bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
39‐3: Printed Organic Photodetector Arrays and their use in Palmprint Scanners
Authors: Akkerman Hylke , Peeters Bart , van Breemen Albert , Shanmugam Santhosh , Tordera Daniel , van der Steen Jan-Laurens , Kronemeijer Auke Jisk , Malinowski Pawel , Roose Florian De , Cheyns David , Genoe Jan , Dehaene Wim , Heremans Paul , Gelinck Gerwin
Published: June 2018

Using flat‐panel compatible processes we realized 6x8 cm, 200‐ppi active‐matrix imagers with solution‐processed, ultrathin organic photodiodes and demonstrate its performance in a biometric palmprint detector.
Urushi/Nafion Hybrid Membranes for an All‐Vanadium Redox Flow Battery
Authors: Jung Jiyoon , Cho Eun Hae , Hwang Seung Sang , Won Jongok
Published: June 2018

An urushi/Nafion hybrid membrane is prepared via a thermal in situ crosslinking reaction of natural urushiol to reduce the crossover of vanadium ions in an all vanadium redox flow battery (RFB). The ionic channel of the Nafion is blocked by the urushi, a crosslinked natural polymer formed by the polymerization of the adsorbed urushiol. Urushi, which has high chemical robustness in acid solution, is well‐formed within the volume of the ion cluster, and the presence of urushi inside the Nafion membrane is confirmed. The permeability and swelling decrease with increasing urushi in the hybrid membrane. The RFB with a hybrid membrane has higher efficiency than the RFB with Nafion. The coulombic and energy efficiencies are 95% and 91%, respectively, for the membrane containing 3.2 wt% of urushi at 11.1 mA cm−2, suggesting that the urushi in the hybrid membrane can suppress vanadium ion crossover. The chemical and mechanical strengths are maintained in Fenton reagent, which enables long‐term use of hybrid membranes to operate the RFB in strong acid solutions. These results suggest that the urushi/Nafion membrane with a chemically stable urushi inside the ion channel enables the successful use of all vanadium RFB as an energy storage system.
Peptide Design Enables Reengineering of an Inactive Wasp Venom Peptide into Synthetic Antiplasmodial Agents
Authors: Torres Marcelo D. T. , Silva Adriana F. , Pedron Cibele N. , Capurro Margareth L. , de la Fuente‐Nunez Cesar , Junior Vani X. Oliveira
Published: June 2018

Malaria, caused by Plasmodium protozoa, is responsible for ∼0.5 million deaths annually. Decoralin is a wasp‐derived peptide with activity against a number of microorganisms but no antiplasmodial function. In its unmodified form, it cannot be used as an anti‐infective because of its hemolytic activity. We have generated decoralin analogs with potent antiplasmodial function. Our results provide insight into antiplasmodial sequence requirements and identify single mutations that confer novel biological and therapeutic properties to this peptide, demonstrating the utility of rational peptide design.
New Water‐Soluble N‐Heterocyclic Carbene‐Palladium Complexes as Promising Anti‐Tumor Agents: Investigating DNA and Protein Interactions
Authors: Bangde Prachi S. , Prajapati Dharmendra S. , Dandekar Prajakta P. , Kapdi Anant R.
Published: June 2018

This investigation focuses on the synthesis and characterization of three new, water‐soluble palladium complexes, with potential to overcome the drawbacks of platinum‐based anti‐cancer drugs. The complexes contain small N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands, having groups that impart water solubility. The anti‐cancer effects of these complexes were evaluated in two different cancer cell lines, namely,HeLa, a cervical cancer cell line and A549,adenocarcinoma human alveolar basal epithelial cell line. Cytotoxicity of the complexes was compared with cisplatin, an established platinum‐based anti‐cancer moiety, using the MTT assay (MTT is 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide). Aqueous solutions of the synthesized complexes demonstrated significant cytotoxicity in both the cell lines. The synthesized metal complexes resulted in a stronger, cytotoxic effect in A549 cells (lung cancer cells), as compared to cisplatin. Furthermore, interaction of these palladium compounds with DNA was studied using gel electrophoresis and spectrometry methods. The result suggested that the complexes interacted with DNA via intercalation. Interaction with BSA (Bovine Serum Albumin) was investigated using UV–Vis spectroscopy suggesting positive interaction of palladium complex with BSA proteins. Furthermore, fluorescence studies revealed quenching of protein fluorescence thus, indicating dynamic quenching mechanism with the number of association sites being calculated as ∼1.
Fe(SO4)3‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Terpenic Alcohols Esters: A Simple and Bifunctional Reusable Solid Catalyst
Authors: da Silva Márcio J. , Julio Armanda A. , Mosqueira Ayala Diego A. , de Miranda Leticia M. P.
Published: June 2018

Ferric sulfate is a simple and commercially available solid catalyst and demonstrated to be able to catalyze terpenic alcohols esterification with acetic acid, achieving high conversion and ester selectivity. This process is an attractive option to the enzymatic or acid homogenous processes commonly used to synthesize esters. The undesirable steps of neutralizing of the products are avoided. A study of the activity of hydrated Fe2(SO4)3 demonstrated that although the efficiency of the catalyst is directly linked to the ability of the FeIII cations to generate H3O+ ions, the solid catalyst plays also a key role on the esterification process. We assessed the effects of the main reaction variables such as reactants proportion, temperature, and catalyst concentration. Different terpenic alcohols such as β‐citronellol, geraniol, nerol, linalool, α‐terpineol and borneol were esterified in the presence of Fe2(SO4)3 catalyst. The Fe2(SO4)3 catalyst was easily recovered and reused.
Quantitative Analysis of Intermolecular Interactions in 3‐Cyano‐2‐Pyridones: Evaluation through Single Crystal X‐ray Diffraction and Density Functional Theory
Authors: Rai Sunil K. , Sierański Tomasz , Khanam Shaziya , Kumar Krishnan Ravi , Sridhar Balasubramanian , Tewari Ashish K.
Published: June 2018

A series of 2‐pyridones and their methyl derivatives has been studied in term of noncovalent interactions and molecular packing properties. These structural characteristics were then correlated with the quantitative analysis of the intermolecular interactions governing those compounds in three dimensional net. The electronic effect over the 2‐pyridone ring on the packing property was analysed by locking the tautomers. The SC‐XRD revealed that 4,6‐dimethyl‐3‐cyano‐2‐pyridone and its O‐methyl derivative owned the layered arrangement, while N‐methyl derivative possessed the corrugated arrangement with persistent of stacking between two pyridone rings. However, 4‐phenyl‐6‐methyl‐3‐cyano‐2‐pyridone and its N‐methyl derivative showed the reverse face‐to‐face stacking due to modest torsion of bi‐aryl rings. Similarly, 6‐phenyl‐4‐methyl‐3‐cyano‐2‐pyridone has also shown reverse face‐to‐face stacking while its N‐methyl derivative stacking between pyridone ring and nitrile group was observed. Further, quantitative analysis of intermolecular interactions was done through Hirshfeld surface analysis and density functional theory.
Fabrication of novel ZIF‐67 Composite Microspheres for Effective Adsorption and Solid‐phase Extraction of Dyes from Water
Authors: Dai Juan , Li Chunxiao , Xiao Shangzhen , Liu Jing , He Jing , Li Jiding , Wang Luying , Lei Jiandu
Published: June 2018

ZIFs type metal‐organic frameworks have been found to rapidly remove organic contaminants from water by adsorption. But ZIFs crystals are not suitable to be directly used as stationary phases of solid‐phase extraction (SPE) process, because of the non‐spherical morphology. This study reports a novel composite adsorbent, ZIF‐67 composite microspheres (ZIF‐67 CMs), synthesized via in‐situ growing ZIF‐67 nanoparticles (ZIF‐67 NPs) on the outer surface of resin microspheres (RMs). The as‐synthesized ZIF‐67 CMs were characterized by SEM, XRD, FTIR, BET and TGA experiments, and the removal performance of the ZIF‐67 CMs to anion dyes were investigated. It was found that the ZIF‐67 CMs showing microsphere morphology were successfully assembled by growing ZIF‐67 NPs on RMs and exhibited favorable performance to rapidly adsorptive remove two kinds of anion dyes (Brilliant Blue G and Congo red) from water. The removal rates of the ZIF‐67 CMs to a 100 mg L−1 dye solution reached 95.9% and 99.1% in a 1 h and 5 h static adsorption, respectively. The ZIF‐67 CMs showing rapid adsorption performance were further studied as stationary phases in SPE procedures for decolorizing dye solutions. The ZIF‐67 CMs can efficiently remove more than 99% of dyes at a flow rate of 1.0 mL min−1 in a 5 min operation. The excellent SPE performance of ZIF‐67 CMs indicates the potential applications for efficiently concentrating or purifying liquid mixtures by using ZIF‐67 CMs or other ZIFs composite microspheres.
Cooperative Binding of Fluoride Anions to a Flexible Cystine‐Based Receptor Containing Two 3,5‐Dinitrobenzamide Motifs
Authors: Deka Barnali , Sarma Rupam J
Published: June 2018

The binding of fluoride (F̄) anions to cystine‐based ligands containing two 3,5‐dinitrobenzamide motifs (receptors L1, L2) were monitored using UV/vis and 1H NMR spectroscopy. Detailed UV/vis studies revealed that interactions of L1 and L2 with F̄ anions were cooperative, characterised by sigmoidal binding isotherms. The binding isotherms for L1/F̄ and L2/F̄ were analysed using the Hill equation, and the results fitted to a cooperative two‐site binding model (Hill coefficient, nH ≈ 1.89, 2.06). In both cases, the association constant, K2 > K1, indicating that the interactions between L1 (or L2) and F̄ anion in the completely bound state were more favourable than the partially bound intermediate state. However, such cooperative binding behaviour was not observed for the methionine‐derived 3,5‐dinitrobenzamide receptor, L3. 1H NMR studies provided further insights into the nature of receptor/F̄ interactions, particularly the role of hydrogen bonding and anion‐π interactions. The binding geometries of the 1:1 complex of L1 with F̄ anions were optimised using density functional theoretical (DFT) calculations, which suggested the formation of anion‐assisted ‘sandwich‘ complex. In case of the 1:2 complex, the DFT optimised structure for L1/F̄ system was consistent with ‘open‘ conformation for the receptor.
Structural Elucidation of the Binary Mixtures of [EMIM][BF4] and [BMIM][BF4] in Ethyl‐Substituted Solvents by Isothermal Titration Calorimeter
Authors: Jain Preeti , Kumar Anil
Published: June 2018

In order to address the issue whether both ionic liquids and solvents influence the enthalpy of their solutions, highly accurate excess partial molar enthalpy,
values have been measured using Isothermal Titration Calorimeter (ITC). Therefore, thermodynamic behavior has been observed in the mixtures containing ionic liquids. It essentially depends on the molecular structure of the constituents of the mixture. The hydrogen bonding between ionic liquids and ethyl‐substituted solvents (2‐ethoxyethanol, ethylene glycol, diethylamine, ethyl acetate and N,N‐ diethylacetamide) may lead to strong ion‐solvent interactions. In the present study, an effort has been made to quantify various interactions between ionic liquid and solvent, based on the
values. Linear solvation free relation shows dependence of limiting excess partial molar enthalpies,
upon the solvent properties. Structural orientation of solvent molecules and ionic liquids also described by the
values. The ion‐ion, ion‐solvent interactions have also been investigated in terms of the enthalpic interaction parameters,
and relative apparent molar enthalpy, φL of ionic liquid‐ethyl‐substituted solvent systems.
Exploiting Stokes and anti‐Stokes type emission profiles of aptamer‐functionalized luminescent nanoprobes for multiplex sensing applications
Authors: Yüce Meral , Kurt Hasan , Hussain Babar , Ow‐Yang Cleva W. , Budak Hikmet
Published: June 2018

Multiplex biosensing of four types of bacterial food pathogens in one pot is described. Stokes and anti‐Stokes type photoluminescence (PL) of two quantum dots (QD) and two upconverting nanoparticles (UCNP) were utilised for realisation of the multiplex detection. The biosensing system was composed of aptamer‐functionalized QD and UCNP nanoprobes that were conjugated with partially complementary DNA‐modified magnetic beads for separation. PL signals of the conjugates were collected before and after incubation with target pathogens in one pot through the sequential excitations at 335 nm for QD probes and 980 nm for UCNP probes. The limit of detection values achieved were 28, 15, 12 and 25 cfu⋅mL−1 for Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhimurium and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, respectively. Efforts for extending the multiplex detection up to five pathogens were also presented even though the PL signal cross‐talk of a third QD nanoprobe hindered the detection. This work empowers co‐deployment of QDs and UCNPs and paves the way for future studies in multiplex sensing, labelling, and bioimaging fields.
Ambient workplace heterosexism: Implications for sexual minority and heterosexual employees
Authors: Miner Kathi N. , Costa Paula L.
Published: June 2018

This study examined the relationship between ambient workplace heterosexism, emotional reactions (i.e., fear and anger), and outcomes for sexual minority and heterosexual employees. Five hundred thirty‐six restaurant employees (68% female, 77% White) completed an online survey assessing the variables of interest. Results showed that greater experiences of ambient workplace heterosexism were associated with heightened fear and anger and, in turn, with heightened psychological distress (for fear) and greater physical health complaints, turnover intentions, and lowered job satisfaction (for anger). Fear also mediated the relationship between ambient workplace heterosexism and psychological distress. In addition, sexual orientation moderated the relationship between ambient workplace heterosexism and fear such that sexual minority employees reported more fear than heterosexuals with greater ambient heterosexism. These effects occurred after controlling for personal experiences of interpersonal discrimination. Our findings suggest that ambient workplace heterosexism can be harmful to all employees, not only sexual minorities or targeted individuals.
Electrospun polyacrylonitrile‐zeolite imidazolate framework‐8 nanofibers for the thin‐film microextraction of bisphenol A
Authors: Mehrafza Narges , Saraji Mohammad
Published: June 2018

A polyacrylonitrile/zeolite imidazolate‐8 nanofiber film was prepared and used as an extracting phase in the thin‐film microextraction of bisphenol A. Zeolite imidazolate‐8 nanoparticles were simply synthesized at ambient temperature and combined with polyacrylonitrile to prepare a polyacrylonitrile/zeolite imidazolate‐8 film. Electrospinning was used for preparing the polyacrylonitrile/zeolite imidazolate‐8 film. High‐performance liquid chromatography equipped with an ultraviolet detector was used for measuring bisphenol A. The main factors affecting the extraction ability of the sorbent for bisphenol A were studied. The ability of the sorbent to extract the analyte was compared with other sorbents (montmorillonite nanoparticles, LiChrolut EN, Oasis HLB and halloysite nanotubes). The method was linear from 0.1 to 50 μg L−1 with a detection limit of 0.03 μg L−1. The precision expressed as relative standard deviation was less than 6%. Bisphenol A in different real samples (water, wastewater and polycarbonate baby bottle) was successfully analyzed by this method.
Polygalae radix extract ameliorates behavioral and neuromorphological abnormalities in chronic corticosterone‐treated mice
Authors: Araki Ryota , Fujiwara Hironori , Matsumoto Kinzo , Toume Kazufumi , Yabe Takeshi
Published: June 2018

Aim

Polygalae radix is a traditional herbal medicine used for treatment of anxiety or amnesia in several East Asian cultures. In this study, the mechanisms underlying the effects of Polygalae radix extract (PRE) on brain dysfunction such as depressive symptoms and cognitive impairment were investigated.

Methods

PRE (20 mg/kg/day, p.o.) was given for 14 days in mice treated chronically with corticosterone (CORT). Depression‐like behavior in the forced swim test, spatial memory in the Barnes maze test, hippocampal neurogenesis, dendritic spine density and mRNA expression for neurotrophic factors were evaluated.

Results

PRE reversed depression‐like behavior, and also reversed the impairment in dendritic spine maturation and the decrease in mRNA expression for glial cell line‐derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) in the hippocampus and nucleus accumbens of chronic CORT‐treated mice, but did not affect impaired spatial memory or decreased hippocampal neurogenesis.

Conclusion

Polygalae radix ameliorates depressive symptoms via GDNF‐induced spine modification in the hippocampus and nucleus accumbens.
Microkinetic modeling in homogeneous catalysis
Authors: Besora Maria , Maseras Feliu
Published: June 2018

Computational homogeneous catalysis has focused traditionally on the calculation of free energy barriers, which are ultimately related to rate constants. Experiments do not focus on rate constants, but on reaction rates, which depend also on concentrations. The increasing efficiency of DFT and other electronic structure techniques has led to the development of models that provide quite accurate rate constants, to the extent that improved agreement with experiment requires the introduction of the role of concentration. Microkinetic modeling, consisting in the construction of explicit kinetic reaction networks merging the rate constants provided by calculation and concentration data supplied by experiment, is a simple and elegant way to introduce concentration effects in the computational description of homogeneous catalysis. It has a long history of application in computational heterogeneous catalysis and experimental biochemistry, but its use in computational homogeneous catalysis is still in an early stage. There are a number of situations in homogeneous catalysis where microkinetics have been shown to be critical, such as systems with complex reaction networks and systems where one key species has a concentration orders of magnitude different from the others. Microkinetic modeling, with its low computational cost, is likely to become a standard tool in computational homogeneous catalysis. It is certainly not necessary for all theoretical studies, but the researcher should always be aware of its existence.

This article is categorized under:

Structure and Mechanism > Reaction Mechanisms and Catalysis
Overexpressed maltose transporters in laboratory and lager yeasts: Localization and competition with endogenous transporters
Authors: Vidgren Virve , Londesborough John
Published: June 2018

Plain and fluorescently tagged versions of Agt1, Mtt1 and Malx1 maltose transporters were overexpressed in two laboratory yeasts and one lager yeast. The plain and tagged versions of each transporter supported similar transport activities, indicating that they are similarly trafficked and have similar catalytic activities. When they were expressed under the control of the strong constitutive PGK1 promoter only minor proportions of the fluorescent transporters were associated with the plasma membrane, the rest being found in intracellular structures. Transport activity of each tagged transporter in each host was roughly proportional to the plasma membrane‐associated fluorescence. All three transporters were subject to glucose‐triggered inactivation when the medium glucose concentration was abruptly raised. Results also suggest competition between endogenous and overexpressed transporters for access to the plasma membrane.
On the Way to N‐Heterocyclic Silylenes with a 1,1′‐Ferrocenediyl Backbone: Synthesis and Structures of Silicon(IV) Compounds of the Type [Fe{(η5‐C5H4)NR}2SiX2]
Authors: Oetzel Jan , Bruhn Clemens , Siemeling Ulrich
Published: June 2018

Potential precursors for the synthesis of ferrocene‐based N‐heterocyclic silylenes of the type [Fe{(η5‐C5H4)NR}2Si:] (1Si) were investigated. The silicon(IV) dibromides 1aSiBr2 – 1cSiBr2 [a: R = SiMe3, b: R = CH2CMe3, c: R = 3,5‐(CF3)2‐C6H3] as well as the dichlorides 1aSiCl2 and 1bSiCl2 were prepared in high yield. Attempts to synthesize the target silylenes from these silicon(IV) dihalides by reductive methods failed. Strong reducing agent like alkali metals or KC8 only afforded intractable mixtures. No reaction was observed with a range of milder reducing agents. 1aSiHCl and 1bSiHCl were synthesized in good yields as alternative potential silylene precusors. Their dehydrochlorination was attempted with a wide variety of strong bases, but failed due to inertness. The crystal structures of the new silicon(IV) halides were determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, with the exception of 1bSiHCl. 1aSiH2 and 1bSi(NH2)2 were also synthesized and structurally characterized.
On a generalized Camassa‐Holm type equation with ()‐degree nonlinearities
Authors: Guo Zhengguang , Li Kunquan , Xu Chongbin
Published: June 2018

A detailed asymptotic description for solutions to a generalized Camassa‐Holm type equation with non‐positive compactly supported initial momentum is shown. Moreover, as a by product, we give an estimate of the momentum support which will reveal more information of solutions by estimating the size of this region where solutions are not that well understood.
Out‐of‐Pocket and Catastrophic Expenses Incurred by Seeking Pediatric and Adult Surgical Care at a Public, Tertiary Care Centre in Uganda
Authors: MacKinnon Nathalie , St‐Louis Etienne , Yousef Yasmine , Situma Martin , Poenaru Dan
Published: June 2018

Background

Surgical care is critical to establish effective healthcare systems in low‐ and middle‐income countries, yet the unmet need for surgical conditions is as high as 65% in Ugandan children. Financial burden and geographical distance are common barriers to help‐seeking in adult populations and are unmeasured in the pediatric population. We thus measured out‐of‐pocket (OOP) expenses and distance traveled for pediatric surgical care in a tertiary hospital in Mbarara, Uganda, as compared to adult surgical and pediatric medical patients.

Methods

Patients admitted to pediatric surgical (n = 20), pediatric medical (n = 18) and adult surgical (n = 18) wards were interviewed upon discharge over a period of 3 weeks. Patient and caregiver‐reported expenses incurred for the present illness included prior/future care needed, and travel distance/cost. The prevalence of catastrophic expenses (≥10% of annual income) was calculated and spending patterns compared between wards.

Results

Thirty‐five percent of pediatric medical patients, 45% of pediatric surgical patients and 55% of adult surgical patients incurred catastrophic expenses. Pediatric surgical patients paid more for their current treatment (p <  0.01)—specifically medications (p <  0.01) and tests (p <  0.01)—than pediatric medical patients, and comparable costs to adults. Adult patients paid more for treatment prior to the hospital (p = 0.04) and miscellaneous expenses (e.g., food while admitted) (p = 0.02). Patients in all wards traveled comparable distances.

Conclusions

Seeking healthcare at a publicly funded hospital is financially catastrophic for almost half of patients. Out‐of‐stock supplies and broken equipment make surgical care particularly vulnerable to OOP expenses because analgesics, anaesthesia and preoperative imaging are prerequisites to care.
Editorial
Authors: Bearman Peter
Published: June 2018

I am stepping down as Editor-in-Chief of The Aeronautical Journal at the end of May. This was not an easy decision to make, as I have very much enjoyed being involved with the Journal over a period of some 15 years but it was time for a younger person with fresh ideas and fresh energy to take over the reins. My association with the Journal began in the early 2000s when the Editor at the time, Professor John Stollery, invited me to take over the Chair of a small editorial group that had been set up by Eric Rogers of the National Physical Laboratory to oversee the production and development of the Journal. The Group, which continues to meet monthly, consisted at the time of the Editor, the Chairman and key members of the Publications Department. In May 2005, the Group was strengthened by the arrival of Professor Mike Graham. Unfortunately personal reasons forced John Stollery to retire from the Editorship in December 2006 and he asked if I would take over the position. I agreed and Mike Graham then became the Chairman of the Editorial Group. More recently, the Group, which is now entitled the Editorial Committee of The Aeronautical Journal, was strengthened further by the appointment of Professor Chris Atkin as Deputy Chairman.
The Ecology of Foster Care – Resilience and Adaptation into Adulthood
Authors: Simmonds John
Published: June 2018

This paper identifies some of the key debates about the evidence from outcomes for children placed in foster care, the challenging issues in the design of the system, how it operates and what the outcomes for children look like. The paper explores foster care as being based in the evolution of the human species in its capacity to adapt, problem-solve and identify resources through cooperative effort between individuals and social groupings with the family as key. An essential attribute of families and parenting is the ability to form close, meaningful and sustained relationships that provide security, stability and opportunity, including connectedness to the community and the resources that are a part of this. Family forms the basis for the child being able to access personal, social, cultural and economic capital both in the present and into the future. One of the serious issues for foster care is the short-term basis of that commitment and, even when it lasts over the longer term, the care arrangement typically ends as the child reaches adulthood. These issues are explored through the concept of resilience and place foster care within an ecological framework that evolves over time.
Examining Developmental Adversity and Connectedness in Child Welfare-Involved Children
Authors: Hambrick Erin P. , Brawner Thomas W. , Perry Bruce D.
Published: June 2018

Identifying optimal out-of-home placements for child welfare-involved youth is challenging. Examples of youth recovering within each “out-of-home” placement type (foster, relative, residential) are evident, as are examples of youth who are deteriorating. The heterogeneity in developmental history and current functioning of youth makes blanket policies regarding placement unwise. Examination of developmental heterogeneity and functioning of youth in the welfare system can provide insights about factors influencing outcomes, thereby informing practice, program and policy. We explore whether current relational health (connectedness) promotes positive outcomes for child welfare-involved youth while controlling for developmental risk (history of adverse, and lack of relationally positive, experiences). Clinicians at 19 organisations serving child welfare-involved youth used a neurodevelopmentally informed approach to intervention, the Neurosequential Model of Therapeutics (NMT), which includes metrics to assess the developmental timing of children's risk, “connectedness” and neurodevelopmental functioning (e.g., sleep, arousal, cortical control). Data-driven statistical techniques were used to produce stable, generalisable estimates. Risk during the perinatal (0–2 months) period significantly predicted children's functioning; current relational health predicted outcomes more strongly. Although early life developmental risk has a persistent effect on functioning, relationally supportive contexts may mitigate this risk. Improving relational contexts of child welfare-involved youth, regardless of placement type, is key.
Hampering Görtler vortices via optimal control in the framework of nonlinear boundary region equations
Authors: Sescu Adrian , Afsar M. Z.
Published: June 2018

The control of streamwise vortices in high Reynolds number boundary layer flows often aims at reducing the vortex energy as a means of mitigating the growth of secondary instabilities, which eventually delays the transition from laminar to turbulent flow. In this paper, we aim at utilizing such an energy reduction strategy using optimal control theory to limit the growth of Görtler vortices developing in an incompressible laminar boundary layer flow over a concave wall, and excited by a row of roughness elements with spanwise separation of the same order of magnitude as the boundary layer thickness. Commensurate with control theory formalism, we transform a constrained optimization problem into an unconstrained one by applying the method of Lagrange multipliers. A high Reynolds number asymptotic framework is utilized, wherein the Navier–Stokes equations are reduced to the boundary region equations, in which wall deformations enter the problem through an appropriate Prandtl transformation. In the optimal control strategy, the wall displacement or the wall transpiration velocity serves as the control variable, while the cost functional is defined in terms of the wall shear stress. Our numerical results indicate, among other things, that the optimal control algorithm is very effective in reducing the amplitude of the Görtler vortices, especially for the control based on wall displacement.
“One Lord, One Faith, One Baptism” in the Land ofein Volk,ein Reich,ein Führer: The Fifth Baptist World Congress (Berlin, 1934)
Authors: McKinney Blake
Published: June 2018

The interplay of religion, politics, and state in National Socialist Germany continues to defy facile characterizations. In 1934, mere weeks following the Röhm Putsch in which the Nazi regime committed dozens of political assassinations, Berlin hosted thousands of Baptists from across the globe who would unanimously decry nationalism and racialism and advocate for the separation of church and state. Held from August 4–10, 1934, the fifth Baptist World Congress marks the zenith of German Baptist publicity and international Baptist cooperation during the interwar period. The Congress thus provides a focal point for analyzing interwar British and German Baptist relations. This relationship reflected both international cooperation and the gradual divergence of doctrine along nationalistic lines. German Baptists experienced greater freedom of exercise under the Third Reich than under previous regimes, and they leveraged their international connections in order to further their mission. They refused to become involved in the well-documented “Church Struggle” of the Confessing Church and the “German Christian Movement,” and this refusal strained international partnerships. The German Baptist experience challenges many assumptions concerning the churches under the Third Reich as it illustrates the Nazi regime's permissive toleration of a biblicist Free Church group with propagandistically valuable international connections.
Strategies of Repression
Authors: Shen-Bayh Fiona
Published: June 2018

Strategies of repression vary widely between extrajudicial and judicial extremes, from unrestrained acts of violence to highly routinized legal procedures. While the former have received a great deal of scholarly attention, judicial methods remain relatively understudied. When and why do rulers repress their rivals in court? The author argues that autocrats use a judicial strategy of repression when confronting challengers from within the ruling elite. Unlike regime outsiders, who pose a common, external threat to mobilize against, insiders present a more divisive target. When autocrats confront the latter, a judicial strategy legitimizes punishment, deters future rivals, and generates shared beliefs regarding incumbent strength and challenger weakness. Using original data on political prisoners in postcolonial sub-Saharan Africa, the author finds that autocrats were significantly more likely to use a judicial strategy against insiders and an extrajudicial strategy against outsiders. A case study of Kenya traces the logic of the theory, showing how intraregime conflict made courts a valuable instrument of state repression. The findings demonstrate how courts can play a central role in autocratic survival.
CHILEAN TRADE 1880-1930: A COMMENT ON THE SOURCES FOR THE AGE OF EXPORTS
Authors: Badia-Miró Marc , Díaz-Bahamonde José
Published: June 2018

This research note discussesthe accuracyof the main sources used to study the foreign sector during the export-led growth process in Chile. Chilean foreign trade statistics are available for the period under analysis (1850-1930) and offered a good overview of products exported and imported. Bilateral trade data are also available providing information of exports and imports by origin and destiny. Although more research is needed on trade prices, we conclude that Chilean statistics are reliable and provide a way for understanding the export-led growth in Chile and the trade performance of the Chilean partners.
LA BANCA DE EMISIÓN ANDALUZA EN PERSPECTIVA NACIONAL (1856-1914)
Authors: Tedde De Lorca Pedro
Published: June 2018

This article attempts to establish a quantitative revision of issuing banks created in Andalusia in the middle of nineteenth century founded as a result of liberal banking laws in 1856, comparing with those of similar dimension in other Spanish provinces. Possible causes of their soon extinction are discussed, like the financial worldwide crisis in the 1860s, the monopoly issue granted to the Bank of Spain in 1874 and the specific circumstances of regional banking. The article tries also to evaluate the performance of Bank of Spain branches, since 1875 until 1914, in those Andalusian places where issue banks were independent before and in relation to the fluctuations of the regional economy in that period.
A continuity result on quadratic matings with respect to parameters of odd denominator rationals
Authors: MA LIANGANG
Published: June 2018

In this paper we prove a continuity result on matings of quadratic lamination maps sp depending on odd denominator rationals p ∈(0,1). One of the two mating components is fixed in the result. Note that our result has its implication on continuity of matings of quadratic hyperbolic polynomials fc(z)=z2 + c, c ∈ M the Mandelbrot set with respect to the usual parameters c. This is because every quadratic hyperbolic polynomial in M is contained in a bounded hyperbolic component. Its center is Thurston equivalent to some quadratic lamination map sp, and there are bounds on sizes of limbs of M and on sizes of limbs of the mating components on the quadratic parameter slice Perm′(0).
Managing Disaster-Related Health Risk: A Process for Prevention
Authors: Keim Mark
Published: June 2018

In 1994, the first World Conference on Natural Disaster Reduction held in Yokohama, Japan affirmed that “Disaster prevention, mitigation, and preparedness are better than disaster response in achieving the goals and objectives of the decade. Disaster response alone is not sufficient, as it yields only temporary results in a very high cost.” Since then, disaster risk reduction has become the mainstay for international development related to disasters.

According to the National Research Council (Washington, DC USA), “Disaster research, which has focused historically on emergency response and recovery, is incomplete without the simultaneous study of the societal hazards and risks associated with disasters, which includes data on the vulnerability of people living in hazard prone areas.” Despite over 25 years of global policy development, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (Washington, DC USA) recently noted that, “while some disaster management and public health preparedness programming may be viewed as tangentially related, a multi-sectoral and inter-disciplinary national platform for coordination and policy guidance on involving disaster risk reduction in the United States does not exist.” Today, one of the world’s “seven targets in seven years” as agreed upon in the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction is to substantially reduce global mortality by 2030. Significant reductions in health risk (including mortality) have historically required a comprehensive approach for disease management that includes both a preventive and a curative approach. Disaster risk management has arisen as a primary means for the world’s populations to address disaster losses, including those related to health. Prevention has been proven as an effective approach for managing health risk. This report describes the role of disease prevention in managing health risk due to disasters.

KeimM. Managing disaster-related health risk: a process for prevention. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2018;33(3):326-334.
Improving the nutrition and screen time environment through self-assessment in family childcare homes in Nebraska
Authors: Dev Dipti A , Williams Natalie , Iruka Iheoma , Garcia Aileen S , Guo Yage , Patwardhan Irina , Cummings Katrina , Rida Zainab , Hulse Emily , Sedani Ami
Published: June 2018

Objective

To determine if family childcare homes (FCCH) in Nebraska meet best practices for nutrition and screen time, and if focusing on nutrition and screen time policies and practices improves the FCCH environment.

Design

A pre–post evaluation was conducted using the Go Nutrition and Physical Activity Self-Assessment for Childcare (Go NAP SACC).

Setting

FCCH in Nebraska, USA.

Subjects

FCCH enrolled in the Child and Adult Care Food Program (CACFP; n 208) participated in a pre–post evaluation using Go NAP SACC.

Results

At baseline, all FCCH met the minimum childcare standards for fifty-four of fifty-six practices in nutrition and screen time. After the intervention, FCCH demonstrated significant improvement in fourteen of the forty-four Child Nutrition items and eleven of the twelve Screen Time items. However, FCCH providers did not meet best practices at post-intervention. Lowest scores were found in serving meals family-style, promoting visible support for healthy eating, planned nutrition education and written policy on child nutrition. For screen time, lowest scores were reported on the availability of television, offering families education on screen time and having a written policy on screen time.

Conclusions

FCCH in Nebraska were able to strengthen their policies and practices after utilizing Go NAP SACC. Continued professional development and participation in targeted interventions may assist programmes in sustaining improved practices and policies. Considering the varying standards and policies surrounding FCCH, future studies comparing the current findings with childcare centres and non-CACFP programmes are warranted.
Generationsspezifische Unterschiede in den Werthaltungen von Gesundheits- und Krankenpfleger / -innen – Eine Querschnittstudie
Authors: Huber Peter , Schubert Hans-Joachim
Published: June 2018

Zusammenfassung. Hintergrund: Verschiedene Studien weisen auf besondere Verhaltensweisen von Mitarbeiterinnen und Mitarbeitern der Generation Y hin. Fragestellung: Ausgehend von der Annahme, dass es eine einstellungs- und verhaltensbeeinflussende Wirkung von Werten gibt, beschäftigt sich die Studie mit der Fragestellung nach Unterschieden in den Werthaltungen zwischen der Generation Y (1981 – 1995) zu den Generationen X (1966 – 1980) und den Babyboomern (1956 – 1965). Methode: Werthaltungen werden von Gesundheits- und Krankenpflegerinnen und -pflegern (n = 421) in der Selbsteinschätzung sowie durch Fremdeinschätzungen von Stationsleitungen (n = 259) und Pflegedirektorinnen und -direktoren (n = 312) im Rahmen einer quantitativ angelegten Querschnittstudie identifiziert, denen der Fragebogen PVQ-21 zugrunde gelegt wurde. Ergebnisse: Während für die Generation Y sowohl in der Selbsteinschätzung als auch in der Fremdbetrachtung die Werte Selbstbezogenheit, Stimulation und Hedonismus eine hohe Bedeutung darstellen, werden Tradition, Konformität und Sicherheit als weniger wichtig bewertet. Ebenso können für einige Werte der Generation Y Unterschiede in der Selbst- und Fremdsicht ermittelt werden. Schlussfolgerungen: Im Sinne eines transformationalen Führungsverständnisses gilt es für das operative und strategische Pflegemanagement generationsspezifische Unterschiede im Umgang mit Mitarbeiterinnen und Mitarbeitern der Gesundheits- und Krankenpflege zu berücksichtigen.
Chemical Analysis of Materials Exposed to Venus Temperature and Surface Atmosphere
Authors: Lukco D. , Spry D. J. , Harvey R. P. , Costa G. C. C. , Okojie R. S. , Avishai A. , Nakley L. M. , Neudeck P. G. , Hunter G. W.
Published: June 2018

Planetary exploration in the harsh Venus surface environment faces a myriad of technical challenges related to material survivability, durability, and overall reliable systems operation. An understanding of material reactions in Venus relevant atmospheric conditions is core to enabling future successful Venus science missions. This work investigated various candidate materials used in fabricating electronics, sensors, and packaging after exposure to simulated Venus surface atmosphere. The NASA Glenn Extreme Environments Rig is capable of reproducing Venusian temperature, pressure, and atmospheric composition of the Venus surface consisting mostly of CO2and N2as well as traces of SO2, H2O, CO, OCS, HCl, HF, and H2S. The exposed materials were characterized using Auger electron spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, field emission‐scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and optical imaging. The reactivity of the sulfur gas constituents with several of the exposed materials were found to have adverse effects on the materials, particularly those composed of transition metals. Alloys, brazes, and cladded materials all exhibited extensive reactions. In contrast, compounds of SiC, SiO2, Al2O3, and elemental Au and Ir were found to be chemically inert. The fundamental experimental understanding of material interactions with the simulated Venusian environment gained in this study enables improved selection of materials and hardware designs that would increase the success margin of future long duration science mission on Venus.
Remote Forcing of Shelf Flows by Density Gradients and the Origin of the Annual Mean Flow on the Mid‐Atlantic Bight
Authors: Pringle James M.
Published: June 2018

In the annual mean, a southwestward along‐isobath flow exists in the Mid‐Atlantic Bight. It has been shown to be driven neither by local winds, which are too weak and in the wrong direction to explain the flow, nor by local density gradients, which are too weak to explain the flow. Prior work has established that the mean flow is part of a local alongshore momentum balance between bottom friction and along‐isobath pressure gradient; but that work does not explain the origin of the pressure gradient. A simple model of shelf flows driven by density anomalies elsewhere on the shelf is developed. This model is used to argue that the annual average flow is consistent with remote forcing by density gradients on the shelf along the southern edge of the Laurentian Channel and the Scotian Shelf. These density gradients are largely caused by freshwater input from the Saint Lawrence River, and their effect when integrated over the Laurentian Channel, Scotian Shelf, and Gulf of Maine shows only a weak seasonal signal.
Impact of Moisture Information From Advanced Himawari Imager Measurements on Heavy Precipitation Forecasts in a Regional NWP Model
Authors: Wang Pei , Li Jun , Lu Bing , Schmit Timothy J. , Lu Jiazhen , Lee Yong‐Keun , Li Jinlong , Liu Zhiquan
Published: June 2018

Information about moisture distribution and transportation in the preconvection environment is very important for nowcasting and forecasting severe weather events. The Advanced Himawari Imager (AHI) onboard the Japanese Himawari‐8/‐9 provides high temporal and spatial resolution moisture information useful for weather monitoring and forecasting. Algorithms have been developed for three‐layered precipitable water (LPW: surface to 0.9, 0.9–0.7, and 0.7–0.3 in sigma vertical coordinate) retrievals from AHI infrared band radiances using a Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite‐R series algorithm working group algorithm. The LPW products from AHI have been validated with in situ measurements. An important application of the AHI LPW product is to improve local severe storm forecasts through assimilating high temporal and spatial resolution moisture information into regional‐ and storm‐scale numerical weather prediction (NWP) models. Assimilation techniques and approaches have been developed; the impact on precipitation forecasts for local severe storm over land from the assimilation of LPWs from AHI shows improvement on heavy precipitation forecasts over those from the assimilation of conventional data. Comparisons between AHI infrared band radiance assimilation and LPW assimilation show overall similar or comparable impact on precipitation forecast. The approaches for assimilating LPW can be applied to the assimilation of data from other advanced imagers such as the Advanced Baseline Imager onboard the U.S. next generation of Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites‐R series, the Advanced Geosynchronous Radiation Imager onboard the Chinese FengYun‐4 series, and the Flexible Combined Imager onboard the upcoming European Meteosat Third Generation.
Aqueous Processes From Diverse Hydrous Minerals in the Vicinity of Amazonian‐Aged Lyot Crater
Authors: Pan Lu , Ehlmann Bethany L.
Published: June 2018

Amazonian‐aged Lyot crater is the best‐preserved and deepest peak‐ring impact crater (diameter, D = 220 km) in the northern lowlands of Mars. Morphological features including scouring channels emanating from its ejecta and small channels within the crater have been examined previously to understand hydrological activity associated with the crater. In this study, we analyze images acquired by the Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars on board the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter to investigate the mineralogical record in Lyot and its surroundings, which are presently enriched in ground ice, to understand the associated aqueous processes, their relative timing, and a possible role for ground ice in hydrous mineral formation. We find diverse hydrous minerals, including Fe/Mg phyllosilicates, chlorite, illite/muscovite, and prehnite in Lyot crater walls, central peak, and ejecta, as well as in two craters to the west of Lyot. The exposure and distribution of the hydrous minerals suggest that they are related to the impact process, either exposed by the excavation of hydrothermally altered rocks or formed through syn‐depositional hydrothermal alteration immediately after impacts. The Lyot impact induced channel formation to the north, but no mineralogical evidence of aqueous alteration associated with the channels is observed. The sinuous channels within Lyot, diverted by bedrock units with hydrous mineral detections, did not cause mineralization but likely represent the last stage of water activity in Lyot crater. The separate episodes of water activity indicate flow of liquid water on Mars' surface during the Amazonian but limited to no aqueous alteration to generate hydrous minerals.
Our Spectacular Earth
Authors: Feustel Andrew
Published: June 2018

NASA astronaut and AGU member Drew Feustel shares stunning views of our planet from aboard the International Space Station.