bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Connections Between Sub‐Cloud Coherent Updrafts and the Life Cycle of Maritime Shallow Cumulus Clouds in Large Eddy Simulation
Authors: Gu Jian‐Feng , Plant Robert S. , Holloway Christopher E.
Published: October 2024

We develop a novel approach to detect cloud‐subcloud coupling during the cloud life cycle and analyze a large eddy simulation of marine shallow cumulus based on the Barbados oceanographic and meteorological experiment campaign. Our results demonstrate how the activity of sub‐cloud coherent updrafts (SCUs) affect the evolution of shallow cloud properties during their life cycles, from triggering to development, and through to dissipation. Most clouds are related to SCUs during their lifetime but not every SCU ( for short‐lived ones) leads to cloud formation. The fastest growing SCUs in a relatively moist region are most likely to initiate clouds. The evolution of cloud base mass‐flux depends on cloud lifetime. Compared with short‐lived clouds, longer lived clouds have longer periods of development, even normalized by the full lifetime, and tend to increase their cloud base mass‐flux to a stronger maximum. This is consistent with the evolution of mass flux near the top of SCU, indicating that the development of clouds is closely related to the sub‐cloud activity. When the SCUs decay and detach from the lifting condensation level, the corresponding cloud base starts to rise, signifying the start of cloud dissipation, during which the cloud top lowers to approach the rising cloud base. Previous studies have described similar conceptual pieces of this relationship but here we provide a continuous framework to cover all the stages of cloud‐subcloud coupling. Our findings provide quantitative evidence to supplement the conceptual model of shallow cloud life cycle and is critical to improve the steady‐state assumption in parameterization.
Nearshore Propagation and Amplification of the Tsunami Following the 2024 Noto Peninsula Earthquake, Japan
Authors: Yamanaka Y. , Matsuba Y. , Shimozono T. , Tajima Y.
Published: October 2024

On 1 January 2024, a massive earthquake struck the Noto Peninsula in Japan, and the resulting tsunami significantly damaged the nearby coasts. This study focuses on Iida Bay, located on the peninsula that suffered severe coastal damage. We observed a tsunami waveform in Iida Bay from video analysis owing to the lack of instrument data. This, combined with the waveform observed outside the bay, was used to correct the initial sea‐surface displacements produced by a prior source model. We successfully reproduced the observed waveforms with corrected displacements and investigated how the tsunami propagated and amplified in the bay. Alongshore wave propagation and superposition were identified as crucial factors in this tsunami event.
Different Origin Field‐Aligned Currents and Their Relationship With Auroral Intensity
Authors: Qu B. H. , Lu J. Y. , Wang Z. W. , Liu J. J. , Wang M. , Li J. Y. , Zhang H.
Published: October 2024

The ionospheric field‐aligned current (FAC) consists of three components related to ionospheric vortices and gradients of Pedersen and Hall conductances, with the first term being of magnetospheric origin and the latter two being of ionospheric origin (Eq. 1). We calculate each of them between 2010 and 2016 using line‐of‐sight velocity data from the Super Dual Auroral Radar Network radar and auroral electron precipitation data from the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program. Then, we investigate the contribution of each FAC component, as well as the relationship between each FAC component and auroral activity. Our result shows that ionospheric‐origin FACs contribute up to 54% (dawn) and 42% (dusk) within the auroral oval. Both magnetospheric‐origin FACs and ionospheric‐origin FACs initially increase and then stabilize as the SuperMAG electrojet (SME) index increases. After stabilization, these two currents have almost equally important roles, with an average contribution rate of 56% and 44%, respectively. Additionally, the ionospheric‐origin FACs are found to have a higher dependency on auroral intensity. We also find that magnetospheric‐origin FACs exhibit distribution patterns similar to the R1/R2 FAC systems because their directions are determined by vorticities. When the SME index exceeds 200 nT, the contribution from the Pedersen conductance gradient consistently exhibits downward currents near 70° magnetic latitude in the dusk and predawn sectors due to the combined effects of velocities and Pedersen conductance gradients. However, the distribution pattern from the Hall conductance gradient is not so clear due to the uncertainty in the angle between velocity and Hall conductance gradient.
Location of Geomagnetic Disturbances in Relation to the Field Aligned Current Boundary
Authors: Bower G. E. , Imber S. , Milan S. E. , Schillings A. , Fleetham A. L. , Gjerloev J. W.
Published: October 2024

Geomagnetic disturbances (GMDs) are rapid fluctuations in the strength and direction of the magnetic field near the surface of the Earth which can cause electric currents to be induced in the ground. The geomagnetically induced currents (GICs) can cause damage to pipelines and power grids. A detection algorithm has been developed to identify rapid changes in 10 s averaged magnetometer data. This higher resolution data is important in capturing the most rapid changes associated with extreme GIC events. The algorithm has been used on an array of ground‐based magnetometers from SuperMAG data from 2010 to 2022, creating a new list of global GMDs. Data from the Active Magnetosphere and Planetary Electrodynamics Response Experiment (AMPERE) is used to place the observed GMDs in the context of the global pattern of magnetosphere‐ionosphere field‐aligned currents (FACs). A dawn sector population of GMDs is found to lie near the boundary between the region 1 and region 2 FACs, while a pre‐midnight sector population is found to occur poleward of the FAC boundary on region 1 upward FACs. It is also shown that the latitude of the GMDs expands with the FAC boundary and their occurrence peaks around 77° magnetic latitude.
The ROC Curve Examination on Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances in FORMOSAT‐7/COSMIC‐2 IVM Ion Density Triggered by the 15 January 2022 Tonga Volcanic Eruption
Authors: Liu Jann‐Yenq , Cheng Ching‐Chung , Lee Po‐Han , Liu Tien‐Chi , Lin Chi‐Yen , Lin Charles Chien‐Hung , Kan Kevin
Published: October 2024

The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) and the area under the curve (AUC), initially developed for signal processing and psychology, are a test for assessing the performance of a binary classification problem at varying threshold values. The ion density (Ni) observed by FORMOSAT‐7/COSMIC‐2 is used to study traveling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs) triggered by the 15 January 2022 Tonga volcanic eruption. We examine parameters of Ni, differential Ni, and standard deviation Ni (STD_Ni) in January 2022, simulate TID wavefronts traveling with various speeds from 10 to 1,000 m/s, and apply the ROC curve to globally identify the significance of TIDs in STD_Ni triggered by the volcanic eruption. ROC and AUC results show that in addition to TIDs related to tsunami/tropospheric Lamb waves and a series of fast‐moving waves with propagation speeds of 180–350 and 450–600 m/s, respectively, those long‐lasting low‐speeds less than 70 m/s and high‐speeds about 690, 860, and 990 m/s meet 95% statistical significance, which confirms TIDs being detected. These show that the FORMOSAT‐7/COSMIC‐2 ion density can be used to globally detect various TIDs triggered by the Tonga volcanic eruption. The ROC test results also show a potential use case for detecting other geophysical signals in future applications.
Influences of the Stagnant Pacific Slab Beyond Its Westernmost Edge: Insights From the Cenozoic Alkaline Basalts in the Dariganga Volcanic Field, SE Mongolia
Authors: Huang Zongying , Yuan Chao , Zhang Yunying , Narantsetseg Tserendash , Gu Haiou , Xu Yi‐Gang , Wang Qiang
Published: October 2024

It remains uncertain whether a stagnant slab in the mantle transition zone can affect the asthenospheric mantle beyond its leading edge. To address this question, we investigated Cenozoic alkaline basalts from the Dariganga volcanic field (DVF) in southeastern Mongolia. The DVF is located west of North–South Gravity Lineament (NSGL) in Eastern China, which is spatially coincident with the seismically detected stagnant Pacific slab front. Basalts from the DVF consist of nephelinite, basanite and alkali olivine basalt. These rocks have relatively high Nb/U (average = 58) and Nb/La (>1) ratios and radiogenic Nd–Hf isotopic compositions. They also have high Ca/Al (0.60–1.13), Zn/FeT (13.5–16.5), and FeO/MnO (77–112) ratios as well as low δ26Mg (−0.42‰ to −0.26‰) values, reflecting an asthenospheric mantle source modified by carbonated eclogite‐derived melts. Pb–Nd–Hf isotope characteristics indicate that the carbonated eclogite‐derived melts likely originated from the stagnant Pacific slab. Although Cenozoic basalts from both the east of the NSGL (ENSGL) and DVF domains exhibit light δ26Mg values, basalts from the ENSGL nevertheless have lower δ26Mg values than those in the DVF domain. This suggests a gradual westward decline in the amount of carbonated melts/fluids derived from the stagnant Pacific slab. This variation trend, combined with a more fertile and oxidized asthenospheric mantle toward the ENSGL, indicates that the stagnant slab has affected the mantle and created a compositional aureole beyond its leading edge, which substantially contributed to the formation of the alkaline basalts in the DVF.
Effect of Soil Moisture on Future Heatwaves Over Eastern China: Convection‐Permitting Regional Climate Simulations
Authors: Xu Yi , Fang Juan , Wang Pinya , Qiu Xuexing , Tang Jianping
Published: October 2024

Soil moisture deficiencies exacerbate heatwaves through soil moisture‐temperature feedback, an effect that is expected to intensify with climate change, resulting in critical impacts on society and ecosystems. This study aims to investigate the evolving soil moisture‐heatwave relationship over eastern China in the future, using a convection‐permitting (CP, ∼4 km) regional climate model (RCM). The CP‐RCM model simulates historical (1998–2007) and future (2070–2099) climates over eastern China, with three pseudo‐global warming (PGW) experiments conducted under the RCP2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5 scenarios. Results indicate a substantial increase in heatwave frequency (HWF) and magnitude (HWM) over eastern China, particularly under the RCP8.5 scenario. The largest HWF (up to 23 days) is expected in South China (SC), and the largest HWM (up to 3.25°C) is expected in Loess Plateau (LP) and North China Plain (NCP), indicating a pronounced future risk of heatwave in the region. Antecedent soil moisture exhibits a negative correlation with heatwave indices (HWM and HWF) in most areas of eastern China, suggesting its role in mitigating heatwaves. Quantile regression analysis shows that antecedent soil moisture exerts a stronger effect on the upper quantile of the HWF/HWM than on the lower quantile. With global warming, the amplifying effect due to soil moisture deficiency on future heatwaves is expected to expand spatially and become more pronounced. Increased soil moisture control on heatwaves can be attributed to reduced energy limitation and intensified water limitation. A comprehensive investigation across five sub‐regions reveals the role of various soil moisture regimes in modulating heatwaves over eastern China.
Organic Carbon and Ca‐Rich Carbonate Detections in Soils of the Northern Plains, Mars: Evaluation of Unreported Data From the Mars Phoenix Scout's Thermal Evolved Gas Analyzer (TEGA)
Authors: Sutter B. , Archer P. D. , Niles P. B. , Ming D. W. , Hamara D. , Boynton W. V.
Published: October 2024

The Thermal Evolved Gas Analyzer (TEGA) analysis of surface and icy subsurface Phoenix landing site soils consisted of low (300–700°C) and high (>700°C) temperature CO2 evolutions that were attributed to organic carbon (83–1,484 μgC/g) and Ca‐rich carbonate (1.1–2.6 wt.%). Total carbon abundances ranged from 1,143 to 4,905 µgC/g, which is the highest soil carbon concentration so far detected on Mars. Low temperature CO2 was attributed to oxidized organic C (e.g., oxalates, acetates), while hydrocarbon combustion was indicated in two soils by the detection of coevolved CO2 and O2 (perchlorate). Combustion reactions may have prevented the detection of hydrocarbon masses in the Phoenix landing site soils. Organic C was likely derived from meteoritic and igneous/hydrothermal sources, but microbiological sources cannot be excluded. CO2 evolved at high temperatures was consistent with Ca‐rich carbonate along with possible minor contributions from macromolecular organic carbon and mineral/glass vesicle CO2. Carbon detected in the Phoenix landing site soil and other landing site soils and sands (e.g., Gale/Jezero craters) would be consistent with global organic C and carbonate in soils and sand across Mars. However, oxidizing water thin films derived from the near‐surface ice in the Phoenix soils favor Ca‐carbonate over Fe‐carbonate, which is likely more stable in the ice‐free regions of Mars (e.g., Gale/Jezero craters). The global carbon budget on Mars inferred from these results emphasizes that Mars Sample Return should yield carbon bearing soil/rock that would allow the identification of the origin of carbon and any possible connections to ancient martian microbiology.
From Labquakes to Megathrusts: Scaling Deep Learning Based Pickers Over 15 Orders of Magnitude
Authors: Shi Peidong , Meier Men‐Andrin , Villiger Linus , Tuinstra Katinka , Selvadurai Paul Antony , Lanza Federica , Yuan Sanyi , Obermann Anne , Mesimeri Maria , Münchmeyer Jannes , Bianchi Patrick , Wiemer Stefan
Published: October 2024

The application of machine learning techniques in seismology has greatly advanced seismological analysis, especially for earthquake detection and seismic phase picking. However, machine learning approaches still face challenges in generalizing to data sets that differ from their original training setting. Previous studies focused on retraining or transfer‐learning models for these scenarios, but require high‐quality labeled data sets. This paper demonstrates a new approach for augmenting already trained models without the need for additional training data. We propose four strategies—rescaling, model aggregation, shifting, and filtering—to enhance the performance of pre‐trained models on out‐of‐distribution data sets. We further devise various methodologies to ensemble the individual predictions from these strategies to obtain a final unified prediction result featuring prediction robustness and detection sensitivity. We develop an open‐source Python module quakephase that implements these methods and can flexibly process input continuous seismic data of any sampling rate. With quakephase and pre‐trained ML models from SeisBench, we perform systematic benchmark tests on data recorded by different types of instruments, ranging from acoustic emission sensors to distributed acoustic sensing, and collected at different scales, spanning from laboratory acoustic emission events to major tectonic earthquakes. Our tests highlight that rescaling is essential for dealing with small‐magnitude seismic events recorded at high sampling rates as well as larger magnitude events having long coda and remote events with long wave trains. Our results demonstrate that the proposed methods are effective in augmenting pre‐trained models for out‐of‐distribution data sets, especially in scenarios with limited labeled data for transfer learning.
Parent-perceived oral habits among a group of school children: prevalence and predictors
Authors: Khattab Nagwa Mohamed Ali , Abd-Elsabour Mennat Allah Ashraf , Omar Ola Moustafa
Published: October 2024

Purpose

Practicing oral habits beyond the normal age range is assumed to be due to underlying psychological disturbance and could result in a deformation of the orofacial structure. The first step in managing such a health condition is to evaluate its size. Thus, this study aimed primarily to assess the prevalence of oral habits among a group of school children aged from 5 to 7 years, in Cairo, Egypt. The secondary aim of the study was to investigate some possible related predictors along with the mother’s perception of the child’s oral health-related quality of life.

Methods

A Google form questionnaire was designed, utilizing the third domain of Nordic Orofacial Test-Screen (NOT-S), to assess the presence or absence of oral habits and their types, if reported. Also, there were two global rating items to test the child’s oral health-related quality of life from the mother’s prospection, along with one item to inquire if the mother thinks that the oral habits are harmful to the child. A total number of 23 schools in Cairo, Egypt were randomly selected, and the link to the Google form was distributed through the parent’s groups on social media. All high-quality complete responses were analyzed using the SPSS program, and a Log-binomial regression model was constructed, to determine the significant predictors of practicing oral habits in children.

Results

Among the analyzed 1128 responses, the total number of answers to the third domain of interview part of NOT-S was 1235, with a response rate of (60.39%), no habits were reported in 635 children (51.4%), while nail biting was noted in 21.8%, bruxism in 17.9% and Sucking habits in 8.9%. In total, 63.8% of children who were reported by their parents to be the “only child” didn’t practice any habit, and a higher prevalence of oral habits was detected in children with siblings. There was no detectable association between the mother’s educational level and practicing any of the habits, although there was an association between the mother’s educational level and their awareness of the harmful effect of oral habits on the child. The mothers’ answers to the global rating items were not associated with any of the oral habits.

Conclusion

The most prevalent oral habit in the current study was the nail-biting habit. The presence of other siblings and the number of siblings were contributory factors in the occurrence of oral habits, while mothers’ educational level was not associated with practicing oral habits. The mothers’ awareness of the harmful effect of oral habits on the children was not satisfactory, and there was no association between oral health-related quality of life and the children’s oral habits, from the mothers’ perspective.
A novel methodology for analysing dental implant positional changes from virtual planning to placement without CBCT
Authors: Nulty Adam B.
Published: October 2024

Introduction This paper introduces a novel methodology for analysing dental implant positioning in vivo, advancing beyond traditional methods that rely on post-placement cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans.

Method The core of the methodology is comparing stereolithography (STL) files, representing pre-planned and actual post-placement implant positions. These STL files, exported from guided surgery planning and computer-aided design software, focus on clinically significant key points, like the apical and coronal midpoints. Additionally, the method uses pose detection, differing fundamentally from CBCT scan approximations.

Discussion Relying on pose detection instead of scanner resolution, this method aligns with international standards and overcomes CBCT and intra-oral scanner limitations. It allows for a more precise and accurate assessment of implant positions, independent of scanner technology constraints. Further refinements include potential detailed reporting of apical deviations, enhancing implant placement accuracy.

Conclusion This research has significant implications for dental implantology, enhancing implant placement precision and overall procedure success. Introducing an automated process for report generation through a batch script improves efficiency and precision, streamlining the analysis process. This innovation sets the stage for future technological advancements, improving both the accuracy and reliability of implant placement assessments.
What are the public health benefits of community-based education in dentistry? A scoping review
Authors: Ayibuofu-Uwandi Vivian , Dyer Thomas A.
Published: October 2024

Aim To examine what is known about the public health benefits of community-based education in dentistry.

Method A scoping review was conducted using a modified Arksey and O'Malley framework. Database searches were undertaken on PubMed, Medline via Ovid, CINAHL via EBSCO and ERIC, and a grey literature search was undertaken on OpenGrey, Medlar, BASE and the British Library. Reference lists of included studies were also searched. Although no formal quality assessment was undertaken, observations on methodological rigour were recorded.

Results In total, 31 studies from nine countries met the inclusion criteria. Most were from high-income countries. Methodologies of included studies varied: quantitative (n = 17); qualitative (n = 5); mixed methods (n = 6); and reviews (n = 3). Several potential public health benefits were reported: increased access to dental services (including improvements in their availability, affordability, acceptability, accessibility, and accommodation); improved awareness/health literacy of students and communities; and improved clinical outcomes. The overall quality of the evidence was low and had little community engagement.

Conclusion Notwithstanding the methodological limitations of the included studies, several potential public health benefits have been associated with community-based education in dentistry. Rigorously designed, methodologically appropriate research is needed, which should include engagement with communities.
The αvβ6 integrin specific virotherapy, Ad5NULL-A20.FCU1, selectively delivers potent “in-tumour” chemotherapy to pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
Authors: Badder Luned M. , Davies James A. , Meniel Valerie S. , Marušková Mahulena , Salvador-Barbero Beatriz , Bayliss Rebecca J. , Phesse Toby J. , Hogan Catherine , Parker Alan L.
Published: October 2024

Background

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) represent an unmet clinical need. Approximately 90% of PDACs express high levels of αvβ6 integrin. We have previously described Ad5NULL-A20, an adenovirus vector with ablated native means of cell entry and retargeted to αvβ6 integrin by incorporation of an A20 peptide.

Methods

Here, we incorporate suicide genes FCY1 and FCU1 encoding for cytosine deaminase (CDase) or a combination of CDase and UPRTase, capable of catalysing a non-toxic prodrug, 5-FC into the chemotherapeutic 5-FU and downstream metabolites, into replication-deficient Ad5 and Ad5NULL-A20.

Results

We show that Ad5NULL-A20 enables the transfer of suicide genes to αvβ6 integrin-positive PDAC cells which, in combination with 5-FC, results in cell death in vitro which is further mediated by a bystander effect in non-transduced cells. Intratumoural delivery of Ad5NULL-A20.FCU1 in combination with intraperitoneal delivery of 5-FC further results in tumour growth inhibition in a cell line xenograft in vivo. Using clinically-relevant 3D organoid models, we show selective transduction and therapeutic efficacy of FCU1 transgenes in combination with 5-FC.

Conclusion

Taken together these data provide the preclinical rationale for combined Ad5NULL-A20.FCU1 plus 5-FC as a promising targeted therapy to mediate “in-tumour chemotherapy” and merits further investigation for the treatment of PDAC patients.
The phonon-modulated Jahn–Teller distortion of the nitrogen vacancy center in diamond
Authors: Carbery William P. , Farfan Camille A. , Ulbricht Ronald , Turner Daniel B.
Published: October 2024

The negatively charged nitrogen vacancy (NV) center in diamond is an optically accessible material defect with a unique combination of spin and optical properties that has attracted interest in quantum-information sciences and as a design candidate for nanoscale quantum sensors. Here, we present time-resolved nonlinear optical spectroscopy measurements, conducted with ultrabroadband laser pulses, that reveal strong modulation of the excited-state by the longitudinal optical (LO) phonon of the diamond lattice. The LO phonon and its overtones geometrically distort neighboring NV centers, driving long lived (3.5 ps) excited state relaxation of coupled NV centers after the initial excitation and ultrafast (<150 fs) decay of the Jahn–Teller distortion. These observations elevate the LO phonon to an important tuning mode of the Jahn–Teller conical intersection and help resolve previous spectroscopy experiments that noted longer-lived excited-state dynamics.
Effects of iron supplements and iron-containing micronutrient powders on the gut microbiome in Bangladeshi infants: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Baldi Andrew , Braat Sabine , Hasan Mohammed Imrul , Bennett Cavan , Barrios Marilou , Jones Naomi , Abdul Azeez Imadh , Wilcox Stephen , Roy Pradip Kumar , Bhuiyan Mohammad Saiful Alam , Ataide Ricardo , Clucas Danielle , Larson Leila M. , Hamadani Jena , Zimmermann Michael , Bowden Rory , Jex Aaron , Biggs Beverley-Ann , Pasricha Sant-Rayn
Published: October 2024

Anemia is highly prevalent globally, especially in young children in low-income countries, where it often overlaps with a high burden of diarrheal disease. Distribution of iron interventions (as supplements or iron-containing multiple micronutrient powders, MNPs) is a key anemia reduction strategy. Small studies in Africa indicate iron may reprofile the gut microbiome towards pathogenic species. We seek to evaluate the safety of iron and MNPs based on their effects on diversity, composition, and function of the gut microbiome in children in rural Bangladesh as part of a large placebo-controlled randomized controlled trial of iron or MNPs given for 3 months (ACTRN12617000660381). In 923 infants, we evaluate the microbiome before, immediately following, and nine months after interventions, using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and shotgun metagenomics in a subset. We identify no increase in diarrhea with either treatment. In our primary analysis, neither iron nor MNPs alter gut microbiome diversity or composition. However, when not adjusting for multiple comparisons, compared to placebo, children receiving iron and MNPs exhibit reductions in commensal species (e.g., Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus) and increases in potential pathogens, including Clostridium. These increases are most evident in children with baseline iron repletion and are further supported by trend-based statistical analyses.
Sport mental health continuum in young Brazilian athletes: adaptation and psychometric properties
Authors: Tozetto Willen Remon , Milan Fabrício João , Lima Cláudio Olivio Vilela , Milistetd Michel
Published: October 2024

Instruments used to assess the mental well-being of young athletes in Brazil are scarce. Therefore, the present study aimed to translate, cross-culturally adapt for young athletes, and gather evidence of validity for the Sport Mental Health—Short Form (S-MHC) for use in Brazilian Portuguese. The research was conducted in five stages: translation, synthesis, back-translation, expert review, and validation of the psychometric properties. For validation, 246 young athletes of both genders (88 females, 35.8%), aged between 12 and 18 years (14.5 ± 1.9 years), were recruited. Psychometric methods were employed to confirm and validate the translated and adapted versions of the S-MHC for young athletes, including internal consistency using Cronbach's alpha and McDonald's omega, composite reliability, Item Characteristic Curve (ICC) using Item Response Theory (IRT), and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). Two structures were tested, with Model 1 loading the 14 items of the translated version of the S-MHC into a single latent factor and Model 2 loading the items into three factors related to emotional, social, and psychological sport well-being. Both models showed good validity, consistency, and reliability measures and can be used to investigate the sport well-being of young athletes. It was concluded that the translated version of the S-MHC in Brazilian Portuguese can be used to assess the sport well-being of young athletes in Brazil. Model 2 structure is recommended to observe the different nuances of emotional, social, and psychological well-being.
Synthesis and characterization of some new Schiff base azo disperse dyes based on chromene moiety for simultaneous dyeing and antimicrobial finishing
Authors: Fathy Hagar , Helal M. H. , Abbas Dina , Mohamed Fatma A.
Published: October 2024

New azo Schiff base disperse dyes based on a chromene moiety were synthesized by reacting (2-amino-7-hydroxy-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4 H-chromene-3 carbonitrile) and(2-amino-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-7-hydroxy-4 H-chromene-3-carbonitrile), with vanillin and ninhydrin, producing new chromene Schiff base derivatives, which in turn were coupled with 2-chloro-4-nitroaniline diazonium salt to give new 4 azo disperse dyes (1–4). The structures of the prepared dyes were confirmed using elemental analysis, 1HNMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and IR. The synthesized dyes were applied to polyester and nylon fabrics using different dyeing techniques: high temperature- high pressure, and ultrasonic dyeing methods. The highest K/S values for all investigated dyes were achieved usinga high temperature-high pressure dyeing technique. Also, the color reflectance of all synthesized dyes with different dyeing shades (1%, 2%, and 3%) was obtained. The fastness properties of the dyed samples using the investigated dyes showed good color fastness toward light, washing, rubbing, and perspiration fastness. The presence of a chromene moiety and Schiff base in the investigated dyes promotes a higher antimicrobial activity on nylon and polyester fabrics against all tested bacteria (E. coli gram-negative and Staphylococcus aureus gram-positive) and two fungi, Aspergillus Niger and Candida albicans.
Incorporating date palm fibers for sustainable friction composites in vehicle brakes
Authors: Ammar Zeina , Adly Mahmoud , Abdalakrim Somia Yassin Hussain , Mehanny Sherif
Published: October 2024

The demand for eco-friendly materials in automotive components has spurred research into natural fibers as sustainable alternatives for brake pads. This study examines the potential of date palm fibers, particularly the palm frond midrib (PFM), in brake pad composites. The effects of epoxy, PFM, and calcium carbonate on the composites’ mechanical and tribological properties were analyzed. The optimal formulation (25% epoxy, 30% PFM, 35% calcium carbonate) exhibited superior properties, including a hardness of 87 HRB, wear rate of 1.5E-03 mg/mm, and COF of 0.73, surpassing commercial pads. Additionally, an inverse relationship between PFM/calcium carbonate content and compressibility was observed, with increased calcium carbonate enhancing wear resistance. This research underscores the potential of utilizing date palm resources in eco-friendly brake manufacturing, reducing the environmental and health impacts of traditional materials.
Comparative analysis of the influence of BpfA and BpfG on biofilm development and current density in Shewanella oneidensis under oxic, fumarate- and anode-respiring conditions
Authors: Klein Edina Marlen , Heintz Hannah , Wurst René , Schuldt Simon , Hähl Hendrik , Jacobs Karin , Gescher Johannes
Published: October 2024

Biofilm formation by Shewanella oneidensis has been extensively studied under oxic conditions; however, relatively little is known about biofilm formation under anoxic conditions and how biofilm architecture and composition can positively influence current generation in bioelectrochemical systems. In this study, we utilized a recently developed microfluidic biofilm analysis setup with automated 3D imaging to investigate the effects of extracellular electron acceptors and synthetic modifications to the extracellular polymeric matrix on biofilm formation. Our results with the wild type strain demonstrate robust biofilm formation even under anoxic conditions when fumarate is used as the electron acceptor. However, this pattern shifts when a graphite electrode is employed as the electron acceptor, resulting in biofilm formation falling below the detection limit of the optical coherence tomography imaging system. To manipulate biofilm formation, we aimed to express BpfG with a single amino acid substitution in the catalytic center (C116S) and to overexpress bpfA. Our analyses indicate that, under oxic conditions, overarching mechanisms predominantly influence biofilm development, rather than the specific mutations we investigated. Under anoxic conditions, the bpfG mutation led to a quantitative increase in biofilm formation, but both strains exhibited significant qualitative changes in biofilm architecture compared to the controls. When an anode was used as the sole electron acceptor, both the bpfA and bpfG mutations positively impacted mean current density, yielding a 1.8-fold increase for each mutation.
Defected photonic crystal as propylene glycol THz sensor using parity-time symmetry
Authors: Zaky Zaky A. , Al-Dossari M. , Zhaketov V. D. , Aly Arafa H.
Published: October 2024

Detecting unsafe levels of chemical gases and vapors is essential in improving and maintaining a healthy environment for all to enjoy. Propylene glycol is a colorless, synthetic gas commonly used in medications, fragrances, and cosmetics. It causes side effects such as headaches, lightheadedness, nausea, and fainting. So, monitoring of propylene glycol is critically vital. This study uses a defected photonic crystal as a propylene glycol THz sensor. Due to the high absorption of propylene glycol, the intensity of the resonant confined mode is very small. As a result, the performance of the designed sensor seems unsatisfactory. We will use parity-time symmetry for the first time in THz to magnify the resonant confined mode to detect propylene glycol. The effect of microcavity thickness, incident angle, and gain/loss factor will be studied. The optimized sensor recorded distinguished results compared to other studies for the detection of propylene glycol.
Characterizing the allele-specific gene expression landscape in high hyperdiploid acute lymphoblastic leukemia with BASE
Authors: Andersson Jonas , Aydın Efe , Gunnarsson Rebeqa , Lilljebjörn Henrik , Fioretos Thoas , Johansson Bertil , Paulsson Kajsa , Yang Minjun
Published: October 2024

Somatic copy number variations (CNVs), including abnormal chromosome numbers and structural changes leading to gain or loss of genetic material, play a crucial role in initiation and progression of cancer. CNVs are believed to cause gene dosage imbalances and modify cis-regulatory elements, leading to allelic expression imbalances in genes that influence cell division and thereby contribute to cancer development. However, the impact of CNVs on allelic gene expression in cancer remains unclear. Allele-specific expression (ASE) analysis, a potent method for investigating genome-wide allelic imbalance profiles in tumors, assesses the relative expression of two alleles using high-throughput sequencing data. However, many existing methods for gene-level ASE detection rely on only RNA sequencing data, which present challenges in interpreting the genetic mechanisms underlying ASE in cancer. To address this issue, we developed a robust framework that integrates allele-specific copy number calls into ASE calling algorithms by leveraging paired genome and transcriptome data from the same sample. This integration enhances the interpretability of the genetic mechanisms driving ASE, thereby facilitating the identification of driver events triggered by CNVs in cancer. In this study, we utilized BASE to conduct a comprehensive analysis of ASE in high hyperdiploid acute lymphoblastic leukemia (HeH ALL), a prevalent childhood malignancy characterized by gains of chromosomes X, 4, 6, 10, 14, 17, 18, and 21. Our analysis unveiled the comprehensive ASE landscape in HeH ALL. Through a multi-perspective examination of HeH ASEs, we offer a systematic understanding of how CNVs impact ASE in HeH, providing valuable insights to guide ASE studies in cancer.
The utility of MRI radiological biomarkers in determining intracranial pressure
Authors: Pandit Anand S. , China Musa , Jain Raunak , Jalal Arif H. B. , Jelen Maria , Joshi Shivani B. , Skye Crystallynn , Abdi Zakee , Aldabbagh Yousif , Alradhawi Mohammad , Banks Ptolemy D. W. , Stasiak Martyna K. , Tan Emily B. C. , Yildirim Fleur C. , Ruffle James K. , D’Antona Linda , Asif Hasan , Thorne Lewis , Watkins Laurence D. , Nachev Parashkev , Toma Ahmed K.
Published: October 2024

Intracranial pressure (ICP) is a physiological parameter that conventionally requires invasive monitoring for accurate measurement. Utilising multivariate predictive models, we sought to evaluate the utility of non-invasive, widely accessible MRI biomarkers in predicting ICP and their reversibility following cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) diversion. The retrospective study included 325 adult patients with suspected CSF dynamic disorders who underwent brain MRI scans within three months of elective 24-h ICP monitoring. Five MRI biomarkers were assessed: Yuh sella grade, optic nerve vertical tortuosity (VT), optic nerve sheath distension, posterior globe flattening and optic disc protrusion (ODP). The association between individual biomarkers and 24-h ICP was examined and reversibility of each following CSF diversion was assessed. Multivariate models incorporating these radiological biomarkers were utilised to predict 24-h median intracranial pressure. All five biomarkers were significantly associated with median 24-h ICP (p < 0.0001). Using a pair-wise approach, the presence of each abnormal biomarker was significantly associated with higher median 24-h ICP (p < 0.0001). On multivariate analysis, ICP was significantly and positively associated with Yuh sella grade (p < 0.0001), VT (p < 0.0001) and ODP (p = 0.003), after accounting for age and suspected diagnosis. The Bayesian multiple linear regression model predicted 24-h median ICP with a mean absolute error of 2.71 mmHg. Following CSF diversion, we found pituitary sella grade to show significant pairwise reversibility (p < 0.001). ICP was predicted with clinically useful precision utilising a compact Bayesian model, offering an easily interpretable tool using non-invasive MRI data. Brain MRI biomarkers are anticipated to play a more significant role in the screening, triaging, and referral of patients with suspected CSF dynamic disorders.
Unveiling fungal strategies: Mycoremediation in multi-metal pesticide environment using proteomics
Authors: Dey Priyadarshini , Malik Anushree , Singh Dileep Kumar , Haange Sven-Bastiaan , von Bergen Martin , Jehmlich Nico
Published: October 2024

Micropollutants, such as heavy metals and pesticides, inhibit microbial growth, threatening ecosystems. Yet, the mechanism behind mycoremediation of the pesticide lindane and multiple metals (Cd, Total Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn) remains poorly understood. In our study, we investigated cellular responses in Aspergillus fumigatus PD-18 using LC-MS/MS, identifying 2190 proteins, 1147 of which were consistently present under both stress conditions. Specifically, Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase and heat shock proteins were up-regulated to counter oxidative stress and protein misfolding. Proteins involved in intracellular trafficking, secretion, and vesicular transport; RNA processing and modification showed enhanced abundance and regulating stress response pathways. Additionally, haloalkane dehalogenase and homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase played pivotal roles in lindane mineralization. Bioinformatics analysis highlighted enriched pathways such as Glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism and Purine metabolism, that are crucial for combating adverse environments. We identified the hub protein 26 S proteasome regulatory subunit complex as potential biomarker and remedial targets for mycoremediation of wastewater, suggesting practical applications for environmental remediation.
Propagation of periodic director and flow patterns in a cholesteric liquid crystal under electroconvection
Authors: Yoshioka Jun , Nobori Hiroki , Fukao Koji , Araoka Fumito
Published: October 2024

The electroconvection of liquid crystals is a typical example of a dissipative structure generated by complicated interactions between three factors: convective flow, structural deformation, and the migration of charge carriers. In this study, we found that the periodic structural deformation of a cholesteric liquid crystal propagates in space, like a wave, under an alternating-current electric field. The existence of convection and charge carriers was confirmed by flow-field measurements and dielectric relaxation spectroscopy. Given that the wave phenomenon results from electroconvection, we suggest a possible model for describing the mechanism of wave generation. The validity of the model was examined using the Onsager variational principle. Consequently, it was suggested that wave generation can be described by four effects: the electrostatic potential, mixing entropy, anisotropic friction due to charge migration, and viscous dissipation of the liquid crystal.
Critical yield components for achieving high annual grain yield in ratoon rice
Authors: He Hui , Song Linqiong , Wang Weiqin , Zheng Huabin , Tang Qiyuan
Published: October 2024

Ratoon rice is considered an eco-friendly and resource-efficient method for rice cultivation, providing innovative strategies to mitigate the global food crisis. To clarify the critical yield components for achieving high annual grain yield in ratoon rice, data from 136 widely cultivated rice cultivars were collected through a six-year field experiment. The study analyzed the correlations between yield components and yields for both the main season and the ratoon season, indicating that main yields vary between 5.9 and 10.9 Mg ha−1, exhibiting a highly significant positive correlation with spikelets per panicle; ratoon yields range from 1.8 to 7.1 Mg ha−1, showing a highly significant positive correlation with panicles per m2, grain filling rate, and 1000-grain weight. Path analysis reveals that, in terms of contributing to ratoon yield, the grain filling rate is the most influential component, followed by panicles per m2, and 1000-grain weight. Therefore, by selecting large-panicle cultivars in the main season and enhancing panicles per m2, grain filling rate, and grain weight in the ratoon season, high annual yield in ratoon rice can be realized.
Fundamental, technical and environmental overviews of plastic chemical recycling
Authors: Luo Hui , Tyrrell Helen , Bai Jingyang , Ibrahim Muazu Rukayya , Long Xiangyi
Published: October 2024

We review the fundamental knowledge and research advancements in chemically recycling different types of plastic, and highlight the current challenges and future opportunities in implementing these technologies to meet climate-neutral targets.
Preparation and application of high thermal conductivity phase change microcapsules with fluorescence characteristics based on a ZnWO4 shell
Authors: Cheng H. , Tang B. , Bao H. Y. , Shan F. , Lu C. X.
Published: October 2024

This method produces microcapsules that possess a high thermal rate and good UV absorption and fluorescence properties, making them suitable for use in fluorescent buildings, textiles, coatings, and other applications.
Multicolor luminescence and afterglow from Cs2NaScCl6:Sb3+,Mn2+ crystals
Authors: Wang Xiaojia , Zheng Wei , Zhang Xiangzhou , Chen Xiangxiang , Zhang Yuhai
Published: October 2024

Cs2NaScCl6 crystals exhibit a pure blue emission originating from self-trapped excitons, which is significantly boosted by Mn2+/Sb3+ doping. The doped crystals shows not only a PL QY up to 62.4% but also a long afterglow after X-ray excitation.
Unusual solvent-regulated inversion of a metal stereocenter in an enantiopure Eu2L4 helicate: a new strategy for CPL inversion
Authors: Ma Qing , Yin Sen , Song Ziye , Gao Ting , Yan Pengfei , Zhou Yanyan , Li Hongfeng
Published: October 2024

The dinuclear helicate Eu2(LR)4 exhibits a solvent-regulated metal stereocenter Δ/Λ configurational inversion, independent of P/M helical conformational conversion. This reversal process is accompanied by an inversion of the CPL.
Identifying the best ML model for predicting the bandgap in a perovskite solar cell
Authors: Samantaray Nita , Singh Arjun , Tonk Anu
Published: October 2024

The best ML model for predicting the bandgap in a perovskite solar cell.
ANFIS‐based controlled spherical rotator with quadrant photodiode to improve position detection accuracy
Authors: Lu Bing‐Yuh
Published: October 2024

The authors aim to build a theoretical system for calibrating the position detection of a single quadrant photodiode (QPD) attached to 2D rotators and to suppress noise using a Sugeno‐type fuzzy inference system. According to the results, if the original ANFIS network (NWo) is trained under the conditions of resolution (rso), traing samples (No), and the possibility of random noise (po) and presented as {original, rso, No, po}, with the #X testing case presented as {case #X, rsx, Nx, px}, case #X is expected to be the all‐pass case of the two root‐mean‐squared error criteria under the conditions of rsx ≥ rso and px ≤ po. Thus, the measurement accuracy is improved without tracking historical data. Furthermore, the two conditions indicate the limitations of the proposed ANFIS‐based method. These conditions can be employed to save time and money. If a company produces many types of QPD rotators with different values of rs, the engineers can optimise the design to train the ANFIS network with only one case with the smallest rs and a larger p for all types of QPD rotators with any value of rs and p. This demonstrates the potential industrial application of the proposed method.

The cover image is based on the Article ANFIS‐based controlled spherical rotator with quadrant photodiode to improve position detection accuracy by Bing‐Yuh Lu et al., https://doi.org/10.1049/ote2.12127.
House of Shutters
Authors: Powell James Lawrence
Published: October 2024

Early in the twentieth century, a concept known as eugenics took root in many countries, including Germany and the United States. This led to enforced sterilization in many American states, led by California, which Germany used as a model for its own program. In Nazi Germany, sterilization soon gave rise to the view that handicapped persons, who led “lives unworthy of living,” could be executed in order to purify the “master race.” One of the first centers was a former hospital in the small town of Hadamar, where some 15,000 people, many of them children, were gassed and their bodies cremated, in a prologue to the “Final Solution” of the death camps. After the war, Hadamar guards and nurses were the first to be put on trial, providing a model for the more famous Nuremberg trials. The examples so far in the book show that the root cause of these atrocities was that in a totalitarian state people have no way of saving themselves.
Protective Measures
Authors: Powell James Lawrence
Published: October 2024

The CDC and the FDA both bungled their responses to COVID-19. Neither enough tests, masks, or protective equipment were available despite the earlier simulations that had shown their necessity. Trump announced he did not plan to wear a mask, a statement that caused many to follow his lead and some to die. To his credit, he did endorse a crash program called Operation Warp Speed to produce a vaccine, which became available in late December 2020, a remarkably short time. But by this time, the anti-vaccination movement in the United States was growing and would continue to do so, so that millions of Americans refused a life-saving injection. In a 2019 Global Health Survey, before the pandemic had begun, the United States ranked first among all nations in its preparedness for epidemics and pandemics. As of early October 2023, the United States ranked first in total COVID-19 cases.