bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Which Comes First, the Music or the Lyrics?
Authors: Kapilow Rob
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores Porter's writing style. It shows that what makes Porter's lyrics unforgettable is the way they combine with the music. There is no more perfect example of this than one of Porter's most famous songs, “You're the Top,” from perhaps his most famous show, Anything Goes. The verse that begins “You're the Top” is not only a perfect introduction to the song but also a perfect introduction to the art of Cole Porter and in particular to his rhythmic genius. The opening lyric is classic Porter with its quintessential highbrow/lowbrow juxtapositions.
“The Beat Beat Beat of the Tom-Tom”
Authors: Walden Joshua S.
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores the extensive range of musical references in Porter's songs to view the meanings that emerge out of this eclecticism, with particular focus on “Begin the Beguine” and its history of varied interpretations in sound recording and cinema. Throughout Porter's works, the exotic, something one dreams of from home and experiences only on a rare voyage abroad, is a metaphor for the true love that is passionately desired but ultimately elusive. This metaphor appears to reflect an ambivalence that likely characterized Porter's own experience as a gay man in a heterosexual marriage in early and mid-twentieth-century America.
About Cole Porter’s Songs
Authors: Randel Don M.
Published: May 2017

This chapter considers how the lyrics and music of Cole Porter songs might be thought of in relation to one another in essentially musical and poetic structural terms. The goal is to describe what the lyrics and the music sound like together rather than what they mean or express together. The analysis focuses on three songs: “Ev'ry Time We Say Goodbye, ” “You'd Be So Nice to Come Home To,” and “You'd Be So Easy to Love.” These three songs and others suggest that Porter entirely confounds the notion of a song as a setting of a text and that his songs compel us to think of words and music in terms of one another and on an equal footing. This sharply subordinates any notion of the music “expressing” the meaning of the words, and thus throws analysis back onto those features of music and words that are shared—things like rhythm, pitch, syntax, and sound in the sense that creates assonance and rhyme. In these terms, Porter's songs, while being cast often in some variation of a conventional form, have their own dramatic shapes and in sometimes quite intricate ways lead the listener along a purposeful progression from beginning to middle to end.
Prologue
Authors: Greenland Thomas H.
Published: May 2017

This prologue describes the collaboration between New York City jazz musicians and audiences—during performances and elsewhere—that is essential for creating meaningful music and building cohesive communities. It argues that jazz audiences—whether they are amateur fans, music professionals, or, more often, some combination of both—are not passive “receivers” of music, but are in fact active performers. Although our attention is typically drawn to the onstage activities, the book suggests that jazz-making is better understood when we take into consideration active participants and the various venue operators, booking agents, photographers, critics, publicists, painters, amateur musicians, fans, friends, and tourists who create the jazz scene. The book refers to these people as an improvised community of listeners and participants who collectively assert their sense of themselves and of each other through the music they make. The book cites the case of Peter Cox, an integral figure in New York's jazz scene who was characterized by musicians as a fellow performer.
Making the Scene
Authors: Greenland Thomas H.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines how intimate social correspondence between active participants in New York City's avant-jazz scene engenders individual and group identities—a sense of who we are, where we go, what we love, and how we live. It first considers how fellowship, and particularly camaraderie, develops among fans during and after jazz performances. It then looks at how jazz fans interface with “club/houses” and the people that run them and goes on to discuss social determinants of musical taste. It also explores one of the occupational hazards associated with jazz fandom in New York City, what Steve Dalachinsky called “divided nights.” The chapter shows that active concertgoers, particularly avant-jazz fans, collectively identify and express themselves through improvised music, and describes gregarious yet self-contained, intimate jazz communities as an example of both an extended family and “a group of separates.”
Epilogue
Authors: Greenland Thomas H.
Published: May 2017

This epilogue examines some of the changes that have taken place in the decade-plus since the author conducted his study in 2002, along with their impact on New York City's jazz scene. It begins with a discussion of the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001; the housing bubble in 2007–2008 and the ensuing global financial crisis; and the continued gentrification of New York neighborhoods. It then considers how the economic recession affected jazz entrepreneurs and looks at the advent of file-sharing and music-streaming technologies as well as digital media such as Facebook, artist websites and blogs, YouTube, Myspace, and Twitter. It also recounts the 2008 election of Barack Obama as the nation's first black president and assesses its implications for jazz communities. It shows that jazz people improvise over “the changes” as they try to adapt to New York's highly variable environment.
Conclusion
Authors: Avilez GerShun
Published: May 2017

This concluding chapter discusses the significance of the concept of representation to nationalist discourse. Representation in the political world and the idea of cultural representation both appear to demand a stable point of reference. However, cultural producers disruptively inhabit frameworks of representation as an element of their aesthetic radical practices. The chapter then examines visual artist Howardena Pindell alongside lesbian filmmaker Cheryl Dune because they produce works in which Black bodies become visually inaccessible. The reluctance to represent is a vital component of these artists' respective projects. Ultimately, the chapter documents how cultural producers challenge the idea that social realities oblige African American artists to produce work engaged in progressive politics.
Multiculturalism, Minor Publics, and Social Intimacy
Authors: Kim Christine
Published: May 2017

This introductory chapter presents the debate that lies at the heart of the multiculturalism project in Canada, examining why the proposed inclusion of an Asian-looking woman on the $100 bill is a contentious move if Canada is a multicultural country. In many respects, the $100 bill story dovetails with the larger concerns of this book because both highlight how the politics of multicultural recognition obfuscate racialized feeling. In studying this recent episode in Canadian public life, this book aims to emphasize how the language and logic of multiculturalism structure race and racialization for a liberal imagination in Canada; to note that although the rhetoric of multicultural recognition may permeate the nation, multicultural feeling does not; and to propose that the minimal amount of public debate about the $100 bill is indicative of a more general public inability to recognize the racialized nature of citizenship.
Transnational Triviality
Authors: Kim Christine
Published: May 2017

This chapter looks at controversial online and print journalistic texts that launched heated debates about the cultural politics of racial representation in postsecondary institutions in Canada and the United States. It studies the nature of the publics produced by Stephanie Findlay and Nicholas Kohler's “Too Asian?” article (2010) and Alexandra Wallace's “Asians in the Library” YouTube video (2011). By reading the influx of Asian students akin to an invasion of postsecondary institutions, Findlay, Kohler, and Wallace rework the language of Yellow Peril and other kinds of Orientalist imagery within Canadian and American contexts. The circulation of these shared Orientalist representations throughout Canada and the United States illustrates the transnational nature of dominant social imaginations bound together by common anxieties about the Asian despite the significant differences in the national histories of higher education in Canada and the United States.
The Germans
Authors: Speiser Peter
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on the German perspective of relations with the BAOR. It studies the changing expectations of and demands by the German civilian population, as well as federal and Land (state) administrations during a period of fundamental changes in Anglo-German relations. The chapter looks at attempts to use the BAOR in order to undermine German cooperation with the West, as well as German efforts to counter these threats, all within economic, political, and social contexts. When considering the occupation forces of the Western powers, the problems created by the presence of American troops have been highlighted by John Willoughby. His work focuses on the threat to US authority in Germany posed by the disorderly behavior of American troops and the resulting initiatives that prevented a deterioration of relations in the period between 1945 and 1948.
“How the Army of a Democratic Nation Should Behave”
Authors: Speiser Peter
Published: May 2017

This chapter illustrates the attempts by the administration in London and on the ground in Germany to influence the BAOR and use it as a tool to tie the Federal Republic into the Western system of defense. These include the use of the BAOR to strengthen the Konrad Adenauer government, to promote British values, and to control Germany at a time of increasing independence of the young Federal Republic. To a larger extent, it also involves mitigating problems created by the presence of the BAOR. The chapter also explores the crucial period of the mid-1950s, when German sovereignty fundamentally changed both Anglo-German relations in general along with the position of the BAOR in Germany.
The Remaking of the Media-Military-State Relationships in the Early Twenty-First Century
Authors: Yesil Bilge
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on the transformation of the Turkish media field as a result of the shifts in media ownership, the cultivation of AKP-friendly media conglomerates, the consequent upsurge in partisanship, and the decline in press freedoms. It traces the connections between these developments and the broader political economic forces, such as the economic crisis of 2001, the AKP's electoral hegemony, the decline of military tutelage, the entrenchment of Muslim bourgeoisie, and the new Islamist cadres in governmental and administrative structures. It argues that in Turkey's contemporary media landscape, commercial outlets have been simultaneously independent of the state and dependent on it. They are not formally owned, operated, or dominated by the state, yet their survival depends on their informal ties with the ruling elite, high bureaucracy, and judiciary. While this dependency on the state is not a new development, it has nonetheless revealed itself in astounding ways under the AKP's single-party rule.
Conclusion
Authors: Yesil Bilge
Published: May 2017

This chapter draws together arguments presented in the previous chapters to offer a critical evaluation of the relationship between media and democracy under the AKP rule. It discusses the rise and the fall of the Turkish model and the Arab spring; the myth of the Turkish model; the politicization of state institutions; the curbing of individual liberties and the remoralization of society; the continuation of the national security paradigm; the perpetuation of an antidemocratic media system; and the lack of journalistic solidarity. It concludes that whatever change the AKP has accomplished in politics, media, and the economy has not been geared toward progressive ideals to promote equality, diversity, and pluralism but has simply served to maintain the country's longstanding authoritarian neoliberal order.
Longer News Turned Elite
Authors: Barnhurst Kevin G.
Published: May 2017

This chapter considers the elitism in digital media. During the early years of the Internet in the 1990s, there were high expectations for new media and harsh criticism for legacy news. A decade later a majority of U.S. newspapers had an online presence, and reporters and editors claimed that technology was changing what they do. However, U.S. news followed, and even continued in digital venues, the century-spanning trend of growing longer. The chapter argues that long stories are a sign of status in line with the elitism of American modernism. Elite writers appear to write the longest and elite readers to read the longest daily news. Efforts are made to serve the elites because they are the ones most likely to contribute to political parties and run for political office. In contrast, short, realist news articles match the predilections and limited time and resources of the non-elite: the wage laborer, the working parent, the immigrant learning the language, the less educated, the young, the poor.
The “What” Waned in Broadcast News
Authors: Barnhurst Kevin G.
Published: May 2017

This chapter analyzes changes in news event coverage. In early 1950, when Sen. Joseph R. McCarthy mounted his virulent attacks accusing the Truman administration of harboring Communists in the State Department, the press simply reported who said what. The Republican Party won the 1952 election and took control of the Senate, and McCarthy became committee chair and expanded his attacks, going after defense industries, universities, and the broadcasters themselves. ABC Television came into national prominence by airing the hearings about supposed Communist infiltration of the U.S. Army, riveting national attention with the live proceedings. But the events could not really speak for themselves, a discovery that seemed to expose a weakness in realism. Every name named exacted a human cost, as McCarthy dragged innocent individuals into the public eye, and his baseless accusations harmed their relationships and destroyed their livelihoods. The consequences, although not lost on the press, were not in themselves news events as then defined.
News Online Reentered Modern Time
Authors: Barnhurst Kevin G.
Published: May 2017

This chapter considers changing perspectives of modern time. It argues that newspapers are stuck in late-nineteenth-century modern time, raising complaints and objections to the new time regime. In contrast, television news is mired in mid-twentieth-century modern time, and the web editions of legacy media, after a moment of turbulence, returned to reflect the modernist time of an institutional memory they share. New interactive and mobile technologies create for news media a space of temporal discomfort. The modern sense of time empowered practitioners, giving them clear tools for selection and sequence, the discipline of deadlines, and the competition of the scoop and the exclusive, with the underlying assumption that time is money. The new sense of time removes their illusion of some control in a political life formerly attuned to their own news cycles.
Broadcast News Became Less Episodic
Authors: Barnhurst Kevin G.
Published: May 2017

This chapter considers the provision of context and analysis in television news. Americans have tended to be realist, viewing problems as “concrete rather than abstract” and are relying more on television for news, which simplifies “complex issues to the level of anecdotal evidence.” However, episodic newscasts may lead audiences to ignore the modern big picture of social conditions and public policy behind problems. For a century the U.S. population has scored poorly on standard memory tests of political knowledge. An uninformed audience may need more explanations, but did the interpretive turn fail to spread to television as critics suggest? It is shown that television news adopted the wider modern perspectives that critics demanded. Since the 1960s, newscasters have expanded interpretation on national evening news. After beating newspapers to the newest stories, network newscasts themselves began shifting into modern interpretive styles instead of sticking with realist, episodic coverage.
Miscellaneous Organ Trios from Bach’s Leipzig Workshop
Authors: Stauffer George B.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines various independent trio movements that Johann Sebastian Bach either composed or transcribed, probably prior to the composition of the Six Sonatas for organ. The Six Trio Sonatas for Organ, BWV 525–530, were assembled for the use of Bach’s oldest son, ilhelm Friedemann, to give final polish to his organ technique. This chapter first describes the Six Trio Sonatas before discussing Bach’s miscellaneous free organ trios in more detail. It then considers Bach’s Leipzig workshop and suggests that the miscellaneous organ trios and Six Sonata variants represent a unified repertory arising from a single period of activity in Leipzig: 1725 to 1730 or so. Aside from serving as preparatory exercises for the Six Sonatas, the organ trios were used as display pieces for demonstrating the chamber music registers of the progressive Central German organ, as well as a teaching material for students like Johann Tobias Krebs and Gottfried August Homilius.
Black Women Supernatural Consultants, Numbers Gambling, and Public Outcries against Supernaturalism
Authors: Harris LaShawn
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores the lives of self-professed African American supernatural laborers. Capitalizing on New Yorkers' fascination with the supernatural world and the city's informal-sector economy, African American clairvoyants merged religiosity and spiritual imagery with the lighter fare of underground and commercial amusements. Black women psychics, numerologists, palm readers, and crystal-ball gazers established home-based supernatural businesses, sold magical paraphernalia, published dream books, founded religious temples and churches, and offered curious and impoverished New Yorkers guidance on money, love, and health. This chapter investigates why black women became magic practitioners, surveys the interplay between supernaturalism and New York City's numbers enterprise, and considers the roles of religious leaders, city politicians, and medical professionals in citywide and statewide campaigns against supernaturalism.
“East Germany’s Mighty Sports Machine”
Authors: Pieper Lindsay Parks
Published: May 2017

The International Olympic Committee (IOC) created its medical commission in order to deter athletes from consuming performance-enhancing substances and to bar sex/gender-transgressive women from competition. This chapter discusses how the purposes of doping controls and sex tests became conflated in the 1970s. The victories of the German Democratic Republic at the 1976 Olympics allowed the IOC to envision all muscular women as unethical, substance-enhanced cheaters. Moreover, the IOC's belief in categorical divisions proliferated throughout the West. Although the subject was never mentioned explicitly, white Western women served as the foils to the supposed transgressors of femininity, reinscribing certain stereotypes about women of color.
“Gender Testing Per Se Is No Longer Necessary”
Authors: Pieper Lindsay Parks
Published: May 2017

This chapter demonstrates how alternative requirements merely rendered gender verification moot. In 1992, the International Association of Athletics Federation (IAAF) terminated all mandatory gender controls while the International Olympic Committee's (IOC) Medical Commission remained loyal to PCR testing, maintaining the procedure for the 1994 Lillehammer Olympics, 1996 Atlanta Olympics, and 1998 Nagano Olympics. As a result, the IOC experienced opposition throughout the 1990s from concerned physicians, national governments, and medically trained athletes. In 1999, the IOC Executive Board voted to stop testing. However, the medical commission did not relinquish complete control. Through suspicion-based checks, anti-doping techniques, and the Stockholm Consensus, Olympic authorities continued to uphold a binary notion of sex/gender and to promote Western norms of femininity. Thus, even though the IAAF and the IOC may have disagreed on the correct method, both organizations still believed that sex/gender control was crucial in elite sport.
Cold War Games
Authors: Rider Toby C.
Published: May 2017

It is the early Cold War. The Soviet Union appears to be in irresistible ascendance and moves to exploit the Olympic Games as a vehicle for promoting international communism. In response, the United States conceives a subtle, far-reaching psychological warfare campaign to blunt the Soviet advance. Drawing on newly declassified materials and archives, this book chronicles how the U.S. government used the Olympics to promote democracy and its own policy aims during the tense early phase of the Cold War. The book shows how the government, though constrained by traditions against interference in the Games, eluded detection by cooperating with private groups, including secretly funded émigré organizations bent on liberating their home countries from Soviet control. At the same time, the United States appropriated Olympic host cities to hype the American economic and political system while, behind the scenes, the government attempted clandestine manipulation of the International Olympic Committee. The book also details the campaigns that sent propaganda materials around the globe as the United States mobilized culture in general, and sports in particular, to fight the communist threat.
The Union of Free Eastern European Sportsmen
Authors: Rider Toby C.
Published: May 2017

This chapter considers the U.S. propaganda's use of defecting athletes in revealing a negative side of life behind the Iron Curtain. After all, no propagandist could say it better than someone who had lived under communist rule—for although athletes from Eastern Europe could be symbols of communist supremacy, they could just quite as easily be symbols of its frailty. For this reason, the Hungarian National Sports Federation (HNSF) and the National Committee for a Free Europe (NCFE) constantly lobbied the IOC to change its rules on the admission of stateless athletes, and from their efforts emerged the Union of Free Eastern European Sportsmen (UFEES). The prospect of a refugee athlete competing against the government of their communist homeland, or even under the flag of a capitalist country, was marvelous propaganda that would seriously damage a communist regime's prestige.
The Emergence of Slapstick Modernism
Authors: Solomon William
Published: May 2017

This chapter delves into the Depression era in order to track the initial emergence abroad of a slapstick modernism in the novels of Louis-Ferdinand Céline and Witold Gombrowicz. Justifying his comically outrageous undertaking as a revitalizing remedy for the sicknesses of contemporary existence, Céline ultimately pursued cathartic effects that would take place at the level of the word as well as the body and mind. His powerfully emotive technique was oriented toward the purification of the signifier via the elimination of the signified. Meanwhile, Gombrowicz's first novel, Ferdydurke (1937) is a key piece in the global or transnational puzzle that slapstick modernism ultimately constitutes.
Theoretical Interlude
Authors: Solomon William
Published: May 2017

Lookout honey, ’cause I’m using technology Ain’t got no time to make no apology

—The Stooges, “Search and Destroy”

Walter Benjamin’s Depression-era reflections on the collective functions of modernist poetry and slapstick film, on the ways they both struggled to negotiate the psychosomatic impact of capitalist modernity, provide a strong model for grasping the utopian impulses structuring the phenomenon I have termed “slapstick modernism.” The strain of his thought that is most valuable in this regard is the one tending in the direction of an anthropological materialism. Particularly promising is the constellation of concepts that he was still in the process of elaborating at the end of his life: innervation, (corporeal) mimesis, second technology, and play. Holding these concepts together is the idea that affectively charged cultural practices may play a crucial role in fashioning an antifascist social body, one capable of adjusting to its technologically mediated environment. For Benjamin, literary modernism and silent comedy participated in the same general project: the historical mission or task they assigned themselves was to contribute to the construction of a collective agent that would be capable of determining its own future. If, as Miriam Hansen argues, Benjamin’s investment in film was not the result of a “futurist or constructivist enthusiasm for the machine-age,” but arose from his hope that the medium “might yet counter the devastating effects of humanity’s ‘bungled reception of technology,’ which had come to a head with World War I” (...
Sensing Food in the New Deal Era
Authors: Bégin Camille
Published: May 2017

This introductory chapter examines taste as a symbolic, cultural, affective, and as economic currency always in circulation, and that, once mobilized, allows eaters to identify and differentiate themselves along race, class, gender, and ethnic lines. The concept of sensory economies is a plural one and allows exploring sensory experiences of food as the result of social, cultural, and financial exchanges always remade. The chapter looks at the cultural, social, and sensory history of New Deal food writing: the multisensory culinary material produced by employees of the Federal Writers's Project (FWP). Throughout, workers produced comforting snapshot pictures aimed at providing cultural confidence to a country in the midst of one of the worst economic depression of its history and giving legitimacy to the new political, social, and economic order of the liberal New Deal state.
Illustrating the Indian Wars
Authors: Coward John M.
Published: May 2017

This chapter studies illustrations of the Indian wars. Looking at Indian–white violence in the 1860s, it argues that Indian war coverage and related images of Indian–white violence were considerably more imaginary than real, functioning in ways that supported the ideology of Manifest Destiny. Although some illustrations depicted scenes of actual battles by “on the spot” artists, reality was less important than the creation of white heroes and Indian demons, images that reinforced the necessity of military conquest. Other violent illustrations were purely allegorical, invented scenes meant to symbolize the continuing—and, from the nineteenth-century point of view, necessary—struggle between civilization and savagery.
Remington’s Indian Illustrations
Authors: Coward John M.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the Indian illustrations of Frederic Remington, widely acclaimed today as the most famous Western illustrator and painter. Remington, who was too young to cover the major Indian wars, nevertheless created a number of significant Indian war images, including important but highly fictionalized Last Stand illustrations that shaped ideas about Indian fighting for several generations of Americans. Remington's Indian illustrations were clearly shaped by his belief in a racial hierarchy that placed whites atop the ladder of civilization. For Remington, Indians were a barbarous and inferior people doomed to disappear if they did not adopt civilized habits and beliefs. However, Remington was not absolute in his negative views of Indians; he praised Indian men for their fierceness and admired their bravery and masculine power. In short, Remington thought of Indian men as colorful, living symbols of a savage race and he was fascinated by their mysterious ways.
The Women’s Museum Muso Kunda
Authors: Jorio Rosa De
Published: May 2017

This chapter analyzes one of the first private initiatives in the field of heritage in the post-1992 period, the development of the women's museum Muso Kunda in Korofinna, Bamako. Conceived and realized by Adame Ba Konaré, wife of the then-president and herself a distinguished historian, the museum reflects efforts by the democratic leadership to give women more visibility, to stress their historical and social contributions, and to promote greater women's participation in every sector, including the economic and political fields. The museum was closed for renovations in 2011 and remains closed as of late 2015. The chapter also considers the visitor's experience of the museum by analyzing museum tours undertaken by two of the museum's main target audiences (foreign tourists and Malian youth) and highlighting some of the unexpected interactions and conversations around issues of gender that developed between visitors and museum representatives.
Lies, Libel, and Football: Coaches as Public Figures
Authors: Fields Sarah K.
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores the lawsuit that Wally Butts, a member of the College Football Hall of Fame, filed against the publisher of the Saturday Evening Post in 1963. The lawsuit began when the former head football coach of the University of Georgia (UGA) sued the publishing company for libel after its magazine published a story accusing him of fixing the 1962 UGA–Alabama football game with the help of legendary University of Alabama football coach Bear Bryant. This case marked the first time the U.S. Supreme Court concluded that a sporting figure was a public figure, that a former football coach was a celebrity, and that to win a defamation suit, public figures needed to prove actual malice (that the publisher had knowledge the statement was false or published it with reckless disregard of its falsity).
Stop the Press: A Baseball Legend and Biography
Authors: Fields Sarah K.
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores Warren Spahn's lawsuit against a publishing house in Spahn v. Julian Messner, Inc. Spahn was remarkable baseball pitcher and a veteran of World War II. In 1964, Julian Messner Inc. published a child-targeted biography (called in the business at the time, a juvenile biography) of Spahn, who then sued to stop publication on the grounds that it violated all four of the tenants of privacy: invasion, false light, private facts, and appropriation. The Warren Spahn Story told the story of the perfect man: a good son, a good baseball player, a good husband, and a good soldier. The author of the book admitted that his research consisted of looking at a few magazine stories and clippings, and that he had made no effort to speak with Spahn himself, his family, his teammates, or any of his friends or acquaintances. Spahn won an injunction against future distribution of the book and $10,000 in damages. Ultimately, the U.S. Supreme Court ordered the case re-tried using the actual malice standard of the Butts case, and Spahn won again. The decisions concluded that Spahn had the right to demand that the basic facts of his life be told accurately, and it required authors of biographies to make a good faith effort to represent their subjects truthfully.
Super Bowl Icon or Marketing Tool?
Authors: Fields Sarah K.
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores Joe Montana's lawsuit against the San Jose Mercury News. Montana was one of the best quarterbacks in the history of the National Football League. In San Francisco, he led four teams to victory in the Super Bowl and was named the Most Valuable Player of three of those games. After each Super Bowl victory, the local newspaper, not surprisingly, ran stories about Montana and the team and included photographs. These stories and photographs were clearly protected as documenting newsworthy events under the First Amendment. After the fourth Super Bowl victory, however, the San Jose Mercury News released and sold a poster that included photos of Montana from all four Super Bowls. Montana felt that the use of his photograph in the poster was a violation of his right of publicity—that the newspaper had used his image without his permission and profited from it. Montana's lawsuit highlighted the question of what was newsworthy and thus protected by freedom of speech, and how long that newsworthy privilege lasted. His case also reflected the shift in laws of reputation from protecting dignity to protecting the celebrity's financial interest in his image.
What’s in a Name? Comic Books and Hockey
Authors: Fields Sarah K.
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores the lawsuit filed by hockey player Tony Twist against Todd McFarlane. McFarlane was a hockey fan who created the comic book Spawn in 1992, a dark, surreal fantasy about a CIA assassin who dies, goes to hell, and returns to earth as an agent of the devil. In 1993, his evil henchman and enforcer, Anthony Twistelli (called Tony Twist) was introduced. The only thing the character and the hockey player had in common was the name and the reputation of being an enforcer, although MacFarlane admitted in notes to the readers at the end of one issue that he named his character after the hockey player. The real Tony Twist sued for appropriation of his image, and the initial jury awarded him almost $25 million dollars in damages. The trial court, though, threw out the verdict, concluding that Twist had not proven appropriation, because it was the use of his name and not his identity. On appeal, the Missouri Supreme Court ruled that Twist's name was part of his identity and that the predominant purpose of naming the character after the hockey player was commercial: the court believed McFarlane hoped to profit from Twist's name and not simply to create art.
Conclusion
Authors: Flammang Janet A.
Published: May 2017

This book concludes with a discussion of some important ethical, practical, and theoretical issues that arise from table talk and democracy. In terms of ethics, it tackles a variety of questions, such as who has the responsibility to learn, teach, and conduct the art of conversation; what rules should be set about who gets to talk, and how, at the table; who gets included and who gets excluded in our commensality; and how to handle conflict and difficult conversations. From a practical standpoint, it considers how we learn, teach, and practice the art of conversation. Finally, the book examines how it contributes to theories about democracy, resilience, and reducing prejudice.
Equality
Authors: Lause Mark A.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the spiritualists' uniquely egalitarian sense of individual liberty that underlay their view of society and reform and reflected, in part, the relatively inclusive nature of the movement. Radical spiritualists—which, at least for a time, included most of them—believed that emancipation should lead beyond the absence of slavery toward black equality. They saw a complete and critical reexamination of U.S. policy toward the Indians as inseparable from emancipation and black equality. Having always advocated women's rights on one level, they became increasingly predisposed to a practical egalitarianism. The chapter first considers how spiritualism became a kind of secularist Western Christianity before turning to spiritualists' discussion of race, gender, and racial equality, their views on slavery and emancipation, and their special kinship with Native Americans. It also looks at how the Civil War unfolded into a struggle for slave liberation while also emancipating a radicalism in the Republican Party with a heavy dose of social radicalism and persistent calls for a thorough reconstruction of American civilization.
Long Shadows
Authors: Lause Mark A.
Published: May 2017

This epilogue considers the legacies left by spiritualism of the Civil War era. It begins with a discussion of the spiritualist movement's early links to the Free Democratic Party, the Republican Party, and Abraham Lincoln and what happened after the war to some of the prominent spiritualists such as Isabelle Laurie Miller, the Fox sisters, and Nettie Colburn. It then examines the spiritualists' involvement in Reconstruction; how spiritualism and its legacy found their fit in what Christopher Lasch later called “the culture of narcissism” on the West Coast; and how the experience of the antislavery movement and the war imbued spiritualism with a radical new kind of social empathy. It also cites some of the reasons why spiritualism declined after the war, when the issues of secession and Union receded, and looks at three of the organizations established by the spiritualists after the war.
Women’s Work and Economic Crisis
Authors: Milkman Ruth
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the impact of the 1930s economic crisis on women workers, focusing on their experience during the Great Depression and World War II while also reflecting on the 1970s. It first considers women's unemployment and unpaid work in the Great Depression, noting how the sex-typing of occupations created an inflexibility in the structure of the labor market that prevented the expulsion of women from it. It then evaluates the “reserve army” theory by analyzing how women's economic role in the family was affected by the economic crisis of the 1930s, suggesting that it was the work of women in the home, rather than their labor market participation, that was forced to “take up the slack” in the economy during this period of contraction. The chapter demonstrates that job segregation by gender persists even during major economic upheavals like depressions and world war. It also refutes the reserve army theory by showing that women were less likely to suffer unemployment than men during the Great Depression.
Redefining “Women’s Work”
Authors: Milkman Ruth
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the sexual division of labor in the automobile industry during World War II to find out whether job segregation by gender had been dismantled during the war. It begins with a discussion of “women's work” in the auto industry in the prewar period and goes on to explore how the idiom of sex-typing of occupations was implemented and readjusted in the face of a dramatic change in the economic constraints on the sexual division of labor, along with the ensuing political struggles over the redefinition of the boundaries between “women's work” and “men's work.” It then considers the ambiguity and labor–management conflict over “women's work,” the various exclusionary tactics employed by male auto workers against women, and the disputes over the question of equal pay in the industry during the war. It also discusses the process through which war factories reproduced new patterns of job segregation by sex in the industry, instead of eliminating it.
Gender and Trade Unionism in Historical Perspective
Authors: Milkman Ruth
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the historical link between gender and unionism by focusing on variations among labor unions in policies and practices affecting women from the late nineteenth to the late twentieth century. After reviewing the debate about women's participation, membership, and leadership within unions, the chapter discusses four major waves of unionization that have produced four distinct cohorts of labor organizations, each of which formed in a different era of labor movement growth: the craft unions of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries; the industrial unions that took shape in the needle trades in the 1910s; the larger wave of industrial unions that emerged in the 1930s, and the public- and service-sector unions of the 1960s and 1970s. Drawing on sociological theories of organization, it then considers the conditions under which unions have been effective political vehicles for women workers. It shows that the political effectiveness of unions for women workers is correlated with the historical conditions under which each wave of unions first developed, as well as their age and maturity as organizations.
A Universal Dilemma
Authors: Llewellyn Matthew P. , Gleaves John
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses how amateurism freely evolved into an organic and malleable construct as it spread and diffused around the globe. From its institutional seedbed in Britain, amateurism would become an enduring ideology that influenced the Olympic Movement for nearly a century. Since the revival of the Olympic Movement in 1894, Coubertin and his fellow International Olympic Committee (IOC) patriarchs labored in vain to unify European and North American nations behind a consistent, workable definition of an amateur. However, the sheer breadth and malleability of the ideology of amateurism meant that it proved to be impossible for the IOC to regulate the status of an amateur on a global scale. In the age of increasing codification and standardization in sport, in part through the gradual establishment of national and international sports federations, amateurism proved resistant to consistency and strict universal regulation.
Selling Out the Amateur Ideal
Authors: Llewellyn Matthew P. , Gleaves John
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses the continued decline of amateurism during the late 1960s and 1970s. Soaked in the countercultural spirit of the era, movements around the world challenged social norms and social order, often through radical and subversive efforts. The sustained push for civil rights along racial, gender, and social lines powerfully exposed the system of inequality in capitalist societies. Amateur sport was not immune to emerging cultural movements that challenged exploitation and threatened the status quo. Hair gradually lengthened as athletes questioned the authority of coaches and administrators. The sociologist Harry Edwards founded the Olympic Project for Human Rights in 1967, which also protested racial discrimination in both sport and society at large. Even sportswomen mobilized in their push for greater inclusion and pay equity, particularly as television and commercial marketing transformed elite sport into lucrative commodities. The International Olympic Committee suddenly found itself caught between the pillars of tradition and modernity. Under the leadership of its aging president, Avery Brundage, it struggled to keep pace with the shifting sporting landscape.
Epilogue
Authors: Llewellyn Matthew P. , Gleaves John
Published: May 2017

This epilogue considers the process whereby International Olympic Committee (IOC) president Juan Antonio Samaranch and the IOC unwound amateurism as its eligibility rule. It discusses the continuing influence of amateurism on in the Olympic Movement despite its absence from the Olympic Charter, and how and why amateur athletes, and in particular those publicly martyred for violating amateur regulations, have been recast in the modern era. The chapter concludes that the persistence of amateurism for more than eight decades owed much to its ability to reinvent itself—a chameleon equally at home supporting democratic, Fascist, and Communist political ideologies and propaganda. Its fall came about only because it no longer proved convenient to those charged with enforcing it. Still, such points cannot obscure the power and force amateurism wielded and continues to wield over sport. As an ideology, it captured people's imaginations without their ever having had to fully understand it.
Update and Analysis of Current Boiler Operations Used for the Generation of Steam Heat and Electricity
Authors: Fuller Jack , Guo Yang
Published: May 2017

According to the U.S, Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the number of boilers in the U.S. devoted to the production of steam, electricity, and heat is approximately 1.5 million. This study analyzes boilers burning natural gas, coal, wood, oil, or other fuels to recover thermal energy in the form of steam or hot water to produce electricity or heat. The focus of this research paper will be to assess the compliance status of the boilers which were in the original EPA major source Boiler MACT group to provide insight into the current operating status of these boiler units.
Presentation Pattern and the Value Relevance of Comprehensive Income --- Evidence from China
Authors: Xu Wenjing , Qi Ming
Published: May 2017

In 2006 the Chinese Ministry of finance(CMF) issued new accounting standards that required companies began to present comprehensive income information in the statement of equity. In 2009 and 2014, CMF changed the comprehensive income presentation pattern consecutively twice, from the equity statement pattern to the performance statement transition pattern, and then to the single performance statement. The purpose of these changes is to harmonize China Accounting Standard (CAS) with International Financial Reporting Standards(IFRS). It also aims to enhance the usefulness of comprehensive income information by improving the transparency of information disclosure. From the perspective of presentation patterns, the paper examines the influence of presentation pattern changes on the value relevance of comprehensive income (CI), and on other comprehensive income (OCI). The results show that, under the equity statement pattern, neither CI nor OCI was correlated with value. Under the performance statement transition pattern, both CI and OCI have the value relevance. Under the single performance statement pattern, the CI has higher value relevance, while the OCI does not reflect higher value relevance. This study reveals the impact of comprehensive income presentation pattern on the usefulness of decision making. It has certain inspiration and reference for improving the quality of accounting standards and financial reporting.
Reabilitação cardiovascular melhora capacidade funcional de pacientes cardiopatas após 3 anos de seguimento
Authors: Gomes Mariana Janini , Freire Ana Paula Coelho Figueira , Geronimo Junior Nilson , Ceccato Aline Duarte , Silva Vitor Vinicius Santana , Pacagnelli Francis Lopes
Published: May 2017

Objetivo: Acompanhar os parâmetros cardiovasculares e funcionais de pacientes cardiopatas submetidos à reabilitação cardiovascular (fase 4) durante 3 anos. Materiais e Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo retrospectivo, no qual foram incluídos 11 pacientes submetidos a programa de reabilitação cardiovascular supervisionada por 3 anos. Os dados foram coletados de prontuários referentes às avaliações realizadas ao final do primeiro e do terceiro ano de reabilitação, realizada 2x/semana, sendo 60 minutos por sessão. Análise estatística: A normalidade dos dados foi testada pelo teste de Shapiro-Wilk. A comparação entre as variáveis paramétricas foi realizada pelo teste t-Student e, para as variáveis não paramétricas, foi aplicado teste de Mann-Whitney. O nível de significância adotado foi de 5%. Resultados: Hipertensão foi a patologia cardiovascular mais frequente no grupo estudado, presente em 11 pacientes (100%). Os pacientes foram considerados sobrepeso (25,89 ± 2,51 kg/m2). Foi observada melhora significativa da capacidade funcional (TC6M 1ª avaliação: 454,4 ± 110,4 m; 2ª avaliação: 588,0 ± 100,2 m, p=0,006). As demais variáveis não diferiram entre os dois momentos. Conclusão: O treinamento físico contínuo melhorou a capacidade funcional dos pacientes após 3 anos de seguimento de reabilitação cardiovascular.
Efeito de diferentes protocolos de hidratação em militares
Authors: Freitas-Dias Ricardo , Araújo Rodrigo Cappato de , Cunha Samara Barreto , Souza Gabriely Feitosa Freire de , Correia Júnior Marco Aurélio De Valois
Published: May 2017

Introdução: O estresse térmico resulta em queda no desempenho das operações militares e aumento de distúrbios relacionados ao calor. Para minimizar estes efeitos recomenda-se a reposição adequada de fluidos. Objetivos: Avaliar o conhecimento de hidratação e comparar o estado de hidratação após diferentes protocolos de hidratação seguidos de uma corrida. Métodos: 46 militares foram alocados em três grupos: privação da ingestão de líquidos (GA), ingestão recomendada pelo Colégio Americano de Medicina do Esporte (ACSM) (GB) e ingestão ad libitum (GC). Resultados: A taxa de sudorese de GA e GC foi superior à GB (26,81 ± 5,5 ml.min-1, 15,92 ± 10,69 ml.min-1 vs 4,47 ± 6,5 ml. min-1). Em relação à ingestão, GB apresentou valor superior a GA e GC (453,0 ± 91,0 vs 0,0 ml ± 0,0 ml, 165,0 ± 136,0 ml). Conclusão: As recomendações do ACSM foram adequadas para manterem os militares hidratados, no entanto, os militares apresentaram um baixo nível de conhecimento e hábitos de hidratação inadequados.