bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Vertical transmission of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2: A scoping review
Authors: Tolu Lemi Belay , Ezeh Alex , Feyissa Garumma Tolu
Published: April 2021

Introduction

The evidence for vertical transmission of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is not well established. Therefore, the objective of this review is to summarize emerging evidence on the vertical transmission of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2.

Methods

We conducted a systematic search in PubMed, CINAHL, Web of Science, SCOPUS, and CENTRAL. Likewise, a search for preprint publications was conducted using MedRxiv and Research Square. Studies that addressed vertical transmission of SARS-CoV-2 (concept) among pregnant women infected by Covid-19 (population) in any setting (community, hospital, or home) in any country or context were considered for inclusion. Any types of studies or reports published between December 2019 and September 2020 addressing the effects of SARS-CoV-2 on pregnant women and their newborn babies were included. Studies were screened for eligibility against the inclusion criteria for the review by two reviewers.

Results

We identified 51 studies reporting 336 newborns screened for COVID-19. From the 336 newborns screened for COVID-19, only 15 (4.4%) were positive for throat swab RT-PCR. All neonates with positive throat swab RT-PCR were delivered by cesarean section. Among neonates with throat swab SARS-CoV-2 positive only five (33.3%) had concomitant placenta, amniotic fluid, and cord blood samples tested, of which only one amniotic fluid sample is positive for RT PCR. Five neonates had elevated IgG and IgM but without intrauterine tissue tested. Four neonates had chest imaging suggestive of COVID-19 pneumonia.

Conclusion

Currently there is not enough evidence on vertical virologic transmission of COVID-19 infection during the third trimester of pregnancy. Additionally, there is no evidence to support cesarean delivery, abstaining from breast feeding nor mother and infant separation. Further research involving an adequate sample size of breast milk, placenta, amniotic fluid, and cord blood to ascertain the possibility of vertical transmission and breast milk transfer is needed.
Development of the Ultralight Hybrid Pneumatic Artificial Muscle: Modelling and optimization
Authors: Joe Seonggun , Totaro Massimo , Wang Hongbo , Beccai Lucia
Published: April 2021

Pneumatic artificial muscles (PAMs) are one of the key technologies in soft robotics, and they enable actuation in mobile robots, in wearable devices and exoskeletons for assistive and rehabilitative purposes. While they recently showed relevant improvements, they still present quite low payload, limited bandwidth, and lack of repeatability, controllability and robustness. Vacuum-based actuation has been recently demonstrated as a very promising solution, and many challenges are still open, like generating at the same time a large contraction ratio, and a high blocking force with enhanced axial stiffness. In this paper, a novel Ultralight Hybrid PAM (UH-PAM), based on bellow-type elastomeric skin and vacuum actuation, is presented. In particular, open-cell foam is exploited as a structural backbone, together with plastic rings, all embedded in a thin skin. The design and optimization combine numerical, analytical, and experimental data. Both static and dynamic analysis are performed. The weight of the optimized actuator is only 20 g. Nevertheless, a contraction ratio up to 50% and a maximum payload of 3 kg can be achieved. From a dynamic point of view, a rise time of 0.5 s for the contraction phase is observed. Although hysteresis is significant when using the whole contraction span, it can be reduced (down to 11.5%) by tuning both the vacuum range and the operating frequency for cyclic movements. Finally, to demonstrate the potentiality of this soft actuation approach, a 3 DoFs Stewart platform is built. The feasibility of performing smooth movements by exploiting open-loop control is shown through simple and more complex handwriting figures projected on the XY plane.
Comparison of Glidescope Core, C-MAC Miller and conventional Miller laryngoscope for difficult airway management by anesthetists with limited and extensive experience in a simulated Pierre Robin sequence: A randomized crossover manikin study
Authors: Moritz Andreas , Holzhauser Luise , Fuchte Tobias , Kremer Sven , Schmidt Joachim , Irouschek Andrea
Published: April 2021

Background

Video laryngoscopy is an effective tool in the management of difficult pediatric airway. However, evidence to guide the choice of the most appropriate video laryngoscope (VL) for airway management in pediatric patients with Pierre Robin syndrome (PRS) is insufficient. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of the Glidescope® Core™ with a hyperangulated blade, the C-MAC® with a nonangulated Miller blade (C-MAC® Miller) and a conventional Miller laryngoscope when used by anesthetists with limited and extensive experience in simulated Pierre Robin sequence.

Methods

Forty-three anesthetists with limited experience and forty-three anesthetists with extensive experience participated in our randomized crossover manikin trial. Each performed endotracheal intubation with the Glidescope® Core™ with a hyperangulated blade, the C-MAC® with a Miller blade and the conventional Miller laryngoscope. “Time to intubate” was the primary endpoint. Secondary endpoints were “time to vocal cords”, “time to ventilate”, overall success rate, number of intubation attempts and optimization maneuvers, Cormack-Lehane score, severity of dental trauma and subjective impressions.

Results

Both hyperangulated and nonangulated VLs provided superior intubation conditions. The Glidescope® Core™ enabled the best glottic view, caused the least dental trauma and significantly decreased the “time to vocal cords”. However, the failure rate of intubation was 14% with the Glidescope® Core™, 4.7% with the Miller laryngoscope and only 2.3% with the C-MAC® Miller when used by anesthetists with extensive previous experience. In addition, the “time to intubate”, the “time to ventilate” and the number of optimization maneuvers were significantly increased using the Glidescope® Core™. In the hands of anesthetists with limited previous experience, the failure rate was 11.6% with the Glidescope® Core™ and 7% with the Miller laryngoscope. Using the C-MAC® Miller, the overall success rate increased to 100%. No differences in the “time to intubate” or “time to ventilate” were observed.

Conclusions

The nonangulated C-MAC® Miller facilitated correct placement of the endotracheal tube and showed the highest overall success rate. Our results therefore suggest that the C-MAC® Miller could be beneficial and may contribute to increased safety in the airway management of infants with PRS when used by anesthetists with limited and extensive experience.
4-(2,5-Dimethyl-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)-N-(2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl) benzamide improves monoclonal antibody production in a Chinese hamster ovary cell culture
Authors: Aki Yuichi , Katsumata Yuta , Kakihara Hirofumi , Nonaka Koichi , Fujiwara Kenshu
Published: April 2021

There is a continuous demand to improve monoclonal antibody production for medication supply and medical cost reduction. For over 20 years, recombinant Chinese hamster ovary cells have been used as a host in monoclonal antibody production due to robustness, high productivity and ability to produce proteins with ideal glycans. Chemical compounds, such as dimethyl sulfoxide, lithium chloride, and butyric acid, have been shown to improve monoclonal antibody production in mammalian cell cultures. In this study, we aimed to discover new chemical compounds that can improve cell-specific antibody production in recombinant Chinese hamster ovary cells. Out of the 23,227 chemicals screened in this study, 4-(2,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)-N-(2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl) benzamide was found to increase monoclonal antibody production. The compound suppressed cell growth and increased both cell-specific glucose uptake rate and the amount of intracellular adenosine triphosphate during monoclonal antibody production. In addition, the compound also suppressed the galactosylation on a monoclonal antibody, which is a critical quality attribute of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. Therefore, the compound might also be used to control the level of the galactosylation for the N-linked glycans. Further, the structure-activity relationship study revealed that 2,5-dimethylpyrrole was the most effective partial structure of 4-(2,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)-N-(2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl) benzamide on monoclonal antibody production. Further structural optimization of 2,5-dimethylpyrrole derivatives could lead to improved production and quality control of monoclonal antibodies.
Temporal clustering of disorder events during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Campedelli Gian Maria , D’Orsogna Maria R.
Published: April 2021

The COVID-19 pandemic has unleashed multiple public health, socio-economic, and institutional crises. Measures taken to slow the spread of the virus have fostered significant strain between authorities and citizens, leading to waves of social unrest and anti-government demonstrations. We study the temporal nature of pandemic-related disorder events as tallied by the “COVID-19 Disorder Tracker” initiative by focusing on the three countries with the largest number of incidents, India, Israel, and Mexico. By fitting Poisson and Hawkes processes to the stream of data, we find that disorder events are inter-dependent and self-excite in all three countries. Geographic clustering confirms these features at the subnational level, indicating that nationwide disorders emerge as the convergence of meso-scale patterns of self-excitation. Considerable diversity is observed among countries when computing correlations of events between subnational clusters; these are discussed in the context of specific political, societal and geographic characteristics. Israel, the most territorially compact and where large scale protests were coordinated in response to government lockdowns, displays the largest reactivity and the shortest period of influence following an event, as well as the strongest nationwide synchrony. In Mexico, where complete lockdown orders were never mandated, reactivity and nationwide synchrony are lowest. Our work highlights the need for authorities to promote local information campaigns to ensure that livelihoods and virus containment policies are not perceived as mutually exclusive.
The SARS-CoV-2 and other human coronavirus spike proteins are fine-tuned towards temperature and proteases of the human airways
Authors: Laporte Manon , Raeymaekers Valerie , Van Berwaer Ria , Vandeput Julie , Marchand-Casas Isabel , Thibaut Hendrik-Jan , Van Looveren Dominique , Martens Katleen , Hoffmann Markus , Maes Piet , Pöhlmann Stefan , Naesens Lieve , Stevaert Annelies
Published: April 2021

The high transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2 is related to abundant replication in the upper airways, which is not observed for the other highly pathogenic coronaviruses SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. We here reveal features of the coronavirus spike (S) protein, which optimize the virus towards the human respiratory tract. First, the S proteins exhibit an intrinsic temperature preference, corresponding with the temperature of the upper or lower airways. Pseudoviruses bearing the SARS-CoV-2 spike (SARS-2-S) were more infectious when produced at 33°C instead of 37°C, a property shared with the S protein of HCoV-229E, a common cold coronavirus. In contrast, the S proteins of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV favored 37°C, in accordance with virus preference for the lower airways. Next, SARS-2-S-driven entry was efficiently activated by not only TMPRSS2, but also the TMPRSS13 protease, thus broadening the cell tropism of SARS-CoV-2. Both proteases proved relevant in the context of authentic virus replication. TMPRSS13 appeared an effective spike activator for the virulent coronaviruses but not the low pathogenic HCoV-229E virus. Activation of SARS-2-S by these surface proteases requires processing of the S1/S2 cleavage loop, in which both the furin recognition motif and extended loop length proved critical. Conversely, entry of loop deletion mutants is significantly increased in cathepsin-rich cells. Finally, we demonstrate that the D614G mutation increases SARS-CoV-2 stability, particularly at 37°C, and, enhances its use of the cathepsin L pathway. This indicates a link between S protein stability and usage of this alternative route for virus entry. Since these spike properties may promote virus spread, they potentially explain why the spike-G614 variant has replaced the early D614 variant to become globally predominant. Collectively, our findings reveal adaptive mechanisms whereby the coronavirus spike protein is adjusted to match the temperature and protease conditions of the airways, to enhance virus transmission and pathology.
Assessment of risk factors associated with prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in poultry of central plain zone of Punjab, India
Authors: Singh Malkeet , Kaur Paramjit , Singla Lachhman Das , Kashyap Neeraj , Bal Mandeep Singh
Published: April 2021

Background and Aim: Parasitic diseases are an important hurdle to the economy for the developing poultry industry due to their deleterious effects resulting into malnutrition, diminished feed conversion ratio, weight loss, decreased egg production, and mortality in young birds. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and associated risk factors of gastrointestinal (GIT) parasites in poultry farms of central plain zone of Punjab.

Materials and Methods: A total of 490 pooled droppings and 351 intact intestines of poultry from slaughterhouses from seven districts of central plain zone of Punjab state, India, were collected and analyzed from September 2016 to May 2018 by qualitative and quantitative techniques.

Results: An overall prevalence of GIT parasites was 38.36% with significantly (p<0.01) highest (74.1%) in Ludhiana and lowest (12.0%) in Shri Fatehgarh Sahib. The most predominant (86.2%) infection was coccidia. The birds reared under a deep litter system were having a higher (p<0.01) fecal load of helminthic eggs and coccidian oocysts (54.4%) compared to the cage system (37.5%). Infection rate was apparently more (40%) in broilers than layers (35.7%). Prevalence of GIT parasites was higher (p<0.01) in monsoon season (58.5%) and lower in summer season (24.48%). The broilers in the age group of 0-2 weeks possessed a significant higher (p<0.05) level of GIT parasitic infection (57.5%), while in case of layers, a higher infection rate (46.66%) was observed in birds between 9 and 18 weeks of age as compared in other groups. Higher (p<0.05) infection rate of GIT parasites was seen in crossbred (45.55%) birds as compared to desi birds (20.00%).

Conclusion: The study showed that coccidiosis was the predominant infection among all GIT parasites based on fecal and intestinal tract content analysis. The risk factors associated with the prevalence of GIT parasitic infections were geographical location, deep litter system, broilers, age, crossbred breeds, and monsoon season.
A társaságirányítás szabályozása az Európai Unióban – Merre tartunk?
Authors: Bordáné Rabóczki Mária
Published: April 2021

A szerző bemutatja az EU-ban napjainkban végbemenő társaságirányítási reform legfontosabb elemeit. Rámutat arra, hogy az európai uniós szintű intézkedések, az USA-ban alkalmazott törvényközpontú modelltől eltérő mind jogszabályi alapú, mind jogszabályi alapot nélkülöző ajánlás szintű eszközöket tartalmaznak. Kiemeli a társaságirányítás európai rendszerének megújítását célzó cselekvési terv második szakaszára meghatározott prioritásokat, azaz az európai vállalatok versenyképességének növelését és a szabályozási környezet javítását. A szerző a cselekvési terv részeként a 4. és 7. EU számviteli irányelv tervezeteket a társaságirányítás szemszögéből értékeli. Végül a levont következtetésein keresztül rámutat az európai társaságirányítás szabályozásának véleménye szerint fontos jellemzőire és követelményeire.
RETIFICADOR TRIFÁSICO DE MEIA ONDA CONTROLADO COM DETECTOR DE ZEROS EM FASE-NEUTRO
Authors: Tironi Pedro Ivo de Oliveira , de Lima Paulo Raimundo Gomes , Moreira Guilherme , dos Santos Carlos Renato Borges , Meloni Lucas Frederico Jardim
Published: April 2021

Este artigo aborda o desenvolvimento e construção de um retificador trifásico de meia onda controlado. Serão abordadas as etapas análise e projeto dos sistemas de potência e controle. Por fim, serão mostrados resultados experimentais que ilustrarão o funcionamento dos sistemas detectores de cruzamento, disparo de tiristores e das formas de onda de tensão de saída.
NORMAS DE SEGURANÇA DO TRABALHO APLICADAS ÀS USINAS FOTOVOLTAICAS
Authors: MENDES RAKELANE APARECIDA , Gonçalves Yan Santos
Published: April 2021

Nos últimos anos a geração de energia elétrica proveniente de usinas fotovoltaicas cresceu no Brasil, devido às inúmeras vantagens deste tipo de geração e também ao fato do Brasil possuir grande potencial de geração. Inúmeras empresas que realizam a instalação destas usinas surgiram, gerando milhares de empregos diretos ou indiretos. Este trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar os tipos de acidentes que podem ocorrer nas usinas fotovoltaicas, as principais causas e danos causados por estes acidentes. Para finalizar são apresentadas as normas nacionais e internacionais de segurança do trabalho que devem ser seguidas para evitar ou minimizar a ocorrência destes tipos de acidentes.
FENÔMENOS DE ALTA FREQUÊNCIA EM MODELAGEM DE ATERRAMENTOS ELÉTRICOS
Authors: Frade Thiago Costa , Campos Gustavo Lobato , de Melo Natália Rodrigues
Published: April 2021

A função do aterramentos elétrico é proteger os seres vivos e equipamentos em suas proximidades, e por isso, seu dimensionamento deve ser feito de forma adequada. Para fenômenos de baixas frequências, esses sistemas são bem definidos na literatura, porém considerando fenômenos de altas frequências, o dimensionamento desses sistemas demanda cálculos mais complexos e maior esforço computacional. Dado o exposto, este artigo apresenta a modelagem de um aterramento elétrico, solicitado por fenômenos de alta frequência, pela teoria das linhas de transmissão. São definidos, para um eletrodo horizontal, a impedância de aterramento e a sobretensão na entrada do aterramento. Os parâmetros do solo são considerados constantes com a frequência, em alguns casos, e em outros, variáveis. Por fim, destaca-se a importância deste trabalho aproximando os leitores da área do Eletromagnetismo aplicado.
ANÁLISE COMPARATIVA PARA O CÁLCULO DA POTÊNCIA ELÉTRICA SOB CONDIÇÕES NÃO SENOIDAIS DE OPERAÇÃO
Authors: Ferreira Adrian Ribeiro , Farias Brito Vinícius Henrique
Published: April 2021

A medição da potência elétrica em condições não senoidais é tema de diversos estudos na comunidade científica, todavia, ainda não existe um consenso sobre a metodologia mais adequada para cálculo da potência, sobretudo, da parcela reativa. Somado a isso, deve-se ainda reconhecer que os medidores comerciais utilizam diferentes métodos de medição da potência elétrica. Esses fatores contribuem para uma divergência na medição da potência reativa e do fator de potência em circuitos com chaveamento eletrônico. Dessa forma, esse trabalho visa avaliar duas metodologias para o cálculo da potência elétrica, uma primeira utilizada em medidores de faturamento de energia na qual é denominada de método do triângulo de potências, e uma segunda baseada na publicação IEEE Std. 1459-2010. Para isso, são simulados três distintos circuitos elétricos com elevado conteúdo harmônico. Ao final do trabalho, com os resultados apresentados, poderá se concluir que, a depender da metodologia utilizada, a distorção de tensão e/ou corrente pode influenciar significativamente na potência reativa e no fator de potência calculados.
SISTEMA REGISTRADOR E DETECTOR DE INTERRUPÇÕES MOMENTÂNEAS NO FORNECIMENTO DE ENERGIA ELÉTRICA COM ESP32
Authors: MELONI LUCAS FREDERICO JARDIM
Published: April 2021

Interrupções no fornecimento de energia elétrica causam severos prejuízos aos consumidores como, paradas em linhas de produção, falhas em sistemas de refrigeração e perdas de insumos. Registrar e a sinalizar a data e horário destas falhas é importante para futuras ações preventivas ou dimensionar fontes auxiliares de energia. Neste artigo será proposto um sistema de monitoramento e registro de interrupções momentâneas de energia, através da plataforma ESP32, que será capaz de registrar e sinalizar de forma remota os momentos em que ocorreram as falhas, através de mensagens enviadas via Bluetooth. Serão discutidos os aspectos de construção dos circuitos de alimentação, detecção de falhas e da saída a relé e programação desenvolvida para registrar a data e hora das falhas e envio de mensagens.
Alltag in der Moschee
Authors: Rückamp Veronika
Published: April 2021

Was macht eine Moschee aus? In ihrer Untersuchung der Strukturen und zentralen Angebote »Gebet«, »Bildung« und »öffentliche Veranstaltungen« gibt Veronika Rückamp Einblicke in das Alltagshandeln in Moscheen. Anhand qualitativer Interviews und Feldforschung in Zürich und Wien zeigt sie, dass sich Moscheen in einem Spannungsfeld zwischen sich wandelnden Mitgliedererwartungen und externen Einflüssen befinden und sich dabei immer wieder neu definieren müssen. Damit leistet sie einen wichtigen Beitrag, um Moscheen in der Schweiz und in Österreich jenseits von Integrationsfragen besser zu verstehen.
The Production of Consumer Society
Authors: Mohr Ernst
Published: April 2021

With a novel quality theory of consumption which treats opulence and self-restraint in consumption styles symmetrically, Ernst Mohr shows how social distance and proximity are communicated by consumption and produced by communication. He positions fringe styles with those of the mainstream in an overall stylistic system of society and analyses their encounters. Rigorously derived, the approach casts fresh light on the cultural and social evolution as well as the business models of the consumer industry. It provides a coherent interdisciplinary access to the aesthetic turn of society that has so far been treated with contradictory paradigms.
La democracia dual
Authors: Diéguez Diéguez David
Published: April 2021

Este trabajo parte de la existencia de una crisis de la democracia representativa que se evidencia en una serie de factores que afectan a la estabilidad del sistema. La fatiga o crisis democrática motiva la revisión del concepto de democracia y cómo sus fundamentos han ido evolucionando fruto del desarrollo de diferentes modelos de esta forma de gobierno. Desde esta perspectiva, la investigación trata de esclarecer qué aspectos de la democracia liberal y su sistema representativo entran en conflicto con la concepción clásica del término democracia. El análisis de los planteamientos de los teóricos de la democracia liberal evidencia la creación de un sistema que rompe con los pilares de la democracia clásica. Este alejamiento por parte del modelo liberal de los principios democráticos clásicos presenta una relación directa con las causas que provocan el estallido de la crisis. Una vez hallados los motivos que precipitan la fatiga democrática se procede al planteamiento de un nuevo modelo de democracia, la democracia dual, que combina aspectos de la democracia deliberativa, la democracia directa y el sistema representativo, en un intento de apoyar la regeneración del sistema actual.
Los sindicatos en la transición a la democracia
Authors: Gonzalo de la Banda Iñaki
Published: April 2021

La relevancia de los sindicatos como movimientos sociales en el estudio de la transición a la democracia no se ha tenido tan en cuenta como el liderazgo de partidos y políticos. A través de la teoría que estudia las condiciones en las que los movimientos sociales tienen más capacidad de impacto político y social, analizamos cuáles fueron las características de las transiciones de Chile y España y de los sindicatos que tuvieron más impacto durante las mismas. Esas características incluyen la estructura de oportunidad política, el marco discursivo e identitario de los sindicatos, y sus repertorios de acción. A través de ese análisis, se observa que la estructura de oportunidad condiciona en gran medida la capacidad de acción de los sindicatos
Biopolítica, vida cotidiana e interculturalidad: la clase de inglés como un espacio emancipatorio que da solución al conflicto intercultural bilingüe en un colegio público de Bogotá
Authors: Quintana Arias Ronald Fernando , Bello-Serna Carol Lizeth
Published: April 2021

Con el objetivo de evidenciar la enseñanza del inglés como una herramienta que permite dar solución al conflicto intercultural bilingüe, al reconocer la identidad individual y colectiva local de 20 estudiantes de un colegio público de Bogotá durante el año 2019, se realizaron siete sesiones con una metodología de estudio de caso de enfoque participativo y de tipo descriptivo con herramientas etnográficas analizadas bajo dos categorías teóricas. Los resultados exponen un conflicto intercultural bilingüe entre inglés-lenguas locales (español-Tikuna), en el que la enseñanza del primero tiene el potencial para dar solución a conflictos ambientales y fomentar otras representaciones del mundo. El análisis a través de las categorías de biopolítica y vida cotidiana evidenció microrevoluciones de conducta que nacen de la interacción de cosmovisiones para generar una sociedad intercultural que revaloriza lo local sobre lo global. Se concluye que, en el contexto de la investigación, la clase de inglés es un escenario intercultural por naturaleza en el que los docentes promueven la adquisición de una competencia comunicativa intercultural y se forjan tejidos interdisciplinares que generan glocalización a través de la educación y el currículo.
Study On the Use of Collocations in Business Class Learners
Authors: Suleman Nazia , Deep Sadia , Othman Hussain , Ahmed Ali , Abbas Muhammad Zahid , Nawaz Muhammad Zahid , Nazar Uzma , Shaheen Hina
Published: April 2021

Previous studies have reported lack of collocational competence and difficulties among English as a second language (ESL) learners. However, collocation is crucial in second language acquisition. This research examined the receptive and productive knowledge of collocations among the business students of COMSATS University Islamabad Vehari Campus who studied ESL. It also investigated the gap in the use of collocations at a receptive and productive level. The sample included 61 males and 39 females out of the total sample size of 100. Employing a quantitative approach, we gathered the data through a questionnaire and two collocations tests, and we analysed them via SPSS version 20. The overall result of the collocation test indicated that 66.4% of the respondents had the correct answer at the receptive level compared with only 33.7% at the productive level. Moreover, the statistical result presented a great gap in the ability to utilise collocations at the productive and receptive levels. This result also affirmed that despite their ability to understand the collocations, the students had difficulties in identifying proper English collocations confidently. Local and native language experiences might be one of the reasons that caught the students from being more confident in identifying the English collocations.
SAĞLIK SEKTÖRÜ ÇALIŞANLARININ PANDEMİ SÜRECİNDEKİ ÇALIŞMA YÜKÜMLÜLÜKLERİNİN İŞ AHLAKI KAPSAMINDA DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ
Authors: İYİCİL Ayşe Gözde
Published: April 2021

Dünya Sağlık Örgütü tarafından pandemi ilan edilmesi ile birlikte sağlık çalışanlarına karşı artan ihtiyaç ve diğer taraftan böylesine kolay bulaşan virüsün söz konusu olması sağlık çalışanlarını önceliklerini belirlemeye zorlamıştır. Sağlık çalışanlarının görevleri gereği hastalara karşı yerine getirmeleri gereken sorumluluklarının olmasının yanı sıra kendilerine, ailelerine ve çevrelerine karşı da sorumlu oldukları bir gerçektir. Buradan hareketle çalışmanın araştırma soruları; sağlık sektörü çalışanlarının pandemi süresince işe karşı bağlayıcı yükümlülükleri var mıdır ve bu yükümlülükler ahlak teorileri ile nasıl desteklenmektedir üzerine kurulmuştur. Türkiye’deki yazında pandemi ve meslek etiği ile ilişkili daha önce yapılmış bir çalışmaya rastlanmadığı, bu tip soruların ahlak teorileri açısından daha önce incelenmediği gözlemlenmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda sağlık çalışanlarının teleolojik teorilerden faydacılık görüşüne göre işe devam etmeleri aslolan iken etik egoizm görüşüne göre çalışanların ben-merkezli yaklaşımla işten ayrılmaları ahlaklı bir davranış olarak kabul edilebilmektedir. Deontolojik teorilere göre ise görev yükümlülüğü önem arz etmekte ve bu görüşe göre ahlaklı olan işe devam etmektir.
EĞİTİM ALINAN BÖLÜMÜN KARİYER MOTİVASYONU ÜZERİNE ETKİSİ: SAĞLIK BÖLÜMLERİ ÜZERİNE BİR ARAŞTIRMA
Authors: KAYA Mustafa , FİLİZ Mustafa
Published: April 2021

Bu çalışma sağlık eğitimi alan öğrencilerin kariyer motivasyon düzeylerinin ve bileşenlerinin eğitim alınan bölüm ve bireysel faktörlere göre farklılık gösterip göstermediğinin belirlenmesi amacıyla yapılmıştır. Çalışmada veri toplama aracı olarak Day ve Allen (2004) tarafından geliştirilen, Taşçı vd., (2017) tarafından Türkçe’ye uyarlanan Kariyer Motivasyonu Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın verileri SPSS 25 paket programı kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Araştırmada tanımlayıcı istatistikler, t testi ve tek yönlü varyans analizi kullanılmıştır. Öğrencilerin kariyer motivasyon ve alt boyutlarının ortalama puanlarının ortalamanın üstünde olduğu görülmüştür. Kariyer motivasyonu ve tüm alt faktörlerinde kadınların erkeklere, 24 ve üzeri yaş gurubunun diğer guruplara, normal öğretimin ikinci öğretime, çocuk gelişim bölümünün diğer bölümlere ve bölümü kendi isteği ile seçenlerin kendi isteğiyle seçmeyenlere göre daha yüksek puan aldığı görülmüştür. Farklı alanlarda okuyan öğrencilere yönelik kariyer motivasyon çalışmaların yapılması ve bunu etkileyen faktörlerin belirlenmesinin faydalı olacağı düşünülmektedir.
KEYKUBADİYE SARAYI GEOMETRİK SÜSLEMELİ SIR ALTI ÇİNİLERİ
Authors: DURSUN Şükrü
Published: April 2021

Anadolu Selçuklu Devleti’nin önemli yönetim merkezlerinden olan Kayseri’deki Keykubadiye Sarayı’nda gerçekleştirilen sondaj ve kazı çalışmalarında (2014-2019) saraya ait mimari kalıntıların yanı sıra farklı tür ve özelliklerde çeşitli buluntular da elde edilmiştir. Buluntular içerisinde, dönemin zengin süsleme repertuarından örnekler taşıyan çiniler ön plana çıkan eserlerdendir. Bu çalışmada, farklı teknik ve süsleme türlerine sahip çiniler içerisinde, sır altı tekniğinde hazırlanmış geometrik süslemeli levha çiniler ele alınmıştır. Birçoğu bilim dünyasına ilk kez tanıtılacak olan bu çiniler mevcutta tam form vermese de birleşim gösteren parçalar bir araya getirildiğinde bunların kare veya dikdörtgen levhalar olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Çinilerin hamurları krem renkte sık ve ince gözenekli, 3-4 cm değişkenlik gösteren kalınlıktadır. Renksiz şeffaf veya şeffaf turkuaz sır altında beyaz astar üzerinde, siyah konturlamayla oluşturulan şeritler (çizgi) ile çokgenler geometrik süslemelerin belirleyici unsurlarıdır. Çinilerdeki kompozisyonlardan birisi zikzak düzenlemesi iken, diğerleri şeritler veya çokgenlerin geçmeleriyle oluşan kompozisyonlardır. Zikzak haricinde, süslemelerin gruplandırması şeritler veya çokgenlerden hareketle kompozisyon düzenine göre yapılmıştır.
THE REASONS WHY BUSINESSES NOT TO DO E-COMMERCE: BUSINESS BEHAVIOUR DURING THE COVID-19 PERIOD
Authors: AKYILMAZ Burhan
Published: April 2021

Covid-19 e-commerce created a high-pressure effect, causing sales volumes to exceed 400% and sales explosions in some sectors. This situation created strong e-commerce pressure on businesses in other sectors and business behaviors have entered the process of reshaping. In this study, the causes of business behavior changes in the Southeastern Anatolia Region were investigated on 127 enterprises using the quantitative research method. Important relationships have been found between the reasons for businesses not to do e-commerce and their behavior during the pandemic process. The suitability of the products for e-commerce, online sales preferences, insufficient infrastructure, and personal data security was among the reasons for businesses not to do e-commerce. The tactile personality traits of the customers negatively affected the risk of erroneous and fraudulent transactions. The pandemic process has affected the product sales techniques and behaviors of businesses, and their supply chains are shaping the domestic market and significantly changing producer/seller behavior in e-commerce.
Foreword
Authors: Hubbard Philip
Published: April 2021

We live in an era of constant change. Sometimes that change is moderate
and steady, such as the growth of social media, online video, and smartphone
apps over the past decade or so. At other times, the change is swift and
dramatic, as we saw when much of the world suddenly had to shift from
predominantly classroom teaching and learning, to predominantly online with
the onset of COVID-19. This constant change is true of all fields, and
language teaching is no exception. In order to keep up with this change,
language teachers need to stay current with (1) developments in second
language acquisition theory, research, and pedagogy, and (2) relevant
technologies and applications for language learning both inside and outside
the classroom. For language teacher educators, knowing how to stay
up-to-date is even more important as they are responsible for preparing
teacher candidates for a lifetime of teaching in an evolving and
unpredictable future...
Exploring Health Professionals’ Perceptions of Husbands’ Responsibilities in Muslim Women’s Health
Authors: Widiasih Restuning , Nelson Katherine
Published: April 2021

Background: The husband has an important role in women's health. However, the information related to their roles is limited, including from the perspectives of health professionals. The health professionals' support and behavior have influenced men's and women's health behavior. Purpose: This study aimed to determine the health professionals’ perceptions of husbands’ roles and behavior in women's health, especially in the Muslim community.Methods: A qualitative descriptive approach applied in this study. Data were collected using the interview method. Ten clinicians from rural and urban areas of West Java, Indonesia, with a range of experience engaging with Muslim husbands involved in this study. Semi-structured interviews were recorded and then transcribed by the researchers. The transcribed data were analyzed using the comparative analysis for the interview technique.Results: Four main themes were identified: (1) Contextual factors impact husbands' roles in women's health; (2) Extensive roles of Muslim husbands in women's health; (3) Husbands and others involved in decisions about women's health; and (4) Level of health literacy affects husband's actions in women's health and cancer.Conclusion: Health professionals perceived that husbands' roles in Muslim women's health are pivotal, especially in supporting health treatments in health services. Little information was obtained about husbands' support in cancer prevention and early detection. Nurses can take the lead in improving Muslim husbands' understanding of women's health and cancer and raising their awareness of cancer screening for their wives.
Healthcare Providers’ Knowledge, Attitude, and Perspective regarding Diabetes Self-Management during Ramadan Fasting: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Sugiharto Sh , Natalya Wiwiek , Otok Bambang Widjanarko
Published: April 2021

Background: Evidence shows that most general practitioners have low knowledge related to diabetes self-management during Ramadan fasting. However, studies on healthcare providers’ competencies related to diabetes self-management during Ramadan fasting are still rare.Purpose: This study aimed to investigate healthcare providers’ knowledge, attitude, and perspective concerning diabetes self-management during Ramadan fasting.Methods: The study applied a cross-sectional design and was conducted in forty-one (41) community health centers in Pekalongan, Central Java, Indonesia. The study participants were medical doctors, nurses, nutritionists, pharmacists, and public health officers. The total sampling technique was used. There were 205 healthcare providers who met the inclusion criteria. Their knowledge, attitude, and perspective were assessed using a questionnaire developed by Zainudin and Hussain. The Wilcoxon test was used to analyze the data. Results: The healthcare providers’ knowledge of Ramadan fasting was very low (36.79±26.11). More than half of the respondents (53.17%) advised diabetic patients to manage diabetes in general, although specific counseling for diabetic patients related to fasting in Ramadan month was not provided (55.12%). The perspective of Ramadan fasting among healthcare providers was moderate (62.68%±30.40). The results also showed that general and safe practice knowledge significantly affected the healthcare providers’ perspective toward Ramadan fasting (Z=-12.49, p=0.000), (Z=-12.02, p=0.000), respectively. Conclusion: Healthcare providers’ knowledge and attitude concerning diabetes self-management during Ramadan fasting were low. Accordingly, this affected their perspective. It is strongly recommended that a formal Ramadan fasting management training program should be given regularly to provide appropriate consultations and services.
Spiritual Care Competence among Malaysian Staff Nurses
Authors: Abusafia Ali H. , Mamat Zakira , Rasudin Nur Syahmina , Bakar Mujahid , Ismail Rohani
Published: April 2021

Background: Perceptions and levels of understanding of spiritual care vary among nurses, which may affect their competency to meet the patient’s spiritual needs. Therefore, determining nurses' perception of spiritual care is the first important step in addressing the spiritual needs of patients, and may also help nursing management in developing spiritual care education and training programs.Purpose: This study aimed to assess the competence of Malaysian nurses toward providing spiritual care and identify the relationship between nurses’ spiritual care competence and their sociodemographic factors. Methods: This study employed a cross-sectional design to assess nurses' competence in spiritual care by using a simple random sampling method which involved 271 staff nurses from a public hospital in Northeast of Peninsular Malaysia. Spiritual care competence scale in Bahasa Malaysia version was used for data collection. Data analysis was performed using descriptive (frequency, percent, mean, standard deviation) and inferential (Chi-square and Pearson’s correlation test) statistics.Results: This study showed that 69.7% of staff nurses had an average level of competence toward providing spiritual care for the patients (M=95.44, SD=4.34). The highest mean difference among the domains was personal support and patients counseling (MD=5.789), while the lowest mean difference was assessment and implementation of spiritual care (MD=1.258). Furthermore, there was no significant relationship between spiritual care competence and sociodemographic factors (gender, age, marital status, educational level, nurses' experience, race, religion, and previous participation in training spiritual care programs).Conclusion: The majority of nurses have an average level of competence toward providing spiritual care. There is no significant relationship between nurses’ spiritual care competence and sociodemographic factors.
Ceramic colors
Authors: Pfaff Gerhard
Published: April 2021

Ceramic colors or stains consist mainly of pigments, glaze or body, and opacifiers. They are used for the decoration of porcelain, earthenware bone china and other ceramics. Glazes and enamels are the main application systems for ceramic colors. Pigments are the color giving components in the composition of a ceramic color. High temperature and chemical stability as well as high tinting strength are characteristics of stains. Technically important ceramic colors are cadmium sulfide and sulfoselenides (occluded in zircon), metals such as gold, silver, platinum, and copper (as colloidal particles), metal oxides (α-Fe2O3, Cr2O3, CuO, Co3O4/CoO, MnO2/Mn2O3, and NiO/Ni2O3), mixed metal oxides and silicates, zirconia-based and zircon-based compositions. Ceramic colors are often produced using solid state reactions.
Questioning Participatory Community Development in the Third World
Authors: Pinel David
Published: April 2021

This paper links the common objectives of "participatory development" and "community development" into a concept named "participatory community development" (PCD). This approach may increase the cultural sensitivity of development projects, and is closely linked with the parallel methodology of participatory action research. In its popular usage, however, little is said of the attendant Western cultural baggage of PCD. The paper proposes an increased awareness of development change agents, and changes in the international development decision-making structure at the diagnosis level.
TREKKING TO TENGBOCHE: Sherpas and the Tourist Challenge
Authors: O'Neill Thomas
Published: April 2021

The rapid increase in tourism and trekking in eastern Nepal is challenging the social identity of the Sherpas. This must be seen in the wider context of Sherpa history, and how cultural schemata mediated contradictons and external challenges in the past. In particular, the Sherpa custom of yangdzi provides a schema that best situates Sherpa society in relation to modern challenges.
Native Childbirth in the Canadian North: Are Midwives the Answer?
Authors: Dawson Jennifer M.
Published: April 2021

Native women residing in the Subarctic and Arctic are currently struggling for the right to decide whether they will be hospitalized or have a midwife present for the birth of their children. The argument presented in this review paper outlines the cultural and clinical factors in favour of recognizing and legalizing traditional midwifery in the North and critically examines the statistical and safety concerns raised by those arguing against giving Northern Native women an alternative to evacuation from their home communities.
What's new about AIDS?
Authors: Gray Aileen
Published: April 2021

AIDS is often portrayed by the media as an unusual virus. This paper places the AIDS virus in a number of different contexts to demonstrate that the AIDS pandemic is not a unique or a non·repeatable occurrence. Viral characteristics in general, and those of HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) in particular, are examined, as are the concepts of viral evolution, human·virus interactions and host-parasite relationships.
Look upon my works, ye mighty, and despair: the fall of Rome in collapse theory.
Authors: Ross Ronald A.
Published: April 2021

Several recent works have attempted to deal with the collapse of all past state societies, including the Western Roman Empire, as specific instances of a universal systemic phenomenon. These works all subscribe to a common list of characteristics of collapse, emphasizing poverty and discontinuity. This article examines the historical genesis of the concept of the fall of the Roman Empire, and modern scholarship on the Late Antique·Early Medieval transition. The 'trait list' of collapse is shown not to apply to the 'fall' of Rome.
Ethnographic Amendments: Towards a Grammatological Ethnography
Authors: Stirling Grant
Published: April 2021

At least one challenge posed by our post·modern critical ethos is "the crisis of representation." This article examines the implications of this "crisis" as it effects ethnography. Outlining the radical challenge posed by post-modernism to an ethnography that is concerned with writing "the Other," this article illustrates how a ligature between ethnography and the Derridean strategy of grammatology can restore ethnography to its radical potential. Surveying some of the responses to the challenges of post·modernism that are articulated by scholars such as Tyler, Van Maanen, Clifford, and Roy Wagner, this article illustrates the shortcomings and contradictions within their responses, thereby pointing towards what might be called a "grammatological ethnography": that is, an ethnography that displaces traditional notions of reference and representation to produce a project dedicated simultaneously towards a new ethnographic writing and a new ethnographic reading.
Neurofibromatosis Type 1 in Past Populations: Detection and Impact of the Disorder
Authors: Finnis Elizabeth
Published: April 2021

Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a dominant autosomal disorder with a variety of clinical manifestations, mild to severe, including cutaneous growths and colourings, skeletal changes, and possible mental disabilities. There is evidence, in the form of historical medical records, that NF1 existed in past populations, and yet the condition does not appear to be of interest to paleopathological researchers. This may be due to a lack of interest in the area, but also may be a result of a poor understanding of the possible skeletal manifestations of the disorder. Various recent clinical studies have discussed such possible changes, and these may be useful for the paleopathologist in diagnosing possible cases of NF1 in past populations. Additionally, the cloning of the gene that controls the disorder has allowed for the study of the sequence. This could allow for the use of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique in the study of ancient DNA to give a more definite diagnosis of the disorder in individuals who seem to display the skeletal indicators of NF1. However, an understanding of the macroscopic, skeletal indicators of NF1 is important for the paleopathologist. Additionally, examining the past for evidence of this disorder may reveal some insight into its origins. as well as reveal information about the coping strategies of individuals who may have been functionally compromised and the attitudes of communities about disabilities.
Problems in the Methodology of Dental Enamel Hypoplasia Analyses
Authors: Hindle Aimee
Published: April 2021

This article summarizes the issues and problems surrounding the subject of dental enamel hypoplasia (DEH). The methodology of several research studies, ranging from paleopathological to studies of living children, have been analysed and critiqued. The critiques are used to demonstrate where weaknesses may occur in this type of paleopathological study, and how they might be improved. This summary indicates that age formation and enamel development standards, and severity of the enamel disruption must be more carefully and universally applied to paleopathological and anthropological data. Standardized techniques for measurement of DEH are also essential for accurate and reliable research conclusions.
The Politics of Identity in Lesbian and Gay Anthropology
Authors: Kleinhuber Andrea
Published: April 2021

This paper provides a review of the anthology Out in the Field: Reflections of Lesbian and Gay Anthropologists (Lewin and Leap 1996a). In discussing their experiences as gay men and lesbians involved in anthropological work, the contributors to this volume address issues of identity management, ethical dilemmas, questions of representation, and the implications that their sexual identity has on the way they conduct fieldwork, particularly on how they relate to their subjects. The authors argue that lesbian and gay anthropologists have a different subject position, a different perspective on their work, and different ways of practicing anthropology than their heterosexual colleagues. The focus of this paper is an examination and critique of these claims and the politics of identity on which they are based. I argue that this politics is based on a problematic understanding of identity that remains trapped within a binary construction of sexual identity and uncritically applies labels such as 'gay' or 'lesbian' to people who do not understand themselves in these terms. Its emphasis on sameness obscures significant differences between researchers and researched and avoids dealing with questions of power in research. I conclude with a brief outline of a 'queer' commentary on such lesbian and gay identity politics and its failure to provide an effective critique of heterosexism and normative identity constructions.