bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Which consumers are more likely to adopt a retirement app and how does it explain mobile technology‐enabled retirement engagement?
Authors: Hentzen Janin K. , Hoffmann Arvid O .I. , Dolan Rebecca M.
Published: March 2021

Although planning for retirement is fundamental for consumers’ future well‐being, individuals often fail to engage with it. Retirement engagement refers to one's initial interest in and active planning for one's retirement. In this study, we focus on mobile technology‐enabled retirement engagement, operationalized as consumers’ perception of how a retirement app can help them plan for retirement. While rapid advances in digital platforms and mobile technology show promising use to the financial services sector, little is known about the adoption drivers of mobile technology in stimulating retirement engagement as a unique low‐involvement, yet high‐importance context. We address this gap in the existing literature by analyzing survey data from a representative sample of 440 Australian pension fund members. We find that consumers’ financial self‐efficacy, perceived financial security, consideration of future consequences, retirement planning involvement, and perceived usefulness have direct effects on their anticipated engagement with a mobile retirement app as well as indirect effects through their intention to adopt the app (financial self‐efficacy and consideration of future consequences only have direct effects). We also find that mobile computing self‐efficacy, prior finance app use, and perceived ease of use only have indirect effects through consumers’ intention to adopt the app. Notably, the association between adoption intentions and anticipated engagement is stronger for those closer to retirement.
In search of lost time: Enhancers as modulators of timing in lymphocyte development and differentiation
Authors: Chu Jonathan M. , Pease Nicholas A. , Kueh Hao Yuan
Published: March 2021

Proper timing of gene expression is central to lymphocyte development and differentiation. Lymphocytes often delay gene activation for hours to days after the onset of signaling components, which act on the order of seconds to minutes. Such delays play a prominent role during the intricate choreography of developmental events and during the execution of an effector response. Though a number of mechanisms are sufficient to explain timing at short timescales, it is not known how timing delays are implemented over long timescales that may span several cell generations. Based on the literature, we propose that a class of cis‐regulatory elements, termed “timing enhancers,” may explain how timing delays are controlled over these long timescales. By considering chromatin as a kinetic barrier to state switching, the timing enhancer model explains experimentally observed dynamics of gene expression where other models fall short. In this review, we elaborate on features of the timing enhancer model and discuss the evidence for its generality throughout development and differentiation. We then discuss potential molecular mechanisms underlying timing enhancer function. Finally, we explore recent evidence drawing connections between timing enhancers and genetic risk for immunopathology. We argue that the timing enhancer model is a useful framework for understanding how cis‐regulatory elements control the central dimension of timing in lymphocyte biology.
Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (Ahr)‐dependent Il‐22 expression by type 3 innate lymphoid cells control of acute joint inflammation
Authors: Nehmar Ramzi , Fauconnier Louis , Alves‐Filho Jose , Togbe Dieudonnée , DeCauwer Aurore , Bahram Seiamak , Le Bert Marc , Ryffel Bernhard , Georgel Philippe
Published: March 2021

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) controls several inflammatory and metabolic pathways involved in various diseases, including the development of arthritis. Here, we investigated the role of AHR activation in IL‐22‐dependent acute arthritis using the K/BxN serum transfer model. We observed an overall reduction of cytokine expression in Ahr‐deficient mice, along with decreased signs of joint inflammation. Conversely, we report worsened arthritis symptoms in Il‐22 deficient mice. Pharmacological stimulation of AHR with the agonist VAG539, as well as injection of recombinant IL‐22, given prior arthritogenic triggering, attenuated inflammation and reduced joint destruction. The protective effect of VAG539 was abrogated in Il‐22 deficient mice. Finally, conditional Ahr depletion of Rorc‐expressing cells was sufficient to attenuate arthritis, thereby uncovering a previously unsuspected role of AHR in type 3 innate lymphoid cells during acute arthritis.
Back to basics in COVID‐19: Antigens and antibodies—Completing the puzzle
Authors: Neagu Monica , Calina Daniela , Docea Anca Oana , Constantin Carolina , Filippini Tommaso , Vinceti Marco , Drakoulis Nikolaos , Poulas Konstantinos , Nikolouzakis Taxiarchis Konstantinos , Spandidos Demetrios A. , Tsatsakis Aristidis
Published: March 2021

The outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) has gathered 1 year of scientific/clinical information. This informational asset should be thoroughly and wisely used in the coming year colliding in a global task force to control this infection. Epidemiology of this infection shows that the available estimates of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection prevalence largely depended on the availability of molecular testing and the extent of tested population. Within molecular diagnosis, the viability and infectiousness of the virus in the tested samples should be further investigated. Moreover, SARS‐CoV‐2 has a genetic normal evolution that is a dynamic process. The immune system participates to the counterattack of the viral infection by pathogen elimination, cellular homoeostasis, tissue repair and generation of memory cells that would be reactivated upon a second encounter with the same virus. In all these stages, we still have knowledge to be gathered regarding antibody persistence, protective effects and immunological memory. Moreover, information regarding the intense pro‐inflammatory action in severe cases still lacks and this is important in stratifying patients for difficult to treat cases. Without being exhaustive, the review will cover these important issues to be acknowledged to further advance in the battle against the current pandemia.
Distinctive aspects of consent in pilot and feasibility studies
Authors: Sim Julius
Published: March 2021

Prior to a main randomized clinical trial, investigators often carry out a pilot or feasibility study in order to test certain trial processes or estimate key statistical parameters, so as to optimize the design of the main trial and/or determine whether it can feasibly be run. Pilot studies reflect the design of the intended main trial, whereas feasibility studies may not do so, and may not involve allocation to different treatments. Testing relative clinical effectiveness is not considered an appropriate aim of pilot or feasibility studies. However, consent is no less important than in a main trial as a means of morally legitimizing the investigator's actions. Two misperceptions are central to consent in clinical studies—therapeutic misconception (a tendency to conflate research and therapy) and therapeutic misestimation (a tendency to overestimate possible benefits and/or underestimate possible harms associated with participation). These phenomena may take a distinctive form in pilot and feasibility studies, owing to potential participants' likely prior unfamiliarity with the nature and purposes of such studies. Thus, participants may confuse the aims of a pilot or feasibility study (developing or optimizing trial design and processes) with those of a main trial (testing treatment effectiveness) and base consent on this misconstrual. Similarly, a misunderstanding of the ability of pilot and feasibility studies to provide information that will inform clinical care, or the underdeveloped nature of interventions included in such studies, may lead to inaccurate assessments of the objective possibility of benefit, and weaken the epistemic basis of consent accordingly. Equipoise may also be particularly challenging to grasp in the context of a pilot study. The consent process in pilot and feasibility studies requires a particular focus, and careful communication, if it is to carry the appropriate moral weight. There are corresponding implications for the process of ethical approval.
Spawning habits and embryonic development of the banded lampeye killifish Aplocheilichthys spilauchen (Duméril 1861) in ex situ fresh and brackish water environments
Authors: Okyere Isaac , Obeng Juliet Afrah , Ayitey Samuel , Van der Zee Jouke Rients , Meeus Herman
Published: March 2021

Aside from ornamental uses, there is growing interest in using killifishes for a multiplicity of purposes including baitfish and mosquito biocontrol. This experiment explored the spawning habits and embryonic development of the banded lampeye, Aplocheilichthys spilauchen in ex situ freshwater (0.04‰) and brackish water (5.01‰) to ascertain the captive breeding prospects for mosquito control in areas where they occur. Significantly higher number of eggs were laid in the brackish water than the freshwater (X2 = 1613.0, P < 0.05), and black mop was the most preferred spawning substrate, followed by green, blue and white mops. Microscopic monitoring of embryos revealed that cleavage occurred within the first 30 min after fertilization, organogenesis commenced on average in the 25th hour and hatching in approximately 230 h. Although freshwater eggs were relatively bigger than brackish water eggs and certain embryonic developmental stages occurred faster in the freshwater than brackish water, these differences were overall not significant and had no effects on the development and hatching. The observed outcome that A. spilauchen can be optimally propagated with black mops in brackish water offers a significant step in its use for the mosquito biocontrol programme, as well as other potential uses not yet explored.
Risk factors for rebleeding in Crohn's disease patients with acute severe lower gastrointestinal bleeding: With special reference to the role of anti‐tumor necrosis factor therapy
Authors: Kim Dae Sung , Yoon Jiyoung , Kim Ye‐Jee , Lee Jin Wook , Hong Seung Wook , Hwang Ha Won , Park Sang Hyoung , Yang Dong‐Hoon , Ye Byong Duk , Byeon Jeong‐Sik , Myung Seung‐Jae , Yang Suk‐Kyun
Published: March 2021

Background and Aim

Acute severe lower gastrointestinal bleeding (LGIB) in patients with Crohn's disease (CD) is uncommon; however, it is a potentially life‐threatening complication, and its recurrence is common. We thus aimed to identify the predictors for rebleeding in CD patients with acute severe LGIB and particularly focused on whether anti‐tumor necrosis factor (TNF) therapy lowers the risk of rebleeding compared with conventional medical therapy (CMT) or surgery.

Methods

The risk of rebleeding was analyzed in 131 CD patients with acute severe LGIB. Patients were classified into the CMT group (n = 99), anti‐TNF therapy group (n = 22), and surgery group (n = 10). No patients in the surgery group received anti‐TNF therapy.

Results

During the median follow‐up of 98 months after the first episode of acute severe LGIB, rebleeding occurred in 50.5%, 18.2%, and 30.0% of the CMT group, anti‐TNF therapy group, and surgery group, respectively (P = 0.015). The cumulative risks of rebleeding at 1 and 10 years were 20.0% and 64.7% in the CMT group, 13.6% and 18.4% in the anti‐TNF therapy group, and 0% and 40.7% in the surgery group, respectively (P = 0.020). Multivariable Cox regression analysis showed that anti‐TNF therapy was associated with a lower risk of rebleeding compared with CMT (hazard ratio, 0.303; 95% confidence interval, 0.108–0.849; P = 0.023).

Conclusions

In CD patients with acute severe LGIB, anti‐TNF therapy may reduce the risk of rebleeding compared with CMT. Although surgery is considered effective in preventing early rebleeding, concomitant anti‐TNF therapy may be helpful in further lowering the long‐term risk of rebleeding.
Public awareness and knowledge of liver health and diseases in Singapore
Authors: Tan Chee‐Kiat , Goh George Boon‐Bee , Youn Jin , Yu Jacques Chak‐Kwan , Singh Shikha
Published: March 2021

Background and Aim

Despite efforts in controlling and managing liver diseases, significant health issues remain. This study aims to evaluate the degree of public awareness and knowledge regarding liver health and diseases in Singapore.

Methods

A cross‐sectional, self‐reported, web‐based questionnaire was administered to 500 adult individuals. Questionnaire items pertained to knowledge and awareness of overall liver health, liver diseases and their associated risk factors.

Results

Sixty‐four percent of respondents were ≥35 years old and 54.0% were male. While majority agreed that regular screening was important for liver health (91.2%), only 65.4% attended health screening within recent 2 years. Hepatitis B had more awareness than hepatitis C among the respondents. About 70% agreed the consequences of viral hepatitis included liver cirrhosis, failure, and/or cancer. Yet, only 15% knew hepatitis C is not preventable by vaccination and more than half mistaken hepatitis B and C are transmissible via contaminated or raw seafood. Despite 75% being aware of non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease, many were not aware of the related risk factors and complications. Awareness of specific screening and diagnostic tests for liver health was poor as one‐fifth correctly identified the diagnostic tests for viral hepatitis. Preferences for doctor's consultation, TV, or newspapers (online) as information channels contrasted those currently used in the public health education efforts.

Conclusions

The levels of understanding of liver diseases, risk factors, and potential complications are suboptimal among the Singapore public. More public education efforts aligned with respondents' information‐seeking preferences could facilitate addressing misperceptions and increase knowledge about liver diseases.
Ferroptosis: An emerging therapeutic target in stroke
Authors: Liu Yibo , Fang Yuanjian , Zhang Zeyu , Luo Yujie , Zhang Anke , Lenahan Cameron , Chen Sheng
Published: March 2021

Stroke is a disastrous neurological disease with high morbidity and mortality. The mechanism of the pathological process is extremely complicated and unclear. Although many basic studies have confirmed molecular mechanism of brain injury after stroke, these studies have not yet translated into treatment and clinical application. Ferroptosis is a form of cell death that is distinct from necrosis, apoptosis, and autophagy morphologically and biochemically and is characterized by iron‐dependent accumulation of lipid peroxides. Despite ferroptosis being first identified in cancer cells, it was recently revealed to also be a significant factor in the pathological process of stroke. A better understanding of ferroptosis in stroke may provide us with better therapeutic targets to treat this devastating disease. Here, we systematically summarized the current mechanism of ferroptosis and reviewed the current studies regarding the relationship between ferroptosis and stroke.

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Rhythmogenic networks are potently modulated by activation of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in the rodent spinal cord
Authors: Matzner Henry , Zelinger Moshe , Cherniak Meir , Anglister Lili , Lev‐Tov Aharon
Published: March 2021

Electrical stimulation of the spinal cord is a potent means for activating mammalian stepping in the absence of the descending control from the brain. Previously, we have shown that stimulation of pain delivering (Aδ) sacrocaudal afferents (SCA) has a powerful capacity to activate the sacral and lumbar rhythmogenic networks in the neonatal rodent spinal cord. Relatively little is known about the neural pathways involved in activation of the locomotor networks by Aδ afferents, on their mechanism of action and on the possibility to modulate their activity. We have shown that elevation of the endogenous level of acetylcholine at the sacral cord by blocking cholinesterase could modulate the SCA‐induced locomotor rhythm in a muscarinic receptor‐dependent mechanism. Here, we review these and more recent findings and report that controlled stimulation of SCA in the presence of muscarine is a potent activator of the locomotor network. The possible mechanisms involved in the muscarinic modulation of the locomotor rhythm are discussed in terms of the differential projections of sacral relay neurons, activated by SCA stimulation, to the lumbar locomotor rhythm generators, and to their target motoneurons. Altogether, our studies show that manipulations of cholinergic networks offer a simple and powerful means to control the activity of locomotor networks in the absence of supraspinal control.

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Cover Image for this issue: https://doi.org/10.1111/jnc.15079.
Coping with social consequences of disease‐related symptoms in patients with a metastatic small intestinal neuroendocrine tumour: A qualitative study
Authors: de Vries Froukje E. , Godthelp Albertien , Spruit Jocelyn R. , Ruissen Andrea M. , Tesselaar Margot E.T. , Boekhout Annelies H.
Published: March 2021

Patients with small intestine neuroendocrine tumours (SINETs) face various disease‐related symptoms that can affect their social functioning and quality of life. The present study aimed to explore the social consequences of disease‐related symptoms in patients with a metastatic SINET and to develop a theory on how these patients experience their disease. Patients were eligible when they were diagnosed with a metastatic SINET between 2009 and 2016 and were younger than 60 years of age during diagnosis, and had a good functional performance status. Semi‐structured interviews were conducted between January and June 2018. Data were transcribed and analysed independently by two researchers using grounded theory. Data saturation was reached at 10 interviews and, in total, 12 patients participated. A core component that arose from the interviews was resilience in the face of social consequences of having a metastatic SINET. Prominent physical symptoms were fatigue, diarrhoea and flushes. All of these symptoms were associated with limitations to function in work‐related and social activities, as well as feelings of embarrassment and shame. Adaptive strategies, such as careful planning, or focusing on the perspective to live well with a neuroendocrine tumour, helped patients to experience the consequences as less burdensome. Other helpful factors that were identified constituted social support, engaging in meaningful activities and financial stability. Patients with a metastatic SINET experienced social consequences of disease‐related symptoms in daily life, although they were able to attenuate the burden of these consequences by using adaptive problem‐based, emotion‐based and meaning‐based coping strategies. Clinicians could explore the perceived consequences and educate patients about adaptive strategies.
Pain Information Model and Its Potential for Predictive Analytics: Applicability of a Big Data Science Framework
Authors: Gaedke Nomura Aline Tsuma , de Abreu Almeida Miriam , Johnson Steve , Pruinelli Lisiane
Published: March 2021

Purpose

To describe the application of a big data science framework to develop a pain information model and to discuss the potential for its use in predictive modeling.

Design and Method

This is an application of a cross‐industry standard process for a data mining adapted framework (the Applied Healthcare Data Science Framework) to build an information model on pain management and its potential for predictive modeling. Data were derived from electronic health records and were composed of approximately 51,000 records of unique adult patients admitted to clinical and surgical units between July 2015 and June 2019.

Findings

The application of the Applied Healthcare Data Science Framework steps allowed the development of an information model on pain management, considering pain assessment, interventions, goals, and outcomes. The developed model has the potential to be used for predicting which patients are most likely to be discharged with self‐reported pain.

Conclusions

Through the application of the framework, it is possible to support health professionals’ decision making on the use of data to improve the effectiveness of pain management.

Clinical Relevance

In the long term, the framework is intended to guide data science methodologies to personalize treatments, reduce costs, and improve health outcomes.
Hypersensitivity reaction to Hyaluronic Acid Dermal filler following novel Coronavirus infection – a case report
Authors: Rowland‐Warmann MJ
Published: March 2021

The incidence of hypersensitivity reactions to hyaluronic acid dermal fillers is between 0.3 and 4.25%, mediated by T‐lymphocytes. Flu‐like illness can trigger immunogenic reactions at the site of filler placement. Cases of SARS‐CoV‐2 are significant and pose a possible risk of inducing hypersensitivity. This case report is of a delayed‐type hypersensitivity after hyaluronic acid dermal filler treatment of the nose and subsequent infection with SARS‐CoV‐2. Risk factors for the development of such symptoms were identified as the presence of hyaluronic acid combined with flu‐like illness and repeated treatment of one area. The case resolved without intervention. Clinicians should be mindful of the risk posed by the interaction of hyaluronic acid dermal filler with SARS‐CoV‐2 in light of the pandemic.
A simple method for controlling depth of skin piercing using simple injection needles
Authors: Mohammed Ghada F.
Published: March 2021

Piercing the skin is imperative in many procedures such as hair transplantation and skin lifting with threads.
Mentality of pregnant women and obstetric healthcare workers about prenatal SARS‐CoV‐2 testing: A regional survey over the first wave of the COVID‐19 pandemic in Japan
Authors: Kawamura Hiroshi , Orisaka Makoto , Yoshida Yoshio
Published: March 2021

Aim

To clarify the mentality of pregnant women and obstetric healthcare workers about prenatal severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) screening testing.

Methods

A multicenter questionnaire survey about prenatal SARS‐CoV‐2 screening testing was conducted among pregnant women, midwives and nurses (M&Ns), and obstetricians at all delivery facilities in Fukui Prefecture between June 30, 2020 and July 22, 2020.

Results

Of 297 pregnant women, 150 (50.5%) underwent prenatal polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing, and 107 of them (71.3%) answered that because of prenatal PCR tests, they could give birth with relief. One hundred forty‐five (48.8%) were concerned about the disadvantages of receiving positive prenatal PCR results. Of 287 M&Ns, 151 (52.6%) answered that prenatal PCR screening testing could reduce anxiety about infection to themselves; this belief was more common among M&Ns working at the nonreception facility than among those at COVID‐19 reception facilities (60.7% vs. 47.1%, P = 0.02). Of 57 obstetricians, 31 (54.4%) agreed to prenatal SARS‐CoV‐2 PCR screening testing, the rate of which was significantly higher among obstetricians at nonreception facilities than those at reception facilities (70.3% vs. 25.0%, P < 0.01). Fourteen obstetricians (24.6%) were concerned about excessive medical treatment for asymptomatic pregnant women with false‐positive PCR results.

Conclusions

Pregnant women experience anxieties during the COVID‐19 pandemic, and prenatal SARS‐CoV‐2 screening may reduce their anxiety to some extent. However, obstetrics staff at COVID‐19 reception facilities are aware of the limits of prenatal screening and are concerned about excessive medical intervention due to false‐positive results.
Perilipin 1 and adipophilin immunoexpression suggests the presence of lipid droplets in tooth germ, ameloblastoma, and ameloblastic carcinoma
Authors: Sánchez‐Romero Celeste , Carreón‐Burciaga Ramón , Gónzalez‐Gónzalez Rogelio , Villarroel‐Dorrego Mariana , Molina‐Frechero Nelly , Bologna‐Molina Ronell
Published: March 2021

Background

Increased lipogenesis and lipid droplet accumulation are observed in diverse tumors, and these processes are associated with poor prognosis in several tumors, representing potential therapeutic targets. The presence of lipid droplets in odontogenic tissues and/or tumors is unknown.

Methods

Immunohistochemistry for perilipin 1 and adipophilin was performed in 12 human tooth germs (TG), 27 conventional ameloblastoma (AM), and 8 ameloblastic carcinoma (AC) samples. Cytoplasmic staining was analyzed using an immunoreactive score (IRS), and the results were compared for the TG, AM, and AC samples by Kruskal‐Wallis test followed by Dunn's post‐test and confirmed by Mann‐Whitney U test.

Results

Perilipin 1 was negative in 91.7% of the TG samples, positive in 48.2% of the AM samples, and positive in 87.5% of the AC samples. Adipophilin was positive in 100% of the TG samples, 92.6% of the AM samples, and 100% of the AC samples. The perilipin 1 and adipophilin IRS revealed statistically significant differences between the TG, AM, and AC samples (p = .007 and p = .018, respectively). The perilipin 1 levels among the TG and AC samples were statically significant (**p = .0085), as well as the adipophilin levels when TG and AM samples were compared (**p < .0029).

Conclusions

Adipophilin exhibits significant activity in human tooth development. The immunoexpression of perilipin 1 and adipophilin in the AM and AC samples suggests the presence of lipid droplets, providing further evidence of metabolic alterations in these tumors. Additional studies with larger samples and alternative techniques are necessary to confirm these findings.
Low‐dose CT lung cancer screening uptake: A rural–urban comparison
Authors: Zgodic Anja , Zahnd Whitney E. , Advani Shailesh , Eberth Jan M.
Published: March 2021

Purpose

The US Preventive Services Task Force recommends lung cancer screening with Low‐Dose Computed Tomography (LDCT) in high‐risk individuals. Our objective was to identify demographic, health, and financial factors associated with screening uptake, with a focus on urban–rural differences.

Methods

We analyzed data from the 2018 and 2019 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System and its optional Lung Cancer Screening Module to examine factors associated with screening uptake among 20 states that administered the optional module. We compared differences in factors associated with uptake overall and by geographical regions and conducted multivariable logistic mixed‐effects regression, accounting for participant clustering by state to assess the impact of these factors on uptake.

Findings

Overall 1,268 participants underwent LDCT screening with no significant differences observed between rural (16.3%) and urban residents (17.7%, p = 0.67). In multivariable models, rural residents did not differ significantly in their LDCT screening uptake (OR = 0.85; 95% CI: 0.67–1.09, p = 0.20), but uptake was significantly higher for participants with underlying chronic respiratory conditions, veterans, those with higher pack‐year history, and those with poor/fair general health and prior history of cancer. Uptake declined with age, higher education level, concerns about paying for medical care, and lack of primary care.

Conclusions

Modifiable targets can be leveraged to increase LDCT screening. Based on significant predictors of screening uptake, clinicians should prioritize interventions that effectively consider smoking history as well as those identified as effective in veterans' health settings. Additionally, reducing structural barriers to care related to insurance and income will be key to reducing disparities.
The impact of the wake maintenance zone on attentional capacity, physiological drowsiness, and subjective task demands during sleep deprivation
Authors: McMahon William Ryan , Ftouni Suzanne , Diep Charmaine , Collet Jinny , Lockley Steven W. , Rajaratnam Shantha M. W. , Maruff Paul , Drummond Sean P. A. , Anderson Clare
Published: March 2021

We aimed to investigate the impact of the Wake Maintenance Zone (WMZ) on measures of drowsiness, attention, and subjective performance under rested and sleep deprived conditions. We studied 23 healthy young adults (18 males; mean age = 25.41 ± 5.73 years) during 40 hr of total sleep deprivation under constant routine conditions. Participants completed assessments of physiological drowsiness (EEG‐scored slow eye movements and microsleeps), sustained attention (PVT), and subjective task demands every two hours, and four‐hourly ocular motor assessment of inhibitory control (inhibition of reflexive saccades on an anti‐saccade task). Tests were analyzed relative to dim light melatonin onset (DLMO); the WMZ was defined as the 3 hr prior to DLMO, and the preceding 3 hr window was deemed the pre‐WMZ. The WMZ did not mitigate the adverse impact of ~37 hr sleep deprivation on drowsiness, sustained attention, response inhibition, and self‐rated concentration and difficulty, relative to rested WMZ performance (~13 hr of wakefulness). Compared to the pre‐WMZ, though, the WMZ improved measures of sustained attention, and subjective concentration and task difficulty, during sleep deprivation. Cumulatively, these results expand on previous work by characterizing the beneficial effects of the WMZ on operationally‐relevant indices of drowsiness, inhibitory attention control, and self‐rated concentration and task difficulty relative to the pre‐WMZ during sleep deprivation. These results may inform scheduling safety‐critical tasks at more optimal circadian times to improve workplace performance and safety.
Current review of isoxazoline ectoparasiticides used in veterinary medicine
Authors: Zhou Xueying , Hohman Alexandra E. , Hsu Walter H.
Published: March 2021

The isoxazolines are a novel class of ectoparasiticides with potent inhibitory activity on glutamate‐ and gamma‐aminobutyric acid‐gated chloride channel located in nervous system of invertebrates. In recent years, studies have been performed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of isoxazolines against various types of ectoparasites, including fleas, ticks, and mites. As more single and combined isoxazoline products have been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration and European Medicines Agency, a more comprehensive understanding of isoxazolines becomes essential for veterinary clinical practitioners. This article provides a complete review of isoxazolines with respect to pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, ectoparasiticidal efficacy, and safety, which will provide veterinarians information to allow them to make the best choice of ectoparasiticide for their clients’ specific needs.
A self‐applied valid scale for rapid tracking of household food insecurity among pregnant women in Sri Lanka
Authors: Agampodi Thilini C. , Hromi‐Fiedler Amber , Agampodi Suneth B. , Amarasinghe Gayani S. , Wickramasinghe Nuwan D. , Jayasinghe Imasha U. , Hettiarachchi Ayesh U. , Perez‐Escamilla Rafael
Published: March 2021

Rapid household food insecurity (HFI) tracking has been identified as a priority in the context of the COVID‐19 pandemic and its aftermath. We report the validation of the Latin American and Caribbean Food Security Scale (Escala Latinoamericana y Caribena de Seguridad Alimentaria [ELCSA]) among pregnant women in Sri Lanka. The eight‐item adult version of the ELCSA was translated from English to Sinhala and Tamil. Cognitive testing (on 10 pregnant women and five local experts) and psychometric validation of the self‐administered HFI tool were conducted among pregnant women (n = 269) attending the special clinics of the Rajarata Pregnancy Cohort (RaPCo) in Anuradhapura in February 2020. We assessed the psychometric properties and fit using a one parameter logistic model (Rasch model analysis) using STATA Version 14 and WINSTEP software Version 4.3.4. Concurrent validity was tested using psychological distress. The scale was internally consistent (Cronbach's alpha = 0.79) and had a good model fit (Rasch items infit statistic range: 0.85 to 1.07). Item 8 (‘did not eat for the whole day’) was removed from the model fit analysis, as it was not affirmed by respondent. Item severity scores ranged from −2.15 for ‘not eating a diverse diet’ to 4.43 for ‘not eating during the whole day’. Concurrent validity between HFI and psychological distress was confirmed (r = 0.15, p < 0.05). The self‐applied version of ELCSA‐pregnancy in Sri Lanka (ELCSA‐P‐SL) is a valid and feasible valid tool. We recommend it to track HFI among pregnant women in lower income countries during the COVID‐19 pandemic.
The effect of milk type and fortification on the growth of low‐birthweight infants: An umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta‐analyses
Authors: North Krysten , Marx Delaney Megan , Bose Carl , Lee Anne C. C. , Vesel Linda , Adair Linda , Semrau Katherine
Published: March 2021

Approximately 15% of infants worldwide are born with low birthweight (<2500 g). These children are at risk for growth failure. The aim of this umbrella review is to assess the relationship between infant milk type, fortification and growth in low‐birthweight infants, with particular focus on low‐ and lower middle–income countries. We conducted a systematic review in PubMed, CINAHL, Embase and Web of Science comparing infant milk options and growth, grading the strength of evidence based on standard umbrella review criteria. Twenty‐six systematic reviews qualified for inclusion. They predominantly focused on infants with very low birthweight (<1500 g) in high‐income countries. We found the strongest evidence for (1) the addition of energy and protein fortification to human milk (donor or mother's milk) leading to increased weight gain (mean difference [MD] 1.81 g/kg/day; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.23, 2.40), linear growth (MD 0.18 cm/week; 95% CI 0.10, 0.26) and head growth (MD 0.08 cm/week; 95% CI 0.04, 0.12) and (2) formula compared with donor human milk leading to increased weight gain (MD 2.51 g/kg/day; 95% CI 1.93, 3.08), linear growth (MD 1.21 mm/week; 95% CI 0.77, 1.65) and head growth (MD 0.85 mm/week; 95% CI 0.47, 1.23). We also found evidence of improved growth when protein is added to both human milk and formula. Fat supplementation did not seem to affect growth. More research is needed for infants with birthweight 1500–2500 g in low‐ and lower middle–income countries.
Muslim immigrants' sense of identity and belonging in the Western world: A comprehensive review
Authors: Stockemer Daniel , Moreau Shona
Published: March 2021

In recent years, much has been written about the growth of anti‐immigrant sentiment in Western countries. Propagated by the fastest growing party family, far right‐wing parties, there is growing support in Western populations in favour of scapegoating Muslim immigrants for economic, cultural and security problems. However, less has been written on how Muslim immigrants feel about their host country. What is their sense of belonging and identification with their country of residence? In this review article, we summarise the results of 29 studies that explicitly focus on questions of integration, national identity and sense of belonging of Muslim immigrants. The studies we review document a range of outcomes, varying from a low sense of belonging and attachment to the country of residence to extremely high integration levels and loyalty. It seems that most variation depends on the country of residence at the macro‐level and on their education at the individual level.
Treatise on the influence of theism, transhumanism, and posthumanism on nursing and rehabilitation healthcare practice
Authors: Tanioka Ryuichi , Betriana Feni , Locsin Rozzano C.
Published: March 2021

Reservations concerning the ontologies of theism, transhumanism and posthumanism compel an explicatory discourse on their influences on Nursing and rehabilitation healthcare. Key journals in Nursing and health sciences have recently devoted themed issues on intelligent machine technologies such as humanoid healthcare robots and other highly technological healthcare devices and practice initiatives. While the technological advance witnessed has been a cause for celebration, questions still remain that are focused on the epistemological concerns. The purpose of this article is to discuss theistic ontologies such as the Judeo‐Christian, Shinto‐Buddhist and Islamic religious belief systems on transhumanism and posthumanism in the assimilation of symbiotic technological beings in Nursing and rehabilitation healthcare practice. In view of the approaching technological singularity dominating arguments regarding the future of human beings, a treatise on Nursing and rehabilitation health care is positioned well within the realms of human care. Theism, transhumanism and posthumanism are directing discussions regarding human beings and healthcare processes. It is imperative that the beneficial effects of these discussions be acknowledged within the highly technological world of Nursing and rehabilitative healthcare.
New method and electrophysiological characteristics of LA posterior wall isolation in persistent atrial fibrillation
Authors: Liang Zhuo , Liu Lifeng , Cheng Liting , Wang Zefeng , Zhang Junmeng , Yang Wenxue , Wang Yunlong , Wu Yongquan
Published: March 2021

Background

Left atrial posterior wall isolation (PWI) is commonly used with persistent atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation. However, potentials are often still recorded in the posterior wall after pulmonary vein isolation (PVI), roof linear ablation, and bottom linear ablation in clinical practice. We aimed to explore the methodological approach and electrophysiological characteristics of PWI.

Methods

A total of 36 patients who attended our center with long‐standing persistent AF were retrospectively analyzed. After routine PVI and roof and bottom linear ablation, complete PWI was confirmed in sinus rhythm by voltage mapping and high‐output pacing. Otherwise, activation mapping and voltage mapping were used to guide ablation on the line or inside the posterior wall until bidirectional block was achieved.

Results

The first‐pass success rate of PWI was 39%. In the remaining 61% of patients with posterior wall electrograms, activation mapping in sinus rhythm showed that the earliest activation point was not on the ablation line but in a relatively dispersed focal area, possibly related to epicardial muscular sleeve insertion. Voltage mapping revealed a focal high‐voltage area in the posterior wall matching the relatively dispersed earliest activation site, in which an average of five points of ablation achieved complete PWI without serious esophageal injury. The middle zone contained 80% of the additional posterior wall ablation points.

Conclusions

PWI was performed safely and effectively with an average of five additional ablation points in the posterior wall in 61% of patients under the guidance of voltage mapping.
High‐Fidelity Metaphysics: Ideological Parsimony in Theory Choice
Authors: Finocchiaro Peter
Published: March 2021

Many metaphysicians utilize the virtue‐driven methodology. According to this methodology, one theory is more worthy of endorsement than another insofar as it is more virtuous. In this paper, I show how a theory's overall virtue is shaped by its ideological parsimony – parsimony with respect to the terminology employed in stating the theory. I distinguish between a theory's truth and its fidelity (‘joint‐carvingness’) and the corresponding epistemic and fidelic virtues. I argue that ideological parsimony is not an epistemic virtue but is a fidelic virtue. Insofar as metaphysicians value fidelity, then, ideological parsimony has an important role in theory choice.
Vitamin D has no impact on outcomes after HSCT in children—A retrospective study
Authors: Bajwa Rajinder P. S. , Taylor Kimberly , Hoyt Amanda , Kamboj Manmohan K. , Stanek Joseph , Mahadeo Kris M. , Alsaedi Hawazen , Abdel‐Azim Hisham , O’Kane Sara , Martin Paul L. , Stafford Lauren A. , Dvorak Christopher C.
Published: March 2021

Vitamin D not only plays an important role in bone metabolism but is also involved in multiple immune‐mediated processes in the body which may be adversely affected in those with low levels. Most pediatric studies evaluating the association of vitamin D in patients undergoing allogeneic HSCT are single‐center studies. We present the results of retrospective study at 5 centers across the United States in pediatric patients undergoing allogeneic HSCT. (VDD) and (VDI) were defined by vitamin D levels of <20 ng/ml and 21–30 ng/ml, respectively. The mean vitamin D levels pre‐HSCT, day +30, and +100 were suggestive of VDI, but normalized thereafter. We compared the transplant characteristics and outcomes in 233 patients with VDD and VDI and those with normal levels and found no statistical difference in neutrophil or platelet engraftment, infections (viral, bacterial, or fungal) post‐HSCT, length of hospital stay during HSCT, graft failure, acute or chronic GvHD, survival at day +100 and 1 year, or relapse of primary malignancy. We conclude that VDI or deficiency does not affect any of the common transplant variables after allogeneic HSCT in children. There is a need of a large multicenter prospective study to evaluate its role further.
Online Hate and Zeitgeist of Fear: A Five‐Country Longitudinal Analysis of Hate Exposure and Fear of Terrorism After the Paris Terrorist Attacks in 2015
Authors: Kaakinen Markus , Oksanen Atte , Gadarian Shana Kushner , Solheim Øyvind Bugge , Herreros Francisco , Winsvold Marte Slagsvold , Enjolras Bernard , Steen‐Johnsen Kari
Published: March 2021

Acts of terror lead to both a rise of an extended sense of fear that goes beyond the physical location of the attacks and to increased expressions of online hate. In this longitudinal study, we analyzed dynamics between the exposure to online hate and the fear of terrorism after the Paris attacks in November 13, 2015. We hypothesized that exposure to online hate is connected to a perceived Zeitgeist of fear (i.e., collective fear). In turn, the perceived Zeitgeist of fear is related to higher personal fear of terrorism both immediately after the attacks and a year later. Hypotheses were tested using path modeling and panel data (N = 2325) from Norway, Finland, Spain, France, and the United States a few weeks after the Paris attacks in November 2015 and again a year later in January 2017. With the exception of Norway, exposure to online hate had a positive association with the perceived Zeitgeist of fear in all our samples. The Zeitgeist of fear was correlated with higher personal fear of terrorism immediately after the attacks and one year later. We conclude that online hate content can contribute to the extended sense of fear after the terrorist attacks by skewing perceptions of social climate.
Maintaining changes in physical activity among type 2 diabetics – A systematic review of rehabilitation interventions
Authors: Thomsen Simon , Kristensen Gustav David Westergaard , Jensen Nynne Weigelt Herløv , Agergaard Sine
Published: March 2021

The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is increasing worldwide, and physical activity (PA) is a suitable way of preventing and managing the disease. However, improving long‐term levels of PA in people with T2DM is a challenge and the best approach to rehabilitation in this regard is unknown. With the aim of outlining the existing knowledge regarding the maintenance of active lifestyles among people with T2DM after rehabilitation programs and gaining knowledge about options and challenges for their long‐term engagement in PA, a systematic review of original research articles assessing PA after rehabilitation programs was conducted. Two thousand two hundred and forty‐one articles were identified through PubMed or secondary sources and subjected to various inclusion criteria. Only articles published between the 1st of January 2000 and the 30th of June 2020 were considered. Additionally, the minimum time frame from intervention start to last PA assessment was 6 months and only articles based on interventions performed in Europe were included. The review was based on eighteen randomized controlled trials, four randomized trials without control, and four case studies. The 26 articles described 30 interventions that were categorized as personalized counseling, generalized teaching, supervised exercise, or a combination of personalized and generalized interventions. Statistical and narrative syntheses revealed no clear pattern regarding the effectiveness in eliciting maintained changes in PA. However, across categories, individual involvement, goal setting, social support, and the formation of habits are argued to be important components in sustaining PA and relieving challenges associated with the transition out of rehabilitation programs.
Teaching in the Virtual World: Examining Teachers’ Job Satisfaction and Turnover
Authors: Roch Christine H. , Montague Courtney
Published: March 2021

Objective

This article explores levels of job satisfaction and turnover intention of teachers in K‐12 online schools. Thus far, there has been little research on these factors in virtual schools.

Methods

Using data from the 2015‐16 National Teacher and Principal Survey, we estimate multilevel models using hierarchical linear modeling methodology and also conduct an analysis using propensity score matching.

Results

We find that teachers working in virtual schools have higher levels of satisfaction with their jobs. They do not differ from teachers in regular schools in their intention to leave teaching or to move to another school.

Conclusion

Teachers view their trajectories in virtual schools as stably as they do in brick and mortar schools. These teachers,
overall, are more satisfied with their jobs.
Association of HLA‐DRB1*09:01 with severe COVID‐19
Authors: Anzurez Alitzel , Naka Izumi , Miki Shoji , Nakayama‐Hosoya Kaori , Isshiki Mariko , Watanabe Yusuke , Nakamura‐Hoshi Midori , Seki Sayuri , Matsumura Takayuki , Takano Tomohiro , Onodera Taishi , Adachi Yu , Moriyama Saya , Terahara Kazutaka , Tachikawa Natsuo , Yoshimura Yoshihiro , Sasaki Hiroaki , Horiuchi Hiroshi , Miyata Nobuyuki , Miyazaki Kazuhito , Koga Michiko , Ikeuchi Kazuhiko , Nagai Hiroyuki , Saito Makoto , Adachi Eisuke , Yotsuyanagi Hiroshi , Kutsuna Satoshi , Kawashima Akira , Miyazato Yusuke , Kinoshita Noriko , Kouno Chiyoko , Tanaka Kensuke , Takahashi Yoshimasa , Suzuki Tadaki , Matano Tetsuro , Ohashi Jun , Kawana‐Tachikawa Ai
Published: March 2021

HLA‐A, ‐C, ‐B, and ‐DRB1 genotypes were analyzed in 178 Japanese COVID‐19 patients to investigate the association of HLA with severe COVID‐19. Analysis of 32 common HLA alleles at four loci revealed a significant association between HLA‐DRB1*09:01 and severe COVID‐19 (odds ratio [OR], 3.62; 95% CI, 1.57–8.35; p = 0.00251 [permutation p value = 0.0418]) when age, sex, and other common HLA alleles at the DRB1 locus were adjusted. The DRB1*09:01 allele was more significantly associated with risk for severe COVID‐19 compared to preexisting medical conditions such as hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. These results indicate a potential role for HLA in predisposition to severe COVID‐19.