bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Fisk Concert Spiritual
Authors: Graham Sandra Jean
Published: September 2018

This chapter explores the process of musically and culturally translating oral folk spirituals into notated arranged spirituals performed on the concert stage. The American Missionary Association hired people’s song composer and church musician Theodore F. Seward to transcribe the Fisk Jubilee Singers’ spirituals as arranged for them by their director, George L. White. Using Seward’s transcriptions as well as those by Jubilee Singers Ella Sheppard and Thomas Rutling, plus reviews and primary sources, as well as early recordings, this chapter recreates as far as possible the performance practice of the concert spirituals sung by the Fisk Jubilee Singers on their tours. The reception of the Fisk Jubilee Singers is surveyed through numerous reviews and is interpreted to show how a codified discourse about spirituals was created in the last quarter of the nineteenth century, which stressed, for example, primitivism, wildness, nature, and the inherent musicality of the African race.
The Minstrel Show Gets Religion
Authors: Graham Sandra Jean
Published: September 2018

After the Civil War, blackface minstrels found in religion a steady stream of subject matter tailor-made for comedic treatment. This chapter examines three songs that nicely illustrate the postwar phenomenon of religious parody in its infancy and its evolution toward slave-themed entertainment: “Carry the News! We Are All Surrounded” (1870), “Rock’a My Soul” (1871), and “Contraband Children” (1872). Performed initially by whites in blackface, these songs replicate the musical style of black folk spirituals in their parody of a camp meeting. The story of “Carry the News” in particular shows how blackface entertainers were already drawing on musical styles and themes loosely related to those of spirituals, and how the public easily confused newly created popular songs with traditional folk songs. When the vogue of jubilee singing began to spread a few years later, minstrelsy was primed for a convergence and eventual merger with jubilee song. As black minstrel entertainers multiplied, white minstrels increasingly found that they had to cede their plantation-themed material to them.
Migrant Marketplaces
Authors: Zanoni Elizabeth
Published: September 2018

Migrant Marketplaces explores how connections between Italian people and foods in Italy, the United States, and Argentina influenced migrants’ consumer experiences and identities in New York and Buenos Aires during the age of mass migration. The book analyzes discussion about and representations of foodstuffs in the migrant press to characterize New York and Buenos Aires as “migrant marketplaces,” urban spaces defined by transnational linkages between mobile people and goods. As migrant marketplaces, New York and Buenos Aires were global and gendered sites where Italians interacted with foods from their home and host countries in ways that shaped migrants’ consumer identities and practices, the consumer cultures in which they were enmeshed, and wider transatlantic commodity networks. Over the course of the twentieth century, migrant marketplaces feminized, as World War I, tariffs, immigration restriction, and U.S. business interests in Latin America shifted ties between food consumption and notions of Italianness from single male laborers to female consumers and families. Using a comparative perspective, the book also examines race making and the evolution of tipo italiano, or Italian-style, foods in New York and Buenos Aires to identify nation-specific networks of meanings and experiences associated with Italian trade goods. Migrant Marketplaces of the Americas argues that Italians constructed changing and competing links between gender, nationalism, race, and ethnicity through the global foods they sold and consumed.
Tipo Italiano: The Production and Sale of Italian-Style Goods, 1880–1914
Authors: Zanoni Elizabeth
Published: September 2018

Chapter Three compares the development of tipo italiano products—substitution Italian-style foods manufactured abroad—to explore changing meanings of nationality, ethnicity, and authenticity in migrant marketplaces. Italian migrant entrepreneurs in New York took advantage of the United States’ more industrialized society to manufacture cheaper tipo italiano foods for savings-oriented migrants in transnational family economies. In Argentina’s less industrially mature and import-dependent economy, Italian merchants fretted more about tipo italiano foods made in other European countries, especially “Latin” countries like Spain and France. Migrant makers and sellers of tipo italiano foods successfully navigated their liminal positions at the interstices of national and transnational economies, and migrant and non-migrant consumers, while maximizing their own economic and social standing in diasporic communities.
“Pro Patria”: Women and the Normalization of Migrant Consumption during World War I
Authors: Zanoni Elizabeth
Published: September 2018

Chapter Four argues that migrants’ involvement in transnational wartime campaigns normalized consumption as a “duty” to the homeland while fostering the growth of a united Italian identity among migrants. Italians in New York mobilized more often around U.S.-made goods, while Italians in Buenos Aires rallied around Italian imports. Furthermore, migrant women’s war-related activities, particularly “pro-wool” campaigns, created an opening for increased acceptance of migrant consumption associated with women after the war. During the interwar years, migrant marketplaces feminized, as advertisements about Italian food in the Italian-language press, as well as the transnational identities they generated, became increasingly moored to women. Supporting Italy valorized consumption of Italian, U.S., and Argentine goods in ways that strengthened migrants’ sense of Italianness while cultivating a distinct ethnic identity abroad.
Fascism and the Competition for Migrant Consumers, 1922–1940
Authors: Zanoni Elizabeth
Published: September 2018

Chapter Six demonstrates that connections between Italian consumers in New York and Buenos Aires became particularly politicized with the rise of Fascism in Italy. During the 1935 League of Nations’ boycott against Italy, Benito Mussolini called on migrants to consume for their homeland. Unlike World War I, however, during the boycott migrants used the Italian-language press to debate their patriotic duty as consumers and to form identities and experiences around U.S., Argentine, and Italian goods. Ironically, as Mussolini tried to divorce Italian women from Western-style consumerism at home, Italian-language newspapers abroad—supported economically by Italian fascists—employed links between women and foodstuffs to generate ethnic identities. By the 1930s, Italy, the U.S., and Argentina all competed for the attention of Italian consumers, especially women.
Introduction
Authors: Cicero Frank
Published: September 2018

The introduction outlines the history of Illinois, focusing on populations of southerners, immigrants, Indians, and enslaved blacks and their various effects on four constitutional conventions held between 1818 and 1869. The biography of Abraham Lincoln organizes the discussion: his migration to the state with other southerners, his service in the state legislature and as a U.S. representative as a Whig, his debates with Stephen Douglas, his election to president representing the new Republican Party, and the legacy of his efforts to unite the nation and to emancipate blacks during the Civil War. Themes of north versus south, rural versus urban (i.e., Chicago), slavery versus freedom, economic and railroad development, and debates about executive, legislative, and judicial powers shaped each of Illinois’s nineteenth-century constitutional conventions.
The Constitution of 1818
Authors: Cicero Frank
Published: September 2018

Chapter 2 follows Illinois’s transition from territory to state. A territorial census was likely padded to reach the required 40,000 inhabitants. The 1818 constitutional convention wrote the state’s founding document, many of its provisions drawn from other states’ constitutions. The delegates sought to limit the governor’s role by vesting powers in the legislature, leading to an unsteady balance of governmental powers. Delegates also focused on the question of slavery, termed “indentured servitude” in the constitution and described as “voluntary.” This wording set up debate in U.S. Congress that previewed the Missouri Compromise, but ultimately the constitution was approved and Illinois became a state on December 3, 1818. The slavery debate continued in Illinois, a frontier state that blended northern and southern sensibilities.
Epilogue
Authors: Cicero Frank
Published: September 2018

Illinois developed into the Land of Lincoln during the pivotal period from its 1818 enabling act, which set the state’s northern boundary to encompass the area that became Chicago, through its four nineteenth-century constitutional conventions (1818, 1847, 1862, 1869). The northern boundary extension and Chicago’s rapid economic and industrial development contributed to the rise of the Republican Party, Abraham Lincoln’s election, and the legacy of his Civil War amendments that altered the course of U.S. history. Each convention focused on significant issues of the times, from authoritarian rule to black bondage to rail regulation, culminating in the forward-looking 1870 constitution, many provisions of which were retained in the 1970 revision.
Introduction
Authors: Griffith Sarah M.
Published: September 2018

This chapter outlines the foundations that shaped the racial liberalism of American liberal Protestants from the late nineteenth century through World War II. Included is an overview of their missionary service with the Japan YMCA, the modernist theology that inspired their social reform, and the role emerging trends in the social sciences played in shaping their views on race and assimilation in the early 1900s. The chapter also introduces the impact racial liberalism had on Asian North Americans who embraced assimilation and acculturation in the 1920s and 1930s as the best solution to prevent racial discrimination.
“We Must Fight for the Lord and Japan”
Authors: Griffith Sarah M.
Published: September 2018

In the years leading up to World War I, American liberal Protestants worked alongside their European and Japanese partners to expand the YMCA’s institutional reach in Japan. Despite its dramatic growth and influence on social reform, an emerging anti-Japanese movement led by white nativists in the United States threatened the YMCA’s efforts in Japan. Inspired by an emerging racial liberalism taking root among American social scientists, liberal Protestants responded with an alternative racial discourse that emphasized internationalism, cultural pluralism, and immigrant assimilation. Through their international partnerships and newly formed political lobbies, such as the Commission on Relations with Japan and National Committee for Constructive Immigration, American liberal Protestants lay a foundation for expanded social and political activism in the post-WWI era.
A Splendid Storehouse of Facts
Authors: Griffith Sarah M.
Published: September 2018

World War I shocked the internationalist sensibilities of American liberal Protestants, and they responded in the postwar era with renewed efforts to promote cultural and international education, anti-imperialism, and racial understanding to prevent future wars. Following their return from service in Japan, American missionaries leveraged relationships with powerful lay supporters to establish the Survey of Race Relations, an ambitious social scientific study that sought to identify the root causes of Asian-white racial discord on the Pacific Coast. Combining forces with religious lobbies like the National Committee on American-Japanese Relations, American missionaries launched a powerful attack on nativists on the Pacific Coast and in Congress in the years leading up to the 1924 Immigration Act.
A New Pacific Community
Authors: Griffith Sarah M.
Published: September 2018

American liberal Protestants continued to promote cultural internationalism and racial understanding through the interwar period. In 1923, American missionaries who had worked to defend the civil liberties of Asian North Americans established the Institute of Pacific Relations through which they recruited powerful U.S. officials. During the 1928 Conference of World Missions, they challenged international mainline Christian associations to do more to challenge racial discrimination both in and outside their institutions. Taken together, these examples show how liberal Protestants adapted their social reform during a period characterized by American isolationism and immigrant exclusion.
A Real Coup with the Sports Fans
Authors: Berrett Jesse
Published: September 2018

This chapter delves into Richard Nixon’s notoriously passionate feelings about football, examining the ways in which it was at once an authentic, deeply meaningful experience for him and an inherently political means of polarizing the American public. Nixon invoked football and attended football games at strategic junctures throughout 1969 and 1970, sharpening his strategy to build a lasting political coalition, isolate the left, and cement Republican gains in Congress. Football, in this understanding, directly opposed everything disorderly and un-American. Yet it ultimately fell short and did not build a lasting electoral coalition.
James Baldwin and the 1980s
Authors: Vogel Joseph
Published: September 2018

Few literary figures are as commonly referenced in contemporary culture as James Baldwin. In the wake of the Black Lives Matter movement, the election of Donald Trump, and daily debates about walls, borders, and bans, Baldwin’s righteous indignation and prophetic warnings speak to the urgent mood of the present. His words appear on signs at rallies, in speeches, and on social media sites like Instagram, Twitter, and Facebook; he has been the subject of countless features in major magazines, as well as the inspiration for a new academic journal (the James Baldwin Review) and an Oscar-nominated documentary (I Am Not Your Negro). This Baldwin renaissance, however, follows decades of dismissals and neglect, particularly of his late career. James Baldwin and the 1980s: Witnessing the Reagan Era zeroes in on his final decade, revealing a still-razor-sharp, provocative writer who, with the benefit of hindsight, holds up as one of the most prescient observers of the post-civil rights landscape. Indeed, contrary to the conventional narrative of his decline, Baldwin’s work in the 1980s proves remarkably engaged with the cultural milieu of a new generation, commenting on everything from the culture wars to the deterioration of inner cities, from the Reagan Revolution to the religious Right, from gender-bending in pop culture to the AIDS crisis. A groundbreaking new assessment of Baldwin in the context of the media-saturated Reagan era, James Baldwin and the 1980s offers the first in-depth study of the author’s final decade -- and shows why his work from this period is so relevant to the world we live in today.
Freaks in the Reagan Era
Authors: Vogel Joseph
Published: September 2018

This chapter draws on Baldwin’s 1985 essay, “Freaks and the American Ideal of Manhood,” to examine how the Reagan-era ideal of masculinity was delineated and contested in popular culture. By the 1980s, Baldwin contends, Americans continued to cling to an ideal of masculinity “so paralytically infantile that it is virtually forbidden—as an unpatriotic act—that the American boy evolve into the complexity of manhood.” The chapter situates Baldwin’s essay in its historical moment, considering the rise and backlash to androgynous black “crossover” artists such as Michael Jackson and Prince, and the challenges they posed to the decade’s more traditional representations of American manhood (among them, Reagan, Rambo, and Bruce Springsteen).
Introduction
Authors: Schwoch James
Published: September 2018

The Introduction lays out the narrative themes of the book, defines the narrative scale and scope of the book, and offers a brief trajectory of present-day issues relevant to the study, including surveillance, government policy on Native Americans, corporate and government practices regarding national security for electronic communication networks, privacy concerns, environmental issues, and climate change.
Landscapes, Ecosystems, and Prevailing Westerlies
Authors: Schwoch James
Published: September 2018

For the telegraph in the mid-nineteenth century, eastern North America held an abundance of trees for telegraph poles; ample riverine systems for transporting telegraph poles and equipment; a growing system of railroads, post roads, and canals; and established telegraph entrepreneurs. None of this was available in western North America. Centered on the Great Plains, this chapter discusses the challenges of the high ground: the lack of trees, the extremes of climate and topography, the relative lack of navigable riverine systems and other transportation conduits, the reliance on trails, and the lack of technical expertise for establishing the telegraph in the Trans-Mississippi West. The chapter concludes with the completion of the Transcontinental Telegraph in 1861.
Changes in the Forecast
Authors: Schwoch James
Published: September 2018

The chapter opens with a discussion of the establishment of the Signal Service in 1870. The Signal Service was the weather observation branch of the Signal Corps, and the decision to establish weather observation posts across much of western North America also brought the military telegraph to those posts, thus expanding the scale and scope of military involvement with the telegraph on the frontier. This in turn led to greater surveillance and containment of Native Americans, as well as a host of issues between the government and the telegraph corporations: secrecy, net neutrality, circuit routing, national security, and wartime powers are some examples. Concepts of synoptic meteorology shaped surveillance of Native Americans and of the 1877 Railroad Strikes.
Dreams of a Boreal Empire, Nightmares of a Polar Vortex
Authors: Schwoch James
Published: September 2018

This chapter discusses the failed efforts of the government, military, and Western Union to build a telegraph route in the 1860s across Alaska, beneath the Bering Strait, and into Europe via the Russian Empire. One central theme is the role of Robert Kennicott and the Smithsonian Institution as a scientific team of natural historians participating in this expedition. The ambiguous corporate-military entanglements of expedition members raises questions about whether the expedition was also some sort of occupying force on the ground in Russian Alaska prior to the Alaska Purchase in 1867.
Hot Winds on a Sun-Baked Desert
Authors: Schwoch James
Published: September 2018

Discussing the period from about 1870 to 1900, this chapter details the growing expertise of the military in using the telegraph for surveillance, containment, and conflict with Native Americans, and for protection and border control with Mexico. This included activities of surveillance, conflict, and containment near waterholes and reservations. New tactics were in part realized by growing tendencies within the military to use telegraph networks as early forms of mobile communication networks, with patrols temporarily tying into telegraph lines from wherever they happened to be located in the field.
Prostitution Proliferates
Authors: Sueyoshi Amy
Published: September 2018

This chapter links growing sexual freedom for whites to the rise of depictions of Chinese prostitutes in the late 1890s. White sex workers flocked to San Francisco for economic opportunities. Middle-class white women additionally defied earlier conventions of sexuality, by going out on dates, wearing more revealing clothes, and engaging in public displays of affection. As images of Chinese prostitutes mounted, Chinese women involved in sex work remained at an all-time low. American-born whites in fact dominated the sex industry. Depictions of Chinese women as morally bankrupt more accurately reflected white women’s modernizing sexuality as it simultaneously bolstered and justified the policing of Chinese women’s presence in San Francisco.
Mindful Masquerades
Authors: Sueyoshi Amy
Published: September 2018

This chapter places popular gender impersonators alongside Japanese and then Chinese immigrants to illuminate how whiteness rendered one form of masquerade as profitable and another as futile. White women and men took to the stage to magically traverse sex in front of audiences wild with enthusiasm. Japanese, however, who crossdressed as American in hopes of acceptance, received only persecution and alienation. Xenophobes who went as far as to accuse Japanese wearing Western clothes as trying to deceive whites also simultaneously vilified Chinese for allegedly not adopting American clothing. This chapter juxtaposes gender impersonation and immigrant dress to underscore how white supremacy rendered one method of accessing power and passing as acceptable and others not.
The Mexican Revolution in Chicago
Authors: Flores John H.
Published: September 2018

This book examines the political, labor, and assimilation history of Mexican immigrants in metropolitan Chicago during the first half of the twentieth century. Beginning in the mid-1920s and extending into the years of the Great Depression, the New Deal, and the Cold War, Mexican immigrants engaged in a wide-range of political activism, and their political beliefs were shaped by the Mexican Revolution. Mexican immigrant political activists included men and women, middle-class businessmen and professionals, and blue-collar laborers from urban and rural backgrounds. Over time, Mexican immigrants formed distinct conservative, liberal, and radical transnational societies that competed with each other to mold the identities and influence the political beliefs of the broader Mexican, Mexican American, and Latino populations of Chicago and Northwest Indiana. Initially, Mexican conservatives, liberals, and radicals all defined themselves as patriots loyal to the Mexican state, but over the course of the 1920s and 1930s, profound political events in Mexico and in the United States led the conservatives to become the most critical of the Mexican state and the most amenable to U.S. naturalization. While the liberals and radicals tended to decline U.S. citizenship, conservative Mexican Catholics become U.S. citizens in great numbers, and they did so because they sought to protect themselves from both the anticlerical policies of Mexican government and from the deportation policies of the United States government.
Mexican Immigrant Understandings of Empire, Race, and Gender
Authors: Flores John H.
Published: September 2018

This chapter compares liberal and traditionalist understandings of empire, race, and gender to explain why liberals often declined U.S. citizenship and why traditionalists became more amenable to U.S. naturalization. Mexican liberals defined themselves as anti-imperialist mestizos and, in Chicago, they joined with Puerto Ricans and Nicaraguans to protest U.S. imperialism. Most liberals rebuffed U.S. naturalization, in part, because they were put off by U.S. imperialism, racism, and gender norms. By contrast, traditionalists celebrated the United States for granting them religious freedom, and challenged the liberals by exalting all that was Catholic and thus Spanish and white in Mexican culture. In so doing, traditionalists became more open to a U.S. understanding of whiteness and citizenship, and many traditionalists decided they could create new lives for themselves in the United States.
The Rise of the Postrevolution Mexican Left in Chicago
Authors: Flores John H.
Published: September 2018

This chapter examines the rise of the Mexican nationalist left in Chicago. The emergence of fascism in Europe, the international communist movement’s shift toward anti-fascist Popular Front politics, and the election of Lazaro Cardenas in Mexico motivated Mexican laborers in Chicago to join the Frente Popular Mexicano, a transnational organization founded by the Partido Comunista Mexicano in Mexico City. Frente activists were antifascist, anti-imperialist, and pro-unionization, and over time, they formed coalitions with Spaniards, Cubans, Confederacion de Trabajadores de Mexico (CTM) officials, and then members of the newly formed Congress of Industrial Organizations. Galvanized by the Cardenas presidency, Mexican radicals reinforced the nationalism of the broader Mexican population of Chicago, discouraged Mexicans from becoming U.S. citizens, but encouraged them to support the U.S. labor movement.
Mexican Radicals and Traditionalists Unionize Workers in the United States
Authors: Flores John H.
Published: September 2018

This chapter explains why Mexicans joined the CIO and compares the aspirations of radicals and traditionalists within the United Packinghouse Workers of America and the United Steelworkers of America. Radical Mexican nationalists entered the CIO, because they remained committed to building a broad and left-of-center international labor movement. By comparison, traditionalists supported the CIO, because they defined it as an alternative to the radical Industrial Workers of the World and Magonistas. Repulsed by postrevolutionary Mexican radicalism and anticlericalism, traditionalists naturalized as they joined the CIO, but they did not, however, sever their cultural ties to Mexico. By the 1950s, naturalized traditionalists had developed a deterritorialized brand of mexicanidad that celebrated aspects of Mexican culture but was devoid of any allegiance to the Mexican state. Mexican traditionalists were becoming Mexican Americans.
Conclusion
Authors: Flores John H.
Published: September 2018

During the first half of the twentieth century, Mexican Chicago was shaped by the ebbs and flows of revolutionary politics. Initially, the liberals, radicals, and conservatives all defined themselves as patriotic Mexican citizens. The Calles and Cardenas presidencies reinforced the nationalism of the liberals and radicals, while these presidencies and their policies repulsed the traditionalists from Mexico. As traditionalists distanced themselves from postrevolutionary Mexico, they offered Mexican Catholics a deterritorialized brand of mexicanidad that characterized Mexicans as a supranational people. U.S. deportation campaigns only underscored the ways Mexican citizenship could cost traditionalists their Catholic communities. In the end, the liberals and radicals were simply too disenchanted with the United States to become U.S. citizens, while Mexican radicalism and American nativism convinced traditionalists that it was in their best interest to become Americans.
Introduction
Authors: Gupta-Carlson Himanee
Published: September 2018

The introduction introduces the central themes of the book and highlights its significance. It opens by exploring the wedding of the (a Hindu female of Indian ancestry) to a white, Christian male and places racial and religious tensions embedded in that event within the larger context of race and religion as organizing forces in American life. The introduction also describes auto-ethnography and discourse analysis, and discusses how these methods are used throughout the work. It also offers a profile of the South Asian American community in Muncie and of South Asians in the United States.
Fitting In
Authors: Gupta-Carlson Himanee
Published: September 2018

This chapter describes the experiences of four South Asian women who grew up in Muncie, Indiana, in the 1960s and 1970s, and of the author’s relationship with them. It situates their experiences within the scholarship on race and ethnicity. Through auto-ethnography, it analyzes how a marking of foreign-ness upon the individual women’s bodies created a consciousness that served at varying times as a source of pride, of shame, protection, and/or confusion. It proposes re-imagining the American landscape as not browner and less Christian than in the past but rather as a space where racial, ethnic, and religious differences were always already embedded.
Conclusion
Authors: Gupta-Carlson Himanee
Published: September 2018

This chapter analyzes a dispute over how to celebrate the National Day of Prayer in Muncie, Indiana, in 2003, in which a Christian evangelical pastor refused to participate in a multi-religious interfaith celebration. It situates the dispute in the context of the broader scholarship on racial and religious discrimination. It also looks closely at the participation of African American Muslims and South Asian American Hindus and Muslims in the event. It critiques the concept of tolerance, and it proposes a feminist inspired template of alliance building to create a sustained challenge to Christian dominance in America.
Epilogue
Authors: Gupta-Carlson Himanee
Published: September 2018

The epilogue summarizes the book’s central themes. It uses auto-ethnography to illustrate the challenges – and sometimes near impossibility – of creating a multi-racial, multi-religious polity in an America that has long been shaped by white, Christian dominance. It highlights ways in which such efforts to create such a polity have continued to take place among South Asian Americans and others in Muncie, Indiana. At the same time, it notes failures in the author’s own attempts in her personal life.
US and Australian Labor
Authors: Patmore Greg , Stromquist Shelton
Published: September 2018

Australia and the United States have long been recognized as fertile fields for comparative history. Both the American and Australian colonies were “frontier societies” with considerable natural resources and without a feudal heritage.1 Their patterns of European settlement at the expense of indigenous peoples, their early colonial heritage, the imprint of Anglo-Saxon law and custom, and the development of liberal democratic institutions are obvious points of comparison. Transportation and extractive industries of continental scope played a significant role in the economic development and class formation of both....
Quite Like Ourselves
Authors: Archer Robin
Published: September 2018

In the United States, there was substantial opposition to entering World War I, and yet conscription was introduced more quickly than in any other English-speaking country. In Australia, opposition to entry was minimal, but opposition to conscription was so great that its introduction was blocked. The period before US entry into the war also saw an unusual surge of American interest in Australian social experiments—including experiments with Compulsory Industrial Arbitration and Compulsory Military Training—which reached a peak in the wake of a unique Australian referendum on conscription. This essay examines the extent of this surge of transnational interest, the reason for it, and its possible effects, before considering why the outcome of the conflict over conscription was so different in these two similar historically liberal New World societies.
In Not a Few Respects, a Common History
Authors: Kirkby Diane
Published: September 2018

This essay brings the work of labor journalists to the foreground in a study of national responses to the coming of world war. In Australia and the United States the democratic rights of citizens to dissent, to exercise their freedom of speech, and to protest in print were curtailed and criminalized by the passage of new national security measures. Labor journalists, political dissenters, anticonscriptionists, and antiwar protesters were subjected to harassment and prosecution by federal authorities to an unprecedented degree with the establishment of a censorship regime. The essay traces the intersections and divergences in this legal and labor history. Through the experience of two women—Alice Henry and Jennie Scott Griffiths—whose lives, political activism, and careers in journalism spanned both nations, the chapter exposes elements of gender differentiation in these prosecutions.
Gatekeepers and “Americanizers”
Authors: Barrett James R.
Published: September 2018

This essay focuses on the later rather than the Famine-era migrants, on the American-born Irish, and on their impact on working-class America. Irish American workers were entrenched in workplaces and unions by the late nineteenth century, and their attitudes and actions had enormous consequences as the American working-class population was continually remade through later waves of migration. Too often their actions marginalized immigrants, the unskilled, women, and people of color, tendencies that left an enduring mark on the labor movement in the United States. They were architects of the conservative business unionism that came to dominate the labor movement and of the political machines that dominated many cities. But I also stress a tradition of progressive labor activism that helped lay the foundation for a new multiethnic movement in the course of the early twentieth century. This was especially true during the organizing drives in basic industry during World War I and in the unsuccessful efforts to organize an independent labor party in the wake of the war. We find important differences between the US and Australian cases in terms of the role of the Church, the character of Irish nationalism, the attitude toward independent labor politics, and elsewhere, but we risk misunderstanding Irish workers in both societies if we ignore the nuances in the narratives.
Causes of Railroad Labor Conflict
Authors: Bowden Bradley , Stevenson-Clarke Peta
Published: September 2018

New World railroads were seminal to nineteenth-century industrialization and European expansion. Funded by the profits of industrialization, the railroads opened new lands for agricultural and pastoral settlement, the produce of which fed the industrial workforces of the North Atlantic littoral while at the same time providing factory looms and foundries with their essential raw materials. Whether in private hands (as in the United States) or under public ownership (as in Australia), New World railroads were in managerial terms unequalled in the size and complexities of their organization. In the 1890s the power of railroad management was seemingly confirmed when they imposed dramatic reductions in wages and other employment conditions on their workforces. Where resisted, as in the United States Pullman Boycott, opposition was soon broken. Yet the managerial and financial strength of the railroads was by the 1890s more apparent than real. As mere cogs in a global production system, the railroads were financial victims of forces that they themselves helped unleash. As railroad-fueled rural expansion gradually swamped global commodity markets, the railroads found that the prices obtained for their core custom (notably corn and wheat) fell remorselessly. As prices fell, so too did railroad rates. While it was these economic mechanisms that drove management toward labor conflict, victories on this front did little to improve management’s position. The reason for this is that the railroads suffered primarily from revenue rather than labor cost problems. Saddled with large fixed costs, the railroads found that even the most severe wage and staffing cuts made little difference to their financial plight.
Controlling Consumption
Authors: Patmore Greg , Balnave Nikola
Published: September 2018

The Rochdale consumer cooperative movements in Australia and the United States, while weak by international standards, have played a significant role in increasing the power of many consumers over the price, quality, and quantity of consumer goods. There have been peaks and troughs in the history of these co-ops for a variety of reasons including inflation, social unrest, competition from private retailers, the level of labor movement and state support, and the influence of immigrant groups. Prior to the end of World War II, Rochdale consumer cooperatives in both countries fluctuated in strength, but they declined in the postwar period with spectacular collapses during the 1980s. Since the 1960s, protest movements have encouraged a new wave of local food cooperatives, particularly in the United States.
An Agitator Abroad
Authors: Clayworth Peter
Published: September 2018

Patrick Hodgens Hickey, a New Zealander, was a labor activist who introduced American ideas of revolutionary industrial unionism and socialist political action to the country of his birth. Hickey grew up in rural New Zealand at a time of industrial peace under a compulsory arbitration system and initially had little interest in unions or socialism. He learned mining skills while working as an itinerant laborer in the United States, becoming part of a transnational network of mine workers. He was radicalized by his experiences of American class conflict and his involvement with the militant Western Federation of Miners. Returning to New Zealand, he became a leader of a workers’ revolt against the compulsory arbitration system in the period from 1907 through to 1914. Hickey was a key organizer of the union peak body that became the New Zealand Federation of Labour, the “Red Feds.” Following the defeats of the Waihi strike of 1912 and the Great Strike of 1913, Hickey suffered blacklisting. He went to Australia in 1915 to escape the blacklist and the threat of wartime conscription. In Australia he worked as a union activist and anticonscription campaigner. Hickey’s life and career illustrate the transnational migration of workers and their ideas in the early twentieth century.
Care of the Species
Authors: Hartigan Jr. John
Published: September 2018

Care of the Species contributes to debates about the concept of species through vivid ethnography, examining infrastructures of care—labs and gardens in Spain and Mexico—where plant scientists grapple with the complexities of evolution and domestication. In tackling the racial dimension of efforts to go “beyond the human,” this book reveals a far greater stratum of sameness than commonly assumed.
Follow the Species
Authors: Hartigan John
Published: September 2018

Chapter One relates the history of maize genome sequencing projects, highlighting the competition between researchers in the U.S. and Mexico, then explaining how they combined to hone an “intimate knowledge” of the species. I introduce the lab space of LANGEBIO and the races of maize growing there, but also the mechanics of plant science generally.
Maize
Authors: Hartigan John
Published: September 2018

Chapter Two explains how maize has been racialized in two distinct manners: singularly as “la raza maíz,” an emblem for indigenous or marginal peoples in Mexico, and in the plural, as with the fifty-nine “razas de maíz” that are a current popular and scientific concern in that country.
How to Interview a Plant
Authors: Hartigan John
Published: September 2018

Chapter Nine details my efforts to shift the ethnographic focus of this work onto the plants themselves. I narrate this through a nine-step, “how to” process, one that deploys “thin description” while confronting the problem of “plant blindness” and considering the ideal of “living thinking” as a means of knowing life forms.
Epilogue
Authors: Hartigan John
Published: September 2018

Conveys the threats facing taxonomy today, while making the case for its fundamental importance for addressing issues of biodiversity.
Life
Authors: Tarizzo Davide
Published: September 2018

The word “biology” was first used to describe the scientific study of life in 1802, and as Davide Tarizzo demonstrates, our understanding of what being alive means is an equally recent invention. Circumventing tired debates about the validity of science and the truth of Darwinian evolution, Tarizzo instead envisions a profound paradigm shift in philosophical and scientific concepts of biological life.
Us
Authors: Tarizzo Davide
Published: September 2018

Considers the repercussions of such a metaphysical framework in political history, with special emphasis on Nazism and contemporary trends in political theory and practices
Historic Capital
Authors: Logan Cameron
Published: September 2018

Historic Capital shows how Washington, D.C.’s historic buildings and neighborhoods have been a site of contestation between local interests and the expansion of the federal government’s footprint. It ultimately makes the case that historic preservation has had as great an impact on the physical fabric of U.S. cities as any other private or public sector initiative in the twentieth century.
The White House and Its Neighborhood
Authors: Logan Cameron
Published: September 2018

examines the catalytic impact of the Federal government on Washington’s preservation movement. The negative impacts, especially bulldozer-driven urban renewal, have been quite well documented. But the positive influence of the Lafayette Square redevelopment and of federal policy leadership have not been acknowledged.
Whose Neighborhood? Whose History?
Authors: Logan Cameron
Published: September 2018

looks at the success of the neighborhood preservation movement in the 1970s and early 1980s and the fine grain of neighborhood conflict inspired by preservation’s assertiveness in that period.
Modernist Urbanism as History
Authors: Logan Cameron
Published: September 2018

brings the preservation story in Washington DC full circle by looking carefully at the highly contested attempt in the early years of the 21st century to protect and preserve Capitol Park (1959). This landmark of modern design in the national capital was built as part of Washington’s massive Southwest urban renewal project and thus remained a deeply ambivalent place for Washington’s preservationists.
Introduction
Authors: Koepnick Lutz
Published: September 2018

Introduction: makes a case for the importance to study the long take today as something that probes our sense of time across different moving image platforms; develops the category of wonder—first time seeing that appeals to our curiosity—as a central category of the book; presents the contemporary long take as a medium to challenge the attentional economy of today’s agitated screen cultures; argues against associating the long take with slow cinema or contemporary cinephelia.
To Cut or Not to Cut
Authors: Koepnick Lutz
Published: September 2018

Chapter 1: traces the history and theory of the long take in twentieth-century art cinema to make a case who and why twenty-first century moving image practice differs from the past and its concepts; shows how contemporary long take practice absorbs the recalibrates the dual legacies of expanded cinema and art cinema of the 1960s, and how it asks to rethink our concept of art cinema today, and why its study neither belongs to film scholars nor art critics alone today
The Long Goodbye
Authors: Koepnick Lutz
Published: September 2018

Chapter 4: the focus of this chapter is on the video installtions of artists Tacita Dean, Teressa Hubbard/Alexander Birchler, and IñigoManglano-Ovalle; discusses various concepts of roaming spectatorship only to show that the work under discussion succeeds quite well to hold the viewer’s attention, redefine the long take as a perceptual rather than representational logic, and in so doing clear perceptual ground for the possibility of wonder
The Wonders of Being Stuck
Authors: Koepnick Lutz
Published: September 2018

Chapter 6: discusses the video work of Francis Alÿs; special focus on how Alÿs couples his exploration of duration and first sight to a potent critique of global inequality and power; additional focus on how this work finds long takes not in the filmic but the profilmic, the materiality of everyday life.
Movement
Authors: Wilson Matthew W.
Published: September 2018

Movement takes up an issue that transcends digital and critical invocations of the map: time. This chapter explores the historical development of animated cartography through a Deleuzian and Bergsonian framing
Quantification
Authors: Wilson Matthew W.
Published: September 2018

Quantification re-examines a perennial bogeyman for the critical social sciences, by exploring three underexamined facets of quantification in everyday life: interoperability and propriety, competition and habit, and fashion and surveillance.
The Construction of Equality
Authors: Mack Jennifer
Published: September 2018

In The Construction of Equality, Jennifer Mack shows how Syriac-instigated architectural projects and spatial practices have altered the Swedish city’s built environment “from below.” Combining architectural, urban, and ethnographic tools through archival research, site work, participant observation, and interviews, Mack provides a unique take on urban development, social change, and the immigrant experience in Europe over a fifty-year period.
Visible Cities, Invisible Citizens
Authors: Mack Jennifer
Published: September 2018

Chapter 2 focuses on Södertälje during the 1970s, when Syriacs moved to its empty Million Program neighborhoods, where Syriacs resumed their historical pattern of protective enclaves. They adapted welfare-state spaces but retained their forms and functions, suggesting that modernist design was more successful at accommodating difference than has been acknowledged.
Safety in Numbers
Authors: Mack Jennifer
Published: September 2018

Chapter 6 examines national norms defined both rational design and questions of taste and beauty, and how these intersect with new forms that Syriacs have developed in houses, churches, banquet halls, and other buildings in Södertälje. The frictions between them raise questions about tolerance and who may contribute to the urban image.
Ecology without Culture
Authors: Marran Christine L.
Published: September 2018

This chapter introduces my concept of the “biotrope” to navigate the broader question of why and how the material world has proven to be such an effective medium for representing culture. It then argues that ecocriticism needs to be more skeptical about cultural claims. The chapter then shows how literature, poetry, and film are at their most critical and effective when they are not made to replicate our desire for a world that appears to be made by and for specific human collectives or the anthropos.
Slow Violence in Film
Authors: Marran Christine L.
Published: September 2018

This chapter examines how documentarian Tsuchimoto Noriaki created a perceptual field for invisible toxins. I discuss the formal, theoretical, and social modes in Tsuchimoto’s nuclear and medical films, paying particular attention to what I call his “optics of ambulation,” his refusal of montage, and his capture of the impact of toxins over time--what Rob Nixon calls “slow violence.”
Building Access
Authors: Hamraie Aimi
Published: September 2018

Building Access investigates twentieth-century strategies for designing the world with disability in mind. Illustrated with a wealth of rare archival materials, this book brings together scientific, social, and political histories in what is not only the pioneering critical account of Universal Design but also a deep engagement with the politics of knowing, making, and belonging in twentieth-century United States.
Flexible Users
Authors: Hamraie Aimi
Published: September 2018

Chapter 2 examines the rise of “flexible” and “ergonomic” design. Hamraie argues that these approaches were not about accepting different, but rather about military-industrial efficiency.
Epistemic Activism
Authors: Hamraie Aimi
Published: September 2018

Chapter 5 studies what I term “epistemic activism,” or activism that occurs within academic fields to shape social norms and practices. Specifically, this chapter shows how architects were enacting epistemic activism within the profession around issues of disability access while protesters were doing the same in more public forums.
Barrier Work
Authors: Hamraie Aimi
Published: September 2018

Chapter 6 traces the rise of Universal Design and how it responded to these earlier approaches to accessible design. This chapter treats Universal Design as a series of experiments in knowing and making for disabled users.