bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF CATARACT SURGERY
Authors: BERNTH‐PETERSEN PETER
Published: May 2009

The outcome of intracapsular cataract extraction seen from the patients' point of view and patients' statements of visual function were obtained by questionnaires to 120 patients one year after the operation. Comparison to visual acuity at discharge after surgery was done.

The results indicate that today cataract extraction is very successful in improving vision, visual function and quality of life. The utilization of the visual improvement, however, is not always optimal; e.g. 39% of those patients, who according to visual acuity at discharge should have normal reading capacities, do not or cannot utilize this ability.

Many circumstances can be presumed to be responsible for this discrepancy, but further studies are needed for elucidation of these problems.
EVALUATION OF THE TRANSILLUMINATED AMSLER GRID FOR MACULA TESTING IN CATARACT PATIENTS
Authors: BERNTH‐PETERSEN PETER
Published: May 2009

A transilluminated, modified Amsler grid was used for evaluation of the macula in 80 cataract patients of whom 19 had abnormal maculas. The results were compared to those obtained with a commonly used test: colour perception. As control of the tests the post‐operative visual acuity and ophthalmoscopic macula inspection was used. Of the diseased maculas 68% were identified by the Amsler grid test and only 32% by the colour perception test. Both tests identified a high proportion of normal maculas: 90% by Amsler grid test and 89% by colour perception test. A pathological response to the Amsler grid test indicated a 68% probability of macular disease, and a normal test result indicated a 90% probability of normal macula. Only the Amsler grid test may statistically be characterized as being valid. The Amsler grid test however is not applicable to all cataract patients: Of originally 110 patients taken in for this test, 30 patients (27%) could not see the grid at all, whereas all 110 patients could be tested with the colour perception test.
CORECTOPIA WITH NYSTAGMUS, ABSENT FOVEAL REFLEXES AND CORNEAL CHANGES
Authors: MONDINO BARTLY J. , COHN HOWARD C.
Published: May 2009

A family is described with corectopia, nystagmus, absent foveal reflexes, and corneal changes inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern. Other abnormalities found in this family include microcornea, Bitot's spots, and iris colobomas. Faint superficial opacities and fine superficial vessels were found in the peripheral cornea of younger family members. Older family members showed an increase in the density of the superficial opacities and areas of stromal thinning were found in the 60‐year‐old proband. Corneal vessels and progression centrally. Full‐thickeness stromal opacities and changes have been associated with familial and sporadic aniridia and iris colobomas. The present report describes similar changes in association with corectopia.
THYMIDINE INCORPORATION BY HUMAN CORNEAL ENDOTHELIUM DURING ORGAN CULTURE
Authors: SIMONSEN A. HJORTH , SØRENSEN K. E. , SPERLING S.
Published: May 2009

Nine corneas from 5 human adult donors were obtained 11 to 31 h post mortem. In 4 corneas the endothelium was wounded by freezing and in 1 cornea by mechanical means. Care was taken to minimize endothelial damage in the remaining 4 corneas. The corneas were incubated at 31°C for 6 days in a tissue culture medium containing 3H thymidine. Autoradiographs were made of the flat preparations of the endothelium. All corneas contained radioactive endothelial cell nuclei, with the highest concentration of labelled nuclei being in the wound areas. The greatest number of labelled cells was found in the cornea from the youngest donor, 19 years of age, but thymidine uptake also occurred in the oldest cornea, 89‐years‐old, which additionally had signs of endothelial dystrophy.
CORNEAL GRAFT REJECTION PROBABLY MEDIATED BY ANTIBODIES
Authors: EHLERS NIELS , OLSEN THOMAS , JOHNSEN HANS ERIK
Published: May 2009

A clinical and laboratory analysis of a rejection episode is presented. A clear graft in a non‐vascularized cornea from 1975 was rejected when the contralateral eye was grafted in 1979. Clinically this case was unique by showing no endothelial rejection line and no precipitates and, as seen after successful treatment, no endothelial cell loss. A test for direct cell mediated lympholysis (DCML) was negative while antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) was positive at time of rejection, and negative three months later. This case suggests that humoral factors may be involved in corneal graft rejection.
REACTIVE CHANGES IN THE HUMAN RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIUM IN VITRO
Authors: NICOLAISSEN BJØRN , KOLSTAD ALBERT , ARNESEN KRISTEN
Published: May 2009

Explants from the retinal pigment epithelium and the underlying choroid and sclera were dissected from human eyes and transfered to culture wells. The mechanical trauma caused by the dissection and removal of the explants, and the changes in biological milieu caused by transfer of the tissue to an in vitro system causes injury, necrosis and detachment of cells from Bruch's membrane. In the retinal pigment epithelium, cells adjacent to damaged, spherical and detaching cells and smaller cell free zones form rosettes. At the periphery of big defects, the cells spread out to cover the denuded areas of Bruch's membrane. The present work has shown that cell injury in the human retinal pigment epithelium is followed by reactive cellular changes in vitro. The result of these reactive changes are increased variation in cellular form and magnitude and in pigment concentration per unit area.
A FEASIBLE DEVELOPMENT OF COMPUTERIZED PERIMETRY
Authors: KRAKAU C. E. T.
Published: May 2009

A procedure is suggested to also utilize the computer of the automatic perimeter for the evaluation of the visual field recordings. Parameters are constructed describing the general performance level of a test, size of a defect and its location etcetera. Comparisons with normal values, with the contralateral eye and, when possible, with previous test results are carried through. Trends towards decay or improvement in series of consecutive test results are analyzed. — The information of the field test is printed out in a concise form, verbally and numerically.
LYSOZYME, ALFA‐1‐ANTITRYPSIN AND SERUM ALBUMIN IN TEAR FLUID OF TIMOLOL TREATED GLAUCOMA PATIENTS WITH AND WITHOUT SYMPTOMS OF DRY EYES
Authors: NIELSEN NIELS VESTI , PRAUSE JAN ULRIK , ERIKSEN JENS SINDBERG
Published: May 2009

Determination of tear lysozyme, alfa‐1‐antitrypsin and serum albumin was performed in the tear fluid of 24 glaucoma patients on maintenance treatment with timolol. In 7 patients with symptoms of dry eye decreased levels of tear lysozyme and increased levels of alfa‐1‐antitrypsin and serum albumin were disclosed in contrast to 17 timolol treated patients without dry eyes and to healthy controls. The timolol treated patients with ocular dryness also showed hyperosmolality of tear fluid, abnormal corneal staining with rose bengal and decreased break‐up time and Schirmer‐I‐test. It is concluded that decreased concentration of tear lysozyme in glaucoma patients on topical treatment with timolol may indicate some impairment of the teargland function provoked by the treatment.
FREQUENCY OF CATARACT EXTRACTION IN GREENLANDERS
Authors: KLAUBER ANNE
Published: May 2009

The total number of cataract extractions in Eskimos in Greenland was 43 during 1979 and 1980. Of these 28 were performed as first eye extractions. The frequency of first eye extractions was found to be rather high, respectively 42 and 72 per 10.000 persons in 60–69 and 70–79‐year‐old persons. Racial, nutritional, climatological factors together with “backlog effect” are discussed.
CONTACT LENS INDUCED TRANSIENT CHANGES IN CORNEAL ENDOTHELIUM
Authors: VANNAS ANTTI , JUKKA MÄKITIE , JUKKA SULONEN , REIJO AHONEN , ESKO JÄRVINEN
Published: May 2009

The effect of soft contact lens (SCL) wear on corneal endothelium was studied with a noncontact specular microscope in 21 unadapted young volunteers. In 4 cases the specular reflection remained intact. In 6 cases the specular reflection was abnormally pronounced in the cell periphery and less pronounced in the central cell area. Nine of 21 eyes presented also nonreflecting areas or blebs. In 2 individuals these changes were extensive. The changes appeared 4 to 10 min after the contact lens (CL) insertion and reached a maximum after 15 to 40 min. The endothelial mosaic returned to normal about 30 min after removal of the CL. The endothelial bleb reaction and the role of atmospheric oxygen flux to the endothelium is discussed.
FRESH AND CULTURED CORNEAL GRAFTS COMPARED BY POST‐OPERATIVE THICKNESS AND ENDOTHELIAL CELL DENSITY
Authors: SPERLING STEFFEN , OLSEN THOMAS , EHLERS NIELS
Published: May 2009

Thirty‐nine corneas were removed within 6 h post mortem and stored in a moist chamber at 4°C before grafting. The mean donor age was 33 years and the average time between death and grafting was 11 h. Thirty cadaver corneas were selected after trypane blue staining and cultured at 31°C for 24 h before grafting. The mean donor age was 61 years and the mean time between death and culture was 18 h. During the first 10 postoperative days fresh grafts were thinner than cultured grafts. One year after the transplantation the two groups did not differ significantly in regard to the clinical result, corneal thickness, or endothelial cell loss. This indicates that corneas from old donors with extended post mortem time can be used for transplantation after individual evaluation and corneal culture.
THE C‐WAVE OF THE RABBIT ELECTRORETINOGRAM DURING DARK‐ADAPTATION AND THE STEADY‐STATE
Authors: WU LEZHENG , LURIE MARK , MARMOR MICHAEL F.
Published: May 2009

C‐waves of the rabbit ERG under urethane anesthesia were elicited by a Grass photostimulator during dark adaptation and under steady‐state conditions. After strong pre‐adaptation with light, the amplitude and time‐to‐peak of the c‐wave increased in parallel with the a‐ and b‐waves, reaching a maximum of 90–130 min. In the dark‐adapted steady‐state, repetitive stimuli at intervals ranging from 15 sec to 5 min elicited a stable c‐wave response except for a small dip in amplitude that occurred 2–6 min after initiating the shortest interval (15 sec) flashes. Although the changes in light and dark used in these experiments should have elicited shifts in the standing potential, no fluctuations of the c‐wave amplitude were evident with a time course corresponding to a light response of the standing potential.
FURTHER STUDIES OF THE CHEMICAL SENSITIVITY OF THE OSCILLATORY POTENTIALS OF THE ELECTRORETINOGRAM (ERG)
Authors: WACHTMEISTER LILLEMOR
Published: May 2009

The action of some Ω amino acids and the influence of ethanol on the oscillatory potentials (OPs) of the ERG were tested. Low doses of β‐alanine, an inhibitory amino acid, selectively suppressed the amplitude of the OPs without affecting the a‐ and b‐waves. The earlier OPs (O1 O2) appeared somewhat more sensitive to the drug than the later ones (O3—O5). Higher doses extinguished all the OPs but also affected the maximum amplitude of the a‐and b‐wave. There was no noticeable change of the threshold sensitivity of the a‐ and b‐waves. Valine in corresponding concentrations did not affect the OPs. Taurine did not change the OPs in most experiments but in some experiments a concurrent decrease of the OPs, a‐ and b‐waves occurred. Thus, these findings support the view that only inhibitory feed‐back circuits initiated by the amacrines give rise to the OPs. Ethanol had a differential and selective effect on the OPs. The later OPs (O3—O5). were sensitive to ethanol. In conclusion, these results support the notion that the individual oscillatory peaks are likely to have different origins and that the later OPs may perhaps be related to the off‐components in response to brief stimulus light.
DELAYED VISUAL EVOKED CORTICAL POTENTIALS IN RETINAL DISEASE
Authors: LENNERSTRAND GUNNAR
Published: May 2009

Flash and pattern visual evoked potentials (VEPs) were recorded in 16 patients with macular disease and in 3 patients with retinitis pigmentosa. Pathological VEP latencies were seen in 14 of the patients with macular lesions and in one with retinitis pigmentosa. Most eyes with a visual acuity below 0.2 showed delayed pattern responses. However, patients with higher visual acuity also had delayed pattern VEPs. It is concluded that an increase in VEP latency is not a specific sign of optic nerve lesion but may also occur in retinal disease, affecting different parts of the sensory retina.
CONTRAST SENSITIVITY MEASUREMENT IN RETINAL DISEASES BY LASER GENERATED SINUSOIDAL GRATING
Authors: KAYAZAWA FUMIO , YAMAMOTO TOSHIO , ITOI MOTOKAZU
Published: May 2009

The contrast sensitivity function (CSF) of 83 patients with retinal diseases was measured by laser‐generated sinusoidal grating pattern, which enables the direct measurement of the CSF between the retina and the brain. The CSF abnormality in various retinal diseases was not specific to each disease, and the severity may determine the pattern. The abnormal patterns and rough correlation with visual acuity (V.A.) are: (1) attenuation at high frequency ranges (V.A. > 0.8), (2) attenuation at intermediate and high frequency ranges (0.4 < V.A. < 0.7), (3) attenuation at all frequency ranges (V.A. < 0.3). Some cases, however, showed discrepancy between visual acuity and CSF. At the recovery stage of central serous retinopathy and retinal branch vein occlusion, CSF showed delayed recovery or attenuated sensitivity even when visual acuity was restored to 1.0 or more. In retinitis pigmentosa and pre‐retinal macular fibrosis, CSF showed more sensitive detection of abnormal macular function than visual acuity measurement. At the post‐corticosteroid therapy of Harada's disease and Sympathetic Ophthalmia, CSF recovered more rapidly than visual acuity when retinal detachment was absorbed. Those discrepanicies suggest that CSF measurement may be useful for evaluating progression or regression of these diseases.
ACYCLOVIR IN THE TREATMENT OF HERPETIC KERATITIS
Authors: JENSEN KLAUS BO , NISSEN STEEN H. , JESSEN FLEMMING
Published: May 2009

Fourty‐three eyes with active dendritic keratitis, nearly one third of which had failed to respond to other antiviral agents, were treated with acyclovir with or without preceding debridement. The patients were randomly selected. No statistical difference could be demonstrated between the 2 groups in terms of rate of healing or in efficacy of cure. Acyclovir also seemed to be effective in stromal corneal lesions. There were only minor side effects.
INCIDENCE OF DEMODEX FOLLICULORUM ON SKIN OF LIDS AND NOSE
Authors: NORN MOGENS S.
Published: May 2009

The incidence of follicle mites (Demodex) has been studied in 206 non‐selected subjects by means of adhesive tape impressions on skin during daytime of nose and lids and moist storage of the tape. The incidence was seen to rise with increasing age: 4% in young subjects, 30% in the age group of 20 to 80, and 47% in older. The mite was more often present on the skin of the nose (17%) than on that of the upper lid (8%), while the incidence on the lower lid was between these 2 extremes (13%). A total of 126 Demodex mites were detected (123 Demodex folliculorum and 3 Demodex brevis), all full‐grown. Of these, 41% were ghosts. The migration was evenly distributed in all directions within the areas examined. About 0.2% of the mites can be roughly estimated to have migrated at a certain point of time from the follicles of the nose to its skin.
CHARACTERIZATION AND QUANTIFICATION OF ACID PHOSPHATASE AND GLYCOSIDE HYDROLASES IN RABBIT CORNEA
Authors: SCHIVE KIRSTI , VOLDEN GUNNAR
Published: May 2009

The optimal reaction condition and kinetic properties of 8 lysosomal hydrolases in rabbit cornea determined with the use of fluorigenic derivatives of 4‐methylumbelliferone are described. The enzymes studied were α‐ and β‐glucosidase α‐ and β‐galactosidase, α‐mannosidase, β‐acetylglucosaminidase, β‐glucuronidase and acid phosphatase. Sodium taurocholate was an essential requirement for β‐glucosidase acitvity. Approximately the same pH optimum values, Michaelis‐Menten constants and sensitivity to inhibitors were found as by other investigators in other tissues. The reaction conditions described in this report can be used for studying the influence of physical, chemical, viral, bacterial agents etc. on the cornea and further also for the diagnosis of eventual lysosomal storage diseases.
MULIBREY NANISM, AN AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE SYNDROME WITH OCULAR INVOLVEMENT
Authors: TARKKANEN A. , RAITTA C. , PERHEENTUPA J.
Published: May 2009

Mulibrey nanism is a rare autosomal recessive condition characterized by a growth failure of pre‐natal onset and several associated dysmorphic features. On ophthalmoscopy the optic disc and macula have a normal appearence while the midperiphery and more peripheral areas have revealed hypopigmentation and pigment scattering. By fluorescein angiography areas of focal choroidal hypoplasia have been noted. Histopathological examination of a typical case revealed atrophy of the corneal epithelium and thickening of the Bowman's membrane. The optic nerve and the macula appeared normal while the midperiphery showed focal choroidal hypoplasia with marked atrophy of the retina and of the pigment epithelium. Occasional drusen were also noted in this area. The findings do confirm the hypothesis that the choroidal changes represent one further manifestation originating from mesodermal tissues in these patients.
EVALUATION OF PUPILLARY FUNCTION IN THYROID DISEASE
Authors: HREIDARSSON A. B. , LAURBERG P.
Published: May 2009

Employing the technique of infrared television pupillography, the pupil area in darkness, pupillary unrest, and various parameters of the light response were measured in 5 patients with clinical and biochemical overt thyrotoxicosis and in 2 patients with longstanding severe primary myxoedema. The patients were studied before and after medical treatment. The treatments did not induce significant alterations in any of the parameters measured. Thus pupillary measurements are not a convenient method for recording of peripheral thyroid hormone action.
MONOLAYERED EXPLANTS IN THE STUDY OF RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIAL BEHAVIOR IN CULTURE
Authors: NICOLAISSEN B. , NICOLAISSEN B. E. , BERAKI K. , KOLSTAD A. , ARNESEN K. , ARMSTRONG D.
Published: May 2009

A technique that permits removal of viable retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) explants of determined size from Bruch's membrane, and the transfer of such explants with maintained apico‐basal polarity to cell culture dishes is presented. The RPE is a polarized tissue where the apical surface is involved in the interchange of material between the choroid and sensory retina and in phagocytosis of visual receptor outer segments. The maintenance of this polarity is of importance in studies aimed at elucidating these functions on pure RPE explants in early primary culture. No previous work has presented a method that permits this maintenance. The possibility of standardizing the size of these explants should facilitate quantitative studies on phagocytosis and uptake of markers and labelled compounds. The described dissection procedure is also currently used to separate the RPE as a pure cell population from surgically removed chorio‐retinal biopsies for cell culture purpose.
SPHEROID DEGENERATION, PINGUECULA, AND PTERYGIUM AMONG ARABS IN THE RED SEA TERRITORY, JORDAN
Authors: NORN MOGENS S.
Published: May 2009

Report of an examination of 127 Arabs in the Red Sea City of Aqaba, Jordan. The results are compared with those of the author's examinations, using a similar apparatus, of 659 Eskimos in Western Greenland and 810 Caucasians in Copenhagen. Ultraviolet (u.v.) light is at a maximum in the Red Sea territory, considerable in Greenland, and negligible in Copenhagen. The prevalences of the following degenerative processes are high at the Red Sea, somewhat lower in Greenland, and low in Copenhagen: Climato‐keratopathy gr. III (across the cornea, often with autofluorescent spheroids, always with conjunctival location as well), conjunctival spheroids (39%), and pinguecula (90% at the Red Sea). The prevalence of the conjunctival spheroid degeneration greatly exceeds that of the corneal. No difference is demonstrable between tropical and arctic keratopathy. The investigations performed gave results bearing out the view that u.v. light is responsible for all the above degenerative processes. Pterygium is equally frequent at the Red Sea and in Greenland. Lipid deposits (6%) and scleral plaques are not more prevalent at the Red Sea, a fact which argues against an ultraviolet genesis.
TIMOLOL MALEATE IN THE TREATMENT OF GLAUCOMA SIMPLEX AND GLAUCOMA CAPSULARE A three‐year follow up study
Authors: BLIKA SIGMUND , SAUNTE ELDBJØRG
Published: May 2009

180 eyes of 97 patients with primary open angle glaucoma and IOP > 22 mm were treated for more than 3 years with timolol‐maleate. 130 eyes had glaucoma simplex, and 50 eyes had glaucoma capsulare. With timolol maleate as the only medication after 3 years, the IOP was controlled in 33% of the glaucoma simplex group, and in 8% of the glaucoma capsulare group. No serious local or systemic side‐effects were observed.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE C‐WAVE AND LIGHT RESPONSE OF THE RABBIT EYE
Authors: HU KARIN G. , MARMOR MICHAEL F.
Published: May 2009

The rabbit c‐wave and light response (LR) of the standing potential were recorded simultaneously while presenting the eye with light flashes at 15 sec intervals. The LR peaked about 15 min after the onset of flashes, but the c‐wave amplitude remained constant after the first min of stimulation. Elimination of pigment epithelial activity with intravenous sodium iodate blocked both the c‐wave and LR. Elimination of inner retinal activity with intravitreal aspartic acid blocked neither. These results are consistent with those from other mammals insofar as the pigment epithelium is required for both c‐wave and LR, but differ from other species in two respects: (1) the rabbit LR is not sensitive to aspartate; (2) the rabbit c‐wave does not vary in amplitude with the LR.
ANGIOLYMPHOID HYPERPLASIA WITH EOSINOPHILIA INVOLVING THE ORBITA
Authors: BOSTAD LEIF , PETTERSEN WILLY
Published: May 2009

In a 49‐year‐old male patient a tumour was removed from the subcutaneous tissue at the upper edge of the right orbit. The histological appearance was consistent with angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia.
CONJUNCTIVAL SPHEROID DEGENERATION
Authors: NORN MOGENS S.
Published: May 2009

After excision of part of the conjunctiva in 15 eyes (14 subjects) due to spheroid degeneration, the author noticed only fairly small, varying numbers of autofluorescent and colourless spheroids – after an observation period of 18 months, only 6% of autofluorescent and 13% of colourless bodies were observed compared to the number before biopsy. Around the biopsy site only a few spheroids were seen, with a non‐significant tendency to increase in number of the colourless bodies. In the cornea the band–shaped keratopathy had aggravated, with the formation of a small number of large, autofluorescent spheroids. A pinguecula recurred in a mild degree only in 3 out of 13 cases within 18 months.
OUTCOME OF CATARACT SURGERY. III. INFLUENCE OF AGE, MACULAR DISEASE AND TYPE OF CORRECTION
Authors: BERNTH‐PETERSEN PETER
Published: May 2009

This study evaluates the influence of age, type of aphakic correction and macular disease on outcome of cataract surgery. This is done by multivariate regression analyses on data collected prospectively in 123 consecutive cataract patients. The analyses showed that age and type of correction had only minor influence on outcome. The most influencing factor was macular disease. If a patient's macula is or becomes diseased then outcome regardless of any other variables will be reduced compared to outcome in patients without macular disease and vice versa. These findings however do not mean that macular disease constitute a contraindication for cataract extraction. In fact we found that also the macular diseased cataract patients do benefit considerably from cataract surgery.
OUTCOME OF CATARACT SURGERY. IV. SOCIO‐ECONOMIC ASPECTS
Authors: BERNTH‐PETERSEN PETER
Published: May 2009

This outcome assessment study is based on data collected prospectively in a group of 123 consecutive cataract patients. Cataract surgery to vast majority of patients means prevention of blindness, better vision, better visual functioning and better quality of life. Due to cataract surgery the occupational status is maintained in many patients, and a majority of the retired patients are able to continue a normal life in their own homes. Thus the economic benefit to the community are savings of disablement pensions and of geriatric nursing home accommodation. In this study we found that these savings by far exceeded the costs of cataract surgery. Capacity for cataract surgery ought to be sufficient everywhere.
HUMAN CORNEAL ENDOTHELIAL CELL DENSITY AFTER AN IN VITRO IMMITATION OF ELEVATED INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE
Authors: MORTENSEN ANDERS CHR. , SPERLING STEFFEN
Published: May 2009

Normal human cadaver corneas were mounted in test chambers 10–52 h post mortem, regenerated for 24 h in a modified tissue culture medium, and exposed to a laboratory immitation of elevated intraocular pressure. The endothelial cell density was determined before application of the pressure and after 24 h of culture without a pressure difference between the anterior and the posterior corneal surfaces. Pressure differences of 160 and 80 mmHg maintained for 8 and 72 h did not lead to decreased endothelial cell densities.
CHANGES IN OPTIC DISC DRUSEN demonstration by stereophotographs and electronic subtraction
Authors: MUSTONEN EILA , ALANKO HANNU I. , HEIKKINIEMINEN
Published: May 2009

As a part of more comprehensive examination of 180 patients with optic disc drusen, fundus photographs of 159 cases were evaluated. There were 70 patients whose optic discs were photographed two or more times during the years from 1967 to 1981. Four patients were selected to present the changes which can take place in optic discs with drusen and the alterations are demonstrated by autofluorescence pictures, stereophotographs, and electronic subtraction method.
ADDITIVE INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE REDUCING EFFECT OF TOPICAL TIMOLOL DURING SYSTEMIC β‐BLOCKADE
Authors: MARÉN N. , ALVAN G. , CALISSENDORFF B. M. , HAGLUND K. , SEIDEMAN P.
Published: May 2009

The effect on intraocular pressure (IOP) of topical timolol was studied in 30 patients with arterial hypertension treated with oral alprenolol, metoprolol or timolol. No patient had any known eye disorder. Topical administration of timolol induced a significant reduction of IOP regardless if the patients had systemic β‐blockade or not. Treatment with topical timolol alone was equally effective in reducing IOP as combined topical and oral therapy. Patient compliance was checked with plasma concentrations of the different β‐blockers.
THE EFFECT OF SALT LOADING DIET ON THE INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE
Authors: SHAPIRO AMIRAM , SHAPIRO YAIR , UDASSIN RAPHAEL , SHOENFELD YEHUDA , KONIKOFF FRED
Published: May 2009

Salt tablets are habitually ingested by some people while doing physical exercise in hot climate, in order to prevent sodium depletion. The effect of supplementary salt on the intraocular pressure was investigated on 5 healthy acclimatized subjects who rode a bicycle ergometer at temperature of 35°C and relative humidity of 40%. A significant decrease of 1.0 mmHg in their mean intraocular pressure was detected when 10.2 gm NaCl was added daily to the normal diet. The pressure reduction was associated with changes of the body fluid balance.
CHANGES OF THE CORNEA ENDOTHELIUM AFTER ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION
Authors: RINGVOLD AMUND , DAVANGER MARTIN , OLSEN ERLING GRÖNVOLD
Published: May 2009

The rabbit cornea endothelium has been studied with specular and scanning electron microscopy after exposure with a commercially available ultraviolet lamp. The animals were plased 50 cm from the source, and most experiments were run with a 20 min exposure time. In the specular microscope, the endothelium revealed numerous circumscript reflex‐free areas, which were observed from 4 days up to 8 months after the irradiation. A wide varity of changes were found in the scanning electron microscope. One day after the exposure the cells showed indistinct outlines, and they were bulging into the anterior chamber. In some regions the pattern was dominated by marked grooves preferentially along the cell demarcations, whereas other regions showed rough surfaced cells because of cytoplasmic projections and grainy deposits. At the 3 days stage there was a marked pleomorphy, and some cells were on their way to being rejected. After one week the cobblestone appearance of the endothelium was about to decline. Partly rejected cells were still common. In addition, distinct, ringshaped local impressions occurred imitating the previous described grooves. This phenomenon along with some single endothelial cells studded with microvilli were the abnormal findings 8 months after the damage. It is concluded that although ultraviolet radiation is largely absorbed in the cornea, the threshold dose for damage of the endothelium is not beyond those used for practical purpose. The endothelium was surprisingly resistent towards repeated radiation damage.
THE EFFECT OF OPHTHALMIC PRESERVATIVES ON THE SHAPE OF CORNEAL ENDOTHELIAL CELLS
Authors: COLLIN H. BARRY , GRABSCH BRENDA E.
Published: May 2009

The mean area (293.6 ± 53.6 μm2) and perimeter (65.5 ± 5.8 μm) of individual cells were determined from the photographed endothelium of a total of 54 guinea pig corneas, after staining with silver nitrate and removal of the epithelium and stroma. In addition a quantitative assessment of cell shape S (= P2/A) was calculated. The mean cell density (3406 ± 619 cells per mm2) was similar to that for young humans, and the S value (14.76 ± 0.73) was as expected for slightly irregular hexagonal and pentagonal shapes. Incubation of the corneas in glutathione‐bicarbonate‐Ringer solution for periods up to 4 h resulted in only slight changes in the endothelial cell shape (S = 15.21 ± 0.89). However, incubation with thimerosal (0.01%) for 2 h (S = 16.78 ± 1.79) or with disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate (Na2EDTA) (0.2%) for 1 h (S = 17.20 ± 2.36) gave a marked increase in the tortuosity of the cell ‘outlines’. Longer periods of contact with Na2EDTA resulted in a rounding up and separation of endothelial cells.
ABSORPTION OF TOPICALLY APPLIED HYDROCORTISONE FROM THE EYE OFTHE RHESUS MONKEY
Authors: OHMAN LENA , EDQVIST LARS‐ERIK , JOHANSSON ELOFD B.
Published: May 2009

Blood samples were collected from anaesthetized monkeys during one h a) after topical application of an eyedrop of hydrocortisone acetate suspension, b) after topical application of a drop of the vehicle alone, and c) after no application at all. Radioimmunoassay (RIA) showed a rapid and similar increase of hydrocortisone plasma levels in all 3 kinds of experiments. RIA revealed that in monkeys the anaesthetic procedure alone was sufficient to cause a considerable increase of endogenous hydrocortisone levels overshadowing any systemic absorption of topical hydrocortisone. Using tritiated hydrocortisone instead a rapid increase of systemic absorption after topical application was found. A plasma concentration of 1 % of the dose was found one min after topical instillation increasing to a maximum of 6–7% at 30 min. The half time of the slow phase of elimination was about 19 h.
TV INDIRECT OPHTHALMOSCOPE
Authors: SASAKI KAZUYUKI , NAKAIZUMI HIROKO
Published: May 2009

A prototype of TV indirect ophthalmoscope (black‐and‐white type) was developed to enhance education in ophthalmology. Its weight is 450 g, and pictures obtained were fairly satisfactory. The authors have used this ophthalmoscope not only for practicing indirect iphthalmoscopy by students, but also as monitoring device during retinal surgery.
THE PREVALENCE AND CAUSES OF IMPAIRED VISION IN DIABETICS
Authors: NIELSEN NIELS VESTI
Published: May 2009

The prevalence of partial sight and legal blindness was studied in 533 diabetics traced by prescriptions on insulin and oral hypoglycaemic agents (OHA) on the island of Falster (44 498 inhabitants). The prevalence of insulin‐treated diabetics (30 September 1980) was 0.52 per 1000 inhabitants and 0.72 per 1000 inhabitants of OHA‐treated patients. In the insulin‐treated group 106 patients had an onset age of diabetes below 30 years. Legal blindness occurred in 7.9% of 227 investigated insulin‐treated and in 4.9% of 306 OHA‐treated patients. Thus, the overall frequency of blindness in these 533 investigated diabetics was 6.2%. Partial sight was found in 4.9% of insulin‐treated and in 10.5% of OHA‐treated diabetics. In the insulin‐treated patients partial sight and legal blindness was caused by retinopathy (background and proliferative) in 81.8% and 84.8% of patients, respectively. Retinopathy contributed to partial sight in 46.8% and legal blindness in 80% of OHA‐treated diabetics. Proliferative retinopathy and background retinopathy caused visual loss in 48.4% and 36.4%, respectively, of legal blind diabetics. In diabetics with partial sight, background retinopathy was a more frequent cause of impaired vision (44.2% of the patients) than proliferative retinopathy (9.3% of the patients). In 50% of OHA‐treated patients with partial sight maculopathy without diabetic retinopathy (senile maculopathy) was the cause of visual impairment in contrast to 1% of insulin‐treated patients with partial sight. The severity of visual impairment was significantly associated with the duration of diabetes (> 15 years), the current age (> 50 years) and age at onset of diabetes (> 30 years) in insulin‐treated group. Relation between duration of diabetes (> 5 years) current age (> 70 years) and a visual acuity 0.10 could be demonstrated in OHA‐treated patients. Impaired vision was more common among females in both the insulin‐ and OHA‐treated group. In the females no association appeared between the frequency of pregnancies and a visual acuity 0.33. In diabetics with nephropathy, gangrene or amputation impairment of vision occurred more frequently.
ENZYME ACTIVITIES AND PROTEIN CONCENTRATION IN THE INTRAOCULAR FLUIDS OF TEN MAMMALS
Authors: WURSTER ULRICH , RIESE KURT , HOFFMANN KARL
Published: May 2009

An attempt was made to establish normal values for the total protein concentrations and the enzyme activities of LDH, MDH and PGI in the intraocular fluids of rats, guinea pigs, rabbits, cats, dogs, sheep, cattle, pigs, horses and humans. Remarkably little species differences were noted in 9 of the 10 mammals with vitreal enzyme activities falling into a narrow range between 8.4 U/l (PGI, horse) and 92.4 U/l (MDH, guinea pig). All species obeyed the sequence aqueous < vitreous < serum with exception of the rat, where vitreous activities surpassed serum at least two‐fold. The very low enzyme activities in the aqueous and vitreous humours demand special precautions against contaminations which can either derive from post‐mortem storage or inadequate sampling procedures. Conversely elevated enzyme activities could be used as probes for pathological processes or as a check for a clean preparation.
ASTIGMATISM IN GONIOSCOPY
Authors: HALLDÉN ULF
Published: May 2009

The bundle of rays from the chamber angle will pass the posterior surface of the contact‐glass at a large angle. This will result in considerable astigmatism. Different methods to reduce or eliminate the astigmatism are discussed.
DETERMINATION OF CHROMIUM AND CAESIUM IN HUMAN CATARACTOUS LENSES
Authors: THEODOSSIADIS GEORGE P. , KOURIS TASSOS CH. , BAÏRAKTARI‐KOURI EFFI M.
Published: May 2009

The concentration of chromium and caesium in totally opaque (mature) cataractous lenses has been determined by instrumental neutron activation analysis and gamma spectrometry. The presence of these trace‐elements in the human lens has to our knowledge not been investigated so far. Both elements under study are of known biological importance. Chromium is an essential trace‐element necessary for the maintenance of normal glucose metabolism. Moreover it is considered to rank among those elements, the increased level of which contributes to environmental pollution. Caesium is a biologically important trace‐element due to its relationship with potassium, as has been demonstrated in a variety of biochemical and physiological processes. The concentration of these elements was determined in cataractous lenses from fifty‐one patients with senile cataract and has been correlated with age and sex.
CELL‐MEDIATED IMMUNE REACTIVITY TO OCULAR ANTIGENS IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
Authors: BROEKHUYSE R. M. , VAN DE PUTTE L. B. A. , PINCKERS A. J. L. G. , BRINKMAN C. J. J.
Published: May 2009

Fourteen patients with rheumatoid arthritis were tested for the presence of cell‐mediated immune reactivity to various ocular antigens by means of the leucocyte migration inhibition test. A significant difference in leucocyte migration was found between patients and healthy controls after incubation of their cells with purified rhodopsin, uveal pigment granules or soluble uveal antigens, but not with rod outer segments or soluble retinal antigens. Some indications have been obtained that the sensitization to rhodopsin in fact originates from a sensitization to connective tissue structural glycoproteins.
CHOLESTERIC LIQUID CRYSTALS IN THE HUMAN CATARACTEOUS LENS OBSERVABLE WITH POLARIZED LIGHT
Authors: WIDAKOWICH JOHANNES
Published: May 2009

Liquid crystals of the cholesteric order can be made visible in the live human eye by the use of polarized light. This is demonstrated in 3 photographs of the same cataracteous lens made on the same occasion with unpolarized, circularly polarized and linearly polarized light.
A CASE WITH LEIOMYOMA OF IRIS EXTIRPATED WITH CRYOSURGERY AND ITS PATHOLOGICAL FINDINGS
Authors: OKAMOTO NOBUKO , SOTANI TAKAYUKI , SHIMO‐OKU MASASHI , SASHIKATA TERUMASA
Published: May 2009

This report describes surgical observation and histopathological findings in a case of a 44‐year‐old male with leiomyoma of the iris in his left eye which had initiated from uveitis. In view of clinical efficiency and electron microscopic detection of leiomyoma, it is recommended that the tumour be excised after freezing coagulation. For confirmative diagnosis of leiomyoma of the iris, an electron microscopic detection is necessary to demonstrate the characteristic findings including cells with cigar‐shaped nuclei, cytoplasmic and plasma‐lemmal density, fine filaments, surface‐connected vesicles and basement membrane.
OUTCOME OF CATARACT SURGERY I
Authors: BERNTH‐PETERSEN PETER
Published: May 2009

In this prospective study outcome assessment comprise what happens to the patient in terms of symptom level and quality of life, patients' contentment with benefit of treatment, problems of aphakic rehabilitation besides post‐operative visual acuity and complication rates. 114 cataract patients were observed until 1 year after surgery. 82% of the patients obtained a final visual acuity of 0.5 or better. 26% of the patients were dissatisfied with outcome of surgery and stated no improvement in quality of life. Two main reasons for dissatisfaction were found: macular disease and the defects of vision through aphakic spectacle lenses. In fact 75% of the spectacle‐corrected monaphakic patients had complaints about the quality of vision. Most satisfied were the monaphakic patients with contact lenses and biaphakic patients irrespective to method of aphakic correction.
SENSITIVITY OF THE ELECTRONIC SUBTRACTION METHOD IN EVALUATION OF SIMULATED OPTIC DISC CHANGES
Authors: ALANKO HANNU I. , AIRAKSINEN P. L. JUHANI
Published: May 2009

Electronic subtraction method can be used in evaluation of glaucomatous optic disc changes from sequential fundus photographs. To determine the resolving power of the subtraction method, minute changes in the diameter of the model optic cup of known dimensions were simulated by changing the magnification, i.e. the refraction, of an artificial test eye. The results show that with an overall magnification of 40 times a two‐dimensional change of 25 μm or more in the optic disc can be detected with the electronic subtraction in optimal conditions. A larger magnification could improve the sensitivity, but at present it is restricted by unlinearity in the imaging system.
PATHOLOGY OF IRIDECTOMY SPECIMENS IN GYRATE ATROPHY OF THE RETINA AND CHOROID
Authors: VANNAS‐SULONEN KAARINA , VANNAS ANTTI , O'DONNELL JAMES J. , SIPILÄ ILKKA , WOOD IRMGARD
Published: May 2009

Gyrate atrophy of the retina and choroid is an autosomal recessive disease characterized by progressive retinal degeneration and ornithine aminotransferase deficiency. We report here the new histological findings and ultrastructural changes in 3 iridectomy specimens from 2 Finnish patients with gyrate atrophy. The iridectomy specimens were removed during routine cataract extraction and studied with a transmission electron microscope. The dilator muscle showed atrophy, abnormall mitochondria, and tubular aggregate type structures similar to those found in skeletal muscle. Degenerative changes such as extracted cellular matrix, dropout of cellular organelles, and dilated intercellular spaces were observed in the pigmented posterior epithelium and the anterior iris epithelium.
RETINOPATHY CAUSED BY TREATMENT WITH TAMOXIFEN IN LOW DOSAGE
Authors: VINDING TROELS , NIELSEN NIELS VESTI
Published: May 2009

In 17 patients treated with tamoxifen in a low dosage (30 mg daily) ophthalmological examination was performed. This revealed 2 cases with possible retinotoxic effect. A 64 year‐old woman treated with tamoxifen for 9 months for metastatic breast cancer developed retinopathy with transitory visual impairment. The retinopathy was morphological characterised by multiple yellowish‐white dots in the posterior pole, a parafoveal haemorrhage and accumulation of reticular pigment changes in the periphery of the retina. By retinal fluorescein angiography multiple non‐fluorescent dots and hyperfluorescent areas were seen in the posterior pole. The retinal lesions remained unchanged except for the haemorrhage after discontinuation of the tamoxifen treatment. In another patient some of these changes were also found. The retinotoxic effect of tamoxifen has been reported previously with tamoxifen in high dosage (≥ 180 mg daily, minimal total dosage of 90 g) used for long periods, but never from this drug in low dosage (30 mg daily, minimal total dose 8.1 g‐12.0 g).
EFFECT OF INTRAOCULAR LENSES ON COMPLEMENT LEVELS IN HUMAN SERUM
Authors: MONDINO BARTLY J. , RAO HAIHWA
Published: May 2009

Polymethylmethacrylate intraocular lenses with polypropylene loops were incubated in fresh human serum to determine and quantitate the effect of these lenses on haemolytic levels of C1, C4, C2, C3 and C5 and levels of Factor B and C3c measured by radial immunodiffusion. We were unable to demonstrate any statistically significant differences in complement levels in serum after incubation for 1 h with and without an intraocular lens. After incubation of serum for 3 h with and without an intraocular lens, we were able to demonstrate a statistically significant reduction in C3 by haemolytic assay but not in C3c by radial immunodiffusion. There were no statistically significant differences at 3 h in C1, C4, C2, C5 and Factor B. The results of this study suggest that intraocular lenses do not have a substantial effect on complement levels.
LIPID DEPOSITS SUBCONJUNCTIVALLY AND EPISCLERALLY
Authors: NORN MOGENS
Published: May 2009

Examination of 1029 subjects disclosed 30–60 μm‐sized frog's egg‐like lipid deposits subconjunctivally and episclerally in 34%. The prevalence was found to rise steadily with increasing age to a maximum between 70 and 80 (52%). The prevalence declined after the age of 80. Both sexes were equally represented, except in the age groups over 70, where females predominated. In 48% lipid deposits were presented in both eyes, located nasally, temporally, inferiorly, and superiorly in decreasing order of frequency. Vertical location alone was found in 13%. The number of lipid globules was the greatest horizontally (median value nasally 20, temporally 30) and the smallest vertically (median value inferiorly 8, superiorly 15). The lipid deposits were generally found in relation to anterior ciliary arteries, most frequently off the upper corner of the horizontal muscles. In no more than 13% were such deposits seen as pads bearing no relation to vessels, and in 1% between tendon fibres, likewise non‐related to vessels. No relation was noticed to presence of pinguecula, pterygium, and scleral plaques, nor to blood pressure or particularly thick conjunctiva. Lipid deposites were rarer in cases with an extraordinarily thin conjunctiva. Presence of lipid deposits may possible be accountable for by injuries of the arterial wall due to eye muscle movements with subsequent exudation of lipids into the surrounding episcleral connective tissue.
VISUAL ABILITY AND DRUG REGIMEN: RELATION TO COMPLIANCE WITH GLAUCOMA THERAPY
Authors: GRANSTRöM PER‐ARNE , NORELL STAFFAN
Published: May 2009

Compliance with pilocarpine eye drop therapy was studied in relation to different measures of visual ability and different features of the drug regimen. Neither visual ability, nor complexity of the drug regimen nor side effects were significantly releated to the patients' compliance with their pilocarpine therapy. Nevertheless, non‐compliance was significantly more common among patients who regarded the eye drops as very unpleasant than among patients who did not. This indicates that non‐compliance is related to the patient's perception of side effects and/or negative attitudes to the treatment.
RADIAL KERATOTOMY AND CORNEAL PERMEABILITY IN OWL MONKEY
Authors: HULL DAVID S. , FARKAS STEVE , GREEN KEITH , LAUGHTER LISA , BOWMAN KAREN
Published: May 2009

Radial keratotomy was performed on Owl Monkey corneas using 8 incisions with sparing of a 3.5mm central pupillary area. Cornea endothelial membrane permeabilities were determined at 2 days, and 4 weeks, following the procedure using simultaneous flux determinations of 3H‐labeled inulin and 14C‐labelled dextran. Inulin permeability was increased 27% two days following the procedure, and had returned to levels comparable to the unoperated eye 4 weeks following the procedure. Dextran permeability was unaltered at both 2 days, and 4 weeks, following the procedure. This study has shown that radial keratotomy causes a transient reduction in endothelial barrier function with the production af physiologically significant ‘holes’ in the membrane in the immediate post‐operative period. The relationship of this physiological alteration to ultimate endothelial cell function is, at the present time, unknown.
DIFFUSE CHOROIDAL ATROPHY AND KLINEFELTER SYNDROME
Authors: WOLKSTEIN MURRAY A. , ATKIN ADAM K. , WILLNER JUDITH P. , MINDEL JOEL S.
Published: May 2009

We report the first case of diffuse choroidal atrophy associated with Klinefelter syndrome. Retinal findings included midperipheral bone corpuscular pigmentation, large areas suggestive of choroidal atrophy, and unusual golden crystalline structures that apparently were mainly in the neurosensory retina. A sensorineural hearing deficit was also noted. Biochemical studies, including amino acid blood levels, were within normal limits. This case is of interest because of the rarity of association between Klinefilter syndrome and retinal or, in fact, any ocular abnormalities.