bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Particle size and morphology in food science and technology: a review
Authors: Dacanal Gustavo Cesar
Published: August 2024

The size and morphology of particles impact the quality and functionality of food in derived particulate systems. This review presents an extensive bibliometric analysis targeting food science and technology. Through keyword compilation and bibliographic coupling analysis, the research topics identified are as follows: stability and functionality of food systems, ultrasound‐assisted processes, food oral processing and digestion, starch properties and modifications, and spray drying and microencapsulation. This comprehensive overview details the primary methods employed in particulate systems and highlights the influence of particles in the design of food systems.
Cascara kombucha potential as a functional food for fasting glucose regulation, cholesterol control, and liver function modulation: in vitro and in vivo study
Authors: Phan‐Van Thach , Pham‐Quang Hoa , Do Anh Duy
Published: August 2024

Unhealthy dietary patterns are a major contributor to obesity worldwide, leading to various adverse metabolic effects such as elevated liver enzyme levels and increased cholesterol concentrations. This study investigates the potential of cascara kombucha as a functional beverage to provide health benefits in both in vitro and in vivo models. Our results indicate that kombucha fermentation enhances the bioactive compounds in cascara, including polyphenols and flavonoids. The in vitro study found that cascara kombucha effectively decreased free radicals (DPPH and ABTS) levels, α‐amylase, and lipase activity, suggesting its potential to act as an antioxidant and modulate carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. In a mouse model, oral administration of cascara kombucha at a dose of 300 mg/kg body weight for 28 days successfully decreased fasting blood glucose levels, improved liver health by reducing aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase levels, and lowered serum cholesterol content induced by a fat‐enriched diet compared to the untreated group. The levels of superoxide dismutase and catalase, suppressed by the fat‐enriched diet, were restored to normal. Additionally, cascara kombucha downregulated genes associated with inflammation induced by a fat‐enriched diet, including tnf‐α, IL‐6, IL‐1β, and cox‐2. It also positively affected the balance of intestinal microflora in mice by reducing coliform density and enhancing probiotic populations. These findings highlight the potential of cascara kombucha as a promising approach to addressing health issues caused by poor dietary habits and metabolic imbalances.
Changes of coagulation function and platelet parameters in preeclampsia and their correlation with pregnancy outcomes
Authors: Peng Juan , Zhao Quxi , Pang Wei , Li Yanjuan , Dong Xudong
Published: August 2024

Preeclampsia (PE) is a severe pregnancy complication characterized by significant alterations in coagulation function. This study aims to analyze the correlation between coagulation function, platelet parameters, and pregnancy outcomes in PE patients. Clinical data, along with blood and urine samples, were collected from 168 PE patients and 128 healthy pregnant women. General demographic and laboratory testing data were recorded, and maternal and fetal outcomes were followed up. Data were analyzed using Kaplan–Meier and logistic regression analyses. In mild PE patients, thrombin time (p = .000), platelet distribution width (PDW) (p = .000), and clot formation time (p = .000) were increased, while prothrombin time (p = .000) and fibrinogen (p = .045) were reduced. With increasing PE severity, prothrombin time (p = .000), platelet count (PLT) (p = .000), mean platelet volume (MPV) (p = .000), plateletcrit (p = .000), maximum amplitude (MA) (p = .000), and coagulation index (p = .001) decreased, whereas activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) (p = .000), thrombin time (p = .002), D‐dimer (p = .026), and PDW (p = .000) increased. Lower prothrombin time (p = .048), PLT (p = .004), and coagulation index (p = .026) or higher APTT (p = .032), thrombin time (p = .044), D‐dimer (p = .023), and PDW (p = .016) were associated with a higher risk of poor pregnancy outcomes. Thrombin time was identified as an independent risk factor (p = .025, OR = 2.918, 95% CI: 1.145–7.436), whereas gestational age was an independent protective factor (p = .000, OR = 0.244, 95% CI: 0.151–0.395). This study demonstrates that specific coagulation and platelet parameters are significantly associated with PE severity and adverse pregnancy outcomes. These findings highlight the importance of monitoring coagulation function in PE patients to improve clinical management and outcomes.
Moral nexus of unmet needs and care in person‐centred care for patients with advanced dementia in a multicultural society
Authors: Islam Asmat Ara
Published: August 2024

Rationale

Patients with advanced dementia experience multifaceted vulnerabilities because of their diminished capacities for decision making. The dominant versions of person‐centred care (PCC) emphasise patient preferences and autonomy, which often undermines a recognition of their distinct unfulfilled needs. Determining whether an individual autonomy conception of personhood applies to patients with advanced dementia is morally problematic from various theoretical perspectives and leads to the one‐approach‐fits‐all problem when caring for this patient population.

Aims and Objectives

The availability of patients' advanced directives varies depending on their cultural backgrounds. The goal of the study is to argue that PCC, with a focus on relational autonomy, should be the first step for caring for patients with advanced dementia.

Method

The study engages in a critical exploration of inclusivity and diversity in ethical thinking within a framework of PCC and uses philosophical argumentation to assess the viability of a relational autonomy conception of PCC.

Results and Conclusion

By taking relationality seriously, especially in caring for patients with advanced dementia in a multicultural society, and by considering the moral nexus of unmet needs through the perspective of PCC, we can resolve the problem of one‐approach‐fits‐all in dementia care.
A competency model for basic public health professionals in public health emergencies
Authors: Cai Yujing , Wang Jing , Ding Pinrong
Published: August 2024

Objective

To develop and validate a comprehensive competency model for basic public health professionals to enhance their response to public health emergencies.

Methods

Staff working in basic public health institutions such as the Centre for Disease Control, community health services and township health centres were selected as the study population. Through an integrative literature review, structured questionnaire survey (n = 1310), exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis, we developed and validated a competency model. Exploratory factor analysis was utilized to extract common factors, and confirmatory factor analysis was employed to establish the model and ensure its robustness.

Results

Identified competencies by exploratory factor analysis encompass professional and technical skills, medical professionalism, specialized medical knowledge, cognitive and managerial aptitude, public health service competence, emergency response proficiency and physical and mental quality. The model displayed high validity, with a Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin score of 0.933, the χ2 value of Bartlett's test of sphericity was 4169.238 at 889 degrees of freedom (df) (p < 0.001) and the cumulative contribution rate was 60.7%. The confirmatory analysis yielded a final model fit (χ2/df = 2.461) with satisfactory adjusted fit indicators.

Conclusion

This validated competency model provides a robust framework for selecting, training and evaluating basic public health professionals, potentially enhancing overall emergency response capabilities.
A PpEIL2/3–PpNAC1–PpWRKY14 module regulates fruit ripening by modulating ethylene production in peach
Authors: Liu Yudi , Xiao Wen , Liao Liao , Zheng Beibei , Cao Yunpeng , Zhao Yun , Zhang Ruo‐Xi , Han Yuepeng
Published: August 2024

WRKY transcription factors play key roles in plant resistance to various stresses, but their roles in fruit ripening remain largely unknown. Here, we report a WRKY gene PpWRKY14 involved in the regulation of fruit ripening in peach. The expression of PpWRKY14 showed an increasing trend throughout fruit development. PpWRKY14 was a target gene of PpNAC1, a master regulator of peach fruit ripening. PpWRKY14 could directly bind to the promoters of PpACS1 and PpACO1 to induce their expression, and this induction was greatly enhanced when PpWRKY14 formed a dimer with PpNAC1. However, the transcription of PpNAC1 could be directly suppressed by two EIN3/EIL1 genes, PpEIL2 and PpEIL3. The PpEIL2/3 genes were highly expressed at the early stages of fruit development, but their expression was programmed to decrease significantly during the ripening stage, thus derepressing the expression of PpNAC1. These results suggested a PpEIL2/3–PpNAC1–PpWRKY14 module that regulates fruit ripening by modulating ethylene production in peach. Our results provided an insight into the regulatory roles of EIN3/EIL1 and WRKY genes in fruit ripening.
Regulation of cryptochrome‐mediated blue light signaling by the ABI4–PIF4 module
Authors: Song Pengyu , Yang Zidan , Wang Huaichang , Wan Fangfang , Kang Dingming , Zheng Wenming , Gong Zhizhong , Li Jigang
Published: August 2024

ABSCISIC ACID‐INSENSITIVE 4 (ABI4) is a pivotal transcription factor which coordinates multiple aspects of plant growth and development as well as plant responses to environmental stresses. ABI4 has been shown to be involved in regulating seedling photomorphogenesis; however, the underlying mechanism remains elusive. Here, we show that the role of ABI4 in regulating photomorphogenesis is generally regulated by sucrose, but ABI4 promotes hypocotyl elongation of Arabidopsis seedlings under blue (B) light under all tested sucrose concentrations. We further show that ABI4 physically interacts with PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR 4 (PIF4), a well‐characterized growth‐promoting transcription factor, and post‐translationally promotes PIF4 protein accumulation under B light. Further analyses indicate that ABI4 directly interacts with the B light photoreceptors cryptochromes (CRYs) and inhibits the interactions between CRYs and PIF4, thus relieving CRY‐mediated repression of PIF4 protein accumulation. In addition, while ABI4 could directly activate its own expression, CRYs enhance, whereas PIF4 inhibits, ABI4‐mediated activation of the ABI4 promoter. Together, our study demonstrates that the ABI4–PIF4 module plays an important role in mediating CRY‐induced B light signaling in Arabidopsis.
Disparate and parallel craniofacial climatic adaptations in native populations of Asia, North America, and South America
Authors: Evteev Andrej , Syutkina Taisiya , Grosheva Alexandra , Santos Patrícia , Ghirotto Silvia , Hanihara Tsunehiko , Hubbe Mark , Menéndez Lumila Paula
Published: August 2024

Understanding the impact that climate had in shaping cranial variation is critical for inferring the evolutionary mechanisms that played a role in human diversification. Here, we provide a comprehensive study aiming to analyze the association between climate and cranial variation of high latitude populations living in temperate to cold environments of Asia, North America, and South America. For this, we compiled a large morphometric dataset (N = 2633), which was combined with climatic and genomic data. We tested the influence of climate on the facial skeleton, nasal protrusion, and cranial vault and through multiple statistical tests at two geographical scales: intracontinental and intercontinental. We show that populations living in cold areas share a morphological pattern characterized by an increase in nasal height, facial and orbital heights and widths, a decrease in facial protrusion, and larger, longer, and lower cranial vaults. There are also distinctive features; populations from north Asia present the tallest noses, largest faces, and cranial vaults of the whole sample. Nasal breadth dimensions show small values in Asians, large values in South Americans, and non‐significant changes in arctic North America. The morphological pattern in populations living at high latitude may be the result of parallel adaptation, as supported by physiological, morphometric, ecological, and genetic explanations, while the differences in magnitude and phenotypic expression could be due to the diverse population histories, severity of climate, and cultural strategies. Overall, our study shows that climate is a relevant factor shaping modern human morphology and it should be considered when studying modern human evolution and diversification.
Early neurodevelopmental outcomes of preterm infants with intraventricular haemorrhage and periventricular leukomalacia
Authors: Ng Nicole SC , Razak Abdul , Chandrasekharan Preethi , McLean Glenda , Sackett Vathana , Zhou Lindsay , Pharande Pramod , Malhotra Atul
Published: August 2024

Aim

Intraventricular haemorrhage (IVH) and periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) in preterm infants are associated with an increased risk of long‐term neurodevelopmental impairments (NDI) and cerebral palsy (CP). However, little is known about their impact on early neurodevelopmental outcomes despite increasing evidence highlighting the feasibility and importance of early NDI/CP diagnosis. We aimed to determine the early neurodevelopmental outcomes of preterm infants with IVH and PVL.

Methods

This was a retrospective single‐centre cohort study of preterm infants born at <29 weeks gestation or <1000 g birth weight who attended an Early Neurodevelopment Clinic at 3 to 4 months of corrected age. Primary outcomes of early NDI and CP/high‐risk CP diagnoses based on Prechtl's General Movements Assessment and the Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination were compared between infants without IVH and infants with mild IVH (grades I‐II), severe IVH (grades III‐IV), and severe brain injury (SBI; severe IVH or cystic PVL).

Results

Of 313 infants, 52.1% (n = 163), 41.2% (n = 129), 6.7% (n = 21) and 8.6% (n = 27) had no IVH, mild IVH, severe IVH and SBI, respectively. The adjusted odds of early CP/high‐risk CP diagnosis were significantly higher in infants with severe IVH (aOR 6.07, 95% CI 1.50–24.50) and SBI (aOR 15.28, 95% CI 3.70–63), but not in those with mild IVH (aOR 1.24, 95% CI 0.49–3.10). However, the adjusted odds of any early NDI were similar across groups.

Conclusion

Preterm infants with severe IVH and SBI are at increased risk of early CP/high‐risk of CP diagnosis at 3 to 4 months of corrected age.
Factors influencing job stress in pediatric nurses during the pandemic period: Focusing on fatigue, pediatric nurse−parent partnership
Authors: Jeon Bo Yeong , Yun Sun Jeong , Kim Hye Young
Published: August 2024

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to identify the factors influencing pediatric nurses' job stress, including their level of fatigue and partnerships with the parents of patients. This investigation aimed to findings of this study may lead to the development of strategies to reduce pediatric nurse's job stress.

Design and Methods

Participants were recruited from pediatric, pediatric intensive care, and neonatal intensive care units across seven general hospitals. Eligibility requires a minimum of 6 months of experience in pediatric nursing. The sample size was determined using the G*power program, considering various variables, including age, marital status, presence of children, and work‐related characteristics, leading to a final sample size of 135, adjusted for a 10% dropout rate. Data collection was conducted through self‐report questionnaires, and analysis involved frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, t‐tests, ANOVA, and stepwise multiple regression, using SPSS Statistics 27.0.

Results

This study confirmed a significant correlation between pediatric nurses' fatigue and job stress, with higher levels of fatigue associated with increased job stress. Stepwise regression analysis showed that fatigue and age were significant predictors of job stress among pediatric nurses, explaining 23% of the variance. However, detailed analysis showed that younger nurses had lower job stress scores compared to older nurses. This result suggests that more experienced nurses may experience higher job stress due to increased responsibilities and emotional burdens.

Practice Implications

This study identified the need for effective strategies to manage fatigue and reduce job stress among pediatric nurses during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Younger nurses, particularly those under 25 and between 26 and 30 years old, experience lower job stress compared to older nurses. Comprehensive support systems should be developed, including workload management, emotional support, and programs to enhance partnerships between nurses and parents. These strategies can improve job satisfaction and the quality of care provided to young patients. Additionally, they ensure a more resilient and effective healthcare workforce during pandemics and similar crises.
Genetic Differentiation Between Sympatric Crustacean Decapods Inhabiting the Mediterranean Sea: Implications to Avoid Larval and Adult Misidentification
Authors: Agulló Melania , Heras Sandra , Abras Alba , García‐Marín José Luis , Roldán María Inés
Published: August 2024

The conservation of species, especially those with high levels of exploitation and economic interest, relies on the knowledge of their biology and geographical distribution. In the marine realm, similar morphology between species is a common difficulty in identifying sympatric species, especially in early stages of development. Therefore, genetic identification of crustacean species has been shown to be the only way to identify the species. We used a 451‐bp fragment of the 16S rDNA gene to differentiate nine species of decapod crustaceans, five of which are sympatric and heavily exploited in the Mediterranean Sea: Aristeus antennatus (blue and red shrimp), A. virilis (stout red shrimp), A. varidens (striped red shrimp), Aristaeomorpha foliacea (giant red shrimp), Aristaeopsis edwardsiana (scarlet shrimp), Gennadas elegans (graceful blunt‐tail prawn), Gennadas valens (valuable blunt‐tail prawn), Parapenaeus longirostris (deep‐water rose shrimp) and Penaeus kerathurus (camarote prawn). Analysis of the 16S rDNA gene provides clear evidence of genetic differentiation to be used as an easy method to identify these species.
Prevalence of daily family meals among children and adolescents from 43 countries
Authors: López‐Gil José Francisco , Smith Lee , Tully Mark A. , Álvarez‐Pitti Julio , Gómez Santiago F. , Schröder Helmut
Published: August 2024

Prevalence studies about family meals, including large and representative samples of children and adolescents on this topic, are scarce. Therefore, the aim of this study was twofold: first, to determine the prevalence of daily family meals in large and representative samples of school‐going children and adolescents from 43 countries, and second, to identify the sex, age, socioeconomic status (SES), family structure, immigrant status and parental labour market status inequalities associated with this prevalence. Using data from the 2017/2018 wave of the Health Behaviour in School‐aged Children study, a total of 179,991 participants from 43 countries were involved in this cross‐sectional study. Family meals were assessed by the following question: ‘How often do you and your family usually have meals together?’. Participants had five different response options: ‘every day’, ‘most days’, ‘about once a week’, ‘less often’, and ‘never’. The meta package was utilized for conducting a meta‐analysis of single proportions, specifically applying the metaprop function. The analysis involved pooling the data using a random‐effects model and presenting the outcomes through a forest plot generated using the inverse variance method. Moreover, we applied generalized linear mixed models to explore the relationships between the studied sociodemographic factors as fixed effects, country as a random effect and the status of daily family meals as an outcome. Overall, the prevalence of daily family meals was 49.12% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 45.00–53.25). A greater probability of having daily family meals was identified for children aged 10–12 years (61.55%; 95% CI: 57.44%–65.49%), boys (61.55%, 95% CI: 57.44%–65.49%), participants with high SES (64.66%, 95% CI: 60.65%–68.48%), participants with both parents at home (65.05%, 95% CI: 61.16%–68.74%) and those with both unemployed parents (61.55%, 95% CI: 57.44%–65.49%). In the present study, which included large representative samples of school‐going children and adolescents from 43 countries, more than half of the participants did not have daily family meals.
Phenotypic limits of crop diversity: a data exploration of functional trait space
Authors: Rolhauser Andrés G. , Isaac Marney E. , Violle Cyrille , Martin Adam R. , Vasseur François , Lemoine Taina , Mahaut Lucie , Fort Florian , Rotundo José L. , Vile Denis
Published: August 2024

Relationships between crop genetic and functional diversity are key to addressing contemporary agricultural challenges. Yet, there are few approaches for quantifying the relationship between genetic diversity and crop functional trait expression. Here, we introduce ‘functional space accumulation curves’ to analyze how trait space increases with the number of crop genotypes within a species.

We explore the potential for functional space accumulating curves to quantify genotype–trait space relationships in four common annual crop species: barley (Hordeum vulgare), rice (Oryza sativa), soybean (Glycine max), and durum wheat (Triticum durum). We also employ these curves to describe genotype–trait space relationships in the wild annual Arabidopsis thaliana, which has not been subjected to artificial selection.

All five species exhibited asymptotic functional space accumulation curves, suggesting a limit to intraspecific functional crop diversity, likely due to: dominant phenotypes represented by several genotypes; or functional redundancy that might exist among genotypes. Our findings indicate that there is a diminishing return of functional diversity with increasing number of genotypes.

Our analysis demonstrates the efficacy of functional space accumulation curves in quantifying trait space occupancy of crops, with implications for managing crop diversity in agroecosystems, and genetic diversity in crop breeding programs.
Revisiting the philosophy of technology and nursing: Time to move beyond romancing resistance or resisting romance
Authors: Bayuo Jonathan
Published: August 2024

Technology remains enmeshed in our daily lives and given its continuing presence in clinical practice and rapid technological proliferation; it becomes relevant for nurses to examine techno‐onto‐epistemology in relation to the discipline of nursing. This is critical considering the intersection of technology and nursing remains an area of ongoing discussion revealing a need for further philosophical reflection. To this end, this paper sought to examine the philosophy of technology from the engineering and humanities perspectives to contribute to the discussion regarding its intersection with the onto‐epistemology of nursing. Although technology seems to be constantly present in nursing practice, two opposing perspectives reflecting a love‐hate relationship is highlighted: technological optimism (promotes technology) and technological romanticism (dissuades technology). Based on Mitcham's interpretation of ‘mutual relationship’ and ‘being‐with’, a potential way to break away from the binary perspectives is to view the intersection of/relationship between technology and nursing as being on a continuum rather than entirely monolithic entities. Caring is presented as multidimensional reflecting actions and attitudes. Arguably, some caring actions may intersect with the engineering perspective to suggest that technology can support nurses in their roles, that is, by imitating some of what nurses do, but not to replace them. From the humanities perspective, technology is presented as a way of being with humans exercising control over what technology has to offer. Put together, it is clearly time to break away from the love‐hate relationship between nursing and technology. Although this emphasises a great need to build the technological competency of nurses, there is an even greater call for nurses to reflect on and voice the epistemological, ontological, axiological, and ethical issues that the application of technology raises for the discipline.
A replication of “unconscious bias in citizens' evaluations of public sector performance”
Authors: Chen Guoliang , Zhang Shuwei , Chen Wenna , Li Qiwei , Liang Pinghan
Published: August 2024

In recent years, the phenomenon of anti‐public sector bias (APSB) has garnered significant attention among public administration scholars. It is of especial interest given its possible effects on how citizens evaluate public sector performance. Despite the prominence of APSB in academic discourse, conclusive evidence requires further empirical testing. Our study addresses this gap by conducting a replication of Marvel (2016) using a different study population (citizens from China, N = 1410). The results reaffirm the negative influence of APSB on citizens' assessments of public sector performance. Notably, our research indicates the potential for altering citizens' APSB in the context of a pro‐public sector culture. This study contributes to public administration research and the discourse on APSB by confirming the effects presented by Marvel (2016) and suggesting strategies for mitigating the negative effects of APSB.
Looking back: Selected contributions by C. R. Rao to multivariate analysis
Authors: Smith Dianna
Published: August 2024

Statistician C. R. Rao made many contributions to multivariate analysis over the span of his career. Some of his earliest contributions continue to be used and built upon almost 80 years later, while his more recent contributions spur new avenues of research. The present article discusses these contributions, how they helped shape multivariate analysis as we see it today, and what we may learn from reviewing his works. Topics include his extension of linear discriminant analysis, Rao's perimeter test, Rao's U statistic, his asymptotic expansion of Wilks' statistic, canonical factor analysis, functional principal component analysis, redundancy analysis, canonical coordinates, and correspondence analysis. The examination of his works shows that interdisciplinary collaboration and the utilization of real datasets were crucial in almost all of Rao's impactful contributions.
Initial empirical antibiotic therapy in kidney transplant recipients with pyelonephritis: A global survey of current practice and opinions across 19 countries on six continents
Authors: Coussement Julien , Bansal Shyam B. , Scemla Anne , Svensson My H. S. , Barcan Laura A. , Smibert Olivia C. , Clemente Wanessa T. , Lopez‐Medrano Francisco , Hoffman Tomer , Maggiore Umberto , Catalano Concetta , Hilbrands Luuk , Manuel Oriol , DU TOIT Tinus , Shern Terence Kee Yi , Chowdhury Nizamuddin , Viklicky Ondrej , Oberbauer Rainer , Markowicz Samuel , Kaminski Hannah , Lafaurie Matthieu , Pierrotti Ligia C. , Cerqueira Tiago L. , Yahav Dafna , Kamar Nassim , Kotton Camille N.
Published: August 2024

Background

Despite the burden of pyelonephritis after kidney transplantation, there is no consensus on initial empirical antibiotic management.

Methods

We surveyed clinicians throughout the world on their practice and opinions about the initial empirical therapy of post‐transplant pyelonephritis, using clinical vignettes. A panel of experts from 19 countries on six continents designed this survey, and invited 2145 clinicians to participate.

Results

A total of 721 clinicians completed the survey (response rate: 34%). In the hypothetical case of a kidney transplant recipient admitted with pyelonephritis but not requiring intensive care, most respondents reported initiating either a 3rd‐generation cephalosporin (37%) or piperacillin‐tazobactam (21%) monotherapy. Several patient‐level factors dictated the selection of broader‐spectrum antibiotics, including having a recent urine culture showing growth of a resistant organism (85% for extended‐spectrum ß‐lactamase‐producing organisms, 90% for carbapenemase‐producing organisms, and 94% for Pseudomonas aeruginosa). Respondents attributed high importance to the appropriateness of empirical therapy, which 87% judged important to prevent mortality. Significant practice and opinion variations were observed between and within countries.

Conclusion

High‐quality studies are needed to guide the empirical management of post‐transplant pyelonephritis. In particular, whether prior urine culture results should systematically be reviewed and considered remains to be determined. Studies are also needed to clarify the relationship between the appropriateness of initial empirical therapy and outcomes of post‐transplant pyelonephritis.

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Evaluating utility of routine ferritin testing in blood donors: A hospital‐based blood donor centre experience
Authors: Petersen Philip , Hakimjavadi Hesamedin , Chamala Srikar , Mathur Gagan
Published: August 2024

Background and Objectives

Iron deficiency (ID) poses a prevalent concern among blood donors, especially impacting young donors, premenopausal females and frequent donors. In alignment with recommendations to address ID, routine ferritin testing was implemented in a hospital‐based donor centre.

Materials and Methods

Data set, encompassing 26 164 ferritin values from 16 464 blood donors over 33 months, were analysed retrospectively. Ferritin levels were assessed concerning donor characteristics such as sex, age, ethnicity and donation frequency.

Results

Ferritin testing revealed age, sex and ethnicity variations, emphasising the heightened risk of ID in young females meeting all donation criteria under 23 year of age who demonstrated the lowest mean baseline ferritin (41% [CI: 34%–48%] < 26 ng/mL; 20% [CI: 14%–25%] < 15 ng/mL). Postmenopausal females exhibited ferritin levels similar to similarly aged males. Irrespective of sex, donors showcased mean ferritin recovery within 6 months. Analysis of ferritin recovery post‐donation showed a five‐fold increase in risk (compared with first visit) of ID when donors return at a 2‐month interval. ‘Regular’ donors (≥10 visits) approach a median steady ferritin level (~30–35 ng/mL) by the sixth visit.

Conclusion

As reliance on regular blood donors increases, donation policies must strike a balance between blood centre resources and the risks posed to both regular and at‐risk donors. Frequent blood donation led to donors attaining a mean steady state ferritin level above the threshold for ID. At‐risk groups, particularly premenopausal females, were several times more likely to experience ID after donation but demonstrated recovery rates similar to their group's baseline levels. This valuable information informed the development of new donor deferral policies.
The association between attitude towards facemasks, quality of donation experience and relationship with healthcare providers: A cross‐sectional exploratory study
Authors: Bani Marco , Ardenghi Stefano , Russo Selena , Zorzi Federico , Rampoldi Giulia , Del Greco Alexia , Caputo Alessandra , Giussani Barbara , Magri Erica , Strepparava Maria Grazia
Published: August 2024

Background and Objectives

Facemasks represent an essential measure of prevention against the spread of infectious diseases; however, they lessen the ability to convey and understand emotions through facial expressions. In blood donation settings, facemask wearing could interfere with professionals' tasks, reduce the satisfaction of blood donors and affect their future blood donation behaviour. This preliminary cross‐sectional study explored the association of mandatory facemask wearing with the quality of the blood donation process at the end of the coronavirus 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic.

Materials and Methods

A sample of 615 voluntary unpaid Italian blood and plasma donors completed an online survey assessing their attitude towards facemask wearing, the perceived distress due to facemasks in the different steps of the donation process, self‐reported vasovagal reactions after donation and the intention to donate again.

Results

Nearly 24% of donors reported a worsened quality of the donation process due to facemask wearing, and 36% reported moderate to severe distress during the donation itself. Donors with a more negative attitude towards facemasks reported a worse donation experience, mainly related to the interactions and the communication with physicians and nurses, and a higher probability of experiencing vasovagal reactions at their last donation. No significant correlations were observed between negative facemask attitudes towards facemask wearing, distress or future intention to donate blood/plasma.

Conclusion

Facemasks have worsened the quality of blood and plasma donations for one fourth of donors, confirming the interference with the quality of communications and relationships with healthcare professionals.
Iscalimab Combined With Transient Tesidolumab Prolongs Survival in Pig‐to‐Rhesus Monkey Renal Xenografts
Authors: Adams Andrew B. , Faber David , Lovasik Brendan P. , Matar Abraham J. , Kim Steven C. , Burlak Christopher , Tector Matt , Tector Alfred J.
Published: August 2024

Objective

To evaluate the clinically relevant anti‐CD40 antibody iscalimab for baseline immunosuppression in a preclinical pig‐to‐rhesus renal xenograft model.

Summary Background Data

CD40/CD40L co‐stimulation blockade‐based immunosuppression has been more successful than calcineurin‐based protocols in prolonging xenograft survival in preclinical models.

Methods

GGTA1 knockout/CD55 transgenic pig kidneys were transplanted into rhesus monkeys (n = 6) receiving an iscalimab‐based immunosuppressive regimen.

Results

Two grafts were lost early (22 and 26 days) because of ectatic donor ureters with otherwise normal histology. The other recipients survived 171, 315, 422, and 439 days with good renal function throughout the posttransplant course. None of the recipients experienced serious infectious morbidity.

Conclusions

It may be reasonable to evaluate an iscalimab‐based immunosuppressive regimen in clinical renal xenotransplantation.
On Waring numbers of henselian rings
Authors: Kowalczyk Tomasz , Miska Piotr
Published: August 2024

Let be a positive integer. Let be a henselian local ring with residue field of th level . We give some upper and lower bounds for the th Waring number in terms of and . In large number of cases, we are able to compute . Similar results for the th Waring number of the total ring of fractions of are obtained. We then provide applications. In particular, we compute and for and any prime .
A New Perspective for Scientific Modelling: Sparse Reconstruction-Based Approach for Learning Time-Space Fractional Differential Equations
Authors: Vats Yash , Mehra Mani , Oelz Dietmar , Singh Abhishek Kumar
Published: August 2024

This paper studies a sparse reconstruction-based approach to learn time–space fractional differential equations (FDEs), i.e., to identify parameter values and particularly the order of the fractional derivatives. The approach uses a generalized Taylor series expansion to generate, in every iteration, a feature matrix, which is used to learn the fractional orders of both, temporal and spatial derivatives by minimizing the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) operator using differential evolution (DE) algorithm. To verify the robustness of the method, numerical results for time–space fractional diffusion equation, wave equation, and Burgers' equation at different noise levels in the data are presented. Finally, the methodology is applied to a realistic example where underlying fractional differential equation associated with published experimental data obtained from an in vitro cell culture assay is learned.
Investigation of Metal–H2O Systems at Elevated Temperatures: Part I. Development of a Solubility Apparatus Specialized for Super-Ambient Conditions
Authors: Palazhchenko Olga Y. , Kaye Matthew H.
Published: August 2024

Metals used in aqueous environments where high temperatures and pressures are present are susceptible to corrosion. This is the case for nuclear power plants, especially CANDUTM reactors, where the liquid water systems can reach over 300 °C at pressures well above 101.325 kPa (1 atm). In such situations, failure to control corrosion has economic and safety consequences. To extend corrosion modeling tools, such as Pourbaix diagrams, to harsh aqueous conditions, there is a need for experimental thermochemical data performed at elevated temperatures. This is particularly true for metal and alloy systems where such information is unavailable or unreliable. A relatively simple approach to obtaining temperature dependent thermodynamic properties is the investigation of solid–liquid phase, or solubility, equilibria. However, this requires specially designed instrumentation that can withstand harsh temperatures and extreme pH conditions, while providing accurate data. In this work, an apparatus developed for super-ambient highly acidic and alkaline solubility experiments is presented. Solubility measurements were made in the zinc oxide system, which has been extensively studied. Using these equilibrium data and comparing to the literature, allowed the instrumentation and analysis process to be validated. In situ pH measurements using a constant volume, batch reactor system are described along with a brief presentation of the ZnO dissolution equilibria results at 85 °C (358.15 K).
Investigation of Metal–H2O Systems at Elevated Temperatures: Part III: Solubility Data and New Zr Pourbaix Diagrams at 298.15 K and 373.15 K
Authors: Francolini Graeme J. , Kaye Matthew H.
Published: August 2024

The fuel bundles in coolant systems of CANDU™ reactors operate between 250 and 310 °C (523 and 583 K). Given these extreme conditions and because of its neutronic properties, zirconium and Zircaloy-4 are used in these applications, which require corrosion resistance at elevated temperatures. However, thermodynamic and hydrolysis properties of aqueous zirconium species have not been measured above standard conditions, making prediction using standard thermodynamic tools, such as the Pourbaix (E-pH) diagram difficult. This lack of information is addressed through solubility measurements and the development of elevated temperature Pourbaix diagrams for zirconium and Zircaloy-4. These Pourbaix diagrams of zirconium and a multi-element diagram (Sn, Zr, Cr) of Zircaloy-4 were developed at 100 °C (373.15 K) and are presented in this work. Solubility measurements were made using a batch-style pressure vessel and concentration measurements were made using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), for zirconium and Zircaloy-4, respectively. For Zr(OH)62−; Zr(OH)4 (aq); Zr(OH)3+; and Zr(OH)22+, the Gibbs energy of formation (ΔGf, 100 °C°) was found to be −2177.4±8.5 kJ/mol, −1704.9±1.5 kJ/mol, −1808.8±8.9 kJ/mol, and −1095.1±2.7 kJ/mol, respectively.
Numerical Investigation of the Flow Structure of Cryogenic Hydrogen in Corrugated Metal Flexhoses Due to Fluid–Structure Interactions
Authors: Tran Patrick K. , Congiardo Jared F. , Fortier Craig R. , Fernandez Erik , Kapat Jayanta S.
Published: August 2024

In this paper, details of flow field characteristics and pressure drop of cryogenic hydrogen in corrugated metal flexhoses will be numerically evaluated using multiphase flow physics coupled with fluid–structure interactions. Multiphase flow regime is often influenced by concentration ratio, shape factor, and orientation of the piping. Corrugated metal flexhoses are commonly used as part of cryogenic commodity transportation for their ability to operate in a large range of temperatures and pressures with a high degree of geometric flexibility. These sharp changes in the geometry of the flexhose convolutions are one of the leading factors of liquid and gas phase entrainment which can significantly reduce the efficiency of piping systems and fuel delivery systems to the engine components. The entrained gas-phase hydrogen can eventually propagate in successive convolutes leading into the permanent entrapment of the gas-phase hydrogen in the corrugations. The volume fraction up to 5% gas phase with various convolute heights and pitch will be evaluated, with a hose length to diameter ratio (L/D) range between 20 and 60 and a Reynolds number range between 5000 and 350,000 based on the hose hydraulic diameter. The findings of the study contribute to a better understanding of multiphase flow physics of hydrogen in corrugated metal flexhoses.
Experimental Investigation on Leakage and Frictional Heat Generation Characteristics of Low Hysteresis Brush Seals
Authors: Li Pengfei , Hu Yaping , Hou Yuhang , Ji Honghu
Published: August 2024

Low hysteresis brush seals are frequently used in systems operating at a high speed in environments featuring a high temperature and pressure. The high-speed rotor comes into contact with the bottom end of the bristles of the brush seal in such scenarios to generate a significant amount of frictional heat, which directly affects its sealing performance and service life, while a high temperature can increase the magnitude of its friction-induced heat. In this study, we report the cyclical testing of a low hysteresis brush seal while increasing and decreasing the speed of the rotor under varying differences in the pressure and temperature. We focus on the characteristics of leakage, hysteresis effect, and temperature rise at the bottom end of the bristles of the brush seal owing to frictional heat. The results showed that the volume of leakage increased at a high temperature under a strong hysteresis effect and a small rise in the temperature. Moreover, as the speed of the rotor exceeded 6000 rpm, the temperature of the system increased rapidly owing to frictional heat. During the speed decrease stage, the temperature rise decreased sharply and then gradually until it became nearly constant. The hysteresis effect resulted in a lower temperature rise during the decrease in the speed of the rotor compared with that during an increase in its speed. While the low hysteresis structure can effectively reduce hysteresis effect compared with that of the conventional brush seal, it induced greater leakage. It is necessary to choose a pressure relief chamber of a suitable size to minimize leakage. Furthermore, the low hysteresis brush seal exhibited a smaller friction temperature rise than the conventional seal, where this is beneficial for its service life.
On the Optimum Distribution of Multiple Helmholtz Resonators for Annular Combustors
Authors: Chen Hongwei , Yin Liming , Liu Xiaopei , Chen Mingmin , Yang Dong
Published: August 2024

The combustors of many modern land-based gas turbines and aero-engines are annular. This kind of combustors often suffer from thermoacoustic oscillations, with the occurrence of mostly the circumferential first-order, second-order, and third-order oscillation modes in the annular combustion chamber. This could cause severe pressure oscillations in the combustor, which may increase noise and NOx emissions, affect the safe operation of the engine and even cause irreversible damages to the structure. To solve this problem, passive control methods are widely used—adding passive acoustic dampers such as Helmholtz resonators (HRs). Depending on the type and number of HRs, and the possible positions over the circumference to install them, there could easily have millions, or even billions, of possible arrangement patterns. Finding a good design is the key to solve this problem. In this paper, we perform a theoretical and numerical study of an annular combustor installed with multiple types of HRs over the circumference. First, a simple annular duct with arbitrary distributions of these HRs is studied analytically by solving the nonlinear eigenvalue problem of a one-dimensional network model. Based on the results of the analytical method, the impact of the HRs on the acoustic modes of the combustion chamber is studied and the optimum arrangement of multiple resonators is obtained. This arrangement usually gives a null (or small) mode splitting strength and a good damping effect. Finally, we apply the optimum arrangement to damp the thermoacoustic modes that have been captured by numerical simulation for a real annular combustor. We use numerical simulations based on solving the three-dimensional Helmholtz equation in COMSOL to verify the feasibility of the optimum arrangement.
Making the Invisible, Visible: An Exploration of Track-and-Field Coaches’ Perspectives of Their Planning Processes
Authors: Johns Karen L. , Potrac Paul , Hayes Philip R.
Published: August 2024

Purpose: The traditional understanding of how coaches plan for sporting performance is rooted in the assumption that coaches create periodized plans underpinned by physiological principles, thereby providing scientific credibility to their work. In contrast, there remains a paucity of literature exploring how coaches understand or think about their planning practices. The purpose of this study was to generate new knowledge regarding what information coaches actually consider within their planning processes and how they actually approach the task of planning. Method: Using rigorous, in-depth interviews, this study examined athletics coaches’ understandings of their everyday planning practices, in an attempt to contribute to narrowing the gap between academic research and real-world application. Twenty-eight highly experienced, high-performance track-and-field coaches based in England (female, n = 1; male, n = 27) were recruited. The coaches were from the throwing disciplines (n = 10) and endurance running (n = 18). Coaches were interviewed about their planning process, using a maximum of 3 semistructured interviews per coach, spaced across a full athletics season. In total, this generated 68 hours of data. Results: The analysis demonstrated that, while the participant coaches utilized the principles of periodization, their planning activities were not limited to this issue. The findings highlighted how the coaches conceptualized successful athletic performance in a holistic way; that is, planning is multifaceted in nature. Conclusion: This study presents a holistic picture of the complexity of coaches’ planning, detailing the considerable time and attention given to planning for athletes’ psychological, personal, and social development, to enhance athlete performance and development.