bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Bethesda System for Reporting Cervical Cytology: A Historical Perspective
Authors: Nayar Ritu , Wilbur David C.
Published: July 2017

The aims of The Bethesda System (TBS) were to provide effective communication from the laboratory to the clinical provider; facilitate cytologic-histologic correlation; facilitate research into the epidemiology, biology, and pathology of cervical disease; and provide reproducible and reliable data for national and international statistical analysis comparisons. Dr. Diane Solomon and colleagues' contribution to cervical cancer screening, diagnosis, and management began with the inception and dissemination of TBS for reporting cervical cytology in 1988, as detailed in the accompanying article [Solomon et al.: Acta Cytol 1989;33:567-574]. The significance of TBS for the further development and implementation of standardized terminology in pathology, and the research/management of cervical cancer have continued to evolve over the past three decades. TBS has always been a multidisciplinary effort and acknowledgement needs to be given to several stakeholders who, over the years, have contributed to its success. It has been our privilege and honor to have carried on the legacy of this seminal work, even as molecular methods are being closely integrated into cervical cancer screening, triage, and prevention.
Solon of Athens as a Precedent for Plutarch’s Authorial Persona
Authors: Klooster Jacqueline
Published: July 2017

Solon is the subject of both a Plutarchan biography (Solon) and a philosophical dialogue (Convivium septem sapientium). In this article I argue that Plutarch creates a precedent for his authorial persona of wise but modest adviser of the ruling class under the Roman empire in the figure of the Athenian sage Solon, presumably inspired by the fact that Herodotus used Solon as a text-internal alter ego. To this end I analyze in particular how Plutarch represents Solon’s way of dealing with rulers and tyrants (Pisistratus, Philocyprus, Croesus, Periander). I ask whether in this Solon can be considered successful or not, and why. I submit that Plutarch’s representation of Solon aims to provide authority to some of the remarkable aspects of his authorial persona, in particular its emphatic modesty and pragmatism with regard to absolute rule. Plutarch does this in particular by showing that it was a time-honoured and respectable practice for wise Greeks to act as advisor to rulers, even tyrants.
Le rythme de la prose de Phérécyde de Syros
Authors: Gheerbrant Xavier
Published: July 2017

The prose treatise that Pherecydes of Syros composed in the middle of the 6th centuryBCshows several instances where the rhythm of the dactylic hexameter is imitated. After defining four criteria to identify such imitations of dactylic rhythm by archaic prose writers (word order within the rhythmic sequence, potential substitution to an unmarked rhythm, length and interpretation), I analyse six examples and I argue that Pherecydes introduces rhythmic echoes to underscore the differences of his own view from the thought-contents that were developed by epic and theogonic poems. This study sheds light on traditional problems raised by archaic prose treatises: I argue that Pherecydes’ work was meant to be read before an audience on which it was intended to have an effect. In this light, it seems unlikely that his treatise had a purely hypomnematic function, or that it was only meant to be disclosed within the school itself.
Aphelenchoides salixae n. sp. (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae) isolated from Salix alba in western Iran
Authors: Esmaeili Mehrab , Heydari Ramin , Tahmoures Mohammad , Ye Weimin
Published: July 2017

Aphelenchoides salixaen. sp. was isolated from wood and bark samples of a dead willow in Kermanshah Province, western Iran. The nematodes were collected directly from wood samples and were successfully reared onBotrytis cinerea. The new species has a body length of 567 (507-620) μm (females) and 382 or 400 μm (males). The cuticle is weakly annulated with four lateral lines. Lip region offset. The stylet is 9.5 (9-10) μm long with small basal swellings. The excretory pore is locatedcaone body diam. posterior to the metacorpus valve. The spicules are short with the dorsal limb 14 or 15 μm long (n = 2), apex and rostrum rounded and only slight offset. The female tail is cylindrical with a broadly rounded terminus. The male tail is conical, bearing six (2 + 2 + 2) caudal papillae with a hamate mucron at terminus. The new species belongs to the Group 1 category ofAphelenchoidesspecies and is close to seven known species, namely:A. capsuloplanus,A. confusus,A. limberi,A. obtusicaudatus,A. obtusus,A. orientalisandA. rotundicaudatus. Molecular analyses of the partial 18S, D2-D3 expansion segments of the 28S rRNA genes and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) supported it as a new species and that the new species is closest toA.besseyi,A. fujianensisandA. ritzemabosiin dendrograms inferred using 18S and 28S D2-D3 genes.
Coleoptera from the middle-upper Eocene European ambers: generic composition, zoogeography and climatic implications
Authors: ALEKSEEV VITALII I.
Published: July 2017

The paper contains a review of coleopteran genera known from Baltic, Bitterfeld and Rovno amber localities. Altogether 420 genera (191 extinct and 229 extant) from 78 families are listed from these three Lagerstätten (as of 7 March 2017). The listed beetles were analyzed zoogeographically and distributional maps for 72 genera were compiled. One-quarter (56) of the genera that have survived since the Eocene have cosmopolitan ranges at present; 35 extant genera have been extripated from the Palaearctic since the Eocene. Approximately 40% of beetle genera from the middle-upper Eocene European ambers can be encountered in the wild in present-day Europe, while 5 of these genera are supposed to be European relict endemics originating in Fennosarmatia. The general similarity of the Baltic amber (s.l.) beetle assemblage to modern south Palaearctic fauna is the strongest, the Nearctic elements are more numerous in the middle-upper Eocene European ambers than the Oriental taxa. The simplified Mutual Climatic Range (MCR) method was used for palaeoclimate reconstruction based on fossil beetles. The coleopteran assemblage of Baltic amber is interpreted as indicative of warm temperate, humid, equable climate with reduced thermal seasonality [annual average temperatures range from +10–20˚C; mean of the coldest month temperatures around +10˚C; mean of the hottest month temperature around +20–24˚C; annual precipitation around 750–1500 mm]. The primary importance of high humidity for existence of the Eocene biota is pointed out.
A new species of Andinobates (Anura: Dendrobatidae) from the Urabá region of Colombia
Authors: MÁRQUEZ ROBERTO , MEJÍA-VARGAS DANIEL , PALACIOS-RODRÍGUEZ PABLO , RAMÍREZ-CASTAÑEDA VALERIA , AMÉZQUITA ADOLFO
Published: July 2017

Northwestern South America is among the most biodiverse, albeit unexplored, regions of the world. The genus Andinobates is made up of 14 species, all distributed in Northwestern South America (Colombia and Northern Ecuador), and adjacent Panamá. Within the last decade, five species of this genus have been described. In this paper we describe yet another species, belonging to the Andinobates fulguritus group, from the Urabá region of Northwestern Colombia. The new species can be distinguished from other members of Andinobates on the basis of a unique combination of coloration, size, and advertisement call parameters. Molecular phylogenetic and genetic distance analyses corroborate the species’ taxonomic affinity, and further support its status as a distinct lineage. Finally, we discuss the implications of our findings on the systematics of the A. fulguritus group.
Contemporary International Situation and China-Russia-India Relations
Authors: Zongze Ruan , Chaudhuri Debasish
Published: July 2017

The trend of Bush's policy and its impact in international affairs is worth noting during the second presidential term of George Bush. The US, besides persisting in pushing forward its ‘democratisation plan in the greater Middle East’, has been intensifying its attempt to penetrate into Central Asia. For some time now, the main focus of US foreign policy has been Iraq, the Gulf and the Middle East, but it has given equal importance to containing the so-called ‘North Korean nuclear weapon’ and to the ‘Iranian nuclear issue’. There were new developments in China-Russia-India tripartite relations. China and India agreed to establish a strategic partnership, greatly promoting bilateral relations between them. The developmental process in these countries, Russia-China and India, has provided ample scope for strengthening trilateral cooperation among them.
Trait Ratings for Automated Essay Grading
Authors: Shermis Mark D. , Koch Chantal Mees , Page Ellis B. , Keith Timothy Z. , Harrington Susanmarie
Published: July 2017

This study employed an automated grader to evaluate essays, both holistically and with the rating of traits (content, organization, style, mechanics, and creativity) for Webbased student essays serving as placement tests at a large Midwestern university. The authors report the results of two combined experiments, based on random selection from 1,193 essays. In the first experiment, the essays of 807 students were used to create statistical predictions for the essay-grading software. In the second experiment, the ratings from a separate, random sample of 386 essays were used to compare the ratings of six human judges against those generated by the computer. The interjudge correlation of the human raters alone was r = .71. But the interrater reliability of all six judges in combination with computer scoring reached .83. The essay-grading software was an efficient means for evaluating the essays, with a capacity for grading approximately six documents every second. Other potential feedback measures for use in writing courses are also discussed.
Toward More Adequate Criteria of Counseling Effectiveness
Authors: Froehlich Clifford P.
Published: July 2017

It is recognized that the criteria selected are not all inclusive or mutually exclusive. It appears, however, that they can be thought of as criteria which may be useful for the evaluation of four aspects considered indicative of the effectiveness of counseling. The aspects are: the counselee's occupational adjustment, his personal adjustment, his attitude toward counseling; and changes in his occupational or educational status. Another study to be reported will discuss the application of these criteria.
Leader Flexibility in Group Guidance Situations
Authors: Blocksma Douglas D.
Published: July 2017

Flexibility is not a prescriptive or even a very helpful concept. Research on group process has not taught conclusively what is the best practice. In the writer's opinion the certain points are (a) any singular method, e.g., lecturing, reciting, attitude reflecting, or reading is not effective by itself; (b) the teacher's knowledge of subject matter alone is insufficient; (c) singular attitudes, e.g., acceptance, do not alone describe the complex variables comprising the teacher's roles and task; (d) classes demand flexible alteration of the teacher's behavior if the locus of responsibility for action is gradually placed within the group itself.
Accelerating Mathematics Instruction for the Mathematically Talented
Authors: George William C.
Published: July 2017

Fast-paced country-wide mathematics classes meeting outside of regular hours were established to meet the needs of highly talented mathematical reasoners. The results from the original two programs demonstrated that four and one-half years of precalculus mathematics could be taught in approximately 120 hours. These classes show the importance of homogeneous grouping. Class success was based on identification of qualified students through appropriately difficult mathematics tests, voluntary participation by students, and carefully done homework assignments. The programs' success resulted in different school systems adopting the model. This paper concerns the various classes and the implications of fast-paced mathematics.
A Model Program for the Development of Creativity in Science
Authors: Kopelman Milton , Galasso Vincent G. , Strom Pearl
Published: July 2017

The theoretical basis of the overall program plan is that gifted youngsters who are potentially creative in the sciences can have their c-i-eatit,e productivity levels significantly increased by a planned educational program. This program begins in the ninth year and continues with selected students through the tenth and eleventh years. Each component of the program is designed to move the students through increased levels of sophistication in the development of their creativity. The program culminates with each of the selected students in the eleventh year producing an original, independent piece of scientific research.

Although the program described has as its setting a specialized high school, it is the authors' belief that the program can be replicated in part or completely in any comprehensive high school. Background
The Effects of Environmental Scanning On Creativity
Authors: Friedman Frank , Raymond Beth A. , Feldhusen John F.
Published: July 2017

The effect of environmental scanning on creativity test performance of 49 fourth and sixth graders was assessed. Four groups were tested under different conditions of environmental richness and instructions to search for cues for responses. Significant differences between groups were found on each of three creativity tests used in the experiment. These results suggested that the utilization of environmental cues might be an important aspect of creativity testing. The results also suggest that the results of creativity testing must be interpreted in light of specified environmental conditions.
Simulation Gaming -- a Device for Altering Attitudes About Sex Roles
Authors: Hall Eleanor G.
Published: July 2017

This article attempts to explain the value of simulation gaming for changing attitudes of gifted students concerning sex roles. Since there is considerable evidence to show that sex role stereotyping plays a part in limiting gifted females from making fullest use of their abilities, efforts are needed to assure that students are released from these restrictions. Attitudes are changed through role playing, especially when individuals improvise, reformulate ideas, and insert their own arguments. Therefore, simulation gaming has considerable potential for reducing, altering, and changing attitudes concerning sex role limitations, since gaming involves devising plans and motivating appeals, in addition to role playing, negotiating, bargaining, and decision making. Teaching with simulation gaming also has potential for exercising higher level cognitive thinking processes. The potential to adopt, adapt, or create a game helps to make this teaching tool even more efficacious for use with gifted students.
Natural Fiber Reinforced Foams Based on Renewable Resources for Automotive Interior Applications
Authors: Dahlke B. , Larbig H. , Scherzer H. D. , Poltrock R.
Published: July 2017

A fiber reinforced rigid foam system based on plant polyols has been developed and successfully tested. Interior car trims made with Elastoflex(r) E3517 and reinforced with natural fibers contain approx. 80% materials from renewable resources. The properties of the polyurethane system are comparable to polyether-based standard systems. The polyols are made by ring-opening addition from epoxidized soya, rapeseed or sunflower oil and ethylene glycol by our project partner HOBUM Fettchemie. The polyols show excellent compatibility with aromatic isocyanates. Fleeces of flax, sisal and jute fibers are used. About 60 weight-% of the panels are based on fibers, 40 weight-% are based on the polyurethane system. The system is self-releasing and does not contain heavy metals. Together with our second project partner EMPE-Findlay, car door panels with good mechanical properties have been produced. Due to the high content of renewable resources, these parts can be recycled with minimum damage to the environment. Several processes for the production of natural fiber reinforced interior car trims and the properties of the parts are discussed in the paper. The joint project by HOBUM Fettchemie, EMPE-Findlay Industries and BASF AG has been funded by the German Ministry of Agriculture (Fachagentur fur nachwachsende Rohstoffe e.V)
Differences Between the Child and the Aphasic
Authors: Albright Robert W.
Published: July 2017

Comparison between children and aphasics shows more differences than similarities in their language and behaviour. Just as atrophy in plants or animals may bear false resemblances to normal stages of growth, so the pathology of aphasia is not to be understood in the same terms as child development.
Social Class, the Nominal Group and Reference
Authors: Hawkins P.R.
Published: July 2017

In a sample of 124 middle class children and 139 working class children aged five years, it has been shown that significantly more working class children use items of exophoric reference, particularly third-person pronouns, while significantly more middle class children use parts of speech associated with the noun. The conclusions support Bernstein's theory of 'restricted' and ' elaborated ' codes.
A Sociolinguistic Study of Adjective and Adverb
Authors: Thomaneck Jürgen K.A.
Published: July 2017

The objective of the study was to test Bernstein's hypothesis concerning the use of adjectives and adverbs, with regard to the written mode in twelve- to thirteen-year-olds, and to test the assumption that more delicate linguistic measures as regards these two word classes will demonstrate further differences. The study, based on 572 Aberdeen school children's essays, did not confirm that such inter-class differences existed in the availability of adjectives and adverbs nor of any of the sub-categories of adjectives, i.e. in the availability of transformational rules in this sector of the language.
Transformational Grammars of Three Agrammatic Patients
Authors: Myerson R. , Goodglass H.
Published: July 2017

This paper presents a qualitative description of the speech of three Broca's aphasics who have different degrees of agrammatic disturbance. Included is a description of the grammatical constituents and operations underlying the patients' free speech. By a comparison of the similarities and differences in these three grammars, a hierarchial organization within phrase structure correlated to degree of severity has been proposed.
The Effects of Varying Glide Durations On Diphthong Identification
Authors: Bond Z.S.
Published: July 2017

Traditionally, diphthongs have been described as consisting of an initial steady-state portion, a glide, and a relatively short final steady-state portion. This study investigated the contribution of glides of variable duration, in the presence of steady-state portions of fixed duration, to diphthong identification. The three American English diphthongs /ai/, /au/ and /??/ were synthesized, employing fixed durations for the steady-state portions and varying the duration of the glide from zero (no glide) to approximately 150 msec. Two-vowel sequences, identical to the steady-state portions of the diphthongs and separated by "gaps" of varying durations, were also synthesized. Four different fundamental-frequency values were employed in the synthesis. The stimuli were presented to subjects, who were asked to identify each item as one of the three diphthongs or one of the three possible two-vowel sequences. The glide durations at which identification of the stimuli changed from diphthong to vowel sequence were different for the three vocalic sequences tested; the identification pattern was also influenced by the fundamental-frequency values.
Intonation and Speaker Identification
Authors: Abberton Evelyn , Fourcin A.J.
Published: July 2017

The work described investigated the ability of listeners to identify familiar speakers solely on the basis of suprasegmental laryngeal information. The results of perceptual experiments using both natural stimuli, and synthetic stimuli with manipulations in the time and frequency domains, show that mean fundamental frequency and fundamental-frequency contour shape provide important speaker identifying information for an age-, sex- and accent- matched group even in the absence of all supraglottal features. The investigation is set in the context of the normalisation level of speech perception.
Utterance Interpretation and the Role of the Analyst
Authors: Mcgregor Graham
Published: July 2017

This paper is addressed to analysts of speech in social scenes and asks for a theory of utterance interpretation that incorporates the listener's point of view. By comparing the analyses of two professional linguists with those of naive "eavesdropper" judges, a framework for inferencing is suggested. This framework is based upon an examination of the ways in which lay-persons and analysts make inferences about the talk of others. Particular consideration is given to the functional significance of prosodic and paralinguistic features. Discussion centres upon explaining variations in judgments that were discovered to exist across and within "eavesdropper" judges and analysts. The need to account for such differences is considered as paramount since analysts ought to provide a framework for inferencing that goes beyond their own subjective platforms. It is also considered to be paramount because in the absence of an adequate conceptualization, analysts always run the risk of either simplifying or falsifying the data. In order to avoid such a risk, we argue, in conclusion, for a sociolinguistics which includes listener effect and listener variability as important elements in any interpretative work or interpretative theory that involves the analysis of utterances taken from everyday verbal exchange.
Speech Rhythms in Second Language Acquisition
Authors: Wenk B.J.
Published: July 2017

How do second language learners whose mother tongue (L1) is rhythmically distinct with reference to the target language (L2) move from one system to the other? A descriptive model elaborated to account for the rhythmic organization of French and English (Wenk and Wioland, 1982) is applied to the speech of French learners of English to identify the particular type of cross-linguistic influence operating therein. The following hypothesis is tested: In moving from the "trailer-timed" rhythmic groups of French to the "leader-timed" rhythmic groups of English, learners pass through a transitional stage characterized by the production of rhythmic groups which, while displaying features of both the L1 and L2 systems, are unique to the learner's "interlanguage." Evidence is presented for the existence of transitional rhythmic groups involving idiosyncratic distribution of articulatory energy as perceived in vowel reduction patterns of the interlanguage. The phenomenon varies according to speech task (increasing progressively from word-repetition to freer speech to imitative readings of complete sentences) and characteristically surfaces in intermediate-level speakers who wrongly identify words containing pre-tonic reduced syllables (e.g., "Japan") with rhythmic groups (or feet).
Coordination and Coarticulation in Speech Production
Authors: Fowler Carol A. , Saltzman Elliot
Published: July 2017

In this article, we consider the concepts of coordination and coarticulation in speech production in the context of a task-dynamic model. Coordination reflects the transient establishment of constrained relationships among articulators that jointly produce linguistically significant actions of the vocal tract – that is phonetic gestures – in a flexible, context-sensitive manner. We ascribe the need for these constraints in part to the requirement of coarticulatory overlap in speech production. Coarticulation reflects temporally staggered activation of coordinative constraints for different phonetic gestures. We suggest that the anticipatory coarticulatory field for a gesture is more limited than look-ahead models have suggested, consistent with the idea that anticipatory coarticulation is the onset of activation of coordinative constraints for a forthcoming gesture. Finally, we ascribe much of the context-sensitivity in the anticipatory or carryover fields of a gesture (variation due to “coarticulation resistance”) to low-level (below the speech plan) interactions among the coordinative constraints for temporally overlapping gestures.
Anticipatory Consonant-to-Vowel Coarticulation in the Production of VCV Sequences In Italian
Authors: Farnetani Edda , Recasens Daniel
Published: July 2017

The study of the spatio-temporal interactions between contiguous segments in speech is a means for a better understanding of how segments are serially organized. This research explores the relation between a vowel and the following consonant by studying the anticipatory C-to-V coarticulatory effects by means of electropalatography. The materials were ‘VCV utterances produced in isolation and in connected speech by three Italian speakers, with /a/ and /i/ as vowels and the coronals /t, d, l, z, ∫/ as intervocalic consonants. The results show that the consonants affect both the vocal tract configuration of the preceding vowel and its acoustic duration. The spatial effects increase from laterals to stops to fricatives. The tongue body position is raised during /a/ and lowered during /i/. The effects are much larger for /a/ than for /i/ and larger in connected speech than in isolated words. As for temporal coarticulatory effects, the data indicate that vowels tend to be shorter before /∫/ than before /z/, and shorter before /t/ than before /d/ than before /l/. Spatial and temporal measurements of change in tongue body contact from vowel to the consonantal closure/constriction suggest that the consonants differ among each other in the dynamics as well as in the timing of their gestures, with ampler/longer movements (e.g., for /∫/) starting earlier than smaller/shorter movements (e.g., for /d/ or /l/). These patterns result in smaller differences between the durations of the total VC sequences than between the individual durations of V or C segments, and suggest that intersegmental organization between vowels and following consonants may have the rhythmic function of reducing the variability of vowel-to-vowel temporal intervals.
Look at it This Way
Authors: Marsh John S.
Published: July 2017

’Look at it this way’ features contributions from distinguished scientists on contentious and current issues in areas such as development, population growth, agricultural production and policy.
Selected Pressures on the Meat Production Industry
Authors: Bonte-Friedheim Christian H.
Published: July 2017

From the perspective that the world's peoples are not equally endowed with natural resources, wealth or opportunity and that its population will not only continue to increase for the foreseeable future, but will expect to enjoy a better quality of life, this article reviews the role that agriculture, and meat production and consumption in particular will play, the prospective options available and the policy determinants that will need to be considered.
Promoting Food Security in Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Ugwuanyi J. U. , Obinne Chukwudi
Published: July 2017

Access to adequate food constitutes the most serious problem for most African households today. Low productivity rapid population growth, food aid and food importation, structural adjustment programmes, illiteracy, environmental degradation, poorly formulated and executed food policies, wars and political instability are among the factors held responsible for food insecurity and food inadequacy in Sub-Saharan Africa. The promotion of food security and improvement of living conditions of the African people should form the core of development programmes in Africa for years to come. Therefore, policy reversals are urgently needed to put Africa on the path of development, and a cooperative regionalism is advocated. Africans both at home and in the diaspora must collectively assume the responsibility for the advancement of African agriculture and economy.
Cattle Grazing and Environment in Eastern Nigeria: Impact on Soil Physical Properties
Authors: Asadu Charles L.A. , Ike Osmond O. , Ugwuoke Barth O.
Published: July 2017

The physical properties of soil in fields grazed by cattle for at least fifteen years were compared with adjacent arable crop fields in eastern Nigeria to assess the impact of grazing on such properties as particle-size distribution, pore-size distribution, hydraulic conductivity and bulk density. The four locations selected for the study were Adada, Nsukka, Okpatu and Ikem. An analysis of variance indicated that the location effect was significant on all the soil physical properties (P ≤0.001), while the effect of grazing was significant on silt content (P=0.01), macroporosity, total porosity, bulk density and hydraulic conductivity (P ≤0.001). Similarly the location x grazing interaction effect was significant on all properties except in the contents of clay, fine sand, and total sand. The study also showed that those soil properties affected by grazing were generally improved in ungrazed rather than grazed fields. It was concluded that if grazing were not controlled, these soil properties would continue to deteriorate and that this could lead to extensive soil erosion in the area.
Mixed Animal Type Grazing Research under Temperate and Semi-Arid Conditions
Authors: Nolan T. , Pulina G. , Sikosana J.L.N. , Connolly J.
Published: July 2017

Mixed animal grazing is traditionally the most commonly practised method used in commercial meat production to exploit grazing land in both temperate and semi-arid areas. The increased number of variables involved compared with mono-type animal grazing offers greater opportunities to optimize the use of grazing land. Complementary grazing behaviour patterns among different animal types improve individual animal performance and output per unit of area, in a more sustainable grazing ecosystem. They can also be exploited to reduce labour requirements, improve the spread of income and reduce the risk of environmental damage. Methodology developed for temperate conditions is also suitable for semi-arid areas. The need for further research to improve our understanding of dietary intake, dietary selection and use of space under mixed grazing, limits the exploitation of the benefits outlined, particularly in making choices of animal mixes to suit differences in vegetation botanical composition, nutrient density and their geographical distribution. The need for inclusion of the socioeconomic component in extension programmes is emphasized.
Let's Not Throw the Baby Out with the Bath Water: The Role of Urban Villages in Housing Rural Migrants in China
Authors: Yan Song  , Zenou Yves , Chengri Ding
Published: July 2017

In the era of China's economic growth and urbanisation, providing adequate and affordable housing for rural—urban migrants in urban areas is crucial for the success of China's multifaceted reforms. Yet the urban housing provision system has overlooked the needs of rural migrants since the reforms. Urbanising villages, a unique product of China's urbanisation and land reform, provide affordable housing for rural migrants. However, these urbanising villages are rejected by policy-makers due to their associated social and environment problems. In this paper, a multinomial logit model of housing type choice is adopted, in which people choose from a number of mutually exclusive housing types. Regression results indicate that rural migrants are shunned by the urban housing market. It is argued that, without accompanying programmes that include rural migrants in the urban housing market, policies that focus on demolishing urbanising villages could be misguided.
Buyer Exuberance and Price Premium
Authors: Poh Har Neo  , Seow Eng Ong  , Yong Tu
Published: July 2017

It has been demonstrated that the real estate market disciplines irrational price premiums. However, the persistence of price premiums begs the question of what causes price premiums in the first place. This paper seeks to examine two explanations for price premiums—the conventional information asymmetry explanation and the buyer exuberance explanation as motivated by behavioural studies. The results show that information asymmetry explains price premiums, and this finding is robust across two sub-hypotheses tested—namely, information differences arising from market familiarity and product characteristics. In addition, we find that price premiums are also caused by buyer exuberance, specifically, exuberance arising from representativeness, purchasing power and anchoring effects.
Network Effects in Public Transit Use: Evidence from a Spatially Autoregressive Mode Choice Model for New York
Authors: Goetzke Frank
Published: July 2017

This article empirically tests for positive network effects in transit use by applying a spatial autoregressive logit mode choice model with 1997/98 work trip data from New York City. Positive network effects exist when people prefer to use transit together with other people as a result of social spill-over. Although these network preferences should differ for each person, because of statistical restrictions in the model, individual network preferences cannot be obtained. However, it is possible to derive econometrically a measure of aggregate network preference. This paper can be seen in the wider context of other recent work focusing on the analysis of spatial dependencies and network effects in travel.
Missiological Issues in the Encounter with Emerging Buddhism
Authors: Muck Terry C.
Published: July 2017

Buddhism in modern culture is taking on three forms that cut across the traditional distinctions among Theravada, Mahayana, and Vajrayana. Global Buddhism, Enlightenment Buddhism, and People's Buddhism present the missiologist and missionary new challenges, among them learning how both to spread the good news of the gospel and to cooperate with the best in these new forms of Buddhism.
Missiological Issues in the Encounter with Emerging Judaism
Authors: Perlman Susan
Published: July 2017

As we enter the twenty-first century, we are witnessing an emerging Judaism that is radically altered from the century past. We are faced with a divided Judaism (orthodox vs. liberal, secular vs. religious, etc.), a deserted Judaism (“just Jewish” Jews, assimilated Jews, etc.), a mystic Judaism (Jewish Buddhists, New Agers, etc.), and a politicized Judaism that is influenced by geographic power shifts. How do these changes affect how we do Jewish missions? Areas addressed are the Messianic congregational movement, ministry to Russian Jews, mission agency relevancy, and the spiritually seeking, post-secular Jew.
Emerging Religious Movements in North America: Some Missiological Reflections
Authors: Melton J. Gordon
Published: July 2017

New Religions include those religious groups that operate outside of the dominant religious consensus of their host culture, in this case the Christian West, and Christian groups that deviate theologically or behaviorally from mainline Christianity and actively proselytize. Some 700 such groups currently operate in North America. The Christian community has generally dismissed them as “cults,” and response has been amateurish and inadequate. New Religions are serious religious phenomena destined to be part of the religious landscape for the foreseeable future. Best viewed as the growing edge of the older religious traditions, they are deserving of serious missiological attention.
The Magical Worldview in the African Church: What is Going On?
Authors: Harries Jim
Published: July 2017

A radical rethinking of the nature of magic brings surprising results in a reanalysis of some of the widely perceived weaknesses of the African church. The pervasive effects of magic result in witchcraft being widespread and confine people to following complex codes of conduct throughout their lives. Western institutions and initiatives all too often flounder. A danger highlighted is the almost inadvertent promotion of the prosperity gospel on the part of those who teach the total defeat or irrelevance of occult powers by Christian believers. There is a great need for deeper understanding of magic and the missiological implications that follow.
The Dance of Partnership: A Theological Reflection
Authors: Reissner Anne
Published: July 2017

Using the metaphor of dance, this article reflects on the steps needed to create authentic mission partnerships in the twenty-first century. It proposes that both sides of a partnership must enter into a dance that includes the steps of indwelling, indirection, inquisitiveness, iconoclasm, and imagining. It suggests that as we struggle to come to a deeper understanding of what it means to be in partnership, we need to question the very concept of partnership and how it is used. Moving beyond partnership to engagement in dynamic networks is offered as the direction for future mission relationships.
Anatomy of an Experiment: The Sierra Leone Native Pastorate
Authors: Hanciles Jehu J.
Published: July 2017

The process of transformation from the establishment of a mission to an independent indigenous church is one of the most perplexing challenges of the modern missionary enterprise. This paper examines a particular model, framed in response to particular dilemmas of the Western missionary movement, which was first implemented in the British colony of Sierra Leone. Aptly described as the “euthanasia of a mission,” but more popularly known as the “three-selves” theory, the model in question was postulated on the view that the “settlement of a native church, under native pastors, upon a self-supporting system” was the ultimate objective of a mission. The nature and impact of this concept, as an experiment within an African context, forms the focus of this study.
A “Failure in Love”? Western Missions and the Emergence of African Initiated Churches in the Twentieth Century
Authors: Anderson Allan
Published: July 2017

Several theories relating to the emergence and development of African Initiated Churches (AICs) are discussed, particularly that propounded by David Barrett, who saw AICs reacting to a “failure in love” on the part of Western European missions. The widespread “reaction to missions” view in missiological writings on AICs, although having some validity, tends to detract from more important underlying causes. This and other causes like Protestant denominationalism, Bible translations, theological and religious causes, and precipitating factors must together be seen as a complex whole and in the context of the macro-history of African Christianity and the innovative contributions of African missionaries.
The Prospects of Intrafaith Dialogue in Nigeria
Authors: Adamo D. T. , Enuwosa J.
Published: July 2017

This study is the story of the efforts of Nigerian Christians to form a monolithic church. The major problem was how to overcome division which accompanied European Christianity. The search has demonstrated that the church in Nigeria cannot attain organic union in the sense of absolute unity because Christian union is ultimately eschatological in nature. The destiny of the church is organic union to which its total incorporation in Christ leads. It looks forward into the far future of the final consummation.

In the interim, the visible church can only achieve unity in a more restricted concept of unity-in-diversity which constitutes a point on the road to ultimate union with Christ. Thus the multiplicity of denominations does not abolish the essential unity of the visible church.
“Oh, Deep in My Heart, I Do Believe …” Elements of a Missionary Spirituality for Redressing Racism
Authors: Guider Margaret Eletta
Published: July 2017

This theological reflection draws together insights shared during the 2003 Annual Meeting of the American Society of Missiology. Guider argues that every missionary effort to redress racism and racial privilege is an evangelical endeavor of the will, anchored in hope and predicated on the love of goodness. The reflection explores the correlation between three biblical points of reference and challenges faced by missionaries individually and collectively. It articulates a synthetic statement of faith for missionaries committed to racial harmony and justice, using insights from John Duns Scotus as well as a critical reappropriation of the doctrine of imago dei. The reflection concludes by responding to the question, “What does it mean for missionaries to be found worthy of trust in a racist world?”
Revisiting the “Whole Gospel”: Toward a Biblical Model of Holistic Mission in the 21st Century
Authors: Heldt Jean-Paul
Published: July 2017

This missiological reflection describes a contextualized understanding of mission, addressing questions such as these: (1) How does caring for the soul relate to caring for the body? (2) How should the church relate to social concerns, such as disease, poverty, injustice, and human rights violations? (3) What are the biblical precedents for a holistic integration of evangelism and transformation? (4) What is a working definition for holistic mission? In view of Luke 4, evangelism need not be divorced from the restoration of physical health, economic well-being, prosperity, social peace, and justice. All are important and nonnegotiable ingredients of a well-balanced missiology.
Assessing Missional Effectiveness of Midterm Missionaries
Authors: Terry Douglas W.
Published: July 2017

The American short-term mission movement's rapid development is a phenomenon that serious missiologists must face. Is it possible to assess the effectiveness of short-term missionaries' work in their main mission ministries? Might one discover statistical correlations between this assessment and the way the short-termers were utilized? For Nazarene “midtermers” (noncareer short-termers serving cross-culturally at least three months), the author answers in the affirmative.

Research input from midtermers, career missionaries, and national Christians with whom they served, reveals strong correlations between midtermers' missional effectiveness and certain aspects of their selection, preparation, and placement. Useful recommendations for administration of midtermers follow.
Incarnational Ministry and Christology: A Reappropriation of the Way of Lowliness
Authors: Billings J. Todd
Published: July 2017

This essay seeks to show that the critics of incarnational ministry point to missiological problems that are ultimately christological in origin. Examining the work of Orlando Costas as an example, this essay argues that he follows Jürgen Moltmann in decisive ways that undermine his attempt to ground positive norms beyond being “with” the poor and oppressed. In contrast, theological and missiological reflection on the Incarnation should take the path of Chalcedon with a two-natures Christology, without a “mixture” of natures. Karl Barth in particular shows the theological and missiological potential of a Chalcedonian Christology, which maintains the biblical challenge toward the way of lowliness while recovering the vivifying direction for the Christian life and mission.
Should We Drum or Listen to the Teng Nyono?
Authors: Moon W. Jay
Published: July 2017

Conflicts over the Scripture and culture exist in every culture. The purpose of this article is to show how the underlying epistemologies of Scripture and culture affect the responses given by well-meaning Christians concerning issues of the Scripture and culture. Once these epistemologies are understood, the interaction between the Scripture and culture can be better explained and critiqued. This reflection can then lead the Christian community to a position of critical engagement, whereby the Scripture and culture are fully engaged, resulting in a deeper understanding and appreciation of both. A case study concerning a drumming ban in the Builsa area of Ghana, West Africa, illustrates this.
The Denominational Missionary and the Organisation Man
Authors: Clasper Paul D.
Published: July 2017

One of the analyses of contemporary American life which help us to understand the network of values, habits, and assumptions which Americans carry with them wherever they go is The Organization Man, by William H. Whyte, Jr. The book has aroused a great deal of discussion. Not all Americans like the picture of themselves shown there, but its general validity seems unquestionable. In this article Paul Clasper discusses the missionary as an organization man. His remarks are directed toward denominational missionaries and mission organizations, but others will recognize themselves as well.
Why the Slow Growth of the Japanese Church?
Authors: Dale Kenneth J.
Published: July 2017

The author, as a non-Japanese observer of and participant in the life and work of the church in Japan, analyzes various reasons for the slow growth of the Japanese church. Obstacles in the culture, including the Japanese religions, social system, value system, and also inadequacies within the church itself, are examined for their negative influence on the growth of the church.
Election, Pluralism, and the Missiology of Scripture in a Postmodern Age
Authors: Franks Martha
Published: July 2017

Mission theologians once held that Scripture had a unified, objective meaning that could be directly conveyed on the mission field. That view has given way to a recognition of diverse scriptural voices and the claim that this biblical diversity might be a clue toward a theological embrace of the world's diversity. This article examines that process, and then finds a similarity between this theological development and the secular movement called “postmodernism,” with its concern for situatedness and textual interpretation. Postmodernist ideas suggest a new basis for the authority of Scripture but would profit from the experience on the mission field.
Alessandro Valignano, SJ
Authors: Ross Andrew C.
Published: July 2017

This essay attempts to show that Alessandro Valignano was the architect of the Jesuit missions in Japan that produced the most successful growth of the church among an already literate people at any time since the first six centuries. The principles upon which he founded his work in Japan were firmly based on freeing the Christian faith from its imprisonment in European culture. These principles were further developed in the mission of the Society of Jesus in China. There Valignano was the patron and guide of Matteo Ricci. He authorized the latter's extraordinary attempt to use Confucius in the way that theologians in the West had already used Aristotle. Despite Ricci's fame, which has overshadowed that of his mentor and leader, there would have been neither Ricci nor any Rites Controversy without Valignano.
Biography as Missiology: The Case of Lesslie Newbigin
Authors: Hunsberger George R.
Published: July 2017

Aspects of the biography of Lesslie Newbigin illustrate the variety of ways that missional vision and the practical details of life have bearing on each other. These include defining moments, such as his vision of the cross during university years; context as the backdrop against which ideas are expressed; choices made in consistency with fundamental principles; and responses to the challenge to “put up or shut up.” In all of this, and more, Newbigin illustrates a life whose experience at the missional frontiers has in the end given him missionary eyes through which to view the church in each place and the place of each church.
Effect of Palm Oil Fatty Acid Additive (POFA) on Curing Characteristics and Vulcanizate Properties of Silica Filled Natural Rubber Compounds
Authors: Ismail H.
Published: July 2017

The effects of palm oil fatty acid additive (POFA) on curing characteristics and vulcanizates properties of silica filled natural rubber compounds were studied. The incorporation of POFA shows a beneficial effect by improving the cure rate and state of cure of the compounds. Compared to control compound, the incorporation of POFA not only enhances the vulcanizates properties but also improve the reversion resistance of the silica filled natural rubber compounds.