bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Self‐Template‐Directed Synthesis of Porous Perovskite Nanowires at Room Temperature for High‐Performance Visible‐Light Photodetectors
Authors: Zhuo Sifei , Zhang Jingfang , Shi Yanmei , Huang Yi , Zhang Bin
Published: March 2015

The unique optoelectronic properties and promising photovoltaic applications of organolead halide perovskites have driven the exploration of facile strategies to synthesize organometal halide perovskites and corresponding hybrid materials and devices. Currently, the preparation of CH3NH3PbBr3 perovskite nanowires, especially those with porous features, is still a great challenge. An efficient self‐template‐directed synthesis of high‐quality porous CH3NH3PbBr3 perovskite nanowires in solution at room temperature using the Pb‐containing precursor nanowires as both the sacrificial template and the Pb2+ source in the presence of CH3NH3Br and HBr is now presented. The initial formation of CH3NH3PbBr3 perovskite layers on the surface of the precursor nanowires and the following dissolution of the organic component of the latter led to the formation of mesopores and the preservation of the 1D morphology. Furthermore, the perovskite nanowires are potential materials for visible‐light photodetectors with high sensitivity and stability.
Einzigartige Härtungseigenschaften durch lebende Polymerisation in vernetzenden Materialien: Polyurethan‐Photopolymere aus Vinylether‐Synthesebausteinen
Authors: Kirschbaum Stefan , Landfester Katharina , Taden Andreas
Published: March 2015

Photopolymere mit einzigartigen Härtungseigenschaften können durch die Kombination von lebender kationischer Polymerisation mit engmaschiger Vernetzung und Einschränkung der molekularen Beweglichkeit hergestellt werden. Ein Vinyletherdiol wurde als funktioneller Baustein synthetisiert und mit Isophorondiisocyanat umgesetzt, um ein hochfunktionalisiertes Vinyletherpolyurethan als Modellsystem mit ausgeprägter Vernetzungsfähigkeit zu erhalten. Unter Verwendung eines kationischen Photoinitiators konnte nach kurzer Bestrahlung eine schnelle Polymerisation beobachtet werden. Die Aushärtung erfolgt ohne Sauerstoffinhibierung und läuft unter Lichtausschluss weiter. Aktive kationische Kettenenden werden bei fortschreitender Vernetzung eingeschlossen und verbleiben im Glaszustand untätig bzw. schlafend, wobei der lebende Charakter über Tage erhalten bleibt. Der Polymerisationsprozess kann durch weitere UV‐Bestrahlung und/oder thermische Behandlung wiedererweckt werden. Das Härtungsverhalten wurde mittels UV‐ und NIR‐gekoppelter Rheologie sowie Photo‐DSC im Detail untersucht, um simultan spektroskopische und mechanische Informationen zu beobachten und thermische Effekte zu erfassen.
Narcissistic Self‐Sorting in Self‐Assembled Cages of Rare Earth Metals and Rigid Ligands
Authors: Johnson Amber M. , Wiley Calvin A. , Young Michael C. , Zhang Xing , Lyon Yana , Julian Ryan R. , Hooley Richard J.
Published: March 2015

Highly selective, narcissistic self‐sorting can be achieved in the formation of self‐assembled cages of rare earth metals with multianionic salicylhydrazone ligands. The assembly process is highly sensitive to the length of the ligand and the coordination geometry. Most surprisingly, high‐fidelity sorting is possible between ligands of identical coordination angle and geometry, differing only in a single functional group on the ligand core, which is not involved in the coordination. Supramolecular effects allow discrimination between pendant functions as similar as carbonyl or methylene groups in a complex assembly process.
Synthesis of Cyclopropyl‐Substituted Furans by Brønsted Acid Promoted Cascade Reactions
Authors: Clark J. Stephen , Romiti Filippo , Hogg Kirsten F. , Hamid Malai Haniti S. A. , Richter Sven C. , Boyer Alistair , Redman Joanna C. , Farrugia Louis J.
Published: March 2015

Chloroacetic acid promotes an efficient and diastereoselective intramolecular cascade reaction of electron‐deficient ynenones to deliver products featuring a 2,3,5‐trisubstituted furan bearing a fused cyclopropyl substituent at the 5‐position. Synthetically relevant polycyclic building blocks featuring rings of various sizes and heteroatoms have been synthesized in high yield using this mild acid‐catalyzed reaction.
Synergistic effects of carbon nanotubes and carbon black on the fracture and fatigue resistance of natural rubber composites
Authors: Dong Bin , Liu Chang , Lu Yonglai , Wu Youping
Published: March 2015

The quasi‐static fracture and dynamic fatigue behaviors of natural rubber composites reinforced with hybrid carbon nanotube bundles (CNTBs) and carbon black (CB) at similar hardness values were investigated on the basis of fracture mechanical methods. Mechanical measurement and J‐integral tests were carried out to characterize the quasi‐static fracture resistance. Dynamic fatigue tests were performed under cyclic constant strain conditions with single‐edged notched test pieces. The results indicate that synergistic effects between CNTBs and CB on the mechanical properties, fracture, and fatigue resistance were obtained. The composite reinforced with 3‐phr CNTBs displayed the strongest fatigue resistance. The synergistic mechanisms and dominating factors of quasi‐static and dynamic failure, such as the dispersion state of nanotubes, hybrid filler network structure, strain‐induced crystallization, tearing energy input, and viscoelastic hysteresis loss, were examined. The weakest fatigue resistance of the composite filled with 5‐phr CNTBs was ascribed to its strikingly high hysteresis, which resulted in marked heat generation under dynamic fatigue conditions. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42075.
PVA hydrogels loaded with a Brazilian propolis for burn wound healing applications
Authors: Oliveira Renata N. , McGuinness Garrett B. , Rouze Regis , Quilty Brid , Cahill Paul , Soares Gloria D. A. , Thiré Rossana M. S. M.
Published: March 2015

PVA hydrogels offer many suitable characteristics for burn wound dressings. However, unmodified PVA gels do not act against infection. Propolis is a natural antimicrobial agent suitable for incorporation into PVA gels. PVA–propolis gels were produced by freeze–thawing method, and their microstructure, mechanical, and swelling properties (in standard PBS and a PBS‐based solution with pH 4.0) were characterized. The propolis release profiles and the gel's antibacterial and cytotoxicity properties were also investigated. The presence of propolis in the gels interfered with the PVA crystallization profile and with the mechanical properties. All samples swelled at least 400% in both media. The propolis was mostly released to the media in the first day of immersion. PVA–propolis gels with concentrations of 15% propolis or more were active against the gram‐positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus, which is associated with initial colonization of the wound. All PVA–propolis samples acted as barriers to microbial penetration. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42129.
Dynamic 3D culture: Models of chondrogenesis and endochondral ossification
Authors: Foster Nicola C. , Henstock James R. , Reinwald Yvonne , El Haj Alicia J.
Published: March 2015

The formation of cartilage from stem cells during development is a complex process which is regulated by both local growth factors and biomechanical cues, and results in the differentiation of chondrocytes into a range of subtypes in specific regions of the tissue. In fetal development cartilage also acts as a precursor scaffold for many bones, and mineralization of this cartilaginous bone precursor occurs through the process of endochondral ossification. In the endochondral formation of bones during fetal development the interplay between cell signalling, growth factors, and biomechanics regulates the formation of load bearing bone, in addition to the joint capsule containing articular cartilage and synovium, generating complex, functional joints from a single precursor anlagen. These joint tissues are subsequently prone to degeneration in adult life and have poor regenerative capabilities, and so understanding how they are created during development may provide useful insights into therapies for diseases, such as osteoarthritis, and restoring bone and cartilage lost in adulthood. Of particular interest is how these tissues regenerate in the mechanically dynamic environment of a living joint, and so experiments performed using 3D models of cartilage development and endochondral ossification are proving insightful. In this review, we discuss some of the interesting models of cartilage development, such as the chick femur which can be observed in ovo, or isolated at a specific developmental stage and cultured organotypically in vitro. Biomaterial and hydrogel‐based strategies which have emerged from regenerative medicine are also covered, allowing researchers to make informed choices on the characteristics of the materials used for both original research and clinical translation. In all of these models, we illustrate the essential importance of mechanical forces and mechanotransduction as a regulator of cell behavior and ultimate structural function in cartilage. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 105:19–33, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Real‐time conductivity imaging of temperature and tissue property changes during radiofrequency ablation: An ex vivo model using weighted frequency difference
Authors: Wi Hun , McEwan Alistair Lee , Lam Vincent , Kim Hyung Joong , Woo Eung Je , Oh Tong In
Published: March 2015

We demonstrated the feasibility of time difference and weighted frequency difference conductivity imaging for real‐time monitoring of temperature distribution and ablation region estimation during radiofrequency (RF) ablation. The electrical conductivity spectrum of biological tissue reflects mobility of ions in intra‐ and extra‐cellular fluids and changes in cellular morphology induced by heating. The time series conductivity spectra were measured in an ex vivo bovine liver by a high‐speed electrical impedance tomography (EIT) system. The EIT system was protected by filters to suppress RF energy and allow interleaved real‐time imaging. We recorded time and weighted frequency‐difference conductivity images and direct temperature variations at the ablation region and control region during 8 min ablation and for the following 66 min of cooling. Conductivity variation in regions of interest was compared with temperature recordings. Contours of conductivity change were visualized and compared to estimate the ablation area. EIT images confirmed increase of conductivity at all frequencies and loss of frequency conductivity change associated with loss of cellular structure. Time difference conductivity images showed changes due to both heating during ablation and heat dissipation following ablation together with tissue property changes. Weighted frequency‐difference images presented persistent changes following heating due to the morphological change in the ablation zone. Bioelectromagnetics. 36:277–286, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Surgeons' and trainees' perceived self-efficacy in operating theatre non-technical skills
Authors: Pena G , Altree M , Field J , Thomas M J W , Hewett P , Babidge W , Maddern G J
Published: March 2015

Background

An important factor that may influence an individual's performance is self-efficacy, a personal judgement of capability to perform a particular task successfully. This prospective study explored newly qualified surgeons' and surgical trainees' self-efficacy in non-technical skills compared with their non-technical skills performance in simulated scenarios.

Methods

Participants undertook surgical scenarios challenging non-technical skills in two simulation sessions 6 weeks apart. Some participants attended a non-technical skills workshop between sessions. Participants completed pretraining and post-training surveys about their perceived self-efficacy in non-technical skills, which were analysed and compared with their performance in surgical scenarios in two simulation sessions. Change in performance between sessions was compared with any change in participants' perceived self-efficacy.

Results

There were 40 participants in all, 17 of whom attended the non-technical skills workshop. There was no significant difference in participants' self-efficacy regarding non-technical skills from the pretraining to the post-training survey. However, there was a tendency for participants with the highest reported self-efficacy to adjust their score downwards after training and for participants with the lowest self-efficacy to adjust their score upwards. Although there was significant improvement in non-technical skills performance from the first to second simulation sessions, a correlation between participants' self-efficacy and performance in scenarios in any of the comparisons was not found.

Conclusion

The results suggest that new surgeons and surgical trainees have poor insight into their non-technical skills. Although it was not possible to correlate participants' self-belief in their abilities directly with their performance in a simulation, in general they became more critical in appraisal of their abilities as a result of the intervention.
The importance of being isomeric
Authors: Anderson Robert H. , Brown Nigel A. , Meno Chikara , Spicer Diane E.
Published: March 2015

In the normal individual, the parietal components of the body are mirror‐imaged and appropriately described as isomeric. The thoraco‐abdominal organs, in contrast, are lateralized. However, in “visceral heterotaxy,” the thoraco‐abdominal organs also show some degree of isomerism, best seen in the arrangement of the bronchial tree. Whether isomerism can be found within the heart remains controversial. One of two recent publications in this journal emphasized the crucial features of bronchial isomerism; the other, in contrast, confused the situation of isomerism within the heart. In this review, we show how the topic of cardiac isomerism is clarified by concentrating on the anatomical features of the cardiac components and determining how best they can be described. Appropriate manipulation of developing mice produces unequivocal evidence of isomerism of the atrial appendages, but with no evidence of ventricular isomerism. In hearts from patients with so‐called “heterotaxy,” only the atrial appendages, distinguished on the basis of the pectinate muscles lining their walls, are uniformly isomeric, permitting the syndrome to be differentiated into the subsets of left as opposed to right atrial appendage isomerism. Thus, controversies are defused by simply describing the isomerism of the atrial appendages rather than “atrial isomerism,” recognizing the frequency of abnormal venoatrial connections in these settings. Any suggestion of ambiguity is removed by the equally simple expedient of describing all the variable cardiac features, describing the arrangements of the thoracic and abdominal organs separately should there be discordances. Clin. Anat. 28:477–486, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Computer‐based simulation development of a design course project in electrical engineering
Authors: Zavalani Orion
Published: March 2015

Computer‐based simulation (CBS) is a powerful tool in engineering education. In the article, the findings of a study designed to evaluate the impact of CBS for the development of a design course project (DCP) in the framework of the Electrical Applications course taught at electrical engineering master degree are presented. The study is based on an experimental approach to evaluate the impact of CBS on student results during the first year. Then, during three subsequent years, surveys were collected to analyze students’ perception of the impact that CBS had on the student's learning efficacy and level of motivation during the development of the DCP. The main finding of this work is that students who used CBS as an additional tool during the development of the DCP achieved significantly higher results than their colleagues who did not use it. Analysis of the surveys indicates that students perceived an impact of CBS on their learning efficacy and level of motivation near the high levels of the scoring system used. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 23:587–595, 2015; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/cae; DOI 10.1002/cae.21629
Subverting the market to help other consumers: The ‘la repasse’ phenomenon
Authors: Fuschillo Gregorio , Cova Bernard
Published: March 2015

This paper aims to broaden our perspective on Consumer‐to‐Consumer (C‐to‐C) interactions. Recent studies on consumption have striven to shed light on the grey zone between market economies and moral economies. Our research goes one step further by focusing on C‐to‐C helping behaviours such as passing on tickets in public places (on the underground, in car parks, during city package tours, etc.). The hermeneutic analysis of these fraudulent practices shows that consumers undertake these microsubversions of the marketplace for the sake of citizenship. They act as contemporary Robin Hoods who turn market materials into flash token gifts for other consumers. In doing so, they daily reshape the boundaries of market/moral economies. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A tale of two brothers: How siblings influence behavior and health
Authors: Lobato Debra
Published: March 2015

On April 15, 2013, two homemade pressure‐cooker bombs exploded near the finish line of the Boston Marathon. Three people, including an 8‐year‐old boy, were killed. Hundreds of others were seriously injured. The city of Boston was paralyzed by a gripping manhunt for two suspects — two brothers. Days later, 26‐year‐old Tamerlan Tsarnaev was killed during a shoot‐out with police following the death of an MIT police officer and carjacking. Tamerlan's younger brother, 19‐year‐old Dzhokhar Tsarnaev, was injured and subsequently captured. Dzhokhar was charged with using and conspiring to use a weapon of mass destruction resulting in death and malicious destruction of property resulting in death. Dzhokhar now awaits trial and is facing the death penalty in Massachusetts. At the time of the manhunt, the brothers allegedly were plotting together to detonate more explosives in Times Square in New York City.
MMR vs. Autism: A False Choice
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: March 2015

Because of parents who think that giving their children an MMR (measles, mumps, and rubella) vaccination can lead to autism, parents with babies too young to be vaccinated now have to be afraid that putting their child in day care or going on a vacation to Disneyland will put them at risk for the disease. Every year, there are outbreaks of measles in this country — despite the fact that there is a vaccine that is safe and effective.
What's past is prologue
Authors: Schainfeld Robert M. , Rajachandran Manu
Published: March 2015

Key Points

Above knee and below knee patency for synthetic endografts are vastly different.

Long‐term data is encouragingly similar to synthetic bypass grafting.

Optimize use of synthetic endografts in above knee femoropopliteal segments in non‐critical limb ischemia patients.
Percutaneous coronary intervention: Ever closer to real world silver bullets!?
Authors: Hillegass William B. , Brott Brigitta C.
Published: March 2015

Key Points

Bare metal and early drug eluting stents have not meaningfully reduced subsequent rates of death and myocardial infarction compared to balloon angioplasty.

Second generation drug eluting stents are associated with meaningful reductions in death and myocardial infarction compared to first generation drug eluting stents.
Radial artery occlusion: Preventing Insult to Injury
Authors: Chandrasekhar Jaya , Mehran Roxana
Published: March 2015

Key Points

Intra‐arterial nitroglycerin prior to transradial sheath removal may reduce the incidence of radial artery occlusion (RAO).

Operators must observe careful attention to all aspects of transradial catheterization, particularly patent hemostasis; as well as independently monitor the institutional incidence of RAO to prompt improvements in practice.

Future studies on the impact of pre‐puncture ultrasound, novel sheaths, hemostatic devices, and potent oral and intravenous antithrombotic therapy on 30‐day RAO diagnosed by ultrasound may allow further reduction of RAO in a real‐world practice.
Salt‐Induced Adaptation of a Dynamic Combinatorial Library of Pseudopeptidic Macrocycles: Unraveling the Electrostatic Effects in Mixed Aqueous Media
Authors: Atcher Joan , Moure Alejandra , Bujons Jordi , Alfonso Ignacio
Published: March 2015

Dynamic combinatorial libraries are powerful systems for studying adaptive behaviors and relationships, as models of more complex molecular networks. With this aim, we set up a chemically diverse dynamic library of pseudopeptidic macrocycles containing amino‐acid side chains with differently charged residues (negative, positive, and neutral). The responsive ability of this complex library upon the increase of the ionic strength has been thoroughly studied. The families of the macrocyclic members concentrating charges of the same sign showed a large increase in its proportion as the ionic strength increases, whereas those with residues of opposite charges showed the reverse behavior. This observation suggested an electrostatic shielding effect of the salt within the library of macrocycles. The top‐down deconvolution of the library allowed us to obtain the fundamental thermodynamic information connecting the library members (exchange equilibrium constants), as well as to parameterize the adaptation to the external stimulus. We also visualized the physicochemical driving forces for the process by structural analysis using NMR spectroscopy and molecular modeling. This knowledge permitted the full understanding of the whole dynamic library and also the de novo design of dynamic chemical systems with tailored co‐adaptive relationships, containing competing or cooperating species. This study highlights the utility of dynamic combinatorial libraries in the emerging field of systems chemistry.
Determination of Trantinterol Enantiomers in Human Plasma by High‐Performance Liquid Chromatography – Tandem Mass Spectrometry Using Vancomycin Chiral Stationary Phase and Solid Phase Extraction and Stereoselective Pharmacokinetic Application
Authors: Qin Feng , Wang Yanjuan , Wang Lijuan , Zhao Longshan , Pan Li , Cheng Maosheng , Li Famei
Published: March 2015

A sensitive and enantioselective vancomycin chiral stationary phase high‐performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method was developed for the determination of trantinterol enantiomers in human plasma. Baseline resolution was achieved using the vancomycin chiral stationary phase known as Chirobiotic V with polar ionic mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile–methanol (60:40, v/v) containing 0.01% ammonia and 0.02% acetic acid at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. Waters Oasis HLB C18 solid phase extraction cartridges were used in the sample preparation of trantinterol samples from plasma. The detection was performed on a triple‐quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer by multiple reaction monitoring mode via electrospray ionization. The calibration curve was linear in a concentration range from 0.0606 to 30.3 ng/mL in plasma, with the lower limit of quantification of 0.0606 ng/mL. The intra‐ and interday precision (relative standard deviation) values were within 9.7% and the accuracy (relative error) was from −6.6 to 7.2% at all quality control levels. The method was successfully applied to a study of stereoselective pharmacokinetics in human. Chirality 27:327–331, 2015.© 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
AFNMR/NQR signal enhancement via population transfer
Authors: Lehmann‐horn Jochen A. , Miljak David G.
Published: March 2015

Antiferromagnetic nuclear magnetic resonance (AFNMR) and nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) are useful techniques to characterize materials in bulk volumes without applying external static magnetic fields. For industrial materials characterization applications, it is crucial to maximize signal‐to‐noise ratio in the available time. We simulate the AFNMR and NQR signal enhancement via population transfer in single crystals and powders and predict the enhancement factors for half‐integer quadrupolar nuclei spin systems. Differences to conventional high‐field NMR population transfer experiments are emphasized. We restrict our discussion to electric field gradients with axial symmetry
= 0. Triple resonance tuned crossed coil experiments on CuFeS2 and In2O3 powders support the numerical results. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part A 43A: 147–156, 2015.
Differences in the survival of patients with recurrent versus de novo metastatic KRAS‐mutant and EGFR‐mutant lung adenocarcinomas
Authors: Yu Helena A. , Sima Camelia S. , Hellmann Matthew D. , Naidoo Jarushka , Busby Natalie , Rodriguez Katherine , Riely Gregory J. , Kris Mark G.
Published: March 2015

BACKGROUND

Prognostic variables are independently associated with survival and are fundamental to clinical trial design. In the current study, the authors evaluated the impact of stage of disease at the time of the initial diagnosis on overall survival (OS) in 2 independent, oncogene‐defined cohorts.

METHODS

All patients with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)‐mutant and KRAS‐mutant metastatic lung adenocarcinomas were identified through routine molecular testing from January 2005 through January 2011. Clinical characteristics were obtained. OS from the date of diagnosis of recurrent or de novo metastatic disease was estimated using the Kaplan‐Meier method.

RESULTS

A total of 635 patients with KRAS‐mutant and 496 patients with EGFR‐mutant metastatic lung adenocarcinomas were identified. Among patients with KRAS‐mutant lung adenocarcinomas, those with de novo metastatic disease were found to have a shorter median OS compared with those with recurrent metastatic disease (13 months vs 18 months; P = .003). In a multivariable analysis of patients with KRAS‐mutant lung adenocarcinomas, de novo metastatic disease at the time of diagnosis (TNM stage IV vs stage I‐III: hazard ratio, 1.5 [95% confidence interval, 1.2‐1.8]; P<.001) was independently associated with shorter OS. In patients with EGFR‐mutant lung adenocarcinomas, after controlling for age and Karnofsky performance status, de novo metastatic disease at the time of diagnosis (stage IV vs stage I‐III: hazard ratio, 1.3 [95% confidence interval, 1.0‐1.7]; P = .03) was found to be independently associated with shorter OS.

CONCLUSIONS

Among patients with KRAS‐mutant lung adenocarcinomas, stage of disease at diagnosis was associated with OS from the time of diagnosis of recurrent/metastatic disease. In multivariable analyses, in both patients with EGFR‐mutant and KRAS‐mutant lung adenocarcinomas, advanced stage at the time of diagnosis was found to be independently associated with shorter survival. Stage at diagnosis is a prognostic variable that should be accounted for in prospective studies in patients with metastatic lung adenocarcinomas. Cancer 2015;121:2078–2082. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
An improved EDA for solving Steiner tree problem
Authors: Liu Lei , Wang Hua , Kong Guohong
Published: March 2015

Steiner tree problem and its derivations are widely employed to optimize the design of transportation, communication networks, biological engineering and the QoS multicast routing problem. It is one of well‐defined open issues which have attracted many research efforts. Different from the existing works, this paper develops a new method of solving Steiner tree problem by using the improved estimation of distribution algorithms (EDA). Further, the performance of developed method is validated by applying on multicast routing optimization. The developed method randomly initializes n trees which contain the source node and the destination nodes. And some individuals select the crossover operation randomly to add the population diversity and avoid the algorithm premature convergence. The algorithm constructs a probabilistic model according to the selected elites, which is capable of estimating the probability distribution of the solution. The probabilistic model is updated according to the new population. New trees are generated based on the probabilistic model. This process iterated until designated termination criteria are met. The improved EDA algorithm gradually evolves trees to obtain a better solution. Simulation validations suggest that the developed method leads to better performance. In particular, the complexity in terms of the converging speed improves significantly compared to other algorithms. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Energy Landscape Exploration of Sub‐Nanometre Copper–Silver Clusters
Authors: Heard Christopher J. , Johnston Roy L. , Schön J. Christian
Published: March 2015

The energy landscapes of sub‐nanometre bimetallic coinage metal clusters are explored with the Threshold Algorithm coupled with the Birmingham Cluster Genetic Algorithm. Global and energetically low‐lying minima along with their permutational isomers are located for the Cu${_4 }$Ag${_4 }$ cluster with the Gupta potential and density functional theory (DFT). Statistical tools are employed to map the connectivity of the energy landscape and the growth of structural basins, while the thermodynamics of interconversion are probed, based on probability flows between minima. Asymmetric statistical weights are found for pathways across dividing states between stable geometries, while basin volumes are observed to grow independently of the depth of the minimum. The DFT landscape is found to exhibit significantly more frustration than that of the Gupta potential, including several open, pseudo‐planar geometries which are energetically competitive with the global minimum. The differences in local minima and their transition barriers between the two levels of theory indicate the importance of explicit electronic structure for even simple, closed shell clusters.
Mechanisms of Cardiac Pain
Authors: Foreman Robert D. , Garrett Kennon M. , Blair Robert W.
Published: March 2015

Angina pectoris is cardiac pain that typically is manifested as referred pain to the chest and upper left arm. Atypical pain to describe localization of the perception, generally experienced more by women, is referred to the back, neck, and/or jaw. This article summarizes the neurophysiological and pharmacological mechanisms for referred cardiac pain. Spinal cardiac afferent fibers mediate typical anginal pain via pathways from the spinal cord to the thalamus and ultimately cerebral cortex. Spinal neurotransmission involves substance P, glutamate, and transient receptor potential vanilloid‐1 (TRPV1) receptors; release of neurokinins such as nuclear factor kappa b (NF‐kb) in the spinal cord can modulate neurotransmission. Vagal cardiac afferent fibers likely mediate atypical anginal pain and contribute to cardiac ischemia without accompanying pain via relays through the nucleus of the solitary tract and the C1‐C2 spinal segments. The psychological state of an individual can modulate cardiac nociception via pathways involving the amygdala. Descending pathways originating from nucleus raphe magnus and the pons also can modulate cardiac nociception. Sensory input from other visceral organs can mimic cardiac pain due to convergence of this input with cardiac input onto spinothalamic tract neurons. Reduction of converging nociceptive input from the gallbladder and gastrointestinal tract can diminish cardiac pain. Much work remains to be performed to discern the interactions among complex neural pathways that ultimately produce or do not produce the sensations associated with cardiac pain. © 2015 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol5:929‐960, 2015.
Cannabis in cancer care
Authors: Abrams DI , Guzman M
Published: March 2015

Cannabis has been used in medicine for thousands of years prior to achieving its current illicit substance status. Cannabinoids, the active components of Cannabis sativa, mimic the effects of the endogenous cannabinoids (endocannabinoids), activating specific cannabinoid receptors, particularly CB1 found predominantly in the central nervous system and CB2 found predominantly in cells involved with immune function. Delta‐9‐tetrahydrocannabinol, the main bioactive cannabinoid in the plant, has been available as a prescription medication approved for treatment of cancer chemotherapy‐induced nausea and vomiting and anorexia associated with the AIDS wasting syndrome. Cannabinoids may be of benefit in the treatment of cancer‐related pain, possibly synergistic with opioid analgesics. Cannabinoids have been shown to be of benefit in the treatment of HIV‐related peripheral neuropathy, suggesting that they may be worthy of study in patients with other neuropathic symptoms. Cannabinoids have a favorable drug safety profile, but their medical use is predominantly limited by their psychoactive effects and their limited bioavailability.
Cannabinoid replacement therapy (CRT): Nabiximols (Sativex) as a novel treatment for cannabis withdrawal
Authors: Allsop DJ , Lintzeris N , Copeland J , Dunlop A , McGregor IS
Published: March 2015

Cannabis is a common recreational drug that is generally considered to have low addictive potential. However, an increasing number of cannabis users are seeking treatment for dependence on the drug. There is interest in using agonist (substitution) pharmacotherapies to treat cannabis dependence and here we outline a novel approach involving a buccal spray (nabiximols) that contains tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD). We review recent research with nabiximols and highlight findings relevant to clinical practice.
Practicing Conflict Resolution and Cultural Responsiveness within Interdisciplinary Contexts: A Study of Community Service Practitioners
Authors: Parker‐Shandal Crystena A. H.
Published: March 2015

Workplace conflict is a significant issue for community service professionals. As more professions work toward developing interdisciplinary teams and culturally responsive practices, the potential for the escalation of conflict may increase as different professional value systems and conflict management strategies converge. However, although they are often expected to respond proficiently to conflicts, many community service professionals may not have had sufficient training in policies, practices, and structures that can provide alternative and transformative approaches to conflict management in diverse contexts. This article presents results of an exploratory study with interdisciplinary community service students who took part in a conflict resolution course at a diverse university in a metropolitan city in southern Ontario, Canada. The findings show that most of these community service–related professionals dealt with conflict on a daily basis, much of which was escalated by cultural conflict, lack of professional resources and development, and limited training in transformative peacebuilding practices. Most participants found that cultural diversity and gender influenced how they responded to conflicts in their various settings. The findings have important implications for how issues of culture and diversity are addressed and included in conflict resolution training programs.
Stakeholder‐Centric Governance and Corporate Social Performance: A Cross‐National Study
Authors: Shahzad Ali M. , Rutherford Matthew A. , Sharfman Mark P.
Published: March 2015

Because prior research has largely adopted an agency theory perspective and focused extensive effort on examining shareholder‐centric corporate governance mechanisms and their outcomes for shareholders or select groups of stakeholders, relatively little work has focused on whether governance structures can maximize outcomes for all stakeholders. We adopt an integrated, stakeholder‐agency theory perspective to explore a set of corporate governance mechanisms that potentially can help firms generate greater engagement with a broad array of stakeholders. We test the relationship between stakeholder‐centric governance and corporate social performance using a sample of 342 firms in 24 countries over four years and find that certain corporate governance mechanisms can indeed be construed as ‘stakeholder‐centric’ as they positively impact corporate social performance. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Boundary Engineering for the Thermoelectric Performance of Bulk Alloys Based on Bismuth Telluride
Authors: Mun Hyeona , Choi Soon‐Mok , Lee Kyu Hyoung , Kim Sung Wng
Published: March 2015

Thermoelectrics, which transports heat for refrigeration or converts heat into electricity directly, is a key technology for renewable energy harvesting and solid‐state refrigeration. Despite its importance, the widespread use of thermoelectric devices is constrained because of the low efficiency of thermoelectric bulk alloys. However, boundary engineering has been demonstrated as one of the most effective ways to enhance the thermoelectric performance of conventional thermoelectric materials such as Bi2Te3, PbTe, and SiGe alloys because their thermal and electronic transport properties can be manipulated separately by this approach. We review our recent progress on the enhancement of the thermoelectric figure of merit through boundary engineering together with the processing technologies for boundary engineering developed most recently using Bi2Te3‐based bulk alloys. A brief discussion of the principles and current status of boundary‐engineered bulk alloys for the enhancement of the thermoelectric figure of merit is presented. We focus mainly on (1) the reduction of the thermal conductivity by grain boundary engineering and (2) the reduction of thermal conductivity without deterioration of the electrical conductivity by phase boundary engineering. We also discuss the next potential approach using two boundary engineering strategies for a breakthrough in the area of bulk thermoelectric alloys.
Solving the mystery: the true prevalence of gestational diabetes in indigenous women
Authors: Saad Nathalie , Wilson Don , Donovan Lois E.
Published: March 2015

This commentary briefly reviews what is currently known about estimating the prevalence of gestational diabetes in indigenous women. It offers insights into numerous factors likely playing a role in its observed variability. It also highlights important key concepts to consider in the overall evaluation and management of gestational diabetes in this particular population. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A content analytic comparison of fitspiration and thinspiration websites
Authors: Boepple Leah , Thompson J. Kevin
Published: March 2015

Objective

“Pro‐ana” or Thinspiration websites are internet sites that support weight loss and eating disorders. Fitspiration websites are a newer type of site that supposedly advocates a fit and healthy lifestyle.

Method

The first 10 images from a sample of 50 Fitspiration and 50 Thinspiration websites, chosen using a standard internet search protocol, were rated on a variety of weight, eating, and appearance characteristics. χ2 analyses were conducted to compare website content.

Results

Thinspiration sites featured more content related to losing weight or fat, praising thinness, showng a thin pose, and providing food guilt messages than Fitspiration sites. However, sites did not differ on guilt‐inducing messages regarding weight or the body, fat/weight stigmatization, the presence of objectifying phrases, and dieting/restraint messages. Overall, 88% of Thinspiration sites and 80% of Fitspiration sites contained one or more of the coded variables.

Discussion

Prior research has examined Thinspiration websites and noted the potentially hazardous messages contained on these sites. This content analysis indicates that sites supposedly devoted to healthy pursuits (fitness) may also contain thematically similar content. (Int J Eat Disord 2016; 49:98–101)
Cultural Imprints on Scientific Policy Advice: Climate science–policy interactions within Austrian neo‐corporatism
Authors: Hermann Andrea Tony , Pregernig Michael , Hogl Karl , Bauer Anja
Published: March 2015

Climate policy is a prime example of the growing importance of expert advice. A plethora of advisory bodies and processes have emerged around the world to inform mitigation and adaptation policies. However, there are marked differences in the organization and practice of science–policy interactions in national contexts.

Against this background, the article aims to provide an in‐depth account of the imprints of the peculiar Austrian neo‐corporatist culture on scientific advice in the new field of climate policy. Because scholars have observed a decline in the underlying Austrian political culture, we aim to clarify whether a hybridization of neo‐corporatist and pluralist advisory features can be found or to what extent neo‐corporatist advisory patterns still prevail in the new domain of climate policy. Our research draws on the approaches of ‘national styles of policy‐making’ and ‘civic epistemologies’ to develop an analytical framework. We briefly present the main features of Austrian climate policy before analyzing pertinent patterns of scientific advice. Our article particularly focuses on mapping the actors and organizational advisory formats, categorizing the selection criteria for researchers’ expertise, assessing the overall relevance of scientific knowledge and identifying dominant patterns of science–policy interactions. Overall, our analysis indicates that neo‐corporatist advisory features prevail in Austrian scientific climate policy advice. Only a limited extent of pluralist patterns and, therefore, a low degree of hybridization could be revealed. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Toward the Synthesis of Muironolide A: Synthesis and Structure of Heteroleptic Lanthanide–Terpyridine Complexes with 2‐Oxo Amides
Authors: Young Kyle , Xiao Qing , Zakarian Armen
Published: March 2015

A lanthanide‐catalyzed intramolecular Diels–Alder (IMDA) reaction en route to the synthesis of muironolide A is described, along with detailed crystallographic structural studies of lanthanide complexes between β‐oxo amides and terpyridine. The X‐ray crystallographic studies are first examples of nonsymmetric heteroleptic complexes of lanthanides with β‐oxo carbonyl compounds, which reveal several structural properties that could be exploited in the development of catalytic reactions with lanthanides.
Tribenzotriquinacene‐Based Triscyclophanes: Intra‐ and Inter‐Wing C3v‐Symmetrical Extension of the Bowl‐Shaped Tribenzotriquinacene Core
Authors: Mughal Ehsan Ullah , Neumann Beate , Stammler Hans‐Georg , Li Zhi‐Min , Wei Jun , Kuck Dietmar , Cao Xiaoping
Published: March 2015

The syntheses and structural properties of novel triscyclophanes that bear the rigid, bowl‐shaped tribenzotriquinacene (TBTQ) core are reported. Condensation of the 2,3,6,7,10,11‐hexakis(chloromethyl) derivative with catechols and 1,2‐benzenedithiol gives rise to elongation of the three indane wings (intra‐wing extension), whereas incorporation of resorcinol, hydroquinone, and 1,3‐ and 1,4‐benzenedithiol units occurs by bridging the 3D bays of the TBTQ framework (inter‐wing extension), yielding TBTQ‐based cavitands. Constitutional and conformational details were studied by X‐ray diffraction, VT‐NMR spectroscopy, and molecular modeling. The bay‐bridged TBTQ‐based triscyclophanes bearing 1,3‐dioxy‐ and 1,3‐dithiophenylene units adopt globular and cone‐like C3‐symmetrical shapes, respectively, with limited conformational flexibility. Bay‐bridging by 1,4‐dioxy‐ and 1,4‐dithiophenylene units generates a more complanate coverage of the bowl face with even less conformational flexibility.
Development of the resolution theory for gradient insulator‐based dielectrophoresis
Authors: Jones Paul V. , Hayes Mark A.
Published: March 2015

New and important separations capabilities are being enabled by utilizing other electric field‐induced forces besides electrophoresis, among these is dielectrophoresis. Recent works have used experimentally simple insulator‐based systems that induce field gradients creating dielectrophoretic force in useful formats. Among these, juxtaposing forces can generate gradient‐based steady‐state separations schemes globally similar to isoelectric focusing. The system of interest is termed gradient insulator‐based dielectrophoresis and can create extremely high resolution steady‐state separations for particles four nanometers to ten micrometers in diameter, including nearly all important bioparticles (large proteins, protein aggregates, polynucleotides viruses, organelles, cells, bacteria, etc.). A theoretical underpinning is developed here to understand the relationship between experimental parameters and resolution and to identify the best expected resolution possible. According to the results, differences in particles (and bioparticles) as small as one part in 104 for diameter (subnanometer resolution for a one micrometer particle), one part in 108 for dielectrophoretic parameters (dielectrophoretic mobility, Clausius–Mossotti factor), and one part in 105 for electrophoretic mobility can be resolved. These figures of merit are generally better than any competing technique, in some cases by orders of magnitude. This performance is enabled by very strong focusing forces associated with localized gradients.
Biokinetics and metallothionein-like proteins response in oysters facing metal challenges in an estuary
Authors: Jin Yong , Wang Wen-Xiong
Published: March 2015

The discovery of colored oysters in an estuary in Southern China raised questions of how these oysters could survive in such an unpredictable estuary. In the present study, the authors conducted a transplant experiment using oysters Crassostrea hongkongensis in the estuary to quantify the changes of metal biokinetics (Cd and Zn) and the responses of metallothionein-like proteins. Oysters in the transplantation experiment accumulated extremely high concentrations of Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni, and Zn. The present study provided the field evidence of the time-course coupling relationship between Cd and Zn bioaccumulation. Over the 2-mo transplantation, the uptake rate constants of Cd and Zn varied greatly during the early stage of exposure but subsequently became comparable among the different locations. The dietary Zn assimilation remained relatively constant, whereas the Cd assimilation increased gradually with increasing period of exposure. No notable difference was seen in dietary metal assimilation among the different locations. In contrast, the efflux rates quantified by the end of transplantation were 26% to 42% higher for Cd and 12% to 37% higher for Zn than that in the unexposed oysters. The authors further demonstrated that the incoming Cu and Zn were not stored in metallothionein-like pools and that metallothionein-like proteins synthesis and breakdown were little affected by metal exposure. Overall, the authors' transplantation experiments suggested that oysters displayed a rather weak ability to modify their biokinetics and metallothionein turnover under metal exposure. Environ Toxicol Chem 2015;34:1818–1825. © 2015 SETAC
Evaluator Certification and Credentialing Revisited: A Survey of American Evaluation Association Members in the United States
Authors: Seidling Michelle Baron
Published: March 2015

Conversations over the past few years have included issues of evaluator skills and experience that are vital to the field of evaluation. Many professions administer certification or credentialing programs to ensure quality work, enhance professionalism in the field, and increase marketability for its members. Is the evaluation field ready for such an endeavor? In this chapter are the results of a survey of American Evaluation Association members within the United States regarding the feasibility, need, and potential for certification or credentialing in the future. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc., and the American Evaluation Association.