Long-term (180-Day) Outcomes in Critically Ill Patients With COVID-19 in the REMAP-CAP Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors:   Writing Committee for the REMAP-CAP Investigators, Florescu Simin  , Stanciu Delia , Zaharia Mihaela  , Kosa Alma , Codreanu Daniel , Kidwai Aneela , Masood Sobia , Kaye Callum , Coutts Amanda , MacKay Lynn , Summers Charlotte , Polgarova Petra  , Farahi Neda , Fox Eleonore , McWilliam Stephen , Hawcutt Daniel , Rad Laura , O’Malley Laura , Whitbread Jennifer , Jones Dawn , Dore Rachael , Saunderson Paula  , Kelsall Olivia , Cowley Nicholas , Wild Laura , Thrush Jessica , Wood Hannah , Austin Karen , Bélteczki János , Magyar István , Fazekas Ágnes , Kovács Sándor , Szőke Viktória , Donnelly Adrian , Kelly Martin , Smyth Naoise , O’Kane Sinéad , McClintock Declan , Warnock Majella , Campbell Ryan  , McCallion Edmund ,  Azaiz Amine , Charron Cyril , Godement Mathieu , Geri Guillaume , Vieillard-Baron Antoine , Johnson Paul , McKenna Shirley , Hanley Joanne , Currie Andrew , Allen Barbara , McGoldrick Clare  , McMaster Moyra , Mani Ashwin , Mathew Meghena , Kandeepan Revathi , Vignesh C , TV Bharath , Ramakrishnan N , James Augustian  , Elvira  Evangeline , Jayakumar Devachandran , Pratheema Ramachandran , Babu Suresh , Ebenezer R , Krishnaoorthy S , Ranganathan Lakshmi , Ganesan Manisha , Shree Madhu , Guilder Eileen , Butler Magdalena , Cowdrey Keri-Anne , Robertson Melissa , Ali Farisha , McMahon Ellie , Duffy Eamon , Chen Yan , Simmonds Catherine , McConnochie Rachael , O’Connor Caroline , El-Khawas Khaled , Richardson Angus , Hill Dianne , Commons Robert , Abdelkharim Hussam , Saxena Manoj , Muteithia Margaret , Dobell-Brown Kelsey , Jha Rajeev , Kalogirou Michael , Ellis Christine , Krishnamurthy Vinodh , O’Connor Aibhilin , Thurairatnam Saranya , Mukherjee Dipak , Kaliappan Agilan , Vertue Mark , Nicholson Anne , Riches Joanne , Maloney Gracie , Kittridge Lauren , Solesbury Amanda , Ramos Angelo , Collins Daniel , Brickell Kathy , Reid Liadain , Smyth Michelle , Breen Patrick , Spain Sandra , Curley Gerard , McEvoy Natalie , Geoghegan Pierce , Clarke  Jennifer , Silversides Jon , McGuigan Peter , Ward Kathryn , O’Neill Aisling , Finn Stephanie , Wright Chris , Green Jackie , Collins Érin , Knott Cameron , Smith Julie , Boschert Catherine , Slieker Kitty , Ewalds Esther , Sanders Arnate , Wittenberg Wendy , Geurts Heidi , Poojara Latesh , Sara Treena , Nand Kiran , Reeve Brenda , Dechert  William , Phillips Barbara  , Oritz-Ruiz de Gordoa Laura , Affleck Julia , Shaikh Arif , Murray Andrew , Ramanan Mahesh , Frakking Thuy , Pinnell Jez , Robinson Matt  , Gledhill Lisa , Wood Tracy , Sanghavi Ritesh , Bhonagiri Deepak , Ford Megan , Parikh Harshel G. , Avard Bronwyn , Nourse Mary , McDonald Bree , Edmunds Natasha , Hoiting Oscar , Peters Marco , Rengers Els , Evers Mirjam , Prinssen Anton , Morgan Matt , Cole Jade  , Hill Helen , Davies Michelle , Williams Angharad  , Thomas Emma , Davies Rhys , Wise Matt , Grimm Patrick , Soukup Jens , Wetzold Richard , Löbel Madlen , Starke Lisa , Lellouche Francois  , Lizotte Patricia , Declerq Pierre , Antoine Marchalot  , Stephanie Gelinotte , Jean-Pierre Eraldi , François Bourgerol  , Marion Beuzelin  , Philippe Rigaud , Pourcine Franck , Monchi Mehran , Luis David , Mercier Romain , Sagnier Anne , Verrier Nathalie , Caplin Cecile , Richecoeu Jack , Combaux Daniele , Siami Shidasp , Aparicio Christelle , Vautier Sarah , Jeblaoui Asma , Lemaire-Brunel Delphine , D'Aragon Frédérick , Carbonneau Elaine , Leblond Julie , Plantefeve Gaetan  , Leparco Cécile , Contou Damien , Fartoukh Muriel , Courtin Laura , Labbe Vincent , Voiriot Guillaume , Salhi Sara , Chassé Michaël , Carrier François , Boumahni Dounia  , Benettaib Fatna , Ghamraoui Ali , Sement Arnaud , Gachet Alexandre , Hanisch Alexis , Haffiane Abdelmagid , Boivin Anne-Hélène , Barreau Amelie , Guerineau Elodie , Poupblanc Séverine , Egreteau Pierre , Lefevre Montaine , Bocher Simon , Le Loup Guillaume , Le Guen Lenaïg , Carn Vanessa , Bertel Melanie , Antcliffe David , Templeton Maie  , Rojo Roceld , Coghlan Phoebe , Smee Joanna  , Barker Gareth , Finn André , Kreb Gabriele , Hoff Uwe , Hinrichs Carl , Nee Jens , Mackay Euan  , Cort Jon , Whileman Amanda , Spencer Thomas , Spittle Nick , Beavis Sarah , Padmakumar Anand , Dale Katie , Hawes Joanne , Moakes Emma , Gascoyne Rachel  , Pritchard Kelly , Stevenson Lesley , Cooke Justin , Nemeth-Roszpopa Karolina , Gauli Basanta , Bastola Sirjana , Muller Grégoire , Nay Mai-Anh , Kamel Toufik , Benzekri Dalila , Jacquier Sophie , Runge Isabelle , Mathonnet Armelle , Barbier François , Bretagnol Anne , Carter Jay , Van Der Heyden Kymbalee , Mehrtens Jan , Morris Anna , Morgan Stacey , Burke Tara , Mercier Emmanuelle , Chartier Delphine , Salmon Charlotte , Dequin Pierre-François , Garot Denis , Bellemare David , Cloutier Ève  , Daher Rana  , Costerousse Olivier , Boulanger Marie-Claude , Couillard-Chénard Émilie , Lauzier François , Francoeur  Charles , Francois Bruno , Gay Alexandra , Anne-Laure Fedou , Ramali Mohamed , HC Ooi , Ghosh Alison , Osagie Rawlings , Arachchige Malka , Hartley Melissa , Cheung Winston , Wong Helen , Seigne Patrick , Eustace Joe , O'Callaghan Ann-Marie , O'Brien Fionnuala , Bamford Peter , Reid Andrew , Cawley Kathryn , Faulkner Maria , Pickering Charlotte , Raj Ashok  , Tsinaslanidis Georgios , Khade Reena  , Agha Gloria , Sekiwala Rose , Smith Tim , Brewer Chris , Gregory Jane , Limb James , Cowton Amanda , O’Brien Julie , Postlethwaite Kelly , Malakouti  Salim , Music Edvin , Ricketts Dan , King Andrew , Clermont Gilles , Bart Robert , Mayr Florian , Schoenling Andrew , Andreae Mark , Shetty Varun , Brant Emily , Malley Brian , Donadee Chenell , Sackrowitz Rachel , Weissman Alexandra , Yealy Donald , Barton David , Talia Nadine , Nikitas Nikitas , Wells Colin , Lankester Liana , McMillan Helen , van den Oever Huub , Kruisdijk-Gerritsen Arriette , Haidar Ghady  , Bain William , Barbash Ian , Fitzpatrick Meghan , Franz Christopher , Kitsios Georgios , Moghbeli Kaveh , Rosborough Brian , Shah Faraaz , Suber Tomeka , Pulletz Mark , Williams Patricia , Birch Jenny , Wiseman Sophie , Horton Sarah , Alegria Ana , Turki Salah , Elsefi Tarek , Crisp Nikki , Allen Louise , Truman Nicholas , Smith Matthew , Chukkambotla Sri , Goddard Wendy , Duberley Stephen , Khan Meherunnisa , Kazi Aayesha , Simpson Joanna , Duke Graeme , Chan Peter , Carter Brittney , Hunter Stephanie , Voigt Ingo , Schueler Robert , Blank Elisabeth , Hüning Vanessa , Steffen Melanie , Goralski Patricia , Litton Ed , Regli Adrian , Pellicano Susan , Palermo Annamaria , Eroglu  Ege , Bihari Shailesh , Laver Russell D. , Jin  Xia , Brown Julia , McIntyre Joanne , French Craig , Bates Samantha , Towns Miriam , Yang Yang , McGain Forbes , McCullagh Iain , Cairns Tom , Hanson Helen , Patel Bijal , Clement Ian , Evetts George , Touma Omar  , Holland Susan , Hodge Christopher , Taylor Holly , Alderman Meera , Barnes Nicky , Da Rocha Joana , Smith Catherine , Brooks Nicole , Weerasinghe Thanuja , Sinclair Julie-Ann , Abusamra Yousuf , Doherty Ronan , Cudlipp Joanna  , Singh Rajeev , Yu Haili , Daebis Admad  , Ng Christopher , Kendrick Sara  , Saran Anita , Makky Ahmed  , Greener Danni , Rowe-Leete Louise , Edwards Alexandra , Bland Yvonne , Dolman Rozzie , Foster Tracy , Laffey John , McNicholas Bairbre , Scully Michael , Casey Siobhan  , Kernan Maeve , Brennan Aoife , Rangan Ritika , Tully Riona , Corbett Sarah , McCarthy Aine  , Duffy Oscar , Burke David , Linnett Vanessa , Sanderson Amanda , Ritzema Jenny , Wild Helen , Lucas Rachael , Marriott Yvonne , Andric Zdravko , Cviljevic Sabina , Br Renata , Zapalac Marija , Mirković Gordan , Khare Divya , Pinder Meredith , Gopinath Amitha  , Kannan Thogulava , Dean Steven , Vanmali Piyush , Depuydt Pieter , De Waele Jan , De Bus Liesbet , Fierens Jan , Bracke Stephanie , Vermassen Joris , Vermeiren Daisy , Pugh Richard , Lean Richard , Qiu Xinyi , Scanlan Jeremy , Evans Andrew , Davies Gwyneth , Lewis Joanne , Plesnikova Yvonna , Khoud Ahmed , Coetzee Samantha , Puxty Kathryn , Cathcart Susanne , Rimmer Dominic , Bagot Catherine , Scott Kathryn , Martin Laila , Yusuff Hakeem , Isgro Graziella , Brightling Chris , Bourne Michelle , Craner Michelle , Boyles Rebecca , Alexander Brian , Roberts Tracey , Nelli Apoorva , Rosenstein-Sisson Rachel , Speyer Rebecca , Pech Yadira , McCullough James , Tallott Mandy , Vazquez-Grande Gloria , Marten Nicole , Liu Theresa , Siddiqui Atif , Khanal Sushil , Amatya  Sameena , Szakmany Tamas  , Cherian Shiney , Williams Gemma , James Christie , Waters Abby , Prout Rachel , Stedman Roger , Davies Louisa , Pegler Suzannah , Kyeremeh Lynsey , Moorhouse Louise , Arbane Gill , Marotti Marina , Bociek Aneta , Campos Sara , van Nieuwkoop Kees , Ottens Thomas , Visser Yorik , van den Berg Lettie  , van der Kraan-Donker  Annemarie , Brett Stephen , Arias Sonia  , Hall Rebecca , Paneru Hem , Koirala Sabin , Paudel Pratibha , Wilson Maggie , Vaara Suvi , Pettilä Leena , Heinonen Jonna , Pettilä Ville , Jain Susan , Gupta Abhinav , Holbrook Catherine  , Antoine Pierre , Meziani Ferhat , Allam Hayat , Cattelan Jessy , Clere-Jehl Raphael , Helms Julie , Kummerlen Christine , Merdji Hamid , Monnier Alexandra , Rahmani Hassene , Studer Antoine , Schneider Francis , Castelain Vincent , Morel Guillaume , L’Hotellier Sylvie , Ochin Evelina , Vanjak Christian , Rouge Patrick , Bendjemar Lynda , Albert Martin , Serri Karim , Cavayas Alexandros , Duplaix Mathilde , Williams Virginie , Catorze Nuno José Teodoro Amaro dos Santos , Pereira Tiago Nuno Alfaro Lima , Ferreira Ricardo Manuel Castro , Bastos Joana Margarida Pereira Sousa , Batista  Teresa Margarida Oliveira , Badie Julio , Berdaguer Fernando , Malfroy Sylvain , Mezher Chaouki , Bourgoin Charlotte , Moneger Guy , Bouvier Elodie , Muñoz-Bermúdez Rosana , Marin-Corral Judith , Degracia Anna , Gómez Francisco , López  Maria , Aceto Romina , Aghemo Alessio , Badalamenti Salvatore , Brunetta Enrico , Cecconi Maurizio , Ciccarelli Michele , Constantini Elena , Greco Massimiliano , Folci Marco , Selmi Carlo , Voza Antonio , Henning Jeremy , Bonner Stephen , Hugill Keith , Cirstea Emanuel  , Wilkinson Dean , Jones Jessica , Altomy Mohammed , Karlikowski Michal , Sutherland Helen , Wilhelmsen Elva , Woods Jane , North Julie , Pletz Mathias , Hagel Stefan , Ankert Juliane , Kolanos Steffi , Bloos Frank , Simons Koen , van Zuylen Tamara , Bouman Angela , Kumar Nikhil , Panwar Rakshit , Poulter Amber-Louise , Sunkara Krishna , Szigligeti Gábor , Leszkoven János , Rochwerg Bram , Karachi Tim , Oczkowski Simon , Centofanti John , Millen Tina , Sundaran Dhinesh , Hollos Laszlo , Williams Anna , Turns Margaret  , Walsh Joanne  , Al Qasim Eman , Alswaidan Lolowa , Hegazy Mohamed , Arishi Hatim , Al Amri Ali , AlQahtani Samah , Naidu Brintha , Tlayjeh Haytham , Hussain Sajid , Al Enezi Farhan , Abdukahil  Sheryl Ann , Hopkins Phil , Smith John , Noble Harriet  , O’Reilly Kevin , Mehta Reena , Wong Onyee  , Makanju Esther , Rao Deepak , Sikondari Nyma  , Saha Sian , Corcoran Ele , Pappa Evita , Cockrell Maeve , Donegan Clare , Balaie Morteza , Nickoleit-Bitzenberger Daniela , Schaaf Bernhard , Meermeier Werner , Prebeg Katharina , Azzaui Harun , Hower Martin , Brieger Klaus-Gerd , Elender Corinna , Sabelhaus Timo , Riepe Ansgar , Akamp Ceren , Kremling Julius , Klein Daniela , Landsiedel-Mechenbier Elke , Laha Shondipon , Verlander Mark , Williams Alexandra , Jha Avinash , Megarbane Bruno , Voicu Sebastian , Deye Nicolas , Malissin Isabelle , Sutterlin Laetitia , Mrad Aymen , Lehalleur Adrien , Naim Giulia , Nguyen Philippe , Ekhérian Jean-Michel , Boué Yvonnick , Sidéris Georgios , Vodovar Dominique , Guérin Emmanuelle , Grant Caroline , Brain Matthew , Mineall Sarah , Paramasivam Elankumaran , Wilby Elizabeth , Ogg Bethan , Howcroft Clare , Aspinwall Angelique , Charlton Sam , Gould Richard , Mistry Deena , Awan Sidra , Bedford Caroline , Carr-Wilkinson Joanne  , Hall Andrew , Cooke Jill , Gardiner-Hill Caroline , Maloney Carolyn , Brunskill Nigel , Watchorn Olivia , Hardy Chloe , Qureshi Hafiz , Flint Neil , Nicholson Sarah , Southin Sara , Nicholson Andrew , Ghattaoraya Amardeep , Harding Daniel , O’Halloran Sinead , Collins Amy , Smith Emma , Trues Estefania , Borgatta Barbara , Turner-Bone Ian , Reddy Amie , Wilding Laura , Wilson Craig , Surti Zuhra , Aneman Anders , Miller Jennene , White Hayden , Estensen Kristen , Morrison Lynette , Sutton Joanne , Cooper Melanie , Warnapura Loku , Agno Ronan , Sathianathan Prasannakumari  , Shaw Deborah , Ijaz Nazia , Spong Adam , Sabaretnam Suganya , Burns Dean , Lang Eva , Tate Margaret , Fischer Roy , Biradar Vishwanath , Soar Natalie , Golden David , Davey Miriam , Seaman Rebecca , Osborne Alexander , Bannard-Smith Jonathan , Clark Richard , Birchall Kathrine , Henry Joanne , Pomeroy Fiona , Quayle Rachael , Wylie Katharine , Sukuraman Anila , John Maya , Sibin Sindhu , Leditschke Anne , Finnis Mackenzie , Jongebloed Katherine , Khwaja Kosar , Campisi Josie , van Vonderen Marit , Pietersma Mario , Vrolijk Loes , Kampschreur  Linda , van Gulik Laura , Makowski Arystarch , Misztal Beata , Haider Syeda , Liao Angela , Squires Rebecca , Oborska Aneta , Kayani Abdul , Kalchko-Veyssal Selver , Prabakaran Rajalakshmi , Hadebe Bernard , KalchkoVeyssal Selver , Williams Tony , Song Rima , Morpeth Susan , Lai Vivian , Habraken   Hannah , Stewart Richard , Mwaura Esther , Mew Louise , Wren Lynn , Willams Felicity , Sutherland Sara-Beth , Rebello Rashmi , Shehabi Yahya , Al-Bassam Wisam , Hulley Amanda , Kadam Umesh , Sathianathan Kushaharan , Innes Richard , Doble Patricia , Graham Libby , Shovelton Charmaine , Dean Tessa , Salahuddin Nawal , Aryal Diptesh , Koirala Kanchan , Rai Namrata , Luitel Subekshya , Seppelt Ian , Whitehead Christina , Lowrey Julie , Gresham Rebecca , Masters Kristy , Hamlyn Vincent , Hawkins Nancy , Roynon-Reed Anna , Cutler Sean , Lewis Sarah , Lazaro Juan , Newman Tabitha , Aravindan Latha , Asghar Adeeba , Bartholomew Jazz , Bayne Madeleine , Beddows Seonaid , Birch Catherine , Brend Morwenna , Byrne Rahim , Campbell Debbie , Campbell Hilary , Chambers Emma , Clinton Alison , Collins Joanne , Crawshaw Sarah , Dawson Laura Ann , Donaldson Kate , Drake Chelsea , Dyas Sarah , Ellis Yvette , Gilmour Kate , Goodwin Jayne , Halden Sandra , Hall Alistair S , Hanson Jane , Harper Heather , Harrison Susan , Hayes Amber , Hodgson Helen , Hurford Sally-Anne , Jackson Shane , Levett Chris , Lock Stephen , Lockett Teresa , Logan Meg , Lomme Kaatje , Luo Ji , Marsh Emma , McKenna Sonia , Mguni Nhlanhla , Monaghan Holly , Murphy Sheenagh , Muzengi Natasha , Naz Mobeena , O'Kell Eleanor , Oliver Anne , O'Reilly Joanna , Pearson Karen , Porter David , Potter Alison , Rook Clare , Rounds Charles , Sheffield Jonathan , Shirley Kim , Siewersk Chris , Skinner Tabitha , Speight Holly , Sutu Mihaela , Unsworth Adam , Van’t Hoff William , Walker Susan , Williams Hannah , Williams Penny , Williamson Dawn , Williamson James D , Duan Erick , Tsang Jennifer , Patterson Lisa , Austin Pauline , Chapman Susan , Cabrelli Louise , Fletcher Simon , Nortje Jurgens , Fottrell-Gould Deirdre , Randell Georgina , Stammers Katie , Healey Gail , Pinto Marta , Borrill Zoe , Duncan Tracy , Ustianowski Andrew , Uriel Alison , Eltayeb Ayaa , Alfonso Jordan , Hey Samuel , Shaw Joanne , Fox Claire , Lindergard Gabriella , Charles Bethan , Blackledge Bethany , Connolly Karen , Harris Jade , Cuesta Jeronimo , Xavier Kugan , Purohit Dharam , Elhassan Munzir , Haldeos Anne , Vincent Rachel , Abdelrazik Marwa , Jenkins Samuel , Ganesan Arunkumar , Kumar Rohit , Carter David , Bakthavatsalam Dhanalakshmi , Frater Alasdair , Saleem Malik , Everitt Robert , Hacking Danielle , Zaman Mohsin , Elmahi Einas , Jones Andrea , Hall Kathryn , Phillips Matt , Terrill Lenae , Mills Gary , Raithatha Ajay , Bauchmuller Kris , Ryalls Kim , Harrington Kate , Bowler Helen , Sall Jas , Bourne Richard , Gross Jamie , Massey Natalie , Adebambo Olumide , Long Matilda , Tony Kiran , Juffermans Nicole , Koopmans Matty , Dujardin Romein , Alderink  Bashar , Rowland Matthew , Hutton Paula , Bashyal Archana , Davidson Neil , Hird Clare , Chhablani Manish , Phalod Gunjan , Kirkby Amy , Archer Simon , Netherton Kimberley  , Reschreiter Henrik , Camsooksai Julie , Patch Sarah , Jenkins Sarah , Humphrey Charlotte , Flynn Gordon , Harrington Claire , Kruger Peter , Walsham James , Meyer Jason , Harward Meg , Jones Cassie , Sathe Sonia , Roche Lisa , Davies Ellie , Skinner Denise , Gaylard Jane , Newman Julie , Pogson David , Rose Steve , Daly Zoe , Brimfield Lutece , Nown Angie , Parekh Dhruv , Bergin Colin , Bates Michelle , McGhee Christopher , Lynch Daniella , Bhandal Khushpreet , Tsakiridou Kyriaki , Bamford Amy , Cooper Lauren , Whitehouse Tony , Veenith Tonny , Forster Elliot , O'Connell Martin , Sim Malcolm , Hay Sophie , Henderson Steven , Nygren Maria , Valentine Eliza , Katary Amro , Bell Gillian , Wilcox Louise , Mataliotakis Michail , Smith Paul , Ali Murtaza , Isguzar Agah , Phull Mandeep-Kaur , Zaidi Abbas , Pogreban Tatiana , Rosaroso Lace , Harvey Daniel , Lowe Benjamin , Meredith Megan , Ryan Lucy , Schouten Jeroen , Pickkers Peter , Roovers Noortje , Klop-Riehl Margreet , van der Eng Hetty , Sloots-Cuppen Sonja , Preijers Lieke , van Oosten Nienke , Moine Pierre , Heming Nicholas , Maxime Virginie , Bossard Isabelle , Nicholier Tiphaine , Clair Bernard , Orlikowski David , Bounab Rania , Abdeladim Lilia , Baker Stuart , Duroux Maree , Ratcliffe Megan , Sy Eric , Mailman Jonathan , Lee Stephen , Gupta Chiraag , Kassir Sandy , López Rafael , Rodríguez-Gómez Jorge , Cárcel Sheila , Carmona Rosario , de la Fuente Carmen , Rodriguez Marina , Jan Hassing  Robert  , Greven Frances , Huijbens Danique , Roebers L , Verheij Harald , Miles Helen , Attokaran Antony , Buehner Ulrike , Williams Erin , Chapman Marianne , O’Connor Stephanie , Glasby Kathleen , Rivett Justine , Brown Nerissa , Kutsogiannis Demetrios , Thompson Patricia , Rooney Kevin , Rodden Natalie , Thomson Nicola , McGlynn Deborah , Abel Lynn , Gemmell Lisa , Sundaram Radha , Hornsby James , Walden Andrew , Keating Liza , Frise Matthew , Rai Sabi , Bartley Shauna , Schuster-Bruce Martin , Pitts Sally , Miln Rebecca , Purandare Laura , Vamplew Luke , Patel Brijesh , Dempster Debra , Gummadi Mahitha , Dormand Natalie , Wang Shu , Spivey Michael , Bean Sarah , Burt Karen , Moore Lorraine , Hammonds Fiona , Richards Carol , Campbell Lewis , Smyth Kirsty , Day Christopher , Zitter Letizia , Benyon Sarah , Singh Jayaprakash , Lynch Ceri  , Mikusek Justyna , Deacon Bethan , Turner Keri , Baker Evelyn , Hickey John , Champanerkar Shreekant , Aitken Lindianne  , LewisProsser Lorraine , Ahmad Norfaizan  , Wiles Matt , Willson Jayne , Grecu Irina , Martin Jane , Wrey Brown Caroline , Arias Ana-Marie , Bevan Emily , Westlake Samantha , Craven Thomas , Hope David , Singleton Jo , Clark Sarah , McCulloch Corrienne , Biddie Simon , Welters Ingeborg , Hamilton David , Williams Karen , Waugh Victoria , Shaw David , Mulla Suleman , Waite Alicia , Roman Jaime , Martinez Maria , Johnston Brian , Puthucheary Zudin , Martin Timothy , Santos Filipa , Uddin Ruzena  , Fernandez Maria , Seidu Fatima , Somerville Alastair , Pakats Mari-Liis , Begum Salma , Shahid Tasnin  , Presneill Jeffrey , Barge Deborah , Byrne Kathleen , Janin Pierre , Yarad Elizabeth , Bass Frances , Hammond Naomi , O’Connor Anne , Vuylsteke Alain , Chan Charles , Victor Saji , Waterson Sharon , McNamara Robert , Boardman Melanie , Gattas David , Buhr Heidi , Coles Jennifer , Matsa Ramprasad , Gellamucho Minerva , Creagh-Brown Ben , Marriot Cheryl , Salberg Armorel , Zouita Louisa , Stone Sarah , Michalak Natalia , Donlon Sinead , Mtuwa Shelia , Mayangao Irving , Verula Jerik , Burda Dorota , Harris Celia , Jones Emily , Bradley Paul , Tarr Esther , Harden Lesley , Piercy Charlie , Nolan Jerry , Kerslake Ian , Cook Tim , Simpson Tom , Dalton James , Demetriou Carrie , Mitchard Sarah , Ramos Lidia , White Katie , Johnson Toby , Headdon William , Spencer Stephen , White Alison , Howie Lucy , Reay Michael , Jenkins Steve , Watts Angela , Traverse Eleanor , Jennings Stacey , Anumakonda Vikram , Tuckwell Caroline , Harrow Kath , Matthews Julie , McGarry Karen , Moore Vanessa , Smith Lucie , Summerfield Anna , Dark Paul , Harvey Alice , Doonan Reece , McMorrow Liam , Knowles Karen , Pendlebury Jessica , Lee Stephanie , Perez Jane , Marsden Tracy , Taylor Melanie , Michael Angiy  , Collis Matthew , Claxton Andrew , Habeichi Wadih , Horner Dan , Slaughter Melanie , Thomas Vicky , Proudfoot Nicola , Keatley Claire , Donnison Phil , Casey Ruth , Irving Ben , Matimba-Mupaya Wadzanai , Reed Catherine , Anthony Alpha , Trim Fiona , Cambalova Lenka , Robertson Debra , Wilson Anna , Hulme Jonathan , Kannan Santhana , Kinney Fiona , Senya Ho , Hayes Anne , Ratnam Valli , Gill Mandy , Kirk Jill , Shelton Sarah , Schweikert Sacha , Wibrow Bradley , Anstey Matthew , Rauniyar Rashmi , Khoso Nasir , Asif Namra , Taqdees Huda , Frey Christian , Scano Riccardo , McKee Madeleine , Murphy Peter , Thomas Matt , Worner Ruth , Faulkner Beverley , Gendall Emma , Hayes Kati , Blakemore Hayley , Borislavova Borislava , Deshpande Kush , van Haren Frank , Konecny Pam , Inskip Deborah , Tung Raymond , Hayes Leanne , Murphy Lorna , Neill Andy , Reidy Bryan , O’Dwyer Michael , Ryan Donal , Ainscough Kate , Hamilton-Davies Colin , Chan Carmen , Mfuko Celina , Abbass Hakam , Mandadapu Vineela , Leaver Susannah , Patel Kamal , Farnell-Ward Sarah , Saluzzio Romina , Rawlins Sam , Sicat Christine , De Keulenaer Bart , Ferrier Janet , Fysh Ed , Davda Ashish , Mevavala Bhaumik , Cook Deborah , Clarke Frances , Banach Dorota , Fernández de Pinedo Artaraz Ziortza  , Cabreros Leilani , Latham Victoria , Kruisselbrink Rebecca , Brochard Laurent , Burns Karen , Sandhu Gyan , Khalid  Imrana , White Ian , Croft Maria , Holland Nicky , Pereira Rita , Nair Priya , Buscher Hergen , Reynolds Claire , Newman Sally , Santamaria John , Barbazza Leanne , Homes Jennifer , Smith Roger , Zaki Ahmed , Johnson David , Garrard Hywel , Juhaz Vera , Brown Louise , Pemberton Abigail , Roy Alistair , Rostron Anthony , Woods Lindsey , Cornell Sarah , Fowler Rob , Adhikari Neill , Kamra Maneesha , Marinoff  Nicole , Garrett Peter , Murray Lauren , Brailsford Jane , Fennessy Gerard , Mulder John , Morgan Rebecca , Pillai Suresh , Harford Rachel , Ivatt Helen , Evans Debra , Richards Suzanne , Roberts Eilir , Bowen James , Ainsworth James , Kuitunen Anne , Karlsson Sari , Vahtera Annukka , Kiiski Heikki , Ristimäki Sanna , Albrett Jonathan , Jackson Carolyn , Kirkham Simon , Tamme Kadri , Reinhard Veronika , Ellervee Anneli , Põldots Liisi , Rennit Pille , Svitškar Nikolai , Browne Troy , Grimwade Kate , Goodson Jennifer , Keet Owen , Callender Owen , Udy Andrew , McCracken Phoebe , Young Meredith , Board Jasmin , Martin Emma , Kasipandian Vidya , Patel Amit , Allibone Suzanne , Mary-Genetu Roman , English Shane , Watpool Irene , Porteous Rebecca , Miezitis Sydney , McIntyre Lauralyn , Brady Kara , Vale Cassandra , Shekar Kiran , Lavana Jayshree , Parmar Dinesh , Peake Sandra , Kurenda Catherine , Hormis Anil , Walker Rachel , Collier Dawn , Kimpton Sarah , Oakley Susan , Bhagani Sanjay , De Neef Mark , Garcia Sara , Maharajh Amitaa  , Nandani Aarti , Dobson Jade , Fernando Gloria , Eastgate Christine , Gomez Keith , Abdi Zakee , Tatham Kate , Jhanji Shaman , Black Ethel , Dela Rosa Arnold , Howle Ryan , Baikady Ravishankar , Tully Redmond , Drummond Andrew , Dearden Joy , Philbin Jennifer , Munt Sheila , Gopal Shameer , Pooni Jagtar- Singh , Ganguly Saibal , Smallwood Andrew , Metherell Stella , Naeem Anas , Fagan Laura , Ryan Emily , Mariappa Vasanth , Smith Judith , Foulds Angela , Revill Adam , Bhattarai Binita , de Jonge Evert , Wigbers Jeanette , del Prado Michael , Cremer Olaf , Mulier Jelle , Peters Anna , Romberg Birgit , Schutgens Roger , Troeman Darren , van Opdorp Marjolein , Besten Henny , Brakké Karen , Barber Russell , Hilldrith Anette , Kluge Stefan , Nierhaus Axel , Jarczak Dominik , Roedl  Kevin , Kochanek Matthias , Rueß-Paterno Giusi , Mc-Kenzie Josette , Eichenauer Dennis , Shimabukuro-Vornhagen Alexander , Wilcox Elizabeth , del Sorbo Lorenzo , Abdelhady Hesham , Romagnuolo  Tina , Simpson Scott , Maiden Matthew , Horton Michelle , Trickey Jemma , Krajinovic Vladimir , Kutleša Marko , Kotarski Viktor , Brohi Farooq , Jagannathan Vijay , Clark Michele , Purvis Sarah , Wetherill Bill , Brajković Ana , Babel Jakša , Sever Helena , Dragija Lidija , Kušan Ira , Dushianthan Ahilanandan  , Cusack Rebecca , de Courcy-Golder Kim , Salmon Karen , Burnish Rachel , Smith Simon , Jackson Susan , Ruiz Winningtom  , Duke Zoe , Johns Magaret  , Male Michelle , Gladas Kirsty , Virdee Satwinder  , Swabe Jacqueline , Tomlinson Helen , Rohde Gernot , Grünewaldt Achim , Bojunga Jörg , Petros Sirak , Kunz Kevin , Schütze Bianka , Weismann Dirk , Frey Anna , Drayss Maria , Goebeler M.E. , Flor Thomas , Fragner Gertrud , Wahl Nadine , Totzke Juliane , Sayehli Cyrus , Hakak Sheeba , Altaf Wahid , O'Sullivan Mike , Murphy Aisling , Walsh Leo , Rega La Valle Antonio , Bewley Jeremy , Sweet Katie , Grimmer Lisa , Johnson Rebekah , Wyatt Rachel , Morgan Karen , Varghese Siby , Willis Joanna , Stratton Emma , Kyle Laura , Putensen Daniel , Drury Kay , Skorko Agnieszka , Bremmer Pamela , Ward Geraldine , Bassford Christopher , Sligl Wendy , Baig Nadia , Rewa Oleksa , Bagshaw Sean , Basile Kim , Stavor Dara , Burbee Dylan , McNamara Amanda , Wunderley Renee , Bensen Nicole , Richardson Aaron , Adams Peter , Vita Tina , Buhay Megan , Scholl Denise , Gilliam Matthew , Winters James , Doherty Kaleigh , Berryman Emily , Ghaffari Mehrdad , Marroquin Oscar , Quinn Kevin , Garrard William , Kalchthaler Kyle , Beard Gregory , Skrtich Aimee , Bagavathy Kavitha , Drapola Debra , Bryan-Morris Kayla , Arnold John , Reynolds Bob , Hussain Mahwish , Dunsavage Janice , Saiyed Salim , Hernandez Erik , Goldman John , Brown Cynthia , Comp Susan , Raczek James , Morris Jenny , Vargas Jr. Jesus , Weiss Daniel , Hensley Joseph , Kochert Erik , Wnuk Chris , Nemeth Christopher , Mowery Brent , Hutchinson Christina , Winters Lauren , McAdams David , Walker Gena , Minnier Tami , Wisniewski Mary , Mayak Katelyn , McCreary Erin , Martin Elise , Bariola Ryan , Viehman Alex , Daley Jessica , Lopus Alyssa , Schmidhofer Mark , Ambrosino Richard , Keen Sherbrina  , Toffalo Sue , Stambaugh Martha , Trimmer Ken , Perri Reno , Casali Sherry , Medva Rebecca , Massar Brent , Beyerl Ashley , Burkey Jason , Keeler Sheryl , Lowery Maryalyce , Oncea Lynne , Daugherty Jason , Sevilla Chanthou , Woelke Amy , Dice Julie , Weber Lisa , Roth Jason , Ferringer Cindy , Beer Deborah , Fesz Jessica , Carpio Lillian , Colin Gwenhael , Zinzoni Vanessa , Maquigneau Natacha , Henri-Lagarrigue Matthieu , Pouplet Caroline , Reill Lorenz , Distler Michael , Maselli Astrid , Martynoga Robert , Trask Kara , Butler Amelia , Attwood Ben , Parsons Penny , Campbell Bridget , Smith Alex , Page Valerie , Zhao Xiao , Oza Deepali , Abrahamson Gail , Sheath Ben , Ellis Chiara , Young Paul , Young Chelsea , Lesona Eden , Navarra Leanlove , Cruz Raulle , Delaney Kirsha , Cruz Rhoze , Aguilar-Dano April , Gojanovic Marlene , Rhodes Jonathan , Anderson Thomas , Morris Sheila , Nayyar Vineet , Bowen David , Kong Jing , Joy Jenyfer , Fuchs Ralph , Lambert Bridget , Tai Charlotte , Thomas Amy , Keen Alexandra , Tierney Carey , Omer Nimca , Bacon Gina , Tridente Ascanio , Shuker Karen , Anders Jeanette , Greer Sandra , Scott Paula , Millington Amy , Buchanan Philip , Kirk Jodie , Binnie Alexandra , Powell Elizabeth , McMillan Alexandra , Luk Tracy , Aref Noah , Denmade Craig , Sadera Girendra  , Jacob Reni , Jones Cathy , Hughes Debbie , Sterba Martin , Geng Wenli , Digby Stephen , Southern David , Reddy Harsha , Hulse Sarah , Campbell Andrew , Garton Mark , Watkins Claire , Smuts Sara , Quinn Alison , Simpson Benjamin , McMillan Catherine , Finch Cheryl , Hill Claire , Cooper Josh , Budd Joanna , Small Charlotte , O’Leary Ryan , Birch Janine , Collins Emma , Holland Andrew , Alexander Peter , Felton Tim , Ferguson Susan , Sellers Katharine , Ward Luke , Yates David , Birkinshaw Isobel , Kell Kay , Scott Zoe , Pearson Harriet , Hashmi Madiha , Ali Maryam , Hassan Noor , Panjwani Ashok , Umrani Zulfiqar , Shaikh Mohiuddin , Siddiqui Ayesha , Ain Quratul , Kanwal Darakhshan , van Bree Sjoerd , Bouw-Ruiter Marianne , Osinga Margreet ,  van Zanten  Arthur , McEldrew Rebecca , Rashan Sumayyah , Singh Vanessa , Azergui Nora , Bari Sara , Beltran Mercedes , Brugman Curt , Groeneveld Erika , Jafarzadeh Mina , Keijzer-Timmers Nicole , Kester Esmee , Koelink Maaike , Kwakkenbos-Craanen Marion , Okundaye Clementina , Parker Lorraine , Peters Svenja , Post Sophie , Rietveld Ilse , Scheepstra-Beukers Irma , Schreuder Gerwin , Smit  Albertine , Brillinger Nicole , Markgraf René , Eichinger Fred , Doran Peter , Anjum Aisha  , Best-Lane Janis , Barton Frances , Miller Lorna , Peters Sam , Richards-Belle Alvin , Saull Michelle , Sprinckmoller Stefan , Wiley Daisy , Darnell Robert , Au Carly , Lindstrum Kelsey , Cheng Allen , Forbes Andrew , Heritier Stephane , Trapani Tony , Cuthbertson Brian , Manoharan Venika , Dondrop Arjen , Jayakumar Deva , Tolppa Timo , Ehrmann Stephan , Hullegie Sebastiaan , Povoa Pedro , Beasley Richard , Daneman Nick , Fowler Robert , McGloughlin Steve , Paterson David , Venkatesh Bala , de Jong Menno , Uyeki Tim , Baillie Kenneth , Hashmi Madhia , Netea Mihai , Orr Katrina , Patanwala Asad , Tong Steve , Cooper Nichola , Galea James , Leavis Helen , Ogungbenro Kayode , Patawala Asad , Rademaker Emma , Tong Steven , Youngstein Taryn , Carrier Marc , Fergusson Dean , Hunt Beverley , Kumar Anand , Laffan Mike , Lother Sylvain , Middeldorp Saskia , Stanworth Simon , de Man Angelique , Masse Marie-Helene , Abraham Jacinta , Arnold Donald , Begin Phillipe , Charlewood Richard , Chasse Michael , Cooper Jamie , Coyne Mark , Daly James , Gosbell Iain , Harvala-Simmonds Heli , MacLennan Sheila , McDyer John , Menon David , Pridee Nicole , Roberts David , Thomas Helen , Tinmouth Alan , Triulzi Darrell , Walsh Tim , Wood Erica , Calfee Carolyn , O’Kane Cecilia , Shyamsundar Murali , Sinha Pratik , Thompson Taylor , Young Ian , Burrell Aidan , Ferguson Niall , Hodgson Carol , Orford Neil , Phua Jason , Baron Rebecca , Epelman Slava  , Frankfurter Claudia  , Gommans Frank  , Kim Edy , Leaf David  , Vaduganathan Muthiah , van Kimmenade Roland , Sanil Ashish , van Beurden Marloes , Effelaar Evelien , Schotsman Joost , Boyd Craig , Harland Cain , Shearer Audrey , Wren Jess , Clermont Giles , Ricketts Daniel , Attanayaka Udara , Darshana Sri , Ishani Pramodya , Udayanga Ishara  , Higgins Alisa M. , Berry Lindsay R. , Lorenzi Elizabeth , Murthy Srinivas , McQuilten Zoe , Mouncey Paul R. , Al-Beidh Farah , Annane Djillali , Arabi Yaseen M. , Beane Abi , van Bentum-Puijk Wilma , Bhimani Zahra , Bonten Marc J. M. , Bradbury Charlotte A. , Brunkhorst Frank M. , Burrell Aiden , Buzgau Adrian , Buxton Meredith , Charles Walton N. , Cove Matthew , Detry Michelle A. , Estcourt Lise J. , Fagbodun Elizabeth O. , Fitzgerald Mark , Girard Timothy D. , Goligher Ewan C. , Goossens Herman , Haniffa Rashan , Hills Thomas , Horvat Christopher M. , Huang David T. , Ichihara Nao , Lamontagne Francois , Marshall John C. , McAuley Daniel F. , McGlothlin Anna , McGuinness Shay P. , McVerry Bryan J. , Neal Matthew D. , Nichol Alistair D. , Parke Rachael L. , Parker Jane C. , Parry-Billings Karen , Peters Sam E. C. , Reyes Luis F. , Rowan Kathryn M. , Saito Hiroki , Santos Marlene S. , Saunders Christina T. , Serpa-Neto Ary , Seymour Christopher W. , Shankar-Hari Manu , Stronach Lucy M. , Turgeon Alexis F. , Turner Anne M. , van de Veerdonk Frank L. , Zarychanski Ryan , Green Cameron , Lewis Roger J. , Angus Derek C. , McArthur Colin J. , Berry Scott , Derde Lennie P. G. , Gordon Anthony C. , Webb Steve A. , Lawler Patrick R. 
Published: December 2022

Importance

The longer-term effects of therapies for the treatment of critically ill patients with COVID-19 are unknown.

Objective

To determine the effect of multiple interventions for critically ill adults with COVID-19 on longer-term outcomes.

Design, Setting, and Participants

Prespecified secondary analysis of an ongoing adaptive platform trial (REMAP-CAP) testing interventions within multiple therapeutic domains in which 4869 critically ill adult patients with COVID-19 were enrolled between March 9, 2020, and June 22, 2021, from 197 sites in 14 countries. The final 180-day follow-up was completed on March 2, 2022.

Interventions

Patients were randomized to receive 1 or more interventions within 6 treatment domains: immune modulators (n = 2274), convalescent plasma (n = 2011), antiplatelet therapy (n = 1557), anticoagulation (n = 1033), antivirals (n = 726), and corticosteroids (n = 401).

Main Outcomes and Measures

The main outcome was survival through day 180, analyzed using a bayesian piecewise exponential model. A hazard ratio (HR) less than 1 represented improved survival (superiority), while an HR greater than 1 represented worsened survival (harm); futility was represented by a relative improvement less than 20% in outcome, shown by an HR greater than 0.83.

Results

Among 4869 randomized patients (mean age, 59.3 years; 1537 [32.1%] women), 4107 (84.3%) had known vital status and 2590 (63.1%) were alive at day 180. IL-6 receptor antagonists had a greater than 99.9% probability of improving 6-month survival (adjusted HR, 0.74 [95% credible interval {CrI}, 0.61-0.90]) and antiplatelet agents had a 95% probability of improving 6-month survival (adjusted HR, 0.85 [95% CrI, 0.71-1.03]) compared with the control, while the probability of trial-defined statistical futility (HR &amp;gt;0.83) was high for therapeutic anticoagulation (99.9%; HR, 1.13 [95% CrI, 0.93-1.42]), convalescent plasma (99.2%; HR, 0.99 [95% CrI, 0.86-1.14]), and lopinavir-ritonavir (96.6%; HR, 1.06 [95% CrI, 0.82-1.38]) and the probabilities of harm from hydroxychloroquine (96.9%; HR, 1.51 [95% CrI, 0.98-2.29]) and the combination of lopinavir-ritonavir and hydroxychloroquine (96.8%; HR, 1.61 [95% CrI, 0.97-2.67]) were high. The corticosteroid domain was stopped early prior to reaching a predefined statistical trigger; there was a 57.1% to 61.6% probability of improving 6-month survival across varying hydrocortisone dosing strategies.

Conclusions and Relevance

Among critically ill patients with COVID-19 randomized to receive 1 or more therapeutic interventions, treatment with an IL-6 receptor antagonist had a greater than 99.9% probability of improved 180-day mortality compared with patients randomized to the control, and treatment with an antiplatelet had a 95.0% probability of improved 180-day mortality compared with patients randomized to the control. Overall, when considered with previously reported short-term results, the findings indicate that initial in-hospital treatment effects were consistent for most therapies through 6 months.