bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Funding Sources of Therapeutic and Vaccine Clinical Trials for COVID-19 vs Non–COVID-19 Indications, 2020-2021
Authors: Angelis Aris , Suarez Alonso Carlos , Kyriopoulos Ilias , Mossialos Elias
Published: August 2022

Importance

Effective COVID-19 vaccines and therapeutics reached the market within the first year of the pandemic. This rate of development and availability was an unprecedented achievement that required attention to numerous research and development, regulatory, and policy challenges. However, only limited evidence is currently available on the sources of funding for COVID-19 clinical trials.

Objective

To compare the number and funding sources of clinical trials aimed at investigating therapeutics and vaccines for COVID-19 vs those for all non–COVID-19 indications.

Design, Setting, and Participants

In this cross-sectional study, clinical trials in phase 1 to 3 that were registered to start between January 1, 2020, and August 31, 2021, were examined. All relevant data were collected from ClinicalTrials.gov.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Number of clinical trials and their funding sources.

Results

A total of 1977 clinical trials that addressed COVID-19 therapeutics and vaccines were registered worldwide with starting dates from January 1, 2020, to August 31, 2021. This cohort represented 13.9% of all trials (N = 14 274) during the same period. Most of the COVID-19 therapeutic and vaccine clinical trials were funded by public sources (1144 [57.9%]), followed by industry (540 [27.3%]) and public-private partnerships (293 [14.8%]). Most of these studies focused on the development of anti–COVID-19 therapeutics (1680 [85.0%]) rather than vaccines (297 [15.0%]).

Conclusions and Relevance

The findings of this study suggest that publicly funded research and medical institutions played a leading role as funding sources for generating effective COVID-19 therapeutics and vaccines during the first 1.5 years of the pandemic and were most likely instrumental in their rapid development. It may be beneficial for the public sector to maintain the affordability and global access to these therapeutics and vaccines to ensure that they remain available for use worldwide.
Regulation of Quantum Wells Width Distribution in 2D Perovskite Films for Photovoltaic Application
Authors: Peng Sihui , Ma Junjie , Li Pengwei , Zang Shuangquan , Zhang Yiqiang , Song Yanlin
Published: August 2022

Solution‐processed 2D perovskite films generally contain mixed quantum wells (QWs) with multiple well width distribution, which seriously weakens the charge transfer. To achieve regulation of the QW width, strategies to optimize the crystallization dynamics of 2D perovskite films are urgently needed. In this review, systematic summary on QW distribution and guidelines for 2D perovskite phase regulation is provided, aiming to establish a general manual for preparing efficient 2D perovskite solar cells (PSCs). The factors affecting the distribution of multiple‐QWs in 2D perovskite films, including component engineering, additive engineering, process optimization, are first generalized. Then an extensive review of these factors that are widely used to reconstruct 2D perovskite crystallization process is conducted. Leveraging these insights, the effect of QWs distributions on 2D PSCs properties is also summarized. Similarly, considering the crystallization kinetics and device performance, the QWs width control of 2D perovskite films from the aspects of ligand engineering, precursor design, and fabrication optimization, is rationalized. Finally, an outlook on how to realize ordered QWs distribution in perovskite films for efficient 2D PSCs is proposed.
3‐Arylidene‐4‐Chromanones and 3‐Arylidene‐4‐Thiochromanones: Versatile Synthons towards the Synthesis of Complex Heterocycles
Authors: Begum Ayisha F. , Balasubramanian Kalpattu K. , Shanmugasundaram Bhagavathy
Published: August 2022

Heterocyclic compounds are well‐known for their use in the synthesis of drugs and drug intermediates. This review provides a systematic survey on the chemical synthesis of complex heterocyclic compounds containing multi‐stereocentres using 3‐arylidene‐4‐chromanones in the last two decades. Regioselective and stereoselective synthesis of complex heterocycles involving 3‐arylidene‐chromanones and 3‐arylidene‐thiochormanones are dealt under various reaction headings such as epoxidation, Michael addition, 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition, [3+2] and [4+2] cycloaddition, Diels‐Alder reaction, sulfa‐Michael/aldol cascade reactions, asymmetric synthesis employing bifunctional catalysts, chiral phase‐transfer catalysts, chiral squaramide catalysts, etc. These synthetic highlights demonstrate the utility of 3‐arylidene‐4‐chromanones and 3‐arylidene‐thiochormanones as versatile synthons for rapid assemblage of complex condensed heterocyles and spiro‐fused heterocycles towards the development of pharmaceutically active compounds. A brief highlight on the synthetic methods of 3‐arylidene‐4‐chromanone derivatives is also dealt. This review creates a platform for further improvement on the skeletal design of potential drug candidates.
Physiologically Responsive Polyurethanes for Tissue Repair and Regeneration
Authors: Liu Wenxing , Li Shifen , Wang Beiduo , Peng Pai , Gao Changyou
Published: August 2022

Polyurethanes have been broadly used as biomaterials in tissue repair and regeneration due to their preeminent biocompatibility and mechanical properties. However, traditional polyurethanes are not able to efficiently cope with the complexity of dynamic tissue microenvironments during the process of disease therapy. Physiologically responsive polyurethanes responding or reacting to biological signals or pathological abnormalities can change their physicochemical properties, enabling on‐demand release or intelligently promoting tissue regeneration. So far, the physiologically responsive polyurethanes have gained significant interest for applications in controlled drug delivery systems and tissue engineering in recent years. This review highlights the research advances in the design of the physiological‐responsive polyurethanes and their applications for tissue repair and regeneration, with particular attention to some representative examples such as pH‐, redox‐, temperature‐, and enzyme‐responsive polyurethanes. The key design principles and applications are illustrated in the treatment of retinal detachment, gastric ulcer, wound, myocardial infarction, lung injury, bone defect, and osteoarthritis. The challenges and future perspectives of the physiological‐responsive polyurethanes are finally discussed.
Tumor‐Microenvironment‐Responsive Cascade Reactions by a Cobalt‐Single‐Atom Nanozyme for Synergistic Nanocatalytic Chemotherapy
Authors: Cai Shuangfei , Liu Jiaming , Ding Jianwei , Fu Zhao , Li Haolin , Xiong Youlin , Lian Zheng , Yang Rong , Chen Chunying
Published: August 2022

Nanocatalytic therapy, involving the nanozyme‐triggered production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the tumor microenvironment (TME), has demonstrated potential in tumor therapy, but nanozymes still face challenges of activity and specificity that compromise the therapeutic efficacy. Herein, we report a strategy based on a single‐atom nanozyme to initiate cascade enzymatic reactions in the TME for tumor‐specific treatment. The cobalt‐single‐atom nanozyme, with Co−N coordination on N‐doped porous carbon (Co‐SAs@NC), displays catalase‐like activity that decomposes cellular endogenous H2O2 to produce O2, and subsequent oxidase‐like activity that converts O2 into cytotoxic superoxide radicals to efficiently kill tumor cells. By incorporation with doxorubicin, the therapy achieves a significantly enhanced antitumor effect in vivo. Our findings show that cascade TME‐specific catalytic therapy combined with chemotherapy is a promising strategy for efficient tumor therapy.
Non‐Fluorinated and Robust Superhydrophobic Modification on Covalent Organic Framework for Crude‐Oil‐in‐Water Emulsion Separation
Authors: Ruidas Santu , Das Avijit , Kumar Saurav , Dalapati Sasanka , Manna Uttam , Bhaumik Asim
Published: August 2022

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) having high specific surface area, tunable pore size and high crystallinity are mostly post modified following fluorine‐based and complex synthetic approaches to achieve a bio‐inspired liquid wettability, i.e. superhydrophobicity. Herein, a facile, non‐fluorinated and robust chemical approach is introduced for tailoring the water wettability of a new COF—which was prepared through Schiff‐base condensation reaction. A silane precursor was readily reacted with selected alkyl acrylates through 1,4‐conjugate addition reaction, prior to grafting on the prepared C4‐COF for tailoring different water wettability—including robust superhydrophobicity. The superhydrophobic C4‐COF (SH‐C4‐COF) that displayed significantly enhanced (>5 times; from 220 wt. % to 1156 wt. %) oil‐absorption capacity, was extended to address the relevant challenges of “oil‐in‐water” emulsion separation, rapidly (<1 minute) and repetitively (50 times) at diverse and harsh conditions.
Visible‐Light‐Responsive Self‐Assembled Complexes: Improved Photoswitching Properties by Metal Ion Coordination**
Authors: DiNardi Ray G. , Douglas Anna O. , Tian Ruoming , Price Jason R. , Tajik Mohammad , Donald William A. , Beves Jonathon E.
Published: August 2022

A photoswitchable ligand based on azobenzene is self‐assembled with palladium(II) ions to form a [Pd2(E‐L)4]4+ cage. Irradiation with 470 nm light results in the near‐quantitative switching to a monomeric species [Pd(Z‐L)2]2+, which can be reversed by irradiation with 405 nm light, or heat. The photoswitching selectivity towards the metastable isomer is significantly improved upon self‐assembly, and the thermal half‐life is extended from 40 days to 850 days, a promising approach for tuning photoswitching properties.
Construction of Perylene‐based Amphiphilic Micelle and Its Efficient Adsorption and In Situ Photodegradation of Bisphenol A in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Wang Guan , Li Hua , Li Najun , Chen Dongyun , He Jinghui , Xu Qingfeng , Lu Jianmei
Published: August 2022

Low mass‐transfer efficiency and reaction‐driving force make it difficult to realize thorough purification in traditional low‐concentration pollutant treatments. Herein, we propose an “adsorption/catalysis in situ” perylene based bifunctional micelle for efficient, accurate and rapid adsorption and catalytic degradation of low‐concentration bisphenol A (BPA). They show super‐fast (within 10 s), high capacity (448 mg g−1) and selectivity for BPA adsorption, due to π–π, hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonding. The BPA degradation efficiency improves by up to 8 times after forming micelles compared with simple perylene nanorods, which is primarily due to the superior mass‐transfer from adsorption. Moreover, self‐assembly can optimize the stacking of the perylene moieties and facilitate charge transfer in micelle, and the regular π–π stacking of inside perylene units enhances the response to visible light, resulting in high catalytic capacity and good cycling stability.
Synthesis, anticholinesterase activity, molecular docking, and molecular dynamic simulation studies of 1,3,4‐oxadiazole derivatives
Authors: Durmaz Şeyma , Evren Asaf E. , Sağlık Begüm N. , Yurttaş Leyla , Tay Naime F.
Published: August 2022

Two new series of 1,3,4‐oxadiazoles bearing pyridine and thiazole heterocycles (4a‐h and 5a‐h) were synthesized (2,5‐disubstituted‐1,3,4‐oxadiazoles). The structures of these newly synthesized compounds were confirmed by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), 13C NMR, high‐resolution mass spectrometric and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic methods. All these compounds were evaluated for their enzyme inhibitory activities against two cholinesterase enzymes, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). From the studies, we identified compounds 4a, 4h, 5a, 5d, and 5e as selective AChE inhibitors, with IC50 values ranging from 0.023 to 0.037 μM. Furthermore, docking studies of these compounds were performed at the active sites of their target enzymes. The molecular docking study showed that 5e possessed an ideal docking pose with interactions inside AChE.
Spirocyclohexadienone‐Type Neolignans with Neuroprotective and Neurite Outgrowth Enhancing Activities from Magnolia liliiflora
Authors: Wu Xing‐De , Hu Jian‐Lin , Nie Wei , Hu Ming , Li Jin‐Da , Shen Yi‐Fan , Ding Lin‐Fen , Song Liu‐Dong
Published: August 2022

Three rare spirocyclohexadienone‐type neolignans, magnoflorins A–C (1–3), and three known analogs (4–6), were isolated from the leaves of Magnolia liliiflora. Magnoflorin D (4) was obtained from natural resources for the first time. The chemical structures and absolute configurations of 1–4 were elucidated through detailed analysis of HR‐ESI‐MS, IR, 1H, 13C, and 2D NMR, and ECD experiments. The absolute configuration of 5 were characterized by X‐ray crystallography in present study. Moreover, compounds 4 and 5 displayed moderate neuroprotective activity against corticosterone‐induced PC12 cells injury at 20 μM with cell viability of 71.5±0.99 % and 73.0±1.42 %, respectively, compared to the model group with 60.83±0.93 %. Compound 6 could enhance neurite outgrowth of nerve growth factor (NGF)‐induced PC12 cells at 10 μM with the differentiation rate of 11.98 %, compared with 20.49 % of 50 ng/ml NGF.
Atomic‐Layer‐Deposited Oxygen‐Deficient TiO2 on Carbon Cloth: An Efficient Electrocatalyst for Nitrogen Fixation
Authors: Ma Xiaobo , Zhang Qiyu , Gao Lijun , Zhang Yating , Hu Chao
Published: August 2022

Electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) is a promising alternative to the traditional Haber‐Bosch process for ammonia production, but plagued by the high bonding energy of N≡N and the hydrogen evolution side reaction. Recent studies show that enhancing the adsorption and activation of N2 on the catalyst is the key to improving the NRR performance, and the introduction of oxygen vacancies on the surface of metal oxides is an effective way to design high‐performance catalysts. Here, TiO2 with different thicknesses was deposited on conductive carbon cloth by atomic layer deposition, and then oxygen vacancies were introduced on the catalyst surface by an annealing process. The abundant oxygen vacancies on TiO2 surface are found to be beneficial for enhancing the NRR activity of the catalysts. Moreover, the NRR activity is significantly influenced by the thickness of the deposited TiO2 layer, and an over‐thick TiO2 layer leads to a decrease in the conductivity of the catalysts and hinders the charge transfer process. With the optimum thickness, the atomic‐layer‐deposited oxygen‐deficient TiO2 catalysts can achieve a Faradaic efficiency of 31.6 % and a yield of 3.4 μg h−1 cm−2 for ammonia production in 0.5 M LiOH aqueous electrolyte at 0 vs. RHE. It is anticipated that ultrathin semiconducting oxide catalysts synthesized by atomic layer deposition will have broad and promising applications for efficient electrochemical NRR. Introduction
Quantitative Evaluation and Improvement of Interfacial Li+ Transfer Between SiOx Electrode and Garnet‐Type Ta‐Doped Li7La3Zr2O12 Electrolyte
Authors: Sugimoto Ryosuke , Marumoto Kohei , Haruta Masakazu , Inaba Minoru , Doi Takayuki
Published: August 2022

A flat and smooth Li6.6La3Zr1.6Ta0.4O12 (LLZT) pellet was used as a model solid electrolyte to evaluate Li+ transfer resistivity (Ω cm2) at an interface between an LLZT electrolyte and a silicon suboxide (SiOx) electrode. Two types of interfaces were employed; one was a “joint interface” that was formed by depositing a SiOx thin film directly on the LLZT pellet. The other was a “contact interface” that was formed by compressing a SiOx thin film on a Cu foil to the LLZT pellet, which is a more realistic and practicable interface in all‐solid‐state batteries. The quantitative evaluation of interfacial resistances revealed that Li+ transfer at the solid/solid interfaces was intrinsically more sluggish than that for a solid/liquid one using an electrolyte solution. The interfacial resistivity could be reduced by introducing an artificial solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) to the contact SiOx/LLZT interface.
The genus Annona: Botanical characteristics, horticultural requirements and uses
Authors: Leal Freddy , Paull Robert E.
Published: August 2022

An overview of the genus Annona in the Family Annonaceae is provided in this review. The mainly neotropical family of trees and lianas has numerous commercial fruits that are eaten fresh, processed, or used as popular medicines. The family has 109 recognized genera and from 2,300 to 2,500 species. The taxonomy, morphology, and cytology of Annona spp. are discussed. The genus Annona has the most fruits of commercial importance, including the cherimoya (A. cherimola Mill.), soursop (A. muricata L.), sugar apple (A. squamosa L.), ilama (A. diversifolia Saff.), pond apple (A. glabra L.), biriba (A. mucosa Jacq. formerly Rollinia deliciosa Saff.), and hybrids such as the atemoya (A. squamosa × A. cherimola).
Implementation and outcomes of home‐based treatments for adolescents with anorexia nervosa: Study protocol for a pilot effectiveness‐implementation trial
Authors: Goldschmidt Andrea B. , Tortolani Christina C. , Egbert Amy H. , Brick Leslie A. , Elwy A. Rani , Donaldson Deidre , Le Grange Daniel
Published: August 2022

Objective

Although family‐based treatment (FBT) is considered a first‐line treatment for adolescent anorexia nervosa (AN), it is underutilized in community settings and is unavailable to many families for a multitude of practical reasons (e.g., costs of treatment, transportation constraints). Adapting FBT interventions for delivery in home‐based and community‐based settings may reduce pragmatic barriers to treatment uptake and engagement.

Methods

This pilot effectiveness‐implementation trial will assess outcomes, implementation, and mechanisms of FBT adapted for the home setting (FBT‐HB), delivered in the context of community‐based behavioral health agencies. Adolescents with AN‐spectrum disorders (n = 50) and their caregivers will be randomly assigned to either FBT‐HB or home‐based treatment as usual (TAU; integrated family therapy approach). Caregivers and adolescents will provide data on weight, eating, and putative treatment mechanisms, including caregiver self‐efficacy and adolescent eating‐related and weight‐related distress. Implementation constructs of feasibility, acceptability, and appropriateness will be measured among providers and participating families.

Hypotheses

We expect that FBT‐HB will be feasible, acceptable, and appropriate, and will outperform TAU in terms of improvements in adolescent weight and eating‐related psychopathology. We further expect that caregiver self‐efficacy and adolescent eating‐related and weight‐related distress, but not general distress, will show greater improvements in FBT‐HB relative to TAU and will be associated with better adolescent weight and eating outcomes in FBT‐HB.

Potential implications

The proposed study has clear potential to advance scientific and clinical understanding of the real‐world effectiveness of FBT for AN, including whether adapting it for the home setting improves its accessibility and effects on treatment outcome.
Assembling Hexagonal‐Bipyramidal {Mn8Zn2} and {Mn8Zn4} Clusters
Authors: Tziotzi Thomais G. , Andreou Evangelos K. , Mavromagoulos Athanasios , Murrie Mark , Dalgarno Scott J. , Brechin Euan K. , Milios Constantinos J.
Published: August 2022

Reaction between Mn(NO3)2 ⋅ 6H2O, Zn(NO3)2 ⋅ 6H2O, 1,3,5‐tri(2‐hydroxyethyl)‐1,3,5‐triazacyclohexane (H3L) and pyrazole in MeOH under basic conditions leads to the formation of the decanuclear complex [MnIII6MnII2ZnII2(L)2(pyr)4O4(OH)4(NO3)2 (MeOH)2(H2O)4](NO3)2 ⋅ Η2Ο (1 ⋅ Η2Ο). The metallic core of the cationic cluster consists of a central hexagonal‐bipyramidal {MnIII4MnII2ZnII2} unit connected to two peripheral trivalent Mn centers arranged in a “trans” fashion, with one MnIII center lying above and one MnIII center below the hexagonal plane. Replacing Mn(NO3)2 ⋅ 6H2O with MnBr2 ⋅ 4H2O and repeating the same reaction leads to the formation of the related, neutral decanuclear complex [MnIII6MnII2ZnII2(L)2(pyr)4O4(OH)4Br4(H2O)2] (2), displaying the same metallic core as 1. Addition of THF to the reaction mixture that produces (2) affords the neutral dodecanuclear complex [MnIII6MnII2ZnII4(L)2(pyr)6O4(OH)4Br6(H2O)4] ⋅ 8THF (3 ⋅ 8THF), whose metallic skeleton retains the central hexagonal‐bipyramidal {MnIII4MnII2ZnII2} unit found in 1 and 2 but is now connected to two peripheral {MnIIIZnII} units. Magnetic susceptibility and magnetization measurements carried out in the T=2–300 K temperature range and in fields up to B=7.0 T for all three complexes reveal dominant antiferromagnetic exchange interactions.
Wind‐Induced Response and Stow Position Analysis of the Flat Roof Parabolic Solar Collector
Authors: Zou Qiong , Tang Haoyu , Zou Feng , Wang Chao , Zeng Xuan
Published: August 2022

Under the action of wind load, the parabolic solar collector (PSC) is easily damaged. In order to ensure the stability and security of the flat roof parabolic solar collector (FRPSC), understanding the wind load effect on the FRPSC has always been an important research direction. This article studies the free vibration and wind‐induced response characteristics of the FRPSC, and analyzes the optimal stow position of the FRPSC under strong wind. The modal analysis and wind‐induced response calculation of the FRPSC are done through wind tunnel pressure experiment and finite element simulation. The changing laws of the FRPSC dynamic characteristic parameters, peak displacement response, and wind‐induced vibration coefficient are obtained. The wind‐induced response mechanism of the FRPSC under different working conditions is analyzed in detail. In addition, a comparison with the ground parabolic solar collector is made. Based on the research results, an optimal stow position is analyzed and proposed to minimize the impact of strong wind on the collector. This research work can provide a useful reference for the security design of the FRPSC.
Mitochondrial stress in advanced fibrosis and cirrhosis associated with chronic hepatitis B, chronic hepatitis C, or nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
Authors: Loureiro Dimitri , Tout Issam , Narguet Stéphanie , Bed Cheikh Mohamed , Roinard Morgane , Sleiman Ahmad , Boyer Nathalie , Pons‐Kerjean Nathalie , Castelnau Corinne , Giuly Nathalie , Tonui Dorothy , Soumelis Vassili , El Benna Jamel , Soussan Patrick , Moreau Richard , Paradis Valérie , Mansouri Abdellah , Asselah Tarik
Published: August 2022

Background and Aims:

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection causes oxidative stress (OS) and alters mitochondria in experimental models. Our goal was to investigate whether HBV might alter liver mitochondria also in humans, and the resulting mitochondrial stress might account for the progression of fibrosis in chronic hepatitis B (CHB).

Approach and Results:

The study included 146 treatment‐naïve CHB mono‐infected patients. Patients with CHB and advanced fibrosis (AF) or cirrhosis (F3‐F4) were compared to patients with no/mild‐moderate fibrosis (F0‐F2). Patients with CHB were further compared to patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC; n = 33), nonalcoholic steatohepatatis (NASH; n = 12), and healthy controls (n = 24). We detected oxidative damage to mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), including mtDNA strand beaks, and identified multiple mtDNA deletions in patients with F3‐F4 as compared to patients with F0‐F2. Alterations in mitochondrial function, mitochondrial unfolded protein response, biogenesis, mitophagy, and liver inflammation were observed in patients with AF or cirrhosis associated with CHB, CHC, and NASH. In vitro, significant increases of the mitochondrial formation of superoxide and peroxynitrite as well as mtDNA damage, nitration of the mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes, and impairment of complex I occurred in HepG2 cells replicating HBV or transiently expressing hepatitits B virus X protein. mtDNA damage and complex I impairment were prevented with the superoxide‐scavenging Mito‐Tempo or with inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)–specific inhibitor 1400 W.

Conclusions:

Our results emphasized the importance of mitochondrial OS, mtDNA damage, and associated alterations in mitochondrial function and dynamics in AF or cirrhosis in CHB and NASH. Mitochondria might be a target in drug development to stop fibrosis progression.
Special issue “The advance of solid tumor research in China”: FGFR4 alterations predict efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors in nonsmall cell lung cancer
Authors: Gao Guanghui , Cui Longgang , Zhou Fei , Jiang Tao , Wang Wanying , Mao Shiqi , Wu Fengying , Jiang Fangli , Zhang Bei , Bei Ting , Xie Wenchuan , Zhang Cheng , Zhang Hougang , Gao Chan , Zhao Xiaochen , Bai Yuezong , Zhou Caicun , Ren Shengxiang
Published: August 2022

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), which represent the new standard of care for advanced nonsmall cell lung cancer (NCSLC), are not effective in many patients. Biomarkers are needed to guide treatment. Sequencing data of an ICI‐treated cohort were analyzed to identify genomic signatures predicting ICI efficacy, followed by validation using multiple independent cohorts. Their predictive mechanism was explored by evaluating the tumor immune microenvironment and tumor mutational burden (TMB). In the discovery cohort, patients carrying FGFR4 alterations (FGFR4altered) had a better objective response rate (ORR) (50.0% vs 19.4%; P = .057) and improved median progression‐free survival (mPFS) (13.17 vs 3.17 months; HR 0.37; 95% CI 0.14‐1; P = .04) than wild‐type patients (FGFR4wt). In the publicly available validation cohorts, FGFR4 alterations correlated with higher ORR (100% vs 31%; P = .028), longer median overall survival (mOS) (not reached [NR] vs 11 months; HR 0.28, 95% CI 0.09‐0.89, P = .02), and mPFS (NR vs 6.07 months; HR 0.05, 95% CI 0‐3.94, P = .039). FGFR4 alterations were confirmed as an independent predictor of superior PFS (P = .014) and OS (P = .005). FGFR4altered patients also exhibited a significantly improved disease control rate (100% vs 60%, P = .045) and prolonged mPFS (9.70 vs 3.16 months; P = .095) compared to FGFR4wt patients in our Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital cohort. FGFR4 alterations associated with a higher TMB levels, more CD8+ T cells in the tumor stroma, and a higher M1/M2 ratio for tumor‐associated macrophages in the tumor center and stroma. Thus, FGFR4 alterations may serve as a potential independent predictor of ICI efficacy in NSCLC.
MetaTrass: A high‐quality metagenome assembler of the human gut microbiome by cobarcoding sequencing reads
Authors: Qi Yanwei , Gu Shengqiang , Zhang Yue , Guo Lidong , Xu Mengyang , Cheng Xiaofang , Wang Ou , Sun Ying , Chen Jianwei , Fang Xiaodong , Liu Xin , Deng Li , Fan Guangyi
Published: August 2022

Metagenomic evidence of great genetic diversity within the nonconserved regions of the human gut microbial genomes appeals for new methods to elucidate the species‐level variability at high resolution. However, current approaches cannot satisfy this methodologically challenge. In this study, we proposed an efficient binning‐first‐and‐assembly‐later strategy, named MetaTrass, to recover high‐quality species‐resolved genomes based on public reference genomes and the single‐tube long fragment read (stLFR) technology, which enables cobarcoding. MetaTrass can generate genomes with longer contiguity, higher completeness, and lower contamination than those produced by conventional assembly‐first‐and‐binning‐later strategies. From a simulation study on a mock microbial community, MetaTrass showed the potential to improve the contiguity of assembly from kb to Mb without accuracy loss, as compared to other methods based on the next‐generation sequencing technology. From four human fecal samples, MetaTrass successfully retrieved 178 high‐quality genomes, whereas only 58 ones were provided by the optimal performance of other conventional strategies. Most importantly, these high‐quality genomes confirmed the high level of genetic diversity among different samples and unveiled much more. MetaTrass was designed to work with metagenomic reads sequenced by stLFR technology, but is also applicable to other types of cobarcoding libraries. With the high capability of assembling high‐quality genomes of metagenomic data sets, MetaTrass seeks to facilitate the study of spatial characters and dynamics of complex microbial communities at enhanced resolution. The open‐source code of MetaTrass is available at https://github.com/BGI-Qingdao/MetaTrass.
Volume‐rendered optical coherence tomography angiography during ocular interventions: Advocating for noninvasive intraoperative retinal perfusion monitoring
Authors: Enz Tim J. , Maloca Peter M. , Tschopp Markus , Menke Marcel N. , Tribble James R. , Williams Pete A. , Inglin Nadja , Steitz Ulrike , Scholl Hendrik P. N. , Papazoglou Anthia
Published: August 2022

We aimed to test for feasibility of volume‐rendered optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) as a novel method for assessing/quantifying retinal vasculature during ocular procedures and to explore the potential for intraoperative use. Thirty patients undergoing periocular anaesthesia were enrolled, since published evidence suggests a reduction in ocular blood flow. Retinal perfusion was monitored based on planar OCTA image‐derived data provided by a standard quantification algorithm and postprocessed/volume‐rendered OCTA data using a custom software script. Overall, imaging procedures were successful, yet imaging artifacts occurred frequently. In interventional eyes, perfusion parameters decreased during anaesthesia. Planar image‐derived and volume rendering‐derived parameters were correlated. No correlation was found between perfusion parameters and a motion artifact score developed for this study, yet all perfusion parameters correlated with signal strength as displayed by the device. Concluding, volume‐rendered OCTA allows for noninvasive three‐dimensional retinal vasculature assessment/quantification in challenging surgical settings and appears generally feasible for intraoperative use.
A stabilized foam formulation usingFTP‐SDSsurfactants for wettability alteration and flow diversion in carbonate fractured oil reservoirs
Authors: Hosseini Seyyed Koorosh , Soltani Soulgani Bahram , Foroozesh Jalal , Haji Bolouri Ehsan
Published: August 2022

Foam injection contributes to improved oil recovery through flow diversion, reduction of interfacial tension (IFT), and wettability alteration of the rock while its stability is an issue. In this article, nitrogen‐foam was optimally formulated using fluorocarbon tubiguard protect (FTP) surfactant stabilized with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) co‐surfactant that was later experimentally considered for oil recovery in a fractured carbonate rock taken from an oil field in the Middle East. The results showed that the 5:1 volume ratio of fluorocarbon surfactant and SDS (FS51) generates a stable foaming agent with ability of changing the wettability of the carbonate rock surfaces to an intermediate gas‐wet state. A series of core‐flood experiments at HPHT conditions were also carried out and designed to properly represent matrix‐fracture media using both a horizontally and vertically oriented setup. The oil saturated cores were flooded with nitrogen gas first followed by foam injection. It was concluded that foam can divert the gas to flow from fractures to the matrix blocks and result in a significant oil recovery. The contact angle tests that performed after core‐flood experiments revealed the wettability changes of fracture surfaces from an oil‐wet to a gas‐wet state. This allows gas to be imbibed into the matrix blocks by capillary force and results in enhancement of ultimate oil recovery. This study revealed that trapped oil in matrixes blocks that had not been drained during the gas injection process could be produced by designing a stable foam that sustainably diverts injected fluid from fractures to matrix zone.
Stoichiometric characteristics of medium‐ and micro‐elements (Ca, Mg, Fe, and Mn) in soil aggregates as affected by stand age in Chinese fir plantations
Authors: Wang Shengqiang , Zhou Pengyu , Luo Bing , Ye Shaoming
Published: August 2022

In order to understand the fertility of soil comprehensively in Chinese fir plantations, the stoichiometric characteristics of soil nutrient elements should be paid more attention to. Despite the broad investigation of the stoichiometry regarding soil C, N, P, and K, the stoichiometry regarding soil Ca, Mg, Fe, and Mn remains unclear. Therefore, this research aimed at exploring how the medium‐ and micro‐element (Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe2+, and Mn2+) contents, stocks, and their stoichiometric ratios (Ca2+/Mg2+ and Fe2+/Mn2+) in soil aggregates varied with Chinese fir‐planting age (3, 9, 17, and 26 years) in the soil profile (0–40 cm). Our results showed that the stand age affected the stoichiometric characteristics of soil medium‐ and micro‐elements in Chinese fir plantations, but such effects at the soil depth of 0–30 cm were more obvious compared with those at the 30–40 cm. At the soil depth of 0–30 cm, soil Fe2+ and Mn2+ were gradually accumulated over time, whereas soil Ca2+ and Mg2+ were susceptible to leaching and fir up taking. In the process of Chinese fir planting, decreasing soil Ca2+ and Mg2+, especially the Ca2+ (as demonstrated by decreasing soil Ca2+/Mg2+ ratio), could cause soil acidification. And then, soil acidification could lead to more Fe2+ and Mn2+ released by accelerated mineral collapse, especially the Fe2+ (as demonstrated by increasing soil Fe2+/Mn2+ ratio). Overall, the present research advances knowledge of soil nutrient dynamics in Chinese fir plantations and provides supplementary information for the ecological stoichiometry of soil in the terrestrial ecosystem elsewhere in the world.
Selectively Modulated Photoresponse in Type‐I Heterojunction for Ultrasensitive Self‐Powered Photodetectors
Authors: Liu Jidong , Hao Qiaoyan , Gan Haibo , Li Peng , Li Benxuan , Tu Yudi , Zhu Jingting , Qi Dianyu , Chai Yang , Zhang Wenjing , Liu Fei
Published: August 2022

Photodetectors based on two‐dimensional (2D) van der Waals heterostructures (vdWHs) have demonstrated great potential in modern nanotechnologies across a wide range of applications. However, due to the severe interface recombination of the photogenerated electron–hole pairs and various absorption edges of constituent layers, they would suffer from low carrier collection efficiency, and the spectral response range of each constituent layer is indistinguishable. Herein, tellurium (Te) nanoflakes with broadband photoresponse are synthesized to construct type‐I InSe/Te vdWHs photodetector, which exhibits an ultralow reverse dark current of 3 × 10−14 A and an ultrahigh current rectification ratio of 108. Moreover, considerable photovoltaic effect of the heterostructure device is observed under illumination, attaining a light on/off ratio of up to 105, a high specific detectivity of 1.77 × 1011 Jones, and a fast response time of 320 µs. Based on type‐I band alignment, the Te layer can collect the photogenerated holes from the InSe layer to suppress the recombination of photogenerated carriers. More importantly, the spectral response of the InSe/Te heterostructure photodetector can be selectively modulated by the InSe layer. This work demonstrates that band alignment engineering of 2D vdWHs holds great potential for developing high‐performance self‐powered photodetectors.
Early biofilm and streamer formation is mediated by wall shear stress and surface wettability: A multifactorial microfluidic study
Authors: Chun Alexander L. M. , Mosayyebi Ali , Butt Arthur , Carugo Dario , Salta Maria
Published: August 2022

Biofilms are intricate communities of microorganisms encapsulated within a self‐produced matrix of extra‐polymeric substances (EPS), creating complex three‐dimensional structures allowing for liquid and nutrient transport through them. These aggregations offer constituent microorganisms enhanced protection from environmental stimuli—like fluid flow—and are also associated with higher resistance to antimicrobial compounds, providing a persistent cause of concern in numerous sectors like the marine (biofouling and aquaculture), medical (infections and antimicrobial resistance), dentistry (plaque on teeth), food safety, as well as causing energy loss and corrosion. Recent studies have demonstrated that biofilms interact with microplastics, often influencing their pathway to higher trophic levels. Previous research has shown that initial bacterial attachment is affected by surface properties. Using a microfluidic flow cell, we have investigated the relationship between both wall shear stress (τw) and surface properties (surface wettability) upon biofilm formation of two species (Cobetia marina and Pseudomonas aeruginosa). We investigated biofilm development on low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) membranes, Permanox® slides, and glass slides, using nucleic acid staining and end‐point confocal laser scanning microscopy. The results show that flow conditions affect biomass, maximum thickness, and surface area of biofilms, with higher τw (5.6 Pa) resulting in thinner biofilms than lower τw (0.2 Pa). In addition, we observed differences in biofilm development across the surfaces tested, with LDPE typically demonstrating more overall biofilm in comparison to Permanox® and glass. Moreover, we demonstrate the formation of biofilm streamers under laminar flow conditions within straight micro‐channels.
Managing the retail operations in the COVID‐19 pandemic: Evidence from Morocco
Authors: Benchekroun Salma , Venkatesh V. G. , Dkhissi Ilham , Persis D. Jinil , Manimuthu Arunmozhi , Suresh M. , Sreedharan V. Raja
Published: August 2022

Novel coronavirus disease (COVID‐19) and resulting lockdowns have contributed to major retail operational disturbances around the globe, forcing retail organizations to manage their operations effectively. The impact can be measured as a black swan event (BSE). Therefore, to understand its impact on retail operations and enhance operational performance, the study attempts to evaluate retail operations and develop a decision‐making model for disruptive events in Morocco. The study develops a three‐phase evaluation approach. The approach involves fuzzy logic (to measure the current performance of retail operations), graph theory (to develop an exit strategy for retail operations based on different scenarios), and ANN and random forest‐based prediction model with K‐cross validation (to predict customer retention for retail operations). This methodology is preferred to develop a unique decision‐making model for BSE. From the analysis, the current retail performance index has been computed as “Average” level and the graph‐theoretic approach highlighted the critical attributes of retail operations. Further, the study identified triggering attributes for customer retention using machine learning‐based prediction models (MLBPM) and develops a contactless payment system for customers' safety and hygiene. The framework can be used on a periodic basis to help retail managers to improve their operational performance level for disruptive events.
Combined heat‐ and light‐induced shape memory behavior of RPVB/SMA/NRGO composites by reactive melt blending
Authors: Zhang Chenchen , Gao Yuan , Gao Huajie , Cao Yanxia , Wang Jianfeng , Yang Yanyu , Wang Wanjie
Published: August 2022

Recycled polyvinyl butyral film (RPVB) is reactive blending with different dosages of styrene‐maleic anhydride copolymer (SMA) in a torque rheometer. The shape memory properties of the RPVB/SMA blends are studied. The cross‐linked reaction between RPVB and SMA is the main factor affecting the shape memory properties of the binary blends. When the RPVB and SMA blending ratios are 3:1 and 4:1, both blends exhibit superior shape memory properties (the shape fixation ratios are above 96% at room temperature, and the shape recovery ratios are over 99% at 80°C). Furthermore, the RPVB/SMA/NRGO composites are prepared by adding the NH2‐functionalized reduced graphene oxide (NRGO) with an excellent thermal stability. The introduction of NRGO not only improves the tensile properties of the composites, but also endows them with an excellent light‐induced shape memory function.
Modified estimation and confidence intervals of an asymmetric loss‐based process capability index Cpm′$\mathcal {C}^{\prime }_{pm}$
Authors: Dey Sanku , Wang Liang , Saha Mahendra
Published: August 2022

In this article, we are interested to estimate a new capability index , which is based on asymmetric loss function (linear‐exponential) when the underlying process follows normal distribution. We estimate the parameters of the model using maximum likelihood method, bias‐corrected maximum likelihood method and bootstrap bias‐corrected maximum likelihood method and subsequently the process capability index (PCI) using the cited methods. Through extensive simulation studies, we compare the performances of the aforementioned methods of estimation for the PCI in terms of their absolute bias (AB) and MSEs. Besides, four bootstrap methods are employed for constructing the confidence intervals for the index by using the considered methods of estimation. The performances of the bootstrap confidence intervals (BCIs) are also compared in terms of average widths (AWs) and coverage probabilities (CPs) using Monte Carlo simulation. Finally, for illustrating the effectiveness of the proposed methods of estimation and BCIs, two real data sets from electronic industries are analyzed. All these data sets show that width of bias‐corrected accelerated bootstrap interval is minimum among all other considered BCIs.
On the Fault‐Tolerance Threshold for Surface Codes with General Noise
Authors: Chai Jing Hao , Ng Hui Khoon
Published: August 2022

Fault‐tolerant quantum computing based on surface codes has emerged as a popular route to large‐scale quantum computers capable of accurate computation even in the presence of noise. Its popularity is, in part, because the fault‐tolerance or accuracy threshold for surface codes is believed to be less stringent than competing schemes. This threshold is the noise level below which computational accuracy can be increased by increasing physical resources for noise removal, and is an important engineering target for realizing quantum devices. The current conclusions about surface code thresholds are, however, drawn largely from studies of probabilistic noise. While probabilistic noise is a natural assumption, current devices experience noise beyond such a model, raising the question of whether conventional statements about the thresholds apply. This work attempts to extend past proof techniques to derive the fault‐tolerance threshold for surface codes subjected to general noise with no particular structure. Surprisingly, no nontrivial threshold is found, i.e., there is no guarantee the surface code prescription works for general noise. While this is not a proof that the scheme fails, it appears that current proof techniques are likely unable to provide an answer. A genuinely new idea is needed to reaffirm the feasibility of surface code quantum computing.
Radiographic findings useful for diagnosis of primary chest wall lymphoma without preceding pleural disease: A case report
Authors: Tanaka Masanori , Fujimoto Daichi , Akamatsu Hiroaki , Sumikawa Hiromitsu , Yamamoto Nobuyuki
Published: August 2022

A 70‐year‐old man with no history of pleural diseases had a dumbbell‐shaped chest wall mass extending from the thoracic cavity to the spinal canal at the intervertebral foramen without bone destruction. Computed tomography revealed a positive a ‘pleural sandwich sign’, where the intercostal artery was enveloped by the mass. A high maximum standard uptake value was noted on fluorodeoxyglucose‐positron emission tomography. No lesions were found in areas other than the chest wall. CT‐guided biopsy was performed and he was diagnosed with primary chest wall lymphoma. This case report suggests that these radiographic findings may be helpful for diagnosing chest wall lymphomas even in patients without prior pleural disease.
Estimation of dual‐mode nonlinear stochastic systems with unknown parameters
Authors: Ji Ruiping , Liang Yan , Xu Linfeng , Wei Zhenwei
Published: August 2022

This article proposes the problem of state estimation for dual‐mode nonlinear stochastic systems with unknown parameters, that is, the possible state evolution is described by unknown switch between normal and abnormal modes, and the mismatch term of abnormal mode deviating from the normal one is parameterized as a linear stochastic transformation of state with unknown transformation matrix and modeling error covariance to generalize various abnormal state evolution. For this complex estimation problem involving unknown states, modes, and parameters (i.e., transformation matrix and covariance), a Bayesian learning based filter is first derived to update the joint posterior of state and unknown parameters in abnormal mode by exploiting sequential Monte Carlo, conjugate prior and marginalization. Then a switching output strategy of normal/abnormal mode filters based on likelihood‐ratio test is designed to reduce the conservatism of abnormal mode filter to normal mode state estimation. Finally, simulation study on a benchmark of maneuvering target tracking shows the superiority of the proposed method compared with existing ones.
Colloidal Active Matter Mimics the Behavior of Biological Microorganisms—An Overview
Authors: Nsamela Audrey , Garcia Zintzun Aidee Itandehui , Montenegro‐Johnson Thomas D. , Simmchen Juliane
Published: August 2022

This article provides a review of the recent development of biomimicking behaviors in active colloids. While the behavior of biological microswimmers is undoubtedly influenced by physics, it is frequently guided and manipulated by active sensing processes. Understanding the respective influences of the surrounding environment can help to engineering the desired response also in artificial swimmers. More often than not, the achievement of biomimicking behavior requires the understanding of both biological and artificial microswimmers swimming mechanisms and the parameters inducing mechanosensory responses. The comparison of both classes of microswimmers provides with analogies in their dependence on fuels, interaction with boundaries and stimuli induced motion, or taxis.
Versatile Surface Patterning with Low Molecular Weight Photoswitches
Authors: Meteling Henning J. , Bosse Florian , Schlichter Lisa , Tyler Bonnie J. , Arlinghaus Heinrich F. , Ravoo Bart Jan
Published: August 2022

Surface patterning of functional materials is a key technology in various fields such as microelectronics, optics, and photonics. In micro‐ and nanofabrication, polymers are frequently employed either as photoreactive or thermoresponsive resists that enable further fabrication steps, or as functional adlayers in electronic and optical devices. In this article, a method is presented for imprint lithography using low molecular weight arylazoisoxazoles photoswitches instead of polymer resists. These photoswitches exhibit a rapid and reversible solid‐to‐liquid phase transition upon photo‐isomerization at room temperature, making them highly suitable for reversible surface functionalization at ambient conditions. Beyond photo‐induced imprint lithography with multiple write‐and‐erase cycles, prospective applications as patterned matrix for nanoparticles and etch resist on gold surfaces are demonstrated.