bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Feshbach resonances in D + HD(v = 1, j = 0) reaction at low collision energies
Authors: Bai Yuwen , Buren Bayaer , Yang Zijiang , Zhou Boyi , Chen Maodu
Published: October 2021

Feshbach resonances in D + HD(v = 1, j = 0) reaction are studied by using the time‐independent quantum method. The integral cross section (ICS) results present three Feshbach resonance peaks, which are different from H + HD(v = 1, j = 0) reaction dominated by only one peak. These resonances are attributed to coupling with adiabatic effective potentials of D + HD(v = 1, j = 1) reaction, and the most obvious peak is contributed by J = 1 at 83.16 cm−1 collision energy. For J = 0 and 2, the resonances are related with the same L partial wave and present a double‐peak structure in total ICS. The characteristics of product angular distribution show that the resonance of J = 1 is long‐lived, while the lifetimes are relatively shorter for the resonance of J = 0 and 2.
Palladium catalyzed Carbon–Hydrogen bond activation on amino‐substituted quinones under acidic condition
Authors: Huang Peng‐Hao , Hong Rui‐Yu , Hong Fung‐E
Published: October 2021

In this study, 2‐(benzylamino)naphthalene‐1,4‐dione (4a) was used as the starting material to carry out a one‐pot catalytic reaction in acetic acid with divalent palladium metal Pd(OAc)2 in a nitrogen atmosphere. Two compounds, 5a and 6a, were observed unexpectedly. Both compounds were characterized by spectroscopic methods as well as X‐ray single crystal determination. The crystal structure of 5a reveals that a nitrogen‐containing six‐membered ring is formed; while the crystal structure of 6a shows that both oxazole and pyridine ring are generated. The optimized condition for making 6a was pursued. Derivatives of 4a, such as 4b and 4c, were also used as starting materials to proceed under the aforementioned optimal reaction conditions. Although the yields are not satisfactory, obviously the same patterns of corresponding compounds can be synthesized. The reaction of a 4a‐structural related compound 9 under similar condition, two unexpected oxazole‐containing compounds, 10 and 11, were obtained. The diverse pathways for this type of reactions even starting with slightly different substituents on the quinone indeed provides chemists with a perpetual motivation for further studies.
The impact of the thermal annealing conditions on the structural properties of polylactic acid fibers
Authors: Ali Afaf M.
Published: October 2021

Polylactic acid (PLA) is a prominent biomaterial for plentiful applications in medicine and industry. The main goal of using this new material is replacing polymers based on petrochemical. Different thermal and structural properties of PLA fibers were studied after the thermal treatment using two different conditions (taut and free ends). Different techniques were used to study the effect of the thermal treatment conditions on the crystallinity and molecular orientations for PLA fibers such as differential scanning calorimetry technique, X‐ray diffraction technique, and polarized light microscopy. The impact of the thermal annealing treatment on both the crystallinity and crystalline orientation was calculated. In case of taut ends thermal annealing treatment method, the measured parameters were higher than the case of free ends thermal annealing condition. The oriented segment relaxation due to the thermal annealing results an increase in the crystallinity values, but it does not indicate that the molecular orientation will be high. Results showed that the orientation of crystal and crystallinity was improved after thermal treatment. The taut conditions of annealing show significant improvement of crystallinity than free conditions.
Total white blood cell counts but not HL ratio changes in the transition from post‐juvenile molt to autumn migration in the first‐year Eurasian blackcap (Sylvia atricapilla)
Authors: Demina Irina , Tsvey Arseny
Published: October 2021

Theoretically, seasonal changes in immune functioning in animals are shaped by the trade‐off between a probability of encountering pathogens and availability of resources. We used leukocyte profile (absolute and relative leukocyte counts) as a simple measure of immune system condition to study how it changes during the transition from postjuvenile molt to autumn migration in a free‐living migratory songbird, the Eurasian blackcap (Sylvia atricapilla). We observed the higher white blood cells (WBC) and lymphocyte counts in molting birds compared to migrating individuals, but we did not find differences in heterophils and ratio of heterophils to lymphocytes (HL ratio). We suppose that the high number of WBC in molting blackcaps could reflect the heightened ability of their immune system to resists infections. The lower WBC counts in migrants compared to molting birds were mostly due to reduced lymphocyte numbers, thus representing in a downregulation of specific immunity. An absence of heterophil differences between molt and migration might indicate that various components of immunity can change relatively independently (or at different pace). Fat scores had no effect on WBC counts and HL ratio. Therefore, we found no strong evidence for a resource—immune functionality trade‐off during transition from postjuvenile molt to autumn migration in immature Eurasian blackcap. This study is an important step in understanding how immune system in general and leukocyte profile in particular changes in transition between life‐history stages in migratory songbirds.
Mutant KRAS as a prognostic biomarker after hepatectomy for rectal cancer metastases: Does the primary disease site matter?
Authors: Amini Neda , Andreatos Nikolaos , Margonis Georgios Antonios , Buettner Stefan , Wang Jaeyun , Galjart Boris , Wagner Doris , Sasaki Kazunari , Angelou Anastasios , Sun Jinger , Kamphues Carsten , Beer Andrea , Morioka Daisuke , Løes Inger Marie , Antoniou Efstathios , Imai Katsunori , Pikoulis Emmanouil , He Jin , Kaczirek Klaus , Poultsides George , Verhoef Cornelis , Lønning Per Eystein , Endo Itaru , Baba Hideo , Kornprat Peter , NAucejo Federico , Kreis Martin E. , Christopher Wolfgang L. , Weiss Matthew J. , Safar Bashar , Burkhart Richard Andrew
Published: October 2021

Background

The prognostic implication of mutant KRAS (mKRAS) among patients with primary disease in the rectum remains unknown.

Methods

From 2000 to 2018, patients undergoing hepatectomy for colorectal liver metastases at 10 collaborating international institutions with documented KRAS status were surveyed.

Results

A total of 834 (65.8%) patients with primary colon cancer and 434 (34.2%) patients with primary rectal cancer were included. In patients with primary colon cancer, mKRAS served as a reliable prognostic biomarker of poor overall survival (OS) (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.58, 95% CI 1.28‐1.95) in the multivariable analysis. Although a trend towards significance was noted, mKRAS was not found to be an independent predictor of OS in patients with primary rectal tumors (HR 1.34, 95% CI 0.98‐1.80). For colon cancer, the specific codon impacted in mKRAS appears to reflect underlying disease biology and oncologic outcomes, with codon 13 being associated with particularly poor OS in patients with left‐sided tumors (codon 12, HR 1.56, 95% CI 1.22‐1.99; codon 13, HR 2.10 95% CI 1.43‐3.08;). Stratifying the rectal patient population by codon mutation did not confer prognostic significance following hepatectomy.

Conclusions

While the left‐sided colonic disease is frequently grouped with rectal disease, our analysis suggests that there exist fundamental biologic differences that drive disparate outcomes. Although there was a trend toward significance of KRAS mutations for patients with primary rectal cancers, it failed to achieve statistical significance.
An improved one‐pot preparation of [18F]FMISO based on solid phase extraction purification: Pitfalls on the analytical method reported in the Ph.Eur.'s monograph
Authors: Cucchi Claudio , Bogni Anna , Casanova Chiara , Seregni Ettore , Pascali Claudio
Published: October 2021

By adapting previously reported reaction conditions, [18F]FMISO was synthesized using a TracerLab FX‐FDG module in 31 min from no carrier added [18F]fluoride in 56% radiochemical yield. A novel and simple purification setup based on disposable cartridges was developed allowing the radiopharmaceutical to be obtained in high radiochemical purity (>99.5%) and with chemical impurities far below the Ph.Eur.'s thresholds. Moreover, the study pinpointed some shortcomings of the high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method reported in the dedicated Ph.Eur's monograph.
Orthotopic Versus Allotopic Implantation: Comparison of Radiological and Pathological Characteristics
Authors: Cai YeYu , Chen TaiLi , Liu JiaYi , Peng ShuHui , Liu Huan , Lv Min , Ding ZhuYuan , Zhou ZiYi , Li Lan , Zeng Shan , Xiao EnHua
Published: October 2021

Background

In experimental animal models, implantation location might influence the heterogeneity and overall development of the tumor, leading to an interpretation bias.

Purpose

To investigate the effects of implantation location in experimental tumor model using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and pathological findings.

Study Type

Prospective.

Subjects

Forty‐five breast cancer‐bearing mice underwent orthotopic (N = 15) and heterotopic (intrahepatic [N = 15] and subcutaneous [N = 15]) implantation.

Field Strength/Sequence

Sequences including: T1‐weighted turbo spin echo sequence, T2‐weighted blade sequence, diffusion‐weighted imaging, pre‐ and post‐contrast T1 mapping, multi‐echo T2 mapping at 3.0 T.

Assessment

MRI was performed at 7, 14, and 21 days after implantation. Native T1, post‐contrast T1, T2, and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) of tumors, the tumor volume and necrosis volume within tumor were obtained. Lymphocyte cells from H&E staining, Ki67‐positive, and CD31‐positive cells from immunohistochemistry were determined.

Statistical Tests

One‐way analysis of variance and Spearman's rank correlation were performed.Pvalue <0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

The tumor volume (intrahepatic vs. orthotopic vs. subcutaneous: 587.50 ± 77.62 mm3vs. 814.00 ± 43.85 mm3vs. 956.13 ± 119.22 mm3), necrosis volume within tumor (89.10 ± 26.60 mm3vs. 292.41 ± 57.92 mm3vs. 179.91 ± 31.73 mm3, respectively), ADC at day 21 (543.41 ± 42.28 vs. 542.92 ± 99.67 vs. 369.83 ± 42.90, respectively), and post‐contrast T1 at all timepoints (day 7: 442.00 ± 11.52 vs. 435.00 ± 22.90 vs. 394.33 ± 29.95; day 14: 459.00 ± 26.11 vs. 436.83 ± 26.01 vs. 377.00 ± 27.83; day 21: 463.50 ± 23.49 vs. 458.00 ± 34.28 vs. 375.00 ± 30.55) were significantly different between three groups. Necrosis volumes of subcutaneous and intrahepatic tumors were significantly lower than those of orthotopic tumors. The CD31‐positive rate in the intrahepatic implantation was significantly higher than in orthotopic and subcutaneous groups. Necrosis volume (r = −0.71), ADC (r = −0.85), and post‐contrast T1 (r = −0.75) were strongly correlated with vascular invasion index.

Data Conclusion

Orthotopic and heterotopic tumors have their unique growth kinetics, necrosis volume, and vascular invasion. Non‐invasive MR quantitative parameters, including ADC and post‐contrast T1, may reflect vascular invasion in mice.

Level of Evidence

1

Technical Efficacy

Stage 3
The role of Tibetan summer low clouds in the simulation of the East Asian summer monsoon rain belt
Authors: Guo Zhun , Zhou Tianjun , Wang Minghuai , Yang Ben , Wu Bo
Published: October 2021

It has been challenging to simulate the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) using general circulation models. By evaluating the cloud layers unified by binormals (CLUBB) model and its revised version in the version‐5 Community Atmosphere Model, we find that EASM simulations benefit from improving the reproduction of low clouds over the Tibetan Plateau. When a cloud‐top radiative cooling scheme (RAD) is coupled with CLUBB, it significantly improves the resulting EASM rain belt and western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH) simulations compared to the default simulations without RAD; in these default simulations, the low‐level southwesterlies, WPSH ridge, and EASM rain belt are displaced northward. The moisture budget analyses indicate that the improvements in EASM simulations are mainly contributed to by the improved presentation of low‐level stationary eddy meridional flow convergence over East Asia; this convergence shifts northward during the default model runs. Because the RAD scheme enables the model to better represent the subgrid radiation–turbulence interaction, the model produces stronger turbulent fluxes and lower clouds but reduces incoming solar radiation over the Tibetan Plateau. It thus shifts the Tibetan High southward, ultimately resulting in an improved simulation of the low‐level southwesterlies. These improvements in CLUBB_RAD highlight the importance of improving the representation of low clouds when simulating EASM rainfall.
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy in Group Format for College Students
Authors: Christodoulou Vasiliki , Flaxman Paul E. , Lloyd Joda
Published: October 2021

We randomly assigned 71 student participants to an acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) group training or to a wait list. All participants completed measures at preintervention, 1‐month postintervention, and 2‐month follow‐up. Students receiving ACT exhibited significantly reduced levels of general psychological distress and negative emotional symptoms at follow‐up. Mental health outcomes for ACT were mediated by increases in psychological flexibility and mindfulness. Results suggest that ACT group training could be an effective mental health intervention in educational settings.
Teduglutide in short bowel syndrome patients: A way back to normal life?
Authors: Harpain Felix , Schlager Lukas , Hütterer Elisabeth , Dawoud Christopher , Kirchnawy Sabine , Stift Judith , Krotka Pavla , Stift Anton
Published: October 2021

Background

The glucagon‐like peptide 2 analogue teduglutide is an effective drug for the treatment of short bowel syndrome patients with intestinal failure (SBS‐IF). This intestinotrophic peptide improves intestinal capacity for fluid and nutrient absorption through induction of mucosal growth and reduction of gastrointestinal motility. Clinical trials demonstrated the efficacy of teduglutide in reducing the need for parenteral support (PS). This study describes an SBS‐IF patient population receiving teduglutide therapy in a specialized medical care setting.

Method

A retrospective analysis was performed using data of patients experiencing nonmalignant SBS‐IF. They were treated with teduglutide in a multidisciplinary SBS‐IF program at a single university medical center between June 2016 and June 2020.

Results

Thirteen patients under teduglutide treatment were included in the final analysis. Mean small bowel length was 82 ± 31 cm, with 77% of patients having their colon in continuity. Over a median follow‐up of 107 weeks, all patients (13 of 13, 100%) responded to the therapy with a clinically significant reduction of PS volume. Mean PS reduction increased with therapy duration and ranged from −82.5% at week 24 (n = 13) to −100% in patients (n = 5) who were treated for 144 weeks. Enteral autonomy was achieved in 12 of 13 (92%) patients. Teduglutide therapy improved stool frequency and consistency, changed dietary habits, and reduced disease‐associated sleep disruptions.

Conclusion

Integrating SBS‐IF patients treated with teduglutide in a proactive and tight‐meshed patient care program significantly improves the clinical outcome, leading to an increased proportion of patients reaching enteral autonomy.
Multicentre external validation of the GES score for predicting HCC risk in Japanese HCV patients who achieved SVR following DAAs
Authors: Abe Kazumichi , Fujita Masashi , Hayashi Manabu , Takahashi Atsushi , Ohira Hiromasa , Mikhail Nabiel , Soliman Reham , Shiha Gamal
Published: October 2021

A simple score combining clinical and biochemical parameters (general evaluation score (GES)) has shown value in predicting hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) risk after hepatitis C virus (HCV) eradication in Egyptian patients with HCV genotype 4. We aimed to apply the GES to predict HCC risk in Japanese HCV patients who achieved sustained virological response (SVR) following direct‐acting antivirals (DAAs). This multicentre retrospective cohort study included 187 HCV patients without a history of HCC treatment who achieved SVR. The GES was calculated using pre‐ and post‐treatment data. The median age of the patients was 66 years; 49% were male, 89% had cirrhosis and 69% had HCV genotype 1. During the mean 36‐month follow‐up, 19 (10.2%) developed HCC. Regarding the pretreatment scores, 75 (40.1%), 58 (31.0%) and 54 (28.9%) patients had low‐, intermediate‐ and high‐risk scores, respectively. The 4‐year cumulative incidence (CumI) was 1.64% in the low‐risk group, 2.82% in the intermediate‐risk group and 6.88% in the high‐risk group (log‐rank P = .029). In patients with cirrhosis, 60 (36.1%), 57 (34.3%) and 49 (29.5%) had low‐, intermediate‐ and high‐risk scores respectively. The 4‐year CumI was 0.98% in the low‐risk group, 2.86% in the intermediate‐risk group and 6.67% in the high‐risk group (log‐rank P = .02). The GES calculated with pretreatment data was more useful than that calculated with post‐treatment data (Harrell's C statistic: 0.670 vs 0.587). This tool incorporates changes over time to estimate variations in HCC risk and could help identify low‐risk patients for whom HCC surveillance can be discontinued.
Significantly Enhanced Visible‐Light H2 Evolution of Polyfluorene Polyelectrolyte by Anionic Polyelectrolyte Doping
Authors: Deng Yue , Zeng Chao , Yang Xiaoman , Liu Zhonglin , Dai Chunhui
Published: October 2021

In this work, a simple but efficient strategy is proposed to boost the H2 production activities of polyfluorene polyelectrolyte (PFN‐Br) through doping an anionic polyelectrolyte based on Förster resonance energy transfer strategy for the first time. In this artificial photosystem, cationic PFN‐Br is used as the energy donor and a 3,4‐dithia‐7H‐cyclopenta[a]pentalene‐based polyelectrolyte (PCP‐2F‐Li) is employed as the energy acceptor. The photoexcited fluorescence of PFN‐Br is completely quenched when the energy donor/acceptor ratio of [PFN‐Br]/[PCP‐2F‐Li] = 10:1. Moreover, the addition of a low concentration of PCP‐2F‐Li enables greater charge transport rate of polyelectrolyte blends than that of PFN‐Br. As a result, compared to single PFN‐Br (549 µmol h−1 g−1) and PCP‐2F‐Li (125 µmol h−1 g−1), the polyelectrolyte blends show a significantly higher H2 evolution rate of 1346 µmol h−1 g−1, which is mainly ascribed to the reduced energy loss through fluorescence and increased photoinduced charge transport during the photocatalytic process. This work highlights the rational construction of binary polymer blends as efficient method to increase photocatalytic activity of conjugated polyelectrolytes and this also provides a new opportunity for the design of multicomponent polyelectrolyte based photocatalysts.
Ten‐Minute Synthesis of Highly Conductive Polymer Nanosheets on Ice Surfaces: Role of Ice Crystallinity
Authors: Kim Kyoungwook , Kim Bomi , Kim Kitae , Park Moon Jeong
Published: October 2021

Conducting polymers have been studied widely over the past decades for use as organic electrode materials owing to their high electrical conductivity and low‐cost synthesis. Among the various synthesis methods reported, the recently established ice‐assisted approach for developing conducting polymer nanosheets is regarded as an advanced technology that allows for easy fabrication in an eco‐friendly manner. However, the role of the crystallinity of the underlying ice surface in determining the physicochemical properties of the conducting polymers remains unclear. Here, the electronic properties and packing structures of polyaniline (PANI) nanosheets formed on ice surfaces are studied by controlling the ice crystallinity. Intriguingly, the crystallinity of the PANI nanosheets resembles that of the ice surfaces, in that the anisotropic growth of the PANI crystals with a face‐on orientation occurs preferentially on high‐crystalline ice surfaces. In addition, it is found that the development of highly crystalline PANI nanosheets results in efficient charge transport, owing to polaron delocalization in PANI with extended chain conformations and the improvement in the degree of backbone ordering because of the preorganized aniline moieties on the ice surface.
Understanding the Self‐Healing Mechanism of Polyurethane Elastomer Based on Hydrogen Bonding Interactions through Molecular Dynamics Simulation
Authors: Chen Xianling , Shen Zhihua , Jia Huan , Gao Yangyang , Zhang Meng , Luo Yanlong , Luo Zhenyang
Published: October 2021

The healing behavior of polyurethane (PU) elastomer is studied based on microcrack models by molecular dynamics simulation. It is found that PU elastomer has a self‐healing capacity at 25, 50, and 70 °C when the molar ratio of polypropylene carbonate polyol (PPC), hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI), and 1,6‐hexamethylenediamine is 1:2:1. While the molar ratio of PPC, HDI, and 1,6‐hexamethylenediamine is 1:1.33:0.33 or 2:3:1, the PU is never healed at 25, 50, and 70 °C. With the temperature rising, the self‐healing rate is the fastest when the temperature is at 70 °C. Besides, the self‐healing mechanism of PU elastomer is analyzed. It is found that the hydrogen bonds of Type 6 which are produced by urea groups and ester groups, Type 1 which are produced by urea groups and urea groups, and Type 2 which are produced by urea groups and urethane groups have made a great effect on self‐healing behavior. Dynamic exchange is visually observed between different hydrogen bonds. Meanwhile, the strength, type, number of different types, and existence time of hydrogen bonds are elaborated. This study deepens the understanding of the mechanism about healing based on hydrogen bonding interactions.
Kinetic Monte Carlo Tool for Kinetic Modeling of Linear Step‐Growth Polymerization: Insight into Recycling of Polyurethanes
Authors: Coile Matthew W. , Harmon Rebecca E. , Wang Guanhua , SriBala Gorugantu , Broadbelt Linda J.
Published: October 2021

A kinetic Monte Carlo model of polyurethane polymerization which explicitly tracks the polymer sequences is developed and shared. This model is benchmarked against theoretical and experimental polyurethane data and used to investigate the effect on oligomer distributions of unequal reactivity of the first and second isocyanate to react. The reverse reactions using thermodynamic consistency are then added to the framework, and analogous to the addition polymerization concept of ceiling temperature, equilibrium chain length distributions at various temperatures are calculated. For a mixture of three monomers AA, BB, and CC, where BB and CC do not react with one another, are present in stoichiometric proportions, and have different enthalpies of reaction with AA, an odd‐even effect emerges. Odd length chains are more likely than even length chains for temperatures at which BB and CC have significantly different equilibrium conversions. The concept of ceiling temperature that is typically cited for addition polymers is extended here to provide a measure of conditions under which depolymerization for recycling is favored.
Eccentric free muscular perforator flaps in the proximal lateral leg for hand and foot reconstruction
Authors: Yen Yu‐Hsiu , Lo Shih‐Lun , Liu Shih‐Pi , Pu Chi‐Ming
Published: October 2021

Background

We aimed to introduce our modifications by using eccentrically located muscular perforators to shorten the distance between the recipient vessels and the flap pedicle for overcoming the “short pedicle” drawback of the proximal lateral leg perforator (PLLP) flap.

Patients and methods

A retrospective review of 12 cases undergoing free PLLP flap for hand and foot regions reconstruction during 2010 and 2019. The mean age was 43.3 years. Most defects resulted from burn and trauma injuries. The dimensions of defects ranged from 8 × 1.5 cm2 to 12 × 6.5 cm2. Muscular perforators were designed eccentrically 1–3 cm away from the central point of the flap to shorten the distance between the recipient vessels and the pedicle. The flap was designed to be 0.5–1 cm larger than the defect.

Results

The flap size ranged from 9 × 2 cm2 to 15 × 6 cm2. All pedicles were long enough to ensure an appropriate anastomosis without tension. The post‐operative course in all cases was uneventful. All flaps survived without complications. Primary repair of the donor sites was performed in all patients. Donor leg function was not hampered by flap harvesting. All patients were satisfied with the scar after at least 1 year of follow‐up.

Conclusion

Based on our experience, selection of the eccentric locations of the musculo‐cutaneous perforators were effective methods to overcome the short pedicle length of this flap type. Using our modifications, thin PLLP flaps can be used in foot and hand reconstruction with minimal donor site morbidity and a high success rate.
Recovering SWI‐filtered phase data using deep learning
Authors: Kames Christian , Doucette Jonathan , Birkl Christoph , Rauscher Alexander
Published: October 2021

Purpose

To develop a deep neural network to recover filtered phase from clinical MR phase images to enable the computation of QSMs.

Methods

Eighteen deep learning networks were trained to recover combinations of 13 SWI phase‐filtering pipelines. SWI‐filtered data were computed offline from five multiorientation, multiecho MRI scans yielding 132 3D volumes (118/7/7 training/validation/testing). Two experiments were conducted to show the efficacy of the networks. First, using QSM processing, local fields were computed from the raw phase and subsequently filtered using the SWI‐filtering pipelines. The networks were then trained to invert the filtering operation. Second, the trained networks were fine‐tuned to recover unfiltered local fields from filtered local fields computed by applying QSM processing to the SWI‐filtered phase. Susceptibility maps were computed from the recovered fields and compared with gold standard multiple orientation sampling reconstructions.

Results

Susceptibility maps computed from the raw phase using standard QSM processing have a normalized root mean square error (NRMSE) of 0.732 ± 0.095. Susceptibility maps computed from the recovered phase obtained NRMSEs of 0.725 ± 0.095. The network trained using all 13 processing methods generalized well, obtaining NRMSEs of 0.725 ± 0.89 on filters it has not seen, while matching the reconstruction accuracy of networks trained to recover a single filter.

Conclusion

It is feasible to recover SWI‐filtered phase using deep learning. QSM can be computed from the recovered phase from SWI acquisition with comparable accuracy to standard QSM processing.
Automatic segmentation of peripheral arteries and veins in ferumoxytol‐enhanced MR angiography
Authors: Ghodrati Vahid , Rivenson Yair , Prosper Ashley , de Haan Kevin , Ali Fadil , Yoshida Takegawa , Bedayat Arash , Nguyen Kim‐Lien , Finn J. Paul , Hu Peng
Published: October 2021

Purpose

To automate the segmentation of the peripheral arteries and veins in the lower extremities based on ferumoxytol‐enhanced MR angiography (FE‐MRA).

Methods

Our automated pipeline has 2 sequential stages. In the first stage, we used a 3D U‐Net with local attention gates, which was trained based on a combination of the Focal Tversky loss with region mutual loss under a deep supervision mechanism to segment the vasculature from the high‐resolution FE‐MRA datasets. In the second stage, we used time‐resolved images to separate the arteries from the veins. Because the ultimate segmentation quality of the arteries and veins relies on the performance of the first stage, we thoroughly evaluated the different aspects of the segmentation network and compared its performance in blood vessel segmentation with currently accepted state‐of‐the‐art networks, including Volumetric‐Net, DeepVesselNet‐FCN, and Uception.

Results

We achieved a competitive F1 = 0.8087 and recall = 0.8410 for blood vessel segmentation compared with F1 = (0.7604, 0.7573, 0.7651) and recall = (0.7791, 0.7570, 0.7774) obtained with Volumetric‐Net, DeepVesselNet‐FCN, and Uception. For the artery and vein separation stage, we achieved F1 = (0.8274/0.7863) in the calf region, which is the most challenging region in peripheral arteries and veins segmentation.

Conclusion

Our pipeline is capable of fully automatic vessel segmentation based on FE‐MRA without need for human interaction in <4 min. This method improves upon manual segmentation by radiologists, which routinely takes several hours.
Work interruptions and missed nursing care: A necessary evil or an opportunity? The role of nurses’ sense of controllability
Authors: Abdelhadi Nasra , Drach‐Zahavy Anat , Srulovici Einav
Published: October 2021

Aim

To explore nurses’ experiences with work interruptions (WIs) through the lens of missed nursing care (MNC).

Design

A qualitative descriptive design.

Methods

Eleven small focus groups involving 34 nurses (three nurses per group on average) from acute‐care hospital wards were conducted. Nurses shared their experiences with WIs (sources, reactions and decisions) from the MNC perspective. Data analysis was conducted via content analysis.

Results

A preponderant theme emerged—the dynamic of controllability. Nurses who perceived a sense of controllability felt that they could decide whether to accept or reject the WI, regardless of WI type, and emotions of anger emerged. Conversely, nurses who did not perceive sense of controllability attended the secondary task: MNC occurred, and distress emotions emerged. Results emphasized that nurses are active agents prioritizing whether to omit or complete care in the face of WIs. Controllability, accompanied by active negative emotions, perpetuate a prioritization process that makes it less probable that MNC occurs.
Numerical analysis of a second order ensemble method for evolutionary magnetohydrodynamics equations at small magnetic Reynolds number
Authors: Carter John , Jiang Nan
Published: October 2021

We study a second order ensemble method for fast computation of an ensemble of magnetohydrodynamics flows at small magnetic Reynolds number. Computing an ensemble of flow equations with different input parameters is a common procedure for uncertainty quantification in many engineering applications, for which the computational cost can be prohibitively expensive for nonlinear complex systems. We propose an ensemble algorithm that requires only solving one linear system with multiple right‐hands instead of solving multiple different linear systems, which significantly reduces the computational cost and simulation time. Comprehensive stability and error analyses are presented proving conditional stability and second order in time convergent. Numerical tests are provided to illustrate theoretical results and demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed algorithm.
Are the determinants of foreign direct investment the same within the service sector? Evidence from bootstrap based bias corrected fixed effects model
Authors: P Jithin , M Sureshbabu
Published: October 2021

Using sectoral as well as subsectoral foreign direct investments (FDI) data, we explore the determinants of FDI in services at both sectoral and sub‐sector levels of 25 emerging economies for the period 1999–2016. We employ a bootstrap‐based bias‐corrected fixed effects model to analyze whether FDI's determinants vary within the service sector. Our results show that market size, market potential, natural resources endowments, and agglomeration effects are positively associated with the FDI in services and its subsectoral levels. The sectoral disaggregated analysis shows that the variables that attract FDI in services do not vary much from financial to nonfinancial services. This study suggests that there is no need for a separate theory for explaining FDI determinants in financial and nonfinancial services though some modifications are to be made. Before making modifications, we have to consider the salient features of service sector FDI, such as intangibility, inseparability, perishability, heterogeneity, and commercial presence.
Regional differences in the effect of interpersonal relationship on trust and trustworthiness in China
Authors: Lei Xin , Rau Pei‐Luen Patrick , Huang Hanjing
Published: October 2021

Guanxi, which literally means interpersonal relationship or social connections, plays an important role in achieving business success in China. This study investigates the effect of interpersonal relationship on trust and trustworthiness in four regions in China. Eighty pairs of close friends participated in the experiment: 20 pairs from Beijing, 20 pairs from Guangdong, 20 pairs from Shanghai, and 20 pairs from Chongqing. A cooperation experiment based on a two‐tier simulated supply chain was conducted, in which the participant who played as a supplier solicited demand forecast information from the participant who played as a retailer to plan production. Participants were instructed to perform two tasks: one with a “friend” counterpart and one with a “stranger” counterpart. The results demonstrated regional differences in the effects of interpersonal relationship on trust and trustworthiness: the effect of interpersonal relationship was greater in Guangdong than in the other regions. Additionally, a quantified classification of trustworthiness–trust was proposed by clustering analysis. The type of self‐protective trustworthiness and altruistic trust occupied an overwhelming majority in each region, followed by the type of altruistic trustworthiness and self‐protective trust, the type of altruistic trustworthiness and altruistic trust, and the type of self‐protective trustworthiness and self‐protective trust. Regional differences in the distribution proportions in the four types were discovered.
L‐glutamic acid as a versatile platform for rapid synthesis of functional polyesters via facile Passerini multicomponent polymerization
Authors: Zhang Xu , Zhao Wei , Wang Chengliang , Cao Lan , Wang Qingfu , Sun Jingjiang
Published: October 2021

In this work, a series of polyesters with different functional side groups were successfully prepared by Passerini three‐component polymerization (P‐3CP) in “one‐pot” from biorenewable l‐glutamic acid (l‐GA)‐based monomers. First, the polymerization conditions including monomer feed ratios, solvents and comonomer were systematically studied using Boc‐protected l‐GA with adipaldehyde and tert‐butyl isocyanide. Under the optimal polymerization conditions, a variety of N‐substituted l‐GA‐based monomers as well as functional isocyanides were attempted in the P‐3CP to produce polyesters with different functionalities. Moreover, it was found that after removal of pendant protecting groups, the obtained l‐GA‐based polyester degraded spontaneously into small molecules via 1,5‐intramolecular cyclization between the pendant amine groups and the ester groups in polymer backbone. The structures and thermal properties of obtained polymers were determined by 1H NMR, IR, SEC, MALDI‐ToF‐MS, DSC, and TGA measurements. Starting from biorenewable l‐GA, this approach will provide a facile and straightforward route to produce functional and biodegradable polyesters, thus effectively expanding the range of biodegradable polymers.
A structural criterion for simulation of optimalion‐stimulated plasma growth of chained carbon
Authors: Buntov Evgeny , Arslanov Kirill
Published: October 2021

The low‐dimensional carbon allotropes have become a prominent topic of research due to their unprecedented strength and prospective physical properties. The Ar+ ion‐stimulated plasma deposition of the one‐dimensional carbon chains always presented a challenging task that still lacks a theoretical description. In this study, we propose a selective deposition quality criterion for the massive simulations planned to reveal the conditions for the synthesis of carbyne‐containing films, in particular, linear‐chained carbon by means of molecular dynamics.
Population genetics unveils large‐scale migration dynamics and population turnover of Spodoptera exigua
Authors: Wang Xingya , Yang Xianming , Zhou Lihong , Wyckhuys Kris AG , Jiang Shan , Van Liem Nguyen , Vi Le Xuan , Ali Abid , Wu Kongming
Published: October 2021

BACKGROUND

Migration is a widespread phenomenon among many insect species, including herbivorous crop pests. At present, scant information exists on the long‐range migration of the polyphagous armyworm, Spodoptera exigua and its underlying climatic determinants (i.e. East Asian or South Asian monsoon circulation). In this study, we employed a population genetics approach to delineate S. exigua migration patterns across multiple Asian countries.

RESULTS

Using mitochondrial cytochrome I (COI) and microsatellite markers, low‐to‐moderate levels of genetic diversity were detected among 101 S. exigua populations collected across China, Pakistan and Vietnam. Haplotype diversity and nucleotide diversity did not differ between years. Two spatially explicit genetic clusters were detected, an eastern and a western clade, with the former comprising populations in the East Asia monsoon area. No genetic differentiation was recorded among armyworm populations in the year‐round breeding area, nor among those of the overwintering and nonoverwintering areas. Five of the most widespread mitochondrial haplotypes reflected the extensive gene flow across at a large spatial scale.

CONCLUSION

Low‐to‐moderate levels of genetic diversity were observed, and evidence was found for genetic clustering in certain geographical areas. Accordingly, our unique insights into S. exigua population genetics and spatiotemporal migration dynamics help to guide applied ecological studies, ecological intensification schemes or (area‐wide) pest management campaigns in China and abroad. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Urban labour market and de facto citizenship: Understanding migrant's settlement intention in China
Authors: Yang Sisi , Guo Fei
Published: October 2021

This study examines the changing role of traditional employment sector and the access to employment‐related citizenship rights in affecting migrant workers' settlement intentions in China. Traditionally, migrants who are informally employed were viewed as unsettled groups in Chinese cities. However, the expanded employment‐related citizenship rights provide more diverse channels for pursuing permanent urban settlement. We use data from China Migrants Dynamic Survey in 2013 to investigate migrant workers' permanent settlement intentions, taking into account their access to employment‐related citizenship rights, employment sector,hukoustatus, social‐economic attachments at the places of destination and origin, and regional variations. We found that self‐employed and informally employed migrants held a stronger intention to pursue permanent settlement if they were protected by the local urban insurance schemes, the so‐called “de facto” employment‐related citizenship. The study suggests that the dichotomy of employment sectors, formal versus informal, in understanding migrants' settlement decision has been weakened in China.
Ablation Threshold Measurement and Chemical Modification of UV Nanosecond Laser Micromachining of Polycrystalline Diamond
Authors: Ullah Naveed , Cui Jianlei , Dong Xiangyang , Fang Xuyang , Dou Jian , Sun Zheng , Mei Xuesong
Published: October 2021

The effects of pulsed laser interaction with matter have become a center for research. The pulsed laser has become an indispensable manufacturing tool in the efficient machining of polycrystalline diamond (PCD) and other materials. Herein, the ablation threshold and chemical modification of PCD irradiated using ultraviolet (UV) nanosecond laser is scrutinized. Using a UV nanosecond laser source, a bulk of PCD is ablated in air, and multipulse processing is executed at a wavelength of 355 nm. The ablation threshold of PCD is reported to be ≈3.7326 J cm−2 based on the linear relationship between the laser pulse energy density and the crater diameter, with a Gaussian distribution of the laser intensity on the cross‐section. Furthermore, the sp3 structure transitioned to the sp2 graphite phase when the PCD is exposed to UV nanosecond laser irradiation. Consequently, this study provides a theoretical and experimental reference for UV nanosecond laser micromachining of PCD materials in the research and metal‐working industries.
Event‐triggered fault detection for discrete‐time Markovian jump systems in finite frequency domain
Authors: Cheng Peng , Cai Chenxiao
Published: October 2021

This paper is concerned with the design of the finite frequency fault detection (FD) filter based on the event‐triggered scheme (ETS) for discrete‐time Markovian jump (DMJ) systems with Lipschitz functions, time‐varying delays, and packet dropouts. A novel FD filter subject to ETS and data missing is developed, and the augmented filter system is rewritten as a DMJ‐linear parameter varying (DMJ‐LPV) system through a reformulated Lipschitz property. Then, two novel lemmas are proposed to guarantee the DMJ‐LPV system robust to unknown disturbances and sensitive to finite frequency faults. Next, the proposed lemmas are deduced into linear matrix inequalities by using Finsler's lemma and S‐procedure. Finally, the application of Chua's circuit system is employed to illustrate the validity and superiority of the proposed theory.
Dialog‐constraining institutional logics and their interactional manifestation in the science classroom
Authors: Zafrani Eran , Yarden Anat
Published: October 2021

This study seeks to understand why dialogic argumentation has not been adopted as a legitimate means of instruction by science teachers. To answer this question, this qualitative case study examines the mutually constitutive relationships between macrolevel phenomena, such as the taken‐for‐granted institutional mandates that teachers and schools call upon to maintain their legitimacy in society, and microlevel routinized teacher–student classroom interactions. Integrating ethnography with the analysis of classroom interactions, we seek to capture the social structuring that informs instruction and classroom interactions. Based on an inductive analysis of observations, interviews with teachers, and documents, three types of macrolevel institutional logics that mediate against the implementation of dialogic argumentation emerged. These included the logics of (a) accountability, (b) tracking, and (c) the profession. These logics give rise to instructional practices that run counter to the pursuit of dialogic argumentation. Classroom observations were analyzed to examine how these logics are conveyed through institutionally bounded interactions between teachers and students. Shaped by these institutional logics, instruction in classrooms is narrowed to mostly direct instruction of terminology and absolute facts, and is stratified into various status levels according to classroom tracking. We argue that teachers may resist dialogic argumentation primarily because it violates the fundamental rules, norms, and practices that grant them individual and organizational legitimacy. This contextualization of teacher–student interactions as motivated by institutional logics may explain in greater detail the absence of dialogic argumentation from science classrooms.
Adoption of renewable energy sources, low‐carbon initiatives, and advanced logistical infrastructure—an step toward integrated global progress
Authors: Khan Syed Abdul Rehman , Godil Danish Iqbal , Yu Zhang , Abbas Farwa , Shamim Muhammad Asif
Published: October 2021

This study aims to empirically evaluate the effect of low carbonation, crime rate, and logistical infrastructure on tourism and economic development of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) tourist countries through structural equation modeling for the sample period from 2011 to 2019. The proposed model presented six hypotheses among four constructs that suggest that logistic performance and renewable energy consumption positively affect tourism, whereas the crime rate harms tourism in ASEAN countries. As far as the economic growth of ASEAN countries is concerned, it is positively affected by logistic performance, renewable energy, and tourism. Thus, it can be concluded that better ecological conditions with less carbon emission through the use of renewable energy, efficient logistics services and infrastructure, and a peaceful environment with a low‐crime rate can boost the tourists' arrival, which in turn would be beneficial for the economy of ASEAN countries.
The role of prenatal posttraumatic stress symptoms among trauma exposed women in predicting postpartum depression
Authors: Grekin Rebecca , Thomas Emily B. K. , Miller Michelle L. , O’Hara Michael W.
Published: October 2021

Research suggests that a history of trauma and prenatal posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) are predictive of postpartum depression (PPD). Pregnant women at risk for PPD are often identified through depression symptom measures, while PTSS also may help to identify those at increased risk. Women who do not endorse depressive symptoms, though experience PTSS, may be missed when screening is exclusively based on depressive symptoms. The current study aimed to determine if prenatal PTSS were associated with PPD at 4‐ and 12‐week postpartum in trauma‐exposed women. Pregnant women (N = 230) in their third trimester were assessed for depression and PTSS at pregnancy, 4 and 12 weeks postpartum. Traumatic life events were assessed during pregnancy. Hierarchical regression analyses examined predictors of PPD, including history of depression, number of past traumas, and symptoms from the posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) Checklist short‐form (PCL‐6). At 4 and 12 weeks postpartum, history of trauma and depression did not predict depressive symptoms, however, irritability and unwanted intrusive memories of trauma were predictive of increased depressive symptoms. Prenatal irritability and unwanted memories may be predictive of elevated PPD symptoms. Future research should examine whether these symptoms represent increased risk of postpartum depressive symptoms to improve screening, prevention, and treatment efforts.
Demand agglomeration economies, neighbor heterogeneity, and firm survival: The effect of HHGregg's bankruptcy
Authors: Sharma Siddharth , Chung Wilbur
Published: October 2021

Research Summary

While agglomeration economies can enhance collocated firms' performance, firms' gains will be heterogeneous. Gains will be driven not only by firms' own traits, but also by their neighboring firms' traits. We expect a focal firm gains more from neighbors that are larger, more proximate geographically, and more related in economic activity. We leverage a quasi‐experiment that features micro‐geographic, establishment‐level data: the exit of the HHGregg electronics retailer in outdoor shopping malls, to estimate the intensity of demand agglomeration benefits from two sources: (a) a focal‐pair—how HHGregg's exit harms a focal store's survival, and (b) the other neighbors—how the attributes of the remaining neighbors attenuate this reduced survival effect. We find results consistent with the focal store's, HHGregg's, and neighbors' heterogeneity in size and distance affecting the focal store's survival.

Managerial Summary

While firms can benefit from being located near one another, the benefits vary with both a focal firm's characteristics but also neighboring firms' characteristics. A firm should benefit more from neighbors that are larger, physically closer, and engaged in more similar activity. We examine how the bankruptcy of the HHGregg electronics retailer negatively affected other stores in outdoor shopping malls, and how that loss in benefit was attenuated by the remaining neighbors. We find that a focal store's survival is affected by the focal store's, HHGregg's, and neighbors' heterogeneity in size and physical distance.