bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Biotic factors limit the invasion of the plague pathogen (Yersinia pestis) in novel geographical settings
Authors: Fell Henry G. , Osborne Owen G. , Jones Matthew D. , Atkinson Steve , Tarr Simon , Keddie Suzanne H. , Algar Adam C.
Published: January 2022

Aim

The distribution of Yersinia pestis, the pathogen that causes plague in humans, is reliant upon transmission between host species; however, the degree to which host species distributions dictate the distribution of Y. pestis, compared with limitations imposed by the environmental niche of Y. pestis per se, is debated. We test whether the present‐day environmental niche of Y. pestis differs between its native range and an invaded range and whether biotic factors (host distributions) can explain observed discrepancies.

Location

North America and Central Asia.

Major taxa studied

Yersinia pestis.

Methods

We use environmental niche models to determine whether the current climatic niche of Y. pestis differs between its native range in Asia and its invaded range in North America. We then test whether the inclusion of information on the distribution of host species improves the ability of models to capture the North American niche. We use geographical null models to guard against spurious correlations arising from spatially autocorrelated occurrence points.

Results

The current climatic niche of Y. pestis differs between its native and invaded regions. The Asian niche overpredicted the distribution of Y. pestis across North America. Including biotic factors along with the native climatic niche increased niche overlap between the native and invaded models, and models containing only biotic factors performed better than the native climatic niche alone. Geographical null models confirmed that the increased niche overlap through inclusion of biotic factors did not, with a couple of exceptions, arise solely from spatially autocorrelated occurrences.

Main conclusions

The current climatic niche in Central Asia differs from the current climatic niche in North America. Inclusion of biotic factors improved the fit of models to the Y. pestis distribution data in its invaded region better than climate variables alone. This highlights the importance of host species when investigating zoonotic disease introductions and suggests that climatic variables alone are insufficient to predict disease distribution in novel environments.
In lockdown with my inner saboteur: A collaborative collage on self‐compassion
Authors: Lafaire Ana Paula , Soini Aleksi , Grünbaum Leni
Published: January 2022

Dear reader, we are writing this piece as a collaborative collage based on our experience of our ongoing PhD journey in a “top” business school, on self‐compassion and the inner saboteur, all saturated by the unpredictable developments of the COVID‐19 pandemic. Contrary to the linear argumentation of academic writing, collage writing works by opening up “new possibilities for understanding” what is written (Herrmann, 2020, p. 298). This introduction is where we manage your expectations, by letting you know that what follows below does not replicate the structure or the form of a conventionally organized paper.
Effects of holding time on structure and the properties of spodumene/mullite composite ceramics
Authors: Wu Yaqun , Tian Yuming , Feng Ming , Qing Mei , Wu Yaqiao
Published: January 2022

In this paper, spodumene/mullite ceramics with good thermal shock resistance were prepared from spodumene, quartz, talc, and clay when the sintering temperature was 1270℃. In the sintering process, the effect of holding time on densification, mechanical properties, phase transformation, microstructure, and thermal shock resistance of the composite ceramics were investigated. The phase transition and microstructures of the ceramics were identified via X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The interaction between holding time and bulk density was studied by response surface methodology. The result show that an appropriate holding time can improve the mechanical properties of spodumene/mullite ceramics. When the holding time was kept 90 min, the spodumene/mullite ceramics with the apparent porosity was .47%, the bulk density was 2.28 g/cm3, and bending strength was 63.46 MPa. Furthermore, since no cracks formed after 20 thermal shock cycles for the composite ceramics with a bending strength decreasing rate of 12.66%, it is revealed that spodumene/mullite ceramics exhibit good thermal shock resistance. Therefore, this study can provide beneficial guidance for both industrial production and energy conservation.
Financial market incompleteness and international cooperation on capital controls
Authors: Kitano Shigeto , Takaku Kenya
Published: January 2022

We examine how the degree of financial market incompleteness affects welfare gains from international cooperation on capital controls. When financial markets are incomplete, international risk sharing is disturbed. However, the optimal global policy significantly reverses the welfare deterioration due to inefficient risk sharing. We show that when financial markets are more incomplete, the welfare gap between the optimal global policy and the Nash equilibrium increases, and the welfare gains from international cooperation on capital controls then become larger.
MiR‐3017b contributes to metamorphosis by targeting sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ATPase in Tribolium castaneum
Authors: Tang Jing , Zhai Mengfan , Yu Runnan , Song Xiaowen , Feng Fan , Gao Han , Li Bin
Published: January 2022

In recent years, increasing numbers of microRNAs (miRNAs) have been reported to regulate insect metamorphosis. One thousand, one hundred fifty‐four miRNAs have been previously identified from Tribolium castaneum by high‐throughput sequencing; however, little is known about which miRNAs can participate in metamorphosis, leaving the role of miRNAs in regulating the underlying mechanism elusive. Here, we report the participation of miR‐3017b in the metamorphosis of T. castaneum. Temporal profiles revealed that miR‐3017b was highly expressed at the late larval stage, but significantly decreased at the early pupal stage. Overexpression of miR‐3017b caused larval to pupal to adult metamorphosis arrested. Dual‐luciferase reporter assay and miRNA–mRNA interaction assay illustrated that miR‐3017b interacts with the coding sequence of sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA) and suppresses its expression. Knockdown of SERCA caused metamorphosis arrested, similar to that observed in miR‐3017b overexpression beetles. Further functional mechanism analyses revealed that 20‐hydroxyecdysone application downregulates miR‐3017b and up‐regulates SERCA expression. The expression level of downstream genes in the 20E pathway was disrupted after overexpressing miR‐3017 and the knockdown of SERCA. These results provided evidence miR‐3017b‐SERCA contributes to metamorphosis by regulating the 20E pathway in T. castaneum. It could advance our understanding of the coordination of 20E and miRNA regulation in insect metamorphosis.
Cortical auditory evoked potentials in 1‐month‐old infants predict language outcomes at 12 months
Authors: Cruz Sara , Crego Alberto , Moreira Carla , Ribeiro Eugénia , Gonçalves Óscar , Ramos Rita , Sampaio Adriana
Published: January 2022

The neurophysiological assessment of infants in their first developmental year can provide important information about the functional changes of the brain and supports the study of behavioral and developmental characteristics. Infants’ cortical auditory evoked potentials (CAEPs) reflect cortical maturation and appear to predict subsequent language abilities. This study aimed to identify CAEP components to two auditory stimulus intensities in 1‐month‐old infants and to understand how these are associated with social interactive and self‐regulatory behaviors. In addition, it examined whether CAEPs predicted developmental outcomes when infants were assessed at 12 months of age. At 1 month, P2 and N2 components were present for both auditory stimulus intensities, with an increased P2 amplitude being observed for the higher‐intensity stimuli. We also observed that an increased P2 amplitude in the lower intensity predicted receptive and expressive language competencies at 12 months. These results are consistent with previous findings indicating an association between auditory processing and developmental outcomes in infants. This study suggests that specific auditory neurophysiological markers are associated with developmental outcomes in the first developmental year.
Deep‐sea clays using as active Fenton catalysts for self‐propelled motors
Authors: Zhang Peiping , Sun Xue , Guo Jiankang , Wang Yan , Zhang Wei , Ning Weikun , Li Wenqing , Wei Cundi , Shi Xuefa , Miao Shiding
Published: January 2022

Raw deep‐sea clays (i.e., pelagic clays) collected from the Indian Ocean were able to function as Fenton catalysts and self‐propelled micromotors due to the high content of Fe‐ and Mn‐. The pelagic clays were for the first time observed to be automatic in the H2O2 solution. The pelagic clays existed in the form of poorly crystallized marine sedimentation. The major minerals were found as illite/montmorillonite (I/M) and amorphous ferromanganese nodules, and the minor minerals included kaolinite, quartz, feldspar, and calcite. Significant amounts of oxygen bubbles were generated when the clay particles were dispersed into the H2O2 solution (0.1–10.0 wt.%), and the average velocity of the motors was observed as high as 183.0 μm s–1 in 10.0 wt.% H2O2. The self‐propulsion would induce vigorous mixing in local areas of the solution and was confirmed to benefit the catalytic performance. The clays were employed to remove Rhodamine B (RhB) for a proof‐of‐concept study. In the acid solution (pH = 1.0–5.0), the removal of RhB was controlled by the Fenton process accompanied by the adsorption of clay particles. In the alkaline solution (pH = 9.0), the removal of RhB was found to follow an adsorptive bubble separation pathway. Both processes were greatly influenced by the self‐motion of MnOx motors contained in the pelagic clays.
Unusual pollinator attractants increase the fructification rate on West Indian Cherry Trees
Authors: Suárez Natália Ferreira , Latini Anderson Oliveira , Rufini José Carlos Moraes , Reis Leticia Alves Carvalho , Silva Daniel Paiva , Abreu Rafael Azevedo Arruda , Stein Katharina
Published: January 2022

Although West Indian Cherry (WIC) trees have abundant flowering, specimens of this species have low fructification rates, potentially associated with the dependence of these plants on pollinators for cross‐pollination and fruit production. We quantified fructification rates and assessed the market value of pollination services by conducting an experiment with six treatments, including manual and open pollination, pollinator exclusion treatment, and open pollination with blue and yellow attractants. The investigation occurred at two sampling periods (November–December 2015 and January–February 2016) in a commercial orchard of WIC in Brazil. Despite the six different treatments in the two sampling periods, the fructification rate only differed in open pollination treatments with colour attractants, increasing the fructification rate between 160% (for blue‐coloured attractants) and 240% (for yellow‐coloured attractants). Considering that yield is directly affected by the increase in the fructification rate, the yield might be enhanced by up to 70 ton/ha by the coloured attractants. Economically speaking, this result means an approximate 130% increase in the earnings for farmers and maybe transferable to other crops contributing to food production and recognizing the importance of biodiversity and associated ecosystem services.
Effect of simulated tootbrushing on surface roughness of sealant agent coupled nanohybrid composite resins
Authors: Halis Gizem , Köroğlu Ayşegül , Şahin Onur , Dede Doğu Ömür , Yilmaz Burak
Published: January 2022

Objective

To investigate the effect of toothbrushing on the surface roughness (Ra) of different sealant agent coupled nanohybrid composite resins.

Materials and Methods

One hundred sixty disc‐shaped (10 × 2 mm) specimens were prepared from four different nanohybrid composite resins (Z‐550, Tetric EvoCeram, Clearfill Majesty, Ice). Specimen groups were divided into four subgroups for conventional polishing (control) and to apply three different surface sealant agents (Palaseal, Optiglaze, Biscover LV) (n = 10). The Ra values of the specimens were recorded before (Ra0) and after 10,000 cycles of toothbrushing (Ra1). The surface properties of the specimens were evaluated with scanning electron microscope (SEM). Data were statistically analyzed by two‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA), Tukey HSD, and paired sample t tests.

Results

Composite resin material, surface treatment, and their interaction were significant on Ra values (p < 0.001). Significant decrease in Ra0 values observed for surface sealant agent coupled Clearfill Majesty and Tetric EvoCeram composite resin groups compared with the control groups (p < 0.05). After simulated one‐year toothbrushing, the control group of Clearfill Majesty had the highest Ra1 value (p < 0.001). The Ra1 values of all groups were significantly higher than the Ra0 values (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

Simulated 1‐year toothbrushing increased the surface roughness of all nanohybrid composite resin materials. Optiglaze and Biscover LV sealant agents on Tetric EvoCeram, and all tested sealant agents on Clearfill Majesty enabled smoother surfaces than conventional polishing after toothbrushing.

Clinical Significance

Because toothbrushing increases the surface roughness of tested nanohybrid composite resins, the application of surface sealant agents on some of the tested resins can be considered for smoother surfaces.
Myology of the pelvic limb of the brown‐throated three‐toed sloth (Bradypus variegatus)
Authors: Butcher Michael T. , Morgan Dakota M. , Spainhower Kyle B. , Thomas Dylan R. , Chadwell Brad A. , Avey‐Arroyo Judy A. , Kennedy Sarah P. , Cliffe Rebecca N.
Published: January 2022

Tree sloths rely on their limb flexors for bodyweight support and joint stability during suspensory locomotion and posture. This study aims to describe the myology of three‐toed sloths and identify limb muscle traits that indicate modification for suspensorial habit. The pelvic limbs of the brown‐throated three‐toed sloth (Bradypus variegatus) were dissected, muscle belly mass was recorded, and the structural arrangements of the muscles were documented and compared with the available myological accounts for sloths. Overall, the limb musculature is simplified by containing muscles with generally long and parallel fascicles. A number of specific and informative muscle traits are additionally observed in the pelvic limb ofB.variegatus: well‐developed hip flexors and hip extensors each displaying several fused bellies; massive knee flexors; two heads of the m. adductor longus and m. gracilis; robust digital flexors and flexor tendons; m. tibialis cranialis muscle complex originating from the tibia and fibula and containing a modified m. extensor digitorum I longus; appreciable muscle mass devoted to ankle flexion and hindfoot supination; only m. extensor digitorum brevis acts to extend the digits. Collectively, the findings for tree sloths emphasize muscle mass and organization for suspensory support namely by the hip flexors, knee flexors, and limb adductors, for which the latter two groups may stabilize suspensory postures by exerting appreciable medially‐directed force on the substrate. Specializations in the distal limb are also apparent for sustained purchase of the substrate by forceful digital flexion coupled with strong ankle flexion and supination of the hind feet, which is permitted by the reorganization of several digital extensors. Moreover, the reduction or loss of other digital flexor and ab‐adductor muscles marks a dramatic simplification of the intrinsic foot musculature inB.variegatus, the extent to which varies across extant species of two‐ and three‐toed tree sloths and likely is related to substrate preference/use.
Clinical observation of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) combined with minoxidil in the treatment of male androgenetic alopecia
Authors: Liu Chi , Zhao Hongwei , Zhang Ying , Wu Wei
Published: January 2022

Background

Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) has been one of the most common progressive hair loss in the world, which affects 80% of white males. To date, only minoxidil and finasteride have been approved by FDA for the treatment of AGA. However, limited therapeutic effect and the toxic adverse events of these drugs limit their applications. Therefore, it is still an urgent clinical problem to find effective therapeutic drugs and medication regimen.

Objective

The goal was to explore the efficacy and side effects of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) combined with minoxidil in the treatment of male patients with early stage of androgenetic alopecia (AGA).

Methods

Using a randomized control method, 80 male patients with androgenetic alopecia in Hamilton grade II–IV were randomly divided into two groups, with 40 patients in each group. The Group A: 1 ml minoxidil for external use twice a day; Group B: 3500 IU basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and 1 ml minoxidil for external use twice a day. The selected patients received global photograph evaluation before treatment, 3 months after treatment, and 6 months after treatment, and the curative effect was judged according to the changes in the area and degree of hair loss on the top of the head and anterior parietal area of the patients shown in the photographs before and after treatment. At the same time, each patient had a satisfaction questionnaire survey before treatment, 3 months after treatment, and 6 months after treatment. During the research period, the adverse reactions of the patients were recorded.

Results

After 3 months and 6 months of treatment, the effective rate of the two groups was statistically significant (p < 0.05), and the patients’ hair conditions in the Group B improved significantly compared with those in the Group A. After 6 months of treatment, the difference in treatment satisfaction between the two groups was statistically significant (p < 0.05). The patients in the Group B were more satisfied than those in Group A. During the patient's medication, no serious adverse reactions occurred in the two groups, and the incidence of adverse reactions between the two groups was not statistically significant (p > 0.05).

Conclusion

Compared with 5% minoxidil alone, the combination of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) +5% minoxidil in the treatment of male patients with early stage of androgenetic alopecia improved treatment efficiency and patient satisfaction.
Oral clonidine as a pre‐anesthetic medication in hair transplantation surgery—A pilot study
Authors: Mysore Venkataram , Muniswamy Shivshankar , Chathra Namitha , Venkataram Jayashree
Published: January 2022

Background

Hair transplantation (HT) is a safe and rewarding procedure for a patient as well as the surgeon. Clonidine may be a good adjuvant in HT because of its analgesic, anxiolytic, and sedative effects.

Objective

To study efficacy of Clonidine as a preoperative medication in HT.

Methods & Materials

The study was a prospective trial of 46 consecutive patients who underwent HT between January and May 2017. Patients with normal vital parameters on arrival were given Tab clonidine (0.1 mg) 30 min before starting of the procedure [Clonidine group (n = 30)]; rest were included in the control group (n = 16). Vitals were monitored every 30 min during surgery until the end. Patients were assessed for pain, level of sedation during surgery and for postoperative analgesia.

Result

All patients who received clonidine, except one, were comfortable and experienced no pain throughout the duration of surgery; nine went into deep sleep. Of the 16 patients in the control group, no patients reported deep sleep, 3 felt restless, and 4 had mild pain. There were no untoward effects in both groups.

Conclusion

Our study suggests that clonidine is useful as a pre‐anesthetic medication in HT. However, this is a pilot study and further larger studies are needed.
Risk factors of striae gravidarum and chloasma melasma and their effects on quality of life
Authors: Türkmen Hülya , Yörük Selda
Published: January 2022

Objective

This study aims to determine the risk factors associated with striae gravidarum (SG) and chloasma melasma (CM) and their effects on the quality of life.

Methods

This descriptive and cross‐sectional study was carried out in Turkey with 1000 pregnant women at 36 weeks of gestation and above. Personal information form, Quality of Life (SF36) Scale, Skindex‐29 Scale, and MelasQoL‐TR questionnaire were applied to pregnant women. Besides, skin types of pregnant women were determined using Fitzpatrick Skin Type Classification. Davey's score was used to determine the severity of SG.

Results

In the study, the prevalence of SG was found as 67.9% (n = 679), and the prevalence of CM 23.5% (n = 235). There was a significant relationship between young age, low education level, high BMI before pregnancy, history of SG in her previous pregnancy, family history of SG, and development of SG in pregnant women (p = 0.001). There was a significant relationship between CM in her previous pregnancy and family history of CM and development of CM (p = 0.001). The quality of life of pregnant women with SG was found to be lower than without SG (p < 0.001). The quality of life of pregnant women with CM was found to be lower than without CM (p < 0.001).

Conclusions

As a result, in the study, it was determined that young age, low education level, high BMI, history of SG in previous pregnancy, and family history of SG were risk factors for SG. The risk factors of CM, on the other hand, were found as the history of CM in the previous pregnancy and the family. It was identified that SG and CM have adverse effects on the quality of life.
Registered nurses’ reasoning process during care planning and documentation in the electronic health records: A concurrent think‐aloud study
Authors: Laukvik Lene Baagøe , Rotegård Ann Kristin , Lyngstad Merete , Slettebø Åshild , Fossum Mariann
Published: January 2022

Aims and objectives

To explore the clinical reasoning process of experienced registered nurses during care planning and documentation of nursing in the electronic health records of residents in long‐term dementia care.

Background

Clinical reasoning is an essential element in nursing practice. Registered nurses’ clinical reasoning process during the documentation of nursing care in electronic health records has received little attention in nursing literature. Further research is needed to understand registered nurses’ clinical reasoning, especially for care planning and documentation of dementia care due to its complexity and a large amount of information collected.

Design

A qualitative explorative design was used with a concurrent think‐aloud technique.

Methods

The transcribed verbalisations were analysed using protocol analysis with referring phrase, assertional and script analyses. Data were collected over ten months in 2019–2020 from 12 registered nurses in three nursing homes offering special dementia care. The COREQ checklist for qualitative studies was used.

Results

The nurses primarily focused on assessments and interventions during documentation. Most registered nurses used their experience and heuristics when reasoning about the residents’ current health and well‐being. They also used logical thinking or followed local practice rules when reasoning about planned or implemented interventions.

Conclusion

The registered nurses moved back and forth among all the elements in the nursing process. They used a variety of clinical reasoning attributes during care planning and nursing documentation. The most used clinical reasoning attributes were information processing, cognition and inference. The most focused information was planned and implemented interventions.

Relevance to clinical practice

Knowledge of the clinical reasoning process of registered nurses during care planning and documentation should be used in developing electronic health record systems that support the workflow of registered nurses and enhance their ability to disseminate relevant information.
Revisiting Theory and Method in Language Ideology Research
Authors: Irvine Judith T.
Published: January 2022

It is now some decades since the study of “linguistic ideology” was first proposed (Silverstein 1979), and the time is ripe for taking stock. This article considers some developments in this field as it has emerged and, in some respects, become normalized. Yet,normalizedcan meanbackgrounded, taken for granted—perhaps obscuring important theoretical issues and methodological challenges. I revisit what is entailed by “ideology”; the debate between explicit and implicit sources of evidence (and why this binary is itself problematic); issues of ideological multiplicity and dominance; and questions such as: Must ideology be internally consistent? Why turn to semiotics, and should “language ideology” then be re‐labeled “semiotic ideology”? Are ideologies big programs, distinct from local metapragmatic activity? I address these questions while making methodological recommendations about research sites, contrasts and boundaries, attention to flows and connections, and a “centerpiece” method for tracing ideological work. An extended example concerning sociolinguistic variation in Maryland illustrates the discussion.
Understanding Racial Attitudes Among Students and Teachers in a Ethnically/Racially Diverse High School
Authors: Davis Alexandra N. , Carlo Gustavo , Bennett Denise , Gallarza Wendy , Saiz Dominic
Published: January 2022

This study examined the role of racial attitudes in a diverse high school setting. Teachers and students were recruited from a public charter high school in Albuquerque, New Mexico. The final sample consisted of 19 students and 10 teachers who participated in face‐to‐face interviews regarding racial attitudes and racial bias in the academic setting. Three themes emerged among the teacher interviews: rejecting racial inequalities, contradicting thoughts and color‐blind explanations, and racially conscious explanations. For the student interviews, two themes emerged: color‐blind racial attitudes and witnessing/experiencing bias. These findings yield evidence that color‐blind racial attitudes are prevalent in diverse schools among students and teachers, presenting a challenge to intervention efforts in schools aimed at promoting racial justice.
Selective inhibition of cyclooxygenase‐2 by enflicoxib, its enantiomers and its main metabolites in vitro in canine blood
Authors: Solà Josep , Menargues Àngel , Homedes Josep , Salichs Marta , Álvarez Inés , Romero Luz , Vela José Miguel
Published: January 2022

Enflicoxib is approved for the treatment of pain and inflammation in canine osteoarthritis. The objective of this work was to assess the mechanistic basis of enflicoxib therapy investigating the COX inhibitory activity of enflicoxib (racemate), its enantiomers and its main metabolites using the canine whole blood assay. The (R)‐(+)‐Enflicoxib enantiomer and metabolite M8 (hydroxylated pyrazoline) did not induce significant COX inhibition. Enflicoxib and its (S)‐(‐)‐Enflicoxib enantiomer inhibited COX‐1 and COX‐2 with variable degree of preferential isoform inhibition, but no significant therapeutic effect is anticipated in vivo. The pyrazol metabolite showed the highest COX‐2 inhibition and was the most selective (IC50 COX‐1/ COX‐2 ratio: 19.45). As the pyrazol metabolite shows saturable binding to red blood cells, its in vivo concentrations in plasma are lower than in whole blood. Accordingly, when applying the red blood cell partitioning, the respective IC50 and IC80 for COX‐2 inhibition decreased from 2.8 µM (1129 ng/ml) and 13.4 µM (5404 ng/ml) to 0.2 µM (80.7 ng/ml) and 1.2 µM (484 ng/ml) and the selectivity ratio increased to close to 55. The corrected pyrazol metabolite IC50 and IC80 are well within the plasma levels described in treated dogs.
Blaubeuren, Cloppenburg, and Machtenstein—Three recently recognized H‐group chondrite finds in Germany with distinct terrestrial ages and weathering effects
Authors: Bischoff Addi , Storz Jakob , Barrat Jean‐Alix , Heinlein Dieter , Jull A. J. Timothy , Merchel Silke , Pack Andreas , Rugel Georg
Published: January 2022

In the last 7 years, three meteorites (Blaubeuren, Cloppenburg, and Machtenstein) found in Germany were identified as chondrites. Two of these rocks had been recovered from the impact sites decades ago but were not considered to be meteorites. The aim of this study is to fully characterize these three meteorites. Based on the compositional data on the silicates, namely olivine and low‐Ca pyroxene, these meteorites fit nicely within the H‐group ordinary chondrites. The brecciated texture of Blaubeuren and Cloppenburg (both H4‐5) is perfectly visible, whereas that of Machtenstein, officially classified as an H5 chondrite, is less obvious but was detected and described in this study. Considering chondrites in general, brecciated rocks are very common rather than an exception. The bulk rock degree of shock is S2 for Blaubeuren and Machtenstein and S3 for Cloppenburg. All samples show significant features of weathering. They have lost their original fusion crust and more than half (W3) or about half (W2‐3) of their original metal abundances. The oxygen isotope compositions of the three chondrites are consistent with those of other H chondrites; however, the Cloppenburg values are heavily disturbed and influenced by terrestrial weathering. This is supported by the occurrence of the very rare hydrated iron phosphate mineral vivianite (Fe2+Fe2+2[PO4]2·8H2O), which indicates that the chondrite was weathered in a very wet environment. The terrestrial ages of Blaubeuren (~9.2 ka), Cloppenburg (~5.4 ka), and Machtenstein (~1.8 ka) show that these chondrites are very similar in their degree of alteration and terrestrial age compared to meteorite finds from relatively wet terrestrial environments. They still contain abundant metal, although, as noted, the oxygen isotope data indicate substantial weathering of Cloppenburg. The bulk compositions of the three meteorites are typical for H chondrites, although terrestrial alteration has slightly modified the concentrations, leading in general to a loss of Fe, Co, and Ni due to preferential alteration of metals and sulfides. As exceptions, Co and Ni concentrations in Machtenstein, which has the shortest terrestrial age, are typical for H chondrites. The chemical data show no enrichments in Ba and Sr, as is often observed in different meteorite groups of desert finds.
The other side of tropical forest drought: do shallow water table regions of Amazonia act as large‐scale hydrological refugia from drought?
Authors: Costa Flavia R. C. , Schietti Juliana , Stark Scott C. , Smith Marielle N.
Published: January 2022

Tropical forest function is of global significance to climate change responses, and critically determined by water availability patterns. Groundwater is tightly related to soil water through the water table depth (WT), but historically neglected in ecological studies. Shallow WT forests (WT < 5 m) are underrepresented in forest research networks and absent in eddy flux measurements, although they represent c. 50% of the Amazon and are expected to respond differently to global‐change‐related droughts. We review WT patterns and consequences for plants, emerging results, and advance a conceptual model integrating environment and trait distributions to predict climate change effects. Shallow WT forests have a distinct species composition, with more resource‐acquisitive and hydrologically vulnerable trees, shorter canopies and lower biomass than deep WT forests. During ‘normal’ climatic years, shallow WT forests have higher mortality and lower productivity than deep WT forests, but during moderate droughts mortality is buffered and productivity increases. However, during severe drought, shallow WT forests may be more sensitive due to shallow roots and drought‐intolerant traits. Our evidence supports the hypothesis of neglected shallow WT forests being resilient to moderate drought, challenging the prevailing view of widespread negative effects of climate change on Amazonian forests that ignores WT gradients, but predicts they could collapse under very strong droughts.
A novel HD‐Zip I/C2H2‐ZFP/WD‐repeat complex regulates the size of spine base in cucumber
Authors: Yang Sen , Wang Yueling , Zhu Huayu , Zhang Minjuan , Wang Dengke , Xie Kuixi , Fan Pengfei , Dou Junling , Liu Dongming , Liu Bin , Chen Chunhua , Yan Yan , Zhao Lijun , Yang Luming
Published: January 2022

Fruit spine is an important trait in cucumber, affecting not only commercial quality, but also fruit smoothness, transportation and storage. Spine size is determined by a multi‐cellular base. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the regulation of cucumber spine base remains largely unknown. Here, we report map‐based cloning and characterization of a spine base size 1 (SBS1) gene, encoding a C2H2 zinc‐finger transcription factor.

Near‐isogenic lines of cucumber were used to map, identify and quantify cucumber spine base size 1 (CsSBS1). Yeast‐hybrid, bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC), co‐immunoprecipitation (Co‐IP) and RNA‐sequencing assays were used to explore the molecular mechanism of CsSBS1 in regulating spine base size development.

CsSBS1 was specifically expressed in cucumber ovaries with particularly high expression in fruit spines. Overexpression of CsSBS1 resulted in large fruit spine base, while RNA‐interference silencing of CsSBS1 inhibited the expansion of fruit spine base. Sequence analysis of natural cucumber accessions revealed that CsSBS1 was lost in small spine base accessions, resulting from a 4895 bp fragment deletion in CsSBS1 locus. CsSBS1 can form a trimeric complex with two positive regulators CsTTG1 and CsGL1 to regulate spine base development through ethylene signaling.

A novel regulator network is proposed that the CsGL1/CsSBS1/CsTTG1 complex plays a significant role in regulating spine base formation and size, which offers a strategy for cucumber breeders to develop smooth fruit.
Epigenetic regulation of thermomorphogenesis and heat stress tolerance
Authors: Perrella Giorgio , Bäurle Isabel , van Zanten Martijn
Published: January 2022

Many environmental conditions fluctuate and organisms need to respond effectively. This is especially true for temperature cues that can change in minutes to seasons and often follow a diurnal rhythm. Plants cannot migrate and most cannot regulate their temperature. Therefore, a broad array of responses have evolved to deal with temperature cues from freezing to heat stress. A particular response to mildly elevated temperatures is called thermomorphogenesis, a suite of morphological adaptations that includes thermonasty, formation of thin leaves and elongation growth of petioles and hypocotyl. Thermomorphogenesis allows for optimal performance in suboptimal temperature conditions by enhancing the cooling capacity. When temperatures rise further, heat stress tolerance mechanisms can be induced that enable the plant to survive the stressful temperature, which typically comprises cellular protection mechanisms and memory thereof. Induction of thermomorphogenesis, heat stress tolerance and stress memory depend on gene expression regulation, governed by diverse epigenetic processes. In this Tansley review we update on the current knowledge of epigenetic regulation of heat stress tolerance and elevated temperature signalling and response, with a focus on thermomorphogenesis regulation and heat stress memory. In particular we highlight the emerging role of H3K4 methylation marks in diverse temperature signalling pathways.
Root traits for low input agroecosystems in Africa: Lessons from three case studies
Authors: Ndoye Mame S. , Burridge James , Bhosale Rahul , Grondin Alexandre , Laplaze Laurent
Published: January 2022

In many regions across Africa, agriculture is largely based on low‐input and small‐holder farming systems that use little inorganic fertilisers and have limited access to irrigation and mechanisation. Improving agricultural practices and developing new cultivars adapted to these environments, where production already suffers from climate change, is a major priority for food security. Here, we illustrate how breeding for specific root traits could improve crop resilience in Africa using three case studies covering very contrasting low‐input agroecosystems. We first review how greater basal root whorl number and longer and denser root hairs increased P acquisition efficiency and yield in common bean in South East Africa. We then discuss how water‐saving strategies, root hair density and deep root growth could be targeted to improve sorghum and pearl millet yield in West Africa. Finally, we evaluate how breeding for denser root systems in the topsoil and interactions with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi could be mobilised to optimise water‐saving alternate wetting and drying practices in West African rice agroecosystems. We conclude with a discussion on how to evaluate the utility of root traits and how to make root trait selection feasible for breeders so that improved varieties can be made available to farmers through participatory approaches.
High‐power gamma‐related delta phase alteration in schizophrenia patients at rest
Authors: Koshiyama Daisuke , Miyakoshi Makoto , Tanaka‐Koshiyama Kumiko , Sprock Joyce , Light Gregory A.
Published: January 2022

Aim

Information processing is supported by the cortico‐cortical transmission of neural oscillations across brain regions. Recent studies have demonstrated that the rhythmic firing of neural populations is not random but is governed by interactions with other frequency bands. Specifically, the amplitude of gamma‐band oscillations is associated with the phase of lower frequency oscillations in support of short and long‐range communications among networks. This cross‐frequency relation is thought to reflect the temporal coordination of neural communication. While schizophrenia patients show abnormal oscillatory responses across multiple frequencies at rest, it is unclear whether the functional relationships among frequency bands are intact. This study aimed to characterize the lower frequency (delta/theta, 1–8 Hz) phase and the amplitude of gamma oscillations in healthy subjects and schizophrenia patients at rest.

Methods

Low frequency‐phase (delta‐ and theta‐ band) angles and gamma‐band amplitude relationships were assessed in 142 schizophrenia patients and 128 healthy subjects.

Results

Significant low‐frequency phase alteration related to high‐power gamma was detected across broadly distributed scalp regions in both healthy subjects and patients. In patients, delta phase synchronization related to high‐power gamma was significantly decreased at the frontocentral, right middle temporal, and left temporoparietal electrodes but significantly increased at the left parietal electrode.

Conclusions

High‐power gamma‐related delta phase alteration may reflect a core pathophysiologic abnormality in schizophrenia. Data‐driven measures of functional relationships among frequency bands may prove useful in the development of novel therapeutics. Future studies are needed to determine whether these alterations are specific to schizophrenia or appear in other neuropsychiatric patient populations.
Driving performance of euthymic outpatients with bipolar disorder undergoing real‐world pharmacotherapy
Authors: Yamaguchi Akiko , Iwamoto Kunihiro , Ando Masahiko , Fujita Kiyoshi , Yokoyama Motonori , Akiyama Tsuyoshi , Igarashi Yoshio , Ozaki Norio
Published: January 2022

Objective

Medications for the treatment of bipolar disorder (BD) could affect patients' cognitive function. Patients with BD present with neurocognitive impairment even in a remission state. Little research is available on the daily functioning, especially driving performance, of stable outpatients with BD under pharmacological treatment.

Methods

In total, 58 euthymic outpatients with BD undergoing real‐world pharmacotherapy and 80 sex‐ and age‐matched healthy controls (HCs) were enrolled. Three driving tasks using a driving simulator—road‐tracking, car‐following, and harsh‐braking—and three cognitive tasks—Continuous Performance Test, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, and Trail‐Making Test—were evaluated. Symptom assessment scales—Young Mania Rating Scale, Structured Interview Guide for the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, Beck Depression Inventory‐II, Social Adaptation Self‐evaluation Scale, and Stanford Sleepiness Scale—were also completed.

Results

Car‐following and road‐tracking performance were significantly impaired in patients with BD compared with HCs after adjusting for demographic variables, but these performances generally overlapped. Broad neurocognitive functions were significantly lower in the patients with BD compared to HCs, but car‐following performance was significantly negatively correlated with sustained attention only. Although most patients received multiple medications rather than monotherapy, no relationship between prescriptions and driving performance was found.

Conclusion

Euthymic patients with BD under steady‐state pharmacotherapy had impaired driving performance compared with HCs, but the overlapping distributions of driving performance suggested that driving performance is not always deteriorated in patients with BD. Therefore, attentional function may be a useful clinical feature for judging driving aptitude in patients with BD.
Pyramiding of γ‐TMT and gly I transgenes in Brassica juncea enhances salinity and drought stress tolerance
Authors: Kumar Deepak , Rajwanshi Ravi , Singh Preeti , Yusuf Mohd Aslam , Sarin Neera Bhalla
Published: January 2022

We previously generated Brassica juncea lines overexpressing either glyoxalase I (gly I) or γ‐tocopherol methyltransferase (γ‐TMT) involved in the glyoxalase system and tocopherol biosynthesis, respectively. These transgenic plants showed tolerance to multiple abiotic stresses. As tolerance is a complex trait that can be improved by pyramiding of several characteristics in a single genotype, we generated in this study B. juncea plants coexpressing gly I and γ‐TMT by crossing the previously generated stable transgenic lines. The performance of the newly generated B. juncea lines coexpressing gly I and γ‐TMT was compared with that of wild‐type and the single transgenic lines under non‐stressed and NaCl and mannitol stress conditions. Our results show a more robust antioxidant response of B. juncea plants coexpressing gly I and γ‐TMT compared to the other lines in terms of higher chlorophyll retention, relative water content, antioxidant enzyme and proline levels, and photosynthetic efficiency and lower oxidative damage. The differences in response to the stress of the different lines were reflected in their yield parameters. Overall, we demonstrate that the pyramiding of multiple genes involved in antioxidant pathways could be a viable and useful approach for achieving higher abiotic stress tolerance in crop plants.
Trial‐wise exposure to visual emotional cues increases physiological arousal but not temporal discounting
Authors: Knauth Kilian , Peters Jan
Published: January 2022

Humans and many animals devalue future rewards as a function of time (temporal discounting). Increased discounting has been linked to various psychiatric conditions, including substance‐use‐disorders, behavioral addictions, and obesity. Despite its high intra‐individual stability, temporal discounting is partly under contextual control. One prominent manipulation that has been linked to increases in discounting is the exposure to highly arousing appetitive cues. However, results from trial‐wise cue exposure studies appear highly mixed, and changes in physiological arousal were not adequately controlled. Here we tested the effects of appetitive (erotic), aversive, and neutral visual cues on temporal discounting in 35 healthy male participants. The contribution of single‐trial physiological arousal was assessed using comprehensive monitoring of autonomic activity (pupil size, heart rate, electrodermal activity). Physiological arousal was elevated following aversive and in particular erotic cues. In contrast to our pre‐registered hypothesis, steepness of temporal discounting was not significantly affected by emotional cues of either valence. Aversive cues tended to increase decision noise. Computational modeling revealed that trial‐wise arousal only accounted for minor variance over and above aversive and erotic condition effects, arguing against a general effect of physiological arousal on temporal discounting.
Applying ecosystem accounting to develop a risk register for peatlands and inform restoration targets at catchment scale: a case study from the European region
Authors: Farrell Catherine A. , Coleman Lisa , Norton Daniel , Kelly‐Quinn Mary , Kinsella Stephen , Obst Carl , Eigenraam Mark , O'Donoghue Cathal , Sheehy Iseult , Smith Fiona , Stout Jane C.
Published: January 2022

Combining natural capital accounting tools and ecosystem restoration approaches builds on existing frameworks to track changes in ecosystem stocks and flows of services and benefits as a result of restoration. This approach highlights policy‐relevant benefits that arise due to restoration efforts and helps to maximize opportunities for return on investment. Aligning the System of Environmental Economic Accounting–Ecosystem Accounting (SEEA EA) framework with risk assessment tools, we developed a risk register for peatlands in two contrasting catchments in Ireland, based on available information relating to peatland stocks (extent and condition) and flows (services and benefits), as well as knowledge of pressures. This approach allowed for identification of areas to target peatland restoration, by highlighting the potential to reduce and reverse negative trends in relation to provisioning, regulating, and cultural services, flows relating to non‐use values, as well as abiotic flows. We also highlighted ways to reduce and reverse the effects of historical and ongoing pressures through restoration measures, aligning our approach with that outlined in the SER International Principles and Standards for the Practice of Ecological Restoration. Building on the synergies between the SEEA EA and the SER Standards is highlighted as a means to develop transdisciplinary collaboration, to assist in setting and achieving targets set out under the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration as well as integrating regional policy targets set under the EU Biodiversity Strategy for 2030, and the related EU Habitats and EU Water Framework Directives.
Piecing together the bigger picture: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in Australia and beyond
Authors: Chandel Abhimanyu , Nathan Steven D.
Published: January 2022

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