bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Unresolved attachment and agency in women victims of intimate partner violence: A case–control study
Authors: Pallini Susanna , Alfani Agnese , Marech Lucrezia , Laghi Fiorenzo
Published: October 2016

Objectives

Women victims of IPV are more likely insecurely attached and have experienced childhood abuse, which according to the attachment theory is deeply related to disorganized attachment. This case–control study was performed with the aim to compare the attachment status and the defensive processing patterns of women victims of IPV (cases) with women with no experiences of IPV (controls).

Methods

Cases were 16 women with an age range from 26 years to 51 years. The control group included 16 women with an age range from 26 years to 59 years. Women's states of mind in regard to attachment were evaluated with the Adult Attachment Projective Picture System, which allows classifying attachment status and defensive mechanisms.

Results

Compared with control group, most IPV women resulted having an unresolved attachment status and describing characters less capable to draw upon internal resources, that is, internalized secure base, and less capable to act than controls. Women victims of IPV used significantly more words referring danger and failed protection than controls.

Conclusions

The results evidenced the strong effectiveness of the AAP on analysing the psychological attitudes of women victims of IPV. The dramatic events lived by the women victims of IPV are so dominant in their minds that they invade their stories. This could represent a clue of emotional dysregulation.

Practitioner points

The use of AAP improves the understanding of the agency of self and of the specific levels of trauma experienced by IPV victims, on clarifying their frightening/frightened dynamic, typical of the disorganized attachment relationship, which undermines their activity of mentalization.

The therapist will assume the stance of a secure base and then both promoting exploration and contrasting impotence, humiliation, and subordination that IPV women have experienced.

This therapeutic interpersonal context will be functional to reach two different but related therapeutic goals: (1) to facilitate the rebuilding of agency (through an activation of subject to explore concrete strategies for exiting from IPV), (2) to explore attachment‐related segregated systems from awareness, and to integrate them in memory.
Persistence of impulsivity in pediatric and adolescent patients with obsessive–compulsive disorder
Authors: Yamamuro Kazuhiko , Ota Toyosaku , Iida Junzo , Kishimoto Naoko , Nakanishi Yoko , Kishimoto Toshifumi
Published: October 2016

Aim

Increasing clinical evidence points to impulsivity as a symptom of obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD). However, little is known about its persistence over time.

Methods

In this study, we evaluated the performance of 12 pediatric patients with OCD on the Stroop color–word task, which assesses impulsivity, and compared this with age‐ and sex‐matched controls. In parallel, we measured changes in hemodynamic responses during the task, using near‐infrared spectroscopy. As patients in the OCD group were naïve to treatment, we compared results before and after 3‐year medication with serotonin reuptake inhibitors.

Results

We report that, compared with controls, the OCD group had significantly poorer performance and less activation in the prefrontal cortex during the Stroop color–word task. Surprisingly, while serotonin‐reuptake‐inhibitors treatment reduced OCD symptomology, it did not improve the diminished hemodynamic responses or task performance of these patients.

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that a persistent deficit exists in the inhibitory control of pediatric patients with OCD; they also provide insight into the pathophysiology of OCD.
Lumbar Sympathetic Pulsed Radiofrequency Treatment for Primary Erythromelalgia: A Case Report
Authors: Lee Jin Young , Sim Woo Seog , Kang Ryung A. , Lee Eun Kyung , Yang Jae Young , Kim Dae Yoon
Published: October 2016

Erythromelalgia is often refractory and resistant to many forms of treatment. Numerous therapeutic options have been tried, but effective treatment remains elusive. The sympathetic nervous system has been involved in various painful conditions of neuropathic, vascular, and visceral origin. Sympathetic block is helpful in making a diagnosis and managing pain. We report a case of excellent pain relief after lumbar sympathetic pulsed radiofrequency treatment in a patient with primary erythromelalgia of the lower extremities. This case suggests the viability of pulsed radiofrequency treatment in patients with erythromelalgia.
Treatment of Childhood Vitiligo Using Tacrolimus Ointment with Narrowband Ultraviolet B Phototherapy
Authors: Dayal Surabhi , Sahu Priyadarshini , Gupta Nidhi
Published: October 2016

Background/Objectives

A combination of narrowband ultraviolet B (NBUVB) phototherapy plus topical tacrolimus has been used in adult vitiligo but has not yet been explored in children. We therefore sought to highlight the efficacy of this synergistic combination in childhood vitiligo. The objective was to study the clinical efficacy and safety of a combination of NBUVB with topical tacrolimus ointment 0.03% in childhood vitiligo.

Method

In this open‐label study, 20 children, 4 to 14 years of age, with symmetrical vitiligo lesions were enrolled for 24 weeks. All were instructed to apply tacrolimus ointment 0.03% on a target patch on the left side of the body twice daily and no topical on a target patch on the right side. The whole body was irradiated with NBUVB three times per week. All patients were examined and the same dermatologist photographed lesions to assess for repigmentation at 4‐week intervals. Response was noted as the percentage of repigmentation (none, 0%; poor, 1–25%; moderate, 26–50%; good, 51–75%; excellent, >75%).

Result

Our study found a statistically significant difference in the mean percentage of repigmentation at 4 and 6 months between combination therapy and NBUVB monotherapy. The mean cumulative dose and average number of exposures for the first clinically visible response were significantly lower with combination therapy. No serious adverse events were noted during the study period.

Conclusion

Our preliminary data suggest that a combination of NBUVB phototherapy with topical tacrolimus is a highly effective and promising therapeutic option for vitiligo in children, whose treatment options are very limited, but long‐term studies are needed to evaluate the future risk of malignancy.
Cinnamon Sugar Scrub Dermatitis: “Natural” Is Not Always Best
Authors: Admani Shehla , Hill Hannah , Jacob Sharon E.
Published: October 2016

Children are at risk of developing allergic contact dermatitis to fragrances. Personal hygiene products, even those labeled hypoallergenic or considered all natural, may be a significant source of fragrance exposure in this population.
Fecal retention in childhood: Evaluation on ultrasonography
Authors: Hatori Reiko , Tomomasa Takeshi , Ishige Takashi , Tatsuki Maiko , Arakawa Hirokazu
Published: October 2016

Background

To assess the usefulness of rectal diameter measurement on ultrasonography as a diagnostic tool for fecal retention in children.

Methods

One hundred children (median age, 5.0 years), consisting of 80 with functional constipation and 20 without constipation, participated in the study. All patients underwent physical examination that included digital rectal examination. Forty‐five children underwent ultrasonography in three differential planes: transection above the symphysis; under the ischial spine; and at the bladder neck. The measurement of the rectal diameter at the transection above the symphysis could most easily detect fecal retention and had the closest correlations with retention among the three planes.

Results

Rectal diameter was wider at all measuring points (35.2 vs 20.9 mm above the symphysis, P < 0.0001; 35.7 vs 24.0 mm under the ischial spine, P < 0.0001; and 19.4 vs 8.7 mm at the bladder neck, P < 0.0001) in children with fecal retention than in those with no fecal retention. With regard to presence of constipation, children with fecal retention had a wider rectal diameter above the symphysis than those with no fecal retention (children with functional constipation, 35.3 vs 20.0 mm, P < 0.0001; children without constipation: 32.6 vs 14.6 mm, P = 0.0026). The cut‐off for the rectal diameter measured above the symphysis to identify fecal retention was 27 mm, with high sensitivity and specificity (95.5% and 94.1%, respectively).

Conclusion

Ultrasound rectal diameter measurement can be used to detect fecal retention in children.
Perineural invasion on biopsy is associated with upstaging at radical prostatectomy in Gleason score 3 + 4 = 7 prostate cancer
Authors: Flood Trevor A. , Schieda Nicola , Keefe Daniel T. , Morash Chris , Bateman Justin , Mai Kien T. , Belanger Eric C. , Robertson Susan J. , Breau Rodney H.
Published: October 2016

This study assesses if perineural invasion (PNI) detected on biopsy with Gleason score (GS) 3 + 4 = 7 prostate cancer (PCa) is associated with upstaging/upgrading of disease after radical prostatectomy (RP). 154 patients with GS 3 + 4 = 7 PCa diagnosed from biopsy who underwent RP were assessed for PNI. The percentage of biopsy sites with PNI (%PNI) was also calculated. Pattern 4 morphologies (ill‐defined glands [IDG], fused, cribriform, and glomerulations) were also assessed. Clinical information, GS and stage after RP were retrieved from the medical records. 45 % (69/154) of patients were upstaged (≥pT3) and 29 % (44/154) were upgraded to GS >3 + 4 = 7 after RP. 37 % (57/154) of patients had PNI which was associated with upstaging (RR 1.4; P = 0.04) but not upgrading (RR 0.9; P = 0.7). There was higher %PNI in upstaged patients (12.1 % ± 1.8 vs. 7.1 % ± 1.5, P = 0.03) with a significant correlation between %PNI and ≥pT3 (r = 0.178, P = 0.027). After multivariate analysis, only cribriform formations were significantly associated with upstaging (P = 0.009). The presence of PNI in biopsies with GS 3 + 4 = 7 PCa is associated with upstaging at RP but is a weaker predictor of ≥pT3 disease than cribriform morphology.
Isolation and functional characterization of CsLsi1, a silicon transporter gene in Cucumis sativus
Authors: Sun Hao , Guo Jia , Duan Yaoke , Zhang Tiantian , Huo Heqiang , Gong Haijun
Published: October 2016

Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) is a widely grown cucurbitaceous vegetable that exhibits a relatively high capacity for silicon (Si) accumulation, but the molecular mechanism for silicon uptake remains to be clarified. Here we isolated and characterized CsLsi1, a gene encoding a silicon transporter in cucumber (cv. Mch‐4). CsLsi1 shares 55.70 and 90.63% homology with the Lsi1s of a monocot and dicot, rice (Oryza sativa) and pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata), respectively. CsLsi1 was predominantly expressed in the roots, and application of exogenous silicon suppressed its expression. Transient expression in cucumber protoplasts showed that CsLsi1 was localized in the plasma membrane. Heterologous expression in Xenopus laevis oocytes showed that CsLsi1 evidenced influx transport activity for silicon but not urea or glycerol. Expression of cucumber CsLsi1‐mGFP under its own promoter showed that CsLsi1 was localized at the distal side of the endodermis and the cortical cells in the root tips as well as in the root hairs near the root tips. Heterologous expression of CsLsi1 in a rice mutant defective in silicon uptake and the over‐expression of this gene in cucumber further confirmed the role of CsLsi1 in silicon uptake. Our results suggest that CsLsi1 is a silicon influx transporter in cucumber. The cellular localization of CsLsi1 in cucumber roots is different from that in other plants, implying the possible effect of transporter localization on silicon uptake capability.
Lame‐Duck Foreign Policy
Authors: Potter Philip B. K.
Published: October 2016

It is widely lamented that lame‐duck presidents are do‐nothing presidents. But systematic studies of these periods focus almost exclusively on domestic policy, ignoring the implications for foreign affairs. In this article, I argue that presidents are no less ambitious at the end of their time in office and the desire to cement their historical legacies can even make them more so. However, this ambition is checked by a substantial increase in the constraints imposed by other political actors—most notably Congress. This mismatch between incentives and opportunity pushes presidents toward foreign policy, where meaningful achievements are still possible due to greater presidential autonomy. The result is an increase in diplomacy, and international agreements, and use of force.
Pupil old/new effects reflect stimulus encoding and decoding in short‐term memory
Authors: Brocher Andreas , Graf Tim
Published: October 2016

We conducted five pupil old/new experiments to examine whether pupil old/new effects can be linked to familiarity and/or recollection processes of recognition memory. In Experiments 1–3, we elicited robust pupil old/new effects for legal words and pseudowords (Experiment 1), positive and negative words (Experiment 2), and low‐frequency and high‐frequency words (Experiment 3). Importantly, unlike for old/new effects in ERPs, we failed to find any effects of long‐term memory representations on pupil old/new effects. In Experiment 4, using the words and pseudowords from Experiment 1, participants made lexical decisions instead of old/new decisions. Pupil old/new effects were restricted to legal words. Additionally requiring participants to make speeded responses (Experiment 5) led to a complete absence of old/new effects. Taken together, these data suggest that pupil old/new effects do not map onto familiarity and recollection processes of recognition memory. They rather seem to reflect strength of memory traces in short‐term memory, with little influence of long‐term memory representations. Crucially, weakening the memory trace through manipulations in the experimental task significantly reduces pupil/old new effects.
Vulnerability and Response to the Risk of International Shipping: The Case of the Salish Sea
Authors: Gillespie Alexander
Published: October 2016

International shipping is rapidly increasing in the Salish Sea. This growth carries with it greater risks. The question is what tools are available within international maritime law to best manage these risks? The answer to this question is the designation, by international maritime law, of Particularly Sensitive Sea Areas (PSSAs) and their Associated Protective Measures (APMs). To date, 14 PSSAs exist, which have been justified in large part by the vulnerability of the area at hand. This article seeks to show how the concept of vulnerability within the context of PSSA designation has evolved and how the concept has been implemented in the existing 14 PSSAs and their APMs. The article will then juxtapose such developments against the situation of the Salish Sea.
Mobility and muscle strength in male former elite endurance and power athletes aged 66−91 years
Authors: Manderoos S. , Wasenius N. , Laine M. K. , Kujala U. M. , Mälkiä E. , Kaprio J. , Sarna S. , Bäckmand H. M. , Kettunen J. A. , Heinonen O. J. , Jula A. M. , Aunola S. , Eriksson J. G.
Published: October 2016

The aim of this cross‐sectional study was to compare mobility and muscle strength in male former elite endurance and power athletes aged 66−91 years (n = 150; 50 men in both former elite athlete groups and in their control group). Agility, dynamic balance, walking speed, chair stand, self‐rated balance confidence (ABC‐scale), jumping height, and handgrip strength were assessed. Former elite power athletes had better agility performance time than the controls (age‐ and body mass index, BMI‐adjusted mean difference −3.6 s; 95% CI −6.3, −0.8). Adjustment for current leisure time physical activity (LTPA) and prevalence of diseases made this difference non‐significant (P = 0.214). The subjects in the power sports group jumped higher than the men in the control group (age‐ and BMI‐adjusted mean differences for vertical squat jump, VSJ 4.4 cm; 95% CI 2.0, 6.8; for countermovement jump, CMJ 4.0 cm; 95% CI 1.7, 6.4). Taking current LTPA and chronic diseases for adjusting process did not improve explorative power of the model. No significant differences between the groups were found in the performances evaluating dynamic balance, walking speed, chair stand, ABC‐scale, or handgrip strength. In conclusion, power athletes among the aged former elite sportsmen had greater explosive force production in their lower extremities than the men in the control group.
Effects of 12‐week resistance training during radiotherapy in breast cancer patients
Authors: Wiskemann J. , Schmidt M. E. , Klassen O. , Debus J. , Ulrich C. M. , Potthoff K. , Steindorf K.
Published: October 2016

Exercise is considered to be an effective supportive treatment approach in breast cancer (BC) patients. We conducted a randomized controlled trial to assess the efficacy of a 12‐week PRT during radiotherapy. Strength performance was assessed by maximal isokinetic peak torque (MIPT) in two different angular velocities (60°/s and 180°/s) and maximal voluntary isometric contraction for shoulder external and internal rotation, as well as for knee extension and flexion were assessed pre‐ and post‐intervention in 146 patients randomized to PRT or a control group. Statistical analyses were based on analysis of covariance models for the individual changes from baseline to week 13. Intention‐to‐treat analyses showed significant between‐group differences favoring the exercise group (EX) for MIPT in knee flexion and shoulder internal and external rotation (P < 0.05). Subgroup analyses showed borderline significant differences with regard to pretreatment history, revealing that pretreated chemotherapy patients tend to benefit more from PRT than patients without chemotherapy (P = 0.06). Strength gain at the operated arm was significantly higher than at the non‐operated arm in EX. PRT was efficacious in increasing upper and lower limb strength in BC patients undergoing adjuvant radiotherapy. Patients with restrictions due to breast cancer‐related surgery and pretreated with chemotherapy might benefit the most.
Oral spray wintertime vitamin D3 supplementation has no impact on inflammation in Gaelic footballers
Authors: Todd J. J. , McSorley E. M. , Pourshahidi L. K. , Madigan S. M. , Crowe W. , Laird E. J. , Healy M. , McNeilly A. , Magee P. J.
Published: October 2016

Vitamin D inadequacy [total 25(OH)D <50 nmol/L] is widespread in athletes. The biologically active metabolite, 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D, may be involved in regulating inflammation although in vitro findings have not been consistently replicated in human intervention trials. This study, conducted at a latitude of 55°N, aimed to assess inflammatory biomarkers in Gaelic footballers before and after a wintertime vitamin D3 intervention. Samples from a 12‐week double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled trial, in which 42 Gaelic footballers received 3000 IU (75 μg) vitamin D3 daily or placebo via oral spray solutions, were analysed for a range of inflammatory biomarkers. Cytokines (interleukin‐8 and tumor necrosis factor‐α), cathelicidin and high sensitivity C‐reactive protein were quantified by multiplex assay, enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and clinical biochemistry, respectively. White blood cell, lymphocyte, and neutrophil concentrations were determined by full blood profile. Data on total 25‐hydroxyvitamin D, measured by LC‐MS/MS, were available from the previous study. Vitamin D3 supplementation significantly increased mean total 25‐hydroxyvitamin D concentrations from 47 to 84 nmol/L (P = 0.006); yet this had no effect on white blood cell count (P = 0.699), lymphocyte (P = 0.694), neutrophil (P = 0.594), interleukin‐8 (P = 0.334), tumor necrosis factor‐α (P = 0.587), cathelicidin (P = 0.745) or high sensitivity C‐reactive protein concentration (P = 0.621) compared to placebo. 12‐weeks vitamin D3 supplementation did not impact the immune profile of Gaelic footballers. This is likely because biomarkers were within their respective normal range or at a concentration similar to that of the general population at baseline. Future studies are encouraged to use inflammation as their primary outcome measure and recruit athletes at risk of compromised immunity.
Varieties of Entrepreneurial Capitalism: The Culture of Entrepreneurship and Structural Inequalities of Work and Business Creation
Authors: Doody Sean , Chen Victor Tan , Goldstein Jesse
Published: October 2016

As the labor market has changed over recent decades, a distinctive culture has evolved in tandem, epitomized by the innovation and dynamism of Silicon Valley. This culture of entrepreneurship celebrates autonomy and risk‐taking, legitimizes a shift toward flexible, contingent, and precarious work, and compels workers to continuously network, self‐improve, and self‐promote. This culture has helped to disseminate entrepreneurial practices to sectors of the economy traditionally characterized by stability and job security. We shed light on these changes by putting forward a new typology distinguishing between four ideal types of entrepreneurial activity: Silicon Valley entrepreneurship, Main Street entrepreneurship, corporate entrepreneurship, and entrepreneurial self‐employment. Each adopts the language and normative behaviors of the culture of entrepreneurship, but the ‘entrepreneurs’ working within these domains enjoy starkly different levels of creative and financial autonomy. Integrating scholarship on economic sociology, work and labor, cultural sociology, and critical theory, we explore the underlying dynamics of entrepreneurship that cut across institutional contexts in unexpected and sometimes contradictory ways. The conceptual understanding of entrepreneurship we put forward recognizes both entrepreneurship's relationship to past forms of business creation and its contemporary cultural influence, while also underscoring the various constraints and inequalities intrinsic to these forms of market activity.
Racist humor: then and now
Authors: Pérez Raúl
Published: October 2016

While recent scholarship has examined the capacity of race‐based humor to “upend” racial inequalities, or has focused on comedic “heroes” who use humor “subversively” to challenge racism, less attention has been paid to the evolution of racist humor and its continued role in supporting dominant racial ideologies. This article reviews key works on the historical and current functions of racist humor in the United States, in order to situate racist humor as a social practice that has contributed to the development, maintenance, and contestation of an ideology of white supremacy. First, I review the historical role of racist humor in supporting pro‐slavery ideology, in order to see that racist humor played a critical role in racial formation and domination. I focus on literature that examines the way racial ridicule operated in the pre‐civil rights era (e.g., blackface) and the way such race‐based comedy was used as a cultural form of racialization that supported the development of an ideology of white supremacy throughout this period. Then, I point to how the widespread use of racist humor of the pre‐civil rights era was challenged by the civil rights movement, and how this changed the ways in which racist humor was perceived/operated, in public and private, in the post‐civil rights era. Finally, I conclude by suggesting some areas where an examination of racist humor is in need of critical attention and analysis in the current era of “color‐blindness.”
Demands and Devotion: Cultural Meanings of Work and Overload Among Women Researchers and Professionals in Science and Technology Industries
Authors: Blair‐Loy Mary , Cech Erin A.
Published: October 2016

How do cultural meanings influence how people experience work‐life demands? Much research, especially quantitative research, on the effects of structural work and family conditions does not account for employees’ cultural beliefs about the meaning of work in their lives. This article uses unique survey data to investigate the effects of employee embrace of elements of the “work devotion schema”—a cultural model that valorizes intense career commitment and organizational dedication—on their sense of “overload,” an experience that includes feeling exhausted and overloaded by all one's roles, net of actual hours on the paid job and family responsibilities. We argue that by cognitively, morally, and emotionally framing work as a valued end, the work devotion schema reduces feelings of overload. Using a case of senior women researchers and professional service providers in science and technology industries, we find that those who embrace work devotion feel less overloaded than those who reject it, net of work and family conditions. However, this effect is curtailed for mothers of young and school‐aged children. We end by discussing implications for flexibility stigma and gender inequality.
Behind the Myth of the Matriarch and the Flagbearer: How Korean and Chinese American Sons and Daughters Negotiate Gender, Family, and Emotions
Authors: Chung Angie Y.
Published: October 2016

While more studies are exploring the ways in which gender structures the family experiences of American‐born children of immigrants, there is less attention to how gender shapes later views on ethnicity and culture. Based on interviews with Korean, Chinese, and Taiwanese Americans in the New York–New Jersey metropolitan area, this article examines the different ways second‐generation children learn, interpret, and pass on the cultural values and family traditions in their adulthood. Because their family roles center on their roles as leaders and carriers of the family name through male heirs, sons—especially oldest sons—can fulfill their filial obligations through relatively orthodox and nonengaging cultural practices that although restrictive, do not threaten their personal goals and privileged status. However, daughters must negotiate more emotionally burdensome expectations and responsibilities by preserving family honor, acting as family caretakers, and juggling multiple responsibilities; thus, they tend to re‐create more subtle, self‐empowering, and emotionally engaging ways of interpreting and preserving their parents’ expectations on family culture. I argue that the gendered ways daughters and sons are taught to practice cultural values and protect family honor has significant bearing on their later views on ethnicity and culture but in complex ways that transcend the generational divide.
Civil Society in an Age of Environmental Accountability: How Local Environmental Nongovernmental Organizations Reduce U.S. Power Plants’ Carbon Dioxide Emissions
Authors: Grant Don , Vasi Ion Bogdan
Published: October 2016

Institutional scholars have argued that in the absence of legislation on the issue of climate change, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) can help reduce the amount of anthropogenic greenhouse gases being emitted to the environment by disseminating environmental norms. Consistent with this reasoning, they have shown that from the middle of the last century up through the mid‐1990s, nations with more memberships inNGOs have tended to have lower carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in the aggregate. Doubts remain, however, about whetherNGOs have reduced emissions in the time since and at the level of individual power plants where the lion's share of carbon pollution is emitted. Using plant‐specific information onCO2emissions recently collected by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) under its Greenhouse Gas Reporting Program, we investigate the effects of local environmentalNGOs (ENGOs) on plants’ environmental performance. Consistent with our expectations, we find that localENGOs not only directly reduce plants’ emissions but indirectly do so by enhancing the effectiveness of subnational climate policies that encourage energy efficiency. We discuss the implications of our findings for research on the decoupling of normative systems, social movements, environmental sociology, and theEPA's proposed Clean Power Plan.
Citation Classics in Social Policy Journals
Authors: Powell Martin
Published: October 2016

This article is the first to explore the concept of ‘Citation classics’ in social policy by examining the articles published in five leading social policy journals that have 50 or more Web of Science (WoS) citations. It introduces the concept of citation analysis; discusses ‘citation classics’ in terms of definitions, measures, journals and databases; examines the literature on other social sciences, and particularly social work; and then focuses on the empirical material of citation classics in social policy journals. It finds 79 articles with 50 or more citations. Over half of the articles were written by authors based in the UK at the time of publication, with most of the others from the rest of Europe. About two‐thirds were classified as ‘conceptual’, and about a quarter were quantitative. Surprisingly few were qualitative or reviews. Roughly one‐third of articles were mainly focused on a particular service area, with the leading areas being employment, health, social care/community care or long‐term care. For the setting or focus of the study, nearly two‐thirds were comparative, while about a quarter were based on the UK. The leading topic was welfare regimes (14 articles). The limitations to this analysis include focusing on five social policy journals, and ignoring other outputs such as books; and the problem of determining what influence these articles have on the field of social policy. However, exploring the neglected area of citation classics in social policy provides one way of determining intellectual significance within the discipline.
The ‘Social Investment Perspective’ in Social Policy: A Longue Durée Perspective
Authors: Smyth Paul , Deeming Christopher
Published: October 2016

The ‘social investment perspective’ (OECD, : 14) arguably represents the very latest justification for social policy to guide the development of the economy and society in the 21st century. As yet, its history remains largely unexplored. This article aims to place it in a wider framework by exploring theoretical considerations over a longer timescale, drawing on early observations of founding social theorists on social investment including R. H. Tawney, some of the thinking of T. H. Marshall as well as the radical political economies of welfare in the 1970s and 1980s. The article links emerging ideas about ‘social investment’ to earlier ‘productivist’ traditions within social policy which informed the development of Western industrial welfare states; and shows how the productivist focus had been lost by the 1980s and 1990s with a consequent narrowing of focus to the redistributive role of the tax and transfer system. A longue durée perspective brings into sharp focus the ‘rediscovery’ of the potential of ‘social investment’ social policy in the closing years of the 20th century, as welfare states began to adapt to the new social and economic conditions of the post‐industrial era. Our aim is not to present a systematic history of social policy and economic thought. It is rather exploratory, seeking to show from some of the key thinkers and movements in the British tradition important contextual elements for understanding ‘social investment’ that appear to have been lost in social policy debates over recent decades.
The Divisive Welfare State
Authors: Taylor‐Gooby Peter
Published: October 2016

An important tradition in social policy writing sees the welfare state as an agent of social cohesion against the divisive conflicts of market capitalism. Social policy in the UK is now developing in a way that directly conflicts with this approach. This may signal the future direction of change in other countries, as crisis and slow growth limit available resources, and governments become increasingly committed to a neo‐liberal and consolidation agenda. The 2010 Conservative‐led coalition and 2015 Conservative governments in the UK use social policy to exacerbate and embed social divisions as part of a project to achieve permanent cuts in welfare state spending without damaging their own electoral chances. This article reviews the divisive welfare state policies in relation to taxation, benefits for working age people and for immigrants and between pensioners and non‐pensioners because these groups cover much of welfare state activity and are currently salient in a way that gives the project political purchase. It goes on to argue that the divisions mask a further neo‐liberal long‐term project, facilitated by Brexit, of reducing the proportion of national resources going to all recipients of social spending. In this sense, we are all in it together.
Ideas and Institutions in Social Policy Research
Authors: Béland Daniel
Published: October 2016

This special issue commemorates the 50th anniversary of Social Policy & Administration. Much has been written over the last two decades about the role of ideas in social policy, especially as they relate to institutions. For instance, a decade ago in this journal, I published a now widely cited article titled‘Ideas and social policy: An institutionalist perspective’. The present contribution returns to some of the issues raised in that 2005 article, while assessing the recent ideational scholarship, with the goal of formulating a new research agenda for scholars in the field. Special attention is paid to the need for clear analytical distinctions and rigorous empirical analysis to study the explanatory role of ideas in social policy change, as they may interact with institutions. This article concludes with a discussion about the meaning of institutionalism in ideational analysis and how to concretely explore the interaction between ideas and institutions in the study of social policy stability and change.
Nature and origin of the J‐magnetic anomaly offshore Iberia–Newfoundland: implications for plate reconstructions
Authors: Nirrengarten Michael , Manatschal Gianreto , Tugend Julie , Kusznir Nick J. , Sauter Daniel
Published: October 2016

The nature and origin of the J‐magnetic anomaly along the Iberia–Newfoundland margins are controversial and its validity for plate kinematic reconstructions questioned. At present, it is interpreted as either an oceanic isochron or an edge effect of oceanic crust corresponding to lithosphere breakup. Both interpretations result in restorations that are in conflict with the current knowledge from Pyrenean and North Atlantic geology. We combine seismic interpretations and dating of magmatic additions with magnetic data to examine the nature and formation process of this anomaly and discuss its value for plate restorations. We show that the J‐anomaly is the result of polygenic and multiple magmatic events occurring during and after the formation of the first oceanic crust. Therefore, we conclude that the J‐anomaly cannot be used for plate kinematic studies and, more generally, we question the validity of using ill‐defined magnetic anomalies outside unequivocal oceanic domains for plate reconstructions.
An evaluation of sampling and full enumeration strategies for Fisher Jenks classification in big data settings
Authors: Rey Sergio J. , Stephens Philip , Laura Jason
Published: October 2016

Large data contexts present a number of challenges to optimal choropleth map classifiers. Application of optimal classifiers to a sample of the attribute space is one proposed solution. The properties of alternative sampling‐based classification methods are examined through a series of Monte Carlo simulations. The impacts of spatial autocorrelation, number of desired classes, and form of sampling are shown to have significant impacts on the accuracy of map classifications. Tradeoffs between improved speed of the sampling approaches and loss of accuracy are also considered. The results suggest the possibility of guiding the choice of classification scheme as a function of the properties of large data sets.
Storage characteristics of multiple‐donor pooled red blood cells compared to single‐donor red blood cell units
Authors: Mathur Aabhas , Chowdhury Raquibul , Hillyer Christopher D. , Mitchell W.Beau , Shaz Beth H.
Published: October 2016

BACKGROUND

Each unit of blood donated is processed and stored individually resulting in variability in the amount of red blood cells (RBCs) collected, RBC properties, and the 24‐hour posttransfusion RBC survivability. As a result, each unit differs in its ability to deliver oxygen and potentially its effects on the recipient. The goal of this study was to investigate the storage of pooled RBCs from multiple donors in comparison to control standard RBC units.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

Two units of irradiated, leukoreduced RBCs of same ABO, D, E, C, and K antigen phenotype were collected from each of five donors using apheresis. One unit from each donor was pooled in a 2‐L bag and remaining units were used as controls. After being pooled, RBCs were separated in five bags and stored at 4°C along with the controls. Quality indexes were measured on Days 2, 14, and 28 for all the units.

RESULTS

Adenosine triphosphate assays for both pooled and controls showed a slight decrease from Day 2 to Day 28 (pooled/control from 5.22/5.24 to 4.35/4.33 µmol/g hemoglobin [Hb]). 2,3‐Diphosphoglycerate was successfully rejuvenated for all RBC units on Day 28 (pooled 11.46 µmol/g Hb; control 11.86 µmol/g Hb). The results showed a nonsignificant difference between pooled and control units, with a general trend of lower standard deviation for pooled units when compared to controls.

CONCLUSION

Pooled units have reduced unit‐to‐unit variability. Future exploration of their immunogenicity is required before using pooled units for transfusion.
Hematologic and biochemical reference intervals of free‐living Red‐Tailed Amazon parrot (Amazona brasiliensis) nestlings on Rasa Island, Paraná, Brazil
Authors: Vaz Frederico F. , Locatelli‐Dittrich Rosangela , Beltrame Olair C. , Sipinski Elenise A. B. , Abbud Maria C. , Sezerban Rafael M.
Published: October 2016

Background

The Red‐Tailed Amazon parrot (Amazona brasiliensis) is an endangered species of the Psittaciformes. There is little information about hematologic and biochemical variables of this species.

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to determine hematologic and biochemical RIs for free‐living A brasiliensis nestlings on Rasa Island, Paraná, Brazil, and to compare the results between sexes.

Methods

Thirty‐seven parrots were taken from their nests and physically restrained for clinical examination and blood collection. The sex was diagnosed by PCR using the blood samples collected. Reference intervals were determined as recommended by the ASVCP guidelines in healthy nestlings. The difference between groups was analyzed using the Mann–Whitney test or Student's t‐test.

Results

Sexing revealed 12 females and 25 males. The RIs for the measured variables were as follows: RBC 1.1–2.6 × 106/μL, PCV 29.1–50.3%, HGB 7.2–12.9 g/dL, MCV 152–293 fL, MCHC 22.2–28.4 g/dL, WBC 4.9–28.5 × 103/μL, 1.2–16 × 103/μL, lymphocytes 2.4–18.7 × 103/μL, monocytes 0.0–1.0 × 103/μL, eosinophils 0.0–0.9 × 103/μL, 0.0–1.3 × 103/μL, heterophil:lymphocyte ratio 0.0–2.2, plasma total solids 2.1–3.7 g/dL, uric acid 0.5–2.0 mg/dL, glucose 184.9–284.3 mg/dL, AST 100.3–226.6 U/L, LDH 178.1–927.7 U/L, CK 149.8–1144.0 U/L, cholesterol 137.5–256.9 mg/dL, total protein 1.8–3.0 g/dL, calcium 7.0–8.6 mg/dL, and phosphorus 2.9–6.1 mg/dL. Increased concentrations of cholesterol (P < .05) were observed in females.

Discussion

This is the first study to establish hematologic and biochemical RIs for free‐living A brasiliensis nestlings on Rasa Island. Hematologic and biochemical variables are important tools for evaluating the health status of free‐living birds, and also support conservation planning for endangered species.
Algorithms utilizing peripheral blood hematopoietic progenitor cell counts in lieu of some CD34+ cell counts predict successful peripheral blood stem cell collections with substantial time and cost savings
Authors: Steussy B. W. , Capper M. , Krasowski M. D. , Rosenthal N. S. , Schlueter A. J.
Published: October 2016

Background and Objectives

Hematopoietic progenitor cell (HPC) counts from Sysmex hematology analyzers have been shown to correlate with peripheral blood (PB) CD34+ cell counts by flow cytometry. Algorithms utilizing HPC counts to guide stem cell collections have been proposed but rarely tested. This study describes the development and validation of algorithms utilizing HPC and PB CD34+ cell counts to predict adequate peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) collections for chemomobilized and cytokine‐mobilized individuals.

Materials and Methods

Utilizing a test set of 83 PB samples from chemomobilized or cytokine‐mobilized PBSC collection patients, PB CD34+ counts were correlated with HPC counts and a receiver operating characteristic curve was constructed. Cut‐offs of ≤0·5 HPC/μl and ≥7 HPC/μl were established to maximize sensitivity and specificity for using HPC to predict PB CD34+ ≥ 10 cells/μl. These cut‐offs were subsequently validated using a separate prospective validation set of 88 HPC/CD34+ cell sample pairs.

Results

Using the algorithms, all patients in the prospective validation data set achieved adequate collections of ≥1 × 106 CD34+ cells/kg, and a 67% reduction in the number of CD34+ cell counts performed was achieved. This lead to a direct cost savings of at least $18 700 USD over a 21‐month period (88% reduction in direct costs).

Conclusion

Use of the algorithms provides significant time and cost savings for the laboratory while accurately predicting (i) timing of PBSC collections to obtain adequate CD34+ product yields for chemomobilized patients and (ii) when to administer plerixafor to cytokine‐mobilized patients to improve the likelihood of achieving adequate collections.
Microglia in health and pain: impact of noxious early life events
Authors: Burke Nikita N. , Fan Churmy Y. , Trang Tuan
Published: October 2016

New Findings

What is the topic of this review?

This review discusses the origins and development of microglia, and how stress, pain or inflammation in early life disturbs microglial function during critical developmental periods, leading to altered pain sensitivity and/or increased risk of chronic pain in later life.

What advances does it highlight?

We highlight recent advances in understanding how disrupted microglial function impacts the developing nervous system and the consequences for pain processing and susceptibility for development of chronic pain in later life.

The discovery of microglia is accredited to Pío del Río‐Hortega, who recognized this ‘third element’ of CNS cells as being morphologically distinct from neurons and astrocytes. For decades after this finding, microglia were altogether ignored or relegated as simply being support cells. Emerging from virtual obscurity, microglia have now gained notoriety as immune cells that assume a leading role in the development, maintenance and protection of a healthy CNS. Pioneering studies have recently shed light on the origins of microglia, their role in the developing nervous system and the complex roles they play beyond the immune response. These studies reveal that altered microglial function can have a profoundly negative impact on the developing brain and may be a determinant in a range of neurodevelopmental disorders and neurodegenerative diseases. The realization that aberrant microglial function also critically underlies chronic pain, a debilitating disorder that afflicts over 1.5 billion people worldwide, was a major conceptual leap forward in the pain field. Adding to this advance is emerging evidence that early life noxious experiences can have a long‐lasting impact on central pain processing and adult pain sensitivity. With microglia now coming of age, in this review we examine the association between adverse early life events, such as stress, injury or inflammation, and the influence of sex differences, on the role of microglia in pain physiology in adulthood.
Respiratory gases and the regulation of transcription
Authors: Cummins Eoin P. , Keogh Ciara E.
Published: October 2016

New Findings

What is the topic of this review?

This review highlights the transcriptional consequences for decreased cellular O2 levels (hypoxia) and increased cellular CO2 levels (hypercapnia).

What advances does it highlight?

We discuss recent advances in our understanding of the cellular response to hypoxia and consider the potential cross‐talk between O2‐ and CO2‐dependent transcriptional regulation.

Oxygen and carbon dioxide are the substrate and product of aerobic metabolism, respectively. Thus, the levels of these physiological gases are inextricably linked in physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Increased mitochondrial consumption of O2 (to produce ATP) will produce more CO2. Furthermore, in lung pathologies such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, sleep apnoea and central hypoventilation syndrome, hypoxia and hypercapnia are co‐incident. Acute responses to hypoxia involve carotid body‐mediated changes in the rate and depth of breathing. Chronic adaptation to hypoxia involves a multitude of changes on a transcriptional level, which simultaneously increases oxygen utilization (via hypoxia‐inducible factor and others), while suppressing superfluous energy‐demanding processes. Acute responses to CO2 affect breathing primarily via central chemoreceptors. The nature of hypercapnia‐dependent transcriptional regulation is an emerging area of research, but at present the mechanisms underpinning this response are not fully characterized and understood. Thus, given the juxtaposition of hypoxia and hypercapnia in health and disease, this manuscript reviews the current evidence for transcriptional responses to hypoxia and hypercapnia. Finally, we discuss the potential cross‐talk between hypoxia and hypercapnia on a transcriptional level.
Simultaneous Estimation of Vehicle’s Center of Gravity and Inertial Parameters Based on Ackermann’s Steering Geometry
Authors: Yu Zitian , Wang Junmin
Published: October 2016

Onboard vehicle parameter estimation is an important procedure for advanced vehicle control tasks, especially for vehicles whose payload configurations vary in day-to-day use. This study presents a newly proposed estimation method based on the Ackermann’s steering geometry (ASG) that aims to estimate multiple vehicle's center of gravity (CG) position and inertial parameters at the same time. In this method, the vehicle planar motion equations are first synthesized into a form where only the lateral force of one front wheel and longitudinal forces appear. This way, the influence of uncertainties in the tire lateral force models is greatly reduced. Then, the condition of eliminating the remaining front wheel lateral force term can be derived, which is exactly the Ackermann’s steering geometry. When the influence of lateral tire force terms are eliminated, regression technique is applied to estimate the needed vehicle parameters. Vehicle’s suspension kinematics is also considered in the processing of dynamic signals. Unlike conventional methods in estimating vehicle’s payload related parameters, the new method requires neither lateral tire force model nor accurate suspension property parameters. Simulations in CarSim®-Simulink environment verified that the proposed method is capable of estimating vehicle parameters such as CG position and inertial parameters at the same time.