bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Race in the War on Drugs: The Social Consequences of Presidential Rhetoric
Authors: Yates Jeff , Whitford Andrew B.
Published: December 2009

One of the president's main leadership tools for influencing the direction of U.S. legal policy is public rhetoric. Numerous studies have examined the president's use of the “bully pulpit” to lead policy by influencing Congress or public opinion, or by changing the behavior of public agencies. We argue that the president can use rhetoric to change the behavior of public agencies and that this can have important social consequences. We focus on the disproportionate impact of presidential rhetoric on different “target populations” in the context of the War on Drugs. Specifically, we observe that presidential rhetoric had a greater impact on state arrest rates for African Americans than for whites, even when controlling for alternative explanations. These findings suggest that presidential rhetoric is filtered through social constructions of public policy problems when public officials act on them.
Dizziness and vertigo in an older population: the Blue Mountains prospective cross‐sectional study
Authors: Gopinath B. , McMahon C.M. , Rochtchina E. , Mitchell P.
Published: December 2009

Objectives:  We aimed to reassess the prevalence and personal burden of dizziness/vertigo, and to assess the relationship with hearing loss and tinnitus in older adults.

Design:  Prospective cross‐sectional study.

Setting:  Blue Mountains region, west of Sydney, Australia.

Participants:  We examined 2751 of 2956 (aged 50+ years) Blue Mountains Hearing Study participants.

Main outcome measures:  Audiologists screened participants for reported dizziness using a single question. Questions from the Dizziness Handicap Inventory were used to assess the impacts of dizziness/vertigo. Hearing impairment was determined as the pure‐tone average of audiometric hearing thresholds at 500, 1000, 2000 and 4000 Hz (PTA0.5–4 KHz), defining any hearing loss as PTA0.5–4 KHz >25 dB HL. Presence of tinnitus was assessed by a positive response to a single question. Quality of life was measured using the Short Form 36‐item Health Survey (SF‐36). Each SF‐36 dimension was scored from 0 (worst possible health state) to 100 (best possible health state).

Results:  Prevalences of dizziness/vertigo, vestibular vertigo and non‐vestibular vertigo were 36.2%, 10.0% and 14.2%, respectively. Of the dizziness/vertigo reports, 27.7% and 39.3%, respectively, were attributed to vestibular and non‐vestibular vertigo. Tinnitus was associated with dizziness, odds ratio, OR, 1.99 (95% confidence interval, CI, 1.68–2.35). However, hearing loss was not associated with dizziness/vertigo. Participants reporting dizziness/vertigo had lower quality of life scores (P < 0.0001). Participants reporting vestibular vertigo were more likely than those with non‐vestibular vertigo to report higher DHI scale scores or a greater handicap.

Conclusion:  Our findings highlight the burden imposed by dizziness, indicating dizziness/vertigo are important public health care issues.

Clin. Otolaryngol. 2009, 34, 552–556.
Flood damage estimation beyond stage–damage functions: an Australian example
Authors: Middelmann‐Fernandes M.H.
Published: December 2009

A number of factors influence the direct consequence of flooding. The most important are depth of inundation, velocity, duration of inundation and water quality and the interaction of these factors with human society. Although computer modelling techniques exist that can provide an estimate of these variables, this information is seldom used to estimate the impact of flooding on a community. This work describes the first step to improve this situation using data collected for the Swan River system in Perth, Western Australia. Here, it is shown that residential losses are underestimated when stage–damage functions or the velocity–stage–damage functions are used in isolation. This is because the functions are either limited to assessing partial damage or structural failure resulting from the movement of a house from its foundations. This demonstrates the need to use a combination of techniques to assess the direct cost of flooding.
Making Sense of the GFC: Where did it Come from and what do we do Now?
Authors: Harper Ian , Thomas Mike
Published: December 2009

The collapse of the global financial system following the events of September 2008 was unprecedented in its global reach and the response elicited from governments. The Global Financial Crisis has called into question the basic assumption of Efficient Markets Theory that traded financial instruments will always have a market price – indicating that capital markets as well as depository institutions can suffer liquidity crises or ‘runs’ due to asymmetric information. This paper traces the causes and implications of the GFC, focusing especially on the Australian financial system and its regulation. Attention is drawn to the need to review financial sector regulation in light of the GFC in order to rebalance the mix between competition and regulation in financial markets. But the paper also notes the danger of over‐regulation with its potential to stifle innovation and constrain the risk‐allocation function of financial markets.
Burdened by Soviet Legacy, Nations Spar Over Water Rights
Authors: Stone Richard
Published: December 2009

As scientists worry about the prospect of a catastrophic flood from Lake Sarez in the Pamir Mountains (
see main text
), agricultural communities on the plains below face a very different problem: increasing competition for fresh water, a situation that might be eased, experts say, if Lake Sarez could be tapped and its surplus water distributed.
Infection of Cell Lines with Experimental and Natural Ovine Scrapie Agents
Authors: Neale Michael H. , Mountjoy Susan J. , Edwards Jane C. , Vilette Didier , Laude Hubert , Windl Otto , Saunders Ginny C.
Published: December 2009

Mouse bioassay remains the gold standard for determining proof of infectivity, strain type, and infectious titer estimation in prion disease research. The development of an approach using
ex vivo
cell-based assays remains an attractive alternative, both in order to reduce the use of mice and to hasten results. The main limitation of a cell-based approach is the scarcity of cell lines permissive to infection with natural transmissible spongiform encephalopathy strains. This study combines two advances in this area, namely, the standard scrapie cell assay (SSCA) and the Rov9 and MovS6 cell lines, which both express the ovine PrP VRQ allele, to assess to what extent natural and experimental ovine scrapie can be detected
ex vivo
. Despite the Rov9 and MovS6 cell lines being of different biological origin, they were both permissive and resistant to infection with the same isolates of natural sheep scrapie as detected by SSCA. Rov9 subclones that are 20 times more sensitive than Rov9 to SSBP/1-like scrapie infection were isolated, but all the subclones maintained their resistance to isolates that failed to transmit to the parental line. The most sensitive subclone of the Rov9 cell line was used to estimate the infectious titer of a scrapie brain pool (RBP1) and proved to be more sensitive than the mouse bioassay using wild-type mice. Increasing the sensitivity of the Rov9 cell line to SSBP/1 infection did not correlate with broadening susceptibility, as the specificity of permissiveness and resistance to other scrapie isolates was maintained.
Downregulation of a Chitin Deacetylase-Like Protein in Response to Baculovirus Infection and Its Application for Improving Baculovirus Infectivity
Authors: Jakubowska Agata K. , Caccia Silvia , Gordon Karl H. , Ferré Juan , Herrero Salvador
Published: December 2009

Several expressed sequence tags (ESTs) with homology to chitin deacetylase-like protein (CDA) were selected from a group of
Helicoverpa armigera
genes whose expression changed after infection with
H. armigera
single nucleopolyhedrovirus (HearNPV). Some of these ESTs coded for a midgut protein containing a chitin deacetylase domain (CDAD). The expressed protein, HaCDA5a, did not show chitin deacetylase activity, but it showed a strong affinity for binding to chitin. Sequence analysis showed the lack of any chitin binding domain, described for all currently known peritrophic membrane (PM) proteins. HaCDA5a has previously been detected in the
H. armigera
PM. Such localization, together with its downregulation after pathogen infection, led us to hypothesize that this protein might be responsible for the homeostasis of the PM structure and that, by reduction of its expression, the insect may reduce PM permeability, decreasing the entrance of baculovirus. To test this hypothesis, we constructed a recombinant nucleopolyhedrovirus to express HaCDA5a in insect cells and tested its influence on PM permeability as well as the influence of HaCDA5a expression on the performance of the baculovirus. The experiments showed that HaCDA5a increased PM permeability, in a concentration-dependent manner. Bioassays on
Spodoptera frugiperda
and
Spodoptera exigua
larvae revealed that NPV expressing HaCDA5a was more infective than its parental virus. However, no difference in virulence was observed when the viruses were injected intrahemocoelically. These findings support the downregulation of a midgut-specific CDA-like protein as a possible mechanism used by
H. armigera
to reduce susceptibility to baculovirus by decreasing PM permeability.
Regulation of Porcine Endogenous Retrovirus Release by Porcine and Human Tetherins
Authors: Mattiuzzo Giada , Ivol Sabrina , Takeuchi Yasuhiro
Published: December 2009

The risk of transmission of porcine endogenous retrovirus (PERV) is one of the major safety issues in xenotransplantation. Human tetherin, recently described as an antiviral protein able to inhibit the release of enveloped viruses, and its porcine homologue were shown to inhibit PERV release from producer cells, establishing themselves as candidate molecules to suppress PERV production in porcine xenografts by animal engineering.
Proteomic Analysis of Interactions between a Deep-Sea Thermophilic Bacteriophage and Its Host at High Temperature
Authors: Wei Dahai , Zhang Xiaobo
Published: December 2009

The virus-host interaction is essential to understanding the role that viruses play in ecological and geochemical processes in deep-sea vent ecosystems. Virus-induced changes in cellular gene expression and host physiology have been studied extensively. However, the molecular mechanism of interaction between a bacteriophage and its host at high temperature remains poorly understood. In the present study, the virus-induced gene expression profile ofGeobacillussp. E263, a thermophile isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal ecosystem, was characterized. Based on proteomic analysis and random arbitrarily primed PCR (RAP-PCR) ofGeobacillussp. E263 cultured under non-bacteriophage GVE2 infection and GVE2 infection conditions, there were two types of protein/gene profiles in response to GVE2 infection. Twenty differentially expressed genes and proteins were revealed that could be grouped into 3 different categories based on cellular function, suggesting a coordinated response to infection. These differentially expressed genes and proteins were further confirmed by Northern blot analysis. To characterize the host proteins in response to virus infection, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) was inactivated to construct the AST mutant ofGeobacillussp. E263. The results showed that the AST protein was essential in virus infection. Thus, transcriptional and proteomic analyses and functional analysis revealed previously unknown host responses to deep-sea thermophilic virus infection.
EFFECTS OF SOLVENTS AND SURFACE-ACTIVE AGENTS ON PLASTID PHOSPHATIDASE C ACTIVITY
Authors: Kates Morris
Published: December 2009

Large stimulations of plastid phosphatidase C activity were produced by (i) linear aliphatic ethers, ketones, and esters; (ii) mixtures of methanol with ethyl ether, petroleum ether, or benzene; and (iii) anionic detergents. Cyclic ethers, ketones, or esters and also alcohols, aldehydes, halogenated compounds, or hydrocarbons produced relatively small stimulations; cationic or non-ionic detergents produced little or no stimulation. The stimulations produced by linear aliphatic ethers, ketones, or esters varied greatly with the chain length of the hydrocarbon groups attached to the oxygen functional group: in each respective class, the most effective solvents were ethyl ether, n-propyl ketone, methyl pentyl ketone, ethyl butyrate, and butyl acetate. The most probable mechanism for explaining the stimulation effect is concluded to be one which involves adsorption of the stimulating solvents at the surfaces of the lecithin and plastid particles in a manner which makes these surfaces lipophilic and thus mutually attracting.In general water-insoluble solvents (ethers, ketones, esters, hydrocarbons) produced relatively little inactivation of enzymatic activity, while water-miscible solvents (alcohols, cyclic ethers, etc.) were strongly inactivating, especially at high concentrations (60–70%). Anionic detergents were not inhibitory in the concentration range in which they were stimulating (< 0.02 M), but were inhibitory at higher concentrations; cationic detergents were strongly inhibitory at all concentrations.It is concluded that extraction of plant phosphatides without concomitant enzymatic degradation should be possible by the use of i-propanol or n-propanol as solvent.
NEUTRAL FAT OF THE PERIRENAL FAT DEPOTS
Authors: Boyd Eldon M. , Lower Alfred H.
Published: December 2009

The possibility was investigated that perirenal fat depots which have high levels of neutral fat also have high levels of phospholipid and free cholesterol associated with increased ability to actively store fat. Lipid and water levels per unit nonlipid dry weight were measured upon perirenal fat depots in 27 male and 24 female albino rats. Mean levels of water, free cholesterol, and phospholipid were significantly higher in female than in male rats. In perirenal depots containing high levels of neutral fat, (a) weights of the organ were low in females (P = 0.01 to 0.02) but not significantly so in males (P = 0.1 to 0.4), (b) levels of phospholipid were unaffected, and (c) levels of ester cholesterol, free cholesterol, and water were high in both males and females (P < 0.001 to 0.05). The results indicate that storage of increased levels of neutral fat in perirenal fat depots of the albino rat is associated with increased levels of cholesterol, cholesterol esters, and water per unit nonlipid dry weight.
EFFECT OF COLD ENVIRONMENT AND ASCORBIC ACID ON THE RESPIRATORY QUOTIENT OF THE MONKEY (MACACUS RHESUS)
Authors: Dugal Louis-Paul , Fortier Guy
Published: December 2009

Long exposure to mild cold or short exposure to intense cold lowers significantly the R.Q. of monkeys. Pre-exposure for 6 months to mild cold does not seem to affect the drop in R.Q. due to intense cold. Overdosage with ascorbic acid, in all conditions used, does not modify the R.Q.
THE EFFECT OF INGESTED CHLORTETRACYCLINE ON SOME HYDROLASES AND ORGANS ASSOCIATED WITH THE DIGESTIVE PROCESS IN GROWING PIGS: II. PROTEASE, AMYLASE, AND GELLULASE ACTIVITY OF THE CONTENTS OF THE SMALL INTESTINE AND OF THE CECUM; WEIGHTS OF SMALL INTESTINE AND MUCOSA
Authors: Vonk M. A. A. , McElroy L. W. , Berg R. T.
Published: December 2009

Four treatments, involving differences in method of feeding and interval between last feed and slaughter, were employed in a study of the effect of dietary chlortetracycline on protease, amylase, and cellulase activity in the intestinal and cecal contents of 16 pairs of weanling pigs. Most consistent results were obtained with six pairs which were limited pair-fed except for the final feeding during which feed was available ad libitum for a 4-hour period ending 18 hours before slaughter. The mean total activities of all three hydrolases in the contents of the small intestines and of the ceca of the antibiotic-fed animals of these six pairs were significantly greater than in those of the control animals. Expressed as activity per gram dry matter of intestinal contents, significantly higher values for protease and amylase, but not for cellulase, were observed in the pigs that had received chlortetracycline. When the combined results obtained from all 16 pairs of the experimental animals were analyzed, the results showed that on a basis of activity per gram dry matter of intestinal contents, ingested chlortetracycline was associated with significant increases in amylase and cellulase but not in protease activity. Protease, amylase, and cellulase activities per gram dry matter of cecal contents were higher for pigs fed the antibiotic than for their controls. The mean wet weight of the empty small intestine and the mean dry weight of the mucosa scraped from the anterior 3-meter section of the small intestine were lower for the chlortetracycline-fed animals, but the differences were not statistically significant.
THE INTERRELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE PAROTID SECRETION OF THIOCYANATE, IODIDE, AND CHLORIDE
Authors: Ferguson Marion H. , Naimark A. , Hildes J. A.
Published: December 2009

The salivary/serum ratios of both iodide and thiocyanate, which are inversely related to the rate of parotid secretion and which are normally above unity, are depressed by oral administration of perchlorate or thiocyanate but are not influenced by the administration of large doses of iodide. In contrast, parotid chloride concentration is directly related to the rate of secretion, is always lower than the blood concentration, and is not influenced by perchlorate, thiocyanate, or iodide administration.These results indicate that, although thiocyanate, iodide, and possibly perchlorate, but not chloride, may share a common transport mechanism in the parotid gland, this mechanism is easily saturated by thiocyanate and perchlorate but not by iodide.
THE EFFECTS OF TREMATODE INFECTION ON THE PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF THE FROG
Authors: Frank George B.
Published: December 2009

While studies were being performed on the electrical properties of frog muscle, trematode larvae suddenly appeared in the muscles of all the frogs that could be obtained. Further studies using these infected muscles showed that the presence of the parasites had considerably upset the physiological activity of these muscles. The sodium and potassium ion concentrations of both muscle and plasma from infected frogs were found to be considerably higher than values reported for normal frogs. The tendency for the recorded potentials, which were initially low, to reach normal values when the infected muscles were kept in Ringer's solution, plus the increased ionic concentrations found in the infected frogs, indicate that the parasites did not have a direct effect on the muscle fibers. In some manner the parasites seem to have considerably upset the water balance mechanisms of the frog.
MECHANISM OF BIOSYNTHESIS OF MYCELIAL GLUCOSAN FROM PENTOSES BY ASPERGILLUS NIGER
Authors: Sumere C. F. van , Shu Ping
Published: December 2009

The biosynthesis of mycelial glucosan from glucose-1-C14, xylose-1-C14, and ribose-1-C14 by Aspergillus niger was studied. The results indicate that the pentoses were converted to glucose via transketolase, transaldolase, and iso-merase reactions, followed by polymerization to form mycelial glucosan. The difference in labeling of glucose from ribose as compared with xylose suggests that D-arabitol may be involved as an intermediate in ribose metabolism.
A COMPARISON OF THE EFFECTS OF PROXIMAL AND DISTAL TUBULAR DAMAGE ON THE ACTION OF DESOXYCORTICOSTERONE AND ALDOSTERONE
Authors: Nicholson T. F.
Published: December 2009

The proximal tubules of the left kidney in dogs were damaged by the injection of 0.5% racemic sodium tartrate into the left renal artery. In other experiments the distal tubules were damaged by the injection of 0.05% mercuric chloride up the left ureter. In animals with proximal tubular damage, intravenous infusions of desoxycorticosterone or aldosterone which produced a significant drop in sodium excretion from the normal kidney had no effect on the amount of sodium excreted by the damaged kidney. In animals with distal tubular damage the effect of these hormones on the damaged kidney was as great as on the normal kidney.
THE REASON FOR THE SHAPE OF THE DISTENSIBILITY CURVES OF ARTERIES
Authors: Roach Margot R. , Burton Alan C.
Published: December 2009

It is characteristic of arteries that they do not obey Hooke's law, but resist further stretch more strongly, the more they are stretched. It appears that this might be due to the combination of elastin fibers in the elastic laminae, with the much less distensible collagenous libers in the media and adventitia, more and more of which reach their 'unstretched length' as distension is increased. This has been verified on human iliac arteries, from autopsy, by comparing the 'elastic diagrams' (tension vs. circumference) before and after differential digestion of collagen by formic acid, and digestion of elastin by crude trypsin (containing an elastase). This proved that the resistance to stretch at low pressures was almost entirely due to elastin fibers, that at physiological pressures due to both collagenous and elastin fibers, but dominantly to collagen, and that at high pressures almost entirely due to collagenous fibers. In future work on the effect of age on the elasticity of iliac arteries, the initial slope of the elastic diagram can be taken as an index of the state, or number, of the elastin fibers, and the final slope as an index of the state, or number, of collagenous fibers.
THE BIOLOGICAL ASSAY OF CHORIONIC GONADOTROPHIN AND OF THE GONADOTROPHIN OF PREGNANT MARE'S SERUM USING DIETARY ANOESTROUS ADULT RATS
Authors: Pugsley L. I.
Published: December 2009

A satisfactory and convenient method for the biological assay of pharmaceutical preparations of chorionic and pregnant mare's serum gonadotrophin using adult dietary anoestrous rats has been described, and data are presented showing the variations in slope and RD50 during a number of years of experience in the use of the method employing the International Standards of these hormones. The findings of Heard and Winton have been fully confirmed as to the reliability and precision of the method. The suggestion made by Collip, in his early studies, that a satisfactory solution to the biological assay of anterior-pituitary-like hormones may be arrived at by the use of special diets to render the test animal acyclic has been accomplished.
THE PREPARATION OF LECITHIN FROM L-α-GLYCERYLPHOSPHORYLCHOLINE
Authors: Tattrie N. H. , McArthur C. S.
Published: December 2009

L-α-Lecithin (dipalmitoyl) has been prepared from L-α-glycerylphosphoryl-choline by acylation with palmitoyl chloride in anhydrous chloroform in a yield of about 31%. This reaction also gives rise to two by-products having hemolytic activity. One of these, although not yet completely characterized, is chromatographically comparable with lysolecithin formed from lecithin by the action of snake venom lecithinase. The second by-product possessing hemolytic activity but chromatographically different from common lysolecithin was shown to be a monoacyl derivative of L-α-glycerylphosphorylcholine.
CERTAIN METABOLIC EFFECTS OF CORTICOTROPIN, HYDROCORTISONE, PREDNISONE, AND ASPIRIN, IN NORMAL DOGS
Authors: Gaebler O. H. , Glovinsky Rachel , Lees Helen , Vitti Trieste
Published: December 2009

The losses of weight and nitrogen produced by daily doses of corticotropin (20 units), hydrocortisone acetate (15 mg.), and prednisone (10 mg.) were studied in normal bitches receiving a constant amount of food equal to that which before therapy had either maintained weight or permitted it to increase slowly. Loss of weight during therapy was accompanied by a decrease in the difference between water intake and urine volume, regardless of whether water intake rose or fell. Weight was restored fairly soon after cessation of therapy with prednisone, but not after corticotropin or hydrocortisone. The probability that calorigenic effects of these substances were involved is discussed. Aspirin (20 grains daily) increased nitrogen output, but weight, as well as the difference between water intake and urine volume, increased. The pattern of response to each of the compounds, was, in general, quite similar, but varied in detail in different animals or experiments. Effects of applying hydrocortisone ointment to affected areas in a bitch with dermatitis are also recorded. Prompt improvement was accompanied by losses of weight and nitrogen. Other instances in which the local and general effects of a hormone appear to be contradictory are cited.
FURTHER STUDIES ON THE RELATIONSHIP OF GLUCAGON TO THE ALPHA CELL OF THE PANCREAS
Authors: Bencosme Sergio A. , Mariz S. , Frei J.
Published: December 2009

The relationship of the morphology of the alpha cell and the amount of glucagon present in the pancreas of dogs and rabbits treated with drugs reputed to be toxic for the alpha cell has been further investigated. A summary is given of several experiments dealing with the lack of alpha cell damage in several species following the administration of drugs reputed to be toxic for the alpha cell. It is concluded that glucagon is produced by the alpha cell of the pancreas, and that much of the confusion on this subject probably results from a failure to recognize the technical difficulties involved in obtaining accurate morphological definition of the structure of the alpha cell at the time the tissue was excised from the body.
EFFECTS OF VARYING PROPORTIONS OF DIETARY RAPESEED OIL ON THE RAT
Authors: Beare Joyce L. , Murray T. K. , Campbell J. A.
Published: December 2009

Rapeseed oil, corn oil, and mixtures of the two oils containing 5, 10, 20, 40, and 80% rapeseed oil were fed to weanling rats at levels of 10 and 20% by weight of the purified diet. A significant decrease in body weight gains and in food consumptions occurred with the two highest levels of rapeseed oil, that is, 16 and 20% by weight of the total diet. At the same levels there was an increased lipid excretion. Corn oil and rapeseed oil which had been heated to 200 °C. for 120 hours produced no changes in weight gains when fed at the 10% level, but exhibited some growth-retarding effects at the 20% level. At both levels heated corn oil and rapeseed oil increased the liver weight of male rats.
ACCURATE MEASUREMENT OF LIQUID INTAKE OF SMALL ANIMALS
Authors: Gillespie R. J. G. , Lucas C. C.
Published: December 2009

A device is described for the accurate measurement of the liquid intake of small animals. Examples are given of its usefulness in nutritional studies.
LIMITATIONS OF THE IN VITRO PITUITARY INCUBATION SYSTEM AS AN ASSAY FOR ACTH-RELEASING ACTIVITY
Authors: Fortier Claude , Ward Darrell N.
Published: December 2009

The applicability of Saffran and Schally's in vitro pituitary incubation technique to the detection of the ACTH-releasing activity of blood serum fractions, obtained from intact, stressed, adrenalectomized, and stressed–adrenalectomized donor rats, was investigated. The various fractions assayed in this system were found to be markedly active. The activity, which bore no apparent relationship to the physiological state of the donors, was related in part to inhibition of ACTH inactivation, in part to enhanced release of ACTH by the incubated pituitaries. In view of the non-specificity of the observed responses, it is suggested that the increased in vitro release of ACTH may reflect passive leakage of the hormone, as opposed to true secretory activity, and the physiological significance of findings obtained with this method is seriously questioned.
THE ANTILIPAEMIC ACTIVITY OF LAMINARIN SULPHATE
Authors: Mookerjea Sailen , Hawkins W. W.
Published: December 2009

When rabbits were fed a diet containing 1% cholesterol the blood serum levels of neutral fat, phospholipid, free and esterified cholesterol, and β-lipoprotein were greatly increased. After the parenteral administration of laminarin sulphate or of heparin, all these were decreased, and the electrophoretic mobility of the β-lipoprotein was increased. Laminarin sulphate showed qualitatively the same effect as heparin on the hyperlipaemia. There was no clear relationship between the magnitude of dosage of either compound and the degree of its antilipaemic effect.
SOME CONSTITUENTS OF THE URINE OF NORMAL AND SCHIZOPHRENIC INDIVIDUALS
Authors: Acheson R. M. , Paul Rachel M. , Tomlinson R. V.
Published: December 2009

The compounds present in urine pools from schizophrenic and normal male individuals and which give colors with diazotized sulphanilic acid, and which can be extracted with ethyl acetate or eluted with aqueous phenol from charcoal adsorbates, have been compared and a number identified. Of the over 80 compounds detected only three, which do not contribute markedly to the over-all coloring pattern, have appeared uniquely in the three urine preparations from schizophrenics. Urocanic, 2-acetamidobenzoic, and imidazole-4-acetic acid have been chromatographically detected in human urine.
RETICULO-ENDOTHELIAL SYSTEM STIMULATING COMPOUNDS AND THEIR MECHANISM OF ACTION
Authors: Gözsy B. , Kátó L.
Published: December 2009

A series of compounds are described which exhibit therapeutic activity in experimental tuberculosis, acting exclusively on the host. The active compounds (citronellyl acetate, d-limonen, linalyl acetate) induce a local India ink and trypan blue accumulation and also stimulate the macrophages in vitro and in vivo to an increased phagocytic activity. Sera of the animals treated with therapeutically active compounds stimulate the macrophages of normal animals to an increased phagocytosis. A correlation between chemical structure of the reticulo-endothelial system stimulating compounds and the above effects is discussed.
STUDIES ON DEGENERATION OF MYELIN SHEATHS OF NERVES CAUSED BY LONG-ACTING LOCAL ANAESTHETICS INJECTED SUBCUTANEOUSLY INTO GUINEA PIGS
Authors: Maykut Madelaine O.
Published: December 2009

An investigation was undertaken to study the neurological changes induced by preparations of long-acting local anaesthetics and their components on cutaneous nerves, following a subcutaneous injection into the backs of guinea pigs. Some of the materials tested caused generalized inflammatory reactions in the skin and subcutaneous tissue but little specific injury to the nerves; others caused greater degrees of nerve injury, with little inflammatory reaction. In other words, the nerve injury was not due simply to inflammation. Two kinds of nerve injury are apparent: (a) edema, and (b) destruction with Wallerian degeneration, with or without edema. The rate of nerve regeneration appears to determine the duration of anaesthesia, only a few fibers being necessary for the return of sensation. The materials which tend to approach the ideal long-acting local anaesthetic are procaine amide, procaine–nembutal combination product, procaine base, and cyclaine.
THE EFFECTS OF DIETARY ZINC DEFICIENCY ON THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM OF MALE RATS
Authors: Millar M. J. , Fischer M. I. , Elcoate P. V. , Mawson C. A.
Published: December 2009

Dietary zinc deficiency produced by feeding a zinc-poor diet (0.5 μg. zinc per g.) to weanling rats for 8 weeks caused marked retardation in body growth, depressed growth and development of testes, epididymes, accessory sex organs, and pituitary glands, and in many cases severe atrophy of testicular germinal epithelium. The zinc concentration of dorsolateral prostates, testes, epididymes, and bone was reduced in zinc-deficient rats compared with controls receiving the zinc-poor diet plus 100 μg. zinc daily. Restricted feeding of the zinc-supplemented diet to produce body weights comparable to those in zinc-deficient rats caused a reduction in pituitary gland and accessory sex organ size which was similar to that observed in zinc-deficient rats. Testis growth and development were normal in the restricted controls and did not differ from controls fed ad libitum. The zinc concentration of dorsolateral prostates was reduced in restricted controls but exceeded that in the zinc-deficient rats. All the observed changes produced by zinc deficiency except the testicular atrophy were reversed when zinc was replaced in the diet. If testicular atrophy had occurred, neither testis nor epididymis regained normal size, function, or zinc concentration.
ETHYLENE METABOLISM IN TOMATO FRUIT: II. DETERMINATION OF TOTAL AND C14-LABELLED ETHYLENE
Authors: Spencer Mary S.
Published: December 2009

A method has been developed for the determination of the radioactivity from C14-labelled ethylene absorbed in aqueous mercuric perchlorate – ethylene glycol. Counting was done on a liquid sample in a gas flow counter. This procedure was designed for the analysis of C14-labelled ethylene evolved by fruit to which possible ethylene precursors had been administered. Total ethylene could be measured manometrically on the same sample. The manometric procedure permitted analysis for ethylene in quantities evolved by one or two tomatoes or other fruit.
ANAEROBIC GLYCOLYSIS IN BRAIN SLICES AFTER DEPRIVATION OF OXYGEN AND GLUCOSE
Authors: Elliott K. A. C. , Rosenfeld M.
Published: December 2009

If brain slices are deprived of oxygen and glucose while they are incubated in saline medium at 38 °C. the respiratory activity, subsequently determined in the presence of oxygen and glucose, is slowly decreased; the anaerobic glycolytic activity, determined after adding glucose, is very rapidly lost. These effects are prevented if the deprivation occurs at 0 °C.Loss of glycolytic activity does not occur rapidly if the brain is kept in the head at 38° after decapitation nor if slices are kept humid but without suspending medium at 38° in the absence of oxygen.The glycolytic activity of slices which have been deprived of oxygen and glucose in saline medium at 38° can be largely restored by a period of aerobiosis or by merely replacing the medium with fresh oxygenated medium.Addition of pyruvate to the medium stimulates glycolysis by normal slices but not that by deprived slices. The stimulatory effect of pyruvate reappears if the deprived slices are given a period of aerobiosis.It is concluded that the drastic irreversible effects of brief cerebral anemia on brain function cannot be ascribed to irreversible loss of aerobic or anaerobic metabolic activity.
PURINE SYNTHESIS IN SUSPENSIONS OF MUCOSA FROM THE SMALL INTESTINE OF THE RAT
Authors: Paterson A. R. P. , Zbarsky S. H.
Published: December 2009

Suspensions of the epithelial lining of the small intestine of the rat have been shown to be suitable for in vitro studies of the de novo pathway of purine biosynthesis. The mucosal suspensions incorporate radioactive precursors such as formate and glycine into the purines of the soluble nucleotides and the nucleic acids. The relative renewal rates of purines from glycine and formate indicate that the latter is incorporated principally by synthesis as opposed to exchange reactions. The acid-soluble adenine compounds showed the highest renewal rates in this system.
BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON SOCKEYE SALMON DURING SPAWNING MIGRATION: II. CHOLESTEROL, FAT, PROTEIN, AND WATER IN THE FLESH OF STANDARD FISH
Authors: Idler D. R. , Bitners I.
Published: December 2009

The absolute changes in free and esterified cholesterol, fat, protein, and water are discussed for the flesh of standard male and female salmon during the spawning migration. The data were obtained for 12 groups of male and 12 groups of female sockeye representing 216 fish. Fish were caught at three locations: below the entrance to the river, 250 miles up the river, and at the spawning grounds, which were 715 miles from the first sampling station.
THE AMINO ACID REQUIREMENTS OF A PERMANENT STRAIN OF ALTERED UTERINE FIBROBLASTS (U12-705)
Authors: Swim H. E. , Parker R. F.
Published: December 2009

A permanent line of altered human fibroblasts, strain U12-705, was found to require arginine, cystine, glutamine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, tyrosine, and valine for growth in a defined medium supplemented with 2.5% (v/v) dialyzed chick embryo extract and 5% dialyzed horse serum. In the absence of any of the essential amino acids the cells not only fail to proliferate but undergo degenerative changes which increased with time. The omission of alanine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine, hydroxyproline, and proline either separately or collectively does not alter the rate of growth or result in changes in the appearance of the cells. Cysteine and glutathione are equally as effective as cystine in promoting the growth of U12-705. None of the D-enantiomorphs of the essential amino acids will effectively replace the corresponding L-isomer. Single D-amino acids are not inhibitory when added to the medium in 5 times the concentration of the L-amino acid. The minimum concentrations of essential amino acids which permit optimal proliferation under the conditions employed range from 0.005 to 0.5 mM. Essential amino acids with the exception of glutamine, isoleucine, leucine, threonine, and valine are toxic for U12-705 when employed at a concentration of 5 mM. Toxic manifestations vary with the amino acid and range from cytologic changes in the cells without a significant decrease in the growth rate to complete inhibition of growth and extensive cellular degeneration.
STUDIES ON WHEAT PLANTS USING C14COMPOUNDS: VIII. FORMATION OF AMYLOSE AND AMYLOPECTIN IN THE WHEAT KERNEL
Authors: McConnell W. B. , Mitra A. K. , Perlin A. S.
Published: December 2009

Tracer techniques have been used to examine the pattern by which the straight-chain and branched components of wheat starch are laid down in the maturing kernel. The starches were isolated from kernels of wheat plants to which had been administered glucose-1-C14, acetate-1-C14, or acetate-2-C14at different periods of active growth under field conditions. Fractionation of the starches gave amylose and amylopectin and, in addition, a minor fraction of amylopectin, all labelled with carbon-14. Notable differences were found in the specific activity of these starch fractions, and in the distribution of carbon-14 within the monomeric units of samples labelled via glucose-1-C14. These findings indicate that the process of starch deposition in the kernel is not extensively reversible. Amylopectin appears to be formed from amylose, in agreement with current views, and it is suggested that the minor amylopectin component is an intermediate in this conversion process.
STUDIES OF LIGNIN BIOSYNTHESIS USING ISOTOPIC CARBON: VI. FORMATION OF THE SIDE CHAIN OF THE PHENYLPROPANE MONOMER
Authors: Wright D. , Brown Stewart A. , Neish A. C.
Published: December 2009

A number of aromatic compounds having carbon side chains of varying length and substitution have been studied as lignin precursors. p-Hydroxybenzaldehyde was poorly utilized, indicating that the formation of C6,C3units from a condensation of C6,C1, and C2fragments is of very limited significance. The C6,C2compound, mandelic acid, was not converted to lignin. DL-Phenyllactic acid was incorporated into lignin with much lower dilution than either DL-erythro- or DL-threo-phenylglyceric acids, and with appreciably lower dilution than DL-phenylhydracrylic acid, supporting the concept that lignin monomers are formed via 2-hydroxylated phenylpropane intermediates. Wheat utilized the D-form of phenylalanine less readily than the L-form. Although three monocotyledons tested could utilize (+)- and (−)-phenyllactic acid to a comparable degree, two dicotyledons showed a marked preference for the (−)-form, suggesting that in dicotyledons the enzyme system specific for the (−)-form is predominant.
MECHANISM OF ACTION OF THE LACTIC DEHYDROGENASE OF THE MAMMALIAN ERYTHROCYTE: I. INFLUENCE OF INHIBITORS
Authors: Ottolenghi Paul , Denstedt Orville F.
Published: December 2009

This paper pertains to the inhibition of lactic dehydrogenase by substances structurally related to its substrates, pyruvate and lactate. Oxalate, tartronate, and malonate inhibit the enzyme in a competitive manner towards lactate, and in a noncompetitive manner towards pyruvate. Phenoxyacetate causes simultaneous competitive and noncompetitive inhibition towards both lactate and pyruvate. The results obtained lead to the conclusion that, for their activation, pyruvate and lactate react with different sites on the enzyme surface.
THYROTROPHIC HORMONE ACTIVITY IN HYPOPHYSECTOMIZED RATS EXPOSED TO COLD AND RECEIVING ASCORBIC ACID
Authors: DesMarais André
Published: December 2009

Hypophysectomized rats were treated for 5 days with 0.05 unit of thyrotrophic hormone (TSH) daily, with or without administration of 150 mg of ascorbate per day, and either exposed to cold (14 °C) or kept at room temperature (24 °C). No effect of exposure to cold or ascorbate treatment could be observed on the thyroid–TSH relationship. Any effect of ascorbate treatment in these animals appears to be mediated through the circulating thyroid hormones.
SOME PHYSIOLOGIC CHARACTERISTICS OF ESTERS OF CETYL ALCOHOL
Authors: Calloway Doris Howes , Kurtz George W. , Potts Rorert B.
Published: December 2009

Palmitic, oleic, and butyric acid esters of cetyl alcohol were fed to mature rats. Cetyl palmitate was quantitatively excreted in the feces and produced no physiologic aberration. While cetyl oleate was 75% absorbable, it was of little value as an energy source and was partially excreted through the skin. Feeding of cetyl butyrate also induced seborrhea. Data on free fatty acids in gastrointestinal contents and on the specificity of seborrheic lipids indicate that cetyl esters are largely absorbed without hydrolysis, if the fatty acid moiety is readily absorbable, and excreted by way of the skin without modification.
SEPARATION OF THE VALYL-LEUCYL- AND VALYL-GLUTAMYL-POLYPEPTIDE CHAINS OF HORSE GLOBIN BY FRACTIONAL PRECIPITATION AND COLUMN CHROMATOGRAPHY
Authors: Wilson Strathearn , Smith David B.
Published: December 2009

Horse globin has been fractionated into two components by stepwise addition of acid acetone to an acidified globin solution and by gradient elution with urea from a carboxylic-type ion exchange resin at low pH.The components obtained by both methods are similar to those prepared earlier by electrophoresis. They have similar molecular weights (about 16,000) and appear to be present in nearly equal amounts. One has the N-terminal sequence valyl-leucyl- and the other valyl-glutamyl-. They differ electrokinetically and in other properties.
EFFECT OF CENTRALLY ACTING DRUGS UPON MUSCULAR EXERCISE IN RATS
Authors: Jasmin Gaétan , Bois Pierre
Published: December 2009

By means of a modified revolving-cage test, the effect of methylphenidate as compared with other centrally acting drugs has been studied in rats subjected to forced muscular exercise. Methylphenidate increased the performance of trained animals while amphetamine and ibogaine were inefficient. The running ability of untrained rats was also improved by the administration of methylphenidate. All the central nervous depressants tested (e.g., meprobamate, chlorpromazine, and perphenazine) diminished the performance of animals at the dose utilized. This depressive action was counteracted by methylphenidate. Methylphenidate only antagonized perphenazine when the two agents were given in combination, before the animals were exposed to forced muscular exercise.
ESTIMATION OF THYROXINE OUTPUT BY THE THYROID GLANDS OF NORMAL AND ADRENALECTOMIZED RATS BY MEANS OF A SIMPLE COOLING TEST
Authors: Fregly Melvin J.
Published: December 2009

Adrenalectomy, administration of propylthiouracil (PTU), or a combination of these two treatments significantly increased rate of cooling of rats restrained and subjected to air at 5 °C. Propylthiouracil administration increased rate of cooling 55% above that of untreated control rats while adrenalectomy increased rate of cooling 84%. The combination of these two treatments increased rate of cooling 94%. Dead rats cooled 201% faster than control rats. Administration of graded doses of thyroxine to both adrenalectomized PTU-treated rats and to normal PTU-treated rats indicated that 1.9 and 4.4 μg/day of thyroxine respectively was required to return rate of cooling to that of comparable controls. These doses are therefore best estimates of daily thyroxine outputs by thyroid glands of these animals. The results suggest that adrenalectomy is accompanied by diminished thyroid function.
ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF THE FAST-DEATH FACTOR IN MICROCYSTIS AERUGINOSA NRC-1
Authors: Bishop C. T. , Anet E. F. L. J. , Gorham P. R.
Published: December 2009

The fast-death factor in Microcystis aeruginosa NRC-1 is an acidic, probably cyclic peptide containing the following amino acids in the molar ratios indicated: L-aspartic (1); L-glutamic (2); D-serine (1); L-valine (1); L-ornithine (1); L-alanine (2); L-leucine (2). It is possible, although not likely, that one of the residues of glutamic, alanine, or leucine also is in the D-configuration. The toxin, in the form of its sodium salt, was extracted from lyophilized algal cells by water, separated from pigments by extraction into n-butanol, and freed from high-molecular-weight impurities by dialysis. No separation of a single toxic compound could be obtained by countercurrent distribution, chromatography, or electrophoresis in carbonate, acetate, or phosphate buffers. Electrophoresis of the crude toxin on cellulose in 0.1 M borate yielded five peptides one of which was toxic and accounted for 100% of the toxicity present in the crude preparation. The intraperitoneal LD50of the pure toxin for mice was 0.466 ± 0.013 mg/kg body weight.
A COMPARISON OF THE UTILIZATION OF RAPESEED OIL AND CORN OIL BY THE RAT
Authors: Beare Joyce L. , Murray T. K. , Grice H. C. , Campbell J. A.
Published: December 2009

The effects of Golden rapeseed oil and corn oil on weekly weight gains, food consumptions, liver storage of vitamin A, plasma and adrenal cholesterol concentrations, organ weights, and testes histology were determined in Wistar rats for 5 weeks after weaning. At each weekly interval, animals fed rapeseed oil showed lesser weight gains and food consumptions, but, when body weight gains were adjusted for food consumptions by covariance analyses, differences largely disappeared. Liver storage of vitamin A was similar with both oils. Testes of animals fed rapeseed oil exhibited no alteration in cellular characteristics, but a reduction in tubular size. When fed to older rats, rapeseed oil again produced smaller weight gains which were accounted for at 4 weeks' time by a depressed appetite.Similar weight gains were obtained with corn oil and rapeseed oil when the oils were paired fed and when adjustments for food consumption were made by covariance analyses of weight gains of animals receiving the oils ad libitum. With corn oil supplied on a restricted basis the testicular tubules were smaller than those obtained with unrestricted feeding of corn oil. The absorption of corn oil and rapeseed oil fed ad libitum was 95 and 92% respectively. It was concluded that the two oils were not very differently utilized.
THE HEXOSAMINE AND HYDROXYPROLINE CONTENTS OF THE OVIDUCTS OF THE ESTROGENIZED IMMATURE PULLET AND OF THE NORMAL LAYING HEN
Authors: Anastassiadis P. A.
Published: December 2009

Estradiol benzoate, 1 mg per day, plus testosterone propionate, 1 mg per day, were administered to sexually immature pullets for 10 days. The dry matter, hexosamine, and hydroxyproline contents of the hypertrophied oviducts and of their major anatomical parts were in general similar to the corresponding data obtained for the oviducts of mature laying hens. Additional treatment with progesterone, 0.5 mg per day, did not affect in any definite way the weight and dry matter, hexosamine, or hydroxyproline contents of the hypertrophied oviducts of the immature pullets. Additional treatment with progesterone, 1.0 mg per day, significantly depressed the weight and dry matter contents of the hypertrophied oviducts and of their major anatomical parts, except for the vagina.