bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Air, ground, and groundwater recharge temperatures in an alpine setting, Brighton Basin, Utah
Authors: Masbruch Melissa D. , Chapman David S. , Solomon D. Kip
Published: September 2012

Noble gases are useful tracers for constraining groundwater recharge temperature and elevation, critical in determining source areas of groundwater recharge in mountainous terrain. A monitoring network in the alpine Brighton Basin in the Wasatch Mountains of northern Utah, USA, was established to examine the relationship between air temperatures, ground temperatures, and noble gas groundwater recharge temperatures. Maximum noble gas groundwater recharge temperatures computed using the closed‐system equilibration model from 25 samples collected over the 2 year period 2007 to 2009 averaged 2.9 ± 1.2°C, within the experimental error of the mean ground temperature of 2.3°C measured within the probable recharge area. Maximum noble gas recharge temperatures vary from 0 to 7°C, also comparable to ground temperature variations in the region. Groundwater ages in the collected samples vary from 0 to 7 years indicating changing flow paths to the collection site during the experiment. Mean ground temperatures in the upper 1 m of soil over the 2 year time period is 2.3°C, which is 1°C cooler than the mean surface air temperature extrapolated from a nearby meteorological station. This comparison contradicts an earlier observation that mean annual ground temperatures in central Utah are generally warmer than air temperatures. The offset in the Brighton Basin is explained by modeling a snow effect on ground temperature. This detailed study suggests that interpretation of groundwater recharge temperatures derived from noble gases should be attentive to the complex local ground temperature effects in the recharge areas.
Word Learning in Adults With Second-Language Experience: Effects of Phonological and Referent Familiarity
Authors: Kaushanskaya Margarita , Yoo Jeewon , Van Hecke Stephanie
Published: September 2012

Purpose

The goal of this research was to examine whether phonological familiarity exerts different effects on novel word learning for familiar versus unfamiliar referents and whether successful word learning is associated with increased second-language experience.

Method

Eighty-one adult native English speakers with various levels of Spanish knowledge learned phonologically familiar novel words (constructed using English sounds) or phonologically unfamiliar novel words (constructed using non-English and non-Spanish sounds) in association with either familiar or unfamiliar referents. Retention was tested via a forced-choice recognition task. A median-split procedure identified high-ability and low-ability word learners in each condition, and the two groups were compared on measures of second-language experience.

Results

Findings suggest that the ability to accurately match newly learned novel names to their appropriate referents is facilitated by phonological familiarity only for familiar referents but not for unfamiliar referents. Moreover, more extensive second-language learning experience characterized superior learners primarily in one word-learning condition: in which phonologically unfamiliar novel words were paired with familiar referents.

Conclusions

Together, these findings indicate that phonological familiarity facilitates novel word learning only for familiar referents and that experience with learning a second language may have a specific impact on novel vocabulary learning in adults.
Amplitude Rise Time Does Not Cue the /bɑ/–/wɑ/ Contrast for Adults or Children
Authors: Nittrouer Susan , Lowenstein Joanna H. , Tarr Eric
Published: September 2012

Purpose

Previous research has demonstrated that children weight the acoustic cues to many phonemic decisions differently than do adults and gradually shift those strategies as they gain language experience. However, that research has focused on spectral and duration cues rather than on amplitude cues. In the current study, the authors examined
amplitude rise time
(ART; an amplitude cue) and
formant rise time
(FRT; a spectral cue) in the /bɑ/–/wɑ/ manner contrast for adults and children, and related those speech decisions to outcomes of nonspeech discrimination tasks.

Method

Twenty adults and 30 children (ages 4–5 years) labeled natural and synthetic speech stimuli manipulated to vary ARTs and FRTs, and discriminated nonspeech analogs that varied only by ART in an AX paradigm.

Results

Three primary results were obtained. First, listeners in both age groups based speech labeling judgments on FRT, not on ART. Second, the fundamental frequency of the natural speech samples did not influence labeling judgments. Third, discrimination performance for the nonspeech stimuli did not predict how listeners would perform with the speech stimuli.

Conclusion

Even though both adults and children are sensitive to ART, it was not weighted in phonemic judgments by these typical listeners.
Cat's claw creeper vine, Macfadyena unguis-cati (Bignoniaceae), invasion impacts: comparative leaf nutrient content and effects on soil physicochemical properties
Authors: Perrett Christine , Osunkoya Olusegun O. , Clark Cameron
Published: September 2012

Macfadyena unguis-cati (L.) Gentry (Bignoniaceae) is a major environmental weed in coastal Queensland, Australia. There is a lack of quantitative data on its leaf chemistry and its impact on soil properties. Soils from infested vs uninfested areas, and leaves of M. unguis-cati and three co-occurring vine species (one exotic, two native) were collected at six sites (riparian and non-riparian) in south-eastern Queensland. Effects of invasion status, species, site and habitat type were examined using univariate and multivariate analyses. Habitat type had a greater effect on soil nutrients than on leaf chemistry. Invasion effect of M. unguis-cati on soil chemistry was more pronounced in non-riparian than in riparian habitat. Significantly higher values were obtained in M. unguis-cati infested (vs. uninfested) soils for ~50% of traits. Leaf ion concentrations differed significantly between exotic and native vines. Observed higher leaf-nutrient load (especially nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) in exotic plants aligns with the preference of invasive plant species for disturbed habitats with higher nutrient input. Higher load of trace elements (aluminium, boron, cadmium and iron) in its leaves suggests that cycling of heavy-metal ions, many of which are potentially toxic at excess level, could be accelerated in soils of M. unguis-cati-invaded landscape. Although inferences from the present study are based on correlative data, the consistency of the patterns across many sites suggests that M. unguis-cati may improve soil fertility and influence nutrient cycling, perhaps through legacy effects of its own litter input.
Evaluation of reproductive success and conservation strategies for Senecio coincyi (Asteraceae), a narrow and threatened species
Authors: Martínez-García F. , Guerrero-García S. , Pérez-García F.
Published: September 2012

Senecio coincyi is a threatened endemic plant of central western Spain, with a very narrow extent of occurrence. The reproductive success and germination behaviour of this species were studied. The area of occupancy, habitat types and size of 13 known subpopulations of S. coincyi were evaluated. The number of individuals that form all these subpopulations was counted. In addition, the number of flowers and cypselas per fruit head and the number of fruit heads per individual plant were recorded in a subset of subpopulations. Germination tests were carried out to evaluate the effect of temperature and light regimes on, and possible intraspecific variation in, cypsela germination. Cypselas reached very high germination percentages (90–100%) from 15°C to 30°C. However, the germination decreased (19%) at 10°C. The light conditions assayed (16-h light photoperiod and complete darkness) did not significantly affect cypsela germination. In general, there was no intraspecific variability in germination patterns of S. coincyi cypselas. Livestock is the most important factor that can be a threat for this species. S. coincyi showed high reproductive success and, therefore, its conservation problems are not due to agents related to its reproduction, but rather to other factors such as alteration of its habitat caused by the presence of livestock.
Relevance of an integrative approach for taxonomic revision in sponge taxa: case study of the shallow-water Atlanto-Mediterranean Hexadella species (Porifera:Ianthellidae:Verongida)
Authors: Reveillaud Julie , Allewaert Céline , Pérez Thierry , Vacelet Jean , Banaigs Bernard , Vanreusel Ann
Published: September 2012

The identification of sponges that lack a mineral skeleton is always highly challenging, especially for Hexadella species, which are also fibreless. Recently, the yellow species Hexadella pruvoti Topsent was identified as a cryptic species complex while the pink coloured Hexadella racovitzai Topsent showed two highly divergent lineages. We performed a COI phylogenetic reconstruction using 27 new Mediterranean Hexadella samples in order to confirm the presence of divergent lineages within both shallow-water species. Specimens were described with an integrative approach combining morphological and cytological investigations, biochemical profiling and assessment of natural toxicity in order to identify diagnostic characters for each taxon. H. topsenti, sp. nov. is distinguished from H. racovitzai by its colour, its surface network shape, divergent secondary metabolite patterns and toxicity values. H. crypta, sp. nov. differs from H. pruvoti by a different encrusting growth form when alive, and by distinctively colouring the ethanol fixative solution. In addition, H. pruvoti and H. crypta show different types of cells with inclusions as well as distinct metabolic fingerprints. Natural toxicity values, however, do not permit the separation of H. pruvoti and H. crypta. Our work shows that only the use of a combination of complementary tools can provide relevant descriptions for some problematic taxa.
Biogeography of the Cantacaderinae Stål (Insecta:Heteroptera:Tingidae) revisited
Authors: Guilbert Eric
Published: September 2012

The biogeographic relationships among the Cantacaderinae (Heteroptera) are revisited in the light of a genus and species recently described. The results are reasonably congruent with previous studies, but with some differences. The common ancestor of Cantacaderinae may not be restricted to Australia but to a more widely distributed taxon. The Cantacaderinae evolved into two lineages: the Ceratocaderini + Carldrakeanini, originating in the Australia–New Zealand complex; and the Cantacaderini, originating in the Oriental region and dispersing through a south-eastern arc of continental fragments but not through the Asian peninsula.
Spontaneous shape reconfigurations in multicompartmental microcylinders
Authors: Lee Kyung Jin , Yoon Jaewon , Rahmani Sahar , Hwang Sangyeul , Bhaskar Srijanani , Mitragotri Samir , Lahann Joerg
Published: September 2012

Nature’s particles, such as spores, viruses or cells, are adaptive—i.e., they can rapidly alter major phenomenological attributes such as shape, size, or curvature in response to environmental changes. Prominent examples include the hydration-mediated opening of ice plant seeds, actuation of pine cones, or the ingenious snapping mechanism of predatory Venus flytraps that rely on concave-to-convex reconfigurations. In contrast, experimental realization of reconfigurable synthetic microparticles has been extremely challenging and only very few examples have been reported so far. Here, we demonstrate a generic approach towards dynamically reconfigurable microparticles that explores unique anisotropic particle architectures, rather than direct synthesis of sophisticated materials such as shape-memory polymers. Solely enabled by their architecture, multicompartmental microcylinders made of conventional polymers underwent active reconfiguration including shape-shifting, reversible switching, or three-way toggling. Once microcylinders with appropriate multicompartmental architectures were prepared by electrohydrodynamic cojetting, simple exposure to an external stimulus, such as ultrasound or an appropriate solvent, gives rise to interfacial stresses that ultimately cause reversible topographical reconfiguration. The broad versatility of the electrohydrodynamic cojetting process with respect to materials selection and processing suggests strategies for a wide range of dynamically reconfigurable adaptive materials including those with prospective applications for sensors, reprogrammable microactuators, or targeted drug delivery.
Too Much of a Good Thing: The Benefits of Implementation Intentions Depend on the Number of Goals
Authors: Dalton Amy N. , Spiller Stephen A.
Published: September 2012

Implementation intentions are specific plans regarding how, when, and where to pursue a goal (Gollwitzer). Forming implementation intentions for a single goal has been shown to facilitate goal achievement, but do such intentions benefit multiple goals? If so, people should form implementation intentions for all their goals, from eating healthily to tidying up. An investigation into this question suggests that the benefits of implemental planning for attaining a single goal do not typically extend to multiple goals. Instead, implemental planning draws attention to the difficulty of executing multiple goals, which undermines commitment to those goals relative to other desirable activities and thereby undermines goal success. Framing the execution of multiple goals as a manageable endeavor, however, reduces the perceived difficulty of multiple goal pursuit and helps consumers accomplish the various tasks they planned for. This research contributes to literature on goal management, goal specificity, the intention-behavior link, and planning.
A geometric proof of the Feigin-Frenkel theorem
Authors: Raskin Sam
Published: September 2012

We reprove the theorem of Feigin and Frenkel relating the center of the critical level enveloping algebra of the Kac-Moody algebra for a semisimple Lie algebra to opers (which are certain de Rham local systems with extra structure) for the Langlands dual group. Our proof incorporates a construction of Beilinson and Drinfeld relating the Feigin-Frenkel isomorphism to (more classical) Langlands duality through the geometric Satake theorem.
SOCIAL CUEING ELICITS A DISTINCT FORM OF VISUAL SPATIAL ORIENTING
Authors: Rombough Adrienne H. , Barrie Jennifer N. , Iarocci Grace
Published: September 2012

Orienting attention in the direction of another person's gaze, head turn, or finger point may represent a unique behavior that is distinct from traditionally identified types of orienting (i.e., exogenous and endogenous). This chapter explores the question of whether the attention orienting response to social cues is unique by reviewing cognitive/behavioral findings. The chapter proposes that current taxonomies do not adequately capture the construct of social orienting and present an adapted framework that is more elaborate in classifying both the degree to which orienting is consciously controlled and the extent to which learning and experience play a role in the acquisition of the social orienting response. The chapter then reviews neuro-imaging and developmental findings (including specific examples of atypical development; autism and schizophrenia) in order to ascertain whether the proposed framework is supported by findings from these research disciplines.
Mental Disorders Across the Life Span and the Role of Executive Function Networks
Authors: Carlson Michelle C. , Eldreth Dana , Chuang Yi-Fang , Eaton William W.
Published: September 2012

This chapter considers the relationship of disorders to brain function. It begins by defining executive functions and their importance to prosocial behavior and independent functioning. It then describes how these functions develop concomitantly with prefrontal brain growth through childhood and adolescence and decline in late life. Next it reviews specific mental disorders that arise during these developmental windows and the executive dysfunctions common to those disorders. The disorders considered include attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, schizophrenia, depression, generalized anxiety disorder, Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, and possibly Alzheimer's disease. The chapter concludes by highlighting the importance of imaging and biomarkers, methods that will continue to elucidate brain-behavior relationships and so aid early detection, prognosis, and treatment.
Mental Health Systems Around the World
Authors: Saxena Shekhar , Bass Judith K. , Everett Anita , Eaton William W. , Novin Atieh
Published: September 2012

This chapter gives an overview of the wide range in capacity and availability of mental health services around the globe. The first section discusses the concepts, definitions, measurement instruments, and sources of data bearing on global mental health and mental illness. That information provides background for the balance of the discussion by exposing the dearth of system-level instruments and readily comparable global data to help guide international public mental health policy. This is followed by an exploration of selected data on mental health systems around the world. Finally, the chapter presents a brief summary of mental health-related activities by leading international agencies.
Introduction
Authors: Bajpai Rochana
Published: September 2012

In India, the most important controversies in recent politics have centred around group rights. Do quotas for other backward classes detract from equality of opportunity or realize social justice? Do exemptions for Muslim family law undermine equal citizenship rights for all individuals or enhance secularism? This book proposes a comparative political theory approach that takes as its starting point the experience of India, a non-Western liberal democracy. It compares debates in the case of two types of groups, religious minorities, and lower castes, involving policies both of cultural rights and affirmative action. This book is divided into two parts. Part I focuses on the Constituent Assembly debates (1946–9), which marked a moment of containment in the career of group rights in India. Part II shifts to two key political debates of the late 1980s, the Shah Bano case and the Mandal debate.
3 Nationalist Discourse and Group Rights
Authors: Bajpai Rochana
Published: September 2012

This chapter argues that nationalist discourse on group rights in the Constituent Assembly of India is best understood as comprising a set of interlinked concepts — secularism, democracy, social justice, national unity, and development. In historical terms, it shows that the dominant interpretation of the nationalist vocabulary in this period was opposed to special provisions for minority groups. As these were seen as a threat to national unity, other concepts of the nationalist vocabulary such as secularism and justice were also construed as antithetical to group-differentiated rights. Indian nationalism spoke in a common, liberal voice against group-differentiated rights in this period, with modernist ideas likely gaining ground as these accorded with Hindu opinion on minority rights. Finally, focusing on secularism, the chapter argues that the nationalist vocabulary was substantially liberal democratic in character, even as it was inflected by indigenous historical and cultural idioms.
5 Secularism and Muslim Personal Law
Authors: Bajpai Rochana
Published: September 2012

This chapter examines the Shah Bano case and considers arguments for and against special provisions for Muslim religious law in India through the prism of secularism. It argues that discursive shifts can be observed in conceptions of secularism in Congress discourse that were conducive to stronger multicultural policies: policy change was accompanied by changes in political justifications regarding group rights. With both equality and freedom-based arguments remaining under-developed in Congress discourse, preferential provisions for cultural protection continued to suffer from a justificatory deficit. This, together with the form of the discursive shift of the Congress, created a favourable ideological climate for the Hindu Right, which saw a surge of support in the aftermath of Shah Bano. While the Congress achieved the policy change it desired, it was unable to transform legitimating norms in the Shah Bano debate.
Conclusion
Authors: Bajpai Rochana
Published: September 2012

This book has focused on two critical junctures in the history of the post-Independence Indian state: the late 1940s, which saw a centralization of power, and the late 1980s, which marked a decentring of power. Thus far, scholars have focused on the institutional, social, and economic aspects of this structural change. In a new departure, this book has constructed an account of political change in India in terms of political ideology, focusing on constitutional and legislative debates over group-differentiated rights. Through a detailed study of political arguments in three landmark debates on group rights (the Constituent Assembly debates of 1946–9, the Shah Bano debate of 1986, and the Mandal debate of 1990), this study has proposed a conceptual model. A legitimating vocabulary comprising a set of inter-linked concepts, those of secularism, democracy, social justice, national unity and development, has framed political debate on group rights in independent India.
The Oxford History of the Laws of England
Authors: Hudson John
Published: September 2012

This volume, in the Oxford History of the Laws of England series, spans three centuries that encompassed the tumultuous years of the Norman conquest, and during which the common law as we know it today began to emerge. It treats all aspects of the early development of the English common law in a century, and features research into the original sources that bring the era to life, and provides an interpretative account, a subject analysis, and glimpses into medieval disputes. Starting with King Alfred (871–899), this book examines the particular contributions of the Anglo‐Saxon period to the development of English law, including the development of a powerful machinery of royal government, significant aspects of a long-lasting court structure, and important elements of law relating to theft and violence. Until the reign of King Stephen (1135–54), these Anglo‐Saxon contributions were maintained by the Norman rulers, whilst the Conquest of 1066 led to the development of key aspects of landholding that were to have a continuing effect on the emerging common law. The Angevin period saw the establishment of more routine royal administration of justice, closer links between central government and individuals in the localities, and growing bureaucratization. Finally, the later twelfth and earlier thirteenth century saw influential changes in legal expertise. The book concludes with the rebellion against King John in 1215 and the production of the Magna Carta.
The History of Law and the History of Disputes
Authors: Hudson John
Published: September 2012

This chapter sets out the purpose of the book, which is to engage with various approaches to the history of law. Some scholars, especially historians, have concentrated primarily on royal ideology, legislation, and administration of justice. Others, in part in reaction to such an approach, have concentrated on processes of disputing. Others still have focused on working out legal customs and their development, most notably with regard to landholding. Such studies tend to emphasise the conscious ideas of those involved, as revealed by language and practice. A fourth approach, generally associated with those from a legal background, has been the uncovering of elementary legal ideas and their transformation, often over periods longer than those treated by historians interested in matters involving law. This study is written with an awareness of the value of all four approaches, as well as of the tendency of approach to shape a conclusion on subjects as broad as the chronology of the emergence of the English common law or the causes and nature of legal change. The chapter then discusses contemporary practices of disputing, taking in the extra-judicial, the extra-curial, the extra-legal, and indeed the illegal.
Kings and Law
Authors: Hudson John
Published: September 2012

The history of the laws of England begins before England was a political entity. King Alfred defeated the Danes who were invading his kingdom of Wessex in the last decades of the ninth century. In the first half of the tenth, his successors, through military and other means, asserted their control over the rest of England. They therefore brought under their power a population upon which Scandinavian settlement had had considerable influence, although it remains uncertain how numerous the Scandinavian settlers were. Then, particularly in the reign of King Edgar (d. 975), king and leading churchmen co-operated in a movement of Church reform, particularly characterised by the promotion of Benedictine monasticism. Kingship was also notable for its administrative power, in judicial matters, and in financial ones. Yet despite such administrative power, internal political divisions continued and the realm was conquered twice by external invaders, Swein and Cnut of Denmark in 1013–16 and William of Normandy in 1066.
Procedure
Authors: Hudson John
Published: September 2012

This chapter outlines the main stages through which court cases might proceed, whilst noting flexibility and variation. It begins by describing two cases in detail. The first case comes from the Libellus Æthelwoldi, which recounts Bishop Æthelwold's land dealings in relation to the abbey of Ely. The second case comes from Lantfred's Miracles of St Swithun. The chapter then discusses bringing an accusation or claim, ensuring attendance, further pleading and argument, mesne judgment, proof, final judgment, and enforcement.
Theft and Violence
Authors: Hudson John
Published: September 2012

This chapter discusses offences committed by individuals or small groups primarily against the victim's person or movable goods. It covers types of offence, responsibility and liability, prevention and police, compensation, punishment, and banishment and outlawry. The achievements of the late Anglo-Saxon kings do seem to have been considerable, not least in exercising their control over a much more extensive kingdom. The heightened aspiration of royal action to limit feud may be evidence of a reduction in the role of self-help, an increased use of judicial routes. The very fact that some men pursued their animosities through the courts, for example by bringing false accusations, can be taken as a sign of the importance of royal justice. The association of offences, certainly of theft, with disloyalty, and the consequent use of forfeiture, distinguished law in late Anglo-Saxon England from that of contemporary Francia. These developments underlie the appearance in the Angevin period of notions of felony and of crime.
Conclusion
Authors: Hudson John
Published: September 2012

This chapter presents conclusions for Part I of the book. The late Anglo-Saxon period gave us our word ‘law’, in the form of the Scandinavian loanword lagu. This made its first appearance for human law in the legislation of Edgar, with reference to the Danes in England. It then comes into wider use from Æthelred's reign, for instance with reference to English as well as Danish areas. Continuity and change from Alfred to 1066, diversity and uniformity, the place of the late Anglo-Saxon period in the development of English law are discussed.
Procedure
Authors: Hudson John
Published: September 2012

In many aspects of activity there was probably considerable continuity across the Norman Conquest within the types of court that had existed in England before 1066. Even in the new seignorial courts that appeared after the Conquest, widely shared assumptions helped to ensure similarities in procedure between courts. However, continuity across 1066 did not necessarily mean a complete lack of change within the Anglo-Norman period. If the customs retained in the heads of the suitors preserved significant elements of pre-Conquest practice, such memory would have diminished over time, allowing custom and procedure to change. This chapter begins with a discussion of two cases. It then covers bringing an accusation or claim, ensuring attendance, further pleading and argument, mesne judgment, proof, final judgment, and enforcement.
Theft and Violence
Authors: Hudson John
Published: September 2012

This chapter discusses offences committed by individuals or small groups, primarily against the victim's person or movable goods. It covers types of offence, responsibility and liability, prevention and police, and punishment. Problems of crime and the methods used to tackle them show considerable continuity across 1066. Whereas a new vocabulary was used to describe many aspects of landholding, English words and English proverbs continued to be applied in many matters of crime. Such linguistic evidence suggests the importance of English suitors within many of the courts dealing with offenders, English suitors who preserved or sought relevant custom.
Status
Authors: Hudson John
Published: September 2012

Personal status in post-Conquest England remained largely a matter of social and economic, rather than discretely legal, position. This chapter discusses hierarchies of status, men of higher status, men of lesser status, clergy, Jews, and lordship in Anglo-Norman and Angevin England.
Theft and Violence
Authors: Hudson John
Published: September 2012

This chapter concentrates on the years of Glanvill and the early plea rolls, whilst noting some earlier changes. The main focus is on serious offences, most judged before the eyre. Treatment of such offences is not only the best recorded, but also the area of most significant change. It discusses types of offence, prevention and police, procedure, punishment of serious offences, lesser offences and trespass, and amercements.
The Language of Oeconomy
Authors: Harvey Karen
Published: September 2012

This chapter explore the concepts which shaped contemporaries’ understanding of men's relationship with the house and household. Focusing on printed works, it establishes the discourse of ‘oeconomy’ as the key to understanding men's (and women's) engagements with the domestic in the eighteenth century. The chapter shows that a language of strict order and deference dominated during the long eighteenth century, created from a fusion of older patriarchalism and classical republican theories of household. The content and audience of this discourse did change, however. Becoming a language of the smaller householder rather than the large landowner in the early 1700s, before shifting focus from the 1770s from estate management and political governance to citizenship for the middling‐sort, ‘oeconomy’ subsequently became a potent expression of political engagement that emphasized frugality and honest virtue in a national community. Throughout, the house remained closely connected to the economy and polity.
Words into Practice
Authors: Harvey Karen
Published: September 2012

This chapter shows how in their writing and speech middling‐sort men gave meaning to their actions using the language of ‘oeconomy’. The chapter argues that men lived oeconomically, as well as wrote about living oeconomically. Men used the word and the concept to judge the actions of themselves and other men. The chapter also shows that men of the middling‐sort were involved in the household at different levels, but particularly at the macro level. A close analysis of men's manuscripts, particularly their accounts, reveals that men managed the resources of the household economy — economic and otherwise — at a global level. Moreover, men's engagements with many aspects of family life were shaped through these accounting practices, suggesting that men did indeed view the house as an oeconomical unit. Carefully written and copied over many hours, these manuscripts express the cultural authority of men's domestic management.
Keeping House
Authors: Harvey Karen
Published: September 2012

This chapter examines the domestic objects and spaces that were meaningful for men and explores how men's domestic engagement and domestic authority was legitimized by the material culture of the house. In ‘keeping house’, men managed goods and people over which they exercised proprietorship, even if legally they did not own them. In doing so, the chapter shows, men rooted themselves and their authority in the physical body of the house. Men engaged with objects as property, inheritance, symbols, makers of memory and relationships, as well as commodities. They consumed low‐value and mundane items alongside larger and intermittent purchases, and the possession and management of these domestic objects created and maintained authority. In their careful management of property and personal investment in meaningful domestic things, the chapter argues, men of the middling‐sorts grounded their identities in the material culture of their domestic lives.
Resources
Authors: Wierda Marieke , Triolo Anthony
Published: September 2012

This chapter considers the means that are made available for the execution of the mandate. It provides a comprehensive overview of funding mechanisms and budgets of international tribunals as well as internal cost allocation between the different court organs. It also ‘follows the money’ and presents cost tabulations and comparisons. After nearly twenty years of experimenting it is clear that international criminal justice does not come cheap.
Structure and Management
Authors: Townsend Gregory
Published: September 2012

This chapter examines the organizational structures that the prosecutors have established for their offices at the international criminal tribunals and courts. It also analyses the management of international prosecution offices. These offices have faced knotty management challenges — some of which are common to all the tribunals — including setting up, establishing a productive office structure, recruiting and retaining highly skilled staff, securing evidence and the cooperation of witnesses, managing vast quantities of data, and effectively communicating with stakeholders. Sections 2 to 12 of the chapter describe and analyse in turn the structures, organization, and management of the eleven different international prosecution offices from that set up in Nuremberg in 1945 until the time of this writing. Section 13 concludes that the organizational structures of these offices have been varied and adapting over time, and that the results were driven, more than by any other factor, by the qualities and skills of the individuals involved rather than the structure or hierarchy in place.
Arrest and Detention
Authors: Ryngaert Cedric
Published: September 2012

This chapter discusses the problem of securing arrest and detention. As international prosecutors know all too well, it is one thing to issue an indictment (and warrant of arrest) but another to get custody of an accused because international tribunals typically do not have arrest powers of their own. When it comes to arrest, the prosecutor ought to be a clever political operator rather than a stellar lawyer. The most he can do himself is to inform the international community about the presence of an accused in a particular state and request arrest and surrender from that state. Compliance is essentially tied to states' political willingness and international political pressure.
Completion
Authors: Heller Kevin Jon
Published: September 2012

With the exception of the International Criminal Court, all of the past or present international tribunals have either completed their work or are scheduled to complete their work in the relatively near future. In some cases, such as the Nuremberg Military Tribunals, the Office of the Prosecutor (OTP) was intimately involved in planning the final phase of the Tribunal's existence. In others, such as the Special Panels for Serious Crimes in East Timor, the OTP played little or no role in the decision-making process. In every case, though, the decision to close a tribunal has had a significant impact on the OTP's ability to fulfil its mandate, however defined. This chapter explores that impact. Section 2 describes the various strategies that tribunals have pursued to complete their work. Section 3 provides a comprehensive analysis of the ways in which those strategies have threatened, and continue to threaten, the legitimacy, independence, and effectiveness of the prosecutorial function. Finally, Section 4 discusses the lessons that current and future tribunals can learn from those completion strategies.
The syndrome of transient epileptic amnesia
Authors: Zeman Adam , Butler Chris , Hodges John , Kapur Narinder
Published: September 2012

Epilepsy reflects a disturbance of a fundamental aspect of brain function, the synchronized rhythmic activity of large populations of neurons. As human memory also depends upon the synchronized rhythmic activity of large populations of neurons, it should not be surprising that epilepsy is commonly associated with memory disturbance, nor that there is an intimate relationship between the brain mechanisms for memory in the medial temporal lobes (MTLs) and the pathogenesis of seizures. This chapter reviews what is known of the disruptive effects of a variety of seizure-types on memory, before focusing on a form of epilepsy of which, unusually, the main manifestation is amnesia.
Neuropsychological assessment of memory in patients with epilepsy
Authors: Djordjevic Jelena , Jones-Gotman Marilyn
Published: September 2012

This chapter reviews the most widely used episodic memory tests and presents key aspects of the authors' approach to memory assessment, developed at the Montreal Neurological Institute. The guiding principles are: nonverbal memory tests must be truly nonverbal; learning paradigms ensure proper encoding; verbal and nonverbal tests should be matched and polarized; repeated testing requires alternate test forms, translated tests require test modifications and norm adjustments; and normative data are essential for interpreting results. Neuropsychologists are confronted with using commercially available tests that may not be effective in the context of patients with epilepsy versus constructing tests specifically tailored for this population. A recent survey of neuropsychologists shows that both approaches are prominent within the profession. The construction of new tests for advancing the field further is advocated here in this chapter.
Structural imaging and neuropathological correlates of memory in epilepsy
Authors: Richardson Mark
Published: September 2012

This chapter presents a narrative review of studies examining the effects of regional brain abnormalities on memory function in epilepsy. Studies were selected for review if pre-operative epilepsy patients were included, and if quantitative neuroimaging or neuropathological variables were correlated with memory test scores; thirty-three studies are described. The literature is heavily biased towards studies of long-term episodic memory in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Only modest and limited conclusions can be reached: the hippocampus is involved in long-term episodic memory processes, and the left hippocampus may be specialized for verbal memory processes. Further insight from this literature is limited by a number of weaknesses and confounds, such as drawing inference on the basis of qualitative associations only, failing to recognize the widespread nature of pathology, and failing to take into account the brain's adaptive processes. Improvements in study design will likely improve this field in the near future.
Functional imaging of memory in epilepsy
Authors: Frings Lars , Wagner Kathrin
Published: September 2012

Previous studies on declarative memory function in epilepsy using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) have primarily pursued two aims: the localization or lateralization of the seizure focus and the reorganization of declarative memory functions; and the pre-surgical prediction of memory outcome after surgical resection within the temporal lobe (TL). It has been demonstrated that medial temporal lobe (MTL) activation patterns differ between left- and right-sided MTL epilepsy patients, which in turn can be differentiated from healthy control subjects. It has further been shown that the functional integrity of the ipsilesional as well as the contralesional MTL can contribute to the prediction of memory outcome after surgery. Recently, the evaluation of alterations of MTL connectivity patterns, as assessed with fMRI, has gained some attention. It has been demonstrated that circumscribed brain damage, like hippocampal sclerosis, may exert effects on functionally connected but remote regions. However, in contrast to pre-surgical language fMRI, memory fMRI in most centres has not been established as a standard pre-surgical diagnostic tool. This chapter argues in favour of further development of the technique and considers memory fMRI to be potentially informative, especially regarding pre-operative prediction of memory outcome and, therefore, patient counselling.
Interrelationships between epilepsy, sleep, and memory
Authors: Axmacher Nikolai
Published: September 2012

This chapter first summarizes data on the neural correlate of the initial step of declarative memory formation, i.e., of encoding which either leads to a feeling of familiarity or to conscious recollection. It summarizes evidence showing that the relationship between the blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) signal (recorded with fMRI) and the underlying neural activity appears to be particularly ambiguous in the medial temporal lobe (MTL); in particular, the BOLD signal does not convey clear information about the level of excitation or inhibition in this brain region. The chapter focuses on electrophysiological recordings in animals and intracranial EEG data from epilepsy patients. It argues that memory formation relies on an inhibitory signal in the medial temporal lobe, which renders hippocampal and neocortical stimulus representations sparser, and on oscillatory activity in the gamma and theta frequency ranges. The second part of the chapter discusses the relationship of these phenomena to epileptiform activity and to memory impairments in epilepsy patients. It gives a brief overview on the neural patterns underlying the second step of memory formation, consolidation. It then describes overlapping neural phenomena during consolidation and epilepsy, such as sharp waves and ripples/fast ripples.
Effects of amygdalohippocampectomy versus corticoamygdalohippocampectomy on memory and nonmemory cognitive functions
Authors: Banks Sarah J. , Jones-Gotman Marilyn
Published: September 2012

In recent years, selective resection from medial temporal lobe (TL) structures has become a preferred approach at many centres that offer surgery as a treatment for intractable TL epilepsy. This operation — selective amygdalohippocampectomy (SAH) — differs from the traditional TL surgery (corticoamygdalohippocampectomy; CAH) in that it spares temporal neocortex, which is removed in addition to amygdala and hippocampus in CAH. Because SAH is a smaller resection, it has been expected to cause less cognitive deficit, but as the targeted structures in SAH are critical for memory, this operation could result in important memory deficits. On the other hand, one might expect some sparing of certain nonmemory skills mediated by temporal neocortex. A growing number of studies have attempted to determine whether CAH and SAH differ in cognitive outcome, most focusing on memory outcome. This chapter reviews that literature and present results from investigations on this issue.
The Exiles of the Younger Julia, D. Junius Silanus, and the poet Ovid
Authors: Pettinger Andrew
Published: September 2012

Chapter Seven offers a new explanation for the treatment of the younger Julia, D. Junius Silanus and Ovid in ad 8 — a popular topic for scholars. It is shown that their punishment was not related to either the relegation of Agrippa or the conviction of Julia’s husband, L. Aemilius Paullus. The affair was not political, but moral. This chapter re-considers the evidence, and posits that Julia and Silanus were in a relationship, possibly marriage, a circumstance which, when it became known, infuriated Augustus. Ovid was punished for having knowledge of the affair. To explain Julia’s harsh treatment, a radical solution is proposed: Julia had been adopted by Augustus.
“Did You Hear About Agrippa?”
Authors: Pettinger Andrew
Published: September 2012

This chapter proposes a solution to the question: who ordered the killing of Agrippa? Rumour that Agrippa and Augustus were reconciled shortly before the latter’s death is shown to belong to ad 16, not ad 14. The rumour was invented by supporters of the pseudo-Agrippa, i.e. Clemens. It is argued that neither Augustus nor Tiberius nor Livia gave the order to execute Agrippa. The order came instead from Augustus’ chief political operative Sallustius Crispus, who was in Rome when Augustus died. Tiberius’ decision not to have a senatorial inquiry left him without a workable defence. Rumour that Tiberius was complicit therefore affected his approach to the succession: he wanted to show that supreme power was his by universal consent, not murder.
Alternative Government
Authors: Pettinger Andrew
Published: September 2012

Chapter Twelve offers a new interpretation for the destruction of Drusus Libo. It is argued that Drusus Libo was a problem for Tiberius in ad 14. He was wooed by Agrippa’s supporters, but finally accepted an offer from Tiberius to form a political alliance. Feeling more secure, Tiberius formally acknowledged his position as Princeps. The alliance was, however, awkward and unstable and fell apart in ad 16. Drusus Libo turned instead to Tiberius’ enemies, who were planning to overthrow the government using a pseudo-Agrippa (i.e. Clemens). It is proposed that the conspirators were planning to dismantle the Principate and call free elections: an open rebuke of Augustus’ legacy and Tiberius’ domination.
Constructing Financial Markets: Reforming Over-the-Counter Derivatives Markets in the Aftermath of the Financial Crisis
Authors: Morgan Glenn
Published: September 2012

The chapter focuses on financial transactions, addressing over-the-counter (OTC) trading of derivatives, which many analyses of the recent financial crisis argue produced significant problems. This area of financial activity grew massively from the 1990s facilitated by legal developments both in the United States and the United Kingdom that ruled out any state regulation of the market while at the same time affirming that the contracts made in the area were fully legally enforceable in US and UK law. At the same time, the private association, the International Swaps and Derivatives Association (ISDA), developed the Model Contract and international private soft law agreements that were generally respected by national legal systems and provided an agreed framework for OTC contracts. The chapter explores how this lack of public regulation was legitimated and the interests which lay behind this legitimation process. It then considers how the financial crisis and the role of OTC derivatives forced a reopening of the issue of how these markets should be regulated. The chapter explores the interplay between what may be described as technical fixes to regulatory problems on the one hand and on the other hand the efforts of private and public actors to defend their interests by shaping the new markets in particular ways.