bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Alternatives to standard acute in-patient care in England: differences in content of care and staff–patient contact
Authors: Lloyd-Evans B. , Johnson S. , Morant N. , Gilburt H. , Osborn D. P. J. , Jagielska D. , Skinner R. , Leese M. , Shepherd G. , Slade M.
Published: August 2010

Background

Differences in the content of care provided by acute in-patient mental health wards and residential crisis services such as crisis houses have not been researched.

Aims

To compare planned and actual care provided at alternative and standard acute wards and to investigate the relationship between care received and patient satisfaction.

Method

Perspectives of stakeholders, including local service managers, clinicians and commissioners, were obtained from 23 qualitative interviews. Quantitative investigation of the care provided at four alternative and four standard services was undertaken using three instruments developed for this study. The relationship of care received to patient satisfaction was explored.

Results

No significant difference was found in intensity of staff– patient contact between alternative and standard services. Alternative services provided more psychological and less physical and pharmacological care than standard wards. Care provision may be more collaborative and informal in alternative services. All measured types of care were positively associated with patient satisfaction. Measured differences in the care provided did not explain the greater acceptability of community alternatives.

Conclusions

Similarities in care may be more marked than differences at alternative and standard services. Staff–patient contact is an important determinant of patient satisfaction, so increasing it should be a priority for all acute in-patient services.
Where next with residential alternatives to admission?
Authors: Johnson Sonia , Lloyd-Evans Brynmor , Howard Louise , Osborn David P. J. , Slade Mike
Published: August 2010

The quest for alternatives to traditional psychiatric wards has a long history but methodological difficulties have limited research into their benefits. Two UK studies suggest that community-based residential alternatives are valued by service users and may be cost-effective. Establishing and/or maintaining such services, where they function as an integrated component of local acute care pathways, is a justifiable decision. However, our findings do not provide compelling evidence that they should be seen as essential in every catchment area. Quality of therapeutic relationships appears central to service user experiences, and future research should explore how this may be improved in both hospital and community settings.
Asylum application process: the psychiatric patient's experience
Authors: Pitman Alexandra
Published: August 2010

Clinicians in all specialties may encounter patients who are in the process of seeking asylum in the UK. This article outlines the practical realities of this process, particularly the legal, social, and economic challenges faced by applicants, and the long wait for resolution. These are highlighted as factors that may have an impact on the psychological health and social functioning of patients. This social and economic context is of particular interest to mental health professionals involved in the care of asylum-seekers; assisting in the process of case formulation, risk assessment, care planning, and the preparation of medico-legal reports.
An assessment centre for psychiatrists
Authors: Sugarman Philip , Yorston Graeme , Wyman Diane
Published: August 2010

An assessment centre is a widely accepted management technique for the effective and fair selection of candidates for employment and promotion. In an era of evidence-based medicine, their adoption for clinicians must surely be overdue. We report our positive experience of introducing assessment centres at St Andrew's Healthcare, a UK mental health charity. The involvement of service users and members of the multidisciplinary team proved invaluable to the success of this innovation.
Needs of homeless people for mental healthcare
Authors: Abdul-Hamid Walid Khalid , Wykes Til , Stansfeld Stephen
Published: August 2010

Aims and method

To assess the individual needs for psychiatric services of a representative sample of homeless men living in hostels. A standardised procedure was used to assess the needs of 101 randomly selected homeless men.

Results

The main mental health needs of the study sample were for psychiatric and social assessments and for alcohol and drug services. Men with psychotic problems had a high level of needs for psychiatric services and a higher proportion of unmet needs.

Clinical implications

Our findings support the need for community-based multidisciplinary services that work specifically with homeless people to meet their needs. These services should incorporate psychiatric, social and substance misuse services.
The recovery approach to care in psychiatric services: staff attitudes before and after training
Authors: Gudjonsson Gisli H. , Webster Gemma , Green Timothy
Published: August 2010

Aims and method

To investigate the attitude of staff towards the recovery approach in forensic mental health services and the impact of training on staff knowledge and attitudes. A specially constructed 50-item recovery approach staff questionnaire, which focused on the core components of the recovery approach, was completed by 137 members of staff in in-patient forensic services in Lambeth, south London.

Results

Staff were generally very positive about the implementation of the recovery approach in forensic services and those who had received training scored significantly higher on the questionnaire than non-trained staff.

Clinical implications

The great majority of staff agree that the recovery approach to care does have a place in forensic services. This is important and needs to be built into the implementation of this approach in forensic services.
Photochromic Nucleobase Photoisomerized by Visible Light
Authors: Ogasawara Shinzi , Ito Syoji , Miyasaka Hiroshi , Maeda Mizuo
Published: August 2010

The compound 8-phenylazoguanosine (8PAG), a new type of photochromic nucleobase (PCN) that can be photoisomerized by visible light irradiation, was developed. 8PAG shows rapid and efficient reversible cis–trans isomerization and can be iteratively isomerized by alternate irradiation with 420 and 550 nm without photolysis.
The Safety Bias: Risk-Avoidance and Social Anxiety Pathology
Authors: Lorian Carolyn N. , Grisham Jessica R.
Published: August 2010

Background:The pervasive tendency to avoid perceived risks has been recently implicated in the maintenance of anxiety pathology, and more specifically, social phobia. Social anxiety symptoms are thus hypothesised to be associated with a global risk-avoidant decision-making bias.Aim:This study investigated: (1) the relationship between risk-avoidance and social anxiety symptoms using both self-report and behavioural measures of risk-taking; and (2) whether risk-avoidance mediates the relationship between a dispositional vulnerability to anxiety (Behavioural Inhibition System [BIS] sensitivity) and social anxiety symptoms.Method:Fifty-five undergraduate students completed self-report measures assessing for social anxiety symptoms, risk-taking across various domains, and BIS sensitivity. Risk-avoidance was also assessed using a behavioural computer task.Results:As hypothesised, risk-avoidance correlated significantly with both social anxiety and BIS. Multiple regression analyses revealed that risk-avoidance served as a partial mediator between BIS and social anxiety.Conclusion:These results confirm the hypothesised relationship between BIS, risk-avoidance, and social anxiety symptoms. Risk-avoidance is one possible mechanism by which personality characteristics may be linked to anxiety pathology.
Teachers' Causal Attributions for Behaviour Problems and Perceived Efficacy for Class Management in Relation to Selected Interventions
Authors: Andreou Eleni , Rapti Apostolia
Published: August 2010

The general aim of this study was to examine the predictive value of both teachers' causal attributions for behavior problems and perceived efficacy for class management for forms of intervention used in the classroom and cooperations preferred in order to get help for students' problem behaviour. Primary school teachers (N= 249) were asked to rate 12 factors as the possible cause of the behaviour problem described in a vignette, and evaluate 19 statements referring to the intervention strategies they would use, as well as the cooperations they would prefer in order to respond effectively to the problem in the vignette. They also completed an 8-item questionnaire measuring perceived efficacy for class management. The teachers' responses were found to be associated with their teaching experience. Both causal attributions for behaviour problems and perceived efficacy for class management predicted specific interventions. Results are discussed in terms of their implications for future research and teacher education.
Immunization Strategies to Protect Preterm Infants
Authors: Healy C. Mary
Published: August 2010

The development of a safe and effective childhood immunization schedule has effectively reduced morbidity and mortality from vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs). VPDs are particularly severe in young infants, especially preterm (gestational age <37 weeks) or low birthweight (<2,500 g) infants. Despite established recommendations that preterm infants be immunized on the same schedule as term infants, with a few exceptions for specific vaccines, considerable immunization delays are reported. Studies demonstrate that vaccines are safe and immunogenic in preterm infants. Although the magnitude of immune responses sometimes may be lower for specific vaccines in preterm infants, protective and durable responses are achieved in most cases. For other VPDs that either selectively target (eg, group B Streptococcus) or are particularly severe (eg, pertussis) in preterm and term infants or for which no vaccine is licensed in this age group (eg, influenza), other immunization strategies such as maternal immunization or targeted immunization may reduce morbidity and mortality.
Infection Control Practices in the NICU: What is Evidence-based?
Authors: Guzman-Cottrill Judith A.
Published: August 2010

Nosocomial infections cause significant morbidity and mortality in neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) patients. Neonates, particularly those who are preterm and low birthweight, are at higher risk of acquiring infections compared with term and older infants. As a result, many interventions have been established in the NICU to attempt to decrease the infants’ risk of acquiring infection. Over time, various interventions have been adopted as “standard of care,” but other practices vary substantially from one unit to another. This review examines several infection prevention strategies used in the NICU and reviews the literature related to such practices. Evidence-based recommendations are made when supportive scientific evidence is available for this specific patient population.
Congenital Infections, Part I: Cytomegalovirus, Toxoplasma, Rubella, and Herpes Simplex
Authors: Tian Cuixia , Ali Syed Asad , Weitkamp Jörn-Hendrik
Published: August 2010

The clinical importance of early diagnosis of congenital neonatal infections and initiation of early therapy was recognized more than half a century ago. As a result, a serology screening panel was established for Toxoplasma gondii, rubella virus, cytomegalovirus, and herpes simplex virus (“TORCH”) that is still widely used in many institutions. Although it no longer is possible to diagnose all recognized congenital infections with one panel, the original TORCH diseases continue to be of clinical importance, and advances in medicine and new findings in epidemiology, preventive medicine, developmental biology, and immunology have brought optimistic changes and intriguing insights to the field. We summarize information from recent studies to provide updates about the diagnostic and therapeutic strategies to combat this complex group of pathogens.
Federal Privacy Regulations and the Provision of Early Hearing Detection and Intervention Programs
Authors: Houston K. Todd , Behl Diane D. , White Karl R. , Forsman Irene
Published: August 2010

To be successful, Early Hearing Detection and Intervention (EHDI) programs require individually identifiable information about children to be shared among people who are responsible for screening, diagnosis, early intervention, family support, and medical home services. Pediatricians and other stakeholders in the EHDI process often point to federal laws that were passed to ensure privacy and confidentiality in health care and educational programs as major obstacles to achieving efficient and effective EHDI programs. In this article we summarize the provisions of 3 federal laws (the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act [HIPAA], the Family Education Rights and Privacy Act [FERPA], and Part C privacy regulations of the Individuals With Disabilities Education Act [IDEA]) that most directly affect information-sharing in EHDI programs. We suggest strategies for sharing the information needed to operate successful EHDI programs while remaining in compliance with these laws, including obtaining signed parental consent to share information between providers, including an option on the individual family services plan for parents to permit sharing of the plan with pediatricians and other providers, and giving copies of all relevant test results to parents to share with providers as they wish.
Evolução espaço-temporal do sobrepeso e da obesidade em adolescentes masculinos Brasileiros, 1980 a 2005
Authors: Chaves Vera Lucia de Vasconcelos , Freese Eduardo , Lapa Tiago Maria , Cesse Eduarda Ângela Pessoa , Vasconcelos Ana Lucia Ribeiro de
Published: August 2010

A análise de tendência temporal da obesidade revela riscos crescentes desse agravo em todo o mundo. Este artigo objetiva verificar e comparar as prevalências do sobrepeso e da obesidade em adolescentes masculinos de todos os estados do Brasil, de 1980-2005. Utilizamos o Banco de Dados do Exército Brasileiro com 8.989.508 adolescentes de 17-19 anos de idade. Consideramos como sobrepeso o índice de massa corporal (IMC) entre 25kg/m² e 29,9kg/m², e obesidade como IMC > 30kg/m². Foi verificada tendência crescente da prevalência do sobrepeso e da obesidade, em todos os estados brasileiros, nos anos analisados. Nesse período, o número de adolescentes com sobrepeso aumentou em três vezes e com obesidade em seis vezes. Os valores absolutos de sobrepeso foram maiores que os da obesidade, porém a velocidade de ganho ao longo desse período foi maior para obesidade. Ao analisar a evolução das prevalências por qüinqüênio, observamos que de 1980-2005, à medida que a prevalência do sobrepeso diminuiu, a prevalência da obesidade aumentou em todos os estados brasileiros.
Qualitative analysis of the diet of a probabilistic sample of schoolchildren from Florianópolis, Santa Catarina State, Brazil, using the Previous Day Food Questionnaire
Authors: Assis Maria Alice Altenburg de , Calvo Maria Cristina Marino , Kupek Emil , Vasconcelos Francisco de Assis Guedes de , Campos Vanessa Caroline , Machado Manuella , Costa Filipe Ferreira da , Andrade Dalton Francisco de
Published: August 2010

A qualitative evaluation of the diet of a probabilistic sample of 7-10 year old schoolchildren (n = 1,232) from Florianópolis (southern Brazil) was carried out by analyzing compliance with recommendations from the Brazilian Food Guidelines. The strengths and limitations of the Previous Day Food Questionnaire (PDFQ) are also presented. Frequencies of intake were defined as how many times per day the food group was reported on the PDFQ. The percentages of schoolchildren who met the minimum recommendations and who ate foods that were not recommended in the guidelines were compared for boys versus girls, private versus public school and by family income level. Although most of the children complied with the guidelines regarding consumption of meat/fish, dry beans, sweets, and eating three meals and two snacks, only 6.5% of the children met the recommendations for cereals, and 15% for fruit and vegetables. The PDFQ was confirmed as a practical and cost-effective method for the evaluation of compliance with health promotion targets.
Prevalência e fatores associados à constipação intestinal: um estudo de base populacional em Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, 2007
Authors: Collete Vanessa Louise , Araújo Cora Luiza , Madruga Samanta Winck
Published: August 2010

Estimar a prevalência de constipação intestinal e fatores associados entre adultos de 20 anos ou mais. Estudo transversal de base populacional conduzido na zona urbana de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, 2007. Constipação intestinal foi definida de acordo com os critérios de Roma III. Inicialmente foi realizada a análise descritiva e, posteriormente, utilizou-se Regressão de Poisson, as análises bi e multivariáveis. A prevalência de constipação intestinal encontrada foi de 26,9% (IC95%: 25,1-28,8). As mulheres apresentaram 2,5 vezes mais constipação que os homens (36,8% vs. 13,9%). Entre os homens, na análise ajustada, mostraram-se como fatores de risco idade maior que 60 anos, cor da pele preta/parda e menor nível econômico. Entre as mulheres, idade teve relação inversa com o desfecho, apresentando efeito protetor entre as idosas. Constipação intestinal é relativamente comum na população estudada. Os fatores associados a essa doença foram os mesmos entre homens e mulheres, exceto o nível econômico, que não se mostrou associado entre as mulheres.
Incidencia de síntomas respiratorios y su asociación con contaminación atmosférica en preescolares: un análisis multinivel
Authors: Villamizar Laura Andrea Rodríguez , López Astrid Berena Herrera , Ortiz Henry Castro , Velázquez Jurg Niederbacher , Cala Lina María Vera
Published: August 2010

El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la asociación entre contaminación atmosférica y el desarrollo de síntomas respiratorios en preescolares de Bucaramanga, Colombia. Se realizó un estudio de cohorte durante un año, registrando síntomas en preescolares residentes en dos zonas de la ciudad con mediciones extremas de PM10 y se ajustó por variables individuales y residenciales con un modelo multinivel. Se siguieron 707 preescolares. El estornudo y la tos con flemas fueron los síntomas más frecuentes con tasas de incidencia de 277,2 y 203,3 eventos por 100 niños-mes en riesgo. En la zona de mayor contaminación, un incremento de 10µg/m³ en la concentración atmosférica de PM10 incrementó en 1,3 el número de síntomas diarios reportados. El análisis multinivel mostró ausencia de asociación entre PM10 y síntomas respiratorios y que la historia de asma, la exposición a alto flujo vehicular frente a la vivienda, la presencia de animales domésticos y de suelos de tierra, son las variables que tienen mayor efecto sobre la presencia de síntomas en esta población de preescolares.
Prevalência e fatores associados à inatividade física nos deslocamentos para escola em adolescentes
Authors: Santos Carla Menêses , Wanderley Júnior Rildo de Souza , Barros Simone Storino Honda , Farias Júnior José Cazuza de , Barros Mauro Virgilio Gomes de
Published: August 2010

O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a prevalência e identificar fatores associados à inatividade física nos deslocamentos para escola em adolescentes. Trata-se de um estudo epidemiológico transversal baseado na análise secundária de dados de uma amostra de 4.207 adolescentes (14-19 anos). Os dados foram coletados por meio de um questionário previamente validado (GSHS-OMS). Foram classificados como "inativos nos deslocamentos" aqueles que relataram que não se deslocavam ativamente para ir à escola e/ou aqueles que o fazem, mas despendem menos de 20 minutos no trajeto de ida e volta. Observou-se que 43% (IC95%: 41,5-44,5) dos adolescentes são fisicamente inativos nos deslocamentos. Verificou-se que o local de residência e a escolaridade materna foram estatisticamente associados ao desfecho (inatividade física nos deslocamentos para escola) (p < 0,001). Entre os rapazes, a inatividade física nos deslocamentos foi significativamente associada à faixa etária (p = 0,02) e à cor da pele (p = 0,04). A inatividade nos deslocamentos é relativamente alta em comparação a outros estudos congêneres.
O campo da Saúde Coletiva na perspectiva das disciplinas
Authors: Nunes Everardo Duarte , Ferreto Lirane Elize , Oliveira Ana Luiza de Oliveira e , Nascimento Juliana Luporini do , Barros Nelson Filice de , Castellanos Marcelo Eduardo Pfeiffer
Published: August 2010

Este artigo aborda o campo da Saúde Coletiva a partir das disciplinas que estruturam a grade curricular dos cursos de pós-graduação da área da Saúde Coletiva, no ano de 2006. A partir do banco de dados dos programas, que incluem mestrado, doutorado e mestrado profissionalizante foram classificadas 1.171 disciplinas, no que denominamos de campos disciplinares, associando esta nomenclatura à noção de campo procedente das abordagens de Bourdieu. São descritos 28 campos disciplinares em três grandes blocos. Conclui-se que o campo da Saúde Coletiva apresenta uma grande diversidade de campos disciplinares, destacando-se pela frequência: Epidemiologia (16%); Ciências Humanas e Sociais em Saúde (7,9%); Didática (7,9%); Sistemas e Serviços de Saúde (7,4%); Ambiente e Saúde (7,2%); Políticas de Saúde (6,3%).
Produção científica dos cursos de pós-graduação em Saúde Coletiva no período 1998-2006
Authors: Viacava Francisco
Published: August 2010

O grande crescimento da pós-graduação no Brasil, também observado na grande área de Saúde e na Saúde Coletiva, torna necessário equacionar como se processa a difusão científica. Análises qualitativas sobre as principais temáticas têm sido feitas a partir das revistas científicas e do diretório de grupos de pesquisa. O acordo feito entre a Abrasco e a CAPES abriu a possibilidade de exploração de um banco de dados construído e usado para a avaliação dos programas de pós-graduação, sob outras perspectivas. Nesse trabalho, foram analisados os artigos completos registrados na base nos três triênios do período 1998 - 2006. Para tanto, fez-se uma padronização dos títulos dos periódicos e dos títulos dos artigos completos publicados em periódicos, já que havia duplicações, em grande parte devidas à coautoria de docentes de diferentes programas. Com isso, foi possível construir um banco de dados no qual cada artigo é registrado uma única vez, a partir do qual foi possível analisar a evolução ao longo dos triênios dos periódicos mais frequentemente usados, número de autores, idioma, nacionalidade das revistas e cooperação interregional. Os dados aqui apresentados poderão subsidiar as discussões sobre a produção científica e difusão do conhecimento na área.
Avaliação dos egressos do curso de especialização em Saúde da Família no Espírito Santo, Brasil
Authors: Maciel Ethel Leonor Noia , Figueiredo Pryscilla Formiga , Prado Thiago Nascimento do , Galavote Heleticia Scabelo , Ramos Maria Cristina , Araújo Maristela Dalbello de , Lima Rita de Cássia Duarte
Published: August 2010

Este estudo tem por objetivo descrever o perfil dos egressos e avaliar a contribuição do curso de pós-graduação lato sensu em Saúde da Família (PG-PSF), no Estado do Espírito Santo, para a reorientação das práticas em saúde. É um estudo do tipo descritivo de corte transversal, sendo a amostra composta por quarenta e sete egressos do curso PG-PSF em 2007. Para a coleta de dados, aplicou-se um questionário semiestruturado, contendo questões abertas e fechadas. A análise das contribuições geradas revelou mudanças nas ações de trabalho após os conhecimentos adquiridos durante o curso. A maioria afirmou que tais conhecimentos têm aplicabilidade no cotidiano do trabalho e grande parte dos entrevistados conseguiu, após o curso, planejar suas ações com base no perfil epidemiológico da área na qual atua. Constatou-se a relevância do curso para a capacitação profissional dos alunos, com a constante adequação dos conteúdos do processo didático-pedagógico, através de uma consistente política de educação permanente que tenha impactos e incorporação nos processos de trabalho, além da necessidade de programas de educação continuada que dêem conta das necessidades específicas de cada prática profissional e da institucionalização dos processos de avaliação e autoavaliação como parte inseparável da organização do trabalho.
Graduação em Saúde Coletiva: limites e possibilidades como estratégia de formação profissional
Authors: Bosi Maria Lúcia Magalhães , Paim Jairnilson Silva
Published: August 2010

O presente artigo problematiza a Saúde Coletiva como âmbito de profissionalização, sistematizando alguns fundamentos teóricos, sociais e ético-políticos de uma formação em nível de graduação. Para tanto, recupera a trajetória em que se vem dando a formulação desses cursos e, mais recentemente, sua emergência nas instituições de ensino superior brasileiras. No Brasil, tais projetos resultam do acúmulo no ensino da Saúde Coletiva em diferentes cursos de graduação na área da saúde, acrescido da tradição na pós- graduação lato e stricto sensu, tendo dentre os seus desdobramentos o reconhecimento da pertinência de fomentar novas estratégias de formação. Mais recentemente, políticas voltadas à inclusão social e à expansão do ensino superior vêm impulsionando o movimento, ao que se soma a constatação de que o Sistema Único de Saúde demanda novos atores, com capacidade de dar respostas diferenciadas e complementares àquelas possibilitadas pelas graduações tradicionais. No momento em que diversas instituições se encontram em fase de oferta dessa formação à sociedade, este artigo apresenta um conjunto de elementos derivados da reflexão nos planos epistemológico, sociológico e político-sanitário, visando a contribuir para um diálogo acerca da emergência desse projeto no contexto brasileiro.
Análise da atenção à saúde bucal na Estratégia de Saúde da Família do Distrito Sanitário VI, Recife (PE)
Authors: Pimentel Fernando Castim , Martelli Petrônio José de Lima , Araújo Junior José Luiz do Amaral Correa de , Acioli Raquel Moura Lins , Macedo Cícera Lissandra Sá Vieira
Published: August 2010

Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar o processo de trabalho desenvolvido pelas equipes de saúde bucal do Distrito Sanitário VI do município de Recife (PE), no ano de 2006. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo de abordagem qualitativa, em que foram utilizados dados secundários obtidos de uma pesquisa anterior realizada na cidade do Recife, onde o Distrito Sanitário VI está localizado. Para isso, foram utilizadas quatro entrevistas semiestruturadas com o coordenador de saúde bucal distrital, dois cirurgiões-dentistas e uma enfermeira, que atuavam na Estratégia de Saúde da Família. Os resultados mostraram que algumas práticas realizadas pelas equipes ainda são incipientes, como o levantamento epidemiológico, a referência e contrarreferência dos pacientes e o monitoramento e avaliação das ações. Entretanto, o avanço na visão preventiva e na prática de educação em saúde dos profissionais foi evidenciado através das entrevistas. Conclui-se que, apesar das dificuldades para o cumprimento das práticas estabelecidas pela Política Nacional de Saúde Bucal, percebe-se uma mudança do modelo de atenção em saúde bucal, sendo necessários ajustes e correções nas atividades das equipes, além de uma maior participação dos demais níveis de gestão para o exercício pleno da saúde bucal na Estratégia de Saúde da Família.
A integralidade da atenção em diabéticos com doença periodontal
Authors: Silva Aline Mendes , Vargas Andréa Maria Duarte , Ferreira Efigênia Ferreira e , Abreu Mauro Henrique Nogueira Guimarães de
Published: August 2010

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar como está organizado o atendimento aos indivíduos com diabetes melito, usuários do SUS, a partir dos dados das condições periodontais apresentadas por este grupo, em Belo Horizonte (MG). Para tanto, uma amostra representativa de trezentos indivíduos foi selecionada para avaliação clínica e entrevista. Foram realizadas entrevistas também com os gerentes de unidades de saúde. Dos avaliados, 55% apresentaram gengivite, 35,3%, periodontite e 9,7% eram saudáveis. Em relação à integralidade da atenção ao diabético no SUS, pôde-se observar que, apesar da maioria estar sob acompanhamento médico, somente 27,3% estavam sob tratamento odontológico na rede básica, 3,6% recebiam atendimento especializado em odontologia e apenas 3,4% eram atendidos por outros profissionais da saúde. O atendimento interdisciplinar e a atenção em todos os níveis do sistema são fatores essenciais para a integralidade das ações em saúde.
The role of interface organizations in science communication and understanding
Authors: Osmond Deanna L , Nadkarni Nalini M , Driscoll Charles T , Andrews Elaine , Gold Arthur J , Allred Shorna R Broussard , Berkowitz Alan R , Klemens Michael W , Loecke Terry L , McGarry Mary Ann , Schwarz Kirsten , Washington Mary L , Groffman Peter M
Published: August 2010

“Interface” organizations are groups created to foster the use of science in environmental policy, management, and education. Here we compare interface organizations that differ in spatial scale, modes of operation, and intended audience to illustrate their diversity and importance in promoting the application of science to environmental issues. There has been exciting recent growth in the nature and extent of activities by interface organizations and in new methods for science communication and engagement. These developments can help scientists – who face personal and institutional challenges when attempting to convey the results of their research to various audiences – interact with society on specific issues in specific places, and with a wide range of non‐traditional audiences. The ongoing mission for these organizations should be to move beyond simply increasing awareness of environmental problems to the creation of solutions that result in genuine environmental improvements.
Restarting the conversation: challenges at the interface between ecology and society
Authors: Groffman Peter M , Stylinski Cathlyn , Nisbet Matthew C , Duarte Carlos M , Jordan Rebecca , Burgin Amy , Previtali M Andrea , Coloso James
Published: August 2010

The exchange of information between researchers, resource managers, decision makers, and the general public has long been recognized as a critical need in environmental science. We examine the challenges in using ecological knowledge to inform society and to change societal actions, and identify a set of options and strategies to enhance this exchange. Our objectives are to provide background information on societal knowledge and interest in science and environmental issues, to describe how different components of society obtain information and develop their interests and values, and to present a framework for evaluating and improving communication between science and society. Our analysis strongly suggests that the interface between science and society can only be improved with renewed dedication to public outreach and a wholesale reconsideration of the way that scientists communicate with society. Ecologists need to adopt new models of engagement with their audiences, frame their results in ways that are more meaningful to these audiences, and use new communication tools, capable of reaching large and diverse target groups.
The role of federal agencies in the application of scientific knowledge
Authors: Pouyat Richard V , Weathers Kathleen C , Hauber Rick , Lovett Gary M , Bartuska Ann , Christenson Lynn , Davis Jana LD , Findlay Stuart EG , Menninger Holly , Rosi-Marshall Emma , Stine Peter , Lymn Nadine
Published: August 2010

Environmental and ecological research has long been characterized as operating along a continuum, with “basic” – representing “investigator‐initiated” research – at one end and “applied” – representing “mission‐initiated” research – at the other. While federal agency science programs ideally occupy points along this continuum, the resulting science has not always been relevant to solving environmental problems. Here, we suggest that environmental problem‐solving by federal agencies has been less effective than it might have been, because of a need for more effective, long‐term strategic planning, cooperation across agencies, and incentives for scientists to participate in policy development and implementation. We make suggestions about what federal agencies can do to improve the integration of science, policy, and natural resource management. First, we refer to agency examples, using regulatory (acid deposition) and land management (national forest) issues to illustrate how environmental research intersects with policy development and its implementation. Second, we discuss the barriers that inhibit the application of scientific knowledge in developing and implementing policy – from the perspective of a federal agency and of an individual scientist. Finally, we generate a series of specific recommendations, targeted at federal agencies, individual scientists, and decision makers.
Human Rights and Economic Liberalization
Authors: Carden Art , Lawson Robert A.
Published: August 2010

Using several case studies and data from the Economic Freedom of the World annual report and from the CIRI Human Rights Data Project, we estimate the effect of human rights abuses on economic liberalization. The data suggest that human rights abuses reduce rather than accelerate the pace of economic liberalization.
The Effects of Interest Groups' Ideology on Their PAC and Lobbying Expenditures
Authors: McKay Amy
Published: August 2010

While the literature on political action committees' (PACs) contributions to congressional campaigns is substantial, one key variable has been missing: the ideology of the PAC. Such a measure is needed to evaluate a normatively important yet unanswered question: to what extent do PACs give to candidates with whom they agree ideologically, as opposed to candidates they may want to influence after the election? This study shows that many interest groups' preferences for an electoral strategy or an access strategy can be predicted by their left-right ideology and their level of ideological extremism. The analysis finds that more ideologically extreme groups and more liberal groups spend more money on PAC contributions relative to lobbying. Further, groups' underlying left-right ideology is also highly predictive of their allocation of PAC contributions between the two parties—even controlling for group type.
Real Exchange Rates and Trade Protectionism
Authors: Oatley Thomas
Published: August 2010

Real exchange rate movements are robustly related to the rise and fall of trade protectionism. I demonstrate this by presenting a theoretical model that incorporates the real exchange rate into a standard factor proportions model of trade policy preferences. The model demonstrates why some firms' trade policy preferences, and thus total demands for protectionism, change in response to real exchange rate movements. I evaluate the model with data on antidumping investigations in six industrialized countries between the late 1970s and 2004. The exercise suggests that the real exchange rate hypothesis offers a more compelling explanation for protectionist waves than the business cycle hypothesis.
A thermodynamic lattice theory on melting curve and eutectic point of binary alloys. Application to fcc and bcc structure
Authors: Hung Nguyen , Tran Dung , Toan Nguyen , Kirchnner Barbara
Published: August 2010

A thermodynamic lattice theory has been developed for determination of the melting curves and eutectic points of binary alloys. Analytical expressions for the melting curves of binary alloys composed of constituent elements with the same structure have been derived from expressions for the ratio of root mean square fluctuation in atomic positions on the equilibrium lattice positions and the nearest neighbor distance. This melting curve provides information on Lindemann’s melting temperatures of binary alloys with respect to any proportion of constituent elements, as well as on their eutectic points. The theory has been applied to fcc and bcc structure. Numerical results for some binary alloys provide a good correspondence between the calculated and experimental phase diagrams, where the calculated results for Cu1−x
Nix agree well with the measured ones, and those for the other alloys are found to be in a reasonable agreement with experiment.
robo-CAMAL: A BDI Motivational Robot
Authors: Davis Darryl , Gwatkin James
Published: August 2010

Motivation is a central concept in the development of autonomous agents and robots. This paper describes an architecture that uses a psychological BDI model of reasoning, combined with a distributed multi-level model of motivation. The robot controlling architecture makes use of a generic set of deliberative components plus an environment task-centred set of reactive components that reflect the architecture's embodiment. The architecture has been used in a number of simulated environments and here is used to control a mobile robot. A theoretical framework for motivation and affect is given, and related to the nature of autonomy and embodiment. A BDI model, based on a psychological model of reasoning in a 5 year old child, is described in terms of the nature of motivation and affect within the architecture. Finally, criteria for judging the nature of an agent's motivation are introduced, and used to validate the motivational constructs implemented within the architecture. Experimental results lead to a comparative discussion.
Improving the performance of double-plane stereo vision system calibration, using a virtual plane
Authors: Rotter Paweł , Byrski Witold , Dajda Michał , Łojek Grzegorz
Published: August 2010

In the double-plane method for stereo vision system calibration, the correspondence between screen coordinates and location in 3D space is calculated based on four plane-to-plane transformations; there are two planes of the calibration pattern and two cameras. The method is intuitive, and easy to implement, but, the main disadvantage is ill-conditioning for some spatial locations. In this paper we propose a method which exploits the third plane which physically does not belong to the calibration pattern, but can be calculated from the set of reference points. Our algorithm uses a combination of three calibration planes, with weights which depend on screen coordinates of the point of interest; a pair of planes which could cause numerical errors receives small weights and have practically no influence on the final results. We analyse errors, and their distribution in 3D space, for the basic and the improved algorithm. Experiments demonstrate high accuracy and reliability of our method compared to the basic version; root mean square error and maximum error, are reduced by factors of 4 and 20 respectively.
Syntheses and Characterization of New Nickel Coordination Polymers with 4,4’-Dipyridylsulfide. Dynamic Rearrangements of One-Dimensional Chains Responding to External Stimuli: Temperature Variation and Guest Releases/Re-Inclusions
Authors: Kondo Mitsuru , Takahashi Hideaki , Watanabe Hirotaka , Shimizu Yusuke , Yamanishi Katsunori , Miyazawa Makoto , Nishina Naoko , Ishida Yutaka , Kawaguchi Hiroyuki , Uchida Fumio
Published: August 2010

Crystal structures and dynamic rearrangements of one-dimensional coordination polymers with 4,4'-dipyridylsulfide (dps) have been studied. Reaction of Ni(NO3)2·6H2O with dps in EtOH yielded [Ni(dps)2(NO3)2]·EtOH (1), which had channels filled with guest EtOH molecules among the four Ni(dps)2 chains. This coordination polymer reversibly transformed the channel structure responding to temperature variations. Immersion of 1 in m-xylene released guest EtOH molecules to yield a guest-free coordination polymer [Ni(dps)2(NO3)2] (2a), which was also obtained by treatment of Ni(NO3)2·6H2O with dps in MeOH. On the other hand, removal of the guest molecules from 1 upon heating at 130 °C under reduced pressure produced a guest-free coordination polymer [Ni(dps)2(NO3)2] (2b). Although the 2a and 2b guest-free coordination polymers have the same formula, they showed differences in the assembled structures of the one-dimensional chains. Exposure of 2b to EtOH vapor reproduced 1, while 2a did not convert to 1 in a similar reaction. Reaction of Ni(NO3)2·6H2O with dps in acetone provided [Ni(dps)(NO3)2(H2O)]·Me2CO (4) with no channel structure. When MeOH or acetone was used as a reaction solvent, the [Ni(dps)2(NO3)2]·(guest molecule) type coordination polymer ,which was observed in 1, was not formed. Nevertheless, the reaction of Ni(NO3)2·6H2O with dps in MeOH/acetone mixed solution produced [Ni(dps)2(NO3)2]·0.5(MeOH·acetone) (5), which has an isostructural Ni-dps framework to 1.
Hydrothermal Synthesis of Nanostructured Vanadium Oxides
Authors: Livage Jacques
Published: August 2010

A wide range of vanadium oxides have been obtained via the hydrothermal treatment of aqueous V(V) solutions. They exhibit a large variety of nanostructures ranging from molecular clusters to 1D and 2D layered compounds. Nanotubes are obtained via a self-rolling process while amazing morphologies such as nano-spheres, nano-flowers and even nano-urchins are formed via the self-assembling of nano-particles. This paper provides some correlation between the molecular structure of precursors in the solution and the nanostructure of the solid phases obtained by hydrothermal treatment.
Catalytic Conversion of Cellulose to Levulinic Acid by Metal Chlorides
Authors: Peng Lincai , Lin Lu , Zhang Junhua , Zhuang Junping , Zhang Beixiao , Gong Yan
Published: August 2010

The catalytic performance of various metal chlorides in the conversion of cellulose to levulinic acid in liquid water at high temperatures was investigated. The effects of reaction parameters on the yield of levulinic acid were also explored. The results showed that alkali and alkaline earth metal chlorides were not effective in conversion of cellulose, while transition metal chlorides, especially CrCl3, FeCl3 and CuCl2 and a group IIIA metal chloride (AlCl3), exhibited high catalytic activity. The catalytic performance was correlated with the acidity of the reaction system due to the addition of the metal chlorides, but more dependent on the type of metal chloride. Among those metal chlorides, chromium chloride was found to be exceptionally effective for the conversion of cellulose to levulinic acid, affording an optimum yield of 67 mol % after a reaction time of 180 min, at 200 °C, with a catalyst dosage of 0.02 M and substrate concentration of 50 wt %. Chromium metal, most of which was present in its oxide form in the solid sample and only a small part in solution as Cr3+ ion, can be easily separated from the resulting product mixture and recycled. Finally, a plausible reaction scheme for the chromium chloride catalyzed conversion of cellulose in water was proposed.
The Occurrence of Cold Spells in the Alps Related to ClimateChange
Authors: Galli Marco , Oh Seungmin , Cassardo Claudio , Park Seon Ki
Published: August 2010

Climate change is not only a likely prospect for the end of this century, but it is already occurring. Part of the changes will include global warming and increasing temperature variability, both at global and regional scales. This increased variability was investigated in this paper from the point of view of the occurrence of cold spells in the Alps in the future climate (2071–2100), compared with the present climate (1961–1990). For this purpose, a regionalisation of the climate change effects was performed within the Alps. To avoid possible errors in the estimate of the 2m air temperature, the analysis was performed on the soil surface temperature. To get realistic values for this variable, a land surface scheme, UTOPIA, has been run on the selected domain, using the output of the Regional Climate Model (RegCM3) simulations as the driving force. The results show that, in general, the number of cold breaks is decreasing over the Alps, due to the temperature increment. However, there are certain zones where the behaviour is more complicated. The analysis of the model output also allowed a relationship to be found between the number of cold breaks and their duration. The significance of these results over the whole area was assessed.
High and Low Contrast Visual Acuity After Artiflex Phakic Intraocular Lens Implantation for the Correction of Myopia
Authors: van Philips Lucien A.M.
Published: August 2010

Purpose:

To determine the effects of Artiflex phakic intraocular lens (PIOL) implantation on best spectacle-corrected high and low contrast visual acuity under photopic and mesopic conditions.

Methods:

Forty-two consecutive eyes had implantation of a foldable iris-supported PIOL to correct myopia. The mean preoperative spherical equivalent refraction was −7.26±1.91 diopters (D) (range: −4.90 to −13.60 D). The high (100%) and low (2.5%) contrast visual acuity with best spectacle correction was tested with translucent logarithmic visual acuity charts (Precision Vision) under photopic and mesopic conditions.

Results:

At mean 7.6±5.4 months after PIOL implantation, the mean high and low contrast visual acuity under photopic and mesopic conditions had significantly increased from preoperatively: photopic high contrast visual acuity from −0.07±0.11 logMAR to −0.14±0.08 logMAR (
P
<.001); photopic low contrast visual acuity from 0.48±0.14 logMAR to 0.36±0.11 logMAR (
P
=.011); mesopic high contrast visual acuity from −0.09±0.09 logMAR to −0.16±0.08 logMAR (
P
<.001); and mesopic low contrast visual acuity from 0.50±0.13 logMAR to 0.33±0.10 logMAR (
P
<.001). Mean postoperative spherical equivalent refraction was −0.21±0.28 D (range: +0.50 to −0.75 D). Of all eyes, 91.9% were within 0.50 D of attempted correction, and 67% gained 1 or more lines of best spectacle-corrected visual acuity (BSCVA). No eye lost 2 or more lines of BSCVA.

Conclusions:

Artiflex PIOL implantation for the correction of moderate to high myopia seems to be a safe and predictable procedure, which resulted in increased high and low contrast visual acuity under photopic and mesopic conditions.
Nanoparticles in boreal forest and coastal environment: a comparison of observations and implications of the nucleation mechanism
Authors: Lehtipalo K. , Kulmala M. , Sipilä M. , Petäjä T. , Vana M. , Ceburnis D. , Dupuy R. , O'Dowd C.
Published: August 2010

Abstract. The detailed mechanism of secondary new particle formation in the atmosphere is still under debate. It is proposed that particle formation happens via activation of 1–2 nm atmospheric neutral molecular clusters and/or large molecules. Since traditional instrumentation does not reach these sizes, the hypothesis has not yet been verified. By directly measuring particle size distributions down to mobility diameters of about 1.3 nm with a pulse-height CPC, we provide evidence of the nucleation mechanism in a coastal environment (Mace Head, Ireland) and in a boreal forest (Hyytiälä, Finland). In both places neutral sub-3 nm condensation nuclei (nano-CN) were continuously present, even when no new particle formation was detected. In Mace Head, however, the concentration of the nano-CN was far too low to account for the particle formation rates during particle bursts. Thus the results imply that at coastal sites new particle formation initiates, as previously proposed, via homogenous nucleation from biogenic iodine vapors. In contrast, activation of pre-existing nano-CN remains a possible explanation in the boreal forest, but the observed concentrations are not the limiting factor for the particle formation events.