bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
HBeAg/anti-HBe, alanine aminotransferase and HBV DNA
Authors: Rabbi Fareha Jesmin , Rezwan Md. Kamar , Shirin Tahmina
Published: September 2008

Serum samples from a total of 72 chronic hepatitis B virus carriers were analysed by serological, biochemical and molecular assays. The aim was to evaluate the relationship of the serological and biochemical parameters with molecular markers in order to assess the infectivity of virus. Out of 72 chronic HBsAg positive carriers, 28 patients were HBeAg positive and anti-HBe negative, 38 patients were HBeAg negative and anti-HBe positive, only 3 patients were positive for both HBeAg and anti-HBe and the rest 3 patients were negative for both markers. Detectable HBV DNA level was found in 92.86% HBsAg-positive/anti-HBe negative patients along with raised alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level (67.86%) Â compared with Â HBeAg-negative/anti-HBe positive carriers (36.84%) (p value = 0.02) and out a total of 38 HBeAg-negative/anti-HBe positive carriers, 12 (31.58%) patients had detectable level of HBV DNA. Among the 14 HBeAg-negative/anti-HBe positive patients with elevated ALT level, 8 (57.14%) had detectable HBV DNA whereas out of 24 HBeAg-negative/anti-HBe positive patients with normal ALT level only 4 (16.66%) had detectable HBV DNA level. Significantly high rate of detection of HBV DNA was seen among anti-HBe positive patients with raised ALT level compared with the patients Â with normal ALT level (p value = 0.01). Keywords: HBeAg/anti-HBe; alanine aminotransferase, HBV DNA;Â HBsAg positiveDOI: 10.3329/bmrcb.v34i2.1173Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull 2008; 34: 39-43Â
Workplace learning: Emerging trends and new perspectives
Authors: Fenwick Tara
Published: September 2008

This chapter outlines recent research in four areas that can help us rethink workplace learning: definitions, practice‐based system perspectives, identities and literacies, and power and politics in workplace learning.
Teaching with the brain in mind
Authors: Taylor Kathleen , Lamoreaux Annalee
Published: September 2008

The chapter examines how the brain uses experience as a basis for learning and how learning changes the brain.
Troubling adult learning in the present time
Authors: Hill Robert J.
Published: September 2008

This chapter raises the prospect of a newly emerging epistemological ecotone where adult learning has characteristics of both foundational (modern) and postmodern ways of knowing.
The Bluecoat
Authors: Littlefield David
Published: September 2008

David Littlefield describes how the makeover of the Bluecoat arts centre in Liverpool by the Dutch firm Biq represents ‘a robust renewal’. Eschewing a tentative or pared‐back stylised approach, they came out in favour of a ‘solid authenticity’ that is muscular in its material qualities and its insistence on usability. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hardikar syndrome: New features
Authors: Poley J. Rainer , Proud Virginia K.
Published: September 2008

Hardikar syndrome (HS) is a disorder of multiple anomalies predominantly characterized by cleft lip/palate, liver and biliary tract disease, intestinal malrotation, obstructive uropathy, and retinopathy. To date, three patients have been reported with the unusual constellation of chronic liver/biliary tract disease and obvious defects in organogenesis [Hardikar et al. (1992): Am J Med Genet 44: 13–17; Cools and Jaeken (1997): Am J Med Genet 71: 472–474]. With this report, we add another patient with this syndrome. New features, hitherto not reported, were vaginal atresia, a type 1 choledochal cyst and, owing to the progressive nature of the liver disease, the need for liver transplantation. It is intriguing to speculate, that HS could be genetically related to Alagille syndrome (AS), since both conditions share an unusual number of phenotypic abnormalities. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Intrathecal enzyme replacement therapy in a patient with mucopolysaccharidosis type I and symptomatic spinal cord compression
Authors: Munoz‐Rojas Maria‐Veronica , Vieira Taiane , Costa Ronaldo , Fagondes Simone , John Angela , Jardim Laura Bannach , Vedolin Leonardo M. , Raymundo Marcia , Dickson Patricia I. , Kakkis Emil , Giugliani Roberto
Published: September 2008

In mucopolysaccharidosis I, deficiency of α‐L‐iduronidase can cause spinal cord compression (SCC) due to storage of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) within the cervical meninges. As intravenous enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) is not likely to provide enzyme across the blood–brain barrier, standard treatment for this complication is usually surgical, which has a high morbidity and mortality risk. We report on the use of intrathecal (IT) laronidase in a MPS I patient with SCC who refused the surgical treatment. Assessments were performed at baseline, with clinical and biochemical evaluations, 4‐extremity somatosensory evoked potentials, 12 min walk test and MRI studies of the CNS. Changes on these parameters were evaluated after 4 IT infusions of laronidase administered monthly via lumbar puncture. To our knowledge, this was the first MPS patient who received IT ERT. No major adverse events were observed. There were no clinically significant changes in serum chemistries. CSF GAG results revealed pretreatment values slightly above normal standards: 13.3 mg/L (NV < 12 mg/L) which after IT laronidase infusions were within normal levels (10.3 mg/L). 12MWT presented a 14% improvement, with better performance on stability and gait control. Maximum voluntary ventilation showed 55.6% improvement considering the percentage of predicted (26.7% at baseline compared to 41.9%); Maximum Inspiration Pressure improved 36.6% of predicted (26.8% at baseline to 36.7%); Pulmonary diffusion improved 17.6% of predicted %. In conclusion, although the improvement observed in this case with IT laronidase should be confirmed in further patients, this procedure seems to be a safe treatment for SCC in MPS I. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Laurin–Sandrow syndrome: Review and redefinition
Authors: Mariño‐Enríquez Adrián , Lapunzina Pablo , Omeñaca Félix , Morales Carmen , Rodríguez José I.
Published: September 2008

We report on a newborn infant with characteristics of Laurin–Sandrow syndrome (LSS). She had hypertelorism, flat nose with grooved collumella, “V” shaped mouth with thin lips, 7 well‐recognized and fused digits and 1 additional postaxial bilateral appendix on each hand. The right and left feet had 12 and 11 toes, respectively, the 4 external ones were recognizable, and the rest were fused in a uniform mass but with independent nails. There was also a 2.3 cm‐long digitiform appendix in the internal part of both feet. Radiographs showed seven metacarpals and seven metatarsals with similar morphology; both hands lacking thumbs. The four lateral‐most toes had regular shaped phalanges and the rest were irregular. The left digitiform appendix had three bones and the right only two. Tibiae were shorter than fibulae. Central Nervous System examination showed an abnormally shaped olivary nucleus, cerebellar cortical heterotopias, gray matter ectopias in both spinal cord and hemispheric white matter, marked ventricular dilatation, and moderate diffuse white matter gliosis. Karyotype was 46XX. A complete necropsy study is presented and all reported cases are reviewed focusing on their phenotypic differences and their nosologic classification. We propose the entity LSS only in cases with symmetric tetramelic polysyndactyly, especially cup‐shaped hands and mirror feet, in association with nasal anomalies. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genotype–phenotype correlations in Rubinstein–Taybi syndrome
Authors: Schorry E.K. , Keddache M. , Lanphear N. , Rubinstein J.H. , Srodulski S. , Fletcher D. , Blough‐Pfau R.I. , Grabowski G.A.
Published: September 2008

Rubinstein–Taybi syndrome (RTS) is a rare multiple congenital anomaly/intellectual impairment syndrome. Loss of function in CREBBP or EP300 genes has been found in about 50% of patients with RTS. Genotype–phenotype correlations were investigated in 93 patients meeting diagnostic criteria for RTS during 2 international RTS family conferences. Mutation analysis of CREBBP was performed on all 31 coding exons and exon–intron junctions; a subset of patients had FISH analysis for large deletions. A total of 64 different variations were observed in the DNA sequence, and determined to be definitive mutations in 52 patients (56%). Mutations detected included: 10 missense mutations; 36 truncating or splice‐site mutations; and 6 large deletions detectable by FISH. Fourteen patients had synonymous changes of unknown significance. The majority of mutations affected the HAT domain of CREBBP or predicted termination of the protein before the HAT region. Extensive phenotypic data were collected on each patient and analyzed to determine correlations with mutation types, that is, truncating, large deletions, single amino acid substitutions, or no CREBBP mutation. All four groups displayed the characteristic facial and thumb dysmorphology. Growth retardation in height and weight was seen more frequently in patients with no CREBBP mutation; seizure disorder was more frequent in those with CREBBP mutations. Degree of mental retardation was similar in all groups, although there was a trend toward lower IQ and autistic features in patients with large deletions. Similarity in phenotype between the groups implies that the several genes involved in causing RTS likely have effects through the same pathway. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
BMPR2 mutation in a patient with pulmonary arterial hypertension and suspected hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia
Authors: Rigelsky Christina M. , Jennings Constance , Lehtonen Rainer , Minai Omar A. , Eng Charis , Aldred Micheala A.
Published: September 2008

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) are distinct clinical entities caused by germline mutations in genes encoding members of the TGFβ/BMP superfamily: BMPR2 in PAH and ACVRL1, ENG, or SMAD4 in HHT. When PAH and HHT occasionally co‐exist within the same family, ACVRL1 mutations predominate. We report a 36‐year‐old woman initially diagnosed with PAH at age 24. At 35, following massive hemoptysis, multiple pulmonary arteriovenous malformations were discovered, prompting evaluation for HHT. She met the Curaçao diagnostic criteria for suspected HHT based on additional findings of nasal telangiectases and epistaxis. Mutation analysis of ACVRL1, ENG, and SMAD4 was normal, but a germline nonsense mutation in BMPR2 was identified. This is the first known report of HHT features, particularly pulmonary AVMs, associated with a BMPR2 mutation. It adds further weight to a common molecular pathogenesis in PAH and HHT, and highlights that BMPR2 gene analysis is indicated in patients affected with both HHT and PAH. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High copper levels and increased elastolysis in a patient with cutis marmorata teleangiectasia congenita
Authors: Hinek Aleksander , Jain Shailly , Taylor Glenn , Nykanen David , Chitayat David
Published: September 2008

Cutis marmorata telangiectatica congenita (CMTC) is a rare cutaneous vascular disease presenting at birth with levido reticularis, phlebectasia, and telangiectasia, often accompanied by skin ulcerations. Extra‐dermal vascular anomalies can be also detected in 30–70% of described cases. The pathomechanism responsible for development of these phenotypic changes is not well understood. Here, we report on a 16‐month‐old boy with CMTC, generalized vascular abnormalities and severe, nitric oxide sensitive, pulmonary hypertension associating with markedly elevated level of blood copper. Results of laboratory investigations indicated that primary cultures (passage one) of dermal fibroblasts derived from this patient were capable of normal synthesis of tropoelastin, but their net deposition of mature elastic fibers was significantly diminished as compared with cultures of normal fibroblasts. Because the low net deposition of elastin was reversed when 1 mg/ml of α1‐antitrypsin was added to the media, we conclude that heightened elastolysis by endogenous serine proteinase's is responsible for the low net elastogenesis by CMTC fibroblasts. Since simultaneous addition of 30 µM CuSO4 and 1 mg/ml α1‐antitrypsin abolished the beneficial effect of this serine proteinase's inhibitor, we concluded that this may be due to copper‐dependent inactivation of α1‐antitrypsin. Our data suggest that a high level of free copper may constitute a major triggering factor contributing to the development of the CMTC phenotype. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Agenesis and dysgenesis of the corpus callosum: Clinical, genetic and neuroimaging findings in a series of 41 patients
Authors: Schell‐Apacik Chayim Can , Wagner Kristina , Bihler Moritz , Ertl‐Wagner Birgit , Heinrich Uwe , Klopocki Eva , Kalscheuer Vera M. , Muenke Maximilian , von Voss Hubertus
Published: September 2008

Agenesis of the corpus callosum (ACC) is among the most frequent human brain malformations with an incidence of 0.5–70 in 10,000. It is a heterogeneous condition, for which several different genetic causes are known, for example, ACC as part of monogenic syndromes or complex chromosomal rearrangements. We systematically evaluated the data of 172 patients with documented corpus callosum abnormalities in the records, and 23 patients with chromosomal rearrangements known to be associated with corpus callosum changes. All available neuroimaging data, including CT and MRI, were re‐evaluated following a standardized protocol. Whenever feasible chromosome and subtelomere analyses as well as molecular genetic testing were performed in patients with disorders of the corpus callosum in order to identify a genetic diagnosis. Our results showed that 41 patients with complete absence (agenesis of the corpus callosum—ACC) or partial absence (dysgenesis of the corpus callosum—DCC) were identified. Out of these 28 had ACC, 13 had DCC. In 11 of the 28 patients with ACC, the following diagnoses could be established: Mowat–Wilson syndrome (n = 2), Walker–Warburg syndrome (n = 1), oro‐facial‐digital syndrome type 1 (n = 1), and chromosomal rearrangements (n = 7), including a patient with an apparently balanced reciprocal translocation, which led to the disruption and a predicted loss of function in the FOXG1B gene. The cause of the ACC in 17 patients remained unclear. In 2 of the 13 patients with DCC, unbalanced chromosomal rearrangements could be detected (n = 2), while the cause of DCC in 11 patients remained unclear. In our series of cases a variety of genetic causes of disorders of the corpus callosum were identified with cytogenetic anomalies representing the most common underlying etiology. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Further evidence for a relationship between the 5p15 chromosome region and the oculoauriculovertebral anomaly
Authors: Ala‐Mello Sirpa , Siggberg Linda , Knuutila Sakari , von Koskull Harriet , Taskinen Mervi , Peippo Maarit
Published: September 2008

The oculoauriculovertebral anomaly (OAV) or Goldenhar syndrome is a malformation complex that has been described in several chromosomal rearrangements. Among them a deletion of the terminal 5p has recurred in seven previous patients. We wish to report on an additional such patient in order to reinforce the significance of this genomic region in the cause of at least a subgroup of OAV cases. Future studies, particularly in the OAV patients with a lateral facial cleft, might define one genetic background of the disorder. Our patient had a complex translocation chromosome 45,XX, inv(2) (q32q37)mat, dic(5;21) (p15.3;q22.3)dn, resulting in a terminal 5p deletion, a terminal deletion of 21q demonstrated by FISH studies, and a duplication of 21q22.11–q22.12 documented by molecular karyotyping. In addition to OAV she developed myelodysplasia treated with bone marrow transplantation. We discuss her clinical findings with reference to her karyotype findings and review the patients with OAV and a terminal deletion of 5p. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Seizure frequency in adults with Wolf–Hirschhorn syndrome
Authors: Worthington Jeanie C. , Rigby Alan S. , Quarrell Oliver W.
Published: September 2008

Epilepsy is a characteristic feature of Wolf–Hirschhorn syndrome (WHS) with onset usually in the first 2 years of life. There have been several reports of epilepsy ceasing as children get older. We have inspected a register of WHS cases from the UK and identified 27 adults with the condition; their mean age was 24.8 years (range 17–40 years). We conducted a telephone survey and asked parents to comment on their experience of seizures in WHS. In 18 patients (66%) a seizure had not occurred within 3 years. The mean age of those who have been seizure free for over 3 years was 23.7 years (range 17–33 years) whereas for those who had a recent seizure their mean age was 27.1 years (range 17–40 years). The mean age of the last seizure for those who were seizure free for 3 years was 11.3 years (range 2–28 years); in the majority of patients, seizures ceased within childhood years. Many parents commented that seizures were precipitated by fever. Individuals with WHS who had a deletion were more likely to be seizure free than those with a translocation. This reached statistical significance:χ2 = 4.6,P = 0.03, odds ratio = 6.5 (95% CI 1.1–38.6). Data from this survey may be helpful when counseling families with a very young child with WHS. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Clinical and molecular‐cytogenetic evaluation of a family with partial Jacobsen syndrome without thrombocytopenia caused by an ∼5 Mb deletion del(11)(q24.3)
Authors: Bernaciak Joanna , Szczałuba Krzysztof , Derwińska Katarzyna , Wiśniowiecka‐Kowalnik Barbara , Bocian Ewa , Sąsiadek Maria Małgorzata , Makowska Izabela , Stankiewicz Paweł , Śmigiel Robert
Published: September 2008

Clinical manifestations of Jacobsen syndrome (JBS) depend on the size of the 11qter deletion, which usually varies between ∼7 and 20 Mb. Typical JBS features include developmental delay/mental retardation, short stature, congenital heart defects, thrombocytopenia, and characteristic dysmorphic facial features. We report on a family in which a 4‐year‐old girl as well as her mother and maternal uncle present with subtle features of JBS. Notably, neither thrombocytopenia nor congenital anomalies were detected in this family. Cytogenetic analyses revealed normal karyotypes. Using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and whole‐genome oligonucleotide array CGH analyses, we identified an ∼5 Mb deletion of the terminal part of chromosome 11q in all the three affected family members. The deletion breakpoint was mapped between 129,511,419 and 129,519,794 bp. This is the smallest deletion reported in a JBS patient. Interestingly, the FLI1 (friend leukemia virus integration 1) hematopoiesis factor gene located ∼6.5 Mb from 11qter and usually deleted in patients with JBS, is intact. Our data support previous hypotheses that FLI1 haploinsufficiency is responsible for thrombocytopenia in patients with JBS. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Behavioural dynamics in the biological control of pests: role of silicon complexes
Authors: Belwal Savita , Fahmi Nighat , Singh R. V.
Published: September 2008

The complexes of silicon (IV) with Schiff base ligands (L1H and L2H of isatin derivatives) having a sulfur and oxygen donor system were prepared by the reactions in methanol environment. These were isolated and characterized by elemental analysis, molecular weight determinations and conductance measurements. On the basis of electronic, infrared, 1H, 13C and 29Si NMR spectral studies, trigonal bipyramidal geometry was suggested for the resulting complexes. These data support preferential binding of sulfur and oxygen atom to the silicon atom. The disease resistance activities of the ligands and their corresponding complexes were examined successfully in in vitro and in vivo experiments, against pathogenic fungi and bacteria. Results were quite encouraging and these were compared with the standard pesticides Bavistin and Streptomycin. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pressure drop in three‐phase oil–water–gas horizontal co‐current flow: experimental data and development of prediction models
Authors: Spedding P. L. , Murphy Adrian , Donnelly G. F. , Benard E. , Doherty A. P.
Published: September 2008

Pressure‐loss data are reported for three‐phase oil–water–gas flow in horizontal pipes of 0.0259 and 0.0501 m i.d. The pressure profiles exhibited a maximum value above a critical gas rate, which progressively moved to higher oil ratios as the gas rate was increased due to increased turbulence within the system. The actual pressure‐drop profiles obtained depended mainly on the flow regimes present within the system. As the pipe diameter was reduced, the pressure drop was observed to increase for the same flow conditions. Above a critical gas rate the magnitude of the pressure drop was higher if approached for the oil‐dominated (OD) region compared to the opposite direction.

A momentum‐balance model was proposed for prediction of the pressure drop, which gave improved performance over other existing methods. Copyright © 2008 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
State estimation for time‐delay systems with probabilistic sensor gain reductions
Authors: He Xiao , Wang Zidong , Zhou D. H.
Published: September 2008

This paper presents a new state estimation problem for a class of time‐delay systems with probabilistic sensor gain faults. The sensor gain reductions are described by a stochastic variable that obeys the uniform distribution in a known interval [α, β], which is a natural reflection of the probabilistic performance deterioration of sensors when gain reduction faults occur. Attention is focused on the design of a state estimator such that for all possible sensor faults and all external disturbances, the filtering error dynamic is asymptotically mean‐square stable as well as fulfils a prescribed disturbance attenuation level. The existence of desired filters is proved to depend on the feasibility of a certain linear matrix inequality (LMI), and a numerical example is given to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed design approach. Copyright © 2008 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and characterization of polyaniline films using Fenton reagent
Authors: Ayad M. M. , Zaki E. A.
Published: September 2008

The chemical oxidation of aniline to form polyaniline (PANI) films and powder samples was made using Fenton reagent as an oxidizing agent in aqueous sulfuric acid medium. The PANI films were monitored by using the quartz crystal microbalance and the electronic absorption techniques. The optimum concentration was determined and the results were justified by measuring the UV–vis absorption spectra for the in situ PANI films. The conductivity for the PANI films and powder samples, prepared in different conditions, was measured. Also, the IR spectra, X‐ray and the thermogravimetric analysis for the PANI powder formed in the bulk were measured and compared with the polymer prepared using ammonium peroxydisulfate. A preliminary investigation to the dielectric properties of the polymer powder was measured and discussed. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Effect of the ceramic particle size on the microstructure and dielectric properties of barium titanate/polystyrene composites
Authors: Dang Zhi‐Min , Zheng Yang , Xu Hai‐Ping
Published: September 2008

Excellent dielectric properties are a key factor for the technology of capacitors. Some ceramics, such as barium titanate (BaTiO3 or BT), have high dielectric constants, although they are hard to process. Polymers that often display low dielectric permittivities are easy to fabricate into all kinds of shapes. So the preparation of one composite material consisting of polymer and ceramic particles may be an excellent solution for satisfying the processing requirements. In this study, fresh polystyrene (PS) was synthesized and subsequently used to prepare BT/PS composites with a ball‐grinding mixture technology. The microstructure and dielectric properties of the BT/PS composites at different frequencies and different temperatures were studied. The results show that the dielectric permittivities of the composites with BT with a particle diameter of approximately 700 nm (BT‐07) were obviously higher than those of the composites with BT with a particle diameter of approximately 100 nm (BT‐01) at the same concentration of BT. Moreover, the dielectric permittivities of the composites with BT‐01 displayed better stabilization than those made with BT‐07 at the different temperatures. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Modification of dextran through the grafting of N‐vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidone and studies of physicochemical phenomena in terms of metal‐ion uptake, swelling capacity, and flocculation
Authors: Mishra Dinesh Kumar , Tripathy Jasaswini , Mishra Madan Mohan , Behari Kunj
Published: September 2008

The optimum conditions for grafting N‐vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidone onto dextran initiated by a peroxydiphosphate/thiourea redox system were determined through the variation of the concentrations of N‐vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidone, hydrogen ion, potassium peroxydiphosphate, thiourea, and dextran along with the time and temperature. The grafting ratio increased as the concentration of N‐vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidone increased and reached the maximum value at 24 × 10−2 mol/dm3. Similarly, when the concentration of hydrogen ion increased, the grafting parameters increased from 3 × 10−3 to 5 × 10−3 mol/dm3 and attained the maximum value at 5 × 10−3 mol/dm3. The grafting ratio, add‐on, and efficiency increased continuously with the concentration of peroxydiphosphate increasing from 0.8 × 10−2 to 2.4 × 10−2 mol/dm3. When the concentration of thiourea increased from 0.4 × 10−2 to 2.0 × 10−2 mol/dm3, the grafting ratio attained the maximum value at 1.2 × 10−2 mol/dm3. The grafting parameters decreased continuously as the concentration of dextran increased from 0.6 to 1.4 g/dm3. An attempt was made to study some physicochemical properties in terms of metal‐ion sorption, swelling, and flocculation. Dextran‐g‐N‐vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidone was characterized with infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Recovery prediction of thermally aged chloroprene rubber composite using deformation test
Authors: Choi Sung‐Seen , Han Dong‐Hun
Published: September 2008

The recovery prediction of chloroprene rubber (CR) composite from deformation was studied using the conventional compression set test and the circular deformation method to change a linear specimen into a circular shape. The CR composite was thermally aged at 60, 70, 80, 90, and 100°C for 1, 6, 15, and 30 days. The recovery was measured as a function of the measuring time (or releasing time) from the compressed or circular deformation. For the compression set test, because the recovery decreased and then increased as the measuring time elapsed, it was not reasonable to calculate the instantaneous recovery from the curve fitting equation. For the circular deformation method, the recovery was continuously increased by increasing the measuring time. The linear correlation for curve fitting was very high and the instantaneous recovery was obtained from the linear curve fitting equation. The half instantaneous recovery time at room temperature could be predicted from the experimental results of the accelerated thermal aging test. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Chemical structure, thermal properties, and free‐surface energy parameters of coatings synthesized from poly(urethane‐dimethylsiloxane) anionomers
Authors: Król Piotr , Byczyński Łukasz
Published: September 2008

Poly(urethane‐dimethylsiloxane) (PU‐PDMS) anionomers with increased hydrophobicity and fixed amount of elastic segments (51 wt %) at 3‐ and 4‐stage methods were obtained. The anionomers were synthesized from isophorone diisocyanate, poly(oxytetramethylene)diol, and α,ω‐polydimethylsiloxanediol (PDMS). 2,2‐bis(hydroxymethyl)propionic acid (DMPA) was used as ionic center. The anionomers were extended with ethylenediamine (EDA) in water. 1H NMR and IR methods were employed to confirm the chemical structures of the anionomers. Suitable defined structural factors κ and α were calculated on the basis of selected bands of the spectra. The factors were employed to perform detailed quantity and polarity analysis of the anionomers structures. The free‐surface energy (FSE) of the anionomers was evaluated on the basis of physical model by Owens and Wendt. The effect of chemical structures on polarity of the materials was discussed. It was found that the FSE and its polar and dispersive components distinctly decrease with the increasing polisiloxane content in the anionomer chain. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Radiation‐processed polychloroprene‐co‐ethylene–propene diene terpolymer blends: Evaluation of blend morphology, miscibility, and physical properties
Authors: Dubey K. A. , Bhardwaj Y. K. , Panicker Lata , Chaudhari C. V. , Kumar Virendra , Goel N. K. , Sabharwal S.
Published: September 2008

The miscibility of polychloroprene rubber (CR) and ethylene–propylene–diene terpolymer rubber (EPDM) was studied over the entire composition range. Different blend compositions of CR and EPDM were prepared by initially mixing on a two‐roll mill and subsequently irradiating to different gamma radiation doses. The blends were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, density measurement, hardness measurement, and solvent permeability analysis. The compatibility of the blends was studied by measuring the glass transition temperature and heat capacity change of the blends. The immiscibility of blends was reflected by the presence of two glass transition temperatures; however, partial miscible domains were observed due to inter diffusion of phases. Permeation data fitted best with the Maxwell's model and indicated that in CR‐EPDM blends, EPDM exists as continuous phase with CR as dispersed phase for lower CR weight fractions and phase inversion occurred in 40–60% CR region. It was observed that CR improved oil resistance of EPDM; however, the effect was prominent for blends of >20% CR content. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Synthesis, characterization, thermal, and viscoelastic properties of an unsaturated epoxy polyester cured with different hardeners
Authors: Worzakowska Marta
Published: September 2008

The chemical modification of the structure of the unsaturated polyester obtained in poly condensation process of 1,2,3,6‐tetrahydrophthalic anhydride, maleic anhydride, and ethylene glycol by well known conventional method of epoxidation with peracetic acid in mild conditions has been presented. The new material containing both epoxy groups and unsaturated double bonds in polyester chain was characterized by FTIR and 1H NMR spectra. The prepared unsaturated epoxy polyester was suitable material for further chemical modification. Both epoxy groups and unsaturated double bonds can be used as cross‐linking sites. Curing behavior, thermal, and visco‐elastic properties of the unsaturated epoxy polyester cured with different hardeners: 1,2,3,6‐tetrahydrophthalic anhydride (THPA), hexahydrophthalic anhydride (HHPA), and/or with vinyl monomer (styrene) using radical initiator—benzoyl peroxide (BPO) were studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA), and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Dynamically vulcanized polypropylene/nitrile rubber blends: The effect of peroxide/bis‐maleimide curing system and different compatibilizing systems
Authors: Soares Bluma G. , de Oliveira Marlucy , Meireles Domenica , Sirqueira Alex S. , Mauler Raquel S.
Published: September 2008

In this study, the efficiency of dicumyl peroxide (DCP) in combination with N,N′‐m‐phenylene‐bis‐maleimide (BMI) as a crosslinking system for the polypropylene (PP)/nitrile rubber (NBR) (30 : 70 wt %) thermoplastic elastomers was investigated in the presence of compatibilizing agents. The compatibilization was carried out by maleic anhydride‐grafted‐PP (PP‐g‐MA)/amino compound and glycidyl methacrylate‐grafted‐PP (PP‐g‐GMA) with or without amino compound. They were employed in a proportion of 5 wt % together with different amounts of carboxylated NBR (XNBR). Excellent mechanical properties were achieved without the addition of compatibilizer, suggesting that BMI should act as compatibilizing agent. The other functionalized systems exerted an additional improvement on tensile properties and reprocessing ability. The mechanical and dynamic mechanical properties, oil resistance, and morphology were investigated. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Feasibility and relevance of examining lymphoblastoid cell lines to study role of microRNAs in autism
Authors: Talebizadeh Zohreh , Butler Merlin G. , Theodoro Mariana F.
Published: September 2008

To assess the feasibility and relevance of using lymphoblastoid cell lines to study the role of noncoding RNAs in the etiology of autism, we evaluated global expression profiling of 470 mature human microRNAs from six subjects with autism compared with six matched controls. Differential expression (either higher or lower) for 9 of the 470 microRNAs was observed in our autism samples compared with controls. Potential target genes for these microRNAs were identified using computer tools, which included several autism susceptibility genes. Our preliminary results indicate microRNAs should be considered and evaluated in the etiology of autism. In addition, analysis of this class of noncoding RNAs in lymphoblastoid cells has the potential to reveal at least a subset of brain‐related microRNAs implicated in autism. Subsequently, this model system should allow for detection of complex subtle changes in susceptibility genes/pathways contributing to autism.
Perceptual metrics of individuals with autism provide evidence for disinhibition
Authors: Tannan Vinay , Holden Jameson K. , Zhang Zheng , Baranek Grace T. , Tommerdahl Mark A.
Published: September 2008

Adults with autism exhibit inhibitory deficits that are often manifested in behavioral modifications, such as repetitive behaviors, and/or sensory hyper‐responsiveness. If such behaviors are the result of a generalized deficiency in inhibitory neurotransmission, then it stands to reason that deficits involving localized cortical–cortical interactions—such as in sensory discrimination tasks—could be detected and quantified. This study exemplifies a newly developed method for quantifying sensory testing metrics. Our novel sensory discrimination tests may provide (a) an effective means for biobehavioral assessment of deficits specific to autism and (b) an efficient and sensitive measure of change following treatment. The sensory discriminative capacity of ten subjects with autism and ten controls was compared both before and after short duration adapting stimuli. Specifically, vibrotactile amplitude discriminative capacity was obtained both in the presence and absence of 1 sec adapting stimuli that were delivered 1 sec prior to the comparison stimuli. Although adaptation had a pronounced effect on the amplitude discriminative capacity of the control subjects, little or no impact was observed on the sensory discriminative capacity of the subjects with autism. This lack of impact of the adapting stimuli on the responses of the subjects with autism was interpreted to be consistent with the reduced GABAergic‐mediated inhibition described in previous reports. One significant aspect of this study is that the methods could prove to be a useful and efficient way to detect specific neural deficits and monitor the efficacy of pharmacological or behavioral treatments in autism.
The course and branching pattern of pudendal nerve in fetus
Authors: Kocabiyik Necdet , Tatar Ilkan , Yalcin Bulent , Ozan Hasan
Published: September 2008

The pudendal nerve is a considerably large branch of the sacral plexus. There are many articles in the literature concerning the pudendal nerve in adults, but as far as we know, there is none on the branching pattern and variations in pudendal nerve anatomy in fetus. This study investigates the pudendal nerve trunking with respect to the piriformis muscle in 25 formalin‐fixed fetuses (50 sides of pelves, 15 females, 10 males), ranging from 20 to 37 weeks of gestation. We investigate pudendal nerve trunking in four types: Type I‐a is defined as single‐trunk with the inferior rectal nerve branching proximal to the dorsal nerve of penis/clitoris (38%), Type I‐b is also single‐trunk with the dorsal nerve of penis/clitoris branching proximal to the inferior rectal nerve (24%), Type II is double‐trunk with medial trunk as an inferior rectal nerve (34%), and Type III is triple‐trunk (4%). We measured the average diameter of the main trunk of pudendal nerve in Type I‐a and I‐b groups to be 0.98 ± 0.33 mm. We also measured the average length of the pudendal nerve trunks before the dorsal nerve of penis/clitoris branch to be 7.35 ± 3.50 mm. There was no significant statistical difference in the average length, diameter, number of trunks, and pudendal nerve variations between male and female and also right and left sides of the pelves. This first and detailed fetal study of pudendal nerve trunking with respect to the piriformis muscle would be useful for educational anatomy dissections and anatomical landmark definitions for relevant clinical procedures. Clin. Anat. 21:691–695, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Retention tracking using institutional data
Authors: Lillibridge Fred
Published: September 2008

This chapter presents a sophisticated approach for tracking student cohorts from entry through departure within an institution. It describes how a researcher can create a student tracking model to perform longitudinal research on student cohorts.
A statewide student unit record system: Florida as a case study
Authors: Pfeiffer Jay , Windham Patricia
Published: September 2008

This chapter describes the evolution, content, and use of Florida's unit record system, which includes data on K–20 students and staff. It presents examples of how information derived from tracking is used both for state‐level policy making and institution‐level research and practice.
The National Student Clearinghouse: The largest current student tracking database
Authors: Schoenecker Craig , Reeves Richard
Published: September 2008

This chapter describes the National Student Clearinghouse and discusses opportunities and challenges for tracking community college students. It also presents a system perspective on using clearinghouse data to promote more comprehensive student and graduate tracking.
Tracking low‐skill adult students longitudinally: Using research to guide policy and practice
Authors: Prince David
Published: September 2008

The Washington State Board for Community and Technical Colleges used the findings from a tracking study of low‐skill working adults to significantly influence and change state policy and practice for this critical component of the state's workforce.
Beyond higher education: Other sources of data for tracking students
Authors: Stevens David
Published: September 2008

This chapter introduces four new data tools that broaden student tracking coverage and add statistical indicators and visual images of employment patterns.
Reduced Cbl phosphorylation and degradation of the ζ‐chain of the T‐cell receptor/CD3 complex in T cells with low Lck levels
Authors: Methi Trond , Berge Torunn , Torgersen Knut Martin , Taskén Kjetil
Published: September 2008

T cells with short interfering RNA‐mediated Lck‐knockdown (kd) display paradoxical hyper‐responsiveness upon TCR ligation. We have previously reported a possible mechanism for T‐cell activation in cells with low levels of Lck depending on Grb2‐SOS1 recruitment to the zeta‐chain of TCR/CD3 (Methi et al., Eur. J. Immunol. 2007, 37: 2539–2548). Here, we show that short interfering RNA‐mediated targeting of Lck caused a dramatic reduction in c‐Cbl phosphorylation and a general reduction in protein ubiquitination after TCR stimulation. Specifically, this resulted in reduced ubiquitination of the zeta‐chain, yet internalization of TCR/CD3 appeared to be normal after receptor engagement. However, zeta‐chain levels were elevated in Lck‐kd cells, and confocal microscopy revealed reduced colocalization of CD3‐containing vesicles with endosomal and lysosomal compartments. We hypothesize that prolonged stability of internalized T‐cell receptor complex may result in extended signaling in T cells with low Lck levels.
ERK5 regulation in naïve T‐cell activation and survival
Authors: Ananieva Olga , Macdonald Andrew , Wang Xin , McCoy Claire E. , McIlrath Joanne , Tournier Cathy , Arthur J. Simon C.
Published: September 2008

ERK5 has been implicated in regulating the MEF2‐dependent genes Klf2 and nur77 downstream of the TCR and the maintenance of expression of CD62L on peripheral T cells. Based on this data, knockout of ERK5 would be predicted to compromise T‐cell development and the maintenance of T cells in the periphery. Using an ERK5 conditional knockout, driven by CD4‐CRE or Vav‐CRE transgenes resulting in the loss of ERK5 in T cells, we have found that ERK5 is not required for T‐cell development. In addition, normal numbers of T cells were found in the spleens and lymph nodes of these mice. We also find that TCR stimulation is not a strong signal for ERK5 activation in primary murine T cells. ERK5 was found to contribute to the induction of Klf2 but not nur77 mRNA following TCR activation. Despite the reduction in Klf2 mRNA, no effect was seen in ERK5 knockouts on either the mRNA levels for the Klf2 target genes CD62L, CCR7 and S1P, or the cell surface expression of CD62L. These results suggest that while ERK5 does contribute to Klf2 regulation in T cells, it is not essential for the expression of CD62L or T‐cell survival.
Retraction: T‐bet expression by dendritic cells is required for the repolarization of allergic airway inflammation
Authors: Heckman Karin L. , Radhakrishnan Suresh , Peikert Tobias , Iijima Koji , McGregor Hugh C. , Bell Michael P. , Kita Hirohito , Pease Larry R.
Published: September 2008

The following article from the European Journal of Immunology, T‐bet expression by dendritic cells is required for the repolarization of allergic airway inflammation by Karin L. Heckman, Suresh Radhakrishnan, Tobias Peikert, Koji Iijima, Hugh C. McGregor, Michael P. Bell, Hirohito Kita and Larry R. Pease published online on 15 September 2008 in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com), has been retracted by agreement between the authors, the journal Editor in Chief, Foo Yoo Liew and Wiley‐VCH. The retraction has been agreed as the results published in the article are unreliable and cannot be reproduced.
siRNA stabilization prolongs gene knockdown in primary T lymphocytes
Authors: Mantei Andrej , Rutz Sascha , Janke Marko , Kirchhoff Dennis , Jung Ulrike , Patzel Volker , Vogel Uwe , Rudel Thomas , Andreou Ioanna , Weber Martin , Scheffold Alexander
Published: September 2008

RNA interference (RNAi)‐mediated knockdown of target gene expression represents a powerful approach for functional genomics and therapeutic applications. However, for T lymphocytes, central regulators of immunity and immunopathologies, the application of RNAi has been limited due to the lack of efficient small interfering RNA (siRNA) delivery protocols, and an inherent inefficiency of the RNAi machinery itself. Here, we use nucleofection, an optimized electroporation approach, to deliver siRNA into primary T lymphocytes with high efficiency and negligible impairment of cell function. We identify siRNA stability within the cells as the critical parameter for efficient RNAi in primary T cells. While generally short‐lived and immediately lost upon T‐cell activation when conventional siRNA is used, target gene knockdown becomes insensitive to cell activation and can persist for up to 2 wk in non‐dividing cells with siRNA stabilized by chemical modifications. Targeting CD4 and the transcription factor GATA‐3, we show that the use of stabilized siRNA is imperative for functional gene analysis during T lymphocyte activation and differentiation in vitro as well as in vivo.
Enhanced B‐cell activation mediated by TLR4 and BCR crosstalk
Authors: Minguet Susana , Dopfer Elaine P. , Pollmer Careen , Freudenberg Marina A. , Galanos Chris , Reth Michael , Huber Michael , Schamel Wolfgang W.
Published: September 2008

Despite the important role of B lymphocytes as a bridge between the innate and the adaptive immune system, little is known regarding lipopolysaccharide (LPS) recognition, activation of signalling networks or conceivable cooperation between LPS and the B‐cell antigen receptor (BCR). Here, we show that primary B cells can efficiently discriminate between different LPS chemotypes, responding with at least 100‐fold higher sensitivity to rough‐form LPS compared with smooth‐form LPS. Using genetically modified mice, we demonstrate that B lymphocytes recognize all LPS chemotypes via Toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4). In addition, we dissect the signalling pathways that lead to CD69 upregulation upon TLR4 and BCR activation in primary B cells. Our data suggest that TLR4 and BCR induce CD69 transcription via two distinct sets of signalling molecules, exerting quantitative and qualitative differences in B‐cell activation. Finally, we show that simultaneous stimulation of TLR4 and BCR additively elevates B‐cell activation. In contrast, co‐engagement of TLR4 and BCR by antigen‐coupled LPS synergistically enhances activation of B cells, pointing out attractive targets for signalling crosstalk in B lymphocytes.
Engagement of the EP2 prostanoid receptor closes the K+ channel KCa3.1 in human lung mast cells and attenuates their migration
Authors: Mark Duffy S. , Cruse Glenn , Cockerill Sarah L. , Brightling Chris E. , Bradding Peter
Published: September 2008

Human lung mast cells (HLMC) express the Ca2+‐activated K+ channel KCa3.1, which plays a crucial role in their migration to a variety of diverse chemotactic stimuli. KCa3.1 activation is attenuated by the β2‐adrenoceptor and the adenosine A2A receptor through a Gs‐coupled mechanism independent of cyclic AMP. Prostaglandin E2 promotes degranulation and migration of mouse bone marrow‐derived mast cells through the Gi‐coupled EP3 prostanoid receptor, and induces LTC4 and cytokine secretion from human cord blood‐derived mast cells. However, PGE2 binding to the Gs‐coupled EP2 receptor on HLMC inhibits their degranulation. We show that EP2 receptor engagement closes KCa3.1 in HLMC. The EP2 receptor‐specific agonist butaprost was more potent than PGE2 in this respect, and the effects of both agonists were reversed by the EP2 receptor antagonist AH6809. Butaprost markedly inhibited HLMC migration induced by chemokine‐rich airway smooth muscle‐conditioned media. Interestingly, PGE2 alone was chemotactic for HLMC at high concentrations (1 µM), but was a more potent chemoattractant for HLMC following EP2 receptor blockade. Therefore, the Gs‐coupled EP2 receptor closes KCa3.1 in HLMC and attenuates both chemokine‐ and PGE2‐dependent HLMC migration. EP2 receptor agonists with KCa3.1 modulating function may be useful for the treatment of mast cell‐mediated disease.