bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fluid pressure induces osteoclast differentiation comparably to titanium particles but through a molecular pathway only partly involving TNFα
Authors: Nilsson Anna , Norgård Maria , Andersson Göran , Fahlgren Anna
Published: November 2011

In contrast to the well‐understood inflammatory pathway driven by TNFα, by which implant‐derived particles induce bone resorption, little is known about the process in which loosening is generated as a result of force‐induced mechanical stimulus at the bone–implant interface. Specifically, there is no knowledge as to what cells or signaling pathways couple mechanical stimuli to bone resorption in context of loosening. We hypothesized that different stimuli, i.e., fluid flow versus wear particles, act through different cytokine networks for activation and localization of osteoclasts. By using an animal model in which osteoclasts and bone resorption were induced by fluid pressure or particles, we were able to detect distinct differences in osteoclast localization and inflammatory gene expression between fluid pressure and titanium particles. Fluid pressure recruits and activates osteoclasts with bone marrow contact away from the fluid pressure exposure zone, whereas titanium particles recruit and activate osteoclasts in areas in direct contact to particles. Fluid pressure induced weaker expression of the selected inflammatory related genes, although the eventual degree of osteoclast induction was similar in both models. Using TNFαRa (4 mg/kg) (Enbrel) and dexamethasone (2 mg/kg) as specific and more general suppressors of inflammation we showed that the TNFαRa failed to generate statistically impaired osteoclast generation while dexamethasone was much more potent. These results demonstrate that fluid pressure induces osteoclasts at a different localization than titanium particles by a molecular pathway less associated with TNFα and the innate system, which open up for other pathways controlling pressure induced osteoclastogenesis. J. Cell. Biochem. 113: 1224–1234, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
M‐Ras induces Ral and JNK activation to regulate MEK/ERK‐independent gene expression in MCF‐7 breast cancer cells
Authors: Castro Ariel F. , Campos Tania , Babcock Justin T. , Armijo Marisol E. , Martínez‐Conde Alfonso , Pincheira Roxana , Quilliam Lawrence A.
Published: November 2011

Constitutive activation of M‐Ras has previously been reported to cause morphologic and growth transformation of murine cells, suggesting that M‐Ras plays a role in tumorigenesis. Cell transformation by M‐Ras correlated with weak activation of the Raf/MEK/ERK pathway, although contributions from other downstream effectors were suggested. Recent studies indicate that signaling events distinct from the Raf/MEK/ERK cascade are critical for human tumorigenesis. However, it is unknown what signaling events M‐Ras triggers in human cells. Using constitutively active M‐Ras (Q71L) containing additional mutations within its effector‐binding loop, we found that M‐Ras induces MEK/ERK‐dependent and ‐independent Elk1 activation as well as phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K)/Akt and JNK/cJun activation in human MCF‐7 breast cancer cells. Among several human cell lines examined, M‐Ras‐induced MEK/ERK‐independent Elk1 activation was only detected in MCF‐7 cells, and correlated with Rlf/M‐Ras interaction and Ral/JNK activation. Supporting a role for M‐Ras signaling in breast cancer, EGF activated M‐Ras and promoted its interaction with endogenous Rlf. In addition, constitutive activation of M‐Ras induced estrogen‐independent growth of MCF‐7 cells that was dependent on PI3K/Akt, MEK/ERK, and JNK activation. Thus, our studies demonstrate that M‐Ras signaling activity differs between human cells, highlighting the importance of defining Ras protein signaling within each cell type, especially when designing treatments for Ras‐induced cancer. These findings also demonstrate that M‐Ras activity may be important for progression of EGFR‐dependent tumors. J. Cell. Biochem. 113: 1253–1264, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Convergence and error estimation in free energy calculations using the weighted histogram analysis method
Authors: Zhu Fangqiang , Hummer Gerhard
Published: November 2011

The weighted histogram analysis method (WHAM) has become the standard technique for the analysis of umbrella sampling simulations. In this article, we address the challenges (1) of obtaining fast and accurate solutions of the coupled nonlinear WHAM equations, (2) of quantifying the statistical errors of the resulting free energies, (3) of diagnosing possible systematic errors, and (4) of optimally allocating of the computational resources. Traditionally, the WHAM equations are solved by a fixed‐point direct iteration method, despite poor convergence and possible numerical inaccuracies in the solutions. Here, we instead solve the mathematically equivalent problem of maximizing a target likelihood function, by using superlinear numerical optimization algorithms with a significantly faster convergence rate. To estimate the statistical errors in one‐dimensional free energy profiles obtained from WHAM, we note that for densely spaced umbrella windows with harmonic biasing potentials, the WHAM free energy profile can be approximated by a coarse‐grained free energy obtained by integrating the mean restraining forces. The statistical errors of the coarse‐grained free energies can be estimated straightforwardly and then used for the WHAM results. A generalization to multidimensional WHAM is described. We also propose two simple statistical criteria to test the consistency between the histograms of adjacent umbrella windows, which help identify inadequate sampling and hysteresis in the degrees of freedom orthogonal to the reaction coordinate. Together, the estimates of the statistical errors and the diagnostics of inconsistencies in the potentials of mean force provide a basis for the efficient allocation of computational resources in free energy simulations. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2012
Degeneration in the ventral cochlear nucleus after severe noise damage in mice
Authors: Feng J. , Bendiske J. , Morest D.K.
Published: November 2011

To study the mechanisms of noise‐induced hearing loss and the phantom noise, or tinnitus, often associated with it, we used a mouse model of noise damage designed for reproducible and quantitative structural analyses. We selected the posteroventral cochlear nucleus, which has shown considerable plasticity in past studies, and correlated its changes with the distribution of neurotrophin 3 (NT3). We used volume change, optical density analysis, and microscopic cluster analysis to measure the degeneration after noise exposure. There was a fluctuation pattern in the reorganization of nerve terminals. The data suggest that the source and size of the nerve terminals affect their capacity for regeneration. We hypothesize that the deafferentation of ventral cochlear nucleus is the structural basis of noise‐induced tinnitus. In addition, the immunofluorescent data show a possible connection between NT3 and astrocytes. There appears to be a compensatory process in the supporting glial cells during this degeneration. Glia may play a role in the mechanisms of noise‐induced hearing loss. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Novel Approach to Prepare Uniaxially Aligned Nanofibers and Longitudinally Aligned Seamless Tubes Through Electrospinning
Authors: Yang Libin , Yuan Wangzhang , Zhao Junhong , Ai Fei , Chen Xiaoyong , Zhang Yongming
Published: November 2011

A novel method to produce uniaxially aligned nanofibers is described, in which a pair of parallel auxiliary electrodes at a positive potential is placed between the needle and the collector electrodes. Charged nanofibers ejecting from the polymer solution are pre‐aligned by the electrostatic repulsion originating from the auxiliary electrodes and deposited on the collector electrodes, forming a narrow mat with the fiber segments strongly curved. By adjusting the conductivity and shape profile of the collector, the curved segments can be straightened longitudinally. A seamless tube composed of longitudinally aligned nanofibers can be obtained. Such seamless tubes may be useful as biomaterials in tissue engineering.

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Combined spin‐ and gradient‐echo perfusion‐weighted imaging
Authors: Schmiedeskamp Heiko , Straka Matus , Newbould Rexford D. , Zaharchuk Greg , Andre Jalal B. , Olivot Jean‐Marc , Moseley Michael E. , Albers Gregory W. , Bammer Roland
Published: November 2011

In this study, a spin‐ and gradient‐echo echo‐planar imaging (SAGE EPI) MRI pulse sequence is presented that allows simultaneous measurements of gradient‐echo and spin‐echo dynamic susceptibility‐contrast perfusion‐weighted imaging data. Following signal excitation, five readout trains were acquired using spin‐ and gradient‐echo echo‐planar imaging, all of them with echo times of less than 100 ms. Contrast agent concentrations in brain tissue were determined based on absolute R and R2 estimates rather than relative changes in the signals of individual echo trains, producing T1‐independent dynamic susceptibility‐contrast perfusion‐weighted imaging data. Moreover, this acquisition technique enabled vessel size imaging through the simultaneous quantification of R and R2, without an increase in acquisition time. In this work, the concepts of SAGE EPI pulse sequence and results in stroke and tumor imaging are presented. Overall, SAGE EPI combined the advantages of higher sensitivity to contrast agent passage of gradient‐echo perfusion‐weighted imaging with better microvascular selectivity of spin‐echo perfusion‐weighted imaging. Magn Reson Med, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
In‐depth analysis of cysteine oxidation by the RBC proteome: Advantage of peroxiredoxin II knockout mice
Authors: Yang Hee‐Young , Kwon Joseph , Choi Hoon‐In , Park Seong Hwa , Yang Ung , Park Hyang‐Rim , Ren Lina , Chung Kyoung‐Jin , U. Kim Youn , Park Byung‐Ju , Jeong Sang‐Hun , Lee Tae‐Hoon
Published: November 2011

Peroxiredoxin II (Prdx II, a typical 2‐Cys Prdx) has been originally isolated from erythrocytes, and its structure and peroxidase activity have been adequately studied. Mice lacking Prdx II proteins had heinz bodies in their peripheral blood, and morphologically abnormal cells were detected in the dense red blood cell (RBC) fractions, which contained markedly higher levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In this study, a labeling experiment with the thiol‐modifying reagent biotinylated iodoacetamide (BIAM) in Prdx II−/− mice revealed that a variety of RBC proteins were highly oxidized. To identify oxidation‐sensitive proteins in Prdx II−/− mice, we performed RBC comparative proteome analysis in membrane and cytosolic fractions by nano‐UPLC‐MSE shotgun proteomics. We found oxidation‐sensitive 54 proteins from 61 peptides containing cysteine oxidation, and analyzed comparative expression pattern in healthy RBCs of Prdx II+/+ mice, healthy RBCs of Prdx II−/− mice, and abnormal RBCs of Prdx II−/− mice. These proteins belonged to cellular functions related with RBC lifespan maintain, such as cytoskeleton, stress‐induced proteins, metabolic enzymes, signal transduction, and transporters. Furthermore, protein networks among identified oxidation‐sensitive proteins were analyzed to associate with various diseases. Consequently, we expected that RBC proteome might provide clues to understand redox‐imbalanced diseases.
Chemical Transformation of Octahydro‐1,3,5,7‐tetranitro‐1,3,5,7‐tetrazocine (HMX) Induced by Low Energy Electron Beam Irradiation
Authors: Xu Tao , Xiong Ying , Zhong Fachun , Wang Lin , Hao Xiaofei , Wang Hui
Published: November 2011

The effects of 8.0×10−17 J (500 eV) and 3.2×10−19 J (2 eV) electrons on chemical structure of octahydro‐1,3,5,7‐tetranitro‐1,3,5,7‐tetrazocine (HMX) were studied in situ, under ultra‐high vacuum conditions using a combination of X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and quadrupole mass spectrometry. XPS data indicated that electrons impact by 8.0×10−17 J for 30 s caused a decrease in nitro group concentration, and a little shift in the binding energy of the nitrogen 1s peak. Such a phenomenon was found at very low kinetic energy (3.2×10−19 J) with time evolution. Quadrupole mass spectrometry detected gas desorption after electron irradiation included H2O and H2 mostly. Microscopy‐IR spectroscopic investigations also proved that the intensity of nitro groups of HMX after irradiation decreased compared with those of the pristine HMX. We attributed the structure changes obtained by XPS and IR spectroscopy result in a chemical transformation, which was associated with low‐energy dissociative electron attachment (DEA) of surface contaminants followed by deoxidization reactions to form the product molecules.
Fertility Differentials among Religious Minorities: Cross‐national and Regional Evidence from India and Bangladesh
Authors: Sahu Biswamitra , van Wissen L. J. G. , Hutter Inge , Bosch Alinda
Published: November 2011

The article examines the independent effect of religious minority status on fertility at two levels i.e. cross‐country level of India and Bangladesh and intra‐country level (district) of India. Demographic and health survey data from India (2005–2006) and Bangladesh (2006–2007) are used for the cross‐country comparison and the census of India (2001) for the intra‐country comparison. Minority status is operationalised first as an interaction between country and religion, and second through a religion‐based concentration index. This article finds empirical support for the independent effect of religious minority status on fertility at the cross‐country (India and Bangladesh) and intra‐country (districts of India) level. This article contends that high fertility among religious minorities is a result of vulnerability due to socio‐economic disadvantageous position of minorities in India and Bangladesh. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Robotic sacral hysteropexy for pelvic organ prolapse
Authors: Vitobello Domenico , Siesto Gabriele , Bulletti Cinzia
Published: November 2011

Background

In recent years the number of reconstructive procedures for pelvic organ prolapse (POP) through robotic surgery has constantly increased. This paper describes the technical aspects of robotic hysteropromontopexy using the da Vinci surgical system.

Methods

Two consecutive 35‐year‐old patients with POP, who wished to preserve the uterus, underwent hysteropromontopexy by robotic surgery.

Results

Both procedures were performed successfully using a robotic approach. No additional reconstructive procedures were thought to be necessary at the end of surgery. Neither intra‐ nor post‐operative complications occurred. After a follow‐up of 18 and 6 months for case 1 and 2, respectively, both patients declared themselves satisfied with the anatomical and functional results achieved.

Conclusions

This procedure represents an effective option for the management of POP in selected women requiring fertility‐sparing options. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Large deviation analysis for layered percolation problems on the complete graph
Authors: Chayes Lincoln , Smith S. Alex
Published: November 2011

We analyze the large deviation properties for the (multitype) version of percolation on the complete graph – the simplest substitutive generalization of the Erd&0151;s‐Rènyi random graph that was treated in article by Bollobás et al. (Random Structures Algorithms 31 (2007), 3–122). Here the vertices of the graph are divided into a fixed finite number of sets (called layers) the probability of {u,v} being in our edge set depends on the respective layers of u and v. We determine the exponential rate function for the probability that a giant component occupies a fixed fraction of the graph, while all other components are small. We also determine the exponential rate function for the probability that a particular exploration process on the random graph will discover a certain fraction of vertices in each layer, without encountering a giant component.© 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 40, 460–492, 2012
The role of school engagement in preventing adolescent delinquency and substance use: A survival analysis☆
Authors: Li Yibing , Zhang Wei , Liu Jianjun , Arbeit Miriam R. , Schwartz Seth J. , Bowers Edmond P. , Lerner Richard M.
Published: November 2011

The present study was designed to examine the effects of school engagement on risky behavior in adolescence. Using data from the 4‐H Study of Positive Youth Development (PYD), a longitudinal study of U.S. adolescents, discrete‐time survival analyses were conducted to assess the effect of behavioral and emotional school engagement on the initiation of drug use and delinquency. The current analyses used seven years of longitudinal data collected from youth and their parents. Results of discrete‐time survival analysis indicated that, controlling for demographic variables, higher degrees of behavioral and emotional school engagement predicted a significantly lower risk of substance use and involvement in delinquency. Substance use prevention programs and other health‐risk reduction programs should include components (i.e., adolescents' participation in and emotional attachment to school) to capitalize on the protective role of the school context against youth risk behavior.
Developmental trajectories of civic engagement across adolescence: Disaggregation of an integrated construct☆
Authors: Zaff Jonathan F. , Kawashima‐Ginsberg Kei , Lin Emily S. , Lamb Michael , Balsano Aida , Lerner Richard M.
Published: November 2011

Using longitudinal data from Grades 8 to 11 of the 4‐H Study of Positive Youth Development, a longitudinal study involving U.S. adolescents, we examined the developmental trajectories of multiple components of civic engagement, and the effects of youth development program participation and participation in another major domain of youth engagement (religious activity) on these trajectories. A set of two‐level, hierarchical linear models (time‐varying measures of civic engagement at level 1 and covariates at level 2) were conducted. Results indicated that the components of civic engagement have different starting points and growth rates during adolescence and that the contextual factors have differing effects dependent on the civic engagement component. By understanding how the components of civic engagement develop during adolescence, and the contextual factors that affect those trajectories, practitioners can gain more nuanced insights into how and when to effectively encourage youth civic engagement.
Validation of the Impact of Event Scale‐Revised for adolescents experiencing the floods and mudslides
Authors: Chen Cheng‐Sheng , Cheng Chung‐Ping , Yen Cheng‐Fang , Tang Tze‐Chun , Yang Pinchen , Yang Rei‐Cheng , Huang Ming‐Shyan , Jong Yuh‐Jyh , Yu Hsin‐Su
Published: November 2011

The purpose of this study was to validate the Impact of Event Scale‐Revised (IES‐R) for adolescents who had experienced the floods and mudslides caused by Typhoon Morakot in Taiwan. The internal consistency, construct validity, and criteria validity of the instrument were examined. Principal component analysis followed by an oblique rotation was used to derive a three‐factor solution. These factors were labeled intrusion, hyperarousal, and avoidance; all three factors together accounted for 58.1% of the variance. The total Cronbach's alpha of 0.94 reflected the good internal consistency of the instrument. With reference to diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder, the IES‐R cutoff point for posttraumatic stress disorder was 19 of 20 with a sensitivity of 85.7% and specificity of 84.1%. In conclusion, the IES‐R can be used as a reliable and valid instrument when evaluating psychological distress among adolescents who have experienced a natural disaster, such as flooding and mudslides.
Travels in Nubia
Authors: Burckhardt John Lewis
Published: November 2011

John Lewis Burckhardt (1784–1817) was a Swiss explorer who is best remembered for his rediscovery of the ancient city of Petra in modern Jordan. In 1809 he was commissioned by the African Association to discover the source of the River Niger. Posing as a Muslim convert, Burckhardt spent two years exploring and studying Arabic and Islamic law in Aleppo, before travelling widely in Arabia and Egypt This volume, first published posthumously in 1819, contains Burckhardt's account of his two visits to Nubia (modern Upper Egypt and Sudan) in 1813 and 1814. Burckhardt was the first western scholar to explore the Sudanese Nile valley, and one of the first western explorers successfully to cross the Nubian Desert. In this valuable volume, he describes in fascinating detail the many ancient ruins along the Nile and the logistics and hardships of his desert crossing.
Consumer Sovereignty and Human Interests
Authors: Penz G. Peter
Published: November 2011

This book, published in 1986, addresses questions concerned with a central normative principle in contemporary assessments of economic policies and systems. What does 'consumer sovereignty' mean? Is consumer sovereignty an appropriate principle for the optimization and evaluation of the design and performance of economic policies, institutions and systems? If not, what is a more appropriate principle? The author argues that the conception of consumer sovereignty has to be broadened so that it is not limited to the market mechanism but includes environmental, work and social preferences. However, even this version runs into serious difficulties as the principle of consumer sovereignty still relies on too subjectivist a conception of the interests of individuals to be suitable for the evaluation of economic institutions. An alternative basis for such evaluation is 'human interests' that are not contingent on particular economic systems, After considering various possibilities, a basic-needs approach is proposed and its use in economic evaluation illustrated.
The First Industrialists
Authors: Crouzet François
Published: November 2011

The 'first industrialists' were the pioneers and leaders of the British Industrial Revolution, the men who founded factories and other large establishments, which were typical of the new economic system. They had a number of precursors since the sixteenth century, but, on the whole, they were a new breed, which emerged in the late eighteenth century. They were markedly different from the leaders of traditional industry. This book is focused on the social and occupational origins of those founders of modem British industry: what kind of families did they come from? What was their occupation before they set up as industrialists? In discussing these and other issues, this study (based on Professor Crouzet's 1983 Ellen McArthur Lectures) makes an important contribution to the problem of social mobility during the Industrial Revolution.
Corneille, Classicism and the Ruses of Symmetry
Authors: Greenberg Mitchell
Published: November 2011

Professor Greenberg's lucid study examines the themes of authority, power and sexuality in Corneille's major plays, drawing on the work of Foucault, and Freudian and feminist critics. He begins by considering the question of myth and of a 'pre-historical' cultural memory in Médée, and proceeds to a detailed analysis of each of the four best-known tragedies: Le Cid, Horace, Cinna, and Polyeucte. A concluding chapter discusses two middle-period plays and Suréna, Corneille's last tragedy. Professor Greenberg argues that the formal symmetries of classical tragedy reflect a desire for control in the realm of both politics and sexuality. He also seeks to show how these principles of symmetry are challenged or undermined in various ways by the plays themselves. The result is an exacerbation of sexual and political desire which invests Cornelian tragedy with its peculiar power and involves us so deeply in its world.
Travels in Chile and La Plata
Authors: Miers John
Published: November 2011

The botanist and mining engineer John Miers (1789–1879) published Travels in Chile and La Plata in 2 volumes in 1826. The work is an account of his travels and residence in Chile between 1818 and 1825 and his investigations into the cultural, political, geographical and botanical aspects of the country. Richly illustrated with maps and his own drawings, the work is most valuable for the data it contains from Miers' research into the plants and birds he found there, including drawings and descriptions of many species previously unknown to the West. Volume 2 also gives an account of Chile's political and economic history; its religion and culture; its trade, agriculture and mining; and contains an appendix listing the plants and animals he examined. The work is both a rich source for geographical and botanical information and offers an insight into Victorian perceptions of Chile.
The Biophysical Basis of Excitability
Authors: Ferreira H. G. , Marshall M. W.
Published: November 2011

A sound knowledge of biology, mathematics, physics and chemistry in needed to understand how excitable cells function and the many basic concepts involved in acquiring this knowledge are described from first principles in this book. As these principles equally apply to other biological fields such as the study of membrane transport, artificial membranes, signal capturing, analysis in biological systems and general applications of mathematics and physics to biology, they are of general interest. An important feature of the book is the appendices, in which mathematical functions are derived, and which ensure the usefulness of the volume as a reference manual.
The History of the Norman Conquest of England
Authors: Freeman Edward Augustus
Published: November 2011

Edward Augustus Freeman (1823–1892) was Regius Professor of Modern History at Oxford, and one of the pre-eminent historians of his generation. Politics was a constant interest for Freeman, who was also a regular contributor to the Saturday Review. While he wrote on a variety of historical topics, from ancient Greece to the German Federation, and had a great interest in architecture, this six-volume work, published between 1867 and 1879, was his magnum opus. Freeman reconsiders how the history of the Conquest is understood and examines its causes and results. Volume 1 provides a preliminary history, and examination of life in England up to the time of the accession of Edward the Confessor, and its preface outlines the differences of approach between Freeman's volumes and preceding histories of the Conquest.
The History of the Norman Conquest of England
Authors: Freeman Edward Augustus
Published: November 2011

Edward Augustus Freeman (1823–1892) was Regius Professor of Modern History at Oxford, and one of the pre-eminent historians of his generation. Politics was a constant interest for Freeman, who was also a regular contributor to the Saturday Review. While he wrote on a variety of historical topics, from ancient Greece to the German Federation, and had a great interest in architecture, this six-volume work, published between 1867 and 1879, was his magnum opus. Freeman reconsiders how the history of the Conquest is understood and examines its causes and results. Volume 2 examines the reign of Edward the Confessor (1042–1066), which Freeman identifies as the first stage in the Anglo-Norman political struggle. Encompassing an analysis of military events and political characters, this volume also provides a thorough account of William the Conqueror's early years in Normandy.
The History of the Norman Conquest of England
Authors: Freeman Edward Augustus
Published: November 2011

Edward Augustus Freeman (1823–1892) was Regius Professor of Modern History at Oxford, and one of the pre-eminent historians of his generation. Politics was a constant interest for Freeman, who was also a regular contributor to the Saturday Review. While he wrote on a variety of historical topics, from ancient Greece to the German Federation, and had a great interest in architecture, this six-volume work, published between 1867 and 1879, was his magnum opus. Freeman reconsiders how the history of the Conquest is understood and examines its causes and results. Volume 3 focuses almost exclusively on the tumultuous events of 1066. Freeman analyses Harold's reign, the interregnum, and the later reign of William in Normandy. Additionally, he provides a thorough account of military events in Normandy and England, and detailed descriptions of battles.
The History of the Norman Conquest of England
Authors: Freeman Edward Augustus
Published: November 2011

Edward Augustus Freeman (1823–1892) was Regius Professor of Modern History at Oxford, and one of the pre-eminent historians of his generation. Politics was a constant interest for Freeman, who was also a regular contributor to the Saturday Review. While he wrote on a variety of historical topics, from ancient Greece to the German Federation, and had a great interest in architecture, this six-volume work, published between 1867 and 1879, was his magnum opus. Freeman reconsiders how the history of the Conquest is understood and examines its causes and results. Volume 4, dedicated to the reign of William (1066–1087), describes his rule, examining it in micro-periods in terms of the political and religious aspects of the conquest of England. William's relationships with his foreign and domestic neighbours are analysed and the realm's stability during this time is assessed.
Violence, Nonviolence, and the Palestinian National Movement
Authors: Pearlman Wendy
Published: November 2011

Why do some national movements use violent protest and others nonviolent protest? Wendy Pearlman shows that much of the answer lies inside movements themselves. Nonviolent protest requires coordination and restraint, which only a cohesive movement can provide. When, by contrast, a movement is fragmented, factional competition generates new incentives for violence and authority structures are too weak to constrain escalation. Pearlman reveals these patterns across one hundred years in the Palestinian national movement, with comparisons to South Africa and Northern Ireland. To those who ask why there is no Palestinian Gandhi, Pearlman demonstrates that nonviolence is not simply a matter of leadership. Nor is violence attributable only to religion, emotions or stark instrumentality. Instead, a movement's organizational structure mediates the strategies that it employs. By taking readers on a journey from civil disobedience to suicide bombings, this book offers fresh insight into the dynamics of conflict and mobilization.
Travels in North America, in the Years 1827 and 1828
Authors: Hall Basil
Published: November 2011

Captain Basil Hall (1788–1844) was a Scottish seaman and travel writer. After attending the Royal High School in Edinburgh he joined the Navy in 1802, and was appointed captain in 1814. He served on many diplomatic and scientific naval missions, and on his retirement from the Navy began to publish accounts of his experiences, based on his journals. These volumes, first published in 1829, contain his detailed and controversial account of his journey across America and Canada between 1827 and 1828. Hall provides a fascinating and engaging description of social conditions, political structures and political tensions in Canada and America in the period, while also illustrating contemporary English prejudices concerning American society. Volume 1 contains his descriptions of New York, including his visits to prisons and hospitals of the city, and Massachusetts, together with an analysis of Canadian maritime defences and the settlements of Montreal and Quebec.
Travels in North America, in the Years 1827 and 1828
Authors: Hall Basil
Published: November 2011

Captain Basil Hall (1788–1844) was a Scottish seaman and travel writer. After attending the Royal High School in Edinburgh he joined the Navy in 1802, and was appointed captain in 1814. He served on many diplomatic and scientific naval missions, and on his retirement from the Navy began to publish accounts of his experiences, based on his journals. These volumes, first published in 1829, contain his detailed and controversial account of his journey across America and Canada between 1827 and 1828. Hall provides a fascinating and engaging description of social conditions, political structures and political tensions in Canada and America in the period, while also illustrating contemporary English prejudices concerning American society. Volume 2 contains his descriptions of New England, including Boston and Harvard University, with an analysis of mutual English and American misunderstandings of each others' societies and a discussion of the role of women in American society.
The Western World; or, Travels in the United States in 1846–47
Authors: Mackay Alexander
Published: November 2011

Scottish-born Alexander Mackay (1808–52) spent much of his career as a journalist in North America. He was in Britain working for the Morning Chronicle when, in January 1846, he set sail again for the United States, this time to report on the debates over the Oregon question, relating to British and American claims to territory in the Pacific North-West. He spent several months in Washington, D.C. before travelling around the country as far south as the Mississippi, and west to the Great Lakes. This three-volume work, published in 1849, uses his journey to frame a general account of 'the political system, the social life, and the material progress of the Union'. Mackay observed a vibrant and prosperous country, and his work captures the energy of these boom years. Volume 3 focuses on the Great Lakes region, mining and navigation, and discusses education, religion, and the 'American character'.
Brain and Body
Authors: Olbrich Sebastian , Sander Christian , Matschinger Herbert , Mergl Roland , Trenner Maja , Schönknecht Peter , Hegerl Ulrich
Published: November 2011

The temporal dynamics of electroencephalogram (EEG)-vigilance as a measure of tonic cortical arousal are discussed as pathogenetic factors in neuropsychiatric disorders. Although there is broad knowledge about the interaction of cortical arousal and activity of the autonomous nervous system (ANS) during different sleep stages, the association and temporal interaction between fine-graded EEG-vigilance stages and markers of sympathetic and parasympathetic activity during the transition from wakefulness to sleep onset warrants more detailed exploration and was focus of the presented study. A 15-min resting-EEG, electrocardiogram (ECG), and skin conductance level (SCL) were recorded from 54 healthy subjects. Using an EEG-algorithm (VIGALL), 1-s segments were classified into seven different vigilance stages. Associations and temporal interactions between EEG-vigilance stages and heart rate variability (HRV), heart rate (HR), and SCL were computed using correlation analysis, regression analysis, and cross-correlations of EEG-vigilance and ANS time series. EEG-vigilance stages and ANS activity showed a significant association between increased HRV parameters including total and (normalized) very low frequency power and low vigilance stages. Regression analysis revealed significantly increased values of SCL and HR for high vigilance stages in comparison to lower ones. In these relationships, for SCL but not HR most of the covariance was explained by the effect of time. Phasic increases in EEG-vigilance were paralleled by significant increases of HR but not of SCL. Cross-correlations between EEG-vigilance and ANS time series yielded highest correlations when there was no or only a minimal temporal lag. ANS activity during the transition from wakefulness to sleep onset gradually changes along with different fine-graded EEG-vigilance stages. Associations between cortical and autonomic activity are better reflected by HR than by SCL.
Coping and Film Reception
Authors: Till Benedikt , Niederkrotenthaler Thomas , Herberth Arno , Voracek Martin , Sonneck Gernot , Vitouch Peter
Published: November 2011

This study investigated the impact of film dramas on the emotional and cognitive state of recipients, as well as mediating effects of different modes of film reception. Furthermore, associations between the modes of reception and individual favored coping strategies were examined. One hundred fifty nondepressive and nonsuicidal adults living in Austria watched one of three films featuring the death of the main character. Data on the viewers’ mood, inner tensions, self-esteem, life satisfaction, depression, suicidal tendencies, attitudes toward suicide, predominantly used modes of reception, and preferred coping strategies were collected with questionnaires that were handed out before and after seeing the movie. Results indicated that drama viewing was linked to both negative and positive effects: on the one hand, to a deterioration of mood as well as an increase of inner tensions and depression scores, and on the other hand, to a rise in self-esteem and life satisfaction as well as a drop in suicidal tendencies. The more a subject was involved in the film, the more pronounced were the negative impacts and the smaller were the positive reactions. The viewers’ preferred coping strategies were partly associated with the modes of reception: the more an individual preferred to seek social support when facing a problem, the more he or she identified with the drama’s protagonist and tried to find behavior patterns in the movie to improve his or her own life.
Ionospheric and thermospheric storms at equatorial latitudes observed by CHAMP, ROCSAT, and DMSP
Authors: Balan N. , Liu J. Y. , Otsuka Y. , Tulasi Ram S. , Lühr H.
Published: November 2011

Analysis of the dayside electron density (Ne) and neutral mass density (N) at 400 km height measured by CHAMP during 12 intense geomagnetic storms in 2000–2004, and ion densities at 600 km and 840 km heights measured by ROCSAT and DMSP during a few of the intense storms, reveal some new aspects. Thermospheric storms (change of N) reach the equator within 1.5 to 3 hours from the main phase (MP) onset of intense storms having short and steady MPs. The responses of the equatorial ionosphere (at CHAMP) to both MPs and RPs (recovery phases) of the storms are generally opposite to those at higher latitudes. In addition to the known opposite responses during MPs, the analysis reveals that positive ionospheric storms develop at equatorial latitudes (within about ±15° magnetic latitudes) during daytime RPs, while conventional negative storms occur at higher latitudes. Ionospheric storms also extend to the topside ionosphere beyond 850 km height and are generally positive (at DMSP), especially during MPs. The positive storms around the equatorial ionospheric peak during RPs are interpreted in terms of the potential sources such as (1) zero or westward electric fields due to disturbance dynamo and/or prompt penetration, (2) plasma convergence due to the mechanical effects of storm‐time equatorward neutral winds and waves, (3) increase of atomic oxygen density and decrease of molecular nitrogen density due to the downwelling effect of the winds, and (4) photoionization. The positive storms in the topside ionosphere during MPs involve the rapid upward drift of plasma due to eastward PPEFs, reduction in the downward diffusion of plasma along the field lines, and plasma convergence due to equatorward winds and waves.
The Baltic Sea Tracer Release Experiment: 1. Mixing rates
Authors: Holtermann Peter L. , Umlauf Lars , Tanhua Toste , Schmale Oliver , Rehder Gregor , Waniek Joanna J.
Published: November 2011

In this study, results from the Baltic Sea Tracer Release Experiment (BATRE) are described, in which deep water mixing rates and mixing processes in the central Baltic Sea were investigated. In September 2007, an inert tracer gas (CF3SF5) was injected at approximately 200 m depth in the Gotland Basin, and the subsequent spreading of the tracer was observed during six surveys until February 2009. These data describe the diapycnal and lateral mixing during a stagnation period without any significant deep water renewal due to inflow events. As one of the main results, vertical mixing rates were found to dramatically increase after the tracer had reached the lateral boundaries of the basin, suggesting boundary mixing as the key process for basin‐scale vertical mixing. Basin‐scale vertical diffusivities were of the order of 10−5 m2 s−1(about 1 order of magnitude larger than interior diffusivities) with evidence for a seasonal and vertical variability. In contrast to tracer experiments in the open ocean, the basin geometry (hypsography) was found to have a crucial impact on the vertical tracer spreading. The e‐folding time scale for deep water renewal due to mixing was slightly less than 2 years, the time scale for the lateral homogenization of the tracer patch was of the order of a few months.
The role of the land‐surface model for climate change projections over the Iberian Peninsula
Authors: Jerez S. , Montavez J. P. , Gomez‐Navarro J. J. , Jimenez P. A. , Jimenez‐Guerrero P. , Lorente R. , Gonzalez‐Rouco J. F.
Published: November 2011

The importance of land‐surface processes within Regional Climate Models for accurately reproducing the present‐day climate is well known. However, their role when projecting future climate is still poorly reported. Hence, this work assesses the influence of the land‐surface processes, particularly the contribution of soil moisture, when projecting future changes for temperature, precipitation and wind over a complex area as the Iberian Peninsula, which, in addition, shows great sensitivity to climate change. The main signals are found for the summer season, when the results indicate a strengthening in the increases projected for both mean temperature and temperature variability as a consequence of the future intensification of the positive soil moisture‐temperature feedback. The more severe warming over the inner dry Iberian Peninsula further implies an intensification of the Iberian thermal low and, thus, of the cyclonic circulation. Furthermore, the land‐atmosphere coupling leads to the projection of a wider future daily temperature range, since maximum temperatures are more affected than minima, a feature absent in non‐coupled simulations. Regarding variability, the areas where the land‐atmosphere coupling introduces larger changes are those where the reduction in the soil moisture content is more dramatic in future simulations, i.e., the so‐called transitional zones. As regards precipitation, weaker positive signals for convective precipitation and more intense negative signals for non‐convective precipitation are obtained as a result of the soil moisture‐atmosphere interactions. These results highlight the crucial contribution of soil moisture to climate change projections and suggest its plausible key role for future projections of extreme events.
The effect of skeletal mass accumulation in Porites on coral Sr/Ca and δ18O paleothermometry
Authors: Gagan Michael K. , Dunbar Gavin B. , Suzuki Atsushi
Published: November 2011

Paleotemperature estimates based on coral Sr/Ca have not been widely accepted because the reconstructed glacial‐Holocene shift in tropical sea‐surface temperature (∼4–6°C) is larger than that indicated by foraminiferal Mg/Ca (∼2–4°C). We show that corals over‐estimate changes in sea‐surface temperature (SST) because their records are attenuated during skeletogenesis within the living tissue layer. To quantify this process, we microprofiled skeletal mass accumulation within the tissue layer of Porites from Australasian coral reefs and laboratory culturing experiments. The results show that the sensitivity of the Sr/Ca and δ18O thermometers in Porites will be suppressed, variable, and dependent on the relationship between skeletal growth rate and mass accumulation within the tissue layer. Our findings help explain why δ18O‐SST sensitivities for Porites range from −0.08‰/°C to −0.22‰/°C and are always less than the value of −0.23‰/°C established for biogenic aragonite. Based on this observation, we recalibrated the coral Sr/Ca thermometer to determine a revised sensitivity of −0.084 mmol/mol/°C. After rescaling, most of the published Sr/Ca‐SST estimates for the Indo‐Pacific region for the last ∼14,000 years (−7°C to +2°C relative to modern) fall within the 95% confidence envelope of the foraminiferal Mg/Ca‐SST records. We conclude that two types of calibration scales are required for coral paleothermometry; an attenuated Porites‐specific thermometer sensitivity for studies of seasonal to interannual change in SST and, importantly, the rescaled −0.084 mmol/mol/°C Sr/Ca sensitivity for studies of 20th‐century trends and millennial‐scale changes in mean SST. The calibration‐scaling concept will apply to the development of transfer functions for all geochemical tracers in corals.
Optical properties of anisotropic porous semiconductors
Authors: Ruda H. E. , Shik A.
Published: November 2011

Semiconductors with parallel cylindrical pores possess positive birefringence for a single system of pores and negative one—for two mutually perpendicular systems of pores, in accordance with experiments. The matrix luminescence is polarized. For metal-filled pores, the system demonstrates a strong, frequency-dependent anisotropy of the optical properties and may exhibit plasmon amplification of luminescence.
Development of a graphite polarization analyzer for resonant inelastic x-ray scattering
Authors: Gao Xuan , Burns Clement , Casa Diego , Upton Mary , Gog Thomas , Kim Jungho , Li Chengyang
Published: November 2011

Resonant inelastic x-ray scattering (RIXS) is a powerful technique for studying electronic excitations in correlated electron systems. Current RIXS spectrometers measure the changes in energy and momentum of the photons scattered by the sample. A powerful extension of the RIXS technique is the measurement of the polarization state of the scattered photons which contains information about the symmetry of the excitations. This long-desired addition has been elusive because of significant technical challenges. This paper reports the development of a new diffraction-based polarization analyzer which discriminates between linear polarization components of the scattered photons. The double concave surface of the polarization analyzer was designed as a good compromise between energy resolution and throughput. Such a device was fabricated using highly oriented pyrolytic graphite for measurements at the Cu K-edge incident energy. Preliminary measurements on a CuGeO3 sample are presented.
Colossal tuning of an energy gap in Sn2P2S6 under pressure
Authors: Shchennikov Vladimir V. , Morozova Natalia V. , Tyagur Iryna , Tyagur Yuriy , Ovsyannikov Sergey V.
Published: November 2011

We report results of investigation of electrical and thermoelectric properties of Sn2P2S6 under strong compression up to 20 GPa. An “insulator-metal”(I-M)-type transition was discovered by a monotonic and reversible lowering of electrical resistivity by 9–10 orders. The energy gap (Eg = 2.3 eV) was estimated to decrease to ∼0.25–0.3 eV at 20 GPa. X-ray diffraction and Raman studies on samples recovered from the high pressure experiments confirm a conservation of the original monoclinic lattice. Thus, a colossal “band-gap engineering” potential is revealed in this optical material. Sn2P2S6 is a potential candidate for emergent multi-functional switches, between transparent “insulator” state and conducting state with magneto-dependent properties.