bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Observations on the Development of Crickets
Authors: Ghouri A. S. K. , McFarlane J. E.
Published: January 2010

The house cricket, Acheta domesticus (L.) (Gryllidae, Orthoptera), is a cosmopolitan and easily available insect, and is most suitable as a test animal for physiological research, as has been pointed out by Stone (1953). However, in spite of the long familiarity of entonlologists with this insect it has received very little attention in the literature, no doubt because it has never been of economic importance in Europe or North America. Such quantitative observations on its development as do exist are rather fragmentary (Kemper, 1937; Stone, 1953; Busvine, 1955). The present article describes, in a somewhat more precise way, the rate of development of the nymph of the house cricket at various temperatures and the number and duration of the nymphal stadia, as well as a satisfactory method of rearing the insect and observations on its fecundity.
Effect of Host Distribution on the Reproduction of Encarsia formosa Gahan (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea)
Authors: Burnett T.
Published: January 2010

That insect parasites regulate and, in the case of newly introduced species, sometimes reduce the average density of insect pests has led to an exmination of the properties of parasites in general. Consideration has been given to the manner in which parasites select hosts for oviposition and to the physiological and psychological basis of this selection. The distribution of parasite progeny among suitable hosts has been analysed in many cases, for the fewer the hostS that are superparasitized for any given number of parasite eggs laid the greater the efficiency of the parasite in reducing host density. It is obvious that before the factors of host selection and superparasitism become important in host-parasite interaction the parasite must find the host individuals. When the hosts are confined to a relatively small area the potential oviposition of the parasite, subject to discrimination among hosts and restraint in oviposition, often determines the level of parasitism. As distance between individuals of the host population becomes greater, however, it is necessary for the parasite to search the environment more extensively. Therefore, the ability of the parasite to find hosts is a factor of prime importance in determining its influence on the density of its host. The success with which a parasite discovers hosts in relation to host density is determined, of course, by several characteristics of the parasite species and by the modification of these characteristics through variations in the physical environment.
Effect of Area of Search on Reproduction of Encarsia formosa Gahan (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea)
Authors: Burnett T.
Published: January 2010

In an earlier laboratory study (Burnett, 1958) influences of various types of host distribution on the efficiency of the chalcid parasite Encarsia formosa Gahan were determined. A constant number of parasites searched among five host densities for scales of the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westw.), that were distributed in three patterns over a 25-square-inch surface. In addition to the increased parasitism resuItIng from contagious distributions of the host, it was found that approximately the same percentage of each of the five different host densities within the same distribution was attacked by the parasite.
Notes on Life-Histories of Sawflies (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) Common in Low-bush Blueberry Fields in New Brunswick
Authors: Neilson W. T. A.
Published: January 2010

Neilson (1955) listed 19 species of sawflies collected from low-bush blueberry fields in New Brunswick. However, most of the listed species are either scarce or transient. This paper embodies notes on the life-histories, seasonal development, and parasites of the common species, Neopareophora litura (Klug), Pristiphora bivittata (Nort.), P. idiota (Nort.), Pristiphora sp., and two species of Nematus. The data were obtained from field collections and insectary rearing. Keys are provided for identification of the immature stages.
Pycnarmon jaguaralis (Guenée) and an Allied Species (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
Authors: Munroe Eugene
Published: January 2010

The familiar species Pycnarmon jaguaralis (Guenée) ranges from the Himalayas to the Solomons and Queensland with comparatively little variation. Specimens from Buru, Obi, Luzon, Amboina and Waigeu seem hardly different from those from the Himalayas.
Production of Apterous and Alate Progeny by Apterous and Alate Viviparae of Macrosiphum solanifolii (Ashm.) (Homoptera: Aphididae)
Authors: MacGillivray M. E. , Anderson G. B.
Published: January 2010

Factors promoting wing production in aphids have been studied extensively by many workers (Ackerman, 1926; Bonnemaison, 1951; Ewing, 1925, 1926; Lal, 1952, 1955; Shull, 1926-1942; Wadley, 1923; and White, 1946), who advanced theories based on experimental results with different species but generally considered to be applicable to all aphids. La1 (1952, 1953) reviewed this literature. The experiment reported here indicates that the theories previously advanced do not apply equally to all species.
Far-eastern Pyralidae (Lepidoptera)
Authors: Munroe Eugene
Published: January 2010

Through the kindness of Dr. H. Höne, Bonn, I have the privilege of examining a large number of Pyralidae collected by him in China and Japan during his many years' residence in those countries. The material studied consists of duplicates of the vast co11ections sent to Prince Aristide Caradja in Rumania, and reported on by him in an extended series of papers in the years 1925 to 1939. In spite of his excellent taxonomic eye, Caradja did not study genitalia and rarely illustrated his species or discussed their structural characters. As Höne's collections have been the only ones to emanate from many of the regions he visited, and as Caradja's own collection, always remote, has for many years been inaccessible, and is believed to have been partly destroyed in wartime or post-war disturbances, the importance of the present material in elucidating the Caradja species is very great, and I owe Dr. Höne my most sincere thanks for permitting me to study it and to retain for the Canadian National Collection a substantial number of duplicates.
Two New Nearctic Species of Spilomyia (Diptera: Syrphidae), with a Note on the Taxonomic Value of Wing Microtrichia in the Syrphidae
Authors: Vockeroth J. R.
Published: January 2010

Three species of Spilomyia from western North America have been in the Canadian National Collection under the name Spilomyia interrupta Williston, 1882. Two of these are described below as new. Through the co-operation of Mr. Paul Arnaud, then of the U.S. National Museum, I examined the two female syntypes of interrupta and four other specimens of the group. One syntype, labelled “W.J.; Acc. 19702, Williston; Type No. 875, U.S.N.M.; Spilomyia interrupta Will.” on four labels is hereby designated as lectotype; it has been so labelled. The other syntype is a specimen of the species described below as Spilomyia citima n.sp. The other four specimens in the U.S.N.M. are all of interrupta: 1 ♂, Hopland, Calif., Sept.; 1 ♂, Mountains near Claremont, Calif.; 1 ♀, Tuolumne, Calif.; 1 ♀, Medford, Oreg. The C.N.C. contains two specimens of interrupta: 1 ♂, Hopland, Calif., Sept.; 1 ♀, Rowena, Oreg., Sept. 1, 1923 (on flowers of Eriogonum umbellatum). Mr. R. H. Foxlee of Robson, B.C., kindly sent me several specimens for study and donated most of them to the C.N.C.; it gives me pleasure to dedicate one of the new species to him.
A Note on Megachile inermis Prov. in Trap-nests in Wisconsin (Hymenoptera: Magachilidae)
Authors: Medler J. T.
Published: January 2010

Records of Megachile inermis Prov. in trap-nests are given in order to supplement previous reports on the nesting biology of the species. In Saskatchewan, Peck and Bolton (1946) did not obtain nests in 1943 with 1/4-inch holes bored in logs, but were successful in 1944 with 5/16-inch holes. The cells in 14 nests averaged 4.2, range 2 to 7, and their rearings produced 10 males and no females. In Manitoba, Stephen (1955) associated the nesting of M. inermis with burnt-over or waste poplar. The bee utilized the poplar after the trees had decayed sufficiently to permit the bee to burrow into it. He found no indication of nesting in borer tunnels, but reported that the bees themselves excavated tunnels from a crack or crevice or the exposed end of a log. Stephen (1956) described the excavating activity of the bee in poplar, and reared 3 males from cells transferred to glass tubes.
A Laboratory Method of Mass Rearing the Black Cutworm, Agrotis ypsilon (Rott.), for Insecticide Tests
Authors: Harris C. R. , Begg J. A. , Mazurek J. H.
Published: January 2010

A number of techniques have been developed for rearing cutworms of economic importance. Most of those that were developed primarily for lifehistory studies (Crumb, 1929; Hocking, 1952; King and Atkinson, 1927; Satterthwait, 1933; Snyder, 1954) are unsatisfactory for mass rearing. Mass rearing techniques have been developed for several cutworms of economic importance (Jacobson and Blakeley, 1957; Swingle et al., 1941; Waters, 1937; and Wylie and Palm, 1940). However, the black cutworm, Agrotis ypsilon (Rott.), is difficult to rear because of cannibalism.
A Sequential Sampling Technique for Surveys of the Larch Sawfly
Authors: Ives W. G. H. , Prentice R. M.
Published: January 2010

Sequential sampling methods have been developed for population surveys of a number of forest insects (4, 6, 7, 9). These methods permit rapid classification of populations into broad infestation classes with predetermined accuracy and a minimum of sampling, and are useful for mapping and recording widespread infestations.

The method of assessing egg populations of the larch sawfly,Pristiphora erichsonii(Htg.), developed by Ives (3) for intensive population studies, was not suitable for surveys because of the large sample size required. A sequential plan for the larch sawfly using hypothetical infestation classes was briefly reviewed by Ives (2). This plan is modified in the present paper in accordance with new data that have accumulated from observations on plots in the Whiteshell Forest Reserve and other stands in Manitoba and Saskatchewan.
Laboratory Rearing of the Seed-corn Maggot, Hylemya cilicrura (Rond.) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae)
Authors: McClanahan R. J. , Miller L. A.
Published: January 2010

The seed-corn maggot, Hylemya cilicrura (Rond.), is a cosmopolitan pest and feeds on a wide range of hosts. The maggots cause extensive damage to seeds and seedlings of beans, soybeans, peas, corn, and cucurbits. Hitherto laboratory investigations have been hampered because the maggot has been very difficult to rear continuously.

Biological studies have indicated that such diverse diets as soybeans (Harukawa et al., 1934), cottonseed meal and fish meal (Reid, 1940), and potato (Leach, 1926) serve to rear the maggot to the adult stage. However, it has been difficult to maintain an adult colony for the time required for mating and oviposition. Reid (1940) used field-collected flies as a source of eggs in his experiments, but failed to get a second generation. Successive generations were reared by Ristich (1950), who provided a high protein diet for adults held in glass cages; in attempts to follow this method at Chatham, only one complete generation could be reared. A more satisfactory method of rearing the species continuously is described in this paper.
Identities of Lonchaeid Flies Described by Zetterstedt, with Notes on Related Species (Diptera)
Authors: McAlpine J. F.
Published: January 2010

Zetterstedt (1838-1855) described 11 species of Lonchaeidae from the Palaearctic region: Lonchaea albitarsis, L. crassinervis, L. deutschi, L. flavidipennis, L. hirticeps, L. hyalipennis, Earomyia lonchaeoides, L. metallica, L. pallipennis, L. palposa, and L. parvula. He erected the genus Earomyia for lonchaeoides when he described that species but assigned all of the other species he dealt with to the genus Lonchaea Fall.
The Ant Lasius alienus (Foerster) Parasitized by the Fungus Laboulbenia formicarum Thaxter at London, Ontario
Authors: Judd W. W. , Benjamin R. K.
Published: January 2010

During the summer of 1957, collections of insects from burrows of the woodchuck, Marmota monax, were made hv the senior author in the vicinity of London, Ontario. The collector obtained the insects by reaching into a burrow for a distance of about one yard and scraping out by hand the loose soil at the bottom of the burrow from the outer one yard of the length of the burrow. The accumulation of soil and debris thus obtained was combed over and insects were removed from it. By this method insects were collected from thirty burrows, and these were sorted according to order and family and sent to taxonomic specialists for identification.
Host Susceptibility to Paralysis by the Tick Dermacentor andersoni Stiles (Acarina: Ixodidae)
Authors: Gregson J. D.
Published: January 2010

One of the objectives in the study of tick paralysis at Kamloops was to discover a species of laboratory animal that is consistently susceptible to this disease. Such an animal was needed to explore inconsistencies probably caused by differences in tick virulence or host susceptibility. Observations on infestations of adults of Dermacentor andersoni in tick paralysis areas in British Columbia, and experiments with similar ticks on large and small wild and domestic animals, have revealed the following.
A New Species of Typhlodromus Scheuten, 1857 (Acarina: Phytoseiidae), with Notes on Life-histories and Food Habits of Typhlodromus sp. n. and T. tiliae Oudms.
Authors: Herbert H. J.
Published: January 2010

The following is a description of a new species of predacious mite of the subfamily Phytoseiinae. It is found in orchards in Nova Scotia on the bark of apple trees, but in no instance has it been taken from the foliage. This species is similar in structure to Typhlodromus tiliae Oudmus. (Nesbitt, 1951), but its habits differ. In this paper the differences between T. tiliae and the species herein described are noted and details of a laboratory study of the life-histories and food habits of these species are given.
The Origin and Evolution of the Pupa
Authors: DuPorte E. Melville
Published: January 2010

There have been several speculations as to the origin and significance of the pupa. One that has had considerable vogue is based on the interpretation, by Lubbock (1883), Berlese (1913) and others, of the larva as a free-living embryo prematurely hatched before it has attained the form characteristic of the adult. A nymph, according to this theory, has completed its embryonic development in the egg where it passed through stages corresponding to those of the larva and attained the form of the adult before hatching. This concept assumes, therefore, that the pupal stage is the equivalent of all of the nymphal instars compressed into a single instar. There are many objections to this theory of which the following may be given. Development from the larva to the adult is not continuous. There is evidence that larval and adult structures are determined independently in the embryo, and the development of the one and the suppression of the other are controlled by the endocrine system. Furthermore, changes in hormone balance which take place in the last nymphal instar of the Exopterygota result in the development of the adult, while similar changes in the last larval instar of the Endopterygota bring about the development of the pupa. For this and other reasons the pupa must be regarded as an adult instar and not as a larval or nymphal instar.
Notes on Behaviour of Pemphigus betae Doane (Homoptera: Aphididae) Infected with Entomophthora aphidis Hoffm.
Authors: Harper A. M.
Published: January 2010

Normally the sugar-beet root aphid, Pemphigus betae Doane, lives and feeds
on sugar-beet roots below ground during the summer and fall. However, in many beet fields between Lethbridge and Monarch, Alberta, in September, 1956, a large number of these aphids were found on the soil surface and on the crowns and leaves of the plants. Many of the aphids had crawled up the plants and, even after death, remained clinging to the leaves (Fig. 1). This clinging reaction seemed similar to that of grasshoppers infected with Entomophthora grylli Fresen. Mr. R. B. Baird, Entomology Laboratory, Canada Department of Agriculture, Belleville, Ontario, identified the organism causing the disease destroying these aphids as Entomophthora aphidis Hoffm. This is the first record of this disease killing subterranean aphids in Canada. The only other reports of E. aphidis on root aphids are those of Maxson (1916) in Colorado and Charles (1941) in California. In Canada, it has been previously reported as a factor in control of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harr.), in the Annapolis Valley, Nova Scotia (MacLeod, 1953).
Internal Changes in the Female Mountain Pine Beetle, Dendroctonus monticolae Hopk., Associated with Egg Laying and Flight
Authors: Reid R. W.
Published: January 2010

Studies of the mountain pine beetle by DeLeon (1934), Evenden et al. (1943), Hopping and Mathers (1945), have shown that females frequently establish more than one egg gallery each season, Recent studies by the author indicate that females commonly leave their first egg galleries after a period of 2-3 weeks and fly to another tree where the second egg galleries are established.
Influence of Food Plant of Host on Attractiveness of the Host to Tachinid Parasites with Notes on Preimaginal Conditioning
Authors: Monteith L. G.
Published: January 2010

Host-finding and host selection by entomophagous insects are influenced by the plants on which their hosts feed (Milliron, 1940; Simmonds, 1944). Some species of parasites are attracted to certain plants before they receive any stimuli from the hosts (Cushman 1926; Monteith, 1955). Picard and Rabaud (1914) found that many parasitic Hymenoptera attack larvae of species of different families, and even of different orders, provided that they feed on the same species of food plant.
Two New Species of Fleas from Utah, with Notes on the Genus Ornithophaga Mikulin (Siphonaptera)
Authors: Holland G. P. , Loshbaugh G.
Published: January 2010

The two new species of fleas described in this paper are of unusual interest. The first belongs to the well-known genus Catallagia Rothschild (Hystrichopsyllidae: Neopsyllinae), but is notable for the extreme modification of the male genitalia, a condition not reflected in the female; the second, a bird flea, belongs to Ornithophaga Mikulin (Leptopsyllidae: Amphipsyllinae), a remarkable genus recently described from the U.S.S.R. on the basis of one female specimen.
Common Names of Insects
Authors: Eidt D. C.
Published: January 2010

“And out of the ground the Lord God formed every beast of the field, and every fowl of the air: and brought them unto Adam to see what he would call them: and whatsoever Adam called every living creature, that was the name thereof.” – Genesis 2:19.

There is such a great number of species of insects that Adam's task, at least in this great class of “beasts” is by no means finished. There are names of insects in every language of the world. There are also “scientific” Latin names governed by an agreed set of rules and are therefore the most accurate. They are truly international, but have meaning only for the entomologist and a few others. For this reason, the so-called “common” names, are used by the public, who are free to coin new ones whenever they like.
The Behaviour of the Mountain Pine Beetle, Dendroctonus monticolae Hopk., During Mating, Egg Laying, and Gallery Construction
Authors: Reid R. W.
Published: January 2010

The biology of the mountain pine beetle was studied in 1956 and 1957 near Invermere, in the East Kootenay region of British Columbia. The host tree was lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelm.). The technique used permitted direct observation of mating, egg laying, and gallery construction. The sex ratio was also investigated under natural conditions and in cages. The most important previous work on the biology of this insect was done by De Leon, Bedard, and Terrell (1934).
A Note on the Association of Fall Cankerworm (Alsophila pometaria (Harr.)) with Winter Moth (Operophtera brumata (Linn.)) (Lepidoptera: Geometridae)
Authors: Smith C. C.
Published: January 2010

The fall cankerworm, Alsophila pometaria (Harr.), and the winter moth, Operophtera brumata (Linn.), both feed to a great extent on the same tree species and prefer apple, Malus spp., red oak, Quercus rubra L., basswood, Tilia spp., white elm, Ulmus americana L., and Norway maple, Acer platanoides L. They also have similar life-histories and habits (Smith 1950 and 1953). Both lay their eggs on the trees in the fall and overwinter in this stage. The eggs hatch about the same time and the larvae of (both species mature about the third week in June. They drop to the ground and form cocoons at a depth of about an inch. The adults emerge about the same time, commencing usually during the last week in October and continuing until early December or until the ground freezes.
A Temperature Gradient Apparatus for Small Insects
Authors: Henson W. R.
Published: January 2010

An apparatus which provides a temperature gradient within a small enclosed space is described. Provision is made for control of absolute humidity within the apparatus so that the same temperature gradient may be used with a variety of humidity gradients. The system of temperature measurement and recording and the operating characteristics of the machine are described.
Insects Captured in Light Traps With and Without Baffles
Authors: Frost S. W.
Published: January 2010

For several years the writer has studied the effects of variations in insect light trap designs on the species and numbers of insects captured. Among these variations are the value of baffles. During the summer of 1957 two traps were operated adjacent to each other in State College. The positions of these traps were alternated every other night. One trap, which has been designated as the Pennsylvania insect-light trap with four interesting baffles, 5 × 20 inches, a 12-inch funnel and a 15-watt black-light fluorescent lamp, was used. The other trap was similar except the baffles were omitted and the trap was held together by means of four small wires.
Note on Two Forms of Hypolithus bicolor Esch. (Coleoptera: Elateridae)
Authors: Zacharuk Russell Y.
Published: January 2010

Collection and rearing records for 1951 to 1954 indicate that a parthenogenetic and a bisexual form of Hypolithus bicolor Esch. occur in Saskatchewan.

Near White Fox, in the northeastern area of the Mixedwood Section, approximately 2,000 beetles were collected from their hibernation cells in the soil and from the soil surface, in fields of native sod, summer-fallow, and crop, at various times during the frost-free periods. All the beetles were female. Sixty beetles reared from larvae collected in this area were also females. Similarly, there were no males in a collection of approximately 300 beetles from near Meadow Lake, in the northwestern area of the Mixedwood Section, and in numerous smaller collections made in other parts of this section. Eleven beetles, all females, were reared from eggs laid by beetles of this parthenogenetic form collected near White Fox during the last week in May, 1952. After a storage period of four months at 38°F., seven of these first generation beetles laid viable eggs without mating. No attempt was made to rear the second generation larvae to the beetle stage.
Notes on Life-History and Larval Description of Apamea apamiformis (Guenée), a Pest of Wild Rice (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: MacKay Margaret R. , Rockburne E. W.
Published: January 2010

Serious damage to the seeds of wild rice, Zizania aquatica L., is caused annually by the larvae of a noctuid species hitherto unidentified and with little of its life-history known. In the summer of 1957 larvae reared from eggs found in the heads of wild rice were determined as of the species concerned, and in March, 1958 an adult reared from the same lot was identified by Dr. D. F. Hardwick, Entomology Division, Ottawa as of Apamea apamiformis (Guenée).
Notes on Parasitism of a Spruce Sawfly, Diprion polytomum (Htg.) (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae), in Czechoslovakia and Scandinavia
Authors: Finlayson L. R. , Finlayson Thelma
Published: January 2010

The European spruce sawfly, Diprion hercyniae (Htg.), was first found in Canada in 1930. An aerial survey in the following year showed that it was causing severe defoliation in an area of about 2,500 square miles in the Gaspé Peninsula, Quebec. In succeeding years it spread rapidly over wide areas in Eastern Canada (see, e.g., Baird 1937, Balch 1937). The work reported below was part of an attempt to control the sawfly by biotic agents.
A Radiographic Technique to Identify Healthy, Parasitized, and Diseased Sawfly Prepupae Within Cocoons
Authors: Holling C. S.
Published: January 2010

Many entomological problems require the identification and observation of insects without disturbing their surroundings. Such problems are usually concerned with insects within host or pupal coverings and radiography is a method well suited to their solution. The technique is a special type of radiography in which soft X-rays (wave length longer than about 0.25A), passing through an object of low density, produce a shadow image on fine-grain film in contact with the object.
Recoveries of Introduced Species of Parasites of the Winter Moth,Operophtera brumata(L.) (Lepidoptera: Geometridae), in Nova Scotia
Authors: Graham A. R.
Published: January 2010

Five species of parasites reared from European material were released at Oak Hill, near Bridgewater, Nova Scotia from 1954 to 1956 as biotic agents against the winter moth,Operophtera brumata(L.) which had been established in Nova Scotia since before 1950. Recovery collections were made annually from 1955 to 1957. This work is still in progress, and in 1957 releases were made in four additional localities. Results of establishment of parasites from releases from 1954 to 1956 are reported below.
Factors That Affect Host Finding byNasonia vitripennis(Walk.) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae),
Authors: Wylie H. G.
Published: January 2010

Adults of most species of insect parasites spend much time finding objects that influence their individual and collective well-being. The object found at any time is usually correlated with the physiological state of the parasite and with extrinsic factors existing at that time. From the standpoint of the species' economy, the most important objects to be discovered are hosts on which fertile parasite progeny can mature. Whether hosts are found and parasitized is influenced, to varying degrees with different parasite species, by whether the female has already found, or been found by, a male of the same species, and by whether she has already located food other than that provided by hosts. The present study is of factors that affect host finding by females of a pteromalid,Nasonia vitripennis(Walk.).
Note on a Method of Artificially Sustaining Larvae of the Wheat Stem Sawfly, Cephus cinctus Nort. (Hymenoptera: Cephidae)
Authors: Kasting R. , McGinnis A. J.
Published: January 2010

The larva of the wheat stem sawfly, Cephus cinctus Nort. feeds entirely within a single host stem and is structurally adapted to this environment (Holmes 1954). Consequently an artificial rearing technique should provide a nutritionally adequate diet in a physical environment which will satisfy the structural needs of the insect. This note describes attempts to rear larvae of the wheat stem sawfly under artificial conditions.
The Boxelder Twig Borer, Proteoteras willingana (Kearfott), (Lepidoptera: Olethreutidae)
Authors: Peterson L. O. T.
Published: January 2010

The boxelder twig borer, Proteoteras willingana (Kearfott) was described in 1904 from specimens reared by T. N. Willing, Regina, Assiniboia (now Saskatchewan), Canada, and temporarily placed in the genus Proteopteryx (Kearfott, 1904, 1905). In 1923 it was transferred to the genus Proteoteras (Heinrich, 1923). Early knowledge of life history and habits of this species is very fragmentary (de Gryse, 1924, 1925; Swaine, 1916, 1917; Washburn, 1910).
A New Nearctic Species of Symballophthalmus Becker (Diptera: Empididae)
Authors: Chillcott J. G.
Published: January 2010

The genus Symballophthalmus Becker, 1889 (= Marcroptera Becker, 1889, preocc.), was erected for Tachydromia dissimilis Fallén (= M. pictipes Becker). This species, known from central and northern Europe, has been the only one definitely referred to the genus.

In 1954 and 1955, two male and two female specimens referable to this genus were collected in the vicinity of a spruce bog near Ottawa, Ontario, and five females were collected in Michigan during several years. These agree very well with the description of the type species except in the bristling of the front legs of the male and in details of the hypopygium.
Varietal Resistance of Seeded Onions to the Onion Maggot, Hylemya antiqua (Meig.) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae)
Authors: Perron J. P. , Jasmin J. J. , Lafrance J.
Published: January 2010

Investigations by Baker and Stewart (1928), Sleesman (1934), and Matthewman et al. (1953) on varietal resistance of seeded onions to the onion maggot, Hylemya antiqua (Meig.), gave no significant results, probably because they were made on small numbers of commercial varieties. This is a report on field and greenhause tests from 1955 to 1957 on 44 varieties of Allium spp. grown from seed. The variety Early Yellow Globe was used as a standard of susceptibility to the onion maggot in all tests.
A New Species of Aphid From Rubus parviflorus Nutt.
Authors: Hill Alex R.
Published: January 2010

Through the kindness of Dr. R. Stace-Smith of the Canada Department of Agriculture, Plant Pathology Laboratory, Vancouver, B.C., I have been able to collect and examine specimens of a species of Amphorophora occurring on Thimbleberry (Rubus parviflorus) in British Columbia. This species, as well as showing morphological differences which separate it from all described species, differs also from them ecologically and in its ability to transmit certain Rubus viruses. (Stace-Smith, in press). Professors M. A. Palmer and George F. Knowlton have both seen some of this material and have given it as their opinion that it cannot be placed among the known species of Amphorophora. It is therefore described here as a new species.
Dispersal of the Pine Needle Scale, Phenacaspis pinifoliae (Fitch), (Diaspididae: Homoptera)
Authors: Brown C. E.
Published: January 2010

The dispersal of the pine needle scale has long been a problem to entomologists. Although its transfer on nursery stock has been accepted as a means of dispersal, the method of its spread from tree to tree in a localized area has not been investigated previously. There are two stages in its development when it is able to move about by its own volition: the crawler or first instar nymphs wander for short distances on the twigs of the host tree and the adult males move about freely. Effective spread of this scale occurs only in the crawler stage. Phoresy is unlikely because nymphs have extreme difficulty in crossing small gaps such as would be encountered in transferring from a needle to an insect or bird and parent scales do not secrete substances attractive to carriers as described by Mahdihassan (1933) for some lac-insects. Because of the limited motility of the first instar nymphs, dissemination by wind required investigation.
A New Delphinium-Infesting Aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae)
Authors: Richards W. R.
Published: January 2010

Apterous Viviparous Female

Holotype.–Dorsum of head with six blunt or slightly clavate setae. Frontal tubercles well developed, smooth, diverging, each with one long, (blunt seta on dorsal surface and one or two on ventral surface. Antenna about as long as body, third segment expanded just distad of base to almost twice its basal diameter; 56 small, tubercle-like, secondary sensoria scattered along whole length of one third segment, 60 on other; one fourth segment with four secondary sensoria, the other with five; a single, large, primary sensorium near apex of each fifth segment, and one large one and five or six adjacent smaller ones near apices of basal portion of sixth segment; each small primary sensorium on sixth segment with a central papilla; all primary sensoria lacking marginal, cilia-like fimbriations. Antennal setae distinctly capitate and about equal in length to basal diameter of third segment. Lengths of antenna1 segments as follows: III, 0.85 mm.; IV, 0.4 mm.; V, 0.3 mm.; VI, 0.15-0.85 mm. Rostrum reaching slightly beyond middle coxae; apical segment 0.13 mm. long, with 17 slender pointed setae in addition to usual apical ones.
Three New Ontario Black Flies of the GenusProsimulium(Diptera: Simuliidae): Part I. Descriptions, Morphological Comparisons with Related Species, and Distribution
Authors: Syme P. D. , Davies D. M.
Published: January 2010

Chromosonial studies have elucidated phylogenetic relations inDrosophila(White, 1954), culicids (Jucci, 1952) and chironomids (Bauer, 1936, 1945). Since it appeared promising to apply this approach to the Simuliidae, Rothfels and Dunbar (1953) began a cytological survey of the black flies of eastern Canada during the summer of 1951. They found that in this group the giant salivary gland chromosomes provided “a wealth of descriptive morphological detail in their number and gross morphology, in the characteristics of expanded centromere regions, in the location of specific nucleolar sites, in the degree of pairing of constituents, and in the ultimate discernible banding pattern…. Since these features are not functionally related to the external environment, the confusing effects of convergence are minimized, resemblances may be taken to indicate relation, and grouping is possible according to natural affinities” (Rothfels and Dunbar, 1953).
A Technique for Rearing the Red-Banded Leaf Roller, Argyrotaenia velutinana (Wlkr.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), during the Winter
Authors: Hikichi A. , Wagner H.
Published: January 2010

The following method of rearing the red-banded leaf roller, a pest that has recently become increasingly destructive and difficult to control on apple in Ontario, was developed to obtain a supply of insects for insecticide tests during the winter. No reference to methods of rearing this insect in the winter were found in the literature. As the Field Station at Simcoe has no greenhouse or plant growth room, the entire procedure was conducted in an office room and basement except that some of the bean plants used were obtained from the greenhouse of the Entomology Laboratory, Vineland Station, Ont.
Three New Ontario Black Flies of the Genus Prosimulium (Diptera: Simuliidae): Part II. Ecological Observations and Experiments
Authors: Davies Douglas M. , Syme Paul D.
Published: January 2010

In an earlier paper (Syme and Davies, 1958), three new species in the hirtipes-complex (Prosimulium fuscum Syme and Davies, P. mixtum Syme and Davies and P. fontanum Syme and Davies) were described, compared with related species in other parts of the world, and their known distribution in northeastern North America indicated. In this paper are presented observations on the manner and dates of oviposition, on incubation, on the larval feeding, on the rate of larval growth during the fall and winter in a spring-fed stream, and on differences in habitat and seasonal emergence of the three new species.
A Simplified Clip Cage for Aphid Investigations
Authors: Noble M. D.
Published: January 2010

At the Vancouver laboratory a large number of cages were needed to confine aphids to single leaves in virus transmission experiments. The cages had to be of simple construction, light, and easily manipulared. The cage developed was similar to that of MacGillivray and Anderson (1957), but was simpler to make, and the materials were easily obtained locally. The materials are: acrylic plastic tubing, metal hair-curl clips, foam rubber, corks to fit the tubing, and muslin.
Notes on Insects, EspeciallyGymnaetronspp. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), Associated with Toadflax,Liniaria vulgarisMill. (Scrophulariaceae), in North America
Authors: Smith J. Morris
Published: January 2010

Linaria vulgarisMill., known commonly as toadflax or butter-and-eggs, is worldwide in its distribution but is a serious weed only in the Canadian provinces of Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba (Zilke and Coupland, 1954), where it is increasing in importance (Beck, 1954; Carder, 1956; Forbes, 1957). Smith (1956) correlated its relative insignificance as a weed in the other provinces and in the northwestern United States with the occurrence of the curculionid beetleGylmnaetron antirrhini(Payk.). Investigations on this and other insects that feed on toadflax and an evaluation of their possible use as biological control agents are reported in this paper; also included are some observations on the weedand its natural enemies made since 1950 in all provinces west of Quebec and in the northwestern United States.
Note on Destruction of Grasshopper Eggs by the Field Cricket Acheta assimilis luctuosus (Serville) (Orthoptera: Gryllidae)
Authors: Smith D. S.
Published: January 2010

Routine grasshopper egg surveys in southern Alberta from 1954 to 1957 revealed unexpectedly small numbers of egg pods in certain locations that were regarded as favoured oviposition sites for Mlelnnoplus bivittatus (Say). These locations were graded roadsides with a bare or sparsely covered slope on the field side of the ditch. The bottom of the ditch and the other slope up to the roadway were usually covered with a moderate to heavy growth of weeds and grass. In these years the grasshoppers hatched late, the nymphs developed slowly, and the adults did not mature until September. As oviposition took place in cool fall weather,it was restricted mainly to the bare ditchbanks facing south or west, which provided sheltered spots warmed by insolation. Sampling in these spots revealed fewer egg pods than should have been produced by the number of M. bivittatus found in the preceding adult survey.
Scambus pterophori (Ashm.) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), a New Parasite of the European Corn Borer, Pyrausta nubilalis (Hbn.) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), in Canada
Authors: Hudon Marcel
Published: January 2010

In late August, 1957, a parasitized second-generation pupa of Pyrausta nubilalis (Hbn.) was observed in silks of an immature corn ear in the experimental plots at St. Jean. The pupa was incubated at 75°F. in a petri dish, and two weeks later an ichneumonid parasite emerged and was identified by Mr. G. S. Walley, Entomology Division, Ottawa, as Scambus pterophori (Ashm.). Asecond generation of P. nubilalis is very unusual in the St. Jean area. This is apparently the first record of this ichneumonid as a parasite of P. nubilalis in Canada.
Observations on Mating, Feeding, and Oviposition of Some Utah Species of Black Flies (Diptera: Simuliidae)
Authors: Peterson B. V.
Published: January 2010

The literature contains numerous references to observations and investigations on various aspects of the biology of many species of black flies. During recent studies on the blackfly fauna of Utah, observations were made on mating, feeding, and oviposition of several species of black flies for which such data are fragmentary or completely lacking.
The Effect of Light and Temperature on the Behaviour of Adults of the White Pine Weevil, Pissodes strobi Peck.
Authors: Sullivan C. R.
Published: January 2010

This study was undertaken as part of an investigation of the physical and biological requirements of the white pine weevil Pissodes strobi Peck. The broad aspects of the main problem will be given in a later paper and it need only be mentioned here that the immediate objective was to define the requirements of the weevil in terms of measurable factors of the environment. During the field studies, observed variations in behaviour between individual weevils within the limits of a single habitat indicated the need for additional studies that would permit analysis of behaviour in relation to previous conditioning. The responses of the adult weevils to diffuse and discrete light sources, and the effect of temperature on these responses, were investigated in conjunction with field studies of behavioural changes during relatively stable and variable weather conditions, in an attempt to explain observed weevil movements.
Synopsis of the Genus Semium, and Description of a New Species from Mexico (Hemiptera: Miridae)
Authors: Kelton Leonard A.
Published: January 2010

Semium was described bv Reuter (1875) and placed in the division Cyllocoraria of the subfamily Capsina. Reuter (1910) later chanped the subfamily Capsina to Heterotomina, and the division Cyllocoraria to Halticaria. Van Duzee (1916) changed Reuter's Heterotomaria to Orthotylinae, and placed Semium in the division Orthotylaria, tribe Orthotylini. Knight (1923) proposed the tribe Semiini for the Genus, but Carvalho (1955) rejected this arrangement and placed the genus in the Orthotylini. Studies on the female and male genitalia by Slater (1950) and Kelton (1959) suggestee that the genus is referable to the Phylinae. In this paper the genus is transferred from the Orthotylinae to the Phylinae. tribe Phylini, on the basis of the male and female genitalia and the tarsal claws.
Predators of Neodiprion swainei Midd. (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) Larval Vectors of Virus Diseases
Authors: Smirnoff W. A.
Published: January 2010

In the summer of 1958 a virus disease of larvae of Neodiprion swainei Midd., a serious defoliator of jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.), was investigated. The experiments were carried out near St. David de Falardeau in the Lake St. John region, Quebec, where the forest is largely composed of 15- to 20-year-old jack pine. The infestation was three years old, and judging by the production of eggs, had reached serious proportions in some places.
A New Genus and Three New Species of Aphididae (Homoptera)
Authors: Richards W. R.
Published: January 2010

In recent years there has been a renewed interest in aphids, primarily as to their role in the dissemination of plant viruses. As a result many new species are being discovered, even on some of the more common plants. The notes and descriptions that follow arise from collections made in British Columbia.
A Study of the Flight of the Douglas-Fir Beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopk. (Coleoptera: Scolytidae): I. Flight Preparation and Response
Authors: Atkins M. D.
Published: January 2010

Insect flight can be divided into four basic components which lend themselves to independent study. These are: (1) flight preparation and response; (2) the body movements and their resultant forces; (3) the flight capacity; and (4) flight orientation. Many authors have dealt with these various phases of flight and studies have been made on a wide variety of insects. Nevertheless, on reviewing the literature two deficiencies become apparent. First, there are very few cases where a complete study of flight has been made for a single species, an outstanding exception being the studies on locust flight by Weis-Fogh and Jensen (1956). Secondly, beetles, particularly the Scolytidae, have been neglected as experimental material in flight studies
Scientific Names of Potato-Infesting Aphids
Authors: Lambers D. Hille Ris , MacGillivray M. E.
Published: January 2010

Although the common aphids that infestSolanum tuberosumL. in North America and Europe appear to be the same, different scientific names are used for them on the two continents. This unsatisfactory situation is confusing to both entomologists and virologists and shouId be corrected. This paper presents the preferred scientific names. Only the most important synonyms are discussed.
Humidity Reactions ofMelanoplus bivittatus(Say) andCamnula pellucida(Scudd.) (Orthoptera, Acrididae): Reactions of Normal Grasshoppers
Authors: Riegert P. Wm.
Published: January 2010

Nymphs of the clear-winged grasshopper,Camnula pellucida(Scudd.) have been observed to evacuate local habitats by marching (11). Except for a few stragglers, apparently all occupantsof the habitat moved in the same direction. Rarely, if ever, did these marches continue for more than 300 yardsin one direction, nor did the insects show much tendency to maintain identity as a band; nevertheless, the capacity of this species to march was clearly shown. The marches always occurred during the day and when the temperature was above 20°C. (8). In all recorded cases the nymphs moved into a cooler and more humid area. The authorhas not observed, or received reports of, instances of marching in the comparatively sluggish two-striped grasshopper,Melanoplus bivittatus(Say).
Four New Species of Evergestis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
Authors: Munroe Eugene
Published: January 2010

Female. Frons slightly produced, with a rudimentary median carina. Head, body and forewing above pale luteous, hind wing above and under side whitish. Abdomen above with narrow white basal band and with three or four obscure blackish-powdered mid-dorsal spots. Fore coxa, femur and tibia brown anteriorly. Forewing above with narrow, obscure, dark, irregularly dentate ante- and post-medial lines. Antemedial oblique outward to origin of Cu1, then sharply angled and oblique inward to inner margin. Postmedial nearly parallel to outer margin, weakly indented along submedian fold. An hourglass-shaped mark at the end of the cell. All these markings surrounded by faint fulvous clouding. Outer margin with minute black dots at ends of veins. Fringe concolorous. Hind wing with one or two dark dots in submedian fold and with black terminal dots at the veins. Under side of forewing with lunate discocellular mark and anterior half of postmedial line conspicuously dark.
Life-History and Habits of Scolytus tsugae (Swaine) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in the Interior of British Columbia
Authors: McMullen L. H. , Atkins M. D.
Published: January 2010

Scolytus tsugae (Swaine) is a bark beetle that occurs throughout the Pacific Coast and Rocky Mountain Region and is common in the interior of British Columbia. Although Bedard (1938) reported that it had killed small areas of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) reproduction, it is of minor economic importance and usually confines its attack to tops, limbs, and logging slash. A knowledge of the life-history and habits of this insect is desirable for an understanding of the effects of interspecific competition on the development of the Douglas-fir beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopk., with which it is often associated in Douglas fir.
Description and Life History of a New Species of Cinara (Homoptera: Aphididae) from Pinus banksiana Lamb.
Authors: Bradley G. A. , Wighton D. C.
Published: January 2010

Aphids of the species herein described as new can be readily distinguished from all other species in the genus Cinara by the unusual length of the unguis. The feeding site is also characteristic; this is the only species in the genus known to feed on the roots of Pinus banksiana.

The species was first collected in 1956 at Lac La Ronge, Saskatchewan, by B. B. McLeod, of the Winnipeg Laboratory. In 1957 it was found by the authors at Cedar Lake, thirty miles north of Vermilion Bay, Ontario, where observations on the life history of the species were carried out.
The Interaction of the Spruce Budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), and the Parasite Apanteles fumiferanae Vier.
Authors: Miller C. A.
Published: January 2010

In the late 1940's significant increases in the population of the spruce budworm, worm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), occurred in northern New Brunswick and culminated in a severe outbreak of this major forest pest. The outbreak has been the subject of intensive investigations dealing with emergency chemical control operations (Webb, 1956) and with a long-term study of the population dynamics of the budworm. The latter program, called the Green River Project, is located on the Green River Watershed in northwestern New Brunswick. Its objectives, the co-operating agencies involved, the mortality factors being studied, and methodology have been discussed elsewhere by Morris et al. (1956), Morris (1951), Morris and Miller (1954), and Morris (1955).