bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
REVIEW ■ : The Na-Ca Exchanger in Neurons and Glial Cells
Authors: Steffensen Isabella , Stys Peter K.
Published: March 2007

The Na+-Ca 2+ exchanger is a secondary active antiporter found in all excitable cells. This transporter couples transmembrane fluxes of Na+ to opposite fluxes of Ca2+. Under normal conditions, the energy stored in the electrochemical Na+ gradient is used to export Ca 2+ from the cytoplasm, thus contributing to cellular Ca2+ homeostasis, such as termination of Ca2+ transients during synaptic transmission in nerve terminals. The reversible and electrogenic properties of the Na+-Ca2+ exchanger suggest an interesting additional role of controlled Ca2+ entry, e.g., during action potential generation in axons. Moreover, under pathological conditions, such as anoxia/ischemia, the exchanger may function either to help extrude damaging Ca2+ loads entering via other pathways in neurons or mediate Ca2+ overload in axons. Cell geometry will influence the rate and extent of collapse of the Na+ gradient and membrane potential, the two main driving forces acting on the exchanger, which will in turn dictate to what extent and in which direction Ca2+ will be transported. The Na+-Ca2+ exchanger is subject to complex regulatory control by several ions and chemical messengers, and several recently identified isoforms are undoubtedly tailored for specific roles in different regions of the CNS. NEUROSCIENTIST 2:162-171, 1996
■ REVIEW : Excitotoxicity, Free Radicals, Necrosis, and Apoptosis
Authors: Lipton Stuart A. , Nicotera Pierluigi
Published: March 2007

Recent studies have shown that excitotoxicity can result in either neuronal necrosis (passive cell lysis associated with energy failure) or apoptosis (active cell death requiring energy production). The type of cell death encountered by neuronal cell cultures exposed to excessive levels of excitatory amino acids—such as glutamate, the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, or free radicals, such as nitric oxide (NO) and superoxide anion (O2 -), which react to form peroxynitrite (ONOO-)—depends on the intensity of the exposure and may involve two temporally distinct phases. After relatively fulminant insults, an initial phase of necrosis—associated with extreme energy depletion—may simply reflect the failure of neurons to carry out the "default" apoptotic death program used to efficiently dispose of aged or otherwise unwanted cells. Neurons that survive this initial insult recover mitochondrial membrane potential and energy charge and subsequently undergo apoptosis, which seems to be associated with a factor(s) released from mitochondria. These factors have proteolytic activity or trigger the activation of proteases (caspases), ex ecutors of the cell death program. Thus, the maintenance of balanced energy production may be a decisive factor in determining the degree, type, and progression of neuronal injury caused by excitotoxins and free radicals. Increasing evidence suggests that similar events occur in vivo after ischemia or other insults, including Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, and AIDS dementia. NEUROSCIENTIST 4:345-352, 1998
The Meaning of Family Health Among Mexican American First-Time Mothers and Fathers
Authors: Niska Kathleen , Snyder Mariah , Lia-Hoagberg Betty
Published: March 2007

An ethnographic approach was used to obtain knowledge from the perspective of Mexican American first-time parents about the meaning of family health stated in their own words. The study was conducted in the Sullivan Division of Hidalgo County, Texas. Twenty-six families were followed longitudinally with a mean of eight (SD = 1.8) home visits per family. Audio-taped conversations with mothers and fathers in either English or Spanish were transcribed verbatim as recorded. The participants’ expressed meaning of family health emphasized family unity with joint parenting. Couples used a variety of metaphors to convey what family unity meant to them.
Support, Communication, and Hardiness in Families With Children With Disabilities
Authors: Olsen Susanne Frost , Marshall Elaine Sorensen , Mandleco Barbara L. , Allred Keith W. , Dyches Tina Taylor , Sansom Nancy
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to examine how support and communication are related to hardiness in families who have young children with disabilities. A sample of 108 parents (54 couples) of preschool-age children with disabilities completed the measures. Among demographic variables, family income was positively correlated with family hardiness. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed perceived family support as a predictor of family hardiness for both parents. Incendiary communication was negatively related to family hardiness for mothers, whereas income was positively associated with fathers’ assessments of hardiness. Results provide family nurses with a foundation for exploring constructs important to help families with children with disabilities.
Milestones of Chronic Sorrow: Perspectives of Chronically III and Bereaved Persons and Family Caregivers
Authors: Burke Mary L. , Eakes Georgene G. , Hainsworth Margaret A.
Published: March 2007

Chronic sorrow is the presence of pervasive grief-related feelings that have been found to occur periodically throughout the lives of individuals with chronic health conditions, their family caregivers, and the bereaved. These feelings emerge in response to an ongoing disparity that results from the loss of the anticipated “normal” lifestyle of these persons. Circumstances and situations shown to trigger chronic sorrow in a variety of these populations are defined. Similarities and differences of the trigger events among groups and the implications for family nursing practice are discussed. Support that has been identified as helpful when life circumstances evoke chronic sorrow is described.
Report: Writing a Code of Ethics by E-Mail
Authors: DAVIS MICHAEL
Published: March 2007

The Computer Society of the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers and the Association of Computing Machinery set up a joint committee (Software Engineering Ethics and Professional Practices [SEEPP]) to write a code of ethics for software engineers. Work was to be “primarily” by e-mail. SEEPP has now completed its work. Acting as participant observers, we concluded the following: (1) e-mail, while perhaps saving travel, did not (as hoped) speed the process of code writing; (2) e-mail exchanges resembled those of conventional mail rather than those via the phone; (3) e-mail was not as reliable as phone, fax, or conventional mail (a surprising number of messages went astray); (4) e-mail did not encourage communication among strangers, overcome apathy, or cure the effects of overcommitment; and (5) e-mail was no substitute for face-to-face meetings (indeed, it seemed to require some such meetings to work well).
Report: Science Writing for the New Millennium—International Conference on Science Communication
Authors: ROGERS CAROL L.
Published: March 2007

Under the theme “Science Writing for the New Millennium,” several hundred scholars and practitioners from China and around the world assembled in Beijing, China, in November 2000 for the International Conference on Science Communication. Following is a report on that meeting.
Census Concepts as Knowledge Filters for Public Policy A dvisors
Authors: Johnston Denis F.
Published: March 2007

Several of our most familiar statistical measures of important socioeconomic phenomena are examined with the aim of suggesting that excessive reliance on such facile quantifications of complex social realities may distort the perceptions of both policy makers and the general public.
Building Policy-Related Technical Communities
Authors: MacRae Duncan
Published: March 2007

The development of valid and useful social science requires social structures different from those of basic disciplines and departments. One such structure is a "technical community"; whereas a basic scientific community ideally looks only to its own members for definitions of problems, a technical community also looks to laymen. In planning to build or strengthen policy-related technical communities, we must systematically examine various aspects in which they differfrom scientific communities and may vary among themselves. These include the ways in which knowledge and expertise are relevant to policy; the boundaries between the expert knowledge of a particular technical community and other available knowledge; the balance between general and specific knowledge; the systems of careers and quality control needed; the types of organizations in which research and analysis are to be done; and the ways in which knowledge producers can be linked with users and practitioners. Although government policies can foster technical communities, their success requires the consent of members of present scientific communities. This consent in turn requires the dispelling of prejudices held by many basic social scientists, as well as careful testing as to what particular technical communities can accomplish.
Computer-Mediated Scholarly Collaboration
Authors: Harasim Linda M. , Winkelmans Tim
Published: March 2007

Human "knowledge work" is increasingly shaped by the introduction of the computer into the workplace and, more recently, by the merging of computers with telecommunications. The impact of this communication revolution is explored by examining the case of an online educational research workshop in which a computer conferencing system facilitated scholarly collaboration among 20 researchers, located in three countries, over a period of two and one-half months. This article examines factors related to the use of a shared information space, such as design issues, the effect of communications technology on group interaction, issues in supporting distributed groups, and the implications of computer communications for scholarly collaboration.
Understanding the Communication-Information Relationship
Authors: Mokros Hartmut B. , Ruben Brent D.
Published: March 2007

This article explores the communication-information relationship from a system-theoretic perspective. Two basic systems principles and six propositions are presented to provide the foundation for a consideration of this relationship. The authors propose three distinct, yet mutually defining conceptions of information: Informatione, environmental information that has potential but has not yet achieved actualized significance for a living system; Information, internal appropriations and representations of environmental and cultural information transformed and configured for use by a living system; and Informations, socially and culturally created, negotiated, validated and sanctioned appropriations, representations, and artifacts. Within human systems Information, is of central concern for understanding the linkage between communication and information. However, an understanding of Information, may only be conceptualized in terms of a triadic and mutually defining relationship among the three levels of information identified. The article discusses how information identified at one level moves or is motivated to another for use by the organism. Examination of the movement of information between levels reveals the inherent communicative properties of information in use.
Foreword to Education 2005: The Role of Research and Development in an Overwhelming Campaign for Education in America
Authors: Owens Major R.
Published: March 2007

Education 2005 is a report prepared for the Subcommittee on Select Education of the Committee on Education and Labor in the U.S. House of Representatives. This article reproduces verbatim the foreword to that report, written by the subcommittee's chairman Major R. Owens (D—New York).
The Economic Value of Information
Authors: Bellin David
Published: March 2007

Information theorists have long struggled with the problem of establishing a mechanism for the valuation of the enigmatic substance of data. With the relatively recent advent of electronic databases, on-line access, and the importance of telecommunications, this question has received growing attention. This article reviews, from the perspective of a computer scientist, commonly accepted notions of information value, before rejecting them and insisting upon the importance of using an economic commodity value approach as the most meaningful way to establish information value.
A Comprehensive Model of Information Seeking
Authors: JOHNSON J. DAVID , DONOHUE WILLIAM A. , ATKIN CHARLES K. , JOHNSON SALLY
Published: March 2007

Individual information seeking has become increasingly a critical determinant of the success of individual organizational members and of an organization as a whole. This study tests a Comprehensive Model of Information Seeking (CMIS) that contains three primary classes of variables: Antecedents, which provide the underlying imperatives to seek information; Information Carrier Characteristics, which shape the nature of specific intentions to seek information from particular carriers; and Information Seeking Actions, which reflect the nature of the search itself and are the outcomes of the preceding classes. The CMIS was tested and refined in tests related to the informal channel in a large, technically oriented governmental agency (N = 380), then the refined model was confirmed by tests on the formal channel. Both tests of the revised model were supportive, suggesting that the most important variables were those related to an individual's existing information base, those associated with an individual's need for programmed information seeking, and those dealing with information carrier characteristics.
Intellectual Property Rights and the Culture of Global Liberalism
Authors: BURCH KURT
Published: March 2007

The recently inaugurated World Trade Organization (WTO) formally specifies and protects intellectual property rights as it sets the rules for a global open-market economy. It does so by advancing a culturally specific notion of property rights as private and exclusive. In so doing, the WTO also promotes the defining concepts of liberalism—rights and property—and extends them globally in the service of open-market principles. Liberalism, originally a seventeenth-century European political theory, is now recognizable as a distinct ensemble of cultural practices and meanings. As international interactions are increasingly defined by liberal concepts and conform to liberal principles, a nascent global culture of liberalism develops distinctively from its national forms. This article places these events in several broad contexts, including U.S. foreign policy, open-trade advocacy, and intellectual property protection.
Trade Relatedness of Intellectual Property Rights
Authors: DHAR BISWAJIT , RAO C. NIRANJAN
Published: March 2007

This article argues that the proposals regarding patenting which are included in the recent international Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) will strengthen existing trade monopolies and adversely influence technology diffusion between the North and the South. Such an outcome, which would possibly diminish market opportunities for the less affluent nations, would further widen the economic gap between North and South. The article uses a neo-technology theory of trade to shed light on this emerging problem.
Commentary: How Well Do Scientists Communicate to Media?
Authors: VALENTI JOANN MYER
Published: March 2007

On the basis of a review of traditionally reported “differences” between journalists and scientists and ongoing research, the author argues that organizational or professional culture dissonance may not present an impermeable barrier to communication. Findings from application of an ethical motivation scale and interviews with environmental journalists, science writers, and their science sources suggest shared goals create the basis for a much-needed two-way conversation.
Organizational Characteristics, Client Characteristics, and the Delivery of Home Care Services
Authors: Manheim Larry M. , Guihan Marylou , Hughes Susan L.
Published: March 2007

This research examines the extent to which organizational professional orientation, client perceived needs, and client characteristics jointly determine long-term care service delivery to a frail elderly population. The study uses primary data collected from 16 community networks that were part of a national demonstration of the Living at Home Program, conducted from 1986 to 1989. Data include baseline assessments of individuals enrolled at each site, subsequent utilization data, and data on community network characteristics. Site professional orientation has a significant role in determining services provided to clients, with social service agencies more likely to provide nonmedical services and less likely to provide skilled-care services. Despite systematic site variation in the services provided to individuals, sites appear to reasonably allocate resources among individuals with differing levels offunctional disability.
Do Black Elderly Medicare Patients Receive Fewer Services? An Analysis of Procedure Use for Selected Patient Conditions
Authors: Lee A. James , Analytics Lee , Baker Colin S. , Gehlbach Stephen , Hosmer David W. , Reti Monika
Published: March 2007

Blacks have been shown to undergo fewer medical procedures than Whites, particularly for coronary disease. This article uses logistic regression to analyze racial disparities in procedure use among older Medicare enrollees admitted for coronary artery disease, stroke, hip fracture, and colon and breast cancer. Medicare enrollment and claims data are used to identify hospitalizations and procedure use, and to measure other individual-level information. No racial differences in procedure use are found for hip fracture and colon/breast cancer patients, life-threatening diseases for which basic approaches to evaluation and treatment are widely accepted. Substantial differences, however, are found for coronary disease and stroke, two illnesses whose treatment involves substantially greater discretion.
The Emerging Problem of Physical Child Abuse in South Korea
Authors: Hahm Hyeouk C. , Guterman Neil B.
Published: March 2007

South Korea has had remarkably high incidence and prevalence rates of physical violence against children, yet the problem has received only limited public and professional attention until very recently. This article represents the first attempt in English to systematically analyze South Korea's recent epidemiological studies on child maltreatment. Discussed are sociocultural factors that have contributed both to delays in child protection laws and a low public awareness of the problem of child abuse. The article highlights methodological issues concerning the definition of physical abuse in South Korea and the complex attitudes toward violence. It also examines the role of the Korean women's movement in the reform of family laws and the recent establishment of new child protection legislation. Suggestions for future directions for the problem of child maltreatment within South Korea are presented.
Early Prevention of Physical Child Abuse and Neglect: Existing Evidence and Future Directions
Authors: Guterman Neil B.
Published: March 2007

Early intervention approaches to prevent physical child abuse and neglect hold great promise, seeking to avert the problem before it ever occurs, while promoting positive parenting from the outset. This article synthesizes the rapidly expanding empirical base on early prevention, examining the support undergirding this modality's overall effectiveness and directions it provides for discerning optimal prevention strategies. The 18 controlled studies in this area reveal a promising yet complex picture with regard to successful intervention designs. Several emerging trends point to (a) the essential role of parenting education support, (b) the importance of linking families with formal and/or informal supports, (c) the importance of coupling longer term interventions and those that employ paraprofessional helpers with a moderate to high degree of service intensity, (d) a clinical advantage for programs that employ universalistic intake procedures over those that screen for psychosocial risk, and (e) the importance of health education to reduce medically related maltreatment risks. Further, the review points to a number of significant directions for future program design and study, particularly with respect to adequately addressing parental powerlessness in the makeup of physical abuse and neglect risk.
Ethical and Legal Issues in the Assessment and Treatment of Juvenile Sex Offenders
Authors: Hunter John A. , Lexier Lenard J.
Published: March 2007

Although a rapidly growing field, the evaluation and treatment of juvenile sexual offenders represents an area of practice fraught with clinical, ethical, and legal complexity. This article discusses the implications of new registration and community notification legislation for clinical practice, including the ethical issues they give rise to and the challenges they present to the field. Areas of clinical practice that are controversial and increase practitioner vulnerability to ethical and legal mishap are reviewed, including: involuntary treatment, preadjudication evaluation, phallometric and polygraph assessment, and cognitive-behavioral and psycho-pharmacologic treatment of deviant sexual arousal. Recommendations are made as to the management of these issues and the establishment of ethically sound patterns of clinical practice.
Researcher as Artist/Artist as Researcher
Authors: Finley Susan , Knowles J. Gary
Published: March 2007

This is a postmodern article that is nontraditional in its form, content, and mode of representation. Upon recognizing that we share interests and common experiences as artists, we decided to collect life history information from each other about our artistic experiences. Thus we have become, simultaneously, "the researched" and "the re searcher." In these conversations, we explore the ways in which we were each guided by our past, very strong aesthetic and artistic experiences. We also include the voices of other researchers and artists in our conversations as we explore the influences of art in the formation of our worldviews.
Theorizing in Qualitative Research: A Cultural Studies Perspective
Authors: Alasuutari Pertti
Published: March 2007

This article discusses the interplay between empirical research and theory in constructionist or cultural studies qualitative research. In cultural studies, theories are seen as different frameworks, not as universal theories about social mechanisms. That is why instead of generalizing understandings, cultural studies and other constructionist approaches aim to particularize understandings of the social. The latter implicates the local, while the former indirectly aims to obviate the local. Instead of assuming that any corner of social reality leads to the traces of some universals to be pointed out in the final analysis, in cultural studies a case study is understood to reveal a local and historically specific cultural or "bounded" system. Because more generally applicable theories are seen differently in this framework, theorizing also assumes another form, which is discussed in the light of concrete examples from the author's own fieldwork.
Warnings to Women
Authors: STANKO ELIZABETH A.
Published: March 2007

This article examines police and other governmental crime prevention literature advising women about personal safety. Through a radical feminist perspective, my personal narrative includes a historical context for developments in Britain that give rise to a social and political climate within which individual responsibility for avoiding violence is paramount. The purpose of this article is to raise theoretical questions about the effect of this context on us as women. As a feminist, I also argue for the usefulness of a radical feminist perspective to inform our thinking about avoiding men's violence and ensuring women's safety.
Working Toward Freedom from Violence
Authors: BROWN JODY
Published: March 2007

This article explores the utility of applying the Transtheoretical Model of behavior change to the problems facing battered women with a goal of understanding and systematically measuring how battered women work to overcome the abuse in their lives. The central constructs of the Transtheoretical Model—stages of change, processes of change, decisional balance, self-efficacy—are described with supporting research, and the relevance of this model for the issues with which battered women deal is discussed. An awareness of the process and stages of change may be useful for members of the criminal justice system and the helping professions in their dealings with victims of abuse.
Organizational Imperatives and Ideological Change
Authors: Peterson Paul E.
Published: March 2007

Two theories of ideological change predominate in popular and social science literatures. The first takes the interests of social groups as decisive, the second understands ideologies as expressions of societal values or cultures. Neither allows much scope for existing political elites, who exercise considerable influence over political discourse. The utility of incorporating organizational needs of political elites into explanations of ideological innovation is demonstrated in a case-study analysis of the rise of Black Power in the late sixties. The point is buttressed by comparing black leaders to British trade unionists at the close of World War I.
Electoral Politics in Gary
Authors: Keller Edmond J.
Published: March 2007

Focusing on mayoral primary elections between 1967 and 1975 in Gary, Indiana, this article attempts to shed light on the voting calculations of the black electorate where race is not a factor. The main thesis is that Mayor Richard Hatcher's continued success in being reelected is based on two main factors: his superior political organization, and his satis factory policy performance in the eyes of the majority of the dominant black electorate. The data include a pilot survey of 121 black registered voters, and personal interviews with public officials, Hatcher organizational supporters, and members of the black electorate at large. Further, wider implications are inferred. For example, it is suggested that no black elected official can expect to remain in office for long unless he or she is able to main tain an effective political organization and, most importantly, appears to meet the felt needs of the majority of the black electorate. Blacks, all else being equal, calculate their votes on a black incumbent's policy performance and not his race.
The Age Segregation Process
Authors: Lagory Mark , Ward Russell , Juravich Thomas
Published: March 2007

There is considerable variation among metropolitan areas in the extent of residential age segregation. The effects of variables derived from three possible explanations of age segregation-ecological, cultural, and political models-are assessed through path- analytic techniques. A significant amount of the variation in age segregation can be accounted for by variables indexing the tightness of local housing markets, population growth, suburbanization, and housing age. Ecological explanations of age segregation appear to be most powerful. Regional differences suggest that a cultural model is also important.
Busing and the Defended Neighborhood South Boston, 1974-1977
Authors: Buell Emmett H.
Published: March 2007

Based on seven months of residence, observation, and elite interviewing in South Boston in 1976-1977, this study examines community protest against "forced busing" from the perspective of the "defended neighborhood" model. The model fits the South Boston case in almost every particular, and thereby adds to better understanding of the neighbor hood's prolonged and intense resistance to busing and school desegregation.
Caseloads, Performance, and Street-Level Bureaucracy
Authors: Brintnall Michael
Published: March 2007

It is well known that staff in public agencies have substantial discretion in carrying out their tasks. And it is widely claimed that heavy caseload pressure exacerbates such discretion. This study tests models of discretionary behavior induced by heavy caseloads in public agencies. It finds strong support for the argument that, facing both high short- term and long-term case volume, staff will segment caseloads by using readily identifiable "cues" to select cases for predominant attention, consistent with dominant staff values. This segmentation, or tracking, is found in turn systematically to distort allocation of outcomes, because of correlations between cues and characteristics of clients. The analysis is based on both intra- and inter-agency variation in caseload pressure, using quantitative data derived from the study of consumer protection and white collar crime prosecution bureaus in local prosecutors' offices nationwide.
Local Governmental Expenditures and Political Attitudes
Authors: Titus A. Costandina
Published: March 2007

This project is a correlational analysis of the relationship between government expendi tures and citizens' political orientations at the local level. It is based on the Urban Observatory data collected in the summer of 1970, and expenditure figures reported by the U.S. Bureau of the Census. Three general political attitudes (efficacy, trust, and satisfaction) are correlated with total per capita expenditures in nine large U.S. cities. Highly significant correlations are found for two of the attitudes, trust and satisfaction, with efficacy being more directly related to a citizen's socioeconomic status. The most interesting aspect of the relationships uncovered is their negative direction, a finding which is certainly consistent with the current public demands for fiscal conservatism at all levels of government.
Urban Politics and School Reform
Authors: Orr Marion
Published: March 2007

In big cities across the nation, there is a general consensus that fundamental change is needed to improve the nation's urban schools. This author examines the contemporary politics of school reform in Baltimore. The concept civic capacity is used to study the ability of local educational stakeholders to form effective alliances to shape and carry out meaningful systemic school reform. The strengths and weaknesses of Baltimore's leaders' capacity to reform the Baltimore City Public Schools are assessed.
The Community Option in Urban Policy
Authors: Clavel Pierre , Pitt Jessica , Yin Jordan
Published: March 2007

There is a plausible community option in local and national urban policy, an alternative to growth-oriented and top-down approaches that represents a possible new reality to be considered by urban scholars and professionals. The authors present evidence from interviews with the staffs of community development corporations and allied organizations and draw implications for professional schools in outreach work and in research.
The Disparate Racial Neighborhood Impacts of Metropolitan Economic Restructuring
Authors: Galster George , Mincy Ronald , Tobin Mitchell
Published: March 2007

The authors examine the relationship between economic restructuring in a metropolitan statistical area (MSA) and 1980-1990 changes in poverty rates in its census tracts. A summary indicator of economic restructuring, encompassing changes in employment/population ratios, shares of manufacturing employment, and shares of MSA manufacturing in a tract's county, is developed to explain why MSA restructuring is particularly distressing for blacks. Most poverty growth in predominantly black census tracts occurred in MSAs with greater restructuring, and each increment of restructuring was significantly associated with the poverty growth there. Black tracts in a central city with, or in a county with, a larger share of the MSA's manufacturing were most vulnerable.
Ethnic Entrepreneurs in America's Largest Metropolitan Areas
Authors: Razin Eran , Light Ivan
Published: March 2007

Using 1990 census data, the authors compare 77 immigrant and ethnic groups in the 16 largest metropolitan regions in the United States. They find that the interaction effect of location and ethnicity on ethnic entrepreneurship is evident not only in self-employment rates but also in niche concentrations and niche competition. Their results reveal a distinction between main-stream groups and nonmainstream groups. Compared to mainstream groups, nonmainstream groups are more context resistant. That is, they concentrate in few entrepreneurial niches and display high niche continuity across metropolitan regions. Group competition influences niche concentrations, but an adverse impact on black entrepreneurship is not apparent.
The other Reason Job Suburbanization Hurts Blacks
Authors: Cohn Samuel , Fosselt Mark
Published: March 2007

Data are presented on the racial composition of employment in census tracts for Detroit and Atlanta, showing that employment in the central cities is disproportionately black, and employment in the suburbs is disproportionately white. It is argued that this urban-suburban contrast is explained by the concentration of black employment in predominantly black neighborhoods. Physical proximity to black workers and human capital considerations can account for a small percentage of this relationship. However, even after controlling for these factors, the effect of neighborhood racial composition on the percentage black of employment is quite substantial. These findings suggest that the suburbanization of work may adversely affect black employment, not so much by moving jobs outside of their feasible commuting range but by shifting jobs to areas of the city where black workers are at a higher risk of discrimination.
Executive Stressed
Authors: Deacon David , Monk Wendy
Published: March 2007

This article examines a topic that has been neglected in political communication research: mainstream news reporting of the “appointive state” in Britain. This perspective is vital in the light of state retrenchment and an expanded role for quangos (quasi-autonomous nongovernmental organizations). The analysis provides an overview of long-term trends in media reporting of general principles of quasi government and an examination of the routine coverage of public bodies that can be classified as quangos. These related exercises show that the “new managerialist” ethos that fueled the recent expansion of the appointive state finds little endorsement in general media discourses about the quango state but is often implicitly reflected in journalists' treatment of specific organizations and their work.
The Convexity Properties of a Class of Constitutive Models for Biological Soft Issues
Authors: Wilber J. Patrick , Walton Jay R.
Published: March 2007

During the last three decades, the theory of nonlinear elasticity has been used extensively to model biological soft issues. Although this research has generated many different models to describe the constitutive response of these issues, surprisingly little work has been done to analyze the mathematical features of the various models proposed. Here we carefully examine the convexity properties, specifically the Legendre-Hadamard and the strong ellipticity conditions, for a class of soft-issue models related to the classical Fung model. For various versions of models within this class, we discover necessary and sufficient conditions that must be satisfied for a model to have one or both of these convexity properties. We interpret our results mechanically and discuss the related implications for constitutive modeling. Also, we explore some more general points on how convexity can be studied and on the relation among different convexity properties.
The Traction Problem in a Theory of Plane Strain Elasticity with Boundary Reinforcement
Authors: Schiavone P. , Ru C. Q.
Published: March 2007

In a previous work, the authors used integral equation methods to solve interior and exterior mixed boundary value problems arising from a theory of plane strain elasticity with boundary reinforcement. In this paper, the authors generalize the results in their previous paper to account for the case when only traction is prescribed on the nonreinforced part of the boundary of the elastic body. This case is of particular interest, since the corresponding homogeneous systems of singular integral equations give rise to nontrivial solutions that affect the solvability of both the interior and exterior boundary value problems.
Saint-Venant End Effects in Antiplane Shear for Functionally Graded Linearly Elastic Materials
Authors: Horgan C. O. , Quintanilla R.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this research is to investigate the influence of material inhomogeneity on the decay of Saint-Venant end effects in linear isotropic elasticity. The work is motivated by the recent research activity on functionally graded materials (FGMs) i.e., materials with continuously varying properties tailored to satisfy specific engineering applications. In the framework of antiplane shear deformations of a semi-infinite strip, the mathematical issues involve the effects of spatial inhomogeneity on the decay rates of solutions to a Dirichlet boundary value problem for a second-order linear elliptic partial differential equation with variable coefficients. In previous work, the variable coefficient (the shear modulus) was assumed to be strictly positive on the closed semi-infinite strip. The authors relax this assumption to allow for the shear modulus to be zero on either long side of the strip. Thus, the results are applicable to FGMs that are graded continuously from zero shear modulus at one side of the strip. Lower bounds for the rate of decay of end effects are obtained, which allow for assessing the influence of material inhomogeneity. The results are illustrated using several specific material models.
Constant Amplitude Acceleration Waves in a Prestrained Incompressible Isotropic Elastic Solid
Authors: Scott N. H. , Hayes M.
Published: March 2007

It is known that all transverse plane acceleration waves that propagate through a homogeneously deformed Mooney Rivlin material do so without a change in amplitude. Here it is shown that the MooneyRivlin material is the only incompressible isotropic hyperelastic material that permits transverse plane acceleration waves to propagate in any direction without a change in amplitude, regardless of the homogeneous prestrain.
Recovering Planar Lame Moduli from a Single-Traction Experiment
Authors: Cox Steven J. , Gockenbach Mark
Published: March 2007

Under a simple nondegeneracy condition, the displacement and edge traction of a planar, isotropic, linearly elastic solid determine its Lame moduli. When these moduli are constant, they can be recovered exactly; this is demonstrated by a specific traction satisfying the nondegeneracy condition. Spatially varying moduli can be computed numerically by considering the equations of linear elasticity as a hyperbolic system for the unknown moduli. A stable finite difference scheme for solving this system is given; synthetic experiments demonstrate its efficacy.
Polar Decomposition of Rank 1 Perturbations in Two Dimensions
Authors: Šilhavý M.
Published: March 2007

In two spatial dimensions, explicit formulas are given for the polar decomposition of a rank 1 perturbation of a deformation gradient and for the principal stretches thereof.
Antiplane Shear of a Strip Containing a Periodic Array of Rigid Line Inclusions
Authors: Kerr G. , Melrose G. , Tweed J.
Published: March 2007

Motivated by the increased use of fiber-reinforced materials, the authors illustrate how the effective elastic modulus of an isotropic material can be increased by the insertion of rigid inclusions. Specifically, the authors consider the two-dimensional antiplane shear problem for a strip of material. The strip is reinforced by introducing a periodic array of ribbon-like, rigid inclusions perpendicular to the faces of the strip. The strip is then subjected to a prescribed uniform displacement difference between its faces. The problem is reduced in standard fashion to a mixed-boundary value problem in a rectangular domain, whose closed-form solution, given in terms of integrals of Jacobian elliptic functions, is obtained via triple sine series techniques. The effective shear modulus of the reinforced strip can now be calculated and compared with the shear modulus of a strip without inclusions. Also obtained are the stress singularity factors at the end tips of the inclusions. Numerical results are presented for several different reinforcement geometries.
Mechanical and Swelling Behaviors of Rubber: A Comparison of Some Molecular Models with Experiment
Authors: Han Won Hee , Horka Ferenc , Mckenna Gregory B.
Published: March 2007

A review is given of several current network models (constrained chain model, localization model, liquidlike model, and eight-chain model) that have been developed to explain nonideal rubbery behavior. The stress-strain relationships for both dry and swollen networks are discussed. It is shown that the constrained chain model of Flory, Erman, and Monnerie provides the best description of the considered models for the stress-strain response of both the dry state and swollen state properties of cross-linked rubber networks. The localization model of Gaylord and Douglas fits the dry-state stress-strain data very well, but the predictions of the mechanical response in the swollen state are not as good as those obtained with the constrained chain model. The liquidlike model of DiMarzio yields reasonable description of extension behavior, but it does not explain the observed modest decrease of the elastic modulus (reduced stress) with increasing compression; nor does the liquidlike model predict the decreasing modulus with increasing swelling correctly The eight-chain model of Arruda and Boyce puts forward a stress-strain relation that includes the finite extensibility of the network chains. It is shown that at moderate deformation ratios, the eight-chain model does not provide even qualitative agreement with the experimental stress-strain data for both the dry and swollen states.
Mathematical Analysis of a Bonded Joint with a Soft Thin Adhesive
Authors: Geymonat Giuseppe , Krasucki Francoise , Lenci Stefano
Published: March 2007

This paper considers the problem of two adherents joined by a soft thin adhesive along their common surface. Using the asymptotic expansion method, the authors obtain a simplified model in which the adhesive is treated as a material surface and is replaced by returning springs. The authors show weak and strong convergence of the exact solution toward the solution of the limit problem. The singularities of the limit problem are analyzed, and it is shown that typically they are logarithmic. Furthermore, the authors investigate the phenomenon of boundary layer by studying the correctors, the extra terms, which must be added to the classical asymptotic expansion to verify the boundary conditions. The correctors show that, contrary to the adherents, in the adhesive there are power-type singularities, which are at the base of the failure of the assemblage.
Thinking Out of the Box to Improve Community Health: How One Secular Hospital is Supporting Parish Nursing in Area Churches and Synagogues
Authors: Abbott Beth
Published: March 2007

With shortened hospital stays and decreasing home care benefits, our current health care system is putting our clients at risk. In our society, people desire healthier lifestyles but are inundated with less than reliable information. In recent years, area congregations began reclaiming their role of caring for the health needs of their members by utilizing parish/congregational nurses as part of their ministry. This model offers an opportunity for hospitals and other institutions to partner with the community to promote healthier lifestyles and protect those at risk.
Telehomecare: Virtual Visits from the Patient Home
Authors: Finkelstein Stanley M. , Speedie Stuart M. , Lundgren Jan Marie , Demiris George , Ideker Maureen
Published: March 2007

Tele HomeCare is a demonstration telemedicine project focused on the delivery of home health care to elderly homebound patients who are receiving care for either congestive heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or chronic wound healing. The telemedicine components of the study involve low-cost, standards-based videoconferencing and Internet access delivered over regular voice-grade telephone service and the patient’s television as well as physiological monitoring. This technology links the patient at home with a home care nurse at the home health agency. This is a randomized clinical trial with control and telemedicine intervention groups. Study design, technology details, and focus group and pilot study results are reported. Outcome measures, including quality of care, access, patient satisfaction, and cost factors, will be reported at the conclusion of the study.
The Nurse Practitioner and Home Care of the Diabetic Patient: The Role of Clinician and Educator
Authors: Murray Rebecca R.
Published: March 2007

Coordination of care for the elderly, homebound patient with diabetes and numerous comorbid medical problems has become increasingly challenging for the home care nurse. Complex treatment plans, exploding technology, and a myriad of new pharmacological agents can be overwhelming for even the most experienced nurse. Nurse practitioners, who are advanced practice nurses, have the ability to do in-depth physical exams, order diagnostics tests, make a diagnosis based on their assessment, and order medications and other medical interventions as needed. Overall, the nurse practitioner can provide timely, coordinated, and cost-effective care to the patient and can also be an educational resource for the home care nurse and other care providers in planning case management.
A Nurse-Managed Discharge Program for Congestive Heart Failure Patients: Outcomes and Costs
Authors: Barth Vickie
Published: March 2007

This experimental study determined the effect of a structured nurse-managed postdischarge program for congestive heart failure (CHF) patients. The program consisted of telephone calls to participants in the experimental group 72 hours postdischarge, 72 hours later, and then every 2 weeks for 2 months. Patient self-care for CHF was evaluated. Data on unexpected office visits, emergency room visits, and readmissions due to exacerbation of CHF plus costs were collected. No significant differences were found. However, because quality of life did show improvement for the experimental group, this type of nursing intervention can improve outcomes for patients after discharge from the hospital.
Wound Care: Combining Three Classification Systems to Select Dressings
Authors: Goldsmith Sharon P.
Published: March 2007

This article provides simplified direction for selecting appropriate dressings for open wounds by focusing on the phase of healing as evidenced by the predominant condition of the wound base. It has been well documented that inappropriate topical management can delay healing and, in today's age of scientific-based clinical practice, this is unacceptable. An immediate challenge for the clinician is to discern which product(s) should be used to achieve the ideal wound environment. As there is a proliferation of products in the market, this is no easy task. To simplify the selection process, clinical macroscopic indices that are representative of three classification systems have been combined to provide a generic protocol.
Living with the Late Effects of Poliomyelitis
Authors: Samuelson Darlene Sharon
Published: March 2007

Between the 1940s and 1950s, over 250,000 persons survived the polio epidemic with a variety of disabilities. As varied as the "victims" involved in this epidemic, so were the resulting disabilities, ranging from total dependence on a ventilator to localized muscle weakness. Most polio "survivors" have led productive lives; however, in the past decade many survivors have reported a resurgence in muscle weakness, fatigue, difficulty in swallowing, insomnia, respiratory difficulties, and pain: postpolio syndrome. Darlene contracted polio at the age of 3 in 1955. Since this was at the "end" of the epidemic, she was a younger victim. This article is an overview of one woman's challenges and successes: the ability to live a full life with a disability.