bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Incidence of craniofacial pain of cardiac origin: results from a prospective multicentre study
Authors: Danesh‐Sani SH , Danesh‐Sani SA , Zia R , Faghihi S
Published: May 2012

Background:  The aim of this study was to reveal the incidence and distribution pattern of craniofacial pain of cardiac origin.

Methods:  We undertook a prospective study of 248 consecutive patients (aged 26 to 88 years) hospitalized with confirmed cardiac ischaemic periods. Digital OPG radiographs were obtained from all patients for radiographic examination of the jaws and dentition. Patients underwent clinical and radiographic examinations, and symptoms were evaluated in detail to determine the prevalence and distribution pattern of craniofacial pain of cardiac origin.

Results:  Craniofacial pain was the sole symptom of cardiac ischaemia in 13 patients (5.2%); two developed acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Pain in the craniofacial region, chest, shoulders and arms was experienced by 72 patients. The most frequently affected region was the left mandible. In the absence of chest pain, patients most frequently experienced pain in craniofacial structures. Incidence of craniofacial pain was significantly higher in females than males (p = 0.024).

Conclusions:  Cardiac pain commonly radiates to the craniofacial structures. Pain of cardiac origin is usually described as pressure and/or a burning sensation that is provoked by physical activity and relieved by rest. Craniofacial pain of cardiac origin usually occurs bilaterally. Dental practitioners can play a crucial role in the diagnosis of craniofacial pain of cardiac origin.
Nutritional assessments for ordinary medical care in patients with chronic liver disease
Authors: Taniguchi Eitaro , Kawaguchi Takumi , Otsuka Momoka , Uchida Yuki , Nagamatsu Ayu , Itou Minoru , Oriishi Tetsuharu , Ishii Kumiko , Imanaga Minami , Suetsugu Takuro , Otsuyama Jyuri , Ibi Ryoko , Ono Midori , Tanaka Suiko , Sata Michio
Published: May 2012

Aim:  In patients with chronic liver disease who are at risk of malnutrition, simple and useful assessments for nutritional status should be established for ordinary medical care. The prognostic nutritional index (PNI) and controlling nutritional status (CONUT) are simple assessments constructed of only two or three laboratory data. We aimed to describe the potential of PNI and CONUT as a nutritional assessment tool in patients with chronic liver disease.

Methods:  We enrolled 165 patients, aged 18–85 years, with chronic liver disease. These patients were nutritionally assessed by PNI or CONUT, demonstrating the association with the severity of chronic liver disease or anthropometric values.

Results:  The value of PNI or CONUT was significantly associated with the severity of chronic liver disease (P < 0.001, respectively). In addition, the value of CONUT was significantly associated with all the anthropometric values such as body mass index (BMI, P < 0.05), mid‐arm circumference (AC, P < 0.001), mid‐arm muscle circumference (AMC, P < 0.001), and triceps skinfold thickness (TSF, P < 0.001), whereas the value of PNI was significantly associated with the values of AC (P < 0.01), AMC (P < 0.05) and TSF (P < 0.05). Approximately 80% of cirrhotic patients were assessed by PNI or CONUT to have obvious malnutrition.

Conclusion:  PNI and CONUT are potential tools for nutritional assessment in patients with chronic liver disease, especially for ordinary medical care, because of their simplicity.
Estimator‐Based LQR Control Model for Glass Fiber Furnace
Authors: Liu Songke , Banta Larry E.
Published: May 2012

Drawing of glass fibers is an important industrial process used for manufacture of a variety of materials. A variety of furnaces and machines exist for manufacture of glass fibers, but all share similar problems with control of the fiber diameter and breakage of the fibers during the extrusion process. In many cases, control systems are not configured to monitor the most critical process variable — temperature of molten glass in the furnace, but instead use only furnace crown temperature. This work seeks to develop an estimator‐based LQR control model to monitor molten glass temperature and winder speed for good production quality. When a disturbance in ambient temperature and/or molten glass depth happens, the control system still performs as expected.
The photovoltage of rods and cones in the dark‐adapted mouse retina
Authors: Cangiano Lorenzo , Asteriti Sabrina , Cervetto Luigi , Gargini Claudia
Published: May 2012

Key points

The mouse retina has become a key model for research on the function and dysfunction of the early stages of vision, but its photoreceptors have proven difficult to access with whole‐cell recording techniques.

We have optimized the mouse retinal slice preparation to the degree required for studying photoreceptors with a reasonably high yield.

We find that single photon processing in rods is considerably more efficient than previously thought, implying a more favourable transmission at the rod–rod bipolar cell synapse.

Cones were recorded much more frequently than their numeric proportion of ∼3% allowing us to obtain direct functional evidence suggestive of rod–cone coupling in the mouse.

This study opens the way for further investigations into mammalian photoreceptor function by exploiting the powerful molecular genetic approaches available in the mouse.

Abstract  Research on photoreceptors has led to important insights into how light signals are detected and processed in the outer retina. Most information about photoreceptor function, however, comes from lower vertebrates. The large majority of mammalian studies are based on suction pipette recordings of outer segment currents, a technique that doesn't allow examination of phenomena occurring downstream of phototransduction. Only a small number of whole‐cell recordings have been made, mainly in the macaque. Due to the growing importance of the mouse in vision research, we have optimized a retinal slice preparation that allows the reliable collection of perforated‐patch recordings from light responding rods and cones. Unexpectedly, the frequency of cone recordings was much higher than their numeric proportion of ∼3%. This allowed us to obtain direct functional evidence suggestive of rod–cone coupling in the mouse. Moreover, rods had considerably larger single photon responses than previously published for mammals (3.44 mV, SD 1.37, n= 19 at 24°C; 2.46 mV, SD 1.08, n= 10 at 36°C), and a relatively high signal/noise ratio (6.4, SD 1.8 at 24°C; 6.8, SD 2.8 at 36°C). Both findings imply a more favourable transmission at the rod–rod bipolar cell synapse. Accordingly, relatively few photoisomerizations were sufficient to elicit a half‐maximal response (6.7, SD 2.7, n= 5 at 24°C; 10.6, SD 1.7, n= 3 at 36°C), leading to a narrow linear response range. Our study demonstrates new features of mammalian photoreceptors and opens the way for further investigations into photoreceptor function using retinas from mutant mouse models.
Interneuron‐mediated inhibition synchronizes neuronal activity during slow oscillation
Authors: Chen Jen‐Yung , Chauvette Sylvain , Skorheim Steven , Timofeev Igor , Bazhenov Maxim
Published: May 2012

Key points

A signature of deep sleep in the EEG is large‐amplitude fluctuation of field potential, which reflects alternating periods of activity and silence in the thalamocortical network.

Transitions between active and silent states of sleep slow oscillation are well synchronous between remote populations of neurons with the onsets of silent states synchronized better than the onsets of activity.

We found that synaptic inhibition plays a major role in terminating active cortical states; strong synaptic inhibition is necessary to synchronize onsets of silent states during normal sleep slow oscillation.

We further show that when synaptic inhibition is significantly reduced, active state termination is mediated by intrinsic hyperpolarizing conductances.

Our study suggests that inhibitory interaction in the cortical network actively mediates the patterns of neural activity during slow‐wave sleep and may, therefore, contribute to various brain functions developed during deep sleep.

Abstract  The signature of slow‐wave sleep in the electroencephalogram (EEG) is large‐amplitude fluctuation of the field potential, which reflects synchronous alternation of activity and silence across cortical neurons. While initiation of the active cortical states during sleep slow oscillation has been intensively studied, the biological mechanisms which drive the network transition from an active state to silence remain poorly understood. In the current study, using a combination of in vivo electrophysiology and thalamocortical network simulation, we explored the impact of intrinsic and synaptic inhibition on state transition during sleep slow oscillation. We found that in normal physiological conditions, synaptic inhibition controls the duration and the synchrony of active state termination. The decline of interneuron‐mediated inhibition led to asynchronous downward transition across the cortical network and broke the regular slow oscillation pattern. Furthermore, in both in vivo experiment and computational modelling, we revealed that when the level of synaptic inhibition was reduced significantly, it led to a recovery of synchronized oscillations in the form of seizure‐like bursting activity. In this condition, the fast active state termination was mediated by intrinsic hyperpolarizing conductances. Our study highlights the significance of both intrinsic and synaptic inhibition in manipulating sleep slow rhythms.
The Arabidopsis central vacuole as an expression system for intracellular transporters: functional characterization of the Cl−/H+ exchanger CLC‐7
Authors: Costa Alex , Gutla Paul Vijay Kanth , Boccaccio Anna , Scholz‐Starke Joachim , Festa Margherita , Basso Barbara , Zanardi Ilaria , Pusch Michael , Schiavo Fiorella Lo , Gambale Franco , Carpaneto Armando
Published: May 2012

Key points

Ion transport proteins in intracellular membranes of eukaryotic cells play key roles in many physiological and pathological processes.

The function of many of these transporters is poorly understood, because their intracellular localization makes them difficult to study.

Here, we used the large organelle of plant cells, the central vacuole, as a novel system to study an intracellular transporter from animal cells.

Our data showed that the lysosomal chloride transporter CLC‐7 from rat constitutes a functional transport protein in the central vacuole of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana (thale cress).

This novel approach has the potential to elucidate the transport properties of further, poorly studied intracellular ion channels and transporters.

Abstract  Functional characterization of intracellular transporters is hampered by the inaccessibility of animal endomembranes to standard electrophysiological techniques. Here, we used Arabidopsis mesophyll protoplasts as a novel heterologous expression system for the lysosomal chloride–proton exchanger CLC‐7 from rat. Following transient expression of a rCLC‐7:EGFP construct in isolated protoplasts, the fusion protein efficiently targeted to the membrane of the large central vacuole, the lytic compartment of plant cells. Membrane currents recorded from EGFP‐positive vacuoles were almost voltage independent and showed time‐dependent activation at elevated positive membrane potentials as a hallmark. The shift in the reversal potential of the current induced by a decrease of cytosolic pH was compatible with a 2Cl−/1H+ exchange stoichiometry. Mutating the so‐called gating glutamate into alanine (E245A) uncoupled chloride fluxes from the movement of protons, transforming the transporter into a chloride channel‐like protein. Importantly, CLC‐7 transport activity in the vacuolar expression system was recorded in the absence of the auxiliary subunit Ostm1, differently to recent data obtained in Xenopus oocytes using a CLC‐7 mutant with partial plasma membrane expression. We also show that plasma membrane‐targeted CLC‐7E245A is non‐functional in Xenopus oocytes when expressed without Ostm1. In summary, our data suggest the existence of an alternative CLC‐7 operating mode, which is active when the protein is not in complex with Ostm1. The vacuolar expression system has the potential to become a valuable tool for functional studies on intracellular ion channels and transporters from animal cells.
Rhythmic dendritic Ca2+ oscillations in thalamocortical neurons during slow non‐REM sleep‐related activity in vitro
Authors: Errington Adam C. , Hughes Stuart W. , Crunelli Vincenzo
Published: May 2012

Key points

Sensory thalamocortical (TC) neurons are thought to play a crucial role in oscillatory brain activity typical of slow wave sleep.

Intrinsic oscillations in TC neurons rely upon expression of T‐type voltage gated Ca2+ channels.

We show that during sleep like firing patterns in TC neurons in brain slices, low threshold spikes mediated by T‐type channels produce global and rhythmic dendritic Ca2+ signals. In particular we show Ca2+ elevations in dendritic spine like structures during slow oscillatory activity.

We find that the duration of dendritic Ca2+ signals and the mean level of Ca2+ in TC neuron dendrites varies with oscillation frequency.

This global repetitive Ca2+ entry in to TC cells during oscillations could have significant implications for synaptic signalling and biochemical processes in these important sensory neurons.

Abstract  The distribution of T‐type Ca2+ channels along the entire somatodendritic axis of sensory thalamocortical (TC) neurons permits regenerative propagation of low threshold spikes (LTS) accompanied by global dendritic Ca2+ influx. Furthermore, T‐type Ca2+ channels play an integral role in low frequency oscillatory activity (<1–4 Hz) that is a defining feature of TC neurons. Nonetheless, the dynamics of T‐type Ca2+ channel‐dependent dendritic Ca2+ signalling during slow sleep‐associated oscillations remains unknown. Here we demonstrate using patch clamp recording and two‐photon Ca2+ imaging of dendrites from cat TC neurons undergoing spontaneous slow oscillatory activity that somatically recorded δ (1–4 Hz) and slow (<1 Hz) oscillations are associated with rhythmic and sustained global oscillations in dendritic Ca2+. In addition, our data reveal the presence of LTS‐dependent Ca2+ transients (Δ[Ca2+]) in dendritic spine‐like structures on proximal TC neuron dendrites during slow (<1 Hz) oscillations whose amplitudes are similar to those observed in the dendritic shaft. We find that the amplitude of oscillation associated Δ[Ca2+] do not vary significantly with distance from the soma whereas the decay time constant (τdecay) of Δ[Ca2+] decreases significantly in more distal dendrites. Furthermore, τdecay of dendritic Δ[Ca2+] increases significantly as oscillation frequency decreases from δ to slow frequencies where pronounced depolarised UP states are observed. Such rhythmic dendritic Ca2+ entry in TC neurons during sleep‐related firing patterns could be an important factor in maintaining the oscillatory activity and associated biochemical signalling processes, such as synaptic downscaling, that occur in non‐REM sleep.
Disease‐causing mutations C277R and C277Y modify gating of human ClC‐1 chloride channels in myotonia congenita
Authors: Weinberger Sebastian , Wojciechowski Daniel , Sternberg Damien , Lehmann‐Horn Frank , Jurkat‐Rott Karin , Becher Toni , Begemann Birgit , Fahlke Christoph , Fischer Martin
Published: May 2012

Key points

ClC channels are double‐barrelled channels with two ion conduction pathways per individual channel.

Substituting cysteine 277 by serine constitutively opens the common gate suggesting that this residue plays a major role in joint openings/closings of both protopores of ClC‐1.

We studied here the functional consequences of two novel myotonia‐associated mutations, C277R and C277Y, of human ClC‐1 chloride channels.

C277Y not only modified the common gate, but also protopore gating.

C277Y inverts the voltage dependence and reduces the open probabilities of protopore and common gates and thus decreases the absolute open probabilities of homodimeric hClC‐1 channels to values below 3%.

C277Y reduces single protopore current amplitudes to about two‐thirds of wild‐type values, and inverts the anion permeability sequence.

Our results explain the disease‐causing effects and provide novel insights into the molecular processes underlying normal and pathologically altered function of muscle chloride channels.

Abstract  Myotonia congenita is a genetic condition that is caused by mutations in the muscle chloride channel gene CLCN1 and characterized by delayed muscle relaxation and muscle stiffness. We here investigate the functional consequences of two novel disease‐causing missense mutations, C277R and C277Y, using heterologous expression in HEK293T cells and patch clamp recording. Both mutations reduce macroscopic anion currents in transfected cells. Since hClC‐1 is a double‐barrelled anion channel, this reduction in current amplitude might be caused by altered gating of individual protopores or of joint openings and closing of both protopores. We used non‐stationary noise analysis and single channel recordings to separate the mutants’ effects on individual and common gating processes. We found that C277Y inverts the voltage dependence and reduces the open probabilities of protopore and common gates resulting in decreases of absolute open probabilities of homodimeric channels to values below 3%. In heterodimeric channels, C277R and C277Y also reduce open probabilities and shift the common gate activation curve towards positive potentials. Moreover, C277Y modifies pore properties of hClC‐1. It reduces single protopore current amplitudes to about two‐thirds of wild‐type values, and inverts the anion permeability sequence to I−= NO3− > Br− > Cl−. Our findings predict a dramatic reduction of the muscle fibre resting chloride conductance and thus fully explain the disease‐causing effects of mutations C277R and C277Y. Moreover, they provide additional insights into the function of C277, a residue recently implicated in common gating of ClC channels.
Unsteady Aerodynamic Flow Investigation Around a Simplified Square-Back Road Vehicle With Drag Reduction Devices
Authors: Khalighi Bahram , Chen Kuo-Huey , Iaccarino G.
Published: May 2012

The unsteady flow around a simplified road vehicle model with and without drag reduction devices is investigated. The simulations are carried out using the unsteady RANS in conjunction with the v2-f turbulence model. The corresponding experiments are performed in a small wind tunnel which includes pressure and velocity fields measurements. The devices are add-on geometry parts (a box with a cavity and, boat-tail without a cavity) which are attached to the back of the square-back model to improve the pressure recovery and reduce the flow unsteadiness. The results show that the recirculation regions at the base are shortened and weakened and the base pressure is significantly increased by the devices which lead to lower drag coefficients (up to 30% reduction in drag). Also, the results indicate a reduction of the turbulence intensities in the wake as well as a rapid upward deflection of the underbody flow with the devices in place. A reduction of the unsteadiness is the common element of the devices studied. The baseline configuration (square-back) exhibits strong three-dimensional flapping of the wake. The main shedding frequency captured agrees well with the available experimental data. Comparisons with the measurements show that the simulations agree reasonably well with the experiments in terms of drag and the flow structures. Finally, a blowing system (Coanda jet) is investigated numerically. In this case a drag reduction of up to 50% is realized.
A New Pump Application in Heavy Oil Recovery
Authors: Li Juan , Han Mei , Han Xiuting
Published: May 2012

In order to promote heavy oil recovery and solve the conventional plunger pump problems, which include wear, large leakage, and a stuck pump in the process of heavy oil production, this paper reports on the research and development of a new pump, and promotes its application in heavy oil recovery. With the use of the new pump, an advanced level of no leakage in a deep well with heavy oil is achieved and it is shown that the pump remarkably improves the pump volumetric efficiency.
Damage by radicals and photons during plasma cleaning of porous low-k SiOCH. I. Ar/O2 and He/H2 plasmas
Authors: Shoeb Juline , Wang Ming Mei , Kushner Mark J.
Published: May 2012

Porous dielectric materials offer lower capacitances that reduce RC time delays in integrated circuits. Typical porous low dielectric (low-k) materials include SiOCH—silicon dioxide with carbon groups, principally –CH3, lining the pores. Fluorocarbon plasmas are often used to etch such low-k materials. These processes leave a fluorocarbon polymer on the SiOCH surface that must be removed, often with oxygen or hydrogen containing plasmas. Pores open to the surface and that are internally connected provide pathways for reactive species to enter into the porous network and produce damage. For example, during cleaning using O2 containing plasmas, reactions of O atoms with –CH3 groups can increase the k-value by removing C atoms. Vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) photons produced by the plasma and that penetrate into the material can scission –Si–CH3bonds and accelerate the removal of –CH3 groups. This paper reports on results from a computational investigation of Ar/O2 and He/H2plasma cleaning of porous SiOCH when including the effects of VUV photons. The authors found that He/H2 plasmas are able to clean CFx polymers deposited during etching while producing milder damage to underlying –CH3 sites compared to O2plasmas due to the lower reactivity of H atoms and the shorter penetration distance of photons produced in He/H2plasmas.
Proof of concept for low‐dose molecular breast imaging with a dual‐head CZT gamma camera. Part I. Evaluation in phantoms
Authors: Hruska Carrie B. , Weinmann Amanda L. , O'Connor Michael K.
Published: May 2012

Purpose:

Molecular breast imaging (MBI) is a nuclear medicine technology that uses dual‐head cadmium zinc telluride (CZT) gamma cameras to image functional uptake of a radiotracer, Tc‐99m sestamibi, in the breast. An important factor in adoption of MBI in the screening setting is reduction of the necessary administered dose of Tc‐99m sestamibi from the typically used dose of 740 MBq to approximately 148 MBq, such that MBI's whole‐body effective dose is comparable to that of screening mammography. Methods that increase MBI count sensitivity may allow a proportional reduction in the necessary administered dose. Our objective was to evaluate the impact of two count sensitivity improvement methods on image quality by evaluating count sensitivity, spatial resolution, and lesion contrast in phantom simulations.

Methods:

Two dual‐head CZT‐based MBI systems were studied: LumaGem and Discovery NM 750b. Two count sensitivity improvement methods were implemented: registered collimators optimized for dedicated breast imaging and widened energy acceptance window optimized for use with CZT. System sensitivity, spatial resolution, and tumor contrast‐to‐noise ratio (CNR) were measured comparing standard collimation and energy window setting [126–154 keV (+10%, −10%)] with optimal collimation and a wide energy window [110–154 keV (+10%, −21%)].

Results:

Compared to the standard collimator designs and energy windows for these two systems, use of registered optimized collimation and wide energy window increased system sensitivity by a factor of 2.8–3.6. Spatial resolution decreased slightly for both systems with new collimation. At 3 cm from the collimator face, LumaGem's spatial resolution was 4.8 and 5.6 mm with standard and optimized collimation; Discovery NM 750b's spatial resolution was 4.4 and 4.6 mm with standard and optimized collimation, respectively. For both systems, at tumor depths of 1 and 3 cm, use of optimized collimation and wide energy window significantly improved CNR compared to standard settings for tumors 8.0 and 9.2 mm in diameter. At the closer depth of 1 cm, optimized collimation and wide energy window also significantly improved CNR for 5.9 mm tumors on Discovery NM 750b.

Conclusions:

Registered optimized collimation and wide energy window yield a substantial gain in count sensitivity and measurable gain in CNR, with some loss in spatial resolution compared to the standard collimator designs and energy windows used on these two systems. At low‐count densities calculated to represent doses of 148 MBq, this tradeoff results in adequate count density and lesion contrast for detection of lesions ≥8 mm in the middle of a typical breast (3 cm deep) and lesions ≥6 mm close to the collimator (1 cm deep).
X‐ray spectral measurements for tungsten‐anode from 20 to 49 kVp on a digital breast tomosynthesis system
Authors: Zhang Da , Li Xinhua , Liu Bob
Published: May 2012

Purpose:

This paper presents new spectral measurements of a tungsten‐target digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) system, including spectra of 43–49 kVp.

Methods:

Raw x‐ray spectra of 20–49 kVp were directly measured from the tube port of a Selenia Dimensions DBT system using a CdTe based spectrometer. Two configurations of collimation were employed: one with two tungsten pinholes of and diameters, and the other with a single pinhole of diameter, for acquiring spectra from the focal spot and from the focal spot as well as its vicinity. Stripping correction was applied to the measured spectra to compensate distortions due to escape events. The measured spectra were compared with the existing mammographic spectra of the TASMIP model in terms of photon fluence per exposure, spectral components, and half‐value layer (HVL). HVLs were calculated from the spectra with a numerical filtration of 0.7 mm aluminum and were compared against actual measurements on the DBT system using W/Al (target‐filter) combination, without paddle in the beam.

Results:

The spectra from the double‐pinhole configuration, in which the acceptance aperture pointed right at the focal spot, were harder than the single‐pinhole spectra which include both primary and off‐focus radiation. HVL calculated from the single‐pinhole setup agreed with the measured HVL within 0.04 mm aluminum, while the HVL values from the double‐pinhole setup were larger than the single‐pinhole HVL by at most 0.1 mm aluminum. The spectra from single‐pinhole setup agreed well with the TASMIP mammographic spectra, and are more relevant for clinical purpose.

Conclusions:

The spectra data would be useful for future research on DBT system with tungsten targets.
Comparison of measured with calculated dose distribution from a 120‐MeV electron beam from a laser‐plasma accelerator
Authors: Lundh O. , Rechatin C. , Faure J. , Ben‐Ismaïl A. , Lim J. , De Wagter C. , De Neve W. , Malka V.
Published: May 2012

Purpose:

To evaluate the dose distribution of a 120‐MeV laser‐plasma accelerated electron beam which may be of potential interest for high‐energy electron radiation therapy.

Methods:

In the interaction between an intense laser pulse and a helium gas jet, a well collimated electron beam with very high energy is produced. A secondary laser beam is used to optically control and to tune the electron beam energy and charge. The potential use of this beam for radiation treatment is evaluated experimentally by measurements of dose deposition in a polystyrene phantom. The results are compared to Monte Carlo simulations using thegeant4 code.

Results:

It has been shown that the laser‐plasma accelerated electron beam can deliver a peak dose of more than 1 Gy at the entrance of the phantom in a single laser shot by direct irradiation, without the use of intermediate magnetic transport or focusing. The dose distribution is peaked on axis, with narrow lateral penumbra. Monte Carlo simulations of electron beam propagation and dose deposition indicate that the propagation of the intense electron beam (with large self‐fields) can be described by standard models that exclude collective effects in the response of the material.

Conclusions:

The measurements show that the high‐energy electron beams produced by an optically injected laser‐plasma accelerator can deliver high enough dose at penetration depths of interest for electron beam radiotherapy of deep‐seated tumors. Many engineering issues must be resolved before laser‐accelerated electrons can be used for cancer therapy, but they also represent exciting challenges for future research.
Development of a randomized 3D cell model for Monte Carlo microdosimetry simulations
Authors: Douglass Michael , Bezak Eva , Penfold Scott
Published: May 2012

Purpose:

The objective of the current work was to develop an algorithm for growing a macroscopic tumor volume from individual randomized quasi‐realistic cells. The major physical and chemical components of the cell need to be modeled. It is intended to import the tumor volume intoGEANT4 (and potentially other Monte Carlo packages) to simulate ionization events within the cell regions.

Methods:

AMATLAB© code was developed to produce a tumor coordinate system consisting of individual ellipsoidal cells randomized in their spatial coordinates, sizes, and rotations. An eigenvalue method using a mathematical equation to represent individual cells was used to detect overlapping cells. GEANT4 code was then developed to import the coordinate system into GEANT4 and populate it with individual cells of varying sizes and composed of the membrane, cytoplasm, reticulum, nucleus, and nucleolus. Each region is composed of chemically realistic materials.

Results:

The in‐house developedMATLAB© code was able to grow semi‐realistic cell distributions (∼2 × 108 cells in 1 cm3) in under 36 h. The cell distribution can be used in any number of Monte Carlo particle tracking toolkits including GEANT4, which has been demonstrated in this work.

Conclusions:

Using the cell distribution andGEANT4, the authors were able to simulate ionization events in the individual cell components resulting from 80 keV gamma radiation (the code is applicable to other particles and a wide range of energies). This virtual microdosimetry tool will allow for a more complete picture of cell damage to be developed.
Signal Activation and Inactivation by the Gα Helical Domain: A Long-Neglected Partner in G Protein Signaling
Authors: Dohlman Henrik G. , Jones Janice C.
Published: May 2012

Structural studies suggest that the helical domain of G protein α subunits is an active participant in G protein signaling.
Draft Genome Sequence of the Yeast Pachysolen tannophilus CBS 4044/NRRL Y-2460
Authors: Liu Xiaoying , Kaas Rolf Sommer , Jensen Peter Ruhdal , Workman Mhairi
Published: May 2012

A draft genome sequence of the yeast
Pachysolen tannophilus
CBS 4044/NRRL Y-2460 is presented. The organism has the potential to be developed as a cell factory for biorefineries due to its ability to utilize waste feedstocks. The sequenced genome size was 12,238,196 bp, consisting of 34 scaffolds. A total of 4,463 genes from 5,346 predicted open reading frames were annotated with function.
T2K: A LONG-BASELINE EXPERIMENT TO STUDY NEUTRINOS
Authors: WEBER ALFONS
Published: May 2012

T2K is the first of a new generation of long baseline neutrino oscillation experiments that will measure neutrino oscillations parameters. The experiment uses the J-PARC accelerator complex on the east cost of Japan to sent a neutrino beam to the Kamioka mine, located 295 km to the west. It consists of a dedicated beam-line, a near detector complex to characterize the beam and the well-known Super-Kamiokande detector to measure the oscillation signal. This paper describes the experimental setup, the results of the first measurement campaign as well as giving an outlook on the future potential of the experiment.
BASELINE FINDINGS OF A PROSPECTIVE STUDY ON PRO-OFFENDING ATTITUDES AND SELF-REPORTED PROBLEMS AMONG JUVENILE PROBATIONERS
Authors: CHUI WING HONG , CHAN HENG CHOON (OLIVER)
Published: May 2012

Although there are scholarly articles and government reports published over the years (Chui, 2004, 2006; Lo et al., 1997), little is known about the effectiveness of the current Hong Kong probation system in reducing juvenile probationers' recidivism risk and easing their community reintegration process. Thus, this Phase One study of an ongoing three-phase longitudinal project aims to set a baseline to measure the pro-offending attitudes and self-reported problems of 77 male juvenile offenders (aged 14 to 20) who recently started their probation period at a residential home using CRIME-PICS II.

Phases Two and Three will be conducted upon the completion of their probation and eventual release into their community. Within-programme changes will be measured to examine the effectiveness of the current juvenile probation practice. Sample demographic characteristics, offender criminal history, and CRIME-PICS II descriptive findings are presented. This project is imperative in several aspects with implications for both public policy and social work practice.
香港社會工作論壇: 網上社區工作的經驗與反思
Authors: 林 昭寰 , 游 達裕 , 朱 志強 , 梁 傳孫
Published: May 2012

本文透過一個網上專業社群 — 「香港社會工作論壇」 — 的經驗，討論網上社區作爲社會行動的平台的效能，和新興技術與傳統社會社區工作可以怎樣配合，以促進更公平的社會參與，爲制定社會政策創造另類的論述場所。 本文亦指出，網上社區應該在時機成熟時，從虛擬世界走到現實，把虛擬和現實世界的組織行動結合起來，善用科技，實際行動，以爭取更理想的改革和社會政策。
Chandra's Influence on Indian Astronomy
Authors: Narlikar Jayant V.
Published: May 2012

The extraordinary achievements of Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar (Chandra) have guided and inspired many younger astrophysicists. The brief survey seeks to highlight a few specific cases in India where, through his writings, lectures and discussions, Chandra made a lasting impact. It will be argued that although at a general, somewhat superficial level, Chandra is a light beacon to be followed, very few Indian astrophysicists reached a level where they could engage Chandra in a scientific discussion on a topic that interested him.
A novel segmentation approach for improving diagnostic accuracy of CAD systems for detecting lung cancer from chest computed tomography images
Authors: Elizabeth D. Shiloah , Nehemiah H. Khanna , Raj C. Sunil Retmin , Kannan A.
Published: May 2012

Segmentation of lung tissue is an important and challenging task in any computer aided diagnosis system. The accuracy of the segmentation subsystem determines the performance of the other subsystems in any computer aided diagnosis system based on image analysis. We propose a novel technique for segmentation of lung tissue from computed tomography of the chest. Manual segmentation of lung parenchyma becomes difficult with an enormous volume of images. The goal of this work is to present an automated approach to segmentation of lung parenchyma from the rest of the chest CT image. The approach involves the conventional optimal thresholding technique and operations based on convex edge and centroid properties of the lung region. The segmentation technique proposed in this article can be used to preprocess lung images given to a computer aided diagnosis system for diagnosis of lung disorders. This improves the diagnostic performance of the system. This has been tested by using it in a computer aided diagnosis system that was used for detection of lung cancer from chest computed tomography images. The results obtained show that the lungs can be correctly segmented even in the presence of peripheral pathology bearing regions; pathology bearing regions that could not be detected using a CAD system that applies optimal thresholding could be detected using a CAD system using out proposed approach for segmentation of lungs.
Characterization of Titanium Oxide Nanoparticles Obtained by Hydrolysis Reaction of Ethylene Glycol Solution of Alkoxide
Authors: Uekawa Naofumi , Endo Naoya , Ishii Keisuke , Kojima Takashi , Kakegawa Kazuyuki
Published: May 2012

Transparent and stable sols of titanium oxide nanoparticles were obtained by heating a mixture of ethylene glycol solution of titanium tetraisopropoxide (TIP) and a NH3aqueous solution at 368 K for 24 h. The concentration of NH3aqueous solution affected the structure of the obtained titanium oxide nanoparticles. For NH3aqueous solution concentrations higher than 0.2 mol/L, a mixture of anatase TiO2nanoparticles and layered titanic acid nanoparticles was obtained. The obtained sol was very stable without formation of aggregated precipitates and gels. Coordination of ethylene glycol to Ti4+ions inhibited the rapid hydrolysis reaction and aggregation of the obtained nanoparticles. The obtained titanium oxide nanoparticles had a large specific surface area: larger than 350 m2/g. The obtained titanium oxide nanoparticles showed an enhanced adsorption towards the cationic dye molecules. The selective adsorption corresponded to presence of layered titanic acid on the obtained anatase TiO2nanoparticles.
A Study on the Holding Capacity Safety Factors for Torpedo Anchors
Authors: Sagrilo Luís V. S. , de Sousa José Renato M. , Lima Edison C. P. , Porto Elisabeth C. , Fernandes Jane V. V.
Published: May 2012

The use of powerful numerical tools based on the finite‐element method has been improving the prediction of the holding capacity of fixed anchors employed by the offshore oil industry. One of the main achievements of these tools is the reduction of the uncertainty related to the holding capacity calculation of these anchors. Therefore, it is also possible to reduce the values of the associated design safety factors, which have been calibrated relying on models with higher uncertainty, without impairing the original level of structural safety. This paper presents a study on the calibration of reliability‐based safety factors for the design of torpedo anchors considering the statistical model uncertainty evaluated using results from experimental tests and their correspondent finite‐element‐based numerical predictions. Both working stress design (WSD) and load and resistance factors design (LRFD) design methodologies are investigated. Considering the WSD design methodology, the single safety is considerably lower than the value typically employed in the design of torpedo anchors. Moreover, a LRFD design code format for torpedo anchors is more appropriate since it leads to designs having less‐scattered safety levels around the target value.
An Energy-Efficient CKN Algorithm for Duty-Cycled Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors: Wang Lei , Yuan Zhuxiu , Shu Lei , Shi Liang , Qin Zhenquan
Published: May 2012

To prolong the lifetime of a wireless sensor network, one common approach is to dynamically schedule sensors' active/sleep cycles (i.e., duty cycles) using sleep scheduling algorithms. The connected K-neighborhood (CKN) algorithm is an efficient decentralized sleep scheduling algorithm for reducing the number of awake nodes while maintaining both network connectivity and an on-demand routing latency. In this paper, we investigate the unexplored energy consumption of the CKN algorithm by building a probabilistic node sleep model, which computes the probability that a random node goes to sleep. Based on this probabilistic model, we obtain a lower epoch bound that keeps the network more energy efficient with longer lifetime when it runs the CKN algorithm than it does not. Furthermore, we propose a new sleep scheduling algorithm, namely, Energy-consumption-based CKN (ECCKN), to prolong the network lifetime. The algorithm EC-CKN, which takes the nodes' residual energy information as the parameter to decide whether a node to be active or sleep, not only can achieve the k-connected neighborhoods problem, but also can assure the k-awake neighbor nodes have more residual energy than other neighbor nodes in current epoch.
Fabrication and Optoelectrical Properties of IZO/Cu2OHeterostructure Solar Cells by Thermal Oxidation
Authors: Chen Cheng-Chiang , Chen Lung-Chien , Lee Yi-Hsuan
Published: May 2012

Indium zinc oxide (IZO)/cupper oxide (Cu2O) is a nontoxic nature and an attractive all-oxide candidate for low-cost photovoltaic (PV) applications. The present paper reports on the fabrication of IZO/Cu2O heterostructure solar cells which the Cu2O layers were prepared by oxidation of Cu thin films deposited on glass substrate. The measured parameters of cells were the short-circuit current (Isc), the open-circuit voltage (Voc), the maximum output power (Pm), the fill factor (FF), and the efficiency (η), which had values of 0.11 mA, 0.136 V, 5.05 μW, 0.338, and 0.56%, respectively, under AM 1.5 illumination.
Perinatal Factors Associated with Cardiovascular Disease Risk among Preschool-Age Children in the United States: An Analysis of 1999–2008 NHANES Data
Authors: Messiah Sarah E. , Arheart Kristopher L. , Lipshultz Steven E. , Bandstra Emmalee S. , Miller Tracie L.
Published: May 2012

We examined the relationships between selected perinatal and early infancy factors (maternal smoking during pregnancy, infant low birthweight, breastfeeding, and early introduction of solid foods [<6 months of age] and increased BMI [≥85th, ≥95th percentiles for age, sex]), waist circumference (WC), C-reactive protein (CRP), triglycerides, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, non-high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and decreased HDL cholesterol during early childhood. The population-based sample included 3,644 3-to-6-year-old Non-Hispanic White (NHW), Hispanic, and Non-Hispanic Black (NHB) children who participated in the 1999–2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. Analysis showed that breastfeeding was significantly protective against early childhood obesity (OR 0.43, 95% CI, 0.27–0.69) and the highest quintile for WC (OR 0.58, 95% CI, 0.37–0.32) among NHW, and against the highest quintile of non-HDL cholesterol among NHB (OR 0.56, 95% CI, 0.32–0.98). Additionally, NHW children were significantly more likely to be obese (OR 2.22, 95% CI 1.30–3.78) and have higher CRP levels (OR 1.63, 95% CI, 1.05–2.51) if their mothers smoked during pregnancy. These results support the observation that breastfeeding may be protective against early childhood obesity while maternal smoking during pregnancy is a risk factor for obesity and increased CRP levels among NHW young children.
Rapid Quantification of Bacteria in Infected Root Canals Using Fluorescence Reagents and a Membrane Filter: A Pilot Study on Its Clinical Application to the Evaluation of the Outcomes of Endodontic Treatment
Authors: Sato Takuichi , Yamaki Keiko , Ishida Naoko , Shoji Megumi , Sato Emika , Abiko Yuki , Hashimoto Kazuhiro , Takeuchi Yasuhisa , Matsuyama Junko , Shimauchi Hidetoshi , Takahashi Nobuhiro
Published: May 2012

Objective. The bacterial examination has been performed during the course of the root canal treatment. In the present pilot study, the new developed method, using fluorescence reagents and a membrane filter, was applied to the detection and quantification of bacteria in infected root canals, in order to evaluate the outcomes of the treatment.Methods. Six infected root canals with periapical lesions from 5 subjects were included. Informed consent was obtained from all subjects (age ranges, 23–79 years). Samples from infected root canals were collected at the beginning of the treatment (termed #25 First), the end of the first day of treatment (termed #55 First), and the next appointment day (termed #55 Second). Then, the bacterial count (CFU) was measured using fluorescence reagents (4′,6′-diamidino-2-phenylindole and propidium iodide) and the polycarbonate membrane filter by Bioplorer.Results. The mean ± SD of CFU in the sample of “#25 First” was(1.0±1.4)×105. As the root canal treatment progressed, the CFU decreased as7.9×103(#55 First) and4.3×102(#55 Second).Conclusion. In the present pilot study, rapid detection and quantification of bacteria in infected root canals were found to be successfully performed using fluorescence reagents and a membrane filter (Bioplorer analysis).
Behavior and Distribution of Heavy Metals Including Rare Earth Elements, Thorium, and Uranium in Sludge from Industry Water Treatment Plant and Recovery Method of Metals by Biosurfactants Application
Authors: Gao Lidi , Kano Naoki , Sato Yuichi , Li Chong , Zhang Shuang , Imaizumi Hiroshi
Published: May 2012

In order to investigate the behavior, distribution, and characteristics of heavy metals including rare earth elements (REEs), thorium (Th), and uranium (U) in sludge, the total and fractional concentrations of these elements in sludge collected from an industry water treatment plant were determined and compared with those in natural soil. In addition, the removal/recovery process of heavy metals (Pb, Cr, and Ni) from the polluted sludge was studied with biosurfactant (saponin and sophorolipid) elution by batch and column experiments to evaluate the efficiency of biosurfactant for the removal of heavy metals. Consequently, the following matters have been largely clarified. (1) Heavy metallic elements in sludge have generally larger concentrations and exist as more unstable fraction than those in natural soil. (2) Nonionic saponin including carboxyl group is more efficient than sophorolipid for the removal of heavy metals in polluted sludge. Saponin has selectivity for the mobilization of heavy metals and mainly reacts with heavy metals in F3 (the fraction bound to carbonates) and F5 (the fraction bound to Fe-Mn oxides). (3) The recovery efficiency of heavy metals (Pb, Ni, and Cr) reached about 90–100% using a precipitation method with alkaline solution.
Penile Epidermal Inclusion Cyst
Authors: El-Shazly M. , Ghobashy A. , Allam A. , Alenezy T. , Alenezy N. , Yordanov E. , Hathout B. , Albunnai R.
Published: May 2012

We report a case of epidermal inclusion cyst in a 32-year-old male. This was a complication of circumcision that was neglected over years to form stones and urethrocutaneous fistula. Complete excision of the cyst and repair of the fistula were performed successfully. Histopathological examination confirmed our diagnosis.
Hymenoptera Venom Immunotherapy: Tolerance and Efficacy of an Ultrarush Protocol versus a Rush and a Slow Conventional Protocol
Authors: Patella Vincenzo , Florio Giovanni , Giuliano Ada , Oricchio Carmine , Spadaro Giuseppe , Marone Gianni , Genovese Arturo
Published: May 2012

Background and Objective. Various venom immunotherapy (VIT) protocols are available for Hymenoptera allergy. Although adverse reactions (ADRs) to VIT are widely reported, controlled trials are still needed. We conducted a randomized prospective study to evaluate ADRs and the efficacy of three VIT regimens. Methods. 76 patients with Hymenoptera allergy, aged 16–76 years, were randomized to receive an ultrarush protocol (group A: 27 patients), a rush protocol (group B: 25), or a slow protocol (group C: 24). Aqueous venom extract was used in incremental phase and an adsorbed depot in maintenance phase. ADRs and accidental Hymenoptera stings during VIT were used to evaluate efficacy. Results. During incremental treatment, ADRs occurred in 1.99%, 3.7%, and 3.9% of patients in groups A, B, and C, and in 0.99%, 1.46%, and 2.7%, respectively, during maintenance. ADRs were significantly fewer in group A (incremental + maintenance phase) than in group C (1.29% versus 3.2%; ). Reactions to accidental Hymenoptera stings did not differ among groups (1.1%, 1.2%, and 1.1%). Conclusion. Ultrarush was as effective as the rush and slow protocols and was associated with a low incidence of reactions to stings. This study indicates that ultrarush VIT is a valid therapeutic option for Hymenoptera allergy.