bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
António Rodrigues Sampaio e a imprensa clandestina da Patuleia (1846-1847)
Authors: Sousa Jorge Pedro , Lima Maria Érica de Oliveira , Tuna Sandra , Teixeira Patrícia Oliveira
Published: June 2012

A guerra civil da Patuleia travou-se, em Portugal, entre 8 de outubro de 1846 e 29 de junho de 1847. Nela digladiaram-se as principais forças organizadas da sociedade portuguesa de então: constitucionais, cartistas e absolutistas. Surgiu, nesse contexto, uma forte imprensa clandestina, em especial em Lisboa, sede do poder cartista governamental. O Eco de Santarém e O Espectro foram os mais importantes periódicos constitucionais clandestinos publicados na capital do Reino. Redigidos quase integralmente pelo principal jornalista político português do século 19, António Rodrigues Sampaio, um homem que haveria de chegar a presidente, demonstram a vitalidade dos revolucionários. Neste trabalho, apresentam-se ambos os jornais e analisa-se o seu discurso, centrado na guerra e nos ataques pessoais, sustentando-se, em particular, que serviram a causa Patuleia, dando expressão pública às ideias dos rebeldes, e que apesar de terem beneficiado da extraordinária coragem do seu autor, não foram o produto da acção de um homem só.
2 Vezes 5 Vezes Favela: aproximações e distanciamentos do cinema brasileiro
Authors: Santos Roberto Elísio dos
Published: June 2012

Este texto versa sobre a temática social no cinema brasileiro e tem como objeto dois filmes que, realizados com quase 50 anos de diferença, são ambientados em favelas do Rio de Janeiro e abordam os problemas sociais vividos pela população excluída nos grandes centros urbanos. Para compreender as semelhanças e diferenças entre as duas produções, procedeu-se ao estudo comparativo, realizado segundo a análise estrutural da narrativa, a partir do qual foi possível concluir que nessas obras existem semelhanças quanto ao eixo temático, à linearidade e ao realismo documental, mas também distinções em relação à maneira como apresentam a população favelada e quanto ao tom.
Plan integral de comunicación para un sector económico en crisis: estudio de caso de la comunidad de pescadores de Corumbá (MS, Brasil)
Authors: Rodríguez Bravo Ángel , Montoya Vilar Norminanda , Mas Manchón Lluís
Published: June 2012

En el marco de un proyecto de cooperación entre la UAB y la UFMS, los autores nos trasladamos al estado brasileño de Mato Grosso do Sul para estudiar el caso de la comunidad de pescadores del Río Paraguay (principalmente en Corumbá), que está viviendo una grave crisis debido a diferentes factores económicos, políticos y medioambientales. Se detectó un problema de comunicación, que fue abordado mediante una Metodología Cualitativa ad-hoc, basada en una investigación documental de tres ámbitos complementarios: a) paradigmas de la Comunicación Organizacional y Empresarial, b) contexto histórico y socioeconómico y c) infraestructuras y contenidos mediáticos. Paralelamente, se desarrolló un Trabajo de Campo basado en entrevistas en profundidad a 16 actores implicados y observación directa del entorno. Los resultados indican que la crisis productiva y social de los pescadores corumbaenses está relacionada con una crisis organizacional y de uso y presencia mediáticos, y se propone un Plan Integral de Comunicación como hipótesis cuyo testeo podría llevar a su aplicación en el resto de comunidades del Río Paraguay y resto del mundo.
Comunicação para mudança social: projeto Canal*Motoboy
Authors: Targino Maria das Graças , Gomes Alisson Dias
Published: June 2012

Na atualidade, a mídia de referência enfrenta a propagação dos meios alternativos dirigidos à democratização das informações geradas por cidadãos comuns. O Canal*Motoboy constitui exemplo desta modalidade de comunicação. Sua proposta é consolidar uma estrutura aberta para dar voz ao coletivo de motoboys de São Paulo (SP), Brasil. Devidamente treinados e recorrendo ao celular multimídia, registram seu dia a dia no website Canal*Motoboy. Este artigo analisa o projeto, a partir da concepção da comunicação para mudança social, uma vez que o direito à liberdade de expressão, historicamente, tem sido expropriado dos cidadãos por conta da expansão vertiginosa dos conglomerados comunicacionais. Além da revisão de literatura, o objeto de estudo segue perspectiva qualitativa mediante uso das técnicas de observação e de entrevista em profundidade para obtenção de informações complementares junto aos atores do coletivo.
Adição de inulina em géis de amido e leite utilizando planejamento experimental de misturas
Authors: Lobato Luciana Pereira , Benassi Marta de Toledo , Grossmann Maria Victoria Eiras
Published: June 2012

O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar o efeito combinado de inulina, amido e leite nas características texturais de géis e de propriedades de pastas empregando o planejamento experimental de misturas. Foram avaliados o perfil viscoamilográfico e a firmeza dos géis. Em todos os parâmetros avaliados, os modelos ajustados mostraram-se influenciados pela presença de inulina, amido e leite, assim como de algumas interações desses ingredientes. A viscosidade máxima e a viscosidade final foram influenciadas positivamente pela concentração de amido e negativamente pelas interações deste com leite e com inulina. A firmeza dos géis aumentou com o aumento do teor de amido, mas a interação amido-inulina foi antagônica, contribuindo para diminuir essa característica. O efeito da interação entre amido e inulina pode ser explicado pelo fato de que a inulina possui maior afinidade pela água, em relação ao amido, ou, ainda, por agir como diluente, fazendo com que haja menor contato entre os grânulos e/ou cadeias de amido. A partir dos resultados encontrados neste estudo, verifica-se que a inclusão da inulina em sistemas amido-leite pode influenciar nas características texturais e de viscosidade, possivelmente refletindo-se nas características sensoriais. Com isso, a avaliação das interações com outros ingredientes da formulação torna-se essencial.
Teores de isoflavonas em grãos inteiros e nos componentes dos grãos de diferentes cultivares de soja (Glycine max (L.) Merrill)
Authors: Silva Carlos Eduardo da , Carrão-Panizzi Mercedes Concórdia , Mandarino José Marcos Gontijo , Leite Rodrigo Santos , Mônaco Ana Paula do Amaral
Published: June 2012

Devido à maior concentração de isoflavonas nos hipocótilos dos grãos de soja, a indústria de alimentos tem utilizado esse componente do grão como matéria-prima. No presente trabalho, foram quantificados os teores de isoflavonas nas estruturas formadoras do grão de soja (hipocótilo, cotilédones e casca), analisadas por Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência (CLAE). Foram avaliadas quatro cultivares de sojas especiais: BRS 184, BRS 216, BRS 257 e BRS 267, desenvolvidas pela Embrapa Soja. Todas as cultivares apresentaram maior teor de isoflavonas totais no hipocótilo (média de 2029,32 mg.100 g-1). No grão inteiro (267,16 mg.100 g-1) e nos cotilédones (209,16 mg.100 g-1), os teores de isoflavonas foram cerca de dez vezes menores do que nos hipocótilos. A cultivar BRS 216 apresentou o teor maior de isoflavonas totais no hipocótilo (2583,20 mg.100 g-1). Embora a casca da soja não apresente isoflavonas, observou-se que esses compostos estavam presentes nessa parte do grão numa quantidade média de 105,58 mg.100 g-1, devido à presença de resíduos do hipocótilo e dos cotilédones provenientes do processo de descasque. Essa composição residual da casca favorece sua utilização como matéria-prima fonte de fibras, porque também fornece isoflavonas e outros compostos da soja.
Different levels of taxonomic resolution in bioassessment: a case study of oligochaeta in lowland streams
Authors: Cortelezzi Agustina , Armendáriz Laura Cecilia , López van Oosterom María Vanesa , Cepeda Rosana , Capítulo Alberto Rodrigues
Published: June 2012

AIM: This study evaluated the use of oligochaetes at different levels of taxonomic resolution as environmental indicators in Argentine lowland streams affected by different land uses. METHODS: Sampling sites were grouped based on the physicochemical and habitat characteristics (low-, moderate-, and high-impact disturbance). Collection of the oligochaetes samples was carried out seasonally in sediment and vegetation habitats. RESULTS: The increases in nutrients and organic matter produced elevated densities of the Oligochaeta, but when the disturbance also involved changes in the physical habitat or enhancements in toxic substances, the abundance decreased significantly to values even lower than those of non-impacted environments. The responses of Naidinae and Tubificinae were similar. The density of the Pristininae decreased with increasing impact, but those of the Enchytraeidae and Rhyacodrilinae increased at the most highly impacted sites. The Opistocystidae were not recorded in high-impact sites. Species richness and diversity (H') were lower in high-impact sites and even lower in sediments. Some species presented no restrictions in the habitat type or with the contamination level: Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri, Dero furcatus, D. digitata, D. pectinata, Pristina longiseta, and P. aequiseta. Moreover, Trieminentia corderoi, Slavina appendiculata, and Aulodrilus pigueti exhibited the highest abundances at low-impact sites and were not registered in high-impact sites. CONCLUSIONS: The Oligochaeta show a relatively wide ecological valence through their extensive number of species. Although lower taxonomic levels can give information about environmental status, test-species' sensitivities to different types and degrees of contamination will be of utmost relevance to the evaluation of ecological quality.
Influence of water density on the water-retention curve of expansive clays
Authors: JACINTO A.C. , VILLAR M.V. , LEDESMA A.
Published: June 2012

There is increasing evidence from researchers on clay mineralogy that the density of water attached to clay minerals may be greater than 1·0 Mg/m3. This fact becomes especially evident in compacted highly expansive clays close to water saturation. This kind of material is being considered in the design of engineered barriers for radioactive waste disposal, because of its sealing and retention properties. From a geotechnical point of view, most of the analyses required to check the performance of the barrier are sensitive to the value considered for the water density. This is the case for the unsaturated flow calculations, which depend on the water-retention properties of the soil. This paper presents, first, a review of measurements performed at microscopic level. A description of the hydration process of expansive clay considering the micro and macrostructure is included. Then a method to obtain an average water density as a function of suction for sodium and calcium bentonites is proposed. The method is used to correct the water-retention curves expressed in terms of the degree of saturation.
Meningitis & Encephalitis
Authors: M. S. Jan Mohammed
Published: June 2012

Infections of the meninges (meningitis) and the brain (encephalitis) needs to be identified and
managed promptly in order to prevent associated morbidity and mortality. Symptoms and signs of raised
intracranial pressure are frequently the initial features of meningitis caused by bacterial or viral infections.
Encephalitis is more frequently caused by viral infections with features that include seizures, personality
change, decreased consciousness, and focal neurological manifestations. As the infection progress, mixed
features are frequently encountered (meningoencephalitis). In this chapter, an updated overview of
meningitis and encephalitis in infants and children is presented.
Abnormal Movements
Authors: M. S. Jan Mohammed
Published: June 2012

Movement disorders are relatively common in the pediatric neurology practice. Describing and
reading about the characteristics of these movements does not substitute the need to observe them in
practice. Once the physician see such movements, recognition becomes easier. All movement disorders are
abnormal and involuntary. Most of them disappear in sleep except palatal myoclonus, which is due to a
lesion in the central tegmental tract. Identifying abnormal movements depends on their characteristics
including whether they are slow or fast, rhythmic or arrhythmic, intermittent or continuous, present at rest or
action, and distributed proximally or distally. In this chapter, important movement disorders will be
discussed depending on the clinical features rather than the specific disease.
Unsteady Gait
Authors: M. S. Jan Mohammed
Published: June 2012

Unsteady gait and ataxia are relatively common neurological presentation of a variety of acute and
chronic disorders. Accurate assessment includes detailed history, examination, and then formulation of a
differential diagnosis list to guide laboratory investigations. In this chapter, a clinical approach to the unsteady
child is presented with discussion of diagnostic considerations, approach to investigation, treatment, and
prognosis.
Timing of the high-dose therapy in the area of new drugs
Authors: Schmitt Stefan , Bertsch Uta , Hose Dirk , Goldschmidt Hartmut
Published: June 2012

The treatment approach in patients with multiple myeloma (MM) has been
essentially changed with introduction of novel agents such as thalidomide,
bortezomib and lenalidomide. In patients eligible for autologous stem cell
transplant, combinations of novel agents with chemotherapy have been
recognized as induction regimens. New induction regimens have significantly
increased the rate of complete remission before and after autologous stem
cell transplant with positive impact on the length of progression-free
survival followed by the possibility for further improvement with the
application of consolidation or use of thalidomide and lenalidomide as
maintenance therapy. These results offer new perspectives in the treatment of
MM with a reasonable hope of cure.
Monolayer-Protected Silver Nanoparticles: An Efficient and Versatile Reagent for the Synthesis of 3,4-Dihydropyrimidine-2-(1H)-Ones (Thiones)
Authors: Sadeghi Bahareh , Zavar Salehe , Hassanabadi Alireza
Published: June 2012

Silver nanoparticles has been prepared and shown to efficiently catalyse the one-pot, three-component reaction of an aromatic aldehyde, urea or thiourea and a 1,3-diketone at reflux, to afford the corresponding 3,4-dihydropyrimidine-2-(1H)-ones in high yield.
Copper-Catalysed Direct C–H Bond Oxidative Acetoxylation and Iodination of Indoles
Authors: Ge Shao-peng , Zhang Xiao-hong , Han Jiang-sheng , Zhong Ping
Published: June 2012

A novel Cu(OAc)2-catalysed direct C–H bond oxidative acetoxylation and iodination of indoles using PhI(OAc)2 as a terminal oxidant is reported. Adopting this method, a series of 3-iodoindoles and indol-3-yl acetates were obtained in nearly 1:1 ratio yield.
Callus Culture of Arceuthobium americanum Nutt. ex Englem. and Explant Response to Varying Auxin and Cytokinin Concentrations
Authors: Martin Lyssa L. , Friedman Cynthia Ross , Smith Ronald G.
Published: June 2012

The lodgepole pine dwarf mistletoe Arceuthobium americanum is a severe pest in coniferous forests of western North America.  To facilitate laboratory studies of this obligate parasite, a modified White’s medium was used for in vitro culture; the concentrations of IAA and Kn were varied to determine optimal IAA/Kn ratios.  It was found that explant health was related to the concentration of IAA (p = 0.008), but not Kn (p = 0.937), and that explants were healthiest at an IAA/Kn ratio of 0.1.  Radicular apices were generated at IAA/Kn ratios of 1.0 or greater, but no shoot organogenesis was observed.  These data suggest that A. americanum is more sensitive to auxins than cytokinins.  Parasites of plants are known to secrete high levels of cytokinins, which stimulate the host to shuttle nutrients to the infected area, and so we suspect that A. americanum has reduced cytokinin sensitivity.   Key words: Callus culture, Arceuthobium americanum, Explant, Response, Cytokinin, Insensitivity   D.O.I. 10.3329/ptcb.v21i1.9557   Plant Tissue Cult. & Biotech. 21(1): 1-10, 2011 (June)
Studies on High Frequency Shoot Regeneration in Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.)
Authors: Wadeyar Bangaramma S. , Lokesha R.
Published: June 2012

High frequency shoot regeneration was attempted in sesame (Sesamum indicum L. Pedaliaceae), using five genotypes/varieties viz. Tumkur and Gulbarga Locals (land races), W-II, E-8 and DS-1 (varieties). The hypocotyl-derived callus obtained through direct seeding method was placed on MS with five different treatments viz. pre-culture of callus on high sucrose (6 - 9%) for two weeks and transferring on to plain MS with 3% sucrose, MS with variable concentrations of TDZ alone, MS with constant TDZ and variable concentrations of BA and IAA, MS with variable concentrations of BA and IAA without TDZ, MS with ABA and AgNO3 and MS with BAP, NAA and AgNO3.  Highest frequency of cent per cent shoot regeneration was initiated in variety DS-1on MS containing NAA 2.5 mg/l, BAP 3.5 mg/l and 20 µM AgNO3 with 2.50 mean shoots/callus followed by 91.6% in variety W-II on MS containing 25 µM TDZ with 2.20 mean shoots/callus. The other treatments had poor shoot regeneration response. The results have been discussed in the light of sesame improvement through biotechnological ways.   Key words: Sesamum indicum, hypocotyl, high frequency,  shoot regeneration   D. O. I. 10.3329/ptcb.v21i1.9562   Plant Tissue Cult. & Biotech. 21(1): 45-52, 2011 (June)
Bacteria Associated with the Tannery Effluent and their Alkaline Protease Activities
Authors: Saha Mihir Lal , Begum K. J. M. Hashina , Khan Mahbubar Rahman , Gomes Donald James
Published: June 2012

Samples collected from different stages of the tannery processing were found to be alkaline. A good number of bacteria were found to be associated with the different stages of leather processing. The aerobic heterotrophic bacterial count ranged in between 11.9 × 106 and 46.7 × 106. The highest count was observed in the soaking stage and the minimum was found with the bating stage. Among 40 isolates, 31 showed positive proteolytic activities on different protein based media. Identified organisms were Bacillus subtilis (9), B. licheniformis (6), B. alcalophilus (2), B. badius (2), B. cereus (2), B. circulans (2), B. pumilus (2), B. alvei (1), B. brevis (1), B. coagulans (1), B. megaterium (1), B. polymyxa (1) and Micrococcus varians (1). Proteolytic activity was measured as zone ratio on skim milk agar which was found to be in between 1.5 and 5.8. Higher zone ratio was observed in B. subtilis (TS/1/E), B. pumilus (TS/1/S1/A3 and TD/S2/C3), B. licheniformis (TS/1/Q) and B.  badius (TD/21-D). The alkaline protease production by the nine selected isolates ranged in between 7.1 and 119.3 U/ml. Two isolates of B. pumilus (TS/1/S1/A3 and TD/S2/C3) were found to be good alkaline protease producers (119.3 and 94.8 U/ml) among the tested organisms. Biotechnologically these two isolates or their enzymes could be utilized in the tannery industry.   Key words: Bacteria, tannery, effluent, alkaline protease   D. O. I. 10.3329/ptcb.v21i1.9563   Plant Tissue Cult. & Biotech. 21(1): 53-61, 2011 (June)
In Vitro Study of Callus Induction in Wedelia trilobata Using Different Growth Regulators
Authors: Thakur Tripti , Dadsena Rakesh , Nandeshwar S. B. , Kumar Anil
Published: June 2012

Wedelia trilobata (L.) Hitch is a member of Asteraceae (formerly Compositae), the sunflower family. Its common name includes “Wedelia” and trailing daisy, although some people mistakenly call it Singapore daisy. In a wider sense the genus Wedelia, named in honor of Georg Wolfgang Wedel (1645 –1721), Professor of Botany at Jena, Germany, has about 70 species of tropical strand plant, Wollastonia biflora (formerly known as Wedelia biflora), to which it is closely related. In a more narrow sense, and now more widely accepted, Wedelia is considered to be a genus of relatively a few species of strictly American origin, one of which is Wedelia parviceps Blake, a herbaceous or sub-shrubby weed common in croplands, harvested fields, pasteures and roadside bush in hot climate in central America (Garcia et al. 1975). Interestingly, the Hawaiian endemic genus Lipochaeta is scarcely distinct from it genetically, and two sections of Lipochaeta appears to have been independently derived from Wedelia like ancestors (Wagner et al. 1990).   Key words: Wedelia trilobata, Callus induction, In vitro   D. O. I. 10.3329/ptcb.v21i1.9614   Plant Tissue Cult. & Biotech. 21(1): 95-99, 2011 (June) - Short communication
99mTc-labeled ubiquicidin scintigraphy
Authors: Aryana K. , Hootkani A. , Sadeghi R. , Davoudi Y. , Naderinasab M. , Erfani M. , Ayati N.
Published: June 2012

Aim: Hip prosthesis implantation has witnessed a significant increase in recent years. Despite the advantages of this surgical procedure, it has some complications, the most serious of which is prosthetic infection. This study was conducted to investigate the feasibility of 99mTc-UBI scintigraphy in detection of infectious foci in painful hip prosthesis. UBI (Ubiquicidin 29–41) is an antimicrobial peptide fragment with the ability to target the bacterial colony directly. Patients, methods: 34 patients, aged 20–79 years, with painful hip prosthesis were included. 99mTc-UBI scan and three phase bone scan were performed and two nuclear medicine specialists interpreted the UBI scans with and without bone scan results at hand. Both qualitative and semiquantitative methods were used to interpret the 30 minute post injection images. The patients were actively followed up. According to the surgical findings, microbiological culture and active follow up, final diagnosis was made. Results: 24 negative and 10 positive UBI scans were recorded. The sensitivity, specificity, negative and positive predictive values and accuracy of the study were all 100%. Bone scan did not have any influence on UBI interpretation. We were able to achieve excellent differentiation between infected and non-infected prostheses with a cut off value of 1.8 for target to non target (T/NT) ratio. No adverse effects were noticed following UBI scan. Conclusion: Based on the findings, the authors believe that 99mTc-UBI scintigraphy, with its high sensitivity and specificity, provides the physician with an excellent tool for differentiating infection from aseptic loosening of hip prostheses. Using this radiopharmaceutical, it is possible to obtain highly accurate results only 30 minutes after the beginning of the study.
meta-Oligoazobiphenyls – synthesis via site-selective Mills reaction and photochemical properties
Authors: Reuter Raphael , Wegner Hermann A
Published: June 2012

The investigation of multi-photochromic compounds constitutes a great challenge, not only from a synthetic point of view, but also with respect to the analysis of the photochemical properties. In this context we designed a novel strategy to access meta-oligoazobiphenyls via site-selective Mills reaction and Suzuki cross-coupling in a highly efficient iterative way. Photochemical examination of the resulting monomeric and oligomeric azo compounds revealed that the overall degree of switching was independent of the connected azo-units. However, one of the azobonds in the bis-azobiphenyl is isomerized preferentially despite the high structural similarity.
Don’t Get Bugged: Practical Strategies for Managing Bedbug Infestation in Psychiatric Rehabilitation Programs
Authors: Zipple Anthony M. , Batscha Catherine L. , Flaherty Peggy , Reynolds Jared L.
Published: June 2012

Bedbug infestation has become a major problem in the United States. Infestations can be frightening and expensive and appear to be more prevalent in urban settings and low-income housing such as homeless shelters, public housing, and single-room occupancy apartments. This exposes consumers and staff of psychiatric rehabilitation agencies to higher risk of infestation. This brief report outlines practical suggestions for managing bedbug infestation in such agencies. Drawing on resources readily available on the Internet and the experience of Thresholds, a large provider of psychiatric rehabilitation services based in Chicago, this report describes strategies for responding to infestation. Providers need to assume that bedbug infestation is a significant risk and prepare accordingly. Assertive, persistent, and calm response is recommended.
Effectiveness of a Second Life
®
Simulation as a Teaching Strategy for Undergraduate Mental Health Nursing Students
Authors: Kidd Lori I. , Knisley Samantha J. , Morgan Karyn I.
Published: June 2012

Learning may be enhanced in mental health nursing education by applying virtual reality technologies in which students may safely practice communication and assessment skills with simulated patients. The purpose of this descriptive study was to assess the effectiveness of a Second Life
®
(SL) virtual simulation as a teaching strategy for undergraduate mental health nursing students. Data were collected via a researcher-developed survey questionnaire. Students perceived the simulation to be moderately effective as an educational strategy and slightly difficult as a technical program. Positive aspects included client assessment in an environment where mistakes were without consequence, working from home, and novelty. Drawbacks were dressing and maneuvering the avatar and lack of realism. Correlations were found between educational effectiveness and technical difficulty and between educational effectiveness and age of the computer. SL virtual simulation has potential to provide unique, easily accessible, safe, and fun learning for mental health nursing students.
Energy-Shaping Gait Generation for a Class of Underactuated Robotic Fish
Authors: Roper Daniel , Sharma Sanjay , Sutton Robert , Culverhouse Philip
Published: June 2012

AbstractThe recent explosion of interest in subsea research and industries has led to a demand for efficient, versatile submarine robots to perform interaction and survey tasks. While most of these robots employ conventional propeller- or thruster-based locomotion, there
has also been a growing interest in the development of biologically inspired robotic swimmers (or robotic fish). Such devices take inspiration from biological swimmers in the hope of gaining some of their manoeuvrability and efficiency.Early robotic fish achieved their gait by directly
controlling the relative angle between each vertebrae using multiple active actuators.Following observations that many biological locomotive gaits utilize spring dynamics to create efficient oscillatory motion with minimal active input, there has been a recent trend toward the development
of underactuated robotics utilizing dynamics to achieve harmonic locomotive gaits.For a harmonic dynamic system, the path is dependent on the total energy in the system. By controlling the total energy in the system, the gait can then be controlled by varying a single degree of freedom.This
study explores the potential of a novel approach to use an energy-based control to produce an effective propulsive gait for a class of robotic fish. It outlines a deadbeat control strategy and presents simulation results, which demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach. Furthermore, it
is shown that the gaits produced would unlikely be found using geometric gait optimization.
Should trees have standing?
Authors: Warnock Mary
Published: June 2012

The author argues that relevant distinctions between humans, animals and plants should be taken into account when considering the extension of standing to elements of the environment. She argues that the question of standing should not be confused with the question of whether animals or elements of the environment have ‘intrinsic value’ and that recognising and protecting intrinsic value does not entail or require the granting of standing. Furthermore, Singer's alternative equal rights/anti-discrimination approach also fails to justify the extension of standing to elements of the environment – indeed, the Bentham/Singer ‘sentience’ approach would disqualify trees from the award of standing as having no interests in the relevant sense. This conclusion, however, does not render insensible the notion of plants/trees having ‘interests’ rendering them worthy of being taken morally into account when making decisions about their destruction or preservation, but the author cannot see how one can proceed beyond this point to the grant of legal standing. While this conclusion may be taken to give priority to human interests over all others, a stewardship conception of environmental responsibility has the virtue of embracing not only the inescapable fact that it is human beings who make decisions concerning the destruction, preservation and the value-meaning of the natural world, but of simultaneously acknowledging and responding to the interests of nature itself. However, certain problems remain, such as complex conflicts of interest concerning the difficult task of assigning value, and it is difficult to see how such problems are assisted or solved by the grant of standing to environmental entities or elements.
Ecological responsibilities: which trees? Where? Why?
Authors: Code Lorraine
Published: June 2012

The author offers a provocative engagement with the implicit epistemological framework of Stone's famous question ‘should trees have standing?’, arguing for an epistemological remapping of the issues invoked by and implicit in it. Specifically, the author argues that the question of whether ‘trees’ do or should have standing is best understood as being ‘answerable situationally, locally, with reference to a specific society, ethos, and social-epistemic imaginary’ – for the question bears epistemological, moral-political and factual elements rendering it best understood as a ‘situated question’ – hence: ‘Which trees? Where? And to what ends?’ Answering Stone's question (thus reformulated) requires ‘knowing responsibly and well, ecologically – horizontally and not just vertically – the specific situations and meanings of the trees in question’. The author concludes that the emergence and effects of ecological thinking, with its ‘various and variously situtuated modalities’ suggests that ‘trees in diverse parts of the world in the early twenty-first are not the same trees Christopher Stone was writing about’.
Real-time pharmacy surveillance and clinical decision support to reduce adverse drug events in acute kidney injury
Authors: Cox Z.L. , Neal E.B. , Waitman L.R. , Peterson N.B. , Bhave G. , Siew E.D. , Danciu I. , Lewis J.B. , Peterson J.F. , McCoy A.B.
Published: June 2012

Objectives: Clinical decision support (CDS), such as computerized alerts, improves prescribing in the setting of acute kidney injury (AKI), but considerable opportunity remains to improve patient safety. The authors sought to determine whether pharmacy surveillance of AKI patients could detect and prevent medication errors that are not corrected by automated interventions.

Methods: The authors conducted a randomized clinical trial among 396 patients admitted to an academic, tertiary care hospital between June 1, 2010 and August 31, 2010 with an acute 0.5 mg/dl change in serum creatinine over 48 hours and a nephrotoxic or renally cleared medication order. Patients randomly assigned to the intervention group received surveillance from a clinical pharmacist using a web-based surveillance tool to monitor drug prescribing and kidney function trends. CDS alerting and standard pharmacy services were active in both study arms. Outcome measures included blinded adjudication of potential adverse drug events (pADEs), adverse drug events (ADEs) and time to provider modification or discontinuation of targeted nephrotoxic or renally cleared medications.

Results: Potential ADEs or ADEs occurred for 104 (8.0%) of control and 99 (7.1%) of intervention patient-medication pairs (p=0.4). Additionally, the time to provider modification or discontinuation of targeted nephrotoxic or renally cleared medications did not differ between control and intervention patients (33.4 hrs vs. 30.3hrs, p=0.3).

Conclusions: Pharmacy surveillance had no incremental benefit over previously implemented CDS alerts
Comparative Study of Septoplasty Alone and with FESS in Maxillary Sinusitis with Septal Deviation
Authors: Yadav SPS , Goel Anuj Kumar , Goel Rati , Ranga Rupender , Gulia JS
Published: June 2012

Introduction

The study was conducted to asses if septoplasty is adequate for the management of chronic maxillary sinusitis. Chronic maxillary sinusitis is not uncommonly associated with deviated nasal septum (DNS). The randomized study was conducted on 40 cases of medically unmanageable and HRCT proven chronic maxillary sinusitis with DNS.

Materials and methods

The study was conducted in 40 cases of HRCT (PNS) proven chronic maxillary sinusitis which were not cured with medical treatment. The patients were divided randomly in two groups. Group A underwent septoplasty and group B septoplasty along with FESS in the form of uncinectomy and middle meatus antrostomy. Patients having other anatomical factors for example concha were excluded.

Results

Both procedures produced significant improvement in symptomatology and on HRCT (PNS) findings as compared to preoperative status (p-value less than 0.001). Septoplasty was found to be effective in chronic maxillary sinusitis, however, when polyps were present in maxillary sinus, then septoplasty with FESS was found to be better.

Discussion

In cases of chronic maxillary sinusitis with DNS, septoplasty is adequate, however if the maxillary sinus shows polyps on HRCT (PNS) scan then septoplasty should be combined with FESS.

How to cite this article

Goel AK, Yadav SPS, Ranga R, Gulia JS, Goel R. Comparative Study of Septoplasty Alone and with FESS in Maxillary Sinusitis with Septal Deviation. Clin Rhinol Int J 2012;5(1):19-24.
The Polytrauma Patient at 34,000 Feet: The Safety of Fixed-Wing Transport
Authors: Feinstein Ara , Holland V , Sandy GL , Diaz JA , Ghaemmaghami Vafa
Published: June 2012

The safety of fixed-wing trauma transport in critically ill trauma patients; it is not well studied. The aim of the present manuscript is to evaluate the utility and safety of this transport method when used in sick trauma patients.

Methods

A retrospective cohort analysis of 100 consecutive trauma patients transferred by a single air ambulance company was conducted. Patient information was de-identified. All patients were transported using Lear 35a jets converted for medical use. Teams consisted of a combination of physicians, nurses, respiratory therapists and paramedics.

Results

A total of 67 patients, where transported via fixed-wing in the study period. The majority of patients had blunt trauma mechanism (n = 66). The majority of flights (86.5%, n = 59) were international. The mean flight time was 3 hours 4 minutes. Mean patient contact time was 6 hours 26 minutes. Average ISS was 22. Twenty-seven percent (n = 18) were intubated, 13% (n = 9) were transfused in flight, 36% (n = 24) had head injuries and 30% (n = 20) had spine injuries. Strikingly, there were no mortalities or progression of neurologic deficits in transport.

Conclusion

Fixed-wing travel is a safe and underutilized resource in the transport of sick trauma patients.

How to cite this article

Feinstein A, Ferrada P, Holland V, Sandy GL, Diaz JA, Ghaemmaghami V. The Polytrauma Patient at 34,000 Feet: The Safety of Fixed-Wing Transport. Panam J Trauma Critical Care Emerg Surg 2012;1(1):12-14.
Outcomes of Percutaneous Cholecystostomy
Authors: Anand Rahul J , Punch Laurie , Sisley Amy C , Johnson Steven b , Lissauer Matthew
Published: June 2012

Objective

Emergency cholecystectomy in patients with severe comorbidities carries up to 30% mortality. Percutaneous cholecystostomy (PC) is accepted as acute management in these patients. This study evaluated outcomes of PC and the need for subsequent cholecystectomy.

Methods

Retrospective chart review evaluated all patients undergoing PC between June 1, 2005 and January 1, 2010.

Results

Fifty four patients underwent PC. Indications included acute calculous cholecystitis (44%), acalculous cholecystitis (33%) and other (22%). Twelve patients had PC related complications. Seventeen patients underwent CCY 144 ± 133 days after PC placement. 71% of those procedures were converted to open operation. 15% of patients had PC tube removed successfully without cholecystectomy, 62 ± 53 days after PC. Fifteen patients died in hospital after PC, four likely related to biliary pathology. Patients who underwent subsequent cholecystectomy were more likely to have had a diagnosis of acute cholecystitis (71% vs 33%, p < 0.05). Patients with a diagnosis of acalculous cholecystitis trended toward a higher likelihood of death compared to acute cholecystitis (8 of 18, 44% vs 4 of 24, 17%, p = 0.08).

Conclusion

PC can be definitive treatment in a minority of patients with acalculous cholecystitis and severe comorbidities. Interval cholecystectomy carries a high complication rate.

How to cite this article

Ferrada PA, Anand RJ, Punch L, Sisley AC, Johnson SB, Lissauer M . Outcomes of Percutaneous Cholecystostomy. Panam J Trauma Critical Care Emerg Surg 2012;1(1):20-23.
Radiologist vs Surgeon: Misdiagnoses in Radiologic Evaluation by On-duty Surgeons in the Emergency Room
Authors: Nasr Adonis , Nakano Irene Tomoko , Rigolini Ana Valeria Brunetti , Kato Guilherme Massaaki Pianovski , de Abreu Reis Phillipe Geraldo Teixeira
Published: June 2012

Background

Emergency department (ED) care often requires radiographs for denitive diagnosis. In many hospitals the primary review of examinations is by requesting physicians. We studied the importance of having a radiologist assess tests, by assessing diagnostic disagreement.

Study design

Retrospective, observational, involving victims of trafc injuries (August 2008). Trauma routine X-rays were analyzed by treating surgeon and by the radiologist at the same hospital. Comparison and review of their reports.

Results

Fourty-seven lesions were found on cervical, chest and pelvis radiographs. Twenty-three were considered as resulting from trafc injury. Other 24 were chronic injuries or ndings with no connection to the mechanism of trauma. Regarding the rst group, surgeons identied 19 lesions (82.61%), while the radiologist found 22 (95.66%). There was one lesion described only by the doctor on duty, but not by the radiologist (rib fracture). Four lesions were not identied by the ED surgeons, but only by the radiologist (two fractures: one of the upper limb and another of the clavicle; a pneumothorax and a subcutaneous emphysema). There was a discrepancy of 13.05% between the diagnosed injuries. All lesions misdiagnosed were found on chest X-rays.

Conclusion

We found a significant rate of radiographic injuries caused by trauma misdiagnosed by the on-duty doctor (13.05%). This nding points to the need for an on-duty radiologist for evaluation of tests in the emergency department.

How to cite this article

Nasr A, Nakano IT, Rigolini AVB, Kato GMP, de Abreu Reis PGT. Radiologist vs Surgeon: Misdiagnoses in Radiologic Evaluation by On-duty Surgeons in the Emergency Room. Panam J Trauma Critical Care Emerg Surg 2012;1(1):38-43.
SCIAMACHY WFM-DOAS XCO2: reduction of scattering related errors
Authors: Heymann J. , Bovensmann H. , Buchwitz M. , Burrows J. P. , Deutscher N. M. , Notholt J. , Rettinger M. , Reuter M. , Schneising O. , Sussmann R. , Warneke T.
Published: June 2012

Abstract. Global observations of column-averaged dry air mole fractions of carbon dioxide (CO2), denoted by XCO2, retrieved from passive remote sensing instruments on Earth orbiting satellites can provide important and missing global information on the distribution and magnitude of regional CO2 surface fluxes. This application has challenging precision and accuracy requirements. SCIAMACHY on-board ENVISAT is the first satellite instrument, which measures the upwelling electromagnetic radiation in the near and short wave infrared at an adequate spectral and spatial resolution to yield near-surface sensitive XCO2. In a previous publication (Heymann et al., 2012), it has been shown by analysing seven years of SCIAMACHY WFM-DOAS XCO2 (WFMDv2.1) that unaccounted thin cirrus clouds can result in significant errors. In order to enhance the quality of the SCIAMACHY XCO2 data product, we have developed a new version of the retrieval algorithm (WFMDv2.2), which is described in this manuscript. It is based on an improved cloud filtering and correction method using the 1.4 μm strong water vapour absorption and 0.76 μm O2-A bands. The new algorithm has been used to generate a SCIAMACHY XCO2 data set covering the years 2003–2009. The new XCO2 data set has been validated using ground-based observations from the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON). The validation shows a significant improvement of the new product (v2.2) in comparison to the previous product (v2.1). For example, the standard deviation of the difference to TCCON at Darwin, Australia, has been reduced from 4 ppm to 2 ppm. The monthly regional-scale scatter of the data (defined as the mean inner monthly standard deviation of all quality filtered XCO2 retrievals within a radius of 350 km around various locations) has also been reduced, typically by a factor of about 1.5. Overall, the validation of the new WFMDv2.2 XCO2 data product can be summarised by a single measurement precision of 3.8 ppm, an estimated regional-scale (radius of 500 km) precision of monthly averages of 1.6 ppm and an estimated regional-scale relative accuracy of 0.8 ppm. In addition to the comparison with the limited number of TCCON sites, we also present a comparison with NOAA's global CO2 modelling and assimilation system CarbonTracker. This comparison also shows significant improvements especially over the Southern Hemisphere.
Towards a merged satellite and in situ fluorescence ocean chlorophyll product
Authors: Lavigne H. , D'Ortenzio F. , Claustre H. , Poteau A.
Published: June 2012

Abstract. Understanding the ocean carbon cycle requires a precise assessment of phytoplankton biomass in the oceans. In terms of numbers of observations, satellite data represent the largest available data set. However, as they are limited to surface waters, they have to be merged with in situ observations. Amongst the in situ data, fluorescence profiles constitute the greatest data set available, because fluorometers have operated routinely on oceanographic cruises since the 1970s. Nevertheless, fluorescence is only a proxy of the total chlorophyll a concentration and a data calibration is required. Calibration issues are, however, sources of uncertainty, and they have prevented a systematic and wide range exploitation of the fluorescence data set. In particular, very few attempts to standardize the fluorescence databases have been made. Consequently, merged estimations with other data sources (e.g. satellite) are lacking. We propose a merging method to fill this gap. It consists firstly in adjusting the fluorescence profile to impose a zero chlorophyll a concentration at depth. Secondly, each point of the fluorescence profile is then multiplied by a correction coefficient, which forces the chlorophyll a integrated content measured on the fluorescence profile to be consistent with the concomitant ocean colour observation. The method is close to the approach proposed by Boss et al. (2008) to correct fluorescence data of a profiling float, although important differences do exist. To develop and test our approach, in situ data from three open ocean stations (BATS, HOT and DYFAMED) were used. Comparison of the so-called "satellite-corrected" fluorescence profiles with concomitant bottle-derived estimations of chlorophyll a concentration was performed to evaluate the final error (estimated at 31%). Comparison with the Boss et al. (2008) method, using a subset of the DYFAMED data set, demonstrated that the methods have similar accuracy. The method was applied to two different data sets to demonstrate its utility. Using fluorescence profiles at BATS, we show that the integration of "satellite-corrected" fluorescence profiles in chlorophyll a climatologies could improve both the statistical relevance of chlorophyll a averages and the vertical structure of the chlorophyll a field. We also show that our method could be efficiently used to process, within near-real time, profiles obtained by a fluorometer deployed on autonomous platforms, in our case a bio-optical profiling float. The application of the proposed method should provide a first step towards the generation of a merged satellite/fluorescence chlorophyll a product, as the "satellite-corrected" profiles should then be consistent with satellite observations. Improved climatologies with more consistent satellite and in situ data are likely to enhance the performance of present biogeochemical models.
Implementation of the chemistry module MECCA (v2.5) in the modal aerosol version of the Community Atmosphere Model component (v3.6.33) of the Community Earth System Model
Authors: Long M. S. , Keene W. C. , Easter R. , Sander R. , Kerkweg A. , Erickson D. , Liu X. , Ghan S.
Published: June 2012

Abstract. A coupled atmospheric chemistry and climate system model was developed using the modal aerosol version of the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Atmosphere Model (modal-CAM) and the Max Planck Institute for Chemistry's Module Efficiently Calculating the Chemistry of the Atmosphere (MECCA) to provide enhanced resolution of multiphase processes, particularly those involving inorganic halogens, and associated impacts on atmospheric composition and climate. Three Rosenbrock solvers (Ros-2, Ros-3, RODAS-3) were tested in conjunction with the basic load balancing options available to modal CAM (1) to establish an optimal configuration of the implicitly-solved multiphase chemistry module that maximizes both computational speed and repeatability of Ros-2 and RODAS-3 results versus Ros-3, and (2) to identify potential implementation strategies for future versions of this and similar coupled systems. RODAS-3 was faster than Ros-2 and Ros-3 with good reproduction of Ros-3 results, while Ros-2 was both slower and substantially less reproducible relative to Ros-3 results. Modal-CAM with MECCA chemistry was a factor of 15 slower than modal-CAM using standard chemistry. MECCA chemistry integration times demonstrated a systematic frequency distribution for all three solvers, and revealed that the change in run-time performance was due to a change in the frequency distribution chemical integration times; the peak frequency was similar for all solvers. This suggests that efficient chemistry-focused load-balancing schemes can be developed that rely on the parameters of this frequency distribution.
An Assessment of the Chondroprotective Effects of Intra-Articular Application of Statin and Tetracycline on Early-Stage Experimental Osteoarthritis
Authors: Dinc Mustafa , Bilgen Muhammed Sadik , Kucukalp Abdullah , Bilgen Omer Faruk
Published: June 2012

Objectives. To compare the effects of intra-articular application of statin and tetracyclines on cartilage and synovial tissue on experimental osteoarthritis.
Methods. Osteoarthritis was created in 30 rabbits of 3 groups. The control group received saline intra-articularly, statin group, atorvastatin and the tetracycline group, doxycycline once a week for 3 weeks. Chondral and synovial tissues were evaluated macroscopically and histopathologically.
Results. Macroscopic evaluation determined mean values of control group 3.0, statin group 0.56, and tetracycline group 2.5. Histopathological evaluations determined mean values; femoral medial condyle cartilage tissue, control group, 14.60±1.00, statin group 2.20±1.30, tetracycline group 12.7±5.39: tibia medial plateau, control group, 14.33±8.68, statin group 2.89±1.96, tetracycline group, 15.90±7.03: synovial tissue, control group 12.22±3.63, statin group 4.33±2.69, tetracycline group 10.70±2.62. Average values of synovial tissue cell layer thickness were control group 14.46±2.35 μm, statin group 10.56±1.01 μm, tetracycline group 12.80±0.79 μm. All measurements showed statistically significant differences between statin and control groups (P<0.05) but not between tetracycline and control groups (P>0.05).
Conclusions. Tetracycline has little effect due to chemical modification requirement, and the effect is dose dependent. Statins have chondroprotective effects, so may become a novel therapeutic agent in osteoarthritis management after chemical processing.