bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Die kovalente Chemie der höheren Fullerene: C70 und jenseits davon
Authors: Thilgen Carlo , Herrmann Andreas , Diederich François
Published: July 2007

Höhere Fullerene stehen zwar noch nicht in größeren Mengen zur Verfügung, doch hat sich die Situation ähnlich wie bei C60 seit den Anfangstagen der Fullerenchemie stetig verbessert. Viele der löslichen größeren Kohlenstoffkäfige sind mittlerweile in reiner Form oder als Isomerengemische auch kommerziell erhältlich. Insbesondere C70 kann heute im präparativen Maßstab ohne aufwendige hochleistungsflüssigkeitschromatographische Trennung ausgehend von Fullerenruß rein gewonnen werden, wodurch die Chemie dieses höheren Fullerens einen starken Auftrieb erfahren hat. So gelang im Verlauf der letzten Jahre eine Vielzahl von Funktionalisierungen mit C70, und selbst von den größeren und komplexeren Kohlenstoffbällen C76, C84 und neuerdings auch C78 wurden Derivate rein isoliert und charakterisiert. Anhand der so gewonnenen Daten lassen sich erste allgemeine Gesetzmäßigkeiten zur Reaktivität und Selektivität dieser weniger symmetrisch als C60 gebauten Fullerene erkennen. Wichtige Informationen liefern insbesondere Mehrfachadditionen an höhere Fullerene; sie verlaufen mit einer erstaunlichen Selektivität, die die bei C60 gefundene übertrifft. Ein besonders reizvolles Thema ist die Chiralität einiger dieser Kohlenstoffallotrope sowie die zahlreicher Derivate. Zwar beschränkt sich die Chiralität von Fullerenaddukten nicht auf die höheren Fullerene, aber sie wurde hauptsächlich im Zusammenhang mit deren Chemie erforscht und kann auf unterschiedliche strukturelle Merkmale zurückgeführt werden. Ein kürzlich vorgeschlagenes System ermöglicht anhand eines einzigen Deskriptors eine einfache Spezifizierung der Konfiguration von chiralen Fullerenen und Fullerenderivaten einschließlich hochverzweigter Kohlenstoffgerüste mit einer Vielzahl möglicher stereogener Zentren.
Woran erkennt man eine Dreifachbindung zwischen Hauptgruppenelementatomen?
Authors: Klinkhammer Karl Wilhelm
Published: July 2007

Welche Valenzstrichformel spiegelt die Verhältnisse in dem kürzlich von Robinson et al. synthetisierten „Digallin”︁ Na2[(2,6‐Mes2*C6H3)‐GaGa(2,6‐Mes2*C6H3)] (Mes* = 2,4,6‐tPr3C6H2) besser wider, A oder B? Liegt trotz nicht erfüllter klassischer Kriterien eine Ga‐Ga‐Dreifachbindung vor?

magnified image
Anionengesteuerte Strukturbildung bei Bipyridylsilber(I)‐Polymeren: eine Verbindung mit helicalem, polymerem Netz
Authors: Withersby Matthew A. , Blake Alexander J. , Champness Neil R. , Hubberstey Peter , Li Wan‐Sheung , Schröder Martin
Published: July 2007

Wendeltreppenartig sind die Schichten aus Ketten, die alternierend AgI‐Zentren und pytz‐Liganden enthalten, im Kristall von [Ag(pytz)(NO3)]∞(pytz = 3,6‐Di(4‐pyridyl)‐1,2,4,5‐tetrazin) angeordnet. Entscheidend für diese Strukturbildung ‐ rechts ist ein Blick auf die Struktur entlang der Helixachse gezeigt ‐ ist der anionische Ligand NO3−, wie der Vergleich mit den analogen PF6−‐ und BF4−‐Verbindungen belegt. In diesen werden die parallel angeordneten Ketten aus AgI‐Zentren und pytz‐Liganden paarweise durch schwache Ag‐Ag‐Kontakte und π‐π‐Wechselwirkungen zwischen benachbarten pytz‐Liganden zusammengehalten.

magnified image
Das erste lithiierte Phosphanoxid mit Li‐C‐Bindungen: Synthese und Struktur von [{Ph2P(O)CHLiC(H)MeEt}4]
Authors: Davies John E. , Davies Robert P. , Dunbar Lorraine , Raithby Paul R. , Russell Matthew G. , Snaith Ronald , Warren Stuart , Wheatley Andrew E. A.
Published: July 2007

Eine cubanartige tetramere Struktur mit Li‐C‐Bindungen und zwei stereogenen Zentren pro Monomereinheit ist das Ergebnis der Lithiierung von Ph2P(O)CH2C(H)MeEt in Toluol. Das Zentralgerüst dieses lithiierten Phosphanoxids ist rechts gezeigt.

magnified image
Eine effiziente enzymatische Synthese des Core‐Trisaccharids von N‐Glycanen mit einer rekombinanten β‐Mannosyltransferase
Authors: Watt Gregory M. , Revers Leigh , Webberley Matthew C. , Wilson Iain B. H. , Flitsch Sabine L.
Published: July 2007

Mit hoher Stereo‐ und Regioselektivität und in guter Ausbeute läßt sich die β‐1,4‐mannosidische Bindung des Trisaccharids 1 (R/R′ = H/OH) mit einem modifizierten rekombinanten Biokatalysator knüpfen. Dazu wurde das Hefeenzym ALG1 in drei Stufen modifiziert und in E. coli exprimiert; das Enzym wurde dann an einer NiII‐Affinitätssäule immobilisiert.

magnified image
Diacetylenverknüpfte Poly(phenylsulfanyl)‐substituierte Benzole als Basis für reduzierbare molekulare Stäbe im Nanometerbereich
Authors: Mayor Marcel , Lehn Jean‐Marie , Fromm Katharina M. , Fenske Dieter
Published: July 2007

Positivere Reduktionspotentiale mit zunehmender Moleküllänge kennzeichnen die Titelverbindungen (siehe unten, n = 0,1). Wegen ihrer physikalischen und chemischen Eigenschaften, besonders ihrer leichten Reduzierbarkeit, die cyclovoltammetrisch untersucht wurde, sind sie vielversprechend für die Entwicklung molekularer elektronischer und photonischer Funktionseinheiten.

magnified image
Stabilisierung der (π‐Indenyl)‐Blei‐Bindung: der erste strukturell eindeutig charakterisierte Bis(η5‐indenyl)komplex eines Nach‐Übergangselements, [Pb{1,3‐(SiMe3)2C9H5}2]
Authors: Overby Jason S. , Hanusa Timothy P. , Boyle Paul D.
Published: July 2007

Wo bleiben die Bis(π‐indenyl)komplexe der „Nach‐Übergangselemente”︁? Nun konnte der erste derartige Komplex eines Elements der Gruppe 14 synthetisiert und charakterisiert werden: [Pb{1,3‐(SiMe3)2‐C9H5}2] ist in Lösung nicht stabil, bildet jedoch thermisch stabile Kristalle, in denen er Sandwichgeometrie mit nahezu parallelen, η5‐koordinierten Indenyl‐Fünfringen aufweist (siehe rechts).

magnified image
Phane mit drei‐ und viergliedrigen Ringen als Strukturelementen
Authors: Gleiter Rolf , Merger Martin
Published: July 2007

Erst vor wenigen Jahren begann die systematische Eingliederung der kleinen 2π‐ und 4π‐Elektronensysteme Cyclopropenyliumion, Cyclopropenon, Oxocyclobutenyliumion und Cyclobutadien in die Phanchemie. [n2]Cyclopropenyliophane, [n2]Cyclopropenonophane, komplexstabilisierte [n4]Cyclobutadienosuperphane und andere neue Familien der Doppeldecker‐Phane wurden ausgehend von Cycloalkadiinen durch Entwicklung spezieller doppelter [2 + 1]‐Cycloadditionen und metallkomplexinduzierter Dimerisierungen via doppelten [2 + 2]‐Cycloadditionen zugänglich gemacht. Durch Röntgenbeugung konnten phanspezifische Strukturmerkmale ermittelt werden. Cyclovoltammetrische und PE‐spektroskopische Untersuchungen sowie MO‐Rechnungen offenbarten beträchtliche Wechselwirkungen zwischen eng benachbarten π‐Elektronensystemen. Dekomplexieren von Cyclobutadienosuperphanen ergab unter formaler Erweiterung des zu ihrer Synthese genutzten Aufbauprinzips zu dreifachen [2 + 2]‐Cycloadditionen [n4]‐verbrückte Tricyclo‐[4.2.0.02, 5]octadiene, neuartige Käfigverbindungen. Darüber hinaus gelang die Komplettierung zur vierfachen [2 + 2]‐Cycloaddition mit der photoinduzierten Umsetzung des [34]‐verbrückten Tricyclo[4.2.0.02, 5]octadiens zu Propella[34]cuban.
Ionenaustauscherharze für die kombinatorische Synthese: 2,4‐Pyrrolidindione via Dieckmann‐Kondensation
Authors: Kulkarni Bheemashankar A. , Ganesan Arasu
Published: July 2007

Durch temporäre Immobilisierung an einem quartären Ammoniumharz (Amberlyst 26‐A, OH−‐Form) können die aciden 2,4‐Pyrrolidindione (Tetramsäuren) gereinigt werden, die unmittelbar zuvor durch eine durch dieses Harz katalysierte Dieckmann‐Cyclisierung von Amidestern synthetisiert wurden [G1. (a)]. R1 = H, Alkyl, Benzyl; R2 = Phenyl, Aryl; R3 = CN, o‐O2NC6H4, P(O)(OEt)2.

magnified image
Chirale methylverzweigte Tenside und Phospholipide: Synthese und Eigenschaften
Authors: Morr Michael , Fortkamp Jens , Rühe Stefan
Published: July 2007

Die Zahl der Methylgruppen an den Acylresten der Phosphatidylcholine 1 (R1 ‐ R4 = H, CH3) bestimmt deren Tensideigenschaften. Differentialkalorimetrische Untersuchungen sprechen dafür, daß wenige oder gar keine Verzweigungen zu geordneten Gelphasen führen. Auch das Verhalten der Verbindungen an der Luft‐Wasser‐Grenzfläche wird durch diese strukturellen Faktoren bestimmt.

magnified image
Templatgesteuerter Selbstaufbau sechs‐ und achtgliedriger Eisencoronate
Authors: Saalfrank Rolf W. , Bernt Ingo , Uller Evelin , Hampel Frank
Published: July 2007

Die Art des Köders bestimmt die Beute: In einem Teich mit Triethanolamin‐Liganden und Eisen(III)‐Ionen gelingt es, sechs‐ und achtgliedrige Eisencoronate 1 bzw. 2 zu fangen, je nachdem, ob man Natrium‐ oder Caesiumionen als Köder verwendet. Dies ist besonders im Zusammenhang mit der Möglichkeit kombinatorischer Ansätze in der supramolekularen Chemie interessant.

magnified image
Synergismus zwischen Gastkomponente und Wirtgerüst im Zeolith CsNaY nach Imprägnierung mit Caesiumhydroxid
Authors: Hunger Michael , Schenk Udo , Burger Beate , Weitkamp Jens
Published: July 2007

Eine Zunahme der Basizität des zeolithischen Wirts, die durch die oxidische Gastkomponente bedingt ist, bewirkte dessen Imprägnierung mit Caesiumhydroxid (Ausschnitt aus der Struktur siehe rechts; ○ Kationen, • Gastkomponente). Die Anwendung solcher Materialien als basische Festkörperkatalysatoren könnte für die chemische Industrie interessant sein.

magnified image
Tetrathia‐ und Tetraoxarubyrine: aromatische, Gerüst‐modifizierte expandierte Porphyrine
Authors: Srinivasan Alagar , Reddy Venkatram M. , Narayanan Jeyaprakash S. , Sridevi Bashyam , Pushpan Simi K. , Ravikumar Murugaeson , Chandrashekar Tavarekere K.
Published: July 2007

Bemerkenswert einfach gelingt die Synthese der Tetrathia‐ und Tetraoxarubyrine 1 bzw. 2 auf den hier beschriebenen Wegen. Spektroskopische, 1H‐NMR‐ und elektrochemische Daten deuten darauf hin, daß 1, 2 und ihre protonierten Derivate aromatische 26π‐Elektronensysteme sind und die protonierten Derivate in Lösung stabile Komplexe mit Anionen, wie F−, N3− und AMP, bilden.

magnified image
Vergleich der bioaktiven Konformationen von Sialyl‐LewisX und einem potenten Sialyl‐LewisX‐Mimetikum
Authors: Jahnke Wolfgang , Kolb Hartmuth C. , Blommers Marcel J. J. , Ernst Beat , Magnani John L.
Published: July 2007

Das rationale Design von Wirkstoffen, die die E‐Selectin/Sialyl‐LewisX‐Wechselwirkung inhibieren, erfordert Informationen über die Strukturen gebundener Inhibitoren. Zu diesem Zweck wurde die bioaktive Konformation des potenten Sialyl‐LewisX‐Mimetikums 1 durch Transfer‐NOE‐NMR‐Methoden bestimmt.

magnified image
Hochenantioselektive katalytische 1,4‐Addition und kombinierte 1,4‐Addition/Aldolreaktion von Organozinkreagentien an Enone
Authors: Feringa Ben L. , Pineschi Mauro , Arnold Leggy A. , Imbos Rosalinde , De Vries André H. M.
Published: July 2007

Vollständige Stereokontrolle gelingt bei der kupferkatalysierten 1,4‐Addition von Organozinkreagentien an Cyclohexenon mit dem chiralen Phosphoramidit L* als Ligand für das Kupferion [Gl. (a). Tf = Trifluormethansulfonat]. Bei dieser Reaktion werden viele funktionelle Gruppen toleriert; das intermediär gebildete Zinkenolat läßt sich auch mit Aldehyden abfangen.

magnified image
Palladiumkatalysierte Kreuzkupplung von Organozinkbromiden mit Aryliodiden in perfluorierten Lösungsmitteln
Authors: Betzemeier Bodo , Knochel Paul
Published: July 2007

Eine bemerkenswerte I‐Selektivität kennzeichnet den aus (F13C6C6H4);3P und [Pd(dba)2] erhaltenen Pd0‐Katalysator bei der Kreuzkupplung von Organozinkbromiden mit Aryliodiden in einem Zweiphasensystem mit perfluoriertem Lösungsmittel [Gl. (a)]. Diese Methode liefert die C‐C‐verknüpften Produkte in allgemein hohen Ausbeuten und bedarf nur einer geringen Menge an Katalysator (0.15 Mol‐%), der am Ende der Reaktion durch einfache Phasentrennung abgetrennt und mehrmals direkt wiederverwendet werden kann. dba = Dibenzylidenaceton, TIPS = iPr3Si.

magnified image
Neuartige Alkin(carben)wolfram‐Komplexe
Authors: Ku Rong‐Zhi , Chen Der‐Yi , Lee Gene‐Hsiang , Peng Shie‐Ming , Liu Shiuh‐Tzung
Published: July 2007

Nur Alkin‐ und Carbenliganden umgeben das Wolframatom in den hier vorgestellten Komplexen 1 und 2. Der spektroskopisch und röntgenographisch charakterisierte Komplex 1 eignet sich als Katalysator für die Polymerisation von Diphenylacetylen (siehe unten). L = PhC°CPh.

magnified image
Ein effizientes Verfahren zur asymmetrischen Aminohydroxylierung
Authors: Rubin A. Erik , Sharpless K. Barry
Published: July 2007

Ohne externe Liganden und dennoch mit ausgezeichneter Reaktivität sowie in hoher Ausbeute reagieren α/β‐ungesättigte Amide 1 als eine der wenigen Olefinklassen in der osmiumkatalysierten Aminohydroxylierung. Die Bandbreite der Reaktion wurde untersucht, und es wurde eine Eintopfmethode für die Umsetzung der Hydroxysuifonamide 2 und 3 zu den entsprechenden Aziridinen 4 entwickelt. Ts = p‐MeC6H4SO2.

magnified image
Verknüpfung von zwei Acetylideinheiten durch eine Fläche aus vier Eisenatomen hindurch
Authors: Davies John E. , Mays Martin J. , Raithby Paul R. , Sarveswaran Koshala
Published: July 2007

Ein für Diinliganden bislang unbekannter Koordinationstyp liegt im Fe4‐Komplex 2 vor, der durch Thermolyse des Alkinkomplexes 1 in Toluol bei 373 K zugänglich ist. In 2 sind die μ4η2‐Acetylidliganden auf den beiden Seiten der Fe4‐Fläche über eine C‐C‐Bindung durch die Fläche aus vier Metallatomen hindurch verknüpft.

magnified image
Ein unendlich ausgedehntes 3D‐Netzwerk mit α‐Polonium‐artiger Struktur aus einem Liganden mit sechs Imidazolresten und oktaedrisch koordinierten Metallionen
Authors: Hoskins Bernard F. , Robson Richard , Slizys Damian A.
Published: July 2007

Aus dem neuen sechsarmigen Liganden Hexakis(imidazol‐1‐ylmethyl)benzol (hkimb) 1 und CdF2 entsteht ein stark hydratisiertes Koordinationspolymer der Zusammensetzung Cd(hkimb)F2·14H2O. Die Hohlräume der kristallinen Verbindung, deren Struktur der von α‐Polonium ähnelt, werden von zwei unabhängigen 2D‐Netzwerken aus Wassermolekülen bzw. aus Wassermolekülen und Fluoridionen durchzogen.

magnified image
Synthese optisch aktiver Butenolide und γ‐Lactone aus β,γ‐ungesättigten Carbonsäureestern mit der asymmetrischen Dihydroxylierung nach Sharpless
Authors: Harcken Christian , Brückner Reinhard
Published: July 2007

Nichtkonjugierte ungesättigte Ester 1 und AD‐Mix α oder AD‐Mix β ergeben cis‐konfigurierte γ‐Alkyl‐β‐hydroxy‐γ‐lactone 2 ‐ breit einsetzbare Vorläufer γ‐chiraler Butenolide und γ‐chiraler Butyrolactone von mittlerer bis sehr hoher Enantiomerenreinheit. Dies zeigen die Synthesen der Naturstoffe 3 (92% ee), 4 (95% ee), 5 (97% ee) und 6 (78% ee).

magnified image
Ein hochstabiler Silber(I)‐Komplex mit einem makrocyclischen Liganden
Authors: Gyr Thomas , Mäcke Helmut R. , Hennig Michael
Published: July 2007

Die höchste bekannte Bindungskonstante für Silber(I)‐Ionen (lg K = 19.63) wurde bei einem Silberkomplex (Struktur im Kristall siehe rechts) mit einem auf Cyclen basierenden Liganden gemessen. Dieser enthält vier Stickstoff‐ und vier Schwefelatome, aber dennoch bevorzugt das weiche Silber(I)‐Ion die Koordination durch die Stickstoffatome und bindet im Festkörper nur zwei Schwefelatome. Der Chelatligand wurde für eine therapeutische In‐vivo‐Anwendung des β‐strahlenden Radionuclids 111Ag entwickelt.

magnified image
Ein ABC‐Ringanalogon von Kapurimycin A3: Synthese und Wirksamkeit in der DNA‐Alkylierung
Authors: Nakatani Kazuhiko , Okamoto Akimitsu , Saito Isao
Published: July 2007

Mit einer 5′‐GPu‐3′‐Sequenzselektivität, die der des natürlichen Antitumor‐Antibioticums Kapurimycin A3 1 stark ähnelt, spaltet dessen ABC‐Ringanalogon 2 DNA sehr effektiv über eine Guaninalkylierung. Wesentlich für die Spaltungsaktivität ist die reaktive Alkenylepoxidgruppe in der Seitenkette und die starke Intercalation der aromatischen Einheit von 1 und 2 in den DNA‐Duplex, wie anhand der erheblich geringeren Spaltungsaktivität eines AB‐Ringanalogons deutlich wurde.

magnified image
Konformationskontrolle in Polymetall‐Mesocyclen durch eine Metall‐Metall‐Bindung: das erste Beispiel für eine Hg‐Cu‐Wechselwirkung
Authors: Bodensieck Ulf , Braunstein Pierre , Knorr Michael , Strampfer Martin , Bénard Marc , Strohmann Carsten
Published: July 2007

Ein zehngliedriger, cyclischer Komplex mit T‐förmigem CuHgFe2‐Gerüst ist das Ergebnis einer bindenden Cu‐Hg‐Wechselwirkung (Cu‐Hg = 2.668(6) Å). Dieser Komplex zeigt in Lösung eine Bewegung, die einem “molekularen Torsionspendel” ähnelt (siehe unten). So wird eine die vier Metallatome enthaltende gemittelte Spiegelebene erzeugt, im Kristall liegt jedoch nur eine C2‐Achse vor.

magnified image
Komplexe mit Sb2‐ und cyclo‐Sb3‐Liganden: die Tetrahedrane [{C5H5(CO)2Mo}2Sb2], [C5H5(CO)2MoSb3] und [C5Me5(CO)2MoSb3]
Authors: Breunig Hans Joachim , Rösler Roland , Lork Enno
Published: July 2007

Als Antimonquelle für Komplexe mit substituentenfreien Sbn‐Liganden eignet sich die Vierringverbindung (tBuSb)4. Die Umsetzung mit [{C5H5(CO)3Mo}2] liefert die Tetrahedrane 1 und 2. Mit [{C5Me5(CO)3Mo}2] reagiert (tBuSb)4 zu 3. Bei 2 und 3 handelt es sich um die ersten Komplexe mit dem cyclo‐Sb3‐Liganden. Im Kristall sind sie über Sb‐Sb‐Wechselwirkungen miteinander verknüpft.

magnified image
Formselektive Hydrierungen und Oxidationen an platinhaltigen, ultramikroporösen Heteropolyoxometallaten
Authors: Yoshinaga Yusuke , Seki Kohei , Nakato Teruyuki , Okuhara Toshio
Published: July 2007

Bevorzugt die kleineren Moleküle werden in Gegenwart der ultramikroporösen (Porendurchmesser <5.9 Å), platinhaltigen (0.5 Gew.‐%) Heteropolyoxometallatverbindung Pt/Cs2.1H0.9PW12O40 oxidiert und hydriert. Dies ergaben Untersuchungen mit Methan/2,2‐Dimethylpropan bzw. Ethen/Cyclohexen (schematische Darstellung rechts).

magnified image
Enantioselektive Synthese von Altohyrtin C (Spongistatin 2): Verknüpfung der Fragmente und Korrektur der Strukturzuordnung
Authors: Evans David A. , Trotter B. Wesley , Côté Bernard , Coleman Paul J. , Dias Luiz Carlos , Tyler Andrew N.
Published: July 2007

Die erste Totalsynthese eines Spongipyran‐Makrolids, des Altohyrtins C (Spongistatin 2; siehe unten), wurde erfolgreich abgeschlossen. Die aus Meeresschwämmen isolierten Spongipyrane gehören zu den stärksten cytotoxischen Verbindungen und wirken gegen mehrere menschliche Krebszellinien. Während die vorgeschlagenen Strukturen für die unabhängig isolierten Altohyrtine und Spongistatine im wesentlichen gleich sind, unterscheiden sie sich in der relativen Konfiguration der Untereinheiten. Durch die Totalsynthese wurde nun die vorgeschlagene Struktur der Altohyrtine bestätigt und nachgewiesen, daß Altohyrtin C und Spongistatin 2 identisch sind.

magnified image
Erzeugung enantioselektiver Biokatalysatoren für die Organische Chemie durch In‐vitro‐Evolution
Authors: Reetz Manfred T. , Zonta Albin , Schimossek Klaus , Liebeton Klaus , Jaeger Karl‐Erich
Published: July 2007

Evolution im Reagensglas: Mit der fehlerhaften Polymerasekettenreaktion als Methode der Zufallsmutagenese, einem effizienten Genexpressionssystem und einem Screening‐Test zur raschen Identifizierung enantioselektiver Katalysatoren läßt sich der ee‐Wert einer unselektiven Lipase‐katalysierten Esterhydrolyse schrittweise erhöhen (siehe Bild rechts).

magnified image
Meta-analysis and systematic review of the relationship between volume and outcome in abdominal aortic aneurysm surgery (Br J Surg 2007; 94: 395–403)
Authors: Koelemay M J , Vahl A C
Published: July 2007

The Editors welcome topical correspondence from readers relating to articles published in the Journal. Responses should be sent electronically via the BJS website (www.bjs.co.uk). All letters will be reviewed and, if approved, appear on the website. A selection of these will be edited and published in the Journal. Letters must be no more than 250 words in length.
Governance as parenting
Authors: Davis Jeffrey
Published: July 2007

As a teacher and practitioner for 20 years, he has used his knowledge of human behavior to help systems—whether individuals, families, or work teams—function better. In addition to his organizational work in Team Building and in Total Quality Management, he has recently begun consulting with boards on learning the principles and concepts of Policy Governance. Dr. Davis practices in the Indianapolis area
Policy governance: The story so far
Authors: Oliver Caroline
Published: July 2007

Sometimes it takes a crisis to provoke change. The Enron debacle is just such a crisis, and with the first book on Policy Governance in the corporate sector hitting the shelves this summer, this could be a pivotal moment in the history of the development of Policy Governance. Caroline Oliver marks this occasion by laying down the story so far. Perhaps understanding how far Policy Governance has come will lay the groundwork for the future; this article will at least provide a record of the state of Policy Governance in the summer of 2002.
When owners don't agree
Authors: Oliver Caroline
Published: July 2007

Policy Governance boards know that the source of their authority is their owners, and sometimes that means that their problems have just begun. It is all very well knowing clearly who your owners are, but it can get pretty trick)' if they turn out to have conflicting views about what the organization should be about or where it should go. A surprising number of boards are in this position, and how they handle this problem can be a hallmark of their leadership.
The mighty meeting
Authors: Oliver Caroline
Published: July 2007

In this article, Caroline Oliver considers, in depth, the subject of Policy Governance and board meetings. She shows how Policy Governance principles of ownership, accountability, board holism, delegation, and crafting of effective policy can serve as the groundwork for successful meetings. From this starting point, with a little critical attention, board members can take control of their meetings, making them not only more productive and efficient but even enlightening and fun.
Using information technology to sustain policy governance
Authors: Tooley Ray
Published: July 2007

Can Policy Governance provide a long‐term sustainable model for owner‐accountable effective governance? The answer is a resounding yes, but there are many challenges boards face in becoming mature and seasoned users of this comprehensive system. This article will examine some of the obstacles to achieving user‐friendly Policy Governance sustainability and how information technology can be used to overcome the barriers on the road to success.
ADME Investigations of Unnatural Peptides: Distribution of a 14C‐Labeled β 3‐Octaarginine in Rats
Authors: Weiss H. Markus , Wirz Bernard , Schweitzer Alain , Amstutz René , Perez Maria I. Rodriguez , Andres Hendrik , Metz Yves , Gardiner James , Seebach Dieter
Published: July 2007

The highly positively charged, cell‐penetrating β 3‐octaarginine has been prepared with a radioactive label by acetylation at the N‐terminus with a doubly 14C‐labeled acetyl group (14CH314CO). With the radioactive compound, an ADME study (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion) was performed in male rats following an intravenous or oral dose of 1 mg/kg. Sampling was carried out after periods ranging from 5 min to 4 d or 7 d for blood/excretia and quantitative whole‐body autoradioluminography (QWBA), respectively. After p.o. dosing, no systemic exposure to peptide‐related radioactivity was observed, and the dose was completely excreted in the feces within 24 h suggesting the absence of relevant absorption; less than 3% of the i.v. dose was excreted from the animals within 4 d. Blood levels, after i.v. dosing, dropped within 4 d to less than 2% of Cmax and decreased afterwards only very slowly. No metabolites were observed in the systemic circulation. QWBA Data indicated that the distribution of the acetyl‐β‐octaarginine‐related radioactivity in the organs and tissues shifted over time. Notably, after 7 d, the highest concentration was measured in the lymph nodes, and the largest amount was found in the liver. A comparison with the results of two previous ADME investigations of β‐peptides (cf. Table 1) reveals that the distribution of the compounds within the animals is structure‐dependent, and that there is a full range from oral availability with rather rapid excretion (of a tetrapeptide) to essentially complete lack of both oral absorption and excretion after i.v. administration (of a highly charged octapeptide). A discussion is presented about the in vivo stability and ‘drug‐ability’ of peptides. In general, β‐peptides bearing proteinogenic side chains are compared with peptides consisting entirely of D‐α‐amino acid residues (the enantiomers of the ‘natural’ building blocks), and suggestions are made regarding a possible focus of future biomedical investigations with β‐peptides.
Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of the Essential Oil of Teucrium ramosissimum (Lamiaceae)
Authors: Sghaier Mohamed Ben , Chraief Imed , Skandrani Ines , Bouhlel Ines , Boubaker Jihed , Kilani Soumaya , Neffati Aïcha , Mahmoud Amor , Hammami Mohamed , Chekir‐Ghedira Leila , Ghedira Kamel
Published: July 2007

The phytochemical composition of the essential oil of Teucrium ramosissimum (aerial parts), harvested in a mountainous region of Tunisia, was analyzed. A total of 68 compounds, accounting for 99.44% of the essential oil, were identified by GC and GC/MS. The major compounds were β‐eudesmol (61; 44.52%), caryophyllene oxide (56; 9.35%), α‐thujene (1; 5.51%), sabinene (4; 4.71%), and T‐cadinol (59; 3.9 %). The essential oil, which is being used in Tunisian folk medicine against infectious diseases, was tested for its antimicrobial properties against five different bacteria, and found to have weak to moderate activity, with minimal‐inhibitory‐concentration (MIC) and minimal‐bactericidal‐concentration (MBC) values in the range 0.24–0.36 and 1.3–2.9 mg/ml, resp.
Specific Recognition of Loop DNA by Dicationic Porphyrins
Authors: Weng Xiao‐Cheng , Huang Jing , Wu Song , Ren Li‐Ge , Weng Li‐Wei , Zhu Shu‐Gao , Zhou Xiang
Published: July 2007

A series of dicationic porphyrins were found to specifically recognize loop structures of oligodeoxynucleotides, and to selectively oxidize guanine residues upon photo‐irradiation at micromolar concentrations. These compounds could, thus, be employed as promising structural probes for specific secondary DNA structures. The production of singlet oxygen (1O2) is responsible for the DNA‐modification profiles. Both UV‐titration and thermal‐melting experiments indicate that the strong affinity of the charged porphyrins towards DNA loops is responsible for these molecular‐recognition phenomena.
First Synthesis of 12‐Oxosoladulcidine and Its Derivatives as Potential Antitumor Steroidal Alkaloids
Authors: Zha Xiaoming , Hou Yingwei , Sun Hongbin , Zhang Yihua
Published: July 2007

The first synthesis of 12‐oxosoladulcidine (=(3β,5α,22α,25R)‐3‐hydroxyspirosolan‐12‐one; 4) is reported, and its structure was confirmed by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis. Compound 4 was readily obtained in five steps in an overall yield of 31%, starting from hecogenin (5). By slightly modifying the synthetic protocol, eight analogues of 4 were also prepared. The title compound and its derivatives are expected to be potent antitumor alkaloids, since structurally closely related to the known antitumor agents soladulcidine (2) and hecogenin (5).
Synthesis and DNA Binding/Cleavage of Mononuclear Copper(II) Phenanthroline/Bipyridine Proline Complexes
Authors: Reddy Pulimamidi R. , Raju Nomula , Manjula Pallerla , Reddy Karnati V. G.
Published: July 2007

The complexes [CuII(phen)(L‐Pro)(H2O)]+ClO$\rm{ _4^ - }$ (1; phen=1,10‐phenanthroline) and [CuII(bipy)(L‐Pro)(H2O)]+ClO$\rm{ _4^ - }$ (2; bipy=2,2′‐bipyridine) were synthesized and characterized by IR, magnetic susceptibility, UV/VIS, EPR, ESI‐MS, elemental analysis, and theoretical calculations. The metal center was found in a square‐pyramidal geometry. UV/VIS, thermal‐denaturation, and fluorescence‐spectroscopic studies were conducted to assess the interaction of the complexes with CT‐DNA. An intercalative mode of binding was found, with intrinsic binding constants (Kb) of 3.86×103 and 4.6×103 M−1 and Stern–Volmer quenching constants (K) of 0.15 and 0.11 for 1 and 2, respectively. Interestingly, none of the CuII complexes was able to cleave pUC‐19 DNA, which is attributed to the absence of a Pro amide H‐atom and inhibition of the formation of an OH radical from the axially coordinated H2O molecule.
The theory of the case: What prosecutors can teach us about competitive intelligence
Authors: Ogilvie Timorhy J.
Published: July 2007

Competitive intelligence professionals can hone their investigative and analytical skills by applying the lessons of criminal prosecutors. These include using prosecutorial discretion, developing a case theory, testing it through field research, using informants and corroboration, abiding by ethical rules, shadowing the defense, and letting the facts speak. The author provides business analogs for each of these approaches. The cornerstone is the use of the scientific method for hypothesis testing. As Sherlock Holmes knew, any single fact may seem insignificant, but the coupling of seemingly innocuous facts may prove a key to the analysis (or, in this case, the competitive situation). Anticipating the tactics of “the defense” (the competitor) can offset its probable maneuvers. A company can even benefit from staging a “Kangaroo Court” in which an internal team and a “shadow” team representing the competitor argue their business cases before a “court” of experts in the field. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Classification of Wines Based on Combination of 1H NMR Spectroscopy and Principal Component Analysis
Authors: Du Yuan‐Yuan , Bai Guo‐Yun , Zhang Xu , Liu Mai‐Li
Published: July 2007

A combination of 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and principal component analysis (PCA) has shown the potential for being a useful method for classification of type, production origin or geographic origin of wines. In this preliminary study, twenty‐one bottled wines were classified/separated for their location of production in Shacheng, Changli and Yantai, and the types of the blended, medium dry, dry white and dry red wines, using the NMR‐PCA method. The wines were produced by three subsidiary companies of an enterprise according to the same national standard. The separation was believed to be mainly due to the fermentation process for different wines and environmental variations, such as local climate, soil, underground water, sunlight and rainfall. The major chemicals associated with the separation were identified.
Stylissamides A–D – New Proline‐Containing Cyclic Heptapeptides from the Marine Sponge Stylissa caribica
Authors: Schmidt Gesine , Grube Achim , Köck Matthias
Published: July 2007

Four new cyclic heptapeptides, stylissamides A–D (1–4), were isolated from the Caribbean sponge Stylissa caribica. The structures of these metabolites were elucidated by NMR and MS/MS methods. The peptides contain three and, in one case, four proline residues. The sequence assignment of 1–4 by NMR was supported by fragmentations in HR‐MS/MS measurements. The absolute configuration of all amino acid residues was assigned as L using Marfey's method and the OPA method.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Regio‐ and Stereoselective Synthesis of Tri‐ and Tetrasubstituted Alkenes by Introduction of CO2 and Alkylzinc Reagents into Alkynes
Authors: Mori Miwako
Published: July 2007

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a useful C‐1 unit resource in synthetic organic chemistry. It was known that a low‐valent nickel complex could coordinate to CO2 to form an oxanickelacyclopropane, which reacts with a terminal alkyne to form an oxanickelacyclopentene. Transmetalation of the oxanickelacyclopentene with an alkylzinc reagent gives a trisubstituted alkene in high yield after hydrolysis. A novel synthetic method for heterocycles from terminal alkynes containing suitably positioned heteroatoms was developed, using this alkylative carboxylation followed by a hetero‐Michael reaction. Using this procedure, the synthesis of erythrocarine, one of the erthrina alkaloids, the total synthesis of which had not previously been achieved, was developed. Additionally, a regioselective synthesis of tetrasubstituted alkenes from disubstituted alkynes was also examined. A silylated alkyne was used and a tetrasubstituted alkene was obtained regioselectively. This reaction was further developed into a nickel‐catalyzed reaction, and the effects of substituents on the alkyne were also examined. It was found that an alkyne containing a tert‐butyl or a phenyl group predominantly gave one tetrasubstituted alkene. The results indicated that conjugation of the carboxyl group with the substituent in the oxanickelacyclopentene is important for the formation of oxanickelacycles, and that the thermodynamically more stable oxanickelacycle should be formed. Thus, thermodynamically more stable alkenes are formed; that is, an electron‐donating group on the alkene would conjugate with the carboxyl group. Using this procedure, it was possible to synthesize tamoxifen, which is effective for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer and contains a tetrasubstituted alkene in its skeleton.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Determination of the function of the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve after thyroidectomy
Authors: Wasserman Jared M. , Sundaram Krishnamurthi , Alfonso Antonio E. , Rosenfeld Richard M. , Har‐El Gady
Published: July 2007

Background.

Several unique complications of thyroidectomy exist because of its regional anatomy; they are well studied and reported. A majority of thyroidectomy patients report vague upper aerodigestive tract complaints. Despite this, no formal assessment of the integrity of the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve after thyroidectomy exists in the literature.

Methods.

Thirty three patients undergoing thyroidectomy were prospectively evaluated with preoperative and postoperative laryngopharyngeal sensory testing.

Results.

Preoperatively, 16 patients (49%) reported dysphagia, and 19 (58%) complained of globus sensation. Postoperatively, 24 (73%) patients complained of dysphagia, and 25 (76%) reported globus sensation. Preoperative sensory testing showed a mean sensory threshold of 2.79 ± 0.51 mm Hg. The mean change in thresholds postoperatively was trivial (0.07 ± 0.29 mm Hg), and did not differ significantly from zero (p = .19).

Conclusions.

Although most patients report significant difficulty swallowing after thyroidectomy, the sensory nerve to the laryngopharynx remains intact and is not at risk during thyroid surgery. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2008
Iridoid Glycosides from Hedyotis corymbosa
Authors: Jiang Wei , Kuang Li‐Sha , Hou Ai‐Jun , Qian Min , Li Ji‐Zong
Published: July 2007

Three new iridoid glycosides, hedycorysides A–C (1–3, resp.), were isolated from the whole plant of Hedyotis corymbosa (Linn.) Lam., along with four known compounds. Their structures were elucidated by extensive 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR analysis, as well as by HR‐ESI‐MS experiments. The three new compounds are the first benzoylated geniposide derivatives from Hedyotis.
Perchloric Acid–Silica (HClO4⋅SiO2)‐Catalyzed Synthesis of 14‐Alkyl‐ or 14‐Aryl‐14H‐dibenzo[a,j]xanthenes and N‐[(2‐Hydroxynaphthalen‐1‐yl)methyl]amides
Authors: Das Biswanath , Kumar D. Nandan , Laxminarayana Keetha , Ravikanth B.
Published: July 2007

The synthesis of 14‐aryl‐ or 14‐alkyl‐14H‐dibenzo[a,j]xanthenes 3 involving the treatment of naphthalen‐2‐ol (1) with arenecarboxaldehydes or alkanals 2 in the presence of HClO4⋅SiO2 as a heterogeneous catalyst was achieved (Table 1), and this reaction was extended to the preparation of N‐[(2‐hydroxynaphthalen‐1‐yl)methyl]amides 5 by a three‐component reaction with urea (4a) or an amide 4b–d as a third reactant (Table 2).
Further Daphniphyllum Alkaloids from the Leaves of Daphniphyllum macropodumMiq.
Authors: Li Zhen‐Yu , Chen Ping , Xu Hong‐Gui , Peng Shu‐Ying , Yang Yi‐Ming , Zhao Zhong‐Zhen , Guo Yue‐Wei
Published: July 2007

Five new polycyclic Daphniphyllum alkaloids, macropodumines F (1) and G (2), 17‐oxoyuzurimine (3), and macropodumines H (4) and I (5), were isolated from the leaves of D. macropodum Miq., collected in Sichuan Province, China. The structures and relative configurations of the new compounds – as well as of four known, related alkaloids – were elucidated on the basis of in‐depth spectroscopic and mass‐spectrometric analyses, by chemical derivatization, and by comparison of spectroscopic data with those of known compounds.
Macrocycles Incorporating an Endocyclic But Non‐Sterically‐Hindering Chelate: Synthesis and Structural Studies
Authors: Durola Fabien , Sauvage Jean‐Pierre , Wenger Oliver S.
Published: July 2007

Two rings of different size have been prepared both incorporating a 3,3′‐biisoquinoline (biiq) chelate. The biiq ligand bears phenyl groups at its 8‐ and 8′‐positions, which provide it with an approximate crescent shape. The incorporation of the 8,8′‐diaryl‐3,3′‐biisoquinoline motif in a ring leads to an unusual situation. The complexing site of the macroring is unambiguously pointing towards the inner part of the macrocycle, but, at the same time, it is not sterically hindered, due to the relatively large distance between the coordinating site and the various organic groups belonging to the macrocyclic structure. The synthesis of the two compounds is reported, as well as the X‐ray structure of one of them, which confirms the expected geometrical properties of the molecules.
Modelling potential impacts of coalbed methane development on stream water quality in an American watershed
Authors: Wang Xixi , Yang Wanhong
Published: July 2007

Coalbed methane (CBM) development raises serious environmental concerns and concerted efforts have been made to collect chemistry, salinity, and sodicity data on CBM produced water. A model is sorely needed to make use of this data to quantify potential changes in stream water quality resulting from directly and/or indirectly receiving CBM produced water, on which little information is available in the literature. However, the application of existing hydrodynamic and water quality models such as CE‐QUAL‐W2 is not straightforward because the number of outfalls is usually large and the channels poorly defined for intermittent streams in semiarid areas such as the Powder River watershed, located in the states of Wyoming and Montana. Hence, the objectives of this study were to: (1) develop a CBM produced water routing (CBMPRO) model, and (2) apply the new CBMPRO model, along with a CE‐QUAL‐W2 model, to examine potential changes in stream water quality due to CBM development in the Powder River watershed. The CBMPRO model was developed and used to chart the CBM discharge and the transport of its associated constituents (e.g. total dissolved solids and alkalinity) from an outfall to its inclusive subwatershed outlet. In turn, the outputs from the CBMPRO model were applied as inputs into the CE‐QUAL‐W2 model to predict changes in the water quantity and quality along the Powder River mainstem. The results indicate that discharges from CBM developments adversely affect the stream water quality. Compared with the baseline conditions, the developments would increase the stream flows as well as make the stream water warmer and more saline. In addition, the impacts were predicted to undergo seasonal and spatial variations and to become smaller with time, as expected. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of molecular mobility of polymeric implants on soft tissue reactions: An in vivo study in rats
Authors: Andersson M. , Suska F. , Johansson A. , Berglin M. , Emanuelsson L. , Elwing H. , Thomsen P.
Published: July 2007

Although numerous different polymers are used as implants or otherwise studied for many other biotechnical applications, there is a lack of basic models that correlate polymer characteristics with foreign body reactions. This study aims at developing one such model by systematically studying surface molecular mobility of polymeric implants in soft tissues in vivo. Changing the length of the alkyl side chain of poly(alkyl methacrylates) (PAMAs), provides an interesting opportunity to study the surface molecular mobility with minimal changes of the hydrophobicity of the surface. Thus, in this study three different PAMAs, with increasingly surface mobility; poly (isobutyl methacrylate) (PIBMA), poly(butyl methacrylate) (PBMA), and poly(lauryl methacralate) (PLMA) along with pure titanium (Ti) substrates were implanted in the dorsum of Sprague‐Dawley rats. Inflammatory cell recruitment, cell adhesion, and cytokine release were studied after 1, 3, and 28 days of implantation. Total number of inflammatory cells in the exudate was measured but no correlation between surface mobility and cell recruitment where found. However, the number of surface associated cells where significantly lower on the surfaces with high molecular mobility (PLMA and PBMA). The histological evaluation performed after 28 days revealed thicker fibrous capsule and a higher number of blood vessels on the low molecular mobility surface (PIBMA). After 28 days the cell activity was higher on the high molecular mobility surfaces (PLMA and PBMA) compared with PIBMA, based on the cytokine release. None of the surfaces induced any significant cell‐death. On the basis of the results of this study we conclude that there is a significant difference in biological response to surfaces with different in molecular mobility. This might affect the wound healing process and the biocompatibility of biomaterials. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2008
Hydroxy fatty acid based polyanhydride as drug delivery system: Synthesis, characterization, in vitro degradation, drug release, and biocompatibility
Authors: Jain Jay Prakash , Modi Sweta , Kumar Neeraj
Published: July 2007

Low molecular weight hydroxy fatty acid based polyanhydrides were synthesized by one pot method, a variable of typical melt‐condensation and characterized by FTIR, NMR, DSC, and GPC. Polymer degrades by both surface and bulk erosion as trailed by weight loss, anhydride loss and surface morphology. Control over drug release was accessed with drugs featuring different aqueous solubility, that is, methotrexate (hydrophobic) and 5‐fluorouracil (hydrophilic). Effect of loading, at 5, 10, and 20% w/w of methotrexate on release profiles was also studied and negligible effect was discovered. Biocompatibility of polymers was evaluated in SD rats after SC injection of the polymer. Histopathology revealed initial inflammation of the tissues near the injection site however healed with time. Overall, these polymers were found good to control the release of the entrapped drug and were found biocompatible in preliminary in vivo study. Due to their low melting temperatures they can be injected locally (SC or intratumorally) to from regional in situ depot and have a great potential as a drug carrier for localized delivery of anticancer drugs. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2008
Biomimetic apatite coatings on titanium coprecipitated with cephradine and salviae miltlorrhizae
Authors: Wu Zhoujun , Feng Bo , Weng Jie , Qu Shuxin , Wang Jianxin , Lu Xiong
Published: July 2007

Incorporation of antibiotics in the apatite coatings on titanium surface is an effective step for surgical infections of titanium implant. In this work, antibiotics cephradine and traditional Chinese medicine salviae miltlorrhizae (SM) were incorporated in the simulated body fluid (SBF). The apatite coatings were coprecipitated with cephradine and SM by a biomimetic method. The research showed that in the biomimetic coprecipitation process cephradine containing carboxylic groups were beneficial to the apatite coprecipitation. X‐ray diffraction patterns showed that cephradine had a positive effect on the crystal growth in terms of cystallinity. And also in the Fourier transformed infrared spectra, the organic groups corresponded with cephradine were also observed. However, little apatite formed on the titanium immersed in SBF with SM. Probably, SM was more absorbed on the surface when calcium and phosphate ions precipitated. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2008
Degree of conversion and mechanical properties of a BisGMA:TEGDMA composite as a function of the applied radiant exposure
Authors: Calheiros Fernanda C. , Daronch Márcia , Rueggeberg Frederick A. , Braga Roberto R.
Published: July 2007

Objective: Verify the influence of radiant exposure (H) on composite degree of conversion (DC) and mechanical properties. Methods: Composite was photoactivated with 3, 6, 12, 24, or 48 J/cm2. Properties were measured after 48‐h dry storage at room temperature. DC was determined on the flat surfaces of 6 mm × 2 mm disk‐shaped specimens using FTIR. Flexural strength (FS) and modulus (FM) were accessed by three‐point bending. Knoop microhardness number (KHN) was measured on fragments of FS specimens. Data were analyzed by one‐way ANOVA/Tukey test, Student's t‐test, and regression analysis. Results: DC/top between 6 and 12 J/cm2 and between 24 and 48 J/cm2 were not statistically different. No differences between DC/top and bottom were detected. DC/bottom, FM, and KHN/top showed significant differences among all H levels. FS did not vary between 12 and 24 J/cm2 and between 24 and 48 J/cm2. KHN/bottom at 3 and 6 J/cm2 was similar. KHN between top and bottom was different up to 12 J/cm2. Regression analyses having H as independent variable showed a plateau region above 24 J/cm2. KHN increased exponentially (top) or linearly (bottom) with DC. FS and FM increased almost linearly with DC/bottom up to 55% conversion. Conclusions: DC and mechanical properties increased with radiant exposure. Variables leveled off at high H levels. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2008
Physiologisch‐chemische Untersuchungen
Authors: Enderlin C.
Published: July 2007

No. Abstracts.
Learning skills for strategic change
Authors: Butler Jim E.
Published: July 2007

It has been reported recently by researchers in the US (Hogan et al., 1990) that the two most important causes of management incompetence in business corporations are the inability to think strategically and the inability to learn from experience. Moreover, it is further reported by the same researchers that not much is known about these apparent inabilities. My own experience, particularly over the past 10 years, suggests that these two points are indeed important, but that they are related symptoms of management incompetence and derive from the same fundamental cause; about which, on the contrary, a great deal is now known. What can be done about this so‐called management incompetency, however, is perhaps not so well under‐stood. This paper therefore discusses the learning skills required for bringing about planned strategic change in business organizations and provides a practical example of how such skills can be acquired through a uniquely designed management education event.
Editorial. The quality imperative
Authors: Desatnick R. L.
Published: July 2007

Never before in the history of modern civilization has there been so much global emphasis on total quality. It does not matter which label is attached—whether it is the Deming Award in Japan, the ISO 9000 in Europe or the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Awards in the United States. We are witnessing a major shift in our society, just as important as the shifting of emphasis from production to marketing to customer satisfaction. Customer satisfaction in its broadest sense is total quality management, and that is what this article is all about. It is about change.
Environmental alignment: An analysis of the performance of the banking industry in the United States
Authors: Lewis Alfred
Published: July 2007

The environment of the banking industry in the US has evolved from a fairly stable environment to a dynamic and discontinuous environment. Banks not only have to adhere to government regulations, but in addition have to contend with changes in technological advances. Furthermore, banks are also faced with intense competition from non‐bank banks, i.e. those entities that are directly competing with traditional banks in terms of product and service offerings.
Time in joint ventures
Authors: Lane Paul M. , Kaufman Carol Felker
Published: July 2007

This is an expanded version of a paper delivered at Budapest, Hungary, in November 1990.