bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
INTERACTION OF TITANIUM DIOXIDE WITH EUTECTIC MELT NaCl - CaCl2
Authors: Omel’chuk Anatoliy , Ivanenko Olexandr , Pohorenko Yuliia , Pavlenko Tamara , Skryptun Igor
Published: December 2020

The results of studies of the interaction of titanium dioxide with the eutectic melt of (0.48) NaCl–(0.52) CaCl2 (mol.) in the temperature range of 823–1073 K are shown. It is established that the interaction of titanium dioxide with the melt of sodium chlorides and calcium is accompanied by the formation in the salt phase of titanium compounds soluble in 1.0% solution of hydrochloric acid, and in the solid residue is recorded calcium titanate, and the number of products formed in both phases substantially. At temperatures above 923 K is formed calcium titanate, the relative amount of which increases with increasing temperature by reducing the equilibrium content of titanium compounds in the salt phase. At temperatures below 923 K, calcium titanate was not detected in the interaction products, and the content of titanium compounds in the salt phase was higher than at higher temperatures.

The absence of calcium titanate in the solid residue after prolonged isothermal contact of TiO2 with the NaCl-CaCl2 melt in the temperature range 823–923 K may be due to the fact that at such temperatures, the dissolution of titanium dioxide occurs by physical mechanism or by a mixed physicochemical mechanism. The results of the calculations by the Schroe­der-Le Chatelier equation support this. In the specified temperature range, the concentration of titanium compounds increases with tempe­rature.  Starting   from 923 K the nature of the interaction between titanium dioxide and the melt changes. Apparently at such temperatures (923–1073 K), the contribution of the chemical interaction between the components accompanied by the formation of calcium metatanate and volatile titanium compounds is dominant. The quantitative content of the phase, which in composition in the solid residue is identified as CaTiO3, increases, and the number of titanium compounds in the salt phase (based on TiO2) decreases.

The change of isobaric isothermal potential (∆G) in the temperature range of 300–1300 K of the exchange reactions between sodium chloride and calcium and titanium oxide is positive, so self-directed course is unlikely. The lowest Gibbs free energy values correspond to the reaction of the interaction of calcium chloride with titanium dioxide to form titanate or calcium oxide and tetrachloride or titanium oxochloride.
Formation of Professional Competence of Future Designers
Authors: Sagymbaeva G. , Turganbaeva B.
Published: December 2020

The article is devoted to the improvement of technologies for the formation of professional competence of future specialists in accordance with the requirements of standards for training specialists. Special attention is paid to interactive forms of education, which most contribute to the formation of professional competence. The pedagogical technologies used by us are designed to ensure the success of the professional work of designers, designers in the new socio-economic conditions.
Napoleonic Era in the Historical Memory of Modern France: Anniversary as a Means of Commemorations
Authors: Postnikova A.
Published: December 2020

Jubilees as “rituals” of memory, reviving stable historical symbols in the consciousness of society, are endowed with the ability to bring the past closer to modern times, giving humanity a sense of stability in the present. In modern Europe, the problem of preserving images of the past has acquired a new sound in connection with migration processes, transforming the perception of jubilees of memorable dates in historical politics and in public consciousness. This process is most clearly observed in relation to the transformation of images of the Napoleonic era in French society. Two hundred years later, the symbols of the First Empire, becoming an integral part of the national consciousness and living memory of the French, gained relevance during the celebration of the 200th anniversary of the battles of Napoleon. The memory of the battles of the Napoleonic era in modern France passed from a “ceremonial” memory (battle as national pride) to a “metaphorical” (battle as a distant past that has no political connection with modern Europe). The “French jubilees” of the Napoleonic era demonstrated that interpreting the past can become an effective tool for implementing an integration project at the level of historical policy, but not the basis for European collective memory. Obviously, the general European installation on the victim memory leads to a completely reverse process — an aggravation of the sense of national identity.
Art in Sovereign Kyrgyzstan
Authors: Kadyrov T. , Shaanov T.
Published: December 2020

The Declaration of sovereignty by Kyrgyzstan in December 1990, the adoption of the Declaration of independence in August 1991 and their recognition by the world community were the most important historical and political events for our country at the end of the XX century, which led to fundamental changes in all spheres of public life, including in the development of culture. The changes that occurred in these years in the country’s management system have created a number of new problems in the historical and cultural development of the nation. A sharp increase in the flow of diverse ideological information, the strengthening of the influence of Western culture against the background of the socio-economic crisis that engulfed the country from the first years of sovereignty, had an impact, and not always positive, on the national culture.
Scientific Study of the Historical and Cultural Heritage Over the Years of Independence (Surkhandarya Region)
Authors: Rakhimov B.
Published: December 2020

This article analyzes the history of historical and spiritual heritage, cultural institutions, folklore and the activities of poets and poetesses in the Surkhandarya oasis and their importance in the process of spiritual education. The role and significance of the spiritual heritage of ancestors in the upbringing of the younger generation are also covered.
Surkhan Oasis in Russian-English Relations
Authors: Kabulov E. , Safarov B.
Published: December 2020

It is illuminated the politics of the Russian Empire and the British Government that was carried out in Central Asia and the role of the Surkhan oasis in this process, based on archival documents and historical sources in this article.
Sententia as a Language Marker of Discursive Personality of the Author
Authors: Normurodova N.
Published: December 2020

The article deals with the problems of sententia as the author’s sayings, characterized by brevity, semantic capacity and reinterpretation. The sententia is also considered as a small form of a text, a component of an individual author’s and conceptual picture of the world, as a cultural model that translates the most conceptually significant information. The analysis of author’s sententia, their distinction signs, from the standpoint of author’s modality and intentionality revealed the following signs: a) stylistic marking, manifested in the convergence of stylistic devices; b) an entity that can be taken out of context as an independent judgment and used in other texts; c) national-cultural specifics verbalizing linguistic concepts, certain knowledge of the world, emphasizing figurative and value components containing culturally significant information; d) intertextuality, characterized by a double reference correlation due to the interaction of two texts.
Проблеми застосування ст. 48 КК України щодо осіб, які вчинили самовільне зайняття земельної ділянки та самовільне будівництво
Authors: Мовчан Р.О.
Published: December 2020

У статті розглянуто найбільш дискусійні питання, які виникають при звільненні від кримінальної відповідальності у зв’язку зі зміною обстановки осіб, котрі вчинили кримінальні правопорушення, передбачені ст. 197-1 Кримінального кодексу України. Аргументовано, що неправомірними є рішення тих судів, які застосовують ст. 48 Кримінального кодексу України лише на тій підставі, що особа позитивно характеризується за місцем проживання, щиро розкаялась у вчиненому кримінальному правопорушенні тощо. Водночас визначено випадки, коли таке застосування є законним та обґрунтованим.
Соціально-трудові гарантії щодо працевлаштування та зайнятості працівників підприємств, переміщених із непідконтрольних територій
Authors: Шульженко І. В.
Published: December 2020

Статтю присвячено вивченню проблеми реалізації та ефективності соціально-трудових гарантій щодо працевлаштування та зайнятості працівників підприємств, які мають статус внутрішньо переміщених осіб. Автор аналізує та обґрунтовує ефективність пільг та переваг, що, відповідно до чинного законодавства, надаються працівникам, які мають статус внутрішньо переміщених осіб при виникненні, зміні та припиненні трудових та соціально-правових відносин. Вирішення поставлених завдань здійснювалось за допомогою використання таких методів, як аналіз та узагальнення наукової, науково-популярної літератури і нормативно-правових актів, що надають пільги та переваги працівникам підприємств, які мають статус внутрішньо переміщених осіб. Автор пропонує внести певні зміни та доповнення до чинного законодавства, котре регулює правовідносини в галузі надання соціально-економічних гарантій працівникам підприємств, які мають статус внутрішньо переміщених осіб.
Обрання суддів на загальних виборах: аргументи «за» та «проти»
Authors: Нестерович В.Ф.
Published: December 2020

У статті подано аргументи «за» та «проти» щодо обрання суддів на загальних виборах. Указано, що запровадження в найближчому майбутньому обрання суддів на загальних виборах в Україні є передчасним та деструктивним кроком, який може призвести до непередбачуваних наслідків для національної правової системи. Основною причиною цьому є недостатньо розвинене громадянське суспільство в Україні, низький рівень політичної та правової культури, незавершеність повноцінного утвердження демократичних інституцій у державі, а також помітні проблеми у функціонуванні судової системи, що, у першу чергу, виражається в корумпованості, кон’юнктурності, політизованості та залежності вітчизняних судів.
Cистеми управління державною службою в Україні та Польщі: порівняльно-правовий аспект
Authors: Федоренко В. Л. , Федоренко М. В.
Published: December 2020

У статті аналізуються та порівнюються системи управління державною службою в Україні та Республіці Польща, їх внутрішня побудова та суб’єктний склад, а також досліджуються особливості функціонування цих двох систем. Обґрунтовується, що під системою органів управління державною службою в Україні слід розуміти систему законодавчо визначених та ієрархічно упорядкованих суб’єктів державного управління із загальною (Кабінет Міністрів України) та спеціальною (центральний орган виконавчої влади, що забезпечує формування й реалізує державну політику у сфері державної служби; Комісію з питань вищого корпусу державної служби та відповідні конкурсні комісії; керівників державної служби; служби управління персоналом) компетенцією, а також профільни х навчальних закладів (Національна академія державного управління при Президентові України й ін.) і наукових установ, та систему їх унормованих і взаємозумовлених функцій і повноважень, які забезпечують формування, оновлення та функціонування корпусу державних службовців в Україні. Аналізується місія центрів (шкіл, академій) для професійної підготовки, перепідготовки, спеціалізації та підвищення кваліфікації державних службовців в Україні та Польщі на прикладі Національної академії державного управління при Президентові України (НАДУ) та Державної школи адміністрації публічної ім. Президента Республіки Польської Лєха Качинського (KSAP).
Договір на проведення клінічних випробувань лікарських засобів: питання належної кваліфікації
Authors: Утєхін І.Б.
Published: December 2020

У статті визначено відмінні ознаки договору на проведення клінічних випробувань лікарських засобів від суміжних договорів. Він належить до пойменованих договорів. Головна особливість – наявність «етичного» елементу. Це зумовлює його спрямування й зміст. На відміну від мінових договорів, де суть зводиться до товарно-грошового обміну, має місце не комерційний інтерес, а суспільний. Останнє визначає наявність кваліфікаційних ознак такого правочину. Держава зацікавлена в розвитку цих відносин, оскільки йде мова про забезпечення країни необхідними ліками.
Tипові слідчі ситуації під час збуту наркотичних засобів та психотропних речовин із використанням інтернет-мережі iз використанням інтернет-мережі
Authors: Лащук О.В.
Published: December 2020

У статті здійснюється аналіз подання в наукових працях типових слідчих ситуацій, які виникають у разі виявлення слідчим факту збуту наркотичних засобів та психотропних речовин, що здійснюється з використанням інтернет-мережі. У залежності від обставин виявлення факту незаконного збуту наркотичних засобів та психотропних речовин кожна типова слідча ситуація поєднує в собі різноманітні компоненти, до яких належать процесуальний, організаційно-тактичний, інформаційний, тактичний та психологічний. В основу класифікацій типових слідчих ситуацій покладено наявність або відсутність інформації, що має значення для розв'яння основних завдань розслідування, обсяг такої інформації та способи її отримання, що в подальшому впливає на подальше розслідування кримінальних правопорушень.
Правовий прецедент – джерело права в Україні: так чі ні?
Authors: Любчик О. А.
Published: December 2020

У статті досліджуються підходи до визначення змісту та правової природи правового прецеденту як джерела права у формальному розумінні та його можливість виконувати функції таких джерел в Україні. Аналізуються різні підходи щодо визначення понять «джерела права», «форма права», «правотворчість», «нормативність», «судова практика». Надаються конкретні пропозиції щодо зміни діючого законодавства. Запропонований зміст та визначення терміна джерело права у формальному розумінні, обґрунтована теза про відсутність в Україні такого джерела права, як «правовий прецедент» та зроблений висновок про недоцільність і недоречність його використання в української правої системі в майбутньому.
PUBLISHING SIGN OF UKRAINE OF THE SECOND HALF OF XX – BEGINNING OF XXI CENTURY: TRANSFORMATION IN TIME
Authors: Nesterenko Petro
Published: December 2020

Annotation. The article analyzes the little-studied art of the Ukrainian publishing sign, which has a history of almost fifty years and is well known for its highly artistic works. An excursion into the past of the Ukrainian publishing label has been made, collecting documents scattered across various sources of reports on samples of the publishing labels, both known and in the vast majority of unknown authors, and we pay tribute to this important cultural heritage that has developed in the course of the European process. The publishing signs of the second half of XX – beginning of XXI centuries are described and their artistic features are analyzed. The art of the Ukrainian emblem, especially in the last century, has not been practically studied. Probably, the topic is considered too small to draw enough attention. Turning pages of the book, few people pay atten- tion to the publishing house, thanks to which we have the happy opportunity to hold it. The artistic decision of modern publishing signs, which often quite often has a small font character, is not striking. They are created mainly by artists, editorial staff, without paying much attention to this process. However, there are times when they turn out to be the work of talented young artists who, over time, become famous. For example, the well-known art publishing signs for the leading Kiev publishing houses "Art" (artist V. E. Perevalsky) and "Rainbow" (artist O. I. Gubarev), created at that time by young graphic artists, who are now well-known folk artists of Ukraine. However, the art of the sign is an important component of book graphics, it does not lose its relevance at a new stage of society and deserves in-depth study.
THE HISTORY OF CREATION AND DESIGN FEATURES OF THE BRITISH SERIES OF CHILDREN’S BOOKS “BOOKS FOR THE BAIRNS” (1896–1912)
Authors: Pitenina Valeriia
Published: December 2020

The 19th century is called the “golden age” of a children’s book. At this time, a variety of children’s literature appeared, first of all in Britain. The model of a decorated book are the books of Kelmscott Press. However, it was precisely at this time that a series of children’s books with a modest design at affordable prices, such as the so-called “one-penny” series “Books for the Bairns”, emerged. Ideologist and permanent editor of Books for the Bairns William T. Stead was a well-known journalist, founder and editor-in-chief of periodicals, public figure, child rights defender and a fighter against child prostitution. In 1912 he was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize, but scandalous reports, imprisonment, and his interest in spiritualism made W. Stead’s im- age controversial. The concept of the series, created by Sted, is based on a combination of an adapted simplified literary translation and a detailed step-by-step visual story that accompanies the text. The chief illustrator and visual co-author of W. Sted was the Irish artist B. Le Fanu (Brinsley Le Fanu, 1854–1929). For B. Le Fanu, the illustration of the series was the biggest art project. At his time, B. Le Fanu was known for the illustrations to the works of his father — Sheridan Le Fanu, one of the founders of the Irish mystical novel. They have the characteristic features of the Victorian era. Making illustrations for children’s books, B. Le Fanu does not lose their fantastic nature, but combines them with a realistic drawing. Each cover of the series represents one of the main characters of the book. A simple but vivid picture, one or two characters on the cover, a landscape or interior outlined by several elements — that’s what the covers by B. Le Fanu were like. None of them are decorated with patterns or ornamental details. The artist consistently implemented the concept of simplicity and clarity suggested by W. Sted, but not primitiveness. The best volumes in the series are his illustrations of L. Carroll’s “Alice’s in Wonderland” and M. Servantes’s novel “The Adventures of Don Quixote”. The “Books for the Bairns” series, although not exquisitely designed and illustrated, has become a model for children’s literature publishers for half a century and inspired the appearance of similar series of cheap children’s books in Western Europe and also Russia and Ukraine.
SOME ISSUES GRAPHIC MOVEMENT. USE MIRRORING IN RESEARCH M. PYSANKA
Authors: Tverdiy Anatoliy
Published: December 2020

The matter of the graphic image of the motion, taking into account the laws of the picture plane, as well as the study of patterns of motion as one of the leading composition factor, especially in terms of creating and perceiving the artistic image, is extremely important for the instructional program of the academic drawing. The formula of the work involves the presence of students with a very specific knowledge and skills related to the properties of the picture plane, the nature and character of the motion within the composition, as well as the patterns of its visual perception.The purpose of the article is an attempt to determine the main issues of graphic image of motion and the peculiarities of its visual perception in the structure of the picture plane, as well as to demonstrate the expediency of use a mirroring in work on the composition, mainly on the basis of research of the famous native artist-educator Mykola Pysanko. The author collected his searches in the book “Motion, Space, and Time in the Figurative arts”. We can make a conclusion that the study of the influence of the basic laws of the picture plane, in particular the areas of its right and left sides, on the mode and contextual aspect of the motion in the middle of the picture field is a fundamental issue for the instruction of academic drawing. This predetermines the need for a broader coverage of theoretical issues of the graphic image of motion and its research using the mirroring.This topic is relevant in terms of using the article's material as an auxiliary methodological basis for the instruction of vocational subjects to students of creative specialties. The action of the laws of the right and left sides of the picture plane reveals the internal pattern of the artist's concept.Knowledge and understanding of the nature of the sides of the picture field, as well as its connection with the mode and content aspect of the motion within the composition is important for students of any creative specialty.
AN EVOLUTION OF MIMIC LOOK AT FINE ART
Authors: Trubnikоva Liudmyla
Published: December 2020

This article explore and analyses conformity to natural laws of individual interpretations of human emotions on a masterpieces of European artists from Antic age to early Modernism, also in Ukrainian painting (for instance, creative works of Olexander Murashko), The following examples are setting peculairities of creative positions of every author which reflected unusual mimic grimaces of his heroues in pickturesque portraits (especially at works of Antonello da Messina, Ercole de Roberti, Leonardo da Vinci, Frans Hals, Rembrandt Hannenszoon van Rijn, Mihaly Munkacsy, Ilya Repin, Edward Munk, with him legendary “Scream”, which paradoxally and repeatedly reflected in horror movie-art about twenty years ago — in the trilogy by Wes Craven) and Old Greek sculptures (“Athena and Marsyas”, “Laokoon”). Also the author of this article analyzed different views of representatives of classical philosophy and aesthetics of Age of Renassainse (Karol van Mander, Giorgio Vasari), Baroque, Classicism (Charles Lebrun) and Age of Education (Denis Diderot as author of “Salones”, Johann Joachim Winckelman, Johann Caspar Lavater — in recollection of Nikolay Karamzin), also used classic and modem famous historicals of fine art (Egene Fromentin, Bernard Berenson, Georgiy Nedoshivin) and contemporary scientists, which a lot of researched this problems (Giovanni Chivardi, Fritz Lange) etc. Author used pointed mimetic observations of some Ukrainian (from “Portrait” by Nikolay Gogol to short-story by Yuriy Mulik-Lutsik and great novel by Natalka Snyadanko) and foreign writers (Denis Diderot as author of “Le Neveu de Rameau”, Dafna du Maurier, Nikolay Chukovskiy), memories of Ukrainian painters (Mikola Burachek). Some materials from the recent history of those states were introduced into scientific usage. Review of need for inclusion of approaches and methods related to the fields of art criticism studies (par example, psychology, history of movie-art, mythology, philosophy), and certain concepts. An attempt to understand the problem of mimetic expressiveness in fine art.
NIZHYN MAGISTRATE: HISTORY AND PRINCIPLES OF RESTORATION
Authors: Ostapchuk Vitalii
Published: December 2020

This article reveals the historical and urban significance of the magistrate in the town of Nizhyn, and explaines the necessity of its reconstruction. There is a description of restoration reconstruction methods. This work also gives the examples of reproduction of historical buildings around the world and in Ukraine. The author's approach to reproduction and ways of using a rebuilt building had been proposed in this article.In 1625 Nizhyn granted the Magdeburg Law. It meant that the town became self-governing. The magistrate was responsible for the administration, household and law. The magistrate building was the center of the composition of the Cathedral Square and played a key role in the town-planning ensemble.The new brick building was erected instead of the wooden one by Andrii Kvasov which had been damaged by fire at the end of XVIII century. It was two-storey building in the style of classicism with trading rows beside. Unfortunately, the building was ruined due to the series of unpleasant occasions. But there are the architect Kartashevskiy’s drawings of the magistrate which he made during the building repair. So it is possible to do the restoration reconstruction which means the construction of a new structure in the same place and in the same forms as previously existing object.There are a lot of examples of reproduction of the historical buildings in the world such as an Old Town in Warsaw, Riga Town Hall in Latvia, the Saint Marco Cathedra’s bell tower in Venice, Saint Michael’s Cathedral in Kyiv etc.The only part of building which is preserved now is the underground floor filled in with soil. So the reconstructed building must be separated from the original part. In order to achieve this, basement should be strengthened and restored first. The new building must be placed on the platform with pile foundation apart from the basement. The reproduced building can be used with its original purpose. It is possible to move the part of the City Council there or the museum of the Magdeburg Law.Moreover, the reconstruction of the magistrate is important now because of the 400 year anniversary of the granting Nizhyn a Magdeburg Law in 2025.
PEMIKIRAN PENDIDIKAN ISLAM MENURUT AL-FARABI
Authors: Ahmad Gunaldi
Published: December 2020

This article will explain Al-Farabi's thoughts on Islamic education. In addition, there are several things related to Al-Farabi as well as the biography of Al-Farabi, Science, the School of Islamic Education philosophy and the educational thinking of Al-Farabi. This article is in the framework of the theory of “ilmu untuk ilmu” and where it is in the philosophy of Islamic education is an answer presented by al-Farabi through a theory of happiness. This theory of happiness as a picture of Al-Farabi's educational study of psychiatric approaches. The study used the literature research method by reading books relating to the Islamic thought figures of al-Farabi in general and particularly in his views on education. In analyzing the data, used the content analysis. This method is meant to analyse the meaning that in the thought of al-Farabi related education using inductive methods. From this paper can be found that the thought of Islamic education al-Farabi lies in the presence of goodwill that will lead to good morality, from the goodwill that brings out the theory of happiness, the meaning of the Division is science. Al-Farabi argues that the science will bring another in the way for the Sufi ways of passage is through the self-determination of various physical pleasures. The thought of al-Farabi Islamic education as a rebuttal theory of science for science. In terms of the flow of philosophy of Islamic education, al-Farabi classified into religious-rational flow.
Impacto da pós-graduação e da ciência no Brasil: uma análise à luz dos indicadores
Authors: Baeta Neves Abilio Afonso , McManus Concepta , Carvalho Carlos Henrique de
Published: December 2020

O sistema brasileiro de pesquisa e pós-graduação tem sucesso, nacionalmente e internacionalmente. Tem sido estratégico para o desenvolvimento do país. As agências de fomento têm um papel fundamental no financiamento, bem como na avaliação dos pesquisadores e os resultados de pesquisa. O estabelecimento de uma base sólida de financiamento sustentável é fundamental, permitindo o desenvolvimento de uma ciência articulada aos grandes problemas nacionais e visando a diminuir assimetrias regionais. A ciência brasileira tem melhorado em quantidade e qualidade, mesmo que o impacto seja abaixo do de países desenvolvidos. As universidades contribuem com a sociedade além dos artigos científicos. Políticas públicas de médio e longo prazo, com definição de prioridades, metas e instrumentos de implementação e avaliação claros, bem como financiamento adequado, são necessárias para que o Brasil avance no cenário internacional. Mudanças dentro das instituições precisam aumentar a eficiência e favorecer a produção de pesquisa de relevância e impacto.
Um antropólogo entre dedicação científica e compromisso social
Authors: Raynaut Claude
Published: December 2020

Baseando-me principalmente na minha experiência pessoal, são três dúvidas que queria explorar nesse artigo, encontradas no meu longo percurso de pesquisador, estreitamente ligadas ao tema geral dessa edição: o papel da universidade na sociedade. A primeira questão diz respeito à noção de dedicação ou de compromisso, encarada seja como cientista, seja como cidadão. Conflitos aparecem entre as exigências intelectuais dessas duas posturas. A segunda questão, que pode ser vista como outra face da prévia, questiona a independência do pesquisador, enquanto produtor de conhecimento, quando toma em conta as demandas que se originam na sociedade. Como preservar a imprescindível liberdade de pensamento que constitui a chave de sua criatividade? Enfim, a última dúvida remete ao destino e ao percurso do saber científico na sociedade. Percurso que conduz inevitável-mente as ideias e os achados científicos a viverem uma vida própria, fora do controle dos cientistas.
Secondary Metabolite Differences between Naturally Grown and Conventional Coarse Green Tea
Authors: Ohta Kousaku , Kawaoka Tatsuya , Funabashi Masatoshi
Published: December 2020

Crop culture conditions are one of the important interfaces between food, the environment, and health, and an essential research area for maintaining social-ecological integrity. In recent years, it has been reported that the difference in culture conditions between monoculture with external inputs (in cultura) and self-organized ecological niches (in natura) is significant for the resulting physiological property of plants. It has also been suggested that there exist metabolic proxies in various foods that can separate these two culture conditions, which does not depend on a single component but on the distribution of various compounds. However, little has been studied in a time series of replicated production to quantify the reproducibility of these metabolomic features associated with culture conditions. In this study, we obtained metabolome data of coarse green tea (Camellia sinensis) grown in the same region in Japan under both in cultura and in natura culture conditions over the course of six years, and constructed a list of multiple components that separated the effects of culture conditions by statistical analysis, and estimated the metabolic functions of the compounds that contributed to the separation. The results suggest that naturally grown samples are rich in allelochemicals, such as phytochemicals, alkaloids, phenylpropanoids, steroids, as well as the compounds related to microorganisms and vitamin B6 that imply the interactions with the soil microbiome. The estimated physiological functions of the distinctive compounds suggest that the in natura crop production is not only beneficial with known properties of maintaining ecosystem health such as soil functions and pathogen control, but also for the augmentation of the plant secondary metabolites that support long-term health protective effects.
Biopore-Induced Deep Root Traits of Two Winter Crops
Authors: Huang Ning , Athmann Miriam , Han Eusun
Published: December 2020

Deeper root growth can be induced by increased biopore density. In this study, we aimed to compare deep root traits of two winter crops in field conditions in response to altered biopore density as affected by crop sequence. Two fodder crop species—chicory and tall fescue—were grown for two consecutive years as preceding crops (pre-crops). Root traits of two winter crops—barley and canola, which were grown as subsequent crops (post-crops)—were measured using the profile wall and soil monolith method. While barley and canola differed greatly in deep root traits, they both significantly increased rooting density inside biopores by two-fold at soil depths shallower than 100 cm. A similar increase in rooting density in the bulk soil was observed below 100 cm soil depth. As a result, rooting depth significantly increased (>5 cm) under biopore-rich conditions throughout the season of the winter crops. Morphological root traits revealed species-wise variation in response to altered biopore density, in which only barley increased root size under biopore-rich conditions. We concluded that large-sized biopores induce deeper rooting of winter crops that can increase soil resource acquisition potential, which is considered to be important for agricultural systems with less outsourced farm resources, e.g., Organic Agriculture. Crops with contrasting root systems can respond differently to varying biopore density, especially root morphology, which should be taken into account upon exploiting biopore-rich conditions in arable fields. Our results also indicate the need for further detailed research with a greater number of species, varieties and genotypes for functional classification of root plasticity against the altered subsoil structure.
Segetal Diversity in Selected Legume Crops Depending on Soil Tillage
Authors: Bojarszczuk Jolanta , Podleśny Janusz
Published: December 2020

The aim of the paper was to determine weed infestation expressed by weeds number and weed weight and other index under a three different tillage system: no-tillage (NT), reduced tillage (RT), and ploughing tillage (CT) in two legume species crops: pea and narrowed-leaved lupine. The research proved that growing legume under no-tillage conditions caused the increasing weed infestation. Weather conditions in each of the study years were shown to influence the weed infestation. The dry weight of weeds was higher in narrow-leaved lupine by 7% in flowering stage assessment and by 6% before harvest than in pea crop. The weeds number in the conventional tillage system in the flowering stage in pea and lupine crops was 24 and 26 plants·m−2, respectively, under the reduced tillage conditions it was 33 and 29% higher, while under no-tillage it was 58 and 67% higher. In all tillage systems the dominant species were Chenopodium album L., Viola arvensis L., Anthemis arvensis L., and Cirsium arvense L. The results prove that soil tillage system affect weed infestation of legume crops.
New Uses for Traditional Crops: The Case of Barley Biofortification
Authors: Sakellariou Michalia , Mylona Photini V.
Published: December 2020

Barley (Hordeum vulgare) is one of the oldest domesticated crops used for both human and animal feed. Over the years however, its role in human diet has been very limited and replaced by the broad use of wheat products. Nowadays, micronutrient deficiency, also known as hidden hunger, is one of the major challenges to human health worldwide. Biofortification of staple crops has been broadly accepted as the best strategy to overcome these limitations. Studies on the nutritional value of barley have proven its multiple benefits on human health and drove new attention towards the cultivation under the light of new food purposes. Biofortification of barley is approached through agronomic practices, conventional breeding, and/or the use of biotechnological tools and research results show that barley can be a promising crop for the emergence of novel food products with a significant impact on human nutrition.
Forecrop Effects on Abundance and Diversity of Soil Microorganisms during the Growth of the Subsequent Crop
Authors: Siczek Anna , Frąc Magdalena , Gryta Agata
Published: December 2020

Plant residues introduced into the soil influence the soil’s physical, chemical, and consequently, biological parameters, which have an influence on plant health and yields. This study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of the cultivation of widespread plant species, faba bean (Vicia faba L., F) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L., W) (as forecrops) grown under conventionally tilled fields, on the diversity of microorganisms and the enzymatic activities of soil during the growth of the subsequent wheat. Bulk soil samples (0–20 cm) were taken three times from two months after residue incorporation into the soil to the maturity of the subsequent wheat crop in order to assess the fungal and bacterial communities (Next Generation Sequencing (NGS), terminal restriction fragments lengths polymorphism (t-RFLP)), ammonia oxidizing archaea (t-RFLP, denaturing gradient gel glectrophoresis (DGGE)), and the enzymatic activity of soil. Differences in the genetic structure of ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) were observed for each treatment and sampling term, indicating that plant and weather conditions are the driving force for microorganism selection and adaptation. We observed that the fungal community was more influenced by the forecrop type used than the bacterial community. The activities of the enzymes changed in response to the forecrop and sampling period. A higher number of microorganisms that are associated with plant benefits with respect to nutrients and growth, as well as higher amounts of N in the residues, was noted in faba bean than in wheat soil. This could indicate better growth conditions after faba bean and, consequently, better yield quality and quantity. This may also indicate some protective role of the soil after faba bean against pathogens, which may be connected with lower fungicide requirements. The obtained results lead to a deeper understanding of the microorganism reactions to faba bean and wheat residues during wheat cultivation. In addition, they may be helpful in improving our understanding of subsequent crop yield responses to forecrops.
Erratum: Aluwé, M. et al. Exploratory Survey on European Consumer and Stakeholder Attitudes towards Alternatives for Surgical Castration of Piglets. Animals 2020, 10, 1758
Authors: Aluwé Marijke , Heyrman Evert , Almeida João , Babol Jakub , Battacone Gianni , Čítek Jaroslav , Font i Furnols Maria , Getya Andriy , Karolyi Danijel , Kostyra Eliza , Kress Kevin , Kušec Goran , Mörlein Daniel , Semenova Anastasia , Škrlep Martin , Stoyanchev Todor , Tomašević Igor , Tudoreanu Liliana , Van Son Maren , Żakowska-Biemans Sylwia , Zamaratskaia Galia , Van den Broeke Alice , Egea Macarena
Published: December 2020

The authors wish to make the following corrections to this paper [...]
Short Beak and Dwarfism Syndrome in Ducks in Poland Caused by Novel Goose Parvovirus
Authors: Matczuk Anna Karolina , Chmielewska-Władyka Monika , Siedlecka Magdalena , Bednarek Karolina Julia , Wieliczko Alina
Published: December 2020

Short beak and dwarfism syndrome (SBDS), which was previously identified only in mule ducks, is now an emerging disease of Pekin ducks in China and Egypt. The disease is caused by the infection of ducks with a genetic variant of goose parvovirus—novel goose parvovirus (nGPV). In 2019, SBDS was observed for the first time in Poland in eight farms of Pekin ducks. Birds in the affected flock were found to show growth retardation and beak atrophy with tongue protrusions. Morbidity ranged between 15% and 40% (in one flock), while the mortality rate was 4–6%. Co-infection with duck circovirus, a known immunosuppressive agent, was observed in 85.7% of ducks. The complete coding regions of four isolates were sequenced and submitted to GenBank. The phylogenetic analysis revealed a close relationship of Polish viral sequences with the Chinese nGPV. Genomic sequence alignments showed 98.57–99.28% identity with the nGPV sequences obtained in China, and 96.42% identity with the classical GPV (cGPV; Derzsy’s disease). The rate of amino acid mutations in comparison to cGPV and Chinese nGPV was higher in the Rep protein than in the Vp1 protein. To our knowledge, this is the first report of nGPV infection in Pekin ducks in Poland and Europe. It should be emphasized that monitoring and sequencing of waterfowl parvoviruses is important for tracking the viral genetic changes that enable adaptation to new species of waterbirds.
Consumption of Maternal Placenta in Humans and Nonhuman Mammals: Beneficial and Adverse Effects
Authors: Mota-Rojas Daniel , Orihuela Agustín , Strappini Ana , Villanueva-García Dina , Napolitano Fabio , Mora-Medina Patricia , Barrios-García Hugo B. , Herrera Yuridia , Lavalle Eunice , Martínez-Burnes Julio
Published: December 2020

Placentophagia is a common mammalian behavior, and the first scientific study of the potential effects of human maternal placentophagia on lactation was in 1917. More recently, in the 1970s, human placentophagia was reported in North America with a trend toward increased consumption. There are different hypotheses about the women and nonhuman mammals’ motivation towards placentophagia, but few have been subject to hypotheses testing. In women, the controversy continues; on the one hand, researchers attribute benefits like increased breast milk, weight gain in newborns, decreased postpartum depression and fatigue, and improved mothers’ mood. In contrast, bacterial or viral infections, hormonal, or trace elements that could become toxic for both the mother and baby are reported as possible health risks. Other reports argue a lack of scientific rigor to support the self-reported benefits of placentophagia. Also, the way the placenta is prepared (raw, cooked, dehydrated, processed, or encapsulated) alters its components, and thus the desired effects. This review provides relevant information and the different hypotheses and points of view around placentophagia. However, there are still questions to be resolved, and more studies are needed to confirm or reject the data generated so far about placentophagia in humans and nonhuman mammals.
Pigs Overexpressing Porcine β-Defensin 2 Display Increased Resilience to Glaesserella parasuis Infection
Authors: Huang Jing , Yang Xiaoyu , Wang Antian , Huang Chao , Tang Hao , Zhang Qiuhong , Fang Qiong , Yu Zuming , Liu Xiao , Huang Qi , Zhou Rui , Li Lu
Published: December 2020

As the causative agent of Glässer’s disease, Glaesserella (Haemophilus) parasuis has led to serious economic losses to the swine industry worldwide. Due to the low cross-protection of vaccines and increasing antimicrobial resistance of G. parasuis, it is important to develop alternative approaches to prevent G. parasuis infection. Defensins are host defense peptides that have been suggested to be promising substitutes for antibiotics in animal production, while porcine β-defensin 2 (PBD-2) is a potent antimicrobial peptide discovered in pigs. Our previous study generated transgenic (TG) pigs overexpressing PBD-2, which displayed enhanced resistance to Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. In this study, the antibacterial activities of PBD-2 against G. parasuis are determined in vitro and in the TG pig model. The concentration-dependent bactericidal activity of synthetic PBD-2 against G. parasuis was measured by bacterial counting. Moreover, after being infected with G. parasuis via a cohabitation challenge model, TG pigs overexpressing PBD-2 displayed significantly milder clinical signs and less severe gross pathological changes than their wild-type (WT) littermates. The TG pigs also exhibited alleviated lung and brain lesions, while bacterial loads in the lung and brain tissues of the TG pigs were significantly lower than those of the WT pigs. Additionally, lung and brain homogenates from TG pigs possessed enhanced antibacterial activity against G. parasuis when compared with those from the WT pigs. Altogether, these proved that overexpression of PBD-2 could also endow pigs with increased resilience to G. parasuis infection, which further confirmed the potential of using the PBD-2 coding gene to develop disease-resistant pigs and provided a novel strategy to combat G. parasuis as well.
Simultaneous Control of Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus Using a Hybrid Endolysin LysB4EAD-LysSA11
Authors: Son Bokyung , Kong Minsuk , Cha Yoyeon , Bai Jaewoo , Ryu Sangryeol
Published: December 2020

Bacteriophage endolysins have attracted attention as promising alternatives to antibiotics, and their modular structure facilitates endolysin engineering to develop novel endolysins with enhanced versatility. Here, we constructed hybrid proteins consisting of two different endolysins for simultaneous control of two critical foodborne pathogens, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus. The full-length or enzymatically active domain (EAD) of LysB4, an endolysin from the B. cereus-infecting phage B4, was fused to LysSA11, an endolysin of the S. aureus-infecting phage SA11, via a helical linker in both orientations. The hybrid proteins maintained the lytic activity of their parental endolysins against both S. aureus and B. cereus, but they showed an extended antimicrobial spectrum. Among them, the EAD of LysB4 fused with LysSA11 (LysB4EAD-LyaSA11) showed significantly increased thermal stability compared to its parental endolysins. LysB4EAD-LysSA11 exhibited high lytic activity at pH 8.0–9.0 against S. aureus and at pH 5.0–10.0 against B. cereus, but the lytic activity of the protein decreased in the presence of NaCl. In boiled rice, treatment with 3.0 µM of LysB4EAD-LysSA11 reduced the number of S. aureus and B. cereus to undetectable levels within 2 h and also showed superior antimicrobial activity to LyB4EAD and LysSA11 in combination. These results suggest that LysB4EAD-LysSA11 could be a potent antimicrobial agent for simultaneous control of S. aureus and B. cereus.
Initial Bacterial Adhesion and Biofilm Formation on Aligner Materials
Authors: Tektas Sibel , Thurnheer Thomas , Eliades Theodore , Attin Thomas , Karygianni Lamprini
Published: December 2020

The present study aims to assess the initial bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation on different aligner materials. A total of four different aligner materials, CA-medium (CAM), copolyester (COP), Duran (DUR), Erkodur (ERK), were tested. Stimulated human saliva was obtained from six healthy volunteers. Salivary bacteria were harvested by centrifugation, and 1 mL of the salivary suspension was injected onto each sample surface for 2 h and 3 days, respectively. The samples were then washed twice with 5 mL 0.9% NaCl solution, and non-adherent bacteria were removed. The adherent microorganisms were dislodged from the sample surfaces after ultrasonication for 4 min in 1 mL 0.9% NaCl on ice. After the incubation of the adherent salivary bacteria under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions on Columbia blood agar plates at 37 °C and 5% CO2 and in anaerobic jars overnight, several dilutions thereof were used for the determination of CFUs. This protocol was applied three times, obtaining an average of nine independent measurements for each material group. Overall, the differences between the tested aligner materials as well as between the materials and controls were not of statistical significance (p > 0.05). Regarding initial bacterial attachment and biofilm formation, the tested aligner materials are comparable to enamel and metal orthodontic brackets and can be therefore considered for clinical use. The four tested aligner materials CAM, COP, DUR, ERK showed no significant differences in initial microbial attachment and biofilm formation of aerobic and anaerobic species compared to enamel and conventional brackets.