bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Molecular Gallium Arsenide Phosphide Clusters Prepared from AsP3, P4, and [{GaC(SiMe3)3}4]
Authors: Cossairt Brandi M. , Cummins Christopher C.
Published: September 2010

Treatment of AsP3 with 0.75 equivalents of [{GaC(SiMe3)3}4] resulted in selective insertion of three equivalents of {GaC(SiMe3)3} into the three AsP bonds to give [As{GaC(SiMe3)3}3P3] (1‐As) with an intact cyclo‐P3 ring. This yellow compound has been characterized by NMR spectroscopy, combustion analysis, single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, UV/Vis spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry (THF, 0.2 M [TBA][B(C6F5)4]; TBA=tetrabutyl ammonium). Computational models of 1‐As and the isomeric [P{GaC(SiMe3)3}3AsP2] (1‐P) have been investigated as well, revealing several interesting electronic features of these cage molecules. Following from the cyclic voltammetry studies of 1‐As that highlight an irreversible two‐electron reduction at −2.2 V versus Fc/Fc+, treatment with one equivalent of [Mg(C14H10)(thf)3] resulted in two‐electron reduction to provide [As{GaC(SiMe3)3}3P3Mg(thf)3] (2), in which the Mg2+ ion has inserted into one of the PP bonds of the cyclo‐P3 ring. It was also found that treatment of AsP3 or P4 with one equivalent of [{GaC(SiMe3)3}4] resulted in formation of the quadruple insertion products [As{GaC(SiMe3)3}4P3] (3) and [P{GaC(SiMe3)3}4P3] (4), respectively.
A Continuous Flow Process Using a Sequence of Microreactors with In‐line IR Analysis for the Preparation ofN,N‐Diethyl‐4‐(3‐fluorophenylpiperidin‐4‐ylidenemethyl)benzamide as a Potent and Highly Selective δ‐Opioid Receptor Agonist
Authors: Qian Zizheng , Baxendale Ian R. , Ley Steven V.
Published: September 2010

This article describes the design, optimisation and development of a continuous flow synthesis ofN,N‐diethyl‐4‐(3‐fluorophenylpiperidin‐4‐ylidenemethyl)benzamide, a potent δ‐opioid receptor agonist developed by AstraZeneca. The process employs a sequence of flow‐based microreactors, with integrated purification employing solid‐supported reagents and in‐line IR analytical protocols using a newly developed ReactIR flow cell. With this monitoring device, initiation of the fourth input flow stream can be precisely controlled during the synthesis.
Novel Huprine Derivatives with Inhibitory Activity toward β‐Amyloid Aggregation and Formation as Disease‐Modifying Anti‐Alzheimer Drug Candidates
Authors: Viayna Elisabet , Gómez Tània , Galdeano Carles , Ramírez Lorena , Ratia Míriam , Badia Albert , Clos M. Victòria , Verdaguer Ester , Junyent Félix , Camins Antoni , Pallàs Mercè , Bartolini Manuela , Mancini Francesca , Andrisano Vincenza , Arce Mariana P. , Rodríguez‐Franco María Isabel , Bidon‐Chanal Axel , Luque F. Javier , Camps Pelayo , Muñoz‐Torrero Diego
Published: September 2010

A new family of dual binding site acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors has been designed, synthesized, and tested for their ability to inhibit AChE, butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), AChE‐induced and self‐induced β‐amyloid (Aβ) aggregation and β‐secretase (BACE‐1), and to cross the blood–brain barrier. The new heterodimers consist of a unit of racemic or enantiopure huprine Y or X and a donepezil‐related 5,6‐dimethoxy‐2‐[(4‐piperidinyl)methyl]indane moiety as the active site and peripheral site to mid‐gorge‐interacting moieties, respectively, connected through a short oligomethylene linker. Molecular dynamics simulations and kinetics studies support the dual site binding to AChE. The new heterodimers are potent inhibitors of human AChE and moderately potent inhibitors of human BChE, AChE‐induced and self‐induced Aβ aggregation, and BACE‐1, and are predicted to be able to enter the central nervous system (CNS), thus constituting promising multitarget anti‐Alzheimer drug candidates with the potential to modify the natural course of this disease.
Surfactant‐assisted synthesis of novel star‐like PbWO4 hierarchical architectures
Authors: Tang Hua , Wu Qiong , Yang Xiaofei , Yang Bin , Li Changsheng
Published: September 2010

Large‐scale star‐like PbWO4 hierarchical architectures were controllably synthesized by a facile surfactant‐assisted technology under mild conditions in the presence of a mixed solvent of ethylene glycol and water. The morphology, structure, and phase composition of PbWO4 architectures were characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM), field emission transmission electron microscopy (FE‐TEM), and nitrogen adsorption‐desorption isotherms. The possible formation mechanism of the star‐like PbWO4 architectures (initial nucleating stage and a subsequent self‐assembly stage) was proposed based on the observations from a time‐dependent morphology evolution process, which may pave the way to shape‐controlled synthesis of inorganic nanocrystals with the complex structures. This route provides a facile strategy to fabricate complex hierarchical PbWO4 structures. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
TLR5 or NLRC4 is necessary and sufficient for promotion of humoral immunity by flagellin
Authors: Vijay‐Kumar Matam , Carvalho Frederic A. , Aitken Jesse D. , Fifadara Nimita H. , Gewirtz Andrew T.
Published: September 2010

The fact that some TLR‐based vaccine adjuvants maintain function in TLR‐deficient hosts highlights that their mechanism of function remains incompletely understood. Thus, we examined the ability of flagellin to induce cytokines and elicit/promote murine antibody responses upon deletion of the flagellin receptors TLR5 and/or NLRC4 (also referred to as IPAF) using a prime/boost regimen. In TLR5‐KO mice, flagellin failed to induce NF‐κB‐regulated cytokines such as keratinocyte‐derived chemokine (CXCL1) but induced WT levels of the inflammasome cytokine IL‐18 (IL‐1F4). Conversely, in NLRC4‐KO mice, flagellin induced keratinocyte‐derived chemokine, but not IL‐18, whereas TLR5/NLRC4‐DKO lacked induction of all cytokines measured. Flagellin/ovalbumin treatment resulted in high‐antibody titers to both flagellin and ovalbumin in WT, TLR5‐KO and DKO mice but did not elicit antibodies to either in TLR5/NLRC4‐DKO mice. Thus, flagellin's ability to elicit/promote humoral immunity requires a germ‐line‐encoded receptor capable of recognizing this molecule. Such promotion of adaptive immunity can be effectively driven by either TLR5‐mediated activation of NF‐κB or NLRC4‐mediated activation of the inflammasome.
Dendritic cells adhere to and transmigrate across lymphatic endothelium in response to IFN‐α
Authors: Rouzaut Ana , Garasa Saray , Teijeira Álvaro , González Iranzu , Martinez‐Forero Ivan , Suarez Natalia , Larrea Esther , Alfaro Carlos , Palazón Asís , Dubrot Juan , Hervás‐Stubbs Sandra , Melero Ignacio
Published: September 2010

Migration of DC into lymphatic vessels ferries antigenic cargo and pro‐inflammatory stimuli into the draining LN. Given that tissues under the influence of viral infections produce type I IFN, it is conceivable that these cytokines enhance DC migration in order to facilitate an antiviral immune response. Cultured lymphatic endothelium monolayers pretreated with TNF‐α were used to model this phenomenon under inflammatory conditions. DC differentiated in the presence of either IFN‐α2b or IFN‐α5 showed enhanced adhesion to cultured lymphatic endothelial cells. These pro‐adhesive effects were mediated by DC, not the lymphatic endothelium, and correlated with increased DC transmigration across lymphatic endothelial cell monolayers. Transmigration was guided by chemokines acting on DC, and blocking experiments with mAb indicated a role for LFA‐1. Furthermore, incubation of DC with IFN‐α led to the appearance of active conformation epitopes on the CD11a integrin chains expressed by DC. Differentiation of mouse DC in the presence of IFN‐α also increased DC migration from inflammed footpads toward popliteal LN. Collectively, these results indicate a role for type I IFN in directing DC toward LN under inflammatory conditions.
IFN‐γ and IL‐12 synergize to convert in vivo generated Th17 into Th1/Th17 cells
Authors: Lexberg Maria H. , Taubner Annegret , Albrecht Inka , Lepenies Inga , Richter Anne , Kamradt Thomas , Radbruch Andreas , Chang Hyun‐Dong
Published: September 2010

Th1 and Th17 cells are distinct lineages of effector/memory cells, imprinted for re‐expression of IFN‐γ and IL‐17, by upregulated expression of T‐bet and retinoic acid‐related orphan receptor γt (RORγt), respectively. Apparently, Th1 and Th17 cells share tasks in the control of inflammatory immune responses. Th cells coexpressing IFN‐γ and IL‐17 have been observed in vivo, but it remained elusive, how these cells had been generated and whether they represent a distinct lineage of Th differentiation. It has been shown that ex vivo isolated Th1 and Th17 cells are not interconvertable by TGF‐β/IL‐6 and IL‐12, respectively. Here, we show that ex vivo isolated Th17 cells can be converted into Th1/Th17 cells by combined IFN‐γ and IL‐12 signaling. IFN‐γ is required to upregulate expression of the IL‐12Rβ2 chain, and IL‐12 for Th1 polarization. These Th1/Th17 cells stably coexpress RORγt and T‐bet at the single‐cell level. Our results suggest a molecular pathway for the generation of Th1/Th17 cells in vivo, which combine the pro‐inflammatory potential of Th1 and Th17 cells.
Memory‐like IFN‐γ response by NK cells following malaria infection reveals the crucial role of T cells in NK cell activation by P. falciparum
Authors: McCall Matthew B. B. , Roestenberg Meta , Ploemen Ivo , Teirlinck Anne , Hopman Joost , de Mast Quirijn , Dolo Amagana , Doumbo Ogobara K. , Luty Adrian , van der Ven André J. A. M. , Hermsen Cornelus C. , Sauerwein Robert W.
Published: September 2010

NK cells are rapid IFN‐γ responders to Plasmodium falciparum‐infected erythrocytes (PfRBC) in vitro and are involved in controlling early parasitaemia in murine models, yet little is known about their contribution to immune responses following malaria infection in humans. Here, we studied the dynamics of and requirements for in vitro NK responses to PfRBC in malaria‐naïve volunteers undergoing a single experimental malaria infection under highly controlled circumstances, and in naturally exposed individuals. NK‐specific IFN‐γ responses to PfRBC following exposure resembled an immunological recall pattern and were tightly correlated with T‐cell responses. However, although PBMC depleted of CD56+ cells retained 20–55% of their total IFN‐γ response to PfRBC, depletion of CD3+ cells completely abrogated the ability of remaining PBMC, including NK cells, to produce IFN‐γ. Although NK responses to PfRBC were partially dependent on endogenous IL‐2 signaling and could be augmented by exogenous IL‐2 in whole PBMC populations, this factor alone was insufficient to rescue NK responses in the absence of T cells. Thus, NK cells make a significant contribution to total IFN‐γ production in response to PfRBC as a consequence of their dependency on (memory) T‐cell help, with likely positive implications for malaria vaccine development.
Enhanced responsiveness to T‐cell help causes loss of B‐lymphocyte tolerance to a β‐cell neo‐self‐antigen in type 1 diabetes prone NOD mice
Authors: Cox Selwyn Lewis , Stolp Jessica , Hallahan Nicole L. , Counotte Jacqueline , Zhang Wenyu , Serreze David V. , Basten Antony , Silveira Pablo A.
Published: September 2010

Self‐reactive B lymphocytes contribute to type 1 diabetes pathogenesis as APC and auto‐Ab producers in NOD mice and humans. To shed light on the mechanisms responsible for the breakdown in B‐lymphocyte self‐tolerance to β‐cell Ag, we utilised a model whereby hen‐egg lysozyme (HEL)‐specific Ig Tg (IgHEL‐Tg)‐Tg B lymphocytes were allowed to develop in or were transferred into mice expressing the HEL Tg under an insulin promoter (insHEL‐Tg). IgHEL‐Tg B lymphocytes enhanced type 1 diabetes susceptibility of insHEL‐Tg NOD mice. A comparison of the tolerogenic activity of IgHEL‐Tg B lymphocytes with NOD and non‐autoimmune‐prone C57BL/6 genetic backgrounds showed that both were rendered anergic in the presence of insHEL when competing with polyclonal B lymphocytes. Nevertheless, NOD IgHEL‐Tg B lymphocytes transferred into insHEL‐Tg mice were more readily susceptible to rescue from anergy than their C57BL/6 counterparts, following provision of in vivo T‐cell help. The different tolerogenic outcomes were an intrinsic property of B lymphocytes rather than being related to the quality of T‐cell help, with the defective response being at least partially controlled by genes mapping to insulin‐dependent diabetes (Idd) susceptibility loci on Chromosome 1 (Idd5) and 4 (Idd9/11).
Zinc(II) and Cadmium(II) Coordination Polymers Based on 3‐(5H‐Tetrazolyl)benzoate Ligand with Different Coordination Modes: Hydrothermal Syntheses, Crystal Structures and Ligand‐Centered Luminescence
Authors: Chen Feng , Wu Mei‐Feng , Liu Guang‐Ning , Wang Ming‐Sheng , Zheng Fa‐Kun , Yang Chen , Xu Zhong‐Ning , Liu Zhi‐Fa , Guo Guo‐Cong , Huang Jin‐Shun
Published: September 2010

Hydrothermal reaction of Na(3‐cba) (3‐cba = 3‐cyanobenzoate), NaN3 and a metal salt with either 2,2′‐bipyridine (2,2′‐bipy) or 1,10‐phenanthroline (phen) afforded four novel ZnII/CdII polymers, which have been structurally characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis. In situ [2 + 3] cycloaddition reaction of nitrile and azide in the presence of a ZnII or CdII salt yielded the ligand 3‐(5H‐tetrazolyl)benzoate (3‐tzba2–) [3‐H2tzba = 3‐(5H‐tetrazolyl)benzoic acid]. The obtained polymers are formulated as [Zn2(3‐tzba)(N3)(OH)(2,2′‐bipy)] (1), [Zn(3‐tzba)(2,2′‐bipy)(H2O)]·3H2O (2), [Zn2(3‐tzba)2(phen)2]·H2O (3) and [Cd4(3‐tzba)2(N3)4(2,2′‐bipy)3]·H2O (4). A crystalline mixture of ZnII polymers 1 and 2 with infinite ladder‐like chain and zigzag chain structures, respectively, was obtained from the reaction in the presence of 2,2′‐bipy. The replacement of 2,2′‐bipy with phen as an auxiliary ligand yielded 3, which shows a pearl‐necklace‐like chain structure. Further, the introduction of CdII instead of ZnII resulted in the formation of 4, which has a 2D corrugated layer structure. The 3‐tzba2– ligands display four different coordination modes in 1–4, and modes μ2‐κN2:κO1,O2 (in 2) and μ3‐κN3:κO1:κO2 (in 3) are observed in tetrazolate‐5‐carboxylate polymers for the first time. Photoluminescent studies in the solid state at room and low temperature revealed that 1–4 exhibit interesting luminescent behaviors, and the relevant density of states (DOS) calculation results showed that their photoluminescence mainly originates from ligand‐centered emission and is dependent on the organic ligand incorporated into the polymer.
Dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction combined with nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis for the determination of fluoroquinolone antibiotics in waters
Authors: Herrera‐Herrera Antonio V. , Hernández‐Borges Javier , Borges‐Miquel Teresa M. , Rodríguez‐Delgado Miguel Á.
Published: September 2010

Dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME) was combined for the first time with NACE‐UV for the selective determination of eight fluoroquinolone antibiotics (lomefloxacin, levofloxacin, marbofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, sarafloxacin, enrofloxacin, danofloxacin and difloxacin) in mineral and run‐off waters. Field‐enhanced sample injection was carried out in order to improve the sensitivity, whereas pipemidic acid was used as internal standard. The BGE that provided complete separation of the eight analytes and the internal standard was composed of 3 M acetic acid, 49 mM ammonium acetate in 55:45 v/v methanol:ACN. Optimum DLLME conditions (extraction of 5 mL of water at pH 7.6 with 685 μL of CHCl3 and 1250 μL of ACN, extractant and disperser solvents, respectively) were achieved by means of experimental design methodology. Calibration curves of the whole method were obtained with correlation coefficients (R) higher than 0.994 in all cases. An accuracy and precision study was carried out at different levels of concentration, finding that there were no significant differences (Student's t‐test) between real and spiked concentrations.
Principles of scaling and similarity for testing of lead–rubber bearings
Authors: Kalpakidis Ioannis V. , Constantinou Michael C.
Published: September 2010

Lead–rubber bearings are seismic isolators that have been extensively used to protect buildings, bridges and mission‐critical infrastructure from the damaging effects of earthquake shaking. Testing of isolators, including lead–rubber bearings, is conducted either for research purposes (for example, shake table testing) or for determination of their properties before their use in applications (prototype and quality‐control testing). Testing is of significance as it (a) provides the data needed to validate complex models for analysis, and (b) results in basic mechanical properties of the tested isolators for use in analysis and design. Often testing has to be performed on reduced‐size bearings and/or at conditions of reduced speed of motion due, primarily, to unavailability of testing equipment capable of testing full‐size specimens at realistic dynamic conditions. When testing at reduced size, the conditions of testing need to be adjusted on the basis of scientific analysis so that the test results represent the behavior of the full‐size prototype bearing. This paper examines the issue of testing of lead–rubber bearings at reduced scale and presents the necessary conditions for testing in order to correctly reproduce the critical effects of lead core heating on the characteristic strength of the bearing. Experimental results on large‐size and reduced‐size bearings are used to demonstrate the concepts. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of a guided internet self‐treatment programme for bulimia nervosa in several European countries
Authors: Carrard I. , Fernandez‐Aranda F. , Lam T. , Nevonen L. , Liwowsky I. , Volkart A. C. , Rouget P. , Golay A. , Van der Linden M. , Norring C.
Published: September 2010

Objective

The purposes of this study were to evaluate the use of an online guided self‐treatment programme for bulimia nervosa (BN) and to determine predictors of outcome. Data were collected in four European countries where the programme was simultaneously used.

Method

One hundred and twenty‐seven BN or subthreshold BN female patients (mean age of 24.7 years) participated in a 4‐month intervention using a CBT based online‐guided self‐help programme. Contact during the treatment period included weekly e‐mails with a coach.

Assessment

Measures included the Eating Disorders Inventory‐2 (EDI‐2) and the Symptom Check List‐Revised (SCL‐90R).

Results

Severity of eating disorders symptoms and general psychopathology improved significantly. Twenty‐three per cent of patients were symptom free at the end of treatment. The dropout rate was 25.2%. A better score of general psychological health was a predictor of a better outcome.

Conclusions

This study encourages further developments and research on innovative therapy approaches, particularly for those disorders such as BN, with difficult therapy and unclear prognosis. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
A channel head stability criterion for first‐order catchments
Authors: Sólyom Péter B.
Published: September 2010

The present analysis derives a stability criterion for long‐term equilibrium channel heads. The concept of finite perturbation analysis is presented, during which the surface is subjected to perturbations of a finite amplitude and resulting changes in flow path structure and slope are computed. Based on these quantities the analysis predicts whether the perturbed location is going to erode, be filled in or remain steady. The channel head is defined geometrically as the focus point of converging flow lines at the bottom of hollows. It is demonstrated that stability at the channel head grows out of the competition between the rate of flow path convergence and the degree of profile concavity. Analytical functions are derived to compute channel head‐contributing area and ‐slope, flow path convergence and profile concavity as a function of perturbation depth, distance from the crest and the initial slope. In a numerical model these quantities point to the long‐term equilibrium channel head position, which is shown to depend also on the width to length ratio of hollows. It is also demonstrated that the equilibrium channel head position is sensitive to the base‐level lowering/non‐dimensional slope length ratio and to the slope of the initial topography. Morphometrical measurements both in the field and on simulated topographies were used to test the theoretical predictions.
Development of Nafion/Tin Oxide Composite MEA for DMFC Applications
Authors: Chen F. , Mecheri B. , D'Epifanio A. , Traversa E. , Licoccia S.
Published: September 2010

Nafion composite membranes containing either hydrated tin oxide (SnO2 · nH2O) or sulphated tin oxide (S–SnO2) at 5 and 10 wt.‐% were prepared and characterised. The structural and electrochemical features of the samples were investigated using X‐ray diffraction, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, methanol crossover and direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) tests. Highest conductivity values were obtained by using S–SnO2 as filler (0.094 S cm–1 at T = 110 °C and RH = 100%). The presence of the inorganic compound resulted in lower methanol crossover and improved DMFC performance with respect to a reference unfilled membrane. To improve the interface of the membrane electrode assembly (MEA), a layer of the composite electrolyte (i.e. the Nafion membrane containing 5 wt.‐% S–SnO2) was brushed on the electrodes, obtaining a DMFC operating at 110 °C with a power density (PD) of 100 mW cm–2 which corresponds to a PD improvement of 52% with respect to the unfilled Nafion membrane.
Prognostic value of heparanase expression and cellular localization in oral cancer
Authors: Leiser Yoav , Abu‐El‐Naaj Imad , Sabo Edmond , Akrish Sharon , Ilan Neta , Ben‐Izhak Ofer , Peled Micha , Vlodavsky Israel
Published: September 2010

Background

Metastases formation depends on the ability of tumor cells to invade basement membranes in a process involving enzymes capable of degrading extracellular matrix components.

Methods

We examined the expression of heparanase in oral carcinomas and correlated its staining extent, intensity, and cellular localization with patients' outcome.

Results

Quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) revealed over 4‐fold increase in heparanase levels in oral carcinomas compared to adjacent normal tissue. Normal oral epithelium was found negative for heparanase, while all oral carcinomas stained positively for heparanase. Heparanase staining was associated with Ki67 staining, a measure of cell proliferation. Notably, whereas cytoplasmic localization of heparanase was associated with high‐grade carcinomas, nuclear localization of the enzyme was found primarily in low‐grade, well‐differentiated tumors, and in all oral verrucous carcinomas.

Conclusion

Expression level and cellular localization of heparanase could serve as an important diagnostic marker in patients with oral cancer. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2011
Effect of cup inclination angle during microseparation and rim loading on the wear of BIOLOX® delta ceramic‐on‐ceramic total hip replacement
Authors: Al‐Hajjar Mazen , Leslie Ian J. , Tipper Joanne , Williams Sophie , Fisher John , Jennings Louise M.
Published: September 2010

Ceramic‐on‐ceramic (CoC) bearings in total hip replacements (THRs) have shown low wear volumes under standard gait in hip simulator studies. However, clinical reports have indicated variations in wear rates and formation of stripe‐like wear area on the ceramic femoral heads. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of cup inclination angle and microseparation on the wear of CoC bearings in THRs. The six station Leeds II Physiological Anatomical Joint Simulator was used to investigate the wear of 28 mm diameter alumina matrix composite ceramic bearings (BIOLOX®
delta). It was shown that increasing the cup inclination angle from 55o to 65o had no significant effect on the wear rate of BIOLOX®
delta CoC under both standard gait and microseparation conditions in this in vitro study. Under standard gait conditions, the mean wear rate for both cup inclination angle conditions was very low at 0.05 mm3/million cycles. The introduction of microseparation to the standard gait cycle increased the mean wear rates to 0.13 mm3/million cycles for the cup inclination angle of 55o and 0.11 mm3/million cycles for that of 65°. The level of increased wear with microseparation was not dependent on cup angle. A stripe of wear on the head also formed, with corresponding superior rim wear on the cup. The wear rates obtained were low compared to the HIPed third generation alumina ceramic (BIOLOX®
forte) tested under the same adverse conditions (1.84 mm3/million cycles). BIOLOX®
delta has shown lower wear than previous ceramic materials used in THR under adverse conditions. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2010.
Characterization of hydroxyapatite‐perovskite (CaTiO3) composites: Phase evaluation and cellular response
Authors: Dubey Ashutosh Kumar , Tripathi Garima , Basu Bikramjit
Published: September 2010

In this study, an attempt was made to develop an understanding of the densification behavior, phase stability, and biocompatibility property of HA‐CaTiO3 biocomposite. The composites with varying CaTiO3 (40–80 wt %) content were sintered at temperatures ranging from 1200°C to 1500°C for 3–5 hr to establish optimum processing parameters. The phase analysis using spectral techniques indicate good thermochemical compatibility between HA and CaTiO3. The microstructural observations reveal homogeneous distribution of finer CaTiO3 phase (1–2 μm) along with coarser calcium phosphate phase. In vitro cell culture studies using L929 mouse fibroblast and SaOS2 human osteoblast cell lines provide clear evidence of cell adhesion, spreading, and proliferation as well as the formation of cellular bridges, and, hence, good in vitro biocompatibility of the developed composite can be realized. Also, the number of viable cells was found to increase with incubation period, as revealed by statistical analysis of the 3(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay data. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2010.
Immunoenzymatic assay for the diagnosis of American tegumentary leishmaniasis using soluble and membrane‐enriched fractions from infectious Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis
Authors: Cataldo Jamyra Iglesias , de Queiroz Mello Fernanda Carvalho , Mouta‐Confort Eliame , de Fátima Madeira Maria , de Oliveira Schubach Armando , da Silva Genestra Marcelo , Ribeiro Flávia Coelho , de Fátima Moreira‐Venâncio Célia , Passos Sônia Regina Lambert
Published: September 2010

The diagnosis of American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL) is based on the visualization or isolation of the parasite, which is a time‐consuming and poorly sensitive method. In this study, we evaluated the accuracy and reliability of ELISA for the diagnosis of ATL using soluble (SF) and membrane‐enriched (MF) antigen fractions obtained from an infectious strain of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis. A total of 152 serum samples investigated at a referral center in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, between 2005 and 2007 were studied. Each sample was tested twice with each fraction for the calculation of reliability (intraclass coefficient (ICC)). Cut‐off values of 0.22 (SF) and 0.33 (MF) were defined. The use of the fractions resulted in good discrimination between patients, with a large area under the curve (P<0.0001), but no difference was observed between the two fractions (P=0.45). Sensitivity was 89.5% for each fraction, specificity was 89.5% for SF and 93.4% for MF, and the positive likelihood ratio was 8.5 for SF and 13.6 for MF. The ICCs were excellent (SF: 0.96 and MF: 0.90). The antigens tested provided precision and accuracy for the diagnosis of ATL, with SF being recommended due to its lower cost and greater practicality. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 24:289–294, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nitrite in exhaled breath condensate as a marker of nitrossative stress in the airways of patients with asthma, COPD, and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
Authors: Rihák Vladimír , Zatloukal Petr , Chládková Jirina , Zimulová Alena , Havlínová Zuzana , Chládek Jaroslav
Published: September 2010

Background: Nitrite and nitrate are exhaled in droplets of an aerosol during breathing and can be assayed in the exhaled breath condensate (EBC) as markers of nitrossative stress in the airways of patients with asthma, COPD, and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Subjects and methods: Using HPLC with fluorescence detection, nitrite and nitrate were assayed in EBC of 14 atopic patients with mild‐to‐moderate stable asthma, 18 atopic asthmatics with exacerbation, 14 COPD patients without exacerbation, 18 patients with exacerbated COPD, 13 patients with active IPF, and in 29 healthy subjects. Results: The geometric mean [exp(mean±SD)] EBC concentrations of nitrite (micromol/l) in patients with asthma [5.1(2.1–12.3)], exacerbation of asthma [5.1(2.8–9.6)], exacerbation of COPD [5.3(3.2–8.7)], and with IPF [5.5(2.9–10.2)] were higher (P<0.05) compared with those of healthy subjects [2.9(1.6–5.3)] and patients with stable COPD [3.0(1.3–6.7)]. Nitrite concentration increased with decreased lung function of patients with asthma (rs=−0.31, P<0.02). Presumably owing to the contamination of the EBC sample with nitrate during collection, nitrate levels were highly variable among healthy subjects and higher compared with all groups of patients. Conclusion: EBC nitrite is a suitable marker of nitrossative stress in adult patients with lung diseases but cannot differentiate controlled and exacerbated asthma. Further improvements to the methods of EBC collection and sample handling are warranted. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 24:317–322, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Elevated adenosine deaminase levels in celiac disease
Authors: Cakal Basak , Beyazit Yavuz , Koklu Seyfettin , Akbal Erdem , Biyikoglu Ibrahim , Yilmaz Gulsen
Published: September 2010

Celiac disease (CD) is a genetically based chronic inflammatory disorder of the small bowel induced by the dietary gluten and possibly other environmental cofactors. The objective of this study was to investigate the relation of adenosine deaminase (ADA), a cytoplasmic enzyme involved in the catabolism of purine bases, as an index of altered immune response, with adult CD patients. ADA has been shown to increase in several inflammatory conditions, but there is no literature data indicating an alteration in CD. Serum levels of ADA were investigated in newly diagnosed 20 CD patients. ADA levels were compared in patients with CD and in healthy controls. Correlation analysis was also performed between ADA and other serum markers of CD (anti‐gliadin and anti‐endomysial antibodies) Mean serum ADA levels were significantly elevated in CD patients compared with control group. ROC curve analysis suggested that the optimum ADA level cut‐off point for CD was 12.27 U/l. At a cut‐off value of 12.27 U/l, the sensitivity was 80% and specificity was 100%. There was no statistically significant correlation between ADA and anti‐gliadin and anti‐endomisium antibodies. Serum ADA levels elevated significantly in CD patients, suggesting a partial role in activated T‐cell response in the disease pathophysiology. ADA can be used as a supportive diagnostic marker in patients with CD. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 24:323–326, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evaluation of serum autoantibody levels in the diagnosis of ovarian endometrioma
Authors: Yi Yu‐Chiao , Wang Shih‐Chi , Chao Chun‐Chin , Su Chia‐Ling , Lee Yao‐Ling , Chen Ling‐Yun
Published: September 2010

Objective: We analyzed autoantibodies against tumor‐associated antigens (TAAs) in the serum of patients with endometrioma and healthy controls to determine whether autoantibodies can be accurate biomarkers for the diagnosis of ovarian endometrioma.

Methods: Serum samples were obtained from 56 patients with endometriosis and 66 healthy women who served as normal controls. The titers of antibodies against a panel of eight TAAs were analyzed using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Results: We found that the serum IGFII mRNA‐binding protein 1 (IMP1) autoantibody and cyclin B1 autoantibody could discriminate between healthy controls and endometriosis patients (AUC–ROC 0.777; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.694–0.860, P<0.0005, and AUC–ROC 0.614; 95%confidence interval [CI] 0.513–0.714, P=0.031, respectively). Using 0.073 and 0.007 as the cutoff values for IMP1 and Cyclin B1 autoantibody, respectively, the sensitivity and specificity of IMP1 were 85.7 and 63.6%, respectively. When cylcin B1 was combined with IMP1, the specificity increased to 72.7% and the sensitivity slightly decreased to 83.9%. Conclusions: Our data suggest that IMP1 alone or combined with cyclin B1 seems to fulfill the requirements of sensitivity and specificity to become a useful clinical biomarker of endometrioma. However, further studies will be required to establish the predictive value and to support the clinical use of IMP1/cyclin B1 in the diagnosis and/or screening of endometriosis. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 24:357–362, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Glycation sites in neoglycoglycoconjugates from the terminal monosaccharide antigen of the O‐PS of Vibrio cholerae O1, serotype Ogawa, and BSA revealed by matrix‐assisted laser desorption–ionization tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Jahouh Farid , Saksena Rina , Aiello Donatella , Napoli Anna , Sindona Giovanni , Kováč Pavol , Banoub Joseph H.
Published: September 2010

We present the MALDI‐TOF/TOF‐MS analyses of various hapten–bovine serum albumin (BSA) neoglycoconjugates obtained by squaric acid chemistry coupling of the spacer‐equipped, terminal monosaccharide of the O‐specific polysaccharide of Vibrio cholerae O1, serotype Ogawa, to BSA. These analyses allowed not only to calculate the molecular masses of the hapten–BSA neoglycoconjugates with different hapten–BSA ratios (4.3, 6.6 and 13.2) but, more importantly, also to localize the covalent linkages (conjugation sites) between the hapten and the carrier protein. Determination of the site of glycation was based on comparison of the MALDI‐TOF/TOF‐MS analysis of the peptides resulting from the digestion of BSA with similar data resulting from the digestion of BSA glycoconjugates, followed by sequencing by MALDI‐TOF/TOF‐MS/MS of the glycated peptides. The product‐ion scans of the protonated molecules were carried out with a MALDI‐TOF/TOF‐MS/MS tandem mass spectrometer equipped with a high‐collision energy cell. The high‐energy collision‐induced dissociation (CID) spectra afforded product ions formed by fragmentation of the carbohydrate hapten and amino acid sequences conjugated with fragments of the carbohydrate hapten. We were able to identify three conjugation sites on lysine residues (Lys235, Lys437 and Lys455). It was shown that these lysine residues are very reactive and bind lysine specific reagents. We presume that these Lys residues belong to those that are considered to be sterically more accessible on the surface of the tridimensional structure. The identification of the y‐series product ions was very useful for the sequencing of various peptides. The series of a‐ and b‐product ions confirmed the sequence of the conjugated peptides. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Resonant two‐magnon Raman scattering in high‐Tc cuprates
Authors: Kupčić I.
Published: September 2010

Resonance enhancement of one‐phonon, two‐phonon, and two‐magnon Raman scattering in a general, exactly solvable, multiband model is explained in a way that is in accordance with the general analytical properties of the total optical conductivity tensor. Using this approach, the charge‐transfer limit of the Emery three‐band model is examined to explain resonance enhancement of the two‐magnon Raman spectra of high‐Tc cuprates, which is found in experiments to be of 3 orders of magnitude. While previous Raman and optical conductivity analyzes of the cuprates, based on the single‐band Hubbard model, are found to be consistent with the picture where one hole per one CuO2 unit is localized on the Cu ion, the present three‐band approach allows the study of the opposite, strong copper‐oxygen hybridization limit, which is found to be in agreement with the results of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and one‐phonon Raman scattering experiments. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Raman spectroscopy as a rapid screening method for ancient plain window glass
Authors: Baert K. , Meulebroeck W. , Wouters H. , Ceglia A. , Nys K. , Thienpont H. , Terryn H.
Published: September 2010

The aim of this paper is to highlight the potential of Raman spectroscopy as a fast screening method for large amounts of glass samples. Besides the dedicated research of specific glass collections during the last ten years, a broad corpus of archaeological window glass still needs to be investigated. For many sites, the amount of excavated glass artefacts is enormous and a selection of the most appropriate samples for chemical analysis is necessary.

A classification can be made on the basis of the typical Raman signatures for the different kinds of glasses (alkali glass, high‐lime low‐alkali (HLLA) glass, Pb‐rich glass). Even in case of strong fluorescence, an uncomplicated treatment (normalisation) of the measured signals makes it possible to distinguish between the different types of glass. The preliminary screening of glass artefacts with Raman spectroscopy is a useful tool in the study of historical glass and can already answer some questions about provenance, period of production and authenticity of the glass samples. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simultaneous capillary electrophoretic analysis of inorganic anions and cations in post‐blast extracts of acid–aluminum mixtures
Authors: Sarazin Cédric , Delaunay Nathalie , Varenne Anne , Costanza Christine , Eudes Véronique , Gareil Pierre
Published: September 2010

Bursts resulting from the chemical reaction between hydrochloric or nitric acid with aluminum foils are very often committed by the young delinquency in western countries because of its easiness of achievement. A fast, simple, selective, and cost‐effective method allowing the simultaneous detection of chloride and nitrate anions and aluminum(III) was thus required. This article focused on the development and validation of a CE method using a BGE containing 2,6‐pyridinedicarboxylic acid (PDC) acting as both an anionic chromophore and as an aluminum(III) complexing agent. First, the achievement of the speciation diagram of Al(III) in the presence of PDC allowed the choice of pH conditions for which aluminum(III) was globally anionic. The study of the selectivity for Al(III) in the presence of ten other cationic species potentially present in post‐blast residues dictated the choice of the PDC concentration at 20 mM. The validation step next demonstrated the figures of merit of the method, with an intermediate precision for Al(III) of 2% on normalized migration times and 3.5% on corrected areas. Finally, this method was used for analyses of real post‐blast extracts from acid–aluminum mixtures.
A simplified method for the determination of total homocysteine in plasma by electrospray tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Persichilli Silvia , Gervasoni Jacopo , Iavarone Federica , Zuppi Cecilia , Zappacosta Bruno
Published: September 2010

Hyperhomocysteinemia is a risk factor for different diseases. Several methods have been developed to analyze homocysteine and the immunometric ones, although expensive, they are in widespread use. A rapid LC‐MS/MS method for homocysteine assay has been developed for the application of large clinical chemistry routines. Selected reaction monitoring was performed through the transitions m/z 136.0→90.1 for homocysteine and m/z 140.0→94.0 for the internal standard. ESI was used to generate [H+] adduct ions. Chromatographic isocratic separation was achieved using a strong cation exchange column. The mobile phase was methanol/water (20:80 v/v, containing 0.1% formic acid and 1.5 mmol/L ammonium formate in the water phase) at a flow rate of 0.250 mL/min (35°C). Samples treatment consisted in the reduction with DTT and deproteinization with methanol. Recovery, linearity, LOD, LOQ and total imprecision were evaluated to validate the method. Homocysteine values on 100 serum samples were compared with those obtained by HPLC and immunometric methods. The method is robust, selective and precise in the whole range of values studied. Moreover, low reagent cost and easiness of sample treatment make this method useful, not only for research, but also for routine work.
Bile duct anastomotic stricture after adult-to-adult right lobe living donor liver transplantation
Authors: Chok Kenneth Siu Ho , Chan See Ching , Cheung Tan To , Sharr William Wei , Chan Albert Chi Yan , Lo Chung Mau , Fan Sheung Tat
Published: September 2010

Duct-to-duct anastomosis (DDA) and hepaticojejunostomy (HJ) are options for biliary reconstruction in patients undergoing adult-to-adult right lobe living donor liver transplantation (ARLDLT), after which biliary anastomotic stricture (BAS) is common as a complication. The risk factors for BAS are not clearly defined. We aimed to determine the rate of post-ARLDLT BAS in our center and its associated factors. In 265 ARLDLT recipients, 55 (20.8%) developed postoperative BAS. The diagnosis was based on clinical, biochemical, histological, and radiological results. The BAS rates were 21.4% (43/201) for recipients undergoing DDA during transplantation, 18.9% (10/53) for recipients undergoing HJ, and 18.2% (2/11) for recipients undergoing both procedures. BAS and non-BAS patients had comparable demographics. The number of graft bile duct openings (P = 0.516) and the size of the graft's smallest bile duct (5 versus 5 mm, P = 0.4) were not significantly different between BAS and non-BAS patients. Univariate analysis showed that the factors associated with postoperative BAS were the recipient warm ischemia time (55 versus 51 minutes, P = 0.026), graft cold ischemia time (120 versus 108 minutes, P = 0.046), stent use (21.8% versus 7.1%, P = 0.001), postoperative acute cellular rejection (29.1% versus 11.0%, P = 0.001), and University of Wisconsin solution use (21.8% versus 7.1%, P = 0.001). Multivariate analysis showed that the cold ischemia time (odds ratio = 1.012, 95% confidence interval = 1.002-1.023, P = 0.014) and acute rejection (odds ratio = 3.180, 95% confidence interval = 1.606-6.853, P = 0.002) were significant factors. The graft survival rates of BAS and non-BAS patients were comparable. One patient required retransplantation for secondary biliary cirrhosis. In conclusion, BAS remains common after ARLDLT regardless of DDA or HJ. The graft cold ischemia time and postoperative acute cellular rejection are significantly associated with postoperative BAS. Liver Transpl 17:47-52, 2011. © 2011 AASLD.
Olprinone attenuates excessive shear stress through up-regulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase in a rat excessive hepatectomy model
Authors: Yamanaka Kenya , Hatano Etsuro , Narita Masato , Kitamura Koji , Yanagida Atsuko , Asechi Hiroyuki , Nagata Hiromitsu , Taura Kojiro , Nitta Takashi , Uemoto Shinji
Published: September 2010

After extended hepatectomy, excessive shear stress in the remnant liver causes postoperative liver failure. Olprinone (OLP), a selective phosphodiesterase Symbol inhibitor, has been reported to improve microcirculation and attenuate inflammation. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of OLP on shear stress in rats with an excessive hepatectomy (EHx) model. In this study, EHx comprised 90% hepatectomy with ligation of the left and right Glisson's sheaths in Lewis rats. OLP or saline was intraperitoneally administered with an osmotic pump 48 hours before EHx. To evaluate the shear stress, we measured the portal vein (PV) pressure. We also assessed sinusoidal endothelial cell injury by immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy. Furthermore, we assessed apoptosis in the liver with the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labeling method. Treatment with OLP up-regulated hepatic endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression. The increase in the PV pressure due to Glisson's sheath ligation was attenuated in OLP-treated rats during a 30-minute period after ligation. Treatment with OLP preserved sinusoidal endothelial cells and reduced apoptosis in the remnant liver. The probability of survival in the OLP-treated rats was significantly better than that in the controls (33.3% versus 13.3%). Furthermore, the postoperative eNOS activity in the OLP-treated rats was higher than that in the controls. The administration of Nω-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester to OLP-treated rats eliminated the effects of OLP on PV pressure and survival after EHx. Therefore, we concluded that OLP attenuates excessive shear stress through the up-regulation of eNOS and improves the survival rate after EHx. Liver Transpl 17:60-69, 2011. © 2011 AASLD.
Transforming growth factor β1 polymorphisms and progression of graft fibrosis after liver transplantation for hepatitis C virus--induced liver disease
Authors: Eurich Dennis , Bahra Marcus , Boas-Knoop Sabine , Lock Johan F. , Golembus Jennifer , Neuhaus Ruth , Neuhaus Peter , Neumann Ulf P.
Published: September 2010

Re-infection with the hepatitis C virus (HCV) is an important development after liver transplantation (LT); it can lead to graft fibrosis. The aim of this study was to assess the role of transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) polymorphisms in the development of HCV-related graft disease by evaluating protocol liver biopsies. A total of 192 patients with a recurrence of HCV infection after LT were genotyped for TGF-β1 codon 10 (C→T) and codon 25 (G→C) using the polymerase chain reaction. Histological evaluation of 614 protocol liver biopsies obtained from these patients was undertaken using the classification of Desmet and Scheuer to stage the degree of fibrosis. Mild stages of fibrosis (0-2) were compared to advanced stages of fibrosis (3-4) that developed during the period of infection with the virus. Correlations between the prevalence of TGF-β1 genotypes and the different degrees of fibrosis that developed were determined. No statistically significant differences were found for genotype distributions (codons 10 and 25) with respect to recipient age, donor sex, occurrence of acute cellular rejection, and response to antiviral therapy. However, the C allele at codon 25 was significantly less frequent in the group with advanced fibrosis (P = 0.001). Furthermore, a positive association was found between progression of fibrosis and male recipient sex (P = 0.024), donor age (P = 0.041), and viral genotype 1b (P = 0.002). In conclusion, this study, in which the evolution of hepatic fibrosis was assessed histologically in a large cohort of patients with HCV re-infection after LT, has demonstrated that the C allele at codon 25 of the TGF-β1 gene is a marker for the development of graft fibrosis. Liver Transpl, 2011. © 2011 AASLD.