bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modificación de los sesgos atencionales en el tratamiento de la agresividad
Authors: Gordillo León Fernando , Castillo Parra Gabriela
Published: February 2023

La agresividad tiene importantes perjuicios sobre la salud física y mental de la población. Las personas agresivas tienen actitudes positivas hacia determinado tipo de interacción que implica confrontación física con los demás, y que consideran una forma legítima de comportamiento. Cuando estos esquemas mentales se activan afectan al procesamiento de la información en sus fases iniciales (sesgos atencionales), condicionando la dirección e intensidad de las conductas. En esta revisión narrativa se desarrolla el estado de la cuestión, y se profundiza en los mecanismos que subyacen y desencadenan la conducta agresiva. También se discuten los estudios que han trabajado en la modificación de los sesgos atencionales en diferentes trastornos, así como las incongruencias en los resultados que surgen de las diferencias entre el tipo de paradigma y el material utilizado. Se concluye que son necesarias herramientas que permitan una mayor sensibilidad y fiabilidad en la medida de los sesgos atencionales. Esto contribuiría a mejorar las terapias que se aplican a ciertos colectivos (maltratadores, presos), y los tratamientos en personas con problemas en el control de la ira y conductas violentas.
Eksistensi Wali Hakim Dalam Menjalani Fungsi Wali Hakim Menurut KHI Dan Fiqh Munakahat
Authors: Sofia Agustin
Published: February 2023

Menurut KHI, wali hakim ialah wali nikah yang ditunjuk Menteri Agama atau pejabat yang ditunjuk olehnya, yang diberi hak dan kewenangan untuk bertindak sebagai wali nikah. Menurut Fiqh Munakahat, wali Hakim adalah Penguasa yang menjadi wali bagi perempuan wali yang tidak memiliki wali. Adanya kasus anak diluar nikah yang menyebabkan ketidak pastian dalam menentukan siapa yang  berhak menjadi wali nikah menjadi latar belakang dari penelitian ini. penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui eksistensi wali hakim dalam menjalani fungsi wali hakim menurut KHI dan Fiqh Munakhat. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode pendekatan Kualitatif. Teknik pengumpulan data penulis adalah melakukan observasi, wawancara, serta studi Kepustakaan. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode deskriptif analisis, yaitu penelitian yang melakukan kajian terhadap ketentuan- ketentuan yang diatur oleh hukum- hukum fiqh munakahat dan KHI (Kompilasi Hukum Islam) dan tulisan yang berhubungan lalu di analisis yang diselesaikan dengan fenomena yang terjadi di tengah masyarakat.Berdasarkan penelitian mengenai Eksistensi wali hakim dalam menjalani fungsinya menurut KHI dan Fiqh Munakahat sedikit berbeda. Di dalam KHI, wali Hakim juga berfungsi sebagai Pencatat Perkawinan setelah akad nikah telah berlangsung.
Pengasuhan Anak Yang Belum Mumayyiz Kepada Ayah Kandung Menurut Kompilasi Hukum Islam
Authors: Firdaus Muhammad Farid
Published: February 2023

Salah satu dampak dari perceraian adalah hak asuh terhadap anak (Hadhanah). Hak Hadhanah merupakan hak pengasuhan anak yang belum mumamyyiz atau yang belum berumur 12 tahun. Berdasarkan Intruksi Presiden Nomor 1 tahun 1991 Kompilasi Hukum Islam Pasal 105, bahwa pengasuhan anak yang belum mumayyiz jatuh kepada ibu, namun terdapat beberapa kasus bahwa pengasuhan anak yang belum mumayyiz kepada ayah. Tujuan dari penulisan ini untuk memahami lebih lanjut mengenai pengasuhan anak yang belum mumayyiz kepada ayah.Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif, data yang dikumpulkan menggunakan teknik library research.kemudian data dianalisis menggunakan teknik content analysis. Hasil penelitian menemukan bahwa hak asuh anak yang belum mumaayiz jatuh kepada ibu, akan tetapi hak tersebut bisa jatuh kepada ayah disebabkan oleh beberapa faktor yang mempengaruhinya.
Analisis Alasan Penolakan Hakim Terhadap Permohonan Isbat Nikah (Studi Kasus Perkara Nomor : 6/Pdt.P/2021/Pa.Dum)
Authors: Sawna Lioni Trasia
Published: February 2023

Isbat nikah adalah pengukuhan dan penetapan suatu perkawinan dalam catatan untuk mencapai pengesahan perkawinan sesuai dengan hukum yang berlaku, adanya beberapa kasus penolakan permohonan  isbat nikah di kota Dumai menjadi latar belakang dari penelitian ini. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui alasan penolakan hakim terhadap permohonan isbat nikah . Jenis penelitian yang dipilih untuk penelitian ini adalah kualitatif. Penelitian yang dilkakukan adalah penelitian kualitatif dengan menggunakan metode penalaran induktif. hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa untuk menguatkan dalil-dalil permohonannya. Pemohon I dan Pemohon II mengajukan alat bukti namun fakta persidangan Majelis Hakim menemukan adanya ketidaksesuaian keterangan antara saksi pertama sebagai ayah kandung Pemohon II dimana pada saat pernikahan Pemohon I dengan Pemohon II dalam keadaan sakit dan tidak sadarkan diri, kendatipun ada telepon dari pihak keluarga Pemohon I namun saksi tidak mengetahui karena saksi tidak menjawab dan pernikahan Pemohon I dengan Pemohon II tetap dilaksanakan sedangkan saksi pertama tidak ada mengucapkan memberi wakil kepada orang lain karena saksi dalam keadaan sakit, sedangkan keterangan saksi kedua yang dihadirkan oleh Pemohon I dan Pemohon II pada saat menikah keluarga atau paman Pemohon I ada menelpon saksi pertama dan bisa berbicara dan mewakilkannya dengan paman Pemohon I bernama Abu Bakar untuk menjadi wali, oleh karenanya Majelis Hakim berpendapat tidak ada pemberian wakil dari saksi pertama sebagai ayah kandung Pemohon II sebagai wali yang sah, maka majelis berpendapat pernikahan antara Pemohon I dengan Pemohon II adalah tidak sah, oleh karenanya permohonan Pemohon I dan Pemohon II untuk di itsbatkan nikahnya harus ditolak.
Pengaruh E-Commerce Terhadap Perkembangan Usaha Di Indonesia
Authors: Putri Luthfia Eka
Published: February 2023

Adanya revolusi industry 4.0 memberikan banyak manfaat dan perubahan pada tatanan kehidupan dan perekonomian masyarakat, diantaranya yaitu meningkatkan kecepatan fleksibilitas produksi, peningkatan layanan kepada pelanggan dan peningkatan pendapatan. Salah satu bentuk Perkembangan teknologi informasi dengan media dan telekomunikasi adalah e-commerce, e- Commerce adalah suatu proses berbisnis dengan menggunakan teknologi elektronik yang menghubungkan antara perusahaan, konsumen dan masyarakat dalam bentuk transaksi elektronik dan pertukaran atau penjualan barang, service, dan informasi secara elektronik. Perkembangan teknologi tersebut menciptakan perubahan pada perekonomian dunia salah satunya Indonesia, tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh e-Commerce terhadap perkembangan usaha di Indonesi. Metode penelitian yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah  metode penelitian kepustakaan (Library Research) dengan pendekatan deskriptif, data diperoleh dengan menelaah literature yang terkait, kemudian data dianalisis menggunakan analisis deskriptif kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa e-commerce memberikan peluang yang cukup besar untuk meningkatkan perekonomian masyarakat, hal ini memberikan kemudahan pada masyarakat untuk  membuka usaha, namun peluang tersebut juga memberikan tantangan bagi masyarakat dan pemerintah untuk meningkatkan SDM yang kompeten dalam menguasi teknologi digital
Pengaruh Supervisi Kepala Sekolah Dan Motivasi Kerja Terhadap Kinerja Guru Di Mts Nurul Islam Kota Dumai
Authors: Imam Wahyudi
Published: February 2023

kinerja guru merupakan hasil kerja yang dicapai guru dalam suatu organisasi (sekolah), sesuai dengan wewenang dan tanggung jawab yang diberikan kepadanya dalam mencapai visi, misi, dan tujuan sekolah bersangkutan secara legal, tidak melanggar hukum dan sesuai dengan moral maupun etika. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh supervisi kepala sekolah Madrasah dan motivasi kerja terhadap kinerja guru di MTS Nurul Islam Kota Dumai. Metode penlitian yang digunakan adalah metode kuantitatif. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh  guru di MTs Nurul Islam dengan jumlah 38 orang,karena populasi sangat sedikit sehingga tidak dilakukan pengambilan sampel.Data yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah data primer yang diperoleh melalui penyebaran angket kepada 38 orang Guru. Data dianalisis menggunakan analisis regresi berganda, dengan bantuan software SPSS 21.0 for Windows. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa supervisi kepala madrasah,motivasi kerja secara bersama memberikan kontribusi yang signifikan terhadap kinerja guru.secara persial supervisi kepala madrasah memberikan kontribusi yang positif dan signifikan terhadap kinerja guru,berbeda dengan motivasi kerja yang tidak memberikan kontribusi yang signifikan.
Att bilda eller bedöma?
Authors: Nordmark Jonas , Jonsson Linda , Månsson Niclas
Published: February 2023

In this article we take a closer look at the relation between general didactics and civic studies education through a critical analysis of civic studies syllabuses in primary education, in order to illuminate some general motives that legitimizes the role and content of general didactics. It seems to us that the idea of general didactics in Sweden either is about learning theories for instruction, regardless the subject, or to emancipate the democratic potentiality of the subject. In his article, we focus on the latter: First we present our theoretical perspective. With the help from Klafki’s understandings of school as an engaging part of democratic society we discern two aspects of general didactics. In relation to education, one emanates from democracy and learning, and the other springs from democratic virtues and political action. Secondly, and with these two understandings in mind, we engage in a critical reading of the Curriculum for compulsory school (LGR 11) and the syllabuses for civic studies in primary education in order to trace some similarities that might give civic studies a central position for democratic socialization in general. Thirdly, and through our analysis, we reach the conclusion that, due to the similarities between the curricula and syllabus when it comes to foster the democratic subject, the pupil risks not only to be evaluated and graded subject wise, but also for his or her democratic disposition.
Comparison of amino acid digestibility of soybean meal, cottonseed meal, and low-gossypol cottonseed meal between broilers and laying hens
Authors: Qiu Kai , Wang Xiao-cui , Wang Jing , Wang Hao , Qi Guang-hai , Zhang Hai-jun , Wu Shu-geng
Published: February 2023

Objective: This study aimed to determine and compare the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) in soybean meal (SBM), cottonseed meal (CSM), and low-gossypol cottonseed meal (LCSM) fed to broiler chickens and laying hens.Methods: Three semi-purified diets containing the identical crude protein concentration at 20% were formulated to contain SBM, CSM, or LCSM as the sole source of N. A N-free diet was also formulated to estimate the basal ileal endogenous losses of AA for broilers and hens. A total of 300 male Ross 308 chicks at one-day-old and 144 Hy-Line Brown laying hens at 30-week-old with initial egg production rate of 88.3%±1.0% were randomly allocated into 1 of 4 dietary treatments, respectively.Results: CSM and LCSM showed more Arg and Cys+Met while less Lys, Ile, Leu, and Thr relative to SBM. Significant interactions existed between species and experimental diets for AID (except for Arg, Asp, Glu, Gly, and Pro) and SID (except for Arg, His, and Phe) of most AA. Most AA in diets showed higher AID (except for Lys) and SID (except for Lys, Met, and Ser) in broilers relative to laying hens. The AID and SID of all AA were significantly different between the three diets. In broilers, the AID and SID of most indispensable AA except for Arg in SBM and LCSM was higher than CSM. In laying hens, the AID and SID of most indispensable AA except for Arg, Met+Cys, and Phe in SBM was higher than CSM and LCSM.Conclusion: The accurate determination of AID and SID of AA in CSM and LCSM for broilers and layers benefits the application of CSM and LCSM in chicken diets. The cottonseed by-products CSM or LCSM showed the species-specific AA digestibility values for broilers and layers.
Returns to Schooling in Bangladesh Revisited: An Instrumental Variable Quantile Regression Approach
Authors: RAHMAN MUSTAFIZUR , AL-HASAN MD.
Published: February 2023

The paper focuses on estimation of returns to schooling in the Bangladesh context. Earlier studies which tried to quantify the returns were constrained by a number of factors including the limitations of the measurement techniques that were deployed. This paper revisits the issue and makes an attempt to build on earlier scholarly works through application of quantile regression and instrumental variable quantile regression methods. The paper finds that endogeneity problem leads to underestimation of the returns to schooling, and that the returns tend to vary along the wage distribution, which mean regression models fail to capture. The analysis shows that average returns to schooling for female is higher than that of male. The analysis also shows that returns to schooling tends to be higher as one moves along higher percentiles of wage distribution. This is found to be true both for male and female, as also for rural and urban labour markets.
Inserção Automática de Técnicas de Tolerância a Falhas em Descrições VHDL
Authors: Santos Ana Carla dos Oliveira , Cavalcante Sérgio Vanderlei
Published: February 2023

À medida que os usuários dependem mais do desempenho de máquinas, uma falha no funcionamento destas causa um prejuízo mais visível e mais grave. O uso de técnicas de tolerância a falhas pode aumentar a confiabilidade dos sistemas amenizando, assim, esse problema. Esse documento apresenta o desenvolvimento de uma ferramenta para inserir técnicas de tolerância a falhas em sistemas de hardware descritos em VHDL.
Um Toolkit para Avaliação da Intrusão de Métodos de Injeção de Falhas
Authors: Barcelos Patrícia Pitthan A. , Weber Taisy Silva , Drebes Roberto Jung
Published: February 2023

This paper presents implementation and experiments of fault injection used to validate mechanisms of fault tolerance in communication protocols with temporal restrictions. It describes two approaches. The first implements fault injection through modifications in the application libraries, which ones support the target protocol. The second approach uses operating system resources. Also, the paper shows practical experiments using the fault injectors to validate a timeout mechanism of a communication protocol. The fault injectors are part of the INFIMO project, a toolkit to fault injection experimentation developed under Linux platform.
Uma Implementação do Detector de Falhas do FT-CORBA
Authors: Nunes Luelson Marlos , Duarte Jr. Elias Procópio
Published: February 2023

Neste trabalho apresentamos uma abordagem de implementação do detector de falhas do FTCORBA (Fault Tolerant-Common Object Request Broker Architecture), utilizando a linguagem de programação Java integrada e o serviço COSNaming de uma implementação aberta do padrão CORBA. A abordagem utilizada neste trabalho para a implementação do detector de falhas propõe a monitoração periódica exclusivamente da réplica primária dos servidores. A monitoração das demais réplicas é executada apenas em caso de falha da réplica primária. Neste caso um novo servidor primário é eleito entre as réplicas sem falhas. Também é apresentado um exemplo de construção de uma aplicação tolerante a falhas utilizando o detector implementado.
Preenchendo o Vazio entre Comunicação em Grupo e Multicast Escalável
Authors: Diemer Maglan Cristiano , Barcellos Marinho Pilla
Published: February 2023

Certos sistemas de comunicação em grupo necessitam de um protocolo de transporte multicast subjacente para operarem de forma eficiente sobre a Internet. Por outro lado, protocolos multicast não oferecem a confiabilidade e as garantias desejadas para aplicações distribuídas. Em geral, os sistemas de comunicação em grupo oferecem confiabilidade mas não são escaláveis. Este trabalho tem o objetivo de aproximar os protocolos multicast escaláveis dos sistemas de comunicação em grupo propondo uma arquitetura para trabalharem juntos. Será utilizado o sistema de comunicação em grupo NewTOP [11] e o protocolo multicast PRMP [4].
A multi-layer architecture for high available Enterprise JavaBeans
Authors: Pasin Marcia , Weber Taisy Silva , Riveill Michel
Published: February 2023

EJB (Enterprise JavaBeans) spec does not describe high availability as one of its properties. If the application server fails, the service remains unavailable while it recovers. Some EJB server vendors claim to provide this desirable property implementing server replicas through centralized protocols. Unfortunately, these protocols could lead to an unavailable service if the coordinator server crashes. We are presenting a new architecture aiming high available EJB servers based on distributed concepts. Our replicas are modeled as state machines synchronized by group communication primitives. We achieve high availability to EJB application servers running stateful and stateless session beans.
Uso de Redes de Autômatos Estocásticos para Modelar Mecanismos Tolerantes a Falhas
Authors: Cassol Luciano A. , Zorzo Avelino F. , Fernandes Paulo
Published: February 2023

O uso de mecanismos de tolerância a falhas tem sido cada vez mais frequente no desenvolvimento de sistemas críticos. Com este aumento, a precisão da descrição de tais mecanismos é fundamental para que seu uso não gere situações inesperadas aos desenvolvedores dos sistemas, devido a má interpretação destes mecanismos. Desta forma, este artigo apresenta a descrição de interações multi-participantes confiáveis (DMI) usando redes de autômatos estocásticos (SAN), um formalismo para descrição de sistemas distribuídos onde interações entre participantes pode ser modelado como um automato estocástico.
Simulação de Sistemas Distribuídos em Cenários com Defeitos
Authors: Trindade Renata de Moraes , Barcellos Marinho Pilla , Jansch-Pôrto Ingrid
Published: February 2023

Este trabalho visa explorar a viabilidade de uso do ns como ambiente para simulação de SDs, particularmente em cenários sujeitos à ocorrência de defeitos. No presente artigo, são tratados apenas defeitos de colapso (crash failures); mas prevê-se a extensão da solução para outros tipos de defeitos.
Verificação formal de protocolos TDMA quanto a características de tempo real e tolerância a falhas
Authors: Beckler Alberto Rubens , Campos Sérgio Vale Aguiar
Published: February 2023

Este trabalho apresenta uma metodologia para representar protocolos TDMA e possíveis falhas que possam ocorrer em sistemas de tempo real tolerantes a falhas utilizando métodos automáticos de verificação. Isto permite garantir diversas propriedades qualitativas e resultados quantitativos como o limite superior de tempo para atingir tais propriedades. Como estudo de caso, apresenta a representação do protocolo TTP/C, determinando o limite de tempo máximo para se atingir a auto-estabilização das visões que cada nodo possui do sistema (Group-membership), possibilitando garantir o tempo máximo de recuperação do sistema, em um cenário de falhas.
Implementando Recuperação por Retorno Baseada em Checkpointing em Sistemas Distribuídos Assíncronos
Authors: Buligon Clairton , Cechin Sérgio , Jansch-Pôrto Ingrid
Published: February 2023

A recuperação por retorno baseada em pontos de recuperação é largamente usada como técnica de tolerância a falhas. O modelo complexo de sistemas distribuídos tem motivado o desenvolvimento de diversos algoritmos buscando soluções mais simples e eficientes. No Grupo de Tolerância a Falhas da UFRGS, foi proposto recentemente um algoritmo que é voltado para aplicações em sistemas distribuídos assíncronos baseados na troca de mensagens, opera com salvamento coordenado de pontos de recuperação e prevê o tratamento de mensagens órfãs e perdidas. Este artigo descreve as decisões de projeto, a implementação do algoritmo e resultados obtidos até o momento.
Programando um Subsistema Síncrono para Suporte a Mecanismos Eficientes de Tolerância a Falhas
Authors: Brito Andrey E. M. , Brasileiro Francisco V.
Published: February 2023

Nesse trabalho nós apresentamos o projeto e a implementação de um subsistema síncrono (wormhole) a ser incorporado em um sistema assíncrono, a fim de viabilizar a solução de problemas distribuídos tolerantes a falhas, que de outra maneira não teriam solução determinística em um sistema puramente assíncrono. A arquitetura do wormhole incorpora serviços básicos, como sincronização de relógios e detecção de falhas de máquinas do sistema, como também oferece uma interface de programação que permite a instalação de serviços síncronos especializados. Um desses serviços é apresentado para ilustrar a utilização do wormhole por uma aplicação.
Suporte à Execução Replicada de Serviços Orientados a Prioridade
Authors: Aragão Marcelo Jorge , Brasileiro Francisco
Published: February 2023

Esse artigo apresenta o projeto e a implementação de um framework de suporte à construção de aplicações de comércio eletrônico tolerantes a falhas, que utilizam políticas adaptativas de alocação de recursos baseadas em prioridade. A técnica de replicação ativa é implementada para tolerar falhas e o problema de inversão de prioridade em grupo é tratado.
STAGE: an Integrated Environment for Statistical Test Script Generation
Authors: Copstein Bernardo , Oliveira Flávio , Reginato Lucas R. C.
Published: February 2023

This work describes STAGE, an integrated environment for statistical test case generation and scripting, developed at the CPTS (Software Testing Research Center). The key contributions of the system are the use of stochastic automata networks (SANs) for representing the usage model and an intermediate model (called the Interface Event-State Model) to map the abstract usage model into the implemented interface components. SANs allow modular representation of systems with complex non-deterministic behavior, minimizing the state-space explosion found in Markov chains. The use of a separate model for the implementation has the advantage of making changes in the interface and generating the script automatically without affecting the abstract usage model. We implemented the technique into the STAGE environment; the experiments indicate that the performance of test case and script generation with SANs is at least compatible with Markov-based generation.
Diagnóstico em Nível de Sistema Baseado em Computação Evolucionária
Authors: Nassu Bogdan Tomoyuki , Pozo Aurora T. Ramirez , Duarte Jr. Elias Procópio
Published: February 2023

O aumento no tamanho e complexidade dos sistemas compostos por múltiplas unidades de processamento torna necessário o uso de técnicas para o diagnóstico automático destas unidades. O diagnóstico em nível de sistema consiste em determinar quais unidades do sistema estão falhas e quais não estão. Este trabalho descreve algoritmos evolutivos que podem ser usados para realizar o diagnóstico. Foram implementados um algoritmo genético simples e um especializado, além de variantes dos algoritmos PBIL e AG compacto. Resultados experimentais mostram uma comparação entre o desempenho destes algoritmos.
Coordenação Desacoplada Tolerante a Faltas Bizantinas
Authors: Bessani Alysson Neves , Fraga Joni da Silva , Lung Lau Cheuk
Published: February 2023

Os sistemas distribuídos atuais requerem mecanismos de comunicação que atendam requisitos como anonimato e desconexão temporária. Neste contexto, a comunicação generativa vêm se afirmando como um dos modelos de coordenação capazes de atender esses requisitos uma vez que é desacoplada no tempo e no espaço. Este trabalho apresenta a primeira proposta da literatura a considerar a construção de uma infra-estrutura de coordenação generativa tolerante a faltas bizantinos. Esta construção se dá através da aplicação de replicação por sistemas de quóruns bizantinos.
Um Injetor de Falhas de Comunicação construído usando Programação Orientada Aspectos
Authors: Silveira Karina Kohl , Weber Taisy Silva
Published: February 2023

Aplicações de alta dependabilidade devem estar aptas a detectar falhas e corrigir erros para que sejam evitados danos irreparáveis a vida, ao meio ambiente ou aos negócios. Uma técnica usada para garantir operação adequada de mecanismos tolerantes a falhas é a injeção de falhas. FICTA é uma ferramenta de injeção de falhas de comunicação para a validação de aplicações distribuídas baseadas em UDP e desenvolvidas em Java. FICTA utiliza Programação Orientada a Aspectos, a qual permite que comportamentos afetando diversas classes do sistema, os chamados interesses cruzados, sejam reunidos em um único módulo chamado aspecto. A abordagem baseada em AOP permitiu a construção de uma ferramenta altamente modular, reusável e que não causa intrusividade espacial nas aplicações alvo.
Xception fault injection and robustness testing framework: a case-study of testing RTEMS
Authors: Maia R. , Henriques L. , Barbosa R. , Costa D. , Madeira H.
Published: February 2023

Xception is an automated and comprehensive fault injection and robustness testing environment that enables accurate and flexible V&V (verification & validation) and evaluation of mission and business critical computer systems and computer components, with particular emphasis to software components. In this paper we focus on the new robustness testing features of Xception and illustrate them with a concrete example of robustness testing of the Real Time Executive for Multiprocessor Systems (RTEMS) performed under a European Space Agency (ESA) contract. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that robustness testing results for this real time operating system are presented. The testing revealed a significant number of critical flaws in RTEMS 4.5.0 and shows the effectiveness of Xception toolset.
Engineering a Failure Detection Service for Widely Distributed Systems
Authors: Catão Bruno G. , Brasileiro Francisco V. , Oliveira Ana Cristina A.
Published: February 2023

Unreliable failure detectors are recognized as important building blocks for implementing fault-tolerant distributed systems. Further, there has been a lot of discussion on how to provide them with sophisticated features that allow for adaptation, flexible use, scalability and quality of service enforcement. Despite that, we are not aware of any real distributed system that uses a sophisticated failure detection service. In fact, most systems deployed use the trivial failure detection scheme provided by the underlying communication technologies (e.g. TCP/IP timeouts). We believe that this state of affairs is due to two main reasons: i) there is no widely supported failure detection service API that incorporates these advanced features in a suitable way; and ii) the benefits of using a sophisticated failure detection service are not clearly understood. This paper targets the first issue by proposing a failure detection service that addresses the main necessities of widely distributed systems and implements the state-of-the-art in failure detection mechanisms. Moreover, to improve the usability of the service we took special care in the design of its programming interface.
Em Direção a um Serviço de Replicação Transparente para Aplicações Web na Arquitetura J2EE
Authors: Zampieri André , Cassol Luciano Azevedo
Published: February 2023

Due to the increasing complexity of computational systems, the use of development platforms has become very popular. They provide many services that allow developers to keep their focus of attention in the applications they are implementing. The J2EE platform is the technological solution by Sun Microsystems that provides support services for the development of Web applications. However, the J2EE platform doesn’t offer support to applications that have fault tolerance as a requisite. This work presents the use of Aspect-Oriented Programming to add transparently an objects replication service for applications developed under the J2EE platform.
Extensão Orientada a Aspectos para Interações Multi-participantes Confiáveis
Authors: Cassol Luciano Azevedo , Zorzo Avelino Francisco , Zampieri André
Published: February 2023

The use of mechanisms of fault tolerance in the development of systems is more and more frequent. A problem that can happen in these mechanism is the tangling among the fault tolerance mechanism and the system in development, as well as the fault tolerance code scattering in several points of the system. The use of aspect oriented programming can aid in the task of separating multi-dimensional interests in the software development. This work presents an extension of the framework for dependable multiparty interactions through the use of aspect oriented programming with the objective of obtaining transparency in its use in system development.
Avaliando o Impacto de Detectores de Defeitos na Estabilidade de Sistemas de Controle de Tempo-Real sobre Redes Convencionais
Authors: Sá Alirio Santos de , Macêdo Raimundo José de Araújo
Published: February 2023

O presente artigo avalia o desempenho de um detector de defeitos adaptável, baseado em redes neurais artificiais, quando aplicado a um Sistema de Controle Distribuído de tempo real sobre uma rede Ethernet. Simulações realizadas sobre um sistema simples de controle replicado, evidenciam as vantagens da referida proposta quando contraposta com as principais abordagens adaptativas existentes. Adicionalmente, constatou-se que, sobre certas condições, a sobrecarga causada pelo uso de detectores de defeitos não prejudica o desempenho de algoritmos de controle convencionais, como PID.
Analisando o Custo do Armazenamento Tolerante a Faltas Bizantinas: PAXOS x Sistemas de Quóruns
Authors: Bessani Alysson Neves , Dantas Wagner Saback , Alchieri Eduardo Adílio Pelinson , Fraga Joni da Silva
Published: February 2023

A manutenção da disponibilidade e da integridade das informações é um requisito fundamental em sistemas de armazenamento de dados tolerantes a faltas. Uma abordagem comumente utilizada para concretização destes sistemas é a replicação tolerante a faltas Bizantinas. O presente trabalho avalia duas técnicas que podem ser utilizadas para a implementação de sistemas de armazenamento tolerantes a faltas Bizantinas: replicação máquina de estados, baseada no algoritmo PAXOS Bizantino, e sistemas de quóruns Bizantinos. Nossa abordagem compara teórica e experimentalmente duas implementações de um serviço de armazenamento, cada uma baseada em uma destas técnicas. Os resultados demonstram claramente as vantagens e desvantagens destas abordagens quando consideramos uma rede local e um número mínimo de réplicas.
Modeling Service Availability in Web Clusters Architectures
Authors: Martinello Magnos , Kaâniche Mohamed , Kanoun Karama
Published: February 2023

Internet is often used for transaction based applications such as online banking, stock trading, among many others where the service outages are unacceptable. It is important for designers of such applications to analyze how hardware, software and performance related failures affect the quality of service delivered to the users. This paper presents analytical models for evaluating the service availability of web cluster architectures. A composite performance and availability modeling approach is defined considering various causes of service unavailability. In particular, web cluster systems are modeled taking into account: two recovery strategies (client transparent and non client-transparent). Sensitivity analysis results are presented to show their impact on the web service availability. The obtained results are aimed at providing useful guidelines to web designers.
Implementing a Distributed Execution Service for a Grid Broker
Authors: Figueiredo Flavio V. D. de , Brasileiro Francisco V. , Brito Andrey E. M.
Published: February 2023

Grid middleware such as OurGrid offer solutions for executing parallel tasks on a grid system. In such systems, users submit their applications for executions through a client broker. MyGrid is the client broker used for the OurGrid system; it is in charge of managing task executions that a user has submitted. Although the broker is able to detect task failures and reschedule them, MyGrid itself constitutes a single point of failure from the user perspective. If it fails, all knowledge of task executions is lost. Moreover, MyGrid is also a bottleneck, since hundreds, or even thousands, of executions could potentially be spawned by an application and need to be managed at the same time by a single broker. In this paper we present the design and implementation of a fault-tolerant distributed execution service that allows for load balancing and improves MyGrid performance. A checkpointing mechanism is used to ease the implementation of the service and to further increase system reliability.
Escalonamento Tolerante a Sabotagem em Grades Computacionais Entre-Pares
Authors: Oliveira Ana Cristina Alves de , Brasileiro Francisco Vilar
Published: February 2023

As grades computacionais foram construídas para servirem de infra-estrutura para o aumento da potência computacional. Elas evoluíram no sentido de formarem comunidades de livre ingresso para compartilhamento de potência computacional sobre a Internet e ganharam o título de grades entre-pares (P2P). Note que o fato de qualquer usuário poder ingressar e sair livremente de um sistema, pode torná-lo suscetível a danos causados por usuários trapaceiros. Uma solução para este problema é aplicar técnicas de tolerância a sabotagem, que geralmente são baseadas em replicação para estimar a corretude da computação. Este trabalho aborda escalonamento tolerante a sabotagem em grades P2P e demonstra que é possível obter altos níveis de confiabilidade para os resultados da computação, minimizando custos de replicação por meio do emprego de tolerância a faltas baseada em credibilidade no escalonamento de tarefas.
Construção de uma Ferramenta de Injeção de Falhas Simuladas para Avaliação de Sistemas Distribuídos
Authors: Munaretti Ruthiano S. , Barcellos Marinho P.
Published: February 2023

A união da simulação com a injeção de falhas possibilita a avaliação de um sistema complexo quando o mesmo é sujeito a falhas, permitindo a utilização de um modelo abstrato do sistema em questão. O Simmcast é um framework de simulação com grande extensibilidade, e o SimmFI é uma extensão com o objetivo de oferecer suporte à injeção de falhas no sistema distribuído simulado. O presente artigo discute aspectos da arquitetura e implementação do SimmFI, enfatizando os mecanismos de injeção de falhas e de ativação e desativação de falhas. Um conjunto de testes foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar o correto funcionamento da implementação.
Data Reconciliation in DHT Networks
Authors: Martins Vidal , Pacitti Esther
Published: February 2023

Optimistic replication can provide high data availability for collaborative applications in large scale distributed systems (grid, P2P, and mobile systems). However, if data reconciliation is performed by a single node, data availability remains an important issue since the reconciler node can fail. Thus, reconciliation should also be distributed and reconciliation data should be replicated. We have previously proposed the DSR-cluster algorithm, a distributed version of the IceCube semantic reconciliation engine designed for cluster networks. However DSR-cluster is not suitable for P2P networks, which are usually built on top of the Internet. In this case, network costs must be considered. The main contribution of this paper is the DSR-P2P algorithm, a distributed reconciliation algorithm designed for P2P networks. We first propose a P2P-DHT cost model for computing communication costs in a DHT overlay network. Second, taking into account this model, we propose a cost model for computing the cost of each reconciliation step. Third, we propose an algorithm that dynamically selects the best nodes for each reconciliation step. Our algorithm yields high data availability with acceptable performance and limited overhead.
Injeção de Falhas de Comunicação em Grids com Características de Tolerância a Falhas
Authors: Menegotto Cristina C. , Vacaro Juliano C. , Weber Taisy S.
Published: February 2023

Este artigo propõe uma metodologia para avaliação de dependabilidade de grids com características de tolerância a falhas através de injeção de falhas de comunicação. A metodologia foi construída a partir da adaptação de uma metodologia para avaliação de desempenho. Como prova de conceito, a metodologia é aplicada à plataforma para computação em grid OurGrid usando o injetor FIRMI. Resultados são apresentados acerca da dependabilidade do sistema.
Integrando Injeção de Falhas ao Perfil UML 2.0 de Testes
Authors: Gerchman Júlio , Weber Taisy S.
Published: February 2023

O Perfil UML 2.0 de Testes (U2TP) é uma extensão de UML que permite a especificação, visualização e construção de artefatos de testes usados na verificação e validação de um sistema. No entanto, esse perfil não oferece mecanismos para integração direta de injeção de falhas, técnica eficiente para o teste de mecanismos de tolerância a falhas. Este trabalho propõe uma extensão de U2TP, permitindo descrever cenários e elementos necessários para o uso de técnicas de injeção de falhas.
Geração de Casos de Teste de Interrupção para Aplicações de Celulares
Authors: Andrade Wilkerson L. , O. Neto Francisco G. , Machado Patricia D. L.
Published: February 2023

O mercado de telefonia celular tem se mostrado cada vez mais competitivo, demandando um padrão de qualidade cada vez maior. Neste contexto, aplicações são desenvolvidas como conjuntos de funcionalidades, chamados de features. Existem cenários onde as features interrompem a execução de outras features e devido ao fato de as features serem usualmente desenvolvidas e testadas de forma isolada, os testes de suas interações nos cenários de uso das aplicações ficam comprometidos. Neste trabalho, apresentamos uma abordagem para a geração e seleção de casos de teste de interrupção a partir de casos de uso. Casos de uso são transformados em modelos LTS, a partir dos quais casos de teste podem ser obtidos de acordo com uma estratégia de seleção baseada em propósitos de teste. A abordagem apresentada é apoiada pela ferramenta LTS-BT.
Desenvolvendo Serviços Web Tolerante a falta usando BPEL
Authors: Lau Jim , Lung Lau Cheuk , Fraga Joni da Silva , Santos Giuliana
Published: February 2023

A tecnologia de serviços web provê uma abordagem para o desenvolvimento de aplicações distribuídas utilizando interfaces simples e bem definidas. Devido à flexibilidade desta arquitetura, é possível a composição de processos de negócios integrando serviços de domínios distintos. Este artigo apresenta uma proposta de utilização das especificações para orquestração de serviços, na implementação de uma arquitetura tolerante a faltas utilizando uma combinação de técnica de replicação ativa e passiva. Este modelo suporta falta de crash e valor. As características e os resultados obtidos com a definição desta arquitetura são descritos no decorrer deste artigo.
Diagnostischer Irrtum
Authors: Spyropoulos Ilias
Published: February 2023

This work is a study in medical criminal law that deals with medical malpractice in the narrower sense and, in particular, with medical diagnostic errors. The author starts from a conceptual definition of diagnostic error under medical criminal law and examines its relevance for the controversial question of the demarcation between doing and omitting to do a diagnosis. He also aims to determine the due diligence requirements under criminal law with regard to medical diagnosis on the basis of negligence theories, medical guidelines and ultimately with the help of case law.
Vertrauen in Dokumentationen auf der Streaming-Plattform Netflix
Authors: Krüger Lotta
Published: February 2023

Documentaries with opinionated content and one-sided presentations generate high viewer numbers on the streaming platform Netflix. For their success, it is often less relevant whether they also meet the quality criteria necessary for the genre.

Therefore, Lotta Krüger examines the viewers' expectations of such Netflix documentaries and to what extent they trust them. Her qualitative study of guided interviews provides an exciting insight into the thoroughly reflected user behavior of the viewers and and sheds light on the media competence of the under 35 years olds.
A landscape review of the literature focusing upon the use of technology to support problem, case and project based learning in higher education STEM disciplines
Authors: Wood Ruth , Malik Manish
Published: February 2023

A systematic approach was undertaken to locate and analyse empirical research examining the use of technology to support constructivist approaches to learning. In particular, this paper focuses upon Problem, Project and Case Based Learning and consults publications which have employed technology in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics within on campus higher education settings. Four databases were searched and after applying relevant inclusion and exclusion criteria, 56 publications published during 2007–2021 were included in this review. In addition to systematically documenting the landscape of literature associated with this area of research, this paper offers an analysis of the contributions of the research in understanding the way in which technology affects efficiency, team effectiveness and inclusivity as part of the learning process.
Developing future working life competencies with earth-centered design
Authors: Väätäjä Heli , Tihinen Maarit
Published: February 2023

Integration of sustainability in the curriculum of higher education creates a demand for bringing the theme into concrete development projects. Sustainable and proactive development have been identified in Finland as key generic competences in higher education. Capability to innovate and create sustainable solutions and services for future are key skills in producing novel sustainable solutions. We experimented with master’s level students the use of a novel design method, Planet Centric Design (PCD), to create sustainable system and service concepts for the future. The trialed method combines systems thinking with service design to solve sustainability related challenges. It has been developed by a software company to support practical sustainable solution development jointly with their customers. Companies have recently been active in developing their own approaches to support design related activities. Trialing, benchmarking, and learning the use of the topical industry-lead methods during their studies, provides students practical hands-on experiences of using the methods and confidence to use the methods. The participating students found using an industry-developed design method valuable. Learning about sustainability was perceived to be applicable both for working and personal life and have impact in both areas. In the student’s self-reflection reports on their learning and experiences, the collaborative teamwork in multidisciplinary teams and the creative confidence gained through the learning to use a novel design approach, were the most most often described positive themes.
Mediation Approach : Strategi Kepala Sekolah dalam Manajemen Konflik di Lembaga Pendidikan
Authors: Ruqaiyah Ruqaiyah
Published: February 2023

Abstract Challenges of Indonesian society, especially for millennials is the strengthening of digital literacy and filtering of information. Users of communication technology such as smartpone need to be balanced with the right insight and understanding of the influence of the use of communication media. Smart communication media (smartpone) that is equipped with the latest features and high-ability should be held by smart people, namely people who can make use of the media properly and wisely. The school is a place to develop students' potential with the teaching and learning process conducted on a periodal and structured basis. In schools there is also the potential for conflict between students, students with teachers, and teachers with parents (parents). Conflict can be defined by dispute or conflict. School institutions or teachers are often scapegoats for the attitudes and behaviors of naughty students, generally parents in responding to their child's misbehavior is too excessive, they seem to wash their hands and assume that teachers in schools are not right in educating. Parents in general pay less attention to the causes and consequences caused by the misbehavior of students in school, parents are more focused on excessive expression to lecture and lecture teachers in school because it is considered less because of educating students, this kind of thing can actually be found the best solution, one of which is through mediation approach. Research Method is a description research with a library approach. Based on the results of the analysis of data sources can be concluded that the mediation approach can be implemented in internal and external conflicts of educational institutions. The mediation approach is carried out in two stages. The first stage is detoral mediation, and the second stage is cross-sectoral mediation. The two stages are taken in sequence or orderly, in order to produce comprehensive information and conclusions.
A Survey on Distributed Reinforcement Learning
Authors: Maroning Useng  , Suleiman Abdulrahman
Published: February 2023

In many settings, reinforcement learning (RL) has proven to be an effective tool for tackling difficult decision-making challenges. Traditional RL algorithms, on the other hand, frequently hit walls when confronted with issues of a sufficiently great scale or complexity. Distributed reinforcement learning (DRL) is a new area of study that hopes to circumvent these restrictions by dividing the learning workload among several computers. In this work, we offer a thorough overview of DRL, discussing its history, difficulties, applications, evaluation, scalability, and outstanding issues. We classify DRL approaches and frameworks and examine their similarities and differences. We also highlight the difficulties and restrictions of using DRL in real-world circumstances and examine its practical applicability in a variety of fields. We also describe current trends and future directions for evaluating DRL algorithms, and we analyse the performance of DRL algorithms on benchmark tasks. We also go through various options for distributed computing in DRL, as well as other methods for increasing the scalability and efficiency of DRL algorithms. We conclude by outlining key concerns and obstacles in DRL study, and by making suggestions for moving the subject forward. Overall, the goal of this survey is to give readers a picture of where things stand in terms of DRL study and application at the moment.