bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lichens from Central East Greenland
Authors: Hansen Eric Steen
Published: January 2024

A total of 600 samples of 167 species of macro- and microlichens were collected mainly by Pauline Topham and Geoffrey Halliday on botanical expeditions to Central East Greenland in the years 1961, 1962, 1968, 1971, 1974 and 1980. Three of the species, viz., Caloplaca tornoensis Magnusson, Rhizocarpon pusillum Runem, and Verrucaria thalassina (Zahlbr.) Zsch. are additions to the known lichen flora of Greenland. The following eleven species have not previously been reported from East Greenland: Catillaria philippea (Mont.) Massal., Cladonia luteoalba A. Wilson & Wheldon, C. macroceras (Delise) Ahti, Coelocaulon divergens (Ach.) R.H. Howe, Diploschistes muscorum (Scop.) R. Sant., Leprocaulon subalbicans (Lamb) Lamb & Ward, Peltigera kristinssonii Vitik., Pertusaria octomela (Norman) Erichsen, Rhizocarpon intermediellum Räsänen, Solorina saccata (L.) Ach. and Thelidium papulare (Fr.) Arnold.

Information is provided on climatic conditions at two meteorological stations situated in the area investigated. Thirtyeight collecting localities are listed, together with brief notes on their geology. The localities are situated between the southernmost part of Liverpool Land and Jameson Land, c. 70°N, and the middle of Lyell Land and Traill Ø, c. 73°N.

A survey is given of some important ecological, phytosociological and distributional characteristics for the lichen species, together with information on the presence of perithecia or apothecia.

Lichens of particular interest are discussed in the special part of the paper.

A number of commonly used synonyms are listed in the Appendix.
Mechanism and rule of microwave pulse response of two-stage PIN limiter
Authors: Gao Ming-Xuan , Zhang Yang , Zhang Jun ,   College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China,   College of Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
Published: January 2024

This paper aims to analyze the failure mechanism of the two-stage PIN limiter after having been injected by a microwave pulse. A two-stage PIN limiter model with high computational efficiency and accuracy is built by using the method of field-circuit collaborative simulation. Using this model, the temperature change of the PIN diodes during the injection of microwave pulse is simulated. The melting temperature of the PIN diode is selected as the failure criterion of the PIN limiter. The time and energy required for the failure of the PIN limiter under injection of microwave pulses with different frequencies and amplitudes are simulated. Furthermore, the mechanisms that trigger off these effects are analyzed. The relationship between the microwave pulse parameters and the PIN limiter failure time is summarized by using an empirical formula.

According to the simulation results, the temperature change of the second-stage PIN diode is relatively small compared with that of the first-stage. During the injection of the microwave pulse, the failure time and energy consumption of limiter show a certain regularity with the variation of microwave pulse amplitude and frequency, and this work discusses this regularity from the following three aspects. Firstly, the failure time and energy consumption decrease in a similar trend with frequency increasing. And with the increase in signal amplitude, the failure time and energy consumption tend to stabilize. Secondly, the increase in the signal amplitude leads failure time to decrease, which is similar to the relationship between failure time and the signal frequency mentioned before. But as the signal’s amplitude increases, the energy consumption first increases and then decreases slightly when the amplitude reaches about 900 V. Based on the theoretical analysis and the physical image of the two-stage PIN limiter, the reasons for these effects can be explained as the changes in the I-region's impedance and heat distribution change caused by electric field changes. Thirdly, the failure time and energy consumption show different sensitivities to different parameters of the microwave pulse. The signal frequency change has greater influence on the energy consumption than the signal amplitude change, while the amplitude change can exert a greater influence on the failure time than the frequency change.
7,8-Dihydroxyflavone is a direct inhibitor of pyridoxal phosphatase
Authors: Zink Christoph , Witzinger Linda , Keller Angelika , Hadamek Kerstin , Bothe Sebastian , Neuenschwander Martin , Villmann Carmen , von Kries Jens Peter , Schindelin Hermann , Jeanclos Elisabeth , Gohla Antje
Published: January 2024

Vitamin B6 deficiency has been linked to cognitive impairment in human brain disorders for decades. Still, the molecular mechanisms linking vitamin B6 to these pathologies remain poorly understood, and whether vitamin B6 supplementation improves cognition is unclear as well. Pyridoxal phosphatase (PDXP), an enzyme that controls levels of pyridoxal 5’-phosphate (PLP), the co-enzymatically active form of vitamin B6, may represent an alternative therapeutic entry point into vitamin B6-associated pathologies. However, pharmacological PDXP inhibitors to test this concept are lacking. We now identify a PDXP and age-dependent decline of PLP levels in the murine hippocampus that provides a rationale for the development of PDXP inhibitors. Using a combination of small molecule screening, protein crystallography and biolayer interferometry, we discover and analyze 7,8-dihydroxyflavone (7,8-DHF) as a direct and potent PDXP inhibitor. 7,8-DHF binds and reversibly inhibits PDXP with low micromolar affinity and sub-micromolar potency. In mouse hippocampal neurons, 7,8-DHF increases PLP in a PDXP-dependent manner. These findings validate PDXP as a druggable target. Of note, 7,8-DHF is a well-studied molecule in brain disorder models, although its mechanism of action is actively debated. Our discovery of 7,8-DHF as a PDXP inhibitor offers novel mechanistic insights into the controversy surrounding 7,8-DHF-mediated effects in the brain.
Utilization and transformation of Chrysotila dentata-derived dissolved organic matter by phycosphere bacteria Marinobacter hydrocarbonoclasticus and Bacillus firmus
Authors: Wang Xueru , Fan Chenjuan , Sun Jun
Published: January 2024

The dissolved organic matter (DOM) released from the cocoolithophores (Chrysotila dentata) was studied in laboratory experiments after co-culturing C. dentata with bacteria. Marinobacter hydrocarbonoclasticus (CA6)-γ-Proteobacteria and Bacillus firmus (CF2) were used to investigate the utilization and processing of the DOM derived from C. dentata, utilizing fluorescence excitation-emission matrix (EEM) combined with parallel factor analysis (EEM-PARAFAC), while measuring algal abundance and photosynthetic parameters. The experimental groups consisted of axenic C. dentata groups, filter cultured with bacteria (CA6 or CF2) groups, C. dentata co-cultured with bacteria (CA6 or CF2) groups and axenic bacteria (CA6 or CF2) groups. We then evaluated the processing of DOM by determining four fluorescence indices. The number of C. dentata cells and the photosynthetic capacity of microalgae were enhanced by CA6 and CF2. The main known fluorophores, including humic-like components and protein-like components, were present in all sample. The protein-like component of algal-bacterial co-cultures was effectively utilized by CA6 and CF2. The humic-like components increased at the end of the culture time for all cultures. Meanwhile, the average fluorescence intensity of protein-like in CA6 co-culture with algae was lower than that in CF2 co-culture with algae over time. On the other hand, the average fluorescence intensity of humic-like in CA6 was higher than CF2. However, the total change in fluorescence in humic-like and protein-like of axenic CF2 cultures was lower than that of CA6. Hence, the ability of CA6 to transform microalgal-derived DOM was superior to that of CF2, and CF2’s ability to consume bacterial-derived DOM was superior to that of CA6.
Vertical distribution characteristics of soil organic carbon and vegetation types under different elevation gradients in Cangshan, Dali
Authors: Yang Xue , Xu Jianhong , Wang Huifang , Quan Hong , Yu Huijuan , Luan Junda , Wang Dishan , Li Yuancheng , Lv Dongpeng
Published: January 2024

Background

The Cangshan National Nature Reserve of Dali City was adopted as the research object to clarify the vertical distribution characteristics of soil organic carbon (SOC) and vegetation types at different elevations in western Yunnan.

Methods

The contents of SOC, light fraction organic carbon (LFOC), heavy fraction organic carbon (HFOC), and water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) in the 0–30 cm soil layer at different elevations (2,400, 2,600, 2,800, 3,000, 3,200, 3,400, and 3,600 m) were determined, and the above-ground vegetation types at different elevations were investigated.

Results

Results showed that the SOC content was the highest in 0–20 cm surface soil and gradually decreased with the deepening of the soil layer. It increased then decreased with the increase in elevation, and it peaked at 3,000 m. The LFOC content was between 1.28 and 7.3515 g kg−1. It exhibited a decreasing trend and little change in profile distribution. The HFOC content ranged between 12.9727 and 23.3708 g kg−1; it increased then decreased with the increase in profile depth. The WSOC content was between 235.5783 and 392.3925 mg kg−1, and the response sensitivity to elevation change was weak. With the increase in elevation, WSOC/SOC and LFOC/SOC showed a similar trend, whereas HFOC presented an opposite trend. This observation indicates that the active organic carbon content at 3,600 m was lower than that at 2,400 m, and the middle elevation was conducive to the storage of active organic carbon. Meanwhile, the physical and chemical properties of soil affected the distribution of organic carbon to a certain extent. The vegetation type survey showed that the above-ground dominant species within 2,400–2,800 m were Pinus yunnanensis and Pinus armandii. Many evergreen and mixed coniferous broadleaf forests were distributed from 3,000 m to 3,200 m. Species of Abies delavayi were mainly distributed from 3,400 m to 3,600 m. This research serves as a reference for the study of forest soil carbon stability in high-elevation areas and plays an important role in formulating reasonable land use management policies, protecting forest soil, reducing organic carbon loss, and investigating the carbon sequestration stability of forest ecosystems.
Acute effects of muscle mechanical properties after 2000-m rowing in young male rowers
Authors: Chang Chun-Hao , Ho Chin-Shan , Li Fang , Chen Chao-Yuan , Yeh Hung-Chih , Ho Chia-An
Published: January 2024

Background

The mechanical properties of muscles, such as changes in muscle tone and stiffness, are related to sports performance and injuries. Rowers are at increased risk of muscle fatigue and injury during high-repetition and heavy-load cyclic muscle actions. In view of this, the aim of the present study was to investigate the acute effect on muscle tone and stiffness, as well as bilateral muscle asymmetry, in high school rowers after a 2000-meter rowing ergometer test.

Methods

Twelve young male rowers (age = 17.1 ± 0.9 years, body weight = 73.5 ± 9.7 kg) were included in the study. The data of muscle tone (frequency) and stiffness of the posterior deltoids (PD), latissimus dorsi (LD), and rectus femoris (RF) (dominant and non-dominant side) before and after a 2000-m rowing ergometer test were collected using a handheld MyotonPRO device.

Results

After the rowing ergometer test, the muscle tone of dominant side PD, LD, and RF were significantly increased (p < 0.05). On the other hand, the muscle stiffness of the non-dominant side LD and RF, as well as the dominant side PD, LD, and RF were significantly increased after the rowing ergometer test (p < 0.05). The muscle tone and stiffness results showed that the dominant side PD, LD, and RF were all significantly higher than the non-dominant side after the rowing ergometer test (p < 0.05), where bilateral PD and RF exhibits moderate asymmetry (5% < symmetry index < 10%).

Conclusions

After a high-intensity and high-load 2000-m rowing ergometer test, PD, LD, and RF showed increases in muscle tone and stiffness, as well as changes in the symmetry of bilateral muscle mechanical properties.
Endothelial Dysfunction in Type 2 Diabetes Patients and its Association with Microvascular Complications: A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Chogle Ameya Sanjay , Prasath Arun , Chandramouli Chandni , Green Siva Ranganathan
Published: January 2024

Introduction: The prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is increasing worldwide. Microangiopathic and macroangiopathic complications are the main causes of morbidity and mortality in diabetes. Endothelial dysfunction is important in the early pathophysiology of vascular complications. Screening is very important in order to prevent these complications. Aim: To investigate endothelial dysfunction, as measured by Flow Mediated Vasodilation (FMD) of the brachial artery, in diabetic individuals. It also aims to explore the correlation between FMD and Glycated Haemoglobin (HbA1c), as well as the association between FMD and microvascular complications such as diabetic neuropathy, diabetic retinopathy, and albuminuria. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Puducherry, India, between 2020 and 2021 on 160 patients. All patients diagnosed with T2DM, attending the Outpatient Department (OPD) or admitted to the ward, were enrolled in the study using consecutive sampling. FMD was measured for each patient, and Urine Albumin Creatinine Ratio (UACR) was also assessed. Diabetic retinopathy was evaluated through fundus examination, and diabetic neuropathy was screened using the monofilament test. Statistical analysis was performed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 27.0 to determine the correlation between FMD and these variables. Results: A total of 160 patients were enrolled in this study, including 104 (65%) males and 56 (35%) females. The median age was 52 years, and the participants had a median Body Mass Index (BMI) of 29.5 kg/m2 . The median HbA1c was 8.7%. The median Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS) and Postprandial Blood Sugar (PPBS) levels were 145 mg/dL and 242 mg/dL, respectively. The median FMD among all patients was 5.6%, with an Interquartile Range (IQR) of 4.9% to 6.6%. There was an inverse correlation between HbA1C and FMD values, with a correlation coefficient of -0.718 (p-value <0.01), indicating a strong and significant inverse correlation. Patients with significant macroalbuminuria had a lower median FMD compared to non albuminuric patients, and this difference was statistically significant. The median FMD was also lower in patients with diabetic neuropathy and retinopathy. Conclusion: The study findings suggest that endothelial dysfunction, as measured by FMD, is significantly impaired in patients with elevated HbA1c and microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus.
Morphology and Morphometry of the Pectoralis Minor Muscle: A Cadaveric Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Pusala Bheemesh , Waghray Nitya , Kishve Prajakta , Rajasundaram Archana , Johnson WMS
Published: January 2024

Introduction: Shoulder pain is a common clinical presentation and can be attributed to an anatomically anomalous insertion of the Pectoralis Minor (PMn) muscle tendon into the glenohumeral joint capsule. Therefore, understanding these anomalous patterns is crucial for clinicians in diagnosing and treating patients to prevent misdiagnosis and iatrogenic injury. Aim: To analyse the morphological patterns in the origin and insertion of the PMn muscle and to assess the morphometric dimensions of the muscle. Materials and Methods: This observational cross-sectional study was conducted on 60 upper limbs from 30 embalmed cadavers of both sexes. The specimens were obtained from the Department of Anatomy, ESIC Medical College and Hospital, Hyderabad, Telangana, India, between November 2018 and January 2023. The PMn muscles were thoroughly examined, and the various patterns in the origin and insertion were recorded. The length of the muscle was measured from the sternocostal junction of the inferior aspect of the fourth rib to the medial border of the coracoid process. The width of the muscle was measured at the midclavicular line and at the insertion. The frequency and percentage of each pattern were recorded and statistically analysed. Results: The present study found that the origin of PMn Type-2 was predominantly observed, with an incidence of 86.6%. Type-1 was observed in 6.7% of the upper limbs, while Type-3 was observed in 6.7% as well. Regarding the insertion of the PMn, Type-1 was predominantly observed, with an incidence of 76.7%. Type-2 was observed in 20% of the upper limbs, and Type-3 in 3.3%. The average length of the muscle was 14.01 cm, while the average width at the midclavicular line and at the insertion were 6.16 cm and 1.69 cm, respectively. Conclusion: A high incidence of Type-2 patterns in the origin, and Type-1 was predominant in the insertion of the pectoralis minor muscle. Knowledge of the morphometric measurements of the PMn muscle would be valuable for surgeons performing surgeries in the shoulder and pectoral region.
The Relationship between Kinesiophobia, Pain Intensity and Functional Disability among Elderly Individuals with Low Back Pain: A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Shenoy Nireeksha N , Kumar KU Dhanesh , Kovela Rakesh Krishna
Published: January 2024

Introduction: Low Back Pain (LBP) is the most common health problem among elderly individuals, leading to pain and disability. Alongside pain, psychosocial factors have a significant impact on patients with LBP. Kinesiophobia is defined as a fear of physical movement and activity, which can result in avoidance of activities and movement, leading to deconditioning. The relationship between kinesiophobia and pain severity is complex and interrelated, with each affecting the other and restricting the patient’s participation in daily activities. Aim: To investigate the relationship between kinesiophobia, pain severity, and functional disability in older people with LBP. Materials and Methods: A total of 49 participants over 60 years old with LBP were recruited for this cross-sectional study at the Department of Physiotherapy, Nitte Institute of Physiotherapy, Deralakatte, Mangaluru, Karnataka, India. Subjects were recruited from March 2022 to February 2023 based on inclusion criteria. Screened participants completed a self-reported questionnaire, The subjects themselves filled out the outcome tools. including the Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia (TSK) Questionnaire, the Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire tool, and the Numerical Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) to assess various aspects of kinesiophobia, functional disability, and pain severity. Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used to determine the correlation between kinesiophobia, pain severity, and functional disability. A p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The age of the elderly participants ranged from 60 to 84 years, with a mean age of 70.9±6.5 years. positive correlation was found between kinesiophobia and functional disability (r value=0.464, p-value=0.001), while no correlation was observed between kinesiophobia and pain intensity. Conclusion: It is concluded that kinesiophobia may contribute to disability, as a positive relationship between kinesiophobia and functional disability was observed in individuals with LBP. However, no correlation was found between kinesiophobia and pain intensity.
Correlation of HDL and LDL Cholesterol with Severity of Depression: A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Gupta Poorva , Tripathi Ashutosh , Saini Ashwani , Mahla Ved Pal , Jose Nimmi A , Kapoor Abhishek
Published: January 2024

Introduction: Depression is one of the leading causes of morbidity worldwide. It can impact various biomarkers, including proteins, monoamines, and lipids. Lipids play a critical role in regulating cellular function by influencing transport, anchoring, and providing structural support. The present study aimed to explore any correlation between lipid profiles and depression. Aim: To investigate the correlation between different lipid profile parameters (serum triglycerides, total cholesterol, serum Highdensity Lipoproteins (HDL), and Low-density Lipoproteins (LDL) levels) and the severity of depression. Materials and Methods: A hospital-based, cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, SGT University, Gurugram, Haryana, India, from June 2020 to June 2021. A total of 200 participants aged 18-65 years, diagnosed with depression according to the ICD-10 classification, were enrolled. Clinical assessments were conducted, and the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) (17 items) and Beck's Depression Inventory II (BDI II) (21-item scale) were used. Lipid parameters were obtained from fasting blood samples. The Wilcoxon’sMann-Whitney U test was applied to assess the association between gender distribution and lipid profiles. Spearman's correlation test was used to analyse the correlation between HAM-D and BDI scores with lipid profiles. Statistical significance was set at a p-value ≤0.05. Results: The mean age of the participants was 36.05±11.24 years. Correlations between HAM-D levels and lipid profiles revealed that all lipid parameters, except for HDL (which showed a negative correlation), were positively associated with HAM-D scores. These correlations were statistically significant (p ≤0.05). Similarly, a positive correlation was observed between all lipid levels and BDI scores, except for HDL, which exhibited a negative correlation. These correlations were also statistically significant (p≤0.05). Conclusion: Higher levels of LDL cholesterol were found to be associated with elevated depression rating scale scores and increased susceptibility to depression. On the other hand, HDL cholesterol demonstrated protective effects against depression. Adopting a healthy lifestyle, implementing dietary measures, and addressing stressors promptly may help prevent depressive symptoms.
Assessment of Clinical and Biochemical Cardiac Risk Factors in Patients with Subclinical Hypothyroidism: A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Kumar Rakesh , Rastogi Priyank , Chetiwal Rajesh
Published: January 2024

Introduction: Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the current era, and the focus is gradually shifting towards identifying the risk factors and pathways leading to CVD. While hypothyroidism has been extensively studied and linked to CVD risk, the association between subclinical hypothyroidism and CVD risk factors is not well established. Aim: To investigate the association between subclinical hypothyroidism and cardiac risk factors such as obesity indicators {Body Mass Index (BMI) and Waist-hip Ratio (WHR)}, blood pressure, and lipid parameters. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Medicine, ESI PGIMSR, Basaidarapur, New Delhi, India, from December 2020 to April 2022. The study included 200 patients, with 100 patients recruited in the subclinical hypothyroidism group (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) >4.8 μIU/mL with normal fT4) and 100 patients with euthyroid status (TSH 0.5-4.8 μIU/mL and normal fT4) included in the comparison group. Both groups were assessed for CVD risk factors including obesity indicators (BMI and WHR), blood pressure, and lipid parameters. The two groups were analysed for statistical significance using Student’s t-test. Results: Both groups had similar age distributions. However, there was a greater percentage of female patients in the subclinical hypothyroidism group (61%) compared to the euthyroid group (52%). As expected, TSH levels in the subclinical hypothyroidism group were significantly higher than in the euthyroid group. The subclinical hypothyroidism group recorded significantly higher mean values of BMI, Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP), Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP), total cholesterol, and triglycerides, which were higher by 18%, 17%, 17%, 41%, and 16% compared to the euthyroid group, respectively. Other parameters like WHR and Low-Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol (LDL-C) were found to be raised in subclinical hypothyroidism compared to the euthyroid group, while High-Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol (HDL-C) levels were significantly lower by 16% in subclinical hypothyroidism. Conclusion: Subclinical hypothyroidism is significantly associated with cardiac risk factors like obesity indicators (BMI and WHR), blood pressure, and lipid parameters.
A Review of Seismic Performance of Infill Wall Frame Structures under Flexible Connections
Authors: Zhang Hao
Published: January 2024

With the continuous improvement of seismic-resistant technology and the development of social and economic level, the research on seismic performance of infill wall frame structure has been deepened, and the flexible connection between walls and frames has been gradually emphasized. The purpose of this paper is to systematically elaborate the experimental research and finite element analysis method research on the seismic performance of infill wall frame structure under flexible connection according to the research results of scholars from various countries, point out the key technical problems that need to be solved in the research process of the seismic performance of infill wall frame structure under flexible connection, and put forward the outlook of the future research.
The Role and Impact of STEM Education on Nigeria's Progress
Authors: Oyeniran Esther C. , Oyeniran Bunmi J. , Oyeniran Michael , Oyeniran Emmanuel
Published: January 2024

Most people regard advancement as a social change of society that aims to improve the economic, social, and material well-being of most individuals to achieve dominance. This article acknowledges that science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) education promotes national growth and advancement. It looked at STEM education's role and impact in advancing Nigeria. The article aimed to raise awareness of a few key STEM topics in the hopes that it would lead to the intended advancement and enhancement of human life. After recommendations, it was determined that national advancement in low-income and middle-income nations such as Nigeria could be accomplished with quality STEM education.
Exploring the Intricacies and Functionalities of Galactose Oxidase: Structural Nuances, Catalytic Behaviors, and Prospects in Bio-electrocatalysis
Authors: Ajayi Nneka Damola , Ajayi Samson Abidemi , Olaniyi Oluwaseun Oladeji
Published: January 2024

Galactose Oxidase, also known as GOase, is an enzyme found mostly in Fusarium graminearum, Dactylium dendroides, and Gibberella fujikuroi. GOase, containing copper, serves catalytic functions in oxidizing substrates and primary alcohols such as d-galactose, benzyl alcohol derivatives, and dihydroxyacetone. The catalytic property of galactose oxidase that differentiates it from other enzymes is its cofactor consisting of a Cu (II)-bound Cys-Tyr* radical. The cofactor is vital for enabling regioselective oxidation. The application of galactose oxidase (GOase) covers several fields such as enzymatic synthesis, biosensors development, and processes of diagnosis.

Galactose oxidase (GOase) was discovered to have a crystallographic structure by X-ray diffraction, which revealed an active site containing copper ions displaying relatively square pyramidal geometry. There are three unique structural and functional domains of the enzyme GOase. The domains include Tyr495 and a covalent bond between Cys228 and Tyr272 serving as equatorial and axial ligands, respectively. The mechanism of catalysis covers three different oxidation states, which include the active state containing Cu (II)-radical, the intermediate state containing Cu (II)-tyrosine, and the Cu(I)-tyrosine state. The cycle of catalysis that has been posited comprises several phases which are: (i) substrate binding, (ii) the transfer of proton (iii) the transfer of hydrogen atom, and (iv) subsequent oxidation steps. These phases eventually yield the synthesis of aldehyde and hydrogen peroxide.

Galactose oxidase’s (GOase) mechanism of catalysis has been studied thoroughly via extensive research focusing on explaining the ping-pong mechanism that occurs in both oxidative and reductive half-reactions. The processes of activating and reactivating galactose (GOase) involve the transfer of electrons in which horseradish peroxidase (HRP) serves as an activator. The electrochemical investigations provide evidence of the electrochemical activation and reactivation of GOase in the presence of mediators.

This comprehensive review enhances the comprehension of the structural complexities, catalytic mechanisms, and bio-electrocatalytic potential of GOase, thereby establishing a basis for future investigations and developments in technology.
Irrigation Scheduling and Nitrogen Management Practices Affected the Nutrient Concentration of Moth Bean under Arid Ecosystem
Authors: Jat R. L. , Rolaniya L. K. , Punia Monika , Choudhary Raja Ram
Published: January 2024

Efficient utilization of water and fertilizers is important for maximizing yield for moth bean production through improvement the nutrient use efficiency under arid ecosystem. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of irrigation and nitrogen fertilizers on growth, yield and nutrient content of moth bean in the western zone of Rajasthan during 2020 & 2021. Treatments included three levels of nitrogen (N1:15 kg N as basal + foliar spray of urea (2%) at flowering stage, N2: 15 kg N + foliar spray of urea (2%) at pod development stage and N3: 15 kg N + foliar spray of urea (2%) at flowering and pod development stages) and levels three levels of irrigation (I1: single irrigation at branching stage, I2: two irrigation at branching + pod development stages and I3: two irrigation at flowering + pod development stages) were laid down in factorial combinations of randomized block design with three replications. The results revealed that 15 kg N + foliar spray of urea (2%) at flowering and pod development stage recorded significantly higher nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content in seed and haulm over 15 kg N + foliar spray of urea (2%) at flowering stage and 15 kg N + foliar spray of urea (2%) at pod development stage. However, the phosphorus content in seed and haulm was not significantly influenced by N3 and statistically equivalent with N2 and N1 during 2020 and 2021. Potassium content in seed showed significant enhancement under N3, while K content in haulm was not affected significantly during 2020 and pooled basis. Further, irrigation management practices did not show any significant improvement on N, P, K content in seed and haulm during years of 2020 and 2021. While, N content in seed and haulm was significantly improved under I2 over I3 and I1 on pooled basis. Thus, 15 kg N as basal application + foliar spray of urea (2%) at flowering and pod development stages with two irrigations at branching + pod development stages improved the nutrient content in moth bean in arid condition.
Efficacy of Fungicides and Optimization of Application Timing for the Management of Sclerotinia Rot of Mustard Caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
Authors: Chandam Marjit , Tewari A. K. , Purohit Rahul , Shweta  , Baruah Priya , Chidanandappa
Published: January 2024

Sclerotinia rot of rapeseed-mustard caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary has gained significant importance in Rajasthan, Punjab, Haryana and other major rapeseed-mustard growing areas of India in recent years. Fungicides are extensively used for the control of this disease since no commercial cultivars have been found resistant to S. sclerotiorum and other management practices have not been found very effective. Therefore, the present investigations were carried out to evaluate the efficacy of fungicides and to optimize application timing for the effective management of Sclerotinia rot of mustard. Among 08 fungicides tested in vitro, Carbendazim 50% WP and Propiconazole 25% EC were found most efficient at completely inhibiting the mycelial growth of S. sclerotiorum at all the concentrations tested. In an in vitro sclerotial (carpogenic) germination test, Carbendazim 50% WP completely inhibited sclerotial germination at 100, 250 and 500 ppm. Under artificial inoculation conditions in the field, Propiconazole 25% EC @0.1% was found most effective in reducing Sclerotinia rot incidence (87.04%) followed by Carbendazim 50% WP (83.33%) and Tebuconazole 25.9% EC (75.93%). Similarly, under natural epiphytotic conditions in field, Propiconazole 25% EC @0.1% was found best in disease incidence reduction (85.34%) with increased yield (40.00%) followed by Carbendazim 50% WP (81.25% & 38.09%) and Tebuconazole 25.9% EC (79.72% & 35.24%) in disease reduction and increased yield respectively. Differential time and frequency of application of Propiconazole @0.1% were tested and found that 02 applications i.e. 1st spray at 4.2 flowering stage i.e. 30% bloom stage (70 DAS) and 2nd spray at 4.3 flowering stage i.e. 50% bloom stage (85 DAS) was equally effective in disease incidence reduction (82.70%) with 03 applications i.e. 1st spray at 4.1 flowering stage i.e. 10-20% bloom stage (55 DAS), 2nd at 4.2 flowering stage (70 DAS) and 3rd at 4.3 flowering stage (85 DAS). Therefore, the optimization of fungicide application timing and the number of sprays with adequate concentrations is advisable to increase the cost-effectiveness of crop production while controlling the disease.
Response of Inorganic Fertilizers Organic Manure and Biofertilizer on Soil Health and Yield Attributes of Chick Pea (Cicer aretinum L.) Cv. Aruna
Authors: Kumar Anil , David Arun Alfred , Thomas Tarence , Bharose Ram , Swaroop Narendra , Serawat Rohan , Reddy Iska Srinath , Toppo Neha
Published: January 2024

An experimental trial carried out on topic for the two repeated year 2021-22, start from rabi seasons at research farm of soil science and agricultural chemistry prayagraj. The geographical co-ordinates of the university campus are approximately 25.47690 N latitude and 81.85740 E longitude and 98 meters (322 feet) the area of prayagraj district comes under subtropical belt in the south east of uttar pradesh, which experience extremely hot summer and fairly cold winter. The maximum temperature of the location reaches up to 460C - 480C and minimum temperature is 40C - 50C. The relative humidity ranged between 20 to 94 percent. The average rainfall in this area is around 1100 mm annually. the designed lay out 48 total soil was sandy loam and samples were taken from different depths 0-15 cm and 15-30 cm the conjunctive use of N, P, & K and different vermicompost and rhizobium the treatment T16 [RDF @ 100 % + VC @ 100 % + Rhizobium @ 100 %] plant height (cm), number of branches, number of pods plant-1, number of seeds pod plant-1, grain yield, seed weight, gave best results. The maximum B:C ratio was achieved in treatment T16 [RDF @ 100 % + VC @ 100 % + Rhizobium @ 100 %], i. e. 1.95 and 2.18, for chick pea cv. aruna during respectively years and was found at par than any other treatment.
Residual Effect of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers on Growth Indices of Chickpea under Soybean-Chickpea System in Vertisol of Central India
Authors: Jat R. L. , Rolaniya L. K. , Punia Monika , Choudhary Raja Ram
Published: January 2024

A field experiment was conducted at ICAR-Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Regional Station, Bhopal to evaluate the residual effect of the fertilizer with organic manure on the growth indices of chickpea in soybean-chickpea system in Vertisol of central India. The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design comprising two levels of farm yard manure (5 t FYM ha-1 or No FYM) in the main plots and six micronutrient management levels (control, 25 kg ZnSO4 ha-1, 12.5 kg ZnSO4 ha-1 + zinc solubilizer, ammonium molybdate (AM) 1 g kg-1 seed treatment + 25 kg ZnSO4 ha-1, ammonium molybdate (AM) 1 kg ha-1 soil application + 25 kg ZnSO4 ha-1, and ammonium molybdate (AM) 1 g kg-1 seed treatment + 0.5% foliar spray of ZnSO4 at 30 and 60 days after sowing) in sub-plots with three replications. The results revealed that the application of 5 t FYM ha-1 resulted in significantly higher values of plant height, dry matter accumulation, branches plant-1, leaf area index, leaf area duration, absolute growth rate, crop growth rate, and relative growth rate than no application of FYM. Furthermore, ammonium molybdate (AM) at 1 kg ha-1 as a basal application with 25 kg ha-1 ZnSO4 significantly improved all the growth parameters, viz. plant height, dry matter accumulation (DMA), branches plant-1, leaf area index, leaf area duration, absolute growth rate, crop growth rate, and relative growth rate over the control, 25 kg ZnSO4 ha-1 and 12.5 kg ZnSO4 ha-1 + zinc solubilizer. However, it was statistically on par with the AM 1 g kg-1 seed treatment + 25 kg ZnSO4 ha-1 + 25 kg ZnSO4 ha-1 and AM 1 g kg-1 seed treatment + 0.5% foliar spray of ZnSO4 with respect to all growth parameters. Thus, the application of farmyard manure 5 t ha-1 with AM at 1 kg ha-1 as a basal application with 25 kg ha-1 ZnSO4 could be used to sustain chickpea production and maintain soil fertility. The results highlight the importance of using plant nutrients from various sources and methods of application for realizing high chickpea productivity.
Sowing Media and Gibberellic Acid Influences Germination and Seedling Growth of Chilgoza Pine (Pinus gerardiana. Wall)
Authors: Salari Hedayatullah , Kumar Shamal Shasang , Wani Owais Ali , Kumar Shavneel , Kumar Vinit Vinay
Published: January 2024

Pinus gerardiana Wall. recognized for its significant contribution to nut production, holds ecological and economic importance as a forestry species with limited range primarily found in Afghanistan. The species displays either extremely low or non-existent levels of natural regeneration. Due to irregular and uncommon seed years, problems with dormancy, and other factors, this species' natural habitat renewal is slowed down. Hence, we conducted a study to examine how different substrates and gibberellic acid (GA3) affect the germination and growth of Chilgoza pine seedlings. The substrates were grouped into three types, each containing varying proportions of soil, sand, and farmyard manure (FYM): M1 (1:1:1), M2 (1:1/2:1/2), M3 (1:1/3:2/3). Additionally, three concentrations of GA3 (0, 50, and 100 ppm) were used to assess their impact on germination and seedling growth. The results revealed that, with the exception of mean germination time (MGT) at 42.36 days, the highest values for final germination percentage (FGP) at 58.66%, germination index (GI) at 274, germination rate index (GRI) at 75.01, shoot fresh weight (SFW) at 8.74 g, shoot dry weight (SDW) at 4.78 g, shoot length (SL) at 219.80 mm, and seedling vigor index (SVI) at 1291926.02 were achieved when seeds were initially soaked in a 100 ppm GA3 solution for 6 hours and then planted in a medium with equal proportions of soil, sand, and FYM. The effects of GA3 concentrations were significant in influencing seedling growth, while substrate effects strongly impacted seed germination. This indicates that Chilgoza seeds possess ample gibberellin for germination but this is reduced during the seedling growth phase. The response of seedling vegetative growth to GA3 concentrations exhibited a notable linear trend, whereas the relationship between FGP and MGT with GA3 concentrations showed a significant quadratic pattern. This suggests that GA3 concentrations can effectively promote seedling growth. The substrate choice notably influenced FGP and MGT due to its role in nutrient provision and aeration. The highest GA3 concentration led to the greatest enhancement in seedling vegetative growth, implying that prolonged usage might yield further benefits over time. In conclusion, the findings suggest that both GA3 and substrate have the potential to enhance Chilgoza seed germination and subsequent seedling growth, and their combined application could be a beneficial approach.
Evaluation the in vitro Anti-Sickle Cell Potential of Two Medicinal Plant Species, Rhynchospora corymbosa and Olax subscorpioïdea on the Inhibition of Falciformation of SS Genotype Erythrocytes
Authors: M’Befehè Soro , Bognan Ackah Jacques Auguste Alfred , Guillaume Yaye Yapi , Joel Akakpo-Akue , François Sibiri Jean- , Mireille Kple Tatiana Kangah , Maxime Guehi Bingo , Joseph Djaman Allico
Published: January 2024

Aims: Sickle cell disease is one of the world's leading genetic disorders. It is characterized by the presence of an abnormal hemoglobin HbS in the blood. The anomaly affects the primary structure of hemoglobin, through the substitution of valine for glutamic acid. In traditional medicine, two plant species, Rhynchospora corymbosa and Olax subscorpioïdea, are used to treat this condition.

Place and Duration of Study: Agro-valuation Laboratory, Hematology Clinic laboratory of Cocody Hospital University (CHU), between June-Aout 2021 and June-July 2022.

Methodology: Following a triphytochemical test, the effect of each species on the in vitro inhibition of SS erythrocyte falciformation was evaluated.

Results: Thus an abundance of alkaloids, tannins, saponins, polyterpenes and sterols were found in the families of molecules identified in Rhynchospora corymbosa. As for the decocted Olax subscorpioïdea, in addition to the families of molecules identified in Rhynchospora corymbosa the polyphenols, leuco-anthocyanins and flavonoids were found. In addition, at an equal concentration of 0.312 mg/mL, decoctions of Rhynchospora corymbosa and Olax subscorpioïdea gave an inhibition rates of 80 and 84 % respectively. Both extracts showed activity on in vitro falciformation inhibition. This activity is thought to be due to the presence of chemical groups with anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.

Conclusion: The use of Rhynchospora corymbosa and Olax subscorpioïdea in the treatment of sickle cell disease in Côte d'Ivoire would be justified.
Robot Design of Underwater Building Surface Dredging - Structural Design
Authors: Liaoyuan Wang , Zhiqiang Liu , Zhiguang Li
Published: January 2024

In order to improve the efficiency of dredging, reduce the cost of dredging and ensure the safety of operation, this paper designs an underwater building surface dredging robot (hereinafter referred to as "underwater dredging robot"), which mainly includes the following aspects. The structure of underwater dredging robot is planned and divided into dredging system, walking system, driving system and support system. According to the actual work situation and the characteristics of each system, the scheme selection and structure design are carried out, and the overall layout scheme is obtained. The materials of the support system are selected and its force under different working conditions is analyzed. Through finite element analysis and modal analysis, it is verified that its reliability meets the requirements and there is no resonance phenomenon in the work.
The Denotative and Connotative Meanings on the Advertisement of iPhone 13 Relax, It’s Iphone
Authors: Yip Verenia Vivian , Suprajitno Setefanus
Published: January 2024

A creative and innovative advertisement is required by a company to attract customers. So, advertisers must utilize an attractive technique to convince the viewers to buy their products and they need to deliver the messages to the customers. To deliver the messages, advertisers employ semiotic modes such as visual mode, linguistic mode, and gestural mode. We analyze the denotative and connotative meanings as expressed through the semiotic resources used and the messages delivered in the iPhone 13 Relax, it’s iPhone video advertisement. We use the theory of the process of signification by Chandler (2017) and semiotic mode as supporting theory. The denotative and connotative meanings of the advertisement is that the iPhone 13 has three features namely water-resistance, long battery life, and durability. The messages that these advertisements create is a brand myth, that is, people do not have to worry when they use iPhone 13 in an unfavorable situation.
The Ideology of Beauty in Wardah and Sariayu Advertisements
Authors: Goldsteel Efraim
Published: January 2024

The aim of the study is to analyze the construction and promotion of the ideology of beauty in advertisements from the brands Wardah and Sariayu. To interpret the data, the researcher employed Fairclough's three-dimensional model, which allows for a comprehensive analysis of discourse. Throughout the analysis, the researcher observed the use of various discursive strategies, such as puffery, pseudo-scientific claims, emotional appeals, and linking techniques. In the case of Wardah advertisements, the emphasis was placed on the importance of meeting beauty standards. The advertisements also associated their products with some religious values to appeal a specific target audience. On the other hand, Sari Ayu advertisements focus on the concept of self-improvement and natural complexion. Rather than conforming to societal beauty standards, the emphasis to promote the idea that individuals can be beautiful and confident without adhering strictly to conventional beauty standard.
Blockchain for Achieving Accountable Outsourcing Computations in Edge Computing
Authors: P. Karthi , S.R. Menaka , G. Singaravel
Published: January 2024

Since the emergence of cloud computing, data owners are being driven to move their intricate data management systems from on-site locations to private cloud providers in order to take advantage of increased flexibility and cost savings. However, sensitive data must be encrypted before being outsourced in order to safeguard data privacy. This renders outdated the conventional method of using data, which relies on plaintext keyword searches. It is therefore crucial to activate an encrypted cloud data search service. In order to meet the effective data retrieval, need, search services must support multi-keyword queries and offer result similarity rating, given the volume of data users and documents stored in cloud storage. Similar works on searchable encryption seldom distinguish between search results and concentrate on single keyword or Boolean keyword search. I define and solve the difficult problem of privacy-preserving multi-keyword ranked search over encrypted cloud data (MRSE) for the first time in this work. I also outline a tight set of privacy requirements that must be met in order for such a safe cloud data utilization system to be implemented.