bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Vibration-induced instability of a fluid film flowing down a vertically inclined plane: Experimental and theoretical comparison
Authors: Garih H. , Julius S. , Estivalezes J. L. , Casalis G.
Published: October 2017

This paper validates the theory of linear stability as applied to a fluid flowing down a vertically inclined plane using experimental comparison. The theoretically predicted mode 1 instability, corresponding to a surface wave oscillating at half the forcing frequency, is found to exist alongside the mode 2 instability, corresponding to a surface wave oscillating at the forcing frequency. Instability onset amplitude and frequency were compared, and an investigation of wavenumber with forcing amplitude at several distinct frequencies further confirmed the validity of the theory. A study of the wavenumber trend revealed distinct differences in the stability and development of the surface wave with increasing forcing amplitude. An analysis of the Womersley number, which expresses the ratio of the oscillatory inertia force to the viscous shear force, provides a physical indication of the differences in the wavenumber trend observed.
Generation and head-on collision of asymmetric envelope solitons in uniform cylindrical rods
Authors: de Billy M.
Published: October 2017

The present paper describes an experimental method for generating shear acoustic envelope solitary waves. This technique has enabled us to experimentally investigate the head-on collision between two envelope solitary waves showing symmetric and asymmetric shapes, and propagating in a uniform rod in a low frequency regime. The experimental data demonstrate that the solitary waves reemerge without significant alteration in their essential properties (amplitude, frequency, velocity and polarization) but may be affected by the effects due to dissipation in the rod. Such behaviors being a characteristic of solitons, this investigation provides an a posteriori confirmation of the generation of transverse envelope solitons.
Electric-field control of magnetic anisotropy rotation in multiferroic Ni/(011)-Pb(Mg2/3Nb1/3)0.7Ti0.3O3 heterostructures
Authors: Yang Yuanjun , Huang Haoliang , Luo Zhenlin , Gao Chen , Li Xiaoguang , Tao C. F.
Published: October 2017

The magnetic anisotropy in ferromagnetic/ferroelectric Ni/(011)-Pb(Mg2/3Nb1/3)0.7Ti0.3O3 (Ni/PMN-0.3PT) was studied by angular dependence of the anisotropic magnetoresistance measurements. It was observed that the magnetic anisotropy seems unidirectional, which is attributed to the domain wall propagation and domain nucleation under lower magnetic fields (smaller than the coercive magnetic field, ∼35 Oe). Moreover, the unidirectional-like anisotropy rotated from ∼10° to ∼50° by 4 kV/cm. With increasing in-plane rotating magnetic field, the unidirectional-like anisotropy changed to uniaxial magnetic anisotropy, which rotated from 10° to 24° by the coactions of 40 Oe and 4 kV/cm. The magnetic anisotropy modulated by magnetic and electric fields can be understood from the viewpoint of balancing the Zeeman energy, magnetoelastic anisotropic energy, and uniaxial magnetic anisotropic energy. These results indicate that the approach of electric field-controlled magnetic anisotropy and magnetization rotation enables the possibility of an electrically writable memory bit that can be encoded by magnetoresistance.
Quantification of local strain distributions in nanoscale strained SiGe FinFET structures
Authors: Mochizuki Shogo , Murray Conal E. , Madan Anita , Pinto Teresa , Wang Yun-Yu , Li Juntao , Weng Weihao , Jagannathan Hemanth , Imai Yasuhiko , Kimura Shigeru , Takeuchi Shotaro , Sakai Akira
Published: October 2017

Strain within nanoscale strained SiGe FinFET structures has been investigated using a combination of X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy-based nanobeam diffraction (NBD) techniques to reveal the evolution of the stress state within the FinFETs. Reciprocal space maps collected using high-resolution X-ray diffraction exhibited distinct features corresponding to the SiGe fin width, pitch, and lattice deformation and were analyzed to quantify the state of stress within the fins. Although the majority of the SiGe fin volume exhibited a uniaxial stress state due to elastic relaxation of the transverse in-plane stress, NBD measurements confirmed a small interaction region near the SOI interface that is mechanically constrained by the underlying substrate. We have quantitatively characterized the evolution of the fin stress state from biaxial to uniaxial as a function of fin aspect ratio and Ge fraction and confirmed that the fins obey elastic deformation based on a model that depends on the relative difference between the equilibrium Si and SiGe lattice constants and relative fraction of in-plane stress transverse to the SiGe fins. Spatially resolved, nanobeam X-ray diffraction measurements conducted near the SiGe fin edge indicate the presence of additional elastic relaxation from a uniaxial stress state to a fully relaxed state at the fin edge. Mapping of the lattice deformation within 500 nm of this fin edge by NBD revealed large gradients, particularly at the top corner of the fin. The values of the volume averaged lattice deformation obtained by nanoXRD and NBD are qualitatively consistent. Furthermore, the modulation of strain at the fin edge obtained by quantitative analysis of the nanoXRD results agrees with the lattice deformation profile obtained by NBD.
Susceptible-infected-recovered epidemics in random networks with population awareness
Authors: Wu Qingchu , Chen Shufang
Published: October 2017

The influence of epidemic information-based awareness on the spread of infectious diseases on networks cannot be ignored. Within the effective degree modeling framework, we discuss the susceptible-infected-recovered model in complex networks with general awareness and general degree distribution. By performing the linear stability analysis, the conditions of epidemic outbreak can be deduced and the results of the previous research can be further expanded. Results show that the local awareness can suppress significantly the epidemic spreading on complex networks via raising the epidemic threshold and such effects are closely related to the formulation of awareness functions. In addition, our results suggest that the recovered information-based awareness has no effect on the critical condition of epidemic outbreak.
Phase diagram of two-dimensional hard rods from fundamental mixed measure density functional theory
Authors: Wittmann René , Sitta Christoph E. , Smallenburg Frank , Löwen Hartmut
Published: October 2017

A density functional theory for the bulk phase diagram of two-dimensional orientable hard rods is proposed and tested against Monte Carlo computer simulation data. In detail, an explicit density functional is derived from fundamental mixed measure theory and freely minimized numerically for hard discorectangles. The phase diagram, which involves stable isotropic, nematic, smectic, and crystalline phases, is obtained and shows good agreement with the simulation data. Our functional is valid for a multicomponent mixture of hard particles with arbitrary convex shapes and provides a reliable starting point to explore various inhomogeneous situations of two-dimensional hard rods and their Brownian dynamics.
Metastable defect response in CZTSSe from admittance spectroscopy
Authors: Koeper Mark J. , Hages Charles J. , Li Jian V. , Levi Dean , Agrawal Rakesh
Published: October 2017

Admittance spectroscopy is a useful tool used to study defects in semiconductor materials. However, metastable defect responses in non-ideal semiconductors can greatly impact the measurement and therefore the interpretation of results. Here, admittance spectroscopy was performed on Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 where metastable defect response is illustrated due to the trapping of injected carriers into a deep defect state. To investigate the metastable response, admittance measurements were performed under electrically and optically relaxed conditions in comparison to a device following a low level carrier-injection pretreatment. The relaxed measurement demonstrates a single capacitance signature while two capacitance signatures are observed for the device measured following carrier-injection. The deeper level signature, typically reported for kesterites, is activated by charge trapping following carrier injection. Both signatures are attributed to bulk level defects. The significant metastable response observed on kesterites due to charge trapping obscures accurate interpretation of defect levels from admittance spectroscopy and indicates that great care must be taken when performing and interpreting this measurement on non-ideal devices.
Conjugating precision and acquisition time in a Doppler broadening regime by interleaved frequency-agile rapid-scanning cavity ring-down spectroscopy
Authors: Gotti Riccardo , Gatti Davide , Masłowski Piotr , Lamperti Marco , Belmonte Michele , Laporta Paolo , Marangoni Marco
Published: October 2017

We propose a novel approach to cavity-ring-down-spectroscopy (CRDS) in which spectra acquired with a frequency-agile rapid-scanning (FARS) scheme, i.e., with a laser sideband stepped across the modes of a high-finesse cavity, are interleaved with one another by a sub-millisecond readjustment of the cavity length. This brings to time acquisitions below 20 s for few-GHz-wide spectra composed of a very high number of spectral points, typically 3200. Thanks to the signal-to-noise ratio easily in excess of 10 000, each FARS-CRDS spectrum is shown to be sufficient to determine the line-centre frequency of a Doppler broadened line with a precision of 2 parts over 1011, thus very close to that of sub-Doppler regimes and in a few-seconds time scale. The referencing of the probe laser to a frequency comb provides absolute accuracy and long-term reproducibility to the spectrometer and makes it a powerful tool for precision spectroscopy and line-shape analysis. The experimental approach is discussed in detail together with experimental precision and accuracy tests on the (30 012) ← (00 001) P12e line of CO2 at ∼1.57 μm.
Electrostatic suppression of the Leidenfrost state using AC electric fields
Authors: Ozkan Onur , Shahriari Arjang , Bahadur Vaibhav
Published: October 2017

The formation of a vapor layer at the solid-liquid interface at high temperatures (Leidenfrost phenomenon) degrades heat transfer substantially. Application of an electric field in this vapor layer can fundamentally eliminate the Leidenfrost state by electrostatically attracting liquid towards the surface. This study analyzes the influence of AC electric fields on electrostatic suppression of the Leidenfrost state; previous studies have only utilized DC electric fields. In particular, the influence of the frequency of the AC waveform on Leidenfrost state suppression is analyzed using high speed visualization of liquid-vapor instabilities and heat transfer measurements of evaporating droplets. It is seen that the extent of suppression is reduced with increasing AC frequency. At sufficiently high frequencies, the influence of an applied voltage is completely negated, and electrostatic suppression of the Leidenfrost state can be completely eliminated. A first-order electromechanical model is used to explain the frequency-dependent reduction in the electrostatic attraction force on the Leidenfrost droplet. Overall, this work highlights the importance of AC frequency as a tool to control the extent of suppression and the boiling heat transfer rate.
Room-temperature 2-μm GeSn P-I-N homojunction light-emitting diode for inplane coupling to group-IV waveguides
Authors: Chang Chiao , Chang Tai-Wei , Li Hui , Cheng Hung Hsiang , Soref Richard , Sun Greg , Hendrickson Joshua R.
Published: October 2017

We report the electroluminescence of a planar p-i-n diode based on an undoped GeSn layer where the p- and n-type electrodes are fabricated by using the CMOS process of ion implantation. The measurement shows a broad spectrum at a peak energy located below the bulk bandgap of Ge associated with indirect optical transition analyzed by taking into account composition- and strain-dependent modeling. This work provides an alternative approach to the fabrication of GeSn-based p-i-n light-emitting diodes as well as moving towards the integration with waveguided on-chip group IV photonic devices.
Force-driven compressible plane Poiseuille flow by Onsager-Burnett equations
Authors: Jadhav Ravi Sudam , Singh Narendra , Agrawal Amit
Published: October 2017

The purpose of this work is to evaluate the recently derived Onsager-Burnett (OBurnett) equations [N. Singh, R. S. Jadhav, and A. Agrawal, “Derivation of stable Burnett equations for rarefied gas flows,” Phys. Rev. E 96, 013106 (2017)] for force-driven compressible plane Poiseuille flow. This classical internal flow problem depicts several non-equilibrium phenomena, for instance, non-constant pressure profile in the transverse direction and tangential heat flux, which are not captured by the classical Navier-Stokes-Fourier equations. The results of OBurnett equations for conserved and non-conserved variables are validated against the existing direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation results. These results suggest that the OBurnett equations are able to predict most of the variables well with respect to DSMC and MD simulation results. We find that the OBurnett equations predict a strictly monotonic pressure profile, in contrast to the bimodal profile predicted by the DSMC results and the conventional Burnett equations, but in agreement with the molecular dynamics simulation results. The equations also recover the non-zero tangential heat flux but fail to capture the peculiar temperature dip at the center, owing to its second order accuracy. These results suggest that the evaluated equations are accurate in predicting the non-equilibrium phenomena observed in the rarefied gas flows for the case considered.
Bistable dynamics of turbulence spreading in a corrugated temperature profile
Authors: Guo Z. B. , Diamond P. H.
Published: October 2017

We present a new model of turbulence spreading in magnetically confined plasma. A basic question in turbulence spreading is how to sustain finite amplitude fluctuations in a stable subcritical region, where linear dissipation of the turbulence is strong? The answer to this question relies on a consistent treatment of mesoscale temperature profile corrugation and microscale turbulence. We argue that inhomogeneous mixing of the turbulence corrugates the mean temperature profile and that the temperature corrugation then induces subcritical bifurcation of the turbulence. Thus, the system will transition from a metastable “laminar” state to an absolutely stable, excited state. Incorporating spatial coupling of the locally excited turbulent regions, a front forms. This front connects the excited and laminar states and penetrates the linear stable region efficiently. We argue that such bistable turbulence spreading can explain observations of hysteresis in the intensity of L-mode core turbulence.
Inhomogeneous broadening of the conductance histograms for molecular junctions
Authors: Bopp Julian M. , Tewari Sumit , Sabater Carlos , van Ruitenbeek Jan M.
Published: October 2017

We demonstrate that the notched-wire mechanically controllable break junction technique can be exploited for the study of single molecule junctions. We have developed a protocol for deposition of thiol-coupled molecules onto Au electrodes from solution. We find surprisingly sharp conductance historgrams at low temperatures, which suggest that the commonly observed large width of the peaks in conductance historgams is the result of inhomogeneous broadening.
2D magnetofermionic condensate in GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructures
Authors: Kulik L. V. , Gorbunov A. V. , Zhuravlev A. S. , Timofeev V. B. , Kukushkin I. V.
Published: October 2017

A principally new collective state—magnetofermionic condensate—was found upon excitation of long-lived triplet cyclotron magnetoexcitons in a Hall insulator with high electron mobility and filling factor ν = 2 at low temperatures T < 1 K. The condensed phase interacts coherently with external electromagnetic field, exhibits superradiant properties and spreads over macroscopic distances from the excitation spot along the surface of the 2D structure due to its low viscosity. The observed effects are explained in terms of a coherent condensate arising in the non-equilibrium system of 2D fermions with a fully quantized energy spectrum, in which a degenerate ensemble of long-lived triplet magnetoexcitons with Bose statistics is formed. The condensation occurs in the space of magnetic translation vectors. Under these conditions, new opportunities arise for future physical studies.
Magnetic anisotropy in Fe phthalocyanine film deposited on Si(110) substrate: Standing configuration
Authors: Bartolomé Juan , Bartolomé Fernando , Miguel García Luis , Gredig Thomas , Schuller Ivan K. , Cezar Julio C.
Published: October 2017

In this contribution we report on the structural and magnetic properties of an Fe phthalocyanine (FePc) thin film deposited on a silicon substrate. The planar FePc molecules order spontaneously in a standing configuration, i.e., with the molecular plane perpendicular to the substrate. The x-ray linear polarized absorption and x-ray magnetic circular dichroism experiments at the Fe-L2,3 edges at T = 6 K were performed, concluding that at this temperature the film displays magnetic anisotropy with the main easy axis perpendicular to the substrate. This result is explained in terms of the FePc single molecule anisotropy which has its larger moment in the molecule plane. Thus, the standing configuration in polycrystalline thin films favors statistically that, at the macroscopic array level, the magnetic easy anisotropy axis is normal to the substrate.
Antiferromagnet-ferromagnet transition in La1–xSrxMn0.5Ni0.5O3 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.2) ceramics
Authors: Troyanchuk I. O. , Karpinsky D. V. , Bushinsky M. V. , Sirenko V. A. , Sikolenko V. V. , Franz A.
Published: October 2017

Ceramics samples of La1–xSrxMn0.5Ni0.5O3 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.2) with perovskite structure have been studied by neutron diffraction method, magnetometry and magnetoresistance measurements. Structural data testify a partial order of the Ni and Mn ions in all the compounds in spite of chemical substitution of the La3+ ions by Sr2+ ones and an increase of the oxidation state of the Ni ions from 2+ towards to 3+ one. Magnetic structure of the compounds changes from ferromagnetic one (specific for the compound with x = 0) to antiferromagnetic (compounds with x ≥ 0.1) while the temperature of a transition into paramagnetic state remains about 270 K for all the samples. Magnetoresistance gradually decreases with temperature increase and strontium content. The results are discussed assuming nearly equal ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic components of the superexchange interaction Ni2+–O–Mn4+ while the interaction between Ni3+ and Mn4 ions is considered to be strongly antiferromagnetic.
Effect of doping and annealing on crystal structure and magnetic properties of La1–xAgxMnO3 magnetic nanoparticles
Authors: Zentková M. , Antoňák M. , Mihalik M. , Mihalik M. , Vavra M. , Girman V. , Fitta M. , Briančin J.
Published: October 2017

We study crystal structure and magnetic properties of La1–xAgxMnO3 nanopowders prepared by glycine—nitrate method. The particle size and crystal structure were modified by heat treatment. The average size of particle varies from about 26.6(4) nm for as prepared sample to 63.3(9) nm for annealed sample at 900 °C/2 h. Crystal structure changes from orthorhombic Pnma to rhombohedral R3¯c after annealing at 600 °C/2 h. The saturated magnetization μs and the Curie temperature TC increase with annealing; TC is more than doubled after annealing at 600 °C/2 h. Exchange bias phenomena were first observed on nanoparticles with orthorhombic crystal structure. The hysteresis loop shifts in horizontal and vertical direction after cooling in magnetic field μ0Hcf ≠ 0 through TC. The values of exchange bias field μ0HE, coercive field μ0Hc, remnant asymmetry μE and coercive magnetization μc increase with increasing value of cooling field μ0Hcf. In addition the training effect was observed.
Giant increase in cross-magnetic-field transport rate as an electron-positron plasma cools
Authors: Aguirre F. F. , Ordonez C. A.
Published: October 2017

An electron-positron plasma in thermal equilibrium within a uniform magnetic field is studied using a classical trajectory Monte Carlo simulation. The cross-magnetic-field single-particle diffusion coefficient is evaluated as a function of the magnetic field strength and plasma temperature. The transport rate is found to increase by many orders of magnitude as the plasma temperature is lowered, for a magnetic field strength of 1 T. The sharp dependence on temperature is due to electrons and positrons becoming temporarily correlated and drifting across the magnetic field before dissociating.
Magnetic properties and evidence of current-induced perpendicular field in epitaxial ferrimagnetic Mn4N (002) film mixed with (111) phase
Authors: Wang G. L. , Wu S. X. , Hu P. , Li S. W.
Published: October 2017

The magnetic properties and anomalous Hall effect of the Mn4N (002) film mixed with the (111) phase were investigated. The lessened magnetization of hysteresis loops at a low field and the peak at about 50 K of the temperature-dependent magnetization curves display that magnetocrystalline anisotropies play a significant role in the magnetic properties of the film. Moreover, the centres of the anomalous Hall loops are shifted to the left for positive currents and show the opposite shift for negative currents, which may indicate the presence of current-induced effective fields. It is proposed that the (111) phase in the film could not only supply the magnetization m derivation from the c aixs but also afford asymmetric interfaces to induce effective fields. The effective perpendicular field arises from the perpendicular components of the effective fields.
On the influence of PDMS (polydimethylsiloxane) substrate surface energy in wrinkling of DLC (diamond-like carbon) thin films
Authors: Teixeira F. S. , Araújo W. W. R. , Gushiken N. K. , Cattani M. , Salvadori M. C.
Published: October 2017

We have explored the influence of surface energy of the PDMS (polydimethylsiloxane) substrate on the wrinkling of diamond-like carbon thin films. The surface energy of PDMS can be tuned by exposure to oxygen plasma or by shallow-implantation of gold. The result is an increase in the wrinkling wavelength and amplitude. By means of a tri-layer wrinkling model, we discuss whether the major contribution to the wavelength variation is via the surface energy of the substrate or via the mechanical properties of the interface layer resulting from the surface treatment. We conclude that the surface energy of the substrate is an important property that must be considered in order to provide a complete description of wrinkling phenomena.
Hot cracking investigation during laser welding of high-strength steels with multi-scale modelling approach
Authors: Gao H. , Agarwal G. , Amirthalingam M. , Hermans M. J. M.
Published: October 2017

Hot cracking during laser welding of advanced high-strength steels is reported to be a serious problem by automotive manufacturers. In this work, hot cracking susceptibilities of transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) and dual-phase (DP) steels are studied based on a multi-scale modelling approach. Transient temperatures measured from welding experiments are used to validate a finite element (FE) model. The temperature, thermal gradient and cooling rate in the weld fusion zone are extracted from the FE model and pre-defined as boundary conditions to a phase field model. The welding-induced microstructural evolution is simulated considering thermodynamic and mobility data. Results show that, compared to the DP steel, the TRIP steel has a broader solidification range, a greater pressure drop at the inter-dendritic regions, and an increased phosphorus segregation at the grain boundaries; all these make this steel more susceptible for hot cracking.
The Spirit Moves: Mobility and Saintliness in the Old French
Vie de Saint Alexis
Authors: Brown Katherine A
Published: October 2017

In the oldest versions of the Old French
Vie de Saint Alexis
, the saint’s renunciation of the profane takes the form of movement. Alexis’s flight from Rome and his return after seventeen years are the defining moments of this version of the Life in Old French, yet scholars have tended to focus on place as it reveals the holy identity of Alexis. This article contends that movement, defined as the absence of fixed place, indicates holiness throughout the text and that Alexis’s flight and return are the true markers of his progression towards perfection. Ultimately, this article posits that Alexis’s holiness in the oldest redactions is always an absence for the audience and movement is one metaphor by which this absence is expressed in the text. Similarly, the narrative movement in the text and the transmission of the tradition of the Life both undermine the centrality of place and reinforce the relationship between movement and holy revelation. In contrast to later, more popular redactions, the oldest witnesses of the Life in Old French present a more universalizing view of the saint and ultimately contribute to the formation of the hagiographic paradigm.
Newton–Okounkov Bodies over Discrete Valuation Rings and Linear Systems on Graphs
Authors: Katz Eric , Urbinati Stefano
Published: October 2017

The theory of Newton–Okounkov bodies attaches a convex body to a line bundle on a variety equipped with a flag of subvarieties. This convex body encodes the asymptotic properties of sections of powers of the line bundle. In this article, we study Newton–Okounkov bodies for schemes defined over discrete valuation rings. We give the basic properties and then focus on the case of toric schemes and semistable curves. We provide a description of the Newton–Okounkov bodies for semistable curves in terms of the Baker–Norine theory of linear systems on graphs, finding a connection with tropical geometry. We do this by introducing an intermediate object, the Newton–Okounkov linear system of a divisor on a curve. We prove that it is equal to the set of effective elements of the real Baker–Norine linear system of the specialization of that divisor on the dual graph of the curve. As a bonus, we obtain an asymptotic algebraic geometric description of the Baker–Norine linear system.
Evaluation of a prognostic scoring system based on the systemic inflammatory and nutritional status of patients with locally advanced non-small-cell lung cancer treated with chemoradiotherapy
Authors: Mitsuyoshi Takamasa , Matsuo Yukinori , Itou Hitoshi , Shintani Takashi , Iizuka Yusuke , Kim Young Hak , Mizowaki Takashi
Published: October 2017

Systemic inflammation and poor nutritional status have a negative effect on the outcomes of cancer. Here, we analyzed the effects of the pretreatment inflammatory and nutritional status on clinical outcomes of locally advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients treated with chemoradiotherapy. We retrospectively reviewed 89 patients with locally advanced NSCLC treated with chemoradiotherapy between July 2006 and June 2013. Serum C-reactive protein (CRP) was assessed as an inflammatory marker, and serum albumin, body mass index (BMI) and skeletal mass index were assessed as nutritional status markers. The relationships between these markers and overall survival (OS) were assessed. The median OS was 24.6 months [95% confidence interval (CI): 19.4–39.3 months]. During follow-up, 58 patients (65%) had disease recurrence and 52 patients (58%) died. In multivariate Cox hazard analysis, CRP levels and BMI approached but did not achieve a significant association with OS (P = 0.062 and 0.094, respectively). Recursive partitioning analysis identified three prognostic groups based on hazard similarity (CRP-BMI scores): 0 = CRP < 0.3 mg/dl, 1 = CRP ≥ 0.3 mg/dl and BMI ≥ 18.5 kg/m2, and 2 = CRP ≥ 0.3 mg/dl and BMI < 18.5 kg/m2. The CRP-BMI score was significantly associated with OS (P = 0.023). Patients with scores of 0, 1 and 2 had median OS of 39.3, 24.5 and 14.5 months, respectively, and the scores also predicted the probability of receiving salvage treatment after recurrence. The CRP-BMI score is thus a simple and useful prognostic marker of clinical outcome for patients with locally advanced NSCLC treated with chemoradiotherapy.
Direct Democracy and Referendums
Authors: Qvortrup Matt
Published: October 2017

This chapter outlines the history of the use of the referendum and outlines why politicians have resorted to using referendums. While referendums may be justified on the grounds that they provide legitimacy to controversial decisions, the empirical and statistical evidence suggests that referendums are generally held due to political expediency. Looking at the practical conduct of referendums, this chapter suggests that those in office tend to lose them if they have been in government positions for a long time. Finally, the chapter suggests that provisions for referendums are correlated with economic growth, as well as a higher Human Development Index.
Situations at Work
Authors: Tett Robert P. , Ragsdale Jennifer , Mol Sylvia L. , Hundley Nathan
Published: October 2017

Targeting a productive and rewarding fit between the worker and the work setting, industrial-organizational (I-O) psychology is heavily vested in identifying situational factors as main effects on work behavior, as moderators of personological (e.g., personality) influences, and as outcomes in understanding the workplace as a dynamic and evolving system. Here, we focus on the role of situations in the I-O psychology practices of job analysis, personnel selection and validation, training, work motivation, leadership, job design, and organizational development. Then, select workplace situational taxonomies are presented from the literature, organized by task (e.g., RIASEC), group (team task type), and organizational (e.g., culture) levels. Several broad situational features (e.g., situational strength, situational trait-relevance) are also identified. The chapter closes with some general observations aimed at advancing integration of situational factors in the psychology of work.
The Landscape of Compassion
Authors: Goetz Jennifer L. , Simon-Thomas Emiliana
Published: October 2017

How do we, as scientists, define compassion? Is it an emotional state, a motivation, a dispositional trait, or a cultivated attitude? In this introductory chapter, we set forth a working definition for compassion, situate compassion in the context of related terms and mental experiences, and orient readers to the key questions addressed by the authors in this handbook. Particular attention is paid to the evolutionary origins of compassion, the biological structures and processes implicated in compassion, the degree to which compassion is universal and variable across cultures, and documented approaches to fostering compassion. In closing, we explore the potential impact of training compassion on personal well-being, the quality of relationships, organizational success, and society more broadly.
Two Factors That Fuel Compassion
Authors: Saturn Sarina Rodrigues
Published: October 2017

This chapter explores how inborn biology and life experiences both play a role in profiles of compassion. The first portion focuses on oxytocin, a neuroendocrine system that is an essential part of the biological drive to feel and express compassion for others. Both innate genetic differences and environmentally-caused epigenetic variations of the oxytocin receptor influence how brains, bodies, and social behaviors are driven by this hormone that facilitates caretaking. The second portion concentrates on moral elevation, a distinct emotional state triggered by witnessing compassion. The experience of moral elevation involves a unique pattern of neurophysiological events in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Together, this section provides illustrations of the mind-body connections underlying of the observations, sensations, and behaviors of compassion.
Cultural Neuroscience of Compassion and Empathy
Authors: Chiao Joan Y.
Published: October 2017

“Compassion” and “empathy” refer to adaptive emotional responses to suffering in oneself and others that recruit affective and cognitive processes. The human ability to understand the emotional experience of others is fundamental to social cooperation, including altruism. While much of the scientific study of compassion and empathy suggests that genes contribute to empathy and compassion, recent empirical advances suggest gene–environment interactions, as well as cultural differences in development, influence the experience, expression, and regulation of empathy and compassion. The goal of this chapter is to review recent theoretical and empirical advances in the cultural neuroscience of empathy and compassion. Implications of the cultural neuroscientific study of empathy and compassion for public policy and population health disparities will be discussed.
Empathy-Building Interventions
Authors: Weisz Erika , Zaki Jamil
Published: October 2017

A major question in the study of empathy—the capacity to share and understand others’ internal states—is whether it can be increased. Scientists have designed a number of effective interventions through which to build empathy, especially in cases where it typically wanes. Here we review these efforts, which often focus on either enhancing individuals’ skills in experiencing empathy or expressing empathy to others. We then propose a novel approach to intervention based on a motivated account of empathy: not only teaching people how to empathize, but also encouraging them to want to empathize. Research traditions from social psychology offer several ways of increasing empathic motivation, which can complement existing work and broaden the palette of applied scientists seeking to help people develop their capacities to care for and understand others.
Compassion Collapse
Authors: Cameron C. Daryl
Published: October 2017

In the current chapter, I will discuss a phenomenon known as “compassion collapse”: people tend to feel and act less compassionately for multiple suffering victims than for a single suffering victim. This phenomenon contradicts many people’s expectations about how they would and should respond to situations in which the most victims are suffering, as in natural disasters and genocides. Precisely when it seems to be needed the most, compassion is felt the least. In the chapter, I describe studies documenting the effect, and compare two explanations of why compassion collapse occurs: one that focuses on basic capacity limitations on compassion, and another that focuses on motivational factors that lead people to strategically avoid compassion. I close by discussing open questions and future directions for study on this phenomenon.
The Class–Compassion Gap
Authors: Piff Paul K. , Moskowitz Jake P.
Published: October 2017

Who is more likely to experience compassion: someone who is rich or someone who is poor? In this chapter, we review how psychological science can shed light on this question. We argue that social class differences in objective material resources (e.g., income) and corresponding subjective perceptions of rank produce self- versus other-oriented patterns of social cognition and behavior among upper- and lower-class individuals, respectively. Extending this framework to the domain of compassion, empirical studies find that individuals from lower social class backgrounds are more prone to feelings of compassion and more likely to behave in ways that are compassionate, including sharing with, caring for, and helping others, relative to individuals from higher social class backgrounds. We describe boundary conditions and mitigating factors to the class–compassion gap, and conclude by outlining important questions and lines of inquiry to guide future research.
Changes Over Time in Compassion-Related Variables in the United States
Authors: Zarins Sasha , Konrath Sara
Published: October 2017

Compassion, or empathic concern, is an emotional response to another’s suffering, coupled with the desire to take action to alleviate that suffering. Throughout history, older generations have been critical of younger generations, often arguing that they are more self-focused than previous generations. However, it is important to examine actual data with respect to changes over time in such variables. Without doing so, we risk spreading potentially harmful and inaccurate stereotypes about young Americans. The goal of this chapter is to review research examining changes over time in compassion-related variables in the United States. Research suggests that compassion-related variables have indeed been declining over time, while self-focused variables have been increasing. However, we will also discuss counter-arguments and counter-evidence, and present possible implications of this research.
Compassion Fatigue Resilience
Authors: Figley Charles R. , Figley Kathleen Regan
Published: October 2017

Drawing on more than 48 years of experience working with compassionate people who were suffering, the authors discuss and illustrate the useful applications of the new Compassion Fatigue Resilience Model. Briefly reviewing the relevant research and theoretical literature, they point to the common findings that human service workers frequently forget about their own workplace comforts and are often unaware of the heavy price they pay in giving service to others. Several case studies illustrate what prompts efforts to build compassion fatigue resilience, and the life improvements that result when these efforts are successful. These improvements not only enhance the quality of human services by the workers; attention to their mental health needs leads to better worker health and morale, and sense of mutual support that extends their careers.
Compassion Fears, Blocks and Resistances
Authors: Gilbert Paul , Mascaro Jennifer S.
Published: October 2017

While there is increasing research on the benefits and facilitators of compassion, as with all motives, there are inhibitors. This chapter will not cover the benefits of compassion, explored in other chapters, but instead considers its inhibitors: the fears, blocks, and resistances (FBRs) to compassion and their evolutionary and psychosocial origins. We begin with an explication of a model for compassion, and show how compassion rests on discrete components and competencies that can be differentially inhibited. Next, we utilize Ernst Mayr’s (1961) classic heuristic to understand compassion inhibition; namely, the “ultimate” and “proximate” analysis. We conclude with an exploration of the antidotes to these inhibitors. Greater research into the nature of compassion inhibitors and insights on how to address them could increase the use of compassion in different domains of life.
Is Global Compassion Achievable?
Authors: Ekman Paul , Ekman Eve
Published: October 2017

Two distinctions are introduced that were not previously explicit in the literature on compassion, which might clarify what is being studied and encourage attention to forms of compassion that have been largely ignored. The first distinction is whether the target of the compassionate behavior is proximal (e.g., seeing someone fall down, badly scraping his or her knee) or distal (e.g., someone not directly observed who might be injured now or in the future). Proximal is immediate, remedial if possible for the suffering witnessed; distal prevents harm in the future from occurring. The second set of distinctions refers to whether the compassion is empathic, involves action, or is an aspiration.
The Compassionate Brain
Authors: Klimecki Olga M. , Singer Tania
Published: October 2017

This chapter focuses on the neuroscience of compassion and related social emotions such as empathy, empathic concern, or empathic distress. First, we review neuroscientific literature on empathy and relate empathy to similar social emotions. We then turn to neuroscientific research on caregiving and social connection before describing cross-sectional studies on the neural signatures of compassion. To investigate whether training of compassion can change neural functions, the neural “fingerprints” of compassion expertise were studied in both expert and inexperienced meditators. The latter included the comparison between functional plasticity induced by empathy for suffering as opposed to compassion training. These studies show that compassion training changes neural functions, and that the neural substrates related to empathy for suffering differ experientially as well as neuronally. This is in line with the observation of distinct behavioral patterns related to feelings of empathic distress and compassion, described towards the end of the chapter.
Cultural Influences on Body Image and Eating Disorders
Authors: Anderson-Fye Eileen
Published: October 2017

Sociocultural factors have long been implicated in body image and eating disorders. Decades of data, drawn from multiple disciplines, consistently demonstrate the influence of culture on body image and eating disorders across several levels of analysis. This chapter engages the rich empirical literature on this subject to retheorize the role and importance of these contextual factors in light of anthropological and related social theories relevant to contemporary circumstances. Specifically, this chapter first analyzes and operationalizes what we mean by “culture” in body image and eating disorder scholarship, describes trends in salient sociocultural factors, and highlights the varying impacts of globalization where societies are increasingly interconnected. It also urges research that builds on current understandings by increasing collaborations among not only multiple disciplines within the social sciences but also biological and clinical sciences.
Marriage and Marriage Markets
Authors: Grossbard Shoshana
Published: October 2017

This chapter reviews models of marriage, with special emphasis on how the sex ratio can help explain outcomes such as marriage formation, the intramarriage distribution of consumption goods, labor supply, savings, type of relationship, divorce, and intermarriage. Economic models of marriage pioneered by Gary Becker are reviewed in the first section and then extended in the next section to incorporate the labor market for the work-in-household approach of Grossbard. The following section discusses challenges in identifying exogenous variation in sex ratios and presents empirical evidence on the impact of sex ratios on labor supply, consumption, savings, and several other outcomes.
Women and Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM)
Authors: Kahn Shulamit , Ginther Donna
Published: October 2017

Researchers from economics, sociology, psychology, and other disciplines have studied the persistent underrepresentation of women in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). This chapter summarizes this research. It argues that women’s underrepresentation is concentrated in the math-intensive science fields of geosciences, engineering, economics, math/computer science, and physical science. Its analysis concentrates on the environmental factors that influence ability, preferences, and the rewards for those choices. The chapter examines how gendered stereotypes, culture, role models, competition, risk aversion, and interests contribute to the gender STEM gap, starting in childhood, solidifying by middle school, and affecting women and men as they progress through school and higher education and into the labor market. The results are consistent with preferences and psychological explanations for the underrepresentation of women in math-intensive STEM fields.
Child Gender and the Family
Authors: Rose Elaina
Published: October 2017

Parents treat sons and daughters differently, but the causes and manifestations of the discrimination depend on context. This chapter reviews the literature on child gender in developing and developed countries and discusses methodological issues that arise when studying child gender effects. In many Asian countries, girls receive less adequate nutrition and health care, and sex-selective abortion is common. In the United States, parents of sons are more likely to be married than parents of daughters, and paternal labor supply and household expenditure patterns vary by child gender. In both cases, the patterns can be explained by differences in returns to children by gender or preferences for sons, and the responses to child gender are shaped by parents’ relative bargaining power. The particular mechanisms depend on culture and constraints faced by parents. Methodological issues include endogenous fertility and child mortality in developing countries and endogenous family structure in the United States.
Managing Talent across Organizations
Authors: Dokko Gina , Jiang Winnie
Published: October 2017

What do talented employees carry with them as they move across organizations? How portable are their expertise, resources, and performance? As organizations’ needs for talent grow and individuals’ career trajectories become increasingly diverse, these questions become more important. In this chapter, we draw from career-mobility research and develop a framework that considers the human capital, social capital, and identity issues in talent movement. We also provide implications for organizations as talent enters and exits an organization. In sum, we suggest that intake of talent per se does not necessarily lead to successful acquisition and utilization of the talent’s capital. Conversely, departure of talent does not mean an absolute loss to organizations—losing talent can potentially bring organizations unexpected gains, such as new social resources.
Talent Management in Small- and Medium-Sized Enterprises
Authors: Festing Marion , Harsch Katharina , Schäfer Lynn , Scullion Hugh
Published: October 2017

Despite the economic importance of small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), talent management in this context is under-researched. The liability of smallness and scarce resources as typical features of SMEs require a specific definition and approach to talent management in this sector. The limited knowledge about talent management in SMEs indicates major challenges in attracting and retaining talent. We draw on the literature on human resource management (HRM) in SMEs, to put talent-management issues in a wider context. Furthermore, we outline HRM and talent-management networks and cooperation in industry clusters as a means for SMEs to join forces to compete with larger, multinational companies. However, this chapter also indicates that more research is needed in the field of talent management in SMEs.
Succession Planning
Authors: Nyberg Anthony J. , Schepker Donald J. , Cragun Ormonde R. , Wright Patrick M.
Published: October 2017

Creating a strong talent-development plan is essential to strengthening and sustaining the most important organizational resource, its talent. Succession planning, as part of a broad talent-management strategy, has long been considered a key tool for ensuring talent replacement. Although there is an increasing understanding of the relationship between talent and organizational performance, we still know little about the process involved in replenishing and sustaining talent. In this chapter, we lay out what we know, what we do not know, and what we speculate regarding the succession-planning process. This provides direction for academics and practitioners to think about how to maximize talent management by extending prior research and embarking toward stronger, more robust, systematic, succession-planning processes. We use a brief literature review to identify the current knowledge concerning succession research. Finally, we present findings from recent surveys on the succession-planning process.