bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Testing a Collaborative Research Utilization Model to Translate Best Practices in Pain Management
Authors: Dufault Marlene
Published: August 2004

While millions of dollars are being spent developing the seeds of research to improve the care we give to patients, significant barriers to using empirical evidence by health care professionals and policymakers still exist. The gap between what we know from research and what we use in practice is at the heart of the translation research problem. How do we get empirical knowledge uptake and use by clinicians in the fields of practice? In addition, how do we measure if practice changes are occurring? This article describes a program of translation research in which the intervention, called the Collaborative Research Utilization model, was developed and tested in four clinical studies over 18 years.
Preparing the Next Generation of Scientists in Translation Research
Authors: Williams Carolyn A.
Published: August 2004

Aim: Four questions about translation research are considered in this article. (1) Why should there be concern about preparing nurse scientists for translation research? (2) Are current research‐intensive doctoral programs in nursing preparing graduates for translation research? (3) Should targeted efforts be made to systematically prepare nurses in translation research? (4) What strategies would be useful?

Question 1: It is argued that translation research is needed in order to increase the odds that interventions found to be efficacious can be effectively translated into practices that will produce desired outcomes. Thus, evidence from translation research is a very important component of the science base needed to guide innovation in practice. Another reason of concern in preparing translation researchers is the growing pace of research into the efficacy of interventions, which accelerates the need for translation research. Furthermore, the emergence of clinical doctoral programs in nursing that will be seeking faculty with expertise in translation research supports the need for preparing scientists in translation research.

Question 2: To determine whether translation research was visible in current research‐intensive doctoral programs, a Web‐based review of these programs offered by colleges and universities in the database of the American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN) was conducted in the fall of 2003. The search revealed that in the 79 programs surveyed, no school identified an area of emphasis in terms that suggested a component of translation science such as research dissemination or utilization, knowledge transfer, diffusion of innovation, or technology transfer. Less than a dozen courses could be located that focused on topics related to translation research or translation science.

Questions 3 and 4: The case is made that more attention should be given to preparing translation scientists in research‐intensive doctoral programs in nursing, and several strategies were suggested for moving toward that goal.
Effects of a Chitosan Scaffold Containing TGF‐β1 Encapsulated Chitosan Microspheres on In Vitro Chondrocyte Culture
Authors: Lee Jong Eun , Kim Seoung Eun , Kwon Ick Chan , Ahn Hyun Jeong , Cho Hyunchul , Lee Sang‐Hoon , Kim Hee Joong , Seong Sang Cheol , Lee Myung Chul
Published: August 2004

Abstract: The objectives of this study were (1) to develop a three‐dimensional chitosan scaffold in combination with transforming growth factor‐beta1 (TGF‐β1)‐loaded chitosan microspheres  and  (2)  to  evaluate  the  effect  of  the TGF‐β1 release on the chondrogenic potential of rabbit chondrocytes in the scaffolds. TGF‐β1 was loaded into chitosan microspheres using an emulsion‐crosslinking method, resulting in spherical shapes with a size ranging from 0.3 to 1.5 µm. Controlled release of TGF‐β1, as measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), was observed with chitosan microspheres over 7 days. Chitosan solutions (2% and 3%) were fabricated into two types of scaffolds with different pore morphologies and mechanical properties using a freeze‐drying technique, with the result that scaffold with higher concentrations showed smaller pores and lower porosity, leading to a much stronger scaffold. The TGF‐β1 microspheres were incorporated into the scaffolds at a concentration of 10 ng TGF‐β1/scaffold and then chondrocytes seeded into each scaffold and incubated in vitro for 2 weeks. The 2% chitosan scaffolds showed higher cell attachment levels than the 3% chitosan scaffolds (P < 0.01), regardless of the TGF‐β1 microspheres. Both the proliferation rate and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) production were significantly higher for scaffolds incorporating TGF‐β1 microspheres than for the control scaffolds without microspheres 10 days after incubation.  Extracellular  matrix  staining  by  Safranin  O and immunohistochemistry for type II collagen both significantly increased in scaffolds containing TGF‐β1 microspheres. These results suggest that the TGF‐β1 microsphere incorporated in scaffolds have the potential to enhance cartilage   formation.
Renal Amyloidosis Is Associated with Increased Mortality in Hemodialysis Patients
Authors: Sengul Sule , Arat Zubeyde , Ozdemir F. Nurhan
Published: August 2004

Aim:  The aim of the study was to investigate the risk factors for mortality of hemodialysis (HD) patients at Baskent University Hospital, HD Center in Ankara, Turkey.

Methods:  We prospectively followed 203 stable HD patients for 42 months. Population characteristics (age, gender, duration of HD, causes of end stage renal disease [ESRD]) and biochemical variables were included in the study. Mortality was prospectively monitored.

Results:  Sixty‐one patients died over 42 months. Cardiovascular events and infections/septicemia were the most common causes of death. The nonsurvivors had significantly lower hemoglobin (Hb), parathyroid hormone (PTH), creatinine, albumin, and prealbumin levels and higher age and higher C‐reactive protein (CRP) levels. Survival curves as obtained by the Kaplan–Meier method in the groups of causes of ESRD (renal amyloidosis [RA], diabetes mellitus [DM], hypertension [HT] + atherosclerotic kidney disease [AKD], and others) showed that patients with DM and RA had the worst prognosis during the follow‐up period. In the multivariate Cox proportional hazards model, RA and DM were found to be independent risk factors for death in HD patients together with high CRP and low albumin and prealbumin levels. Infection/septicemia is the leading cause of mortality in patients with DM and RA.

Conclusion:  The results of this study indicate that the presence of RA and DM as underlying renal diseases are independent predictors of mortality in our HD patients along with poor nutritional status and activated inflammatory response.
Civilian Uses of Hemoglobin‐based Oxygen Carriers
Authors: Greenburg A. Gerson , Kim Hae Won
Published: August 2004

Abstract:  This article briefly discusses a few key issues related to transfusion, the concept of hemoglobin‐based red blood cell substitutes (HBOCs), and some parameters useful in evaluating the current properties of solutions. Potential uses of HBOCs in civilian applications are identified and listed. Use of HBOCs as a hemodiluent for intraoperative autologous blood donation (IAD) is a particular application that has relevance in many surgical settings and this is discussed in some detail. Data from a Phase III clinical trial is presented to show the potential for avoiding the use of allogeneic blood and blood products in a clinical model of large volume red cell use. Extrapolation to a general use model, primarily based in the potential for surgery, will be noted. Some general parametric values of HBOCs are presented. These  values  are  by  no  means  considered  optimal  for all HBOCs and are subject to exploration, fine tuning,   correction,   or even rejection.
MP4, a New Nonvasoactive Polyethylene Glycol–Hemoglobin Conjugate
Authors: Winslow Robert M.
Published: August 2004

Abstract:  A new hemoglobin derivative, MP4, for use as a temporary oxygen‐carrying plasma expander, has been prepared. The design of the molecule is based on novel criteria for optimized efficacy and safety, which include increased molecular radius, increased viscosity, increased oncotic pressure, and reduced p50. The chemical entity, MalPEG‐Hb, is formulated at 4.2 g/dL in lactated Ringer's solution (MP4). It has a p50 of 5–6 mm Hg, oncotic pressure of 49 mm Hg and viscosity of 2.2 cPs. After 50% exchange transfusion with MP4, rats survive a 60% controlled hemorrhage in spite of total hemoglobin of 7.8 g/dL and plasma hemoglobin concentration of 1.6 g/dL. Although its binding affinity for NO is not different from that of purified hemoglobin A, it does not produce hypertension in a number of animal models and does not cause vasoconstriction in hamster microcirculation. Oxygen supply to tissue has been confirmed by direct observation in the hamster skinfold model, in which O2 release in precapillary and capillary vessels was quantified. The data demonstrate that the effectiveness of MP4 results from its ability to conserve O2 in precapillary vessels and release O2 in capillaries, thereby “targeting” O2 to hypoxic tissue. Preservation of functional capillary density and prevention of vasoconstriction further contribute to the effectiveness of this new formulation. MP4 is currently being  tested  in  humans.
Estrogen receptor‐α gene polymorphisms in patients with periodontitis
Authors: Zhang Li , Meng Huanxin , Zhao Hongshan , Li Qiyan , Xu Li , Chen Zhibin , Shi Dong , Feng Xianghui
Published: August 2004

Background:  Recent studies have shown that estrogen receptor‐α (ER‐α) gene polymorphisms are associated with alterations in bone mineral density and osteoporosis. It is unclear whether ER‐α gene polymorphisms are associated with alveolar bone loss in patients with periodontitis.

Objective:  The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between ER‐α gene polymorphisms and periodontitis.

Methods:  Ninety patients with aggressive periodontitis, 34 patients with chronic periodontitis and 91 healthy controls were recruited in this study. All these subjects belonged to the Han Chinese race. DNA was extracted from peripheral blood of each subject. The ER‐α gene was analyzed by polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR–RFLP) with PvuII and XbaI restriction endonucleases.

Results:  The detection frequency of XX genotype was significantly higher in the chronic periodontitis patients than in the healthy controls (11.8% vs. 4.4%, p < 0.05). The difference between the female chronic periodontitis patients and healthy controls (26.7% vs. 2.1%, p < 0.01) was statistically significant, but no difference was found between the male patients and controls (p > 0.05). The detection frequency of PvuII ER genotypes was not statistically different among the three groups (p > 0.05).

Conclusions:  In female Han Chinese population, the XX genotype may be a risk indicator for chronic periodontitis.
Periodontal therapy: a novel non‐drug‐induced experimental model to study human inflammation
Authors: D'Aiuto F. , Nibali L. , Mohamed‐Ali V. , Vallance P. , Tonetti M. S.
Published: August 2004

Background:  Chronic periodontitis causes a low‐grade systemic inflammatory response; its standard treatment, however, induces an acute inflammatory response. The aim of this study was to describe the systemic inflammatory reactions to an intensive periodontal treatment regimen.

Methods:  Fourteen otherwise healthy subjects suffering from severe chronic periodontitis were enrolled in a 1 month pilot single‐blind trial. Intensive periodontal treatment, consisting of full‐mouth subgingival root debridement delivered within a 6‐h period, was performed. Periodontal parameters were recorded before and 1 month after completion of treatment. Blood samples were taken at baseline and 1, 3, 5, 7 and 30 days after treatment. Interleukin‐1 receptor antagonist (IL‐1Ra), Interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) and C‐reactive protein (CRP) serum concentrations were determined by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Complete blood counts were also performed.

Results:  One day after treatment, mild neutrophilia and monocytosis (p < 0.05) and lymphopenia (p < 0.01) were accompanied by a sharp increase in inflammatory markers (IL‐1Ra, IL‐6, p < 0.01). A 10‐fold increase in CRP (p < 0.001) was detected on day 1 and its kinetics followed a pattern of a classical acute phase response (significantly raised concentrations up to 1 week, p < 0.01). At 3–7 days after treatment, subjects presented also with a mild tendency towards a normocytic anaemic state (p < 0.01) and a degree of lympho‐thrombocytosis (p < 0.05). The observed changes were similar to those expected following the well‐characterized endotoxin‐challenge model of inflammation.

Conclusions:  Intensive periodontal treatment produced an acute systemic inflammatory response of 1 week duration and might represent an alternative to classic endotoxin‐challenge or drug‐induced models to study acute inflammation in humans.
Initial antimicrobial effect of controlled‐release doxycycline in subgingival sites
Authors: Jorgensen M. G. , Safarian A. , Daneshmand N. , Keim R. J. , Slots J.
Published: August 2004

Objectives:  To determine the ability of a 10% doxycycline hyclate controlled‐release polymer (Atridox®) to suppress periodontopathic bacteria when placed subgingivally following scaling and root planing (Sc/Rp).

Methods:  Eight males and seven females, mean age 48 years, with moderate to advanced periodontitis participated in the study. In each patient, bilateral periodontal pockets probing 6–7 mm were randomly assigned to treatment by Sc/Rp + doxycycline polymer or by Sc/Rp alone. Subgingival placement of doxycycline polymer was carried out according to the manufacturer's instructions. Sc/Rp was performed with hand instruments for at least 10 min in each study tooth. Subgingival samples were collected by paper‐points at baseline, at 2 weeks and at 4 weeks post‐treatment. Culture methodology was used to isolate and identify putative periodontal pathogens, including Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Dialister pneumosintes, Tannerella forsythia, Prevotella intermedia/Prevotella nigrescens, Campylobacter species, Eubacterium species, Fusobacterium species, Peptostreptococcus micros, Eikenella corrodens, Staphylococcus species, enteric gram‐negative rods, β‐hemolytic streptococci and yeasts. The microbiologic examination was carried out blindly. Microbiological data were analyzed using a General Linear Model Analysis of Variance for within and between group effects.

Results:  Sites receiving Sc/Rp + doxycycline polymer and sites receiving Sc/Rp alone exhibited similar levels of periodontal pathogens at baseline and did not differ significantly in total viable counts and proportional recovery of periodontopathic bacteria post‐treatment.

Conclusions:  Controlled‐release doxycycline placed in moderate to deep periodontal pockets caused no significant additional reduction in the subgingival pathogenic microbiota compared to thorough Sc/Rp alone. Since controlled‐release doxycycline may not significantly suppress several subgingival pathogenic microorganisms and seems to possess no distinct advantage over broad‐spectra, safe and inexpensive antiseptics, the rationale for its employment in periodontal therapy remains unclear.
Inhibitory effects of green tea polyphenol (–)‐epigallocatechin gallate on the expression of matrix metalloproteinase‐9 and on the formation of osteoclasts
Authors: Yun Jeong‐Ho , Pang Eun‐Kyoung , Kim Chang‐Sung , Yoo Yun‐Jung , Cho Kyoo‐Sung , Chai Jung‐Kiu , Kim Chong‐Kwan , Choi Seong‐Ho
Published: August 2004

Background:  Alveolar bone resorption is a characteristic feature of periodontal diseases and involves the removal of both the mineral and organic constituents of the bone matrix, which is caused by either multinucleated osteoclast cells or matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). The gram‐negative bacterium, Porphyromonas gingivalis has been reported to stimulate the activity and expression of several groups of MMPs, whereas (–)‐epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), the main constituent of green tea polyphenols, has been reported to have inhibitory effects on the activity and expression of MMPs.

Objectives:  In the present study, we investigated the effects of the green tea polyphenol, EGCG, on the gene expression of osteoblast‐derived MMP‐2, ‐9 and ‐13, stimulated by P. gingivalis, and on the formation of osteoclasts.

Methods:  The effect of EGCG on the gene expression of MMPs was examined by treating mouse calvarial primary osteoblastic cells with EGCG (20 µm) in the presence of sonicated P. gingivalis extracts. The transcription levels of MMP‐2, ‐9 and ‐13 were assessed by reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR). The effect of EGCG on osteoclast formation was confirmed by tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining in a co‐culture system of mouse bone marrow cells and calvarial primary osteoblastic cells.

Results:  Treatment with the sonicated P. gingivalis extracts stimulated the expression of MMP‐9 mRNA and this effect was significantly reduced by EGCG, whereas the transcription levels of MMP‐2 and MMP‐13 were not affected by either the sonicated P. gingivalis extracts or EGCG. In addition, EGCG significantly inhibited osteoclast formation in the co‐culture system at a concentration of 20 µm.

Conclusions:  These findings suggest that EGCG may prevent the alveolar bone resorption that occurs in periodontal diseases by inhibiting the expression of MMP‐9 in osteoblasts and the formation of osteoclasts.
The investigation of glutathione peroxidase, lactoferrin, myeloperoxidase and interleukin‐1β in gingival crevicular fluid: implications for oxidative stress in human periodontal diseases
Authors: Wei Pi‐Fen , Ho Kun‐Yen , Ho Yea‐Pyng , Wu Yi‐Min , Yang Yi‐Hsin , Tsai Chi‐Cheng
Published: August 2004

Background:  Human periodontal diseases are inflammatory disorders that are the result of complex interactions between periodontopathogens and the host's immune response. Two important and interrelated factors are involved in the pathophysiological progression of periodontal diseases, i.e. the activation of immune system and the production of oxygen radicals and their related metabolites. Increased production of oxygen radicals may contribute to oxidative stress, which is reported to be involved in many diseases, including periodontal diseases.

Objectives:  The objective of this study was to investigate glutathione peroxidase, lactoferrin and myeloperoxidase, which play an essential role in free radical production and defenses, and the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), which is important in the regulation of immunological and inflammatory reactions in human periodontal diseases.

Methods:  Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) samples were collected from 27 subjects, 19 periodontitis patients and eight healthy controls, ranging in ages from 24 to 62 years. Clinical parameters were recorded. GCF glutathione peroxidase, lactoferrin, myeloperoxidase and IL‐1β were analyzed by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA).

Results:  The periodontitis sites exhibited significantly greater total amount of glutathione peroxidase, lactoferrin, myeloperoxidase and IL‐1β than healthy sites. Total amount of glutathione peroxidase, lactoferrin, myeloperoxidase and IL‐1β was positively correlated with plaque index, gingival index, probing depth and probing attachment level (p < 0.05).

Conclusion:  The imbalance between the levels of myeloperoxidase/IL‐1β and glutathione peroxidase/lactoferrin could result in tissue damage of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in periodontitis which is initiated and perpetuated by the chronic insults of periodontopathogens.
Long‐term cyclosporin A exposure suppresses cathepsin‐B and ‐L activity in gingival fibroblasts
Authors: Yamaguchi Mayumi , Naruishi Koji , Yamada‐Naruishi Hisa , Omori Kazuhiro , Nishimura Fusanori , Takashiba Shogo
Published: August 2004

Background:  Gingival overgrowth is a common side‐effect following administration of cyclosporin A. We reported previously that lysosomal protease cathepsin‐L activity, but not cathepsin‐B, was significantly suppressed by short‐term cyclosporin A exposure in human gingival fibroblasts. Although this suppression may lead to decreased degradation of gingival connective tissue, a net increase in matrix proteins, and gingival overgrowth, the effects of cyclosporin A need to be more elucidated, considering the long‐term use for patients following organ transplantation.

Objective:  The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of clinically relevant doses of cyclosporin A on cultured human gingival fibroblasts. We evaluated the effects of long‐term cyclosporin A exposure on cell proliferation, mRNA expression of various proteases and both cathepsin‐B and ‐L activity in human gingival fibroblasts.

Materials and Methods:  Human gingival fibroblasts were isolated from three donors' healthy gingiva and cultured from five to eight passages with or without 200 ng/ml of cyclosporin A. Proliferative activity of cyclosporin A‐treated cells was examined using MTT assay. Total RNA and cellular proteins were collected for semi‐quantitative reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) analysis and for measurement of the cathepsin‐B and ‐L activity.

Results:  Long‐term cyclosporin A exposure had no effects on cell proliferation. Accumulation of cathepsin‐B, ‐H and ‐L mRNA was markedly suppressed by long‐term cyclosporin A exposure, whereas accumulation of another lysosomal enzyme N‐acetyl‐β‐d‐glucosaminidase mRNA, which is involved in remodeling of gingival epithelium, was not apparently impaired in cyclosporin A‐treated cells. Accumulation of matrix metalloprotease‐1 (MMP‐1) and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloprotease‐1 (TIMP‐1) mRNA, which are involved in remodeling of extracellular matrix, also was not impaired. In addition, we demonstrated that long‐term cyclosporin A exposure significantly suppressed not only the activity of the active form of cathepsin‐(B + L) compared to the activity in non‐treated cells (p = 0.0458), but also the activity of the active form of cathepsin‐B (p < 0.0001) in human gingival fibroblasts.

Conclusion:  The decreased ability of protein degradation by not only cathepsin‐L but also cathepsin‐B is, at least, one of the several factors developing the cyclosporin A‐induced gingival overgrowth.
Fluorescence spectroscopy of dental calculus
Authors: Buchalla W. , Lennon Á. M. , Attin T.
Published: August 2004

Background:  Correct diagnosis of the presence and extent of subgingival calculus is important for periodontal treatment planning and reassessment after periodontal therapy. Traditional tactile methods often lack sensitivity. The present investigation shall contribute to understanding the fundamental fluorescence properties that may be useful for optical detection of both supra‐ and subgingival calculus.

Objectives:  The aim of this study was to investigate emission spectra from supra‐ and subgingival calculus under a wide range of excitation wavelengths.

Methods and Results:  Extracted human molars with either supragingival or subgingival calculus deposits on the root surface were selected (n = 3 each). Emission spectra were recorded from the calculus of each tooth and corresponding areas of clean root surfaces using a fluorescence spectrophotometer at excitation wavelengths from 360 nm up to 580 nm in steps of 20 nm. The spectra were corrected for the wavelength dependent instrument sensitivity and normalized to peak intensity (the highest peak was set at 1.0). Emission spectra of calculus exhibited distinct fluorescence bands between 570 and 730 nm not present in clean root surfaces. This fluorescence emission was strongest for excitation wavelengths from 400 to 420 nm. No differences were observed between supra‐ and subgingival calculus.

Conclusions:  Human dental calculus can clearly be differentiated from clean root surfaces by emission spectrophotometry. The characteristic fluorescence emission of supra‐ and subgingival calculus may be due to a variety of porphyrin derivatives and may provide the basis for future diagnostic procedures.
Chlorhexidine induces DNA damage in rat peripheral leukocytes and oral mucosal cells
Authors: Ribeiro Daniel Araki , Bazo Ana Paula , Da Silva Franchi Carla Adriene , Marques Mariângela Esther Alencar , Salvadori Daisy Maria Favero
Published: August 2004

Objective:  Chlorhexidine digluconate is widely used in dental practice for decreasing plaque control, controlling gingivitis and disinfecting root canals. However, the undesirable effects of chlorhexidine digluconate regarding its genotoxicity are conflicting in the literature. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the genotoxicity of chlorhexidine digluconate in rat peripheral blood and oral mucosal cells by the single cell gel (comet) assay and micronucleus assay.

Methods:  Thirty male Wistar rats were distributed into three groups: negative control; experimental group orally treated with 0.5 ml of 0.12% chlorhexidine digluconate, twice daily, during 8 days; and positive control, which received 4‐nitroquinoline 1‐oxide at 0.5 g/l by drinking water.

Results:  A statistically significant increase of DNA damage was observed in leukocytes and oral mucosal cells of the chlorhexidine digluconate treated group, as assessed by the comet assay. However, no increase of micronucleated cells was detected in reticulocytes from peripheral blood cells.

Conclusions:  Taken together, the data indicate that chlorhexidine digluconate is able to induce primary DNA damage in leukocytes and in oral mucosal cells, but no chromosome breakage or loss in erythrocytes.
Is there Any Specific Equity Route for Small and Medium-Sized Family Businesses? The French Experience
Authors: Mahérault Loïc
Published: August 2004

This article presents a precise typology of French initial public offerings (IPOs) with the underlying aim of suggesting that small and medium-sized family businesses could have a specific approach to capital dilution. Our analysis breaks free from the traditional “family versus nonfamily business methodology” and is based first on a global cluster analysis. We aimed to prove that family businesses were not only different but also specific. Empirical results make it possible to consider that there is a specific attitude among family businesses aiming at quotation. The sample is composed of 131 IPOs. The study covers the period from January 1997 to May 1999 and includes all the IPOs that ocurred during these two-and-a-half years. This period was probably the most active period for the French sections of the stock exchange dedicated to small and medium-sized companies. What inspired this study was our feeling that there was a new competition between venture capitalist companies and the stock exchange: recent experience on the financial markets clearly highlights the fact that many companies preferred to go public rather than to significantly open their equity structure to private investors. Consequently, the first aim of this research was to prove that the equity route of some small and medium enterprises (SMEs) no longer follows the linear process of dilution as supposed by the classical financial theory (Myers, 1984). The second aim was to demonstrate that the approach of small and medium-sized family businesses is closer to the classical equity route (regular process of dilution), whereas fast-growing and young companies prefer to go public.
Identifying Industry-Specific Barriers to Inheritance in Small Family Businesses
Authors: Getz Donald , Petersen Tage
Published: August 2004

This article explores generic and industry-specific barriers to inheritance among family businesses within the tourism and hospitality industry. Data from comparable surveys of owners of tourism and hospitality businesses in Denmark and Canada reveal a very low rate of inheritance and a number of industry-specific barriers, including those related to location (e.g., remoteness and small-town settings result in out-migration by children who do not share their parents' lifestyle goals); nature of the work (long hours, high contact with customers, and hands-on labor make the business unappealing); viability of the business (seasonality of demand, taxes, or inseparability of business and family assets result in low potential for inheritance); and the lifestage of parents and children (many owners are in a second career or preretirement enterprise, and children cannot become involved). A number of hypotheses arise from this research and a framework for examining generic and industry-specific barriers is presented, with commentary on how other industries could be examined for these barriers.
Securing Prosperity
Authors: Osterman Paul
Published: August 2004

An alternative model for labor relations is needed, one that can both respond to increased mobility and redress the balance of power within the job market.
Labor's Missing Organizational Revolution
Authors: Miller S.M.
Published: August 2004

Business corporations are experiencing deep organizational changes; unions much less so. Unions' current intensive organizing efforts are crucial, but they will be inadequate if they do not also transform their functions and operations. New jobs, new kinds of workers, new situations require an organizational revolution among unions.
United Auto Workers—New Wave Negotiators
Authors: Coleman Margaret S.
Published: August 2004

The UAW has not only been bargaining over contracts with automakers, it has also been bargaining for service workers at places like Blue Cross/Blue Shield and organizing the unorganized. This article provides details and discusses the importance of the UAW agenda for U.S. labor.
Organizing Home Health‐Care Workers
Authors: Ness Immanuel
Published: August 2004

The author argues that building social movement unionism is critical to organizing low‐wage public‐sector workers in an era of government austerity and industrial restructuring.
The Family and Medical Leave Act in Court
Authors: Wisensale Steven K.
Published: August 2004

This study of 177 appeals court cases on the FMLA reveals that the two most contested issues are job security and defining serious illness, and that corporations won about 70 percent of all the cases.
Organized Labor's Best Bet? CyberUnions!
Authors: Shostak Arthur B.
Published: August 2004

The author argues that unions have to make full use of the Internet as an organizing tool if they do not want to be left far behind their corporate adversaries.
Review
Authors: Sharpe M.E.
Published: August 2004

The Social Health of the Nation: How America Is Really Doing.

By Marc Miringoff and Marque‐Luisa Miringoff
Informalization: Imported Through Immigration or a Feature of Advanced Economies?
Authors: Sassen Saskia
Published: August 2004

The combination of growing inequality in earnings and growing inequality in the profit‐making capabilities of different sectors in the urban economy has promoted informalization of an array of economic activities. These are not conditions imported from the third world, as is often argued.
Immigrant Workers Ask Labor “Which Side Are You On?”
Authors: Bacon David
Published: August 2004

The historic debate at the AFL‐CIO national convention in Los Angeles in October 1999 concluded with a resolution supporting repeal of U.S. labor law that constrains immigrant workers from joining unions. The labor movement plans a major political and organizing campaign to support immigrant worker rights.
Does the Electoral Path Work for Labor?
Authors: Piven Frances Fox , Cloward Richard
Published: August 2004

The meaning of union political work has varied over the labor movement's history. Even during the high point of labor's political influence, the New Deal of the 1930s, simply electing labor‐backed candidates did not alone provide an adequate vehicle for establishing working‐class reforms.
Looking Backward on Labor in the United States
Authors: Jacoby Dan
Published: August 2004

The increase of rote tasks in manufacturing over the first half of the nineteenth century misled labor into believing that education and training were not central to its advance. With the rise of the service sector and the new information age, organized labor's success depends on understanding and promoting its educational interests.
Working Partnerships
Authors: Brownstein Bob
Published: August 2004

The Santa Clara County Central Labor Council Working Partnerships USA builds labor‐community coalitions around economic development issues, allowing the labor movement to redefine debates over Silicon Valley's economy.
Undercounted and Underpaid Heroines
Authors: Coleman Margaret S.
Published: August 2004

This article is a brief history of women's involvement in wage labor as they follow the rocky road toward equal opportunity throughout the twentieth century.
Edubusiness Comes to the Academy
Authors: Kriger Thomas J. , Scheuerman William E.
Published: August 2004

The authors examine the implications of the virtual university by analyzing theoretical foundations of the National Learning Infrastructure Initiative and two rapidly expanding proprietary institutions, the University of Phoenix and Jones International University.
Labor and the Third‐Party Route
Authors: Reynolds David
Published: August 2004

While there are great obstacles facing third‐party organizing, several fledgling groups have developed effective strategies for organizing in the U.S. environment, including the establishment of viable local projects linked to union support.
Community Unionism in Baltimore and Stamford
Authors: Fine Janice
Published: August 2004

To achieve the AFL‐CIO's goal of organizing one million new workers each year, unions must develop strategies addressing the changing nature of work. Labor must reach beyond traditional jurisdictional boundaries to develop community‐based organizing strategies. The author's case studies of efforts in Baltimore and Stamford demonstrate the benefits of multiunion alliances with local community organizations, ethnic groups, and religious institutions.
Black Workers Remember
Authors: Honey Michael
Published: August 2004

The testimony of three African‐American union activists from the Memphis area reflects the pervasive racism that has afflicted our society from its inception and emphasizes the indissoluable connection between the civil rights movement and the labor movement.
Employer Sanctions Against Immigrant Workers
Authors: Chishti Muzaffar
Published: August 2004

The employer‐sanctions law has neither helped reduce undocumented immigration nor improved wages and working conditions of U.S. workers, but has become a tool to suppress workers' rights to organize.
The “Labor '96 Campaign”
Authors: Eimer Stuart , Zullo Roland
Published: August 2004

Research techniques show that Wisconsin AFL‐CIO political mailings had limited impact in elections. Results imply outreach should be broadly distributed to all members regardless of political leanings and be combined with personal contacts.
Review
Authors: Smith Brendan
Published: August 2004

Buy American: The Untold Story of Economic Nationalism.

By Dana Frank
Illinois Labor and the Return to Class Politics
Authors: Bruno Robert
Published: August 2004

In labor's 1998 Illinois election, union members consciously focused on class‐based economic issues. Most intriguing is the finding that racially conservative white members voted for African‐American Carol Moseley‐Braun despite opposition to affirmative action. A potentially strong class voting bloc challenges unions to develop ever more effective ways of mobilizing their membership.
McCarthyism and Organized Labor
Authors: Schrecker Ellen
Published: August 2004

The author maintains that the anticommunist struggle split the labor movement and contributed to its loss of vision and militancy and to its ultimate decline.
Beyond Unions and Collective Bargaining
Authors: Troy Leo
Published: August 2004

Individual representation is a fact for more than 90 percent of those employed in the private sector and, for many reasons discussed by the author, will remain so in the new millennium, leaving collective bargaining in “the twilight zone.”
The Retirement of the Baby Boomers
Authors: Mitchell Daniel J.B.
Published: August 2004

Current debates over “saving social security” may fuel future disruptive social movements of elderly baby boomers. Such elderly movements appeared in the 1930s and 1940s in California. Political entrepreneurs of that era turned these movements into profitable schemes with major repercussions.
The Avondale Shipyard Workers Union Drive
Authors: Ragen Bill
Published: August 2004

The Avondale Shipyard worker organizing campaign is one of the most important victories for the labor movement in the South. In November 1999, after more than six years of struggle against a fierce corporate anti‐union campaign, the shipyard workers at Avondale won union recognition. In the absence of labor laws protecting worker rights to organize, the campaign combined rank‐and‐file organizing with political, community, and religious outreach to win recognition. More than a year later, the workers still have no contract.
Labor Keeps the Democratic Party Accountable
Authors: Solis Hilda , Ness Immanuel
Published: August 2004

In the Democratic Party primary on March 7, 2000, California State Representative Hilda Solis defeated Democratic Representative Matthew “Marty” Martinez, an eighteen‐year incumbent from Alhambra, to become the only challenger to defeat an incumbent in the Democratic primary elections on Super Tuesday. The Thirty‐first Congressional District of California is a working‐class and recent‐immigrant suburban region extending through the San Gabriel Valley, in Los Angeles's suburbs. Solis's victory represents a stunning reversal in conventional Democratic Party politics. The party, backed by labor unions, decided not to endorse the incumbent politician, who was seen by labor groups as paying lip service to them but not supporting their interests in the House of Representatives. Though unions in the past had concentrated on mobilizing support in the urban districts of the state, Solis's victory was one of the first that was accomplished with concerted labor backing in the suburbs.

This victory reflects, in part, the revitalization of organized labor in California, where union membership increased by nearly 100,000 in 1999. The victory was achieved with the strong backing of organized labor, which argued that Martinez, the incumbent, took labor for granted and neglected the interests of workers in the district. Though Martinez supported some issues important to organized labor, union leaders considered him ineffective in advancing their interests. In this interview, Solis comments on the road to electoral victory.
The Merit Pay Controversy
Authors: McFadyen Deidre
Published: August 2004

Teachers' unions, having traditionally related pay to education and experience, are vigorously opposing merit pay proposals. Such measures, when based on students' performance on standardized tests, may simply reward teachers in better schools with better‐prepared students. Moreover, McFadyen observes, efforts to impose merit pay may be motivated by a desire to divide teachers and weaken their unions.
What Is Wrong with Economics? And What Will Make It Right?
Authors: Friedman Gerald
Published: August 2004

Academic economics has become a barrier to movements for social reform because it is devoted to the study of individual behavior and motivations.
Organizing in Puerto Rico
Authors: La Luz José , Ness Immanuel
Published: August 2004

José La Luz is a leader of the AFL‐CIO's campaign to organize 150,000 government workers in Puerto Rico. This is the AFL‐CIO's largest organizing effort in recent history.
The Working Families Party Strategy in New York State
Authors: Cantor Dan , Ness Immanuel
Published: August 2004

In November 1998, the Working Families Party, organized with significant support from a number of unions, gained ballot access as an independent party in New York State by polling over 50,000 votes for its gubernatorial candidate. The party, formed to challenge the Democratic Party's unresponsiveness to working people, seeks to organize members and voters on a grass‐roots basis. The goal is to shift the political debate to address economically populist issues too often neglected by the Democratic Party, including raising the minimum wage, passing living‐wage ordinances, and improving workers' compensation.
Review
Authors: Ness Immanuel
Published: August 2004

Battling for American Labor: Wobblies, Craft Workers, and the Making of the Union Movement
. By Howard Kimmeldorf.
Reviews
Authors: Scribner Wendy
Published: August 2004

Temps: The Many Faces of the Changing Workplace
. By Jackie Krasas Rogers
Review
Authors: Jacoby Dan
Published: August 2004

The Knowledge Factory: Dismantling the Corporate University and Creating True Higher Learning.

By Stanley Aronowitz
Review
Authors: Foerster Amy
Published: August 2004

Organizing Immigrants: The Challenge for Unions in Contemporary California
. Edited by Ruth Milkman.
Review
Authors: Ness Immanuel
Published: August 2004

The Unions and the Democrats: An Enduring Alliance.

By Taylor Dark
Reviews
Authors: Shepard Benjamin
Published: August 2004

Harp Song for a Radical: The Life and Times of Eugene Victor Debs.

By Marguerite Young, edited and with an introduction by Charles Ruas
Review
Authors: Parks Virginia
Published: August 2004

Corporate Power, American Democracy, and the Automobile Industry.

By Stan Luger
Does the National Labor Board Work for Labor?
Authors: Gould William
Published: August 2004

William B. Gould IV was appointed by President Clinton as chairman of the National Labor Relations Board and served from 1994 to 1998. Although Gould has long had a reputation in academia as a moderate, Republicans who opposed his nomination considered him an African‐American radical who would revitalize the statutory obligations of the board to protect workers' rights. In this interview, Gould examines his stormy term as board chairman and the threat that right‐wing Republicans in Washington continue to pose to the rights of workers and the prospects for improving labor rights.
Local Unions, “Primitive Democracy,” and Workers' Self‐Activity
Authors: Lynd Staughton
Published: August 2004

Unions need to reassess conventional ways of reaching out to workers. In every American community activists, often in new workplaces, are sharing broad objectives for social change. Unfortunately, these voices are frequently ignored.
National Security or International Solidarity?
Authors: Bacon David
Published: August 2004

As corporate‐led globalization leads to unparalleled profits for some, poverty and inequality are growing at unparalleled rates throughout the world. The ineluctable rise in free market reforms contributes to rising costs for food and basic necessities for many in the third world. In this environment, nation‐states are unable to determine their economic destinies, and national labor unions are defenseless in protecting the wages and conditions of workers. The failure of neoliberal global policy to address the conditions of the poor is contributing to unprecedented international labor migration and greater economic insecurity among U.S. workers.
What's Good for the Goose
Authors: Santora T
Published: August 2004

This article reviews the current state of domestic partner benefits offered by unions to their employees. It explores the institutional homophobia in the labor movement today and how it relates to treatment of gay and nonmarried union employees with domestic partners. Its thesis is that unions that intend to gain equal treatment for their members are better prepared to do so if they can hold themselves up as model employers.
Open Source Unionism
Authors: Freeman Richard B. , Rogers Joel
Published: August 2004

To increase density in the private sector, unions should explore a form of unionization that is open to nonmajority memberships. This form–‐which the authors call “open source” unionism–‐would make extensive use of the Internet to deliver individual services to workers. This article describes current union activity heading in this general direction. It assesses the legal and administrative feasibility of open source unionism and suggests ways unions could develop it further.
The Uncompensated Costs of Electricity
Authors: Latour Jane
Published: August 2004

From earliest days, employees of the Consolidated Edison Gas and Electric Company (Con Edison or Con Ed, for short) experienced a disproportionate rate of accidents, occupational disease, and death. But when a conscientious shop steward tried to get information about the hazards of radiation exposure at Indian Point, Con Ed's nuclear power plant, Utility Workers Local 1–2 lifted his steward's card and charged him with bringing willful harm to his union. In 1989, four employees of Con Edison were killed in the Gramercy Park explosion that spewed asbestos all over the neighborhood. Con Edison lied about the presence of asbestos to the union and the public. Then the union started paying attention to the asbestos their members were exposed to on the job. This is the story of “loyal oppositionists” in Local 1–2 and their efforts to get health and safety on the agenda of both the company and the union in a very dangerous and unhealthy industry.
The Mirage of Welfare Reform
Authors: Sawicky Max B.
Published: August 2004

The policy debate on welfare is driven by an exceedingly rosy view of the 1996 reform bill enacted by Congress and signed by President Clinton. The statistics most often resorted to are aggregate data on caseloads, employment, and income, yet a marginally more scrupulous consideration of such data in context cast serious doubt upon triumphalist judgments. Even worse, the data contain indications of serious harm suffered by a minority of welfare recipients. What we don't know about this reform dwarfs what we do know.
The Workforce Investment Act and the Labor Movement
Authors: Worthen Helena
Published: August 2004

The Workforce Investment Act of 1998, the national government's employment policy, is predicated on the assumption that education and skills training reduces poverty and produces high‐wage jobs. Challenging the WIA's assumption, Worthen argues that job training does not create stable, safe, and well‐paying jobs. To create well‐paying employment, labor unions must actively participate in the process of job creation. However, the author observes that organized labor does not participate in the initial stages or frequently is excluded from the process of job creation.
Strengthening Democracy in Unions
Authors: Benson Herman
Published: August 2004

Strengthening democracy in unions by convincing members that this movement truly belongs to them can convert the 16 million labor troops into a powerful movement for social justice. Union democracy as an idea has been legitimized by forty years of effort by insurgents from below. But the actual battle for union democracy continues. Its success depends upon the efforts of union reformers, enforcement of their rights under federal law, and support by liberal and civil libertarian allies.
Workers' Democracy
Authors: Lynd Staughton
Published: August 2004

Conventional definitions of union democracy are too limited to encompass the broad majority of people in and outside unions who are struggling for control over their workplaces. In particular, denotation of U.S. labor law and trade union perspectives of union democracy are far too narrow to give workers participatory power. Thus the concept of union democracy must be reinterpreted to include workers of all kinds (unionized workers, nonunion workers, and farmers); protection of the rights to strike, picket, and slow down; and the demand for worker‐community ownership. This article examines two recent examples of workers' democracy: the Serbian revolution of 2000 and the Zapatistas' ongoing struggle in Chiapas, Mexico.