bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Kinetic, isotherm, and thermodynamic studies of Cr(VI) removal from aqueous solution using mesoporous silica materials prepared by fly ash
Authors: An Xiao , Zhang Liming , He Yuxuan , Zhu Wenjie , Luo Yongming
Published: February 2020

A series of mesoporous silica materials (FMD, FMT, and FMC were synthesized with DTAB, TTAB, and CTAB as template, respectively) have been prepared using fly ash as a silica resource. The as‐synthesized materials were characterized by BET, XRF, FTIR, and XPS. The results confirmed the mesoporous structure and nitrogen content to act as potential adsorbents. The adsorption properties of these materials were also investigated by batch adsorption experiments. The FMC exhibited the highest effective removal of Cr(VI) (99%). The Cr(VI) adsorption process over FMC follows the pseudo‐second‐order kinetic and Langmuir model. Thermodynamic studies revealed that the Cr(VI) adsorption by FMC was spontaneous and endothermic. The study of the adsorption mechanism showed that the removal of Cr (VI) by FMC is through electrostatic attraction and chemical reduction. The coexisting ions experiment showed that FMC had high selectivity for Cr(VI). After three regeneration cycles, the Cr(VI) removal rate of FMC adsorbent still remained about 80%. Thus, this inexpensive adsorbent (FMC) is suitable for removing Cr(VI) from discharged industrial water.
Near‐Infrared‐to‐Visible Photon Upconversion by Introducing an S−T Absorption Sensitizer into a Metal‐Organic Framework
Authors: Joarder Biplab , Mallick Arijit , Sasaki Yoichi , Kinoshita Mika , Haruki Rena , Kawashima Yusuke , Yanai Nobuhiro , Kimizuka Nobuo
Published: February 2020

Triplet‐triplet annihilation‐based photon upconversion (TTA‐UC) of near‐infrared (NIR) light to visible light in the solid‐state remains as a great challenge due to the sensitizer aggregation that impedes the efficient triplet energy transfer. Herein, we successfully introduce a molecular sensitizer exhibiting direct singlet‐to‐triplet (S–T) absorption into a new emitter‐based metal‐organic framework (MOF) to achieve an efficient triplet sensitization and a NIR‐to‐visible TTA‐UC in the solid‐state.
Structure and Electron Transport at Metal Atomic Junctions Doped with Dichloroethylene
Authors: Fukuzumi Risa , Kaneko Satoshi , Fujii Shintaro , Nishino Tomoaki , Kiguchi Manabu
Published: February 2020

The front cover artwork was provided by the group of Prof. Nishino, Tokyo Institute of Technology. The image depicts the investigation of the structure and electron transport of the Au, Ag, Cu, Ni, Fe, and Pd atomic junctions doped with dichloroethylene. Read the full text of the Article at 10.1002/cphc.201900988.
GlycoBIST: A System for Automatic Glycan Profiling of a Target Protein Using Milli‐Bead Array in a Tip
Authors: Shimazaki Hiroko , Ono Ayaka , Tsuruga Masako , Ueki Aya , Koseki‐Kuno Shiori , Toyoda Takako , Saito Kozue , Sawakami Kazumi , Kariya Minoru , Segawa Osamu , Nakamura Kazuhiro , Koizuka Michinori , Kuno Atsushi
Published: February 2020

Lectin is a biomolecule that recognizes a specific part of glycans and, thus, has been used widely as a probe for glycoprotein analysis. Owing to the wide repertoire in nature combined with the recent two decades of advances in microarray technology, the multiplexed use of lectins has been widely used for glycan profiling of endogenous proteins. Because protein glycosylation is recognized as being biologically important and is expected to be a reliable disease marker, lectin microarray analysis with highly sensitive detection has been used to discover disease‐relevant glycosylation alterations. However, the conventional system is limited to research purposes; thus, its implementation in clinical settings is warranted. Here, we provide an automatic glycan profiling method using GlycoBIST. A unique array format is used for 10‐plexed lectin–glycoprotein interaction analysis on 1‐mm‐sized beads, which are arranged vertically in a capillary‐shaped plastic tip. Using a one‐boxed autopipetting machine, the whole process (including interaction, washing, and detection) is performed automatically and serially, resulting in reproducible measurements. In this article, a typical method for glycan profiling of a purified glycoprotein and the fabrication of GlycoBIST tips is explained. © 2020 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Basic Protocol 1: Fabrication of a GlycoBIST tip

Basic Protocol 2: Automatic profiling of a target glycoprotein using GlycoBIST
Visible‐Light‐Induced Cleavage of C−S Bonds in Thioacetals and Thioketals with Iodine as a Photocatalyst
Authors: Krumb Matthias , Kammer Lisa Marie , Forster Robert , Grundke Caroline , Opatz Till
Published: February 2020

The front cover artwork is provided by Matthias Krumb and Sarah Susanne Part. It symbolizes the conversion of a dithiane to a ketone through joint activation of oxygen, iodine, and light. This process cracks the C–S bonds and leads to the formation of the desired ketone. Read the full text of the Communication at 10.1002/cptc.201900231.
Molecular Engineering of Pure 2D Lead‐Iodide Perovskite Solar Absorbers Displaying Reduced Band Gaps and Dielectric Confinement
Authors: Febriansyah Benny , Lekina Yulia , Ghosh Biplab , Harikesh Padinhare Cholakkal , Koh Teck Ming , Li Yongxin , Shen Zexiang , Mathews Nripan , England Jason
Published: February 2020

Pure 2D lead‐iodide perovskites typically demonstrate poor charge transport and compromised visible light absorption, relative to their 3D congeners. This hinders their potential use as solar absorbers. Herein, the systematic tuning of pyridinium‐based templating cations is reported to introduce intermolecular interactions that provide access to a series of new 2D lead‐iodide perovskites with reduced inter‐octahedral distortions (largest Pb‐(μ‐I)‐Pb bond angles of 170–179°) and very short inorganic interlayer separations (shortest I⋅⋅⋅I contacts ≤4.278–4.447 Å). These features manifest in reduced band gaps (2.35–2.46 eV) and relaxed dielectric confinement (excitonic binding energies of 130–200 meV). As a consequence, they demonstrate (more than ten‐fold) improved photo‐ and electrical conductivities relative to conventional 2D lead‐iodide perovskites, such as that templated by 2‐(1‐naphthyl)ethylammonium. Through computational studies, the origin of this behavior was shown to derive from a combination of short iodoplumbate layer separations and the aromaticity of the organic dications.
Neural network‐based routing protocol for opportunistic networks with intelligent water drop optimization
Authors: Kumaram Shubham , Srivastava Shefali , Sharma Deepak Kumar
Published: February 2020

Opportunistic Networks (OppNets) is a system of wirelessly connected nodes in a varying network topology. Routing in OppNets is a challenge. To overcome the problem of routing, an intelligent dynamic strategy to select next best node for forwarding a message is required. This paper proposes an intelligent routing mechanism based on Intelligent Water Drop (IWD) Algorithm which is used in tandem with Neural Networks (NNs) as an optimization technique to solve the problem of routing in such networks. The nature–inspired IWD algorithm provides robustness, whereas the neural network base of the algorithm helps it to make intelligent routing decisions. The weights in the Neural Network model are calculated by IWD Algorithm using training data consisting of inputs that are characteristic parameters of nodes, such as buffer space, number of successful deliveries and energy levels along with transitive parameters such as delivery probabilities. The proposed protocol Intelligent Water Drop Neural Network (IWDNN) is compared with other protocols that use similar ideologies such as MLProph, K‐nearest neighbour classification based routing protocol (KNNR), Cognitive Routing Protocol for Opportunistic Network (CRPO), and Inheritance Inspired Context Aware Routing Protocol (IICAR), as well as the standard protocol Prophet. IWDNN is shown to outperform all other protocols with an average message delivery ratio of 60%, which is a significant improvement of over 10% in comparison to other similarly conceived algorithms. It has one of the lowest latency among the protocols studied, in a range of 3000 to 4000 s, and incurs comparably low overhead costs in the range of 15 to 30. The drop ratios are one of the lowest, staying near six and approaching zero as buffer size is increased. Average amount of time a message stayed in the buffer was the lowest, with a mean of 1600 s.
CRISPR/Cas9 engineering of albino cystinuria Type A mice
Authors: Beckermann Thomas M. , Welch Richard C. , Williams Felisha M. , Mortlock Douglas P. , Sha Feng , Ikizler Talat A. , Woodard Lauren E. , Wilson Matthew H.
Published: February 2020

Cystinuria Type A is a relatively common genetic kidney disease occurring in 1 in 7,000 people worldwide that results from mutation of the cystine transporter rBAT encoded by Slc3a1. We used CRISPR/Cas9 technology to engineer cystinuria Type A mice via genome editing of the C57BL/6NHsd background. These mice are an improvement on currently available models as they are on a coisogenic genetic background and have a single defined mutation. In order to use albinism to track Cas9 activity, we co‐injected gRNAs targeting Slc3a1 and tyrosinase (Tyr) with Cas9 expressing plasmid DNA into mouse embryos. Two different Slc3a1 mutational alleles were derived, with homozygous mice of both demonstrating elevated urinary cystine levels, cystine crystals, and bladder stones. We used whole genome sequencing to evaluate for potential off‐target editing. No off‐target indels were observed for the top 10 predicted off‐targets for Slc3a1 or Tyr. Therefore, we used CRISPR/Cas9 to generate coisogenic albino cystinuria Type A mice that could be used for in vivo imaging, further study, or developing new treatments of cystinuria.
Retention forestry influences understory diversity and functional identity
Authors: Curzon Miranda T. , Kern Christel C. , Baker Susan C. , Palik Brian J. , D’Amato Anthony W.
Published: February 2020

In recent decades, a paradigm shift in forest management and associated policies has led to greater emphasis on harvest practices that retain mature, overstory trees in forest stands that would otherwise be clear‐cut. While it is often assumed that the maintenance of compositional and structural complexity, such as that achieved through retention forestry approaches, will also mitigate negative impacts to functional diversity, empirical evidence of this relationship is sparse. We examined the effects of an aggregated retention system on taxonomic and functional diversity in a regenerating aspen‐dominated forest. Sampling was conducted along transects arranged to capture the transition from harvested (regenerating) forest to mature, unharvested forest (both intact forest stands and 0.1 ha retention aggregates). We then assessed the magnitude and distance of edge effects on multiple indices of taxonomic and functional diversity as well as functional identity. Twelve years after harvest, the distance and magnitude of edge effects on functional and taxonomic diversity did not differ between the two unharvested patch sizes (intact vs. aggregate); however, intact forest exhibited greater resistance to edge effects and greater depth of edge influence into harvested areas for some traits compared to aggregates. Analyses relying on functional traits were generally applicable across sites within a highly variable forest type, and our results demonstrate the promise of using functional traits to assess management impacts on plant diversity across a landscape. Aggregates maintained some functional attributes associated with interior forest and influenced adjacent regeneration. However, trends in some traits (i.e., shade tolerance and seed mass), particularly in the seedling layer, suggest aggregates of this size provide primarily edge habitat.
Paleo‐metagenomics of North American fossil packrat middens: Past biodiversity revealed by ancient DNA
Authors: Moore Grace , Tessler Michael , Cunningham Seth W. , Betancourt Julio , Harbert Robert
Published: February 2020

Fossil rodent middens are powerful tools in paleoecology. In arid parts of western North America, packrat (Neotoma spp.) middens preserve plant and animal remains for tens of thousands of years. Midden contents are so well preserved that fragments of endogenous ancient DNA (aDNA) can be extracted and analyzed across millennia. Here, we explore the use of shotgun metagenomics to study the aDNA obtained from packrat middens up to 32,000 C14 years old. Eleven Illumina HiSeq 2500 libraries were successfully sequenced, and between 0.11% and 6.7% of reads were classified using Centrifuge against the NCBI “nt” database. Eukaryotic taxa identified belonged primarily to vascular plants with smaller proportions mapping to ascomycete fungi, arthropods, chordates, and nematodes. Plant taxonomic diversity in the middens is shown to change through time and tracks changes in assemblages determined by morphological examination of the plant remains. Amplicon sequencing of ITS2 and rbcL provided minimal data for some middens, but failed at amplifying the highly fragmented DNA present in others. With repeated sampling and deep sequencing, analysis of packrat midden aDNA from well‐preserved midden material can provide highly detailed characterizations of past communities of plants, animals, bacteria, and fungi present as trace DNA fossils. The prospects for gaining more paleoecological insights from aDNA for rodent middens will continue to improve with optimization of laboratory methods, decreasing sequencing costs, and increasing computational power.
A comparison of wetland characteristics between Agricultural Conservation Easement Program and public lands wetlands in West Virginia, USA
Authors: Lewis Katharine E. , Rota Christopher T. , Anderson James T.
Published: February 2020

In West Virginia, USA, there are 24 conservation easement program wetlands enrolled in the Agricultural Conservation Easement Program (ACEP). These wetlands are located on private agricultural land and are passively managed. Due to their location within fragmented agricultural areas, wetlands enrolled in ACEP in West Virginia have the potential to add wetland ecosystem services in areas that are lacking these features. We evaluated ACEP wetlands compared to reference wetlands on public land in West Virginia by using surrounding land cover, vegetative cover, and wetland features and stressors such as the presence or absence of erosion, upland inclusion, algal mats, and evidence of impacts from the surrounding landscape as surrogate measurements of wetland function on 13 ACEP wetlands and 10 reference wetlands. ACEP wetlands had higher percentages of tree coverage and a higher proportion of agricultural land in the areas immediately surrounding the wetland. Reference wetlands had higher percent coverage of emergent vegetation and had a higher proportion of forest in the immediate landscape. Our findings suggest that ACEP wetlands provide valuable early successional and forested wetland cover in a state that is largely forested. Because of this, it is important to maintain and even expand ACEP in West Virginia to continue providing a valuable source of early successional wetland habitat.
Counting niches: Abundance‐by‐trait patterns reveal niche partitioning in a Neotropical forest
Authors: D’Andrea Rafael , Guittar John , O’Dwyer James P. , Figueroa Hector , Wright S. J. , Condit Richard , Ostling Annette
Published: February 2020

Tropical forests challenge us to understand biodiversity, as numerous seemingly similar species persist on only a handful of shared resources. Recent ecological theory posits that biodiversity is sustained by a combination of species differences reducing interspecific competition and species similarities increasing time to competitive exclusion. Together, these mechanisms counterintuitively predict that competing species should cluster by traits, in contrast with traditional expectations of trait overdispersion. Here, we show for the first time that trees in a tropical forest exhibit a clustering pattern. In a 50‐ha plot on Barro Colorado Island in Panama, species abundances exhibit clusters in two traits connected to light capture strategy, suggesting that competition for light structures community composition. Notably, we find four clusters by maximum height, quantitatively supporting the classical grouping of Neotropical woody plants into shrubs, understory, midstory, and canopy layers.
Maximizing fish detection with eDNA metabarcoding
Authors: Bessey Cindy , Jarman Simon N. , Berry Oliver , Olsen Ylva S. , Bunce Michael , Simpson Tiffany , Power Matthew , McLaughlin James , Edgar Graham J. , Keesing John
Published: February 2020

Fish biodiversity can be measured by capturing and then sequencing free DNA present in water. Such environmental DNA (eDNA) methods offer an effective, noninvasive tool for species diversity measurement, although standardized protocols are not yet developed. We investigate how metrics of fish biodiversity revealed through eDNA analysis of water are influenced by sampling volume. Water samples were collected from the intertidal reef of Browse Island, a tropical, remote island in the Timor Sea. Aliquots from a single 20,700‐ml sample and multiple 2,000‐ml samples were filtered in various volumes (25–2,000 ml) across two membrane sizes (0.20 and 0.45 µm). A fish metabarcoding assay was used to characterize the fish diversity within aliquots. All samples, except one, yielded fish DNA sequences. Two hundred and nine operational taxonomic units (cf. species) representing 48 fish families were identified from the complete collection of DNA contained in all samples, comparable to the 200 fish species detected using conventional surveys at this location. Notable additions from eDNA methods were cryptic and nocturnal fish species. Nevertheless, large differences in taxonomic composition (<60% species overlap) between aliquots of identical volumes demonstrate that eDNA in seawater is patchy and that estimates of biodiversity are strongly influenced by the volume of water filtered. We suggest that eDNA studies maximize water volumes as much as logistically possible if the aim is to detect the greatest number of taxa and that species accumulation curves be provided as an indication of sampling adequacy.
Behavioral characteristics of nanosecond pulsed discharge in coaxial electrodes
Authors: Ryu Terumasa , Wang Douyan , Namihira Takao
Published: February 2020

The environmental improvements by pulsed discharge plasma, a type of nonthermal plasma, have received much attention all over the world. The observation of discharge plasmas is beneficial for better understanding of the plasma physics of this growing field. Recently, nanosecond (ns) pulsed discharge with a short pulse duration of 5 ns achieved the higher energy efficiency on ozone generation and NO removal. However, the underlying mechanisms of these high efficiencies remain unclear. In the present study, the effects of electrode geometry on propagation process of ns pulsed discharge in coaxial electrodes were investigated using an ICCD camera. As the results, increasing wire diameters from 0.2 to 2.0 mm lead the different streamer discharge parameters; propagation velocity of streamer heads from 4.8 mm/ns to 12.5 mm/ns, peak of discharge current from 243 to 328 A, respectively. Therefore, it is concluded that the wire diameter is one of the paramount parameters to control the characteristics of the ns pulsed streamer discharge.
Sex differences in mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist trials: a pooled analysis of three large clinical trials
Authors: Rossello Xavier , Ferreira João Pedro , Pocock Stuart J. , McMurray John J.V. , Solomon Scott D. , Lam Carolyn S.P. , Girerd Nicolas , Pitt Bertram , Rossignol Patrick , Zannad Faiez
Published: February 2020

Aims

Women with heart failure (HF) are under‐represented in individual randomized clinical trials (RCTs). Little is known about sex‐specific treatment effects in HF medications. We evaluated sex differences in the response to mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs) in major HF MRA trials, including a broad spectrum of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF).

Methods and results

Individual patient data fixed‐effect meta‐analysis was performed using 6167 patients (31.4% were women) recruited in three placebo‐controlled RCTs: Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study (RALES), Eplerenone in Mild Patients Hospitalization and Survival Study in Heart Failure (EMPHASIS‐HF) and Spironolactone for Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction (TOPCAT)‐Americas. Compared to men, women were older, had higher body mass index and lower glomerular filtration rate. They also had higher LVEF and poorer New York Heart Association functional class and were less likely to be taking angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin II receptor blockers. Placebo‐arm event rates were lower for women compared with men (15.4 vs. 22.1 per 100 person‐year; P = 0.002). MRAs reduced consistently, in men and women, the relative risk for cardiovascular death or HF hospitalization (P for interaction = 0.83), cardiovascular death (P for interaction = 0.44) and all‐cause death (P for interaction = 0.19). These findings remained consistent after adjustment for potential confounders, regardless of LVEF. There was no sex‐specific impact of MRA on the rate of hyperkalaemia and worsening renal function during the median 22 months of follow‐up.

Conclusion

In three large MRA RCTs, women were substantially different from men with regard to their clinical features and event rates. Nonetheless, this meta‐analysis supports a consistent and beneficial MRA effect regardless of sex.
Association between potassium level and outcomes in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: a cohort study from the Swedish Heart Failure Registry
Authors: Cooper Lauren B. , Benson Lina , Mentz Robert J. , Savarese Gianluigi , DeVore Adam D. , Carrero Juan‐Jesus , Dahlström Ulf , Anker Stefan D. , Lainscak Mitja , Hernandez Adrian F. , Pitt Bertram , Lund Lars H.
Published: February 2020

Aims

Hyperkalaemia and hypokalaemia are common in heart failure and associated with worse outcomes. However, the optimal potassium range is unknown. We sought to determine the optimal range of potassium in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction (< 40%) by exploring the relationship between baseline potassium level and short‐ and long‐term outcomes using the Swedish Heart Failure Registry from 1 January 2006 to 31 December 2012.

Methods and results

We assessed the association between baseline potassium level and all‐cause mortality at 30 days, 12 months, and maximal follow‐up, in uni‐ and multivariable stratified and restricted cubic spline Cox regressions. Of 13 015 patients, 93.3% had potassium 3.5–5.0 mmol/L, 3.7% had potassium <3.5 mmol/L, and 3.0% had potassium >5.0 mmol/L. Potassium <3.5 mmol/L and >5.0 mmol/L were more common with lower estimated glomerular filtration rate and heart failure of longer duration and greater severity. The potassium level associated with the lowest hazard risk for mortality at 30 days, 12 months, and maximal follow‐up was 4.2 mmol/L, and there was a steep increase in risk with both higher and lower potassium levels. In adjusted strata analyses, lower potassium was independently associated with all‐cause mortality at 12 months and maximal follow‐up, while higher potassium levels only increased risk at 30 days.

Conclusion

In this nationwide registry, the relationship between potassium and mortality was U‐shaped, with an optimal potassium value of 4.2 mmol/L. After multivariable adjustment, hypokalaemia was associated with increased long‐term mortality but hyperkalaemia was associated with increased short‐term mortality.
Effect of magnetic and electric fields on plasma membrane of single cells: A computational approach
Authors: Escobar Juan F. , Vaca‐González Juan J. , Guevara Johana M. , Garzón‐Alvarado Diego A.
Published: February 2020

Cell membrane is a lipid bilayer that allows the flow of ions through their ionic pumping proteins. The ionic flow can be stimulated with external stimuli to activate specific signaling pathways intracellularly. Although studies have applied electric and magnetic stimuli to modify the cell function, the parameters to stimulate the cell membrane are unknown. Accordingly, a computational model to simulate the effect of electric and magnetic fields on the cell membrane was developed. Cells were stimulated with electric fields from 45 × 103 V/m to 12.6 × 105 V/m and magnetic fields of 2 mT, at frequencies of 60 kHz, 10 MHz, and 1 GHz. Results showed that the electric fields applied to the cell membrane tend to increase according to the frequency used, while magnetic fields do not have any effect on it. It was observed that electric fields generate a high voltage concentrator in the cell membrane of ellipsoidal cells when a frequency window from 1 kHz to 1 GHz was applied. These findings demonstrate that depending on the intensity of the field and frequency, it was possible to stimulate different cell membrane zones. This model is a promising tool to establish the adequate parameters to stimulate cells, and accurately predict if the stimulation modifies the cell membrane potential.
Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose as an Effective Modifier for Boosting the Electrochemical Performance of Commercial TiO2
Authors: An Jing , Ren Ying-Ying , Yang Huan , Kong Ling-Yun , Kang Shu-Xian , Zhu Hui-Ling , Qi Yong-Xin , Lun Ning , Qian Zhao , Bai Yu-Jun
Published: February 2020

The poor electrochemical performance stunts the utilization of commercial TiO2 (c‐TiO2) as the negative material of Li‐ion batteries (LIBs). Herein, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) with carboxyl groups and Na+ is used as a carbon source to fabricate carbon‐coated c‐TiO2 (TiO2/C) with excellent electrochemical performance. The good viscosity of CMC in water allows it to cover the TiO2 particles under magnetic stirring, and the intense adsorbability of the carboxyl groups with TiO2 promotes the interaction, resulting in the formation of a uniform and thin carbon coating on the surface of TiO2 particles and Na+‐doping in c‐TiO2 during sintering at 750 °C. The Na+ doping brings about some oxygen vacancies (OVs) and Ti3+ to favor the electronic conductivity of c‐TiO2, together with carbon coating. Meanwhile, the OVs and lattice distortion induced by Na+‐doping can promote Li+ diffusion in TiO2. TiO2/C with an initial mass fraction of 16 wt% CMC shows superior electrochemical performance and cycling stability, retaining a specific capacity of 163.4 mAh g−1, even undergoing 1200 cycles at 500 mA g−1. The outstanding performance is attributed to the alleviated polarization, resulting from the simultaneously enhanced electronic and ionic conductivities.
Numerical simulation and simplified calculation method for heat exchange performance of dry air cooler in natural gas pipeline compressor station
Authors: Liu Enbin , Guo Bingyan , Lv Liuxin , Qiao Weibiao , Azimi Mohammadamin
Published: February 2020

In view of the complicated heat transfer calculation for air coolers and the difficulty of directly calculating the exit temperature of natural gas in a compressor station, taking the dry air cooler of model GP12 × 3‐6‐258‐13.0S‐S‐23.4/DR‐Ia configured in the West‐East Natural Gas Pipeline II as an example, a three‐dimensional simplified model of the air cooler is established. The model is used to simulate a temperature flow field of a dry air cooler‐finned tube based on Fluent flow field analysis software. This paper studies the cooling effect of the dry air cooler‐finned tube on high‐temperature and high‐pressure natural gas at compressor outlet. By comparing and analyzing the relationships among natural gas mass flow, inlet air temperature, inlet natural gas temperature, and outlet natural gas temperature for an air cooler, the formula of temperature drop of dry air cooler to natural gas is fitted, and the fitting formula is verified by field operation data. The results show that the average error between the fitting results and the actual data is less than 1.5%, which proves the correctness of the fitting formula and greatly simplifies the heat transfer calculation process for air coolers.
Glaciers, rock avalanches and the ‘buzzsaw’ in cirque development: Why mountain cirques are of mainly glacial origin
Authors: Evans Ian S.
Published: February 2020

It has been proposed that most cirques are source‐area depressions of large, deep‐seated rock‐slope failures. Yet the close relation between cirques and climate is convincing evidence of the dominance of glacial erosion, rather than rock‐slope failure, in mountain cirque development and distribution. Cirque floor altitudes have a lower limit that varies with snowfall by 1000 m or more between windward and leeward sides of mountain systems. Glaciation levels and equilibrium line altitudes implied by cirques vary in parallel with those for modern glaciers. Cirques are often found mainly on the poleward or leeward slopes of individual mountain ranges, as are modern small glaciers (because of solar radiation and wind effects on ablation and accumulation).

Most rock‐slope failures (RSFs: rock slides, rock avalanches and gravitational deformations) do not involve the deep‐seated rotational movement that would produce a cirque form. Although some deep‐seated RSFs with arcuate head scars may be confused with cirques, identification as a glacial cirque is more confident as the floor is longer, wider and more gently sloping. Some scars from major RSFs may resemble poor or moderately developed cirques, but tend to have steeper floors, to be more scattered and closely related to geology, whereas glacial cirques develop on all rock types. Deep‐seated RSFs high on slopes can be associated with seismic shaking, but cirques develop without relation to seismicity. Degree of cirque development can be related to duration of exposure to glaciation. Often RSFs are found adjacent to cirques, or in glacial transfluences; only a proportion are well situated to develop into glacial cirques. Valley‐head cirques are continued down‐valley by glacial troughs. The ‘overdeepening’ (rock basins with reversed slopes) found in a large minority of cirques is not due to rock avalanching, fluvial or periglacial erosion.

The RSF proposal should therefore be rejected in favour of the traditional glacial explanation, without any nivation stage being necessary. Rock‐slope failure is one of several possible ways of initiating hollows for glacier accumulation, as well as an ancillary process of cirque extension or widening through collapse of glacially oversteepened slopes.

Headward extension of adjacent cirques on a ridge leads to displacement of the divide, sometimes by 2 km or more, lowering ridge and summit altitudes and producing the ‘glacial buzzsaw’ effect. Where a relatively lower snowline has led to cirque erosion on all sides of a mountain, cirque intersection lowers summits further. The buzzsaw hypothesis is not applicable, however, where remnants of a preglacial summit surface survive. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Temporal Variation of Mercury in Effluent from Two Municipal Wastewater-Treatment Plants in Southwest Ohio
Authors: Perusini Heather B. , Hammerschmidt Chad R.
Published: February 2020

Wastewater-treatment plants (WWTPs) are an important source of mercury (Hg) to surface waters, but little is known about temporal variability of efflux to aquatic systems. We found that Hg concentrations in effluent varied by about a factor of 2 on monthly, weekly, and hourly timescale comparisons. These results suggest that limited sampling can yield a representative concentration with reasonable uncertainty for purposes of estimating the environmental significance of Hg from WWTPs. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:1027–1031. © 2020 SETAC
Multiscale deep network based multistep prediction of high‐dimensional time series from power transmission systems
Authors: Zhu Hanlin , Zhu Yongxin , Wang Hui , Wang Shihui , Liu Ziwei , Balamurugan Balusamy , Vijayakumar Pandi , Xia Ming
Published: February 2020

Internet of energy makes the future power and energy network a more complicated and intelligent system. With the development of energy industry, the sample data of such system is high dimensional, dynamic, correlative, and complex. In order to meet people's needs and reduce the power redundancy, predicting the future energy demand and production is an essential approach. It is necessary for us to predict the later hours' or days' data, which means multistep prediction. However, the common one‐step prediction model cannot forecast the power demand or production to make adequate preparation and the data have thousands of dimensions, which makes the problem challenging. In addition, the changeable pattern makes the common prediction algorithm do not perform good enough. In this article, we propose a sequence to sequence model to make multistep prediction with a baseline mean squared error (MSE) of 1.49×10−5. In addition, we improve the model to be a multiscale deep network and decrease the MSE to 1.23×10−5through adding extra information to match different patterns. Furthermore, the multitask learning trick makes the MSE decrease to 1.18×10−5.
Association of sleep duration and snack consumption in children and adolescents: The CASPIAN‐V study
Authors: Mozaffarian Nafiseh , Heshmat Ramin , Ataie‐Jafari Asal , Motlagh Mohammad Esmaeil , Ziaodini Hasan , Shafiee Gita , Taheri Majzoubeh , Mansourian Morteza , Qorbani Mostafa , Kelishadi Roya
Published: February 2020

Objectives

The relationship between sleep deprivation and the risk of overweight and obesity is somewhat known in children and adolescents. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between sleep duration and eating snacks in a national sample of children and adolescents aged 6–18 years old.

Methods

This cross‐sectional study was carried out on the data of the fifth survey of the national school‐based surveillance system entitled the “Childhood and Adolescence Surveillance and PreventIon of Adult Non‐communicable Disease” (CASPIAN‐V) study. Short sleeping duration was defined 10 hr per day for children under 10 years and 9 hr per day for children ≥ 10 years. To assess food habits, the consumption frequency of some food groups including sweets, salty snacks, carbonated beverages, diet soft drinks, soft beer, fresh fruits, dried fruits, fresh juices, vegetables, packed juices, dairy products (milk, yogurt, and cheese), fast foods, tea, sugar along with tea, and coffee was asked using Likert scale ( never, rarely, weekly, and daily).

Results

In multivariate model, short sleep versus long sleep in students was associated with increased chance of eating salty snacks (OR = 1.49 [95% CI: 1.38–1.61]; p = .001), soft drinks (OR = 1.12 [95% CI: 1.04–1.20]; p = .002), fast foods (OR = 1.66 [95% CI: 1.54–1.79]; p < .001), tea (OR = 1.49 [95% CI: 1.39–1.61]; p < .001), and tea with sugar (OR = 1.13 [95% CI: 1.05–1.22]; p < .001). In addition, short sleep in students was associated with a decreased odds of daily intake of soft drinks without sugars (OR = 0.64 [95% CI: 0.58–0.70]; p < .001), soft beer (OR = 0.92 [95% CI: 0.85–0.99]; p < .001), fresh fruit (OR = 0.83 [95% CI: 0.76–0.90]; p < .001), dried fruit (OR = 0.43 [95% CI: 0.39–0.46]; p < .001), fresh fruit juice (OR = 0.66 [95% CI: 0.62–0.72]; p < .001), packed juice (OR = 0.91 [95% CI: 0.84–0.98]; p < .009), milk (OR = 0.51 [95% CI: 0.47–0.55]; p < .001), yogurt (OR = 0.86 [95% CI: 0.79–0.93]; p ≤ .001), and coffee (OR = 0.82 [95% CI: 0.76–0.89]; p ≤ .001).

Conclusions

The findings of this study indicate a significant relationship between sleep duration and unhealthy food habits. Therefore, increasing awareness of families in this area may reduce obesity and its complications.
One‐Step Thermochemical Conversion of Biomass Waste into Superhydrophobic Carbon Material by Catalytic Pyrolysis
Authors: Li De‐Chang , Xu Wan‐Fei , Cheng Hui‐Yuan , Xi Kun‐Fang , Xu Bu‐De , Jiang Hong
Published: February 2020

Preparation of superhydrophobic carbon materials from lignocellulosic biomass waste via one‐step carbonization is very difficult due to the existences of polar functional groups and ashes, which are extremely hydrophilic. Herein, superhydrophobic carbon materials can be facilely synthesized by catalytic pyrolysis of biomass waste using FeCl3 as catalyst. The results show that the surface energy of lignin‐derived char (CharL) is significantly reduced to 19.25 mN m−1 from 73.29 mN m−1, and the water contact angle increased from 0 to 151.5°, by interaction with FeCl3. Multiple characterizations and control experiments demonstrate that FeCl3 can catalyze the pyrolytic volatiles to form a rough graphite and diamond‐like carbon layer that isolates the polar functional groups and ashes on CharL, contributing to the superhydrophobicity of the CharL. The one‐step catalytic pyrolysis is able to convert different natural biomass waste (e.g., lignin, cellulose, sawdust, rice husk, maize straw, and pomelo peel) into superhydrophobic carbon materials. This study contributes new information related to the interfacial chemistry during the sustainable utilization of biomass waste.
Porous Carbon Nanofoam Derived From Pitch as Solar Receiver for Efficient Solar Steam Generation
Authors: Chen Lihua , Zhao Shujing , Hasi Qi‐Meige , Luo Xiaofang , Zhang Chuantao , Li Hailing , Li An
Published: February 2020

Photothermal‐material‐assisted solar‐steam generation has recently attracted intensive attention due to its superior evaporation rate with high energy conversion efficiency for desalination. In this work, a simple approach for fabrication of porous carbon nanofoam (PCN) is reported, which is prepared by the carbonization of pitch using a combination of CaCO3 and NaCl templates, Meanwhile, NaCl saturated solution acts as a porogen to produce micropores and mesopores as solar receiver for efficient solar steam generation. The as‐prepared PCN shows excellent porosity and mesoporous feature with an average pore size of 26.8 nm. It also shows superior light absorption of 88% and better thermal insulation (thermal conductivity 0.993 W m−1 K−1). Based on these characteristics, the as‐prepared PCN can be used as a promising solar receiver. Under 1 sun, 2 sun, and 3 sun irradiation, the PCN‐based solar receiver shows high energy conversion efficiencies of 88%, 86%, and 84%, respectively. Taking advantage of the abundant, low‐cost, and commercial availability of pitch as well as its simple and cost‐effective manufacture method, the PCN‐based solar receiver may hold great potential for a broad variety of solar‐steam generation applications, for instance, fresh water production, power generation, desalination, and so on.
Determination of Antimicrobial and Toxic Metal Removal Activities of Plant‐Based Synthesized (Capsicum annuumL. Leaves), Ecofriendly, Gold Nanomaterials
Authors: Baran Mehmet Firat , Acay Hilal , Keskin Cumali
Published: February 2020

Nanoparticles are valuable materials with widespread use. The fact that these materials are obtained by biological resources with an environmentally friendly method contributes to the development of studies in this field. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) from waste vegetable sources (green leaves ofCapsicum annumL.) are economically and easily synthesized. The obtained particles are characterized by UV–vis spectroscopy (UV–vis), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. The antimicrobial activity of the particles on the pathogenic microorganismsEscherichia coliATCC 25922,Staphylococcus aureusATCC 29213,Bacillus subtilisbacteria, andCandida albicansyeast are found to have a significant suppressive effect. The removal activities of eight toxic metals (Pd, Cd, Fe, Ni, Co, Mn, Zn, Pb) in Diyarbakır drinking water and artificially prepared water within different pHs are investigated. Gold nanoparticles synthesized fromCapsicum annuumL. leaves are found to be effective in toxic metal removal in water samples.
An evaluation of an offshore energy installation for the Black Sea region of Turkey and the effects on a regional decrease in greenhouse gas emissions
Authors: Akdağ Ozan , Yeroglu Celaleddin
Published: February 2020

Offshore wind power plants (OWPPs), which are not yet installed in Turkey, are becoming a popular method of energy production around the world because of their environmentally friendly nature. Thus, the installation of OWPPs should be an important agenda item in terms of Turkey's renewable energy policies as a contribution to the global greenhouse gas emission targets. This study proposes a model for installing OWPPs in a suitable part of the Black Sea region of Turkey and simulates the results. The suitable locations for OWPP installation were evaluated according to the technical and geographical conditions of this region and site criteria. Meteorological data from these locations were analyzed in the Wind Atlas Analysis and Application Program (WAsP) to determine the best location. In this study, an OWPP model with a 204.6 MW installed power capacity was proposed for the identified location, which has a wind speed of 8.77 m s−1 and a wind power density of 348 W m−2. Then, an OWPP model and regional energy transmission system was modeled using DigSilent software. The load flow analysis was performed using this model, and the results show that 7616 tons of toxic gas and 1.527 million tons of greenhouse gas could be reduced in the region in a year if the proposed OWPP were put into operation. Thus, with the installation of OWPP, this study shows that annual CO2 emissions can be reduced by 7.63% for the entire Black Sea region. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The central Fuegian fold and thrust belt in Tierra del Fuego: Strike‐slip tectonics superimposed onto compressional deformation
Authors: Lozano Jorge G. , Bran Donaldo M. , Peroni Javier I. , Lodolo Emanuele , Menichetti Marco , Cerredo María E. , Tassone Alejandro
Published: February 2020

The boundary between South America and Scotia plates was established during Neogene times when a wrench tectonic regime was developed along the central area of Tierra del Fuego. This boundary includes the Magallanes–Fagnano fault system: a regional diffuse deformation zone, which involves the development of the satellite Yehuin–Chepelmut fault zone and a series of pull‐apart basins overprinting the Fuegian fold and thrust belt. The analysis of regional seismic lines allowed to reconstruct and recognize the structure of the external fold and thrust belt. The interpreted structures were integrated into a regional transect and a 3D block diagram that display the different structural domains and, mainly, the wrench deformation associated with the Magallanes–Fagnano fault system. Geophysical data from gravity and magnetic anomaly maps provided further support for the location and development of the pull‐apart basins along the plate boundary. The deformation of the external fold and thrust belt is characterized by an imbricated fan system with a Paleogene detachment surface, which was later cut across by the Yehuin–Chepelmut fault zone and the Magallanes–Fagnano fault system.
Flexible spatial learning requires both the dorsal and ventral hippocampus and their functional interactions with the prefrontal cortex
Authors: Avigan Philip D. , Cammack Katharine , Shapiro Matthew L.
Published: February 2020

When faced with changing contingencies, animals can use memory to flexibly guide actions, engaging both frontal and temporal lobe brain structures. Damage to the hippocampus (HPC) impairs episodic memory, and damage to the prefrontal cortex (PFC) impairs cognitive flexibility, but the circuit mechanisms by which these areas support flexible memory processing remain unclear. The present study investigated these mechanisms by temporarily inactivating the medial PFC (mPFC), the dorsal HPC (dHPC), and the ventral HPC (vHPC), individually and in combination, as rats learned spatial discriminations and reversals in a plus maze. Bilateral inactivation of either the dHPC or vHPC profoundly impaired spatial learning and memory, whereas bilateral mPFC inactivation primarily impaired reversal versus discrimination learning. Inactivation of unilateral mPFC together with the contralateral dHPC or vHPC impaired spatial discrimination and reversal learning, whereas ipsilateral inactivation did not. Flexible spatial learning thus depends on both the dHPC and vHPC and their functional interactions with the mPFC.
The Enantiomers of Trinorbornane and Derivatives Thereof
Authors: Delarue Bizzini Lorenzo , Bürgi Thomas , Mayor Marcel
Published: February 2020

Herein, we report the synthesis of the enantiomers of trinorbornane, a tetracyclic saturated hydrocarbon with the chemical formula C11H16. The preparation of these rigid carbon scaffolds was enabled by the successful chiral separation of its tricyclic precursor, thus allowing the enantiomers to be synthesized through a reductive radical cyclization reaction. Assignment of the absolute conformation of the enantiomers was achieved through VCD experiments. Further, we report an alternative cyclization procedure providing access to hydroxyl and phenyl sulfone functionalized trinorbornanes.
Heat conduction in sliding contact at start‐up and stopping
Authors: Moghaddam Saied
Published: February 2020

A transient heat conduction problem, in which a frictional heat source is uniformly distributed over a square region on the surface of a half‐space and varies in time, has been considered. Two states are studied, linear and oscillatory velocity, and a three‐dimensional numerical model, using the ADI method, is developed to calculate temperature and thermal resistance while start‐up and stopping. The effects of aspect ratio, steady‐state velocity, start‐up and stopping times, and frequency are examined.
Simulation of unsteady natural convection flow of a Casson viscoplastic fluid in a square enclosure utilizing a MAC algorithm
Authors: Devi T Sarala , Lakshmi C Venkata , Venkatadri K , Prasad V Ramachandra , Bég O Anwar , Reddy M Suryanarayana
Published: February 2020

Non‐Newtonian fluids are increasingly being deployed in energy systems and materials processing. Motivated by these developments, in the current study, a numerical simulation is performed on two‐dimensional, unsteady buoyancy‐driven flow in a square cavity filled with non‐Newtonian fluid (Casson liquid). The enclosure geometry features vertical isothermal walls (with one at higher temperature than the other) and thermally insulated horizontal walls. The conservation equations for mass, momentum, and energy are normalized via appropriate transformations and the resulting dimensionless partial differential boundary value problem is solved computationally with a marker and cell algorithm, which features a finite difference scheme along with a staggered grid system. The projection method is employed to evaluate the pressure term. Extensive visualizations of the impact of emerging physical parameters (Rayleigh number and Casson viscoplastic parameter) on streamline and isotherm distributions in the cavity are presented for fixed Prandtl number. Nusselt number, that is, heat transfer rate, is increased with rising values of the Casson viscoplastic fluid parameter for any value of Rayleigh number. The density of streamlines increases with increasing values of Casson viscoplastic fluid parameter upto 1. Overall, the Casson fluid parameter plays a vital role in controlling the convective heat transfer within the enclosure. The computations are relevant to hybrid solar collectors, materials fabrication (polymer melts), etc.