bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lactococcus formosensis sp. nov., a lactic acid bacterium isolated from yan-tsai-shin (fermented broccoli stems)
Authors: Chen Yi-sheng , Otoguro Misa , Lin Yu-hsuan , Pan Shwu-fen , Ji Si-hua , Yu Chi-rong , Liou Min-shiuan , Chang Yu-chung , Wu Hui-chung , Yanagida Fujitoshi
Published: September 2013

A coccal-shaped organism, designated 516T, was isolated from yan-tsai-shin (fermented broccoli stems), a traditional fermented food in Taiwan. 16S rRNA gene sequencing results showed that strain 516T had 98.9 % sequence similarity to that of the type strain

Lactococcus garvieae

NBRC 100934T. Comparison of three housekeeping genes, rpoA, rpoB and pheS, revealed that strain 516T was well separated from

Lactococcus garvieae

NBRC 100934T. DNA–DNA hybridization studies indicated that strain 516T had low DNA relatedness with

Lactococcus garvieae

NBRC 100934T (46.1 %). The DNA G+C content of strain 516T was 38.1 mol% and the major fatty acids were C16 : 0 (22.7 %), C19 : 0 cyclo ω8c (17.9 %) and summed feature 7 (29.0 %). Based on the evidence, strain 516T represents a novel species of the genus

Lactococcus

, for which the name Lactococcus formosensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 516T ( = NBRC 109475T = BCRC 80576T).
Comparative analysis of disease pathogenesis and molecular mechanisms of New World and Old World arenavirus infections
Authors: McLay Lisa , Liang Yuying , Ly Hinh
Published: September 2013

Arenaviruses can cause fatal human haemorrhagic fever (HF) diseases for which vaccines and therapies are extremely limited. Both the New World (NW) and Old World (OW) groups of arenaviruses contain HF-causing pathogens. Although these two groups share many similarities, important differences with regard to pathogenicity and molecular mechanisms of virus infection exist. These closely related pathogens share many characteristics, including genome structure, viral assembly, natural host selection and the ability to interfere with innate immune signalling. However, members of the NW and OW viruses appear to use different receptors for cellular entry, as well as different mechanisms of virus internalization. General differences in disease signs and symptoms and pathological lesions in patients infected with either NW or OW arenaviruses are also noted and discussed herein. Whilst both the OW Lassa virus (LASV) and the NW Junin virus (JUNV) can cause disruption of the vascular endothelium, which is an important pathological feature of HF, the immune responses to these related pathogens seem to be quite distinct. Whereas LASV infection results in an overall generalized immune suppression, patients infected with JUNV seem to develop a cytokine storm. Additionally, the type of immune response required for recovery and clearance of the virus is different between NW and OW infections. These differences may be important to allow the viruses to evade host immune detection. Understanding these differences will aid the development of new vaccines and treatment strategies against deadly HF viral infections.
The zero point energy of the quantum-vacuum
Authors: Wilhelm Turtur Claus
Published: September 2013

Purpose

– The purpose of the paper is the presentation of a new source of energy, the so-called zero point energy (ZPE) of the quantum-vacuum. Same as thermal heat or as ponderable matter have been identified as a type of energy some centuries ago, space is now being identified a type of energy. The advantage of ZPE is its application, because it is an energy source with many practical advantages: clean, friendly to environment and health, extremely low cost, inexhaustible, available everywhere and at all time. It is not expected that this type of energy will be the main source for the future air transport system, which is topic of this special issue. However, if the ZPE technology is developed at a more advanced level, it might contribute as energy source for instance during taxing to a certain level.

Design/methodology/approach

– ZPE-converting engines can be constructed on the basis of the theory presented here, which is new.

Findings

– In the next steps, the technology needs to be further studied. For instance more powerful engines on the basis of his theory need to build and investigated, although the applications seem to be almost anywhere, it needs to be found out which applications are the most appropriate in the first step.

Originality/value

– ZPE engines exist already, but the theory of ZPE conversion is unique and new in the work presented here. It can be understood on the basis of the finite propagation speed of the interacting fields, similar to retarded potentials of Lienart and Wiechert. The experimental verification of this theory is also presented in the article here.
Simulation and prototyping of FCS for sport aircraft
Authors: Rydlo Karol , Rzucidlo Pawel , Chudy Peter
Published: September 2013

Purpose

– The presented paper aims to describe the general idea, simulations and prototyping process of an assisting flight control system (FCS) for light sport aircraft (LSA). The proposed FCS framework is intended to simplify piloting, reduce pilot workload, and improve system's reliability and handling qualities of manual flying.

Design/methodology/approach

– Assisting flight control strategy integrates mechanical and digital FCS into a synergic platform, combining the high reliability of mechanical controls with the computation and actuation power introduced through a single line digital FCS. Concepts drawn from classical control theory along with flight envelope protection algorithms have been used throughout the design of the flight control laws. A prototype of the assisting FCS has been subjected to validation trials during series of hardware-in-the-loop simulations.

Findings

– Despite controversies between the pilots' perception of a modern aircraft and limitations imposed by the legacy airworthiness codes, it has been shown that a pilot assisting and workload reducing control system can be successfully implemented on board of a LSA while satisfying the expectations on a state-of-the-art equipment meeting required level of safety defined by the current legislation.

Research limitations/implications

– A transition between specific flight modes as well as nonlinearities in the FCS may lead to unfavorable and unpredictable forms of aircraft-pilot interactions. The number of accessible flight control modes should be therefore limited to the most significant ones.

Practical implications

– Sport aircraft are mostly flown by a single pilot, who could benefit from the pilot assisting FCS as the system has the potential to supervise the aircraft's safe operation in various flight conditions.

Originality/value

– Introducing an assisting FCS on board of a LSA through an innovative approach which utilizes hidden and unused resources of modern digital automatic FCSs while respecting the limitations imposed through the weight and cost sensitive nature of the LSA market.
Political skill as a moderator of the relationship between subordinate perceptions of interactional justice and supervisor ratings of interpersonal facilitation
Authors: C. Treadway Darren , Witt L.A. , Stoner Jason , Jansen Perry Sara , A. Shaughnessy Brooke
Published: September 2013

Purpose

– Based on social exchange theory and the norm of reciprocity, interactional justice has been proposed to be an important construct in explaining individual performance. However, meta-analytic results have noted the relationship is modest at best. The present study extends the understanding of the justice-performance relationship by empirically examining how interactional justice and political skill interactively influence contextual job performance. Focusing on interpersonal aspects of justice and performance, the paper proposes that the existence of interactional justice will only lead to improvements in interpersonally facilitative behavior if employees recognize this situation as an opportunity to invest their skill-related assets into the organization. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

Design/methodology/approach

– Integrating research on political skill with social exchange theory, the current study contends that interactional justice stemming from the supervisor will likely lead to employees feeling obligated and/or wanting to help, cooperate, and consider others in the workplace. However, only employees with political skill will be able to recognize the conditions and act appropriately on these conditions. As such, this paper investigates the moderating role of political skill in the interactional justice-performance relationship. The paper used multi-source survey methodology and applied hierarchical moderated multiple regression analysis to test the hypotheses.

Findings

– Results from 189 respondents indicated that interactional justice was more strongly related to supervisor-rated interpersonal facilitation when employees possessed higher levels of political skill. This suggests that when both interactional justice and political skill are high, the potential for interpersonal facilitation is also high. Conversely, when one or both are low, interpersonal facilitation is less likely.

Originality/value

– Previous articulations and evaluations of the relationship between interactional justice, political skill, and interpersonal facilitation have omitted either situational determinants of motivation or individual differences in job-related skills. With the current study, the paper sought to address these omissions by exploring the interactive effects of interactional justice and political skill on interpersonal facilitation.
Managing stability and crises in business relationships
Authors: Bengtson Anna , Ljung Anna , Hadjikhani Amjad
Published: September 2013

Purpose

– Adding to the theoretical view of relationship development, this paper holds the view that relationship change encompasses not only smooth incremental change but also includes crises which can trigger relationship weakening, dissolution and/or recovery. The aim is to develop a theoretical view that allows understanding of both smooth incremental and critical changes in the process of relationship development.

Design/methodology/approach

– Based on a business network perspective, the paper's relationship view holds uncertainty, commitment and trust as central explanatory elements. The process view is composed of three episodes: incremental relationship development; relationship crisis; and ending or survival. The paper employs a longitudinal case study method and discusses how the relationship between the Swedish firm, Ericsson, and its counterpart, Telefónica, develops in the emerging market of Argentina during the period of 1998-2004.

Findings

– Conclusions demonstrate the vulnerability of relationships due to counterparts' behaviour and network embeddedness. This is a risk of commitment deterioration, and remedial actions like investment in new commitments will reduce distrust and uncertainty. Re-energizing relationships incrementally requires behaviour like waiting strategies, when otherwise the choice is to exit.

Originality/value

– Few researchers have combined the findings from stable relationship development studies with the findings from research on crisis into one model handling both stability and instability in business relationships. This is despite the fact that episodes of turbulence and instability are becoming more common in business relationships, due to entrance into more unstable markets, and markets crises of various types.
Strength of ties involved in international new ventures
Authors: Söderqvist Anette , Kamala Chetty Sylvie
Published: September 2013

Purpose

– The paper aims to examine the strength of ties that entrepreneurs use during three critical phases of the international new venture's (INV) development; pre-founding, start-up and early internationalization.

Design/methodology/approach

– The paper uses in-depth interviews to track the development of five INVs to provide nuanced and detailed findings relating to tie strength during these three critical phases. By focusing on proces, the paper captures in detail the strength of these ties and the dynamics of how they evolve.

Findings

– While the existing literature considers strength of ties to be two separate entities, the paper develops a continuum with three different levels of strength by using entrepreneurs' actual relationships. The paper found that stronger relationships predominate and that they play an important broker role to link with other unconnected networks.

Practical implications

– Since relationships are crucial for recognizing and developing business opportunities, entrepreneurs need to invest time and resources to create and develop relationships. The study indicates that entrepreneurs have stronger relationships during the early phases of firm development mainly because they focus on essential relationships and cull unnecessary ones that form a distraction.

Originality/value

– The paper refines theory by identifying a distinct category the “equally strong as weak relationship” that is not yet mentioned in the extant literature but could be useful for international entrepreneurs to position themselves inside a network in foreign markets. In such relationships entrepreneurs experience the co-existence of importance and uncertainty.
Strategic planning practices in the Greek hospitality industry
Authors: P. Gkliatis Ioannis , N. Koufopoulos Dimitrios
Published: September 2013

Purpose

– This paper aims to investigate the nature and extent of strategic planning in the Greek hospitality industry and its outcomes based on Greek managers' views.

Design/methodology/approach

– Although the concept of strategic planning and its dimensions have been widely discussed in previous literature, research has mainly focused on well-developed countries and established sectors. However, there is a limited research in less developed countries like Greece and under-researched sectors like the hospitality industry. This paper aims to give some insights into the nature and extent of use of strategic planning processes and its positive outcomes in the Greek hospitality industry through a study based on a sample of 21 Greek five-star hotels.

Findings

– The main findings of the paper concern with some major strategic planning dimensions: planning formality, functional coverage, internal and external orientation, centralization and time horizon of planning. Additionally, the study highlights the positive outcomes/benefits of planning according to managers' views, as well as the financial performance of the Greek five-star hotels that are examined. Descriptive results are presented and the respondents' individual characteristics are outlined.

Research limitations/implications

– The study provides a benchmark for the measurement of strategic planning and the benefits derived from planning in the Greek hospitality industry, a critical sector for the Greek economy.

Originality/value

– The article contributes in the extensive literature on strategic planning, by discussing the development of strategic planning practices in Greek hotels, which operate in a highly uncertain environment.
Organisational culture of construction project managers in the GCC countries
Authors: Jaeger Martin , Adair Desmond
Published: September 2013

Purpose

– One of the consequences of globalisation is the proliferation of interactions between professionals of organisations from different cultural backgrounds. This is certainly true for construction project managers working in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, and the aim here is to provide foundation evidence regarding first, the existence of a distinct organisational culture and, second, the perceived culture type.

Design/methodology/approach

– Data collected through questionnaire-based interviews with 96 construction project managers in the GCC countries was analysed by applying the Organisational Culture Assessment Instrument (OCAI, Cameron and Quinn, 2006) and empirical statistics.

Findings

– The OCAI was found to be a useful tool to determine a profession's culture, and, confirming what has so far been anecdotal evidence, the findings indicate that both the group and hierarchy cultures are dominant culture types among construction project managers in the GCC countries.

Practical implications

– The confirmation of the dominant culture types gives increased confidence to practitioners to develop effective cultural diversity management regarding professional interactions with construction project managers in the GCC countries.

Originality/value

– The findings contribute to the body of knowledge by proving that construction project managers in the GCC countries perceive a dominant blend of group and hierarchy cultures.
A case study analysis of fatal incidents involving excavators in the Australian construction industry
Authors: Lingard Helen , Cooke Tracy , Gharaie Ehsan
Published: September 2013

Purpose

– The paper analyses the nature and causes of fatal incidents involving excavators occurring in the Australian construction industry. A three-level incident causation model developed by researchers at Loughborough University forms the theoretical framework for this analysis, which seeks to identify immediate circumstances, shaping factors and originating influences in selected incidents.

Design/methodology/approach

– Case study incidents were identified from the National Coronial Information System database. These incidents were subjected to content analysis to identify causal factors.

Findings

– Ten cases were analysed in total. In all of these cases immediate circumstances could be identified. These included the use of unsafe work methods and the condition, suitability or useability of plant. In several cases shaping factors, such as communication between work-team members and the design of work processes, were identified as likely contributors to the incidents. In none of the cases could originating influences be identified.

Research limitations/implications

– The research was limited by the relatively small number of cases for which detailed investigation reports were available and the fact that, for the most part, the reports focused on the immediate circumstances surrounding the incidents.

Practical implications

– The circumstances of the fatal incidents in Australia are similar to those reported in the UK and the USA and the identified causes have known safety solutions. The persistence of these incidents in the Australian construction industry suggests that there may be underlying reasons why known safety solutions are not implemented. Further in-depth analysis of incident causes may help to identify organisational and/or cultural causes of incidents involving excavators.

Originality/value

– The analysis provides a more detailed qualitative analysis of the causes of fatal incidents involving excavators than would is possible using national compensation data, which restricts analysis to a classification of the mechanism and agency of injury.
Evaluating a communications campaign to reduce blood clots
Authors: Brookes Keely , Peters Jeremy , Limbert Caroline
Published: September 2013

Purpose

– “VTE Assess Prevent” is a unique communications campaign designed to educate and remind all front-line staff to risk assess inpatients for venous thromboembolism (VTE) (blood clots) and to provide those at risk with the recommended preventative treatment. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the VTE communications campaign from the perspective of the front line staff at a UK hospital.

Design/methodology/approach

– A questionnaire implementing both qualitative and quantitative methods was made available to all relevant frontline staff at the hospital via online and paper copies (n=319).

Findings

– Overall positive attitudes towards the design and content of the campaign materials were reported. The campaign had a considerable impact on staff awareness of the importance of risk assessing for VTE and the extent to which risk assessments were carried out. High levels of reported behaviour change were reported as a consequence of the campaign. Recommendations for future communication campaigns included making the communication materials more memorable and enhancing the sense of control that people have over the procedure. Also, improving normative and outcome beliefs, running the communications campaign alongside a programme of education and including monitoring and feedback of performance were recommended.

Originality/value

– Reducing the number of deaths attributable to hospital acquired VTE is a clinical priority within the health services in many countries. The findings from this study highlight the role of the VTE campaign in achieving this goal, provide an insight into the key components of an effective communication campaign and identify recommendations for future campaigns.
Promoting successful diabetes management in the workplace
Authors: Bose Jennifer
Published: September 2013

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to learn from participants about their experiences managing type 1 and type 2 diabetes at work.

Design/methodology/approach

– Longitudinal, qualitative interviews with 45 individuals three times per year over three years focussed on views about disclosure; how they found or created support to manage their diabetes at work; and how they experienced the relationship between health and productivity.

Findings

– Among participants, the presence of secondary conditions, such as fibromyalgia or vision loss, typically overshadowed the effect of diabetes at work. These conditions were often mentioned as the reason why a participant changed jobs, stopped working, or decreased work hours. Perspectives on disclosure were affected by the perception of stigma and discrimination, as well as the need for workplace accommodations. Overall, participants believed that the routine of a job and feeling useful benefited their health.

Research limitations/implications

– The nature of the research was not medical and the paper did not collect participants’ medical records. The paper relied on self-report for diagnoses of diabetes and co-morbidities as well as unrelated health conditions. Although the participants lived in a variety of urban, suburban, and rural settings, the findings do not reflect the ways in which differences in geography may have influenced participants’ experience. A focus of future research might be the role played by geographic location in the experience of managing diabetes at work. Also, the majority of employed participants worked for small employers. Future research might include a focus on participants managing diabetes while working for larger employers, who may have greater resources and staffing to devote toward implementing changes in workplace policy.

Originality/value

– The paper considers the preference that many participants have for working and being productive rather than not working, including those with secondary conditions as well as diabetes. The number of participants (n=45) is relatively large for a qualitative interview study. The longitudinal nature of the study allowed for a follow-along opportunity that yielded a rich source of data.
What can companies do to support HIV-positive workers? Recommendations for medium- and large-sized African workplaces
Authors: Scott Kerry , Campbell Catherine , Skovdal Morten , Madanhire Claudius , Nyamukapa Constance , Gregson Simon
Published: September 2013

Purpose

– The purpose of the paper is to provide recommendations for medium- and large-sized workplaces on how to support HIV-positive employees. Supporting HIV-positive workers is an issue of social responsibility and an economic necessity for employers. HIV-positive workers can remain productive and healthy for many years if able to access appropriate HIV management support.

Design/methodology/approach

– Recent (2000-2010) academic and grey literature on HIV workplace management was reviewed and a qualitative study of nine workers receiving antiretroviral treatment (ART) in Zimbabwe was conducted by the authors. Results from both the literature review and qualitative study were used to develop recommendations.

Findings

– Carefully considered organizational support is of primary importance in the following areas: workplace HIV policy, voluntary testing and counselling, HIV management, HIV treatment uptake and adherence, day-to-day assistance, peer education, nutrition support, opportunistic infection (OI) monitoring and support to temporary/contract workers. Confidentiality is a key element in achieving positive outcomes in all areas of organizational support for HIV-positive workers.

Practical implications

– The paper provides a source of information and concrete advice for workplaces seeking to implement or augment HIV management and support services for their employees. The paper offers vital insight into workplace intervention strategies shown work best for workplaces and employees.

Originality/value

– The paper fills a need for comprehensive documentation of strategies for effective HIV management at medium- and large-sized workplaces.
The burden of proof in market abuse cases
Authors: Haynes Andrew
Published: September 2013

Purpose

– The purpose of this article is to determine the burden of proof that is applicable in the range of activities covered by the civil offence of market abuse. It also considers the approach adopted in the USA and discusses the extent to which that approach may be worth applying in this country.

Design/methodology/approach

– The methodology adopted is a mixture of black letter law in analysing the nature of the burden of proof and the relevant market abuse issues, historical research in examining how the modern law relating to the burden of proof has evolved and comparative research through the consideration given to the US approach.

Findings

– The findings are that the burden of proof in market abuse cases is unclear, that the burden may well not be the same in all cases, that clarification is needed on the point and that the approach adopted in the USA offers the advantage of clarity. Therefore, its adoption should be considered.

Practical implications

– The main practical implication is that cases are currently being brought without this key issue being properly considered and clarified.

Originality/value

– The author can find no other research that has been published in this specific area.
Fresh ideas: services thinking for social marketing
Authors: Russell-Bennett Rebekah , Wood Matthew , Previte Jo
Published: September 2013

Purpose

– The social marketing literature tends to focus on upstream marketing (policy) and downstream (individual behaviour change) and has a limited view on midstream (working with partners and community groups) social marketing. The paper proposes midstream social marketing should also include an understanding of how services and service employees influence and support individual behaviour change goals. The paper presents four key services marketing principles – derived from services theory and thinking – which the paper believes to be essential for implementing effective midstream social marketing.

Design/methodology/approach

– This is a conceptual paper that uses service theory and case-examples to show how service thinking can be used as a midstream social marketing approach.

Findings

– For effective uptake and impact of social marketing services amongst people and populations, social marketers need to design programs that consider the service experience, the service employee, service quality/customer value and the active role of the customer in value creation.

Research limitations/implications

– Services marketing is a well-established sub-discipline of marketing which, until recently, has not interacted with social marketing. The extension and application of services theory for social marketing can enrich and propel the social marketing discipline forward. Further research is recommended to evaluate how service principles can be applied in practice.

Social implications

– Given that social marketing services tend not to be accessed in sufficient numbers by the people who most need them, social marketers need to think beyond the technical, cognitive, and organisational-focused goals when designing social services.

Originality/value

– This paper identifies key service theories that social marketers should understand and use and is thus a source of fresh ideas for theory and practice.
Value co-creation in social marketing: functional or fanciful?
Authors: Domegan Christine , Collins Katie , Stead Martine , McHugh Patricia , Hughes Tim
Published: September 2013

Purpose

– Value co-creation thinking is reshaping the understanding of markets and marketing and presents a significant opportunity to develop the theory and practice of social marketing. However, whilst value co-creation offers thought-provoking new directions for the field, applying this theory and its core concepts in social marketing is not without significant challenges. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

Design/methodology/approach

– This is a conceptual paper that seeks to integrate lessons from social marketing practice with the value co-creation discourse from commercial marketing. Drawing upon two projects that have applied principles of collaboration and co-design, the paper provides a critical perspective on the adoption of value co-creation in social marketing.

Findings

– The collaborative and emancipatory ambitions of co-creation seem highly compatible with social marketing. However, the paper notes some significant conceptual, ethical and practical obstacles in the path of a workable theory of value co-creation for social marketing.

Originality/value

– While representation of value co-creation and other collaborative approaches is increasing in the social marketing literature, this is the first attempt to provide an integrated and critical review of their compatibility with social marketing at a conceptual, ethical and theoretical level. The analysis shows that value co-creation theory can simultaneously offer opportunities and present obstacles for social marketing.
FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS: A SURVEY
Authors: Erdogan Ayse M.
Published: September 2013

This paper presents a survey of the literature on the relationship between foreign direct investment (FDI) and environmental policy. First, I focus on empirical studies that analyse the impact of environmental costs on foreign investment locations. Next, I review the main studies that attempt to explain the lack of evidence for the pollution haven hypothesis. Then, I discuss the literature on the impact of FDI on local environmental regulations by concentrating on two recent political economy models. Finally, I conclude by summarizing the main findings of the literature and suggesting some future research directions.
Tip Clearance Investigation of a Ducted Fan Used in VTOL Unmanned Aerial Vehicles—Part I: Baseline Experiments and Computational Validation
Authors: Akturk Ali , Camci Cengiz
Published: September 2013

Ducted fans that are popular choices in vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) offer a higher static thrust/power ratio for a given diameter than open propellers. Although ducted fans provide high performance in many VTOL applications, there are still unresolved problems associated with these systems. Fan rotor tip leakage flow is a significant source of aerodynamic loss for ducted fan VTOL UAVs and adversely affects the general aerodynamic performance of these vehicles. The present study utilized experimental and computational techniques in a 559 mm diameter ducted fan test system that has been custom designed and manufactured. The experimental investigation consisted of total pressure measurements using Kiel total pressure probes and real time six-component force and torque measurements. The computational technique used in this study included a 3D Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) based computational fluid dynamics model of the ducted fan test system. Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes simulations of the flow around the rotor blades and duct geometry in the rotating frame of reference provided a comprehensive description of the tip leakage and passage flow. The experimental and computational analysis performed for various tip clearances were utilized in understanding the effect of the tip leakage flow on the aerodynamic performance of ducted fans used in VTOL UAVs. The aerodynamic measurements and results of the RANS simulations showed good agreement, especially near the tip region.
Advanced Numerical Methods for the Prediction of Tonal Noise in Turbomachinery—Part I: Implicit Runge–Kutta Schemes
Authors: Ashcroft Graham , Frey Christian , Heitkamp Kathrin , Weckmüller Christian
Published: September 2013

This is the first part of a series of two papers on unsteady computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods for the numerical simulation of aerodynamic noise generation and propagation. In this part, the stability, accuracy, and efficiency of implicit Runge–Kutta schemes for the temporal integration of the compressible Navier–Stokes equations are investigated in the context of a CFD code for turbomachinery applications. Using two model academic problems, the properties of two explicit first stage, singly diagonally implicit Runge–Kutta (ESDIRK) schemes of second- and third-order accuracy are quantified and compared with more conventional second-order multistep methods. Finally, to assess the ESDIRK schemes in the context of an industrially relevant configuration, the schemes are applied to predict the tonal noise generation and transmission in a modern high bypass ratio fan stage and comparisons with the corresponding experimental data are provided.
Aerodynamic Design of High End Wall Angle Turbine Stages—Part I: Methodology Development
Authors: Cranstone A. W. , Pullan G. , Curtis E. M. , Bather S.
Published: September 2013

A design methodology is presented for turbines in an annulus with high end wall angles. Such stages occur where large radial offsets between the stage inlet and stage outlet are required, for example in the first stage of modern low pressure turbines, and are becoming more prevalent as bypass ratios increase. The turbine vanes operate within s-shaped ducts which result in meridional curvature being of a similar magnitude to the blade-to-blade curvature. Through a systematic series of idealized computational cases, the importance of two aspects of vane design are shown. First, the region of peak end wall meridional curvature is best located within the vane row. Second, the vane should be leant so as to minimize spanwise variations in surface pressure—this condition is termed “ideal lean.” This design philosophy is applied to the first stage of a low pressure turbine with high end wall angles.
Full Thermal Experimental Assessment of a Dendritic Turbine Vane Cooling Scheme
Authors: Luque S. , Batstone J. , Gillespie D. R. H. , Povey T. , Romero E.
Published: September 2013

A full thermal experimental assessment of a novel dendritic cooling scheme for high-pressure turbine vanes has been conducted and is presented in this paper, including a comparison to the current state-of-the-art cooling arrangement for these components. The dendritic cooling system consists of cooling holes with multiple internal branches that enhance internal heat transfer and reduce the blowing ratio at hole exit. Three sets of measurements are presented, which describe, first, the local internal heat transfer coefficient of these structures and, secondly, the cooling flow capacity requirements and overall cooling effectiveness of a highly engine-representative dendritic geometry. Full-coverage surface maps of overall cooling effectiveness were acquired for both dendritic and baseline vanes in the Annular Sector Heat Transfer Facility, where scaled near-engine conditions of Mach number, Reynolds number, inlet turbulence intensity, and coolant-to-mainstream pressure ratio (or momentum flux ratio) are achieved. Engine hardware was used, with laser-sintered metal counterparts for the novel cooling geometry (their detailed configuration, design, and manufacture are discussed). The dendritic system will be shown to offer improved overall cooling effectiveness at a reduced cooling mass flow rate due to a more uniform film cooling effectiveness, a decreased tendency for films to lift off in regions of low external cross flow, improved through-wall heat transfer and internal cooling efficiency, increased internal wetted surface area of the cooling holes, and the enhanced turbulence induced in them.
Improving Intermediate Pressure Turbine Performance by Using a Nonorthogonal Stator
Authors: Yoon Sungho , Denton John , Curtis Eric , Longley John , Pullan Graham
Published: September 2013

Intermediate pressure (IP) turbines in high bypass ratio civil aeroengines are characterized by a significant increase in radius and a low aspect ratio stator. Conventional aerodynamic designs for the IP turbine stator have had leading and trailing edges orthogonal to the hub and casing end walls. The IP turbine rotor, however, is stacked radially due to stress limits. These choices inevitably lead to a substantial gap between the IP stator and rotor at the outer diameter in a duct that is generally diffusing the flow due to the increasing radius. In this low Mach number study, the IP stator is redesigned, incorporating compound sweep so that the leading and trailing edges are no longer orthogonal to the end walls. Computational investigations showed that the nonorthogonal stator reduces the flow diffusion between the stator and rotor, which yields two benefits: The stator trailing edge velocity was reduced, as was the boundary layer growth on the casing end wall within the gap. Experimental measurements confirm that the turbine with the nonorthogonal stator has an increased efficiency by 0.49%, while also increasing the work output by 4.6%, at the design point.
Advanced Numerical Methods for the Prediction of Tonal Noise in Turbomachinery—Part II: Time-Linearized Methods
Authors: Frey Christian , Ashcroft Graham , Kersken Hans-Peter , Weckmüller Christian
Published: September 2013

This is the second part of a series of two papers on unsteady computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods for the numerical simulation of aerodynamic noise generation and propagation. It focuses on the application of linearized RANS methods to turbomachinery noise problems. The convective and viscous fluxes of an existing URANS solver are linearized and the resulting unsteady linear equations are transferred into the frequency domain, thereby simplifying the solution problem from unsteady time-integration to a complex linear system. The linear system is solved using a parallel, preconditioned general minimized residual (GMRES) method with restarts. In order to prescribe disturbances due to rotor stator interaction, a so-called gust boundary condition is implemented. Using this inhomogeneous boundary condition, one can compute the generation of the acoustic modes and their near field propagation. The application of the time-linearized methods to a modern high-bypass ratio fan is investigated. The tonal fan noise predicted by the time-linearized solver is compared to numerical results presented in the first part and to measurements.
Design Optimization of Casing Grooves Using Zipper Layer Meshing
Authors: Qin Ning , Carnie Greg , Wang Yibin , Shahpar Shahrokh
Published: September 2013

A new algorithm, named the zipper layer method, has been developed to link multiblock meshes for groove-casing optimization applications. Numerical results for a turbomachinery rotor flow case are included to demonstrate the solution behavior across the zipper layer mesh. By using this new meshing methodology, the optimization of the casing groove geometries in relation to stall margin and efficiency of a transonic rotor is conducted. Six grooves are parameterized by their independent depths and a width to gap ratio. An advanced response surface method based on the Sobol design of experiment (DoE) and the Kriging response surface model (RSM) are used for the optimization. A leave-one-out cross-validation (LOOCV) method is used to calculate the quality of the response surface metric. The final optimized groove configuration is obtained through an optimization cycle using the Rolls-Royce SOPHY (SOFT-PADRAM-HYDRA) software (Shahpar, S., 2005, “SOPHY: An Integrated CFD Based Automatic Design Optimisation System,” Report No. ISABE-2005-1086), which not only improves the stall margin (SM) of the rotor but also maintains its peak efficiency.
Study of the Flow in a Vaneless Diffuser at Part Speed Operating Conditions
Authors: Hazby Hamid R. , Xu Liping , Schleer Matthias
Published: September 2013

The aim of the current paper is to investigate the evolution of the flow in the vaneless diffuser of a scaled-up turbocharger compressor using the steady-state viscous calculations. First, the predicted flow patterns are compared with the detailed laser Doppler anemometry (LDA) and probe measurements acquired at different operating conditions. Then, the numerical results are analyzed further to understand the origins of the flow features observed in the measurements. It is shown that, despite the complexity of the flow, the main flow features in the vaneless diffuser can be predicted by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) at different operating conditions using a simple mixing length turbulence model. It is also demonstrated that, in the compressor studied, a vortical flow feature develops near the diffuser shroud at high flow coefficients. This flow feature is generated by strong pressure variations downstream of the impeller trailing edge and disappears at low flow coefficients, where the static pressure gradient becomes almost radial in the vaneless diffuser.
Fast thermal simulations and temperature optimization for hyperthermia treatment planning, including realistic 3D vessel networks
Authors: Kok H. P. , van den Berg C. A. T. , Bel A. , Crezee J.
Published: September 2013

Purpose:

Accurate thermal simulations in hyperthermia treatment planning require discrete modeling of large blood vessels. The very long computation time of the finite difference based DIscrete VAsculature model (DIVA) developed for this purpose is impractical for clinical applications. In this work, a fast steady‐state thermal solver was developed for simulations with realistic 3D vessel networks. Additionally, an efficient temperature‐based optimization method including the thermal effect of discrete vasculature was developed.

Methods:

The steady‐state energy balance for vasculature and tissue was described by a linear system, which was solved with an iterative method on the graphical processing unit. Temperature calculations during optimization were performed by superposition of several precomputed temperature distributions, calculated with the developed thermal solver. The thermal solver and optimization were applied to a human anatomy, with the prostate being the target region, heated with the eight waveguide 70 MHz AMC‐8 system. Realistic 3D pelvic vasculature was obtained from angiography. Both the arterial and venous vessel networks consisted of 174 segments and 93 endpoints with a diameter of 1.2 mm.

Results:

Calculation of the steady‐state temperature distribution lasted about 3.3 h with the original DIVA model, while the newly developed method took only ∼1–1.5 min. Temperature‐based optimization with and without taking the vasculature into account showed differences in optimized waveguide power of more than a factor 2 and optimized tumor T90 differed up to ∼0.5 °C. This shows the necessity to take discrete vasculature into account during optimization.

Conclusions:

A very fast method was developed for thermal simulations with realistic 3D vessel networks. The short simulation time allows online calculations and makes temperature optimization with realistic vasculature feasible, which is an important step forward in hyperthermia treatment planning.
Increasing Persistence of College Students in STEM
Authors: Graham Mark J. , Frederick Jennifer , Byars-Winston Angela , Hunter Anne-Barrie , Handelsman Jo
Published: September 2013

An evidence-based framework offers a guide for efforts to increase student persistence in STEM majors.
Cation Intercalation and High Volumetric Capacitance of Two-Dimensional Titanium Carbide
Authors: Lukatskaya Maria R. , Mashtalir Olha , Ren Chang E. , Dall’Agnese Yohan , Rozier Patrick , Taberna Pierre Louis , Naguib Michael , Simon Patrice , Barsoum Michel W. , Gogotsi Yury
Published: September 2013

Toward Titanium Carbide Batteries

Many batteries and capacitors make use of lithium intercalation as a means of storing and transporting charge. Lithium is commonly used because it offers the best energy density, but also because there are difficulties in storing larger cations without disrupting the crystal structure of the host.

Lukatskaya
et al.

(p.
1500
) developed a series of MX compounds, where M represents a transition metal and X is carbon or nitrogen.The compound Ti
3
C
2
forms a two dimensional layered structure, which is capable of accommodating a wide range of cations, including multivalent ones, either spontaneously or electrochemically
Rewriting Milgram
Behind the Shock Machine
The Untold Story of the Notorious Milgram Psychology Experiments

by Gina Perry

New Press, New York, 2013. 351 pp. $26.95. ISBN 9781595589217. Scribe, Brunswick, Victoria, Australia, 2012. 432 pp. AU$32.95. ISBN 9781921844553.
Authors: Abma Ruud
Published: September 2013

Perry draws on interviews and archival research to examine the methodology and conclusions of Stanley Milgram's famous obedience experiments.
With Pact's Completion, the Real Work Begins
Authors: Lubick Naomi , Malakoff David
Published: September 2013

The Minamata Convention on Mercury seeks to curb or end most uses of mercury. It also calls for plenty of research.
Rifampin Heteroresistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis Cultures as Detected by Phenotypic and Genotypic Drug Susceptibility Test Methods
Authors: Folkvardsen Dorte Bek , Thomsen Vibeke Ø. , Rigouts Leen , Rasmussen Erik Michael , Bang Didi , Bernaerts Gertjan , Werngren Jim , Toro Juan Carlos , Hoffner Sven , Hillemann Doris , Svensson Erik
Published: September 2013

Tuberculosis patients may harbor both drug-susceptible and -resistant bacteria, i.e., heteroresistance. We used mixtures of rifampin-resistant and -susceptible
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
strains to simulate heteroresistance in patient samples. Molecular tests can be used for earlier discovery of multidrug resistance (MDR), but the sensitivity to detect heteroresistance is unknown. Conventional phenotypic drug susceptibility testing was the most sensitive, whereas two line probe assays and sequencing were unable to detect the clinically important 1% resistant bacteria.