bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Patterns of Cancer Incidence, Mortality, and Survival
Authors: Jemal Ahmedin , Parkin D. Maxwell , Bray Freddie
Published: December 2017

The global burden of cancer is expected to increase from 14.1 million newly diagnosed cases and 8.2 million cancer deaths in 2012 to 22 million cases and 13 million deaths in 2030. This increase, based on projected population aging and growth, will disproportionately affect low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where large numbers of young adults are now surviving to older ages where cancer becomes common. The incidence of cancers traditionally associated with Western behavioral, environmental, and cultural factors (breast, colorectum, lung, and prostate) are increasing in LMICs, whereas cancers caused at least partly by infectious agents (stomach, liver, uterine cervix) are decreasing. Population-based cancer registries (PBCRs) are central to cancer surveillance and control. These registries now cover over 95% of the population in North America, but less than 10% of the populations of South America and Africa.
Obesity and Body Composition
Authors: Keum NaNa , Song Mingyang , Giovannucci Edward L. , Eliassen A. Heather
Published: December 2017

In 2014, an estimated 1.9 billion adults worldwide were either overweight (BMI 25–29.9) or obese (BMI ≥30). The so-called obesity epidemic began in high-income, English-speaking countries in the early 1970s, but soon spread globally; more than one-third (38%) of all adults and 600,000 children under age five are overweight or obese, as are two-thirds (69%) of adults in the United States. Excessive body fat is a major cause of type 2 diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular and liver disease, among other disorders, and has been designated a definite cause of at least fourteen cancer sites: breast (postmenopausal), colorectum, endometrium, esophagus (adenocarcinoma), gallbladder, kidney (renal cell), pancreas, gastric cardia, liver, ovary, prostate (advanced tumors), multiple myeloma, thyroid, and meningioma. Mechanisms by which adipose tissue are thought to promote tumor growth include the endocrine and metabolic effects of fat on sex hormones, growth factors, and inflammation, as well as local chemical or mechanical injury of gastrointestinal organs.
Infectious Agents
Authors: Franceschi Silvia , El-Serag Hashem B. , Forman David , Newton Robert , Plummer Martyn
Published: December 2017

Eleven infectious agents (seven viruses, three parasites, and one bacterium) have been classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer as carcinogenic to humans for one or more cancer sites: hepatitis B virus; hepatitis C virus; thirteen types of human papillomavirus (HPV); human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1); human T-cell leukemia virus type 1; Epstein-Barr virus; Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus; Helicobacter pylori; Opisthorchis viverrini; Clonorchis sinensis; and Schistosoma haematobium. Other infectious agents, such as Merkel cell polyomavirus, Plasmodium falciparum, and cutaneous HPVs, have been classified as “probably carcinogenic” or “possibly carcinogenic.” Accurate biomarkers of chronic infection have been essential for estimating risk and ascribing a causal role to infectious agents in cancer. Of the 14 million cases of cancer estimated to have occurred worldwide in 2012, 2.2 million were caused by infectious agents. Vaccination and screen-and-treat programs have the potential for greatly reducing the burden of cancer caused by infections.
Liver Cancer
Authors: Thomas London W. , Petrick Jessica L. , McGlynn Katherine A.
Published: December 2017

Primary liver cancer is the sixth most frequently occurring cancer in the world and the second most common in terms of cancer deaths. The global burden of liver cancer is borne principally by countries in East Asia and Africa, where 80% of liver cancer arises. Incidence rates of liver cancer, however, have begun to decline in Asia, while rates are increasing in low-rate areas such as Europe and North America. The dominant histology of liver cancer in almost all countries is hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The major risk factors for HCC—chronic infection with either hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV), aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) contamination of foodstuffs, excessive alcohol consumption, and diabetes/obesity/fatty liver disease—all result in chronic inflammation in the liver. HBV infection is preventable by immunization, and HCV infection is largely preventable by public health measures and now is curable with new antiviral therapies.
Cervical Cancer
Authors: Herrero Rolando , Murillo Raul
Published: December 2017

Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women worldwide, with more than 500,000 cases and 250,000 deaths per year. The disease is characterized by marked regional differences, with more than 80% of the cases and deaths occurring in developing countries. The etiology and natural history of the disease are very well studied, with persistent infection with one of thirteen human papillomavirus (HPV) types now considered to be a necessary cause. The molecular mechanisms have also been elucidated and are mediated mainly by the expression of viral oncogenes that interfere with cellular pathways. The two most common HPV types, namely HPV-16 and HPV-18, are associated with about 70% of all cases around the world. Immunologic (e.g., HIV infection), hormonal (e.g., high parity), environmental (e.g., smoking), and genetic (e.g., HLA type) cofactors determine the risk of persistence and cancer among women harboring HPV infection.
Framework for Understanding Cancer Prevention
Authors: Thun Michael J. , Wild Christopher P. , Colditz Graham
Published: December 2017

The worldwide increase in the number of people affected by cancer and the costs of cancer care has increased the urgency of efforts to translate knowledge about the causes of cancer into effective preventive interventions. A wide range of interventions has proven to be effective for cancer prevention, either by reducing exposure to known causes of human cancer or by disrupting the multistage progression of tumors. Examples of progress include the up to 40% decrease in the age-standardized lung cancer incidence rate among men in high- and middle-income countries due to tobacco control; the 30% decrease in colorectal cancer incidence in the United States from widespread screening and the removal of precursor adenomatous tumors; the decreased prevalence of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in East Asia due to neonatal vaccination; and protection against excessive sun exposure and decreased incidence of melanoma and keratinocytic carcinomas in Australia.
Tobacco Control
Authors: Drope Jeffrey , Douglas Clifford E. , Carter Brian D.
Published: December 2017

Until the mid-twentieth century, opposition to tobacco use was based primarily on moral and social issues rather than specific health effects or strategies to control the problem. Since then, a comprehensive approach has been developed to counter the activities of the tobacco industry. National and international agencies work to protect non-smokers from tobacco smoke, decrease consumption by increasing the price of tobacco products through excise taxes, promote cessation, educate the public about the dangers of tobacco use, prohibit sales to minors, enforce bans on advertising, promotion, and sponsorship, and change social norms about tobacco use. Although this chapter cites mostly examples from the United States, the “Best Practices” for comprehensive tobacco control are now embedded in the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control and the WHO Empower Initiative. These interventions were developed incrementally over decades and continue to be refined and tailored for effectiveness at the national and international level.
Rhythm, Texture, Moods
Authors: Taylor-Jones Kate
Published: December 2017

This chapter directly engages with Ozu as the site of a postcolonial aesthetic and places him alongside French director Claire Denis, who has expressed how Ozu inspires her own work. The hegemonic experiences of the colonizing nation are at the heart of many of Claire Denis’s films as she struggles to articulate the French postcolonial moment. While the environments that Ozu was working inside of are not part of the prototypical representational dynamics of the colonial and postcolonial moment, nevertheless can an interrogative and postcolonial aesthetic possibly be found in his work in the year following Japan’s defeat? This chapter examines how both directors deconstruct and evaluate the multiplicities and tensions that exist in the colonial and postcolonial bodies via the rhythm, textures, and moods inherent in their respective filmic oeuvres. This will involve seeing the postcolonial aesthetic as situated as an affective part of the film language.
Look? Optical/Sound Situations and Interpretation
Authors: Deamer David
Published: December 2017

This chapter explores the influence Abbas Kiarostami’s Five (2003) takes from the cinema of Ozu, theorizing the nature of the dedication in the subtitle: 5 Long Takes—Dedicated to Yasujiro Ozu. Such questions will be approached through the philosopher Gilles Deleuze and his two books on film, Cinema 1—The Movement-Image and Cinema 2—The Time-Image. Ozu is pivotal to Deleuze for being the first filmmaker to create “pure optical and sound situations,” to disrupt the codes of classical cinema (movement-image) and open a way to the modernist cinema (time-image). Such disruption and creation will be analyzed in one of Ozu’s most famous movies, Floating Weeds (Ukigusa, 1959). Deleuze believes later modernist filmmakers return to Ozu not by way of imitation but for inspiration, and using “their own methods.” Five may be a very different type of film, yet after Deleuze, Kiarostami’s method reveals its commitment to the Ozuesque.
Premiere
Authors: Harris Ellen T.
Published: December 2017

Scholars have proposed many different theories in order to date and locate the first performance of Dido and Aeneas. This chapter provides a detailed consideration of each of these arguments. It examines the evidence used to support a premiere given at court or at Josias Priest’s Boarding School for Young Gentlewomen, and for the associated allegorical readings of the libretto as referring to Charles II, James II, or William and Mary. It also considers arguments for the work not as an allegory but as an exemplar for women.
Twentieth- and Twenty-First–Century Interpretations
Authors: Harris Ellen T.
Published: December 2017

The performance history of Dido and Aeneas from 1950 can be divided into three distinct periods. The first (1951–80) concentrated on the establishment of an accurate score based on the earliest sources and was defined by two major performances in London in 1951. The second (1980–95), coincident with the growth of the early music movement, focused on a transition to historical instruments, performance practices, and vocal techniques and to smaller forces; it is represented by an abundance of audio recordings. The third period (1995–2016) is defined by scholarly and theatrical interpretations of Dido and Aeneas that consider issues of gender, race, sexuality, and colonialism. An array of recordings, videos, and scholarly writings demarcate this postmodern period of interpretation. Each of these periods is discussed in turn.
What Is Corruption?
Authors: Pieth Mark
Published: December 2017

After touching upon historical and legal definitions, this chapter defines corruption through a series of questions: Is there a common understanding what corruption means? Why has corruption been historically so ubiquitous, and why is it still nowadays such a widespread phenomenon? Is corruption really noxious? What made Western states and societies suddenly turn against corruption toward the end of the twentieth century? Are we successful in combatting bribery? Answers to these introductory questions will enable the reader to focus more on the different forms of corruption and their prevalence. It will also help to distinguish between problematic and less harmful forms of reciprocities.
The United States
Authors: Heimann Fritz
Published: December 2017

Corruption has been a persistent issue in American history. This chapter begins with a discussion of the colonial period, in which gifts from the British Crown played an important role, so that corruption was debated heavily when the US Constitution was being enacted. The chapter then moves further forward in history to discuss the Yazoo land rights controversy, and the role of bribery and other corruption in construction of the Panama Canal. It ends with the Watergate scandal, enactment of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) and involvement with the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), and the Citizens United case.
Empirical Analysis
Authors: Hitlin Steven , Harkness Sarah K.
Published: December 2017

Chapter 9 presents our empirical results. The chapter begins with a description of the competing theories’ predictions for how the countries under analysis (the United States, China, Germany, Japan, and Canada) should differ by their moral reactions. We then present results demonstrating that the negative self-sanctioning and other-sanctioning moral emotions are far more common in the United States and China—countries with high levels of inequality. Conversely, the self-transcendent, communal moral emotions, like compassion and praise, are more often experienced in Germany, Japan, and Canada—countries with much lower inequality. This is consistent with our theoretical predictions.
Ibsen on History and Life
Authors: Gjesdal Kristin
Published: December 2017

Henrik Ibsen’s dramatic oeuvre opens with a handful of historical plays, located in ancient Rome as well as a grand, almost mythological past in Norway. Hedda Gabler, however, presents us with an impatient, existentially dissatisfied, and restless female protagonist who fails actively to connect to the past and live out and carry on her family traditions. We also encounter the male protagonists of Jørgen Tesman and Eilert Løvborg. These are two historians with opposing attitudes to the nature, worth, and relevance of their work. With reference to the Nietzcheanism that prevailed in Scandinavia at the time, this chapter explores the various attitudes to scholarship, history, and life that are being staged in Hedda Gabler.
Inequality and Green Growth
Authors: Fiorino Daniel J.
Published: December 2017

This chapter examines the role of economic inequality in influencing a society’s capacity for ecological protection and green growth. Its premise is that for two similar political systems differing only in their degree of inequality, the less unequal one will have advantages. Although there still is limited research on the role of income and wealth inequality in influencing ecological performance, evidence suggests that more economically equitable societies hold an advantage. This is partly due to economic factors, such as the tendency in more unequal societies to promote consumption based on status competition and positional goods, but there is evidence of political and social factors as well. High economic inequality increases social mistrust and distance, which undermines the ability to collectively value public goods. Any green growth strategy should account for the sources of and effects of inequality.
Prospects and Politics in the United States
Authors: Fiorino Daniel J.
Published: December 2017

This chapter assesses the capacities for a green growth transition in the United States. Although a leader in the early days of modern environmentalism, evaluations of US ecological policy and performance have been less favorable more recently. Whether or not this will change and the United States will embrace green growth depends on structural and political factors. The first describes relatively fixed institutional characteristics such as federalism, electoral rules, and economic composition. The second, political factors, are less fixed in the near term: the balance of political power, public opinion, and interest group activity. This analysis of capacities for green growth is used to propose a political strategy for change in the concluding chapter.
Can Change Happen?
Authors: Fiorino Daniel J.
Published: December 2017

The logic of green growth—both as issue framing and policy agenda—is compelling only if there is a political path to making it happen. This chapter considers green growth prospects in the United States from two perspectives. The first is the explanatory value of two theoretical models that have been influential in the field of policy studies: the multiple streams and advocacy coalition frameworks. The second is the conditions under which a long-term, durable transition to green growth may occur. These are to build a political coalition for green growth, deliver institutional reforms that enhance democracy, reduce economic inequality, and stress global action and interdependency. Only by linking ecology with economy in positive ways is there a practical path to living a good life on a finite earth.
Authenticity and Double Trouble
Authors: Bloomer Kristin C.
Published: December 2017

Nancy, a follower of Jecintho from a lower-caste Hindu-Christian family, claims also to be possessed by Mātā and exhibits stigmata. This chapter examines Nancy’s story and her circumstances, as well as the dismissal of her claims by Rosalind and her community at the Our Lady of Jecintho Prayer House. What do Nancy’s and Rosalind’s competing claims mean about authenticity and agency? Caste, gender, and family roles appear to influence Nancy’s possession as she tries to decide whether or not to enter an arranged marriage, and she seems to be ambivalent about sex. Nancy is also influenced by her charismatic Catholic upbringing and by local cultural tropes.
Interlude
Authors: Bloomer Kristin C.
Published: December 2017

This interlude serves as a transition from the busy urban Chennai of the previous chapters to the rural quiet of Mātāpuram, a small village in inland Sivagangai District. It also marks the second part of the book, which follows the 2004 Asian Tsunami, only briefly mentioned. The village is the home of Dhanam, the woman introduced in the first chapter, a Dalit Roman Catholic and illiterate agricultural worker who was first possessed by Mary at the age of eighteen. The rural setting suggests a different experience by both Marian devotees and the author here than in Chennai, and hints of long-standing local caste conflicts. Families lie sleeping while a few women pray late into the night. References to the Rosary, to Caṇkam poetry, and to a cosmic mother goddess pervade. .
Conclusion
Authors: Bloomer Kristin C.
Published: December 2017

This chapter begins with the ordination of Dhanam’s son and pans out to compare all three women. Aananthan is ordained in Mātāpuram, with the bishop of Meerut (Agra) presiding. The ritual offers a bottom-up view of the interdependent power relations within hegemonic orders such as the Roman Catholic Church in village India, and the Church’s relation to Brahmanical and non-Brahmanical Hindu authority. Marian possession is investigated as covert activity and agency. Meanwhile, Nancy’s marriage has tempered her possession activity and lends credence to interpretations that her possession allowed her to manipulate gender and familial roles. Rosalind’s following has grown and her family and community believe that Jecintho has consecrated the Eucharist. The many Marys of South India are compared to the Mary of the orthodox Roman Catholic Church. Final conclusions are presented, and the reader is taken to an intimate Mass in Dhanam’s natal village, presided over by her son.
Art and Evangelical Spiritual Aspirations
Authors: Hindmarsh D. Bruce
Published: December 2017

Analyzing evangelical theological controversies in the context of contemporary art and aesthetics, it is clear that evangelicals’ spiritual aspirations concerned deep feeling. Arguments over art were parallel to theological controversies as Reynolds and Gainsborough, like Wesley and Whitefield, debated issues while “engrossed by the same pursuits” within a common “school.” Moreover, the evangelical Calvinist expressed spiritual aspirations that were a religious version of the sublime—that sense of “shrinking into the minuteness of one’s nature” felt in the presence of overwhelming vastness and power. And the evangelical Arminian expressed spiritual aspirations that appear as a religious version of the heroic—that feeling for the agony of moral choice demanded by the good that requires struggle and rests only in victory after travail. Ultimately, the Calvinist-Arminian tension among eighteenth-century evangelicals was concerned with the religious meanings of modern agency, modern moral aspiration, and the realization of good in the modern world.
The Case of the Sexy Jewess
Authors: Schwadron Hannah
Published: December 2017

This book documents the unorthodox case of the Sexy Jewess, a distinctive figure of twenty-first-century American Jewishness. Versions of her image proliferate in US popular culture among neoburlesque, movie musicals, comedic television, ballet parody, and progressive pornography. In embodied plays with sexed-up self-display, the Sexy Jewess revises long-standing stereotypes of the ugly hag, the insatiable Jewish mother, and the self-obsessed Jewish American princess that sustain images of excess even as they have assimilated into the American mainstream. Talking back and dancing back at these stereotypes through gender and humor rebellion, a slew of celebrity and lesser known performers play up their Jewish and female difference as self-conscious comments on their majoritarian sameness. In doing so, performers invoke the Sexy Jewess as a postassimilatory, postfeminist persona with radical and conservative effects. The introduction, five chapters, and the conclusion show how this occurs in a spectrum of spectacle embodiments across a range of performance contexts. Extending across stage and screen legacies of a hundred years, The Case of the Sexy Jewess links humor to classed ideas about sexiness and links ethnicity to gendered constructions of race. Unique to the study of American Jewishness but not limited by its scope, the book situates the body as a site of critical agency in discussions of parody and representational politics, with an emphasis on cultural appropriation and reappropriation that provokes questions applicable to a wide range of other identity acts and impersonations.
Conclusion
Authors: Schwadron Hannah
Published: December 2017

This concluding chapter returns to the question of Jewish female representation through an embodied Jewface genre. In some cases the Sexy Jewess embodies familiar versions of the comic personages made most familiar across an assimilatory twentieth century. In other cases, she performs Jewishly through sexier means, revamping iconic personifications of the pinup and porn star in raunchier acts that throw back to vintage aesthetics with the appeal of nostalgia. In all cases, the performers appear to negotiate the guilty pleasures of whiteness within self-conscious reach. Through skewed mirrors of self-display, selected performers foreground the bodily conditions of their ethnic and gender differences, to humorous and horrifying ends. With varying degrees of autonomy and access, they perform exaggerated versions of themselves and any others in their midst to wage social critiques that are both distinct to American Jewishness and beyond its bounds.
An Orphaned Dictionary in Republican France
Authors: Fitzsimmons Michael P.
Published: December 2017

The close association of the Académie with the monarchy had been an asset during the National Assembly, but under the republic it was a heavy liability. As the one-year anniversary of the overthrow of Louis XVI approached, the National Convention urgently sought to suppress the Académie, which it did on August 8, 1793, taking the edited manuscript copy of the dictionary into its custody. Although it had abolished the body, the Convention wished to see a new edition of the dictionary appear, so after a public call for one did not produce any results, it commissioned Jean-Joseph Smits and Claude-François Maradan to bring it to completion. Its importance was heightened by a change in language policy in which the Convention sought to eradicate patois and make French the exclusive language of the republic.
The Appearance of the Fifth Edition
Authors: Fitzsimmons Michael P.
Published: December 2017

Maradan quickly withdrew from the project, and years later than the stipulated deadline, Smits published the fifth edition, although the work was rushed into print when key figures working on it were proscribed after the coup of fructidor. The Convention had hoped that the dictionary would disseminate the values of the Revolution in the same manner as the earlier edition had for the ideals of absolute monarchy. The fifth edition, however, was filled with anachronistic ideas and suppressed institutions and barely took note of the Revolution, not even mentioning the French Revolution in its list of examples of revolutions. The sole acknowledgment was a brief and utterly inadequate supplement of new words in use since the Revolution, which at only 418 words was a fraction of the dictionary’s content. To the degree that it failed to capture the current state of language, the fifth edition was widely regarded as deficient.
Public vs. Private
Authors: Gross Robert N.
Published: December 2017

Americans today choose from a dizzying array of schools, loosely lumped into categories of “public” and “private.” How did these distinctions emerge in the first place, and what do they tell us about the more general relationship in the United States between public authority and private enterprise? Public vs. Private describes how nineteenth-century public policies fostered the rise of modern school choice. In the late nineteenth century, American Catholics began constructing rival, urban parochial school systems, an enormous and dramatic undertaking that challenged public school systems’ near-monopoly of education. In a nation deeply committed to public education, mass attendance in Catholic private schools produced immense conflict. States quickly sought ways to regulate this burgeoning private sector and the competition it produced, even attempting to abolish private education altogether in the 1920s. Ultimately, however, Public vs. Private shows how the public policies that resulted produced a stable educational marketplace, where school choice flourished. The creation of systematic alternatives to public schools was as much a product of public power as of private initiative. As ever more policies today seek to unleash market forces in education, Public vs. Private concludes that Americans would do well to learn from the historical relationship between government, markets, and schools.
Epilogue
Authors: Gross Robert N.
Published: December 2017

The epilogue examines how, in the second half of the twentieth century, private schools took on increasingly public roles. Legislators, policymakers, and intellectuals in the 1950s and 1960s proposed dissolving public school systems, replacing them with various schemes to support private education. In the North, a diverse group of intellectuals proposed voucher programs that would promote religious freedom, educational competition, and accountability. In the South during the long aftermath of Brown v. Board of Education, governors and state legislators proposed transforming public systems into private schools. Even as distinctions between public and private in education shifted, including with the emergence of voucher programs and charter schools, attempts to privatize education have relied on older methods of public subsidies and state standards to accomplish their goals. The expansion of public school alternatives continues to be inextricably linked to the dense texture of laws and administrative procedures that enveloped them.
That Funny Feeling Creeping Up Your Back
Authors: Feinberg Melissa
Published: December 2017

This chapter analyzes interviews that the radio stations Radio Free Europe and the Voice of America conducted with refugees from Eastern Europe. It examines how these interviews were used to create knowledge about the region and how refugee stories reflected the paradigms of East European and Western (primarily American) propaganda. This chapter concentrates on the fears refugees had about the Communist security services and their networks of informers. Refugees often made claims about Communist security services that wildly overstated their numbers. These claims then resurfaced in RFE radio broadcasts, further supporting beliefs in Eastern Europe about the omniscience of police informers. This chapter also speculates on the reluctance of Western analysts to consider information that contradicted claims about the ubiquity of police terror in Eastern Europe, even when it came directly from the same refugees.
Soporific Bombs and American Flying Discs
Authors: Feinberg Melissa
Published: December 2017

This chapter examines the longing for war among the largely anticommunist population of East European exiles. Refugees imagined that war would liberate their countries from Communist rule. Often, they claimed such a war would not harm their homelands, fantasizing that an American atomic strike on major Soviet cities would remove Communist regimes while leaving Eastern Europe untouched or that the Americans had a “soporific bomb” that would put all the Communists to sleep, enabling their easy removal. These fantasies of liberation fed off the West’s own characterization of East Europeans as captive peoples. Both East European and American propaganda emphasized Eastern Europe’s essential powerlessness in the face of greater enemies. Combined with the realities of Stalinist rule, this rhetoric of powerlessness led many émigrés to claim the mantle of captivity, taking refuge in their own inability to fight Communism without Western aid.
Epilogue
Authors: Walden Joshua S.
Published: December 2017

The book’s epilogue explores the place of musical portraiture in the context of posthumous depictions of the deceased, and in relation to the so-called posthuman condition, which describes contemporary changes in the relationship of the individual with such aspects of life as technology and the body. It first examines Alfred Hitchcock’s Vertigo to view how Bernard Herrmann’s score relates to issues of portraiture and the depiction of the identity of the deceased. It then considers the work of cyborg composer-artist Neil Harbisson, who has aimed, through the use of new capabilities of hybridity between the body and technology, to convey something akin to visual likeness in his series of Sound Portraits. The epilogue shows how an examination of contemporary views of posthumous and posthuman identities helps to illuminate the ways music represents the self throughout the genre of musical portraiture.
Since 1993
Authors: Dudoignon Stéphane A.
Published: December 2017

In the decades after Khomeini’s death, the oases world’s middlemen class of Iran’s Baluch society has produced political figures able to wield nationwide influence. While maintaining pressure on Tehran from within, the Iranisation of Deobandi religious schools (and of the Kurdish-born Muslim-Brother militant networks) helped reinforce Iran’s national cohesion despite periods of sharp tension. This permitted Deobandi leaders and their Muslim-Brother allies to obtain, under Reformist presidents Muhammad Khatami (1997-2005) and Hasan Ruhani (since 2013), concessions in terms of local government and representation of the minorities. At the same time, the underdevelopment of Iran’s Sunni-peopled marches, the continuous degradation of their ecological situation, the confiscation of the revenues of cross-border smuggling by the Islamic Republic’s paramilitary bodies, the limited reforms implemented since 2013 by the Ruhani administration, the June 2017 ISIS/Daesh-claimed attacks in Tehran and the anti-Sunni repression that followed have fuelled new waves of ‘tribal feud’. This growing violence highlights the contrast between the ability shown by the Sarbaz nexus of Deobandi Sunni ulama to develop nationwide influence, on the first hand, and, on the other hand, the limits of these middlemen’s leadership on Baluch society.
Giving Care, Delivering Value
Authors: Mukherjee Joia S.
Published: December 2017

People value health. Yet impoverished patients face many barriers in seeking and receiving care. This chapter challenges the hypothesis that low service utilization of services is due to lack of patient knowledge. Rather, the chapter posits that low utilization is due to barriers to care (Quality of care, another factor in low utilization, will be addressed in Chapter 10). The chapter highlights offers the approaches caregiving and accompaniment to help providers and managers understand the geographical distance, harrowing transportation, and financial challenges that patients face. This understanding should support the design of more empathic and patient-centered programs that reduce barriers to care. To that end, this chapter introduces a tool called the care delivery value chain which is a helpful framework to design a system that optimizes access and services across the continuum of care.
Community Health Workers
Authors: Mukherjee Joia S.
Published: December 2017

Community Health Workers (CHW) are an important cadre of health care personnel, particularly in impoverished countries. CHW program began with China’s “Barefoot Doctor” campaign. The Barefoot Doctors were lay people educated to provide basic medical education and care in rural China in the 1950s–1970s. CHWs have evolved over the years and now perform a variety of functions in many countries, from education to prevention, case finding to treatment, and referral to follow-up. This cadre is often used to fill the gap in human resources. There are a number of challenges in scaling up and sustaining CHW programs, including the adequate training, compensation, and supervision of CHWs within the health system. This chapter will begin with a historical look at the roots of CHW programs, explore their current status, and address some of the challenges inherent in fully utilizing the potential of this group of health workers.
Building the Right to Health Movement
Authors: Mukherjee Joia S.
Published: December 2017

To achieve UHC and the right to health will require a movement in the US and globally. This chapter introduces the concept of social movements in global health. Activism was essential in causing the paradigm shift from prevention to care delivery that gave birth to the global health era. Further activism will be necessary to change the global double standard that implicates who lives and who dies. A movement or coalition of movements is necessary to fight for health systems that can address the entirety of burden of disease, improve the social determinants of health, deliver high-quality equitable care. This chapter highlights the strategies and tactics used by successful and ongoing movements that seek global health equity and justice. The chapter also presents concrete examples for action that can be used to help build and support the social movement needed to realize the universal right to health care.
Introduction
Authors: Wolf Anne
Published: December 2017

We veiled women used to be nothing. We were treated worse than dogs. Finally I am starting to feel normal again. I can breathe.

Houda from Tunis, October 2011

This book seeks to understand the evolution of Tunisia’s Islamist Ennahda (Renaissance) movement from a beginning in the 1960s as a diffuse socio-cultural trend into one of the country’s most influential political actors, even claiming a regional leadership role. It is the first comprehensive study of the Tunisian Islamists, as it was previously impossible to conduct thorough research into their organisation, which was banned until popular uprisings in 2010–11 forced long-time dictator Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali out of power and replaced his regime with a nascent democracy. After decades of repression many devout Muslims like Houda, quoted above, experienced for the first time a space of freedom. In a period of rapid transformation in which Tunisians are exploring their newly gained rights, understanding the stance of the Islamists is of utmost importance....
Reshaping Tunisian identity
Authors: Wolf Anne
Published: December 2017

Chapter 6 reveals that Ennahda’s previous underground structures and wide network of sympathisers helped it to quickly gain in relevance after the 2010–11 uprisings. Yet whilst the uprisings took place in response to economic hardship and political repression, discussions in the Constituent Assembly, elected in October 2011, quickly centred on the role of Islam in society. This exposed Ennahda’s leaders to a challenging task: accounting for its frequent compromises—including on issues of religion—with secular parties, to the detriment of its more conservative grassroots, which it increasingly risked losing to the Salafis.
West Asia Since 1900
Authors: Lieven Anatol
Published: December 2017

The history of West Asia over the past century has been defined by the collapse of three great empires. Contemporary history of the region is being defined by the decay of a fourth, informal empire —the USA — and the appearance of a new local power, the Islamic State, which is radically hostile to the US hegemony, local regimes and the very existence of the states of the region. These ruins of empire have been preceded, accompanied, and, to a considerable extent, caused by the decay of the civilizational ideologies, which had legitimized imperial rule. While internal culture, social and economic factors have been crucial barriers to modernization, so too has been the dependence of would-be modernizing Middle Eastern states on the US imperial hegemon. This dependency has stripped these states of the nationalist legitimacy which elsewhere has been vital to the introduction of necessary but highly painful and contested reforms.
Pipeline Politics in Iran, Turkey, and the South Caucasus
Authors: Monshipouri Mahmood
Published: December 2017

The relationship between Iran, Turkey and the South Caucasus states have been influenced by an array of geopolitical, strategic, cultural, and economic factors. The competition between Iran and Turkey and their roles in the South Caucasus are best defined by traditional balance-of-power relations and the broader context of the post-Soviet era. This chapter unpacks the complex dynamics of pipeline politics in the South Caucasus region by underlying the need to understand the “Great Power Game” involving geostrategic and geo-economic interests of local governments, regional actors, global powers, and international oil companies. The larger focus turns on underscoring the importance of the region’s large oil and gas reserves; its land connection between the Caspian Sea, South Caucasus, and Europe; and its long-standing territorial conflicts in the post-Soviet era. Iran and Turkey have fought for influence in the South Caucasus while maintaining relatively good bilateral relationships in the region.
The Sound of Distant Thunder
Authors: Layne Christopher
Published: December 2017

The chapter compares the pre-1914 Anglo-German antagonism with the current Sino-American relationship to address two issues. First, does the rise of new great powers lead to war? Second, are rising great powers prone to challenge the existing international order into which they emerge—that is, are rising great powers “revisionists”? China’s rapid ascent has pushed these two questions to the top of the agendas of both international relations scholars and policy makers alike. This chapter shows that the United States and China are on a collision course. Like Britain and Germany before World War I, the United States and China seem fated, at best, to engage in an intense security competition; at worst, war between them is a real possibility. One reason the Sino-American rivalry is intensifying is because a rising China inevitably will seek to revise the current international order that the United States established after World War II.
Coexistence in China’s Regional and Global Maritime Security Strategies
Authors: Odgaard Liselotte
Published: December 2017

China uses coexistence as a strategy for managing international order to avoid great power conflict that might jeopardize international peace and stability. Coexistence is applied as a defensive strategy designed to change the status quo in China’s favor. China pursues coexistence by attempting to position Beijing as a mediator rather than a leader, to insist on regime consent as a basis for interference in domestic policies, to pursue the non-use of force for purposes of conflict resolution, and to embed its policies in the UN system. The chapter investigates the cases of the Diaoyu/Senkaku dispute between China and Japan and China’s contribution to antipiracy operations in the Gulf of Aden. The chapter concludes that China’s coexistence strategy has not obtained reciprocal legitimacy in its near abroad in the sense of a recognition from neighboring states that China takes into account the common interests of states when pursuing its national interests.
How Should the US Respond to a Rising China?
Authors: Lobell Steven E.
Published: December 2017

Realist Cold War foreign policy approaches emphasize the importance of aggregate measures and metrics of material and military capabilities in the international system. Realists argue that shifts in capabilities and changes in the distribution of power are dangerous and that aggregate power is fungible. These approaches have been carried forward into the post-Cold War period to forecast trends for a declining United States and a rising China or some combination of the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa). The chapter accepts the general logic of balance of power and power transition theories or aggregate power realism (APR) that shifts in capabilities and changes in power are dangerous.1 However, these approaches miss how state leaders assess power trends, the fungibility or usefulness of material capabilities, and that states rarely balance against concentrations of power. This chapter advances components of power theory that recast APR approaches.
Policing During and After Apartheid
Authors: Steinberg Jonny
Published: December 2017

This chapter addresses the question of historical continuity and change within the South African Police Service after the end of apartheid. The prevalent interest in continuity between apartheid and post-apartheid policing risks blinding scholarship to what has changed. At the heart of this change lies the relationship between policing and political order, between politics and state coercion. Whereas during apartheid the police was primarily driven by the fight against insurgency, the police in democratic South Africa is primarily tasked with managing the conflicts of the ruling ANC. This chapter argues that instruments, institutions and mentalities from the past survive insofar as they are useful to agents in the present.
Who are the Police in Africa?
Authors: Bierschenk Thomas
Published: December 2017

Developing three comparative dimensions, this chapter highlights the particular context of police work in Africa at a specific historical moment. In Africa, police organisations are characterised by a high degree of internal norm pluralism, organisational opacity and a large gap between everyday practices and bureaucratic ideals, set amid wider societies marked by uncertainty and precariousness. Police officers respond to these conditions with improvisation and ‘bricolage’ in a ‘twilight zone’ between public and the private.
Fathers and Sons, Part Two: Paternity as Paradigm
Authors: Boyd Barbara Weiden
Published: December 2017

Chapter 4 continues the exploration of the poetics of paternity begun in chapter 2. The father-son relationship is a productive one for Ovid, both thematically and metatextually, and he explores its implications in a number of other episodes or poems that are not explicitly Homeric in origin but that bear the stamp of Ovid’s Homeric engagement. The Daedalus and Icarus story in Metamorphoses Book 8 sets the stage for the discussion. The chapter then considers the Phaethon story of Metamorphoses Books 1 and 2, in which Phaethon undergoes a metamorphosis himself as he abandons his earlier role model Telemachus for a new and less auspicious one, Astyanax. Finally, the chapter examines the narratives concerning the catasterism of Julius Caesar and the arrival of Aesculapius in Rome, both in Metamorphoses Book 15.
Opinion Aggregation and Individual Expertise
Authors: Martini Carlo , Sprenger Jan
Published: December 2017

Group judgments are often influenced by their members’ individual expertise. It is less clear, though, how individual expertise should affect the group judgments. This chapter surveys a wide range of models of opinion aggregation and group judgment: models where all group members have the same impact on the group judgment, models that take into account differences in individual accuracy, and models where group members revise their beliefs as a function of their mutual respect. The scope of these models covers the aggregation of propositional attitudes, probability functions, and numerical estimates. By comparing these different kinds of models and contrasting them with findings in psychology, management science, and the expert judgment literature, the chapter provides a better understanding of the role of expertise in group agency, both from a theoretical and from an empirical perspective.
Pragmatist Egalitarianism
Authors: Rondel David
Published: December 2017

Pragmatist Egalitarianism argues that a deep impasse plagues philosophical egalitarianism, and sets forth a conception of equality rooted in American pragmatist thought that successfully mediates that impasse. The book argues that there is a division within egalitarianism between those who regard equality as a fundamentally distributive ideal and those who construe it as a normative conception of human relationships. These rival conceptions are referred to as “vertical” and “horizontal” egalitarianism, respectively. Despite their close connection, these ideals may come apart. And yet, so much philosophical writing on equality is marked by what looks like a zero-sum competition for the same conceptual turf, as if the whole truth about equality must be captured by a single idea or an exclusive set of principles. One of the book’s core arguments is that we should reject the central premises upon which such disagreement turns: that equality is a single idea, that it has a fundamental locus, and that there is a singular or primary route to the achievement of a genuinely egalitarian society. The pragmatist view the book sets forth recasts egalitarianism in light of three mutually reinforcing variables—the institutional, the personal, and the cultural—each of which is best accentuated in one of a trio of pragmatists, John Dewey, William James, and Richard Rorty. If the three variables are mutually complicit in promoting inequality, an egalitarianism that takes this seriously will treat all three as equally (though differently) important in making things better.
The Individualist Egalitarianism of William James
Authors: Rondel David
Published: December 2017

This chapter introduces and defends the democratic individualism in William James’s thought. Drawing on the work of George Kateb and others, it shows that what James calls the “democratic respect for the sacredness of individuality” can be understood in terms of four interrelated commitments: (1) A commitment to the principle that each person’s individuality counts equally; no one’s more or less than anyone else’s. (2) A commitment to the principle that each individual should be able to flourish, on his or her own terms, and therefore, to a set of social conditions that enable such flourishing. (3) A commitment to examine oneself for moral blind spots: for ways in which one might be oblivious to, and complicit in, the frustration of others’ individuality. (4) A commitment to “strenuously” revise one’s habits and behavior in light of the previous three commitments.