bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MANAJEMEN PENGELOLAAN INFORMASI BERBASIS TRANSFORMASI DIGITAL (STUDI KASUS : PENGELOLAAN MEDIA INFORMASI BDK TV) Musyaddad1, Saefudin2
Authors: Musyaddad Musyaddad
Published: December 2023

In the era of digital transformation, the amount of data generated is constantly increasing at a rapid pace. Organizations need to be able to manage this data well to make timely decisions and identify new business opportunities. The use of technologies such as data analytics and artificial intelligence can help in effective data management. The purpose of this research is to create and design a breakthrough, especially in digital transformation-based information management through the BDK TV project which will be displayed on a special plate form on a website. This research method uses the content analysis method on the information management of the Palembang Diversity Training Center. The conclusion of this research shows that there is no digital transformation-based information management at the Palembang Religious Education and Training Center. The implications of the research results show the importance of leaders to make policies in changing the pattern of digital transformation-based information management to be carried out in the future.
Phenotypic Analysis of a Case of “3MC Syndrome” with Review of Literature
Authors:   Head of Oculoplasty and Ocular Oncology Department, Chittagong Eye Infirmary & Training Complex, Chattogram-4202, Bangladesh, Roy Soma Rani , Kader Md. Sazzad ,   Chittagong Eye Infirmary, Bangladesh
Published: December 2023

3MC syndrome is a very rare entity. It’s prevalence is unknown but most cases are reported from Middle East. First case was reported in 1978 and named as Michel syndrome and recently with other three syndromes together these syndromes are named as 3 MC syndrome. All are autosomal recessive disorder and reported from both consanguineous and non-consanguineous parents. Here we phenotypically analyzed a case presented with the features of blepharophimosis syndrome associated with craniosynostosis suggestive of Mischel syndrome which is a part of ‘3 MC syndrome’
Establishment of “Retinoblastoma center” in A Tertiary Eye Care Center of Bangladesh – A New Hope for Retinoblastoma Patients
Authors:   Head of Oculoplasty and Ocular Oncology Department, Chittagong Eye Infirmary & Training Complex, Chattogram-4202, Bangladesh, Roy Soma Rani
Published: December 2023

Retinoblastoma is the most common primary intraocular tumor in children with an incidence of 1:16,000 to 18,000 live birth. Worldwide newly detected cases per year are about 8000 and in India above 1400. It represents 11% of cancer that develops in the first year of life. The revolutionary management strategy has increased the survival rate of retinoblastoma above 95% in developed countries, and this rate is the highest among all pediatric cancers. But still, it is deadly cancer worldwide. Survival from retinoblastoma based on income >90% vs. 40% (in high to low-income countries). The incidence of metastasis is more in lower-income countries (32% vs. 12% in middle-income). Notably, Forty-three percent of the world’s estimated cases reside in only 6 countries in Asia (China, Indonesia, Philippines, India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh). The mortality rate varies on different continents. Worldwide estimated death from retinoblastoma is more than 40%, and most of them are from Asia and Africa. Bangladesh is one of the developing countries in the South-East Asia region, and retinoblastoma constitutes 83% of all pediatric cancer under 4 years of age. For proper management of retinoblastoma with an international standard, the establishment of a retinoblastoma center consisting of ocular oncologist, clinical oncologist, radiation oncologist, pediatrician, oculoplastic surgeon, retina specialist, pediatric ophthalmologist, and ocularist is needed. Management includes proper diagnosis, treatment of the disease, genetic counseling, regular follow-up, rehabilitation of survivors, and screening of siblings. Chittagong Eye Infirmary & Training Complex is a tertiary eye care center and one of the referral centers of Bangladesh and is treating retinoblastoma since its inception. Due to the demand of time, the hospital has been reorganized with various facilities to serve retinoblastoma patients with a team approach in 2017. From January 2017 to March 2022, a total of 304 patients were diagnosed. Among them, 132 received vincristine, etoposide, and carboplatin (VEC) chemotherapy from this center, and 79 underwent enucleation with the long optic nerve. Besides treatment, the hospital is conducting sibling screening, visual and psycho-social rehabilitation for the RB survivors, and community awareness programs.
Neonatal Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus: Two Rare Cases
Authors:   Department of Cornea, Chittagong Eye Infirmary & Training Complex, Chattogram, Bangladesh, Biswas Sujit Kumar , Roy Soma Rani ,   Department of Cornea, Chittagong Eye Infirmary & Training Complex, Chattogram, Bangladesh, Alam ASM Mahbubul ,   Department of Cornea, Chittagong Eye Infirmary & Training Complex, Chattogram, Bangladesh
Published: December 2023

Two neonates one at age of 15 days and another at age of 20 days were presented with redness, watering, periocular and lid swelling, photophobia and vesicular lesions over forehead on right side of face. Ocular examination revealed ciliary and conjunctival congestion, chemosis, and hazy cornea due to stromal edema. Though herpes zoster is very rare in neonates, the diagnosis of herpes zoster ophthalmicus was made on basis of clinical examination and treated with systemic and topical anti-viral, topical antibiotic and corticosteroid. Both neonates showed dramatic response in seven days treatment and completely cured within four weeks. High clinical suspicion in vesiculo-papular lesion of child of any age can help in early diagnose and early treatment can prevent sequelae of HZO.
Late-onset Capsular Block Syndrome: A Rare Complication and Its Surgical Management
Authors:   Department of Cornea, Chittagong Eye Infirmary & Training Complex, Chattogram, Bangladesh, Biswas Sujit Kumar , Akbar Umme Salma ,   Department of Glucoma, Chittagong Eye Infirmary & Training Complex, Chattogram, Bangladesh, Roy Soma Rani ,   Department of Ocular Oncology & Oculoplasty, Chittagong Eye Infirmary and Training Complex, Chattogram, Bangladesh
Published: December 2023

Purpose: Capsular block syndrome of late onset is one of rare post-operative complications of cataract surgery. Here we report the diagnosis and successful surgical management of this case. Case report: A 70 year aged person presented with gradual decrease of right eye vision for 4 years with a history of phacoemulsification surgery which was done 8 years back. Patient’s presenting vision was 6/60 in right eye with a whitish fluid filled like space just behind the intraocular lens (IOL). Patient managed surgically by removal of the ‘IOL-capsule-complex’ with anterior vitrectomy. The microbiological culture report of ‘IOL-capsule-complex’ showed no bacterial growth. Visual rehabilitation was restored by implanting an anterior chamber lens 2 months afterwards.Conclusion: Though rare but delayed presentation of capsular block syndrome has reported but conventional treatment with Nd:YAG laser capsulotomy may have risk of intraocular infection spread. Extraction of ‘ IOL-capsulecomplex’ with anterior vitrectomy followed by late implanting an anterior chamber lens can restore the visual function and can lessen the risk of intraocular infection.
Mobility Performance in Retinitis Pigmentosa Under Different Lighting Simulation Conditions
Authors:   Optometry & Vision Sciences Programme, School of Healthcare Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Omar Rokiah
Published: December 2023

This study examined the mobility performance in retinitis pigmentosa (RP) under different simulation lighting conditions. A total of twenty-one subjects with RP and twenty-one age-matched controls were enrolled. Preferred Walking Speed (PWS) were determined using a simple mobility course at 61 cd/m2 while Percentage of Preferred Walking Speed (PPWS) and error score were determined at five different illumination level which were 62, 47, 20, 6 and 1 cd/m2 using a complex mobility course. RP and normal people had similar mobility performances in simple mobility situations at a constant high light level. In lower light levels as well as in complex mobility situations, RP subjects demonstrated markedly reduced mobility performance. The relationship between PPWS and luminance was linear, with the PPWS decreasing significantly when the mobility course luminance dropped below the illumination of 20 cd/m2 . The Error score was also noted to be linearly related to log luminance. A luminance level of 20 cd/m2 may provide a useful decision point in setting indoor light levels for clinical mobility courses.
A Case of Alport Syndrome Presented with Bilateral Anterior Lenticonus
Authors:   Department of Cornea, Chittagong Eye Infirmary & Training Complex, Chattogram, Bangladesh, Biswas Sujit Kumar , Chowdhury Nasimul Gani ,   Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Chittagong Eye Infirmary and Training Complex, Chattogram, Bangladesh, Chowdhury Farjana Akter ,   Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Chittagong Eye Infirmary and Training Complex, Chattogram, Bangladesh, Noor Jannatun ,   Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Chittagong Eye Infirmary and Training Complex, Chattogram, Bangladesh
Published: December 2023

Purpose: To report a rare case of Alport syndrome presented with bilateral anterior lenticonus in a 16 years old boy. Case report: A 16 years old boy presented with decrease vision, hearing defect, anaemia and proteinuria. His best corrected visual acuity was 6/18 in both eyes. Slit lamp biomicroscope showed anterior lenticonus in both eyes. He was managed by correction of refractive error and urgent referral to nephrologist. Conclusion: It is easy to diagnose Alport syndrome clinically and close communication between ophthalmologists, otorhinolaryngologists and nephrologists is crucial for effective management of this syndrome.
Dried Scleral Patch Graft: A Temporary Measure of Corneal Perforation Prior Keratoplasty – Two Case Reports
Authors:   Department of Cornea, Chittagong Eye Infirmary & Training Complex, Chattogram, Bangladesh, Biswas Sujit Kumar , Alam A. S. M. Mahbubul ,   Department of Cornea, Chittagong Eye Infirmary and Training Complex, Chattogram, Bangladesh, Ria Tanjila Ahmed ,   Department of Cornea, Chittagong Eye Infirmary and Training Complex, Chattogram, Bangladesh
Published: December 2023

Aim: To describe the temporary management of corneal perforation by using dried sclera patch graft prior keratoplasty when donor tissue not available. Case report: Two cases of corneal perforation (>2 mm) of various causes presented with severely decreased vision and shallow anterior chamber and soft eye ball. Both needed immediate therapeutic keratoplasty to save the globe and restore the vision. Due to unavailability of donor cornea, both patients were surgically managed with dried scleral patch graft temporarily to save the globe. Both patients underwent therapeutic keratoplasty one moth and one and half months respectively. Both patients gained better vision (6/18 and 6/24 respectively), quiet anterior chamber and no secondary glucoma after 6 month of keratoplasty.Conclusion: Dried sclera patch graft is a good option for temporary management of corneal perforation of various causes until a donor cornea is available. These patch grafts prevent ocular hypotony, posterior synechiea and secondary glucoma.
Surgical Outcome of Intraocular Lens Implantation in Children with Bilateral Developmental Cataract
Authors:   Department of Cornea, Chittagong Eye Infirmary & Training Complex, Chattogram, Bangladesh, Biswas Sujit Kumar , Chowdhury Nasimul Gani ,   Senior Consultant, Pediatric Department, Chittagong Eye Infirmary & Training Complex (CEITC), Chittagong, Bangladesh, Alam Wahid ,   Consultant, Cornea Department, Chittagong Eye Infirmary & Training Complex (CEITC), Chittagong, Bangladesh, Hossain Dostogir ,   Senior Assistant Surgeon, Glaucoma Department, Chittagong Eye Infirmary & Training Complex (CEITC), Chittagong, Bangladesh, Noor Jannatun ,   Teaching Assistant cum Optometrist, Institute of Community Ophthalmology (ICO), Chittagong Eye Infirmary & Training Complex Campus, Islam Urmi Atika ,   Teaching Assistant cum Optometrist, Institute of Community Ophthalmology (ICO), Chittagong Eye Infirmary & Training Complex Campus
Published: December 2023

Purpose: To evaluate the visual outcome and long-term complications of intraocular lens implantation along with primary posterior capsulectomy & anterior vitrectomy in children with bilateral developmental cataract. Methods: This retrospective study was carried out on the 48 eyes of 24 children who had undergone cataract surgery under general anesthesia. Age range was 2 to 8 years. All patients underwent primary posterior capsulectomy, primary in-bag intraocular lens (IOL) implantation, irrigation-aspiration of lens debris, and anterior vitrectomy. At intervals of one week, one month, three months, and six months, every case was evaluated. After 6 months best corrected visual acuity was recorded and intraocular pressure, anterior chamber angle, optic disc, and peripheral retina were evaluated. Results: Postoperative best corrected visual acuity were 6/6 in 10.4% eyes, 6/9-6/18 in 56.3% and <6/18 in 33% eyes. Intra ocular pressures were found within normal limit (12 ± 2.09 mm of Hg) in all cases. Anterior chamber angle was normal in 44 eyes (91.7%). Peripheral retina and vitreous were normal in all cases. No significant Optic disc changes were noticed. The most common cause of decreased vision was amblyopia (79.2%) in the fellow eye due to delayed surgery. Conclusion: Amblyopia is the main cause of decreased visual recovery in children after cataract surgery. Surgical intervention in proper time results in good visual outcome.
Scenario of Retinoblastoma Among Bangladeshi Children – A Single Center Experience of 10 Years
Authors:   Head of Oculoplasty and Ocular Oncology Department, Chittagong Eye Infirmary & Training Complex, Chattogram-4202, Bangladesh, Roy Soma Rani , Nuruddin Murtuza ,   Consultant and Academic director, Chevron Eye Hospital & Research center, Chattogram, Bangladesh, Asgar Ali ,   Assistant Professor, Radiotherapy dept. Chittagong Medical College Hospital, Bangladesh
Published: December 2023

Background: Retinoblastoma is the most common intraocular tumor of childhood and most detected cases are from Indian subcontinent. Here we explore the presentation of retinoblastoma with its histopathological features and treatment outcome in a tertiary eye care center in Bangladesh. Method: This was a retrospective study of 70 eyes of 60 patients in a ten years period from 2006 to 2016 who had met the criteria regarding demographic profile, clinical presentation, management and histopathology. Tumor was classified based on IIRC (International Intraocular Retinoblastoma Classification) for intraocular tumor and IRSS (International Retinoblastoma Staging System) for extraocular tumor by reviewing the data revealed from EUA, imaging and histopathology. Result: The mean age of presentation was (Table 1) 31.3 ± 21.68 months, range was 4 months to 96 months and the most frequent presenting age was 12 months. Fifty three percent of children presented between 13 months and 59 months. Mild male predominance was 53.3% (n = 32). Unilateral cases were 71.3% (n = 43) and 6.7% (n = 4) of patients had positive family history. The most common presenting sign was leucocoria (85%) followed by strabismus (18.3%) and proptosis (13.3%). Fifty five (91.6%) children presented with intraocular tumor and 64.9% were with Group E. Enucleation (91.6%) was the prime treatment modality and histopathological risk factor was positive in 51.7% cases among 63.3% cases of primary enucleation. Fifty percent of treated children were in regular follow up. Conclusion: Most children presented delayed and prime treatment modality was enucleation. Only half of the patients were in regular follow up. Generation of awareness, proper referral, information regarding treatment availability and early detection of cases can increase the survival rate and globe salvage.
A Clinical Study to Assess Pattern of Contrast Sensitivity Functions in Patients with Myopia
Authors:   Professor and Head of Department of Ophthalmology, Sri Aurobindo Medical College and PG Institute, Indore, MadhyaPradesh, India, Thatte Shreya , Monga Ashima ,   Department of Ophthalmology, Sri Aurobindo Medical College and PG Institute, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India, Sharma Haritima ,   Department of Ophthalmology, Sri Aurobindo Medical College and PG Institute, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
Published: December 2023

The Covid-19 pandemic has posed a global threat to public health. In terms of affecting the systemic health, it has also created an impact on the ocular health of people. The scenario of work from home, long hours of online classes for students, has led to increase in incidences of refractive error. From affecting visual acuity, it has also posed increased risk of increasing the degree of myopia. Even in these cases a patient may have a best corrected visual acuity of 6/6 but he or she may not be satisfied due to improper contrast sensitivity. This study was done to compare contrast sensitivity functions in myopic patients by assessing and comparing various parameters such as demographic factors, age, sex and profession. We included 500 myopic patients with a best corrected visual acuity of 6/6, without any retinal pathology. Contrast sensitivity functions were compared with astigmatism, degree and duration of myopia and with duration of use of spectacles. All three age groups showed mild decline in contrast sensitivity but majority consisted of the under-30 age group with 233 cases (46.6%). Females being in majority (78.1%) had mild decrease in contrast sensitivity. We recorded the profession of each patient and observed that there was mild decline in contrast sensitivity in all professions, and 79.2% of the total students showed mild decrease in contrast sensitivity, which can be attributed to long hours of screen time in lockdown phase. Low myopia of less than 3D had mild decline in contrast sensitivity (88.4%), whereas severe decline in contrast sensitivity was seen in high myopics (11.9%), which was directly co-related with degree of myopia. Astigmatism also showed mild decline in contrast sensitivity, which was 78.5% in compound myopic astigmatism and 88.5% in simple myopic astigmatism. We found severe decline in contrast sensitivity only in 2.4% of myopic patients with a duration of less than 12 months. The rest of the patients had mild decline in contrast sensitivity. This validates that contrast sensitivity has an impact on all parameters of the study such as age, gender, profession, duration, degree of myopia and astigmatism
Simultaneous Interpreting with Accented Mandarin
Authors: Lim Boon Yee , Fan Chiaming
Published: December 2023

This study investigates the perception of simultaneous interpreting (SI) quality among accented Mandarin interpreters in Taiwan. Four hundred Taiwanese individuals were recruited online for a controlled experiment, where participants were randomly assigned, in equal numbers, to listen to one of four SI versions. Each version was distinguished solely by accent: Taiwan Mandarin, Chinese Standard Mandarin, Malaysian Mandarin, and US-accented Mandarin. Subsequently, participants were asked to evaluate the SI quality using a nine-item questionnaire, and optional comment sections were available for them to provide written feedback. Ratings were analyzed quantitatively, while comments were subjected to qualitative analysis. Results indicate that SI quality was evaluated less favorably in terms of comprehensibility and performance satisfaction with increasing markedness of accent. The Chinese Standard Mandarin accent was regarded as the suitable stylistic choice because of its “standard” prestige. However, it also faced some criticism, particularly for what certain participants perceived as mispronunciations. Among the non-Taiwanese Mandarin accents, Malaysian Mandarin was perceived as the most favorable for comprehensibility and satisfaction, likely due to its perceived similarities with Taiwan Mandarin. In contrast, American-accented Mandarin received the lowest ratings for comprehensibility. Nevertheless, there was a general sense of support for the US interpreter, possibly suggesting that perceived deficiencies in SI were attributed to factors beyond the interpreter’s control, such as their non-native background, as inferred from their accent. This study reveals that accent significantly influences interpreting quality perceptions, challenging prior beliefs of its minimal impact and underscoring its importance in interpreter training and development. The interpreting market is affected by complex dynamics involving diverse stakeholder biases towards accents, so interpreters face the dual challenge of adapting to a neutral accent to satisfy client expectations while preserving their own accent identity. However, increasing global and local focus on linguistic diversity may enhance accent tolerance and reduce accent-based judgments.
English as Lingua Franca or World Englishes?
Authors: Tan Ying-Ying
Published: December 2023

One of the key ways to realizing linguistic justice, as alluded to by Phillipe van Parijs (2011), is to welcome the use of English as a global lingua franca. Linguistic justice is defined as the condition in which the languages of linguistic groups are accorded official recognition, and the speakers do not suffer from social, economic, and dignity inequality on the basis of their language. However, the acceptance of English as an international language, as pointed out by many scholars, including Van Parijs himself, can also lead to potentially unjust linguistic situations. There are, in particular, three issues that come with the use of English as a global language, and they are (1) inequality in communication; (2) unfair resource allocation; and (3) lack of speaker dignity. This paper will provide a review of how political philosophers have talked about these problems, and the normative solutions to achieving linguistic justice. The aim of this article is to provide a linguistic perspective to the issue of linguistic justice. The author endeavors to do so by looking at linguistic justice through the lens of two dominant paradigms in the field of English linguistics: the World Englishes (WE) paradigm, pioneered by Braj Kachru; and the English as Lingua Franca (ELF) paradigm, a relatively more recent alternative developed by Jennifer Jenkins. The tenets of how each paradigm views speakers of English around the world are compared and a solution to the problem of linguistic justice is offered by thinking about “Englishes” instead of a single monolithic linguistic entity “English”. In doing so, efforts are made to highlight how linguistic justice can be achieved in the world of Englishes.
PENGARUH UKURAN PERUSAHAAN DAN PERTUMBUHAN PENJUALAN TERHADAP PENGHINDARAN PAJAK (Studi Empiris Pada Perusahaan Sektor Non-Siklis yang Terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia Tahun 2019 – 2021)
Authors: Jajang Gunawan  , Siti Nurhasanah  , Wiwik Rusdiyanti  , Mita Andriyani  , Meylinda Nur Azizah
Published: December 2023

Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menganalisis signifikansi pengaruh Ukuran Perusahaan dan Pertumbuhan Penjualan terhadap Penghindaran Pajak Pada Perusahaan Sektor Non Cyclicals yang Terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia Tahun 2019 – 2021. Metode penentuan sampel menggunakan teknik purposive sampling dengan kriteria. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah asosiatif dengan pendekatan kuantitatif. Alat analisis yang digunakan adalah Software E-views. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa Ukuran Perusahaan tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap Penghindaran Pajak Pada Perusahaan Sektor Non Cyclicals. Pertumbuhan penjualan tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap Penghindaran Pajak Pada Perusahaan Sektor Non Cyclicals.
PENGARUH MODAL KERJA DAN LIKUIDITAS TERHADAP PROFITABILITAS PADA PERUSAHAAN MANUFAKTUR SUB SEKTOR SEMEN YANG TERDAFTAR DI BURSA EFEK INDONESIA (BEI) TAHUN 2017-2022
Authors: Mahdi Hendrich  , Kemas Welly Angga Permana  , Sri Winarni  , Muhammad Deni  , Anton Trianto
Published: December 2023

Berkembangnya dunia pemasaran membuat banyak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah modal kerja dan likuiditas berpengaruh terhadap profitabilitas, baik, baik secara parsial maupun silmutan. Populasi penelitian ini adalah Perusahaan Manufaktur Sub Sektor Semen yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia (BEI) selama tahun 2017-2022, yaitu sebanyak 6 perusahaan. Metode pengambilan sampel yang digunakan adalah purposive sampling, dimana sampel yang dipilih berdasarkan kriteria tertentu. Sampel yang terpilih sebanyak 6 perusahaan. Data yang digunakan berasal dari laporan keuangan masing-masing perusahaan yang dipublikasikan melalui situs www.idx.co.id. Pengolahan data menggunakan metode analisis regresi berganda. Pengujian dalam penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan software SPSS versi 22. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan variabel modal kerja dan likuiditas secara simultan berpengaruh terhadap profitabilitas, hal ini dapat diketahui dari nilai sig sebesar 0,008 yang menunjukkan nilai siginifikasi lebih kecil dari 0,05 atau 0,008 < 0,05. Secara parsial, variabel modal kerja berpengaruh signifikan terhadap profitabilitas, ini dapat diketahui dari nilai sig sebesar 0,010 lebih kecil dari 0,05 atau 0,010 < 0,05. Sedangkan, variabel likuiditas berpengaruh signifikan terhadap profitabilitas, hal ini dapat diketahui dari nilai sig sebesar 0,005 yang menunjukkan bahwa nilai signifikansi lebih kecil dari 0,05.
Standarisasi Parameter Spesifik Dan Non-Spesifik Ekstrak Daun Binahong Merah (Anredera cordifolia) Dengan Perbedaan Metode Ekstraksi
Authors: Ni'am Musfirotun , Saputri Romadhiyana Kisno , Februyani Nawafila
Published: December 2023

Standarisasi merupakan proses karakteristik, nilai kuantitatif kualitatif yang digunakan untuk menjamin mutu, khasiat, keamanan, serta kemurnian bahan obat. Sebanyak 95,6% masyarakat Indonesia menyatakan obat tradisional memiliki manfaat tinggi bagi tubuh. Salah satu obat tradisional yaitu daun binahong merah (Anredera cordifolia). Daun binahong merah memiliki kandungan flavonoid tinggi sehingga dapat digunakan obat nyeri, maag, sariawan, memperlancar peredaran darah, dan menurunkan kolesterol. Standarisasi tumbuhan guna obat tradisional penting untuk menjamin mutu menjadi tinggi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuktikan ekstrak daun binahong merah (Anredera cordifolia) dengan perbedaan metode ekstraksi menghasilkan ekstrak yang terstandar sesuai parameter. Penelitian ini termasuk penelitian kuantitatif dengan model penelitian True Experimental dan jenis penelitian RAL. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan ketiga ekstrak memiliki hasil parameter spesifik yang terstandar dengan pedoman FHI edisi II. Pada parameter non-spesifik uji susut pengeringan ekstrak maserasi 2,40%; ekstrak refluks 3,90%; dan ekstrak dekok 95,38% hal tersebut menunjukkan bahwa ekstraksi dekok tidak sesuai standar parameter. Sedangkan, pada uji kadar air ekstrak maserasi 2,64%; ekstrak refluks 2,96%; dan ekstrak dekok 95,00% hal tersebut menunjukkan bahwa ekstraksi dekok tidak sesuai dengan standar parameter. Penelitian ini terbukti ekstrak daun binahong merah (Anredera cordifolia) dengan perbedaan metode ekstraksi menghasilkan ekstrak yang terstandar dengan parameter spesifik dan non-spesifik.
Standardization is process of characteristics and values ​​to guarantee the quality, efficacy, safety, purity of medicinal substances. Red binahong leaves have high content of flavonoids so they can treat various diseases. Standardization is important to guarantee the high quality traditional medicines. This study aims to prove that the red binahong leaf extract (Anredera cordifolia) with different extraction methods produces standardized extract. This study used screening and gravimetric methods. The results showed that the three extracts had standardized specific parameters. The non-specific parameters of the maceration drying shrinkage test 2.40% ; reflux 3.90% ; and 95.38% dekok this shows dekok not according to standard non-specific parameters. Meanwhile, in the maceration water content test 2.64%; reflux 2.96% ; and 95.00% dekok this shows dekok not according to standard non-specific parameters. This research proved that binahong red leaf extract (Anredera cordifolia) with different extraction methods produced standardized extracts with specific and non-specific parameters.
TUG-SRG Kaynakları Arasından Simbiyotik Keşfi
Authors: ESENOĞLU Hasan H. , AKTEKİN ÇALIŞKAN Ebru , SONBAŞ Eda , BALMAN Şölen , HAMİTOGLU Irek , YELKENCİ Fuat Korhan , FİŞEK Süleyman , ZENGİN ÇAMURDAN Dicle
Published: December 2023

SRGA J021303.5+604536, Ocak 2021’de TUG-KFU-IKI arasındaki protokole göre paylaşılan yeni ART-XC kaynaklarından biridir. 20210313–20221019 tarihleri arasında gözlendi. Toplamda yaklaşık 1.5 yıla yayılan 17 gece boyunca bu parlak (yaklaşık 11 kadir) kaynağın RTT150 ile 127 adet tayfı alınmıştır. Kaynağın tayf sürekliliği kırmızı olduğu gibi düz özelliği de var, hidrojenin Balmer çizgileri (şiddetli H-alfa, H-beta ve zayıf H-gama), Ca II üçlüsü (8500, 8544 ve 8664 A) ve O I (8446 A) çizgileri emisyondadır. Belirgin çizgilerden bazılarının akılarını (x10E−15 erg cm−2s−1) da hesapladık: 11.04 (H-beta), 232.02 (H-alfa) ve 141.05 (O I). Kaynağın farklı teleskoplarla fotometrik verisi de alınmıştır. Sistemin yörünge periyodu yaklaşık 16 gün bulunmuştur. Verilerin değerlendirilmesi ile kaynak ilk kez simbiyotik olarak tanımlanmıştır. Sistemin tayflarında TiO absorbsiyon çizgileri görülmediğinden beyaz cüce bileşenli aktif fazda bir simbiyotik olarak değerlendirilebilir.
Kuzey Gökkürede Yeni Gezegenimsi Bulutsuların Belirlenmesi
Authors: TEMİZ Utkan , AKSAKER Nazım
Published: December 2023

Teorik çalışmalara göre Gökadamızda $\sim$25000 Gezegenimsi Bulutsu (GB) olması tahmin edilmektedir. Ancak şimdiye kadar $\sim$3800 GB ve adayı kataloglanmıştır. Adaylar arasından (i) Dec. > -10$^{o}$, (ii) açısal çapı < 8 açısaniyesi ve (iii) Yeni aday (new candidate), Muhtemel (Likely) ve Olası (Possible) kriterlerine göre seçilen 13 kaynağın tayfsal gözlemleri RTT150 üzerine monteli TFOSC ile TÜBİTAK Ulusal Gözlemevi’nde yapılmıştır. Tayf gözlemlerinden [OIII]/H$\beta$, [NII]/H$\alpha$, [SII]/H$\alpha$ çizgi oranları hesaplanmış ve SMB ile BPT tanısal grafikleri üretilmiştir. Böylece kaynakların GB olup olmadığı, bulundukları ortamın elektron yoğunluğu, sıcaklığı, ortamın sönümleme katsayısı gibi parametreleri ilk defa belirlenmiştir.
تصوُّر مقترح لتحسين نواتج الطالبات في الاختبارات الدولية للرياضيات من وجهة نظر المعلمات والمشرفات
Authors: الدامغ سارة بنت عبد الله , الكلثم أهاليل بنت إبراهيم محمد
Published: December 2023

تهدُف الدراسة إلى وضع تصوُّر مقترح لتحسين نواتج الطالبات في الاختبارات الدولية للرياضيات من وجهة نظر المعلمات والمشرفات. ولتحقيق هذا الهدف تم استخدام المنهج الوصفيَّ في هذه الدراسة، حيث تم استخدام أداة الاستبانة؛ وذلك لجمع البيانات من مجموعة من معلمات ومشرفات مادة الرياضيات في مراحل التعليم العام، والبالغ عددهن (127) معلمة ومشرفة التابعات لإدارة تعليم المجمعة للعام الدراسي (1444)، وتوصلت الدراسة إلى مجموعة من النتائج من أهمها:

1- أن هناك موافقة بين أفراد عيِّنة الدراسة من المعلمات والمشرفات على المعوقات ومنها ضعف إدراك الطالبة لدَورها الوطني في المشاركة الفاعلة في الاختبارات الدولية، وكذلك ضعف إدراك الطالبة للمهارات الأساسية في الاختبارات الدولية، إضافةً إلى ضعف دَور الأسرة في تشجيع الطالبة على الاهتمام بالاختبارات الدولية.

2- أن هناك موافقة بين أفراد عيِّنة الدراسة من المعلمات والمشرفات على المقترحات ومنها نشر ثقافة أهمية المشاركة الإيجابية في الاختبارات الدولية ودورها في رفع اسم المملكة العربية السعودية في مواقع التواصل الاجتماعي، ووضع جدول زمني مناسب وكافٍ للاستعداد للاختبارات الدولية، إضافة إلى تدريب المعلمة على صياغة الأسئلة بطريقة محاكيه للاختبارات الدولية، وفي ضوء هذه النتائج تم وضع مقترحات لتحسين نتائج الطالبات في الاختبارات الدولية للرياضيات.
البناء العاملي والخصائص السيكومترية لمقياس التفكير الناقد لدى عينة من طلبة الدراسات العليا في كلية التربية بجامعة القصيم
Authors: الحياصات خالد محمد الحسن
Published: December 2023

هدفت الدراسة الحالية إلى استقصاء البناء العاملي لمقياس التفكير الناقد لطلبة الجامعة المنجز في هذه الدراسة باستخدام التحليل العاملي الاستكشافي والتحليل العاملي التوكيدي، والتحقق من خصائصه السيكو مترية (الصدق والثبات) في صورته النهائية. حيث استهدفت الدراسة عينة قوامها (253) طالب وطالبة من طلبة الدراسات العليا في كلية التربية بجامعة القصيم؛ بعد التحليل الإحصائي للبيانات تمثلت أهم نتائج الدراسة في الآتي:

بالنسبة للبناء العاملي لمقياس التفكير الناقد باستخدام التحليل العاملي الاستكشافي والتحليل العاملي التوكيدي من خلال توصيف النموذج، واستخدام مؤشرات جودة المطابقة، أسفرت النتائج عن ملائمة النموذج للبيانات المستمدة من عينة الدراسة، كما تم استخلاص خمسة عوامل لمقياس التفكير الناقد تمثلت في مهارة الاستنتاج ويقاس بخمس فقرات، ومهارة الاستنباط ويقاس بخمس فقرات، ومهارة التفسير ويقاس بخمس فقرات، ومهارة التعرف على الافتراضات ويقاس بتسع فقرات، ومهارة تقويم الحجج ويقاس بست فقرات.

أما بالنسبة للخصائص السيكومترية لمقياس التفكير الناقد، فقد بينت النتائج تمتع المقياس في صورته النهائية بخصائص سيكو مترية جيدة تسمح باستخدامه كأداة للبحث في الدراسات والبحوث العلمية.
فاعلية برنامج تدريبي مقترح وفق نظرية الذات الإبداعية في تنمية مهارات التدريس الإلكتروني لدى مدرسي الاجتماعيات
Authors: الجبوري فراس طراد علي
Published: December 2023

هدفت هذه الدراسة إلى قياس فاعلية برنامج تدريبي يعتمد على نظرية الذات الإبداعية في تنمية مهارات التدريس الإلكتروني لمدرسي الاجتماعيات. تم تصميم البرنامج التدريبي ليشمل مهارات التدريس الإلكتروني، وتم استخدام أداة البحث "بطاقة الملاحظة" على عينة المدرسين المختارة التي تضمنت (32) مدرسًا ومدرسة في محافظة القادسية (المركز) قبلياً وبعدياً، حيث تم قياس فروق متوسط درجات المدرسين في مهارات التدريس الإلكتروني قبل وبعد التطبيق البرنامج التدريبي. أظهرت النتائج وجود فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية عند مستوى دلالة (0.05) بين التطبيقين القبلي والبعدي، حيث كان التطبيق البعدي أفضل. كما أظهرت النتائج فاعلية البرنامج التدريبي المقترح وفق نظرية الذات الإبداعية في تنمية مهارات التدريس الإلكتروني. استنادًا إلى النتائج، قدم الباحث بعض التوصيات والمقترحات لتطوير أداء مدرسي الاجتماعيات، بما في ذلك استخدام أدوات البحث والمواد المستخدمة (بطاقة الملاحظة، البرنامج التدريبي) في الدراسة لتطوير مهارات التدريس الإلكتروني وتحديد الاحتياجات التدريبية الفعلية. كما اقترح الباحث إجراء دراسات أخرى حول فاعلية البرنامج التدريبي وفق نظرية الذات الإبداعية في متغيرات أخرى، مثل تنمية مهارات التدريس الإبداعي والكفايات التدريسية، التفكير المركز... إلخ).
الهيمنة الدماغية وعلاقتها بالسمات الشخصية لدى قيادات جامعة القصيم وفق بعض المتغيرات الديموغرافية
Authors: الحربي ريم بنت محمد بن بدر البدراني , الرشيدي فاطمة سحاب
Published: December 2023

هدفت هذه الدراسة إلى تحديد نمط الهيمنة الدماغية المسيطر لدى قيادات جامعة القصيم والتعرف على سمات الشخصية لديهم، وتعرف دلالة واتجاه العلاقة الارتباطية بين كل من هذين المتغيرين. ولتحقيق الأهداف السابقة تم استخدام المنهج الوصفي الارتباطي، واعتُمد كل من مقياس هيرمان للهيمنة الدماغية المقنن من قبل الحزيمي، ومقياس آيزنك المعدل للشخصية والمقنن على البيئة السعودية كأدوات للدراسة، وطبق كل من المقياسين على عينة الدراسة البالغ عددها (124) فرداً من القيادات في جامعة القصيم من الجنسين. وتوصلت الدراسة إلى النتائج الآتية: إن النمط المسيطر لدى أفراد عينة الدراسة من قيادات جامعة القصيم هو النمط (B) حيث حصل على المتوسط الحسابي الأعلى وقد بلغ (1.825)، كما إن سمة الشخصية المسيطرة على أفراد عينة الدراسة من قادة جامعة القصيم هي النمط (الانبساطي) بمتوسط حسابي قدره (1.590). كما توصلت الدراسة إلى عدم وجود فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية في كل من أنماط الهيمنة الدماغية وسمات الشخصية لدى قيادات جامعة القصيم وفقاً لمتغيري الجنس والمستوى الوظيفي، وعدم وجود علاقة ارتباطية دالة إحصائياً بين كل من (النمط A، النمط B) من أنماط الهيمنة الدماغية وبين السمات الشخصية، ووجود علاقة ارتباطية دالة إحصائياً بين النمط (C) من أنماط الهيمنة الدماغية وبين سمة الشخص (الانبساطي)، ووجود علاقة ارتباطية دالة إحصائياً بين النمط (D) من أنماط الهيمنة الدماغية وبين السمات الشخصية في كل سمة منها (الذهاني، والانبساطي، والعصابي، والكاذب).
Explorando las Últimas Tendencias en Cirugía General: Innovación, Efectividad y Resultados del Paciente
Authors: Crespo Zamora María Verónica , Zapata Toapanta Andrea Estefanía , Pilco Rivera Evelin Tatiana , Herrera Mejia Adriana Josseline , Lagua Curipallo Luis Enrique , Tigselema Maquizaca Andrea Estefania , Limones Espín Diana Mercedes
Published: December 2023

Introducción: La cirugía general está experimentando una transformación significativa con la introducción de innovaciones y tecnologías avanzadas. Este artículo explora las últimas tendencias, enfocándose en la cirugía robótica, técnicas mínimamente invasivas y la aplicación de realidad aumentada. Examina la eficacia de estos enfoques, sus impactos en los resultados del paciente y sus aplicaciones prácticas.

Desarrollo: El desarrollo del artículo se sumerge en el panorama cambiante de la cirugía general, destacando las innovaciones clave. Se aborda la cirugía robótica, subrayando sus ventajas en términos de precisión y recuperación. La realidad aumentada se presenta como una herramienta valiosa para mejorar la visualización quirúrgica. Las técnicas mínimamente invasivas, como la laparoscopía, se exploran en procedimientos específicos, evidenciando sus beneficios.

Aplicaciones prácticas o futuras líneas de investigación: Las aplicaciones prácticas de las tendencias en cirugía general incluyen mejoras en la precisión y recuperación, especialmente con la cirugía robótica y realidad aumentada.

Conclusiones: Las últimas tendencias en cirugía general prometen una atención más precisa y centrada en el paciente. La cirugía robótica, la realidad aumentada y las técnicas mínimamente invasivas destacan, abriendo oportunidades para mejoras significativas.
Artículo de revisión Integración de Cirugía General y Diagnóstico por Imagen: Avances en la Evaluación Preoperatoria y Guiado Quirúrgico
Authors: Betún Chucho Nancy Rocío , Guañuna Viteri Lesly Gabriela , Maldonado Armijos Evelyn Jhuleydi , Díaz Barreiro Ivanna Alejandra , Icaza Latorre David Antonio , Jacome Pinela Jonathan Pierre , Limones Espín Diana Mercedes
Published: December 2023

Introducción: La convergencia entre la Cirugía General y el Diagnóstico por Imagen ha redefinido la práctica médica, impulsando avances notables en la evaluación preoperatoria y la guía quirúrgica. La personalización de la cirugía mínimamente invasiva, la implementación de técnicas de inteligencia artificial y la introducción de la realidad aumentada han transformado la toma de decisiones quirúrgicas.

Desarrollo: En el desarrollo del marco teórico, se exploró la integración de Cirugía General y Diagnóstico por Imagen, destacando avances clave. Se analizó el papel de la inteligencia artificial en la interpretación de imágenes médicas, resaltando su capacidad para segmentar órganos y predecir resultados quirúrgicos. Se examinó la navegación quirúrgica asistida por computadora y su aplicación en diversas especialidades, desde columna hasta maxilofacial.

Aplicaciones prácticas o futuras líneas de investigación: Las aplicaciones prácticas incluyen cirugía mínimamente invasiva personalizada, guía quirúrgica en tiempo real y la integración de inteligencia artificial.

Conclusiones. En conclusión, la integración de Cirugía General y Diagnóstico por Imagen marca un hito en la atención quirúrgica. Desde la personalización de procedimientos hasta la aplicación de tecnologías emergentes, se anticipa un futuro de cuidados quirúrgicos más precisos y seguros.
Varoluşun Onto-Teolojisi ve Varoluşsal Tasviri
Authors: ATEŞ Oğuzhan
Published: December 2023

Varoluş meselesi, varoluşçu düşünsel yaklaşımın en temel problematiğidir. Bu yaklaşım Varlığı öz ve görünüş ayrımına tabi tutarak gerçekliği özde görüp görünüşü söz konusu öze bağlı ikincil bir unsur olarak anlamaya çalışan anlayışın karşısında yer alır. Özcü metafizik anlayışlardan farklı olarak söz konusu düşünme tarzında Varlık meselesi, merkezinde insan varoluşunun olduğu bir bağlamda ele alınmıştır. İnsan varoluşu, sabit, potansiyel bir özün zamanda tezahürü olarak değil, her seçimli kararla zamanda saklı olasılıkların bilfiil hale geldiği bir varoluş süreci olarak ele alınmıştır. Dolayısıyla oluş soyut, ideal özün bilfiil hale gelmesi değil, bizatihi yaşanmakta olan hayatın içinde barınan olasılıkların tarihsel bağlamda seçimli kararla fiili olarak varlık bulmasıdır. İnsan varoluşunun tasviri bağlamında Kierkegaard varoluş düşüncesinin merkezine onun kaygılı varoluşunu alırken Heidegger dünyada-varlık oluşunu almıştır. Kierkegaard ve Heidegger düşüncesinin sentezi olarak gördüğümüz Sartre ise insanı, kendinde-varlık ortamında kendi-için varlık olarak beliren varoluş olarak ele almıştır. Heidegger ve Kant düşüncesinin sentezi olarak gördüğümüz Jaspers ise insan varoluşunu, Kuşatan varlığın aşkın dünya zemininde kendisi üzerinden biz-olan-varlık şeklinde tezahür ettiği bir Existenz olarak ele almıştır. Çalışmamızın amacı hem özcü anlayışlarla varoluş düşüncesi arasındaki varlık telakkisinin onto-teolojik bağlamda farklarını ortaya koymak hem de varoluş düşüncesi içerisinde farklı varoluş tasvirlerinin analizini yapmaktır.
İbn Haldûn Düşüncesi ve Liberal Görüşler Arasında Mukayeseli Bir Değerlendirme
Authors: BAYRAM Murat
Published: December 2023

Bu çalışmada liberal düşüncenin temelleri irdelenerek İbn Haldûncu düşünceyle mukayeseli bir değerlendirme yapılacaktır. Bu amaçla öncelikle, bireycilik, özgürlük, adalet ve serbest piyasa gibi ilkelerin radikalleşmesi ve devlet müdahalesine çözüm yolları üretme olarak gelişen liberalizmin kökleri ele alınacaktır. Sonrasında İbn Haldûn’un özellikle ekonomi ile ilgili görüşlerine değinerek liberalizm ile karşılaştırmalı bir değerlendirmede bulunulacaktır. Liberalizmin Batı’daki gelişimi ekonomik ve haklar bağlamında olmuştur. Ekonomide serbest piyasa fikrinin (devletin ekonomiye müdahale etmemesi) ve bireysel özgürlüklerin öncüleri olarak kabul edilen aydınlanma düşünürleri, liberalizmin kaynakları olarak görülür. Ancak ekonomideki istikrarsızlıklardan dolayı liberalizm düşüncesi evrilerek, devlet müdahalelerine kapı aralamıştır. Batı düşüncesinden farklı olarak serbest piyasa ve hukuk fikirleri açısından İbn Haldûncu bakış açısının çoğu zaman liberalizm ile ilişkisi kurulmuştur. Özellikle İbn Haldûn’un ekonomi üzerine söylemlerinden dolayı liberalist bir teorisyen olarak görülmüştür. Hatta liberalizmin temellerini atan modern düşünce filozoflarına ilham verdiği iddia edilmiştir. Ancak temelde Batılı liberal söyleme ait olan bireycilik, özgürlük ve serbest piyasa gibi ilkeler her ne kadar İbn Haldûncu düşünceyle benzerlik gösterse de liberalizm bu düşünce geleneğinin karşısında yer almıştır.
Lacan’ın Arzu Etiği ve Ontik Kaybın Ontolojik Bir Arayışa Dönüşmesi
Authors: GÜNGÖR Feyza Şule
Published: December 2023

Lacan’ın psikanaliz etiği, insanın en derinindeki arzusuyla ilişkisini iyi ve kötü belirleniminde temel bir faktör olarak değerlendirmesi nedeniyle sıklıkla arzu etiği olarak nitelendirilir. Arzu etiği, geleneksel etik teorilerinin fayda, çıkar, ilgi, mutluluk, erdem ve ödeve atfettiği rolü arzuya atfederek bu teorilere radikal bir alternatif sunar. Lacan, bilinçdışı arzularımızı tamamen görmezden gelen tüm bu yüksek amaçların insanın kendi arzusuna ihanetini olumladığını savunur ve bilinçdışını/arzuyu etik ilke olarak gören Freud’un teşebbüsünü takip ederek etik ile pathos (tutku) arasındaki bağlantıyı yeniden keşfetmeye çalışır. Bilinçdışıyla bağlantıda yetkinleşmeyi önceleyen bu yeni etik alan, ahlaki kurallar formüle ederek iradeyi güçlendirmeyi ya da iyi yaşam formülleri sunmayı hedeflemez. Lacancı arzu etiği, insan eylemlerinin çekirdeği olan ancak anlaşılmaz ve ele geçirilemez bir karaktere sahip arzunun kökenlerini keşfederek, insan yaşamının ve karakterinin doğasını neyin oluşturduğuna dair geniş bir anlayışla ilgilidir. Bu bağlamda çalışmamızın amacı, bedenlerimiz, dilimiz ve kendimiz ile ilişkiyi önceleyen bambaşka bir söylemi ihtiva eden arzu etiğinin temeli olan “İçindeki arzuya uygun davrandın mı?” sorusunun varoluşsal karşılığını takip etmektir. Bu amaca bağlı olarak, öncelikle bilinçdışının erdem ve ödev etiğindeki konumunu tartışacak ve Lacan’da hep bir kayıp duygusuyla karakterize olan arzunun ontolojik bir arayışa dönüşmesini değerlendireceğiz. Bu arayışta arzunun gündelik hayattaki görünümleri, öznenin arzusuna neden ve nasıl ihanet etmiş olacağı ve en önemlisi de Lacan’ın etik düsturu olan “Arzuna sahip çık!” mottosunun psiko-felsefi açılımları da temel izleğimiz olacaktır.
Meanings of Logical Connectives in the Light of Alethic Relations
Authors: BESLER Arman
Published: December 2023

One of the central questions in 20th-century discussions within logic and philosophy of language is where logical constants, specifically propositional connectives, get their meaning from. What kind of determination/justification bond is found between the inference rules peculiar to a given connective and the meaning of that connective? Are these rules justified by it, or rather do they contribute to its construction? An observation made by G. Gentzen, who founded in the 1930s the proof-theoretical approach at large, triggered a view (called by some logical inferentialism) that gives a remarkable answer to the above question: the meaning of a logical constant in a logical language is provided, not by some sort of representational content, but by the inferential norms that govern its overall use. In 1960 A. N. Prior fictionalized as a counter-instance the connective tonk solely using a couple of inference rules, a connective capable of overthrowing the system of deduction; N. Belnap’s 1962 reply in the form of an analysis of the tonk problem opens the way to discussions in logic-cum-philosophy of language with important outcomes. The present little study can be read as some further deflation of the tonk problem with a relatively unconstrained inferentialistic view of the matter. The two main theses of the study are (i) that the problem posed by tonk-like connectives can be captured, more simply than in Belnap’s (otherwise correct) analysis, through inferential relations of a certain type which will be dubbed alethic relations; and (ii) that Prior’s challenge, brought to completion in whichever way, cannot give any result against the inferentialist conception.
A Brief Analysis of the Puzzle of Consciousness
Authors: IŞIKGİL Sena
Published: December 2023

The challenging problem of consciousness, or more traditionally the mind-body problem, continues to maintain its vitality and importance despite all philosophical theories and advances in neuroscience, artificial intelligence and technology. The problem of consciousness has been addressed by both philosophers and scientists from ancient times to the present. In the most general sense, the problem of consciousness, also known as the hard problem, is the problem of how subjective mental states arise from a physical piece of meat. The main purpose of this article is to present a categorical and explanatory analysis of this puzzle of consciousness, which is still important today. For this purpose, first of all, the definitions of the concept of consciousness in the literature will be examined in depth. Afterwards, the characteristics of consciousness that are untamed for science, which turns it into the hard problem for us, will be touched upon, and the puzzle of consciousness will be explained with Chalmers' distinction between easy problems and the hard problem of consciousness. Finally, it is aimed to complete this explanatory analysis on the puzzle of consciousness by making a categorical distinction between traditional solution-oriented approaches to the problem of consciousness.