bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cord Blood Essential Fatty Acid and Alpha-Tocopherol in Full-Term Newborns in a Northeast Brazil Area
Authors: Barros Maria , Leger Claude , Lira Pedro , Lima Marília , Carbonneau Marie-Annette , Descomps Bernard , Alessio Maria
Published: January 2006

Malnutrition of children during the first two years of life constitutes a public health concern in Brazil, particularly in the Northeast. Most of the nutrition data are concerned with protein-energy malnutrition and hypovitaminosis A. The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to assess the essential fatty acid (EFA) status, which is crucial in physical and mental development, and that of vitamin E which prevents against the oxidative loss of EFA physiological properties, in 81 full-term newborns. Blood samples were obtained from the residual blood of the umbilical cord (UC) at delivery. Fatty acid composition of UC plasma did not show any sign of EFA deficiency. The levels of docosahexanoic (DHA) and arachidonic acid (AA) appeared to be quite similar to those obtained in European populations. UC plasma vitamin E content was 6.31 ± 1.99 mumol/L whereas the lipid-normalized vitamin E was 2.36 mumol/mmol of lipids. An interesting point was that newborns with vitamin E inferior to the median value (5.80 mumol/L) revealed significantly lower contents of linoleic acid and DHA in UC than newborns superior to the median value. Together with the absolute or normalized plasma level of vitamin E, this supports the observation that one quarter of the community’s newborns is deficient in vitamin E.
Serum Vitamin A Concentration in Dogs with Experimentally Induced Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency
Authors: Adamama-Moraitou Katerina , Rallis Timoleon , Prassinos Nikitas , Papasteriadis Achilles , Roubies Nikolaos
Published: January 2006

Serum concentration of Vitamin A was determined in dogs with experimentally induced exocrine pancreatic insufficiency following oral administration of vitamin A, or pancreatic enzyme and vitamin A. In dogs receiving vitamin A alone, serum vitamin A concentration was significantly lower than that of dogs supplemented with pancreatic enzyme and vitamin A. In dogs with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, serum vitamin A concentration was lower than in healthy dogs. In healthy dogs, the normal range of serum vitamin A concentration is high in comparison with other species, and humans. It is concluded that in dogs with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, additional supplementation of vitamin A may be needed.
Biotin-Dependent Carboxylase Activities in Different CNS and Skin-Derived Cells, and their Sensitivity to Biotin-Depletion
Authors: Suormala Terttu , Wiesmann Ulrich , Cruz Fatima , Wolf Armin , Daschner Markus , Limat Alain , Fowler Brian , Baumgartner Regula
Published: January 2006

The validity of various transformed and untransformed CNS and skin-derived cell cultures as a model for studying effects of biotin deficiency was tested. In biotin-sufficient conditions (0.1–10 mumol/L) all cell types showed considerable activities of the four biotin-dependent carboxylases. Notably, pyruvate carboxylase activity was also present in the different neuronal cells. One passage in low-biotin medium (6 –130 pmol/L) lowered mitochondrial carboxylase activities in all cell types, but to varying degrees. Sensitivity to biotin depletion was greatest in three neuronal cell types, Roc-1 oligodendroglia, and three keratinocyte cell types (carboxylase activities decreased to 2–11% of maximal); intermediate in primary astrocytes and C6 glioma (decreased to 12–28%), and least in SAOS2 sarcoma and skin fibroblasts (decreased to 32–85%). Transformed and untransformed cell lines of the same cell type showed similar sensitivity. We conclude that cultures of different transformed CNS and keratinocyte cell types allow the study of effects of biotin deprivation. Carboxylase activities of neurons, oligodendroglia, and keratinocytes were much more sensitive to biotin depletion than fibroblasts. This may be an important factor in the pathogenesis of neurological and cutaneous abnormalities in congenital biotinidase deficiency where recycling of biotin is deficient.
The Relation Between Serum Ferritin and Goiter, Urinary Iodine and Thyroid Hormone Concentration
Authors: Azizi Fereidoun , Mirmiran Parvin , Sheikholeslam Robabeh , Hedayati Mehdi , Rastmanesh Reza
Published: January 2006

Objective: Many children are at high risk of both goiter and iron deficiency in Iran. Because iron deficiency may impair the efficacy of iodine supplementation, the aim of this study was to determine the relation between serum ferritin and goiter, urinary iodine, and thyroid hormones following iodized salt supplementation. Design: A cross-sectional study of schoolchildren in 26 Iranian provinces. Methods: In a national iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) monitoring program, 36178 schoolchildren, approximately 1200 from each province, received goiter grading by WHO criteria. Urine and serum samples were collected from 2917 children and assayed for urinary iodine and serum ferritin, T4, T3, and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) concentrations. Results: Total goiter rates were 80 and 20% in children with ferritin concentrations < 10 mg/dL and _ 10 mg/dL, respectively (p < 0.001). Increased serum T3 and decreased resin T3 uptake was present in those with lower serum ferritin levels; however, free T3 and T4 index, serum T4, and TSH were not significantly different between those with low and normal ferritin. Conclusion: Iron deficiency is associated with a high prevalence of goiter in Iranian schoolchildren.
Nutrient Intake of Italian Women during Lactation
Authors: Giammarioli Stefania , Sanzini Elisabetta , Ambruzzi Amalia Maria , Chiarotti Flavia , Fasano Gemma
Published: January 2006

Objectives: Very few data have been published concerning the actual energy and nutrient intakes of lactating women; in particular there have been no reports concerning Italian women. We report our findings on the energy and macronutrient intakes of a group of exclusively breast-feeding Italian women. Differences between the actual intakes and Italian Recommended Dietary Allowances are also discussed. Subjects: Healthy lactating women aged 27–36 years were recruited in the three major geographical areas of Italy (North, Central, and South). Methods: Dietary evaluation was based on two consecutive 24-hour recalls from each mother (dietary data, n = 125). Energy and nutrient intakes were estimated using a nutritional database. Statistical analysis was performed using parametric and non-parametric tests. Results: Mean energy intakes for the whole country are below recommended values, while the protein intake, and the percentages of energy from fat and saturated fatty acids are higher than the recommended values. The amount of polyunsaturated fats is within the recommended intake. The percentage of energy from carbohydrates and the amount of fiber are lower than the recommended Italian levels. Conclusion: The results obtained in this sample of lactating women seem to point to a low energy intake associated with a moderate imbalance in the distribution of energy percentages from macronutrients.
The Effect of Postpartum Rumen Undegradable Protein Supplementation on Hepatic Gluconeogenic Enzyme Activities in Dairy Cows with Fatty Liver
Authors: Murondoti Absolom , Tivapasi Musavengana , Geelen Math , Wensing Theo , Beynen Anton
Published: January 2006

The effect of postpartum supplementation with rumen undegradable protein on the activities of gluconeogenic enzymes was studied in cows with induced fatty liver. Prepartum liver and blood samples were collected at about one week before the expected date of calving and postpartum samples were collected at 10 and 20 days (d) postpartum. At 10 d postpartum, concentrations of serum nonesterified fatty acids and hepatic triacylglycerol levels were higher than at one wk before parturition. The postpartum increases in nonesterified fatty acids and hepatic triacylglycerols were significantly higher in the cows that were fed extra protein than in the control cows. There were no differences between the groups with regard to postpartum changes in the concentrations of plasma glucose, liver glycogen, and serum insulin. The postpartum increase in the activity of fructose 1-6-bisphosphatase was higher in the test group than in the control group, but the increase in the activity of glucose-6-phosphatase was lower. There were no group differences in the postpartum activities of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, pyruvate carboxylase, and propionyl-CoA carboxylase. Our results suggest that intense lipolysis released more glycerol in the protein-supplemented cows, which stimulated the activity of fructose 1-6-bisphosphatase. However, postpartum rumen undegradable protein supplementation did not affect the activities of the other enzymes of gluconeogenesis, and fatty liver was even exacerbated.
Folate Status in Germany 1997–2000
Authors: Gonzalez-Gross Marcela , Prinz-Langenohl Reinhild , Pietrzik Klaus
Published: January 2006

Data about folate intake and blood values of the German population, published between 1997 and 2000, have been reviewed. Median folate intake is about 250 mug/day in the adult population, which indicates a high likelihood of inadequate intake when compared to the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) of 320 mug/day. Only a few studies have evaluated serum and erythrocyte folate or plasma homocysteine as a marker of folate status. The most representative data show that 25% of German women of childbearing age have an inadequate recent folate intake. Only 13.3% of the women have red blood cell folate values above the critical value of 400 mug/day established by Daly et al (1995). Folic acid fortification of food is shown to be responsible for about 25% of folate intake in the German child and adolescent population in one study. If we extrapolate these data to the general population, folic acid fortification could be the explanation for the differences observed between folate intake and blood values. The discrepancy might also be explained by slight inaccuracies in food composition tables. Folate intake from fortified food or from supplements is not taken into account in most of the studies, which is a variable that can lead to confusion. Nutrition surveys should adapt official composition tables for local food patterns, and include fortified commercial foods, in order to make folate intake data more accurate. However, representative serum and erythrocyte folate values are lacking for most age groups. Before taking public health measures concerning folate fortification of food, the real folate status of the German population should be established.
Effect of Traditional Food Supplementation During Pregnancy on Maternal Weight Gain and Birthweight
Authors: Kaseb  , Kimiagar  , Ghafarpoor  , Valaii
Published: January 2006

The effects of supplementary traditional food on pregnant women were investigated in a clinical trial in Islamshahr, a suburban area 35 km southwest of Tehran. The study comprised 53 healthy mothers who were neither addicts nor on medication and were free from genetic disorders. The pregnant mothers’ health was evaluated by their weight gain, that of lactating mothers by breast milk adequacy, and that of newborns by their weight at birth. The experimental group received traditional food (rice-milk porridge, lentils, pottage, cheese, yogurt, eggs, and milk with bread), supplying an extra 400 kcal energy and 15 g protein from the fourth month of pregnancy until childbirth. All subjects were weighed monthly. To ascertain breast milk sufficiency, the duration of exclusive breastfeeding and the growth trend of infants were surveyed. The study showed the weight gain in the experimental and control groups to be 11.0 ± 2.9 and 8.5 ± 3 kg respectively; the difference was 29.4% and statistically significant (p < 0.02). The confounding variables (energy and protein intake, age, height, BMI, age at first pregnancy, parity, last pregnancy spacing, number of children, number of miscarriages, duration of residence in the area, family size, education, housing, occupation of the mother or her husband) did not reveal any significant differences. Maternal weight gain was higher in the experimental compared to the control group. Birth weights in experimental and control groups were 3.33 ± 0.4 and 3.08 ± 0.3 kg, respectively. This difference, which amounts to 8.1%, was statistically significant (p < 0.05). While the two groups of newborns had equal breastfeeding duration, heights and weights of newborns were significantly higher in the experimental group. This was also confirmed when compared to the NCHS figures.
Ergosterol (Major Sterol of Baker’s and Brewer’s Yeast Extracts) Inhibits the Growth of Human Breast Cancer Cells in vitro and the Potential Role of its Oxidation Products
Authors: Ravi Subbiah M. T. , Abplanalp W.
Published: January 2006

The derivation of chemopreventive agents from dietary sources has been the subject of considerable attention in recent years. Yeast extracts have been used as nutritional supplements for a number of years. In this communication we show that ergosterol (a 28-carbon sterol found in baker’s and brewer’s yeast) can prevent growth of breast cancer cells in vitro in the presence of estradiol-17beta. Estrogen receptor (+) MCF-7 cells appear to be more sensitive to ergosterol than estrogen receptor (–) MDA-231 cells. However, MDA-231 cells were more sensitive to ergosterol in terms of apoptotic effects than MCF-7 cells, indicating that other mechanisms (antiestrogenic activity) may also be operative in estrogen receptor (+) cells. Compared to freshly prepared ergosterol, stored preparations were more potent in inhibiting growth of cancer cells, indicating that oxidation product(s) of ergosterol may be responsible for the noted effects. Further studies on in vivo effects of ergosterol and lipid extracts of yeast in animal models are warranted to determine their potential for use as supplements in humans.
Vegetable Consumption and Carotenoids in Plasma and Adipose Tissue in Malaga, Spain
Authors: Gómez-Aracena J. , Bogers R. , Van’t Veer P. , Gómez-Gracia E. , García-Rodríguez A. , Wedel H. , Fernández-Crehuet Navajas J.
Published: January 2006

Objective: To study relationships between habitual dietary intake, adipose tissue concentrations of alpha-carotene, beta-carotene and lycopene, and plasma concentrations of alpha- and beta-carotene. Design: Cross-sectional study including assessment of food habits by a food frequency questionnaire and 48-hour recall and determination of carotenoid concentrations in adipose tissue and plasma. Subjects: 51 women (mean age of 62 years) from the control group of the European Community Multicentre Study on Antioxidants, Myocardial Infarction, and Breast Cancer (EURAMIC), Málaga, Spain. Results: In adipose tissue, beta-carotene was correlated with consumption of green pepper (r = 0.36; p < 0.05) and lycopene with total fruit/vegetable intake (r = 0.28; p < 0.05), green pepper (r = 0.31; p < 0.05), and carrot (r = 0.25; p < 0.10). In plasma, beta-carotene was correlated with total fruit/vegetable intake (r = 0.29; p < 0.10), lettuce (r = 0.34; p < 0.05), tomato (r = 0.26; p < 0.10), and lycopene with total fruit/vegetable intake (r = 0.27; p < 0.10). Age-, BMI- and waist circumference-adjusted regression coefficients for the regression of logn-transformed adipose and plasma concentrations on consumption of specific fruits and vegetables (per 100g/day) were calculated. In adipose tissue, coefficients were: 1.50 (p < 0.05) for alpha-carotene/carrot; 1.90 (p < 0.10) and 0.51 (p < 0.10) for beta-carotene/green pepper and lettuce; 2.02 (p < 0.05), 1.25 (p < 0.05) and 0.18 (p < 0.05) for lycopene/green pepper, carrot and total fruit/vegetable intake. In plasma, coefficients were 1.14 (p < 0.05) and 0.21 (p < 0.05) for beta-carotene/lettuce and total fruit/vegetable intake. Conclusions: Consumption of fruit and vegetables could be linked directly to carotenoid concentrations in adipose tissue and plasma. Although associations with individual food items are related to their carotenoid contents, the absorption and distribution of carotenoids needs more attention to improve their usefulness as biomarkers of exposure.
Antioxidant Actions of Polyphenols in Humans
Authors: Dragsted
Published: January 2006

Many polyphenols are potent antioxidants in foods and model systems and they have therefore very naturally been linked with the hypothesis that their redox activities may confer them with specific health benefits. Their prevalence in plant derived foods, which are generally accepted as healthy has supported this view and inspired researchers to conduct human intervention trails with polyphenol rich food items in order to investigate their ability to counteract oxidative stress. Several biomarkers have gained widespread use to assess oxidative damage and antioxidative defence capabilities in humans. These markers pioneer our knowledge about factors related to oxidative stress in proteins, lipids and DNA and present results indicate that oxidative damage may be very localised and that refined markers may be necessary in order to disentangle the complex local factors which determine the extent of oxidative damage in different molecular structures. The present text reviews the human short-term intervention studies with polyphenol-rich foods, which address their impact on biomarkers of oxidative damage and antioxidative defence. None of the oxidative damage markers seem to be consistently affected by polyphenol-rich foods or to be consistently related to one another. The most consistent finding regarding antioxidative defence markers is a postprandial effect on plasma antioxidative capacity after ingestion of foods rich in catechins and complex procyanidins.
Dependence of Tocopherol Stability on Different Cooking Procedures of Food
Authors: Steinhart  , Rathjen
Published: January 2006

The influence of the kind of treatment during the preparation of hot meals (roasting, baking, stewing) on the stability of the tocopherols, which were added to the food through the margarines used, were examined in different food matrices. All preparation methods resulted in a loss of tocopherols. They could be divided into a group of only small loss of tocopherols (lower than 20%) and into a second group with nearly 70% loss of tocopherols (roasting of meat, steaming of peas). In the first group losses of tocopherols were directly associated with the fatty acid patterns of the used margarines, especially with the share of polyunsaturated fatty acids. On the other hand, during the roasting of meat nearly 70% of the tocopherols were destroyed by direct oxidation without a prohibitive effect on the lipid oxidation. The extreme high loss of tocopherols during the steaming of peas may be caused by the catalytic effect of the metal surface of the used pot. There were no losses of tocopherols observed when the experiments were repeated under identical conditions in an inert glass pot. Only tocopherol losses during baking may have a nutritional importance because of the great fat amount which are taken in with cookies.
Control of Dietary Energy Level and dl-alpha-Tocopheryl Acetate Treatment Can Improve the Lipid Composition of Lamb Meat
Authors: Salvatori  , Maiorano  , Pantaleo  , Brienza  , Filetti  , Manchisi  , Oriani
Published: January 2006

A diet rich in saturated fatty acids promotes plasmatic cholesterol levels and coronary disease in humans, whereas a high intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids reduces atheromatous plaque thickness. This study aimed at establishing a dietary energy level, which combined with intramuscular vitamin E treatment, would improve the nutritional lipid quality and shelf-life of lamb meat. Twenty male lambs were evaluated in a 2 × 2 factorial experiment: they were fed a low- and normal-energy diet (0.85 and 1.00 UFV NE/kg DM, respectively), and were injected intramuscularly with 0 and 150 IU dl-alpha-tocopheryl acetate/weekly for eight weeks. Thereafter, total fat, cholesterol, fatty acid profile, and lipostability were measured in meat samples. Meat total fat was significantly reduced by low energy intake diet and vitamin E administration. Cholesterol was significantly lower in meat from lambs fed the 0.85 UFV NE/kg DM diet. Vitamin E treatment increased linoleic acid percent values and decreased myristic acid levels. Moreover, linoleic acid percentage was inversely correlated with muscle total fat concentration. Meat sensitivity to lipoperoxidation was inversely correlated with muscle vitamin E concentration. This study demonstrates that nutritional characteristics and shelf-life of meat benefit from a low-energy diet and intramuscular vitamin E treatment.
Plasma Carotenoid Levels in Relation to the Mediterranean Diet in Greece
Authors: Trichopoulou  , Benetou  , Lagiou  , Gnardellis  , Stacewicz-Sapunzakis  , Papas
Published: January 2006

In the context of the Greek segment of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC), we conducted a cross-sectional study to examine the effects of the intake of plant foods central in the traditional Mediterranean diet on plasma levels of alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, lycopene, beta-cryptoxanthin, and lutein-zeaxanthin. Study subjects were a random sample of 45 men and 68 women, aged 30–82 years, from the Greek EPIC cohort of 27953 volunteers. Linear regression models were fitted, with the carotenoid blood levels as dependent variables. Independent variables were selected food items, as well as body mass index, controlling for energy intake and a set of demographic factors. Body mass index was inversely associated with plasma levels of the studied carotenoids. The association was highly significant for alpha-carotene and beta-carotene, significant for lutein-zeaxanthin, and borderline significant (p ~ 0.07) for lycopene. Tomato intake was significantly positively associated with plasma lycopene, and beta-carotene. Other fruity vegetables and non-fruity vegetables were significantly positively associated, the former with a-carotene and the latter with both alpha- and beta-carotene plasma levels. Fruits showed a highly significant positive association with plasma beta-cryptoxanthin, as well as with beta-carotene. No association was found between the intake of olive oil or other added lipids and plasma carotenoids. We conclude that among the studied components of the Mediterranean diet, fruits and vegetables tend to increase levels of some carotenoids, but olive oil has no apparent effect.
Pharmacokinetics of All-trans Retinoyl beta-Glucuronide in Rats following Intraperitoneal and Oral Administration
Authors: Romans  , Barua  , Olson
Published: January 2006

The purpose of this study was to examine the pharmacokinetics of a single dose (6.3 mumol, 3 mg) of all-trans retinoyl beta-glucuronide (RAG), when given either orally in corn oil or by intraperitoneal (IP) injection in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) to adult Sprague-Dawley rats. Following dosing, serial blood samples were collected at various times up to 48 hours from each rat via saphenous vein puncture. Retinoids were extracted from plasma samples and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. In the plasma of IP-dosed rats (n = 6), a derivative of RAG, tentatively identified as the lactone of RAG (RAGL), was the major product found. RAGL persisted in the plasma for up to 48 hours. Much smaller concentrations of RAG and of retinoic acid (RA) were also present in the plasma at two to four hours, but generally not thereafter. In orally dosed rats (n = 6), neither RAG nor its products, except for occasional traces of the lactone, were detected. Plasma retinol levels decreased in both IP-injected and orally treated rats, the decrease being significant in orally dosed rats.
Effect of Dietary DHA on DHA Levels in Retinal Rod Outer Segments in Young versus Mature Rats
Authors: Nishizawa  , Wang  , Sekine  , Saito
Published: January 2006

We compared the effect of direct supplementation with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on the fatty acid composition of the liver and the rod outer segment (ROS) membranes of the retina in young (five-week-old) and mature (one-year-old) rats. In young rats, a high content of DHA in the diet (9.7% of total energy) effectively increased the proportion of DHA in ROS membranes (41.8%), compared with the proportion observed in a linoleic acid (LA) diet group (control, 31.6%). The proportion of DHA was also significantly higher in the livers of young DHA-fed rats. These results show that direct supplementation with DHA is very effective in increasing DHA levels in the ROS membranes and livers of developing animals. In contrast, in mature rats there was no significant increase in the proportion of DHA in the ROS membranes, even after the highest dose (8.4% of total energy) of DHA, although the proportion of DHA was significantly higher in the livers of DHA-fed rats. The changes in fatty acid composition in the ROS membranes were different in young and mature rats fed high-DHA diets. Our findings indicate that mature rats maintain a constant level of DHA in the ROS membranes even after being directly supplemented with high doses of DHA.
Plasma Levels of Retinol, Carotenoids, and Tocopherols in Relation to Dietary Pattern among Pregnant Tanzanian Women
Authors: Mulokozi  , Lietz  , Svanberg  , Mugyabuso  , Henry  , Tomkins
Published: January 2006

In Tanzania, as in other developing countries, dietary intake of nutrients in pregnant women is marginal or lower than the recommended intakes and therefore these women are at high risk for deficiencies. Our aim was to evaluate the relationship between diet and plasma levels of retinol, carotenoids, and alpha-tocopherol in the third trimester of pregnancy. Ninety pregnant women aged between 18 and 45 years were equally recruited from three villages. Seven-day food frequency data was collected by questionnaire. Plasma levels of retinol, carotenoids, and tocopherols were assessed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results indicated that cooked green leafy vegetables constituted the major source of provitamin A carotenoids, with low intake of yellow/orange fruits and preformed vitamin A. Lutein, lycopene, and beta-carotene were the predominant carotenoids in the plasma with mean values of 1.61, 0.84, and 0.63 mumol/L, respectively. There was no significant correlation between frequencies of vegetable consumption and either plasma retinol or carotenoids. However, increased consumption of green leafy vegetables with oil, which increases bioavailability, was correlated with high plasma retinol levels (p = 0.03). Low retinol levels (≤ 0.70 mmol/L) were present in 26% of women. The mean plasma retinol concentration was 0.89 mumol/L and 63% of the women had values below 1.05 mumol/L. The mean plasma a-tocopherol concentration was 15.4 mumol/L and women with plasma retinol concentration > 1.05 mumol/L had significantly higher mean alpha-tocopherol than women with plasma retinol concentration ≤ 0.70 mumol/L (p ≤ 0.01). Twenty-four percent of the women were anemic (hemoglobin:Hb <110 g/L) and the mean Hb value was 116.3 g/L.
Lipid Responses in Mildly Hypertriglyceridemic Men and Women to Consumption of Docosahexaenoic Acid-Enriched Eggs
Authors: Maki  , Van Elswyk  , McCarthy  , Seeley  , Veith  , Hess  , Ingram  , Halvorson  , Calaguas  , Davidson
Published: January 2006

This randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trial assessed lipid responses in mildly hypertriglyceridemic men and women to consumption of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-enriched eggs or ordinary chicken eggs. The study included 153 subjects aged 21–80 years, with serum triglyceride concentrations between 140 and 450 mg/dL, inclusive, and serum total cholesterol concentrations < 300 mg/dL. Subjects were randomly assigned to receive either DHA-enriched (147 mg DHA/egg) or ordinary eggs (20 mg DHA/egg), added to their usual diets for six weeks (10 eggs/week). Both treatments significantly lowered triglycerides and increased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels from baseline; however, these changes were not significantly different between treatments. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol concentrations increased significantly in subjects who consumed DHA-enriched eggs (p = 0.047 vs. control). This increase was significantly higher than that observed with ordinary eggs. However, there was no significant increase in cholesterol carried by small, dense LDL particles, as determined by nuclear magnetic resonance analysis. Results of exploratory analyses suggest favorable effects of the DHA-enriched eggs over ordinary eggs on triglyceride and HDL cholesterol levels in subjects with body mass index ≥ 30 kg/m2; the DHA treatment produced a larger reduction in serum triglyceride concentration vs. ordinary eggs (–12.3 vs. 2.1%; p = 0.027), and there was a greater increase for HDLcholesterol in the DHA-enriched vs. ordinary egg group (5.0 vs. 1.1%; p = 0.040).
Influence of Maternal Protein Intake on Nitrogen Fractions of Human Milk
Authors: Boniglia  , Carratù  , Chiarotti  , Giammarioli  , Sanzini
Published: January 2006

Objectives: Studies relating maternal diet to milk composition in humans have led to contradictory conclusions with regard to protein intake. The purpose of this paper was to examine if differences of protein intake in a group of lactating women can impact the protein and non-protein nitrogen fraction of their milk. Subjects and Methods: Healthy lactating women (117) were recruited in Northern, Central, and Southern Italy. Their anthropometric measurements were obtained one month after delivery, while dietary evaluation was based on two consecutive 24-hour recalls. Infants' growth parameters were measured at birth and at one month. Milk collected at one month was analyzed for content of total nitrogen, protein nitrogen, non-protein nitrogen, and free amino acid profile. Results: Maternal energy intakes were below the recommended values, while protein intakes were higher, with significant differences between geographical areas. There were no differences in the nitrogenous components of the milk examined with the exception of the non-protein nitrogen fraction and serine. Despite the different maternal intakes, no correlations were found between the mothers' parameters and milk components. Conclusion: This study shows that when protein requirements are met and there are no remarkable differences between intakes and requirements, there are no repercussions in nitrogen fractions.
Expression of Oncogenes Depends on Biotin in Human Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells NCI-H69
Authors: Scheerger  , Zempleni
Published: January 2006

Oncogenes play important roles in cell proliferation and biotin status correlates with gene expression and proliferation rates in human cells. In this study we determined whether biotin supply affects biotin homeostasis, expression of oncogenes, and proliferation rates in NCI-H69 small cell lung cancer cells. NCI-H69 cells were cultured in media containing deficient (0.025 nmol/L), physiologic (0.25 nmol/L), or pharmacologic (10 nmol/L) concentrations of biotin for 3 weeks. Biotin concentrations in culture media correlated negatively with biotin transport rates, suggesting that cells responded to marginal biotin supply with increased expression of biotin transporters. Increased biotin uptake was not sufficient to prevent depletion of intracellular biotin in cells cultured in biotin-deficient medium, as judged by decreased activity of biotin-dependent propionyl-CoA carboxylase and decreased biotinylation of histones. The expression of oncogenes N-myc, c-myb, N-ras, and raf correlated with biotin supply in media: oncogene expression increased by up to 20% in cells cultured in pharmacologic medium compared to physiologic controls; oncogene expression decreased by up to 47% in cells cultured in deficient medium. This observation is consistent with a role for biotin in oncogene-dependent metabolic pathways. Cellular uptake of thymidine (marker for proliferation) was not affected by biotin supply, suggesting that effects of biotin-dependent expression of oncogenes on the growth of tumor cells are quantitatively minor. The clinical significance of effects of biotin supply on expression of oncogenes remains to be elaborated.
Use of Vitamin D and other Dietary Supplements by Finnish Children at the Age of 2 and 3 Years
Authors: Marjamäki  , Räsänen  , Uusitalo  , Ahonen  , Veijola  , Knip  , Virtanen
Published: January 2006

The aims of this study were to investigate the frequency of the use of vitamin D and other dietary supplements by Finnish children at the age of 2 and 3 years, to evaluate daily nutrient intake from supplements, and to investigate the relation between supplement use and various sociodemographic factors. The families of 534 newborn infants were invited to a birth cohort study in 1996–1997. Families of 292 children at the child's age of 2 years and families of 263 children at the age of 3 years completed a three-day food record from which the daily use of dietary supplements was calculated. The frequency of dietary supplement use was 50% among the two-year-olds, and 37% among the three-year-old children. The most commonly used supplements among the two-year-olds were vitamin D or vitamin A+D combination (38%) and fluoride (16%) and among the three-year-olds fluoride (19%) and multivitamins (16%), respectively. Intake of nutrients other than vitamin D or fluoride from supplements was rare among two-year-olds, whereas 16% of the three-year-olds received also vitamin A, C, E, and several group B vitamins. Mean daily intake of vitamin D from supplements was 6.7 mug at the age of 2 years and 5.3 mug at the age of 3 years, respectively. The level of parental education was positively associated with the child's vitamin D supplementation at the age of 2 years. As the compliance with national recommendations of vitamin D supplementation was low, intensified counseling of the parents is needed at the well-baby clinics in Finland.
Effects of Beta-Carotene Supplementation on Free Radical Mechanism in Healthy Adult Subjects
Authors: Elmadfa  , Rust  , Majchrzak  , Wagner  , Genser  , Lettner  , Pinter
Published: January 2006

Aim: The objective of this study was to examine whether increasing doses of beta-carotene supplements have effects on biological markers of lipid peroxidation in healthy volunteers. Subjects and Methods: Forty-two healthy subjects were supplemented with 5 mg, 10 mg, 20 mg or 40 mg beta-carotene/day, respectively for five weeks. Plasma beta-carotene and tocopherol levels, malondialdehyde-thiobarbituric reactive substances (MDA-TBARS), and conjugated dienes were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Concentrations of ascorbic acid, uric acid, and the total antioxidative capacity (TAC) in plasma were measured photometrically. Results: Plasma beta-carotene levels increased significantly according to the intervention dose (p < 0.001), and concentrations of tocopherol equivalents and ascorbic acid were within the physiological range except in the 5 mg intervention group where a significant decrease of vitamin C was assessed (p < 0.05). Uric acid in plasma decreased significantly in all groups (p < 0.05) up to the end of investigation, but was within the normal range. Trolox equivalent antioxidative capacity (TEAC) decreased significantly (p < 0.001) in all groups during supplementation. MDA-TBARS remained unchanged after five weeks except for the 40 mg beta-carotene substitution group, where a significant decrease was observed (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Beta-carotene supplementation of healthy subjects significantly increased plasma beta-carotene status without inducing adverse biological effects. Beta-carotene did not especially protect against oxidative stress, except for the 40 mg group. These data suggest that additional effects of beta-carotene supplementation on well-nourished, healthy subjects are limited.
Lutein Supplements Are Not Bioavailable in the Mongolian Gerbil While Consuming a Diet with or without Cranberries
Authors: Molldrem  , Tanumihardjo
Published: January 2006

Lutein is a carotenoid that may be involved in the prevention of macular degeneration and is available as supplements. Cranberries are a potential 'functional food' due to anti-adhesion and antioxidant properties. This study was designed to determine the bioavailability of lutein supplements in Mongolian gerbils, as prior studies have focused on beta-carotene, and to investigate any interactions between a lutein supplement and a diet containing cranberries. Gerbils (n = 28) were divided into treatment groups: lutein + cranberry; lutein + control; cottonseed oil + cranberry; and cottonseed oil + control. The lutein supplement (50 mug lutein in oil) was delivered orally for 14 days, and then blood, livers, and eyes were collected. Samples were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and total antioxidant status was determined. Serum and liver were analyzed for lutein, retinol, and alpha-tocopherol. Serum lutein concentrations were extremely low in all four groups. Serum total antioxidants did not differ (p > 0.2) among diet groups. Serum retinol concentrations were significantly lower in the cranberry groups (p = 0.0024). In conclusion, gerbils are able to thrive on a high cranberry diet. However, this study showed that lutein, as a daily supplement in oil, is not bioavailable in Mongolian gerbils.
Antioxidant Status of Red Blood Cells and Liver in Hypercholesterolemic Rats Fed Hypolipidemic Spices
Authors: Kempaiah  , Srinivasan
Published: January 2006

Animal studies were carried out to examine the beneficial influence of known hypolipidemic spice principles – curcumin, capsaicin, and garlic – on the antioxidant status of red blood cells and liver under induced hypercholesterolemic conditions. Groups of experimental rats rendered hypercholesterolemic were maintained on curcumin (0.2%)/capsaicin (0.015%)/garlic (2.0% dry powder)-containing diets for eight weeks. Erythrocytes isolated at the end of the study were analyzed for intracellular antioxidant molecules and antioxidant enzymes. Intracellular thiols and glutathione content in red blood cells were significantly depleted (by about 35%) in hypercholesterolemic rats. This depletion in intracellular thiols and glutathione was effectively countered by dietary spice principles – curcumin, capsaicin, and garlic. Glutathione reductase activity that was lowered in hypercholesterolemic conditions (by 25%) was completely countered by dietary spice principles and garlic. Activities of glutathione transferase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase in erythrocytes remained unchanged under hypercholesterolemic conditions. Although hemoglobin levels of erythrocytes were not affected, methemoglobin concentration was significantly increased in hypercholesterolemic rats. This alteration was partially countered by dietary spice principles. Significant fall in hepatic total thiols in the hypercholesterolemic situation was partially corrected by dietary spice treatment. Similarly, the lowered activities of hepatic antioxidant enzymes – glutathione reductase, glutathione-S-transferase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase – in hypercholesterolemic rats were effectively countered by the dietary spices treatment.
Jurkat Cells Respond to Biotin Deficiency with Increased Nuclear Translocation of NF-kB, Mediating Cell Survival
Authors: Rodriguez-Melendez  , Schwab  , Zempleni
Published: January 2006

Members of the NF-kappaB family of transcription factors cause transcriptional activation of anti-apoptotic genes. Here we determined whether survival of biotin-deficient cells is mediated by nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB. Human T (Jurkat) cells were cultured in biotin-deficient or biotin-supplemented media; nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB was stimulated with phytohemagglutinin and phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate. Nuclear abundance of two members (p50 and p65) of the NF-kappaB family was greater in biotin-deficient compared to biotin-supplemented cells; this effect was mediated by phosphorylation of IkappaBalpha. The nuclear enrichment of p50 and p65 in biotin-deficient cells was associated with transcriptional activation of NF-kappaB-dependent genes such as the tumor suppressor gene p53 and the anti-apoptotic gene Bfl-1/A1. Biotin-deficient cells exhibited smaller activities of the apoptotic enzyme caspase-3 in response to treatment with tumor necrosis factor alpha, and decreased cell death in response to serum starvation compared to biotin-supplemented cells. These findings suggest that NF-kappaB mediates survival of biotin-deficient cells.
Risk Assessment and Risk Management of Vitamins and Minerals
Authors: Hornig  , Walter
Published: January 2006

The EANS workshop held in 1998 examined the various approaches to determine requirements and safety of vitamins and minerals. The methodology used and approaches taken on both sides of the Atlantic provided the focus of the event. Over three years later, and with risk assessment much advanced, the progress made was reviewed and inadequacies as well as limitations were defined. In addition, this workshop looked beyond assessment to the broader context in which nutrition science operates. What are the particular problems facing risk managers in the light of risk assessment conclusions? To what extent can nutrition research provide the answers that risk managers require and should the nutrition research agenda be shaped by the needs of the policymaker?
The Administration of a Multivitamin/Mineral Fortified Dairy Product Improves Folate Status and Reduces Plasma Homocysteine Concentration in Women of Reproductive Age
Authors: Baró  , Martínez-Férez  , Rodríguez  , Valero  , Fonollá  , Lucena  , Jiménez  , Boza  , López-Huertas
Published: January 2006

Background and objectives: Folate deficiency during the periconceptional period is related to the occurrence and recurrence of neural tube defects. The aim of the study was to assess whether the administration of folic acid and other vitamins and minerals as a fortified dairy product (400 mug per day of folic acid) improves the folate status in women of reproductive age. Design and methods: Plasma and red blood cell folate, plasma vitamin E, B12, total plasma homocysteine, plasma lipid profile, and serum ferritin and transferrin levels were investigated in 31 healthy nonpregnant women receiving 500 mL/day of the fortified dairy product for eight weeks. Results: The women showed a significant increase in plasma levels of folate and vitamin B12 concentrations after four and eight weeks of supplementation. Moreover, we observed an increase in red blood cell folate concentration during the period of the study. Simultaneously, total plasma homocysteine levels decreased significantly during the intervention period. Conclusions: The regular consumption of a folic acid and other vitamins (mainly vitamins B6 and B12) and minerals in alpha fortified dairy product improves folate status and reduces total plasma homocysteine concentration in healthy women of childbearing age.
Effect of Champagne Compared to Still White Wine on Peripheral Neurotransmitter Concentrations
Authors: Boyer  , Bancel  , Perray  , Pouderoux  , Balmes  , Bali
Published: January 2006

To evaluate how the peripheral release of neurotransmitters such as serotonin, dopamine, cholecystokinin, and beta-endorphin is involved in drinking behavior, blood concentrations of these neurotransmitters were followed in 40 healthy young volunteers during the first hour after ingestion of a moderate dose of some common alcoholic beverages (champagne, still white wine) as compared to water. Concerning serotonin levels, two groups of subjects are statistically distinct: one with low basal serotonin levels (< 620 nmol/L) which responded with an increase in serotonin (52% in 10 minutes), and a second group with higher basal serotonin levels (> 620 nmol/L) which responded with a decrease (190% in 60 minutes). Variations in serotonin concentrations appear to depend upon the alcoholic content of the beverage. A rapid increase in plasma dopamine concentrations after consumption of champagne seems to be due to the nonalcoholic content of the beverage. Cholecystokinin values were not significantly different between the three beverages: the observed increase can be explained by a moderate gastric distention. Beta-endorphin levels didn't change significantly after drinking. In conclusion, some significant blood variations of serotonin and dopamine appeared even after moderately dose of champagne or still white wine. These changes might be partially responsible for the different drinking behavior.
Changes in rat lens proteins and glutathione reductase activity with advancing age
Authors: Katakura  , Kishida  , Hirano
Published: January 2006

We examined the changes in the amounts of water-soluble and water-insoluble proteins of rat lenses, and in glutathione reductase activity and glutathione reductase gene expression, with advancing age. The lens total protein increased in 1-month-old rats, 3-month-old rats, and 6-month-old rats, but thereafter decreased in 12-month-old-rats. The water-soluble proteins decreased with advancing age, while the water-insoluble proteins increased. The glutathione reductase activity decreased with advancing age, but the decreased glutathione reductase activity almost recovered by addition of flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) in vitro. However, advancing age had no effect on the level of mRNA for glutathione reductase.
Experimental Study of Fatigue Provoked by Biotin Deficiency in Mice
Authors: Osada  , Komai  , Sugiyama  , Urayama  , Furukawa
Published: January 2006

We investigated the relationships among behavioral parameters, forced-swimming test parameters, and plasma and organ biotin concentrations in biotin-deficient mice. Male ddY mice were divided into four groups: early biotin deficiency group (ED group; biotin-free diet for three weeks), progressive biotin-deficiency group (PD group; biotin-free diet for seven weeks), and two age-matched control groups. The dermatological symptoms of frank biotin deficiency were observed in most mice in the PD groups (72.3%) but in only 27% of ED group mice. The liver biotin level was greatly decreased in ED and PD groups, and the plasma biotin level was also significantly decreased in the PD group, but the biotin levels were quite stable in muscle and brain. There were significant decreases in swimming time in ED and PD groups and in struggling behavior in the PD group, suggesting that biotin-deficient mice become depressed and/or fatigued without biotin deficiency being apparent in brain and muscle. One single-injection biotin administration led to a prompt recovery in swimming time. Biochemical data revealed a decrease in liver glucokinase activity and an increase in ketone bodies in both liver and plasma in biotin-deficient mice. In addition, simultaneous biotin deficiency and forced walking synergistically provoked significant increases in total ketone bodies in both plasma and liver. These results suggest that depression and/or fatigue are induced in mice by biotin deficiency.