bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Poles and zeros of bandpass filters for high‐performance sigma‐delta modulators
Authors: Bellanger M. , Vouillemont A. , Azrouf S. , Gourgue F.
Published: July 2007

High‐performance bandpass sigma‐delta modulators find applications in digital mobile radio for accurate analogue‐to‐digital conversion in receivers.

An approach based on the positioning of the poles and zeros is proposed for the digital design of the high‐order loop filters which are required. Inverse notch filter sections are cascaded in a first step and then poles and zeros are moved to meet the performance objectives and achieve system stability.

A distinct feature of the analysis and design technique presented is that it takes stability into account explicitly.

Examples illustrate the practicality of the method as well as the level of performance which can be achieved in theory. the integrated circuit realization still has to be investigated to confirm the potential of the proposed design approach.
Some properties of the attractors of discrete‐time cellular neural networks
Authors: Perfetti R.
Published: July 2007

Some theoretical properties concerning discrete‐time (discrete‐state) cellular neural networks (DTCNNs) are presented which illustrate the role of self‐feedback and shed some light on the sizes and shapes of the attraction basins. the main results proved in the paper are the following. (1) With no self‐feedback, two states cannot both be fixed points of the DTCNN dynamics if they differ or coincide in isolated grid positions. (2) With no self‐feedback, every state which differs from a fixed point v (coincides with v) only in isolated grid positions is attracted to v(‐v) along some orbit with block‐sequential dynamics. (3) For a k‐attractor of a DTCNN we have k < (2r + 1)2/2, where r is the neighbourhood radius. (4) the attraction domain of a k‐attractor v includes all the states which differ from v in at most k positions per neighbourhood. the properties proved herein are a consequence exclusively of the local connectivity of DTCNNs.
A recursive least squares algorithm for an orthogonal iir adaptive line enhancer
Authors: Fahmy M. F. , El‐Raheem G. M. , Ibrahim H. M.
Published: July 2007

A novel method is described for the frequency estimation of signals from a noisy background. It is based on realizing the IIR adaptive filter as a parallel connection of discrete orthogonal sections. A fast Gauss‐Newton‐type recursive algorithm has also been derived to update the parameters of these orthogonal sections. It has been shown that for highly noisy signals, this approach significantly improves the frequency estimation capabilities as well as increases the overall signal‐to‐noise ratio of the adaptive recursive filters. Illustrative examples are given to verify these results.
Are obsessive‐compulsive personality traits associated with a poor outcome in anorexia nervosa? A systematic review of randomized controlled trials and naturalistic outcome studies
Authors: Crane Anna M. , Roberts Marion E. , Treasure Janet
Published: July 2007

Objective:

Obsessive‐compulsive personality disorder (OCPD) traits are commonly associated with anorexia nervosa (AN). The aim of this review was to systematically search the literature to examine whether OCPD traits have an impact on the outcome of AN.

Method:

A systematic electronic search of the literature (using Medline, PsycINFO, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials) was undertaken to identify relevant publications (randomized controlled trials (RCT's) and naturalistic studies), until February 2006.

Results:

Eleven prospective longitudinal studies and 12 RCT's met criteria for inclusion. A meta‐analysis was not feasible as the studies were too heterogeneous. Just over half of published longitudinal studies found that OCPD traits were associated with a negative outcome in AN. Additionally, results from three RCTs suggested that these traits may moderate outcome. OCPD traits were reduced after treatment in five RCTs.

Conclusion:

There is tentative support to suggest that individuals with AN and concomitant OCPD traits have a poorer prognosis, and that these traits moderate outcome. A reduction in these traits may mediate this change. An individualized case formulation with treatment tailored to OCPD traits may improve the outcome of AN. © 2007 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
What can dropouts teach us about retention in eating disorder treatment studies?
Authors: Hoste Renee Rienecke , Zaitsoff Shannon , Hewell Kristen , le Grange Daniel
Published: July 2007

Objective:

To describe strategies used to retain adolescents with bulimia nervosa (BN) in a randomized clinical trial, and to compare treatment completers and dropouts on baseline demographic and symptom severity information.

Method:

Adolescents with BN (N = 80) completed a demographic questionnaire, the Eating Disorder Examination, Rosenberg Self‐esteem Scale, Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scales, and Beck Depression Inventory prior to beginning treatment.

Results:

Several strategies were used to promote treatment retention (e.g., encouraging parental involvement in treatment, prompt rescheduling of cancelled appointments). Six participants (7.50%) voluntarily dropped out of treatment and three additional participants (3.75%) were asked to terminate treatment for medical/psychiatric reasons. Compared with treatment completers, noncompleters reported significantly longer duration of illness (p < .01). Sixty‐two percent of treatment completers and only 22% of dropouts were from intact families.

Conclusion:

Examining factors related to retention in adolescent treatment trials is important, and could be utilized to improve retention in adult studies where drop out rates are higher. © 2007 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Stability constants of amino acids, peptides, proteins, and other biomolecules determined by CE and related methods: Recapitulation of published data
Authors: Ušelová‐Včeláková Kateřina , Zusková Iva , Gaš Bohuslav
Published: July 2007

The stability (affinity, association, binding, complexation, formation) constant characterizes binding interaction between the analyte and the complexing agent. Knowledge of the stability constant makes possible the prediction and estimation of the binding behavior of constituents (amino acids, peptides, proteins, drugs, antibiotics, enzymes, enantiomers) to their partners, and the finding of a suitable partner for the given analyte to form a stable complex. The present paper summarizes the stability constant determination methods and the approaches used to evaluate the experimental data. Further, the paper recapitulates the published stability constant values determined, mainly, by capillary electrophoretic methods, taken from the Web of Science database covering the last decade. Details of the experimental conditions employed for the determination of the stability constants are also given. The review attempts to give a critical evaluation of the problems that accompany the determination of stability constant and discusses their solution.
Characterization and differentiation of diverse transgenic and nontransgenic soybean varieties from CE protein profiles
Authors: García‐Ruiz Carmen , García Mª Concepción , Cifuentes Alejandro , Marina Mª Luisa
Published: July 2007

Nowadays, soybeans are commercialized in a wide variety of colors and tones. Moreover, some pigmented seeds are being commercialized as soybeans while, on other occasions, these seeds are labeled as mung beans, azuki beans or soybean frijoles generating confusion on their identity. In this work, CE has been applied for the first time for the characterization and differentiation of different pigmented beans commercialized as soybeans. Other seeds commercialized as azuki, mung green soybeans or soybean frijoles were also analyzed. Borate buffer (at pH 8.5) containing 20% v/v ACN was used as the separation media and solution containing ACN/water (75:25 v/v) with 0.3% v/v acetic acid was used to solubilize the proteins from the samples. A 50 cm bare fused‐silica capillary was employed for obtaining adequate separations in about 12 min. The CE protein pattern observed for yellow soybeans was different from that corresponding to green and red soybeans. The seeds commercialized as black soybean presented electropherograms identical or similar to those yielded by the yellow seeds with the exception of the sample labeled as black soybeans frijoles that presented a totally different pattern. In addition, CE protein profiles obtained for azuki and mung green soybeans were very similar to those corresponding to red soybeans and green soybeans, respectively. Finally, the CE method was also applied to differentiate transgenic and nontransgenic soybean varieties. Discriminant analysis, using several protein peak areas as variable, was used to successfully classify these samples.
ISEE: Internet‐based Simulation for Earthquake Engineering—Part I: Database approach
Authors: Yang Yuan‐Sen , Hsieh Shang‐Hsien , Tsai Keh‐Chyuan , Wang Shiang‐Jung , Wang Kung‐Juin , Cheng Wei‐Choung , Hsu Chuan‐Wen
Published: July 2007

An Internet‐based framework, named Internet‐based Simulation for Earthquake Engineering (ISEE) was developed to facilitate collaborative earthquake engineering experiments performed by multiple laboratories in a network environment. One of the approaches in the ISEE framework, named Database Approach, offers an easy way to perform multi‐site networked collaborative pseudo‐dynamic experiments. The Database Approach uses the Structured
Query Language (SQL), a common and standardized computer language used in database management systems, for inter‐laboratory communications. Using the SQL protocol, it is easy to monitor the experiments' progress, access the data, as well as develop additional programs to expand the functions for a networked experiment. This approach offers consistency and durability of selected experimental data both during and after experiments. Two networked pseudo‐dynamic experiments were conducted to demonstrate the feasibility and expansibility of the Database Approach in ISEE. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Early Silurian positive δ13C excursions and their relationship to glaciations, sea‐level changes and extinction events
Authors: Loydell David K.
Published: July 2007

Evidence is presented from the upper Aeronian, lower Sheinwoodian and middle Homerian demonstrating that positive δ13C excursions in the lower Silurian are the result of increased carbonate weathering and probably also enhanced burial of organic carbon coincident with sea‐level falls resulting from growth of ice sheets on the South American part of Gondwana. Graptolite extinctions are coincident with the δ13C excursions, whereas major conodont extinction events (Ireviken and Mulde) are not, but conversely, occur at times of high sea level. This suggests very different controls on graptolite and conodont global diversity patterns. Palynological studies suggest that netromorph acritarchs may have been opportunists that flourished during positive δ13C excursion intervals. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Social norms, ideal body weight and food attitudes
Authors: Etilé Fabrice
Published: July 2007

This paper uses French data on ideal body weight and food attitudes to analyse the role of social norms in the individual's weight control problem. A proxy measure of social norms is calculated by averaging individual perceptions of the ideal Body Mass Index (BMI) over all observations within a reference group. Testing for different definitions of the reference group, we find that individual representations of ideal body shape are differentiated mainly along gender and age lines. Social norms regarding body shape have a significant effect on perceptions of ideal BMI only for those women who want to lose weight, with an elasticity close to 0.5. For many women and for all men, ideal BMI is almost exclusively determined by habitual BMI. Last, ideal BMI predicts a number of attitudes towards food, while social norms do not. These results suggest that promoting medical norms regarding body shape should have little effect on individual food attitudes. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The development of local circulations around the Lena River and their effect on tower‐observed energy imbalance
Authors: Hiyama T. , Strunin M. A. , Tanaka H. , Ohta T.
Published: July 2007

Horizontal wind speed and vertical wind speed fluctuation data obtained from aircraft during the GEWEX Asian Monsoon Experiment‐Siberia (GAME‐Siberia) project revealed the development of a local circulation in the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) near the Lena River, Siberia. Horizontal wind speed distributions showed regions where wind direction was opposite that of the synoptically dominant wind flow. Horizontal wind speed distributions and horizontally averaged vertical wind speed fluctuations with a 4‐km cut‐off distance were used to derive air stream vectors. The vectors showed the development of local circulations only over the upwind side of the Lena River on some days. Criteria for local circulation detection are suggested. Tower‐based energy imbalances were observed at two flux‐tower sites. Turbulent heat fluxes were underestimated relative to the available energy when mean downward flow dominated at the flux tower. This tower‐observed energy imbalance might be related to the development of local circulations near the Lena River. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Large‐scale summer monsoon rainfall over India and its relation to 850 hPa wind shear
Authors: Prasad V. S. , Hayashi Taiichi
Published: July 2007

The daily variations of the horizontal wind shear at the 850 hPa level between a southern region (5–15°N, 40–80°E; Zone 1) and a northern region (20–30°N, 70–90°E; Zone 2) during the period 1979–2002 were investigated. Investigations revealed that the changes of this wind shear on a daily basis are directly related to the large‐scale rainfall over the Indian region during the monsoon season. The wind shear of zonal wind together with Zone 2 is useful for determining active, weak and break periods of the Indian summer monsoon (ISM). Thus, the Horizontal Wind Shear can be used as a dynamical circulation Index (HWSI) for studying ISM variability. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Distributed tank model and GAME reanalysis data applied to the simulation of runoff within the Chao Phraya River Basin, Thailand
Authors: Huang Wenfeng , Nakane Kazurou , Matsuura Reiko , Matsuura Tomonori
Published: July 2007

The tank model is well known as a lumped conceptual hydrological model. In contrast with the large number of physical‐based models developed over the past 30 years, only a few distributed conceptual hydrological models are available. In this study, a high‐resolution distributed tank model is used to simulate river flow within a continental river basin, the Chao Phraya River basin, Thailand, using GEWEX Asian Monsoon Experiment (GAME) Reanalysis data. The model has a spatial resolution of 0·1 by 0·1 degrees and a temporal resolution of 1 h. Four terrain types and ten types of land use are identified in the model, and the model parameters were found to vary with the terrain type and land use. The model parameters were first determined in the 4841 km2 Khwae Noi River basin as a prototype area before being generalized to the entire 160 000 km2 of the Chao Phraya River basin. Simulation results at various sites indicate that the distributed tank model provides a sound approximation of the observed runoff data and is therefore a useful and reliable tool for the runoff simulation in this tropical continental river basin. Our results also indicated that after assimilating observational data, it was possible to use GAME Reanalysis data for such a distributed hydrological simulation. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Paclitaxel‐eluting composite fibers: Drug release and tensile mechanical properties
Authors: Zilberman Meital , Kraitzer Amir
Published: July 2007

New core/shell fiber structures loaded with paclitaxel were developed and studied. These composite fibers are ideal for forming thin, delicate, biomedically important structures for various applications. Possible applications include fiber‐based endovascular stents that mechanically support blood vessels while delivering drugs for preventing restenosis directly to the blood vesel wall, or drug delivery systems for treatment of cancer. The core/shell fiber structures were formed by “coating” dense core fibers with porous paclitaxel‐containing poly(DL‐lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) (PDLGA) structures. Shell preparation (“coating”) was performed by freeze‐drying water in oil emulsions. The present study focused on the effects of the emulsion's formulation (composition) and processing conditions on the paclitaxel release profile and on the fibers' tensile mechanical properties. In general, the porous PDLGA shell released ∼40% of the paclitaxel, with most of the release occurring during the first 30 days. The main release mechanism during the tested period is diffusion, rather than polymer degradation. The release rate and quantity increased with increased drug content or decreased polymer content, whereas the organic:aqueous phase ratio had practically no effect on the release profile. These new composite fibers are strong and flexible enough to be used as basic elements for stents. We demonstrated that proper selection of processing conditions based on kinetic and thermodynamic considerations can yield polymer/drug systems with the desired drug release behavior and good mechanical properties. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2007
Rutile and titanium particles differentially affect the production of osteoblastic local factors
Authors: Vallés Gema , González‐Melendi Pablo , Saldaña Laura , Rodriguez Mercedes , Munuera Luis , Vilaboa Nuria
Published: July 2007

Titanium and its alloys are widely used as implant materials for dental and orthopaedic applications. To improve their wear and corrosion resistance, several surface modifications that give rise to an outer ceramic layer of rutile have been developed. It is expected that after a long period of functional loading, rutile debris will arise from these modified surfaces. We have compared the in vitro biocompatibility of subcytotoxic doses of rutile and titanium particles of phagocytosable size in primary cultures of human osteoblasts. Particles were visualized using a spectral confocal microscope by reflection. Both types of particles aggregated in the culture media and were efficiently internalized by osteoblasts as agglomerates. Treatment of isolated cultures of osteoblasts with rutile particles stimulated the release of IL‐6, PGE2, and GM‐CSF to a lesser extent than titanium. The influence of macrophages on the particle‐induced stimulation of those local factors was analyzed by coculturing TPA‐differentiated THP‐1 cells with osteoblasts. Under these conditions, levels of IL‐6 and PGE2 after treatment of cocultured osteoblasts with rutile particles were lower than after exposure to titanium. These results indicate that rutile debris shows a lower bioreactivity than titanium when tested in cultures of human osteoblasts and support the improved biocompatibility of titanium‐based implants modified to create an outer layer of rutile on their surfaces. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2008
Enamel matrix derivative protects human gingival fibroblasts from TNF‐induced apoptosis by inhibiting caspase activation
Authors: Zeldich E. , Koren R. , Dard M. , Nemcovsky C. , Weinreb M.
Published: July 2007

Emdogain®, a formulation of enamel matrix derivative (EMD), is used clinically for regeneration of the periodontium (tooth supporting tissues), but the molecular mechanisms of its action have not been elucidated. Several clinical studies suggested that EMD may also improve gingival healing after periodontal surgery and thus affect the fate of gingival fibroblasts (GFs). Since these cells are targets for local inflammatory mediators such as TNF, a pro‐apoptotic cytokine, during the course of periodontal disease, we tested whether EMD protects human GFs (hGFs) from TNF‐induced cytotoxicity. Quiescent primary hGFs were challenged with TNF (10–100 ng/ml) with or without EMD (100 µg/ml) pretreatment. Cell viability was assessed by neutral red staining, cell death by LDH release and apoptosis by caspase activity. Signaling pathways were evaluated by Western blotting and pharmacological inhibitors. TNF induced classical signs of apoptosis in hGFs, including typical cellular morphology and increased caspase activity. TNF‐induced cytotoxicity was entirely caspase‐dependent. Pretreatment (4–24 h) with EMD dramatically inhibited the activation of initiator and executioner caspases and enhanced hGF survival. Although TNF induced the activation of p38 MAPK, JNK, ERK and PI‐3K signaling, these pathways were not crucial for EMD protection of hGFs. However, EMD increased the levels of c‐FLIPL, an anti‐apoptotic protein located upstream of caspase activation. These data demonstrate, for the first time, that EMD protects hGFs from inflammatory cytokines and, together with our recent reports that EMD stimulates rat and human GF proliferation, could help explain the mechanisms whereby in vivo use of EMD promotes gingival healing. J. Cell. Physiol. 213:750–758. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparison of affinity membrane adsorbers for the purification of recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO)
Authors: Mellado Maria Candida M , Curbelo David , Nobrega Ronaldo , Castilho Leda R
Published: July 2007

In this work affinity membrane adsorbers were investigated for the chromatographic purification of recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) produced in mammalian cells. Cibacron Blue (CB), IDA‐Cu+2, wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), concanavalin A (ConA) and an anti‐EPO monoclonal antibody (MAb) were tested as affinity ligands, attached to microporous Sartobind® membranes. In experiments carried out with cell culture supernatant, the best results were obtained with Sartobind–CB, Sartobind–WGA and Sartobind–MAb membranes. The thermodynamic parameters were determined by adsorption isotherms of rhEPO onto the membranes. Sartobind–ConA presented the lowest affinity for rhEPO, as evidenced by a lower association constant. For Sartobind–CB, Sartobind–IDA‐Cu+2 and Sartobind–MAb KA was in the order of 105 L mol−1, whereas for Sartobind–WGA it was 106 L mol−1. Sartobind–CB eluates were also investigated by RP‐HPLC. The purity level achieved in this one‐step purification strategy was 55%, indicating that the Sartobind–CB membrane is a promising affinity membrane for rhEPO purification. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Chiral discrimination of α‐amino acids by the DNA triplet GCA using amino acids as a co‐selector
Authors: Kumar Maddula Ravi , Prabhakar Sripadi , Sivaleela Tallagadda , Vairamani Mariappanadar
Published: July 2007

The DNA triplet GCA is successfully used as a chiral selector for the chiral discrimination of amino acids using amino acids themselves as a co‐selector. Chiral discrimination was achieved by investigating the collision‐induced dissociation spectra of the [XA + XR + 2Y − 2H]2− ion generated by electrospraying a mixture of analyte amino acid (XA), reference amino acid (XR) and GCA (Y). The relative abundances of fragment ions resulting from the competitive loss of reference and XA's are considered for measuring the degree of chiral discrimination. GCA successfully shows D‐selectivity for all the amino acids, except Tyr and Lys. The success of the method lies in the selection of a suitable 10R that has closer GCA binding affinity to that of analyte. The degree of discrimination by GCA is improved in the presence of the reference, and the chirality of the reference does not change the selectivity of GCA. The suitability of the method for the measurement of optical purity is also demonstrated. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thermal processing enhances anti‐radical activity and reduces pro‐oxidant activity in water‐soluble fraction of selected Allium vegetables
Authors: Roy Molay Kumar , Takenaka Makiko , Isobe Seiichiro
Published: July 2007

Both the pro‐ and antioxidant activities were found in water‐soluble components contained in onion, leek and garlic samples, and effects of thermal treatment on such activities were investigated. Raw vegetable extracts were prepared by squeezing vegetable homogenates followed by centrifugation at 4 °C. The extracts were subjected to thermal treatment at 75 or 100 °C for 30 and 60 min. The water‐soluble extracts were assayed for antiradical activity using both a chemical and a cellular system. Heating onion and leek extracts at 100 °C for 60 min, and garlic extract at 100 °C for 30 min, yielded strong antioxidant components that are able to scavenge free radicals, in either system, significantly. Measuring total phenolic content by the Folin–Ciocalteu method, we observed that thermal treatment significantly decreased the phenolic contents in leek and garlic extract. In addition, we estimated pro‐oxidant activities in the vegetable extracts, using reactive oxygen species (ROS)‐sensitive 2′,7′‐dichlorofluorescin diacetate; we found that extracts of raw alliums have strong ROS activity, and that thermal treatment destroyed most of the ROS activity present in the raw extracts. These findings indicate that thermal processing enhanced the nutritional value of alliums by increasing the total antioxidant activity, and reducing the pro‐oxidant elements. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Soil classification and salinity mapping for determining restoration potential of cropped riparian areas
Authors: Amezketa E. , de Lersundi J. Del Valle
Published: July 2007

Restoration and management of riparian areas have recently become important issues. Soil and salinity surveys are required before planning restoration activities and land‐uses if the riparian area is salt‐affected. In this study, we characterise the soils and salinity conditions of a riparian area that underwent irrigated agriculture with significant soil salinisation, to assess the general site suitability for riparian restoration and potential land‐uses. Throughout the area, 19 profiles were described and classified and 95 soil samples were collected for their chemical and physical characterisation. The salinity of the 35‐ha presumably salt‐affected area was analysed by reading the bulk soil electrical conductivity (ECa) with the hand‐held electromagnetic‐induction sensor Geonics‐EM38 at 558 locations and by measuring the electrical conductivity of the saturation extract (ECe) and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) of 60 soil samples collected at 30 of those locations. The regression of ECe on EM readings predicted ECe with R2 > 0·92 at the 0–100 cm soil depth. The geo‐referenced soil classification (three soil units were established) and salinity maps identified the soil constraints for the area's restoration potential. The major limiting soil factors were soil salinity, sodicity and waterlogging in the southern half of the soil unit #3, and soil compaction in most of the area. The value of those limiting factors, along with differences in soil texture, as a means of assessing restoration potential of riparian vegetation and for identifying suitable land‐uses for the three soil units was discussed. Agro‐forestry, planned grazing, recreational and educational land‐uses are possible for the site. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Group classification of one‐dimensional equations of fluids with internal inertia
Authors: Hematulin Apichai , Meleshko Sergey V. , Gavrilyuk Sergey L.
Published: July 2007

One‐dimensional flows of fluids with internal inertia are studied in the manuscript. The given equations include such models as the non‐linear one‐velocity model of a bubbly fluid (with incompressible liquid phase) at small volume concentration of gas bubbles (Zh. Prikl. Tekh. Fiz. 1960; N3:102–111, Dokl. AN USSR 1961; 137:1331–1333, J. Fluid Mech. 1968; 33:465–474), and the dispersive shallow water model (J. Fluid Mech. 1976; 78:237–246, Lectures on Geophysical Fluid Dynamics. Oxford University Press: New York, 1998). These models are obtained for special types of the function $W(\rho,\,\dot{\rho})$. The group classification separates these models in 10 different classes. Optimal systems of subalgebras are constructed for all models. The knowledge of optimal systems of admitted subalgebras allows constructing essentially different invariant solutions. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Soy isoflavones and fatty acids: Effects on bone tissue postovariectomy in mice
Authors: Ward Wendy E. , Fonseca Debbie
Published: July 2007

Osteoporosis is a silent disease that leads to fragility fractures that can diminish quality of life and contribute to death. With no ideal drug treatment available to manage osteoporosis, soy isoflavones (ISO), and omega‐3 long chain PUFAs in fish oil (FO) may be integral in a dietary strategy that prevents bone loss. The overall objective of this study was to determine if combining ISO with omega‐3 long chain PUFAs resulted in greater protection against the loss of bone mineral and skeletal weakening in ovariectomized mice. Ovariectomized CD‐1 mice were randomized to control diet or a diet containing ISO alone (250 mg of genistein + 250 mg of daidzein/kg diet), FO alone (7% menhaden oil), or ISO + FO. Each dietary intervention prevented the loss of bone mineral density (BMD) in the femur and preserved femur strength, but only FO, either alone or combined with ISO, resulted in a higher BMD of lumbar vertebra (LV). Most notably, FO + ISO resulted in a higher peak load of LV4, indicating that vertebra were more resistant to fracture. Whether a dietary strategy providing FO in combination with ISO attenuates bone loss in postmenopausal women awaits investigation.
City utilities serve neighbors
Authors: Bauer John
Published: July 2007

Publicly‐owned transportation, electric, water and sewage plants supply cities and towns in their metropolitan regions; such service sound basis for postwar expansion.
Researcher's digest: July
Authors: Roher Miriam
Published: July 2007

Public housing in Pittaburgh; New Haven considers postwar public works financing; Massachusetts explodes a fallacy; municipal salary figures for Washington, Oregon.
By their own bootstraps
Authors: Tugman William M.
Published: July 2007

Lane County, Oregon, and its communities learn to do without while achieving a cash basis and preparing for postwar problem instead of “waiting for Santa Clmcs”.
Utilities organized by districts
Authors: Bauerx John
Published: July 2007

Survey describes formation and control of public utility organizations in six metropolitan areas as possible guides for future proposals; need for enabling legblation seen.
Modernizing the legislature
Authors: Harris Joseph P.
Published: July 2007

State law‐making bodies still dark ages; have failed to equip themselves to deal with complex issues of today.
Civic education via the radio
Authors: Hudson Robert B.
Published: July 2007

Forums, news coverage and documentary programs among techniques which help to strengthen democracy on the air.
These children of the state
Authors: Brown Roy E. , Ray Joseph M. , MacCorkle Stuart A.
Published: July 2007

Examination of intergovernmental relations reveals many inequities which cry out for new thinking and methods.
Students investigate politics
Authors: Weidner Edward W.
Published: July 2007

Leave their classroomr to learn in wards how candidates are elected and just what maker local government [tick].
Horizons beyond the smoke
Authors: Stalley Marshall
Published: July 2007

Pittsburgh, once noted tor its grime and perpetual hase, tackles and solves many problems of urban redevelopment.
City blight a national problem
Authors: Chapin F. Stuart
Published: July 2007

Solution demands genuine cooperation between cities, states and nation, the professions, and alert citizens.
The mockery of classification
Authors: Breckenridge A. C.
Published: July 2007

Nebraska legislature, abetted by local representatives, disregards prohibition against special acts for cities.
A famous patriot returns
Authors: Reed Thomas H.
Published: July 2007

Spirit of Sam Adams sounds a battle cry to Bostonians to rise and throw off the yoke of the political boss.
Tax rates of American cities
Authors:   Bureau of Governmental Research, Detroit, and the National Training School for Public Service
Published: July 2007

Increased costs of municipal government are reflected in greater tax rates and increased assessments for 1948.
Demands on states grow
Authors: Linen Mr. John S.
Published: July 2007

Housing, education, institutions, highways seen among major needs calling for unprecedented financial assistance.
Rhode island tries primary
Authors: Childs Richard S.
Published: July 2007

New law gives advantage to party committee designees but opens door to opponents, few of whom win in first election.
Payroll tax Boon to Toledo
Authors: Gregg Ronald E.
Published: July 2007

New capital improvements made, debts paid off, service levels restored, and property and equipment rejuvenated.
No tenure for city managers
Authors: Childs Richard S.
Published: July 2007

Despite many proposals for protection from removal, few, charters are found to have weakened power of councils.
What can cities tax next?
Authors: Snider Clyde F.
Published: July 2007

Income, sales and admissions among lucrative levies communities are utilizing in effort to make ends meet.
500 ‘non‐political’ elections
Authors: Childs Richard S.
Published: July 2007

Model Charter cities find choosing a good council needs no selfish guidance; but high‐minded leadership helps.
Everything's changed now
Authors: Detzer Karl
Published: July 2007

In Kansas City budgets balance, typists can type and taxes get service during ten years of good management.
City politics: Free style
Authors: Morlan Robert L.
Published: July 2007

Contrary to the textbooks, not all large cities are [tight political hierarchies] headed by political boss.
When services get too big
Authors: Bollens John C.
Published: July 2007

California metropolitan areas try various types of distria authorities in lieu of real consolidation.
Plan of action for citizens
Authors: Edison Charles
Published: July 2007

Decisive progress to strengthen our home towns, states needed to demonstrate superiority of the democratic way.
Who gets the billion graft?
Authors: McKean Dayton D.
Published: July 2007

Slot machines and other rackets revealed as pursuing policy of corrupting public officials throughout U. S.
Optimal operations in non‐linear water networks
Authors: Coulbeck B.
Published: July 2007

The paper introduces the practical problems associated with automated control of large‐scale non‐linear water networks and gives the additional theoretical requirements for optimizing the network operation. A control scheme is presented which is intended for computer controlled operations and hence requires on‐line evaluation of optimal control strategies based on a simulation of the overall dynamics of the network. Realistic applications of the scheme are shown to depend on adequate simplifications of the network performance, and results are given for development of linear dynamic models together with cost criteria in linear or quadratic form. Use of a hierarchical optimization technique permits a solution to be obtained to the remaining problems of high dimensionality with constrained variables. Application of the method to a complex network leads to results which are consistent with normal operational experience and which give minimized overall costs.
Application of an advanced trajectory optimization method to ramjet propelled missiles
Authors: Paris S. W. , Joosten B. K. , Fink L. E.
Published: July 2007

The mission performance characteristics of ramjet‐propelled missiles are highly dependent upon the trajectory flown. Integration of the trajectory profile with the ramjet propulsion system performance characteristics to achieve optimal missile performance is very complex. Past trajectory optimization methods have been extremely problem dependent and require a high degree of familiarity to achieve success. A general computer code (CTOP) has been applied to ramjet‐powered missiles to compute open‐loop optimal trajectories. CTOP employs Chebyshev polynomial representations of the states and controls. This allows a transformation of the continuous optimal control problem to one of parameter optimization. With this method, the trajectory boundary conditions are always satisfied. State dynamics and path constraints are enforced via penalty functions. The presented results include solutions to minimum fuel‐to‐climb, minimumtime‐to‐climb, and minimum time‐to‐target intercept problems.
Experimental evaluation of adaptive identifiers
Authors: Neuman C. P. , Baradello C. S.
Published: July 2007

Transient response and tracking characteristics of three adaptive identifiers are illustrated and compared experimentally through digital simulation. Focus is placed on series‐parallel (SP) identifiers, with and without auxiliary error signals. The identifiers are algorithms which have adjustable coefficients and are designed to follow the process output. At each computational cycle, the coefficients of the identifier (and the error signals) are updated in response to the tracking error between the process and identifier outputs. The process is simulated on an EAI TR‐20 analogue computer, and the identification algorithms are implemented on a PDP‐11/40 minicomputer. Testing is distributed over three processes commonly encountered by the control engineer. Variable adaptation gains, which are positive functions of the absolute value of the tracking error, accelerate the convergence of the identifiers. The experimental results are summarized in terms of the computational requirements of the identifiers.
An optimal control problem with piecewise quadratic cost functional containing a ‘dead‐zone’
Authors: Parlar Mahmut , Vickson R. G.
Published: July 2007

In this paper, we describe an exact solution method for the problem of optimally controlling a deterministic discrete linear system with piecewise quadratic cost functional containing a ‘dead‐zone’. This model generalizes the well‐known optimal control model for a linear system with (symmetric) quadratic objective functional. This more general problem is solved by using concepts and techniques from the theory of nonlinear programming, for example Kuhn‐Tucker theory, duality, linear complementarity, and Lemke's algorithm. We apply the results to the solution of a 25‐period deterministic pension funding problem which is modelled as a discrete‐time optimal control problem. The controls for this problem are company contributions and investment amounts, and the state is the value of the pension fund.
Optimal open‐loop control of the mould filling process for injection moulding machines
Authors: Cho Y. J. , Cho H. S. , Lee C. O.
Published: July 2007

Product quality of injection‐moulded' plastics greatly depends upon the injection flow rate of molten polymer during filling. In this paper, an optimal control of the filling process is shown to improve the properties of the moulded parts. Our goal is to provide an efficient basis for designing a supervisory computer‐controlled injection moulding system. A dynamic model of the filling process is developed. It takes into account the effect of molten polymer on the dynamics of the injection ram. Based upon this model, an optimal control input, which is a control current actuating the injection ram‐screw assembly, is derived from the minimization of a quadratic performance index which serves to keep the front velocity of molten polymer flow into the cavity at a desired value. The optimal input thus obtained has been implemented via a microcomputer for on‐line control of the injection process. The experimental results show that surface blemish and residual stress of the moulded parts can be reduced via this optimal control.
A formal theory of lobbying behaviour
Authors: Reinganum Jennifer F.
Published: July 2007

This paper analyses strategic lobbying behaviour under the assumption of disorganized opposition. A dynamic programming approach is used. The optimal rate of lobbying expenditure is shown to be an increasing function of time. A specific example is computed to determine the influence of various parameters. Next, the case of lobbying against an active counterlobby is considered in a dynamic game‐theoretic framework. The Nash equilibrium rates of lobbying expenditure are computed for a specific example with symmetric players. The equilibrium rates of expenditure for the two lobbyists may be either everywhere increasing, everywhere decreasing, or single peaked as a function of time. In addition, some comparative statics results are reversed relative to those of the disorganized opposition model.
On the solution of the linear‐quadratic optimal control problem by extended invariant imbedding
Authors: Breitenecker Felix
Published: July 2007

The solution of the linear‐quadratic output regulator problem by Pontryagin's maximum principle results in an unstable linear boundary value problem. The method of invariant imbedding, which requires the integration of a matrix Riccati differential equation, solves certain boundary value problems in a stable manner. In order to make this well known method applicable, an extension algorithm is defined, which maps the boundary value problem into a problem of double dimension. The resulting algorithm of extended invariant imbedding does not depend on the boundary values. So the matrix Riccati equation has to be integrated only once ‘offline’: The unknown boundary values, the state, and the control are calculated by solution of systems of linear equations (‘online’). So, if the boundary values change, only systems of linear equations have to be solved once more. The algorithm has two variants with usually contrary stability behaviour.
Minimum energy control of time‐delay systems via walsh functions
Authors: Palanisamy K. R. , Rao Ganti Prasada
Published: July 2007

This paper presents a Walsh function approach to the minimum energy control of linear systems with time delay satisfying given conditions on the terminal state. Walsh operational matrices for integration, delay and advance1 are employed in solving the related state and costate equations containing terms with advanced and delayed arguments. The technique of extension of the solution with a single term Walsh series2 is adapted to the case of differential equations with delay and advance terms, leading to an enormous reduction in computational effort. The results may be computed in two forms, piecewise constant or discrete, satisfying both the energy and terminal conditions.
An incentive‐compatible modification of the heal algorithm
Authors: Servi L. D. , Ho Y. C.
Published: July 2007

This note proposes a simple modification of the Heal algorithm for resource allocation that has the property of incentive‐compatibility. It is shown, under some assumptions, that participants can be induced to report the truth in their own interest so as to achieve a group optimum.
Optimal control of a diffusion model of new product acceptance with price‐dependent total market potential
Authors: Josrgensen Steffen
Published: July 2007

This paper deals with the problem of finding an optimal pricing policy for the dynamics of an innovator‐imitator diffusion model of new product acceptance. Total market potential is assumed to be a linearly‐decreasing function of price, and the objective of the firm is to maximize the present value of the profit stream over an infinite horizon. By using Green's theorem, one can show that the optimal policy is to approach long‐run stationary equilibrium sales (the turnpike) as fast as possible followed by a permanent stay on the turnpike.
An active‐constraint logic for non‐linear programming
Authors: Das Alok , Cliff Eugene M. , Kelley Henry J.
Published: July 2007

Active‐constraint logic for non‐linear programming processes is sought such that the constraints in the active set possess positive projection multipliers and the resulting step does not violate the linear approximations to any of the constraints satisfied as equalities but considered inactive. Active‐constraint logic which has the desired properties is given for the cases of two and three constraints. For the general case featuring more than three constraints satisfied as equalities, an active‐set logic is suggested. The efficiency of the proposed logic is tested computationally on some quadratic programming problems in comparison with three existing active‐set strategies.
Steering controls for constrained controllability problems with application to magnetic suspension
Authors: Van Til R. P. , Schmitendorf W. E.
Published: July 2007

A method is presented for determining a control which steers a system to a specified target when there are magnitude constraints on the control. The method is suitable for numerical computation since it only involves solving finite‐dimensional optimization problems. The effectiveness of the technique is illustrated by applying it to the problem of suspending a ferromagnetic rotor in a magnetic field.
Multivariable linear digital control via state‐space output matching
Authors: Miller David F.
Published: July 2007

A direct state‐space approach to the digital control of multivariable linear systems is presented. Control is provided by minimizing the mean square error between controlled plant outputs and specified desired output trajectories at sampling instants. Linear equations for digital control inputs are solved in constant forward and feedback gain form. Numerical applications to problems in simple model following, digital redesign and direct digital design are given.
Optimal manpower policies in a dynamic staff‐maximizing bureau
Authors: Hartl Richard F. , Jørgensen Steffen
Published: July 2007

The dynamic problem of optimal manpower planning in a public agency is considered. The budget available to the bureau is replenished at a rate proportional to the output. The objective of the bureau manager is to maximize the staff at the terminal time. The model is non‐linear in the control, the hiring rate. Cases where a deficit is allowed are also considered. Boundary solutions are investigated for the case of no deficit, and it is shown that the hiring rate is non‐differentiable but continuous.
Performance criterion sensitivity analysis of ship‐steering models with respect to shaping filter design parameters
Authors: Tugcu A. K. , Coskunoglu O. , Reid R. E.
Published: July 2007

The design of linear‐quadratic controllers for the steering control of ships requires the design of sway force and yaw moment disturbance shaping filters to adequately represent the statistical properties of the sea‐way. The estimated disturbance states are employed in the formulation of the optimal control law to improve the steering quality to minimize propulsion losses. In this paper a sensitivity analysis of the optimal cost criteria with respect to the shaping filter parameters is made to determine the relative importance of the filters and parameters with differing ships, cost criteria and sea‐way conditions. For simplicity of the present analysis the Kalman filter is excluded from the dynamics, i.e. all the states are assumed to be perfectly measurable. This allows the analysis to be done at the upper bound of optimal performance. The percentage deviation in the resulting optimal propulsion loss from a known deviation in the parameters is calculated. Sensitivities with respect to two different controllers, each minimizing a different performance criterion are analysed for two ship types. The results indicate that the yaw shaping filters are relatively more important for both of the ship types. It is also shown, however, that the sway shaping filter, although having no significant effect on the optimal performance of ship types such as the large tanker examined, does affect that of fine‐lined high‐speed vessels such as the container ship analysed.