bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
UNDECIDABILITY OF FAMILIES OF RINGS OF TOTALLY REAL INTEGERS
Authors: JARDEN MOSHE , VIDELA CARLOS R.
Published: October 2008

Let ℤtrbe the ring of totally real integers, Gal(ℚ) the absolute Galois group of ℚ, and e a positive integer. For each σ = (σ1,…,σe) ∈ Gal (ℚ)elet ℤtr(σ) be the fixed ring in ℤtrof σ1,…,σe. Then, the theory of all first order sentences θ that are true in ℤtr(σ) for almost all σ ∈ Gal (ℚ)e(in the sense of the Haar measure) is undecidable.
SOME FAMILIES OF PERMUTATION POLYNOMIALS OVER FINITE FIELDS
Authors: ZIEVE MICHAEL E.
Published: October 2008

We give necessary and sufficient conditions for a polynomial of the form xr(1 + xv + x2v + ⋯ + xkv)t to permute the elements of the finite field 𝔽q. Our results yield especially simple criteria in case (q - 1)/ gcd (q - 1, v) is a small prime.
ON THE ERROR TERM IN THE APPROXIMATE FUNCTIONAL EQUATION FOR EXPONENTIAL SUMS RELATED TO CUSP FORMS
Authors: ERNVALL-HYTÖNEN ANNE-MARIA
Published: October 2008

We give a proof for the approximate functional equation for exponential sums related to holomorphic cusp forms and derive an upper bound for the error term.
Familial Cholestatic Syndromes
Authors: Thompson Richard
Published: October 2008

The term ‘familial’ is an unfortunate one. Although the definition includes ‘hereditary’, the inference is that it will usually have occurred in other family members. For many of the conditions described in this article this is often not the case, and for this reason, ‘familial’ conditions may be overlooked when reaching a diagnosis. Cholestasis is defined differently by clinicians, pathologists and biochemists. In addition, what is meant by cholestatic liver disease very often varies for paediatricians and adult hepatologists. However, the pathogenic mechanisms are increasingly similar. Biliary atresia, which is the most frequent cholestatic liver disease presenting to paediatricians, is strikingly different from most diseases as there appears to be no ‘late-onset’ equivalent and it is almost never familial. Several international collaborations have now been established in the hope of overcoming these hurdles (http://www.barcnetwork.org/, http://www.orpha.net/nestasso/EFBAR/, http://www.biliary-atresia.com/index_ frameset_ebar.html). On a day-to-day basis, paediatric hepatologists are faced with a group of infants with jaundice in whom the cause is not readily apparent. In many ways, this has been worsened by the fact that we have known for a long time that a significant proportion will improve spontaneously, whereas others will do badly. In the first few months of life, we still have difficulty forecasting outcomes for individual patients. The underlying cause, at least in the group with a poor outcome, is now becoming apparent in an increasing number of cases. Most of the improvements in our unravelling of this group of children have come about as the result of advances in our understanding of the genetic aetiology. It has also become clear that genetic cholestatic liver disease is not restricted to paediatrics. The exact extent to which genetics contributes to ‘late-onset’ disease is only now being unravelled.
Treatments in Chronic Cholestasis in Children
Authors: Alvarez Fernando
Published: October 2008

Few specific treatments for children with chronic cholestasis are available. Most therapy strategies relieve bile component retention or palliate some of the consequences of chronic cholestasis. Ursodeoxycholic acid is the most frequently used pharmacological agent in children with chronic cholestasis. This bile acid is administered at dosages between 10 and 30 mg/kg/day to patients with cystic fibrosis, inborn errors of bile acid metabolism, progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis, sclerosing cholangitis, biliary atresia, Alagille syndrome, or those receiving total parenteral nutrition. Ursodeoxycholic acid mainly increases bile flow and has a membrane-stabilizing effect, reducing the toxicity of more hydrophobic bile acids. Rifampicin, an antibiotic, at dosages between 10 and 20 mg/kg/day is very efficient in relieving pruritus. Similar effects are obtained using nonabsorbable ion exchange resins. In addition, these molecules decrease the serum cholesterol levels contributing to reduce xanthomas. Replacement of some deficiencies created by total parenteral nutrition by administration of essential fatty acids or cysteine can prevent or contribute to improve the associated liver disorders. In some cholestatic diseases, surgical procedures can help to relieve the obstacle to the bile flow, as it is the case for portoenterostomy in patients with biliary atresia. In cases of intrahepatic cholestasis, a clinical and biochemical improvement can be recorded after bile diversion or other procedure (ileum exclusion) limiting the absorption of bile acids by the intestine. In the future, the association of these different pharmacological agents, increasing the bile flow, protecting cell membranes, or restoring nutritional deficiencies, could contribute to an improvement in quality of life in children with chronic cholestasis and eventually delay the need of a more drastic therapy such as liver transplantation. Advances in gene therapy and hepatocyte transplantation could also be of great help; however, many years of intense research are still necessary before even a pilot study using one of these therapies can be considered on liver diseases resulting in chronic cholestasis.
Nutritional Management of Cholestatic Syndromes in Childhood
Authors: Socha Piotr
Published: October 2008

Cholestatic liver disease causes severe risk of malnutrition which includes protein-energy malnutrition and specific nutritional deficiencies. The nutritional status can be assessed based on anthropometric measurements, which can be misleading because of ascitis and peripheral edema. Biochemical determinations of lipid-soluble vitamin status are important to evaluate requirements. Based on nutritional status assessment, nutritional therapy should be planned according to a well-defined schedule. The basic principle of nutritional management is to correct the nutritional status as well as to reduce the risk of nutritional deficiencies. Children with cholestasis usually need extra energy supply that can be obtained by increasing energy density of feeds or addition of glucose polymers and lipids. For catch-up growth, usually, protein intake should be increased. Lipid-soluble vitamin supplementation deserves special attention and it is not easy to correct poor vitamin E status. For some children, parenteral administration of vitamin K is needed. Since recently, a water-soluble vitamin E (d-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate) given by oral route is used with a good therapeutic effect. As the liver disease progresses to liver failure in many chronic cholestatic diseases, nutritional therapy can often be regarded as ‘bridging’ for liver transplantation to improve prognosis. Thus, invasive nutritional support is justified in severe liver disease which usually includes nocturnal nasogastric tube feeding, or even parenteral nutrition.
Novel Therapeutic Strategies for Endometriosis: A Pathophysiological Perspective
Authors: Osuga Yutaka
Published: October 2008

It has previously been considered that the therapeutic effects of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analogues on endometriosis could be explained by the suppression of estrogen levels due to pituitary downregulation; however, recent research on the pathogenesis of endometriosis suggests that these effects may be exerted by multiple mechanisms. These include the inhibition of ovulation, which results in a reduction in the exposure of endometriotic lesions to midkine, a growth factor present in ovarian follicular fluid that is thought to be involved in the proliferation of endometriotic cells and development of endometriosis. Also the inhibition of bleeding induced by GnRH analogue therapy can reduce the exposure of endometriotic lesions to thrombin, which is produced in the process of coagulation. Thrombin and its specific receptor, protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1), are important factors in inflammation and cell proliferation and may be involved in the pathophysiology of endometriosis. Abnormal uterine contractions have been observed in women with endometriosis, and it is thought that the resulting mechanical stretch might stimulate the production of pro-inflammatory mediators, such as interleukin-8 (IL-8), as has been observed in studies with endometrial stromal cell cultures. The inhibition of uterine contractions by GnRH analogue therapy, in particular during menstruation, would block the mechanical stress on the endometrium and ultimately inhibit the development of endometriosis. Alongside the recent revolutionary progress in T-cell immunology, it has been argued that the development of endometriosis is associated with an abnormal T-cell function, and the existence of a ‘T-cell immune network’ is hypothesized to explain the etiology of the disease.
The Role of GnRH Analogues in Endometriosis-Associated Apoptosis and Angiogenesis
Authors: Tesone Marta , Bilotas Mariela , Barañao Rosa Inés , Meresman Gabriela
Published: October 2008

It has been postulated that gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analogues may act directly on endometrial cells and inhibit their growth and proliferation by regulation of apoptotic and angiogenic mechanisms. Eutopic endometrial cells from patients with endometriosis show an increased proliferation rate and are less susceptible to cell death by apoptosis than those from subjects without the disease. Notably, the GnRH analogue, leuprorelin, inhibits cell proliferation and increases the apoptotic rate in eutopic endometrial cell cultures, an effect that appears to be mediated by an increase in the expression of the pro-apoptotic proteins Bax and FasL and a decrease in the expression of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2. Angiogenesis is an important process in the development of endometrial tissue, and it is regulated by vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) and angiopoietins. VEGF levels are elevated in peritoneal fluid and endometriotic tissue from patients with endometriosis. In addition, it has been demonstrated that the expression of VEGF is potentiated by a variety of cytokines, including IL-1β. Recent studies show that leuprorelin reduces the production of VEGF-A and IL-1β in eutopic endometrial cell cultures, suggesting a mechanism by which it could inhibit the development of endometriosis. Thus, GnRH analogues appear to be effective in reducing the growth of endometrial cells, not only due to their classical pituitary endocrine effects, but also via a direct effect on the endometrial cells themselves.
Current Approaches to Optimizing the Treatment of Endometriosis in Adolescents
Authors: Laufer Marc R.
Published: October 2008

Endometriosis can occur in adolescents and this patient group presents particular challenges in terms of differential diagnosis, variable presentation and symptoms, and choice of treatment. Early diagnosis is essential in order to decrease pain and hopefully prevent disease progression and preserve future fertility. Endometriosis surgery is generally cytoreductive rather than curative, and postoperative medical therapy should be initiated regardless of disease stage. Menstrual suppressive therapy with the use of continuous combination estrogen/progestin is the main treatment for most adolescents with endometriosis. For those with a persistence of pain on this therapy Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists (with add-back therapy) can be effective in relieving symptoms. GnRH agonist therapy requires special consideration in adolescents due to possible adverse effects on bone mineralization – an important consideration in adolescents who are at a critical age for accrual of bone mineral density (BMD). However, potential problems of bone loss may be avoided with the use of ‘add back’ therapy. A recent clinical study found that most adolescents with endometriosis receiving a GnRH agonist plus add-back therapy with norethindrone acetate (NA) or estrogen plus NA had normal BMD at the hip. Add-back therapy appears to be a promising adjunct to GnRH agonist therapy for the prevention of bone loss and may allow a longer duration of therapy than with a GnRH agonist alone. BMD should continue to be carefully monitored after the initial 6–8 month period of therapy and then approximately every two years in adolescent patients (over age 16) receiving long-term GnRH agonist with add-back therapy.
Ascaris lumbricoides: analyse de son épidémiologie et de ses relations à d’autres infestations
Authors: Scott Marilyn E.
Published: October 2008

La présente analyse souligne les progrès effectués depuis 2004 dans la connaissance de l’épidémiologie de l’infestation par Ascaris lumbricoides et des interactions entre celle-ci et d’autres parasitoses concomitantes. Tandis que la rareté de l’eau augmente, les eaux usées non traitées sont de plus en plus utilisées afin d’irriguer les récoltes, ce qui accroît le risque de transmission. De nouvelles méthodes de détection et d’inactivation des œufs d’Ascaris dans l’eau, le sol et les aliments sont décrites. L’association entre la possession de porcs et l’infestation par Ascaris chez l’homme peut représenter une transmission croisée, car une hybridation entre les ascarides de l’homme et du porc survient plus fréquemment que l’on ne le pensait. Des analyses géospatiales ont prévu avec succès les taux d’infestation tant à un niveau régional (sur la base d’indices de végétation, de la température et de l’humidité) que dans des communautés (sur la base de facteurs sociaux et environnementaux). L’interprétation des réponses d’anticorps et de cytokines à Ascaris devient plus claire, tandis que des chercheurs reconnaissent le rôle du type d’antigène, de l’âge et des antécédents d’infestations par Ascaris et d’autres parasites. L’intérêt considérable suscité par les interactions entre Ascaris et d’autres infections (helminthes, paludisme, VIH, tuberculose) et l’allergie est montré. L’impact d’une infestation concomitante sur la conception des stratégies de contrôle est discuté, dont les bénéfices conférés par des polythérapies et les données indiquant que les nématodes intestinaux modifient l’efficacité des vaccinations infantiles. Enfin, des zones recommandées pour les futures recherches sont identifiées.
Giardiases: concepts modernes en matière de contrôle et de prise en charge
Authors: Thompson R.C. Andrew
Published: October 2008

Giardia est le protozoaire pathogène entérique le plus fréquent chez l’homme ainsi que chez les animaux sauvages et domestiques. Les enfants sont les plus exposés au risque de conséquences cliniques d’une giardiase, particulièrement ceux vivant dans des contextes communautaires défavorisés de pays en développement. Des études d’épidémiologie moléculaire ont permis de mieux élucider les sources d’infestation et l’importance des réservoirs animaux pour la santé publique. Certains aspects de la pathogenèse des giardiases sont à présent connus, mais un long chemin reste à parcourir avant de connaître les facteurs prédisposant aux manifestations cliniques de cette parasitose. Des médicaments efficaces sont disponibles afin de traiter les giardiases, mais ne peuvent être qu’un appoint aux approches classiques de santé publique dans des contextes endémiques où les enfants sont fréquemment infestés.
Prise en charge du paludisme pédiatrique: rôle des interventions nutritionnelles
Authors: Osei Akato Kwame , Hamer Davidson H.
Published: October 2008

Le paludisme est la principale cause de morbidité et de mortalité chez l’enfant, particulièrement en Afrique sub-saharienne. Malgré des progrès substantiels du traitement du paludisme pédiatrique au moyen de polythérapies basées sur l’artémisinine, de nombreux obstacles s’opposent encore à la mise en œuvre efficace de ces nouvelles options thérapeutiques très efficaces. De même, des moyens efficaces sont disponibles pour la prévention du paludisme chez l’enfant, mais leur extension afin qu’ils influencent nettement la morbidité et la mortalité d’origine palustre a confronté les organismes de santé publique à d’importantes difficultés. Le statut nutritionnel de l’hôte influence l’acquisition et la sévérité potentielle d’un paludisme. Des données substantielles montrent que le paludisme contribue à une altération de la croissance staturo-pondérale chez l’enfant, mais l’impact de la sous-nutrition sur le paludisme est complexe. Des données de plus en plus nombreuses montrent qu’une supplémentation en certains micronutriments peut jouer un rôle capital dans la prévention du paludisme chez les jeunes enfants. Des interventions au moyen de micronutriments tels le zinc ou la vitamine A peuvent contribuer à réduire la charge pathologique due au paludisme, tandis que d’autres, telles une supplémentation en fer, peuvent exacerber cette maladie. Des différences portant sur la conception et la qualité des études, l’intensité de la transmission du paludisme et d’autres caractéristiques des centres d’études compliquent l’interprétation du nombre limité d’études ayant évalué l’influence de micronutriments spécifiques dans le traitement et la prévention du paludisme. Un seul essai a évalué l’administration de zinc à titre d’appoint dans le traitement du paludisme et n’a démontré aucun bénéfice de ce métal dans ce rôle. Le présent article analyse la prise en charge clinique du paludisme chez l’enfant, les interactions entre cette parasitose et le statut nutritionnel et le rôle potentiel d’une supplémentation en micronutriments pour la prévention d’épisodes cliniques de paludisme chez les jeunes enfants, en déterminant plus particulièrement si chacun des suppléments nutritionnels améliore ou aggrave l’évolution de cette maladie.
Seizure Outcome following Transcortical Selective Amygdalohippocampectomy in Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
Authors: Acar Goksemin , Acar Feridun , Miller Jonathan , Spencer David C. , Burchiel Kim J.
Published: October 2008

The aim of this study was to retrospectively determine if patients with medically refractory epilepsy, due to hippocampal sclerosis, who underwent selective amygdalohippocampectomy (SAH) with a transcortical approach experienced improved seizure outcome. Thirty-nine patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy and hippocampal sclerosis were included in the study. The mean follow-up was 25.88 ± 17.69 months. Antiepileptic medication use and seizure frequency were significantly reduced after SAH. After surgery, 32 patients (82.05%) were completely seizure free (Engel class IA), and 2 patients experienced transient memory difficulty. In conclusion, SAH with a transcortical approach can lead to favorable seizure control with a low irreversible complication risk.
The Efficacy of 24-Week Interferon Monotherapy for Type C Liver Cirrhosis in Japanese Patients with Genotype 1b and Low Virus Load
Authors: Arase Yasuji , Suzuki Fumitaka , Sezaki Hitomi , Kawamura Yusuke , Suzuki Yoshiyuki , Kobayashi Masahiro , Akuta Norio , Hosaka Tetsuya , Yatsuji Hiromi , Hirakawa Miharu , Kobayashi Mariko , Ikeda Kenji , Kumada Hiromitsu
Published: October 2008

Objectives: The aim of this study was to elucidate the efficacy of interferon (IFN) therapy in liver cirrhosis Japanese patients with genotype 1b and low virus load. Methods: The present study was a retrospective cohort study. Inclusion criteria were liver cirrhosis, HCV genotype 1b, HCV RNA of <100 KIU/ml, and natural IFN-α monotherapy for 24 weeks. In 23 consecutive patients who satisfied the above criteria the efficacy and side effects of IFN were examined. Independent factors that might have influenced a sustained virologic response (SVR) were studied using logistic regression analysis. Results: The clinical patient profiles were as follows: median (range) age 52 (37–69) years; male/female 18/5, and median (range) HCV RNA 52 (<5–92) KIU/ml. Eight of the 23 patients (34.8%) had SVR by intention-to-treat analysis. Logistic analysis indicated that an HCV RNA level of <50 KIU/ml was associated with SVR (p = 0.049). The median (range) HCV RNA levels were 28 (<5–68) KIU/ml in patients with SVR and 60 (6–92) KIU/ml in patients without SVR. Conclusions: 24-week IFN monotherapy is a suitable therapy for type C cirrhotic patients with genotype 1b and an HCV RNA level of <50 KIU/ml.
Occult Hepatitis B Virus Infection in HIV-Infected Patients with Isolated Hepatitis B Core Antibody
Authors: Azadmanesh Kayhan , Mohraz Minoo , Aghakhani Arezoo , Edalat Rozita , Jam Sara , Eslamifar Ali , Banifazl Mohammad , Moradmand-Badie Banafsheh , Ramezani Amitis
Published: October 2008

Objective: Detection of hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA without detectable hepatitis B surfaceantigen (HBsAg) is defined as occult HBV infection. In patients co-infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and HBV, HIV interferes with the natural history of HBV infection by enhancing HBV replication, leading to more severe liver disease. The aim of this study was to assess occult HBV infection in Iranian HIV-positive patients with isolated hepatitis B core antibody (anti-HBc). Methods: The presence of HBV-DNA was determined quantitatively in plasma samples of HIV-infected patients with isolated anti-HBc by real-time PCR using the artus HBV RG PCR kit on the Rotor-Gene 3000 real-time thermal cycler. Hepatitis C antibody (anti-HCV), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), HIV viral load and CD4+ count were also tested in all subjects. Results: Of 106 patients enrolled in this study, 22 subjects (20.75%, 95% CI 13–28) had isolated anti-HBc. HBV-DNA was detectable in 3 of the 22 patients (13.6%, 95% CI 0.0–28) who had isolated anti-HBc. Conclusion: A serological profile of isolated anti-HBc could be associated with occult HBV infection in Iranian HIV-infected patients. Therefore the risk of transmission of HBV is probable in these patients.
Cortical Serotonin 1A Receptor Levels Are Associated with Depression in Patients with Dementia with Lewy Bodies and Parkinson’s Disease Dementia
Authors: Sharp Sally I. , Ballard Clive G. , Ziabreva Iryna , Piggott Margaret A. , Perry Robert H. , Perry Elaine K. , Aarsland Dag , Ehrt Uwe , Larsen Jan P. , Francis Paul T.
Published: October 2008

Background: Serotonin 1A receptors (5-HT1A) have not been studied in dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) or Parkinson’s disease dementia (PDD) patients with depression. Aim: To examine 5-HT1A in DLB and PDD postmortem in relation to depression. Methods: [3H]8-hydroxy-2-dipropylaminotetralin binding to 5-HT1A was determined in temporal cortex (Brodmann areas, BA20 and BA36) from 10 DLB patients, 17 PDD patients and 9 controls. Results: 5-HT1A density was significantly higher in BA36 in combined DLB/PDD patients with depression, but was unaltered in BA20. Conclusion: Higher BA36 5-HT1A density in PDD and DLB patients than in control is dependent on whether the patient had experienced depression during life, not DLB/PDD diagnosis. A 5-HT1A antagonist adjuvant may improve treatment of depression in dementia.
Synergistic Effect of Heme Oxygenase-1 and Tau Genetic Variants on Alzheimer’s Disease Risk
Authors: Mateo Ignacio , Sánchez-Juan Pascual , Rodríguez-Rodríguez Eloy , Infante Jon , Vázquez-Higuera José Luis , García-Gorostiaga Inés , Berciano José , Combarros Onofre
Published: October 2008

Oxidative stress plays a role in tau hyperphosphorylation and the development of neurofibrillary tangles (NFT). In Alzheimer’s disease (AD) brain, accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau in NFT is associated with the induction of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), a potent antioxidant that downregulates the production of tau. In a case-control study of 300 AD patients and 360 healthy controls, we examined whether the combined gene effects between HO-1 (–413, rs2071746) and tau (5′ of exon 1, rs242557) polymorphisms might be responsible for susceptibility to AD. Subjects carrying both the HO-1 (–413) TT and the tau (5′ of exon 1) AA genotypes had a more than 6.5-time higher risk of developing AD than subjects without these risk genotypes (OR = 6.65, 95% CI 1.12–39.29; p = 0.037). These data support a role for tau-related genes in the risk of AD.
Pulse Push/Pull Hemodialysis in a Canine Renal Failure Model
Authors: Lee Kyungsoo , Min Byoung Goo , Mun Cho Hae , Lee Sa Ram , Won Yong Soon
Published: October 2008

A new dialysis modality was devised to increase convective mass transfer. Blood and dialysate are circulated by a pulsatile pump, but with pulsatile flow patterns that are 180° out of phase, which causes blood-to-dialysate pressure gradients to oscillate between positive and negative. In the present study, hemodialytic performance of the devised modality was investigated using a canine renal failure model. Membrane hydraulic permeabilities (Kuf) and fiber bundle volumes (FBV) were measured after each dialysis session. Postdialysis Kuf and FBV were then compared with those with conventional high-flux hemodialysis. No complications concerning animals or technical problems with the devised modality were encountered. Urea and creatinine reductions were satisfactory. Postdialysis Kuf and FBV values were significantly reduced after hemodialysis sessions, but were higher for the new modality. The devised modality incorporated with blood and dialysate pulsation offers a simple but safe means new mode of hemodialysis.
Role of Integrated PET-CT in Pelvic Lymph Node Staging of Cervical Cancer before Radical Hysterectomy
Authors: Chung Hyun Hoon , Park Noh-Hyun , Kim Jae Weon , Song Yong-Sang , Chung June-Key , Kang Soon-Beom
Published: October 2008

Background: To investigate the feasibility of preoperative integrated positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT) with fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG) in primary pelvic lymph node (LN) staging before radical hysterectomy (RH) and pelvic lymphadenectomy (PLND) in cervical cancer. Methods: We reviewed medical records of all patients with FIGO stage IA2-IIB cervical cancer who underwent a preoperative FDG PET-CT and underwent type II or III RH and PLND between January 1, 2003, and July 31, 2007. Results: A total of 34 patients underwent preoperative PET-CT scans followed by RH and PLND during the study period. Of the 34 patients, 17 (50.0%) had pelvic LN metastases, and the median number of harvested LNs was 29 (range 13–57). The overall region-specific sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy of PET-CT were 36.4, 98.8, 85.7, 88.9, and 88.7%, respectively. The patients with positive preoperative PET-CT scans showed higher recurrence rates (3/8) than those with negative scans (1/26); the difference was statistically significant (p = 0.031). Conclusion: Integrated PET-CT scan has limited sensitivity, but high specificity for predicting pelvic LN metastasis in preoperative staging of invasive cervical cancer. Furthermore, preoperative integrated PET-CT may be a useful tool for identifying patients with higher risk of cervical cancer recurrence.
Long-Term Survival after Postpartum Liver Rupture and Necrosis Requiring Liver Transplantation in a Twin Pregnancy
Authors: Saisto Terhi , Stefanovic Vedran , Vakkuri Anne
Published: October 2008

A 32-year-old G6P5 (hepatitis B carrier, of African origin) with a spontaneous twin pregnancy gave birth at the 37th gestational week. Four hours later she collapsed. Upon an emergency laparotomy, right liver lobe rupture and later massive liver necrosis were diagnosed. Four days later, a liver transplantation was performed. She was discharged from the hospital 38 days after her delivery, four laparotomies, and having received 179 units of red blood cells, 221 units of fresh frozen plasma, 144 units of platelets, and various separate clotting concentrates. As a result of immune suppression medication, she later developed diabetes, sarcoma Kaposi, a Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, and coenurosis. Four years later, she is, however, in a relatively good condition.
Ultrastructure of Cultured Fibroblasts in Mucolipidosis Type IV
Authors: Livni Nelly , Legum Cyril
Published: October 2008

Five patients have been classified as suffering from mucolipidosis type IV on the basis of the findings in various tissues and in cultured fibroblasts. The light and electron microscopic features of cultured fibroblasts in this disease are described in detail. The differentiation of this condition from other lysosomal storage diseases and other types of mucolipidoses is discussed. The importance of identifying this disease for purposes of intrauterine diagnosis and eventual understanding of the underlying enzyme defect is stressed.
Occurrence of Plasmocytoid Cells in Long-Term Blood-Cell Cultures from a Patient with ‘Hairy Cell’ Leukemia
Authors: Keusch F. , Rüttner J.R. , Pedio G. , Gut D.
Published: October 2008

Cells from the peripheral blood of a patient with ‘hairy cell’ leukemia were cultivated in long-term cultures. They grew with a monolayer growth pattern and consisted of at least two cell populations. The electron microscopic morphology of the cultivated cells revealed cells resembling ‘hairy cells’ showing the typical cytoplasmic protrusions and cells with structural characteristics of plasma cells.
Transplantation Tolerance at the T-Lymphocyte Receptor Level I.
Authors: Ramseier H.
Published: October 2008

Spleen and lymph node T cells from CBA mice when cultivated in vitro almost immediately started to shed receptors for A alloantigens. In contrast, cultivated T lymphocytes from CBA mice tolerant of A alloantigens for 657 or 692 days began releasing receptors for the formerly tolerated A alloantigen after a delay of 8 h. This delay in receptor shedding coincided with that observed when nontolerant lymphocytes were treated with antisera to T-cell receptors. The results suggested a close similarity of mechanisms and indicated that transplantation tolerance may be maintained by active suppression of otherwise reactive T cells mediated by anti-receptor antibody. Lymphocytes from untreated tolerant mice and those treated with a nonspecific anti-receptor serum showed normal responses, as measured in terms of receptor release, to third-party alloantigens, as did cells from untreated normal mice. Precultivated normal lymphocytes treated with anti-receptor antibody and complement failed to release the appropriate receptor specificity but similarly treated tolerant lymphocytes were almost resistant, presumably because they expressed only few receptors at the time of treatments.
Transplantation Tolerance at the T-Lymphocyte Receptor Level II.
Authors: Ramseier H.
Published: October 2008

CBA T lymphocytes deprived temporarily of receptors for alloantigens A[RS(A)] cultivated in vitro for 30 h with anti-receptor antibody-forming (AxCBA)F1 spleen cells were capable of resynthesizing RS(A) if primed F1 cells exceeded parental T cells by a factor of 25 or less, but not if the excess was 50-fold or more. This indicated that resynthesis of CBA T-cell RS(A) was successful if primed F1 cells formed insufficient amounts of anti-CBA T-cell RS(A) antibody. Abortive or successful receptor resynthesis was measured by two parameters, (a) reappearing RS(A) formed PAR together with A alloantigens of (A×CBA)F1 spleen cells and (b) budding receptors bound anti-receptor antibody. CBA B lymphocytes did not interfere with these reactions. A search for putative T suppressor cells in the F1cell population was unsuccessful. PAR formation and anti-RS antibody consumption by reappearing receptors differed temporally: receptors forming PAR were present after a delay lasting 8 h; receptor structures fixed anti-RS antibody as early as 5 h after being cultivated. With due caution, these results might reflect processes operating in maintenance of transplantation tolerance, suggesting that this condition is a serum-mediated suppression of long duration. The suppression would encompass continued neutralisation of receptors for the alloantigen to be tolerated by anti-T-cell receptor antibody formed by the F1 chimeric cells within an animal with acquired transplantation tolerance.
A Cytofluorometric Analysis of Polymer-Induced Mast Cell Secretion
Authors: Gustafsson Bertil , Enerbäck Lennart
Published: October 2008

Quantitative cytofluorometry was used to study the mechanism of mast cell secretion induced by polymyxin B in vitro. We measured 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and heparin in mast cells and individual mast cell granules, extruded from the cells or obtained from the interior of the cells by micromanipulation. Mast cell granules of untreated control cells contained both 5-HT and heparin. After polymyxin stimulation both intracellular and extruded mast cell granules contained heparin, but some intracellular and all extruded granules lacked 5-HT. These results indicate that the mast cell amines may be released from granules while they are still within the cellular domain. The mast cell granules did not release heparin whether extruded from the cell or not. The release of heparin from mast cells was thus determined by the number of extruded granules. Our results further suggest that the granules first released are those situated in the periphery of the cell and contain the largest quantities of amines and heparin. In agreement with the granule measurements, fluorescence measurements on stimulated mast cells showed a dose-dependent decrease of both heparin and 5-HT, but the 5-HT content decreased proportionally more than that of heparin.
Adenosine 3’ ,5’-Cyclic Monophosphate and Guanosine 3’,5’-Cyclic Monophosphate Levels in Tumour, Plasma and Urine during the Growth of a Fibrosarcoma in Hamsters
Authors: Latner A.L. , Patterson S.W. , Turner G.A.
Published: October 2008

Levels of cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP were measured in tumours, plasmas, and urines from groups of hamsters at different times after implantation of a fibrosarcoma (of kidney cell origin) and in kidney cortices, plasmas and urines from healthy hamsters. Initially, tumour cyclic AMP levels were significantly lower than those in kidney cortex but this difference disappeared during the growth of the tumour. Plasma and urine cyclic AMP levels were significantly depressed during all phases of tumour growth. In general, cyclic GMP levels were unaffected by the presence of a tumour except when hamsters carried a very high tumour load.
Study on Agglutination of Mouse Mammary Carcinoma (FM3A) Cells Induced by Egg Agglutinin of Rana catesbiana
Authors: Takeda S. , Kubota K. , Matsuzawa T.
Published: October 2008

When mouse mammary carcinoma (FM3A) cells were incubated with egg agglutinin of Rana catesbiana at 25 °C, the percent total particle number (%TPN) of both cell aggregates and single cells decreased rapidly and reached its minimum within 15 min. The %TPN decreased slowly even at 4 °C for 120 min or longer. Colchicine reduced egg agglutinin-induced agglutination only by 10% in the %TPN at the most, and albumin inhibited the agglutination by 25% or more. After 15 min of treatment of FM3A cells with egg agglutinin at 25 °C, the %TPN was very closely related to the electrophoretic mobility. Therefore it seems that positively charged egg agglutinin might diminish the negative charge of the cell membrane and thus cause cell agglutination.
Search for Mammalian Type-C Retrovirus Polypeptides on Infected Animal Cells and Human Tumor Cell Lines Using Interspecies-Reacting Antibodies
Authors: Schneider Josef , Hunsmann Gerhard , Deinhardt Friedrich
Published: October 2008

Cells producing endogenous and exogenous type-C retroviruses of murine, feline and primate origin were evaluated for expression of those virus-specific cell-surface antigens which cross-react with antibodies to interspecies determinants of mammalian type-C viral polypeptides. Surface polypeptides of cells replicating endogenous and exogenous type-C retroviruses were iodinated by the lactoperoxidase method. Labelled antigens were immunoprecipitated and analyzed in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. This method detected gp71 and less frequently p15E/p12E on the surface of virus-producing cells; in addition, p27 was found on F422 cells replicating feline leukemia virus. Antibodies to the membrane protein p15E displayed the broadest cross-reactivity but only antibodies to gp71 mediated complement-dependent interspecies cell lysis. The pattern of cross-reactivity reflected known genetic relationships among these mammalian viruses. Although antiserum to the simian sarcoma virus complex (SSV) was strongly cytotoxic to some human tumor cell lines, this reactivity could not be attributed to antibodies cross-reacting with SSV gp71.
Growth Curves of Three Human Malignant Tumors Transplanted to Nude Mice
Authors: Spang-Thomsen M. , Nielsen A. , Visfeldt J.
Published: October 2008

Experimental growth data for three human malignant tumors transplanted to nude mice of BALB/c origin are analyzed statistically in order to investigate whether they can be described according to the Gompertz function. The aim is to set up unequivocal standards for planned therapeutic experiments and to develop an essential part of the determination of proliferation parameters for the tumors. The results indicate that the course of tumor growth can be described with good approximation by the Gompertz function. A transformation of this function depicts the growth rectilinearly and appears to be suitable as a standard, e.g. in therapeutic experiments. The course of tumor growth is independent of the size of the transplant, and whether tumors are transplanted in the right or left or both flanks of the recipient mice. Furthermore, the growth does not vary in a systematic way with the number of passages in nude mice. For tumors whose growth is described according to the Gompertz function, recording of the growth of the tumor size in two dimensions is sufficient for calculating other relevant growth parameters, if the three linear tumor measurements are proportional throughout the growth period. The initial histological development of a transplanted malignant melanoma is described and used to elucidate other tumor growth measurements.
Fetal Isoenzyme Expression of Heterotransplanted HeLa Cells in Nude Mice
Authors: Singer R.M. , Leahy E.M. , Gershwin M.E.
Published: October 2008

The nude mouse has been successfully employed for the propagation of human tumors, without the need for immunosuppression. In light of the limited data on embryonic gene expression in such tumors, we undertook a study of fetal isoenzyme expression during tumor growth. HeLa TCRC-1 which has been shown to produce the placental Regan isoenzyme was used in these studies. The isoenzyme produced by these cells in culture is initially replaced by an isoenzyme referred to as chorionic. In the later stages of tumor growth, the so-called oncoamniotic (FL) isoenzyme then becomes the dominant enzyme form. The chorionic isoenzyme is produced by the early chorionic membranes of the developing conceptus, while the oncoamniotic (FL) isoenzyme is most similar to that found in the fetal human intestine. The alteration in the expression of fetal isoenzymes in tumors growing in the nude mouse is similar to that seen in the immunosuppressed rat and hamster host animals, indicating that the phenomenon is not related to immunosuppression per se.
Acid and Alkaline Phosphatase in Macrophages of Tenebrio molitor Larvae Stimulated with Asbestos
Authors: Donna A. , Betta P.G. , Lanfranco G.
Published: October 2008

The authors studied the activity of acid and alkaline phosphatase in macrophages of Tenebrio molitor larvae stimulated with various types of asbestos: A and B chrysotile, crocidolite, amosite and anthophyllite. The activity of the two enzymes increased, as did those of β-galactosidase and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase, two previously assayed enzymes. The increase indicates the toxic action of various types of asbestos and correlates to variations in the mortality curves. The increases of the enzymatic activity and the macrophage response vary with the type of asbestos.
In vitro DNA Synthesis in Lymphocytes from DNCB Contact-Sensitive Guinea Pigs
Authors: Polak L.
Published: October 2008

In vitro stimulation of lymphocytes from DNCB contact-sensitive guinea pigs is achieved by several DNP conjugates. Optimal results are obtained by DNP-modified macrophages. The degree of in vitro lymphocyte activity, demonstrated by DNA synthesis, depends on the cell origin, the interval between sensitization and harvest of lymphocytes and the immunological status of the animals.
Differentiation of Mouse Neuroblastoma Cells under Increased Oxygen Tension
Authors: Erkell Lars Johan
Published: October 2008

After exposure to increased oxygen tension for 3 days, cultured mouse neuroblastoma cells were found to undergo morphological differentiation and to significantly increase their ecto-acetylcholinesterase activity. Differentiation could not be blocked by KCN or lipid-soluble antioxidants, indicating that neither an increased respiration, nor an increased oxidation of membrane lipids was responsible for the effect.
Test for ‘Miniature Flies' following Exposure of Drosophila melanogaster Larvae to Diagnostic Levels of Ultrasound
Authors: Child Sally Z. , Carstensen Edwin L. , Davis Henry T.
Published: October 2008

An attempt has been made to replicate an experiment which reported the appearance of ‘miniature flies’ after exposure of Drosophila melanogaster larvae to the field of a pulsed diagnostic ultrasound unit. No effects were observed with 1.5 mW temporal average acoustic power, the level of the original report. However, when temporal peak powers were increased by a factor of 10, approximately one fourth of the larvae failed to survive to the imago stage. No miniature flies were seen in the entire study.
A Phase II Trial of Docetaxel and Vinorelbine in Patients with Advanced Breast Cancer Previously Treated with Anthracyclines
Authors: Vici Patrizia , Di Lauro Luigi , Sergi Domenico , Foggi Paolo , Viola Giuditta , Mottolese Marcella , Giotta Francesco , Fattoruso Silvia I.S. , Corsetti Serena , Giannarelli Diana , Botti Claudio , Lopez Massimo
Published: October 2008

Background: It was the aim of this study to evaluate the efficacy of docetaxel and vinorelbine combination in well-defined anthracycline-‘exposed’ or -‘resistant’ advanced breast cancer patients. Patients and Methods: A phase II trial was carried out enrolling 43 advanced breast cancer patients, all previously treated with anthracyclines, both in an adjuvant or advanced setting. Docetaxel 75 mg/m2 as 1-hour infusion and vinorelbine 25 mg/m2 as 30-min infusion were administered on day 1, every 3 weeks. Results: According to an intent-to-treat analysis, the response rate was 37.2% (95% CI 22.8–51.6) in 43 patients, whereas responses were observed in 16 (1 complete response, 15 partial response) out of 39 evaluable patients (41%, 95% CI 25.6–56.5); there were 50% with first-line and 33% with second-line therapy, and 50 and 29% of patients were considered anthracycline ‘exposed’ and ‘resistant’, respectively; responses by estrogen receptor (ER) status were given in 48% (ER positive) and 25% (ER negative), and by HER2 status, in 21% (HER2 positive) and 52% (HER2 negative). Median time to progression and median overall survival were 7.7 and 28.7 months, respectively. Toxicity was generally acceptable, with grade 3 neutropenia encountered in 15 (35%) patients and grade 4 neutropenia in 1 (2%) patient. Neutropenic fever occurred in 7 patients (16%), usually short-lasting. Grade 3 mucositis was encountered in 2 patients (5%). Conclusions: The combination of docetaxel and vinorelbine as a 3-weekly schedule is active and manageable in advanced breast cancer patients previously treated with anthracyclines.
Impact of Tumor Board Recommendations on Treatment Outcome for Locally Advanced Head and Neck Cancer
Authors: Nguyen Nam P. , Vos Paul , Lee Howard , Borok Thomas L. , Karlsson Ulf , Martinez Tomas , Welsh James , Cohen Deirdre , Hamilton Russell , Nguyen Nga , Nguyen Ly M. , Vinh-Hung Vincent
Published: October 2008

Background/Aims: To identify physician selection factors in the treatment of locally advanced head and neck cancer and how treatment outcome is affected by Tumor Board recommendations. Methods: A retrospective analysis of 213 patients treated for locally advanced head and neck cancer in a single institution was performed. All treatments followed Tumor Board recommendations: 115 patients had chemotherapy and radiation, and 98 patients received postoperative radiation. Patient characteristics, treatment toxicity, locoregional control and survival between these two treat- ment groups were compared. Patient survival was compared with survival data reported in randomized studies of locally advanced head and neck cancer. Results: There were no differences in comorbidity factors, and T or N stages between the two groups. A statistically significant number of patients with oropharyngeal and oral cavity tumors had chemoradiation and postoperative radiation, respectively (p < 0.0001). Grade 3–4 toxicities during treatment were 48 and 87% for the postoperative radiation and chemoradiation groups, respectively (p = 0.0001). There were no differences in survival, locoregional recurrences and distant metastases between the two groups. Patient survival was comparable to survival rates reported by randomized studies of locally advanced head and neck cancer. Conclusion: Disease sites remained the key determining factor for treatment selection. Multidisciplinary approaches provided optimal treatment outcome for locally advanced head and neck cancer, with overall survival in these patients being comparable to that reported in randomized clinical trials.
Ovarian Suppression in the Management of Premenopausal Breast Cancer: Methods and Efficacy in Adjuvant and Metastatic Settings
Authors: McDonald Wade, 3rd Seaborn , Hackney Mary Helen , Khatcheressian James , Lyckholm Laurie J.
Published: October 2008

Ovarian suppression has been used to treat hormone-responsive metastatic breast cancer in premenopausal women for over 100 years and is currently under continued evaluation for treatment in the adjuvant setting. In this article, ovarian suppression by surgery, radiation, and pharmacological therapy is discussed, including the risks, benefits, and efficacy of each strategy. The role of ovarian suppression in premenopausal women with early and advanced stages of breast cancer will be reviewed. It is hoped that this review will assist clinicians and their patients in selecting the appropriate therapy if ovarian suppression is indicated.
Clara Cells in the Llama
Authors: Heath Donald , Smith Paul , Harris Peter
Published: October 2008

A study was made by light and electron microscopy of the Clara cells of two llamas born and bred at an altitude of 4,720 m in the Peruvian Andes. The Clara cells were numerous and prominent with big apical caps, many of which had been extruded into the terminal bronchioles. On electron microscopy the caps were found to contain vesicular endoplasmic reticulum. Previous studies have shown this to contain dipalmitoyl lecithin, a known pulmonary surfactant. Acute exposure to a simulated altitude of 4,270 m has been reported to increase surface tension in lung extracts of mice. Hence it may be that an animal, such as the llama, chronically exposed to high altitude requires a persistent secretion of pulmonary surfactant.
Pathology of Influenza Hepatitis in Susceptible and Genetically Resistant Mice
Authors: Arnheiter H. , Haller O. , Lindenmann J.
Published: October 2008

Mice resistant (homozygous or heterozygous for the gene Mx) and mice susceptible to the lethal effect of influenza viruses were inoculated intra-peritoneally and intraportally with a hepatotropic variant of influenza A virus. Disease evolution was followed histologically and by immunofluorescence. In susceptible animals, rapidly spreading foci of hepatocyte necrosis with little inflammatory infiltration was observed. Death occurred on the 3rd day, when the entire liver was involved. In resistant animals foci became detectable later, and were fewer and smaller. They were infiltrated by cells morphologically resembling liver macrophages (Kupffer cells), and they regressed from the 4th day after infection. Barriers to virus spread appeared to be present at all stages of the disease.