bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Agri‐Food Strategy — Rationale and Themes
Authors: Migie Howard
Published: July 2010

Challenge for Growth: An Agri‐Food Strategy for Canada was announced by the Honourable Eugene Whelan on July 17, 1981. The main rationale behind the strategy is that there is a bright long‐term future for the agri‐food sector provided certain constraints to increased production and improved marketing can be overcome. The strategy looks at the next twenty years and identifies constraints to achieving the full potential of the agri‐food system, along with possible solutions to overcoming those roadblocks. The potential for Canada's agri‐food sector, given a certain expectation for world agri‐food prices, would permit an increase of two‐thirds in output by the turn of the century with a doubling of the 1980 current dollar value of agricultural production.
The Welfare Effects of Export Constraints on the Canadian Feed Grain Market
Authors: Carter C. A. , Hickson A. B. , Kraft D. F.
Published: July 2010

Export constraints have an important effect on the domestic pricing of feed grains since they increase the supplies of feed grain available for domestic consumption. This paper examines and quantifies the welfare effects of “physical” and “institutional” export constraints before and after the adoption of the Domestic Feed Grains Policy (1974).

Les contraintes à l'exportation ont un effet important sur l‘établissement du prix intérieur des céréales fourragères, car elles accroissent les stocks de céréales fourragères disponibtes pour la consommation intérieure. Le présent document examine et quantifie les effets sur le bien‐étre des contraintes “physiques” et “institutionnelles”à l'exportation avant et apres l'adoption de la politique des céréales fourrageres du Canada (1974).
The Value of the Canadian Census of Agriculture
Authors: Walker Paul C.
Published: July 2010

Tough economic times are forcing governments to review the costs and benefits of the goods and services they offer to the public. However, dollars and cents are more easily attached to the costs of many of these programs than the benefits. The 1981 Canadian Census of Agriculture is no exception — it cost $7.5 million. Yet. to this point, no quantitative value has been attributed to its benefits. This paper shows that the value of only one of the benefits covers the entire cost of conducting the Census of Agriculture. This should serve as an indicator of the value of agricultural statistics.
An Input‐Output Analysis of the Impacts of Increased Export Demand for Saskatchewan Products
Authors: Gould B. W. , Kulshreshtha S. N.
Published: July 2010

Recent efforts to expand the level of Saskatchewan's exports are expected to generate significant impacts in terms of provincial levels of household income, gross domestic product, and gross output. Besides these economic effects, increased export activity will likely impact the level of provincial resource use. A combined input‐output/resource demand model is formulated which allows for both economic and resource use impact analyses of agricultural and non‐agricultural export policies. The resources considered explicitly in the model include the level of employment, energy and water use. In this paper, the model is used to evaluate the impacts of increases in the level of provincial exports of: (i) live cattle and calves, (i i) wheat and other grains, (iii) meat and meat products, (iv) crude oil, and (v) potash.

Summary and Implications of the Results

Five export scenarios were analyzed in this study. These included increases in the level of exports of: live cattle, slaughtered meat and meat products, grains, including wheat and other grains, crude oil, and potash. Each of these exports has a unique impact in terms of both absolute and relative values of several economic and resource demand criteria. A summary of rankings of the various scenarios' impacts is presented in Table 8. These rankings are based on the value of the economic and resource multipliers generated by each export scenario.

The above table indicates that there may exist trade‐offs, in terms of the promotion of one type of commodity export versus another. For example, in terms of employment impacts, scenario B (meat and meat products) generates the largest impacts per dollar of final demand. Alternatively, this scenario is least preferred in terms of the contribution to provincial GDP and imports while at the same time requiring large amounts of energy.

The results presented in this paper can be applied for an analysis of regional economic development policies. That is, this type of analysis can be incorporated into a more general policy analysis of alternative regional development strategies. In this paper, only the benefits of expanded exports are estimated. The other side of the equation, of course, represents the costs of achieving these increased export levels. Examination of the excess capacity, investment needed to expand output and the opportunity cost of investment capital are important ingredients of the costs of achieving increased levels of export. However, in spite of these limitations, this study has shown that regional policy makers must be cognizant of the macro‐level economic as well as resource use impacts of continued development of export markets.
The Impact of Groundfish Imports on the United States Fishing Industry: An Empirical Analysis
Authors: Crutchfield S. R.
Published: July 2010

This paper presents an economic analysis of the issue of United States‐Canadian groundfish trade. Using an econometric model the parameters of consumer demand for United States domestic and imported groundfish products are estimated. The model is then used to evaluate the potential impact of countervailing duties leveled against imported fish products. It is found that while such duties would likely increase consumer prices for fish in the United States the fisherman's prices would not increase proportionately. The net protective effect to the United States harvesting sector of such tariffs thus seems minimal.
The Demand for Atlantic Salmon in Canada: Reply
Authors: Kabir M. , Ridler N. B.
Published: July 2010

In their comment on our paper, Bing‐Hwan Lin and Nancy Williams have raised some interesting issues, but some of them are peripheral to the objective of our original study. The central objective of our original paper is to estimate income and price elasticities of demand for Atlantic salmon in Canada and then to use the parameter values to evaluate the market potential of farmed Atlantic salmon which are now being produced in Atlantic Canada. Accordingly, a demand equation has been estimated using annual data for the period 1955–1981. The inverted form has given a good fit and the results are reported in the paper.
Trade Preferences for Developing Countries: An Analysis of Canada's Trade with the Caribbean Basin
Authors: Farrell Carlyle A. J. , Tyrchniewicz Edward W.
Published: July 2010

This paper analyzes the potential impact of Canada's newest trade preference agreement with the Caribbean Basin. The analysis shows that overall static trade expansion gains are limited to £536,000 per year and are confined to a narrow range of commodities. Greatest potential is found to exist in fresh vegetables, cocoa and chocolate products and sauces. The analysis also shows that more than 87% of the gains from trade expansion will redound to the benefit of Jamaican entrepreneurs.
A Sequential Choice Alternative to the Travel Cost Model
Authors: Adamowicz Wiktor , Jennings Sarah , Coyne Alison
Published: July 2010

The travel cost model is the standard model used in the recreation demand area. This model assumes that the decision on the number of trips in a given time period (a season, for example) to a particular site is determined at the beginning of the time period. For certain types of recreation activity, it may be better to model the decision to take a trip to a given site as a function of the outcome of previous trips and the realization of random variables on previous trips (as well as travel and time costs). The spatial choice behavior itself may be sequential in nature rather than continuous.

In this paper, a model is developed which specifies the choice of a discrete number of sequentially chosen trips to a given site as a function of site‐specific variables and values realized on previous trips. This model improves upon the existing travel cost model by specifying discrete integer values for the number of trips, developing an explicit relationship between trips taken and the number of days spent on each trip, and allowing intra‐seasonal effects to determine the probability of taking an additional trip. A comparison is made between the traditional travel cost model estimates of consumer's surplus and the estimates from this sequential discrete choice model.
Quality Changes and the Volume of Trade: A Geometric Approach
Authors: Larue Bruno , Lapan Harvey E.
Published: July 2010

This paper investigates the relationship between product quality and the volume of trade using the characteristic approach in the context of a simple general equilibrium trade model. It is shown that increasing the quality of the import good induces an increase (fall) in the volume of imports when the import demand is elastic (inelastic). It is also shown that the volume of trade is not necessarily reduced when the quality of the import good is uncertain. Given the situation in the world wheat market, these results provide some support for Canada's concerns over quality and the reliability of its grading and inspection services.

Ce papier a pour but d'analyser les effets d'un changement dans la qualité des importations sur le volume des importations de même que sur la répartition de la production domestique. Le modèle utilisé en est un D'équilibre général et expoloite les avantages d'une fonction d'utilité ayant des caractéristiques comme arguments. II est démontré que l'effet d'un changement de qualité sur le volume des importations dépend de l'élasticité pour le demande des importations. Le volume d'importations dans un environnement incertain n'est pas nécessarement moins élevé que dans une situation ou il n'y a pas d'incertitude dans la qualité des importations. Nos résultats, lorsqu'appliqués au marché mondial du blé, supportent la position du Canada en ce qui a trait à la qualité de son blé et l'intégrité de ses services d'inspection et de classement.
Basis Pricing, Futures‐Cash Price Transmission and Appropriate Hedge Ratios: The Case of the Soybean Market in Ontario
Authors: Braga Francesco S.
Published: July 2010

The academic literature on the determination of risk‐minimizing hedge ratios has apparently ignored the potential impact that the pricing strategies adopted by the grain elevators may have on the futures‐cash price transmission, and therefore on the determination of the correct hedge ratio. This paper addresses this problem from a theoretical perspective, and then develops a model that is applied to the soybean market in Chatham, Ontario.

La littérature académique concernant la détermination des ratios de couverture à terme minimisant le risque a apparemment ignoré l'impact potential des stratégies des faiseurs de prix sur un marché sur la relation entre les prix spot et les prix à terme. II est possible que de ce fait ces stratégies influencent également la détermination du vrai ratio de couverture. Ce papier traite ce problème d'un point de vue théorique, puis vérifie ces résultats en les appliquant au cas du marché du soja à Chatham, Ontario.
Canadian Hog Marketing Boards from Inception to Decline
Authors: Morris Jim
Published: July 2010

This paper is dedicated to Mr. Harry‐Jae Elder first Chairman of the Board, Saskatchewan Hog Marketing Commission whose vision was that building a marketing system which allowed independent farmers to gain long term economic power, would enable them to survive
Will WTO Domestic Support Provisions Constrain Domestic Agricultural Policies?
Authors: Miner W. M.
Published: July 2010

For the first time, the agricultural trade negotiations in the Uruguay Round imposed disciplines on the domestic support programs of Canada and other members of the World Trade Organization. This paper describes the principal domestic support provisions of the Agreement on Agriculture and Canada's notification of compliance for 1995. It discusses the implementation of the disciplines and emerging issues for further negotiations to begin in late 1999, and assesses their implications for Canadian domestic policies. The paper concludes that the disciplines have been a factor in Canadian farm policy formulation, and their influence is expected to continue and be strengthened through further trade negotiations.
Impact of Hybrid Seed on Competitiveness of Mexican Maize Production
Authors: MacMillan J.A. , Aquino P. , Islas J. , Virgen J.
Published: July 2010

The market penetration of hybrid maize in Mexico is low (14 percent). A regional potential for 3 million ha of hybrid maize is assessed by environmental regional data, soil depth and an index of precipitation to evaporation. Substituting available hybrids for non‐hybrid maize seed is expected to generate substantial increases in agricultural productivity and competitiveness of maize production. Regional priorities as well as government and company programs are assessed.

La pénétration du marché du maïs hybride au Mexique est limiteé (14 pour cent). Un potentiel régional pour 3 millions de hectares de maïs hybride est évaluéà partir des données régionales environnementales, profondeur de sol et un incrément de précipitation à I'évaporation. La substitution des hybrides disponibles à la graine de maïs non‐hybride est prévue pour produire des augmentations substantielles dans la productivité et dans la compétitivité agricole de la production de maïs. Les riorités régionales aussi bien que des programmes gouvernementaux et de la compagnie sont évaluées.
Labelling Genetically Modified Food: Heterogeneous Consumer Preferences and the Value of Information
Authors: Hu Wuyang , Veeman Michele M. , Adamowicz Wiktor L.
Published: July 2010

One facet of public debate associated with genetically modified (GM) food focuses on labelling policy for products derived from GM processes. This paper reports on the analysis of effects on consumers' choices of pre‐packaged sliced bread under different GM food labelling policies. Substantial heterogeneity is found to exist among consumers' tastes for various bread attributes, including the presence/absence of GM ingredients in bread products. A simulation‐based bias‐adjusted measure is applied to estimate the value of information, as opposed to the value of the presence or absence of GM ingredients, revealed to consumers by different labelling procedures for the GM attribute. The information that is provided in a mandatory labelling context is considerably more valued by consumers than the information provided in a voluntary labelling context. In a final section, estimated consumer benefits from labelling policies are expressed in terms of average market prices for bread products, providing a measure of benefits against which potential cost increases that may be associated with labelling policies may be compared in the context of any future benefit–cost analysis of GM labelling.
Development, Productivity, and Sustaining Natural Capital
Authors: Veeman Terrence S.
Published: July 2010

The elimination of hunger, the reduction of poverty, and the wiser management of natural capital remain as critical, but elusive, objectives of society worldwide. In this Address, the issues of development, productivity, and the use of natural capital are explored and important linkages among these three areas are drawn. A special challenge is the identification of the conditions under which the productive base of a nation or region would increase on a sustainable basis, enhancing well‐being of its citizens over time. Policy reforms are identified, which would help to ensure that development is more sustainable, that productivity growth is adequate and appropriate, and that natural capital, particularly its critical components, is managed more wisely.

L'élimination de la faim, la réduction de la pauvreté et la gestion judicieuse du capital naturel demeurent, pour les sociétés de partout dans le monde, des objectifs extrêmement importants, mais difficiles à atteindre. Le présent exposé analyse les questions liées au développement, à la productivité et à l'utilisation du capital naturel, et établit d'importants liens entre ces trois domaines. La détermination des conditions qui contribueraient à augmenter de façon viable la base productive d'une nation ou d'une région, et ainsi accroître le bien‐être de tous ses citoyens au fil du temps, pose un défi de taille. Les réformes politiques qui aideraient à assurer un développement durable, une croissance de la productivité adéquate et appropriée ainsi qu'une gestion judicieuse du capital naturel, particulièrement des éléments essentiels, sont mises en lumière.
STUDY ON THE ANTIMICROBIAL EFFECT OF SALVIA LERIIFOLIA (NOWROOZAK) LEAF EXTRACT POWDER ON THE GROWTH OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS IN HAMBURGER
Authors: MAHDAVIAN MEHR HADI , HOSSEINI ZOHREH , HADDAD KHODAPARAST MOHAMMAD HOSSEIN , EDALATIAN MOHAMMAD REZA
Published: July 2010

In this research, antimicrobial activity of Salvia leriifolia leaf extract was investigated on Staphylococcus aureus growth with different concentrations (5,000, 10,000, 15,000 and 20,000 mg/L) in hamburger. Purified S. aureus was inoculated to hamburger and then stored at−12C. Samples were subjected to microbiological analyses (total viable count and numbers of S. aureus) at different time intervals (15, 30 and 45 days). Results showed that total viable count and the number of S. aureus in all samples with different concentrations of extract declined during storage. This effect was significant at day 15 and 30 for S. aureus and total viable count, respectively. The highest concentration of S. leriifolia extract caused maximum reduction in S. aureus population and total viable count. These data indicated that S. leriifolia extract can exhibit antimicrobial activity against S. aureus, so it can be considered as an alternative natural preservative in such food products.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

As Salvia leriifolia has natural antimicrobial properties and is growing in many regions in Iran increasingly, thus, the extract of some parts of this plant is applicable in food products. On the other hand, the importance of Staphylococcus aureus in meat products as hamburger has been proven previously due to manual handling or post‐processing contamination. With regard to the above mentioned, usage of S. leriifolia is considered essential in meat products as a natural antimicrobial agent to prevent food poisoning and spoilage. Perhaps, S. leriifolia extract has a strong antimicrobial influence against many known pathogens in food products, but it needs to be performed in researches about the effect of this extract on sensory properties and total acceptance in near future.
DETECTION AND SURVIVAL OF YERSINIA ENTEROCOLITICA IN GOAT CHEESE PRODUCED IN SAN LUIS, ARGENTINA
Authors: LAZARTE OTERO VALERIA , LUCERO ESTRADA CECILIA , FAVIER GABRIELA ISABEL , VELÁZQUEZ LIDIA , ESCUDERO MARÍA ESTHER , STEFANINI DE GUZMÁN ANA MARÍA
Published: July 2010

Detection limits and the survival of Yersinia enterocolitica in goat cheese were determined by culture and by nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Thirty goat cheese samples inoculated with 104 to 101 cfu/g Y. enterocolitica O:9 or O:3 strains were enriched for 0, 3 and 18h in trypticase soy broth (TSB), modified Rappaport broth and a formulated in our laboratory broth (FLB). The lowest detection limits were 1 × 103 cfu/g by culture on Mac Conkey agar after 3 h TSB and FLB enrichments, and 1 × 102 cfu/g by nested PCR at 3 h from all enrichment broths. Y. enterocolitica survival was studied in 20 goat cheese samples contaminated at levels of 1 × 106 cfu/g and stored at 4° and 22C for 120 days. Y. enterocolitica was detected during 7 and 30 days at 22C and 4C, respectively. Total and fecal coliforms were recovered from microflora of goat cheese, but indigenous Y. enterocolitica was not detected.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

In San Luis, Argentina, Yersinia enterocolitica strains have been isolated from several foods, samples of animal origin and stool specimens from symptomatic patients. This is the first survey of this microorganism in goat cheese manufactured in our region. The performance of two detection methods, culture and nested polymerase chain reaction, was evaluated in the assessment of the detection limits and the survival of this pathogen in goat cheese. Results might contribute to the knowledge of the behavior of Y. enterocolitica in this food and reinforce the increasing concern about the microbiological quality of this dairy product. Survival of Y. enterocolitica in goat cheese represents a hazard for the consumer health.
The Penguin Parade exhibit at the Jurong BirdPark Singapore
Authors: MUN WONG HON
Published: July 2010

An indoor temperature‐controlled house exhibiting penguins and puffins was opened at Jurong BirdPark in 1990. The two exhibits are viewed through glass panels from a darkened public area and a ramp leads the visitor past an underwater view to the main viewing gallery. Southern hemisphere penguins and terns, and northern alcids and ducks are contrasted in simulated natural habitats. Of particular importance in a tropical‐climate zoo is the control of the environment within the exhibits and in the public area.
Captive‐breeding and reintroduction project for the Milky stork Mycteriu cinerea: at Zoo Negara, Malaysia
Authors: YAACOB MOHAMMED NAZIM
Published: July 2010

A young group of Milky stork Mycteria cinerea, a threatened species listed on CITES Appendix I, was acquired by chance by Zoo Negara in 1987 and a captive‐breeding and reintroduction project attempted. Two pairs nested and laid eggs in their third year, earlier than expected, and one pair hatched two clutches, both of two chicks. The colony nested successfully in 1990 when some of the earlier clutches were taken for artificial incubation. Among the problems which have been overcome were loss of chicks through incorrect feeding, the collapse of the nest tree, weakening of pair bonds, possibly because of egg manipulation to encourage double clutching, and severe storm damage to the aviary with the total loss of eight storks. Six birds joined the Zoo's free‐flying colony of Painted storks Myrteria leucocephala. confirming the Zoo's expectation that released birds would remain near to their release site. and 21 storks were recovered. The Zoo is confident that the original reintroduction plan is feasible if the proposed release site can be secured and sufficient finance found to construct breeding/release cages on site.
Breeding the Marabou stork Leptoptilos crurneniferus: at the Zoological Center Tel Aviv and Noorder Zoo, Emmen
Authors: TERKEL AMELIA
Published: July 2010

Although commonly kept in captivity the Marabou stork Leptoptilos crumeniferus has been recorded as a breeding species in only eight institutions. Details of Marabou management at the Zoological Center Tel Aviv and Noorder Zoo, Emmen, present contrasts related to climatic differences. Noorder Zoo's experience includes successful multiple clutching, incubation and hand‐rearing. Some notes on management at the other successful zoos are included.
Reproduction of the Marabou stork Leptoptilos crumeniferus: at Jacksonville Zoological Park
Authors: PECK SANDY
Published: July 2010

Marabou storks Leptoptilos crumeniferus obtained as yearlings in 1979 and kept in a mixed‐species aviary at Jacksonville Zoo, first displayed courtship and nesting behaviour in 1985 but the eggs were infertile. Three eggs removed for artificial incubation in 1987 produced one chick; it was hand‐reared but did not survive to maturity. Between 1990 and 1993 six chicks were hatched and successfully reared by the parents. The paper reports hand‐rearing diet and behavioural observations of the breeding birds and notes participation of juvenile in rearing the following year's chick.
Management and research implications of selected behaviours in a mixed colony of flamingos at Rotterdam Zoo
Authors: KING CATHERINE E.
Published: July 2010

Although infertility and egg loss are the primary causes for reproductive failure among captive flamingos, based on available literature, specific problems appear to be variable. Observations from an ongoing research project at Rotterdam Zoo suggest a number of factors that could influence captive flamingo reproductive success and management strategies. At this time many observations in zoos are anecdotal; long‐term intracolony studies need to be carried out, and intercolony comparisons made to gain more understanding of these problems and how they are influenced by colony dynamics.
WiIdfowl conservation: implications of the Anseriform Conservation Assessment and Management Plan
Authors: GREEN ANDREW J. , ELLIS SUSIE
Published: July 2010

Given the rate of destruction of wetlands habitat, an increasing number of wildfowl taxa are under threat. Collaboration between CBSG, the IWRB Threatened Waterfowl Research Group and The Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust has produced a first draft of a Conservation Assessment and Management Plan for Anseriformes which has resulted in the most objective list of threatened species to date. Although much attention has been focused on problems of migratory waterfowl it appears that comparatively few migrants are seriously threatened. In addition to developing flyways for migrants, the development of plans for non‐migratory species is urgent. A revised draft of the Plan is scheduled for late 1994.
Causes of mortality in Black stilts Himantopus novuezelandiae: in captivity
Authors: REED CHRISTINE E. M.
Published: July 2010

The causes of mortality, injury and illness in captive populations of the endangered Black stilt Himantopus novaezelandiae between 1979 and 1993 are described. Each year on average, 5%) of the adult stock die from trauma‐related injuries and 5% from other causes including aspergillosis, heart defects and stress. Fledging success of chicks was 82% losses being attributed to malnutrition, faulty incubation of eggs, bacterial infection, poor parenting, accidental death and central nervous system disorders. Mortality is compared with values published for other waders in captivity. Fledging success is similar to that reported elsewhere, although adult mortality from trauma may be higher in Black stilts. The presence of harriers Circus aeruginosus approximans and humans around breeding aviaries isolated from public viewing is thought to contribute to trauma‐related injuries and death.
Alcids in North American zoos and aquaria
Authors: GUNTHER MARY ROMAN
Published: July 2010

Members of the Alcidae are comparatively rare in zoos and aquaria and only a few species have reproduced in captivity. This report summarizes the status in 1993 of alcids in 14 North American institutions. their housing, care and breeding. Brief notes on the conservation of wild populations, in particular the reintroduction of the Atlantic puffins Fratercula arctica to islands in the Gulf of Maine are included.
Maintenance and reproduction of tenrecs Tenrecidae: at Parc Tsimbazaza, Madagascar
Authors: STEPHENSON PETER J. , RACEY PAUL A. , RAKOTONDRAPARANY FELIX
Published: July 2010

An extensive captive‐breeding programme for tenrecs was carried out over a two‐year period in Madagascar. Six of the 12 species studied gave birth in captivity and valuable data on diet, reproduction and growth rates were collected.
Increased activity in a nocturnal primate through lighting manipulation: the case of the Potto Perodicticus potto
Authors: FREDERICK CHERYL , FERNANDES DONNA
Published: July 2010

The source, intensity and colour of exhibit lighting for Pottos Perodicricus potto were manipulated in a series of four different phases. The new lighting scheme developed led to highly significant increases in the activity levels, behavioural repertoire and visibility to the public. These changes in behaviour provided evidence of an improvement in psychological well‐being and greatly enhanced the Pottos' value as exhibit animals.
Hand‐rearing the Arabian oryx Oryx leucoryx: at the National Wildlife Research Center, Saudi Arabia
Authors: FLAMAND J. R. B. , DELHOMME A. , ANCRENAZ M.
Published: July 2010

An outbreak of tuberculosis in Arabian oryx Oryx leuroryx at the National Wildlife Research Center in Saudi Arabia, which resulted in the loss of 35% of the herd, provoked the development of a system of removing newborn calves from their mothers for hand‐rearing soon after parturition. The procedure described here was instigated to prevent the transmission of the disease to the infants so that a healthy, infection‐free herd could be reared for reintroduction programmes. Between October 1987 and November 1992 50.51 calves were reared successfully to the age of four months.
Integrated environmental interpretation at the Curraghs Wildlife Park, Isle of Man
Authors: PINDER N. J.
Published: July 2010

Curraghs Wildlife Park has been developed adjacent to the Ballaugh Curraghs which is one of the few reinnants of an extensive area of wet grazing marshes. The exhibits and graphics at the Park attempt to relate the problems of world‐wide conservation and preservation to environmental developments on the Island. A walkway around 5 ha of the parkland enables visitors to visit areas which, until recently, were not readily accessible and graphics explain about local wildlife which may be seen along the way. In 1989 the indoor exhibit area, the Ark. was refurbished and non exhibits a variety of species from tropical rain forests to local introduced predators.
The international zoo community and computer‐mediated communication
Authors: HARDY DONNA FITZROY
Published: July 2010

Computer‐mediated communication (CMC) is a fast and efficient way to exchange information with remote colleagues. Personal computers, with modems and telephone lines, can be used to send and receive messages, to access library catalogues and to trace details and locations of publications. Co‐operation and collaboration between professionals in the international zoo community could ensure the success of many conservation initiatives and the use of CMC will facilitate this process.
The Waning of Noble Lordship in Late Fifteenth‐Century England?
Authors: PAYLING SIMON
Published: July 2010

Locality and Polity. A Study of Warwickshire Landed Society, 1401–1499. By Christine Carpenter.
Churchill Reappraised
Authors: GREEN E.H.H.
Published: July 2010

Churchill on the Home Front, 1900–55. By Paul Addison.

Churchill: The End of Glory. By John Charmley.

Churchill: Strategy and History. By Tuvia Ben‐Moshe.

Churchill: A Major New Assessment of His bye in Peace and War. Edited by Robert Blake and W. R. Louis.

Churchill. By Keith Robbins. (Profiles in Power.)
A Usable Past: History and the Politics of National Identity in Late Victorian England
Authors: COSGROVE RICHARD A.
Published: July 2010

For the past two decades, issues of English national identity have provided a fertile field for historical investigation. In the late Victorian era, the development of professional standards of scholarship within the academy gave a new dimension to historical debates. The bitter quarrels about appropriate research techniques from the 1860s to the 1890s, among James Anthony Froude, Edward Freeman and John Horace Round, acted as a proxy for the vision of national identity that each historian espoused. After 1870, the development of a national narrative focused on constitutional history as its primary vehicle. The battle over historical reconstruction represented a surrogate for divergent views about political values and national identity. What sometimes seemed frivolous scholarly skirmishes, therefore, had a much greater political importance. As a result, the long feud had greater importance than the eccentric personalities of the participants appeared to indicate. For Froude, the Tudor age of discovery and religious reformation represented the best of English character. For Freeman, a strong Gladstonian Liberal, consensus and continuity over many centuries defined English history best. John Horace Round, a Conservative stalwart, thought that Freeman had slanted his historical conclusions to validate his Liberal politics and reinterpreted the Norman conquest to express his own political beliefs. Thus the quibbles about shield walls and other issues provided a terrain for the real cause of antagonism: different views of national identity that history furnished. Each historian constructed a usable past in order to justify contemporary discussions of national identity.
‘The Cow is Still the Most Important Figure in Indian Politics!’: Religion, Imperial Culture and the Shaping of Indian Political Reform in the 1930s
Authors: MULDOON ANDREW
Published: July 2010

This essay assesses the impact of imperial culture, particularly constructions of India and hinduism, on British responses to the Indian nationalist movement in the 1930s. The essay draws on personal and governmental papers, paying special attention to the language and vocabulary employed by British policy makers concerned with Indian affairs. The major issue addressed here is the British presumption that the 1935 Government of India Act, a plan for a federated India with British central control, would defuse nationalist agitation. Such a sanguine view of this proposal seemed misplaced, given the popular success of the nationalists, especially Gandhi, and given the explicit demands of Indians for full self‐government. However, such an optimistic assessment drew on presumptions about Indian political and social behaviour, and especially on conceptions of hinduism. Policy makers in Britain and India argued along well‐established lines, that hinduism inculcated moral and physical weakness, among other deficiencies, and that a British offer of compromise would attract many Indians who feared continuing confrontation with the Raj. Moreover, colonial advisors relied on a belief that social and caste divisions within hinduism would recur within the nationalist ranks as well. This sense that Indians would respond to half‐measures of reform persisted until the 1937 provincial elections. Though British administrators predicted only a moderate showing by the Indian National Congress, the polling proved otherwise, as Congress took power in the majority of the provinces. The Raj lasted another decade, but the confident cultural assumptions sustaining it took a fatal blow.
Sir John Coxe Hippisley: That ‘Busy Man’ in the Cause of Catholic Emancipation
Authors: SOMMERS SUSAN MITCHELL
Published: July 2010

The late 18th and early 19th centuries represent a critical time for the emergence of modernity in western political life. Of particular interest is the confluence at that time of increased religious toleration with political reform. Research for an earlier study, Parliamentary Politics of a County and its Town: General Elections in Suffolk and Ipswich in the Eighteenth Century (Westport, 2002), led to an examination of Sir John Coxe Hippisley, MP (1747–1825). In many ways, his political career is an exemplar of the broader conflicts of contemporary English political life writ small.

Set between 1790 and 1818, Hippisley's parliamentary career is fascinating, for while he was an active and precocious supporter of catholic emancipation, he represented Sudbury in Suffolk, a borough with a high proportion of protestant dissenters. His constituents found Hippisley's enthusiasm for catholic emancipation repugnant, but not so much so that they could not be convinced to continue to vote for him if the price was right. Consequently a constant and expensive wooing of his constituents marked his parliamentary career.

On a national level, Hippisley's constant and public pursuit of catholic emancipation, coupled with his equally avid quest for preferment, led to a series of quixotic contradictions in his political behaviour. Hippisley and his political adventures thus represent a crucial development stage in the movement for religious freedom in England and the west, as well as providing an illuminating case study on the dynamics of local politics in the time leading up to the first great age of reform.
‘With All My Oldest and Native Friends’. Joseph Parkes: Warwickshire Solicitor and Electoral Agent in the Age of Reform1
Authors: LOPATIN‐LUMMIS NANCY
Published: July 2010

Joseph Parkes, Birmingham solicitor, electoral agent, whig party advisor and secretary to the Parliamentary Municipal Corporation Commission was a modern master of exposing corrupt and fraudulent electioneering and using it as a catalyst for the election of reform and Liberal politicians immediately following the 1832 Reform Act. Warwickshire's own political and legal history was the foundation for Parkes's understanding of how politics worked in Britain and what was wrong with it, and helped forge his vision for an effective reform in parliamentary and local government. This essay examines Joseph Parkes's understanding of national electoral politics, informed by his work in Warwickshire. As a local solicitor, Parkes gained the wisdom of controlling electoral registration, canvassing in a routine and orderly manner and establishing a network of professionals to secure that registrations turned into votes at elections. This experience would culminate in the formation of the Reform Club, a national organisation of whigs, Liberals and radicals, that would, eventually, become the base of the Liberal Party in modern British politics. In short, Joseph Parkes was a man who could not, and did not wish to, escape where he came from, at least in terms of his political education. His Warwickshire experiences and lessons learned, solidified a series of political reform goals that he pragmatically approached as a political advisor, operative and attorney, rather than an elected public servant, and marked the direction of politics for the rest of the century.
After Emancipation: Thomas Fowell Buxton and Evangelical Politics in the 1830s
Authors: FOLLETT RICHARD R.
Published: July 2010

After the Emancipation Act of 1833 officially abolished slavery in the British empire, it became clear that the anti‐slavery coalition was even more tenuous than many had believed. The expectations created by reform, and by the previous measures removing disabilities on dissenters and catholics, sent the various elements within the anti‐slavery camp in different directions. This splintering of efforts was especially true of evangelicals in parliament. During the next four years, the anti‐slavery leader, Thomas Fowell Buxton, went through a reorientation as he worked to make sense of his priorities under new political conditions. Although involved with many issues of the day, Buxton came to focus on the plight of aboriginal peoples in the British empire and then formulated his proposals to end African slavery. Buxton's shift represents a larger one for evangelicals in England. While they could not all agree on the benefits or morality of poor law reform or the appropriate way to handle the Irish Church question, most could agree that the peoples coming under British rule should have their rights protected, especially if it opened a way for further missionary activity. By 1840, Buxton's efforts provided a set of concepts and an agenda for many people of otherwise diverse political bent. Domestically, the evangelical communities in Britain might disagree on what policy and programmes served their civilisation best; but they all agreed that Britain's growing empire needed to be directed in a way that promoted christianity and commerce, and hence the spread of ‘civilisation’.
A Provincial Minister in Politics: Henry W. Crosskey*
Authors: WEBB R.K.
Published: July 2010

Henry W. Crosskey (1826–93), a late Victorian unitarian minister who served in Derby, Glasgow and Birmingham, is now best remembered for his involvement in Liberal politics and policy, especially education, as both an advocate and as a member of the Birmingham School Board. An eloquent preacher, he was also an important geologist, recognized both for his original research and for popularising the science and its impact on theology, and a revealing figure in the evolution of English unitarian thought. From his student days at Manchester College, Crosskey was a follower of his teacher, James Martineau, but, unlike Martineau, he advocated an active role for government, particularly local government, in promoting social well‐being. In the political crises of 1885–6, though differing from Gladstone on religious education, disestablishment, and home rule for Ireland, he was unable to follow Joseph Chamberlain, a member of his congregation, into alliance with the Conservative Party. His scientific convictions led to his emergence in later life as an admirer of the broad piety of the early unitarian theologian and scientist, Joseph Priestley, whose followers had warred with Martineau's disciples in the bitter mid century struggle between ‘Old’ and ‘New’ unitarianism, thus serving as a bridge between the two schools of interpretation. He is also an important reminder of the expanding demands, internal and external, of an urban pastorate in the later 19th century.
Political Ideas and Audiences: The Case of Arthur Bryant and the Illustrated London News, 1936–1945
Authors: SOFFER REBA N.
Published: July 2010

Political leaders rely upon particular individuals or party organisations to reach potential constituencies, but they can only guess at the probable effect any agent has on those electors. For politicians anxious to seize and hold power, it is very good news when one of their partisans establishes and maintains a faithful following. The complexities of understanding influence, especially in the 20th century, are compounded by the difficulties of identifying the myriad interests expressed in a variety of contending forums as well as at the polls. While archives of printed, spoken, and viewed materials allow us to recover what political figures said to various audiences, it is very difficult to demonstrate that expressed ideas actually affected political thinking or political conduct. It is a further speculative leap to imagine what audiences actually heard, what they wanted to hear, and what they made of what they believed they heard. In a written or spoken or pictorial effort to transmit ideas, the intention and purpose may be stated explicitly but the contents of the ideas may still be equivocal. Different kinds of audiences and different members of the same audience will find a variety of meanings, often contradictory, in what they read, hear, or see. Arthur Bryant, a popular historian, journalist, and polemicist was remarkably successful in proclaiming the merits of a pragmatic and ideological conservatism to a multiplicity of large, loyal audiences through the end of the Second World War. This essay examines Bryant's remarkable audience in the Illustrated London News and the ways in which he engaged and retained them for nearly 50 years.
The Peerage and the Revolution of 1688
Authors: HOSFORD DAVID
Published: July 2010

Four points support the thesis that the English nobility played a critical role in the revolution. First, the later 17th‐century aristocracy was energetic, wealthy, and connected in ways facilitating political action within, and subsequently outside, the parliamentary arena. Second, it was a class conscious of status and privilege which many policies of James II bumped up against inadvertently, but often with negative consequence. Third, most peers were observant protestants in an age when religious belief, or at least the externals of practice, still mattered greatly. Fourth, habits of deference and traditional spheres of influence at the local level remained surprisingly intact despite intensive royal effort to reshape the lieutenancies, commissions of the peace, and municipal and other corporate bodies.

Resistance to repeal of the Test Acts was the issue around which a leadership group emerged in the aristocracy. Initially it focused on a parliamentary solution in which an absolute majority in the house of lords could be counted on to stand firm no matter how the Commons might vote. In the absence of that opportunity and in the face of other events regarded as inimical to class, nation and the protestant interest, many peers turned away from natural alliance with the crown and – in the case of a forward group – conspired with the prince of Orange. Ultimately, more than a third of the nobility aligned itself with those peers intent on constraining the king's freedom of political action, an important factor contributing to his decision to flee.
A Call to Action: New Party Candidates and the 1931 General Election*
Authors: WORLEY MATTHEW
Published: July 2010

Sir Oswald Mosley established his New Party in early 1931. It proposed to cut across the party and class divides, with the objective of providing a ‘national’ solution to the economic crisis of the time. According to Mosley, the ‘old parties’– meaning the Labour, Conservative and Liberal Parties – had revealed themselves unable to adapt to the post‐war age. In their place, he argued, a modern organisation, based on youth, vitality and a scientifically reasoned economic plan, was needed to save Britain from terminal decline. Few heeded his call, and the party ultimately paved the way for the British Union of Fascists to emerge in 1932. Nevertheless, the New Party fought the general election of 1931, offering an unsuccessful but suitably intriguing challenge to the National coalition and Labour Party. This article will assess the New Party's election campaign, concentrating on those who briefly rallied to Mosley's appeal only to fall foul of the ballot box. In other words, it provides a case study of those who contributed to a dramatic electoral failure, and traces a significant stage along Mosley's journey to fascism.
The Parliamentary Organisation of the Whig Junto in the Reign of Queen Anne: A Further Note
Authors: JONES CYVE
Published: July 2010

The parliamentary organisation of the whig Junto in the reign of Queen Anne was far superior to that of the tory party. At the centre were the meetings in which three or four of the five members of the Junto were present together with some of their followers. Evidence of such meetings is rare but here is presented a letter giving the details of a meeting of all five in April 1713 at the home of Lord Somers, together with their ally, the tory earl of Nottingham, probably to discuss the forthcoming peace proposals, to end the war of the Spanish Succession, and the protestant succession to the British throne.
A Changing House: The Life Peerages Act 1958*
Authors: TAKAYANAGI MARI
Published: July 2010

The year 2008 marks the 50th anniversary of the Life Peerages Act 1958. The first life peer to obtain his letters patent was Lord Fraser of Lonsdale (Sir William Jocelyn Ian Fraser) on 1 August 1958. The first life peer to be introduced in the Lords was Lord Parker of Waddington (Sir Hubert Lister Parker) on 21 October 1958. The first woman peer to receive her letters patent dated 8 August 1958 was Baroness Wootton of Abinger (Barbara Frances Wootton), and the first woman peer to take her seat in the Lords was Baroness Swanborough (Dame Stella Isaacs, marchioness of Reading), ahead of Baroness Wootton on 21 October 1958. This article gives an overview of the background to life peerages and women peers before 1958, including the importance of two peerage cases, the Wensleydale case 1856 and the Rhondda case 1922. It does so with particular reference to women and the house of lords. It also considers the passage of the act itself; the initial life peers created in 1958; final equality between men and women peers achieved by the Peerage Act 1963; and the impact of life peers on the House since 1958.