bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Survival of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG during Simulated Gastrointestinal Conditions Depending on Food Matrix
Authors: Karu Riin , Sumeri Ingrid
Published: August 2016

When developing new probiotic foods, their protective properties in maintaining viability of probiotics under gastrointestinal conditions should be evaluated. In the current study, human upper gastrointestinal tract simulator (GITS) was used to compare the effect of different food matrixes on the survival of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG). pH-auxostat was chosen for the cultivation of LGG cells to obtain culture samples in the same physiological state at maximum growth rate for the GITS experiments. The LGG culture was centrifuged and fast frozen in liquid nitrogen in various liquid food matrixes (commercial UHT milk, soymilk, apple juice, titrated apple juice, whey protein powder drink and M.R.S. Broth as reference) and stored at -400C. During 3-month storage, reduction of viability was significant only for apple juice. In the GITS experiments, bile had a greater negative impact on LGG than acid conditions, also the effect of food matrix was noted - in the case of milk, soymilk and whey protein powder drink only the highest concentration of bile (0.4%) caused a significant drop in the viability of bacteria when compared to apple juice. To maximize the health benefits of foodstuffs, it should be taken into account that the survival of probiotics during fast freezing, storage and gastrointestinal passage is dependent on the food matrix.
The Role of Staphylococcus aureus in Secondary Infections in Patients with Atopic Dermatitis (AD)
Authors: BUDA ANETA , MIĘDZOBRODZKI JACEK
Published: August 2016

Staphylococcus aureus colonizes the mucous membrane of the nasal vestibule of a significant number of healthy people. These microorganisms are opportunistic pathogens, that in favorable conditions, may cause infections of various course, location or manifestation. Secondary infections emerge in cases when other risk factors contribute to such a change. One of the diseases during which S. aureus changes its saprophytic character to a pathogenic one is atopic dermatitis (AD), an allergic skin condition of a chronic and recurrent nature. Patients with AD are highly predisposed to secondary staphylococcal infections due to active S. aureus colonization of the stratum corneum, damage of the skin barrier or a defective immune response. Microorganisms present in skin lesions destroy the tissue by secreting enzymes and toxins, and additionally stimulate secondary allergic reactions. The toxins secreted by strains of S. aureus also act as superantigens and penetrate the skin barrier contributing to a chronic inflammation of the atopic skin lesions. The S. aureus species also releases proinflam- matory proteins, including enzymes that cause tissue damage. When initiating treatment it is particularly important to properly assess that the onset of the secondary bacterial infection is caused by S. aureus and thus justifying the inclusion of antibiotic therapy. Depending on the severity and extent of the staphylococcal infection, topical antibiotics are used, usually mupirocin or fusidic acid, or general antibiotic treatment is introduced. Another therapeutic strategy without antibiotics has given a positive effect in patients.
Partial Characterization of Bacteriocin Produced by Halotolerant Pediococcus acidilactici Strain QC38 Isolated from Traditional Cotija Cheese
Authors: MORALES-ESTRADA AUREA I. , LÓPEZ-MERINO AHIDÉ , GUTIERREZ-MENDEZ NESTOR , RUIZ ENRICO A. , CONTRERAS-RODRÍGUEZ ARACELI
Published: August 2016

During a screening of lactic acid bacteria producing bacteriocin from Cotija cheese, the strain QC38 was isolated. Based on the 16S rRNA gene nucleotide sequencing (516 pb accession no KJ210322) and phylogenetic analysis, the isolate was identified as Pediococcus acidilactici. Neutralized cell-free supernatant was tested for antimicrobial activity against 17 Gram-negative and Gram-positive pathogens. Growth inhibition was achieved against Listeria monocytogenes (supplier or indication or source), Staphylococcus aureus, Vibrio vulnificus, Vibrio cholerae O1 Ogawa, Vibrio cholerae NO 01 and Salmonella enterica subsp. Enterica serovar Typhimurium. Bacteriocin-like substance, after heating at 121°C for 15 min it remained stable and its antimicrobial activity was observed at pH ranging from 1.0 to 10.0 but inactivated by α-chymotrypsin and proteinase K. Strain QC38 was able to grow in 1–9% NaCl concentration. The plate overlay assay showed an approximate size of bacteriocin-like substance between 3.4 and 6.5 kDa. P. acidilactici QC38 harboured a plasmid that contains a gene for a pediocin (PA-1).
Characterization of Rhizobial Bacteria Nodulating Astragalus corrugatus and Hippocrepis areolata in Tunisian Arid Soils
Authors: MAHDHI MOSBAH , HOUIDHEG NADIA , MAHMOUDI NEJI , MSAADEK ABDELHAKIM , REJILI MOKHTAR , MARS MOHAMED
Published: August 2016

Fifty seven bacterial isolates from root nodules of two spontaneous legumes (Astragalus corrugatus and Hippocrepis areolata) growing in the arid areas of Tunisia were characterized by phenotypic features, 16S rDNA PCR-RFLP and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Phenotypically, our results indicate that A. corrugatus and H. areolata isolates showed heterogenic responses to the different phenotypic features. All isolates were acid producers, fast growers and all of them used different compounds as sole carbon and nitrogen source. The majority of isolate grew at pHs between 6 and 9, at temperatures up to 40°C and tolerated 3% NaCl concentrations. Phylogenetically, the new isolates were affiliated to four genera Sinorhizobium, Rhizobium, Mesorhizobium and Agrobacterium. About 73% of the isolates were species within the genera Sinorhizobium and Rhizobium. The isolates which failed to nodulate their host plants of origin were associated to Agrobacterium genus (three isolates).
Pexophagy in Penicillin G Secretion by Penicillium chrysogenum PQ-96
Authors: KURZĄTKOWSKI WIESŁAW , GĘBSKA-KUCZEROWSKA ANITA
Published: August 2016

Penicillin G oversecretion by Penicillium chrysogenum PQ-96 is associated with a strictly adjusted cellular organization of the mature and senescent mycelial cells. Abundant vacuolar phagy and extended cellular vacuolization combined with vacuolar budding resulting in the formation of vacuolar vesicles that fuse with the cell membrane are the most important characteristic features of those cells. We suggest as follows: if the peroxisomes are integrated into vacuoles, the penicillin G formed in peroxisomes might be transferred to vacuoles and later secreted out of the cells by an exocytosis process. The peroxisomal cells of the mycelium are privileged in penicillin G secretion.
Endophytic Detection in Selected European Herbal Plants
Authors: GORYLUK-SALMONOWICZ AGATA , PIÓREK MONIKA , REKOSZ-BURLAGA HANNA , STUDNICKI MARCIN , MIECZYSŁAW BŁASZCZYK
Published: August 2016

A total of 181 cultivable endophytic bacterial isolates were collected from stems of 13 species of herbs inhabiting Europe (Poland): Chelido- nium majus L., Elymus repens L., Erigeron annuus L., Euphrasia rostkoviana Hayne, Foeniculum vulgare L., Geranium pratense L., Humulus lupulus L., Matricaria chamomilla L., Mentha arvensis L., Papaver rhoeas L., Rosmarinus officinalis L., Solidago gigantea L. and Vinca minor L. The isolates were screened for their antifungal activity and fifty three were found to inhibit fungal growth. Of these, five had strong antifungal properties. These selected isolates were identified as: Pseudomonas azotoformans, P. cedrina, Bacillus subtilis group and Erwinia persicina.
La justice administrative dans l’État providence. Quelques leçons de l’histoire de l’assurance-chômage
Authors: Issalys Pierre
Published: August 2016

Ce texte rappelle l’arrière-plan historique des changements apportés à compter de 2013 au système des recours dans le régime canadien d’assurance-emploi. Dès leur origine et par leur évolution, les instances décisionnelles en matière de prestations d’assurance-chômage ont constitué une contribution notable au renouvellement des institutions administratives au Canada. Le cheminement historique de cet aspect de la protection sociale illustre le lien étroit entre l’édification de l’état providence et le développement de la justice administrative. Positif à plusieurs égards, le bilan de cette évolution dans la procédure administrative de l’assurance-chômage jusqu’en 2012 appelait néanmoins un double constat d’inaboutissement, quant à l’aménagement des recours, et de renoncement, quant à l’aménagement de la phase initiale du processus décisionnel. La comparaison avec l’évolution des institutions britanniques, devancières et inspiratrices du modèle canadien, confirme cette évaluation en demi-teintes. Par rapport à toute cette expérience historique, les modifications de 2013, sous d’apparentes avancées, font appréhender un recul, notamment sur le plan de la participation citoyenne, de la justice de proximité et de la communication optimale entre agents publics et citoyens.
Le droit humain à la protection sociale et le risque du chômage : doit-on capituler ?
Authors: Lamarche Lucie
Published: August 2016

La plus récente réforme de l’assurance-emploi au Canada remonte à 2013. C’est une réforme qui prétend maximiser le potentiel de ce régime de protection sociale d’arrimer les besoins du marché du travail et les travailleurs disponibles à l’emploi. La réforme de 2014 comporte à cet effet des dispositions brutales, telles celles relatives à l’évaluation du refus d’un emploi jugé convenable, refaçonné, lequel peut entraîner la suspension des prestations d’assurance-emploi. Pour plusieurs, cette dernière réforme s’inscrit dans le continuum des mesures législatives destinées à rendre plus hasardeux l’accès aux prestations d’assurance-emploi. Nous croyons cependant que celle-ci s’inscrit plutôt dans le récent virage de l’État néo-providentiel. Si l’État social néo-libéral a eu pour effet de transformer le statut des bénéficiaires du droit à la protection sociale en celui de ressources humaines mises à la disponibilité immédiate du marché du travail, l’État néo-providentiel se distingue pour sa part par la reconnaissance du besoin d’un réinvestissement dans les mesures de lutte contre la pauvreté et l’exclusion sociale, et ce, à l’échelle planétaire. Dans ce contexte nouvellement minimaliste en matière de protection sociale, doit-on renoncer au droit à l’assurance-emploi ?

La première partie de cet article s’intéresse aux dimensions philosophiques – la liberté du travail et ses conditions d’exercice – et politiques – l’exercice du travail nécessite que l’on veille à la satisfaction des besoins des base- de la plus récente réforme canadienne en matière d’assurance-emploi. La seconde partie de l’article propose l’analyse de la même question sous l’angle des droits humains, et plus particulièrement du droit à la sécurité sociale prévu au Pacte international relatif aux droits économiques, sociaux et culturels. Puis, elle s’intéresse à la récente initiative de l’Organisation internationale du travail pour les socles minima de protection sociale concrétisée par la Recommandation no202 adoptée en 2012.

Suite à cette analyse, nous concluons à l’existence d’un virage international en faveur de la fonction minimaliste – à savoir la satisfaction des besoins de base des personnes et des familles – des mesures dites de protection sociale. Un tel niveau de protection sociale consacre non pas la préséance de l’égalité dans le paradigme de la protection sociale mais bien plutôt celui de la liberté et de l’égalité des chances, sis tant est que les besoins de base soient satisfaits. Dans un tel contexte, il reste bien peu de choses du régime canadien d’assurance-emploi, historiquement destiné à remplacer le revenu de l’emploi perdu.
Les magistrats face à l’ignorance de la Loi sur l’assurance-emploi – de la lutte contre la « fraude » et « l’insouciance » à la reconnaissance du non-recours aux prestations
Authors: Gallié Martin
Published: August 2016

Dans la lignée des travaux sur le « non-recours » aux droits et aux prestations, cet article veut montrer en quoi le discours sur les « fraudeurs » ou sur les « profiteurs » de l’assurance-emploi – véhiculé par le patronat et le gouvernement conservateur pour justifier la vaste réforme de 2012 – renforce les stéréotypes sur les prestataires et contribue à discréditer le droit à la protection contre le chômage. Ce discours participe ainsi à limiter la demande de prestations et à masquer les dysfonctionnements graves de ce régime au coeur de l’État social canadien. Or, selon les données disponibles, plus du quart des chômeurs et des chômeuses admissibles ne perçoivent pas les prestations auxquelles ils pourraient légalement prétendre ; et ce, en raison notamment, d’un manque d’information ou d’une mauvaise information. Malgré ces chiffres, les demandes de prestations déposées hors délai pour ces motifs restent majoritairement traitées comme un problème d’ordre individuel, une preuve « d’indifférence ou d’insouciance » pour reprendre les termes de la jurisprudence. L’ignorance de la loi ou la désinformation ne sont qu’exceptionnellement reconnues comme des arguments recevables par les magistrats pour accorder des prestations demandées hors délai. Et cela, même quand les juges se déclarent convaincus de la bonne foi des prestataires.
Étude d’un cas abordé selon deux cadres de références : approches systémique et psychanalytique
Authors: Bouabdallah Lahcène , Hamaidia Ali
Published: August 2016

Dans la pratique de la psychologie clinique, l’approche systémique n’est utilisée que dans un champ très étroit : la thérapie familiale. Cependant, on pourrait en user dans d’autres champs d’application de la psychologie, ce que cet article souhaite prouver empiriquement, à travers la présentation d’un cas clinique abordé (étudié et analysé) par deux approches différentes représentées par deux cadres de référence différents : le premier est d’inspiration psychanalytique (adopté réellement dans la prise en charge qui a eu effectivement lieu), et le deuxième basé sur une approche systémique pour aboutir à soutenir une tendance qui vise à tirer profit de toutes les approches dans l’intérêt final du patient : l’approche intégrative et multi-théorique.
Quantum repeaters using orbitals in quantum dot molecules
Authors: Ohshima Toshio
Published: August 2016

We propose quantum repeaters using quantum dot molecules, in which matter-photon entanglement is generated by Raman scatterings in lambda systems composed of various coherent exciton levels formed in the ensembles of asymmetric coupled quantum dots. In our scheme, the wavelength of Stokes and anti-Stokes photons can be chosen to fulfill the requirements of optical fiber communication. Further, the relative superposition phase in the entangled states can be stabilized by the active feedback to the gate voltage in quantum dot system. These characteristics are favorable for implementing our scheme in practice.
Orientation control of (K,Na)NbO3 ceramics using platelike NaNbO3 templates prepared by single-step molten salt synthesis with mixed salt
Authors: Ishii Keisuke , Tashiro Shinjiro
Published: August 2016

In order to shorten the firing time for sintering textured (K,Na)NbO3 system ceramics, the fabrication method of the single-step molten salt synthesis for preparing platelike NaNbO3 single-crystal particles was improved. An uneven shape was formed on the surfaces of platelike NaNbO3 single-crystal particles obtained by single-step molten salt synthesis in the mixed salts of KCl and NaCl. Using these single-crystal particles as the templates, textured (K,Na)NbO3 ceramics were fabricated. The sinterability of the textured ceramics and their piezoelectricity were compared between two kinds of templates synthesized in the mixed salt and in the conventional NaCl salt. The diffusivity of K atoms into these templates from the matrix powder of (K,Na)NbO3 during firing was also compared.
Measurement of the Human Calcaneus In Vivo Using Ultrasonic Backscatter Spectral Centroid Shift
Authors: Liu Chengcheng , Xu Feng , Ta Dean , Tang Tao , Jiang Yunqi , Dong Jian , Wang Wen-Ping , Liu Xindang , Wang Yi , Wang Wei-Qi
Published: August 2016

Objectives

The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between the backscattered spectral centroid shift and the bone mineral density (BMD) in vivo and investigate the feasibility of using the backscattered spectral centroid shift to characterize the cancellous bone status.

Methods

Ultrasonic backscatter measurements were performed in vivo on 1216 participants at the right calcaneus using an ultrasonic backscattered bone diagnostic system, and the backscattered spectral centroid shift was calculated at central frequencies of 3.5 and 5.0 MHz. The BMD values were measured at the sites of the lumbar spine and left hip by dual energy x‐ray absorptiometry.

Results

The study population included 592 male and 624 female participants aged 20 to 89 years. The correlations between the backscattered spectral centroid shift in the calcaneus and the spine and hip BMD were found to be statistically significant in both the male and female groups (P < .0001). Linear regression showed that the spectral centroid shift at 3.5 MHz had negative correlations with the spine BMD (R = −0.65 for male participants; R = −0.67 for female participants) and hip BMD (R = −0.64 for male participants; R = −0.64 for female participants). The spectral centroid shift at 5.0 MHz was also found to be closely related to the spine BMD (R = −0.68 for male participants; R = −0.68 for female participants) and hip BMD (R = −0.66 for male participants; R = −0.64 for female participants).

Conclusions

The moderate correlations observed between the spectral centroid shift and the spine and hip BMD demonstrate that the ultrasonic backscattered spectral centroid shift may be a useful measurement for assessment of the cancellous bone status.
Wet acid deposition in Chinese natural and agricultural ecosystems: Evidence from national‐scale monitoring
Authors: Yu Haili , He Nianpeng , Wang Qiufeng , Zhu Jianxing , Xu Li , Zhu Zhilin , Yu Guirui
Published: August 2016

Acid deposition in precipitation has received widespread attention. However, it is necessary to monitor the acid deposition in Chinese agricultural and natural ecosystems because data derived from traditional urban/suburban observations might overestimate it to some extent. In this study, we continuously measured the acid deposition through precipitation (pH, sulfate (SO42−), and nitrate (NO3−)) in 43 field stations from 2009 to 2014 to explore the spatial patterns and the main influencing factors of acid deposition in Chinese agricultural and natural ecosystems. The results showed that the average precipitation pH at the 43 stations varied between 4.10 and 8.25 (average: 6.2) with nearly 20% of the observation sites being subjected to acid precipitation (pH < 5.6). The average deposition of SO42− and NO3− was 115.99 and 32.93 kg ha−1 yr−1, respectively. An apparent regional difference of acid deposition in Chinese agricultural and natural ecosystems was observed, which was most serious in south and central China and less serious in northwest China, Inner Mongolia, and Qinghai‐Tibet. The level of economic development and amount of precipitation could explain most of the spatial variations of pH, SO42−, and NO3− depositions. It is anticipated that acid deposition might increase further, although the current level of acid deposition in these Chinese agricultural and natural ecosystems was found to be less serious than projected from urban/suburban data. The control of energy consumption should be strengthened in future to prevent an increase of acid deposition in China.
Spatial and seasonal variabilities of the stable carbon isotope composition of soil CO2 concentration and flux in complex terrain
Authors: Liang Liyin L. , Riveros‐Iregui Diego A. , Risk David A.
Published: August 2016

Biogeochemical processes driving the spatial variability of soil CO2 production and flux are well studied, but little is known about the variability in the spatial distribution of the stable carbon isotopes that make up soil CO2, particularly in complex terrain. Spatial differences in stable isotopes of soil CO2 could indicate fundamental differences in isotopic fractionation at the landscape level and may be useful to inform modeling of carbon cycling over large areas. We measured the spatial and seasonal variabilities of the δ13C of soil CO2 (δS) and the δ13C of soil CO2 flux (δP) in a subalpine forest ecosystem located in the Rocky Mountains of Montana. We found consistently more isotopically depleted values of δS and δP in low and wet areas of the landscape relative to steep and dry areas. Our results suggest that the spatial patterns of δS and δP are strongly mediated by soil water and soil respiration rate. More interestingly, our analysis revealed different temporal trends in δP across the landscape; in high landscape positions δP became more positive, whereas in low landscape positions δP became more negative with time. These trends might be the result of differential dynamics in the seasonality of soil moisture and its effects on soil CO2 production and flux. Our results suggest concomitant yet independent effects of water on physical (soil gas diffusivity) and biological (photosynthetic discrimination) processes that mediate δS and δP and are important when evaluating the δ13C of CO2 exchanged between soils and the atmosphere in complex terrain.
ENSO response to high‐latitude volcanic eruptions in the Northern Hemisphere: The role of the initial conditions
Authors: Pausata Francesco S. R. , Karamperidou Christina , Caballero Rodrigo , Battisti David S.
Published: August 2016

A large ensemble of Earth System Model simulations is analyzed to show that high‐latitude Northern Hemisphere eruptions give rise to El Niño‐like anomalies in the winter following the eruption, the amplitude of which depends on the state of the tropical Pacific at the time of the eruption. The El Niño‐like anomalies are almost three times larger when the eruption occurs during an incipient La Niña or during a neutral state compared to an incipient El Niño. The differential response results from stronger atmosphere‐ocean coupling and extra‐tropical feedbacks during an incipient La Niña compared to El Niño. Differences in the response continue through the second and third years following the eruption. When the eruption happens in a year of an incipient El Niño, a large cold (La Niña‐like) anomaly develops in year 2; if the eruption occurs in a year of an incipient La Niña, no anomalies are simulated in year 2 and a La Niña‐like response appears in year 3. After the El Niño‐like anomaly in the first winter, the overall tendency of ENSO in the following 2 years is toward a La Niña state. Our results highlight the high sensitivity of tropical Pacific dynamics under volcanic forcing to the ENSO initial state and lay the groundwork for improved predictions of the global climatic response to high‐latitude volcanic eruptions.
Laboratory demonstration of slow rise to fast acceleration of arched magnetic flux ropes
Authors: Ha Bao N. , Bellan Paul M.
Published: August 2016

We demonstrate the slow rise to fast acceleration of an arched plasma‐filled magnetic flux rope. The flux rope expansion is inhibited by an externally applied customizable strapping field. When the strapping field is not too strong and not too weak, expansion forces build up while the flux rope is in the strapping field region. When the flux rope moves to a critical height beyond the peak strapping field region, the plasma accelerates quickly corresponding to the observed slow rise to fast acceleration of solar eruptions. This behavior is in agreement with the predictions of the torus instability.
Tectonic tremor on Vancouver Island, Cascadia, modulated by the body and surface waves of the Mw 8.6 and 8.2, 2012 East Indian Ocean earthquakes
Authors: Kundu Bhaskar , Ghosh Abhijit , Mendoza Manuel , Bürgmann Roland , Gahalaut V. K. , Saikia Dipankar
Published: August 2016

The 2012 East Indian Ocean earthquake (Mw 8.6), so far the largest intraoceanic plate strike‐slip event ever recorded, modulated tectonic tremors in the Cascadia subduction zone. The rate of tremor activity near Vancouver Island increased by about 1.5 times from its background level during the passage of seismic waves of this earthquake. In most cases of dynamic modulation, large‐amplitude and long‐period surface waves stimulate tremors. However, in this case even the small stress change caused by body waves generated by the 2012 earthquake modulated tremor activity. The tremor modulation continued during the passage of the surface waves, subsequent to which the tremor activity returned to background rates. Similar tremor modulation is observed during the passage of the teleseismic waves from the Mw 8.2 event, which occurs about 2 h later near the Mw 8.6 event. We show that dynamic stresses from back‐to‐back large teleseismic events can strongly influence tremor sources.
Acceleration of regional plate subduction beneath Kanto, Japan, after the 2011 Tohoku‐oki earthquake
Authors: Uchida Naoki , Asano Youichi , Hasegawa Akira
Published: August 2016

Two oceanic plates (the Pacific (PA) and Philippine Sea (PH)) subduct beneath the land plate, and they forms deeper (PH‐PA) and shallower (land‐PH) plate boundaries beneath Kanto. Remarkably enhanced seismicity was observed in the densely populated area after the 2011 Tohoku‐oki earthquake, which cannot simply be explained by the southern expansion of the postseismic slip of the earthquake. We examine interplate repeating earthquakes to constrain the relative plate motion across aseismically slipping faults. The repeater slip rates show creep rates in the deeper and shallower boundaries, respectively, increased to 2.4–6.6 times and 1.3–6.2 times the pre‐Tohoku‐oki rates. In addition, the repeater slip directions show no change larger than 4° in the deeper boundary. The interplate creep rates and slip directions suggest that regional movements of both the two plates had accelerated. They probably caused the seismicity increase, frequent slow slips on the shallower boundary, and enhanced probability of larger earthquakes.
Crustal structure of the Kermadec arc from MANGO seismic refraction profiles
Authors: Bassett Dan , Kopp Heidrun , Sutherland Rupert , Henrys Stuart , Watts Anthony B. , Timm Christian , Scherwath Martin , Grevemeyer Ingo , de Ronde Cornel E. J.
Published: August 2016

Three active‐source seismic refraction profiles are integrated with morphological and potential field data to place the first regional constraints on the structure of the Kermadec subduction zone. These observations are used to test contrasting tectonic models for an along‐strike transition in margin structure previously known as the 32°S boundary. We use residual bathymetry to constrain the geometry of this boundary and propose the name Central Kermadec Discontinuity (CKD). North of the CKD, the buried Tonga Ridge occupies the fore‐arc with VP 6.5–7.3 km s−1 and residual free‐air gravity anomalies constrain its latitudinal extent (north of 30.5°S), width (110 ± 20 km), and strike (~005° south of 25°S). South of the CKD the fore‐arc is structurally homogeneous downdip with VP 5.7–7.3 km s−1. In the Havre Trough back‐arc, crustal thickness south of the CKD is 8–9 km, which is up to 4 km thinner than the northern Havre Trough and at least 1 km thinner than the southern Havre Trough. We suggest that the Eocene arc did not extend along the current length of the Tonga‐Kermadec trench. The Eocene arc was originally connected to the Three Kings Ridge, and the CKD was likely formed during separation and easterly translation of an Eocene arc substrate during the early Oligocene. We suggest that the first‐order crustal thickness variations along the Kermadec arc were inherited from before the Neogene and reflect Mesozoic crustal structure, the Cenozoic evolution of the Tonga‐Kermadec‐Hikurangi margin and along‐strike variations in the duration of arc volcanism.
The impacts of precipitating cloud radiative effects on ocean surface evaporation, precipitation, and ocean salinity in coupled GCM simulations
Authors: Li J.‐L. F. , Wang Yi‐Hui , Lee Tong , Waliser Duane , Lee Wei‐Liang , Yu Jia‐Yuh , Chen Yi‐Chun , Fetzer Eric , Hasson Audrey
Published: August 2016

The coupled global climate model (GCM) fidelity in representing upper ocean salinity including near sea surface bulk salinity (SSS) is evaluated in this study, with a focus on the Pacific Ocean. The systematic biases in ocean surface evaporation (E) minus precipitation (P) and SSS are found to be fairly similar in the twentieth century simulations of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Phase 3 (CMIP3) and Phase 5 (CMIP5) relative to the observations. One of the potential causes of the CMIP model biases is the missing representation of the radiative effects of precipitating hydrometeors (i.e., snow) in most CMIP models. To examine the radiative effect of cloud snow on SSS, sensitivity experiments with and without such effect are conducted by the National Center for Atmospheric Research‐coupled Community Earth System Model (CESM). This study investigates the difference in SSS between sensitivity experiments and its relationship with atmospheric circulation, E − P and air‐sea heat fluxes. It is found that the exclusion of the cloud snow radiative effect in CESM produces weaker Pacific trade winds, resulting in enhanced precipitation, reduced evaporation, and a reduction of the upper ocean salinity in the tropical and subtropical Pacific. The latter results in an improved comparison with climatological upper ocean bulk salinity. The introduction of cloud snow also altered the budget terms that maintain the time‐mean salinity in the mixed layer.
Observations of two sprite‐producing storms in Colorado
Authors: Lang Timothy J. , Lyons Walter A. , Cummer Steven A. , Fuchs Brody R. , Dolan Brenda , Rutledge Steven A. , Krehbiel Paul , Rison William , Stanley Mark , Ashcraft Thomas
Published: August 2016

Two sprite‐producing thunderstorms were observed on 8 and 25 June 2012 in northeastern Colorado by a combination of low‐light cameras, a lightning mapping array, polarimetric and Doppler radars, the National Lightning Detection Network, and charge moment change measurements. The 8 June event evolved from a tornadic hailstorm to a larger multicellular system that produced 21 observed positive sprites in 2 h. The majority of sprites occurred during a lull in convective strength, as measured by total flash rate, flash energy, and radar echo volume. Mean flash area spiked multiple times during this period; however, total flash rates still exceeded 60 min−1, and portions of the storm featured a complex anomalous charge structure, with midlevel positive charge near −20°C. The storm produced predominantly positive cloud‐to‐ground lightning. All sprite‐parent flashes occurred on the northeastern flank of the storm, where strong westerly upper level flow was consistent with advection of charged precipitation away from convection, providing a pathway for stratiform lightning. The 25 June event was another multicellular hailstorm with an anomalous charge structure that produced 26 positive sprites in less than 1 h. The sprites again occurred during a convective lull, with relatively weaker reflectivity and lower total flash rate but relatively larger mean flash area. However, all sprite parents occurred in or near convection and tapped charge layers in adjacent anvil cloud. The results demonstrate the sprite production by convective ground strokes in anomalously charged storms and also indicate that sprite production and convective vigor are inversely related in mature storms.
Snow‐covered soils produce N2O that is lost from forested catchments
Authors: Enanga E. M. , Creed I. F. , Fairweather T. , Casson N. J.
Published: August 2016

The magnitude of net soil nitrous oxide (N2O) production from a snow‐covered catchment in a northern temperate forest was investigated. There was considerable net soil N2O‐N production and consumption through the snowpack, ranging from −6.6 to 26.2 g‐N ha−1 d−1. There was no difference in net N2O production among topographic positions despite significant variation in soil moisture, reduction‐oxidation conditions, and pore water dissolved organic carbon and nitrate. Soil temperatures did not vary among topographic positions, suggesting that temperatures at or above the freezing point allow N2O production to proceed under the snowpack. Redox conditions were lower at wetland positions compared to lowlands and uplands, suggesting that the biogeochemical pathway of N2O production varies with topography. Over the entire nongrowing season, 1.5 kg of N2O‐N was exported to the atmosphere from the 6.33 ha catchment, representing 31% of the growing season N2O‐N production. These results suggest that winter is an active time for gaseous N production in these forests and that N2O production under the snowpack represents an often unmonitored flux of N from catchments.
Knee Extensor Strength and Risk of Structural, Symptomatic, and Functional Decline in Knee Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Culvenor Adam G. , Ruhdorfer Anja , Juhl Carsten , Eckstein Felix , Øiestad Britt Elin
Published: August 2016

Objective

To perform a systematic review and meta‐analysis on the association between knee extensor strength and the risk of structural, symptomatic, or functional deterioration in individuals with or at risk of knee osteoarthritis (KOA).

Methods

We systematically identified and methodologically appraised all longitudinal studies (≥1‐year followup) reporting an association between knee extensor strength and structural (tibiofemoral, patellofemoral), symptomatic (self‐reported, knee replacement), or functional (subjective, objective) decline in individuals with or at risk of radiographic or symptomatic KOA. Results were pooled for each of the above associations using meta‐analysis, or if necessary, summarized according to a best‐evidence synthesis.

Results

Fifteen studies were included, evaluating >8,000 participants (51% female), with a followup time between 1.5 and 8 years. Meta‐analysis revealed that lower knee extensor strength was associated with an increased risk of symptomatic (Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index [WOMAC] pain: odds ratio [OR] 1.35, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.10–1.67) and functional decline (WOMAC function: OR 1.38, 95% CI 1.00–1.89, and chair‐stand task: OR 1.03, 95% CI 1.03–1.04), but not increased risk of radiographic tibiofemoral joint space narrowing (JSN) (OR 1.15, 95% CI 0.84–1.56). No trend in risk was observed for KOA status (present versus absent). Best‐evidence synthesis showed inconclusive evidence for lower knee extensor strength being associated with increased risk of patellofemoral deterioration.

Conclusion

Meta‐analysis showed that lower knee extensor strength is associated with an increased risk of symptomatic and functional deterioration, but not tibiofemoral JSN. The risk of patellofemoral deterioration in the presence of knee extensor strength deficits is inconclusive.
Trends in Gout and Rheumatoid Arthritis Hospitalizations in Canada From 2000 to 2011
Authors: Rai Sharan K. , Aviña‐Zubieta J. Antonio , McCormick Natalie , De Vera Mary A. , Lacaille Diane , Sayre Eric C. , Choi Hyon K.
Published: August 2016

Objective

Gout and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are the 2 most common forms of inflammatory arthritis worldwide. As hospitalizations for both conditions lead to substantial health resource use, contemporary inpatient trends and associated costs may provide important benchmarks of disease burden. However, relevant data are limited.

Methods

We used PopulationData BC, a population‐based administrative data set from Canada. We examined trends in the annual hospitalization and surgery rate of gout and RA from 2000 to 2011. Additionally, we examined annual trends in the inpatient cost burden of both conditions. We assessed annual trends in hospitalization and surgery rates using Poisson regression models and cost trends using linear regression models.

Results

From 2000 to 2011, the annual hospitalization rate for RA declined by 49% from 15.4 to 7.9 per 100,000 Canadian adults (P < 0.001), whereas that for gout doubled from 3.8 to 7.6 per 100,000 Canadian adults (P < 0.001). Approximately 31% of RA admissions were associated with hip or knee replacement surgery; the trend of these surgeries paralleled the declining trend in RA hospitalizations (P = 0.0097). The inpatient costs also reflected the hospitalization trends, with a 40% decrease in RA hospital costs, while gout costs more than doubled over the study period.

Conclusion

Our findings indicate that hospitalization rates for gout have doubled over the past decade, while those for RA have decreased considerably. While these data provide an encouraging benchmark for RA care, they also highlight the critical need to improve gout management and prevention to mitigate its rising disease burden in Canada and beyond.
Efficacy of Tailored Exercise Therapy on Physical Functioning in Patients With Knee Osteoarthritis and Comorbidity: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: de Rooij Mariëtte , van der Leeden Marike , Cheung John , van der Esch Martin , Häkkinen Arja , Haverkamp Daniël , Roorda Leo D. , Twisk Jos , Vollebregt Joke , Lems Willem F. , Dekker Joost
Published: August 2016

Objective

To evaluate the efficacy on physical functioning and safety of tailored exercise therapy in patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA) and comorbidities.

Methods

In a randomized controlled trial, 126 participants were included with a clinical diagnosis of knee OA and at least 1 of the following target comorbidities: coronary disease, heart failure, type 2 diabetes mellitus, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or obesity (body mass index ≥30 kg/m2), with severity score ≥2 on the Cumulative Illness Rating Scale. The intervention group received a 20‐week, individualized, comorbidity‐adapted exercise program consisting of aerobic and strength training and training of daily activities. The control group received their current medical care for knee OA and were placed on a waiting list for exercise therapy. Primary outcome measures were the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index, subscale physical functioning (WOMAC‐pf), and the 6‐minute walk test (6MWT). Measurements were performed at baseline, after 20 weeks (directly posttreatment), and at 3 months posttreatment.

Results

Statistically significant physical functioning differences over time were found between the intervention and control group (WOMAC: B = −7.43 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) −9.99, −4.87], P < 0.001; and 6MWT: B = 34.16 [95% CI 17.68, 50.64], P < 0.001) in favor of the intervention group. At 3 months followup, the mean improvements in the intervention group were 33% on the WOMAC scale and 15% on the 6MWT. These improvements are of clinical relevance. No serious adverse events occurred during the intervention.

Conclusion

This is the first study showing that tailored exercise therapy is efficacious in improving physical functioning and safe in patients with knee OA and severe comorbidities.
Comorbidities in Patients With Primary Sjögren's Syndrome and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Comparative Registries‐Based Study
Authors: Rúa‐Figueroa Iñigo , Fernández Castro Mónica , Andreu José L. , Sanchez‐Piedra Carlos , Martínez‐Taboada Víctor , Olivé Alejandro , López‐Longo Javier , Rosas José , Galindo María , Calvo‐Alén Jaime , Fernández‐Nebro Antonio , Alonso Fernando , Rodríguez‐Lozano Beatriz , Alberto García Vadillo Jesús , Menor Raúl , Narváez Francisco Javier , Erausquin Celia , García‐Aparicio Ángel , Tomero Eva , Manrique‐Arija Sara , Horcada Loreto , Uriarte Esther , Gil Susana , Blanco Ricardo , López‐González Ruth , Boteanu Alina , Freire Mercedes , Galisteo Carlos , Rodríguez‐Gómez Manuel , Díez‐Álvarez Elvira , Pego‐Reigosa José M. ,   on behalf of Sjogrenser and Relesser Researchers and EAS‐SER Group
Published: August 2016

Objective

To compare the prevalence of the main comorbidities in 2 large cohorts of patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome (SS) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), with a focus on cardiovascular (CV) diseases.

Methods

This was a cross‐sectional multicenter study where the prevalence of more relevant comorbidities in 2 cohorts was compared. Patients under followup from SJOGRENSER (Spanish Rheumatology Society Registry of Primary SS) and RELESSER (Spanish Rheumatology Society Registry of SLE), and who fulfilled the 2002 American–European Consensus Group and 1997 American College of Rheumatology classification criteria, respectively, were included. A binomial logistic regression analysis was carried out to explore potential differences, making general adjustments for age, sex, and disease duration and specific adjustments for each variable, including CV risk factors and treatments, when appropriate.

Results

A total of 437 primary SS patients (95% female) and 2,926 SLE patients (89% female) were included. The mean age was 58.6 years (interquartile range [IQR] 50.0–69.9 years) for primary SS patients and 45.1 years (IQR 36.4–56.3 years) for SLE patients (P < 0.001), and disease duration was 10.4 years (IQR 6.0–16.7 years) and 13.0 years (IQR 7.45–19.76 years), respectively (P < 0.001). Smoking, dyslipidemia, and arterial hypertension were associated less frequently with primary SS (odds ratio [OR] 0.36 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.28–0.48], 0.74 [95% CI 0.58–0.94], and 0.50 [95% CI 0.38–0.66], respectively) as were life‐threatening CV events (i.e., stroke or myocardial infarction; OR 0.57 [95% CI 0.35–0.92]). Conversely, lymphoma was associated more frequently with primary SS (OR 4.41 [95% CI 1.35–14.43]). The prevalence of severe infection was lower in primary SS than in SLE (10.1% versus 16.9%; OR 0.54 [95% CI 0.39–0.76]; P < 0.001).

Conclusion

Primary SS patients have a consistently less serious CV comorbidity burden and a lower prevalence of severe infection than those with SLE. In contrast, their risk of lymphoma is greater.
Factors Associated With Sustained Remission in Rheumatoid Arthritis in Patients Treated With Anti–Tumor Necrosis Factor
Authors: Hamann Philip , Holland Richard , Hyrich Kimme , Pauling John D. , Shaddick Gavin , Nightingale Alison , McHugh Neil
Published: August 2016

Objective

Anti–tumor necrosis factor (anti‐TNF) antibody has revolutionized the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and remission is now a realistic possibility for patients. Despite widespread use of anti‐TNFs, predicting which patients are most likely to attain a sustained good response to these treatments remains challenging. Our objective was to undertake a systematic review of the literature to evaluate existing evidence for demographic and clinical factors associated with the achievement of sustained remission in individuals with RA treated with anti‐TNF therapy.

Methods

Embase, Medline, and the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register were searched along with studies identified from reference lists. Quality of studies was assessed using Newcastle‐Ottawa criteria. Meta‐analysis was undertaken where unadjusted odds ratios were available for the same demographic or clinical factors from at least 3 studies.

Results

Six studies were identified. Concomitant methotrexate use was associated with an increased likelihood of achieving sustained remission. Greater baseline disease activity, tender joint count, age, disease duration, baseline functional impairment, and female sex were associated with reduced likelihood of achieving sustained remission.

Conclusion

Factors predicting sustained remission are seldom reported. Evidence identified in this review supports current recommendations for methotrexate coprescription and highlights the negative impact of particular clinical and demographic features on the likelihood of achieving optimal response to anti‐TNF treatment. Sustained remission is clinically more relevant than point remission in RA. More widespread reporting of sustained remission will help clinicians set realistic expectations on likely long‐term treatment efficacy and could be an important tool for identifying patients suitable for dose optimization.
Infant lower extremity long bone growth rates: comparison of contemporary with early 20th century data using mixed effect models
Authors: Tsai Andy , Stamoulis Catherine , Barber Ignasi , Kleinman Paul K.
Published: August 2016

Objectives

Modern reference standards for long bone growth are lacking for infants (≤1 year). This study develops a quantitative framework to characterize lower extremity bone shaft growth during infancy based on radiographic images, and compares it to data from the 1930s.

Methods

Femoral, tibial, and fibular shaft length measurements (diaphysis plus metaphysis) were collected retrospectively from 70 infants on initial and follow‐up skeletal surveys performed for suspected abuse (7/2005—2/2013). These serial skeletal survey data (SSSD) were compared to the Denver Child Research Council data (DCRCD), a 1930's longitudinal dataset from 80 infants. Mixed effects regression models were developed to estimate growth trajectories from these data. Growth trajectories and short‐term (≤2 months) growth rates were compared.

Results

Statistically distinct models described the contemporary (SSSD) and historic (DCRCD) datasets; however, there was substantial overlap (77—90%) between their confidence bands for the three measured bones. Based on developed models, the average long bone shafts of the DCRCD are shorter at birth than SSSD (femur: 77.0 vs. 82.3 mm; tibia: 64.4 vs. 68.2 mm; fibula: 61.0 vs. 64.4 mm), but the DCRCD long bone growth rates are faster than SSSD (femur: 0.21 vs. 0.17 mm/day; tibia: 0.16 vs. 0.14 mm/day; fibula: 0.15 vs. 0.14 mm/day). Short‐term growth rates of these bones decreased with age. The effect of sexual dimorphism on long bone growth during infancy was non‐significant.

Conclusion

This study provides reference standards for long bone growth rates during the dynamic period of infancy that may aid clinical assessment, and also inform research studies of disorders associated with altered skeletal growth.
Antimycobacterial Metabolites from Marine Invertebrates
Authors: Daletos Georgios , Ancheeva Elena , Chaidir Chaidir , Kalscheuer Rainer , Proksch Peter
Published: August 2016

Marine organisms play an important role in natural product‐based drug research due to accumulation of structurally unique and bioactive metabolites. The exploration of marine‐derived compounds may significantly extend the scientific knowledge of potential scaffolds for antibiotic drug discovery. Development of novel antitubercular agents is especially significant as the emergence of drug‐resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains remains threateningly high. Marine invertebrates (i.e., sponges, corals, gorgonians) as a source of new chemical entities are the center of research for several scientific groups, and the wide spectrum of biological activities of marine‐derived compounds encourages scientists to carry out investigations in the field of antibiotic research, including tuberculosis treatment. The present review covers published data on antitubercular natural products from marine invertebrates grouped according to their biogenetic origin. Studies on the structure–activity relationships of these important leads are highlighted as well.