bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Non-uniform (hyper/multi)coherence spaces
Authors: BOUDES PIERRE
Published: November 2010

In (hyper)coherence semantics, proofs/terms are cliques in (hyper)graphs. Intuitively, the vertices represent the results of computations and the edge relation witnesses the ability to carry out the computation assembled into a single piece of data or a single (strongly) stable function, at arrow types.

In (hyper)coherence semantics, the argument of a (strongly) stable functional is always a (strongly) stable function. As a consequence, compared to the relational semantics where there is no edge relation, some vertices are missing. Recovering these vertices is essential if we are to reconstruct proofs/terms from their interpretations. It will also be useful for comparing with other semantics, such as game semantics.

Bucciarelli and Ehrhard (2001) introduced a non-uniform coherence space semantics, where no vertex is missing. By constructing the co-free exponential, we get a new version of this semantics, together with non-uniform versions of hypercoherences and multicoherences. This provides a new semantics in which an edge is a finite multiset. Thanks to the co-free construction, these non-uniform semantics are deterministic in the sense that the intersection of a clique and an anti-clique contains at most one vertex, which is a result of interaction, and they then extensionally collapse onto the corresponding uniform semantics.
The State in the Pulpit: State Incorporation of Religious Institutions in the Middle East
Authors: Baskan Birol
Published: November 2010

Political development literature held that the process of secularization is conflict-ridden between the state and religious institutions. Later state building literature left state-religion relations outside its theoretical scope and left a puzzle in our understanding of state building. How did state-religion relations really change in the course of modern state formation? This article argues that the relationship between state builders and religious institutions was not necessarily conflictual. Rather, there were potential areas of cooperation between the two. However, whether any cooperation was realized was historically contingent. Depending on the type of relationship established, state-religion relations took different institutional shapes. This article makes two observations. First, if the religious institutions have a fairly hierarchical internal organization, then the state and religious institutions part their ways. This is the picture classical political development literature paints. Second, in cases where the state faces a disunited body of religious institutions, the state incorporates religious institutions into its apparatus, its extent depending on the institutional capacity of the state. As the institutional capacity of the state increased, its control over religious institutions also increased. The article then illustrates these observations through major cases from the Middle East.
The Dearborn Effect: A Comparison of the Political Dispositions of Shi‘a and Sunni Muslims in the United States
Authors: Contractor Cyrus Ali
Published: November 2010

The study of Muslims in the West is a burgeoning field, in which scholars are examining the religious, social and political lives of Muslims as minorities. This article continues in that vein, and utilizes the Muslim American Political Opinion Survey (MAPOS) to compare Shi‘a and Sunni responses in a few areas of interest: religious identity, views of being a Muslim in the United States, and political participation in the American system. Using a comparison of mean responses and the t-test to analyze 13 variables, it demonstrates that Sunnis felt more strongly that the teachings of Islam were compatible with political participation in the United States, and that a statistically significantly higher percentage of Shi‘a respondents participated in a rally or protest. The study goes further to suggest that perhaps congregants of Shi‘a mosques view Islamic teachings as being more compatible with participation in American politics, and opens the door for further consideration and research involving a more in-depth study of the Shi‘as in the American political context, one that examines how the narratives that drive Shi‘ism affect individual Shi‘a social and political participation in a country where they are a real “minority within a minority”.
Unsettled Territories: State, Civil Society, and the Politics of Religious Conversion in India
Authors: Fernandes Leela
Published: November 2010

The article argues that the secular Indian state and the Hindu nationalist movement are invested in restricting changes in religious membership in ways that intensify religious and caste-based inequalities. The secular state and the Hindu nationalist movement attempt to enforce a shared model of religion that takes the form of a fixed territory. In this model, changes in religious membership through conversion are restricted. An analysis of state-civil society interactions in India must therefore move away from a presumed opposition between state secularism on the one hand and religious nationalism and conflict within civil society on the other. The article draws on three cases: (1) nationalist debates over caste and religious conversion, (2) Hindu nationalist mobilization against religious conversion, and (3) state caste-based affirmative action policies that restrict benefits based on religious conversion.
Does Religion Still Matter? Religion and Public Attitudes toward Integration in Europe
Authors: Nelsen Brent F. , Guth James L. , Highsmith Brian
Published: November 2010

Recent years have seen a proliferation of studies on the determinants of support for the European Union among national publics. Scholars have analyzed economic, political, informational, and identity factors as influences, but there has been less exploration of cultural factors, most notably religion. This article replicates our earlier studies exploring the impact of confessional culture and religious commitment on support for the European Union, expanding the purview from early member states to more recent accessions and candidates for membership. UsingEurobarometer 65.2(Papacostas 2006), we demonstrate that religion still shapes attitudes toward European integration, but in varying ways and to different extents in several parts of the Union. In early member states, Catholics — especially committed ones — are more supportive of the European Union than Protestants, confirming earlier findings. In more recent accessions, however, religion's impact is weaker and assumes different configurations. Finally, we present evidence that even in the early member states religion is losing its influence over Europeanist sentiment and suggest that this development presents obstacles to further political integration.
Anxious and Active: Muslim Perception of Discrimination and Treatment and its Political Consequences in the Post-September 11, 2001 United States
Authors: Jalalzai Farida
Published: November 2010

Utilizing both quantitative and qualitative analysis, this article assesses discrimination and anxiety among Muslims in the post-September 11, 2001 United States. Substantial portions of Muslim-Americans are indeed anxious and report personal and group discrimination. However, this is guided by many factors including religious salience, age, education, political attentiveness, native born status, and years lived in the United States. Respondents who are more anxious and know victims of religious discrimination are also more active in politics. However, personal experiences with discrimination are unrelated to political participation. Overall, in spite of or perhaps because of anxiety over their present status, Muslim-Americans are highly functional in the political sphere. Many are now more active in politics than prior to September 11, 2001.
Design and manufacture of mini-beam collimators for macromolecular crystallography at the GM/CA-CAT at APS
Authors: Xu S. , Nagarajan V. , Fischetti R. F.
Published: November 2010

Since 2007, we have offered single collimators for mini beams of sizes 5, 10 and 20 µm as well as a 300 µm scatter-guard to accommodate the fully focused beam. The advantages of varying the beam size were obvious, better signal/background ratio and the capability to raster with a coarse, larger beam, then fine tune with one of the mini-beam options. The mini beams proved to be a technical and popular success; however, the switching of the single collimators often involved staff intervention. The single mini-beam collimators were the precursors to the development of a triple collimator. This implementation incorporated two mini-beam collimators and a 300 µm scatter-guard on one post. The design was improved by consolidation of fabrication from a single piece of molybdenum block. It significantly improved the robustness, ease of initial alignment, reduction of background and increased automation. However, experimenters were still left with a choice of either a (5, 10 and 300 µm)- or a (10, 20 and 300 µm)-triple collimator. Recently, a quad collimator was developed and fabricated to provide a selection of mini beams of 5, 10 and 20 µm and a 300 µm scatter-guard, on a single post. We will present the mechanical design of multi-collimators, results of measured beam flux through the collimator pinholes.
Sphere of confusion of a goniometer: measurements, techniques and results
Authors: Noiré P. , Jonquerès N. , Schlutig S. , Leterme D. , Roux T.
Published: November 2010

In the diffraction community, the goniometer is the main part of the diffractometer, essential for orienting the samples. To characterize the goniometer, the sphere of confusion (SoC) has been measured. The SoC describes the minimal sphere that enclosed the measurements. This essential information is very important for the diffractometer users. In collaboration with Symetrie Inc., Soleil Synchrotron and the CEA, the SoC has been measured with three different metrology methods. These three measurement techniques and the associated results are discussed in this article.
Optical study of pressure-induced insulator-to-metal transitions in correlated electron systems
Authors: Perucchi A. , Baldassarre L. , Marini C. , Postorino P. , Lupi S.
Published: November 2010

Understanding the physics of strongly correlated systems is one of the most challenging tasks of condensed matter research. Besides displaying extremely interesting physical behaviour, their sensitivity to small changes in external parameters makes them highly appealing for future technological applications. That sensitivity is attributed to the small value of the electron bandwidth W in comparison with other relevant energy scales such as the electron correlation U or the charge transfer (CT) energy gap Δ. While being a challenging experimental technique, the application of high pressure (HP) through a diamond anvil cell (DAC) permits to tune the bandwidth W continuously and without introducing impurities or disorder. Because of the small throughput of DACs, infrared (IR) measurements at HP take great advantage of the use of a high-brightness source as a synchrotron IR source (Lupi et al. 2007). We review here our latest results on several correlated insulators of the Mott–Hubbard and CT type.
Thermomechanical optimization of the cathode design intended for the X-ray free-electron laser oscillator injector electron gun
Authors: Brajuskovic B. , Lindberg R. , Sereno N.
Published: November 2010

The Advanced Photon Source at Argonne National Laboratory is developing a low-emittance thermionic gun for a proposed X-ray free-electron laser oscillator (XFEL-O) that will use a laser pulse-heated cathode. The cathode must operate at or slightly above 1500 °C for several nanoseconds and then cool down several hundred °C in approximately the same amount of time, with a 1-MHz heating–cooling cycle. A transient thermal analysis was performed to optimize the laser pulse shape needed to provide the desired temperature response of the cathode for several possible cathode materials. In addition, thermal stresses developed in the cathode during heating–cooling cycles were analysed. Both transient thermal analysis and thermal stress computations were performed using the ANSYS12 code. The computed temperature distribution and thermal stresses were utilized in the optimization of the cathode design. The results of the analysis are presented.
Synchrotron radiation X-ray diffraction analysis for Bi-based oxide superconducting wire
Authors: Uemura S. , Iihara J. , Saito Y. , Yamaguchi K. , Matsumoto J. , Yamazaki K. , Kikuchi M. , Nakashima T. , Kobayashi S. , Ayai N. , Hayashi K. , Sato K.
Published: November 2010

The Bi-based oxide superconducting wire is one of the most promising materials for practical uses such as electric power transmission, electromagnets and so on. For the higher performances required in these applications, it is necessary to increase the critical current (Ic). We have carried out synchrotron radiation X-ray diffraction analysis to improve our manufacturing processes and thus to achieve higher Ic. We have performed in situ X-ray diffraction measurements during the sintering and cooling processes, and observed the decrease of Bi-2223(=(Bi,Pb)2Sr2Ca2Cu3Ox) phase during the cooling process. We have also evaluated the distribution of the crystal orientation in whole wire thickness, by measuring the rocking curves. We have observed that the distribution of the crystal orientation is improved by a refinement of the process conditions.
A system for real-time in situ photoelectron spectroscopy
Authors: Langstaff D. P. , Roberts O. R. , Williams G. T. , Evans D. A.
Published: November 2010

A system is presented which combines photoelectron spectroscopy with complementary characterization techniques in order to provide in situ analysis of surfaces processes. The real-time capability of photoelectron spectroscopy has been enabled by an electron counting array detector that allows core and valence level spectra to be recorded in 1–10 s using a laboratory X-ray source and as low as 25 ms when coupled to synchrotron radiation source.

The efficient detection system is combined with a versatile heater stage, temperature and vacuum monitoring, and controllable evaporation sources in order to monitor chemical, structural and electronic changes in situ. The heated stage allows a range of programmed heating and cooling regimes to be applied to samples. Evaporation sources are provided for medium-temperature materials such as small organic molecules and high-temperature metals such as aluminium. The system has a linked vacuum vessel for plasma etching and Ar ion sputtering for surface preparation.
Combined micro-beam Laue and white beam topography: mapping local lattice orientation and misorientation
Authors: Hofmann F. , Korsunsky A. M. , Abbey B. , Dolbnya I. , Xie M. , Song X.
Published: November 2010

Micro-beam Laue diffraction is a well-established technique to determine lattice orientation and lattice structure. A polychromatic X-ray beam is used to illuminate a scattering volume within individual crystallites. The resulting diffraction pattern consists of a number of Laue spots. By refinement of the exact spot positions, lattice orientation and deviatoric elastic strain of the single crystalline scattering volume can be determined. Diffraction spot shape is linked to the orientation spread in the scattering volume arising due to the local dislocation structure. However, angular resolution of Laue diffraction spots is limited due to small sample-to-detector distance (~100 mm) and large Laue camera pixel size (~40 µm). In contrast, X-ray diffraction topography allows high-resolution imaging of an individual reflection from a crystal. On beamline B16 at the Diamond Light Source, we have combined micro-beam Laue diffraction with simultaneous collection of diffraction topographs, using a second high-resolution X-ray camera in the far field. In situ deformation of a single grain within a thin Ni foil has been studied using this setup. While detailed analysis is ongoing, some early results are presented here to allow an assessment of the technique's utility and future development possibilities.
X-ray Fourier transform holography using separated holography-mask
Authors: Awaji N. , Nomura K. , Doi S. , Isogami S. , Tsunoda M. , Kodama K. , Suzuki M. , Nakamura T.
Published: November 2010

We studied X-ray Fourier transform holography using separated holography-mask and sample geometry. The method was successfully applied to the imaging of the magnetic nanostructure using soft X-ray in addition to the cross-sectional imaging of Cu interconnect lines using hard X-ray.
Recent advances in the study of thermal effects on EXAFS
Authors: Fornasini P.
Published: November 2010

Understanding the effects of thermal disorder on extended X-ray absorption fine structure increases the accuracy of results and allows one to gain original insights on local dynamical properties. Some recent advances are reviewed here.
Development and performance of a versatile soft X-ray polarimeter
Authors: Wang H. , Wagner U. H. , Dhesi S. S. , Sawhney K. J. S. , Maccherozzi F. , van der Laan G. , MacDonald M. A. , Poole I. B. , Quinn F. M. , Latimer C. J.
Published: November 2010

With modern undulators generating light of an arbitrary polarization state, experiments exploiting this feature in the soft X-ray region are becoming increasingly widespread. Circularly polarized light in the soft X-ray region is of particular interest to investigate of magnetic metals such as Fe, Co and Ni, and the rare earths. A versatile multilayer polarimeter has been designed and developed to characterize the polarization state of the soft X-ray beam. A W/B4C multilayer transmission phase retarder and reflection analyser has been used for polarimetry measurements on the beamline (I06) at Diamond Light Source. The design details of the polarimeter and preliminary polarimetry results are presented.
Monolithic active pixel sensors for material science beam lines
Authors: Tartoni N. , Marchal J.
Published: November 2010

The limiting factor to the exploitation of the huge photon flux produced by a third-generation synchrotron light source is very often the detector. Experiments in material science often exploit X-ray diffraction. A fast and efficient detection of diffraction patterns enables dynamic experiments. Monolithic active pixel sensors (MAPS) can be exploited effectively to build fast and efficient detectors for X-ray diffraction. For its material science beam lines Diamond Light Source is developing and evaluating detectors based on commercial MAPS and MAPS developed for scientific applications. The various projects, target performance and some experimental results are reported in this paper.
X-ray diffraction study of a Si Σ13 symmetric tilt grain boundary
Authors: Rhead S. D. , Howes P. B. , Roy M. , Rawle J. L. , Nicklin C. , Norris C.
Published: November 2010

We present an X-ray diffraction study of a semiconductor symmetric tilt grain boundary. The theory of crystal truncation rod scattering is extended to bicrystal interfaces and compared with experimental data measured at the Diamond Light Source.
Dynamic impact of Diamond Light Source foot bridge
Authors: Huang H. , Kay J.
Published: November 2010

The main foot bridge provides access to linac, booster and storage ring facilities in the synchrotron of Diamond Light Source. The impact of the passage of pedestrian traffic and equipment across the bridge structure was noticeable to the site of beamlines below. One of them, I20, is the most sensitive beamline to such impact. The bridge obviously oscillated with even light traffic, and it was also assumed that this would couple to the storage ring structure where the bridge is mounted. The optics for beamline I20, for stability, stands directly on the slab within the I20 experimental area; this was however subject to excessive vibration transmitted by foot traffic from the overhead footbridge producing a vibration on the experimental floor of 86 nm whereas elsewhere in the experimental hall experiences only about 20 nm, demonstrating a four times increase in vibration caused by the pedestrian bridge. Vibration measurements on the ground underneath the bridge and finite element analyses clearly show that frequencies of 2 and 5 Hz were caused by the bridge and traffic on it. Several remedies were proposed. However, dampers will only damp out vibrations of around 5–6 Hz but not to damp out 2 Hz, which is caused directly by human foot steps. After investigation of cost and effectiveness and several vibration tests conducted, a compromise with extra propping at the mid-span of the bridge was eventually selected. Such reinforcement has been now implemented. The 5 Hz frequency has been successfully removed and a amplitude of 2 Hz also considerably reduced.
Turbulence characteristics of flow over a series of 2‐D bed forms in the presence of surface waves
Authors: Ojha Satya P. , Mazumder B. S.
Published: November 2010

The paper presents the results of an experimental study of mean fluid flow and turbulence over bed forms in a unidirectional flow with superimposed surface waves. Experiments were performed with only current and with combined wave‐current flows over a series of bed forms under different surface wave frequencies for two different Reynolds numbers. Three‐dimensional velocity was measured using a 3‐D micro acoustic Doppler velocimeter. The superposition of surface waves with increasing frequency leads to an increase in the apparent bottom roughness due to a vortex in the lee, which causes the resistance to the flow. The effect of surface waves is to increase the flow stability, consequently reducing flow separation and enhanced mixing in the lee side of the bed form. A stronger circulation pattern in the lee side of the bed forms is observed at a higher Reynolds number.
Response of the equatorial lower ionosphere to the total solar eclipse of 22 July 2009 during sunrise transition period studied using VLF signal
Authors: Guha Anirban , De Barin Kumar , Roy Rakesh , Choudhury Abhijit
Published: November 2010

Changes in equatorial D‐region electron density are studied using subionospherically propagating VLF signal at 18.2 kHz over a distance of 2200 km during the total solar eclipse of 22 July 2009. There are very few studies about the eclipse's effects on the equatorial lower ionosphere in the scientific literature. In the light of that, the objective of the present work is to study the effects of the eclipse on the dynamics of the equatorial lower ionosphere during ionospheric sunrise transition period. In the present case, great circle path between VLF transmitter and receiver falls totally in partial eclipse zone, having a maximum solar obscuration of 90% and an average obscuration of 74%. Results show an average decrease of 3.2 dB in signal strength compared to control days during peak solar obscuration over the path. A comparison with previous studies shows an increase both in lower ionosphere virtual reflection height (H′) and Wait inverse scale height parameter (β); the values estimated are 74.5 km and 0.46 km−1 compared to unperturbed ionosphere values of 71 km and 0.43 km−1, respectively. During maximum eclipse over the path, the model profile shows an average 80% drop in electron density at a height of 71 km at equatorial lower ionosphere. A nonlinear variation of lower ionosphere electron density with solar radiation is found as opposed to the model study proposed by previous workers.
Mesospheric chemistry of vibrationally excited O3 from diurnal microwave measurements of O3(ν1), O3(ν2), O3(ν3), and O3(ground state)
Authors: Sandor Brad J. , Clancy R. Todd
Published: November 2010

The first simultaneous and independent measurements of lower mesospheric ozone in its ground vibrational and three excited vibrational states [(100), (010), and (001)] are described. Daytime and nighttime data are analyzed separately and compared with photochemical model predicted results. Ratios of measured to model molecular abundances of the vibrationally excited states are temperature dependent. With modest perturbations to the climatological temperatures, measured abundances of the ground and three vibrationally excited states are found to be self‐consistent. They exhibit agreement both among themselves and with a photochemical model. IR ozone sounding (e.g., Limb Infrared Monitor of the Stratosphere, Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry) infers total ozone abundance from measurement of one vibrationally excited state. In contrast, this paper presents the first direct measurements of these ozone vibrational populations, upon which IR O3 sounding has rested.
Polar mesospheric clouds (PMCs) observed by the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) on Aura
Authors: DeLand Matthew T. , Shettle Eric P. , Levelt Pieternel F. , Kowalewski Matthew G.
Published: November 2010

Backscattered ultraviolet (BUV) instruments designed for measuring stratospheric ozone profiles have proven to be robust tools for observing polar mesospheric clouds (PMCs). These measurements are available for more than 30 years and have been used to demonstrate the existence of long‐term variations in PMC occurrence frequency and brightness. The Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) on the EOS Aura satellite provides new and improved capabilities for PMC characterization. OMI uses smaller pixels than previous BUV instruments, which increases its ability to identify PMCs and discern more spatial structure, and its wide cross‐track viewing swath provides full polar coverage up to 90° latitude every day in both hemispheres. This cross‐track coverage allows the evolution of PMC regions to be followed over several consecutive orbits. Localized PMC variations determined from OMI measurements are consistent with coincident Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet model 2 (SBUV/2) measurements. Nine seasons of PMC observations from OMI are now available and clearly demonstrate the advantages of these measurements for PMC analysis.
Climate change impact on a groundwater‐influenced hillslope ecosystem
Authors: Brolsma R. J. , van Vliet M. T. H. , Bierkens M. F. P.
Published: November 2010

This study investigates the effect of climate change on a groundwater‐influenced ecosystem on a hill slope consisting of two vegetation types, one adapted to wet and one adapted to dry soil conditions. The individual effects of changes in precipitation, temperature, and atmospheric CO2 concentration are compared to the combined effect of these factors. Change in atmospheric conditions is based on the Netherlands. Projected climate change is obtained from an ensemble of nested global and regional climate models (GCMs and RCMs), representing the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Special Report on Emissions Scenarios A2 scenario for 2100. For each GCM‐RCM combination, change factors were determined and transferred to a stochastic weather generator. All projections show higher temperatures and less annual precipitation. Simulations were performed using an ecohydrological model, consisting of a dynamic soil‐plant‐atmosphere‐continuum model that is fully coupled to a variably saturated hydrological model, using the stochastic weather data as input. Model results show that increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration results in higher biomasses because of higher water use efficiency and a decrease in evaporation downslope where vegetation growth is light limited. The change in precipitation regime (drier summers, wetter winters) causes a decreased biomass of especially the dry‐adapted species and increased upslope groundwater recharge, resulting in groundwater rise and an upward shift of wet‐adapted vegetation. Temperature rise results in decreased biomass because respiration increases stronger than carbon assimilation, while increased transpiration causes drier soils and a prolonged period of water‐limited growth. The combined effect is dominated by the increase in temperature and change in precipitation regime, causing decreased biomass throughout. Surprisingly, the effect on groundwater level depends on the degree by which precipitation distribution changes within the year, showing a drop at a small change and a rise when change is larger. This study thus shows that climate change effects on hydrology and vegetation are far from straightforward and call for fully coupled ecohydrological models and upslope‐downslope interaction.
Pressure‐induced amorphization of albitic plagioclase in an externally heated diamond anvil cell
Authors: Tomioka Naotaka , Kondo Hitomi , Kunikata Atsushi , Nagai Takaya
Published: November 2010

High‐pressure and high‐temperature experiments of albitic plagioclase up to 41 GPa and 270 °C were carried out using an externally heated diamond anvil cell. Raman spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy of the recovered samples revealed that the amorphization of albite was complete at ∼37 GPa and room temperature. The amorphization pressure at 170 °C was nearly the same as that at room temperature. In contrast, the pressure largely decreased to ∼31 GPa at 270 °C. In comparison with the amorphization pressure of albite in laboratory shock experiments, that in the present static compression experiments is significantly lower (>10 GPa) even at room temperature. This suggests that shorter pressure duration results in a lower degree of amorphization of plagioclase. The formation of maskelynite in shocked meteorites does not necessarily require the very high shock pressure (30–90 GPa) that was previously estimated on the basis of shock recovery experiments.
Suprathermal electron flux peaks at stream interfaces: Signature of solar wind dynamics or tracer for open magnetic flux transport on the Sun?
Authors: Crooker N. U. , Appleton E. M. , Schwadron N. A. , Owens M. J.
Published: November 2010

The high variability of the intensity of suprathermal electron flux in the solar wind is usually ascribed to the high variability of sources on the Sun. Here we demonstrate that a substantial amount of the variability arises from peaks in stream interaction regions, where fast wind runs into slow wind and creates a pressure ridge at the interface. Superposed epoch analysis centered on stream interfaces in 26 interaction regions previously identified in Wind data reveal a twofold increase in 250 eV flux (integrated over pitch angle). Whether the peaks result from the compression there or are solar signatures of the coronal hole boundary, to which interfaces may map, is an open question. Suggestive of the latter, some cases show a displacement between the electron and magnetic field peaks at the interface. Since solar information is transmitted to 1 AU much more quickly by suprathermal electrons compared to convected plasma signatures, the displacement may imply a shift in the coronal hole boundary through transport of open magnetic flux via interchange reconnection. If so, however, the fact that displacements occur in both directions and that the electron and field peaks in the superposed epoch analysis are nearly coincident indicate that any systematic transport expected from differential solar rotation is overwhelmed by a random pattern, possibly owing to transport across a ragged coronal hole boundary.
Influence of power line harmonic radiation on the VLF wave activity in the upper ionosphere: Is it capable to trigger new emissions?
Authors: Němec F. , Parrot M. , Santolík O.
Published: November 2010

We analyze the influence of Power Line Harmonic Radiation (PLHR) events on the overall VLF wave activity as observed by the low‐altitude (about 700 km) DEMETER spacecraft. We take advantage of a unique set of 148 PLHR events identified in the Burst mode data, where a waveform of one electric and one magnetic field component is measured. It is shown that the occurrence rate of PLHR events over the industrialized areas is quite large (more than about 8%). However, among all the identified events, we have found only two cases of possibly PLHR‐triggered emissions. There is no evidence that the total power spectral density of electromagnetic waves over industrialized regions and geomagnetically conjugate regions is larger than what would be expected without man‐made influence. Finally, we have analyzed the presence of the weekend effect (i.e., a different behavior during the weekends as compared to the weekdays due to the lower power consumption), demonstrating that no such phenomenon seems to be present in the analyzed data set.
Spectrally resolved fluxes derived from collocated AIRS and CERES measurements and their application in model evaluation: 2. Cloudy sky and band‐by‐band cloud radiative forcing over the tropical oceans
Authors: Huang Xianglei , Loeb Norman G. , Yang Wenze
Published: November 2010

We first present an algorithm for deriving cloudy sky outgoing spectral flux through the entire longwave spectrum from the collocated Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) and Cloud and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) measurements over the tropical oceans. The algorithm is similar to the one described in part 1 of this series of studies: spectral angular dependent models are developed to estimate the spectral flux of each AIRS channel, and then a multivariate linear prediction scheme is used to estimate spectral fluxes at frequencies not covered by the AIRS instrument. The entire algorithm is validated against synthetic spectra as well as the CERES outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) measurements. Mean difference between the OLR estimated in this way and the collocated CERES OLR is 2.15 W m−2 with a standard deviation of 5.51 W m−2. The algorithm behaves consistently well for different combinations of cloud fractions and cloud‐surface temperature difference, indicating the robustness of the algorithm for various cloudy scenes. Then, using the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory AM2 model as a case study, we illustrate the merit of band‐by‐band cloud radiative forcings (CRFs) derived from this algorithm in model evaluation. The AM2 tropical annual mean band‐by‐band CRFs generally agree with the observed counterparts, but some systematic biases in the window bands and over the marine‐stratus regions can be clearly identified. An idealized model is used to interpret the results and to explain why the fractional contribution of each band to the broadband CRF is worthy for studying: it is sensitive to cloud height but largely insensitive to the cloud fraction.
Surprising observation of large anthropogenic aerosol fraction over the “near‐pristine” southern Bay of Bengal: Climate implications
Authors: Nair Vijayakumar S. , Satheesh S. K. , Moorthy K. Krishna , Babu S. Suresh , Nair Prabha R. , George Susan K.
Published: November 2010

The Bay of Bengal (BoB), a small oceanic region surrounded by landmasses with distinct natural and anthropogenic activities and under the influence of seasonally changing airmass types, is characterized by a rather complex and highly heterogeneous aerosol environment. Concurrent measurements of the physical, optical, and chemical (offline analysis) properties of BoB aerosols, made onboard extensive ship‐cruises and aircraft sorties during Integrated Campaign for Aerosols, gases and Radiation Budget of March–April 2006, and satellite‐retrieved aerosol optical depths and derived parameters, were synthesized following a synergistic approach to delineate the anthropogenic fraction to the composite aerosol parameters and its spatial variation. Quite interestingly and contrary to the general belief, our studies revealed that, despite of the very high aerosol loading (in the marine atmospheric boundary layer as well as in the vertical column) over the northern BoB and a steep decreasing gradient toward the southern latitudes, the anthropogenic fraction showed a steady increase from North to South (where no obvious anthropogenic source regions exist). Consequently, the direct radiative forcing at the top of the atmosphere due to anthropogenic aerosols remained nearly constant over the entire BoB with values in the range from −3.3 to −3.6 Wm−2. This interesting finding, beyond doubts calls for a better understanding of the complex aerosol system over the BoB through more focused field campaigns.
Monitoring of the refraction coefficient in the lower atmosphere using a controlled setup of simultaneous reciprocal vertical angle measurements
Authors: Hirt Christian , Guillaume Sébastien , Wisbar Annemarie , Bürki Beat , Sternberg Harald
Published: November 2010

A great deal of empirical studies have investigated the characteristics of terrestrial refraction. However, only few of these are concerned with short‐term fluctuations of refraction influences. The aim of the present work is to analyze the short‐term characteristics (amplitudes and variations at scales of minutes to hours) of terrestrial refraction in the lower atmosphere around 1.8 m above the grass surface. We apply the known method of simultaneous reciprocal vertical angle measurements to derive time series of the refraction coefficient k as a measure for refraction. Our study uses a new setup of two pairs of total stations for parallel observations of the refraction coefficient along adjacent lines of sight. Such a controlled experiment not only allows us to determine refraction coefficients independently but also to assess measurement errors from the residuals between refraction coefficient pairs. Over five observation days in the summer of 2008, a total of 33 h of parallel observation data of the refraction coefficient were collected at sampling frequencies of 1 min. On one observation day, unique parallel observations of the refraction coefficient along three lines of sight with a total of six total stations were possible. For mostly sunny days, we found wave‐like and sawtooth‐like fluctuations of the refraction coefficient with amplitudes of 1–1.5 at time scales of 10–30 min. On cloudy days, the amplitudes of fluctuations were on the order of 0.5. Our refraction experiments show a variation range of k between −4 and +16 near the ground on sunny summer days. This equates to vertical temperature gradients between −0.5 and −0.1 K/m during the day and 1–2 K/m shortly after sunset. Cloud cover reduces the variability of k to a range of −2 to +5. Our results show that the frequently used Gaussian refraction coefficient of +0.13 is not suited for describing refraction effects in the lower atmosphere. As a conclusion, our results may be helpful to better assess the role of refraction in near‐ground precision surveys, such as geometric levelling or trigonometric heighting.
Envelope protein as molecular target for YFV (Yellow fever virus) drug discovery
Authors: Munikumar Manne , Pradhan Dibyabhaba , Priyadarshini I. Vani , Umamaheswari Amineni
Published: November 2010

Yellow fever (YF), a mosquito-borne viral haemorrhagic fever, is one of the most lethal viral diseases. Despite the availability of vaccines, yellow fever virus (YFV) strikes an estimated 2, 00,000 persons world-wide each year and causes 30,000 deaths approximately. There are no approved antiviral therapies for the treatment of YFV disease in humans. YFV 17D strain RNA genome is of 10,862 nucleotides, which encodes three structural proteins (C, PrM, and E) and seven nonstructural proteins (NS1, NS2A, NS2B, NS3, NS4A, NS4B, and NS5). Identification of different protein functions facilitates a mechanistic understanding of YFV infection and opens novel means for drug development. Functional assignment of complete YFV proteome was done through support Vector machine (SVM). Significant functions of YFV Envelope (E) protein are Transmembrane, Aptamer-binding protein, Coat protein, Zinc-binding, Manganese-binding and Metal-binding etc. The E protein being non homologous to human and important in receptor binding, hemagglutination of erythrocytes at acidic pH, induction of the protective immune response, and involvement in an intraendosomal acid-catalyzed fusion step necessary for infection was selected as a potent molecular target against YFV drug discovery. 3D structure of target protein E protein is predicted using MODELLER9V6 and validated through PROCHECK analysis. The Binding site tool of Discovery Studio 2.0 was used to find sites all over protein. Heparin was identified as an important ligand against the molecular target and was docked to the functionally important binding site using LigandFit protocol. The YFV E protein -Heparin docking complex associated with strong hydrogen bonding with SER 483, GLN 443 and ALA 441 residues. The strong docking interaction may impede the infection causes due to association of YFV E protein and Core membrane. Further, the predicted model can be used as reference towards designing candidate drugs against YFV.
Comparative density functional theory study on the relative gas phase enthalpies and free energies of formation for the mono- through hepta-halogenated (X=F, Cl, Br) anthraquinones
Authors: Rayne Sierra , Forest Kaya
Published: November 2010

Gas phase standard state (298.15 K, 1 atmosphere) relative enthalpies and free energies of formation were calculated for all mono- through hepta-halogenated (X=F, Cl, Br) anthraquinone congeners using the B3LYP, BHandHLYP, M062X, PBE0, and B97D density functionals with the 6-311++G(d,p) basis set. All levels of theory yielded similar results with strong intra- and inter-method correlations for both the relative enthalpy and free energy values and the corresponding thermodynamic stability rank. Within each homolog group, the most thermodynamically stable isomers are those which maximize substitution at the lateral positions (2, 3, 7, and 8) versus the less stabilizing peri positions (1, 4, 6, and 9), while also minimizing destabilizing adjacent substitution patterns (1/2, 2/3, 3/4, 6/7, 7/8, and 8/9). These trends are consistent regardless of halogen substituent or theoretical method employed, and are analogous to those predicted for other classes of halogenated ortho-diaryl systems with single connecting atoms.
Structures, enthalpies of formation, and ionization energies for the parent and binary mixed carbon, silicon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cubane derivatives: A G4MP2 theoretical study
Authors: Rayne Sierra , Forest Kaya
Published: November 2010

Gas phase standard state (298.15 K, 1 atm) structures, enthalpies of formation, and ionization energies (IEs) were calculated at the G4MP2 composite method level of theory for the parent and binary mixed carbon, silicon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cubane derivatives. Increasing nitrogen content increases the enthalpies of formation for the carbon-nitrogen, nitrogen-phosphorus, and silicon-nitrogen binary cubanes, with the opposite enthalpies of formation trend for increasing phosphorus content within the carbon-phosphorus, nitrogen-phosphorus, and silicon-phosphorus derivatives. Varying carbon/silicon content in the carbon-silicon cubanes results in no general trends for enthalpies of formation. Isomerization enthalpies within the homolog groups having more than one isomer vary widely with atomic composition and substitution patterns. Increasing nitrogen content of the carbon-nitrogen and nitrogen-phosphorus derivatives increases the IE, increasing silicon content in the carbon-silicon cubanes and phosphorus content of the carbon-phosphorus cubanes decreases the IE, while no IE clear trends are evident based on relative atomic content for the silicon-nitrogen and silicon-phosphorus compounds. The binary mixed carbon, silicon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cubane derivatives are predicted to display potentially tunable thermodynamic stability and redox behavior depending on the atom identities and relative positions.
Geometries of the perchlorinated and perbrominated C~3~ through C~6~ n-alkanes: A comparative density functional theory study
Authors: Rayne Sierra , Forest Kaya
Published: November 2010

Gas phase standard state (298.15 K, 1 atm) geometries of the perchlorinated and perbrominated C~3~ through C~6~ n-alkanes were calculated using the B3LYP, B97D, M062X, and PBE0 density functionals with the 6-311++G(d,p) basis set. For both halogen classes and at all levels of theory, the C~3~ compounds adopt a trans conformation analogous to that of perfluoropropane. Similar to their perfluorinated counterparts, the perchlorinated and perbrominated C~4~ through C~6~ n-alkanes are predicted to have helical geometries. In contrast to perfluoroalkyl chains, the central CCCC dihedral angles of the perchlorinated and perbrominated derivatives are expected to decline with increasing chain length.
Principles for the post-GWAS functional characterisation of risk loci
Authors: Monteiro Alvaro , Coetzee Gerhard , Freedman Matthew , De Biasi Mariella , Casey Graham , Duggan Dave , Risch Angela , Plass Christoph , Liu Pengyuan , James Michael , Vikis Haris , Tichelaar Jay , You Ming , Gayther Simon , Mills Ian
Published: November 2010

Several challenges lie ahead in assigning functionality to susceptibility SNPs. For example, most effect sizes are small relative to effects seen in monogenic diseases, with per allele odds ratios usually ranging from 1.15 to 1.3. It is unclear whether current molecular biology methods have enough resolution to differentiate such small effects. Our objective here is therefore to provide a set of recommendations to optimize the allocation of effort and resources in order maximize the chances of elucidating the functional contribution of specific loci to the disease phenotype. It has been estimated that 88% of currently identified disease-associated SNP are intronic or intergenic. Thus, in this paper we will focus our attention on the analysis of non-coding variants and outline a hierarchical approach for post-GWAS functional studies.
Speech Perception Tests: Talkers and Listeners
Authors: Levine Jillian B. , Davidson Lisa S. , Uchanski Rosalie M.
Published: November 2010

Children must be able to hear the speech of others, as well as their own, to develop spoken language. For young children with hearing impairments, there is a mismatch between the type of talker most commonly used in clinical speech tests and the type(s) of talker(s) most commonly heard in everyday situations. Although young children are exposed primarily to adult females' and children’s speech (including their own), many clinical tests consist of speech materials recorded by adult males. Since speech acoustics vary significantly with gender and age of the talker, the results of clinical speech tests may be a poor estimate of a hearing impaired children’s actual speech understanding in everyday situations. These issues may have clinical implications for the evaluation and fitting of hearing aids, and programming of cochlear implants.
Benefits of Intensive Auditory Rehabilitation Training
Authors: Thibodeau Linda M. , Alford Jennifer A.
Published: November 2010

Current models of teaching auditory rehabilitation to the adult with hearing loss often are limited to classroom instruction and eclectic clinical experiences. Two programs at the University of Texas at Dallas, the Summer Intensive Auditory Rehabilitation Conference (SIARC) and the camp for Communication Habilitation via Audition for Teens (Camp CHAT), are designed to immerse both audiology and speech-language pathology students into the rehabilitative process of adults and teens with hearing loss. SIARC is designed for couples and includes a blend of service delivery, student training, and community awareness that occurs over a 5-day period in the clinic and the community. Camp CHAT is designed for teens with hearing loss and their parents who engage in fun activities to learn communication techniques while trying new technology at a weekend retreat center. Participant feedback suggests that these programs have several far-reaching benefits. Communication is facilitated through the use of technology and communication strategies, self-confidence is increased in coping with hearing loss, community awareness is raised regarding the needs of persons with hearing loss, and student training is enhanced through intensive clinical experience.