bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ethics and social media: Implications for sociolinguistics in the networked public1
Authors: D’Arcy Alexandra , Young Taylor Marie
Published: September 2012

As a popular agora for writing identity into being, the networked public of social media sites presents exciting and unprecedented possibilities for sociolinguistic research. At the same time, these sites raise a wealth of unfamiliar methodological and ethical issues, and debate concerning appropriate ethical measures for research targeting online discourse communities is emergent. One of the most pressing debates concerns the visibility of online interaction (i.e. its locus between the public and private ends of the continuum). Although they exist freely online, networked publics are not public forums. They are governed by both personal and communal norms, and they are networked. This combination of factors gives rise to unique ethical challenges, particularly in the case of Facebook, an accessible and data‐rich, yet problematic, research site. This paper reviews the ethical difficulties presented by Facebook, and presents a framework for ethnographic sociolinguistic research that uses this site as a source of data.

En tant qu’espace public privilégié pour la création de l’identitéà travers l’écriture, le public ≪réseauté≫ (interconnecté) des sites des médias sociaux présente des possibilités prometteuses et sans précédent pour la recherché en sociolinguistique. Cependant, ces sites soulèvent de nombreuses questions méthodologiques et éthiques qui sont nouvelles, d’où l’émergence de discussions portant sur les mesures éthiques appropriées pour la recherche qui vise les communautés discursives en ligne. Un des débats concerne la visibilité de l’interaction en ligne (c.‐à‐d. sa place entre les extrémités privée et publique du continuum). Bien qu’ils existent de façon libre en ligne, les réseaux publics ne sont pas des forums publics. Ils sont gouvernés à la fois par des normes personnelles et communautaires, et ils sont interconnectés. Cette combinaison de facteurs donne naissance à des défis éthiques uniques, en particulier dans le cas de Facebook, un site de recherche accessible et riche en données, mais problématique. Cet article passe en revue les difficultés éthiques que Facebook présente, et offre un cadre de travail pour la recherche sociolinguistique ethnographique utilisant ce site comme source de données. [French]
Textural and sensory properties of Lal peda manufactured with artificial sweeteners and bulking agents
Authors: Jain Parul , Kumar Arvind , Jha Alok , Kumar Ravindra , Pandey Sanjeev K
Published: September 2012

Lal peda is an Indian heat desiccated dairy food. High sugar content in Lal peda poses severe restriction in its consumption. Sugar was replaced with artificial sweeteners (aspartame, acesulfame‐k and sucralose) with the addition of bulking agents (Litesse and inulin) to provide a characteristic texture. Lal peda prepared using 25% Litesse and 0.17% aspartame gave an optimum product. HPLC analysis of artificially sweetened Lal peda samples revealed that aspartame in Lal peda was stable up to 6 days when stored at 20 and 37 °C. The acidic pH of Lal peda stabilised the aspartame and slowed down its degradation until 6 days. Neither inulin nor Litesse significantly altered the colour or sensory characteristics of Lal peda.
A decomposition algorithm for the ring spur assignment problem
Authors: Carroll Paula , McGarraghy Seán
Published: September 2012

This paper describes the ring spur assignment problem (RSAP), a new problem arising in the design of next generation networks. The RSAP complements the sonet ring assignment problem (SRAP). We describe the RSAP, positioning it in relation to problems previously addressed in the literature. We decompose the problem into two IP problems and describe a branch‐and‐cut decomposition heuristic algorithm suitable for solving problem instances in a reasonable time. We present promising computational results.
Costs and Benefits of Trap‐Neuter‐Release and Euthanasia for Removal of Urban Cats in Oahu, Hawaii
Authors: LOHR CHERYL A. , COX LINDA J. , LEPCZYK CHRISTOPHER A.
Published: September 2012

Our goal was to determine whether it is more cost‐effective to control feral cat abundance with trap‐neuter‐release programs or trap and euthanize programs. Using STELLA 7, systems modeling software, we modeled changes over 30 years in abundance of cats in a feral colony in response to each management method and the costs and benefits associated with each method . We included costs associated with providing food, veterinary care, and microchips to the colony cats and the cost of euthanasia, wages, and trapping equipment in the model. Due to a lack of data on predation rates and disease transmission by feral cats the only benefits incorporated into the analyses were reduced predation on Wedge‐tailed Shearwaters (Puffinus pacificus). When no additional domestic cats were abandoned by owners and the trap and euthanize program removed 30,000 cats in the first year, the colony was extirpated in at least 75% of model simulations within the second year. It took 30 years for trap‐neuter‐release to extirpate the colony. When the cat population was supplemented with 10% of the initial population size per year, the colony returned to carrying capacity within 6 years and the trap and euthanize program had to be repeated, whereas trap‐neuter‐release never reduced the number of cats to near zero within the 30‐year time frame of the model. The abandonment of domestic cats reduced the cost effectiveness of both trap‐neuter‐release and trap and euthanize. Trap‐neuter‐release was approximately twice as expensive to implement as a trap and euthanize program. Results of sensitivity analyses suggested trap‐neuter‐release programs that employ volunteers are still less cost‐effective than trap and euthanize programs that employ paid professionals and that trap‐neuter‐release was only effective when the total number of colony cats in an area was below 1000. Reducing the rate of abandonment of domestic cats appears to be a more effective solution for reducing the abundance of feral cats.

Costos y Beneficios de Captura‐Esterilización‐Liberación y Eutanasia para la Remoción de Gatos Urbanos en Oahu, Hawaii
Modified Metaphyseal‐Loading Anterolaterally Flared Anatomic Femoral Stem: Five‐ to Nine‐Year Prospective Follow‐Up Evaluation and Results of Three‐Dimensional Finite Element Analysis
Authors: Kokubo Yasuo , Uchida Kenzo , Oki Hisashi , Negoro Kohei , Nagamune Kouki , Kawaguchi Shogo , Takeno Kenichi , Yayama Takafumi , Nakajima Hideaki , Sugita Daisuke , Yoshida Ai , Baba Hisatoshi
Published: September 2012

We have designed a proximal‐fitting, anterolaterally flared, arc‐deposit hydroxyapatite‐coated anatomical femoral stem (FMS‐anatomic stem; KYOCERA Medical, Osaka, Japan) for cementless total hip arthroplasty (THA) for Japanese patients with dysplastic hip osteoarthritis, using a nonlinear three‐dimensional finite element analysis simulating loading conditions. The Anatomic Fit stem was modified in the region of the arc‐sprayed surface, to allow more proximal appearance of spot welds. The aim of the present study was to analyze the clinical and radiographic outcomes of patients who underwent THA using this stem. We reviewed 73 consecutive patients (79 hips; 13 men 16 hips; 60 women 63 hips; age at surgery, 57.6 years, range, 35–78) who underwent cementless THA using the Anatomic Fit stem, at a follow‐up period of 7.1 years (range, 5.1–9.4). Harris Hip score improved from 40.7 ± 17.1 before surgery to 91.0 ± 5.2 points at follow‐up. The 7.1‐year stem survival rate was 100%. Radiographs at follow‐up confirmed the stability of the femoral stems within the femoral canal in all cases, with sufficient bone ingrowth. None of the patients had subsidence of the stem exceeding 2.0 mm within the femoral canal or changes in varus or valgus position of more than 2.0°. The Anatomic Fit stem provided excellent results. The nonlinear three‐dimensional finite element analysis demonstrated that the stem‐bone relative motion was 10 µm at the proximal end of the stem and proximal load transfer. Our analysis confirmed reduced radiolucency around the stem, minimal subsidence, appropriate stress shielding, and promising medium‐term stability within the femoral canal.
New Insights into Electronic Waste Recycling in Metropolitan Areas
Authors: Leigh Nancey Green , Choi Taelim , Hoelzel Nathanael Z.
Published: September 2012

Electronic waste (e‐waste) recycling is a critical sector for sustainable urban industrial systems. U.S. residents and businesses generate an estimated 3.2 million tons of electronic waste each year; most is not recycled and is generated in urban areas. However, adoption of state environmental regulations for e‐waste recycling is increasing. Between 2003 and mid‐2011, 25 states passed e‐waste laws. There are a growing number of e‐waste collectors and certified processors in U.S. urban areas. While the landscape of e‐waste recycling is changing, there is little analysis on the economic impacts of this industry. The research presented here synthesizes e‐waste management policy developments and growth of the e‐waste recycling industry. We present an economic impact analysis at the metropolitan level through constructing an extended input‐output (IO) model that specifies an e‐waste recycling sector. In a case study, we examine changes in e‐waste recycling activities in the Seattle metropolitan area and provide simulation results of new regional economic impacts.
Thoracic Epidural Steroid Injection for Rib Fracture Pain
Authors: Rauchwerger Jacob J. , Candido Kenneth D. , Deer Timothy R. , Frogel Jonathan K. , Iadevaio Robert , Kirschen Neil B.
Published: September 2012

Treatment for rib fracture pain can be broadly divided into pharmacologic approaches with oral and/or parenteral medication and interventional approaches utilizing neuraxial analgesia or peripheral nerve blocks to provide pain relief. Both approaches attempt to control nociceptive and neuropathic pain secondary to osseous injury and nerve insult, respectively. Success of treatment is ultimately measured by the ability of the selected modality to decrease pain, chest splinting, and to prevent sequelae of injury, such as pneumonia. Typically, opioids and NSAIDs are the drugs of first choice for acute pain because of ease of administration, immediate onset of action, and rapid titration to effect. In contrast, neuropathic pain medications have a slower onset of action and are more difficult to titrate to therapeutic effect. Interventional approaches include interpleural catheters, intercostal nerve blocks, paravertebral nerve blocks, and thoracic and lumbar epidural catheters. Each intervention has its own inherent advantages, disadvantages, and success rates. Rib fracture pain management practice is founded on the thoracic surgical and anesthesiology literature. Articles addressing rib fracture pain are relatively scarce in the pain medicine literature. As life expectancy increases, and as healthcare system modifications are implemented, pain medicine physicians may be consulted to treat increasing number of patients suffering rib fracture pain and may need to resort to novel therapeutic measures because of financial constraints imposed by those changes. Here we present the first published case series of thoracic epidural steroid injections used for management of rib fracture pain.
Adjunctive Atropine Versus Metoclopramide: Can We Reduce Ketamine‐associated Vomiting in Young Children? A Prospective, Randomized, Open, Controlled Study
Authors: Lee Ji Sook , Jeon Woo Chan , Park Eun Jung , Min Young Gi , Jung Yoon Seok , Kim Gi Woon , Choi Sang Cheon
Published: September 2012

ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2012; 19:1128–1133 © 2012 by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Objectives:  Pediatric procedural sedation and analgesia (PPSA) with ketamine administration occurs commonly in the emergency department (ED). Although ketamine‐associated vomiting (KAV) is a less serious complication of ketamine administration, it seems to be cumbersome and not uncommon. The authors evaluated the incidence of KAV and the prophylactic effect of adjunctive atropine and metoclopramide in children receiving ketamine sedation in the ED setting.

Methods:  This prospective, randomized, open, controlled study was conducted in children receiving ketamine sedation in the ED of a university‐affiliated, tertiary hospital with 85,000 ED visits, including 32,000 pediatric patients from October 2010 to September 2011. The primary outcome was a measure of the incidence of KAV in the ED and after discharge according to the adjunctive drug administered. Secondary outcome measures included the time to resumption of a normal diet after ketamine sedation.

Results:  Of the 1,883 children administered ketamine for primary wound repair during the study period, a convenience sample of 338 patients aged 4 months to 5 years was enrolled. The incidences of KAV were 28.4% in the ketamine alone group, 27.9% in the ketamine with adjunctive atropine group, and 31.2% in the ketamine with adjunctive metoclopramide group (p = 0.86). The vomiting rate after discharge was 9.2% in the ketamine alone group. The nothing‐by‐mouth (NPO) status before sedation did not influence the incidence of KAV in any of the groups. Mean times to resumption of normal diet after ketamine administration were 7 hours 59 minutes in the ketamine alone group, 7 hours 35 minutes in the ketamine with atropine group, and 8 hours 1 minute in the ketamine with metoclopramide group (p = 0.64).

Conclusions:  In this study, a high rate (28.4%) of KAV was observed, consistent with prior reports using the intramuscular (IM) route. However, the authors were unable to reduce KAV using adjunctive atropine or metoclopramide. Parents or caregivers should be given more detailed discharge instructions about vomiting and diet considering the relatively long time to resuming a normal diet after ketamine sedation and the fact that KAV often occurred after ED discharge.
Gender Differences in Initiation of Negotiation: Does the Gender of the Negotiation Counterpart Matter?
Authors: Eriksson Karin Hederos , Sandberg Anna
Published: September 2012

In this study, we investigated if and how gender differences in the propensity to initiate a negotiation are affected by the gender of the counterpart in the negotiation. We enlisted 204 Swedish students to take part in an experiment in which they had to decide whether to initiate a negotiation for higher compensation. In line with previous research, we found that men were more likely than women to initiate a negotiation: 42 percent of the male and 28 percent of the female participants initiated a negotiation.

The gender difference, however, was only large and statistically significant when the negotiation counterpart was a woman. With a female negotiation counterpart, women were less likely than men to initiate a negotiation by 24 percentage points, while with a male negotiation counterpart, the gender difference was only 5 percentage points and not statistically significant. This result suggests that the gender of the negotiation counterpart should be taken into consideration when analyzing gender differences in initiation of negotiation.
East Asians’ Social Heterogeneity: Differences in Norms among Chinese, Japanese, and Korean Negotiators
Authors: Lee Sujin , Brett Jeanne , Park Ji Hyearn
Published: September 2012

East Asian cultures are widely held to be fairly homogeneous in that they highly value harmonious social relationships. We propose, however, that the focus (dyadic versus group) and the nature (emotional versus instrumental) of social relations vary among the Chinese, Japanese, and Korean cultures in ways that have important implications for the negotiation tactics typically employed by managers from these three cultures. Our data are from a web survey administered to three hundred eighty‐eight managers from China, Japan, and South Korea. In this article, we discuss how the differences in the focus and the nature of business relationships in China, Japan, and Korea are manifested in the different norms for negotiation tactics endorsed by managers from these three countries.
Seasonal, not annual precipitation drives community productivity across ecosystems
Authors: Robinson Todd M. P. , La Pierre Kimberly J. , Vadeboncoeur Matthew A. , Byrne Kerry M. , Thomey Michell L. , Colby Samantha E.
Published: September 2012

Understanding drivers of aboveground net primary production (ANPP) has long been a goal of ecology. Decades of investigation have shown total annual precipitation to be an important determinant of ANPP within and across ecosystems. Recently a few studies at individual sites have shown precipitation during specific seasons of the year can more effectively predict ANPP. Here we determined whether seasonal or total precipitation better predicted ANPP across a range of terrestrial ecosystems, from deserts to forests, using long‐term data from 36 plant communities. We also determined whether ANPP responses were dependent on ecosystem type or plant functional group. We found that seasonal precipitation generally explained ANPP better than total precipitation. Precipitation in multiple parts of the growing season often correlated with ANPP, but rarely interacted with each other. Surprisingly, the amount of variation explained by seasonal precipitation was not correlated with ecosystem type or plant functional group. Overall, examining seasonal precipitation can significantly improve ANPP predictions across a broad range of ecosystems and plant types, with implications for understanding current and future ANPP variation. Further work examining precipitation timing relative to species phenology may further improve our ability to predict ANPP, especially in response to climate change.
Community assembly along a successional gradient in sub‐alpine meadows of the Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau, China
Authors: Zhang Hui , Gilbert Benjamin , Zhang Xinxin , Zhou Shurong
Published: September 2012

Community assembly is a dynamic progression that reflects the interaction of several processes functioning at multiple scales. Understanding how these processes work in communities at different successional stages is important for identifying when regional or local processes are more important for community assembly, and for developing effective preservation and restoration strategies. We examined community assembly using a chronosequence of sub‐alpine meadows in Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau that range from ‘natural’ (never farmed), to those that have been protected from agricultural exploitation for 1 to 10 years. We tested for shifts in species and traits among meadows and also for changes in environmental and spatial correlates of species distributions within meadows. We found that species richness increased and species composition returned to natural conditions within ten years of protection. These changes coincided with shifts in species traits; abundant species had high seed mass and specific leaf area in late‐successional meadows, whereas the opposite occurred in early‐successional meadows. Despite these shifts among meadows of different ages, spatial distributions of species within meadows did not change – when associated with abiotic variables, these spatial patterns reflected changes in soil pH and nitrogen. There was also no consistent change in the relative importance of environmental and spatial correlates of species distributions within meadows. These trends indicate that local processes of community assembly are similar within meadows even when species in those meadows differ. We conclude that successional change is a large‐scale process that alters the species pool and resulting suite of traits that are present within meadows. As a result, regional planning that incorporates successional age should be the focus for the conservation of diversity in this area. In contrast, local processes work within the constraints of the species pool set by successional age, producing consistent patterns within meadows of different ages.
Keeping the bad bacteria in check: interactions of the host immune system with oral cavity biofilms
Authors: Lang Mark L. , Zhu Lin , Kreth Jens
Published: September 2012

Human commensal bacteria commonly reside in biofilms. There is strong experimental and clinical evidence that oral diseases such as caries, endodontic infections, and periodontal disease are caused by biofilm‐forming bacteria. The immune response toward pathogens has traditionally been investigated with mono‐species cultured planktonic bacteria, thereby neglecting their ecological context. Recent research provides evidence of innate and adaptive immune responses specifically toward bacteria in biofilms. In this review, the relatively new concept of the interaction of oral biofilms with the immune system is presented.
Biofilms in endodontic infection
Authors: Siqueira José F. , Rôças Isabela N. , Ricucci Domenico
Published: September 2012

Bacterial biofilms are very prevalent in the apical root canals of teeth with primary and post‐treatment apical periodontitis. These bacterial endodontic communities are often found adhered to or at least associated with the dentinal canal walls, with bacterial cells encased in an extracellular amorphous matrix and often facing host inflammatory cells. This pattern of bacterial community arrangement in the root canal system is consistent with the acceptable criteria for including apical periodontitis in the set of biofilm‐mediated diseases. Whereas intraradicular biofilms are common in teeth with apical periodontitis lesions, extraradicular biofilms are found much less frequently and usually in association with symptoms. Morphological studies reveal that the structure of endodontic biofilms can vary from case to case and a unique pattern has not been established. Bacterial biofilms are expected to be even more prevalent in the root canals of teeth associated with long‐standing pathologic processes, including large apical radiolucencies and cysts. The very high frequency of biofilms in the root canals of treated teeth with post‐treatment disease may be interpreted as indirect evidence that, depending on location and possibly species composition, biofilms can be a challenge for proper root canal disinfection.
Genetic dissection of memory for associative and non‐associative learning in Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Lau H. L. , Timbers T. A. , Mahmoud R. , Rankin C. H.
Published: September 2012

The distinction between non‐associative and associative forms of learning has historically been based on the behavioral training paradigm. Through discovering the molecular mechanisms that mediate learning, we can develop a deeper understanding of the relationships between different forms of learning. Here, we genetically dissect short‐ and long‐term memory for a non‐associative form of learning, habituation and an associative form of learning, context conditioning for habituation, in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. In short‐term chemosensory context conditioning for habituation, worms trained and tested in the presence of either a taste (sodium acetate) or smell (diacetyl) context cue show greater retention of habituation to tap stimuli when compared with animals trained and tested without a salient cue. Long‐term memory for olfactory context conditioning was observed 24 h after a training procedure that does not normally induce 24 h memory. Like long‐term habituation, this long‐term memory was dependent on the transcription factor cyclic AMP‐response element‐binding protein. Worms with mutations in glr‐1 [a non‐N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate (NMDA)‐type glutamate receptor subunit] showed short‐term but not long‐term habituation or short‐ or long‐term context conditioning. Worms with mutations in nmr‐1 (an NMDA‐receptor subunit) showed normal short‐ and long‐term memory for habituation but did not show either short‐ or long‐term context conditioning. Rescue of nmr‐1 in the RIM interneurons rescued short‐ and long‐term olfactory context conditioning leading to the hypothesis that these interneurons function to integrate information from chemosensory and mechanosensory systems for associative learning.
Beyond a Rule‐Following Model of Skillful Practice in Teacher Development
Authors: Gottlieb Derek
Published: September 2012

Both contemporary popular and scholarly discourse on teacher development and evaluation assumes the truth of a certain view of normative human behavior, one that holds that skill in a given domain is predicated upon the application of maxims, rules, or principles in a given situation. Such a view would allow one to isolate behaviors associated with expert practice, distill the rules that give rise to them, and both develop new teachers and evaluate practicing teachers on the basis of such maxims. In this essay, Derek Gottlieb argues that the phenomenon of skillful teaching, and studies thereof, expose the inconsistencies and confusion underlying this model, encouraging the field generally to consider alternative holistic accounts of expert teacher practice as we seek to train and appraise great teachers.
“There Are No Housewives on StarTrek ”: A Reexamination of Exit Rights for the Children of Insular Fundamentalist Parents
Authors: McAvoy Paula
Published: September 2012

In this essay, Paula McAvoy addresses the problem caused by the liberal state's necessary tolerance of insular fundamentalist groups and the concern that children raised in such groups do not have a fair opportunity to evaluate their inherited beliefs. This tension comes to the fore around disagreements over schooling and requests for religious accommodation. Often, these requests are treated as straightforward dilemmas — either the state accommodates the group at the expense of the child's future interest in autonomy, or the state must use its power to coerce the group into compliance. McAvoy argues for a principled middle ground between these two views. Using William Galston's conditions for securing the right to exit (set out in his 2002 book Liberal Pluralism) and evidence from Anabaptist apostates, McAvoy shows that insular groups cannot satisfy these conditions. Consequently, when accommodation is necessary, the state must mitigate the foreseeable costs to children by enacting policies that “facilitate entrance” for those who later choose to exit.
Process, Orientation, and System: The Pedagogical Operation of Utopia in the Work of Paulo Freire
Authors: Webb Darren
Published: September 2012

Recent years have witnessed a renewed interest in utopianism within educational theory. In this essay, Darren Webb explores the utopian pedagogy of Paulo Freire in the context of what one commentator has dubbed “the educational comeback of utopia.” Webb argues that Freire's significance lies in the way he embraced both “utopia as process” and “utopia as system.” This is significant because the contemporary rejuvenation of utopianism has extended only so far, embracing utopia conceived as an open‐ended process of becoming but shying away from utopia conceived as the delineation of a normative vision to be struggled for and won. Webb outlines the pedagogical operation of utopia as process, cognitive‐affective orientation, and system, and he argues that Freire was right in insisting that each is constitutive of effective educational practice.
A parent‐directed portion education intervention for young children: Be Beary Healthy
Authors: Small Leigh , Bonds‐McClain Darya , Vaughan Linda , Melnyk Bernadette , Gannon Alex , Thompson Sharon
Published: September 2012

Purpose.

This pilot study aimed to determine the effects of an intervention on nutrition knowledge, food parents serve, and children's dietary intake.

Design and Methods.

A single‐group pre‐/posttest design was used with 45 mothers and their 4‐ to 6‐year‐old children. After pretesting, parents received child nutrition information and portion‐related activities.

Results.

Paired samples t‐tests revealed that from pre‐ to posttest the average calories mothers served and the average calories children ate significantly decreased (medium effect size). Medium effects also were recognized from pre‐ to posttest for the carbohydrates served and carbohydrates consumed. No significant change was found in parents' nutrition knowledge.

Practice Implications.

Interventions focusing on skill building rather than on increasing knowledge may more effectively lead to changed child intake.
Pediatric skin care: What do nurses really know?
Authors: Drake Jennifer , Redfern Wendi S. , Sherburne Eileen , Nugent Melodee L. , Simpson Pippa
Published: September 2012

Purpose.

The purpose of this study was to explore pediatric nurses’ knowledge of pressure ulcer prevention, investigate their beliefs and practices, and identify the barriers and facilitators to providing evidence‐based pressure ulcer preventive practices.

Design and Methods.

An exploratory, descriptive, and cross‐sectional survey was taken of registered nurses in a freestanding children's hospital.

Results.

Nurses have adequate knowledge of general pressure ulcer prevention; however, they struggle with individualization. Further, analysis revealed that nursing knowledge did not always correlate with nursing practice.

Practice Implications.

Nurses require education on individualized interventions and access to user‐friendly, interactive, and comprehensive resources, including unit‐based champions and order sets.
Functional Diversity of CYCLOIDEA‐like TCP Genes in the Control of Zygomorphic Flower Development in Lotus japonicus
Authors: Xu Shilei , Luo Yonghai , Cai Zhigang , Cao Xiangling , Hu Xiaohe , Yang Jun , Luo Da
Published: September 2012

CYCLOIDEA (CYC)‐like TCP genes play key roles in dorsoventral differentiation of zygomorphic flowers in Papilionoideae legumes. In this study, we analyzed the kew mutants whose flowers lost lateral identity, and investigated the diverse functions of three LjCYC genes during zygomorphic flower development in the model legume Lotus japonicus. We showed that kew1 and kew3 are allelic mutants of LjCYC3, a CYC‐like TCP gene. Through transgenic experiments, it was shown that LjCYC1 possesses dorsal activity similar to LjCYC2, and that LjCYC3 alone is sufficient to confer lateral activity, and an epistatic effect between dorsal and lateral activities was identified. Sequence analysis revealed a striking alteration at the 3′ end of the LjCYC3 open reading frame (ORF) in comparison with those of LjCYC1 and LjCYC2 ORFs. Furthermore, it was found that LjCYC proteins could interact with each other and possess different activities by means of a transcriptional activity assay. Our data demonstrate that the sequence variation and the subsequent alteration of protein property play important roles in the functional diversity of different LjCYC genes in controlling zygomorphic flower development in Lotus japonicus.
Cosmic structure and dynamics of the local Universe
Authors: Kitaura Francisco-Shu , Erdoğdu Pirin , Nuza Sebastián E. , Khalatyan Arman , Angulo Raul E. , Hoffman Yehuda , Gottlöber Stefan
Published: September 2012

We present a cosmography analysis of the local Universe based on the recently released Two-Micron All-Sky Redshift Survey catalogue. Our method is based on a Bayesian Networks Machine Learning algorithm (the Kigen-code) which self-consistently samples the initial density fluctuations compatible with the observed galaxy distribution and a structure formation model given by second-order Lagrangian perturbation theory (2LPT). From the initial conditions we obtain an ensemble of reconstructed density and peculiar velocity fields which characterize the local cosmic structure with high accuracy unveiling non-linear structures like filaments and voids in detail. Coherent redshift-space distortions are consistently corrected within 2LPT. From the ensemble of cross-correlations between the reconstructions and the galaxy field and the variance of the recovered density fields, we find that our method is extremely accurate up to k∼1 h Mpc−1 and still yields reliable results down to scales of about 3–4 h−1 Mpc. The motion of the Local Group we obtain within ∼80 h−1 Mpc (νLG = 522 ± 86 km s−1, lLG = 291° ± 16°, bLG = 34° ± 8°) is in good agreement with measurements derived from the cosmic microwave background and from direct observations of peculiar motions and is consistent with the predictions of ΛCDM.
Lamellicorn beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea) in Korea and Mongolia
Authors: Bayartogtokh Badamdorj , Kim Jin Ill , Bae Yeon Jae
Published: September 2012

This work was undertaken as an initial part of the collaborative effort between Korean and Mongolian researchers to study the terrestrial and aquatic insects in these countries. An analysis of data on faunal composition, taxonomic diversity and biogeographical structure of lamellicorn beetles in Korea and Mongolia was conducted in order to characterize the faunal relations between two countries. The Korean fauna of lamellicorn beetles is almost two fold greater in both generic diversity and species richness than that of Mongolia. The species compositions of lamellicorn beetles in two countries are substantially different from each other and the relative levels of faunal overlap are insignificant. Not only the faunal diversity and composition, but also the biogeographical structure of lamellicorn beetles in Korea and Mongolia display dissimilar patterns, except for their similar degree of endemism. Additional data on communities of dung beetles in the grasslands of central Mongolia, as well as a brief discussion on conservation issues of the endangered species in Korea, especially Gymnopleurus mopsus, are given.
Characterization of Aroma Compounds in Chinese Bayberry (Myrica rubra Sieb. et Zucc.) by Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC‐MS) and Olfactometry (GC‐O)
Authors: Kang Wenhuai , Li Yan , Xu Yan , Jiang Wenguang , Tao Yongsheng
Published: September 2012

Abstract:  The aroma‐active compounds in Chinese bayberry were identified using gas chromatography‐olfactometry (GC‐O) and GC‐mass spectrometry techniques. The volatile compounds were extracted using Liquid–liquid extraction, solvent‐assisted flavor evaporation and headspace solid‐phase microextraction (HS‐SPME), respectively. On the basis of odor intensity, the most important aroma compounds in Chinese bayberry samples were caryophyllene, menthol, 4‐terpineol, linalool oxide, linalool, benzyl alcohol, α‐methylbenzyl alcohol, β‐phenylethanol, 3‐methylbutanoic acid and acetic acid, and so on. Moreover, HS‐SPME technique was employed to investigate the aroma compounds among immature and mature waxberry fruits. The results showed that terpenes (for example, β‐caryophyllene) was predominant and its concentration represented over 89.9% of the overall compounds, and alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, esters, acids, and others were typically present in lesser amounts. Finally, principal component analysis revealed that there was also significant difference between immature and mature waxberry fruits
Stereospecific Positional Distribution of Fatty Acids of Camellia (Camellia japonica L.) Seed Oil
Authors: Noh Siwon , Yoon Suk Hoo
Published: September 2012

Abstract:  The stereospecific positional distribution of fatty acids of camellia seed oil (also called camellia oil) was determined. The camellia oil was mainly composed of neutral lipids (88.2%), and the oleic acid (86.3%) was found to be a major fatty acid of neutral lipids. In the glycolipids and phospholipids, the oleic acid was also found to be a major fatty acid at 62.5% and 54.2%, respectively. The oleic acid was distributed abundantly in all sn‐1, 2, and 3 positions. It was found that the oleic acid was present more at sn‐2 (93.6%) and 3 positions (94.7%), than at sn‐1 position (66.0%).

Practical Application:  The information of stereospecific positional distribution of fatty acids in the camellia oil can be used for the development of the structured lipids for food, pharmaceutical, and medical purposes.
Feature Selection and Recognition from Nonspecific Volatile Profiles for Discrimination of Apple Juices According to Variety and Geographical Origin
Authors: Guo Jing , Yue Tianli , Yuan Yahong
Published: September 2012

Abstract:  Apple juice is a complex mixture of volatile and nonvolatile components. To develop discrimination models on the basis of the volatile composition for an efficient classification of apple juices according to apple variety and geographical origin, chromatography volatile profiles of 50 apple juice samples belonging to 6 varieties and from 5 counties of Shaanxi (China) were obtained by headspace solid‐phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography. The volatile profiles were processed as continuous and nonspecific signals through multivariate analysis techniques. Different preprocessing methods were applied to raw chromatographic data. The blind chemometric analysis of the preprocessed chromatographic profiles was carried out. Stepwise linear discriminant analysis (SLDA) revealed satisfactory discriminations of apple juices according to variety and geographical origin, provided respectively 100% and 89.8% success rate in terms of prediction ability. Finally, the discriminant volatile compounds selected by SLDA were identified by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry. The proposed strategy was able to verify the variety and geographical origin of apple juices involving only a reduced number of discriminate retention times selected by the stepwise procedure. This result encourages the similar procedures to be considered in quality control of apple juices.

Practical Application:  This work presented a method for an efficient discrimination of apple juices according to apple variety and geographical origin using HS‐SPME‐GC‐MS together with chemometric tools. Discrimination models developed could help to achieve greater control over the quality of the juice and to detect possible adulteration of the product.
Nonporphyritic chondrules from equilibrated Rumuruti and ordinary chondrites: Chemical evidence of secondary processing
Authors: VARELA Maria Eugenia , SYLVESTER Paul , ENGLER Almut , KURAT Gero
Published: September 2012

Abstract–Nineteen nonporphyritic pyroxene and pyroxene/olivine chondrules, chondrule fragments, and irregular objects were studied from two equilibrated chondrites, the ordinary (L/LL5) Knyahinya chondrite and the Rumuruti type (R4) Ouzina chondrite. Major element contents for almost all objects in the chondrites are disturbed from their chondritic ratios, most probably during metamorphic re‐equilibration. However, the volatile elements (Na2O + K2O) in Ouzina scatter around the CI line, probably the result of being generated and/or processed in different environments as compared with those for Knyahinya. All studied objects from Knyahinya and Ouzina possess systematically fractionated trace element abundances. Depletion of LREE with respect to HREE and ultra‐refractory HFSE documents variable degrees of LREE transport into an external mineral sink and restricted mobility of most of the HREE and HFSE. Moderately volatile elements preserve volatility‐controlled abundances. Strongly fractionated Rb/Cs ratios (up to 10× CI) in all studied objects suggest restricted mobility of the large Cs ion. All studied objects sampled and preserved Y and Ho in solar proportions, a feature that they share with the nonporphyritic chondrules of unequilibrated ordinary chondrites.
Is self‐explanation worth the time? A comparison to additional practice
Authors: McEldoon Katherine L. , Durkin Kelley L. , Rittle‐Johnson Bethany
Published: September 2012

Background

Self‐explanation, or generating explanations to oneself in an attempt to make sense of new information, can promote learning. However, self‐explaining takes time, and the learning benefits of this activity need to be rigorously evaluated against alternative uses of this time.

Aims

In the current study, we compared the effectiveness of self‐explanation prompts to the effectiveness of solving additional practice problems (to equate for time on task) and to solving the same number of problems (to equate for problem‐solving experience).

Sample

Participants were 69 children in grades 2–4.

Methods

Students completed a pre‐test, brief intervention session, and a post‐ and retention test. The intervention focused on solving mathematical equivalence problems such as 3 + 4 + 8 = _ + 8. Students were randomly assigned to one of three intervention conditions: self‐explain, additional‐practice, or control.

Results

Compared to the control condition, self‐explanation prompts promoted conceptual and procedural knowledge. Compared to the additional‐practice condition, the benefits of self‐explanation were more modest and only apparent on some subscales.

Conclusions

The findings suggest that self‐explanation prompts have some small unique learning benefits, but that greater attention needs to be paid to how much self‐explanation offers advantages over alternative uses of time.
Can we risk recovery? A grounded theory of clinical psychologists' perceptions of risk and recovery‐oriented mental health services
Authors: Tickle Anna , Brown Dora , Hayward Mark
Published: September 2012

Objectives

This study sought to explore the views of clinical psychologists towards the concepts of ‘risk’ and ‘recovery’ and to set those views against the context of mental health services.

Design

An exploratory, social constructionist grounded theory methodology was adopted.

Methods

Eleven clinical psychologists working in adult mental health services each participated in one individual semistructured interview.

Results

The clinical psychologists studied were aware of the emergence of recovery‐oriented approaches, but felt unable to incorporate them in practice because of perceptions of being bound by both their own limitations and those of their circumstances, including issues of risk, thus giving rise to dilemmas in professional practice. Narrow definitions of risk as equated to danger dominated over broader conceptualizations of risk with positive consequences. The existing culture of mental health services was seen as emphasizing the need to avoid harmful consequences of taking risks, which in turn was seen to limit innovations in implementing recovery‐oriented approaches.

Conclusions

Participants' ability to work in a recovery‐oriented manner seemed to be limited by the way in which services perceived and responded to risk. Participants did not discuss risks arising from stigma, social exclusion, racism, sexism, or iatrogenic effects of psychiatric treatment. Narrow conceptualizations of risk as related to harm and danger seen in this study contribute to a sense of needing to be risk averse. However, the implications for practice included ideas about what might increase the possibilities for adopting recovery approaches across disciplines.

Practitioner Points

Professionals should be encouraged to broaden their conceptualizations of risk to include issues such as social exclusion and poverty. This might encourage the incorporation of recovery approaches in practice.

The strategic incorporation of recovery‐oriented approaches could be supported by the development of a culture of learning that promotes individual professional development and offers guidelines for recovery‐oriented practice.

Sharing decision‐making and responsibility among team members, service users, and carers can reduce anxiety about risk and increase opportunities for taking positive risk, which can promote recovery.
Validation of alternative indicators of social support in perinatal outcomes research using quality of the partner relationship
Authors: Kruse Julie A. , Low Lisa Kane , Seng Julia S.
Published: September 2012

Aim

To test alternatives to the current research and clinical practice of assuming that married or partnered status is a proxy for positive social support.

Background

Having a partner is assumed to relate to better health status via the intermediary process of social support. However, women's health research indicates that having a partner is not always associated with positive social support.

Design

An exploratory post hoc analysis focused on posttraumatic stress and childbearing was conducted using a large perinatal database from 2005–2009.

Methods

To operationalize partner relationship, four variables were analysed: partner (‘yes’ or ‘no’), intimate partner violence (‘yes’ or ‘no’), the combination of those two factors, and the woman's appraisal of the quality of her partner relationship via a single item. Construct validity of these four alternative variables was assessed in relation to appraisal of the partner's social support in labour and the postpartum using linear regression standardized betas and adjusted R‐squares. Predictive validity was assessed using unadjusted and adjusted linear regression modelling.

Results

Four groups were compared. Married, abused women differed most from married, not abused women in relation to the social support, and depression outcomes used for validity checks. The variable representing the women's appraisals of their partner relationships accounts for the most variance in predicting depression scores.

Conclusions

Our results support the validity of operationalizing the impact of the partner relationship on outcomes using a combination of partnered status and abuse status or using a subjective rating of quality of the partner relationship.
Alcohol Consumption and the Risk of Hypertension in Men and Women: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Briasoulis Alexandros , Agarwal Vikram , Messerli Franz H.
Published: September 2012

J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2012;14:792–798. ©2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Heavy alcohol intake increases the risk of hypertension, but the relationship between light to moderate alcohol consumption and incident hypertension remains controversial. The authors sought to analyze the dose‐response relationship between average daily alcohol consumption and the risk of hypertension via systematic review and meta‐analysis. Electronic databases were searched for prospective control studies examining quantitative measurement of alcohol consumption and biological measurement of outcome. The primary endpoint was the risk of developing hypertension based on alcohol consumption. The level of alcohol consumption from each study was assigned to categorical groups based on the midpoint of their alcohol consumption classes to make possible the comparison of heterogeneous classification of alcohol intake. A total of 16 prospective studies (33,904 men and 193,752 women) were included in the analysis. Compared with nondrinkers, men with alcohol consumption with <10 g/d and 11 to 20 g/d had a trend toward increased risk of hypertension (relative risk [RR], 1.03; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.94–1.13; P=.51) and (RR, 1.15; 95% CI, 0.99–1.33; P=.06), respectively, whereas a significantly increased risk of hypertension was found with heavy alcohol consumption of 31 to 40 g/d (RR, 1.77; 95% CI, 1.39–2.26; P<.001) and >50 g/d (RR, 1.61; 95% CI, 1.38–1.87; P<.001). Among women, the meta‐analysis indicated protective effects at <10 g/d (RR, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.82–0.92; P<.001) and a trend toward decreased risk of hypertension with alcohol consumption 11 to 20 g/d (RR, 0.9; 95% CI, 0.87–1.04; P=.17), whereas a significantly increased risk of hypertension was indicated with heavy alcohol consumption of 21 to 30 g/d (RR, 1.16; 95% CI, 0.91–1.46; P=.23) and 31 to 40 g/d (RR, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.07–1.32; P=.002). In men, heavy alcohol consumption is associated with increased risk of hypertension, whereas there is a trend toward increased risk of hypertension with low and moderate alcohol consumption. The relationship between alcohol consumption and hypertension is J‐shaped in women. Limiting alcohol intake should be advised for both men and women.