bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
From Protein to a Bioactive Peptide: Potent IL‐6 Peptide Antagonist Generated by a Novel Method
Authors: Pisarchik Alexander , Gervasi Noreen , Nesti Edmund
Published: June 2024

Here, we describe a new technology, designed to accelerate peptide discovery by quick identification and optimization of the residues critical for protein–protein interactions or ligand binding. We called it PepFusion. It is based on ligation of short DNA sequences generated from known ligand‐binding regions. We tested it by selecting peptide antagonists of interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), a key mediator of inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), Crohn's disease, and Castleman disease (CD). The PepFusion library demonstrated superiority over a random library by yielding a peptide with low micromolar affinity for IL‐6, whereas the random library failed. The affinity of the peptide from the PepFusion library was further enhanced by additional rounds of mutagenesis leading to peptide variants with low nanomolar IL‐6 affinity. In addition to generating high‐affinity peptides, our method opens the way to solve the problem of the false positive sequences, which are common with all display technologies.
Oxidative stress in the alveolar lavage fluid of children with Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia
Authors: Wang Mengzhu , Ren Ruijuan , Xu Yuping , Wang Tuanjie , Liang Xiaojun , Li Shujun
Published: June 2024

Objective

To investigate the correlation between oxidative stress in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of children with Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (MPP) and the clinical characteristics of severe MPP (SMPP) and refractory MPP (RMPP).

Methods

Clinical and BALF‐related data were collected from 83 patients with MPP, of which 29 had SMPP and 54 had general MPP (GMPP); 37 patients were in the RMPP group and 46 in the non‐RMPP group. The levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) as well as the activity levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐PX) in BALF were detected. Logistic regression analyses were performed on MDA, AOPP, SOD, GSH‐PX, gender, heat peak, neutrophil percentage, C‐reactive protein, lactate dehydrogenase, d‐dimer, lung consolidation, sputum embolus, and pleural effusion.

Results

The levels of MDA and AOPP in the BALF of the MPP group were significantly higher than those in the control group (p < .05), whereas SOD and GSH‐PX levels were lower than those in the control group (p < .05). The BALF AOPP levels in the RMPP group were higher than those in the non‐RMPP group, and the SOD and GSH‐PX levels in the BALF were lower than those in the non‐RMPP group; the difference was statistically significant (p < .05). The levels of MDA and AOPP in the BALF of children in the SMPP group were higher than those in the GMPP group, and the levels of SOD and GSH‐PX were lower than those in the GMPP group, with statistically significant differences (p < .05). The C‐index of the logistic regression model was 0.960 (95% confidence interval 0.958–0.963), which indicates that the model has good predictive ability.

Conclusion

Advanced oxidation protein products may be a marker for predicting the conditions of SMPP and RMPP, and the prediction model can assess the risk of progression in children to RMPP, which is conducive to clinical diagnosis and treatment.
Exposures and coexisting conditions in pediatric nodular tracheobronchitis
Authors: Grant Lauren M. C. , Collins Emily , Zur Karen B. , Bass Rosara , Phinizy Pelton A. , Piccione Joseph
Published: June 2024

Background

The aim of our study was to investigate the prevalence of coexisting conditions and exposures in children with nodular tracheobronchitis diagnosed by flexible bronchoscopy.

Methods

We conducted a single‐center retrospective review of 100 children diagnosed with nodular tracheobronchitis by flexible bronchoscopy between 2012 and 2023.

Results

Common coexisting diagnoses included gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD, 50%), dysphagia/aspiration (40%), asthma (30%), recurrent croup (30%), tracheostomy dependence (19%) and eosinophilic esophagitis (EOE) (12%). Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) demonstrated cellular inflammation with elevated proportions of neutrophils in 63%, and lymphocytes in 24%. Among 88 patients in whom bacterial cultures were performed, 52% were positive, with Moraxella, Haemophilus, Streptococcal and Pseudomonas species predominating. Among 30 patients who underwent viral testing, 57% were positive, with rhinovirus (82%) and adenovirus (29%) predominating. Patients with neutrophilic inflammation were more likely to have a positive respiratory bacterial culture and/or viral polymerase chain reaction (p = 0.003, 0.005). Evaluation of the gastrointestinal tract included 79 patients with a history of esophagogastroduodenoscopy, 45 patients with a videofluoroscopic swallow study (VFSS), and 45 patients with multi‐channel intraluminal impedance and pH testing. The majority of VFSS were abnormal (60%) demonstrating either laryngeal penetration (33%) or intratracheal aspiration (27%). Median pH reflux and impedance proximal reflux indices were 3.8% and 0.5% respectively.

Conclusion

Potential contributing factors in the pathophysiology of nodular tracheobronchitis include bacterial and viral infections, GERD, dysphagia/aspiration, and EOE. When nodular tracheobronchitis is observed during bronchoscopy, further evaluation to assess for these conditions should be considered.
Numerical simulation and optimized design of a launching system with a novel charge structure
Authors: Chen Zi‐Jun , Ma Hong‐Hao , Xu Qing‐Tao , He Ze , Shen Zhao‐Wu , Wang Lu‐Qing
Published: June 2024

In this paper, a launching system with a novel charge structure was proposed to improve the interior ballistic performance. According to the working characteristics of the novel launching system, a lumped‐parameter model was established. The parameters of the propellant and the interior ballistic characteristics of the launching system were obtained by experiments. According to the experimental results, the accuracy of the lumped‐parameter model was verified by code. The simulated results were in good agreement with the experimental results. Based on the lumped‐parameter model, the propellant parameters, such as the impetus, the burning rate, the web thickness, and the charge mass, were investigated to understand the interior ballistic performances of the launching system. An optimization method was proposed to design the propellant parameters of the launching system. The results show that the optimal scheme can increase the velocity of the projectile by 9.54 %. Compared with the traditional launching method, the velocity of the projectile is increased by 37.09 % while the peak pressure in the barrel has no change.
Research progress and prospects on agglomeration models and simulation methods of aluminum particles in aluminum‐based composite propellants
Authors: Gao Huanhuan , Wang Fang , Liu Hui , Chen Yukun , Liu Jianzhong
Published: June 2024

The agglomeration of aluminum during the combustion of solid propellants considerably impacts engine operation and has been widely studied in recent years. The characteristics of aluminum agglomeration in aluminum‐based composite propellants have been studied via experiments and simulations. In this study, the agglomeration process and the characteristics of agglomerated particles are summarized. Agglomeration models and simulation methods have garnered considerable attention because they are not influenced by experimental conditions, are economical, and have minimal restrictions. Therefore, five agglomeration models and four simulation methods are introduced herein to investigate agglom eration in aluminum‐based composite propellants. By analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of these models and methods, deeper agglomeration mechanisms can be explored and new directions for suppressing agglomeration can be identified to mitigate agglomeration issues. These efforts can support and guide the design of solid rocket propellants and the safe operation of rocket engines.
Physiologically‐based pharmacokinetic modeling predicts the drug interaction potential of GLS4 in co‐administered with ritonavir
Authors: Sun Zexu , Zhao Nan , Xie Ran , Jia Bo , Xu Junyu , Luo Lin , Zhuang Yulei , Peng Yuyu , Liu Xinchang , Zhang Yingjun , Zhao Xia , Liu Zhaoqian , Cui Yimin
Published: June 2024

GLS4 is a first‐in‐class hepatitis B virus (HBV) capsid assembly modulator (class I) that is co‐administered with ritonavir to maintain the anticipated concentration required for the effective antiviral activity of GLS4. In this study, the first physiologically‐based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for GLS4/ritonavir was successfully developed. The predictive performance of the PBPK model was verified using data from 39 clinical studies, including single‐dose, multiple‐dose, food effects, and drug–drug interactions (DDI). The PBPK model accurately described the PK profiles of GLS4 and ritonavir, with predicted values closely aligning with observed data. Based on the verified GLS4/ritonavir model, it prospectively predicts the effect of hepatic impairment (HI) and DDI on its pharmacokinetics (PK). Notably, CYP3A4 inducers significantly influenced GLS4 exposure when co‐administered with ritonavir; co‐administered GLS4 and ritonavir significantly influenced the exposure of CYP3A4 substrates. Additionally, with the severity of HI increased, there was a corresponding increase in the exposure to GLS4 when co‐administered with ritonavir. The GLS4/ritonavir PBPK model can potentially be used as an alternative to clinical studies or guide the design of clinical trial protocols.
Large Area Epitaxial Lateral Overgrowth of Semipolar (11¯$1 \left(\right. \macr \left.\right)$01) GaN Stripes on Patterned Si Substrates Prepared using Maskless Lithography
Authors: Takeda Naofumi , Uemukai Masahiro , Tanikawa Tomoyuki , Katayama Ryuji
Published: June 2024

Selective area growth and epitaxial lateral overgrowth (ELOG) of semipolar (101) GaN stripes are demonstrated on a trench patterned vicinal (001) Si substrate fabricated by a maskless photolithography‐based process. High precision alignment enables selective mask formation to one sidewall of the trench. Selective area growth of GaN stripes is conducted from the (111) plane sidewall of Si, and ELOG region reaches ≈13 μm. The ELOG GaN crystal is dislocation‐free at most areas. The semipolar GaN stripes with atomically flat surface morphology are uniformly obtained. Light‐emitting diode structures with InGaN/GaN multiple quantum wells are grown on the 13‐μm ELOG (101) GaN stripes and a single photoluminescence emission peaked at 485 nm is obtained, suggesting potential for the cost‐effective semipolar micro light‐emitting diode fabrication technologies.
Co‐administration of sub‐effective doses of the constituents of Crocus sativus L. crocins with those of the antipsychotics clozapine and risperidone counteract memory deficits caused by blockade of the NMDA receptor in rats
Authors: Vartzoka Foteini , Parlantza Maria Anastasia , Tarantilis Petros A. , Pitsikas Nikolaos
Published: June 2024

Experimental evidence indicates that the noncompetitive N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists ketamine and MK‐801 induce schizophrenia‐like symptoms in rodents, including cognitive deficits. Crocins are among the active components of the plant Crocus sativus L. and were found to be effective in different models of psychiatric disorders comprising schizophrenia. The present study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of the joint administration of sub‐effective doses of crocins with those of the atypical antipsychotics clozapine and risperidone in alleviating nonspatial recognition and emotional memory deficits induced either by ketamine (3 mg/kg) or MK‐801 (0.1 mg/kg) in the rat. To this end, the object recognition and the step‐through passive avoidance tests were used. Co‐administration of sub‐effective doses of crocins (5 mg/kg) with those of clozapine (0.1 mg/kg) or risperidone (0.03 mg/kg) counteracted nonspatial recognition and emotional memory deficits induced by NMDA receptor antagonists. The current findings suggest that this combinatorial treatment was efficacious in attenuating cognitive impairments related to the blockade of the NMDA receptor. In addition, the present results support the potential of crocins as an adjunctive drug for the therapy of schizophrenia.
Navigating the path to human well‐being amidst climate change in Asian countries
Authors: Pickson Robert Becker , Gui Peng , Asante Grace Nkansa , Tuffour Joseph Kwadwo
Published: June 2024

This study advances the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, specifically focusing on Goal 3 (Good Health and Well‐Being) and Goal 13 (Climate Action). This study uses novel analytical techniques that consider cross‐sectional dependencies, intra‐cluster correlation, endogeneity, and parameter heterogeneity to explore the relationship between climate change and human well‐being in Asian countries from 1990Q1 to 2019Q4. Our empirical results show three things. First, an inverse relationship exists between temperature and human well‐being in Asian countries. Second, we observe a robust positive impact of rainfall on human well‐being in Asian countries. Lastly, there is a one‐way causal effect from rainfall to human well‐being and a two‐way causal relationship between temperature and human well‐being. Our robust results, therefore, suggest that developing comprehensive economic plans to promote public welfare can create a positive feedback loop where enhanced well‐being drives greater economic engagement and prosperity.
Multiple Glomus Tumours: Clinical, Ultrasonographic and Histopathologic Findings of a Rare Disease
Authors: Wiese Bárbara , Acevedo Patricia F. , Franceschett Rodrigo A. , Riedel Leila , Issa Maria Cláudia A.
Published: June 2024

Glomus tumour is a rare benign neoplasm originating from the glomus body, clinically presenting as a violet-coloured, painful nodule more sensitive when exposed to cold or hot. This hamartoma is typically solitary and predominantly affects the limbs, extremities and nail beds. The appearance of multiple tumours and lesions not placed in the extremities is rare and frequently misdiagnosed. At dermoscopy, it appears as a homogeneous, structureless, purplish area surrounded by a whitish region. Skin ultrasound shows a well-defined, round, hypoechoic mass. We report a case of numerous blue-purplish painful nodules distributed in the trunk and arms while sparing the extremities, with typical dermoscopy and ultrasound findings. A biopsy was performed, confirming the diagnosis of glomangioma. We call attention to this rare condition to help dermatologists make this diagnosis when facing multiple painful nodules.
Biomimetic Gold Nanorods‐Manganese Porphyrins with Surface‐Enhanced Raman Scattering Effect for Photoacoustic Imaging‐Guided Photothermal/Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: Liu Huihui , Gao Cunji , Xu Peijing , Li Yingshu , Yan Xiaoxiao , Guo Xiaolu , Wen Changchun , Shen Xing‐Can
Published: June 2024

Surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) imaging integrating photothermal and photodynamic therapy (PTT/PDT) is a promising approach for achieving accurate diagnosis and effective treatment of cancers. However, most available Raman reporters show multiple signals in the fingerprint region, which overlap with background signals from cellular biomolecules. Herein, a 4T1 cell membrane‐enveloped gold nanorods‐manganese porphyrins system (GMCMs) is designed and successfully fabricated as a biomimetic theranostic nanoplatform. Manganese porphyrins are adsorbed on the surface of Au nanorods via the terminal alkynyl group. Cell membrane encapsulation protects the manganese porphyrins from falling off the gold nanorods. The biomimetic GMCMs confirm specific homologous targeting to 4T1 cells with good dispersibility, excellent photoacoustic (PA) imaging properties, and preferable photothermal and 1O2 generation performance. GMCMs exhibit distinct SERS signals in the silent region without endogenous biomolecule interference both in vitro and in vivo. Manganese ions could not only quench the fluorescence of porphyrins to enhance the SERS imaging effect but also deplete cellular GSH to increase 1O2 yield. Both in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrate that GMCMs effectively eradicate tumors through SERS/PA imaging‐guided PTT/PDT. This study provides a feasible strategy for augmenting the Raman imaging effects of the alkynyl group and integrating GSH‐depletion to enhance PTT/PDT efficacy.
A Metal–Phenolic Network‐Enabled Nanoadjuvant to Modulate Immune Responses
Authors: Wang Zhaoran , Cortez‐Jugo Christina , Yang Yang , Chen Jingqu , Wang Tianzheng , De Rose Robert , Cui Jiwei , Caruso Frank
Published: June 2024

The presence of hierarchical suppressive pathways in the immune system combined with poor delivery efficiencies of adjuvants and antigens to antigen‐presenting cells are major challenges in developing advanced vaccines. The present study reports a nanoadjuvant constructed using aluminosilicate nanoparticles (as particle templates), incorporating cytosine–phosphate–guanosine (CpG) oligonucleotides and small‐interfering RNA (siRNA) to counteract immune suppression in antigen‐presenting cells. Furthermore, the application of a metal–phenolic network (MPN) coating, which can endow the nanoparticles with protective and bioadhesive properties, is assessed with regard to the stability and immune function of the resulting nanoadjuvant in vitro and in vivo. Combining the adjuvanticity of aluminum and CpG with RNA interference and MPN coating results in a nanoadjuvant that exhibits greater accumulation in lymph nodes and elicits improved maturation of dendritic cells in comparison to a formulation without siRNA or MPN, and with no observable organ toxicity. The incorporation of a model antigen, ovalbumin, within the MPN coating demonstrates the capacity of MPNs to load functional biomolecules as well as the ability of the nanoadjuvant to trigger enhanced antigen‐specific responses. The present template‐assisted fabrication strategy for engineering nanoadjuvants holds promise in the design of delivery systems for disease prevention, as well as therapeutics.
Interactive Deformable Colored Sound Display Achieved with Electrostrictive Fluoropolymer and Halide Perovskite
Authors: Park Doowon , Kim Woongji , Park Chaeyong , Choi Jun , Ghorai Arup , Lee Gilwoon , Choi Seungmoon , Moon Wonkyu , Jeong Unyong
Published: June 2024

The association of color and sound helps human cognition through a synergetic effect like intersensory facilitation. Although soft human‐machine interfaces (HMIs) providing unisensory expression have been widely developed, achieving synchronized optic and acoustic expression in one device system has been relatively less explored. It is because their operating principles are different in terms of materials, and implementation has mainly been attempted through structural approaches. Here, a deformable sound display is developed that generates multiple colored lights with large sound at low input voltage. The device is based on alternating‐current electroluminescence (ACEL) covered with perovskite composite films. A sound wave is created by a polymer matrix of the ACEL, while simultaneously, various colors are produced by the perovskite films and the blue electroluminescence (EL) emitted from the phosphors in the ACEL. By patterning different colored perovskite films onto the ACELs, associating the color and the sound is successfully demonstrated by a piano keyboard and a wearable interactive device.
Electrochemical Synthesis of Urea: Co‐Reduction of Nitrite and Carbon Dioxide on Binuclear Cobalt Phthalocyanine
Authors: Zhang Rui , Hu Wenhui , Liu Jingjing , Xu Kaidi , Liu Yi , Yao Yahong , Liu Minmin , Zhang Xia‐Guang , Li Hong , He Peng , Huo Shengjuan
Published: June 2024

Exploration of molecular catalysts with the atomic‐level tunability of molecular structures offers promising avenues for developing high‐performance catalysts for the electrochemical co‐reduction reaction of carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrite (NO2−) into value‐added urea. In this work, a binuclear cobalt phthalocyanine (biCoPc) catalyst is prepared through chemical synthesis and applied as a C─N coupling catalyst toward urea. Achieving a remarkable Faradaic efficiency of 47.4% for urea production at –0.5 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE), this biCoPc outperforms many known molecular catalysts in this specific application. Its unique planar macromolecular structure and the increased valence state of cobalt promote the adsorption of nitrogenous and carbonaceous species, a critical factor in facilitating the multi‐electron C─N coupling. Combining highly sensitive in situ attenuated total reflection surface‐enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy (ATR‐SEIRAS) with density functional theory (DFT) calculations, the linear adsorbed CO (COL) and bridge adsorbed CO (COB) is captured on biCoPc catalyst during the co‐reduction reaction. COB, a pivotal intermediate in the co‐reduction from CO2 and nitrite to urea, is evidenced to be labile and may be attacked by nitrite, promoting urea production. This work demonstrates the importance of designing molecular catalysts for efficient co‐reduction of CO2 and nitrite to urea.
Robust and Lubricating Interface Semi‐Interpenetrating Network on Inert Polymer Substrates Enabled by Subsurface‐Initiated Polymerization
Authors: Tang Jie , Zhang Yunlei , Qi Changmin , Li Bin , Wu Yang , Ma Shuanhong , Ma Yanfei , Yu Qiangliang , Yang Wufang , Xi Pinxian , Yu Bo , Zhou Feng
Published: June 2024

Lubricating hydrogel coatings on inert rubber and plastic surfaces significantly reduce friction and wear, thus enhancing material durability and lifespan. However, achieving optimal hydration lubrication typically requires a porous polymer network, which unfortunately reduces their mechanical strength and limits their applicability where robust durability and wear‐resistance are essential. In the research, a hydrogel coating with remarkable wear resistance and surface stability is developed by forming a semi‐interpenetrating polymer network with polymer substrate at the interface. By employing a good solvent swelling method, monomers, and photoinitiators are embedded within the substrates' subsurface, followed by in situ polymerization under ultraviolet light, creating a robust semi‐interpenetrating and entangled network structure. This approach, offering a thicker energy‐dissipating layer, outperforms traditional surface modifications in wear resistance while preserving anti‐fatigue, hydrophilicity, oleophobicity, and other properties. Adaptable to various rubber and plastic substrates by using suitable solvents, this method provides an efficient solution for creating durable, lubricating surfaces, broadening the potential applications in multiple industries.
Enhanced Temperature Stability of Pyroelectric Sensing in Multilayer Potassium Sodium Niobate‐Based Ceramics with Graded Polarization Rotation
Authors: Zhang Yumin , Wen Lanji , Huang Yuntao , Meng Dechao , Zheng Ting , Wu Jiagang
Published: June 2024

Pyroelectric effect which refers to electrical responses induced by time temperature‐dependent fluctuations has received extensive attention, showing promising application prospects for infrared (IR) technology. Although enhanced pyroelectric performances are obtained in potassium sodium niobate‐based ceramics at room temperature via multi‐symmetries coexistence design, the poor pyroelectric temperature stability is still an urging desire that needs to be resolved. Herin, by constructing multilayer composite ceramics and adjusting the proportion of stacked layers, improved pyroelectric coefficient, and figures of merit (FOMs), as well as enhanced temperature stabilities can be achieved. With a remained high pyroelectric coefficient of 5.45 × 10−4 C m−2°C−1 at room temperature, the pyroelectric parameters almost keep unchanged in the temperature range of 30–100 °C, showing great properties advantages compared with previous reports. The excellent properties can be attributed to the graded polarization rotation states among each lamination induced by successive phase transitions. The novel strategy for achieving stable pyroelectric sensing can further promote the application in the IR sensors field.
Design and Performance of Small‐Molecule Donors with Donor–π‐Acceptor Architecture Toward Vacuum‐Deposited Organic Photovoltaics Having Heretofore Highest Short‐Circuit Current Density
Authors: Chen Bin‐Wen , Cao Kun , Wang Xu , Chen Zuo‐Chang , Jeong Sang Young , Qiu Zhen‐Lin , Dai Le‐Shan , Li Yun‐Fei , Yang Ke‐Yue , Yun Da‐Qin , Woo Han Young , Deng Lin‐Long , Xie Su‐Yuan , Zheng Lan‐Sun
Published: June 2024

The development of high‐performance organic photovoltaic materials is of crucial importance for the commercialization of organic solar cells (OSCs). Herein, two structurally simple donor‐π‐conjugated linker‐acceptor (D‐π‐A)‐configured small‐molecule donors with methyl‐substituted triphenylamine as D unit, 1,1‐dicyanomethylene‐3‐indanone as A unit, and thiophene or furan as π‐conjugated linker, named DTICPT and DTICPF, are developed. DTICPT and DTICPF are facilely prepared via a two‐step synthetic process with simple procedures. DTICPF with a furan π‐conjugated linker exhibits stronger and broader optical absorption, deeper highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy levels, and better charge transport, compared to its thiophene analog DTICPT. As a result, vacuum‐deposited OSCs based on DTICPF: C70 show an impressive power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 9.36% (certified 9.15%) with short‐circuit current density (Jsc) up to 17.49 mA cm−2 (certified 17.56 mA cm−2), which is the highest Jsc reported so far for vacuum‐deposited OSCs. Besides, devices based on DTICPT: C70 and DTICPF: C70 exhibit excellent long‐term stability under different aging conditions. This work offers important insights into the rational design of D‐π‐A configured small‐molecule donors for high efficient and stable vacuum‐deposited OSCs.
Exploring Phenolphthalein Polyarylethers as High‐Performance Alternative Binders for High‐Voltage Cathodes in Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Yang Kai , Chen Keding , Zhang Xingdi , Gao Shuyu , Sun Jichang , Gong Jin , Chai Jinchao , Zheng Yun , Liu Zhihong , Wang Honghua
Published: June 2024

Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) has unique electrochemical oxidation resistance and is the only binder for high‐voltage cathode materials in the battery industry for a long time. However, PVDF still has some drawbacks, such as environmental limitations on fluorine, strict requirements for environmental humidity, weak adhesion, and poor lithium ion conductivity. Herein, the long‐standing issues associated with high‐voltage lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2; LCO) are successfully addressed by incorporating phenolphthalein polyetherketone (PEK‐C) and phenolphthalein polyethersulfone (PES‐C) as binder materials. These binders have unexpected electrochemical oxidation resistance and robustness adhesion, ensure uniform coverage on the surface of LCO, and establish an effective and fast ion‐conductive CEI/binder composite layer. By leveraging these favorable characteristics, electrodes based on polyarylether binders demonstrate significantly better cycling and rate performance than their counterparts using traditional PVDF binders. The fast ion‐conductive CEI/binder composite layer effectively mitigates adverse reactions at the cathode–electrolyte interface. As anticipated, batteries utilizing phenolphthalein polyarylether binders exhibit capacity retention rates of 88.92% and 80.4% after 200 and 500 cycles at 4.5 and 4.6 V, respectively. The application of binders, such as polyarylether binders, offers a straightforward and inspiring approach for designing high‐energy‐density battery materials.
Oral Heterojunction Coupling Interventional Optical Fiber Mediates Synergistic Therapy for Orthotopic Rectal Cancer
Authors: Li Ruiyan , Fu Dianxun , Yuan Xue , Niu Gaoli , Fan Yueyue , Shi Jiacheng , Yang Yiwen , Ye Jiamin , Han Jingwen , Kang Yong , Ji Xiaoyuan
Published: June 2024

Catalytic therapy has shown great potential for clinical application. However, conventional catalytic therapies rely on reactive oxygen species (ROS) as “therapeutic drugs,” which have limitations in effectively inhibiting tumor recurrence and metastasis. Here, a biomimetic heterojunction catalyst is developed that can actively target orthotopic rectal cancer after oral administration. The heterojunction catalyst is composed of quatrefoil star‐shaped BiVO4 (BVO) and ZnIn2S4 (ZIS) nanosheets through an in situ direct growth technique. Poly‐norepinephrine and macrophage membrane coatings afford the biomimetic heterojunction catalyst (BVO/ZIS@M), which has high rectal cancer targeting and retention abilities. The coupled optical fiber intervention technology activates the multicenter coordination of five catalytic reactions of heterojunction catalysts, including two reduction reactions (O2→·O2− and CO2→CO) and three oxidation reactions (H2O→·OH, GSH→GSSG, and LA→PA). These catalytic reactions not only induce immunogenic death in tumor cells through the efficient generation of ROS/CO and the consumption of GSH but also specifically lead to the use of lactic acid (LA) as an electron donor to improve catalytic activity and disrupt the LA‐mediated immunosuppressive microenvironment, mediating synergistic catalysis and immunotherapy for orthotopic rectal cancer. Therefore, this optical fiber intervention triggered the combination of heterojunction catalytic therapy and immunotherapy, which exhibits prominent antitumor effects.
Atmospheric Pressure Alkaline Etching of MFI Zeolite Under Mild Temperature Toward Hollow Microstructure and Ultralow k Film
Authors: Zhang Kaipeng , Xu Ruilan , Wang Rui , Cai Junhui , Lin Xintu , Gan Lu , Wang Zhengbao , Peng Yong
Published: June 2024

Constructing a hollow structure inside zeolite is very helpful for improving its performance. Unlike the conventional alkaline etching technique usually operated at high temperature (typically 170 °C) and high pressure (autogenerated in autoclave), here, it is discovered that zeolite MFI nano‐box can be achieved under mild etching conditions of atmospheric pressure and low temperature of 80 °C, making it very attractive for energy conservation and practical applications. A hollow‐structure formation mechanism of protection‐dissolution etching is demonstrated by characterizing MFI crystals obtained under different etching time, temperature, and etchant concentration. The utilization of template agent‐free secondary growth leads to the successful fabrication of a continuous b‐oriented hierarchical MFI zeolite film with desired microstructure of embedded cavities and opened pores. The advantage of the newly constructed film is highlighted by its ultralow k value accompanied with high mechanical strength.
Hearing loss and cognitive decline: Prioritizing equity in a world in which hearing health matters
Authors: Nieman Carrie L. , Thorpe Roland J. , Oh Esther S.
Published: June 2024

Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRDs) and age‐related hearing loss are the intersection of two major public health challenges. With age as the primary risk factor for both disease processes, the burden of ADRDs and age‐related hearing loss is growing, and each field maintains significant barriers to broadscale identification and management that is affordable and accessible. With the disproportionate burden of ADRDs among racial and ethnic minority older adults and existing disparities within hearing care, both areas face challenges in achieving equitable access and outcomes across diverse populations. The publication of the Aging and Cognitive Health Evaluation in Elders (ACHIEVE) trial in July 2023 marked a significant moment in the fields of brain and hearing health. The ACHIEVE trial was the first randomized controlled trial to examine whether providing hearing intervention, specifically provision of hearing aids, compared to an education control, would reduce cognitive changes over 3 years. The participants most at risk for cognitive decline, with lower education, lower income, more likely to identify as Black, and have more cardiovascular risk factors, were the participants who benefited most from the hearing intervention and are also the least likely to be represented in research and the least likely to obtain hearing care. With growing evidence of the interconnection between cognitive and sensory health, we have an opportunity to prioritize equity, from purposeful inclusion of diverse participants in trials to influencing the emerging market of over‐the‐counter hearing aids to supporting expanded models of hearing care that reach those who have traditionally gone unserved. No longer can hearing go unrecognized by clinicians, researchers, and advocates for brain health. At the same time, the fields of brain and hearing health must center equity if we are going to meet the needs of diverse older adults in a world in which hearing health matters.
Re‐Centering Students and Teachers: Voices from Literacy Clinics
Authors: Johnson Tracy , Cavendish Leslie M. , Waller Rachael , Hoch Mary , Huggins Shelly , Gallagher Tiffany , Orellana Pelusa , Vokatis Barbara , Flores Brian
Published: June 2024

A survey completed by 22 literacy clinic directors indicated that clinics share beliefs and instructional practices. Literacy clinics provide a context in which children are taught to read and write by clinicians who are training to be literacy teachers. As best practices in reading instruction are debated, effective clinical assessment and instructional practices have endured. Using a student‐centered approach, literacy clinics help students become engaged, confident, and capable readers. Research results identified four themes: multiple literacy components, affective factors, a cyclical assessment and instruction process, and clinician and student agency. The article connects these themes and gives examples of the application of the themes for classroom instruction and assessment practices.
A Window into Multilingual Students' Worlds: Using Multimodal Writing to Support Writing Growth
Authors: Zeng Hongye
Published: June 2024

Writing in school has long been disconnected and inauthentic to multilingual learners due to its monolingual, language‐focused, and standardized features. Although more and more researchers have called for and explored newer asset‐based writing pedagogies, such as digital multimodal writing, to support diverse learners in response to emerging technologies and expanding literacy territories in recent decades. However, there is a need for guidance for teachers to better embrace these digital and multimodal resources into writing classrooms. Therefore, this article highlights a digital multimodal writing cycle for planning, implementing, and evaluating digital multimodal writing activities in diverse classrooms. The author illustrates this cycle with examples from one fourth‐grade Chinese‐English bilingual child in a summer literacy program in the United States. This guide has implications for how digital multimodal writing can be a space to reveal, track, and build upon often unseen resourcefulness and agency of multilingual learners.
Nucleotide sequence characterization, amino acid variations and 3D structural analysis of HN protein of the NDV VIId genotype
Authors: Tavassoli Amin , Soleymani Safoura , Housaindokht Mohammad Reza
Published: June 2024

Background

Haemagglutinin–neuraminidase (HN) is one of the membrane proteins of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) that plays a significant role during host viral infection. Therefore, antibodies against HN are vital for the host's ability to protect itself against NDV infection due to their critical functions in viral infection. As a result, HN has been a candidate protein in vaccine development against the Newcastle disease virus.

Methods

This report used the full‐length sequence of the HN protein of NDV isolated in Iran (VIId subgenotype). We characterize and identify amino acid substitutions in comparison to other more prevalent NDV genotypes, VII subgenotypes and vaccine strains. Furthermore, bioinformatics tools were applied to determine the three‐dimensional structure, molecular dynamics simulation and prediction of B‐cell antigenic epitopes.

Results

The results showed that the antigenic regions of our isolate are quite comparable to the other VII subgenotypes of NDV isolated from different geographical places. Moreover, by employing the final 3D structure of our HN protein, the amino acid residues are proposed as a B‐cell epitope by epitope prediction servers, which leads to the introduction of linear and conformational antigenic sites.

Conclusions

Immunoinformatic vaccine design principles currently exhibit tremendous potential for developing a new generation of candidate vaccines quickly and economically to eradicate infectious viruses, including the NDV. In order to accomplish this, focus is directed on residues that might be considered antigenic.
Cyanobacteria in the Anthropocene: Synanthropism forged in an era of global change
Authors: Erratt Kevin J. , Freeman Erika C.
Published: June 2024

The Anthropocene has driven a transformative era where human activities exert unprecedented influence on Earth's biosphere. Consequently, synanthropic organisms, adept at thriving in human‐modified environments, have emerged. While well studied in terrestrial ecosystems, the presence and ecological importance of synanthropic species in aquatic ecosystems, specifically among cyanobacteria, are less understood. Cyanobacteria blooms, notorious for their detrimental effects on ecosystems and human health, are increasing in frequency and intensity globally. In this perspective, we explore the evidence supporting this rise of cyanobacteria blooms, emphasizing the roles of human‐induced eutrophication and climate change on select cyanobacteria genera. Cyanobacteria are not a monolith, with certain genera showing an observable increase within anthropogenically modified environments. We propose the establishment of a new sub‐branch of phycology that explicitly investigates the ecology and physiology of synanthropic cyanobacteria. Understanding the intricate interactions between synanthropic species and human populations is imperative for managing human‐altered ecosystems and conserving freshwater resources, particularly in the face of increasing global water insecurity.

Practitioner Points

The rise in cyanobacteria blooms is driven by a small subset of human‐adapted genera—synanthropic cyanobacteria.

Research is needed to characterize synanthropic cyanobacteria, which will aid in developing tailored management approaches.

A paradigm shift from domesticating to “rewilding” landscapes and modifying behaviors to facilitate cohabitation are solutions to reducing risks.
Spatial Proteomics of Single Hepatocytes with Multiplexed Data-Independent Acquisition (mDIA)
Authors: Thielert Marvin , Weiss Caroline A. M. , Mann Matthias , Rosenberger Florian A.
Published: June 2024

Spatially resolved mass spectrometry-based proteomics at single-cell resolution promises to provide insights into biological heterogeneity. We describe a protocol based on multiplexed data-independent acquisition (mDIA) with dimethyl labeling to enhance proteome depth, accuracy, and throughput while minimizing costs. It enables high-quality proteome analysis of single isolated hepatocytes and utilizes liver zonation for single-cell proteomics benchmarking. This adaptable, modular protocol will promote the use of single-cell proteomics in spatial biology.
Introduction
Authors: Schilizzi Richard T. , Ekers Ronald D. , Dewdney Peter E. , Crosby Philip
Published: June 2024

This chapter sets the scene for the story of the early years of the Square Kilometre Array by sketching the scientific, technical, funding and cultural context for the project.
Industry Engagement
Authors: Schilizzi Richard T. , Ekers Ronald D. , Dewdney Peter E. , Crosby Philip
Published: June 2024

The protagonists of the SKA recognised the need and benefits of industrial participation from an early stage, correctly reasoning that the instrument simply could not be funded nor built without the economies of scale afforded by industry. Prior to around 2009, industrial engagement took the form of lively, though largely uncoordinated, activities driven by member countries to stir industrial interest and encourage minor contributions to the national effort. After 2009, the (optimistic) promise of imminent larger contracts fuelled closer engagement, with larger multinational companies, who were interested in both the contracts to deliver the telescope, and in the spin-off technologies. Once the SKA Project Development Office became active, industry engagement grew more strategic and coordinated, underpinned by various industry consortia and international events promoting the global nature of the project. Much good work was done leading up to the dual-site decision in 2012 in preparation for capability scouting and supply chain development within a complex procurement environment. While this work laid a foundation for an informed, competitive, and motivated global industrial capability, ultimately the project elected to largely procure through contracts and work packages tuned to Member country investment.
Large Radio Telescopes and the Emergence of the SKA, 1957–1993
Authors: Schilizzi Richard T. , Ekers Ronald D. , Dewdney Peter E. , Crosby Philip
Published: June 2024

The SKA is the culmination of radio telescope design development in the decades prior to 1990. This chapter surveys the earlier telescopes and traces the origins of the ideas behind the SKA design.
Global Collaboration on Science and Technology, 1993–2006
Authors: Schilizzi Richard T. , Ekers Ronald D. , Dewdney Peter E. , Crosby Philip
Published: June 2024

Global collaboration from concept to SKA construction can be separated into four distinct phases. The first, the “Grass-roots” Phase from 1993 to early 2006, began with the URSI Large Telescope Working Group (LTWG) and various national design efforts working in conjunction. By 1999, interest had grown around the world to the point when a global Steering Committee was formed to take the project forward. At the end of this Phase in 2005, Funding Agencies began, collectively, to become involved in the SKA, and this heralded the start of the second phase of collaboration from 2006 to 2011, the “Transition Phase” to a legal entity for the SKA. The Transition Phase led into the Pre-Construction Phase from 2011 to 2021, and subsequently the Construction Phase.

In this chapter, we trace the evolution of the governance structures in the Grass-Roots Phase, discuss the triggers that led to the changes, and outline the main activities of, and issues faced by, the governing entities in this first phase of the SKA project.
Liberalism and Dignity: The Soul’s Humble Upbringing and Vulnerability
Authors: Gotoh Reiko
Published: June 2024

The first purpose of this chapter is to examine dignity from a perspective of economic philosophy and theories of justice. Specifically, I will analyze the following three conceptual distinctions that have been controversial related to dignity (Sects. 3–5). They are (1) “price” versus “dignity;” (2) “individual dignity” versus “human dignity;” and (3) “equality of human rights” versus “respect for dignity.” The second and more important purpose of this chapter is to use the concept of dignity to illuminate certain conundrums that liberalism has left behind and to reexamine the reach and limits of liberalism. Thus, this paper explores theoretical possibilities of the concept of dignity based on relevant literature. Section 2 introduces the concept of dignity in John Rawls’ theory of justice. Section 6 reviews relevant literature on the attempts to critically develop the concept of dignity in Rawls’ theory of justice.

“From my perspective, it is just that soul and spirit, with all their dignity and human scale, are now so complex and unique states of an organism…. And this is of course the difficult job, is it not: to move the spirit from its nowhere pedestal to a somewhere place, while preserving its dignity and importance, to recognize its humble origins and vulnerability, and yet still call upon its guidance (Damasio, 2005).”
On Keynes’s Ethics as Eudaimonia
Authors: Carabelli Anna
Published: June 2024

In ethics, John Maynard Keynes distinguishes between speculative ethics and practical ethics or morals. Speculative ethics concerns ultimate ends and values that are intrinsically good: what in his 1938 paper My Early Beliefs he called his religion, a religion that he got from G. E. Moore. Practical ethics concerns itself with conduct, probability and economics. In his speculative ethics, Keynes believes in the existence of a plurality of heterogeneous ends and values. This is also true for his view on aesthetics. He sees many different kinds of beauty as of virtue. On pluralism Keynes follows Aristotle rather than Plato. Aristotle stresses the plurality and variety of goodness and the fact that good is not reducible to a univocal scale. On the contrary, Platonic tradition—as does utilitarianism—accepts the idea of a uniqueness of ends and values: it reduces goodness to one dimension alone.
Immediate Impacts of Wildfires on Ground-dwelling macroinvertebrate Communities under Stones in Mediterranean Oak Forests
Authors: Puga João R. L. , Moreira Francisco , Keizer Jan J. , Abrantes Nelson J. C.
Published: June 2024

Wildfires are considered a major disturbance to forest ecosystems in the Mediterranean countries of Southern Europe. Although ground-dwelling macroinvertebrates are crucial to many soil functions, there is a fundamental lack of understanding of how wildfires impact this community in the immediate term and of the role of stones in their survival. Hence, in the present study we assessed the immediate effects of wildfires in the ground-dwelling macroinvertebrate community found under stones by comparing communities in burnt and non-burnt Mediterranean oak forests. Our results revealed that stones allowed the survival of many taxa in the burnt area. However, abundance, richness, diversity, and equitability per stone were significantly lower at the burnt than unburnt sites. Furthermore, the results also showed that richness and abundance increased significantly with increasing stone depth and area, both at the burnt and unburnt sites. Significant changes at the trophic level were observed in the burnt area comparing to the unburnt, particularly a decline in predators. No significant differences were identified concerning habitat associations among taxa. Overall, this study stressed the role of stones as microhabitats and refuge for the ground-dwelling macroinvertebrate community during wildfires.
Psychosoziale Unterstützung von Menschen mit Heimerfahrung in der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik
Authors: Compera Emelie , Hoffmann Doreen , Böhm Maya , Glaesmer Heide
Published: June 2024

Hintergrund

Menschen, die in Kinderheimen und Jugendwerkhöfen der DDR schwere Vernachlässigungs‑, Misshandlungs- und Missbrauchserfahrungen gemacht haben, leiden z. T. bis in die heutige Zeit noch unter psychosozialen Langzeitfolgen und weisen einen hohen Versorgungsbedarf auf. Häufig berichten sie jedoch über Zugangshürden zum Hilfesystem und von Verständigungsproblemen mit professionellen Fachkräften.

Fragestellung

Welche Erfahrungen mit psychiatrischer/psychotherapeutischer Behandlung und anderen Angeboten der psychosozialen Versorgung haben Menschen, die in Kinderheimen und Jugendwerkhöfen der DDR aufgewachsen sind, gemacht? Was an der Behandlung wurde als hilfreich wahrgenommen und was als problematisch? Welche Zugangshürden zum Versorgungssystem werden beschrieben?

Methoden

In einer Fragebogenstudie wurden mithilfe des Mixed-Methods-Ansatz 273 Menschen mit DDR-Heimerfahrungen nach ihren Erfahrungen mit psychiatrischer/psychotherapeutischer Behandlung und anderen Angeboten der psychosozialen Versorgung gefragt.

Ergebnisse und Diskussion

Anhand der Berichte von 153 Menschen mit DDR-Heimerfahrungen, die eine professionelle Behandlung in Anspruch genommen haben, werden Barrieren für die Aufnahme einer Behandlung sowie hilfreiche und problematische Erfahrungen der Betroffenengruppe beschrieben und diskutiert.