bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Uncertainty Profile Used for Full Validation of the HPLC Method to Determine 22 Azo Amines in Fabrics
Authors: Ait Lhaj Raja , Saffaj Taoufiq , Belmir Hamza , Ihssane Bouchaib
Published: October 2022

Background

Azo dyes are synthetic dyes that can degrade to carcinogenic amines, therefore determining their exact concentration is crucial.

Objective

The purpose of this study is to demonstrate that an HPLC method may be used to quantify 22 azo dye amines in a textile matrix.

Methods

The HPLC–DAD (Diode Array Detector) technique for measuring 22 amines in a textile matrix was tested using a new graphical statistical strategy based on the building of β-content, γ-confidence tolerance intervals, which allows for good qualimetry of analytical procedures. In this way, we established the approach's ability to perform a full validation of the analytical technique as well as its ability to estimate measurement uncertainty in a simple and uncomplicated way with minimum effort, utilizing only the data collected during the analytical validation.

Results

The findings suggest that this technique can properly assess the validity of the HPLC method for simultaneous determination of 22 amines, with 67–90% of compliance results falling within acceptable limits.

Conclusion

Using the uncertainty profile methodology, the full validation of an HPLC method for the determination of 22 azo amines in a textile matrix was successfully established.

Highlights

The development and evaluation of an efficient HPLC technique for the simultaneous determination of 22 azo amines in a textile matrix have been completed. The total reliability of the analytical procedure was established by evaluating its measurement uncertainty at each concentration level using the suggested uncertainty profile approach and confirming proportions 67 to 90% of compliance.
The effect of moderate energy and protein restriction during gilt development on changes in body weight and backfat depth and subsequent lactation performance
Authors: Gregory Nicole , Farmer Chantal , Friendship Robert M , Huber Lee-Anne
Published: October 2022

Eighty-eight gilts [initial body weight (BW) 49.8 ± 0.8 kg] were recruited to determine the effects of moderate energy and protein restriction during the development period on changes in BW and backfat depth (BF) and subsequent lactation performance. Gilts were randomly assigned to one of four feeding programs: 1) standard commercial diet fed ad libitum (CON), 2) standard commercial diet fed 10% or 3) 20% below ad libitum, or 4) a high–fiber diet fed ad libitum [2.5 times more fiber (neutral detergent fiber) than the commercial diet to dilute net energy and crude protein by approximately 20% and 13%, respectively; FIB]. The gilts were housed individually and received the feeding programs between 90 and 190 (breeding) d of age and standard gestation and lactation diets thereafter. Litters were standardized to 12 ± 1 pigs within 48 h of farrowing; weaning occurred at 20.0 ± 0.4 d of age. Gilts that received the 20% restricted program had lower overall average daily feed intake (ADFI) during the development period (2.64 ± 0.04 kg; P < 0.05) versus all other feeding programs and gilts that received the 10% restricted program had lower ADFI than FIB and CON, which were not different (2.96 vs. 3.44 and 3.47 ± 0.04 kg for 10%, FIB and CON, respectively; P < 0.05). Plasma free fatty acid (FFA) concentrations on day 180 of age were lower for gilts that received the 10% and 20% restricted programs compared to gilts that received the FIB and CON programs, which were not different (97 and 86 vs. 220 and 149 ± 29 µEq/L, respectively; P < 0.05). Plasma concentrations of glucose, urea, prolactin, and IGF-1 were not different among feeding programs on day 180 of age. At breeding, gilts that received the FIB and 10% programs had lower BW and BF versus CON (145.7 and 144.8 vs. 155.2 ± 0.9 kg and 14.4 and 14.8 vs. 16.5 ± 0.2 mm for BW and BF, respectively; P < 0.05) but greater BW than gilts that received the 20% restricted program (137.9 kg; P < 0.05). The BW and BF of gilts did not differ at the end of gestation or at weaning. The ADFI of sows during lactation and offspring birth weight and growth rate during lactation and the 5-wk nursery period were not influenced by gilt development feeding program. Therefore, a high-fiber feeding program could be used in group-housing gilt-development scenarios, where feed is offered ad libitum, to control BW and BF prior to breeding without influencing milk production in the subsequent lactation period.
Real-World Data on Cutaneous Recurrences Following Neonatal Herpes Simplex Virus Disease
Authors: Kimberlin David W
Published: October 2022

Though primarily used to improve neurodevelopmental outcomes, suppressive oral acyclovir therapy following neonatal herpes simplex virus disease also decreases cutaneous recurrences. Skin recurrences can still occur, however, and understanding their frequency is helpful in managing patients with this rare disease.
Orbits and action changes during star-clump encounters responsible for the origin of exponential discs in dwarf galaxies
Authors: Wu Jian , Struck Curtis , Elmegreen Bruce G , D’Onghia Elena
Published: October 2022

Previous studies found that stellar scattering by massive clumps can lead to the formation of exponential profiles in galaxy discs, but details on how a star is moved around have not been fully explained. We use a gadget-2 simulation where an exponential profile forms from an initially Gaussian disc in about 4 Gyr for a low-mass galaxy like a dwarf irregular. We find that nearly all large angular momentum changes of stars are caused by star-clump encounters with the closest approach less than 0.5 kpc. During star-clump encounters, stars may increase their random motions, resulting in an increase in the average radial and vertical actions of the whole stellar population. The angular momentum change and the radial action change of an individual star are influenced by the direction from which the star approaches a clump. A star initially at a higher galactic radius relative to the scattering clump usually gets pulled inwards and loses its angular momentum during the encounter, and one at a lower radius tends to shift outwards and gains angular momentum. The increase in the radial action is the largest if a star encounters a clump from the azimuthal direction, and is the smallest from a radial approach. The angular momentum change due to encounters has an inward bias when the clump profile has a steep radial decline, and a shallow decline can make the bias outwards. The stellar profile evolution towards an exponential seems to occur regardless of the direction of the bias.
Apsidal alignment and anti-alignment of planets in mean-motion resonance: disc-driven migration and eccentricity driving
Authors: Laune J T , Rodet Laetitia , Lai Dong
Published: October 2022

Planets migrating in their natal discs can be captured into mean-motion resonance (MMR), in which the planets’ periods are related by integer ratios. Recent observations indicate that planets in MMR can be either apsidally aligned or anti-aligned. How these different configurations arise is unclear. In this paper, we study the MMR capture process of migrating planets, focusing on the property of the apsidal angles of the captured planets. We show that the standard picture of MMR capture, in which the planets undergo convergent migration and experience eccentricity damping due to planet–disc interactions, always leads to apsidal anti-alignment of the captured planets. However, when the planets experience eccentricity driving from the disc, apsidally aligned configuration in MMR can be produced. In this configuration, both planets’ resonance angles circulate, but a ‘mixed’ resonance angle librates and traps the planets near the nominal resonance location. The MMR capture process in the presence of disc eccentricity driving is generally complex and irregular, and can lead to various outcomes, including apsidal alignment and anti-alignment, as well as the disruption of the resonance. We suggest that the two resonant planets in the K2-19 system, with their moderate eccentricities and aligned apsides, have experienced eccentricity driving from their natal disc in the past.
SDSS-IV MaStar: [α/Fe] for the MaNGA Stellar Library from synthetic model spectra
Authors: Hill Lewis , Thomas Daniel , Maraston Claudia , Yan Renbin , Lazarz Daniel , Chen Yan-Ping , Stringfellow Guy S , Cappellari Michele , Holtzman Jon A , Imig Julie , Bizyaev Dmitry , Law David R , Stassun Keivan G , Drory Niv
Published: October 2022

We calculate the α-enhancement ratio [α/Fe] for the Mapping Nearby Galaxies at APO (MaNGA) Stellar Library (MaStar) while also fitting for the fundamental atmospheric parameters effective temperature, surface gravity, and metallicity – Teff, log g, [Fe/H]. This approach builds upon a previous catalogue of stellar parameters, whereby only the fundamental atmospheric parameters are fit with solar-scaled models. Here, we use the same Markov Chain Monte Carlo method with the additional free parameter [α/Fe]. Using the full spectral fitting code pPXF, we are able to fit multiple lines sensitive to [α/Fe] for a more robust measurement. Quality flags based on the convergence of the sampler, errors in [α/Fe] and a cut in the χ2 of the model fit are used to clean the final catalogue, returning 17 214 spectra and values in the range of −0.25 < [α/Fe] < 0.48. Comparing our calculated [α/Fe] with literature values reveals a degeneracy in cool stars with log g ≥ ∼4; this comparison is then used to create an alternative and calibrated parameter set. We also plot the final catalogue in an [Fe/H] versus [α/Fe] diagram and recover the expected result of increasing [α/Fe] with decreasing [Fe/H] for Milky Way disc-halo stars. We apply our method to a subsample of spectra of uniform resolution and higher signal to noise that finds that our results are independent of this higher signal to noise. In the context of stellar population models, we are able to cover a parameter space for the creation of intermediate to old age models at solar-scaled [α/Fe], high [Fe/H] and enhanced [α/Fe], low [Fe/H].
Using host galaxy spectroscopy to explore systematics in the standardization of Type Ia supernovae
Authors: Dixon M , Lidman C , Mould J , Kelsey L , Brout D , Möller A , Wiseman P , Sullivan M , Galbany L , Davis T M , Vincenzi M , Scolnic D , Lewis G F , Smith M , Kessler R , Duffy A , Taylor E N , Flynn C , Abbott T M C , Aguena M , Allam S , Andrade-Oliveira F , Annis J , Asorey J , Bertin E , Bocquet S , Brooks D , Burke D L , Carnero Rosell A , Carollo D , Carrasco Kind M , Carretero J , Costanzi M , da Costa L N , Pereira M E S , Doel P , Everett S , Ferrero I , Flaugher B , Friedel D , Frieman J , García-Bellido J , Gatti M , Gerdes D W , Glazebrook K , Gruen D , Gschwend J , Gutierrez G , Hinton S R , Hollowood D L , Honscheid K , Huterer D , James D J , Kuehn K , Kuropatkin N , Malik U , March M , Menanteau F , Miquel R , Morgan R , Nichol B , Ogando R L C , Palmese A , Paz-Chinchón F , Pieres A , Plazas Malagón A A , Rodriguez-Monroy M , Romer A K , Sanchez E , Scarpine V , Sevilla-Noarbe I , Soares-Santos M , Suchyta E , Tarle G , To C , Tucker B E , Tucker D L , Varga T N
Published: October 2022

We use stacked spectra of the host galaxies of photometrically identified Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) from the Dark Energy Survey (DES) to search for correlations between Hubble diagram residuals and the spectral properties of the host galaxies. Utilizing full spectrum fitting techniques on stacked spectra binned by Hubble residual, we find no evidence for trends between Hubble residuals and properties of the host galaxies that rely on spectral absorption features (<1.3σ), such as stellar population age, metallicity, and mass-to-light ratio. However, we find significant trends between the Hubble residuals and the strengths of [O ii] (4.4σ) and the Balmer emission lines (3σ). These trends are weaker than the well-known trend between Hubble residuals and host galaxy stellar mass (7.2σ) that is derived from broad-band photometry. After light-curve corrections, we see fainter SNe Ia residing in galaxies with larger line strengths. We also find a trend (3σ) between Hubble residual and the Balmer decrement (a measure of reddening by dust) using H β and H γ. The trend, quantified by correlation coefficients, is slightly more significant in the redder SNe Ia, suggesting that the bluer SNe Ia are relatively unaffected by dust in the interstellar medium of the host and that dust contributes to current Hubble diagram scatter impacting the measurement of cosmological parameters.
Impact of gravitational lensing on black hole mass function inference with third-generation gravitational wave detectors
Authors: He Xianlong , Liao Kai , Ding Xuheng , Yang Lilan , Wen Xudong , You Zhiqiang , Zhu Zong-Hong
Published: October 2022

The recent rapid growth of the black hole (BH) catalogue from gravitational waves (GWs) has allowed us to study the substructure of black hole mass function (BHMF) beyond the simplest power–law distribution. However, the BH masses inferred from binary BH merger events, may be systematically ‘brightened’ or ‘dimmed’ by the gravitational lensing effect. In this work, we investigate the impact of gravitational lensing on the BHMF inference considering the detection of the third-generation GW detector – the Einstein Telescope (ET). We focus on high redshift, z = 10 in order to obtain the upper limits of this effect. We use Monte Carlo (MC) method to simulate the data adopting three original BHMFs under Un-Lensed and Lensed scenarios, then recover the parameters of BHMFs from the mock data, and compare the difference of results, respectively. We found that all the parameters are well recovered within one standard deviation(std., 1σ), and all three BHMF models are reconstructed within 68 per cent credible interval, suggesting that lensing would not change the main structure drastically, even at very high redshifts and with high precision of ET. And the modest influence beyond 50M⊙, depends on the modeling of the high mass tail or substructure of BHMF. We conclude that the impact of lensing on BHMF inference with ET can be safely ignored in the foreseeable future. Careful handling of lensing effects is required only when focusing on an accurate estimation of the high mass end of BHMF at high redshifts.
Non-detection of broad hydrogen radio recombination lines in the Circinus galaxy
Authors: Wang Junzhi , Shi Yong , Zhang Zhi-Yu , Liu Shu , Gao Yu , Zhang Jiangshui , Zhu Fengyao , Fang Min
Published: October 2022

The line widths of broad-line regions (BLRs) of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) are key parameters for understanding central supermassive black holes. However, owing to obscuration from dusty tori, optical recombination lines from BLRs in type II AGNs cannot be directly detected. Radio recombination lines (RRLs), with low extinction, could be ideal tracers to probe the emission from BLRs in type II AGNs. We performed RRL observations for H35α and H36α towards the centre of the Circinus galaxy with Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA). The narrow components of H35α and H36α, which are thought to be mainly from star-forming regions around the nuclear region, are detected. However, only upper limits are obtained for broad H35α and H36α. Because Circinus is one of the nearest AGNs, the non-detection of broad RRLs in Circinus in this band tells us that it is hopeless to try to detect broad RRL emission in local AGNs with current facilities. Submillimetre RRLs, with flux densities that are dozens of times higher than those at the millimetre level, could be the tools to directly detect BLRs in type II AGNs with ALMA, once its backend frequency coverage has been upgraded to several times better than its current capabilities.
Transcriptome-based Phylogeny of the Semi-aquatic Bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Gerromorpha) Reveals Patterns of Lineage Expansion in a Series of New Adaptive Zones
Authors: Armisén David , Viala Séverine , Cordeiro Isabelle da Rocha Silva , Crumière Antonin Jean Johan , Hendaoui Elisa , Le Bouquin Augustin , Duchemin Wandrille , Santos Emilia , Toubiana William , Vargas-Lowman Aidamalia , Burguez Floriano Carla Fernanda , Polhemus Dan A , Wang Yan-hui , Rowe Locke , Moreira Felipe Ferraz Figueiredo , Khila Abderrahman
Published: October 2022

Key innovations enable access to new adaptive zones and are often linked to increased species diversification. As such, innovations have attracted much attention, yet their concrete consequences on the subsequent evolutionary trajectory and diversification of the bearing lineages remain unclear. Water striders and relatives (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Gerromorpha) represent a monophyletic lineage of insects that transitioned to live on the water–air interface and that diversified to occupy ponds, puddles, streams, mangroves and even oceans. This lineage offers an excellent model to study the patterns and processes underlying species diversification following the conquest of new adaptive zones. However, such studies require a reliable and comprehensive phylogeny of the infraorder. Based on whole transcriptomic datasets of 97 species and fossil records, we reconstructed a new phylogeny of the Gerromorpha that resolved inconsistencies and uncovered strong support for previously unknown relationships between some important taxa. We then used this phylogeny to reconstruct the ancestral state of a set of adaptations associated with water surface invasion (fluid locomotion, dispersal and transition to saline waters) and sexual dimorphism. Our results uncovered important patterns and dynamics of phenotypic evolution, revealing how the initial event of water surface invasion enabled multiple subsequent transitions to new adaptive zones on the water surfaces. This phylogeny and the associated transcriptomic datasets constitute highly valuable resources, making Gerromorpha an attractive model lineage to study phenotypic evolution.
The Chemical Probes Portal: an expert review-based public resource to empower chemical probe assessment, selection and use
Authors: Antolin Albert A , Sanfelice Domenico , Crisp Alisa , Villasclaras Fernandez Eloy , Mica Ioan L , Chen Yi , Collins Ian , Edwards Aled , Müller Susanne , Al-Lazikani Bissan , Workman Paul
Published: October 2022

We describe the Chemical Probes Portal (https://www.chemicalprobes.org/), an expert review-based public resource to empower chemical probe assessment, selection and use. Chemical probes are high-quality small-molecule reagents, often inhibitors, that are important for exploring protein function and biological mechanisms, and for validating targets for drug discovery. The publication, dissemination and use of chemical probes provide an important means to accelerate the functional annotation of proteins, the study of proteins in cell biology, physiology, and disease pathology, and to inform and enable subsequent pioneering drug discovery and development efforts. However, the widespread use of small-molecule compounds that are claimed as chemical probes but are lacking sufficient quality, especially being inadequately selective for the desired target or even broadly promiscuous in behaviour, has resulted in many erroneous conclusions in the biomedical literature. The Chemical Probes Portal was established as a public resource to aid the selection and best-practice use of chemical probes in basic and translational biomedical research. We describe the background, principles and content of the Portal and its technical development, as well as examples of its applications and use. The Chemical Probes Portal is a community resource and we therefore describe how researchers can be involved in its content and development.
A Systematic Review of Patient Education Strategies for Oncology Patients in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
Authors: Christiansen Karryn , Buswell Lori , Fadelu Temidayo
Published: October 2022

Introduction

Patient education can facilitate early cancer diagnosis, enhance treatment adherence, and improve outcomes. While there is increasing cancer burden in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), there is little research to inform successful patient education in these regions. This systematic review summarizes the existing literature on oncology education and evaluation strategies in LMICs, identifies best practices, and highlights areas which require further investigation.

Methods

The review was conducted using PRISMA guidelines and an a priori protocol. Four databases (Ovid Medline, Cochrane Libraries, Embase, and Cabi) were searched in December 2021. Two independent reviewers evaluated studies for inclusion. Using a coded data extraction form, information was collected about the study site, intervention characteristics, and evaluation methods.

Results

Of the 2047 articles generated in the search, 77 met the inclusion criteria. Twenty-four countries were represented; only 6 studies (8%) were in low-income countries. The most common education methods included technology-based interventions (31, 40%) and visual pamphlets or posters (20, 26%). More than one education method was used in 57 (74%) studies. Nurses were the most frequent educators (25, 33%). An evaluation was included in 74 (96%) studies, though only 41 (55%) studies used a validated tool. Patient knowledge was the most common measured outcome in 35 (47%) studies.

Conclusions

There is limited empiric research on oncology patient education in LMICs. The available data show heterogeneity in education approaches and gaps in evaluation. Further research to determine successful patient education and evaluation strategies is urgently needed to improve treatment cancer outcomes in LMICs.
The Origins of Overreach
Authors: Shirk Susan L.
Published: October 2022

This chapter introduces the issue of overreach in China and attributes the origins of overreach to the intrinsic flaws of collective leadership during the second term of Hu Jintao’s administration. Hu and other senior CCP leaders’ reluctance to constrain each other for fear of splitting the Party in the public’s eye let various interest groups run amok. The chapter identifies the year 2008 as the watershed of the CCP control coalition driving the shift in the relevant domains both domestically and internationally. This transition preconditions Xi Jinping’s full-blown overreach after his ascent to power.
State of Paranoia
Authors: Shirk Susan L.
Published: October 2022

This chapter looks into how Xi’s more extreme paranoia about regime security, as compared with Hu’s, has led to Xi’s domestic overreach to the extent that it resembles Mao’s totalitarianism. It argues that Xi’s domestic overreach is multifaceted. At the elite level, Xi’s concerns about regime security, encapsulated in the “national security outlook,” serves as the guiding principle in the security domain. At the mass level, he advocates for the use of Mao’s mass line campaign and high-tech surveillance to root out restless elements. Xi drives forceful assimilation of ethnic minorities in Xinjiang while issuing draconian security law to deprive Hong Kongers of political autonomy. He supports state intervention in the market economy, and uses stricter censorship and stronger propaganda efforts to indoctrinate the masses with the correct party narrative and ideology. His domestic overreach has faced little resistance until the recent mismanagement of the pandemic.
Early Activation in European Union Unemployment Insurance Programs
Authors: Csillag Márton , Adamecz-Völgyi Anna
Published: October 2022

In this chapter the authors first briefly show how early activation, intensive service provision, and access to active labor market policies (ALMPs) in the first six months of a job seeker’s unemployment spell gained increasing important in the years following the Great Recession in the countries of the European Union. They then go on to review the evidence on these instruments, with special attention paid to experimental studies. While the evidence on timing of participation in active measures is weak and inconclusive, the authors show that intensive meetings between job seekers and employment counselors speeds up return to work. It seems that this approach is cost-efficient but is no panacea because it might lead to negative spillover effects in slack local labor markets.
Five Decades of Disability Benefit Policies in Five OECD Countries
Authors: McVicar Duncan , Wilkins Roger , Ziebarth Nicolas R.
Published: October 2022

This chapter summarizes and discusses developments and policy changes in the public disability benefit systems of five countries of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)—the Netherlands, Sweden, Great Britain, Germany, and Australia—over the past five decades. All five countries experienced substantial increases in their disability recipiency rates (beneficiaries as a share of the working-age population) at some point after 1970, followed by plateaus and, eventually, declines. This pattern reflects a commonality in the evolution of their disability benefit policies: a period of expanding eligibility standards and/or benefits was followed by rising recipiency rates. These rising rates triggered policy reforms that tightened eligibility standards and/or benefits again, which reduced growth rates and, eventually, recipiency rates.
Lessons for US Disability Policy from Other OECD Countries
Authors: Burkhauser Richard V. , Daly Mary C.
Published: October 2022

Although industrialized countries have long provided public protection to working-age people with disabilities, their specific policies and programs have evolved over time. The impetus for change has been multifaceted: rapid growth in program costs, greater awareness that people with impairments are able and willing to work, and increased recognition that protecting the economic security of people with disabilities might best be done by maintaining their connections with the labor market. This chapter describes the evolution of the Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) program in the United States and the importance that policy has played in its rapid growth. Based on the shared experiences of the Netherlands, Sweden, Great Britain, Germany, and Australia, this chapter outlines lessons for US policymakers as they consider reforms to more effectively control SSDI growth.
Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Noble James M.
Published: October 2022

This chapter discusses Alzheimer’s disease, which is the most common cause of dementia. Memory loss is most often recognized as the earliest or most significant symptom over the course of Alzheimer’s disease. When Alzheimer’s disease changes occur only or primarily in the rear parts of the brain, including the occipital and parietal lobes, it is called posterior cortical atrophy. Alzheimer’s disease that presents with more physically obvious changes (parkinsonism) is called corticobasal syndrome. The chapter then looks at the changes in behavior, mood, and sleep in Alzheimer’s disease, as well as balance and movement problems. The strongest risk factors for developing Alzheimer’s disease include advancing age, low childhood education, and vascular diseases such as stroke and cardiovascular disease. The chapter also considers diagnostic testing for Alzheimer’s disease and explains the concept of cognitive reserve.
Treatment of Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia
Authors: Noble James M.
Published: October 2022

This chapter covers the treatment of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia, or neuropsychiatric symptoms. Among the myriad symptoms that emerge in the setting of dementia, the symptoms that especially challenge a caregiver’s stamina, coping skills, and ability to provide care are the disruptive neuropsychiatric symptoms. The chapter then looks at nonpharmacologic strategies, including reorienting strategies. When nonpharmacologic strategies are not adequate, medications are necessary for severe, persistent, or threatening symptoms. The first medications a doctor will use to address disruptive behaviors associated with dementia may include the medications used for memory loss, including cholinesterase inhibitors. Additionally, antidepressants, particularly those with some calming or antianxiety properties, may be tried for mild or infrequent debilitating behaviors. However, sometimes the doctor will need to prescribe more potent treatments with greater risk of side effects. Generally, two categories of medications are used for debilitating agitation, aggression, irritability, paranoid delusions, and hallucinations: antipsychotics and benzodiazepines.
Advance Care Planning
Authors: Noble James M.
Published: October 2022

This chapter discusses advance care planning for dementia. Complex medical, financial, and legal issues can arise in each stage of dementia. Decisions about end-of-life and palliative care become increasingly important in late-stage dementia. An organized approach to learning how to navigate end-of-life decisions early on in dementia is helpful. Discussions on these decisions may arise when discussing other changes, such as stopping work and driving. As is the case with most aspects of dementia care, planning ahead, ideally early in the disease course, with a patient-centered focus helps all involved in delivering the desired type of care. The chapter discusses how to effectively plan for the future through care transitions and the escalating care needs associated with dementia progression.
Sources of Issues and Ways of Working
Authors: Garfinkel Harold
Published: October 2022

This chapter introduces the “Missing What” of organizational objects. In order to justify the claim of ethnomethodology’s discovery of naturally organized ordinary activities and to produce the claim to specifications, it is necessary to demonstrate and list four aspects and sources of the Missing What as a technical phenomenon: (1) the essential, acknowledged, used, ignored relevance to the collaborated production of the structures of commonplace activities; (2) the Missing What as it is available in “case materials” and ethnographic reportage; (3) the Missing What via the analysis of organizational items; and (4) the Missing What in that it consists of the practical objectivity and practical visibility of several systems of naturally organized phenomena.
Research with Numbers
Authors: Mair Michael , Sharrock Wes W. , Greiffenhagen Christian
Published: October 2022

This chapter reviews Harold Garfinkel’s work on method in the social sciences, focusing specifically on research with numbers. Ethnomethodology has had a vexed relationship with the social sciences, and Garfinkel’s remarks on sociology’s methods have often been presented as a skeptical attack on the very possibility of social research. Ethnomethodology has also frequently been portrayed as being particularly critical of quantitative research, and has sometimes been taken to argue for qualitative methods as an alternative to quantitative methods. The authors argue that these readings of Garfinkel and ethnomethodology miss the mark. With increasing numbers of contemporary researchers coming back to themes first broached by Garfinkel, this is an ideal moment to revisit Garfinkel’s position. The chapter shows that rather than simply critiquing quantitative methods, ethnomethodology offers an alternate orientation to practices of quantification, since ethnomethodology is interested in quantification as practiced. Drawing together various strands in Garfinkel’s work on method across his career and a small field study by the authors, the chapter explores ethnomethodology’s re-specification of quantification as number work.
Introduction
Authors: Jacobs Lanita
Published: October 2022

This chapter introduces the book’s central hook—why do notions of “realness” matter to African American comics and their audiences when the proverbial –ish hits the fan and, then again, when things are calm and still?—as part of a larger unfolding story. I begin this “quest narrative” by reviewing the intellectual and moral stakes that pre-figure the way I (and most anthropologists) respond to a query like, “Is Obama Black enough?” Whereas I and most members of my tribe would dutifully respond that the question is flawed from the start since “race is a social construction,” Black standup comics and their audiences convinced me: (a) not to bracket the query prematurely and (b) instead ask why this and similar questions might matter to Black folks in the first place. I likewise distinguish between the essentialist assumptions of “the real” and the more universal and productive entailments of “a real” in my vetting of Black standup comedy; I also explore “seduction” as a useful analytic for understanding the intersubjective entailments of my ethnographic fieldwork and the “sexy” allure of my very subject: authenticity. I review literature within and beyond anthropology that fuel this study of how and why Black comics deploy stances around “a/the” real in jokes concerning 9/11 and the war in Afghanistan, Hurricane Katrina, Michael Richards’ (i.e., “Kramer’s”) infamous racist outburst at a Los Angeles comedy club, and their own lives—including Kevin Hart’s—as a globally recognized standup comic with mad trickster acuity.
“The Arab Is the New Nigger”
Authors: Jacobs Lanita
Published: October 2022

This chapter begins by analyzing the response of African American standup comedy to the fateful events of September 11, 2001. Tracing ambivalent patriotism, the cynically hailed arrival of a “new nigger,” and jokes that expose the lie of post-9/11 unity given enduring racial injustice, the chapter explores how 9/11 humor served as both a balm and critique for African American comics and audiences. It explores not only why African American comics were among the first humorists to joke about 9/11, but also how their jokes relied on essentialist understandings of Blacks’ and others to wage critiques against racial profiling, “us” versus “them” rhetoric, and other ahistorical renditions of America’s victimhood post-9/11 – in expected and un-expected ways.
“Why We Gotta Be Refugees?”
Authors: Jacobs Lanita
Published: October 2022

This chapter explores how and why notions of racial authenticity inform African American comics’ jokes about Hurricane Katrina. As in their jokes about 9/11 and the war in Afghanistan, Black comics’ quips reflect a pervasive Du Boisian double-consciousness and widely shared sense of “racial despair.” For example, many Black comics decried the framing of African American Katrina victims as “refugees” and “looters” and deployed stances implicating racial authenticity to ask, ostensibly: Can you feel me?, Can you empathize with me?, Can you recognize my/our shared humanity? These jokes bespeak a reality as sobering then as it is now: race—namely, Blackness—shapes who can be seen as an “empathetic” subject, with life or death consequences. Comics also intervened in controversial media and comedic representations of African Americans in New Orleans through jokes containing sly and candid appeals to Black authenticity and resilience, again emphasizing how Black humor provides both a balm and an incisive critique in moments of crisis and calm.
News and Democratic Citizens in the Mobile Era
Authors: Dunaway Johanna , Searles Kathleen
Published: October 2022

People increasingly use mobile phones for many tasks including consuming news, which affects what they pay attention to and learn. Using mobile devices as a case, this book argues that by differentiating between physical and cognitive access to content we can better understand how technology structures information delivery and presentation. Moreover, a model for post-exposure processing offers a means to generate and test for communication technology’s effects on cognitive access. This book helps to reconcile accounts that paint smartphones as either the democratic leveler or divider and offers an approach to understanding media effects as situated in the context of changing information communication technology. The authors argue that this approach adds to our understanding of how communication technology changes what we know about media effects, with consequences for the informed citizenry a democracy requires.
Diffractive Inquiring, or How I Came to Care
Authors: Augustine Anne
Published: October 2022

Drawing on classical Pragmatist, feminist technoscience, and care ethics literatures—and in particular the writings of Karen Barad, Donna Haraway, Milton Mayeroff, and John Dewey—this chapter explores the ongoing and generative interplay of diffractive inquiring (DI)—an experimental, difference-oriented noticing of affect and effect in empirical encounters. Central to DI is abductive logic, ethical practising, and fidelity to experience. DI offers possibilities for a different—ontologically processual—experience of knowing, where everything is moving, and in the making; and where data is beyond categorization. In three performative vignettes on care ethics, the author shows how, in noticing differently and noticing difference, an ethos of caring emerges through everyday social experiences, including emotions and relationships, leading to consequential collaborative action.
Gender Quotas for Corporate Boards
Authors: Teigen Mari
Published: October 2022

The predominance of men in top-position in the corporate world regularly attracts considerable international attention. To address this gender equality problem and to promote change in the gendered structure of economic life, Norway introduced in 2003 gender quotas for corporate boards. This quota regulation was fully implemented in 2008. Despite great opposition to such gender equity policies both among politicians and among those who were directly affected within the corporate sector, the supporters succeeded to have such legislation passed by the Norwegian parliament. The results so far clearly suggest that gender quotas for corporate boards have been a programmatic policy success in terms of fulfilling the main aim of promoting gender balance on corporate boards. Politically a success in the sense that criticism has disappeared from the debate, business leaders have become supporters, and similar regulation is circulating in many European countries. However, the policy scheme has also been criticized for its limited social impact. Hence, the case of gender quota for corporate boards illustrates lands in the grey area of in-between success (cf. McConnell 2010). However, on balance, the positives certainly outweigh the negatives.
The Finnish Model of Conscription
Authors: Kosonen Jarkko , Mälkki Juha
Published: October 2022

The Finnish conscription model dates to the end of the nineteenth century when Finland was still an autonomous Grand Duchy of the Russian Empire. Conscription has maintained its legitimate role as the basis of the armed defence ever since. The chapter explores Finland’s conscription programme as a policy success over time and covers which factors have fortified the endurance of the programme for over a hundred years. It also discusses the counternarratives that have been used to challenge the policy success of the programme of conscription. All Finnish citizens are subject to a national defence obligation by constitutional law. Conscription is mandatory for men, and their service completion rate varies due to political, social and health reasons. The law for volunteer military service for women came into effect in 1995. Conscription in Finland forms the basis for a political programme of national defence. The armed defence of the state is part of Finland´s national defence policy and comprehensive security. The endurance and legitimacy of conscription has traditionally held strong support among politicians and public opinion. The conscription model has been challenged in the political sphere with either the opportunity to transition to a professional standing army or to a mandatory, gender-neutral national service model for the entire age group. A professional standing army would be a costly alternative compared to an economically efficient conscription model. It is more likely that in the future a gender-neutral national service model will become relevant in political discourse.
Introduction: A Magical Faculty
Authors: Magri Tito
Published: October 2022

Even in the more recent Hume scholarship, the persistent contrast between how important the imagination is in Book 1 of the Treatise and how little attention interpreters have paid to it is only partially overcome. A lingering problem has been the worry that Hume’s conception of the imagination lacks theoretical unity. This is also an issue in contemporary philosophy of the imagination. A list of the principal works of Hume’s imagination can introduce its main function and the ground of its unity: closing the cognitive gaps of sensible representation, open in correspondence with ideas necessary to our best cognitive practices, by complementing object representing with inferentially determined contents. This content-constitutive function of the imagination provides its necessary support to Hume’s programme of reforming philosophy with a naturalization of the mind, in contrast with rationalist philosophies; his qualified epistemological optimism; and his systematic confrontation with scepticism.
As if It Were Universal
Authors: Magri Tito
Published: October 2022

Hume explains with the imagination the conceptual modes of generality, aspectual distinctions, and intentional directedness. This explanation is crucial for Hume’s campaign against intellectual ideas and rationalism. Hume’s theory of abstraction closes the cognitive gap of generality by treating the contents of general ideas as inferential rather than object representing. This allows us to explain how particular ideas make it possible to conceive, for application in reasoning, all the possible degrees of qualities and quantities. The mechanism of abstraction involves resembling object-representing ideas, resembling acts of naming, and custom-based inferences of the imagination. The imagination responds to the represented resemblances of names and of ideas with a transition to an abridged, partial conception of ideas. Generality is the inferential potential associated to ideas by this conception. This inferentialist account also holds of our capacities to distinguish aspects in object-representing ideas and to direct purposefully our conceptions.
That Intelligible Quality
Authors: Magri Tito
Published: October 2022

Necessity is an aspect of our idea of cause and it comes into view in ideas like power or production. The idea of causal necessity is intelligible; what makes it obscure is the attempt to ground it representationally or a priori. Hume explains it with his conceivability account of modality applied to the new, imagination-based conditions of conception that constitute causal inferential potentials. The same customary transitions that produce the inferential idea of cause make us feel a determination to conception; this causes the idea of a necessary causal connection. This idea is projected on the objects represented by the ideas involved in such transitions. Hume summarizes his inferentialism about causal content in the two definitions of cause. Based on the second definition, the cognitive function of causal necessity seems to be enabling reflective, idea-comparing, ordinary causal reasoning, thus realizing the inferential potential of the idea of cause.
Skywatching
Authors: McGrath Alister E.
Published: October 2022

This chapter documents the emergence of observationally focused forms of natural philosophy in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, which were critical of earlier Aristotelian approaches. The chapter opens with an account of the shift from Ptolemy’s geocentric model of the solar system to the heliocentric model of Copernicus and the hybrid model of Tycho Brahe. The strongly theological approach of Johann Kepler is noted, particularly his broad conception of natural philosophy which drew heavily on geometrical modes of thinking and the musical notion of harmony. Galileo’s use of optical instruments to extend the reach of the human eye is noted, as well as the importance of the theoretical interpretation of those observations, especially as these were seen to support Kepler’s model of the solar system. Finally, Galileo’s reflections on mathematical as the language of nature is considered, along with its implications for these new forms of natural philosophy.
English Natural Philosophy
Authors: McGrath Alister E.
Published: October 2022

This chapter considers the emergence of an experimental natural philosophy in England during the seventeenth century, focusing on Francis Bacon, Robert Boyle, and Isaac Newton. Bacon’s experimental natural philosophy stressed the importance of experimentation as a means of challenging ‘idols of the mind’, including preconceptions about nature inherited from the past or influential cultural figures. Robert Boyle consolidated Bacon’s approach, making important connections between the experimental method and human knowledge production. Boyle highlighted the importance of ‘physico-theology’—a form of theology which resulted from the methods of natural philosophy. Isaac Newton’s Principia Mathematica raised the profile and prestige of natural philosophy by demonstrating its explanatory capacities, particularly in the unification of celestial and terrestrial mechanics. The chapter also notes the importance of natural philosophy as a moderating influence in the aftermath of the English Civil War, allowing discussion of the natural world without the intrusion of religious polemics.
Reconceiving Natural Philosophy
Authors: McGrath Alister E.
Published: October 2022

This chapter opens the second part of this volume, and lays the framework for a proposed strategy of retrieval of natural philosophy as a viable disciplinary imaginary. The chapter explores the pressures that led to disciplinary fragmentation in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Mary Midgley’s notion of ‘mapping’ our complex world is introduced as a spatial metaphor which enables the imaginative reconnection of the disciplines that were originally enfolded in seventeenth-century approaches to natural philosophy. Finally, the chapter draws on Karl Popper’s notion of the ‘three worlds’ to set out the three broad categories of the human experience of nature that need to be reconnected: its theoretical, objective, and subjective aspects. These aspects of the natural world are engaged in the next three chapters, and set within the framework of a retrieved natural philosophy.
Theory
Authors: McGrath Alister E.
Published: October 2022

The chapter engages Karl Popper’s ‘World Three’ (theory) and explores how the theoretical aspects of natural philosophy enfold both scientific attempts to explain the natural world, and ethical or spiritual aspects of the human behaviour towards nature. This chapter includes an extended discussion of Hans-George Gadamer’s account of theory, which stresses that theory and practice are inseparable. A theoretical account of nature is thus intimately connected with the formulation of an appropriate way of behaving towards and within nature. Theory change (such as that envisaged in Thomas Kuhn’s idea of a ‘paradigm shift’) involves seeing the natural world in a new way, and thus behaving towards it in a new manner. These ideas can also be expressed using the notion of a ‘social imaginary’, as set out in the works of Charles Taylor.
Credit Disbursal versus Green Shoots
Authors: Shettigar Jagadish , Misra Pooja
Published: October 2022

The coronavirus pandemic had sent financial markets worldwide into a tailspin. In order to provide relief from its adverse impact, an amalgamation of monetary, fiscal, and regulatory interventions was announced by the Indian Government along with the RBI. The corrective measures were initiated to mitigate the negative impact of the novel coronavirus on demand as well as the supply side of the economy and to ensure close to normal functioning of the financial markets. The easing of financial conditions was done to boost system- level liquidity and sector- specific funding. The chapter investigates if the deployment of conventional and unconventional tools that the RBI had resorted to, for restoring financial stability had yielded the desired results?