une et le Gadla Lalibela. pour l'autre). Toutes deux visent à légitimer une importante dynastie éthiopienne au pouvoir : les Salomoniens d'une part et les Zagwé d'autre part. Toutes deux ont entraîné des manipulations politiques, des empoisonnements ainsi que des séjours à Jérusalem.
Le matériel lithique de Meshalä Maryam (Mänz, Éthiopie) - Campagne de prospection
Authors: Briois François , Midant-Reynes Béatrix
Published: January 2017

Une campagne de prospection lithique a été conduite en 2000 par les auteurs dans la région du Mänz en Éthiopie, aux abords du site de Meshalä Maryam. Les matières premières (principalement jaspe jaune et vert, obsidienne...), les outils, les produits de débitage et les modes de débitage sont décrits pour chacune des concentrations lithiques de surface repérées.
Songs and blessings of the Amina in Gojjam
Authors: Gelaye Getie
Published: January 2017

The Amina are a group of people who wander from place to place to get their livelihood by begging with poetic chanting for and blessing bountifully their benefactors. This paper attempts to examine the poetic tradition of the Amina and to describe their performances and major themes. It also seeks to look at the tradition, social life, belief system, social values, etc., of these singers and raise some questions about their identity, particularly whether or not they are a distinct ethnic group. Equally interesting are the questions of their relations with other peoples, and why they cling to their profession of beggary. A translation and analysis of sample poems and blessings as well as interviews conducted with two Amina individuals supplement the discussion.
Mawlūd: Celebrating the birth of the Prophet in Islamic religious rituals and wedding ceremonies in Harar
Authors: Tarsitani Simone
Published: January 2017

Nabi Mawlid, in the Islamic calendar, is the birthday of the Prophet. Its celebration started around the 13th century and, despite the large theoretical debate surrounding the practice, Mawlid festivals have continued in most Muslim communities throughout history. Furthermore, many texts have been written to celebrate the Prophet's figure, which over time contributed to the development of Mawlid into a poetic genre. Likewise, in Harar there exist several old manuscripts with collections of Mawlūd (Harari for Mawlid) texts dating from at least the 19th century, in addition to the more recent printed editions. The ritual activities surrounding the reading of these written texts developed into peculiar forms, which also honor some local saints and are used to celebrate Islamic feasts and weddings. The present study traces the history of this practice and its contemporary expressions in the city.
Tchaweuda : danse au pays des sept maisons Guragué
Authors: Fitremann Perrine
Published: January 2017

Tchaweuda is the denomination of the dance and of the dancing repertoire that is nowadays the most characteristic of the entire Gurague people. Both meaning "activities", "entertaining" and "rejoicing", this dancing activity occurs during all kind of festivities where social collective joy is manifested, like for wedding, Christian, Muslim or Animist celebrations. After describing the context and the playing techniques of the drum, the body figures, which characterise this dance are then analysed. The translation of some songs accompanying that repertoire completes our presentation.
Polyphonies Ari : des voix enlacées
Authors: Fournel Thierry
Published: January 2017

Among the omotic peoples who live in Southwestern Ethiopia, the Ari have developped a rich and various musical expression. It has been influenced by the natural context that gives huge spaces propitious for the invention of a unique system of communication based on whistle calls, signals in the form of shouts or trumps. Superimposed, those codes become polyphonic games and move on complex polyphonic songs that need strong organisation where every member of the community has a special role.

The music performance, inside an ancestral ritual context, consolidates the society's cohesion and also permit the affirmation of individualities by means of variations and free voices.
Some notes on the Great Walls of Wolayta and Dawro
Authors: Zeleke Hailu
Published: January 2017

Cet article évoque les fortifications du Dawro et du Wolayta, l'une des manifestations de la créativité et du travail de l'homme dans le sud de l'Éthiopie. La description de ces murailles et la relation des informations locales s'y rapportant sont ici suivies d'une discussion des mythes et de l'histoire locale, qui conduisent à émettre des hypothèses devant servir de fondements aux futures recherches historiques et archéologiques dans la région.
A Pre-Aksumite Inscribed Incense Burner and Some Architectural Ornaments from Addi Akaweh (Tigrai, Ethiopia)
Authors: Gebre Selassie Yohannes , Gajda Iwona
Published: January 2017

Un Brule-Parfum Pre-Aksumite Inscrit et des ornements architecturaux provenant d’Addi Akaweh (Tigre, Éthiopie) ;

L’église d’Enda Abba Garima à Addi Akaweh abrite trois brûle-parfums en pierre portant des inscriptions pré-aksumites, RIÉ 9 et RIÉ 10, éditées par R. Schneider, et une troisième inscription, Addi Akaweh 1, publiée dans cet article. Le texte de l’inscription est identique à l’inscription RIÉ 9 et permet d’en compléter la lecture. Trois ornements architecturaux en calcaire ont été recueillis dans la campagne environnante. Deux blocs de pierre ont été remployés dans la construction de la partie sud-ouest de l’église. Ils seront décrits ici.
Du Begʷenā au Lāstā : centre et périphérie dans le royaume d’Éthiopie du XIIIe au XVIe siècle
Authors: Derat Marie-Laure
Published: January 2017

Le Lāstā était peut-être la région capitale du royaume chrétien d’Éthiopie durant le règne de la dynastie Zāgwē. Au moment de la chute de cette dynastie, la région a définitivement perdu sa position centrale. À tel point qu’au XVIIe siècle son nom n’apparaît plus dans les chroniques royales. Pourtant des publications récentes sur les églises du Lāstā et de l’Angot ont montré que le Lāstā était un enjeu politique pour le roi Yekuno Amlak, lorsqu’il s’empara du pouvoir à la fin du XIIIe siècle. Le nouveau roi devait se faire voir et s’imposer dans la région. À partir de documents inédits, croisés avec d’autres textes historiques, j’essaierai de reconstruire, dans cet article, l’histoire politique de ce territoire, appelé Begwenā ou Lāstā dans les sources, entre le XIIIe et le XVIe siècle. Quel était le nom de cette région avant le

XVIe siècle ? Quelle était la place de ce territoire dans l’organisation politique du royaume durant cette période ?
Les inscriptions arabes, coptes et guèzes des églises de Lālibalā
Authors: Awad Abullif Wadi , Fritsch Emmanuel , Bosc-Tiessé Claire , Derat Marie-Laure
Published: January 2017

The Arabic, Coptic and Ge’ez inscriptions in Lālibalā In this article, we edit and translate Arabic, Coptic and Ge’ez inscriptions from three churches of the Lālibalā’s site : Bēta Māryām, Bēta Giyorgis and Bēta Libānos. Most of them are simple ex-voto. A particular attention is given to one of these inscriptions, placed on the central pilar of the Bēta Māryām church (‛āmda berhān) which refers to the carving of the church.
Catalogue des autels et meubles d’autel en bois (tābot et manbara tābot) des églises de Lālibalā : jalons pour une histoire des objets et des motifs
Authors: Bosc-Tiessé Claire
Published: January 2017

Catalogue of the wooden altars (tābot and manbara tābot) in the churches of Lālibalā. Landmarks for a history of objects and patterns - Among the liturgical objects manufactured and used by the Ethiopian Church, the wooden altars found at Lālibalā are particularly interesting because their study contributes to the knowledge of liturgy, history and art history. They witness to an evolution of the liturgy which is likely to have begun around the mid 12th century. The present catalogue establishes the corpus of the altars still preserved on site, examines their inscriptions and describes their forms as well as the carved patterns. A large number of texts engraved on these objects point to King Lālibālā as responsible for their existence. This makes of them exceptionally important documents since the Ethiopian texts contemporary with this period are extremely rare. By the same token, landmarks allowing to date forms and designs are also provided.
The Zāgʷē dynasty (11-13th centuries) and King Yemreḥanna Krestos
Authors: Derat Marie-Laure
Published: January 2017

La dynastie Zāgʷē (XIe-XIIIe siècles) et le roi Yemreḥanna Krestos ;

Cet article est une enquête au sujet du roi Yemreḥanna Krestos. Qui était-il ? Quand régnait-il ? Était-il prêtre ? Comment son culte s’est-il développé ? Pour tenter de répondre à ces questions, un détour par une étude plus générale de la dynastie Zāgʷē, à laquelle il appartenait, est indispensable. Les documents nous informant sur cette dynastie sont exposés et commentés afin de dégager les éléments tangibles du contexte et rompre avec les idées communément admises. Car les Zāgʷē sont souvent perçus comme des usurpateurs venus du Sud et parlant une langue étrange comparée à celle de leurs prédécesseurs et successeurs. Il se trouve que plusieurs éléments permettent de souligner l’ancrage septentrional de cette dynastie qui partage plus de points communs avec les rois aksumites qu’on ne veut d’ordinaire le penser. Néanmoins, la figure du roi Yemreḥanna Krestos demeure énigmatique.
Archaeological excavations at the church of Arbaetu Ensesa Aksum, Ethiopia, 2006-2007
Authors: Hagos Tekle
Published: January 2017

Archaeological excavations undertaken in Aksum at Gangua Edaga also known as Arbaetu Ensesa in 2006 and 2007 show two phases of church construction. The earlier one is a three-aisle basilica, a late Aksumite church, with an apsidal sanctuary dating to between about 6th and 7th centuries AD. The second phase of church construction appears to go back to 19th century AD, at the latest. A thick ash layer with burned bricks shows that the Aksumite church was destroyed by fire. The excavations also yielded Aksumite coins, cross, glasses, pottery and an evidence of Aksumite glass industry dating to the same period mentioned above.
The bïrïllē man of Harer: the contribution of Arthur Rimbaud to the evolution of a uniquely Ethiopian drinking-vessel
Authors: Campbell Ian B.
Published: January 2017

Use of a narrow-necked, flask-shaped glass bottle, or ‘bïrïllé’, for drinking traditional honey-wine (ṭïj) is unique to the Ethiopians and can be traced at least as far back as the 14th century. By 1888, when Arthur Rimbaud was operating his own trading house in Harer, ṭïj had been further '' democratised'', fostering further growth in the demand for the plain bïrïllé-s, particularly in the expanding Kingdom of Shewa. Rimbaud spotted the growing market, and became Ethiopia’s first bulk supplier of bïrïllé-s. He introduced the first designer-bïrïllé which he made available in a range of colours, at a price comparable to that of the plain bïrïllé. In doing so, he brought market domination by the plain bïrïllé to an end. In terms of his contribution to the evolution of Ethiopian drinking-vessels, Rimbaud achieved a distinction that until now has gone largely unrecognised.
Les archives Roger Schneider (1917-2002) au centre Walda Masqal (Institute of Ethiopian Studies, Addis Abeba)
Authors: Derat Marie-Laure
Published: January 2017

The archives of Roger Schneider (1917-2002) in the Walda Masqal Centre (Institute of Ethiopian Studies, Addis Ababa) -The archives of Roger Schneider are now available in the Walda Masqal centre, an archives’ centre of the Institute of Ethiopian Studies in Addis Abeba. This article presents the documents of this collection, i. e. the library itself given by the family of Roger Schneider, as well as the archives of this great scholar, which have been digitalised in order to preserve them. This digitalisation was the result of a joint project between the Centre Français des Études Éthiopiennes and the Institute of Ethiopian Studies.
Vrais et faux Éthiopiens au XVe siècle en Occident ? Du bon usage des connexions
Authors: Weber Benjamin
Published: January 2017

True and false Ethiopians in the West in the 15th century : uses and abuses of connections ;

The distance between Ethiopia and the West and the lack of knowledge between these two worlds often caused doubts, confusions and impostures upon the status or geographical origin of Ethiopian travellers in Europe. The cases of Georges Michel who came to visit the Duke of Milan in 1459, of Hanse delegate of Prester John among the cortege led by Lodovico de Bologna in Burgundy in 1461, of the Ethiopian embassy to Sixtus IV in 1481 and of the Ethiopian delegation to the council of Florence in 1441 present a lot of similarities, in spite of their different contexts. A comparative study reveals the complexity of these confusions, very often intentionally created by each actor, as well as the secondary aspect of this question of authenticity for Western partners, mostly preoccupied at putting forward these far-reaching connexions.
Roi prêtre et Prêtre Jean : analyse de la Vie d’un souverain éthiopien du XIIe siècle, Yemreḥanna Krestos
Authors: Derat Marie-Laure
Published: January 2017

King and priest and Prester John : analysis of the Life of a 12th century Ethiopian king, Yemreḥanna Krestos ;

The Ethiopian king Yemreḥanna Krestos is sometimes identified as the Prester John in the academic works. He reigned in the 12th century and, according to the hagiographical text dedicated to him, he was considered as a priest as well as a monarch by his own subjects. This article is an attempt to explain why this identification is not convincing although the hagiography of this King and some texts related to the myth of Prester John seem to derive from the same sources, i. e. the apocalyptic texts written in Egypt after the 7th century and translated into ge’ez. The study mainly focuses on the priesthood of King Yemreḥanna Krestos in order to explain why he was considered as such by his own hagiographer. The use of the apocalyptic texts of Egyptian origin is one of the explanations, showing that in the 15th century (date of composition of the Life of Yemreḥanna Krestos), the Ethiopians recognized themselves in the prophecies dealing with the last Christian Emperor and the final victory of the antichalcedonian party. Some of these elements played also a role in the building of the Prester John figure. Despite these common sources, there is a contradiction between the Ethiopian texts and their Egyptian sources : the struggle against Islam is totally forgotten in the Ethiopian texts. The myth of the Prester John is not depending on the figure of King Yemreḥanna Krestos, but this myth and the Life of Yemrehanna Krestos were influenced by the same sources.
Les Congolais et Burundais réfugiés à Addis Abeba : des habitants presque comme les autres
Authors: Charpentier Émeline
Published: January 2017

Refugee Congolese and Burundians in Addis Ababa : Inhabitants almost like Anyone Else ;

Ethiopia as a land of asylum is still little known. Officially welcoming around 150,000 people with refugee status, it represents yet one of the largest asylum countries of the Horn of Africa. Among these hundreds of thousands, are a tiny minority of Congolese and Burundians. Although the policies adopted by the “refugee institutions” urge them to stay in Sherkole refugee camp, a vast majority of them reside in Addis-Ababa. In this article, I wish to analyse, through an anthropological approach, their insertion in the Ethiopian capital. This analysis will then lead us to challenge some concepts such as “marginal” or “cosmopolitanism” often used to define refugees’ situation and to explore the construction of a specific Addis Ababa : the one of Congolese and Burundian refugees.
Identité et dispersion chez les Jiye du Sud Soudan
Authors: Bader Christian
Published: January 2017

Chassés par des sécheresses successives de leur bastion du Mont Kathangor, à la frontière des deux provinces sud-soudanaises de l’Equatoria central et du Jonglei, les Jiye, l’une des ethnies du « cercle karimojong », se sont dispersés entre leurs établissements de Lopyat, de Nawiyapuru (ceux-ci détruits en mars 2011) et de Rumit. Pour autant, les relations que les Jiye entretiennent avec leurs voisins Toposa, Murle et Suuri demeurent souvent difficiles, et la cohésion du peuple jiye demeure intacte en dépit de la marginalisation dont il s’estime victime.
Feasting and Political Change: Tafari's Ascent to Power and Early 20th century geber
Authors: Orlowska Izabela
Published: January 2017

This article intends to show how feasting ceremony, the geber, reflected political change in early twentieth-century Ethiopia. I first define political functions of the geber and proceed to draw meaning from the existing records of gebers of the Zawditu-Tafari co-reign to trace and discuss the different stages of Tafari’s political career as reflected in these feasting ceremonies.