bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
BENTUK INTERAKSI SOSIAL ANAK TUNAGRAHITA DI SEKOLAH
Authors: Bastiana
Published: January 2021

Anak tunagrahita membutuhkan kehidupan sosial baik di lingkungankeluarga, lingkungan sekolah, maupun di lingkungan masyarakat.Untuk bisa terlibat dan mempunyai peranan dalam kehidupansosialnya, anak tunagrahita harus berinteraksi dengan lingkungandimanapun berada. Di sekolah anak tunagrahita berinteraksi dengananak tunagrahita dan anak berkebutuhan khusus yang lain baik secaraindividu maupun secara kelompok. Interaksi sosial tidak selamanyamenunjukkan adanya kerja sama antar individu, tetapi interaksi sosialdalam wujudnya dapat juga terjadi dalam bentuk persaingan. Bahkanyang mengkhawatirkan jika interaksi sosial itu berwujud konflikkarena dapat mengakibatkan perpecahan. Anak tunagrahita sebagaibagian dari masyarakat dan dalam kodratnya sebagai mahluk sosial,tidak terlepas dari bentuk-bentuk interaksi sosial. Kecenderungan kearah bentuk interaksi sosial yang ditunjukkan oleh anak tunagrahitadalam berhubungan dengan orang lain akan dipengaruhi olehkekhususan yang dimiliki oleh anak tunagrahita.
FILSAFAT SKOLASTIK
Authors: Bin Ruba Sarwani
Published: January 2021

Filsafat adalah studi tentang seluruh fenomena kehidupan dan pemikiran manusia secara kritis dan dijabarkan dalam konsep mendasar. Filsafat tidak didalami dengan melakukan eksperimen-eksperimen dan percobaan-percobaan, tetapi dengan mengutarakan masalah secara persis, mencari solusi untuk itu, memberikan argumentasi dan alasan yang tepat untuk solusi tertentu. Akhir dari proses-proses itu dimasukkan ke dalam sebuah proses dialektika. Untuk studi falsafi, mutlak diperlukan logika berpikir dan logika bahasa. Seseorang yang mendalami bidang falsafah disebut "filsuf". Di dalam filsafat skolastik ini akan sedikit membahas filsafat pada abad pertengahan dan masa awal skolastik barat. Filsafat barat abad pertengahan bisa dikatakan sebagai ‘abad kegelapan’ karena pada masa itu semuanya terikat dengan gereja. Dan di masa awal skolastik barat aka nada banyak teori terori dari tokoh skolasti. a). Augustinus (354-430 M). Menurut Augustinus dalam pemikirannya, dia mengatakan dibalik keteraturan dan ketertiban alam semesta ini pasti ada yang mengendalikan yaitu Tuhan. Kebenaran mutlak ada pada ajaran agama. b). Boethius (480-524 M). Boethius sekurang – kurangnya telah menerjemahkan 2 karya Aristoteles tentang logika yaitu Categories, dan On Interpretation. c). Kaisar Karel Agung (742-814 M). Charlemagne membangun sekolah-sekolah pada zaman ini. Hal itu dikarenakan agar tersebarnya agama Kristen terdapat pola organisasi yang teratur (baik dalam penyebaran maupun memperdalam agamanya).
Cross-Sectional Trend Analysis of the NCHA II Survey Data on Canadian Post-Secondary Student Mental Health and Wellbeing from 2013 to 2019
Authors: Linden Brooke , Boyes Randall , Stuart Heather
Published: January 2021

BACKGROUND: Canadian post-secondary students are considered to be at risk for chronic stress and languishing mental health, but there has been no longitudinal analysis of the available population-level data. The purpose of this study was to examine trends in the overall and sex-specific prevalence of self-reported stress, distress, mental illness, and help seeking behaviours among Canadian post-secondary students over the past several years. METHODS: Using the 2013, 2016, and 2019 iterations of the National College Health Assessment II Canadian Reference data, we conducted a trend analysis for each variable of interest, stratified by sex. The significance and magnitude of the changes were modelled using cumulative linked ordinal regression models and log binomial regression models.RESULTS: With few exceptions, we observed significant increases over time in the proportion of students reporting symptoms of psychological distress, mental illness diagnoses, and help seeking for mental health related challenges. Female students reported a higher level of stress than male students, with a statistically significant increase in the stress level reported by female students observed over time. In all cases, larger proportions of female students were observed compared to male students, with the proportion of female students who self-reported mental illness diagnoses nearly doubling that of males. CONCLUSIONS: Our analysis indicated that the proportion of students self-reporting mental health related challenges, including stress, psychological distress, and diagnosed mental illnesses increased between the 2013, 2016 and 2019 iterations of the NCHA II conducted among Canadian post-secondary students.
Utilizing a biology-driven approach to map the exposome in health and disease: an essential investment to drive the next generation of environmental discovery
Authors: Chung Ming Kei , Rappaport Stephen M. , Wheelock Craig E. , Nguyen Vy Kim , van der Meer Thomas P. , Miller Gary W. , Vermeulen Roel , Patel Chirag J.
Published: January 2021

Background:Recent developments in technologies have offered the opportunities to measure the exposome with unprecedented accuracy and scale. However, because most investigations have targeted only a few exposures at a time, the majority of the environmental determinants of chronic diseases remain unknown. Objectives:We describe a “functional exposome” concept and explain how it can leverage existing bioassays and high-resolution mass spectrometry for exploratory study. We discuss how such an approach can address well-known barriers to interpret exposures and present a vision of next-generation exposomics.Discussion:The exposome is vast. Instead of trying to capture all exposures, we can reduce the complexity by measuring the functional exposome — the totality of the biologically-active exposures relevant to disease development — through coupling biochemical receptor-binding assays with affinity purification–mass spectrometry. We claim the idea of capturing exposures with functional biomolecules opens new opportunities to solve critical problems in exposomics, including low-dose detection, unknown annotations, and complex mixtures of exposures. Though novel, biology-based measurement can make use of the existing data processing and bioinformatics pipelines. The functional exposome concept also complements traditional and emerging research frameworks for understanding the exposure-disease relationships. Conclusions:While measurement technology has advanced, there are critical technological, analytical, and inferential barriers impeding the detection of many environmental exposures relevant to chronic-disease etiology. Through biology-driven exposomics, it is possible to simultaneously scale up discovery of these causal environmental factors.
Posisi Status Tersangka di Lihat dari Yuridis dalam Perspektif Hukum Pidana
Authors: JAMIL M.
Published: January 2021

Dalam rumuan Pasal 1 angka 14 Undang-undang Nomor 8 Tahun 1981 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Acara Pidana, selanjutnya penulis sebut KUHAP, kita dapat temukan bahwa “tersangka adalah seorang yang karena perbuatannya atau keadaannya, berdasarkan bukti permulaan patut diduga sebagai pelaku tindak pidana”. Mengenai pengertian yang serupa tentang tersangka juga dapat kita jumpai dalam rumusan Pasal 1 angka 10 Peraturan Kepala Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia Nomor 14 Tahun 2012 tentang Manajemen Penyidikan Tindak Pidana (Perkapolri Nomor 14 Tahun 2012).
Hukum dan Etika dalam Bermedia Sosial
Authors: JAMIL M.
Published: January 2021

Dewasa ini media sosial sudah melekat dalam diri hampir semua insan di dunia, demikian juga kondisi yang terjadi di Indonesia. Media sosial saat ini dipandang efektif dijadikan sarana untuk mempermudah komunikasi antara satu dengan yang lainnya. Berkaitan dengan komunikasi, saya ingat betul saat masa-masa SMP dan SMA dengan kondisi susahnya berkomunikasi. Dulu, jika ingin berkomunikasi dengan kerabat yang berada di lain daerah kita harus kabarin lewat selebaran surat melalui Pos Indonesia, kalau tidak kita harus sempatkan waktu untuk menghampirinya langsung. Bila kita bandingkan dengan saat ini, mudah kita komunikasi dengan siapun, kapanpun dan dimapun yang kita inginkan, itu semata karena adanya media sosial.
Pasangan Legendaris itu Bernama Gus Cici
Authors: JAMIL M.
Published: January 2021

Kisah mereka masa silam, masih teringat dalam memori ingatan Penulis, akan keindahan dan romantisnya kisah sepasang sejoli legendaris ini. Mereka selalu berdua menelusuri romantisnya sudut-sudut kota Jogja dengan penuh riang gembira. Sesekali terkadang penulis melihatnya ketika mereka lewat di jalan depan kampus UNY dengan motor yang terbilang juga legendaris, karena motor itu terlihat sudah termakan usia. Ketika mereka lewat, penulis hanya tersenyum bahagia, karena juga menyaksikan keharmonisan yang terpancar dari mimik wajah mereka. Sebenarnya bisa saja Penulis memanggil dengan meneriaki mereka, namun hati tak sanggup mengusik keasikan mereka. Toh setiap saat juga bisa bertemu mereka. Lalu motor yang dikendarai mereka pun melaju dengan santai ke arah timur, dan mereka pun hari itu berlalu tanpa jejak, karena terhalang tembok-tembok dan juga pepohonan di kejauhan sana (wilayah depan rektor UNY).
ANTARA AKU KAU DAN MEREKA (sebuah antologi puisi)
Authors: JAMIL M. , Purwanto Dedi
Published: January 2021

Ucapan terimakasih kami sampaikan pada FIMNYPress (Forum Intelektual Muda Ncera Yogyakarta) dan juga www.nulisbuku.com, karena telah memfasilitasi semuanya sehingga tulisan-tulisan sederhana dalam buku ini menjadi sebuah buku. Ucapan terimakasih yang tak terhingga spesial diberikan untuk para pembaca, karena telah sudi dan meluangkan waktunya untuk membaca buku ini. Buku ini kami persembahkan untuk Forum Intelektual Muda Ncera Yogyakarta (FIMNY), Prodi Ilmu Hukum UIN Sunan Kalijaga, Dewan Pimpinan Cabang Perhimpunan Mahasiswa Hukum Indonesia Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta (DPC PERMAHI DIY), Ayah dan Ibu Penulis, saudara-saudaraku (kak Murni, kak Munah, bang Zainudin, bang Jamal, Julkifli, Kalisom, Hafsah, dan Rasyid).
Online Neural Architecture Search (ONAS): Adapting neural network architecture search in a continuously evolving domain. [Proposal]
Authors: Buskulic Nathan , Bergman Edward , Beel Joeran
Published: January 2021

Neural Architecture Search research has been limited to fixed datasets and as such does not provide the flexibility needed to deal with real-world, constantly evolving data. This is why we propose the basis of Online Neural Architecture Search (ONAS) to deal with complex, evolving, data distributions. We formalise ONAS as a minimisation problem upon which both the weights and the architecture of the neural network needs to be optimised for the data up until a time $t_i$. To solve this problem, we adapt a DARTS optimisation process, associated with an early stopping scheme, by using the supernet optimised on previous data as a warm-up initial state. This allows the architecture of the neural network to evolve as the data distribution evolves while limiting the computational burden. This work aims at building the initial mathematical formalism of the problem as well as the development of a framework where NAS methods could be used to solve this problem. Finally, several possible next steps are presented to show the potential of this field of Online Neural Architecture Search.
Faktor Pengalaman Dapat Merubah Perilaku Penderita Asma Untuk Berhenti Merokok
Authors: Silfiani Rosita
Published: January 2021

Pengalaman dapat diartikan sebagai sesuatu yang pernah dialami, dijalani, maupun dirasakan, baik sudah lama ataupun baru terjadi. Pengalaman dapat mendorong suaru individu untuk merubah perilakunya, salah satunya yaitu terkait dengan perilaku kesehatan. Asma merupakan salah satu jenis penyakit yang ditandai dengan penyempitan dan peradangan saluran pernapasan yang mengakibatkan sesak atau kesulitan bernapas dan juga batuk. Merokok adalah suatu kebiasaan menghisap rokok yang dilakukan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari, merupakan suatu kebutuhan yang tidak bisa dihindari bagi orang yang mengalami kecenderungan terhadap rokok.
ARTIKEL ALGORITMA PEMPROGRAMAN DAN STRUKTUR DATA
Authors: putra Erwan suganda
Published: January 2021

Struktur data adalah untuk mengorganisasikan data sedemikian rua sehingga implemental ( penerapan ) ataupemeliharaanlogika program menjadilebihterstruktur.Dalamistilahilmukomputer, struktur data adalahcarapenyimpanan ,pengorganisasian , danpengaturan data di dalam media penyimpanankomputersehingga data tersebutdapatdigunakansecaraefisien.Bahasapemprograman turbo pascalsecaraumum yang dilakukan program adalahkumpulaninstruksiatauperintah yang disusunsedemikianrupasehinggamempunyaiuritanlogika yang tepatuntukmenyelesaikansuatupersoalan.
dampak covid-19 terhadap penurunan kunjungan ke faskes
Authors: m.norikshan
Published: January 2021

Fasilitas Kesehatan atau yang sering diakronimkan faskes adalah istilah umum yang merujuk pada sarana atau prasarana dan atau perlengkapan yang disediakan oleh fasilitas kesehatan. Sejak pandemic covid-19 masyarakat enggan untuk mengunjungi institusi rumah sakit. Masyarakat lebih memilih memulihkan kesehatannya secara mandiri dengan beristirahat dan konsumsi makanan sehat. Mereka menghindari rumah sakit karena dinilai sebagai tempat yang memiliki potensi penyebaran virus corona.
Sensitivity analysis of a smooth muscle cell electrophysiological model.
Authors: Kharche Sanjay R , Mironova Galina , Goldman Daniel
Published: January 2021

Cardiac smooth muscle cell mathematical models are increasingly be- ing used in clinical decision making and drug testing. The cell models also have the potential to assist interpretation and extending of our multi-scale experimental findings. Components of the models interact with each other to regulate model behavior in a non-linear manner. To permit meaningful deployment of the models, it is therefore a necessity to understand the regulatory significance of model components’ parameters on the model’s behavior. In this study, the regulation of mean intra-cellular calcium and mean membrane potential (model behavior) by underlying model parameters (regulators) in a smooth muscle cell mathematical model was quantified using two sensitivity analysis methods. It was found that extracellular electrolytes and gating kinetics are prime model behavior regulators. A representative case relevant to widespread hypertension focusing on the L-type channel’s parameters is presented. This sensitivity analysis will guide our future data driven modelling efforts.
FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG BERHUBUNGAN DENGAN PEMANFAATAN PELAYANAN KESEHATAN DI WILAYAH KERJA PUSKESMAS TAMBARANA KECAMATAN POSO PESISIR UTARA KABUPATEN POSO
Authors: TAHIN MAKSEN WANDO , Sodik Muhammad Ali
Published: January 2021

Puskesmas adalah fasilitas pelayanan kesehatan yang menyelenggarakan upaya kesehatan masyarakat dan upaya kesehatan perseorangan tingkat pertama, dengan lebih mengutamakan upaya promotif dan preventif, untuk mencapai derajat kesehatan masyarakat yang setinggi-tingginya di wilayah kerjanya. Pemanfaatan pelayanan Puskesmas dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor antara lain persepsi masyarakat tentang kesehatan, persepsi masyarakat tentang kualitas pelayanan, pendapatan keluarga dan tingkat pendidikan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan persepsi masyarakat tentang kesehatan, persepsi masyarakat tentang kualitas pelayanan, pendapatan keluarga, dan tingkat pendidikan dengan pemanfaatan pelayanan kesehatan di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Tambarana Kecamatan Poso Pesisir Utara Kabupaten Poso. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian survey analitik dengan pendekatan cross sectional. Jumlah sampel sebanyak 69 responden yang diambil menggunakan rumus Standley Lameshow yang populasinya diketahui. Data dianalisis secara deskriptif yaitu analisis univariat dan bivariat, pada taraf kepercayaan 95% (p<0,05). Hasil uji Chi Square menunjukkan bahwa persepsi masyarakat tentang kesehatan berhubungan dengan pemanfaatan pelayanan kesehatan (ρ=0,000), persepsi masyarakat tentang kualitas pelayanan tidak berhubungan dengan pemanfaatan pelayanan kesehatan (ρ=0,213), pendapatan keluarga berhubungan dengan pemanfaatan pelayanan kesehatan (ρ=0,004), dan terdapat hubungan tingkat pendidikan dengan pemanfaatan pelayanan kesehatan (ρ=0,000). Tidak adanya hubungan persepsi masyarakat tentang kualitas pelayanan dengan pemanfaatan pelayanan kesehatan dapat dipengaruhi oleh bukti fisik, kehandalan, daya tanggap, jaminan dan empati.
MYC is a differentially expressed gene in human metastatic breast cancer, in the brain and in the lymph nodes.
Authors: Mamoor Shahan
Published: January 2021

Metastasis to the brain is a clinical problem in patients with breast cancer (1-3). We mined published microarray data (4, 5) to compare primary and metastatic tumor transcriptomes for the discovery of genes associated with brain metastasis in humans with metastatic breast cancer. We found that the v-myc myelocytomatosis viral oncogene homolog, encoded by MYC, was among the genes whose expression was most different in the brain and lymph node metastases of patients with metastatic breast cancer. MYC mRNA was present at decreased quantities in brain metastatic tissues as compared to primary tumors of the breast. Importantly, expression of MYC in primary tumors was significantly correlated with patient recurrence-free survival in patients with breast cancer. Modulation of MYC expression may be relevant to the biology by which tumor cells metastasize from the breast to the brain while evading immune clearance in the lymph nodes in humans with metastatic breast cancer. These data are one piece of evidence suggesting a common ancestor or tumor clone for brain and lymph node metastases that originate from the primary tumor, alluding to patterns in developmental origin and migratory pathways through the lymph node in human brain metastatic breast cancer.
Non Muslim Jangan Disebut Kafir, Sebut Saja Muwathinun (Warga Negara)
Authors: JAMIL M.
Published: January 2021

Akhir-akhir ini Indonesia dihebohkan dengan adanya gagasan pelarangan penyebutan non muslim dengan sebutan kafir. Keheboan tersebut bermula dengan adanya gagasan yang diungkapkan oleh Nahdlatul Ulama (NU) melalui Munasnya yang terselenggara belum lama ini di Kota Banjar, Jawa Barat. Sebenarnya Hasil Munas NU memaknai kata „kafir‟ yang kerap menjadi celoteh dalam konteks bernegara dan demokrasi. Disadari atau tidak, kata Kafir bisa ditafsirkan bukan sekadar non-muslim, tapi dalam konteks negara. Hal ini menguak dalam Bahtsul Masail Maudlu’iyyah (tematik) tentang “Negara, Kewarganegaraan, Hukum Negara dan Perdamaian” saat Munas NU kata kafir sebaiknya tidak ada.
Pemalsuan Akta Autentik Sebagai Aspek Pidana Notaris
Authors: JAMIL M.
Published: January 2021

Notaris dikenal sebagai pejabat terhormat sesuai amanah undang-undang. Pada Pasal 1 ayat 1 UUJN Perubahan, disebutkan Notaris adalah pejabat umum yang berwenang untuk membuat akta autentik dan memiliki kewenangan lainnya sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Undang-Undang ini atau berdasarkan undang-undang lainnya. Kadangkala pelabelan “terhormat” yang disandang Notaris di cederai oleh oknum-oknum Notaris yang tidak bertanggungjawab. Oknum tersebut tidak berpikir panjang akan akibat dari apa yang dilakukan. Semakin banyaknya notaris dan semakin kompleksnya persoalan yang dihadapi oleh seorang Notaris maka ada juga Notaris yang bersentuhan dengan kasus hukum terkait pemalsuan akta autentik. Negara Indonesia adalah negara hukum, dalam suatu negara hukum semua orang diperlakukan sama dihadapan hukum (equality before the law), diberlakukan juga pada profesi Notaris. Notaris dapat di pidana ababila memenuhi unsur pidana yang termuat dalam Pasal 263 ayat (1) dan Pasal 264 ayat (1) KUHP. Pada penelitian ini, Penulis melakukan Analisis secara yuridis-normatif berdasarkan studi pustaka.
Defining blast loading ‘zones of relevance’ for primary blast injury research: A consensus of injury criteria for idealised explosive scenarios
Authors: Denny Jack , Dickinson Alexander , Langdon Genevieve
Published: January 2021

Blast injuries remain a serious threat to defence and civilian populations around the world. ‘Primary’ blast injuries (PBIs) are caused by direct blast wave interaction with the human body, particularly affecting air-containing organs. Despite development of blast injury criteria since the 1960s, work to define blast loading conditions for safety limits, protective design and injury research has received relatively little attention. With a continued experimental focus on PBI mechanisms and idealised blast assumptions, meaningful test outcomes rely on appropriate simulated conditions. This paper critically evaluates existing predictive criteria for PBIs (grouped into those affecting the auditory system, pulmonary injuries and brain trauma) as a function of incident blast wave parameters, assuming idealised air blast scenarios. Analysis of the multi-injury criteria reveals new insights and understanding. It showed that blast conditions of relevance to realistic explosive threats are limited and they should be an important consideration in the design of clinical trials simulating blast injury. Zones of relevance for PBI research are proposed to guide experimental designs and compare future data. This work will prove valuable to blast protection engineers and clinical researchers seeking to determine blast loading conditions for safety limits, protective design requirements and injury investigations.
Anxiety and Amygdala Connectivity During Movie-watching
Authors: Kirk Peter Alexander , Robinson Oliver Joe , Skipper Jeremy I
Published: January 2021

Rodent and human studies have implicated an amygdala-prefrontal circuit during threat processing. One possibility is that while amygdala activity underlies core features of anxiety (e.g. detection of salient information), prefrontal cortices (i.e. dorsomedial prefrontal/anterior cingulate cortex) entrain its responsiveness. To date, this has been established in tightly controlled paradigms (predominantly using static face perception tasks) but has not been extended to more naturalistic settings. Consequently, using ‘movie fMRI’—in which participants watch ecologically-richer movies rather than constrained cognitive tasks—we sought to test whether individual differences in anxiety correlate with the degree of face-dependent amygdala-prefrontal coupling in two independent samples. Analyses suggested increased face-dependent superior parietal activation and decreased speech-dependent auditory cortex activation as a function of anxiety. However, we failed to find evidence for anxiety-dependent connectivity, neither in our stimulus-dependent or -independent analyses. Our findings suggest that work in experimentally constrained settings may not replicate in more ecologically valid settings and, moreover, highlight the importance of testing the generalizability of neuroimaging findings outside of the original context.
Home-schooling during COVID-19 lockdown: Effects of coping style, home space, and everyday creativity on stress and home-schooling outcomes
Authors: Aznar Ana , Sowden Paul T , Bayless Sarah , Ross Kirsty Mhairi , Warhurst Amy , Pachi Dimitra
Published: January 2021

The present study examined parents’ experiences of home-schooling their children during the COVID-19 lockdown in the UK. A total of 322 parents completed an online survey between the 1st May and the 24th July 2020. Relationships were explored between predictor variables (coping mechanisms, household income, adequacy of space) and outcome variables (parenting self-efficacy, discipline, home-schooling relationships) mediated by stress and moderated by creativity and parenting dimensions. Moderated mediation analyses showed that inadequate space at home and negative coping mechanisms resulted in elevated stress and worse outcomes in terms of parents approaches to discipline and their experience of home-schooling their children. Negative outcomes were more pronounced for parents who used high levels of behavioural control. In turn, negative outcomes were reduced when parents had higher levels of self-perceived everyday creativity and outcomes were improved by positive coping strategies. Implications and applications of these findings are discussed.
Exploring attention in the bilingualism continuum: A resting-state functional connectivity study
Authors: Dash Tanya , Joanette Yves , Ansaldo Ana Ines
Published: January 2021

This study explores the effects of bilingualism on the subcomponents of attention using resting-state functional connectivity analysis (rsFC). Resting-state functional connectivity studies have established stronger within and between network connectivity for categorically defined bilinguals – based on L2 variables. In this study, L2 AoA, L2 exposure, and L2 proficiency were examined along a continuum, instead of dichotomizing them. 20 seed regions centering on the three subcomponents of attention were pre-selected. First, a stronger rsFC for the seeds in alerting and orienting network is positively associated with the behavioral performance; this was not true for the seeds in the executive control network. Second, different levels of bilingualism have distinct patterns of rsFC for the subcomponents of attention after controlling for age and cognitive reserve variables. The impact of objective measures of bilingualism, i.e., L2 task proficiency, modulates all three attention networks. While the subjective measures such as L2 AOA modulates specific attention network. Thus, language performance in contrast to self-reported information, as a measure of bilingualism, has a greater potential to tap into the role of bilingualism in attentional processes.
Host, parasite, and failure at the colony level: COVID-19 and the US information ecosystem
Authors: Cohen Philip N.
Published: January 2021

This review uses host-parasite interactions in nonhuman species to frame the poor US response to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. The co-evolutionary interaction between host and parasite results in changes to hosts that are achieved through genetic evolution but involve collective information sharing and behavioral adaptation at the colony level. Common examples are described among ants, bees, and other insects. The US defenses against SARS-CoV-2 were weakened by malformations in the information ecosystem that disrupted the dissemination of information while spreading misinformation and disinformation. Distortions arising from political corruption, and magnified by social media platforms, were especially consequential. I conclude that this failure may ultimately result in a social evolution that weakens US global dominance. On the other hand, if the crisis contributes to innovation and reform in the information ecosystem, that may contribute to a more egalitarian and democratic system for the production and dissemination of knowledge.
The Dark Web and cannabis use in the United States: Evidence from a big data research design
Authors: Jardine Eric , Lindner Andrew Micah
Published: January 2021

BackgroundCannabis is one of the most commonly sold drugs on cryptomarkets. Because of the anonymity-granting functions of Tor, no study has traced the within-country effect of the Dark Web on cannabis consumption patterns. This article uses a big data research design to examine the association between revealed interest in the Dark Web and self-reported cannabis use within US states from 2011 when Silk Road launched to 2015 when Operation Onymous shuttered nine markets.MethodsThis study uses mixed effects ordinary least squared regressions to analyze U.S. state/year panel data, using robust standard errors to correct for heteroscedasticity. Marginal effect plots illustrate substantive effects. The dataset consists of state-level variables drawn from the Uniform Crime Report (UCR), the American Community Survey (ACS), the National Survey on Drug Use and Health, the Correlates of State Policy Project, and the Bureau of Justice Statistics Justice Expenditure and Employment Extracts. Data for the Dark Web interest measure are drawn from Google Trends. The proxy for Dark Web interest is an index of eight Dark Web related search queries.ResultsThe regression analysis indicates that Dark Web interest in US states positively correlates with cannabis consumption rates overall and among older adults (26+), but not youth (12–17) or younger adults (18–25). Additionally, Dark Web interest is positively associated with more frequent cannabis usage rates (i.e. use in the past month, excluding first time use) both overall and among older adults, but not among youth or younger adults. Dark Web interest does not correlate with casual use (i.e. use in the last year, excluding use in the past month) for any age bracket. Interacting Dark Web interest with state-level legalization regimes indicates that the association between Dark Web interest and cannabis consumption in the past year is no different in medically legalized states and amplified in states with recreational legalization. Lastly, the Dark Web interest term does not correlate with first time cannabis either overall or for any age category.ConclusionsInterest in the Dark Web is associated with increased cannabis use in U.S. states from 2011–2015, but the effect is concentrated in states with more frequent cannabis users, older users, and in states with recreational legalization of cannabis.
Locked Down or Locked In? Institutionalized Public Preferences and Pandemic Policy Feedback in 32 Countries
Authors: Nguyen Hung Hoang Viet , Breznau Nate , Heukamp Lisa
Published: January 2021

The Novel Coronavirus Pandemic provides a unique opportunity to test theories of policy feedback in times of national emergency. An important question in this field is whether the discrepancy between public attitudes and emergency rules makes ordinary citizens less likely to comply, which in turn can undermine the goals of that national emergency policies such as the recent lockdown. In this study, we first compare 2016 institutionalized non-Covid related public preferences for government intervention to government actions taken at the outbreak of this pandemic in early March 2020 across 32 middle to high income countries, using aggregated data from the International Social Survey Program and country-level Blavatnik Coronavirus Government Response Tracker data. Then, we use the relative discrepancy between them to predict public behaviors shortly after the initial outbreak in late-March into early April using the Measuring Worldwide COVID-19 Attitudes and Beliefs survey. We find no association between public preferences and government response at the outbreak; however, we find some tentative evidence that the discrepancy between them shows a relationship with public behaviors in the subsequent stage, after adjusting for the local severity of the outbreak and the current level of government intervention. Where the government took much stronger interventions in the outbreak stage relative to public preferences for non-Covid government interventions, the public were more likely to engage in risky social behaviors, such as going out when asked not to, attending social gatherings, or not keeping a safe distance from others. In contrast, where the government took weaker measures, the public were instead more likely to avoid risky social behaviors. Although we cannot conclude whether this means that the enforced measures were more or less effective, our results may suggest that governments took stronger measures in countries where they expected more risky behaviors and that there may be a tradeoff between institutionalized public preferences and the ability to curtail social behaviours.
Philosophical Foundations of Environmental Policy Analysis: Can Critical Realism Bridge the Neopositivist/Interpretivist Divide?
Authors: Carter Andrew Pearce
Published: January 2021

Traditional environmental policy analysis has followed a neopositivist epistemological frame, using the natural sciences as a template as to how social-ecological problems can be analyzed. Such approaches to policy analysis have been caught up in the same crisis as the social sciences have in general: an overarching failure to create a predictive science of society or to consistently provide solutions to social problems. This has led some policy researchers to align with the interpretivist turn, which has had its own drawbacks. In this review I summarize the historical development and main tenets of both approaches, examining their advantages and disadvantages. I then review an alternative epistemological approach to social science, critical realism, which combines an ontological realism with an epistemological relativism, a focus on elucidating causal mechanisms in the social-ecological systems studied, an approach that may be particularly suited for analyzing the complex social-ecological systems studied in environmental policy analysis.
Publizieren und Lesen in den Zeiten der Pandemie
Authors: Stickelberger Jürgen , Vögler Max
Published: January 2021

Wie hat sich die Disseminierung und das Rezipieren wissenschaftlicher Ergebnisse während der Pandemie geändert? In diesem Beitrag berichten die Autoren über die Erfahrungen des Wissenschaftsverlages Elsevier im „Covid-Jahr 2020". Wie waren aus ihrer Sicht die Wissenschaft und das Verlagswesen betroffen? Die Autoren werden von der Flut an Covid-Artikeln berichten, sowie auch erzählen, wie ihre eigene Arbeit betroffen war. Anschließend wird die Literaturversorgung in Österreich während der Pandemie untersucht: was können wir über das veränderte Nutzer*innenverhalten in den letzten 9 Monaten lernen?
EFFECTIVENESS TEST OF BLACK CUMIN SEEDS (NIGELLA SATIVA) EXTRACT ON THE GROWTH OF KLEBSIELLA PNEUMONIAE AND PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA BACTERIA
Authors: Putri Nadya Nazimuddin , Chiuman Linda , Ginting Chrismis Novalinda , Girsang Ermi
Published: January 2021

Black cumin seeds are known to have beneficial contents as antibacterial. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of black cumin seed extract (Nigella sativa) on the growth of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The method used was the disc diffusion method. The ethanol extract of black cumin seeds gain by maceration method and was made into various concentration (5, 7.5, 10, 12.5, and 15)%. For positive control, ciprofloxacin disc were used and negative control used distilled water. The research model used was in vitro experimental research. The results showed that ethanol extract of black cumin seeds have antibacterial activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae with inhibition zone diameters (4.5, 6.7, 10.1, 11, 12.8) mm, Pseudomonas aeruginosa with inhibition zone diameters (7.5, 12, 12.6, 13.4, 15.6) mm, positive controls respectively (24.3 and 20.7) mm and negative controls (0). It can be concluded that black cumin seed extract has an inhibiting effect on the growth of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
DETERMINATION OF THE TROPICAL STATUS OF FLOATING NET CAGE WATER BASED ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF NITROGEN, PHOSPHORUS AND CHLOROPHYLL-A
Authors: Pujiastuti Peni , Putri Roesleini J , Suseno Suseno
Published: January 2021

The dominant source of pollutants for floating net cages are fish feed and feces. They cause phosphorus and nitrogen in water increase, trigger eutrophication, marked by the appearance of algae. Algae are green plants, contain chlorophyll-a. The content of phosphorus, nitrogen and chlorophyll-a can be used to determine the tropical status of water. The objective of this research is to determine the tropical status of marine cage water. The research method was descriptive laboratory. Nitrogen content is measured as nitrite according to SNI 6989.9-2004, nitrate according to APHA Section 4500-NO3, ammonia according to SNI 19-1655-1989. Phosphorus analysis according to SNI 06-6989-31: 2005. Chlorophyll-a analysis used the Strickland & Parson method by spectrophotometry. Laboratory data were analyzed for tropical status based on nitrogen, phosphorus and chlorophyll-a content. The results showed that the tropical status of the KJA water of Gajah Mungkur Reservoir Wonogiri in the rainy season had eutrophic status, containing high levels of phosphorus and nitrogen elements. The eutrophic status indicatedÂ  that the water had been polluted by an enhancement ofÂ  nitrogen levels by 18.345 Âµg/L and phosphorus by 420.65 Âµg/L. These nitrogen and phosphorus pollutants increased the growth of chlorophyll-a by 12.70 Âµg/L.
Choreography as a means of increasing the level of technical training of gymnasts 6-7 years
Authors: Borуsova Yuliia , Horpynich Oleksii , Didkovskyi Oleksandr
Published: January 2021

Choreography in sports has long been established as a means of specialized training of high-class athletes, which helps to make compositions more vivid, original, expressive, spectacular. Thanks to the means of choreography, you can watch the wonderful, diverse performances of gymnasts, where for each athlete selected styles and nationalities, based on their physical characteristics and temperament. Therefore, the team work of a coach and choreographer is very important. The purpose of the work - to determine the effectiveness of choreography lessons in the training process of gymnasts 6-7 years. Research methods: analysis of scientific and methodical literature; pedagogical observation and experiment; testing; methods of mathematical statistics. Organization of the study. The research was conducted in SDYUSHOR DOO FST "Ukraine" on rhythmic gymnastics. The study involved 20 girls 6-7 years old, who attended sports school 5 times a week for 135 minutes. Research results. Based on the results of testing the initial level of choreographic training of gymnasts 6-7 years old, we can say that the level of choreographic training in both groups is almost the same and is insufficient for further sports improvement, so we have developed and implemented choreography lessons. The lesson consists of a classical exercise, in which the basic technique of dance skill is practiced. When studying choreography develops inversion, flexibility, coordination, stability, easy high jump; the correct posture is made; the musculoskeletal system is strengthened, and also culture of movements and ability to think creatively is formed. At the end of the experiment, retesting was performed, which showed that the level of choreographic preparation of the control group, which was engaged in the usual schedule, without the use of choreography lessons, almost did not change and only 2 exercises were performed at a high level. Meanwhile, in the experimental group, which was engaged in the developed methodology, there have been significant changes. All 10 exercises were demonstrated by gymnasts at high and above average levels. Prospects for further research. Development of choreography complexes for gymnasts 6-7 years old using objects for rhythmic gymnastics.
Information and modular program "Basketball 3x3" in the practice of physical education for children with hearing impairments
Authors: Hopey Maksym
Published: January 2021

The conceptual field of our study presents the content and structure of the information-modular program "Basketball 3X3" as a component of the methodological basis of technology to improve the physical fitness of high school children with hearing impairments using elements of sports-oriented physical education.

According to the results of our research, there were positive changes in improving the level of communication skills among the surveyed children (by 47% on average), motivation for a healthy lifestyle (by 38%), a positive attitude to their own health (by 56%).

The results of scientific research presented in the article demonstrated a certain range of scientific developments in the direction of corrective activity by different principles in the process of adaptive physical education of children with hearing impairments, according to topic 3.23: "Health-forming technologies of children and youth in adaptive physical education".

According to the latest research data in Ukraine over the past five years, there has been a rapid increase in the number of people with special needs. Among them, the number of children with hearing impairments stands out.

A number of scientific studies have also confirmed that deaf and hard of hearing children differ from their healthy peers in somatic weakness, lack of mobility, lag in physical and motor development.

This fact determines the strategic task of developing adaptive physical education in Ukraine at the present stage of the European integration process, which includes the development of the younger generation of basic values aimed at understanding the basics of a healthy lifestyle, strengthening physical and mental health, mental and physical performance, social adaptation and independence of the personality of children with special needs.
Strength preparedness of 6-7 years boys in artistic gymnastics: experience of using the game method
Authors: Deineko Alfiіa , Shcherbak Ruslan , Fishev Iurii
Published: January 2021

The article considers the effectiveness of using game method to increase the level of strength preparedness of 6-7 years boys. It is shown that children of this age due to the ontogenetic features of growing are characterized by increased motor activity and a strong need in it. It is highlighted that a game is one of the most important areas in the children’s life that in cooperation with activity, study, art and sports provides the necessary emotional conditions for a comprehensive, harmonious development of personality. For the teacher, it becomes a tool of education that allows to fully take into account the age characteristics of children and adolescents, to develop initiative, to create an atmosphere of freedom, independence, creativity and conditions for self-development. The game belongs to the traditional and esteemed methods of teaching and educating children of primary school age. The value of this method is that educational, developmental and upbringing functions are closely intertwined in during game activities. Game as a method of studying organizes, develops students, expands their cognitive abilities and educates the personality. It is highlighted that the game method involves the performance of motor actions in the game conditions within its characteristic rules the arsenal of technically-tactical intakes and situations. It is noted that in recent years, mobile games have become widely used as an effective tool in the training process due to the significant potential of the game method using in sports training. It is established that the using of the proposed games in the educational and training process of young gymnasts has increased the level of their strength preparedness.
An innovative approach to the organization of physical education classes with students with musculoskeletal disorders
Authors: Ketova N.V.
Published: January 2021

The article considers the issues of conducting physical education classes for students of a special educational department from the standpoint of an innovative approach. The concept of innovative teaching is defined, its influence on the process of educational activity of students with musculoskeletal disorders. The current problems of searching for new forms, as well as means of organizing training sessions for students with deviations in health, including diseases of the musculoskeletal system, are analyzed. The features of selection of means of prevention and health improvement of students are determined.

It has been identified that finding ways to maintain health, use new developments and innovations becomes a necessity, and the development and implementation of innovations is a necessary condition for the renewal of the education system, as well as a factor influencing the quality of education.

A technique for correcting various types of disorders of the musculoskeletal system using simulators is proposed. It is also proposed to use the means of aqua aerobics as an effective method of correction, prevention and health improvement of students with disorders of the musculoskeletal system.

According to the diseases of the musculoskeletal system, training sessions should be designed on a combination of different types of exercises for certain muscle groups. It is determined that one of the most effective and useful classes with students with musculoskeletal disorders is classes in the water.

The orientation of aqua aerobics classes on the formation of a muscle corset was determined. The peculiarities of the introduction of innovative proposals in the organization of physical culture classes with students with musculoskeletal system disorders are investigated.
Correction of the psychophysical state of students by means of swimming
Authors: Parakhonko V. , Khimich I.
Published: January 2021

The article reveals the features of the correction of the psychophysical state of students by means of swimming. It has been determined that swimming is one of the most common sports among students. The influence of swimming not only on the development of physical qualities, but also on the improvement of the morpho-functional and mental indicators of a person is characterized.

The formation of students' conscious attitude to their health, the development of the need for regular exercise, the formation of self-confidence and the ability to overcome significant physical exertion, especially in conditions of increased emotional and mental stress - one of the most important tasks of physical education in institutions physical education.

Many authors believe that students with higher physical fitness are better able to adapt to new conditions that arise at the initial stage of learning, and this has a positive effect on their well-being, mental state, learning. There is an obvious relationship between the physical and mental state of student youth. Scientists and practitioners are developing new approaches to organizing and conducting classes that take into account the psychophysical condition of students.

Psychophysical health of student youth is the main problem. Selection of means and methods of physical education should be carried out taking into account the peculiarities of the psychophysical state of the individual and contribute to the formation of a stable, mentally stable personality.

Swimming is of great practical importance, is one of the means of physical development and health promotion. It reduces excessive excitability and irritability, strengthens the nervous system.
The features of the formation of a value attitude towards another person among pupils of specialized schools
Authors: Filonenko Lesya , Lysiuk Serhii , Matviienko Olena , Shapoval Alla , Sarancha Iryna , Sylenko Nadiia
Published: January 2021

This article is devoted to the study of the features of the formation of a value attitude towards another person among pupils of boarding schools. Without taking into account factors, namely: the sensitivity of primary school and older adolescence in forming a value attitude towards another person; the peculiarities of organizing the life activities of pupils of boarding schools of the specifics of the contingent of pupils of general education boarding schools of the potential of out-of-hours activities of the above-mentioned educational institutions - it is impossible to determine the effectiveness of certain pedagogical means, to design educational strategies for the formation of a value attitude towards another person among pupils of boarding schools. According to graduates of boarding schools, the greatest difficulties at the end of school are unprepared for relations with members of the opposite sex, the search for friends, the inability to civilize resolve conflicts, fear of new people, inability and unwillingness to build relations with “normal people” and contrast their interests to others, as well as the lack of opportunity to get separate advice. The barrier to the independent life of graduates of boarding schools is the lack of positive examples of life experience in solving various problems; negatively affect the attit ude towards other people, misunderstandings, and conflicts. Often the inability to establish relations with people and show a value attitude to them causes panic, a sense of hopelessness, misunderstanding, isolation. That is why teachers propose to educate pupils of boarding schools based on correspondence with the real needs of children, communication with life, activation of feedback, motivation.