bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The maximum multiplicity and the two largest
multiplicities of eigenvalues in a Hermitian
matrix whose graph is a tree
Authors: Fernandes Rosário
Published: May 2015

The maximum multiplicity of an eigenvalue in a matrix whose graph is a tree, M1, was understood
fully (froma combinatorial perspective) by C.R. Johnson, A. Leal-Duarte (Linear Algebra and Multilinear Algebra
46 (1999) 139-144). Among the possible multiplicity lists for the eigenvalues of Hermitian matrices whose
graph is a tree, we focus upon M2, the maximum value of the sum of the two largest multiplicities when the
largest multiplicity is M1. Upper and lower bounds are given for M2. Using a combinatorial algorithm, cases
of equality are computed for M2.
When powers of a matrix coincide with its Hadamard powers
Authors: Drnovšek Roman
Published: May 2015

We characterize matrices whose powers coincide with their Hadamard powers.
Explicit formulas for the constituent matrices.
Application to the matrix functions
Authors: Taher R. Ben , Rachidi M.
Published: May 2015

We present a constructive procedure for establishing explicit formulas of the constituents matrices.
Our approach is based on the tools and techniques from the theory of generalized Fibonacci sequences. Some
connections with other results are supplied. Furthermore,we manage to provide tractable expressions for the
matrix functions, and for illustration purposes we establish compact formulas for both the matrix logarithm
and the matrix pth root. Some examples are also provided.
Equality in Wielandt’s eigenvalue inequality
Authors: Friedland Shmuel
Published: May 2015

In this paper we give necessary and sufficient conditions for the equality case in Wielandt’s eigenvalue
inequality.
Unitary automorphisms of the space of Toeplitz-plus-Hankel matrices
Authors: Abdikalykov A.K. , Chugunov V.N. , Ikramov Kh.D.
Published: May 2015

Our motivation was a paper of 1991 indicating three special unitary matrices that map Hermitian
Toeplitz matrices by similarity into real Toeplitz-plus-Hankel matrices. Generalizing this result, we give a
complete description of unitary similarity automorphisms of the space of Toeplitz-plus-Hankel matrices.
Completely positive matrices over Boolean algebras and their CP-rank
Authors: Mohindru Preeti
Published: May 2015

Drew, Johnson and Loewy conjectured that for n ≥ 4, the CP-rank of every n × n completely positive real matrix is at most [n2/4]. In this paper, we prove this conjecture for n × n completely positive matrices over Boolean algebras (finite or infinite). In addition,we formulate various CP-rank inequalities of completely positive matrices over special semirings using semiring homomorphisms.
The Dialectal Provenance of London, Wellcome Library, Ms 5262
Authors: Esteban-Segura Laura
Published: May 2015

This paper takes into consideration the language found in London, Wellcome Library, MS 5262, a one-volume codex from the early fifteenth century which holds a medical recipe collection. The manuscript, written in Middle English (and with a few fragments in Latin), represents a fine exemplar of a remedybook, a type of writing that has been traditionally considered to be popular. The main aim is to study the dialect of the text contained in folios 3v-61v in order to localise it geographically. The methodology followed for the purpose is grounded on the model supplied by the Linguistic Atlas of Late Mediaeval English (LALME) (McIntosh et al. 1986), which consists of several stages including the completion of a survey questionnaire, the creation of the linguistic profile of the text and the application of the ‘fit’-technique (McIntosh et al. 1986, vol. 1: 10-12; Benskin 1991). Extralinguistic features of the manuscript may also be taken into consideration. This comprehensive analysis will help us to circumscribe the dialectal provenance and/or local origin of the text accurately.
Middle English Preposition Twēn(E)
Authors: Ciszek-Kiliszewska Ewa
Published: May 2015

The present paper focuses on the Middle English preposition twēn(e) ‘between, among, in between’. The aim of the study is to review the acknowledged etymology of twēn(e) as well as to provide its semantics, dialect distribution, complete textual distribution (record of texts employing twēn(e)), and absolute token frequency. Moreover, all texts including the preposition twēn(e) are subject to an analysis of the whole variety of prepositions meaning ‘between’ and their token frequency in order to establish the proportions of the use of twēn(e) and other discussed prepositions, especially the better established preposition betwēn(e) in texts employing twēn(e). The study is based on such extensive electronic databases as the Middle English Dictionary online, the Oxford English Dictionary online and the Corpus of Middle English Prose and Verse as well as on a number of complete Middle English texts. The study of the corpus demonstrates the presence of twēn(e) and other prepositions meaning ‘between’ also in texts not listed by the Middle English Dictionary online or the Oxford English Dictionary online under appropriate entries, and thus helps to provide a more complete record of texts and authors utilizing twēn(e) and the extent of use of twēn(e) as compared to other prepositions meaning ‘between’. Moreover, the study demonstrates that also the other discussed prepositions are often not recorded in particular texts by the MED online or the OED online. In more general terms, the paper points out the need for the use of complete texts for the study of historical prepositions.
Moisture-Density-Strength-Energy Relationships for Gyratory Compacted Geomaterials
Authors: Li Cheng , White David J. , Vennapusa Pavana
Published: May 2015

Laboratory Proctor and vibratory table compaction tests are commonly used to determine moisture-density-compaction energy relationships for soils and are typically limited to one or two compaction energy curves. They do not, however, provide shear strength or stiffness parameters that are commonly used in design and with performance-based specifications. In this study, a gyratory compactor equipped with a pressure distribution analyzer (PDA) was used to rapidly develop moisture-density-shear resistance-compaction energy relationships. Because the PDA equipment involves sensors, data acquisition, and interpretation, repeatability and reproducibility tests were conducted and evaluated using two-way analysis of variance. A wide range of geomaterials was tested: silica sand, crushed limestone sub-base, recycled pavement materials sub-base, and coal combustion products. Comparisons between the gyratory PDA test and conventional laboratory compaction tests and factors affecting the moisture-density-strength-energy relationships were discussed.
Women, Work and Preference Formation: A Critique of Catherine Hakim’s Preference Theory
Authors: Leahy Mary , Doughney James
Published: May 2015

The work of the British sociologist Catherine Hakim has been used prominently to support ‘neo-traditionalist’ approaches to gender, work and family. Hakim (2000, 2002) argues that, in modern affluent societies, virtually all women have a genuine choice between family work and market work. Further, women make their choice based on their preference for a particular lifestyle: work-centred, home-centred or one that combines paid work and time with family. We argue that Hakim’s preference theory is flawed. It fails, in particular, to account for phenomenon of ‘adaptive preferences’, whereby women adjust their preferences in response to persistent gender inequality and make a conscious decision not to play by the current rules of the game. We also argue that women’s paid work cannot be isolated from their unpaid work. Instead we must address the critical questions about care: who does it, under what conditions and how are the costs shared? Overcoming gender inequality therefore demands much more radical social change than has occurred to date.
The relationship between corporate governance and financial performance of small corporations in Australia
Authors: Li Yongqiang , Armstrong Anona , Clarke Andrew
Published: May 2015

This paper examines a widely explored but yet to be confirmed relationship between two latent constructs - corporate governance and financial performance of small corporations in Australia. Prior studies have either focused on larger organisations or isolated corporate governance mechanisms in small firms. However, few have examined how corporate governance mechanisms, as a bundle, relate to small corporations. This study fills this gap by empirically analysing the aforementioned relationship using Structural Equation Modelling (SEM). Based on 387 responses from small corporations, the results show that corporate governance bundles measured by the extant literature, has a negative impact on the financial performance of small corporations. The result calls for a stakeholder approach to the governance needs of small corporations.
Development of a Rapid Assay to Detect Reduced Fluridone Sensitivity in Invasive Watermilfoils
Authors: Berger Sarah T. , Netherland Michael D. , MacDonald Gregory E.
Published: May 2015

Fluridone has been used to successfully manage Eurasian watermilfoil since the late 1980s. However, recent documentation of hybrid watermilfoils and the resulting potential for reduced herbicide sensitivity necessitate the need for an assay to determine individual population response to fluridone. A known fluridone-resistant hybrid watermilfoil population from Townline Lake in Michigan was compared to 11 Eurasian and hybrid watermilfoil populations in laboratory experiments to develop a method for determining response to fluridone. Apical shoot tips were exposed to increasing concentrations of fluridone (0 to 48μg L−1) for 3, 5, and 7 d. Chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm) was evaluated using a pulse-amplitude modulated fluorometer at each interval along with pigment analysis of chlorophyll and β-carotene at the 7-d interval. Fv/Fmand pigment analysis yielded the same results. A fluridone concentration of 12μg L−1and an analysis interval of 7 d were found to be optimal in determining invasive watermilfoil response to fluridone. Use of such small-scale assays can provide resource managers a rapid tool to cost-effectively evaluate invasive watermilfoil response to fluridone.
The Relationship Between Coping and Psychological Adjustment in Family Caregivers of Individuals With Traumatic Brain Injury: A Systematic Review
Authors: Anderson Malcolm I. , Simpson Grahame K. , Daher Maysaa , Matheson Lucinda
Published: May 2015

A systematic review was conducted to evaluate the association between coping (as measured by the Ways of Coping Questionnaire [WOCQ]) and psychological adjustment in caregivers of individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI). A search conducted using the CINAHL, Medline, and PsycINFO databases yielded 201 citations between 1974 and 2014. A total of seven articles met the inclusion criteria; namely, the respondents who completed the WOCQ were family caregivers of individuals with TBI (including 66-item, 42-item, or 21-item versions). Reviews were conducted in accordance with the American Academy of Neurology guidelines (2011) for classifying evidence. The results found no Class 1 or Class II studies but only four Class III and three Class IV studies. The major finding across the better-rated Class III studies was that the use of emotion-focused coping and problem-focused coping was possibly associated with psychological adjustment in caregivers. The Class IV studies were determined to be inadequate or conflicting in determining the association between coping and psychological adjustment. Future studies need to employ carefully crafted designs, adhere to statistical procedure, apply advanced analytic techniques, and employ explicit models of coping, which will increase the accuracy and generalizability of the findings.
Links between extremely high frequency electromagnetic waves and their biological manifestations
Authors: Anton Emil , Rotaru Anatol , Covatariu Daniel , Ciobica Alin , Timofte Daniel , Popescu Radu , Anton Carmen
Published: May 2015

In this mini-review, we describe some of the latest facts regarding the
generation of condensed base phonons by biological entities, initially
described by the renowned contemporary physicist, Nobel laureate, Herbert
Fr?hlich, who proposed a new biophysical interaction mechanism between
extremely high frequency electromagnetic waves and the biological
environment. As we will show, this extremely low intensity millimeter therapy
crystallizes as an important new method, universal and effective in the
management of diseases with different etiologies. Moreover, the existence of
internal electromagnetic fields generated by biological entities, as well as
external electromagnetic fields, are essential for understanding the
electromagnetic-biological effect. In fact, it is estimated that at present
millimeter-wave therapy is used for the management of more than 120 diseases
in cardiology, neurology, oncology, gynecology, urology, gastroenterology,
surgery, pharmacology and pediatrics. However, so far there is still no
consensus regarding the interaction between extremely high
frequency/extremely low intensity electromagnetic waves and the biological
environment at its different levels of organization. Thus, the present paper
was intended to contribute to the development for the theory of
millimeter-wave interaction with living biological entities.
The influence of compaction pressure on the density and electrical properties of cordierite-based ceramics
Authors: Obradovic N. , Djordjevic N. , Peles A. , Filipovic S. , Mitric M. , Pavlovic V.B.
Published: May 2015

Due to its characteristics, cordierite, 2MgO?2Al2O3?5SiO2, is a
high-temperature ceramic material of a great scientific interest. Mechanical
activation of the starting mixtures containing 5.00 mass% TiO2 was performed
in a high-energy ball mill for 10 minutes. The compaction pressure varied
from 0.5 to 6tcm-2 (49-588 MPa). The sintering process was performed at
1350?C for four hours in the air atmosphere. The phase composition of the
activated and sintered samples was analyzed using X-ray diffraction. Scanning
electron microscopy was used to analyze the microstructure of both compacted
and sintered samples. The authors have investigated the influence of
compaction pressure on the sintered samples and their electrical properties.
Chemical reactions during sintering of Fe-Cr-Mn-Si-Ni-Mo-C-steels with special reference to processing in semi-closed containers
Authors: Cias A.
Published: May 2015

Sintering of Cr, Mn and Si bearing steels has recently attracted both
experimental and theoretical attention and processing in semiclosed
containers has been reproposed. This paper brings together relevant
thermodynamic data and considers the kinetics of some relevant chemical
reactions. These involve iron and carbon, water vapour, carbon monoxide and
dioxide, hydrogen and nitrogen of the sintering atmospheres and the alloying
elements Cr, Mn, Mo and Si. The paper concludes by presenting mechanical
properties data for three steels sintered in local microatmosphere with
nitrogen, hydrogen, nitrogen-5% hydrogen and air as the furnace gas.
Effect of titanium addition on thermal stability of hydroxyapatite/zirconia nanocomposite
Authors: Wang L.I. , Wang X.F. , Yu C.L. , Zhao Y.Q.
Published: May 2015

HA/ZrO2 composite nanpowder with various addition of titanium (0.2-2.4wt%)
were synthesized via wet chemical method using ZrOCl2.8H2O, H3PO4, Ca(OH)2
and tetraethylorthotitanate as precursor materials. The composites were then
sintered at 900-1200?C for 2h, respectively. Effect of titanium addition to
the composite on the phase composition and thermal stability during thermal
treatment was investigated. The results suggested that as the sintering
temperature increased from 900?C to 1200?C and with the addition of titanium
to the composite below 0.8wt%, main phases were HA and ZrO2. As the sintering
temperature increased to 1200?C and with the addition of titanium to the
composite above 0.8wt%, main phases were HA, ZrO2 and a small amount of
dicalcium phosphate (DCP). There were still no tricalcium phosphate (?-TCP)
and CaZrO3 phases observed, which indicated that the addition of titanium
restrained decomposition of HA and thermal reaction between HA and ZrO2. It
also suggested that the addition of 0.8wt% titanium to the composite was
optimum for producing HA/ZrO2 composite nanopowder with expected main phases.
With the addition of 0.8wt% titanium to the composite, SEM images showed that
the individual particles of the two materials were still visible, which also
implied that the reaction between HA and ZrO2 did not occur.
Rapid maxillary expansion: Do banded teeth develop more external root resorption than non-banded anchorage teeth?
Authors: Martins Débora C , Souki Bernardo Q , Cheib Paula L , Silva Gerluza A.B , Reis Igor D.G , Oliveira Dauro D , Nunes Eduardo
Published: May 2015

Objective: 

To compare external root resorption (ERR) when bands and wires are used as orthodontic anchorage during rapid maxillary expansion (RME).

Materials and Methods: 

Histologic analysis was performed on 108 sites from 18 maxillary first premolars and on 36 sites from six mandibular first premolars in nine subjects (mean age = 15.2 ± 1.4 years) 3 months after RME. Maxillary teeth were pooled into two groups (n = 54 each) according to the type of orthodontic anchorage (band group [BG] vs wire group [WG]). Anchorage type was randomly chosen in a split-mouth design. Mandibular first premolars, which were not subjected to orthodontic forces, were used as the control group (CG).

Results: 

All premolars in the BG and WG showed ERR at the level of the cementum and dentin. Repair with cementum cells was observed in all resorption areas, but complete repair was rarely found. No statistically significant difference was found between the BG and WG with regard to the ERR. No association was found between the root height position (middle or cervical third) and the incidence of ERR. Buccal root surfaces showed a higher amount of ERR compared with the palatal and interproximal surfaces. ERR was not found in any teeth in the CG.

Conclusion: 

All maxillary first premolars subjected to RME showed ERR and partial cementum repair. Banded teeth did not develop more ERR than nonbanded anchorage teeth.
Higher Modified Beck Depression Inventory Scores are Associated with Body, Eating, and Exercise Comparisons but Decreased Exercise Amounts
Authors: Knepp Michael M. , Yoza Jeffrey J. , Quandt Emily A.
Published: May 2015

Previous research has indicated that exercise can lead to decreased depression symptoms. The relationship of depression with right frontal lobe activity and self-image (body, eating, and exercise) were investigated as reasons why depressive symptoms might lead to decreased exercise. 120 college students (79 women) completed design fluency tasks followed by a set of questionnaires on depression and exercise. High ( M = 23.03, SD = 5.92) and low quartiles ( M = 3.11, SD = 1.59) were created using the Modified Beck Depression Inventory (mBDI) for primary analyses. The group with higher mBDI scores produced fewer unique designs (suggesting lower right frontal activity) and was more likely to make comparisons based on body shape, eating, and exercise. The group with higher mBDI scores reported significantly less strenuous and moderate exercise. These findings indicate that the relationship between exercise and depression could work in both directions. While exercise can be used as a potential treatment to decrease depression, increased depressive symptoms could be a hindrance to exercise.
Physiological Responses and Energetics of Competitive Group Exercise in Female Aerobic Gymnasts with Different Levels of Performance
Authors: Aleksandraviciene Roma , Zaicenkoviene Kristina , Stasiule Loreta , Stasiulis Arvydas
Published: May 2015

This study investigated the aerobic fitness and physiologic and energetic responses during competitive exercise in aerobic gymnasts. The gymnasts performed a graded treadmill test and competitive group exercises. Energetic response was calculated from oxygen uptake and blood lactate changes. Peak oxygen uptake was similar in International ( M = 45.4m · kg−1 · min.−1, SD = 3.9) and National ( M = 44.7ml · kg−1 · min.−1, SD = 3.6) level groups. During their competitive routines, total energy and the fractions of aerobic, anaerobic alactic, and anaerobic lactic energy were 1,847.7 ( SD = 293.9) and 1,747.3 ( SD = 196.7) J · kg−1, 53.5% ( SD = 3.1) and 60.3% ( SD = 6.1), 25.4% ( SD = 5.9) and 21.4% ( SD = 5.2), and 21.1% ( SD = 5.8) and 18.3% ( SD = 4.5) in international and national level athletes, respectively ( p > .05). The contribution of anaerobic energy was higher in the international level group ( p = .03). It is concluded that the aerobic fitness and absolute energetic and physiological responses of athletes during competitive activities were not different between the aerobic gymnasts groups with different levels of performance, but a higher relative contribution of anaerobic energy was observed in the group with a higher performance level.
Flex Fatigue Behavior Of Plastic Optical Fibers With Low Bending Cycles
Authors: Huang Juan , Křemenáková Dana , Militký Jiří
Published: May 2015

Flex fatigue behaviour of plastic optical fibres (POFs) with the diameters of 0.2 and 0.3 mm under different pretensions is measured with fatigue life curve by flexometer. The fatigue sensitivity coefficient is calculated by the linear fitting curve of normalised stress versus logarithm of bending cycles. The residual modulus is investigated during the flex fatigue processes. The results exhibit the exponential relationship between applied pretension and numbers of bending cycles at break. It is indicated that the flex fatigue of POFs might be sensitive with high swing angle or swing speed. There is an evident loss of modulus for two POFs with pretensions of 4 and 10% of ultimate tensile strength during 10-times bending cycles. The values of residual modulus of two POFs almost keep constant after 10-times bending cycles.
From the Editors (German)
Authors: Behrensen Maren
Published: May 2015

No abstract available.
An Ethical Outlook on The Influence of Memory on Violence
Authors: Čurkovi	č Nimac Jasna
Published: May 2015

As we witness the growing popularity of what it referred to as memory discourse within the fields of historical and cultural studies, it becomes apparent that there is a lack of systematic insight into the ethical dimension of this subject. This paper attempts to alleviate this imbalance. In the first section, the author scrutinizes the relationship between memory and violence. This has appeared in human history as a very real and multifaceted issue but remains under-explored in philosophy and theology. Given the vibrant nature and moral fickleness of memory, in the second section, the author outlines some ethical requirements that should regulate the use of memory. Epistemological, pedagogical and practical aspects of memory are taken into consideration within a comprehensive, broader social context, as well as individual demands. Presuming that memory can be a valuable ingredient for a good life, the author reconsiders the ethical criteria for memory, which should not just prevent violence but also stimulate tolerance and cohabitation.
Sirtuins and Proteolytic Systems: Implications for Pathogenesis of Synucleinopathies
Authors: Sampaio-Marques Belém , Ludovico Paula
Published: May 2015

Insoluble and fibrillar forms of α-synuclein are the major components of Lewy bodies, a hallmark of several sporadic and inherited neurodegenerative diseases known as synucleinopathies. α-Synuclein is a natural unfolded and aggregation-prone protein that can be degraded by the ubiquitin-proteasomal system and the lysosomal degradation pathways. α-Synuclein is a target of the main cellular proteolytic systems, but it is also able to alter their function further, contributing to the progression of neurodegeneration. Aging, a major risk for synucleinopathies, is associated with a decrease activity of the proteolytic systems, further aggravating this toxic looping cycle. Here, the current literature on the basic aspects of the routes for α-synuclein clearance, as well as the consequences of the proteolytic systems collapse, will be discussed. Finally, particular focus will be given to the sirtuins’s role on proteostasis regulation, since their modulation emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy to rescue cells from α-synuclein toxicity. The controversial reports on the potential role of sirtuins in the degradation of α-synuclein will be discussed. Connection between sirtuins and proteolytic systems is definitely worth of further studies to increase the knowledge that will allow its proper exploration as new avenue to fight synucleinopathies.
Growth Factors for the Treatment of Ischemic Brain Injury (Growth Factor Treatment)
Authors: Larpthaveesarp Amara , Ferriero Donna , Gonzalez Fernando
Published: May 2015

In recent years, growth factor therapy has emerged as a potential treatment for ischemic brain injury. The efficacy of therapies that either directly introduce or stimulate local production of growth factors and their receptors in damaged brain tissue has been tested in a multitude of models for different Central Nervous System (CNS) diseases. These growth factors include erythropoietin (EPO), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1), among others. Despite the promise shown in animal models, the particular growth factors that should be used to maximize both brain protection and repair, and the therapeutic critical period, are not well defined. We will review current pre-clinical and clinical evidence for growth factor therapies in treating different causes of brain injury, as well as issues to be addressed prior to application in humans.
Optimizing Whole House Deep Energy Retrofit Packages: A Case Study of Existing Chicago-Area Homes
Authors: Leinartas Honnie , Stephens Brent
Published: May 2015

Improving the energy efficiency of the residential building stock plays a key role in mitigating global climate change. New guidelines are targeting widespread application of deep energy retrofits to existing homes that reduce their annual energy use by 50%, but questions remain as to how to identify and prioritize the most cost-effective retrofit measures. This work demonstrates the utility of whole building energy simulation and optimization software to construct a “tool-box” of prescriptive deep energy retrofits that can be applied to large portions of the existing housing stock. We consider 10 generally representative typology groups of existing single-family detached homes built prior to 1978 in the Chicago area for identifying cost-optimal deep energy retrofit packages. Simulations were conducted in BEopt and EnergyPlus operating on a cloud-computing platform to first identify cost-optimal enclosure retrofits and then identify cost-optimal upgrades to heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems. Results reveal that prescriptive retrofit packages achieving at least 50% site energy savings can be defined for most homes through a combination of envelope retrofits, lighting upgrades, and upgrades to existing HVAC system efficiency or conversion to mini-split heat pumps. The average upfront cost of retrofits is estimated to be ~$14,400, resulting in average annual site energy savings of ~54% and an average simple payback period of ~25 years. Widespread application of these prescriptive retrofit packages across the existing Chicago-area residential building stock is predicted to reduce annual site energy use by 3.7 × 1016 J and yield approximately $280 million USD in annual energy savings.
Assessing the Fauna Diversity of Marudu Bay Mangrove Forest, Sabah, Malaysia, for Future Conservation
Authors: Zakaria Mohamed , Rajpar Muhammad
Published: May 2015

Mangrove is an evergreen, salt tolerant plant community, which grows in inter-tidal coastal zones of tropical and subtropical regions of the world. They are ecologically important for many fauna species and are rich in food resources and consist of many different vegetation structures. They serve as ideal foraging and nursery grounds for a wide array of species such as birds, mammals, reptiles, fishes and aquatic invertebrates. In spite of their crucial role, around 50% of mangrove habitats have been lost and degraded in the past two decades. The fauna diversity of mangrove habitat at Marudu Bay, Sabah, East Malaysia was examined using various methods: i.e. aquatic invertebrates by swap nets, fish by angling rods and cast nets, reptiles, birds, and mammals through direct sighting. The result showed that Marudu Bay mangrove habitats harbored a diversity of fauna species including 22 aquatic invertebrate species (encompassing 11 crustacean species, six mollusk species and four worm species), 36 fish species, 74 bird species, four reptile species, and four mammal species. The wide array of fauna species could be due to the availability of complex vegetation structures, sheltered beaches and tidal mudflats, which are rich in food resources and also offer safe foraging and breeding grounds for them. These heterogeneous habitats must be protected in a sustainable way in order to ensure the continued presence of aquatic and terrestrial fauna species for future generations.
Estimating the Lower Limit of the Impact of Amines on Nucleation in the Earth’s Atmosphere
Authors: Nadykto Alexey , Herb Jason , Yu Fangqun , Xu Yisheng , Nazarenko Ekaterina
Published: May 2015

Amines, organic derivatives of NH3, are important common trace atmospheric species that can enhance new particle formation in the Earth’s atmosphere under favorable conditions. While methylamine (MA), dimethylamine (DMA) and trimethylamine (TMA) all efficiently enhance binary nucleation, MA may represent the lower limit of the enhancing effect of amines on atmospheric nucleation. In the present paper, we report new thermochemical data concerning MA-enhanced nucleation, which were obtained using the DFT PW91PW91/6-311++G (3df, 3pd) method, and investigate the enhancement in production of stable pre-nucleation clusters due to the MA. We found that the MA ternary nucleation begins to dominate over ternary nucleation of sulfuric acid, water and ammonia at [MA]/[NH3] > ~10−3. This means that under real atmospheric conditions ([MA] ~ 1 ppt, [NH3] ~ 1 ppb) the lower limit of the enhancement due to methylamines is either close to or higher than the typical effect of NH3. A very strong impact of the MA is observed at low RH; however it decreases quickly as the RH grows. Low RH and low ambient temperatures were found to be particularly favorable for the enhancement in production of stable sulfuric acid-water clusters due to the MA.
The Grading Entropy-based Criteria for Structural Stability of Granular Materials and Filters
Authors: Lőrincz Janos , Imre Emöke , Fityus Stephen , Trang Phong , Tarnai Tibor , Talata István , Singh Vijay
Published: May 2015

This paper deals with three grading entropy-based rules that describe different soil structure stability phenomena: an internal stability rule, a filtering rule and a segregation rule. These rules are elaborated on the basis of a large amount of laboratory testing and from existing knowledge in the field. Use is made of the theory of grading entropy to derive parameters which incorporate all of the information of the grading curve into a pair of entropy-based parameters that allow soils with common behaviours to be grouped into domains on an entropy diagram. Applications of the derived entropy-based rules are presented by examining the reason of a dam failure, by testing against the existing filter rules from the literature, and by giving some examples for the design of non-segregating grading curves (discrete particle size distributions by dry weight). A physical basis for the internal stability rule is established, wherein the higher values of base entropy required for granular stability are shown to reflect the closeness between the mean and maximum grain diameters, which explains how there are sufficient coarser grains to achieve a stable grain skeleton.
A 0.8–8 GHz Multi-Section Coupled Line Balun
Authors: Itapu Srikanth , Almalkawi Mohammad , Devabhaktuni Vijay
Published: May 2015

In this work, we propose a wideband multi-section transforming coupled-line balun using near equal length transmission line elements. The resulting design is realized by cascading several coupled-lines with minimal discontinuities. The multi-section Chebyshev matching optimizes bandwidth at the expense of passband ripple. The proposed design delivers good impedance matching and consistent 180° phase shift over 0.8–8 GHz frequency spectrum. Furthermore, the need for vias in conventional balun designs is relaxed by replacing the short-circuited (SC) terminal by its equivalent dual open-circuited (OC) element. The proposed design is simulated, fabricated, and measured. Both simulated and measured results are in a good agreement, and show an input port matching of below −9.7 dB over the design bandwidth, with a maximum phase and amplitude imbalance of 2.1° and 0.9 dB, respectively.
Sex, Sport, IGF-1 and the Community Effect in Height Hypothesis
Authors: Bogin Barry , Hermanussen Michael , Blum Werner , Aßmann Christian
Published: May 2015

We test the hypothesis that differences in social status between groups of people within a population may induce variation in insulin-like growth factor-1(IGF-1) levels and, by extension, growth in height. This is called the community effect in height hypothesis. The relationship between IGF-1, assessed via finger-prick dried blood spot, and elite level sport competition outcomes were analysed for a sample of 116 undergraduate men and women. There was a statistically significant difference between winners and losers of a competition. Winners, as a group, had higher average pre-game and post-game IGF-1 levels than losers. We proposed this type of difference as a proxy for social dominance. We found no evidence that winners increased in IGF-1 levels over losers or that members of the same team were more similar in IGF-1 levels than they were to players from other teams. These findings provide limited support toward the community effect in height hypothesis. The findings are discussed in relation to the action of the growth hormone/IGF-1 axis as a transducer of multiple bio-social influences into a coherent signal which allows the growing human to adjust and adapt to local ecological conditions.
Solar Irradiance Modelling with NASA WW GIS Environment
Authors: Piragnolo Marco , Masiero Andrea , Fissore Francesca , Pirotti Francesco
Published: May 2015

In this work we present preliminary results regarding a proof-of-concept project which aims to provide tools for mapping the amount of solar radiation reaching surfaces of objects, accounting for obstructions between objects themselves. The implementation uses the NASA World Wind development platform (NASA WW) to model the different physical phenomena that participate in the process, from the calculation of the Sun’s position relative to the area that is being considered, to the interaction between atmosphere and solid obstructions, e.g., terrain or buildings. A more complete understanding of the distribution of energy from the Sun illuminating elements on the Earth’s surface adds value to applications ranging from planning the renewable energy potential of an area to ecological analyses.
Real-Time Sidewalk Slope Calculation through Integration of GPS Trajectory and Image Data to Assist People with Disabilities in Navigation
Authors: Lu Yihan , Karimi Hassan.
Published: May 2015

People with disabilities face many obstacles in everyday outdoor travels. One of the most notable obstacles is steep slope on sidewalk segments. Current navigation systems/services do not all support map databases with slope attributes and cannot calculate sidewalk slope in real time. In this paper, we present a technique for calculating slopes of sidewalk segments by image data and predict the most suitable route for each individual user through integration with GPS trajectory. In our technique we make use of GPS trajectory data, to identify the sidewalk segment on which the traveler will most probably pass, and images of the identified sidewalk segment. Through edge detection techniques we detect edges of objects, such as buildings, billboards, and walls, in the background. Slope of the segment is then calculated by comparing its line representation in the map with the detected edges. Our experiment result indicates effective calculation of sidewalk slopes.
Instrumentation on Multi-Scaled Scattering of Bio-Macromolecular Solutions
Authors: Chu Benjamin , Fang Dufei , Mao Yimin
Published: May 2015

The design, construction and initial tests on a combined laser light scattering and synchrotron X-ray scattering instrument can cover studies of length scales from atomic sizes in Angstroms to microns and dynamics from microseconds to seconds are presented. In addition to static light scattering (SLS), dynamic light scattering (DLS), small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD), the light scattering instrument is being developed to carry out studies in mildly turbid solutions, in the presence of multiple scattering. Three-dimensional photon cross correlation function (3D-PCCF) measurements have been introduced to couple with synchrotron X-ray scattering to study the structure, size and dynamics of macromolecules in solution.
Autistic Children Exhibit Decreased Levels of Essential Fatty Acids in Red Blood Cells
Authors: Brigandi Sarah , Shao Hong , Qian Steven , Shen Yiping , Wu Bai-Lin , Kang Jing
Published: May 2015

Omega-6 (n-6) and omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are essential nutrients for brain development and function. However, whether or not the levels of these fatty acids are altered in individuals with autism remains debatable. In this study, we compared the fatty acid contents between 121 autistic patients and 110 non-autistic, non-developmentally delayed controls, aged 3–17. Analysis of the fatty acid composition of red blood cell (RBC) membrane phospholipids showed that the percentage of total PUFA was lower in autistic patients than in controls; levels of n-6 arachidonic acid (AA) and n-3 docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were particularly decreased (p < 0.001). In addition, plasma levels of the pro-inflammatory AA metabolite prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) were higher in a subset of the autistic participants (n = 20) compared to controls. Our study demonstrates an alteration in the PUFA profile and increased production of a PUFA-derived metabolite in autistic patients, supporting the hypothesis that abnormal lipid metabolism is implicated in autism.
Peripheral Blood Lymphocyte Subsets (CD4+, CD8+ T Cells, NK Cells) in Patients with Cardiovascular and Neurological Complications after Carotid Endarterectomy
Authors: Kotfis Katarzyna , Biernawska Jowita , Zegan-Barańska Małgorzata , Żukowski Maciej
Published: May 2015

Background: The aim of the study was to evaluate the differences in the circulating immune cells’ subgroups after the atherosclerotic plaque removal in patients presenting with postoperative complications as compared to the patients without complications after carotid endarterectomy (CEA). Methods: Patients with significant carotid atherosclerosis (n = 124, age range: 44 to 87 years) who underwent CEA were enrolled in a prospective study. The immunology study using flow cytometry was performed to determine the percentages of peripheral blood T cells (CD4+, CD8+, Treg—CD4+/CD25+) and NK (natural killer) cells before and after the procedure. The data were expressed as the percentage of total lymphocytes ± the standard error of mean. Results: The mean percentage of lymphocytes (61.54% ± 17.50% vs. 71.82% ± 9.68%, p = 0.030) and CD4 T lymphocytes (T helper, 38.13% ± 13.78% vs. 48.39% ± 10.24%, p = 0.027) was significantly lower six hours after CEA in patients with postoperative 30-day cardiovascular and neurological complications as compared to the group without complications. On the other hand the mean NK level in the group with complications was significantly higher (21.61% ± 9.00% vs. 15.80% ± 9.31%, p = 0.048). Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that after carotid endarterectomy the percentages of circulating immune cells subsets differ in patients with and without postoperative complications.
Nanomedicine Approaches for Corneal Diseases
Authors: Chaurasia Shyam , Lim Rayne , Lakshminarayanan Rajamani , Mohan Rajiv
Published: May 2015

Corneal diseases are the third leading cause of blindness globally. Topical nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), steroids, antibiotics and tissue transplantation are currently used to treat corneal pathological conditions. However, barrier properties of the ocular surface necessitate high concentration of the drugs applied in the eye repeatedly. This often results in poor efficacy and several side-effects. Nanoparticle-based molecular medicine seeks to overcome these limitations by enhancing the permeability and pharmacological properties of the drugs. The promise of nanomedicine approaches for treating corneal defects and restoring vision without side effects in preclinical animal studies has been demonstrated. Numerous polymeric, metallic and hybrid nanoparticles capable of transporting genes into desired corneal cells to intercept pathologic pathways and processes leading to blindness have been identified. This review provides an overview of corneal diseases, nanovector properties and their applications in drug-delivery and corneal disease management.
Host-Specialist Dominated Ectomycorrhizal Communities of Pinus cembra are not Affected by Temperature Manipulation
Authors: Rainer Georg , Kuhnert Regina , Unterholzer Mara , Dresch Philipp , Gruber Andreas , Peintner Ursula
Published: May 2015

Ectomycorrhizae (EM) are important for the survival of seedlings and trees, but how they will react to global warming or changes in soil fertility is still in question. We tested the effect of soil temperature manipulation and nitrogen fertilization on EM communities in a high-altitude Pinus cembra afforestation. The trees had been inoculated in the 1960s in a nursery with a mixture of Suillus placidus, S. plorans and S. sibircus. Sampling was performed during the third year of temperature manipulation in June and October 2013. Root tips were counted, sorted into morphotypes, and sequenced. Fungal biomass was measured as ergosterol and hyphal length. The EM potential of the soil was assessed with internal transcribed spacers (ITS) clone libraries from in-growth mesh bags (MB). Temperature manipulation of ± 1 °C had no effect on the EM community. A total of 33 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were identified, 20 from the roots, 13 from MB. The inoculated Suillus spp. colonized 82% of the root tips, thus demonstrating that the inoculation was sustainable. Nitrogen fertilization had no impact on the EM community, but promoted depletion in soil organic matter, and caused a reduction in soil fungal biomass.
Why Workers’ Rights Are Not Women’s Rights
Authors: Gottfried Heidi
Published: May 2015

“Why workers’ rights are not women’s rights” is an argument whose purpose is to make clear why workers’ rights rest on a masculine embodiment of the labor subject and it is this masculine embodiment which is at the center of employment contracts and employment relations systems. By excavating the gender subjects implicit to and explicit in regulations of labor, the paper reveals the opposition of paired terms, masculinity and femininity privileging production over reproduction and naturalizing gender-based power relations. The paper identifies various laboring activities associated with differential rights and responsibilities. An examination of the treatment of part-time employment and waged caring labor, framed in labor, welfare, immigration, and citizenship policies and practices, locates exclusions from labor standards and exemptions from entitlements due to eligibility requirements and thresholds that assume the masculine embodiment of the worker-citizen. Gendering the analysis illustrates how contemporary labor laws and conventions grant rights on the basis of, and to, a rather abstract conception of the prototypical worker-citizen. Its origins lie in what classical political economy labeled a capitalist logic, as well as the historical practices in which free class agents entered into contracts for continuous, full-time work free of care responsibilities outside of the wage/labor nexus. Thus, it is this particular abstract construction of the proto-typical worker which instantiates the separation of “rights to” from “responsibilities for”, and it is this separation that allows the masculine embodiment of the labor subject. Modes of regulation privileging rights over responsibilities will valorize the masculine worker-citizen whose rights derive from their participation in wage labor and simultaneously devalue the feminine worker who is directly connected to caring labor.
Extracts from Annona Muricata L. and Annona Reticulata L. (Annonaceae) Potently and Selectively Inhibit Plasmodium Falciparum
Authors: Yamthe Lauve , Fokou Patrick , Mbouna Cedric , Keumoe Rodrigue , Ndjakou Bruno , Djouonzo Paul , Mfopa Alvine , Legac Jennifer , Tsabang Nole , Gut Jiri , Rosenthal Philip , Boyom Fabrice
Published: May 2015

The aim of this work was to screen extracts from Annona muricata and Annona reticulata in vitro against Plasmodium falciparum. Crude ethanolic extracts, methylene chloride fractions, aqueous fractions, subfractions and isolated compounds (stigmasterol-3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside, lichexanthone, gallic acid and β-sitosterol-3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside) were tested for cytotoxicity on erythrocytes and Human Foreskin Fibroblasts cells and against the W2 strain of P. falciparum in culture. Results indicated that none of the extracts was cytotoxic at concentrations up to 10 µg/mL. Most of the extracts, fractions and subfractions inhibited the growth of P. falciparum with IC50 values ranging from 0.07 to 3.46 µg/mL. The most potent was the subfraction 30 from A. muricata stem bark (IC50 = 0.07 µg/mL) with a selectivity index of ˃ 142. Subfraction 3 from A. muricata root also exhibited very good activity (IC50 = 0.09 µg/mL) with a high selectivity index (SI ˃ 111). Amongst the isolated compounds, only gallic acid showed activity with IC50 of 3.32 µg/mL and SI > 10. These results support traditional claims for A. muricata and A. reticulata in the treatment of malaria. Given their limited cytotoxicity profile, their extracts qualify as promising starting points for antimalarial drug discovery.
Essences in Metabolic Engineering of Lignan Biosynthesis
Authors: Satake Honoo , Koyama Tomotsugu , Bahabadi Sedigheh , Matsumoto Erika , Ono Eiichiro , Murata Jun
Published: May 2015

Lignans are structurally and functionally diverse phytochemicals biosynthesized in diverse plant species and have received wide attentions as leading compounds of novel drugs for tumor treatment and healthy diets to reduce of the risks of lifestyle-related non-communicable diseases. However, the lineage-specific distribution and the low-amount of production in natural plants, some of which are endangered species, hinder the efficient and stable production of beneficial lignans. Accordingly, the development of new procedures for lignan production is of keen interest. Recent marked advances in the molecular and functional characterization of lignan biosynthetic enzymes and endogenous and exogenous factors for lignan biosynthesis have suggested new methods for the metabolic engineering of lignan biosynthesis cascades leading to the efficient, sustainable, and stable lignan production in plants, including plant cell/organ cultures. Optimization of light conditions, utilization of a wide range of elicitor treatments, and construction of transiently gene-transfected or transgenic lignan-biosynthesizing plants are mainly being attempted. This review will present the basic and latest knowledge regarding metabolic engineering of lignans based on their biosynthetic pathways and biological activities, and the perspectives in lignan production via metabolic engineering.