bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Flowering sex ratios and costs of reproduction in gynodioeciousOcotea oblonga(Lauraceae)
Authors: Penagos Zuluaga Juan C , Queenborough Simon A , Comita Liza S
Published: July 2020

In gynodioecious plant species, both female and hermaphrodite individuals produce fruit, but only hermaphrodites produce pollen. Such sex-specific differences in reproductive investment may contribute to dimorphism, but the magnitude and ecological effects are still unclear, especially for gynodioecious tropical trees where collecting flowers and determining the sex is complex. We documented flowering and fruiting over three years in a natural population of Ocotea oblonga (Lauraceae) trees in a tropical moist forest, Panama. We determined sex from freshly collected flowers, counted and measured fruit, and used long-term growth data for each individual. We confirmed that O. oblonga is gynodioecious. No tree switched sex or had flowers of both sexes. The population was hermaphrodite-biased. We found no ecological differences in reproductive investment (seed, fruit, or tree size, or growth rate) between the sexes, indicating that the sex differential in the cost of reproduction is much smaller in woody gynodioecious taxa than in dioecious taxa. Females produced more fruit than hermaphrodites, which may contribute to their persistence in the population. Accordingly, and contrary to most studies of temperate gynodioecious populations, our study of a tropical tree shows no differential cost of reproduction in a hermaphrodite-biased population. Consequently, other factors such as seed fertility or herbivory could drive the biased sex ratio in this population.
Heterogeneous individual risk modelling of recurrent events
Authors: Ma Huijuan , Peng Limin , Huang Chiung-Yu , Fu Haoda
Published: July 2020

Progression of chronic disease is often manifested by repeated occurrences of disease-related events over time. Delineating the heterogeneity in the risk of such recurrent events can provide valuable scientific insight for guiding customized disease management. We propose a new sensible measure of individual risk of recurrent events and present a dynamic modelling framework thereof, which accounts for both observed covariates and unobservable frailty. The proposed modelling requires no distributional specification of the unobservable frailty, while permitting exploration of the dynamic effects of the observed covariates. We develop estimation and inference procedures for the proposed model through a novel adaptation of the principle of conditional score. The asymptotic properties of the proposed estimator, including the uniform consistency and weak convergence, are established. Extensive simulation studies demonstrate satisfactory finite-sample performance of the proposed method. We illustrate the practical utility of the new method via an application to a diabetes clinical trial that explores the risk patterns of hypoglycemia in type 2 diabetes patients.
Acute kidney injury and kidney replacement therapy in COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Fu Edouard L , Janse Roemer J , de Jong Ype , van der Endt Vera H W , Milders Jet , van der Willik Esmee M , de Rooij Esther N M , Dekkers Olaf M , Rotmans Joris I , van Diepen Merel
Published: July 2020

Background

Acute kidney injury (AKI) can affect hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), with estimates ranging between 0.5% and 40%. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies reporting incidence, mortality and risk factors for AKI in hospitalized COVID-19 patients.

Methods

We systematically searched 11 electronic databases until 29 May 2020 for studies in English reporting original data on AKI and kidney replacement therapy (KRT) in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Incidences of AKI and KRT and risk ratios for mortality associated with AKI were pooled using generalized linear mixed and random-effects models. Potential risk factors for AKI were assessed using meta-regression. Incidences were stratified by geographic location and disease severity.

Results

A total of 3042 articles were identified, of which 142 studies were included, with 49 048 hospitalized COVID-19 patients including 5152 AKI events. The risk of bias of included studies was generally low. The pooled incidence of AKI was 28.6% [95% confidence interval (CI) 19.8–39.5] among hospitalized COVID-19 patients from the USA and Europe (20 studies) and 5.5% (95% CI 4.1–7.4) among patients from China (62 studies), whereas the pooled incidence of KRT was 7.7% (95% CI 5.1–11.4; 18 studies) and 2.2% (95% CI 1.5–3.3; 52 studies), respectively. Among patients admitted to the intensive care unit, the incidence of KRT was 20.6% (95% CI 15.7–26.7; 38 studies). Meta-regression analyses showed that age, male sex, cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, hypertension and chronic kidney disease were associated with the occurrence of AKI; in itself, AKI was associated with an increased risk of mortality, with a pooled risk ratio of 4.6 (95% CI 3.3–6.5).

Conclusions

AKI and KRT are common events in hospitalized COVID-19 patients, with estimates varying across geographic locations. Additional studies are needed to better understand the underlying mechanisms and optimal treatment of AKI in these patients.
Artificial Intelligence and Inequality in the Middle East
Authors: Rizk Nagla
Published: July 2020

This chapter looks at the challenges, opportunities, and tensions facing the equitable development of artificial intelligence (AI) in the MENA region in the aftermath of the Arab Spring. While diverse in their natural and human resource endowments, countries of the region share a commonality in the predominance of a youthful population amid complex political and economic contexts. Rampant unemployment—especially among a growing young population—together with informality, gender, and digital inequalities, will likely shape the impact of AI technologies, especially in the region’s labor-abundant resource-poor countries. The chapter then analyzes issues related to data, legislative environment, infrastructure, and human resources as key inputs to AI technologies which in their current state may exacerbate existing inequalities. Ultimately, the promise for AI technologies for inclusion and helping mitigate inequalities lies in harnessing grounds-up youth entrepreneurship and innovation initiatives driven by data and AI, with a few hopeful signs coming from national policies.
Nicotine Use among Sexual and Gender Minority Populations
Authors: Matthews Alicia K. , Duangchan Cherdsak , Li Chien-Ching
Published: July 2020

The prevalence of tobacco use disorders among sexual and gender minorities remains consistently high despite the overall reduction of tobacco use in the United States and other parts of the world. This chapter begins by describing the criteria for tobacco use disorders in the fifth edition of the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. The authors discuss rates of tobacco use based on sexual orientation and gender identity and summarize the literature describing risk and protective factors for tobacco use among sexual and gender minorities. Strategies are highlighted for reducing the overall public health threat of tobacco use in sexual and gender minority populations.
Promoting Mexico’s International Image: Universal Exhibitions and World’s Fairs
Authors: Esposito Matthew D.
Published: July 2020

Mexico participated in universal exhibitions during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. President Porfirio Díaz and officials in the Ministry of Development used international exhibitions to correct the views of foreign observers who only knew Mexico as politically unstable and unsafe for financial investment. Their commissions deployed the “teaching state” to educate Europeans and Americans about Mexico’s assets in minerals, agricultural products, and labor. The government’s “labors of propaganda” also aimed to increase trade in manufactured goods, acquire foreign technology, and encourage European immigration. Mexico’s arsenal of visual symbols and mnemonic devices to bolster its image is best understood within the context of an ongoing series of international fairs held during global recessions. Mexico’s star attractions at exhibitions were Mining Pavilions to signify the foundation of the national economy.
Sociology of Fear of Crime in Latin America
Authors: Kessler Gabriel , Otamendi Alejandra
Published: July 2020

Independently of the varying national homicide indexes, the fear of crime affects all socio-political dimensions across Latin American countries and influences the agendas of political parties, security markets, and everyday life. This contribution presents an overview on the fear of crime and insecurity studies in the region, focusing on two main fields: fear of crime studies showcasing similarities and differences among Latin American countries in terms of the relationship between fear and victimization, gender, class, age, and community cohesion perceptions, and the socio-cultural dimension to this phenomenon, including media influences on the fear of delinquency, the role of the state, and the general climate of ontological insecurity.
One Hundred Years of Women's Suffrage
Authors: Leininger William M. , Gupta Pratima
Published: July 2020

In recognition of the 100th anniversary of women's suffrage, we reviewed the difficulties reformists overcame in passing the 19th Amendment and discuss the similarities to current challenges in providing evidence-based, affordable, accessible women's health care. Many current health care problems arise from systemic, not medical, issues, and we can better focus on them through the lenses of the social determinants of health and reproductive justice. Addressing systemic inadequacies and injustices requires policy implementation and legislative activism, like that pursued by the suffragists. We propose that, ultimately, voting is our professional, fundamental duty to make the desired changes. We then present advocacy avenues and opportunities available to all women's health care specialists.
Correlations Between Multi-plane vHIT Responses and Balance Control After Onset of an Acute Unilateral Peripheral Vestibular Deficit
Authors: Allum John H. J. , Honegger Flurin
Published: July 2020

Objective:

Previous studies reported that balance deficits in pitch (sagittal) and roll (lateral) planes during stance and gait after onset of an acute unilateral peripheral vestibular deficit (aUPVD) due to vestibular neuritis are weakly correlated with deficits in commonly explored lateral canal vestibular ocular reflex (VOR) responses. Theoretically, stronger correlations with roll and pitch balance deficits could be expected for vertical canal VOR responses. Therefore, we investigated these correlations.

Setting:

University Hospital.

Study Design:

Retrospective case review.

Patients:

Thirty three patients examined on average 5 days following onset of aUPVD.

Main Outcome Measures:

Video head impulse test (vHIT) VOR gains in each vertical canal plane were converted to roll and pitch response asymmetries and correlated with patients’ roll and pitch balance control measured during stance and gait with body-worn gyroscopes mounted at lumbar 1 to 3.

Results:

Mean caloric canal paresis was 92 ± 12%. Deficit side lateral vHIT mean gain was 0.4 ± 0.12, anterior gain 0.44 ± 0.18, and posterior gain, greater, 0.69 ± 0.15. Lateral VOR response gain asymmetries (37.2 ± 11.0%) were greater than roll VOR asymmetries calculated from all four vertical canal vHIT gains (16.2 ± 10.2%, p < 0.0001) and correlated (R = 0.56, p = 0.002). Pitch gain VOR asymmetries were less (4.9 ± 9.9%, p < 0.0001). All gait, but no stance, trunk roll angular velocity measures were correlated (p ≤ 0.03) with VOR roll asymmetries.

Conclusions:

This report links roll balance control deficits during gait with roll VOR deficits and emphasises the need to perform anterior canal vHIT to judge effects of an aUPVD on balance control. Pitch VOR asymmetries were weakly affected by vestibular neuritis.
The Efficacy and Safety of DFN-15 for the Treatment of Migraine: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Studies
Authors: Deng Yili , Chen Yang , Peng Zeyan , Yang Heng
Published: July 2020

Objectives

The efficacy of DFN-15 for pain control of migraine remains controversial. We conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to explore the influence of DFN-15 versus placebo on pain control in migraine patients.

Patients and Methods

We search PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, EBSCO, and Cochrane Library databases through November 2019 for randomized controlled trials assessing the effect of DFN-15 versus placebo on pain control in migraine patients. This meta-analysis is performed using the random-effects model.

Results

Three randomized controlled trials are included in the meta-analysis. Overall, compared with the control group in migraine patients, lasmiditan treatment shows a positive impact on pain freedom at 2 hours (risk ratio [RR], 1.96; 95% confidence interval, 1.61–2.40; P < 0.00001), headache response at 2 hours (RR, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.25–1.57; P < 0.00001), and pain freedom at 24 hours (RR, 1.87; 95% CI, 1.33–2.62; P = 0.0003), but has no obvious influence or no substantial impact on no or mild disability level (RR, 1.21; 95% CI, 0.97–1.52; P = 0.09) or nausea (RR, 2.42; 95% CI, 0.53–11.01; P = 0.25). In addition, lasmiditan seems to result in the increase in dizziness (RR, 7.33; 95% CI, 1.83–29.30; P = 0.005) and paresthesia (RR, 5.17; 95% CI, 2.08–12.86; P = 0.0004).

Conclusions

DFN-15 treatment may be effective and safe for pain control in migraine patients.
mRNA and Small RNA-seq Reveal Insights into Immune Regulation in Apis cerana after Chinese Sacbrood Virus Infection
Authors: Deng Yanchun , Zhao Hongxia , Shen Shuo , Yang Sa , Yang Dahe , Deng Shuai , Hou Chunsheng
Published: July 2020

Chinese sacbrood virus (CSBV) is a serious threat to eastern honeybees (Apis cerana), especially larvae. However, the pathological mechanism of this deadly disease is remains unclear. Here, we employed an mRNA-seq and sRNA-seq approach in healthy and CSBV-infected 3rd Apis cerana larval. Gene ontology (GO) and KEGG analysis of 203 differentially expressed genes showed that CSBV infection affected host development by up-regulating the expression of larval cuticle proteins, such as larval cuticle proteins A1A and A3A, resulting in elevated susceptibility to CSBV. In addition, viral infection not only affected the expression of serine protease related to the melanization pathway and but also altered fatty acid metabolism and biosynthesis, thus progressed to disturb host immune response. Interestingly, GO annotation and KEGG analysis on target genes of CSBV-specific siRNA (vsiRNAs) showed that serine/threonine kinase activity and serine-type endopeptidas as well as fatty acid biosynthesis were significantly enriched (P < 0.05). Among these vsiRNAs, vsiRNA-1441 with relatively high expression targeted extracellular serine/threonine protein kinase. This study provides new evidence that CSBV attacks a distinct immune response pathway and mediates the expression of cuticle protein to gain the more chance of proliferation.
The impact of divestitures on shareholder wealth – The DACH case
Authors: Teschner Nils , Paul Herbert
Published: July 2020

Purpose

The purpose of this research is to study the impact of divestitures on shareholder wealth. This study covers selloffs of publicly traded companies in Germany, Austria and Switzerland (DACH region) during the period 2002–2018. It aims to understand the overall effect of selloffs on shareholder wealth as well as the impact of important influencing factors.

Design/methodology/approach

This study is part of capital market studies which investigate shareholder wealth effects (abnormal returns) using event study methodology. To determine the significance of abnormal returns, a standardized cross-sectional test as suggested by Boehmer et al. (1991) was applied. The sample consists of 393 selloffs of publicly traded companies with a deal value of at least EUR 10m.

Findings

The findings confirm the overall positive impact of selloffs on shareholder wealth. The average abnormal return on the announcement day of the sample companies amounts to 1.33%. The type of buyer, the relative size of the transaction as well as the financial situation of the seller in particular seem to influence abnormal returns positively.

Originality/value

This study investigates shareholder wealth creation through selloffs in the DACH region, a largely neglected region in divestiture research, but now very relevant due to increasing pressure of active foreign investors. Sophisticated statistical methods were used to generate robust findings, which are in line with the results of similar studies for the US and the UK.
Moving hands in classroom assemblages: puppet play in a post-world
Authors: Daniels Karen Dianne
Published: July 2020

Purpose

This paper aims to propose a reading of children’s small toy/puppet play that takes account of bodily movements within classroom assemblages. The researcher/author created representations of episodes of activity that focused on children’s ongoing bodily movements as they followed their interests in one Early Years classroom in England.

Design/methodology/approach

By drawing a contrast between a traditional logocentric interpretation of puppet play and an embodied theorisation, this paper provides a way of understanding young children’s literacy practices where these are seen as generated through bodily movement and affective atmospheres within classroom assemblages.

Findings

Analysis suggests that affective atmospheres were produced by the speed, slowness, dynamics and stillnesses of children’s hand movements as they manipulated the small toys/puppets. Three interrelated contributions are made that generate further understandings of embodied meaning making. First, this paper theorises relations between hand movements, materials and affective atmospheres within classroom assemblages. Second, the technique of analysing still shots of hand movements offers a way of understanding the semiotic and affective salience of hand movement and stillness. Finally, the paper offers a methodology for re-examining taken-for-granted pedagogical practices such as puppet play.

Originality/value

Together these contributions re-explore literacy as an embodied and affective endeavour, thereby countering logocentric framings of early literacy.
Comparative effects of repeatedly heated cooking oils on tissue lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status in cholesterol-fed Sprague Dawley rats
Authors: Chacko Chinu , Thankappan Rajamohan
Published: July 2020

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to compare the effects of repeatedly heated coconut oil, mustard oil and sunflower oil on antioxidant status in cholesterol-fed Sprague Dawley rats.

Design/methodology/approach

The test oils were heated at 210 ± 10°C for 15 h. Male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into six groups of six animals each. In total, 15% fresh/heated oils and 1% cholesterol were mixed with the experimental diet and fed to the animals for 60 days.

Findings

Chemical analysis revealed that repeated heating of oils resulted in changes in fatty acid composition and elevated lipid peroxidation, the effects being lower in heated coconut oil. Body weight gain significantly decreased in heated coconut oil (p= 0.02), heated mustard oil (p= 0.022) and heated sunflower oil (p= 0.001) fed animals. Malondialdehyde level was significantly increased (p= 0.001) in tissues of heated oils fed animals. Concentration of protein oxidation products was significantly increased (p= 0.001) in heated oils fed animals. Activities of antioxidant enzymes were decreased (p= 0.001) in heated oils fed animals. Total thiols were decreased (p= 0.001) in tissues of animals that were fed heated oils. Animals that were fed heated mustard oil and heated sunflower oil showed lower antioxidant levels and higher oxidation products when compared to those fed heated coconut oil.

Originality/value

Studies comparing the effects of thermally oxidized oils that vary in fatty acid composition are rare. The effects of fresh and heated oils that vary in fatty acid constitution, namely, coconut oil, mustard oil and sunflower oil, in cholesterol-fed rats are studied.
Examining critical perspectives on Building Information Modelling (BIM) adoption in New Zealand
Authors: Doan Dat Tien , GhaffarianHoseini Ali , Naismith Nicola , Ghaffarianhoseini Amirhosein , Zhang Tongrui , Tookey John
Published: July 2020

Purpose

This research aims to explore the perspectives of the key actors in the New Zealand construction industry towards BIM adoption. Specifically, four themes are examined, including what BIM is; BIM knowledge and understanding; benefits of BIM adoption; and challenges/barriers to BIM adoption.

Design/methodology/approach

A qualitative approach using 21 semi-structured interviews with industry experts was adopted.

Findings

The results raise a question concerning whether the New Zealand construction industry needs a unique definition of BIM to achieve a clear and consistent understanding amongst construction practitioners. It was found out that most of the construction practitioners in New Zealand are not well aware of BIM, especially the contractors, QSs, supply chain companies and the SMEs. Fourteen potential benefits and ten barriers/challenges to BIM adoption were identified. Individually, time-saving was considered as the most benefit of BIM adoption while BIM understanding was suggested as the most significant barrier by all the interviewees.

Originality/value

The research provides valuable insights into BIM understanding as well as recommendations regarding BIM adoption in New Zealand. The results could be considered baseline information for the companies and government to have effective strategies towards BIM adoption. Furthermore, it confirms that characteristics such as benefits and barriers to BIM adoption amongst different countries could be similar. Therefore, it could be useful to analyse the studies, strategies and practices of the pioneer countries in BIM adoption for the implementation.
Impact of physiotherapeutic methods on urinary incontinence in the elderly
Authors: Frontczak Monika , Ciemna Natalia , Kędziora-Kornatowska Kornelia
Published: July 2020

Purpose

Urinary incontinence is one of the most important health problems for people over 65 years of age. It is defined as involuntary and uncontrolled loss of urine. This paper aims to present a contemporary view on the effects of physiotherapeutic procedures in combating urinary incontinence. Physiotherapeutic procedures were compared: pelvic floor muscle exercises, physical therapy and biofeedback (BF) to demonstrate their effectiveness in managing urinary incontinence in the elderly.

Design/methodology/approach

The databases Pubmed and GoogleScholar have been searched for articles on the impact of interventions – physiotherapeutic procedures on the effectiveness of the treatment of urinary incontinence in the elderly.

Findings

Pelvic floor muscle exercises are effective in the treatment of urinary incontinence, strengthen muscle strength and improve patients' quality of life. A long-lasting, systematic and individual training program with a physiotherapist is the most effective. BF helps to intensify the therapeutic effect of exercise but also allows you to achieve good results as an independent treatment method. Positive effects are also noticeable in physical therapy, electrostimulation and magnetotherapy are very effective. Physiotherapeutic procedures have a positive effect in the treatment of urinary incontinence in the elderly. However, further research is needed to clarify the most effective methods.

Originality/value

This paper offers many ways to deal with urinary incontinence in the elderly using physiotherapeutic procedures, thus helping to improve the quality of life of those affected by urinary incontinence.
Comparison between standard single chamber versus dual chamber low glucose degradation product peritoneal dialysis fluids
Authors: Vareesangthip Kornchanok , Vongsanim Surachet , Fan Stanley , Davenport Andrew
Published: July 2020

Dual chamber (DC) peritoneal dialysis (PD) dialysates contain fewer glucose degradation products (GDPs), so potentially reducing advanced glycosylation end products (AGEs), which have been reported to increase inflammation and cardiovascular risk. We wished to determine whether use of DC dialysates resulted in demonstrable patient benefits. Biochemical profiles, body composition, muscle strength, and skin autofluorescence measurements of tissue AGEs (SAF) were compared in patients using DC and standard single chamber dialysates. We studied 263 prevalent PD patients from 2 units, 62.4% male, mean age 61.8 ± 16.1 years, 78 (29.7%) used DC dialysates. DC patients were younger (55.9 ± 16.4 vs. 64.2 ± 15.4 years), and more had lower Davies comorbidity score (median 1 (0‐1) vs. 1 (0, 2)), slower peritoneal transport (D/P creatinine 0.67 ± 0.12 vs. 0.73 ± 0.13), greater extracellular water‐to‐total body water (ECW/TBW) ratio (0.46 ± 0.05 vs. 0.42 ± 0.06), all P < .001, whereas there were no differences in the duration of PD (median (IQR) 19 (8‐32) vs. 14 (8‐23) months), residual renal function (Kt/Vurea 0.71 ± 0.71 vs. 0.87 ± 0.82), urine volume (642 (175‐1200) vs. 648 (300‐1200) mL/day), hand grip strength (26.9 ± 10.5 vs. 24.9 ± 10.7 kg), C‐reactive protein (4(1‐10) vs. 4(2‐12) mg/L), and SAF (median 3.60 (3.02, 4.40) vs. 3.50 (3.00, 4.23)) AU. In our cross‐sectional observational study, we were not able to show a demonstrable advantage for using low GDP dialysates over conventional glucose dialysates, in terms of biochemical profiles, residual renal function, muscle strength, or tissue AGE deposition. More patients using low GDP dialysates were slower peritoneal transporters with higher ECW/TBW ratios.
Tropomyosin and alpha‐actinin in teleost rodlet cells
Authors: DePasquale Joseph A.
Published: July 2020

Rodlet cells are a distinctive pear‐shaped cell type unique to the epithelium of teleost fishes. Thick submembranous smooth muscle‐like cortex, or fibrous capsule, envelopes the rodlet cell. The cortex undergoes contraction resulting in the expulsion of intracellular contents through an apical pore and out into the extracellular environment. The present study evaluated the distribution of tropomyosin in rodlet cells. In addition, distribution of alpha‐actinin was revisited in a previous study using a modified immunostaining protocol. Alpha‐actinin was localized to the fibrous capsule predominantly in a partial fibrillar pattern reminiscent of dense plaques of smooth muscle. In contrast, tropomyosin was localized as dot‐ and patch‐like accumulations within the cortex. Tropomyosin was also found as a closely packed arrangement of intensely stained dots at the apical pore of rodlet cells, distinct from its location in the cortex. The findings support a smooth muscle‐like nature to the rodlet cell cortex and suggest a novel role for tropomyosin in capping the apical pore.
Priorities of patients, caregivers and health‐care professionals for health research – A systematic review
Authors: Levelink Michael , Voigt‐Barbarowicz Mona , Brütt Anna Levke
Published: July 2020

Background

Based on subjective experience, patients can identify research priorities important for health services research. A systematic method for priority setting has been developed by the James Lind Alliance.

Objective

This article reviews the literature on the research priorities of patients, caregivers and health‐care professionals and presents the prioritized research themes and prioritization methods used.

Search strategy

Three electronic databases were searched on 22 May 2018. The search was not limited to any time period or language.

Inclusion criteria

The included studies reported the identification and prioritization of research priorities involving patients, relatives and caregivers. Each included paper addressed a specific ICD‐coded health problem, and at least one‐third of the sample involved in the prioritization process was affected by the health problem.

Data extraction and synthesis

The 10 top‐ranked research priorities were included in the thematic analysis. With an inductive approach, a system of identified themes and subthemes was developed from the research priorities. Each research priority was assigned to one research theme.

Main results

The priority lists of 34 publications involving 331 research priorities were included. Nine main themes represent the content of the research priorities. The most frequently represented main themes are ‘Treatment’, ‘Patients’ and ‘Health condition’. The distribution of the research priorities varied depending on the health conditions and prioritization methods.

Discussion and conclusions

This review provides a comprehensive overview of the overarching research themes in research priorities of affected individuals. The results can guide future patient‐oriented research.
Never underestimate a non‐healing extraction socket
Authors: Adegun O.K. , Basu I. , Sadiq Z. , Jawad S. , Jay A.
Published: July 2020

A 73‐year‐old man presented with a history of a non‐healing socket associated with persistent pain and swelling and enlarged submandibular lymph nodes 2 months after a mandibular implant extraction. His symptoms persisted despite repeated antibiotic therapy. Biopsy from the non‐healing extraction socket and core needle biopsy (CNB) of the right level I lymph node was initially reported as a poorly differentiated carcinoma as it expressed CK7 only. Further investigation with PET‐CT imaging revealed FDG avidity above and below the diaphragm with the left axillary lymph node, the most prominent and accessible. A CNB of the left axillary lymph node revealed a high‐grade vasoformative neoplasm positive for CD31, CD34, ERG and CK7 culminating in a diagnosis of epithelioid angiosarcoma. The unusual CK7 staining prompted a re‐evaluation of the incisional biopsy from the non‐healing extraction socket and CNB of the right level I lymph node. Unexpectedly, both lesions showed similar immunohistochemical profile to the left axillary lymph node prompting a definitive diagnosis of metastatic epithelioid angiosarcoma for the non‐healing extraction socket and associated lymph node. The patient received palliative chemotherapy in view of the disseminated disease at the time of diagnosis but subsequently died of his disease.

This case report raises the awareness of morphological mimics of carcinoma such as the epithelioid variants of many sarcomas and their tendency to aberrantly express cytokeratin markers. It also demonstrates the importance of clinical–radiological–pathological correlation preferably in a multidisciplinary team (MDT) setting.
Cohort profile: protocol and baseline survey for the Shanghai Suburban Adult Cohort and Biobank (SSACB) study
Authors: Zhao Qi , Chen Bo , Wang Ruiping , Zhu Meiying , Shao Yueqin , Wang Na , Liu Xing , Zhang Tiejun , Jiang Feng , Wang Weibing , Jiang Yonggen , Zhao Genming , He Na , Chen Wen
Published: July 2020

Purpose

The Shanghai Suburban Adult Cohort and Biobank (SSACB) was established to identify environmental, lifestyle and genetic risk factors for non-communicable chronic diseases (NCDs) in adults (20–74 years old) living in a suburban area of Shanghai with rapid urbanisation.

Participants

Two of eight suburban district were purposely selected according to participant willingness, health service facilities, population, geographic region and electronic medical record system. From these suburban districts, four communities were selected based on economic level and population size. At stage three, one-third of the committees/villages were randomly selected from each community. All residents aged 20–74 years old were invited as study participants.

Findings to date

The baseline data on demographics, lifestyle and physical health-related factors were collected using a face-to-face questionnaire interview. All participants completed physical examinations and had blood and urine tests. Blood and urine samples from these tests were stored in a biobank. From 6 April 2016 through 31 October 2017, we conducted face-to-face interviews and clinical examinations in 44 887 participants: 35 727 from Songjiang District and 9160 from Jiading District. The average age of participants was 56.4±11.2 years in Songjiang and 56.6±10.5 years in Jiading. The prevalence of hypertension, diabetes and dyslipidaemia was 34.0%, 8.2% and 11.1%, respectively.

Future plans

In-person surveys will be conducted every 5 years. For annual tracking, baseline data was linked to the local health information system, which was composed of an electronic medical record system, a chronic disease management system, a cancer registry system, an infectious disease report system and a death registry system. The data of the SSACB cohort is located in the School of Public Health, Fudan University. International and domestic collaborative research projects are encouraged and inherent in the project.
HELP-VDL: study protocol for a multicentre, open, randomised, controlled clinical trial comparing the use of the head-elevated laryngoscopy position and the use of a videolaryngoscope to facilitate orotracheal intubation in a patient population without predictable difficulty of intubation
Authors: Le Guen Morgan , Coppere Zoé , Dufour Guillaume , Ouattara Jonathan , Trichereau Julie , Fischler Marc
Published: July 2020

Introduction

Tracheal intubation remains an everyday challenge for anaesthesiologists, even in patients without suspected difficult airways. The ideal positioning of the patient’s head (flat, raised a few centimetres on a cushion in the sniffing position (SP), or raised to achieve horizontal alignment between the external acoustic meatus and the sternal angle) and the use of videolaryngoscopy remain controversial. This trial aims to compare the efficacy for orotracheal intubation of the SP or the head-elevated laryngoscopy position (HELP), which has been shown to improve laryngeal visualization and the intubation condition particularly in obese patients, in combination with a McGrath Mac videolaryngoscope whose video screen is either on or off (Video or NoVideo).

Methods and analysis

The HELP-VDL factorial trial is a prospective, randomised, parallel, multicentre, open study of 240 adult patients undergoing tracheal intubation under general anaesthesia. Patients will be allocated into four groups: SP-NoVideo, HELP-NoVideo, SP-Video and HELP-Video. The primary outcome is the proportion of orotracheal intubations that requires the assistance of a nurse anaesthetist. The secondary outcomes include the intubation duration, the first intubation success rate, the quality of visualisation of the glottis, the glottis visualisation score, adjunctive manoeuvres and alternative techniques used, the occurrence of oesophageal intubation, failure of tracheal intubation, the incidence of arterial oxygen desaturation, the perception of a difficult intubation, the score on the Intubation Difficulty Scale, cooperation among the members of the anaesthesia team, the evolution of vital signs and the frequency and severity of intubation complications. Data will be analysed on the intention-to-treat principle and a per-protocol basis.

Ethics and dissemination

Ethics approval was obtained from the Ethical Committee Ile de France V (Paris, France). Participant recruitment began on 3 July 2019. The results will be submitted for publication in peer-reviewed journals.

Trial registration number

NCT03987009; Pre-results.
Community and freedom
Authors: D'Amelio Carolina , Ternavasio Federico , Morales Martín
Published: July 2020

This article reflects on approaches to community making, recounting the experience of a group of activists running two workshops in a prison in Argentina, working from a free software and free culture perspective.
Passages
Authors: Groce Alex
Published: July 2020

Federico Biancuzzi and Shane Warden's Masterminds of Programming: Conversations with the Creators of Major Programming Languages is a treasure. The book consists of interviews with the creators of, in order, C++, Python, APL, Forth, BASIC, AWK, Lua, Haskell, ML, SQL, Objective C, Java, C#, UML, Perl, PostScript, and Eiffel. Each chapter asks similar, but not identical questions, and the above-mentioned masterminds, including Larry Wall, James Gosling, Brian Kernighan, Bertrand Meyer, Robin Milner, Simon Peyton-Jones, Guido van Rossum, and Bjarne Stroustrop give a wide variety of answers. Some of the masterminds are charming, and many are contentious, even cranky; they are also, almost all, full of deep insights into the deepest problems of software engineering. This insight comes in two forms; first, programming languages are the mechanisms by which software engineering solutions are almost always produced. Second, perhaps even more importantly, creating and evolving a widely-used programming language is a heroic, Herculean, critical software engineering task. All of these masterminds have succeeded in a massive software engineering task; they are not mere ivory tower thinkers about software engineering, but have, in some cases, entire lives shaped by a single, extremely complex, software project. More on that key point below.
Double-blind is good but open would be better
Authors: Prechelt Lutz , Graziotin Daniel , Mendez Daniel
Published: July 2020

Peer review in software engineering is considered, same as for other disciplines, to be a key element of the research process, yet it is often perceived as not to work fully well. To understand the pains and gains in the peer review system, we ran a survey with open and closed questions with the authors and PC members of ICSE 2014/2015/2016. We received 241 responses (29% response rate). 67% of the respondents identified themselves as professors. We analyzed the responses quantitatively and qualitatively (with open coding). All questions were optional. Agreement scales had 10 points, so mild levels of agreement could be expressed but there was no undecided middle point. The resulting article appeared in Information and Software Technology in 2018 [1] and we also disclosed the anonymized data set [2].
Thoughts from a Not-So-Influential Educator
Authors: Wilson Greg
Published: July 2020

I was honored to receive ACM SIGSOFT's Influential Educator Award1 for 2020 this past April. I was also surprised: while I think I've helped scientists through Software Carpentry and other projects, nothing I've done in the last twenty years seems to have had much influence on software engineering.

It isn't for lack of trying. In the early 2000s I began teaching classes at the University of Toronto. One was titled "Software Architecture", and after three very frustrating offerings I told the department they should cancel it. The problem was that the half-dozen textbooks I read with "software architecture" in their titles spent hundreds of pages explaining how to elicit architectural requirements and how to document architectures, but devoted less than 20 pages in total to describing actual systems. Students memorized what I put in front of them and passed their exams, but it had no impact on how they thought or what they built.
An Experience Report on Second Workshop on Emerging Software Engineering Education
Authors: Tiwari Saurabh , Umar Farooq Sheikh , Tharayil Ranjith , Singh Paramvir
Published: July 2020

This experience report presents the summary, outcomes and experiences of the 2nd Workshop on Emerging Software Engineering Education (WESEE), co-located with Innovations in Software Engineering Conference (ISEC 2019) which was held on 14th February 2019 at College of Engineering, Pune (India). WESEE is an activity-oriented workshop and consists of an expert talk, two hands-on activities, and an open discussion session. We have collected a variety of data from the participants while conducting the two activities namely, 'wall of ideas' and 'design thinking'. We analyze the data gathered in the form of sticky notes, responses to worksheets, documented ideas, and feedback sheets. The data helped us to determine whether the workshop was successful and simultaneously we can plan for the next edition of the workshop by incorporating the feedback.
Uniform Loss Algorithms for Online Stochastic Decision-Making With Applications to Bin Packing
Authors: Banerjee Siddhartha , Freund Daniel
Published: July 2020

We consider a general class of finite-horizon online decision-making problems, where in each period a controller is presented a stochastic arrival and must choose an action from a set of permissible actions, and the final objective depends only on the aggregate type-action counts. Such a framework encapsulates many online stochastic variants of common optimization problems including bin packing, generalized assignment, and network revenue management. In such settings, we study a natural model-predictive control algorithm that in each period, acts greedily based on an updated certainty-equivalent optimization problem. We introduce a simple, yet general, condition under which this algorithm obtains uniform additive loss (independent of the horizon) compared to an optimal solution with full knowledge of arrivals. Our condition is fulfilled by the above-mentioned problems, as well as more general settings involving piece-wise linear objectives and offline index policies, including an airline overbooking problem.
Online Linear Optimization with Inventory Management Constraints
Authors: Yang Lin , Hajiesmaili Mohammad H. , Sitaraman Ramesh , Wierman Adam , Mallada Enrique , Wong Wing S.
Published: July 2020

This paper considers the problem of online linear optimization with inventory management constraints. Specifically, we consider an online scenario where a decision maker needs to satisfy her timevarying demand for some units of an asset, either from a market with a time-varying price or from her own inventory. In each time slot, the decision maker is presented a (linear) price and must immediately decide the amount to purchase for covering the demand and/or for storing in the inventory for future use. The inventory has a limited capacity and can be used to buy and store assets at low price and cover the demand when the price is high. The ultimate goal of the decision maker is to cover the demand at each time slot while minimizing the cost of buying assets from the market. We propose ARP, an online algorithm for linear programming with inventory constraints, and ARPRate, an extended version that handles rate constraints to/from the inventory. Both ARP and ARPRate achieve optimal competitive ratios, meaning that no other online algorithm can achieve a better theoretical guarantee. To illustrate the results, we use the proposed algorithms in a case study focused on energy procurement and storage management strategies for data centers.
On Time Synchronization Issues in Time-Sensitive Networks with Regulators and Nonideal Clocks
Authors: Thomas Ludovic , Le Boudec Jean-Yves
Published: July 2020

Flow reshaping is used in time-sensitive networks (as in the context of IEEE TSN and IETF Detnet) in order to reduce burstiness inside the network and to support the computation of guaranteed latency bounds. This is performed using per-flow regulators (such as the Token Bucket Filter) or interleaved regulators (as with IEEE TSN Asynchronous Traffic Shaping, ATS). Both types of regulators are beneficial as they cancel the increase of burstiness due to multiplexing inside the network. It was demonstrated, by using network calculus, that they do not increase the worst-case latency. However, the properties of regulators were established assuming that time is perfect in all network nodes. In reality, nodes use local, imperfect clocks. Time-sensitive networks exist in two flavours: (1) in non-synchronized networks, local clocks run independently at every node and their deviations are not controlled and (2) in synchronized networks, the deviations of local clocks are kept within very small bounds using for example a synchronization protocol (such as PTP) or a satellite based geo-positioning system (such as GPS). We revisit the properties of regulators in both cases. In non-synchronized networks, we show that ignoring the timing inaccuracies can lead to network instability due to unbounded delay in per-flow or interleaved regulators. We propose and analyze two methods (rate and burst cascade, and asynchronous dual arrival-curve method) for avoiding this problem. In synchronized networks, we show that there is no instability with perflow regulators but, surprisingly, interleaved regulators can lead to instability. To establish these results, we develop a new framework that captures industrial requirements on clocks in both nonsynchronized and synchronized networks, and we develop a toolbox that extends network calculus to account for clock imperfections.
Influence of Dental Pain and Tooth Sensitivity on the Intention to Quit Smoking among Schoolchildren
Authors: Nazir Muhammad , AlAbdullah Hassan , Alhareky Muhanad , Al-Ansari Asim , Alhumaid Jehan
Published: July 2020

Objective. To evaluate the association between oral health problems and sociodemographic factors with the intention to quit smoking and join the tobacco cessation program among schoolchildren. Materials and Methods. This cross-sectional study included a sample of 10–12 grade male students from public high schools in different cities of the Eastern province of Saudi Arabia. Schoolchildren responded to a pilot-tested questionnaire about self-reported oral health problems and the intention to quit smoking. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed. Results. Out of 587 schoolchildren, 199 were smokers with a smoking prevalence of 33.9%. Significantly higher proportions of smokers than nonsmokers had tooth sensitivity (P = 0.029) and dryness of the mouth (P = 0.001). Most smokers (75.9%) had a family history of smoking, and 51.8% started smoking within the last two years. Tooth sensitivity (56.3%), dental cavities (52.8%), and dental pain (44.7%) were highly prevalent among smokers. About one-third of smokers expressed their intention to quit smoking (38.2%) and join a smoking cessation program (33.7%). Tooth sensitivity (OR = 3.7, P = 0.004) and dental pain (OR = 2.84, P = 0.014) were significantly associated with quitting smoking. In addition, smokers with tooth sensitivity (OR = 3.22, P = 0.007) had higher odds of joining a smoking cessation program than those without tooth sensitivity. The smokers who started smoking within the last two years (OR = 3.97, P = 0.002) were more likely to quit smoking than those who initiated smoking for more than two years. Conclusion. Oral health problems were highly prevalent among smokers. Tooth sensitivity was significantly associated with quitting smoking and joining a cessation program in children. The awareness about the adverse effects of smoking on oral health should be part of regional, national, and global tobacco prevention policies and programs.
Gingival Melanin Depigmentation by 808 nm Diode Laser: Report of a Case
Authors: Chagra Jade , Bouguezzi Adel , Sioud Sameh , Hentati Hajer , Selmi Jamil
Published: July 2020

Gingival hyperpigmentation frequently poses an aesthetic problem, especially in patients with gingival smile. This paper presents the use of a 808 nm pulsed diode laser for gingival depigmentation in a 22-year-old male patient, with a frequency of 20,000 Hz, a peak power of 5 W, and a pulse width of 26 microseconds, using a 400 nm flexible optic fiber. The hyperpigmented gingival tissue was removed without bleeding or postoperative pain. Three weeks later, the gum resumed its normal, firm, and pink appearance. No significant recurrence was noted after a follow-up of 4 months. However, perfect control of this device is necessary to avoid certain consequences such as bone exposure or gingival fenestrations.