bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Methodological Issues in the Assessment of the Affective Component of Subjective Well-Being
Authors: Schimmack Ulrich
Published: November 2023

One important area of positive psychology examines happiness and subjective well-being (SWB; Diener, 2000). Diener (1984) noted that SWB has an affective and a cognitive component. The cognitive component of SWB is assessed with life satisfaction judgments (Diener, Emmons, Larsen, & Griffin, 1985). The affective component assesses the amount of pleasant and unpleasant experiences in people’s lives (e.g., Schimmack, Diener, & Oishi, 2002). Early on, SWB researchers noted the limitations of research programs that focused exclusively on negative states such as depression and anxiety. In an influential article, Diener (1984) proposed that SWB is more than the absence of negative affect (NA). Although low levels of NA are important for SWB, high levels of positive affect (PA) are also important. Diener’s (1984) conception of SWB in terms of high PA and low NA implies that PA and NA are separable components of SWB. In other words, measures of PA show discriminant validity from measures of NA. If PA and NA were bipolar opposites, then minimization of NA would also maximize PA. In contrast, the distinction of PA and NA as separate components of SWB implies that PA and NA have different causes and consequences.
Within-Person Covariation Analysis; Applications to the Study of Affect
Authors: Larsen Randy J
Published: November 2023

The tongue-twisting title of this section of the book-Interindividual Differences in Intraindividual Variability-hints at the combined sources of variability that are disentangled in this particular approach. The approach I have employed to disentangling such variation consists of two steps. First, within-person covariation is assessed for each subject in the sample. This step is similar to calculating a score for each subject, but in this case the “score” is the degree of some form of covariation present in each person’s data stream. In the second step, between-person analyses are conducted on the covariation scores to see if meaningful individual differences can be found. These two steps can be done simultaneously with hierarchical linear models (e.g., Raudenbush & Bryk, 2002), or they can be done in two actual steps.
Using Item Response Models to Analyze Change: Advantages and Limitations
Authors: Gluck Judith , Spiel Christiane
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, we present models that measure change in people’s responses to individual test or questionnaire items, as opposed to change in scores computed across a number of items. In our view, these models are well-suited for many concepts of positive psychology, because they offer a highly differentiated perspective on change. Consider, for example, changes in personality in old age. Such changes, which occur relatively late in old age and are not very large in size, have to date been described in terms of scores on personality tests such as the NEO (Costa & McCrae, 1985). For example, Smith and Baltes (1999) found in a cross-sectional analysis that from age 85 on, neuroticism is positively correlated with age, while extraversion and openness are negatively correlated with age.
Differentiation of the Distributions of Inspiration and Positive Affect Across Days of the Week: An Application of Logistic Multilevel Modeling
Authors: Thrash Todd M
Published: November 2023

Positive psychology has been a liberating force in that researchers have more freedom than ever before to investigate what is good and right about human functioning. However, with this increased freedom comes the responsibility to integrate new constructs and theories with, and differentiate them from, those established previously. In our research on inspiration, Andrew Elliot and I (Thrash & Elliot, 2003, 2004) have observed a relatively strong relationship between inspiration and the established construct of activated positive affect (PA; Watson, Wiese, Vaidya, & Tellegen, 1999). Accordingly, we have sought and presented evidence that inspiration is distinct from activated PA. Inspiration has unique correlates (Thrash & Elliot, 2003, 2004), antecedents (Thrash & Elliot, 2004), and consequences (Thrash & Elliot, 2003). The substantive aim of this chapter is to provide additional evidence of the discriminant validity of inspiration and activated PA by documenting different distributions of the two states across days of the week.
Latent-Class Models for Analyzing Variability and Change
Authors: Eid Michael
Published: November 2023

Variability and change processes in positive psychology, as in most other areas of psychology, have been analyzed predominantly with models for metrical or continuous response variables over a long time. This tendency is well documented in this volume, as the majority of chapters deal with models that assume metrical variables on the observed and the latent level. The basic measurement process in positive psychology, however, in most cases is not based on metrical response variables but on items that are linked to categorical response scales. There is a tendency to ignore the categorical nature of these response scales by applying statistical methods that have been developed for metrical response variables. Analyzing categorical response scales with models for metrical variables has several shortcomings, and the aim of this chapter is to demonstrate the power and utility of methods for categorical variables to analyze variability and change processes in positive psychology.
Introduction to Fluvial Hydraulics
Authors: Dingman S Lawrence
Published: November 2023

Rivers in the Global Context Although rivers contain only 0.0002% of the water on earth (table 1.1), it is hard to overstate their importance to the functioning of the earth’s natural physical, chemical, and biological systems or to the establishment and nutritional, economic, and spiritual sustenance of human societies.
Immigrant Stories
Authors: Coll Cynthia García , Marks Amy Kerivan
Published: November 2023

Immigrant Stories portrays the contexts and academic trajectories of development of three unique immigrant groups: Cambodian, Dominican and Portuguese. The children of immigrant families or second generation youth are the fastest growing population of school children in the US. However, very little is known about these children’s academic and psychological development during middle childhood. We examine the previously under-explored intricacies of children’s emerging cultural attitudes and identities, academic engagement, and academic achievement. These processes are studied alongside a myriad of factors in the family and school environment that combine to shape children’s academic psychological functioning during this important period. Through a three-year longitudinal study, including interviews with teachers, parents and children, this book presents a fascinating look at the community, school, and family contexts of child development among second-generation children. Both pre-immigration and post-immigration characteristics are explored as critical factors for understanding children of immigrants’ development. In the current climate of US immigration policy debate, we offer research findings that may inform educators and administrators about the sources of community strengths and challenges facing our newest immigrant generations.
The Dominican Community: Recent, Growing, and Vibrant
Authors: Coll Cynthia García , Marks Amy Kerivan
Published: November 2023

The Dominican community in Providence has grown from a handful of families in the 1960s, to nearly 8,000 in the census of 1990, to over 15,000 in 2000 (U.S. Census Bureau, 1990a, 2000d). It is a vibrantly growing community with newcomers arriving regularly either directly from the Dominican Republic or from other northeastern cities, especially New York and New Jersey (see Bailey, 2000b; Itzigsohn, 2005). Many immigrants are driven by the perceptions of low cost of housing, good economic opportunities, and a safer environment for their children.

The character of the Dominican immigrant population has also changed dramatically over the years, from the 1960s with a primarily educated population of young adults originating from urban middleclass communities, to a much more economically, educationally, and regionally diverse population in the following decades. During the 1980s and 1990s, economic turmoil in the Dominican Republic lead to the migration of families from all spheres of society, including both skilled and unskilled workers, from both rural and urban locales. Family reunification and other sources of established community social capital provided resources for these new populations to immigrate. For many of the Dominican immigrants in our studies, their journey to the United States began with hopes and perceptions of great economic opportunities.
The Values in Action (VIA) Classification of Strengths
Authors: Peterson Christopher
Published: November 2023

The fledgling field of positive psychology calls for as much focus on strength as on weakness, as much interest in building the best things in life as in repairing the worst, and as much concern with fulfulling the lives of healthy people as healing the wounds of the distressed (Seligman, 2002; Seligman & Csikszentmihalyi, 2000). The past concern of psychology with human problems is of course understandable and will not be abandoned any time in the foreseeable future, but psychologists interested in promoting human potential need to pose different questions from their predecessors who assumed a disease model. The most critical tools for positive psychologists are a vocabulary for speaking about the good life and assessment strategies for investigating its components.
In The Mind’s Eye
Authors: Hochberg Julian
Published: November 2023

I’m going to talk today about some current attempts to analyze the structure of visually perceived form, and to identify those components of perceptual processing that mediate the known effects of set, of knowledge, and of learning. Most of the work is unpublished, and some is only starting, so what I will say is tentative and groping, and the implications are much less well-thought through than I would wish.
Attention, Organization, And Consciousness
Authors: Hochberg Julian
Published: November 2023

Two major features of consciousness are these: it is selective, and it is organized. All three of the terms that I have just used have many alternative meanings, so I shall have to define them for the purposes of this paper. By consciousness, I mean what we can report having been aware of; by selective, I mean that when we are asked what we have seen or heard, we can normally report only some very small part of what potentially we could describe. By organized, I mean that what we perceive usually has internal constraints—that is, that some features of what we say we see can be predicted from other features of what we say we see.
Movies In The Mind’s Eye
Authors: Hochberg Julian , Brooks Virginia
Published: November 2023

Most writers on film, and most filmmakers, need no science. But any serious discussion of whether the medium was used effectively or artistically in any instance requires some understanding of how we perceive and remember moving pictures, and that must derive from research: Introspection will not serve. Scattered aspects of cognitive science have begun to appear, therefore, in recent writings on film. On the other side of the aisle, students of perception and visual memory cannot afford to ignore moving pictures, but until recently they have mostly confined their attention to low-level motion phenomena, as have introductory film texts. The latter, if they write at all about perception, still proclaim that we perceive motion from successive still frames because of (heavens protect us!) ‘‘persistence of vision.’’ In any case, stroboscopic motion is only a small part of the perception of visual events, which is what film is about.
The Piecemeal, Constructive, And Schematic Nature Of Perception
Authors: Peterson Mary A
Published: November 2023

Julian Hochberg has long maintained that visual perception is a piecemeal, schematic, and constructive process, subject to influences from the viewer’s perceptual intentions and expectations. Before many others were ready to admit visual perception into the cognitive domain, Hochberg adopted a cognitive view in which mental structure plays a major role in visual perception. The alternative views—that perception is wholistic and wholly stimulus-driven without influence from cognitive factors—prevailed during much of the 20th century, despite occasional arguments to the contrary. In this chapter, I will review the theoretical position that Hochberg articulated in 1968, focusing on his arguments for piecemeal perception, schematic maps, and the effects of expectation and intention on perception. I will also briefly discuss the intellectual history of, and research supporting and extending, these ideas.
How Big Is An Optical Invariant? Limits Of Tau In Time-To-Contact Judgments
Authors: DeLucia Patricia R
Published: November 2023

When Hochberg (1982) asked, ‘‘How big is a stimulus?’’ he raised issues that have critical and widespread implications for perceptual theory. The objective of this chapter is to consider these issues in the context of time-to-contact (TTC) judgments. First, I will summarize points raised by Hochberg that are most relevant to this chapter. Then I will discuss implications of these points for TTC judgments. Finally, I will discuss how heuristics may accommodate limits in the size of an effective optical invariant. I begin with a note on terminology.
Framing The Rules Of Perception Hochberg Versus Galileo, Gestalts, Garner, And Gibson
Authors: Cutting James E
Published: November 2023

Julian Hochberg is our greatest synthesizer of theories and experimental results in the field of perception, and he has been for a half century. Moreover, his only real predecessor was E. G. Boring, who in a single volume (Boring, 1942) put together both an intellectual and rumor-filled history of the field. Hochberg never had either aspiration. Nonetheless, in what may be the largest collection of handbook chapters on perception that anyone will ever write, Hochberg’s corpus has covered all of the important ground many times in the best of historical traditions—revising and reworking the past in light of current and ongoing research and controversies.
Shape Constancy And Perceptual Simplicity Hochberg’s Fundamental Contributions
Authors: Pizlo Zygmunt
Published: November 2023

I first became familiar with Professor Julian Hochberg’s contributions to visual perception in 1989 when Professor Robert Steinman, my doctoral advisor, suggested that I read his chapter on shape (Hochberg, 1971). I did. Reading Hochberg’s chapter proved to be very inspiring. By 1971, the year the chapter appeared, most students of vision considered shape constancy to be a solved problem. They thought that shape constancy is accomplished by ‘‘taking slant into account.’’ This explanation, which was first suggested by Alhazen (1083/1989, p. 279), was formulated explicitly by Descartes (1637/ 2001, p. 106). It was accepted by Woodworth (1938), who claimed that it was supported by Thouless (1931a, b), who had published widely cited papers, as well as by a number of similar, subsequent experiments. But, according to Hochberg (1971), there was a fundamental problem with all of this work. He pointed out that Stavrianos’s (1945) paper on shape constancy (specifically, her Experiment 1) in which she showed that perceived shape and perceived slant were unrelated, makes difficulties for anyone claiming that shape constancy is accomplished by taking slant into account. Once Hochberg pointed this out, it became clear that it was important to understand the reasons for the differences between Stavrianos’s and Thouless’s results. I was intrigued by Hochberg’s treatment of this subject, read the original papers myself, and realized that his concern was fully justified. Once I realized this, and after giving considerable thought to the geometry underlying the choice of stimuli for shape-constancy experiments, I realized that Thouless (and others) had overlooked the fact that ellipses and triangles, the only stimuli used in their experiments, have geometrical properties that make them completely unsuitable for studying shape constancy. Let me explain this point in some detail.
Hochberg On The Perception Of Pictures And Of The World
Authors: Sedgwick H A
Published: November 2023

Pictures seem to pose a critical problem for perceptual theory because when looking at pictures we reliably report seeing things that are not there. A picture is a flat surface that, as Hochberg says, ‘‘acts not as a dappled surface, but as a substitute or surrogate for spatial arrangements of other entirely different objects’’ (1962, p. 23). Two tempting and diametrically opposed resolutions of this problem readily present themselves. One is that picture perception is based on learned conventions associating certain pictorial forms with certain real objects; there is no intrinsic visual connection between a picture and what it represents, and so the problem is removed from the realm of perceptual theory. The other resolution is that a successful picture works by presenting to the eye the same array of light as would come from the object that the picture represents; picture perception is thus the same as ordinary perception, and so poses no special problem for perceptual theory.
Celebrating The Usefulness Of Pictorial Information In Visual Perception
Authors: Beer Jeremy
Published: November 2023

I encountered Julian Hochberg’s constructivist approach to perception as his doctoral student at Columbia University. In the years since, this approach has continued to influence the design of my experiments, especially those examining the moving viewer’s perception of scenes and events, and to guide my thinking about perception in general. One of its particular strengths is that it has transcended polemic, not because it lacked unifying principles and strong opinions (indeed, some of these principles and opinions have provoked heated debate), but rather because the approach was so purely empirical. In my recollection, whenever Hochberg encountered a conflict between two theories of perception, he would work swiftly to articulate an unambiguous prediction from each and then craft an experimental test to determine which would prevail. In devising this empirical test, he would always pose a specific question regarding the perceptual component of interest; importantly, this question was usually not ‘‘Can the viewer use this class of information?’’ but rather the more probing ‘‘Does the viewer use this class of information even when other sources are available?’’ Observing this rigorous empirical approach in Hochberg’s laboratory taught me to be careful about wielding a rigid and universal theoretical hammer to attack questions in perception. The experiments I performed with him taught me that the factors underlying a perceptual competence can change in the presence of stimulus transformations, and also that tolerance of such transformations is engineered into some of these underlying perceptual components.
An Introduction to Body and Multimodal Perception
Authors: Grosjean Marc
Published: November 2023

The purpose of this section is to examine how the perception of our own body relies on the integration of information from multiple sensory modalities and how such integration is affected by body perception itself. The interplay between multisensory integration and body perception can be readily illustrated with the following examples. When a person is asked to respond to the tactile stimulation of one of her hands, response speed is slowed by the simultaneous presentation of a visual stimulus close to, as opposed to far away from, her stimulated hand (e.g., Spence, Pavani, Maravita, & Holmes, in press). Moreover, if the vision of the person’s arm and hand is replaced with that of a fake limb with an anatomically possible posture, visual stimuli that are now presented far from the person’s real hand, but close to the fake hand, can also induce response slowing (i.e., visual-tactile interference; Pavani, Spence, & Driver, 2000). As will be discussed in the chapters that follow, findings such as these demonstrate how the perception of the body and the space around it shapes the way we integrate multisensory information. What is more, they, along with other results, provide a basis for exploring the perceived location, extent, and even identity of body parts.
Multisensory Representation of Peripe onal Space
Authors: Ladavas Elisabetta , Farne Alessandro
Published: November 2023

Humans can represent visual objects in nearby (peripersonal) space through multisensory (visual-auditory-tactile) integrative processes, as indicated by the large body of evidence that has been recently accumulated (Spence & Driver, 2004). In nonhuman primates, multisensory integration at the single-neuron level is a frequent feature of spatial representation, especially in the coding of near peripersonal space, that is, the sector of space that closely surrounds the animal’s body parts (Duhamel et al., 1991, 1998; Graziano & Gross, 1995, 1998; Hyvarinen & Poranen, 1974; Rizzolatti et al., 1981, 1998). Since the 1990s, neuropsychological and neurophysiological research has provided comparative support to the notion that multisensory coding of near peripersonal space in both species shares several similarities at a functional and, to some extent, at a neuroanatomical level (Bremmer, Schlack, Duhamel, et al., 2001; Bremmer, Schlack, Shah, et al., 2001; Calvert, Spence, & Stein, 2004; Ladavas, 2002; Macaluso, Driver, & Frith, 2003; Weiss et al., 2003).
From Phantom Limb to Phantom Body:Varieties of Extracorporeal Awareness
Authors: Brugger Peter
Published: November 2023

Corporeal awareness refers to the experience of having a body. While this may appear self-evident given our constant daily experience of embodiment, the neuronal processes mediating this experience are nonetheless highly manifold and complex. Corporeal awareness relies on perceptual functions (e.g., tactile, proprioceptive, gravitational, visual) and on motor programs for bodily action. Yet, it also comprises a sense of the self as the object of sensory stimulation and as the agent of motor intentions and executions. Moreover, identifying with a body implies knowledge of its borders. Thus, the study of corporeal awareness includes investigations of the many functionally organized spaces for each distinct sensory and motor representation that surrounds our body. In the past, various terms have been used to capture some of the heterogeneous functions that guarantee a continuous sense of embodiment. Some of the more frequently used terms are body schema, body image, body self, somesthesis, coaenesthesia, and somatognosia. Critchley (1955/1979) complained about the fact that these terms were employed more or less interchangeably despite the fact that they had originally been introduced to designate specific facets of bodily perception and representation. He therefore proposed the deliberately less definitive term corporeal awareness as an all-encompassing descriptor of the experience of having a body.
Developing Body Representations:A Review of Infants’ Responses to Biological-Motion Displays
Authors: Pinto Jeannine
Published: November 2023

Most adults are adept interpreters of others’ bodily postures and movements. Indeed, observers can perceive and recognize human form and movement from highly reduced displays, typically referred to as point-light or biologicalmotion displays. As illustrated in Figure 14.1, point-light displays of biological motion are composed of a small set of discrete elements moving as though they are attached to the head and major joints of an otherwise invisible person (Johansson, 1973, 1975; see also chapter 13). Despite the impoverished nature of these stimulus displays, observers are able to rapidly recognize complex activities, such as dancing or boxing (Dittrich, 1993) and manual sign language (Poizner, Bellugi, & Lutes-Driscoll, 1981) rendered in point-lights. Adult observers also detect subtle socially relevant information, such as emotional state and gender in such displays (Brownlow, Dixon, Egbert, & Radcliffe, 1997; Dittrich, Troscianko, Lea, & Morgan, 1996; Kozlowski & Cutting, 1977, 1978; MacArthur & Baron, 1983).
An Introduction to Intention and Action in Body Perception:The Body as the Actor’s Tool
Authors: Knoblich Gunther
Published: November 2023

The three previous sections provided compelling evidence that the body is a special object of perception. This is most obvious for one’s own body where additional sensory channels provide tactile and kinesthetic information that can be multimodally integrated with visual information (see chapter 2). These and other sources result in structural descriptions of the body, or body represenutations, that serve to organize bodily information (chapter 7). Because of their unique structure, others’ bodies are also special objects of perception (chapter 12). Hard-wired brain circuits capture specific body configurations and body postures.
Campaign Financing: Women’s Experience in the Modern Era
Authors: Burrell Barbara
Published: November 2023

Women’s underrepresentation has impelled scholars to investigate factors to explain its persistence. In the past, evidence has pointed to unequal access to fund-raising for political candidacies. Barbara Burrell asks whether this pattern holds true today. Using data from primary and general elections for Congress, she demonstrates that, controlling for a host of factors, including party and the type of race (incumbent, challenger, or open seat), in the aggregate, women raise as much money as men do. Not only that, but they win as often as their male counterparts. Thus, the challenge of the new century is to persuade women who are considering a run for office that they can raise enough money and they can win.
Anxiety Disorders: What They are, Where They Come From
Authors: Foa Edna B , Andrews Linda Wasmer
Published: November 2023

Believe it or not, anxiety is actually a good thing. Anxiety involves anticipating future danger or misfortune, and the ability to look ahead and think about future events is part of what makes us human. In reasonable doses, this capacity for forethought is protective. It’s what keeps us from driving 90 miles per hour on an icy road or walking late at night in a dangerous neighborhood.
Dan White: The Myth of the Twinkie Defense
Authors: Ewing Charles Patrick , McCann Joseph T
Published: November 2023

Whenever news of a frivolous psychological defense reaches the media, reporters and other commentators almost invariably recall Dan White and his “Twinkie defense.” For example, in one recent case a criminal defendant, charged with breaking onto a neighbor’s home and chasing her with a dagger, claimed that he was rendered temporarily insane by ingesting too much jasmine tea.
What is Depression?
Authors: Weissman Myrna M
Published: November 2023

There are basic facts about depression that we would like to emphasize. There are different types of depression: major depressive disorder, dysthymia and bipolar disorder. Depression is one of the most common psychiatric disorders. Depression is more common in women than in men. Depression is otherwise an equal opportunity disorder. It occurs across all countries, levels of education and occupations. It affects rich and poor and people of all races. Depression is a family affair. It runs in families and has serious consequence for family life. Depression is increasing. Depression is occurring more frequently in younger persons. There are many effective treatments for depression: medications and psychotherapy. Sometimes these treatments are combined.
What is IPT’?
Authors: Weissman Myrna M
Published: November 2023

Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT) is a specific psychotherapy which requires only limited time. It was developed over a twenty year period, mainly for persons with major depressive disorder. Designed to be administered by experienced and trained mental health professionals, it can be used with or without medication. The procedures for treatment have been specified in a book used by your therapist as a guide (Klerman, et al., 1984). The idea behind IPr is that there are probably many causes of depression, including biological vulnerability, a recent stress or a loss. Whatever the “cause(s)”, depression usually occurs in a social and interpersonal context. Some examples are: In IPT, we take the position that understanding the social and interpersonal circumstances that led to the development of your depression (what was going on in your life when you became depressed) will help to unravel the reasons for your symptoms. It will be the first step in helping you to learn to develop new ways of dealing with people and situations so that you are less vulnerable.
The Development of Intergroup Social Cognition
Authors: Banaji Mahzarin R , Baron Andrew Scott , Dunham Yarrow , Olson Kristina
Published: November 2023

As we write this chapter in the fall of 2006, them United States is engaged in a war in Iraq that is far deadlier and more complex than even its supporters had imagined. In early December 2006 Israel and Lebanon entered into air and land warfare that escalated while the UN scrambled and editorials hollowly demanded a cease-fi re. Dozens more intergroup conflicts rage all over the world, with lives lost every minute. The scope would increase exponentially if the list were to include other forms of harm humans inflict on each other—economic, sociopolitical, and psychological—that have their origins in conflict between groups, be their differences real or imagined.
Multiculturalism and Group Evaluations Among Minority and Majority Groups
Authors: Verkuyten Maykel
Published: November 2023

Discussions of multiculturalism are widespread. It is discussed and examined in diverse disciplines such as political philosophy (e.g., Barry, 2001; Parekh, 2000), anthropology (e.g., Baumann, 1999; Turner, 1993), and sociology (e.g., Nederveen Pieterse, 2001). Multiculturalism is defined differently and takes a variety of forms in schools, organizations, institutions, and countries; it is considered an ideology, a set of normative beliefs, a framework for policies, and a guideline for education and educational activities. While the diversity of multicultural ideas, initiatives, and practices is substantial, the notion multicultural recognition signals some common arguments that underlie these differences. In general, multicultural approaches in the areas of societal change and education involve fostering knowledge and an understanding of cultural differences, as well as an appreciation of diversity by acknowledging and respecting minority group identities and cultures: “[Multiculturalism is a] social-intellectual movement that promotes the value of diversity as a core principle and insists that all cultural groups be treated with respect and as equals” (Fowers & Richardson, 1996, p. 609). Hence, it offers a positive view of cultural maintenance forethnic minority groups and, as such, presents a concomitant need to accommodate diversity in an equitable way. By describing and characterizing cultural differences, multiculturalism defines cultural groups, and by stating what is appropriate and acceptable, it has ideological and normative implications.
Getting your Child To Say ‘‘Yes" To School
Authors: Kearney Christopher A
Published: November 2023

Many parents find getting their child to school in the morning to be quite a challenge. If your child consistently pleads with you to let him stay at home from school, if he skips school, if his morning routine is fraught with misbehaviour, or if he exhibits signs of distress and anxiety related to attending school, this book can help. Getting Your Child to Say Yes to School is designed to help you address your child’s school refusal behaviour in the early stages. This guide helps you to identify school refusal behaviour and provides step-by-step instructions to solve the problem. Learn different techniques for getting your child to school, including enhancing relaxation, changing your child’s negative thoughts about school, establishing a clear and predictable morning routine, and setting up a system of rewards for going to school. Tools such as worksheets, lists of “dos” and “don’ts”, sample parent/child dialogues, and “Fridge Notes” combine to create a workbook-type resource that will help you increase your child’s school attendance and relieve your own feelings of concern and worry. Easy to read and filled with concrete strategies, this book is the first of its kind dedicated to educating and arming parents with the tools they need to resolve their child’s school refusal behaviour.
Prevention and Special Circumstances
Authors: Kearney Christopher A
Published: November 2023

In previous chapters I covered ways of managing school refusal behavior in your child. In this chapter, I discuss: Preventing school refusal behavior in the future Special circumstances regarding your family or your child What to do if you have not found the methods in this book to be very helpful More technical information about the methods described in this book Preventing School Refusal Behavior in the Future If you helped your child return to school with little distress, congratulations! I am sure this required a lot of effort on your part, and you might be wondering: how do I keep it this way? Many parents are concerned about how to keep their child in school once he has gone back to school. This is a good concern. To help prevent school refusal behavior in the future, please keep the following suggestions in mind: You must continue to practice whatever methods were helpful in getting your child back to school. Too many families assume that once the attendance crisis is over, things can go back to normal. Or parents just want to “leave well enough alone” and not discuss possible attendance problems. The problem with “going back to normal” is that this might mean going back to fighting, bribery, tension, and old ways of dealing with absenteeism!
What Do Doctors Know About Bipolar Disorder and How Do They Know It?
Authors: Jamieson Patrick E , Rynn Moria A
Published: November 2023

The war that I waged against myself is not an uncommon one. The major clinical problem in treating manic depression is not that there are not effective medications, because there are, but that patients so often refuse to take them. Worse yet, because of a lack of information, poor medical advice, poor medical treatment, terrible stigma or fear of personal and professional reprisals, patients do not seek treatment at all.
The Inhibition of Unwanted Actions
Authors: Curtis Clayton E , D’Esposito Mark
Published: November 2023

Inhibitory control is one of many high-level cognitive processes that fall under the rubric of “executive” or “cognitive” control. Successfully withholding an overlearned, prepotent, or planned motor response is a critical demonstration of inhibitory control. Here we briefly review key studies of inhibitory control with a special emphasis on cognitive neuroscience studies. We aim to provide some insights into the potential neural mechanisms that may underlie our ability to inhibit unwanted action. Leveraged with these findings, we argue that inhibitory control, like voluntary control more generally, is best modeled as the process by which we select the best response among the competing responses, including not responding at all. One implication of this model is that no single area of the brain is specialized for inhibiting all unwanted actions.
On the Neural Implementation of Optimal Decisions
Authors: Simen Patrick , Holmes Philip , Cohen Jonathan D
Published: November 2023

signifi cant proportion of human behavior is determined by nonconscious goal pursuits. Th is assertion is easily derived from two well-established and highly consensual observations about human nature. First, much of human behavior is purposeful, or goal directed. Our goals range from very trivial (e.g., to make a cup of coffee) and a little less so (e.g., to get to work) through more complex (e.g., to write an interesting chapter) to extremely difficult ones (e.g., to be a good parent).
Nonconscious Goal Pursuit and the Effortful Control of Behavior
Authors: Hassin Ran R , Aarts Henk , Eitam Baruch , Custers Ruud , Kleiman Tali
Published: November 2023

This chapter begins with a discussion of existing literature on automatic, nonconscious goal pursuit. It then presents the adaptiveness paradox: on the one hand, in order to be effective, nonconscious goal pursuit must be adaptive. On the other hand, nonconscious, automatic processes are widely believed to rely on existing networks of associations and are hence thought to be inflexible.Three new hypotheses are proposed to resolve the paradox, because at their core lies the contention that working memory (WM) is involved in nonconscious goal pursuit. It is argued that given the nature of WM its involvement in nonconscious goal pursuits allows them to be flexible. A series of studies that focus on one particular type of automatic processes—nonconscious goal pursuit—is reviewed.
A Transition to Advanced Mathematics
Authors: Johnston William , McAllister Alex M
Published: November 2023

A Transition to Advanced Mathematics: A Survey Course promotes the goals of a “bridge” course in mathematics, helping to lead students from courses in the calculus sequence (and other courses where they solve problems that involve mathematical calculations) to theoretical upper-level mathematics courses (where they will have to prove theorems and grapple with mathematical abstractions). The text simultaneously promotes the goals of a “survey” course, describing the intriguing questions and insights fundamental to many diverse areas of mathematics, including Logic, Abstract Algebra, Number Theory, Real Analysis, Statistics, Graph Theory, and Complex Analysis. The main objective of A Transition to Advanced Mathematics is “to bring about a deep change in the mathematical character of students — how they think and their fundamental perspectives on the world of mathematics.” This text promotes three major mathematical traits in a meaningful, transformative way: to develop an ability to communicate with precise language, to use mathematically sound reasoning, and to ask probing questions about mathematics. In short, we hope that working through A Transition to Advanced Mathematics encourages students to become mathematicians in the fullest sense of the word. A Transition to Advanced Mathematics has a number of distinctive features that enable this transformational experience. Embedded Questions and Reading Questions illustrate and explain fundamental concepts, allowing students to test their understanding of ideas independent of the exercise sets. The text has extensive, diverse Exercises Sets; with an average of 70 exercises at the end of section, A Transition to Advanced Mathematics has almost 3000 distinct exercises. In addition, every chapter includes a section that explores an application of the theoretical ideas being studied. We have also interwoven embedded reflections on the history, culture, and philosophy of mathematics throughout the text.
Navogating the System
Authors: Apple Robin F , Lock James , Peebles Rebecka
Published: November 2023

Obtaining referrals from your primary care physician (PCP) and any other physicians involved in your care who are rectreatment and making a case for the treatment of your weight loss surgery. Getting your insurance to cover the costs of the treatment which can be considerable (see later section on the costs of surgery). Typically, this involves your PCP’s recommending the surgery as a necessary treatment for certain medical problems associated with your obesity and treatment the facts of your weight problem, for example, BMI, weight and dieting history, and concomitant medical issues.
Chasing the High
Authors: Keegan Kyle , Moss Howard B
Published: November 2023

In this book for young people who are struggling with substance abuse, Kyle Keegan recounts his own remarkable story of drug abuse and ruthless addiction. Keegan, now an adult who is in recovery from his addiction, discusses his experience as a well adjusted adolescent who fell victim to heroin and whose life was almost destroyed by the devastating drug. Against the backdrop of these experiences, he also provides useful information that young people struggling with substance abuse need, such as how to recognize and accept that there is a problem, how to find professional help, and how to stay happy and healthy in recovery.
Dictionary
Authors: Bachmann Talis , Breitmeyer Bruno , men Haluk Ög˘
Published: November 2023

A very large class of figures (images, drawings), each of which permits two (or sometimes more) alternative perceptual interpretations. At any one time of observing such figures, only one of the alternative interpretations dominates the observer’s awareness. Typically, because the alternative perceptual interpretations alternate in the observer’s conscious mind, ambiguous figures are often called reversible figures. The well-known examples of ambiguous figures have been introduced by Louis-Albert Necker (“Necker cube,” 1832) (see Figure 1, left panel), Heinrich Schröder (staircase, 1858), Edwin Boring (W. E. Hill’s “My wife and my mother-in-law,” 1915, introduced 1930) (see Figure 1, middle panel), Joseph Jastrow (“Duck-rabbit,” 1900), B. Bugelsky and D. Alampay (“Rat-man,” 1961) (see Figure 1, right panel), Gerald Fisher (“Man-female,” 1967), and others. Many famous artists have created astonishingly intriguing examples of pictorial ambiguity in their pictures (e.g., Arcimboldo, Salvador Dali, Maurits Cornelis Escher).
Science Policy and Reacting to a Challenge
Authors: Collins James P , Crump Martha L
Published: November 2023

Extinction is inevitable: More than 99 percent of the species that ever lived on Earth are extinct. Until the late 20th century, we relied mainly on paleontologists to uncover the causes, but the accelerating modern loss of biodiversity affords more chances than scientists working with modern species would like to learn about extinction. For amphibians in particular, we are in the midst of an opportunity to study the biology of extinction across an entire vertebrate class, using the sophisticated methods of modern science. But because we are only just beginning to identify the causes of declines and even extinctions, what should we do?

Hamish McCallum from the University of Queensland (now at the University of Tasmania) and Menna Jones at the University of Tasmania study the emerging wildlife disease called Tasmanian devil facial tumor disease (DFTD). They raised a similar question about how to proceed if knowledge about the causes of population declines is imperfect. They see DFTD “as a case study of the wider issue of how to manage an emerging disease threat that poses a serious conservation threat: how should you proceed when you know very little?” They go on to point out how the need to make decisions in the face of uncertainty is a question common to many ecological problems. But deferring decisions while waiting for better information often incurs costs and the added burden that control may be tougher or impossible if a pathogen becomes established. Which actions are appropriate to take despite incomplete information?
Leaping between Mysteries
Authors: Collins James P , Crump Martha L
Published: November 2023

Modern science attempts to bring clarity and context to issues that change rapidly, and at times unexpectedly. The decline and extinction of amphibian populations made people wonder: What species were involved? Where? When? And most of all, why? Major magazines and newspapers covered the story—on page one. In an effort to place what was happening in context, scientists reported what they knew and guessed at why. Reviews summarized what was known, but mostly what was not. After nearly 2 decades of research, we are in a better position to state what we know and what we do not know. The story of amphibian declines now has a context; its dimensions are clearer, and the problem is better defined.

Some amphibian population declines and extinctions can be explained as the effects of introduced exotic species, commercial use, or land use change acting alone or in combination. We understand these causes increasingly well for two reasons. First, their role in changing numbers of individuals and species in a region has acted for hundreds of years on a wide range of amphibians, other animals, and plants. Second, each acts in a direct or relatively direct way. Imagine a marsh with a population of frogs that call each year when breeding. Fill the wetland for a housing development or agriculture, and the calling will stop. Or, imagine are that destroys the only population of a plant or animal species. The action is direct, the species is gone, and the cause is clear.
The Pleasure Center
Authors: Kringelbach Morten L .
Published: November 2023

Many people believe that pleasure and desire are obstacles to reasonable and intelligent behavior. In The Pleasure Center, Morten Kringelbach reveals that what we desire, what pleases us--in fact, our most base, animalistic tendencies—are actually very important sources of information. They motivate us for a good reason. And understanding that reason, taking that reason into account, and harnessing and directing that reason, can make us much more rational and effective people. In exploring the many facets of pleasure, desire and emotion, Kringelbach takes us through the whole spectrum of human experience, such as how emotion fuels our interest in things, allowing us to pay attention and learn. He investigates the reward systems of the brain and sheds light on some of the most interesting new discoveries about pleasure and desire. Kringelbach concludes that if we understand and accept how pleasure and desire arise in the complex interaction between the brain’s activity and our own experiences, we can discover what helps us enjoy life, enabling us to make better decisions and, ultimately, lead happier lives.
Epidemiology and Impact of Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Mccrea Michael A
Published: November 2023

In order to eventually put mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI) into proper perspective, it is important to first paint the broader picture of the significance of all-severity traumatic brain injury (TBI). TBI is one of the most significant public health problems facing the United States and other industrialized countries around the world. Every year, TBI is a leading cause of death and disability among young people. National estimates of TBI in the United States range anywhere from 1.4 million to 3 million brain injuries per year, de- pending on the study and methods used to define and include cases. In 2003, there were an estimated 1,224,000 hospital emergency department visits, 290,000 hospitalizations, and 51,000 deaths resulting from TBI, all of which sum to a total of 1,565,000 hospital-treated TBIs that year. Given changes in hospitalization patterns over the past two decades, fewer and fewer mild and moderate TBI patients are hospitalized, with more triaged in the emergency department or treated in ambulatory/outpatient settings, so the true incidence of all-severity TBI is severely underestimated.