bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessment of Interactions between River and Aquifer in the Gowri-hole Sub-catchment
Authors: Kumar S. Harish , Nagaraj M. K.
Published: October 2018

Surface water interacts with groundwater in many types of physiographic and hydrogeological conditions. Exchange of water varies spatially and temporally due to the effect of natural and anthropogenic factors. Interactions between a river and the underlying aquifer systems are often difficult to observe and measure. The objective of the present study is to analyze the spatial and temporal variation of river-aquifer interactions in the Gowri hole sub-catchment and quantify the amount of flow exchange between river and aquifer. In the study, a new conceptual model is developed using RIVER package of Three-Dimensional Finite-Difference Modular Groundwater Flow Model (MODFLOW) for the simulation of river-aquifer interaction processes. The sub-catchment of Gowri hole, which is a tributary of Kumaradhara river spread across an area of 134 km2 is considered. The model was calibrated from June 2004 to May 2010 under the transient condition with a daily step input of all necessary hydro-geological data. The calibrated model was validated from June 2010 to October 2012 from two monthly observation wells of Department of Mines and Geology and one seasonal observation well of Central Ground Water Board (CGWB). Gowri hole acted as a gaining river during the monsoons due to aquifer discharge and acted as a losing river due to river leakage during post-monsoon and summer months. River leakage continued to occur upto the end of summer months resulting in fragmentation of few river segments. Aquifer discharge sustained to exist even in the summer period avoiding the low flow river segments from drying.
Numerical Modeling of the Seasonal Dynamic Characteristics of the Koxkar Glacier, in West Tianshan, China
Authors: Wuzhen  , Zhang Huiwen , Liu Shiyin , Chen Junyin , Tan Dachen
Published: October 2018

Glaciers have very different dynamic characteristics during the ablation and accumulation seasons. A dynamic model to study the flow of the Koxkar Glacier is used. Ice velocity, ice viscosity, and the stress variation at different depths were studied. The aim was to compare the change in the glacier’s physical characteristics with changes in air temperature, analyze the movement mechanism at different temperatures in different seasons, and identify why temperature is the main driving force of glacier movement and change. The results show that the surface stresses have similar trends in different seasons, and that the stress in winter is larger than that in summer. This causes the ice body to break and promotes crack formation. Ice viscosity has an obvious seasonal variation, and this is especially noticeable for near-surface ice viscosity. The stress at the bottom did not change much at different temperatures. This indicates that the stress at the bottom is mainly affected by glacier morphology, hydrological characteristics, and geothermal flow.
Integrated Reservoir Characterization and Petrophysical Analysis of Cretaceous Sands in Lower Indus Basin, Pakistan
Authors: Khalid Perveiz , Ehsan Muhammad Irfan , Akram Sohail , Din Zia Ud , Ghazi Shahid
Published: October 2018

The reservoir character of the Cretaceous sand is evaluated in Lower Indus Basin, Pakistan where water flooding is very common. Thus, prediction of subsurface structure, lithology and reservoir characterization is fundamental for a successful oil or gas discovery. Seismic reflective response is an important tool to detect sub-surface structure. Seismic reflection response is not enough to highlight geological boundaries and fluids in the pore space therefore, the use of integrated approach is vital to map sub-surface heterogeneities with high level of confidence. Based on seismic character and continuity of prominent reflectors four seismic horizons are marked on the seismic sections. All the strata is highly disturbed and distorted with presence of a network of fault bounded horst and graben structures, which indicate that the area was under compressional tectonic regime. These fault bounded geological structure formed structural traps favorable for the accumulation of hydrocarbon. The petrophysical analysis reveals that the Cretaceous sand formation has four types of sand: Sand A, B, C and D with good porosity (15 % average) and low volume of shale. Although complete petroleum system is present with structural traps and reservoir character of sand interval is very good but these sands are highly saturated with water thus are water flooded, which is the main reason of the abundant wells in the study area.
The Characteristics and the Erodibility Potentials of Soils from Different Geologic Formations in Anambra State, Southeastern Nigeria
Authors: Igwe Ogbonnaya , Egbueri Johnbosco C.
Published: October 2018

The characteristics and the erodibility potentials of soils from Benin, Ogwashi-Asaba, and Nanka formations in Anambra state, Nigeria were studied. The study involved an integration of field observations, geotechnical analyses, and topographical modelling. About ten gullies were identified in the field. However, six major gullies labeled BN1, BN2, OA1, OA2, NK1, and NK2 were chosen and studied extensively to represent the three geologic formations. The results showed that soil properties, anthropogenic activities, topography, fierce surface runoff, and sparse vegetation are the factors that commonly and systematically influence the characteristics and erodibility potentials of all these soils. However, anthropogenic activities and soil properties play the most, dominant roles in the erosional processes. The specific gravity of the soils are similar, with values ranging from 2.50 to 2.69. Compaction test revealed all the soils were loose and collapsible. Grain size analysis further revealed that they have low content of fines (<25%, except for OA1 with 58.87%). The plasticity index of the fines indicated that they are nonplastic to low plastic soils (values range from 0-12%). The soils are highly to moderately permeable, with values ranging from 4.22x10−6m/sec to 4.34x10−4m/sec. All have low cohesion ranging from 1-7kPa, except for the OA1 with 27kPa. Based on the study, the three geologic formations have similar characteristics and high erodibility potentials; though OA1 has varied characteristics and thus, lower erodibility potential.
Remote Sensing and GIS Based Groundwater Potential Zone Mapping in Ariyalur District, Tamil Nadu
Authors: Gnanachandrasamy G. , Zhou Yongzhang , Bagyaraj M. , Venkatramanan S. , Ramkumar T. , Wang Shugong
Published: October 2018

The groundwater is the most precious resources around the world and is shrinking day by day. In connection, there is a need for demarcation of potential ground-water zone. The geographical information system (GIS) and remote sensing techniques have become important tools to locate ground-water potential zones. This research has been carried out to identify groundwater potential zone in Ariyalur of south India with help of GIS and remote sensing techniques. To identify the groundwater potential zone used by different thematic layers of geology, geomorphology, drainage, drainage density, lineaments, lineaments density, soil, rainfall, and slope with inverse distance weightage (IDW) methods. From the overall result the potential zone of groundwater in the study area classified into five classes named as very good (13.34 %), good (51.52 %), moderate (31.48 %), poor (2.82 %) and very poor (0.82 %). This study suggested that, very good potential zone of groundwater occur in patches in northern and central parts of Jayamkondam and Palur regions in Ariyalur district. The result exhibited that inverse distance weightage method offers an effective tool for interpreting groundwater potential zones for suitable development and management of groundwater resources in different hydro-geological environments.
Free standing 3D printing
Authors: Nickels Liz
Published: October 2018

Liz Nickels spoke to additive manufacturing start up Velo 3D about the company’s innovative technology which reduces the need for supports in the metal 3D print bed.
Palmaris Longus Tendinopathy Diagnosed With Ultrasound: A Case Report
Authors: Norbury John W. , Morrison Eric J.
Published: October 2018

This patient is a 52‐year‐old woman who was referred to the electrodiagnostic (EDX) laboratory for evaluation of pain and paresthesias of the left upper limb. The results of the EDX study were normal. However, ultrasound revealed tendinopathy of the palmaris longus tendon, manifested by increased hypoechogenicity, caliber, and tenderness in response to sonopalpation compared to the right side. To the authors' knowledge there are no reported cases of palmaris longus tendinopathy diagnosed with ultrasound. This case supports the use of point‐of‐care ultrasound to explore other possible causes of pathology in patients with paresthesias in the context of normal findings on an EDX study.

Level of Evidence

V
Radial Nerve Injury Caused by Compression Garment for Lymphedema: A Case Report
Authors: Rhee Seung Yeon , Lee Sang Yoon , Jeon Ha Ra
Published: October 2018

Lymphedema is a condition characterized by localized fluid retention and tissue swelling caused by a compromised lymphatic system. To minimize fluid buildup and stimulate the flow of fluid through the lymphatic system, compression garments are usually applied to patients with lymphedema. There are few studies to report complications of compression garments to treat breast cancer‐related lymphedema. To our knowledge, this is the first report of radial nerve compression neuropathy associated with wearing a compression garment to treat lymphedema.

Level of Evidence: V
Registrar Trek – Collection management tangible and international
Authors: Kipp Angela
Published: October 2018

Registrars, collections managers, and other professionals tasked with the practicalities of acquiring, storing, loaning, and shipping collections often face the same challenges but are left with few ways to communicate their experiences. Specialist literature is usually only available in English - a problem for the diverse, international profession. As a solution, the blog “Registrar Trek” was created in 2012 to overcome language barriers and connect the profession.
Out of the stacks and into the studios: A creative approach to information literacy
Authors: Salisbury Mackenzie
Published: October 2018

At the School of the Art Institute of Chicago (SAIC), Master of Fine Arts (MFA) students are often not aware of the library and its resources. As a way to address this gap, Flaxman Librarians have organized studio visits, in which librarians visit students’ studios to hear about their work and offer library resources to support it. Using the ACRL Framework and SAIC's core values as a guide, we are able to assess and address students' current methods/modes of research, as well as their artistic practice. In addition, we are able to forge new relationships with these students throughout their program and increase outreach to a program not targeted for traditional information literacy.
Cross-flow-type breakdown induced by distributed roughness in the boundary layer of a hypersonic capsule configuration
Authors: Di Giovanni Antonio , Stemmer Christian
Published: October 2018

Direct numerical simulations are undertaken to investigate the nature of instability mechanisms induced by singular and distributed roughnesses on a blunt-capsule configuration. On the base of a capsule-like hemispherical forebody at wind-tunnel conditions ($M=5.9$), we analyse the development of unsteady disturbances behind a patch of two different roughness geometries. First, spanwise periodic roughness elements are considered and cross-validation with other methods of the stability analysis is achieved. Two main unstable modes are found in the roughness wake, corresponding to the symmetric and antisymmetric modes already known for single roughness elements. Second, the case of a patch of (pseudo-)randomly distributed roughness is presented. A new type of roughness-induced cross-flow-like instability is observed for the blunt-capsule configuration. The rapid growth of primary and secondary instabilities in the cross-flow-type vortex is analysed and quantified in both the linear and nonlinear stages up to the laminar–turbulent breakdown. Spatio-temporal Fourier analysis is performed to track the onset of secondary instabilities, whereas laminar–turbulent transition is identified by the steep increase of the wall heat flux.
Trajectory of a synthetic jet issuing into high-Reynolds-number turbulent boundary layers
Authors: Berk Tim , Hutchins Nicholas , Marusic Ivan , Ganapathisubramani Bharathram
Published: October 2018

Synthetic jets are zero-net-mass-flux actuators that can be used in a range of flow control applications. For some applications, the scaling of the trajectory of the jet with actuation and cross-flow parameters is important. This scaling is investigated for changes in the friction Reynolds number, changes in the velocity ratio (defined as the ratio between the mean jet blowing velocity and the free-stream velocity) and changes in the actuation frequency of the jet. A distinctive aspect of this study is the high-Reynolds-number turbulent boundary layers (up to $Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}}=12\,800$) of the cross-flow. To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the effect of the friction Reynolds number of the cross-flow on the trajectory of an (unsteady) jet, as well as the first study to systematically investigate the scaling of the trajectory with actuation frequency. A broad range of parameters is varied (rather than an in-depth investigation of a single parameter) and the results of this study are meant to indicate the relative importance of each parameter rather than the exact influence on the trajectory. Within the range of parameters explored, the critical ones are found to be the velocity ratio as well as a non-dimensional frequency based on the jet actuation frequency, the cross-flow velocity and the jet dimensions. The Reynolds number of the boundary layer is shown to have only a small effect on the trajectory. An expression for the trajectory of the jet is derived from the data, which (in the limit) is consistent with known expressions for the trajectory of a steady jet in a cross-flow.
BOREL FUNCTORS AND INFINITARY INTERPRETATIONS
Authors: HARRISON-TRAINOR MATTHEW , MILLER RUSSELL , MONTALBÁN ANTONIO
Published: October 2018

We introduce the notion of infinitary interpretation of structures. In general, an interpretation between structures induces a continuous homomorphism between their automorphism groups, and furthermore, it induces a functor between the categories of copies of each structure. We show that for the case of infinitary interpretation the reversals are also true: every Baire-measurable homomorphism between the automorphism groups of two countable structures is induced by an infinitary interpretation, and every Baire-measurable functor between the set of copies of two countable structures is induced by an infinitary interpretation. Furthermore, we show that the complexities are maintained in the sense that if the functor is ${\bf{\Delta }}_\alpha ^0$, then the interpretation that induces it is ${\rm{\Delta }}_\alpha ^{in}$ up to ${\bf{\Delta }}_\alpha ^0$ equivalence.
Suspected meteorite fragments in marine sediments from East Antarctica
Authors: Pant Naresh C. , Jimenez-Espejo Francisco J. , Cook Cary P. , Biswas Paromita , Mckay Robert , Marchesi Claudio , Ito Motoo , Upadhyay Dewashish , Kuroda Junichiro , Shimizu Kenji , Senda Ryoko , Van De Flierdt Tina , Takano Yoshinori , Suzuki Katsuhiko , Escutia Carlota , Shrivastava Prakash K.
Published: October 2018

Unusual mafic rock fragments deposited in Plio-Pleistocene-aged marine sediments were recorded at Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Site U1359, in Wilkes Land, East Antarctica. These fragments were identified from sediment layers deposited between c. 3 and 1.2 Ma, indicating a sustained supply during this time interval. Clinopyroxenes in these basalts are Al–Ti diopside–hedenbergite, uncommon in terrestrial magmatic rocks. A single strong peak in the Raman spectra of a phosphate-bearing mineral at 963 cm-1 supports the presence of merrillite. Although not conclusive, petrological traits and oxygen isotopic compositions also suggest that the fragments may be extra-terrestrial fragments affected by shock metamorphism. Nevertheless, it is concluded that the basaltic fragments incorporated in marine sediments at Site U1359 represent ice-rafted material supplied to the continental rise of East Antarctica, probably from the bedrocks near the proximal Ninnis Glacier. Further studies on Plio-Pleistocene sediments near Site U1359 are required to characterize the unusual mafic rocks described.
Pumilio1 phosphorylation precedes translational activation of its target mRNA in zebrafish oocytes
Authors: Saitoh Atsushi , Takada Yuki , Horie Mayu , Kotani Tomoya
Published: October 2018

Translational regulation of mRNAs is crucial for promoting various cellular and developmental processes. Pumilio1 (Pum1) has been shown to play key roles in translational regulation of target mRNAs in many systems of diverse organisms. In zebrafish immature oocytes, Pum1 was shown to bind tocyclin B1mRNA and promote the formation ofcyclin B1RNA granules. This Pum1-mediated RNA granule formation seemed critical to determine the timing of translational activation ofcyclin B1mRNA during oocyte maturation, leading to activation of maturation/M-phase-promoting factor (MPF) at the appropriate timing. Despite its fundamental importance, the mechanisms of translational regulation by Pum1 remain elusive. In this study, we examined the phosphorylation of Pum1 as a first step to understand the mechanisms of Pum1-mediated translation. SDS-PAGE analyses and phosphatase treatments showed that Pum1 was phosphorylated at multiple sites during oocyte maturation. This phosphorylation began in an early period after induction of oocyte maturation, which preceded the polyadenylation ofcyclin B1mRNA. Interestingly, depolymerization of actin filaments in immature oocytes caused phosphorylation of Pum1, disassembly ofcyclin B1RNA granules, and polyadenylation ofcyclin B1mRNA but not translational activation of the mRNA. Overexpression of the Pum1 N-terminus prevented the phosphorylation of Pum1, disassembly ofcyclin B1RNA granules, and translational activation of the mRNA even after induction of oocyte maturation. These results suggest that Pum1 phosphorylation in the early period of oocyte maturation is one of the key processes for promoting the disassembly ofcyclin B1RNA granules and translational activation of target mRNA.
Grassroots Engagement Grants to Support Centennial Activities
Authors: McEntee Chris
Published: October 2018

Funding will enable activities worldwide run by scientists and institutions that will inspire the world and the science community for the next 100 years of discoveries, innovations, and solutions.
Constraints on Cooling of the Lower Ocean Crust From Epidote Veins in the Wadi Gideah Section, Oman Ophiolite
Authors: Bieseler B. , Diehl A. , Jöns N. , Lucassen F. , Bach W.
Published: October 2018

Timing, depth, and extent of high‐temperature hydrothermal alteration in the ocean crust is key to understanding how lower oceanic crust is cooled after accretion. Epidote veins were collected in spatially recurring zones of intense alteration of the lower crustal Wadi Gideah section and the root zone of sheeted dykes at Wadi Amadhi. 87Sr/86Sr ratios feature a narrow range from 0.70429 to 0.70512, while O isotope compositions vary between −0.7‰ and +4.9‰ in δ18OSMOW. These compositions indicate water‐rock ratios between 1 and 5 and formation temperatures in the range of 300 to 450 °C. Fluid inclusion entrapment temperatures for a subset of samples linearly increase from 338 °C to 465 °C in lowermost 3 km of crust of the Wadi Gideah section and record 340 °C for the Wadi Amadhi basal sheeted dike sample. Salinities are uniform throughout and scatter closely around seawater values (3.2 ± 0.2 wt%). A model in which cooling down to 2 km (i.e., the depth of the melt lens) is followed by slow off‐axis hydrothermal cooling of the lower crust to 1 Myr predicts a thermal gradient for the lower crust that matches this observed trend for ages between 1 and 2.5 Myr. We suggest that the epidote veins formed in off‐axial hydrothermal systems that reach the base of the crust within 50‐ to 100‐km off axis. This deep circulation provides an efficient mechanism for mining heat that escapes the crust in the young flanks of mid‐ocean ridges.
Mining and Planetary Health: A GeoHealth‐Led Special Collection
Authors: Hudson‐Edwards Karen A.
Published: October 2018

Mining is a vital part of the global economy, but unmanaged releases of mine wastes can affect the health of humans, ecosystems, water, soil and Earth surface environments (e.g., rivers and estuaries). New technological developments and multidisciplinary collaborations are leading to new insights into the relationship between mining and the health of the Earth. In recognition of the importance of this topic, GeoHealth is leading in the creation of a special collection of papers on the theme of Mining and Planetary Health, to summarize the current state of knowledge, outline topics for urgent action and further research, and highlight positive efforts in environmental and health protection. Submissions are invited from researchers investigating the impacts of mining at the intersection of the Earth and environmental sciences and human, ecosystem, and planetary health.
Electron Density Distributions in Saturn's Ionosphere
Authors: Persoon A. M. , Kurth W. S. , Gurnett D. A. , Groene J. B. , Sulaiman A. H. , Wahlund J.‐E. , Morooka M. W. , Hadid L. Z. , Nagy A. F. , Waite J. H. , Cravens T. E.
Published: October 2018

Between 26 April and 15 September 2017, Cassini executed 23 highly inclined Grand Finale orbits through a new frontier for space exploration, the narrow region between Saturn and the D Ring, providing the first opportunity for obtaining in situ ionospheric measurements. During the Grand Finale orbits, the Radio and Plasma Wave Science instrument observed broadband whistler mode emissions and narrowband upper hybrid frequency emissions. Using known wave propagation characteristics of these two plasma wave modes, the electron density is derived over a broad range of ionospheric latitudes and altitudes. A two‐part exponential scale height model is fitted to the electron density measurements. The model yields a double‐layered ionosphere with plasma scale heights of 545/575 km for the northern/southern hemispheres below 4,500 km and plasma scale heights of 4,780/2,360 km for the northern/southern hemispheres above 4,500 km. The interpretation of these layers involves the interaction between the rings and the ionosphere.
On the Causative Strokes of Halos Observed by ISUAL in the Vicinity of North America
Authors: Lu Gaopeng , Yu Bingkun , Cummer Steven A. , Peng Kang‐Ming , Chen Alfred B. , Lyu Fanchao , Xue Xianghui , Liu Fei , Hsu Rue‐Ron , Su Han‐Tzong
Published: October 2018

The analysis of impulse charge moment change (iCMC) for the parent lightning strokes of 497 halos observed by the Imager of Sprites and Upper Atmospheric Lightning near North America in 2004–2015 indicates that the majority were produced by negative cloud‐to‐ground strokes predominantly produced in oceanic and coastal thunderstorms. Positive halos are almost always accompanied by sprites, and negative sprites are usually associated with halos. There are limited observations of positive pure halos with supercritical iCMCs (> +320 C km), but there are many negative pure halos with supercritical iCMCs (> −500 C km), suggesting a critical role of impulse charge transfer duration in the formation of streamers. The halo‐producing threshold of lightning strength does not considerably depend on the polarity. Due to the dependence on the timescale of impulse charge transfer for streamer development, many negative cloud‐to‐ground strokes with iCMCs exceeding the threshold for sprite production actually produce halos instead.
Convectively Generated Gravity Waves in High Resolution Models of Tropical Dynamics
Authors: Müller Sebastian K. , Manzini Elisa , Giorgetta Marco , Sato Kaoru , Nasuno Tomoe
Published: October 2018

We investigate numerical models that display the transition of global climate modeling from coarse grids, at which convection and gravity waves are still parameterized, toward finer resolutions, where both are treated explicitly. Gravity waves generated by deep, tropical convection are examined by means of spectral analysis. We make use of the models' different setups to discuss the impacts of spatial resolution, the treatment of moist convection and the degree of model complexity, on convectively generated gravity waves. We find that substantially more gravity wave momentum flux is resolved by models with fine horizontal grid spacing, as the spectral slope is almost flat in zonal wave number space (∼k−1), until scales at which numerical diffusion sets in. However, we also find that, when well‐organized tropical storm systems of large scale are simulated with convection‐permitting resolution, the gravity wave variance may be enhanced at small scales and the spectral slope may flatten. We propose an explanation for this in the dynamical overshooting of convective updrafts that is expected to mechanically generate gravity waves. Further, we find that a parameterization of convection drastically reduces gravity wave momentum flux associated with tropical convection, as deep modes of latent heating and gravity waves are underestimated. Thus, its application is expected to have consequences for wave mean‐flow interaction in the middle atmosphere. The universal properties of the gravity wave spectrum that were found in observations and confirmed in analytical gravity wave models are successfully reproduced in our numerical simulations of tropical dynamics.
Response of Atmospheric pCO2 to Glacial Changes in the Southern Ocean Amplified by Carbonate Compensation
Authors: Kobayashi Hidetaka , Oka Akira
Published: October 2018

Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration (pCO2) varies by about 100ppm during glacial‐interglacial cycles. Previous studies suggest that the strongly stratified Southern Ocean at the Last Glacial Maximum increases the oceanic storage of carbon, but the glacial reduction of atmospheric pCO2 simulated by ocean general circulation models (OGCMs) does not reach 100ppm. One candidate for the underestimation is that carbonate compensation is not explicitly incorporated in the previous OGCM simulations. Therefore, we quantitatively evaluate the impact of carbonate compensation on the glacial atmospheric pCO2 by using an OGCM coupled with an ocean sediment model. As suggested by previous box model studies, our OGCM simulations show that the enhanced Southern Ocean stratification amplifies the decrease in atmospheric pCO2 due to carbonate compensation. Considering the enhanced stratification in the Southern Ocean, we obtain a 26‐ppm drawdown of atmospheric pCO2 by carbonate compensation, and the full reduction from our pre‐industrial simulation reaches 73ppm. Both the increase in ventilation ages in the deep Atlantic and Southern Oceans and the growth of export production in the subantarctic region reduce the bottom‐water carbonate ion and promote deposited carbonate dissolution. Consequently, a greater imbalance between the river inflow and burial loss of carbonate rises ocean alkalinity, lowering atmospheric pCO2. We suggest that the reproducibility of the Southern Ocean process is essential for controlling the magnitude of atmospheric pCO2 decline due to carbonate compensation.
Current Full‐Waveform Inversion of the Return Stroke Channel Based on Single‐Station Electric Field Observations
Authors: Wang Caixia , Sun Zhuling , Tian Yangmeng , Liu Mingyuan
Published: October 2018

Because it is difficult to directly measure lightning currents, the waveform inversion of currents using easily measured electromagnetic field data is important and useful. In this paper, existing transmission models for return stroke currents are used through simulation research and comparative analyses, which results in a mixed model of transmission line model and modified‐transmission line linear model. This model is combined with mathematical expressions proposed by Heidler to represent the typical waveform of a return stroke current using an electric field calculation theory, which is generated by lightning discharge and is based on Maxwell equations; through a constraint nonlinear optimization using the Matlab software, a new method for the inversion of base current waveforms in the return stroke channel with single‐station electric field data for the return stroke is proposed. The inversion results are in good agreement with the experimental data. The inversion results show that the inversion method and the algorithm are feasible; the proposed mixed model of the transmission line and the modified‐transmission line linear may be reasonable, and the current in the channel may be divided into two parts: one part does not change with height and the other part linearly attenuates with height during the return stroke.
Ionospheric Response to the X9.3 Flare on 6 September 2017 and Its Implication for Navigation Services Over Europe
Authors: Berdermann J. , Kriegel M. , Banyś D. , Heymann F. , Hoque M. M. , Wilken V. , Borries C. , Heßelbarth A. , Jakowski N.
Published: October 2018

On 6 September 2017, an X‐class flare of the magnitude 9.3 occurred around noon UT, being the strongest flare event in a decade. The flare itself was the highlight of a quite interesting phase of solar‐terrestrial interactions caused by the active region known as the Catania sunspot group 46 or active region number 2673 on the NOAA catalog. From 3 to 13 September 2017 strong flare activities occurred, accompanied by a number of radio bursts and earthward‐directed coronal mass ejections. Solar wind influences at Earth were modest during the flare activity and limited to the polar regions (Linty et al., 2018, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018SW001940). But, the strong X9.3 flare itself had impacts on the dayside ionosphere causing some problems in navigation services as we present within this paper. The event data observed and analyzed give us the opportunity to improve our understanding of strong and extreme space weather events and allow us to distinguish between the influence of the different event classes on our technological infrastructure within periods of strong solar activity. Here we will discuss our observations with special focus on the X9.3 flare event and provide examples how the flare itself influenced services in the domains of aviation and maritime navigation in the European sector.
Kinematics and Age of Syn‐Intrusive Detachment Faulting in the Southern Alps: Evidence for Early Permian Crustal Extension and Implications for the Pangea A Versus B Controversy
Authors: Pohl Florian , Froitzheim Nikolaus , Obermüller Gerrit , Tomaschek Frank , Schröder Oliver , Nagel Thorsten J. , Sciunnach Dario , Heuser Alexander
Published: October 2018

Permian basin formation and magmatism in the Southern Alps of Italy have been interpreted as expressions of a WSW‐ENE‐trending, dextral megashear zone transforming Early Permian Pangea B into Late Permian Pangea A between ~285 and 265 Ma. In an alternative model, basin formation and magmatism resulted from N‐S crustal extension. To characterize Permian tectonics, we studied the Grassi Detachment Fault, a low‐angle extensional fault in the central Southern Alps. The footwall forms a metamorphic core complex affected by upward‐increasing, top‐to‐the‐southeast mylonitization. Two granitoid intrusions occur in the core complex, the synmylonitic Val Biandino Quartz Diorite and the postmylonitic Valle San Biagio Granite. U‐Pb zircon dating yielded crystallization ages of 289.1 ± 4.5 Ma for the former and 286.8 ± 4.9 Ma for the latter. Consequently, detachment‐related mylonitic shearing took place during the Early Permian and ended at ~288 Ma, but kinematically coherent brittle faulting continued. Considering 30° anticlockwise rotation of the Southern Alps since Early Permian, the extension direction of the Grassi Detachment Fault was originally ~N‐S. Even though a dextral continental wrench system has long been regarded as a viable model at regional scale, the local kinematic evidence is inconsistent with this and, rather, supports N‐S extensional tectonics. Based on a compilation of >200 U‐Pb zircon ages, we discuss the evolution and tectonic framework of Late Carboniferous to Permian magmatism in the Alps.
Improving Denitrification Models by Including Bacterial and Periphytic Biofilm in a Shallow Water‐Sediment System
Authors: Xia Yongqiu , She Dongli , Zhang Wenjuan , Liu Zhipeng , Wu Yonghong , Yan Xiaoyuan
Published: October 2018

Denitrification is one of the most challenging nitrogen (N)‐cycling processes to quantify due to complex interactions among influencing factors. In shallow water‐sediment systems, ubiquitous periphytic biofilms consisting of a consortium of algae, bacteria, and nutrients account for additional interactions. The challenge in improving denitrification models is to determine how each factor directly affects denitrification and how those factors indirectly impact denitrification via interactions with other factors. We combined incubation experiments and structural equation modeling to reveal the interaction networks of biotic and abiotic factors and their roles in net denitrification. The N species in the sediment exerted much greater control over net denitrification than that exerted by the N species in the water column. In addition, the relative abundances of denitrifier and nitrifier genes in the sediment showed a dominant control over net denitrification that was similar to the control by N species but was affected by abiotic factors. Periphytic biofilm increased net denitrification both directly and indirectly by altering the pH and the dissolved oxygen, dissolved organic carbon, and N concentrations in the water column and sediment. The overall contribution of periphytic biofilm to net denitrification was less than that of the sediment but greater than that of the water column. Our findings highlight the importance of incorporating bacterial denitrifier and nitrifier genes and periphytic biofilm characteristics during model construction when predicting denitrification in a shallow and stagnant water‐sediment system.
Abscisic and Jasmonic Acids Contribute to Soybean Tolerance to the Soybean Aphid (Aphis glycines Matsumura)
Authors: Chapman Kaitlin M. , Marchi-Werle Lia , Hunt Thomas E. , Heng-Moss Tiffany M. , Louis Joe
Published: October 2018

Plant resistance can provide effective, economical, and sustainable pest control. Tolerance to the soybean aphid has been identified and confirmed in the soybean KS4202. Although its resistance mechanisms are not fully understood, evidence suggests that enhanced detoxification of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is an active system under high aphid infestation. We further explored tolerance by evaluating the differences in constitutive and aphid-induced defenses in KS4202 through the expression of selected defense-related transcripts and the levels of the phytohormones abscisic acid (ABA), jasmonic acid (JA), JA-isoleucine (JA-Ile), cis-(+)-12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA), and salicylic acid (SA) over several time points. Higher constitutive levels of ABA and JA, and basal expression of ABA- and JA-related transcripts were found in the tolerant genotype. Conversely, aphid-induced defenses in KS4202 were expressed as an upregulation of peroxidases under prolonged aphid infestation (>7 days). Our results point at the importance of phytohormones in constitutive defense in KS4202 tolerance to the soybean aphid. Understanding the underlying mechanisms of tolerance will assist breeding for soybean with these traits, and perhaps help extend the durability of Rag (Resistance to Aphis glycines)-mediated resistance genes.
Circulating miR-1254 predicts ventricular remodeling in patients with ST-Segment-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: A cardiovascular magnetic resonance study
Authors: de Gonzalo-Calvo David , Cediel Germán , Bär Christian , Núñez Julio , Revuelta-Lopez Elena , Gavara Josep , Ríos-Navarro César , Llorente-Cortes Vicenta , Bodí Vicente , Thum Thomas , Bayes-Genis Antoni
Published: October 2018

Reliable noninvasive prognostic biomarkers for left ventricular (LV) remodeling in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) are needed. This study aimed to evaluate a panel of circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) as biomarkers of LV remodeling using cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR). We prospectively evaluated patients with a first STEMI treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention who underwent CMR imaging at 1 week and 6 months after STEMI (n = 70). miRNAs were measured using PCR-based technologies in plasma samples collected at admission. The associations between miRNAs and LV diastolic and systolic volumes, and ejection fraction at 6-months were estimated in adjusted models. Median age was 60 years, 71.4% were male. miR-1254 was significantly associated in univariate analyses. Patients in the highest tertile of miR-1254 exhibited lower values of LVEDVI and LVESVI and higher values of LVEF at 1 week. After comprehensive multivariate adjustment including clinical, CMR variables, hs-troponin-T and NT-proBNP, miRNA-1254 was associated with decreasing LVESVI (P = 0.006), and borderline negative associated with LVEDVI (P = 0.063) at 6-months. miR-1254 also exhibited a significant positive association with increasing LVEF during follow-up (P < 0.001). Plasma miRNA-1254 predicted changes in LV volumes and LVEF at 6 months after STEMI. The value of miR-1254 to inform tailored treatment selection and monitor ongoing efficacy deserves further investigation.
Energy-dependent photochromism at room temperature for visually detecting and distinguishing X-rays
Authors: Su Yi-Bo , Wei Yong-Qin , Cai Li-Zhen , Li Pei-Xin , Wang Ming-Sheng , Guo Guo-Cong
Published: October 2018

A radiochromic material with energy-dependent X-ray-induced photochromism was obtained by incorporating a radiosensitive ligand into an electron-transfer photochromic metalloviologen system.
ESR analyses of picket fence MnII and 6th ligand coordinated FeIII porphyrins (S = 5/2) and a CoII(hfac) complex (S = 3/2) with sizable ZFS parameters revisited: a full spin Hamiltonian approach and quantum chemical calculations
Authors: Yamane Takeshi , Sugisaki Kenji , Matsuoka Hideto , Sato Kazunobu , Toyota Kazuo , Shiomi Daisuke , Takui Takeji
Published: October 2018

The conventional X-band ESR spectra are fully reanalyzed by a full spin Hamiltonian approach.
Exceptionally slow magnetic relaxation in cobalt(ii) benzoate trihydrate
Authors: Vráblová Anna , Černák Juraj , Rajnák Cyril , Dlháň Ľubor , Tomás Milagros , Falvello Larry R. , Boča Roman
Published: October 2018

Cobalt(ii) benzoate trihydrate possesses a positively charged chain of Co(ii) atoms triply linked by bridging benzoato and aqua ligands. Magnetic studies revealed ferromagnetic coupling between the Co(ii) atoms and slow magnetic relaxation with two relaxation channels.
Confluence of disparate carbido chemistries: [WRuAu2(μ-C)2Cl2(CO)2(PCy3)2(Tp*)]
Authors: Reinholdt Anders , Bendix Jesper , Hill Anthony F. , Manzano Richard A.
Published: October 2018

The reaction of [Ru(CAuCl)Cl2(PCy3)2] with [W(CSnnBu3)(CO)2(Tp*)] (obtained from [W(CBr)(CO)2(Tp*)], nBuLi and ClSnnBu3) affords the heterotetrametallic bis(carbido) complex [WRuAu2(μ-C)2Cl3(CO)2(PCy3)2(Tp*)] in which the two distinct μ-carbido ligands adopt linear and T-shaped geometry at carbon.
Theoretical prediction of a transient accumulation of nanoparticles at a well-defined distance from an electrified liquid–solid interface
Authors: Chan Crystal , Kätelhön Enno , Compton Richard G.
Published: October 2018

On the basis of the Nernst–Planck equation, the Gouy–Chapman model, and an established model of near-wall hindered diffusion, this work predicts transient and highly-localised accumulations of nanoparticles at a well-defined distance from an electrified surface following a potential being applied.
From ZIF nanoparticles to hierarchically porous carbon: toward very high surface area and high-performance supercapacitor electrode materials
Authors: Wang Fangfang , Zhu Liangkui , Pan Ying , Li Zhan , Yang Pingping , Song Mingqiu , Gao Zhuangzhuang , Fang Qianrong , Xue Ming , Qiu Shilun
Published: October 2018

A high-performance capacitive energy storage material was derived from a new nanoscale ZIF precursor by using the activating reagent KOH, exhibiting a high surface area of 3253 m2 g−1 and an ultra-high specific capacitance.
Tailoring both the surface pore size and sub-layer structures of PVDF membranes prepared by the TIPS process with a triple orifice spinneret
Authors: Fang Chuanjie , Jeon Sungil , Rajabzadeh Saeid , Fang Lifeng , Cheng Liang , Matsuyama Hideto
Published: October 2018

Membrane surface and sub-layer structures were tailored by extruding different types of solvents at the outer layer of the extruded polymer solution.
Factors Associated With Self-Reported Hearing Aid Management Skills and Knowledge
Authors: Bennett Rebecca J. , Meyer Carly J. , Eikelboom Robert H. , Atlas Julian D. , Atlas Marcus D.
Published: October 2018

Purpose

Hearing aid management describes the skills and knowledge required for the handling, use, care, and maintenance of the hearing aid. The importance of hearing aid management skills and knowledge is evidenced by their association with hearing aid outcomes. However, the nature of this association and the influence of participant factors on this association are unknown. Accordingly, the aims of the current study were to (a) investigate participant factors that influence hearing aid management skills and knowledge and (b) investigate the impact of hearing aid management skills and knowledge on hearing aid outcomes.

Method

Factors associated with hearing aid management skills and knowledge were investigated through an e-mail– and paper-based self-report survey, including the Hearing Aid Skills and Knowledge Inventory (Bennett, Meyer, Eikelboom, & Atlas, 2018b) and the International Outcomes Inventory for Hearing Aids (Cox & Alexander, 2002). The study sample included 518 adult hearing aid owners, ranging in age from 18 to 97 years (
M
= 71 years,
SD
= 14 years), 61% male and 39% female, recruited from seven hearing clinics across Australia.

Results

Participant factors found to be associated with hearing aid skills and knowledge included participants' age, gender, style of hearing aid, age of current hearing aid, and total years of hearing aid ownership. Higher levels of hearing aid management skills and knowledge were found to be associated with better hearing aid outcomes, specifically higher self-reported satisfaction with hearing aids, perceived benefit from hearing aids, and overall outcome of the hearing aid fitting as evaluated by the International Outcomes Inventory for Hearing Aids.

Conclusions

Hearing aid management difficulties were greatest for older people, women, and owners of behind-the-ear style of hearing aids, suggesting that clinicians need to be cognizant of the additional needs for these three groups. The positive association between hearing aid outcomes and hearing aid skills and knowledge emphasizes the importance of education and training on hearing aid management for successful aural rehabilitation.
Energy efficient joint energy cooperation and power allocation in multiuser distributed antenna systems with hybrid energy supply
Authors: Zhu Pengcheng , Mao Huanhuan , Li Jiamin , You Xiaohu
Published: October 2018

This study investigates the joint power allocation and energy cooperation problem in a multiuser downlink distributed antenna system with hybrid energy supply. The authors focus on the energy efficiency (EE) maximization problem for three different types of precoding, zero‐forcing (ZF), general beamforming method and conjugate‐beamforming. For ZF precoding, they apply fractional programming and reform the optimization problem to a convex one. An iterative algorithm to deal with the fractional objective function is presented. Whereas the problem is non‐convex for general beamforming with user interference, they take maximum ratio transmission as an example and adopt a set of transformation and approximation based on the difference of convex (DC) programming. Furthermore, for conjugate‐beamforming, they first transform the quadratic signal to interference plus noise power ratio into a trackable form and then DC programming is applied. A two‐loop algorithm for the general beamforming and conjugate‐beamforming is presented with fractional programming in the inner loop and DC programming in the outer loop. Simulations show that the proposed algorithm improved EE significantly and indicate that energy cooperation can contribute to a higher EE. It also reveals that ZF achieves better EE with small noise variance while conjugate beamforming in high noise circumstance.
Longitudinal error improvement by visual odometry trajectory trail and road segment matching
Authors: Awang Salleh Dayang Nur Salmi Dharmiza , Seignez Emmanuel
Published: October 2018

As one of the key requirements in the intelligent vehicle, accurate and precise localisation is essential to ensure swift route planning during the drive. In this study, the authors would like to reduce the longitudinal positioning error that remains as a challenge in accurate localisation. To solve this, they propose a data fusion method by integrating information from visual odometry (VO), noisy GPS, and road information obtained from the publicly available digital map with particle filter. The curve of the VO trajectory trail is compared with road segments curve to increase longitudinal accuracy. This method is validated by KITTI dataset, tested with different GPS noise conditions, and the results show improved localisation for both lateral and longitudinal positioning errors.
Model predictive control‐based eco‐driving strategy for CAV
Authors: Wang Hongliang , Peng Pai , Huang Yanjun , Tang Xiaolin
Published: October 2018

In this study, an eco‐driving strategy is proposed to enhance the fuel efficiency of the connected autonomous vehicle (CAV) in car‐following scenarios. First, the longitudinal dynamic model and fuel‐consumption model of the vehicle are established. The speed trajectory of the preceding vehicles is obtained via vehicle‐to‐vehicle/vehicle‐to‐infrastructure communication function of CAVs, which is used as the reference of the following vehicles. Second, a model predictive controller is presented to optimise fuel consumption of the following vehicle. Finally, simulations in urban and highway driving conditions demonstrate that the proposed controller enables effective tracking of the preceding vehicle in an energy‐efficient way. Comparisons between the second and the third following vehicles verify the fuel‐saving benefits of the proposed method.