bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Solitary fibrous tumor of the oral cavity: the need for an extensive sampling for a correct diagnosis
Authors: Lo Muzio Lorenzo , Mascolo Massimo , Capodiferro Saverio , Favia Gianfranco , Maiorano Eugenio
Published: August 2010

Background:  Solitary fibrous tumor (SFT) is an uncommon but well‐characterized soft tissue tumor that was first described as a pleural lesion and now is considered ubiquitous, having been detected at many extra‐pleural sites (abdominal cavity, orbit, upper respiratory tract, and oral cavity). Histologically, SFT may show wide morphological variability of both its cellular and stromal components, which may lead to incorrect diagnosis especially when dealing with small incisional biopsies.

Materials:  We report on the clinical, morphological and immunohistochemical features of eight SFT occurring in the oral cavity.

Results:  Microscopically all eight tumors showed widely variable morphological features in terms of cellular density and stromal architecture, thus simulating benign fibrous histiocytoma, schwannoma, hemangiopericytoma or low‐grade sarcoma in distinct areas of the same lesion. Among these eight cases, five had been diagnosed as SFT, two as benign fibrous histiocytoma and one as low‐grade sarcoma.

Conclusions:  In consideration of the heterogeneous morphological appearance of SFT, inaccurate sampling of the mass may lead to misdiagnosis and inappropriate treatment. Therefore, an accurate histological examination of multiple tissue sections is advised, along with the use of appropriate immunostains.
Oral manifestation of chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis: seven case reports
Authors: Liu Xiaosong , Hua Hong
Published: August 2010

Background: Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis (CMC) is a rare disorder characterized by persistent or recurrent candidal infections of the skin, nails and mucous membranes or by a variable combination of endocrine failure as well as immunodeficiency. Oral clinicopathological features of CMC have seldom been described in detail.

Methods: Seven patients with CMC were reported in the study. The clinical and histological findings, etiologicalCandidaspecies, immunological evaluation, and therapeutic pattern of oral lesions, were analyzed.

Results: Long‐standing whitish hyperplastic and nodule‐like lesions with exaggerated deep fissure were the typical and characteristic oral manifestations presented by all patients. The tongue was the most common site affected. Histologically, no obvious distinction was found between CMC and other forms of candidal infection. Abnormal proportions of T‐lymphocyte subsets and positive titers of autoantibody were observed in three subjects (42.9%) and one patient (14.3%) respectively. Meanwhile, four subjects (57.1%) showed decreased albumin and increased globulin, three cases (42.9%) had high levels of ESR. But no iron deficiency was found.Candida albicanswas the microorganism isolated from these patients.

Conclusions: Multiple and widespread candidal infectious lesions can be observed on the oral cavity of CMC patients. Hyperplastic and nodule‐like lesion with irremovable whitish patches and deep fissure are the most common oral manifestations of these patients. Dentists, otolaryngologists and pediatricians should be familiar with the clinical appearances of CMC to make an accurate diagnosis. Potential systemic disorders should be concerned to avoid the reoccurrence of oral candidiasis.
Possible involvement of stem cell factor and endothelin‐1 in the emergence of pigmented squamous cell carcinoma in oral mucosa
Authors: Satomura Kazuhito , Tokuyama Reiko , Yamasaki Yasuhumi , Yuasa Tetsuya , Tatehara Seiko , Ishimaru Naozumi , Hayashi Yoshio , Nagayama Masaru
Published: August 2010

We present here the clinical, morphological and immunohistochemical features of a pigmented squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in the oral mucosa of the hard palate of a 76‐year‐old Japanese man. He underwent a partial resection of the maxilla subsequent to radiotherapy. The tumor was typical, moderately well‐differentiated SCC but had many melanocytes (melanocytosis) within it. Immunohistochemical analysis for stem cell factor (SCF) and endothelin‐1, both of which are known to stimulate proliferation and differentiation of melanocytes, revealed prominent expression of both factors in the neoplastic squamous cells of the pigmented SCC, while the non‐pigmented oral SCC showed little sign of either factor. These findings strongly suggest that SCF and endothelin‐1 secreted by neoplasmic squamous cells are involved in the emergence of a rare variant of oral SCC.
Ameloblastin promotes bone growth by enhancing proliferation of progenitor cells and by stimulating immunoregulators
Authors: Tamburstuen Margareth V. , Reppe Sjur , Spahr Axel , Sabetrasekh Roya , Kvalheim Gunnar , Slaby Ivan , Syversen Unni , Lyngstadaas Staale Petter , Reseland Janne E.
Published: August 2010

Tamburstuen MV, Reppe S, Spahr A, Sabetrasekh R, Kvalheim G, Slaby I, Syversen U, Lyngstadaas SP, Reseland JE. Ameloblastin promotes bone growth by enhancing proliferation of progenitor cells and by stimulating immunoregulators. Eur J Oral Sci 2010; 118: 451–459. © 2010 Eur J Oral Sci

In this study, we examined the role of the enamel matrix protein, ameloblastin, in bone growth and remodelling, and attempted to identify some of the molecular mechanisms involved in these processes. The effects of recombinant ameloblastin (rAmbn) were testedin vivoin rats, andin vitroin primary human mesenchymal stem cells, osteoblasts, chondrocytes, and osteoclasts. We used a microarray technique to identify genes that were regulated in human osteoblasts and verified our findings using multiplex protein analysis and real‐time RT‐PCR. Recombinant ameloblastin was found to stimulate bone healingin vivo, and to enhance the proliferation of mesenchymal stem cells and osteoblasts, as well as the differentiation of osteoclast precursor cellsin vitro. The most profound effect was on the regulation of genes related to immune responses as well as on the expression of cytokines and markers of bone cell differentiation, indicating that ameloblastin has an effect on mesenchymal cell differentiation. A receptor has not yet been identified, but we found rAmbn to induce, directly and indirectly, signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 1 and 2 and downstream factors in the interferon pathway.
ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Trophoblasts and Shear Stress Induce an Asymmetric Distribution of ICAM‐1 in Uterine Endothelial Cells
Authors: Cao Tim C. , Thirkill Twanda L. , Wells Mark , Barakat Abdul I. , Douglas Gordon C.
Published: August 2010

Problem  We have used an in vitro co‐culture system consisting of early gestation macaque trophoblasts cultured on top of human uterine microvascular endothelial cells (UtMVECs) to investigate the inflammatory response of endothelial cells to trophoblasts under shear stress conditions.

Method of study  Uterine microvascular endothelial cells and trophoblasts were co‐cultured in a parallel plate chamber under shear stress (15 dyn/cm2) conditions. The distribution and expression of endothelial intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 (ICAM‐1) was quantified by immunofluorescence image analysis and flow cytometry. Endothelial regulated upon activation normal T‐cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) secretion was measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and permeability was assessed using fluorescein isothiocyanate‐dextran.

Results  Intercellular adhesion molecule‐1, but not vascular cell adhesion molecule‐1 or platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule‐1, was re‐distributed towards the downstream edge of endothelial cells when the cells were co‐cultured with trophoblasts under shear stress conditions. Changes in ICAM‐1 distribution were also observed when UtMVECs were co‐cultured with trophoblast‐conditioned medium under shear stress conditions. Incubation of UtMVECs with trophoblast‐conditioned medium increased endothelial permeability, RANTES secretion, and trophoblast adhesion.

Conclusion  These data support the idea that trophoblasts induce an inflammatory response in uterine endothelial cells that could enhance trophoblast invasion and transmigration.
REVIEW ARTICLE: Patterns of Infiltration of Lymphocytes into the Testis Under Normal and Pathological Conditions in Mice
Authors: Naito Munekazu , Itoh Masahiro
Published: August 2010

The testis is known as an immunologically privileged organ. In particular, the blood–testis barrier formed by Sertoli cells protects auto‐immunogenic spermatids from attack by the self‐immune system. We review here the micro‐status of testicular tissues in mice from the viewpoint of induction of inflammatory cell responses. Many studies have demonstrated that the testis is the most resistant to various forms of non‐autoimmune inflammation among the male reproductive organs. However, it was found that testicular inflammation of autoimmune origin is inducible by immunization with testis antigens even without an adjuvant in mice. In particular, the tubuli recti (TR) comprises specific region, where lymphocytes are attracted. Many antigen‐presenting macrophages preferentially accumulate around the TR under normal conditions. This characteristic accumulation of macrophages is an acquired phenomenon that is completed when spermatids start to differentiate in the seminiferous tubules (S). In addition, intra‐tubular lymphocytes that are very close to both germ cells and their remnants could be occasionally found in the TR, rete testis (R), epididymis (E), but not in the S, in normal mice. Although the physiological function of these penetrating lymphocytes remains unknown, we suppose that this micro‐status provides a chance for evocation of autoimmune inflammation of the TR, R and E in some pathological conditions.
ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Supporting the Hypothesis of Pregnancy As a Tumor: Survivin Is Upregulated in Normal Pregnant Mice and Participates in Human Trophoblast Proliferation
Authors: Fest Stefan , Brachwitz Nadja , Schumacher Anne , Zenclussen Maria Laura , Khan Faisal , Wafula Paul O. , Casalis Pablo A. , Fill Sara , Costa Serban‐Dan , Mor Gil , Volk Hans‐Dieter , Lode Holger N. , Zenclussen Ana Claudia
Published: August 2010

Problem  Survivin, a tumor‐promoting antiapoptotic molecule, is expressed in the human placenta. Here, we analyzed its expression during normal and pathological murine pregnancy and investigated its participation in human first trimester trophoblast cell survival and proliferation.

Method of study  We first analyzed the expression of survivin on the mRNA and protein level at the fetal–maternal interface of normal pregnant (CBA/J × BALB/c) and abortion‐prone (CBA/J × DBA/2J) mice at different pregnancy stages by RT‐PCR and immunohistochemistry. We also evaluated apoptosis in murine trophoblasts in both mating combinations by TUNEL technique. Functional studies were carried out by knockdown survivin by means of siRNA methodology in two human first trimester trophoblast cell lines [Swan.71 (Sw.71) and HTR8 (H8)].

Results  We observed a peak in mRNA levels on day 5 and a peak of protein levels on day 8 of pregnancy in both combinations. The level of survivin in animals from the abortion‐prone group was decreased compared with normal pregnant mice on day 8, which was accompanied by elevated apoptosis rates. In later pregnancy stages (days 10 and 14), survivin levels decreased to levels comparable to those observed right after fecundation in both groups. Transfection of human first trimester cell lines (H8 and Sw.71) with siRNA targeting the survivin gene led to a 76–82% reduction of its expression leading to reduced trophoblast cell viability and proliferation.

Conclusion  Our findings suggest an important role of survivin to promote trophoblast cell survival and proliferation during placentation, thus maintaining pregnancy. The pregnancy‐associated expression of a cancer molecule such as survivin supports the ‘pseudo‐malignancy’ hypothesis of pregnancy. Our data may contribute to the better understanding of trophoblast cell development during implantation and placentation.
REVIEW ARTICLE: The Role of Toll‐Like Receptor Ligands/Agonists in Protection Against Genital HSV‐2 Infection
Authors: Gill Navkiran , Davies Elizabeth J. , Ashkar Ali A.
Published: August 2010

Control of virus replication initially depends on rapid activation of the innate immune responses. Toll‐like receptor (TLR) ligands are potent inducers of innate immunity against viral infections, including herpes simplex virus (HSV). HSV‐2 is currently one of the most common sexually transmitted infections in developed nations and is becoming more prevalent in adolescents. HSV‐2 infects the genital mucosa and is associated with an increased risk of obtaining other sexually transmitted infections such as HIV. There is currently no vaccine available against HSV‐2. In the last several years, there has been an interest in utilizing Toll‐like receptor (TLR) ligands to initiate innate immune responses in order to provide an early line of defence against viral replication. This review highlights recent studies investigating the effect of various TLR ligands on genital HSV‐2 infection. A considerable body of information has been published on the effect of local delivery of TLR ligands on HSV‐2 replication in genital mucosa. We have outlined ligands that have a potential to provide protection against HSV‐2 infection. In addition, we have presented possible mechanisms by which the local delivery of TLR ligands provides innate protection against genital HSV‐2.
ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Activation of TLR3 in the Trophoblast is Associated with Preterm Delivery
Authors: Koga Kaori , Cardenas Ingrid , Aldo Paulomi , Abrahams Vikki M. , Peng Bing , Fill Sara , Romero Roberto , Mor Gil
Published: August 2010

Problem  Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) recognize conserved sequences on the surface of pathogens and trigger effector cell functions. Previously, we described the expression of TLR3 by human trophoblast and their ability to respond to (Poly[I:C]). Here we evaluate the effect of Poly[I:C] on mouse pregnancy and characterize the local and systemic response.

Method of study  C57B/6 wild type (wt) and TLR3 knockout (TLR3KO) mice were treated with Poly[I:C] at 16.5 dpc and pregnancy outcome recorded. Morphologic changes, cytokines and chemokines levels in blood and utero‐placental tissue were determined. NF‐κB pathway was evaluated in vivo and in vitro.

Results  Poly[I:C] in C57B/6 wt mice caused preterm delivery within 24 hr (4.5 mg/kg). No effect was observed in TLR3KO mice. In addition, we observed local (placenta) and systemic (serum) response characterized by increased production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. The NF‐κB pathway was activated by Poly[I:C] in human and mice trophoblast cells.

Conclusion  We report that Poly[I:C] induces preterm delivery via TLR3‐dependent manner. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the trophoblast is able to recognize Poly[I:C] through TLR3 and respond to viral infection, modulating the immune system at the feto‐maternal interface.
ORIGINAL ARTICLE: TH1 – TH2 Response and the Atopy Risk in Patients with Reproduction Failure
Authors: Hanzlikova Jana , Ulcova‐Gallova Zdenka , Malkusova Ivana , Sefrna Frantisek , Panzner Petr
Published: August 2010

Problem  Enhanced TH2 activity is characteristic for atopic diseases and is observed also in physiological pregnancy. The immune causes of repeated pregnancy losses and/or repeated in vitro fertilization failure may be associated with TH2 hypoactivity. The association with frequency of atopic diseases is unclear.

Method of Study  Intracellular production of IL‐4 and IFN‐γ by peripheral CD4+ T lymphocytes was studied, as well as serum levels of total and allergen specific IgE. Simultaneously skin prick tests with inhalant allergens were performed, and clinical features of atopy were registered by means of a questionnaire.

Results  Lower intracellular production of IL‐4 by peripheral CD4+ T cells and lower frequency of elevated total and allergen specific IgE were found in women with reproduction failure compared to controls, as well as lower frequency of some symptoms possibly associated with atopy.

Conclusion  Our study showed the presence of TH2 hypoactivity in women with reproduction failure, which may be associated with lower occurrence of atopic diseases.
Democratic Participation and the Body Politic
Authors: Standish Paul
Published: August 2010

Drawing partial contrasts with Deweyan and poststructuralist approaches, this essay develops an account of democratic participation based upon the work of Stanley Cavell. In particular it explores Cavell's reading of the celebrated treatment of the theme of the “body politic” in Shakespeare's Coriolanus. The discussion examines what it is that conditions the emergence of participative democracy, with particular reference to questions concerning the body and the voice. Tensions between perfectionism and perfectability are considered, and an attempt is made to delineate the kind of economy of exchange that is necessary for democracy. The implications of this account for education are discussed in terms of the kinds of qualities that need to be developed in people, and the nature of the curriculum and teaching methods that might contribute to this is explored.
Effect of two aerobic training regimens on the cardiorespiratory response of prepubertal boys and girls
Authors: Mandigout S , Melin A , Lecoq AM , Courteix D , Obert P
Published: August 2010

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of two endurance training regimens of varying duration and frequency on maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2max) of prepubertal boys and girls. The subjects consisted of 84 prepubertal children, aged 10–11 y. Two groups, EG1 (n= 36) and EG2 (n= 20), were involved in a 13 wk endurance training programme (intensity: higher than 80% of maximal heart rate for both groups; frequency: 3 and 2 sessions per week; duration: 25–35 min and 15–20 min per session in the target zone, for EG1 and EG2, respectively). Another group of 28 children served as a control group. Each subject performed a continuous and progressive exercise test to exhaustion on a cycle ergometer to evaluate V̇O2max before and after the 13 wk study period. The main findings of this study were: (i) there was no improvement in V̇O2max after a training programme with the following characteristics: 2 sessions per week with 15–20 min of exercise performed at an intensity higher than 80% of maximal heart rate; (ii) a V̇O2max enhancement (on average +7%) was seen only in children who participated in a training programme organized on the basis of three sessions per week during which exercise intensities higher than 80% of maximal heart rate were sustained for at least 25 min per session; and (iii) there was no gender difference in the training response.

Conclusion: It appeared from this longitudinal study that only a programme with continuous activity, organized on the basis of three sessions per week, with 25–35 min at an intensity higher than 80% of maximal heart rate at each session, enhanced V̇O2max in prepubertal boys and girls.
Psychomotor development in preschool children exposed to antiepileptic drugs in utero
Authors: Wide K , Henning E , Tomson T , Winbladh B
Published: August 2010

The aim of this study was to assess psychomotor development with the Griffiths' test in preschool children exposed to antiepileptic drags (AED) in utero. The study sample consisted of 76 children exposed to AED in utero and 71 unexposed children. The children (exposed and unexposed) have since birth been included in a population‐based longitudinal follow‐up study of children born to women with meticulously treated epilepsy during pregnancy, initiated in 1985. In total, 67 exposed and 66 unexposed children were tested with the Griffiths' test, which consists of 6 subsets: locomotor function, personal and social behaviour, hearing and speech, eye and hand coordination, performance, and practical reasoning. There was no significant difference in the global scores of the Griffiths' test between the two groups of children. Children exposed to phenytoin in utero (n= 16) showed a significant but subtle reduction in the scores for locomotor development compared with the unexposed children (mean scores: 98 vs 106; 95% confidence interval for the difference in mean scores: −14.0 to −0.4). There was no such difference for the children exposed to carbamazepine in utero (n= 35). The exposed children had significantly fewer siblings (p < 0.01). A significant number of the mothers with AED treatment had no higher level of education than compulsory school (p < 0.01). No other differences in socioeconomic status were observed between the groups.

Conclusion: The subtle delay in locomotor development evaluated with the Griffiths' test at 4.5‐5 y of age in children exposed to phenytoin may indicate a subtle influence on psychomotor development, which may be more obvious at school age; thus, larger studies and further follow‐up are warranted.
Main diagnosis and cause of death in a neonatal intensive care unit: do clinicians and pathologists agree?
Authors: Feria‐Kaiser C , Furuya MEY , Vargas MH , Rodríguez A , Cantú MA ,   the Mortality Committee
Published: August 2010

Aim: To determine the agreement rates between clinical and autopsy diagnoses in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), distinguishing between the main diagnosis and cause of death. Methods: Clinical and autopsy records of 75 infants who died in two consecutive years in the NICU (autopsy rate 42.6%) of a pediatric hospital in Mexico City were reviewed. Results: Ninety‐two percent of main clinical diagnoses were confirmed by autopsy. Four conditions (congenital cardiopathy, prematurity, specific congenital syndromes and hyaline membrane disease) accounted for more than two‐thirds of diagnoses. However, for cause of death, the global agreement was only 50%. The most common conditions considered by clinicians (77%) and pathologists (56%) to be the causes of death were cardiogenic, septic or mixed shocks. Additionally, clinicians omitted 34 relevant conditions in 30 (40.0%) patients, and 21 of these conditions possibly played a role in the deaths of 17 (22.7%) patients. The most frequently omitted diagnosis was pneumonia, in 9 (26.5%) patients. Omissions were not related to gestational age, age at death, days as an inpatient, or gender.

Conclusion: Despite a high agreement rate in the main diagnoses, notable imprecisions were present regarding cause of death and antemortem overlooking of potentially fatal conditions, confirming the useful role of autopsy to verify clinical diagnoses and suggesting that differentiation between the main diagnosis and cause of death should be carried out in future studies.
Behavioural problems in children and parenting stress associated with primary nocturnal enuresis in Hong Kong
Authors: Chang SSY , Ng CFN , Wong SN ,   Hong Kong Childhood Enuresis Study Group
Published: August 2010

The aim of this study was to investigate the behavioural problems and parenting stress of enuretic children in the local Chinese community. The study recruited 89 children with primary nocturnal enuresis (PNE) from the paediatric clinics of 9 regional hospitals in Hong Kong, and 131 age‐ and gender‐matched control children without PNE from the Student Health Centres. After adequate instruction, the parents completed the Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL) and Parenting Stress Index (PSI). A trained interviewer interviewed the parents and children and rated the children on the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF). The PNE group had worse overall scores in both the Problem and Competence scales of CBCL; in particular, they had more attention problems and aggressive behaviours, and lower social competence and school performance than the control group. Their parents demonstrated more parenting stress as shown by higher PSI scores.

Conclusion: In the local Chinese population, PNE was associated with more childhood behavioural problems and greater parenting stress. Attention to the psychosocial functioning of the child and parents may be important in the management of enuresis.
Hypoglycaemia and elevated urine ethylmalonic acid in a child homozygous for the short‐chain acyl‐CoA dehydrogenase 625G > A gene variation
Authors: Birkebæk NH , Simonsen H , Gregersen N
Published: August 2010

The aim of this case report is to call attention to short‐chain acyl‐CoA dehydrogenase (SCAD) deficiency as a possible contributory factor to hypoglycaemia in childhood. We report on a previously healthy 14 mo‐old Danish boy who presented with hypoglycaemia and metabolic acidosis after a few days of upper airway infection. After two days on a normal diet, he recovered clinically and biochemically. A thorough biochemical examination did not reveal the cause of the hypoglycaemia. However, the excretion of ethylmalonic acid in two morning urine samples was moderately increased, and hence the SCAD gene was screened for mutations. We found the child homozygous for the G > A SCAD gene variation at position 625.

Conclusion: In this patient, reduced function of the SCAD protein is reflected in the excretion of ethylmalonic acid, a marker of intracellular accumulation of butyryl‐CoA and the cytotoxic butyric acid. Furthermore, gluconeogenesis might be compromised owing to lack of reducing equivalents from the oxidation of short‐chain fatty acids in the fasting or stressed state, thus contributing to the predisposition for fasting hypoglycaemia.
Structure–function relationships in α‐galactosidase A
Authors: Garman Scott C
Published: August 2010

With recent interest in the molecular mechanisms responsible for Fabry disease, the number of known mutations in the GLA gene which encodes α‐galactosidase A has expanded considerably. Combining a large database of Fabry disease‐causing mutations with the recently determined crystal structure of human α‐galactosidase A allows for a new understanding of the atomic defects in the protein responsible for Fabry disease. We have conducted a systematic survey of the known Fabry disease‐causing mutations and analyzed the mutations in the context of the α‐galactosidase A structure. We have applied quantitative methods for identifying the plausible effect of each mutation on the α‐galactosidase A protein. We present the analysis of 331 different defects in the GLA gene leading to non‐native proteins in patients with Fabry disease. These mutations include 278 missense mutations, 49 nonsense mutations, and four single amino acid deletions.

Conclusion: Over half of the residues in the protein have been found to have changes in patients with Fabry disease. Most of these genetic mutations lead to disruption of the hydrophobic core of the protein, thus Fabry disease is primarily a disease of protein‐folding. Further understanding of α‐galactosidase A, one of the best studied members of the lysosomal storage disease family, will lead to increased understanding of other lysosomal storage diseases and other protein‐folding diseases.
Sphingosine 1‐phosphate as an intracellular messenger and extracellular mediator in immunity
Authors: Goetzl Edward J , Wang Wengang , McGiffert Christine , Liao Jia‐Jun , Huang Mei‐Chuan
Published: August 2010

The omnific mediator system composed of sphingosine 1‐phosphate (S1P) and its five G‐protein‐coupled receptors, designated S1P1–S1P5, affects diverse cellular functions in the nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular and immune systems. The many activities of the S1P–S1P1 axis, which predominates in the cardiovascular and immune systems, have previously been classified according to their relationship with the distinct functional roles of each type of cell or according to their most frequently used signalling pathways. In the immune system, cell surface S1P1 receptors transduce the rapid, transient effects of extracellular S1P on T‐ and B‐lymphocyte trafficking in the lymphoid system, lymphocyte migration in non‐immune tissues and cytokine generation. After immune stimulation of T‐ and B‐lymphocytes, S1P1 receptors translocate from the cell surface to endosomal and nuclear compartments. The present hypothesis is that nuclear S1P1 receptors represent distinct signalling complexes that, through a series of transcriptional events, transduce the sustained effects of intracellular S1P on survival and proliferation of T‐lymphocytes. It is postulated that similar types of sustained signalling from nuclear S1P receptors in other types of cells affect proliferation, survival and specific effector functional activities. Effective pharmacological approaches to intracellular, as well as cell surface, S1P–S1P receptor axes will thus require the bioaccessibility of agonists and antagonists to the nuclear domain of relevant target cells.

Conclusion: Most investigations of the effects of the S1P–S1P1 axis in immunity have focused primarily on rapid, transient alterations in lymphocyte migration and trafficking, and on mast cell migration and secretion of chemical mediators. The discovery of functional S1P1–G protein signalling complexes in the nuclear membranes of activated lymphocytes, that are coupled to the transduction of prolonged inhibition of proliferative responses by intracellular S1P, adds a new dimension to the role of the S1P–S1P1 axis in immunity. Recruitment of this novel, potentially immunosuppressive, function of S1P1 may be beneficial in some autoimmune diseases and will require application of cell membrane‐permeant S1P1‐specific drugs.
How do parents of 4‐ to 5‐year‐old children perceive the weight of their children?
Authors: Oude Luttikhuis HGM , Stolk RP , Sauer PJJ
Published: August 2010

Introduction:  A heavier weight in adults is becoming the norm rather than an abnormal weight. Whether the same trend is happening in children is unknown.

Objective:  To assess the perception of the weight of 4‐ to 5‐year‐old children and the recognition of overweight by both parents.

Design:  Population‐based survey.

Participants:  A questionnaire was sent to parents of 1155 4‐ to 5‐year‐old children.

Results:  In total, 439 questionnaires (35%) were returned. Of all, 90% of the children had a normal weight, 9.3% were overweight and 4.1% were obese. For all weight classes, the parents depicted the child as lighter on both the verbal and visual scale. Of all, 75% of mothers of overweight children stated that the child had a normal weight. In obese children, 50% of the mothers believed that the child had a normal weight.

Conclusion:  Children with a weight in the normal range were considered by their parents as a little too light or too light. Overweight was considered as normal weight, and obesity as normal or a little too heavy. The perception of a normal weight in children at 4–5 years is distorted.
Continuation of linear growth failure and its association with cognitive ability are not dependent on initial length‐for‐age: a longitudinal study from 6 months to 11 years of age
Authors: Cheung YB , Ashorn P
Published: August 2010

Aim:  To examine linear growth and its association with cognitive ability at age 11 years among full‐term singletons with varying degree of stunting or without stunting at age 6 months.

Methods:  A total of 1516 Filipino term‐born singletons were followed bimonthly from age 6 to 24 months and took cognitive and academic achievement tests at 11 years. The tests were factor‐analysed to give a summary cognitive ability score. Linear regression was used to examine associations and adjust for covariates.

Results:  Mean height‐for‐age Z‐score (HAZ) was −1.0 at age 6 months and −2.4 at 24 months. HAZ at 6 months, change in HAZ from 6 to 24 months and change in HAZ from 24 months to 11 years were positively associated with cognitive ability at 11 years (each p < 0.001). The association was seen in all categories of HAZ at 6 months.

Conclusion:  In this setting where linear growth retardation was common, association between linear growth after age 6 months and cognitive ability in adolescence was not dependent on initial HAZ. Prevention of growth stunting may benefit all children regardless of their initial HAZ.
Influenza B‐associated rhabdomyolysis in Taiwanese children
Authors: Wu C‐T , Hsia S‐H , Huang J‐L
Published: August 2010

Aim:  Influenza B‐associated rhabdomyolysis (IBAR) is an infrequent and little‐known complication of influenza B virus infection in children. Diagnosis is usually made based on clinical history, the presence of influenza in the community and detection of virus in nasopharyngeal specimens. The aim of this study was to describe the clinical and laboratory manifestations, complications and outcomes of IBAR in Taiwanese children.

Methods:  A retrospective analysis was conducted in patients aged <17 years who had been diagnosed with IBAR at a university children’s hospital in North Taiwan during 2000–2007. All children enrolled in the study had presented with rhabdomyolysis associated with laboratory‐confirmed influenza B infections. Demographic data, clinical manifestations, complications and outcomes were included in the analysis.

Results:  Overall, 24 IBAR cases were analysed. IBAR typically occurred in school‐aged children with a 7:3 male:female ratio. The mean age was 7.2 ± 1.9 years. Nearly 63% of cases occurred between the ages of 6 and 9 years. The median interval between the onset of influenza and onset of IBAR was 3.4 days (range, 1–14). The calf muscles were involved in all cases. Laboratory tests indicated a mean initial blood creatine kinase of 4212 U/L. The median time to clinical recovery was 5 days (range 1–24). No patient had renal failure. IBAR tends to occur mainly in winter and spring during influenza B outbreaks. IBAR sometimes induces some complications, and early detection and careful medical treatment are necessary.

Conclusion:  The results of this study indicate that outcomes of IBAR are good with proper medical care.
Randomized controlled trial of early skin‐to‐skin contact: effects on the mother and the newborn
Authors: Marín Gabriel MA , Llana Martín I , López Escobar A , Fernández Villalba E , Romero Blanco I , Touza Pol P
Published: August 2010

Objective:  To estimate the influence of skin‐to‐skin care on the thermal regulation of the infant and the rate of breastfeeding at different points of time. We also aim to establish whether skin‐to‐skin contact reduces maternal pain during episiotomy repair and decreases the time to expel the placenta.

Methods:  A randomized control study was performed with 137 patients in each branch of the study. Differences between the study groups were analysed with the unpaired t‐test, Fisher test or chi‐square test as appropriate.

Results:  Greater thermal stability in the skin‐to‐skin care group was found where an average temperature rise of 0.07°C was observed. Mothers in the skin‐to‐skin care group exclusively breastfed more frequently at discharge. Mean time to expel the placenta was lesser in the skin‐to‐skin care group.

Conclusion:  This study shows that skin‐to‐skin care implies better thermal regulation and a better proportion of exclusive breastfeeding at hospital discharge.
HERPES ZOSTER OPHTHALMICUS AND THE MESENCEPHALIC NUCLEUS
Authors: Reske‐Nielsen EDITH , Oster SOLVEIG , Pedersen BIRTHE
Published: August 2010

The ganglion Gasseri and the brainstem were examined in three old patients with herpes zoster without predisposing diseases with special reference to the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus. The primary lesions in the semilunar ganglion vary with the length of the course. Secondary changes in the brainstem were as expected from pons to the second cervical segment of the cord. Besides, we observed degeneration, inflammation and glial nodules in the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus in two patients. According to Brodal this nucleus presumably corresponds to the semilunar and spinal ganglia. As herpes zoster virus is prone to attack the sensory nuclei our findings support this hypothesis.
INTRAABDOMINAL GRANULOMA REACTION IN RATS AFTER INTRODUCTION OF MAIZE‐STARCH POWDER
Authors: NORDSTRAND KENNETH , MELHUS OLA , EIDE TOR J. , LARSEN TOR , GIERCKSKY KARL E.
Published: August 2010

A total of 32 Wistar rats were given 1, 10, 100 or 1000 mg glove powder (Biosorb®) intraperitoneally for 4, 11, 18 or 25 days. Four control rats received physiological saline. Examination of the abdominal cavity displayed granulomatous inflammation which was clearly dose‐dependent in the experimental animal, but not in the controls. A biphasic time‐sequence of the granulomatous reaction was observed in those rats receiving 100 and 1000 mg Biosorb with a minimum at day 18. The mean size of the granules (8.1 μm) within the inflammatory tissue was almost identical with the size of powder granules found on the external surface of the gloves (8.8 μm). X‐ray microanalysis demonstrated maize‐starch additives of magnesium and aluminium. The study indicates a foreign body reaction to maize‐starch. In addition, immunological factors may play a role later in the development of the disease.
DYSPLASIA IN COLORECTAL ADENOMAS RELATED TO THE PRESENCE OF 0‐ACYLATED SIALIC MUCIN AND TO MORPHOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS
Authors: EIDE TOR J. , NIELSEN KARSTEN , SOLBERG STEINAR
Published: August 2010

In a study of 41 surgically removed colorectal adenomas of unselected size, the dysplasia was graded as mild in 9, as moderate in 22, and severe in 10 cases. Twenty‐four of the lesions were classified as tubular adenomas and 17 as tubulo‐villous. The presence of O‐acylated sialic mucin was for each of the adenomas assessed as normal (19 cases), intermediate (13 cases) or absent (9 cases). The absence of O‐acylated mucin was in the present study found to be highly predictive for severe dysplasia (89%). The morphometric measurements of epithelial structures showed that nuclear shape factor and nuclear stratification index were most significantly related to the grades of dysplasia. In a multivariate analysis, the grading of O‐cylated sialic mucin most significantly contributed to the grade of dysplasia, and to a lesser degree, nuclear shape factor and nuclear stratification index. The presence of villous elements and the size of the adenomas had no independent influence on the grade of dysplasia in this statistical analysis.
An Untimely Intuition: Adding a Bergsonian Dimension to Experience and Education
Authors: Roy Kaustuv
Published: August 2010

This essay explores Henri Bergson's intuition as a philosophical and methodological concept, specifically considering how it might be useful in thinking about education. The main argument is that the repetition‐succession model of time — or time as measure — that became established in modernity, and to which we are habituated, edits out of consciousness an organic, qualitative, nonhomogeneous aspect of time that is more true to our being‐in‐the world, resulting in an unfortunate thinning of our lives. An understanding of this different dimension of time, called duration here, awakens the intuition, making us less dependent on mechanical time, which is finitude, and more open to the nonmeasurable, qualitative aspects of phenomena. Pedagogically, this essay offers a praxis that aims toward a liberatory awakening to the conditions of our experience.
CRITICAL ADULT EDUCATION AND THE POLITICAL‐PHILOSOPHICAL DEBATE BETWEEN NANCY FRASER AND AXEL HONNETH
Authors: Huttunen Rauno
Published: August 2010

Abstract Critical adult education is inspired by Paulo Freire’s educational writings. For him, the aim of the pedagogy of the oppressed is to emancipate people from social and economic repression. Critical adult education is intellectual work that aims to make the world more just. One might ask what exactly justice and injustice mean here, however. Is the work against social injustice mainly concerned with the redistribution of material goods or recognition and respect? This is the issue debated by Nancy Fraser and Axel Honneth. Honneth claims that in the context of social justice, recognition is a fundamental, overarching moral category and redistribution is derivative. Fraser denies that distribution could be subsumed under recognition and introduces a “perspectival dualist” analysis of social justice that considers the two categories (redistribution and recognition) as equally fundamental, mutually irreducible dimensions of justice. In this essay, Rauno Huttunen reflects on the relation between maldistribution and misrecognition, in order to think through critical adult education’s task in fighting against social injustice.
RIGHT AND GOODS: PROCEDURAL LIBERALISM AND EDUCATIONAL POLICY
Authors: Johnston James Scott
Published: August 2010

Abstract In this essay, James Scott Johnston asks what sort of liberalism is best for the educational systems of early twenty‐first century, late capitalistic democratic nations, looking at the procedural liberalism extant. Two major models are John Rawls’s Justice as Fairness and Jürgen Habermas’s Communicative Action. Both owe their foundational movements to Immanuel Kant in various respects, and Johnston therefore examines Kant in those areas both thinkers draw upon. Johnston then turns to Rawls and to Habermas, discussing what is central to their frameworks. Johnston finally claims that neither liberalism will work without due attention to issues critics have raised regarding the distinction between Right and Good and suggests an alternative Kantian model in the conclusion.
Australia's use of the Cornell scale to screen for depression in nursing homes
Authors: Snowdon John , Rosengren Damien , Daniel Fariba , Suyasa Margot
Published: August 2010

Aim:  To examine the utility of the Cornell scale for depression in dementia (CSDD), following its introduction as a routine measure in nursing homes.

Methods:  The CSDD is administered in Australian nursing homes as section 10 of the Aged Care Funding Instrument. CSDD, cognitive and behavioural ratings, and medication use, recorded in three Sydney nursing homes in 2008–2009 were reviewed. Staff discussed what actions were taken if CSDD scores indicated depression.

Results:  Of 223 residents, 23% scored >12 on the CSDD, indicating probable depression. Another 21% were possibly depressed and 29% not depressed. The CSDD had not been completed for 27%, commonly because preliminary screening indicated no depression, but sometimes because severe cognitive impairment made various CSDD items impossible to rate. Second CSDD assessments had usually not been made.

Conclusion:  Nursing homes need to document policies that will ensure best use is made of CSDD findings.
Induction of Krüppel‐like factor 4 by high‐density lipoproteins promotes the expression of scavenger receptor class B type I
Authors: Yang Tao , Chen Caihong , Zhang Bin , Huang He , Wu Ganqiu , Wen Jianguo , Liu Junwen
Published: August 2010

Krüppel‐like factor 4 (KLF4) is an evolutionarily conserved zinc finger‐containing transcription factor. In the present study, peripheral blood mononuclear cells and phorbol 12‐myristate 13‐acetate‐differentiated THP‐1 cells were treated with oxidized low‐density lipoproteins and high‐density lipoproteins to determine the expression of KLF4 and scavenger receptor class B type I (SR‐BI). A full‐length cDNA of KLF4 or short interference RNA against KLF4 was transfected into THP‐1 cells, and the subsequent expressions of SR‐BI were analysed by real‐time PCR and western blot. The binding and transcriptional activities of KLF4 to the SR‐BI promoter were detected by electrophoretic mobility shift assay, chromatin immunoprecipitation assay and luciferase reporter assay. The results showed that induction of KLF4 by high‐density lipoproteins could promote the expression of SR‐BI, resulting from the binding to putative KLF4 binding element on the promoter of SR‐BI. All results indicate a potential function of KLF4 in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis through the regulation effect on atherosclerotic‐related genes.
Small‐molecule modulators of zymogen activation in the fibrinolytic and coagulation systems
Authors: Hasumi Keiji , Yamamichi Shingo , Harada Tomotaka
Published: August 2010

The coagulation and fibrinolytic systems are central to the hemostatic mechanism, which works promptly on vascular injury and tissue damage. The rapid response is generated by specific molecular interactions between components in these systems. Thus, the regulation mechanism of the systems is programmed in each component, as exemplified by the elegant processes in zymogen activation. This review describes recently identified small molecules that modulate the activation of zymogens in the fibrinolytic and coagulation systems.
Catalytic digestion of human tumor necrosis factor‐α by antibody heavy chain
Authors: Hifumi Emi , Higashi Kyohei , Uda Taizo
Published: August 2010

It has long been an important task to prepare a catalytic antibody capable of digesting a targeting crucial protein that controls specific life functions. Tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) is a cytokine and an important molecule concerned with autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and Crohn’s disease. A mAb (ETNF‐6 mAb) raised against human TNF‐α was prepared, and the steric conformation was created by using molecular modeling after the cDNA was sequenced. The heavy chain (ETNF‐6‐H) of the mAb was considered to possess a catalytic triad‐like structure in the complementarity determining regions (CDRs). As a result, ETNF‐6‐H exhibited a peptidase and a protease activity. In fact, ETNF‐6‐H predominantly cleaved the Ser5‐Arg6 bond of TNF‐α at the first step, resulting in the generation of a fragment of ∼ 17 kDa. This fragment was digested to a smaller molecule of 15 kDa by scission of the Gln21‐Ala22 bond. The intermediate product was further converted into a fragment of 13.3 kDa by successive cleavage of the Leu36‐Leu37 and Asn39‐Gly40 bonds. The heavy chain possessed a protease activity against TNF‐α with a multicleavage site.
A novel prokaryotic l‐arginine:glycine amidinotransferase is involved in cylindrospermopsin biosynthesis
Authors: Muenchhoff Julia , Siddiqui Khawar S. , Poljak Anne , Raftery Mark J. , Barrow Kevin D. , Neilan Brett A.
Published: August 2010

We report the first characterization of an l‐arginine:glycine amidinotransferase from a prokaryote. The enzyme, CyrA, is involved in the pathway for biosynthesis of the polyketide‐derived hepatotoxin cylindrospermopsin from Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii AWT205. CyrA is phylogenetically distinct from other amidinotransferases, and structural alignment shows differences between the active site residues of CyrA and the well‐characterized human l‐arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT). Overexpression of recombinant CyrA in Escherichia coli enabled biochemical characterization of the enzyme, and we confirmed the predicted function of CyrA as an l‐arginine:glycine amidinotransferase by 1H NMR. As compared with AGAT, CyrA showed narrow substrate specificity when presented with substrate analogs, and deviated from regular Michaelis–Menten kinetics in the presence of the non‐natural substrate hydroxylamine. Studies of initial reaction velocities and product inhibition, and identification of intermediate reaction products, were used to probe the kinetic mechanism of CyrA, which is best described as a hybrid of ping‐pong and sequential mechanisms. Differences in the active site residues of CyrA and AGAT are discussed in relation to the different properties of both enzymes. The enzyme had maximum activity and maximum stability at pH 8.5 and 6.5, respectively, and an optimum temperature of 32 °C. Investigations into the stability of the enzyme revealed that an inactivated form of this enzyme retained an appreciable amount of secondary structure elements even on heating to 94 °C, but lost its tertiary structure at low temperature (Tmax of 44.5 °C), resulting in a state reminiscent of a molten globule. CyrA represents a novel group of prokaryotic amidinotransferases that utilize arginine and glycine as substrates with a complex kinetic mechanism and substrate specificity that differs from that of the eukaryotic l‐arginine:glycine amidinotransferases.