bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Study of the Most Relevant Aspects Related to Hard Carbons as Anode Materials for Na‐ion Batteries, Compared with Li‐ion Systems
Authors: de la Llave Ezequiel , Borgel Valentina , Zinigrad Ella , Chesneau Frederick‐Francois , Hartmann Pascal , Sun Yang‐Kook , Aurbach Doron
Published: November 2015

We present here a comprehensive description and discussion of the possible use of hard carbons as anode materials for sodium‐ion batteries. The study compared the behavior of hard carbon electrodes in selected polar‐aprotic Na‐ and Li‐salt solutions. We also examined the choice of the binders on the electrodes’ performance. We explored storage mechanisms, cycling, stability, surface chemistry, and impedance behavior. Propylene carbonate (PC) was found to be a suitable solvent. The presence of two percent of monofluorinated ethylene carbonate (FEC) in PC‐based Na‐salt solutions exhibits a very positive effect on the behavior of hard carbon electrodes as Na‐ion insertion anodes. Based on spectral studies, we attribute the effect to surface chemical aspects, which are determined by the presence of FEC. The intercalation mechanisms of ions into hard carbon includes insertion of ions between graphene layers at high potentials and adsorption into micropores at low potentials. For the bigger Na ions, the availability of intercalation sites is limited; thereby, the capacity of hard carbon electrodes in Na‐salt solutions is less than half of their capacity in Li‐salt solutions. Hard carbon electrodes in both types of solutions exhibit impressive stability during prolonged cycling. Impedance measurements revealed that the resistivity of the surface films formed on hard carbon electrodes in Na‐ion solutions is roughly one order of magnitude higher than in Li‐salt solutions. Hence, surface films comprising ionic Li compounds provide a better solid electrolyte interphase behavior than surface films comprising Na‐ion compounds.
Influence of age and sex on the longitudinal relaxation time, T1, of the lung in healthy never‐smokers
Authors: Kindvall Simon S.I. , Diaz Sandra , Svensson Jonas , Wollmer Per , Slusarczyk Dariusz , Olsson Lars E.
Published: November 2015

Background

As several studies have provided evidence that lung disease affects the T1 of the human lung, our purpose was to investigate the effect of age on the T1‐relaxation time in the lungs of healthy never‐smokers, including group difference between sexes.

Materials and Methods

The Snapshot FLASH pulse sequence (inversion recovery with multiple gradient echo read‐outs) was used to quantify lung T1 in 30 healthy never‐smoking volunteers at 1.5 Tesla. Measurements were performed under breathhold of a tidal inspiration. Additionally, subjects underwent clinical MRI and pulmonary function tests. A linear regression model of T1 as a function of age and sex was tested.

Results

The slope of lung T1 at tidal end‐inspiration as a function of age was statistically different between males and females (P < 0.001). In a linear regression model of T1 as a function of age and sex, females have slope of −4.1 ms/year (95% confidence interval [CI], [−5.2, −3.0]) at P < 0.001, and males −0.064 ms/year (95% CI, [−1.2, 1.1]) at P = 0.9, with a whole model R2 = 0.83.

Conclusion

The observed dependencies of lung T1 on age and sex are here attributed to a previously reported difference in blood T1 between sexes, and a previously reported decrease of pulmonary blood volume with increasing age. This may have implications for the interpretation of lung T1 measurements in both healthy individuals and patients. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2016;43:1250–1257.
Discrete element method modeling of inherently anisotropic rocks under uniaxial compression loading
Authors: Duan K. , Kwok C.Y. , Pierce M.
Published: November 2015

A new numerical approach is proposed in this study to model the mechanical behaviors of inherently anisotropic rocks in which the rock matrix is represented as bonded particle model, and the intrinsic anisotropy is imposed by replacing any parallel bonds dipping within a certain angle range with smooth‐joint contacts. A series of numerical models with β = 0°, 15°, 30°, 45°, 60°, 75°, and 90° are constructed and tested (β is defined as the angle between the normal of weak layers and the maximum principal stress direction). The effect of smooth‐joint parameters on the uniaxial compression strength and Young's modulus is investigated systematically. The simulation results reveal that the normal strength of smooth‐joint mainly affects the behaviors at high anisotropy angles (β > 45°), while the shear strength plays an important role at medium anisotropy angles (30°–75°). The normal stiffness controls the mechanical behaviors at low anisotropy angles. The angle range of parallel bonds being replaced plays an important role on defining the degree of anisotropy. Step‐by‐step procedures for the calibration of micro parameters are recommended. The numerical model is calibrated to reproduce the behaviors of different anisotropic rocks. Detailed analyses are conducted to investigate the brittle failure process by looking at stress‐strain behaviors, increment of micro cracks, initiation and propagation of fractures. Most of these responses agree well with previous experimental findings and can provide new insights into the micro mechanisms related to the anisotropic deformation and failure behaviors. The numerical approach is then applied to simulate the stress‐induced borehole breakouts in anisotropic rock formations at reduced scale. The effect of rock anisotropy and stress anisotropy can be captured. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Turning Social Return on Investment on Its Head
Authors: Mook Laurie , Maiorano John , Ryan Sherida , Armstrong Ann , Quarter Jack
Published: November 2015

This article undertakes a critique of social return on investment (SROI), combining the existing research literature with an analysis of six case studies of supported social enterprises employing people with disabilities and other challenges that affect their access to the conventional labor market. The critique of SROI focuses on its positivist roots and its emphasis on one number, the SROI ratio. It also discusses the technical challenges in producing that number, including concerns about its reliability. The article presents the stakeholder impact statement, an approach that is rooted in interpretivism and attempts to understand the impact of enterprises through the eyes of multiple stakeholders. Unlike SROI, which is a supplement to conventional accounting statements, the stakeholder impact statement integrates financial and social impact data, thereby placing them on the same level of importance.
A‐Way Express Courier
Authors: Akingbola Kunle , Phaetthayanan Suwimon , Brown Joyce
Published: November 2015

This article examines the social return on investment (SROI) of A‐Way Express Courier for the major stakeholder group of the organization, its employees. Specifically, it explores the mental health, employment, and standard of living outcomes that A‐Way provides for the employees who are consumer/survivors of the mental health system. Overall, the impacts of the organization contributed significantly to improvements in the health and quality of life of the employees. They also translate into economic benefits for the employees and the community. Because of A‐Way's roots in the consumer/survivor movement of the 1970s, the article suggests that positive psychology could be a valuable framework with which to explain A‐Way's impact.
Regulatory anticipation of postmarket safety problems for novel medicines approved by the EMA between 2001 and 2010: a cross‐sectional study
Authors: Zeitoun Jean‐David , Lefèvre Jérémie H. , Downing Nicholas S. , Bergeron Henri , Ross Joseph S.
Published: November 2015

Purpose

The aim of the study is to describe preapproval safety concerns expressed by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) following regulatory review and to compare those concerns with subsequent issuance of postmarket safety communications.

Methods

All novel medicines approved by the EMA through the centralized authorization procedure from 2001 to 2010 were included. Preapproval safety concerns were identified through examination of information related to regulatory review publicly available on the EMA's website. Relevant postmarket safety events were identified through Dear Healthcare Professional Communications (DHPCs), including those resulting in a withdrawal, issued by at least one of four leading national regulators of the European Union.

Results

Among the 184 novel medicines included, the EMA had expressed at least one preapproval safety concern for 110 (59.8%) of them. Then, at least one safety communication was issued for 53 (28.8%) medicines within the postmarket period of study, totaling 90 DHPCs and 5 withdrawals. Overall, these 95 DHPCs and withdrawals were pertaining to 66 different clinical safety events. The EMA had expressed a preapproval concern consistent with the postmarket safety event for 22.7% (15 of 66). The rate of issuance of a postmarket safety communication was not statistically different between medicines with or without any preapproval safety concern (31.8% vs. 24%, p = 0.25).

Conclusions

Preapproval safety concerns are frequently expressed by the EMA following regulatory review. However, when comparing postmarket safety communications with prior concerns, anticipation was low. Our findings emphasize the need to systematically conduct postmarket studies dedicated to safety evaluation. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A comparative human health, ecotoxicity, and product environmental assessment on the production of organic and silicon solar cells
Authors: Tsang Michael P. , Sonnemann Guido W. , Bassani Dario M.
Published: November 2015

A life cycle assessment case study involving organic photovoltaic technology using phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid methyl ester and poly(3‐hexylthiophene) is presented. Although solar technology converts freely available solar radiation into more useful forms of energy, potential environmental impacts can occur during the life cycle of the product. A cradle‐to‐gate life cycle assessment is completed, comparing organic solar cells with traditional silicon‐based cells across 18 multiple criteria. The functional unit is defined as the production of 1 watt‐peak of electricity produced. The inventory is based on prospective organic solar cell technology and two traditional silicon technologies. The results demonstrate that from a life cycle perspective, organic solar cells can outperform conventional silicon solar cells with impacts reduced by 93%. The energy payback time for the default organic photovoltaic cell was 0.21 years (75 days) compared with multicrystalline silicon and amorphous silicon's 2.7 and 2.2 years, respectively. The minimum required lifetime of the organic cells, so that their impacts were no worse than amorphous silicon's over 25 years, was measured between 1.2 and 8.9 years. Results of the sensitivity analysis demonstrate that consideration of manufacturing routes (e.g., fullerene or solar cell production) can be targeted using life cycle assessment for further improvements in the environmental, human health, and ecotoxicity profile of organic solar cells. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modeling of electron transfer across electrochemical interfaces: State‐of‐the art and challenges for quantum and computational chemistry
Authors: Nazmutdinov Renat R. , Bronshtein Michael D. , Zinkicheva Tamara T. , Glukhov Dmitrii V.
Published: November 2015

State‐of‐the‐art in the area of quantum‐chemical modeling of electron transfer (ET) processes at metal electrode/electrolyte solution interfaces is reviewed. Emphasis is put on key quantities which control the ET rate (activation energy, transmission coefficient, and work terms). Orbital overlap effect in electrocatalysis is thoroughly discussed. The advantages and drawbacks of cluster and periodical slab models for a metal electrode when describing redox processes are analyzed as well. It is stressed that reliable quantitative estimations of the rate constants of interfacial charge transfer reactions are hardly possible, while predictions of qualitatively interesting effects are more valuable. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Tropical cyclones and climate change
Authors: Walsh Kevin J.E. , McBride John L. , Klotzbach Philip J. , Balachandran Sethurathinam , Camargo Suzana J. , Holland Greg , Knutson Thomas R. , Kossin James P. , Lee Tsz‐cheung , Sobel Adam , Sugi Masato
Published: November 2015

Recent research has strengthened the understanding of the links between climate and tropical cyclones (TCs) on various timescales. Geological records of past climates have shown century‐long variations in TC numbers. While no significant trends have been identified in the Atlantic since the late 19th century, significant observed trends in TC numbers and intensities have occurred in this basin over the past few decades, and trends in other basins are increasingly being identified. However, understanding of the causes of these trends is incomplete, and confidence in these trends continues to be hampered by a lack of consistent observations in some basins. A theoretical basis for maximum TC intensity appears now to be well established, but a climate theory of TC formation remains elusive. Climate models mostly continue to predict future decreases in global TC numbers, projected increases in the intensities of the strongest storms and increased rainfall rates. Sea level rise will likely contribute toward increased storm surge risk. Against the background of global climate change and sea level rise, it is important to carry out quantitative assessments on the potential risk of TC‐induced storm surge and flooding to densely populated cities and river deltas. Several climate models are now able to generate a good distribution of both TC numbers and intensities in the current climate. Inconsistent TC projection results emerge from modeling studies due to different downscaling methodologies and warming scenarios, inconsistencies in projected changes of large‐scale conditions, and differences in model physics and tracking algorithms. WIREs Clim Change 2016, 7:65–89. doi: 10.1002/wcc.371

This article is categorized under:

Paleoclimates and Current Trends > Earth System Behavior
How to price carbon in good times … and bad!
Authors: Doda Baran
Published: November 2015

Emissions trading systems and carbon taxes are two market‐based policy instruments for responding to the climate change externality. This article focuses on the relationship between the design of these carbon pricing instruments and business cycle fluctuations. In particular, whether and how these instruments should respond to business cycles is a topical policy question. To answer it, the article brings together the relevant empirical and theoretical results from the academic literature. It finds that building responsiveness into the design of carbon pricing instruments can reduce the burden of regulation by distributing it more evenly over time. Specifically, relative to a fixed cap emissions trading system, this can be achieved by relaxing the cap during economic expansions and tightening it during recessions. Similarly, a carbon tax regime in which the tax is higher during expansions, and lower during recessions, is likely to improve welfare compared to a cyclically unresponsive tax. In practice, a mechanism which renders real‐world carbon pricing instruments responsive is challenging to construct. The article provides an overview of the trade‐offs involved by focusing on the broad classes of mechanisms explored in the literature. The choice of responsiveness‐inducing mechanism must crucially consider country characteristics such as the properties of fluctuations in the country's GDP and emissions, any relevant political economy concerns and its institutional background. WIREs Clim Change 2016, 7:135–144. doi: 10.1002/wcc.375

This article is categorized under:

Climate Economics > Economics of Mitigation
Changes of Laryngeal Mobility and Symptoms Following Thyroid Surgery: 6‐Month Follow‐Up
Authors: Gohrbandt Antje E. , Aschoff Anna , Gohrbandt Bernhard , Keilmann Annemarie , Lang Hauke , Musholt Thomas J.
Published: November 2015

Objective

Swallowing disorders are frequent complaints after thyroidectomy even in the absence of recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy. The aim of this study was to assess different symptoms in relation to laryngeal mobility following thyroidectomy.

Materials and methods

53 patients (mean age 52.4 ± 12.5 years; 36 female) with initially benign diagnosis and intact recurrent nerve functioning were prospectively evaluated. Laryngeal movement was analyzed by ultrasound preoperatively and 1, 3, and 6 months postoperatively. In addition, a dysphagia and voice‐specific quality‐of‐life questionnaire was used.

Results

Mean laryngeal movement differed between genders preoperatively and postoperatively resulting in a recovery predominantly in women (reduction of mobility at 1, 3, and 6 months postoperatively in females was 6.0, 3.7, and 1.5 mm, and in males 13.8, 11.7, and 10.3 mm, respectively). Mainly, women reported hoarseness (9 females) and cervical discomfort (7 females, 3 males) 1 month postoperatively. After 6 months, these complaints resolved (cervical discomfort 1 female).

Conclusion

Laryngeal mobility was significantly impaired postoperatively and only females revealed a recovery close to baseline after 6 months. Although showing only a small grade of recovery of laryngeal movement, subjective clinical symptoms were found to be rare in male patients.
Building psychosocial assets and wellbeing among adolescent girls: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Leventhal Katherine Sachs , Gillham Jane , DeMaria Lisa , Andrew Gracy , Peabody John , Leventhal Steve
Published: November 2015

We conducted a randomized controlled trial of a 5‐month resilience‐based program (Girls First Resilience Curriculum or RC) among 2308 rural adolescent girls at 57 government schools in Bihar, India. Local women with at least a 10th grade education served as group facilitators. Girls receiving RC improved more (vs. controls) on emotional resilience, self‐efficacy, social‐emotional assets, psychological wellbeing, and social wellbeing. Effects were not detected on depression. There was a small, statistically significant negative effect on anxiety (though not likely clinically significant). Results suggest psychosocial assets and wellbeing can be improved for girls in high‐poverty, rural schools through a brief school‐day program. To our knowledge, this is one of the largest developing country trials of a resilience‐based school‐day curriculum for adolescents.
The Swedish Aging With Spinal Cord Injury Study (SASCIS): Methodology and Initial Results
Authors: Jörgensen Sophie , Iwarsson Susanne , Norin Lizette , Lexell Jan
Published: November 2015

Background

Advances in acute treatment, physiatric care, and rehabilitation have improved survival greatly after spinal cord injury (SCI) and increased longevity. This has led to a need for an in‐depth understanding of factors associated with healthy aging in people with long‐term SCI.

Objective

To present the methodology and initial results of the Swedish Aging with Spinal Cord Injury Study, a longitudinal cohort survey targeting older adults with long‐term SCI.

Design

Cross‐sectional cohort study.

Setting

Home and community settings.

Participants

People aged 50 years or older with SCI for at least 10 years.

Methods

Data were collected through interviews and assessments during home visits and from the participants' medical records.

Main Outcome Measurements

Study‐specific protocol with custom‐designed questions, and validated generic and SCI‐specific assessment tools focusing on functioning, disability, health, well‐being, lifestyle, and personal and environmental factors.

Results

Of 795 potential participants, 184 matched the inclusion criteria and the final sample comprised 123 participants (67% response rate; 36 women and 87 men, mean age 63 ± 9 years, mean time since injury 24 ± 12 years). Traumatic SCI accounted for 62%, and 31% had sustained a complete SCI. A majority was married or had a partner, and used some form of assistance and/or mobility device. Thirty‐five percent were working full‐time or part‐time. Based on the American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale (AIS), 3 groups of SCI severity were formed. There were no significant differences in chronological age, marital status, or vocational situation between the tetraplegia AIS A‐C group (n = 22), the paraplegia AIS A‐C group (n = 41), and the all AIS D group (n = 60). Participants in the all AIS D group were significantly older at injury, had a shorter time since injury, and were less likely to use mobility devices compared with the other 2 groups.

Conclusion

These baseline data of the Swedish Aging with Spinal Cord Injury Study provide a description of older adults with long‐term SCI. Forthcoming studies and subsequent follow‐ups will generate new insights into factors that promote healthy aging, minimize disability and enhance participation, quality of life, and life satisfaction in people aging with long‐term SCI.
Postural Stability in Osteoarthritis of the Knee and Hip: Analysis of Association With Pain Catastrophizing and Fear‐Avoidance Beliefs
Authors: Sánchez‐Herán Ángel , Agudo‐Carmona Diego , Ferrer‐Peña Raúl , López‐de‐Uralde‐Villanueva Ibai , Gil‐Martínez Alfonso , Paris‐Alemany Alba , La Touche Roy
Published: November 2015

Background

Persons with knee osteoarthritis (OA) are at risk of having sensations of instability and sometimes experience buckling. The instability has been associated with psychosocial dysfunction, such as fear of movement, and impaired physical functioning. A high degree of fear of movement is positively correlated with avoidance in other conditions.

Objective

To evaluate the relationship between postural stability, the degree of pain catastrophizing, and fear‐avoidance beliefs in subjects with knee and hip OA.

Design

Descriptive, cross‐sectional study.

Setting

Four primary health care centers.

Subjects

Eighty subjects with knee or combined knee and hip OA.

Interventions

Not applicable.

Main Outcome Measurements

Postural stability was evaluated using the Multi‐Directional Functional Reach Test (MDFRT), and a battery of self‐reports was used to assess the following aspects: pain catastrophizing (Pain Catastrophizing Scale), fear‐avoidance beliefs (Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia [TSK‐11] and the Fear‐Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire), pain (visual analog scale), disability (Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index [WOMAC]), and self‐efficacy (Chronic Pain Self‐Efficacy Scale [CPSS]).

Results

The correlation analysis showed that scores on the MDFRT were negatively associated with scores on the TSK‐11 for activity avoidance (r = −0.54; P < .001) and positively associated with the scores on the CPSS for coping (r = 0.59; P < .001). The scores for the MDFRT to the right and the total WOMAC were negatively associated (r = −0.61, P <.001). The scores for the MDFRT to the left were positively associated with the CPSS scores for coping (r = 0.64, P < .001). The scores for the MDFRT forward were predicted by CPSS and TSK‐11 scores (28.9% of variance), as well as activity avoidance, avoidance of physical activity, helplessness (34.7% of variance), and CPSS pain coping (34.3% of variance).

Conclusions

These findings suggest that pain catastrophizing and fear‐avoidance beliefs are related with postural stability in subjects with knee and hip OA. Postural stability is negatively correlated with pain catastrophizing and TSK activity avoidance. Thus, based on these results, psychosocial factors should be taken into consideration in the assessment and treatment of patients with hip and knee OA.
Channelization of plumes beneath ice shelves
Authors: Dallaston M. C. , Hewitt I. J. , Wells A. J.
Published: November 2015

We study a simplified model of ice–ocean interaction beneath a floating ice shelf, and investigate the possibility for channels to form in the ice shelf base due to spatial variations in conditions at the grounding line. The model combines an extensional thin-film description of viscous ice flow in the shelf, with melting at its base driven by a turbulent ocean plume. Small transverse perturbations to the one-dimensional steady state are considered, driven either by ice thickness or subglacial discharge variations across the grounding line. Either forcing leads to the growth of channels downstream, with melting driven by locally enhanced ocean velocities, and thus heat transfer. Narrow channels are smoothed out due to turbulent mixing in the ocean plume, leading to a preferred wavelength for channel growth. In the absence of perturbations at the grounding line, linear stability analysis suggests that the one-dimensional state is stable to initial perturbations, chiefly due to the background ice advection.
SYSTEMS OF CONGRUENCES WITH PRODUCTS OF VARIABLES FROM SHORT INTERVALS
Authors: SHPARLINSKI IGOR E.
Published: November 2015

We obtain an upper bound for the number of solutions to the system of $m$ congruences of the type $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle \mathop{\prod }_{i=1}^{{\it\nu}}(x_{i}+s_{i})\equiv {\it\lambda}_{j}~(\text{mod }p)\quad j=1,\ldots ,m, & & \displaystyle \nonumber\end{eqnarray}$$ modulo a prime $p$, with variables $1\leq x_{i}\leq h$, $i=1,\ldots ,{\it\nu}$ and arbitrary integers $s_{j},{\it\lambda}_{j}$, $j=1,\ldots ,m$, for a parameter $h$ significantly smaller than $p$. We also mention some applications of this bound.
ON THE MERTENS–CESÀRO THEOREM FOR NUMBER FIELDS
Authors: FERRAGUTI ANDREA , MICHELI GIACOMO
Published: November 2015

Let $K$ be a number field with ring of integers ${\mathcal{O}}$. After introducing a suitable notion of density for subsets of ${\mathcal{O}}$, generalising the natural density for subsets of $\mathbb{Z}$, we show that the density of the set of coprime $m$-tuples of algebraic integers is $1/{\it\zeta}_{K}(m)$, where ${\it\zeta}_{K}$ is the Dedekind zeta function of $K$. This generalises a result found independently by Mertens [‘Ueber einige asymptotische Gesetze der Zahlentheorie’, J. reine angew. Math. 77 (1874), 289–338] and Cesàro [‘Question 75 (solution)’, Mathesis 3 (1883), 224–225] concerning the density of coprime pairs of integers in $\mathbb{Z}$.
How Democratic Alliances Solve the Power Parity Problem
Authors: Conrad Justin
Published: November 2015

Why do challengers attack some states that have allies, while avoiding conflict with others? This article builds upon previous research by arguing that parity in the observable capabilities of opposing states and their allies generates greater uncertainty and miscalculations on the part of challengers, which leads to a higher probability of conflict. Unlike previous research, however, this article argues that military alliances among democracies are better able to overcome this uncertainty, making power distributions largely irrelevant. The results demonstrate that uncertainty generated at power parity is mitigated when a target state’s allies are more democratic, resulting in no overall change in the probability of conflict. This study therefore emphasizes that the effectiveness of military alliances lies not necessarily in their aggregation of power, but in their ability to co-ordinate their power and communicate this co-ordination to potential challengers.
Keeping a House for Science: Sofia Kristensson as Matriarch and Gatekeeper at Kristineberg Zoological Station as a Scientific Household, 1877–1889
Authors: Ekerholm Helena
Published: November 2015

Argument

Field research stations are households as a result of allegoric notions of the scientific family, and because they fulfill the purpose of a home in the field in a literal sense. They meet the practical and physical need for bed and board, as well as the emotional and intellectual need for social cohesion. I argue that this, in combination with local gender identity, opened the door for a woman of lower social strata, the daughter of a fisherman, to take upon herself the role as station household matriarch, thus gaining an integral role within an inner circle of influential scientists. Secondly, I argue that locally employed members of the research station were valued primarily for their social skills. For the sake of ensuring necessary conditions for scientific work, being abrasive was just as important as being agreeable.
Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor from southern Vietnam in 2010 was molecularly distinct from that present from 1999 to 2004
Authors: NGUYEN V. H. , PHAM H. T. , DIEP T. T. , PHAN C. D. H. , NGUYEN T. Q. , NGUYEN N. T. N. , NGO T. C. , NGUYEN T. V. , DO Q. K. , PHAN H. C. , NGUYEN B. M. , EHARA M. , OHNISHI M. , YAMASHIRO T. , NGUYEN L. T. P. , IZUMIYA H.
Published: November 2015

The Vibrio cholerae O1 (VCO1) El Tor biotype appeared during the seventh cholera pandemic starting in 1961, and new variants of this biotype have been identified since the early 1990s. This pandemic has affected Vietnam, and a large outbreak was reported in southern Vietnam in 2010. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analyses (MLVA) were used to screen 34 VCO1 isolates from the southern Vietnam 2010 outbreak (23 patients, five contact persons, and six environmental isolates) to determine if it was genetically distinct from 18 isolates from outbreaks in southern Vietnam from 1999 to 2004, and two isolates from northern Vietnam (2008). Twenty-seven MLVA types and seven PFGE patterns were identified. Both analyses showed that the 2008 and 2010 isolates were distinctly clustered and separated from the 1999–2004 isolates.
Genotype distribution characteristics of high-risk human papillomaviruses in women from Shanghai, China
Authors: GU Y. , YI M. , XU Y. , ZHAO H. , FU F. , ZHANG Y.
Published: November 2015

High-risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are highly prevalent worldwide, and HPV genotype distribution varies regionally. Molecular surveys of HPVs are important for effective HPV control and prevention. Fifteen high-risk HPV strains (16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58, 59, 66, 68) and six low-risk HPV strains (HPV6, 11, 42, 43, 44, CP8304) were detected by cervical cytology from 10 501 subjects. High-risk HPVs, low-risk HPVs, and both high- and low-risk HPVs were detected in 14·5%, 2·8%, and 2·4% of cases, respectively. Of 1782 subjects with high-risk HPV infection, 75·5%, 18·1%, and 6·4% were infected with one, two, and ⩾3 strains of high-risk HPVs, respectively. HPV52, HPV16, and HPV58 were the top three most dominant high-risk HPV genotypes in our population with positivity rates of 23·0%, 17·7% and 16·9%, respectively. Multiple infection was common, with significantly higher co-infection rates of HPV58/HPV33 (12·9%) and HPV58/HPV52 (11·3%). Further data comparisons showed that HPV genotype distribution varied markedly between domestic and international regions. In conclusion, a monolithic vaccination strategy is obviously impractical, and regional HPV surveillance is essential to optimize current HPV control and prevention.
Research and Evaluations of the Health Aspects of Disasters, Part III: Framework for the Temporal Phases of Disasters
Authors: Birnbaum Marvin L. , Daily Elaine K. , O’Rourke Ann P.
Published: November 2015

Each of the elements described in the Conceptual Framework for disasters has a temporal designation; each has a beginning and end time. The Temporal Framework defines these elements as phases that are based on characteristics rather than on absolute times. The six temporal phases include the: (1) Pre-event; (2) Event; (3) Structural Damage; (4) Functional Damage (changes in levels of functions of the Societal Systems); (5) Relief; and (6) Recovery phases. Development is not a phase of a disaster. The use of the Temporal Framework in studying and reporting disasters allows comparisons to be made between similar phases of different disasters, regardless of the hazard involved and/or the community impacted. For research and evaluation purposes, assessments, plans, and interventions must be described in relation to the appropriate temporal phase.

BirnbaumML,DailyEK,O’RourkeAP.Research and evaluations of the health aspects of disasters, part III: framework for the temporal phases of disasters.Prehosp Disaster Med.2015;30(6):628–632.
ON THE SQUARE-FREE REPRESENTATION FUNCTION OF A NORM FORM AND NILSEQUENCES
Authors: Matthiesen Lilian
Published: November 2015

We show that the restriction to square-free numbers of the representation function attached to a norm form does not correlate with nilsequences. By combining this result with previous work of Browning and the author, we obtain an application that is used in recent work of Harpaz and Wittenberg on the fibration method for rational points.
Trends in der Hausarztmedizin – die Kunst, die Spreu vom Weizen zu trennen
Authors: Djalali Sima , Senn Oliver
Published: November 2015

Zusammenfassung. Betrachtet man die Trends in der Medizin, scheinen die Uhren in der Hausarztmedizin langsamer zu ticken als in den Spezialfächern. Neuartige Medikamente und Behandlungskonzepte setzen sich scheinbar langsamer, manchmal gar nicht durch. Zwischen den Ansprüchen der Guidelines von Fachgesellschaften und der praktischen Umsetzung durch Grundversorger klaffen Lücken. Die Versorgungsforschung spricht von «Evidence-Performance-Gaps». Ziel dieser narrativen Übersichtsarbeit ist es, die Natur und Dynamik von Trends in Hausarzt- und Spezialmedizin darzulegen und mögliche Ursachen zu beleuchten, die zur Beobachtung von Evidence-Performance-Gaps führen.
Von der «Psychopathie» zur «Persönlichkeitsstörung» – die begriffliche Entwicklung eines heiklen psychiatrischen Bereiches
Authors: Hoff Paul , Camenisch Paul
Published: November 2015

Zusammenfassung. Das Thema «Persönlichkeitsstörungen» berührt viele grundsätzliche Fragen der Psychiatrie: Gibt es eine klare Grenze zwischen normalem und krankhaftem Verhalten? Nach welchen Kriterien wird sie festgelegt? Handelt es sich bei Persönlichkeitsstörungen wirklich um psychische Krankheiten oder nicht doch «nur» um Variationen menschlicher (Er-)Lebensstile? Der Beitrag zeichnet die Entwicklung des Begriffsfeldes Psychopathie/Persönlichkeitsstörung vom frühen 19. Jahrhundert bis zur heutigen Diagnostik nach ICD-10 und DSM-5 nach. Die Debatte bewegt sich dabei – wie bei jeder psychischen Störung – zwischen den Polen psychopathologischer, neurobiologischer und sozialwissenschaftlicher Ansätze. Praktisch bedeutsam ist, dass heute wirksame Therapieoptionen zur Verfügung stehen, dass also der früher verbreitete therapeutische Nihilismus in Bezug auf Menschen mit Persönlichkeitsstörungen fehl am Platz ist.
Agencies Collaborate, Develop a Cyanobacteria Assessment Network
Authors: Schaeffer Blake , Loftin Keith , Stumpf Richard , Werdell P.
Published: November 2015

An integrated, holistic approach to detecting and characterizing cyanobacteria blooms could reduce human health risks and better direct field resources.
Dating Lava Domes in California's Salton Trough
Authors: Cook Terri
Published: November 2015

Scientists use a trio of techniques to resolve the age and duration of rhyolite volcanism of the Salton Buttes.
Low-Reynolds-Number Flows
Authors: Stone Howard A. , Duprat Camille
Published: November 2015

In this chapter, we provide a brief description of some of the main results of low-Reynolds-number hydrodynamics. In particular, we introduce the general subject by way of several example flows and provide derivations or explanations of some of the fluid dynamics themes that are used in later chapters of this book: channel flows, Darcy’s approximation, kinematic reversibility, integral equations, point forces, slender body theory, Jeffery orbits, etc. Specifically, we discuss general theoretical principles, and describe various problems involving the motion of rigid spherical particles, deformable particles, and elongated particles. The main goal of this chapter is to present the physical intuition and underlying mathematics of common low-Reynolds-number flow situations.
A 3D networked polydiacetylene sensor for enhanced sensitivity
Authors: Lee Soobum , Lee Joosub , Lee Dong Wook , Kim Jong-Man , Lee Haiwon
Published: November 2015

Immobilization of polydiacetylene (PDA) vesicles on the surface of the modified carbon nanotube (CNT)-networked pillared structures afforded a 3D networked sensor system. A more than three order increase in the sensitivity was observed with the 3D networked sensor matrix in comparison with a conventional 2D PDA sensor system.
Solvent mediated surface engineering of α-Fe2O3nanomaterials: facet sensitive energy storage materials
Authors: Barik Rasmita , Mohapatra Mamata
Published: November 2015

The surface chemical properties of iron oxide nanomaterials are keenly studied to explore their potential for many future applications.
Uniform growth of SiC single crystal thin films via a metal–Si alloy flux by vapour–liquid–solid pulsed laser deposition: the possible existence of a precursor liquid flux film
Authors: Onuma Aomi , Maruyama Shingo , Mitani Takeshi , Kato Tomohisa , Okumura Hajime , Matsumoto Yuji
Published: November 2015

3C-SiC single crystal films were successfully obtained in the PLD-based VLS process with a Si–Ni liquid flux, the interfacial behaviour of which was investigated by in situ high temperature laser microscopy in vacuum.
Effects of thermodynamic inhibitors on the dissociation of methane hydrate: a molecular dynamics study
Authors: Yagasaki Takuma , Matsumoto Masakazu , Tanaka Hideki
Published: November 2015

Bubble formation and the hydration free energy of methane play important roles in the hydrate dissociation. The effects of methanol and NaCl on them are investigated using molecular dynamics simulations.
Energy levels in CaWO4:Tb3+at high pressure
Authors: Mahlik S. , Cavalli E. , Amer M. , Boutinaud P.
Published: November 2015

The energy level structure and the luminescence processes in CaWO4:Tb3+are determined under hydrostatic pressure across scheelite-to-fergusonite phase transition.
Probing of chain conformations in conjugated polymer nanoparticles by electron spin resonance spectroscopy
Authors: Hintze C. , Schütze F. , Drescher M. , Mecking S.
Published: November 2015

Direct observation of individual conjugated polymer chain conformations in nanoparticles by ESR distance measurements.
Reversible cyclometalation at RhI as a motif for metal–ligand bifunctional bond activation and base-free formic acid dehydrogenation
Authors: Jongbloed L. S. , de Bruin B. , Reek J. N. H. , Lutz M. , van der Vlugt J. I.
Published: November 2015

The first example of base-free catalytic dehydrogenation of formic acid using reversible cyclometalation at Rh(i) is discussed, using a combination of experimental and computational methods.
Postsynthetic bromination of UiO-66 analogues: altering linker flexibility and mechanical compliance
Authors: Marshall Ross J. , Richards Tom , Hobday Claire L. , Murphie Colin F. , Wilson Claire , Moggach Stephen A. , Bennett Thomas D. , Forgan Ross S.
Published: November 2015

Single-crystal to single-crystal post synthetic bromination of unsaturated carbon–carbon bonds in two related zirconium metal–organic frameworks leads to structures with lower elastic moduli.
Ti(iv) oxalate complex-derived hierarchical hollow TiO2materials with dye degradation properties in water
Authors: Zhang Ye , Qiao Zhen-An , Liu Junmin , Wang Xue , Yao Shuo , Wang Tao , Liu Bing , Ma Yali , Liu Yunling , Huo Qisheng
Published: November 2015

This work demonstrates the transformation of Ti(iv) oxalate complexes to hierarchical hollow titania nanostructures by a hydrothermal process and investigates the catalytic properties of the final products for dye degradation.
p-Tolylimido rhenium(v) complexes with phenolate-based ligands: synthesis, X-ray studies and catalytic activity in oxidation with tert-butylhydroperoxide
Authors: Gryca Izabela , Machura Barbara , Małecki Jan Grzegorz , Kusz Joachim , Shul'pina Lidia S. , Ikonnikov Nikolay S. , Shul'pin Georgiy B.
Published: November 2015

The reactions ofmer-[Re(p-NTol)X3(PPh3)2] with phenolate-based ligands gave 16 new rhenium(v) complexes. Only a few of them exhibited high catalytic activity.
A novel 3D Cu(i) coordination polymer based on Cu6Br2 and Cu2(CN)2 SBUs: in situ ligand formation and use as a naked-eye colorimetric sensor for NB and 2-NT
Authors: Song Jiang-Feng , Li Yang , Zhou Rui-Sha , Hu Tuo-Ping , Wen Yan-Liang , Shao Jia , Cui Xiao-Bing
Published: November 2015

A novel 3D Cu(i) coordination polymer based on Cu6Br2 and Cu2(CN)2 SBUs shows strong green light emission and sensing properties for NB and 2-NT.
Observation of unusual slow-relaxation of the magnetisation in a Gd-EDTA chelate
Authors: Holmberg Rebecca J. , Ho Le Tuan Anh , Ungur Liviu , Korobkov Ilia , Chibotaru Liviu F. , Murugesu Muralee
Published: November 2015

A Gadolinium EDTA chelate displays characteristic isotropic behaviour common of GdIII complexes under zero applied magnetic field, and anisotropic behaviour arising from dipolar coupling and weak spin–phonon coupling under an applied magnetic field.
The use of the core–shell structure of zero-valent iron nanoparticles (NZVI) for long-term removal of sulphide in sludge during anaerobic digestion
Authors: Su Lianghu , Zhen Guangyin , Zhang Longjiang , Zhao Youcai , Niu Dongjie , Chai Xiaoli
Published: November 2015

The long-term effects of NZVI on hydrogen sulphide removal in an anaerobic sludge digester were investigated.
Influences of the protonic state of an imidazole-phenanthroline ligand on the luminescence properties of copper(i) complexes: experimental and theoretical research
Authors: Liu Xinfang , Li Rongfang , Ma Lufang , Feng Xun , Ding Yuqiang
Published: November 2015

Deprotonation of an imidazole–phenanthroline ligand leads to entirely different luminescence properties of neutral Cu(i) complexes compared with ionic Cu(i) complexes.
Transition-metal free N-arylation of cyanamides by diaryliodonium triflates in aqueous media
Authors: Li Jihui , Zheng Xinyi , Li Wei , Zhou Wei , Zhu Wen , Zhang Yucang
Published: November 2015

Various disubstituted cyanamides were constructed through transition-metal freeN-arylation of cyanamides by diaryliodonium triflates under aqueous conditions with good yields.
Inclusion of Cu nano-cluster 1D arrays inside a C3-symmetric artificial oligopeptide via co-assembly
Authors: Gong Ruiying , Li Fei , Yang Chunpeng , Wan Xiaobo
Published: November 2015

A specific C3-symmetric artificial oligopeptide was designed to form Cu(0) 1D arrays inside the oligopeptide nanofibers. The key feature of this oligopeptide is that the binding sites (triazole groups formed by click reaction) are located at the center, while the three oligopeptide arms with a strong tendency to assembly are located around it.
Facile synthesis of a multifunctional copolymer via a concurrent RAFT-enzymatic system for theranostic applications
Authors: Fu Changkui , Bongers Andre , Wang Ke , Yang Bin , Zhao Yuan , Wu Haibo , Wei Yen , Duong Hien T. T. , Wang Zhiming , Tao Lei
Published: November 2015

Through a straightforward concurrent RAFT-enzymatic multicomponent polymerization system and subsequent post-polymerization modifications, a multi-functional copolymer for theranostic application has been efficiently prepared.
Synthesis and study of hybrid hydrogen-bonded bent-core liquid crystal complexes containing C60- and Si-based proton donors
Authors: Liu Shih-Hsien , Yang Po-Jen , Wei Chong-Lun , Chiang I.-Hung , Liao Chun-Yen , Gouda Chinmayananda , Arumugaperumal Reguram , Chuang Wei-Tsung , Lee Jey-Jau , Chen San-Yuan , Lin Hong-Cheu
Published: November 2015

Mesophasic and electro-optical properties can be manipulated via the ratio of Si- and C60-based moieties in H-bonded bent-core LC complexes.
Investigation of polylactide/poly(ε-caprolactone)/multi-walled carbon nanotubes electrospun nanofibers with surface texture
Authors: Zhao Xingyan , Luo Jingjing , Fang Changjiang , Xiong Jie
Published: November 2015

The surface texture of PLA/PCL nanofibers was caused by the formation of voids and elongation in electric field. The MWCNTs reduced the sizes of PCL phase in PLA matrix.
A comparison of centrifugally-spun and electrospun regenerated silk fibroin nanofiber structures and properties
Authors: Liu Chen , Sun Jiaqi , Shao Min , Yang Bin
Published: November 2015

Centrifugal spinning converts the conformation of silk fibroin from random coil to β-sheet more easily than electrospinning, which results in fiber differences on secondary structures, orientation and thermal properties.
Phenolic profiles and antioxidant activity in four tissue fractions of whole brown rice
Authors: Ti Huihui , Guo Jinjie , Zhang Ruifen , Wei Zhencheng , Liu Lei , Bai Yajuan , Zhang Mingwei
Published: November 2015

In view of the fact that different types of processed rice contain different tissue fractions, the present study quantified phenolic profiles and antioxidant activity in the pericarp, aleurone layer, embryo and endosperm fractions of brown rice.
Light irradiation induced aerobic oxidative deep-desulfurization of fuel in ionic liquid
Authors: Wang Chao , Zhu Wenshuai , Chen Zhigang , Yin Sheng , Wu Peiwen , Xun Suhang , Jiang Wei , Zhang Ming , Li Huaming
Published: November 2015

One-pot extraction combined with metal-free photochemical aerobic oxidative deep desulfurization of fuels in ionic liquid was successfully achieved.
Photocatalytic membranes prepared by embedding porous Zr-doped SiO2shell/TiO2core particles with expanded channels into polyvinylidene fluoride for cleaning wastewater
Authors: Zhang Yuqing , Li Pinjing
Published: November 2015

Photocatalytic membranes were prepared by embedding Zr-doped SiO2shell/TiO2core particles with expanded channels into PVDF to treat wastewater.
Probing the compatibility of energetic binder poly-glycidyl nitrate with energetic plasticizers: thermal, rheological and DFT studies
Authors: Shee Sujit Kumar , Reddy Sreekantha T. , Athar Javaid , Sikder Arun Kanti , Talawar M. B. , Banerjee Shaibal , Shafeeuulla Khan Md Abdul
Published: November 2015

The essential idea of developing energetic binders and plasticizers is to enhance the thermal stability and energy content, reduce the glass transition temperature and improve other mechanical properties of propellant and explosives formulations.
A composite electrodeposited PbO2/SnO2 positive electrode material for hybrid supercapacitors
Authors: Dan Yuanyuan , Lin Haibo , Chen Lizhuang , Zhang Li , Su Jing , Yue Huijuan , Cai Xingwei
Published: November 2015

PbO2/SnO2 composites have been prepared by a composite electrodeposition method from Pb2+ solution containing different amounts of suspended nano-SnO2 particles.
Fabrication of titanium dioxide with durable superhydrophilicity by anodization
Authors: Zhang Zhaoguo , Cheng Xudong , Huang Zhengfeng , Wang Qingli , Dong Peimei , Chen Yi , Zhang Xiwen
Published: November 2015

A durable superhydrophilic titanium plate with micro-nano composite architecture synthesized by anodization.
Crystalline TiO2@C nanosheet anode with enhanced rate capability for lithium-ion batteries
Authors: Yang Fan , Zhu Yuxuan , Li Xiu , Lai Chao , Guo Wei , Ma Jianmin
Published: November 2015

TiO2@C nanosheets have been obtained by a facile solvothermal method using titanate butoxide and hydrofluoric acid as precursors, followed by our novel carbon coating technique using oleic acid as the carbon source.
Enantioselective Strecker reaction of aldimines using potassium cyanide catalyzed by a recyclable macrocyclic V(v) salen complex
Authors: Saravanan S. , Khan Noor-ul H. , Jakhar Ajay , Ansari Amamudin , Kureshy Rukhsana I. , Abdi Sayed H. R. , Kumar Gaurav
Published: November 2015

Chiral dimeric V(v) salen complexes have been synthesized and used as catalysts for asymmetric Strecker reaction ofN-benzylimines using both KCN to produce chiral α-amino nitrile. The catalyst was recycled upto five times without loss in its activity.