bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
812 PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH PROTEIN 1/PROGRAMMED DEATH LIGAND 1 AND HLA-CLASS I ARE POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC TARGETS IN ESOPHAGEAL NEUROENDOCRINE CARCINOMA
Authors: Masthita Satoshi Ya , Abe Hiroyuki , Yamashita Hiroharu , Yagi Koichi , Seto Yasuyuki , Ushiku Tetsuo
Published: September 2021

Esophageal neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC) is a rare and aggressive subtype with a poor prognosis.

Pembrolizumab was recommended for the treatment of PD-L1 positive tumors in esophageal cancer and the combined positive score (CPS) was reported to be a better predictor of efficacy compared to the tumor proportion score (TPS).

We investigated the expression profile of potential therapeutic targets (PD-L1, HLA class I, Mismatch repair (MMR) proteins) and tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in esophageal NEC.

Methods

15 NECs of the esophagus including mixed neuroendocrine-non-neuroendocrine neoplasm (MiNEN) with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) component were investigated in the study. The expression of PD-L1 (quantitatively evaluated by CPS and TPS), HLA class I, and MMR protein expression were examined immunohistochemically. TIL abundance was examined semiquantitatively by observation of H&E slides.

Results

Nine (60%) showed a CPS ≥ 1, five (33%) showed a CPS ≥10, and five cases showed a TPS ≥1. Survival analysis showed a significantly longer overall survival in the CPS ≥1 group than in the CPS <1 group. Deficiency of MMR protein was not observed in any cases. HLA-Class I expression was retained in 10 (67%), and loss of HLA-Class I was significantly correlated with frequent lymph node metastasis, high TNM Stage, and low TIL. Three showed both PD-L1 CPS ≥ 10 and high TIL.

Conclusion

In esophageal NEC, PD-L1 positivity and preserved HLA-Class I expression were frequently observed, and PD-L1 CPS ≥ 1 was significantly associated with the better prognosis of esophageal NEC. Therefore, the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway and HLA-class I are thought to be potential therapeutic targets in esophageal neuroendocrine carcinoma.
831 VIDEO PRESENTATION LAPAROSCOPIC PARA-CONDUIT HERNIA REPAIR AFTER MINIMALLY INVASIVE ESOPHAGECTOMY
Authors: Tay K , Teng T , Aung M
Published: September 2021

The para-conduit hernia is a rare occurrence post minimally invasive esophagectomy. We present a case of asymptomatic para-conduit hernia diagnosed via surveillance CT scan and repaired successfully via a laparoscopic approach.

Methods

N/A.

Results

N/A.

Conclusion

N/A.

Video

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1v6ePGYbLe6BtI6l6B0nOaihLtXv6Mk-S/view?usp=sharing.
833 CLINICAL PATHWAY DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF CHYLE LEAK FOLLOWING OESOPHAGECTOMY: THE OXFORD EXPERIENCE
Authors: Mastoridis S , Zanna A , Owen R , Antonowicz S , Sgromo B
Published: September 2021

Thoracic chyle leakage is a major and frequently encountered complication following oesophagectomy. The incidence of chyle leakage depends on the definition used and been reported to be as high as 20% among patients undergoing oesophagectomy. The sequalae can be severe and include hypovolemia, electrolyte disturbance, malnutrition, immune suppression, and increased mortality, thereby making prompt diagnosis and optimum management essential. Nevertheless, controversy remains surrounding the nature and timing of interventions.

Methods

Retrospective audit was performed of 227 consecutive patients undergoing oesophagectomy between October 2014 and April 2018 at the Oxford Oesophagogastric Centre. Following pathway implementation, data are being prospectively collected along with surveys of the experience and satisfaction of stakeholders.

Results

Chyle leak was treated in 29 (12.8%) post-operative patients. Females were over twice as likely to be treated for chyle leak (OR 2.31, P = 0.042), while age and length of operation showed no association. Chyle leak was associated with a failure to complete the ERAS pathway (P = 0.005), an increased length of stay (P = 0.0001) with the median length of stay being 4 days greater among the chyle leak group, and increased rates of readmission (P = 0.032).

Conclusion

Our data highlight the significant morbidity associated with thoracic chyle leakage. Upon review of best available evidence, a clinical pathway was developed for the early diagnosis and standardised management of chyle leak (Figure 1). The goal of the pathway is that patients achieve predetermined outcome within a specified time frame. Here we present our development and experience of the Oxford Oesophagogastric Chyle Leak Pathway and describe the particular challenges and interim outcomes of its implementation.
99 ESOPHAGECTOMY FOR THE PATIENTS WITH SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA OF THE ESOPHAGUS AFTER ALLOGENEIC HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION
Authors: Kato Fumihiko , Daiko Hiroyuki , Kanamori Jun , Inamoto Yoshihiro , Fukuda Takahiro , Hayashi Koji , Tachimori Yuji , Koyanagi Kazuo
Published: September 2021

The number of long-term survivors after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) has increased recently. Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma occurs at a particularly high incidence as a secondary cancer after HSCT. However, standard treatment for these patients has not been established yet. The objectives of this study were to investigate outcomes of esophagectomy for esophageal carcinoma developed in HSCT patients, and to provide the appropriate perioperative management.

Methods

Ten HSCT patients underwent esophagectomy for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma between December 2007 and September 2017. The surgical outcomes and long-term prognosis of these patients were reviewed retrospectively.

Results

In the former group, 5 of the 7 patients (71.4%) developed pneumonia after esophagectomy, with two of them requiring intubation because of respiratory failure. None of the three patients of the latter group, who received broad-spectrum antibiotics for more than 7 days after the surgery, developed any postoperative complications. The estimated survival probability of these patients at 5 years after the surgery was 53.3%.

Conclusion

HSCT patients have an extremely high risk of developing pneumonia after esophagectomy, and the condition can easily become serious. Therefore, broad-spectrum antibiotics should be administered prophylactically to prevent severe pneumonia during the perioperative period in these patients.
Rehabilitating the ELT conditional system
Authors: Burton Graham
Published: September 2021

The commonly used categorical system for conditionals (zero, first, second, and third) has been repeatedly demonstrated to be inadequate because it is unable to account for many conditional types attested in actual usage. ELT coursebooks and pedagogic grammars are criticized for ignoring the evidence and persisting with its use, but the reality appears to be that, from the point of view of syllabus designers and materials writers, the usefulness and practicality that the system offers outweighs any concerns related to its accuracy. This paper attempts to resolve this tension by showing how the existing system can be improved rather than simply abandoned. It proposes a revised categorization system that better reflects the reality of conditional usage and takes into account evidence on how learners’ knowledge of conditional forms expands and develops as they progress through proficiency levels, but that nonetheless can be practically employed in multi-level teaching materials and courses.
Distance as explanatory factor for sexual health centre utilization: an urban population-based study in the Netherlands
Authors: Twisk Denise E , Meima Bram , Nieboer Daan , Richardus Jan Hendrik , Götz Hannelore M
Published: September 2021

Background

The central sexual health centre (SHC) in the greater Rotterdam area in the Netherlands helps finding people unaware of their STI/HIV status. We aimed to determine a possible association between SHC utilization and travel distance in this urban and infrastructure-rich area. Insight in area-specific utilization helps adjust outreach policies to enhance STI testing.

Methods

The study population consists of all residents aged 15–45 years in the greater Rotterdam area (2015–17). We linked SHC consultation data from STI tested heterosexual clients to the population registry. The association between SHC utilization and distance was investigated by multilevel modelling, adjusting for sociodemographic and area-specific determinants. The data were also stratified by age (aged < 25 years) and migratory background (non-Western), since SHC triage may affect their utilization. We used straight-line distance between postal code area centroid and SHC address as a proxy for travel distance.

Results

We found large area variation in SHC utilization (range: 1.13–48.76 per 1000 residents). Both individual- and area-level determinants determine utilization. Travel distance explained most area variation and was inversely associated with SHC utilization when adjusted for other sociodemographic and area-specific determinants [odds ratio (OR) per kilometre: 0.95; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.93–0.96]. Similar results were obtained for residents <25 years (OR: 0.95; 95% CI: 0.94–0.96), but not for non-Western residents (OR: 0.99; 95% CI: 0.99–1.00).

Conclusions

Living further away from a central SHC shows a distance decline effect in utilization. We recommend to enhance STI testing by offering STI testing services closer to the population.
Hyperosmotic medium partially restores the growth defect and the impaired production of sterigmatocystin of an Aspergillus nidulans ΔpmtC mutant in a HogA-independent manner
Authors: Le Thi Huynh Tram , Le Thy Nhan , Yoshimi Akira , Abe Keietsu , Imanishi-Shimizu Yumi , Shimizu Kiminori
Published: September 2021

The protein O-mannosyltransferase catalyzes O-mannosylation in the endoplasmic reticulum by transferring mannose to the seryl or threonyl residues of substrate proteins. We previously reported a deletion mutant of O-mannosyltransferase C (ΔpmtC) in Aspergillus nidulans with impaired vegetative growth and sterigmatocystin (ST) production. In this study, we investigated whether osmotic conditions contribute to the developmental processes and ST biosynthesis of the ΔpmtC deletion mutant. We found that hyphal growth and ST production partially improved in the presence of NaCl, KCl or sorbitol as osmotic stabilizers. Conidiation of the ΔpmtC deletion mutant was not restored under osmotic stress conditions when the hogA gene was deleted. The hogA gene encodes a protein required for the cellular response to osmotic pressure. However, the yield of ST and the vegetative growth of the ΔhogA ΔpmtC double deletant was restored by high osmolarity in a HogA-independent manner.
Absence makes the mind grow stronger – Educating in a pandemic and beyond
Authors: Fahnert Beatrix
Published: September 2021

With more than one academic year into the pandemic, it is timely to consider the lessons we learnt, and how they could shape education in the future. Papers from around the globe, reflecting on the directions we took and could take, were published in the FEMS Microbiology Letters virtual Thematic Issue ‘Educating in a pandemic and beyond' in October 2021. Its content is reviewed here to facilitate discussions within the professional community. Online platforms and tools, that allowed a rapid emergency response, are covered, as well as enhancing student engagement, complementing and blending in-person activities with online elements for more flexible and accessible learning opportunities, the need for educator training, and improving science literacy overall and microbiology literacy specifically. As we go forward, in order to benefit from blended and flexible learning, we need to select our approaches based on evidence, and mindful of the potential impact on learners and educators. Education did not only continue during the pandemic, but it evolved, leading us into the future.
Forest Fragmentation Slows the Decomposition of Coarse Woody Debris in a Subtropical Forest
Authors: Wu Chunsheng , Shu Chunjie , Zhang Zhijian , Li Yanyan , Zhang Yi , Liu Yuanqiu
Published: September 2021

Forest fragmentation is increasing rapidly around the world, and edge effects caused by fragmented forests can influence ecosystem functions and ecological processes, including coarse woody debris (CWD) decomposition. Understanding the influencing mechanisms of edge effect on CWD decomposition is needed to assess the effects of forest fragmentation on carbon cycling and storage. We measured rates of mass loss of CWD of Cinnamomum camphora (L.) Presl. and Pinus taiwanensis Hayata over two years at two distances (0−5 m versus 60 m) from a forest edge at two altitudes (215 and 1,400 m a.s.l.), in a subtropical forest. In addition, we determined the microbial community of each CWD segment and the soil beneath via phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs). Mass loss of CWD 60 m from the forest edge was 15% greater than that at the edge (0–5 m). Mass loss was positively correlated with the abundance of microbial and fauna community and moisture content of the decaying CWD. Distance from edge explained 17.4% of the total variation of the microbial abundance in CWD. The results indicate that the reduced abundance of microbial and fauna communities and moisture content at forest edges influenced rates of decomposition of CWD. Long-term experiments with more tree species and more forest types are needed to better assess edge effects generally.
The molecular architecture ofDrosophila melanogasterdefense againstBeauveria bassianaexplored through evolve and resequence and quantitative trait locus mapping
Authors: Shahrestani Parvin , King Elizabeth , Ramezan Reza , Phillips Mark , Riddle Melissa , Thornburg Marisa , Greenspan Zachary , Estrella Yonathan , Garcia Kelly , Chowdhury Pratik , Malarat Glen , Zhu Ming , Rottshaefer Susan M , Wraight Stephen , Griggs Michael , Vandenberg John , Long Anthony D , Clark Andrew G , Lazzaro Brian P
Published: September 2021

Little is known about the genetic architecture of antifungal immunity in natural populations. Using two population genetic approaches, quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping and evolve and resequence (E&R), we explored D. melanogaster immune defense against infection with the fungus Beauveria bassiana. The immune defense was highly variable both in the recombinant inbred lines from the Drosophila Synthetic Population Resource used for our QTL mapping and in the synthetic outbred populations used in our E&R study. Survivorship of infection improved dramatically over just 10 generations in the E&R study, and continued to increase for an additional nine generations, revealing a trade-off with uninfected longevity. Populations selected for increased defense against B. bassiana evolved cross resistance to a second, distinct B. bassiana strain but not to bacterial pathogens. The QTL mapping study revealed that sexual dimorphism in defense depends on host genotype, and the E&R study indicated that sexual dimorphism also depends on the specific pathogen to which the host is exposed. Both the QTL mapping and E&R experiments generated lists of potentially causal candidate genes, although these lists were nonoverlapping.
Impact of socio-economic characteristics on energy consumption behaviors of suburban rural residents: evidence from on-site surveys in the Guanzhong Plain of China
Authors: Liu Xiaojun , Zhang Min , Luo Xi , Wang Peng , Mu Ting , Ming Hui , Hu Deze , Zhao Tianliang , Yang Yanzi
Published: September 2021

Traditionally, residents in rural areas of Guanzhong Plain used to burn bulk coal for cooking and space heating, creating serious environmental challenges. With the stable development of rural economy in China, more and more rural residents have begun to adopt clean and green energy consumption mode, starting from suburban rural areas. Therefore, the energy consumption behaviors of residents in suburban rural areas exhibit the dual characteristics of urban and rural energy consumption. This study conducted an on-site survey of energy consumption behaviors of residents and their influencing factors in typical suburban rural areas in the Guanzhong Plain. A total of 554 valid questionnaires were obtained in this investigation, which were used to assess the behaviors and habits of local residents with respect to different energy consumption activities, such as cooking, space cooling/heating, laundry, etc. The results showed that the energy consumption behaviors of residents in investigated suburban rural areas were different from either traditional Chinese rural areas or typical Chinese urban areas, in terms of energy type and usage habits. The two most significant household characteristics affecting energy consumption behavior are income level and family structure.
Plasma cell generation during T-cell-dependent immune responses
Authors: Ise Wataru , Kurosaki Tomohiro
Published: September 2021

Plasma cells are terminally differentiated from activated B cells and are specialized for secreting antibodies, which are essential effector molecules in humoral immunity to neutralize invading pathogens. Upon challenge with T-cell-dependent antigens, plasma cells can be generated during the primary extrafollicular response, the germinal center (GC) response or the secondary memory response. Recent studies have revealed that plasma cell generation is regulated not only by several key transcription factors but also by epigenetic modifications. In addition, the differentiation of GC B cells toward a plasma cell fate is associated with affinity for antigens and is determined by the strength of contact with T follicular helper cells.
Nonpharmacologic Management of Procedural Pain in Pediatric Burn Patients: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials
Authors: Gillum Matthew , Huang Samantha , Kuromaru Yuki , Dang Justin , Yenikomshian Haig A , Gillenwater T Justin
Published: September 2021

Pain following burn injury is associated with long-term health consequences in the pediatric population. Literature suggests nonpharmacologic treatment may provide improved pain control as an effective adjunct for these patients. This study aims to summarize randomized controlled trials on nonpharmacologic procedural pain management in pediatric burn patients. A systematic review was conducted on nonpharmacologic procedural pain management techniques used in the pediatric burn population. Fifteen studies were included and involved virtual reality, distraction devices, child life therapy, directed play, digital tablet games, cartoons, hypnosis, and music therapy. Treatment was effective in 8 out of 15 studies. Compared to controls, nonpharmacologic treatments reduced mid procedure pain by 19.7% and post-procedure pain by 20.1%. This study demonstrates that nonpharmacologic therapy can be an effective adjunct in pediatric procedural burn pain management, however further studies are needed to develop standardized algorithms to integrate nonpharmacologic treatments with pharmacologic therapies.
Assessment and Clinical Decision-Making During Imminent Death in Hospice Music Therapy
Authors: Fox Erin , Economos Alexa , Potvin Noah
Published: September 2021

Assessment is a critical aspect of treatment planning, and while there exist standards for facilitating music therapy assessments in a variety of clinical settings, no such standards exist for music therapists in hospice and palliative care. This gap in knowledge, which limits music therapists’ ability to provide patients and caregivers best practices promoting supported movement through the dying process, becomes particularly problematic when assessing patients who are imminently dying with a 24–72 hour prognosis. To further develop and define assessment and clinical decision-making processes used by music therapists in hospice and palliative care, the authors used a constructivist grounded theory and situational analysis methodology to analyze interviews of 15 hospice music therapists. The resulting theoretical model describes an ongoing process of assessment and clinical decision-making shaped by participants’ individual epistemologies. Epistemologies were comprised of 5 ways of knowing, which were termed experiential, personal, musical, ethical, and integral, and provided participants critical foundations for their practice. The results support a development of a model for reflective practice as well as continued research on epistemological foundations of clinical practice.
Histological Findings After Aortic Cross-Clamping in Preclinical Animal Models
Authors: Awad Hamdy , Efanov Alexander , Rajan Jayanth , Denney Andrew , Gigax Bradley , Kobalka Peter , Kelani Hesham , Basso D Michele , Bozinovski John , Tili Esmerina
Published: September 2021

Spinal cord ischemic injury and paralysis are devastating complications after open surgical repair of thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms. Preclinical models have been developed to simulate the clinical paradigm to better understand the neuropathophysiology and develop therapeutic treatment. Neuropathological findings in the preclinical models have not been comprehensively examined before. This systematic review studies the past 40 years of the histological findings after open surgical repair in preclinical models. Our main finding is that damage is predominantly in the grey matter of the spinal cord, although white matter damage in the spinal cord is also reported. Future research needs to examine the neuropathological findings in preclinical models after endovascular repair, a newer type of surgical repair used to treat aortic aneurysms.
Immunogenicity of Fractional Dose Inactivated Poliovirus Vaccine in India
Authors: Ahmad Mohammad , Verma Harish , Deshpande Jagadish , Kunwar Abhishek , Bavdekar Ashish , Mahantashetti Niranjana S , Krishnamurthy Balasundaram , Jain Manish , Mathew Mannancheril A , Pawar Shailesh D , Sharma Deepa K , Sethi Raman , Visalakshi Jayaseelan , Mohanty Lalitendu , Bahl Sunil , Haldar Pradeep , Sutter Roland W
Published: September 2021

Introduction

Following the withdrawal of Sabin type 2 from trivalent oral poliovirus vaccine (tOPV) in 2016, the introduction of ≥1 dose of inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) in routine immunization was recommended, either as 1 full dose (0.5mL, intramuscular) or 2 fractional doses of IPV (fIPV—0.1mL, intradermal). India opted for fIPV. We conducted a comparative assessment of IPV and fIPV.

Methods

This was a 4-arm, open-label, multicenter, randomized controlled trial. Infants were enrolled and vaccines administered according to the study design, and the blood was drawn at age 6, 14, and 18 weeks for neutralization testing against all 3 poliovirus types.

Results

Study enrolled 799 infants. The seroconversion against type 2 poliovirus with 2 fIPV doses was 85.8% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 80.1%-90.0%) when administered at age 6 and 14 weeks, 77.0% (95% CI: 70.5-82.5) when given at age 10 and 14 weeks, compared to 67.9% (95% CI: 60.4-74.6) following 1 full-dose IPV at age 14 weeks.

Conclusion

The study demonstrated the superiority of 2 fIPV doses over 1 full-dose IPV in India. Doses of fIPV given at 6 and 14 weeks were more immunogenic than those given at 10 and 14 weeks.

Clinical Trial Registry of India (CTRI). Clinical trial registration number was CTRI/2017/02/007793.
Gene Expression Nebulas (GEN): a comprehensive data portal integrating transcriptomic profiles across multiple species at both bulk and single-cell levels
Authors: Zhang Yuansheng , Zou Dong , Zhu Tongtong , Xu Tianyi , Chen Ming , Niu Guangyi , Zong Wenting , Pan Rong , Jing Wei , Sang Jian , Liu Chang , Xiong Yujia , Sun Yubin , Zhai Shuang , Chen Huanxin , Zhao Wenming , Xiao Jingfa , Bao Yiming , Hao Lili , Zhang Zhang
Published: September 2021

Transcriptomic profiling is critical to uncovering functional elements from transcriptional and post-transcriptional aspects. Here, we present Gene Expression Nebulas (GEN, https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/gen/), an open-access data portal integrating transcriptomic profiles under various biological contexts. GEN features a curated collection of high-quality bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing datasets by using standardized data processing pipelines and a structured curation model. Currently, GEN houses a large number of gene expression profiles from 323 datasets (157 bulk and 166 single-cell), covering 50 500 samples and 15 540 169 cells across 30 species, which are further categorized into six biological contexts. Moreover, GEN integrates a full range of transcriptomic profiles on expression, RNA editing and alternative splicing for 10 bulk datasets, providing opportunities for users to conduct integrative analysis at both transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. In addition, GEN provides abundant gene annotations based on value-added curation of transcriptomic profiles and delivers online services for data analysis and visualization. Collectively, GEN presents a comprehensive collection of transcriptomic profiles across multiple species, thus serving as a fundamental resource for better understanding genetic regulatory architecture and functional mechanisms from tissues to cells.
Treatment barriers and clinical outcome of children with medulloblastoma in China: a report from the Chinese Children’s Cancer Group (CCCG)
Authors: Liu Anthony Pak-Yin , Zhen Zijun , Yang Qunying , Yuan Xiaojun , Ma Xiaoli , Chen Jianliang , Wang Jingsheng , Yang Lihua , Guo Haixia , Jiang Lian , Weng Wenjun , Huang Libin , Liu Wei , Wang Jian , Wu Shaoxiong , Zeng Jing , Jiang Mawei , He Kejun , Ge Ming , Cheng Kevin King-Fai , Ho Wilson Wai-Shing , Li Chunyu , Yu Lihua , Zhu Shuai , Ng Ho-Keung , Chan Godfrey Chi-Fung , Sun Xiaofei
Published: September 2021

Background

Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most common malignant central nervous system tumor of childhood. Management requires interdisciplinary care and is associated with unique challenges in developing regions. Here, we report the characteristics, clinical outcome and treatment barriers for Chinese children with MB based on a multi-institutional cohort from the Chinese Children’s Cancer Group (CCCG).

Methods

Retrospective cohort study among 12 Chinese pediatric oncology units from the CCCG Brain Tumor Workgroup on patients aged <18 years diagnosed with MB from 2016 to 2019.

Results

221 patients (male:female = 138:83) were included, 175 (79%) were ≥3 years of age, and 46 (21%) <3 years. 177 patients (80%) were completely staged, among which 50 (28%) had metastasis and 70 (40%) were considered to have high-risk (HR) disease. Gross/near-total resection was achieved in 203 patients (92%). In patients where molecular grouping could be assigned, 19 (16%), 35 (29%), and 65 (54%), respectively had WNT-activated, SHH-activated, and Group 3/4 MB. The median duration between resection and initiation of adjuvant therapy was 36 days. Respective 2-year PFS and OS rates were 76.0 ± 3.0% and 88.0 ± 2.3%. PFS was significantly associated with age, metastatic status and clinical risk grouping. Chemotherapy use during CSI or alkylator choice were not significant predictors for patient outcome.

Conclusions

We reported the clinical profiles and outcome from the largest cohort of Chinese children with MB after multi-modal therapy. Strengths and limitations on the local provision of neuro-oncology service are identified.
A Qualitative Study of the Experience of Immediate Antiretroviral Therapy Among Urban Persons With Newly Diagnosed Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Authors: Christopoulos Katerina A , Erguera Xavier A , VanderZanden Lyndon , Campbell Chadwick , Green Maya , Tsuzuki Manami Diaz , Schneider John , Coffey Susa , Bacon Oliver , Gandhi Monica , Koester Kimberly A
Published: September 2021

Background

Guidelines recommend immediate antiretroviral therapy (ART) at or shortly after human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) diagnosis, yet little is known about how people living with HIV (PLWH) experience this treatment strategy, including racial/ethnic minorities, cisgender/transgender women, and those with housing instability.

Methods

To assess the acceptability of immediate ART offer among urban PLWH, understand how this approach affects the lived experience of HIV diagnosis, and explore reasons for declining immediate ART, we conducted a cross-sectional qualitative study using semi-structured interviews with individuals who had been offered immediate ART after HIV diagnosis at a safety-net HIV clinic in San Francisco and a federally qualified health center in Chicago. Interviews were analyzed using thematic analysis.

Results

Among 40 participants with age range 19–52 years, 27% of whom were cisgender/transgender women or gender-queer, 85% racial/ethnic minority, and 45% homeless/unstably housed, we identified 3 major themes: (1) Individuals experienced immediate ART encounters as supportive; (2) individuals viewed immediate ART as sensible; and (3) immediate ART offered emotional relief by offsetting fears of death and providing agency over one’s health. Reasons for declining immediate ART ranged from simply needing a few more days to complex interactions of logistical and psychosocial barriers.

Conclusions

Immediate ART was highly acceptable to urban persons with newly diagnosed HIV infection. Immediate ART was viewed as a natural next step after HIV diagnosis and provided a sense of control over one’s health, mitigating anxiety over a decline in physical health. As such, immediate ART somewhat eased but in no way obviated the psychosocial challenges of HIV diagnosis.
Fundamental parameters for 30 faint open clusters with Gaia EDR3 based on the more reliable members
Authors: Ding Xu , Ji Kai-Fan , Li Xu-Zhi , Cheng Qi-Yuan , Wang Jin-Liang , Yu Xiao-Guang , Liu Hui
Published: September 2021

An open cluster is an ideal region to study the evolution of stars. In this work, we use Gaia Early Data Release 3 (Gaia EDR3) to derive the fundamental parameters of 30 faint open clusters listed in the catalogue given by Cantat-Gaudin et al. (2018, A&A, 618, A93), but the G magnitude of all of the member stars of that catalogue is brighter than ∼18 mag. This catalogue does not provide isochrone fitting parameters and spatial structure parameters. We acquired the member stars of 30 open clusters using the Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise algorithm in Gaia EDR3. The G magnitude of the member stars using our method can be found down to ∼21 mag. The G-band, GBP-band, and GRP-band data of the member stars construct a good color–magnitude diagram, which can further ensure the precision of isochrone fitting. We also calculated the spatial structure parameters, which are the core radius and the limiting radius, using Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm.
Dragged surfaces. On the accretion tori in the ergoregion
Authors: Pugliese Daniela , Stuchlík Zdenek
Published: September 2021

We discuss the conditions for the existence of extended matter configurations orbiting in the ergoregion or close to the outer ergosurface of the Kerr black hole (“dragged” configurations). The co-rotating tori under consideration are perfect fluid configurations with barotropic equations of state, orbiting on the equatorial plane of the central Kerr black hole. The possibility of magnetized tori with a toroidal magnetic field is also discussed. Indications on the attractors where dragged tori can be observed are provided with the analysis of the fluid characteristics and geometrical features, relevant for the torus stability and their observations. QPO emissions from the inner edges of the dragged tori are also discussed. We argue that the smaller dragged tori could be subjected to a characteristic instability: the effect of the frame-dragging. This possibility is thoroughly explored. This can finally lead to the destruction of the torus (disk exfoliation) which can combine with accretion and processes present in the region very close to the black hole horizon. Tori are characterized according to the central attractor dimensionless spin. These structures can be observed in orbiting black holes with dimensionless spin a > 0.9897 M.
Firm Heterogeneity in Consumption Baskets: Evidence from Home and Store Scanner Data
Authors: Faber Benjamin , Fally Thibault
Published: September 2021

A growing literature has documented the role of firm heterogeneity within sectors for nominal income inequality. This article explores the implications for household price indices across the income distribution. Using detailed matched U.S. home and store scanner microdata, we present evidence that rich and poor households source their consumption differently across the firm size distribution within disaggregated product groups. We use the data to examine alternative explanations, propose a tractable quantitative model with two-sided heterogeneity that rationalizes the observed moments, and calibrate it to explore general equilibrium counterfactuals. We find that larger, more productive firms sort into catering to the taste of richer households, and that this gives rise to asymmetric effects on household price indices. We quantify these effects in the context of policy counterfactuals that affect the distribution of disposable incomes on the demand side or profits across firms on the supply side.
From Memories of Past Experiences to Present Motivation? A Meta-analysis on the Association Between Episodic Memory and Negative Symptoms in People With Psychosis
Authors: Pillny Matthias , Krkovic Katarina , Buck Laura , Lincoln Tania M
Published: September 2021

Based on findings from cognitive science, it has been theorized that the reductions in motivation and goal-directed behavior in people with psychosis could stem from impaired episodic memory. In the current meta-analysis, we investigated this putative functional link between episodic memory deficits and negative symptoms. We hypothesized that episodic memory deficits in psychosis would be related to negative symptoms in general but would be more strongly related to amotivation than to reduced expressivity. We included 103 eligible studies (13,622 participants) in the analyses. Results revealed significant, moderate negative associations of episodic memory with negative symptoms in general (k = 103; r = −.23; z = −13.40; P ≤ .001; 95% CI [−.26; −.20]), with amotivation (k = 16; r = −.18; z = −6.6; P ≤ .001; 95% CI [−.23; −.13]) and with reduced expressivity (k = 15; r = −.18; z = −3.30; P ≤.001; 95% CI[−.29; −.07]). These associations were not moderated by sociodemographic characteristics, positive symptoms, depression, antipsychotic medication or type of negative symptom scale. Although these findings provide sound evidence for the association between episodic memory deficits and amotivation, the rather small magnitude and the unspecific pattern of this relationship also indicate that episodic memory deficits are unlikely to be the only factor relevant to amotivation. This implicates that future research should investigate episodic memory in conjunction with other factors that could account for the association of episodic memory deficits and amotivation in psychosis.
Association Between Childhood Visual Acuity and Late Adolescent Psychotic Experiences: A Prospective Birth Cohort Study
Authors: Shoham Natalie , Hayes Joseph F , Cooper Claudia , Theodorsson Magnus , Lewis Gemma
Published: September 2021

A cross-sectional association between visual impairment and psychosis exists, but longitudinal evidence from children and young people is limited. We investigated whether childhood visual acuity was associated with subsequent psychotic experiences. Our sample was 6686 individuals from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). We investigated whether our primary exposures, best corrected visual acuity at ages 7 and 11, were associated with psychotic experiences at ages 17 and 24. We also tested whether the following exposures at ages 7 and 11 were associated with subsequent psychotic experiences: requiring glasses, presence of any visual impairment, and between-eye visual acuity difference; and at age 7: strabismus, measures of binocular vision, history of eye patch, near vision impairment, and abnormal saccadic or pursuit eye movements. Analyses used multilevel models before and after adjusting for confounders. Odds of psychotic experiences increased with each 0.1-point deterioration in visual acuity score at age 11 (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 1.23; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.06–1.42), and at age 7 (AOR 1.18; 95% CI 1.00–1.40). Wearing glasses and visual impairment at age 11 were associated with psychotic experiences (AOR 1.63; 95% CI 1.21–2.19; AOR 1.64; 95% CI 1.23–2.19, respectively). There was no evidence of an association with other visual exposures. Visual acuity impairment in childhood is associated with psychotic experiences in late adolescence. Future research should aim to elucidate the nature of this association.
Fruit tree crop models: an update
Authors: Grisafi Francesca , DeJong Theodore M , Tombesi Sergio
Published: September 2021

Functional structural plant models of tree crops are useful tools that were introduced more than two decades ago. They can represent the growth and development of a plant through the in silico simulation of the 3D architecture in connection with physiological processes. In tree crops, physiological processes such as photosynthesis, carbon allocation and growth are usually integrated into these models, although other functions such as water and nutrient uptake are often disregarded. The implementation of the 3D architecture involves different techniques such as L-system frameworks, pipe model concepts and Markovian models to simulate branching processes, bud fates and elongation of stems based on the production of metamers. The simulation of root architecture is still a challenge for researchers due to a limited amount of information and experimental issues in dealing with roots, because root development is not based on the production of metamers. This review aims to focus on functional–structural models of fruit tree crops, highlighting their physiological components. The potential and limits of these tools are reviewed to point out the topics that still need more attention.
Plate-Assisted Bone Segment Transport Versus Precice Bone Transport Nail
Authors: Gardner Matthew P. , Beason Austin M.
Published: September 2021

Management of segmental long bone defects is a complex and challenging undertaking for orthopaedic surgeons. These defects can be encountered in cases of high-energy trauma, tumor resection, or infection, and they are often associated with significant soft tissue injury. Traditional approaches of bone transport rely on external fixation and principles of distraction osteogenesis. Plate-assisted bone segment transport (PABST) using the Precice limb lengthening nail has been adapted for use in bone transport with the use of a plate in an effort to eliminate the need for external fixation and its associated complications. Recently, the arrival of the Precice Bone Transport (PBT) System intramedullary nail eliminates the need for plating and some of the problems encountered in PABST; however, it also introduces some new issues. PABST and the PBT nail have become viable alternatives to bone transport using a frame; however, each has its own unique set of advantages and disadvantages. Although the problems of using external fixation devices are eliminated with these techniques, there is less forgiveness in execution and very little chance of correcting as the transport is underway. The arrival of the PBT nail does not eliminate the need for PABST as seen by the difficulty maintaining alignment in short metaphyseal segments. This review reflects the current state of these methods based on available evidence; however, optimization of the protocol for transport using PABST and the PBT nail will require additional cases and data.
Biomechanics of Osteoporotic Fracture Care: Advances in Locking Plate and Intramedullary Nail Technology
Authors: Aneja Arun , Teasdall Robert J. , Graves Matt L.
Published: September 2021

Osteoporotic fractures are extremely common and will continue to increase. Methods of internal fixation must address challenges presented by architectural changes of weakened bone. The goals of surgery are to provide mechanically stable internal fixation with minimal biologic insult that provides rapid rehabilitation and early mobilization. Novel techniques and technology that reinforce preservation of periosteal blood supply and utilization of biomechanically stable constructs diminish failure rates. Advents in locking plate technology, intramedullary nail designs, bone augmentation, and multiple implant constructs maximize strength while mitigating axial, torsional, and bending failure modes to provide optimal patient outcomes.
Prevalence and characteristics of drug-drug interactions among hospitalised patients in the Capital Region of Denmark
Authors: Pedersen Hans Kristian Råket , Sørensen Anne Mette Skov , Schelde Astrid Blicher , Nyeland Martin Erik , Jimenez-Solem Espen
Published: September 2021

Previous studies on the prevalence of drug-drug interactions (DDIs) have largely been restricted to specific hospital departments. We identified common drug combinations and potential drug-drug interactions (pDDIs) in an entire hospital population throughout 1 year. Frequently administered drug combinations involved analgesics, cardiovascular medicines and gastrointestinal medicines. The prevalence of pDDIs among newly hospitalised patients was 2.6%. The most common pDDIs were ibuprofen – paracetamol, pantoprazole – paracetamol and morphine – paracetamol. Critical pDDIs were rare and only accounted for 0.4% of pDDIs.
Umbilical Artery Embolism: A Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Zhang Qinjian , Fang Zhuanji , Chen Siwen , Xu Xia , Yan Jianying
Published: September 2021

Umbilical cord (UC) embolism is a rare, life-threatening complication of pregnancy. The exact cause of this condition is not yet known. Women with more than one UC abnormality are at risk of UC obstruction; this condition can lead to stasis, ischemia, and in some cases, thrombosis. However, many women with UC abnormalities remain undetected and may not be recognized until after birth. Here, we present a case involving the prenatal diagnosis and successful treatment of umbilical artery embolism in the third trimester with good maternal and fetal outcomes. The risk of UC embolism increases when more than one UC abnormality is identified in a single case. Ultrasound examination in the third trimester of pregnancy should be able to verify the existence of two arteries and one vein in the UC. If necessary, these results can be compared with ultrasound imaging acquired during the first trimester of pregnancy.
Chinese Fetal Growth: A Multicenter Cohort Study Based on Fetal Ultrasound Measurements
Authors: Gong Xiaoli , Wu Tianchen , Wang Xiaoli , Zhang Lizhen , You Yiping , Wei Hongwei , Zuo Xifang , Zhou Ying , Xing Xinli , Meng Zhaoyan , Lyu Qi , Liu Zhaodong , Zhang Jian , Hu Liyan , Li Junnan , Li Li , Chen Chulin , Liu Chunyan , Sun Guoqiang , Liu Aiju , Chen Jingsi , Lyu Yuan , Wei Yuan , Zhao Yangyu
Published: September 2021

Objective

To build a reference fetal growth chart for the Chinese population based on fetal ultrasound measurements.

Methods

This was a multicenter, population-based retrospective cohort study. Longitudinal ultrasound measurement data were collected from 24 hospitals in 18 provinces of China from 1st September through 31st October of 2019. The estimated fetal weight (EFW) was calculated based on head circumference, abdominal circumference, and femur length using Hadlock formula 3. Fetal growth curves were estimated using a two-level linear regression model with cubic splines. All participants were divided into two groups: the northern group (n = 5829) and the southern group (n = 3246) based on the geographical division of China and male fetus group (n = 4775) and female fetus group (n = 4300) based on fetal gender. The EFW was compared by fetal gender and geographical group. All statistical models were adjusted for maternal sociodemographic characteristics.

Results

A total of 9075 participants with 31,700 ultrasound measurement records were included in this study. Male fetuses demonstrated significantly larger EFW compared to female ones starting at 16 weeks of gestation and extending to delivery (global test P < 0.01). The overall geographic difference in EFW was significant (global test P = 0.03), and week-specific comparisons showed that the northern group had a greater EFW starting at 15 weeks of gestation and extending to 29 weeks of gestation, although this difference did not extend to the time of delivery. The Z-score of EFW confirmed that our Chinese fetal growth charts differed from previously published standards.

Conclusion

This study provides EFW and ultrasound biometric reference measurements for Chinese fetuses and reveals differences from other fetal growth charts. The chart is worth promoting in more regions of China but should be tested prudently before use.
Immediate Dental Implant Placement in the Oncologic Setting: A Conceptual Framework
Authors: Anolik Rachel A. , Nelson Jonas A. , Rosen Evan B. , Disa Joseph , Matros Evan , Allen Robert J.
Published: September 2021

Historically, immediate dental implants have been reserved for patients with benign disease, with full dental rehabilitation rarely being accomplished in the oncologic setting due to concerns related to implant survival, flap compromise, and delay in initiation of adjuvant therapy. Recent developments in technology have made immediate dental implants using virtual surgical planning safe and reliable. At Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, we have implemented a workflow for immediate dental implant placement in the oncologic patient population that has become a routine part of maxillary and mandibular reconstruction. This approach begins with a multidisciplinary virtual surgical planning session and custom dental splints to be used for cutting and inset guides. Dental implants are placed intraoperatively at the time of tumor resection and reconstruction with the fibula flap. A temporary prosthesis, which can be worn during radiation therapy, is placed following a vestibuloplasty, approximately 4–6 weeks after the initial reconstruction. After the completion of radiation therapy and the resolution of edema, a permanent prosthesis is placed. When critically evaluating our experience, we have found that patients undergoing immediate dental implant placement have higher rates of implant survival and no delay in adjuvant therapy. The protocol described here in detail has successfully expanded the indications for immediate dental rehabilitation in the oncologic patient population.