bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sosyobilimsel Konuların Öğretimine Yönelik Ölçek Geliştirme Çalışması
Authors: SAKMEN Gizem , GENÇ Murat
Published: July 2021

Çalışmanın amaçlarından biri, sosyobilimsel konuların öğretimine yönelik duyuşsal eğilimleri belirleyen bir ölçek geliştirmektir. Diğer amaç ise geliştirilen ölçek ile fen bilimleri öğretmen adaylarının sosyobilimsel konuların öğretimine ilişkin duyuşsal eğilimlerini ve bu eğilimler üzerinde etkili olabilecek değişkenleri araştırmaktır. Çalışma grubunu 2019-2020 eğitim-öğretim döneminde Türkiye’de bulunan 9 farklı üniversitenin eğitim fakültelerinde öğrenim gören 126 erkek, 622 kadın olmak üzere toplam 748 fen bilimleri öğretmen adayı oluşturmaktadır. Çalışma nicel araştırma yöntemlerinden ilişkisel tarama modelinde betimsel bir çalışmadır. Taslak halinde hazırlanan ölçek öğretmen adaylarına uygulanmış, elde edilen veriler açımlayıcı ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizi ile analiz edilmiştir. Analizler sonucunda 4 boyutlu 28 maddeden oluşan bir ölçek elde edilmiştir. Ayrıca elde edilen verilerle öğretmen adaylarının sosyobilimsel konuların öğretimine yönelik duyuşsal eğilimleri ile belirlenen değişkenler arasındaki ilişki incelenmiştir. Çalışmadan elde edilen bulgulara göre adayların sosyobilimsel konuların öğretimine yönelik duyuşsal eğilimlerinde kadınlar lehine istatistiksel olarak anlamlı fark bulunmuştur. Sınıf düzeyi ve anne-baba gelir düzeyi değişkenlerine göre yalnızca öz yeterlilik alt boyutunda anlamlı farklılık bulunmuştur. Yapılan analizlere göre anne-baba eğitim düzeyi ve yerleşim yeri değişkenlerine göre herhangi bir anlamlı farklılık tespit edilmemiştir. İleride yapılacak olan çalışmalarda geliştirilen ölçek ile çeşitli eğitim düzeyinde görev yapan Biyoloji, Sınıf, Fen Bilimleri ve Sosyal Bilgiler öğretmenlerinin sosyobilimsel konuların öğretimine yönelik duyuşsal eğilimleri araştırılabilir.
The Gender Gap in Early-Career Wages of Universities’ and Vocational Education Institutes’ Graduates
Authors: Kiryushina Margarita , Rudakov Victor
Published: July 2021

Data from the Federal Statistical Sample Survey of Employment of Vocational Education and Higher Education Graduates is used to measure the gender wage gap and analyze the factors explaining gender inequality. The Mincer equation with Heckman sample selection bias correction as well as the Blinder–Oaxaca and Neumark decomposition methods are applied to measure gender differences in earnings. Findings show that women are paid 18–20% lower than men, the educational and socio-demographic characteristics as well as labor market factors being controlled for. The gender wage gap is largely dependent on education attainment, reaching 25% among graduates from skilled-worker vocational programs, 20% among mid-level professionals, and 18% among college graduates. Decomposition of the gender wage gap allows assuming an essential proportion of unexplained differences that may arise from discrimination and unobservable factors.
Edutainment Centers as an Educational Phenomenon. The Case of KidZania
Authors: Graus Ger , Kosaretsky Sergey , Kudryavtseva Anzhelika , Polivanova Katerina , Sivak Elizaveta , Ivanov Ivan
Published: July 2021

Edutainment centers, i. e. centers that both educate and entertain, have sprung up across the globe since the 1970s. At the end of the 20th century, a new type of such centers emerged: theme parks for children, KidZania being the first of its kind and the most global one. Through the example of KidZania, this study examines the characteristics of theme parks that have made them popular among children and their parents as well as the role of such parks in today’s urban learning ecosystems. The paper also explores how the relationship between entertainment and education and the one between the commercial and educational components of edutainment centers affect the current state and development prospects of the sector.
The Key Issues in Implementing the Federal State Education Standard for Preschool Education. Results of the National Survey of Preschool Education Quality in 2016–2017
Authors: Shiyan Igor , Le-van Tatiana , Shiyan Olga , Zadadaev Sergey
Published: July 2021

The article provides an overview of modern theories of preschool education quality from across the world. Quality assessment is discussed as a methodological problem: in terms of finding a balance between measurability of assessment criteria and their significance for preschoolers’ learning, and between the amount of resources invested and the quality of data obtained. Results of the first large-scale independent investigation of preschool education quality in Russia are analyzed. During a structured observation, specially trained experts analyzed the organization and functioning of preschool classrooms. The study made use of the Early Childhood Environment Rating Scale®, Revised (ECERS-R), which had been validated for use in Russia. The following parameters were assessed: space and furnishings, personal care routines, language-reasoning, activities (learning, free play, experiments, arts, etc.), interaction, program structure (schedule and distribution of time among activities; formats of activities), and provisions for parents and staff. Data collected over two years allows not only identifying the achievements and deficiencies of preschool institutions involved in the study (n=1,357) but also analyzing the changes in education quality across 367 preschool classrooms and making assumptions about the reasons for those changes. Research findings can be used to improve the strategy of preschool education system development, the quality of preschool education programs, and the system of professional training and development for preschool teachers.
The Investigation of the Listening Strategies Teachers Instruct and the Listening Strategies Students Use
Authors: Yi-Hsiang Lin, , Yen-Ling Huang,
Published: July 2021

When people learn a new kind of language, the listening ability is the first ability people will encounter. Listening ability will also influence people to speak a new type of language fluently and correctly. This research aimed to determine the relationship between teachers' listening strategies and the listening strategies students use. Moreover, this research also intended to investigate what kind of listening strategies students usually use when practicing English listening. In this study, the researcher again examined the listening strategies teachers usually instruct during the class. The participants of the study were all freshmen of the Department of Applied Foreign Languages, University of central Taiwan with a certain level of English listening ability. The participants were going to fill out a questionnaire about their English listening habits. After analyzing the data, the researcher revealed final findings that indicated differences between teachers' listening strategies and the listening strategies students use. Teachers preferred to combine different materials and knowledge when they were in the listening class. Moreover, students tended to choose the materials that they are interested to improve their English listening after the course. Moreover, teachers also facilitate students with methods to enhance their English listening skills after class.
El giro a la derecha en América Latina. La crueldad y el gobierno de los cuerpos-Otros en la etapa neoliberal del capital
Authors: Bello Urrego Alejandra del Rocío
Published: July 2021

Desde una perspectiva feminista des/poscolonial, este artículo de reflexión responde a la pregunta por la relación entre la reciente llegada al poder de gobiernos de derecha en América Latina, las dinámicas imperiales de gobierno de los cuerpos que han estructurado los Estados-nación de la región y la etapa neoliberal del capital. Se defiende la hipótesis de que el giro ideológico de la región hacia la derecha es una expresión de los modos en que las dinámicas de gobierno de los cuerpos que han definido la normalidad en las naciones latinoamericanas se han actualizado al neoliberalismo. Es esencial decir que ese gobierno se sustenta en una circulación de la crueldad de matriz colonial en la que el sufrimiento se canaliza hacia los cuerpos relegados al lugar de Otro: los no blancos, no binarios, no masculinos, entre otros. Se intenta mostrar cómo los gobiernos del giro han radicalizado la frontera entre la parte de la población que es gobernada bajo lógicas biopolíticas y los Otros sobre quienes la crueldad constituye la principal estrategia de gobierno.
Reseña crítica. Laó–Montes, Agustín. (2020). Contrapunteos diaspóricos. Cartografías políticas de nuestra Afroamérica. Bogotá, D. C.: Universidad Externado De Colombia.
Authors: Mina Aragón William
Published: July 2021

Este libro aborda desde una perspectiva política, sociológica y cultural decolonial los discursos liberadores de saber y poder que las subjetividades del mundo afrodiaspórico han legado a la humanidad, en aras de su reivindicación intelectual y ciudadana frente a los prejuicios étnicos y raciales, rescatando el legado cultural y social de la afrodiáspora a la humanidad. Para ello usa un marco teórico que desarrolla categorías y cosmovisiones socio comunitarias propias, con el fin de fundamentar la construcción de sociedades más justas, equitativas y democráticas. En suma, es una narración poética que evoca el malungaje de Jerome Branche, al atlántico negro de Gilroy y al discurso antillano de Éduard Glissant.
Reseña crítica. Villamizar, Darío. (2020). Las guerrillas en Colombia. Una historia desde los orígenes hasta los confines. Bogotá, D. C.: Debate.
Authors: Chaverra Colorado Fredy Alexánder
Published: July 2021

En Las guerrillas en Colombia se condensa gran parte del trabajo académico e intelectual de Darío Villamizar en torno al fenómeno guerrillero en el marco del conflicto armado. Villamizar logra construir una temporalidad definida donde explora la irrupción de las diferentes organizaciones guerrilleras; caracterizando con notable precisión su programa, ideologías y acciones. El mayor aporte de la obra a los estudios sobre el conflicto armado se encuentra en la descripción de las relaciones de los grupos guerrilleros, sus procesos de unidad enmarcados en la Coordinadora Nacional Guerrillera y la Coordinadora Guerrillera Simón Bolívar, así como los intentos de paz y negociación. El libro se convierte en un clásico de referencia para todos los interesados en conocer la emergencia del fenómeno guerrillero en Colombia y su continuidad en el último medio siglo.
Humanized Care from the Perception of Oncology Patients from Southern Chile
Authors: Navarrete-Correa Tannia , Fonseca-Salamanca Flery , Barría R. Mauricio
Published: July 2021

Objective. This work sought to determine the perception of behaviors of humanized nursing care and its relation with sociodemographic and clinical variables in patients hospitalized in a Hemato-Oncology Department.

Methods. Analytic cross-sectional study conducted with 51 patients hospitalized in the Hemato-Oncology Unit at Hospital Base Valdivia, Chile. A survey containing sociodemographic and clinical information was applied together with the questionnaire on Perception of Behaviors of Humanized Nursing Care 3rd version” -PBHNC 3v (32 items distributed in the categories: Qualities of nursing work, Openness to nurse-patient communication, and Willingness to care).

Results. Of the participants, 51% were women, with mean age of 46.5±16.6 years; 54.9% were diagnosed with Lymphoma and 78.4% were in the treatment induction stage. In 30 of the 32 items of the instrument, > 90% of the participants evaluated compliance with the behavior of caring at level of “always”. By categories, it was observed that for “Willingness to care” there was significantly lower score among patients from 18 to 49 years of age (p=0.0455). For the category “Openness to nurse-patient communication” lower median score existed in patients with Myeloma (p=0.0043) and in patients in the Remission-Consolidation stage (p=0.0084). Days of hospitalization were associated significantly with the category “Willingness to care”, being lower with 16 days and more (p=0.0242).

Conclusion. High frequency was observed of humanized-care behaviors and small differences in their assessment that were associated with demographic factors like age, and clinical factors, like diagnosis, treatment stage, and days of hospitalization.
Effect of Educational Interventions to Reduce Readmissions due to Heart Failure Decompensation in Adults: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Cañon-Montañez Wilson , Duque-Cartagena Tatiana , Rodríguez-Acelas Alba Luz
Published: July 2021

Objective. To estimate the combined effect of educational interventions (EI) on decreased readmissions and time of hospital stay in adults with heart failure, compared with usual care.

Methods. Systematic review (SR) and meta-analysis (MA) of randomized controlled trials that followed the recommendations of the PRISMA statement. The protocol was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42019139321). Searches were made from inception until July 2019 in the databases of PubMed/Medline, Embase, Cochrane CENTRAL, Lilacs, Web of Science, and Scopus. The MA was conducted through the random effects model. The effect measure used for the dichotomous outcomes was relative risk (RR) and for continuous outcomes the mean difference (MD) was used, with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Heterogeneity was evaluated through the inconsistency statistic (I2).

Results. Of 2369 studies identified, 45 were included in the SR and 43 in the MA. The MA of studies with follow-up at six months showed a decrease in readmissions of 30% (RR: 0.70; 95% CI: 0.58 to 0.84; I2: 0%) and the 12-month follow-up evidenced a reduction of 33% (RR: 0.67; 95% CI: 0.58 to 0.76; I2: 52%); both analyses in favor of the EI group. Regarding the time of hospital stay, a reduction was found of approximately two days in patients who received the EI (MD: -1.98; 95% CI: -3.27 to -0.69; I2: 7%).

Conclusion. The findings support the benefits of EI to reduce readmissions and days of hospital stay in adult patients with heart failure.
Father's participation in prenatal care and childbirth: contributions of nurses' interventions
Authors: Lima Katherine Souza Vidal , Carvalho Monalysa Meireles de Barros , Lima Tainara Morais Cerqueira , Alencar Delmo de Carvalho , De Sousa Anderson Reis , Pereira Álvaro
Published: July 2021

Objective. To describe the discourse of men about participation in prenatal care and childbirth/birth of their children from the contributions made by nurses.

Methods. This is an exploratory study, with a qualitative approach, carried out in the wards of a public hospital/maternity hospital in a city in the Northeast, Brazil. Fifty men participated in the study. Data collection with an individual interview, guided by semi-structured script. The data were recorded, transcribed in full, systematized, categorized, and organized by the Collective Subject Discourse method analyzed under the framework of Gender and Masculinities.

Result. It was evident in the collective discourse of men that how fatherhood is understood is in transformation, and that the father's participation in the pregnancy and parturition context is under construction. The study showed the change in behavior of men, as well as the expression of new models of masculinities, about the exercise of assisted parenthood motivated by nurses.

Conclusion. Nurses' contributions represented necessary elements for greater adherence and male involvement and revealed a possibility to re-signify male identity from the reconstruction of the idea of fatherhood, in the context of pregnancy and parturition.
Variants of Ranked-Choice Voting from a Strategic Perspective
Authors: Santucci Jack
Published: July 2021

Ranked-choice voting has come to mean a range of electoral systems. Broadly, they can facilitate (a) majority winners in single-seat districts, (b) majority rule with minority representation in multi-seat districts, or (c) majority sweeps in multi-seat districts. Further, such systems can combine with rules to encourage/discourage slate voting. This article describes five major versions used, abandoned, and/or proposed for US public elections: alternative vote, single transferable vote, block-preferential voting, the bottoms-up system, and alternative vote with numbered posts. It then considers each from the perspective of a ‘political strategist.’ Simple models of voting (one with two parties, another with three) draw attention to real-world strategic issues: effects on minority representation, importance of party cues, and reasons for the political strategist to care about how voters rank choices. Unsurprisingly, different rules produce different outcomes with the same sets of ballots. Specific problems from the strategist’s perspective are: ‘majority reversal,’ serving ‘two masters,’ and undisciplined third-party voters (or ‘pure’ independents). Some of these stem from well-known phenomena, e.g., ranking truncation and ‘vote leakage.’ The article also alludes to ‘vote-management’ tactics, i.e., rationing nominations and ensuring even distributions of first-choice votes. Illustrative examples come from American history and comparative politics. A running theme is the two-pronged failure of the Progressive Era reform wave: with respect to minority representation, then ranked voting's durability.
The Contextualized Inclusiveness of Parental Leave Benefits
Authors: Kurowska Anna
Published: July 2021

This article builds on a recent operationalization of inclusiveness of parental leave benefits proposed by Ivana Dobrotić and Sonja Blum and complements it by developing indicators of contextualized inclusiveness. This contextualized approach sets the formal entitlement and eligibility rules of social rights to parental leave benefits in the relevant socio‐economic context of the country to which these rules apply. The aim is to shed light on the extent to which parts of the country’s population are actually excluded or are at risk of being excluded from access to parental leave at a given moment in time. This is strongly shaped by, among other factors, the structure of the population according to employment status, job tenure or type of contract. An important characteristic of the methodological approach adopted in this article is that the proposed contextualized indicators are based on easily and publicly available and internationally comparable data. This makes the approach easily applicable by wide audiences, academic and practice‐oriented ones alike. The proposed indicators are then applied to sixteen European countries and show a much more diversified and nuanced landscape of contextualized inclusiveness of parental leave entitlements in Europe than the comparison of formal inclusiveness done by Dobrotić and Blum suggested. This study also shows that higher formal inclusiveness of employment‐based parental leave benefits was more common in countries with higher shares of those social groups that, in case of less inclusive regulations, would not have access to parental benefits.
Mechanisms of Psychological Defense and Dominant Defense Behavior of Convicts for Terrorist and Extremist Activities
Authors: Bovin B.G. , Kazberov P.N. , Bovina I.B.
Published: July 2021

The aim of the study was to identify the particularities of the defense behavior mechanisms among convicted for terrorist and extremist activities. A total of 469 convicts (351-for terrorist activities, 118 - for extremist activities) participated in the study. Life Style Index was used in order to reveal the defense mechanisms. The results allow us to talk about five types of defense: 1) dominance of projection and compensation defense mechanisms as means against the awareness of the negative and unacceptable personality qualities; 2) dominance of compensation in the profile indicates the desire to overcome a strong sense of inferiority; 3) dominance of reaction formation where unacceptable unconscious content is overcome by strengthening and development of exaggerated opposite trends; 4) dominance of intellectualization, where is the real action to remedy the anxiety and fears, the individual formulates an abstract of judgment, trying to get rid of one’s frustration; 5) dominance of denial, it refers to non-recognition, rejection of reality, displacement of thoughts, feelings, emotions from consciousness. In conclusion the potential of psychotherapeutic work is discussed.
Role and Involvement of Parents in the Cybergrooming Process
Authors: Medvedeva A.S. , Dozortseva E.G.
Published: July 2021

Parents are the main protectors of the child from the dangers of the Internet, including cybergrooming. However, when faced with cybergroomers, not all parents behave optimally. The article discusses the roles that parents can play in such situations. Particular attention is paid to situations when a parent is used by a criminal to influence a child and involve him in sexual activities; the concept of «parent-mediated cybergrooming» is proposed. The empirical study is a analysis of materials from criminal cases, consisting of 33 transcripts of Internet communications between parents and cyber groomers. Typical parental behaviors are described. Three groups of parents were identified depending on their online behavior and the corresponding potential victimization of their children. The conclusion was made about the predominant desire of parents to protect their children (60.7%). However, some parents put their children at risk (15.1%) or direct danger (24.2%) of cybergrooming and other sexual abuse. Variants of prevention of involvement of minors in cybergrooming, including through communication with their parents, are proposed.
Psychology of Participants in Criminal Proceedings: the Coping-Strategy of the Aggrieved Party
Authors: Andrianov M.S.
Published: July 2021

The article substantiates the need to develop a theory of the psychology of the aggrieved party - an important participant in criminal proceedings. When analysing that person's behavior during criminal proceedings it is suggested to use the concept of "coping behavior", serving as a specific psychological mechanism and a manifestation of a general process of individual self-regulation of activity, that is, the means of conscious adaptation, seeking for personality attitude and reasoned sequence of certain actions to overcome the traumatic circumstances. The major types of strategies for coping with emotions and negative effects of adverse and stressful life situations have been discussed. It is postulated that the leading coping-strategy acts as a mediator between the observed behavior of the aggrieved person and his/her underlying personality characteristics. It has been shown that knowledge, understanding and awareness of such leading behavioral strategy of an aggrieved individual make it possible to have reasoned judgements of his/her personality, facilitate establishing a psychological contact, having positive interaction with him/her and thereby improve the efficiency of criminal proceedings.
PERCEPÇÕES E PRÁTICAS DE SUSTENTABILIDADE DOS PRODUTORES E NÃO PRODUTORES DE TABACO
Authors: Keliton Pienegonda Fernando , João Atamanczuk Mauricio , Gresielly Fabrini Adriana
Published: July 2021

O presente estudo tem por objetivo compreender as diferenças das percepções e práticas de sustentabilidade em propriedades rurais que possuem predominância em atividades agropecuárias diferentes. De maneira específica busca levantar a percepção de sustentabilidade dos produtores rurais, identificar as práticas de sustentabilidade empregadas na propriedade e comparar as percepções e práticas de sustentabilidade entre os grupos analisados. Adotou-se o survey como metodologia de condução a partir de questionários aplicados para 36 produtores rurais, analisado por testes estatísticos de comparação de médias. A escolha dos respondentes ocorreu por acessibilidade sendo que 67% tem como principal fonte de renda da propriedade a produção de tabaco. Os resultados demonstraram que existe diferença estatística significativa entre as práticas e as percepções de sustentabilidade para o grupo analisado. Contudo, não há diferença estatística significativa entre as dimensões de sustentabilidade quando analisadas individualmente as práticas ou as percepções. Em relação a comparação dos tipos de atividades econômicas predominantes na propriedade, considerando a predominância da produção de tabaco, a amostra foi dividida em dois grupos: produtores de tabaco e não produtores de tabaco. Não se observa diferença estatisticamente significativa para os indicadores gerais de sustentabilidade ou para as dimensões da sustentabilidade quando comparadas as médias dos grupos.
A statistical model of the earthquake process
Authors: Lomnitz-Adler J.
Published: July 2021

abstract

A model is presented for the simulation of the statistical features of the earthquake process. An analytical solution is given for a simple case, and a numerical calculation of spatial and stress drop frequency distribution has been carried out. Extensions of the model are discussed.
Preliminary report on the use of digital strong motion recorders in the Mexicali Valley, Baja California
Authors: Anderson John G. , Brune James N. , Prince Jorge , Vernon Frank L.
Published: July 2021

A network of 12 digital strong motion accelerographs has been operating in the Mexicali Valley, Baja California, Mexico, since 1978. The instruments have triggered reliably, except for external problems, such as power failures and site harassment. Data from two important earthquakes and several smaller shocks have been recovered. These data have a noise level which appears to be no worse than that on digitized records from analog strong motion accelerographs, in spite of design errors which resulted in increased instrumental noise levels in several of the accelerographs (these design errors have recently been corrected). Digital recording of strong motion promises great advantages over analog recording through recovery of the initial motions, greater dynamic range, rapid playback, and lower equivalent instrumental noise level because manual or semiautomatic digitization of an analog record is not required.
Retrieval of source-extent parameters and the interpretation of corner frequency
Authors: Silver Paul
Published: July 2021

A method is proposed for retrieving source-extent parameters from far-field body-wave data. At low frequency, the normalized P- or S-wave displacement amplitude spectrum can be approximated by |Ω^(r^,ω)| = 1 − τ2(r^)ω2/2 where r^ specifies a point on the focal sphere. For planar dislocation sources, τ2(r^) is linearly related to statistical measures of source dimension, source duration, and directivity. τ2(r^) can be measured as the curvature of |Ω^(r^,ω)| at ω = 0 or the variance of the pulse Ω^(r^,t). The quantity ωc=2τ−1(r^) is contrasted with the traditional corner frequency ω0, defined as the frequency at the intersection of the low- and high-frequency trends of |Ω^(r^,ω)|. For dislocation models without directivity, ωc(P) ≧ ωc(S) for any r^. A mean corner frequency defined by averaging τ2(r^) over the focal sphere, ω¯c=2<τ2(r^)>−1/2, satisfies ωc(P) > ωc(S) for any dislocation source. This behavior is not shared by ω0. It is shown that ω0 is most sensitive to critical times in the rupture history of the source, whereas ωc is determined by the basic parameters of source extent. Evidence is presented that ωc is the corner frequency measured on actual seismograms. Thus, the commonly observed corner frequency shift (P-wave corner greater than the S-wave corner), now viewed as a shift in ωc is simply a result of spatial finiteness and is expected to be a property of any dislocation source. As a result, the shift cannot be used as a criterion for rejecting particular dislocation models.
Seismicity of the Garlock fault, California
Authors: Astiz Luciana , Allen Clarence R.
Published: July 2021

The Garlock fault is a 265-km-long left-slip fault striking northeastward from the San Andreas fault in southern California. Relocations of earthquakes that occurred from 1932 to 1981 on and near this major fault were made using the master-event technique. The spatial distribution of seismicity along the fault is different west and east of its midpoint near Rand, where the largest en-echelon offset and a marked change in strike occur. These two segments also display distinct geologic features and different seismic and aseismic behavior. The 150-km-long segment west of Rand has shown continuous low seismic activity during the past 50 yr, well-documented aseismic creep, and has a relatively complex fault trace. In contrast, the 155-km-long segment east of Rand has very few small earthquakes, no demonstrable creep, and a simpler fault trace. P-wave first-motion studies substantiate predominantly left-slip motion along the Garlock fault. Overall energy release during this 50-yr period gives a seismic moment rate of 2.75 × 1021 dyne-cm/yr, much lower than that inferred from Holocene geologic offsets, thus indicating that the Garlock fault currently represents a temporal seismic gap, and that the potential exists for large earthquakes. If behavior of the Garlock fault is similar to that of the San Andreas, the western segment of the fault can be compared with the central creeping segment of the San Andreas, and the eastern segment with those segments broken by the 1857 and 1906 earthquakes; thus larger events might be expected on the eastern segment than on the western segment, or, if the entire fault breaks during a single event, larger displacements toward the east.
Effect of structure geometry on strong ground motions: The Duwamish River Valley, Seattle, Washington
Authors: Langston Charles A. , Lee Jia-Ju
Published: July 2021

A three-dimensional ray tracing algorithm is used to compute the high frequency response of an SH plane wave incident under several models of the sediment filled with Duwamish River Valley of central Seattle. Models are based on valley geometry previously determined using borehole logs. The SH-wave response is considered in an effort to simulate the S-wave radiation from the 1965 magnitude 6.5 Puget Sound earthquake. Although the structure models considered are two-dimensional, three-dimensional ray tracing is needed to treat incident SH waves of various incidence angles and azimuths of approach appropriate for the USCGS and ISC hypocenters of the 1965 event. Generally, amplification of the direct SH wave due to the curved basin geometry is comparable to an equivalent elastic layer over a half-space model. However, for points near the center of the valley, multiple S rays become focused after undergoing several reflections from the curved lower boundary of the valley fill. This produces an order of magnitude increase in effective amplification. A detailed study of these rays shows that significant amplitudes occur over narrow distance ranges (∼200 m) at the surface and that they are sensitive to moderate changes in incident wave direction. Focusing effects of this type were probably an important factor in damage caused by the 1965 earthquake, especially over the thicker portions of the Duwamish River Valley. Effects of “randomly” focused rays also give an explanation for the apparently capricious nature of strong ground shaking in the Puget Sound area.
S
*
Authors: Gutowski P. R. , Hron F. , Wagner D. E. , Treitel S.
Published: July 2021

The interesting and common situation of shallow point sources close to the free surface can be modeled using an explicit elastic finite difference procedure. If the source depth is less than the predominant wavelength from the surface or other well-defined elastic boundary, then shear waves S*, are generated with an amplitude which depends strongly on the source depth. As the source depth is decreased, the amplitude of the resulting shear wave increases exponentially and the particle motion is confined to a plane perpendicular to the direction of propagation. These shear waves radiate from a point on the boundary directly above the source with a radiation pattern that is zero at grazing incidence, rises to a positive maximum at about 55° from the vertical, changes polarity, and increases negatively until merging with the PS wave. Since the use of shallow explosive sources for seismic exploration is favorable for the generation of S*, we present a field data case as an illustration.
Seismicity and faulting in the Charlevoix zone of the St. Lawrence Valley
Authors: Anglin F. M.
Published: July 2021

Continuous monitoring of the seismically active Charlevoix zone since late 1977 has delineated the boundaries of the earthquake zone under the north shore and has enabled an association to be made with surface mapped faults that strike along the St. Lawrence Valley and dip to the southeast. Within the active zone, aseismic volumes are found under parts of the St. Lawrence River and another elongated zone of activity is found to the southeast on unmapped faults dipping under the river. The previous suggestions that the activity is related to old rift faults, which have been later weakened by a meteor impact, would seem to be upheld.
On the variation of seismic hazard along the San Andreas fault
Authors: Howell B. F.
Published: July 2021

Recurrence probabilities of earthquakes were evaluated at 33 locations along the San Andreas fault using Gumbel's method. Two minima in the mode of the largest annual earthquakes occur, one north of San Francisco centered around 38.75°N latitude and the other centered in the Carizzo Plain area at 35.25°N latitude. The latter is offset by an unusually large ratio of large to small earthquakes, so that only one minimum (around 38.75°N) is observed in the expected 100-yr earthquake size. This broad minimum closely coincides with where the San Andreas fault broke in 1906, and may be only temporary.

There appears to be a slight, systematic tendency for the observed largest 50-year earthquake to become larger than the expected 50-yr earthquake as the size of the area being studied is reduced. The preferred explanation for this is that the pattern of size as a function of frequency becomes nonlinear when the size of the area studied is less than the focal area of the largest earthquakes.
Are reservoir-induced earthquakes of magnitude ≧ 5.0 at Koyna, India, preceded by pairs of earthquakes of magnitude ≧ 4.0?
Authors: Gupta Harsh K. , Iyer H. M.
Published: July 2021

Foreshocks of Koyna, India, earthquakes of magnitude ≧ 5.0 are investigated using data from the Poona WWSSN Seismic Station situated at a distance of 120 km from Koyna. Schemes for estimating earthquake magnitude on the SPZ component seismogram at Poona have been developed. These schemes are applicable to earthquakes of magnitude ≧ 2.0 occurring in the Koyna region.

Earthquakes of magnitude ≧ 5 on 13 September 1967, 10 December 1967, and 17 October 1973 in the Koyna region were each preceded by two earthquakes of magnitude ≧ 4.0 occurring within the preceding 15 days. In comparison, the activity of September 1980 was different. An earthquake of magnitude ≧ 5.0 occurred on 2 September and two more ≧ 5.0 earthquakes occurred on 20 September. These earthquakes were not preceded by pairs of ≧ 4.0 events. All events of magnitude ≧ 4.0 during 1974 through 1976 were singular (no two such events occurred within 15 days of one another). There appears to be a 50 per cent probability of occurrence of a magnitude ≧ 5.0 earthquake if two earthquakes of magnitude ≧ 4.0 are closely spaced in time (within 15 days) in the Koyna region.
The Anza array: A high-dynamic-range, broadband, digitally radiotelemetered seismic array
Authors: Berger Jon , Baker L. M. , Brune J. N. , Fletcher J. B. , Hanks T. C. , Vernon F. L.
Published: July 2021

A small aperture seismic array has been deployed along a 30-km stretch of the San Jacinto fault in the vicinity of the town of Anza, California. The array was installed to study specifically the scaling laws of body-wave spectra, the character of high-frequency ground motion, the physical interpretation of seismic stress drops, and the interaction of earthquakes. This region was chosen for these studies due to its high rate of seismic activity in the 2 ≦ M ≦ 4.5 range, the likelihood of a M > 6 event in the next decade, and the existence of the Southern California Batholith on either side of the fault, reducing problems associated with attenuation and large scale anisotropy. These studies employ an instrument package with a frequency response of 100 Hz, a dynamic range of 138 dB, a sampling rate of 250 times per second per component, and a 16-bit A/D converter. The array consists of 10 three-component stations, telemetered via digital VHF radio to a nearby mountain peak and thence via a microwave link to La Jolla, California. A minicomputer system monitors the array's performance, detects events, and records data upon demand. Initial results demonstrate the feasibility of digital transmission with an inherent increase in data quality over analog systems.
Numerical studies of the coda falloff rate of multiply scattered waves in randomly layered media
Authors: Menke William , Chen Rolin
Published: July 2021

We study the falloff rate of the coda of acoustic signals after transmission (net forward-scattering) through a stack of thin layers (compared to the wavelength of the signal) with randomly fluctuating impedances. We find that the change in coda energy with time after the first arrival can be modeled as a decaying exponential with falloff rate c ∝ ω − 1 x − 3 / 2 σ − 1 where ω is the center frequency of a frequency band of the coda, x is the source-receiver distance, and σ is the standard deviation of the impedance fluctuation in a band centered about 2 ω. The dependence of the falloff rate of net forward-scattered coda on ω and σ is opposite to that of single back-scattered coda, and distinguishes the two types of scattering.
Evidence of tectonic release from underground nuclear explosions in long-periodSwaves
Authors: Wallace Terry C. , Helmberger Donald V. , Engen Gladys R.
Published: July 2021

The SH waves from 21 underground nuclear explosions at Pahute Mesa (NTS) were used to investigate tectonic release. The equivalent double-couple representation of the tectonic release, which was constrained by waveform modeling and the polarity of sP, is very similar for all the explosions. The average orientation is a right-lateral, strike-slip fault trending N15°W. Seismic moments were determined on the basis of comparisons with two western United States strike-slip earthquakes. BENHAM has the largest tectonic release moment (5.6 × 1024 dyne-cm) and STILTON (0.1 × 1024 dyne-cm) the smallest of the events studied. In general, the seismic moments increase with the size of the explosion, but the location of the explosion relative to previous explosions can strongly affect the tectonic release. The Pahute Mesa events can be separated into two populations: (1) events which are well separated (>4 km) from previous explosions, and (2) those events which are close (<4 km) to previous explosions. Those events which are close to previous explosions show a marked decrease in tectonic release. A least-squares fit of seismic moment to event size (as determined from the world wide, average ab amplitude) shows that the two populations are approximately parallel, but offset. The fact that the trends remain separated even at small yields (e.g., PIPKIN and SCOTCH) suggests that for Pahute Mesa there is not a threshold for tectonic release. Since spatial position gives the best separation of high and low tectonic release events, a volume model is favored for the source mechanism. The preferred model is motion on a system of faults and joints.
Modeling of the Koyna, India, aftershock of 12 December 1967
Authors: Langston Charles A. , Franco-Spera Mariaclare
Published: July 2021

Short-period teleseismic and near-regional long-period waveforms from a large aftershock (mb = 5.3, origin time 06:18:36.8 UTC) of the 10 December 1967 Koyna main event were modeled to determine source depth and focal mechanism. Identification of pP and sP on the short-period waveforms yielded a well-constrained source depth of 3.5 to 4.0 km. The focal mechanism was determined using a systematic trial and error (grid-testing) technique in which seven P first motions, two SH first motions, two teleseismic pP/P ratios, one teleseismic sP/P ratio, and one regional SH/P ratio were included. This heterogeneous, but sparse, data set yielded a constrained normal fault mechanism at 100° ± 20° strike, 40° ± 10° dip, and 240° ± 20° rake. Rupture directivity is inferred from consistently high surface reflection/direct wave amplitude ratios. A circular fault of 1 km radius with a rupture initiation point at the lower edge and an assumed rupture velocity of 0.9 Vs explains the anomalously high amplitude ratios and yields a seismic moment of 3.8 × 1023 dyne-cm. The shallow source depth is similar to that found for the main event (4.5 km) and the 13 September foreshocks (5 km) in previous modeling studies and is consistent with the premise that the Koyna earthquakes were triggered by the impoundment of the Koyna reservoir. However, the normal fault mechanism differs substantially from the previous events which were left-lateral strike-slip faults trending NNE. The differing aftershock mechanism is probably due to the reactivation of old faults in the Koyna area caused by stress readjustment after the Koyna main event.
The breaking of a single asperity: Analysis of an aftershock of the 1975 Oroville, California, earthquake
Authors: Das Shamita , Boatwright Jack
Published: July 2021

Accelerations and acceleration envelopes of S waves from a small (ML = 3.6) aftershock of the 1975 Oroville, California, earthquake have been interpreted using a dynamic model of the failure of a single, isolated asperity on a fault plane. It is shown that the distinctive characteristics of the asperity radiation are a prolonged, emergent onset followed by a two-sided acceleration pulse. This energetic pulse is radiated at the completion of failure of the asperity. Our purpose is to demonstrate the characteristics of asperity radiation using a specific event as an example rather than a trial and error modeling of this event.
Fault slip in southern California
Authors: Louie John N. , Allen Clarence R. , Johnson David C. , Haase Paul C. , Cohn Stephen N.
Published: July 2021

Measurements of slip on major faults in southern California have been performed over the past 18 yr using principally theodolite alignment arrays and tautwire extensometers. They provide geodetic control within a few hundred meters of the fault traces, which complements measurements made by other techniques at larger distances. Approximately constant slip rates of from 0.5 to 5 mm/yr over periods of several years have been found for the southwestern portion of the Garlock fault, the Banning and San Andreas faults in the Coachella Valley, the Coyote Creek fault, the Superstition Hills fault, and an unnamed fault 20 km west of El Centro. These slip rates are typically an order of magnitude below displacement rates that have been geodetically measured between points at greater distances from the fault traces. Exponentially decaying postseismic slip in the horizontal and vertical directions due to the 1979 Imperial Valley earthquake has been measured. It is similar in magnitude to the coseismic displacements. Analysis of seismic activity adjacent to slipping faults has shown that accumulated seismic moment is insufficient to explain either the constant or the decaying postseismic slip. Thus the mechanism of motion may differ from that of slipping faults in central California, which move at rates close to the plate motion and are accompanied by sufficient seismic moment. Seismic activity removed from the slipping faults in southern California may be driving their relatively aseismic motion.
Pnobservation and interpretation in Washington
Authors: Zervas Chris E. , Crosson Robert S.
Published: July 2021

abstract

The travel-time characteristics of Pn waves in the state of Washington were investigated using regional earthquakes as seismic sources and stations of the state-wide University of Washington telemetered network as receivers. There is a significant difference in upper mantle velocity between eastern Washington (8.20 ± 0.02 km/sec) and western Washington (7.79 ± 0.02 km/sec). Modifications of the time-term method were used to find the dependence of P velocity on distance and azimuth to the source. Pn velocity in eastern Washington depends on the distance to the source, implying a velocity gradient with depth in the upper mantle. No significant distance dependence was found for western Washington. Azimuthal anisotropy was found for Pn with a northwest direction of maximum velocity in eastern Washington and a north-northwest direction in western Washington. Assuming no lateral crustal velocity gradients, the Pn refracting interface dips to the west approximately 0.8° in eastern Washington and to the southeast approximately 3.2° in western Washington. Contour maps of the station time terms indicate significant variations in crustal structure across the state. The combination of low Pn velocity and small Moho dip beneath western Washington suggests that the subducting lithospheric slab underlying the continental margin lies below the level of transition to upper mantle velocity over much of this region.
Sutton, Alaska, earthquake of 1984: Evidence for activity on the Talkeetna segment of the Castle Mountain fault system
Authors: Lahr J. C. , Page R. A. , Stephens C. D. , Fogleman K. A.
Published: July 2021

A magnitude 5.7 mb (5.2 Ms) earthquake occurred on 14 August 1984, 14 km north of Sutton, in the vicinity of the mapped trace of the Talkeetna segment of the Castle Mountain fault system. The focal mechanism of the earthquake and the spatial distribution of well-controlled aftershock hypocenters indicate that the shock involved dextral slip at 13- to 20-km depth on the Talkeetna fault segment. The depth of the shocks is consistent with the lack of observed surface breakage. The Sutton earthquake sequence, plus recent small shocks recorded by the southern Alaska seismograph network, provide definitive evidence that the Talkeetna segment of the fault system is active.
Reciprocity principle and the approximate solution of the wave equation
Authors: Razavy M. , Lenoach B.
Published: July 2021

In this paper, we examine the validity of reciprocity when certain approximations are applied to the wave equation. We focus on some of the approximation techniques which are frequently used in investigating seismic waves, particularly in the context of synthetic seismograms, namely, asymptotic ray theory and finite difference methods. The main result is that the reciprocity property is not necessarily preserved when an approximation is used. This conclusion is shown to be valid for both ray theory and finite difference techniques. We give some concrete examples as well as numerical results to illustrate the practical effect of nonreciprocity. We also show that reciprocity breaks down when analytical approximation is required to solve the problem in question.
Multi-channel deconvolution ofPwaves at seismic arrays
Authors: Der Zoltan A. , Shumway Robert H. , Lees Alison C.
Published: July 2021

The results of a new multi-channel deconvolution method applied to NORSAR and EKA array recordings of teleseismic P waves are presented and interpreted in terms of possible surface reflections and other arrivals from the Nevada Test Site and Kazakh nuclear explosions. The deconvolution method utilizes the well-known fact that P-wave spectra can be decomposed into source and receiver spectral factors. For most events, the source-time functions appear to contain a pP arrival but they also show later, unexplained arrivals. The site functions are also complex in many cases. About half of the late coda in P appears to be due to each source and receiver. The recordings for a presumed Kazakh cratering event show a distinctly different source function when compared to deeper, buried explosions at the same test site. From the deconvolved source-time functions, the cratering to noncratering mb bias is estimated to be between 0.09 and 0.22 magnitude units.