bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A HIGH-RESOLUTION CHRONOLOGY FOR THE PALATIAL COMPLEX OF XALLA IN TEOTIHUACAN, MEXICO, COMBINING RADIOCARBON AGES AND ARCHAEOMAGNETIC DATES IN A BAYESIAN MODEL
Authors: Beramendi-Orosco Laura E , Gonzalez-Hernandez Galia , Soler-Arechalde Ana M , Manzanilla Linda R
Published: December 2020

Teotihuacan is one of the most studied archaeological sites in Mesoamerica because of its exceptional size and urban planning; however, its last years of occupation and abandonment are still under debate. We report a high-resolution chronology for the Xalla complex integrating archaeomagnetic dates, radiocarbon (14C) ages, and detailed archaeological information about sample type and context in a Bayesian model. The model includes 42 14C ages and 7 archaeomagnetic dates grouped in 6 phases, including samples from collapsed roofs with 14C ages earlier than expected, suggesting a problem of inbuilt age. The archaeomagnetic dates on lime plasters were classified in unburned samples, related to the time of construction, and burned samples, related to the Big Fire associated to the abandonment of Teotihuacan. The modeled 14C ages resulted in shorter intervals, with the possibility of differentiating the construction phases, confirming that big beams had inbuilt age. Further, combining the two dating methods and classifying lime plaster samples in burned and unburned, it was possible to date different events within the same archaeological context. It is concluded that by combining these two dating methods and understanding the moment that each sample is dating, it is possible to obtain solid and precise chronologies.
Effect of a moderate dose of fructose in solid foods on TAG, glucose and uric acid before and after a 1-month moderate sugar-feeding period
Authors: Clifton Peter M. , Keogh Jennifer B.
Published: December 2020

There are few data on the effects on TAG, glucose and uric acid of chronic consumption of a moderate dose of fructose in solid foods. Twenty-eight participants with prediabetes and/or obesity and overweight commenced the study (BMI 32·3 kg/m2, age 44·7 years, fasting glucose 5·3 (sd 0·89) mmol/l and 2-h glucose 6·6 (sd 1·8) mmol/l). Twenty-four men and women who completed the study consumed, in random order, two acute test meals of muffins sweetened with either fructose or sucrose. This was followed by 4-week chronic consumption of 42 g/d of either fructose or sucrose in low-fat muffins after which the two meal tests were repeated. The sugar type in the chronic feeding period was also randomised. Fasting TAG increased after chronic consumption of fructose by 0·31 (sd 0·37) mmol/l compared with sucrose in those participants with impaired fasting glucose (IFG)/impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) (P = 0·004). Total cholesterol (0·33 mmol/l), LDL-cholesterol (0·24 mmol/l) and HDL-cholesterol (0·08 mmol/l) increased significantly over the 1- month feeding period with no differences between muffin types. Fasting glucose was not different after 1 month of muffin consumption. Uric acid response was not different between the two sugar types either baseline or 1 month, and there were no differences between baseline and 1 month. The increase in fasting TAG in participants with IFG/IGT suggests the need for caution in people at increased risk of type 2 diabetes.
Effect of a healthy eating intervention in the first months of life on ultraprocessed food consumption at the age of 4–7 years: a randomised clinical trial with adolescent mothers and their infants
Authors: Lazzeri Bruna , Leotti Vanessa Bielefeldt , Soldateli Betina , Giugliani Elsa Regina , Monteiro Carlos Augusto , Martinez Steele Eurídice , Pedrotti Luana Giongo , Drehmer Michele
Published: December 2020

This randomised clinical trial aimed to evaluate the effect of a pro-breast-feeding (BF) and healthy complementary feeding intervention performed during infants’ first months of life on ultraprocessed food (UPF) consumption at 4–7 years. We enrolled 323 teenage mothers and their infants from South Brazil, 163 allocated to the intervention group and 160 to the control group. Intervention consisted of sessions on BF and healthy complementary feeding promotion and was carried out in the maternity ward and at home after delivery. Food consumption was assessed using three 24-h food recalls at child’s age of 4–7 years. Foods were classified according to NOVA classification. Dietary contribution of UPF was adjusted for intra-individual variability by the SPADE method and categorised into tertiles. We used Poisson regression models with robust variance, adjusted for confounders, to estimate the effect of the intervention and duration of BF on the risk of high consumption of UPF. Our final analysis included 194 children, with mean age of 6·1 (sd 0·5) years. Mean dietary contribution of UPF was 38 % in the intervention group and 42·7 % in the control group, from total daily intakes. Results adjusted for BF duration, propensity score, income and total energy content demonstrated that the intervention reduced the risk of high consumption of UPF by 35 % (relative risk 0·65, 95 % CI 0·43, 0·98). BF duration was not associated with UPF consumption. The intervention was effective in reducing the risk of high UPF consumption at the age of 4–7 years.
Soil quality indicators as influenced by 5-year diversified and monoculture cropping systems
Authors: Feng H. , Abagandura G. O. , Senturklu S. , Landblom D. G. , Lai L. , Ringwall K. , Kumar S.
Published: December 2020

Increasing crop diversity has been highly recommended because of its environmental and economic benefits. However, the impacts of crop diversity on soil properties are not well documented. Thus, the present study was conducted to assess the impacts of crop diversity on selected soil quality indicators. The cropping systems investigated here included wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) grown continuously for 5 years as mono-cropping (MC), and a 5-year cropping sequence [(wheat–cover crop (CC)–corn (Zea maysL.)–pea (Pisum sativumL.) and barley (Hordeum vulgareL.)–sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)]. Each crop was present every year. This study was conducted in the northern Great Plains of North America, and soil quality data were collected for 2016 and 2017. Selected soil quality indicators that include: soil pH, organic carbon (SOC), cold water-extractable C (CWC) and N (CWN), hot water-extractable C (HWC) and N (HWN), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), bulk density (BD), water retention (SWR), wet soil aggregate stability (WAS), and urease andβ-glucoside enzyme activity were measured after the completion of 5-year rotation cycle and the following year. Crop diversity did not affect soil pH, CWC, CWN, HWC, HWN and SWR. Cropping systems that contained CC increased SOC at shallow depths compared to the systems that did not have CC. Crop diversity increased WAS, MBC, and urease andβ-glucoside enzyme activity compared with the MC. Comparison of electrical conductivity (EC) measured in this study to the baseline values at the research site prior to the establishment of treatments revealed that crop rotation decreased EC over time. Results indicate that crop diversity can improve soil quality, thus promoting sustainable agriculture.
Trapezountian Pontic Greek in Etoloakarnania
Authors: Armostis Spyros , Voniati Louiza , Drosos Konstantinos , Tafiadis Dionysios
Published: December 2020

The variety described here is Pontic Greek (ISO 639 name: pnt), and specifically the variety that originates from Trapezounta in Asia Minor (present-day Trabzon in Turkey) as spoken today in Etoloakarnania, Greece by second-generation refugees. The term ‘Pontic Greek’ (in Greek: ) was originally an etic term, while Pontians called their language by other names, mainly [ɾoˈmeika] ‘Romeika’ (Sitaridou 2016) but also [laziˈka] ‘Laz language’ (Drettas 1997: 19, 620), even though Pontians and Laz people do not share the same language, the latter being Caucasian. Nowadays, is the standard term used not only by researchers, but also by native speakers of Pontic Greek born in Greece to refer to their variety (but see Sitaridou 2013 for Romeyka in the Black Sea). Pontic Greek belongs to the Asia Minor Greek group along with other varieties, such as Cappadocian Greek (e.g. Horrocks 2010: 398–404; Sitaridou 2014: 31). According to Sitaridou (2014, 2016), on the basis of historical reconstruction, the Pontic branch of Asia Minor Greek is claimed to have been divided into two major dialectal groups: Pontic Greek as spoken by Christians until the 20th century in Turkey and Romeyka as spoken by Muslims to date in Turkey. Triantafyllidis (1938/1981: 288) divides Pontic varieties, as were spoken in Asia Minor, into three dialectal groups, namely Oinountian, Chaldiot, and Trapezountian, the latter consisting of the varieties that were spoken at Trapezounta, Kerasounta, Rizounta, Sourmena, Ofis, Livera, Tripolis, and Matsouka in Asia Minor (Trabzon, Giresun, Sürmene, Of, Yazlık, Tirebolu, and Maçka respectively in present-day Turkey). However, Triantafyllidis does not explain his criteria for this classification (Chatzissavidis 2012). According to one other classification (Papadopoulos 1955: 17–18; Papadopoulos 1958:
$\upzeta$
), the variety that was used in Trapezounta belongs to the dialectal group in which post-stressed /i/ and /u/ delete along other varieties, such as e.g. the ones that were spoken in Chaldia (present-day Gümüşhane), Sourmena, and Ofis (as opposed to the rest of Pontic varieties, such as the one of Kerasounta, in which those vowels are retained). Trapezountian Pontic Greek can also be classified with the group of varieties that retain word-final /n/, such as the varieties of Kerasounta and Chaldia, as opposed to the varieties that do not retain it, such as the ones of Oinoe (present-day Ünye) and (partially) Ofis (Papadopoulos 1958: θ).
Poorly known sponges in the Mediterranean with the detection of some taxonomic inconsistencies
Authors: Díaz Julio A. , Ramírez-Amaro Sergio , Ordines Francesc , Cárdenas Paco , Ferriol Pere , Terrasa Bàrbara , Massutí Enric
Published: December 2020

The poorly known sponge speciesAxinella vellerea(Topsent, 1904),Acarnus levii(Vacelet, 1960) andHaliclona poecillastroides(Vacelet, 1969) are reported from bottom-trawl samples off the Balearic Islands, Western Mediterranean. A re-description is provided for all three species and the Folmer fragment of cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) obtained forA. leviiandH. poecillastroides. This is the second report ofA. vellereain the Mediterranean, the first time thatA. leviiis reported outside Corsica and the first time thatH. poecillastroidesis documented outside the Gulf of Lion, France. The systematic allocation ofA. leviiandH. poecillastroidesis discussed based on a COI phylogenetic analysis and morphology. The poorly understood phylogeny of the Haplosclerida does not permit us to find a proper allocation forH. poecillastroides, although its current position in the genus Haliclona or the family Chalinidae is not defensible. On the other hand,A. leviicurrently fits best in the family Microcionidae, and seems related to someClathriaspecies with mixed features betweenClathriaandAcarnus. Considering that the species of the genusAcarnusshares a strong synapomorphy (the possession of Cladotylotes), it is plausible for allAcarnusspecies to be Microcionids. We conclude thatH. poecillastroidesneeds to be reallocated to a new genus:Xestospongia poecillastroidescomb. nov. (Petrosiidae). However, a reallocation ofA. leviiis not advisable for the moment, as this would imply major systematic changes such as the reallocation of the whole genusAcarnusto Microcionidae, and the redescription of Microcionidae and Acarnidae.
In vitro studies and preclinical evaluation of benznidazole microparticles in the acute Trypanosoma cruzi murine model
Authors: Rial Marcela S. , Seremeta Katia P. , Esteva Mónica I. , Búa Jacqueline , Salomon Claudio J. , Fichera Laura E.
Published: December 2020

Chagas disease is a serious parasitic infection caused by Trypanosoma cruzi. Unfortunately, the current chemotherapeutic tools are not enough to combat the infection. The aim of this study was to evaluate the trypanocidal activity of benznidazole-loaded microparticles during the acute phase of Chagas infection in an experimental murine model. Microparticles were prepared by spray-drying using copolymers derived from esters of acrylic and methacrylic acids as carriers. Dissolution efficiency of the formulations was up to 3.80-fold greater than that of raw benznidazole. Stability assay showed no significant difference (P > 0.05) in the loading capacity of microparticles for 3 years. Cell cultures showed no visible morphological changes or destabilization of the cell membrane nor haemolysis was observed in defibrinated human blood after microparticles treatment. Mice with acute lethal infection survived 100% after 30 days of treatment with benznidazole microparticles (50 mg kg−1 day−1). Furthermore, no detectable parasite load measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and lower levels of T. cruzi-specific antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were found in those mice. A significant decrease in the inflammation of heart tissue after treatment with these microparticles was observed, in comparison with the inflammatory damage observed in both infected mice treated with raw benznidazole and untreated infected mice. Therefore, these polymeric formulations are an attractive approach to treat Chagas disease.
Host-induced phenotypic plasticity in Saccocoelioides lamothei Aguirre-Macedo and Violante-González, 2008 (Digenea: Haploporidae) a parasite of freshwater, brackish and marine fishes from Middle America
Authors: González-García Marcelo Tonatiuh , Andrade-Gómez Leopoldo , Pinacho-Pinacho Carlos Daniel , Sereno-Uribe Ana Lucia , García-Varela Martín
Published: December 2020

Saccocoelioides is a genus of trematodes associated with fishes from the Americas. In the current research, morphologically distinct specimens of Saccocoelioides spp. were collected from six countries in Middle America. Specimens were sequenced using three molecular markers, the domains D1–D3 of the large subunit (LSU) from the nuclear rDNA, the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase subunit 1 (nad1) from mitochondrial DNA. A total of 74 new sequences were compared and aligned with other sequences available in GenBank. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference analyses were inferred from the LSU and cox1 datasets, revealing unequivocally that all the specimens correspond to S. lamothei. A haplotype network was built with 119 sequences of the nad1 gene. The network detected 57 distinct haplotypes divided into three haplogroups. To explore morphological differences among samples of S. lamothei, 17 morphological features were measured from 53 specimens from three fish families: Eleotridae, Mugilidae and Gobiidae. Principal component analysis yielded three main polygons that corresponded with each family analysed, suggesting host-induced phenotypic plasticity. The current evidence suggests that S. lamothei infects at least five fish families along the Pacific coasts of Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica.
The impacts of COVID-19 outbreak on mental health in general population in different areas in China
Authors: Ran Mao-Sheng , Gao Ru , Lin Jing-Xia , Zhang Tian-Ming , Chan Sherry Kit Wa , Deng Xiao-Peng , Zhang Bing-Zhi , Zhang Xin-Feng , Huang Guo-Ping , Pu Dao-Shen , Bai Jing-Zhen , Xu Liu-Xiu , Liu Bo
Published: December 2020

Background

This study aimed to explore the impacts of COVID-19 outbreak on mental health status in general population in different affected areas in China.

Methods

This was a comparative study including two groups of participants: (1) general population in an online survey in Ya'an and Jingzhou cities during the COVID-19 outbreak from 10–20 February 2020; and (2) matching general population selected from the mental health survey in Ya'an in 2019 (from January to May 2019). General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12), Self-rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), and Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS) were used.

Results

There were 1775 participants (Ya'an in 2019 and 2020: 537 respectively; Jingzhou in 2020: 701). Participants in Ya'an had a significantly higher rate of general health problems (GHQ scores ⩾3) in 2020 (14.7%) than in 2019 (5.2%) (p < 0.001). Compared with Ya'an (8.0%), participants in Jingzhou in 2020 had a significantly higher rate of anxiety (SAS scores ⩾50, 24.1%) (p < 0.001). Participants in Ya'an in 2020 had a significantly higher rate of depression (SDS scores ⩾53, 55.3%) than in Jingzhou (16.3%) (p < 0.001). The risk factors of anxiety symptoms included female, number of family members (⩾6 persons), and frequent outdoor activities. The risk factors of depression symptoms included participants in Ya'an and uptake self-protective measures.

Conclusions

The prevalence of psychological symptoms has increased sharply in general population during the COVID-19 outbreak. People in COVID-19 severely affected areas may have higher scores of GHQ and anxiety symptoms. Culture-specific and individual-based psychosocial interventions should be developed for those in need during the COVID-19 outbreak.
Impact of South Carolina’s TANF Program on Earnings of New Entrants Before and During the Great Economic Recession
Authors: EDELHOCH MARILYN , FLYNN CYNTHIA , LIU QIDUAN
Published: December 2020

This study assesses the impact of South Carolina’s Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) program, Family Independence (FI), on the longitudinal earnings of three cohorts of new entrants who entered the study before, at the beginning of, and at the height of the 2007-2009 recession. Applicants who began the application process but did not enroll in TANF were propensity-score matched to entrants by background characteristics including pre-intervention earnings history, and served as the comparison group. We constructed a latent growth curve model to test whether earnings histories were similar for the program and comparison groups up until FI intake, to estimate program impact by comparing post-intake earnings of program participants to those of the comparison group, and to determine the statistical significance of cohort differences in program impact. The findings showed FI had a positive impact on the earnings of participants before the recession. The effect became weaker during the state’s period of rising unemployment, and disappeared during the worst economic recession in decades. This study demonstrates the usefulness of longitudinal administrative data, propensity score matching, and latent growth modeling techniques for evaluating the impact of program interventions.
The State and Higher Education in Hong Kong
Authors: Burns John P.
Published: December 2020

Based on archival material and interviews, the paper argues that the autonomy of Hong Kong's institutions of higher education has varied since 1911, with the colonial state initially exercising tight control and relaxing it especially as the transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong approached. China has sought to reassert control especially since 2014 in what continues to be contested space.
Mapping the ‘invisible college of international lawyers’ through obituaries
Authors: Leão Soares Pereira Luiza , Ridi Niccolò
Published: December 2020

Since Oscar Schachter’s articulation of the concept, scholars have attempted to better understand the ‘invisible college of international lawyers’ making up our profession. They have done this through piecemeal surveys of public professional rosters (arbitrators, International Court of Justice counsel), piecing together anecdotes of connections between members, or constructing stories about individuals’ role in discrete legal developments. Departing from these approaches, we use the obituaries published in the British Yearbook of International Law (1920–2017) to draw an interactive map of the ‘invisible college’. Obituaries are a unique window into international law’s otherwise private inner life, unveiling professional and personal connections between international lawyers and their shared career paths beyond single institutions or individual stories. Employing network analysis, a method commonly used in social sciences to describe complex social phenomena such as this, we are able to demonstrate the ubiquity of informal networks whereby ideas move, and provide evidence of the community’s homogeneity. Exploring connections between international lawyers and their shared characteristics in this novel way, we shed light on the features of this group and the potential impact individual personalities have on the law. These characteristics of the profession and its members are evident to insiders but externally invisible. Graphic representation is a powerful tool in bolstering critiques for diversity and contestation of mainstream law-making narratives. Rather than exhaustively mapping, however, we propose to take the ‘dead white men’ trope to an extreme, provoking the reader to question the self-image of the profession as an impersonal expert science.
A ‘Swedish Offensive’ at the World's Fairs: Advertising, Social Reformism and the Roots of Swedish Cultural Diplomacy, 1935–1939
Authors: Glover Nikolas , Hellenes Andreas Mørkved
Published: December 2020

While recent scholarship has highlighted how participating countries at the interwar world's fairs competed by displaying ideological versions of modernity, the alternative national projections of smaller states have received less attention. This study of the Swedish national pavilions from Brussels 1935 via Paris 1937 to New York 1939 analyses how a loose but well-connected network of communicators over the course of three fairs responded to, and used, the evolving trends at these international mega-events. In the threatening international atmosphere of the late 1930s, the network convinced the Swedish government to seize the opportunities opened up by the crises of capitalism and democracy. The 1937 and 1939 pavilions showcased Sweden at the world's fairs as an example of the successful handling of economic and socio-political crisis, and the experience had a formative impact on the post-war institutionalisation of Swedish cultural diplomacy.
Relating Response Inhibition, Brain Connectivity, and Freezing of Gait in People with Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Peterson Daniel S. , Smulders Katrijn , Mancini Martina , Nutt John G. , Horak Fay B. , Fling Brett W.
Published: December 2020

Objective:

Freezing of gait (FoG) in Parkinson’s disease (PD) has been associated with response inhibition. However, the relationship between response inhibition, neural dysfunction, and PD remains unclear. We assessed response inhibition and microstructural integrity of brain regions involved in response inhibition [right hemisphere inferior frontal cortex (IFC), bilateral pre-supplementary motor areas (preSMA), and subthalamic nuclei (STN)] in PD subjects with and without FoG and elderly controls.

Method:

Twenty-one people with PD and FoG (PD-FoG), 18 without FoG (PD-noFoG), and 19 age-matched controls (HC) completed a Stop-Signal Task (SST) and MRI scan. Probabilistic fiber tractography assessed structural integrity (fractional anisotropy, FA) among IFC, preSMA, and STN regions.

Results:

Stop-signal performance did not differ between PD and HC, nor between PD-FoG and PD-noFoG. Differences in white matter integrity were observed across groups (.001 < p < .064), but were restricted to PD versus HC groups; no differences in FA were observed between PD-FoG and PD-noFoG (p > .096). Interestingly, worse FoG was associated with higher (better) mean FA in the r-preSMA, (β = .547, p = .015). Microstructural integrity of the r-IFC, r-preSMA, and r-STN tracts correlated with stop-signal performance in HC (p ≤ .019), but not people with PD.

Conclusion:

These results do not support inefficient response inhibition in PD-FoG. Those with PD exhibited white matter loss in the response inhibition network, but this was not associated with FoG, nor with response inhibition deficits, suggesting FoG-specific neural changes may occur outside the response inhibition network. As shown previously, white matter loss was associated with response inhibition in elderly controls, suggesting PD may disturb this relationship.
Mediators and Moderators of the Association Between Perceived Stress and Episodic Memory in Diverse Older Adults
Authors: Zaheed Afsara B. , Sharifian Neika , Kraal A. Zarina , Sol Ketlyne , Manly Jennifer J. , Schupf Nicole , Brickman Adam M. , Zahodne Laura B.
Published: December 2020

Objective:

Stress is a risk factor for numerous negative health outcomes, including cognitive impairment in late-life. The negative association between stress and cognition may be mediated by depressive symptoms, which separate studies have identified as both a consequence of perceived stress and a risk factor for cognitive decline. Pathways linking perceived stress, depressive symptoms, and cognition may be moderated by sociodemographics and psychosocial resources. The goal of this cross-sectional study was to identify modifying factors and enhance understanding of the mechanisms underlying the stress–cognition association in a racially and ethnically diverse sample of older adults.

Method:

A linear regression estimated the association between perceived stress and episodic memory in 578 older adults (Mage= 74.58) in the Washington Heights-Inwood Columbia Aging Project. Subsequent models tested whether depressive symptoms mediated the stress–memory relationship and whether sociodemographics (gender, race, and ethnicity) or perceived control moderated these pathways.

Results:

Independent of sociodemographics and chronic diseases, greater perceived stress was associated with worse episodic memory. This relationship was mediated by more depressive symptoms. Higher perceived control buffered the association between stress and depressive symptoms. There was no significant moderation by gender, race, or ethnicity.

Conclusion:

Depressive symptoms may play a role in the negative association between perceived stress and cognition among older adults; however, longitudinal analyses and studies using experimental designs are needed. Perceived control is a modifiable psychological resource that may offset the negative impact of stress.
EVOLUTIONARY DYNAMICS IN DISCRETE TIME FOR THE PERTURBED POSITIVE DEFINITE REPLICATOR EQUATION
Authors: ALBRECHT AMIE , AVRACHENKOV KONSTANTIN , HOWLETT PHIL , VERMA GEETIKA
Published: December 2020

The population dynamics for the replicator equation has been well studied in continuous time, but there is less work that explicitly considers the evolution in discrete time. The discrete-time dynamics can often be justified indirectly by establishing the relevant evolutionary dynamics for the corresponding continuous-time system, and then appealing to an appropriate approximation property. In this paper we study the discrete-time system directly, and establish basic stability results for the evolution of a population defined by a positive definite system matrix, where the population is disrupted by random perturbations to the genotype distribution either through migration or mutation, in each successive generation.
3D conformal, IMRT and VMAT for the treatment of head and neck cancer: a brief literature review
Authors: Afrin Kazi T. , Ahmad Salahuddin
Published: December 2020

Aim:

The objective of this study has been to identify monitor unit (MU) and treatment time variations, volume coverage dissimilarity among 3D conformal radiation therapy (3D-CRT), intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) and volumetric-modulated arc therapy (VMAT) treatment plans for head and neck cancer (HNC) based on literature review.

Methods:

A number of HNC cases were studied with the investigation of conformity and homogeneity index.

Results:

When high-dose modulation was required around small organs at risk (OARs), a clinically acceptable IMRT plan was achieved as VMAT usually required longer dose optimisation time. The greatest benefit of VMAT has been rapid treatment delivery allowing improved patient comfort, reduced intra-fraction motion and increased patient throughput. In some papers, 3D-CRT was shown not to meet well the requirements on parotid glands. One paper showed that cerebellum dose was lower for 3D-CRT than IMRT. However, it was found in other papers that OAR sparing with 3D-CRT was reasonable but in complex cases not enough.

Conclusions:

IMRT usually consists of several treatment fields with different directions, hundreds of beam lets with modulated intensity, an advantage over 3D-CRT, whereas VMAT has advantage over IMRT due to rotating beam utilisation. VMAT has lower total MU and treatment times than IMRT and 3D-CRT, while maintaining similar dosimetric endpoints.
Future provision of home end-of-life care: Family carers’ willingness for caregiving and needs for support
Authors: Chan Wallace Chi Ho
Published: December 2020

Objective

This study aimed to examine family carers’ willingness, perceived difficulties and confidence in providing home end-of-life care to family members in future and their needs for support for doing so. Specific focus was on whether significant differences were found between carers of low and high levels of psychological distress.

Method

Family carers who had been providing care to family members living in the community were recruited via a local elderly agency in Hong Kong. A survey was conducted. Carers were asked to complete a questionnaire which included self-developed items, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and the Carers’ Support Need Assessment Tool.

Results

Of the 89 participants, 63.8% reported willingness to provide end-of-life care in future (increased to 78.5% if support needs were met), but most perceived it as difficult, and over half were not confident about doing so. The three greatest needs for support in end-of-life care are understanding the relative's illness, knowing what to expect in future, and knowing who to contact if concerned. Participants of the high psychological distress group experienced a significantly greater need for support in “dealing with your feelings and worries” and “looking after your own health.”

Significance of Results

Current family carers may not be ready for future provision of home end-of-life care. Meeting their support needs in providing end-of-life care is crucial to ensure the continuity of care provision. Psychologically distressed carers may often ignore self-care and may need helping professionals’ additional support.
Gender, Benevolent Sexism, and Public Health Compliance
Authors: Chen Philip , Farhart Christina
Published: December 2020

Growing research shows a correlation between gender, benevolent sexism, partisanship, and COVID-19 public health compliance. We show first that women are more likely than men to engage in protective behaviors to slow the spread of COVID-19. We also find that while Republicans and Independents are less likely to comply with these measures, benevolent sexism moderates the effect of partisanship and can increase compliance. These results suggest that framing public health directives in terms of chivalry and protection activates benevolent sexism, potentially offsetting patterns of noncompliance associated with partisanship. We discuss the negative consequences of these results and posit a need for bipartisan messages to reduce reliance on benevolent sexism in the future.
Teletherapeia: Ancient Consolation in the Distance Latin Classroom
Authors: Dutmer Evan
Published: December 2020

This piece originated as an article inIn Medias Reson 29 May 2020 and has been updated for theJournal of Classics Teaching. The author would like to acknowledge the helpful feedback from the editors atIn Medias ResandThe Journal of Classics Teachingon earlier drafts of this essay. Their suggestions helped produce a superior piece.
Introducing Latin. Non-specialist Latin teachers talk
Authors: Hunt Steven
Published: December 2020

This article describes the ways in which four non-specialist Latin teachers are introducing Latin to their schools1. The interviews reported here took place in four secondary schools in London and the South-East in 2019. The interviews were informal and were held with the teachers while I was consultant on behalf of the charity Classics for All while training non-specialists to introduce Latin into their schools, where no classical subjects had been offered previously. Teachers use Latin to meet Ofsted targets for the uptake of the English Baccalaureate (henceforth EBacc2) and to provide a broad and ambitious curriculum for all students. Resources and subject knowledge provide intellectual challenge and also stimulation. In conclusion I recommend greater support from the Department for Education (DfE) working with subject organisations to develop a coherent strategy for introducing classical subjects in state-maintained schools in order to support DfE and Ofsted objectives.
Transidentität in Jugend und Adoleszenz: Zur Veränderung der Sexratio und der Prävalenz in den letzten eineinhalb Jahrzehnten
Authors: Meyenburg Bernd , Renter-Schmidt Karin , Schmidt Gunter
Published: December 2020

Zusammenfassung. Die Auswertung von 1434 Gutachten (darunter 420 unter 20-jährige Begutachtete) zur Vornamens- und Personenstandsänderung nach dem Transsexuellengesetz (TSG) aus den Jahren 2005 bis 2019 zeigt im Untersuchungszeitraum (1) bei Jugendlichen und Adoleszenten eine erhebliche Veränderung der Sexratio zugunsten transidenter Jungen/junger Männer (geburtsgeschlechtlicher Mädchen/Frauen) von 2:1 auf 10:1; (2) bezogen auf die Population aller Begutachteten eine deutliche Zunahme der Prävalenz jugendlicher/adoleszenter Transmänner (geburtsgeschlechtlicher Frauen), wohingegen die Prävalenz der Transfrauen (geburtsgeschlechtlicher Männer), die den juristischen Geschlechtswechsel noch als „Teenager“ vollziehen, im Untersuchungszeitraum praktisch unverändert bleibt. Transidentität im Jugendalter kommt nach unseren Daten heute vor allem bei den als Mädchen Geborenen vor, sie ist ein extrem geschlechtsabhängiges Merkmal. Klinische und soziokulturelle Aspekte dieser Veränderungen werden diskutiert.
Further Investigation Into Detection Efficiency and False Alarm Rate for the Geostationary Lightning Mappers Aboard GOES‐16 and GOES‐17
Authors: Bateman Monte , Mach Douglas , Stock Michael
Published: December 2020

The Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM) is a geostationary lightning detection and location instrument, developed for the R generation of Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites (GOES‐R, S, T, and U). This paper details a new technique to assess detection efficiency (DE) and false alarm rate (FAR), which indicate how well the instrument is detecting lightning and rejecting nonlightning. In an attempt to compare GLM with the best possible ground truth data, we clustered several ground‐based lightning networks into a single “virtual” network and compare it to the GLM results. A major issue with determining the GLM DE and FAR values is that over much of the instrument field of view (FOV), there are no high DE systems. To assess the GLM DE and FAR over these regions, we modified our prior coincidence criteria by increasing the time window from ±1 s to as much as ±10 min to account for the lower DE of the ground truth systems. Using the expanded time window, we compare GLM flash data from August 1, 2019 through January 31, 2020 for both instruments against the virtual network lightning flash data. We find that increasing the time window, while maintaining the distance criteria of 50 km, greatly improve the DE and FAR values. With the full ±10 min time window, over the whole GLM FOV, the GLMs on GOES‐16 and GOES‐17 have a DE of over 90%. For the same time window, the FAR for GLM on GOES‐16 is just over 5%, while the FAR for the GLM on GOES‐17 is just under 20%.
Measuring Fundamental and Higher Mode Surface Wave Dispersion on Mars From Seismic Waveforms
Authors: Xu Haotian , Beghein C. , Panning M. P. , Drilleau M. , Lognonné P. , van Driel M. , Ceylan S. , Böse M. , Brinkman N. , Clinton J. , Euchner F. , Giardini D. , Horleston A. , Kawamura T. , Kenda B. , Murdoch N. , Stähler S.
Published: December 2020

One of the goals of the Interior Exploration using Seismic Investigations, Geodesy and Heat Transport (InSight) mission is to constrain the interior structure of Mars. We present a hierarchical transdimensional Bayesian approach to extract phase velocity dispersion and interior shear‐wave velocity (VS) models from a single seismogram. This method was adapted to Mars from a technique recently developed for Earth (Xu & Beghein, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggz133). Monte Carlo Markov Chains seek an ensemble of one dimensional (1‐D) VS models between a source and a receiver that can explain the observed waveform. The models obtained are used to calculate the phase velocities of fundamental and higher modes at selected periods, and a subsequent analysis is performed to assess which modes were reliably measured. An advantage of our approach is that it can also fit unknown data noise, which reduces the risk of overfitting the data. In addition, uncertainties in the source parameters can be propagated, yielding more accurate model parameter uncertainties. In this study, we first present our technique and discuss the challenges stemming from using a single station to characterize both structure and the source and from the absence of a Mars reference model. We then demonstrate the method feasibility using the Mars Structure Service blind test data and our own synthetic data, which included realistic noise levels based on the noise recorded by InSight.
The Cusp as a VLF Saucer Source: First Rocket Observations of Long‐Duration VLF Saucers on the Dayside
Authors: Moser C. , LaBelle J. , Hatch S. , Moen J. I. , Spicher A. , Takahashi T. , Kletzing C. A. , Bounds S. , Oksavik K. , Sigernes F. , Yeoman T. K.
Published: December 2020

Auroral whistler‐mode radio emissions called saucers are of fundamental interest because they require an unusually stationary emission process in the dynamic auroral environment, and it is a mystery how that can happen in this or similar conditions elsewhere in geospace. The Cusp Alfvén and Plasma Electrodynamics Rocket (CAPER‐2), launched into the cusp, obtained the first rocket measurements of a large‐scale, multiple‐armed dayside saucer, similar to those observed by the DEMETER satellite, with the addition of particle measurements and ground‐based measurements. Analysis of saucer shapes, directional measurements using waveforms, and ground‐based data show that, accounting for estimated uncertainties, these originate at altitudes ∼4,000 km within the cusp, the eastern side of which is penetrated by the rocket ∼100 s after the saucers are encountered. On‐board particle instruments show dispersed electron bursts in the cusp, Alfvénically accelerated at altitudes at or above the saucer sources.
Fast Quasi‐Geostrophic Magneto‐Coriolis Modes in the Earth's Core
Authors: Gerick F. , Jault D. , Noir J.
Published: December 2020

Fast changes of Earth's magnetic field could be explained by inviscid and diffusion‐less quasi‐geostrophic (QG) Magneto‐Coriolis modes. We present a hybrid QG model with columnar flows and three‐dimensional magnetic fields and find modes with periods of a few years at parameters relevant to Earth's core. For the simple poloidal magnetic field that we consider here they show a localization of kinetic and magnetic energy in the equatorial region. This concentration of energy near the equator and the high frequency make them a plausible mechanism to explain similar features observed in recent geomagnetic field observations. Our model potentially opens a way to probe the otherwise inaccessible magnetic field structure in the Earth's outer core.
Solar Extreme Ultraviolet Irradiance Uncertainties for Planetary Studies
Authors: Thiemann E. M. B. , Eparvier F. G. , Knoer V. , Al Muharrami Abdulla , Lillis R. J.
Published: December 2020

Accurate estimates of extreme ultraviolet (EUV) irradiance are needed in order to understand the dynamical, chemical, and plasma processes occurring in planetary upper and tenuous atmospheres. Most studies rely on irradiance measurements made at Earth, which are extrapolated to the location of interest. The Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution (MAVEN) orbiter includes the Extreme Ultraviolet Monitor (EUVM) instrument to measure the solar EUV irradiance in situ at Mars, which is used in this study to quantify the error introduced when phase‐shifting EUV measurements from Earth to other locations in the solar system. The MAVEN/EUVM solar soft X‐Ray (SXR) and Lyman‐α measurements are compared with analogous measurements made from Earth to characterize the typical error introduced when phase‐shifting solar EUV irradiance measurements made from Earth to other points in the solar system according to the 27.27 day synodic solar rotation period. The phase‐shifting error, εps, measured at SXR and Lyman‐α wavelengths are extrapolated to the full EUV spectrum by assuming it is proportional to the variability that occurs over the 27‐day timescale of solar rotation. Values for εps as a function of wavelength are reported and used to find the typical error for estimates of photoionization frequencies of some major species found in planetary upper atmospheres. Measuring EUV irradiance in situ reduces the random uncertainty by approximately half of that expected from phase shifting irradiances to the point of interest from Earth. These findings indicate that estimates of EUV induced variability in planetary atmospheres are highly uncertain at timescales of ∼10 days for large phase angles.
On the Altitude Patterns of Photo‐Chemical‐Equilibrium in the Martian Ionosphere: A Special Role for Electron Temperature
Authors: Mendillo Michael , Phillips Sophie R. , Narvaez Clara , Mayyasi Majd , Thiemann Edward , Benna Mehdi , Eparvier Francis , Chamberlin Phillip , Mahaffy Paul , Andersson Laila
Published: December 2020

The ionosphere at Mars is governed by photo‐chemical‐equilibrium (PCE) at and below the height of maximum electron density (∼130 km), while the topside ionosphere blends PCE with other processes (e.g., plasma dynamics). We studied the altitude profile from 135 to 260 km where PCE conditions transition to the non‐PCE domain. Using MAVEN observations of electron density (Ne) and temperature (Te), CO2 densities, and integrated energy flux Fsun(5–93 nm), we tested the PCE relationship (Mendillo et al., 2017, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017ja024366). We found high correlations coefficients (CC = 80–90%) for heights 25–40 km above hmax, and then decreases to CC = 50% (defining partial PCE control). Surprisingly, CCs returned to > 50% in the 160–175 height range. We found the re‐establishment of PCE control occurs where the Te values rise sharply and thereby reduce the plasma recombination rate due to its inverse dependence on electron temperature. Enhancements in the topside ionosphere due to that process were first postulated by Fox and Yeager (2006, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JA011697) to explain the “shoulder” seen Ne(h) profiles from radio occultation experiments. MAVEN data now provide the first comprehensive set of in situ observations to relate this enigmatic “bulge” to observed PCE parameters. Moreover, MAVEN observations reveal that additional sources are present to account for the Ne enhancements larger than possible from the thermal process alone.
Application of Cold and Hot Plasma Composition Measurements to Investigate Impacts on Dusk‐Side Electromagnetic Ion Cyclotron Waves
Authors: Lee Justin H. , Turner Drew L. , Vines Sarah K. , Allen Robert C. , Toledo‐Redondo Sergio , Bingham Sam T. , Fuselier Stephen A. , Cohen Ian J. , Starkey Michael J. , Graham Daniel B. , Khotyaintsev Yuri V. , Mauk Barry H. , Pollock Craig J. , Ergun Robert E. , Lindqvist Per‐Arne , Torbert Roy B. , Burch James L.
Published: December 2020

An extended interval of perturbed magnetospheric conditions in November 2016 supported increased convection and sunward transport of plasmaspheric material. During this period of time the Magnetospheric Multiscale satellites, with their apogees along Earth's dusk‐side outer magnetosphere, encountered several cold plasma density structures at the same time as plasma bulk flows capable of accelerating hidden cold plasma occurred. Investigating the charged particle and fields data during two subintervals showed that the satellites made direct measurements of cold plasmaspheric ions embedded within multicomponent hot plasmas as well as electromagnetic emissions consistent with electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves. The complex in situ ion composition measurements were applied to linear wave modeling to interpret the impacts of cold and hot ion species on wave growth and band structure. Although the waves for both intervals were predicted to have peak growth rate below ΩHe+, substantial differences were observed among all other dispersive properties. The modeling also showed EMIC waves generated in the presence of heavy ions had growth rates and unstable wave numbers always smaller than predicted for a pure proton‐electron plasma. The results provide implications for future investigation of EMIC wave generation with and without direct measurements of the cold and hot plasma composition as well as of subsequent wave‐particle interactions.
Joint Bayesian Inference for Near‐Surface Explosion Yield and Height‐of‐Burst
Authors: Ford S. R. , Bulaevskaya V. , Ramirez A. , Johannesson G. , Rodgers A. J.
Published: December 2020

Forensic capabilities to understand chemical and nuclear explosions are greatly aided by an accurate estimate of explosive yield with uncertainty. The relationship between explosive size and geophysical observations of seismic, acoustic, and optical waves can be exploited to provide an estimate of yield. Any near‐surface yield estimate is complicated by the surface interaction, so an estimate for the explosion height‐of‐burst is necessarily included in the relationship. The relationship dictates a trade‐off between estimates of yield and height‐of‐burst. Fortunately, the surface interaction for each type of observation is different, which breaks the trade‐off, and the inclusion of height‐of‐burst with multiple data types improves yield estimation. We define simple parametric forward models to relate seismoäcoustoöptic observations from a data set of known explosive yields and height‐of‐bursts. The parameters of the models and a prediction for the yield and height‐of‐burst of a new event can then be estimated given new observations via Bayesian inference. We report posterior distribution estimates of the parametric models using a Markov chain Monte Carlo sampling technique. These models are then used to predict the yield and height‐of‐burst of SUGAR, a historical near‐surface nuclear explosion, using its reported historical observations. The reported yield of 1.2 ktonne Trinitrotoluene (TNT)‐equivalent (Department of Energy, 2015) is within the estimated posterior. Yield uncertainty can be estimated from the spread of the posterior, which is between 0.9 and 2.1 ktonne TNT‐equivalent. The posterior for height‐of‐burst has a wider range between 10 m below and 8 m above ground that includes the true height‐of‐burst of 1 m.