bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Apology of Aristides — A Re-examination
Authors: Wolff Robert Lee
Published: August 2011

The legend of Barlaam and Ioasaph, one of the most popular and influential of medieval romances, entered the western world by way of a Greek version, which fathered, directly or indirectly, translations into almost every European language, and inspired an entire cycle of literary influences. This Greek version was itself descended from a long line of Asiatic redactions, harking back through Georgian and Arabic to Pehlevi and to the Sanskrit prototype (now lost). Thus the Greek version occupies, so to speak, a focal position. It is at once the source of the European, and the culmination of the Asiatic, traditions. Its hero, Prince Ioasaph, can look backward to his earliest incarnation as the Buddha of the Lalita Vistara, and forward to his latest — as a saint of Rome and Byzantium; while many of the tales told him by the monk Barlaam to convert him to Christianity change little on their long journey from some such work as the Pantchatantra, via the Greek Barlaam, to the Exempla of Jacques de Vitry, or the Gesta Romanorum.
The Oldest Midrash: Pre-rabbinic Ideals and Teachings in the Passover Haggadah
Authors: Finkelstein Louis
Published: August 2011

The researches of the last three decades have conclusively shown that toward the end of the third century B.C. a profound change occurred in the spiritual life of the Jews. Literary prophecy, which had been declining since the time of Haggai and Zechariah (ca. 518 B.C.), now definitely came to an end. The noble tradition had been in its death throes for no less than three centuries. In vain did the Joels, the Obadiahs, and the Deutero-Zechariahs seek to save it from complete eclipse. Its hour had passed. In the meantime, new forces were arising to contend for its place in the spiritual leadership of Israel.
The Influence of Emerson's Divinity School Address
Authors: Trueblood D. Elton
Published: August 2011

Thomas Carlyle never visited American shores. There was much to encourage his coming, especially the argument dear to his Scottish heart of money to be earned by lecturing. His friend Emerson, whose efforts made Sartor Resartus appreciated in America earlier than in England, was ready both to entertain him at Concord and to introduce him to the paying public. Once Emerson wrote to Carlyle a letter of invitation, describing his life at Concord so charmingly that the invitation must have been hard to decline. Carlyle was touched at one of his most tender points when his correspondent suggested that the hardy Scot's destiny lay in a new world. “What have you to do with Italy?” Emerson asked. “Your genius tendeth to the New, to the West.” Carlyle was invited to try New England for a year, with the promise of new health for poor Jane. The conclusion of Emerson's postscript made the mock assumption of real expectation. “Shall we have anthracite coal or wood in your chamber? My old mother is glad you are coming.”
Rosaliae Signorum
Authors: Hoey A. S.
Published: August 2011

In the campaign of 1931–32 at Dura-Europos on the Euphrates there was found among the military archives in the temple of Artemis Azzanathcona a papyrus document containing a list of the festivals which were officially celebrated by the Roman garrison in the city. This document, of unique interest and importance, placed by internal evidence in the reign of Severus Alexander between the years A.D. 223 and 225, contains among its entries the two lines quoted above. In them is prescribed for celebration on two different dates a hitherto unknown festival which is of some little importance both for the religious life of the Roman army and for the history of Roman festivals during the Empire. An attempt will be made in this paper to interpret its nature and to touch briefly on both these aspects of its significance.
The Renascence of Islam
Authors: Thomson William
Published: August 2011

The term ‘renascence’ in the title of this paper is perhaps a misnomer. Neither the blame for its misapplication, however, nor the credit for a just use of it, should be laid at my door. For it has been employed frequently of late with reference to various developments in several Muslim countries. And the chief aim of the following brief examination of the origins and trends of thought within the world of Islam is simply to discover what meaning, if any, it may have in this connection.
The ‘Oath of Philippus’ and the Di Indigetes
Authors: Rose Herbert Jennings
Published: August 2011

In the course of a valuable discussion of the Di Indigetes, Koch seeks to prove that the epithet means Stammväter, using as his material certain passages of Greek authors which seem to equate indiges with γενάρχης. Of these the chief is the famous fragment of Diodorus Siculus preserved in a Vatican MS. and first published by Mai, Scriptorum Veterum Noua Collectio, ii, p. 116.
Herakles and the Gospels
Authors: Rose Herbert Jennings
Published: August 2011

In a recent article, F. Pfister has put forth a theory which appears to me so interesting a mixture of fruitful suggestion and of error as to repay a detailed and critical examination. It is briefly that ‘der Verfasser des Urevangeliums, das in verschiedenen Fassungen den drei Synoptikern bekannt war, eine kynisch-stoische Heraklesbiographie vor Augen hatte, und in enger Abhängigkeit von dieser das Leben Jesu geetaltete.’ This proposition he endeavors to support by a series of comparisons between details of the life of Jesus as given in the Synoptic Gospels and descriptions of the corresponding events in the life of Herakles, especially as told by our later authorities, such as Diodorus Siculus and the so-called Apollodoros.
The Highest, Heaven, Aeon, Time, etc., in Semitic Religion
Authors: Montgomery James A.
Published: August 2011

The writer's interest has been much aroused by two important monographs appearing in this Review: (I) ‘A Vision of Mandulis Aion,’ by A. D. Nock (vol. xxviii, 53–104); and (II) ‘The Gild of Zeus Hypsistos,’ by C. Roberts, T. C. Skeat, A. D. Nock (xxix, 39–88). The evidence is of necessity predominantly drawn from Graeco-Roman sources, while the Oriental background or parallels figure less because of the lack of material.
A Coptic Fragment of Melito's Homily on the Passion
Authors: Bonner Campbell
Published: August 2011

In Coptica, III (Copenhagen, 1922), W. E. Crum and H. I. Bell published the Coptic and Greek texts found at Wadi Sarga, a site some fifteen miles south of Asyut, in the excavations carried on during the winter of 1913–1914. A chance reading of some of the texts enabled me recently to identify one of them as a part of the Homily on the Passion by Melito of Sardis.
Pagan Divine Service in Late Antiquity
Authors: Nilsson Martin P.
Published: August 2011

Sometimes it is said that it would not have mattered much whether Christianity had won or not, the result would have been much the same, for the spiritual background of the time was the same. I leave this opinion to be judged on its own merits and turn to a side of religion in which the difference between Paganism and Christianity is thought to be thoroughgoing, the cult. That is to say, the cult of the gods, for the similarities between the cult of the Saints and martyrs and that of the dead and heroes are striking and well known through the work of Lucius. Shrines were built for the Saints, votive offerings brought, and even animals slaughtered just as for the heroes, food was placed and drink poured out on their graves and banquets held on them just as on the graves of the pagan dead. This is mentioned in the epigrams attributed to Gregory of Nazianzen and was more frequent in the Western part of the Empire, but it must have been common in the East too, for the custom of holding meals in churchyards on the Psychosabbaton, the Saturday before Whitsunday, is widespread in the Greek Church to this day.
The Myth of Môt and ʼAlʼeyan Baʻal
Authors: Vivian  , Jacobs Isaac Rosensohn
Published: August 2011

The myth of Môt and ʼAlʼeyan Baʻal, who is Hadad, recounted in the texts unearthed at Ugarit, is a work of the schematizing imagination, and expressive of the ordered relations of natural phenomena conceived as embodied in gods. The systematic organization of the events in which the gods are caught, or which they dominate, shows that the myth arose from “observation of the great annual fluctuations of the seasons and a desire to explain them,” and that the authors or revisers, “brooding over the mystery of external nature,” sought “to lift the veil and explore the hidden springs that set the vast machine in motion.” We are well aware that “the civilized nations of western Asia and Egypt pictured to themselves the changes of the seasons, and particularly the annual growth and decay of vegetation, as episodes in the life of gods, whose mournful death and happy resurrection they celebrated with dramatic rites.” But in our texts we are introduced to subtle variations. Here the lapse, absorption and return of the rain are interfused with the regeneration and decline of plants in a rhythmic process to which no parallel is to be found among extant documents of similar purport and provenance. And the investigation of “nature's plan,” however cumbered with besotted notions, is so diligent as to bring the resulting depiction close to the twilight zone between mythology and the speculations of the early physical philosophers.
Religious Enthusiasm and Separatism in Colonial New England
Authors: Armstrong Maurice W.
Published: August 2011

Thomas Underhill, a citizen of London during the Commonwealth, described that period of English history as “Hell Broke Loose.” Partly as a result of Anabaptist influence, and partly as a continuation of the indigenous Lollard movement, large numbers of persons in every part of England separated themselves from the Established Church and formed themselves into independent religious societies. Some of these groups were very eccentric in their beliefs and practices. Thomas Edwards, their bitter opponent, made a Catalogue of “the Errors, Heresies, Blasphemies and Pernicious Practices … vented and acted in England” between the years 1642 and 1646, which he called, Gangraena. In it he distinguishes no less than two hundred and ten errors which were held by one or other of the sixteen groups into which he divides the sectaries. The sixteen were, “Independents, Brownists, Chiliasts or Millenaries, Antinomians, Anabaptists, Manifestarians or Arminians, Libertines, Familists, Enthusiasts, Seekers and Waiters, Perfectists, Socinians, Arians, Anti-Trinitarians, Anti-Scripturalists, Sceptics and Quietists.” The Parliamentary army especially abounded with men whose “great religion” was “liberty of conscience and liberty of preaching.” G. P. Gooch and others have shown how deeply the roots of modern democracy are embedded in the religious struggles of these seventeenth century sects. Most of them disappeared with the Commonwealth, or were absorbed in the rising Quaker movement, but certain fundamental principles for which they stood continued to exist and to mold public opinion.
In History or Beyond History
Authors: McCown C. C.
Published: August 2011

Any wise psychologist will insist that a period of personal depression is not an appropriate time for meditation on the meaning of life. Yet it is such times that most individuals select. A period of social depression, retrogression, and catastrophe is hardly opportune for the deliberate and detached examination of the meaning of history. Yet it is in “times of trouble” that men seem most inclined to somber meditation on the subject. Numerous current publications testify that the relationship of Christianity and its doctrine of revelation to history is one of the most serious problems that the present generation of theologians has to face. Paul Tillich has characterized history as the problem of our age.
Vir Bonus Quadrato Lapidi Comparatur
Authors: Ehrhardt Arnold
Published: August 2011

In an article published recently on the English pupils of St. Anselm, the saying which forms the title of this essay is quoted from the Dicta Anselmi. The same sentence appears in Ps. Anselm's Similitudines, and in Eadmer's Sermon on Gregory the Great. This coincidence is used as evidence for the dependence of the two latter works upon the former. But the saying is of much greater antiquity.
Like Children
Authors: Grant Robert M.
Published: August 2011

There is a saying of Jesus, found in Mark x. 15 and Luke xviii. 17, which seems to have exercised considerable influence on the imaginations of early Christians. “Whoever will not receive the kingdom of God as a child shall not enter into it.” Another form of the same saying apparently interprets it in relation to conversion and regeneration. “Unless you turn and become like children, you shall not enter into the kingdom of heaven” (Matthew xviii. 3). A further development of the same thought is to be found in John iii. 3: “Verily, verily, I say to you, unless a man is born again, he cannot see the kingdom of God.” And in John iii. 5, after Nicodemus' misunderstanding, the saying is finally clarified: “Unless a man is born of water and spirit, he cannot enter into the kingdom of God.” Justin thinks of the two sayings as closely related, for in Apol. i. 61. 4 he conflates them: ἂν μὴ ἀναγεννηθῆτε, οὐ μὴ εἰσέλθητε εἰς τὴν βασιλείαν τῶν οὐρανῶν.
Augustine and the Critical Method
Authors: Gilmore Allen A.
Published: August 2011

The following study is an analysis of Augustine's exegetical method with especial reference to an assessment of its critical element. The object is to find out what kind of argument the Bishop of Hippo used in his expositions of Scripture, and to pass judgment on it in terms of the canons of modern critical method. There is obviously an immense difference between what we on the one hand and what St. Augustine on the other would call a “good” argument. It seems to me profitable to inquire into this difference.
ΙΣΙΣ ΤΡΙΧΩΜΑΤΟΣ
Authors: Youtie Herbert C.
Published: August 2011

In the year 1883 Bouriant copied an inscription from a stone in the parapet of the bridge at Coptus. His transcript was sent by Maspero to Miller, who presented it before the Académie des inscriptions et belleslettres. From Miller's edition it was reprinted by Cagnat in 1908 and by Preisigke in 1913. The text is dated Pachon 23 in the eighth year of Trajan, i.e., May 18, 105 A.D., and contains the dedication Ἴσιδι τῇ χώματος. A dedication to Isis of the embankment is thoroughly Egyptian and has a parallel in the much earlier trilingual stele from Tentyra, which bears a dedication to Ἴσιςι θεᾷ μεγἰστῃ ἐπικαλουμένῃ Θερμούθι τῇ ἐπὶ τῷ χώματι καταντίον τοῦ δρόμου τῆς Ἀφροδίτης. There must have been a number of chapels up and down the Nile sacred to Isis of the embankment.
The Early Church and War
Authors: Bainton Roland H.
Published: August 2011

The attitude of the early church toward the problem of participation in warfare has been not a little studied and controverted. The data with regard to participation and the attitude toward it have been assiduously compiled by a series of investigators among whom four may be mentioned for their distinctive and permanent contributions. Adolf Harnack in his Militia Christi pointed out that the early Christians rejected the militia of the world in favor of the militia of Christ. In theory the Church was pacifist until the time of Constantine though in practice some Christians were in the legions. James Moffatt in the course of a fruitful survey called attention to the shift in early Christianity from marital to martial metaphors. Whereas in the Old Testament infidelity was called adultery, in the New Testament and the early church it is described as desertion. Such militant terminology could be used by the early Christians “without the slightest risk of misconception” because their pacifist principles were so well known. C. J. Cadoux in The Early Christian Attitude to War set the entire problem in the broad context of theological and political thinking. His work remains the indispensable point of departure for all subsequent investigation. Leclercq supplied in French translation the recorded acts of the soldier martyrs and the texts of the extant inscriptions which mention Christians in the army.
The Religious Background of the ‘Historia Avgvsta’
Authors: Mattingly Harold
Published: August 2011

The object of this short note is to check the date of the ‘Historia Augusta,’ which is usually determined from a number of very special allusions, by its attitude towards a matter of universal interest — religion.
An Epigram of the Fifth Century B.C.
Authors: Cameron A.
Published: August 2011

This inscription, which was discovered some years ago in the Ceramicus, has been assigned on epigraphic grounds to the middle of the fifth century and Peek has conjectured with some probability that it is a memorial to the men who fell in the battle of Coronea. Their defeat and death is ascribed to supernatural intervention and the development of this topic has given the poem a form which bears little resemblance to that of the usual official epigram of the classical period. Apart from its historical and literary interest, the inscription is of importance as a religious document and the primary aim of this article is to examine its language in some detail, with a view to elucidating the religious ideas underlying it and to determining, if possible, its relation to the event which it records.
The Philosophy of Incarnation
Authors: Laird John
Published: August 2011

My Design in these pages is to discuss, not the Incarnation, but the philosophy of incarnation as such, the word “incarnation” being interpreted very widely. What is commonly called the Incarnation in Christendom, at any rate when interpreted in the common way, is the birth and life of Christ more than 1900 years ago, that is to say a historical occasion, supposed to be unique in kind, in which one of the persons in the Godhead, although always God, actually became a man. To those who take their stand upon this historical fact (as they deem it) I have nothing to say. I cannot see that philosophers are compelled to accept such a datum, and I am not specially interested in the question whether, accepting it, they could accommodate it to their philosophical theology. Anything that is said about incarnation in general will presumably have a certain bearing, direct or indirect, upon the Incarnation and upon any problems that may remain when that is accepted as a datum; but I shall not try to draw the moral if there is one. What I want to discuss is whether there is any sense of “incarnation” in which incarnation is, metaphysically speaking, necessary, probable or plausible. Would a theologian who had never heard of Palestinian history incline from the natural (or inevitable) trend of his closer reflection upon deity towards the opinion (or constraining inference) that there must be some sort of incarnation of the Godhead? That seems to me to be a general philosophical problem of some interest to philosophical theologians. In any case it is the problem that I want to discuss here.
John Maxentius and the Collectio Palatina
Authors: Bark William C.
Published: August 2011

By means of his definitive edition of the Collectio Palatina the late Eduard Schwartz made possible the revision of several long accepted theories concerning its source, date, and purpose. That collection of writings almost exclusively devoted to the Pelagian and Nestorian heresies, which had been generally regarded, since its edition in the seventeenth century, as the work of Marius Mercator, Schwartz believed to be a product of the sixth century. He also believed that the collection was prepared in the course of the violent theological struggles of Justinian's time and he ventured to conclude that the Palatine collector was chiefly interested in the anti-Origenistic and anti-Nestorian struggle centering about the Three Chapters. These surmises as to the date and purpose of the collection led Schwartz to make still another assumption concerning a certain John of Tomi who is mentioned in the collection. It is the purpose of this paper to consider the identity of John of Tomi more fully and to give some indication of his importance in connection with the Palatine Collection.
The Doctrine of the Trinity: Its Development, Difficulties and Value
Authors: Richardson R. D.
Published: August 2011

“The most ancient of the philosophers,” wrote Clement of Alexandria, “were not carried away to disputing and doubting, and much less are we who are attached to the really true philosophy, and on whom the Scripture enjoins examination and investigation…. The point proposed for inquiry and answer knocks at the door of truth…. To those who thus ask questions in the Scriptures is granted that at which they aim, the gift of God-given knowledge, by way of comprehension, through the true illumination of their intellectual search…. It becomes him who is at once a lover and a disciple of truth to be pacific even in investigation, advancing by intellectual demonstration, without love of self but with love of truth, to the knowledge of comprehension.”
The Biblical Quotations in Matthew
Authors: Johnson Sherman E.
Published: August 2011

In his most recent book, the great Semitist, Professor Charles Cutler Torrey, presents a new theory to explain the phenomena of the Old Testament quotations in the Gospel of Matthew, and thus adds one more element to the recurrent debate on Aramaic origins of the gospels. Hitherto most critics have held that the vast majority of citations in the first gospel were taken over from the Septuagint (or, more properly, the Old Greek) version, the chief exceptions being the Reflexionszitate or “formula citations,” a group of passages introduced by some such formula as “in order that it might be fulfilled which was spoken through the prophet, saying” (1:22). The latter were thought to have been made on the basis of the Hebrew text, either directly by the evangelist, or borrowed from an old book of Christian testimonies or proof-texts, or, as Bacon believed, taken over from the Aramaic “targumic material” which had grown up in Syria around Mark's gospel. Torrey completely rejects this usual view, which assumes that our Mt. was originally written in Greek. The original Mt., he says, was in Aramaic, and its principal source was the originally Aramaic Mk.; its biblical quotations were, however, in the Hebrew of the Bible. If, at many points, quotations in the Greek Mt. agree with Greek Mk., it is only because the translator of Mt. made use of the latter.
The Codex Verona LX(58)
Authors: Telfer W.
Published: August 2011

The subject of this study is, perhaps, the most commonly known of the manuscript sources of early church history. Beginners in the subject, who are apt to take for granted the text of their sources, nevertheless presently learn that they owe the beginning of the story of the Meletian schism in Egypt and much of the later history of Athanasius to their discovery, early in the eighteenth century, by the Marchése Maffei, in a volume belonging to the Chapter library of Verona. But the fact is that this codex as a whole possesses great interest and presents the student with many fascinating problems. These have been attacked, and in part solved, by a succession of scholars, beginning with Maffei himself and two other Veronese savants, the Ballerini brothers, continuing later with Maassen and Batiffol, and in our own times with Professors C. H. Turner and E. Schwartz. The work of these and others, on this subject, is scattered through many books and periodicals, and the time is ripe for a résumé in English of the whole story. It is even possible to carry the work forward in one or two respects.
On the Opening Sentence of Melito's Paschal Homily
Authors: Zuntz G.
Published: August 2011

Those present at the delivery of Melito's declamation can be supposed readily to have grasped the meaning of this artificial phrase; but for the modern reader, unacquainted with the accompanying circumstances, its studied preciousness becomes a source of bewilderment.
A Supplementary Note on the Opening of Melito's Homily
Authors: Bonner Campbell
Published: August 2011

Dr. Zuntz's learned and acute paper must be taken into account by all future students of Melito's homily. He has carried the discussion of the opening sentence into a field where I am not competent to follow him, and I must therefore refrain from any estimate of his principal conclusions. Of the following points, some are intended to clarify my own position, others suggest additional questions which should be considered in any final summing up.
The Book of Enoch and Paradise Lost
Authors: McColley Grant
Published: August 2011

For many years it has been the accepted belief that ‘from the fourth century of our era’ the Book of I Enoch ‘gradually passed out of circulation, and became lost to the knowledge of Western Christendom’ until 1773, ‘when an Ethiopic version of the work was found in Abyssinia by Bruce.’ It is doubtless true that I Enoch was not in any exact sense known to Europe until the return of Bruce, but the belief that he was the first to ‘discover’ the book or its Ethiopic translation appears erroneous. This discovery had been made approximately two centuries before 1773. In his widely read Relation of a Journey George Sandys informs the reader that in a mountain fastness the

Abissens or A Ethiopians…have…the goodliest Librarie of the world: where many bookes that are lost with vs, or but meerely mentioned, are kept entire: as hath bin lately reported by a Spanish Frier that hath seene them, if we may beleeue him: amongst which, they say, are the oracles of Enoch (with other mysteries that escaped the Flood, ingrauen by him vpon pillars) and written in their vulgar language.
A Fragment of the Acta Pauli in the Michigan Collection
Authors: Sanders Henry A.
Published: August 2011

The fragment, P. Mich. 1317, is a damaged scrap of papyrus 19.8 by 6.3 cm. (7¾ by 2½ inches). It is much darkened with age and otherwise damaged by dirt, water, and wear. It is a portion of a leaf of a book written on both sides, which came into our collection classified as a bit of a lost Gospel, though it did not seem to me to conform to that designation. My first transcript of the text was shown to my colleague Professor Bonner, and by him to Dr. H. I. Bell of the British Museum and to Sir Frederic Kenyon. All agreed that these fragmentary remnants seem to have belonged to a homily. A transcript of the text was also sent to Professor Kirsopp Lake for suggestions on the probable authorship. Upon the publication of the Acta Pauli by Schmidt and Schubart he at once notified me of the identity in text and we both immediately thereafter established that the Michigan and Berlin fragments were parts of a single leaf. A page number, πc (= 86), is found just above the beginning of the first line on the side, where the outer margin is preserved. A similar page number on the opposite side of the leaf must have perished, as there only the ends of the lines are preserved. It is the part of the leaf next to the binding that is lost.
The Later Paganism
Authors: Mattingly Harold
Published: August 2011

It has sometimes been maintained that the old polytheism of Greece and Rome was already moribund by the reign of Augustus; that, although its forms still persisted, they persisted only as conventions of literature and art, or as political conveniences; that genuine religious emotion had either ebbed away or found other channels,—the Eastern religions, Judaism, Christianity, or the moral philosophies. This thesis, however, ceases to appeal, when we realize how vigorous the old idiom still was. It is not simply that things once expressed in it continued to be repeated. It was still used to express what was actually being thought and felt in the present. What is true is that it was now used to express something different from its earlier contents. It is this ‘something different’ that I wish to explore in this paper.
Correction
Authors: Wolfson H. A.
Published: August 2011

In “Philo on Free Will,” n. 48 (preceding issue of this Review, p. 140), with regard to the fourfold classification of the ten plagues in Philo and the Shibbale ha-Leḳet, the same classification is to be found in Tanḥuma, Wa-Era 14, and Shemot Rabbah 12. 4 and 15. 27. See Ginzberg, The Legends of the Jews, V, p. 426, n. 170.
The Episode of the Roman Standards at Jerusalem
Authors: Kraeling Carl H.
Published: August 2011

One of the great handicaps confronting the student of Christian origins is the paucity of specific information about Palestine in the period of Jesus and the early Church. The student can learn much that has an indirect bearing upon Palestine by acquainting himself with the history and antiquities of Syria, Transjordan and Egypt. He can obtain an adequate picture of the general course of events in Palestine itself from Josephus, and can recreate the outlines of its changing scene and changing conditions by piecing together many bits of unrelated information from earlier and later periods. But when it comes to strictly contemporary Palestinian remains and specific contemporary Palestinian events, he has to admit that his knowledge is regrettably limited and fragmentary. The cities, the towns, the public buildings, the private houses and their household effects in the Palestine of the days of Jesus and his apostles are known only imperfectly and vaguely, in the main from literary sources. The complete excavation of even one site with datable contemporary strata would clarify the picture tremendously. For a knowledge of contemporary events our most productive source is still Josephus, and from the allimportant procuratorship of Pontius Pilate, 26–36 A.D., Josephus has only three episodes to narrate. They are the episode of the standards, the episode of the new aqueduct, and the episode of the sacred vessels supposedly buried on Mt. Gerizim.
Thallus: The Samaritan?
Authors: Rigg Horace A.
Published: August 2011

In the extant writings of certain of the Church Fathers there are some interesting references to a man named Thallus. At the present time, beyond what can be inferred from these early Christian references, nothing is certainly known about him. In recent years, however, attempts have been made to fix the identity of this Thallus. Because of its potential significance for the early history of the gospel tradition, one of these attempts has become rather popular. Much of the acclaim over this suggested identification would seem to be based on a confusion between what has recently been said about Thallus and what is actually known about him from the early Christian references. Consequently, numerous errors of fact and fancy have arisen. It is the purpose of this paper to investigate, first, what is actually known about the Thallus referred to by the Church Fathers, and second, the validity of the identification currently proposed.
Two Letters
Authors: Sperry Willard L.
Published: August 2011

Among the historical documents of Harvard Divinity School is a volume entitled The Records of the Theological School, Cambridge, Massachusetts. This is a history of the School written year after year, by students. The annual scribe seems to have been a member of the senior class, duly elected to this post and for this task. The records began with the year 1827 and were kept up through 1893. It is our hope to appeal to alumni of the intervening years, and eventually to bring the book down to date.
Some Aspects of Pueblo Indian Religion
Authors: Robbins William J.
Published: August 2011

The Pueblo Indians are a group of native American tribes living on the dry mesas of New Mexico and Arizona. They have had a long residence in the same area, perhaps fifteen hundred years, during which time their culture has taken on its characteristic features. Under the pressure of raids by neighboring nomadic tribes who were doubtless attracted by the promise of a rich booty in harvested grain and other foods, the Pueblos developed the form of dwelling which is still typical of them. The present structures, built from one to five stories high, terraced from front to back, should be thought of rather as reminders of habits learned in the distant past when protection from such enemy attack was the chief desideratum in village-building than simply as the survival of a cliff-dwelling stage. There was no single and exclusively cliff-dwelling period.
An Early Edition of the New Testament in Greek
Authors: Hatch William H. P.
Published: August 2011

In 1538 Melchior Sessa published at Venice an edition of the New Testament in Greek. It was printed by Ioannes Antonius de Sabio, and it consists of two volumes. About twelve years ago Dr. J. Rendel Harris of Birmingham gave the present writer the first volume of this work. He bought it of a dealer in old books, but he did not remember when or where he had acquired it. After many vain attempts to find Volume II I saw it listed in the catalogue of Bernhard Liebisch of Leipzig in the summer of 1939. I ordered it at once and received it before the outbreak of the war.
Methane seep molluscs from the Sinú–San Jacinto fold belt in the Caribbean Sea of Colombia
Authors: Gracia Adriana , Rangel-Buitrago Nelson , Sellanes Javier
Published: August 2011

Several species of bivalves belonging to families which are typically associated with reducing conditions, like those observed at methane seep sites, have been obtained in recent explorations of the Caribbean Sea margin off the coast of Colombia. The material has been collected at depths of around 500 m west of the Magdalena and Sinú deltas, located in the Sinú–San Jacinto fold belt. These bivalves correspond to the families Vesicomyidae (Calyptogena ponderosa, Vesicomya caribbea and Ectenagena modioliforma), Lucinidae (Graecina colombiensis and three unidentified species of Lucinoma), Solemyidae (Acharax caribbaea) and Thyasiridae (Conchocele bisecta). In addition, for the first time off Colombia empty tubes of vestimentiferan polychaetes, belonging to the family Siboglinidae, were collected. At some of these sites the presence of authigenic carbonates has been observed together with the biological material. Although the obligate seep fauna generally contains relatively few and endemic species, a large suite of accompanying heterotrophic species (here we report only the molluscs) has been found at the seep sites. The occurrence of carbonates, the geological characteristics of the area and the new biological evidence confirms the presence of methane seep ecosystems in the Caribbean Sea off Colombia.
Maternal and child obesity: some policy challenges
Authors: Lobstein Tim
Published: August 2011

The recent rise in the prevalence of obesity in the UK population includes women of
reproductive age and children. For both groups there are specific health concerns
consequent on excess bodyweight, including obstetric complications, fetal growth
abnormalities and a range of obesity co-morbidities seen in children that were rarely
found in young people a generation earlier. This paper identifies some of the issues which
challenge policy-makers: guidelines for gestational weight gain and for weight loss after
pregnancy; inequalities and interventions in pregnancy; interventions to prevent child
obesity; and the role of individuals, government and the commercial sector in implementing
policies for promoting healthy weight.
Nucleic acid transfection and transgenesis in parasitic nematodes
Authors: LOK JAMES B.
Published: August 2011

Transgenesis is an essential tool for assessing gene function in any organism, and it is especially crucial for parasitic nematodes given the dwindling armamentarium of effective anthelmintics and the consequent need to validate essential molecular targets for new drugs and vaccines. Two of the major routes of gene delivery evaluated to date in parasitic nematodes, bombardment with DNA-coated microparticles and intragonadal microinjection of DNA constructs, draw upon experience with the free-living nematodeCaenorhabditis elegans. Bombardment has been used to transiently transfectAscaris suum, Brugia malayiandLitomosoides sigmodontiswith both RNA and DNA. Microinjection has been used to achieve heritable transgenesis inStrongyloides stercoralis, S. rattiandParastrongyloides trichosuriand for additional transient expression studies inB. malayi.A third route of gene delivery revisits a classic method involving DNA transfer facilitated by calcium-mediated permeabilization of recipient cells in developingB. malayilarvae and results in transgene inheritance through host and vector passage. Assembly of microinjected transgenes into multi-copy episomal arrays likely results in their transcriptional silencing in some parasitic nematodes. Methods such as transposon-mediated transgenesis that favour low-copy number chromosomal integration may remedy this impediment to establishing stable transgenic lines. In the future, stable transgenesis in parasitic nematodes could enable loss-of-function approaches by insertional mutagenesis,in situexpression of inhibitory double-stranded RNA or boosting RNAi susceptibility through heterologous expression of dsRNA processing and transport proteins.
Early vocabulary and gestures in Estonian children
Authors: SCHULTS ASTRA , TULVISTE TIIA , KONSTABEL KENN
Published: August 2011

Parents of 592 children between the age of 0 ; 8 and 1 ; 4 completed the Estonian adaptation of the MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventory (ECDI Infant Form). The relationships between comprehension and production of different categories of words and gestures were examined. According to the results of regression modelling the production of object gestures and gestural routines was positively correlated with the use of all the word categories. Comprehension of common nouns was positively correlated to the production of common nouns and predicates, whereas the comprehension of predicates was negatively correlated to the production of common nouns and social terms. The older the children were the more they produced words from each category. Girls were reported to produce more social terms. First-born children had an advantage over later-born children in the production of common nouns. Maternal educational level was associated with the production of common nouns and predicates.
Local Rail Innovations: Antebellum States and Policy Diffusion
Authors: Callen Zachary
Published: August 2011

Antebellum states were critical in supporting the emerging rail system of the nineteenth century, yet not all states engaged in active rail promotion efforts. In this analysis, I consider how local economic and political conditions, as well as the rail promotion activities of a state's contiguous neighbors, impacted a legislature's rail promotion decisions. The findings suggest that states only engaged in rail promotion when local infrastructure was of poor quality and a state's tax revenues were sufficient to support rail expenditures. These findings reveal that diffusion, powered by social learning, does not drive all state policy innovations. Instead, local conditions and parallel thinking are important factors in state policy development. Furthermore, the analysis underscores the power of local governments in the antebellum period, while also raising the question of whether such diffuse state building was effective.
Time-series model to predict impact of H1N1 influenza on a children's hospital
Authors: SPAEDER M. C. , STROUD J. R. , SONG X.
Published: August 2011

The spring of 2009 witnessed the emergence of a novel influenza A(H1N1) virus resulting in the first influenza pandemic since 1968. In autumn of 2010, the 2009 novel H1N1 influenza strain re-emerged. We performed a retrospective time-series analysis of all patients with laboratory-confirmed H1N1 influenza who presented to our institution during 2009. Cases of influenza were assembled into 3-day aggregates and forecasting models of H1N1 influenza incidence were created. Forecasting estimates of H1N1 incidence for the 2010–2011 season were compared to actual values for our institution to assess model performance. Ninety-five percent confidence intervals calculated around our model's forecasts were accurate to ±3·6 cases per 3-day period for our institution. Our results suggest that time-series models may be useful tools in forecasting the incidence of H1N1 influenza, helping institutions to optimize distribution of resources based on the changing burden of illness.
Interpolation for predefined types
Authors: DIACONESCU RĂZVAN
Published: August 2011

We give a logic-independent semantics for predefined (data) types within the categorical abstract model theoretic framework of the theory of institutions. We develop a generic interpolation result for this semantics, which can be easily applied to various concrete situations from the theory and practice of specification and programming. Our study of interpolation is motivated by a number of important applications to computing science, especially in the area of structured specifications.
Precocious virulent coronary atherosclerosis in the very young
Authors: Chait Robert , Ramineni Rajesh , Fender Erin A.
Published: August 2011

Background

The incidence of Myocardial Infarction (MI) in patients under the age of 30 has been rarely addressed. Moreover, it is not understood why these patients develop symptomatic Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) at such an early age. Traditional risk factor assessment has not been successful in identifying these patients before they present with MI.

Methods

Retrospective, single cohort, observational study of 14,704 cardiac catheterizations performed in a community hospital between January 2006–January 2010 identified 12 cases age <30 with MI secondary to a fixed atherosclerotic lesion requiring angioplasty and stenting. The angiograms and charts were reviewed to assess the incidence and frequency of traditional risk factors such as smoking, dyslipidemia and diabetes and family history.

Results

All the patients had single vessel disease. Many of the patients were noted to have traditional CAD risk factors. 2 patients had an intervention and then months later sustained another acute MI secondary to a new culprit lesion despite aggressive risk factor modification.

Conclusion

Evaluating patients for premature CAD by screening for traditional risk factors has not effectively identified at risk patients prior to presentation with MI. There is a role for studies evaluating new and novel risk factors and imaging modalities so that these patients can be identified prior to experiencing MI.
Intergenerational equity and dual discounting
Authors: Almansa Carmen , Martínez-Paz José M.
Published: August 2011

Dual discounting is a new approach under consideration for use in environmental cost–benefit analysis. This paper updates the literature on this subject and subjects it to the assessment of an international panel of experts on environmental discounting by means of a Delphi study. Subsequently, a case study provides some findings deriving from the practical application of this strategy as the choice of discounting scenario in the economic evaluation of a plant for the desalination of irrigation return water, aimed at halting the degradation of a wetland. There are theoretical and practical reasons to support the use of this discounting approach in relation to projects with intergenerational impact, where the environmental effects are considerable in relation to market effects. Although still under investigation, the dual discounting approach appears to provide an appropriate methodological platform enabling the quantification of the degree of intergenerational equity implicit in the project.
Imaging Biologically Induced Mineralization in Fully Hydrated Flow Systems
Authors: Schultz Logan , Pitts Betsey , Mitchell Andrew C. , Cunningham Alfred B. , Gerlach Robin
Published: August 2011

A number of proposed technologies involve the controlled implementation of biologically induced carbonate mineral precipitation in the geologic subsurface. Examples include the enhancement of soil stability, immobilization of groundwater contaminants such as strontium and uranium, and the enhancement of oil recovery and geologic carbon sequestration via controlled permeability reduction. The most significant challenge in these technologies remains to identify and better understand an industrially, environmentally, and economically viable carbonate precipitation route.
Better Protein Localization
Authors: Carmichael Stephen W. , Oshel Philip
Published: August 2011

Localizing specific proteins within cells, tissues, and organisms has been a goal of microscopists for generations. In the early 1990s, a breakthrough was made when a molecule originally derived from a jellyfish was introduced as a probe for fluorescence microscopy. This molecule is green fluorescent protein (GFP), and it has become well known for its usefulness in localizing proteins at the level of the light microscope. It is also well known that electron microscopy (EM) offers far superior spatial resolution over light microscopy, but the application of probes to localize specific proteins has required antibodies conjugated with colloidal metals (such as gold). Delivery of antibodies into the cell commonly requires detergents to permeabilize the cell membrane, which compromises the ultrastructural detail. Another breakthrough was recently published on-line by Xiaokun Shu, Varda Lev-Ram, Thomas Deerinck, Yingchuan Qi, Ericka Ramko, Michael Davidson, Yishi Jin, Mark Ellisman, and Roger Tsien: they have developed a method similar to using GFP for light microscopy, but for specifically tagging proteins at the EM level.
Imaging Specific Protein Labels on Eukaryotic Cells in Liquid with Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy
Authors: Peckys Diana B. , Dukes Madeline J. , Ring Elisabeth A. , Piston David W. , de Jonge Niels
Published: August 2011

Understanding the structure and dynamics of the protein complexes that underlie cellular function is a central scientific challenge. Biochemical techniques used to identify such complexes would be enhanced by the imaging of specific molecular positions in the context of intact cells, with protein-scale resolution (on the order of a few nanometers). Currently, though, nanometer resolution can only be achieved at the cost of less-direct imaging of the unperturbed cell. Cellular ultrastructure is traditionally studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), which yields nanometer resolution on embedded and stained sections, or cryo sections. These cellular samples are neither intact nor in their native liquid state. Light microscopy is used to image protein distributions in fluorescently labeled cells in liquid to investigate cellular function, but even recent improvements in resolution by nanoscopy techniques are still insufficient to resolve the individual constituents of protein complexes. Thus, development of techniques capable of high-resolution imaging in native cellular states would contribute significantly to our understanding of cellular function at the molecular level. The development of liquid compartments that include electron-transparent silicon nitride membrane windows has led to the introduction of a novel concept to achieve nanometer resolution on tagged proteins in cells.
The Erlangen Instrument of Alternating Word Fluency in Dementia (EAWF-D)
Authors: Engel Sabine , Rupprecht Roland , Mahlberg Richard
Published: August 2011

The Erlangen Instrument of Alternating Word Fluency in Dementia (EAWF-D) is a new alternating word fluency task that combines set-shifting and semantic word fluency based on psycholinguistic theory that the ability to switch between two different semantic categories should already be impaired in beginning dementia. N = 138 (58.7% female; age: M = 73.9; SD = 7.03) outpatients of a memory clinic were diagnosed according to the ICD-10 criteria: subjective memory complainers (N = 60), mild cognitive impairment (N = 37), and mild to moderate dementia (N = 41). An analysis of variance of the EAWF-D revealed a significant main effect of diagnosis (F(2, 135) = 46.7; p < .001; η² = .41). The EAWF-D score correlates significantly with the MMSE total score (r = .54, p < .001) as well as with MMSE subscores “Orientation” (r = .41, p < .001) and “Recall” (r = .53, p < .001). Ordinal logistic regression analysis confirmed the potential for diagnosis of beginning dementia.