bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Social Sustainability: A New Conceptual Framework
Authors: Eizenberg Efrat , Jabareen Yosef
Published: January 2017

There is a lack of theoretical and empirical studies regarding social sustainability. The literature reveals that the “social” was integrated late into debates on sustainable development. This paper aims to fill this gap and proposes a new conceptual framework of social sustainability. We suggest that risk is a constitutive concept of sustainability and that the contemporary conditions of risk resulting primarily from climate change and its ensuing uncertainties pose serious social, spatial, structural, and physical threats to contemporary human societies and their living spaces. Within the framework of sustainability, we propose that social sustainability strives to confront risk while addressing social concerns. Although we agree that without socially oriented practices, efforts to achieve sustainability will be undermined, as too many gaps exist in practice and theory. Thus, we propose a comprehensive Conceptual Framework of Social Sustainability, which is composed of four interrelated concepts of socially oriented practices, where each concept has a distinctive function in the framework and incorporates major social aspects. The concept of Equity encompasses three dimensions: recognition, which “revalues unjustly devalued identities”, redistribution, which suggests that the remedy for injustice is some form of economic restructuring, and parity of participation, which promotes substantive public involvement in the production of space. These efforts may, in turn, reduce alienation and enhance civility and a sense of community and place attachment. The concept of Safety is the ontological foundation of sustainability in general and social sustainability in particular. The concept refers to the right to not only be safe but adopt all measures of adaptation and security to prevent future casualties and physical harm. The concept of Eco-prosumption refers to modes of producing and gaining values in socially and environmentally responsible ways. The concept of Urban Forms represents the physical dimensions of socially desired urban and community physical forms. Eventually, a desired physical form should promote a sense of community, safety, health, and place attachment, among other environmental objectives.
Development, characterization, and cross‐amplification of microsatellite markers in the understudied African genus Anthonotha (Fabaceae)
Authors: Demenou Boris B. , Hardy Olivier J.
Published: January 2017

Premise of the study:

Anthonotha macrophylla (Fabaceae) is a common tree species throughout the Guineo‐Congolian forest that is sometimes confounded with other congeneric species; it is expected to be an interesting phylogeographical model to infer the history of the African dense forests. We developed 18 microsatellite markers from this species and tested their transferability in 15 congeneric species.

Methods and Results:

A genomic library was obtained using the Illumina platform, and 18 polymorphic microsatellite loci were developed. The polymorphic microsatellites displayed two to 24 alleles (average: 11.9 alleles per locus, expected heterozygosity range: 0.18–0.91, mean: 0.64) in three populations of A. macrophylla from Benin, Liberia, and Cameroon. Cross‐amplification in one to nine individuals of 15 congeneric Anthonotha species (A. acuminata, A. brieyi, A. cladantha, A. crassifolia, A. ferruginea, A. fragrans, A. gilletii, A. lamprophylla, A. mouandzae, A. noldeae, A. pellegrinii, A. pynaertii, A. stipulacea, A. wijmacampensis, and A. xanderi) showed successful amplification in six to 17 loci, making most of these markers useful at the generic level.

Conclusions:

This set of markers will be useful to study species delimitation and the genetic structure of Anthonotha species, and thus to better understand the history of tropical African rainforests.
Imperatives are existential modals: Deriving the strong reading as an Implicature
Authors: Oikonomou Despina
Published: January 2017

The variety in the interpretation of Imperatives has received different accounts in the literature (Wilson & Sperber 1988, Han 2000, Schwager 2006/Kaufmann 2012, Portner 2007, Grosz 2009, Condoravdi & Lauer 2012, von Fintel & Iatridou 2015). In this paper, I argue that Imperatives involve an existential modal. I present evidence for the existential analysis of the Imperative operator from scopal ambiguities with \emph{only}. The universal reading is explained on the basis of two factors; i) lack of a scalar counterpart as opposed to overt modals (cf. Deal 2011) ii) strengthening via an Implicature derived in the presence of certain Focus Alternatives (cf. Schwager 2005, 2006, Kaufmann 2012).
DIAGNOSTICS OF CORONAL HEATING IN ACTIVE-REGION LOOPS
Authors: Fludra A. , Hornsey C. , Nakariakov V. M.
Published: January 2017

Understanding coronal heating remains a central problem in solar physics. Many mechanisms have been proposed to explain how energy is transferred to and deposited in the corona. We summarize past observational studies that attempted to identify the heating mechanism and point out the difficulties in reproducing the observations of the solar corona from the heating models. The aim of this paper is to study whether the observed extreme ultraviolet (EUV) emission in individual coronal loops in solar active regions can provide constraints on the volumetric heating function, and to develop a diagnostic for the heating function for a subset of loops that are found close to static thermal equilibrium. We reconstruct the coronal magnetic field from Solar Dynamics Observatory/HMI data using a nonlinear force-free magnetic field model. We model selected loops using a one-dimensional stationary model, with a heating rate dependent locally on the magnetic field strength along the loop, and we calculate the emission from these loops in various EUV wavelengths for different heating rates. We present a method to measure a power index β defining the dependence of the volumetric heating rate E

H
on the magnetic field,

, and controlling also the shape of the heating function: concentrated near the loop top, uniform and concentrated near the footpoints. The diagnostic is based on the dependence of the electron density on the index β. This method is free from the assumptions of the loop filling factor but requires spectroscopic measurements of the density-sensitive lines. The range of applicability for loops of different length and heating distributions is discussed, and the steps to solving the coronal heating problem are outlined.
SEARCHING FOR FOSSIL EVIDENCE OF AGN FEEDBACK IN WISE-SELECTED STRIPE-82 GALAXIES BY MEASURING THE THERMAL SUNYAEV–ZEL’DOVICH EFFECT WITH THE ATACAMA COSMOLOGY TELESCOPE
Authors: Spacek Alexander , Scannapieco Evan , Cohen Seth , Joshi Bhavin , Mauskopf Philip
Published: January 2017

We directly measure the thermal energy of the gas surrounding galaxies through the thermal Sunyaev–Zel’dovich (tSZ) effect. We perform a stacking analysis of microwave background images from the Atacama Cosmology Telescope, around 1179 massive quiescent elliptical galaxies at 0.5 ≤ z ≤ 1.0 (“low-z”) and 3274 galaxies at 1.0 ≤ z ≤ 1.5 (“high-z”), selected using data from the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer All-Sky Survey and the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) within the SDSS Stripe-82 field. The gas surrounding these galaxies is expected to contain energy from past episodes of active galactic nucleus (AGN) feedback, and after using modeling to subtract undetected contaminants, we detect a tSZ signal at a significance of

0.9
σ

for our low-z galaxies and

1.8
σ

for our high-z galaxies. We then include data from the high-frequency Planck bands for a subset of 227 low-z galaxies and 529 high-z galaxies and find low-z and high-z tSZ detections of

1.0
σ

and

1.5
σ

, respectively. These results indicate an average thermal heating around these galaxies of

(

5.6

−
5.6

+
5.9

)
×

10

60

erg for our low-z galaxies and

(

7.0

−
4.4

+
4.7

)
×

10

60

erg for our high-z galaxies. Based on simple heating models, these results are consistent with gravitational heating without additional heating due to AGN feedback.
THE AGE OF THE KIC 7177553 SYSTEM
Authors: MacDonald James , Mullan D. J.
Published: January 2017

KIC 7177553 is a quadruple system containing two binaries of orbital periods 16.5 and 18 days. All components have comparable masses and are slowly rotating with spectral types of ∼G2V. The longer period binary is eclipsing with component masses and radii M
1 = 1.043 ± 0.014 M
⊙, R
1 = 0.940 ± 0.005 R
⊙ and M
2 = 0.986 ± 0.015 M
⊙, R
2 = 0.941 ± 0.005 R
⊙. The essentially equal radii measurements are inconsistent with the two stars being on the man sequence at the same age using standard nonmagnetic stellar evolution models. Instead a consistent scenario is found if the stars are in their pre-main-sequence phase of evolution and have an age of 32–36 Myr. We have also computed evolutionary models of magnetic stars, but we find that our nonmagnetic models fit the empirical radii and effective temperatures better than the magnetic models.
Life Expectancy after Initiation of Combination Antiretroviral Therapy in Thailand
Authors: Teeraananchai Sirinya , Chaivooth Suchada , Kerr Stephen J , Bhakeecheep Sorakij , Avihingsanon Anchalee , Teeraratkul Achara , Sirinirund Petchsri , Law Matthew G , Ruxrungtham Kiat
Published: January 2017

Background

Access to combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) has decreased mortality in HIV-positive people. We aimed to estimate the expected additional years of life in HIV-positive Thai people after starting cART through the National AIDS Program (NAP), administered by the Thai National Health Security Office (NHSO).

Methods

The NHSO database collects characteristics of all Thai HIV-infected patients through the National AIDS Program, including linkage with the National Death Registry for vital status. This study included patients aged ≥15 years at cART initiation between 2008 and 2014. The abridged life table method was used to construct life tables stratified by sex and baseline CD4+ T-cell count. Life expectancy was defined as the additional years of life from age at starting cART.

Results

201,688 eligible patients were included in analyses, contributing 618,837 person-years of follow-up. Median CD4+ T-cell count was 109 cells/mm3 and median age 37 years. The overall life expectancy after cART initiation at age 20 was 25.4 (95% CI, 25.3, 25.6) years and 20.6 (95% CI, 20.5, 20.7) at age 35 years. Life expectancy at baseline CD4+ T-cell count ≥350 cells/mm3 was 51.9 (95% CI, 51.0, 52.9) years for age 20 years and 43.2 (95% CI, 42.4, 44.1) years for age 35 years, close to life expectancy in the general Thai population.

Conclusions

Increasing life expectancy with higher baseline CD4+ T-cell counts supports the guideline recommendations to start cART irrespective of CD4+ T-cell count. These results are beneficial to forecast the treatment cost and develop health policies for people living with HIV in Thailand and Asia.
The Influence of the Relationship with the Superior on Newcomers’ Organizational Identification and Affective Commitment
Authors: Essig Elena , Soparnot Richard , Abraham Jocelyne
Published: January 2017

Les organisations investissent fortement dans le processus de socialisation des nouveaux employés avec pour objectif la formation d’attitudes et de comportements souhaitables. Cependant, les facteurs qui en sont à l’origine restent relativement méconnus. Ainsi, si la littérature souligne le rôle du soutien social du supérieur, il n’existe, à notre connaissance, aucune étude portant sur l’influence du supérieur sur l’identification organisationnelle et l’engagement affectif des nouveaux salariés. Notre étude représente une méthodologie mixte reposant sur 20 entretiens et 335 questionnaires, est menée au sein d’un centre de formation de l’Armée de l’Air française auprès de jeunes sous-officiers. Elle souligne notamment le rôle de la compétence perçue du supérieur sur l’identification organisationnelle et l’implication affective des nouveaux salariés. Notre étude révèle également l’absence de relation directe entre la fiabilité du supérieur et l’implication affective des nouvelles recrues ; l’identification organisationnelle jouant le rôle de médiateur entre les deux variables. Enfin, elle établit l’existence d’une relation négative entre la justice interpersonnelle et l’identification organisationnelle des nouveaux employés.
Les dispositifs de validation et de reconnaissance des compétences acquises dans le cadre d’une mobilité : un révélateur de l’internationalisation du système de formation professionnelle en Allemagne
Authors: Krichewsky Léna
Published: January 2017

Entre 2005 et 2015, la législation concernant la validation et la reconnaissance des compétences acquises dans le cadre d’un séjour à l’   étranger a profondément changé pour les apprentis allemands. Contrairement à la mobilité étudiante, la mobilité des apprentis de l’enseignement professionnel n’a longtemps fait l’objet que de peu d’intérêt de la part des employeurs et du milieu de la recherche. Sous l’impulsion du processus de Copenhague, mais également sous la pression des évolutions du marché du travail, le sujet n’a cependant cessé, depuis le début des années 2000, de gagner en importance. En 2011, une étude commanditée par l’Agence nationale allemande en charge d’Erasmus+ révélait l’ampleur de la mobilité internationale au sein de l’enseignement et de la formation professionnelle initiale et démontrait l’importance accordée, aussi bien par les entreprises que par les jeunes en formation, à la validation et à la reconnaissance des compétences acquises à l’   étranger. La présente contribution retrace l’   évolution de la législation en la matière, et propose d’en faire une lecture en termes d’internationalisation du curriculum de l’enseignement professionnel. La première partie présente un bref état de la recherche sur la mobilité internationale dans l’enseignement et la formation professionnelle en Allemagne, identifiant sur cette base les enjeux de la validation et de la reconnaissance des compétences du point de vue des entreprises et des apprentis. La seconde partie s’attache à décrire les différents dispositifs mis en place depuis 2005. La troisième partie propose un bilan des évolutions intervenues ces dix dernières années et questionne leur signification en termes d’internationalisation du système d’enseignement et de formation professionnelle.
Mobilité et compétence interculturelle dans les programmes internationaux d’apprentissage tout au long de la vie : une étude longitudinale
Authors: Giovanna Onorati Maria , Domenico d’Ovidio Francesco
Published: January 2017

Une étude longitudinale sur le développement de la compétence interculturelle chez des étudiants de deux programmes intensifs, proposés dans la cadre du Programme d’éducation et de formation tout au long de la vie Erasmus, est ici présentée. Le modèle éducatif, fondé sur la mobilité internationale et sur un projet visant l’acquisition de com­pétences sociales et de communication spécifiques, favorisait l’acquisition de la compétence interculturelle et globale. L’   étude a été menée pendant six ans sur 196 étudiants participant pendant cette période à deux programmes intensifs consécutifs. Onze universités, de huit pays européens, y participaient. L’   objectif était le développement de compétences interculturelles chez des étudiants de diverses formations supérieures dans les universités partenaires. L’   analyse d’un questionnaire d’auto-évaluation a fourni une structure factorielle décrivant le caractère multidimensionnel et holistique de la compétence interculturelle, et son lien étroit avec l’expérience à l’international. Le modèle factoriel révèle que l’infrastructure sociale de la compétence interculturelle est un processus de sensibilisation au contexte et de développement d’une sociabilité inclusive. La mobilité n’agit pas directement sur la compétence, mais vient s’associer à des facteurs tels que l’utilisation du Web 2.0 comme outil didactique, et l’apprentissage par la pratique et collaboratif. Cela renvoie à la valorisation des apprentissages informels pour le développe­ment de compétences clés, comme prévu dans l’ECVET.
Deep Infections After Syndesmotic Fixation With a Suture Button Device
Authors: Fantry Amanda J. , O'Donnell Seth W. , Born Chris T. , Hayda Roman A.
Published: January 2017

Suture button devices such as the TightRope (Arthrex, Naples, Florida) have been increasingly used for syndesmotic fixation of ankle fractures. Despite proposed advantages, prior studies have shown equivalent outcomes, with a theoretical decreased need for removal of hardware. Complications of suture button fixation of syndesmotic instability may be underreported and include lateral suture knot inflammation with or without granuloma formation, infection, aseptic osteolysis with widening of the tibial drill tunnels, heterotopic ossification, and osteomyelitis. In this case series, the authors review the current literature and describe 3 patients with TightRope fixation for syndesmotic instability who developed deep infection. The authors believe that braided suture within suture button devices may provide an environment conducive to the propagation of infection across the syndesmotic fixation tract. Evidence of suture button migration or osteolysis of the TightRope tract should prompt an infectious workup and removal of hardware. If there is concern for infection associated with the TightRope, the authors recommend removing both metallic buttons and the entirety of the suture to prevent harboring a nidus for further infection. [
Orthopedics.
2017; 40(3):e541–e545.]
Obturator Artery Injury Resulting in Massive Hemorrhage From a Low-Energy Pubic Ramus Fracture
Authors: Solarz Mark K. , Kistler Justin M. , Rehman Saqib
Published: January 2017

Pelvic ring fractures are common in the elderly population and are usually a result of low-energy trauma, such as falls from standing. In most cases, low-energy pelvic ring injuries can be treated with appropriate analgesia and early mobilization. Arterial injury resulting in hemodynamic instability from a low-energy pelvic ring injury is rare but, given the poor compliance of vessels in the elderly population, possible. These patients must be carefully monitored after the initial injury. The purpose of this report is to describe an elderly patient who sustained a superior pubic ramus fracture and arterial injury following a low-energy fall from standing that required angiographic intervention. Elderly patients who sustain low-energy or pelvic insufficiency fractures are unlike the younger population with high-energy pelvic fractures and hemodynamic collapse. Elderly patients can have a delayed presentation of arterial injury and require careful physical examination and close monitoring. Additionally, the authors provide a review of the literature for low-energy pelvic fractures. [
Orthopedics.
2017; 40(3):e546–e548.]
The Acrobatics of Flipping
Authors: Starr-Glass David
Published: January 2017

The flipped learning experience provides learners with pre-class activities that allow them to understand subject matter. This understanding is subsequently use during the class to develop higher-level appreciations of the subject through problem-based and collaborative learning activities. The reoriented roles and dynamics of learning afforded by flipping provide opportunities for active learner-centered learning; however, these opportunities are sometimes not considered or underappreciated. This chapter rethinks the structure and dynamics of flipped courses and explores the instructional possibilities offered. In particular, it considers the opportunities and challenges of flipped instruction and examines the author's experience in flipping an Introduction to Accounting course. The chapter provides suggestions on how instructors and learners can best take advantage of the opportunities created when the learning experience is flipped.
Employing Active Learning and the Flipped Classroom Model in Developing Countries
Authors: Alshehri Ajlan M.
Published: January 2017

This chapter examines the discourse on the need to employ active learning and flipped classroom model in educational settings in developing countries particularly in Saudi Arabia. Specifically, this chapter examines the concept and importance of Active Learning and Flipped Classroom Model. It also reviews the efforts and readiness of educational settings for implementing these instructional approaches. The chapter also elaborates and discusses various opportunities, which surround active learning and flipped classroom model in educational settings. Additionally, the chapter illustrates primary challenges that might hinder the implementation of active Learning and Flipped Classroom Model.
Pedagogical Rationale for Flipped Learning and Digital Technology in Second Language Acquisition
Authors: Forsythe Edo
Published: January 2017

This chapter will explore the background of computer-assisted language learning (CALL) with a focus on how CALL methodologies and digital technology have enabled the implementation of flipped learning methods. The chapter briefly explores the beginning of CALL and its growth through current mobile technology uses. Successive sections explore learner autonomy and digital technology, language learner motivation, sociocultural learning theory, communicative language learning and teaching, language learning strategies, and finally, task-based language learning. Each of these pedagogical foundations of second language acquisition are explored with suggestions for practical application of the methodologies that are directly tied to or supportive of flipped learning and digital technology integration.
Evaluating the “Flipped” Face to Face Classroom and the Online Classroom in Teacher Education
Authors: Severino Lori , DeCarlo Mary Jean Tecce
Published: January 2017

This chapter will discuss a study that set out to determine if knowledge of the structure of language and self-efficacy of pre-service and in-service teachers was impacted by whether the course was taken in a face to face or online format. Results of the study showed there was a statistically significant change in the Teacher Knowledge Assessment: Structure of Language (TKA: SL) for participants in the online courses, but not for students taking the course face to face. To determine whether or not self-efficacy increased, the Teacher Efficacy Scale: short form (TES) was used, The TES includes two subscales: teacher efficacy and personal efficacy. Results showed no statistical significance on the overall TES score between participants; however, on the personal efficacy score, there was a statistically significant change in pre and post test scores of participants who took the course face to face.
Hybrid, Online, and Flipped Classrooms in Health Science
Authors: Konecny Lynda Tierney
Published: January 2017

With the changing face of education and increased need for unique and technology-enhanced learning environments, educators must have current and relevant information to assist in making informed choices about how to create the most effective learning experiences. In this chapter, hybrid, online, and flipped classrooms are defined based on information found in relevant peer-reviewed and professional literature. Examples in practice within health sciences education are provided of each classroom type, as well as uses in environments where students take control of their own learning. Positive and negative aspects of each learning environment are discussed. Recommendations and best practices are suggested to facilitate the practical application of each.
Global Kitchen Project
Authors: Yildiz Melda N. , Petela Altagracia , Mahoney Brianne
Published: January 2017

The Global Kitchen project promotes health education and 21st century skills using educational technologies among 2nd and 3rd grade elementary classrooms, offers creative strategies for developing culturally and linguistically responsive Universal Design for Learning (UDL) curriculum while integrating global education and media literacy skills into the curriculum with limited resources, and describes participants' reactions, discoveries, and experiences with new media. Situated within the context of teaching and learning, this Participatory Action Research (PAR) project aims to advance scientific knowledge of transdisciplinary project-based curriculum revolving around global nutrition education as a means to promote healthy eating habits among young children in low-income schools while developing media literacy skills and global competencies and offering the tools to teach children ages 8-10 years about nutrition in a meaningful, integrated way as well as outlining the impact of flipped classroom projects.
Fuzziness
Authors: Sahu Atul Kumar , Sahu Nitin Kumar , Sahu Anoop Kumar
Published: January 2017

The fuzzy sets theory is observed as an important and powerful tool, which aids numerous researchers and learners in a variety of ways and in countless disciplines by transforming oral information into mathematical data. The majority of our conventional tools for computing, analysis and modeling are based on clear cut, defined, deterministic and precise information (generally crisp in nature) and concentrate on true yes or true no type information rather than more or less type information. It is very easy to deal with the cases, where the statement refers true yes or true no type information, however it is critical to deal with more or less type of data information, which can be easily overcome by fuzzy sets theory. The presented chapter tries to give an idea to the learners and researcher about: the basic concepts of fuzzy, what is fuzzy and fuzzy number, what are the application fields of the developed fuzzy theory, how to import fuzzy data, what is linguistic and importance of linguistic in fuzzy theory, what are the existing developed techniques that integrate the fuzzy theory effectively, etc. The main objective of the presented chapter is to impart fuzzy knowledge to the new learners and readers, so that they augment and disseminate the fuzzy sets theory into new application fields to benefit the society and mankind.
Interval-Valued Intuitionistic Fuzzy Multi-Attribute Decision Making Based on Satisfactory Degree
Authors: Yu Gao-Feng , Li Deng-Feng , Qiu Jin-Ming
Published: January 2017

The aim of this paper is to propose a satisfactory degree method by using nonlinear programming for solving multi-attribute decision making (MADM) problems in which ratings of alternatives on attributes is expressed via interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy (IVIF) sets and preference information on attributes is incomplete. Concretely, a nonlinear programming model is firstly explored to determine the satisfactory degree which is the ratio of the square of the weight Euclidean distance between an alternative and the IVIF negative ideal solution (IVIFNIS) to the sum of the square of the weight Euclidean distance between the IVIF negative ideal solution (IVIFNIS) and the IVIF positive ideal solution (IVIFPIS). Another nonlinear programming model is also developed to obtain satisfactory intuitionistic fuzzy sets, and then the general satisfactory degrees of the satisfactory intuitionistic fuzzy sets are used to generate the ranking order of the alternatives. Finally, a real example is employed to verify the applicability of the proposed approach and illustrate its practicality and effectiveness.
Impact of Macroergonomic Organizational Elements on the Performance of Manufacturing Systems
Authors: Realyvásquez Arturo , Maldonado-Macías Aidé Aracely , García-Alcaraz Jorge Luis , Blanco-Fernández Julio , Limon-Romero Jorge
Published: January 2017

This chapter analyzes the effects of macroergonomic compatibility of organizational elements on the performance of manufacturing systems in terms of Clients, Manufacturing Process, and Organizational Performance. As methods, a macroergonomic compatibility questionnaire is developed, statistically validated, and administered to middle and senior managers of manufacturing companies. Also, a hypothetical causal model is proposed and tested to find relationships among the constructs by using a Structural Equation Modeling. Direct, indirect, and total effects are determined, and results show that macroergonomic organizational elements have significant direct effects among themselves. Likewise, it is found that Organizational Culture and Organizational Communication have significant direct effects over Clients and significant indirect effects over Manufacturing Process and Organizational Performance. Finally, the Manufacturing Process has significant direct effects over Clients and Organizational Performance, while Clients have a significant direct effect over the Organizational Performance.
Understanding Bureaucracy
Authors: Yolles Maurice I.
Published: January 2017

Policy development and implementation is not only an attribute of a political administration, but also of its bureaucracy. The natures of, and connection between, a political administration and its bureaucracy is important if one is interested in creating a comparative measure of that efficacy across administrations or political systems. A traditional blueprint model of a bureaucracy comes from Weber, seen to be a servicing body for the implementation of political policy decisions resulting from a process of governance. An alternative model arises from the fictional works of Kafka, which is underpinned by a firm conceptual basis of a bureaucracy that confronts that of Weber. This paper explores the nature of bureaucracies, representing them as complex and dynamic. Agency theory will be used to model bureaucracies, and comparisons will be made between the Weber and Kafka conceptualisation. The outcome suggests that any attempts to measure comparative efficacy across political systems or administrations may well lead to failure due to the distinctions in the nature of the bureaucracies that they maintain.
Post-Bureaucratic Firms' Internationalization
Authors: Cannavale Chiara
Published: January 2017

When post-bureaucratic organizations internationalize, they follow: “Hybridism”, “Cyclicity”, “Transversality”, and “Turbolence”. International post-bureaucratic firms need to learn how to manage the increasing diversity and how to pursue hybridization, without scarifying their identity, and the values, which have been crucial for firm's competitiveness. This chapter explores the challenges connected to the internationalization of post-bureaucratic organizations, and focuses on the key role of cultural competence. When firms enter culturally distant markets, they face the opportunities and threats connected with cultural distance, and managers' cultural competence is a key factor for the building up of cultural bridges, that is social mechanisms able to reduce the perception of the distance. Cultural bridges help firms to learn from the environment, and to pursue the final aims of their international strategy.
Creating Values-Based Accountability Systems for the Turbulence of Post-Bureaucratic Organizations
Authors: London Tim
Published: January 2017

This chapter argues that most organizations should develop a set of shared values that drive and unite all facets of their work, creating an inclusive and transparent accountability system. This enables an overall connection while allowing for groups (such as divisions or departments) to avoid being overly interdependent (Carroll & Burton, 2000). This is a more nuanced and adaptable accountability system, enabling individuals and sections within the overall organization to be dynamic, rather than trying to develop a range of rules and procedures that will cover all circumstances across the organization over time. In this scenario, changes in context, whether internally or externally to an organization, would not require a whole new set of rules and procedures. The chapter focuses on analyzing how an organization can develop and utilize a shared set of values to connect processes and interactions into a coherent and flexible accountability system (Gehman et al., 2013).
Human Resource Management in Post-Bureaucratic Organizations
Authors: Gabrielli Gabriele , Zaccaro Francesca
Published: January 2017

The topic of human resource management is considered to be one of the most ancient in the domain of social sciences and different issues have been widely addressed by the time. However, society and markets evolution and the rise of new organizational forms invite new problems, as well as new perspectives on how to manage people at work. This chapter will deal with how the role of HRM has evolved in post-bureaucratic organizations and what can be done to sustain different people's motivation and engagement. Post-bureaucratic organizations may require a new human resource philosophy and the reconsideration of human resource management practices in order to guarantee employees' well-being, dignity together with organizational success.
Intuitive Knowledge Generation in Post-Bureaucratic Organizations
Authors: Sinclair Marta
Published: January 2017

To address the need for more suitable cognitive mechanisms in post-bureaucratic organizations, this chapter explores how the use of intuition can enhance organizational decision making and information sharing, and thus contribute to knowledge generation in fast-paced, high-pressured environments. In the context of film production teams, as an example of such environment, it identifies three distinct categories that are in frequent use: intuitive expertise, intuitive creation, and intuitive foresight. The findings suggest that the employment of intuition in dynamic settings is indeed common but, contrary to previous beliefs, it is much more nuanced. Not only do various professional groups utilize different kinds of intuition, they also adjust its use to the specific type of activity. A distinction has been detected in particular between approaches to task-related versus people-related activities. The understanding which organizational player and under which conditions relies on intuition, provides new insights into knowledge generation in modern organizations.
Energy and Carbon Footprint-Aware Management of Geo-Distributed Cloud Data Centers
Authors: Khosravi Atefeh , Buyya Rajkumar
Published: January 2017

Cloud computing provides on-demand access to computing resources for users across the world. It offers services on a pay-as-you-go model through data center sites that are scattered across diverse geographies. However, cloud data centers consume huge amount of electricity and leave high amount of carbon footprint in the ecosystem. This makes data centers responsible for 2% of the global CO2 emission. Therefore, having energy and carbon-efficient techniques for resource management in distributed cloud data centers is inevitable. This chapter presents a taxonomy and classifies the existing research works based on their target system, objective, and the technique they use for resource management in achieving a green cloud computing environment. Finally, it discusses how each work addresses the issue of energy and carbon-efficiency and also provides an insight into future directions.
Resource Allocation Policies in Cloud Computing Environment
Authors: Nayak Suvendu Chandan , Parida Sasmita , Tripathy Chitaranjan , Pattnaik Prasant Kumar
Published: January 2017

The basic concept of cloud computing is based on “Pay per Use”. The user can use the remote resources on demand for computing on payment basis. The on-demand resources of the user are provided according to a Service Level Agreement (SLA). In real time, the tasks are associated with a time constraint for which they are called deadline based tasks. The huge number of deadline based task coming to a cloud datacenter should be scheduled. The scheduling of this task with an efficient algorithm provides better resource utilization without violating SLA. In this chapter, we discussed the backfilling algorithm and its different types. Moreover, the backfilling algorithm was proposed for scheduling tasks in parallel. Whenever the application environment is changed the performance of the backfilling algorithm is changed. The chapter aims implementation of different types of backfilling algorithms. Finally, the reader can be able to get some idea about the different backfilling scheduling algorithms that are used for scheduling deadline based task in cloud computing environment at the end.
Privacy Preserving Public Auditing in Cloud: Literature Review
Authors: Thangavel M.  , Varalakshmi P.  , Sridhar S.  , Sindhuja R.
Published: January 2017

Cloud computing has given a bloom to the technical world by providing various services. Data storage is the essential factor for the users who are having or working with lots and lots of data. Cloud data storage becomes the only way to store and maintain the large data, which can be accessed from anywhere and anytime. The open nature of cloud computing leads to some security issues. With respect to the cloud data storage, the Cloud Service Provider (CSP) has to provide security for the data outsourced. Data owner will be concerned on the data correctness after outsourcing into the cloud. To verify the data correctness, ensuring the state of data at the cloud data storage is needed, which is performed with the help of a Trusted Third Party Auditor (TTPA). Data owner can also perform the verification task, but it leads to computation cost and communication costs in huge amount. This survey gives a brief on public auditing schemes to explore what are all the system models designed by various researchers.
Security for Hybrid Mobile Development
Authors: Tanque Marcus
Published: January 2017

In recent decades, vendors developed technology infrastructure solutions to integrate with enterprises and consumers' mobile devices. Hybrid development platforms are solution architecture designed to enhance developers' capabilities and provide organizations as well as customers the level of services to support mobile devices capabilities. Hybrid development platform solutions are easy to deploy at various enterprises. These capabilities can be distributed to/or integrated with mobile devices as agile applications and system interfaces. Hybrid mobile devices are designed to further provide users with enhanced technology solutions: cloud computing, big data, the Internet, physical and/or virtual network systems. The development of hybrid mobile platforms provides developers with advanced technology capabilities, necessary for supporting mobile devices once deployed to the marketplace. Technical and security features affecting the development and security of mobile devices are also discussed in this chapter.
Denial of Service (DoS) Attacks Over Cloud Environment
Authors: M. Thangavel , S Nithya , R Sindhuja
Published: January 2017

Cloud computing is the fastest growing technology in today's world. Cloud services provide pay as go models on capacity or usage. For providing better cloud services, capacity planning is very important. Proper capacity planning will maximize efficiency and on the other side proper control over the resources will help to overcome from attacks. As the technology develops in one side, threats and vulnerabilities to security also increases on the other side. A complete analysis of Denial of Service (DOS) attacks in cloud computing and how are they done in the cloud environment and the impact of reduced capacity in cloud causes greater significance. Among all the cloud computing attacks, DOS is a major threat to the cloud environment. In this book chapter, we are going to discuss DOS attack in the cloud and its types, what are the tools used to perform DOS attack and how they are detected and prevented. Finally it deals with the measures to protect the cloud services from DOS attack and also penetration testing for DOS attack.
The Role of Forest Ecosystems in the Economy of the Rural Area
Authors: Iacob Silvia Elena
Published: January 2017

We have presented the forest as an ecosystem, the socio-economic development of the forest ecosystems in the rural area and the sustainable management of the forest as an ecosystem. The debate on the public assets of the forests and on climate change will nourish the discussions related to the future form of the Common Agricultural Policy at a moment when the European Union is preparing its new forest strategy. A new sustainable rural development policy will need to rely on a strong will, based on the support of the States for the most disinherited rural areas in point of location, accessibility, economic development and services for the population. “The rural world” represents an opportunity for our country (until 2020); we only need to want to take advantage of these resources for a more sustainable development.
Sustainable Development in Manufacturing Systems
Authors: Nezami Farnaz Ghazi , Ghazinezami Ali , Krishnan Krishna K.
Published: January 2017

This chapter discusses sustainable development (SD) planning in manufacturing facilities. The industrial sector uses half of the world's energy, and manufacturing, as the core of this sector, contributes significantly to energy consumption and environmental footprints. In this chapter, in the first step, energy consumption, as one of the main factors influencing SD in manufacturing, is analyzed from different perspectives, and its impact on SD is studied. Thereafter, several energy-aware operations management approaches are proposed. These approaches integrate energy consumption into classic production planning and scheduling decisions. In the second step, a generic sustainability-based decision-making framework is proposed for maintenance strategy selection problem, considering three pillars of sustainability. For this purpose, various indicators are proposed for each sustainability factor that has an impact on maintenance planning decisions. The maintenance strategy alternatives are evaluated for each indicator and the best alternative is selected using a decision-making method.
Improving Access to Higher Education With UDL and Switch Access Technology
Authors: Perez Luis , Gulley Ann , Prickett Logan
Published: January 2017

This chapter presents an in-depth case study of the creative use of a mobile technology system by a diverse learner who is also one of the authors of the chapter. This learner is blind, has significant fine and gross motor impairment, and speaks in a whisper that is not understood by today's speech recognition technology. The learner's inclusion as an author is, in itself, a testimony to the empowerment the mobile communication system has brought to his life, which in turn has allowed him to be an active participant in the design of a learning environment based on Universal Design for Learning (UDL) principles. More specifically, the chapter details the ongoing development of a system for making math content more accessible not only to the individual learner who is the focus of the case study, but to other learners who struggle with higher level math content in higher education.
Enabling Literacy and Empowering Learners
Authors: Thompson Amy , Wake Donna Glenn
Published: January 2017

This research study examined the experiences of struggling readers and the teacher education candidates who supported them in a remedial reading clinical setting. Students in the study used open-ended tablet applications to support their own literacy development and to communicate their literacy knowledge and skill levels. The iPad applications positioned the students as curators of their own literacy content and promoted their ability to self-assess and reflect on their own growth and development. Students were empowered to represent and document their experiences in multiple modes and in their own voice. Their experiences could then be shared with parents. Similarly, candidates involved in tutoring the students were also involved in using the apps to promote their own growth and development as teachers of struggling readers. The candidates tutoring the students faced some challenges in managing the young readers' workflows and work with the apps; however, the insights they gained allowed them to truly understand the abilities of young learners, even those labeled as “struggling.”
Mobile Makerspace Carts
Authors: Smith Shaunna
Published: January 2017

This chapter provides background into the maker movement, potential strategies for integrating the maker movement into educational environments, and a case study of a mobile makerspace model that leverages carts with small portable devices and free/open-source apps/software to enable equitable makerspace experiences to learning spaces in diverse areas and contexts. Acknowledging the vast options for creating makerspace experiences, this chapter suggests that space itself can be transcended by focusing on immediately practical ways to provide access (i.e. small thematic mobile makerspace carts that can be easily transported), provide activities and tools that address the unique interests of the participants (i.e. asking participant stakeholders what their goals and aspirations are), and establish a learning culture that empowers maker mindsets (i.e. structuring activities with constraints that enable, engaging university students in service-learning projects).
Toys or Tools?
Authors: McGlynn-Stewart Monica , MacKay Tiffany , Gouweleeuw Brooke , Hobman Lisa , Maguire Nicola , Mogyorodi Emma , Ni Vicki
Published: January 2017

This research study examined 27 educators' experiences and comfort levels using open-ended tablet applications to support young children's oral and visual literacy learning. The open-ended applications used positioned students as the producers and creators of the literacy content. While the educators did experience some structural, technological, and pedagogical challenges using the applications, they reported many teaching and learning benefits. They found that using the applications empowered them with additional tools to support children in creating, documenting, and reflecting on their learning. Students were also empowered through being able to represent and archive their experiences in multiple modes and in their own voice. Through viewing the slideshows, parents were able to share in their children's school lives.
Logistical Issues With OER Initiative in a K-12 Environment
Authors: Baker Alesha , Asino Tutaleni , Xiu Ying , Fulgencio Jose L.
Published: January 2017

The arguments in favor of OER are many: ranging from cutting costs to a more equal distribution and access to knowledge globally. While there is a body of literature on the benefits and challenges to OER, what is often missing are cases of implementations that those who wish to adopt can emulate or learn from. In this chapter, we present a case study of a K-12 school district that is currently engaged in implementing open textbooks using mobile devices. We examined their process, and the logistical issues they have faced. Our findings reveal how a digital divide, student's preferences for a textbooks and perceptions of student empowerment all play a logistical role in adoption of OER.
Mobile Open-Access Revolutionizing Learning Among University Students in Kenya
Authors: Njeru Margaret W.
Published: January 2017

Today's knowledge-based economy requires that nations equip their citizens with appropriate skills, and a demand for university education has continued to soar. In much of Sub-Saharan Africa, however, the rapid increase in university enrollments has not been matched with an expansion of the relevant infrastructure, resulting in among other things, overcrowded classrooms and inadequate libraries. On the other hand, there has been a robust growth in the sector of technology globally. This chapter examines the rapid expansion of university education in Kenya and its implications on quality, as well as possible contributions of the Smartphone to learning. Challenges aside, the author concludes that the Smartphone could be exploited to supplement learning as it enables the student to access academic and research materials from credible sources that are either on free-access or subscribed-for through their home university libraries. Samples from forty-nine responses from university students are included in the chapter.