bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
La Reconquista a través de los libros de texto de Bachillerato de Historia de España en Andalucía (1977-2021)
Authors: Vélez Peña David
Published: July 2024

Este artículo se ha centrado en el estudio de la Reconquista a través de libros de texto de la asignatura de Historia de España publicados para bachillerato en Andalucía desde el año 1977 hasta 2021. Los resultados reflejan que la Reconquista ha presentado un gran auge en los manuales educativos analizados, considerándose frecuentemente como la expansión de los reinos cristianos a costa del territorio andalusí. Por otro lado, pocos han aportado críticas sobre el carácter mítico o ideológico ligado al discurso narrativo del nacionalismo español que representa. Algunos se centran en la evasión del uso de la palabra Reconquista y su sustitución por vocablos como “conquista” y “expansión”, mientras que otros resaltan su punto de vista parcial y tendencioso. Además, tampoco han presentado una renovación historiográfica en los contenidos conceptuales con relación a las actuales consideraciones historiográficas acerca de la Reconquista en el ámbito académico.
Dust aerosol from the Northern Caspian Sea regions in the near-surface air of the center of European Russia
Authors: ВИНОГРАДОВА А.А. , ГУБАНОВА Д.П. , ЛЕЗИНА Е.А. , ИВАНОВА Ю.А.
Published: July 2024

Пылевой аэрозоль из районов песчаных бурь разносится воздушными массами на тысячи километров, влияя на оптические свойства атмосферы, климат и наземные природные объекты. Регион Северного Прикаспия – территории Калмыкии, дельты Волги, закаспийских низменностей и северо-западного Казахстана – представляет собой круглогодичный источник пылевого аэрозоля. Повышение уровня аэрозольного загрязнения приземного воздуха Москвы, связанное с дальним атмосферным переносом пыли из Прикаспия, анализируется по данным непрерывных наблюдений на станциях ГПБУ «Мосэкомониторинг» за 2011–2021 гг. Выявлено восемь месяцев (около 6%) с эпизодами, когда среднесуточная концентрация аэрозолей РМ10в Москве была выше ПДК. Длительность эпизодов составляет от 3 до 10 сут и в среднем за год не превосходит суммарно 9% дней. Максимальные среднесуточные концентрации приземного аэрозоля РМ10в городе во время таких эпизодов в 2,7 ± 1,1 раза выше соответствующих среднемесячных значений. Месяцы с эпизодами дальнего атмосферного переноса пыли в Москве характеризуются повышенной температурой воздуха на 1,9 ± 2,0 °С и пониженным количеством осадков на 9 ± 13 мм в среднем относительно нормы. Результаты работы могут быть использованы при оценках климатических и экологических сдвигов в условиях существования экосистем на европейской территории России.

Dust aerosol from the areas of sandstorms is transported by air masses for thousands of kilometers, affecting the optical properties of the atmosphere, climate, and terrestrial natural objects. The northern Caspian region – the territories of Kalmykia, the Volga Delta, the Transcaspian lowlands and northwestern Kazakhstan – is a year-round source of dust aerosol. The increase in the level of aerosol pollution in the near-surface Moscow air, associated with long-range atmospheric transport of dust from the Caspian regions, is analyzed according to continuous observation data at the stations of the State Budgetary Institution Mosecomonitoring during 2011–2021. We have revealed eight months (about 6%) with episodes where the daily PM10concentration in Moscow was higher than the MPC. Their duration ranges from 3 to 10 days and on average does not exceed 9% of the total number of days per year. The maximal values of daily PM10concentration in the near-surface city air during such episodes are 2.7 ± 1.1 times higher than the corresponding monthly average ones. The months with episodes of long-range atmospheric dust transport to Moscow are characterized by increased air temperature by 1.9 ± 2.0 °C and reduced precipitation by 9 ± 13 mm on average relative to the corresponding norm values for Moscow.
Electrical processes in a wind-sand flux on desertified areas
Authors: ГОРЧАКОВ Г.И. , КАРПОВ А.В. , ГУЩИН Р.А. , ДАЦЕНКО О.И.
Published: July 2024

Опустыненные территории являются основным источником пылевого аэрозоля. На эмиссию и перенос пылевого аэрозоля в приповерхностном слое атмосферы сильно влияет электризация ветропесчанного потока. Нами выполнено экспериментальное исследование электрических процессов в ветропесчаном потоке. По данным синхронных измерений на опустыненной территории в Астраханской области плотности электрических токов сальтации и токов, обусловленных переносом заряженных частиц пылевого аэрозоля, на высотах 4 и 12 см рассчитаны статистические характеристики вариаций плотности и модулей плотности указанных токов. Показано, что в ветропесчаном потоке в слое 4–12 см модули плотности электрических токов сальтации и токов, обусловленных переносом пылевого аэрозоля, убывают с высотой значительно медленнее (логарифмические градиенты -0,025 и -0,07 см-1), чем концентрация сальтирующих частиц (логарифмический градиент -0,32 см-1). Подтверждено, что модули плотности электрических токов сальтации коррелируют друг с другом и со скоростью ветра в приземном слое атмосферы теснее, чем сами плотности токов. Полученные результаты представляют интерес при разработке моделей эмиссии пылевого аэрозоля на опустыненных территориях.

Electrical processes in a wind-sand flux has been studied. According to synchronous measurements in a deserted area in the Astrakhan region, the density of saltation electric currents and currents caused by the transfer of charged dust aerosol particles at heights of 4 and 12 cm are received. The statistical characteristics of variations in the density and density moduli of these currents are calculated. It is shown that in a wind-sand flux in the height range from 4 to 12 cm, the density modules of saltation electric currents and currents caused by the transfer of dust aerosol decrease with height much more slowly (logarithmic gradients are -0.025 and -0.07 cm-1) than the concentration of saltating particles (logarithmic gradient is -0.32 cm-1). It is confirmed that the moduli of saltation electric current density correlate with each other and with wind speed in the surface air layer more closely than the current densities themselves. It is of great interest to study the influence of electrical processes in wind-sand flux on the dynamics of saltation.
Dependence of the concentrations of culturable microorganisms and total protein on meteorological conditions in the Novosibirsk surroundings
Authors: САФАТОВ А.С. , ЛАПТЕВА Н.А. , ОЛЬКИН С.Е. , АНДРЕЕВА И.С. , БУРЯК Г.А. , РЕБУС М.Е. , РЕЗНИКОВА И.К. , АЛИКИНА Т.Ю. , БАТУРИНА О.А. , КАБИЛОВ М.Р.
Published: July 2024

По результатам трехлетних измерений проведено исследование зависимости концентрации культивируемых микроорганизмов и суммарного белка от метеопараметров: направления и скорости ветра, солнечной радиации, температуры, атмосферного давления, относительной и абсолютной влажности. Отбор проб осуществлялся на площадке ФБУН ГНЦ ВБ «Вектор» Роспотребнадзора (р.п. Кольцово Новосибирской области) с одновременной фиксацией метеоусловий. Концентрацию суммарного белка определяли методом флуоресценции реагента, связывающегося с белком, а концентрацию культивируемых микроорганизмов – стандартными культуральными методами. Метеоданные поступали с метеопоста, расположенного вблизи точки пробоотбора. Анализ данных показывает, что концентрации биологических компонент в аэрозоле растут с увеличением средних температуры, абсолютной влажности и освещенности в течение пробоотбора и снижаются с ростом средних значений относительной влажности, скорости ветра и атмосферного давления.

Based on three years measurements, the dependence of the concentrations of cultivated microorganisms and total protein on meteorological parameters (wind direction and speed, solar radiation, temperature, atmospheric pressure, relative and absolute humidity) is studied. Sampling was carried out at the site of the FBRI State Scientific Center for Virology and Biotechnology “Vector” of Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk region, with simultaneous recording of weather conditions. The concentration of total protein was determined by the fluorescence method of the protein binding reagent, and the concentration of cultivated microorganisms by standard cultural methods. Weather data came from a weather station located near the sampling site. Analysis of the data obtained shows that the concentrations of biological components in aerosol increase with the average temperature, absolute humidity, and illumination during sampling and decrease with an increase in the average relative humidity, wind speed, and atmospheric pressure.
Method for generating dry aerosol particles from a solution: the case of fluconazole
Authors: БАКЛАНОВ А.М. , ПРОТАСОВ А.А. , СТЕКЛЕНЕВА М.Е. , ВАЛИУЛИН С.В.
Published: July 2024

Инфекционные заболевания, поражающие дыхательную систему, являются в настоящее время серьезной проблемой для здравоохранения. Одним из путей повышения эффективности терапии таких заболеваний является адресная доставка лекарственных препаратов. Такой подход требует разработки новых методов генерации аэрозоля лекарственных средств, с помощью которых можно получать частицы с размерами, позволяющими проникать в заданные участки дыхательной системы. В настоящей работе предложен и реализован метод генерации сухих аэрозольных частиц, основанный на ультразвуковом распылении раствора лекарственного вещества. На примере раствора лекарственного противогрибкового вещества флуконазола показано, что с помощью данного метода можно генерировать аэрозоль со стабильными концентрацией и средним размером частиц в течение более 2 ч. Полученный аэрозоль имеет оптимальные ингаляционные параметры: размер от 1 до 1,9 мкм, счетная концентрация 70 000 ± 6500 см–3. Представленный метод позволяет в дальнейшем проводить исследование биологического действия аэрозоля лекарственных средств.

Infectious diseases affecting the respiratory system are currently a serious medical problem. One of the ways to increase the effectiveness of therapy for such diseases is targeted delivery of drugs. This approach requires the development of new methods for generating aerosols of drugs, with the help of which it is possible to obtain particles with sizes that allow them to penetrate into specified areas of the respiratory system. In this work, a method for generating dry aerosol particles based on ultrasonic spraying of a drug solution is proposed and implemented. Using the example of a solution of the medicinal antifungal substance fluconazole, it is shown that this method enables generating aerosol with a stable concentration and an average size of particles for more than 2 hours. The resulting aerosol has optimal inhalation parameters: size from 1 to 1.9 microns and count concentration of 70,000 ± 6500 cm-3. The presented method makes it possible to further study the biological effect of aerosols of drugs.
Study of the content of volatile species in the composition of atmospheric particles on the basis of thermal impact and recording by optical counters
Authors: ПОЛЬКИН В.В. , ПАНЧЕНКО М.В. , ТЕРПУГОВА С.А. , ШМАРГУНОВ В.П.
Published: July 2024

Представлено описание автоматизированного комплекса, созданного для измерений содержания веществ с разной летучестью в шести диапазонах размеров частиц от 0,3 до 5 мкм при искусственном нагреве от 25 до 200 °С (с промежуточной точкой 100 °С). Концентрация частиц регистрировалась фотоэлектрическим счетчиком. Приборный комплекс был апробирован в отдельных сериях круглосуточных наблюдений в разные сезоны 2021–2023 гг. Проведено сравнение измерений фотоэлектрическим счетчиком и интегральным нефелометром в декабре 2022 г. и марте 2023 г. Показано, что вариации долевого содержания растворимых сернистых соединений по данным счетчика хорошо согласуются с изменчивостью параметра конденсационной активности. Применение метода термического воздействия позволит получить дополнительные сведения о сезонном и суточном ходе состава аэрозоля в среднедисперсном диапазоне размеров частиц.

A description of the designed automated complex is presented. The results of measurements of the content of species with different volatility in six particle size ranges from 0.3 to 5 mm with artificial heating from 25 °С to 100 and 200 °С are discussed. The particle concentration was recorded by an optical counter. The instrumentation complex was tested in the period 2021–2023 in separate series of round-the-clock observations in different seasons. It has been shown that variations in the relative content of soluble sulfur compounds according to the counter data are in good agreement with the variability of the values of the parameter of condensation activity. In general, we believe that the use of this method will make it possible to obtain additional information about the seasonal and diurnal variations in aerosol composition in the intermediate range of particle sizes.
Hazardous weather events and atmospheric monitoring using satellite navigation systems
Authors: ХУТОРОВА О.Г. , МАСЛОВА М.В. , ХУТОРОВ В.Е.
Published: July 2024

Мониторинг атмосферы с помощью глобальных спутниковых навигационных систем обычно используют в том числе для оценки интегрального влагосодержания атмосферы. С высоким временным разрешением измеряется зенитная тропосферная задержка спутниковых радиосигналов и ее градиентные параметры, характеризующие атмосферные мезомасштабные неоднородности. В настоящей работе выявлена значимая изменчивость этих характеристик атмосферы, связанная с опасными конвективными явлениями. Используется выборка нескольких сотен штормов, ураганов, ливней, гроз, крупного града, соответствующих имеющимся наблюдениям ближайших станций приема спутниковых сигналов в Республике Татарстан и Московской области, находящихся на широтах 55–56° с.ш. Обнаружено, что в условиях опасных явлений растет неоднородность поля зенитной тропосферной задержки спутниковых сигналов, что проявляется в увеличении ее градиентных параметров и их флуктуаций, а также возрастании интегрального влагосодержания атмосферы и его внутрисуточной изменчивости. Наиболее сильно меняется интенсивность флуктуаций интегрального влагосодержания, если станция расположена не далее 20 км от опасного явления, что объясняется размерами конвективных ячеек. Однако даже при расположении станции на расстояниях до 200 км от опасных явлений наблюдаются рост интегрального влагосодержания атмосферы и усиление атмосферных неоднородностей по сравнению со среднемноголетними данными. Результаты работы могут быть полезны для развития технологии подспутникового мониторинга опасных конвективных явлений.

Atmospheric monitoring from global satellite navigation systems is usually used to estimate the integral water vapor of the atmosphere. In addition, such parameters as the zenith tropospheric delay of satellite radio signals and its gradient parameters characterizing atmospheric mesoscale irregularities measured with high temporal resolution. The work shows a significant variability of these atmospheric characteristics associated with sever convective weather phenomena. A sample of several hundred events of severe weather phenomena corresponding to available observations of the nearest satellite stations in the Republic of Tatarstan and Moscow region located at latitudes 55–56° N is used. It was found that under the conditions of severe weather phenomena, the inhomogeneity of the zenith tropospheric delay field of satellite signals strongly increases which manifested in the increase in its gradient parameters and their fluctuations, as well as in the growth of the integral water vapor. The intensity of fluctuations of integral water vapor most strongly changes if the station is located not further than 20 km from a hazardous phenomenon, which is explained by the size of convective cells. However, even at the station location at distances of up to 200 km from hazardous phenomena, an increase in the atmospheric integral water vapor and the effect of amplification of inhomogeneity as compared to mean multiyear data are observed.
The increased rate of fixation of nucleotide substitutions in mitochondrial DNA in bony fish (Osteichthyes) species that originated in the Arctic or dispersed through it
Authors: Артамонова В.С. , Рольский А.Ю. , Винарский М.В. , Махров А.А.
Published: July 2024

Проблема различий в скоростях эволюции между разными видами животных и растений обсуждается в последние годы очень интенсивно, и в связи с этим остро встает вопрос о том, насколько справедлива так называемая гипотеза молекулярных часов. Мы провели поиск научных публикаций, содержащих медианные сети, включающие гаплотипы митохондриальных генов для близкородственных бореальных и арктических (или расселявшихся через Арктику) видов рыб. Во всех семи случаях, проанализированных нами, у арктических таксонов или таксонов, прошедших через Арктику в ходе филогенеза, скорость нуклеотидных замен была выше, причем данная закономерность, как оказалось, подтверждается статистически. Таким образом, формирование новых таксонов рыб в полярных широтах сопровождается быстрой эволюцией митохондриальной ДНК, что, по-видимому, отражает проявление их адаптации к новой среде обитания. Помимо этого видообразование у рыб в Арктике сопровождается, как правило, множественными слияниями хромосом. Таким образом, и наши, и литературные данные дают веские основания сомневаться в справедливости гипотезы молекулярных часов.

The problem of differences in the rates of evolution among different species of animals and plants has been discussed very intensively in recent years, and, in connection with this, the question of whether the so-called molecular clock hypothesis is valid is acutely raised. We conducted a search for scientific papers providing median networks that include mitochondrial gene haplotypes for closely related boreal and Arctic (or dispersed through the Arctic) fish species. In all seven cases analyzed by us, in Arctic taxa or taxa that passed through the Arctic during their phylogeny, the rate of nucleotide substitutions was higher, and this difference, as it turned out, is statistically significant. Thus, the formation of new fish taxa in polar latitudes is accompanied by rapid evolution of mitochondrial DNA, which, apparently, is the manifestation of their adaptation to a new habitat. In addition, speciation in fish in the Arctic is usually accompanied by multiple chromosome fusions. Thus, both our and the literature data give new strong reasons to doubt the validity of the molecular clock hypothesis.
Reuse of sewage sludge with regards to sustainability in Taurus snowdrop culture
Authors: Kahraman Ozgur
Published: July 2024

This study was aimed to determine the possibility of reusing sewage sludge in the cultivation of Taurus snowdrop (Galanthus elwesii Hook. f.). Taurus snowdrop bulbs with a circumference of 4 cm were used as plant material in the experiment. Bulbs were planted in five different growing media, 100% soil, 25% sewage sludge+75% soil, 50% sewage sludge+50% soil, 75% sewage sludge+25% soil, and 100% sewage sludge. The bulb diameter ranged between 16.8 and 18.5 mm, and bulb weight varied between 2.74 g and 6.33 g. The greatest bulblet weight (2.17 g) and leaf thickness (0.90 mm) obtained was in 75% sewage sludge+25% soil mixture. The number of bulblets ranged from 1.0 to 1.33 piece/bulb. Leaf length was between 7.30 and 9.25 cm, and leaf width was 9.7 to 11.6 mm. The effects of growing media on pedicle length, pedicle diameter, and fruit diameter were not found to be significant. Pedicle lengths were between 4.39 and 6.38 cm, pedicle diameters ranged from 1.59 to 1.80 mm, and fruit diameters were between 4.40 and 7.40 mm. It was concluded based on the present findings that 75% sewage sludge+25% soil mixture could reliably be used as a growing media for Taurus snowdrop culture.
Calculated Assessment of Crack Development Under Cyclic Loading of the Plate Using the Parameters of Dispersed Damage of the Material
Authors: Hontarovskyi Pavlo P. ,   Anatolii Pidhornyi Institute of Mechanical Engineering Problems of NAS of Ukraine, Garmash Nataliia H. , Melezhyk Iryna I. , Protasova Tetiana V. ,   Anatolii Pidhornyi Institute of Mechanical Engineering Problems of NAS of Ukraine,   Anatolii Pidhornyi Institute of Mechanical Engineering Problems of NAS of Ukraine,   Anatolii Pidhornyi Institute of Mechanical Engineering Problems of NAS of Ukraine
Published: July 2024

The reliable operation of structures and energy machines is related to ensuring thermal strength and durability of their elements and assemblies. Currently, a difficult situation has developed in the modern energy market; the equipment works in difficult conditions and, as a result, it is operated in variable modes, which causes accelerated wear of the resource. Ensuring the reliable use of power machines and structures of various complexity requires a calculated assessment of the thermal strength and durability of their elements, which is based on the application of new methods and calculation models taking into account a number of important factors, including damage, heterogeneity of material properties, the influence of non-stationary temperature fields and the presence of cracks. This paper is devoted to the development of the methodology for crack growth calculations in plate elements of structures under cyclic loading in an elastic-plastic setting using the concept of the accumulation of dispersed damage in the material. At the top of the crack, the processes of sign-changing elastic-plastic deformation and crack resistance of the material are simulated using data from fatigue tests of smooth samples. The thermal stress state of the structure at different loading modes is determined using finite element software for several fixed crack depths. The kinetics of a surface crack in a plate, from both edges of which cracks grow symmetrically under non-zero cyclic loading by tensile stresses, is considered in the paper. Elastic-plastic problems were solved for the cases of plane deformation and plane stress state, the amplitudes of deformation intensities and the number of loading cycles were obtained depending on the depth of crack growth. It was established that the type of stress state significantly affects the destruction of the material. Evaluation of crack development using the concept of accumulation of dispersed damage in the material has advantages for flat and axisymmetric problems, since it has no limitations for the size of the plastic zone and small crack depth. After some improvements, the calculation method can be used for three-dimensional problems of thermoplasticity.
Calculation Study of Thermal Stresses in the Medium-Pressure Rotor of the K-200-130 Turbine During Start-Up from a Cold State
Authors: Lishchuk Serhii R. ,   National Technical University of Ukraine Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute, Peshko Vitalii A. ,   National Technical University of Ukraine Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute
Published: July 2024

The paper is devoted to the study of temperature and stress distribution in the medium-pressure rotor of the K-200-130 turbine, which are of considerable interest when predicting the durability of this equipment and extending its operation beyond the service life. A geometric model of the most loaded part of the rotor – from the middle of the shaft neck in the thrust bearing area to the 5th stage disc – was developed. The study of the thermal and stress-strain state of the rotor during start-up from a cold state was performed in a two-dimensional formulation using the finite element method. The non-stationary problem of heat conduction during start-up was solved. The obtained results indicate a fairly uniform thermal state during variable operating conditions. The largest temperature gradient (1200–2200 K/m) is observed at the time points from the rotor push to the synchronization of the turbine generator with the power system. After the turbine generator is loaded with up to 30 MW of electric power, a decrease in the temperature field irregularity and its gradual stabilization are observed. It was found that when operating at the nominal steam parameters, the maximum metal temperature is 508 °C in the region of the control stage and decreases when the distance from it increases. The stress-strain state of the rotor was evaluated taking into account the unevenness of temperature fields during start-up, stresses from thermal expansion, and centrifugal forces. The highest stresses are characteristic of the moment when the turbine comes to idle in the area of thermal compensation grooves of the rotor and the control gate and amount to 440–472 MPa. It is noted that these areas are the most likely zones of ring crack nucleation during turbine start-up operations. Subsequently, the stress level gradually decreases as the turbine unit reaches its rated power. It has been established that the most stressed area of the rotor during stationary operation is the area of the axial bore under the control stage and its diaphragm seal (121–134 MPa).
Numerical Analysis of the Stress State of Near-Circular Hollow Cylinders Made of Functionally Graded Materials
Authors: Rozhok Liliia S. ,   National Transport University
Published: July 2024

Hollow cylinders of circular cross-section, made of functionally graded materials, are used in many branches of economy as structural elements and parts of machines and units. During manufacturing or in the process of operation of such cylinders, the shape of their cross-sections may differ from the circular one to some extent. A solution of the equilibrium problem of hollow cylinders of non-uniform thickness, which are close to circular ones, in a 3D formulation under certain boundary conditions at the ends is considered in this paper. The cross-sections of the considered cylinders are described using Pascal's limacon equation. A two-component continuously non-homogeneous material, which elastic properties, characterizing Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio, can be determined using concentration of the composition materials along the thickness, was chosen as the cylinder material. The aim of the paper is numerical analysis of the stress state of cylinders of such class depending on the law of variation of elastic properties of their material. The solution of the problem is based on reduction of the original three-dimensional boundary value problem for the system of partial differential equations with variable coefficients to a one-dimensional boundary value problem for a system of ordinary differential equations with constant coefficients of higher order. At the same time, the analytical method of separating variables in two coordinate directions with approximation of functions by discrete Fourier series is used. The one-dimensional boundary value problem is solved by the stable numerical method of discrete orthogonalization. The analysis of the stress state of cylinders depending on the dent size that appear in the neighborhood of the reference surface diameter and the law of variation of the material elastic properties was performed. It is shown that the nonlinearity of the law of the elastic properties distribution along the thickness leads to an increase/decrease of maximum values of normal displacements and longitudinal stresses by 1.3 times compared to the linear law. At the same time, an increase in the dent size leads to an increase of both the displacements and normal stresses by 2-3 times in the zone of the dent maximum dimension compared to the diametrically opposite zone. The results obtained in the paper can be used in strength calculations of structural elements and parts of machines of a similar type.
Aboveground biomass estimation in conifer and deciduous forests with the use of a combined approach
Authors: Lovynska V. , Sytnyk S. , Stankevich S. , Holoborodko K. , Tkalich Y. , Nikovska I. , Bandura L. , Buchavuy Y.
Published: July 2024

The complex action of environmental factors often triggers the biomass formation in forest plantations, which is crucial for carbon balance and environmental monitoring, especially in the context of climate change. In this article, we present data on the aboveground biomass accumulation for black locust and common pine (Pinus sylvestris and Robinia pseudo­acacia) as the two most common forest-forming species in the steppe zone. For this purpose, we propose a reliable approach to monitoring of aboveground forest biomass with combining Sentinel-2 multispectral imaging techniques (with L-band) and biometric processing data from coniferous and deciduous stands obtained from field surveys. We represent the results of field surveys with established indicators of aboveground biomass of forest plantations in the field experiment, which averaged 159.9 ± 9.0 t/ha in the studied region. The biometric indexes obtained from the field experiments were used to develop models for predicting biomass using the remote method. Based on the processing of satellite image data, forest vegetation indices were analysed, among which the NDVI (normalized difference vegetation index) was the best predictor to assess biomass. The multiple regression method was found to be the best for predicting and mapping the aboveground biomass in P. sylvestris and R. pseudoacacia within the studied area (RMSE – 23.46 t/ha). Based on the results obtained, we created a map of the aboveground biomass distribution in black locust and common pine stands within the studied region. We established reliable correlations between biometric parameters (mean diameter at breast height, mean height) and aboveground biomass of stands with indicators of spectral bands in satellite images. This enables us to use the constructed models to estimate the overall productivity of coniferous and deciduous forest stands for large areas.
Sobre el pensamiento del Dr. Claudio Gutiérrez Carranza. Un algoritmo de Inteligencia Artificial para probar teoremas de lógica de cuantificación uniforme
Authors: Rojas Romero José Ángel
Published: July 2024

Además de un recorrido por el pensamiento filosófico de Claudio Gutiérrez, el presente artículo se presenta una aplicación de un algoritmo para prueba automática de teoremas que fue realizada como parte del curso Lógica y Cibernética, impartido por Claudio Gutiérrez en 1971 y cuyo propósito de aplicación era probar el teorema denominado Holiday Venture. Gutiérrez, en Un algoritmo de inteligencia artificial describe el mencionado algoritmo con tres variantes, pero una de esas variantes, llamada de Orientación Empírica, no fue implementada en un programa.  En el presente artículo se muestra la aplicación de dicha variante.
El Jesús spinoziano
Authors: Cascante Luis Diego
Published: July 2024

El interés de Spinoza por el personaje Jesús es, fundamentalmente, el «Cristo según el espíritu», pues es en su espíritu donde se ha manifestado la «sabiduría de Dios» (=Naturaleza, se trata de un dios sin dios, no trascendente), pues el espíritu («especie de autómata espiritual») despliega un orden autónomo de sus propias ideas (TIE 85), tanto así como para proponerlo como referente de convivencia (políticamente) y suprimir el temor (TIE 1, E4P54 y P63E, TP 1, 5).  La Ética y el TTP, con sus implicaciones políticas (teoría adecuada), no debe ni puede ser, in radice, fundamentada en supuestos metafísicos (el Jesús divino y el amor universal), pero sí en el conatus. La creatividad del conatus hace de su actividad algo esencial (práxico).
El pensamiento fundamentalista neopentecostal en Costa Rica
Authors: Barrera Rivera Dan Abner
Published: July 2024

Este artículo es un estudio del pensamiento fundamentalista neopentecostal en Costa Rica dentro del contexto internacional: se expone cuáles son las características principales que conforman su identidad, en qué aspectos se asemeja al pentecostalismo y en cuales se distancia de él, y cuáles son sus diferencias con las otras iglesias cristiana evangélicas. Se resalta el interés que tiene por ser protagonista, en estas primeras décadas del siglo XXI. en la política costarricense.
Sobre el umbral F-puro del ideal homogéneo máximo de un anillo de Stanley-Reisner
Authors: Badilla-Céspedes Wágner
Published: July 2024

En característica prima, el umbral F-puro es un invariante numérico que mide singularidades. Se conocen pocas estimaciones de este número. En esta nota, calculamos explícitamente el umbral F-puro del ideal homogéneo máximo en un anillo de Stanley-Reisner y demostramos que este número y la dimensión de escisión son iguales.
Gradients and optimization with constraints in economics and social sciences
Authors: Pernice Sergio A.
Published: July 2024

Despite their widespread use in advanced analytical and numerical techniques, gradient field methods are often underrepresented in the foundational training of economists and social scientists. As machine learning and sophisticated analytical and numerical approaches gain traction, the importance of gradient methods in optimization processes becomes increasingly apparent. This oversight in academic and practical toolsets is suboptimal. This paper aims to address this gap by introducing gradient field methods both intuitively and rigorously, situating them within the context of problems commonly encountered by economists and social scientists, with a particular focus on equality constrained optimization.
Recommended Practice for the Manufacture and Use of Spun-Cast Precast, Prestressed Concrete Electric Utility Poles
Authors:   Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute
Published: July 2024

This recommended practice provides guidance for the proper design and use of centrifugally cast, prestressed concrete poles. Guidance includes applications, materials, loads, design, manufacture, testing, erection, and foundations. Design examples are provided in appendices. This recommended practice reflects new technologies and knowledge that have been introduced since the previous version was published in 1997.
Levels of expressed emotions and life satisfaction in patients with bipolar affective disorder
Authors: Jan Rubia Habib-Ullah , Wani Nasir Ahamad , Hussain Arshad , Abuhassan Wael Mustafa , Shah Showkat Ahmad
Published: July 2024

Introduction and objective: Many factors are responsible for the development of various psychological and psychiatric disorders. One of them is the degree of how relatives express their attitude towards psychological patients (i.e. expressed emotions). Therefore, the present paper aimed to explore the nature of the relationship between the perceived levels of expressed emotions among family members and the life satisfaction of patients with bipolar affective disorder (BPAD). Furthermore, the study examined gender differences regarding expressed emotions and life satisfaction among BPAD patients. Materials and methods: For the purpose of the study, a sample of 100 diagnosed BPAD patients was selected from the Shri Maharaja Hari Singh (SMHS) Hospital and from various registered psychiatric clinics. To measure the levels of expressed emotions and life satisfaction, two emotional assessment instruments, namely the Levels of Expressed Emotions (LEE) scale developed by Chien and Chan (2009) and the Satisfaction with Life Scale, were used. Results: The results of the study revealed that among the dimensions of expressed emotions the attitude toward the illness and emotional involvement, along with their composite score, were significantly and negatively correlated with life satisfaction in BPAD patients. The findings also showed that female BPAD patients perceived more emotional involvement of family members than male BPAD patients. In addition, unmarried BPAD patients reported more attitudes toward the illness (M = 2.783, SD = 0.5095) than married BPAD patients (M = 2.510, SD = 0.5708).
Analysis of enhancer RNA LINC00910 expression correlating with the immunoregulator STAT3 in glioblastoma cells
Authors: Stasevich E. M. , Simonova A. V. , Uvarova A. N. , Zheremyan E. A. , Korneev K. V. , Bogomolova E. A. , Demin D. E.
Published: July 2024

The transcription factor STAT3 serves as an immunoregulator by playing a crucial role in cytokine receptor signaling. However, in various cancer cell types, STAT3 is involved in the molecular mechanisms of oncogenesis. Specifically, in glioblastoma, the STAT3 immunoregulator has been linked to resistance to temozolomide, the most commonly used chemical agent for treating this type of cancer. Furthermore, literature suggests that activation of this oncogene in glioblastoma cells can significantly impact the tolerogenic tumor microenvironment, weakening the antitumor immune response and contributing to the aggressive course of the disease. Therefore, suppressing STAT3 may not only affect cell growth and resistance to chemotherapy but also enhance the immune response by improving the tumor microenvironment.

The development of sequencing technologies has revealed that most of the transcribed material in the cell is noncoding. Long non-coding RNAs are gaining popularity in the study of oncogenesis due to their functional role in the development of various diseases, including oncology. A subtype of long non-coding RNAs transcribed from enhancer elements, known as enhancer RNAs, has garnered attention due to their high specificity in various cells and tissues. Gene co-expression analysis in glioblastoma tumors showed a correlation between STAT3 expression and the enhancer RNA LINC00910, which is located in the same chromosomal domain as the Stat3 gene. Previous literature has shown that LINC00910 is associated with both colorectal and gastric cancer. Additionally, data from the GeneHancer database suggests that the enhancer RNA LINC00910 may be involved in regulating the STAT3 immunoregulator. RNA interference was used to effectively knockdown the enhancer RNA LINC00910, resulting in an 8- to 10-fold reduction in its expression in glioblastoma cell lines. The reduction of LINC00910 expression did not significantly affect Stat3 gene expression in glioblastoma cell lines DBTRG-05MG and U251. This suggests that the correlation between LINC00910 RNA expression and STAT3 gene expression is not due to LINC00910’s direct involvement in STAT3 gene regulation in these cells. Further studies using the selected interfering RNA will help to clarify the role of the enhancer RNA LINC00910 in other signallingsignaling pathways, as well as its potential relationship with cancer development.
Dysregulation of Th17 and regulatory T Cells in chronic pulmonary sarcoidosis: a potential biomarker for disease management
Authors: Elgouhari A. S. , Lazareva N. M. , Baranova O. P. , Kudryavtsev I. V. , Ses T. P. , Ilkovich M. M. , Totolian A. A.
Published: July 2024

Sarcoidosis is a multisystem inflammatory disease of unknown etiology characterized by the formation of non-caseating granulomas, most commonly in the lung tissue. It presents with two main forms: acute and chronic. Patients with chronic sarcoidosis tend to have a less favorable prognosis with a risk of developing lung fibrosis. Sarcoidosis development involves the activation of T cells, which release various chemokines and cytokines that stimulate the inflammatory process. The aim of our study was to investigate the role of the ratio between Th17 and Treg cells in the chronic course of sarcoidosis. We studied peripheral blood plasma samples from patients with chronic sarcoidosis (CS) (n = 101) and healthy individuals (HC) (n = 40). The diagnosis in CS patients was confirmed by histological methods. We determined the levels of Th17 and Treg (% of total lymphocytes) by flow cytometry. The concentration of cytokines (pg/ml) IL-17A and IL-10 was measured by multiplex analysis using Luminex xMap. Correlations between the Th17/Treg ratio and clinical parameters, including serum angiotensin-converting enzyme (sACE) activity level in the peripheral blood, forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1, %), fibrosis manifestations, and extrapulmonary manifestations were analyzed in CS patients. Our analysis revealed elevated levels of Th17 cells (p = 0.028) and decreased Treg levels (p = 0.026) in CS patients compared to healthy controls. This resulted in a significantly increased Th17/Treg ratio (p = 0.003) and IL-17A/IL-10 ratio (p < 0.001) in sarcoidosis patients. Furthermore, the Th17/Treg ratio positively correlated with sACE levels (p = 0.018), fibrosis manifestations (p = 0.019), and extrapulmonary manifestations (p = 0.016), and negatively correlated with FEV1% (p = 0.021). Our results indicate an increase in the Th17/Treg ratio, as well as the ratio of their main cytokines in patients with chronic sarcoidosis, which may emphasize their potential role as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker of disease severity. At the molecular level, the balance between Treg and Th17 cells is maintained by the transcription factors Foxp3 and RORγt, which regulate the differentiation and function of these cells. Disruption of this balance in patients with chronic sarcoidosis may indicate a possible mechanism for disease progression.
Functional characteristics of the gene promoters of anti-inflammatory cytokines TGF-b and IL-10 in B lymphocyte cell models
Authors: Uvarova A. N. , Ustiugova A. S. , Zheremyan E. A. , Stasevich E. M. , Korneev K. V. , Kuprash D. V.
Published: July 2024

B cells play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of various diseases, such as autoimmune disorders, cancers, and infections. Unlike regulatory T cells, the anti-inflammatory capabilities of B cells have only recently garnered attention. Cytokines IL-10 and TGF-β are among the key secreted immunosuppressive factors, therefore studying the characteristics of their transcriptional regulation in B cells appears to be a relevant task. This study focuses on characterizing the promoter regions of IL10 and TGFB1 genes in immortalized B cell lines representing different developmental stages – Reh and Raji. To achieve this, we identified potential promoter regions guided by the epigenetic features of functional regulatory regions determined by bioinformatics methods of ChIP-Seq data analysis of chromatin marks in CD19+ lymphocytes. We examined the activity of selected promoters using reporter analysis in B cells. Additionally, we studied the impact of a single nucleotide polymorphism rs1800469 in the TGFB1 promoter, which is associated with the development of colorectal cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and the risk of radiation fibrosis. Our results showed increased promoter activity of IL10 and TGFB1 in the Reh pro-B cells compared to the Raji mature B cells upon stimulation. Interestingly, the presence of the minor allele of rs1800469 led to enhanced TGFB1 promoter activity in the Reh cells. Higher activity of IL10 and TGFB1 promoters in acute lymphoblastic leukemia Reh cells may be associated with the increased immunosuppression, which is characteristic of this pathology. It is also possible that activation of pro-B cells Reh induces their differentiation into monocyte-like cells, which can be polarized into alternatively activated (M2) macrophages by autocrine TGF-β and IL-10. M2 macrophages can function as tumor-associated macrophages and contribute to the development of colorectal cancer. Moreover, increased levels of TGF-β in tissues increase the risks of fibrosis and decrease inflammation levels in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Pro-inflammatory activation of monocytes in patients with immunoinflammatory rheumatic diseases
Authors: Gerasimova E. V. , Kirillova I. G. , Shalygina M. V. , Popkova T. V.
Published: July 2024

The development of subclinical atherosclerosis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is associated with chronic inflammation, one of the key mechanisms of which may be abnormal activation of macrophages.

Objective: To assess the characteristics of pro-inflammatory activation of circulating monocytes in patients with early RA depending on the presence of subclinical atherosclerosis of the carotid arteries.

The study included 60 patients (42 women and 18 men) with early RA without signs of cardiovascular disease. Atherosclerotic vascular disease was diagnosed by identifying carotid atherosclerotic plaques. Basal and stimulated monocyte lipolysaccharide (LPS) secretion was studied in initial monocyte cultures obtained by immunomagnetic separation from blood. Quantification of the cytokines TNFα and IL-1β was obtained in the culture fluid by ELISA. Proinflammatory activation of monocytes was calculated as the ratio of LPSstimulated and basal secretion.

Atherosclerotic plaques of the carotid arteries were found in a third of RA patients; they were detected more often in men (50%) than in women (26%, p < 0.05). The carotid thickness of the intima media complex correlated with the level of total cholesterol (R = 0.20; p = 0.001) and ESR (R = 0.31; p = 0.03). In RA patients and subclinical carotid atherosclerosis, cultured blood monocytes demonstrated higher basal TNFα secretion (294.6 (185.3-778.2) vs 146.1 (27.9-79.9) pg/mL, p < 0.01) and low activation of TNFα (9.5±2.1 vs 19.8±3.9, p < 0.001) and IL-1β (6.1±2.3 vs 9.5±1.8, p = 0.03) compared with patients without lesions of the carotid arteries. In RA patients with carotid atherosclerotic plaques, a relationship was found between LPS-stimulated IL-1β secretion and the level of total blood cholesterol (R = 0.36, p = 0.01).

Data were obtained on a more powerful inflammatory potential of peripheral blood monocytes in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis in the case of detection of the subclinical carotid atherosclerosis.
Soluble human macrophage factors are able to inhibit TGF-β-induced differentiation of lung fibroblasts
Authors: Maksimova A. A. , Shevela E. Ya. , Sakhno L. V.
Published: July 2024

Macrophages are key regulatory cells of fibrogenesis. They can have pro- or antifibrotic activity due to their plasticity and heterogeneity. Some studies have shown the antifibrotic effect of macrophages on dermal fibroblasts, but the effect of macrophages on the lung fibroblast functions remains unexplored. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the influence of conditioned media of human macrophage differentiated by M-CSF/GM-CSF and further dexamethasone polarized/unpolarized on the TGF-β-induced lung fibroblast differentiation. Macrophages were derived from peripheral blood monocytes of healthy donors. Monocytes were differentiated by M-CSF or GM-CSF for 7 days. On day 5, dexamethasone was added to generation of polarized macrophages M-M(Dex) and GM-M(Dex). Polarized macrophages were compared with non-polarized M-M0 and GM-M0, to which dexamethasone was not added. Next, the conditioned medium of these macrophage subtypes was collected and tested for inhibition the lung fibroblast differentiation (HLF210 cell line). To do this, TGF-β (inducing differentiation factor) and conditioned macrophage medium were added to fibroblast cultures. Effectiveness of differentiation was estimated by the expression of the myofibroblast marker, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), and the production of extracellular matrix protein, collagen I. The expression of α-SMA was determined using flow cytometry. The concentration of collagen I was measured by ELISA. Since our data indicates that spontaneous activation of fibroblasts occurs during standard cultivation, the α-SMA expression was investigated in 3D culture of fibroblasts. Notably, the content of α-SMA-positive cells in 3D cultures was significantly reduced, indicating more physiological growth cells. Regardless of the differentiation stimulus, the conditioned media of dexamethasone-polarized macrophages do not affect the level of collagen I production or the α-SMA expression. On the contrary, M-M0 showed a strong inhibitory effect that reduced the amount of collagen I in the fibroblast cultures and the expression of marker myofibroblasts by fibroblasts. Interesting, GM-M0 had no such effect and did not prevent lung fibroblast differentiation like polarized cells. Taken together, the findings suggest that M-M0 macrophages may have antifibrotic properties. Furthermore, the lack of this effect in GM-M0 macrophages indicates that the differentiation factor plays a significant role in the development of the antifibrotic macrophage phenotype.