bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Copper stress response in yeast Rhodotorula mucilaginosa AN5 isolated from sea ice, Antarctic
Authors: Kan Guangfeng , Wang Xiaofei , Jiang Jie , Zhang Chengsheng , Chi Minglei , Ju Yun , Shi Cuijuan
Published: June 2018

Heavy metal pollution in Antarctic is serious by anthropogenic emissions and atmospheric transport. To dissect the heavy metal adaptation mechanisms of sea‐ice organisms, a basidiomycetous yeast strain AN5 was isolated and its cellular changes were analyzed. Morphological, physiological, and biochemical characterization indicated that this yeast strain belonged to Rhodotorula mucilaginosa AN5. Heavy metal resistance pattern of Cd > Pb = Mn > Cu > Cr > Hg was observed. Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) results exhibited altered cell surface morphology under the influence of copper metal compared to that with control. The determination of physiological and biochemical changes manifested that progressive copper treatment significantly increased antioxidative reagents content and enzymes activity in the red yeast, which quench the active oxygen species to maintain the intercellular balance of redox state and ensure the cellular fission and growth. Comparative proteomic analysis revealed that, under 2 mM copper stress, 95 protein spots were tested reproducible changes of at least 10‐fold in cells. Among 95 protein spots, 43 were elevated and 52 were decreased synthesis. After MALDI TOF MS/MS analysis, 51 differentially expressed proteins were identified successfully and classified into six functional groups, including carbohydrate and energy metabolism, nucleotide and protein metabolism, protein folding, antioxidant system, signaling, and unknown function proteins. Function analysis indicated that carbohydrate and energy metabolism‐, nucleotide and protein metabolism‐, and protein folding‐related proteins played central role to the heavy metal resistance of Antarctic yeast. Generally, the results revealed that the yeast has a great capability to cope with heavy metal stress and activate the physiological and protein mechanisms, which allow more efficient recovery after copper stress. Our studies increase understanding of the molecular resistance mechanism of polar yeast to heavy metal, which will be benefitted for the sea‐ice isolates to be a potential candidate for bioremediation of metal‐contaminated environments.
A numerical scheme based on Bernoulli wavelets and collocation method for solving fractional partial differential equations with Dirichlet boundary conditions
Authors: Rahimkhani Parisa , Ordokhani Yadollah
Published: June 2018

In this paper, an efficient and accurate numerical method is presented for solving two types of fractional partial differential equations. The fractional derivative is described in the Caputo sense. Our approach is based on Bernoulli wavelets collocation techniques together with the fractional integral operator, described in the Riemann‐Liouville sense. The main characteristic behind this approach is to reduce such problems to those of solving systems of algebraic equations, which greatly simplifies the problem. By using Newton's iterative method, this system is solved and the solution of fractional partial differential equations is achieved. Some results concerning the error analysis are obtained. The validity and applicability of the method are demonstrated by solving four numerical examples. Numerical examples are presented in the form of tables and graphs to make comparisons with the results obtained by other methods and with the exact solutions much easier.
Study of barrier height inhomogeneity at zinc oxide/polymer:fullerene interface in polymer solar cells
Authors: Agrawal Nikhil , Ansari Mohd Zubair , Majumdar Amitava , Khare Neeraj
Published: June 2018

Dark current density‐voltage (J‐V) characteristics of polymer solar cell with inverted structure have been measured in the temperature range 190 to 350 K. Ideality factor (n) and dark saturation current (J0) have been extracted from forward bias J‐V characteristics at different temperatures. The ideality factor is found to decrease, and J0 increases with the increase in temperature. Estimated zero‐bias barrier height (ΦB) with the temperature also shows similar trend like J0. This observed behavior is attributed to the presence of inhomogeneous Schottky barrier at the ZnO/polymer:fullerene interface. Further, this has been confirmed that the barrier height inhomogeneities at the interface have Gaussian distribution with mean zero‐bias barrier height
 = 1.15 eV and zero‐bias standard deviation σS0 = 0.155 V. We calculated the Richardson constant (A*) using modified
versus 1/T plot and obtained value as approximately 48.11 A cm−2 K−2, which is close to the value taken from the literature.
Damping elastomer with broad temperature range based on irregular networks containing hyperbranched polyester and dangling chains
Authors: Zhou Jiahui , Li Hanmo , Lu Xun
Published: June 2018

Elastomer is one of the important materials for vibration and noise reduction. However, its narrow effective damping temperature range (tanδ ≥ 0.3) remains to be a major issue that hinders its application as a damping material. Herein, we precisely design and synthesize a polyurethane structure where specific dangling chains with both electron‐donating group and electron‐absorbing group were introduced into prepolymers, generating more hydrogen bonding interaction with the main chain to hinder microphase separation. At the same time, hyperbranched polyester as a cross‐linking agent increases its free volume effectively. The synergy effect of enhancement of hydrogen bonding, decrease of microphase separation, and increase of free volume results in a higher damping polyurethane elastomer with a great wider effective damping temperature range up to 175°C (−60°C‐115°C), which provides a new idea for the preparation of damping elastomer.
Interfacial strength and mechanisms of silicone resin composites reinforced with 2 different polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes/carbon fiber hybrids
Authors: Zhang Chunxu , Wu Guangshun
Published: June 2018

Grafting nanoscale reinforcement onto macrolevel carbon fiber (CF) surface is an efficient approach to improve interfacial strength and properties of composites. In the research, 2 different polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS)/CF hybrids have been prepared by a facile 2‐step method. Carbon fiber was grafted with aniline groups by aryl diazonium reaction using water as the reaction medium, and then separately functionalized with glycidyllsobutyl POSS (EP0418) or glycidyl POSS (EP0409) by the chemical bonding. Characterization of fiber surface structures before and after modification confirmed the covalent bonding nature between both kinds of POSS and CF. Atomic force microscopy images showed the uniform distributions of EP0418 or EP0409 modified on the fiber surface and the similar enhanced degree of surface roughness (89.3 and 88.7 nm). Dynamic contact angle tests showed that EP0409‐grafted CF (CF‐g‐EP0409) had lower contact angles and higher surface free energy than those of EP0418‐grafted CF (CF‐g‐EP0418). Interfacial strength and hydrothermal aging resistance of composites enhanced significantly after POSS modification, especially for CF‐g‐EP0409 composites. Interfacial reinforcing mechanisms of composites reinforced with 2 different POSS/CF hybrids have also been analyzed and compared.
Sodium alginate/magnesium oxide nanocomposite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering
Authors: Nasri‐Nasrabadi Bijan , Kaynak Akif , Heidarian Pejman , Komeily‐Nia Zahra , Mehrasa Mohammad , Salehi Hossein , Kouzani Abbas Z.
Published: June 2018

A simple 2‐step method, consisting of film casting and polyvinyl alcohol leaching, is proposed to prepare magnesium oxide (MO) nanoparticle‐reinforced sodium alginate scaffolds with right properties for bone tissue engineering. The cytocompatibility of the as‐prepared scaffolds was also evaluated using the 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium‐bromide yellow tetrazole assay test, wherein chondrocyte cells had been considered as target cells. According to the results, the ensuing sodium alginate nanocomposites, containing 4‐wt% MO nanoparticles, demonstrated the highest physical and mechanical properties after leaching step. The Young modulus of sodium alginate/4‐wt% MO was improved about 44%, in comparison with that of the pure alginate sample. Furthermore, incorporating MO nanoparticles up to 4 wt% controlled the liquid uptake capacity of scaffolds vis‐à‐vis the resultant pure sodium alginate sample. Moreover, with increasing the nanoparticle content, the antibacterial properties of scaffolds enhanced, but their degradation rates under in vitro conditions tapered off. With the introduction of 3‐ and 4‐wt% MO, the average diameter of the bacterial zone of the scaffold samples reduced to less than 10 mm2, suggesting an insensitive antimicrobial performance, compared with the pure sodium alginate and the samples with 1‐ and 2‐wt% MO content, which exhibit antimicrobial sensitivity. 3‐(4,5‐Dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium‐bromide assay test also revealed the cultivated chondrocyte cells on the 4‐wt% MO nanoparticle‐reinforced scaffold possessed better interaction as well as appropriate cell attachment and proliferation than the pristine sodium alginate sample.
Novel application of cryobiopsy in the diagnosis of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis
Authors: Shen Meng‐fang , Ju Teressa Reanne , Lee Chi Chan , Tu Chih‐Yen
Published: June 2018

Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) is a rare disease diagnosed pathologically by the build up of surfactant in the alveolar spaces. Establishing a diagnosis usually requires invasive procedures such as bronchoalveolar lavage and forceps biopsy to obtain tissue specimens. Infrequently, surgery is required when histopathological results from other modalities are equivocal. Cryobiopsy has emerged as a novel technique for obtaining lung tissues in pulmonary diseases. Recently, cryobiopsy has been used to diagnose diffuse parenchymal lung disease, but it has rarely been used for the diagnosis of PAP. Here, we describe a 54‐year‐old male businessman presenting with intermittent coughing with yellowish sputum and dyspnoea upon exertion for half a year. Tissues from forceps biopsy fail to yield a specific diagnosis, whereas those from cryobiopsy confirm the diagnosis of PAP. Cryobiopsy offers several diagnostic advantages compared to conventional techniques and appears to be a potential diagnostic tool for diagnosing PAP.
Dynamic development paths for expanding a proof‐of‐concept study to explore dose range
Authors: Deng Qiqi , Bai Xiaofei , Ting Naitee
Published: June 2018

In Phase II clinical development of a new drug, the two most important deliverables are proof of concept (PoC) and dose ranging. Traditionally, a PoC study is designed as the first Phase II clinical trial. In this PoC, there are two treatment groups—a high dose of the study medication, against the placebo control. After the concept is proven, the next Phase II study is a dose‐ranging design with many test doses. This paper proposes a two‐stage design with the first stage attempting to generate an early signal of efficacy. If successful, the second stage will adopt a “Go Fast” plan to expand the current study and add lower study doses of the test drug to explore the efficacy dose range. Otherwise, a “Go Slow” strategy is triggered, and the study will stop at a reduced sample size with high dose and placebo only.
System Dynamics Modelling Process in Water Sector: a Review of Research Literature
Authors: Zarghami Seyed Ashkan , Gunawan Indra , Schultmann Frank
Published: June 2018

System dynamics (SD) approach is a framework for reproducing the behaviour of the real systems. This approach has demonstrated a proven capability in modelling the dynamic interactions among the factors affecting the behaviour of complex systems and therefore can be used by researchers and policymakers as a useful decision tool. Recently, many researchers have devoted significant efforts in adopting the SD modelling technique in water sector, where complex interactions and feedback loops govern the behaviour of the system. This paper presents a comprehensive literature review of scholarly papers in the water sector on the development of the SD models followed by discussion on different steps of the modelling process. A discussion of each step is accompanied by the water sector examples, exemplified in the existing literature. The paper also discusses the advantages and disadvantages of using system dynamics in the water sector and provides directions for future research in this field. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the KKLT goldstino
Authors: Krishnan Chethan , Raj Himanshu , Subramanian P. N. Bala
Published: June 2018

Abstract

We construct general asymptotically Klebanov-Strassler solutions of a five dimensionalSU(2) × SU(2) × ℤ2 × ℤ2Rtruncation of IIB supergravity onT1,1, that break supersymmetry. This generalizes results in the literature for theSU(2) × SU(2) × ℤ2 × U(1)Rcase, to a truncation that is general enough to capture the deformation of the conifold in the IR. We observe that there are only two SUSY-breaking modes even in this generalized set up, and by holographically computing Ward identities, we confirm that only one of them corresponds to spontaneous breaking: this is the mode triggered by smeared anti-D3 branes at the tip of the warped throat. Along the way, we address some aspects of the holographic computation of one-point functions of marginal and relevant operators in the cascading gauge theory. Our results strengthen the evidence thatifthe KKLT construction is meta-stable, it is indeed a spontaneously SUSY-broken (and therefore bona fide) vacuum of string theory.
Recursive Soft Drop
Authors: Dreyer Frédéric A. , Necib Lina , Soyez Gregory , Thaler Jesse
Published: June 2018

Abstract

We introduce a new jet substructure technique called Recursive Soft Drop, which generalizes the Soft Drop algorithm to have multiple grooming layers. Like the original Soft Drop method, this new recursive variant traverses a jet clustering tree to remove soft wide-angle contamination. By enforcing the Soft Drop conditionNtimes, Recursive Soft Drop improves the jet mass resolution for boosted hadronic objects likeWbosons, top quarks, and Higgs bosons. We further show that this improvement in mass resolution persists when including the effects of pileup, up to large pileup multiplicities. In the limit thatNgoes to infinity, the resulting groomed jets formally have zero catchment area. As an alternative approach, we present a bottom-up version of Recursive Soft Drop which, in its local form, is similar to Recursive Soft Drop and which, in its global form, can be used to perform event-wide grooming.
Notes on melonic O(N)q−1 tensor models
Authors: Choudhury Sayantan , Dey Anshuman , Halder Indranil , Janagal Lavneet , Minwalla Shiraz , Poojary Rohan R.
Published: June 2018

Abstract

It has recently been demonstrated that the large N limit of a model of fermions charged under the global/gauge symmetry group O(N)
q−1 agrees with the large N limit of the SYK model. In these notes we investigate aspects of the dynamics of the O(N)
q−1 theories that differ from their SYK counterparts. We argue that the spectrum of fluctuations about the finite temperature saddle point in these theories has

$$ \left(q-1\right)\frac{N^2}{2} $$

q
−
1

N
2

2

new light modes in addition to the light Schwarzian mode that exists even in the SYK model, suggesting that the bulk dual description of theories differ significantly if they both exist. We also study the thermal partition function of a mass deformed version of the SYK model. At large mass we show that the effective entropy of this theory grows with energy like E ln E (i.e. faster than Hagedorn) up to energies of order N
2. The canonical partition function of the model displays a deconfinement or Hawking Page type phase transition at temperatures of order 1/ln N. We derive these results in the large mass limit but argue that they are qualitatively robust to small corrections in J/m.
Towards non-AdS holography via the long string phenomenon
Authors: van Leuven Sam , Verlinde Erik , Visser Manus
Published: June 2018

Abstract

The microscopic description of AdS space obeys the holographic principle in the sense that the number of microscopic degrees of freedom is given by the area of the holographic boundary. We assume the same applies to the microscopic holographic theories for non-AdS spacetimes, specifically for Minkowski, de Sitter, and AdS below its curvature radius. By taking general lessons from AdS/CFT we derive the cut-off energy of the holographic theories for these non-AdS geometries. Contrary to AdS/CFT, the excitation energy decreases towards the IR in the bulk, which is related to the negative specific heat of black holes. We construct a conformal mapping between the non-AdS geometries and AdS
3 × S

q
spacetimes, and relate the microscopic properties of the holographic theories for non-AdS spaces to those of symmetric product CFTs. We find that the mechanism responsible for the inversion of the energy-distance relation corresponds to the long string phenomenon. This same mechanism naturally explains the negative specific heat for non-AdS black holes and the value of the vacuum energy in (A)dS spacetimes.
A Study of Bioerosion of Belemnites and Taphonomy of Cephalopods from Kuldhar Member of Jurassic Jaisalmer Formation from Jaisalmer, Rajasthan
Authors: Paul Sharmistha , Gangopadhyay Tapas K. , Mal Ujjal
Published: June 2018

The Callovian-Oxfordian Kuldhar Member of Middle-Upper Jurassic Jaisalmer Formation, Rajasthan is characterized by a rich cephalopod (ammonites and belemnites) fauna along with other invertebrates. They are embedded in oolitic limestone, at places in nodular limestone, grey shale and occasional red mud. The belemnite rostra bear bioerosions in the form of borings of circular or elliptical type. The present study identified those as Trypanites isp. and Rogerella isp. and characterized the hitherto unnoticed bioerosions of these belemnite rostra to be post-mortal. Different dispositions of major diameter of belemnite rostra has been interpreted to represent churning effect of ichnofossil producing organisms which put evidences of several generations of omission surfaces. Vertical and horizontal orientations of stephanoceratid ammonites side by side have been critically analysed in the light of lithology and prevailing environmental condition and inferred to be an artifact of gravity and thixotropic property of clay. Ammonites like Stephanoceratids and Macrocephalitids inhabit within 110m depth which is also permissible depth of belemnites as well as probable depth of formation of oolites, carbonate mud and aluminosilicate mud. Considering the lithology of the rocks like oolites, carbonate mud, aluminosilicate, the habitat of stephanoceratid and habitat of acrothoracid barnacles (organisms responsible for Rogerella isp.), the environment has been delineated to be sublittoral which was previously designated as shoreface zone to offshore transition zone.
Lagerstroemia L. wood from the Kimin Formation (Upper Siwalik) of Arunachal Pradesh and its Climatic and Phytogeographic Significance
Authors: Mehrotra R. C. , Srivastava Gaurav , Srikarni C.
Published: June 2018

A fossil wood of Lagerstroemia L. from the Upper Siwalik sediments of Arunachal Pradesh is described. The genus is recorded for the first time from this state. The modern analog of the fossil species i.e. L. tomentosa C. Presl is not found in the fossil locality at present.. The most plausible reason for the disappearance of the species from the fossil locality is an increase in temperature seasonality caused by the upheaval of the Himalaya during the Pleistocene.
Identification of Groundwater Potential Zones using Remote Sensing and GIS of K-J Watershed, India
Authors: Chaudhary B. S. , Kumar Sanjeev
Published: June 2018

Groundwater potential zone mapping has become easier with the inputs from Remote Sensing (RS) & Geographical Information System (GIS) techniques. Various thematic maps like geology, geomorphology, drainage density, slope, landuse/landcover etc can be easily generated through RS & GIS. The present study is aimed at generating groundwater potential map of Koshalya-Jhajhara (K-J) watershed by using integrated approach of RS & GIS. Various thematic layers have been generated and assigned weightages and ranks. These layers have been integrated in GIS software for generating Groundwater Potential Zone (GPZ) map of K-J watershed. The area falls into five categories of groundwater potential zones i.e. very good, good, moderate, poor and very Poor depending on the likelihood of availability of ground water. On the basis of this study it is found that only 5.83 km2 and 4.91 km2 area is under very good and good category of groundwater availability respectively. An area of 24.48 km2 is found under moderate category whereas dominant portion of K-J watershed i.e. 61.83 km2 and 37.87 km2 area falls under poor and very poor category of availability of groundwater respectively.
Stability Analysis of Landslide near Dewal Village along Murree-Muzaffarabad Road, Pakistan
Authors: Akram Mian Sohail , Zeeshan Muhammad , Ali Asif
Published: June 2018

This study presents a detailed geological and geotechnical analysis of Dewal landslide along Murree-Muzaffarabad road, Pakistan. The study area is situated in a tectonically active region of the earth where mass movements like rock fall, rockslides and slumps cause adverse economic loss through disruption of travelling on roads. The study has the main focus on factors responsible for its instability together with stability analysis using limit equilibrium method by use of computer program Slide (version 5.0). The input parameters of rock mass was evaluated by field investigations and laboratory testing. To analyze the net deposit and net slide mass of the landslide area, multi-date point’s data of 2008 and 2012 of the slide area was obtained and their digital elevation models were generated by using Inverse distance weighting (IDW) technique in ArcGIS 9.3. The study has concluded that the present slope instability is the function of a specific deformation pattern in the rock units (leading towards the possibility of a shear plane under the slid mass), surface and subsurface drainage and the engineering behavior of the overburden and underlying rock units. This study recommends several protection parameters for landslide and suggests that detailed investigation of Dewal landslide is required for long term stability.
Assessment of Potentially Toxic Elements Pollution and Human Health Risk in Soil of Ilesha Gold Mining Site, Southwest Nigeria
Authors: Odukoya A. M. , Olobaniyi S. B. , Oluseyi T. O.
Published: June 2018

The paper presents results of research to determine the health risk of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in soils of gold mining area in Ilesha, Southwestern Nigeria. Eighteen top soil samples were collected and analysed for PTEs using ICPMS. The pollution level in soils were assessed using pollution load index (PLI) and potential ecological risk index (PERI). The human health risk was assessed using hazard index (HI), non-carcinogenic risk index and carcinogenic risk index. All the PTEs were higher than crustal average values except Fe and follow the order Mn > Ba > Cr > Zn > Cu > Ni > Pb > Co >Fe > As > Cd. The soil samples can be classified as unpolluted to moderately polluted (0.18-1.23) and low risk (15.28-94.24) based on PLI and PERI respectively. The values of hazard Index (HI) calculated for child and adult population for all the pathways were <1 and pose no obvious non carcinogenic risk to the population except for ingestion pathway where 33% of the samples showed value >1 in child population. As, Co, Cd and Pb constituted high cancer risk in the study area with child at higher risk than adult. The Total Cancer Risk (TCR) in the study area based on all the pathways ranges between 0.19 -3.86 and 0.18-3.58 for child and adult respectively and the ingestion route seems to be the major contributor to excess lifetime cancer risk followed by the dermal pathway.
Statistical Completeness Analysis of Seismic Data
Authors: Khan Mohammad Muzzaffar , Kumar Kalyan G.
Published: June 2018

Earthquakes constitute one of the most powerful forces to which most civil engineering structures and historical constructions will ever be subjected; and thus designing and preserving structures to resist these forces is of utmost importance. The goal of earthquake-resistant design is to produce a structure or facility that can withstand a certain level of shaking without excessive damage. Seismic hazard analyses involve the quantitative estimation of ground shaking hazards at a particular site.

The main objective of this study is to develop a homogeneous earthquake catalogue for the low seismic region Warangal from 1800 to 2016 by considering a circular radius of 500 km. The catalogue is declustered using the algorithm proposed by Uhrhammer (1986) for removal of foreshocks and aftershocks. All the events have been converted to moment magnitude scale for homogenization. Completeness analysis has been carried out using the method proposed by Stepp (1972) to determine the time interval in which the data is complete over different magnitude ranges. The analysis shows that for the magnitude range of 3.0 ≤ M ≤ 3.49, 3.5 ≤ M ≤ 3.99, 4.0 ≤ M ≤ 4.49, 4.5 ≤ M ≤ 4.99, 5.0 ≤ M ≤ 5.49 and M > 5.49, the data is complete for the last 50 years (1967-2016), 60 years (1957-2016), 140 years (1867-2016) and 180 years (1837-2016) respectively. This study will provide a significant under-standing in distribution of earthquakes in Warangal region as well as the assessment of seismic hazard for the region.
Unsupervised online neuropsychological test performance for individuals with mild cognitive impairment and dementia: Results from the Brain Health Registry
Authors: Mackin R. Scott , Insel Philip S. , Truran Diana , Finley Shannon , Flenniken Derek , Nosheny Rachel , Ulbright Aaron , Comacho Monica , Bickford David , Harel Brian , Maruff Paul , Weiner Michael W.
Published: June 2018

Introduction

The purpose of this study is to compare online neuropsychological test performance of older adults across self‐reported diagnoses of being cognitively normal, mild cognitive impairment, and dementia due to Alzheimer's disease and to determine the association of memory concerns and family history of dementia on cognitive performance.

Methods

Participants completed the Cogstate Brief Battery unsupervised at home.

Results

Data from 6463 participants over the age of 55 years were analyzed. Adults with the diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease were associated with poorer performance on all cognitive tests than cognitively normal adults (P < .05 for all), and online cognitive test performance significantly improved diagnostic classification (P < .001). Poorer performance on all cognitive measures was associated with memory concern (P < .001 for all) but not family history of dementia.

Discussion

Our results provide preliminary support for the use of cognitive tests taken online without supervision as a means to improve the efficiency of participant screening and recruitment for clinical trials.
A new way to look at simulation-based assessment: the relationship between gaze-tracking and exam performance
Authors: Szulewski Adam , Egan Rylan , Gegenfurtner Andreas , Howes Daniel , Dashi Gerhard , McGraw Nick C. J. , Hall Andrew K. , Dagnone Damon , van Merrienboer Jeroen J. G.
Published: June 2018

Objective

A key task of the team leader in a medical emergency is effective information gathering. Studying information gathering patterns is readily accomplished with the use of gaze-tracking glasses. This technology was used to generate hypotheses about the relationship between performance scores and expert-hypothesized visual areas of interest in residents across scenarios in simulated medical resuscitation examinations.

Methods

Emergency medicine residents wore gaze-tracking glasses during two simulation-based examinations (n=29 and 13 respectively). Blinded experts assessed video-recorded performances using a simulation performance assessment tool that has validity evidence in this context. The relationships between gaze patterns and performance scores were analyzed and potential hypotheses generated. Four scenarios were assessed in this study: diabetic ketoacidosis, bradycardia secondary to beta-blocker overdose, ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm and metabolic acidosis caused by antifreeze ingestion.

Results

Specific gaze patterns were correlated with objective performance. High performers were more likely to fixate on task-relevant stimuli and appropriately ignore task-irrelevant stimuli compared with lower performers. For example, shorter latency to fixation on the vital signs in a case of diabetic ketoacidosis was positively correlated with performance (r=0.70, p<0.05). Conversely, total time spent fixating on lab values in a case of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm was negatively correlated with performance (r= −0.50, p<0.05).

Conclusions

There are differences between the visual patterns of high and low-performing residents. These findings may allow for better characterization of expertise development in resuscitation medicine and provide a framework for future study of visual behaviours in resuscitation cases.
Implementation of an institution-specific antimicrobial stewardship smartphone application
Authors: Young Heather L. , Shihadeh Katherine C. , Skinner Alisha A. , Knepper Bryan C. , Sankoff Jeffrey , Voros Jeremy , Jenkins Timothy C.
Published: June 2018

Smartphones are increasingly used to access clinical decision support, and many medical applications provide antimicrobial prescribing guidance. However, these applications do not account for local antibiotic resistance patterns and formularies. We implemented an institution-specific antimicrobial stewardship smartphone application and studied patterns of use over a 1-year period.
Pattern formation during transition from combustion noise to thermoacoustic instability via intermittency
Authors: George Nitin B. , Unni Vishnu R. , Raghunathan Manikandan , Sujith R. I.
Published: June 2018

Gas turbine engines are prone to the phenomenon of thermoacoustic instability, which is highly detrimental to their components. Recently, in turbulent combustors, it was observed that the transition to thermoacoustic instability occurs through an intermediate state, known as intermittency, where the system exhibits epochs of ordered behaviour, randomly appearing amidst disordered dynamics. We investigate the onset of intermittency and the ensuing self-organization in the reactive flow field, which, under certain conditions, could result in the transition to thermoacoustic instability. We characterize this transition from a state of disordered and incoherent dynamics to a state of ordered and coherent dynamics as pattern formation in the turbulent combustor, utilizing high-speed flame images representing the distribution of the local heat release rate fluctuations, flow field measurements (two-dimensional particle image velocimetry), unsteady pressure and global heat release rate signals. Separately, through planar Mie scattering images using oil droplets, the collective behaviour of small scale vortices interacting and resulting in the emergence of large scale coherent structures is illustrated. We show the emergence of spatial patterns using statistical tools used to study transitions in other pattern forming systems. In this paper, we propose that the intertwined and highly intricate interactions between the wide spatio-temporal scales in the flame, the flow and the acoustics are through pattern formation.
Analytic solution for aerodynamic noise generated by plates with spanwise-varying trailing edges
Authors: Ayton Lorna J.
Published: June 2018

This paper presents an analytic solution for aerodynamic noise generated by an unsteady wall pressure gust interacting with a spanwise-variable trailing edge in a background steady uniform flow. Viscous and nonlinear effects are neglected. The Wiener–Hopf method is used in conjunction with a non-orthogonal coordinate transformation and separation of variables to permit analytical progress. The solution is obtained in terms of a tailored modal expansion in the spanwise coordinate; however, only finitely many modes are cut-on, therefore the far-field noise can be quickly evaluated. The solution gives insight into the potential mechanisms behind the reduction of noise for plates with serrated trailing edges compared to those with straight edges. The two mechanisms behind the noise reduction are an increased destructive interference in the far field, and a redistribution of acoustic energy from low cut-on modes to higher cut-off modes. Five different test-case trailing-edge geometries are considered. The analytic solution identifies which geometries are most effective in different frequency ranges: geometries which promote destructive interference are best at low frequencies, whilst geometries which promote a redistribution of energy are better at high frequencies.
Lattice Boltzmann simulation of resolved oblate spheroids in wall turbulence
Authors: Eshghinejadfard Amir , Zhao Lihao , Thévenin Dominique
Published: June 2018

The present study focuses on the behaviour of fully resolved oblate spheroids in turbulent channel flows using the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM). Mean and maximum drag reductions of 1.3 % and 4.4 %, respectively, are observed at a solid-phase volume fraction of 10 % by using oblate spheroids of aspect ratio $\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}=1/3$ and equivalent diameter $D_{eq}/H=1/6.5$. The behaviour of oblate spheroids and spheres are found to be different in the near-wall region, where oblate spheroids, in contrast to spheres, do not augment the near-wall turbulence. Strong reduction of spanwise and wall-normal fluid velocity fluctuations in the buffer layer by using oblate spheroids is observed. It is also seen that reduction of Reynolds shear stress cannot solely guarantee the occurrence of drag reduction, as spherical particles increase the drag in spite of the reduction in Reynolds shear stress. Moreover, in drag-reduced particle-laden flows, although the spanwise spacing of streaks increases, vortices are stronger and smaller. Thus, in addition to the streak cycle of turbulence regeneration, the vortices generated by particles contribute to higher vortex strengths. By examining the role of the oblate spheroid concentration, it is found to mainly influence the streak spacing, with a minor effect on the strength of vortices. Drag reduction in oblate-spheroid-laden flows is thus attributed to the reduction of fluid velocity fluctuations in the transverse directions and enhancement of the spanwise streak spacing. Higher vortex strength has less effect on the initiation of drag reduction but can influence the level of drag reduction and explains the lower drag-reduction effect of rigid particles compared to polymers. By quadrant analysis, sweeps and ejections are seen to have less contribution to the Reynolds shear stress by using oblate spheroids. With respect to the particle data, oblate spheroids tend to orient with their symmetry axis mainly along the wall-normal direction. Very close to the wall, spanwise orientation is dominant and wall-normal alignment of the symmetry axis is reduced. Furthermore, oblate spheroids move faster than the fluid, before reaching a similar streamwise velocity in the channel centre. In contrast, spheres move slower than the fluid in the buffer region, as well as showing a local concentration peak near the wall. It is also seen that the angular velocity of oblate spheroids decays very rapidly whereas spheres have a higher rotation rate which shows a smoother reduction towards the centre.
The Right to Strike: A Radical View
Authors: GOUREVITCH ALEX
Published: June 2018

Workers face a common dilemma when exercising their right to strike. For the worst-off workers to go on strike with some reasonable chance of success, they must use coercive strike tactics like mass pickets and sit-downs. These tactics violate some basic liberties, such as contract, association, and private property, and the laws that protect those liberties. Which has priority, the right to strike or the basic liberties strikers might violate? The answer depends on why the right to strike is justified. In contrast to liberal and social democratic arguments, on the radical view defended here, the right to strike is a right to resist oppression. This oppression is partly a product of the legal protection of basic economic liberties, which explains why the right to strike has priority over these liberties. The radical view thus best explains why workers may use some coercive, even lawbreaking, strike tactics.
Association of subclinical mastitis prevalence with sheep breeds in Greece
Authors: Vasileiou Natalia GC , Gougoulis Dimitris A , Riggio Valentina , Ioannidi Katerina S , Chatzopoulos Dimitris C , Mavrogianni Vasia S , Petinaki Efthymia , Fthenakis George C
Published: June 2018

The objective of the research described in this Research Communication was to describe potential associations of subclinical mastitis with sheep breeds in Greece. A countrywide survey (2198 ewes in 111 farms) was performed. Prevalence of subclinical mastitis was 0·260. Results did not indicate any difference in the prevalence of subclinical mastitis between farms with pure-bred and farms with cross-bred animals, nor any difference in prevalence between farms with Greek pure-bred animals and farms with imported pure-bred animals. Results indicated that prevalence of subclinical mastitis was smaller in farms with Assaf-breed (0·100) and higher in farms with Frisarta-breed (0·625) (P < 0·02). Prevalence of mastitis was smaller in farms with Greek traditional indigenous breeds (0·221) (P = 0·007). In a model that included sheep breed and management system in farm, breed emerged as a significant factor for prevalence of subclinical mastitis (P = 0·003).
Modelling the distribution in Hawaii ofAngiostrongylus cantonensis(rat lungworm) in its gastropod hosts
Authors: Kim Jaynee R. , Wong Tamara M. , Curry Patrick A. , Yeung Norine W. , Hayes Kenneth A. , Cowie Robert H.
Published: June 2018

Angiostrongylus cantonensis(rat lungworm), a parasitic nematode, is expanding its distribution. Human infection, known as angiostrongyliasis, may manifest as eosinophilic meningitis, an emerging infectious disease. The range and incidence of this disease are expanding throughout the tropics and subtropics. Recently, the Hawaiian Islands have experienced an increase in reported cases. This study addresses factors affecting the parasite's distribution and projects its potential future distribution, using Hawaii as a model for its global expansion. Specimens of 37 snail species from the Hawaiian Islands were screened for the parasite using PCR. It was present on five of the six largest islands. The data were used to generate habitat suitability models forA. cantonensis, based on temperature and precipitation, to predict its potential further spread within the archipelago. The best current climate model predicted suitable habitat on all islands, with greater suitability in regions with higher precipitation and temperatures. Projections under climate change (to 2100) indicated increased suitability in regions with estimated increased precipitation and temperatures, suitable habitat occurring increasingly at higher elevations. Analogously, climate change could facilitate the spread ofA. cantonensisfrom its current tropical/subtropical range into more temperate regions of the world, as is beginning to be seen in the continental USA.
The symptomatology of psychological trauma in the aftermath of war (1945–1980): UK army veterans, civilians and emergency responders
Authors: Engelbrecht Alberta , Burdett Howard , Silva Maria João , Bhui Kamaldeep , Jones Edgar
Published: June 2018

Background

UK veterans suffering from a psychological or psychiatric illness as a consequence of service in the Second World War were entitled to a war pension. Their case files, which include regular medical assessments, are a valuable resource to investigate the nature, distribution and duration of symptoms.

Methods

A standardised form was used to collect data from pension records of a random sample of 500 UK army veterans from the first presentation in the 1940s until 1980. Data were also gathered from 50 civilians and 54 emergency responders with a pension for post-traumatic illness following air-raids.

Results

The 10 most common symptoms reported by veterans were anxiety, depression, sleep problems, headache, irritability/anger, tremor/shaking, difficulty completing tasks, poor concentration, repeated fears and avoidance of social contact. Nine of the 10 were widely distributed across the veteran population when symptoms were ranked by the number of subjects who reported them. Nine symptoms persisted significantly longer in the veteran sample than in emergency responders. These included seven of the most common symptoms, together with two others: muscle pain and restlessness. The persistence of these symptoms in the veteran group suggests a post-traumatic illness linked to lengthy overseas service in combat units.

Conclusions

The nature and duration of symptoms exhibited by veterans may be associated with their experience of heightened risks. Exposure to severe or prolonged trauma seems to be associated with chronic multi-symptom illness, symptoms of post-traumatic stress and somatic expressions of pain that may delay or complicate the recovery process.
Reexamining Women’s Nineteenth-Century Political Agency: School Suffrage and Office-Holding
Authors: Nicholas Kathryn A.
Published: June 2018

Recognizing public education as a public good, policymakers have focused on providing those with direct interest in public schools opportunities to influence educational policy making. In the nineteenth century, this often meant providing women the right to vote on and to hold public school offices. Frequently conflated, suffrage and public office holding are actually two different, yet related, citizenship rights. Using state and territorial legislative records as a starting place, this article redefines the understanding of school suffrage by complicating the traditional narrative relative to its relationship with full woman suffrage. In doing so, it also provides evidence that before 1900 women were granted the right to hold public education offices, ultimately being elected in forty-three of forty-eight states before the twentieth century, thus broadening the understanding of women’s political agency prior to attaining full suffrage.
Restitution Policies on Nazi-Looted Art in the Netherlands and the United Kingdom: A Change from a Legal to a Moral Paradigm?
Authors: Oost Tabitha I.
Published: June 2018

This article considers the constant tension facing several national panels in their consideration of Nazi spoliation claims concerning cultural objects. It will argue that this tension results from a shift in paradigms in dealing with Nazi-related injustices—from a strictly legal paradigm to a new victim groups-oriented paradigm, where addressing and recognizing the suffering caused by the nature of past crimes is central. While these national panels originate from this new paradigm and embody the new venues found for dealing with Nazi-looted art claims, this paradigm change at the same time presents these panels with a predicament. It seems impossible to abandon the legalist paradigm completely when remedying historical injustices in the specific category of cultural objects. Through a comparison between the Dutch and United Kingdom (UK) systems, this article will illustrate from both an institutional and substantive perspective that these panels seem to oscillate between policy-based, morality-driven proceedings (new paradigm) and a legal emphasis on individual ownership issues and restitution in kind (old paradigm). This article addresses this tension in order to provide insights on how we could conceptually approach and understand current restitution cases concerning Nazi-looted art in the Netherlands and the UK.
‘Wholesome regulation and unlimited freedom’: governing market space in southern Ireland before the Famine
Authors: HESSION PETER
Published: June 2018

This article addresses efforts to reform market activity in pre-Famine Ireland, exploring Karl Polanyi's assertion that the ‘free market’ required ‘the intervention of the state in order to establish it’. It begins by rooting Ireland's alleged ‘social ills’ – over-population and subsistence agriculture – in terms of integration into international markets from the mid-eighteenth century. From the crisis of the 1820s, state actors came to see the extension of the cash economy as central to remedying these ‘ills’. Altering the physical fabric of exchange to encourage ‘rational’ market behaviour, I argue reformers aimed to ‘enclose’ commercial spaces economically and physically from non-market forces. Utilizing novel technologies of vision and precision, market space could thus operate according to a logic and ethics of its own, inculcating voluntary compliance through new standards of ‘trust’ and ‘fairness’. I conclude by asking, if indeed the state had come to operate as much through ‘freedom’ as force by 1845, how we might begin to reassess the course and context of the Irish Famine.
Translation in the architectural phenomenology of Christian Norberg-Schulz
Authors: Andersen Anna Ulrikke
Published: June 2018

This article offers a step by step analysis of an undiscussed note written by Christian Nor-berg-Schulz 18 April 1979, titled Translation, as I ask what role the notion of transla-tion played in his theory of genius loci. Scholars have recently shown interest in the way the field of translation and architecture intersect and can inform each other. Norberg-Schulz is widely read and researched, but the role of translation in his authorship has to date been undiscussed. Springing from my discovery of the note in the archive, I revisit Norberg-Schulz's phenomenological approach to architecture with a specific focus upon the notion of translation.

I uncover his references from this note and see these in light of his published work, particularly his landmark treatise Genius Loci: towards a phenomenology of architecture (1980). Building upon a long tradition of architectural theory, involving ideas from Vitruvius and Gottfried Semper, I argue that the theme of translation is recurrent throughout Norberg-Schulz's theoretical authorship, appearing in his theory of genius loci, his understanding of continuity and change, accounts of Norwegian architectural culture, and writings about the architecture of Louis Kahn.

Here, translation is seen as a tool for gathering, in the Heideggerian sense, which gives birth to an architecture in which the architectural outcome is not inferior to its pre-cursor, but simply different and from which something constructive might emerge. Seen in relation to the notion of architecture as language, it could even be argued to be a vital core to Norgerg-Schulz's longstanding interest in the meaning of architecture and place and how design must negotiate continuity and change. Understanding the genius loci as vital in architectural appropriation, as design, thus, implies a process of transla-tion, arguably a vital contribution to the ongoing interest in the intersection of architecture and translation.