bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Suitability of a Coal‐Derived Carbon‐Based Foam for use in Thermal Protection Systems of Common Aero Vehicles
Authors: Grujicic M. , Zhao C.L. , Biggers S.B. , Kennedy J.M. , Morgan D.R.
Published: July 2007

Common Aero Vehicles (CAVs) are relatively small‐size, un‐powered, self‐maneuvering vehicles equipped with a variety of weapons and launched from space. One of the major obstacles hampering a full the realization of the CAV concept is a present lack of lightweight, high‐temperature insulation materials which can be used for construction of the CAV’s thermal protection system (TPS). A computational analysis is utilized in the present work to examine the suitability of a carbon‐based, coal‐derived foam for the TPS applications in the CAVs. Toward that end, a model is developed for the high‐temperature effective thermal conductivity of foam‐like materials. In addition, an insulation sizing procedure is devised to determine the minimum insulation thickness needed for thermal protection of the vehicle structure at different sections of a CAV. It is found that the carbon‐based foam material in question can be considered as a suitable TPS insulation material at the leeward side and at selected portions of the windward side of a CAV (specifically the portions which are further away from the vehicle nose).
Modeling of Dynamic Recrystallization and Flow Stress of Nb‐Bearing Steels
Authors: Ma L.Q. , Yuan X.Q. , Jiao S.H. , Liu Z.Y. , Wu D. , Wang G.D.
Published: July 2007

The dynamic recrystallization (DRX) and flow stress of Nb‐bearing steels were investigated by means of isothermal single compression testing at temperatures of 850‐105° and at constant strain rate from 0.1 to 20s‐1 using a Gleeble 3800 thermo‐mechanical simulator in order to model the DRX processes and predict the flow stress during plate rolling. On the basis of the measured flow stress, a new model of DRX kinetics was proposed to calculate the volume fraction of dynamically recrystallized grains, which was a function of processing parameters such as deformation temperature, strain, strain rate, the initial austenite grain size and Nb content. The effect of deformation conditions was quantified by the Zener‐Hollomon parameter, in which the activation energy of deformation was expressed as a power function of Nb content. The critical strain was determined by using the method proposed by Jonas and co‐workers. It is shown that the ratio of the critical strain to the peak strain decreases with increasing Nb content, from which an empirical equation was developed. In addition, the influence of Nb content and deformation conditions on the steady state grain size was determined by fitting the experimental results to a linear relationship. Finally, the flow stress of Nb bearing steels was accurately predicted using a one‐internal‐variable evolution equation by taking Nb content as a parameter and including the influence of DRX. The comparison between the experimental and theoretical results confirmed that the modeling had a good accuracy to predict flow stresses during hot deformation.
Barbara Green: How Have the Mighty Fallen?
Authors: Auld Graeme
Published: July 2007

Barbara Green's monograph, How Are the Mighty Fallen?, is a welcome addition to biblical interpretation, in part because it functions as a practical handbook on Bakhtin's criticism for readers. In this regard Green is an insightful teacher. Additionally she demonstrates that 1 Samuel is a narrative essay evaluating the experience of kingship as a whole in ancient Jerusalem and Samaria, and she gives attention to the theological issues with which this superbly crafted narrative confronts its readers. On the other hand, perhaps the story of Saul in 1 Samuel is not a significant Deuteronomic adaptation. Knowing Deuteronomy and Judges in advance will influence the reading of 1 Samuel; but a reading of the entirety of 1 Samuel works—and may even work better—without such knowledge. Also, her comparison of Saul's end with the end of 2 Kings 25 may deserve closer critical scrutiny. Jehoiachin's end is not in Chronicles and is thus an editorial addition in 2 Kings 25 to an earlier tradition. It may not be a good witness to the historical situation which gave rise to the whole narrative, and of which Green finds that Saul and his death are playing an interpretive role.
Autologous Bone Marrow Transplantation and Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy for Patients With Thromboangiitis Obliterans
Authors: Saito Shigeru , Nishikawa Koichi , Obata Hideaki , Goto Fumio
Published: July 2007

Many patients suffering from severe ischemic limb disease inevitably experience amputation, despite intensive therapies. Sympathectomy and hyperbaric oxygen therapy are optional therapies for patients with peripheral circulation disorders. Recently, several clinical studies have established that implantation of bone marrow—mononuclear cells into ischemic limbs increases collateral vessel formation. In the present study, autologous implantation of bone marrow—mononuclear cells was prescribed to 7 patients with ischemic limbs because of peripheral arterial disease. Although the extent of the improvement was not consistent among the 7 cases, all of the patients experienced some improvement in their symptoms. Transcutaneous oxygen partial pressure measured in a hyperbaric chamber increased in 5 patients. No side effects were observed. In conclusion, combined use of autologous bone marrow transplantation and hyperbaric oxygen therapy may be safe and effective for achievement of therapeutic angiogenesis.
Assessment of Arterial Distensibility in Patients With Cardiac Syndrome X
Authors: Yildiz Mustafa , Altun Armagan , Ozbay Gultac
Published: July 2007

This study aims to investigate arterial distensibility by using carotid-femoral (aortic) pulse wave velocity measurements in patients with cardiac syndrome X. The authors studied 10 patients with cardiac syndrome X (mean age 49.4 ±7.5, 39 to 67 years old, 3 men) and 10 healthy subjects (mean age 50.0 ±10.5, 38 to 70 years old, 3 men). Carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity measured by a Complior Colson device was calculated for each patient. The carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity was increased in patients with cardiac syndrome X as compared with age-matched control subjects (10.25 ±1.28 vs 8.95 ±0.89 m/s, p = 0.01). In contrast, there were no significant differences in the age, weight, height, body mass index, waist/hip ratio, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, mean blood pressure, pulse pressure, and heart rate (p=0.76,p=0.17,p=0.36,p=0.08, p=0.21,p=0.14,p=0.89,p=0.30,p=0.10, p = 0.36, respectively). No significant correlation was found between pulse wave velocity and age, sex, height, weight, heart rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, mean blood pressure, and pulse pressure in the studied groups (p>0.05). The arterial distensibility was decreased in patients with cardiac syndrome X. The deterioration in these patients showed that this disease might be a more generalized disturbance of the vasculature. Measurements of carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity may provide a simple and noninvasive technique to identify patients at increased risk of vascular disease.
The Role of Adrenergic Activity in Slow Coronary Flow and Its Relationship to TIMI Frame Count
Authors: Yazici Mustafa , Demircan Sabri , Durna Kenan , Sahin Mahmut
Published: July 2007

The aim of this study was to investigate the role of adrenergic activity in patients with slow coronary flow (SCF) and its relationship to TIMI frame count on the pathogenesis of SCF. Plasma noradrenalin and adrenalin concentrations at rest were compared in 51 patients diagnosed with SCF through coronary angiography and TIMI frame count; and 44 healthy controls with normal coronary flow (NCF). Furthermore, the relationship between TIMI frame count and noradrenalin and adrenalin levels was investigated. Plasma noradrenalin (127.9 ±9.2 and 79.3 ± 7.3 ng/mL, p < 0.0001) and adrenalin levels (63.9 ± 2.6 and 44.7 ± 2.8 ng/mL, p < 0.0001) were higher in patients with SCF when compared to patients with NCF. Noradrenalin and adrenalin levels were effected with SCF-dominant vessels with respect to TIMI frame count (p = 0.012 and p < 0.0001). Patients with SCF in 1, 2, or 3 vessels had different noradrenalin and adrenalin levels (p <0.003 and p < 0.0001). Patients with TIMI frame count above the 75th percentile had significantly higher noradrenalin and adrenalin levels when compared with those between the 25th—50th percentiles and below (p < 0.001 and p = 0.011, respectively). Correlation analysis established that both adrenalin and noradrenalin levels were correlated with TIMI frame counts of left anterior descending (LAD) and circumflex (Cx) arteries. Exercise testing revealed ischemia in 6 patients. Their TIMI frame counts were above the 75th percentile, and they had higher noradrenalin and adrenalin levels when compared with those without ischemia (p = 0.029, p = 0.045). Higher noradrenalin and adrenalin levels and correlation between TIMI frame count and ischemia in patients with SCF suggest that increased adrenergic activity may be the manifestation of slow coronary flow.
Will Diversion Reduce Recidivism?
Authors: Lundman Richard J.
Published: July 2007

This paper describes diversion from the juvenile justice system, among the newest of the strategies adopted to prevent and control delinquent behavior; specifies the sociological origins of diversion programs, with special attention to the symbolic interactionist tradition, labeling theory, and labeling research; and considers certain problems and implications of diversion programs. The essential conclusion drawn is that diversion will probably not reduce recidivism or correct existing abuses.
Discretionary Decision-Makin in Juvenile Justice
Authors: Barton William H.
Published: July 2007

The social distribution of youths who engage in delinquent behavior is not ,exactly the same as that of youths who come into contact with the juvenile justice system. Thus a certain amount of discretion characterizes the decisions made at various points within the system. In seeking an understanding of the discretionary processes, researchers have tried to isolate elements related to dispositions at distinct decision points. In addition to offense and offense history, the elements of sex, race, and social class have often been the foci of these studies, several of which are reviewed here. This review suggests that as a youth penetrates further into the juvenile justice system, factors other than his present offense become increasingly salient to decision-makers. It also appears that, once apprehended, girls tend to fare worse than boys do at the hands of the system. However, extreme caution is urged in generalizing from these, studies, which differed in time, place, methodology, and scope. Perhaps the most important conclusion of this review is that a clear understanding of the decision-making processes in the juvenile system is unlikely until a systematic research strategy or set of strategies emerges to replace the piecemeal approaches used to date. Some suggestions for such strategies are offered.
Misery and the of Disease Theories of Depression
Authors: Bebbington Paul
Published: July 2007

Psychiatric phenomena can usefully be studied by the establishment of syndromes which can then be used as the basis of treatment and so on. The delineation of syndromes of affective illness has a long history. It implies a distinction from normal lowering of mood. This distinction has been related to the concepts of diathesis and disregulation. However, studies of psychosocial adversity have not been able to add to the concept of affective illness.

It is concluded that for it to be maintained that the distinction between simple distress and affective illness is useful, major aetiological differences must be demonstrated. It is likely that this can only be done through multidisciplinary studies.
Influence of Women's Work Status On the Well-Being of Indian Couples
Authors: Andrade Chittaranjan , Postma Kirstine , Abraham K.
Published: July 2007

Background. In urban India, working women are expected to continue to discharge their traditional domestic duties; the likely result is compromised well-being due to role strain. Husbands of working women may also experience pressures and hence poorer well-being. Well-being in working couples, particularly husbands, is little researched in developing countries.

Method. The Subjective Well-Being Inventory was administered to 46 'one-working' (only husband employed) and 51 'both-working' (both spouses employed) randomly selected urban, middle-class couples.

Results. In one-working as well as both-working families, wives experienced less well-being than their husbands. Working wives experienced more confidence in coping than non-working wives. Husbands in both-working families experienced better social support but less social contact, less mental mastery, and poorer perceived health than husbands in one-working families. Few or no sociodemographic variables were associated with well-being.

Conclusions. Employment may benefit women but stress their husbands.
Citizen Concern and Action Over 175 Years
Authors: Teeters Negley K.
Published: July 2007

Should the plan take place during my life, of establishing a permanent charity under some such title as that at Philadelphia, Viz: A Society for alleviating the miseries of Public Prisons) and annuities be engrafted thereupon, for the above mentioned purpose, I would most readily stand at the bottom of a page for five hundred pounds; or if such society shall be instituted within three years after my death, this sum shall be paid out of my estate.
X-ray Analysis of Textile Fibres
Authors: Sisson Wayne A.
Published: July 2007

INSTEAD of attacking a definite problem and completing it before starting another, the author has chosen to begin work by making a literature survey of the whole field, followed by experimental work on the fundamental structure of cellulose. This program has given a better perspective of the whole field of the x-ray analysis of textile fibres as a background for future work, and at the same time has suggested many interesting problems. Several investigations are now in progress with the intention of later concentrating on the more promising ones.

The experimental work to date has been of a preliminary nature. None of the work has progressed to the extent that final conclusions may be drawn. However, this report includes in some detail the nature of the investigations, the results obtained and the program for future work.
The Thermodynamics of Swelling
Authors: Steinberger Raymond L.
Published: July 2007

An attempt has been made to bring together from the literature the important results of studies on swelling processes which have been made from the thermodynamic point of view. The quantities involved are swelling pressure, free energy, heat of swelling entropy and vollume contraction. Each is related either to the vapor pressure of the gel by equations derived by simple thermodynamic, methods, or is related to the water concentration of the gel by empirical formulas. A comparison of swelling pressure with osmotic pressure is made and it is demonstrated that both arise in the same fundamental process. Entropy changes with swelling are related to the distribution of the water molecules within the gel. Volume contraction is ascribed to the dissociation of ordinary water, which has a complex molecule, to the simple monomolecular form in the gel. Since swelling and capillarity are intimately related phenomena the important points of contact of the two are discussed.
The Micellar Arrangement in Various Cellulose Fibres
Authors: Morey D.R.
Published: July 2007

The fluorescence front fibres dyed with strongly fluorescent direct dyes is examined for polarization, and the result interpreted in terms of the micellar orientation and spiral structure of the fibres. Results on a number of natural and artificial cellulose fibres are given and discussed.
Commercial Top Appraisal and Standardization
Authors: Kruegel Erwin O.
Published: July 2007

During the past few years interest has been shown by worsted manufacturers and top makers in a quick, accurate, and convenient method of judging the fineness, staple and strength of a wool top. Many methods have been proposed to determine these important attributes of wool top quality. The methods differ widely as to their practicability, ease of making determinations, and agreement with the results of top appraisers.

The scope of the present series of reports will be to discuss the various methods, their advantages and disadvantages as well as their adaptability to commercial practice. This investigation will be divided into four general classifications:

(a) Fineness

(b) Staple

(c) Strength

(d) Top Standards

The first three reports of this series will deal with methods for the determination of the attributes of fineness, staple and strength, that have been found to be most reliable in commercial practice. The last of this series will deal with the setting up of a series of top standards for commercial use.
Creep in Cellulose Acetate Filaments
Authors: Steinberger R.L.
Published: July 2007

The elongation of a series of single cellulose acetate filaments stressed for a period of 29 days with a constant load has been measured at relative humidity values ranging from 0 to 100% in nominal steps of 10%. The creep (elongation under constant stress) continues indefinitely but at a rapidly decreasing rate in all the fibres. The rate of creep is found to decrease with the total time of stressing with certain superimposed discontinuities which scem to indicate transitions frorn one manner of shear slip to another. The amount of creep at the end of any arbitrarily fixed time increases slowly between 0 and about 60% relative humidity, but above 60% the increase is very rapid. Rupture seems to be governed by a limiting elongation (maximum strain).
Microbiology of Textile Fibres V. Method for the General Histological Examination of Normal or Mildewed Cotton Fibres
Authors: Prindle Bryce
Published: July 2007

A method t is presented for detecting and observing changes in the histological sturcture of cotton fibres during the course of biological mildew devleopment. Fibre elements are first stained by the use of a 0.15% aqueous solution of Victoria Blue B. Swelling of the dyed fibre in cuprammonium solution containing not more than 0.8% copper is then used to accentuate and separate the finer structures for microscopic observation. The appearance of typical samples of normal raw cotton and badly mildewed raw cotton are shown in a series of eight photomicrographs.
The Swelling of Raw and Boiled-off Silk in Relation to Width Measurement
Authors: Ingram Robert V.
Published: July 2007

The swelling of raw and boiled-off silk was determined with reference to the diameter measurement and an inverse ratio of swelling was found. It was shown that sericin swells uniformly but that fibroin swelling depends on diameter size. Equations were deduced and a mathematical solution is given. The possible causes for this type of swelling are discussed.
Longitudinal Research at the Turn of the Century
Authors: Ortiz Vilma , Ballon Estela Godinez
Published: July 2007

Longitudinal studies provide useful and unique data for social science research but are labor intensive and expensive. Key to conducting a successful longitudinal study is the ability to locate respondents in the follow-up effort. We conducted a 35-year longitudinal study among Mexican Americans in Los Angeles, California, and San Antonio, Texas. In this article, the authors describe (a) the individualized approach used in searching and (b) how recent technological developments have provided extensive sources of information that facilitated the searching process. The authors locate 79 percent of their sample. This study differs from previous longitudinal studies in that (a) the population is ethnic, urban, and working class; (b) more than 30 years had passed since the original study; (c) the authors built on a study not originally designed as a longitudinal effort; and (d) there had been no contact with respondents in the intervening period.
Latent Class Analysis With Sampling Weights
Authors: Vermunt Jeroen K. , Magidson Jay
Published: July 2007

The authors illustrate how to perform maximum-likelihood estimation in latent class (LC) analysis when there are sampling weights. The methods are natural extensions of the approaches proposed by Clogg and Eliason (1987) and Magidson (1987) for dealing with sampling weights in the log-linear analysis of frequency tables. For the log-linear form of the LC model, the approach corresponds to a special case of Haberman's (1979) log-linear LC model with cell weights. This approach can also be applied to the probability formulation of the LC model with cell weights, which can accommodate many indicators. The authors propose an efficient estimation-maximization algorithm for estimating the parameters for this formulation. A small simulation study shows that the probability estimates obtained by this approach compare favorably to other weighting approaches. Several empirical examples are provided to illustrate various possible weighting methods in LC analysis.
Film Preferences Following a Murder
Authors: Boyanowsky Ehor O. , Newtson Darren , Walster Elaine
Published: July 2007

Evidence from various sources suggests that, under safe conditions of exposure, people may show preference for potentially fear-inducing events. To test for the existence of this phenomenon, general attendance at a film depicting cold-blooded murder and at a control film were compared on the two days following the occurrence of a murder and on the same two days one week prior to the murder. Only attendance at the murder movie rose (89%) two days after the murder when compared with the same day a week before. Also, girls in the victim's dormitory showed a greater preference for the murder movie one week after the crime, whereas girls in a control dorm showed no preference. Theoretical interpretations were proposed to account for these findings.
An Experimental Study On Communicating Specialized Science Information To a Lay Audience
Authors: Funkhouser G. Ray , Maccoby Nathan
Published: July 2007

An experiment was done to test the effects of stylistic and rhetorical manipulations in specialized science writing on audience variables such as enjoyment, attitudes, and information gain. Articles on enzymology, polymer chemistry, and plasma physics were prepared, and, with content held constant, variations were made in textual variables such as sentence length, vocabulary difficulty, the amount of analogy used, and so on. The effects of these manipulations were tested on three audiences: junior college students, university students, and professional scientists. Among the study's findings were: some stylistic and rhetorical manipulations do have effects on audience variables, but more with less-qualified audiences; a given body of content can be varied across a wide range of vocabulary and sentence length; students' attitudes toward science are nearly as favorable as those of professional scientists; and professional scientists appreciate a simple style of presentation as much as students do.
Political Television Commercials
Authors: Kaid Lynda Lee , Sanders Keith R.
Published: July 2007

Considerable controversy has arisen over the use in political campaigns of short, image-oriented television commercials. This study compared the effect of type (image and issue) and length (5 minute and 60 second) of political television commercials in terms of candidate evaluation, recall of commercial content, and likelihood of voting for the candidate. Issue commercials resulted in higher candidate evaluation while image commercials resulted in greater recall of content. Higher evaluation of the candidate was achieved by five-minute commercials, but no significant difference in content recall attributable to length was present. An interaction between type and length of commercials surfaced on the voting variable, and the 60-second issue commercial appeared to be slightly superior to other combinations.
East-West Communication in Europe
Authors: Kressley Konrad
Published: July 2007

The volume and contents of a television program exchange between the Eurovision and Intervision TV networks and linking Eastern and Western Europe are examined in an attempt to throw light on the contemporary discussions of cultural dependency. The study found an imbalance in the flow of TV programs between East and West. The apparent dependency of the socialist countries, however, cannot be explained in strict political terms, but must be considered in the global context of relative wealth and population size.
The Entertaining Press
Authors: Nordin Kenneth D.
Published: July 2007

This article, a study of sensationalism In the early Boston press, presents the thesis that the colonial press, especially in Boston, catered to a mass literate audience by stressing stories of sensation, human interest and scandal. It attacks the conventional view that the modern press, which emphasizes entertainment, was born In the mid-nineteenth century in the form of the "penny press. " A close analysis of the early Boston press shows that most of the features of the modern press were present well before the turn of the nineteenth century. Three factors contributed to this journalistic development. First, the early American press inherrted a tradition of sensationalism from the English press, a culture reinforced throughout the eighteenth century by the colonial press's reliance on British newspapers for copy. Second, the urban and frontier environments of colonial America provided a steady pattern of violent and sensational events about which enterprising printers were eager to publish stories. Third, mass literacy in eighteenth-century Massachusetts, which cut across social classes, stimulated the colonial printer's efforts to publish an entertaining newspaper This study is based on a content analysis of Boston newspapers published in the period 1704-1784. It concentrates on a sample of issues of all known papers published in the colony in six randomly selected years: 1710, 1720, 1740, 1748, 1768, and 1784. Nearly 1,800 stories are Included in the analysis.
Mass Media Use and Voting Behavior
Authors: Colwell Quarles Rebecca
Published: July 2007

This path analysis of 1972 presidential voting data suggests that first-time - voters are more likely than experienced voters to respond to campaign stimuli and to learn about candidates and issues through the newspaper. In more experienced voters, accuracy of political perception is predicted better by stable characteristics such as education and a day-to-day interest in politics, and newspaper use appears to have little independent impact. Network news viewing is not correlated with accuracy.
V: Directions for Further Research
Authors: Megargee Edwin I.
Published: July 2007

Research currently in progress with an MMPI-based taxonomy of youthful offenders is described and directions future research should take are indicated. Further research delineating the types, determining their response to different programs, and the stability of group membership over time are needed, as are studies exploring the applicability of the system to other groups of offenders. However, experiments comparing the groups' responses to different treatment programs pose serious methodological and ethical problems.
Home Furlough Program Effects On Rates of Recidivism
Authors: LeClair Daniel P.
Published: July 2007

In an effort to evaluate the effectiveness of the furlough program as a correctional device, an analysis of rates of recidivism for individuals released from Massachusetts' state correctional institutions in the years 1973 and 1974 was conducted. The following research question was addressed: are inmates who experience one or more furloughs during the term of their incarceration less likely to be reincarcerated within one year of their eventual release from prison than are similar types of inmates who do not participate in the furlough program during the period of their incarceration? Selection factors were controlled via the use of Base Expectancy Tables. Analysis of the data indicated that the participation in the Home Furlough Program led to a significant reduction in recidivism rates. The data were interpreted as providing preliminary evidence that the use of furlough programs during the period of incarceration provides a positive reintegrative function. It was concluded that programmatic contributions to the process of societal reintegration can be effective devices for reducing the repeated criminal behavior of the prison releasee.
Parents' Attitudes Toward Juveniles' Rights in Interrogation
Authors: Grisso Thomas , Ring Melissa
Published: July 2007

Does requiring the presence of parents at pretrial interrogations of juveniles ensure adequate protection of juveniles' rights to silence and to retain legal counsel? The study assessed the attitudes of parents regarding nurturance and self-determination rights for juveniles—including rights which are relevant to interrogation—for juveniles of two age groups and of both delinquent and nondelinquent status. Nurturance rights for juveniles in legal-judicial contexts were strongly endorsed, but most parents did not believe that juvenile suspects should be allowed to withhold information from police. Parents were negatively disposed to allowing juveniles to decide regarding waiver or assertion of rights to silence and to retain legal counsel. The procedure also included a hypothetical situation examining parents' advice to juveniles and their rationale regarding waiver of rights. The results question parents' abilities to provide meaningful protections for juveniles in interrogation.
Gramian Matrices in Covariance Structure Models
Authors: Bentler P.M. , Jamshidian Mortaza
Published: July 2007

Covariance structure models frequently contain out-of-range estimates that make no sense from either substantive or statistical points of view. Negative variance estimates are the most well-known of these improper solutions, but correlations that are out of range also occur. Methods to minimize improper estimates have been accomplished by reparameterization and estimation under simple inequality constraints; but these solutions, discussed previously in this journal (Marsh, 1989), do not guarantee that the covariance matrices involved represent variances and covariances of real numbers, as required. A general approach to avoiding improper solutions in structural equation models is proposed. Although this approach does not resolve inadequacies in the data or theoretical model that may generate an improper solution, it solves the long-standing problem of obtaining proper estimates. Index terms: confirmatory factor analysis, EQS, Gramian matrices, Heywood cases, improper solutions, LISREL, structural equation models, underidentification.
The development of CD-ROM and its potential for African researchers
Authors: Ephraim P.E.
Published: July 2007

CD-ROM, powerful database transference and journal scanning technology is merely five years in development yet its services have spread to the ends of the world It is not supposed to supplant online and library services but to supple ment them But in Afnca where hookup to online services is technologically infeasible and sustained subscription to current journals is economically untenable, CD-ROM stands alone and will reign alone for a long time to come Its advent to Afnca has brought euphoria and a great relief to a long felt need This should be encouraged further by the intervention of Interna tional Educational Agencies
Francophone Organizational Analysis (1950-1990): An Overview
Authors: Chanlat Jean-François
Published: July 2007

Interest in organizations first appeared between World War I and World War II, with the American studies led by Mayo. Since then, interest has grown and spread to most industrialized countries. In the sixties, in Anglo-Saxon countries and especially in the United States where research was first conducted, organiza tional analysis developed into an independent field of investigation.

Economic growth, the proliferation and expansion of organizations and a marked tendency 'to rationalize the world' have compelled an increasing number of West ern researchers to question the social dynamics of organized groups. This interest has been reinforced over the past few years by the failure of collectivist solutions, the growing popularity of private enterprise as well as by the type of management thinking that presently predominates in Western countries, but more generally by the prevalence of thinking about the world in organizational terms. Given this general tendency, which is observable in most industrialized countries, this paper aims to demonstrate how Francophone analysis has evolved and remains distinct to this day from Anglophone — and more particularly from the American main stream — analysis.
Grandmothers' Transitions in Caregiving to Grandchildren
Authors: Standing Theresa S. , Musil Carol M. , Warner Camille Beckette
Published: July 2007

Many grandmothers experience transitions in their caregiving roles to grandchildren as living arrangements change and parents assume more or less responsibility. The meanings of these transitions have received little attention, yet life transitions can be stressful. This qualitative study focuses on learning how grandmothers perceive these changes in household composition and the meanings these changes have. Analysis of semistructured telephone interviews with 26 transitioning grandmothers identified themes, including mixed feelings, changes in personal freedom, flexibility with unpredictable changes, spirituality as strength, commitment to grandchildren, and role transformation. The majority of status changes were from multigenerational or primary caregiving homes to non-coresident status. The meaning of the changes differed by status groups. The frequency of caregiving changes and the unique meanings of such changes extend our understanding of grandmothers as caregivers. Increased awareness and understanding of these meanings are important for nurses as they provide health care for this increasing population.
The Everyday Life of the Revolution
Authors: Roy Srila
Published: July 2007

The ‘heroic life’ or the life of the revolutionary is one that resists or even seeks to transcend the everyday and the ordinary. The ‘banal’ vulnerabilities of everyday life, however, continue to constitute the unseen, often unspoken background of such a heroic life. This article turns to women's memories of everyday life spent ‘underground’ in the context of the late 1960s radical left Naxalbari movement of Bengal. Drawing upon recent published memoirs and field interviews with middle class female (and male) activists, it outlines the ways in which revolutionary femininity was imagined and lived in the everyday life of this political movement. Particular focus is given to the gendered and classed nature of political labour, the gendering of revolutionary space, and finally, the extent to which everyday life in the ‘underground’ was a site of vulnerability and powerlessness, especially for women. The article also brings out how these memories of interpersonal conflict and everyday violence tend to remain buried under a collective mythicisation of the ‘heroic life’.
Age and Achievement in Mathematics: A Case-Study in the Sociology of Science
Authors: Stern Nancy
Published: July 2007

This paper represents a preliminary attempt to bring the field of mathematics within the scope of the sociology of science. An analysis is performed to determine whether citations are a rough measure of quality in mathematics. Citations to work published by mathematicians who have been elected to the US National Academy of Sciences are compared with those to the work of a random sample of university-based American mathematicians. The study examines productivity and citation counts, to determine if there is a relationship between a mathematician's age and achievement, and to test the claim that younger mathematicians are more apt to do important work. Finally, this paper explores the difficulties peculiar to the sociological study of mathematics, which account for the reluctance of most sociologists of science to study this field.
Risk Assessment and Offender–Victim Relationship in Juvenile Offenders
Authors: Lusignan Richard , Marleau Jacques D.
Published: July 2007

The present study compares the Historical, Clinical, and Risk Management–20 (HCR-20) checklist in a male offender population of 108 adolescents using the relationship between the offender and the victim as a classification factor. Two types of relationship were retained for comparison purposes: family victim/known victim and unknown victim. All adolescents admitted to the Adolescent program of Montréal's Philippe-Pinel Institute from February 1998 to April 2003 were assessed and their families were met. The HCR-20 checklist was completed for each adolescent. Statistically significant differences were observed for the mean rank of the total score of the HCR-20 and two sub-scales, the historical subscale (H) and the risk management subscale (R). The results indicate that the adolescents who victimize strangers have more violent risk factors compared to those who victimize family/known victims. These results have important implications regarding prevention and treatment.
The Effectiveness of Art Therapy in Reducing Depression in Prison Populations
Authors: Gussak David
Published: July 2007

Major obstacles block the effectiveness of therapy in prison. Many inmates have an inherent mistrust for verbal disclosure. Rigid defenses exist for basic survival. Despite these defenses, there has been support for art therapy as a valuable tool. Unfortunately, there has been little research to measure the effectiveness of art therapy in prison. Two quantitative studies were initiated in a North Florida prison to measure the effectiveness of art therapy with inmates, specifically in decreasing depressive symptoms. This article will present a pilot and follow-up study. The methods, including the Formal Elements Art Therapy Scale (FEATS) and the Beck Depression Inventory–Short Form, will be delineated. What was revealed was that although the FEATS proved more effective as a measurement tool for the pilot than for the follow-up study, ultimately, the results reflected a significant decrease in depressive symptoms in those inmates who participated in the program.
Sex Offender Legislation in the United States
Authors: Cohen Michelle , Jeglic Elizabeth L.
Published: July 2007

In the United States there has been increased public pressure to create legislation to monitor and confine sex offenders. However, to date, there has been very little empirical evidence suggesting that these laws are effective in preventing future recidivism. This article reviews the current trends in sex offender legislation, including mandatory sentencing, civil commitment, community notification, monitoring, and supervision and the impact these policies may have on sex offender recidivism and treatment.
Child Care Providers Who Commit Sexual Offences
Authors: Moulden Heather M. , Firestone Philip , Wexler Audrey F.
Published: July 2007

The aim of this investigation was to undertake an exploratory analysis of child care providers who sexually offend against children and adolescents and the circumstances related to these offences. Archival Violent Crime Linkage Analysis System (ViCLAS) reports were obtained from the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP), and demographic and criminal characteristics for the offender, as well as information about the victim and offence, were selected for analyses. A descriptive approach was used to analyze the qualitative reports for a group of 305 Canadian sexual offenders between 1995 and 2002. Adult male ( N = 163) and female ( N = 14), along with juvenile male ( N = 100) and female ( N = 28) child care providers who were involved in a sexual offence against a child or adolescent are described. This article provides unique information about the crimes committed by child care providers in that it is focused on crime characteristics, rather than on personality or treatment variables. Furthermore, it represents a comprehensive examination of this type of offender by including understudied groups, namely juvenile and female offenders.
Short-term Effects of Probation Programs: An Evaluative Study
Authors: McGuire James , Broomfield Darice , Robinson Christopher , Rowson Beverley
Published: July 2007

Five specialised programs within one probation agency were evaluated in terms of their short-term effects upon offender clients. The programs were (1) a psychoeducational training course for drink-driving offenders; (2) a structured activity program for offenders with convictions for autocrime; (3) a probation Day Centre; (4) a cognitive training package; and (5) a groupwork program for women offenders. Evaluative material included (a) descriptive information on the aims and contents of programs; (b) criminological data on clients; (c) monitoring data on attendance and dropout rates; and (d) pre- and posttest performance on a range of knowledge, attitudinal, and skills-based measures. Clients on each program were compared with control samples in custody or on Community Service Orders in a quasi-experimental design. Results are interpreted in the light of meta-analytic reviews of offender treatment-outcome research.
Chemical Behaviour of Municipal Solid Waste Incinerator Bottom Ash in Monofills
Authors: Belevi H. , Stämpfli D.M. , Baccini P.
Published: July 2007

A method is presented to predict the short-term (months to years) and long-term (> 30 years) chemical behaviour of bottom ash from municipal solid waste incinerators in monofills. It is based on bottom ash composition and laboratory kinetic studies of bottom ash with water. Bottom ash after the quench tank is a reactive mixture in which slow and fast acid/base reactions occur. These intrinsic acid/base reactions continue for at least several months, and the end point is not yet known. The heavy metal concentrations observed in the aqueous extracts reflect primarily the advance of these reactions. Consequently leaching tests based solely on short-term (hours to months) extraction procedures cannot predict the chemical behaviour of bottom ash in monofills. However, laboratory experiments with samples of bottom ash, in which the intrinsic acid/base reactions have proceeded differently, provide useful information on the nature of chemical reactions significant in the short- and long-term.
The Toxicity Equivalency Factor Scheme Applied To Municipal Incinerator Pcdd/Pcdf Emissions When Specific Congener Information Is Lacking
Authors: Pitea Demetrio , Lasagni Marina , Bonati Laura
Published: July 2007

The 2,3,7,8-TCDD Toxicity EQuivalents (TEQ) approach provides a useful method for estimating the environmental risk of polychlorodibenzodioxin and polychlorodibenzofuran complex mixtures, thus making it possible to express their toxicological significance with only one number. Generally the conversion of the concentration units into those of TEQ requires an isomer-specific analysis and the appropriate Toxicity Equivalency Factors (TEF). In this paper we propose a "theoretical" model for estimating TEQ values of PCDD + PCDF mixtures which, starting from the experimental value of the PCDD + PCDF concentration (μg Nm-3) and the theoretical value of PCDD and PCDF fingerprints in the emissions from municipal incinerators, to make an estimate of the global toxicity in terms of ng TEQ Nm-3. The TEQ values estimated for a number of samples are in good agreement with those calculated from the isomer and congener experimental data. Given the investment and running costs plus the time and the analytical complexity in determining the congeners and single isomer concentrations, it seems that the proposed "theoretical" model is a reasonable tool for estimating the exposure hazard related to a complex mixture of PCDD/PCDFs emitted from municipal solid waste (MSW) incinerators. Another objective of this paper is to explore the consistency between scientific knowledge and the authority regulatory guidelines. This work shows that the Italian national emission standard (4 μg Nm-3) for the total PCDD + PCDF concentration is higher than the international target of 0.1 ng TEQ Nm-3. We suggest a value of 1 μg Nm-3 for TCDD + TCDF concentration if Italian regulators want to add a further constraint.
A Critique of Risk Modeling and Risk Assessment of Municipal Landfills Based On U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Techniques
Authors: Chilton Jennifer , Chilton Kenneth
Published: July 2007

Environmental risks are a growing public concern in America. The threat of contaminated drinking water from municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills is receiving increased attention from citizens and from the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). Examination of USEPA data collected from MSW landfills reveals approximate risks posed by these landfills. USEPA research suggests that 60% of MSW landfills present less than a 1 in 10 billion risk of cancer incidence. Another 6% pose risks less than 1 in a billion, while 17% present risks less than 1 in a million. This study addresses the USEPA risk assessment techniques and models for estimating MSW landfill risks. USEPA data for toxic constituents of landfill leachate are also analysed in order to better understand the difficulties encountered in estimating landfill risks. The study also presents a brief discussion of public perceptions of risk as they relate to communicating the USEPA landfill model results to those who might be affected.
Description of a Field Experiment To Measure Leachate Formation From Oil Shale Wastes
Authors: Connell L.D. , Bell P.R.
Published: July 2007

This paper describes an experimental program that measured the formation of leachate from wastes expected from a mining operation on the Rundle oil shale resource in north-eastern Australia. The experiment, located in a remote situation at the proposed disposal site, consisted of eight lysimeters, a weather station and instruments to monitor the processes occurring within the lysimeters. The paper also presents measurements of meteorological processes and moisture movement observed within the waste materials. The information obtained was used in the development of a predictive mathematical model to explain leachate formation and movement (to be presented elsewhere).
Release of Some Trace Elements From Sluiced Fly Ash On Acidic Soils With Particular Reference To Boron
Authors: Warren C.J. , Evans L.J. , Sheard R.W.
Published: July 2007

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between the concentration of boron (B) and some other selected trace elements in soil solution as effected by hydrogen ion activity within the normal pH range for acidic soils commonly amended with agricultural limestone and, alternatively, alkaline fly ash. Sluiced alkaline fly ash was applied to an acidic, clay textured soil at rates equivalent to 0, 42, 84, 125 and 167 tonne ha-1 based on the soil lime requirement. After wheat was grown and harvested the soil-ash mixtures were maintained at field capacity moisture content for an additional 4 months before pore water samples were extracted by immiscible displacement. The total concentrations of Co, Cr, Fe, V and Zn in the ash treated soils increased by < 10% at the highest application rate of ash, the content of Cu was increased by 13% and B by 38%. Only the concentration of boron increased appreciably in the pore water extracts. Release of B from the ash was correlated with the solubility behaviour of Ca and Mg, and not with the dissolution of glass phases in the ash. Speciation and adsorption calculations for the extracts were carried out using the program MINTEQ. Common Ca, Mg and Na borate minerals were undersaturated with respect to the equilibrated solutions. Application of the constant capacitance model to the adsorption of B on mineral surfaces suggested that adsorption had little effect on total dissolved B at pH values below 6.0. Predicted concentrations of B in solutions, equilibrated with calcite in a subsurface horizon, were up to 10.6 mg dm-3; more than double the recommended maximum concentration for B (5 mg dm-3) in potable water in Ontario.