bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Race and Criterion on the Predictive Ability of Beliefs and Attitudes
Authors: Shiflett Samuel
Published: August 2011

The moderating effect of soldiers' race was examined for responses to valences and instrumentalities of outcomes, as well as satisfaction, reported effort, and intention to reenlist. Subjects were 218 white and 54 black soldiers. Results tended to confirm previous findings regarding generally more positive responses by blacks than whites and of a tendency for extrinsic factors to be more salient for blacks than whites. However, the findings clearly indicated that over-all job satisfaction is most strongly related to perceived performance-outcome instrumentalities. This was equally true for both races and applied to both intrinsic and extrinsic outcomes.
Wives Who Work Full-Time and Part-Time: Some Correlates over the States of the USA
Authors: Yang Bijou , Lester David
Published: August 2011

In states in which a greater percentage of wives worked full-time divorce rates were higher, unemployment rates lower, and median family incomes lower. However, in states in which a greater percentage of wives worked pan-time divorce rates were lower and median family incomes higher.
How Valid is the Social Desirability Scale of Bem's Sex Role Inventory
Authors: Lara-Cantu Ma. Asuncion , Suzan-Reed Monica
Published: August 2011

Extensive research has been carried out on Bern's Masculinity and Femininity scales, but little has been reported on the validity of the Social Desirability scale, so correlations were obtained for the Marlowe and Crowne Social Desirability Scale and Bern's scales, as well as a factor analysis of Bern's inventory, and mean sex differences for Bern's Social Desirability items. 478 first-year undergraduate students, aged 18 to 22 yr., 214 men and 264 women, were subjects. Correlations of Marlowe-Crowne scores were .42 with Bern's Social Desirability, .20 with Masculinity, and .13 with Femininity. Factor analysis of responses to Bern's inventory gave four factors: the social desirability items had high loadings, and no single social desirability factor was found that included the items of this scale in a representative number. Finally, nine of Bern's social desirability items were differentially endorsed by men and women. These results suggest that Bern's Social Desirability scale measures socially desirable characteristics, although the items do not form a cohesive scale and are not independent of sex.
Effects of Sex, Year in School, and Type of Cartoon on Ratings of Humor and Likability
Authors: Parisi Rose L. , Kayson Wesley A.
Published: August 2011

This experiment studied how sex, year in school, and type of cartoon affects humor and likability ratings of two types of cartoons. 40 men and 40 women (20 college freshman, 20 sophomores, 20 juniors, and 20 seniors) rated 3 Far Side and 3 Family Circus cartoons for how humorous and likable the cartoons were. Two 4 × 2 × 2 mixed analyses of variance were performed, one on humor ratings and one on likability ratings. Far Side Cartoons were more humorous and likable than Family Circus cartoons. Men were more extreme in their ratings than women; they rated the Fat Side cartoons as more likable and humorous and Family Circus cartoons less likable and humorous than women. The triple interaction between sex, type of cartoons, and year in school was also significant for likability ratings. Results add to the literature on sex differences and show research on what affects preferred types of humor is needed.
Gender Self-Concepts in the USA and Yugoslavia
Authors: Novakovic Tatjana , Kidd Aline H.
Published: August 2011

This study was designed to measure differences between Yugoslavian and US college students in sex-role orientation. It was hypothesized that there would be significant differences in the number of Yugoslavian and US students classified as androgynous, masculine, feminine, and undifferentiated. 52 male and 52 female students at the University of Belgrade, and 43 male and 63 female students from San Francisco Bay Area colleges and universities completed the Bern Sex-role Inventory. Analysis supported the hypothesis. Significantly more US males and females than their Yugoslavian peers were classified as androgynous. Significantly more Yugoslavian male and female students than US students were classified as undifferentiated. Significantly more US female than Yugoslavian female students were classified as masculine, and significantly more Yugoslavian female than US female students were classified as feminine. The results were discussed in terms of differences in the political, sociocultural, and economic conditions in the two countries.
Career Orientations, Satisfaction and Health among Police Officers: Some Consequences of Person-Job Misfit
Authors: Burke Ronald J. , Deszca Gene
Published: August 2011

Four career orientations proposed by Cherniss (1980) were related to measures of satisfaction and well-being among men and women in police work. The career orientations were Self-investors, Social Activists, Careerists, and Artisans. Self-investors, a type of nonwork orientation, reported greater burnout, greater stress, and the least satisfying work setting. In addition, Self-investors exhibited poorer individual well-being (more psychosomatic symptoms, greater negative feeling states). Careerists and Artisans reported greater work satisfaction, least burnout, the least stress, and the most positive work setting. The concept of person-job fit, with the development of the Self-investor career orientation as a consequence of person-job misfit, is proposed as an explanation of these findings.
Career Orientations and Psychological Burnout in Teachers
Authors: Burke Ronald J. , Greenglass Esther R.
Published: August 2011

Four career orientations proposed by Cherniss (1980) were related to psychological burnout and its antecedents and consequences. The four career orientations were: Self-investors, Social Activists, Careerists, and Artisans. 833 men and women in teaching provided data by completing questionnaires. Artisans were most common (61%), followed by Social Activists (18%), Careerists (12%), and Self-investors (10%). Social Activists reported greater burnout, greater stress, and the least satisfying work setting. In addition, Social Activists reported the least job satisfaction, greatest intention to turnover, and poorest physical health. Artisans reported greatest work satisfaction, least burnout, and the least stress.
Smoking Behavior and Anger
Authors: Witt Ellen M. , Kaelin Julie A. , Stoner Sue B.
Published: August 2011

The Anger Expression Scale and Smoking Behavior Questionnaire were administered to 580 undergraduate students (222 men and 358 women). No differences were found on the Anger-In or Anger-Control scales of the Anger Expression Scale for Current Smokers, Occasional Smokers, Exsmokers, and Nonsmokers. Occasional smokers had higher scores on the Anger-Out Scale than Nonsmokers. No sex differences were found on the three scales. Implications of the findings are discussed.
Converting California Psychological Inventory Protocols from 1957 to 1987 Norms and Variables
Authors: Lowman Rodney L.
Published: August 2011

This article presents a simple methodology for manually converting 1957 California Psychological Inventory protocols to the 1987 version. This process permits utilization of current norms for prior administrations of the inventory and also allows computation of Gough's three new second-order (“structural”) personality variables and of several new scales which were not formally included in the 1957 version.
Phenylketonuria: Implications of Initial Serum Phenylalanine Levels on Cognitive Development
Authors: Barclay A. , Walton O.
Published: August 2011

This study investigated influences of diagnostic phenylalanines, age at initiation of diet, and dietary control, separately and in combination, on cognitive development for 29 phenylketonuric children (17 boys and 12 girls) who ranged in age from 1 to 1,184 days. Initial serum phenylalanine concentrations and age at initiation of therapy were significantly related to cognitive development, whereas neither dietary and biochemical control relative to blood levels of phenylalanine or for these variables in combination exerted a statistically significant effect on measures of functioning. The interaction between initial serum phenylalanine level and age at onset of diet did reach nearly significant proportions, suggesting that the relation between diagnostic phenylalanines and subsequent cognitive development in the phenylketonuric population warrants further study. Despite an approximately 13-point decrease in IQs between initial (1 yr.) and most recent measurements (3 yr.), all 29 children were functioning in the normal or near-normal intellectual range at the most recent testing.
Selection of Relevant Features: A Convergent and Discriminant Validity Analysis
Authors: Evans Richard H.
Published: August 2011

This study examined the interrelations of 7 objective product features and 3 subjective product features using two measures for each interrelationship. An adaption of the 1959 Campbell and Fiske multitrait-multimethod analysis indicated significant and acceptable convergent and discriminant validity for the objective product features and the subjective product features, respectively. Undergraduate business school students served as the subjects and the stimulus object was a clock radio.
Oral Character and Attitudes and Behavior Related to Food and Eating
Authors: Mills Jon K. , Cunningham Jean
Published: August 2011

Freudian theory predicts that adult personality characteristics and behavior will reflect unresolved conflicts from early developmental stages. In this study, a card from the Blum's Blacky test was used as a projective measure of oral conflict with 35 male and 61 female college students. The presence of such conflict was significantly associated with deviations from norms for body weight, greater variability in adult body weight, rating food as important, and eating more frequently. However, ratings of preoccupation with food were not significantly related to scores for oral conflict. These findings support predictions from psychoanalytic theory and also point to the continued usefulness of the Blacky test in psychoanalytic research.
The Female Inmate: Gender Schema and Institutional Career Phase
Authors: Campbell Carol Sue , Robinson James William , Kenzie Doris Layton Mac , Winfree Thomas L.
Published: August 2011

In a sample of 141 incarcerated female offenders evidence for a relationship between gender-schema and institutional career phase was found. Inmates became more masculine and less feminine in gender-role identity as they moved from an early to a late phase in their incarceration.
Teachers' Base Pay, Student/Teacher Ratio, and Per-Student Expenditures as Predictors of Communities' Average Satisfaction with Local School Systems
Authors: Schumm Walter R. , Jurich Anthony P. , Bollman Stephan R.
Published: August 2011

In an analysis of 15 rural and urban communities in the Midwest, nonsignificant relationships were found between parental satisfaction with the local school system and three presumed measures of educational quality or financing, including teachers' base pay, student/teacher ratio, and per student expenditure. Implications for the support of public education are briefly discussed.
Death Anxiety and Attitudes toward Hospice Care
Authors: Neubauer Bruce J. , Lai Jia-Yee
Published: August 2011

A random telephone survey was completed with 253 adults to explore a possible relationship between death anxiety and public attitudes toward prospective use of hospice services. Among these adults, death anxiety does not appear to be related to attitudes toward prospective personal use of hospice services, although a desire to prolong life may be related to specific items within the Templer Death Anxiety Scale.
Behavioral Social Work: Results of a National Survey on Graduate Curricula
Authors: Thyer Bruce A. , Maddox Kim
Published: August 2011

A review of the course content in behavior therapy and single-subject research designs offered by 67 of the 99 accredited or preaccredited graduate schools of social work was conducted. Although behavior therapy is a viable perspective in social work education, the approach seems embedded in a context of clinical eclecticism which does not seem likely to provide adequate training in either learning theory or behavioral methods.
Machiavellianism and Careers at Plateau
Authors: Corzine Janice B. , Buntzman Gabriel , Busch Edgar T.
Published: August 2011

90 managers from a High-tech firm self-administered the Mach IV questionnaire. Analysis showed no significant difference between the more Machiavellian-oriented managers and their less Machiavellian peers on either of two dimensions. The High Machs were not promoted more often nor did they expect to be promoted more often than Low Machs in this study. Machiavellian tendencies were not related to ‘career plateauing.’
Did the American Psychological Association Misrepresent Scientific Material to the Us Supreme Court?
Authors: Cameron Paul , Cameron Kirk
Published: August 2011

On January 31, 1986, the American Psychological Association (APA) filed an amicus curiae brief with the US Supreme Court favoring constitutional protection for consensual sodomy. The APA claimed that: (1) the Bell, Weinberg, and Hammersmith survey found that “62% of heterosexual men reported that their first sexual experience was with another male; 39% of homosexual men reported such experience,” (2) “data do not support” a linkage between childhood homosexual activity and sexual orientation, and (3) “there are no empirical data to support the popular myth that homosexual orientation or behavior results from ‘contagion’ by other homosexuals.” It is judged that, in violation of standards for scientific reporting, the Bell, et al. finding was pulled out of context so that it favored the APA position, and the studies the APA cited in this section of the brief were either contrary to, nonsupportive of, or did not bear upon the APA's contentions. Professional scientific organizations have a special obligation to (a) be accurate in representations to the US Supreme Court and (b) adhere to accepted standards of scholarship in their use of citations.
Purpose and Meaning: A Two-Factor Theory of Existence
Authors: Shapiro Stewart B.
Published: August 2011

This paper attempts to elevate the concept of “purpose” to a coequal status with “meanings” in the author's conceptual scheme of existence. It constitutes a revision of the author's previous model of existence in which “purpose-in-life” was subsumed under the more general category of “significance.” The educational significance of the foregoing is discussed in terms of curricula in meanings-oriented education, especially in the study of life-histories.
Mnemonics—The Physical Presence and Absence of Hooks
Authors: Gustafson Roland
Published: August 2011

An experimental study was performed to test the hypothesis that physical presence of hooks during either learning or recall is more efficient than relying only on memorized hooks when using a mnemonic system. 20 pictures were used as hooks, and the dependent variable was recall of a list of concrete nouns. Results indicated no support for the hypothesis which outcome was explained in terms of overlearning of the hook pictures.
Intellectual Ability and Educational Achievement as Predictors of Patients' Defensiveness
Authors: Dalton John E. , Pederson Sanford L. , Guillet Mary V. , Aubuchon Ivan N.
Published: August 2011

The Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale, a measure of defensiveness, is related to various psychotherapeutic process and outcome variables. The present study tested the hypothesis that lower intellectual ability and educational achievement are associated with defensiveness. In a sample of 50 patients in psychotherapy, defensiveness was not significantly correlated with WAIS—R IQs estimated from Shipley-Hartford scores and only weakly related (−.26) to education. It appears that patients' defensiveness is relatively unassociated with these objective indices of ability and achievement.
Relation between Coping Style and Barron's Ego Strength Scale
Authors: Schill Thomas , Tata Shiraz Piroshaw
Published: August 2011

66 college men and 61 women were asked how they coped with feelings of tension and depression and completed Barron's Ego Strength Scale. Ego strength was negatively correlated with coping by reliance on professionals. Men higher in ego strength were more likely to cope by analyzing the problem and taking direct action. Women were more likely to use escape (watching TV, making a trip). As expected, personal resources for coping were more limited for those lower in ego strength.
Sexual and Racial Discrimination in Service-Seeking Interactions: A Field Study in Fast Food and Commercial Establishments
Authors: Juni Samuel , Brannon Robert , Roth Michelle M.
Published: August 2011

Observers at fast food restaurants and banks in New York City catalogued the sex and race of 492 customers and of the cashiers who were chosen by those customers. Data analysis showed that black customers preferred black cashiers while white customers preferred white cashiers. In contrast, female cashiers were preferred by both male and female customers, although the tendency was somewhat more pronounced for women. Also documented was an apparent bias of employing women rather than men in food-service positions. The findings are discussed in the general context of discrimination and stereotypy.
Two Psychometric Problems of the Firo-B Questionnaire
Authors: Salminen Simo
Published: August 2011

Two psychometric problems of FIRO-B scales, namely, reliability and social desirability, were studied. Subjects were 152 women and 36 men from the introductory course in social psychology. They completed the FIRO-B questionnaire and the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale. Three of the six coefficients of reproducibility were below a satisfactory level. All scalability coefficients were near the level usually required. Correlations among scores on all expressed needs scales and the social desirability scale were statistically significant. Also, wanted control was related to social desirability. We can doubt that the good reliability of FIRO-scales was based on acquiescence because reliability was not good enough just for those scales on which some items were reversed. The bias from social desirability in expressed needs was explained by the possibility that the subjects were more likely to see that the object of the measurement was themselves.
The Effect of “Getting along” and Managers' Evaluations
Authors: Bowin Robert B. , Attaran Mohsen
Published: August 2011

The study examined the “getting along” or “chemistry” effect on managers' perceptions. Utilizing Ghiselli's Self-description Inventory to determine traits of success, 42 subordinate managers were evaluated on success and “getting along” or “chemistry” by their 14 supervisory managers. The data suggest the perception of “getting along” or “chemistry” may be important in evaluating career success.
Factor Analyzing the College Self-Expression Scale with a Spanish Population
Authors: Caballo Vicente E. , Buela Gualberto
Published: August 2011

Responses to the College Self-expression Scale, a self-report measure of assertion, were factor analyzed for 843 Spanish undergraduates. Data were gathered from several samples in a similar population (Spanish university students) and compared with data obtained in American studies. Similarities and differences between Spanish and American populations are highlighted.
Relating Leadership and Credibility
Authors: Posner Barry Z. , Kouzes James M.
Published: August 2011

Using responses ( N = 998) from their subordinates, the relationship between leadership and credibility was examined. All three dimensions of credibility (trustworthiness, expertise, and dynamism) were significantly correlated with five behavioral practices of leaders (challenging the process, inspiring a shared vision, enabling others to act, modeling the way, and encouraging the heart) as identified by Kouzes and Posner (1987). Implications for leaders are discussed.
Midlife Depression and the “Empty Nest” Syndrome in Indian Women
Authors: Pillay Anthony L.
Published: August 2011

The incidence of midlife depression in Indian (South African) women presenting at a general hospital psychological clinic is reported. Of 56 women aged between 40 and 55 yr. who presented at the clinic during a 2-yr. period, 32 (57.1%) showed clinical depression. Of the depressed 21 were referred primarily for bodily pains in the absence of organic pathology. Feelings of loneliness and isolation related to children leaving home were reported by 19 patients. The breakdown of the extended-family system, through acculturation, and its psychological effects on middle-aged women are discussed.
A Short Form of the Barrett-Lennard Relationship Inventory for Supervisory Relationships
Authors: Schacht Anita J. , Howe Herbert E. , Berman John J.
Published: August 2011

A 40-item short form of the Barrett-Lennard Relationship Inventory is developed to assess the experience of the facilitative conditions in the supervisory relationship. There are five scales, Regard (10 items), Unconditionally (5 items), Empathic Understanding (10 items), Congruence (10 items), and Willingness to be Known (5 items). Reliabilities are good and comparable to those of longer versions. Scale intercorrelations were moderate to high, with highest correlations between Empathic Understanding and Congruence. There was one principal factor. Congruence loaded most heavily on this factor, followed by Empathy and Regard.
Biofeedback and Effects of Set and Sex with Type a and Type B College Students: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Drennen William T. , Vidic Jeffrey J. , Nay Richard
Published: August 2011

From a subject pool, Type A and B subjects, 13 women and 12 men, were chosen to participate in EMG biofeedback training for two sessions. In Session 1 subjects were given standard biofeedback training instructions without any set except to use the biofeedback signals to relax. In Session 2 a mildly competitive set was introduced with potential monetary reward. Subjects showed relaxation over and within sessions with no significant type or set differences or interactions. Men showed more increased relaxation within sessions than did women regardless of type and set.
Preexisting Differences in Evaluations of Counselors
Authors: Marshall Linda L. , Kratz Nancy Ziegler
Published: August 2011

To assess whether there are different stereotypes for male and female therapists held by male and female perceivers and to examine ceiling effects on the short Counselor Rating Form 308 undergraduate students evaluated a male or female “psychologist who provides therapy.” Differences were found in attractiveness by therapists' sex and raters' familiarity with therapy. Subjects' sex and familiarity also affected ratings of expertness and trustworthiness. No interactions were found. High means indicated a ceiling effect.
Can Androgyny Be Assessed with a Single Scale?
Authors: Kottke Janet L.
Published: August 2011

The measurement of psychological androgyny has been widely discussed in the literature. Several approaches have been tried: simple differences in Masculine-Feminine scores, median splits, and continuous scores. This study was an attempt to determine if a bipolar M-F scale centered with an Androgyny midpoint would yield similar results to those on Bern's widely used measurement of androgyny. The results suggest the concept of androgyny may be specific to the scale used.
Awareness of Heart-Rate Reactivity
Authors: Sharpley Christopher F. , Fleming Richard K.
Published: August 2011

Heart-rate reactivity is a major cause of atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease. Effective procedures for teaching at-risk persons to control their heart-rate reactivity are often assumed to depend upon awareness of heart rate and changes in heart rate. Data were collected on 36 young men who underwent a combination of rest and psychological stress (mental arithmetic under timed and competitive conditions) to determine if they were aware of changes in heart rate. Analysis indicated that, while most subjects were aware of such changes, their estimates of the magnitude of those changes were exaggerated. Awareness of heart-rate reactivity then appears to require teaching prior to biofeedback for control purposes.
A Field Study of Job Knowledge Job Satisfaction, Intention to Turnover, and Ratings of Simulated Performance
Authors: Ward Edward A.
Published: August 2011

Employees' job knowledge affects both work-sample performance and performance ratings made by supervisors. In the present study of 78 military police officers, the influence of two measures of job knowledge, one for which the employees could ready themselves and the other which was given without advance notice, were examined for their relation with job satisfaction, intention to turnover, and simulated performance ratings. Both measures of job knowledge were significantly related to simulated performance ratings but not job satisfaction or intention to turnover.
Effects of Selected Physical Activities on Health-Related Fitness and Psychological Well-Being
Authors: Ford H. Thomas , Puckett John R. , Blessing Daniel L. , Tucker Larry A.
Published: August 2011

To determine the effects of participation in selected physical activities on scores of self-concept, body-cathexis and four items of health-related fitness, 88 women in university physical education service classes participated 3 hr. per week for 8 wk. in one of five activities (aerobic dance, jogging for fitness, swimming for fitness, life saving, and weight training). A total of 108 subjects participated in the study, with 20 students in health science classes serving as the controls. Few differences were noted between the activity groups and the controls on the posttest with pretest scores controlled. Specifically, loggers and aerobic dancers performed significantly more situps than did the controls, and joggers, aerobic dancers, weight trainers, and those in the lifesaving group displayed significantly greater flexibility on the sit and reach test than did the controls on the posttest. None of the activity groups differed from the controls regarding self-esteem, body cathexis, body fat, or the step test scores at posttest.
Homophobia and Attitudes about AIDS
Authors: Dupras André , Levy Joseph , Samson Jean-Marc , Tessier Dominique
Published: August 2011

A random sample of 407 French Canadian adults responded to a questionnaire about perception of AIDS. Negative attitudes about AIDS are better predicted by homophobia than other measures as are attitudes about extramarital relations and attitudes about adolescent heterosexuality.
Decision Impact Validity: A Theoretical Note
Authors: Templer Donald I.
Published: August 2011

The concept of “decision-impact validity” was introduced and pertains to the contention that for a test to be useful it must affect decision making. Circumstances that appear to limit decision-impact validity were discussed.
Attitudes and Environments: Personality Group Differences
Authors: Marjoribanks Kevin
Published: August 2011

Discriminant analysis was used to examine personality group differences in children's school-related attitudes and in their perceptions of school learning environments. Personality was assessed by administering The Children's Personality Questionnaire, Form A while scales were constructed to measure children's school-related attitudes and perceptions of their school learning environments. Data were collected from 500 12-yr.-old Australian children. In the analysis the children were classified into four personality groups that were labeled as extravert-adjusted, extravert-anxious, introvert-adjusted and introvert-anxious. The findings supported the general proposition that children of different personality groups construct variable social environments and have different attitudinal dispositions.
Community Mental Health Ideology of Preprofessional Students
Authors: Jacobs Eugene F. , Duncan David F.
Published: August 2011

Adherence to the ideology of mental health was measured in a cluster sample of preprofessional students in four majors: psychology, social work, rehabilitation and health education. Mean inventory scores for the four groups did not differ significantly.
Comments on ‘Call for a Follow-UP Study of Experiments on Long-Term Deprivation of Human Infants’ by Micha Razel
Authors: White Burton L.
Published: August 2011

Razel's examination of the early work of McGraw and the Dennises puts a heavy requirement on studies of single subjects and on some possible interpretations for which, unfortunately, documentation is insufficient. Further, the Dennises placed more emphasis on the autotelic quality of motor mastery than Razel notes. Rather than looking for these persons whose behavior was studied long ago, direct study of motor mastery by systematic provision of enrichment conditions during early development is more likely to be instructive and a better use of scientific resources.
A Note on Cause and Correlation
Authors: Silvestri Philip
Published: August 2011

The attribution of cause depends on the research design, not on the statistics applied to identify the effect and establish significance. Three meanings of correlation are mentioned and the distinctions used to clarify the confusions which arise in the use of the two terms “cause” and “correlation.”
There's More in a Number than You Think: New Validity Data for the Global Assessment Scale
Authors: Sohlberg Staffan
Published: August 2011

Holcomb and Otto (1988) recently suggested that the widely used Global Assessment Scale may have “… questionable validity as an index of psychopathology.” The present paper points out procedural and conceptual problems in their study and presents extensive evidence supporting the concurrent and predictive validity of the scale.
Sex-Related Values and Attitudes of College Students: A Sexism Scale vs the Semantic Differential
Authors: Lawson Edwin D.
Published: August 2011

To measure sexist attitudes, 50 men and 50 women completed two instruments One was a nondisguised type—the Rombough-Ventimiglia Sexism Scale; the other disguised—the semantic differential with ratings on sex-role concepts. On the basis of scores on the Rombough-Ventimiglia Scale, men were divided into High (traditional) and Low (emancipated) scoring groups. The same procedure was followed for women's scores. As expected the Rombough-Ventimiglia scales showed significant differences between High and Low attitude groups and also between men and women. However, the semantic differential comparisons between High and Low scoring groups for men show significant differences on only three of the 36 concepts rated; women's scores show 10 significant differences. Comparisons between men and women on the semantic differential show significant differences on 20 concepts. The results can be interpreted as indicating that men may introduce a certain element of distortion in responding to conventional sexism scales.
The Men's Adult Life Experiences Inventory: An Instrument for Assessing Developmental Concerns of Middle Age
Authors: De Luccie Mary F. , Scheidt Rick J. , Davis Albert J.
Published: August 2011

This article describes the development and testing of a new 97-item self-report instrument assessing the frequency and intensity of 11 developmentally related domains of concerns of middle-aged men. These include relationships (child, parents, wife, friends), job, health, sex, leisure, death, pressures of time, and self-reflection. The psychometric properties of the instrument, as well as potential uses, are discussed.
A Table of Correction Factors for Estimating Point-Biserial Correlations with Equal Category Proportions
Authors: Kemery Edward R. , Dunlap William P.
Published: August 2011

A table of correction factors is presented for removing the downward bias in a point-biserial correlation resulting from an unequal number of observations in each category of the dichotomous variable. The procedure involves calculating the observed point-biserial correlation, transforming it to the biserial correlation, and then recomputing the point-biserial correlation with a 50–50 split. The latter two steps can be accomplished by use of the table presented herein. When conceptually appropriate, this procedure is recommended for obtaining more accurate estimates of population correlations, a priori and post hoc power analysis, and for removing the effect of disparate splits prior to aggregation in meta-analysis.
AIDS Education and Policies among Southern Baptist Church Leaders in the State of Texas
Authors: Aldridge Jerry , Clayton Gypsy , Chalker Rhoda
Published: August 2011

A survey was conducted to assess the knowledge and attitudes of 67 preschool and children's directors of the Southern Baptist Convention of Texas during a statewide meeting on AIDS. Data on church policies regarding AIDS and AIDS education were also obtained from the participants.
Coffee Consumption in Relation to Smoking Behavior
Authors: Geist Charles R. , Chestnut Debra
Published: August 2011

Smokers and nonsmokers, each group consisting of 25 men and women, were observed an average of 9.16 min. while engaging in coffee-drinking behavior at the student union cafeteria. Data were tabulated in sips per minute. Smokers sipped coffee significantly less often than nonsmokers. Further, men sipped coffee markedly less frequently than women. Statistical analysis indicated that the major difference resulted from men smokers who sipped coffee significantly less frequently than the other groups.
Career Orientations and Career Development among Male and Female Teachers
Authors: Greenglass Esther R. , Burke Ronald J.
Published: August 2011

Career orientations of 833 male and female school-based educators were examined at the start of their teaching careers and currently. Data were collected using anonymous questionnaires. Although more men held Careerist occupational self-concepts than women initially, this career orientation decreased for men and increased for women over time. The presence of the Careerist orientation was associated with increasing administrative responsibility for both men and women.
Effects of Dependents and Own Sex on Planning for and Thinking about One's Death
Authors: Westman Alida S. , Canter Francis M.
Published: August 2011

We investigated whether an extended sense of self based on having dependents or being socialized into an emotional caretaker (woman's) role would lead to planning for and thinking about one's dying and death more frequently and with less denial. 169 young adult men and women anonymously answered the denial questionnaire of Westman, Canter, and Boitos, reported whether they had dependents, wills, arranged for disposition of their bodies, and indicated how frequently they thought about their own death and what led them to think or not think about it. As hypothesized, young adults with dependents and women regardless of whether they had dependents were more likely to have wills and have arranged for disposition of their bodies. However, contrary to expectation, they were not less likely to deny their own dying. Having dependents or being female correlated for young adults with concrete behaviors concerning, but not with a corresponding change in attitude toward, their own dying or death. The more frequent reasons for their thinking or not thinking about death also are reported.
It May Be Lonely at the Top but it's Less Stressful: Psychological Burnout in Public Schools
Authors: Burke Ronald J. , Greenglass Esther R.
Published: August 2011

This investigation compared levels of psychological burnout and its antecedents and consequences among teachers, department heads, and principals from a single school board. The data showed that increased stress and burnout were associated with decreased administrative responsibilities. Possible explanations for these findings are provided.
Effects of Superiors' Feedback, Credibility, and Expertise on Subordinates' Reactions: An Experimental Study
Authors: Orpen Christopher , King Gerard
Published: August 2011

The effects of valence of feedback, credibility of superior, and expertise of superior on subordinates' reactions to superior and effort intentions were examined in a 2 × 2 × 2 experimental study in which 120 management students participated. A significant main effect was found for feedback but not for credibility or expertise. It is argued that subordinates' reactions to feedback from superiors may sometimes be relatively unaffected by the perceived credibility or expertise of the superior.
Evaluating Dental Faculty Performance: Perceptions of Dental School Deans
Authors: Jones James E. , Preusz Gerald C.
Published: August 2011

In this study 57 deans in 67 United States and Canadian Dental Schools ranked, in decreasing order of importance, 12 performance criteria and then ranked the same 12 criteria as they perceived faculty would rank them. Agreement between the deans' two global rankings gave a Spearman's rank-order correlation of .92. Although the general level of agreement between the two perceptual ranks was significant, several important discrepancies in rank order were identified. Deans perceived that faculty would rank number of publications first and classroom, clinical, and laboratory teaching third. Deans personally ranked classroom, clinical, and laboratory teaching as first and number of publications as fourth. Implications of the discrepancy between the perceived importance of research productivity and teaching in faculty evaluation were discussed with respect to the increasing emphasis placed on research for dental faculty within the university.
Contributions to the History of Psychology: LIII. Maimonides' “Freudian” Theory of Prophecy
Authors: Bakan David
Published: August 2011

Maimonides, in The Guide of the Perplexed developed an an approach to interpreting prophecy using “Freudian” dream-interpretation methods on the assumption that prophets report dreams and visions, based on Numbers 12:6–8.
Development of a Screening Questionnaire to Study Attrition in Weight-Control Programs
Authors: Pratt Charlotte A.
Published: August 2011

Several environmental, social, personal and demographic factors are related to the likelihood that an individual will drop out of a weight-control program. This paper identifies such factors and proposes a research instrument to study attrition in adult weight-control programs.
Middleborns' Perceptions of Family Relationships
Authors: Kennedy Gregory E.
Published: August 2011

Responses of 657 college students of both sexes to questions about family relationships showed significant differences between 185 middleborn children and 472 children in other birth order positions. These differences support findings of prior studies of adolescents and children, suggesting that middleborns feel less parental support than other children. A significantly higher percent of middleborn students indicated that they received no parental assistance with their college expenses. Middleborns were less likely to indicate having a close relationship with their parents, less likely to indicate frequent telephone calls home, and more likely to indicate brother or sister (rather than parent) as having difficulty adjusting to their absence.
Findings with the Group Technique for Demonstrating Right-Sided Advantage for Speech
Authors: Williams Stephen M.
Published: August 2011

Preliminary results with the group right-sided advantage technique suggest that it reflects differential storage rather than perception and that strong lateralization is correlated with superior performance.
Relationships among Tests of the Pennsylvania Teacher Certification Testing Program Core Battery
Authors: Popovics Alexander J.
Published: August 2011

Intercorrelations of scores on tests on the Pennsylvania Teacher Certification Testing Program Core Battery were calculated for 244 female college students. Highest Pearson correlations were obtained between scores on the Basic Skills Reading test and the Professional Knowledge test ( r = .740) and scores on the General Knowledge test and the Professional Knowledge test ( r = .721).
Self-Esteem and Perceived Health of the Family of Origin: Are There Sex Differences?
Authors: Bonnington Stuart B.
Published: August 2011

This study investigated the relationship between self-esteem and the perceived health of the family of origin and in particular focused on possible differences in correlations for men and women. 70 female and 140 male undergraduates completed the Texas Social Behavior Inventory (Short Form A) and the Family of Origin Scale. While small significant Pearson correlations were found for both men and women, no difference in their magnitude was noted.
Machiavellianism, Task Orientation, and Team Effectiveness Revisited
Authors: Jaffe Eugene D. , Nebenzahl Israel D. , Gotesdyner Harry
Published: August 2011

125 active managers participated in a computerized business management game. Group task orientation was a significant predictor of team success. Machiavellianism was independent of team's success and task orientation. This study confirms earlier findings that task orientation is a predictor of team effectiveness, but rebuts previous research showing Machiavellianism is a predictor of team success. This study improved earlier research by involving better measures of influence and task orientation as well as practicing managers as subjects.
Perceptions of Political Competency and the Impact of a Televised Debate
Authors: Wanzenried J. W. , Powell F. C. , Franks L. J.
Published: August 2011

Candidates' competence and sociability scores did not change significantly after 131 undergraduates viewed a televised political debate between two candidates. Three personal attributes of candidates—character, composure, and extroversion—changed significantly. Viewed in light of final election results, this study suggests that the latter three variables may overshadow competence.
Psychologists and Children of Alcoholic Parents
Authors: Murray John B.
Published: August 2011

Clinical evidence has pictured children of alcoholic parents as vulnerable physically, emotionally, socially, academically, and at risk for alcoholism. Review of research indicated that some of these clinical insights have been validated, but much more is needed to fill out an accurate picture for psychologists who will be asked to work with them.
Sisyphus and the Triumphs of Medicine
Authors: Peschel Richard , Peschel Enid
Published: August 2011

Because they wage a losing battle against death, all physicians resemble Sisyphus, eternally condemned to perform an impossible task. Yet like him, physicians must realize that the small successes they can achieve while contending against destiny are what count.
Death Anxiety and Religion in an Older Male Sample
Authors: Thorson James A. , Powell F. C.
Published: August 2011

A death anxiety scale and a measure of intrinsic religious motivation were completed by 103 older white men. The correlation of scale scores was nonsignificant. Afterlife items on the death anxiety scale did correlate significantly with the intrinsic religious motivation score. Other elements of religiosity, such as religious behaviors, may be related to elements of death anxiety.
Kolb's Learning Style Inventory—1985: Test-Retest Déjà VU
Authors: Atkinson George
Published: August 2011

Kolb revised the Learning Style Inventory to improve psychometric properties such as test-retest reliability. The data from this study suggest the new instrument has no better stability coefficients than its predecessor.
Agitation and Touch in the Nursing Home
Authors: Marx Marcia S. , Werner Perla , Cohen-Mansfield Jiska
Published: August 2011

The relationship between manifestations of agitated behaviors and interpersonal distance was examined in 24 nursing home residents with high agitation and severe cognitive impairment. Analysis indicated that agitated residents displayed divergent responses to touch: touch was related to an increase in aggressive behaviors and to a decrease in physically nonaggressive behaviors (e.g., strange movements). The positive relationship between aggressiveness and touching suggests that residents may interpret touching as a violation of their personal space. The finding that residents exhibited fewer strange movements when touched suggests that touching can act as a quieting and comforting form of communication. The implications of these findings for caregivers are discussed.
A Theoretical Basis for Counseling the Retired Professional Athlete
Authors: Wolff Rick , Lester David
Published: August 2011

Retirement of professional athletes is compared to the dying process since, by retiring, athletes lose their personal identity which is dependent upon their careers. Professional athletes may go through psychological stages similar to those described by Kubler-Ross for dying patients. A three-stage counseling process is proposed of listening/confrontation, cognitive therapy, and vocational guidance to help professional athletes cope with loss of identity and move toward building a new one.
Fisher and Cleveland Barrier and Penetration Body-Image Scores, Self-Steering Style, and Academic Achievement
Authors: Jupp J. J.
Published: August 2011

Barrier and penetration Rorschach scores were defined by Fisher and Cleveland in 1968 as a bipolar dimension which was assumed to assess a “self-steering” approach to life and so to successful achievement. The present study of two samples of students examined correlations among the two Rorschach scores, self-steering attributes, and academic performance. Barrier and penetration scores were significantly negatively correlated, consistently associated with academic performance but not significantly associated with “self-steering” attributes. Barrier and penetration scores were consistently significantly associated with state anxiety. These results are discussed in terms of how they fit with propositions about barrier and penetration scores as assessments of firmness of body-image.
Text Cueing and Comprehension
Authors: Langer Philip , Keenan Verne , Culler Jan
Published: August 2011

This is one in a series of studies concerned with the effectiveness of instructional assistance on comprehension of scrambled text. Subjects were General Psychology students at the University of Colorado. Subjects reconstructed one of two 26-sentence passages with the aid of signalling sentences which assisted in determining the original sequence. These sentences were placed in proper order prior to the reconstruction task. A third group of subjects read the scrambled discourse without reconstruction. Our major findings were: (1) recall of idea units was assisted by the use of signalling sentences, (2) recognition of original sentences and paraphrases was also assisted by signalling, and (3) degree of concordance ( tau) between reconstructed order and the original sentence sequence was a function of passage content. The contribution of signalling alone as compared to signalling and feedback suggests that the amount of instructional assistance provided is not necessarily proportional to achievement. There appears to be a complex set of relations among achievement, content, and instructional assistance; these need to be examined further.
Is There an Allais Paradox? A Note on its Resolution
Authors: Brady Michael E. , Lee Howard B.
Published: August 2011

If a decision maker uses J. M. Keynes' “conventional coefficient of risk and weight” in making decisions under conditions of risk and/or uncertainty, then a consistent pattern of ranked outcome results is not paradoxical as proposed by Allais. Similarly, the paradoxical aspects of the “reflection effect” in Kahneman and Tversky's Prospect Theory analysis of the Allais' paradox, also vanishes. The Allais Paradox can only exist when probabilities are used in a decision-making process without a measure of confidence. By incorporating an information base for calculated probabilities the Allais Paradox results are rendered nonparadoxical.