bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Section Commentary: Researching Children’s Music-Centered Cultural Poetics
Authors: Kanellopoulos Panagiotis A.
Published: November 2023

This commentary suggests that we approach recent research on children’s musical development as studies of what can, after Greenblatt (1990), be termed children’s music-centered cultural poetics. Deviating from traditional views of children as passive recipients, from “closed,” tribal views of children’s musical worlds, as well as from uniform views of children as “natural” creatives, the chapters in Section 1 of The Oxford Handbook of Early Childhood Music Learning and Development frame children as cultural agents who appropriate, transform, use, reuse, create and co-create both music and frameworks for making it, on the basis of the affordances induced by the different cultural practices in which they find themselves. The chapters that follow offer culture-sensitive perspectives on children’s relationship with and through music that may help both music educators and parents to envision “a pedagogy of listening and radical dialogue” (Dahlberg & Moss, 2005, p. 107).
Section Commentary
Authors: Ockelford Adam , Welch Graham F.
Published: November 2023

This concluding chapter to the section on musical development and neurodiversity offers a set of seven reflective principles of how our innate, species-wide musicality can be nurtured in all children, irrespective of their individual developmental profiles and needs.
Making and Re-Making an Industry
Authors: Glimstedt Henrik , Carpenter Marie
Published: November 2023

This chapter analyses standardization in the mobile infrastructure equipment industry since the late 1970s. This industry provides an illustration of the complexity of the governance of innovation when continual technological development needs to be balanced with standards that ensure interoperability and stabilize change to allow for significant investment in research and development (R&D). It highlights the permanent negotiation and renegotiation involved as the nature of industry itself evolves with different actors, market needs, and technological issues giving rise to new forms of governance. Solutions adopted to deal with inevitable conflicts generate new innovative strategies and the industry is again transformed in a way that gives rise to new conflicts and new solutions. The chapter concludes, somewhat speculatively, by suggesting that due to recent legislative challenges with respect to the essential patents, the current renegotiation might lead to a less globally standardized industry in the future.
Cinema Therapy—The Film as a Medicine. From the Silent Film Era to the Present Day
Authors: Poltrum Martin
Published: November 2023

Under the code cinema therapy or movie therapy, there have been efforts for some time to test the effect of films in different therapeutic settings and with different patient groups. Taking a closer look at the history of film therapy, it becomes apparent that at the time of the silent film, there had already been a medical discourse on the effect of films in a therapeutic context. In this paper, principal philosophical–therapeutic considerations on cinema therapy are made, the historical and current discourses are presented, the most important publications are mentioned, and one’s own cinema–therapeutic models, experiences, and reflections are reported. In addition, selected case studies show how films can be utilized in a clinical context and which effects and undesirable side effects can be obtained by means of film therapy. The final focus of this article is on films that depict psychotherapy, love films, and films that address the phenomena of intoxication, ecstasy, and addiction, and how these were applied by the author of this paper in the inpatient treatment of addicts.
Aesthetic Experience and Aesthetic Deprivation in Hospitals
Authors: Moss Hilary
Published: November 2023

Evidence exists that the arts enrich health care settings in multiple ways. Arts interventions in hospitals can improve quality of care, communicate welcome, relieve anxiety, offer opportunities for self-expression, individualize care and support rehabilitation and recovery. Interdisciplinary collaboration, for example between hospital building managers, senior clinicians, and creative curators, is required to achieve aesthetically enriching hospital environments that contribute to the mental well-being of service users and health-care staff. This chapter demonstrates the role of aesthetics in hospital and is grounded in the author’s twenty-five year experience as a manager, music therapist and musician, working in the field of arts and health in health-care settings. Examples include a study of older adults in hospital in which aesthetic interests are mapped; a collaborative project between a consultant anaesthetist and a music therapist that provides music interventions in chronic pain care; a song writing project for mental health service users and a study of the benefit of singing for health-care staff. The arts can afford opportunities for articulating and interrogating lived experience at observational, participatory, and creative levels whilst coping with ill health including pain and vulnerability. Awareness of the aesthetic dimension may aid the articulation of complex human experience, and the effect of aesthetic neglect or deprivation in healthcare settings is highlighted.
Queer as Sacred
Authors: slaughter kei
Published: November 2023

The impacts of racialized spiritual violence on Black LGBTQIA+ (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer and questioning, asexual) individuals are complex. This chapter presents a Black queer theory for music therapy: Queer as Sacred (QAS). Through arts-based inquiry, the chapter explores a trauma-focused, intersectional, identity-based approach currently applied in S O U L F O L K Sounds. Musical improvisations grounded in African-American culture informs the author’s examination of anti-oppressive ideologies in four main sections, paralleling life in the Black Church: (i) altar/alter call, (ii) catching/sustaining the spirit, (iii) Sunday dinner, and (iv) the anointing. QAS positions queer Black bodies as sites of sacred resistance and virtual spaces of worthiness. This work argues for the reimagination of music therapy theory and practice in ways that amplify Black queer/quare experiences. Broader implications for the field of music therapy and related disciplines are discussed.
Tradeoffs in Uncertain Decision Making
Authors: Strickland Luke , Boag Russell J.
Published: November 2023

In modern workplaces, managers and employees are increasingly expected to make decisions under uncertainty. Theories of organizational behavior stand to benefit by incorporating an understanding of the information-processing mechanisms that underlie human decision making under uncertainty. Computational cognitive models specify and test fundamental principles of how humans learn and make decisions under uncertainty. Crucially, they provide information about ubiquitous tradeoffs that humans face when making uncertain decisions. Understanding such tradeoffs can facilitate productivity and mitigate human errors. In this chapter, the authors review insights provided by computational cognitive models into human information processing under uncertainty. The first half of the review focuses on state uncertainty, that is, uncertainty in the human’s knowledge of what state their environment is in. The authors review influential decision-making models that describe how humans resolve uncertainty in order to act. The second half of the review focuses on reward uncertainty, that is, uncertainty about the rewards associated with actions. The authors review influential accounts that describe learning under reward uncertainty, and the potential tradeoffs associated with such learning. The authors conclude by discussing an example in which a tradeoff identified by cognitive science was integrated into a theory of organizational behavior.
Art Music in the Yishuv and in Early-Statehood Israel
Authors: Hirshberg Jehoash
Published: November 2023

In parallel to an evolving concert life and the foundation of institutions in British Mandate Palestine, the Yishuv saw the emergence of art music. As the developments of the 1930s to 1960s reveal, there was a plethora of attempts and approaches that filtered into the conception of art music. The founding generation of composers, most of them immigrants from German-speaking Europe, did not form a homogenous body. While being driven by the urge for new collectivism and for an imagined East, they remained attached to their roots. Within this, there was a proliferation of styles, especially in the 1950s and 1960s, when growing disillusionment with Romanticist nationalism loomed large. A unique development was the transformation of the East from a foggy Orientalist ideology to a musical reality through mediators and quotations of traditional melodies. The encounter of European art music and Near Eastern musical tropes enriched Israel’s art music.
Bukharian Jewish Weddings and Creative Uses of the Central Asian Past
Authors: Rapport Evan
Published: November 2023

Weddings are central to the ways that contemporary Bukharian Jews in the United States relate to their Central Asian heritage. Bukharian Jews invoke old Central Asia by remembering weddings of the past and by performing representations of old Central Asia at contemporary weddings. Many aspects of these remembrances and performances, such as an overemphasis on the historical role of classical music and the sozanda wedding entertainer, and the symbolic incorporation of Central Asian instruments, can seem to simplify or conflict with what is known about weddings and Bukharian life in Central Asia more generally. However, these differences do not reflect a misunderstanding or distortion of the realities. Instead, Bukharian Jews are creatively using the Central Asian past to provide meaning and distinctiveness to the community’s history and experiences, as well as happiness and pride. Various issues surrounding these creative uses of the past are discussed, including the role of mass migration in producing diverse needs and desires among older and younger generations.
Reimagining Spiritual Experience and Music
Authors: Summit Jeffrey A.
Published: November 2023

Leaning on Rabbi Abraham Isaac Kook’s poem of the “fourfold song” as a typology of categories, this chapter examines music and spiritual experience in (liberal) Jewish worship in the United States in the twenty-first century. Kook’s four categories—the song of the self, the song of one’s people, the song of humanity, and the song of all existence—provide a structure to consider a developing focus on spirituality in Jewish congregational prayer and song. Ethnographic interviews with prayer leaders who have built reputations for constructing worship services where music is a core component of spiritual expression provide insight into the evolving conceptions of music and worship. These suggest a reconceptualization, moving from “religious experience” to what Anne Taves has termed “experiences deemed religious.” This, in turn, provides an organizational framework for emerging trends in spiritual expression and, as such, has relevance to the broader study of the meaning and power of congregational music in religious life.
From a City of Greeks to Greeks in a City
Authors: Erez Oded
Published: November 2023

This chapter looks at Salonikan Jews across two temporal and geographical contexts—interwar Salonika and pre- and post-statehood Tel Aviv-Jaffa—tracing popular music taste cultures as they develop in one urban setting and then transpose to another after migration. It offers a musical perspective on the transition from Ottoman to Greek sovereignty in Salonika, and on the series of deep challenges to the integrity of the city’s heterogenous Jewish community” with: challenges it brought to the already heterogeneous urban Jewish community. Looking at how music facilitates the negotiation of such tumultuous terrain of collectivity, its role in shaping notions of belonging in Salonika among those wrestling with the imperative of “becoming Greek” is explored. The process of becoming continued for Salonikan Jews upon finding a new home in Palestine/Israel, where once again they needed to carve out their space within a national culture in the making, grappling with its internal “Eastern” others.
Sonic Collectivity at the Kotel ha-Maʿaravi (Western Wall)
Authors: Wood Abigail
Published: November 2023

The Western Wall Plaza in Jerusalem is a core space of Jewish collectivity. Its weighty historical roots have drawn Jews to pray in this location for centuries. As an iconic space, the Kotel stands alone among contemporary Jewish spaces, unequalled in terms of size, topography, and religious significance. Yet since its capture by the Israeli army in 1967, lack of agreement among Israel’s political and religious echelons regarding the development of the space has left an almost blank architectural canvas, affording different groups to imagine new popular ritual contexts for the performance of Jewish prayer and Jewish-Israeli nationhood. Meanwhile, the proximity of the muezzin sounding from the Al-Aqsa Mosque just above the Kotel is a constant reminder that these ceremonies take place on a political and religious seam line. This chapter illustrates how the changing soundscape of the Western Wall Plaza emphasizes the dynamic process of contesting discourses and identities that continue to shape this site, highlighting the embodied interaction between physical space and the politics of individual and collective presence.
“We Shall Sing Songs and Praise to the Lord Who Created Us Last in the World”
Authors: Rosenfeld-Hadad Merav
Published: November 2023

This chapter explores Ḥakham Joseph Ḥayyim ben Elijah Al-Ḥakham’s leadership and his relationship with his followers. It does so through an examination of his paraliturgical songs, while taking into account the ethos reflected in his other rabbinic works. It reveals Ḥakham Joseph Ḥayyim’s view on the bond between God, the Jewish people, and the Land of Israel, and the role he assigned the paraliturgical songs in building this bond and in bringing about God’s salvation of His people, an event that Ḥakham Joseph Ḥayyim considered to be inherently connected with the return of the Nation to its promised land. Ḥakham Joseph Ḥayyim’s inclusive and inviting path encourages Jewish lifestyle and identity and is designed to reassure the followers that preserving these values will lead to the speedy salvation and the return of the Nation to its Land of Israel. Ḥakham Joseph Ḥayyim’s path is still revered by Jewish communities in and outside of Israel.
“On a Harp of Ten Strings I Will Sing Praises to You”
Authors: Wijsman Suzanne
Published: November 2023

Three rare and striking illustrations feature women and music in the fifteenth-century Oppenheimer Siddur (Oxford Bodleian Library MS Opp. 776), a dated, user-produced Ashkenazic book of daily prayers completed in 1471. Women playing musical instruments occur rarely in Hebrew manuscript art, and, when they do, it is most often in a specific, archetypical context, such as narrative scenes in Passover Haggadot. Due to rabbinic prohibitions against instrumental music in the synagogue, the inclusion in a Jewish prayer book of women playing musical instruments is enigmatic and invites close study of this unusual aspect of the manuscript’s iconographic program. This chapter focuses on the symbolism of the feminine elements in these three compositions, examining how they relate to other illustrations in this prayer book, contemporaneous love iconography in Christian secular art of the period, and other medieval Hebrew illuminated manuscripts, as well as Jewish literature.
Christianity and the Law in the Twentieth Century
Authors: Sandberg Russell
Published: November 2023

The twentieth century was a time of significant change. Perhaps because it is so recent and, therefore, so many materials survive, the complexity and diversity of the century is striking and frightening. Few authors have attempted to examine the century as a whole. This chapter looks at the century as a whole but simply seeks to propose and sketch four general trends that can be said to characterize the interaction between Christianity and the law over this period: (1) an emphasis upon autonomy, at first protecting religious groups but later focusing on the individual; (2) the regarding and framing of religious freedom as a human right as part of a general juridification of religion; (3) the rise of explicit equality norms that, in addition to furthering juridification, have entrenched changes regarding the role of women and the internal secularization of religious groups; and (4) a wider questioning of authority and a further decoupling of law and morality that may be seen in terms of demoralization, the death of deference, and societal secularization. The chapter recognizes and stresses that these four trends were by no means universal, complete, or linear, but it provides an interpretation of aspects of the interaction between law and Christianity in “the short twentieth century” in the hope that future authors will provide further examination of what is a relatively neglected topic, falling in the gap between the study of legal history, on one hand, and current law, on the other.
Christianity and Law in Europe Today
Authors: Pin Andrea
Published: November 2023

Europe is marked by the widespread acknowledgment of freedom of conscience, a visible variety of church-and-state settlements, and the often cited but controversial notion of state neutrality. The strong historical connections between Christianity and law in Europe, however, have given birth to a much more layered environment. The first, more superficial layer is visible in the growing tension between secular institutions and Christianity. Public policies and human rights agendas increasingly challenge Christian values on many accounts, triggering reactions that span from conscientious objection requests to outright political opposition that is fueling populist resentments. The second dimension consists of the political and cultural role that Christian symbolism has garnered lately. Well rooted in European constitutionalism, such religious symbolism heeds the widespread calls for a robust connecting tissue for postmodern societies, as it functions as an alternative to political secularism and a bastion of national values. The third, more hidden layer of relationship between Christianity and law is traceable in the deep Christian roots of several legal values that are widespread in Europe, including antipositivism, supranationalism, and solidarity among strangers.
Christianity and Contract Law
Authors: Astorri Paolo , Decock Wim
Published: November 2023

This chapter surveys the contract law doctrines shaped by medieval and early modern canonists and theologians, and their impact on the Western legal tradition. These doctrines were forged from rules included in the Bible, Aristotelian philosophy, Roman law, canon law, and medieval theology. They consisted of principles for the creation and execution of contracts and basic forms of regulation regarding the most important financial transactions. They included rules on offer and acceptance, duress, fraud, fairness in exchange, usury, and restitution. In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, they were modified and expanded by early modern Catholic and Protestant scholars. While laying more emphasis on biblical morality, faith, and charity, Protestant theologians and jurists nevertheless remained well versed in most of the teachings developed by their Catholic counterparts. Especially through their influence on natural lawyers in the subsequent centuries, many of the religiously informed doctrines of contract found their way into modern codifications. Only in the nineteenth century were they abandoned to make way for other ideas from outside the Christian faith. With the rise of legal positivism, principles that referred too clearly to the moral and religious engagements with contract law from the past, such as the notion of just pricing, were expressly abandoned. Christian authors nevertheless continued to discuss issues of contract law from a religious perspective within their own circles, stressing the need to observe fairness in exchange.
Christianity and Family Law
Authors: Alvaré Helen M.
Published: November 2023

Christianity has profoundly shaped Western family law from about the fourth century to today. It has affected most laws in the West pertaining to marriage, parenting, and kin relations, and to those aspects of human sexuality relevant to preserving the goods of marriage and family. By means of evangelization, conquest, and colonization, Christianity has left its imprint around the globe. From its beginnings to today, Christian family norms have incorporated wisdom drawn from complementary sources, including, over time, Judaism, Stoicism, Roman law, Greek philosophy, and observations from nature and empirical scholarship—and have illuminated these with the New Testament. While Christian influence upon family law has dramatically declined during the past century, its impact is still visible in the ideals and systems of many countries, and believers still positively contribute to family law discussions and reforms, with both Christian ideas and their personal witness.
Christianity and Education Law
Authors: Glenn Charles L. , De Groof Jan
Published: November 2023

Education, shaping the character and the convictions of the young, has always been a concern of Christians, and church leaders have sought through exhortation and through creating schools to ensure its provision. With the Reformation, this became an urgent task because of a focus, among Protestants, on the ability to read the Bible and a flood of publications by Luther, Calvin, and other leaders. There was a corresponding concern by Catholic leaders, in areas of religious rivalry, to solidify their support, leading to the formation of religious teaching orders. The primary focus of this chapter, however, is upon the last two hundred years, when governments, through laws and policies, have used schooling for nation-building and when the creation of loyal citizens either fostered or conflicted with the Christian mission and character of schools. In such cases as Germany, the United Kingdom, Canada, and Scandinavia the respective educational goals of governments and churches involved generally fruitful collaboration. Elsewhere, such as the Netherlands, Belgium, Mexico, and Spain, periods of intense conflict were followed by compromise. In yet other countries, such as France and the United States, deeply ideological differences over schooling led to continuing political and legal conflicts and recent efforts to find ground for principled pluralism in education. While this chapter cannot discuss the details of how law in these and other countries has addressed the competing educational goals of governments and churches, it presents key examples and principles for consideration.
Germanic Christianity and the Law
Authors: Schmoeckel Mathias
Published: November 2023

When Germanic tribes became part of the Roman Empire, they accepted the Christian faith, the necessity of laws, and jurisdiction as the guarantor of justice and truth. But their notions of both Christian faith and legal concepts differed tremendously from those of Rome. The Germanic kingdoms used law in distinct ways for government. The development of monasticism, especially the penitentials, during this period changed Western Christianity and the law. A look into the simultaneous development of the Celtic Christian tradition of the British Isles shows that while historians have sometimes taken certain rules in Germanic lands—such as ordeals, trials by combat, or wergild in the Frankish empire—as evidence of persisting paganism, those same rules in Ireland have been viewed as an expression of Christianity.
Christianity, Love, and Justice
Authors: Wolterstorff Nicholas
Published: November 2023

The relation between love and justice has been a persistent topic of discussion by Christian ethicists and theologians. The reason for this is that the kind of love of which the Christian scriptures speak, and the way in which love and justice figure in scripture, make the question of the relation between them unavoidable. The chapter identifies four ways in which this is the case. The writers of the Old Testament enjoin people to do and seek justice, whereas Jesus declares that people are to love their neighbors as themselves. Scripture declares that God is love, and it also declares that God is just. Jesus taught that people are to forgive the penitent wrongdoer, whereas it has commonly been held, by Christians and non-Christians alike, that wrongdoing calls for punishment. Jesus taught that people are never to answer harm with harm but always to do good, whereas it has commonly been held that wrongdoing calls for punishment in the form of retribution—payback. The discussion of these four points includes, in each instance, a reference to one or more ways in which writers in the Christian tradition have answered the question posed concerning the relation between love and justice. The chapter concludes with a brief presentation and critique of a movement among twentieth-century Christian ethicists—of which Anders Nygren and Reinhold Niebuhr were the most prominent—in which love and justice were pitted sharply against each other.
Christianity and Equality
Authors: Rivers Julian
Published: November 2023

In one respect or another, humans seem to have an insatiable urge to elevate themselves over others. The central modern conviction that we are morally each other’s equals is therefore counterintuitive. A good case can be made that it derives from the disruptive effect of Christian teaching, which, through the centuries, has generated a constant dissatisfaction with existing social inequalities and hierarchies. It is even arguable that the fundamental belief in equal human worth makes no sense outside of a theological framing. Convictions about equality connect with contemporary law in three main ways. First, they produce a strong commitment to “equality before the law”: the idea that the same law should be applied to all regardless of distinction. Second, equality is treated as one of law’s main goals: the essential characteristic of a just social, political, and economic order. Finally, convictions about inequality have generated a new and rapidly expanding body of law—equality law—which seeks to prevent discrimination because of various protected characteristics. In the context of this body of law, tensions have emerged between Christian and some other contemporary conceptions of equality. But it is suggested that a Christian conception of equality stands a better chance of treating justly those who hold diverse beliefs than one based on expressive individualism.
Christianity, Solidarity, and Law
Authors: Domingo Rafael
Published: November 2023

This chapter deals with the connections between Christianity, solidarity, and law and argues that Christianity transformed the Roman law concept of solidarity by redefining it as love to the point of divinization. In this sense, Christian solidarity illuminates and enhances secular solidarity. To the extent that humans act in greater solidarity with others, they discover their radical unity with all bearers of the divine image. The closer that human solidarity comes to the ideas of love, service, and gratuitousness, the more it manifests the solidarity of the Triune God. Solidarity permeates all dimensions of human existence: the legal, the political, the social, and the spiritual. Therefore, fully implementing solidarity entails a profound spiritualization of society. Christianity plays a decisive role in the achievement of some social objectives of solidarity, such as respect for all persons and their rights; the preferential option for the poor, the sick, and the weakest; the abolition of discrimination; the protection of the planet; and the development of a global law for humanity.
The Development of the Classical Canon Law
Authors: Helmholz R. H.
Published: November 2023

This chapter traces the formation of the classical canon law beginning in the twelfth century, explaining the reasons that earlier conciliar degrees fell short of creating a legal system. It examines the vital role played by the medieval papacy in the process, also stressing the importance of the evolution of a juristic literature interpreting the canon law’s texts. The place of the ancient Roman law in this process is also given its due. The chapter then illustrates and assesses the success and failures of three themes characteristic of the resulting ecclesiastical legal system, including consideration of their results in practice. The first is the separation of the clergy from the laity, including both the legal privileges and disabilities to which it led. The second is importance of the salus animarum in the church’s law, the concern for the soul’s health of those governed by it. The third is the affirmation of basic rules of human rights contained in the church’s law. Many of them have been carried into modern legal systems. The privilege against self-incrimination and freedom of choice in marriage provide two illustrations.
Christianity and Medieval Civil Law
Authors: Condorelli Orazio
Published: November 2023

In the twelfth century, Justinian’s Corpus Iuris Civilis became the basis of the science of civil law. The books of Justinian’s laws (libri legales) and the set of interpretations accompanying them were seen as the ius commune (common law) of the Christian society in temporal matters, in connection with canon law, which concerned spiritual matters. Universities were the places where this science developed and from which the ius commune was radiated and gave shape to many aspects of medieval society, including church-state relations, labor and employment, contracts and loans, and aspects of marriage and family life that are sampled herein. Christianity inspired the encounter of civil law with canon law and theology. This encounter helped form a homogeneous legal culture from the twelfth to the sixteenth centuries, and rendered medieval law and society an important foundation for the development of European and Western civilization.
The mulla-mullung’s Bulk
Authors: Mialanes Jerome , David Bruno , Stephenson Birgitta , Fresløv Joanna , Mullett Russell ,   GunaiKurnai Land and Waters Aboriginal Corporation, Metz Laure , Delannoy Jean-Jacques , Crouch Joe , McDowell Matthew , Petchey Fiona , Green Helen , Arnold Lee J. , Wood Rachel , Ash Jeremy
Published: November 2023

Recent archaeological mapping of, and excavations at, Cloggs Cave, in GunaiKurnai Aboriginal Country in Southeastern Australia, have revealed a rich underground landscape of stone arrangements, broken stalactites, and what appear to be crushed crystalline minerals and ritual ash layers. Here we examine the stone artifacts to determine how they can shed further light on how the cave was used, and what a GunaiKurnai perspective can tell us about how the Old Ancestors lived and interacted with kin and more distant groups, spirit-beings, and ancestral presences operating under customary Law. The status and social logic of Cloggs Cave as a secluded site of special power within Krauatungalung clan Country, where caves are associated with mysterious creatures, restricted knowledge, and magic, are explained through connections that exist between special stones such as bulk and groggin, mulla-mullung or individuals of high degree, and magic power. By presenting the results of technological, use-wear and residue analyses on the excavated stone artifacts through historical and contemporary GunaiKurnai views, we expand not just our understanding of the cave, but how research questions posed by First Nations peoples can merge with academic research methods to reveal cultural (hi)stories fundamentally informed by descendant community perspectives.
Toward an Indigenist Research Model of Australian Archaeology
Authors: Roberts Zac
Published: November 2023

That a contentious relationship exists between global First Nations communities and the discipline of archaeology is well understood by practitioners of archaeology. Perceived Western supremacy has often worked to de-center First Nations peoples and communities in archaeological research in favor of Western understandings of history and heritage. A recent trend of de-colonialism has addressed some of these concerns; however, a methodological change is not enough to fully address the issue. This chapter addresses the colonial culture of archaeology, as well as the epistemological Whiteness at the heart of archaeological theory and practice. Doing so challenges the undertheorizing of Indigenous archaeologies of the Australian continent. The chapter concludes by considering ways to address the present issues through three tenets of a proposed Indigenist model of Australian archaeology: archaeological sovereignty, healing and reconciliation, and Indigenist futures in archaeology.
Brazil
Authors: Galindo George Rodrigo Bandeira
Published: November 2023

This chapter aims to analyze the treatment the Brazilian legal system provides to different international legal issues. Through the analysis of the country’s eight constitutions, and with a particular focus on the 1988 Constitution—which is still in force—eight main themes are addressed: constitutional principles governing Brazil’s foreign affairs, treaty-making, treaty status in domestic law, human rights treaties, the conduct of foreign affairs and war powers, federalism, international courts, and the jurisdiction of domestic courts over international legal issues. Recent case law, especially from the Brazilian Federal Supreme Court, as well as statutory law, is brought to illustrate contemporary developments in constitutional interpretation in the domain of foreign relations. It is generally contented that forces that try to widen the state’s autonomy in the international arena and those that aim to foster common interests among states live together and shape Brazil’s perspectives on international law.
The Data of Transitional Justice
Authors: Dancy Geoff , Sikkink Kathryn
Published: November 2023

Transitional justice database projects continue to multiply, even amid mounting suspicion that systematic comparative analysis has little to offer the field. In an effort to confront these suspicions, this chapter offers a brief history of the Transitional Justice Research Collaborative, explaining the decisions behind the creation of its database, its evolution over time, and its contribution to knowledge on complex issues. The authors also respond to common criticisms that the goal of data projects is to engage in veiled activism, or in the opposite, to apologize for the status quo. In the end, the chapter calls for more efforts at data collection and analysis, so long as they remain open to scrutiny.
Archiving Justice
Authors: Redwood Henry
Published: November 2023

This chapter interrogates this link between archives and transitional justice, in three parts. First it examines the ways in which the archive reinforces core aspects of transitional justice as practice and a set of normative values. The second section turns to a more critical assessment of the relationship between archives and justice as it explores the role that archives play in the governance—and disciplining—of community. The final section looks at practices that might offer a way in which a more transformative vision of archive and community can emerge through what can be described as a counter-archive. Overall, this chapter argues that the archive is not a passive facilitator of transitional justice, nor an innocent site where the past is recorded as was. It is, rather, a site of governance where particular notions of community are generated. Paying attention to this, and the rules which produce, restrict and constrain community in particular ways, encourages a deeper reflection on what type of community is desired as a result of “transition.”
History Textbooks and Transitional Justice
Authors: Trošt Tamara
Published: November 2023

In both academic and policy studies of history textbooks, there is a widespread assumption about the centrality of history education to transitional justice processes. Yet the actual effectiveness of textbooks in practice is rarely explored. In this chapter, the author first reviews the assumed expectations of the way in which textbooks should act as a mechanism of transitional justice. The author then turns to an assessment of the effectiveness of history textbooks in transitional justice processes, highlighting several problems: the destructive potential of textbooks when used as nation-building tools, the numerous obstacles to implementation of history textbook reform even in cases when agreement on the new narrative exists, the impossibility of evaluating the effectiveness of textbooks and low transferability of findings across contexts, and the perpetuation of inequalities via Eurocentric and Anglo-American discourse in many of the textbooks aimed at reconciliation. The author concludes with a critique of the expectation that textbooks can and should serve as a transitional justice mechanism, pointing to the conditions under which the dark side of education reform is more likely to occur.
Biblical Inerrancy and Higher Criticism
Authors: Gutjahr Paul C.
Published: November 2023

This article looks at Higher Criticism and the flowering of the doctrine of biblical inerrancy in American conservative Christian circles during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Dating back to at least the third century ce, Christians believed the Bible to be inspired by a God that could utter no falsehood, and thus his words to humanity were by necessity without error. The rise of ever more sophisticated and codified views of inerrancy began largely with the sixteenth century’s Protestant Reformation, but a belief in biblical inerrancy reached new levels of importance and influence in nineteenth and twentieth-century American Christianity. The rising importance of the doctrine of inerrancy grew out of American Christianity’s engagement with German philosophy and Higher Criticism, but it was also shaped by Christian responses to new scientific advances in both geology (dating the earth) and biology (evolution and natural selection).
The Devotional Life of Fundamentalism
Authors: Schwanda Tom
Published: November 2023

The devotional life of fundamentalism was built on the foundation of Bible reading and prayer. Scripture was read, meditated, and memorized to renew the person’s relationship with God. Prayer was understood as a means for communion with God and also requesting needs for oneself and others. The challenges of living in a fallen world instilled an intensity that was further guided by the Holy Spirit who empowered believers to declare the gospel of Jesus Christ to those at home and abroad through missions. Hymn-singing played a vital role in public and personal worship. Fundamentalists cultivated a rhythm of annual renewal. Summer Bible conferences built around popular speakers provided Bible teaching, prayer, and hymn-singing which attracted large crowds. These events were supplemented throughout the remainder of the year by an extensive network of radio broadcasting typically built around the same pattern of Bible instruction, prayer, and music.
Ecumenism and Separatism
Authors: Ruotsila Markku
Published: November 2023

Among the chief characteristics of Christian fundamentalism has been a separationist impulse, rooted in an urge to avoid all forms of worldliness and theological error. The biblical charge ‘be ye separate’ has been taken very seriously in terms of believers’ personal lives and in ecclesiastical affairs. This has resulted in the creation of fundamentalist denominations and parachurch agencies, and in refusals to cooperate with Christians who do not share the fundamentalist interpretation of the faith. Applications have evolved over time in shifting historical and cultural contexts, as well as by confessional tradition and eschatological interpretation. To reconcile the separation impulse with interdenominational cooperation in the global context of ecumenism has been challenging, yet there has emerged a distinct corpus of a fundamentalist theology of ecumenism, always in some tension with separatism. Several attempts have been launched since the 1940s to develop broadly acceptable alternative fundamentalist ecumenical practices.
Alcohol
Authors: Coker Joe
Published: November 2023

Both Christian fundamentalism and the national prohibition of alcohol were movements that came of age simultaneously in America during the 1910s and 1920s, though both movements had roots that sank deep into the previous century. With its emphasis upon individual sin and salvation, fundamentalism wed naturally with the anti-alcohol movement and most fundamentalist churches and leaders consistently denounced even the moderate consumption of alcohol throughout the twentieth century. Deviation from this embedded tradition began to appear in the early decades of the twenty-first century, however, primarily driven by fundamentalist millennials who questioned whether this attitude towards alcohol was not more culturally influenced than biblically based. Recent evidence suggests that the upcoming generation of fundamentalists seem likely to continue this trend away from teetotalism.
Race and Civil Rights
Authors: Swetnam Mathews Mary Beth
Published: November 2023

Fundamentalists have had and continue to have a difficult relationship with the concept of race. As initially a group of predominantly white Protestant ministers, they racialized their definition of fundamentalist to exclude African Americans from fellowship. Instead, white fundamentalist leaders consistently tried to speak for and at African Americans, often couching their discourse as a necessary safeguard against presumed black naiveté. This chapter charts that discourse, provides background on the historic segregation of American churches, and explores the ways in which African Americans responded to fundamentalist tenets. Moreover, it discusses the history of fundamentalists and the American civil rights movement, notes the continued presence of racial division among evangelicals today, and offers potential avenues for further discussion.
The Christian Right
Authors: Williams Daniel K.
Published: November 2023

The Christian Right (or Religious Right) developed in the United States in the late 1970s as a reaction against the era’s secular and culturally liberal trends such as feminism and the sexual revolution, but it was rooted in a decades-long fundamentalist or conservative evangelical alliance with political conservatism that began in the early twentieth century. This chapter surveys American white evangelicals’ growing commitment to the Republican Party between the 1920s and the 1970s, and explains why this long-standing partisan commitment developed into a deeper alliance during the presidential election of 1980 and the presidency of Ronald Reagan. The chapter discusses the evolution of the Christian Right after the 1980s and traces the narrowing of its political interests to two key concerns—abortion and same-sex marriage—along with religious liberty for American evangelical Christians.
The Environment
Authors: Gasaway Brantley W.
Published: November 2023

Over the past several decades, Christian fundamentalists have developed a seemingly paradoxical relationship to the environment. On the one hand, their biblical interpretations and theological convictions prompt their sense of responsibility to care for the earth. On the other hand, fundamentalists reject the foundational principles of the environmental movement itself, which they regard as misguided at best and malicious at worst. They oppose all forms of ecocentrism, instead championing the anthropocentric doctrine that God gave humans dominion over the natural world. Fundamentalists also refuse to accept scientific conclusions and warnings that human activities are creating impending ecological crises. Not least, they align with other conservative opponents of government regulations and restrictions intended to protect the environment. Primarily focused on the American context, this chapter traces and analyses the evolving responses of fundamentalists to the environmental movement. While they have agreed that humans should care for God’s creation, anti-environmentalism has become a distinguishing and characteristic feature of contemporary fundamentalist Christianity.
Globalized Fundamentalism
Authors: Hutchinson Mark P.
Published: November 2023

Scholarly uses of terms such as ‘fundamentalism’ are affected by the dynamics of language moving through expansions of space (globalization) and time (modernization). Terms assumed to be static drift from their geographical and cultural referents, requiring constant adjustment and discussion, particularly as ‘first world’ nations deal with the unexpected persistence of religion. This chapter suggests two linked solutions: first, learning some lessons from the social capital literature in differentiating uses of the term according to their spatial and temporal references; and secondly, providing further differentiation by recognizing that ‘fundamentalism’ means different things depending on where the observer is standing. ‘Self-identifying fundamentalists’ is a category identical to ‘fundamentalist as categorized by criteria’, and neither is identical with the more general use of the term in its politicized usage in the fractured discourse of the West. When considering the ‘future of fundamentalism’, both as a term and as a collection of phenomena, it is important to ask who is doing the defining, and why.
Fundamentalism in Interwar Northern Ireland
Authors: Holmes Andrew R.
Published: November 2023

Political and social scientists of the Troubles after 1968 have recognized in Ian Paisley the formidable relationship between fundamentalism and opposition to any weakening of the position of Northern Ireland within the United Kingdom. Yet any discussion of fundamentalism in the region must begin in the interwar period with the formation of the state, the evangelist William Patteson Nicholson, and the ‘heresy trial’ of a professor in the Presbyterian Church. Is George Marsden correct to suggest that a distinctive form of Ulster fundamentalism emerged during that period? Can it be reduced to political identity? This chapter argues that the focus on politics and the overuse by scholars of the term ‘fundamentalism’ obscures a more significant interdenominational, evangelical subculture that was anti-modernist, and could be militant, but which was moderated by commitments to evangelism, spiritual renewal, and denominational loyalty.
Network Methods and Properties
Authors: Filet Clara , Rossi Fabrice
Published: November 2023

In archaeological studies, networks are constructed using both actual observations and hypotheses about interactions, exchanges, organization, etc. This chapter describes this modeling process and outlines the main differences between models primarily based on data and those constructed using complex sets of hypotheses, as well as their impact on the subsequent analyses. It reviews a selection of measures, metrics, and properties taking roots in graph theory and commonly used to describe networks at different levels of aggregation, with a particular focus on their applicability on different types of networks. It emphasizes the core role of paths in network analysis as well as the impact of modeling hypotheses on the expected structure of a network. Finally, the chapter discusses differences and complementarity between classical data analysis and network based analysis, in light of the nature of archaeological data and of the associated modeling processes.