bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prey-tracking behavior and prey preferences in a tree-climbing firefly
Authors: Sato Nozomu
Published: December 2019

Prey-tracking behavior is common in snail-killing predators, but in the family Lampyridae, this behavior has been validated in only a single species even though this Coleopteran family includes many specialist snail predators. The endemic firefly Pyrocoelia atripennis is a major snail-killing predator in the Yaeyama Islands of Japan, and the larvae often climb on the trees and grasses at night. This tree-climbing behavior is relevant to larval food choices and anti-predatory defenses of land snails. This study examined whether lampyrid larvae can track snail mucus trails and examined larval prey preferences using alternative choice experiments. In addition, predation trials were conducted to evaluate which snail species are potential prey. P. atripennis larvae significantly selected mucous trails over distilled water or control (no-trail) treatments. In addition, a semi-arboreal species was preferred over a ground-dwelling species. In predation trials, the larvae preyed on five out of 10 endemic snail species, all of which were semi-arboreal or arboreal species. Ground-dwelling Cyclophoridae and Aegista species have effective anti-predatory defenses consisting of an operculum or “foamy-lid” that fills the shell aperture. Whether the prey has a lid affects the predation success of lampyrid larvae, and larval tree-climbing behavior may be an adaptation used to search for semi-arboreal and arboreal land snails that lack defensive lids. Furthermore, snail mucus left on the plant stem may help the lampyrid larvae to locate their prey.
“

A
cidobacteriia

”
Authors: Dedysh Svetlana N. , Oren Aharon
Published: December 2019

A.ci.do.bac.te.ri'i.a. N.L. neut. n.
Acidobacterium
, type genus of the proposed type order
Acidobacteriales
; ‐
ia
, ending to denote a class; N.L. neut. pl. n.
Acidobacteriia
, the class of
Acidobacteriales
.

Acidobacteria / Acidobacteriia

The class “
Acidobacteriia
” was circumscribed on the basis of the phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences. The name was not validly published and is an orthographic variant of
Acidobacteria
Cavalier‐Smith, 2002, a name placed on the list of
nomina rejicienda
. At present, the class contains two orders, the type order “
Acidobacteriales
” (also a
nomen rejiciendum
) with the single family
Acidobacteriaceae
and the
Bryobacterales
with the single family
Bryobacteraceae
. Members of these families are Gram‐stain negative; non‐spore‐forming; aerobic and facultatively anaerobic, acidophilic or acidotolerant; mesophilic and psychrotolerant; and chemoheterotrophic bacteria, which utilize various sugars and polysaccharides, possess a number of hydrolytic capabilities, and are particularly abundant in acidic soils, peatlands, and mineral iron‐rich environments.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 51.7–62.1.

Type order
: “
Acidobacteriales
” Thrash and Coates 2011.
P
olygonibacillus
Authors: Hirota Kikue , Okamoto Takahiro , Matsuyama Hidetoshi , Yumoto Isao
Published: December 2019

Po.ly.go.ni.ba.cil'lus. N.L. neut. n.
Polygonum
a plant genus; L. dim. n.
bacillus
small rod; N.L. masc. n.
Polygonibacillus
a rod from
Polygonum
.

Firmicutes / Bacilli / Bacillales / Bacillaceae / Polygonibacillus

Polygonibacillus
is a single‐species genus in the family
Bacillaceae
. Cells are Gram‐positive staining, straight or curved rods with rounded ends. Cells reproduce by normal cell division and occur singly. Cells are motile by peritrichous flagella. Ellipsoidal endospores are produced at the terminal to central position in the sporangia. Endospores do not cause swollen sporangia. Mesophilic growth occurs at alkaline pH values with optimal growth observed at pH ≥ 9.0. Halophile with optimal growth at 3% (w/v) NaCl. Facultative anaerobic growth occurs. Catalase and oxidase are positive. Menaquinone‐6 (MK‐6) is detected as the major isoprenoid quinone and the cell wall peptidoglycan is based on
meso
‐diaminopimelic (
meso
‐DAP). The major whole cell fatty acids are iso‐C
15:0
, anteiso‐C
15:0
, and C
16:0
. Polar lipids consist of phosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol, and phosphatidylglycerol. The closest phylogenetic relatives based on 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons are
Bacillus hemicellulosilyticus
JCM 9152
T
(similarity: 96.39%),
Bacillus alcalophilus
DSM 485
T
(96.54%), and
Bacillus pseudofirmus
DSM 8715
T
(96.0%). Known habitat is indigo fermentation liquor (>pH 10) that uses
sukumo
(composted knotweed [
Polygonum tinctorium
] material used for fermentation) for indigo dyeing. According to a BLAST search, closely related strains, which are possibly of the same species as
Polygonibacillus indicireducens
exhibiting 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities of ≥99.65% have been isolated from soil and soda lake. In addition, closely related strains, possibly of the same genus as
P
.
indicireducens
exhibiting 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities of 99.11–98.36% have been isolated from indigo fermentation fluid. The DNA G + C content is ∼39 mol%.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 39.4–39.5 (HPLC).

Type species:
Polygonibacillus indicireducens
Hirota et al. 2016b
VP
.
T
excoconibacillus
Authors: Dendooven Luc , Ruiz‐Romero Erick
Published: December 2019

Tex.co.co.ni.ba.cil'lus. N.L. n.
Texcoco, ‐onis
lake Texcoco; L. masc. n.
bacillus
a rod; N.L. masc. n.
Texcoconibacillus
a rod isolated from lake Texcoco.

Firmicutes / Bacilli / Bacillales / Bacillaceae / Texcoconibacillus

Texcoconibacillus
is a genus in the phylum
Firmicutes,
class
Bacilli,
order
Bacillales
, and family
Bacillaceae
. A single species with the validly published name,
Texcoconibacillus texcoconensis
, has been described. Colonies of
Texcoconibacillus
are circular in form with convex elevation and white pigmentation. Cells are nonmotile. The bacterium is Gram‐positive‐staining, aerobic, rod shaped, spore forming, catalase‐positive, and oxidase‐negative. Starch hydrolysis is positive; gelatine and casein hydrolysis is negative. Anaerobic growth is absent with arginine. Indole‐negative. Nitrate is not reduced to nitrite. Starch hydrolysis is positive; gelatine and casein hydrolysis is negative. Sucrose, glucose, mannose, and lactose are used as sole carbon and energy sources. Maltose and CM‐cellulose are not used. Nonmotile. Mesophilic, alkalophilic, and halotolerant. The bacterium grew at salinities of 0–26% (w/v) NaCl with optimum 9–16% (w/v) NaCl. The major fatty acid is C
15:0
. The polar lipids fraction consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, and three different phospholipids. The only quinone is MK‐7.
T. texcoconensis
was related closely to three strains from a soda lake sediment in India (
Bacillus
sp. JC124,
Bacillus
sp. JC111, and
Bacillus
sp. IV2) with 98% similarity and shared 93.45% similarity with
Anaerobacillus isosaccharinicus
, 93.01% with
Bacillus populi
, 92.72% with
Salisediminibacterium halotolerans
, and 92.29% with
Bacillus alkalicola
. The habitat of
Texcoconibacillus
is soil with pH 9.7 and electrolytic conductivity 127 dS/m. The genus is a member of the family
Bacillaceae
in the class
Bacilli
.

DNA G+C content (mol%)
: 37.5

Type species
:
Texcoconibacillus texcoconensis
Ruiz‐Romero et al. 2013
VP
.
Mobilitalea
Authors: Podosokorskaya Olga A. , Merkel Alexander Y. , Kublanov Ilya V.
Published: December 2019

Mo.bi.li.ta'le.a. L. masc. adj.mobilismobile; L. fem. n.taleaa slender staff, a rod; N.L. fem. n.Mobilitaleaa motile rod.

Firmicutes / Clostridia / Clostridiales / Lachnospiraceae / Mobilitalea

The genusMobilitaleabelongs to the familyLachnospiraceae,orderClostridiales,classClostridia,and phylumFirmicutes. The one speciesMobilitalea sibiricais a mesophilic, neutrophilic, and slightly halotolerant microorganism. Motile, spore‐forming straight or bow‐shaped rods with Gram‐positive cell wall, growing strictly anaerobically by fermentation of proteinaceous substrates or various sugars, including polysaccharides (cellulose, xanthan gum, lichenan, and xylan). The major fatty acids are C16:0, C16:0DMA, C18:03‐OH, and C18:1DMA. The closest neighbor ofM. sibiricabased on 16S rRNA gene sequence phylogeny isAnaerotaenia tortawith 96.7% similarity. The DNA G + C content is 33.4 mol%.M. sibiricawas isolated from a microbial mat, developing under the flow of hot water, emerging from a 2,775‐m deep well, located in the Tomsk region of Western Siberia, Russia. Known habitats of environmentalMobilitaleaclones are anaerobic reactors, sewage treatment facilities, groundwater, river and marine sediments, various types of soils, wetlands, peatlands, lichens, subways air, feces, guts, and rumen fluid as well as microbial mats.

DNA G + C content (mol%):33.4 (Tm).

Type species:Mobilitalea sibiricaPodosokorskaya, Bonch‐Osmolovskaya, Beskorovaynyy, Toshchakov, Kolganova and Kublanov 2014, 2659VP.
C
ysteiniphilum
Authors: Liu Lan , Qu Ping‐Hua , Li Wen‐Jun
Published: December 2019

Cys.te.i.ni'phi.lum. N.L. neut. n.
cysteinum
cysteine; Gr. masc. n.
philos
friend, loving; N.L. neut. n.
Cysteiniphilum
cysteine loving.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Thiotrichales / Fastidiosibacteraceae / Cysteiniphilum

Coccobacilli, stain Gram‐stain‐negative, nonmotile, and non‐spore‐forming. Positive for catalase and negative for oxidase. The polar lipids consist of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylglycerol. The respiratory quinone is ubiquinone‐8. The fatty acids in the cell membranes predominantly contain anteiso‐C
15
:0
, C
18
:0
, and anteiso‐C
17
:0
.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 38.1 (HPLC).

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 38.37 (genome).

Type species
:
Cysteiniphilum litorale
Liu, Salam, Jiao, E, Chen, Fang, et al. 2017, 2181
VP
.
B
ryobacterales
Authors: Dedysh Svetlana N.
Published: December 2019

Bry.o.bac.te.ra'les. N.L. masc. n.
Bryobacter
type genus of the order; ‐
ales
ending to denote an order; N.L. fem. pl. n.
Bryobacterales
the
Bryobacter
order.

Acidobacteria / “Acidobacteriia” / Bryobacterales

The order
Bryobacterales
accommodates Gram‐negative, aerobic and facultatively anaerobic, non‐spore‐forming, mildly acidophilic, mesophilic, and psychrotolerant bacteria, which divide by binary fission. Members of this order are chemoheterotrophs, which utilize various sugars and heteropolysaccharides. Major fatty acids are iso‐C
15:0
and C
16:1
ω7
c
; the cells also contain significant amounts of 13,16‐dimethyl octacosanedioic acid. Habitats are acidic wetlands and soils. The type genus is
Bryobacter
. The order contains the family
Bryobacteraceae
and belongs to the class “
Acidobacteriia
.”

DNA G
+
C content (mol%)
: 58.0–61.9 (genome sequence).

Type genus
:
Bryobacter
Kulichevskaya et al. 2010
VP
.
Unmet Workplace Support Needs and Lost Productivity of Workers With Systemic Sclerosis: A Path Analysis Study
Authors: Jetha Arif , Johnson Sindhu R. , Gignac Monique A. M.
Published: December 2019

Objective

Few studies have examined how workplace support can address work productivity loss among individuals with systemic sclerosis (SSc). The objective was to 1) examine the relationship between unmet workplace support needs and work productivity loss among workers with SSc, and 2) determine whether SSc symptom severity, fatigue, active disease periods, and workplace activity limitations mediate the relationship between unmet workplace support needs and work productivity loss.

Methods

A cross‐sectional survey was conducted of employed individuals with SSc who were recruited through rheumatology clinics. Information on work productivity loss (i.e., absenteeism, presenteeism, job disruptions) and the need, availability, and use of workplace supports was collected. SSc symptom severity (e.g., workplace activity limitations, active disease periods, fatigue, and overall SSc symptom severity) and demographic, health, and work context characteristics were collected. Three Bayesian path models examined the association between unmet workplace support needs and each work productivity loss outcome. SSc symptom severity variables were examined as mediators in each model.

Results

A total of 110 employed participants were recruited (mean ± SD ages 49 ± 12.9 years). More than three‐fourths of participants were female (77%) and worked full‐time (77%). The most needed workplace supports included extended health benefits (84%), special equipment (63%), and flextime (59%). Additionally, 61% reported unmet workplace support needs. Path models indicated that indirect relationships between unmet workplace support needs and work productivity loss were significant. For all models, workplace activity limitations mediated the relationship between unmet workplace support needs and productivity loss.

Conclusion

To foster productive employment of individuals with SSc, interventions need to address symptom severity and meet workplace support needs.
Multicenter Qualitative Study Exploring the Patient Experience of Digital Ulcers in Systemic Sclerosis
Authors: Hughes Michael , Pauling John D. , Jones Jennifer , Denton Christopher P. , Domsic Robyn T. , Frech Tracy M. , Herrick Ariane L. , Khanna Dinesh , Matucci‐Cerinic Marco , McKenzie Lorraine , Saketkoo Lesley Ann , Gooberman‐Hill Rachael , Moore Andrew
Published: December 2019

Objective

Digital ulcers (DUs) are a major cause of disease‐related morbidity and are a difficult‐to‐treat vascular complication of systemic sclerosis (SSc). Demonstrating treatment efficacy has traditionally focused on clinician assessment of DUs alone. No existing patient‐reported outcome (PRO) instrument captures the multifaceted impact of SSc‐DU. We report the findings of a multicenter qualitative research study exploring the patient experience of SSc‐DU.

Methods

Patient focus groups were conducted across 3 scleroderma units, following a topic guide devised by SSc patients, experts, and experienced qualitative researchers. A purposive sampling framework ensured that the experiences of a diverse group of patients were captured. Focus groups were audio recorded, and information was transcribed, anonymized, and analyzed using inductive thematic analysis. We continued focus groups until thematic saturation was achieved.

Results

Twenty‐nine SSc patients with a history of DU disease participated in 4 focus groups across the UK (Bath, Manchester, and London). Five major interrelated themes (and subthemes) were identified that encompass the patient experience of SSc‐DU: disabling pain and hypersensitivity; deep and broad‐ranging emotional impact; impairment of physical and social activity; factors aggravating occurrence, duration, and impact; and mitigating, managing, and adapting.

Conclusion

The patient experience of SSc‐DU is multifaceted and comprises a complex interplay of experiences associated with significant pain and morbidity. Patient experiences of SSc‐DU are not captured using existing SSc‐DU outcomes. Our findings will inform the development of a novel PRO instrument to assess the severity and impact of SSc‐DU for use in future SSc‐DU clinical trials.
When a SAMHSA grant pays for treatment, what do you tell the patient when it ends?
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: December 2019

Across the country, lucky patients who got their treatment paid for thanks to grants from the federal government – and never really knew how long that grant would last – are angrily asking why they now have to pay, or be kicked out of treatment, ADAW has learned. It's a communications problem, and a problem of not knowing for sure when and where any more money will be available. We were able to talk to one program which has been handling this situation the right way – but even that is difficult due to lack of guidance.
FDA warns Alkermes about OD risk on Vivitrol ads
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: December 2019

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has warned Alkermes for omitting warnings about serious risks of Vivitrol in a print ad for the medication. The warning was posted Dec. 11 on the FDA's website.
AMA: Ban flavored vapes (House of Delegates: Ban all vapes)
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: December 2019

It's time to ban all vaping products that are not approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), according to a policy adopted by the American Medical Association (AMA) House of Delegates at the association's interim meeting in San Diego in November.
The Material Efforts for Quantized Hall Devices Based on Topological Insulators
Authors: Fei Fucong , Zhang Shuai , Zhang Minhao , Shah Syed Adil , Song Fengqi , Wang Xuefeng , Wang Baigeng
Published: December 2019

A topological insulator (TI) is a kind of novel material hosting a topological band structure and plenty of exotic topological quantum effects. Achieving quantized electrical transport, including the quantum Hall effect (QHE) and the quantum anomalous Hall effect (QAHE), is an important aspect of realizing quantum devices based on TI materials. Intense efforts are made in this field, in which the most essential research is based on the optimization of realistic TI materials. Herein, the TI material development process is reviewed, focusing on the realization of quantized transport. Especially, for QHE, the strategies to increase the surface transport ratio and decrease the threshold magnetic field of QHE are examined. For QAHE, the evolution history of magnetic TIs is introduced, and the recently discovered magnetic TI candidates with intrinsic magnetizations are discussed in detail. Moreover, future research perspectives on these novel topological quantum effects are also evaluated.
Mixed Spacer Cation Stabilization of Blue‐Emitting n = 2 Ruddlesden–Popper Organic–Inorganic Halide Perovskite Films
Authors: Leung Tik Lun , Tam Ho Won , Liu Fangzhou , Lin Jingyang , Ng Alan Man Ching , Chan Wai Kin , Chen Wei , He Zhubing , Lončarić Ivor , Grisanti Luca , Ma Chao , Wong Kam Sing , Lau Ying Suet , Zhu Furong , Skoko Željko , Popović Jasminka , Djurišić Aleksandra B.
Published: December 2019

Ruddlesden–Popper halide perovskite (RPP) materials are of significant interest for light‐emitting devices since their emission wavelength can be controlled by tuning the number of layers n, resulting in improved spectral stability compared to mixed halide devices. However, RPP films typically contain phases with different n, and the low n phases tend to be unstable upon exposure to humidity, irradiation, and/or elevated temperature which hinders the achievement of pure blue emission from n = 2 films. In this work, two spacer cations are used to form an RPP film with mixed cation bilayer and high n = 2 phase purity, improved stability, and brighter light emission compared to a single spacer cation RPP. The stabilization of n = 2 phase is attributed to favorable formation energy, reduced strain, and reduced electron–phonon coupling compared to the RPP films with only one type of spacer cation. Using this approach, pure blue light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) with Commission Internationale de l'éclairage (CIE) coordinates of (0.156, 0.088) and excellent spectral stability are achieved.
Direct Observation of Stable Negative Capacitance in SrTiO3@BaTiO3 Heterostructure
Authors: Wang Zhongyang , Li Hongyu , Hu Huiying , Fan Yuqi , Fan Runhua , Li Baowen , Zhang Jiaoxia , Liu Hu , Fan Jincheng , Hou Hua , Dang Feng , Kou Zongkui , Guo Zhanhu
Published: December 2019

Negative capacitance in ferroelectrics has seem remarkable progress in recent years. However, direct measurement of negative capacitance has so far been a challenge due to its instable characteristic in the electrostatic field. An ingenious method to design stable negative capacitance by dielectric resonance under high‐frequency alternating electric fields is demonstrated. The well‐pronounced dielectric resonance and electrical property in BaTiO3/SrTiO3 (BT/ST) bulk ceramics consisted of epitaxial core–shell particles are studied. As the negative capacitance can be considered as an inductive behavior, the dielectric resonance of permittivity induced by a LC resonance can be occurred. The dielectric resonance can be described by the Lorentz model and explained by Fano‐like resonance of TO2 phonon in BT. In addition, lowest resonant frequency is observed at effective Curie temperature. Benefiting from negative capacitance in the BT/ST ceramics, both high permittivity and negative permittivity are accompanied with low losses around the resonant frequency, which is useful for developing capacitors and metamaterials. Significantly, this work will provide an initiative avenue to obtain explicit negative capacitance of ferroelectrics in the frequency spectrum.
Three‐dimensional large eddy simulation of wave characteristics of liquid film flow in a spinning disk reactor
Authors: Li Yan‐Bin , Wu Xiang‐Sen , Liu Ya‐Zhao , Chu Guang‐Wen , Sun Bao‐Chang , Luo Yong , Chen Jian‐Feng
Published: December 2019

The waves of liquid film flow play an important role on the process intensification in spinning disk reactors (SDRs). However, the mechanism of wave formation was still unclear. In this work, a three‐dimensional large eddy simulation was developed to investigate the mechanism, as well as the characteristics of waves in the SDR. Agreed with the imaging results, different wave patterns were identified as: smooth film, concentric, and spiral waves in spreading direction; sine‐like and pulse‐like waves in fluctuating direction. The radial and tangential relative movements among the layers of liquid film were found to dominate the formation of different wave patterns. Local average film thickness (havg) and local wave amplitude (Δh) ranged from 0 to 500 μm and 0 to 200 μm, respectively. The waves can improve the turbulent intensity and enlarge the specific surface area, resulting in the intensification of transfer processes.
Hemoglobin levels and coronary heart disease risk by age, race, and sex in the reasons for geographic and racial differences in stroke study (REGARDS)
Authors: Houghton Damon E. , Koh Insu , Ellis Alicia , Key Nigel S. , Douce Daniel R. , Howard George , Cushman Mary , Safford Monika , Zakai Neil A.
Published: December 2019

Higher and lower hemoglobin concentrations are associated with coronary heart disease (CHD), but whether this risk is consistent across age, sex, and race is unclear. The Reasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study is an observational cohort study of 30 239 black, and white, adults aged 45 and older recruited 2003‐7. Participants were included if they had hemoglobin measures, were CHD‐free at baseline, and had all baseline variables. The primary outcome was incident CHD. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate the hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for incident CHD by hemoglobin concentration. This was expressed as a continuous variable and divided into age‐, sex‐, and race‐specific quintiles. The 16 332 participants were included, contributing 114 362 person‐years of follow‐up and 915 incident CHD events. The mean age was 63 years, 35% were male, 41% were black, and the mean baseline hemoglobin was 13.6 g/dL (SD 1.4). A significant non‐linear association between hemoglobin and CHD was identified (P < .001). This association differed significantly by race (P = .025) but not by sex or age. In whites, the risk for incident CHD was higher in the lowest (HR 2.28, 95% CI 1.61, 3.33) and highest (HR 1.94, 95% CI 1.35, 2.79) hemoglobin quintiles relative to the third quintile. For blacks, only those in the lowest hemoglobin quintile had an increased risk for incident CHD events (HR 1.70, 95% CI 1.20, 2.41). Hemoglobin is an independent risk factor for CHD in whites and blacks but with different hemoglobin concentrations conferring different risks.
Scientific journals still matter in the era of academic search engines and preprint archives
Authors: Kim Lanu , Portenoy Jason H. , West Jevin D. , Stovel Katherine W.
Published: December 2019

Journals play a critical role in the scientific process because they evaluate the quality of incoming papers and offer an organizing filter for search. However, the role of journals has been called into question because new preprint archives and academic search engines make it easier to find articles independent of the journals that publish them. Research on this issue is complicated by the deeply confounded relationship between article quality and journal reputation. We present an innovative proxy for individual article quality that is divorced from the journal's reputation or impact factor: the number of citations to preprints posted on arXiv.org. Using this measure to study three subfields of physics that were early adopters of arXiv, we show that prior estimates of the effect of journal reputation on an individual article's impact (measured by citations) are likely inflated. While we find that higher‐quality preprints in these subfields are now less likely to be published in journals compared to prior years, we find little systematic evidence that the role of journal reputation on article performance has declined.
Synthesis and photoluminescence properties of Eu3+‐activated Ba2Mg(PO4)2 phosphor
Authors: Ramteke S.K. , Kokode N.S. , Yerpude A.N. , Nikhare G.N. , Dhoble S.J.
Published: December 2019

In this paper, we have reported the photoluminescence (PL) properties of the Ba2Mg(PO4)2:Eu3+ phosphor synthesized using a wet chemical method. The preliminary scanning electron microscopy (SEM) investigation of the sample revealed irregular surface morphology with particle sizes in the 10–50 μm range. The strongest PL excitation peak was observed at 396 nm. The emission spectra indicated that this phosphor can be effectively excited by the 396 nm wavelength. Upon 396 nm excitation, the emission spectrum showed characteristics peaks located at 592 nm and 615 nm. These intense orange‐red emission peaks were obtained due to f→f transitions of Eu3+ ions. The emission peak at 592 nm is referred to as the magnetic dipole 5D0→7F1 transition and the emission peak at 615 nm corresponded to the electric dipole 5D0→7F2 transition of Eu3+. The Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage (CIE) coordinates of the Ba2Mg(PO4)2:Eu3+ phosphor were found to be (0.586, 0.412) for wavelength 592 nm and (0.680, 0.319) for wavelength 615 nm situated at the edge of the CIE diagram, indicating high colour purity of phosphors. Due to the high emission intensity and a good excitation profile, Eu3+‐doped Ba2Mg(PO4)2 phosphor may be a promising orange‐red phosphor candidate for solid‐state lighting applications.
Determination of Enantiomeric Purity for Chiral π‐Basic Aromatic Alcohols Chiral Samples by 1H NMR Spectroscopy
Authors: Heo Kyu Sung , Ryoo Jae Jeong
Published: December 2019

N‐3,5‐Dinitrobenzoyl(DNB)‐(R)‐phenylglycinol (Sel 1) and its silylation product (Sel 2) were used as the HPLC chiral stationary phase (CSP) for the resolution of racemic analytes. 2,2,2‐Trifluoro‐1‐(9‐anthryl)ethanol (S1), 1,1′‐bi‐2‐naphthol (S2), and 6,6′‐dibromo‐1,1′‐bi‐2‐naphthol (S3) were separated on the CSP, but the enantiomeric purities could not be accurately determined because of low resolution (Rs). In this study, the enantiomeric purity of S1‐S3 were determined using Sel 1, Sel 2, and 1,3‐bis[(S)‐methylbutoxy] calix[4]arene‐2,4‐diol (Sel 3). These were used for 1H NMR experiments in three different solvents (CDCl3, DMSO‑d6, and acetone‑d6). The accuracy of the enantiomeric purity of S1‐S3 with Sel 2 was more than 98% when using CDCl3.
Enhanced Chemical Stability of D‐Cycloserine via Tablet Form Containing Magnesium Oxide as an Alkali Stabilizer
Authors: Kim Jung Suk , Lee Sang Min , Kim Dong Shik , Kim Dong Wuk , Kim Kyeong Soo , Cho Kwan Hyung , Li Dong Xun , Jin Sung Giu , Choi Han‐Gon
Published: December 2019

The purpose of this study was to improve the chemical stability of D‐cycloserine via tablet form containing an alkali stabilizer. The influence of alkalizing agents on the stability of D‐cycloserine was investigated at 60 °C/75% RH for 2 days. The drug stability was evaluated with the D‐cycloserine‐loaded tablets prepared with various amounts of magnesium oxide using direct compression method. Compared to D‐cycloserine powder and a commercial D‐cycloserine‐loaded product, the long‐term drug stability on the chosen tablet was assessed at 40, 60, and 40 °C/75% RH during 6 months. Amongst the stabilizers investigated, magnesium oxide most improved the stability of D‐cycloserine at the accelerated stress condition. The magnesium oxide/drug ratio of 1 and 2 showed higher remaining drug concentrations than those less than 0.5; however, two formers gave no significant difference in the remaining drug concentrations. Amongst the tablets tested, the formulation composed of D‐cycloserine, magnesium oxide, and talc at the weight ratio of 250/250/5 most increased the stability of D‐cycloserine. Additionally, due to the alkali and water‐proofing property of magnesium oxide, this tablet improved the stability of D‐cycloserine compared to the drug powder and commercial product. Hence, this novel tablet with enhanced drug stability would be a candidate for oral pharmaceutical product of D‐cycloserine.
Why a grassroots Summer Institutes model failed: Exploring obstacles to evidence‐based teaching awareness in low‐awareness, low‐support contexts
Authors: Fendos Justin
Published: December 2019

As a global phenomenon, the spread of evidence‐based teaching (EBT) in STEM education has been very uneven. Outside of the United States, parts of Europe, and Oceania, EBT awareness is generally regarded as being extremely low. In the United States, programs like the Summer Institutes (SI) have been used to help disseminate awareness and train faculty, precipitating efforts to understand EBT implementation barriers. Such studies have implied a distinction between awareness (the process in which instructors become cognizant of EBT) and enactment (the application of EBT practices in teaching) while generally focusing on the latter in contexts already endowed with high awareness or high support. As a result, very little is known about obstacles to EBT awareness in low‐awareness, low‐support contexts (LALSCs). The present study explores these through interviews and surveys of higher education STEM instructors in South Korea. Our interest was prompted by the failed attempt to implement a nationally accessible, grassroots EBT awareness program modeled off the SI. Several reasons for disinterest in EBT are revealed while faculty with and without research obligations were found to hold significantly different views about the utility of new teaching methods. Potential solutions for improving awareness are explored, revealing institutional supports and mandates through authority as the two options most likely to be effective. It is hoped this work may be used to inform the design of more effective EBT awareness programs, especially those in LALSCs.
Nontraumatic spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: Baseline characteristics and early outcomes
Authors: Al‐Khaled Mohamed , Awwad Samer , Brüning Toralf
Published: December 2019

Background and Purpose

Hemorrhagic stroke, particularly nontraumatic spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (SICH), is a cerebrovascular condition with unfavorable outcomes. The aims of the present study were to evaluate patients who suffered from SICH and investigate the early outcomes in a single‐center study.

Methods

During a study ‐period of 6 years (2008–2014), 613 consecutive patients (mean age, 72 ± 12.7 years; 51.1% female), who suffered from nontraumatic SICH and were treated at the Department of Neurology at the University Hospital of Schleswig‐Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Germany, were included and prospectively analyzed.

Results

During a mean hospitalization time of 12 days, 148 patients (24.1%) died, 47% of those within the first 2 days and 79% within the first week. The patients who died stayed at the hospital for a shorter time (3) than those who survived (p < .001). In the multivariate logistic regression, following parameters were found to be associated with the in‐hospital mortality: female sex (OR, 2.0; 95%‐CI, 1.2–3.4; p = .009), a NIHSS score> 10 (OR, 10.5; 95%‐CI, 5.6–19.5; p < .001), history of hypertension (OR, 0.35; 95%‐CI, 0.19–0.64; p = .001), previous oral anticoagulation (OR, 2; 95%‐CI, 1.0–3.8; p = .032), and intraventricular extension of hemorrhage (OR, 2.8; 95%‐CI, 1.7–4.7; p = .001). At discharge, 192 patients (41.2%) showed favorable outcomes (mRS ≤ 2) whereas the median mRS of patients who survived was 3 (IQR 2–4). The good functional outcome at discharge from the acute hospital was decreased by an age> 70 years (OR, 0.56; 95%‐CI, 0.35–0.9; p = .017), NIHSS score> 10 at admission (OR, 0.07; 95%‐CI, 0.04–0.13; p < .001), and development of pneumonia during hospitalization (OR, 0.35; 95%‐CI, 0.2–0.6; p < .001).

Conclusion

The present study showed that SICH is a serious disease causing high mortality and disability, particularly in the early period after event.
The Promotion Effect of NaCl on the Conversion of Xylose to Furfural†
Authors: Li Zheng , Luo Yiping , Jiang Zhicheng , Fang Qianying , Hu Changwei
Published: December 2019

Summary of main observation and conclusion

In this work, the promotion effect of NaCl on the conversion of xylose to furfural in H2O was studied. It was found that xylose conversion and furfural yield increased with NaCl concentration. NaCl decreased the pH of the solution providing H+ for the acid catalytic dehydration of xylose. The formation of oligomers was determined by GPC and ESI‐MS in the initial stage of reaction, especially at low temperature. Excess NaCl promoted the formation of humins in the late stage of the reaction. NaCl could also change the decomposition route of formic acid. Meanwhile, NaCl had the ability of phase separation. Combining these effects with organic solvent during the reaction could inhibit the formation of humins and increase the yield of furfural. In NaCl‐H2O‐THF biphasic system without other catalyst, the optimal furfural yield of 76.7% and selectivity of 77.6% were achieved at 463 K in 2 h.
An Insoluble Anthraquinone Dimer with Near‐Plane Structure as a Cathode Material for Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Yang Jixing , Su Hai , Wang Zhuanping , Sun Pengfei , Xu Yunhua
Published: December 2019

Conjugated carbonyl‐based organic electrode materials for lithium‐ion batteries have gained increasing interests owing to their many advantages such as resource abundance and sustainable development. However, serious dissolution in organic liquid electrolytes is often encountered, resulting in inferior electrochemical performance such as poor cycling stability. Herein, a new molecular design strategy was developed to address the dissolution issue of 9,10‐anthraquinone (AQ). An AQ dimer with near‐plane molecular structure, 1,4‐bis(9,10‐anthraquinonyl)benzene (BAQB), was facilely synthesized. The near‐plane structure was proved by DFT calculations. It was found that the obtained BAQB was insoluble in ether electrolyte. Compared to AQ, BAQB displayed remarkably enhanced cycling stability. After 100 cycles at 0.2 C, a high capacity retention of 91.6 % was achieved (195 mAh g−1). BAQB also exhibited excellent rate performance (138 mAh g−1 at 10 C). The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the near‐plane molecular design concept. This work provides a new idea for rational molecular design to inhibit the dissolution of conjugated carbonyl‐based organic electrode materials.
High‐resolution distribution modeling of a threatened short‐range endemic plant informed by edaphic factors
Authors: Tomlinson Sean , Lewandrowski Wolfgang , Elliott Carole P. , Miller Ben P. , Turner Shane R.
Published: December 2019

Short‐range endemic plants often have edaphic specializations that, with their restricted distributions, expose them to increased risk of anthropogenic extinction.

Here, we present a modeling approach to understand habitat suitability for Ricinocarpos brevis R.J.F.Hend. & Mollemans (Euphorbiaceae), a threatened shrub confined to three isolated populations in the semi‐arid south‐west of Western Australia. The model is a maximum entropy species distribution projection constructed on the basis of physical soil characteristics and geomorphology data at approximately 25 m2 (1 arc‐second) resolution.

The model predicts the species to occur on shallow, low bulk density soils that are located high in the landscape. The model shows high affinity (72.1% average likelihood of occurrence) for the known populations of R. brevis, as well as identifying likely locations that are not currently known to support the species. There was a strong relationship between the likelihood of R. brevis occurrence and soil moisture content that the model estimated at a depth of 20 cm.

We advocate that our approach should be standardized using publicly available data to generate testable hypotheses for the distribution and conservation management of short‐range endemic plant species for all of continental Australia.
Modification of pool boiling regimes by sand deposition
Authors: Mazor Gedalia , Ladizhensky Izhak , Shapiro Alexander , Nemirovsky Dimitry
Published: December 2019

Sand spots, attached to a copper ball surface by means of polyvinyl acetate adhesive and distributed over the surface with areal density that ranges between one spot per 1.18 cm2 (for low‐density spots) and one spot per 0.51 cm2 (for high‐density spots), serve as a temporary heat transfer enhancer during the quenching in liquid nitrogen. Highest heat flux densities, achieved during quenching, lie in the range 10.8 to 20.2 W/cm2, depending on the sand layer structure. Application of the temporary enhancer increases an amount of heat, evacuated by highly effective nucleate and transition boiling, by factor of 4.5 as compared with the bare sample. The process of sand layer preparation, data acquisition peculiarities, relationship between heat exchange efficiency and the spots areal density, along with sand grit size are discussed in this paper.
Perceptions of well‐being among pharmacy residents and residency program directors
Authors: LeDoux Heather , Bowers Riley , Shapiro Michael , Ghassemi Emily
Published: December 2019

Introduction

Decreased well‐being in medical careers has resulted in increased burnout, errors, and patient mortality rates. However, while well‐being and burnout of providers and medical residents has been studied previously, it is difficult to apply this information to pharmacy residents as the programs are different in time, focus, and requirements. In addition, differences in resident demographics and goals further elucidate difficulties in applying these findings to well‐being of pharmacy residents. With residency program directors (RPDs) often having the first and most frequent contact with pharmacy residents, ensuring these individuals better understand resident well‐being could facilitate increased well‐being and satisfaction, as well as stronger connections to the program itself.

Objective

The primary objective was to identify discrepancies between residents and RPDs in the perception of resident well‐being.

Methods

This was a pilot cohort study. Resident and RPD responses were solicited utilizing Listservs of RPDs in 15 states, as well as platforms such as the North Carolina Association of Pharmacist's Residency Community.

Results

Residents reported a statistically significant lower overall well‐being, with only 49.1% of respondents reporting a “good” or “great” level of well‐being, as compared with 80.1% of RPDs reporting their residents' well‐being as “good” or “great” (P < .001). Secondary end points, such as perception of communication, relationships, and emotional health, revealed similar significant results of RPDs' higher perception of resident well‐being in comparison with resident responses. Of the 15 secondary end points evaluated, 13 showed residents reporting a lower well‐being score compared with the RPDs' perception.

Conclusion

There is a large disparity between residents' perception and RPDs' perception of well‐being. This disparity should be viewed as an opportunity to foster conversation, improve well‐being, and implement change in pharmacy residencies across the country. Further studies could be beneficial in understanding specific, successful initiatives that promote higher well‐being scores among pharmacy residents.
Reaction of small molecules O2, NO, CO, and the Naldini salt (PPh3)2MnBr2: Characterized by infrared spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction
Authors: Huang Bo‐Wei , Nguyen Minh‐Trung , Hsieh Chung‐Hung
Published: December 2019

Addition of 2 equiv. of PPh3 to MnBr2 in tetrahydrofuran (THF) solution under N2 atmosphere results in the formation of Naldini salt (PPh3)2MnBr2 (1). Reaction of Complex 1 and O2, NO, and CO (with reducing agent) leads to Complex (OPPh3)2MnBr2 (2), (PPh3)2Mn(NO)Br2 (3), and (PPh3)2Mn(CO)3Br (4), respectively. Both Complexes 2 and 4 crystallize in the triclinic space group P‐1 with a = 9.94 Å, b = 10.11 Å, c = 10.53 Å; α = 65.42°, β = 63.16°, and γ = 89.22° of 2 and a = 10.23 Å, b = 12.26 Å, c = 14.44 Å and α = 97.03°, β = 104.34°, and γ = 106.33° of 4. The isoelectronic replacement of 3CO with 2NO yields the {Mn(NO)2}8 species (PPh3)2Mn(NO)2Br (5). The single crystal of 5 is in the monoclinic space group C2/c with a = 23.17 Å, b = 9.62 Å, c = 15.92 Å, and β = 114.91°. In the THF solution, Complex 5 serves as an NO source in the presence of NO trapping, Co(TPP), Co(TPP) = 5,10,15,20‐tetraphenyl‐21H,23H‐porphine cobalt(II).
THERAPEUTIC OLIGONUCLEOTIDES, IMPURITIES, DEGRADANTS, AND THEIR CHARACTERIZATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY
Authors: Pourshahian Soheil
Published: December 2019

Oligonucleotides are an emerging class of drugs that are manufactured by solid‐phase synthesis. As a chemical class, they have unique product‐related impurities and degradants, characterization of which is an essential step in drug development. The synthesis cycle, impurities produced during the synthesis and degradation products are presented and discussed. The use of liquid chromatography combined with mass spectrometry for characterization and quantification of product‐related impurities and degradants is reviewed. In addition, sequence determination of oligonucleotides by gas‐phase fragmentation and indirect mass spectrometric methods is discussed. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Mass Spec Rev
The Levodopa Response Varies in Pathologically Confirmed Parkinson's Disease: A Systematic Review
Authors: Pitz Vanessa , Malek Naveed , Tobias Edward S. , Grosset Katherine A. , Gentleman Steve , Grosset Donald G.
Published: December 2019

Background

A good response to levodopa is a key feature of Parkinson's disease (PD), and a poor response suggests an alternative diagnosis, but the extent of variation in the levodopa response in definite PD is not well defined.

Literature Review

A systematic review of articles reporting pathologically confirmed PD and levodopa responsiveness from 1971 to 2018 was performed using the medical subheadings “postmortem,” “Parkinson's disease,” "levodopa," and “l‐dopa” in PubMed, Embase, and Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature (LILACS) databases.

Cases

A total of 12 articles described 445 PD cases: 61.7% male, age at disease onset 64.0 years (SD 9.6), age at death 77.1 years (SD 7.2). Levodopa responsiveness was reported in 399 cases (89.7%) either as a graded or a binary response. In the 280 cases (70.2%) describing a graded response, it was excellent in 37.5%, good in 45.7%, moderate in 12.1%, and poor in 4.6%. In the 119 cases describing a binary response (29.8%), 73.1% were levodopa responsive, and 26.9% were nonresponsive. Comorbid brain pathology was present in 137 of 235 cases assessed, being cerebrovascular in 46.0% and Alzheimer's disease in 37.2% of these, but its contribution to levodopa responsiveness was unclear.

Conclusions

The levodopa motor response varies in definite PD. Explanations other than diagnostic inaccuracy should be explored.
A Wilted Flower: Lotus Position Dystonia
Authors: Martin Andrew J. , McGrath Robert , Fung Victor S.C.
Published: December 2019

View Supplementary Video 1
Detection of acute kidney injury with hyperpolarized [13C, 15N]Urea and multiexponential relaxation modeling
Authors: Grist James T. , Mariager Christian Østergaard , Qi Haiyun , Nielsen Per Mose , Laustsen Christoffer
Published: December 2019

Purpose

To assess the utility of Laplacian fitting to describe the differences in hyperpolarized [13C, 15N]urea T2 relaxation in ischemic and healthy rodent kidneys.

Methods

Six rats with unilateral renal ischemia were investigated. [13C, 15N]Urea T2 mapping was undertaken with a radial fast spin echo method, with subsequent postprocessing performed with regularized Laplacian fitting.

Results

Simulations showed that Laplacian fitting was stable down to a signal‐to‐noise ratio of 20. In vivo results showed a significant increase in the mono‐ and decrease in biexponential pools in ischemia reperfusion injury kidneys, in comparison to healthy (14 ± 10% versus 4 ± 2%, 85 ± 10% versus 95 ± 3%; P < .05).

Conclusion

We demonstrate, for the first time, the differences in multiexponential behavior of [13C, 15N]urea between the healthy and ischemic rodent kidney. The distribution of relaxation pools were found to be both visually and numerically significantly different. The ability to improve the information level in hyperpolarized MR, by using the relaxation contrast mechanisms is an appealing option, that can easily be adopted in large animals and even in clinical studies in the near future.
Development of an infinite element boundary to model gravity for subsurface civil engineering applications
Authors: Haji Twana Kamal , Faramarzi Asaad , Metje Nicole , Chapman David , Rahimzadeh Farough
Published: December 2019

The accurate modelling of gravity is of crucial importance for a variety of issues including, but not restricted to, the identification of buried objects. Gravity is an unbounded problem, which causes challenges when applying numerical models, i..e.., it results in computational difficulties when specifying the relevant boundary conditions. In order to address this, previous research has tended to generate artificial boundary conditions, e.g., truncating the simulated domain and adding many unrealistic zero‐density layers, which introduces more unknown parameters and unnecessarily excessive computational time. In order to overcome such inaccuracies, this paper proposes an innovative development of the finite element modelling technique, which represents a step change in the field of gravity forward modelling. A comprehensive formulation of an infinite element to reproduce the far‐field boundary effect using only one layer of infinite elements is presented. The developed model considerably reduces the computational time while obtaining high degrees of accuracy. The model is validated against the exact solution of the problem, and its results show an excellent performance. The proposed method can significantly improve the postprocessing and interpretation stages of data analysis relevant to micro‐gravity sensors. The new method is applied to subsurface civil engineering although its applicability is manifold.
A plasticity constitutive model for unsaturated, anisotropic, nonexpansive soils
Authors: Sitarenios Panagiotis , Kavvadas Michael
Published: December 2019

The paper describes and evaluates an incremental plasticity constitutive model for unsaturated, anisotropic, nonexpansive soils (CMUA). It is based on the modified Cam‐Clay (MCC) model for saturated soils and enhances it by introducing anisotropy (via rotation of the MCC yield surface) and an unsaturated compressibility framework describing a double dependence of compressibility on suction and on the degree of saturation of macroporosity. As the anisotropic and unsaturated features can be activated independently, the model is downwards compatible with the MCC model. The CMUA model can simulate effectively: the dependence of compressibility on the level of developed anisotropy, uniqueness of critical state independent of the initial anisotropy, an evolving compressibility during constant suction compression, and a maximum of collapse. The model uses Bishop's average skeleton stress as its first constitutive variable, favouring its numerical implementation in commercial numerical analysis codes (eg, finite element codes) and a unified treatment of saturated and unsaturated material states.