bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Optimization of Water Quality Monitoring Networks
Authors: Groot S , Schilperoort T
Published: May 2018

At the moment the water quality monitoring network in the main surface waters in The Netherlands includes almost 400 sampling locations with a sampling interval of 1 to 4 weeks. The number of water quality variables analysed varies per location from 15 up to 100. Recent developments, such as limiting financial and laboratory capacities and changing objectives of the routine water quality investigations, necessitate an optimization of this monitoring network. Being an essential element in the optimization procedure, a relationship has to be found between the cost of obtaining information from the network and the effectiveness of the information, the latter being strongly dependent on the objective(s) of the network. In this paper a general optimization approach is presented. Also a method is proposed, worked out and applied, that relates the effectiveness of the information to the sampling frequency of the water quality monitoring network. This method can be used for the optimization of the sampling frequency for the main objectives of the routine water quality research i.e. the detection of trends in water quality constituents.
Pollution in the Ganges River, India
Authors: Ajmal M , Nomani Azhar A , Khan Mujahid A
Published: May 2018

The physico-chemical characteristics of Ganges River water and distribution of nine metals in the submerged plant and fish has been studied. The parameters colour, turbidity, total dissolved solids, pH, total alkalinity, chloride, sulphate, phosphate, NO3−N, NO2−N, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand showed that at various sampling stations deterioration in the quality of water at downstream is severe. However, due to a self-purification phenomenon, significant increase in the dissolved oxygen at the next sampling station was noted. A high fluctuation in the accumulation of metals in the submerged plants (Eicchornia Crassipes) and fish (Heteropnuestes Fossilis) was found from one sampling station to another due to domestic sewage and industrial effluent discharged into river. The ranges of concentrations of metals in fish were as follows: cadmium 0.01-0.09; cobalt 1.3-10.6; chromium 5.2-2100; copper 5.9-39.2; iron 463-1873; manganese 441-1880; nickel 5.6-23.3; lead 3.4-13.7; and zinc 17.8-232.5. In plants the ranges were, on a dry matter basis: cadmuim 0-0.28; cobalt 0.67-7.25; chromium 1.9-24.9; copper 4.6-11.3; iron 134-1614; manganese 1.41-7.4; nickel 111.7-161.7; lead 3.8-21.2; and zinc 131-556.
Application of Models in Developing Control Strategies for Activated Sludge Waste Water Treatment Plants
Authors: Holmberg A , Forsström J
Published: May 2018

This paper studies control of activated sludge plants using recycle and wastage flow rates as control variables. The behaviour of the control algorithms was studied using simulation techniques. The results indicate that the process is not sensitive to the recycle flow rate. Wastage flow control with the objective to keep the sludge concentration constant turned out to be promising.
Activated Sludge Process Control Using Dissolved Oxygen Measurements
Authors: Marsili-Libelli S
Published: May 2018

This paper describes a combined estimation/control scheme conceived to handle unmeasurable process quantities, such as viable mass in the aerobic reactor. Starting with the well known dissolved oxygen dynamic balance, an algorithm for the reconstruction of the oxygen utilization rate is derived, which in turn is used to mechanize a nonlinear state observer for the process variables. Eventually this cascaded double observer is coupled to a digital PID controller, thus forming an overall output controller based solely on dissolved oxygen measurements. Simulation analysis is used to assess the composite output controller performance and sensitivity.
Some Statistical Properties of Short-Duration Rainfall
Authors: Hershfield D M
Published: May 2018

Storm data and climatological quantities from both dense raingage networks and individual stations are used to elucidate some of the important problems in developing drainage design criteria for small areas. Examples are presented displaying the variability of rainfall rates for very short durations of time over very small areas. An “average” time distribution curve is presented along with relationships between rainfall amounts for durations from 2- to 60-min. One example outlines a procedure for estimating and comparing six quantities from series of annual maximum rainfalls for several short durations. The quantities include a frequency factor, 100-yr value, the probable maximum rainfall, and the observed world maximum rainfalls.
Norwegian Activities on Collection and Research on Rainfall Data
Authors: Lindholm Oddvar
Published: May 2018

There are ca. 50 pluviographs in Norway, based on the tipping bucket and recordings on magnetic tape. These pluviographs (called PLUMATIC) are maintained by the Norwegian Meteorological Institute (MI) which also process the data-tapes and distribute information and results from the stations.

Two research projects are running for the time being. One project compares spatial rainfall distribution with point measurements in Oslo. The other project deals with microwaves for monitoring spatial rain distributions.
Overflow Data of Rainwater Discharge Systems Determined from Run off Simulation of Pluviograph Records
Authors: Pecher R
Published: May 2018

In the last years, the relieving activity of overflow structures in combined sewer systems was mainly determined by statistical analysis of rainfall data. Due to the rain lost on the surface of a drainage area and to the flow rétardation through the sewer network, the resulting runoff variation differs a lot from the rainfall variation. Therefore, the rainfall measurements of 4 rain gaging stations in Hamburg with a total of 67 recorded years and a rain gaging station in Berlin with 22 recorded years were used to carry out runoff simulations.

First of all, a rainfall statistical analysis was performed with the measured rainfall data in order to determine the annual rainfall durations, depths and frequencies in relation to the average rain intensity.

The annual overflow data from overflow structures (overflow weirs and overflow basins) of not prerelieved drainage areas were computed by means of a simplified runoff model. The so determined overflow data is considerably lower than the data of rainfall analysis. Hence, overflow data from overflow structures in combined sewer systems wouldn't be satisfying if they are derived from only statistical rainfall analysis. Recorded rainfall events should rather be transformed into runoff events and accordingly analysed.

As there were only 5 rain gaging stations available, a generalization of the computed overflow data is still impossible. However, these overflow data seem to be on the whole plausible if compared with rainfall data which were performed in the past only during the summer months.
The Use of a “Selector” for Bulking Control at the Hamilton, Ohio, U.S.A., Water Pollution Control Facility
Authors: Wheeler M L , Jenkins D , Richard M G
Published: May 2018

The installation of a selector channel where RAS and primary effluent flow together for an average hydraulic detention time of approx 4 min prior to entering a completely-mixed aeration basin has been effective in improving the settleability of a poorly settling activated sludge obtained when the activated sludge was operated as a completely-mixed system with primary effluent and RAS fed separately and directly into the aeration basin. A period of approx 6–7 months following the installation of the selector channel was required to achieve excellent settling activated sludge. The major filamentous organisms controlled by this modification were Type 1851 and Nostocoidalimicola II.
Wastewater Characteristics
Authors: Virkola Nils-Erik , Honkanen Kristiina
Published: May 2018

Forceful measures have been taken in the past decade to reduce the pollution loads of pulp and paper mills. Besides more effective external waste water treatment, internal arrangements have been made to reduce pollution loads, e.g. by closing water systems. New processes and technically improved machines and equipment have made it possible to utilize raw materials and chemicals more efficiently. This has also reduced the pollution loads of the mills. In the 1970s, pollution loads were restricted by environmental laws and regulations in many countries, and the restrictions will become tighter during the 1980s. This will require much research and development.

In this paper, characteristics of effluents (BOD, suspended solids, colour, TOC, COD, toxicity) discharged from chemical and mechanical pulping processes and from paper and board mills are presented in general terms and by mill department. Process developments and effects of these developments on pollution loads are described and future trends are discussed.
Production and Utilization of Volatile Fatty Acids in Various Types of Anaerobic Reactors
Authors: Dohányos M , Kosová B , Zábranská J , Grau P
Published: May 2018

Production and subsequent utilization of fatty acids (from C2 to C6) was followed in three types of anaerobic reactors:uplow sludge bed reactor (USBR),upflow fixed bed reactor (UFBR),downflow fixed bed reactor (DFBR).

It was found that the concentrations of lower fatty acids increased exponentially with increasing volumetric loading of the reactor in the range up to 15 kg m−3d−1 (as COD). Up to a loading of about 4 kg m−3d−1, only acetic and propionic acids appeared. Butyric and valeric acids were found only at a loading higher than 4 kg m−3d−1, caproic acid at a loading higher than 8 kg m−3d−1. The highest removal rates along the reactor were observed for butyric acid, the lowest for propionic acid. The volumetric rate of biogas production (volume of gas per volume of reactor per time) increased with increasing loading rates up to 4.6 m3m−3d−1. The UFBR was in general less sensitive to inhibition by fatty acids and to lower temperatures and fluctuation of loads than the other two types of reactors.
Costs of Anaerobic Processes in the Pulp and Paper Industry
Authors: Anderson G K , Senaratne A U
Published: May 2018

This paper describes the advantages of using anaerobic treatment processes for treating wastewaters from the pulp and paper industry. The wastewater characteristics are outlined and a brief description given of the various anaerobic systems which are available. Problems associated with the presence of sulphur compounds and their solution are discussed and an example is described of the method of evaluating overall capital and operating costs.
Sorption of Hydrophobic Trace Organic Compounds in Groundwater Systems
Authors: Schwarzenbach R. P. , Westall J.
Published: May 2018

Factors influencing the subsurface sorption behavior of neutral and ionizable trace organic compounds are discussed. At equilibrium, the sorption of a neutral hydrophobic organic compound can be expressed by a simple partition coefficient. Partition coefficients, and thus retardation factors, may be estimated from the octanol/water partition coefficient of the compound and the organic carbon content of the aquifer material, if the organic carbon content exceeds 0.1%. For ionizable (anionic) hydrophobic compounds (represented by chlorinated phenols), the distribution ratio depends on both the pH and ionic strength of the aqueous phase, in contrast to the partitioning model for neutral compounds in which the composition of the aqueous phase is relatively unimportant.
Biodegradation of Methanol and Tertiary Butyl Alcohol in Subsurface Systems
Authors: Novak J. T. , Goldsmith C. D. , Benoit R. E. , O'Brien J. H.
Published: May 2018

The purpose of this study was to determine if and at what rate gasoline based alcohols would be degraded in subsurface systems. Soils were obtained from three sites in the USA for microcosms studies. Methanol was found to degrade at all sites up to a concentration of 1000 mg/L such that contamination would be reduced to non-measurable levels in one year or less. Tertiary butyl alcohol (TBA) was more refractory but was biodegraded at all sites. For sites where anaerobic conditions prevailed, degradation rates varied directly with the TBA concentration. The data suggests that methanol contamination problems in groundwater should be minimal because of its susceptibility to biodegradation. TBA may be more persistent but should also degrade.
Bacteria and Viruses in Aerobically Digested Sludge: Influence of Physical and Chemical Treatments on Survival and Association with Flocs under Laboratory Conditions
Authors: Farrah S. R. , Scheuerman P. R. , Eubanks R. D. , Bitton G.
Published: May 2018

The effect of chemical (NaF, NaN3) and physical (heating, autoclaving) treatments of sludge flocs on bacteria and viruses in sludge undergoing aerobic digestion was studied as part of studies on the mechanisms of removal of these agents by aerobic waste treatment. Following either chemical or physical treatments, aerobically digested sludge flocs adsorbed only a small portion of added or indigenous bacteria. These treatments also reduced inactivation of bacteria as compared with untreated sludge flocs. In contrast, these treatments had relatively little effect on either adsorption of enteroviruses to sludge flocs or on inactivation of viruses. The treatments that decreased bacterial association with sludge flocs and decreased the inactivation rate of bacteria also reduced the number of active protozoans and other predators. It is concluded that enteric viruses and bacteria have different affinities for sludge flocs and are inactivated by different mechanisms during aerobic digestion of sludge.
Study of Indigenous Virus Removal at Different Stages in a Drinking Water Plant Treating River Water
Authors: Agbalika F. , Hartemann P. , Joret J. C. , Hassen A. , Bourbigot M. M.
Published: May 2018

The virological efficiency of individual treatment processes in a plant which produces drinking water from water of the river Oise was investigated. The plant had a capacity of 270,000 to 360,000 m3/d. The sequence of treatment processes was preozonation (0.5 - 1 mg/l)-storage - coagulation - flocculation - settling - sand filtration-second stage ozomtion (2.0 mg/l) - activated carbon filtration - post ozonation (0.4 mg/l free residual for 4 min)- chlorine dioxide (0.1 mg/l). Nine series of samples were taken after various treatment stages and analysed. Viruses were recovered by an absorption-elution method using electronegative (C 100-12 Balston) or electropositive (Virosorb 1 MDS Cuno) filters. The volume of water tested varied between 30 and 1 000 1, depending on filtration efficiency. BGM cells were used for virus detection, and all samples of raw water yielded positive results, with counts between 10 and 146 PFU/1 000 l.Viral counts decreased by 89%, 77% and 55% after intermittent preozonation and storage, settling and sand filtration, respectively. No viruses were recovered from the water after the second stage ozonation. The subsequent post-ozonation and final treatment with chlorine dioxide served as additional barriers to ensure a virologically safe drinking water supply.
Influence of Macromixing on Organic Carbon Uptake and Solids Production by Aerobic Suspended Biomass
Authors: Elmaleh S. , Yoon T. I. , Grasmick A.
Published: May 2018

The influence of macromixing on organic carbon uptake by aerobic suspended biomass has been investigated using two reactors operated in parallel, i.e. a perfectly mixed reactor and a compartmented reactor. Conversion determined on filtrated samples is identical in both of the reactors but with less solids production in the low-dispersed reactor. The reaction rate established on the perfectly mixed reactor shows an apparent first-order with influence of inlet concentration but this relation cannot be used in a mass balance over the compartmented reactor.
Total Effluent Treatment and Rinse Water Reclamation in a Semiconductor Device Manufacturing Facility
Authors: Cartwright Peter S.
Published: May 2018

Case history of a total rinse water reclamation system operating in a semiconductor manufacturing facility.

Utilizing the latest technologies, over 90% of the rinse water is purified back to 18 megohm/cm quality for reuse, and the concentrated toxic chemicals are precipitated and disposed of as an insoluble sludge.

Based on a maximum rinse water flow of 72,000 gallons per day, the total operating cost is $251. 31/day.
Modeling, Optimization and Design of Fluidized Beds for Biological Denitrification
Authors: Nieuwstad Th J.
Published: May 2018

A mathematical model for fluidized bed denitrification has been derived, based on the fluidization theory and on zero order kinetics for biological nitrate reduction with nitrite as an intermediate product. Bed expansion, particle size, sludge concentration and nitrate and nitrite concentration can be calculated as a function of the height in the bed. Complete optimal conditions were not found using carrier materials of various specific gravities and with sizes above a radius of 0.2 mm, which was arbitrarily chosen as the smallest carrier particle. However, for each size and type of carrier material an optimal thickness of the biomass layer has been calculated for a standard type of wastewater at constant flow rate. For the kinetic and other constants used in this study, graphs are presented which can be used in the design of fluidized beds for denitrification.
Leachate Attenuation in the Unsaturated Zone Beneath Landfills: Instrumentation and Monitoring of a Site in Southern England
Authors: Robinson H. D. , Lucas J. L.
Published: May 2018

Unlike a number of other countries, where legislation requires that all landfills are lined with impermeable materials, in the United Kingdom great reliance is placed upon the attenuation of contaminants which occurs as leachate seeps through intergranular unsaturated zones beneath sites. Much research has been reported which supports this view, although in recent years the effectiveness and reliability of these processes has been the subject of much debate.

This paper describes, and presents results from, a major research investigation which has been funded by the United Kingdom Department of the Environment at a site in Southern England where the landfill design has incorporated an engineered, semi-permeable attenuation blanket, using locally available calcareous sands and silt, which have been emplaced to a minimum depth of 6 m above the water table.

Installation of over 100 sampling and monitoring instruments within this unsaturated zone before waste disposal began in June 1982 has made it possible to obtain water samples from the saturated and unsaturated zones, gas samples from the unsaturated zone, and to measure soil water pressure, electrical conductivity, and temperature in situ, at 3 monthly intervals since this date, to allow movement and attenuation of decomposition products of solid wastes to be monitored.
Controlling Metal Uptake from Heat-Treated Sludge Applied to Grasslands
Authors: Vail J. W. , Devey D. G.
Published: May 2018

A Zimpro heat-treated sewage sludge containing high levels of zinc, nickel, lead and chromium was successfully used to establish high-grade pastures and turf on two different coastal soils in South Africa, using guidelines developed in the United Kingdom to control the rate of application. The properties and composition of the sludge and soils are described and levels of metals in the grass are reported. The rates of application suggested by the guidelines were effective in preventing excessive metal uptake. The results obtained are discussed in relation to tentative guidelines for controlling sewage sludge applications to land in South Africa.
Effects of Water Quality on Microporous Filter Methods for Enteric Virus Concentration
Authors: Sobsey M. D. , Cromeans T. , Hickey A. R. , Glass J. S.
Published: May 2018

Model enteric viruses were concentrated from seeded samples of raw, finished and granular activated carbon (GAC)-treated waters and from GAC-treated waters supplemented with humic or fulvic acid or bentonite clay particles by adsorption to electropositive (Virosorb 1MDS) filters at pH 7.5 or electronegative (Filterite) filters at pH 3.5 with and without 5 mM added MgCl2, followed by elution with 0.3% beef extract in 50 mM glycine at pH 9.5. Natural particulates in raw and finished waters had little effect on virus concentration efficiencies. Soluble organic compounds reduced virus adsorption efficiencies from both raw and finished waters compared to GAC-treated water, but the extent of interference varied with virus type and adsorption conditions. Humic and fulvic acids caused appreciable reductions in poliovirus adsorption and recovery efficiencies with both types of filters. Fulvic acid caused greater reductions in virus recovery with Virosorb 1MDS filters than with Filterite filters. Fulvic acid interference with virus recovery by Filterite filters was overcome by the presence of 5 mM MgCl2. Although humic acid reduced virus recoveries by both types of filters, its greatest effect was on virus elution and recovery from Filterite filters. Bentonite clay enhanced poliovirus retention by both filter types as much as 8-fold. However, the presence of clay often interfered with elution of retained viruses from both filter types. Under some conditions, overall virus recoveries were considerably lower from water with clay than from clay-free control water. The results of this study suggest that high concentrations of soluble organic matter such as humic and fulvic acids and suspended solids such as bentonite clay may interfere somewhat with virus recovery by filter adsorption-elution methods.
Aquatic Habitat Analysis as an Element of Water Resources Planning and Management
Authors: Herricks Edwin E.
Published: May 2018

With increased emphasis on environmental quality objectives in water resources planning and management, past practices of simply considering water quality as the only environmental quality objective are inappropriate. Expanded environmental quality objectives include maintenance of high quality aquatic habitat. Water resource systems must provide both physical and chemical conditions appropriate for the propagation and maintenance of healthy diverse aquatic communities. Managing water resources to provide high quality habitat involves planning to meet both water quality and water quantity objectives. Existing technology based water quality controls and stream based water quality criteria can now be supplemented by aquatic habitat management. An approach to aquatic habitat management is illustrated by use of the Incremental Methodology developed by the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service. The Incremental Methodology uses measures of aquatic habitat to assess instream flows required for by aquatic life. Thus the range of environmental quality objectives in resources planning and management is expanded by application of these methods to include aquatic habitat as well as water quality management. Methods used to determine instream flow needs for rivers in Illinois are reviewed, and the use of this information in developing regulations limiting water extraction for off stream use are described. Aquatic habitat based management is shown to provide workable methods to meet expanded environmental quality objectives in water resources planning and management.
A Role for a Simple Discrete-Time Model to Describe Dispersion in an Estuary
Authors: Wood T.
Published: May 2018

A simple discrete-time model is proposed to describe dispersion in an estuary, based on tidal exchanges between neighbouring segments. A procedure for parameter estimation and model validation is described which can be implemented with a minimum of field measurements; and the application of the model is demonstrated with data collected from the Hawkesbury River system, near Sydney. The results indicate that the modelling procedure described is capable of producing useful predictions of the response of salinity distribution to changes in fresh water input and tidal amplitude. The method could be most useful in circumstances where limitations on experimental resources preclude the undertaking of a more detailed investigation.
Factors Affecting the Adsorption of Complexed Heavy Metals on Hydrous Al2O3
Authors: Elliott H. A. , Huang C. P.
Published: May 2018

Factors influencing the adsorption behavior of heavy metals, viz Cu(II), Zn(II), Cd(II), Pb(II) and Ni(II), onto Al2O3 from aqueous solutions containing complexing ligands were investigated using batch adsoption experiments. For the Cu(II)/NTA/ γ-Al2O3, system, increasing the system ionic strength reduced Cu adsorption through activity coefficient and surface electrical double layer effects. The presence of alkaline earth cations (Ca(II) and Mg(II)) also reduced Cu removal from solution by lowering the ability of NTA to prevent Cu(OH)2 precipitation and through specific adsorption to the alumina surface. The adsorption of the heavy metals on Al2O3 from solutions containing NTA followed the sequence: Cu >Zn > Cd > Pb ≈ Ni. Increase in system temperature tended to decrease metal adsorption.
Phosphorus Uptake by Klebsiella Pneumoniae and Acinetobacter Calcoaceticus
Authors: Gersberg R. M. , Allen D. W.
Published: May 2018

The objective of our study was to show that pure cultures of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Acinetobacter calcoaceticus could be Induced to accumulate large amounts of phosphorus (P), when P-starved cultures were enriched with phosphorus either in suspended growth or immobilized cell reactors. Suspended growth cultures of K. pneumoniae were more efficient than those of A. calcoaceticus, with specific uptake rates of 14.1 - 17.1 mg P1−1 hr−1 per O.D. unit, and 5.4 - 10.0 mg P1−1 hr −1 per O.D. unit, respectively. The absolute rate of P accumulation of 24.6 mg P1−1 hr−1 measured for a K. pneumoniae culture was among the highest ever reported in the literature. In an immobilized cell system, which facilitates the separation of the cells (for recycling) from the liquid phase, K. pneumoniae cells entrapped in agar gel beads, remained viable and showed rates of P uptake of 6.1 and 7.9 mg P1−1 hr−1. K. pneumoniae cultures also showed a high capacity for removing dissolved phosphate from municipal wastewater, with greater than 95% P removal in two hours. These studies suggest the important role such high-phosphate accumulating bacteria may play in wastewater treatment systems designed for enhanced biological phosphorus removal.
The Importance of the Acidogenic Microflora in Biological Phosphorus Removal
Authors: Meganck M. , Malnou D. , Le Flohic P. , Faup G. M. , Rovel J. M.
Published: May 2018

Laboratory and semi-industrial scale pilot plant experiments were carried out to study the possibility of simultaneous biological nitrogen and phosphorus removal under European winter temperature conditions. Whereas nitrogen removal requires very long aerated sludge ages, phosphorus removal seems to be somewhat inhibited by the low sludge loadings. Experiments with fatty acid addition to the influent wastewater have shown the acidogenic phase to be the step that was most affected by these low load conditions. The phosphorus release and uptake mechanism in itself may be slowed down by lower temperatures, but still has some activity. A microbiological study of the organisms in the sludge was undertaken in order to discover which organisms were responsible for the different steps in the phosphorus removal mechanism.
P-Removal in Completely Mixed Systems
Authors: Donker H J. G. W. , Opic P. , de Vries H. P.
Published: May 2018

Ca. 60 % of the Dutch activated sludge plants consist of completely mixed systems, experiments have been carried out in completely mixed pilot plants to study the biological P-removal.

The research was carried out in two pilot plants.

The pilot plants consisted of: anaerobic reactor, anoxic reactor, aerobic reactor and a clarifier. All the reactors were completely mixed.

Both plants were fed with settled domestic waste water at a sludge loading of 400 and 250 g COD/kg sludge.day respectively. The results are given below:sludge loading (g COD/kg sludge.day)400400250ratio Anaerobic : Anoxic : Aerobic1: 1:2,71:1:4,11:1:2,7P-removal (%)802875N-removal (%)505065COD-removal (%)858585

It has been shown that there is no significant difference between the results at the two different sludge loadings.

Remarkable is the difference between the ratio 1:1:2,7 in combination with the internal recirculation flow anoxic-anaerobic of 160 % and the ratio 1:1:4,1 with a recirculation flow of 30 %.

During the start-up at a sludge loading of 250 g COD/kg sludge.day and an internal recirculation flow of 30 %, bulking sludge developed almost immediately. The Premoval was completely disturbed.

Increasing the internal recirculation flow to 160% had a positive effect on settling properties and P-removal.

This investigation has pointed out that a completely mixed system is suitable for biological P-removal, without negatively affecting the nitrification. Important factors in the process are the ratio anaerobic:anoxic:aerobic and the recirculation flows.
Treatment of Tar Sand Wastewaters with Activated Carbon, Ozone and Reverse Osmosis
Authors: Sierka Raymond A. , King Paul H.
Published: May 2018

Tar sand deposits offer long-term potential for satisfying future energy needs. Two large field-scale extraction experiments near Vernal, Utah, employed either a sequenced reverse-forward combustion technique (TS-2C) or a steam flooding procedure (TS-1 S) to recover in-place bitumen. This report documents the evaluation of activated carbon, ozone and reverse osmosis in treating the two types of tar sand wastewaters. Substrates included untreated and pretreated (filtration, foam fractionation, chemical treatment with ferric chloride) TS-1S and TS-2C wastewaters.

Activated carbon, at a dose of 1,000 mg/L, reduced the Total Organic Carbon (TOC) of TS-1 S wastewater after treatment by 350 mg/L of ferric chloride to 2.3 mg/L TOC, a reduction of 91.6%. At the same adsorbent dos, activated carbon reduced the TOC in TS-2C wastewater from 678 mg/L to 546 mg/L. A study of the six commercially available adsorbents yielded little difference in adsorption capability for either wastewater.

Ozonation of TS-lS wastewater after pretreatment by either foam fractionation or chemical treatment with ferric chloride then activated carbon yielded residual TOC levels of less than 1.2 mg/L.

Reverse osmosis (RO) studies included investigation of four membrane types (cellulose acetate, poly-ether amide, poly-ether urea and a noncellulosic on a poly-sulfone base), three applied pressure levels (250, 400 and 550 psig) and two solution pH levels (5.5 and 7.8) with 5.0 µ (micron) filtered TS-2C wastewater as the substrate. A two-stage RO process achieved maximum organic and inorganic rejections of 98% and 97%, respectively.
Upgrading of a Wastewater Treatment Plant in a Chemical Factory
Authors: Benedek P. , Takács I. , Vallai I.
Published: May 2018

Full-scale experiments were conducted to study the wastewater treatment plant of a chemical factory. The objective of the study was to upgrade the overloaded biological activated sludge system by powdered activated carbon addition. Improvement of the organic micropollutant removal characteristics was also expected on the basis of previous experiments. During the three months experimental period the applicability and benefits of the process were proved, even under unfavourable conditions. Operation of the plant became stable, the quality of effluent improved about 30% in organic content and in several micropollutants. The upgraded unit could be overloaded by about 20% without any decrease in efficiency.
The Biological Accumulation and Monitoring of Chemical Wastes in Arctic Waters
Authors: Perkins E. J.
Published: May 2018

The biological accumulation and monitoring of chemical wastes are considered with particular reference to the Solway Firth, U.K. Monitoring of the influence of chemical wastes may be concerned with somatic or reproductive responses and is more usually the former. It is shown that size and abundance are not an indication of a species fertility which is crucial to its conservation. Diet has an important influence upon the magnitude of the trace element burden of gastropod molluscs and it is shown that the fertility of Patella vulgata and Littorina littorea is unaffected by marked increases in the trace element burden. In this study, some of the species examined viz., the polychaete worms Phyllodoce maculata and Scoloplos armiger, the decapod crustacean Pagurus bernhardus and the gastropod molluscs, Littorina littorea and Thais lapillus, have a distribution which extends into arctic waters. Clearly such animals offer the opportunity for comparative studies to test the more general application of the work reported. Such comparative work would also facilitate efforts to apply data from the boreal region to problems in the Arctic.
Oil in Ice Computer Simulation Model
Authors: Wotherspoon P. D. , Swiss J. J.
Published: May 2018

A computer simulation program which depicts the behaviour and distribution of oil spilled in or under sea ice has been developed. The program combines mathematical models developed in previous studies to describe the motion of oil in/under landfast, first-year and multi-year ice. By inputting or estimating such key parameters as oil type, spill type, spill duration, flow rate, ice type, relative under ice current speed and direction, under ice roughness and distinct ice features, a time series of “maps” is generated showing the distribution of the spilled oil. At present, the simulation does not include the movement of oil contaminated ice but future development plans include incorporation of the program into a Beaufort Sea ice motion model. The program is a tool which can be used to assist on - scene commanders during spill response and to plan counter-measures for oil spills in/under sea ice.
Fate of Petroleum Pollutants in Arctic Ecosystems
Authors: Atlas Ronald M.
Published: May 2018

Both experimental oil release field studies, in Arctic tundra, freshwater, and marine ecosystems, and follow-up studies after Arctic and subarctic oil spillages indicate long persistence times for hydrocarbon contaminants and slow rates of microbial biodegradation. The slow rates of petroleum biodegradation in Arctic ecosystems are not due to a lack of indigenous hydrocarbon-degrading microorganisms since virtually all Arctic ecosystems contain numbers of naturally occurring populations of hydrocarbon-degrading microorganisms, and generally numbers of hydrocarbon degraders increase following addition of oil. Low temperatures alone also can not explain the limited rates of hydrocarbon biodegradation. Rather the limitation to microbial degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons in Arctic ecosystems appears to be due to the combination of several factors, including the availability of nitrogen, phosphorus, and oxygen. Although the potential for hydrocarbon degradation exists, the actual rates of hydrocarbon biodegradation in Arctic ecosystems are slow; microbial hydrocarbon degradation can decontaminate Arctic ecosystems but the time frame after a major spillage will be decades rather than years.
Some Environmental Consequences of Water and Energy Conservation in the Handling of Mine Tailings in Sub-Arctic Regions
Authors: Sellgren Anders
Published: May 2018

In the refining of ores large amounts of fine-grained mineral particles (tailings) are generally transported together with water (slurry) in pipelines, sometimes as far as several kilometers to the disposal area.

Great savings of energy and water can be obtained at concentrators if the tailings slurry is thickened more effectively and water is reused directly instead of being transported the long way around the disposal area. With direct circulation in sub-arctic regions, large amounts of heating energy can be recovered using a heat pump arrangement. The potential savings at a Swedish concentrator were estimated to be about 10-20 GWh per year, the majority of which would be savings in oil. Furthermore, handling of mine tailings products at low water content offers environmental benefits, and more effective deposition techniques can be used.

In cold areas, temperature and hydrological conditions greatly influence spreading and dissipation mechanisms of pollutants released in the process. Monthly variations of the discharge to the recipient of a substance emitted in the process were simulated in an example.

The degree of direct circulation in flotation of complex sulphide ores may be limited by water quality problems in the process. A mathematical model was developed and used to simulate the accumulation of a substance in the process for different degrees of direct circulation.

Finally, a schematic layout of a simple aeration plant for recycled process water was outlined and some regional water-related problems were discussed.
Background Levels of Petroleum Residues in the Canadian Arctic Marine Environment
Authors: Levy E. M.
Published: May 2018

The background levels of petroleum-related substances present as solid particulate material floating on the sea surface, as dissolved/dispersed residues in the sea surface microlayer and in the water column, and as substances in surficial bottom sediments have been measured throughout much of the Canadian arctic marine environment. The region is presently devoid of floating particulate petroleum residues, and the background levels of dissolved/dispersed petroleum residues are generally less than 30 µg/l in the surface microlayer and less than 0.5 µg/l in the water column. Concentrations of extractable residues are generally less than 5 µg/g in the sediments. In all cases, the existing background levels are well below those which have detrimental effects on living marine resources.
Continuing the Development of Municipal Effluent Guidelines for the Northwest Territories
Authors: Kent R. J.
Published: May 2018

The background to and the rationale for the Guidelines for Municipal Type Wastewater Discharges in the Northwest Territories is discussed. Particu1ar attention is given to the development of Table 2.1, Effluent Quality of Municipal Wastewater Discharges, which was based upon expected lagoon performance. Also included is a discussion of the flow ratio and dilution ratio concepts. The viability of these concepts was assessed against the available data. It appears that the guidelines misjudged both the number of coliform bacteria in northern raw sewage and the removal efficiency for these organisms in lagoons. It appears unlikely that lagoons can consistently meet the guideline requirements. More information and research is necessary before a complete assessment can be performed.
Treatment of Industrial Wastewaters
Authors: Kiestra H. , Eggers E.
Published: May 2018

A general analysis is made of the current treatment methods for industrial wastewater. Mechanical, physico-chemical and biological treatment processes are discussed and the pros and contras of aerobic versus anaerobic treatment are listed, in terms of BOD and COD reduction, energy demand, operational aspects, land use, sensitivity and sludge production. In general, anaerobic treatment is attractive in cases where wastewater with high BOD concentrations has to be treated while aerobic treatment is less sensitive and allows (de) nitrification in the same reactor.

The latest developments in wastewater treatment, such as the ANAMET and the Gist-Brocades systems, are presented. Three cases of industrial wastewater treatment are elaborated, concerning effluents from a tannery, a slaughterhouse and an oil refinery.
Activated Sludge Process Models for Treatment of Toxic and Nontoxic Wastes
Authors: Gaudy Anthony F. , Rozich Alan F. , Gaudy Elizabeth T.
Published: May 2018

Design and operational aspects regarding the utilization of activated sludge processes for the treatment of both toxic and nontoxic organic wastes are presented; a key component of the technology concerns the application of a kinetic model which has been shown to be effective for predicting process performance for activated sludge systems treating such carbon sources. After developing an acclimated biomass which is capable of degrading a particular waste, it is prudent to determine the nature, inhibitory or noninhibitory, of the microbial growth rate equation as a function of exogenous substrate concentration. For noninhibitory wastes, one can employ the Monod function for relating µ to S; however, inhibitory wastes require the use of an inhibition function such as the Haldane equation; methods and analytical considerations regarding the evaluation of the biokinetic constants are discussed. The design and operational equations for activated sludge systems treating toxic compounds are developed. Analysis of these equations underscores the significance of the critical, or peak, growth rate, µ*, which is characteristic of systems treating inhibitory wastes. If this growth rate is exceeded in continuous flow units treating toxicants, rapid effluent deterioration and reactor failure can occur; this can be demonstrated analytically and has been verified in pilot plant studies. The predictive power of the model for establishing the critical operating conditions in activated sludge systems is also discussed.
Application of a Mathematical Model for Activated Sludge Treatment
Authors: Takács I.
Published: May 2018

The development and application of a dynamic mathematical model is discussed in the paper. The original model consisting of six differential and a few linear equations describes the biological processes, e.g. the biodegradation of carbonaceous material, growth of microorganisms, oxygen requirement of the activated sludge wastewater treatment. In the course of development a few constants involved in the model were transformed to variables. Thus the constants representing the different organic fractions of the wastewater as well as the temperature were replaced by variables or functions in the model describing continuous operation. Another transformation involved the value of the maximal substrate degradation rate constants, which is characteristic for certain operational conditions. The possibility for changing these values according to a function when approaching new equilibrium under new operational conditions (e.g. starting up of a plant or starting activated carbon addition) was provided. The model was supplemented by the Langmuir isotherm, thus it became capable of simulating the powdered activated carbon (PAC) addition process. Also, the Pflanz-equation concerning settling and recirculation was applied for the description of the continuous operation. The model, thus extended and run on personal computers, was verified on the basis of both batch and continuous experiments. The first industrial application of the model has been carried out in the Nitrochemical Works, for an in-situ experiment.
Kinetic Aspects of Planning and Operating Activated Sludge Systems
Authors: Donáth-Jobbágy A. , Holló J.
Published: May 2018

A “black-box” substrate removal model for predicting effluent pollution level in activated sludge treatment plants is presented. Reliability of the data acquired from batch and continuously operated systems has been studied. The dependence of the rate of substrate consumption on the quality and concentration of the substrates as well as on the adaptation and concentration of the microflora is shown by using a model sewage containing anion-active detergent as the sole carbon source. Prediction of the continuous operation on the basis of batch experiments is less tedious. The data acquired by the continuous method presented proved to be, however, more reliable and, therefore, preferable in predicting the operation of treatment plants.

The method of planning on the basis of the model is illustrated by using an industrial type model sewage: diluted milk containing n-dodecylbenzene sulphonic acid (LAS) as a selectively detectable substrate. The dependence of the aeration tank volume on the biodegradabi1ity and planned effluent level of the different substrates is demonstrated. In the case of poorly biodegradable sewage applied, recycle ratio proved to be a potential control parameter of activated sludge wastewater treatment, extremely useful in overcoming shock loadings .
Impact of ‘Organic' Pollutants on Coastal Waters, Gulf of Trieste
Authors: Olivotti R. , Faganeli J. , Malej A.
Published: May 2018

The main sources of potential ‘organic' pollutants (essentially pathogens, nutrients, floatables, suspended solids and detergents) discharged to the Gulf of Trieste by sewers and rivers are briefly reviewed; about 470,000 people live in the coastal area, and nearly 400,000 of them discharge sewage effluents to the Gulf. This brief review is followed by an evaluation of the impact of such discharges on the quality of marine waters, with reference to the impairment of uses such as bathing and shellfish cultivation. The sanitary and aesthetic aspects of faecal pollution which typically affect coastal waters are examined together with the water quality standards pertaining to bathing waters and shellfish cultivation areas; the extent of pollution of the coastal waters is determined. Experience gained at some wastewater treatment and disposal works is cited. On the whole, the Gulf of Trieste appears to be in a satisfactory condition: more than 85% of the shoreline (totalling 42 km in Yugoslavia and 93 km in Italy) is unpolluted, according to the pertaining standards. Ameliorations are, however, urgently needed in many respects. Recommendations regarding adequate forms of sewage treatment and disposal are made.
Use of Water in Adriatic Coastal Tourist Sites
Authors: Tedeschi S.
Published: May 2018

Fresh water is in short supply in the Yugoslav coastal area and especially so on the islands. The use of fresh water for regional water supply systems is comparatively expensive and it is used for purposes which do not demand high quality water. An analysis of the water consumption in tourist areas suggests that the peak consumption could be lowered by 23 to 37,5 percent, thus saving about 32,2 percent of the total annual water mass. This equals about 70 percent of the total one-day flow of the Yugoslav rivers into the Adriatic.

Recycled water can be used for agricultural purposes and for aquaculture, which makes it possible to use the nutrients from waste water and to lower the quantity of waste matter in the coastal sea.
Planning the Disposal of Waste Waters for Small Tourist Resorts in Dalmatia
Authors: Margeta J.
Published: May 2018

Small tourist resorts in Dalmatia have some specific problems concerning waste water disposal with a special emphasis placed on the significant oscillations (daily and yearly) of waste water quantities. On the other hand, the conditions necessary for solving these problems in Yugoslavia are not very favourable when considering either the financial or the technological aspect. Taking into account the importance of the sea water quality along the coast for the economic development of these resorts as well as the difficulties arising when solving this problem, our objective was to find an optimal solution. This paper presents some alternatives for solving this problem, as well as the method used for the selection of the optimal solution. A ranking procedure is used to develop the alternative solutions and to describe their application. The solution used most frequently for the disposal of waste water i.e. the “Treatment plant-submarine discharge ”, has here been analyzed. The paper also presents the ranking of the alternative solutions and the selection of the optimal one according to the current practices in Dalmatia.
Relevance of Contaminated Sediment Studies in the Great Lakes to Pollution Assessment and Control in the Mediterranean Sea
Authors: Allan R. J.
Published: May 2018

In the Laurentian Great Lakes of North America, pollution status, trends and source identification have benefitted greatly from systematic collection and analyses of lake bottom sediments. Similar systematic surveys, using strict sampling and analytical protocols, might provide the same type of valuable information for the Mediterranean, especially for nearshore areas, off the mouth of major rivers or for entire regional seas such as the Adriatic or Aegean.