bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ethanol Potentiation of GABAergic Synaptic Transmission May Be Self-Limiting: Role of Presynaptic GABABReceptors
Authors: Ariwodola Olusegun J. , Weiner Jeffrey L.
Published: November 2004

Ethanol enhances GABAergic synaptic inhibition, and this interaction contributes to many of the behavioral and cognitive effects of this drug. Most studies suggest that ethanol enhances GABAergic neurotransmission via an allosteric potentiation of the postsynaptic GABAAreceptors that mediate fast synaptic inhibition in the mammalian CNS. Despite widespread acceptance of this hypothesis, direct support for such a mechanism has been difficult to obtain. Ethanol does not enhance GABAAreceptor function in all brain regions or under all experimental conditions, and factors responsible for this variability remain mostly unknown. Notably, blockade of GABABreceptors dramatically enhances ethanol potentiation of hippocampal GABAAIPSPs and IPSCs, suggesting that some unknown GABABreceptor mechanism limits the overall potentiating effect of ethanol on GABAergic synapses. In this study, we demonstrate that, at perisomatic synapses in the rat hippocampus, ethanol enhances presynaptic GABABautoreceptor function and that this interaction reduces the overall potentiating effect of ethanol at these synapses. We further show that ethanol significantly elevates basal presynaptic GABABreceptor tone, possibly via an increase in spontaneous GABA release, and that pretreatment with a subthreshold concentration of the GABABreceptor agonist baclofen blocks ethanol but not flunitrazepam or pentobarbital potentiation of GABAAIPSCs. These data suggest that an interaction between ethanol and presynaptic GABABautoreceptor activity regulates the ethanol sensitivity of GABAergic synapses. Given that thein vitroethanol sensitivity of these synapses correlates within vivoethanol responsiveness in a number of rodent lines, our data further suggest that presynaptic GABABreceptor activity may play a role in regulating behavioral sensitivity to ethanol.
Neurogranin/RC3 Enhances Long-Term Potentiation and Learning by Promoting Calcium-Mediated Signaling
Authors: Huang Kuo-Ping , Huang Freesia L. , Jäger Tino , Li Junfa , Reymann Klaus G. , Balschun Detlef
Published: November 2004

In neurons, neurogranin (Ng) binds calmodulin (CaM), and its binding affinity is reduced by increasing Ca2+, phosphorylation by PKC, or oxidation by oxidants. Ng concentration in the hippocampus of adult mice varied broadly (Ng+/+, ∼160-370 and Ng+/-, ∼70-230 pmol/mg); the level in Ng+/+mice is one of the highest among all neuronal CaM-binding proteins. Among Ng+/-mice, but less apparent in Ng+/+, a significant relationship existed between their hippocampal levels of Ng and performances in the Morris water maze. Ng-/-mice performed poorly in this task; they also displayed deficits in high-frequency-induced long-term potentiation (LTP) in area CA1 of hippocampal slices, whereas low-frequency-induced long-term depression was enhanced. Thus, compared with Ng+/+mice, the frequency-response curve of Ng-/-shifted to the right. Paired-pulse facilitation and synaptic fatigue during prolonged stimulation at 10 Hz (900 pulses) were unchanged in Ng-/-slices, indicating their normal presynaptic function. Measurements of Ca2+transients in CA1 pyramidal neurons after weak and strong tetanic stimulations (100 Hz, 400 and 1000 msec, respectively) revealed a significantly greater intracellular Ca2+([Ca2+]i) response in Ng+/+compared with Ng-/-mice, but the decay time constants did not differ. The diminished Ca2+dynamics in Ng-/-mice are a likely cause of their decreased propensity to undergo LTP. Thus, Ng may promote a high [Ca2+]iby a “mass-action” mechanism; namely, the higher the Ng concentration, the more Ng-CaM complexes will be formed, which effectively raises [Ca2+]iat any given Ca2+influx. This mechanism provides potent signal amplification in enhancing synaptic plasticity as well as learning and memory.
Mechanisms Underlying Differential D1 versus D2 Dopamine Receptor Regulation of Inhibition in Prefrontal Cortex
Authors: Trantham-Davidson Heather , Neely Laurence C. , Lavin Antonieta , Seamans Jeremy K.
Published: November 2004

Typically, D1 and D2 dopamine (DA) receptors exert opposing actions on intracellular signaling molecules and often have disparate physiological effects; however, the factors determining preferential activation of D1 versus D2 signaling are not clear. Here,in vitropatch-clamp recordings show that DA concentration is a critical determinant of D1 versus D2 signaling in prefrontal cortex (PFC). Low DA concentrations (<500 nm) enhance IPSCs via D1 receptors, protein kinase A, and cAMP. Higher DA concentrations (>1 μm) decrease IPSCs via the following cascade: D2→Gi→platelet-derived growth factor receptor→↑phospholipase C→↑IP3→↑Ca2+→↓dopamine and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein-32→↑protein phosphatase 1/2A→↓GABAA. Blockade of any molecule in the D2-linked pathway reveals a D1-mediated increase in IPSCs, suggesting that D1 effects are occluded at higher DA concentrations by this D2-mediated pathway. Thus, DA concentration, by acting through separate signaling cascades, may determine the relative amount of cortical inhibition and thereby differentially regulate the tuning of cortical networks.
Lateral Hypothalamic Signaling Mechanisms Underlying Feeding Stimulation: Differential Contributions of Src Family Tyrosine Kinases to Feeding Triggered Either by NMDA Injection or by Food Deprivation
Authors: Khan Arshad M. , Cheung Herman H. , Gillard Elizabeth R. , Palarca Jennifer A. , Welsbie Derek S. , Gurd James W. , Stanley B. Glenn
Published: November 2004

In rats, feeding can be triggered experimentally using many approaches. Included among these are (1) food deprivation and (2) acute microinjection of the neurotransmitterl-glutamate (Glu) or its receptor agonist NMDA into the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA). Under both paradigms, the NMDA receptor (NMDA-R) within the LHA appears critically involved in transferring signals encoded by Glu to stimulate feeding. However, the intracellular mechanisms underlying this signal transfer are unknown. Because protein-tyrosine kinases (PTKs) participate in NMDA-R signaling mechanisms, we determined PTK involvement in LHA mechanisms underlying both types of feeding stimulation through food intake and biochemical measurements. LHA injections of PTK inhibitors significantly suppressed feeding elicited by LHA NMDA injection (up to 69%) but only mildly suppressed deprivation feeding (24%), suggesting that PTKs may be less critical for signals underlying this feeding behavior. Conversely, food deprivation but not NMDA injection produced marked increases in apparent activity for Src PTKs and in the expression of Pyk2, an Src-activating PTK. When considered together, the behavioral and biochemical results demonstrate that, although it is easier to suppress NMDA-elicited feeding by PTK inhibitors, food deprivation readily drives PTK activityin vivo. The latter result may reflect greater PTK recruitment by neurotransmitter receptors, distinct from the NMDA-R, that are activated during deprivation-elicited but not NMDA-elicited feeding. These results also demonstrate how the use of only one feeding stimulation paradigm may fail to reveal the true contributions of signaling molecules to pathways underlying feeding behaviorin vivo.
Stabilität von Regelkreisen mit periodisch veränderlicher Totzeit (Stability Bounds for Control Systems with Time Varying Delay)
Authors: Tracht Rudolf , Thorausch Marc
Published: November 2004

Regelkreise mit variabler Totzeit sind im Zusammenhang mit der Regelung von Regelstrecken über Bussysteme mit variablen Übertragungszeiten von Interesse. Die Stabilitätsanalyse für solche Systeme wird in der Literatur meist mit der direkten Methode nach Ljapunov durchgeführt. Die damit bestimmten hinreichende Bedingungen für die Stabilität sind im Allgemeinen sehr einschränkend. Im Folgenden wird eine Methode beschrieben, die es gestattet, die tatsächliche Stabilitätsgrenze für spezielle Totzeitverläufe und lineare Regelstrecken zu bestimmen. Die Untersuchung erfolgt im Frequenzbereich.
Statische und dynamische Rückführung in nichtlinearen Deskriptorsystemen (Static and Dynamik Feedback in Nonlinear Descriptor Systems)
Authors: Gausch Felix , Müller Pia
Published: November 2004

Dieser Artikel behandelt die Linearisierung und Entkopplung des Eingangs-Ausgangsverhaltens von nichtlinearen, zeitinvarianten realisierbaren und regulären Deskriptorsystemen mithilfe von differentialgeometrischen Methoden. Es wird gezeigt, dass die Begriffe Index und differentielle Ordnung (relativer Grad) noch mit dem Summenindex und dem Ableitungsgrad zur adäquaten Fassung der Deskriptorsystemen innewohnenden Besonderheiten zu ergänzen sind. Mit ihrer Hilfe lassen sich dann die Systeme danach katalogisieren, ob die gestellte Aufgabe mit einer statischen Rückführung gelöst werden kann oder dazu eine dynamische Rückführung erforderlich ist. In der Entwurfsprozedur wird dort, wo im Zusammenhang mit AI-Zustandsmodellen die Lie-Ableitung auftritt, ein geeignet erweiterter Operator eingeführt, in den ein nach den (Ableitungen der) Deskriptorvariablen auflösbares Gleichungssystem eingeht, das mit einem zu diesem Zweck modifizierten Shuffle-Algorithmus aus den algebraischen Gleichungen ermittelt wird.
Defining tradition: variations on the Hawaiian identity
Authors: LINNEKIN JOCELYN S.
Published: November 2004

Both anthropologists and ethnic nationalists use the concept of tradition to define a cultural identity. While both view the rural community as representative of an authentic inheritance, the attempts by nationalists to discover this heritage usually produce cultural creations. The Hawaiian cultural revival advances an eclectic version of tradition, modeled partly on the lifestyle of rural Hawaiians. This paper argues that tradition is inevitably invented because it enters into the construction of social identity. Even for the rural “folk,” tradition is self‐conscious and changing. [tradition, ethnicity, nationalism, symbolic anthropology, Polynesia, Hawaii]
age metrics and twisted cylinders: predictions from a structural model
Authors: FAT FRANKLIN E. TJON SIE
Published: November 2004

The existence of systematic mean age differences between spouses has led to the formulation of openended “helical” exchange structures for certain Australian systems. The purpose of this paper is to develop a formal mathematical model generating all simple helical structures with age‐biased matrilateral cross‐cousin marriage. The model also produces structures of “oblique” marriage with ZD, FZSD, and FZDD. The model is constructed by mapping a quantitative metrical age structure onto a group‐theoretic base structure of generalized exchange. All simple helical structures with fewer than 15 patrilines are derived. Finally, a number of ethnographic cases are contrasted with the predictions from the model. [kinship, mathematical anthropology, helical models]
a peasant‐worker model in a northern Italian context
Authors: HOLMES DOUGLAS R.
Published: November 2004

This paper examines the peasant‐worker phenomenon as an enduring adaptation that has persisted for centuries in the Friuli region of northeastern Italy‐ A preliminary model of peasant‐worker behavior is presented that addresses two basic issues: [1] how peasant‐worker strategies have developed historically; and (2) how peasant‐worker strategies are tied to the social dynamics of rural households. The aim is to create a unified framework for the comparative and historical study of the proletarianization process, [peasant workers, rural labor, family dynamics, economic anthropology, Europe]
kintype classification and concepts of relatedness in South Asia
Authors: CARTER ANTHONY T.
Published: November 2004

Focusing on alternative analyses of South Asian materials, this paper examines several of the assumptions underlying structural semantic analyses of systems of kintype classification. It is argued that inappropriate genealogical concepts must be avoided in the interpretation of such systems and that indigenous concepts of relatedness must be distinguished from kinship terms per se. It is suggested that intraregional comparisons may be used to choose among competing semantic analyses. [South Asia, kintype classification, kinship systems, cultural analysis]
power and change in an Indonesian government office
Authors: CONKLING ROBERT
Published: November 2004

A discussion of the concept of power provides the theoretical basis for a semantic analysis of a case in which power changes hands. It is argued that a relationship of power presumes the capacity of ideas to require submission and that changes of power accompany changes in actors' conceptions of reality. The semantic analysis points to a pan‐Indonesian conception of how power is created and destroyed. [power, political anthropology, symbolic analysis, complex organizations, Indonesia]
inalienable wealth
Authors: WEINER ANNETTE B.
Published: November 2004

This essay departs from traditional anthropological views of exchange by focusing on the importance of wealth objects kept out of circulation by their owners. I examine the implications of such wealth through an analysis of New Zealand Maori valued objects, notably, woven cloaks and nephrite weapons and ornaments. Drawing on Marcel Mauss's notions of inalienable wealth, I enter the debates surrounding the meaning of the Maori hau, the spirit embedded in persons and things. I illustrate the significance of the hau in relation to the historical content of objects. [exchange, history, Mauss, Maori, wealth]
pig's teeth and skull cycles: both sides of the face of humanity
Authors: GOODALE JANE C.
Published: November 2004

Pigs are a multivocal key symbol in Kaulong definition of humanity. According to individual behavior both pigs and people are placed along a continuum marked at one extreme by that which is characteristic of the inhuman “wild boar,” and at the other by that characteristic of the “ideally human” person of renown. The essential and continuous interdependence of pigs and people in order to maintain humanity in an otherwise inhuman world is explored in depth and in both ritual and nonritual contexts, extending our understanding of the meaning of pigs in Papua New Guinea beyond that of transactable symbols of wealth and power and as elements in ritual ecology. [pigs, humanity, social identity, Melanesia, death rituals]
“we are mayordomo”: a reinterpretation of women's roles in the Mexican cargo system
Authors: MATHEWS HOLLY F.
Published: November 2004

This paper explores the empirical consequences of moving beyond the use of the domestic/public framework in analyzing gender roles in the cargo system of the Mexican community of San Miguel. Data demonstrating that religious cargos are held by household units on the basis of wealth are presented. Male and female sponsors are given joint title to office and have parallel roles and duties. In the newly emerging civil sphere, however, officials are elected on the basis of specific individual skills which women often lack. Consequently, as the civil sphere assumes increasing importance over the religious in regulating community affairs, women are being deprived of opportunities to hold community posts. [gender roles, cargo system, Mexico, social structure, community change]
ritual hierarchy and secular equality in a Sepik River village
Authors: HARRISON SIMON J.
Published: November 2004

At Avatip, a Middle Sepik society in Papua New Guinea, domesticity and male cult ritual are two alternative forms of social action, based respectively on “egalitarian” and “hierarchical” models of the social order. Ritual does not “reflect” social reality but temporarily alters it, and the power of initiated men is the power to bring hierarchy periodically into existence within the circumscribed context of ritual. [Avatip, Sepik, Melanesia, religion, gender, social structure]
medical dialogue and the political economy of medical pluralism: a case from rural highland Bolivia
Authors: CRANDON LIBBET
Published: November 2004

In environments that are ethnically and medically pluralistic, medical dialogue is an arena in which political and economic processes take place. Through medical dialogue, the content of ethnic identity is constructed and negotiated. Medical dialogue therefore can serve as a window through which one can view social processes. Data from a rural highland Bolivian town demonstrate these theses, which have implications for the common dichotomy in medical anthropology that divides medical systems into “traditional” and “modern.”
death enmity in Thull: organized vengeance and social change in a Kohistani community
Authors: KEISER R. LINCOLN
Published: November 2004

Anthropologists often view institutionalized vengeance from a synchronic perspective, asking what is the function of blood feuds in maintaining order, strengthening group cohesion, balancing population, and protecting against external political threats. Such a perspective has limited usefulness in understanding blood feuds in Thull, a community in the Hindu‐Kush mountains where organized revenge is a recent development. In such communities institutionalized vengeance can best be understood in the context of sociocultural systems in the process of historical transformation.
the adaptive dimensions of leisure
Authors: RUBIN JOSHUA , FLOWERS NANCY M. , GROSS DANIEL R.
Published: November 2004

One response to scarcity is to invest more effort in subsistence activities. It is also possible to respond by adjusting the level of effort in nonwork, or leisure, activities. The authors examine the concept of a “Zen road to affluence” using time‐allocation data from four closely related Indian communities in central Brazil. Two of the groups live in relatively degraded environments, where yield per unit of work is lower. Total time spent working is about the same for all four groups; however, for the two groups living in degraded environments, the proportion of nonwork time spent in “low energy cost” activities is higher. This strategy of reducing needs is probably a response to resource depletion.
the marketing of heritage
Authors: DOMINGUEZ VIRGINIA R.
Published: November 2004

Captured Heritage: The Scramble for Northwest Coast Artifacts. DOUGLAS COLE.

The Invention of Tradition. ERIC HOBSBAWM and TERENCE RANGER, eds.

The Meaning of Things: Domestic Symbols and the Self. MIHALY CSIKSZENTMIHALYI and EUGENE ROCHBERG‐HALTON.

The Gift: Imagination and the Erotic Life of Property. LEWIS HYDE.
the madman and the migrant: work and labor in the historical consciousness of a South African people
Authors: JOHN L. , COMAROFF JEAN
Published: November 2004

This essay explores the nature of historical consciousness, and its relation to culture, among the Tshidi‐Barolong, a South African Tswana people. On the basis of the imagery of two informants—a “madman” and a former migrant laborer—it examines not merely the content of Tshidi consciousness, but also its expressive forms. These differ from the narrative modes of representation associated with “history” in Western contexts, and build on various poetic devices—most strikingly, on the rhetoric of contrast. Thus the opposed concepts of work and labor, one associated with setswana (Tswana ways) and the other with sekgoa (European ways), are major tropes through which Tshidi construct their past and present. Such rhetorical forms appear, on examination, to occur widely in situations of rapid change. As a result, this excursion into the poetics of history illuminates very general questions concerning the connection between consciousness, culture, and representation. [South Africa, Tswana, culture, consciousness, history, poetics, representation]
domestic production and regional markets in northern Kenya
Authors: LITTLE PETER D.
Published: November 2004

This article examines domestic production/regional market linkages in the Il Chamus (Njemps) area of Baringo District, Kenya. The analysis supplements the spatial/market bias of regional analysis with a greater focus on production, addressing linkages at the homestead, neighborhood, and regional levels. The study argues that the dendritic structure of Baringo's market, which can be traced to the colonial period, inhibits strong linkages between production and marketing. Data are presented from two neighborhoods, Kailerr and Meisori, showing that the critical variable—access to labor—in the local economy is not explained by market relations, and that to understand it by relying on regional analysis is difficult. Because the dendritic market structure so poorly integrates local production, social and historical variables prove to be better indicators of local market response than are economic factors. The article concludes that regional analysis is more suitable as a framework for measuring the discrepancies of particular cases than as a predictive theory of social and economic change. [regional analysis, markets, organization of production, state, East Africa]
southern perspectives on the New Guinea Highlands
Authors: LEDERMAN RENA
Published: November 2004

The Production of Inequality: Gender and Exchange among the Kewa. LISETTE JOSEPHIDES.

Fabricated World: An Interpretation of Kewa Tales. JOHN LEROY.

Kewa Tales. JOHN LEROY, ed.
the rise of market culture
Authors: SCHNEIDER JANE
Published: November 2004

The Rise of Market Culture: The Textile Trade and French Society, 1750–1900. WILLIAM M. REDDY
age‐set theory and Plains Indian age‐grading: a critical review and revision
Authors: HANSON JEFFERY R.
Published: November 2004

This paper critiques Diffusionist, Functionalist, Acculturation and Holocultural theories bearing on the evolution and spread of age‐societies among Northern Plains Indians. It is suggested that such studies have advanced our knowledge of the form, content, and function of age‐set organization, but they remain insufficient to account for the reasons that age‐set organization developed in these tribes in contrast to coordinate societies. A revised theory is advanced, which correlates the presence of age‐sets with low horsewealth and demographic‐territorial stability among historic Plains tribes. Age‐set organization developed in, or diffused to, politically decentralized, pedestrian tribes that were engaged in frequent warfare and exhibited relative demographic‐territorial stability. [age‐set theory, Plains Indians, horsewealth, demographic‐territorial stability]
anthropology and fisheries management
Authors: DURRENBERGER E. PAUL , PÁLSSON GISLI
Published: November 2004

Maritime Institutions in the Pacific. KENNETH RUDDLE and TOMOYA AKIMICHI, eds.

Atlantic Fisheries and Coastal Communities: Fisheries Decision‐Making Case Studies. CYNTHIA LAMSON and ARTHUR J. HANSON, eds.

Kan Fiskerinæringa styres? (Is Fisheries Management Possible?) BIÖRN HERSOUG, ed.
Malangan: objects, sacrifice and the production of memory
Authors: KÜCHLER SUSANNE
Published: November 2004

Certain museum collections are not the result of “salvage anthropology” alone, but of the operation of “gift to god systems,” as sale became an alternative means of removing gifts from circulation. Objects that are made to be dismantled in a process of sacrifice confound time not through permanence, but through renewal, and create time not as history, but as memory. The production of memory, and the difference it creates in society and culture, is discussed with the example of Malangan art in northern New Ireland, Papua New Guinea.
toward a complex model of parenthood: two African tales
Authors: HOUSEMAN MICHAEL
Published: November 2004

The analysis of two African folktales suggests a novel cross‐cultural model of parenthood. It is argued that the representation of jural mother‐ and fatherhood are universally constrained by the limiting conditions of their relationship. These conditions are defined by alternative hierarchical schemes in which fatherhood in one case, and motherhood in the other, are defined recursively: the fulfillment of fatherhood relies upon an identification with prior fatherhood, that of motherhood upon an opposition to prior motherhood.
Detours of life: space and bodies in a Moroccan village
Authors: PANDOLFO STEFANIA
Published: November 2004

This essay is an interpretation of the internal logic of a way of imagining space, movement and the body in a village in pre‐Saharan Morocco. I begin with the analysis of an informant's graphic representation of his village and then spin its threads in terms of a local discourse of structural insufficiency and symbolic ambivalence, which I pursue ethnographically through a number of domains, while suggesting at the same time the contours of a dialogue with issues in European thought, [the body, space, movement, symbolism, poststructuralism, North Africa]
contested order: gender and society in the southern New Guinea Highlands
Authors: LEDERMAN RENA
Published: November 2004

A clan‐centered view of Highland New Guinea social structure limits the understanding of male/female relations, as well as of relations between leaders and ordinary people. In some Highlands societies, exchange partnership networks constitute an alternative form of sociality to clanship. In the Mendi Valley of the Southern Highlands Province, the practical logic of network relationships (in which both men and women participate) and of clanship (represented as an exclusively “male” relationship) are partially complementary, partially at odds. This ambiguity defines an arena for argument among social actors concerning the constitution of their social order. In places like Mendi, the organization of clan‐sponsored events (like pig festivals) by leaders and other men is a contingent and contested achievement.[Melanesia, social structure, exchange, gender, inequality]
making empire respectable: the politics of race and sexual morality in 20th‐century colonial cultures
Authors: STOLER ANN L.
Published: November 2004

With sustained challenges to European rule in African and Asian colonies in the early 20th century, sexual prescriptions by class, race and gender became increasingly central to the politics of rule and subject to new forms of scrutiny by colonial states. Focusing on the Netherlands Indies and French Indochina, but drawing on other contexts, this article examines how the very categories of “colonizer” and “colonized” were increasingly secured through forms of sexual control which defined the common political interests of European colonials and the cultural investments by which they identified themselves. The metropolitan and colonial discourses on health, “racial degeneracy,” and social reform from this period reveal how sexual sanctions demarcated positions of power by enforcing middle‐class conventions of respectability and thus the personal and public boundaries of race.[sexuality, race‐thinking, hygiene, colonial cultures, Southeast Asia]
the “healthy reserve” and the “dressed native”: discourses on black health and the language of legitimation in South Africa
Authors: PACKARD RANDALL M.
Published: November 2004

The need of industrial capital to generate a supply of cheap African labor led to policies which both undermined and preserved the rural support base of African farmers. The encouragement of an educated class of African workers, essential for the maturation of industrial development, was accompanied by restrictions in social and economic mobility that maintained the social dominance of whites. These conflicting strategies have produced impoverishment among both urban and rural African populations. Yet these conditions have been effaced by the construction of powerful stereotypes or myths about African urban and rural life, myths that have preserved the ideal of a healthy labor reserve, while explaining the African worker's lack of social and economic advancement in terms of their own maladjustment to industrial civilization. This paper examines the role of medical authorities in valorizing and contributing to the longevity of these myths in the face of contradictory evidence and alternative constructions of African rural and urban life.[South Africa, myths, medical ideas, legitimation]
Motherhood and power: the production of a women's culture of politics in a Mexican community
Authors: MARTIN JOANN
Published: November 2004

This article examines women's conversations and speeches in political groups as demonstrating how they understand the fit between their role as mothers and their emerging role in the political arena in a Mexican community. In the late 1970s Buena Vistan women organized their own political groups. Images of the mother as redeemer channeled their demands for political authority in a time of political and economic crisis. This article argues that by drawing on traditional constructions of gender relationships, women's organizations produced an alternative definition of legitimate politics and established their own place in the public political arena. [Mexico, gender, politics, social movements, ideology]
the Rock Creek rodeo: excess and constraint in men's lives
Authors: ERRINGTON FREDERICK
Published: November 2004

In a society whose members believe that it is based on choices made by individuals, choices that involve sacrifices of individuality, men who lead conventional lives are likely to ponder whether they have given up too much. This American dilemma is, I argue, confronted and temporarily resolved for certain of the men of Rock Creek, Montana, during the local Fourth of July rodeo. Through this event men are able to relive and transcend their pasts in such a way as to conclude that they, as responsible citizens, have indeed appropriately controlled but not significantly relinquished their autonomy as men. In conclusion I suggest that the oscillations in rodeo (and other rituals) between the liminal and the normal have, by virtue of their very structure, their movement in and out of society, a special salience and efficacy in the American context for the enactment of such existential issues concerning the relationship of the individual to society.
Between shame and sanctification: patriarchy and its transformation in Sicilian Pentecostalism
Authors: CUCCHIARI SALVATORE
Published: November 2004

This article examines the ways in which Sicilian Pentecostals enact a gender system in response to a perceived crisis in the prevailing gender order, an order I interpret, following Kenelm Burridge, as a system of “redemption,” conferring a culturally specific form of “integrity.” Pentecostalism, then, is a gender‐system‐in‐the‐making, a new calculus of human worth, that combines new structures with aspects of the failing hegemonic system. The result is a more complex, ambiguous patriarchy, one that may be less viable than the hegemonic system, enabling believing women to transcend some of the gender constraints of the prevailing system.
when they took the “muni”: political culture and anti‐austerity protest in rural northwestern Costa Rica
Authors: EDELMAN MARC
Published: November 2004

Anthropologists have long been interested in capitalist development, in resistance, and in rural political movements, yet few have studied economic structural adjustment programs or the debt‐related protests that are increasingly common in developing countries. In the case of a 1988 peasant “strike” in northwestern Costa Rica, structural changes combined with other misfortunes to spark mobilization. Although the new understandings underlying this movement owed much to state actions, macrolevel policies alone cannot explain them, since local expectations and political culture are the prisms through which actors view their experiences and possibilities. This suggests that anthropologists, whose emphasis on field research and the active historical subject contrasts with other social scientists' “higher” levels of analysis, may contribute to explaining debt‐related upheavals.
Movement and space: Andamanese cartography
Authors: PANDYA VISHVAJIT
Published: November 2004

The anthropological study of space usually presents the cultural construct of space as a prefabricated stagelike structure. The cultural construct of space of the Ongee hunters and gatherers of Little Andaman is not stagelike but is a “map” of movements created by the plotting of various experiential coordinates that demarcate activity‐specific places. Ongees share space both with spirits who hunt and with animals who are hunted. Conjunctions in the paths of movement of humans, spirits, and animals set up the culture's dynamics of movement, dynamics expressed in patterns of individual movement, myths, body painting, language, and the maps of space that the Ongees drew for this ethnographer.
“that was the last time I seen them, and no more”: voices through time in Australian Aborigina autobiography
Authors: HAVILAND JOHN B.
Published: November 2004

In the 1920s, Aboriginal Australians in northern Queensland were removed from the bush by force and deposited on missions, where they grew up, were educated, and often lived the rest of their lives. Their autobiographical memories—from conversation—about life in the bush and the events that sundered people from their families are framed in languages provided by subsequent mission life and are discursively shaped by the facts both of the moment and of subsequent biography. This article examines the complex voices in one such autobiographical fragment, drawn from one man's attempt to reconstruct a past for himself.
Theorizing socialism: a prologue to the “transition”
Authors: VERDERY KATHERINE
Published: November 2004

The startling transformations of eastern European polities during 1989 offer anthropologists a remarkable opportunity: firsthand observation of the “transition from socialism,” the process by which the internal organization of these societies and their place within western political and economic circuits will be reconfigured. As a contribution to conceptualizing the possible forms of the transition, this article offers a theoretical model of the “socialism” from which these societies begin their departure. The article concludes by suggesting some research problems that follow from the model. [theory, socialism, eastern Europe, political economy, cultural politics, social change]
fashion, anti‐fashion, and heteroglossia in urban Senegal
Authors: HEATH DEBORAH
Published: November 2004

This article focuses on the language of dress among women in urban Senegal and on the social uses of cloth that it entails. Using Bakhtin's notion of heteroglossia as an organizing concept, it examines the social construction of hegemony as manifested in the practice known as sañse, dressing up or dressing well. The social practices of dress and the production and decoration of textiles embody a dialogue between dominant and subordinate or oppositional voices and between what Bakhtin calls centripetal and centrifugal impulses. This dynamic is analyzed in terms of the concepts of anti‐language and multiaccentuality. [Senegal, cloth, clothing, heteroglossia, anti‐language]
Occidentalism: the world turned upside‐down
Authors: CARRIER JAMES G.
Published: November 2004

From Said's Orientalism (1978), this article extracts a general model of the production of understandings of alien societies. The model points to aspects and manifestations of this production that have received less attention than those associated with Orientalism. After presenting some of these briefly, the article turns to the most neglected, the way that anthropologists have Occidentalized the West. This Occidentalism is likely to have important effects on anthropological understandings of alien societies. The article illustrates Occidentalism by examining the distinction between gift and commodity societies, and it concludes by considering some of the ways that anthropologists might reduce the twin risks of Occidentalism and Orientalism. [Occidentalism, Orientalism, Mauss, gifts, Western society]
the changing significance of race and class in an African‐American community
Authors: GREGORY STEVEN
Published: November 2004

The post—civil rights era has witnessed the growth of the black middle class and increased class stratification in African‐American communities. This article examines how state‐sponsored reforms associated with civil rights era activism restructured political power in an African‐American community, shifting the focus of neighborhood activism from institutions and strategies that emphasized a race‐based definition of political interests and identity toward those privileging the discourse and claims of the black middle class. It argues that civil rights era reforms disproportionately empowered middle‐class homeowners, enabling them to translate economic gains into political power and, in the process, to rearticulate the significance of race and class in community politics. [African‐American communities, black middle class, race and class, black class stratification]
the cattle of money and the cattle of girls among the Nuer, 1930–83
Authors: HUTCHINSON SHARON
Published: November 2004

Sudanese Nuer draw a marked distinction between “the money of work,” you lad, and money acquired through the sale of cattle, you or “the money of cattle.” This dichotomy is balanced by a similar distinction between two sorts of cattle: purchased cattle, youni or “the cattle of money,” and cattle received as bride‐wealth, nyët or “the cattle of girls.” Together these four wealth categories, along with several subsidiary ones, play a prominent role in determining relations of autonomy and dependence among the Nuer. This article traces the emergence of these categories over the last half century and analyzes their centrality. [culture and political economy, commoditization, exchange, money, cattle, the Nuer]
“since I am a woman, I will chastise my relatives”: gender, reported speech, and the (re)production of social relations in Warao ritual wailing
Authors: BRIGGS CHARLES L.
Published: November 2004

Ritual wailing performed by Warao women at funerals in eastern Venezuela provides a paradigmatic case of the inversion of established relationships between gender and discourse. In their laments, women, excluded from principal positions in nearly all other public speech events, appropriate and rework words initially used in settings where only men are accorded a voice. I argue that in so doing, they question the dominant means of social (re)production and, in effect, act to constrain the authority of male shamans and political leaders. Research on language and gender, discourse and affect, and the poetics of gender suggests a framework for exploring the social and political significance of wailing. [gender, discourse, poetics, reported speech, affect, lowland South America]
Dancing culture
Authors: FOSTER SUSAN L.
Published: November 2004

Dance and the Body Politic in Northern Greece. JANE K. COWAN.

Sharing the Dance: Contact Improvisation and American Culture. CYNTHIA J. NO‐VACK.
Gender ideology, childrearing, and child health in Jamaica
Authors: SARGENT CAROLYN , HARRIS MICHAEL
Published: November 2004

The societies of the Caribbean region have been characterized by female‐headed households, kinship networks linked by women, and the presence of women in the labor force. The position of women in Jamaica as economic providers and mothers carries implications for the treatment of male and female children. An examination of mothers' expressed gender preferences, anthropometric assessments of children, gender preferences in adoption, and data on child abandonment in Kingston, Jamaica, suggests that the centrality of women in ideology is manifested in prevalent childcare practices favoring female children. [Caribbean, gender roles, ideology, child health, childrearing]
“we have to learn to ask”: hegemony, diverse experiences, and antagonistic meanings in Bolivia
Authors: LAGOS MARIA L.
Published: November 2004

This article examines the celebration of the Virgin of Urkupiña in Cochabamba, Bolivia, as one cultural arena of contestation in which hegemony, conceived as an ongoing formative process, is constituted. By situating the festival in a context of historical transformations, emergent forms of domination, and changing relations between the state and civil society, I show how various groups, class fractions, and institutions struggle over the meanings of shared concepts and symbols. In the course of this struggle, involving cultural imposition, appropriation, and transformation, the cult of the Virgin has changed dramatically from a rather local peasant and Indian festivity into a multiclass and multiethnic national phenomenon.[Bolivia, hegemony, power, ritual, cultural change]
“proper women” and city pleasures: gender, class, and contested meanings in La Paz
Authors: GILL LESLEY
Published: November 2004

This article explores the manner in which changing class relationships sustain, alter, and recreate the social, cultural, and economic distinctions between women in La Paz. It examines female fashion as a cultural practice that is increasingly contested by women of various class and ethnic backgrounds as they struggle to impose, defend, and define class‐based notions of femininity. The article relates their struggles to the selective manipulation of “tradition” by social actors in the context of their experiences in the present. It is argued that hegemonic notions of the ideal woman are not inclusive of all women and are constantly contested in the process of class, gender, and ethnic formation. Hegemony is a historically specific creative process that encompasses domination as well as incorporation and marginalization and that must be constantly defended against oppositional beliefs and practices. [gender, class, Bolivia, hegemony]
Resistance to “modernity”: southern Illinois farm women and the cult of domesticity
Authors: ADAMS JANE
Published: November 2004

Combining feminist historical analysis with Foucault's interpretation of “modernity” as the development of functional divisions of time and space in utilitarian, rationalized practices, this article examines the 20th‐Century transformation of southern Illinois farm women's lives and domestic architecture. It argues that farm women's integration into industrial capitalism as petty commodity producers, agriculture's unique relationship to nature, and precapitalist social relationships undergirded the persistence of many “premodern” forms of family organization. [women, rural United States, history, household organization, modernization]
Spatiality and social change: domestic space use in Mexico and the United States
Authors: PADER ELLEN‐J.
Published: November 2004

This article analyzes housing as a culturally mediated phenomenon, as a subtle but powerful means of enculturation by which perceptions of reality are learned and revised. Based on a transnational, multigenerational comparison of the uses and designs of domestic space in parts of Jalisco, Mexico, and the United States, it argues that sociospatial relations are integral to the continuing process of social change for Mexicans living in the United States and migrant workers returning to Mexico. It further suggests that conflicting conceptual and spatial frameworks become a means by which the dominant society attempts to assimilate and control subordinates.[domestic space, Mexico, the United States, social change]
in defiance of destiny: the management of time and gender at a Cretan funeral
Authors: HERZFELD MICHAEL
Published: November 2004

Greek laments for the dead have occupied a central place in studies of symbolic practice and gender relations. By examining a funeral in detailed context, we can see connections between the personal dilemmas of a young woman in mourning, the symbolic resources on which she draws, and her subsequent pursuit of prestige and emancipation. At the same time, the ambiguities of her performance warn against single‐stranded interpretations and urge deeper exploration of the indeterminacy that it is so hard for ethnographic description to capture. [indeterminacy, symbolism, gender, lamenting, strategy, Crete, Greece]
Uniting the German nation: law, narrative, and historicity
Authors: BORNEMAN JOHN
Published: November 2004

This article analyzes the use of narrative form in law, specifically with reference to conflicts over unification of the German nation. Since the end of the Cold War, local actors have been repositioned in disputes over property, historiography, and penalties for the East German political elite. A just adjudication of these disputes is problematic given that the actors appeal to several different legal registers, each with its own principles of legitimacy derived from peculiar historical circumstances, which are not taken into consideration in the unification process. [Germany, nation, narrative, law, historicity, classification]
Hierarchy and the Haya divine kingship: a structural and symbolic reformulation of Frazer's thesis
Authors: CARLSON ROBERT G.
Published: November 2004

This article presents a structural and symbolic reformulation of Sir James Frazer's theory of divine kingship. A model of hierarchy derived from formal logic, one that Terence Turner (1977a) applied in his reconceptualization of the structure of rites de passage, is employed to analyze the cosmology of a former Haya kingship of northwest Tanzania. A tripartite model of hierarchy encoded in the ceilings of traditional Haya dwellings is described. Analysis of the model demonstrates how the king's role as a unique mediator symbolically constituted and resolved the problem of the separation and interrelationship between the transcendent and the normative orders. [Haya, East Africa, kingship, palace architecture, duality, hierarchy]
Notes on the fantastic journey of the Hajj, his anthropologist, and her American Passport
Authors: HAJJ THE , LAVIE SMADAR , ROUSE FOREST
Published: November 2004

Many Israeli representations of the Sinai have sought to preserve (or recreate?) a pastoral idyll of biblical wilderness in the midst of 20th‐century military occupation (1967–82). This article argues that such works are shaped by the Israeli discourses of Judaism, Zionism, and Arabism—discourses of diaspora, displacement, and marginalization. Coauthored by an old Mzeini Bedouin, an Israeli ethnographer, and her American spouse, the article aims at deterritorializing the boundaries of the Bedouin as a scholarly trope in such works by discursively retracing his mutated lived experience out of the final Eurocentric text. The “native” is thus positioned as literary critic of his Eurocentric textual representation. [ethnographic authorship, ethnographic creativity and the discourse of subalternity, displacement and diaspora, Israeli and Egyptian nationalisms, South Sinai Bedouin (Mzeina tribe), fieldwork and family]
nationalizing the local past in Sri Lanka: histories of nation and development in a Sinhalese village
Authors: WOOST MICHAEL D.
Published: November 2004

Focusing on a frontier settlement in southeastern Sri Lanka, this article examines how ideologies of the Sinhala Buddhist national past and local settlement history become articulated in the struggle over development. Employing an approach to cultural hegemony which departs from that generally used in social science, it shows how villagers adopt the dominant ideological frame of reference in order to enhance their claims to development resources. On the basis of this ethnographic analysis, it concludes that the villagers themselves help reproduce the general contours of a cultural hegemony inflected by the dominant ideologies of Sinhala Buddhist nationalism. [hegemony, development, nationalism, national past, dominant ideology, Sri Lanka]
Chicano Indianism: a historical account of racial repression in the United States
Authors: MENCHACA MARTHA
Published: November 2004

This article offers a historical analysis of the racial repression experienced by people of Mexican origin in the U.S. legal system from 1848 to 1947. Using records of court cases and citizenship legislation, it demonstrates that from the 19th to the mid‐20th century federal and state racial laws accorded particular legal statuses to Mexicans on the basis of their racial appearance, and it concludes that Mexicans of predominantly Indian descent were more severely discriminated against than Mexicans who were classified as white. [racism, segregation, Chicanos, American Indians, Mexican origin, race, prejudice, citizenship]