bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lagos bat virus virulence in mice inoculated by the peripheral route
Authors: MARKOTTER W. , KUZMIN I. V. , RUPPRECHT C. E. , NEL L. H.
Published: January 2009

Lagos bat virus (LBV) constitutes genotype (gt) 2 in theLyssavirusgenus. In contrast to the gt1 lyssavirus, rabies virus (RABV), LBV was reported to have markedly reduced levels of peripheral pathogenicity. However, this opinion was based on a study of one isolate of LBV only and the reduction in pathogenicity was essentially attributed to the amino-acid substitution at position 333 of glycoprotein ectodomain. In the present study we have demonstrated that peripheral pathogenicity of representatives of LBV in a murine model is as high as that of RABV. Comparison of amino-acid substitutions among the viral glycoproteins, demonstrated significant differences within two antigenic sites between different phylogenetic lineages of LBV. Such molecular variability potentially contributes to differences in peripheral pathogenicity of lyssaviruses.
Attachment and selective attention: Disorganization and emotional Stroop reaction time
Authors: Atkinson Leslie , Leung Eman , Goldberg Susan , Benoit Diane , Poulton Lori , Myhal Natalie , Blokland Kirsten , Kerr Sheila
Published: January 2009

Although central to attachment theory, internal working models remain a useful heuristic in need of concretization. We compared the selective attention of organized and disorganized mothers using the emotional Stroop task. Both disorganized attachment and emotional Stroop response involve the coordination of strongly conflicting motivations under conditions of emotional arousal. Furthermore, much is known about the cognitive and neuromodulatory correlates of the Stroop that may inform attempts to substantiate the internal working model construct. We assessed 47 community mothers with the Adult Attachment Interview and the Working Model of the Child Interview in the third trimester of pregnancy. At 6 and 12 months postpartum, we assessed mothers with emotional Stroop tasks involving neutral, attachment, and emotion conditions. At 12 months, we observed their infants in the Strange Situation. Results showed that: disorganized attachment is related to relative Stroop reaction time, that is, unlike organized mothers, disorganized mothers respond to negative attachment/emotion stimuli more slowly than to neutral stimuli; relative speed of response is positively related to number of times the dyad was classified disorganized, and change in relative Stroop response time from 6 to 12 months is related to the match-mismatch status of mother and infant attachment classifications. We discuss implications in terms of automatic and controlled processing and, more specifically, cognitive threat tags, parallel distributed processing, and neuromodulation through norepenephrine and dopamine.
Moderating effects of family environment on the association between children's aggressive beliefs and their aggression trajectories from childhood to adolescence
Authors: Andreas Jasmina Burdzovic , Watson Malcolm W.
Published: January 2009

This study explored how children's aggressive beliefs and their family environments combine to influence the development of child aggression from middle childhood into adolescence. We utilized a “variable-centered” empirical approach, specifically examining whether children's aggressive beliefs represent a risk factor for their aggressive behaviors and whether this risk can be moderated by children's family environment. These questions were tested with individual growth modeling, using the data from a community-representative sample of 440 mother–child dyads, interviewed four times over a 6-year study period. The accelerated longitudinal design of the study enabled examination of children's aggression trajectories from age 7 to age 19. The results supported the hypothesis that elevated aggressive beliefs in children represent a risk factor for aggression, as higher aggressive beliefs were associated with greater aggression at the youngest age, as well as with increased aggression over time. However, as hypothesized, family environment moderated this association, such that changes in children's aggression over time were contingent upon the interaction of their aggressive beliefs with family environment. Specifically, aggression was reduced in children with high aggressive beliefs if they experienced better than average family environment, which included less family conflict and more family cohesion.
INTRAPARTUM ST ANALYSIS
Authors: NORÉN HÅKAN , ROSÉN KARL G
Published: January 2009

The last century has seen dramatic developments in medical care as technological advances have been applied to both diagnosis and treatment. Some areas of obstetrics have been slow to benefit from these advances – and none more so than the care of the fetus in labour.
Food deprivation is integral to the ‘hand to mouth’ existence of homeless youths in Toronto
Authors: Tarasuk Valerie , Dachner Naomi , Poland Blake , Gaetz Stephen
Published: January 2009

Objective

To describe homeless youths’ experiences of food insecurity and examine the relation between chronic food deprivation and food acquisition practices.

Design

A cross-sectional survey of homeless youths was conducted in 2003 to assess their nutritional vulnerability and describe their food acquisition practices.

Setting

Toronto, Canada.

Subjects

Two hundred and sixty-one youths, aged 16–24 years, who had spent ten or more of the past thirty nights sleeping in a temporary shelter, public space or friend’s place, because they had no place of their own. Most participant recruitment (70 %) occurred outdoors, but 30 % were recruited in drop-in centres.

Results

Over the past 30 d, 28 % of males and 43 % of females experienced chronic food deprivation (i.e. reduced food intake for ≥10 d), and 32 % of females and 48 % of males reported problems obtaining water to drink. Most youths routinely obtained meals at charitable programmes and panhandled for money for food, and many routinely stole food or ate day-old food obtained from restaurants. In contrast, eating food discarded by others and postponing debt payments were strategies of desperation, more common among youths experiencing chronic food deprivation. Additionally, for males, deliberately seeking the company of friends, relatives or acquaintances to obtain food, and for females, borrowing money or trading sex for food, were associated with chronic food deprivation.

Conclusions

The pervasiveness and severity of food insecurity experienced by the youths and their desperate means of food acquisition highlight the need for more effective responses to the plight of homeless youths in Canadian cities.
Editorial: Microscopy and Microanalysis—A Brief History and Moving Forward
Authors: Price Robert L.
Published: January 2009

This issue marks the beginning of the 15th year of publication for Microscopy and Microanalysis (MAM), and it is my pleasure and honor to start my tenure as Editor-in-Chief of the journal with Volume 15, 2009. The idea for this scientific journal originated during Charles Lyman's term as president of the Microscopy Society of America in 1991, and in 1992 a peer-reviewed demonstration issue was published as vol. 22, no. 1 of the MSA Bulletin. After evaluating several publishing formats, a new peer-reviewed journal was launched in 1995 as the Journal of the Microscopy Society of America. When Springer-Verlag became the publisher in 1997, the title of the journal was changed to Microscopy and Microanalysis. In 2002, publication moved to Cambridge University Press (CUP) and in 2006 the CUP Managing Editor, Ed Barnas, and the MAM Editor-in-Chief, Charles Lyman, moved manuscript submission for the journal to the electronic submission site “Manuscript Central” operated by ScholarOne. At the end of 2008, Charles Lyman retired from the journal having served as MAM Editor for 12 years and Editor-in-Chief for 9 years.
Secondary seed dispersal and its role in landscape organization
Authors: Thompson Sally , Katul Gabriel
Published: January 2009

Mathematical models of banded vegetation patterns predict rapid upslope migration of vegetated patches not realized in field observations, a key point of disagreement between theory and observation. It is shown that the disagreement between model results and field observations can arise from seed dispersal dynamics. Two representations of biomass movement are used to test the hypothesis that secondary seed dispersal in overland flow inhibits band migration. The first is based on coupling down‐slope water transport and seed advection. The second uses a kernel‐based representation of seed transport where an anisotropic dispersal kernel combines the effects of isotropic primary and downslope secondary seed dispersal, and ensures that conclusions about secondary dispersal are independent of diffusive representations of biomass movement. The analysis demonstrates that secondary seed dispersal can retard upward movement of banded vegetation irrespective of the precise representation of biomass movement as long as the anisotropic effects are accounted for.
Decadal time‐series of SeaWiFS retrieved CDOM absorption and estimated CO2 photoproduction on the continental shelf of the eastern United States
Authors: Del Vecchio Rossana , Subramaniam Ajit , Schollaert Uz Stephanie , Ballabrera‐Poy Joaquim , Brown Christopher W. , Blough Neil V.
Published: January 2009

Published algorithms were employed to convert SeaWiFS images of normalized water‐leaving‐radiance to absorption images of CDOM (chromophoric dissolved organic matter). The best performing algorithm was employed to produce decadal time‐series of CDOM monthly composites from 1998 through 2007. Deficits in CDOM absorption coefficient for surface waters across the shelf over the summer were then acquired relative to the uniformly mixed waters prior to and following stratification (spring and fall, respectively). Estimates were attained of the photochemical oxidation of carbon to CO2 on and beyond the shelf of the Middle Atlantic Bight. Approximately 3–7 × 1010 g C as CO2 were estimated to be produced via photooxidation of CDOM over the summertime, highlighting the significance of CDOM photochemistry and pointing out the importance of CO2 photoproduction at a global scale. In principle, this approach could be applied to global ocean color data.
A comparative analysis of different models of aftershock rate decay by maximum likelihood estimation of simulated sequences
Authors: Lolli Barbara , Boschi Enzo , Gasperini Paolo
Published: January 2009

Most empirical studies on the decay of the rate of aftershock with time after a main shock assume the simple power law described by the modified Omori model (MOM). A couple of alternative models, also including an exponential decay at long times, have been proposed in the last decades: the modified stretched exponential (MSE) model and the band‐limited power law (LPL). The first aim of this work is to discuss the functional properties of such models and the relations existing on their parameters. In particular, we derive, in term of common transcendental functions, the analytical integrals of the LPL and MSE rate functions, which are useful to simplify and speed up computations. We also define, as a function of the parameters of the LPL, two characteristic times tb and ta, which correspond approximately to the delay time c of the MOM and the exponential decay relaxation time t0 of the MSE, respectively. Hence, the MOM, the MSE, and the LPL models can be compared among each other in terms of the same set of four general parameters: (1) the power law exponent, (2) the initial delay time, (3) the exponential relaxation time (∞ for the MOM), and (4) a normalization parameter, which can be related in some cases to the total number of potential aftershocks. A second aim of this paper is to test the ability of maximum likelihood methods to detecting the most appropriate decay model among alternatives. By the analysis of sequences simulated according to a MSE or a LPL we show that if the assumed exponential decay relaxation time is shorter than the time window over which the sequence is observed, the Akaike and Bayesian information criteria select correctly the true model (MSE or LPL). Conversely, when the relaxation time is definitely longer than the observing window, the information criteria usually prefer the MOM, but the maximum likelihood of the true model is higher, and if the data set of shocks is sufficiently large, the order of magnitude of the simulated characteristic time of the exponential decay can be estimated quite consistently. Hence, when analyzing real sequences, the possible emergence of the exponential decay might be hidden by the short duration of the time window if the standard information criteria are considered. Moreover, when the relaxation time is short, the estimated power law exponent p for the MOM results definitely higher than that assumed in the simulation. This indicates that high values of p (>1.5–2.0), sometimes observed in real sequences, might be due to the (not modeled) early startup of the negative exponential decay. Our analysis cannot decide which model is the most appropriate in describing the temporal behavior of aftershock rate after a main shock but suggests that the assumption of a model also including the exponential decay is generally preferable as it allows capture of all of the features of sequence decay.
Dry deposition of individual nitrogen species at eight Canadian rural sites
Authors: Zhang L. , Vet R. , O'Brien J. M. , Mihele C. , Liang Z. , Wiebe A.
Published: January 2009

Three nitrogen species in air, HNO3, particle nitrate (pNO3−), and particle ammonium (pNH4+), have been routinely measured for estimating nitrogen dry deposition in the Canadian Air and Precipitation Monitoring Network (CAPMoN) and the U.S. Clean Air Status and Trends Network (CASNET) for several decades. To investigate the relative contributions of other nitrogen species to total nitrogen dry and dry + wet deposition, 14 short‐term field campaigns were conducted between 2001 and 2005 at eight selected rural sites across eastern Canada. Air concentrations were measured for the total oxidized nitrogen (NOy) and major species comprising NOy (NO, NO2, PAN, PPN, HNO3, pNO3−), and for the two reduced nitrogen species (NH3, pNH4+). Dry deposition fluxes of NOy and NHx (= NH3 + pNH4+) were then estimated by combining measured concentrations of individual nitrogen species with their respective dry deposition velocities estimated from big‐leaf models using on‐site meteorological measurements. Nitrogen dry deposition were estimated to be 0.8–4.0 kg N ha−1 a−1, depending on location, with 60–75% from NOy and 25–40% from NHx. HNO3 and NO2 dominated NOy dry deposition while NH3 and pNH4+ contributed equally to NHx dry deposition. The pNO3−, PAN, and unidentified NOy species also contributed appreciable amounts to NOy dry deposition. Nitrogen dry + wet deposition from NOy + NHx was estimated at 4.3–11 kg N ha−1 a−1, with dry deposition accounting for 10–50%. The routinely monitored species accounted for less than 50% of total N dry deposition; thus, total dry + wet deposition from the Canadian monitoring network had a lower bias by 5–25% at most of the sites.
Jhamarkotra phosphate ore processing plant
Authors: Dmr Sekhar , Jain C.L
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACT: Low grade phosphate ore of Jhamarkotra that analyzes 16.5% P~2~O~5~ is upgraded to 34% P~2~O~5~ by a two stage flotation process after size reducing the ore to 90% passing through 200mesh using conventional equipment such as jaw and cone crushers followed by ball mills. Re-engineering the flotation circuit reduced the power consumption from 55 kWh per metric ton of ore treated to 50 kWh. Incorporation of roller press in the grinding circuit resulted into further reduction of power consumption to 32 kWh per metric ton of ore treated.
Childhood Behavioral Problems Predict Young Adults' BMI and Obesity: Evidence From a Birth Cohort Stud
Authors: Mamun Abdullah A. , O'Callaghan Michael J. , Cramb Susanna M. , Najman Jake M. , Williams Gail M. , Bor William
Published: January 2009

We examined whether behavioral problems in childhood and adolescence are associated with young adults' BMI and obesity, and tested whether childhood behavioral problems have a greater impact on young adults' obesity than adolescent behavioral problems. The data were from the Mater‐University of Queensland Study of Pregnancy (MUSP) and Its Outcomes, a population‐based birth cohort study commenced in Brisbane, Australia, in 1981. A subsample of 2,278 children for whom we had prospective information on their behavioral problems at ages 5 and 14 and measured BMI, and its categories (normal, overweight, and obese) at age 21 was chosen. Young adults who experienced behavioral problems at ages 5 or 14 had a greater average BMI and were more likely to be obese compared to young adults without behavioral problems at both ages. The childhood onset group was at greater risk of becoming obese by age 21 compared to the adolescent onset group (P = 0.04). These associations remained consistent after adjusting for a variety of potential covariates including maternal characteristics (i.e., demographics and life style), child dietary patterns, family meals, television (TV) watching, and participation in sports and exercise at 14 years. Childhood as well as persistent behavioral problems during childhood and adolescence predicts young adults' BMI and obesity. Although further studies are needed to confirm this association, there is a need for close monitoring of children presenting with behavioral problems.
Trends in Child Overweight Rates and Energy Intake in France From 1999 to 2007: Relationships With Socioeconomic Status
Authors: Lioret Sandrine , Touvier M. , Dubuisson C. , Dufour A. , Calamassi‐Tran G. , Lafay L. , Volatier J.‐L. , Maire B.
Published: January 2009

Our objectives were (i) to assess the current prevalence of childhood overweight (including obesity) (OWOB) in France and its relationship with comprehensive socioeconomic status (SES) indicators and (ii) to examine trends in OWOB prevalence and changes in energy intake (EI) and sedentary behavior (SED) based on the previous INCA 1 (Individuelle Nationale des Consommations Alimentaires) data (1998–1999). A representative sample of children aged 3–14 (n = 1,030) was taken from the 2006–2007 cross‐sectional INCA 2 food consumption survey. Weight and height were measured. The prevalence of OWOB was estimated according to the IOTF (International Obesity Task Force) definition. Average daily EI was evaluated using a 7‐day food record. SED (screen time) and SES were reported by answering questionnaires. SES indicators included the occupation and level of education of the head of the household (HH), and variables describing household wealth. Composite indices of SES were computed by correspondence analysis, and relationships with OWOB were explored by logistic regression analysis. In total, 14.5% (95% CI: 12.1–17.0) of the children were OWOB. All SES indicators were inversely correlated to OWOB. Average EI was equal to 1,739 kcal/day. Daily, children spent 113.5 min watching television, and 38.5 min playing video games or using a computer. Compared to the INCA 1 study, OWOB prevalence was not significantly different, EI was lower, and SED was higher. These trends were the same across all occupational categories of heads of household. Although overall rates of childhood OWOB are currently stabilizing, no change was observed in the strong inverse socioeconomic gradient of OWOB between the two studies.
Repair of ionizing radiation-induced DNA double-strand breaks by non-homologous end-joining
Authors: Mahaney Brandi L. , Meek Katheryn , Lees-Miller Susan P.
Published: January 2009

DNA DSBs (double-strand breaks) are considered the most cytotoxic type of DNA lesion. They can be introduced by external sources such as IR (ionizing radiation), by chemotherapeutic drugs such as topoisomerase poisons and by normal biological processes such as V(D)J recombination. If left unrepaired, DSBs can cause cell death. If misrepaired, DSBs may lead to chromosomal translocations and genomic instability. One of the major pathways for the repair of IR-induced DSBs in mammalian cells is NHEJ (non-homologous end-joining). The main proteins required for NHEJ in mammalian cells are the Ku heterodimer (Ku70/80 heterodimer), DNA-PKcs [the catalytic subunit of DNA-PK (DNA-dependent protein kinase)], Artemis, XRCC4 (X-ray-complementing Chinese hamster gene 4), DNA ligase IV and XLF (XRCC4-like factor; also called Cernunnos). Additional proteins, including DNA polymerases μ and λ, PNK (polynucleotide kinase) and WRN (Werner's Syndrome helicase), may also play a role. In the present review, we will discuss our current understanding of the mechanism of NHEJ in mammalian cells and discuss the roles of DNA-PKcs and DNA-PK-mediated phosphorylation in NHEJ.
Single polymer confinement in a tube: Correlation between structure and dynamics
Authors: Kalb Joshua , Chakraborty Bulbul
Published: January 2009

In this paper, we construct an effective model for the dynamics of an excluded-volume chain under confinement by extending the formalism of Rouse modes. We make specific predictions about the behavior of the modes for a single polymer confined to a tube. The results are tested against Monte Carlo simulations using the bond-fluctuation algorithm which uses a lattice representation of the polymer chain with excluded-volume effects.
The science in children's books
Authors: Freeman Mae
Published: January 2009

WHEN CHILDREN in the elementary grades begin to show an interest in the world around them, they eagerly look for books about air, magnets, atoms and gravity. Of course they do not yet realize that it is physics they are reading about, and this is a very good point at which to catch their interest and provoke their curiosity. It is also a vulnerable stage at which the youngster may flinch and back away, overwhelmed—a retreat that may have lasting effects.
Quantum physics in America between the wars
Authors: Slater John C.
Published: January 2009

MANY YOUNGER PHYSICISTS feel that all physics has grown up since World War II; or if they admit some earlier science, they feel that in this country everything started with the influx of European scientists as a result of political difficulties, beginning with the rise of Hitler in 1933, in Germany and Italy.
Sonic booms
Authors: Hubbard Harvey H.
Published: January 2009

SONIC BOOMS are explosive sounds that occur without warning. Sometimes annoying because of their startle effects and their ability to shake buildings, these sounds pose a unique problem for the orderly development of high-speed air transport. Although booms from military aircraft are widely observed around the world, the real concern is for proposed commercial airtransport operations that will cause repeated booms over very large areas. What are the effects of sonic booms and what steps can be taken to minimize the exposure to a suitable level?
Dubna Accelerates Protons Trapped in Electron Ring
Authors: Lubkin Gloria B.
Published: January 2009

A new kind of particle accelerator uses the self field of an electron ring to trap protons (or other positive ions) and then accelerates the entire collection of particles. Physicists at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, USSR, starting with 1.5-MeV elećtrons, are planning to accelerate protons as energetic as 1 GeV.
Five four-year colleges: Pomona College
Authors: Fowler Charles A.
Published: January 2009

THERE IS A DECLINE in the productivity of small-college physics departments as a group. The necessary, if not sufficient, ingredients for a successful undergraduate-physics program are interested physicist-teachers and capable students, and the desire of many in each of these groups to “be where the science action is” has resulted in their gravitating toward the large universities. The physics department at Pomona College (Claremont, Calif.) offers no studies beyond the baccalaureate and would seem to typify that kind of department marked for oblivion by George Pake and others.
Four universities: Princeton University
Authors: Carver Thomas R.
Published: January 2009

A SENIOR ONCE said to us, “Getting an education in physics at Princeton is like trying to get a drink from a firehose.” The faculty, wryly amused at that time, is aware of the situation to which he referred. The quantity and intensity of the material that is offered certainly might overwhelm the student who was unprepared to meet the challenge. Neither of the two major programs we offer for undergraduates—the one for graduate-school-bound students and the one for those less likely to become full-time professional physicists—is intended to be easy. Each of them offers a core of undergraduate courses in which the student learns his fundamentals. But our emphasis is on independent work, undergraduate research, senior theses and comprehensive examinations for both juniors and seniors. We do not claim that the curriculum is easy; we do feel that it does its job well.
A national information system for physics
Authors: Koch H. William
Published: January 2009

INFORMATION CONTENT of physics has been influenced dramatically by vigorous developments in research and education since 1946. These developments are the direct result of two federal science policies.
Energy bands in solids
Authors: Slater John C.
Published: January 2009

THE SECOND WORLD WAR interrupted work in the quantum theory almost completely, and yet it furnished a stimulus that had the most profound effect on postwar work. First, there was the effect of the microwave radar research that was carried on at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology radiation laboratory, Bell Telephone Laboratories and other institutions. Physicists who had been converted into radar engineers during the war went back to their laboratories with a greatly enhanced knowledge of electronics and microwave techniques. This situation resulted in the development of new and powerful experimental techniques of high-frequency experimentation on solids, leading to the methods of paramagnetic resonance, radiofrequency spectroscopy, cyclotron resonance, and a myriad of other ways of investigating atoms, molecules and solid state. Another outgrowth of the radar work was the increased interest in solid-state electronics. Radar techniques of the wartime period used silicon crystals as rectifiers much as early radio had used galena crystals. Toward the end of the war remarkable properties of germanium, similar chemically to silicon, were beginning to be appreciated, and an intensive research program to understand these substances was started at Purdue University under Karl Lark-Horovitz. It was realized that these substances were semiconductors, and those working on them began to recall what had almost been forgotten during the war; namely, the way in which the energyband theory of solids explained semiconductor properties. Bell Telephone Laboratories had the foresight to realize that the electrical properties of semiconductors might have great practical value in more everyday applications than radar and put a team of their best men, including William Shockley, John Bardeen and others, to work.
Twenty years of physics: Particles
Authors: Pais Abraham
Published: January 2009

HOT VERSUS COLD; dry versus wet. Such were the two values of the pair of attributes that in antique and medieval speculation characterized “the” four elements, the substances from which all bodies are made or derived: hot, dry fire; hot, wet air; cold, wet water; cold, dry earth.
Twenty years of physics: Fluid dynamics
Authors: Emrich Raymond J. , Frenkiel Francois N.
Published: January 2009

IN 1948 VEHICLES were already moving faster than sound without being shot out of gun barrels. The “sonic barrier” was being penetrated. Soon rocket-propelled vehicles were to become intercontinental and were even likely to go into orbit. There was an whether they could be used for constructive purposes. The processes in urgent need to understand the fearful the atmosphere that produce weather damage caused by blast waves from could already be modeled with highnuclear explosions and to determine speed computing techniques.
The early universe
Authors: Harrison Edward R.
Published: January 2009

IN RECENT YEARS the active frontiers of cosmology have widened and certain aspects of the subject are attracting more attention from physicists. Growing emphasis on physics has been stimulated by discovery of the universal black-body radiation and by growing realization that the composition of the universe was once extremely complex.
Zero Magnetic Field From a Superconducting Balloon
Authors: Lubkin Gloria B.
Published: January 2009

William Fairbank, William Hamilton and their collaborators at Stanford University are building an apparatus to produce a truly zero magnetic field. Since magnetic flux trapped in the hole in a superconducting cylinder is quantized, the Fairbank group expects to produce zero field inside a hollow superconducting shield by cooling the shield through its transition temperature in a field so small that the total flux passing through the shield is less than half a flux unit (less than 2×10−7 gauss cm2). With the apparatus they plan to look for an electric dipole moment in He3 to see if time-reversal invariance is violated.
Tunable Infrared Source Yields Continuous Output
Authors: Scott John T.
Published: January 2009

A team at Bell Labs has made a continuous parametric oscillator, tunable over a wide frequency range, with a barium-sodium niobate crystal as the nonlinear medium. The work is reported by Richard Smith, Joseph Geusic, Hyman Levinstein, Jerry Rubin, Shobha Singh and Lagrande van Uitert in Appl. Phys. Letters, 1 May.
Tourists, Television and Telescopes at Jodrell Bank
Authors: Scott John T.
Published: January 2009

The Nuffield Radio Astronomy Laboratory of the University of Manchester, better known as Jodrell Bank, achieved popular fame by tracking Russian and American space probes and satellites, culminating in the reception of the first television pictures of the moon's surface. 98% of the observatory's operating time has, however, been spent on radio astronomy. Quasars and radio galaxies, and recently pulsars, have made more interesting quarry than rockets and satellites. PHYSICS TODAY recently visited the site, where, under the guidance of John Davies and Gerhard de Jager we learned about the facilities and the current research programs.
Nuclear models
Authors: Inglis David R.
Published: January 2009

To UNDERSTAND the behavior of the atomic nucleus we resort to models, for the complexity of the problems that we meet demands simplification if progress is to be made.
A Correction
Authors: Sachs Robert G.
Published: January 2009

In my August review of P. K. Kabir's book The CP Puzzle: Strange Decays of the Neutral Kaon, sentence 5 of paragraph 5 should have ended with the word “statement.” Then a new sentence should begin: “Again, ‘A neutral 2π state…’” The following sentence should have read as follows: “An l-odd state of two neutral pions does not exist (because of Bose statistics), and it is confusing for the author to imply that it must satisfy this condition.”
Thermodynamics and quanta in Planck's work
Authors: Klein Martin J.
Published: January 2009

IN JANUARY 1910 Max Planck sent a paper to Annalen dar Physik on the theory of black-body radiation. It was his first paper on this subject since the epoch-making work in which he had introduced the concept of energy quanta almost a decade earlier. Planck had no new results to report, but he felt that it was time he expressed his views on what had been going on in the intervening years. Not that there was so very much to discuss: neither the problems of radiation nor Planck's startling idea that energy could sometimes vary only in discrete steps had yet seriously caught the attention of most of his colleagues. Planck himself, of course, had thought a great deal about these things, as he remarked in a letter to Walther Nernst a few months later: “I can say without exaggeration that for ten years, without interruption, nothing in physics has so stimulated me, agitated me, and excited me as these quanta of action.” But his approach to the problems did not coincide with those of the relatively few others who had concerned themselves with the theory of radiation, and Planck wanted to point out the path that he considered most sensible and most promising for future success.
Meson factories
Authors: Rosen Louis
Published: January 2009

MESON FACTORIES, which will produce beams of nucleons and mesons thousands of times more intense than those presently available, can be expected to take us to our next level of understanding of nuclear structure and to reveal processes and mechanisms presently hidden from view. By meson factory I mean a complete nuclear-physics installation based on an accelerator of 500–1000 MeV, which is capable of providing at least 100 microamperes of high quality external beam. All ancillary facilities for performing high precision experiments with the primary and secondary beams are included: targeting, beam transport, data-handling equipment and beam dumps for the residual beams. Although the energy regime is not novel, the intensity capability is, being about ten thousand times as great as existing synchrocyclotrons; a 1-microampere, 800-MeV accelerator is capable of generating pion fluxes in excess of 1010 particles/cm2/sec in a 6% momentum interval.
Colliding planets
Authors: Thomsen Dietrick E.
Published: January 2009

The planet Neptune and its satellite Triton may collide with each other in the not too distant astronomical future according to a prediction by Thomas B. McCord of Cal Tech. McCord calculated the history and future of the Neptunian system and concluded that collison (or possibly the breakup of Triton into Saturnian style rings) will occur within 10 to 100 million years. This and other results of the calculation were published in the September issue of The Astronomical Journal [71, 585 (1966)].
Your Child's Physics Books
Authors: Freeman Mae
Published: January 2009

Although more than 2000 new titles for children are published each year, good reading in physics is not plentiful.
Documentation theory is not trivial
Authors: Pepinsky Ray
Published: January 2009

If physicists are to create useful indexing and classification systems within various branches of their science for purposes of reference and data retrieval, more than knowledge of physics must be involved in their efforts. Many of those presently concerned with data compiling and abstracting appear to feel that their experience qualifies them for effective work in indexing and classification. They tend to regard the literature and theory of documentation as “mere librarianship,” and somehow therewith as trivial.
National laboratories, universities and the AEC
Authors: Kolstad George A.
Published: January 2009

THE NEED FOR A CLOSER RELATIONSHIP between universities and national laboratories was very well expressed by AEC Chairman Glenn Seaborg in a speech in June 1963 at the University of Colorado:

In the competition that exists today for top quality manpower, that laboratory or institution which falters or lags behind in its struggle for excellence or preeminence rapidly falls farther behind due to the “snowball effect.” Just as success breeds success, so does failure beget failure. In a period such as this, when we are faced with serious shortages of engineers, mathematicians and physical and biological scientists, as well as with rapidly increasing research costs, it is particularly important that serious thought be given to maintaining our pace of advancement by strengthening our existing centers of excellence and increasing the level and quality of coöperation between the universities and the national laboratories. In this way I believe the AEC, in concert with the universities and national laboratories, can contribute both directly and indirectly toward meeting the goal of an accelerated rate of training of engineers, mathematicians and physical and biological scientists.
A young physicist at seventy: Hartmut Kallmann
Authors: Oster Gerald
Published: January 2009

HARTMUT KALLMANNN was seventy years old on 5 Feb. As director of the Radiation and Solid State Laboratory of the physics department of New York University at Washington Square, where he has been since 1949, he is the dynamic leader of an active group of 40 physicists concerned with interactions of radiation with matter. His career spans the whole period of modern physics starting with his doctoral thesis under Max Planck.
The institute in 1965—A report on the annual report
Authors: Zandt Williams Van
Published: January 2009

“AS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY become an increasingly important economic and political force…it behooves each scientific discipline to participate in and assume increasing responsibility for its members' contribution to that force. The ‘management’ of a scientific community must expand its activities beyond the traditional ones of publishing, holding meetings and awarding prizes.” With these words, in the introduction to the 1965 Annual Report, Van Zandt Williams enunciates the widening responsibilities of the American Institute of Physics.
On the notion of gauge symmetries of generic Lagrangian field theory
Authors: Giachetta G. , Mangiarotti L. , Sardanashvily G.
Published: January 2009

General Lagrangian theory of even and odd fields on an arbitrary smooth manifold is considered. Its nontrivial reducible gauge symmetries and their algebra are defined in this very general setting by means of the inverse second Noether theorem. In contrast with gauge symmetries, nontrivial Noether and higher-stage Noether identities of Lagrangian theory can be intrinsically defined by constructing the exact Koszul–Tate complex. The inverse second Noether theorem that we prove associates with this complex the cochain sequence with the ascent operator whose components define nontrivial gauge and higher-stage gauge symmetries. These gauge symmetries are said to be algebraically closed if the ascent operator can be extended to a nilpotent operator. The necessary conditions for this extension are stated. The characteristic examples of Yang–Mills supergauge theory, topological Chern–Simons theory, gauge gravitation theory, and topological background field (BF) theory are presented.
Perspectives on recent progress in biophysics
Authors: Tweet A. G.
Published: January 2009

“A biophysicist is a physiologist who knows how to fix an amplifier.” Thus spake Walter A. Rosenblith of MIT's Research Laboratory for Electronics during his discussion of signal processing in biological systems at the Symposium on Biophysics of the New York State Section of the American Physical Society. This symposium, held in the General Electric Research Laboratory auditorium at The Knolls, Schenectady, N.Y., April 19 and 20, was the eighth in the series of semiannual meetings of the Section devoted to special topics in physics.* It was held in conjunction with the 25th anniversary celebration of the founding of the Section at Union College.
Frequency control
Authors: Ballato A. D. , Searles C. E.
Published: January 2009

The subject of frequency control is closely bound up with that of timekeeping where the primary requirement is for a device or system to play the part of a pendulum. At the lower end of the frequency spectrum in the audio range up to several hundred megacycles, the “pendulum” consists most often of a mechanical resonance structure such as a tuning fork or quartz crystal vibrator whose frequency is determined from the classical theory of elasticity. The other major division of the frequency-control field is occupied by devices that utilize quantum-mechanical principles for their operation, where the “pendulum” is identified with an atomic or molecular resonance, and where the frequency, consequently, is in the gigacycle range.
Inelastic scattering of neutrons in solids and liquids
Authors: Palevsky H.
Published: January 2009

The IAEA-UNESCO Symposium on Inelastic Scattering of Neutrons in Solids and Liquids held September 10–14, 1962, at Chalk River, Ont., was the third international symposium since 1957 in this rapidly developing field. At the first meeting held in September 1957 in Stockholm, 11 papers from 6 countries were presented, whereas at the meeting just concluded, the program was limited to 65 papers from 13 countries. This growth reflects both the greater recognition by the physics community of this powerful experimental technique and the greater availability of nuclear machines to provide the neutron sources needed for measurements.
Inter-American Conference on Cosmic Rays and Space Physics
Authors: Greisen Kenneth
Published: January 2009

At the Fifth Inter-American Symposium on Cosmic Rays, held July 17–27, 1962, the Latin American Council on Cosmic Radiation (CLARC) voted to expand its name by the addition of “y Fisica Espacia”, making the initials CLARCYFE; and there were included among the presented papers a substantial number on various topics of space physics. Appropriately, the conference took place in a location nearly halfway between sea level and outer space, namely in the beautiful high-altitude city of La Paz, Bolivia, close to the world-famous laboratory of Mt. Chacaltaya, the highest mountain laboratory in the world (elevation 5200 meters, pressure 540 mb)—a flourishing, wellequipped laboratory of which the country of Bolivia is justly proud.
Theoretical physics conference premiere
Authors: Eisenberg J. M. , Weigert L. J.
Published: January 2009

The first annual Eastern Theoretical Physics Conference was held at the University of Virginia in Charlottesville, on October 26 and 27, 1962. Such a conference was first proposed by M. E. Rose in the spring of 1961, and the decision to organize the first meeting was made at an informal gathering of physicists from Duke University and the University of North Carolina with Dr. Rose. It was thought that this conference should be arranged on a regional basis, somewhat along the lines of the Mid-Western Theoretical Physics Conference which had been meeting for several years. Under the chairmanship of Dr. Rose, a committee was formed, consisting of E. Merzbacher of the University of North Carolina, J. Sucher of the University of Maryland, and C. N. Yang of the Institute for Advanced Study. In the fall of 1961, a formal proposal was submitted to the National Science Foundation, which agreed to support the first conference.
The place of elementary particle research in the development of modern physics
Authors: Weisskopf V. F.
Published: January 2009

The search for elementary particles is as old as science itself. It is always the most advanced part of physics which strives for understanding of the fundamental constituents of matter. As physics progressed, the search for elementary particles moved on from chemistry to atomic physics, and then into nuclear physics. Not much more than a decade ago it separated from nuclear physics and became a new field, dealing no longer with the structure of atomic nuclei but with the structure of the constituents of nuclei, the protons and neutrons, and also with the structure of electrons and similar particles. This field is often referred to as high-energy physics because of the fact that particle beams of extremely high energy are needed in most of its relevant experiments. This article is intended to provide a bird's-eye view of the innovations resulting from recent elementary-particle research and to show how they fit into the framework of the physics of this century.
Aims, prospects, and repercussions of high-energy physics
Authors: Seitz Frederick
Published: January 2009

This gathering, not an ordinary session concerned with scientific research, is devoted to appraising and evaluating the general spirit of high-energy physics. We hope to bring to the surface the reason it is an important field of science—the reason it should continue to receive support in something like the exponentially growing rate that it has in the past.
Mathematics: A Socratic dialogue
Authors: Rényi Alfréd
Published: January 2009

Socrates: My dear Hippocrates, are you looking for somebody?

Hippocrates: Nay, Socrates, because I have already found him; namely, you. I looked for you in many places. At the agora I was told that you had been seen walking here along the river Ilissos. Thus it happened that I came here alter you.
Calorimetry
Authors: Armstrong George T.
Published: January 2009

The Eighteenth Calorimetry Conference was held October 16–18, 1963, in Bartlesville, Oklahoma, at the Bureau of Mines Petroleum Research Center. This annual conference provides a gathering place for experimental calorimetrists to exchange views on techniques, to report new developments in thermodynamics and thermochemistry, and to develop cooperative schemes for improving the acquisition and dissemination of thermodynamic data. The eighteenth conference was the first to be held at the home laboratory of its founder and for several years its guiding hand, the late H. M. Huffman. This occasion, together with the fact that the Thermodynamics Laboratory of the Bureau of Mines has recently moved into completely new quarters, made particularly appropriate the subject of the keynote lecture, “Some Legacies of H. M. Huffman to Calorimetry and Thermodynamics”. This lecture, given by John P. McCullough (Socony Mobil Oil Co.), a successor of Huffman as director of the laboratory, described the development of a model laboratory and the approach to obtaining a coherent and comprehensive body of thermodynamic data by a coordinated series of experiments of various kinds upon carefully selected classes of compounds. This approach, started by Huffman in those laboratories, and continued by his successors, G. Waddington and J. P. McCullough, and now by D. R. Douslin, has resulted in such outstanding contributions of thermodynamic data that it has become a model of its kind, widely copied and of inestimable influence in its field.
Superconducting magnets and hard superconductivity
Authors: Kim Y. B.
Published: January 2009

In the three years which have elapsed since the discovery of high-field superconductors, considerable effort at various laboratories has been directed toward the development and production of superconducting magnets. Commercial magnets wound with Nb-Zr wire are now available for fields up to 60 kG (up to 90 kG if supplemented by Nb-Ti wire); test magnets fabricated from Nb3Sn compound have already surpassed the 100-kG mark. At present, superconducting magnets are used most extensively in solid-state physics experiments that require a simple field configuration in a modest volume—longitudinal field over a one-inch bore is typical. The superconducting magnet of this type is compact and inexpensive, and it will find its way into almost every basic science laboratory. Though impressive, present achievement and future outlook of superconducting technology is somewhat disappointing to those who anticipated immediate applications of high-field superconductors in fusion research, high-energy physics, and the whole range of ac devices, including transformers, generators, and transmission lines. Production and use of large-volume magnets have been hampered by the unexpected phenomenon of current degradation—superconducting wires often will carry considerably smaller current when they are wound into magnets. This is caused by instabilities rather basic to the present high-field materials. Particularly discouraging are the poor ac characteristics of these materials. Nevertheless, superconducting magnets will figure more prominently in future high-field installations as they generally yield over-all economy compared to the conventional magnets. While initiating a new technology, the discovery of high-field superconductors has also precipitated new understanding (and, in some cases, new physics) in the field of hard superconductivity. After reviewing the present status of superconducting magnets, I shall devote the latter half of this article to an exposition of hard superconductivity.