bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ternary stochastic neuron - implemented with a single strained magnetostrictive nanomagnet
Authors: Rahman Rahnuma , Bandyopadhyay Supriyo
Published: January 2025

Stochastic neurons are extremely efficient hardware for solving a large class of problems and usually come in two varieties – “binary” where the neuronal state varies randomly between two values of ±1 and ”analog” where the neuronal state can randomly assume any value between -1 and +1. Both have their uses in neuromorphic computing and both can be implemented with low- or zero-energy-barrier nanomagnets whose random magnetization orientations in the presence of thermal noise encode the binary or analog state variables. In between these two classes is n-ary stochastic neurons, mainly ternary stochastic neurons (TSN) whose state randomly assumes one of three values (-1, 0, +1), which have proved to be efficient in pattern classification tasks such as recognizing handwritten digits from the MNIST data set or patterns from the CIFAR-10 data set. Here, we show how to implement a TSN with a zero-energy-barrier (shape isotropic) magnetostrictive nanomagnet subjected to uniaxial strain.
Enhancing cooperation in dynamic networks through reinforcement-learning-based rewiring strategies
Authors: Lee Hsuan-Wei , Chen Szu-Ping , Shi Feng
Published: January 2025

Cooperation is a fundamental aspect of social and biological systems, yet achieving and maintaining high levels of cooperation remains a significant challenge. This study investigates the dynamics of cooperation among players engaged in repeated two-player Prisoner’s Dilemma games, utilizing a novel integration of the Bush–Mosteller reinforcement learning model with adaptive network rewiring mechanisms. Each player updates its probability of cooperation and rewires its connections based on the payoffs received from neighbors. Our results demonstrate that incorporating network rewiring guided by reinforcement learning significantly enhances both the level of cooperation and the average payoff across the population. Players that prioritize rewiring over strategy updates are found to form more stable cooperative structures, while those with heightened sensitivity to payoffs and optimal aspiration levels achieve greater cooperation. By identifying and analyzing key parameters that influence cooperative dynamics, our findings provide deep insights into the mechanisms that drive cooperative behavior. This research not only highlights the transformative potential of adaptive network rewiring in promoting cooperation within complex adaptive systems but also offers a framework for designing resilient cooperative networks across diverse domains.
Optimization of Kerf Width in Wedm of Al-Si/5%Aln Mmc Using Taguchi Method and Anova
Authors: Muhammad Imran Bin Wan Zaludin Wan , Said Mohamad Sazali Bin , Yusoff Mohd Shahrizan Bin , Pa Nik Masmiati Binti Nik
Published: January 2025

Wire electrical discharge machining (WEDM) is a non-conventional machining method used to machine tough material involving The Al-Si/5%AlN metal matrix composites MMC, widely employed in various components, exhibits enhanced machinability with the inclusion of 5% Aluminum Nitride (AlN) as reinforcement. This study employs WEDM to analyze kerf width. Given the intricate nature of the WEDM process, this research emphasizes the necessity for optimization using advanced methodologies. Additionally, the supplementary Design of Experiments (DOE) method is applied to elucidate the relationship between factors influencing the process and the response. Taguchi’s L9 Orthogonal Array method organizes parameters: current (8A, 11A, 14A), Pulse On-Time (3µs, 6µs, 9µs), and Pulse Off-Time (9µs, 12µs, 15µs). From the results, it is evident that the experiment with the lowest kerf width value was experiment 7, yielding a value of 302.33µm. Furthermore, a detailed investigation was conducted, leveraging analysis of variance (ANOVA) on the collected kerf width results. This aimed to assess the impact of various parameters in the WEDM process on its overall effectiveness. The analysis revealed that current (C), contributing 88.16%, predominantly governs kerf width, surpassing the influence of pulse on time (Pon), with an impact value of 5.72%. Additionally, pulse off time (Poff), affecting the kerf width by 4.66%, was also a notable factor for the Al-Si/5%AlN MMC. In conclusion, this study has emphasized that the current (C) significantly influences the kerf distance during the machining of Al-Si/5%AlN using Wire Electrical Discharge Machining (WEDM).
Lightweight Hybrid Composite B-Pillars for Automotive Applications; Flexural Performance Evaluation
Authors: Ibrahim M. I. , Rejab M. R. M. , Alang N. A. , Rani M. F.
Published: January 2025

An automobile’s B-pillars are specifically intended to effectively absorb collision energy while minimizing deformation to ensure minimal intrusion into the vehicle’s interior. This study investigates the development of automotive B-pillars using different composite materials to enhance structural property and mechanical performance, aiming to reduce component weight as an alternative to traditional steel. Specifically three combinations of hybrid composite B-pillars were fabricated using 3 layers of carbon fibre as base material. The components were reinforced at the critical area with different and hybrid configurations: two aramid fibre interlayers, two glass fibre interlayers, and a hybrid patch comprising carbon and glass fibre layers. Fabrication process employed a conventional hand lay-up technique producing a full-size B-pillar of an A-segment vehicle. Weight reduction of the fabricated composite-based pillars is between 33% to 56% lighter than original steel pillar. Experimental three-point flexural tests with incorporation of strain gauges were conducted to evaluate flexural characteristics and strain responses. Results indicate that interlayer-reinforced composite pillars demonstrated superior flexural resistance compared to lightest patch-reinforced pillar, which exhibited lower energy absorption capabilities. The CGCGC configuration shows the greatest force resistance, with a peak force only 2% higher than the CACAC. Additionally, CGCGC withstands a 9% greater displacement before failure. Strain measurements confirm the observed load-displacement behaviours across all samples. The CGCGC hybrid B-pillar demonstrates significant potential for future applications, offering a 43% weight reduction and a 50% increase in energy absorption. This research highlights the viability of composite materials, particularly those utilizing interlayer hybrids, as robust and lightweight alternatives to steel for automotive B-pillar applications.
Mechanical Characterization of Welded P91 Steel
Authors: Razak Norhaida Ab , Rosli Siti Nur Atikah
Published: January 2025

The work presented in this study was performed to characterize the P91 base and weld metal by assessing the microstructure, tensile behaviour, hardness profile, creep behaviour and fracture morphology. Tensile test and short-term creep were performed on both the base and weld metal. For material characterisation, the optical microscope and hardness testing were employed. The fracture surface of the creep ruptured specimen was analyzed by SEM. The transgranular fracture mode was observed in both the base and weld material.
Synthesis and Characterization of Reduced Graphene Oxide for Thermoelectric Materials Using Hummers’ Method
Authors: Sulaiman Suraya , Wealth Lennon
Published: January 2025

This study focuses on the synthesis and characterization of reduced graphene oxide (RGO) using the Hummers’ method. Graphite was first oxidized to graphene oxide (GO) and then reduced to RGO. We used X-ray diffraction (XRD), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX), and UV-Visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy to evaluate the material. The XRD results showed a crystallite size of 12.80 nm, but the RGO peaks didn’t match the standard ICDD data, indicating that some graphite remained in the sample. FESEM images revealed that the RGO had a non-uniform, wrinkled structure due to the rapid removal of oxygen groups during reduction. EDX confirmed the high purity of the RGO, showing 80.10% carbon and 19.90% oxygen by weight. UV-Vis spectroscopy showed five absorption peaks, with the highest at 275 nm and an absorption value of 3.139. These findings suggest that while the RGO synthesis was mostly successful, some graphite impurities remained, and further refinement of the process might be needed.
Optimizing Weld Design Layout for Enhanced Crashworthiness
Authors: Arifin Suyani , Salleh Salwani Mohd , Ahmad Syarifah Nur Aqida Syed
Published: January 2025

Crash boxes play a crucial role in this effort by absorbing kinetic energy during collisions, which not only reduces the impact on passengers but also lowers repair costs. This study focuses on optimizing the specific energy absorption (SEA) and initial peak force (IPF) of a crash box using the Response Surface Method (RSM). For an ideal impact energy absorber, the IPF should be minimized while maximizing SEA. In this experiment, AA6061-T6 sheet metal with dimensions of 220 x 200 x 1.5 mm was bent to form a single-hat column. A second piece of AA6061-T6, measuring 200 x 100 x 1.5 mm, was cut and spot welded to the first part. The spot welds were applied at three different distances from the top and bottom edges (10 mm, 20 mm, and 30 mm), and with four different spot weld numbers (N = 7, 8, 9, and 10). Optimization based on experimental results revealed that the best configuration involved a distance of 26.415 mm from the top and bottom edges and a spot weld number of 8.454. However, for practical purposes, these values were rounded, and it was found that the N8D30 configuration was the most optimal specimen. The experimental findings were in agreement with the optimized values obtained using the RSM method. In conclusion, applying the optimal spot weld design layout to the crash box structure can significantly enhance safety and reduce vehicle damage during accidents.
Integration of Artificial Neural Network (ANN) in Set-Based Concurrent Engineering (SBCE) for Automotive Front Reinforcement Bumper Design
Authors: Shaharudin Muhammad Syafiq bin , Maulana Muhd Ikmal Isyraf bin Mohd , Najib Abdillah Sani bin Mohd , Kadir Aini Zuhra binti Abdul , Bakar Saiful Anuar bin Abu , Saufi Mohd Syahril Ramadhan bin Mohd
Published: January 2025

This research evaluates the effectiveness of the SBCE application, specifically targeting the design and optimization of the front reinforcement bumper of a car. SBCE is an enabler of lean product development process. The front reinforcement bumper is a critical component in automotive safety and performance, and its optimization requires evaluating numerous design alternatives to ensure the best possible solution. The primary goal of this integrated strategy is to enhance the efficiency of product creation, improve product performance, eliminate unnecessary waste, and reduce costs. SBCE, a collaborative methodology, facilitates this by systematically assessing multiple designs before selecting the most optimal solution. Conventional product development methodologies often lead to extended and costly iterations of modifications and inadequate final products. In contrast, SBCE promotes the development of diverse design alternatives systematically. However, manual decision-making and communication present considerable obstacles due to inherent biases and dependence on human implicit knowledge. By utilizing data analysis and pattern discovery, decision-making can be enhanced through integrating SBCE with machine learning (ML) that significantly improves the analysis of complex designs where optimal design solution generated automatically, particularly for the front reinforcement bumper of a car. This methodology results in enhanced design optimization based on customer requirement by reduce 22% part weight with increasing 56% for safety factor of the front reinforcement bumper.
Engine Performance Analysis Using Rice Bran Biodiesel Fuel Blended
Authors: Hisham A.N. , Noor M.M. , Lu H.K. , Beg M.S. , Abdullah A.R. , Norhafana M. , Harikrishnan S.
Published: January 2025

This paper explores the engine performance characteristics of rice bran biodiesel fuel and its potential as a sustainable alternative to traditional diesel fuel. The study investigates the composition and properties of blended rice bran biodiesel, conducts experimental tests on a single-cylinder engine, and optimizes the biodiesel blend for improved engine performance. The study also analysed the characteristics, performance experiments, and optimization of rice bran biodiesel blends. The experimental work has been carried out to assess rice bran biodiesel blends at different ratios, particularly for B10, B20, B30, and B40. According to the study’s results, optimizing the combustion processes for each fuel blend is essential to lower emissions, improve engine performance, and reduce combustion emissions. As the world explores more sustainable and renewable energy sources, rice bran biodiesel promises a more efficient and environmentally friendly future, particularly in regions with abundant rice bran resources.
Extreme Learning Machine Optimization based on Hippopotamus Optimization Algorithm for Gear Fault Diagnosis
Authors: Amirulaminnur R. , Firdaus Isham M. , Harith M. K. , Saufi M. S. R. , Saad W. A. A. , Hasan M. D. A. , Talib M. H. A.
Published: January 2025

It is crucial to ensure the dependability, reliability, and sustainability of machines to optimize industrial productivity and efficiency. Any malfunction or breakdown of machine components or mechanical equipment may result in unexpected downtime and financial losses. This study presents a maintenance strategy for mechanical equipment, primarily focusing on a gear failure diagnosis approach using an extreme learning machine optimization based on the hippopotamus optimization algorithm (HO). The proposed method was evaluated using sets of gear vibration signals obtained from an online database, that included both healthy and malfunctioning data. The HO approach was employed to determine an optimal parameter for the ELM method, specifically the number of neurones, input weight, and bias range values. The findings indicate that the proposed approach enhances the classification efficacy of ELM by 12% compared to traditional ELM. The proposed strategy can be applied in any relevant industry to improve the sustainability and dependability of its plants.
Lumped parameter model for 2D Dynamics Vibration Absorber
Authors: Saad Fazidah , Hamid Muhammad Najib Abdul , Yusuf Zainal Nazri Mohd , Mazlan Ahmad Zhafran Ahmad
Published: January 2025

The Dynamic Vibration Absorber (DVA) is a common and simple solution which can be easily tailored to eliminate resonant vibration of a vibrating system. A DVA is equipped by a spring/mass system that is installed to vibrating system which is usually called as the primary system to lessen the resonant response of it. The DVA is designed to have sufficient weight to transform the resonance frequency of the single degree of freedom primary system into two degree of freedom with two natural frequencies. This happened by properly tuning the DVA mass and stiffness to the system so that the initial resonant peak of the primary system will vastly reduce. Practically, it is absurd to design a DVA without using numerical solutions and intricate calculations to dampen a system. Therefore, the objective of this research is to produce a simple and resolute correlations DVA parameters simulation by using MATLAB Simulink to be used in designing and analysing the DVA system effectiveness. In this research, the mass ratio of 0.25 is considered during the initial design step of the DVA as this is the optimum mass ratio of the primary and DVA. Subsequently, the parameters of DVA system are developed in 2D lumped mass model using MATLAB Simulink for simplicity and the output is obtained in frequency and amplitudes. The results show the effects of vibration reduction vary depending on whether the frequency of the DVA is the same as the primary system’s natural frequency or not. It is proved that when the DVA is operated at the system’s resonance (122.96rad/s) with the highest amplitude, the vibration reduction is great, at 99.99%. When the DVA is applied at frequencies lower or higher than the primary system’s natural frequency, the vibration reduction is acceptable between 64.29% (at 128 rad/s) and 78.56% (at 110 rad/s). These data indicate that the DVA is most effective at the same frequency as the primary system, but when used at other frequencies, it is still capable of reducing the vibration. This has established that all parameters of the system can be employed in the constructed MATLAB Simulink lumped model of the DVA to optimize the DVA design with the aim to reduce the primary system’s resonant frequency.
Cogen2Co: Oil Palm Biomass Cogeneration Designer Software
Authors: Hanipah Ummi Najwa Abu , Zailan Roziah binti , Azizi Aniq Akmal Anaqi , Shiun Lim Jeng , Jamaluddin Khairulnadzmi , Mansor Fatin Zafirah
Published: January 2025

This study was conducted to develop a software, Cogen2Co capable of designing and planning the biomass cogeneration project. The system is leading to sustainable energy and environmentally beneficial solutions for energy use through simultaneous heat and electricity generation from oil palm biomass (OPB). However, these systems can be difficult to design without designated tools and prone to error. The proposed Cogen2Co software streamlines the design process by integrates all technical, economic and environmental aspects of a cogeneration design into one platform that coded in Visual Basic for Applications (VBA). A case study was conducted to validate the software, and then a cost-benefit analysis for OPB cogeneration system was performed. The results showed that while the initial investment and operating costs of the OPB cogeneration system was higher compared to a baseline system, it is still more financially viable. In fact, it found that profit fell 25% lower for return on investment (ROI) than the baseline. The OPB cogeneration system was also apparent in lower greenhouse gas emissions, resulting in a more efficient alternative and greener as well.
The Influences of the Fluid Initial Temperature and Fluid Flow Rate to the Boiling Heat Transfer: A Short Review
Authors: Shaidan Faiz , Basrawi Firdaus , Yudin Ahmmad Shukrie Md , Azman Nurul Aini Mohd
Published: January 2025

Recently, Low Temperature Vacuum Drying with induced Nucleation Boiling (LTVD-NB) has been studied for water reduction methods. However, low dewatering temperature led to longer drying process. Hence, to improve the LTVD-NB dewatering performance, the study on Boiling Heat Transfer (BHT) such as parameters, conditions and phenomena that may affect the heat transfer in boiling process should be understood further. Currently, some of parameters such as dewatering temperature, surface roughness, and initial water content effects in LTVD-NB have been discovered. However, the effect of the fluid initial temperature and hot water flow rate to the BHT in LTVD-NB is still unclarified. Hence, the objective of this paper is to review and examine the influences of fluid initial temperature and the effect of fluid flow rate to the BHT. In general, the result shows that the higher fluid initial temperature and flow rate significantly enhanced the BHT. As a result, the BHT in LTVD-NB system can be improved which will significantly improve the dewatering process of honey in the future.
Alveolar nitric oxide concentration as a potential biomarker of fibrosis and active disease in pulmonary sarcoidosis: a pilot study
Authors: Levra Stefano , Giannoccaro Fabiana , Chernovsky Maria , Carriero Vitina , Arrigo Elisa , Bertolini Francesca , Balbi Maurizio , Pizzimenti Stefano , Guida Giuseppe , Ricciardolo Fabio L M
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Sarcoidosis is considered a T-helper (Th) 1 related disease, but a transition from Th1 to Th2 pathway activation has been postulated in sarcoidosis-associated pulmonary fibrosis (SAPF). Fraction of exhaled nitric oxide (FENO) is a marker of Th2 airway inflammation, but alveolar concentration of nitric oxide (CANO) can be measured to assess Th2 inflammation in the periphery of the lung. The aim of this study is to assess whether CANO can be considered a biomarker of SAPF or active pulmonary sarcoidosis. In this single-center retrospective study, we compared exhaled NO levels of patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis without fibrosis (N = 11) with those obtained from patients with SAPF (N = 15). Clinical data, as well as respiratory function tests, were also analyzed. FENO (28.5 ± 16 ppb vs 30.9 ± 17.2 ppb, p = 0.72) and CANO (4.4 ± 3.5 ppb vs 3.2 ± 1.7 ppb, p = 0.73) levels did not differ significantly between patients with or without SAPF, even when dividing them according to treatment or disease activity. CANO appeared reduced in patients with active sarcoidosis (2.1 ± 0.8 ppb vs 4.1 ± 3 ppb, p < 0.05). In conclusion, CANO cannot be considered a biomarker of SAPF. Its lower level in patients with active disease confirms the prevalence of Th1 inflammation in granuloma formation and suggests its potential role as a biomarker of active pulmonary sarcoidosis, but further studies with larger samples are needed to confirm this hypothesis.
Interlayer charge transfer in graphene–2D polyimide heterostructures
Authors: Falorsi Francesca , Zhao Shuangjie , Liu Kejun , Eckel Christian , Pöhls Jonas F , Bennecke Wiebke , Reutzel Marcel , Mathias Stefan , Watanabe Kenji , Taniguchi Takashi , Wang Zhiyong , Polozij Miroslav , Feng Xinliang , Heine Thomas , Weitz R Thomas
Published: January 2025

The vertical integration of multiple two-dimensional (2D) materials in heterostructures, held together by van der Waals forces, has opened unprecedented possibilities for modifying the (opto-)electronic properties of nanodevices. This not only allows for the exploration of new physical phenomena but also greatly broadens the application horizon of existing monolayer devices. Graphene, with its remarkable opto-electronic properties, is an ideal candidate for such applications. The other potential candidates are 2D polymers, crystalline polymeric materials with customizable structures and electronic properties, as they can be synthesized in all mathematically possible Bravais lattices. In this study, we investigated the optoelectronic properties of a heterostructure created by pristine graphene and a rectangular 2D polyimide (2DPI) film. This imprints a new superlattice on graphene in conjunction with a direct influence on its electronic properties. Theoretical and experimental analyses reveal that interlayer charge exchange between the 2D polymer and graphene induces hole doping in the graphene layer. We have also observed that the properties of the heterostructure are dependent on the substrate used in experiments, likely due to the porous character of the 2DPI allowing direct interaction of graphene with the support. Furthermore, we demonstrate a direct correlation between the thickness of the 2DPI layer and the extent of hole doping in graphene. These findings highlight the unique ability to tailor functionalities in 2D polymers-based heterostructures, opening avenues for the development of optoelectronic devices with precisely engineered properties and stimulating further exploration of the diverse phenomena accessible through tailored designs of the 2D polymers.
Road Layer Detection and Volume Calculation Using UAV Technologies and Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Iqbal Muhammad Hammad , Iqbal Muhammad Junaid , Saleem Tahir
Published: January 2025

Traditional methods for monitoring road construction often rely on manual measurements and visual inspections, which are time-consuming and prone to errors. This study introduces a novel approach that uses unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and the You Only Look Once (YOLO) model (YOLOv11-seg) to significantly improve the accuracy and efficiency of road layer detection and volume calculation. By utilizing high-resolution images taken by the DJI Phantom 4 Pro drone, the model successfully identifies and segments crucial road layers, such as subgrade, asphalt, and aggregate base. The YOLOv11-seg model demonstrates remarkable classification accuracy, achieving 95% for both asphalt and aggregate base and 83% for subgrade. Additionally, the model reaches a maximum precision of 1.0 at the highest confidence level. Its F1 score is 0.92 at an optimal confidence threshold of 0.779, and it maintains a recall of 0.96 at lower confidence levels. For volumetric analysis, this study evaluates four software tools: Agisoft Metashape, CloudCompare, Civil 3D, and WebODM. It identifies WebODM as the most accurate, achieving volume accuracies of 99.85% for subgrade and asphalt and 99.9% for aggregate base. This application of drone imagery and object detection technology simplifies monitoring and significantly reduces labor and errors associated with traditional road construction monitoring methods.
Nonlinear oscillators at resonance with periodic forcing
Authors: Korman Philip , Li Yi
Published: January 2025

In this note we unify the results of P. O. Frederickson and A. C. Lazer [J. Differential Equations 5 (1969), 26-270], A. C. Lazer [Electron. J. Differ. Equ. Conf., vol. 5, 2000, pp. 113–119], A. C. Lazer and D. E. Leach [Ann. Mat. Pura Appl. (4) 82 (1969), 49–68], J. M. Alonso and R. Ortega [Nonlinearity 9 (1996), no. 5, 1099–1111], and P. Korman and Y. Li [Acta Math. Sci. Ser. B (Engl. Ed.) 34 (2014), no. 4, 1025–1028] on periodic oscillations and unbounded solutions of nonlinear equations with linear part at resonance and periodic forcing. We give conditions for the existence and nonexistence of periodic solutions, and we obtain a rather detailed description of the dynamics for nonlinear oscillations at resonance, in case periodic solutions do not exist.
Transference-Focused Psychotherapy
Authors: Blüml Victor
Published: January 2025

This chapter (“Transference-Focused Psychotherapy”) (TFP) provides an object relations perspective on the new ICD-11 personality disorder (PD) classification, addressing diagnostic and conceptual considerations as well as sketching out clinical implications. TFP is an evidence-based psychodynamic treatment for PDs developed by Otto Kernberg and coworkers. It is argued that there exist many points of convergence between an object relations–based approach to assessing and treating personality pathology with TFP and the new ICD-11 PD classification. The chapter reviews commonalities such as the focus on the severity of personality pathology and the importance given to disturbances in self- and interpersonal functioning for the diagnosis of PDs, while more critically evaluating the complementing trait-based model of maladaptive personality traits. The chapter concludes with a clinical example of the diagnostic process in TFP, including the use of the Structured Interview for Personality Organization (STIPO), and delineates some of the clinical implications.
Mentalization-Based Treatment
Authors: Simonsen Sebastian , Kongerslev Mickey T , Bateman Anthony
Published: January 2025

Mentalization-based therapy is an evidence-based psychotherapy originally developed for borderline personality disorder. The mentalizing model is founded on attachment theory and suggests that a key mechanism behind personality disorder is disruption of the ability to make sense of oneself and other people. We explain key constructs in the mentalizing model and review the evidence base for mentalization-based treatment for personality disorder. We explain how mentalization-based therapy may be considered a transdiagnostic approach yet may also be utilized in more specialized ways with persons who have specific trait constellations in the ICD-11. The clinician is guided on how to approach treatment for (a) moderate or severe personality disorder with prominent Negative Affectivity and/or Disinhibition, (b) moderate or severe personality disorder with prominent Dissociality and/or Negative Affectivity and/or Disinhibition, (c) mild–moderate personality disorder with some Dissocial traits and (d) mild–severe personality disorder with prominent Detachment and Negative Affectivity and/or Anankastia.
Compass
Authors: Sauer-Zavala Shannon , Fruhbauerova Martina , Stumpp Nicole E , Croom Hannah
Published: January 2025

As the International Classification of Diseases 11th revision (ICD-11) mental health diagnostic system shifts away from a categorical classification of personality disorders in favor of a dimensional, severity and trait-based approach, it is important to adapt psychological treatment in line with this evolution. COMPASS, which loosely stands for Cognitive Behavioral Modules for Personality System, is a novel psychological intervention with discrete treatment components to address trait domains of Neuroticism/Negative Affectivity, (low) Conscientiousness/Disinhibition, and (low) Agreeableness/Dissociality. This chapter describes the rationale, development, and utility of the Compass model, along with its application for ICD-11 personality disorders and related traits, and co-occurring forms of psychopathology.
Cross-Cultural Application
Authors: Hualparuca-Olivera Luis , Matsumoto Chihiro
Published: January 2025

The ICD-11 Classification of Personality Disorders and Related Traits, published by the World Health Organization (WHO), is to be employed across all cultures. This chapter deals with the ICD-11 personality disorder diagnosis from the perspective of culture, race, ethnicity, individualist/collectivist philosophy, historical/generational trauma, immigration, acculturation, religion, and gender. Efforts of researchers to design and validate culturally sensitive ICD-11 personality disorder measures are also overviewed. Four particular measures were specifically developed under cross-cultural conditions and by linguistically diverse experts. Finally, culturally relevant research directions are proposed to better capture all the ethnic edges that the implementation of the ICD-11 PD model implies.
Rising India
Authors: Underwood Erik , Paul T.V.
Published: January 2025

India’s rise is best understood by combining the domestic, regional, and systemic levels of analysis, which provide a mixed picture for its potential to reach its ambitions. The rise of China as a powerful state in the Indo-Pacific has given India an important swing-power role as the United States and its Western allies in the region, especially Japan and Australia as well as many of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, consider India as a putative balancing force. India has pursued a hybrid balancing strategy, invoking both hard and soft balancing techniques, seeking to preserve its strategic autonomy and noninvolvement in intense great-power competition. India has soft power and demographic advantages, as while in the post–Cold War period, rapid economic growth provided the engine for its great-power dream. However, high levels of inequality, lingering poverty, uneven human development, and divisive ethnic politics all present domestic hurdles that India will need to overcome before getting its full recognition. Regionally, India’s rivalries with Pakistan and China have acted as drains on its military resources, but the developing Sino–U.S. rivalry presents a systemic opening that could help it partially overcome its regional challenges as the U.S. search for regional partners opens the way to balancing coalitions and economic opportunities for India.
Comparison of Different Hemostatic Net Applications in a Rat Dorsal Skin Flap Model
Authors: İsmail Bilge Kaan , Fındıkçıoğlu Kemal , Şibar Serhat , Elmas Çiğdem
Published: January 2025

Background

Although several articles have discussed the use of hemostatic nets to close dead spaces, no in vivo experimental studies have examined simultaneously the histology and tissue perfusion of these techniques.

Objectives

The aim of this study was to compare variations of the hemostatic net technique commonly used in current practice.

Methods

Two different hemostatic net suturing techniques and 2 suture removal times were tested, with a control group for comparison. In a modified McFarlane flap model, hemostatic net sutures were placed in either a vertical or horizontal pattern. Suture removal times were set at 60 hours and 7 days. Perfusion in the proximal, middle, and distal parts of the flap was assessed by SPY-assisted immunofluorescence angiography (Novadaq, Kalamazoo, MI) at 0 minutes, 60 hours, and 7 days after the first surgery. The rat dorsal flap was photographed in a standardized manner 1 week postsurgery. Flap survival areas were calculated as a percentage using ImageJ software (US National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD). On day 20, all rats were killed and sent for histological examination.

Results

There was no statistically significant difference in macroscopic flap survival between the groups (P > .05). Group 5 (control) was statistically different with lower neovascularization scores than the other groups in all 3 segments (P < .01).

Conclusions

Hemostatic nets may improve neovascularization at the flap base but do not significantly affect overall flap survival.
BIOTIC: a Bayesian framework to integrate single-cell multi-omics for transcription factor activity inference and improve identity characterization of cells
Authors: Cao Lan , Zhang Wenhao , Yang Fan , Chen Shengquan , Huang Xiaobing , Zeng Feng , Wang Ying
Published: January 2025

Understanding cell destiny requires unraveling the intricate mechanism of gene regulation, where transcription factors (TFs) play a pivotal role. However, the actual contribution of TFs, that is TF activity, is not only determined by TF expression, but also accessibility of corresponding chromatin regions. Therefore, we introduce BIOTIC, an advanced Bayesian model with a well-established gene regulation structure that harnesses the power of single-cell multi-omics data to model the gene expression process under the control of regulatory elements, thereby defining the regulatory activity of TFs with variational inference. We demonstrated that the TF activity inferred by BIOTIC can serve as a characterization of cell identity, and outperforms baseline methods for the tasks of cell typing, cell development tracking, and batch effect correction. Additionally, BIOTIC trained on multi-omics data can flexibly be applied to the scenario where merely single-cell transcriptome sequencing is available, to infer TF activity and annotate the cell type by mapping the query cell into the reference TF activity space, as an emerging application of cell atlases. The structure of BIOTIC has been determined to be adaptable for the inclusion of additional biological factors, allowing for flexible and more comprehensive gene regulation analysis. BIOTIC introduces a pioneering biological-mechanism-driven framework to infer TF activity and elucidate cell identity states at gene regulatory level, paving the way for a deeper understanding of the complex interplay between TFs and gene expression in living systems.
mTOR signaling mediates energy metabolic equilibrium in bovine and mouse oocytes during the ovulatory phase
Authors: Ran Zaohong , Liu Ruiyan , Shi Hongru , Wang Xiaodong , Wu Zian , Zhou Shanshan , Liao Jianning , Hu Lichang , Hu Yongtao , Zhou Jintao , He Changjiu , Li Xiang
Published: January 2025

The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway is activated by luteinizing hormone in preovulatory follicle. However, its impact on ovulation remains inadequately explored. Utilizing in vivo studies and in vitro fertilization, we demonstrated that the negative effect of inhibition of mTOR signaling by rapamycin on oocyte quality during the ovulatory phase, with a notable decrease in the total cell count of blastocysts, a reduction in gastrula size, and fetal degeneration on the 16th day of gestation while not affecting ovulated oocyte count or granulosa cell luteinization. Mechanistically, our study elucidated that in the ovulatory phase, mTOR signaling inhibition enhances lipid consumption, mitochondrial membrane potential of oocytes, and ATP generation. As a result, embryos derived from these oocytes exhibit higher levels of reactive oxygen species, insufficient energy supply, and lower developmental potency. Furthermore, the impact of mTOR signaling on oocytes remains consistent across various species, and its inhibition has been demonstrated to enhance energy metabolism during the in vitro maturation process of bovine oocytes. These findings demonstrate the critical role of mTOR signaling during the ovulatory phase in balancing oocyte energy metabolism, enriching our understanding of the role of mTOR on ovulation regulation.
Effect of gestational age and fetal sex on metabolism of creatine by uteri, placentae, and fetuses of pigs
Authors: Sah Nirvay , Stenhouse Claire , Halloran Katherine M , Moses Robyn M , Newton Makenzie G , Seo Heewon , Cain Joe W , Lefevre Carli M , Johnson Gregory A , Wu Guoyao , Bazer Fuller W
Published: January 2025

The creatine (Cr) biosynthesis pathway buffers adenosine triphosphate in metabolically active tissues. We investigated whether sex of fetus and day of gestation influence Cr in endometrial and conceptus tissues from gilts on days 60 and 90 (n = 6 gilts/day) of gestation. Uterine and conceptus tissues associated with one male and one female fetus from each gilt were analyzed for creatine, messenger RNAs (mRNAs), and proteins for Cr biosynthesis. Total Cr decreased in amniotic fluid but increased in allantoic fluid between days 60 and 90 of gestation for male (P < 0.05) but not for female fetuses (P > 0.05). Endometrial expression of creatine kinase, muscle (CKM), creatine kinase mitochondrial type 1 (CKMT1), and solute carrier family 6, member 8 (SLC6A8) mRNAs increased (P < 0.05) between days 60 and 90 only for female fetuses. On day 60, expression of creatine kinase, brain (CKB) and CKMT1 mRNAs was greater (P < 0.05) for placentae of female than male fetuses. Livers of male fetuses had greater expression of arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) and CKB than for females on day 60, while kidneys of female fetuses had greater expression of guanidinoacetate-N-methyltransferase (GAMT) than male fetuses on day 90 (P < 0.05). Localization of GAMT, CKB, CKMT1, and SLC6A8 proteins to uterine and chorionic epithelium was not influenced by gestational age or fetal sex. Arginine-glycine amidinotransferase localized to fetal kidneys and appeared greater on day 90 than on day 60 in both sexes. Thus, expression of the creatine–creatine kinase–phosphocreatine system at the uterine–conceptus interface is affected by gestational age and fetal sex to influence energy homeostasis in pigs.
Melanoma: assessment and management summary of the 2022 update of the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence guidelines
Authors: Smith Myles J , Peach Howard , Keohane Steve , Lear John , Jamieson Lynne A , Mohamed Hesham S ,   the NICE Melanoma Assessment and Management guideline committee, Molyneux Andrew , Lear John , Bolland Will , Burkill Guy , Cheetham Susan , Collier Fiona , Godsell Gillian , Hemington-Gorse Sarah , James Ian , Jamieson Lynne A , Keohane Stephen , Parkinson Christine , Peach Howard , Reeken Saskia , Smith Myles J , Sworm Delia , Watkins Steven , Chauhan Dharmisha , Wilne Sophie
Published: January 2025

Melanoma is the fifth most common cancer in the UK, accounting for 4% of all new cases of cancer, with a predicted 7% increase in incidence between 2014 and 2035. In parallel, since the initial publication of the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) melanoma guidelines in 2015, there has been a paradigm shift in the management of the disease, with the introduction of effective systemic therapies. These innovations have reshaped the management of melanoma throughout the patient journey, and improved clinical outcomes. Surgical management has evolved, with the role of sentinel node biopsy in staging and management of regional lymph nodes becoming clearly defined, and a reduction in the need and indications for morbid block dissections. In advanced disease, effective therapies have allowed a de-escalation of surgery, changing the role and sequencing of local therapies. Regional therapies for in-transit disease have expanded and are effective in controlling this pattern of disease as part of multidisciplinary care. These advances have undoubtedly improved the care for people with melanoma, but they have also increased the complexity of management. In this context, this article seeks to summarize the most relevant of the recent updates to the NICE guidelines.
Natural History and Long Term Follow-Up of Incidental Thyroid Nodules on Computed Tomography Imaging
Authors: Lyuman Eda , McArthur Claire
Published: January 2025

Objectives

incidental thyroid nodules (ITNs) are found in up to 25% of CT scans. Increased use of cross-sectional imaging has contributed to the increased incidence of thyroid cancer worldwide. ITNs pose a management dilemma since nodule malignancy rate is 5-15% but most cancers are indolent and prognosis in differentiated thyroid cancer is excellent. Study aims are to determine prevalence of ITNs ≥1 cm on CT scans, evaluate reporting practices, assess for emergence of clinically evident thyroid cancer during 13-year follow-up and assess interim nodule growth and clinical outcomes in nodules that were further investigated.

Methods

direct image review of 1499 consecutive CT scans that included the thyroid, performed during January 2009 in a large NHS health board was performed. Clinical data up to January 2022 was analysed in 150 patients with at least one ITN > =1cm.

Results

ITN prevalence was 11% with mean patient age 70 years and mean nodule diameter 17.5 mm. 30% of ITNs were mentioned in the CT report. During the follow-up period 11% proceeded to thyroid ultrasound, 5% fine needle aspiration and 2% diagnostic hemithyroidectomy with no thyroid malignancy found. 120 patients (80%) were deceased by the study endpoint, none from thyroid malignancy. No patients presented with clinically evident thyroid malignancy during follow-up.

Conclusions

None of150 ITN cases developed clinically evident thyroid malignancy in a 13-year follow-up period with 80% of patients deceased by the study endpoint from non-thyroid causes.

Advances in knowledge

This would suggest that ITNs detected on CT do not require further investigation unless malignant appearances or significant clinical concern for thyroid malignancy.
Anti-nephrin antibody: a potential biomarker of minimal change disease
Authors: Chen Qiaoling , Chen Sihui , Ye Qiuping , Lin Wanjun , Liao Yonggen , Xiong Yunfeng , Xu Jiaming , Gao Ruiyu , Li Binbin , Liu Lifang , Wei Lixin
Published: January 2025

Background

Minimal change disease (MCD) is a common pathological type of nephrotic syndrome in children and adults, and the mechanisms remain obscure. The diagnosis of MCD still relies on renal biopsy, lacking effective biological markers. This study explores the diagnostic value of circulating anti-nephrin antibody in MCD patients and evaluates the correlation with disease activity indicators such as proteinuria.

Methods

The study included 108 adult patients with glomerular disease, including 36 with MCD, 16 with primary focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), 20 with primary membranous nephropathy (PMN), 17 with diabetic nephropathy (DN) and 19 with IgA nephropathy (IgAN). 20 healthy volunteers were included. Circulating anti-nephrin antibody was detected by indirect immunofluorescence method of cell-based assay (CBA). The ROC curve was used to evaluate the role of circulating anti-nephrin antibody in the diagnosis of MCD. The correlations between anti-nephrin antibody and clinical parameters were analyzed.

Results

The prevalence of circulating anti-nephrin antibody was 19.44% (7 of 36) in MCD, and 26.92% (7 of 26) in MCD patients with nephrotic proteinuria, which were higher than FSGS, PMN, DN, IgAN and healthy volunteer. The ROC curve showed that the sensitivity of anti-nephrin antibody used in the diagnosis of MCD was 19.4% and the specificity was 97.8%. The MCD patients with positive anti-nephrin antibody had heavier proteinuria, higher serum lipid levels, while lower serum albumin and blood IgG levels. Anti-nephrin antibody might turn to negative when the MCD patient had response to therapy.

Conclusions

Circulating anti-nephrin antibody may be a potential biomarker of MCD and may play a role in the MCD diagnosis.
Cardiovascular Risk Prediction in Hemodialysis Patients using the Triglyceride-Glucose Index: A Multicenter Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Lee Yu Ho , Kang Seok Hui , Kim Dae Kyu , Kim Jin Sug , Jeong Kyung Hwan , Kim Yang Gyun , Lee Dong-Young , Ahn Shin Young , Chung Sungjin , Sun In O , Lee Min-Jeong , Hwang Hyeon Seok
Published: January 2025

Background

Triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index has recently been established as an indicator of insulin resistance and has predictive value for cardiovascular (CV) disease. However, the clinical significance of the TyG index in patients undergoing hemodialysis remains unknown.

Methods

We prospectively enrolled 759 patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis. The participants were divided into tertiles based on their baseline TyG index. Echocardiographic parameters, vascular calcification scores, and several plasma biomarkers were obtained and compared using the TyG index.

Results

The TyG index was positively correlated with levels of circulating vascular pathologic markers, endostatin (ρ=0.134, P=0.025) and vascular adhesion protein-1 (ρ=0.130, P=0.012), but not with vascular calcification score. The TyG index was not correlated with any echocardiographic parameters. Patients in tertile 3 showed the highest cumulative event rates of CV and cardiac events (P<0.001 and P=0.001, respectively). In the multivariable Cox regression analysis, patients in the TyG index tertile 3 had a significantly increased risk of CV and cardiac events compared to those in the TyG index tertile 1 (adjusted hazard ratio [HR]: 1.89, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.08–3.30, and adjusted HR: 2.01, 95% CI: 1.05–3.82, respectively). A one standard deviation increase in the TyG index was also associated with significantly higher risks of CV and cardiac events.

Conclusions

The TyG index was associated with vascular pathology markers and an increased risk of adverse CV outcomes in patients undergoing hemodialysis. Our study suggests that the TyG index has the potential to assist clinicians in identifying a high CV risk in hemodialysis patients.