bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reputation Management Through Online Feedbacks in e-Business Environment
Authors: Kumar Vikas , Pradhan Prasann
Published: April 2016

Popularity of electronic business has changed the way people are transacting businesses around the globe. People are engaged in online businesses (like buying, selling, promoting or collaborating) without any physical or face to face contact with the trading partners. Correspondingly, the concept of reputation has become an as important pillar of the electronic business to provide some level of assurance about the quality of the traders as well as their products and services. In this scenario, online feedbacks have emerged as a valuable tool in reputation management and help in making a choice for the best quality online trading partners. Further, there is a strong need for the e-business companies to change their strategies and decision making process to build and manage their reputation via online feedbacks. In this paper, the reputation and reputation management through online feedbacks have been discussed with a specific focus on the electronic business (e-business). This paper examines the prevailing reputation models, which are based on online feedbacks and are used by the companies. Specific examples and cases have been added to highlight the present day industry scenario.
Flow-Graph and Markovian Methods for Cyber Security Analysis
Authors: Jenab Kouroush , Khoury Sam , LaFevor Kim
Published: April 2016

A flow-graph depicts the interrelationships among cyber security and security threats/incidents (i.e., internal, external, and accidental). Using a flow-graph, the manner in which security threats may affect systems can be investigated. This paper reports analytical approaches to analyze time to security threats and probability of security threat occurrence. Considering embedded threat detection functions in a safe-guard unit, the proposed approaches use the flow-graph concept, and Markovian method to calculate time to security threat occurrence and its probability. The threat detection functions are featured by incident detection and recovery mechanisms. The results of this study can be used by all parties (public and private sector organizations, service providers, IT, and insurance companies) to better deal with cyber security issues with respect to utilizing technology, investment, and insurance. An illustrative example is demonstrated to present the application of the approach.
Social Networking Tools in Virtual Reference
Authors: Khan Nadim Akhtar , Shafiq Huma , Rizvi Sabiha Zehra , Mushtaq Samah
Published: April 2016

The rapid advancements in web and availability of growing number of free social networking tools have greatly influenced the present day communication mechanisms. These tools have provided cheaper, instant and faster methods of communicating information irrespective of geographical and time barriers. Users especially the younger generation is much familiar with the use of such tools and modern libraries are experiencing rapid changes in user perceptions and information seeking patterns. Owing to the ease of accessibility of plethora of information resources via cell phones, tablets using smart apps, libraries are revisiting their methods of information delivery. Many libraries are using social networking tools for handling user queries and advertising their library products especially in Virtual Reference Services (VRS). Virtual reference is reference service initiated electronically where patrons employ computers or other technology to communicate with public services staff without being physically present. Communication channels used frequently in virtual reference include chat, video-conferencing, voice-over-IP, co-browsing, e-mail, and instant messaging (Reference and User Services Association [RUSA] Guidelines, 2010). It primarily refers to a network of expertise, intermediation and resources placed at the disposal of someone seeking answers in an online environment (Berube, 2003). It has brought about tremendous change in the concept of reference services in terms of information dissemination and user satisfaction. Various initiatives have already been taken to develop standards, guidelines and procedures for setting up successful digital reference systems. Virtual reference has emerged as a new powerful method of delivering reference and information service to a vast number of clientele distributed globally. It includes seamless access to global resources and the collection of knowledge for reference access, coupled with complementary access to information on the internet. It has brought about tremendous change in the concept of reference services in terms of information dissemination and user satisfaction. The seamless influence of Social Networking tools on virtual reference is quite evident and trend is fast shifting towards incorporating such tools in libraries at global level. These tools not only solve the problems of communicating in real time environment in all modes ranging from instant messaging to audio/visuals but also provide ample opportunities for libraries to retain their users. The present work thus discusses the concept of Virtual Reference Service and possible use of different Social Networking tools in present day Virtual Reference Systems for successfully addressing user queries.
CUTANEOUS HYPERPIGMENTATION IN MEGALOBLASTIC ANEMIA: A FIVE YEAR RETROSPECTIVE REVIEW.
Authors: Padhi Somanath , Sarangi RajLaxmi , Ramdas Anita , Ravichandran Kandasamy , Varghese Renu G’Boy , Alexander Thomas , Kurien George , Mookkappan Sudhagar
Published: April 2016

Background: Cutaneous hyperpigmentation is an often overlooked clinical sign in megaloblastic anemia (MA) which has been sporadically reported in the literature.Methods: We describe the bone marrow (BM) changes and clinicolaboaratory characteristics of 25 of 198 adult cases (>16 years) with cutaneous hyperpigmentation who underwent BM evaluation for cytopenia (s).Results:  Twenty-one of 25 cases (84%) had MA, while MA without hyperpigmentation occurred only in 12 of remainder 173 cases (P<0.001).  Knuckle pad hyperpigmentation (KP) was noted in 16 (64%) cases; whereas 9 (36%) had diffuse brownish black discoloration (DP) of the palms and /or soles. Eighteen of 25 (72%) cases had pancytopenia (13 with KP) and 7 of 25 (28%) had bicytopenia (3 with KP). In addition, five cases (20%) presented with pyrexia of unknown origin. Of the 17 cases where data available, eleven were B12 deficient [<190 pg/ml; eight had severe deficiency (<100 pg/ml); ref.; 190-800pg/ml], while 4 had pure folate deficiency (< 4.0 ng/ml; ref.; 4-20ng/ml); and remainder 2 had combined B12 and folate deficiency. Compared to those with diffuse pigmentation; KP group had lower Hb (69.6 ± 24.2 vs. 86.3 ± 33.9 g/L), higher MCV (106.1 ±12.6 vs. 99.2 ± 7.6 fL), lower platelet count (50.9 ± 29.3 vs. 69.6 ± 36.5 x 109/L), and lower median B12 [100.0 (30.0 – 822.0) vs. 316.0 (142.0 – 1617.3) pg/ml] (P>0.05). In six cases where follow-up data were available, there was significant reversal of hyperpigmentation at 12 weeks following parenteral cobalamine therapy. In all five cases with pyrexia, fever subsided after 24 to 72 hours following administration of parenteral cobalamine therapy.Conclusion: Cutaneous hyperpigmentation, pyrexia, and cytopenia (s) are strongly associated with megaloblastic anemia. Knuckle pad hyperpigmentation is much more common than diffuse pigmentation of the palms and/or soles in such patents. A nonsignificant trend towards a greater degree of MA was found in cases with pigmentation of the knuckles.
Spectral asymptotics for waveguides with perturbed periodic twisting
Authors: Raikov Georgi
Published: April 2016

We consider the twisted waveguide

\Omega_\theta

, i.e. the domain obtained by the rotation of the bounded cross section

\omega \subset {\mathbb R}^{2}

of the straight tube

\Omega : = \omega \times {\mathbb R}

at angle

\theta

which depends on the variable along the axis of

\Omega

. We study the spectral properties of the Dirichlet Laplacian in

\Omega_\theta

, unitarily equivalent under the diffeomorphism

\Omega_\theta \to \Omega

to the operator

H_{\theta'}

, self-adjoint in

{\rm L}^2(\Omega)

. We assume that

\theta' = \beta - \epsilon

where

\beta

is a

2\pi

-periodic function, and

\epsilon

decays at infinity. Then in the spectrum

\sigma(H_\beta)

of the unperturbed operator

H_\beta

there is a semi-bounded gap

(-\infty, {\mathcal E}_0^+)

, and, possibly, a number of bounded open gaps

({\mathcal E}_j^-, {\mathcal E}_j^+)

. Since

\epsilon

decays at infinity, the essential spectra of

H_\beta

and

H_{\beta - \epsilon}

coincide. We investigate the asymptotic behaviour of the discrete spectrum of

H_{\beta - \epsilon}

near an arbitrary fixed spectral edge

{\mathcal E}_j^\pm

. We establish necessary and quite close sufficient conditions which guarantee the finiteness of

\sigma_{\rm disc}(H_{\beta-\epsilon})

in a neighbourhood of

{\mathcal E}_j^\pm

. In the case where the necessary conditions are violated, we obtain the main asymptotic term of the corresponding eigenvalue counting function. The effective Hamiltonian which governs the the asymptotics of

\sigma_{\rm disc}(H_{\beta-\epsilon})

near

{\mathcal E}_j^\pm

could be represented as a finite orthogonal sum of operators of the form

-\mu\frac{d^2}{dx^2} - \eta \epsilon,

self-adjoint in

{\rm L}^2({\mathbb R})

; here,

\mu > 0

is a constant related to the so-called
effective mass
, while

\eta

is

2\pi

-periodic function depending on

\beta

and

\omega

.
Utilização de macrófitas aquáticas em substrato para a produção de mudas de moringa
Authors: Farias Walda Monteiro , Andrade Leonaldo Alves de , Albuquerque Manoel Bandeira de , Cunha João Rodrigues da
Published: April 2016

A utilização de macrófitas aquáticas na composição de substratos para produção de mudas de moringa constitui uma alternativa sustentável. Portanto, objetivou-se com esta pesquisa avaliar o desenvolvimento de mudas de moringa, utilizando subtratos com macrófitas aquáticas, e determinar os teores de N, P e K nas mudas. Utilizaram-se diferentes combinações de macrófitas (M), esterco bovino (E) e terra vegetal (TV) para compor os subtratos. O experimento foi conduzido em esquema fatorial 3 × 4, em delineamento em blocos casualizados com quatro repetições. Foram avaliados: alturas das plantas, diâmetro da copa e caule, taxa relativa de crescimento em altura, em diâmetro da copa e do caule, matéria seca da parte aérea e raízes, comprimento de raízes e razão raízes/parte aérea, além dos teores de N, P e K das mudas. As mudas de moringa apresentam crescimento reduzido quando produzidas em substratos constituídos unicamente com taboa. Alface d’água e os substratos compostos por 60% M + 30% E + 10% TV e 70% M + 30% E, proporcionaram melhor nutrição e crescimento das mudas de moringa. O substrato 60M+30E+10TV composto pelo aguapé e taboa promoveram maior aporte de P para as mudas de moringa.Use of aquatic macrophytes in substrate composition to produce moringa The use of aquatic macrophytes in substrate composition to produce seedlings of moringa is a sustainable alternative. Therefore, the objective of this research was to evaluate the development of moringa seedlings using substrates composed with aquatic macrophytes, and to determine concentrations of N, P and K in the seedlings. We used different combinations of weeds (M), manure (E) and topsoil (TV) to compose the substrates. The experiment was conducted in a 3 × 4 factorial in randomized arrangement with four replications. We evaluated plant height, crown diameter and stem, relative growth rate in height, canopy diameter and in stem, dry matter of aerial part and of roots, root length and root/shoot ratio, besides the content of N, P and K in seedlings. Moringa seedlings showed reduced growth when produced in substrates composed only with cattail. Water lettuce and substrates composed of 60% M + 30%E + 10 % TV and 70% M + 30% E, promoted greater nutrition and growth of moringa seedlings. The substrate 60M +30E +10TV composed by water hyacinth and cattail resulted in greater amount of P in moringa seedlings.Index terms: Organic compound;Typha domingensis;Moringa oleifera
Avaliação de óleos essenciais na qualidade sanitária e fisiológica em sementes e mudas de Schinus molle
Authors: Pereira Kamila Cardoso , Reda Fernanda Rocha , Piveta Graziela , Garcia Flávio Augusto De Oliveira
Published: April 2016

O objetivo foi avaliar o efeito dos óleos essenciais de Mentha piperita, Cymbopogon nardus e Eucalyptus globulus, na qualidade sanitária e fisiológica de sementes e mudas de Schinus molle L. As sementes foram tratadas com os óleos essenciais nas concentrações de 10%, em 1 μL g-1 de sementes, 20% , em 2 μL g-1 de sementes, 30%, em 3 μL g-1 de sementes e o tratamento controle. Após os tratamentos, as sementes foram avaliadas pelo teste de sanidade, utilizando-se o método do papel de filtro (“blotter test”) e pelo teste de germinação, onde as sementes foram colocadas entre substrato vermiculita. Para as contagens, foram consideradas sementes germinadas e sementes mortas. Na avaliação da qualidade das mudas, mediu-se o comprimento da parte aérea, raízes, altura total e diâmetro do colo. A utilização dos óleos essenciais de citronela e menta reduziu a incidência dos diferentes patógenos presentes nas sementes de S. molle. O óleo essencial de menta a 20% e 30 % favoreceu a germinação das sementes. O óleo essencial de eucalipto, em qualquer concentração, aumentou o crescimento das mudas.Evaluation of essential oils in health and physiological quality of Schinus molle seeds and seedlingsThe objective was to evaluate the effect of Mentha piperita, Cymbopogon nardus and Eucalyptus globules essential oils, in sanitary and physiological quality of Schinus molle L. seeds and seedlings. The seeds were treated with essential oils at concentrations of 10%, on 1 μL g-1, 20%, on 2 μL g-1, 30% , on 3 μL g-1 and control. After treatments, seeds were evaluated by sanity test, using filter paper method (“blotter test”) and by germination test, where the seeds were placed between vermiculite substrate. For counts, sprouted and dead seeds were considered. Shoot length, root, total height and stem diameter were measured for seedlings evaluation. The use of citronella and mint essential oils reduced the incidence of different pathogens in S. molle seeds. Mint essential oil at 20% and 30% were effective to promote seeds germination. Eucalyptus essential oil in any concentration was efficient to increase seedlings growth.Index terms: Mentha piperita; Cymbopogon nardus; Eucalyptus globulus
Procedência e adubação no crescimento inicial de mudas de cedro
Authors: Navroski Marcio Carlos , Tonett Erasmo Luis , Mazzo Marcos Vinicius , Frigotto Taciana , Pereira Mariane De Oliveira , Galvani Luan Vieira
Published: April 2016

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o desenvolvimento inicial de diferentes procedências e a influência da adubação de base e cobertura no crescimento de mudas de Cedrela fissilis. Foram coletadas sementes de diferentes procedências nos municípios de Lapa, PR, Fernandes Pinheiro, PR e Itaara, RS. Após a germinação, as plântulas foram repicadas para sacos plásticos de 500 cm³, preenchidos com substrato comercial. Após 150 dias da repicagem avaliou-se altura total (h), diâmetro do colo (dc) e relação h/dc das mudas. Após as plântulas de Fernandes Pinheiro serem repicadas, avaliouse também o efeito da adubação de base (0, 2, 4, 6 e 8 g dm-3 de Osmocote®) e de cobertura (3 e 6 g L-1, respectivamente, de Peter’s® e ureia). A procedência e as doses do fertilizante de liberação controlada influenciaram no desenvolvimento inicial das mudas de Cedrela fissilis. A procedência de Itaara apresentou melhores resultados de crescimento das mudas. As mudas de cedro apresentam bom crescimento quando foi incorporado ao substrato 5 g dm-3 de Osmocote® e em adubação de cobertura 3 g L-1 de Peter’s®. A adubação de cobertura com ureia é pouco indicada para mudas de cedro.Provenances and fertilizer on early growth cedar seedlingsThe aim of the study was to evaluate the initial development of different provenances and the influence of base fertilizer and coverage on growth of Cedrela fissilis seedlings. Provenances of seeds were collected in Lapa, PR, Fernandes Pinheiro, PR and Itaara, RS. After germination, the seedlings were transplanted to plastic bags of 500 cm³, filled with commercial substrate. Total height (h), stem diameter (sd), and ratio h/sd seedlings were measured after 150 days of transplanting. Seedlings of Fernandes Pinheiro received basic fertilization after transplantation (0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 g dm-3  Osmocote®) and cover (3 and 6 g L-1, respectively, of Peter’s® and urea). The provenance and doses of controlled-release fertilizer influenced early development of Cedrela fissilis seedlings. Itaara provenance showed better seedlings growth. Cedar seedlings showed good growth when incorporated into the substrate 5 g dm-3 Osmocote® and, in addition, applied in topdressing 3 g L-1 of Peter’s®. Urea topdressing is rarely recommended for cedar seedlings.Index terms: Cedrella fissilis; Quality seedlings; Fertilizer controlled release
La preservación de un icono norteamericano. La Casa de la Cascada
Authors: Waggoner Lynda S.
Published: April 2016

La Casa de la Cascada de Frank Lloyd Wright es un icono de la arquitectura del siglo XX. Sin duda uno de los edificios más famosos, mejor conocidos y más admirados por el mundo entero. El complejo proceso de restauración, que LOGGIA tiene el honor de recoger en sus páginas, posee la virtud añadida de arrojar nueva luz y conocimiento sobre su diseño y ejecución. La restauración abarca no sólo los comprometidos aspectos estructurales y los estéticos del acabado de las superficies de hormigón, sino también la gestión medioambiental de su entorno cada día más alterado por la gran afluencia de visitantes.
La villa del Dr. Müller en Praga y su autenticidad
Authors: Urlich Petr
Published: April 2016

Este artículo reúne un doble interés: en primer lugar relata el proceso de restauración de una obra singular de la época heroica del Movimiento Moderno, proceso que se ha basado en una metodología rigurosa y deliberada basada en el concepto de autenticidad; en segundo lugar desvela secretos hasta ahora soslayados sobre la propia concepción arquitectónica y espacial de Adolf Loos a través del análisis pormenorizado de su obra póstuma.
Rehabilitación del Ayuntamiento de Morella (Castellón)
Authors: García Ros Vicente , Díaz Segura Alfonso
Published: April 2016

En este texto se elabora un recorrido por las circunstancias que rodearon a la intervención de recuperación del Ayuntamiento de Morella en Castellón, partiendo de sus condicionantes históricos y urbanos hasta sus soluciones en lenguaje contemporáneo para la rehabilitación de un espacio arquitectónico, con la intención de albergar con la dignidad requerida la función representativa de esta ciudad singular. Loggia desea con este artículo contribuir al conocimiento de esta ciudad monumental merecedora de 
ser considerada patrimonio de la humanidad.
Centro histórico de La Habana: intervención, recuperación y transformación
Authors: Delgado Martínez Michel
Published: April 2016

Este trabajo tiene como fin exponer la situación actual del patrimonio arquitectónico en el Centro Histórico de La Habana y algunas de las vías de solución que se están llevando a cabo para su recuperación. Se explicarán dos casos de estudio, la Plaza Vieja y el Parque Central, sitios de extraordinarios valores arquitectónicos e históricos.
Óvila, setenta años después (de su expolio)
Authors: Merino de Cáceres José Miguel
Published: April 2016

Los agitados avatares del Monasterio cisterciense de Óvila, que fue comprado a piezas y trasladado a Estados Unidos para formar parte de una colección privada de un magnate norteamericano, sirven de excusa para una aguda reflexión sobre el triste destino de muchos monumentos españoles. El monasterio, desarticulado y almacenado en cajas, nunca se reconstruyó. Sólo en la actualidad, el trajín de este monasterio parece llegar a su fin, puesto que se han comenzado las labores de anastilosis en tierras americanas a cargo de un grupo de expertos, de los que forma parte relevante el autor de este sorprendente relato.
La obra de Frank Lloyd Wright en Japón
Authors: Vegas López-Manzanares Fernando
Published: April 2016

Durante su estancia en Japón motivada por la construcción del Hotel Imperial de Tokyo, Frank Lloyd Wright recibió varios encargos locales menos conocidos,...
El Hotel Imperial de Tokyo de Frank Lloyd Wright. Un monumento del siglo XX redivivo
Authors: Vegas López-Manzanares Fernando
Published: April 2016

El texto describe el arco temporal que discurre desde el nacimiento del hotel hasta el momento de su reconstrucción. En primer lugar, indaga en la genealogía del proyecto, para abundar posteriormente en los entresijos de su construcción. Su supuesta condición indemne tras el terremoto de Kanto dio alas a Wright para reivindicar su genialidad y permitió su mitificación, aunque este hecho no sirviera para evitar las bombas en la segunda guerra mundial, ni su demolición posterior. Al hilo del discurso, se realiza una incursión en el mundo de las patologías que afectan a las obras de Wright, en la destrucción de algunas de ellas y en la relación personal del arquitecto con el mundo de la restauración.
La restauración de la arquitectura: cómo y por qué
Authors: Torsello Paolo B.
Published: April 2016

En un alarde de extraordinaria claridad mental, el autor analiza el concepto de restauración desde sus presupuestos de partida, entendiendo la arquitectura concebida como artificio creado por el hombre, portadora de memoria y sujeta al paso del tiempo. El proyecto de restauración implica la introducción de un acto de voluntad entre muchas opciones posibles que debe velar por la pervivencia, la integridad y la refuncionalización de la obra, una triada en un comprometido ejercicio de equilibrio que implica el cumplimiento conjunto y equilibrado de sus tres componentes.
La restauración de los Baños del Almirante de Valencia
Authors: Camps García Concha , Esteban Chapapría Julián
Published: April 2016

El proceso de restauraciones contradictorias seguido desde hace décadas en los Baños del Almirante se ha reconducido finalmente en los últimos años en los que, partiendo de una realidad compleja, se ha llevado a cabo una metódica puesta en valor, asumiendo decisiones comprometidas, cuyos criterios se hacen explícitos en el presente artículo. Estas últimas investigaciones sobre los Baños del Almirante han aportado datos inéditos, como su origen cristiano medieval que desmiente la cronología islámica tradicionalmente establecida.
Conservar, no restaurar. Hugo, Ruskin, Boito, Dehio et al. Breve historia y sugerencias para la conservación en este milenio
Authors: Dezzi Bardeschi Marco
Published: April 2016

Con una prosa arrolladora cargada de razón y sentimiento, el profesor Dezzi Bardeschi expone su credo personal que defiende la práctica de la conservación frente a la alternativa de la restauración. La historia italiana de ambas disciplinas, las Cartas Internacionales de Restauración y sus protagonistas principales sirven de hilo conductor para un razonamiento que rebate los caprichos y frivolidades injustificables que presupone ligados a la restauración, para defender el respeto a la integridad material e histórica que supone la conservación del edificio entendido como monumento/documento.
La conservación de la piedra del Claustro de la Catedral de Oviedo
Authors: Rojo Araceli , Esbert Rosa Mª , Valdeón Luis , Alonso F. Javier , Mateos Félix , Ordaz Jorge
Published: April 2016

La intervención descrita en este artículo constituye un modelo metodológico para actuaciones similares de conservación de la piedra en edificios históricos por su rigor científico en el análisis y la evaluación, ponderación y confrontación de las opciones ofrecidas por el mercado en modo de controlar, dirigir y matizar la tecnología disponible, eligiendo las opciones más idóneas en cada caso, hacia una restauración consciente que controle la técnica, frente a la opción habitual que ve entregar la restauración a las riendas ciegas de la técnica.
Las restauraciones arquitectónicas de Luis Menéndez-Pidal arquitecto de la Primera Zona
Authors: Martínez Monedero Miguel
Published: April 2016

La mitad del siglo XX de la restauración arquitectónica en España está caracterizada por la actuación de un grupo elegido de arquitectos que poseían en exclusiva la autorización para intervenir en el patrimonio existente. Entre éstos, uno de los más significados fue Luis Menéndez-Pidal, a través de cuya obra se refleja la evolución de las filosofías de restauración en España durante los cincuenta años centrales del siglo pasado. Este artículo ofrece un interesante panorama de este arquitecto, desde las claves de su formación hasta la evolución de su pensamiento, ilustrado por sus principales intervenciones en el patrimonio español.
La recuperación de la bóveda gótica del ábside de la Catedral de Valencia
Authors: Vila Ferrer Salvador
Published: April 2016

El autor del texto y arquitecto de la intervención relata el proceso de demolición de la bóveda barroca del ábside de la catedral de Valencia para la recuperación de los magníficos frescos renacentistas pintados sobre la bóveda gótica que se encontraban ocultos tras la misma. Este proceso no sólo tuvo que superar las dificultades técnicas derivadas de la compleja operación, sino también persuadir o soslayar a la facción contraria del debate abierto en torno a la intervención, sortear con éxito los impedimentos legales que derivaban de la protección integral del templo como Bien de Interés Cultural y resolver las extrañas incongruencias espaciotemporales y estilísticas que surgieron durante la demolición.
Alejandro Ferrant y Manuel Gómez-Moreno: Aplicación del método científico del CEH a la restauración monumental
Authors: García Cuetos María de Pilar
Published: April 2016

Dentro del grupo reducido de arquitectos que dominaron en exclusiva el panorama de la restauración arquitectónica de España durante la mitad del siglo XX, destaca el caso del arquitecto Alejandro Ferrant Vázquez en simbiosis con el gran historiador Manuel Gómez-Moreno. La adopción de los nuevos presupuestos restauradores de una nueva praxis conservadora, con sus aciertos y errores, estuvo estrechamente relacionada con el desarrollo de la Ciencia aplicada en el campo de la historia de la arquitectura. Este interesante tándem profesional se caracterizó por la aplicación del método científico de conocimiento del afamado Centro de Estudios Históricos para la restauración monumental, con interesantes resultados en sus respectivas disciplinas que este artículo pasa a describir.
Imagen y construcción: La restauración de monumentos en el programa de reconstrucción posbélica en Italia
Authors: Sorbo Emanuela
Published: April 2016

La reconstrucción posbélica en Italia debió superar no sólo una normativa específica previa para la intervención de monumentos sino también todo un corpus teórico en torno a la restauración conformado principalmente con las aportaciones de Camillo Boito y Gustavo Giovannoni. La magnitud del desastre bélico no comparable en ningún caso con la manutención consuetudinaria de los monumentos se impuso con carácter perentorio y pragmático sobre otras consideraciones de tipo teórico y conceptual. Este artículo repasa algunos ejemplos importantes de este programa de reconstrucción de importantes edificios bombardeados durante el conflicto, como el Templo Malatestiano de Alberti, el Camposanto de la Catedral de Pisa o el Palacio dei Trecento enTreviso.
The Influence of Dental Shade Guides and Experience on the Accuracy of Shade Matching
Authors: Nakhaei Mohammadreza , Ghanbarzadeh Jalil , Alavi Samin , Amirinejad Sahar , Rajatihaghi Hamidreza
Published: April 2016

Aim

There is limited and inconsistent information on some factors affecting visual shade selection. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of shade guide type and professional experience on shade-matching results.

Materials and methods

Thirty Dental students (DS), 30 General dentists (GDs) and 30 Dental specialists (S) participated in this study. The participants were asked to match six target tabs using two dental shade guides: Vitapan Classical (VC) and Vitapan 3D-Master (3D). An intraoral spectrophotometer was used for color measurement of target tabs and selected tabs. The color difference (Conflict of interest: NoneE) values between the target tab and selected tab were calculated. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and paired t-test (α = 0.05). Results of the first five best matches for each target tab were expressed as ΔE1 to ΔE5. Differences in the mean values of ΔE1 to ΔE5 between VC and 3D were compared using descriptive statistics.

Results

There were no significant differences among the three participating groups in ΔE values when the 3D was used (p = 0.389). However, significant differences were found with VC (p < 0.001). The ΔE values achieved from the 3D were significantly lower than those from VC for DS and S (p = 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively). For each of the first five best matches, the mean ΔE values from the 3D were smaller than the corresponding values of VC.

Conclusion

The type of dental shade guide affected the shadematching results. The level of experience was not found to be an influential factor in shade matching when 3D-Master shade guide was used.

Clinical significance

Compared with Vitapan Classical shade guide, use of the Vitapan 3D-Master shade guide improves shade-matching results.

How to cite this article

Nakhaei M, Ghanbarzadeh J, Amirinejad S, Alavi S, Rajatihaghi H. The Influence of Dental Shade Guides and Experience on the Accuracy of Shade Matching. J Contemp Dent Pract 2016;17(1):22-26.
Variability of water vapour in the Arctic stratosphere
Authors: Thölix Laura , Backman Leif , Kivi Rigel , Karpechko Alexey Yu.
Published: April 2016

Abstract. This study evaluates the stratospheric water vapour distribution and variability in the Arctic. A FinROSE chemistry transport model simulation covering the years 1990–2014 is compared to observations (satellite and frost point hygrometer soundings), and the sources of stratospheric water vapour are studied. In the simulations, the Arctic water vapour shows decadal variability with a magnitude of 0.8 ppm. Both observations and the simulations show an increase in the water vapour concentration in the Arctic stratosphere after the year 2006, but around 2012 the concentration started to decrease. Model calculations suggest that this increase in water vapour is mostly explained by transport-related processes, while the photochemically produced water vapour plays a relatively smaller role. The increase in water vapour in the presence of the low winter temperatures in the Arctic stratosphere led to more frequent occurrence of ice polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) in the Arctic vortex. We perform a case study of ice PSC formation focusing on January 2010 when the polar vortex was unusually cold and allowed large-scale formation of PSCs. At the same time a large-scale persistent dehydration was observed. Ice PSCs and dehydration observed at Sodankylä with accurate water vapour soundings in January and February 2010 during the LAPBIAT (Lapland Atmosphere–Biosphere facility) atmospheric measurement campaign were well reproduced by the model. In particular, both the observed and simulated decrease in water vapour in the dehydration layer was up to 1.5 ppm.
The Austrian radiation monitoring network ARAD – best practice and added value
Authors: Olefs Marc , Baumgartner Dietmar J. , Obleitner Friedrich , Bichler Christoph , Foelsche Ulrich , Pietsch Helga , Rieder Harald E. , Weihs Philipp , Geyer Florian , Haiden Thomas , Schöner Wolfgang
Published: April 2016

Abstract. The Austrian RADiation monitoring network (ARAD) has been established to advance the national climate monitoring and to support satellite retrieval, atmospheric modeling and the development of solar energy techniques. Measurements cover the downward solar and thermal infrared radiation using instruments according to Baseline Surface Radiation Network (BSRN) standards. A unique feature of ARAD is its vertical dimension of five stations, covering an altitude range between about 200 m a.s.l (Vienna) and 3100 m a.s.l. (BSRN site Sonnblick). The paper outlines the aims and scopes of ARAD, its measurement and calibration standards, methods, strategies and station locations. ARAD network operation uses innovative data processing for quality assurance and quality control, utilizing manual and automated control algorithms. A combined uncertainty estimate for the broadband shortwave radiation fluxes at all five ARAD stations, using the methodology specified by the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement indicates that relative accuracies range from 1.5 to 2.9 % for large signals (global, direct: 1000 W m−2, diffuse: 500 W m−2) and from 1.7 to 23 % (or 0.9 to 11.5 W m−2) for small signals (50 W m−2) (expanded uncertainties corresponding to the 95 % confidence level). If the directional response error of the pyranometers and the temperature response of the instruments and the data acquisition system (DAQ) are corrected, this expanded uncertainty reduces to 1.4 to 2.8 % for large signals and to 1.7 to 5.2 % (or 0.9–2.6 W m−2) for small signals. Thus, for large signals of global and diffuse radiation, BSRN target accuracies are met or nearly met (missed by less than 0.2 percentage points, pps) for 70 % of the ARAD measurements after this correction. For small signals of direct radiation, BSRN targets are achieved at two sites and nearly met (also missed by less than 0.2 pps) at the other sites. For small signals of global and diffuse radiation, targets are achieved at all stations. Additional accuracy gains can be achieved in the future through additional measurements, corrections and a further upgrade of the DAQ. However, to improve the accuracy of measurements of direct solar radiation, improved instrument accuracy is needed. ARAD could serve as a useful example for establishing state-of-the-art radiation monitoring at the national level with a multiple-purpose approach. Instrumentation, guidelines and tools (such as the data quality control) developed within ARAD are intended to increase monitoring capabilities of global radiation and thus designed to allow straightforward adoption in other regions, without high development costs.
Intercomparison of 15 aerodynamic particle size spectrometers (APS 3321): uncertainties in particle sizing and number size distribution
Authors: Pfeifer Sascha , Müller Thomas , Weinhold Kay , Zikova Nadezda , Martins dos Santos Sebastiao , Marinoni Angela , Bischof Oliver F. , Kykal Carsten , Ries Ludwig , Meinhardt Frank , Aalto Pasi , Mihalopoulos Nikolaos , Wiedensohler Alfred
Published: April 2016

Abstract. Aerodynamic particle size spectrometers are a well-established method to measure number size distributions of coarse mode particles in the atmosphere. Quality assurance is essential for atmospheric observational aerosol networks to obtain comparable results with known uncertainties. In a laboratory study within the framework of ACTRIS (Aerosols, Clouds, and Trace gases Research Infrastructure Network), 15 aerodynamic particle size spectrometers (APS model 3321, TSI Inc., St. Paul, MN, USA) were compared with a focus on flow rates, particle sizing, and the unit-to-unit variability of the particle number size distribution. Flow rate deviations were relatively small (within a few percent), while the sizing accuracy was found to be within 10 % compared to polystyrene latex (PSL) reference particles. The unit-to-unit variability in terms of the particle number size distribution during this study was within 10 % to 20 % for particles in the range of 0.9 up to 3 µm, which is acceptable for atmospheric measurements. For particles smaller than that, the variability increased up to 60 %, probably caused by differences in the counting efficiencies of individual units. Number size distribution data for particles smaller than 0.9 µm in aerodynamic diameter should only be used with caution. For particles larger than 3 µm, the unit-to-unit variability increased as well. A possible reason is an insufficient sizing accuracy in combination with a steeply sloping particle number size distribution and the increasing uncertainty due to decreasing counting. Particularly this uncertainty of the particle number size distribution must be considered if higher moments of the size distribution such as the particle volume or mass are calculated, which require the conversion of the aerodynamic diameter measured to a volume equivalent diameter. In order to perform a quantitative quality assurance, a traceable reference method for the particle number concentration in the size range 0.5–3 µm is needed.
Wave–particle resonance condition test for ion-kinetic waves in the solar wind
Authors: Narita Y. , Marsch E. , Perschke C. , Glassmeier K.-H. , Motschmann U. , Comişel H.
Published: April 2016

Abstract. Conditions for the Landau and cyclotron resonances are tested for 543 waves (identified as local peaks in the energy spectra) in the magnetic field fluctuations of the solar wind measured by the Cluster spacecraft on a tetrahedral scale of 100 km. The resonance parameters are evaluated using the frequencies in the plasma rest frame, the parallel components of the wavevectors, the ion cyclotron frequency, and the ion thermal speed. The observed waves show a character of the sideband waves associated with the ion Bernstein mode, and are in a weak agreement with the fundamental electron cyclotron resonance in spite of the ion-kinetic scales. The electron cyclotron resonance is likely taking place in solar wind turbulence near 1 AU (astronomical unit).
Temperature exerted no influence on the organic carbon isotope of surface soil along the isopleth of 400 mm mean annual precipitation in China
Authors: Jia Yufu , Wang Guoan , Chen Zixun
Published: April 2016

Abstract. Soil organic carbon is the largest pool of terrestrial ecosystem and its carbon isotope composition is affected by many factors. However, the influence of environmental factors, especially temperature, on soil organic carbon isotope (δ13CSOM) is poorly constrained. This impedes interpretations and application of variability of organic carbon isotope in reconstructions of paleoclimate and paleoecology and global carbon cycling. With a considerable temperature gradient along the 400 mm isohyet (isopleth of mean annual precipitation – MAP) in China, this isohyet provides ideal experimental sites for studying the influence of temperature on soil organic carbon isotope. In this study, the effect of temperature on surface soil δ13C was assessed by a comprehensive investigation from 27 sites across a temperature gradient along the isohyet. This work demonstrates that temperature did not play a role in soil δ13C, this suggests that organic carbon isotopes in sediments cannot be used for the paleotemperature reconstruction, and that the effect of temperature on organic carbon isotopes can be neglected in the reconstruction of paleoclimate and paleovegetation. Multiple regression with MAT (mean annual temperature), MAP, altitude, latitude and longitude as independent variables, and δ13CSOM as the dependent variable, shows that the five environmental factors in total account for only 9 % soil δ13C variance. However, One-way ANOVA analyses suggest that soil and vegetation types are significant influential factors on soil δ13C. Multiple regressions in which above five environmental factors were taken as quantitative variables, vegetation type, Chinese nomenclature soil type and WRB soil type were introduced as dummy variables separately, show that 36.2 %, 37.4 %, 29.7 % of the variability in soil δ13C are explained, respectively. Compared to the multiple regression in which only quantitative environmental variables were introduced, the multiple regressions in which soil and vegetation were also introduced explain more variance, suggesting that soil type and vegetation type really exerted significant influences on δ13CSOM.
Sea surface temperature variability in the central-western Mediterranean Sea during the last 2700 years: a multi-proxy and multi-record approach
Authors: Cisneros Mercè , Cacho Isabel , Frigola Jaime , Canals Miquel , Masqué Pere , Martrat Belen , Casado Marta , Grimalt Joan O. , Pena Leopoldo D. , Margaritelli Giulia , Lirer Fabrizio
Published: April 2016

Abstract. This study presents the reconstructed evolution of sea surface conditions in the central-western Mediterranean Sea during the late Holocene (2700 years) from a set of multi-proxy records as measured on five short sediment cores from two sites north of Minorca (cores MINMC06 and HER-MC-MR3). Sea surface temperatures (SSTs) from alkenones and Globigerina bulloides Mg / Ca ratios are combined with δ18O measurements in order to reconstruct changes in the regional evaporation–precipitation (E–P) balance. We also revisit the G. bulloides Mg / Ca–SST calibration and re-adjusted it based on a set of core-top measurements from the western Mediterranean Sea. Modern regional oceanographic data indicate that Globigerina bulloides Mg / Ca is mainly controlled by seasonal spring SST conditions, related to the April–May primary productivity bloom in the region. In contrast, the alkenone–SST signal represents an integration of the annual signal. The construction of a robust chronological framework in the region allows for the synchronization of the different core sites and the construction of “stacked” proxy records in order to identify the most significant climatic variability patterns. The warmest sustained period occurred during the Roman Period (RP), which was immediately followed by a general cooling trend interrupted by several centennial-scale oscillations. We propose that this general cooling trend could be controlled by changes in the annual mean insolation. Even though some particularly warm SST intervals took place during the Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA), the Little Ice Age (LIA) was markedly unstable, with some very cold SST events mostly during its second half. Finally, proxy records for the last centuries suggest that relatively low E–P ratios and cold SSTs dominated during negative North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) phases, although SSTs seem to present a positive connection with the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) index.
The Southern Ocean as a constraint to reduce uncertainty in future ocean carbon sinks
Authors: Kessler A. , Tjiputra J.
Published: April 2016

Abstract. Earth system model (ESM) simulations exhibit large biases compares to observation-based estimates of the present ocean CO2 sink. The inter-model spread in projections increases nearly 2-fold by the end of the 21st century and therefore contributes significantly to the uncertainty of future climate projections. In this study, the Southern Ocean (SO) is shown to be one of the hot-spot regions for future uptake of anthropogenic CO2, characterized by both the solubility pump and biologically mediated carbon drawdown in the spring and summer. We show, by analyzing a suite of fully interactive ESMs simulations from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5) over the 21st century under the high-CO2 Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 8.5 scenario, that the SO is the only region where the atmospheric CO2 uptake rate continues to increase toward the end of the 21st century. Furthermore, our study discovers a strong inter-model link between the contemporary CO2 uptake in the Southern Ocean and the projected global cumulated uptake over the 21st century. This strong correlation suggests that models with low (high) carbon uptake rate in the contemporary SO tend to simulate low (high) uptake rate in the future. Nevertheless, our analysis also shows that none of the models fully capture the observed biophysical mechanisms governing the CO2 fluxes in the SO. The inter-model spread for the contemporary CO2 uptake in the Southern Ocean is attributed to the variations in the simulated seasonal cycle of surface pCO2. Two groups of model behavior have been identified. The first one simulates anomalously strong SO carbon uptake, generally due to both too strong a net primary production and too low a surface pCO2 in December–January. The second group simulates an opposite CO2 flux seasonal phase, which is driven mainly by the bias in the sea surface temperature variability. We show that these biases are persistent throughout the 21st century, which highlights the urgent need for a sustained and comprehensive biogeochemical monitoring system in the Southern Ocean to better constrain key processes represented in current model systems.
Estimating field-scale root zone soil moisture using the cosmic-ray neutron probe
Authors: Peterson Amber M. , Helgason Warren D. , Ireson Andrew M.
Published: April 2016

Abstract. Many practical hydrological, meteorological, and agricultural management problems require estimates of soil moisture with an areal footprint equivalent to field scale, integrated over the entire root zone. The cosmic-ray neutron probe is a promising instrument to provide field-scale areal coverage, but these observations are shallow and require depth-scaling in order to be considered representative of the entire root zone. A study to identify appropriate depth-scaling techniques was conducted at a grazing pasture site in central Saskatchewan, Canada over a 2-year period. Area-averaged soil moisture was assessed using a cosmic-ray neutron probe. Root zone soil moisture was measured at 21 locations within the 500 m  ×  500 m study area, using a down-hole neutron probe. The cosmic-ray neutron probe was found to provide accurate estimates of field-scale surface soil moisture, but measurements represented less than 40 % of the seasonal change in root zone storage due to its shallow measurement depth. The root zone estimation methods evaluated were: (a) the coupling of the cosmic-ray neutron probe with a time-stable neutron probe monitoring location, (b) coupling the cosmic-ray neutron probe with a representative landscape unit monitoring approach, and (c) convolution of the cosmic-ray neutron probe measurements with the exponential filter. The time stability method provided the best estimate of root zone soil moisture (RMSE  =  0.005 cm3 cm−3), followed by the exponential filter (RMSE  =  0.014 cm3 cm−3). The landscape unit approach, which required no calibration, had a negative bias but estimated the cumulative change in storage reasonably. The feasibility of applying these methods to field sites without existing instrumentation is discussed. Based upon its observed performance and its minimal data requirements, it is concluded that the exponential filter method has the most potential for estimating root zone soil moisture from cosmic-ray neutron probe data.
Turbulent heat transfer as a control of platelet ice growth in supercooled under-ice ocean boundary layers
Authors: McPhee Miles  G. , Stevens Craig L. , Smith Inga J. , Robinson Natalie J.
Published: April 2016

Abstract. Late winter measurements of turbulent quantities in tidally modulated flow under land-fast sea ice near the Erebus Glacier Tongue, McMurdo Sound, Antarctica, identified processes that influence growth at the interface of an ice surface in contact with supercooled seawater. The data show that turbulent heat exchange at the ocean–ice boundary is characterized by the product of friction velocity and (negative) water temperature departure from freezing, analogous to similar results for moderate melting rates in seawater above freezing. Platelet ice growth appears to increase the hydraulic roughness (drag) of fast ice compared with undeformed fast ice without platelets. Platelet growth in supercooled water under thick ice appears to be rate-limited by turbulent heat transfer and that this is a significant factor to be considered in mass transfer at the underside of ice shelves and sea ice in the vicinity of ice shelves.