bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
¿Representa la expresión patrimonio neto como rubro de los estados contables, lo que realmente quiere representar?
Authors: García Norberto
Published: July 2011

El objetivo de este trabajo es señalar la ambigüedad en la utilización de la expresión patrimonio neto como rubro del balance general en la literatura y práctica contable de los países Continentales Europeos, (incluyendo dentro de estos a los países Latinoamericanos). En primer lugar, para lograr el propósito se efectúa una recorrida por los diccionarios de la lengua española e inglesa para analizar las distintas acepciones de la palabra patrimonio, como así también desde el punto de vista del derecho vigente. Luego se analiza el concepto de patrimonio aplicado a la contabilidad tanto desde el punto de vista de la literatura contable Continental Europeo como de la Literatura Anglo Sajona, aunque en esta última no se aplica estrictamente la expresión patrimonio. Para esta finalidad, se hace uso fundamentalmente de la bibliografía Italiana centrada en las obras de Besta y Onida, como representantes de las ideas Continentales Europeas y a Paton en lo que se refiere a las ideas Anglo Sajonas. Al entrar al examen del uso de la palabra patrimonio o patrimonio neto en el balance general en uso en los países Continentales Europeos, se hace hincapié a la ambigüedad que resulta cuando uno hace la pregunta ¿Patrimonio de quién? Si se observa las partidas que están debajo del rubro "Patrimonio Neto" (Capital suscrito, Reservas. Resultados no Asignados) uno diría rápidamente que el patrimonio allí representado es el patrimonio de los propietarios, afirmación que no es correcta. En este sentido el uso de la expresión Anglo Sajona "Owner equity" (Participación de los propietarios) evita tal ambigüedad.
Proposta de um protocolo para o processamento de requisitos do cliente em empreendimentos habitacionais de interesse social
Authors: Lima Lisiane Pedroso , Formoso Carlos Torres , Echeveste Márcia Elisa Soares
Published: July 2011

Muitos estudos têm apontado a importância do gerenciamento dos requisitos do cliente e as dificuldades para sua implementação na indústria da construção devido à natureza complexa de seus processos. Na habitação de interesse social (HIS), os clientes finais raramente participam diretamente do processo de desenvolvimento do produto (PDP) e, por essa razão, suas necessidades não são normalmente capturadas e convertidas em requisitos, os quais, em conseqüência, não são adequadamente considerados pela equipe de projeto. Isso requer mudanças importantes na forma como o processo de desenvolvimento do produto é gerenciado. Esse artigo apresenta um estudo sobre o processamento de requisitos de um conjunto de projetos do Programa de Arrendamento Residencial (PAR). Este estudo enfatiza a tarefa de processar os requisitos do cliente nesse contexto baseado na integração de diferentes fontes de dados, com percepções dos diferentes clientes envolvidos no projeto. A principal contribuição desse trabalho foi o desenvolvimento de um protocolo para o processamento de requisitos, que utiliza dispositivos visuais e a ferramenta Casa da Qualidade (CQ), os quais auxiliam no processamento sistematizado de dados de requisitos do cliente.
Influência da adição de resíduo de gesso no calor de hidratação da argamassa de revestimento interno
Authors: Bernhoeft Luiz Fernando , Gusmão Alexandre Duarte , Tavares Yêda Vieira Póvoas
Published: July 2011

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi analisar a influência da adição de resíduo beneficiado de pasta de gesso como agregado no calor de hidratação da argamassa de gesso para uso em revestimentos internos. Na metodologia utilizada foi fixada a relação água/gesso de 0,66, valor obtido por meio de ensaio de consistência normal, e executados ensaios comparativos entre o gesso natural e o gesso aditivado com 5% e 10 % de resíduo. Para as adições de 5% e 10% de resíduo, os resultados mostraram a diminuição dos tempos de pega (inicial e final) diretamente correlacionado ao incremento da adição, claramente observados nas curvas de calor de hidratação, porém sem redução proporcional no tempo útil das argamassas, indicando uma alternativa para a diminuição do tempo improdutivo na mistura da pasta de gesso.
Má oclusão Classe II, 2ª divisão de Angle, tratada com exodontias de dentes permanentes
Authors: Dalagnol Sílvio Luís
Published: July 2011

Este artigo relata o tratamento ortodôntico de uma paciente do sexo feminino, adulta, portadora de uma má oclusão Classe II, 2ª divisão de Angle, com terceiros molares superiores inclusos, bolsa periodontal, recessões gengivais e desgastes dentários. A paciente foi tratada com exodontia dos segundos pré-molares superiores e controle de ancoragem. Este caso foi apresentado à Diretoria do Board Brasileiro de Ortodontia e Ortopedia Facial (BBO), representando a categoria Livre Escolha, como parte dos requisitos para a obtenção do título de Diplomado pelo BBO.
Influence of temperature on the permeability of rocks
Authors: KOžUšNíKOVá A. , KONEčNý P.
Published: July 2011

Changes in physical properties due to temperature increase have been investigated for three generically different types of rock: marble, sandstone and granite. The Hg-porosity and permeability of the rocks were analysed. The permeability of the specimens was determined during axial loading at a constant triaxial state of stress. Greater permeability changes were registered for rocks with compact structure and low porosity. These types of rock are characterised by line contacts between the grains. They are more sensitive to temperature increase; pores with a radius greater than 500 nm increase due to the temperature influence, with the permeability increasing considerably.
Persistent Exposure to Arsenic via Drinking Water in Rural Bangladesh Despite Major Mitigation Efforts
Authors: Gardner Renee , Hamadani Jena , Grandér Margaretha , Tofail Fahmida , Nermell Barbro , Palm Brita , Kippler Maria , Vahter Marie
Published: July 2011

Objectives. Elevated arsenic levels in tube-well water in Bangladesh have prompted extensive mitigation projects. We evaluated the effectiveness of long-term mitigation efforts by longitudinally measuring arsenic exposure in pregnant women and their children, the most susceptible population groups.

Methods. The study was nested in a population-based nutrition intervention in Matlab, Bangladesh. Mother–child pairs (n = 1951) were followed from 2001 to 2003, beginning in early gestation and continuing to 5 years postpartum. We measured arsenic concentrations in urine (U-As) of the 5-year-old children by using high-performance liquid chromatography online with hydride generation and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and compared them with earlier childhood U-As and maternal U-As during pregnancy.

Results. Children had elevated U-As at 5 years old (median = 51 μg/L, 5th–95th percentiles = 16–355 μg/L), and U-As distribution was similar to that observed in the mothers during gestation. Children's U-As at 5 years old significantly correlated with their U-As at 1.5 years old and to maternal U-As during early and late gestation.

Conclusions. Despite major mitigation efforts, arsenic exposure remains highly elevated in rural Bangladesh. Further mitigation strategies are required and must be rigorously evaluated for long-term efficacy.
Gender Disparities in Injury Mortality: Consistent, Persistent, and Larger Than You'd Think
Authors: Sorenson Susan B.
Published: July 2011

Objectives. The purpose of this study is to update knowledge about gender differences in injury mortality.

Methods. Data were drawn from the Web-based Injury Query System, which contains US injury mortality data from 1981 to 2007. Male-to-female rate ratios in injury mortality are calculated for key variables, and age and ethnic group comparisons are made.

Results. Boys and men were more likely than girls and women to die of injury. From 1981 to 2007, the male-to-female age-adjusted rate ratio decreased by 20% to 2.15 for unintentional injury and increased by 11% to 3.91 for violence-related injury. Excess male mortality existed in manner of death, cause of death, and within ethnic and age groups. Additionally, with rare exception, the gender disparity was greater than ethnic and age disparities in unintentional and violence-related injury mortality.

Conclusions. Gender disparities in injury mortality are consistent and persistent. Gender patterns in injury mortality do not follow typical social justice analyses of health, in that men are at greater risk. Lifestyle and behavioral risks as well as masculine socialization merit consideration.
Effect of Worldwide Oil Price Fluctuations on Biomass Fuel Use and Child Respiratory Health: Evidence from Guatemala
Authors: Venkataramani Atheendar S. , Fried Brian J.
Published: July 2011

Objectives. We examined the effect of worldwide oil price fluctuations on household fuel use and child respiratory health in Guatemala.

Methods. We regressed measures of household fuel use and child respiratory health on the average worldwide oil price and a rich set of covariates. We leveraged variation in oil prices over the 6-month period of the survey to identify associations between fuel prices, fuel choice, and child respiratory outcomes.

Results. A $1 (3.4% point) increase in worldwide fuel prices was associated with a 2.8% point decrease in liquid propane gasoline use (P < .05), a 0.75% point increase in wood use (P < .05), and a 1.5% point increase in the likelihood of the child reporting a respiratory symptom (P < .1). The association between oil prices and the fuel choice indicators was largest for households in the middle of the income distribution.

Conclusions. Fluctuations in worldwide fuel prices affected household fuel use and, consequently, child health. Policies to help households tide over fuel price shocks or reduce pollution from biomass sources would confer positive health benefits. Such policies would be most effective if they targeted both poor and middle-income households.
Racial Residential Segregation and Low Birth Weight in Michigan's Metropolitan Areas
Authors: Debbink Michelle Precourt , Bader Michael D. M.
Published: July 2011

Objectives. We examined the influence of racial residential segregation, independent of neighborhood economic factors, on the overall and specific etiological risks of low birth weight.

Methods. We geocoded all singleton births in Michigan metropolitan areas during 2000 to census tracts. We used hierarchical generalized linear models to investigate the association between low birth weight (< 2500 g) and neighborhood-level economic and racial segregation, controlling for individual and neighborhood characteristics. We analyzed competing risks of the 2 etiologies of low birth weight: intrauterine growth restriction and preterm birth.

Results. Living in a Black segregated area was associated with increased odds (odds ratio [OR] = 1.15; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.03, 1.29; P < .05) of low birth weight after adjusting for individual- and tract-level measures. The analysis suggested that the association between low birth weight and racial segregation was attributable primarily to increased risk of intrauterine growth restriction (OR = 1.19; 95% CI = 1.03, 1.37; P < .05).

Conclusions. Odds of low birth weight are higher in racially segregated Black neighborhoods in Michigan's metropolitan areas, independent of economic factors. The association appears to operate through intrauterine growth restriction rather than preterm birth.
Sexual Satisfaction and Sexual Health Among University Students in the United States
Authors: Higgins Jenny A. , Mullinax Margo , Trussell James , Davidson J. Kenneth , Moore Nelwyn B.
Published: July 2011

Despite the World Health Organization's definition of sexual health as a state of well-being, virtually no public health research has examined sexual well-being outcomes, including sexual satisfaction. Emerging evidence suggests that sexual well-being indicators are associated with more classic measures of healthy sexual behaviors. We surveyed 2168 university students in the United States and asked them to rate their physiological and psychological satisfaction with their current sexual lives. Many respondents reported that they were either satisfied (approximately half) or very satisfied (approximately one third). In multivariate analyses, significant (P < .05) correlates of both physiological and psychological satisfaction included sexual guilt, sexual self-comfort, self-esteem (especially among men), relationship status, and sexual frequency. To enhance sexual well-being, public health practitioners should work to improve sexual self-comfort, alleviate sexual guilt, and promote longer term relationships.
Relations Among Home- and Community-Based Services Investment and Nursing Home Rates of Use for Working-Age and Older Adults: A State-Level Analysis
Authors: Miller Nancy A.
Published: July 2011

Objectives. I examined state-level rates of nursing home use for the period from 2000 to 2007.

Methods. I used multivariate fixed-effects models to examine associations between state sociodemographic, economic, supply, and programmatic characteristics and rates of use.

Results. Nursing home use declined among older adults (aged ≥65 years) in more than two thirds of states and the District of Columbia but increased among older working-age adults (aged 31–64 years) in all but 2 states. State characteristics associated with these trends differed by age group. Although relatively greater state investment in Medicaid home- and community-based services coupled with reduced nursing home capacity was associated with reduced rates of nursing home care for adults aged 65 years and older, neither characteristic was associated with use among older working-age adults. Their use was associated with state sociodemographic characteristics, as well as chronic disease prevalence.

Conclusions. Policy efforts to expand home- and community-based services and to reduce nursing facility capacity appear warranted. To more fully extend the Supreme Court's Olmstead decision's promise to older working-age adults, additional efforts to understand factors driving their increasing use are required.
Framing Peak Petroleum as a Public Health Problem: Audience Research and Participatory Engagement in the United States
Authors: Nisbet Matthew C. , Maibach Edward , Leiserowitz Anthony
Published: July 2011

Between December 2009 and January 2010, we conducted a nationally representative telephone survey of US adults (n = 1001; completion rate = 52.9%) to explore perceptions of risks associated with peak petroleum. We asked respondents to assess the likelihood that oil prices would triple over the next 5 years and then to estimate the economic and health consequences of that event. Nearly half (48%) indicated that oil prices were likely to triple, causing harm to human health; an additional 16% said dramatic price increases were unlikely but would harm health if they did occur. A large minority (44%) said sharp increases in oil prices would be “very harmful” to health. Respondents who self-identified as very conservative and those who were strongly dismissive of climate change were the respondents most likely to perceive very harmful health consequences.
Setting Group Minimum Environmental Management Standards—An NOC Approach to Managing the Environment
Authors: Lee Tzee Wan , Abidin Raihatul J.Z.
Published: July 2011

PETRONAS, the National Oil Company (NOC) of Malaysia, is currently operating in more than 30 countries across the globe where environment-related national regulations and practising standards differ in one way or another. PETRONAS, which comprises a group of upstream and downstream companies, finds it appropriate to establish a set of Group "Minimum Environmental Management Standards" (MEMS) to ensure that all its operations and plants worldwide are operated to at least meet the MEMS requirements and thereby minimise harm to the environment.

The elements in the MEMS were developed on the basis of the project or asset life cycle. The criteria for consideration in the MEMS include internal and external stakeholders’ concerns, critical environmental issues relating to consumption of natural resources or emissions at the operations, commonly reported parameters of oil majors and data collection capability and availability. A phased-approach is adopted for the development and implementation of the MEMS, focusing on basic and critical parameters in the first phase while allowing operating companies to develop for new requirements in later phases.

Development work began with extensive internal and external document research on related subjects. Drafting of the document was carried out by a group of technical professionals and operation staff based on in-house resources and experience. Finally, a series of internal consultation sessions with various stakeholders was conducted to ensure management buy-in and practicality of the guide and specificity of its implementation before the document was approved by the Group Health, Safety and Environment (HSE) Committee for implementation group-wide.

The expected challenges of implementing the MEMS within the Group would include strong management will and sustained education and communication on the subject. Implementation status of the initiative will be audited by the Group HSE Division one year after the commencement of implementation group-wide
Recent Advances in Surfactant EOR
Authors: Hirasaki George J. , Miller Clarence A. , Puerto Maura
Published: July 2011

In this paper, recent advances in surfactant enhanced oil recovery (EOR) are reviewed. The addition of alkali to surfactant flooding in the 1980s reduced the amount of surfactant required, and the process became known as alkaline/surfactant/polymer flooding (ASP). It was recently found that the adsorption of anionic surfactants on calcite and dolomite can also be significantly reduced with sodium carbonate as the alkali, thus making the process applicable for carbonate formations. The same chemicals are also capable of altering the wettability of carbonate formations from strongly oil-wet to preferentially water-wet. This wettability alteration in combination with ultralow interfacial tension (IFT) makes it possible to displace oil from preferentially oil-wet carbonate matrix to fractures by oil/water gravity drainage.

The alkaline/surfactant process consists of injecting alkali and synthetic surfactant. The alkali generates soap in situ by reaction between the alkali and naphthenic acids in the crude oil. It was recently recognized that the local ratio of soap/surfactant determines the local optimal salinity for minimum IFT. Recognition of this dependence makes it possible to design a strategy to maximize oil recovery with the least amount of surfactant and to inject polymer with the surfactant without phase separation. An additional benefit of the presence of the soap component is that it generates an oil-rich colloidal dispersion that produces ultralow IFT over a much wider range of salinity than in its absence.

It was once thought that a cosolvent such as alcohol was necessary to make a microemulsion without gel-like phases or a polymer-rich phase separating from the surfactant solution. An example of an alternative to the use of alcohol is to blend two dissimilar surfactants: a branched alkoxylated sulfate and a double-tailed, internal olefin sulfonate. The single-phase region with NaCl or CaCl2 is greater for the blend than for either surfactant alone. It is also possible to incorporate polymer into such aqueous surfactant solutions without phase separation under some conditions. The injected surfactant solution has underoptimum phase behavior with the crude oil. It becomes optimum only as it mixes with the in-situ-generated soap, which is generally more hydrophobic than the injected surfactant. However, some crude oils do not have a sufficiently high acid number for this approach to work.

Foam can be used for mobility control by alternating slugs of gas with slugs of surfactant solution. Besides effective oil displacement in a homogeneous sandpack, it demonstrated greatly improved sweep in a layered sandpack.
Localization of Ensemble-Based Control-Setting Updates for Production Optimization
Authors: Chen Yan , Oliver Dean S.
Published: July 2011

In the ensemble-based approach to production optimization (EnOpt), a steepest-ascent direction is computed from an ensemble of controls to iteratively improve a set of control settings. The method was shown to work well in maximizing field net present value (NPV) with an ensemble size of 104 on the Brugge SPE comparative test case for closed-loop optimization that had 84 controllable completion intervals (and 3,360 control variables), but performance of the method with smaller ensemble size or on larger problems might be difficult. Without regularization, the crosscovariance between control variables and the objective function is often likely to be dominated by spurious correlations. Because the update to the control variables is proportional to the covariance, spurious correlations will result in poor control settings.

We propose a localization method that updates the control setting to optimize the field production while reconciling information from each individual well. The proposed localization method reduces the effect of spurious correlations for improved performance. The Brugge test case is used as an example to show that with covariance localization, greater efficiency could be achieved through the use of a smaller ensemble, or that for a given ensemble size, the optimization results can be improved.
Biot Critical Frequency Applied as Common Friction Factor for Pore Collapse and Failure of Chalk With Different Pore Fluids and Temperatures
Authors: Andreassen Katrine Alling , Fabricius Ida Lykke , Foged Niels Nielsen
Published: July 2011

A fluid effect toward higher strengths for oil-saturated chalk compared with water-saturated chalk has previously been identified and labeled the "water-weakening phenomenon," but has not been further characterized physically. The hypothesis of this paper is that the Biot critical frequency with a strain or stress-rate dependence can be used to explain this behavior on the pore scale and can be extrapolated to the macroscale failure and pore-collapse properties. A large set of previously published laboratory test results on chalk with different pore fluids was collected, and as a supplement we present a new test series on Stevns chalk with unconfined compression and Brazilian strength results.
Solubility Of Methane, Nitrogen, and Carbon Dioxide in Bitumen and Water for SAGD Modelling
Authors: Al-Murayri Mohammed , Harding Thomas G. , Maini Brij B.
Published: July 2011

Gases such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and methane that can be present in a steam-assisted gravity-drainage (SAGD) steam chamber (but do not condense into the liquid phase to any large degree at reservoir conditions) are referred to as noncondensable gases (NCGs). The coinjection of NCGs with steam during SAGD results in changes in production rate, total oil production, and the amount of steam required to mobilize the bitumen in place. To investigate the impact of NCGs on SAGD performance by means of numerical simulation, it is important to model gas solubility in both bitumen and water accurately. Also, the dependence of relative permeability on temperature needs to be accounted for to achieve reliable results. This study presents a systematic approach to predict the K-values for the gas/bitumen- and gas/water-phase equilibria over a wide range of pressures and temperatures.
Impact of Noncondensable Gas on Performance of Steam-Assisted Gravity Drainage
Authors: Al-Murayri Mohammed , Harding Thomas G. , Maini Brij B.
Published: July 2011

This study investigates, by means of numerical modelling, the impacts of naturally occurring and continuously coinjected and intermittently coinjected noncondensable gas (NCG) at different stages of the steam-assisted gravity-drainage (SAGD) process. The CMG Builder software was used to construct a homogeneous 2D baseline model based on generic Athabasca-type reservoir properties and well configuration. A fluid-component model was generated using the CMG WinProp package for modelling the phase behaviour and properties of reservoir fluids. This fluid-component model was modified to incorporate manually calculated K-values for the gas-water- and the gas-bitumen-phase equilibria. The modified fluid model was then incorporated into the baseline model and the CMG STARS thermal reservoir simulator.

The simulation results of this study show that methane coinjection along with steam is generally not beneficial. Although it can reduce the heat loss to the overburden to some extent, the reduction in oil-drainage rate and total oil recovery negates the benefits of such heat-loss reduction. The poor performance of NCG addition to SAGD results from the tendency for the NCG to remain in the vicinity of the steam chamber and reduce the transfer of heat into the cold bitumen at the edges of the steam chamber, thereby impeding steam-chamber growth. Accurate modelling of NCG addition to steam in SAGD is highly dependent on the availability of appropriate relative permeability curves and gas-solubility data. NCG with steam may perform better compared with steam-only injection in SAGD if methane coinjection were investigated using a heterogeneous model in which SAGD is affected adversely by the presence of reservoir heterogeneities in the form of shale barriers, inclined heterolithic strata (IHS), and steam-thief zones.
Laboratory Experiment on Coalbed-Methane Desorption Influenced by Water Injection and Temperature
Authors: Zhao Dong , Zhao Yangsheng , Feng Zengchao
Published: July 2011

Traditional coalbed-methane (CBM) exploitation technologies, including ordinary drills, enhanced drills, water jets, and hydrofracture in the coalbed, are widely used in modern coal mining and involve high-pressure water. Because the CBM-desorption capacity decreases when using high-pressure water, the CBM output efficiency is lower than expected. To investigate the decrease in CBM desorption after water injection and the increase in CBM output after temperature is raised, an experimental system was built to simulate ideal conditions for one water-injection well per production well. The apparatus comprised a gas-liquid-injection system, a coal-sample container, a temperature-control device, a measurement system, and other auxiliary devices. Experiments on the effects of water injection and temperature on CBM desorption were carried out. The results revealed that the CBM-desorption capacity mainly depends on the water-injection pressure at constant temperature. The capacity decreased by at least 50% at less 2 MPa and became stable if the water pressure exceeded 8 MPa. Furthermore, the desorption capacity rapidly increased when the temperature was increased after water injection. Desorption reached a plateau once the temperature reached the boiling point of water, and the percentage desorption (PD) at 90°C was greater than that for free broken coal. The results demonstrate that heated hydrofracture is an effective technology with good efficiency for CBM exploitation.
Measurement of Evidence and Evidence of Measurement
Authors: Vieland Veronica J , Hodge Susan E
Published: July 2011

One important use of statistical methods in application to biological data is measurement of evidence, or assessment of the degree to which data support one or another hypothesis. While there is a small literature on this topic, it seems safe to say that consensus has not yet been reached regarding how best, or most accurately, to measure statistical evidence. Here, we propose considering the problem as a measurement problem, rather than as a statistical problem per se, and we explore the consequences of this shift in perspective. Our arguments here are part of an ongoing research program focused on exploiting deep parallelisms between foundations of thermodynamics and foundations of “evidentialism,” in order to derive an absolute scale for the measurement of evidence, a general framework in the context of which that scale is validated, and the many ancillary benefits that come from having such a framework in place.
Rolling Window Based Dynamic Transmission Network Expansion Planning
Authors: Verma Ashu , Bijwe Pradeep R. , Panigrahi Bijaya Ketan
Published: July 2011

Dynamic transmission network expansion planning (DTNEP) decides when (which year) and where (which R.O.W.), the new lines are to be built so that the overall cost of the plan is minimum and the system is secure. Generally, this is done for a fixed time horizon window (3/5 years) at a time. DTNEP has been proved to be better than the incremental approach in which optimal investment plans are found out for each year separately. In DTNEP, 1st year and last/terminal years are given different treatment, and there is a complete disconnect between two DTNEP windows. Also DTNEP assumes that the conditions during optimization like the earlier year generation, transmission expansion plans get\ executed exactly as per plan &/or the load forecast for the entire period remains unchanged. However, it is well known that this is generally not true. In view of above, this paper presents a rolling window based approach which treats every year of investment in exactly the same fashion. It also has an inherent capability to take care of such changes. It involves successive, overlapping DTNEP for 3/5 years planning horizon. A harmony search algorithm is used for the solution of the problem. Results for two test systems have been obtained to demonstrate the potential of the algorithm.
Maintenance of Three-phase Load Voltage during Single Phase Auto Reclosing in Medium Voltage Radial Distribution Lines
Authors: Basu Kartik Prasad , George Moley Kutty
Published: July 2011

Most faults in medium voltage (MV) distribution lines are temporary line to ground (LG) faults. Three-phase auto reclosing (TPAR) is commonly used to remove this fault with temporary disconnection of all the phases. Multi-shot single-phase auto reclosing (SPAR) may also be used to remove the LG fault. But it produces highly unbalanced and low voltage across the load during the reclosure dead time. It is proposed to connect a zigzag winding grounding transformer at the load bus to maintain the 3-phase load voltage when one phase opens during the SPAR. With low value of grounding resistance the 3-phase voltage during the SPAR dead time becomes approximately balanced. Directional over current relays may be used for the protection. Analysis of a MV radial distribution system having a zigzag transformer connected to the remotest load bus is presented with the computation of voltages during the dead time of SPAR.
Kinetics of drying and quality of the apple cultivars Granny Smith, Idared and Jonagold
Authors: Paunovic Dragana , Zlatkovic Branislav , Mirkovic Dusica
Published: July 2011

Apple is nutritionally valuable and present as fresh fruit in human nutrition
throughout the year. Also apple is a raw material in food processing,
primarily in the production of juices, nectars, refreshing soft drinks,
marmalades, jams, compotes, apple cider vinegar and dried fruits. In the last
decade on the world market there is a great interest in dried apple products
(commercially called apple chips). During preservation by drying the
technological process aimed at the final product of optimal quality is
required. The subject of this paper is the kinetics of the apple cv. Granny
Smith, cv. Idared and cv. Jonagold drying in laboratory dehydrator for the
purpose of pinpointing at which level of humidity the maximum speed of
evaporation is achieved and at which level of humidity apple slices begin to
change in colour and geometric shape. Parameters of the drying process were
the same for all three cultivars, 3hrs at air temperature of 70oC and 5hrs at
air temperature of 50o. The amount of evaporated water is expressed in
relative and absolute units of measure. The purpose of this paper is to
determine which one of the three tested cultivars provides the best
properties for drying, i.e. in terms of oxidation of polyphenolic compounds
to find the cultivar which will provide that the final product is
technologically and organoleptically the most acceptable. The results showed
that the sample cv. Granny Smith expressed the least oxidation of
polyphenolic compounds (browning), curved edges and shrivelled apple slices.
After that the sample cv. Jonagold followed. The sample cv. Idared showed the
worst results. Following the drying kinetics of all three samples, it can be
concluded that the cultivars Granny Smith and Jonagold were achieving the
lower maximum speed of evaporation, unlike the cultivar Idared. The cultivars
Granny Smith and Jonagold have attained consistent drying and in this way the
technological process was finished with a smaller temperature stress for
plant tissue, resulting in a much better quality of the final product.
Housing conditions in calves welfare risk assessment
Authors: Relic Renata , Bojkovski Jovan
Published: July 2011

This paper shows results of calf welfare risk assessment at intensive
breeding farms. Assessment has been conducted on the basis of housing
conditions which can have negative influence on welfare of cattle, especially
in calf category considering their needs. According to analysis results very
good housing conditions were confirmed in open shed rearing stall (C) and
closed type rearing stall without feeding yard (A), whilst in closed rearing
stall with feeding yard (B) housing conditions were estimated as acceptable.
Based on collected data about housing conditions, we have estimated that the
least risk for calf welfare is at C farm, slightly higher at A farm and the
highest at B farm. Data about housing conditions and analysis of potential
welfare risk factors show possible causes for already present health and
other problems with animals, which also can reappear in future. However for
that reason, applying described methods can increase rearing conditions and
increase production at cattle farms.
Numerical simulation and industrial practice of inclusion removal from molten steel by gas bottom-blowing in continuous casting tundish
Authors: Meijie Z. , Huazhi G. , Ao H. , Hongxi Z. , Chengji D.
Published: July 2011

Gas blowing at the bottom of tundish is an efficient metallurgy technique in
clean steelmaking. In this paper, the removal of small size inclusions in the
gas bottom-blowing tundish was studied by numerical simulation and industrial
practice. The residence time distribution (RTD) of molten steel in the
tundish was calculated by mathematical modeling. The content of small size
inclusions in the slab was analyzed using a oxygen probing and metallographic
images. The results show that the molten steel characteristics obviously
change when applied gas bottom-blowing, the average residence time of molten
steel in the tundish prolongs more than 100s and the dead volume fraction
decreases about 5%. Therefore, the removal efficiency of small size
inclusions greatly increases because of bubbles attachment and long moving
path. Industrial experiment results show that the average inclusions content
of less than 20?m decreases more than 24%, the average overall oxygen content
decreases about 15% when controlling the reasonable blowing parameters.
The effect of iron and oxidizing flux addition on the fire assay of low grade pyritic refractory gold ores
Authors: Turan A. , Yucel O.
Published: July 2011

In this study, experiments were conducted to understand the effects of
different quantities of additional iron and oxidizing flux (Na2O2) on the
direct fire assay of low grade pyritic refractory gold ores instead of
performing any pre-treatment like roasting before fire assay. A portion of
the pyritic ore was primarily roasted using a rotary kiln to remove sulphur
content for the comparison of the results obtained from direct fire assay of
the pyritic ore. Then, fire assay process was performed to the roasted ore
and gold and silver content in the ore was determined. Unroasted ore
specimens were fused by using fluxes and PbO, which accumulates the precious
metals, with various quantities of iron. Correlation between the quantity of
additional iron and the recovery of gold-silver were investigated. Various
quantities of Na2O2, as an oxidizing flux, were added to the smelting charge
with iron additions, from which the highest gold and silver recoveries were
obtained from previous experiments. From the results, it was clear that the
increase in additional iron and Na2O2 quantities was the reason for the
increase in the recovered amounts of lead, gold and silver during the
process.
Interdiffusion behavior in sigma-phase using Ni3Al/Mo diffusion couples
Authors: Zhou C. , Gong W. , Huang S. , Wei H.
Published: July 2011

The sigmaNiMo( Al) phase was formed using Ni3Al/Mo diffusion couples at 1423,
1473 and 1523 K. The growth of formed phase and the concentration-distance
profiles for each component in the diffusion couples were examined by
electron probe microanalysis (EPMA). The activation energy for the parabolic
growth of ? phase is found to be 525.3 kJ/mol. The concentration dependence
and average ternary interdiffusion coefficients in single ?-NiMo(Al) phase
were calculated, and the Arrhenius equations of the D for the ?-NiMo(Al)
phase are calculated, the diffusional interaction between Ni, Mo and Al in
?-NiMo(Al) phase was studied by the crossinterdiffusion coefficients.
Moreover, these results were utilized to explain the ? phase formation and
growth in ?? phase.
Microstructure characterization of porous microalloyed aluminium-silicate ceramics
Authors: Purenovic Jelena , Mitic V.V. , Paunovic V. , Purenovic M.
Published: July 2011

Kaolinite and bentonite clay powders mixed with active additives, based on
Mg(NO3)2 and Al(NO3)2, sintered at high temperatures produce very porous
ceramics with microcrystalline and amorphous regions and highly developed
metalized surfaces (mainly with magnesium surplus). Microstructure
investigations have revealed non-uniform and highly porous structure with
broad distribution of grain size, specifically shaped grains and high degree
of agglomeration. The ceramics samples were characterized by scanning
electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), X-ray
diffraction analysis (XRD) and IR spectroscopy analysis, prior and after
treatment in ?synthetic water?, i.e. in aqueous solution of arsenic-salt.
Grain size distribution for untreated and treated samples was done with
software SemAfore 4. It has shown great variety in size distribution of
grains from clay powders to sintered samples.
Effect of discrete heater at the vertical wall of the cavity over the heat transfer and entropy generation using LBM
Authors: Aghajani Delavar , Farhadi Mousa , Sedighi Kurosh
Published: July 2011

In this paper Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM) was employed for investigation
the effect of the heater location on flow pattern, heat transfer and entropy
generation in a cavity. A 2D thermal lattice Boltzmann model with 9
velocities, D2Q9, is used to solve the thermal flow problem. The simulations
were performed for Rayleigh numbers from 103 to 106 at Pr = 0.71. The study
was carried out for heater length of 0.4 side wall length which is located at
the right side wall. Results are presented in the form of streamlines,
temperature contours, Nusselt number and entropy generation curves. Results
show that the location of heater has a great effect on the flow pattern and
temperature fields in the enclosure and subsequently on entropy generation.
The dimensionless entropy generation decreases at high Rayleigh number for
all heater positions. The ratio of averaged Nusselt number and dimensionless
entropy generation for heater located on vertical and horizontal walls was
calculated. Results show that higher heat transfer was observed from the cold
walls when the heater located on vertical wall. On the other hand, heat
transfer increases from the heater surface when it located on the horizontal
wall.
Hemoglobin A1c as a Screen for Previously Undiagnosed Prediabetes and Diabetes in an Acute-Care Setting
Authors: Silverman Robert A. , Thakker Urvi , Ellman Tovah , Wong Ivan , Smith Kelly , Ito Kazuhiko , Graff Kirsten
Published: July 2011

OBJECTIVE

Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) is recommended for identifying diabetes and prediabetes. Because HbA1c does not fluctuate with recent eating or acute illness, it can be measured in a variety of clinical settings. Although outpatient studies identified HbA1c-screening cutoff values for diabetes and prediabetes, HbA1c-screening thresholds have not been determined for acute-care settings. Using follow-up fasting blood glucose (FBG) and the 2-h oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) as the criterion gold standard, we determined optimal HbA1c-screening cutoffs for undiagnosed dysglycemia in the emergency department setting.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

This was a prospective observational study of adults aged ≥18 years with no known history of hyperglycemia presenting to an emergency department with acute illness. Outpatient FBS and 2-h OGTT were performed after recovery from the acute illness, resulting in diagnostic categorizations of prediabetes, diabetes, and dysglycemia (prediabetes or diabetes). Optimal cutoffs were determined and performance data identified for cut points.

RESULTS

A total of 618 patients were included, with a mean age of 49.7 (±14.9) years and mean HbA1c of 5.68% (±0.86). On the basis of an OGTT, the prevalence of previously undiagnosed prediabetes and diabetes was 31.9 and 10.5%, respectively. The optimal HbA1c-screening cutoff for prediabetes was 5.7% (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.659, sensitivity = 55%, and specificity = 71%), for dysglycemia 5.8% (AUC = 0.717, sensitivity = 57%, and specificity = 79%), and for diabetes 6.0% (AUC = 0.868, sensitivity = 77%, and specificity = 87%).

CONCLUSIONS

We identified HbA1c cut points to screen for prediabetes and diabetes in an emergency department adult population. The values coincide with published outpatient study findings and suggest that an emergency department visit provides an opportunity for HbA1c-based dysglycemia screening.
Chronic Reduction of Fasting Glycemia With Insulin Glargine Improves First- and Second-Phase Insulin Secretion in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Pennartz Christian , Schenker Nina , Menge Björn A. , Schmidt Wolfgang E. , Nauck Michael A. , Meier Juris J.
Published: July 2011

OBJECTIVE

Insulin secretion is often diminished in hyperglycemic patients with type 2 diabetes. We examined whether chronic basal insulin treatment with insulin glargine improves glucose-induced insulin secretion.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Fourteen patients with type 2 diabetes on metformin monotherapy received an add-on therapy with insulin glargine over 8 weeks. Intravenous glucose tolerance tests (IVGTTs) were performed before and after the intervention, with and without previous adjustment of fasting glucose levels using a 3-h intravenous insulin infusion.

RESULTS

Fasting glycemia was lowered from 179.6 ± 7.5 to 117.6 ± 6.5 mg/dL (P < 0.001), and HbA1c levels declined from 8.4 ± 0.5 to 7.1 ± 0.2% (P = 0.0046). The final insulin dose was 59.3 ± 10.2 IU. Acute normalization of fasting glycemia by intravenous insulin reduced C-peptide levels during the IVGTT (P < 0.0001). In contrast, insulin and C-peptide responses to intravenous glucose administration were significantly greater after the glargine treatment period (P < 0.0001, respectively). Both first- and second-phase insulin secretion increased significantly after the glargine treatment period (P < 0.05, respectively). These improvements in insulin secretion were observed during both the experiments with and without acute adjustment of fasting glycemia.

CONCLUSIONS

Chronic supplementation of long-acting basal insulin improves glucose-induced insulin secretion in hyperglycemic patients with type 2 diabetes, whereas acute exogenous insulin administration reduces the β-cell response to glucose administration. These data provide a rationale for basal insulin treatment regiments to improve postprandial endogenous insulin secretion in hyperglycemic patients with type 2 diabetes.
Cardiovascular Risk Prediction Is Improved by Adding Asymptomatic Coronary Status to Routine Risk Assessment in Type 2 Diabetic Patients
Authors: Cosson Emmanuel , Nguyen Minh Tuan , Chanu Bernard , Banu Isabela , Chiheb Sabrina , Balta Cristina , Takbou Karim , Valensi Paul
Published: July 2011

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate if silent myocardial ischemia (SMI) and silent coronary artery disease (CAD) provide significant additional value to routine cardiovascular risk assessment in type 2 diabetic patients.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

We followed up to a first cardiovascular event 688 subjects (322 men, aged 59 ± 8 years) out of 731 consecutive asymptomatic type 2 diabetic patients with ≥1 additional risk factor who had been prospectively screened between 1992 and 2006 for SMI by stress myocardial scintigraphy and for silent CAD by coronary angiography.

RESULTS

SMI was found in 207 (30.1%) patients and CAD in 76 of those with SMI. Of the patients, 98 had a first cardiovascular event during a 5.4 ± 3.5 (range: 0.1–19.2) year follow-up period. Cox regression analysis considering parameters predicting events but not SMI and CAD (“routine assessment”) showed in univariate analyses that macroproteinuria (hazard ratio [HR] 3.33 [95% CI 1.74–6.35]; P < 0.001), current multifactorial care (0.27 [0.15–0.47]; P < 0.001), and peripheral/carotid occlusive arterial disease (PCOAD; 4.33 [2.15–8.71]; P < 0.001) independently predicted cardiovascular events. When added into the model, SMI (HR 1.76 [1.00–3.12]; P = 0.05) and CAD (2.28 [1.24–4.57]; P < 0.01) were also independently associated with events. SMI added to the prediction of an event in the following 5 years above and beyond routine assessment risk prediction (c statistic with or without SMI 0.788 [0.720–0.855] and 0.705 [0.616–0.794], respectively).

CONCLUSIONS

Although screening for SMI and silent CAD should not be systematic, these complications are predictive of cardiovascular events in type 2 diabetic patients in addition to routine risk predictors, especially represented by PCOAD, macroproteinuria, and nonintensive management.
Continuous Glucose Profiles in Obese and Normal-Weight Pregnant Women on a Controlled Diet
Authors: Harmon Kristin A. , Gerard Lori , Jensen Dalan R. , Kealey Elizabeth H. , Hernandez Teri L. , Reece Melanie S. , Barbour Linda A. , Bessesen Daniel H.
Published: July 2011

OBJECTIVE

We sought to define 24-h glycemia in normal-weight and obese pregnant women using continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) while they consumed a habitual and controlled diet both early and late in pregnancy.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Glycemia was prospectively measured in early (15.7 ± 2.0 weeks’ gestation) and late (27.7 ± 1.7 weeks’ gestation) pregnancy in normal-weight (n = 22) and obese (n = 16) pregnant women on an ad libitum and controlled diet. Fasting glucose, triglycerides (early pregnancy only), nonesterified fatty acids (FFAs), and insulin also were measured.

RESULTS

The 24-h glucose area under the curve was higher in obese women than in normal-weight women both early and late in pregnancy despite controlled diets. Nearly all fasting and postprandial glycemic parameters were higher in the obese women later in pregnancy, as were fasting insulin, triglycerides, and FFAs. Infants born to obese mothers had greater adiposity. Maternal BMI (r = 0.54, P = 0.01), late average daytime glucose (r = 0.48, P < 0.05), and late fasting insulin (r = 0.49, P < 0.05) correlated with infant percentage body fat. However, early fasting triglycerides (r = 0.67, P < 0.001) and late fasting FFAs (r = 0.54, P < 0.01) were even stronger correlates.

CONCLUSIONS

This is the first study to demonstrate that obese women without diabetes have higher daytime and nocturnal glucose profiles than normal-weight women despite a controlled diet both early and late in gestation. Body fat in infants, not birth weight, was related to maternal BMI, glucose, insulin, and FFAs, but triglycerides were the strongest predictor. These metabolic findings may explain higher rates of infant macrosomia in obese women, which might be targeted in trials to prevent excess fetal growth.