bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Observations on the Life Cycle of Phytomonas elmassiani (Migone) in East Africa
Authors: VICKERMAN KEITH
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. A leptomonad flagellate found in large numbers in the latex of the asclepiad plant Pergularia extensa in East Africa has been identified as Phytomonas elmassiani (Migone). The flagellate is believed to undergo cyclical development in the lygaeid bug Oncopeltus famelicus which feeds on Pergularia. Following the ingestion of infected latex by the insect, the flagellates on reaching the midgut enter a growth phase and increase in size to form giant leptomonads. These probably then migrate to the salivary glands of the bug, possibly by boring through the gut wall, haemocoel and walls of the salivary glands. The salivary gland forms represent a multiplication phase in the life‐cycle, and numerous small metacyclic forms are produced which are then injected into a plant host to initiate a new infection.

Also infecting the midgut of Oncopeltus famelicus is another trypanosomatid, Blastocrithidia familiaris (Gibbs). It is characterised by the possession of an undulating membrane and the habit of budding off leishmania bodies from its anterior end.

These bodies are resistant and serve in the transmission of the parasite from bug to bug.

The two flagellates of Oncopeltus famelicus are readily distinguished from one another, not only on morphological grounds but also on their behaviour in vitro. B. familiaris can be cultivated on a monophasic glucose‐peptone broth. It then loses its undulating membrane but retains its budding habit. Phytomonas elmassiani will not grow on this medium but when inoculated into a diphasic peptone blood‐agar medium the latex forms will undergo development comparable to their insect midgut phase.

The plant trypanosomatids appear to form a well‐defined group bearing little similarity to the monogenetic insect flagellates of the “crithidia” type. It is suggested that the culture form Strigomonas (=Crithidia) oncopelti, allegedly parasitic in asclepiads and Oncopeltus fasciatus, might be simply an insect parasite, its original plant association being quite fortuitous.
Electron‐Microscopic Observations of Gromia oviformis (Sarcodina).
Authors: HEDLEY R. H. , BERTAUD W. S.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Gromia oviformis from New Zealand has been examined in thin sections after fixing in osmium tetroxide and embedding in methacrylate. The structure of the protein and acid mucopolysaccharide shell and the canals which pass radially through it are described. Multiple honeycomb membranes located between the shell and the cytoplasm, as well as mitochondria and “Golgi bodies,” none of which has hitherto been seen in light microscope studies, are discussed and illustrated. The previously known stercomata and xanthosomes are considered. Though still regarded as enigmatic cytoplasmic inclusions, observations suggest that they are waste products retained within the animal throughout life.
Agar Techniques for Colonizing and Cloning Trichomonads
Authors: SAMUELS ROBERT
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Agar media have been used in plates, Burri tubes, and sealed slide preparations to grow trichomonads as clonal colonies. Periodic observation of slide‐culture colonies confirmed their origin from single organisms as clones. Axenic cultures of Trichomonas vaginalis (3 strains), T. gallinae (2 strains), T. gallinarum (1 strain), Tritrichomonas augusta (5 strains), Trit. foetus (4 strains), Trit. suis (?) (6 strains), Pentatrichomonas hominis (1 strain), and an undescribed porcine form were used successfully. Urinary and vaginal specimens with T. vaginalis were also plated directly from patients. In all trials, organisms were recovered from colonies for broth culture and re‐plating.

Colonies of the two strains of T. gallinae showed constant differences in their growth under the same conditions. Plated T. vaginalis have shown zones of growth inhibition in tests against drug‐impregnated discs.
Le Genre Trimyema Lackey et les Caracteristiques Structurales des Ciliés Trichostomatida
Authors: FAURÉ‐FREMIET E.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The longitudinal kineties of the holotrich ciliate Trimyema marinum each bear only three widely spaced cilia; but these cilia are located at identical horizontal levels so that they comprise three helicoidal ciliary bands running around the anterior pole of the organism. The two kineties whose cilia are found most anteriorad, located in a right dorso‐lateral position on the body, are exceptional, however: they are prolonged anteriorly, bearing numerous short additional cilia.

These two “polykineties” wind clockwise around a kind of apical disc; their distal extremities continue to curve, dipping into a “prebuccal invagination” in which they may be said to constitute a vestibular ciliature.

In spite of its rather unique characteristics, the curious anatomy of this ciliate does conform to the organizational type recognized for holotrichs of the order Trichostomatida.
Excystation of the Poultry Coccidium, Eimeria acervulina
Authors: DORAN DAVID J. , FARR MARION M.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Using intervals up to 5 hours, attempts to excyst sporozoites of Eimeria acervulina from intact oocysts in vitro were unsuccessful.

Examination of crop, gizzard, and intestinal contents of chicks fed large numbers of sporulated oocysts indicated that (1) no obvious change in the oocysts occurred in the crop, (2) a high percentage of the sporocysts were quickly released from the oocysts in the gizzard, (3) the sporozoites escaped from the liberated sporocysts in the duodenum and jejunum, and (4) the action of the digestive juice was apparently on the sporocysts rather than on the oocysts.

In vitro attempts to excyst sporozoites from free sporocysts with various pancreatic preparations in the absence of bile produced low or insignificant percentages of excystation. In the presence of bile, bile salts, and other surface‐active agents, the action of the pancreatic preparations was greatly increased. The heaviest suspension of motile, nonaggregating sporozoites was obtained with 0.25% trypsin 1–300 in 5% chicken bile at pH 7.6.
Fine Structure of the Oral Apparatus of the Gymnostome Ciliate Chlamydodon pedarius
Authors: KANEDA MASAO
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The oral apparatus of the gymnostome ciliate Chlamydodon pedarius is composed of a membranous system, a pharyngeal basket and pharyngeal tube. The membranous system outlines the cytostome; its outer part is connected with the pellicular and sub‐pellicular membranes, forming a circular groove along the outer margin of the cytostome; its inner part bends and extends to the cytopharynx, forming an oral cavity. The membranous system consists of a membrane combining the pellicular and sub‐pellicular membranes and just beneath it is a layer of randomly intertwining filaments about 20 mμ in diameter. The pharyngeal basket is composed of triangular trichites and long ones. They are normally 11 to 13 in number. The triangular trichites are connected with the long ones by fibers. Each of the triangular trichites has a quasi‐conical form, about 1.5 μ in width at its basal portion and about 2.5 μ in height, and is made up of an outer dense sheath and a central less dense part. Each of the long trichites is whip‐shaped and extends into the endoplasm for about 35 μ. They surround the pharyngeal tube, and their posterior ends are gathered into a triangular or a circular form by means of a fiber. Each of the long trichites consists of a bundle of about 700 filaments arranged in an almost hexagonal pattern. Each filament is about 20 mμ in diameter and seems to be linked with others by six fine fibrils. The pharyngeal tube is composed of lamellae about a hundred in number. The lamellae are about 30 mμ in thickness and about 40 mμ apart from each other. The substance of the lamellae appears to be largely‐structureless, although some very fine, short fibrils randomly arranged can be distinguished in longitudinal sections.

It is concluded that the component parts of the oral apparatus may come from different origins. Each of the long trichites composing the pharyngeal basket may originate from about 80 kinetosomes, and the lamellae composing the pharyngeal tube and the membranous system may arise from the sub‐pellicular membrane.
Nucleic Acid Digestion and Macronuclear Form in Cannibal Blepharisma, New York University Strain*
Authors: TULCHIN N. , HIRSHFIELD HENRY I.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Cannibal giant Blepharisma undulans americanus, NYU strain, grown in mass culture, showed increased numbers of macronuclear lobes and greater variability in their number, compared to the bacteria‐fed form. Feulgen and methyl greenpyronin preparations stained both the DNA and RNA of the cannibals and of the ingested forms within the food vacuoles.

During the first 3 to 6 hours of digestion, macronucleus and deoxyribonucleic acid disappear from the food vacuole; during the last 6 hours the ribonucleic acid disappears from the food vacuole; DNA and RNA are therefore presumed to be digested and absorbed.
La Synthèse de l'Acide Désoxyribonucléique au Cours du Cycle de Division de Trypanosoma mega
Authors: STEINERT M. , STEINERT G.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Tritiated thymidine and autoradiographic methods were used to investigate the cyclic DNA synthesis in the culture form of Trypanosoma mega. It was found that the mean generation time of 18.9 hours comprises four successive periods: G1, S, G2 and D. The interphase lasts through the first three. S is the phase of DNA synthesis of both the nucleus and the kinetonucleus (kinetoplast). The cell divides during D, beginning with the division of the kinetonucleus. The respective durations of G1, S, G2 and D are 8.5, 7, 2 and 1.4 hours. The close time relationship between the two DNA synthesizing bodies is considered as bringing support to the old theory of the Binucleates and the possible genetic function of the kinetonucleus is suggested.
A Survey of the Coccidia of Some Wisconsin Sciuridae with Descriptions of Three New Species*
Authors: DORNEY ROBERT S.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Examination of intestinal contents and feces of Wisconsin red squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus) revealed two coccidia, Eimeria tamiasciuri and E. toddi n.sp. In the Eastern chipmunk (Tamias striatus), two species, E. vilasi n.sp. and E. wisconsinensis n.sp. occurred. In the northern flying squirrel (Glaucomys sabrinus), a coccidium resembling E. sciurorum was found.
The Mode of Transmission of the Acephaline Gregarine Parasites of Earthworms
Authors: MILES H. B.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Speculations regarding the mode of transmission of monocystid parasites of earthworms over a period of more than 100 years have never been tested experimentally under controlled conditions. In order to do so a stock of infectionfree Eisenia foetida (Sav.) was raised from cocoons and experimental infections were induced in this host using sporocysts of the gregarine parasites Apolocystis elongata Phillips & Mackinnon 1946, and Nematocystis elmassiani (Hesse, 1909). Experimental infections were obtained by feeding to uninfected worms sporocysts obtained directly from infected host worms. This proved that the intervention of a vector is not a necessary condition of infection. Infections could not be induced by injecting sporocysts through the body wall into the body cavity. Infections are thus probably acquired in nature by the ingestion of sporocysts. Sporocysts do not leave the body of the host by being passed from coelom to lumen of the gut, nor do they pass directly to the exterior through apertures of the body wall. There was no evidence of parasitic autotomy. It is therefore concluded that death and decay of the host is the normal method of dissemination of sporocysts. Sporocysts were not infective after drying in air for three weeks. Other sporocysts lost potency after storage in moist conditions for several months. Infections involving the organisms specified were sporadic and unpredictable; modifying factors, such as variations in host susceptibility and latency in infection, appeared to be operating.
Survival of Tritrichomonas foetus Stored at −28 and −95°C After Freezing in the Presence of Glycerol*
Authors: LEVINE NORMAN D. , ANDERSEN FERRON L. , LOSCH MARJORIE BRAUN , NOTZOLD RICHARD A. , MEHRA KRISHNA N.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Tritrichomonas foetus survived much better on extended storage at ‐95 than at ‐28d̀C following slow freezing in the presence of 1.0 M glycerol. There was no significant difference between these temperatures in survival up to 8 days, but thereafter the protozoa continued to die off slowly at ‐28d̀, whereas their numbers remained essentially constant at ‐95d̀ for 128 to 256 days. The trichomonads' motility was much better after storage at ‐95d̀ than after storage at ‐28d̀, and fresh cultures could be initiated from the former much more readily.

Other constituents of the suspending medium besides glycerol affect the survival of the protozoa upon freezing. Survival was much better when the protozoa were frozen in the original Diamond's trypticase‐yeast extract‐maltose‐cysteine‐ascorbic acid‐serum medium in which they had been grown than when they were frozen in physiological salt solution or in fresh Diamond's medium. There was no significant difference between survival in the latter two suspending media. The speed and time of centrifugation needed to remove the trichomonads from the medium in which they had been grown had no effect on their survival upon subsequent freezing. Presumably some product or products of the trichomonads' metabolism have an additional protective action which supplements that of glycerol.

When frozen in the original Diamond's medium in which they had been grown plus 1.0 M glycerol, an average of 15% of the trichomonads were alive after 128 days' storage at ‐28d̀ and an average of 38% were alive at ‐95d̀C. When frozen in physiological salt solution plus 1.0 M glycerol, these percentages were 8% and 12% respectively.
Terminal Respiration in Trichomonas vaginalis*
Authors: KUNITAKE GEORGE , STITT CLYDE , SALTMAN PAUL
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Trichomonas vaginalis grown aerobically slowly metabolizes glucose‐U‐C14 and succinate‐2,3‐C14 to CO2 and to amino acids which are then incorporated into protein. Analysis of protein hydrolysates from cells grown on glucose‐U‐C14 reveals radioactivity in 15 amino acids. Although the data do not permit a direct interpretation and analysis of the sequence of amino acid biosynthesis, it seems likely that a tricarboxylic acid cycle operates. Attempts to prepare cell‐free systems carrying out cycle reactions have proved unsuccessful.
Erythromycin‐Induced Bleaching of Euglena gracilis
Authors: EBRINGER LIBOR
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Erythromycin bleaches Euglena gracilis in a manner resembling that of streptomycin. Erythromycin‐bleached substrains have been cultivated 16 months in light on erythro‐mycin‐free media without greening. Bleached substrains were obtained only if erythromycin was added to actively growing cultures: erythromycin did not bleach if added during the stationary phase of growth of green cultures.
Studies on Specific Chemicals as Excysting Agents for Pleurotricha lanceolata*
Authors: JEFFRIES WILLIAM B.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Cysts of the hypotrichous ciliate Pleurotricha lanceolata were placed in dilute aqueous solutions of specific chemicals (carbohydrates, vitamins, L‐amino acids, nucleic acids and derivatives, other organic acids and tweens) to assay the effectiveness of these chemicals as excysting agents. It was found that some of the amino acids, deoxyribonucleic acid, ribonucleic acid, and some other organic acids induce excystment at rates equal to or better than the control medium, 0.05% (w/v) aqueous lettuce extract. Preliminary experiments with chelating agents, tri‐ and tetra‐sodium salts of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (Versenol 120 and Versene 100), indicate that they successfully initiate excystment, but support it inadequately thereafter so that most of the organisms die within the endocyst.
Utilization of Glucose by Astasia longa*
Authors: BARRY SUE‐NING C.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. A mutant strain of Astasia longa utilized glucose for growth whereas the parent (J) strain did not. The optimal pH for growth of the mutant with glucose (sole carbon source) was near neutrality; the optimal glucose concentration 0.02 M. Cell‐free extracts or cell homogenates produced C14O2 when incubated in the presence of C14‐labeled glucose. On the other hand, after incubation with C14‐labeled glucose, intact parent cells and their respiratory CO2 showed no radioactivity while the mutant‐strain cells and CO2 produced were active. Dissimilation of glucose‐1‐C14 and glucose‐6‐C14 yielded the same amount of radioactivity in metabolic CO2 in cell‐free extracts of both strains. Of five enzymes assayed, hexokinase, phosphoglucomutase, and lactic dehydrogenase were present whereas glucose‐6‐PO4 dehydrogenase and glucose dehydrogenase were absent in cell homogenates of both strains. Presumably these two strains of A. longa differ in permeability of the plasma membrane. Further tracer and enzyme studies indicated that the Embden‐Meyerhof scheme is the principal pathway of glucose catabolism; the hexose mono‐phosphate shunt and the direct oxidative pathway were either not operating or quantitatively insignificant.
Schizonts and Microgametocytes of Eimeria auburnensis Christensen and Porter, 1939, in Calves
Authors: DAVIS LEONARD REID , BOWMAN GEORGE W.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Schizonts were found in the middle and lower third of the small intestine of two calves killed 12 and 14 days after they had been inoculated with pure cultures of oocysts of Eimeria auburnensis. The schizonts ranged from 78 to 250 μ long by 78 to 150 μ wide (mean 92 by 139.9 μ). They were usually located deep in the lamina propria near the muscularis mucosae instead of in the villi where most schizonts of Eimeria bovis are found. The schizonts of E. auburnensis resembled the previously described large microgametocytes of this species but were distinguishable morphologically and by histochemical stains. The microgametocytes were much larger than previously reported; one measured 91 by 287.5 μ.
Ophryoglena faurei* n. sp. (Ciliata Hymenostomatida Ophryoglenidae) Cycles de Reproduction
Authors: SAVOIE ALBERT
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Ophryoglena faurei is a large ophryoglena distinguished by a long theront, either cylindrical or pearshaped, by a very bulky, often lengthened trophont and by a voluminous tomont.

During fasting, physiological changes cause a secondary and temporary encystment of the theront which lasts for 15–18 days at 18°C. Then the theront becomes globular and cytolyzes. Feeding induces the usual physiological reproductive cycles. Production of 4 and 8 tomites is the result of primary cycles happening before secondary encystment. The secondary cycles induced by feeding of the secondary theront, after its encystment, are characterized by the production of 2 or 4 tomites.

If the theront is fed after being starved for about 10 days the resultant trophont encysts and delivers only one theront. The size of this theront is the more reduced as the starvation of the original theront has been longer. The small theronts are able to attain the original major forms but only after several successive alimental cycles and without any secondary encystment of theronts.
Isospora crotali in the Florida Diamond‐Back Rattlesnake
Authors: BOVEE EUGENE C.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. An isosporan morphologically identical to Isospora crotali (Triffitt), 1925, was found in fecal material from one of six Florida diamond‐back rattlesnakes, Crotalus adamanteus. It is the only coccidian parasite found in a survey of over 200 feral snakes, including individuals from 4 families, 43 genera and 65 species. The endozoic sexual phases of the life‐cycle occur in the epithelial cells of the jejunum of the snake, as does formation of oocyst and sporocyst. Sporozoite formation occurs ectozoically, the sporulation time being 17 hr from onset of sporoplasmic fission, with a range of 13 hr. A survey of the literature indicates that I. crotali is probably the same species as the later described I. dirumpens Hoare, 1933, which has a widespread geographic distribution in diverse species of snakes. Other organisms probably synonymous with I. crotali include I. fragilis, I. laverani, I. lenti, and I. naiae. Reports of isosporan infections in snakes are few, particularly in the feral animals.
Anomalous Serotypes in Tetrahymena
Authors: NANNEY D. L.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Novel serotypes appeared among the F2 progeny of a single cross involving alleles at the H locus. Two of the clones manifesting aberrant types have been subjected to breeding analysis. The aberrant phenotypes disappear at conjugation and have not been recovered in either F1 or F2. Comparable types have not been found again in large scale crosses involving a variety of different H alleles. The basis for the unusual types remains obscure.
Simple Antimetabolites of Vitamin B12*†
Authors: EPSTEIN SAMUEL S. , TIMMIS GEOFFREY M.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Inhibition analyses and reversal studies were made on approximately 300 compounds with the B12‐dependent Euglena gracilis. Examples of competitive B12 antagonism were found among varied structures, including purines—notably 6‐mercaptopurine—pteridines, and nicotinamides. Such compounds bear no structural analogy to the molecule of vitamin B12 and are designated simple B12 antimetabolites, in contrast to the general concept of antimetabolites, which implies close structural analogy between antimetabolite and metabolite. These studies suggest that such simple antimetabolites may act indirectly by interfering with cofactors closely concerned with the utilization of B12, presuming that such cofactors contain purine, pteridine or nicotinamide moieties.
Teratological Chloroplast Structures in Euglena gracilis Permanently Bleached by Exogenous Physical and Chemical Agents*
Authors: MORIBER L. G. , HERSHENOV BETTY , AARONSON S. , BENSKY BARBARA
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Euglena gracilis strain Z rendered permanently apochlorotic by several chemical and physical agents contains bodies similar in size to normal plastids. Some of these bodies contain lamella‐like structures; others contain crista‐like structures. The lamella‐ and crista‐like structures are made up of 2 electron‐dense layers separated by an electron‐lucent layer.

These structures are compared to normal lamellae and it is suggested that apochlorotic cells contain lamellae that lack the thicker, inner electron‐dense layer, or more likely, that the apochlorotic condition prevents two discs from fusing to produce the thicker inner electron‐dense layer which contains the photosynthetic pigments.
The Deoxyribonucleic Acids of Some Protozoa and a Mould
Authors: JONES A. S. , THOMPSON T. W.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Methods have been developed for the isolation of deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA) from Tetrahymena pyriformis, Polytomella papillata, and Aspergillus tamarii. The DNA from these organisms contained adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G) and cytosine (C), and the usual base‐pairing relationship, i.e., A = T; G = C was found. The ratio A + T/ G + C was 2.42, 1.42, and 1.08 for the DNA of the three organisms respectively. 5‐Methylcytosine was absent in all cases.
An Electron Microscope Study of the Spore of a Microsporidian, Thelohania californica*
Authors: KUDO R. R. , DANIELS E. W.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. An electron microscope study has been made of the spores of a microsporidian, Thelohania californica, parasitic in Culex tarsalis. Fresh spores measure 7–9 × 5–6 μ and contain a polar filament which when extruded may reach a length of 150 μ or more. Thus, this is a typical microsporidian spore. The spore is enveloped in a resistant outer membrane. The polar filament is attached to this membrane at the narrow anterior end, runs inward for a distance and is coiled spirally close to the inner surface of the outer membrane. There are 12–14 spiral turns in the majority of the spores. In the anterior five turns the filament is distinctly larger in diameter than in the seven or more posterior coils. The polar filament appears to be tubular, but the lumen is filled partially or completely with material of high electron density. A laminated polaroplast surrounds the basal portion of the filament and extends into the middle and posterior regions of the intrasporal cavity. The sporoplasm is uninucleate and lies in close contact with the polar filament and the polaroplast. There is no polar capsule.
Growth of Astasia longa on Ethanol. I. Effects of Ethanol on Generation Time, Population Density and Biochemical Profile
Authors: BUETOW D. E. , PADILLA G. M.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The colorless flagellate, Astasia longa, grows to high cell densities (5–6.6 × 106 cells/ml) with ethanol instead of acetate as carbon source in a chemically defined medium. The generation time was the same on the two substrates. The dry weight of ethanol‐grown Astasia was 23% higher than acetate‐grown Astasia, largely due to a higher carbohydrate content which offset a reduced lipid content. Protein, RNA, and DNA contents were comparable in the two cases whereas O2 uptake was 17% higher in the ethanol‐grown Astasia. The high population densities on ethanol are examined in terms of these biochemical differences as well as changes in the medium during growth.
Nuclear‐Transfer Studies on Induced Increases in Streptomycin Resistance of Amoeba proteus
Authors: COLE R. J. , DANIELLI J. F.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The responses of a strain of Amoeba proteus to conditions which could give rise to induced increases in resistance to streptomycin have been investigated. An indirect selection method, based on survival time in high concentrations of streptomycin, was devised. All attempts to obtain substrains with enhanced sensitivity or enhanced resistance by indirect methods were unsuccessful. It was therefore concluded that increases in resistance observed as a result of other treatments were likely to be the result of adaptation of a majority of individuals, rather than selection of pre‐existing resistant variants. Direct treatment with regularly increased concentrations of streptomycin led to a 10‐fold increase in resistance of large cultures. Nuclear transfers were made by the de Fonbrune technique to produce resistant nucleus/normal cytoplasm, and normal cytoplasm/resistant nucleus combinations. Examination of the descendants of these ‘crosses’ showed that the resistance was nuclear dependent and not influenced by the cytoplasm. The resistance proved transitory, disappearing slowly during continued culture without further contact with streptomycin.

These results are discussed with reference to possible mechanisms responsible for the increase in streptomycin resistance and its mode of origin.
An African Bat Trypanosome in Stricticimex brevispinosus Usinger, 1959*
Authors: Van Den BERGHE L. , CHARDOME M. , PEEL E.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. A trypanosome of the broad type belonging to the T. megadermae group has been discovered in the insectivorous bat, Hipposideros caffer Sundevall. No new specific name is proposed for the trypanosome. Bugs, Stricticimex brevispinosus Usinger 1959, were found infected with the bat blood forms in the stomach. Development was most active in the hindgut, the metacyclic trypanosomes being found in the rectal ampulla.

Transmission must occur by contamination as is the case for T. lewisi (fleas), T. cruzi (bugs), and T. grayi (Glossina palpalis flies). With this contaminative type of infection now sufficiently established, it is highly probable that all trypanosomes known from Cheiroptera are transmitted in the same way which is classical for the trypanosomes belonging to the T. lewisi group defined by Hoare.
Bile Pigments in Opalinids*
Authors: BROOKES JOHN A. , MOHR JOHN L.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Anuran bile pigments when concentrated in the large intestine at elevated pH levels, may diffuse into the cytoplasm of opalinids, there be reduced to stercobilin and crystallized. Stercobilin crystals persisted unchanged in Zelleriella cultured in vitro for 14 days. No apparent interference with the normal activities of the protozoa was observed.
Lack of Effect of Staphylococcal Toxins on Ciliated Protozoa
Authors: BERNHEIMER ALAN W.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Highly purified α and β toxins of staphylococci, reported by others to be lethal for paramecia and entamoebae, proved harmless to Paramecium caudatum and Tetrahymena pyriformis.
An Electron Microscope Study on Regeneration of Trichocysts in Paramecium caudatum*
Authors: YUSA AYERE
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. A study of regeneration of trichocysts in Paramecium caudatum was made in the electron microscope. Organisms, from which trichocysts were removed en masse with electric current, were allowed opportunity to regenerate their lost organelles before they were prepared for microscopical examination of developing stages.

Thin sections of organisms from various regeneration periods demonstrate clearly the endoplasmic origin and development of trichocysts. The first stage seen is a membrane‐limited, endoplasmic vesicle enclosing an homogeneous mass, the primordium, within which appears a minute, point condensation of greater electron density. This is subsequently elaborated as a closely packed system of linearly oriented fibrous elements (30–50 Å)—the first definitive sign of the presumptive trichocyst. By progressive utilization of the intra‐vesicular primordial matter in association with apparently continuous provision of the building material by extra‐vesicular biosynthetic activity, the form and structure of the juvenile trichocysts recognizable as a system of closely packed, multi‐layered, fibrous sheets become increasingly evident. The basic structural patterns extend also into the now developing tip. Further growth and differentiation involving the transition of its gross shape from oval to oblong effect a second notable morphological transformation: the formation of a dense U‐shaped cortex enclosing a lightly stained center. Full maturation of the trichocyst includes the formation of the cap, disappearance of the limiting membrane, reduction and ultimate loss of the dense cortex with simultaneous assumption of light electron stain homogeneity of the body, and elaboration of the characteristic periodic striation of the tip. These neo‐formative events, which also occur—although with reduced frequency—in normal vegetative forms, in conjugating pairs, and in dividing organisms, are concluded prior to the final positioning of the organelle in the bipolar ciliary meridian.

The implications of these findings are discussed in light of current hypotheses concerning the role of the nucleus and ciliary basal bodies in the genesis of cortical organelles.
Revision of Genus Haplosporidium and Restoration of Genus Minchinia (Haplosporidia, Haplosporidiidae)*
Authors: SPRAGUE VICTOR
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Genus Haplosporidium Lühe, 1900 (=Aplosporidium Caullery & Mesnil, 1899) now contains an incoherent group of about 25 species with spores of very diverse morphological types or with spores unknown. Therefore, such limited revision of the genus as present knowledge permits is proposed. H. scolopli (C. & M., 1899) Lühe, 1900, is selected from the two genosyntypes as type species. An essential generic character is that the anterior end of the spore opens like a lid to provide an orifice for emergence of the sporoplasm. The following nine species are rejected because their spores seem to lack the lid (operculum, clapet): H. mytilovum Field, 1924; H. gammari Van Ryckeghem, 1930; H. aulodrili Jírovec, 1940; H. ecdyonuris Weiser, 1947; H. bayeri Weiser, 1947; H. aselli Pflugfelder, 1948, H. tapetis Vilela, 1950; H. periplanetae Georgevitch, 1953; H. typographi Weiser, 1954. H. chitonis (Lankester, 1885) Debaisieux, 1919, must, in accordance with the law of priority, be put back into genus Minchinia which was created for it by Labbé in 1896 and erroneously suppressed by Debaisieux in 1919. Therefore, its correct name is M. chitonis (Lankester, 1885) Labbé, 1896, and genus Minchinia is restored. The type species of Haplosporidium and Minchinia, H. scolopli and M. chitonis, are deemed to have distinctive characters of generic rank which justify conserving both genera. Species with the lid lying over the orifice, rather than in it, and extending beyond the perimeter of the orifice are transferred from Haplosporidium to Minchinia. The latter then contains eight species: M. chitonis (Lankester, 1885) Labbé, 1896; M. limnodrili (Granata, 1913); M. nemertis (Debaisieux, 1919); M. cernosvitovi (Jírovec, 1936); M. dentali (Arvy, 1949); M. sp. (Sprague, 1954); M. pickfordae (Barrow, 1961); M. costalis (Wood and Andrews, 1962). Left in Haplosporidium, with reservation in the last two cases, are eight species: H. scolopli (C. & M., 1899) Lühe, 1900; H. heterocirri (C. & M., 1899) Lühe, 1900; H. vejdovskyi C. & M., 1905; H. marchouxi C. & M., 1905; H. potamillae C. & M., 1905; H. caulleryi Mercier & Poisson, 1922; H. ascidiarum Duboscq & Harrant, 1923; H. sp. Dehorne, 1935.
Cephaloidophora carpilodei n. sp. and C. pinguis n. sp., Gregarines of a Xanthid Crab in Hawaii*†
Authors: BALL GORDON H.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Carpilodes rugatus from Coconut Island, off the windward side of Oahu, was infected to the extent of 65% with intestinal gregarines. Infection was frequently heavy, especially with the intracellular stages. Two new species of Cephaloidophora are described. C. carpilodei n. sp. showed multiple infections in single host cells; as many as three fully developed trophozoites were found in one intestinal epithelial cell of the mid‐gut. C. pinguis n. sp. was markedly different morphologically from C. carpilodei. In both species, intracellular development was prolonged with eventual production of septate trophozoites larger than the host cell. The gregariousness of the hosts was believed to facilitate intraspecific infection.

Although other species of Xanthid crabs from the immediate vicinity were examined for gregarines, the other host species either were not parasitized or they contained gregarines belonging to species different from those found in C. rugatus. This was true even of host species placed in the same genus. Failure of these parasites of C. rugatus to become established in other species of Xanthids living in such close proximity is evidently due to biochemical or physiological barriers in the latter forms.
On the Mechanism of Ameboid Movement*
Authors: RINALD ROBERT A. , JAHN THEODORE L.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Current theories for explaining movement in Amoeba are the contraction‐hydraulic and the fountainstreaming theories. The first assumes that plasmasol is pushed by hydraulic pressure developed by contraction of posterior gel. The second assumes that plasmasol is pulled by a condensation process at the anterior end of the gel tube. By means of time exposures (5–10 seconds) under dark‐field illumination it has been possible to obtain direct photographic traces of the movement of particles of the sol and of the gel. These demonstrate that: 1) Some advancing pseudopods display no background movement of particles at the tip. 2) Some granules move straight to the very tip in the central portion of an advancing pseudopod, and do not curve to either side until later. 3) In one withdrawing pseudopod, all of the granules of the gel moved simultaneously inward and perpendicularly to the flowing plasmasol along the entire length of the pseudopod. 4) In the anterior portion of the pseudopod the large granules of the gel may move forward. Furthermore, 5) There is a general anteriorly directed fluid flow detectable by observation of very fine granules through the interstices of the gel tube and also through the hyaline ectoplasm. 6) There is a forward flow throughout the entire cross section of the anterior portion of an advancing pseudopod, namely gel, interstices of the gel, sol, ectoplasm, and plasmalemma. It is concluded that the fountain‐streaming theory is incompatible with the above facts, and that these can be explained by the contraction‐hydraulic theory.
Life‐Cycle of Trypanosoma conorhini. Influence of Temperature and Other Factors on Growth and Morphogenesis
Authors: DEANE MARIA P. , KIRCHNER ELFRIEDE
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. In continued observations on the in vitro growth and multiplication of the bloodstream trypanosome stage of Trypanosoma conorhini, a better medium was found for cultivating these forms at 37°C, but no subcultures could be obtained. The infectivity for mice of the blood type trypanosomes grown in vitro was comparable to that of the metacyclic trypanosomes. The only reproducing forms of T. conorhini found in the vertebrate were in the trypanosome stage.

It was also found that the in vitro reversion of the bloodstream trypanosome into crithidia, such as occurs in the invertebrate host and in the usual diphasic culture medium, is dependent on at least two factors: if incubated at 25–28° reversion did not occur in any of the liquid media tried (all containing blood serum and hematin or hemoglobin), unless total blood was part of the inoculum or washed red blood cells were added to the media; on the other hand, no reversion was seen, even in the presence of red blood cells if the cultures were incubated at 37°.
The Biology of Trypanosoma ranarum (Lankester, 1871). III. Localization of Acid and Alkaline Phosphatases in Flagellates Grown at Different Temperatures*
Authors: LEHMANN DONALD L.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Alkaline (pH 8.4) and acid (pH 5.4) phospha‐tases were demonstrated in the cytoplasm of culture forms of Trypanosoma ranarum by the naphthol‐AS methods. The enzymes were in both slender and pear‐shaped flagellates, and variaticn of incubation temperature (10°, 31° and room temperature) did not adversely influence the appearance of the chromogenic granules. Enzyme determinations by sulfide methods indicated that alkaline phosphatase was concentrated in the nuclear area. Acid phosphatase could not be found by this method.
Attempted Passive Immunization of Young Calves Against Eimeria bovis
Authors: Fitzgerald Paul R.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Two experiments attempted to produce passive immunity against Eimeria bovis coccidiosis in Holstein‐Friesian calves. Immune serum concentrated by a freezing technique, or serum globulin obtained by a precipitating technique from immune calves, was injected intravenously or intraperitoneally into young calves. Four calves received concentrated immune serum injected intravenously on the day of oral inoculation with sporulated oocysts and again 7 and 14 days later. Four calves were given intravenous injections with some of the same serum on the 7th and 14th days after inoculation and 4 others were given a single similar injection with the same serum 14 days after inoculation.

Three calves in a second experiment received intraperitoneal injections of serum globulins in increasing amounts every 3 days for 2 weeks. The calves were then orally inoculated with sporulated oocysts one week after the last globulin injection. Some calves receiving immune serum had an anaphylactoid reaction characterized by increased respiration rate, dyspnea, coughing, and salivation; however, all affected calves recovered spontaneously within 2 hours. Calves receiving serum globulin had no reactions.

Coccidiosis developed in all of the calves in spite of the injection of immune serum or globulin presumed to carry the immune factor. There was no detectable difference in the rate of oocyst discharge or in clinical symptoms between treated and control calves; therefore, no evidence of passive immunity was observed.
Aspects of Marine Dinoflagellate Nutrition Measured by Cu Assimilation*
Authors: Gold Kenneth
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. A rapid and sensitive method for determining the nutritional requirements of marine phytoflagellates in axenic culture is described. C14 assimilation (added as NaHC14O3) was used as a measure of response to minimal concentrations of nutrients and for studying the effects of osmotic changes on cells. The results demonstrated that Glenodinium halli Freudenthal & Lee required B12, was stimulated by thiamine, and that it is a euryhaline species. The applications and advantages of this technique in nutritional studies and bioassays are discussed.
Coccidia (Eimeria) from the Prairie Dog, Cynomys ludovicianus ludovicianus, in Northern Colorado*
Authors: Vetterling John M.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. In a survey of the coccidia of prairie dogs in northern Colorado, Eimeria ludoviciani sp. n. was found in 45, Eimeria larimerensis sp. n. in 3, and Eimeria cynomysis Andrews, 1928 in 1 of 86 black‐tailed prairie dogs, Cynomys ludovicianus ludovicianus.
Ultrastructure of Lamblia duodenalis. I. Body Surface, Sucking Disc and Median Bodies
Authors: Cheissin E. M.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The body surface, sucking disc and median bodies of Lamblia duodenalis have been studied on ultrathin sections in the electron microscope. The body is covered by a pellicle, displaying a striated structure in the area of the sucking disc. The striation is due to 150 Å thick dense ridges which are spaced in distances of 200–400 Å. The ridges are formed by the internal pellicular membrane and have a triangular cross section with a very dense apex. They are arranged concentrically and run parallel to the surface of the sucking disc lobes. Anteriad to the nuclei in the median line a space is free of ridges. The margin of the sucker is elevated above the body forming a sharp crest of the ridged pellicle.

This crest is the inner wall of a marginal groove delimiting the sucker from the body. The outer margin is circumscribed by a fold in the body tapering to the posterior end. A ventral groove containing the two ventral flagella lies in the median line. The movement of the ventral flagella pushes the medium through the marginal and ventral grooves thus producing vacuum in the sucker area.

The median bodies are composed of numerous 150 Å thick tubular fibrils. They differ in their ultrastructure from the parabasal apparatus in other flagellates and have nothing in common with the kinetoplasts. Their functional significance awaits elucidation.
Cytology of Conjuǵation in Paramecium multimicronucleatum, Syngen 2, Stock 11*
Authors: BARNETT AUDREY
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Studies at successive stages were made to provide a basis for genetic work and to reexamine some unique features in Landis' account. All micronuclei undergo two prezygotic divisions (meiotic), but only the nucleus in the paroral cone in each animal undergoes the third division (mitotic) yielding the male and female pronuclei. Double fertilization results from each mal pronucleus migrating to fuse with a stationary female pronucleus. During the three postzygotic nuclear divisions the conjugants separate. The eight nuclear products in each exconjugant differentiate into four macronuclear anlagen and four micronuclei. The micronuclei divide at each cell division; the macronuclear anlagen are segregated normally two to each fission product of the first cell division and one to each of the second fission products. Thereafter these new macronuclei divide (amitotically) at each cell division. The original macronucleus spins out and fragments. These pieces of the old macronucleus are passively segregated at each cell division. The unique features reported by Landis are not found in stock 11. Genetic implications are that following cross‐fertilization, the two exconjugant clones should be identical in phenotype for traits under direct genic control. Any trait, however, under the control of differently determined macronuclei should follow the segregation of the macronuclear anlagen at the second cell division.
Incidence of Antiprotozoal Substances in Aspergillaceae
Authors: EBRJNGER L. , BALAN J. , NEMEC P.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The incidence of antiprotozoal antibiotics in 227 cultures of Aspergillaceae isolated from soil samples from China and Czechoslovakia as tested against 7 species of protozoa is presented, revealing a relatively high incidence of substances specifically active against various protozoa. The method described can be used to screen for antiprotozoal antibiotics. The high specificity of the antiprotozoal activity of the substances produced indicates the importance of using the pathogen itself and not “model organisms” in screening new antiprotozoal antibiotics.
Morphological and Taxonomic Studies on Mammalian Trypanosomes. X. Revision of the Systematics
Authors: HOARE CECIL A.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Previous attempts to dismember the genus Trypanosoma, by creating additional genera or subdividing it into subgenera, failed to gain acceptance, but, in the case of mammalian trypanosomes, the arrangement of species into informal groupings found more general recognition. However, as subordinate groups tend to multiply with advances in our knowledge, the classification of these trypanosomes threatens to become too unwieldy. It is therefore proposed to give assemblages of allied species a formal taxonomic status, by subdividing the genus Trypanosoma into subgenera, corresponding to previous minor groupings, but retaining the two major sections. The subgenera and their type‐species are as follows:

A. Section STERCORARIA, with 4 subgenera:

1. Megatrypanum subgen.n.: Trypanosoma (Megatrypanum) theileri; 2. Herpetosoma Doflein: Trypanosoma (Herpetosoma) lewisi; 3. Schizotrypanum Chagas: Trypanosoma (Schizotrypanum) cruzi; 4. Endotrypanum Mesnil & Brimont: Trypanosoma (Endotrypanum) schaudinni.

B. Section SALIVARIA, with 4 subgenera:

5. Duttonella Chalmers: Trypanosoma (Duttonella) vivax;

6. Nannomonas subgen.n.: Trypanosoma (Nannomonas) congolense; 7. Pycnomonas subgen.n.: Trypanosoma (Pycnomonas) suis; 8. Trypanozoon Lühe: Trypanosoma (Trypanozoon) brucei.
Electron Microscope Observations on Spore Formation in the True Slime Mold Didymium nigripes
Authors: SCHUSTER FREDERICK
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Developing and mature sporangia of the true slime mold Didymium nigripes were studied with the electron microscope to follow the course of spore formation. The sporangium forms from the plasmodium as a protoplasmic bleb which differentiates into a stalk and an apical sphere containing a mass of protoplasm. Nuclei within this protoplasmic mass undergo synchronous division (presumably meiosis). The division spindle forms within the nuclear membrane which is retained intact throughout the division; centrioles have not been observed at the spindle poles. At the same time the nuclei are dividing, the protoplasm cleaves to give ultimately uninucleate spheres—the incipient spores. Capillitial threads come to lie in the furrows created by the cleaving protoplasm. A wall consisting of an inner thick component and an outer thin component forms about each sphere. Cyto‐chemical tests suggest that the inner wall of the spore is cellulose‐containing and that the outer component might contain chitin.
Four New Species of Myxosporidia from the Indian Fresh Water Fish Ophicephalus punctatus Bloch
Authors: BHATT V. S. , SIDDIQUI WASIM A.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Four new species of Myxosporidia have been described from Ophicephalus punctatus, a fresh water fish of North India: Myxobolus aligarhensis n. sp., M. ophicephali n. sp., Unicauda basiri n. sp., and Henneguya zahoori n. sp. Observations have been made on some stages of their life‐cycle other than the spores.