bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tetrahedral omnidirectional full-tensor gravitational wave detector
Authors: Metzler Zachary , Collins Christopher J , Paik Ho Jung , Shawhan Peter S
Published: September 2022

We propose a new tetrahedral configuration of three-axis inertial sensors, whose signals when combined create an isotropic sensitivity to gravitational waves. This arrangement provides total sky coverage and full-tensor measurements of the gravity gradient using only four test masses (TMs), compared to the six TMs of the previously studied TIGA and superconducting omnidirectional gravitational radiation observatory designs. Since weakly suspending a TM in all three directions is difficult due to the gravity bias, we also present the directional sensitivity plot for the case where only horizontal displacements are measured. This antenna pattern is no longer isotropic, and results in a maximum sensitivity to minimum sensitivity ratio of 2:1 in power. The full gravity gradient tensor can in this case still be reconstructed if the platform is sufficiently isolated from ground tilt.
Regularization theory of the analytic deep prior approach
Authors: Arndt Clemens
Published: September 2022

The analytic deep prior (ADP) approach was recently introduced for the theoretical analysis of deep image prior (DIP) methods with special network architectures. In this paper, we prove that ADP is in fact equivalent to classical variational Ivanov methods for solving ill-posed inverse problems. Besides, we propose a new variant which incorporates the strategy of early stopping into the ADP model. For both variants, we show how classical regularization properties (existence, stability, convergence) can be obtained under common assumptions.
Atom-assisted coherent control of multiple-color mechanically induced switching
Authors: Ghafoor Fazal , Akram Muhammad Javed , Ayaz Muhammad , Kokab Hassana , Saif Farhan
Published: September 2022

We show multiple mechanically induced switching of a weak probe field through a system of cavity-optomechanics with a medium of N number of three levels (Λ-type) atoms exhibiting a strong coherent field coupling. Three distinct MIT windows develop for the probe field transmission using optomechanical coupling together with two other coupling parameters related to the two atomic transitions. Adjustment of the relative phase associated with the coupling parameters leads to multiple absorption-induced optical switching. The switching is obtained by closing one through three of the MIT windows for the probe field transmission tuning the relative phase and vice versa. Contrary to the multiple mechanical induced transparency, the optical switching phenomenon is explained regarding constructive quantum interference effect in the system.
Resonant terahertz excitation and radiation from hierarchically-structured ZnO microspheres via a cylindrical cavity
Authors: Guan Sitao , Wang Yixian , Wu Jingbo , Lyu Yangyang , Zhang Zhiyong , Chen Jian , Wang Huabing , Wu Xinglong
Published: September 2022

High-efficiency terahertz (THz) emission and detection are of great interest because of their promising applications in high-speed communications, biomedicine, and imaging. A previous study has achieved efficient room-temperature THz emission at ∼360 GHz by green-light exciting the lattice symmetric stretching vibrations of ZnO nanoplates self-assembled into ZnO microspheres (MSs). Herein, we explore resonant THz radiation of this kind of ZnO MSs under around 360 GHz excitation. A Fabry–Perot resonant cavity is designed and used to obtain the resonant THz signal. Compared to the case without the ZnO MSs, the THz output powers are enhanced by 1.5 and 3.2 times under two excitations of 356.1 and 375.8 GHz with an input power of 6.5 mW, respectively. Furthermore, it is shown that when a wide frequency THz wave irradiates on the ZnO MSs in the cavity, the output THz signal strength shows an obvious variation with frequency and can thus be utilized to detect the presence of some THz waves with specific frequencies. This work indicates that such self-assembled MSs can not only radiate the enhanced THz waves via a resonator, but also effectively apperceive some specific THz signals as a detector.
An elevation stochastic model constrained by C/N0 for GNSS real-time kinematic positioning in harsh environments
Authors: Li Yuan , Zhang Zhetao , He Xiufeng , Yuan Haijun , Zang Nan
Published: September 2022

When the global navigation satellite system (GNSS) is used for positioning in harsh environments with high occlusion and strong reflection, the signals are easily reflected, diffracted, or even blocked, which can lead to multipath and non-line-of-sight (NLOS) errors. Existing stochastic models do not fully consider the significant unmodeled errors, such as multipath and NLOS, in specific scenarios such as canyons. This paper systematically establishes the carrier-to-noise ratio (C/N0) template functions of the low-cost receiver for the first time and proposes an elevation stochastic model constrained by C/N0 (elevation-C/N0 model) by combining the two indicators (elevation angle and C/N0) with the idea of robust estimation. Then, real-time kinematic positioning (RTK) experiments are conducted to verify the effectiveness of the new model, and both static monitoring and urban kinematic situations are included. The results showed that: (a) in the static data, the average ambiguity fixed rate of the elevation-C/N0 model is 95.79%, which is 10.05%, 15.74%, and 12.57% higher than that of the equal-weight, elevation-based, and C/N0-based stochastic models, respectively. At the same time, only the new model consistently meets centimeter-level accuracy requirements in harsh environments. (b) In the kinematic data, compared with the three traditional stochastic models, the ambiguity fixed rate of the elevation-C/N0 stochastic model is increased by 58.33%, 19.79%, and 28.13%, respectively. The motion trajectory calculated by the elevation-C/N0 model is the smoothest out of all the models. In conclusion, compared with the traditional stochastic models, the elevation-C/N0 stochastic model is more applicable to both static and kinematic measurements in harsh environments. It can effectively mitigate the adverse effects of errors such as multipath and NLOS, increase the ambiguity fixed rate, and improve the positioning reliability to a certain extent, hence the proposed method has a better positioning performance.
A blended method incorporating a multi-model for pulse wind tunnel aerodynamic identification considering large-scale aircraft
Authors: Li Shichao , Wang Qinchao , Ma Guilin , Gao Hongli , Guo Liang , Liu Zihao , Shao Kaibo
Published: September 2022

Pulse wind tunnel aerodynamic tests are an important part of hypersonic aircraft design and development. With the development of hypersonic aircraft technology, the aircraft model in pulsed wind tunnels has gradually become large-scale and heavy-loaded. During the force measurement test, due to the influence of the increased size of the aircraft model, the real aerodynamic signal of the force measurement system is submerged by the interference signal. During the effective test time of several hundred milliseconds, it is impossible to obtain high-precision aerodynamic signals of the force measuring system using traditional signal-processing methods. Therefore, for the in-depth study of aerodynamic identification of short-time hypersonic pulsed wind tunnels, there is an urgent need for an identification algorithm that can adapt to the force measurement system of large-scale aircraft. In this paper, a new aerodynamic identification algorithm that combines a traditional signal-processing method and a deep neural network is proposed and applied to pulse combustion wind tunnels. The algorithm is mainly divided into signal preprocessing and deep learning. First, the original signal is decomposed into different sub-signals via variational modal decomposition (VMD), and then the real aerodynamic signal is obtained via convolutional neural network (CNN)-long short-term memory (LSTM) training. For different interference signals in the pulsed wind tunnel test, this algorithm innovatively designs VMD preprocessing and optimizes hyperparameters, to extract signal features for subsequent deep learning and to filter out interference components. To ensure the consistency between the validation and the application, the algorithm was verified using the suspension test bench during training, and satisfactory results were obtained. Finally, the algorithm is applied to the suspension force measurement system of a pulse combustion wind tunnel, and the aerodynamic identification results present satisfactory accuracy.
Fabrication and characterization of a multimodal 3D printed mouse phantom for ionoacoustic quality assurance in image-guided pre-clinical proton radiation research
Authors: Lascaud Julie , Dash Pratik , Schnürle Katrin , Bortfeldt Jonathan , Niepel Katharina , Maas Jessica , Würl Matthias , Vidal Marie , Hérault Joël , Landry Guillaume , Savoia Alessandro Stuart , Lauber Kirsten , Parodi Katia
Published: September 2022

Objective. Image guidance and precise irradiation are fundamental to ensure the reliability of small animal oncology studies. Accurate positioning of the animal and the in-beam monitoring of the delivered radio-therapeutic treatment necessitate several imaging modalities. In the particular context of proton therapy with a pulsed beam, information on the delivered dose can be retrieved by monitoring the thermoacoustic waves resulting from the brief and local energy deposition induced by a proton beam (ionoacoustics). The objective of this work was to fabricate a multimodal phantom (x-ray, proton, ultrasound, and ionoacoustics) allowing for sufficient imaging contrast for all the modalities. Approach. The phantom anatomical parts were extracted from mouse computed tomography scans and printed using polylactic acid (organs) and a granite/polylactic acid composite (skeleton). The anatomical pieces were encapsulated in silicone rubber to ensure long term stability. The phantom was imaged using x-ray cone-beam computed tomography, proton radiography, ultrasound imaging, and monitoring of a 20 MeV pulsed proton beam using ionoacoustics. Main results. The anatomical parts could be visualized in all the imaging modalities validating the phantom capability to be used for multimodal imaging. Ultrasound images were simulated from the x-ray cone-beam computed tomography and co-registered with ultrasound images obtained before the phantom irradiation and low-resolution ultrasound images of the mouse phantom in the irradiation position, co-registered with ionoacoustic measurements. The latter confirmed the irradiation of a tumor surrogate for which the reconstructed range was found to be in reasonable agreement with the expectation. Significance. This study reports on a realistic small animal phantom which can be used to investigate ionoacoustic range (or dose) verification together with ultrasound, x-ray, and proton imaging. The co-registration between ionoacoustic reconstructions of the impinging proton beam and x-ray imaging is assessed for the first time in a pre-clinical scenario.
Study of Stark broadening of krypton helium-β lines and estimation of electron density and temperature in NIF compressed capsules
Authors: Hill K W , Gao L , Kraus B F , Bitter M , Efthimion P C , Pablant N , Schneider M B , Thorn D B , Chen H , Kauffman R L , Liedahl D A , MacDonald M J , MacPhee A G , Scott H A , Stoupin S , Doron R , Stambulchik E , Maron Y , Lahmann B
Published: September 2022

The National Ignition Facility (NIF) diagnostic instrument manipulator (DIM) - based high resolution (dHIRES) x-ray spectrometer was used to measure the time evolution of the electron density (n
e) and temperature (T
e) in the hot spot of four NIF compressed capsules with 25 ps time resolution during the ‘stagnation’ phase. The electron density was inferred by comparing the measured Stark broadening of the krypton (Kr) Heβ spectral complex with theoretical calculations that include ion dynamic effects, and the electron temperature was inferred by comparing the measured ratio of the intensity of a dielectronically excited Li-like Kr line to the intensity of the Kr Heβ resonance line with calculations using the spectroscopic collisional radiative atomic model (SCRAM) and CRETIN collisional-radiative models. The inferred, time averaged n
e values mainly agree with n
e values from neutron diagnostics within uncertainties, but the neutron time-of-flight values of T
ion are consistently higher than dHIRES T
e values by 200–700 eV. The dHIRES measurements and measurement techniques, method of uncertainty analysis, and discussion of comparisons with measurements from neutron diagnostics are presented.
Numerical study of m = 2/n = 1 neoclassical tearing mode stabilized by the Ohkawa-mechanism-dominated current drive of electron cyclotron waves
Authors: Shi M L , Zheng P W , Yin L , He L H , Huang Q H , Zhong Y J , Deng S , Gong X Y
Published: September 2022

This paper reports a numerical study of the 2/1 neoclassical tearing mode (NTM) stabilized by the Ohkawa-mechanism-dominated current drive (OKCD) of electron cyclotron (EC) waves, and the results are compared with those of the traditional Fisch–Boozer mechanism dominated EC current drive (ECCD). The peak values, radial positions and radial widths of the driven current profiles by EC waves are passed to the modified Rutherford equation to study the effect of OKCD/ECCD on the 2/1 NTM. Well-localized current density profiles and large driven current can be achieved for 2/1 NTM stabilization in a low-aspect-ratio tokamak (R/a ∼ 2.7) by using OKCD. The optimal minimum EC powers are calculated for both OKCD and ECCD to fully stabilize the 2/1 NTM. We compare our results with those of ECCD to stabilize the 2/1 NTM, when the choices of magnetic field strength and gyrotron frequency are such that off-axis deposition on the high-field side is not practical to generate localized current effectively, so that the electron trapping effect is large and important. In this paper, we show that it is better to use lower gyrotron frequencies optimized for the Ohkawa mechanism to obtain a higher current drive efficiency for 2/1 NTM stabilization.
Origin of negative and excess capacitances in carrier selective contact-based silicon heterojunction solar cells: role of back contact in conductivity modulation
Authors: Nayak Mrutyunjay , Pandey Ashutosh , Mandal Sourav , Komarala Vamsi K
Published: September 2022

We have investigated the effect of back contact on the evolution of capacitance–voltage (C–V) characteristics in molybdenum oxide (MoO
x
) based Ag/ITO/MoO
x
/n-Si/LiF
x
/Al carrier selective contact (CSC) solar cells. From MoO
x
cell without i-a-Si:H back surface passivation layer, the negative capacitance (NC) is observed from low to high (100 Hz–500 kHz) frequency in forward bias C–V characteristics, whereas, with the i-a-Si:H layer, the positive excess capacitance is observed from 100 Hz to 50 kHz. The NC from a device is explained based on the bulk conductivity modulation in the c-Si wafer and mismatch of capture/emission dynamics of injected charge carriers at the back contact. With an additional back i-a-Si:H layer: (a) injection/extraction of majority/minority carriers is restricted, and the conductivity modulation is decreased, and (b) slowing down the movement of charge carriers increases the probability of carrier capture in the defect centers, which is reflected with the excess capacitance from a device. The carrier dynamics of the CSC cells were also analyzed under the light and the bias voltage to understand the C–V characteristics.
Disorder induced absorption enhancement of light in GaAs nanowire array
Authors: Shahnewaz Md , Iqbal Shahrin , Zunaid Baten Md , Ishfak Tahmid Md
Published: September 2022

Light absorption characteristics of vertically aligned GaAs nanowire (NW) arrays with disordered diameters and heights are investigated in this work using finite difference time domain (FDTD) analysis technique. By varying the random height ranges, an optimum variation range of 1000–2000 nm is obtained that provides the maximum average absorbance at different fill-factors of the arrays. An array having random heights of the NWs within the optimized range is found to have better absorbance for both normal and oblique incidence of light compared to the uniform height structure. Even for 45° incidence angle of light, average absorbance is obtained to be 2% higher for the random-height array, compared to the case of absorbance obtained for the uniform height structure. The proposed arrays having random diameters provide up to 12.8% improvement in short circuit current density whereas the random-height structure enhances the short circuit current density by 1.1% compared to the arrays having uniform diameter and height. The present work also provides an effective medium theory based theoretical model taking into account the random height variation of the arrays. The theoretically calculated values are found to be in good agreement with FDTD simulation results, thereby providing further guidelines for designing random array based high performance photonic devices.
Learning-based landmark detection in pelvis x-rays with attention mechanism: data from the osteoarthritis initiative
Authors: Pei Yun , Mu Lin , Xu Chuanxin , Li Qiang , Sen Gan , Sun Bin , Li Xiuying , Li Xueyan
Published: September 2022

Patients with developmental dysplasia of the hip can have this problem throughout their lifetime. The problem is difficult to detect by radiologists throughout x-ray because of an abrasion of anatomical structures. Thus, the landmarks should be automatically and precisely located. In this paper, we propose an attention mechanism of combining multi-dimension information on the basis of separating spatial dimension. The proposed attention mechanism decouples spatial dimension and forms width-channel dimension and height-channel dimension by 1D pooling operations in the height and width of spatial dimension. Then non-local means operations are performed to capture the correlation between long-range pixels in width-channel dimension, as well as that in height-channel dimension at different resolutions. The proposed attention mechanism modules are inserted into the skipped connections of U-Net to form a novel landmark detection structure. This landmark detection method was trained and evaluated through five-fold cross-validation on an open-source dataset, including 524 pelvis x-ray, each containing eight landmarks in pelvis, and achieved excellent performance compared to other landmark detection models. The average point-to-point errors of U-Net, HR-Net, CE-Net, and the proposed network were 3.5651 mm, 3.6118 mm, 3.3914 mm and 3.1350 mm, respectively. The results indicate that the proposed method has the highest detection accuracy. Furthermore, an open-source pelvis dataset is annotated and released for open research.
Reliability test of fully printed and flexible organic electrolyte-based supercapacitor
Authors: Rokaya Chakra , Keskinen Jari , Lahokallio Sanna , Lupo Donald
Published: September 2022

As the demand for supercapacitors in various flexible and wearable energy sectors grows, reliability becomes a key aspect to consider. We report the fabrication and reliability study of printed, flexible organic electrolyte-based supercapacitors. The supercapacitor can be operated over a wide temperature range from −40 °C to 100 °C with excellent repeatability and stability. Thermal shock tests led to a defect in the electrode layer’s microstructure, which reduces the supercapacitor performance. Cyclic bending experiments show that the device has excellent robustness, mechanical flexibility, long-term electrical stability, and 100% capacitance retention up to 10 000 bending cycles with a bending radius of 0.41 cm. Thus, the device is suitable for wearable and flexible energy storage applications over a wide temperature range.
Layer-structured NiFe nanosheets on CoNi nanowires for enhanced oxygen evolution reaction
Authors: Guo Yichuan , Gong Zizhen , Yu Hang , Liu Guihua , Zhang Zisheng , Wu Changcheng , Li Jingde
Published: September 2022

Efficient electrocatalysts are critical for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) that occurs during water electrolysis. Herein, a simple and low-cost strategy of assembling CoNi nanowire arrays with NiFe nanosheets on flexible carbon cloth (CC) support as an efficient OER catalyst is developed. This unique ‘nanosheets on nanowires’ structure design increases its specific surface area, enabling access to more active sites. The resulting NiFe@H-CoNi/CC catalyst exhibits excellent OER activity (280 mV overpotential at 100 mA cm−2) with a Tafel slope of 36 mV dec−1 and also has outstanding durability at high current operation conditions (over 100 h at 100 mA cm−2). Moreover, in-situ Raman analysis suggests that the NiOOH is the realistic OER active phase. This ‘nanosheet on nanowire’ design gives a means for fabricating OER catalysts that are both high-performance and long-lasting.
Electric field – velocity relation for strongly coupled Fröhlich polaron in emerging 2D materials
Authors: Singh Ramji , Dutta Mitra , Stroscio Michael A
Published: September 2022

In this paper we evaluate the electric field—velocity relation for strong electron—LO phonon coupled 2D materials namely

Hf

S

2

,

HfS

e

2

,

Zr

S

2

and

ZrS

e

2

by applying Thornber—Feynman (TF) formalism applied to the case of the 2D Fröhlich polaron. We demonstrate that the generally-accepted Fermi’s Golden Rule based approach breaks down for these strongly coupled materials. We predict

ZrS

e

2

has highest mobility of 449

c

m

2

/
V

-s at room temperature followed by

HfS

e

2

with 240

c

m

2

/
V

-s whereas other materials have below 100

c

m

2

/
V

-s.
Low apparent temperature increases the number of epilepsy-related clinic visits in a humid subtropical region: a time-series study
Authors: Sun Haoxiang , Zhang Xiaoyu , Wang Linlin , Tao Min , Wang XiaoSong , Li Kun , Zhao Shuang , Hu Yue , Hu Huaqing
Published: September 2022

Background. At present, the effect of apparent temperature (AT) on epilepsy has not been confirmed. Therefore, we conducted this study in Hefei, China, a city in a humid subtropical region, to investigate the effects of AT on the daily number of epilepsy-related clinic visits. Methods. A time-series analysis of the number of daily epilepsy clinic visits during 2015–2020 was performed using a quasi-Poisson regression model combined with a distributed lag nonlinear model (DLNM). Time trends, days of the week, relative humidity, and PM2.5 concentration were adjusted for in the model. Subgroup analyses were performed by sex and age. Results. A total of 28,020 epilepsy-related clinic visits were reported by the hospital during the study period. Low AT showed significant negative and delayed effects on the number of epilepsy clinic visits, but no such effects were observed with high AT. The median apparent temperature (17 °C) was used as the reference, and the single-day lag effect of low AT (5th percentile, −1.5 °C) on the number of epilepsy clinic visits peaked on lag day 1, with a relative risk (RR) of 1.055 (95% CI: 1.015–1.097). The cumulative effect of low AT was most obvious on lag days 0–12, with a maximum RR of 1.451 (95% CI: 1.180–1.783). Males and young adults (0–14 years and 15–29 years) were more likely to be affected by low AT. Conclusions. We found that low AT led to an increase in the number of epilepsy-related clinic visits. This result provides an important scientific basis for the allocation of outpatient medical resources and the development of interventions.
Exploring local adaptation to small hydropower closure scenarios: evidence from a giant panda nature reserve in Sichuan, China
Authors: Zhang Yijing , Shen Jinyu , Song Zhenjiang , Duan Wei , Zhou Wei
Published: September 2022

Given China’s ecological priority principle of nature reserve development, reconciling rural livelihood and ecological conservation is challenging. Although the closure of small hydropower in the nature reserve is an absolute necessity, a minimum requirement for its success is the active participation of local communities. Due to the remote location and historical reasons, some communities in giant panda nature reserves still depend highly on small hydropower for living. There is little guidance on how these vulnerable communities experience the closure of small hydropower and how these grass-root voices could contribute to the local adaptation plan. Hence, a case study using exploratory participatory scenarios analysis in Wawushan giant panda nature reserve was conducted to explore local adaptation strategies. The scenario-building process brought out four possible but diverse future development options and reflected local stakeholders’ corresponding beliefs regarding their adaptation strategies. The study further provided insights into underlying policy options and highlighted the importance of engagement and knowledge exchange between stakeholders to achieve better collaboration and reciprocity for the sustainable development of nature reserves.
Data-centric machine learning in quantum information science
Authors: Lohani Sanjaya , Lukens Joseph M , Glasser Ryan T , Searles Thomas A , Kirby Brian T
Published: September 2022

We propose a series of data-centric heuristics for improving the performance of machine learning systems when applied to problems in quantum information science. In particular, we consider how systematic engineering of training sets can significantly enhance the accuracy of pre-trained neural networks used for quantum state reconstruction without altering the underlying architecture. We find that it is not always optimal to engineer training sets to exactly match the expected distribution of a target scenario, and instead, performance can be further improved by biasing the training set to be slightly more mixed than the target. This is due to the heterogeneity in the number of free variables required to describe states of different purity, and as a result, overall accuracy of the network improves when training sets of a fixed size focus on states with the least constrained free variables. For further clarity, we also include a ‘toy model’ demonstration of how spurious correlations can inadvertently enter synthetic data sets used for training, how the performance of systems trained with these correlations can degrade dramatically, and how the inclusion of even relatively few counterexamples can effectively remedy such problems.
Fully Bayesian estimation of virtual brain parameters with self-tuning Hamiltonian Monte Carlo
Authors: Jha Jayant , Hashemi Meysam , Vattikonda Anirudh Nihalani , Wang Huifang , Jirsa Viktor
Published: September 2022

Virtual brain models are data-driven patient-specific brain models integrating individual brain imaging data with neural mass modeling in a single computational framework, capable of autonomously generating brain activity and its associated brain imaging signals. Along the example of epilepsy, we develop an efficient and accurate Bayesian methodology estimating the parameters linked to the extent of the epileptogenic zone. State-of-the-art advances in Bayesian inference using Hamiltonian Monte Carlo (HMC) algorithms have remained elusive for large-scale differential-equations based models due to their slow convergence. We propose appropriate priors and a novel reparameterization to facilitate efficient exploration of the posterior distribution in terms of computational time and convergence diagnostics. The methodology is illustrated for in-silico dataset and then, applied to infer the personalized model parameters based on the empirical stereotactic electroencephalography recordings of retrospective patients. This improved methodology may pave the way to render HMC methods sufficiently easy and efficient to use, thus applicable in personalized medicine.
HfO2-based resistive switching memory devices for neuromorphic computing
Authors: Brivio S , Spiga S , Ielmini D
Published: September 2022

HfO2-based resistive switching memory (RRAM) combines several outstanding properties, such as high scalability, fast switching speed, low power, compatibility with complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor technology, with possible high-density or three-dimensional integration. Therefore, today, HfO2 RRAMs have attracted a strong interest for applications in neuromorphic engineering, in particular for the development of artificial synapses in neural networks. This review provides an overview of the structure, the properties and the applications of HfO2-based RRAM in neuromorphic computing. Both widely investigated applications of nonvolatile devices and pioneering works about volatile devices are reviewed. The RRAM device is first introduced, describing the switching mechanisms associated to filamentary path of HfO2 defects such as oxygen vacancies. The RRAM programming algorithms are described for high-precision multilevel operation, analog weight update in synaptic applications and for exploiting the resistance dynamics of volatile devices. Finally, the neuromorphic applications are presented, illustrating both artificial neural networks with supervised training and with multilevel, binary or stochastic weights. Spiking neural networks are then presented for applications ranging from unsupervised training to spatio-temporal recognition. From this overview, HfO2-based RRAM appears as a mature technology for a broad range of neuromorphic computing systems.
MotiQ: an open-source toolbox to quantify the cell motility and morphology of microglia
Authors: Hansen Jan N. , Brückner Matthias , Pietrowski Marie J. , Jikeli Jan F. , Plescher Monika , Beckert Hannes , Schnaars Mareike , Fülle Lorenz , Reitmeier Katharina , Langmann Thomas , Förster Irmgard , Boche Delphine , Petzold Gabor C. , Halle Annett
Published: September 2022

MotiQ is an open-source software for automated quantification of microglial motility and morphology. MotiQ can be applied to in vivo, ex vivo, and in vitro data from confocal, epifluorescence, and two-photon microscopy. MotiQ is not limited to microglia—it can also be applied to other cell types.
Nucleoli in epithelial cell collectives respond to tumorigenic, spatial, and mechanical cues
Authors: Flick Jaecker Florence , Almeida José A. , Krull Carly M. , Pathak Amit
Published: September 2022

Leader epithelial cells develop nucleoli of bigger size and in higher numbers compared to follower cells. Stiff matrices and cancer cells further enhance this nucleolar mechano-response in epithelial colonies.
Intracellular connections between basal bodies promote the coordinated behavior of motile cilia
Authors: Soh Adam W. J. , Woodhams Louis G. , Junker Anthony D. , Enloe Cassidy M. , Noren Benjamin E. , Harned Adam , Westlake Christopher J. , Narayan Kedar , Oakey John S. , Bayly Philip V. , Pearson Chad G.
Published: September 2022

Whether intracellular connections between basal bodies control ciliary behavior in multiciliated cells is investigated. Using a Tetrahymena live cell immobilization technique to quantify ciliary dynamics, it is shown that inter-BB connections are required for effective ciliary waveform and coordinated ciliary beating that promote fluid flow.
Pharmacist authors of emergency medicine organization work products pertaining to pharmacotherapy
Authors: Knight Rachel V , McDowell Marc , Lyons Neal , Faine Brett A , Rech Megan A
Published: September 2022

Purpose

Despite the expertise that emergency medicine (EM) pharmacists bring to multidisciplinary teams in the emergency department (ED) setting, they are not commonly present on writing groups for guidelines, policies, or task forces pertaining to EM pharmacotherapy. The purpose of this article is to quantify EM pharmacist involvement on author bylines of guidelines, position statements, and other official documents that specifically encompass EM pharmacotherapy.

Methods

Official work products released between January 1, 2010, and May 1, 2021, were collected from the American College of Emergency Physicians (ACEP), Society for Academic Emergency Medicine (SAEM), and American Academy of Emergency Medicine (AAEM) and the table of contents of the following journals: Annals of Emergency Medicine, Academic Emergency Medicine, and Journal of Emergency Medicine. A modified Delphi approach was used to gain consensus amongst the authors on which work products to include in the initial review and which works pertained to pharmacotherapy. The primary endpoint was the percentage of pharmacists listed as authors on EM work products pertaining to pharmacotherapy.

Results

Overall, 76 EM work products were identified. Forty-seven work products with a total of 248 authors contained at least 1 recommendation pertaining to pharmacotherapy. Of these 47 EM work products, 23 (49%) were from AAEM, 16 (34%) were from Annals of Emergency Medicine (published on behalf of ACEP), 5 (11%) were from Journal of Emergency Medicine (published on behalf of AAEM), and 3 (6%) were from SAEM. The median number of authors per work product was 4. There were 5 pharmacists listed on work products (2% of the total of 248 authors). Additionally, there were 9 nonpharmacist/nonphysician authors (4% of the total).

Conclusion

Pharmacist inclusion on author lists of recently published EM work products pertaining to pharmacotherapy is extremely low. Given their unique knowledge pertaining to EM pharmacotherapy, an effort should be made to increase inclusion of pharmacists as authors of EM work products with recommendations that pertain to pharmacotherapy.
Evolution and function of red pigmentation in land plants
Authors: Davies Kevin M , Landi Marco , van Klink John W , Schwinn Kathy E , Brummell David A , Albert Nick W , Chagné David , Jibran Rubina , Kulshrestha Samarth , Zhou Yanfei , Bowman John L
Published: September 2022

Background

Land plants commonly produce red pigmentation as a response to environmental stressors, both abiotic and biotic. The type of pigment produced varies among different land plant lineages. In the majority of species they are flavonoids, a large branch of the phenylpropanoid pathway. Flavonoids that can confer red colours include 3-hydroxyanthocyanins, 3-deoxyanthocyanins, sphagnorubins and auronidins, which are the predominant red pigments in flowering plants, ferns, mosses and liverworts, respectively. However, some flowering plants have lost the capacity for anthocyanin biosynthesis and produce nitrogen-containing betalain pigments instead. Some terrestrial algal species also produce red pigmentation as an abiotic stress response, and these include both carotenoid and phenolic pigments.

Scope

In this review, we examine: which environmental triggers induce red pigmentation in non-reproductive tissues; theories on the functions of stress-induced pigmentation; the evolution of the biosynthetic pathways; and structure–function aspects of different pigment types. We also compare data on stress-induced pigmentation in land plants with those for terrestrial algae, and discuss possible explanations for the lack of red pigmentation in the hornwort lineage of land plants.

Conclusions

The evidence suggests that pigment biosynthetic pathways have evolved numerous times in land plants to provide compounds that have red colour to screen damaging photosynthetically active radiation but that also have secondary functions that provide specific benefits to the particular land plant lineage.
Personality-mediated speed-accuracy tradeoffs in mating in a 17-year periodical cicada
Authors: Roth Allison M , Kent Sarah M , Hobson Elizabeth A , Kritsky Gene , Nakagawa Shinichi
Published: September 2022

There exists growing evidence that animal personality (consistent between individual differences in behavior) can influence an individual’s fitness. Furthermore, limitations in behavioral plasticity may cause personality-mediated tradeoffs to occur, for example, between speed and accuracy in decision making. We explored whether various measures of personality could predict speed-accuracy tradeoffs in mate selection using Pharaoh cicadas (Magicicada septendecim) and examined the phenotypic traits predicting male mating performance and advertisement rates. We assessed whether male exploration behavior, boldness, and weight could predict a male’s overall copulation attempt rate (the number of attempted copulations with conspecifics of either sex), the number of errors a male made when selecting a mate (the number of same-sex copulation attempts), and male reproductive performance (whether a male successfully copulated with a female). We also assessed whether personality-dependent variation in male advertisement rate (the number of calling song bouts) might underpin the correlation between exploration behavior and mating performance. Although male exploration behavior did not predict male advertisement rate, we found that faster-exploring males exhibited higher overall rates of attempted copulations while also attempting more same-sex copulations, compared to slower-exploring males, suggesting a personality-mediated speed-accuracy tradeoff. Despite making more mate choice errors, however, faster explorers were more likely to successfully copulate with females, compared to slower explorers, indicating that speed may be favored over accuracy in systems where heavily male-biased sex ratios lead to scramble competition. Overall, this work highlights the role of personality in sexual selection and demonstrates that personality can influence speed-accuracy trade-offs in mating.
Diversity and evolution of amphibian pupil shapes
Authors: Thomas Kate N , Rich Caitlyn , Quock Rachel C , Streicher Jeffrey W , Gower David J , Schott Ryan K , Fujita Matthew K , Douglas Ron H , Bell Rayna C
Published: September 2022

Pupil constriction has important functional consequences for animal vision, yet the evolutionary mechanisms underlying diverse pupil sizes and shapes are poorly understood. We aimed to quantify the diversity and evolution of pupil shapes among amphibians and to test for potential correlations to ecology based on functional hypotheses. Using photographs, we surveyed pupil shape across adults of 1294 amphibian species, 74 families and three orders, and additionally for larval stages for all families of frogs and salamanders with a biphasic ontogeny. For amphibians with a biphasic life history, pupil shape changed in many species that occupy distinct habitats before and after metamorphosis. In addition, non-elongated (circular or diamond) constricted pupils were associated with species inhabiting aquatic or underground environments, and elongated pupils (with vertical or horizontal long axes) were more common in species with larger absolute eye sizes. We propose that amphibians provide a valuable group within which to explore the anatomical, physiological, optical and ecological mechanisms underlying the evolution of pupil shape.
Using the Capability Approach in Social Work with Children Experiencing Post-Separation Parental Stalking
Authors: Nikupeteri Anna , Laitinen Merja , Gupta Anna , Mikkonen Enni
Published: September 2022

This article analyses Finnish children’s experiences of post-separation parental stalking as a form of domestic violence and explores how the capabilities approach (CA) can help social workers understand the issue and support children. The data consist of thematic interviews with eighteen children and young people (aged 4–21 years) whose father or stepfather has stalked their mothers after separation. The theory-driven data analysis was carried out by utilising the CA as the theoretical framework. Our findings show that parental stalking undermines children’s well-being by compromising their safety and reducing their capabilities to use their agency. The study deepened our understanding of issues that children value in their lives and of their possibilities to exercise their agency under parental stalking. Our findings suggest that social workers can support children’s agency and their chances of living out their values through interventions which provide internal and external protection. It is important that social workers create a situated understanding of children’s experiences through a relationship in which children are considered sentient individuals who are listened to and valued. The article offers a novel contribution to the application of the CA in social work involving children exposed to parental stalking.
Loss of olfactory sensitivity is an early and reliable marker for COVID-19
Authors: Iravani Behzad , Arshamian Artin , Lundström Johan N
Published: September 2022

Detection of early and reliable symptoms is important in relation to limiting the spread of an infectious disease. For COVID-19, the most specific symptom is either losing or experiencing reduced olfactory functions. Anecdotal evidence suggests that olfactory dysfunction is also one of the earlier symptoms of COVID-19, but objective measures supporting this notion are currently missing. To determine whether olfactory loss is an early sign of COVID-19, we assessed available longitudinal data from a web-based interface enabling individuals to test their sense of smell by rating the intensity of selected household odors. Individuals continuously used the interface to assess their olfactory functions and at each login, in addition to odor ratings, recorded their symptoms and results from potential COVID-19 test. A total of 205 COVID-19-positive individuals and 156 pseudo-randomly matched control individuals lacking positive test provided longitudinal data which enabled us to assess olfactory functions in relation to their test result date. We found that odor intensity ratings started to decline in the COVID-19 group as early as 6 days prior to the test result date (±1.4 days). Symptoms, such as sore throat, aches, and runny nose appear around the same point in time; however, with a lower predictability of a COVID-19 diagnosis. Our results suggest that olfactory sensitivity loss is an early symptom but does not appear before other related COVID-19 symptoms. Olfactory loss is, however, more predictive of a COVID-19 diagnosis than other early symptoms.
Sulopenem or Ciprofloxacin for the Treatment of Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infections in Women: A Phase 3, Randomized Trial
Authors: Dunne Michael W , Aronin Steven I , Das Anita F , Akinapelli Karthik , Zelasky Michael T , Puttagunta Sailaja , Boucher Helen W
Published: September 2022

Background

There are limited treatment options for uncomplicated urinary tract infection (uUTI) caused by resistant pathogens. Sulopenem etzadroxil/probenecid (sulopenem) is an oral thiopenem antibiotic active against multidrug-resistant pathogens that cause uUTIs.

Methods

Patients with uUTI were randomized to 5 days of sulopenem or 3 days of ciprofloxacin. The primary endpoint was overall success, defined as both clinical and microbiologic response at day 12. In patients with ciprofloxacin-nonsusceptible baseline pathogens, sulopenem was compared for superiority over ciprofloxacin; in patients with ciprofloxacin-susceptible pathogens, the agents were compared for noninferiority. Using prespecified hierarchical statistical testing, the primary endpoint was tested in the combined population if either superiority or noninferiority was declared in the nonsusceptible or susceptible population, respectively.

Results

In the nonsusceptible population, sulopenem was superior to ciprofloxacin, 62.6% vs 36.0% (difference, 26.6%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 15.1 to 7.4; P <.001). In the susceptible population, sulopenem was not noninferior to ciprofloxacin, 66.8% vs 78.6% (difference, −11.8%; 95% CI, −18.0 to 5.6). The difference was driven by a higher rate of asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB) post-treatment in patients on sulopenem. In the combined analysis, sulopenem was noninferior to ciprofloxacin, 65.6% vs 67.9% (difference, −2.3%; 95% CI, −7.9 to 3.3). Diarrhea occurred more frequently with sulopenem (12.4% vs 2.5%).

Conclusions

Sulopenem was noninferior to ciprofloxacin in the treatment of uUTIs. Sulopenem was superior to ciprofloxacin in patients with uUTIs due to ciprofloxacin-nonsusceptible pathogens. Sulopenem was not noninferior in patients with ciprofloxacin-susceptible pathogens, driven largely by a lower rate of ASB in those who received ciprofloxacin.

Clinical Trial Registration

NCT03354598.
The Power of Hydroelectric Dams: Historical Evidence from the United States over the Twentieth Century
Authors: Severnini Edson
Published: September 2022

This paper evaluates large-scale hydroelectric dams built in the United States during the twentieth century. Combining panel event-study designs and synthetic control methods, two results stand out. First, dams constructed pre-1950 spurred short-run local growth, in large part thanks to a ‘cheap-local-power advantage’, and resulted in remarkable long-run growth, more than doubling local population density after 50 years. Second, dams constructed post-1950 had only modest effects on growth. The first result indicates agglomerative impacts on local economic activity. The second result suggests that the cheap-local-power advantage created by hydropower attenuated after 1950, probably because of such innovations as high-tension transmission lines.
Optimized patient selection in high-risk protected percutaneous coronary intervention
Authors: Leick Jürgen , Werner Nikos , Mangner Norman , Panoulas Vasileios , Aurigemma Cristina
Published: September 2022

Percutaneous mechanical circulatory support (pMCS) is increasingly used in patients with poor left-ventricular (LV) function undergoing elective high-risk percutaneous coronary interventions (HR-PCIs). These patients are often in critical condition and not suitable candidates for coronary artery bypass graft surgery. For the definition of HR-PCI, there is a growing consensus that multiple factors must be considered to define the complexity of PCI. These include haemodynamic status, left-ventricular ejection fraction, clinical characteristics, and concomitant diseases, as well as the complexity of the coronary anatomy/lesions. Although haemodynamic support by percutaneous LV assist devices is commonly adopted in HR-PCI (protected PCI), there are no clear guideline recommendations for indication due to limited published data. Therefore, decisions to use a nonsurgical, minimally invasive procedure in HR-PCI patients should be based on a risk–benefit assessment by a multidisciplinary team. Here, the current evidence and indications for protected PCI will be discussed.