bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Systolic Dysfunction: Correlation of Acoustic Cardiography With Doppler Echocardiography
Authors: Zuber Michel , Kipfer Peter , Jost Christine Attenhofer
Published: June 2007

For detection of left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction in the outpatient setting, simultaneous electrocardiographic and heart sound data have been shown to be helpful. In 161 patients with suspected or known cardiac disease, echocardiography and acoustic cardiography were performed. Acoustic cardiographic parameters correlated to echocardiography included: presence or absence of S3, electromechanical activation time (EMAT), LV systolic time (LVST), and EMAT/LVST. LV ejection fraction was >50% in 82 patients (S3 present in 9.8%) and <50% in 79 patients (S3 present in 30.4%; the <50% group also had a greater EMAT, EMAT/LVST, and lower mean LVST [p<0.05]). Patients with an S3 had a lower ejection fraction, larger mean left atrial and LV dimensions, and an increased proportion of diastolic dysfunction. Acoustic cardiography allows reliable detection of the S3, which correlates with echocardiographic evidence of impaired LV function, and the EMAT/LVST ratio reflects reduced ejection fraction, providing an affordable, accessible means to assess LV dysfunction in the outpatient setting.
Action plans for the long‐term management of anaphylaxis: systematic review of effectiveness
Authors: Choo K. , Sheikh A.
Published: June 2007

Background
Anaphylaxis is a severe, potentially life‐threatening allergic reaction. Most reactions occur in the absence of a healthcare professional and there is a considerable risk of recurrence in those with a past history of anaphylaxis. The concept of action plans has been developed to facilitate long‐term self‐management of chronic disorders with a view to promoting patient empowerment and improving health outcomes. Although increasingly advocated for use in anaphylaxis, the effectiveness of this approach in this context is unknown.

Objectives
To assess the effectiveness of action plans as part of the long‐term self‐management of anaphylaxis in improving health outcomes.

Methods
Standard systematic review techniques were used. We searched CENTRAL, Cochrane, Medline and Embase databases, contacted an international panel of anaphylaxis experts and relevant pharmaceutical companies and searched key web‐based databases of trials (http://www.clinicaltrials.gov, http://www.controlledtrials.com and http://www.nrr.nhs.uk) for published, unpublished and on‐going randomized or quasi‐randomized controlled trials of action plans in anaphylaxis management. There was no restriction used with respect to the language of publication. Searches were completed in summer 2006.

Results
None of the 1026 potentially relevant studies identified fulfilled the inclusion criteria for this review.

Conclusions
Although there are potential major benefits of routinely issuing anaphylaxis action plans, there is currently no robust evidence to guide clinical practice. Pragmatic randomized‐controlled trials of anaphylaxis action plans are urgently needed; in the meantime, national and international guidelines should make clear this major gap in the evidence base.
Cortisol–cortisone ratios in small for gestational age (SGA) children without postnatal catch‐up growth
Authors: Plank Christian , Meißner Udo , Rauh Manfred , Wollmann Hartmut , Dörr Helmuth‐Günther , Rascher Wolfgang , Dötsch Jörg
Published: June 2007

Objective  Low birthweight is a risk factor for metabolic and cardiovascular disorders in later adult life. Changes in the activity of 11β‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (11β‐HSD2) and the consequent disequilibrium between cortisol (F) and cortisone (E) are thought to be a key mechanism for these effects. We investigated whether prenatal programming leads to alterations in F/E ratios on a systemic level.

Design, patients and methods  In a cross‐sectional, retrospective study we analysed sera of 132 children born small for gestational age (SGA) (aged 2–13 years) with persistent short stature [< –2 standard deviation score (SDS)] and of 25 children born appropriate for gestational age (AGA) (aged 4–11 years) with normal body height. Thirty‐one per cent of the SGA and 44% of the AGA children were born preterm. Serum E and F concentrations were measured using tandem mass spectrometry. To exclude species‐specific effects, we studied the 11β‐HSD system by measuring the ratio of corticosterone (B) to dehydrocorticosterone (11OH‐B) in rats that were born SGA after protein restriction of the female dams during pregnancy.

Results  F, E and the F/E ratio in serum did not differ in these children when comparing SGA to children who were born AGA and had normal height. The concentrations were independent of weight and length SDS at birth as well as gestational age. In rats born SGA, the B/11OH‐B ratio was not different to that in normal control animals at 6, 11 and 15 weeks of life.

Conclusion  We found no alterations in systemic cortisol–cortisone conversion either in short children born SGA or in SGA rats. However, local modifications of the 11β‐HSD system may be possible.
DNA ploidy and vimentin expression in primary breast cancer
Authors: IOAKIM‐LIOSSI A. , KARAKITSOS P. , MARKOPOULOS Ch. , ARONI K. , GOGAS J. , KYRKOU K.
Published: June 2007

DNA ploidy and vimentin expression in primary breast cancer

The DNA content of 50 breast cancers of varying tumour type, grade and stage was measured using static image cytometry, and correlated with vimentin expression in the tumour cells. A tendency to increased vimentin expression and aneuploidy was observed in high grade and late stage tumours1. A statistically significant difference was observed in DNA index and ploidy balance between grade 1 and grades 2 and 3 carcinomas (P<0.05) and between stage I and stage II carcinomas (P<0.05). There was a significant difference in the expression of vimentin between grades 1, 2, 3 (P<0,001), and stages I, II and III ductal carcinomas (P<0.05). No significant difference was observed in the proliferation index and the degree of hyperploidy (P>0.05). Clonal heterogeneity was observed in 25% of breast carcinomas, and was associated with increased vimentin expression. These changes may be indicative of genomic alteration and tumour aggressiveness.
Telepathology: a tool to aid in diagnosis and quality assurance in cervicovaginal cytology
Authors: MARSAN C. , VACHER‐LAVENU M. C.
Published: June 2007

Telepathology: a tool to aid in diagnosis and quality assurance in cenicovaginal cytology

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the use of a Teletransmission System with regard to quality of diagnosis and screening so as to establish its potential role in gynaecological cytology. Three aspects of its use in cytopathology have been considered: diagnosis, training, and quality control. The circumstances in which the system may be used for diagnosis, together with its advantages and disadvantages, are examined and discussed. In general, the costbenefit in diagnostic use related to the experience of both the expert and the peripheral pathologist. The system may also contribute to training and quality assessment, particularly if combined with other automated services, such as an image data bank.
Liquid‐based endometrial cytology: cyto‐histological correlation in a population of 917 women
Authors: Buccoliero A. M. , Gheri C. F. , Castiglione F. , Garbini F. , Barbetti A. , Fambrini M. , Bargelli G. , Pappalardo S. , Taddei A. , Boddi V. , Scarselli G. F. , Marchionni M. , Taddei G. L.
Published: June 2007

Objective:  Liquid‐based cytology, because of its capacity to reduce the obscuring factors and to provide thin‐layer specimens, represents an opportunity to reevaluate endometrial cytology. In order to assess the utility of the liquid‐based method in endometrial diagnosis, we evaluated its accuracy in comparison with histology.

Methods:  Nine hundred and seventeen women scheduled for hysteroscopy were enrolled in the study. After providing informed consent, all the women proceeded sequentially to hysteroscopy, endometrial cytology and then biopsy endometrial sampling.

Results:  Cyto‐histological correlations were possible in 519 cases (57%): in 361 (39%) cases the biopsy was inadequate, in 15 (2%) the cytology was inadequate, and in 22 (2%) both were inadequate. At biopsy 25 (3%) women had adenocarcinoma, 5 (1%) had adenomatous atypical hyperplasia and 21 (2%) had simple non atypical hyperplasia. At cytology two adenocarcinomas and one adenomatous atypical hyperplasia were underrated as atypical hyperplasias and as non‐atypical hyperplasia; two simple non‐atypical hyperplasias were reported as negative; and eight cases were false positive (non‐atypical hyperplasia at cytology, negative at biopsy). In our population, the cytology provided sufficient material more often than biopsy (P < 0.04). Sensitivity was estimated at 96%, specificity at 98%, positive predictive value at 86% and negative predictive value at 99%.

Conclusions:  We concluded that endometrial cytology may be an efficient diagnostic method. It could be applied to selected patients solely or in association with ultrasonography. The combination of these two noninvasive procedures may improve their diagnostic accuracy and reduce unnecessary hysteroscopies, thereby producing benefits for women and society.
Oral temperatures in young and old people
Authors: MAEDA T. , STOLTZE K. , USER A. , KROONE H. , BRILL N. , Tryde G.
Published: June 2007

Oral temperatures were measured in ten young females and ten young males, and compared to oral temperatures measured in ten elderly females and ten elderly males. Each subject had a complete natural dentition. When analysed by sex, it was found that the temperatures in elderly males were lower than in young males (P < 0.001), while temperatures in young and elderly females did not differ. Concerning sublingual temperatures, a difference of approximately one‐third of a degree centigrade was demonstrated between the two age groups (P < 0.005).
Phylogeography of the endangered Eryngium alpinum L. (Apiaceae) in the European Alps
Authors: NACIRI Y. , GAUDEUL M.
Published: June 2007

We studied the phylogeography of Eryngium alpinum by sequencing two intergenic chloroplast spacers, trnH‐psbA and trnS‐trnG (1322 bp). The sampling design included 36 populations and 397 individuals spanning the entire distribution range of the species, from France to Bosnia. Twenty‐one haplotypes were characterized and polymorphism was observed both within and among populations. Population differentiation was strong (FST = 0.92) and largely explained by the distinction of five geographic regions: Southwestern, Western, Middle, Eastern Alps and Balkans (FCT = 0.62). Moreover, NST was significantly higher than GST (P < 0.05), showing the existence of a phylogeographic pattern. Six major lineages were recognized using samova and median‐joining networks. One lineage, highly divergent from the other ones, was only found in the Balkans and probably persisted in situ during last glaciations. All other lineages might have survived in a Southwestern refugium (Mercantour) and colonized the entire Alpine arc (Southwestern, Western, Middle and Eastern Alps) through repeated colonization events at different time periods. This is the first empirical study suggesting Southern refugia for calcareous Alpine plants, although the existence of a secondary refugium in northern Italy/Austria is also suspected. We also observed recent haplotype diversification, especially in the Southwestern Alps.
Hydraulic design of leaves: insights from rehydration kinetics
Authors: ZWIENIECKI MACIEJ A. , BRODRIBB TIMOTHY J. , HOLBROOK N. MICHELE
Published: June 2007

We examined the leaf hydraulic design in 10 species based on their rehydration kinetics. In all cases, a biphasic response described the temporal pattern of water uptake, with time constants of ∼30 to 800 s and ∼800 to 8000 s. The time constants of the fast phase were significantly shorter in the six angiosperms (30 to 110 s) compared with the two single‐veined conifer species (>400 s) examined, while the two multi‐veined gymnosperm species, Gnetum gnemon and Ginkgo biloba, had time constants for the fast phase of ∼150 s. Among angiosperm species, the fast phase constituted 50–90% of the total water absorbed, whereas in gymnosperms 70–90% of the water uptake could be assigned to the slow phase. In the four gymnosperms, the relative water uptake corresponding to the fast phase matched to a good degree the relative volume of the venation and bundle sheath extension; whereas in the angiosperm species, the relatively larger water influx during the fast phase was similar in relative volume to the combined venation, bundle sheath extension, epidermis and (in four species) the spongy mesophyll. This suggests a general trend from a design in which the epidermis is weakly connected to the veins (all four gymnosperms), to a design with good hydraulic connection between epidermis and veins that largely bypasses the mesophyll (four of six angiosperms), to a design in which almost the entire leaf appears to function as a single pool.
Seasonal evolution of diffusional limitations and photosynthetic capacity in olive under drought
Authors: DIAZ‐ESPEJO ANTONIO , NICOLÁS EMILIO , FERNÁNDEZ JOSÉ ENRIQUE
Published: June 2007

This study tests the hypothesis that diffusional limitation of photosynthesis, rather than light, determines the distribution of photosynthetic capacity in olive leaves under drought conditions. The crowns of four olive trees growing in an orchard were divided into two sectors: one sector absorbed most of the radiation early in the morning (MS) while the other absorbed most in the afternoon (AS). When the peak of radiation absorption was higher in MS, air vapour pressure deficit (VPD) was not high enough to provoke stomatal closure. In contrast, peak radiation absorption in AS coincided with the daily peak in VPD. In addition, two soil water treatments were evaluated: irrigated trees (I) and non‐irrigated trees (nI). The seasonal evolution of leaf water potential, leaf gas exchange and photosynthetic capacity were measured throughout the tree crowns in spring and summer. Results showed that stomatal conductance was reduced in nI trees in summer as a consequence of soil water stress, which limited their net assimilation rate. Olive leaves displayed isohydric behaviour and no important differences in the diurnal course of leaf water potentials among treatments and sectors were found. Seasonal diffusional limitation of photosynthesis was mainly increased in nI trees, especially as a result of stomatal limitation, although mesophyll conductance (gm) was found to decrease in summer in both treatments and sectors. A positive relationship between leaf nitrogen content with both leaf photosynthetic capacity and the daily integrated quantum flux density was found in spring, but not in summer. The relationship between photosynthetic capacity and gm was curvilinear. Leaf temperature also affected to gm with an optimum temperature at 29 °C. AS showed larger biochemical limitation than MS in August in both treatments. All these suggest that both diffusional limitation and the effect of leaf temperature could be involved in the seasonal reduction of photosynthetic capacity of olive leaves. This work highlights the need for models of plant growth and ecosystem function to incorporate new parameters affecting the distribution of photosynthetic capacity in canopies.
Two biotypes of Lophodermiul11 pinastri in Scotland
Authors: Millar C. S. , Watson Anne R.
Published: June 2007

Two biotypes of Lophodermium pinastri, perhaps differing in their pathogenicity, were recognised on Pinus sylvestris in NE Scotland. These biotypes are described in artificial culture and are shown to be associated with definite habitats on pines, both in the plantation and in the nursery. In the discussion it is suggested that the present results might help to explain the difficulty many workers have experienced in trying to infect artificially young pine needles with L. pinastri.
Frost injury to Norway spruce during the winter of 1976–1977
Authors: Horntvedt R. , Venn Kåre
Published: June 2007

Symptoms of frost injury to young Norway spruce occurred in most of south‐eastern Norway at the beginning of March 1977. Needles and bark of the previous year's and, to a lesser degree, of the two‐year‐old shoots, were affected. The injury was most severe in plantations, especially of southern provenances on high quality sites. There was little or no effect of altitude, terrain or degree of exposure. The injury is presumed to have been initiated by unfavourable weather in 1976 (an extremely dry summer followed by a wet and cold autumn) and triggered by large daily temperature fluctuations towards the end of February when the tissues were lethally injured.
Relative blister rust resistance of white pines
Authors: Hoff R. , Bingham R. T. , McDonald G. I.
Published: June 2007

The frequency of six mechanisms of resistance to white pine blister rust is presented for 18 white pine species. The mechanisms are: prevention of needle lesions, reduced frequency of such lesions, premature shedding of infected needles, a fungicidal reaction in the short shoot, reactions that eliminate established bark infections, and the ability of a seedling to remain alive when infected. The importance of these mechanisms in selecting for resistance in the very susceptible North American white pines is discussed.
Armillaria root rot: Artificial inoculation and development of the disease in greenhouse1
Authors: Singh Pritam
Published: June 2007

Inoculation of five softwood provenances have revealed that they vary considerably with regard to their percent infection, percent mortality, severity of disease symptoms and progress of infection. Sitka spruce was the most susceptible species and served as a better substrate for further development of mycelium and rhizomorphs as compared to Norway and black spruces and Scots pine. The fungus always entered through uninjured surface of root collar and/or roots, the latter with more than 2 mm diameter. There was a conspicuous reduction m the total and annual growth in height in A. mellea‐infected seedlings.
Conifer root rot studies in the USSR for the years 1976–1978
Authors: Fedorov N. J. , Poleschuk J. M.
Published: June 2007

A review is given on current research on Fames annosus and Armillaria mellea in conifer stands in Russia. Investigations are proceeding on a wide front, involving stump treatments, rhizosphere effects and allelopathic effects of various species. Some representative figures for losses are given.
Virulence of Cryphonectria cubensis on Eucalyptus species differing in resistance
Authors: Alfenas A. C. , Jeng R. , Hubbes M.
Published: June 2007

Variability in virulence were detected among geographic isolates of Cryphonectria.cubensis (Bruner) Hodges. Inoculation studies of isolates, originally cultured from Brazil, Africa and Hawaii, in provenance of Eucalyptus pellita F. Muell (resistant) and E. saligna Sm. (susceptible) showed that the variation in resistance of Eucalyptus spp. is quantitatively isolate‐specific; the variation in virulence quantitatively host‐specific.

The practical consequences of pathogenic variability of C. cubensis and the strategies of selection and breeding of Eucalyptus for resistance is discussed.
Erwinia spp. and a new canker disease of hybrid poplars in Ontario
Authors: Mosseler A. J. , Hubbes M.
Published: June 2007

An attempt is made to determine the cause of a new canker and dieback disease affecting poplar hybrids (Populus spp.) growing in Ontario. Since the disease symptoms appear to be similar to those of a bacterial infection of poplars in Europe caused by Xanthomonas populi Ridé, bacterial species were investigated as possible causal agents of this new disease. Strains of Erwinia herbicola and Erwinia carotovora were associated with branch cankers on affected trees. The hypersensitive reaction on tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum var. Havana) resulting from artificial inoculations of strains of E. carotovora suggests the phytopathogenicity of these strains. Early results from inoculations into rooted poplar cuttings indicated that both strains may be capable of causing discolouration and decay of xylem tissues but these inoculations did not result in canker formation. Both of these opportunistic organisms may be potential pathogens of poplar under certain conditions.
Examination of low‐pathogenicity isolates of Armillaria mellea from natural stands of Picea abies in Middle‐Europe
Authors: Gramss G.
Published: June 2007

In certain indigenous Picea abies Karst. stands in the Thuringian Forest (Middle‐Europe), the incidence of butt rot and die‐back of saplings caused by Armillaria mellea (Vahl ex Fr.) Karst. is conspicuously low in spite of a general spread of this fungus on stumps of clear‐fellings. The majority of 43 isolates of A. mellea recovered from 13 highland infection centres were unable to form the brown type of rhizo‐morphs (BR) in soil but could form the white type rhizomorphs (WR) on sterile substrates. In contrast, 17 isolates from lowland hardwood stands of average disease incidence produced both types of rhizo‐morphs on both substrates. Results of inoculation of excised stem and root sections of Picea abies and Fagus sylvatica L. and saplings of P. abies associated with soils of different fertility levels indicated that the low disease index of certain P. abies stands is caused by the dominance of low‐pathogenicity strains of A. mellea which lack the ability to form BR and penetrate non‐injured bark of roots. Moreover, the poor podzolic highland soil types may contribute more to increase the survival rate and resistance of transplanted P. abies saplings than to reduce the spread of A. mellea.
Untersuchungen zur biologischen Bekämpfung von Heterobasidion annosum an Fichte (Picea abies) mit antagonistischen Pilzen
Authors: Holdenrieder Von O.
Published: June 2007

Investigations on biological control of Heterobasidion annosum in Norway spruce (Picea abies H. Karst.) with antagonistic fungi. I. Production of inoculum and interaction experiments in vitro. Thirty isolates of 22 fungal species were examined in vitro for sporulation, for germination of the spores, and for antagonism of mycelia against three strains of H. annosum. Viable spores were produced by 17 isolates, antagonism was shown by 28 isolates.
Pinus gerardiana—a new host of Arceuthobium minutissimum
Authors: Chaudhry Zakaullah , Badshah Khial
Published: June 2007

The presencs of Arceuthobium minutissimum on Pinus gerardiana in the remperate forests of Dir has been confirmed. It was found in the Zander forests around Anar Killi about 105 km north‐east of Dir. This is the first verified report of A, minutissimum on any host other than Pinus wallichiana.
Effect of bacteria and actinomycetes on germination of conidia of Cylindrocarpon destructans isolates pathogenic to Abies alba and Pinus sylvestris1
Authors: Strzelczyk E. , Rózycki H. , Michniewicz M.
Published: June 2007

Comparative studies were made on the effect of bacteria and actinomycetes on germination of conidia ofCylindrocarpon destructans. It was found that bacteria, especially strains isolated from the mycorrhizosphere affected germination of conidia stronger than the actinomycetes, although the response of different isolates of the fungus to the action of the strains used was different.
Mycorrhizal symbionts associated with hybrid poplars from Iowa, USA
Authors: Walker C. , McNABB H. S.
Published: June 2007

Seven clones of hybrid poplar, with parents from among four sections of the genus Populus, were potted in five Iowan soils. After a year they were sampled for mycorrhizae and endogonaceous spores. Eight species of Endogonaceae were recorded, seven known to form endomycorrhizae. Two ectomycorrhizal fungi, Ccnococcum geophilum and an unidentified species were noted. One poplar clone had fewer replicates in which Glomus fasciculatum spores were found, but otherwise there were no differences among the poplars in presence of spores. A soil from a P. grandidentata woodland had fewer pots with G. mosseae spores, while an agricultural soil had more occurrences of Gigaspora gigantea than other soils. No other significant differences among spores were noted for soils. Vesicles of endomycorrhizae occurred in all clones, but one was colonized more sparsely than the others. Two clones had ecto‐ and ectendo‐mycorrhizae, two types of the former being recorded. One of these clones had significantly more C. geophilum colonization than the other. There were indications of differences in mycotrophy among the sections of the genus Populus.
La variabilité de la sensibilité du Hêtre (Fagus sylvatica L.) à Nectria coccinea, un des agents de la maladie de l'écorce
Authors: Perrin R.
Published: June 2007

Variability of Fagus sylvatica susceptibility to Nectria coccinca, one of the agents of beech bark disease. N. coccinea was inoculated into wounds of young beeches raised from seeds of 6 bark diseased trees and 6 healthy ones in the same stand of the forest of Lyons. Classifieation of the progenies, according to the size of the necrosis, is in good agreement with the health of the mother trees. N. coccinca susceptibility of beech has a genetic origin.
Detection of wetwood in living poplar trees by electrical resistance measurements
Authors: Scott Eileen S.
Published: June 2007

Wetwood was detected in living trees by determining the electrical resistance patterns across the stem with a Shigometer. The resistance of wetwood to a pulsed electric current was low compared with that of healthy sapwood. Bacteria were isolated from wood with low resistance, but rarely from wood with high resistance. Provided that drilling and measurements were performed in a stepwise fashion, the extent of wetwood could be assessed with little damage to the trees tested. This procedure may be useful in identifying trees containing wetwood, particularly in the early stages before crown symptoms become apparent.
Role of periderm in resistance of Eucalyptus marginata roots against Phytophthora cinnamomi
Authors: Tippett Joanna T. , Hill T. C.
Published: June 2007

Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands invaded phloem tissue preferentially in Eucalyptus marginata Sm. (Jarrah) roots of both primary and secondary structure. Rate of fungal growth in the “primary” roots was less than in roots with secondary thickening. In the main field study jarrah roots between 1.5–2.5 mm in diameter, were inoculated with P. cinnamomi at regular intervals, over 12 months and in most cases invasion of the phloem was halted within the first 8 weeks of infection. In the majority of roots which exhibited secondary structure, lesion shape reflected the pattern of periderm development. Some lesions were peripheral in the outer phloem as cylindrical periderms had formed close to the vascular cambium. Other lesions were limited to a sector of the roots; periderm had formed radially through the secondary phloem and a zone of suberization was often continuous through the cambial zone and xylem. Formation of periderm at the edge of lesions was a multi‐step process with various changes occurring, including lignification and suberization of walls and accumulation of autofluorescent compounds in cell walls and vacuoles. The layers of suberized and lignified cells formed near lesion fronts, were necrophylactic periderms. Necrophylactic periderm formation generally preceded the establishment of periderm of the exophylactic type.
Factors affecting basidiospore release by Chondrostereum purpureum in New Zealand
Authors: Spiers A. G.
Published: June 2007

Basidiospore discharge by Chondrostereum purpureum was studied in the laboratory and in the field.Discharge began several hours. following rain and continued until the water content of sporophores fell below 75%. The duration of the spore release period and the number of basidiospores. released were significantly (P < 0.01) correlated with total rainfall and hours of RH% > 75%. In the laboratory, temperature significantly (P < O.O5) influenced basidiosporc production, the optimum being 18°C. In field studies, temperature correlated poorly with the duration of spore release and the number of basidiospores discharged. Laboratory studies showed that alternating light/dark photoperiods resulted in greater basidiospore production than either conitinuous dark or light, and that due to time lag light stimulated spore production in the dark. Field studies supported rese observations although it was not possible to separate the influence of light from that of relative humnidity and tainfall. Regression equations were derived to predict the amount and duration of spore discharge.
A distribution map for Seiridium cardinale causing the cypress canker disease in Greece
Authors: Xenopoulos S. , Diamandis S.
Published: June 2007

The first distribution map of Seiridium (Coryneum) cardinale (Wag.) Sutton and Gibson which causes the cypress canker in Greece is given. A recent survey all over the country has shown that S. W. Greece and the Ionian islands are already under heavy attack whereas in central and N. Greece and the island of Krete only restricted spots have been found. Strict sanitation measures are imposed to prevent building up and diffusion of the disease.
Ultrastructural aberrations referring to viruses in the needles of young growth disturbed pine seedlings
Authors: Soikkeli Sirkka
Published: June 2007

Ultrastructural abnormalities in phloem albuminous cells of needles of young pine seedlings from two Finnish nurseries suffering from the growth disturbances of conifer seedlings were studied. Needle samples were taken from growth disturbed seedlings and from healthy looking nursery seedlings as well as from naturally born forest seedlings. The results are discussed in relation to the possibility of virus disease in growth disturbed seedlings. The first trials to observe the viruslike particles from abnormal seedlings will be discussed, too.
The Armillaria species in Europe
Authors: Roll‐Hansen F.
Published: June 2007

A literature survey is given of the five European honey mushrooms Armillaria mellea, A. borealis, A. bulbosa, A. cepistipes, and A. obscura (syn. A. ostoyae) (corresponding respectively to Korhonen's intersterile groups D, A, E, B, and C); two forms of A. cepistipes are discussed: the tiny A. cepistipes f. cepistipes from Czechoslovakia and West Germany and the more common A. cepistipes f. pseudo‐bulbosa Romagnesi et Marxmüller. Nomenclature, geographical distribution, hosts, some characteristics, and practical importance (including pathogenicity) are treated.
Long‐term conservation of living fungal pathogens
Authors: Bazzigher G. , Kanzler Esther
Published: June 2007

Three simplified freeze drying methods have proved partieularly successful for the long‐term conservation of phytopathogenie fungi. Tests revealed no loss of vitality after up to 25 years of storage. The determination of the maximum lethal temperature allows the storage life of lyophilised fungi to be estimated.
Sustématique des Armilaires du groupe Mellea. Conséquenmces phytopathologiques
Authors: Guillaumin J.J. , Lung Brigitte , Romagnesi H. , Marxmuller Helga , Lamoure Denise , Durrieu G. , Berthelay Stizanne , Mohammed Caroline
Published: June 2007

The systematics of the Armillaria mellea complex. Phytopathological consequences. The five biolo‐gical species of the Armillaria complex as defined by Korhonen coincide with species already defined by other authors on the basis of their morphology and have been given latin namenelature.

The main characteristies of the five Eurmpean species are deseribed: Fruitbody morphology, myce‐lium morephology in loboratory culture, rhizomorphs grown in a rhizotron and the ease with which fruithodies are produced in the laboratory. A descriptiom is given of the geographical distribution ecological specialisation and pathogenicity of these 5species.
A preliminary note on Phellinus noxius root rot of Cordia alliodora plantings in Vanuatu
Authors: Neil P. E.
Published: June 2007

The results of a preliminary survey to evaluate the impact and distribution of root disease caused by Phellinus noxius (Corner) G. H. Cunn. in enrichment plantings of the introduced tree Cordia alliodora (Ruiz. and Pav.) Oken in the natural forest of Vanuatu show that the overall impact of the disease is light with some slight increase with increase in age of crop. On Pentecost Island losses are much more severe, increasing rapidly in older plantings. The high level is thought to be due to the interaction of relatively high rainfall and high inoculum level in the natural forest. Further studies and surveys of the disease are planned.
Pathogenicity of Leptographium procerum and L. terebrantis on Pinus strobus seedlings and established trees
Authors: Wingfield M. J.
Published: June 2007

The pathogenicity of Leptographium terebrantis and Leptographium wageneri, was compared with that of eight isolates of L. procerum from different parts of the world by wound inoculation of two‐year‐old Pinus strobus seedlings. Isolates of L. procerum caused limited discoloration around inoculation sites whereas L. terebrantis caused girdling cankers and L. wageneri systemically invaded seedlings. Only three of 160 seedlings inoculated with various isolates of L. procerum died; L. terebrantis and L. wageneri killed 17 and 15 of 20 seedlings inoculated respectively. Inoculation of L. procerum and controls caused localised discoloration around inoculation points and inoculation with L. terebrantis resulted in lesions up to 150 cm long on 15‐year‐old P. strobus. Lesions associated with L. procerum were however significantly longer than the discolored areas on control plants. In comparison with L. terebrantis, L. procerum appears to be a weak wound pathogen.
Investigations on the influence of wood‐inhabiting bacteria on the pH‐value in trees
Authors: Schmidt O.
Published: June 2007

Regardless of their isolation origin, bacteria from wetwood of fir and poplar, from polluted beech and spruce trees, and from discoloured timber of Ilomba, acidified aerobically glucose‐rich substrates by organic acid production and increased the pH of protein media by ammonia. The pH‐changes occurred in laboratory nutrient media and also in the physiologically characterized capillary liquids and wood flours of fir, poplar and spruce.
Physiologische und biochemische Aspekte der Wirkung von Immissionen auf Waldbäume1
Authors: Jäger Von H.‐J. , Weigel H.‐J. , Grünhage L.
Published: June 2007

Physiological and biochemical aspects of the impact of air pollutants on forest trees. The article summarizes physiological and biochemical aspects and the usefulness of these parameters as early indicators and possible causes of the current forest decline. After a description of the effects of gaseous air pollutants and acid precipitation on foliar and needle surface structures, the mechanisms underlying the uptake and translocation of these pollutants into the plant interior are evaluated. It is further described how air pollutants and their reaction products, respectively, interact with different metabolic steps of the plant. Special emphasis is layed on free radicals and their reaction product as potent inhibitors of biochemical reactions within the plant cell.
The detection of poplar mosaic virus and its occurrence in a range of clones in England and Poland
Authors: Cooper J. I. , Edwards M. L. , Siwecki R.
Published: June 2007

The incidence of poplar mosaic virus evidenced by foliage symptoms, enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or bioassay (infectivity) was greater in stooled clones having Aigeiros (especially as the female) parents than in those of Tacamahaca parentage. The overall prevalence of the virus in clones growing in England was less (84/344, 24%) than in clones growing in Poland (143/256, 56%). Whereas symptoms in PMV‐infected P. deltoides were prominent and common, in P. nigra, another species assigned to the Section Aigeiros they were indistinct and rare. Evidence of poplar mosaic virus inferred from ELISA alone was found in only one aspen of 52 tested clones in the Sections Leuce, Leuce × Leuce or Leucoides.
Pathogenicity of three Lophodermium species on Pinus sylvestris L.
Authors: Diwani S. A. , Millar C. S.
Published: June 2007

The pathogenicity of Lophodermium pinastri, L. conigenum and L. seditiosum on 14‐month old transplants was investigated in Scotland. While L. seditiosum was found to be a serious pathogen, L. conigenum and L. pinastri were not. Under outdoor conditions, L. seditiosum was found to kill needles five months after inoculation.
Simultane Messung der Chlorophyll Fluoreszenz‐Kinetik bei verschiedenen Wellenlángen als rasches Verfahren zur Frühdiagnose von Immissionsbelastungen an Waldbäumen: Ozoneinwirkungen auf Buchen und Pappeln
Authors: Strasser R. J. , Schwarz B. , Bucher J. B.
Published: June 2007

Simultaneous measurement of chlorophyll fluorescence‐kinetics at two different wavelengths as a rapid and an early detection method of air pollution damage on trees: Ozone effects on beech and poplar. A newly defined light adaption index AP shows the stress influence already before the comparable and known vitality index Rfd and the appearance of visible ozone symptoms on foliage.
Infection of roots of Norway spruce (Picea abies) by Heterobasidion annosum
Authors: Stenlid J. , Johansson M.
Published: June 2007

Roots of 18 mature Picea abies were inoculated in situ with Heterobasidion annosum. Within one month a dry transition zone formed in advance of the growing hyphae and around non‐infected wounds. After 1, 3, and 12 months, the fungal growth and the phenolic and resinous content of the root wood were determined. After 12 months, accumulation of phenolic compounds in the transition zone resulted in concentrations similar to those found in sound heartwood and 12 times higher than those found in sound sapwood. The amount of phenolic glucosides in Heterobasidion annosum‐infected wood was higher than in the other samples. The relative toxicity of the phenolics was highest in the transition zone and lowest in the heartwood. At concentrations comparable to those in wood, transition zone phenolics were the strongest inhibitors of conidial germination in Heterobasidion annosum and sapwood phenolics were the weakest.
Amino nitrogen and phenolic constituents of bark of American beech, Fagus grandifolia, and infestation by beech scale, Cryptococcus fagisuga
Authors: Wargo Ph. M.
Published: June 2007

Concentrations of amino acids, total amino nitrogen, and phenols, ratio of phenol to amino nitrogen, and pH in the bark of American beech, Fagus grandifolia, were determined to see if these chemical constituents were correlated with susceptibility of trees to infestation by the beech scale, Cryptococcus fagisuga. The relationship of these bark constituents with scale infestation levels (none, light, and moderate), tree size (large vs. small trees), and bark shading was determined. Levels of some individual amino acids and total amino acid content in moderately infested trees were significantly higher than in uninfested trees. Large uninfested beech trees, which tend to be more readily infested by scale, had significantly higher concentrations of aspartic acid. Concentrations of phenol in the outer bark of both infested and uninfested trees were significantly higher than in the inner bark. However in bark infected by Nectria, phenol levels in the inner bark were significantly higher than in the outer bark.
Comparaison des activités phosphatases ?Homobasidiomycètes ectomycorhiziens en culture in vitro
Authors: Mousain D. , Bousquet Nadine , Polard Catherine
Published: June 2007

Comparison of phosphatase activities in ectomycorrhizal Homobasidiomycetes cultured in vitro

. Phosphatase activities, measured on intact mycelia (accessible activities) or on mycelial homogenates (total activities), were compared in twelve ectomy corrhizal strains of Homobasidiomycetes (Hebeloma cylindrosporum, Laccaria laccata; Suillus bellini; S. bovinus; S. granulatus; S. luteus, Pisolithus arhizus). The effects of the following factors were examined: (i) two orthophosphate concentrations in the culture medium; (ii) two incubation substrates (sodium p‐nitrophenylphosphate or sodium phytate). Phosphatase activities were highest when mycelial homogenates were incubated in the presence of p‐nitrophenyl phosphate after culturing the mycelia on medium slightly deficient in orthophosphate, particularly in the case of one S. granulatus isolate.
Ultrastructural studies of basidial and basidiospore development and basidiospore release in Chondrostereum purpureum
Authors: Spiers A. G. , Hopcroft D. H.
Published: June 2007

Basidia of Chondrostereum purpureum formed sympodially and extended enteroblastically and were delimited by a primary septum with a septal pore apparatus. Basidia were initially binucleate and following karyogamy and meiosis four daughter nuclei formed and entered basidiospore initially. Sterigmata formed by enteroblastic extension of the innermost basidial layer. Basidiospore initials developed on the top of sterigmata and cytoplasmic vesicles were numerous in their apices. Basidiospore initials were delimited from sterigmata by formation of an electron‐lucent zone. Basidiospores were released by rupture at or below the electron‐lucent zone, often leaving a portion of the sterigmal wall attached. Sporophores and basidia survived desiccation (22% water content) by vacuolation and condensation of cytoplasm. Sporophores had a strong affinity for moisture and rehydrated rapidly attaining water contents of 80% in less than ten minutes. Several hours elapsed however before a significant number of basidiospores were released. Field studies showed the importance of rain in hydrating sporophores and influence of high relative humidity in maintaining spore release.
Characterisation of bacteria from poplars and willows exhibiting leaf spotting and stem cankering in New Zealand
Authors: Haworth R. H. , Spiers A. G.
Published: June 2007

During the unusually moist 1985–86 growing season, field grown poplars and willows exhibited on the current seasons growth, terminal and side shoot blackening, dieback, leaf spots and stem cankering. Bacteria isolated from infected tissues were: Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae, P. fluorescens, Erwinia herbicola and Xanthomonas campestris pv. populi (poplar only). Isolates of P. syringae pv. syringae alone were pathogenic to the original hosts and evoked hypersensitive responses in tobacco leaves. The remaining bacteria were non‐pathogenic and accordingly were considered to be components of the epiphytic microflora.
Studien an Ektomykorrhizen XII.1,2
Authors: Von Weiss M. , Agerer R.
Published: June 2007

Three unidentified mycorrhizae of Picea abies (L.) Karst. grown in a nursery. In connection with investigations on forest decline, three species of mycorrhizae were found at the roots of cuttings of Picea abies (L.) Karst. grown in a nursery. These three mycorrhizae are characterized, similar types as described in literature are discussed.
Isolation of symbiont and associated fungi from ectomycorrhizas of Sitka spruce
Authors: Schild D. E. , Kennedy A. , Stuart M. R.
Published: June 2007

Isolation of symbiont and associated fungi from ectomycorrhizas of Sitka spruce from three Irish forest plantations is described. Frequent emergence of dark sterile mycelia and Oidiodendron spp., predominantly O. maius, restricted the recovery of potential symbionts. Inhibition of the former by benomyl resulted in a sixfold increase in basidiomycetes isolated. Pure culture syntheses confirmed the ectomycorrhizal ability of potential symbiont isolates and demonstrated the parasitic nature of dark sterile mycelial types. Antagonism of Mycelium radicis atrovirens, Phytophthora cinnamomi and Heterobasidion annosum by O. maius observed in paired cultures supports the possible involvement of this species in biological control of conifer root pathogens.
Ophiostoma ulmi metabolites and elm cell membrane permeability. Possible use in early tests of resistance
Authors: Mezzetti B. , Mittempergher L. , Rosati P.
Published: June 2007

Electrolyte leakage from leaf discs of three Ulmus species when challenged with cultural filtrate of an NAN aggressive isolate of Ophiostoma ulmi paralleled their susceptibility to the disease in the field. But the correlation was not working with some hybrids derived from the common field elm showing intermediate resistance. The possible explanation will be checked in further tests which are in progress to assess the possibility of using this technique in early screening for resistance.
Comparative studies of type and herbarium specimens of Marssonina species pathogenic to poplars
Authors: Spiers A. G.
Published: June 2007

Comparative studies of type and herbarium specimens of Marssonina species pathogenic to poplars showed that recognition of four species viz., M. populi, M. castagnei, M. balsamiferae and M. brunnea is warranted. M. tremutae, M. tremuloidis and M. populina were considered to be synonymous with M. brunnea, which has priority. Morphological features of conidia (shape, mean dimensions, size ratios and septum location) proved useful differential taxonomic criteria.
Wachstumsreaktionen verschiedener Provenienzen der Weißtanne (Abies alba Mill.) nach winterlicher SOj‐Begasung
Authors: Larsen J. B. , Friedrich J.
Published: June 2007

Growth patterns of different Abies alba (Mill.) provenances after SO2‐fumigation during the previous winter. Height and diameter growth, time of flushing and needle cast were studied in different Abies alba provenances one year after SO2 exposure. Provenance specific reduction in growth and needle cast could be demonstrated.
A 21‐year record of forest decline on Camels Hump, Vermont, USA
Authors: Vogelmann H. W. , Perkins T. D. , Badger G. J. , Klein R. M.
Published: June 2007

Ecological studies on Camels Hump mountain in northern Vermont document a decline of many forest tree species since 1965. A forest survey in 1986 shows a continued decline in the density, basal area and biomass of red spruce (Picea rubens) and other dominant tree species. The changes occurring between 1983 and 1986 indicate a rapid and continuing reduction in the productivity of the montane forest ecosystem.
Peroxidase‐ und Superoxiddismutase‐Aktivität sowie Prolingehalte von Fichtennadeln nach Belastung mit O3, SO2 und NO2
Authors: Klumpp G. , Guderian R. , Küppers K.
Published: June 2007

In long‐term experiments the influence of various combinations of O3, SO2 and NO2 on peroxidase activity, superoxide dismutase activity as well as on proline contents of spruce needles was studied. The reactions of these parameters varied depending on the type of pollution and the needle age. Peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activity were also influenced by Mg and Ca supply of the plants.
The oak decline: a new problem in Italy
Authors: Ragazzi A. , Fedi Irene Dellavalle , Mesturino Laura
Published: June 2007

The Authors observed, in Italy, over a number of years, isolated and grouped trees of the genus Quercus that declined over one or more vegetative seasons.

The spread was very fast; in fact the trees declined in the course of 2–3 vegetative seasons. A series of symptoms was observed: production of epicormic shoots, yellowing of leaves, laceration of the bark, bleeding from the trunk. Many fungi were isolated: Armillaria spp., Cephalosporium spp., Cladosporium spp., Cylindrocarpon spp., Diplodia mutila, Hypoxylon mediterraneum, Phoma cavae, Pbomopsis quercina, Sporotrix spp.

Future research will attempt to ascertain the possible causes of the decline.
Association of Tiarosporella parca with needle reddening and needle cast in Norway spruce
Authors: Heiniger Ursula , Schmid Manuela
Published: June 2007

Needles of Norway spruce turned red‐brown in late fall and were consequently shed. On these needles fungal fruit bodies of Tiarosporella parca were found. This fungus could also be isolated from green needles of all ages.
Epicuticular waxes and Melampsora pinitorqua Rostr. pre‐infection behaviour on maritime pine shoots
Authors: Desprez‐Loustau Marie‐Laure , Le Menn R.
Published: June 2007

Pre‐infection behaviour of Melampsora pinitorqua basidiospores on maritime pine shoots was studied in scanning electron microscopy. An evolution of epicuticular wax fine structure during shoot growth was observed. The germination pattern of basidiospores was shown to be related to the wax structure.