bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Emotional Competence
Authors: Davis Sarah K. , Qualter Pamela
Published: January 2020

Emotional competence (EC) is a multifaceted construct encompassing a broad range of emotion‐related skills (e.g., perception) and dispositional qualities (e.g., self‐efficacy) that are considered important for psychological, social, and educational adjustment across adolescence. This entry describes how EC is defined and measured, together with developmental changes in EC across the adolescent period. Emotional intelligence theory offers a holistic framework for organizing EC research. Using that framework as a guide, evidence linking emotional skills and emotion‐related dispositions to mental health and academic outcomes in adolescence is critically examined, with particular attention paid to considering whether EC is useful for buffering the effects of stress. School‐training programs designed to increase EC and to reduce internalizing and externalizing problems are also discussed. The entry concludes by suggesting ways in which the field may progress to more fully elucidate the role of EC in adolescent adaptation.
Personality Theories
Authors: Brandes Cassandra M. , Reardon Kathleen W. , Tackett Jennifer L.
Published: January 2020

The study of personality development has seen significant advances since the 1990s. For many years, youth and adult individual differences were studied from separate theoretical standpoints. However, more recent research has indicated that teenagers display personality traits in many of the same ways as adults. These personality traits are moderately stable throughout the life course, but there are important developmental shifts in their expression, structure, and maturation, especially in adolescence. This has resulted in an effort to study youth personality “in its own right.” Early personality associations with important lifelong outcomes—including academic achievement, mental health, and interpersonal relationships—further underscore the importance of studying traits in youth. This entry discusses the current consensus and controversies on adolescent personality and highlights foundational research on the topic.
Transgender Youth
Authors: Boskey Elizabeth R.
Published: January 2020

Transgender youth exhibit a gender identity that does not align with their assigned sex at birth. These youth are at elevated risk of a number of emotional and behavioral health problems including depression, substance use, and suicide. The elevated risks are not thought to reflect any underlying pathology in transgender youth. Instead, behavioral and emotional problems among transgender youth reflect both a reaction to discordance between the self and the physical body and to social stigmatization of transgender identities.
Romantic Relationship Development
Authors: Szwedo David E. , Kansky Jessica
Published: January 2020

Romantic relationships in adolescence develop out of peer interactions that help to create a foundation for romantic involvement. Romantic involvement progresses in stages from infatuation to intimacy, and is influenced by biological, social, and psychological changes that occur throughout adolescence. Moreover, adolescent romantic relationships develop within the contexts of societal and cultural norms and behaviors as well as those learned from parents, peers, and previous romantic partners. The health and quality of these romantic relationships are furthermore determined by individual differences in the timing of relationships and sexual activity, mental health, emotion regulation abilities, and communication skills. The development of positive, healthy romantic relationships during adolescence is an instrumental precursor to forming satisfying romantic relationships in adulthood.
Normative Sexual Development and Milestones
Authors: Wesche Rose , Lefkowitz Eva S.
Published: January 2020

The normative perspective on sexual development proposes that sexual behavior in adolescence is expected and can be beneficial to well‐being. Furthermore, this perspective proposes that sexuality includes diverse sexual behaviors and cognitions. The normative perspective informs understanding of adolescent sexual milestones. Most individuals first engage in sexual behaviors, which may include anything from kissing to penetrative sex, during adolescence. In addition to these behaviors, sexual self‐concept, including sexual identities and sexual desire, usually develops during this same period. These components of sexuality have implications for physical, mental, and relationship health. Although adolescents may be at higher risk for experiencing negative outcomes of sexual behavior than younger and older individuals, many adolescents also experience positive outcomes, including better‐quality relationships and less psychological distress. Understanding normative sexual development has led to policy shifts in sexual education, including recent trends away from abstinence‐only education in favor of more comprehensive programs.
Pregnancy
Authors: Weed Keri
Published: January 2020

A developmental perspective on the impact of adolescent pregnancy in the lives of young women and young men considers both stability and change. Stability occurs as life trajectories following an adolescent pregnancy are often consistent with trajectories prior to the pregnancy. However, adolescent pregnancy also has the potential to transform the lives of young women and young men. Psychological and physical changes may be multidirectional, with the direction of change depending on individual characteristics and the context of the pregnancy. Prenatal care, reactions of others, and legislation all have the potential to impact the degree to which pregnancy‐related changes are mostly positive or mostly negative. Research goals include increased focus on the dynamic interaction between early life trajectories and transformation changes associated with adolescent pregnancy.
Pregnancy Decision Making: Abortion and Adoption
Authors: Mavuso Jabulile Mary‐Jane Jace , Macleod Catriona Ida
Published: January 2020

Pregnancy decision making encompasses a large range of interactions, including decisions and actions to avoid pregnancy or to become pregnant. This entry addresses the question of decision making regarding the outcome of a pregnancy: abortion or taking the pregnancy to term, with the latter resulting in parenting or adoption placement. Adolescents' pregnancy decision making has been a special area of focus for some decades now, particularly regarding whether adolescents are capable of making termination‐of‐pregnancy decisions. This entry highlights controversies concerning, first, teenage pregnancy as a social problem; second, risk research that seeks to outline the consequences of various reproductive decisions; third, questions around adolescents' maturity regarding making reproductive decisions; fourth, the reasons provided for various reproductive decisions; and, finally, issues surrounding the autonomy of young pregnant women in their reproductive decisions.
Eating Disorders
Authors: Askew Autumn J. , Haynos Ann F.
Published: January 2020

Eating disorders are a category of mental disorders that typically develop during adolescence. These disorders are characterized by abnormalities in eating habits and discomfort relating to the weight and shape of one's body. Effective diagnosis and treatment of these disorders are essential, as they are associated with a variety of serious medical conditions and a heightened risk of premature death, including by suicide. This entry describes the major eating disorder diagnoses, including their symptomology, assessment, and treatment.
Self‐Harm
Authors: English Oliver , Ougrin Dennis
Published: January 2020

Suicide is a leading cause of death in young people. Self‐harm is the strongest predictor of death by suicide. At least 10% of young people will have self‐harmed by self‐injury or self‐poisoning by the time they finish school. The number of young people with self‐harm has been increasing, especially among adolescent girls. Several randomized controlled trials (RCTs), particularly based on mentalization‐based treatment, dialectical behavior therapy, or cognitive–behavioral therapy, have shown promise in reducing self‐harm in young people. Future research should focus on refining the definition of self‐harm, understanding the cost implications of self‐harm, and replicating the initial positive results of the RCTs in further trials by independent research groups.
A technique to reduce skin toxicity in radiotherapy treatment planning for esophageal cancer
Authors: Yang Wanfu , Yang Zhihua , Zhao Ting , Ding Wei , Kong Wei , Wang Pan , Ye Hongqiang , Zhang Zixin , Shang Jun
Published: January 2020

Purpose

To demonstrate a specific skin dose limiting technique in radiotherapy treatment planning for esophageal cancer and carry out a comparative analysis combining with clinical cases.

Material and methods

Thirty patients with cervical and upper thoracic esophageal carcinoma previously treated in our institution were selected. A treatment plan had been finished previously according to the planning parameters directives from physician and delivered for each patient. In this study, we copied the previously delivered plans in radiotherapy treatment planning system and converted a low dose level (usually 5Gy) to a skin dose limiting structure (SDLS), then we set the objective functions of the SDLS in the Pinnacle Inverse Planning module and re‐optimize the plans to reduce the skin doses. Finally, we compared the dose distribution and other parameters of target volume and organs at risk (OARs) between the old plans and the new plans.

Results

There was no significant difference in most of OARs sparing. However, for all plans, the maximum dose to the SDLS decreased from 6145.90 ± 416.96 cGy to 5562.09 ± 616.69 cGy with maximum difference of 1361.30 cGy (P < 0.05), the percentage volume of 40Gy received by the SDLS decreased from (10.20 ± 6.36)% to (5.46 ± 4084)% with maximum difference of 9.89% (P < 0.05). For the target volume, there was no significant difference in the average dose and maximum dose, the approximate minimum dose to the target volume decreased from 5711.28 ± 164.61 cGy to 5584.93 ± 157.70 cGy (P < 0.05), the conformal index and homogeneity index of the target volume were hardly changed.

Conclusion

In radiotherapy treatment planning for esophageal cancer patients, the skin dose can be significantly reduced using the skin dose limiting technique, and the impact on the dose to target volume and OARs is little, this technique can be used in most radiotherapy treatment planning.
The influence of alcohol and weapon presence on eyewitness memory and confidence
Authors: Harvey Alistair J. , Shrimpton Braden , Azzopardi Zoe , O'Grady Katherine , Hicks Emily , Hirst Emily , Atkinson‐Cox Keenan
Published: January 2020

In this quasi‐experimental field study, bar drinkers (0.00–0.23% blood alcohol content) viewed a photographic sequence in which a male took a laptop from a helpdesk assistant, either on loan or at gunpoint. Following a brief retention period, participants answered 20 multiple‐choice questions about the male, his actions, and details of the scene, then attempted to identify him from a simultaneous target‐present or target‐absent line‐up. Alcohol was associated with a reduction in correct identifications and an increase in false identifications. Surprisingly, the presence of a weapon in the scene enhanced identification accuracy, though wider scene memory was not influenced by alcohol or the weapon. Findings offer some support for the view that alcohol restricts face encoding, perhaps through the narrowing of attention to salient external features (e.g., hair). We also suggest that curiosity about mock‐crime perpetrators may produce weapon focus reversals, although the factors that might elicit such curiosity remain unclear.
Enantioselective Michael Addition Reaction Catalysed by Enantiopure Binuclear Nickel(II) Close‐Ended Helicates
Authors: Chinnaraja Eswaran , Arunachalam Rajendran , Samanta Krishanu , Natarajan Ramalingam , Subramanian Palani S.
Published: January 2020

The enantiopure Ni(II) helicates [Ni2L1RR.Cl2] (1), [Ni2L1SS.Cl2] (1′), [Ni2L2RR.Cl2] (2), [Ni2L2SS.Cl2] (2′) were synthesized by one‐pot self‐assembly technique from R‐(+)‐ or S‐(−)‐1,1′‐binaphthyl‐2,2′‐diamine, with 4‐methyl‐2,6‐diformyl phenol or 4‐tert‐butyl‐2,6‐diformyl phenol and nickel salts. This binuclear double stranded Ni(II) helicates were characterized by ESI‐MS, IR and single crystal X‐ray structure wherever applicable. The extensive chiroptical studies suggest that the complexes are enantiopure in nature. The chirality transfer from ligand L1RR & L2RR to Ni(II) metal centre produced ΔΔ geometrical chirality, while their enantiomeric counterpart L1SS & L2SS produced ΛΛ chirality in their respective complexes.These enantiopure helicates were applied as catalysts in asymmetric Michael addition of 1,3‐dicarbonyl compounds with β‐nitrostyrene to produce nitroalkanes in good yield (96–98%) and ee (78–94%).

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Dinitrogen Activation by Tricoordinated Boron Species: A Systematic Design
Authors: Rouf Alvi Muhammad , Dai Chenshu , Xu Fangzhou , Zhu Jun
Published: January 2020

Molecular nitrogen (N2), an abundant component of the atmosphere, is appealing for industrial value‐added products. However, its intrinsic inertness limits its activation to mainly metallic species. Environmental concerns and harsh reaction conditions have resulted in a demand for alternate nonmetallic and nontoxic routes to activate and functionalize N2 at ambient conditions. Comprehensive density functional theory (DFT) calculations are performed on N2 activation by boron species, specifically for the experimentally more accessible tricoordinated boron compounds. Subsequently designed frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) combining screened N‐heterocyclic carbene with boron moieties can make N2 activation both kinetically and thermodynamically favorable, displaying high potential for metal‐free N2 activation. The significant thermodynamic stability of the products stabilized by aromaticity and low activation barriers could be a breakthrough for the development of FLP chemistry on metal‐free N2 activation.
Energy‐Efficient Ultrafast SOT‐MRAMs Based on Low‐Resistivity Spin Hall Metal Au0.25Pt0.75
Authors: Zhu Lijun , Zhu Lujun , Shi Shengjie , Ralph Daniel C. , Buhrman Robert A.
Published: January 2020

Many key electronic technologies (e.g., large‐scale computing, machine learning, and superconducting electronics) require new memories that are at the same time fast, reliable, energy‐efficient, and of low‐impedance, which has remained a challenge. Nonvolatile magnetoresistive random access memories (MRAMs) driven by spin–orbit torques (SOTs) have promise to be faster and more energy‐efficient than conventional semiconductor and spin‐transfer‐torque magnetic memories. It is reported that the spin Hall effect of low‐resistivity Au0.25Pt0.75 thin films enables ultrafast antidamping‐torque switching of SOT‐MRAM devices for current pulse widths as short as 200 ps. If combined with industrial‐quality lithography and already‐demonstrated interfacial engineering, an optimized MRAM cell based on Au0.25Pt0.75 can have energy‐efficient, ultrafast, and reliable switching, for example, a write energy of <1 fJ (<50 fJ) for write error rate of 50% (<10−5) for 1 ns pulses. The antidamping torque switching of the Au0.25Pt0.75 devices is ten times faster than expected from a rigid macrospin model, most likely because of the fast micromagnetics due to the enhanced nonuniformity within the free layer. The feasibility of Au0.25Pt0.75‐based SOT‐MRAMs as a candidate for ultrafast, reliable, energy‐efficient, low‐impedance, and unlimited‐endurance memory is demonstrated.
Artificial Sensitive Skin for Robotics Based on Electrical Impedance Tomography
Authors: Liu Kai , Wu Yang , Wang Song , Wang Huan , Chen Huaijin , Chen Bai , Yao Jiafeng
Published: January 2020

Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) is a noninvasive measurement technique that estimates the internal resistivity distribution based on the boundary voltage–current data measured from the surface of the conductor. If a thin stretchable soft material with a certain piezoresistive property is used as the electrical conductor, EIT has the ability to reconstruct the position where the resistivity changes due to the inside pressure contact, so that a large‐scale artificial sensitive skin is provided for robotics. First, the different conduction principles and material types of artificial sensitive skins are discussed, which is next followed by the different driving modes and image reconstruction techniques. Then, details on how EIT is used for robotic skin applications are described. Finally, the development trends and future potentials of EIT‐based robotic skins are expounded.
Stabile Calciumcarbonat‐Pränukleationscluster bestimmen die Flüssig‐flüssig‐Phasenseparation
Authors: Avaro Jonathan T. , Wolf Stefan L. P. , Hauser Karin , Gebauer Denis
Published: January 2020

Flüssig‐flüssig‐Phasenseparation (liquid‐liquid phase separation, LLPS) ist eine Zwischenstufe während der Fällung von Calciumcarbonat und man vermutet, dass sie eine entscheidende Rolle in Biomineralisationsprozessen spielt. In diesem Artikel stellen wir ein Modell vor, in dem die Flüssig‐flüssig‐Mischungslücke im wässrigen Calciumcarbonatsystem durch die Thermodynamik der Ionenassoziation in der homogenen Phase bestimmt wird, was experimentell durch potentiometrische Titrationen und kinetische Studien mittels ATR‐FTIR‐Spektroskopie bestätigt wird. Der vorgeschlagene Mechanismus erklärt die variable Löslichkeit von amorphen Calciumcarbonaten und räumt Widersprüche in Literaturdaten aus. Da flüssig‐flüssig amorphe Polymorphie berücksichtigt wird, liefert das Modell Hinweise zum Mechanismus der Polymorphselektion. Es ist allgemein und sollte für andere Systeme als Calciumcarbonat überprüft werden. Ausgehend von stabilen Pränukleationsclustern anstelle von in‐ oder metastabilen Fluktuationen ergibt sich ein neuer Blickwinkel auf die physikalische Chemie der Flüssig‐flüssig‐Phasenseparationen in Biomineralisationsprozessen und darüber hinaus.
Hypolipidemic and hepatoprotective synergistic effects of selenium nanoparticles and vitamin. E against acrylamide‐induced hepatic alterations in male albino mice
Authors: Hamza Reham Z. , EL‐Megharbel Samy M. , Altalhi Tariq , Gobouri Adil A. , Alrogi Ashjan Ayad
Published: January 2020

The potential benefit of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) and vitamin E (Vit.E) that they are potent antioxidants , they were used as antioxidants against acrylamide (ACR) hepatotoxicity, ACR is found in the starchy foods that had been heated for long periods in high degrees above 120°C. So the aim of the current study was to elucidate the antihyperlipidemic and hepatoprotective effects of either SeNPs and/or Vit.E against ACR toxicity, SeNPs were characterized by SEM, EDX, TEM and they proved their spherical nanostructure. Zeta potential value was –22.9 mv with particle size with a diameter range (48.75‐67.24 nm) which proved the high stability of the used SeNPs. Seven groups of male mice were used: group I was control,group II ACR,group III was treated with SeNPs, IV group was received Vit.E and groups V,VI received ACR plus SeNPs and ACR plus Vit.E, group VII was given combination of SeNPs and Vit.E plus ACR,So,The effect of SeNPs and/or Vit.E were monitored against ACR hepatotoxicity and hyperlipidemia. ACR administration afforded significant elevation in the hepatic enzymes with severe alterations in the lipid metabolism. These findings clarified the efficacy of SeNPs and Vit.E by declining the high hepatic enzymes activities induced by ACR along with improving the lipid profile, elevation of the antioxidant enzymes (SOD,CAT and GRx), reduction of MDA level, improving histological and ultrastructutral hepatic tissues and restoration of most normal structures that were damaged in ACR group. So, SeNPs and/or Vit.E were proved to enhance the hepatic antioxidant capacities.
Interaction of carbon nanotubes with curcumin: Effect of temperature and pH on simultaneous static and dynamic fluorescence quenching of curcumin using carbon nanotubes
Authors: Youssef Lucia , Patra Digambara
Published: January 2020

Curcumin (Cur) has medicinal properties, undergoes hydrolysis, and has low water solubility that limits its bioavailability and industrial usage. Different host molecules such as carbon nanotubes (CNT) can be useful in improving solubility and stabilizing Cur, therefore understanding the interaction of Cur with host molecules such as CNT is crucial. In this study, UV–visible light absorption and fluorescence spectroscopic techniques have been applied to reveal the interaction of Cur with CNT. Visible light absorption of Cur increases with CNT concentration, whereas fluorescence intensity of Cur is quenched in the presence of CNT. The obtained results confirm that fluorescence reduction is due to both static and dynamic quenching and is a result of the ground state and excited‐state complex formation. The pH environment influences the quenching rate due to deprotonation of Cur at higher pH; excess OH‐ ion concentration in the solution further discourages electrostatic interaction between the deprotonated form of Cur with CNT. It is found that at lower temperatures (<35°C) dynamic quenching is much more dominant and at higher temperatures (45°C) static quenching is more dominant. The interaction is further supported using X‐ray diffraction patterns and Fourier transform infrared spectra in the solid state, and suggests encapsulation of curcumin within the CNT. It is further evident that fluorescence quenching of Cur using CNT is further enhanced in the presence of several salts, as increase in ionic strength of the solution pushes the hydrophobic Cur molecule towards the CNT core by increasing the proximity between them.
Before you click: Publishing accessible websites
Authors: Taylor Zachary W. , LaRonde Susan , Taylor M. Yvonne
Published: January 2020

As technology has advanced in recent years, institutions of higher education have the ability to present digital information in a variety of formats: visual, audio, and interactive. Web accessibility technology has also advanced, allowing students who are deaf, blind, or have other disabilities to access digital content in a variety of formats. For instance, “screen reader” technologies have made it possible for students who are blind to read an entire website, engage with multimedia, and enjoy a web experience that was formerly reserved exclusively for students without disabilities. Technology has increased students with disabilities’ access to and user experience on the internet, yet many institutions of higher education have lagged behind in making their sites fully accessible.
Versatile 3′ Functionalization of CRISPR Single Guide RNA
Authors: Palumbo Cody M. , Gutierrez‐Bujari Jeton M. , O'Geen Henriette , Segal David J. , Beal Peter A.
Published: January 2020

Specific applications of CRISPR/Cas genome editing systems benefit from chemical modifications of the sgRNA. Herein we describe a versatile and efficient strategy for functionalization of the 3′‐end of a sgRNA. An exemplary collection of six chemically modified sgRNAs was prepared containing crosslinkers, a fluorophore and biotin. Modification of the sgRNA 3′‐end was broadly tolerated by Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9 in an in vitro DNA cleavage assay. The 3′‐biotinylated sgRNA was used as an affinity reagent to identify IGF2BP1, YB1 and hnRNP K as sgRNA‐binding proteins present in HEK293T cells. Overall, the modification strategy presented here has the potential to expand on current applications of CRISPR/Cas systems.
Notch receptor expression in Trypanosoma cruzi‐infected human umbilical vein endothelial cells treated with benznidazole or simvastatin revealed by microarray analysis
Authors: Campos‐Estrada Carolina , González‐Herrera Fabiola , Greif Gonzalo , Carillo Ileana , Guzmán‐Rivera Daniela , Liempi Ana , Robello Carlos , Kemmerling Ulrike , Castillo Christian , Maya Juan Diego
Published: January 2020

Chagas disease is a vector‐borne disease caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. Current therapy involves benznidazole. Benznidazole and other drugs can modify gene expression patterns, improving the response to the inflammatory influx induced by T. cruzi and decreasing the endothelial activation or immune cell recruitment, among other effects. Here, we performed a microarray analysis of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) treated with benznidazole and the anti‐inflammatory drugs acetylsalicylic acid or simvastatin and infected with T. cruzi. Parasitic infection produces differential expression of a set of genes in HUVECs treated with benznidazole alone or a combination with simvastatin or acetylsalicylic acid. The differentially expressed genes were involved in inflammation, adhesion, cardiac function, and remodeling. Notch1 and high mobility group B1 were genes of interest in this analysis due to their importance in placental development, cardiac development, and inflammation. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction confirmation of these two genes indicated that both are upregulated in the presence of benznidazole.
Dual‐Strategy to Construct Aqueous‐Based Symmetric Supercapacitors with High Volumetric Energy Density
Authors: Zhang Li , Wu Dandan , Ma Quanhu , Wang Gaowei , Liu Ziqiang , Chang Meixia , Yan Xingbin
Published: January 2020

Carbon‐based supercapacitors have been widely used in electric vehicles because of their high‐power density, long cycle life and fast charge/discharge rates. However, low volumetric energy density severely limits their application for miniaturized electronic devices. Here, we have demonstrated a carbon‐based symmetric supercapacitor by using a three‐dimensional porous graphene with high density as the electrode material and a 17 M NaClO4 water‐in‐salt electrolyte with a 2.1 V electrochemical stability window. The device exhibited high specific capacitance (145.3 F cm−3 at 0.5 A g−1), excellent rate performance (70.0 % capacitance retention even at 50 A g−1), high volumetric energy density (22.3 Wh L−1 at 333.4 W L−1 based on the total mass of active materials) and excellent cycle stability with 99.1 % capacitance retention after 10,000 cycles at 5 A g−1. The performance of this device was superior to the most current supercapacitors based on carbon materials. This effective dual‐strategy of simultaneously regulating capacitance and potential window can greatly promote the further development of aqueous carbon‐based supercapacitors.
Electroreduction of Oxygen on Carbide‐Derived Carbon Supported Pd Catalysts
Authors: Lüsi Madis , Erikson Heiki , Sarapuu Ave , Merisalu Maido , Rähn Mihkel , Treshchalov Alexey , Paiste Päärn , Käärik Maike , Leis Jaan , Sammelselg Väino , Kaljuvee Tiit , Tammeveski Kaido
Published: January 2020

Pd catalyst was deposited onto various carbide‐derived carbons (CDC) that were prepared from TiC, Mo2C and SiC. Specific surface area and pore size distribution of the Pd/CDC materials were measured. Microwave plasma assisted atomic emission spectroscopy was carried out to give information about the amount of Pd deposited. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies revealed that CDC was uniformly covered by fine Pd particles, the size of which was further analysed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) on Pd/CDC catalysts was studied in KOH and HClO4 solutions. These electrocatalysts showed higher specific activities for ORR as compared to the commercial Pd/C catalyst.
Charge‐Assisted Chalcogen Bonds: CSD and DFT Analyses and Biological Implication in Glucosidase Inhibitors
Authors: Galmés Bartomeu , Juan‐Bals Aida , Frontera Antonio , Resnati Giuseppe
Published: January 2020

This study reports a combined Cambridge Structural Database and theoretical DFT study of charge assisted chalcogen bonds involving sulfonium, selenonium, and telluronium cations. The chalcogen bond has been recently defined by IUPAC as thenet attractive interaction between an electrophilic region associated with a chalcogen atom in a molecular entity and a nucleophilic region in another, or the same, molecular entity. Divalent chalcogen atoms typically have up to two σ‐holes and forms up to two ChBs; the same holds for tetravalent chalcogens which adopt a seesaw arrangement. In sulfonium, selenonium, and telluronium salts chalcogen atoms form three covalent bonds, three σ‐holes are located opposite to these bonds, and up to three charge assisted ChBs can be formed between these holes and the counterions. The covalent bond arrangement around these chalcogen atoms is similar to trivalent pnictogen atoms and translates into a similar pattern of noncovalent interactions. We have found and studied this type of charge‐assisted chalcogen bonds in various sulfonium ion‐containing inhibitors of glucosidase, for example, salacinol and kotalanol.
Process monitoring method based on correlation variable classification and vine copula
Authors: Cui Qun , Li Shaojun
Published: January 2020

Chemical processes are becoming increasingly complicated, leading to an increase in process variables and more complex relationships among them. The vine copula has a significant advantage in portraying the dependence of high‐dimensional variables. However, as the dimensions increase, the vine copula model incurs a high computational load; such pressure greatly reduces model efficiency. Relationships among variables in the industrial process are complex. Different variables may be strongly or weakly associated or even independent. This paper proposes a process monitoring method based on correlation variable classification and vine copula. The weighted correlation measure is first used to divide variables into a correlated subspace and weakly correlated subspace. Then, two vine structures, C‐vine and D‐vine, are applied to the correlated and weakly correlated subspaces, respectively. This method takes advantage of C‐vine for correlated variables and the flexibility of D‐vine for weakly correlated variables. Finally, comprehensive statistics are established based on different subspaces. Monitoring results of the numerical system and the Tennessee Eastman process demonstrate the effectiveness and validity of the proposed method.
Comparing between second‐generation cryoballoon vs open‐irrigated radiofrequency ablation in elderly patients: Acute and long‐term outcomes
Authors: Chen Chao‐feng , Zhong Yi‐gang , Jin Chao‐lun , Gao Xiao‐fei , Liu Xiao‐hua , Xu Yi‐zhou
Published: January 2020

Background

Limited comparative data are available regarding catheter ablation (CA) of atrial fibrillation (AF) using second‐generation cryoballoon (CB‐2) vs radiofrequency (RF) ablation in elderly patients (>75‐year‐old).

Hypothesis

CB‐2 ablation may demonstrate different outcomes compared with that using RF ablation for elderly patients with AF.

Method

Elderly patients with symptomatic drug‐refractory AF were included in the study. Pulmonary vein isolation was performed in all patients.

Results

A total of 324 elderly patients were included (RF: 176, CB‐2:148) from September 2016 to April 2019. The CB‐2 was associated with shorter procedure time and left atrial dwell time (112.9 ± 11.1 vs 135.1 ± 9.9 minutes, P < .001; 53.7 ± 8.9 vs 65.1.9 ± 9.0 minutes, P < .001), but marked fluoroscopy utilization (22.1 ± 3.3 vs 18.5 ± 3.6 minutes, P < .001). Complications occurred in 3.3% (CB‐2) and 6.2% (RF) of patients with no significant different (P = .307). The length of stay after ablation was shorter, but the costs were higher in the CB‐2 group (1.94 vs 2.53 days, P < .001 and 91 132.6 ± 3723.5 vs 81 149.4 ± 6824.1 CNY, P < .001) compared to the RF group. Additionally, the rate of early recurrence of atrial arrhythmia was lower in the CB‐2 group (14.2 vs 23.3%, P = .047), but the long‐term success rate was similar between two groups.

Conclusions

CB‐2 is associated with shorter procedure time, left atrial dwell time, and length of stay after ablation, but its costs and fluoroscopy time are greater than the RF group. Moreover, the rate of complications and long‐term success are similar between the two groups.
Gelless Secondary Growth of Zeolitic Aluminophosphate Membranes on Porous Supports with High Performance in CO2/CH4 Separation
Authors: Le Quang Thanh , Nguyen Duy Hoai‐Phuong , Nguyen Nha Minh , Nguyen Duy Phuc‐Hoang , Nguyen Ty Minh , Nguyen Tung Ngoc , Pham Tung Cao‐Thanh
Published: January 2020

Zeolitic aluminophosphate, a three‐dimensional microporous material, with an average pore size of 0.38 nm is good candidate for molecular sieve application in CO2 gas separation. The separation of CO2/CH4 gas mixtures for precombustion processes is desirable from the standpoint of both environmental concerns and energy efficiency. This study concerns an environmentally friendly method to synthesize zeolitic aluminophosphate thin films on various configurations and low‐cost kaolin porous substrates with high performance in the separation of CO2/CH4 mixtures. The membranes are prepared by a gelless seed growth method that uses lower amounts of chemicals, forms no liquid gel, chemical waste, or byproducts and generates no washing water. The obtained membranes show very high selectivity for CO2 with a CO2/CH4 separation factor above 1000 in the separation of CO2/CH4 gas mixtures.
Comparison of two cold atmospheric pressure plasma jet configurations in argon
Authors: Jõgi Indrek , Talviste Rasmus , Raud Sirli , Raud Jüri , Plank Toomas , Moravský Ladislav , Klas Matej , Matejčík Štefan
Published: January 2020

The present study compares the operation of two cold atmospheric plasma jet (CAPJ) configurations: needle‐to‐cylinder electrode configuration (CAPJ I) and single high‐voltage cylinder electrode around the quartz tube (CAPJ II). The CAPJs were operated in argon flowing through a quartz capillary with 0.5‐mm inner diameter into the ambient air, and the plasma was generated by sinusoidal kHz frequency AC power supplies. The main emphasis of the study was on the mechanism of the initiation of ionization waves for these two configurations. For both CAPJs, there appeared several ionization waves during one half‐period of the applied voltage waveform, and the number of ionization waves increased at higher voltage amplitudes. However, we discovered marked differences in the initiation of the ionization waves for two different CAPJ configuration. The applied voltage controlled the initiation of consecutive ionization waves, which propagated from the grounded electrode towards the tube orifice in CAPJ I. In the case of CAPJ II, certain time had to pass for the initiation of a new ionization wave, and subsequent ionization waves within the same half‐period started at the tube orifice. In addition to the differences in the initiation of the ionization waves, we observed that the CAPJ I was ignited and sustained at lower voltages, while CAPJ II produced a longer plasma jet. The observed advantages and deficiencies of investigated CAPJ configurations point out their potential in different applications.
Multiattribute‐based routing for lifetime maximization in opportunistic mobile social networks
Authors: M Syed Rabiya , Ramar Ramalakshmi
Published: January 2020

With the advancement in wireless technology and portable devices, smart phones have become one of the belongings of human being. People share their data online, but it has limitations due to transmission range and mobility. Yet opportunistic mobile social network enables users to share data online even if there is no connected path between source and destination. The widespread use of mobile phones equipped with WiFi, Bluetooth, and several other components and contact opportunities among humans bridge the gap between internet available and nonavailable area. In this paper, we have proposed a new routing approach which utilizes both spatial and temporal attributes of user such as probability to meet a particular location and remaining intercontact time between two nodes to select better relay nodes. Generally, users visit different locations such as sports stadium and mall, with varying probability. Users with similar interest form group, and each user has different intercontact time with other users according to their point of interest and visiting pattern. By utilizing multiattributes, different forwarding strategies have been devised for both inter and intragroup routing. The proposed work “point of interest (PoI)‐based routing” is implemented in Opportunistic Network Environment simulator, and the performance is analysed in terms of delivery rate, latency, overhead, goodput, and energy consumed. The simulation results show that PoI diminishes 23% of overhead and yields 24% improvement in goodput over the state‐of‐the‐art protocol. Thus, the simulation results reveal that our proposed work provides the balance between routing performance and resource consumption.
Definitions and criteria for diabetic foot disease
Authors: van Netten Jaap J. , Bus Sicco A. , Apelqvist Jan , Lipsky Benjamin A. , Hinchliffe Robert J. , Game Frances , Rayman Gerry , Lazzarini Peter A. , Forsythe Rachael O. , Peters Edgar J.G. , Senneville Éric , Vas Prashanth , Monteiro‐Soares Matilde , Schaper Nicolaas C. ,   on behalf of the International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot
Published: January 2020

Multiple disciplines are involved in the management of diabetic foot disease, and a common vocabulary is essential for clear communication. Based on the systematic reviews of the literature that form the basis of the International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot (IWGDF) Guidelines, the IWGDF has developed a set of definitions and criteria for diabetic foot disease. This document describes these definitions and criteria. We suggest these definitions be used consistently in both clinical practice and research to facilitate clear communication between professionals.
Active Porous Electrodes Prepared by Ultrasonic‐bath and their Application in Glucose/O2 Electrochemical Reactions
Authors: Caneppele Gabriella L. , Reis Diogo D. , Goncalves Alem‐Mar B. , Da Silva Gabriel C. , Martins Cauê A.
Published: January 2020

Most of the practical applications in electrocatalysis require porous electrodes, built by dispersing the nanoparticles (NPs) on a gas diffusion layer, as carbon paper (CP). The lack of correlation between classic measurements in clean, controlled surfaces and thin films with those of porous electrodes, used in practical application, is largely neglected. Since catalysis depends on the area available, it is clear that the distribution of the NPs on the porous material is pivotal to the efficiency of the catalyst. Here we show a low‐cost method to disperse NPs on CP assisted in ultrasonic bath. Such method improves the Pt/C NPs distribution over the CP compared to the immersion method. As proof‐of‐concept, we show an increase in output current by using Pt/C/CP for 10 mM glucose electrooxidation and O2 eletroreduction in buffered solution at 37 °C, which is ascribed to the increase in collision factor. Furthermore, the cathodic reaction is facilitated compared to electrodes prepared by immersion, yielding an unprecedented open circuit voltage of 800 mV for the coupled reaction. The glucose/oxygen reaction is also investigated in passive flow in an H‐type cell to produce power. This concept shows promising application to build any kind of porous electrodes with improved area utilization.
Inferring sediment transfers and functional connectivity of rivers from repeat topographic surveys
Authors: Calle Mikel , Calle Javier , Alho Petteri , Benito Gerardo
Published: January 2020

High‐resolution topographic models have revolutionized monitoring of river changes by comparing sequential river topographic surveys (i.e. change detection). Nevertheless, much more may be obtained from this innovative quantification of changes. In this paper, we enhance the interpretation of geomorphic processes by presenting a new method for understanding of sources and sinks of sediment, river sediment transfers and functional sediment connectivity. Repeat digital elevation models (DEMs) obtained by photogrammetry were used to quantify topographic change after two floods by creating a DEM of difference (DoD) of a 6.5 km‐long reach of Rambla de la Viuda stream, an ephemeral gravel‐bed river in eastern Spain. The proposed method involved dividing the channel into 10 m‐long longitudinal strips that were used to systematically draw boundaries between the erosional and depositional areas of the DoD. The analysis objectively: (i) drew a series of erosional and depositional segments, from 120 to 1360 m in length; (ii) estimated ranges of source‐to‐storage sediment transport distances, 320–670 m in the upstream and middle reaches and up to 2030 m in the lower reach; and (iii) obtained values of functional connectivity (i.e. the ratio between the sediment exported (erosion) and retained (deposition), ranging from 103 to 10−3). The variability in these three parameters along the river was found to be related to the level of channel disturbance by in‐stream mining during the 1990s and 2000s. Additionally, this method indicates that the main process responsible for self‐adjustment of the present morphosedimentary conditions is intra‐reach erosion of banks and channel beds. Thus, this study proposes a new methodology to characterize morphological change, sediment transfer and connectivity that may serve as environmental indicators of the hydromorphological integrity of rivers with potential application to the European Water Framework Directive. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sex differences in age-to-maturation relate to sexual selection and adult sex ratios in birds
Authors: Ancona Sergio , Liker András , Carmona-Isunza M. Cristina , Székely Tamás
Published: January 2020

Maturation (the age when organisms are physiologically capable of breeding) is one of the major life history traits that have pervasive implications for reproductive strategies, fitness, and population growth. Sex differences in maturation are common in nature, although the causes of such differences are not understood. Fisher and Lack proposed that delayed maturation in males is expected when males are under intense sexual selection, but their proposition has never been tested across a wide range of taxa. By using phylogenetic comparative analyses and the most comprehensive dataset to date, including 201 species from 59 avian families, we show that intense sexual selection on males (as indicated by polygamous mating and male-skewed sexual size dimorphism) correlates with delayed maturation. We also show that the adult sex ratio (ASR), an indicator of the social environment, is associated with sex-specific maturation because in species with a female-skewed ASR, males experience later maturation. Phylogenetic path analyses suggest that adult sex ratio drives interspecific changes in the intensity of sexual selection which, in turn, influences maturation. These results are robust to alternative phylogenetic hypotheses and to potential life-history confounds, and they provide the first comprehensive support of Fisher's and Lack's propositions. Importantly, our work suggests that both social environment and mate competition influence the evolution of a major life history trait, maturation.
Evaluation of ultraviolet (UV‐C) light treatment for microbial inactivation in agricultural waters with different levels of turbidity
Authors: Adhikari Achyut , Parraga Estrada Katheryn J. , Chhetri Vijay S. , Janes Marlene , Fontenot Kathryn , Beaulieu John C.
Published: January 2020

Produce growers using surface or well water to irrigate their crops may require an appropriate water treatment system in place to meet the water quality standard imposed by FSMA Produce Safety Rule. This study evaluated the potential of using ultraviolet (UV‐C) treatment in reducing the microbial population in agricultural water. Waters with turbidity levels ranging from 10.93 to 23.32 Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU) were prepared by mixing pond water and well water. The waters were inoculated with a cocktail of generic Escherichia coli (ATCC 23716, 25922, and 11775) and then treated with UV‐C light (20–60 mJ/cm2). All tested doses of the UV‐C treatment reduced the E. coli levels significantly (p < .05) in the water samples with the turbidity levels up to 23.32 NTU. The decrease in the turbidity from 23.32 to 10.93 NTU increased the level of reduction by more than 2.15 log most probable number (MPN)/100 ml). UV‐C treatment effectively reduces microbial load in agriculture water; however, turbidity of water may significantly affect the disinfection efficacy. The study also demonstrated that sprinkler system resulted in a higher level of contamination of cantaloupes compared with drip irrigation. The results indicated that UV‐C treatment could be a promising strategy in reducing the produce safety risks associated with irrigation water.
The effect of encapsulated plant extract of hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L.) in biopolymer nanoemulsions of Lepidium perfoliatum and Orchis mascula on controlling oxidative stability of soybean oil
Authors: Rezaei Savadkouhi Negin , Ariaii Peiman , Charmchian Langerodi Mehdi
Published: January 2020

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of encapsulation method on antioxidant properties of Hyssop (Hyssopus Officinalis L.) extract. The extracts of the Hyssop were obtained by ultrasound assisted techniques, and the amount of phenolic compounds was 117.43 ± 9.22 (mg of gallic acid per 100 g of extract). The antioxidant activity of extracts in concentrations of 100, 200, 300, and 400 ppm was measured using DPPH free radical scavenging method and compared with 100 ppm of TBHQ synthetic antioxidants. The results showed that by increasing in concentration of the extract, the antioxidant activity of the extract increased. The Lepidium perfoliatum seed gum and Orchis mascula were chosen as coating material. Encapsulation was performed by emulsion production method. The antioxidant effects of nanocapsules in oil during 40 days of storage at 60°C were measured, which increased the oxidation of oil over time. The lowest amount of oil oxidation during storage compared to control samples was observed in samples containing nano encapsulated Hyssop extract due to reducing in release rate of the extract during storage and more protection of the extract. The results of this study suggest that encapsulation is an effective way to increase the antioxidant activity of the extract and could be increased the shelf life of edible oils with natural antioxidants.
Robust kernel association testing (RobKAT)
Authors: Martinez Kara , Maity Arnab , Yolken Robert H. , Sullivan Patrick F. , Tzeng Jung‐Ying
Published: January 2020

Testing the association between single‐nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) effects and a response is often carried out through kernel machine methods based on least squares, such as the sequence kernel association test (SKAT). However, these least‐squares procedures are designed for a normally distributed conditional response, which may not apply. Other robust procedures such as the quantile regression kernel machine (QRKM) restrict the choice of the loss function and only allow inference on conditional quantiles. We propose a general and robust kernel association test with a flexible choice of the loss function, no distributional assumptions, and has SKAT and QRKM as special cases. We evaluate our proposed robust association test (RobKAT) across various data distributions through a simulation study. When errors are normally distributed, RobKAT controls type I error and shows comparable power with SKAT. In all other distributional settings investigated, our robust test has similar or greater power than SKAT. Finally, we apply our robust testing method to data from the Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE) clinical trial to detect associations between selected genes including the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) region on chromosome six and neurotropic herpesvirus antibody levels in schizophrenia patients. RobKAT detected significant association with four SNP sets (HST1H2BJ, MHC, POM12L2, and SLC17A1), three of which were undetected by SKAT.