bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rentas económicas, tributación y royalties
Authors: Agostini Claudio
Published: November 2023

El principal objetivo de este artículo es contribuir, a partir de la teoría económica y la mejor evidencia disponible, a la discusión de política pública respecto del diseño e implementación de un royalty a la minería en Chile. Para ello, primero se hace un análisis conceptual de la existencia de rentas económicas que dan origen al cobro de royalties a los recursos naturales no renovables en muchos países. Luego se analizan, a partir de la política tributaria de un país y del objetivo de recaudar generando las menores distorsiones posibles, las distintas alternativas de implementación de un royalty existentes, junto a las ventajas y desventajas de cada una. En ese contexto se analiza el royalty en Chile. Finalmente, con el objeto de considerar el efecto que puede tener un royalty en la inversión en minería, que es una de las principales preocupaciones en el debate público en Chile, en especial en el caso de la inversión extranjera, se analiza el efecto que tiene la tributación en la inversión en un país. La conclusión principal de este análisis es que la mejor alternativa de implementación de royalty a los recursos naturales no renovables es la de una tasa porcentual fija al margen operacional, ya que permite capturar la renta económica asociada a su explotación, minimizando las distorsiones posibles en las decisiones y patrones óptimos de exploración y explotación de recursos naturales. Finalmente, el nivel de dicha tasa debe ser analizado en conjunto con el resto de los impuestos existentes, de tal forma de no afectar en forma importante la inversión en el país, en
La persévérance des professeurs des écoles : étude des effets d’un dispositif d’espace de dons encouragés
Authors: Neville Peggy
Published: November 2023

Cet article porte sur un dispositif d’accompagnement de la persévérance des professeurs des écoles : les espaces de dons encouragés (EDE). Ce dispositif cherche à encourager l’émergence et la réalisation durables des actions de persévérance des professionnels. Dans cette recherche, a été formulée l’hypothèse selon laquelle la persévérance des enseignants et des élèves en classe émerge au sein d’une situation auto-organisée, à la fois normative et relationnelle. Cet article présente les transformations issues de ce dispositif en s’inscrivant dans un programme de recherche mené en anthropologie culturaliste hybridé avec une conception anti-utilitaire de l’activité développée à partir du paradigme du don. Les résultats montrent une transformation des actions de persévérance des enseignants envers leurs élèves décrocheurs en situation ordinaire de travail et le développement réflexif des professeurs des écoles par l’émergence d’alternatives fécondes d’actions de persévérance induite par leur connaissance du point de vue des élèves.
Dispositif d’accompagnement hybride dans un cours de physique de première année à l’université en Belgique
Authors: Gruwé Elisabeth
Published: November 2023

Notre étude s’articule autour de la mise en œuvre et l’analyse de la première version d’un dispositif d’accompagnement hybride de type « classe inversée », dans le cadre d’une recherche-action au sein d’un cours de physique en première année à l’université. Guidés par les apports de plusieurs champs de la littérature, nous avons conçu le dispositif de manière à améliorer les interactions entre pairs et avec l’enseignant, et à atténuer la tendance à la passivité des étudiants durant les séances d’exercices en grand groupe. Nos analyses se sont tout d’abord penchées sur les perceptions du dispositif par les étudiants, recueillies dans un questionnaire à questions ouvertes et fermées. Afin d’identifier les profils d’étudiants à risque dans le cours, nous avons également construit des modèles statistiques destinés à explorer les liens entre les caractéristiques sociodémographiques et le passé scolaire des étudiants primo-inscrits, leur participation au dispositif et la note obtenue à l’examen. Sur la base des résultats, nous discutons des pistes à explorer lors de nos analyses futures et des adaptations à apporter à la deuxième version du dispositif.
S’affranchir des plateformes de streaming pour redonner de la valeur à sa musique ?
Authors: Equoy Hutin Séverine
Published: November 2023

Cette contribution mobilise à la fois l’analyse du discours et la sémiotique des écritures numériques. Elle prend pour objet l’application Obispo All Access et les discours d’escorte qui ont accompagné sa mise en ligne en janvier 2021 et l’examine sous l’angle des modes de valorisation de la musique. À l’heure où les modes de distribution et de consommation de la musique ont considérablement évolué et où des artistes dénoncent les faibles retombées économiques des plateformes ou vendent leur catalogue, l’auteur-compositeur-interprète français Pascal Obispo a retiré en janvier 2021 ses albums des plateformes de consommation musicale pour les rassembler dans un nouvel espace dédié. L’analyse sémiodiscursive montre que, si la musique reste ici un bien culturel marchand, celle-ci est surtout valorisée selon trois axes : d’une part, la prise de distance revendiquée avec les modèles de production de l’industrie musicale, d’autre part, la mise en œuvre d’un laboratoire dynamique d’expérimentation partagé et, enfin, le contrôle de la création et de la diffusion dans une auctorialité affichée à dimension patrimonialisante.
Le synthétiseur Yamaha DX7 dans la musique sénégalaise
Authors: Péneau Maël
Published: November 2023

Une sonorité produite par un programme numérique développé pour le synthétiseur Yamaha DX7, proche de celle produite par un lamellophone, est omniprésente dans les musiques populaires sénégalaises d’aujourd’hui, qu’il s’agisse de pop, de hip-hop, ou de mbalax. En s’appuyant sur les données recueillies lors d’un terrain de recherche ethnographique réalisé en 2019 dans une dizaine de studios à Dakar, ainsi que sur des entretiens avec des musiciens et des acteurs culturels sénégalais, cet article a pour ambition d’examiner la circulation de cet objet musical ainsi que ses réappropriations successives par plusieurs générations de musiciens.
Single-stage Transanal Endorectal Pull-Through for Hirschsprung’s Disease
Authors: Samujh Ram , Peters Nitin James , Singhai Palak , Bharadwaj Nandita Kakkar
Published: November 2023

Background:

Transanal endorectal pull-through (TEPT) is a well-established operation for the management of rectosigmoid and short-segment Hirschsprung’s disease (HD). A well-performed contrast enema (CE) is an essential road map for the surgeon when attempting the TEPT. We looked at the surgicopathological–radiological correlations and technical considerations of this procedure and discussed our experience over a decade.

Purpose of the Study:

TEPT essentially relies on radiological mapping of the disease correlating with intraoperative and pathological findings. Some investigators opine that the radiological correlation of the transition zone (rTZ) with the pathological transition zone (pTZ) is accurate whereas others disagree. We review our experience in managing HD patients with TEPT, in terms of pre-operative workup and operative and pathological considerations.

Materials and Methods:

A retrospective study was done in a single unit, from January 2010 to January 2020. Forty-seven patients who met the inclusion criteria such as short-segment HD and uncomplicated HD underwent CE before surgery. The patients included in the review underwent a primary TEPT. For each patient, we identified the radiological transition zone (rTZ) on the contrast enema, the gross transition zone (gTZ) on intraoperatively visual examination, the frozen section transition zone (fTZ) on intraoperative analysis of the frozen section specimens (fTZ), and the pathological transition zone (pTZ) on permanent paraffin blocks of the specimens. We determined the strength of correlation of the rTZ, the gTZ and the fTZ with reference to the pTZ.

Results:

Forty-seven patients underwent single-stage transanal pull-through. There were 40 males. There were 8 neonates, 20 infants and 19 children (>12 months of age). The mean age at diagnosis was 8.7 days (3–20 days) for the neonates, 5.11 months (2–12 months) for the infants and 4.3 years (1.5–9 years) for children. In our study, 85% correlation was noted between the rTZ and the pTZ (τb = 0.362, P = 0.006). There was an excellent correlation between the intraoperative gTZ, fTZ and the pTZ in all patients except one (97.8%, τb = 0.942, P < 0.001).

Conclusions:

The TEPT is a feasible option to manage carefully selected patients with rectosigmoid HD. The presence of robust support from pathology and a properly carried out CE are essential parameters to be considered before successfully undertaking these operations. The functional outcomes of TEPT are comparable with other procedures for HD with the added advantage of it being a scar-less and a stoma-less approach.
Transistor Coil Ignition System for Kick Start Based Small Engines
Authors: Sivakumar A. , Mazumdar Dipanjan , Jabez Dhinagar S.
Published: November 2023

Two wheeler 4-stroke small Engine with Kick Start requires longer spark duration along with better spark energy in order to burn the lean mixture and to have better Start ability, lower trigger start RPM is also important to enable ease of start. An effective Ignition System needs to be designed for the above purpose. Hence Transistor Controlled Ignition/Inductive Discharge System (TCI/IDI) unit is preferred which gives all the above mentioned requirements.

Normally any conventional TCI/IDI operated 4-stroke two wheelers will have D.C power line align with a Power Source for its operation. The 2 Wheeler Kick start version cannot afford the DC Power Source due to Cost, Hence the Electrical System will not have the DC Power Line. So it is not possible to operate a Conventional TCI/IDI system as it is DC Power based System. The challenge is to operate the TCI/IDI ignition unit without DC Power Source i.e. using AC Source.

In order to prove the above concept extensive data were collected on the charging pattern and power consumption during operation of various loads with existing charging system. Based on the collected data and customer usage pattern, appropriate power requirement characteristic graphs are obtained. Hence New TCI/IDI has been designed with longer Spark duration and Less Trigger Start RPM. Finally proto parts are developed as per the required power characteristic and then the system was tested on proto engines.

This new system* delivers the attributes of a TCI/IDI ignition unit required for a 4-stroke two wheeler engine without using a DC Power Source i.e. only Kick Start. This is having a huge impact on the reduction of Vehicle electrical system cost as DC Power Source is one of the major cost driver for any electrical system with IDI/TCI ignition unit for better performance. Hence it increases the effective efficiency than Conventional Ignition System designed for Kick Start based small Engines.
Performance of Air Motor with Regenerating System Designed for Propulsion of Bicycle
Authors: Sato Asako , Yoshida Koji , Iijima Akira , Shoji Hideo
Published: November 2023

An air motor with regenerating system for propulsion of a bicycle was newly developed. An air motor was driven by the compressed air and the bicycle was propelled. When the bicycle was decelerating, the air motor was acted as a compressor and the kinetic energy of bicycle was regenerated as compressed air. The purpose of this study is to elucidate the performance of air motor and driving characteristic of bicycle. The air motor in this study was the reciprocating piston type like an internal combustion engine, and cylinder arrangement was in-line two-cylinder. The output power increased with an increase of supply air pressure although the maximum cylinder pressure was less than the supply air pressure. The output power decreased as the revolution increased due to friction loss. The maximum cylinder pressure reduced as the rotational frequency increased because the inlet valve opening duration was decreased. The regenerating pressure decreased at the high revolution because of compressed air leakage. The bicycle was gradually accelerated and the maximum velocity was about 10 km/h because the out put power was not enough to acceleration. Therefore, the friction loss of moving parts and air leakage should be improved to obtain the desired performance.
Sensory Evaluation for Motorcycle Gear Shift Feeling with Simulator
Authors: Ikemoto Akio , Kida Shogo , Mori Shunichi , Sonehara Tsutomu , Takagi Toshihisa
Published: November 2023

Gear shift feeling is often an important factor which appeals to motorcycle riders. Therefore, it is important for designers to create a pleasant gear shift feeling when developing a motorcycle.

Sensory evaluation tests are indispensable for quantifying the gear shift feeling, but are very difficult to conduct with an actual motorcycle. Therefore, we developed a simulator dedicated to sensory evaluation tests, used it to conduct sensory evaluation tests, and thus clarified the relationship between the physical amount of gear shift properties and gear shift feeling.

This paper describes the development of the simulator, the sensory evaluation tests conducted on gear shift feeling using the simulator, and the results of analysis.
Integration Challenges for Air Cooled Fuel Cell Systems in Vehicles
Authors: Davies Damian , Grange Nathan
Published: November 2023

Rarely has an air cooled fuel cell system been effectively used as a power source on small vehicles due to the size restriction of the fuel cell system, coupled with the difficulty of managing the stable operation of such under automotive conditions. However the reliable and high power density performance of the Intelligent Energy proprietary technology has shown this to be possible when it was recently integrated into the Suzuki Burgman Fuel Cell Vehicle. The unique design for fluid flow, cooling, water management and power electronics, all incorporated in an integrated package; work in conjunction with the vehicle integrator's requirements for the whole power-train.

Efficiently converting hydrogen gas into power at the drive motor was considered as a whole entity to minimize losses at all stages in the process. This meant all sub-components in the design were optimized for hydrogen utilization and were boosted by proprietary techniques to achieve a high current density at high cell voltages. The fuel cell system was initially developed to meet the requirements of a number of prototype vehicles, but latterly requirements of a production vehicle were addressed both in terms of performance, safety and regulatory standards.
Two-stage Combustion Strategy for Reducing NOx Emissions in a Compression Ignition Engine
Authors: Oh Yunjung , Lee Donggon , Jeong Kyusoo , Kim Sayop , Kim Daesik , Lee Chang Sik , Park Sungwook
Published: November 2023

This paper describes the effects of two stage combustion strategy on the engine performance and the exhaust emission characteristics in a compression ignition engine. The two-stage combustion strategy targets reduction of NOx emissions by decreasing oxygen concentration for second stage combustion. Thus, the first injection was provided in order to consume in-cylinder oxygen, rather than generate power.

A multi-dimensional CFD code was utilized to predict engine performance and emission characteristics. For the accurate and efficient computational calculation of ignition and combustion characteristics of diesel fuel, the reduced n-heptane mechanism was used in this study. The calculation for two-stage combustion was performed after validating against the experimental result. The KH-RT breakup model and gas-jet model was applied for the prediction of spray behavior and characteristics. To calculate the ignition and combustion process, CHEMKIN II [1] code was used. This mechanism was composed of 30 species and 65 reactions.

It was revealed that the peak combustion pressure and the peak heat release rate in two-stage combustion strategy were reduced. It was due to the separate fuel injection and combustion. In the exhaust emission characteristics, two-stage combustion significantly reduced the nitrogen oxides (NOx) emission.
PREVENTING INTERSECTION COLLISION ACCIDENTS BY INTELLIGENT MOTION CONTROL OF IN-WHEEL-MOTOR ELECTRIC VEHICLES
Authors: Raksincharoensak Pongsathorn , Matsumi Ryosuke , Nagai Masa
Published: November 2023

Small size electric vehicles require active safety technology to prevent road accidents as well as protect drivers and passengers from severe damages. This paper proposes an intersection collision avoidance system by automatic electric braking utilizing in-wheel-motors of electric vehicles. The proposed vehicle control system focuses on the risk assessment in consideration of pedestrians. Consequently, a risk avoidance algorithm based on Potential Fields theory is described to handle the hazardous situations which change dynamically with pedestrian motion. Finally, the effectiveness of the autonomous driving system is verified by the experiments using the micro-scale electric vehicle. The results show that the proposed autonomous vehicle can accomplish the right turn with negotiating a moving pedestrian.
Cooperative regenerative braking control strategy considering nonlinear tire characteristic in front-wheel-drive hybrid electric vehicle
Authors: Han Jihun , Park Youngjin
Published: November 2023

An electric motor for regenerative braking in front-wheel-drive hybrid electric vehicle is only connected to the front axle, and mechanical friction braking can be independently applied on each of the 4 wheels. Excessive regenerative braking only at front wheels to improve fuel economy can cause under-steer and eventually vehicle instability. Nonlinear tire characteristic may cause this vehicle instability in severe cornering with hard braking. Therefore, cooperative braking control strategy has to be considered nonlinear tire characteristic for guaranteeing the vehicle stability while enhancing the braking energy recovery. This paper is to compare the performance of cooperative braking control strategy according to consider the influence of braking force on the lateral force. Carsim™ software is used to evaluate the performance of cooperative regenerative braking control regarding to the vehicle stability and regenerative braking efficiency.
Development of an Electrically-Driven Intelligent Brake System for EV
Authors: Fujiki Noriaki , Koike Yuichi , Ito Yoshinori , Suzuki Goro , Gotoh Shinnosuke , Ohtani Yukio , Yamagucki Tohma
Published: November 2023

This paper presents the electrically driven intelligent brake system that has been developed for electric vehicles, which are expected to penetrate markets rapidly amid the ongoing energy paradigm shift. This brake system achieves a cooperative energy regeneration function and high responsiveness while providing braking performance, system reliability and vehicle mounting ease equal to that of conventional brake systems with a vacuum booster. This paper outlines the newly developed brake system and describes how to decide the target brake force which is achieved a regenerative braking capability for recovering energy efficiently without sacrificing braking.
Development of Display Information and Telematics Systems for a Reliable and Attractive Electric Vehicle
Authors: Yoshizawa Shoichi , Tanaka Yoichiro , Ohyamaguchi Masahiro , Maruyama Kenji , Kitazaki Satoshi , Kurodo Kouichi , Sato Shinpei , Obata Tetsu , Hirokawa Yuumi , Iwasaki Masayasu
Published: November 2023

This paper describes the display information, navigation and telematics systems developed specifically for The newly developed Electric Vehicle to dispel drivers' anxieties about operating an Electric Vehicle. Drivers of Electric Vehicles will need to understand various new kinds of information about the vehicle's operational status that differ from conventional gasoline-engine vehicles. Additionally, owing to the current driving range of Electric Vehicles and limited availability of charging stations, drivers will want to know acccurate the remaining driving range, amount of power and the latest information about charging station locations. It will also be important to ensure that people unfamiliar with Electric Vehicles will be able to operate them easily as rental cars or in car-sharing systems without experiencing any inconvenience. These needs have been met in the newly developed Electric Vehicle mainly by prioritizing displayed information, adopting a combination main meter-navigation system display and providing a two-way communication capability along with real-time information.
A New Approach to Analyze Effectiveness of Charging Infrastructure for Electric Vehicle by Road Traffic Simulator
Authors: Hiwatari Ryoji , Ikeya Tomohiki , Okano Kunihiko , Yamamoto Hiromi , Ito Tomohiro , Takagi Masaaki , Iwafune Yumiko , Yamaji Kenji
Published: November 2023

This paper reports the development of the road traffic simulator to analyze the effectiveness of the rapid charge station (ST). We employ Digital Map 2500 (Spatial Data Framework) as the basic database for the map model in the traffic simulator. The EV behavior is defined based on the traffic database of Road Traffic Census. The road map model in this traffic simulation corresponds to the road map of 10 cities, where the area and population are 2600 km₂ and about three million people, respectively. We found the 17 STs are enough to keep the averaged travel length for a household vehicle in Japan. This result suggests the area responsible for a ST is about 150 km₂ per ST (i.e. one ST in the area of about 12 km square).
IT system for EV: Technical introduction of IT system for Nissan LEAF
Authors: Sone Gaku
Published: November 2023

Nissan LEAF that is a new model of an Electric Vehicle has dedicated IT system as standard equipment. Concept of this IT system, Services provided to owners and technical solutions to be introduced.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE ELECTRIC COMMUTER MODEL EC-03
Authors: Nishiyama Motokuni
Published: November 2023

Yamaha Motor Co., Ltd. has developed the new model EC-03 designed and engineered with technology developed under the Company's Smart Power ideal. Launched on the market in September 2010, the Model is an “electric commuter” entry in the personal mobility category that is expected to show increasing demand in the future.
BERLIN-POTSDAM - A MODEL REGION FOR ELECTRIC MOBILITY IN GERMANY
Authors: Meissner Thomas
Published: November 2023

The region Berlin-Potsdam is one of the eight German model regions for electric mobility. According to user-oriented approach the ambition of the model region program is to test and to assess electric mobility under day-to-day conditions. This includes the interactions of vehicles and infrastructure, the monitoring of the user's behavior in passenger and freight transport as well as the introduction of new mobility patterns connected to the characteristics of battery powered vehicles. In addition, the model region program is political driven. That means, electric mobility cannot be an end in itself, it must contribute to the strategic objectives of the urban policies, e. g. environmental policy, climate protection, transport policy as well as urban development. First results of the in-field projects in the German Capital region prove the suitability for daily use. On the other hand a lot of technical and organizational issues has already been identified that must be resolved before large scale market penetration of electric vehicles can happen. Berlin-Potsdam is going to make the first experiences. At the same time the region is prepared to develop itself to a visible international “shop windows” for this future-oriented kind of sustainable mobility.
SOUND ENGINEERING FOR ELECTRIC AND HYBRID VEHICLES: Procedures to create appropriate sound for electric and hybrid vehicles
Authors: Brandl Stephan , Graf Bernhard
Published: November 2023

Importance of electric and hybrid vehicles steeply increased in the last few years. Especially topics like CO2 reduction and local zero emissions are forcing companies to focus on electrification. While main technical problems seem to be solvable from a technical point of view, commercial and security topics are gaining more importance.

For full electric vehicles the driving range is limited by the capacity of available batteries. As those batteries are one of the most heavy and expensive parts of these vehicles, reduction of battery size is a big topic in vehicle development. To increase a vehicle's driving range without increasing battery size some range extending backup system has to be available. Such a Range Extender should be a small system combining combustion engine and electric generator to produce the required electricity for charging the batteries whenever required.

Since the acoustic excitation of an electric engine driving the vehicle is very low compared to an internal combustion (IC) engine, sound characteristics of electric and hybrid cars differ considerably from conventional passenger cars. Requirements, especially for a combustion engine as part of a Range Extender are therefore very demanding as overall sound pressure level for electrical vehicles is much lower in many driving conditions compared to conventional cars. Therefore exterior vehicle noise and passenger comfort require an extensive acoustic tuning of the Range Extender unit.

As electric vehicles are mainly targeted to serve inner city traffic they are mainly operated at slow driving speeds. Due to the low overall exterior sound pressure level other traffic participants (e.g. pedestrians and cyclists) tend towards overseeing electrically driven vehicles. Therefore strategies for the completely new field of exterior sound engineering have to be developed.

This paper presents the NVH (noise, vibration & harshness) development work of a range extender within the AVL approach of an electrically driven passenger car. The work starts with acoustic front loading in the concept phase and with NVH simulation in the design stage and is continued with intensive NVH development during integration into the electric vehicle. Additionally new strategies and ideas for interior and exterior sound design are discussed in this document.
Charge-Discharge Behavior of Graphite in Propylene Carbonate-Containing Electrolytes
Authors: Yamada Yuki , Koyama Yasuhiro , Abe Takeshi , Ogumi Zempachi
Published: November 2023

The electrochemical intercalation of lithium-ion into natural
graphite cannot take place in propylene carbonate (PC)-based
electrolytes. Continuous decomposition of PC, accompanied by the
exfoliation of graphite, is observed instead of the intercalation
of lithium-ion. One of the plausible hypotheses to explain this
behavior is that PC-solvated lithium-ion intercalates into graphite
during the first charge, resulting in the exfoliation of graphite.
Therefore, we consider that the solvation structure of lithium-ion
in PC-based electrolytes should strongly influence the
charge-discharge behavior of natural graphite.

We studied the charge-discharge properties of natural graphite
in binary electrolytes consisting of PC and dimethyl carbonate
(DMC) with various mixing ratios. The average solvation numbers of
PC molecules per lithium-ion
(NPC,ave) in PC:DMC binary
electrolytes were evaluated with Raman spectroscopy. We examined
the correlation between the solvation number of PC molecules and
the charge-discharge behavior of natural graphite and discuss the
mechanism of the exfoliation of graphite.
DEVELOPMENT OF MOTOR AND INVERTER FOR RWD HYBRID VEHICLES
Authors: Arai Kenji , Higashi Kazuyuki , Oguchi Tsuyoshi , Kazutoshi Nagayama , Miyata Hiroshi , Okada Yasuhiro , Motosugi Jun
Published: November 2023

At Nissan we have developed a new parallel hybrid system for rear-wheel-drive hybrid vehicles. As the main components of the hybrid system, both the motor and the inverter have been developed and are manufactured in house to attain high power density for providing responsive acceleration, a quiet EV drive mode and improved fuel economy.

Because the motor is located between the engine and the transmission, it had to be shortened to be within the length allowed for the powertrain. Therefore, new technologies have been developed such as high-density, square-shaped windings and an optimized magnetic circuit specially designed for concentrated winding motors.

The inverter is sized to a 12V battery, which it replaces in the engine compartment. Despite its compact size, the inverter must have rather large current capacity to drive a high-power motor. Heat management is critical to the design of a small but high-power inverter. The inverter was designed not only to transfer heat efficiently to a heat sink but also to control the gate driver sequence so as to reduce heat generation in the power semiconductors due to the switching loss.

An integrated motor-clutch control method has also been developed as an effective solution for starting the engine in the motor-only drive mode without causing either uncomfortable vibration or a decrease in traction force.
Honda Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle Development
Authors: Moriya Takashi
Published: November 2023

Honda has been taking measures since the late 1990s to address three issues raised by the automobile, from air pollution, which was already a matter of regulation, to the additional issues of global warming and energy. With observation of recent trends in society, what had been our concern about these three matters appears to have gradually been turning into certainty instead. Meanwhile, the demand for automobiles is expected to increase with the population growth in newly emerging countries, economic growth, and other such factors. At present, with automobiles dependent on oil for the greater part of their energy, it has become a challenge to secure a stable supply of reasonably priced oil while the global warming perspective requires reduction of CO2 emissions. This article will review the history of development of the fuel cell vehicle (FCV) equipped with the next-generation power plant capable of simultaneously providing the solutions demanded for all three automobile issues. It will also introduce the latest FCV model, the FCX Clarity, as well as the status of the infrastructure and Honda's proprietary hydrogen manufacturing, with a view to more widespread penetration.
THE POWER FEEDING TECHNOLOGIES to THE MOBILE VEHICLES
Authors: Kondo Keiichiro
Published: November 2023

Electric vehicles are no more the energy and power independent vehicles from the grid. Thus the impact of EVs' to the grid should be considered in the case of the more demand with the spread of EVs in the future. On the other hand, the power feeding technologies to the mobile vehicles have been established in the electric railway systems. This can be good example to study the impact of the EV's to the power grid. The impact by the power charging to a battery powered railway vehicle to the power grid are studied in this paper. It is revealed that the distributed energy storage devices on the ground are effective measure to reduce the impact to the power grid.
Practical use of AC electric vehicle conductive charging station and vision for charging infrastructure
Authors: Iwata Yasuki , Ando Atsuhisa , Nishimuta Takefumi
Published: November 2023

We developed the AC electric vehicle charging station (EVC-J) and have produced the EVC-J in Japan in Sep. 2009. This product is compliant with IEC61851-1. The EVC-J is the first product, which has an attached supply cable and vehicle connector and allows both Model-EV* and Mode2-EV* to be charged (*Model and Mode2 are defined in IEC61851-1.).

We modified EVC-J and contributed 4 items of the 2009 low carbon projects**.

(** 10 items were adopted by the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) as the 2009 model program to demonstrate social system for a low carbon society.)

The modified EVC-J has additional functions, that is identification and communication, for value added services demonstration (e.g. Billing, Maintenance management). Based on the experience of EVC-J and modified EVC-J, we developed the AC electric vehicle charging station (EVCl) and have produced the EVC1 in Japan in Nov. 2010. The main features of EVCl are as follows:

1)
EVCl has an attached supply cable and vehicle connector, and can charge EV/PHV in Japan (As of May. '11).

2)
EVCl has a communication function to the maintenance server using the cellular network as its standard function. Charging records, EVC-1 status, error information and etc acquired by the communication function can be monitored and used for maintenance service.

3)
Easy operation flow, VFD (Vacuum Fluorescent Display) and touch panel contribute to EVC1's operability improvement. In the summer of 2011, we plan to introduce EVCl-IC with IC card identification function for the billing service, which may be adopted in the future.
Present Application and Future Possibilities of Quick Charger for Electric Vehicle
Authors: Noro Masatoshi , Koizumi Satoru
Published: November 2023

Quick Charger does not only charge Electric Vehicle (EV) rapidly but also mitigate the range anxiety of drivers of EV. The drivers who have experienced the driving of EV often refer to the range anxiety to use up batteries on EV. Range anxiety tends to be overemphasized than what actually is, considering the usage pattern of EV. There is a report to show that the usage of EV has been promoted after the installation of Quick Chargers. Therefore, the build-up of charging infrastructure utilizing Quick Charger is indispensible for the penetration of EV into market. In this paper, discussed is the system configuration and function of present Quick Charger and prospect of future development of Quick Charger. To encourage the wide use of Quick Charger, Quick Charger is featured by versatility, user-friendliness and safety in the event of charging EV. In order to materialize versatility, Quick Charger complies with CHAdeMO protocol, which ensures the charging of various types of EV, as long as EV complies with CHAdeMO. With regards to the safety and reliability, several measures such as insulation checking, protection and supervision by self-checking are adopted to achieve the high level of safety for general public using Quick Charger. Following the guidance on the LCD display, the entire operation of charging can be completed safely and easily by pushing START button after the connection of the cable.
SAZZ CHOPPER FOR EV AND FCEV APPLICATIONS: SPECIAL SESSION: POWER ELECTRONICS FOR EVS INCLUDING MOTOR, CONTROL AND ENERGY STORAGE
Authors: Tsuruta Yukinori , Pavlovsky Martin , Guidi Giuseppe , Kawamura Atsuo
Published: November 2023

Recent global environmental problem such as depletion of fossil fuel and global warming has accelerated main trend of the development of hybrid electric vehicles (HEV), fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV) and pure electric vehicles (EV) in automotive industry. So the improvement of efficiency on onboard electrical drive power train including motors is very big subject in designing such electrical vehicles. Especially in such power train key items such as efficiency (loss), volume, weight, and cost has to be considered in designing onboard converters. Recently the power rating of onboard converters for HEV became in the range between 30 and 60 kW, and it may be over 100 kW for EV and FCEV. A. High power, B. High efficiency, C. High power density and D. Development mission for Keenly advanced EV prototype to be fielded based on SAZZ (Snubber Assisted Zero Voltage and Zero Current Switching) topology are discussed in this paper. Ultra high efficiency of 99 % and high power density of 40 kW/l were obtained. Reliable operation out of the soft switching area on SAZZ topology was confirmed.
Validation of a new simulation tool for the analysis of electrochemical and thermal performance of lithium ion batteries
Authors: Damblanc Gaetan , Hartridge Steve , Spotnitz Robert , Imachi Kenta
Published: November 2023

With the increasing focus on the use of lithium ion batteries for traction applications the ability to simulate electrochemical and thermal performance of such batteries is of great interest. This paper details a multi-length scale approach which is used to simulate a single lithium ion pouch cell and compare against some previously published experimental work. This approach is then extended and used as a building block to a much more complex simulation using multiple cells within a battery pack. This technology also simulates the cooling system performance and the inherent coupled behavior of the battery's operation and its thermal environment.
Compressed Air as a Quality and Pollution Free Fuel Substitute in Reciprocating Engines - An Effect of the Valve Size on the Performance Engine
Authors: Sugita Takayuki
Published: November 2023

An existing 4 stroke-cycle gasoline engine has been partially modified without dynamically changing its mechanism for the purpose to utilize the compressed air as an alternative energy source. The principle is to mechanically control the compressed air flow through the intake and exhaust valve every revolution of a crankshaft by modifying the camshaft cam's lobes, which changes the engine operation from 4 strokes to 2 strokes cycle mode. In the previous investigation the principle was verified with a current 50 cc motorcycle modified engine and the pressure behavior inside the cylinder of the compressed air engine was evaluated. It turned out as a most promising result that the back pressure, which is defined as the positive pressure left in an expansion chamber while a piston is moving back from BDC to TDC, has a high influence on the performance of the compressed air reciprocating engine. Therefore, the pressure measurement was conducted for the modified engine assembled the cylinder with side holes drilled to relieve the back pressure so as to verify an effect on the performance. In this investigation the same pressure and performance measurement were conducted for the same engine assembled the camshaft of different cam profile in reverse air-flow direction, thus confirming an effect of the valve size on the back pressure reduction to evaluate the performance of the compressed air reciprocating engine.
Miller/Atkinson Valve Timing as Full Load Concept for a Naturally Aspirated Cogeneration Engine
Authors: Neher Denis , Scholl Fino , Deinert Matthias , Kettner Maurice , Schwarz Danny , Klaissle Markus , Olavarría Blanca Giménez
Published: November 2023

Lean burn operation allows small cogeneration engines to achieve both high efficiency and low NOx emissions. While further mixture dilution enables future emission standards to be met, it leads to retarded combustion phasing and losses in indicated engine efficiency. In the case of naturally aspirated engines, IMEP drops due to lower fuel fraction, increasing brake specific fuel consumption.

In this work, an alternative engine configuration was investigated that improves the trade-off between engine efficiency, NOx emissions and IMEP. It combines well-established means such as Miller/Atkinson valve timing and optimised intake system for a single-cylinder cogeneration engine, operating with homogenous lean air-natural gas mixture.

First, the engine configuration was analysed using a detailed 1D CFD model, implying a significant potential in reaching the project target. In order to prove the positive effect also experimentally, comparable Miller/Atkinson valve timings (i.e. same effective compression ratio) were realised using a mass-spring model of the valve train. The results obtained from the test bed engine show that only Miller cycle holds advantages over the baseline engine (Otto cycle) with respect to the trade-off between engine efficiency, NOx emissions and IMEP. For a deeper understanding of the combustion behaviour of the investigated valve timing strategies, the experiments were accompanied by 3D CFD simulations.
Quantification of Short-Circuiting and Trapping Efficiency in a Small Internal Combustion Engine by GC-MS and GC-TCD
Authors: Ausserer Joseph K. , Horn Kevin , Polanka Marc , Litke Paul J. , Grinstead Keith Dee
Published: November 2023

Loss mechanisms in 1-10 kW spark-ignition, two-stroke engines may be grouped into five categories: thermal losses, frictional losses, sensible enthalpy in the exhaust gases, incomplete combustion, and short-circuiting of fresh fuel and air mixture. These loss mechanisms cause small two-stroke engines to have fuel conversion efficiencies 50%-70% lower than similar larger engines. Previous studies of loss scaling in small engines have estimated the short-circuiting using heuristics derived for larger engines or grouped it with other combustion losses to complete the energy balance. This work describes and compares two methods for measuring short-circuiting on a commercially available, two-stroke, naturally aspirated, spark ignition engine with 55 cm3 displacement. One method used oxygen as an analyte (the Watson method), nitrogen as an internal standard, and gas chromatography with a thermal conductivity detector for quantification. While the Watson method is historically proven, it only works under globally rich combustion conditions. The other method, selected for its potential to work under lean combustion conditions, used iso-octane as an analyte, argon as an internal standard, and gas chromatography for separation with mass spectrometry for identification and quantification. The iso-octane method yielded results within 4% of the Watson method, a difference that is statistically indistinguishable at the 95% confidence level. Therefore, despite the larger uncertainty of the iso-octane method (10%-15% versus 3%-5% for Watson's method), the iso-octane method offers a valid method for determining short-circuiting under lean combustion conditions.
Systematic Modeling Technique by using Function Power Graph on the Centrifugal Anti-Lock Braking System Simulation
Authors: Chen Yu-fan , Yang Cheng-ping , Chen I-ming , Liu Tyng
Published: November 2023

A systematic modeling methodology using Function Power Graph (FPG) to analyze mechanical systems is proposed in this paper, and the novel Centrifugal Anti-lock Braking System (C-ABS) is used as the example. In this paper, a systematic modeling process combined with the FPG method and SimulationX-based modeling has been demonstrated. First, schematic diagram and working principle of the C-ABS model has been developed and illustrated. Based on the FPG method, several symbols (power unit, clutch/brake unit, and connection unit) for the C-ABS have been introduced. Second, system mode, operation, and function inspection of the C-ABS have been analyzed. Then, each component model of the C-ABS (wheel, disc brake, gearbox, and centrifugal braking device) has been established, and then the schematic diagram of the C-ABS has been transferred into practical image of the system structure (or physical model) through SimulationX to identify the dynamic characteristics of the C-ABS. In addition, comparison between the C-ABS and conventional ABS has been made. Finally, an experimental platform of the C-ABS has been set up and the experiment measurements are in agreement with our SimulationX-based simulation results. According to this systematic modeling technique of the FPG method, the characteristics of any new system structure can be easily identified. Then, through CAE software, such as SimulationX, a physical model can be easily created to achieve better performance and development of system design and system analysis.
Development of Cost Advantageous Designs for Headlight System Using Light Emitting Diodes
Authors: Tsuchiya Yosuke , Matsuzaki Teppei , Takeshige Tetsuo , Oguchi Tsuyoshi
Published: November 2023

So far, the application of LED headlights to the motorcycle has been limited for only high-priced models, because LED light units and the drivers are expensive. In our development, the cost reduction of light source units was examined by implementing multiple medium intensity LEDs. Distributed mounting scheme was created for LEDs placed on the circuit board to meet the heat dissipation requirement without a heat sink, which is usually installed. By new mounting scheme, the requirement of heat dissipation has been successfully fulfilled by only using the copper foil layer. Moreover, by connecting LEDs in series, the driver circuit configuration was made simple while separate circuits are generally required both for a high-beam and a low-beam. By this configuration, the driver cost was reduced. With this circuitry change, some associated issues arose and measures were devised to cope with them. In addition, the method of driver circuitry, established through applications for conventional incandescent light sources, was applied to provide a discrete voltage in half-waves from the ACG apart from the supply from the battery. Using this method, the circuit was made configurable to manage the situation, in which the foreword voltage drop of LED exceeds the output voltage of the battery, without using a booster circuit. With these measures, a significant cost reduction was made feasible. Owing to those achievements, LED headlight system was made applicable to the motorcycle models in low-priced ranges.
A Study of Function Control in the Electric Motorcycle
Authors: Kawai Daisuke , Matsuda Yoshimoto , Murase Takahito
Published: November 2023

Generally, it is thought that control is simpler than an Internal Combustion Engine (ICE)-Motorcycle(MC) as for the Electric Vehicle(EV) type MC. However, there is few characteristic to the ICE-MC to the EV-MC and it cannot get good performance without control for EV-MC.

We study the methodology for design and evaluation an EV-MC. In this approach, we developed the prototype EV-MC having manual transmission. In our study, we think that EV-MC having manual transmission is feature in comparison with other general EV-MC. From this feature, we had to develop the function control in addition to standard EV-MC function control.

This paper provides a function control for EV-MC having manual transmission. In this paper, we arrange the problem points of EV-MC which put electric propulsion motor and manual transmission together at first. And report the result that studied a method to solve the problem points.