bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
To inspect, to motivate — or to do both? A dilemma for on-farm inspection of animal welfare
Authors: Anneberg I , Vaarst M , SandØe P
Published: April 2013

The ultimate aim of this paper is to study and discuss a central dilemma within inspection of animal welfare. On the one hand, it may be argued that controllers should check only whether farmers comply or not with animal welfare regulation. Here, the key value is the rule of law, and that all offenders should be treated equally. On the other hand, it may be argued that an important component of inspections is to enter into dialogue with farmers. This may be based on a more forward-looking view aimed at motivating farmers to look after the welfare of the animals in their care. In European countries, authorities try to enforce animal welfare legislation through inspections followed up by penalties in instances where a lack of compliance is found. However, the fairness and efficiency, and ultimately the public acceptance of the system, critically depend on the performance of the individual inspector. This paper presents the results of an interview-study into how Danish animal welfare inspectors view their own role and tasks. In the main results, a theme of disagreement presented itself and revealed different attitudes in terms of the possibility of engaging in a dialogue with the farmers. The first theme focused on the preventive aspect. The second had its focus on compliance and on the avoidance of engaging in dialogue with the farmer regarding the reasons for the regulations. Moreover, a theme of agreement showed interpretation as unavoidable. We discuss how the points of view or strategies of the inspectors may affect the outcome of animal welfare inspections, both on a short- and long-term basis. We argue that this study can initiate a necessary and more open discussion of the aforementioned dilemma.
Dermatitis prompted by a collar employed in radio-telemetry monitoring
Authors: Ferreira GA , Pinto ML , Nakano-Oliveira E , Genaro G
Published: April 2013

Technological advances, such as radio-telemetry, have been increasingly employed for animal monitoring because they can furnish important information regarding the ecology and behaviour of various species. However, during a study on semi-domiciled domestic cats (Felis silvestris catus)conducted in an environmental protection area in Ilha Comprida, state of São Paulo, Brazil, we identified a case of dermatitis that was caused by a radio-collar, which was first noticed by the pet owner. This provided the opportunity for close observation not normally possible when these are used to track animals in the wild. It is our aim to bring the possibility that skin inflammation may develop when using radio-collars in radio-telemetry monitoring to the attention of other researchers. This finding highlights the need for greater attention to be paid to the use of this methodology, especially in the realm of wild animals.
A survey of stakeholders’ opinions on the priority issues affecting the welfare of companion dogs in Great Britain
Authors: Buckland EL , Whiting MC , Abeyesinghe SM , Asher L , Corr S , Wathes CM
Published: April 2013

An online survey, using open and prompted response questions, was undertaken to collate the views of stakeholders on the priority welfare issues currently facing companion dogs(Canis familiaris)in Great Britain and on dogs’ general quality of life. The stakeholder sectors targeted broadly comprised Education, Government, Industry, Charity and Veterinary. Overall, respondents described companion dogs as, at minimum, having a life worth living. Whether welfare issues were openly described or ranked within a set list, those of high priority in the perceptions of stakeholders matched those cited in published scientific literature; particularly, exaggerated physical features, inherited disease, obesity and inappropriate socialisation. Puppy farming and status dogs, which have been highlighted recently in the media, were also viewed as important. Lack of appropriate mental stimulation, irresponsible ownership and inappropriate environment were raised as priority issues by stakeholders and are under-reported in scientific literature. Significant differences between stakeholder sectors in ranking of welfare issues perceived importance, urgency to rectify, impact (on the individual) or prevalence in Britain may be explained by vested interests, organisational roles, differences in terminology and the contexts within which stakeholders came into contact with companion dogs. Pet travel, dew claw removal and complementary and alternative medicines were amongst those issues thought to be of least urgent welfare concern. Issues perceived to enhance welfare included the quality of veterinary care, physical stimulation, educational resources, responsible ownership, the high status of dogs in society and the work of welfare organisations.
Transport Costs Affecting LNG Delivery by Moss Type Carriers
Authors: Stanivuk Tatjana , Tokić Tonći , Šoškić Svetislav
Published: April 2013

The paper discusses the influence of transportation costs on the delivery of liquefied natural gas (LNG) by sea. The research part of the project was carried out by using a dedicated LNG Moss type carrier with the capacity of 205,000 m3 and by taking into account the price of the propulsion engine fuel, LNG, as one of the most important factors of the final cost of LNG transportation. The fluctuation of the final costs also depends on the price of construction of a new vessel, the vessel’s design, sufficient number of the vessels required for transportation, and the amount of cargo to be shipped from a load port to the import terminal. The port of Murmansk, possibly one of Russia’s largest LNG load terminals, was used as port of departure, i.e. port of load. The final destinations, i.e. import terminals, included the ports of Zeebrugge, South Hook, Cove Point, Chiba and Fujian. It should be noticed that this study involved two sailing routes, the Suez Canal and the North East Passage, taking into consideration the harsh weather conditions the vessels might encounter during navigation.
International Convention on the Removal of Wrecks, 2007. – a New Contribution to the Safety of Navigation and Marine Environment Protection
Authors: Petrinović Ranka , Skorupan Wolff Vesna , Mandić Nikola , Plančić Bisera
Published: April 2013

The text of the International Convention on the Removal of Wrecks was finally adopted at the International Conference held from 14 to 18 May, 2007 in the United Nations Office at Nairobi in Kenya (UNON). The Convention shall enter into force twelve months after having been signed and approved by ten States. The new Convention will provide a legal frame for the States Parties in removing existing and future wrecks located beyond the territorial sea (within their sovereign rights). First of all it is the exclusive economic zone which we discuss in the paper, or if a state has not established the Zone, it is the territory just beyond the territorial seas which extends not more than 200 NM from the starting lines for determining the size of territorial seas. Although the number of maritime accidents has been reduced recently, it has been estimated that there are more than 1 300 abandoned wrecks around the world today that pose potential hazards to safe navigation, utilization of the living resources, as well as to the marine environment. In accordance with the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, the Republic of Croatia established Protected Ecological and Fishing Zone comprising sovereign rights characteristic for exclusive economic zones such as sovereign right of researching, utilization and conservation of the living resources beyond the outer borders of the territorial sea, as well as their management, and the jurisdiction with regard to the scientific research of the sea and protection and preservation of the marine environment. The Adriatic Sea falls into the category of closed or semi-closed seas by the definition of the United Nation Convention on the Law of the Sea, and therefore if compared with larger seas, the consequences of pollution would be much greater due to its small size. That is why the adoption of the Convention on the Removal of Wrecks is of great importance to Croatia. The provisions of the Convention oblige the master and the operator of a ship to notify the endangered state party immediately about the accident which may cause a shipwreck, and the state must inform the mariners and other coastal states about the hazard posed by wrecks. The most important fact is that the Convention requires compulsory security for vessels of 300BT. The vessels of 300 BT are obliged to have the certificate of insurance, or some other financial security as a cover for owner’s liability for the damage caused by the removal of the wreck.
Political Correctness – Maintaining a Balanced View
Authors: Plančić Bisera , Zanchi Željka , Čudić Mirna
Published: April 2013

The paper deals with the concept of the so-called 'political correctness', primarily with regard to how it affects the language, particularly that of the non-native speakers of English, who may sometimes not be sufficiently aware of the sensitivity of the issue in the target language, frequently not nearly as pronounced in their own society and cultural setting. Not surprisingly, 'political correctness' has over the years caused a lot of heated argument and has divided people, not only linguists, into its ardent supporters and detractors. While the former defend it on the grounds that it can effectively combat intolerance, prejudice and injustice, the latter object to it as merely an instrument of political control and manipulation and an impediment to the freedom of speech. They base their argument on the fact that things are sometimes taken too far, many expressions already accepted or suggested as 'politically correct' sounding exaggerated, unnatural, and ridiculous. Furthermore, they argue that political correctness frequently obscures the meaning and is directed against clarity, thereby deteriorating the language. The authors therefore deem it necessary to highlight and explore the arguments of both sides, trying to propose the best ways of dealing with the issue, making all those concerned fully aware of the problem and its implications, at the same time striving to establish and maintain a balance.
What Makes a Habitable Planet?
Authors: Elkins‐Tanton L.
Published: April 2013

Space missions help answer one of humanity's most profound questions: Are we alone in the universe? To begin to understand what makes a planet habitable, and thus where to look for life both within and outside of Earth's solar system, scientists need to understand what in planetary formation and what in its subsequent evolution combine to produce a habitable planet.
Meet the 2013–2014 AGU Congressional Science Fellows
Authors: Uhlenbrock Kristan
Published: April 2013

AGU announces its Congressional Science Fellows for the 2013–2014 fellowship term: Aaron Goldner and Daniel Pomeroy. For the past 36 years, AGU has sponsored fellows to serve in Congress. This program provides scientists with an opportunity to work outside the academic setting and utilize their unique skills and scientific expertise to contribute to the policy‐making process. In turn, fellows gain knowledge that benefits their career, whether that career includes returning to an academic setting or continuing in science policy.
Arctic climate warming leads to increased storm surge activity
Authors: Schultz Colin
Published: April 2013

Recent declining summer sea ice extent over the Arctic Ocean, a climatic shift driven by rising air temperatures, is causing surface winds to have increased contact with the ocean waters, in turn increasing the size of surface waves. Researchers also anticipate that ongoing climate change will increase the strength and frequency of Arctic summer and fall storms. Together, these climatic shifts are expected to lead to an increase in both the frequency and size of storm surges, flooding events that can dramatically affect Arctic coastal regions. In 1999, for instance, a strong storm surge covered more than 12,000 hectares of the Mackenzie Delta landscape in seawater, killing local vegetation and disrupting the freshwater ecosystems. This particular storm surge is an event from which much of this northern ecosystem has yet to recover.
Nanoscale Chemical Imaging Using Tip‐Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy: A Critical Review
Authors: Schmid Thomas , Opilik Lothar , Blum Carolin , Zenobi Renato
Published: April 2013

Methods for chemical analysis at the nanometer scale are crucial for understanding and characterizing nanostructures of modern materials and biological systems. Tip‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) combines the chemical information provided by Raman spectroscopy with the signal enhancement known from surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) and the high spatial resolution of atomic force microscopy (AFM) or scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). A metallic or metallized tip is illuminated by a focused laser beam and the resulting strongly enhanced electromagnetic field at the tip apex acts as a highly confined light source for Raman spectroscopic measurements. This Review focuses on the prerequisites for the efficient coupling of light to the tip as well as the shortcomings and pitfalls that have to be considered for TERS imaging, a fascinating but still challenging way to look at the nanoworld. Finally, examples from recent publications have been selected to demonstrate the potential of this technique for chemical imaging with a spatial resolution of approximately 10 nm and sensitivity down to the single‐molecule level for applications ranging from materials sciences to life sciences.
Isothermal crystallization kinetics and mechanical properties of polycaprolactone composites with zinc oxide, oleic acid, and glycerol monooleate
Authors: Alp Burcu , Cesur Serap
Published: April 2013

The isothermal crystallization and mechanical behavior of polycaprolactone (PCL) with zinc oxide (ZnO) with oleic acid and glycerol monooleate (GMO) were studied. Theoretical melting points calculated by the Flory–Huggins and Thompson–Gibbs models were thoroughly compared with differential scanning calorimetry experimental observations. The isothermal crystallization kinetic parameters by Avrami analysis showed that crystallization was controlled by nucleation, crystal growth was spherical, and the nucleation type changed between thermal and athermal nucleation. X‐ray diffraction showed that when the additives were used together both the crystal thickness and the degree of crystallinity increased. A multiple‐response regression analysis was made with the ZnO, oleic acid, and GMO concentrations as variables and the crystallinity as output. Interaction parameters by the Pukanzky model were calculated from the tensile strength at the yield point and indicated that the addition of oleic acid or GMO improved the interface between the ZnO particles and PCL. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 1259‐1275, 2013
Conversion of CuO Nanoplates into Porous Hybrid Cu2O/Polypyrrole Nanoflakes through a Pyrrole‐Induced Reductive Transformation Reaction
Authors: Xu You , Wang Huan , Zhu Rongjiao , Liu Cuibo , Wu Xuan , Zhang Bin
Published: April 2013

Porous hybrid Cu2O/polypyrrole nanoflakes have been synthesized from solid CuO nanoplate templates through the pyrrole‐induced reductive transformation reaction at elevated temperature. The conversion mechanism involves the reductive transformation of CuO to Cu2O and the in situ oxidative polymerization of pyrrole to polypyrrole. In addition, the morphology of the as‐converted nanohybrids depends on the shape of the CuO precursors. The strategy enables us to transform single‐crystalline CuO nanosheets into hollow hybrid Cu2O/polypyrrole nanoframes. The ability to transform CuO and an organic monomer into porous hybrid materials of conducting polymer and Cu2O with macrosized morphological retention opens up interesting possibilities to create novel nanostructures. Electrochemical examinations show that these porous hybrid Cu2O/polypyrrole nanostructures exhibit efficient catalytic activity towards oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), excellent methanol tolerance ability, and catalytic stability in alkaline solution, thus making them promising nonprecious‐metal‐based catalysts for ORR in alkaline fuel cells and metal–air batteries.
Late endosomal and lysosomal trafficking during integrin‐mediated cell migration and invasion
Authors: Rainero Elena , Norman Jim C.
Published: April 2013

Recently it has become clear that trafficking of integrins to late endosomes is key to the regulation of integrin expression and function during cell migration. Here we discuss the molecular machinery that dictates whether integrins are sorted to recycling endosomes or are targeted to late endosomes and lysosomes. Integrins and other receptors that are sorted to late endosomes are not necessarily degraded and, under certain circumstances, can be spared destruction and returned to the cell surface to drive cell migration and invasion. We will discuss how the exchange of adhesion receptors and other key regulators of cell migration between late endosomes/lysosomes and the plasma membrane can promote dynamic turnover of adhesions during cell migration.
Spectroscopic analysis on the interaction of ferulic acid and tetramethylpyrazine with trypsin
Authors: Shuai Li , Chen Zhi , Fei Peng , Wang Qiang , Yang Tianming
Published: April 2013

The interaction of trypsin with tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) and ferulic acid (FA) was studied using fluorescence, synchronous fluorescence, UV–vis absorption, circular dichroism (CD) and three‐dimensional (3D) fluorescence spectra techniques. Using fluorescence quenching calculations, the bimolecular quenching constant (kq), apparent quenching constant (KSV), effective binding constant (Ka) and binding site number (n) were obtained. The distance r between donor and acceptor was found to be 2.049 and 1.281 nm for TMP–trypsin and FA–trypsin complexes. TMP and FA can quench the fluorescence intensity of trypsin by a static quenching procedure. Thermodynamic parameters calculated on the basis of different temperatures revealed that the binding of trypsin to TMP/FA mainly depended on van der Waals' forces and hydrogen bonds. The effect of TMP and FA on the conformation of trypsin was analyzed using synchronous fluorescence, CD, 3D fluorescence spectra and molecular docking studies. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Binding of teicoplanin and vancomycin to bovine serum albumin in vitro: a multispectroscopic approach and molecular modeling
Authors: Lin Yongxin , Jiao Genlong , Sun Guodong , Zhang Lili , Wang Shilong , Liu Hanchao , Li Zhizhong
Published: April 2013

In this paper, the binding properties of teicoplanin and vancomycin to bovine serum albumin (BSA) were investigated using fluorescence quenching, synchronous fluorescence, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), circular dichroism (CD) and UV–vis spectroscopic techniques and molecular docking under simulative physiological conditions. The results obtained from fluorescence quenching data revealed that the drug–BSA interaction altered the conformational structure of BSA. Meanwhile, the 3D fluorescence, CD, FTIR and UV–vis data demonstrated that the conformation of BSA was slightly altered in the presence of teicoplanin and vancomycin, with different reduced α‐helical contents. The binding distances for the drug–BSA system were provided by the efficiency of fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). Furthermore, the thermodynamic analysis implied that hydrogen bond and van der Waals' forces were the main interaction for the drug–BSA systems, which agreed well with the results from the molecular modeling study. The results obtained herein will be of biological significance in future toxicological and pharmacological investigation. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chromatographic methods in the study of autism
Authors: Żurawicz Ewa , Kałużna‐Czaplińska Joanna , Rynkowski Jacek
Published: April 2013

Research into biomarkers of autism is a new means of medical intervention in this disease. Chromatographic techniques, especially coupled with mass spectrometry, are widely used in determination of biomarkers and assessment of effectiveness of autism therapy owing to their sensitivity and selectivity. Among the chromatographic techniques gas chromatography and liquid chromatography, especially high‐performance liquid chromatography, have found application in clinical trials. The high‐performance liquid chromatography technique allows an analysis of liquid samples with a wide range of molecules, small and large, providing an opportunity to perform advanced assays within a short time frame. Gas chromatography with the appropriate preparation of samples (gaseous and liquid) and a selection of analysis conditions enables the separation of thermally stable, volatile and non‐volatile organic substances in short runtimes. The chromatographic techniques that are currently used in metabolic studies in autism are designed to identify abnormalities in three areas: the metabolism of neurotransmitters, nutritional and metabolic status and manifestations of oxidative stress. This review presents a necessary theoretical introduction and examples of applications of chromatographic studies of disorder markers in autism. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Examining the Validity of the Structured Assessment of Violence Risk in Youth (SAVRY) for Predicting Probation Outcomes Among Adjudicated Juvenile Offenders
Authors: Childs Kristina K. , Ryals John , Frick Paul J. , Lawing Kathryn , Phillippi Stephen W. , Deprato Debra K.
Published: April 2013

The current study examined the ability of the Structured Assessment of Violence Risk for Youth (SAVRY), a standardized risk assessment instrument, to predict probation outcomes among a sample of 158 adjudicated juvenile offenders placed on probation. Traditionally, the SAVRY has been used to measure violence risk among adolescents after release from custody. More recently, a delinquency risk measure based on SAVRY responses was developed, which could be useful for other types of outcome. This study examined the predictive validity of both summary risk ratings (SRR) for probation outcomes, including the reason for terminating probation and length of time on probation. A number of bivariate analyses and Cox regression models provided preliminary support for the ability of the nonviolent delinquency SRR, and modest support for the violence SRR, to predict probation outcomes. The implications for use of the SAVRY SRRs during juvenile justice system decision‐making and recommendations for future research are discussed. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Feed rate control in fed‐batch fermentations based on frequency content analysis
Authors: Johnsson Ola , Andersson Jonas , Lidén Gunnar , Johnsson Charlotta , Hägglund Tore
Published: April 2013

A new strategy for controlling substrate feed in the exponential growth phase of aerated fed‐batch fermentations is presented. The challenge in this phase is typically to maximize specific growth rate while avoiding the accumulation of overflow metabolites which can occur at high substrate feed rates. In the new strategy, regular perturbations to the feed rate are applied and the proximity to overflow metabolism is continuously assessed from the frequency spectrum of the dissolved oxygen signal. The power spectral density for the frequency of the external perturbations is used as a control variable in a controller to regulate the substrate feed. The strategy was implemented in an industrial pilot scale fermentation set up and calibrated and verified using an amylase producing Bacillus licheniformis strain. It was shown that a higher biomass yield could be obtained without excessive accumulation of harmful overflow metabolites. The general applicability of the strategy was further demonstrated by implementing the controller in another process using a Bacillus licheniformis strain currently used in industrial production processes. In addition, in this case a higher growth rate and decreased accumulation of overflow metabolites in the exponential growth phase was achieved in comparison to the reference controller. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 29:817–824, 2013
Fermentanomics informed amino acid supplementation of an antibody producing mammalian cell culture
Authors: Read Erik K. , Bradley Scott A. , Smitka Tim A. , Agarabi Cyrus D. , Lute Scott C. , Brorson Kurt A.
Published: April 2013

Fermentanomics, or a global understanding of a culture state on the molecular level empowered by advanced techniques like NMR, was employed to show that a model hybridoma culture supplied with glutamine and glucose depletes aspartate, cysteine, methionine, tryptophan, and tyrosine during antibody production. Supplementation with these amino acids prevents depletion and improves culture performance. Furthermore, no significant changes were observed in the distribution of glycans attached to the IgG3 in cultures supplemented with specific amino acids, arguing that this strategy can be implemented without fear of impact on important product quality attributes. In summary, a targeted strategy of quantifying media components and designing a supplementation strategy can improve bioprocess cell cultures when enpowered by fermentanomics tools. Published 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 29:745–753, 2013
4‐Hydroxy‐3‐methyl‐6‐(1‐methyl‐2‐oxoalkyl)pyran‐2‐one Synthesis by a Type III Polyketide Synthase from Rhodospirillum centenum
Authors: Awakawa Takayoshi , Sugai Yoshinori , Otsutomo Kanae , Ren Shukun , Masuda Shinji , Katsuyama Yohei , Horinouchi Sueharu , Ohnishi Yasuo
Published: April 2013

The purple photosynthetic bacterium Rhodospirillum centenum has a putative type III polyketide synthase gene (rpsA). Although rpsA was known to be transcribed during the formation of dormant cells, the reaction catalyzed by RpsA was unknown. Thus we examined the RpsA reaction in vitro, using various fatty acyl‐CoAs with even numbers of carbons as starter substrates. RpsA produced tetraketide pyranones as major compounds from one C10–14 fatty acyl‐CoA unit, one malonyl‐CoA unit and two methylmalonyl‐CoA units. We identified these products as 4‐hydroxy‐3‐methyl‐6‐(1‐methyl‐2‐oxoalkyl)pyran‐2‐ones by NMR analysis. RpsA is the first bacterial type III PKS that prefers to incorporate two molecules of methylmalonyl‐CoA as the extender substrate. In addition, in vitro reactions with 13C‐labeled malonyl‐CoA revealed that RpsA produced tetraketide 6‐alkyl‐4‐hydroxy‐1,5‐dimethyl‐2‐oxocyclohexa‐3,5‐diene‐1‐carboxylic acids from C14–20 fatty acyl‐CoAs. This class of compounds is likely synthesized through aldol condensation induced by methine proton abstraction. No type III polyketide synthase that catalyzes this reaction has been reported so far. These two unusual features of RpsA extend the catalytic functions of the type III polyketide synthase family.
Ligand‐Free Copper‐Catalyzed Coupling of Phenols with Nitroarenes by using a Metal–Organic Framework as a Robust and Recoverable Catalyst
Authors: Phan Nam T. S. , Nguyen Tung T. , Nguyen Vu T. , Nguyen Khoa D.
Published: April 2013

A highly porous metal–organic framework Cu2(BDC)2(DABCO) (H2BDC=1,4‐benzenedicarboxylic acid, DABCO=1,4‐diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane) was synthesized and used as an efficient recyclable heterogeneous catalyst for the coupling reaction of phenols with nitroarenes to form diaryl ethers without using a ligand. Physical characterization of the MOF was obtained by using XRD, SEM, TEM, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), FTIR spectroscopy, atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS), H2 temperature‐programmed reduction (H2‐TPR), and N2 physisorption measurements. The Cu2(BDC)2(DABCO)‐catalyzed coupling reaction offers several advantages compared to the conventional Ullmann reaction for the synthesis of unsymmetrical diaryl ethers. To the best of our knowledge, the ligand‐free Cu‐catalyzed O‐arylation reaction of phenols with nitroarenes that uses a heterogeneous catalyst has not been mentioned previously in the literature.
Genetic markers associated with early cancer‐specific mortality following prostatectomy
Authors: Liu Wennuan , Xie Chunmei C. , Thomas Christopher Y. , Kim Seong‐Tae , Lindberg Johan , Egevad Lars , Wang Zhong , Zhang Zheng , Sun Jishan , Sun Jielin , Koty Patrick P. , Kader A. Karim , Cramer Scott D. , Bova G. Steven , Zheng S. Lilly , Grönberg Henrik , Isaacs William B. , Xu Jianfeng
Published: April 2013

BACKGROUND

This study sought to identify novel effectors and markers of localized but potentially life‐threatening prostate cancer (PCa), by evaluating chromosomal copy number alterations (CNAs) in tumors from patients who underwent prostatectomy and correlating these with clinicopathologic features and outcome.

METHODS

CNAs in tumor DNA samples from 125 patients in the discovery cohort who underwent prostatectomy were assayed with high‐resolution Affymetrix 6.0 single‐nucleotide polymorphism microarrays and then analyzed using the Genomic Identification of Significant Targets in Cancer (GISTIC) algorithm.

RESULTS

The assays revealed 20 significant regions of CNAs, 4 of them novel, and identified the target genes of 4 of the alterations. By univariate analysis, 7 CNAs were significantly associated with early PCa‐specific mortality. These included gains of chromosomal regions that contain the genes MYC, ADAR, or TPD52 and losses of sequences that incorporate SERPINB5, USP10, PTEN, or TP53. On multivariate analysis, only the CNAs of PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog) and MYC (v‐myc myelocytomatosis viral oncogene homolog) contributed additional prognostic information independent of that provided by pathologic stage, Gleason score, and initial prostate‐specific antigen level. Patients whose tumors had alterations of both genes had a markedly elevated risk of PCa‐specific mortality (odds ratio = 53; 95% CI = 6.92‐405, P = 1 × 10−4). Analyses of 333 tumors from 3 additional distinct patient cohorts confirmed the relationship between CNAs of PTEN and MYC and lethal PCa.

CONCLUSIONS

This study identified new CNAs and genes that likely contribute to the pathogenesis of localized PCa and suggests that patients whose tumors have acquired CNAs of PTEN, MYC, or both have an increased risk of early PCa‐specific mortality. Cancer 2013;119:2405‐2412. © 2013 American Cancer Society.
Precision study of DXA‐based patient‐specific finite element modeling for assessing hip fracture risk
Authors: Luo Yunhua , Ferdous Zannatul , Leslie William D.
Published: April 2013

Finite element (FE) modeling based on a patient's hip dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) image is a promising tool for more accurately assessing hip fracture risk, as it is able to comprehensively consider effects from all the mechanical parameters affecting hip fracture. However, a number of factors influence the precision (also known as repeatability or reproducibility) of a DXA‐based FE procedure, for example, subject positioning in DXA scanning. As a procedure is required to have adequately high precision in clinical application, we investigated the effects of the involved factors on the precision of a DXA‐based patient‐specific FE procedure developed by the authors, to provide insight into how the precision of the procedure can be improved so that it can meet the clinical standards. Fracture risk indices corresponding to initial and repeat DXA scans acquired in 30 typical clinical subjects were computed and compared to assess short term repeatability of the procedure. It was found that inconsistent positioning followed by manual segmentation of the projected femur contour induced significant variability in the predicted fracture risk indices. This research suggests that, to apply the DXA‐based FE procedure in clinical assessment, it will be necessary to pay more strict attention to subject positioning in DXA scanning. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nanoparticle Size and Concentration Dependence of the Electroactive Phase Content and Electrical and Optical Properties of Ag/Poly(vinylidene fluoride) Composites
Authors: Lopes Ana Catarina , Carabineiro Sonia A. C. , Pereira Manuel Fernando R. , Botelho Gabriela , Lanceros‐Mendez Senentxu
Published: April 2013

This paper describes the processing of silver‐nanoparticle‐doped poly(vinylidene fluoride). The effects of the concentration and size of the filler on the electroactive phase of the polymer and the optical and electrical properties are discussed. Spherical silver nanoparticles incorporated into the poly(vinylidene fluoride) polymeric matrix induce nucleation of the electroactive γ phase. The electroactive phase content strongly depends on the content and size of the nanoparticles. In particular, there is a critical nanoparticle size, below which the filler losses its nucleation efficiency due to its small size relative to that of the polymer macromolecules. Furthermore, the presence of surface plasmon resonance absorption in the composites is observed, which once again shows a strong dependence on the concentration and size of the particles. The absorption is larger for higher concentrations, and for a given concentration increases with particle size. This behavior is correlated to the electrical response and is related to the extra bands and electrons provided by the nanoparticles in the large energy band gap of the polymer.
Modeling ecological minimum requirements for distribution of greater sage‐grouse leks: implications for population connectivity across their western range, U.S.A
Authors: Knick Steven T. , Hanser Steven E. , Preston Kristine L.
Published: April 2013

Greater sage‐grouse Centrocercus urophasianus (Bonaparte) currently occupy approximately half of their historical distribution across western North America. Sage‐grouse are a candidate for endangered species listing due to habitat and population fragmentation coupled with inadequate regulation to control development in critical areas. Conservation planning would benefit from accurate maps delineating required habitats and movement corridors. However, developing a species distribution model that incorporates the diversity of habitats used by sage‐grouse across their widespread distribution has statistical and logistical challenges. We first identified the ecological minimums limiting sage‐grouse, mapped similarity to the multivariate set of minimums, and delineated connectivity across a 920,000 km2 region. We partitioned a Mahalanobis D2 model of habitat use into k separate additive components each representing independent combinations of species–habitat relationships to identify the ecological minimums required by sage‐grouse. We constructed the model from abiotic, land cover, and anthropogenic variables measured at leks (breeding) and surrounding areas within 5 km. We evaluated model partitions using a random subset of leks and historic locations and selected D2 (k = 10) for mapping a habitat similarity index (HSI). Finally, we delineated connectivity by converting the mapped HSI to a resistance surface. Sage‐grouse required sagebrush‐dominated landscapes containing minimal levels of human land use. Sage‐grouse used relatively arid regions characterized by shallow slopes, even terrain, and low amounts of forest, grassland, and agriculture in the surrounding landscape. Most populations were interconnected although several outlying populations were isolated because of distance or lack of habitat corridors for exchange. Land management agencies currently are revising land‐use plans and designating critical habitat to conserve sage‐grouse and avoid endangered species listing. Our results identifying attributes important for delineating habitats or modeling connectivity will facilitate conservation and management of landscapes important for supporting current and future sage‐grouse populations.
Implementing Liquid‐Crystalline Properties in Single‐Stranded Dinuclear Lanthanide Helicates
Authors: Terazzi Emmanuel , Zaïm Amir , Bocquet Bernard , Varin Johan , Guénée Laure , Dutronc Thibault , Lemonnier Jean‐François , Floquet Sébastien , Cadot Emmanuel , Heinrich Benoît , Donnio Bertrand , Piguet Claude
Published: April 2013

The connection of flexible protodendritic wedges to the bis‐tridentate rigid polyaromatic ligand L1 provides amphiphilic receptors L5 and L6; their reduced affinities for complexing trivalent lanthanides (Ln = La, Y, Lu) in organic solvent (by fifteen orders of magnitude!) prevent the formation of the expected dinuclear triple‐stranded helicates [Ln2(Lk)3]6+. This limitation could be turned into an advantage because L1 or L6 can be treated with [Ln(hfac)3] (Hhfac = 1,1,1,5,5,5‐hexafluoro‐2,4‐pentanedione) to give neutral single‐stranded [Ln2(Lk)(hfac)6] complexes with no trace of higher‐order helicates. Whereas ligands L1 and L5 are not liquid crystals, L6 can be melted above room temperature (41 °C) to give a nematic mesophase, and its associated dinuclear helical complex [Y2(L6)(hfac)6] self‐organises at the same temperature into a fluidic smectic mesophase.
Amplified Electrochemical DNA Sensor Based on Polyaniline Film and Gold Nanoparticles
Authors: Saberi Reyhaneh‐Sadat , Shahrokhian Saeed , Marrazza Giovanna
Published: April 2013

In this work, an electrochemical DNA biosensor, based on a dual signal amplified strategy by employing a polyaniline film and gold nanoparticles as a sensor platform and enzyme‐linked as a label, for sensitive detection is presented. Firstly, polyaniline film and gold nanoparticles were progressively grown on graphite screen‐printed electrode surface via electropolymerization and electrochemical deposition, respectively. The sensor was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), cyclic voltammetry and impedance measurements. The polyaniline‐gold nanocomposite modified electrodes were firstly modified with a mixed monolayer of a 17‐mer thiol‐tethered DNA probe and a spacer thiol, 6‐mercapto‐1‐hexanol (MCH). An enzyme‐amplified detection scheme, based on the coupling of a streptavidin‐alkaline phosphatase conjugate and biotinylated target sequences was then applied. The enzyme catalyzed the hydrolysis of the electroinactive α‐naphthyl phosphate to α‐naphthol; this product is electroactive and has been detected by means of differential pulse voltammetry. In this way, the sensor coupled the unique electrical properties of polyaniline and gold nanoparticles (high surface area, fast heterogeneous electron transfer, chemical stability, and ease of miniaturisation) and enzymatic amplification. A linear response was obtained over a concentration range (0.2–10 nM). A detection limit of 0.1 nM was achieved.
Analytical and experimental investigations on seismic performance of exterior beam–column subassemblages of existing RC‐framed building
Authors: Sasmal Saptarshi , Ramanjaneyulu K. , Novák Balthasar , Lakshmanan N.
Published: April 2013

Seismic performance of exterior beam–column subassemblages of reinforced concrete structure designed and detailed on the basis of the provisions of Eurocode and Indian Standards at different stages of their evolution is evaluated. Performance of the subassemblages designed and detailed according to the three different stages of codal evolution (gravity load design, ‘Nonductile’, and ‘Ductile’) is evaluated through analytical formulations and experimental investigations. In the ‘NonDuctile’ specimens, it has been observed that the shear distortion and degradation in stiffness and strength are significantly high. Performance of the ‘Ductile’ specimens based on Eurocode and Indian Standards is almost similar in terms of strength and stiffness degradation. Nevertheless, the specimen designed on the basis of Indian Standard shows higher energy dissipation at a given drift ratio. In the analytical study, shear and flexural failure of members of subassemblage and shear failure of the joint are considered as possible modes of failure of the beam–column subassemblage. For evaluating the shear strength of the joint region, a soften strut‐and‐tie model is used. Analytically obtained strengths based on the failure criteria of different components of the specimens have been first validated with experimental results and then used to determine the strength of the specimens. The investigation could indicate even the mode of failure at local level. It is utmost important to mention here that even the ductile specimens dissipate most of the energy through the development of damage in the joint region, which is neither desirable nor safe for the stability of whole structure. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An overview of proactive wind turbine control
Authors: Stotsky Alexander , Egardt Bo , Carlson Ola
Published: April 2013

Recent achievements in the proactive turbine control, based on the upwind speed measurements, are described in a unified framework (as an extension of the tutorial [1]), that in turn represents a systematic view of the control activity carried out within the Swedish Wind Power Technology Center (SWPTC). A new turbine control problem statement with constraints on blade loads is reviewed. This problem statement allows the design of a new class of simultaneous speed and pitch control strategies based on the preview measurements and look‐ahead calculations. A generation of a piecewise constant desired pitch angle profile which is calculated using the turbine load prediction is reviewed in this article as one of the most promising approaches. This in turn allows the reduction of the pitch actuation and the design of the collective pitch control strategy with the maximum possible actuation rate. Two turbine speed control strategies based on one‐mass and two‐mass models of the drivetrain are also described in this article. The strategies are compared to the existing drivetrain controller. Moreover, postprocessing technique that can be used for estimation of the turbine parameters with improved performance is also discussed. Postprocessing‐based estimation of the turbine inertia moment is given as an example. All the results are illustrated by simulations with a wind speed record from the Hönö turbine, located outside of Gothenburg, Sweden.
The diagnosis, prevalence and outcome of delirium in a cohort of older people with mental health problems on general hospital wards
Authors: Whittamore Kathy H. , Goldberg Sarah E. , Gladman John R.F. , Bradshaw Lucy E. , Jones Rob G. , Harwood Rowan H.
Published: April 2013

Objectives

This paper aimed to measure the prevalence and outcomes of delirium for patients over 70 admitted to a general hospital for acute medical care and to assess the validity of the Delirium Rating Scale‐Revised‐98 (DRS‐R‐98) in this setting.

Methods

Prospective study in a British acute general hospital providing sole emergency medical services for its locality. We screened consecutive patients over 70 with an unplanned emergency hospital admission and recruited a cohort of 249 patients likely to have mental health problems. They were assessed for health status at baseline and followed over 6 months. A sub‐sample of 93 participants was assessed clinically for delirium.

Results

27% (95% confidence interval (CI) 23–31) of all older medical patients admitted to hospital had DRS‐diagnosed delirium, and 41% (95% CI 37–45) had dementia (including 19% with co‐morbid delirium and dementia). Compared with clinician diagnosis, DRS‐R‐98 sensitivity was at least 0.75, specificity 0.71. Compared with reversible cognitive impairment, sensitivity was at least 0.50, specificity 0.67. DRS‐diagnosed delirium was associated with cognitive impairment, mood, behavioural and psychological symptoms, activities of daily living, and number of drugs prescribed, supporting construct validity. Of those with DRS‐diagnosed delirium, 37% died within 6 months (relative risk 1.4, 95% CI 0.97–2.2), 43% had reversible cognitive impairment, but only 25% had clinically important recovery in activities of daily living. Behavioural and psychological symptoms were common and mostly resolved, but new symptoms frequently developed.

Conclusion

Delirium is common. Some, but not all, features are reversible. DRS‐R‐98 has reasonable validity in populations where co‐morbid dementia is prevalent. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thermospheric zonal mean winds and tides revealed by CHAMP
Authors: Lieberman R. S. , Akmaev R. A. , Fuller‒Rowell T. J. , Doornbos E.
Published: April 2013

We present direct, global observations of longitudinally averaged CHAMP zonal winds gathered between 2003 and 2007. A diurnal variation dominates the global zonal wind. Westward flows are observed from the early morning through afternoon hours, while eastward flows peak in the evening. A semidiurnal harmonic is also present, with magnitudes that are approximately one third of the diurnal harmonic. The time mean wind indicates westward winds over much of the globe, with weak superrotation (+E, or eastward winds) that is symmetric about the equator during equinox, and confined to the winter hemisphere at solstice. Diurnal and time mean CHAMP winds agree fairly well with the Whole Atmosphere Model. Some differences are observed in the semidiurnal and higher‒order tidal winds, that underscore the challenges of modeling the sources, sinks, and mean wind effects upon tides between the surface and 400 km.
Reconstructive algorithm and classification system for transoral oropharyngeal defects
Authors: de Almeida John R. , Park Richard Chan Woo , Villanueva Nathaniel L. , Miles Brett A. , Teng Marita S. , Genden Eric M.
Published: April 2013

Background

Transoral techniques for oropharyngeal tumors, such as transoral robotic surgery (TORS) and transoral laser microsurgery, require new reconstructive considerations.

Methods

Defects from 92 patients undergoing TORS were classified into 4 classes. A reconstruction algorithm was followed. Perioperative outcomes and complications were assessed. Forty‐seven patients completed the MD Anderson Dysphagia Inventory (MDADI) swallowing questionnaire and a modified Velopharyngeal Insufficiency Quality of Life (VPIQL) questionnaire postoperatively.

Results

The most common reconstructions involved velopharyngoplasties with local flaps (39%), local flaps alone (25%), or secondary healing (20%). More advanced defects (class III and IV defects) required regional and free flaps more often. No significant differences were found in MDADI scores or VPIQL scores among the 4 defect classes. Only adjuvant radiotherapy was a predictor of poor swallowing (p = .02).

Conclusion

The classification system for transoral oropharyngeal defects maps defects into 4 classes and guides the reconstructive thought process. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 36: 934–941, 2014