bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Holter Monitörü için Elektrokardiyografi Sinyali Tabanlı Yeni Bir Kan Basıncı Hesaplama Yöntemi
Authors: Uçar Muhammed Kürşad
Published: October 2021

Amaç ve Kapsam: Hipertansiyon hastalarında tansiyonun gün içerisinde takip edilmesi ve ilaç tedavisi ile kontrol alınması hayati öneme sahiptir. Hipertansiyonun takibi sürekli kan basıncı takibi sistemleri ile yapılabilir. Ancak bu cihazların vücuda verdiği rahatsızlığı gidermek için yeni teknolojilere ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Bu kapsamda, çalışmanın amacı holter cihazlarına entegre edilebilir, Elektrokardiyografi (EKG) sinyali tabanlı kan basıncı ölçme yazılım sürecinin geliştirmektir. Materyal ve Metot: Çalışmada, açık kaynak paylaşımlı, beş sağlıklı bireyin üç günlük ortalama 6’şar saatlik fiziksel aktivite sırasında EKG sinyali ve kan basıncı kayıtları kullanılmıştır. Çalışmada EKG sinyali filtrelenerek 10 saniyelik epoklara ayrılmıştır. 19897 epoktan 25 adet zaman domeninde özellik çıkarılmıştır. Çıkarılan özellikler ile makine öğrenmesi tabanlı Sistolik (Büyük) ve Diastolik (Küçük) kan basıncı tahmin modelleri geliştirilmiştir. Sonuçlar: Sistolik ve diastolik kan basıncı tahmin modelleri R ve MSE performans değerleri sırasıyla 1, 0,0112 ve 1, 0,0054 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Sonuç: Elde edilen sonuçlara göre makine algoritmaları tabanlı sistolik ve diastolik kan basıncının hesaplanabileceği ve Holter gibi vücuda daha az rahatsızlık veren cihazlara yazılımsal olarak entegre edilebileceği değerlendirilmektedir.
When Immunity Kills: The Lessons of SARS-CoV-2 Outbreak
Authors: Taoufik Yassine , de Goër de Herve Marie-Ghislaine , Corgnac Stéphanie , Durrbach Antoine , Mami-Chouaib Fathia
Published: October 2021

Since its emergence at the end of 2019, SARS-CoV-2 has spread worldwide at a very rapid pace. While most infected individuals have an asymptomatic or mild disease, a minority, mainly the elderly, develop a severe disease that may lead to a fatal acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). ARDS results from a highly inflammatory immunopathology process that includes systemic manifestations and massive alveolar damages that impair gas exchange. The present review summarizes our current knowledge in the rapidly evolving field of SARS-CoV-2 immunopathology, emphasizing the role of specific T cell responses. Indeed, accumulating evidence suggest that while T-cell response directed against SARS-CoV-2 likely plays a crucial role in virus clearance, it may also participate in the immunopathology process that leads to ARDS.
Prime-Boost Vaccination With Covaxin/BBV152 Induces Heightened Systemic Cytokine and Chemokine Responses
Authors: Kumar Nathella Pavan , Banurekha V. V. , C. P. Girish Kumar , Nancy Arul , Padmapriyadarsini C. , Mary A. Stella , Devi K. R. Uma , Murhekar Manoj , Babu Subash
Published: October 2021

Covaxin/BBV152 is a whole virion inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. The effect of prime-boost vaccination with Covaxin on systemic immune responses is not known. We investigated the effect of Covaxin on the plasma levels of a wide panel of cytokines and chemokines at baseline (M0) and at months 1 (M1), 2 (M2) and 3 (M3) following prime-boost vaccination in healthy volunteers. Our results demonstrate that Covaxin induces enhanced plasma levels of Type 1 cytokines (IFNγ, IL-2, TNFα), Type 2/regulatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, IL-10 and IL-13), Type 17 cytokine (IL-17A), other pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-12, IL-1α, IL-1β) and other cytokines (IL-3 and IL-7) but diminished plasma levels of IL-25, IL-33, GM-CSF and Type 1 IFNs. Covaxin also induced enhanced plasma levels of CC chemokine (CCL4) and CXC chemokines (CXCL1, CXCL2 and CX3CL1) but diminished levels of CXCL10. Covaxin vaccination induces enhanced cytokine and chemokine responses as early as month 1, following prime-boost vaccination, indicating robust activation of innate and adaptive immune responses in vaccine recipients.
Multi-Scale Light-Sheet Fluorescence Microscopy for Fast Whole Brain Imaging
Authors: Zhang Zhouzhou , Yao Xiao , Yin Xinxin , Ding Zhangcan , Huang Tianyi , Huo Yan , Ji Runan , Peng Hanchuan , Guo Zengcai V.
Published: October 2021

Whole-brain imaging has become an increasingly important approach to investigate neural structures, such as somata distribution, dendritic morphology, and axonal projection patterns. Different structures require whole-brain imaging at different resolutions. Thus, it is highly desirable to perform whole-brain imaging at multiple scales. Imaging a complete mammalian brain at synaptic resolution is especially challenging, as it requires continuous imaging from days to weeks because of the large number of voxels to sample, and it is difficult to acquire a constant quality of imaging because of light scattering during in toto imaging. Here, we reveal that light-sheet microscopy has a unique advantage over wide-field microscopy in multi-scale imaging because of its decoupling of illumination and detection. Based on this observation, we have developed a multi-scale light-sheet microscope that combines tiling of light-sheet, automatic zooming, periodic sectioning, and tissue expansion to achieve a constant quality of brain-wide imaging from cellular (3 μm × 3 μm × 8 μm) to sub-micron (0.3 μm × 0.3 μm × 1 μm) spatial resolution rapidly (all within a few hours). We demonstrated the strength of the system by testing it using mouse brains prepared using different clearing approaches. We were able to track electrode tracks as well as axonal projections at sub-micron resolution to trace the full morphology of single medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) neurons that have remarkable diversity in long-range projections.
Microglia in Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration: From Understanding to Therapy
Authors: Muzio Luca , Viotti Alice , Martino Gianvito
Published: October 2021

Microglia are the resident macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS) acting as the first line of defense in the brain by phagocytosing harmful pathogens and cellular debris. Microglia emerge from early erythromyeloid progenitors of the yolk sac and enter the developing brain before the establishment of a fully mature blood–brain barrier. In physiological conditions, during brain development, microglia contribute to CNS homeostasis by supporting cell proliferation of neural precursors. In post-natal life, such cells contribute to preserving the integrity of neuronal circuits by sculpting synapses. After a CNS injury, microglia change their morphology and down-regulate those genes supporting homeostatic functions. However, it is still unclear whether such changes are accompanied by molecular and functional modifications that might contribute to the pathological process. While comprehensive transcriptome analyses at the single-cell level have identified specific gene perturbations occurring in the “pathological” microglia, still the precise protective/detrimental role of microglia in neurological disorders is far from being fully elucidated. In this review, the results so far obtained regarding the role of microglia in neurodegenerative disorders will be discussed. There is solid and sound evidence suggesting that regulating microglia functions during disease pathology might represent a strategy to develop future therapies aimed at counteracting brain degeneration in multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
Artificial Sweeteners: History and New Concepts on Inflammation
Authors: Basson Abigail Raffner , Rodriguez-Palacios Alexander , Cominelli Fabio
Published: October 2021

Since the introduction of artificial sweeteners (AS) to the North American market in the 1950s, a growing number of epidemiological and animal studies have suggested that AS may induce changes in gut bacteria and gut wall immune reactivity, which could negatively affect individuals with or susceptible to chronic inflammatory conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), a disorder that has been growing exponentially in westernized countries. This review summarizes the history of current FDA-approved AS and their chemical composition, metabolism, and bacterial utilization, and provides a scoping overview of the disease mechanisms associated with the induction or prevention of inflammation in IBD. We provide a general outlook on areas that have been both largely and scarcely studied, emerging concepts using silica, and describe the effects of AS on acute and chronic forms of intestinal inflammation.
Epigenetic Alterations in Podocytes in Diabetic Nephropathy
Authors: Sugita Erina , Hayashi Kaori , Hishikawa Akihito , Itoh Hiroshi
Published: October 2021

Recently, epigenetic alterations have been shown to be involved in the pathogenesis of diabetes and its complications. Kidney podocytes, which are glomerular epithelial cells, are important cells that form a slit membrane—a barrier for proteinuria. Podocytes are terminally differentiated cells without cell division or replenishment abilities. Therefore, podocyte damage is suggested to be one of the key factors determining renal prognosis. Recent studies, including ours, suggest that epigenetic changes in podocytes are associated with chronic kidney disease, including diabetic nephropathy. Furthermore, the association between DNA damage repair and epigenetic changes in diabetic podocytes has been demonstrated. Detection of podocyte DNA damage and epigenetic changes using human samples, such as kidney biopsy and urine-derived cells, may be a promising strategy for estimating kidney damage and renal prognoses in patients with diabetes. Targeting epigenetic podocyte changes and associated DNA damage may become a novel therapeutic strategy for preventing progression to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and provide a possible prognostic marker in diabetic nephropathy. This review summarizes recent advances regarding epigenetic changes, especially DNA methylation, in podocytes in diabetic nephropathy and addresses detection of these alterations in human samples. Additionally, we focused on DNA damage, which is increased under high-glucose conditions and associated with the generation of epigenetic changes in podocytes. Furthermore, epigenetic memory in diabetes is discussed. Understanding the role of epigenetic changes in podocytes in diabetic nephropathy may be of great importance considering the increasing diabetic nephropathy patient population in an aging society.
Inter-rater Reliability and Construct Validity of the Lerner Defense Scale in Clinical and Non-clinical Groups
Authors: Rosso Anna Maria , Airaldi Cinzia , Camoirano Andrea
Published: October 2021

The current study investigated the inter-rater reliability and the construct validity of the Rorschach Lerner Defense Scale (LDS). In particular, it aimed to explore the inter-rater reliability, analyzing the most frequent coding mistakes in an attempt to improve the coding guidelines, and to investigate the ability of the scale to distinguish between individuals with neurotic-level and borderline-level personality organization, according to the Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual-2 (PDM-2), and non-clinical subjects. Eighty clinical subjects and 80 non-clinical ones participated in the study. Among the clinical subjects, 40 have borderline-level personality organization and 40 have neurotic-level personality organization. Non-clinical subjects were drawn from an archival dataset of non-clinical individuals who previously participated in a Rorschach normative study. The LDS showed substantial inter-rater reliability; however, guidelines could be improved, specifically with regard to the threshold for coding Devaluation and Idealization at level 1. Furthermore, more examples should be included in the manual about the coding of Projective Identification and Denial. The LDS distinguished borderline-level subjects from both the non-clinical and neurotic groups with regard to Devaluation and Projective Identification, with borderline-level personality organization subjects reporting higher scores than either of the two other groups. Only the Denial scale discriminated between the non-clinical and neurotic group, with the latter reporting higher scores of high-level Denial.
Learning Through Digital Stories for Safe School Environment
Authors: Akdag Sahin , Altinay Zehra
Published: October 2021

This study aimed to evaluate the impact of digital stories in the learning-based themes of safe schools and to examine the perceptions of special educational needs in safe school environments. Training were carried out with informative videos created through the Distance Education and Information Technology Center (UZEBIM) for principals and teachers-in-charge, and the effectiveness of this process was evaluated through reflective opinion forms. In addition to this, an evaluation form was presented to the prospective special education teachers to obtain their opinions and evaluate the effectiveness of digital stories at safe schools. A total of 100 prospective teachers participated in the evaluation of the impact of digital stories on their learning about safe school environments. Digital stories regarding safe schools become an important source of information in creating a safe school environment more rapidly and efficiently. In line with the interviews, it was observed that the awareness of safe school environments was increased and the digital dimensions of safe school environments were internalized through digital stories. Due to the raising awareness in the COVID-19 process, it was revealed that the schools did not have sufficient safe school characteristics and all stakeholders should take preventive measures in coordination to establish a safe school environment.
Automatically Monitoring Impervious Surfaces Using Spectral Generalization and Time Series Landsat Imagery from 1985 to 2020 in the Yangtze River Delta
Authors: Zhang Xiao , Liu Liangyun , Chen Xidong , Gao Yuan , Jiang Mihang
Published: October 2021

Accurately monitoring the spatiotemporal dynamics of impervious surfaces is very important for understanding the process of urbanization. However, the complicated makeup and spectral heterogeneity of impervious surfaces create difficulties for impervious surface monitoring. In this study, we propose an automatic method to capture the spatiotemporal expansion of impervious surfaces using spectral generalization and time series Landsat imagery. First, the multitemporal compositing and relative radiometric normalization methods were used to extract phenological information and ensure spectral consistency between reference imagery and monitored imagery. Second, we automatically derived training samples from the prior MSMT_IS30-2020 impervious surface products and migrated the surface reflectance of impervious surfaces in the reference period of 2020 to other periods (1985–2015). Third, the random forest classification method, trained using the migrated surface reflectance of impervious surfaces and pervious surface training samples at each period, was employed to extract temporally independent impervious surfaces. Further, a temporal consistency check method was applied to ensure the consistency and reliability of the monitoring results. According to qualitative and quantitative validation results, the method achieved an overall accuracy of 90.9% and kappa coefficient of 0.859 in identifying the spatiotemporal expansion of impervious surfaces and performed better in capturing the impervious surface dynamics when compared with other impervious surface datasets. Lastly, our results indicate that a rapid increase of impervious surfaces was observed in the Yangtze River Delta, and the area of impervious surfaces in 2000 and 2020 was 1.86 times and 4.76 times that of 1985, respectively. Therefore, it could be concluded that the proposed method offered a novel perspective for providing timely and accurate impervious surface dynamics.
The Influence of Curriculum Based on the Indonesian National Qualifications Framework (KKNI) on the Quality of Student Learning (Studies on Students at the State University of Medan)
Authors: Sibarani Blasius Erik
Published: October 2021

The curriculum is one of the supporting factors of successful learning and of course the curriculum is structured to be able to improve the quality of each student. Currently the current curriculum is being discussed, namely the curriculum based on the Indonesian national qualification framework (KKNI). This curriculum is very closely related to the HOTS system (High Order Thinking Skill), where this system requires students / students to think high-level that requires a variety of different learning and teaching steps by just learning facts and concepts alone. The KKNI curriculum requires students to go directly into the real world / field. This curriculum is also expected to be able to harmonize cognitive, psychomotor, and affective. The purpose of this study was to find out and analyze how the influence of KKNI on the quality of student learning. Data collection techniques are by distributing questionnaires to respondents as many as 40 respondents. The research method used in this study is by using a correlational method that is related to the descriptive method, where the writer will look for the relationship between the variables studied, namely the KKNI towards the quality of student learning. The research approach used by the writer is by using qualitative and quantitative approaches. The results showed that there was an influence of the KKNI curriculum on the quality of student learning. The research method used in this study is by using a correlational method that is related to the descriptive method, where the writer will look for the relationship between the variables studied, namely the KKNI towards the quality of student learning. The research approach used by the writer is by using qualitative and quantitative approaches. The results showed that there was an influence of the KKNI curriculum on the quality of student learning. The research method used in this study is by using a correlational method that is related to the descriptive method, where the writer will look for the relationship between the variables studied, namely the KKNI towards the quality of student learning. The research approach used by the writer is by using qualitative and quantitative approaches. The results showed that there was an influence of the KKNI curriculum on the quality of student learning.

Keywords: Curriculum, HOTS, KKNI
Science Literacy in Early Childhood: Development of Learning Programs in the Classroom
Authors: Choiriyah  , Lutfiani Ninda , Khoirunisa Alfiah , Faturahman Adam , Nabila Efa Ayu
Published: October 2021

The importance of science literacy in early childhood greatly influences the development of scientific thinking ability. Early childhood is the most critical learning goal that can be done with a student-centered approach to the classroom. This article discusses the needs of science literacy at an early age. Various investigative processes have been carried out by uncovering qualitative methodology. The interview method was conducted to five early childhood teachers. Teknik data analysis using Heurmeutical analysis and Miles and Huberman models. The results showed that early childhood in the application of science literacy as a learning development program in the classroom requires three aspects that need to be considered, namely: attitude, skills, self-competence in children's cognitive ability, and participation in classroom strategies mapped by teachers. While the needs of learning in the classroom are very important to be done as an effort to improve the competence of teachers to the quality of teaching. In the long term, this research has implications in the field of education, namely the development of teacher competencies on the ability to manage science literacy at an early age.
CREATING COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE OF FIRMS THROUGH USING DIFFERENT TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS OF STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT
Authors: Zeqiri Izet
Published: October 2021

Strategic management is a proactive process of achieving long-term compatibility of the enterprise in the envisaged environment. Strategic management helps the company to become familiar and to recognize the environment, provide a better guide for the whole enterprise, make managers more familiar with the changes, provide managers diversity in assessing investment requirements, help them in unifying the numerous strategic decisions taken by the managers, to create a proactive role of management, etc. Analyzing strategic segments creates the basis for conducting competitive analysis, where this represents an analysis of every company with which it directly competes in the market, so for this purpose managers must use various techniques and tools for strategic analysis. Although several times it is argued that the presence of the strategic management process or strategic leading is closely linked to the successful operation of enterprises, many enterprises do not practice it. As a result of this neglect, businesses can not achieve their full potential and they are threatened regarding to the survival of their business.
THE IMPACT OF RECRUITMENT AND SELECTION PRACTICES ON EMPLOYEES PERFORMANCE: CASE SMEs IN POLLOG REGION - REPUBLIC OF NORTH MACEDONIA
Authors: Mazllami Arlinda
Published: October 2021

The Republic of North Macedonia is facing with global trends and integrating processes toward to the European Union. Enterprises operates in the environment with the constantly changing and very unsecure circumstances. Managing of human resources has important attention in enterprises in developing countries such as our country. The main objectives of Human Resource Management(HRM) are to find right people for the right job and to achieve effectiveness of employees. To achieve effectivity and to take competitive advantages enterprises must have better recruitment and selection strategies. Employees are the main sources ideas and innovations, they build and keep relationships with the clients, they have crucial role for the enterprise to be sustained and to be competitive in the trade. The main objective of this paper is to identify and analyse practices that enterprises in Pollog region use to recruit and select employees and how these practices affects the employees’ performance. The research methodology is statistical, analysis, synthesis and comparative methods. The primary data is collected from the responses of structured questionnaire dedicated to enterprises in Pollog region and how they applied the practices of recruitment and selection processes. Different recruitment challenges using internal and external sources are finding in this research paper. The study revealed that the use of mediums, portals enables enterprises to recruit committed and productive employees. It is also determined that the selection should be appropriate and in this way to reduce the enterprise costs.
ANALYSIS OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN MONTENEGRO
Authors: Dautović Edita , Omerhodžić Nemša , Lekić Sanja
Published: October 2021

This paper discusses the position of women in labor markets in order to raise awareness of women about the significance of their contribution to one society, and to develop women's entrepreneurship in order to empower and empower women. Although many positive changes in the position of women in the labor market in the long run have been achieved in the long run, many indicators show that it is still much worse than the position of men: the rate of economic activity and employment of women is much higher, and if the better position of women is today, Women on average wait longer for work, concentration of employed women in some, typically female activities, is still very high, etc. Such a situation requires the need to consider the possibilities of expanding and opening the space for the flexibility of their employment, as women still have to adjust their responsibilities in the family and at the workplace. Non-standard forms of employment are more and more common, they are not equally desirable. Holders of economic development are entrepreneurs who manifest their quality and success by competitiveness and improvement of their market position. The term "entrepreneur" is defined as a woman who has her own business and decides about it. Entrepreneurship, by definition, is characterized by the desire to earn a profit.
LEADERSHIP FUNCTIONS, MANAGEMENT AND AUTHORITY WITHIN THE ORGANIZATION
Authors: Sirashki Histo , Begolli Gent
Published: October 2021

Leadership is part of the activity in organizations and has its own place and significance for their functioning. It is well-known that leadership is a dynamic phenomenon and a leader’s authority may vary depending on the circumstances. Leaders can be replaced, they can compete, be allocated, be supported, etc. But while they are leaders, they are responsible for organizing the group’s activity. There are both similarities and differences between leadership, management and authority. The aim of this paper is to present some of the functions and characteristics of the leader, which are of paramount significance for the activity in organizations; at the same time, the paper aims at drawing the reader’s attention to some specific features of management and authority. Every time leadership, or anything related to leadership, is the subject of discussion, the concept of authority springs to mind. Authority is inseparable from leadership and the processes related to it. At the beginning, emphasis is placed on leadership as an indispensable necessity at all levels of the hierarchical structure of the organization. This is a significant condition for the successful functioning within the teams where there are three main aspects: individual, task and the needs of the team. A good leader shall secure an overlap among these three elements and create conditions for their functioning which result from synergy. Next, the paper shifts to the organization’s management and the leaders’ styles of management – authoritarian, democratic, bureaucratic, charismatic, liberal, oriented towards people, oriented towards tasks, employee’s style, transformational style, etc. Furthermore, the authors elaborate on some definitions of authority which are more closely related to leadership skills, and mostly to the functions performed by the leader.
APPLICATIONS TO THE SOUTH-WEST UNIVERSITY "NEOFIT RILSKI" IN ECONOMICALLY INACTIVE YOUTH IN THE BLAGOEVGRAD COUNTY
Authors: Dermendzhieva Sofia , Dyankova Gergana , Lasin Iliya
Published: October 2021

The economic changes that have occurred in recent years in Bulgaria concern a significant number of large industrial enterprises and the territory of the Blagoevgrad region. Their privatization changes the industrial map of the region and puts the labor activity of the population in check. In many enterprises, the labor process is carried out by young people who do not continue their education at a higher school. For them, university education is not among the priorities, as the completed vocational education allows them to join the labor market. But under the conditions of market change, young people are forcibly deprived of the opportunity to pursue vocational training acquired in secondary education. This situation automatically classifies them in the group of economically inactive youths, which according to current statistics account for 22% of the inhabitants of the Blagoevgrad region. The dynamics described in today's economic reality focuses attention on young people's insufficient readiness to flexibly change their vital orientations and develop motivation to achieve success in professional realization. This finding is alarming because it challenges the attitude of lifelong learning among young people as mediating their motivation for personal growth and success in professional realization. The present study aims at studying the educational activity of unemployed young people from the Blagoevgrad region by examining their attitudes towards applying at Southwestern University "Neofit Rilski" and on this basis to analyze the subjective determinants mediating the overcoming of barriers for continuing qualification. The main reason for conducting the study is related to the understanding that as a life event the unemployment period is negative and the longer stays in it escalate into a decrease in self-esteem, painful sensitivity in terms of personal confidence, anxiety towards the expected rejection from any work environment.
CHANGES - DAILY REALITY AND NECESSITY
Authors: Gonovski Vladimir , Gonovska Sandra
Published: October 2021

Changes are constantly present among us. The changes are a daily occurrence no matter in which area of life. They are something that moves humankind and causes its development. However, not all have the same attitude towards the changes. Some people look forward to, others avoid them, some joy to them, others avoid to them, some fear into them, while others rejoice changes, some see opportunity in them, some see danger from them. Whatever is the relationship of individuals to change, everyone must face them someday. The change management has no formal structure, a pre-prepared plan, but it takes place spontaneously and the reactions occur in a single place. He is an unpredictable process. The change management plan is designed to cause changes to: - Processes - Organizational structure - The people - Strategies All undertaken activities for implementing the changes ultimately reflect the above categories. In addition, the changes can also can be divided into episodic vs continuous change. Another dividing is a divide of Continuous Organizational changes in two scales: radical - incremental and core - peripheral. A common reaction to almost all people of change is fear. Fear of the unknown cause’s people initially resists resistance. However, over time and after undertaking certain activities, the changes are accepted as a necessity.
DEVELOPMENT AND CAREER MANAGEMENT
Authors: Koleci Baki
Published: October 2021

We, as individuals, continually through our lives, learn and acquire the knowledge, skill, and skill we expect to help us employ or apply appropriately in order to gain a living and secure our survival. Everyone wants to build a successful career with which he can be proud of his life. However, this is not always so easy and simple, it requires a lot of sacrifices, concessions, compromises with our partners, the family, close social relationships, and finally with ourselves. In this paper, the subject of the research is the determination of career development, career stages, career factors, then expert opinions, the difference between traditional and modern career views, goals pursued by individuals in the career, and so on, Career development can be seen as an experience of individuals (an internal career) and this is not related to an organization. Although the responsibility for career management is in the hands of individuals, individuals, however, organizations can play a key role in shaping and developing careers by providing help and providing support. Career development can not be pursued individually or separately from the personality as a whole, meaning it reflects on the context of life and the development of the person as a whole, not just personality as work. The main goal in career development is to realize the current and future needs and goals of the organization and individuals, which has to do more with developing employment opportunities and improving the skills needed for employment. Career success is reflected in the eyes of the individual and can be defined as a career pleasure through achieving personal goals related to the work, while at the same time enhancing the success and efficiency of the organization.
STRATEGIC PROCESSES FOR THE MANAGER
Authors: Hoti Izet
Published: October 2021

Management, due to its importance in the work of the company, covering the functions of the company, represents a special interest in microeconomics. an increased interest arises: from a general character to management that faces responsibilities in the effective implementation of the celite; from the fact that management is a fundamental characteristic of the industrial structure; from the fact that the management is a specific organ in the enterprise because of the fact that menagment remains the basic and dominant institution, even the existence of civilizations. Enabling time for the needed days will produce and create a pot for high-end aspirations for the application of the strategy.
FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENTS IN THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA WITH A SPECIAL FOUNDATION ON BROWNFIELD INVESTMENTS
Authors: Bacevac Srecko , Pusara Nebojsa
Published: October 2021

Foreign direct investment (FDI) in developing countries is a significant development factor. The Republic of Serbia, as a country in the transition phase, considers FDI as one of the most important factors for economic development. FDIs from the aspect of investors are also of great importance, especially in the sphere of building confidence of other countries and a favorable economic climate in our country, and in connection with future profitable investments. The benefits of increasing foreign direct investment in Serbia include: initiating technological transfers and spilling into the domestic economy, helping human resources development and management capabilities, contributing to inclusion in international trade and increasing exports, helping to create a more competitive environment, developing a culture of entrepreneurship, for the purpose of economic progress.
INVESTMENTS EFFICIENCY AND ECONOMIC GROWTH: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF NORTH MACEDONIA AND ALBANIA
Authors: Mazllami Jeton , Aziri Brikend
Published: October 2021

The Western Balkan countries have undergone quite a difficult and process of transition; although for some of them transition seems to be a never-ending process. In their trip towards the European Union these countries are faced with almost identical economic, social and political problems. Regardless, the fact remains that the first sign of a stable and prospering national economy, is having appropriate macroeconomic indicators. Seen from a macroeconomic point of view, investments are an important part of the income and expenditures model, in which they are considered an injector factor. On a macro-plan, the theory of investments is based on the multiplayer effects. This makes investments an important pillar for each national economy as well as a major factor contributing to economic growth. The World Bank as a prestigious institution, recommend ICOR as one of the most useful tools for determination of the impact of investment on economic growth. This indicator is also useful when it comes to make country comparisons. Therefore, the Incremental Capital-Output Ratio (ICOR) is used in determining the efficiency of investments in Northern Macedonia and Albania. Our preliminary assumption is that investment efficiency in both countries is low. Therefore, the main rationale behind the paper is to determine whether this assumption is correct or not.
MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING TOOLS FOR IMPROVEMENT OF PRODUCTION PROCESS - LEAN PRODUCTION SYSTEM
Authors: Stojmenović Gordana , Varamezov Lyubcho
Published: October 2021

Business in modern business conditions requires a continuous process of improvement and investment in all activities in the company. In order to survive on the market, resist the challenges of competition, but also the demands of customers, companies are constantly innovating the production process in an effort to improve all the company's activities. One of the production systems that proved to be suitable for continuous improvement and improvement of the production process is Lean production system. It represents the way companies react to the challenges of the present and the future. The Lean production system offers a variety of instruments, and for their implementation and application, managers are at all levels of responsibility and responsibility. Bearing this in mind, it can be said that the Lean production system is part of the management accounting. In addition, it represents a complete philosophy of thinking and action, which results in significant results by adequate application. The condition and the assumption that this management philosophy will lead to proper effectiveness and efficiency and enable them to continually improve in the function of maximizing profits is the authorization of employees to engage in the process of continuous improvement and decision-making. Lean is based on certain principles and philosophies, including customer value, value flow mapping, continuous flow, system requirements, and continuous improvements. Lean focuses on the added value. Lean's principle is a continuous search for perfection, perfection in production and business cooperation, with complete elimination of losses. Companies that implement the Lean Concept are constantly looking for ways to continually improve their efficiency, reduce costs and improve the quality of their products.
LOCAL TAXES IN THE FUNCTION OF LOCAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT - MUNICIPALITY OF PRIZREN
Authors: Susuri Qëndrim
Published: October 2021

Taxes have a role in the implementation of economic and social objectives by local government to create a favorable business environment . The Municipality of Prizren has about 5,200 open businesses that carry out their activity within the territory of the municipality and with their taxes fill the budget budget of the municipality. Revenues that the municipality generates through businesses places them in function of local economic development indirectly by helping businesses to create an environment suitable for local businesses. One negative feature that has been noted during this research is that businesses registered in Prizren municipality are plagued by large businesses who are registered in other cities of Kosovo because they do not pay the business tax in the municipality of Prizren and this at the same time has a negative effect on local businesses as they are subject to tax on the firm while businesses registered from other cities do not pay this tax when the revenues from the firms' taxes in the municipality of Prizren are quite high. Municipality of Prizren is not helping businesses to develop the economy through tourism. During 2018 it has allocated subsidies to businesses that promote and influence tourism development only 5,000.00 Euros. While the expenditures allocated to the Capital Investment category in the Directorate of Tourism are realized only 13% of the allocated revenues.
RISK MANAGEMENT IN INSURRENCE COMPANIES
Authors: Vuković Zoran , Dautović Edita , Hurić Selma
Published: October 2021

Risk is in the essence of insurance business. However, insurance companies are faced not only with risks they accept from their policyholders as institutionalized risk pools, but also with many other risks that are familiar by other finacial institutions too. Besides that, insurance companies are faced not only with numerous new and emerging risks, such as burd flu virus, risks associated with new ifnromation and telecommunication technologies, rissk associated with corporate governance crisis, and so on, but also with changed appearance of “old’ risks such as hurricanes and terrorism. They must manage all risks in holisticaly in order to reduce aggregate risk they are faced with to the most acceptable level. Comprehensive risk management process, in ever increased complexity of the global economy, is the challenge for modern insurance companies. If they are able to cope with it effectively, able to manage all risks in an adequate manner, they can achieve greater risk resilience and with it, greater readiness to shakes of unexpected risk realisations.
INFORMATION SYSTEM FOR ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE - CASE STUDY FERIZAJ
Authors: Gashi Hazir
Published: October 2021

At the time of digitalization of life in general and especially of business administration in particular, it is imperative to invest businesses in this direction in order to be able to convey competition or be more competitive than others. Some actions and analysis that enable the implementation of information technology now, have not been conceived in the past. Recording and processing of daily business transactions, tracking of liabilities for accounts payable and receivables from accounts receivable, tax liabilities, calculation of salaries and tax contributions, analysis of sales for certain periods and benefits from certain items, forwarding of expenditures by spending point or even for certain periods of time are just some of the actions without which contemporary business cannot be thought of. But are all businesses in the municipality of Ferizaj sufficiently aware of the advantages offered by IT business in order to benefit from the acquisition of five Porter forces, especially in the fierce competition struggle? Not enough study says with 300 small and medium businesses that took place this year. Mainly businesses still use computer and any professional software to track taxes and contributions that the state requires and to report on time. Unfortunately, very few tests and evaluations are made to support decision-making for business management. Finally, the hope is that many small and medium-sized businesses plan to invest more in management information systems in the coming years.
ANALYSIS FOR THE PURPOSE OF CREDIT
Authors: Shehu Blerim
Published: October 2021

This topic addresses the financial analysis of a business for lending purposes. Often a business is analyzed as a potential borrower. The lending activity by the financial institutions is complex and in itself contains other elements besides the sound analysis of the financial statements. These other elements are: recognition of the applicant's activity for the loan or its past repayment. The handling of many elements will help the analysts with the purpose of lending. The analysis of financial assets is done by banks, credit analysts for credit granting. The financial statements and the analysis of financial indicators in an enterprise is carried out to make decisions. The analysis of financial statements and financial indicators is carried out to assist in providing reports, explanations to make a decision about the enterprise, whether it is worthwhile to acquire the shares of the enterprise, whether it is a credible creditor, if the investment in the bonds society is most valuable. The following issues will be addressed in this topic. Interpretation of Balance Sheet for lending purposes, analysis of short-term assets and working capital, valuation of inventories in the balance sheet, their importance in the lending process, Interpretation of the size of the receivables and the accounts payable and Interpretation of the Statement of Income for Loan Purposes.
THE DEPRECIATION OF FIXED ASSETS IN THE SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH WORKS OF THE FOUNDERS OF THE ACCOUNTING THOUGHT IN BULGARIA AND OF SCIENTISTS OF MORE RECENT TIMES
Authors: Oreshkova Hristina
Published: October 2021

In the present article author’s considerations on a fundamental economic problem are carried out, and results and conclusions, arising out of author’s investigationsр, are discussed. The problem of the depreciation of fixed assets has always been central to the accounting science, the economy and society. The article attaches importance to fundamental scientific research works, emblematic for the Bulgarian accounting science in its classical (pre-Second World War) period, during which the theoretical and methodological bases of the problem of the depreciation of fixed assets were developed. The article highlights, analyzes and summarizes views of distinguished theoreticians of the depreciation problem, that have most substantially influenced the process of developing and systematizing specialized accounting knowledge on depreciation. On the bases of the retrospective comparative analysis, it is argued that the foundational research and conceptual ideas of the classical period and later, have contributed to a considerable expansion and enrichment of the system of knowledge in this scientific field.
ROLE OF CENTRAL BANK IN KOSOVO IN AGRIBUSINESS INVESTMENTS
Authors: Gashi Adelina
Published: October 2021

The bank offers full financial solutions and has designed a line of products and services to provide unique banking needs to different segments of company. Bank allows clients to select different Fixed Savings Accounts, each modified to match different needs, budgets and financial requirements. Our deposit products offer a combination of affordability, flexibility, liquidity and promising return on investment. The bank has multilateral links with the majority of the transfer company, which provide fast and efficient transfers across the globe. The bank understands the business needs and respectively offers flexible and tailored products for small businesses and promising terms of service that are best suited to small businesses. We offer a full set of solutions for small businesses from credit facilities to meet the regular requirements of producers / merchants / service providers' funds for the introduction of trading of financial products.
REFORMS IN THE COMMUNICATIONS MONITORING SYSTEM AS A PRECONDITION FOR EFFECTIVE HUMAN RIGHTS PROTECTION
Authors: Karovska-Andonovska Biljana , Jovanovski Zoran
Published: October 2021

The reforms in the communications monitoring system as part of the wider reform of the security services in the Republic of Macedonia, resulted with creation of a package of several laws whose adoption was supposed to provide the legislative basis for a system that would really work in accordance with the goals for which it was established. The communications monitoring system should provide a balanced protection of the right to security, on the one hand, and the right to privacy, on the other. Only on that way a priori primacy of the right to security over the right to privacy will it be disabled. Hence, the reforms in communications monitoring system are a precondition for the effective protection, primarily for the right to privacy and the secrecy of communications, but also for the right to personal data protection, the inviolability of the home as well as for the right to presumption of innocence. It is a complex and delicate matter where opening of a real debate through which the present deficiencies will be perceived in order to create an appropriate legal solutions was very important. However, the new Law on Interception of Communications as the most important in this area, retained a certain part of the provisions that were debatable in the previous legal solutions. The provisions regarding the model for interception of communications, which stipulates the establishment of a separate agency that mediates between the operators and the authorized bodies for interception of communications, were questionable as well. Also, new measures for monitoring communications in the interest of security and defense, as well as the provisions which regulate the disposition and delivery of metadata for security and defense, are also debatable. On the other side, the reform laws made an evident progress in a positive sense through the provisions for oversight and control over the interception of communications. With these changes, certain debatable elements have been overcome, especially those that have hindered it so far, and in some cases completely paralyzed the oversight and control over the monitoring of communications. In this paper we analyzed the debatable elements in the reform package of laws on interception of communications as well as some positive aspects contained in the provisions of the reform laws.