bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
International Lessons for African Higher Education and Economy
Authors: Pillay Pundy
Published: February 2017

This article distils some important lessons for Sub-Saharan Africa using case studies of three systems which have successfully linked their economic development and higher education policy and planning: namely Finland, South Korea, and North Carolina state in the USA. These lessons include the link between economic and education planning; the need for a high quality schooling system as the foundation for a productive higher education system; the importance of institutional differentiation, and the role of the state. Finally, it suggests reasons why policy makers should take note of the importance of higher education for development generally, and for economic development specifically.
Who Benefits from Free Tuition?
Authors: Post David
Published: February 2017

By examining recent reforms in Ecuador that have implemented free tuition in public universities, this article looks at the impact of free tuition on various aspects of higher education and society.
The Arab Spring: A Higher Education Revolution Yet to Happen
Authors: Mazawi Andre
Published: February 2017

The essay reflects on the challenges facing reforms in the governance of higher education in the Arab region at the light of the current wave of mass popular contestation.
How Well Are International Branch Campuses Serving Students?
Authors: Wilkins Stephen , Balakrishnan Melodena
Published: February 2017

Although there is no shortage of criticisms of the international branch campus in the academic literature and professional journals, this article argues that they are fulfilling a vital role in countries all around the world, by expanding capacity and widening access to higher education. It was found that branch campuses are generally satisfying the expectations of both students and quality assurance agencies.
Two Models of Cross-Border Education
Authors: Stambach Amy
Published: February 2017

A marketplace model of higher education maintains that universities compete for the best minds. A global commons model contends that knowledge must be publicly supported. Two programs at the University of Wisconsin-Madison illustrate how these models integrate.
Canada's Egalitarian Debate
Authors: Zaretsky Daniel
Published: February 2017

The Canadian university system, principally public and administered by its provinces, is distinct and telling in terms of societal trade-offs. Its most salient distinction in contrast to the United States is the absence of an Ivy League equivalent for undergraduate education, with emphasis on system-wide consistent high calibre and low tuition cost.
Why Argentine Private Universities Continue to Lag
Authors: Rabossi Marcelo
Published: February 2017

Private higher education accounts for half of total enrollment in Latin America but only a fifth in Argentina. For reasons including statist norms, tough regulation, and public university stature, it has been difficult for Argentina's private higher education to attain the position held by its counterparts in the region. Whether that may now change is unclear.
Trends and Directions in Global Student Mobility
Authors: Bhandari Rajika , Belyavina Raisa
Published: February 2017

Drawing upon two recent publications, this article highlights some trends in student mobility, including the emergence of new players, the shift from brain drain' to brain gain' and brain circulation', language as a key driver for study overseas, and new internationalization policies that are re-mapping the flow of global talent. The article also explores the expanding definition of mobility that will likely have an impact on global student flows in the near future.
West African Higher Education Reforms
Authors: Shabani Juma
Published: February 2017

Since the advent of the knowledge economy society, higher education is seen as a major contributor to poverty reduction and sustainable human development. Over the past two decades, many regional organizations have invested in the revitalization and further development of their higher education systems—in order to benefit from the opportunities offered by the knowledge economy. These efforts include the implementation of the Bologna process of construction of a higher education area in Europe and beyond by 2010 and the Higher Education Harmonization Strategy in Africa designed by the African Union. These two initiatives are mainly motivated by the need to move to a new system known as the bachelor-master-doctorate system.
Widening Participation in Ghana and Tanzania
Authors: Morley Louise
Published: February 2017

?An interrogation under way is whether policies for widening participation in sub-Saharan Africa are working. That was one of the key questions addressed by the research project Widening Participation in Higher Education in Ghana and Tanzania: Developing an Equity Scorecard. Research teams found that the policies were working in the sense of increasing the overall number of students, especially women, participating in higher education. However, they found that poorer and mature students were still absent from many of the programs investigated in one public and one private university, in both Ghana and Tanzania. The universities included in the study did have quotas for students from disadvantaged backgrounds, but failed to fill them or monitor how many poorer students were participating and completing their studies. Students who did succeed, in entering university, shared helpful insights into their lived experiences.
National Policies on Mobility in Europe
Authors: Lam Queenie
Published: February 2017

European countries have different approaches to student mobility in higher education. This article discusses policy variations, differences in mobility patterns, and related issues.
What International Advice Do Universities Need?
Authors: Altbach Philip , Salmi Jamil
Published: February 2017

International advisory committees are a new development globally. Some universities seeking to raise their profile and improve their performances have implemented committees of prominent academics and business people to provide advice. These committees need to be effectively organized if they are to have a useful impact.
A New Approach for Classifying Chilean Universities
Authors: Reyes Claudia , Rosso Pedro
Published: February 2017

Using a new approach, Chilean universities were classified in four categories that showed marked differences in several indicators, including academic performance. This type of classification could be applicable in other countries.
South Africa: Challenges of Racism and Access
Authors: Mohamedbhai Goolam
Published: February 2017

South Africa still faces racism in its higher education system. This article discusses some of the problems experienced recently relating to racial incidences, access, and related issues.
Research, Networking, and Capacity Building
Authors: Mohamedbhai Goolam
Published: February 2017

Regional networking and collaboration is increasingly being used to promote research and capacity building in African universities. Some of the current networking initiatives are outlined and the challenges they encounter identified.
The College Entrance Examination in China
Authors: Haifeng Liu
Published: February 2017

This article summarizes the establishment, restoration, development and reform of the college entrance examination system. And then the positive and negative consequences of this system is analyzed. The paper points out that the current college entrance examination system basically fits in with the college admission system and culture in China and will continue for a long time though continual modifications need to be made.
Funding Higher Education in the UK
Authors: Shattock Michael
Published: February 2017

New tuition policies, a loan scheme, and other fiscal changes are being put into place in England. This article discusses the nature of these changes and the problems that will accompany them.
Chile: Improving Access and Quality to Stop Social Unrest
Authors: Schiefelbein Ernesto
Published: February 2017

Chile has faced significant student unrest, and accompanying political instability. The causes of this activism were mainly increased tuition in higher education that were imposed without any improvement in academic standards.
Academic Salaries and Contracts: What Do We Know?
Authors: Altbach Philip , Pacheco Ivan
Published: February 2017

Data in this article are from Paying the Professoriate: A Global Comparison of Compensation and Contracts, ed- ited by Philip G. Altbach, Liz Reisberg, Maria Yudkevich, Gregory Androushchak, and Iván F. Pacheco (New York: Routlege, 2012). Additional data can be found on the project Web site: http://acarem.hse.ru. This research resulted from a collaboration between the Center for International Higher Education at Boston College and the Laboratory of Institutional Analysis at the National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia.
Academic Salaries in Western Europe
Authors: Jongbloed Ben
Published: February 2017

In its recent (2011) communication "Supporting Growth and Jobsan agenda for the Modernisation of Europe's Higher Education Systems," the European Commission has once again urged Europe's universities to reform their human-resources policiesto increase the autonomy of the universities in this respect and to introduce incentives to re- ward excellence in teaching and research. Europe's universities will need to recruit academics by flexible, open, and transparent procedures and to provide them with attractive career prospects. Without a committed and adequately compensated professoriate, universities will find it hard to recruit the best and brightest academic talent to work for them and to provide the teaching and research that Europe needs, in order to be a competitive knowledge-driven region.
ICT at African Universities
Authors: Hoosen Sarah , Butcher Neil
Published: February 2017

Many African nations and regional bodies are recognizing the importance of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in promoting social and economic change, generating both significant opportunities and challenges for African universities. This article focuses on experiences in the Partnership for Higher Education in Africa (PHEA) Educational Technology Initiative (ETI) to present a picture of what is taking place at African universities, providing examples of successes and failures and their wider implications for practitioners in the field of e-learning.
Study Abroad Fever Among Chinese Students
Authors: Qiang Zha
Published: February 2017

The numbers of Chinese students choosing to study abroad continues to increase. This article discusses some of the factors creating this demand, and argues that it will continue. One of the main groups are undergraduates who are going abroad for study.
Post-Soviet Russian Academia Struggles with the Past
Authors: Androushchak Gregory , Yudkevich Maria
Published: February 2017

Contemporary Russian higher education remains influenced by the Soviet past. This historical tradition in general makes change and improvement more difficult. A special problem is the tradition of state planning.
Poland's System: Contradiction and Implications
Authors: Kwiek Marek
Published: February 2017

Private higher education in Poland is at a crossroads due in part to demographical realities. The private sector will get smaller and will be financially challenges. It will need to change in order to survive.
Restructuring Irish Higher Education
Authors: Hazelkorn Ellen
Published: February 2017

Irish higher education is undergoing significant change. Some of these changes are driven by the economic crisis sweeping across Ireland and Europe. But other changes are arguably part of a wider paradigm shift affecting higher education around the world: the challenge of meeting rising demands for high-quality mass public higher education at a time of globalisation and accelerating competition. As higher education is seen as key to sustainable economic recovery, there is a move towards greater government steerage of both the HE and research system. Ireland presents an interesting case study.
Corruption: Challenge to Internationalization
Authors: Altbach Philip
Published: February 2017

Corruption is a growing problem for higher education worldwide. It is especially a challenge for internationalization since monitoring and controlling cross-border corruption is quite difficult. Among the aspects of corruption are the involvement of dishonest agents and recruiters, false credentials, fake examination results, and others.
Adopting English-Taught Degree Programs
Authors: Bradford Annette
Published: February 2017

The number of English-taught degree programs in non-English speaking countries is rapidly increasing. However successful implementation of these programs is not easy. Linguistic, cultural and structural challenges must be overcome.
When Rankings Go Too Far
Authors: Baty Phil
Published: February 2017

Global rankings in higher education play a useful role, but at the same time must be kept in proper perspective. This article focuses on the limitations of rankings in the broader context of higher education internationally.
Nepal: Public vs. Private?
Authors: Nikku Bala Raju
Published: February 2017

As one of the poorest countries in the world, Nepal (with 30 million people) is going through a series of transitions and is rewriting its constitution. Access to education and now to higher education is limited in Nepal.
Should Japanese Universities Shift the Academic Calendar?
Authors: Shimmi Yukiko
Published: February 2017

An effort to internationalize universities often conflicts with domestic systems, and it is seen at Japanese universities, currently. In Japan, to internationalize the university, a shift of the academic calendar from April to fall (September or October) was suggested by the internal panel of the University of Tokyo, in May 2012. This shift is to align the academic calendar to the world standard. Though this suggestion is still under discussion, major Japanese universities and the Japanese government, as well as industry, have started to discuss the issues and obstacles of implementation. While this suggestion might become a potential symbol of the reform for the internationalization of Japanese higher education, it has highlighted conflicts with traditional and domestic systems in many ways. Shifting the academic calendar faces difficulties at the University of Tokyo and other Japanese universities.
Declining Quality Affects Choice: The Peruvian Case
Authors: Castro Juan F. , Yamada Gustavo
Published: February 2017

Few adolescents in the developing world receive sufficient guidance to make crucial life decisions during the transition from secondary to postsecondary education and into the labor market. Consequently, a significant number of graduates regret the decisions they make. The excessive rigidity of most higher education systems prevents lateral shifts between programs or from technical to university education. In addition, in Peru limited information about the range of programs and their labor market outcomes, combined with an increasing number of low-quality providers, contribute to the problem.
Religion and Higher Education Achievement in Europe
Authors: Goastellec Gaele
Published: February 2017

Although religion has historically been a structuring dimension of higher education systems in Europe, very little research interrogates the contemporary link between religion and higher education. But why should that be done? Building from the European Social Survey data, we show that it helps understanding the roles played by higher education in a given society. Furthermore, it grasps religious belongings as a potential indicator of inequalities, along with ethnic and socio-economic background. It thus underlines the cognitive dimension of inequalities, and calls for a broader taking into account of individual belongings in their analysis.
China's Confucius Institutes-More Academic and Integrative
Authors: Qiang Zha
Published: February 2017

The Confucius Institute Headquarters or Hanban recently announced three new major programs that aim to transform Confucius Institutes into an academic unit and an integrative part in their host universities. This article argues that the transformation of Confucius Institutes requires not only resource support but also-and more importantly-a thrifty handle of the difference in university culture in order to form a shared "intersubjective meaning" and a partnership of a "unity with diversity."
Brain Drain or Brain Exchange: Developing Country Implications
Authors: Altbach Philip
Published: February 2017

Many industrialized countries are looking to keep foreign graduates to fill jobs for which there are shortages. This article argues that these practices are a continuation of the "brain drain." The developing world is subsidizing the economies of the rich nations.
English Education in Distress?
Authors: Eggins Heather
Published: February 2017

In an attempt to introduce some elements of the market into higher education in England, the present government has introduced tuition fees up to a maximum of £9000 a year, along with a system which allows universities to accept as many high performing students as they wish. However, the number of available places remains strictly controlled. Added to this is an ongoing policy of fair access, where every university is expected to attract agreed numbers from disadvantaged groups. The ensuing problems caused by disparate policies are unsettling the system.
Are Global Rankings Unfair to Latin American Universities?
Authors: Bernasconi Andres
Published: February 2017

Latin American universities do poorly in global university rankings. That is, they preform below the level to be expected of the size, GDP, and level of investment in higher education of its most advanced countries. University leaders in the region react to this yearly display of the lack of international stature of their universities by blaming the instrument. They claim rankings are biased towards the "Anglo-Saxon model of the university" and that they are unfit to recognize Latin America's universities "social mission". In this article, I challenge the notion that the message conveyed by poor placements in the rankings is irrelevant to Latin American universities. I argue that the invisibility of Latin American science to the world is caused by the lack of two key resources in Latin American universities: large enough numbers of dedicated research faculty, and good institutional governance.
New Missions and Ambitions for Russian Universities
Authors: Jean Tatiana
Published: February 2017

President Putin wants five Russian universities in the global TOP 100 by 2020. The quality of training deteriorated during transition period, particularly because of insufficient state funding. Soviet legacy, research activities remain separated from teaching. Student demography is an additional worrying factor today. In spite of three Excellence Initiatives and increasing founding, Russia's road to international leadership seems to be a long one.
In Search of Solutions for the Agent Debate
Authors: Choudaha Rahul
Published: February 2017

The use of agents in international student recruiting is widespread. Using research conducted by World Education Services, this article discusses aspects of the use of agents, pointing to ways that current practices can be improved.
Barefaced Cheating in China's Bull Market for Fraud
Authors: Marcus Jon
Published: February 2017

The scope and nature of fraud and other dishonesty in China's higher education admissions system, particularly as it applies to international study, is substantial and growing. Increased competition for places in Western universities has stimulated this phenomenon.
Challenges to Top-Ranked Private Universities in Poland
Authors: Musial-Sadilek Joanna
Published: February 2017

Although demographic change seriously threatens private higher education in Poland, part of the sector has means to cope. In contrast to the majority of private institutions, top-ranked private institutions enjoy semi-elite characteristics that shield them, not fully but partly, from negative impact on enrollment.
Research Universities in Developing and Middle-Income Countries
Authors: MacGregor Karen
Published: February 2017

Research universities in low and middle-income countries have crucial roles to play in developing differentiated and effective academic systems and in making it possible for their countries to join the global knowledge society and compete in sophisticated knowledge economies.
Financing Higher Education in Latin America
Authors: De Fanelli Ana Garcia
Published: February 2017

Latin American countries have been enjoying a strong growth during the 2000s for the first time since the debt crisis of the 1980s.  This article focuses on some of the changes that took place during these boom years with regard to public and private funds earmarked for tertiary education, some consequences of this funding pattern in terms of equity, and the main innovations in funding mechanisms put in place to allocate public funds.
Accreditation in Colombia
Authors: Roa Varelo Alberto
Published: February 2017

Accreditation in Colombia
Diplomacy and Education: A Changing Global Landscape
Authors: McGill Peterson Patti
Published: February 2017

Educational diplomacy is rapidly moving beyond the realm of government sponsored initiatives to a much wider array of actors and activities.  Institutions are actively developing their own brand of international relations.  Governments will find it more and more difficult to dictate the nature and direction of educational diplomacy.  In this baffling array of cross-border activity, senders and receivers of this kind of diplomacy need to adhere to a clear policy of mutuality if all sides are to benefit from the rising tide of global engagement.
China’s Removal of English from Gaokao
Authors: Rui Yang
Published: February 2017

China’s Removal of English from Gaokao
MOOCs as Neocolonialism: Who Controls Knowledge?
Authors: Altbach Philip G
Published: February 2017

MOOCs are at the center of debate. This article discusses MOOCs from the perspective of the ownership of knowledge and the implications for developing countries.
Top Universities or Top Higher Education Systems?
Authors: Millot Benoit
Published: February 2017

In reaction to the focus of international university rankings on a tiny cluster of “world class universities”, attempts are being made to rank national higher education systems.  This paper compares the results of the U21 system ranking with those of major university rankings, reviews the reasons for their similarities. It argues that system rankings are critical and suggests how to enhance their usefulness
Outcomes Assessment in International Education
Authors: Deardorff Darla K
Published: February 2017

There is an increased focus in recent years on outcomes assessment in international education.  What makes for good assessment?  This article explores some key principles and guiding questions to explore as higher education institutions strengthen their efforts in assessment.
Point Systems and International Student Flows
Authors: Li Jing
Published: February 2017

This article is aimed to examining the impact of using point systems to select immigrant on the international student flows, by comparing the international student stock in a certain country before and after the policy change. The research indicates that using point systems in migration policy does increase the international student stock in the receiving countries.
German Students Abroad
Authors: Kercher Jan , Rohde Nicole
Published: February 2017

Increasing the number of German graduates who have spent time abroad during their studies is a key objective of Germany's higher education policy. Available data shows that the development of internationally mobile German students depends on the type of mobility, i.e. degree or credit mobility. While there has been a marked increase in degree mobility since 1991, credit mobility quotas have stabilized at about a third of all German graduates since 2000. Thus, Germany has surpassed the Europe-wide target which states that 20% of all graduates should spend a study or training period abroad by 2020. Meanwhile, the Joint Science Conference (GWK) of the federal and state governments considers 50% of graduates who gained study-related experience abroad as a mid-term goal.
Private Higher Education’s Quality Assurance in Ghana
Authors: Tsevi Linda
Published: February 2017

This article discusses factors influencing the establishment of Ghana’s National Accreditation Board. Salient aspects are the growing population’s demand for higher education, increase in private providers and concerns about quality. Also discussed are the accreditation board’s quality assurance procedures and attendant problems.
Internationalization of Higher Education in Post-Soviet Ukraine
Authors: Kushnarenko Valentyna , Knutson Sonja
Published: February 2017

Internationalization of Ukrainian higher education is becoming an important topic of discussion at national and institutional levels. Ukrainian universities consider internationalization as a major tool to impel much needed internal change and improve access to knowledge, research and funding across borders. Ukrainian students view international opportunities as critical to succeed in the European job market. Ukraine, an ex-USSR republic, which borders NATO and the European Union countries on the West and Russia on the East, maintains a semi-peripheral position in the international knowledge system. It tries to locate its own niche internationally and still hesitates about which developmental trajectory to follow.  This paper investigates how Ukrainian universities approach the development of international outreach capacity in order to interact with potential partners on student/faculty international mobility, curriculum development, joint/dual degree initiatives, etc. Disproportionate distribution of already scarce resources, the role of historical preference towards cross-border and linguistic inclinations, and current active protests against the state government’s decision to stop the preparation process for an EU agreement emerge as important factors to shape the current Ukrainian higher education internationalization agenda.
Student Activism Remains a Potent Force Worldwide
Authors: Altbach Philip G , Klemencic Manja
Published: February 2017

Student activism remains a potent force worldwide. Recently, students were instrumental in the collapse of the regime in Ukraine, and were key forces in the Arab Spring movements. Students, however, are unable to ensure that their views will be reflected in the governments that emerge from unrest. Students also are active participants in campus events, and have often been instrumental in shaping higher education policy.
The Importance of Demographics in Explaining Attainment Patterns
Authors: Hauptman Arthur M
Published: February 2017

This article examines the role that demographics and population trends play in determining attainment rates in countries around the world.  For the U.S., consistent increases over time in the numbers of degrees awarded have been offset by increases in birthrates among minority groups and immigration among poorly educated workers, both of which tend to depress the attainment rate.  By contrast, many of the countries that have overtaken the U.S. in their higher education attainment rates have declining numbers of young adults.  This means that they are educating a higher share of a declining base of workers which will have adverse effects on their ability to meet their labor force needs in the future.
International Students: The United Kingdom Drops the Ball
Authors: Marginson Simon
Published: February 2017

The number of non-EU students entering UK higher education has fallen for the first time for many year, especially students from South Asia. The UK government is under pressure from the neo-nationalist UK independence Party to reduce all forms of migration and international education has been caught by this.
Private Higher Education in the United Kingdom: Myths and Realities
Authors: Woofield Steve
Published: February 2017

Private providers are becoming more visible in an increasingly heterogeneous UK higher education landscape. Policy changes in England have stimulated rapid enrolment growth in the private sector, and the government is currently facing the challenge of regulating and ensuring quality in this dynamic and complex part of the HE sector in the absence appropriate primary legislation. Currently very little is known about the UK’s ‘alternative’ HE providers and many myths surround this part of the sector that do not reflect reality.
Graduate Education in Malaysia and Thailand
Authors: Chien Chiao-Ling , Chapman David W
Published: February 2017

Graduate education in Malaysia and Thailand has expanded significantly to provide qualified instructors to serve growing undergraduate enrollment. In both countries, this rationale was eclipsed, to a large extent, by the view that graduate education would help fuel national economic development. The focus on economic development triggered an intensified emphasis on universities placing high in international rankings which, in turn, led to pressure for more research.
World Economies and the Distribution of International Branch Campuses
Authors: Zhang Li , Kinser Kevin , Shi Yunyu
Published: February 2017

The international branch campus (IBC) has become a noticeable mode of internationalization in higher education, and has garnered great attention from the public and the media. Perhaps because the United States, the United Kingdom and Australia have been the dominant exporting countries, this phenomenon has sometimes been critiqued as a strategy that promotes the interests of developed countries over those of developing countries. However, our analysis of IBC distribution using an economic framework provided by the World Economic Forum suggests that economic competitiveness is more important to the development of IBCs than a dated developed-to-developing.
Global Student Mobility: The Changing Landscape
Authors: Altbach Philip G , Engberg David
Published: February 2017

Government sponsored scholarship programs for global student mobility are only a small part of total flows of international students, but these programs are quite important in several countries. Brazil, Saudi Arabia, and the European Union sponsor programs that provide mobility for many thousands of students. Other countries have smaller programs. This article discusses fiscal, sponsorship, and other key elements of some of these programs.
Graduate Student Learning Abroad: Emerging Trend?
Authors: Dirkx John M , Millar Kristin Janka , Berquist Brett , Vizvary Gina
Published: February 2017

Within the United States and around the world, universities are increasingly sending their graduate students abroad. But we know relatively little about the learning derived from these international experiences or how they contribute to graduate-level education. Researchers at Michigan State University have begun to explore this “black box” of internationalization, providing some answers and raising more questions.
Introduction: Historical Perspective on Contemporary Issues
Authors: Nelson Adam
Published: February 2017

In the spring of 2013, the Worldwide Universities Network (WUN) commissioned a report to help university leaders think about the future of higher education. The network asked: what would the landscape of international higher education look like a generation from now? What challenges and opportunities lay ahead for universities, especially “global” research universities?
The Research University in Brazil: 1930 and 2030
Authors: Pedrosa Renato H.L.
Published: February 2017

Brazil’s higher education system developed quite late—and the first research university was established in the 1930s. This article discusses the origins of Brazil’s research system and the current developments and challenges facing research universities.
Idealism and Utilitarianism in Internationalization of Higher Education
Authors: Chao Jr. Roger Y
Published: February 2017

This article argues for a holistic view of internationalization of higher education. Its two extremes of idealism and utilitarianism are presented as a guide to the multiple meanings and functions of internationalization of higher education within a changing world order.
Graduate Employability and Internationalization of the Curriculum at Home
Authors: Jones Elspeth
Published: February 2017

Employers often complain that university graduates are not equipped with the ‘soft’ employability skills required for today’s global workforce. Education abroad has been shown to develop these skills but this is little understood by institutions or employers. Can the benefits of education abroad be extended to all students through internationalization of the curriculum at home? The author calls for more evidence that such an approach can be effective.
Consolidating Erasmus Mobility in Spain during the Economic Crisis
Authors: Pérez Encinas Adriana
Published: February 2017

This article explores how interest in the ERASMUS program has been consolidated in Spain at a time of severe economic crisis, when students see the opportunities it offers through study and internships abroad as a means to enhance their employability in a difficult job market.
When is an international branch campus?
Authors: Healey Nigel
Published: February 2017

There are an estimated 200 international branch campuses around the world.  As these campuses evolve in response to the changing regulatory and competitive environment, trying to get a clear-cut definition of an international branch campus is becoming increasingly difficult.  Instead of asking ‘what is a branch campus?’ it is more interesting to consider when—at what point the operation ceases to be a foreign subsidiary of the home university in any meaningful sense.
Confronting the Challenges of Graduate Education in Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Hayward Fred M. , Ncayiyana Daniel J.
Published: February 2017

This piece focuses on the current state of graduate education in Sub-Saharan Africa spelling out some of the challenges faced as well as areas of improvement over the last five years. We emphasize the critical importance of graduate education to national development. We make suggestions about creating high quality graduate programs including the critical need for more PhD faculty members and expanded quality research at Africa’s best universities.
Ukraine: The New Reforms and Internationalization
Authors: Knutson Sonja , Kushnarenko Valentyna
Published: February 2017

The progress of internationalization in higher education in the Ukraine continues to be challenged by tensions and instability created by escalating hostilities with Russia. However, a new Law on Higher Education, adopted on July 31, 2014, proposes coherent strategies to optimize university autonomy, provides frameworks for effective oversight, promises to intensify local university research and brings transformative innovations to current university approaches to internationalization. This paper highlights some of the law’s major reforms which can positively impact internationalization along with potential pitfalls related to successful implementation.
The Carnegie Classification of American Higher Education: More—and Less—Than Meets the Eye
Authors: Altbach Philip G.
Published: February 2017

Classifying higher education institutions in a complex higher education system is quite important for understanding the system and the role of institutions within it. In the United States, the Carnegie Classification, developed by Clark Kerr and the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching developed such a system. Now, under new leadership, the future of the original model is threatened.
Internationalization and Global Tension: Lessons from History
Authors: Altbach Philip G. , De Wit Hans
Published: February 2017

Internationalization in higher education has always been linked to historical and political events. This article discusses how the dramatic events of the 20th century, such as the two world wars, and the Cold War, affected internationalization.
Is the United States the Best in the World? Not in Internationalization
Authors: Green Madeleine F.
Published: February 2017

The United States is not a world leader in higher education internationalization. A recent survey shows that many other countries are much more active than the US in student exchanges and the other elements of internationalization.
Are Double/Multiple Degree Programs Leading to “Discount Degrees”?
Authors: Knight Jane
Published: February 2017

The growth in double/multiple degree programs around the world, especially in Europe and Asia, is unprecedented. While the benefits for both students and institutions are many, there is increasing concern about the integrity and legitimacy of those programs which double count credits for two or more qualifications. Challenging questions about the quality assurance, accreditation, recognition an ethics of double/multiple degree programs are posed.
UK Research Excellence: Getting Better All the Time?
Authors: Marginson Simon
Published: February 2017

An analysis of the recent Research Excellence Framework data, released in the UK in late 2014, this article critically evaluated this major program. The REF purports to measure research impact of UK universities and researchers, but often does not adequately measure what is important.
Crisis and Homesickness: A New Opportunity for Brain Gain in Latin America?
Authors: Pacheco Iván F.
Published: February 2017

While some industrialized countries face a surplus of PhDs in many fields of knowledge, developing countries face the opposite problem.  This might be a great opportunity for Latin American countries to attract talent.  However, most countries do not have a clear policy for the recruitment of faculty abroad and, when they do, it is mostly focused on recovering their own expatriates from their work abroad.
AHELO: The Myth of Measurement and Comparability
Authors: Altbach Philip G.
Published: February 2017

AHELO, the OECD’s pilot programs to measure student achievement cross-nationally is about to be implemented internationally. This article argues that it is very difficult to measure learning cross-nationally—and recommends that AHELO be scrapped.
The Impact of Transnational Education in Receiving Countries
Authors: Knight Jane , McNamara John
Published: February 2017

Most research on TNE examines issues from the sending or providing country. This article reports on the impacts of TNE from the receiving or host country perspective. Topics addressed include motivation, costs, benefits, awareness levels, student profile and future outlook of TNE.
Greek Higher Education: Old Challenges and the Current Crisis
Authors: Dentsoras Dimitrios
Published: February 2017

Greek higher education has been facing challenges since well before the current economic crisis. Most importantly, it has been suffering from over-centralization and the infiltration of party politics into most aspects of university life. The current economic crisis provided an opportunity for much needed reforms, but the Greek governments of the past five years failed to provide a convincing long-term plan for modernizing higher education. As a result, reforms were opposed to and eventually abandoned, leaving the Greek universities in their problematic prior state.
The Rise of University Mergers in Europe
Authors: Estermann Thomas , Pruvot Enora Bennetot
Published: February 2017

Mergers in the university sector are a growing phenomenon in many European countries. This article explores the rationale and aims behind these processes, underlining that generating economies should not be a primary driver. Costing the process adequately is nevertheless one of the keys to a successful merger, along with a series of other important elements detailed in full in the EUA report dedicated to the issue.
Challenges for Romanian Higher Education
Authors: Deca Ligia
Published: February 2017

As one of the most recent EU and NATO members, Romania has transitioned through 25 years of democratic reforms, including in higher education. The internationalization of higher education has meant an opportunity for reform, but in light of current challenges – demographic downturn, inequality and lack of funding – the tendency of decision-makers to use a double discourse in relation to domestic and international actors endangers the future of Romanian universities. The article explores the current challenges and points to the discrepancies between current policies and obvious higher education problems.
India’s Need for Higher Education Internationalization
Authors: Altbach Philip G. , Mathews Eldho
Published: February 2017

India, with the world’s second largest higher education system, has little international consciousness. This article argues that India needs an internationalization strategy, and points to some of the challenges in creating such a program.
The Future of Internationalization of Higher Education in Europe
Authors: De Wit Hans , Hunter Fiona
Published: February 2017

A study has been made for the European Parliament on the understanding of internationalization of higher education (IoHE) in the European context, based on two surveys, an analysis of the role of digital learning, ten national reports from Europe and seven from outside Europe. The study results in conclusions and recommendations on the future of internationalization of higher education in Europe, based on the national reports and a Delphi process among experts in international higher education. This is a summary of the key findings of the study, including a redefinition of the meaning of internationalization.
Ensuring Equality in Higher Education Partnerships Involving Unequal Universities in Divergent Contexts
Authors: Hagenmeier Cornelius
Published: February 2017

This contribution investigates whether international higher education partnerships, as presently constructed, are truly equal. The inquiry is inspired by the inequality evident in the divergent profile of universities collaborating in some higher education partnerships. The article proposes a higher education partnership model which is based on the notion of substantive equality.
Internationalization of the Curriculum and the “New Normal’: An Australian Perspective
Authors: Whitsed Craig , Green Wendy
Published: February 2017

Globalization, as a disruptive force, challenges us to reconsider enduring assumptions that frame conceptualizations of internationalization in the Australian higher education context and internationalization of the curriculum more broadly. Drawing on the perspectives of Fazal Rizvi, we problematize the new normal and argue that, if the transformative potential of curriculum internationalization is to be realized, assumptions about what is considered normal need to be challenged. To accomplish this, individual faculty (academics), their disciplines, and their institutions need to engage in critically reflective new imaginings of the transformative possibilities and the rich potential the new normal affords, and respond reflexively with open minds.
National Systems of Higher Education: The U21 Rankings
Authors: Williams Ross
Published: February 2017

It is the quality of the higher education system as a whole, not just that of research intensive universities, that matters for the economic, social and cultural development of a nation.  The annual Universitas 21 (U21) rankings measure national performance in higher education in 50 countries over 25 attributes.  The relationship between the input and output measures enables conclusions to be drawn about the efficacy of different systems.
The Scourge of Fraud and Corruption in Higher Education
Authors: Mohamedbhai Goolam
Published: February 2017

As evidenced by recently published articles, corruption has severely infected higher education worldwide. Through a global scan, this article first surveys examples of corruption in higher education in a few countries. It then looks at some actions taken to fight corruption at institutional and global levels, and proposes a way forward.
International Higher Education and the “Neo-liberal Turn”
Authors: Scott Peter
Published: February 2017

International higher education, once an aspect of the academy associated with ideals of solidarity and development, is now seen as the most market-oriented aspect. The main reason for this reversal is the so-called ‘neoliberal turn’. But the major trends associated with this turn - a new (and reduced) role for the State; globalization in its various guises and the rise of new communicative cultures as a result of advances in information technology - are likely to have multiple and even contradictory impacts on higher education.
The Changing Landscape of International Education Research
Authors: Proctor Douglas
Published: February 2017

An analysis of how research relating to international higher education is used by researchers and policy makers, this article discusses the impact of journals and articles.A full report presenting analysis of 2011–2013 data from the IDP Database of Research on International Education, and an infographic presenting key 2011–2014 trends, are available on the International Education Research Network web site at www.ieaa.org.au/iern.
The Many Traditions of Liberal Arts—and Their Global Relevance
Authors: Altbach Philip G
Published: February 2017

Liberal education has many traditions, including some which are non-Western. This article discusses Confucian, India, and other liberal arts antecedents in the context of the contemporary interest in liberal arts globally.
Higher Education in Kosovo: A Prolonged Transition
Authors: Rexhaj Xhavit
Published: February 2017

The small former Yugoslav republic of Kosovo has a short higher education system. This article discusses the current status and challenges facing higher education in Kosovo.
What Is the “Special Sauce” for University Innovation?
Authors: Altbach Philip G , Salmi Jamil
Published: February 2017

Is there a secret to developing innovative universities? Is it possible to copy from the experiences of top universities such as MIT? This article argues that well-known factors such as adequate funding, good governance, meritocracy, academic freedom, and several others are central factors in building innovative and world class universities.
National Policies for Internationalization—Do They Work?
Authors: Matross Helms Robin , Rumbley Laura E
Published: February 2017

As internationalization becomes an increasing priority for higher education worldwide, national governments are implementing policies and programs to promote related activities in their countries. This article categorizes such policies by primary activity type, reviews existing efforts to gauge the effectiveness of such policies, and discusses key factors that can impact policy success.
The International Education Market: Some Emerging Trends
Authors: Kemp Neil
Published: February 2017

This article provides a brief overview of recent trends in international student mobility and implications for higher education institutions as they seek to recruit international students. International student mobility has continued to surge, as reflected in recent data from most major destination countries. However changes are occurring, some large and some subtle, and a selection of these trends are briefly discussed below. The major exception to strong enrolment growth in recruitment has been the UK, where tough immigration regulations have impacted directly on international student numbers.
The Rise and Fall of Brazil’s Science Without Borders
Authors: Sá Creso M
Published: February 2017

Brazil’s Science Without Borders, one of the largest efforts to promote student and researcher exchanges in recent years, has recently been suspended. This article examines several problems with policy design that cast doubt on the effectiveness of the program.