bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tsunami: Corroborating the need for vulnerability and capacity analysis
Authors: Guleria, MSc Sushma , Edward, PhD J. K. Patterson
Published: August 2018

Purpose: Conducting vulnerability and capacity assessment (VCA) becomes imperative as it gives an insight about the means people employ to cope with emergencies, and it is the firmest basis on which we can build appropriate and cost-effective actions for preparedness and mitigation aspects in disaster management. VCA was conducted to delineate risk zones among the sample villages and group them in risk zones (high, moderate, and low) depending upon the persisting vulnerabilities due to natural hazards, impact caused by the Tsunami in 2004, implementation of various disaster management aspects, and assessing the capacities of the respective sample villages.Design methodology: Overall methodology was based on collection, collation, and analysis of baseline and historical data. A questionnaire was developed for assessing capacity and vulnerability of the selected villages of three districts, namely, Cuddalore, Nagapattinam, and Kanniyakumari along the Tamil Nadu coast.Findings: In this article, it was found that out of the nine sample villages, four villages, namely, Devanampattinam, Pichavaram, Tarangambadi, and Melamanakuddi, fell under high-risk zones, another four, namely, Samiyarpettai, Poompuhar, Kaniyakumari, and Kolachel, fell under medium risk zones as compared with just one, ie,Velanganni, which fell under low-risk zone.Practical implications/Originality: The most effective approach to reduce the long-term impact of natural hazards is to incorporate natural hazard assessment and mitigation activities into the process of integrated development planning and investment project formulation and implementation. The key to reduce vulnerabilities is through training and education, which are of critical importance by incorporating VCA into any development planning process and thereby upgrade the standard of living to ensure sustained well-being and prosperity and achieve sustainability.
Using decision analysis to select alternate modes of dispensing: An example from Los Angeles County Public Health
Authors: Khan, MPH, MA Sinan , Richter, PhD Anke
Published: August 2018

Objective: To comply with the Center for Disease Control’s mass prophylaxis mandates, many public health jurisdictions must supplement their existing Points of Dispensing (POD)-based system. Because of limited budgets and personnel availability, only one or two alternatives out of the many potential options can be implemented.Design: Multicriteria decision analysis is a powerful tool that allows public health officials to assess the relative effectiveness of alternate modes of dispensing while incorporating the opinions of their multidisciplinary emergency response planning teams.Setting: This process was utilized to analyze the effectiveness of alternate modes of dispensing that could be used to supplement the existing POD system within the Los Angeles County (LAC) Department of Public Health (DPH).Results: The top two options for LAC were prepositioning for civil service and partnership with a major Health Maintenance Organization. These choices were stable under a variety of sensitivity analyses, and the differences in opinion between the agencies and other stakeholders do not change them.Conclusions: The transparency of the model and analysis may allow decision makers and planners in the LAC DPH to garner support for their alternate modes of dispensing plans. By making the decision criteria clear and demonstrating the robustness of the results in the sensitivity analyses, public health partners gain a deeper understanding of the issues and their potential roles. The process can be repeated by any jurisdiction, but definition of “best” will rely on the issues and gaps that are identified with the jurisdiction’s POD plan for mass prophylaxis.
Risk communication with nurses during infectious disease outbreaks: Learning from SARS
Authors: O’Connor, PhD Eileen , O’Sullivan, PhD Tracey , Amaratunga, PhD Carol , Thille BSc (PT), PhD (Student) Patricia , Phillips, PhD Karen P. , Carter, MSc Michelle , Lemyre, PhD, FRSC Louise
Published: August 2018

Objective: To identify gaps in risk communication during public health emergencies as identified by nurses who worked in critical and emergency care hospital units during the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) outbreak in Canada.Design: This research is part of a larger multimethod study of the psychosocial impacts of the SARS outbreak in Canada for healthcare workers. For this qualitative analysis of risk communication, focus groups were conducted in four Canadian cities using purposive sampling to study perspectives of frontline critical care and emergency department nurses. Covello’s (2003) model of best practices in risk communication is applied to assess specific areas in which risk communication gaps were identified by nurses interviewed in the focus groups.Setting: Five focus groups held in four Canadian cities: Halifax, Ottawa, Toronto, Vancouver.Participant/Data: n _ 100 participated in focus groups in four urban communities.Results: During the SARS outbreak in 2003, high levels of uncertainty, lack of trust, and questions about leadership credibility emerged as important risk communication challenges. Communication problems were compounded by a lack of reliable information, frequent changes in infection control guidelines and risk avoidance messages, as well as contradictory actions of management and senior leaders.Conclusions: Risk communication constitutes an important component of any emergency protocol. This study of nurses working in emergency and critical care hospital settings during the 2003 SARS outbreak indicates key areas in which risk communication could be more efficient to address nurses’ concerns related to managing uncertainty, occupational health and safety, and employee quality of life. Recommendations useful for planning of any pandemics including H1N1 are derived.
Disaster mental health: A critical incident stress management program (CISM) to mitigate compassion fatigue
Authors: Jones, DSW Norma S.C. , Majied, PhD Kamilah
Published: August 2018

This article presents a critical incident stress management program (CISMP) that is designed to anticipate and mitigate the emotional impact of external and internal critical incidents upon individuals and groups who deliver disaster recovery services. This comprehensive program provides for immediate and sustained responses to assist disaster workers in effectively minimizing the emotional detriment of stressful incidents, resulting from interactions with disaster victims. Disaster workers have the potential to experience compassion fatigue as they listen to the disaster survivors’ stories of pain and losses, and work long work hours over extended work periods. The program is a structured, peer-driven, clinician-guided, and supported process designed to provide interventions to address disaster-related mental health issues. Emphasis is placed on individual peer support for immediate action, and specialized individual and group support, assessment, and referral is provided by a stress management clinician. Peer partners participate in a training program, which includes: (1) an overview of stress assessment and management; (2) critical/intervention orientation; (3) identification and utilization of peer support techniques; (4) event preplanning, event briefings, defusings, and debriefings; (5) protocol for responding to an incident; and (6) basic information on workplace violence.
Reconceptualizing household disaster readiness: The “Get Ready” Pyramid
Authors: Wood, PhD Michele M. , Kano, DrPH Megumi , Mileti, PhD Dennis S. , Bourque, PhD Linda B.
Published: August 2018

The terrorist events of September 11, 2001 were followed by a dramatic increase in public education and information efforts to improve preparations for disasters across our nation. Using the State of California as a case study, this article provides an overview of existing public education campaigns intended to enhance readiness; identifies shortcomings in current approaches; and presents a comprehensive public readiness typology, the “Get Ready” Pyramid, a framework organized along a continuum of cost, intended for use by any individual or entity wishing to promote or adopt readiness actions. Future research should evaluate the framework’s utility and impact on behavior.
An analysis of casualty transportation to a medical facility following the Campbelltown tornado
Authors: Rudy, DEd Bruce S. , Shaffer, PhD Michele L. , Horne, MA Andrea H.
Published: August 2018

An emergency management agency is responsible for the preparation and response to a myriad of disasters. A disaster is an event that overwhelms the available resources. An analysis of tornado victims who presented to a nonurban medical center demonstrated a higher percentage of arrival by emergency vehicle when compared with other disasters that occurred in metropolitan settings. Emergency managers in nonurban settings should include plans for transportation of both critically and noncritically injured persons to a medical facility.
Post-hurricane forest management responses in the southern United States
Authors: Bettinger, PhD Pete , Merry, MS Krista L. , Hepinstall, PhD Jeffrey
Published: August 2018

Although people living along the southeastern and Gulf coasts of the United States may have limited experience dealing with major hurricane damage, hurricanes are imminent and pose potentially dire consequences to forest resources. In addition to understanding the physical and biological reactions of forests to extreme weather conditions, there are a number of managerial responses that should be considered based on this past experience. This article presents a summary of the more pertinent forest management responses, and where appropriate, highlights situations where these were beneficial to the overall (economic, ecological, social) recovery effort. Management responses address not only the immediate needs for clearing roads and restoring basic service needs, but also the longer-term issues related to timber salvage, reforestation, forest health, and fire danger. The damage from strong winds and storm surges may also result in serious consequences for ecological values. However, challenges and issues related to the restoration of forests and forest-related values may require several years to address. Therefore, the objective of this review article is to provide a summary of the experiences of forest land managers, researchers, and emergency planners who have directly responded to severe storms affecting the southern United States.
Effects of organization leadership behavior on learning ethics: A study of professional paramedics
Authors: Sine, MA David M. , Northcutt, PhD Norvell
Published: August 2018

A review of the methods of ethics instruction reveals that demonstrated ethical behavior by leadership, although not central-most to introducing an organization’s newcomers to a normative approach to ethical decision making and behavior, is ubiquitous and highly placed in contemporary ethics pedagogy. Similarly, a review of ethics assessment tools finds that nearly all probe perceptions by group members of the ethical behavior of those who provide group supervision and leadership.This article asks if ethical behavior by senior Emergency Medical Service (EMS) leaders is of sufficient strength to convey to newcomers (in this case, newly hired fire department paramedics) the ethics of that organization. This research was conducted in an urban fire academy and compared, using a standardized assessment tool, an ethics culture survey of academy instructors, and then a class of paramedics both before and after their academy experience. The authors find that EMS newcomers do not absorb ethics osmotically and that EMS leaders must anticipate that instruction in ethics is necessary to ensure that moral actions taken by newcomers will be those desired by the organization.
Long-term global threat assessment: Challenging new roles for emergency managers
Authors: Bissell, PhD Richard A. , Bumbak, MS Andrew , Levy, DO, MS Matthew , Echebi, MD, MS Patrick
Published: August 2018

Based on currently available published data and literature from multiple disciplines, this article introduces medium- and long-term global developments and changes that will likely impact human society in disastrous or even catastrophic fashion, with significant impact on the roles and challenges of emergency managers. Some of the phenomena described include the following: (1) loss of fresh water, (2) significant sea level rise with resultant flooding, (3) increased heat leading to desertification and crop losses, (4) storms that are both more frequent and more violent, (5) massive food emergencies as crops fail for lack of water and/or saltwater inundation, (6) loss of the petroleumbased economy, and (7) massive population relocations on a level the world has never experienced. The perspective used is purposely global, in that the trends described do not respect political boundaries. We also recognize that mitigation and response activities may well involve many nations simultaneously. The article concludes with introductory suggestions of steps emergency management should take in preparing to serve new and more complex tasks to meet coming challenges, and a “call to action” for emergency managers to assume a more active role in confronting the risks imposed by forces that are now underway.
Incorporating emergency management needs in the development of weather radar networks
Authors: Bass, PhD Ellen J. , Baumgart, MS Leigh , Philips, MBA Brenda , Kloesel, PhD Kevin , Dougherty, MA Kathleen , Rodriguez, PhD Havidan , Diaz, PhD Walter , Donner, PhD William , Santos, MS Jenniffer , Zink, PhD Michael
Published: August 2018

The Center for Collaborative Adaptive Sensing of the Atmosphere (CASA) is developing networks of lowpower, low-cost radars that adaptively collect, process, and visualize high-resolution data in the lowest portion of the atmosphere. CASA researchers are working with emergency managers (EM) to ensure that the network concept is designed with EMs’ needs in mind. Interviews, surveys, analysis of product usage logs, and simulated scenarios are being used to solicit EM input. Results indicate the need for products for both high- and low-bandwidth end users, visualizations for velocity products that are more easily interpreted, and enhanced training. CASA researchers are developing interventions to address these needs.
Security as subversion: Undermining access, agency, and voice through the discourse of security
Authors: Bedford, MS Jennifer , Kendra, PhD James
Published: August 2018

This article describes a case in which local emergency planning was thwarted by indifference and concern about security. It argues that excessive security concerns can impede the kind of cooperation and information sharing that is widely accepted as essential to good planning and suggests that concerns about less-likely terrorist attacks undercut preparation for more-likely emergencies arising from natural or technological sources.
An evaluation of local incident command system personnel in a pandemic influenza
Authors: Branum, BA, BS, MS (Student) Andrew , Dietz, PhD, PE J. Eric , Black, PhD, MPH David R.
Published: August 2018

In 2008, 68 counties in the State of Indiana participated in functional exercises funded by the Indiana State Department of Health to evaluate local pandemic preparation and response. As a part of the exercise tasks, counties were asked to develop an Incident Command (IC) structure for the county as well as qualified personnel who would fill each position. By examining the individual structures, it was discovered that at the local level, no clear type of personnel was being used. This study will display the results of the findings by uniquely categorizing the local level IC personnel structure used in these exercises into three study-defined types: normal command, specialized command, and unified command. By looking at the various effectiveness aspects of each type of personnel structure, this study will provide consideration, with possible strengths and weaknesses, for effective IC use based upon selection of IC personnel. The results will allow localities to better modify their command to adjust to a pandemic emergency.
Effect of an interferent on the performance of two direct-reading organic vapor monitors
Authors: LeBouf, PhD Ryan F. , Rossner, PhD Alan , Hudnall, BS Judith B. , Slaven, MS James E. , Calvert, BS Catherine C. , Pearce, PhD Terri A. , Coffey, PhD Christopher C.
Published: August 2018

Direct-reading organic vapor monitors (DROVMs) are widely used by industrial hygienists and emergency responders as survey tools for the assessment of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in occupational or emergency response settings. Although these monitors provide real-time information for expedient decision making, their utility in determining compliance with specific exposure limits is not well established. In addition, other VOCs that may be present in the same environment can act as interferents and adversely affect performance. This study assessed the effect of an interferent (hexane) on the performance of two representative commercially available monitors when measuring cyclohexane. The instrument readings were compared with concentrations measured with sorbent tubes, a standard compliance monitoring technique. Infrared-based concentration measurements were more precise at the two middle challenge concentrations (144 and 289 ppm), indicating a shift in instrument precision at the low and high end of the recommended operating range. Both photoionization detection and infrared-based concentration measurements were affected by the presence and amount of hexane in the test atmosphere. Emergency response personnel and industrial hygienists should be aware of the limitations of DROVMs in the assessment of hazardous situations involving VOCs.
Hurricane Gustav: Disassociation as evidence of organizational learning
Authors: Vevea, MA Nadene N. , Littlefield, PhD Robert S.
Published: August 2018

This study explored the messages of crisis leaders and the media portrayal of those leaders during the early stages of Hurricane Gustav. A textual analysis of 105 articles drawn from the New York Times and the Times-Picayune of New Orleans dated August 29 to September 3, 2008, revealed the use of organizational learning, image restoration, and renewal strategies by crisis leaders and media use of positive terms clustered around the Hurricane Gustav crisis, with negative terms limited to comparisons with and references to Hurricane Katrina. The findings suggested that the crisis leaders’ effective management of Gustav showcased organizational learning, while the media’s comparisons of Hurricane Katrina and Hurricane Gustav reflected a positive media bias toward Gustav crisis leaders and the effectiveness of their crisis management strategies.
Location and analysis of emergency management Points of Distributions for Hurricane Ike
Authors: Chung, PhD Christopher A. , Donaghey, PhD Charles E.
Published: August 2018

On September 13, 2008, Hurricane Ike caused massive destruction along the Gulf Coast of the United States. In response to subsistence shortages caused by infrastructure damage, government officials opened 26 Points of Distributions (PODs) to distribute food, water, and ice. To analyze the accessibility of these PODs, a Microsoft Windows software program POD Locator was developed by the researchers. This program calculated the average distance of each area residents’ home location to the closest of the 26 PODs to be 6.41 miles. In comparison, POD Locator identified an alternative set of 26 PODs with an average distance of 3.71 miles for an average reduction in travel of 46 percent. POD Locator also identified the fact that similar performance to the actual 26 PODs was achievable with only 10 PODs.
May/June 2010
Authors: DeVito, Jr. Richard A.
Published: August 2018

Volume 8, Number 3
September/October 2010
Authors: DeVito, Jr. Richard A.
Published: August 2018

Volume 8, Number 5
September/October 2011
Authors: DeVito, Jr. Richard A.
Published: August 2018

Volume 9, Number 5
November/December 2011
Authors: DeVito, Jr. Richard A.
Published: August 2018

Volume 9, Number 6
Individual and organizational factors associated with professional quality of life in Florida fire personnel
Authors: Miller, PhD Anastasia , Unruh, PhD, RN, LHRM Lynn , Wharton, PhD, MEd, MSc, MSW, LCSW Tracy , Liu, PhD Xinliang , Zhang, PhD, MD, MPH Ning
Published: August 2018

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine a baseline level of compassion satisfaction, burnout, and secondary traumatic stress (STS) in firefighters, as well as to examine how these constructs related to perceived organizational support, perceived coworker support, psychological resilience, and debriefing in the fire personnel.Design: This was done through a voluntary nonrandom, cross-sectional administration of surveys. Setting: The study was carried out in the state of Florida.Subjects, Participants: Surveys were e-mailed out to state firefighters. Two hundred seventy surveys were completed by active firefighting personnel across the state.Main Outcome Measure(s): The Professional Quality of Life: Compassion Satisfaction and Compassion Fatigue Version 5 was also sent to establish self-reported levels of compassion satisfaction, burnout, and STS. The Survey of Perceived Organizational Support, Perceived Organizational Support Survey, and the Brief Resilience Survey were also used in addition to questions regarding debriefing activities. Results: Gender, race, and education levels were significantly related to compassion satisfaction in the regression analysis. Organizational support was associated with higher compassion satisfaction as well as lower burnout and STS. Coworker support was associated with higher compassion satisfaction. Psychological resilience was positively associated with higher levels of compassion satisfaction and lower burnout and STS. Those who participated in informal debriefing methods had higher compassion satisfaction as well as lower burnout. Firefighters working at agencies that did not provide mental health professional’s services had lower compassion satisfaction.Conclusions: Fire agencies have multiple avenues and policy options to improve the professional quality of life for firefighters.
Challenges of service coordination for evacuees of Hurricane Maria through the National Disaster Medical System
Authors: Vora, MD Neil M. , Grober, MPH Aaron , Goodwin, PhD Bradley P. , Davis, PhD Michelle S. , McGee, LCSW-BCD Chris , Luckhaupt, MD, MPH Sara E. , Cockrill, MS, MPH Jennifer A. , Ready, PharmD Selena , Bluemle, DPT Laura Nichole , Brewer, BSN, MPH Lauren , Brown, EdD Angela , Brown, RN, MSHS Cassidy , Clement, DBH, PA-C Julie , Downie, MPH Diane L. , Garner, MPA Michael R. , Lerner, RN, MS Ruby , Mahool, RN, BSN Margaret , Mojica, MEd Shirley A. , Nolen, MD, PhD Leisha D. , Pedersen, LCSW-BCD Melanie R. , Chappell-Reed, MS, RD Mary Jane , Richards, MSN, APRN, FNP-C Edecia , Smith, RN Jonathan , Weekes, MA Kitichia C. , Dickinson, MPH Jeanette , Weir, PhD Charles , Bowman, MS Thomas I. , Eckes, RN MBA Jeanne
Published: August 2018

Objective: To describe the challenges of service coordination through the National Disaster Medical System (NDMS) for Hurricane Maria evacuees, particularly those on dialysis.Design: Public health report.Setting: Georgia.Report: On November 25, 2017, there were 208 patients evacuated to Georgia in response to Hurricane Maria receiving NDMS support. Most were evacuated from the US Virgin Islands (97 percent) and the remaining from Puerto Rico (3 percent); 73 percent of these patients were on dialysis, all from the US Virgin Islands. From the beginning of the evacuation response through November 25, 2017, there were 282 patients evacuated to Georgia via NDMS, with a median length of coverage through NDMS for those on and not on dialysis of 60 and 16 days, respectively. Conclusion: The limited capacity and capability of dialysis centers currently in the US Virgin Islands are delaying the return to home of many Hurricane Maria evacuees who are on dialysis.
Communication between nurse care managers and patients who take opioids for chronic pain: Strategies for exploring aberrant behavior
Authors: Liebschutz, MD, MPH Jane M. , Lange, MD Allison V. , Heymann, MA Orlaith D. , Lasser, MD, MPH Karen E. , Corey, MSN, EdD, RN, CHSE Pamela , Shanahan, MD, MPH Christopher W. , Kopinski, BA Hannah S. , Husain, MD Jawad M. , Cushman, MD, MS Phoebe A. , Parker, EdM, DBA Victoria A.
Published: August 2018

Objective: One approach to potential misuse of prescription opioids by patients with chronic pain is team-based collaborative primary care, with primary care visits complemented by frequent visits with nurse care managers (NCMs) specializing in addiction care. However, little is known about the communication strategies NCMs employ in these visits. This study aimed to describe strategies NCMs used with patients when discussing aberrancies encountered during opioid monitoring.Design: Observational study of NCM-patient interactions. Patients' primary care providers had been randomized to the treatment arm of a study evaluating an intervention, of which NCM visits were part, to change opioid prescribing patterns. The overall intervention was found to be successful.Setting: Four primary care settings.Participants: Two NCMs and 41 patients.Main outcome measure: Forty one interactions between two NCMs and 41 unique patients were directly observed, and the detailed field notes coded for strategies using conventional content analysis.Results: Five themes describing strategies that NCMs use to navigate aberrant patient behavior emerged: (1) NCM develops therapeutic relationship with patient; (2) NCM encourages adherence to monitoring strategies by contextualizing intensive opioid management for patient; (3) NCM inquires into discrepancies between patient's narrative and objective data to further understand aberrancy; (4) NCM assesses patient's medication use and pain to obtain more information about aberrancy and determine risk for opioid misuse; and (5) NCM educates patient and makes recommendations to guide appropriate medication use.Conclusions: These findings provide a potential model for the replication of intensive care management strategies utilizing NCMs in primary care.
A case for opioid education and training for medical students, residents, and allied health staff: response to “educational intervention for physicians to address the risk of opioid abuse”
Authors: Bahji, BScH, MD Anees , Camiré, BScN, RN, MD Daenis
Published: August 2018

-
Cultural Policy in the Polder
Authors: Meerkerk Edwin , Hoogen Quirijn Lennert
Published: August 2018

At the occasion of the 25 anniversary of the Dutch Cultural Policy Act, Dutch academics in cultural policy research have compiled a volume to commemorate the quarter century in which Dutch cultural policy has developed and analyse the key debates in Dutch cultural policy for the coming years.

Historically, central public authority in the Netherlands has been problematic. The country's origin as a confederation of seven independent republics, has had effect in the sense that government usually works 'bottom up'. As a result the Netherlands has relatively few national cultural institutions when compared to other countries. Moreover, the national media never have been linked to the nation state. It is therefore surprising that the nation's cultural policy can be described as a national system in which the nation state sets the agenda rather than cities and regions.
Assessment of the resistance of four nitrogen-fixing Bacteria to glyphosate
Authors: Ibijbijen Jamal , Maldani Mohamed , Ben Messaoud Btissam , Nassiri Laila
Published: August 2018

The presence of residual pesticides in the soil affect the microbial Communities, as well continuous use of pesticides exacerbates this problem. Glyphosate is one of the most used herbicides in the world. Up to date several studies have evaluated the tolerance and resistance of bacteria to glyphosate. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria and has a very important role in soil fertility, thus altering of this bacterial communities of soil decrease the soil fertility. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of glyphosate application on four bacterial strains Pantoea agglomerans, Rhizobium nepotum, Rhizobium radiobacter and Rhizobium tibeticum. Glyphosate was applied as the sole source of carbon at a rate (0 g/l, 0.5 g/l, 1g/l, 3g/l, 6g/l and 12 g/l) with two methods.  Microbial growth was measured by Colony Forming Units (CUF /ml). Comparing with the control, the result shown that the growth of the four strains decreased by increasing the concentration of glyphosate. The four strains shown resistance to glyphosate in the direct enrichment compared to the continued enrichment method. Comparing strains with each other, Rhizobium radiobacter is the most resistant strain to glyphosate
Evolutionarily Degenerate Biological Structures: Terminology Through Time, and the Question of Terminological Consensus
Authors: Senter Philip J.
Published: August 2018

The existence of evolutionarily degenerate biological structures (EDBS) is a major concept in biology. Biologists have often used the terms “vestige,” “rudiment,” and their adjective forms “vestigial” and “rudimentary” for EDBS since the nineteenth century. Some authors have advocated stricter usage of the terms than others have. For example, some have advocated restriction of the term “rudimentary” to embryonic structures, whereas others have also applied it to postembryonic EDBS. Likewise, some have restricted the term “vestigial” to putatively functionless structures, whereas others have applied it to structures that retain some function. Here, I sought to determine whether a consensus has been reached in the usage of such terms for EDBS. A sample of 200 articles in primary scientific literature from the twentieth and twenty-first centuries shows that through both centuries it has been more common to call EDBS “rudimentary” than to restrict the term “rudimentary” to embryonic structures, and it has been more common to attribute function or possible function to structures called “vestigial” than to restrict the term “vestigial” to putatively functionless structures. The consensus in both centuries has been less-strict usage of such terms; such usage is, in several ways, more logical than strict usage.
QTL Underlying Reniform Nematode Resistance in Soybean Cultivar Hartwig
Authors: Lee Yi-Chen , Lightfoot David A. , Anderson James , Robbins Robert T. , Kantartzi Stella K.
Published: August 2018

Nematodes are one of the most destructive plant-parasitic pests in soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merrill]. Among the nematodes, soybean cyst nematode (SCN, Heterodera glycines Ichinohe), southern root-knot nematode [RKN, Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White) Chitwood], and reniform nematode (RN, Rotylenchlus reniformis Linford and Oliveria) are often the most problematic in soybean yield production. The plant introduction PI437654 has been used previously to map RN quantitative trait loci (QTL). However, ‘PI437654’ is non-domesticated. ‘Hartwig’ was the first domesticated cultivar to introgress some of the resistances from PI437654. The aims here were to map QTL underlying RN resistance in Hartwig. A cross between Flyer and Hartwig (n=92) was created to map QTL that underlie both SCN and RN resistance. The F × H population was phenotyped at the nematology lab at the University of Arkansas in 2014 and 2015 The F × H was genotyped with 140 polymorphic microsatellite markers (simple sequence repeats, SSR). In this study, 4 SSRs were highly significant (P< 0.001) associated by ANOVA and composite interval mapping and each were determined to identify a QTL. There were QTL on Chr. 12 (LG H, Satt353), and 3 on Chr. 18 (LG G, Satt275, Satt163, and Satt309). The beneficial alleles all derived from Hartwig. Satt353 has previously been reported to link to sudden death syndrome (SDS) QTL, and all three Satt markers on LG G have been reported to link to rhg1.Therefore, Hartwig and cultivars derived from it (‘Anand’, ‘Ina’) may be used to address the growing RN problems.
Global relevance of marine organic aerosol as ice nucleating particles
Authors: Huang Wan Ting Katty , Ickes Luisa , Tegen Ina , Rinaldi Matteo , Ceburnis Darius , Lohmann Ulrike
Published: August 2018

Abstract. Ice nucleating particles (INPs) increase the temperature at which supercooled
droplets start to freeze. They are therefore of particular interest in
mixed-phase cloud temperature regimes, where supercooled liquid droplets can
persist for extended periods of time in the absence of INPs. When INPs are
introduced to such an environment, the cloud can quickly glaciate following
ice multiplication processes and the Wegener–Bergeron–Findeisen (WBF)
process. The WBF process can also cause the ice to grow to precipitation size
and precipitate out. All of these processes alter the radiative properties. Despite their potential influence on climate, the ice nucleation
ability and importance of different aerosol species is still not
well understood and is a field of active research. In this study, we
use the aerosol–climate model ECHAM6-HAM2 to examine the global
relevance of marine organic aerosol (MOA), which has drawn much
interest in recent years as a potentially important INPs in remote
marine regions. We address the uncertainties in emissions and ice
nucleation activity of MOA with a range of reasonable set-ups and
find a wide range of resulting MOA burdens. The relative importance
of MOA as an INP compared to dust is investigated and found to
depend strongly on the type of ice nucleation parameterisation scheme
chosen. On the zonal mean, freezing due to MOA leads to relative
increases in the cloud ice occurrence and in-cloud number
concentration close to the surface in the polar regions during
summer. Slight but consistent decreases in the in-cloud ice crystal
effective radius can also be observed over the same regions during
all seasons. Regardless, MOA was not found to affect the radiative
balance significantly on the global scale, due to its relatively
weak ice activity and a low sensitivity of cloud ice properties to
heterogeneous ice nucleation in our model.
Black carbon-induced snow albedo reduction over the Tibetan Plateau: uncertainties from snow grain shape and aerosol–snow mixing state based on an updated SNICAR model
Authors: He Cenlin , Flanner Mark G. , Chen Fei , Barlage Michael , Liou Kuo-Nan , Kang Shichang , Ming Jing , Qian Yun
Published: August 2018

Abstract. We implement a set of new parameterizations into the widely used Snow, Ice, and Aerosol Radiative (SNICAR) model to account for effects of snow grain shape (spherical vs. nonspherical) and black carbon (BC)–snow mixing state (external vs. internal). We find that nonspherical snow grains lead to higher pure albedo but weaker BC-induced albedo reductions relative to spherical snow grains, while BC–snow internal mixing significantly enhances albedo reductions relative to external mixing. The combination of snow nonsphericity and internal mixing suggests an important interactive effect on BC-induced albedo reduction. Comparisons with observations of clean and BC-contaminated snow albedo show that model simulations accounting for both snow nonsphericity and BC–snow internal mixing perform better than those using the common assumption of spherical snow grains and external mixing. We further apply the updated SNICAR model with comprehensive in situ measurements of BC concentrations in the Tibetan Plateau snowpack to quantify the present-day (2000–2015) BC-induced snow albedo effects from a regional and seasonal perspective. The BC concentrations show distinct and substantial sub-regional and seasonal variations, with higher values in the non-monsoon season and low altitudes. As a result, the BC-induced regional mean snow albedo reductions and surface radiative effects vary by up to an order of magnitude across different sub-regions and seasons, with values of 0.7–30.7 and 1.4–58.4 W m−2 for BC externally mixed with fresh and aged snow spheres, respectively. The BC radiative effects are further complicated by uncertainty in snow grain shape and BC–snow mixing state. BC–snow internal mixing enhances the mean albedo effects over the plateau by 30–60 % relative to external mixing, while nonspherical snow grains decrease the mean albedo effects by up to 31 % relative to spherical grains. Based on this study, extensive measurements and improved model characterization of snow grain shape and aerosol–snow mixing state are urgently needed in order to precisely evaluate BC–snow albedo effects.
Carbon exchange in an Amazon forest: from hours to years
Authors: Hayek Matthew N. , Longo Marcos , Wu Jin , Smith Marielle N. , Restrepo-Coupe Natalia , Tapajós Raphael , da Silva Rodrigo , Fitzjarrald David R. , Camargo Plinio B. , Hutyra Lucy R. , Alves Luciana F. , Daube Bruce , Munger J. William , Wiedemann Kenia T. , Saleska Scott R. , Wofsy Steven C.
Published: August 2018

Abstract. In Amazon forests, the relative contributions of climate,
phenology, and disturbance to net ecosystem exchange of carbon (NEE) are not
well understood. To partition influences across various timescales, we use a
statistical model to represent eddy-covariance-derived NEE in an evergreen
eastern Amazon forest as a constant response to changing meteorology and
phenology throughout a decade. Our best fit model represented hourly NEE
variations as changes due to sunlight, while seasonal variations arose from
phenology influencing photosynthesis and from rainfall influencing ecosystem
respiration, where phenology was asynchronous with dry-season onset. We
compared annual model residuals with biometric forest surveys to estimate
impacts of drought disturbance. We found that our simple model represented
hourly and monthly variations in NEE well (R2=0.81 and 0.59,
respectively). Modeled phenology explained 1 % of hourly and 26 % of
monthly variations in observed NEE, whereas the remaining modeled variability
was due to changes in meteorology. We did not find evidence to support the
common assumption that the forest phenology was seasonally light- or
water-triggered. Our model simulated annual NEE well, with the exception of 2002,
the first year of our data record, which contained 1.2 MgC ha−1 of
residual net emissions, because photosynthesis was anomalously low. Because a
severe drought occurred in 1998, we hypothesized that this drought caused a
persistent, multi-year depression of photosynthesis. Our results suggest
drought can have lasting impacts on photosynthesis, possibly via partial
damage to still-living trees.
What drives the latitudinal gradient in open ocean surface dissolved inorganic carbon concentration?
Authors: Wu Yingxu , Hain Mathis P. , Humphreys Matthew P. , Hartman Sue , Tyrrell Toby
Published: August 2018

Abstract. Previous work has not led to a clear understanding of the causes of spatial pattern in global surface ocean DIC, which generally increases polewards. Here, we revisit this question by investigating the drivers of observed latitudinal gradients in surface salinity-normalized DIC (nDIC) using the Global Ocean Data Analysis Project Version 2 (GLODAPv2) database. We used the database to test three different hypotheses for the driver producing the observed increase in surface nDIC from low to high latitudes. These are: (1) sea surface temperature, through its effect on the CO2 system equilibrium constants, (2) salinity-related total alkalinity (TA), and (3) high latitude upwelling of DIC- and TA-rich deep waters. We find that temperature and upwelling are the two major drivers. TA effects generally oppose the observed gradient, except where higher values are introduced in upwelled waters. Temperature-driven effects explains the majority of the surface nDIC latitudinal gradient (182 out of 223 μmol kg−1 in the high-latitude Southern Ocean). Upwelling, which has not previously been considered as a major driver, additionally drives a substantial latitudinal gradient. Its immediate impact, prior to any induced air-sea CO2 exchange, is to raise Southern Ocean nDIC by 208 μmol kg−1 above the average low latitude value. However, this immediate effect is transitory. The long-term impact of upwelling (brought about by increasing TA), which would persist even if gas exchange were to return the surface ocean to the same CO2 as without upwelling, is to increase nDIC by 74 μmol kg−1 above the low latitude average.
Response of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica to water change and drought history reconstruction in the past 260 years, northeast China
Authors: Zhu Liangjun , Yao Qichao , Cooper David J. , Han Shijie , Wang Xiaochun
Published: August 2018

Abstract. We present a 260-year annual Palmer drought
severity index (PDSI) reconstruction based on a tree-ring width
chronology of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica)
from four sample sites in the central Daxing'an Mountains, northeast China.
The reconstruction equation explained 38.2 % of the variance of annual
PDSI in the calibration period from 1911 to 2010. Our reconstruction
confirmed the local historical documents and other nearby hydroclimate
reconstructions. Drought in the 1920s–1930s was more severe in the Daxing'an
Mountains than in the surrounding areas. A slight moisture increase was
identified in the study area, while a warm–dry pattern was found in the
west-central Mongolian Plateau (mildly drier) and its transition zones: the
west-central Mongolian Plateau (severely drier). Overall, the variation of
drought in the Daxing'an Mountains and its relationship with surrounding
areas may be affected by the Pacific or Atlantic oscillations (e.g., ENSO,
PDO, AMO, NAO and SNAO), which can affect the Asian monsoon, change the local
temperature and precipitation, and lead to drought.
A mathematical approach to understanding emergent constraints
Authors: Nijsse Femke J. M. M. , Dijkstra Henk A.
Published: August 2018

Abstract. One of the
approaches to constrain uncertainty in climate models is the identification
of emergent constraints. These are physically explainable empirical
relationships between a particular simulated characteristic of the current
climate and future climate change from an ensemble of climate models, which
can be exploited using current observations. In this paper, we develop a
theory to understand the appearance of such emergent constraints. Based on
this theory, we also propose a classification for emergent constraints, and
applications are shown for several idealized climate models.
The Indian Summer Monsoon in MetUM-GOML2.0: Effects of air-sea coupling and resolution
Authors: Peatman Simon C. , Klingaman Nicholas P.
Published: August 2018

Abstract. The fidelity of the simulated Indian Summer Monsoon is analysed in the UK Met Office Unified Model Global Ocean Mixed Layer configuration (MetUM-GOML2.0), in terms of its boreal summer mean state and propagation of the Boreal Summer IntraSeasonal Oscillation (BSISO). The model produces substantial biases in mean June--September precipitation, especially over India, in common with other MetUM configurations. Using a correction technique to constrain the mean seasonal cycle of ocean temperature and salinity, the effects of regional air-sea coupling and atmospheric horizontal resolution are investigated. Introducing coupling in the Indian Ocean degrades the atmospheric basic state, compared with prescribing the observed seasonal cycle of sea surface temperature (SST). This degradation of the mean state is attributable to small errors (±0.5 C) in mean SST. However, coupling slightly improves the simulation of northward BSISO propagation over the Indian Ocean, Bay of Bengal and India. Increasing resolution from 200 km to 90 km grid spacing (approximate value at the equator) improves the atmospheric mean state, but increasing resolution again to 40~km offers no substantial improvement. The improvement to intraseasonal propagation at finer resolution is similar to that due to coupling.
The Lituya Bay landslide-generated mega-tsunami. Numerical
simulation and sensitivity analysis
Authors: González-Vida José Manuel , Macías Jorge , Castro Manuel Jesús , Sánchez-Linares Carlos , de la Asunción Marc , Ortega-Acosta Sergio , Arcas Diego
Published: August 2018

Abstract. The 1958 Lituya Bay landslide-generated mega-tsunami is simulated using the Landslide-HySEA model, a recently developed finite volume Savage-Hutter Shallow Water coupled numerical model. Two factors are crucial if the main objective of the numerical simulation is to reproduce the maximal run-up, with an accurate simulation of the inundated area and a precise re-creation of the known trimline of the 1958 mega-tsunami of Lituya Bay. First, the accurate reconstruction of the initial slide. Then, the choice of a suitable coupled landslide-fluid model able to reproduce how the energy released by the landslide is transmitted to the water and then propagated. Given the numerical model, the choice of parameters appears to be a point of major importance, this leads us to perform a sensitivity analysis. Based on public domain topo-bathymetric data, and on information extracted from the work of Miller (1960), an approximation of Gilbert Inlet topo-bathymetry was set up and used for the numerical simulation of the mega-event. Once optimal model parameters were set, comparisons with observational data were performed in order to validate the numerical results. In the present work, we demonstrate that a shallow water type of model is able to accurately reproduce such an extreme event as the Lituya Bay mega-tsunami. The resulting numerical simulation is one of the first successful attempts (if not the first) at numerically reproducing in detail the main features of this event in a realistic 3D basin geometry, where no smoothing or other stabilizing factors in the bathymetric data are applied.
English Language Education in Algeria in the Light of the Test-Oriented Teaching Approach
Authors: Smail Benmoussat , Djawad Benmoussat Nabil
Published: August 2018

The present paper is concerned with the current situation relating to the English Language Education in the light of the teach-to-the-test approach. As a way of start, it provides a diachronic overview of English Language Education in Algeria. Then, it incorporates an in-depth analysis of the current situation, with a particular focus on the teaching-testing ambivalence. Next, it moves on to a discussion of the newly-imposed role the English language ought to perform within the globalization framework. Finally, the last part of the paper culminates with the provision of a record of the different problems and issues EFL teachers have been encountering and experiencing in the teaching of English as a global language due to the deeply-rooted culture of learning highly characterized by an ever-growing hegemony of the test-oriented teaching; academic achievement oblige!
La construcción de la identidad latinoamericana. Una aproximación hermenéutica a la visión de Leopoldo Zea
Authors: Guerra Victor Manuel
Published: August 2018

Este artículo busca presentar los aportes intelectuales de Leopoldo Zea en la construcción de una filosofía latinoamericana, que defina lo que el latinoamericano es para la historia y oriente lo que debe ser para la construcción de una sociedad más justa en Latinoamérica.Teoría y Praxis Año 9, No. 19, Julio de 2011, pp.71-86