bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exotic Quantum States of Circuit Quantum Electrodynamics in the Ultra‐Strong Coupling Regime
Authors: Choi Mahn‐Soo
Published: November 2020

The quantum coherent behaviors of superconducting devices at macroscopic scales and recent technical advances in fine tunability have brought the conventional cavity quantum electrodynamics (QED) to superconducting circuits. With an ultra‐strong cavity photon–artificial atom coupling and the inherent nonlinearity of the Josephson junctions, the so‐called circuit QED offers new opportunities to explore new realms of physics that have remained a challenge for conventional cavity QED. Circuit QED has even attracted public attention as the leading architecture for quantum computation. In this article, a pedagogical review of recent studies and activities on exotic quantum states that can be attributed to ultra‐strong coupling is provided. A progress report on attempts to seek the smallest unit of the topological matter and its fundamental interaction with light is also provided.
Reduced‐order observer‐based controller design for quasi‐one‐sided Lipschitz nonlinear systems with time‐delay
Authors: Dong Wenqiang , Zhao Yanbin , Cong Yuhao
Published: November 2020

In this article, the problem of reduced‐order observer‐based controller design for a class of nonlinear time‐delay systems is addressed. First, we present sufficient conditions for the existence of the reduced‐order observer of nonlinear time‐delay systems. Then, a state feedback controller is designed to stabilize the systems. Furthermore, it is shown that the separation principle holds for stabilization of the systems based on the reduced‐order observer‐based controller. When the nonlinear part of systems satisfies the quasi‐one‐sided Lipschitz condition, the reduced‐order observer and feedback controller can be designed separately even though the parameter (A, C) of systems is not detectable and parameter (A, B) is not stabilizable. Finally, a numerical example is presented to show the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Deixis, demonstratives, and definite descriptions
Authors: Hughes Thomas J. ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: November 2020

Definite articles and demonstratives share many features in common including a related etymology and a number of parallel communicative functions. The following paper is concerned with developing a novel proposal on how to distinguish the two types of expression. First, crosslinguistic evidence is presented to argue that demonstratives contain locational markers that are employed in deictic uses to force contrastive focus and accentuate an intended referent against a contextual background. Conversely, definite articles lack such markers. Demonstratives are thus more likely to force referential interpretations, whereas definite descriptions are more open to attributive ones. Second, an analysis of determiner phrases is provided to illustrate that certain syntactic projections capture deictic differences between the two expressions. Semantic correlates of the proposal are then considered before it is situated with respect to contemporary work distinguishing the two categories on the basis of a non-redundancy condition (that the overt noun phrase complement of a demonstrativemay not denote a singleton set), which I suggest is derivative on the presence of contrastive deictic markers in demonstratives.
Preclinical toxicity evaluation of Habb‐e‐Azaraqi: A nux‐vomica‐based traditional Unani polyherbal formulation in rats
Authors: Ara Shabnam Anjum , Viquar Uzma , Zakir Mohammad , Urooj Mohd , Kazmi Munawwar Husain , Husain Gulam Mohammed
Published: November 2020

Aim

Habb‐e‐Azaraqi (HAZ) is a compound Unani formulation used clinically since decades for the management of Laqwa (facial palsy), Fālij (paralysis), Niqris (gout) and Waja'al‐Mafāsil (arthritis). The explicit nature of HAZ i.e., Muqawwi‐i‐A'sāb (nervine tonic), Muharrik‐i‐A'sāb (nervine stimulant) rationalizes its use in nervine disorders. The main ingredient of HAZ is Azaraqi/Kuchla (Strychnos nux‐vomica L.), which is considered to be toxic in nature.

Methods

Acute and repeated‐dose 90‐day toxicity studies were performed as per OECD Guidelines 425 and 408, respectively. The acute toxicity study was performed at limit dose, i.e. 2000 mg/kg. The repeated‐dose toxicity study was performed at the dose levels of 100, 500 and 1000 mg/kg bw/day. Clinical signs of toxicity, body weight, and feed consumption were recorded periodically. Blood samples were subjected to hematology and clinical chemistry evaluation followed up with gross pathology and histological examinations.

Results

No significant differences were observed in HAZ‐treated animals with respect to body weight gain, feed consumption, hematology, or clinical biochemistry as compared to control animals. There were no significant gross pathological observations between control and drug‐treated rats. A few histopathological changes were observed in the kidney of control and HAZ‐treated animals.

Conclusion

No treatment‐related toxicologically significant changes were observed up to the highest tested dose except a few histopathological observations in the kidney in the high‐dose HAZ group as well as in the vehicle and satellite control groups. Data of the present study support that the traditional detoxification process effectively minimizes toxic effects of nux‐vomica used in HAZ.
N‐Fluoromethylated (Amino)Tetrazoles: Manipulating Thermal and Energetic Properties
Authors: Reichel Marco , Wurzenberger Maximilian H. H. , Lommel Marcus , Kofen Moritz , Krumm Burkhard , Stierstorfer Jörg , Karaghiosoff Konstantin
Published: November 2020

Fluoroiodomethane was allowed to react with the sodium salts of 5H‐tetrazole and 5‐aminotetrazole to give in each case the two corresponding isomers 1‐fluoromethyl‐5H‐tetrazole (1a) and 2‐fluoromethyl‐5H‐tetrazole (1b), as well as 1‐fluoromethyl‐5‐aminotetrazole (2a) and 2‐fluoromethyl‐5‐aminotetrazole (2b). The new tetrazoles were isolated and characterized by spectroscopic methods (IR, Raman, multinuclear NMR), mass spectrometry, and in the case of fluoromethyl‐5‐aminotetrazole the crystal structures of both isomers were obtained and discussed. Differential thermal analysis (DTA) gave insight in how a FCH2 moiety attached to a tetrazole effects the thermal behavior compared to its CH3 analog. In addition, the detonation parameters were calculated and compared to those of the corresponding methyltetrazoles. In addition, the preparation of energetic copper complexes of the new ligands was attempted. Complexes of copper(II) perchlorate and chlorate are crystallographically described and their energetic properties discussed.
Synthesis and Molecular Structure of [Ru3(CO)10(μ‐dppa)] (dppa = Ph2PN(H)PPh2) Provided by Its Dioxane Solvate
Authors: Böttcher Hans‐Christian , Heinemann Jan
Published: November 2020

The sodium benzophenone ketyl‐induced reaction of [Ru3(CO)12] with bis(diphenylphosphanyl)amine Ph2PN(H)PPh2 (dppa) in THF resulted in the formation of the expected metal cluster [Ru3(CO)10(μ‐dppa)] (1) in high yield. 1 was fully characterized by spectroscopic means and crystals of the compound suitable for X‐ray diffraction were obtained from dichloromethane/dioxane. The molecular structure of 1 as its dioxane solvate was determined by X‐ray crystallography. The compound crystallized in a new crystal structure of [Ru3(CO)10(μ‐dppa)] in the triclinic space group P1, whereas that compound was described in an earlier report crystallizing from chloroform in the monoclinic space group P21/c.
Correction to: Historical and Multidisciplinary Perspectives on Hope
Authors: van den Heuvel Steven C.
Published: November 2020

This book was inadvertently published with the incorrect numbering head in chapter 8.
Changing Fields of Solidarity in France: A Cross-field Analysis of Migration, Unemployment and Disability
Authors: Cinalli Manlio , De Nuzzo Carlo , Santilli Cecilia
Published: November 2020

This chapter evaluates the implications of recent crises for solidarity organisations in France. The main aim is to assess whether solidarity remains nationally bounded or otherwise follows some consistent pattern of transnationalisation. By focusing on the fields of migration, unemployment and disability, the chapter examines the main attributes of solidarity organisations; in particular, the analysis aims to evaluate how transnational features relate to endogenous characteristics, such as activities, roles and networks affecting their particular experiences within changing fields of solidarity. Crucially, findings show that the economic crisis and welfare retrenchment in France have well served the purpose of governments willing to pre-empt strong political challenge by potential solidarity movements.
Quick Construction of Dangerous Disturbances in Conflict Control Problems
Authors: Martynov Kirill , Botkin Nikolai D. , Turova Varvara L. , Diepolder Johannes
Published: November 2020

The paper is devoted to the construction of dangerous disturbances in linear conflict control problems. Using the technique of sequential linearization, dangerous disturbances can also be constructed for nonlinear systems such as aircraft dynamics equations, including filters, servomechanisms, etc. The procedure proposed is based on a dynamic programming method and consists in the backward integration of ordinary matrix differential equations defining centers, sizes, and orientations of time-dependent parallelotopes forming a repulsive tube in the time-space domain. A feedback disturbance strategy can keep the state vector of the conflict control system outside the repulsive tube for all admissible inputs of the control.
A Duality Principle for Groups II: Multi-frames Meet Super-Frames
Authors: Balan R. , Dutkay D. , Han D. , Larson D. , Luef F.
Published: November 2020

The duality principle for group representations developed in Dutkay et al. (J Funct Anal 257:1133–1143, 2009), Han and Larson (Bull Lond Math Soc 40:685–695, 2008) exhibits a fact that the well-known duality principle in Gabor analysis is not an isolated incident but a more general phenomenon residing in the context of group representation theory. There are two other well-known fundamental properties in Gabor analysis: the biorthogonality and the fundamental identity of Gabor analysis. The main purpose of this this paper is to show that these two fundamental properties remain to be true for general projective unitary group representations. Moreover, we also present a general duality theorem which shows that that muti-frame generators meet super-frame generators through a dual commutant pair of group representations. Applying it to the Gabor representations, we obtain that $$\{\pi _{\Lambda }(m, n)g_{1} \oplus \cdots \oplus \pi _{\Lambda }(m, n)g_{k}\}_{m, n \in {\mathbb {Z}}^{d}}$$

{

π
Λ

(
m
,
n
)

g
1

⊕
⋯
⊕

π
Λ

(
m
,
n
)

g
k

}

m
,
n
∈

Z

d

is a frame for $$L^{2}({\mathbb {R}}\,^{d})\oplus \cdots \oplus L^{2}({\mathbb {R}}\,^{d})$$

L
2

(
R

d

)

⊕
⋯
⊕

L
2

(
R

d

)

if and only if $$\cup _{i=1}^{k}\{\pi _{\Lambda ^{o}}(m, n)g_{i}\}_{m, n\in {\mathbb {Z}}^{d}}$$

∪

i
=
1

k

{

π

Λ
o

(
m
,
n
)

g
i

}

m
,
n
∈

Z

d

is a Riesz sequence, and $$\cup _{i=1}^{k} \{\pi _{\Lambda }(m, n)g_{i}\}_{m, n\in {\mathbb {Z}}^{d}}$$

∪

i
=
1

k

{

π
Λ

(
m
,
n
)

g
i

}

m
,
n
∈

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d

is a frame for $$L^{2}({\mathbb {R}}\,^{d})$$

L
2

(
R

d

)

if and only if $$\{\pi _{\Lambda ^{o}}(m, n)g_{1} \oplus \cdots \oplus \pi _{\Lambda ^{o}}(m, n)g_{k}\}_{m, n \in {\mathbb {Z}}^{d}}$$

{

π

Λ
o

(
m
,
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)

g
1

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o

(
m
,
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)

g
k

}

m
,
n
∈

Z

d

is a Riesz sequence, where $$\pi _{\Lambda }$$

π
Λ

and $$\pi _{\Lambda ^{o}}$$

π

Λ
o

is a pair of Gabor representations restricted to a time–frequency lattice $$\Lambda $$
Λ
and its adjoint lattice $$\Lambda ^{o}$$

Λ
o

in $${\mathbb {R}}\,^{d}\times {\mathbb {R}}\,^{d}$$

R

d

×
R

d

.
Therapeutic drug monitoring of oral targeted antineoplastic drugs
Authors: Mueller-Schoell Anna , Groenland Stefanie L. , Scherf-Clavel Oliver , van Dyk Madelé , Huisinga Wilhelm , Michelet Robin , Jaehde Ulrich , Steeghs Neeltje , Huitema Alwin D.R. , Kloft Charlotte
Published: November 2020

Purpose

This review provides an overview of the current challenges in oral targeted antineoplastic drug (OAD) dosing and outlines the unexploited value of therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM). Factors influencing the pharmacokinetic exposure in OAD therapy are depicted together with an overview of different TDM approaches. Finally, current evidence for TDM for all approved OADs is reviewed.

Methods

A comprehensive literature search (covering literature published until April 2020), including primary and secondary scientific literature on pharmacokinetics and dose individualisation strategies for OADs, together with US FDA Clinical Pharmacology and Biopharmaceutics Reviews and the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use European Public Assessment Reports was conducted.

Results

OADs are highly potent drugs, which have substantially changed treatment options for cancer patients. Nevertheless, high pharmacokinetic variability and low treatment adherence are risk factors for treatment failure. TDM is a powerful tool to individualise drug dosing, ensure drug concentrations within the therapeutic window and increase treatment success rates. After reviewing the literature for 71 approved OADs, we show that exposure-response and/or exposure-toxicity relationships have been established for the majority. Moreover, TDM has been proven to be feasible for individualised dosing of abiraterone, everolimus, imatinib, pazopanib, sunitinib and tamoxifen in prospective studies. There is a lack of experience in how to best implement TDM as part of clinical routine in OAD cancer therapy.

Conclusion

Sub-therapeutic concentrations and severe adverse events are current challenges in OAD treatment, which can both be addressed by the application of TDM-guided dosing, ensuring concentrations within the therapeutic window.
Identifying decision-relevant uncertainties for dynamic adaptive forest management under climate change
Authors: Radke Naomi , Keller Klaus , Yousefpour Rasoul , Hanewinkel Marc
Published: November 2020

The decision on how to manage a forest under climate change is subject to deep and dynamic uncertainties. The classic approach to analyze this decision adopts a predefined strategy, tests its robustness to uncertainties, but neglects their dynamic nature (i.e., that decision-makers can learn and adjust the strategy). Accounting for learning through dynamic adaptive strategies (DAS) can drastically improve expected performance and robustness to deep uncertainties. The benefits of considering DAS hinge on identifying critical uncertainties and translating them to detectable signposts to signal when to change course. This study advances the DAS approach to forest management as a novel application domain by showcasing methods to identify potential signposts for adaptation on a case study of a classic European beech management strategy in South-West Germany. We analyze the strategy’s robustness to uncertainties about model forcings and parameters. We then identify uncertainties that critically impact its economic and ecological performance by confronting a forest growth model with a large sample of time-varying scenarios. The case study results illustrate the potential of designing DAS for forest management and provide insights on key uncertainties and potential signposts. Specifically, economic uncertainties are the main driver of the strategy’s robustness and impact the strategy’s performance more critically than climate uncertainty. Besides economic metrics, the forest stand’s past volume growth is a promising signpost metric. It mirrors the effect of both climatic and model parameter uncertainty. The regular forest inventory and planning cycle provides an ideal basis for adapting a strategy in response to these signposts.
The MINOUWApp: a web-based tool in support of by-catch and discards management
Authors: D’Andrea Lorenzo , Campos Aida , Erzini Karim , Fonseca Paulo , Franceschini Simone , Kavadas Stefanos , Maina Irida , Maynou Francesc , Russo Tommaso
Published: November 2020

Current fishing practices often do not allow adequate selection of species or sizes of fish, resulting in unwanted catches, subsequently discarded, with the consequent negative effects on both marine communities and fisheries profitability. The cross-analysis of density patches of potential unwanted catches and distribution of fishing effort can support the identification of spatial-temporal hot-spots in which the fishing pressure should be reduced to limit the amount of discards. The MinouwApp represents a technological and methodological framework to bring different, and structurally complex, sources of georeferenced data together into a simple visual interface aiming to interactively explore temporal ranges and areas of interest. The objective is to improve the understanding of fisheries dynamics, including discards, thus contributing to the implementation of discard management plans in a context of participative, ecosystem-based fisheries management strategies.
Graph Calculus and the Disconnected-Boundary Schwinger-Dyson Equations of Quartic Tensor Field Theories
Authors: Pérez-Sánchez Carlos I.
Published: November 2020

Tensor field theory (TFT) focuses on quantum field theory aspects of random tensor models, a quantum-gravity-motivated generalisation of random matrix models. The TFT correlation functions have been shown to be classified by graphs that describe the geometry of the boundary states, the so-called boundary graphs. These graphs can be disconnected, although the correlation functions are themselves connected. In a recent work, the Schwinger-Dyson equations for an arbitrary albeit connected boundary were obtained. Here, we introduce the multivariable graph calculus in order to derive the missing equations for all correlation functions with disconnected boundary, thus completing the Schwinger-Dyson pyramid for quartic melonic (‘pillow’-vertices) models in arbitrary rank. We first study finite group actions that are parametrised by graphs and build the graph calculus on a suitable quotient of the monoid algebra $\mathcal {A}[G]$
A
[
G
]
corresponding to a certain function space $\mathcal {A}$
A
and to the free monoid G in finitely many graph variables; a derivative of an element of $\mathcal {A}[G]$
A
[
G
]
with respect to a graph yields its corresponding group action on $\mathcal {A}$
A
. The present result and the graph calculus have three potential applications: the non-perturbative large-N limit of tensor field theories, the solvability of the theory by using methods that generalise the topological recursion to the TFT setting and the study of ‘higher dimensional maps’ via Tutte-like equations. In fact, we also offer a term-by-term comparison between Tutte equations and the present Schwinger-Dyson equations.
Classification of neuroendocrine neoplasms: lights and shadows
Authors: La Rosa Stefano , Uccella Silvia
Published: November 2020

Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) are a heterogeneous group of neoplastic proliferations showing different morphological features, immunophenotype, molecular background, clinical presentation, and outcome. They can virtually originate in every organ of the human body and their classification is not uniform among different sites. Indeed, as they have historically been classified according to the organ in which they primarily arise, the different nomenclature that has resulted have created some confusion among pathologists and clinicians. Although a uniform terminology to classify neuroendocrine neoplasms arising in different systems has recently been proposed by WHO/IARC, some issues remain unsolved or need to be clarified. In this review, we discuss the lights and shadows of the current WHO classifications used to define and characterize NENs of the pituitary gland, lung, breast and those of the head and neck region, and digestive and urogenital systems.
Application of Fe(VI) in abating contaminants in water: State of art and knowledge gaps
Authors: Wang Shuchang , Shao Binbin , Qiao Junlian , Guan Xiaohong
Published: November 2020

The past two decades have witnessed the rapid development and wide application of Fe(VI) in the field of water de-contamination because of its environmentally benign character. Fe(VI) has been mainly applied as a highly efficient oxidant/disinfectant for the selective elimination of contaminants. The in situ generated iron(III) (hydr)oxides with the function of adsorption/coagulation can further increase the removal of contaminants by Fe(VI) in some cases. Because of the limitations of Fe(VI) per se, various modified methods have been developed to improve the performance of Fe(VI) oxidation technology. Based on the published literature, this paper summarized the current views on the intrinsic properties of Fe(VI) with the emphasis on the self-decay mechanism of Fe(VI). The applications of Fe (VI) as a sole oxidant for decomposing organic contaminants rich in electron-donating moieties, as a bi-functional reagent (both oxidant and coagulant) for eliminating some special contaminants, and as a disinfectant for inactivating microorganisms were systematically summarized. Moreover, the difficulties in synthesizing and preserving Fe(VI), which limits the large-scale application of Fe (VI), and the potential formation of toxic byproducts during Fe(VI) application were presented. This paper also systematically reviewed the important nodes in developing methods to improve the performance of Fe(VI) as oxidant or disinfectant in the past two decades, and proposed the future research needs for the development of Fe(VI) technologies.
Recent Trends in U.S. Childbearing Intentions
Authors: Hartnett Caroline Sten , Gemmill Alison
Published: November 2020

The U.S. period total fertility rate has declined steadily since the Great Recession, reaching 1.73 children in 2018, the lowest level since the 1970s. This pattern could mean that current childbearing cohorts will end up with fewer children than previous cohorts, or this same pattern could be an artifact of a tempo distortion if individuals are simply postponing births they plan to eventually have. In this research note, we use data on current parity and future intended births from the 2006–2017 National Survey of Family Growth to shed light on this issue. We find that total intended parity declined (from 2.26 in 2006–2010 to 2.16 children in 2013–2017), and the proportion intending to remain childless increased slightly. Decomposition indicates that the decline was not due to changes in population composition but rather changes in the subgroups’ rates themselves. The decline in intended parity is particularly notable at young ages and among those who are Hispanic. These results indicate that although tempo distortion is likely an important contributor to the decline in TFR, it is not the sole explanation: U.S. individuals are intending to have fewer children than their immediate predecessors, which may translate into a decline in cohort completed parity. However, the change in intended parity is modest, and average intended parity remains above two children.
Physical Disability in British Romantic Literature
Authors: Joshua Essaka
Published: November 2020

The modern concept of disability did not exist in the Romantic period. This study addresses the anachronistic use of 'disability' in scholarship of the Romantic era, providing a disability studies theorized account that explores the relationship between ideas of function and aesthetics. Unpacking the politics of ability, the book reveals the centrality of capacity and weakness concepts to the egalitarian politics of the 1790s, and the importance of desert theory to debates about sentiment and the charitable relief of impaired soldiers. Clarifying the aesthetics of deformity as distinct from discussions of ability, Joshua uncovers a controversy over the use of deformity in picturesque aesthetics, offers accounts of deformity that anticipate recent disability studies theory, and discusses deformity and monstrosity as a blended category in Frankenstein. Setting aside the modern concept of disability, Joshua cogently argues for the historical and critical value of period-specific terms.
The acquisition of aspect in a second language
Authors: Rastelli Stefano
Published: November 2020

The acquisition of the aspect is a central area in Second Language Acquisition research, the subject of hundreds of papers and dozens of edited volumes, monographs and special issues. This introduction provides the reader not only with a concise and plain presentation of the main hypotheses advanced in the past, but also with an overview of contemporary research. Stefano Rastelli shows how comparison of behavioural (production-comprehension), processing and statistical data is improving - and partially changing - our understanding of how learners acquire the aspectual distinctions of the target-language.
Into the Unknown: COVID-19 and the Global Mobility of Migrant Workers
Authors: de Lange Tesseltje , Mantu Sandra , Minderhoud Paul
Published: November 2020

As the COVID-19 crisis developed, the International Labor Organization estimated that 4.7 percent of the global labor pool, comprising 164 million people, were migrant workers who were living and working outside their home country. While some were laid off and sent home for the lockdown, others continued working. These others were migrants performing crucial jobs in the front line of the crisis. They help to produce our food, pack our orders, and build or clean our houses, among other tasks. Many COVID-19 infections appear to be labor-related, with many of the crucial sectors exhibiting an extra-high risk of virus transmission. Migrant workers on the frontline can be low-waged, hold a temporary job, lack knowledge of their legal position and the local language, and have a limited social network and high dependency on others—such as recruiters or temporary employment agencies—for work and housing. This essay addresses these migrant vulnerabilities in the labor market and identifies measures that might simultaneously curb the vulnerabilities and account for industrial needs for labor in essential sectors. We argue that the vulnerability of migrant laborers is structural; the COVID-19 crisis has put a magnifying glass on a preexisting vulnerability and clarified the need for solutions.
Impact of Hurricane Harvey on the Growth of Low Income, Ethnic Minority Adolescents
Authors: Arlinghaus Katherine R. , Gorniak Stacey L. , Hernandez Daphne C. , Johnston Craig A.
Published: November 2020

Objective:

This study examined the differential impact of Hurricane Harvey on adolescent standardized Body Mass Index (zBMI), physical activity, diet, and perceived stress.

Methods:

Prior to Hurricane Harvey, 175 ethnic minority adolescents were recruited from an independent school district in Houston. Height and weight were directly measured. The School Physical Activity and Nutrition Questionnaire assessed diet and physical activity. Stress was assessed with the Perceived Stress Scale. High hurricane impact was classified as at least 1 affirmative response to house damage, rescue, displacement, or going without food, water, or medicine. Repeated measures such as ANCOVA models were developed to assess differences in zBMI, physical activity, diet, and stress between the hurricane impact groups. Regression models were used to assess stress as a mediator of the hurricane impact and zBMI change relationship.

Results:

Students who were highly impacted by the hurricane had a greater decrease in zBMI than those less impacted from pre-hurricane to 15 weeks post-hurricane (95% CI 0.02 to 0.25, p<0.05). Physical activity and diet did not differ by impact. Perceived stress at 3 weeks post-hurricane mediated the impact and zBMI change relationship (β=-0.04 95% CI -0.12 to -0.002).

Conclusion:

The decrease in zBMI among highly impacted students warrants further monitoring. Perceived stress, immediately following the hurricane, impacted student growth months later.
Why No True Reliabilist Should Endorse Reliabilism
Authors: Ahlstrom-Vij Kristoffer , Dunn Jeffrey S.
Published: November 2020

Critics have recently argued that reliabilists face trade-off problems, forcing them to condone intuitively unjustified beliefs when they generate lots of true belief further downstream. What these critics overlook is that reliabilism entails that there are side-constraints on belief-formation, on account of which there are some things you should not believe, even if doing so would have very good epistemic consequences. However, we argue that by embracing side-constraints the reliabilist faces a dilemma: she can either hold on to reliabilism, and with it aforementioned side-constraints, but then needs to explain why we should allow the pursuit of justification to get in the way of the acquisition of true belief; or she can deny that there are side-constraints – and in effect give up on reliabilism. We'll suggest that anyone moved by the considerations that likely attract people to reliabilism in the first place – the idea the true belief is good, and as such should be promoted – should go for the second horn, and instead pursue a form of epistemic utilitarianism.
Missing in Action: The Global Strategy to Reduce the Harmful Use of Alcohol and the WTO
Authors: O’BRIEN Paula
Published: November 2020

This article addresses the question of how the World Health Organization (WHO) Global Strategy to Reduce the Harmful Use of Alcohol (Global Strategy) and its Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) have been used in the context of discussions about alcohol and tobacco measures, respectively, in the World Trade Organization (WTO) Committee on Technical Barriers to Trade. The article finds considerable differences not only in the extent to which the FCTC is used compared to the Global Strategy , but also in the ways in which the two global health instruments have been used in the WTO context. The article proffers three key reasons for these differences: the legal status of the instrument; the content of the instrument in terms of whether it contains guidance as to the use of detailed, evidence-based measures; and the role and legitimacy that the instrument accords to the relevant industry interests. The article considers how the insights from the research can inform the developments in global governance of alcohol that are underway in WHO policy. It also positions its findings in terms of the wider international law debates about hard law versus soft law, and whether different types of international regulatory instruments and the legal status of these instruments impact their effectiveness in supporting domestic public health measures.
A Framework Convention on Alcohol Control: Getting Concrete about Its Contents
Authors: ROOM Robin , CISNEROS ÖRNBERG Jenny
Published: November 2020

This article proposes and discusses the text of a Framework Convention on Alcohol Control, which would serve public health and welfare interests. The history of alcohol’s omission from current drug treaties is briefly discussed. The paper spells out what should be covered in the treaty, using text adapted primarily from the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, but for the control of trade from the 1961 narcotic drugs treaty. While the draft provides for the treaty to be negotiated under the auspices of the World Health Organization, other auspices are possible. Excluding alcohol industry interests from the negotiation of the treaty is noted as an important precondition. The articles in the draft treaty and their purposes are briefly described, and the divergences from the tobacco treaty are described and justified. The text of the draft treaty is provided as Supplementary Material. Specification of concrete provisions in a draft convention points the way towards more effective global actions and agreements on alcohol control, whatever form they take.
Blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum) lowers sugar-induced postprandial glycaemia independently and in a product with fermented quinoa: a randomised crossover trial
Authors: Lappi Jenni , Raninen Kaisa , Väkeväinen Kati , Kårlund Anna , Törrönen Riitta , Kolehmainen Marjukka
Published: November 2020

Berries rich in anthocyanins have beneficial effects on postprandial glycaemia. We investigated whether blackcurrant (75 g in a portion) independently and in a product with fermented quinoa induced similar effects on the sugar-induced postprandial glucose metabolism as observed before with 150 g of blackcurrant. Twenty-six healthy subjects (twenty-two females and four males) consumed four test products after fasting overnight in a randomised, controlled crossover design. Each test product portion contained 31 g of available carbohydrates and had similar composition of sugar components: 300 ml water with sucrose, glucose and fructose (SW; reference), blackcurrant purée with added sugars (BC), a product consisting of the blackcurrant purée and a product base with fermented quinoa (BCP) and the product base without blackcurrant (PB). Blood samples were collected at 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120 and 180 min after eating each test product to analyse the concentrations of glucose, insulin and NEFA. In comparison with the SW, the intake of both the BC and BCP resulted in reduced glucose and insulin concentrations during the first 30 min, a more balanced decline during the first hour and improved glycaemic profile. The BCP induced more efficient effects than the BC due to the product base with fermented quinoa. A rebound of NEFA after the sugar-induced hypoglycaemic response was attenuated at the late postprandial phase by the BC and BCP. In conclusion, we showed that 75 g of blackcurrant and the product with fermented quinoa were able to lower postprandial glycaemia and insulinaemia.
Timed versus untimed recognition of L2 collocations: Does estimated proficiency modulate congruency effects?
Authors: Sonbul Suhad , El-Dakhs Dina
Published: November 2020

Congruency (the availability of a direct first language translation) and level of proficiency have been reported among the most important determinants of second language collocation processing. However, only very few studies looked at the interaction between the two determinants, and none of these directly compared untimed collocation recognition assessed through traditional tests to timed recognition evident in psycholinguistic tasks. The current study administered both types of form recognition measures to 228 female Saudi English as a foreign language learners in two separate experiments: a traditional multiple-choice test (Experiment 1) and a timed acceptability judgment task (Experiment 2). Experiment 2 also tested 37 native speakers of English as a baseline for comparison. Congruency, estimated proficiency (vocabulary test scores), and the interaction between the two were evaluated as predictors of untimed and timed recognition through mixed-effects modeling. Results showed that congruency and estimated proficiency had a clear effect on untimed and timed recognition. More interesting, the effect of proficiency was clearer on timed recognition with a gradual decrease in the first language effect as proficiency increased getting closer to nativelike collocation processing. Results have implications for second language collocation learning and testing.
The experience of caring for an older relative in Chile: going beyond the burden of care
Authors: Palacios Josefa , Pérez-Cruz Pedro , Webb Andrew
Published: November 2020

Care in Chile, as in most Latin American countries, remains largely the responsibility of female family members in informal arrangements with little government support. The analysis of caring for a dependent older person has commonly been approached from the burden of care perspective, focusing on the tasks carried out, the time spent providing care and the negative (burdensome) consequences for the care-giver. This study reveals the daily experiences of family care-givers of older people through a thematic data analysis of 42 interviews with main family carers of an older person as experienced by the carers themselves. Findings highlight the complex nature of care work. Tasks carried out do not necessarily relate to the intensity of the care experience or a negative experience. Care-givers can work long hours providing care and still feel comfortable and find the experience emotionally rewarding. Care-givers might also carry out only a few tasks and experience pressure. The broader social and economic context can generate constraints that make a specific set of tasks easier or harder on the carer, but these contextual factors do not fully explain the experience of care. Relations, and particularly those that carry an emotional component such as the carer-older person, carer-siblings and carer-spouse, must be considered alongside the tasks and the difficulties or potential constraints of the context to understand the care experience.
DEUDA, PAPELES Y COMPROMISOS EN LA CONSTRUCCIÓN DEL CRÉDITO PÚBLICO. LA CAJA NACIONAL DE FONDOS DE SUD AMÉRICA (BUENOS AIRES, 1818–1821)
Authors: Wasserman Martín L. E.
Published: November 2020

The South American Funds National Exchequer was established in 1818 to contribute to the consolidation of the public debt of Buenos Aires. It was the first financial innovation since the revolutionary outbreak in Buenos Aires, and its failure allowed the authorities to understand the limits of the fiscal and financial commitment they proposed by means of that institution. Its suppression, in 1821, offered an antecedent to develop a deep reform of the financial institutional matrix of Buenos Aires, based on the Public Credit office, the Amortization Exchequer and the Bank of Buenos Aires. The South American Funds National Exchequer was, thus, the first movement in the negotiation on the terms of the financial commitment assumed by the nascent State. This paper analyzes the 973 accounting entries of the institution, providing an interpretation of that failure and its importance for the course of public finances in Buenos Aires.
Preventive care and medical homes among US children with heart conditions
Authors: Broughton Amber , Riehle-Colarusso Tiffany , Nehl Eric , Riser Aspen P. , Farr Sherry L.
Published: November 2020

Within a medical home, primary care providers can identify needs, provide services, and coordinate care for children with heart conditions. Using parent-reported data from the 2016–2017 National Survey of Children’s Health, we examined receipt of preventive care in the last 12 months and having a medical home (care that is accessible, continuous, comprehensive, family-centred, coordinated, compassionate, and culturally effective) among US children aged 0–17 years with and without heart conditions. Using the marginal predictions approach to multivariable logistic regression, we examined associations between presence of a heart condition and receipt of preventive care and having a medical home. Among children with heart conditions, we evaluated associations between sociodemographic and health characteristics and receipt of preventive care and having a medical home. Of the 66,971 children included, 2.2% had heart conditions. Receipt of preventive care was reported for more children with heart conditions (91.0%) than without (82.7%) (adjusted prevalence ratio = 1.09, 95% confidence interval: 1.05–1.13). Less than half of children with heart conditions (48.2%) and without (49.5%) had a medical home (adjusted prevalence ratio = 1.02, 95% confidence interval: 0.91–1.14). For children with heart conditions, preventive care was slightly more common among younger children and less common among those with family incomes 200–399% of the federal poverty level. Having a medical home was less common among younger children, non-Hispanic “other” race, and those with ≥2 other health conditions. Most children with heart conditions received preventive care, but less than half had a medical home, with disparities by age, socioeconomic status, race, and concurrent health conditions. These findings highlight opportunities to improve care for children with heart conditions.
Beyond Feminism? Jineolojî and the Kurdish Women's Freedom Movement
Authors: Al-Ali Nadje , Käser Isabel
Published: November 2020

Jineolojî, the women's science proposed and developed by the Kurdish Women's Freedom Movement, has become central to its transnational organizing both in the Middle East and in Europe and the Americas. Activists in the Kurdish women's movement critique positivist and androcentric forms of knowledge production as well as liberal feminism. They instead propose Jineolojî, which aims to rediscover women's histories and restore women's central place in society. Based on a series of interviews with Kurdish women involved in developing Jineolojî, this article first situates Jineolojî within wider transnational and decolonial feminist approaches and then draws out the main ideas constituting Jineolojî. We focus on the ways Jineolojî speaks to ongoing discussions within transnational feminist knowledge production. Our article critically assesses the claim of Kurdish women activists who present Jineolojî as a new science and paradigm that goes beyond feminism while developing our argument that Jineolojî represents an important continuation of critical interventions made by marginalized women activists and academics transnationally. Moreover, our article illustrates that Jineolojî provides a helpful ideological underpinning for and epistemology of Kurdish women's political struggle for gender-based equality and justice.
EphB2 mediates social isolation-induced memory forgetting
Authors: Wu Xin-Rong , Zhang Yu , Liu Xian-Dong , Han Wu-Bo , Xu Nan-Jie , Sun Suya
Published: November 2020

Social isolation in adolescence leads to lasting deficits, including emotional and cognitive dysregulation. It remains unclear, however, how social isolation affects certain processes of memory and what molecular mechanisms are involved. In this study, we found that social isolation during the post-weaning period resulted in forgetting of the long-term fear memory, which was attributable to the downregulation of synaptic function in the hippocampal CA1 region mediated by EphB2, a receptor tyrosine kinase which involves in the glutamate receptor multiprotein complex. Viral-mediated EphB2 knockdown in CA1 mimicked the memory defects in group-housed mice, whereas restoration of EphB2 by either viral overexpression or resocialization reversed the memory decline in isolated mice. Taken together, our finding indicates that social isolation gives rise to memory forgetting by disrupting EphB2-mediated synaptic plasticity, which may provide a potential target for preventing memory loss caused by social isolation or loneliness.
Lipidomics of the brain, retina, and biofluids: from the biological landscape to potential clinical application in schizophrenia
Authors: Zhuo Chuanjun , Hou Weihong , Tian Hongjun , Wang Lina , Li Ranli
Published: November 2020

Schizophrenia is a serious neuropsychiatric disorder, yet a clear pathophysiology has not been identified. To date, neither the objective biomarkers for diagnosis nor specific medications for the treatment of schizophrenia are clinically satisfactory. It is well accepted that lipids are essential to maintain the normal structure and function of neurons in the brain and that abnormalities in neuronal lipids are associated with abnormal neurodevelopment in schizophrenia. However, lipids and lipid-like molecules have been largely unexplored in contrast to proteins and their genes in schizophrenia. Compared with the gene- and protein-centric approaches, lipidomics is a recently emerged and rapidly evolving research field with particular importance for the study of neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, in which even subtle aberrant alterations in the lipid composition and concentration of the neurons may disrupt brain functioning. In this review, we aimed to highlight the lipidomics of the brain, retina, and biofluids in both human and animal studies, discuss aberrant lipid alterations in correlation with schizophrenia, and propose future directions from the biological landscape towards potential clinical applications in schizophrenia. Recent studies are in support of the concept that aberrations in some lipid species [e.g. phospholipids, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs)] lead to structural alterations and, in turn, impairments in the biological function of membrane-bound proteins, the disruption of cell signaling molecule accessibility, and the dysfunction of neurotransmitter systems. In addition, abnormal lipidome alterations in biofluids are linked to schizophrenia, and thus they hold promise in the discovery of biomarkers for the diagnosis of schizophrenia.
Somatic copy number gains in MYC, BCL2, and BCL6 identifies a subset of aggressive alternative-DH/TH DLBCL patients
Authors: Krull Jordan E. , Wenzl Kerstin , Hartert Keenan T. , Manske Michelle K. , Sarangi Vivekananda , Maurer Matthew J. , Larson Melissa C. , Nowakowski Grzegorz S. , Ansell Stephen M. , McPhail Ellen , Habermann Thomas M. , Link Brian K. , King Rebecca L. , Cerhan James R. , Novak Anne J.
Published: November 2020

Double/triple hit lymphoma (DH/TH), known as high-grade B-cell lymphoma (HGBL), is an aggressive diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL), defined as having concurrent MYC, BCL2, and/or BCL6 gene rearrangements. While gene rearrangements represent significant genetic events in cancer, copy number alterations (CNAs) also play an important role, and their contributions to rearrangements have yet to be fully elucidated. Using FISH and high-resolution CNA data, we defined the landscape of concurrent gene rearrangements and copy gains in MYC, BCL2, and BCL6, in a cohort of 479 newly diagnosed DLBCL. We also show that concurrent translocations and copy number alterations, in combinations similar to DH/TH, identify a unique subset of DLBCL, alternative DH/TH, that have survival outcomes similar to DH/TH DLBCL patients.
Digit ratio (2D:4D) and transgender identity: new original data and a meta-analysis
Authors: Siegmann Eva-Maria , Müller Tobias , Dziadeck Isabelle , Mühle Christiane , Lenz Bernd , Kornhuber Johannes
Published: November 2020

Previously reported associations between second-to-fourth digit length ratio (2D:4D), a proxy for prenatal androgen load, and transgender identity have been inconsistent. The objectives of the present study were to provide additional original data and an updated meta-analysis concerning this association. In a study of 464 participants, we compared the 2D:4D of transgender individuals with age- and sex-matched controls. Patients were recruited at a specialized psychiatrist’s medical office, whereas controls were hired via flyers, advertisements, and as convenience sample. A random-effects meta-analysis of the literature (17 samples, n = 3674) also quantifies the overall magnitude of the difference in 2D:4D between transgender individuals and controls. In our study providing new original data, we found a significantly higher (i.e. feminized) left-hand 2D:4D in the male-to-female transgender (MtF) identity [mean age: 32.3 (18; 61)] than in the male control group [mean age: 34.5 (18; 65)] with a Cohen’s d = 0.271. Concordantly, the meta-analytic results suggest a significant difference in 2D:4D among MtF individuals compared to male controls [g = 0.153; 95% CI (0.063; 0.243)], which was even more pronounced when individuals had been diagnosed by a clinician instead of self-identified as transgender [g = 0.193; 95% CI (0.086; 0.300)]. In both studies, no significant results were revealed for female-to-male transgender individuals [mean age: 26.1 (18; 53)] versus female controls [mean age: 27.2 (18; 55)]. This original investigation and the updated meta-analysis clarify the association between transgender identity and 2D:4D indicating the influence of prenatal androgen on the development of gender identity in subjects born as males.