bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
La voz de la Loca: crónica y deseo en La esquina es mi corazón (1995) de Pedro Lemebel
Authors: Franken Osorio María Angélica
Published: July 2015

Pedro Lemebel, en su recopilación de crónicas La esquina de mi corazón del año 1995, articula a la Loca y su comunidad siempre en búsqueda de movimiento y deseo en un mapa urbano de espacios públicos constantemente vigilados por otros, pero que son rediseñados desde la lógica del deseo homosexual y una retórica cursi. El discurso del deseo se establece como estrategia para superar una marginalidad sexual, social y urbana, y desde allí enunciar una crítica a la vida cotidiana, específicamente, al relato neoliberal de los inicios de la transición chilena que dejó al margen a aquellos que subvierten cada día los discursos y relatos urbanos de un poder heteronormativo.
Relatos de professores sobre gestão do pedagógico em um realidade da educação especial na perspectiva da educação inclusiva
Authors: Honnef Cláucia
Published: July 2015

Este artigo traz os resultados de um estudo que buscou verificar como se apresenta o trabalho dos professores frente à educação especial na perspectiva da educação inclusiva. Esse trabalho foi entendido com sendo a gestão do pedagógico, conforme afirma Ferreira (2008, 2009). Examinou-se o que os docentes tinham a dizer sobre a educação especial na perspectiva inclusiva e o trabalho nesta realidade. Esses relatos sugerem reflexões acerca de proposições da Política Nacional da Educação Especial na Perspectiva da Educação Inclusiva, do papel da gestão escolar e dos professores frente à inclusão de alunos com necessidades educacionais especiais. Palavras-chave: gestão do pedagógico, trabalho dos professores, educação especial, educação inclusiva, gestão escolar.
O papel da gestão na formação inicial de professores com vista à educação inclusiva
Authors: Machado Charline Fillipin , Costas Fabiane Adela Tonetto
Published: July 2015

Considerando o atual sistema de educação inclusiva cabe ao ensino regular fornecer a educação básica em todas as esferas. Diante disso, evidencia-se a importância do investimento na formação docente, pois é na academia que se encontra o primeiro e um dos mais importantes ambientes de instrução e troca de saberes, no qual se formam os profissionais que atuarão no amanhã. Esta pesquisa pretendeu verificar quais alternativas organizativas e estruturais a gestão da UFSM está buscando ou deve buscar para colaborar na formação inicial de professores qualificados para atuar na escola inclusiva. Em síntese, a qualidade da formação de professores para trabalhar na educação inclusiva está em construção, problemas ainda são encontrados, principalmente em relação à própria formação dos formadores. Palavras-chave: educação inclusiva, formação inicial de professores, gestão no ensino superior, políticas públicas.
Apresentação
Authors: Quadros Claudemir de
Published: July 2015

Apresentação do v. 2, n. 3 da Regae.
Percepções e expectativas dos alunos do curso Técnico em Paisagismo
Authors: Schwab Natalia Teixeira , Lazarotto Marília
Published: July 2015

As expectativas dos alunos correspondem aos anseios em relação à formação profissional, enquanto as percepções em relação ao processo de formação dizem respeito a como as habilidades requeridas para a execução de uma determinada profissão são atendidas e se o aluno sente-se capaz de desenvolvê-las posteriormente. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a percepção e as expectativas dos alunos do Curso Técnico em Paisagismo do Colégio Politécnico da UFSM sobre sua própria formação. Os alunos do semestre mais adiantado do curso apresentam maior segurança e determinação quanto à sua formação em comparação aos alunos dos semestres iniciais, denotando evolução das percepções e expectativas durante a trajetória. O curso analisado contempla parcialmente o disposto no projeto político pedagógico, já que as habilidades relativas às competências de um dos módulos são relatadas com dificuldade pelos alunos.Palavras-chave: profissão, motivação, questionários.
Environmental education: policy and practice
Authors: Iacob Mihaela
Published: July 2015

This paper seeks to uncover the realities behind the integration, or lack thereof, of Environmental Education into the core science curriculum as well as suggestions to successfully integrating it. There is an urgent need for transformative environmental education and action-based environmental participation, concerns also echoed by the international community. The schools should be vested with an environmental mission about/for/in the environment.  Educational legislation for science education and practice are bridged by a myriad of difficulties to successfully integrating it (Hart, 2002; Metz et al., 2010). Effective strategies for integration as well as teachers’ preparedness and professional development are among the steps towards successful integration.Key-words: Environmental education, science education, knowledge mobilization, scientifically-literate citizens, teachers’ professional development.
A formação continuada na perspectiva da gestão e da prática na sala de aula
Authors: Lima Severino Roberto de
Published: July 2015

Este trabalho apresenta resultados referentes à gestão do processo de Formação Continuada e a prática em sala de aula dos professores de matemática no ensino médio estadual em Palmas-TO, política de valorização profissional. Como metodologia utilizou-se a pesquisa qualitativa estruturada a partir de estudos bibliográficos e pesquisa de campo. O objetivo foi verificar se essas políticas residem como possibilidades para o fortalecimento da gestão escolar e, se têm correspondido aos anseios e expectativas desses profissionais em educação. Embora saibamos que a formação continuada é um processo contínuo, percebem-se, como possibilidades dessa formação, novas habilidades, planejamento participativo, envolvimento nas ações pedagógicas, participação na gestão e prática reflexiva em sala de aula.Palavras-chave: gestão educacional, formação continuada, matemática.
Programa de ações afirmativas na UFSM: o ensino superior público sob o olhar de seus gestores
Authors: Pacheco Cláudia Regina Costa
Published: July 2015

Este trabalho apresenta os resultados da pesquisa sobre ações afirmativas na Universidade Federal de Santa Maria - UFSM. Questionou-se: em que medida a implantação de um programa de ações afirmativas na UFSM pode contribuir para os processos de democratização no ensino superior? O objetivo deste estudo é compreender o processo de implantação do Programa de Ações Afirmativas e as contribuições que este programa pode trazer para uma democratização do ensino superior. Buscou-se apreender como aconteceu o processo de implantação, acesso e permanência nos cursos da UFSM. A universidade, configurando-se num espaço de construção de identidades, também precisa desempenhar o papel de mediadora no processo de construção de cidadania. A participação conjunta de professores, gestores, alunos e comunidade em geral enriquece o planejamento e possibilita uma melhor atuação frente à diversidade escolar.Palavras-chave: ações afirmativas, ensino superior, gestão educacional.
Regulating Chlorophyll a to Control DBP Precursors in Water Supply Reservoirs
Authors: Saunders James F. , Hohner Amanda K. , Summers R. Scott , Rosario‐Ortiz Fernando L.
Published: July 2015

Colorado recently adopted a chlorophyll a standard of 5 μg/L as an option for additional protection of direct‐use water supply reservoirs. Setting a limit on algal abundance by regulating chlorophyll a in these reservoirs is a preventive measure aimed at controlling or reducing algal‐derived precursors of disinfection by‐products (DBPs). Development of the chlorophyll a standard was based on field studies of Colorado reservoirs and compliance data from the associated water treatment systems. Controlling algal abundance in these reservoirs can supplement conventional treatment or serve as an alternative to additional treatment in situations in which algae contribute significantly to the organic precursors that can form DBPs during treatment. The focus on algae is important because algal‐derived precursors are difficult to remove during conventional water treatment and because algal abundance can be controlled via the nutrient supply.
Potential Rainwater Harvesting: An Adaptation Measure for Urban Areas in Jordan
Authors: Saidan Motasem N. , Al‐Weshah Radwan A. , Obada Ibrahim
Published: July 2015

This study investigated the potential of harvesting rainwater from the roofs of nonresidential buildings in populated urban areas in Amman, Jordan, using geographic information system (GIS) techniques. Amman has a mean annual rainfall of 378 mm, which makes rainwater harvesting viable and feasible. The rainfall data recorded at seven different weather stations were processed statistically to produce reliable averaging surface and isohyetal maps for rainfall over Amman. The GIS layer was generated for roofs and catchments to identify the suitable rainwater harvesting sites. Results show that the potential water collected by rainwater harvesting is five times less expensive than that collected via the conventional water supply system. The net total water savings by rainwater harvesting is 3.45 × 106 m3/year, and this could reduce the nonrevenue water and other losses by ∼1%. Furthermore, rainwater harvesting has a potential positive environmental impact by reducing CO2 emissions by about 6.57 tons.
A Review of Macrodystrophia Lipomatosa: Revisitation
Authors: Prasetyono Theddeus OH , Hanafi Enjeline , Astriana Windi
Published: July 2015

Macrodystrophia lipomatosa (MDL) is a rare congenital non-hereditary disorder that has significant impact on patient morbidity. This study provides a comprehensive review of the natural history, diagnosis, management, and outcomes of the disorder. A literature search in PubMed was conducted to identify cases of MDL from January 1950 to 14 February 2014. After ruling out articles without information related to the management of the disorder, a summary of 32 studies was performed. An additional three cases from the authors are also presented. Based on 57 journal articles and three additional cases from the authors, around 108 cases of MDL were reviewed. Most patients were males who were admitted to a treatment clinic in the first four years of life. The lower extremities were more frequently affected, with unilateral presentation being most common. They commonly underwent a single-staged surgical procedure with follow-up periods ranging from more than one year up to 21 years. Out of 43 cases that underwent surgical procedures, 13 reported no complications, and there were seven cases of esthetic satisfaction and 15 cases of significant functional improvement. Depending on the severity of a patient's condition, the use of non-invasive diagnostic tools should be carefully considered. Surgery might be a better choice of management than observation, taking into account possible future complications in the absence of surgery and the beneficial outcomes of surgical procedures.
The Usefulness of Leukosan SkinLink for Simple Facial Laceration Repair in the Emergency Department
Authors: Kim Hyunjoo , Kim Junhyung , Choi Jaehoon , Jung Woonhyuk
Published: July 2015

Background Repair of facial laceration in the emergency department can pose a number of difficulties. Children can be uncooperative, but adults can also be if they have sustained head trauma or are intoxicated. Leukosan SkinLink consists of topical adhesive and adhesive tape that can be applied easily to long or tense wounds. In this study, the authors compared conventional suturing with Leukosan SkinLink for facial laceration patients in the emergency department.

Methods The prospective study was carried out from March 2013 to September 2013 with linear facial laceration patients visiting the emergency department. Exclusion criteria were open fractures, joint injuries, skin defects, hairy skin, and mucosa. The author used Leukosan SkinLink for skin closure in the experimental group and used conventional suturing in the control group. The scar evaluation using the Patient and Observer Scar Assessment Scale (POSAS) along with satisfaction scores, procedure times, and complications were compared.

Results A total of 77 patients (30 in the control group and 47 in the experimental group) participated and underwent follow-up for 6 months postoperatively. The scar assessment using the POSAS and the satisfaction score in both groups were similar. The average procedure time in the experimental group was shorter. In the control group, there were four cases of wound dehiscence, two of infection, and one of skin necrosis, whereas four cases of wound dehiscence and one allergic reaction occurred in the experimental group.

Conclusions With a simple application technique, Leukosan SkinLink is a new effective method for facial laceration repair especially useful for children and uncooperative adults.
Lateral Oropharyngeal Wall Coverage with Buccinator Myomucosal and Buccal Fat Pad Flaps
Authors: Jung Bok Ki , Song Seung Yong , Kim Se-Heon , Kim Young Seok , Lee Won Jai , Hong Jong Won , Roh Tai Suk , Lew Dae Hyun
Published: July 2015

Background Reconstruction of oropharyngeal defects after resection of oropharyngeal cancer is a significant challenge. The purpose of this study is to introduce reconstruction using a combination of a buccinator myomucosal flap and a buccal fat pad flap after cancer excision and to discuss the associated anatomy, surgical procedure, and clinical applications.

Methods In our study, a combination of a buccinator myomucosal flap with a buccal fat pad flap was utilized for reconstruction after resection of oropharyngeal cancer, performed between 2013 and 2015. After oropharyngectomy, the defect with exposed vital structures was noted. A buccinator myomucosal flap was designed and elevated after an assessment of the flap pedicle. Without requiring an additional procedure, a buccal fat pad flap was easily harvested in the same field and gently pulled to obtain sufficient volume. The flaps were rotated and covered the defect. In addition, using cadaver dissections, we investigated the feasibility of transposing the flaps into the lateral oropharyngeal defect.

Results The reconstruction was performed in patients with squamous cell carcinoma. The largest tumor size was 5 cm×2 cm (length×width). All donor sites were closed primarily. The flaps were completely epithelialized after four weeks, and the patients were followed up for at least six months. There were no flap failures or postoperative wound complications. All patients were without dietary restrictions, and no patient had problems related to mouth opening, swallowing, or speech.

Conclusions A buccinator myomucosal flap with a buccal fat pad flap is a reliable and valuable option in the reconstruction of oropharyngeal defects after cancer resection for maintaining functionality.
Functional Outcomes of Multiple Sural Nerve Grafts for Facial Nerve Defects after Tumor-Ablative Surgery
Authors: Lee Myung Chul , Kim Dae Hee , Jeon Yeo Reum , Rah Dong Kyun , Lew Dae Hyun , Choi Eun Chang , Lee Won Jai
Published: July 2015

Background Functional restoration of the facial expression is necessary after facial nerve resection to treat head and neck tumors. This study was conducted to evaluate the functional outcomes of patients who underwent facial nerve cable grafting immediately after tumor resection.

Methods Patients who underwent cable grafting from April 2007 to August 2011 were reviewed, in which a harvested branch of the sural nerve was grafted onto each facial nerve division. Twelve patients underwent facial nerve cable grafting after radical parotidectomy, total parotidectomy, or schwannoma resection, and the functional facial expression of each patient was evaluated using the Facial Nerve Grading Scale 2.0. The results were analyzed according to patient age, follow-up duration, and the use of postoperative radiation therapy.

Results Among the 12 patients who were evaluated, the mean follow-up duration was 21.8 months, the mean age at the time of surgery was 42.8 years, and the mean facial expression score was 14.6 points, indicating moderate dysfunction. Facial expression scores were not influenced by age at the time of surgery, follow-up duration, or the use of postoperative radiation therapy.

Conclusions The results of this study indicate that facial nerve cable grafting using the sural nerve can restore facial expression. Although patients were provided with appropriate treatment, the survival rate for salivary gland cancer was poor. We conclude that immediate facial nerve reconstruction is a worthwhile procedure that improves quality of life by allowing the recovery of facial expression, even in patients who are older or may require radiation therapy.
Decoupling of net community and export production on submesoscales in the Sargasso Sea
Authors: Estapa M. L. , Siegel D. A. , Buesseler K. O. , Stanley R. H. R. , Lomas M. W. , Nelson N. B.
Published: July 2015

Determinations of the net community production (NCP) in the upper ocean and the particle export production (EP) should balance over long time and large spatial scales. However, recent modeling studies suggest that a horizontal decoupling of flux‐regulating processes on submesoscales (≤10 km) could lead to imbalances between individual determinations of NCP and EP. Here we sampled mixed‐layer biogeochemical parameters and proxies for NCP and EP during 10, high‐spatial resolution (~2 km) surface transects across strong physical gradients in the Sargasso Sea. We observed strong biogeochemical and carbon flux variability in nearly all transects. Spatial coherence among measured biogeochemical parameters within transects was common but rarely did the same parameters covary consistently across transects. Spatial variability was greater in parameters associated with higher trophic levels, such as chlorophyll in >5.0 µm particles, and variability in EP exceeded that of NCP in nearly all cases. Within sampling transects, coincident EP and NCP determinations were uncorrelated. However, when averaged over each transect (30 to 40 km in length), we found NCP and EP to be significantly and positively correlated (R = 0.72, p = 0.04). Transect‐averaged EP determinations were slightly smaller than similar NCP values (Type‐II regression slope of 0.93, standard deviation = 0.32) but not significantly different from a 1:1 relationship. The results show the importance of appropriate sampling scales when deriving carbon flux budgets from upper ocean observations.
Relevance of methodological choices for accounting of land use change carbon fluxes
Authors: Hansis Eberhard , Davis Steven J. , Pongratz Julia
Published: July 2015

Accounting for carbon fluxes from land use and land cover change (LULCC) generally requires choosing from multiple options of how to attribute the fluxes to regions and to LULCC activities. Applying a newly developed and spatially explicit bookkeeping model BLUE (bookkeeping of land use emissions), we quantify LULCC fluxes and attribute them to land use activities and countries by a range of different accounting methods. We present results with respect to a Kyoto Protocol‐like “commitment” accounting period, using land use emissions of 2008–2012 as an example scenario. We assess the effect of accounting methods that vary (1) the temporal evolution of carbon stocks, (2) the state of the carbon stocks at the beginning of the period, (3) the temporal attribution of carbon fluxes during the period, and (4) treatment of LULCC fluxes that occurred prior to the beginning of the period. We show that the methodological choices result in grossly different estimates of carbon fluxes for the different attribution definitions.
A space and time scale‐dependent nonlinear geostatistical approach for downscaling daily precipitation and temperature
Authors: Jha Sanjeev Kumar , Mariethoz Gregoire , Evans Jason , McCabe Matthew F. , Sharma Ashish
Published: July 2015

A geostatistical framework is proposed to downscale daily precipitation and temperature. The methodology is based on multiple‐point geostatistics (MPS), where a multivariate training image is used to represent the spatial relationship between daily precipitation and daily temperature over several years. Here the training image consists of daily rainfall and temperature outputs from the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model at 50 and 10 km resolution for a 20 year period ranging from 1985 to 2004. The data are used to predict downscaled climate variables for the year 2005. The result, for each downscaled pixel, is daily time series of precipitation and temperature that are spatially dependent. Comparison of predicted precipitation and temperature against a reference data set indicates that both the seasonal average climate response together with the temporal variability are well reproduced. The explicit inclusion of time dependence is explored by considering the climate properties of the previous day as an additional variable. Comparison of simulations with and without inclusion of time dependence shows that the temporal dependence only slightly improves the daily prediction because the temporal variability is already well represented in the conditioning data. Overall, the study shows that the multiple‐point geostatistics approach is an efficient tool to be used for statistical downscaling to obtain local‐scale estimates of precipitation and temperature from General Circulation Models.
Impact of prescribed burning on blanket peat hydrology
Authors: Holden Joseph , Palmer Sheila M. , Johnston Kerrylyn , Wearing Catherine , Irvine Brian , Brown Lee E.
Published: July 2015

Fire is known to impact soil properties and hydrological flow paths. However, the impact of prescribed vegetation burning on blanket peatland hydrology is poorly understood. We studied 10 blanket peat headwater catchments. Five were subject to prescribed burning, while five were unburnt controls. Within the burnt catchments, we studied plots where the last burn occurred ∼2 (B2), 4 (B4), 7 (B7), or greater than 10 years (B10+) prior to the start of measurements. These were compared with plots at similar topographic wetness index locations in the control catchments. Plots subject to prescribed vegetation burning had significantly deeper water tables (difference in means = 5.3 cm) and greater water table variability than unburnt plots. Water table depths were significantly different between burn age classes (B2 > B4 > B7 > B10+) while B10+ water tables were not significantly different to the unburnt controls. Overland flow was less common on burnt peat than on unburnt peat, recorded in 9% and 17% of all runoff trap visits, respectively. Storm lag times and hydrograph recession limb periods were significantly greater (by ∼1 and 13 h on average, respectively) in the burnt catchments overall, but for the largest 20% of storms sampled, there was no significant difference in storm lag times between burnt and unburnt catchments. For the largest 20% of storms, the hydrograph intensity of burnt catchments was significantly greater than those of unburnt catchments (means of 4.2 × 10−5 and 3.4 × 10−5 s−1, respectively), thereby indicating a nonlinear streamflow response to prescribed burning. Together, these results from plots to whole river catchments indicate that prescribed vegetation burning has important effects on blanket peatland hydrology at a range of spatial scales.
Scenario tree reduction in stochastic programming with recourse for hydropower operations
Authors: Xu Bin , Zhong Ping‐An , Zambon Renato C. , Zhao Yunfa , Yeh William W.‐G.
Published: July 2015

A stochastic programming with recourse model requires the consequences of recourse actions be modeled for all possible realizations of the stochastic variables. Continuous stochastic variables are approximated by scenario trees. This paper evaluates the impact of scenario tree reduction on model performance for hydropower operations and suggests procedures to determine the optimal level of scenario tree reduction. We first establish a stochastic programming model for the optimal operation of a cascaded system of reservoirs for hydropower production. We then use the neural gas method to generate scenario trees and employ a Monte Carlo method to systematically reduce the scenario trees. We conduct in‐sample and out‐of‐sample tests to evaluate the impact of scenario tree reduction on the objective function of the hydropower optimization model. We then apply a statistical hypothesis test to determine the significance of the impact due to scenario tree reduction. We develop a stochastic programming with recourse model and apply it to real‐time operation for hydropower production to determine the loss in solution accuracy due to scenario tree reduction. We apply the proposed methodology to the Qingjiang cascade system of reservoirs in China. The results show: (1) the neural gas method preserves the mean value of the original streamflow series but introduces bias to variance, cross variance, and lag‐one covariance due to information loss when the original tree is systematically reduced; (2) reducing the scenario number by as much as 40% results in insignificant change in the objective function and solution quality, but significantly reduces computational demand.
Understanding large‐extent controls of soil organic carbon storage in relation to soil depth and soil‐landscape systems
Authors: Mulder Vera L. , Lacoste Marine , Martin Manuel P. , Richer‐de‐Forges Anne , Arrouays Dominique
Published: July 2015

In this work we aimed at developing a conceptual framework in which we improve our understanding of the controlling factors for soil organic carbon (SOC) over vast areas at different depths. We postulated that variability in SOC levels may be better explained by modeling SOC within soil‐landscape systems (SLSs). The study was performed in mainland France, and explanatory SOC models were developed for the sampled topsoil (0–30 cm) and subsoil (>30 cm), using both directed and undirected data‐mining techniques. With this study we demonstrated that there is a shift in controlling factors both in space and depth which were mainly related to (1) typical SLS characteristics and (2) human‐induced changes to SLSs. The controlling factors in relation to depth alter from predominantly biotic to more abiotic with increasing depth. Especially, water availability, soil texture, and physical protection control deeper stored SOC. In SLSs with similar SOC levels, different combinations of physical protection, the input of organic matter, and climatic conditions largely determined the SOC level. The SLS approach provided the means to partition the data into data sets that were having homogenous conditions with respect to this combination of controlling factors. This information may provide important information on the carbon storage and sequestration potential of a soil.
Dissolution patterns and mixing dynamics in unstable reactive flow
Authors: Hidalgo Juan J. , Dentz Marco , Cabeza Yoar , Carrera Jesus
Published: July 2015

We study the fundamental problem of mixing and chemical reactions under a Rayleigh‐Taylor‐type hydrodynamic instability in a miscible two‐fluid system. The dense fluid mixture, which is generated at the fluid‐fluid interface, leads to the onset of a convective fingering instability and triggers a fast chemical dissolution reaction. Contrary to intuition, the dissolution pattern does not map out the finger geometry. Instead, it displays a dome‐like, hierarchical structure that follows the path of the ascending fluid interface and the regions of maximum mixing. These mixing and reaction hot spots coincide with the flow stagnation points, at which the interfacial mixing layer is compressed and deformed. We show that the deformation of the boundary layer around the stagnation points controls the evolution of the global scalar dissipation and reaction rates and shapes the structure of the reacted zones. The persistent compression of the mixing layer explains the independence of the mixing rate from the Rayleigh number when convection dominates.
Statistical study of auroral fragmentation into patches
Authors: Hashimoto Ayumi , Shiokawa Kazuo , Otsuka Yuichi , Oyama Shin‐ichiro , Nozawa Satonori , Hori Tomoaki , Lester Mark , Johnsen Magnar Gullikstad
Published: July 2015

The study of auroral dynamics is important when considering disturbances of the magnetosphere. Shiokawa et al. (2010, 2014) reported observations of finger‐like auroral structures that cause auroral fragmentation. Those structures are probably produced by macroscopic instabilities in the magnetosphere, mainly of the Rayleigh‐Taylor type. However, the statistical characteristics of these structures have not yet been investigated. Here based on observations by an all‐sky imager at Tromsø (magnetic latitude = 67.1°N), Norway, over three winter seasons, we statistically analyzed the occurrence conditions of 14 large‐scale finger‐like structures that developed from large‐scale auroral regions including arcs and 6 small‐scale finger‐like structures that developed in auroral patches. The large‐scale structures were seen from midnight to dawn local time and usually appeared at the beginning of the substorm recovery phase, near the low‐latitude boundary of the auroral region. The small‐scale structures were primarily seen at dawn and mainly occurred in the late recovery phase of substorms. The sizes of these large‐ and small‐scale structures mapped in the magnetospheric equatorial plane are usually larger than the gyroradius of 10 keV protons, indicating that the finger‐like structures could be caused by magnetohydrodynamic instabilities. However, the scale of small structures is only twice the gyroradius of 10 keV protons, suggesting that finite Larmor radius effects may contribute to the formation of small‐scale structures. The eastward propagation velocities of the structures are −40 to +200 m/s and are comparable with those of plasma drift velocities measured by the colocating Super Dual Auroral Radar Network radar.
Correlated Pc4–5 ULF waves, whistler‐mode chorus, and pulsating aurora observed by the Van Allen Probes and ground‐based systems
Authors: Jaynes A. N. , Lessard M. R. , Takahashi K. , Ali A. F. , Malaspina D. M. , Michell R. G. , Spanswick E. L. , Baker D. N. , Blake J. B. , Cully C. , Donovan E. F. , Kletzing C. A. , Reeves G. D. , Samara M. , Spence H. E. , Wygant J. R.
Published: July 2015

Theory and observations have linked equatorial VLF waves with pulsating aurora for decades, invoking the process of pitch angle scattering of tens of keV electrons in the equatorial magnetosphere. Recently published satellite studies have strengthened this argument, by showing strong correlation between pulsating auroral patches and both lower‐band chorus and tens of keV electron modulation in the vicinity of geosynchronous orbit. Additionally, a previous link has been made between Pc4–5 compressional pulsations and modulation of whistler‐mode chorus using Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms. In the current study, we present simultaneous in situ observations of structured chorus waves and an apparent field line resonance (in the Pc4–5 range) as a result of a substorm injection, observed by Van Allen Probes, along with ground‐based observations of pulsating aurora. We demonstrate the likely scenario being one of substorm‐driven Pc4–5 ULF pulsations modulating chorus waves, and thus providing the driver for pulsating particle precipitation into the Earth's atmosphere. Interestingly, the modulated chorus wave and ULF wave periods are well correlated, with chorus occurring at half the periodicity of the ULF waves. We also show, for the first time, a particular few‐Hz modulation of individual chorus elements that coincides with the same modulation in a nearby pulsating aurora patch. Such modulation has been noticed as a high‐frequency component in ground‐based camera data of pulsating aurora for decades and may be a result of nonlinear chorus wave interactions in the equatorial region.
Holocene geologic slip rate for the Banning strand of the southern San Andreas Fault, southern California
Authors: Gold Peter O. , Behr Whitney M. , Rood Dylan , Sharp Warren D. , Rockwell Thomas K. , Kendrick Katherine , Salin Aaron
Published: July 2015

Northwest directed slip from the southern San Andreas Fault is transferred to the Mission Creek, Banning, and Garnet Hill fault strands in the northwestern Coachella Valley. How slip is partitioned between these three faults is critical to southern California seismic hazard estimates but is poorly understood. In this paper, we report the first slip rate measured for the Banning fault strand. We constrain the depositional age of an alluvial fan offset 25 ± 5 m from its source by the Banning strand to between 5.1 ± 0.4 ka (95% confidence interval (CI)) and 6.4 + 3.7/−2.1 ka (95% CI) using U‐series dating of pedogenic carbonate clast coatings and 10Be cosmogenic nuclide exposure dating of surface clasts. We calculate a Holocene geologic slip rate for the Banning strand of 3.9 + 2.3/−1.6 mm/yr (median, 95% CI) to 4.9 + 1.0/−0.9 mm/yr (median, 95% CI). This rate represents only 25–35% of the total slip accommodated by this section of the southern San Andreas Fault, suggesting a model in which slip is less concentrated on the Banning strand than previously thought. In rejecting the possibility that the Banning strand is the dominant structure, our results highlight an even greater need for slip rate and paleoseismic measurements along faults in the northwestern Coachella Valley in order to test the validity of current earthquake hazard models. In addition, our comparison of ages measured with U‐series and 10Be exposure dating demonstrates the importance of using multiple geochronometers when estimating the depositional age of alluvial landforms.
Diurnal to annual changes in latent, sensible heat, and CO2 fluxes over a Laurentian Great Lake: A case study in Western Lake Erie
Authors: Shao Changliang , Chen Jiquan , Stepien Carol A. , Chu Housen , Ouyang Zutao , Bridgeman Thomas B. , Czajkowski Kevin P. , Becker Richard H. , John Ranjeet
Published: July 2015

To understand the carbon and energy exchange between the lake surface and the atmosphere, direct measurements of latent, sensible heat, and CO2 fluxes were taken using the eddy covariance (EC) technique in Western Lake Erie during October 2011 to September 2013. We found that the latent heat flux (LE) had a marked one‐peak seasonal change in both years that differed from the diurnal course and lacked a sinusoidal dynamic common in terrestrial ecosystems. Daily mean LE was 4.8 ± 0.1 and 4.3 ± 0.2 MJ m−2 d−1 in Year 1 and Year 2, respectively. The sensible heat flux (H) remained much lower than the LE, with a daily mean of 0.9 ± 0.1 and 1.1 ± 0.1 MJ m−2 d−1 in Year 1 and Year 2, respectively. As a result, the Bowen ratio was <1 during most of the 2 year period, with the lowest summer value at 0.14. The vapor pressure deficit explained 35% of the variation in half hourly LE, while the temperature difference between the water surface and air explained 65% of the variation in half hourly H. Western Lake Erie acted as a small carbon sink holding −19.0 ± 5.4 and −40.2 ± 13.3 g C m−2 in the first and second summers (May–September) but as an annual source of 77.7 ± 18.6 and 49.5 ± 17.9 g C m−2 yr−1 in Year 1 and Year 2, respectively. The CO2 flux (
) rate varied from −0.45 g C m−2 d−1 to 0.98 g C m−2 d−1. Similar to LE,
had noticeable diurnal changes during the months that had high chlorophyll a months but not during other months. A significantly negative correlation (P < 0.05) was found between
and chlorophyll a on monthly fluxes. Three gap‐filling methods, including marginal distribution sampling, mean diurnal variation, and monthly mean, were quantitatively assessed, yielding an uncertainty of 4%, 6%, and 10% in LE, H, and
, respectively.
Computationally inexpensive identification of noninformative model parameters by sequential screening
Authors: Cuntz Matthias , Mai Juliane , Zink Matthias , Thober Stephan , Kumar Rohini , Schäfer David , Schrön Martin , Craven John , Rakovec Oldrich , Spieler Diana , Prykhodko Vladyslav , Dalmasso Giovanni , Musuuza Jude , Langenberg Ben , Attinger Sabine , Samaniego Luis
Published: July 2015

Environmental models tend to require increasing computational time and resources as physical process descriptions are improved or new descriptions are incorporated. Many‐query applications such as sensitivity analysis or model calibration usually require a large number of model evaluations leading to high computational demand. This often limits the feasibility of rigorous analyses. Here we present a fully automated sequential screening method that selects only informative parameters for a given model output. The method requires a number of model evaluations that is approximately 10 times the number of model parameters. It was tested using the mesoscale hydrologic model mHM in three hydrologically unique European river catchments. It identified around 20 informative parameters out of 52, with different informative parameters in each catchment. The screening method was evaluated with subsequent analyses using all 52 as well as only the informative parameters. Subsequent Sobol's global sensitivity analysis led to almost identical results yet required 40% fewer model evaluations after screening. mHM was calibrated with all and with only informative parameters in the three catchments. Model performances for daily discharge were equally high in both cases with Nash‐Sutcliffe efficiencies above 0.82. Calibration using only the informative parameters needed just one third of the number of model evaluations. The universality of the sequential screening method was demonstrated using several general test functions from the literature. We therefore recommend the use of the computationally inexpensive sequential screening method prior to rigorous analyses on complex environmental models.
Complexity and organization in hydrology: A personal view
Authors: Bras Rafael L.
Published: July 2015

The hydrologic cycle is an exquisitely coordinated and balanced interaction between the atmosphere, the ocean, and the land that controls, among other things, the planet's temperature by moving large quantities of matter and energy. The system is incredibly complex with a myriad of positive and negative feedbacks acting at a variety of scales. Much of what we experience in our natural and altered environments results from these complex interactions. Surprisingly (or maybe not) this complexity many times results in beautifully organized expressions of the hydrologic state that are commonly amenable to fairly simple explanations. This paper illustrates hydrologic complexity and organization in the context of the author's and collaborator's work during the past decades, a lot published in Water Resources Research. Topics include the impact of soil moisture on the atmosphere and vice versa, the impact of deforestation on the Amazon cloud climate and precipitation, the estimation of surface energy and mass fluxes, the self‐organization of landscapes and river basins over very long time periods, and the roles of vegetation on landscape evolution.
Bifunctional Nano Lycurgus Cup Array Plasmonic Sensor for Colorimetric Sensing and Surface‐Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy
Authors: Chang Te‐Wei , Wang Xinhao , Hsiao Austin , Xu Zhida , Lin Guohong , Gartia Manas Ranjan , Liu Xiangrong , Liu Gang Logan
Published: July 2015

A bifunctional ultrasensitive nanoplasmonic sensor is demonstrated with combined surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) sensing capabilities. Unlike traditional extraordinary transmission (EOT) devices, nano Lycurgus cup array (nanoLCA) contains a hybrid configuration of periodic quasi‐3D nanostructure array and dense sidewall metal nanoparticles within each nanostructure, which enables both refractive index sensing and SERS chemical identification on the same device with high sensitivity. The visible plasmon resonance sensitivity of nanoLCA is measured to be as high as 796 nm/RIU with the figure of merit (FOM) of 12.7 so that the device is applied for colorimetric liquid sensing with an ordinary microscopic system. Moreover, the SERS enhancement of the very same nanoLCA for liquid sample is calculated to be 2.8 × 107, which is the highest among all reported EOT‐based SERS devices. The urea concentration detection has been demonstrated to show the complementary rapid colorimetric screening and precise SERS identification functions provided by nanoLCA plasmonic sensor for chemical analysis or biological diagnostics in a resource‐limited environment.
Sonic Hedgehog, VACTERL, and Fanconi anemia: Pathogenetic connections and therapeutic implications
Authors: Lubinsky Mark
Published: July 2015

Three systems with VACTERL association findings‐ mutations of the Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) signaling pathway in mice, murine adriamycin teratogenicity, and human Fanconi anemia (FA) pathway mutations, may all involve a similar mechanism. SHH is up‐regulated in irradiated cells, and DNA breaks common with radiation damage in the adriamycin and FA systems are plausible signals for such effects, which would affect development. Since FA related DNA breakage occurs throughout life, SHH disturbances may account for later FA related findings involving hematopoietic and malignancy issues. In support, androgen, a standard treatment for FA hematologic failure, down‐regulates SHH, and common FA malignancies such as squamous cell carcinomas and acute myeloid leukemia have been linked to enhanced SHH function. This suggests that interventions lowering SHH levels may be useful therapeutically. Also supporting a connection between pre‐ and post‐ natal findings, the frequency and number of VACTERL anomalies with FA correlate with the severity and onset of hematopoietic and malignancy issues. In FA, radial anomalies are the most common of these defects, followed by renal findings, while vertebral and gastrointestinal anomalies are relatively uncommon, a pattern that differs from observations of the VACTERL association. Genes with more severe effects also show a greatly increased incidence of brain abnormalities, and a paucity of such findings with other FA genes suggests that brain development is relatively refractory to SHH related effects, accounting for the rarity of such findings with the association. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Organokatalytische Glycosylierung durch elektronenarme Pyridiniumsalze
Authors: Das Somnath , Pekel Daniel , Neudörfl Jörg‐M. , Berkessel Albrecht
Published: July 2015

Es wird eine neuartige organokatalytische Glycosylierung mittels elektronenarmer Pyridiniumsalze vorgestellt. 2‐Deoxyglucoside konnten bei Raumtemperatur und geringen Katalysatormengen (bis zu 1 Mol‐%) aus benzyl‐ und silylgeschützten Glycalen und primären oder sekundären Glycosylakzeptoren mit hohen Ausbeuten und Anomerenverhältnissen erhalten werden. 1,2‐Alkohol‐Pyridinium‐Addukte fungieren vermutlich als Schlüsselintermediate des Katalysezyklus.
Methoxydiphenylamin‐substituiertes Carbazol‐Zwillingsderivat: ein effizienter organischer Lochleiter für Perowskit‐Solarzellen
Authors: Gratia Paul , Magomedov Artiom , Malinauskas Tadas , Daskeviciene Maryte , Abate Antonio , Ahmad Shahzada , Grätzel Michael , Getautis Vytautas , Nazeeruddin Mohammad Khaja
Published: July 2015

Wir präsentieren einen neuen organischen Lochleiter basierend auf der Struktur von Methoxydiphenylamin‐substituiertem Carbazol, der sehr gute Wirkungsgrade (bis zu 16.91 %) in CH3NH3PbI3‐Perowskitsolarzellen aufweist. Für ein kleines Molekül ist dies, gleich nach dem gängigen Lochleiter Spiro‐OMETAD, der bisher höchste gemessene Wirkungsgrad. Anders als bei Spiro‐OMETAD ist die Synthese dieses Lochleiters (V886) unkompliziert, weil zweistufig und aufbauend auf relativ billigen kommerziell verfügbaren Edukten. Das Molekül wurde durch verschiedene elektrooptische Messungen (UV/Vis, IV, Dünnschicht‐Leitfähigkeit, Lochbeweglichkeit, DSC, TGA und Ionisierungspotential) charakterisiert.
A Stable Organic π‐Radical of a Zinc(II)–Copper(I)–Zinc(II) Complex of Decaphyrin
Authors: Tanaka Yasuo , Yoneda Tomoki , Furukawa Ko , Koide Taro , Mori Hirotaka , Tanaka Takayuki , Shinokubo Hiroshi , Osuka Atsuhiro
Published: July 2015

A ZnII‐CuI‐ZnII heterotrimetal complex of decaphyrin was synthesized by stepwise metalations: metalation of a [46]decaphyrin with ZnII ions to produce a 46π decaphyrin bis(ZnII) complex and its subsequent metalation with CuII ion. In the second metalation step, it has been shown that CuII ion is reduced to a CuI ion in the complex and a dianionic bis(ZnII) containing [46]decaphyrin ligand is oxidized to the corresponding monoanionic [45]decaphyrin ligand, indicating a non‐innocent nature of the decaphyrin ligand. Despite the radical nature, the heterotrimetal complex is fairly stable under ambient conditions and exhibits almost no intermolecular magnetic interaction, owing to extensive delocalization of an unpaired electron in the large π‐conjugated circuit of decaphyrin moiety.
Investigations on the polyimides derived from unfunctionalized symmetric cyclopentyl‐containing alicyclic cardo‐type dianhydride
Authors: Li Fu , Wan Wenjun , Lai Jiancheng , Liu Feng , Qi Haixia , Li Xiaosong , You Xiaozeng
Published: July 2015

This study presents an investigation on polyimides derived from a unfunctionalized symmetric cyclopentyl‐containing alicyclic cardo‐type dianhydride with ester linkage 1,1‐bis(4‐(3,4‐dicarboxylbenzoyloxy)phenyl)cyclopentylene dianhydride (BDPCP) that was readily accessed starting from cyclopentanone through two steps in high yield. Two series of polyimides, Cardo‐type series (CPI‐x) and analogous aromatic series (ArPI‐x) were prepared from condensation of BDPCP and aromatic 3,3′,4,4′‐Oxydiphthalic dianhydride with four aromatic diamines, respectively. Comparative studies revealed that CPI polymers show more favorable properties including better solubility in organic solvents, higher transparency with lower cut‐off wavelength (λ0) ranging in 395–375 nm than 425–405 nm, lower water absorption ranging in 0.66–1.14% and surface energy 23.71–32.77 mN/m than 1.01–1.28% and 29.52–41.99 mN/m of ArPI analogs. Meanwhile, CPI series exhibit considerable mechanical properties with tensile strengths ranging in 87.6–102.9 MPa, elongations at break 6.6–8.9%. Owing to the moderate strain in cyclopentyl ring, CPI series retain good thermal properties with the glass transition temperature (Tg) in the range of 217–271°C. Dynamic dielectric measurement revealed that Cardo‐type dianhydride BDPCP endows CPI‐4 film with lower dielectric constant (ε′) 3.34 at 1 MHz and 25°C and dielectric loss (ε′′) 0.0064 at 1 kHz and 25°C than 3.49 and 0.013 for ArPI‐4 film. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42670.