bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synergistic Processing of Biphenyl and Benzoate: Carbon Flow Through the Bacterial Community in Polychlorinated-Biphenyl-Contaminated Soil
Authors: Leewis Mary-Cathrine , Uhlik Ondrej , Leigh Mary Beth
Published: February 2016

Aerobic mineralization of PCBs, which are toxic and persistent organic pollutants, involves the upper (biphenyl, BP) and lower (benzoate, BZ) degradation pathways. The activity of different members of the soil microbial community in performing one or both pathways and their synergistic interactions during PCB biodegradation, are not well understood. This study investigates BP and BZ biodegradation and subsequent carbon flow through the microbial community in PCB-contaminated soil. DNA stable isotope probing (SIP) was used to identify the bacterial guilds involved in utilizing 13C-biphenyl (unchlorinated analogue of PCBs) and/or 13C-benzoate (product/intermediate of BP degradation and analogue of chlorobenzoates). By performing SIP with two substrates in parallel, we reveal microbes performing the upper (BP) and/or lower (BZ) degradation pathways and heterotrophic bacteria involved indirectly in processing carbon derived from these substrates (i.e. through crossfeeding). Substrate mineralization rates and shifts in relative abundance of labeled taxa suggest that BP and BZ biotransformations were performed by microorganisms with different growth strategies: BZ-associated bacteria were fast growing, potentially copiotrophic organisms, while microbes that transform BP were oligotrophic, slower growing, organisms. Our findings provide novel insight into the functional interactions of soil bacteria active in processing biphenyl and related aromatic compounds in soil, revealing how carbon flows through a bacterial community.
In situ Proteomic Profiling of Curcumin Targets in HCT116 Colon Cancer Cell Line
Authors: Wang Jigang , Zhang Jianbin , Zhang Chong-Jing , Wong Yin Kwan , Lim Teck Kwang , Hua Zi-Chun , Liu Bin , Tannenbaum Steven R. , Shen Han-Ming , Lin Qingsong
Published: February 2016

To date, the exact targets and mechanism of action of curcumin, a natural product with anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties, remain elusive. Here we synthesized a cell permeable curcumin probe (Cur-P) with an alkyne moiety, which can be tagged with biotin for affinity enrichment, or with a fluorescent dye for visualization of the direct-binding protein targets of curcumin in situ. iTRAQTM quantitative proteomics approach was applied to distinguish the specific binding targets from the non-specific ones. In total, 197 proteins were confidently identified as curcumin binding targets from HCT116 colon cancer cell line. Gene Ontology analysis showed that the targets are broadly distributed and enriched in the nucleus, mitochondria and plasma membrane, and they are involved in various biological functions including metabolic process, regulation, response to stimulus and cellular process. Ingenuity Pathway AnalysisTM (IPA) suggested that curcumin may exert its anticancer effects over multiple critical biological pathways including the EIF2, eIF4/p70S6K, mTOR signaling and mitochondrial dysfunction pathways. Functional validations confirmed that curcumin downregulates cellular protein synthesis, and induces autophagy, lysosomal activation and increased ROS production, thus leading to cell death.
Membrane type 1-matrix metalloproteinase induces epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: Observations from clinical and in vitro analyses
Authors: Pang Lijuan , Li Qiuxiang , Li Shugang , He Jianwei , Cao Weiwei , Lan Jiaojiao , Sun Bin , Zou Hong , Wang Chengyan , Liu Ruixue , Wei Cuilei , Wei Yutao , Qi Yan , Hu Jianming , Liang Weihua , Zhang Wen Jie , Wan Mei , Li Feng
Published: February 2016

Membrane type 1-matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) is associated with enhanced tumorigenicity in many cancers. A recent study has revealed that MT1-MMP induces epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in prostate and breast cancer cells. However, its role in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) has not been studied. Here, we investigated the role of MT1-MMP in the dissemination of ESCC. Expression of MT1-MMP was detected by immunohistochemistry and tissue microarray in 88 Kazakh ESCC patients. Western blotting was performed to detect endogenous and overexpressed exogenous MT1-MMP in the Eca109 and Eca9706 cell lines, respectively. Transwell assay was used to estimate MT1-MMP-induced invasion and metastasis. EMT-associated proteins were detected by immunohistochemistry and western blotting. The associations between the expression of MT1-MMP and EMT-associated proteins with clinicopathologic parameters were analyzed. Overexpression of MT1-MMP was confirmed in Kazakh ESCC patients. MT1-MMP levels were found to be correlated with the depth of tumor infiltration. MT1-MMP induced EMT in ESCC both in vivo and in vitro, N-cadherin and Vimentin expression was upregulated upon MT1-MMP transfection into cells. However, E-cadherin was found to be downregulated. MT1-MMP-induced EMT led to increase migration and invasion in ESCC cell lines. In conclusion, our results suggest that MT1-MMP promotes ESCC invasion and metastasis.
Dedicated Industrial Oilseed Crops as Metabolic Engineering Platforms for Sustainable Industrial Feedstock Production
Authors: Zhu Li-Hua , Krens Frans , Smith Mark A. , Li Xueyuan , Qi Weicong , van Loo Eibertus N. , Iven Tim , Feussner Ivo , Nazarenus Tara J. , Huai Dongxin , Taylor David C. , Zhou Xue-Rong , Green Allan G. , Shockey Jay , Klasson K. Thomas , Mullen Robert T. , Huang Bangquan , Dyer John M. , Cahoon Edgar B.
Published: February 2016

Feedstocks for industrial applications ranging from polymers to lubricants are largely derived from petroleum, a non-renewable resource. Vegetable oils with fatty acid structures and storage forms tailored for specific industrial uses offer renewable and potentially sustainable sources of petrochemical-type functionalities. A wide array of industrial vegetable oils can be generated through biotechnology, but will likely require non-commodity oilseed platforms dedicated to specialty oil production for commercial acceptance. Here we show the feasibility of three Brassicaceae oilseeds crambe, camelina, and carinata, none of which are widely cultivated for food use, as hosts for complex metabolic engineering of wax esters for lubricant applications. Lines producing wax esters >20% of total seed oil were generated for each crop and further improved for high temperature oxidative stability by down-regulation of fatty acid polyunsaturation. Field cultivation of optimized wax ester-producing crambe demonstrated commercial utility of these engineered crops and a path for sustainable production of other industrial oils in dedicated specialty oilseeds.
Singular observation of the polarization-conversion effect for a gammadion-shaped metasurface
Authors: Lin Chu-En , Yen Ta-Jen , Yu Chih-Jen , Hsieh Cheng-Min , Lee Min-Han , Chen Chii-Chang , Chang Cheng-Wei
Published: February 2016

In this article, the polarization-conversion effects of a gammadion-shaped metasurface in transmission and reflection modes are discussed. In our experiment, the polarization-conversion effect of a gammadion-shaped metasurface is investigated because of the contribution of the phase and amplitude anisotropies. According to our experimental and simulated results, the polarization property of the first-order transmitted diffraction is dominated by linear anisotropy and has weak depolarization; the first-order reflected diffraction exhibits both linear and circular anisotropies and has stronger depolarization than the transmission mode. These results are different from previously published research. The Mueller matrix ellipsometer and polar decomposition method will aid in the investigation of the polarization properties of other nanostructures.
Functional modules of sigma factor regulons guarantee adaptability and evolvability
Authors: Binder Sebastian C. , Eckweiler Denitsa , Schulz Sebastian , Bielecka Agata , Nicolai Tanja , Franke Raimo , Häussler Susanne , Meyer-Hermann Michael
Published: February 2016

The focus of modern molecular biology turns from assigning functions to individual genes towards understanding the expression and regulation of complex sets of molecules. Here, we provide evidence that alternative sigma factor regulons in the pathogenPseudomonas aeruginosalargely represent insulated functional modules which provide a critical level of biological organization involved in general adaptation and survival processes. Analysis of the operational state of the sigma factor network revealed that transcription factors functionally couple the sigma factor regulons and significantly modulate the transcription levels in the face of challenging environments. The threshold quality of newly evolved transcription factors was reached faster and more robustly inin silicotesting when the structural organization of sigma factor networks was taken into account. These results indicate that the modular structures of alternative sigma factor regulons provideP. aeruginosawith a robust framework to function adequately in its environment and at the same time facilitate evolutionary change. Our data support the view that widespread modularity guarantees robustness of biological networks and is a key driver of evolvability.
A novel self-enhanced electrochemiluminescence immunosensor based on hollow Ru-SiO2@PEI nanoparticles for NSE analysis
Authors: Zhou Limin , Huang Jianshe , Yu Bin , You Tianyan
Published: February 2016

Poly(ethylenimine) (PEI) and Ru(bpy)32+-doped silica (Ru-SiO2) nanoparticles were simply mixed together to prepare a novel self-enhanced electrochemiluminescence (ECL) composite of Ru-SiO2@PEI. The hollow Ru-SiO2@PEI nanoparticles were used to build an ECL immunosensor for the analysis of neuron specific enolase (NSE). PEI not only assembled on the surface of Ru-SiO2 nanoparticles through the electrostatic interaction to act as co-reactant for Ru(bpy)32+ ECL, but also provided alkaline condition to etch the Ru-SiO2 nanoparticles to form the hollow Ru-SiO2@PEI nanoparticles with porous shell. The unique structure of the Ru-SiO2@PEI nanoparticles loaded both a large amount of Ru(bpy)32+ and its co-reactant PEI at the same time, which shortened the electron-transfer distance, thereby greatly enhanced the luminous efficiency and amplified the ECL signal. The developed immunosensor showed a wide linear range from 1.0 × 10−11 to 1.0 × 10−5 mg mL−1 with a low detection limit of 1.0 × 10−11 mg mL−1 for NSE. When the immunosensor was used for the determination of NSE in clinical human serum, the results were comparable with those obtained by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. The proposed method provides a promising alternative for NSE analysis in clinical samples.
Mutation analysis of the phospholamban gene in 315 South Africans with dilated, hypertrophic, peripartum and arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathies
Authors: Fish Maryam , Shaboodien Gasnat , Kraus Sarah , Sliwa Karen , Seidman Christine E. , Burke Michael A. , Crotti Lia , Schwartz Peter J. , Mayosi Bongani M.
Published: February 2016

Cardiomyopathy is an important cause of heart failure in Sub-Saharan Africa, accounting for up to 30% of adult heart failure hospitalisations. This high prevalence poses a challenge in societies without access to resources and interventions essential for disease management. Over 80 genes have been implicated as a cause of cardiomyopathy. Mutations in the phospholamban (PLN) gene are associated with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and severe heart failure. In Africa, the prevalence of PLN mutations in cardiomyopathy patients is unknown. Our aim was to screen 315 patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (n = 111), DCM (n = 95), hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (n = 40) and peripartum cardiomyopathy (n = 69) for disease-causing PLN mutations by high resolution melt analysis and DNA sequencing. We detected the previously reported PLN c.25C > T (p.R9C) mutation in a South African family with severe autosomal dominant DCM. Haplotype analysis revealed that this mutation occurred against a different haplotype background to that of the original North American family and was therefore unlikely to have been inherited from a common ancestor. No other mutations in PLN were detected (mutation prevalence = 0.2%). We conclude that PLN is a rare cause of cardiomyopathy in African patients. The PLN p.R9C mutation is not well-tolerated, emphasising the importance of this gene in cardiac function.
Incorporating TiO2 nanotubes with a peptide of D-amino K122-4 (D) for enhanced mechanical and photocatalytic properties
Authors: Guo L. Q. , Hu Y. W. , Yu B. , Davis E. , Irvin R. , Yan X. G. , Li D. Y.
Published: February 2016

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanotubes are promising for a wide variety of potential applications in energy, biomedical and environmental sectors. However, their low mechanical strength and wide band gap limit their widespread technological use. This article reports our recent efforts to increase the mechanical strength of TiO2 nanotubes with lowered band gap by immobilizing a peptide of D-amino K122-4 (D) onto the nanotubes. Topographies and chemical compositions of the peptide-coated and uncoated TiO2 nanotubular arrays were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Properties of the peptide-coated and uncoated TiO2 nanotubular arrays, including hardness, elastic modulus, electron work function and photocurrent, were evaluated using micromechanical probe, Kelvin Probe and electrochemical system. Effect of the peptide on surface conductivity was also investigated through current mapping and I–V curve analysis with conductive atomic force microscopy. It is demonstrated that the peptide coating simultaneously enhances the mechanical strength, photocatalytic and electrical properties of TiO2 nanotubes.
Distinct Expression Patterns Of Causative Genes Responsible For Hereditary Progressive Hearing Loss In Non-Human Primate Cochlea
Authors: Hosoya Makoto , Fujioka Masato , Ogawa Kaoru , Okano Hideyuki
Published: February 2016

Hearing impairment is the most frequent sensory deficit in humans. Deafness genes, which harbor pathogenic mutations that have been identified in families with hereditary hearing loss, are commonly expressed in the auditory end organ or the cochlea and may contribute to normal hearing function, yet some of the mouse models carrying these mutations fail to recapitulate the hearing loss phenotype. In this study, we find that distinct expression patterns of those deafness genes in the cochlea of a non-human primate, the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). We examined 20 genes whose expression in the cochlea has already been reported. The deafness genes GJB3, CRYM, GRHL2, DFNA5 and ATP6B1 were expressed in marmoset cochleae in patterns different from those in mouse cochleae. Of note, all those genes are causative for progressive hearing loss in humans, but not in mice. The other tested genes, including the deafness gene COCH, in which mutation recapitulates deafness in mice, were expressed in a similar manner in both species. The result suggests that the discrepancy in the expression between rodents and primates may account for the phenotypic difference. This limitation of the rodent models can be bypassed by using non-human primate models such as the marmoset.
Culture-independent method for identification of microbial enzyme-encoding genes by activity-based single-cell sequencing using a water-in-oil microdroplet platform
Authors: Nakamura Kazuki , Iizuka Ryo , Nishi Shinro , Yoshida Takao , Hatada Yuji , Takaki Yoshihiro , Iguchi Ayaka , Yoon Dong Hyun , Sekiguchi Tetsushi , Shoji Shuichi , Funatsu Takashi
Published: February 2016

Environmental microbes are a great source of industrially valuable enzymes with potent and unique catalytic activities. Unfortunately, the majority of microbes remain unculturable and thus are not accessible by culture-based methods. Recently, culture-independent metagenomic approaches have been successfully applied, opening access to untapped genetic resources. Here we present a methodological approach for the identification of genes that encode metabolically active enzymes in environmental microbes in a culture-independent manner. Our method is based on activity-based single-cell sequencing, which focuses on microbial cells showing specific enzymatic activities. First, at the single-cell level, environmental microbes were encapsulated in water-in-oil microdroplets with a fluorogenic substrate for the target enzyme to screen for microdroplets that contain microbially active cells. Second, the microbial cells were recovered and subjected to whole genome amplification. Finally, the amplified genomes were sequenced to identify the genes encoding target enzymes. Employing this method, we successfully identified 14 novel β-glucosidase genes from uncultured bacterial cells in marine samples. Our method contributes to the screening and identification of genes encoding industrially valuable enzymes.
Mechanism for the photoreduction of poly(vinylpyrrolidone) to HAuCl4 and the dominating saturable absorption of Au colloids
Authors: Fan Guanghua , Han Yanhua , Luo Suilian , Li Yutong , Qu Shiliang , Wang Qiang , Gao Renxi , Chen Minrui , Han Min
Published: February 2016

Au nanoparticles are controllably photo-fabricated in ethanol by using poly(vinylpyrrolidone) as both reducing and protective agent.
A novel two-compartment barrier model for investigating nanoparticle transport in fish intestinal epithelial cells
Authors: Geppert Mark , Sigg Laura , Schirmer Kristin
Published: February 2016

We introduce a novelin vitrorainbow trout intestinal barrier model and demonstrate its suitability for investigating nanoparticle transport across the intestinal epithelium.
Dislocation strain as the mechanism of phonon scattering at grain boundaries
Authors: Kim Hyun-Sik , Kang Stephen D. , Tang Yinglu , Hanus Riley , Jeffrey Snyder G.
Published: February 2016

Thermal conductivities of polycrystalline thermoelectric materials are satisfactorily calculated by replacing the commonly used Casimir model (freqeuncy-independent) with grain boundary dislocation strain model (frequency-dependent) of Klemens. It is demonstrated that the grain boundaries are better described as a collection of dislocations rather than perfectly scattering interfaces.
An electron-transfer photochromic metal–organic framework (MOF) compound with a long-lived charge-separated state and high-contrast photoswitchable luminescence
Authors: Xing Xiu-Shuang , Chen Zi-Wei , Cai Li-Zhen , Sun Cai , Cai Lin-Rong , Wang Ming-Sheng , Guo Guo-Cong
Published: February 2016

A new photochromic MOF compound exhibits a charge-separated state with lifetime exceeding the reported values of the analogues and a luminescence contrast higher than those of most known pyridine derivative-based photochromic compounds.
Design of chiral Co(ii)-MOFs and their application in environmental remediation and waste water treatment
Authors: Bhattacharya Sudeshna , Bala Sukhen , Mondal Raju
Published: February 2016

The present work reports construction of Co-MOFs with amide based bispyrazole ligand and different carboxylic acids which have potential applications in CO2 adsorption and photocatalytic waste water treatment.
Novel ratiometric turn-on fluorescent probe for selective sensing of cyanide ions, effect of substitution and bio-imaging studies
Authors: Balamurugan Gopal , Venkatesan Parthiban , Wu Shu Pao , Velmathi Sivan
Published: February 2016

Novel fluorogenic receptor, S1 senses highly toxic cyanide ions with typical fluorescent enhancement via inhibition of TICT process. Bioimaging of RAW264.7 cells and real sample analysis of cyanide ions in the domestic waste water were demonstrated.
Effect of gas oil composition on performance parameters of the extractive desulfurization process
Authors: Kumar Sunil , Chandra Srivastava Vimal , Kumar Ashutosh , Nanoti Shrikant Madhusudan
Published: February 2016

Extraction of sulfur compounds reveal that sulfur removal from gas oil strongly depends on the molecular structure of the sulfur compound and composition of the carrier phase.
Biomass-derived multifunctional TiO2/carbonaceous aerogel composite as a highly efficient photocatalyst
Authors: Shi Mingjin , Wei Wei , Jiang Zhifeng , Han Hekun , Gao Jinrong , Xie Jimin
Published: February 2016

The fabrication of TiO2/carbonaceous aerogel composite using wintermelon as source material exhibited outstanding photodegradation for organic pollutants.
Nickel titanate lithium-ion battery anodes with high reversible capacity and high-rate long-cycle life performance
Authors: Inamdar Akbar I. , Kalubarme Ramchandra S. , Kim Jongmin , Jo Yongcheol , Woo Hyunseok , Cho Sangeun , Pawar S. M. , Park Chan-Jin , Lee Young-Woo , Sohn Jung Inn , Cha Seungnam , Kwak Jungwon , Kim Hyungsang , Im Hyunsik
Published: February 2016

We demonstrate the impressive performance of sparsely studied nickel titanate anode materials for Li-ion batteries (LIBs).
A new approach to construct three dimensional segregated graphene structures in rubber composites for enhanced conductive, mechanical and barrier properties
Authors: Lin Yong , Liu Shuqi , Liu Lan
Published: February 2016

A novel pre-construction method was reported for the first time to fabricate conductive rubber composites with a conductive 3D-graphene segregated network.
Absence of cytotoxicity towards microglia of iron oxide (α-Fe2O3) nanorhombohedra
Authors: Lewis Crystal S. , Torres Luisa , Miyauchi Jeremy T. , Rastegar Cyrus , Patete Jonathan M. , Smith Jacqueline M. , Wong Stanislaus S. , Tsirka Stella E.
Published: February 2016

Understanding the nature of interactions between nanomaterials, such as commercially ubiquitous hematite (α-Fe2O3) nanorhombohedra (N-Rhomb) and biological systems is of critical importance for gaining insight into the practical applicability of nanomaterials. Microglia represent the first line of defense in the central nervous system (CNS) during severe injury or disease such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease as illustrative examples. Hence, to analyze the potential cytotoxic effect of N-Rhomb exposure in the presence of microglia, we have synthesized Rhodamine B (RhB)-labeled α-Fe2O3 N-Rhomb, with lengths of 47 ± 10 nm and widths of 35 ± 8 nm. Internalization of RhB-labeled α-Fe2O3 N-Rhomb by microglia in the mouse brain was observed, and a dose-dependent increase in the cellular iron content as probed by cellular fluorescence was detected in cultured microglia after nanoparticle exposure. The cells maintained clear functional viability, exhibiting little to no cytotoxic effects after 24 and 48 hours at acceptable, physiological concentrations. Importantly, the nanoparticle exposure did not induce microglial cells to produce either tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) or interleukin 1-beta (IL1β), two pro-inflammatory cytokines, nor did exposure stimulate the production of nitrites and reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are common indicators for the onset of inflammation. Finally, we propose that under the conditions of our experiments, i.e. in the presence of RhB labeled-α-Fe2O3 N-Rhomb maintaining concentrations of up to 100 μg mL−1 after 48 hours of incubation, the in vitro and in vivo internalization of RhB-labeled α-Fe2O3 N-Rhomb are likely to be clathrin-dependent, which represents a conventional mechanistic uptake route for most cells. Given the crucial role that microglia play in many neurological disorders, understanding the potential cytotoxic effects of these nanostructures is of fundamental importance if they are to be used in a therapeutic setting.
Formaldehyde-induced toxicity in the nasal epithelia of workers of a plastic laminate plant
Authors: Bono Roberto , Munnia Armelle , Romanazzi Valeria , Bellisario Valeria , Cellai Filippo , Peluso Marco E. M.
Published: February 2016

The generation of M1dG adducts can constitute an additional molecular mechanism for formaldehyde-induced nasal carcinogenesis.
Binding of molecular oxygen by an artificial heme analogue: investigation on the formation of an Fe–tetracarbene superoxo complex
Authors: Anneser Markus R. , Haslinger Stefan , Pöthig Alexander , Cokoja Mirza , D'Elia Valerio , Högerl Manuel P. , Basset Jean-Marie , Kühn Fritz E.
Published: February 2016

The reactivity of a heme-like organometallic Fe–NHC complex with O2 is studied. The formation of a superoxo Fe(iii) intermediate is observed. The reactivity of the intermediate in acetone and acetonitrile is described and the products are identified.
Modifications in nitric oxide and superoxide anion metabolism induced by fructose overload in rat heart are prevented by (−)-epicatechin
Authors: Calabró Valeria , Piotrkowski Barbara , Fischerman Laura , Vazquez Prieto Marcela A. , Galleano Monica , Fraga Cesar G.
Published: February 2016

In this work, we investigated the effects of (−)-epicatechin on the modifications induced by fructose overload in the rat heart in terms of nitric oxide and superoxide metabolism.
Abietane diterpenoids from Caryopteris incana (Thunb.) Miq.
Authors: Zhao Sen-Miao , Chou Gui-Xin , Yang Qing-Shan , Wang Wei , Zhou Jian-Li
Published: February 2016

12 new diterpenes including 4 new rearranged abietanes caryopincaolide A–D with unprecedented skeletons have been isolated, together with 28 known diterpenes. Some possess DPP-IV inhibitory effects, several also exhibit significant levels of cytotoxicity, and one shows induction of apoptosis in Hey and A-549 cells.
Synthesis and properties of stimuli-sensitive heterografted toothbrush-like terpolymers with a linear handle and two types of V-shaped grafts
Authors: Tong Min , An Xiaonan , Pan Weidong , Liu Huanhuan , Zhao Youliang
Published: February 2016

Straightforward syntheses were performed to generate amphiphilic heterograftedPNIPAM(PAA)2m(PCL)2mcopolymers, which could self-assemble into versatile nanoobjects for thermo, pH and additive triggered controlled release of doxorubicin.
An epoxy thiolactone on stage: four component reactions, synthesis of poly(thioether urethane)s and the respective hydrogels
Authors: Mommer Stefan , Truong Khai-Nghi , Keul Helmut , Möller Martin
Published: February 2016

An epoxy thiolactone was developed as a versatile platform for multicomponent reactions, the synthesis of poly(thioether urethane)s or hydrogels containing epoxy groups.
One-pot synthesis of boron-doped ordered mesoporous carbons as efficient electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction
Authors: Su Jianmin , Cao Xuecheng , Wu Jiao , Jin Chao , Tian Jing-Hua , Yang Ruizhi
Published: February 2016

Boron-doped OMCs with a high doping content of 1.17 wt% show excellent catalytic performance for ORR in alkaline media.
Fabrication of carbon nanotube hybrid films as transparent electrodes for small-molecule photovoltaic cells
Authors: Zhou Ying , Wang Zhiping , Saito Takeshi , Miyadera Tetsuhiko , Chikamatsu Masayuki , Shimada Satoru , Azumi Reiko
Published: February 2016

A methodology for fabricating small-molecule photovoltaic cells on carbon nanotube transparent electrodes is demonstrated.
The redispersion behaviour of Pt on the surface of Fe2O3
Authors: Li Jingwei , Zhang Yibo , Yi Ting , Zhang Zeshu , Miao Zhenzhen , Sun Liwei , Zhang Zhendong , Yang Xiangguang
Published: February 2016

Pt could be redispersed on the surface of Fe2O3 with alternating treatment under oxidative and reductive atmospheres.
Confocal depth-resolved micro-X-ray absorption spectroscopy study of chemically strengthened boroaluminosilicate glasses
Authors: Tack Pieter , Bauters Stephen , Mauro John C. , Smedskjaer Morten M. , Vekemans Bart , Banerjee Dipanjan , Bras Wim , Vincze Laszlo
Published: February 2016

A set of chemically strengthened boroaluminosilicate glasses containing 1 mol% Fe2O3are here studied using depth-resolved confocal X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy.
Enantio-conversion and -selectivity of racemic atenolol kinetic resolution using free Pseudomonas fluorescens lipase (Amano) conducted via transesterification reaction
Authors: Agustian Joni , Kamaruddin Azlina Harun , Aboul-Enein Hassan Y.
Published: February 2016

Effects of reaction parameters on kinetic resolution of racemic atenolol usingPseudomonas fluorescenslipase were investigatedviatransesterification for production of pharmacologically active eutomer (S)-atenolol with high enantiomeric purity.
Full graphitization of amorphous carbon by microwave heating
Authors: Kim Teawon , Lee Jaegeun , Lee Kun-Hong
Published: February 2016

Natural graphite is labelled as a supply risk material due to rapidly increasing demand and limited reserves.
Polyurethane foam functionalized with an AIE-active polymer using an ultrasonication-assisted method: preparation and application for the detection of explosives
Authors: Fan Zhu-Xin , Zhao Qing-Hua , Wang Shi , Bai Yu , Wang Pei-Pei , Li Jin-Jin , Chu Zhi-Wei , Chen Guo-Hua
Published: February 2016

We have fabricated PU foams modified with AIE-active polymer PSiTPE nanoparticles on the flexible sponge surface. The as-prepared foams show a high sensitive to PA solution and DNT vapor.
Red shifts of the yellow emission of YAG:Ce3+ due to tetragonal fields induced by cationic substitutions
Authors: Seijo Luis , Barandiarán Zoila
Published: February 2016

Cationic substitutions in YAG:Ce3+ enhance the tetragonal field and red-shift the yellow 4f–5d emission.
One-step approach for the synthesis of functionalized quinoxalines mediated by T3P®–DMSO or T3P® via a tandem oxidation–condensation or condensation reaction
Authors: Harsha Kachigere B. , Rangappa Kanchugarkoppal S.
Published: February 2016

An easy and efficient (T3P®)–DMSO or T3P® mediated oxidation–condensation or condensation reaction for the synthesis of quinoxalines from the different arrays of condensing partners and ortho-phenylene diamines (o-PDs) in one step has been reported.
Active site structure and absorption spectrum of channelrhodopsin-2 wild-type and C128T mutant
Authors: Guo Yanan , Beyle Franziska E. , Bold Beatrix M. , Watanabe Hiroshi C. , Koslowski Axel , Thiel Walter , Hegemann Peter , Marazzi Marco , Elstner Marcus
Published: February 2016

We show by extensive ground state and absorption spectra simulations that the channelrhodopsin-2 active site samples three different hydrogen-bonding patterns.
New garnet structure phosphors, Lu3−xYxMgAl3SiO12:Ce3+ (x = 0–3), developed by solid solution design
Authors: Ji Haipeng , Wang Le , Molokeev Maxim S. , Hirosaki Naoto , Huang Zhaohui , Xia Zhiguo , ten Kate Otmar M. , Liu Lihong , Xie Rongjun
Published: February 2016

(Lu,Y)MgAl3SiO12:Ce3+ yellow light emitting phosphors are developed by solid solution design and their crystal structures and photoluminescence properties are identified.
Function‐integrated network for flying‐capacitor three‐level DC–DC conversion system
Authors: Chen Yu , Zhong Zhihao , Kang Yong
Published: February 2016

Flying‐capacitor (FC) three‐level (TL) DC–DC topology is an attractive candidate for the switching‐mode power supply due to its low‐voltage stresses on semiconductors, small size of filter and common‐ground feature. However, to avoid the semiconductors to be damaged from an initial high voltage, the FC must be precharged to half of the input voltage by a bulky precharger. An idea to realise the precharging function by adding only one switch and cooperating it with the existent circuits is proposed. In this way, the necessary soft‐starting circuit and Resistor‐Capacitor‐Diode (RCD) snubbers for reliability purpose can be fully utilised to precharge the FC. Merits of the proposed idea include the lower cost, the more compact structure and the higher overall efficiency. The principles of the proposed function‐integrated network are analysed, and a 1.2 kW FC‐TL conversion system is also built to verify the analysis.
High DC gain self‐cascode structure of OTA design with bandwidth enhancement
Authors: Xu Daiguo , Liu Lu , Xu Shiliu
Published: February 2016

A high DC gain self‐cascode structure of operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) design with bandwidth enhancement is proposed. Based on the concept of self‐cascode structure, which provides high output resistance and transconductance, the proposed OTA presents a compensation methodology to obtain better unity‐gain bandwidth. The proposed OTA is compared with previous structures, with the same size of input/output transistors and compensation capacitance as well as load capacitance, and simulation results show a DC gain enhancement of >20% and 2.4 times unity‐gain bandwidth at the same time, and the performances of the proposed OTA bring a better figure of merit (FOM).
Inverted bit‐line sense amplifier with offset‐cancellation capability
Authors: Park J. , Shin D.‐H. , Cho Y.‐H. , Kwon K.‐W.
Published: February 2016

An inverted bit‐line sense amplifier (BLSA) equipped with offset compensation capability for low‐power DRAM applications is proposed. The sequential operation of the inverted BLSA allows us to eliminate the edge dummy array in an open bit‐line structure resulting in 1.7% less total chip area despite of 10% area penalty of the proposed BLSA occupied by extra switches. For 8‐Gb DRAM in 20‐nm class technology, the read failure induced by Vth variability is completely removed due to the offset cancellation. The proposed BLSA maintains the gradual increase of the sensing delay when decreasing the power supply down to 0.6 V, while intrinsic read fail prevails below 0.9 V with the conventional one.
Wideband radar cross‐section reduction of patch array antenna with miniaturised hexagonal loop frequency selective surface
Authors: Zahir Joozdani M. , Khalaj Amirhosseini M. , Abdolali A.
Published: February 2016

Wideband radar cross‐section (RCS) reduction of a microstrip patch array antenna is proposed and investigated. The design is based on replacing the solid metal ground of the antenna with a frequency selective surface (FSS) consisted of miniaturised hexagonal loop elements. The stop band of the FSS is coincident with the antenna working frequency band which is from 3.3 to 3.4 GHz. The FSS acts as the ground plane in the stop band and is transparent to the incident waves in the other frequencies. Therefore, preserving the antenna propagation characteristics, wideband RCS reduction is achieved from 4 to 16.5 GHz for vertical and horizontal polarisations. It is shown that using this FSS has a negligible effect on the impedance bandwidth, pattern and gain of the antenna. Also, there is a good agreement between the simulation and measurement results.
Weighted least squares target location estimation in multi‐transmitter multi‐receiver passive radar using bistatic range measurements
Authors: Noroozi Ali , Sebt Mohammad Ali
Published: February 2016

This study proposes a weighted least squares method to determine the position of an individual target in the presence of multiple transmitters and multiple receivers from time difference of arrival measurements. The method is based on the intersection of the ellipsoids defined by bistatic range measurements from a number of transmitters and receivers. The solution is derived from the minimisation of the weighted equation error energy. In addition, the method requires no initial guess of the solution to find the target location. A weighting matrix is obtained in two different conditions in order to generate a substantial improvement in the performance of the method, which one of them leads to an approximate maximum‐likelihood estimator and the other one results in a best linear unbiased estimator. A detailed theoretical error analysis associated with this method is presented and the Cramer‐Rao lower bound is also derived. Simulations are included to examine the algorithm's performance and corroborate the theoretical developments.
A Facile and Efficient Method for the Formation of Unsymmetrical Ureas Using DABAL-Me3
Authors: Jeong Byung-Hoon , Kim Hee-Kwon , Thompson David H.
Published: February 2016

A practical synthetic method for the formation of unsymmetrical-substituted ureas is described. The synthesis of the unsymmetrical ureas was readily performed from 2,2,2-trichloroethyl carbamate compounds by treatment of amines with bis(trimethylaluminum)-1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABAL-Me3). Using this reaction protocol, various trisubstituted and tetrasubstituted ureas were synthesized in high yields. This study offers a promising approach for the facile synthesis of a variety of unsymmetrical ureas from 2,2,2-trichloroethyl carbamates.
The interpreter’s political awareness as a non-cognitive constraint in political interviews
Authors: Yijun Guo
Published: February 2016

High-level political interpreting in China is a specialized interpretation with distinct principles and requirements and among them the interpreter’s political awareness plays a critical role. In this article, the political awareness is investigated through a detailed examination of the interpreter’s experiential meaning transfer using former Chinese Premier Zhu’s debut press conference in 1998 as a case study. The study then identifies three types of political awareness-manipulated strategies employed by the interpreter at the conference: (a) the addition of experiential meaning to express political standpoint; (b) the omission of experiential meaning to eliminate potential negative political effects; (c) the correction of inaccurate experiential meaning to avoid political misunderstanding. Lastly, implications are drawn with reference to field as one of the contextual variables and the social institutional context. The article argues that political awareness on the part of the political and diplomatic interpreter in China is a paramount interpreting competence, that effective interpretation of the Chinese state leader’s speeches depends upon the interpreter’s high level of political awareness, and that such awareness is determined by the source text’s relevant field and Chinese specific social institutional context.
4. Interactional behaviours of low-proficiency learners in small group work
Authors: Choi Hyunsik , Iwashita Noriko
Published: February 2016

Building on empirical studies investigating the relationship between interlocutors’ proficiency and learning opportunities in pair work, this chapter examines how group members’ proficiency affected the occurrence and outcome of language related episodes (LREs) and also how their proficiency level affected their perception of working within a small group. Two low-proficiency ESL learners engaged in three small group discussion tasks. For each task, the two learners were grouped into one of three proficiency levels: high-proficiency dominant, low-proficiency dominant, and low-proficiency. The interactional data of the three groups was analysed in terms of the types and outcomes of LREs. While the occurrence and outcome of LREs appeared to be dependent on the interlocutors’ proficiency levels, their perceptions of and contributions to group work were largely dependent on the interlocutors’ attitudes toward sharing ideas in completing the task.
9. EFL task-based interaction
Authors: García Mayo María del Pilar , Azkarai Agurtzane
Published: February 2016

Research on L2 interaction has shown that task modality (written vs. oral) influences language learning opportunities. However, most research has been carried out in ESL settings and few studies have investigated task modality differences in EFL contexts, where both quantity and quality of exposure to the target language differ considerably. In addition, most research has only focused on how task modality impacts on the incidence, nature and outcome of language-related episodes (LREs), but has not considered the relationship between task modality and learners’ level of engagement. This chapter examines the impact of task modality on the LREs and level of engagement in the oral interaction of 44 Spanish-Basque EFL learners while completing four communicative tasks. The findings point to a significant impact of task modality on the incidence, nature and outcome of LREs but a minor impact on learners’ level of engagement.
13. Peer interaction while learning to read in a new language
Authors: Bigelow Martha , King Kendall A.
Published: February 2016

This chapter examines second language (L2) peer oral language interaction between two learners engaged in a partner reading activity. The data come from an English language arts class for newcomers in an all-immigrant high school in the U.S. Students arrive in this beginner-level, English language arts class with widely disparate experiences with formal schooling and print literacy, as well as with varied first languages and oral English language skills. The year-long class focuses on developmental English language and literacy skills, and the students and teacher absorb and accommodate newcomer students each month. The data presented in this chapter highlight the peer work between two asymmetrically-paired, female adolescent students: an Amharic newcomer with prior schooling in Ethiopia and beginning-level oral English skills, and a Somali speaker with stronger English language skills but very low print literacy and no formal schooling before arriving to the U.S. Through an analysis of their interactions in one paired reading session, we describe how these two students use their language and literacy skills to complete a reading task and in doing so, we consider the complexities of how asymmetrically paired students engage in everyday classroom tasks and the learning opportunities therein.
Novel Species Interactions in a Highly Modified Estuary: Association of Largemouth Bass with Brazilian Waterweed Egeria densa
Authors: Conrad J. Louise , Bibian Andrew J. , Weinersmith Kelly L. , De Carion Denise , Young Matthew J. , Crain Patrick , Hestir Erin L. , Santos Maria J. , Sih Andrew
Published: February 2016

Frequent invasions in coastal ecosystems result in novel species interactions that have unknown ecological consequences. Largemouth Bass Micropterus salmoides and Brazilian waterweed Egeria densa are introduced species in the Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta (the Delta) of California, a highly modified estuary. In this system, Brazilian waterweed and Largemouth Bass have seen marked increases in distribution and abundance in recent decades, but their association has not been specifically studied until now. We conducted a 2‐year, bimonthly electrofishing survey with simultaneous sampling of water quality and submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) biomass at 33 locations throughout the Delta. We used generalized linear mixed models to assess the relative influences of water temperature, conductivity, Secchi depth, and SAV biomass density on the abundance of both juvenile‐sized and larger Largemouth Bass. Water temperature had a positive relationship with the abundance of both size‐classes, but only juvenile‐sized fish had a positive association with SAV biomass density, with highest abundances at intermediate SAV densities. In contrast, larger fish were generally ubiquitous across all sampling conditions, even when SAV was absent or present at low densities. Our results on the Largemouth Bass–SAV relationship are consistent with those of previous studies from lake systems within the Largemouth Bass's native range, where they interact with a different SAV species assemblage. These results are supportive of the hypothesis that the proliferation of Brazilian waterweed has expanded Largemouth Bass rearing habitat in the Delta. Finally, this study has implications for tidal wetland restoration plans for the Delta, suggesting that the larger‐sized Largemouth Bass may still inhabit restored areas even if invasive SAV establishment is limited.

Received March 30, 2015; accepted October 27, 2015
Conservation Genetics of an Urban Desert Fish, the Arroyo Chub
Authors: Benjamin Alyssa , May Bernie , O'Brien John , Finger Amanda J.
Published: February 2016

Urbanization, habitat degradation, fragmentation, and invasive species have led to the severe decline or extirpation of many endemic southern California freshwater fish species, including the Arroyo Chub Gila orcuttii, which has declined precipitously in recent years. Classified by the California Department of Fish and Wildlife as a species of high concern, the Arroyo Chub is native to the Los Angeles, San Gabriel, San Luis Rey, Santa Ana, and Santa Margarita rivers and Malibu and San Juan creeks. To examine Arroyo Chub population structure and genetic diversity within the species' native range, we used 10 microsatellite markers to genotype 259 individuals. We observed moderate to high genetic diversity and population differentiation both between and within drainages; Bayesian clustering supported eight distinct clusters of Arroyo Chub corresponding to eight isolated populations. Of these populations, the Big Tujunga Creek population (Los Angeles River) was the least genetically differentiated (genetic differentiation index FST = 0.048–0.208) and also had the highest genetic diversity (observed heterozygosity Ho = 0.890). Populations in Malibu Creek, Pacoima Canyon (Los Angeles River), and the Santa Margarita River were the most genetically differentiated (FST = 0.163–0.400), had the lowest genetic diversity (Ho = 0.556–0.680), and showed evidence of past bottlenecks. Arroyo Chub at these localities are at risk for continued loss of genetic diversity due to drift and small population sizes; therefore, we suggest that in the event of extirpation, translocations from the most closely related source populations should be considered. However, we recommend that management efforts focus on improving habitat quality and habitat area for Arroyo Chub in order to maximize population genetic diversity and adaptive potential over time.

Received July 10, 2015; accepted November 16, 2015
An updated review: White etching cracks (WECs) and axial cracks in wind turbine gearbox bearings
Authors: Evans M.-H.
Published: February 2016

The actual service life of wind turbine gearboxes is often well below the desired 20 years. One of the prevalent failure modes in gearbox bearing raceways is white structure flaking (WSF) in as little as 6–24 months of operation by the formation of axial cracks and white etching cracks (WECs) with associated microstructural change called white etching areas (WEAs). Despite these failures having been observed for two decades in various industries, the drivers and mechanisms for their formation are still highly contested. Discussed in this review are methods for searching and analysing WECs, mechanisms for WEA microstructural change, WEC initiation and propagation theories, WSF formation drivers and finally technologies and processes offering resistance to WSF. This updated review serves as a recap, comprehensive update on findings, current focus areas and remaining challenges.

This paper is part of a Themed Issue on Recent developments in bearing steels.
Traumatic and Nontraumatic Globe Injuries
Authors: Menzel Richard R. , Abujudeh Hani H.
Published: February 2016

Injuries to the eye globe may be traumatic or non-traumatic. Regardless of the mechanism of injury, imaging is often necessary to provide a diagnosis and evaluate the extent of injury to the globe and its orbit. Imaging is also often necessary for clinicians to make appropriate management decisions. The gold standard for emergency imaging of ocular and orbital injuries is thin-slice orbital CT without contrast. Ultrasound may be performed in the emergency department under certain circumstances to evaluate globe integrity and the possibility of hemorrhage. MRI may also be considered when soft tissues require a more detailed evaluation. MRI can only be performed after metallic foreign bodies are ruled out by radiographs or CT.
Traumatic Spinal Emergencies
Authors: Rapalino Otto
Published: February 2016

Spinal trauma is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, representing approximately 3-6% of all musculoskeletal traumatic injuries. In the United States alone, there are approximately 12,000 new cases of spinal trauma every year, primarily affecting young male adults. Spinal trauma is a broad term encompassing injury to osseous structures, spinal cord, and paravertebral structures.