bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The popularisation of self‐care: Tracing the dissemination of Orem's Self‐Care Deficiency Nursing Theory into the scientific disciplines
Authors: Yayla Kemal , Yilmaz Medine , Yildirim Sari Hatice
Published: February 2023

Background

Bibliometric methods may be used to examine research trends, and information visualisation techniques are useful in illustrating the diffusion of knowledge and how theories are applied.

Objectives

The present study aimed to illustrate how Orem's Self‐Care Deficiency Nursing Theory (SCDNT) has been cited and applied in nursing science and beyond.

Methods

A bibliometric analysis examined scientific publications that cited Orem's nursing theory. In addition, the diffusion of SCDNT was assessed using data visualisation methods and integration scores of SCDNT versions were calculated to define trends in its theoretical usage in other scientific domains.

Results

The information visualisation demonstrated increased usage of SCDTN in different disciplines. Integration scores demonstrated that the scientific community still recognises and uses versions of SCDTN.

Discussion

Studying citation patterns helps to identify which publications are still cited and relevant, as well as illustrating the dissemination of theory. Findings may be used in the collection weeding of SCDTN book versions.

Conclusions

Findings provided nursing scientists with a better conceptual understanding of SCDNT diffusion and development. For academic library managers, the findings identify which SCDNT should be retained for historical interest and curriculum needs.
Modelling the scope to conserve an endemic‐rich mountain butterfly taxon in a changing climate
Authors: Romo H. , García‐Barros E. , Wilson R. J. , Mateo R. G. , Munguira M. L.
Published: February 2023

Taxa restricted to mountains may be vulnerable to global warming, unless local‐scale topographic variation and conservation actions can protect them against expected changes to the climate.

We tested how climate change will affect the 19 mountain‐restricted Erebia species of the Iberian Peninsula, of which 7 are endemic.

To examine the scope for local topographic variation to protect against warming, we applied species distribution models (HadGEM2 and MPI) at two spatial scales (10 × 10 and 1 × 1 km) for two representative concentration pathways (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) in 2050 and 2070. We also superimposed current and future ranges on the protected area (PA) network to identify priority areas for adapting Erebia conservation to climate change.

In 10 × 10 km HadGEM2 models, climatically suitable areas for all species decreased in 2050 and 2070 (average −95.7%). Modelled decreases at 1 × 1 km were marginally less drastic (−95.3%), and 14 out of 19 species were still expected to lose their entire climatically favourable range by 2070.

The PA network is well located to conserve the species that are expected to retain some climatically suitable areas in 2070. However, we identify 25 separate 10 × 10 km squares where new PAs would help to adapt the network to expected range shifts or contractions by Erebia.

Based on our results, adapting the conservation of range‐restricted mountain taxa to projected climate change will require the implementation of complementary in situ and ex situ measures alongside urgent climate change mitigation.
Gelatin/chitosan nanofibres containing β‐cyclodextrin complex and corn poppy (Papaver rhoeasL.) for intelligent packaging
Authors: Bakhshizadeh Milad , Moghaddam Tina Niknazar , Tavassoli Milad , Ayaseh Ali , Bangar Sneh Punia
Published: February 2023

This study aimed to produce an intelligent gelatin film containing chitosan nanofibre (CNF) and β‐cyclodextrin/corn poppy complex (β‐CD/CP) and monitor shrimp spoilage. The crystalline properties, surface morphology and chemical structure of the films were characterised. The results showed that the addition of CNF caused the appearance of a new peak at 2θ = 12.16° and improved the crystalline properties of the film. According to Fourier Transform Infrared (FT‐IR) results, new interactions were formed between CNF and the β‐CD/CP complex. Also, the addition of the β‐CD/CP complex significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the water solubility (WS) of the gelatin‐based film from 96% to 42%. The results of shrimp spoilage monitoring showed that after 7 days of storage, the colour of the intelligent film changed from coral to goldenrod due to the change in pH from 8.3 to 10.5 and the formation of ammonia vapours due to the decomposition of proteins, which shows the potential of the intelligent films containing the β‐CD/CP to be used for monitoring of seafood products.
Benefits of prompting students to generate summaries during pauses in segmented multimedia lessons
Authors: Wang Yanqing , Wang Fuxing , Mayer Richard E. , Hu Xiangen , Gong Shaoying
Published: February 2023

Background

How to improve learning with online multimedia lessons has attracted widespread concern. Prior studies have attempted to help students learn by breaking a video lesson into several segments. However, there has been a debate about whether learners can use pause time effectively and whether prompting them to engage in different types of generative learning activities during pauses can better facilitate learning.

Objectives

This study aimed to explore how to maximize learning by asking students to engage in generative processing activities during pauses in segmented narrated video lessons.

Methods

Three experiments explored the effectiveness of segmenting, and whether adding summaries between segments can improve learning performance. In Experiment 1, participants were asked to view a segmented video or a continuous video. In Experiment 2, we examined whether adding summarizing activities during pauses can improve the effects of segmenting. In Experiment 3, we further investigated the effects of adding different types of summarizing activities during pauses.

Results and Conclusions

In Experiment 1, segmenting improved performance on retention tests, but not on transfer tests. In Experiment 2, the effects of segmenting on the retention and transfer tests were enhanced when learners were asked to produce written summaries during the pauses. In Experiment 3, asking participants to imagine or write summaries during the pauses in segmented lessons improved retention and transfer test performance, but providing a summary only helped on retention.

Takeaways

Adding generative learning activities (i.e., summarizing) during pauses prompted learners to learn the material more deeply. Results are consistent with the ICAP framework and the cognitive theory of multimedia learning.
Tilapia lake virus (TiLV) causes severe anaemia and systemic disease in tilapia
Authors: Turner Jessica Kaye , Sakulpolwat Sasakorn , Sukdanon Suchanuch , Lertwanakarn Tuchakorn , Waiyamitra Pitchaporn , Piewbang Chutchai , Pierezan Felipe , Techangamsuwan Somporn , Soto Esteban , Surachetpong Win
Published: February 2023

Tilapia lake virus disease (TiLVD) is an emerging disease in tilapia that is associated with mass mortality affecting global tilapia aquaculture. In this study, red hybrid tilapias (Oreochromis spp.) were experimentally infected by intracoelomic injection with Tilapia lake virus (TiLV) to gain a better understanding of the clinicopathological changes during infection. Pale bodies and gill were observed in infected fish after 7 days of post‐challenge (dpc) associated with severe anaemia. Further haematological analysis in TiLV‐infected fish revealed decreased levels of haemoglobin and haematocrit at 3 dpc. Common pathological findings included pale and friable liver, pale intestine with catarrhal content, and dark and shrunken spleen in TiLV‐infected fish at 7 dpc and 14 dpc. Histologically, reduced numbers of red blood cells and accumulation of melano‐macrophage centre in the spleen were found in infected fish at 3 dpc, and severe lesions were more commonly observed at 7 and 14 dpc. Lymphocyte infiltration, syncytial cell formation and multifocal necrotic hepatitis were the prominent pathological findings in the liver of infected fish. The severity of pathological changes was associated with TiLV‐infection with higher viral loads and with the expression pattern of pro‐inflammatory cytokines and antiviral genes, including interferon regulatory factor 1 (irf1), interleukin (il‐8), radical s‐adenosyl methionine domain containing 2 (rsad2) and mx. Our study provides a comprehensive analysis of the haematological profile and pathological changes in tilapia during TiLV infection. Overall, lesions present in various organs, together with alteration of host immune response in TiLV‐infected fish, indicate the systemic infection of this virus. The knowledge gained from this study improves our understanding of how TiLV causes pathological and haematological changes in tilapia.
Deregulation and Financial Intermediation Cost: An International Comparison
Authors: BAZOT GUILLAUME
Published: February 2023

Calculations for 15 countries reveal falling unit costs of financial intermediation in most cases, especially where unit cost was high during the 1970s. This result coincides with the concomitant convergence of both unit cost and the deregulation index over the period: Countries with a high unit cost were initially more strictly regulated and subsequently deregulated more. Despite this, the international unit cost barely declined due to the decreasing weight of low unit cost countries in total financial production after the mid‐1980s. Focusing on the specific effect of deregulation, the econometric analysis displays a negative and significant link between deregulation change and unit cost variation. Further analyses reveal that the effect of a change in deregulation depends on banks' market power. Thus, the stagnating unit cost observed in the United States and the United Kingdom, the two largest providers of financial services, could be due to weaker deregulation reforms—deregulation was already high in these countries during the 1980s—and a concomitant reduction in competition.
To be or not to be Alpine: New petrological constraints on the metamorphism of the Chenaillet Ophiolite (Western Alps)
Authors: Corno Alberto , Groppo Chiara , Borghi Alessandro , Mosca Pietro , Gattiglio Marco
Published: February 2023

The Chenaillet Ophiolite represents a very well‐preserved portion of Ligurian‐Piedmont ocean in the Western Alps. It is formed from an oceanic lithospheric succession comprising exhumed mantle, various mafic intrusives (i.e., gabbro sensu lato), and a world‐renowned sequence of pillow basalts. Apart from scarce breccias closely related to oceanic lithosphere, no sedimentary cover is exposed. Historically, the Chenaillet Ophiolite has been known for its very low temperature–low pressure Alpine metamorphism, ascribed to obduction processes. However, studies aimed at constraining the peak pressure–temperature (P–T) conditions of Alpine metamorphism are virtually lacking, the general focus having been so far on its high temperature metamorphism and geochemical features. In this paper, we investigate two kinds of rocks: gabbro and albitite/alkali syenite, whose petrographic features shed light on the complex metamorphic history of the Chenaillet Ophiolite. Detailed analyses of mineral assemblages, blastesis/deformation relationships, and mineral chemical data allow two metamorphic events to be distinguished: an earlier, high temperature event (already reported in the literature) and a second, later low temperature, high pressure event, recognized here for the first time. The low temperature, high pressure event is strikingly testified by the occurrence of lawsonite relicts in the gabbro and of interstitial omphacite in the albitite. Thermodynamic modelling (i.e., via isochemical phase diagrams) performed on a gabbro sample suggests for this unit a minimum of 9 kbar and 300°C and a maximum of 15 kbar and 450°C. Overlapping these P–T conditions with those inferred for the albitite based on the observed mineral assemblage allows the Alpine peak metamorphism to be constrained to 10–11 kbar and 340–360°C. These P–T conditions suggest a thickness of the overlying nappe stack of about 35–40 km, which is incompatible with obduction or burial processes, and instead consistent with subduction processes related to the Alpine orogeny. We argue that, opposite to the common belief that the Chenaillet Ophiolite escaped Alpine metamorphism, our new data strongly support the idea that it experienced low temperature‐blueschist‐facies metamorphism, whose evidence can still be tracked in those (few) rocks that better recorded and preserved it. This finding generates new challenging questions regarding both subduction and exhumation processes in complex orogens such as the Western Alps.
Co‐culture of iNeurons with primary human skin cells provides a reliable model to examine intercellular communication
Authors: Labarrade Florian , Botto Jean‐Marie , Imbert Isabelle
Published: February 2023

Objective

The skin is a sensory organ, densely innervated with various types of sensory nerve endings, capable of discriminating touch, environmental sensations, proprioception, and physical affection. Neurons communication with skin cells confer to the tissue the ability to undergo adaptive modifications during response to environmental changes or wound healing after injury. Thought for a long time to be dedicated to the central nervous system, the glutamatergic neuromodulation is increasingly described in peripheral tissues. Glutamate receptors and transporters have been identified in the skin. There is a strong interest in understanding the communication between keratinocytes and neurons, as the close contacts with intra‐epidermal nerve fibers is a favorable site for efficient communication. To date, various coculture models have been described. However, these models were based on non‐human or immortalized cell line. Even the use of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) is posing limitations because of epigenetic variations during the reprogramming process.

Methods

In this study, we performed small molecule‐driven direct conversion of human skin primary fibroblasts into induced neurons (iNeurons).

Results

The resulting iNeurons were mature, showed pan‐neuronal markers, and exhibited a glutamatergic subtype and C‐type fibers characteristics. Autologous coculture of iNeurons with human primary keratinocytes, fibroblasts, and melanocytes was performed and remained healthy for many days, making possible to study the establishment of intercellular interactions.

Conclusion

Here, we report that iNeurons and primary skin cells established contacts, with neurite ensheathment by keratinocytes, and demonstrated that iNeurons cocultured with primary skin cells provide a reliable model to examine intercellular communication.
Bibliometric analysis of global research on breast reconstruction after mastectomy for breast cancer from 2011 to 2021
Authors: Zhang Hongyi , Gao Yakun , Ying Jianghui , Yu Hang , Guo Rong , Xiong Jiachao , Jiang Hua
Published: February 2023

Background

Breast cancer is the most common malignant tumor in the world, and most patients require a mastectomy. Women who have undergone mastectomy often suffer from breast loss that seriously affects their daily life, and breast reconstruction is not only beneficial to patient's quick recovery after surgery, but also their mental health. So, in recent years, more and more female breast cancer patients are receiving breast reconstruction surgery. We aim to map hot trends in breast reconstruction after mastectomy for breast cancer and provide directions for future research.

Methods

We screened all literature (2011–2021) on breast reconstruction after mastectomy for breast cancer from The Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) and analyzed research trends in this field using Vosviewer and CiteSpace.

Results

Based on the search results, a total of 3404 articles related to breast reconstruction after mastectomy for breast cancer were screened. The US (n = 1371) is the country with the highest number of articles, followed by Italy (n = 282) and the UK (n = 277). Harvard University (n = 183) was the institution with the highest number of publications, followed by the University of Texas (n = 141) and Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (n = 136). Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery is the most published journal in the field. Pusic AL is the most published author in the field, while Matros E is the most cited author on average. Cluster analysis showed that breast reconstruction after mastectomy for breast cancer is a hot topic of research by scholars, and more and more experts recommend breast reconstruction for breast cancer patients.

Conclusions

This study comprehensively summarizes and analyzes global research trends in breast reconstruction after mastectomy for breast cancer. In the past 10 years, there has been a significant increase in relevant high‐quality publications in this field, and the field of breast reconstruction after mastectomy for breast cancer has a promising future.
Artisanal and sanitary inspection seals impact on acceptance and emotions of colonial cheese consumption
Authors: Pereira Larissa , Sant'Anna Voltaire , Roldan Bruna Bresolin , Padilha Rosiele Lappe
Published: February 2023

The objective of the present work was to evaluate the effect of sanitary inspection and artisanal related seal on colonial cheese acceptance and the emotions they evoke on consumers. Volunteers blindly rated their acceptance of four samples of a same batch cheese, which were related to different labels and checked all emojis. When consumers were exposed to the label without any seal the acceptance were higher than when they were presented to labels with the seals studied. Cheese acceptance evoked positive emotions, meanwhile the sanitary inspection seal was presented on product label, neutral, and negative emotions. The artisanal seal was associated with positive emotions, which was similar behavior when both seals were on cheese label. The impact of the sanitary inspection seal stimuli on acceptance was not related to volunteers' sociodemographic profile. Thus, seals impact on sensorial perception and emotions, and it is related to consumers' socio‐demographic characteristics.

Practical application

Results contribute to the discussion over the artisanal products (cheeses in the present work) showing that the presence of regulatory seals impacts negatively on sensory acceptance and evokes other emotions that not only with positive valence. Also, results show that sociodemographic profile is related to sensory perception changes due to the presence of seals onto cheese labels. Thus, the present work brings the important information for to governments' agencies to further food policies and cheesemaking factories marketing drivers.
Quantitative analysis of magnetic resonance images for characterization of blood‐brain barrier dysfunction in dogs with brain tumors
Authors: Hanael Erez , Baruch Shelly , Chai Orit , Lishitsky Liron , Blum Tal , Rapoport Kira , Ruggeri Marco , Aizenberg Zahi , Peery Dana , Meyerhoff Nina , Volk Holger Andreas , De Decker Steven , Tipold Andrea , Baumgaertner Wolfgang , Friedman Alon , Shamir Merav
Published: February 2023

Background

Blood‐brain barrier (BBB) permeability can be assessed quantitatively using advanced imaging analysis.

Hypothesis/Objectives

Quantification and characterization of blood‐brain barrier dysfunction (BBBD) patterns in dogs with brain tumors can provide useful information about tumor biology and assist in distinguishing between gliomas and meningiomas.

Animals

Seventy‐eight hospitalized dogs with brain tumors and 12 control dogs without brain tumors.

Methods

In a 2‐arm study, images from a prospective dynamic contrast‐enhanced (DCE; n = 15) and a retrospective archived magnetic resonance imaging study (n = 63) were analyzed by DCE and subtraction enhancement analysis (SEA) to quantify BBB permeability in affected dogs relative to control dogs (n = 6 in each arm). For the SEA method, 2 ranges of postcontrast intensity differences, that is, high (HR) and low (LR), were evaluated as possible representations of 2 classes of BBB leakage. BBB score was calculated for each dog and was associated with clinical characteristics and tumor location and class. Permeability maps were generated, using the slope values (DCE) or intensity difference (SEA) of each voxel, and analyzed.

Results

Distinctive patterns and distributions of BBBD were identified for intra‐ and extra‐axial tumors. At a cutoff of 0.1, LR/HR BBB score ratio yielded a sensitivity of 80% and specificity of 100% in differentiating gliomas from meningiomas.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Blood‐brain barrier dysfunction quantification using advanced imaging analyses has the potential to be used for assessment of brain tumor characteristics and behavior and, particularly, to help differentiating gliomas from meningiomas.
Bryophytes of Europe Traits (BET) data set: A fundamental tool for ecological studies
Authors: van Zuijlen Kristel , Nobis Michael P. , Hedenäs Lars , Hodgetts Nick , Calleja Alarcón Juan A. , Albertos Belén , Bernhardt‐Römermann Markus , Gabriel Rosalina , Garilleti Ricardo , Lara Francisco , Preston Chris D. , Simmel Josef , Urmi Edi , Bisang Irene , Bergamini Ariel
Published: February 2023

Bryophytes are a diverse group of organisms with unique properties, yet they are severely underrepresented in plant trait databases. Building on the recently published European Red List of bryophytes and previous trait compilations, we present the Bryophytes of Europe Traits (BET) data set, including biological traits such as those related to life history, growth habit, sexual and vegetative reproduction; ecological traits such as indicator values, substrate and habitat; and bioclimatic variables based on the species' European range. The data set includes values for 65 traits and 25 bioclimatic variables, containing more than 135,000 trait values with a completeness of 82.7% on average. The data set will enable future studies in bryophyte biology, ecology and conservation, and may help to answer fundamental questions in bryology.
Improving reinforcement learning algorithms: Towards optimal learning rate policies
Authors: Mounjid Othmane , Lehalle Charles‐Albert
Published: February 2023

This paper shows how to use results of statistical learning theory and stochastic algorithms to have a better understanding of the convergence of Reinforcement Learning (RL) once it is formulated as a fixed point problem. This can be used to propose improvement of RL learning rates. First, our analysis shows that the classical asymptotic convergence rate is pessimistic and can be replaced by with , and the number of iterations. Second, we propose a dynamic optimal policy for the choice of the learning rate used in RL. We decompose our policy into two interacting levels: the inner and outer levels. In the inner level, we present the PASS algorithm (for “PAst Sign Search”) which, based on a predefined sequence of learning rates, constructs a new sequence for which the error decreases faster. The convergence of PASS is proved and error bounds are established. In the outer level, we propose an optimal methodology for the selection of the predefined sequence. Third, we show empirically that our selection methodology of the learning rate outperforms significantly standard algorithms used in RL for the three following applications: the estimation of a drift, the optimal placement of limit orders, and the optimal execution of a large number of shares.
Phylogenomic insights into the origin and evolutionary history of evergreen broadleaved forests in East Asia under Cenozoic climate change
Authors: Qin Sheng‐Yuan , Zuo Zheng‐Yu , Guo Cen , Du Xin‐Yu , Liu Shui‐Yin , Yu Xiang‐Qin , Xiang Xiao‐Guo , Rong Jun , Liu Bing , Liu Zhi‐Fang , Ma Peng‐Fei , Li De‐Zhu
Published: February 2023

The evergreen versus deciduous leaf habit is an important functional trait for adaptation of forest trees and has been hypothesized to be related to the evolutionary processes of the component species under paleoclimatic change, and potentially reflected in the dynamic history of evergreen broadleaved forests (EBLFs) in East Asia. However, knowledge about the shift of evergreen versus deciduous leaf with the impact of paleoclimatic change using genomic data remains rare. Here, we focus on the Litsea complex (Lauraceae), a key lineage with dominant species of EBLFs, to gain insights into how evergreen versus deciduous trait shifted, providing insights into the origin and historical dynamics of EBLFs in East Asia under Cenozoic climate change. We reconstructed a robust phylogeny of the Litsea complex using genome‐wide single‐nucleotide variants (SNVs) with eight clades resolved. Fossil‐calibrated analyses, diversification rate shifts, ancestral habit, ecological niche modelling and climate niche reconstruction were employed to estimate its origin and diversification pattern. Taking into account studies on other plant lineages dominating EBLFs of East Asia, it was revealed that the prototype of EBLFs in East Asia probably emerged in the Early Eocene (55–50 million years ago [Ma]), facilitated by the greenhouse warming. As a response to the cooling and drying climate in the Middle to Late Eocene (48–38 Ma), deciduous habits were evolved in the dominant lineages of the EBLFs in East Asia. Up to the Early Miocene (23 Ma), the prevailing of East Asian monsoon increased the extreme seasonal precipitation and accelerated the emergence of evergreen habits of the dominant lineages, and ultimately shaped the vegetation resembling that of today.
Richard Maack and his contributions to the botany of Siberia
Authors: Sennikov Alexander N. , Sokolova Irina V.
Published: February 2023

A brief account of the biography of Richard Maack (1825–1886) is provided, with an emphasis on his botanical travels and research presented in the context of contemporary politics and sciences. The history of three Siberian expeditions of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society is detailed: to the Viluy River in 1853–1855, to the Amur River in 1855–1856 and to the Ussuri River in 1859–1860. Scientific and curatorial treatments of botanical collections of these expeditions are reviewed. The botanical works based on the Amur and Ussuri expeditions are analysed, and more precise dates of their effective publication are traced from contemporary sources. The corrected nomenclature is provided forCarex wiluica,Chloranthus mandshuricus,LigustrinaandNymphaea wenzelii.Chloranthus japonicusis re‐established as the correct name forC. mandshuricusin place of the recently resurrectedC. quadrifolius. Lectotypes are designated forCarex wiluica,Chloranthus japonicusandC. mandshuricus; the previously designated lectotype ofC. japonicusis superseded because of being in conflict with the protologue.
Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) expression in the enteric nervous system and contributions of glial STING in disease
Authors: Dharshika Christine , Gonzales Jacques , Chow Aaron , Morales‐Soto Wilmarie , Gulbransen Brian D.
Published: February 2023

Background

Appropriate host–microbe interactions are essential for enteric glial development and subsequent gastrointestinal function, but the potential mechanisms of microbe–glial communication are unclear. Here, we tested the hypothesis that enteric glia express the pattern recognition receptor stimulator of interferon genes (STING) and communicate with the microbiome through this pathway to modulate gastrointestinal inflammation.

Methods

In situ transcriptional labeling and immunohistochemistry were used to examine STING and IFNβ expression in enteric neurons and glia. Glial‐STING KO mice (Sox10CreERT2+/−;STINGfl/fl) and IFNβ ELISA were used to characterize the role of enteric glia in canonical STING activation. The role of glial STING in gastrointestinal inflammation was assessed in the 3% DSS colitis model.

Results

Enteric glia and neurons express STING, but only enteric neurons express IFNβ. While both the myenteric and submucosal plexuses produce IFNβ with STING activation, enteric glial STING plays a minor role in its production and seems more involved in autophagy processes. Furthermore, deleting enteric glial STING does not affect weight loss, colitis severity, or neuronal cell proportions in the DSS colitis model.

Conclusion

Taken together, our data support canonical roles for STING and IFNβ signaling in the enteric nervous system through enteric neurons but that enteric glia do not use these same mechanisms. We propose that enteric glial STING may utilize alternative signaling mechanisms and/or is only active in particular disease conditions. Regardless, this study provides the first glimpse of STING signaling in the enteric nervous system and highlights a potential avenue of neuroglial‐microbial communication.
The association between time spent on screens and reading with myopia, premyopia and ocular biometric and anthropometric measures in 6‐ to 7‐year‐old schoolchildren in Ireland
Authors: Harrington Síofra , O'Dwyer Veronica
Published: February 2023

Purpose

More time spent on near tasks has consistently been associated with the promotion of myopia. The World Health Organization advises limiting daily screentime to less than 2 h for children aged five and over. This study explored the relationship between time spent on screens and reading/writing with refractive status, ocular biometric and anthropometric factors in 6‐ to 7‐year‐olds in Ireland.

Methods

Participants were 723 schoolchildren (377 boys [51.8%]), mean age 7.08 (0.45) years. The examination included cycloplegic autorefraction (1% cyclopentolate hydrochloride), ocular biometry (Zeiss IOLMaster), height (cm) and weight (kg). Screentime and reading/writing time were reported by parents/legal guardians by questionnaire. Myopia (≤−0.50D) and premyopia (>−0.50D ≤ 0.75D) risk assessments were performed using logistic regression, and multivariate linear regression was used to analyse continuous variables.

Results

Reported daily screentimes were 31% <1 h, 49.5% 1–2 h, 15.6% 2–4 h and 3.9% >4 h. Reading/writing times were 42.2% frequently, 48.0% infrequently and 9.8% seldom/never. Linear regression, controlling for age and ethnicity, revealed >2 h/day on screens was associated with a more myopic spherical equivalent [β = −1.15 (95% confidence intervals {CIs}: 1.62–0.69, p < 0.001)], increased refractive astigmatism (β = 0.29, CI: 0.06–0.51, p = 0.01), shorter corneal radius (β = 0.12, CI: 0.02–0.22, p = 0.02), higher axial length/corneal radius (β = 0.06, CI: 0.03–0.09, p < 0.001), heavier weight (β = 1.60, CI: 0.76–2.45, p < 0.001) and higher body mass index (BMI) (β = 1.10, CI: 0.28–1.12, p < 0.001). Logistic regression, controlling for age and ethnicity, revealed daily screentime >2 h was associated with myopia (OR = 10.9, CI: 4.4–27.2, p = 0.01) and premyopia (OR = 2.4, CI: 1.5–3.7, p < 0.001). Frequent reading/writing was associated with screentime ≤2 h/day (OR = 3.2, CI: 1.8–5.8, p < 0.001).

Conclusion

Increased screentime was associated with a more myopic refraction, higher axial length/corneal radius ratio, increased odds of myopia, premyopia, higher degrees of astigmatism, increased weight, BMI and decreased reading/writing time. Dedicated education programmes promoting decreased screentime in children are vital to prevent myopia and support eye and general health.
Effects of Different Intervertebral Space Heights on Nerve Root Tension during Posterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion
Authors: Wu Yujie , Zhu Tong , Fu Zhiyi
Published: February 2023

Objective

There is no effective standard method to evaluate whether the nerve root tension is restored during lumbar decompression surgery, which is an important indicator for the recovery of nerve function. This study aimed to investigate the feasibility of intraoperative nerve root tension measurement and to confirm the correlation between nerve root tension and intervertebral space height.

Methods

A total of 54 consecutive patients (mean age, 54.3 years; range, 25–68 years) received posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF) for lumbar disc herniation (LDH) with lumbar spinal stenosis and instability. The 110%, 120%, 130%, 140% height values of each lesion were calculated based on preoperative measurements of the intervertebral space height. The heights were intraoperatively expanded after the intervertebral disc was removed using the interbody fusion cage model. The tension value of nerve root was measured by pulling the nerve root for 5 mm with a self‐made measuring device. The nerve root tension value was measured before decompression, after discectomy at 100%, 110%, 120%, 130%, and 140% of the height of each intervertebral space, and after placement of the cage during intraoperative nerve root tension monitoring.

Results

The nerve root tension values at 100%, 110%, 120%, and 130% heights were significantly lower than those before decompression, and there was no statistical significance among the four groups. The nerve root tension value was significantly higher at 140% height and was statistically significant compared with that of 130% height. The nerve root tension value after cage placement was significantly lower than that before decompression (1.32 ± 0.22 N vs. 0.61 ± 0.17 N, p < 0.01), and the postoperative VAS score was also significantly improved (7.0 ± 2.24 vs. 0.8 ± 0.84, p < 0.01). The nerve root tension was positively correlated with the VAS score (F = 85.19, p < 0.01; F = 78.65, p < 0.01).

Conclusion

This study demonstrates that nerve root tonometry can perform instant noninvasive intraoperative nerve root tension measurement. There is a correlation between nerve root tension value and VAS score. We found that when the height of the intervertebral space was increased to 140% of the original height, the nerve root tension increased the risk of injury significantly.
An efficient method for estimating vein density ofGlossopterisand its application
Authors: Esperança Júnior Mário G. F. , Cybis Gabriela B. , Iannuzzi Roberto
Published: February 2023

Glossopteris‐type leaves are the most abundant floristic element from the Gondwanan continent and are recorded throughout the Permian, which was a period of extreme icehouse‐to‐hothouse climatic global change. Fossil leaf traits can be useful for the reconstruction of palaeoenvironments and identification of climatic changes throughout geological time, but the conservative morphology ofGlossopterisleaves has thus far made them difficult to use for this purpose. If the characters ofGlossopteriscan be better quantified then it should make them useful for tracking environmental changes over a wide geographical area and over a long time interval. Venation density is a highly variable leaf trait that might be useful for this purpose. This trait can be calculated, usually as vein length per centimetre squared, but this can be a time‐consuming procedure. In this paper we propose a new rapid method to estimate venation density in a conical sector ofGlossopterisleaf lamina using an accurate linear model whose predictors are three linear venation densities, measured as veins per centimetre. In addition to substantially reducing the data collection time, it is less biased and more reproducible than methods applied previously with this leaf type. Using this more robust method, preliminary results significantly distinguish the venation densities of leaves produced in wet and drier ecosystems, matching a pattern similar to modern plants. This is the first survey using a large sample size to reveal that environmental stress controlled the vein architecture of Palaeozoic plants, in a manner similar to plants in modern ecosystems.
Rare diseases presenting with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis
Authors: Kanegane Hirokazu , Noguchi Atsuko , Yamada Yuki , Yasumi Takahiro
Published: February 2023

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a potentially fatal hyperinflammatory disorder characterized by hypercytokinemia caused by excessive activation of cytotoxic T cells and macrophages. HLH is caused by a variety of factors and is classified into primary and secondary HLH. Familial HLH (FHL) types 1–5, X‐linked lymphoproliferative syndrome types 1 and 2, and FHL syndrome with hypopigmentation are all examples of primary HLH. Secondary HLH, on the other hand, is linked to infections, malignant tumors, autoimmune diseases, and other diseases. The causes of HLH vary, and finding the underlying disease is critical for diagnosis and treatment. The majority of HLH is caused by the aforementioned conditions; however, approximately 10% of cases are caused by rare diseases such as inborn errors of immunity (IEI) and inborn errors of metabolism (IEM). Novel IEI, such as RhoG, MAP kinase activating death domain, TIM3, and ZNFX1 deficiencies, have recently been identified as causes of HLH. IEM patients are rarely associated with HLH. Surprisingly, children with lysinuric protein intolerance and lysosomal acid lipase deficiency (Wolman disease) frequently develop HLH. This review focuses on the most recent knowledge of HLH caused by rare diseases such as IEI and IEM.
The relationship between COVID‐19 fear levels and healthy lifestyle behaviors of elderly individuals: a cross‐sectional study
Authors: Yıldız Erman , Çiftçi Meltem Çapar
Published: February 2023

Background

It is known that fear of COVID‐19 is associated with many lifestyle behaviours including delays in access to healthcare services and smoking status. However, the relationship between healthy lifestyle behaviours and fear of COVID‐19 in older individuals remains unclear. Therefore, there is a need for research that examines the relationship between healthy lifestyle behaviours and fear of COVID‐19 in elderly individuals. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between the COVID‐19 fear levels of elderly individuals and their healthy lifestyle behaviours.

Methods

This cross‐sectional study was carried out with individuals at or over the age of 65 registered at a public health centre located in eastern Turkey (N = 494). Data collection tools included a form for descriptive variables and two scales, the Fear of COVID‐19 Scale (FCV‐19 S) and the Healthy Lifestyle Behaviours Scale–II (HLSBS‐II). Descriptive statistics, independent‐samples t‐test, ANOVA, correlation analyses, and hierarchical linear regression analyses were used in the analysis of the data.

Results

The mean HLSBS‐II and FCV‐19 S scores of the participants were 127.61 ± 24.76 and 20.96 ± 7.29, respectively. While fear of COVID‐19 alone, as indicated by the FCV‐19 S score, explained 2.4% of the total variance in healthy lifestyle behaviours, fear of COVID‐19, having a university degree, and high economic status together explained 7.5% of the total variance in healthy lifestyle behaviours indicated by scores on the HLSBS‐II.

Conclusions

The results of this study showed that fear of COVID‐19 and healthy lifestyle behaviours were dynamics that are positively related, albeit to a small extent, to each other for elderly individuals. Additionally, it was revealed that elderly individuals have moderate levels of fear of COVID‐19 and healthy lifestyle behaviours.
“Saving lives with nirmatrelvir/ritonavir one transplant patient at a time”
Authors: Belden Katherine A. , Yeager Sarah , Schulte Jamie , Cantarin Maria P. Martinez , Moss Sean , Royer Tricia , Coppock Dagan
Published: February 2023

Background

Solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients are at risk of complications from COVID‐19. Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (Paxlovid) can reduce mortality from COVID‐19 but is contraindicated in patients receiving calcineurin inhibitors (CI), which depend on cytochrome p4503A (CY3PA). In this study, we aim to show the feasibility of nirmatrelvir/ritonavir administration to SOT recipients receiving CI with coordination of medication management and limited tacrolimus trough monitoring.

Methods

We reviewed adult SOT recipients treated with nirmatrelvir/ritonavir from 4/14 to 11/1/2022 and assessed for changes in tacrolimus trough and serum creatinine after therapy.

Results

Of 47 patients identified, 28 were receiving tacrolimus and had follow‐up laboratory testing. Patients had a mean age of 55 years, 17 (61%) received a kidney transplant and 23 (82%) received three or more doses of SARS‐CoV‐2 mRNA vaccine. Patients had mild‐moderate COVID‐19 and started nirmatrelvir/ritonavir within 5 days of symptom onset. Median baseline tacrolimus trough concentration was 5.6 ng/mL (Interquartile range 5.1–6.7), while median follow‐up tacrolimus trough concentration was 7.8 ng/mL (Interquartile range 5.7–11.5, p = 0.0017). Median baseline and follow‐up serum creatinine levels were 1.21 mg/dL (Interquartile range 1.02–1.39) and 1.21 mg/dL (interquartile range 1.02–1.44, p = 0.3162), respectively. One kidney recipient had a follow up creatinine level >1.5 times baseline. No patients were hospitalized or died from COVID‐19 in the follow up period.

Conclusion

While administration of nirmatrelvir/ritonavir resulted in a significant increase in tacrolimus concentration, this did not result in significant nephrotoxicity. Early oral antiviral treatment in SOT recipients is feasible with medication management, even with limited tacrolimus trough monitoring.

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The Emergence of Specialized Roles Within Groups
Authors: Goldstone Robert L. , Andrade‐Lotero Edgar J. , Hawkins Robert D. , Roberts Michael E.
Published: February 2023

Humans routinely form groups to achieve goals that no individual can accomplish alone. Group coordination often brings to mind synchrony and alignment, where all individuals do the same thing (e.g., driving on the right side of the road, marching in lockstep, or playing musical instruments on a regular beat). Yet, effective coordination also typically involves differentiation, where specialized roles emerge for different members (e.g., prep stations in a kitchen or positions on an athletic team). Role specialization poses a challenge for computational models of group coordination, which have largely focused on achieving synchrony. Here, we present the CARMI framework, which characterizes role specialization processes in terms of five core features that we hope will help guide future model development: Communication, Adaptation to feedback, Repulsion, Multi‐level planning, and Intention modeling. Although there are many paths to role formation, we suggest that roles emerge when each agent in a group dynamically allocates their behavior toward a shared goal to complement what they expect others to do. In other words, coordination concerns beliefs (who will do what) rather than simple actions. We describe three related experimental paradigms—“Group Binary Search,” “Battles of the Exes,” and “Find the Unicorn”—that we have used to study differentiation processes in the lab, each emphasizing different aspects of the CARMI framework.
Investigation of Flow Behavior of Turbulent Wall-Jet in the Viscous Shear Regime With Moving Wall Condition
Authors: Behera Vishwa Mohan , Rathore Sushil Kumar
Published: February 2023

This work involves studying the effects of plate motion on the turbulent flow behavior of a wall jet stream flowing over a flat plate moving at a constant velocity in a quiescent atmosphere. A modified low-Reynolds-number turbulence model developed by Yang and Shih (YS model) is used to perform the numerical investigation. The YS model involves applying integration to a wall technique to capture the flow and heat transfer phenomenon in the near-wall region. The Reynolds number is taken as 15,000 and Prandtl number of the fluid as 7. The plate motion effect on the flow behavior is observed for the various velocity ratios Up =0−2. The velocity vector diagrams and the local velocity profiles at various axial locations are plotted to analyze the flow pattern variation with the plate velocity. Based on the investigation of velocity profiles, nearly self-similar velocity profiles are noticed for Up=0, 0.5, and 2 whereas for Up=1.0 and 1.5, the velocity profiles display similarity near the wall but diverge away from the wall. The turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) (k)  and its dissipation rate (ε) within the viscous shear regime are predicted for moving plate conditions. The dissipation rate appears to be higher for higher velocity ratios. Overall, the plate motion significantly influences the flow field.
A Novel Method to Achieve Fast Multi-Objective Optimization of Hydrostatic Porous Journal Bearings Used in Hydraulic Turbomachine
Authors: Gu Yandong , Wang Dongcheng , Cheng Li , Schimpf Artur , Böhle Martin
Published: February 2023

The hydrostatic journal bearing equipped with a carbon-fiber-reinforced carbon-based porous bushing is employed in the hydraulic turbomachine. The bearing exhibits high load capacity, but may unduly consume pressurized lubricant. This study aims to maximize the load capacity and minimize the feeding power. The journal radius, nominal clearance, porous bushing length, porous bushing thickness, feeding pressure, and material permeability are selected to optimize. A fast optimization method is proposed, integrating an in-house porous journal bearing solver (PBS), sampling method, surrogate model, and genetic algorithm. Behind PBS, a theoretical flow model based on the Reynolds lubrication equation and the Darcy equation is established, and a new numerical method based on the finite difference method is proposed. PBS substitutes ansysfluent by calculating bearing performances accurately and instantly, which is the first novelty to facilitate optimization. Then, artificial neural networks are trained as error-free and time-efficient surrogate models to produce bearing objectives in the evolution, which is the second acceleration highlight. The running time is reduced significantly. The load capacity is improved by 68.1%, whereas the feeding power declines by 50.5%. In the optimized case, a sharp pressure hump leads to greater load capacity, while the radial velocity decreases, resulting in reduced feeding power.
Instability and Parametric Amplification of a Piezoelectric Energy Harvester Periodically Plucked by a Rotating Magnet
Authors: Tai Wei-Che
Published: February 2023

Magnetic plucking is an enabling technique to harvest energy from a rotary host as it converts the low-frequency excitation of rotational energy sources to high-frequency excitation that leads to resonance of small-scale piezoelectric energy harvesters. Traditional nonlinear analysis of the plucking phenomenon has relied on numerical integration methods. In this work, a semi-analytical method is developed to investigate the stability and bifurcation behaviors of rotary magnetic plucking, which integrates a second-order perturbation technique and discrete Fourier transform. Analysis through this method unfolds that the oscillatory response of the beam can lose stability through the saddle-node bifurcation and Hopf bifurcation, which eventually causes the beam to collide with the rotary host. Further, the influence of the magnetic gap and rotational speed on the stability is discussed. The study also reveals that the nonlinearity of the magnetic force can amplify the electrical power at primary resonance. As a result, the traditional impedance matching approach that neglects the nonlinearity of the magnetic force fails to predict the optimal electrical resistance. Finally, a finite element analysis shows that the instability is sensitive to damping, and the traditional single-mode approximation can lead to considerable error.