bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Displacement washing of soda rapeseed pulp
Authors: Potůček František , Hájková Kateřina
Published: May 2015

The paper deals with the displacement washing of unbleached pulp cooked from rapeseed straw by soda pulping under laboratory conditions. Pulp fibres were characterised by their average length, as well as by effective specific volume and surface. Using the step function input change method, the washing breakthrough curves measured for alkali lignin as a tracer were described by the dispersed plug flow model containing a dimensionless criterion, the Péclet number. Besides the wash yield, the dispersion coefficient as well as the mean residence time and space time were evaluated. Preliminary results obtained for soda rapeseed pulp were compared with those for kraft hardwood (beech) and softwood (spruce, pine) pulps published earlier. The wash yield measured for soda pulp was found to be lower than that for hardwood and softwood pulps which manifested lower hydraulic resistance. The presence of silique valves in rapeseed straw resulted in lower mean residence time of lignin removed from the pulp bed in comparison with pulp manufactured from stalks only.
Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of sulphamethoxazole-based ureas and imidazolidine-2,4,5-triones
Authors: Krátký Martin , Mandíková Jana , Trejtnar František , Buchta Vladimír , Stolaříková Jiřina , Vinšová Jarmila
Published: May 2015

Progression of drug resistance among bacterial and fungal pathogens justifies the development of novel antimicrobial agents. Thus, a series of novel sulphamethoxazole-based ureas and imidazolidine- 2,4,5-triones have been designed and synthesised. The urea derivatives were obtained by the reaction of sulphamethoxazole and isocyanates, and their cyclisation to imidazolidine-2,4,5-triones was performed via oxalyl chloride. All synthesised derivatives were evaluated in vitro to determine their activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, fungi, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and atypical mycobacteria and their cytotoxicity. The growth of mycobacteria was inhibited within the range of 4-1000 μM and M. tuberculosis was the least-susceptible strain. 4-(3-Heptylureido)- N-(5-methylisoxazol-3-yl)benzenesulphonamide was identified as the most promising compound because it exhibited the highest activity against atypical mycobacteria at minimum inhibitory concentrations, from 4 μM, and with acceptable toxicity (selectivity indices for M. avium and M. kansasii higher than 16 and 62.5, respectively). Gram-positive bacteria, including methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus, were inhibited at concentrations starting from 125 μM, whereas the investigated derivatives exhibited almost no antifungal potency and activity against gram-negative species.
Deferoxamine–paper for iron(III) and vanadium(V) sensing
Authors: Alberti Giancarla , Quattrini Federico , Colleoni Roberta , Nurchi Valeria M. , Biesuz Raffaela
Published: May 2015

The development of a sensor based on the functionalization of common filter paper with deferoxamine (DFO) is proposed with the prospect to produce a solid phase for iron(III) and vanadium(V) sensing. The main features of this sensor are the simplicity of operation, good sensitivity and feasible applicability to real samples without the need of pre-treatment procedures. DFO was selected not only for it is easily anchored to the solid support, but also because it forms colored complexes with iron(III) and vanadium(V); hence, the developing of a simple colorimetric sensor can be considered. In particular, an innovative and economic way to perform colorimetric measurements using a desktop scanner is described. A complete characterization of the functionalized material is also reported.
Therapeutic potential of PACAP for neurodegenerative diseases
Authors: Yang Rongqiang , Jiang Xin , Ji Rui , Meng Lingbin , Liu Fuli , Chen Xiaolei , Xin Ying
Published: May 2015

Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) is widely expressed in the central and peripheral nervous system. PACAP can initiate multiple signaling pathways through binding with three class B G-protein coupled receptors, PAC1, VPAC1 and VPAC2. Previous studies have revealed numerous biological activities of PACAP in the nervous system. PACAP acts as a neurotransmitter, neuromodulator and neurotrophic factor. Recently, its neuroprotective potential has been demonstrated in numerous in vitro and in vivo studies. Furthermore, evidence suggests that PACAP might move across the blood-brain barrier in amounts sufficient to affect the brain functions. Therefore, PACAP has been examined as a potential therapeutic method for neurodegenerative diseases. The present review summarizes the recent findings with special focus on the models of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD). Based on these observations, the administered PACAP inhibits pathological processes in models of AD and PD, and alleviates clinical symptoms. It thus offers a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of AD and PD.
The beta-actin gene promoter of rohu carp (Labeo rohita) drives reporter gene expressions in transgenic rohu and various cell lines, including spermatogonial stem cells
Authors: Barman Hirak Kumar , Mohanta Ramya , Patra Swagat Kumar , Chakrapani Vemulawada , Panda Rudra Prasanna , Nayak Swapnarani , Jena Sasmita , Jayasankar Pallipuram , Nandanpawar Priyanka
Published: May 2015

We previously characterized the β-actin gene promoter of Indian domesticated rohu carp (Labeo rohita) and made a reporter construct via fusion to green fluorescence protein (GFP) cDNA. In this study, the same construct was used to breed transgenic rohu fish. About 20% of the transgenic offspring showed ubiquitous expression of the reporter GFP gene. In a few of the transgenic fish, we documented massive epithelial and/or muscular expression with visible green color under normal light. The expression of GFP mRNA was higher in the muscle tissue of transgenic fish than in that of non-transgenic fish. A highly efficient nucleofection protocol was optimized to transfect proliferating spermatogonial cells of rohu using this reporter construct. The β-actin promoter also drove expressions in HEK293 (derived from human embryonic kidney cells), K562 (human leukemic cells) and SF21 (insect ovarian cells) lines. These findings imply conserved regulatory mechanisms of β-actin gene expression across eukaryotes. Furthermore, the isolated β-actin promoter with consensus regulatory elements has the potential to be used in generating transgenic carp with genes of interest and in basic biology research.
Catabolism of chondroitin sulfate
Authors: Yamada Shuhei
Published: May 2015

Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is a ubiquitous component of the cell surface and extracellular matrix of animal tissues. CS chains are covalently bound to a core protein to form a proteoglycan, which is involved in various biological events including cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. Their functions are executed by regulating the activity of bioactive proteins, such as growth factors, morphogens, and cytokines. This review article focuses on the catabolism of CS. This catabolism predominantly occurs in lysosomes to control the activity of CS-proteoglycans. CS chains are fragmented by endo-type glycosidase(s), and the resulting oligosaccharides are then cleaved into monosaccharide moieties from the nonreducing end by exoglycosidases and sulfatases. However, the endo-type glycosidase responsible for the systemic catabolism of CS has not yet been identified. Based on recent advances in studies on hyaluronidases, which were previously considered to be hyaluronan-degrading enzymes, it appears that they recognize CS as their original substrate rather than hyaluronan and acquired hyaluronan-hydrolyzing activity at a relatively late stage of evolution.
The effect of hypoxia on PGE2-stimulated cAMP generation in HMEC-1
Authors: Wiktorowska-Owczarek Anna , Owczarek Jacek
Published: May 2015

Prostaglandin E

In summary, our findings show that PGE
Identification of shorter length lamin A protein in mouse ear cartilage tissue
Authors: Kalidas Ramamoorthy M. , Raja Subramanian Elaiya , Sudhakar Sivasubramaniam
Published: May 2015

Lamin A is an intermediate filament protein which is cleaved by the enzyme, FACE 1 at VTRSY↓L. The cleavage is the final step in the production of the mature lamin A protein. The mature lamin A protein localizes in the inner membrane of the nucleus. The mutation in the lamin A gene causes many diseases, including accelerated aging. It is known that the protein is not expressed in neuronal cells of the brain. Many splicing variants of the lamin A gene have been reported. In this study, the amino acid sequence VTRSY (a penta-peptide repeat) was found in three different sites of the C-terminal end of the lamin A protein, the protein expressed in cells of ear cartilage tissues is shorter than the protein expressed in cells of the skin tissues. Using two lamin A antibodies, it was found that the amino acid sequence between penta-peptide 2 and 3 is missing in lamin A protein that was expressed in the cells of mouse ear cartilage tissue, besides the RT-PCR data confirmed that the corresponding coding sequence between the penta repeat 2 and 3 is intact. Cleavage may occur at the penta-peptide (VTRSY) at site 3 in the lamin A tail of mouse ear cartilage.
Relationship among IL-6, LDL cholesterol and lipid peroxidation
Authors: Lubrano Valter , Gabriele Morena , Puntoni Maria Rita , Longo Vincenzo , Pucci Laura
Published: May 2015

Previous studies evidenced a significant reduction in serum cholesterol levels during an episode of acute inflammation. The aim of the present study was to verify the hypothesis of a regulatory role of cytokines through an in vitro model that simulates a situation of vascular inflammation and high levels of LDL or lipoperoxides.

Human microvascular endothelial cells-1 were used in all experiments. The cells were exposed for 24 h to increasing doses of LDL, oxidized lipoprotein, and 8-isoprostane (in the absence or presence of SQ29.548, a TXA2 receptor antagonist). Moreover, LDL receptor and oxidized lipoprotein receptor expression analyzed after endothelial cells’ incubation with increasing doses of interleukin-6. The ELISA test and quantitative real-time PCR were performed. Endothelial cells showed a significant increase in interleukin-6 medium levels associated with LDL, oxidized LDL and with the degree of oxidation (absence or presence of SQ29.548), while 8-isoprostane did not. Treatment of human microvascular endothelial cells-1 for 24 h with increasing doses of interleukin-6 significantly enhanced LDL receptor and oxidized lipoprotein receptor-1 mRNA expression.

Our data suggest the presence of a compensatory mechanism. The induction of a significant increase of IL-6 does not seem to be caused by the presence of the biological activity of 8-isoprostane.
Older adults’ television viewing as part of selection and compensation strategies
Authors: van der Goot Margot J. , Beentjes Johannes W. J. , van Selm Martine
Published: May 2015

A large share of the available literature on television and ageing depicts old age as a life stage characterized by losses in which people use television as a substitute for decreased activities. The aim of the present study is to investigate how television viewing is part of both selection and compensation strategies. Based on a qualitative interview study among a diverse sample of older adults (
Theorizing adversarial guests: The resistance to (and restoration of) media routines
Authors: Gollmitzer Mirjam
Published: May 2015

This article traces ‘difficult guests’ who violate the tacit rules that guide interactions between talk show hosts and their guests, between news anchors and their interviewees. The goal is to theorize the appearance of such guests on television against the background of four case studies. Using the media events and media scandals concepts as well as more recent work on ‘mediatization’, a new category of remarkable media occurrences is developed. Such ‘media incidents’ capture the resistance to media routines as well as the incorporation of resistance into those very routines. I will illustrate how media incidents make visible, for large audiences, the media’s daily habitual construction of reality. Despite their complex, even ambivalent nature, it is argued that media incidents perform a more critical function for citizens in media-saturated societies than both media events and scandals.
Parasocial relationships with audiences’ favorite celebrities: The role of audience and celebrity characteristics in a representative Flemish sample
Authors: Claessens Nathalie , Van den Bulck Hilde
Published: May 2015

This article provides insight into one form of audience involvement with celebrities: parasocial relationships (PSR). To address several shortcomings in PSR research – focus on TV, confusion between PSI (parasocial interaction) and PSR, use of student samples, neglect of socio-demographic variables – a representative online survey was conducted with 1000 Flemish adults who indicated 382 celebrities as favorites. A new scale reveals that PSR contain two important elements: emotional connections and an analogy with social relationships. Confirming previous research, most favorite celebrities are male, and cultural proximity is especially important for older respondents. In one combined model, respondents’ and celebrities’ (socio-demographic) characteristics are included as potential PSR predictors. This model nuances previous research and reveals that people who are male, older, more lowly-educated, and interested in celebrity news have stronger PSR. Further, stronger PSR are found for local and religious, political, sports, and music celebrities than for film celebrities.
Forecasting Stock Market Trends
Authors: Nedeltcheva Galia Novakova
Published: May 2015

Forecasting is a difficult area of management.
In this article, we deal with macroforecasting. The development and assessment of
econometric methods for use in empirical finance and macroeconomics, with
special emphasis on problems of prediction, is very important.
Stock market analysis, also known as technical analysis, is the process of deriving
patterns from price movement. In the literature, different methods have been applied in order
to predict stock market returns. These methods can be grouped in four major
categories: technical analysis methods, fundamental analysis methods,
traditional time series forecasting, and machine learning methods.
Technical analysts, known as chartists, attempt to predict the market by
tracing patterns that come from the study of charts that describe historic
data of the market. This study examines the effectiveness of technical
analysis on US stocks for long range and shorter term.
New Approach To Traffic Density Estimation Based On Indoor And Outdoor Scenes From CCTV
Authors: Chmielewska Agata , Parzych Marianna , Marciniak Tomasz , Dąbrowski Adam
Published: May 2015

In this paper we present an algorithm for precise estimation of moving objects density (typically people and vehicles) in indoor and outdoor scenes. Automatic generation of the so-called density maps is based on video sequences acquired by surveillance systems. Our approach offers two types of solutions. The first one increments the accumulation table when a moving object is detected in a location of interest, delivering a density map of the presence of moving objects. The second algorithm increments the accumulation table only in cases of detecting a new moving object, resulting in a density map of the count of moving objects. The proposed algorithms were tested with the use of PETS 2009 database and with our own database of long-term video recordings. Finally, results of the density maps visualization and determination of the “busy hours” are presented.
The Rise and Fall of Swedish Wealth Taxation
Authors: Henrekson Magnus , Rietz Gunnar Du
Published: May 2015

We study the evolution of modern Swedish wealth taxation from its introduction in**1911 until it was abolished in 2007. The rules concerning valuation of assets, deductions/exemptions and tax schedules to characterize effective wealth tax schedules are described. These rules and schedules are used to calculate marginal and average wealth tax rates for three differently endowed owners of family firms and individual fortunes corresponding to a large, medium-sized and small firm. The overall trend in the direct wealth tax was rising until 1971 for owners of large and medium-sized firms and for individuals of equally-sized wealth consisting of non-corporate assets. Average direct wealth tax rates were low until 1934, except for 1913 when a progressive defense tax was levied. There were three major tax hikes: in 1934, when the wealth tax was more than doubled, in 1948 when tax rates were doubled again and in 1971 for owners of large firms and similarly sized non-corporate fortunes. Effective tax rates peaked in 1973 for owners of large firms and in 1983 for individuals with large non-corporate wealth. Reduction rules limited the wealth tax rates from 1934 for fortunes with high wealth/income ratios. The wealth tax on unlisted net business equity was abolished in 1991. Tax rates for wealthy individuals were decreased in 1991 and in 1992 and then remained at 0.5-1 percent through 2006, depending on whether the reduction rule was applicable. Tax rates for small-firm owners and small individual fortunes were substantially lower. Aggregate wealth tax revenues were rela-tively small; they never exceeded 0.4 percent of GDP in the postwar period and amounted to 0.16 percent of GDP in 2006.
Policy evaluation methods in tax research – new evidence and interpretations
Authors: Harju Jarkko
Published: May 2015

In this article I briefly describe the main questions related to the design of a tax system and introduce policy evaluation methods that can help us to learn about the effects of different taxes on different outcomes. Then I consider what various responses mean in terms of agents’ behavior and give my view of aspects that are important when tax systems are reformed. Finally I present the results of my PhD dissertation (Harju (2013)) and the contributions of the articles therein one by one, the aim being to offer examples of empirical tax research applying policy evaluation methods.
Generation Shifting and the Principle of Continuity in Norwegian Tax Law
Authors: Zimmer Frederik
Published: May 2015

With effect as from 1st January 2014 Norway abolished the inheritance tax and introduced the so-called continuity principle in income taxation. This means that heirs and receivers of gifts step into the tax basis and other tax positions of the giver and the deceased. Some additional requirements apply to some tax positions, in particular tax positions not related to assets (typically deferral of capital gains and carry forward of losses). Dwelling-houses and farms and forestries which the deceased or the giver could have sold without capital gains taxation is excepted.
NSFR Seminar 2014 – National Report for Sweden
Authors: Kleist David
Published: May 2015

This article aims to give an overview of the rules concerning taxation of companies in Sweden and of trends in the taxation of companies that have been evident in the last few years. It focuses in particular on issues that are connected with the so-called BEPS discussion, for instance interest deduction limitations, CFC rules, general anti-avoidance rules and other rules intended to protect the national tax base. It also sets out to describe other important features of the Swedish tax legislation in regard to companies, such as the rules on taxation of inbound and outbound dividends, interest and royalty.
‘Divine Offspring’: Richard Hooker’s Neoplatonic Account of Law and Causality
Authors: Kirby Torrance
Published: May 2015

Richard Hooker’s (1554-1600) adaptation of classical logos theology is exceptional and indeed quite original for its extended application of the principles of Neoplatonic apophatic theology to the concrete institutional issues of a particular time and place-the aftermath of the Elizabethan Religious Settlement of 1559. Indeed, his sustained effort to explore the underlying connections of urgent political and constitutional concerns with the highest discourse of hidden divine realities-the knitting together of Neoplatonic theology and Reformation politics-is perhaps the defining characteristic of Hooker’s distinction mode of thought. Hooker’s ontology adheres to a Proclean logic of procession and reversion (processio and redditus) mediated by Aquinas’s formulation of the so-called lex divinitatis whereby the originative principle of law remains simple and self-identical as an Eternal Law while it emanates manifold, derivative and dependent species of law, preeminently in the Natural Law accessible to human reason and Divine Law revealed through the Sacred Oracles of Scripture. For Hooker, therefore, ‘all thinges’-including even the Elizabethan constitution in Church and Commonwealth, are God’s offspring: ‘they are in him as effects in their highest cause, he likewise actuallie is in them, the assistance and influence of his deitie is theire life.’
Catholic Communities and Kinship Networks of the Elizabethan Midlands
Authors: Verner Laura
Published: May 2015

An integral method of keeping a non-conforming community functioning is the construction and up keep of networks, as this web of connections provided security and protection with other non-conformists against the persecuting authorities. The non-conforming Catholic community of Elizabethan England (1558-1603) established various networks within England and abroad. This article is based on research that examines the network of Catholics in the Elizabethan Midlands in order to understand both its effectiveness and the relationship of the local and extended Catholic community with one another. The construction, function and result of these networks will be surveyed over several categories of networks, such as local, underground, clerical and exile. Members of the Midland Catholic community travelled to others areas of the British Isles and Europe to gather spiritual and material support for their faith, sent their children abroad for religious education, and resettled abroad creating in this wake a larger and complex international network. The main objective of this exercise is to show the dynamic and function of the network, and understand the impact it had at the local level for Midland Catholics.
‘Out of Whose Hive the Quakers Swarm’d’: Polemics and the Justification of Infant Baptism in the Early Restoration
Authors: Warren Jonathan
Published: May 2015

The English Civil War brought an end to government censorship of nonconformist texts. The resulting exegetical and hermeneutical battles waged over baptism among paedobaptists and Baptists continued well into the Restoration period. A survey of the post-Restoration polemical literature reveals the following themes: 1) the polemical ‘slippery slope’ is a major feature of these tracts. Dissenting paedobaptists believed that Baptists would inevitably become Quakers, despising baptism altogether, and that the resulting social instability would allow the tyranny of Roman Catholicism to reemerge in England. Baptists for their part compared the tyranny of paedobaptist argumentation to the tyranny exercised by Roman Catholics. Anti- Quakeriana and Anti-Popery were both central ‘devil terms’ in this polemical warfare; 2) the exegesis of biblical texts underlying infant baptism revealed contrary understandings of how the bible fit together as a whole. Baptists tended to read Old and New Testaments disjunctively, whereas paedobaptists saw continuity absent explicit abrogation; 3) scholastic theology continued to undergird the arguments of all parties. Especially relevant to this discussion was debate over the proper ‘matter’ and ‘form’ of baptism. Here exegetical and hermeneutical disputes were also relevant. This study reveals that patterns of reading Scripture in each community were informed by traditions and practices, and that the search for the objective ‘literal’ sense of the text was bound to be unavailing.
Signaling equality: On humor and other semiotic resources that serve disagreement and display horizontal hierarchy
Authors: Argaman Einav
Published: May 2015

This paper studies the public display of horizontal hierarchies. Drawing on a naturalistic paradigm, audio- and videotaped presentations of college students were investigated. The students presented in class before their peers. Excerpts that comprise disagreement between equals were selected for analysis. The primary assumption was that disagreements can serve as a potential risk to horizontal hierarchies. Hence, they serve as an interesting source for exploring if and how colleagueship is sustained. The analysis shows the use of various verbal and nonverbal semiotic resources (including humor), which display the shift students make between assuming power and signaling equality. The sequential organization of disagreements (detailed in the paper) pertains to the building blocks (i.e., a contest and a retreat from confrontational positions) that comprise horizontal hierarchy. These building blocks are exhibited in different turns and within turn-constructional components.
The edusemiotics of Tarot: Recovering the lost feminine
Authors: Semetsky Inna
Published: May 2015

The term edusemiotics indicates a novel interdisciplinary field of inquiry at the intersection of educational philosophy, learning theory, and a science of signs. The article explores the semiotics of Tarot images as a mode of informal learning from experiences that are symbolically represented in the language of images as a feminine mode of expression. As embedded in the dynamics of semiosis, the process of reading and interpreting Tarot signs establishes a connection between self and other, subject and object, matter and mind, thus overcoming Cartesian dualism in practice. The implications are profound as Tarot edusemiotics contributes to our moral and intellectual growth.
Is Zero Central Line–Associated Bloodstream Infection Rate Sustainable? A 5-Year Perspective
Authors: Erdei Carmina , McAvoy Linda L. , Gupta Munish , Pereira Sunita , McGowan Elisabeth C.
Published: May 2015

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:

Adoption and implementation of evidence-based measures for catheter care leads to reductions in central line–associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI) rates in the NICU. The purpose of this study is to evaluate whether this rate reduction is sustainable for at least 1 year and to identify key determinants of this sustainability at the NICU of the Floating Hospital for Children at Tufts Medical Center.

METHODS:

We reviewed the incidence of CLABSIs in the NICU temporally to the implementation of new practice policies and procedures, from July 2008 to December 2013.

RESULTS:

Adoption of standardized care practices, including bundles and checklists, was associated with a significant reduction of the CLABSI rate to zero for >370 consecutive days in our NICU in 2012. Overall, our CLABSI rates decreased from 4.1 per 1000 line days in 2009 (13 infections; 3163 line days) to 0.94 in 2013 (2 infections; 2115 line days), which represents a 77% reduction over a 5-year period. In the first quarter of 2013, there was a brief increase in CLABSI rate to 3.3 per 1000 line days; after a series of interventions, the CLABSI rate was maintained at zero for >600 days. Ongoing training, surveillance, and vigilance with catheter insertion and maintenance practices and improved documentation were identified as key drivers for success.

CONCLUSIONS:

High-quality training, strict compliance with evidence-based guidelines, and thorough documentation is associated with significant reductions in CLABSIs. Mindful organizing may lead to a better understanding of what goes into a unit’s ability to handle peak demands and sustain extraordinary performance in the long-term.
Active Play Opportunities at Child Care
Authors: Tandon Pooja S. , Saelens Brian E. , Christakis Dimitri A.
Published: May 2015

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:

Physical activity (PA) is important for children’s health and development, yet preschoolers are not meeting PA recommendations. The objective of this study was to examine different PA opportunities at child care and how variation in indoor versus outdoor and free versus teacher-led opportunities relate to children’s PA.

METHODS:

An observational study of 98 children (mean age 4.5 years, 49% girls) from 10 child care centers. Classrooms were observed for at least 4 full days per center (total 50 days) to categorize time into (1) not an active play opportunity (APO); (2) naptime; (3) APO, outdoor free play; (4) APO, outdoor teacher-led; (5) APO, indoor free play; and (6) APO, indoor teacher-led. Children wore accelerometers during observations. Linear regression models examined the influence of APO categories on moderate-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and sedentary time.

RESULTS:

Children’s activity was 73% sedentary, 13% light, and 14% MVPA. For 88% of time children did not have APOs, including 26% time as naptime. On average, 48 minutes per day were APOs (41% sedentary, 18% light, and 41% MVPA), 33 minutes per day were outdoors. The most frequent APO was outdoor free play (8% of time); outdoor teacher-led time was <1%. Children were more active and less sedentary outdoors versus indoors and during the child-initiated APOs (indoors and outdoors) versus teacher-led APOs.

CONCLUSIONS:

Preschoolers were presented with significantly fewer than recommended opportunities for PA at child care. More APOs are needed for children to meet recommendations, particularly those that encourage more outdoor time, more teacher-led and child-initiated active play, and flexibility in naptime for preschoolers.
Head Growth and Neurocognitive Outcomes
Authors: Wright Charlotte M. , Emond Alan
Published: May 2015

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:

There is a lack of evidence on the value of head circumference (HC) as a screening measure. We aimed to describe the incidence of head centile shifting and the relationship between extremes of head size and later neurodevelopmental problems in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children.

METHODS:

HC was measured routinely at 2, 9, and 18 or 24 months and by researchers at ages 4, 8, 12, and 18 months. IQ according to the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children was measured in research clinics at age 8 for all. Neurocognitive disorders (NCDs) were identified from chart review.

RESULTS:

There were 10 851 children with ≥2 head measurements. At each age, 2% to 3% of children had scores that were < −2 or >2 SDs below or above the mean, but for most children this was only found at 1 age. More than 15% of children showed centile shifts, but less than one-third of these were sustained at subsequent measurements. Only 0.5% showed a sustained shift beyond the normal range. Children with consistently small heads were up to 7 times more likely to have an NCD, but 85% of children with small heads had no NCDs, and 93% of children with NCDs had head SD scores within the normal range.

CONCLUSIONS:

Centile shifts within the normal range occur commonly and seem mainly to reflect measurement error. This finding makes robust assessment of the head trajectory difficult and may result in many children being investigated unnecessarily. Extreme head size is neither specific nor sensitive for detecting NCDs, suggesting that routine measurement of HC is unhelpful.
Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Cognition in VLBW Infants at 8 years: an RCT
Authors: Almaas Astrid Nylander , Tamnes Christian K. , Nakstad Britt , Henriksen Christine , Walhovd Kristine B. , Fjell Anders M. , Due-Tønnessen Paulina , Drevon Christian A. , Iversen Per Ole
Published: May 2015

OBJECTIVE:

To test the hypothesis that supplementation with the long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (AA) to very low birth weight (VLBW) infants would improve long-term cognitive functions and influence neuroanatomical volumes and cerebral cortex measured by MRI.

METHODS:

The current study is a follow-up of a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study of supplementation with high-dose DHA (0.86%) and AA (0.91%) to 129 VLBW infants fed human milk. Ninety-eight children participated at 8 years follow-up and completed a broad battery of cognitive tests. Eighty-one children had cerebral MRI scans of acceptable quality.

RESULTS:

There were no significant differences between the intervention group and the control group on any of the cognitive measures. Equally, MRI data on segmental brain volumes and cerebral cortex volume, area, and thickness suggested no overall group effect.

CONCLUSIONS:

This study is the first long-term follow-up of a randomized controlled trial with supplementation of DHA and AA to human milk fed VLBW infants investigating both cognitive functions and brain macrostructure measured by MRI. No cognitive or neuroanatomical effects of the supplementation were detected at 8 years of age.
Glycerin Enemas and Suppositories in Premature Infants: A Meta-analysis
Authors: Livingston Michael H. , Shawyer Anna C. , Rosenbaum Peter L. , Williams Connie , Jones Sarah A. , Walton J. Mark
Published: May 2015

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:

Premature infants are often given glycerin enemas or suppositories to facilitate meconium evacuation and transition to enteral feeding. The purpose of this study was to assess the available evidence for this treatment strategy.

METHODS:

We conducted a systematic search of Medline, Embase, Central, and trial registries for randomized controlled trials of premature infants treated with glycerin enemas or suppositories. Data were extracted in duplicate and meta-analyzed using a random effects model.

RESULTS:

We identified 185 premature infants treated prophylactically with glycerin enemas in one trial (n = 81) and suppositories in two other trials (n = 104). All infants were less than 32 weeks gestation and had no congenital malformations. Treatment was associated with earlier initiation of stooling in one trial (2 vs 4 days, P = .02) and a trend towards earlier meconium evacuation in another (6.5 vs 9 days, P = .11). Meta-analysis demonstrated no effect on transition to enteral feeding (0.7 days faster, P = .43) or mortality (P = 0.50). There were no reports of rectal bleeding or perforation but there was a trend towards increased risk of necrotizing enterocolitis with glycerin enemas or suppositories (risk ratio = 2.72, P = .13). These three trials are underpowered and affected by one or more major methodological issues. As a result, the quality of evidence is low to very low. Three other trials are underway.

CONCLUSIONS:

The evidence for the use glycerin enemas or suppositories in premature infants in inconclusive. Meta-analyzed data suggest that treatment may be associated with increased risk of necrotizing enterocolitis. Careful monitoring of ongoing trials is required.
Relación Entre las Estrategias de Manejo del Conflicto y la Percepción de la Violencia Situacional en la Pareja
Authors: Méndez Sánchez María del Pilar , García Méndez Mirna
Published: May 2015

Se buscó determinar si las estrategias de manejo del conflicto influyen en la violencia situacional en la pareja. A una muestra de 342 participantes se le aplicó la Escala de Estrategias de Manejo de Conflicto y la Escala de Violencia en la Pareja. Los resultados indicaron que los hombres muestran mayor afecto, tiempo y acomodación que las mujeres ante los conflictos de pareja; sin embargo, ellas perciben más violencia física y económica, así como mayor intimidación y humillación/devaluación. Un modelo estructural para el análisis de los datos mostró que la violencia fue predicha por las dimensiones de las estrategias de manejo del conflicto de evitación, tiempo, afecto, acomodación y reflexión/comunicación.
Sensibilidad en el Reconocimiento de Emociones Faciales Como Endofenotipo de Esquizofrenia
Authors: Quintero Claudia , García Valencia Jenny , Muñoz Claudia , Rangel Andrés , Palacio Carlos , Ospina-Duque Jorge , Arango-Viana Juan Carlos , Aguirre-Acevedo Daniel , Ocampo María Victoria , Valencia Ana Victoria , Jaramillo Luis , Sánchez Ricardo , Rodríguez-Lozada Jorge
Published: May 2015

Los endofenotipos son rasgos presentes antes de la aparición de un trastorno y podrían ser útiles para identificar genes de susceptibilidad. Se determinó si personas con esquizofrenia y sus familiares de primer grado no afectados tenían un desempeño menor que los controles en la Tarea de Multitransformación de Expresión Emocional, que mide reconocimiento de emociones faciales. Las personas con esquizofrenia y sus familiares mostraron menor sensibilidad o requirieron más intensidad para identificar emociones que los controles. La exactitud para identificar emociones fue similar entre familiares y controles, pero menor en aquellos con esquizofrenia. Esto sugiere que la sensibilidad para el reconocimiento de emociones faciales es un endofenotipo de la esquizofrenia.
Factores Psicosociales e Intervención Psicológica en Enfermedades Crónicas No Transmisibles
Authors: Orozco Gómez Angela María , Castiblanco Orozco Laura
Published: May 2015

Los cambios que experimentan las personas diagnosticadas con Enfermedades Crónicas no Trasmisibles (ECNT) a nivel individual, familiar o social evidencian la importancia de la intervención psicológica desde el modelo cognoscitivo-conductual. En este artículo se recoge literatura que demuestra la efectividad de este modelo para facilitar ajustes en el estilo de vida, generar mayor adherencia al tratamiento, minimizar los riesgos de recaída y mantener el nivel de calidad de vida del paciente y de quienes lo rodean. Se concluye que es fundamental que la intervención psicológica se brinde con calidad, equidad, oportunidad y pertinencia, lo que reducirá a mediano plazo los costos instrumentales, temporales y profesionales en el manejo de las ECNT.
TiO2 Macroscopic Fibers Bearing Outstanding Photocatalytic Properties Obtained through an Integrative Chemistry-Based Scale-Up Semi-Industrial Process
Authors: Kinadjian Natacha , le Bechec Mickael , Neri Wilfrid , Poulin Philippe , Lacombe Sylvie , Backov Rénal
Published: May 2015

In here we depict the morphogenesis and associated properties of TiO2-based macroscopic fibers designed for the photodecomposition of volatile organic compounds (VOC). We employed a continuous industrially scalable extrusion-based process making the use of hybrid sols of amorphous titania nanoparticles, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and occasionally latex nanoparticles. This process allowed for the continuous generation of hybrid TiO2/latex/PVA or TiO2/PVA macroscopic fibers. Upon thermal treatment, biphasic porous fibers are obtained containing the anatase phase of TiO2 with 10-15% of brookite. These fibers, which can be manufactured under several hundred meter of length, are offering significantly improved phototocatalytic efficiency now comparable to the commercial Quartzel®PCO photocatalyst for gas-phase acetone mineralization.
The Effect of a Simple Simulation Game on Long-Term Vocabulary Retention
Authors: Franciosi Stephan J. , Yagi Junichi , Tomoshige Yuuki , Ye Suying
Published: May 2015

Recent studies have shown that simulation games may be useful tools for supporting foreign language education. However, much of this research has focused on games using 3D graphic technology, which entail technical requirements that may render them too complex for use in many educational contexts. Accordingly, we wanted to determine if less complex simulation games could also support the acquisition of a foreign language. We conducted a quasi-experiment using whole classes comprising EFL learners at a Japanese university. A treatment group used an online vocabulary learning application (Quizlet) in conjunction with a simple simulation game (3rd World Farmer), and a control group used the vocabulary learning application alone. Although using the simulation game showed no short-term benefit, the treatment group outperformed the control group on a delayed post test administered 11 weeks after treatment. We conclude that the effect of simulation games can be used in foreign language learning to improve long-term retention of target language vocabulary.
Faith-Based Sustainability in Practice
Authors: Moyer Joanne M.
Published: May 2015

The enduring problems of poverty and environmental degradation demand new resources for advancing sustainability. Faith-based approaches and learning present two potential avenues. Archival research, interviews, and participant observation conducted with two faith-based organizations in Kenya engaged in sustainability work provide empirical evidence of how faith and sustainability can intersect in practice. A Rocha Kenya, a Christian conservation organization, focuses on bird and forest habitats and community conservation, and the Rural Service Programme delivers rural development programs for the Quaker church. Pro?les illustrate the interaction between the faith convictions of the organizations and their members, their organizational culture and structure, their work, and learning for sustainability that emerges. Findings reveal that their sustainability work is undergirded by integrated and holistic approaches and their faith-based motivations and values. Characteristics that contribute to learning include commitment to building and sharing knowledge, a strong management structure, and diversity within the organizational culture.
A Phase I Trial of Bortezomib and Sorafenib in Advanced Malignant Melanoma
Authors: Sullivan Ryan J. , Ibrahim Nageatte , Lawrence Donald P. , Aldridge Julie , Giobbie-Hurder Anita , Hodi F. Stephen , Flaherty Keith T. , Conley Christine , Mier James W. , Atkins Michael B. , McDermott David F.
Published: May 2015

Lessons Learned

This study is a rare example of effective doses of both targeted agents being both administered and tolerated. This combination should not be used in melanoma.

Background.

Sorafenib and bortezomib affect BCL family member expression. We previously demonstrated that bortezomib augmented sorafenib-mediated cytotoxicity in melanoma cell lines in vitro. We aimed to combine sorafenib 400 mg b.i.d. with increasing doses of weekly bortezomib.

Methods.

Patients with metastatic melanoma were enrolled in dose-escalation cohorts to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of sorafenib (twice daily) in combination with bortezomib (weekly for 3 of 4 weeks). The MTD was defined as the highest dose level at which less than 33% of patients exhibited a dose-limiting toxicity (DLT). Efficacy, as measured by 6-month progression-free survival and response rate per RECIST, was documented.

Results.

Eleven patients were enrolled at three dose levels. DLTs (fatigue and rash) were seen in two of three patients at the highest dose level. Five patients were enrolled for sorafenib 400 mg b.i.d. and bortezomib 1.0 mg/m2 weekly for 3 of every 4 weeks; none had DLTs, and this dose level was defined as the MTD. Of 10 evaluable patients, no responses were seen. Two of 11 patients (18%) remained progression free for longer than 6 months.

Conclusion.

The combination of sorafenib and bortezomib is safe but not active in patients with melanoma.
Clinical Trials, Disparities, and Financial Burden: It's Time to Intervene
Authors: Moy Beverly
Published: May 2015

The additional financial burden of clinical trial participation and the lack of availability of trials at safety net facilities make it essentially impossible for underserved patients to participate. If allowed to continue, these trends will ensure that only affluent cancer patients will be able to participate in clinical trials. Interventions to better handle financial stresses and widespread policy change are necessary to optimize high-quality care for all patients with cancer.
Male Breast Cancer: A Study in Small Steps
Authors: Korde Larissa A.
Published: May 2015

Much can be learned from small single-institution studies in male breast cancer; however, individual studies represent only small steps toward our understanding of this rare disease. International collaborative efforts are necessary to make the great strides needed to discern the unique biology, genetics, and optimal treatment for male breast cancer and to best serve patients with this disease.
Worth Farm flood detention reservoir: challenges during construction
Authors: Courtnadge Andy
Published: May 2015

Worth Farm is a new flood detention reservoir on the outskirts of Crawley in West Sussex, which forms part of the Environment Agency's wider Upper Mole flood alleviation scheme. It comprises a 330 m long, 8 m high zoned earthfill dam with a 1ṡ4 m diameter culvert through it and a 140 m long reinforced grass spillway. Construction commenced in February 2012 and was due to be completed within 12 months, but owing to a number of issues encountered during construction, was delayed and final completion is programmed for April 2014 (the preliminary certificate was issued in March 2014). This paper describes some of the issues encountered during construction and how they were resolved. Particular challenges have included carrying out major earthworks during the second wettest year on record, encountering springs, historic landfill and soft ground conditions and ensuring watertight joints when constructing the control structures from precast elements. The author has been involved in various design stages of the dam since 2010 and has been the site supervisor under the Engineering and Construction Contract throughout construction. This paper summarises his experiences and some of the lessons learnt during construction.
Adopting a risk-based approach to reservoir safety in Scotland
Authors: Ashworth James
Published: May 2015

There are a number of significant changes which will be undertaken through the phased implementation of the Reservoirs (Scotland) Act 2011, which adopts a risk-based approach to reservoir safety. The implementation of the 2011 Act will introduce a number of key changes and benefits to the industry, including the move to a single regulatory body, the Scottish Environment Protection Agency (SEPA). The 2011 Act will require SEPA to assign a risk designation of high, medium or low to each controlled reservoir based on the consequence of an uncontrolled release of water from the reservoir. Until the transitional programme is fully implemented, reservoir safety in Scotland will still be regulated by the local authorities under the Reservoirs Act 1975. Once fully implemented, SEPA will become the regulatory authority for reservoir safety in Scotland and they will help to support the reservoir industry through a suite of guidance documents that offer advice and good practice on how to fulfil the requirements of legislation.
Compression and undrained shear strength of remoulded clay mixtures
Authors: Shi X. S. , Herle I.
Published: May 2015

Clay mixtures are a by-product from open pit mining during the excavation of various soil layers. The mechanical behaviour of landfills composed of these clay mixtures is complex. In the present study, two clays were used to produce soil mixtures artificially in the laboratory. The physical properties, compression behaviour and remoulded undrained shear strength of the resulting materials were investigated. The test results show that the actual measured values of the liquid limit were close to the expected theoretical value (the constituents are supposed to contribute proportionally to their amounts), but there was a non-negligible difference in the plasticity indices. The constants of intrinsic compressibility are affected by both the initial void ratio and the liquid limit. The remoulded shear strength of the clay mixtures can be also normalised with the liquid limit or the consistency index.