bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of Aluminum and Molybdenum on the Microstructure and Corrosion Behavior of Thermally Sprayed High-Entropy Alloy Coatings
Authors: Löbel Martin , Lindner Thomas , Grimm Maximilian , Rymer Lisa-Marie , Lampke Thomas
Published: December 2021

High-entropy alloys (HEAs) have shown a wide range of promising structural and functional properties. By the application of coating technology, an economical exploitation can be achieved. The high wear and corrosion resistance of HEAs make them particularly interesting for the application as protective coatings. Especially for alloys with a high chromium content, a high corrosion resistance has been revealed. For the current investigations, the equimolar HEA CrFeCoNi with a single-phase face centered cubic structure is considered as a base alloy system. To increase the corrosion resistance as well as the hardness and strength, the influence of the alloying elements aluminum and molybdenum is analyzed. For the current investigations, the high kinetic process high-velocity oxygen fuel thermal spraying (HVOF) has been considered to produce coatings with a low porosity and oxide content. Feedstock is produced by inert gas atomization. The influence of the alloy composition on the microstructure, phase formation and resulting property profile is studied in detail. A detailed analysis of the corrosion resistance and underlying mechanisms is conducted. The pitting and passivation behavior are investigated by potentiodynamic polarization measurements in NaCl and H2SO4 electrolyte. A distinct improvement of the corrosion resistance can be achieved for the alloy Al0.3CrFeCoNiMo0.2.
Integrating storm surge modeling with traffic data analysis to evaluate the effectiveness of hurricane evacuation
Authors: Huang Wenrui , Yin Kai , Ghorbanzadeh Mahyar , Ozguven Eren , Xu Sudong , Vijayan Linoj
Published: December 2021

An integrated storm surge modeling and traffic analysis were conducted in this study to assess the effectiveness of hurricane evacuations through a case study of Hurricane Irma. The Category 5 hurricane in 2017 caused a record evacuation with an estimated 6.8 million people relocating statewide in Florida. The Advanced Circulation (ADCIRC) model was applied to simulate storm tides during the hurricane event. Model validations indicated that simulated pressures, winds, and storm surge compared well with observations. Model simulated storm tides and winds were used to estimate the area affected by Hurricane Irma. Results showed that the storm surge and strong wind mainly affected coastal counties in south-west Florida. Only moderate storm tides (maximum about 2.5 m) and maximum wind speed about 115 mph were shown in both model simulations and Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) post-hurricane assessment near the area of hurricane landfall. Storm surges did not rise to the 100-year flood elevation level. The maximum wind was much below the design wind speed of 150–170 mph (Category 5) as defined in Florida Building Code (FBC) for south Florida coastal areas. Compared with the total population of about 2.25 million in the six coastal counties affected by storm surge and Category 1–3 wind, the statewide evacuation of approximately 6.8 million people was found to be an over-evacuation due mainly to the uncertainty of hurricane path, which shifted from south-east to south-west Florida. The uncertainty of hurricane tracks made it difficult to predict the appropriate storm surge inundation zone for evacuation. Traffic data were used to analyze the evacuation traffic patterns. In south-east Florida, evacuation traffic started 4 days before the hurricane’s arrival. However, the hurricane path shifted and eventually landed in south-west Florida, which caused a high level of evacuation traffic in south-west Florida. Over-evacuation caused Evacuation Traffic Index (ETI) to increase to 200% above normal conditions in some sections of highways, which reduced the effectiveness of evacuation. Results from this study show that evacuation efficiency can be improved in the future by more accurate hurricane forecasting, better public awareness of real-time storm surge and wind as well as integrated storm surge and evacuation modeling for quick response to the uncertainty of hurricane forecasting.
Childhood traumatic events and the dopaminergic theory of psychosis: A mini-review of studies investigating gene – environment interactions
Authors: Frydecka Dorota , Hamza Eid Abo , Helal Ahmed , Moustafa Ahmed A.
Published: December 2021

There is great body of evidence showing a relationship between childhood adversity and psychosis onset. Genetic factors moderate the association between childhood adversity and psychosis risk potentially by influencing biological and/or psychological reaction following exposure to adversity. In this review, we discuss studies identifying the specific genetic variants known to affect dopamine levels involved in this interaction. Our review shows that the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2), AKT1 gene play a key role in mediating the relationship between childhood adversity and development of psychosis. We have also found conflicting findings on the impact of dopamine genes on the relationship between childhood adversity and development of psychosis, suggesting that other genetic and environmental factors should be taken into account. We here discuss the implications of our findings and future directions.
Comparison of Poisson structures on moduli spaces
Authors: Biswas Indranil , Bottacin Francesco , Gómez Tomás L.
Published: December 2021

Let X be a complex irreducible smooth projective curve, and let $${{\mathbb {L}}}$$
L
be an algebraic line bundle on X with a nonzero section $$\sigma _0$$

σ
0

. Let $${\mathcal {M}}$$
M
denote the moduli space of stable Hitchin pairs $$(E,\, \theta )$$

(
E
,

θ
)

, where E is an algebraic vector bundle on X of fixed rank r and degree $$\delta $$
δ
, and $$\theta \, \in \, H^0(X,\, {\mathcal {E}nd}(E)\otimes K_X\otimes {{\mathbb {L}}})$$

θ

∈

H
0

(
X
,

E
n
d

(
E
)

⊗

K
X

⊗
L
)

. Associating to every stable Hitchin pair its spectral data, an isomorphism of $${\mathcal {M}}$$
M
with a moduli space $${\mathcal {P}}$$
P
of stable sheaves of pure dimension one on the total space of $$K_X\otimes {{\mathbb {L}}}$$

K
X

⊗
L

is obtained. Both the moduli spaces $${\mathcal {P}}$$
P
and $${\mathcal {M}}$$
M
are equipped with algebraic Poisson structures, which are constructed using $$\sigma _0$$

σ
0

. Here we prove that the above isomorphism between $${\mathcal {P}}$$
P
and $${\mathcal {M}}$$
M
preserves the Poisson structures.
Assessment of venous thromboembolism prophylaxis practice in medical-surgical adult ICU: A cross sectional study
Authors: Kiflie Alemnesh Molla , Mersha Abraham Tarekegn , Workie Misganaw Mengie , Admass Biruk Adie
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT

Background:

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a condition in which blood clots develop in the deep veins, especially in the lower limb veins. Intensive care unit (ICU) patients have a greater risk of thrombotic events due to additional risk factors such as immobilization, mechanical ventilation, and central catheters. In medical-surgical critically ill patients, the occurrence of symptomatic or asymptomatic DVT without thromboprophylaxis is 13–31%.

Objective:

To assess the practice of venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in medical-surgical adult ICU.

Methods:

All consecutive critically ill patients in ICU from January 10, 2021, to Jun 9, 2021, were included in the study. Data were collected using reviewing the patient chart and interviewing the responsible body in ICU including the residents and nurses. The same patient was not included twice within the same cycle, or in the second cycle, if he/she was still in the ICU at the time of the second cycle excluded by observing previous patient ID. The data was processed and analyzed by using SPSS version 20 and Microsoft Excel 2010.

Result:

A total of 90 surgical-medical ICU patients were observed. All of the patients in the sample were receiving some form of VTE prophylaxis (100%), but none of them (0%) had the risk stratification documented in the chart.

Conclusion:

and recommendations: It's critical to emphasize the importance of VTE risk stratification documentation in patients' charts. We recommend that the ICU staffs to follow a specific protocol for VTE risk stratification and prophylaxis dosing based on well-known guidelines and recommendations and that once that protocol is implemented, an awareness and education campaign be applied.

Highlights
Review of Aboriginal astronomy and navigation: A Western Australian focus
Authors: Forster Patricia A.
Published: December 2021

This review of Aboriginal astronomy and navigation brings together accounts from widely dispersed places in Western Australia, from Noongar Country in the south-west, through to the Eastern Goldfields, the Pilbara, the Kimberley and the Central Deserts. Information for this review has been taken from the literature and non-conventional sources, including artist statements of paintings. The intention for the review is that the scope is traditional, pre-European settlement understandings, but post-settlement records of oral accounts, and later articulation by Aboriginal peoples, are necessarily relied upon. In large part, the Western Australian accounts reflect understandings reported for other states. For example, star maps were used for teaching routes on the ground, but available accounts do not evidence that star maps were used in real-time navigation. The narratives or dreamings that differ most from those of other states explain creation of night-sky objects and landforms on Earth, events including thunder, or they address social behaviour.
Defining English Medium Instruction: Striving for comparative equivalence
Authors: Rose Heath , Macaro Ernesto , Sahan Kari , Aizawa Ikuya , Zhou Sihan , Wei Minhui
Published: December 2021

English Medium Instruction (EMI) has been defined as ‘the use of the English language to teach academic subjects (other than English itself) in countries or jurisdictions where the first language (L1) of the majority of the population is not English’ (Macaro, 2018, p. 19). This definition has proved to be controversial but has underpinned the work of our research group, from whose collective perspective this article is written. Debates have centred on the role that English language development plays in EMI contexts, and whether this current definitional scope is too narrow in its exclusion of English medium educational practices in Anglophone settings. Pecorari and Malmström (2018), for example, observe that some members of the EMI research community interpret EMI more broadly to include ‘contexts in which English is a dominant language and in which English language development is supported and actively worked for’ (p. 507). Similarly, Baker and Hüttner (2016, p. 502) state that excluding Anglophone contexts from EMI is ‘unhelpful’ by failing to include the experiences of multilingual students in Anglophone universities who learn through their second language (L2). A focus on multilingualism is also one of the driving forces behind the emergence of new terminology that seeks to shift focus towards the contexts of education, rather than instruction and pedagogy. Dafouz and Smit (2016), for example, prefer the term English-Medium Education in Multilingual University Settings (EMEMUS), because the ‘label is semantically wider, as it does not specify any particular pedagogical approach or research agenda’ (p. 399).
Females restrict the position of domatia and suffer more herbivory than hermaphrodites inMyriocarpa longipes,a neotropical facultative myrmecophyte
Authors: Sandoval-Molina Mario A. , Lugo-García Bernardo Rafael , Mendoza-Mendoza Alan Daniel , Janczur Mariusz Krzysztof
Published: December 2021

Domatia are hollow structures in plants occupied by ant colonies, in turn ants provide protection against herbivores. In plants, competition for resources has driven sex-related changes in the patterns of resource allocation to life-history traits and defence traits. The resource-competition hypothesis (RCH) proposes that female plants due to their higher investment in reproduction will allocate fewer resources to defence production, showing greater herbivore damage than other sexual forms. We hypothesise the existence of sex-related differences in defensive traits of domatia-bearing plants, being female plants less defended due to differences in domatia traits, such as size, number of domatia and their position, exhibiting more herbivore damage than hermaphrodite plants ofMyriocarpa longipes, a facultative neotropical myrmecophyte. We found eight species of ants inhabiting domatia; some species co-inhabited the same plant, even the same branch. Our results are consistent with the predictions of RCH, as female plants had ant-inhabited domatia restricted to the middle position of their branches and exhibited greater herbivore damage in leaves than hermaphrodites. However, we did not find differences in domatia size and leaf area between sexual forms. Our study provides evidence for intersexual differences in domatia position and herbivory in a facultative ant–plant mutualism inM. longipes.We highlight the importance of considering the plant sex in ant–plant interactions. Differences in resource allocation related to sexual reproduction could influence the outcome of ant–plant interactions.
A real-time predictive software prototype for simulating urban-scale energy consumption based on surrogate models
Authors: Rahimian Mina , Duarte Jose Pinto , Iulo Lisa Domenica
Published: December 2021

This paper discusses the development of an experimental software prototype that uses surrogate models for predicting the monthly energy consumption of urban-scale community design scenarios in real time. The surrogate models were prepared by training artificial neural networks on datasets of urban form and monthly energy consumption values of all zip codes in San Diego county. The surrogate models were then used as the simulation engine of a generative urban design tool, which generates hypothetical communities in San Diego following the county's existing urban typologies and then estimates the monthly energy consumption value of each generated design option. This paper and developed software prototype is part of a larger research project that evaluates the energy performance of community microgrids via their urban spatial configurations. This prototype takes the first step in introducing a new set of tools for architects and urban designers with the goal of engaging them in the development process of community microgrids.
Parsing between- and within-person effects: Longitudinal associations between irritability and internalizing and externalizing problems from early childhood through adolescence
Authors: Chad-Friedman Emma , Galano Maria M. , Lemay Edward P. , Olino Thomas M. , Klein Daniel N. , Dougherty Lea R.
Published: December 2021

Introduction:

This report examines between- and within-person associations between youth irritability and concurrent and prospective internalizing and externalizing symptoms from early childhood through adolescence. Distinguishing between- and within-person longitudinal associations may yield distinct, clinically relevant information about pathways to multifinality from childhood irritability.

Methods:

Children’s irritability and co-occurring symptoms were assessed across five waves between ages 3 and 15 years using the mother-reported Child Behavior Checklist (N = 605, 46% female). Parental history of depressive disorders was assessed with a clinical interview.

Results:

Results demonstrated that between- and within-person irritability were uniquely associated with concurrent depressive, anxiety, and defiance symptoms, but not ADHD. Prior wave within-person irritability also predicted next wave depressive, anxiety, and defiance symptoms, controlling for prior symptoms; these prospective associations were bidirectional. Child sex and parental depressive disorders moderated associations.

Discussions:

Findings identify pathways from within- and between-person irritability to later internalizing and externalizing psychopathology. Results demonstrate the importance of parsing within- and between-person effects to understand nuanced relations among symptoms over childhood.
Compact, flexible and highly selective wideband complementary FSS with high angular stability
Authors: Coomar Srimita , Mondal Santanu , Sanyal Rajarshi
Published: December 2021

This article presents a novel miniaturized (0.105λ0 × 0.105λ0) flexible complementary frequency selective surfaces (CFSS) structure with sharp band edge selectivity and very high angular stability. To explore two diverse applications as a passband and stopband filter, a novel complementary convoluted square loop (CCSL) type structure has been designed and investigated on ultrathin dielectric material of thickness 0.0023λ0. The second-order wide controllable passband with fractional bandwidth of 19.23% (−3 dB) and remarkably wide stopband of 64.7% (−10 dB) and 54.8% (−20 dB) respectively have been achieved by using a cascaded resonating structure which is composed of asymmetrical meandered CCSL array, arranged on two ultrathin dielectric layers with air foam separation. This particular format would lead to sharp band edge selectivity with steep roll-off (72.43 dB/GHz) and an excellent passband selectivity factor (0.731). An equivalent lumped LC circuit in conjunction with the transmission line model has also been adopted to comprehend the physical mechanism of the proposed single layer and double layer structures. Further, better passband and stopband angular stability at an oblique incident angle of 45° and the bending characteristics have also been investigated thoroughly for the proposed flexible CFSS to check their employability in different conformal structures with WiMAX passband and WLAN stopband application.
Modeling the Occurrence of M ∼ 5 Caldera Collapse‐Related Earthquakes in Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai'i
Authors: Llenos Andrea L. , Michael Andrew J.
Published: December 2021

During the 2018 Kīlauea eruption and caldera collapse, M ∼ 5 caldera collapse earthquakes occurred almost daily from mid‐May until the beginning of August. While caldera collapses happen infrequently, the collapse‐related seismicity damaged nearby structures, and so these events should be included in a complete seismic hazard assessment. Here, we present an approach to forecast the seismic hazard of the collapse earthquakes. We model their occurrence by combining a Poisson distribution for the number of collapses with a negative binomial for the number of earthquakes in a collapse, based on observations at Kīlauea. This rate model is then combined with a ground motion model to assess the seismic hazard posed by caldera collapse events. The rate model is non‐Poisson but a Poisson model is adequate for low exceedance probabilities (e.g., <10% in 50 years). This approach could be generalized to model the hazard from earthquakes triggered by other underlying processes.
3D Joint Inversion of Scanning Magnetic Microscopy Data
Authors: Pastore Z. , Lelievre P. , McEnroe S. A. , Church N. S.
Published: December 2021

Scanning magnetic microscopy (SMM) is a modern magnetometry technique that maps the magnetic anomalies resulting from small‐scale variations of remanent magnetization within a sample. This information is vital to understand the origin of rock behavior in laboratory experiments and in larger scale magnetic surveys. To quantify the fine‐scale remanent magnetization, we used 3D magnetic vector inversion to jointly invert SMM data collected both above and below a 5 mm‐thick norite sample from the Bjerkreim‐Sokndal layered intrusion in South Norway. The sample is from an area with a striking remanent aeromagnetic anomaly which shows a minimum of −13,000 nT below background in the high‐resolution helicopter survey. Inversion results confirm bulk remanent magnetization measurements with calculated median magnetization intensities between 79 and 106 A/m and a strong preferred magnetization direction perpendicular to the slab plane. Furthermore, results indicate that the main source of natural remanent magnetization is in the pyroxenes.
Cloud‐to‐Ground Lightning and Near‐Surface Fire Weather Control Wildfire Occurrence in Arctic Tundra
Authors: He Jiaying , Loboda Tatiana V. , Chen Dong , French Nancy H. F.
Published: December 2021

Wildfire is a dominant disturbance agent in pan‐Arctic tundra and can significantly impact terrestrial carbon balance and ecosystem functioning. Interactions between fire and climate change can enhance their impacts on the Arctic. However, the driving mechanisms of tundra fire occurrence remain poorly understood. This study focuses on identifying key environmental factors controlling fire occurrence in Arctic tundra of Alaska. Our random forest models, considering ignition source, fuel, fire weather, and topography, have shown a strong predictive capability with an overall accuracy above 91%. We found cloud‐to‐ground (CG) lightning to be the dominant driver controlling tundra fire occurrence. Near‐surface weather warmer and drier than normal was required to support burning, while fuel composition and topography have modest correlations with fire occurrence. Our results highlight the critical role of CG lightning in driving tundra fires and that incorporating lightning in modeling is essential for fire monitoring, forecasting, and management in the Arctic.
Key Signatures of Magnetofossils Elucidated by Mutant Magnetotactic Bacteria and Micromagnetic Calculations
Authors: Amor Matthieu , Wan Juan , Egli Ramon , Carlut Julie , Gatel Christophe , Andersen Ingrid Marie , Snoeck Etienne , Komeili Arash
Published: December 2021

Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) produce single‐stranded or multi‐stranded chains of magnetic nanoparticles that contribute to the magnetization of sediments and rocks. Their magnetic fingerprint can be detected in ancient geological samples and serve as a unique biosignature of microbial life. However, some fossilized assemblages bear contradictory signatures pointing to magnetic components that have distinct origin(s). Here, using micromagnetic simulations and mutant MTB producing looped magnetosome chains, we demonstrate that the observed magnetofossil fingerprints are produced by a mixture of single‐stranded and multi‐stranded chains, and that diagenetically induced chain collapse, if occurring, must preserve the strong uniaxial anisotropy of native chains. This anisotropy is the key factor for distinguishing magnetofossils from other populations of natural magnetite particles, including those with similar individual crystal characteristics. Furthermore, the detailed properties of magnetofossil signatures depend on the proportion of equant and elongated magnetosomes, as well as on the relative abundances of single‐stranded and multi‐stranded chains. This work has important paleoclimatic, paleontological, and phylogenetic implications, as it provides reference data to differentiate distinct MTB lineages according to their chain and magnetosome morphologies, which will enable the tracking of the evolution of some of the most ancient biomineralizing organisms in a time‐resolved manner. It also enables a more accurate discrimination of different sources of magnetite particles, which is pivotal for gaining better environmental and relative paleointensity reconstructions from sedimentary records.
Near‐Surface Geomechanical Properties and Weathering Characteristics Across a Tectonic and Climatic Gradient in the Central Nepal Himalaya
Authors: Medwedeff William G. , Clark Marin K. , Zekkos Dimitrios , West A. Joshua , Chamlagain Deepak
Published: December 2021

Shallow bedrock strength controls both landslide hazard and the rate and form of erosion, yet regional patterns in near‐surface mechanical properties are rarely known quantitatively due to the challenge in collecting in situ measurements. Here we present seismic and geomechanical characterizations of the shallow subsurface across the central Himalayan Range in Nepal. By pairing widely distributed 1D shear wave velocity surveys and engineering outcrop descriptions per the Geological Strength Index classification system, we evaluate landscape‐scale patterns in near‐surface mechanical characteristics and their relation to environmental factors known to affect rock strength. We find that shallow bedrock strength is more dependent on the degree of chemical and physical weathering, rather than the mineral and textural differences between the metamorphic lithologies found in the central Himalaya. Furthermore, weathering varies systematically with topography. Bedrock ridge top sites are highly weathered and have S‐wave seismic velocities and shear strength characteristics that are more typical of soils, whereas sites near valley bottoms tend to be less weathered and characterized by high S‐wave velocities and shear strength estimates typical of rock. Weathering on hillslopes is significantly more variable, resulting in S‐wave velocities that range between the ridge and channel endmembers. We speculate that variability in the hillslope environment may be partly explained by the episodic nature of mass wasting, which clears away weathered material where landslide scars are recent. These results underscore the mechanical heterogeneity in the shallow subsurface and highlight the need to account for variable bedrock weathering when estimating strength parameters for regional landslide hazard analysis.
Late Cretaceous Paleoceanographic Evolution and the Onset of Cooling in the Santonian at Southern High Latitudes (IODP Site U1513, SE Indian Ocean)
Authors: Petrizzo Maria Rose , MacLeod Kenneth G. , Watkins David K. , Wolfgring Erik , Huber Brian T.
Published: December 2021

The latest Cenomanian to Santonian sedimentary record recovered at IODP Expedition 369 Site U1513 in the Mentelle Basin (SE Indian Ocean, paleolatitude 60°S at 85 Ma) is studied to interpret the paleoceanographic evolution in the Southern Hemisphere. The planktonic foraminiferal assemblage changes, the depth ecology preferences of different species, and the surface and seafloor temperature inferred from the stable isotopic values measured on foraminiferal tests provide meaningful information to the understanding of the Late Cretaceous climate. The hothouse climate during the Turonian‐Santonian, characterized by weak latitudinal temperature gradients and high atmospheric CO2 concentrations, is followed by a progressive cooling during the Campanian. At Site U1513 the beginning of this climatic transition is nicely recorded within the Santonian, as indicated by an ∼1‰ increase in δ18O values of planktonic foraminifera suggesting a decline in surface water paleotemperatures of 4°C. The onset of cooling is mirrored by changes in the planktonic foraminiferal assemblages including extinctions among surface and deep dwellers, appearances and diversification of newly evolving taxa, and changes from predominantly epifaunal oxic to infaunal dysoxic/suboxic taxa among co‐occurring benthic foraminifera. Overall, the data presented here document an interval in the Santonian during which the rate of southern high latitude cooling increased. Both surface and bottom waters were affected, although the cooling signal is more evident in the data for surface waters. This pattern of cooling ascribes the deterioration of the Late Cretaceous climate to decreased CO2 in the atmosphere and changes in the oceanic circulation correlated with enhanced meridional circulation.
An Efficient and Compact Monopole Antenna Backed With Square Loop EBG Structure for Medical Wireless Body Area Network Applications
Authors: Darabi Maryam , Mohajeri Farzad
Published: December 2021

In this paper, a compact, low‐profile, and simple monopole antenna is presented that is operated at the frequency of 2.4 GHz in industrial scientific medical band. The monopole antenna is based on the simple rectangular microstrip patch with a rotated T‐shaped slot. Furthermore, a 2 × 2 electromagnetic band‐gap (EBG) array is used in this design to act as an isolator between the antenna and the human body, which additionally increases the performance of the proposed antenna. The final design has an overall size of only 0.9λg × 0.9λg × 0.034λg (60 × 60 × 2.3 mm3) where λg is the guided‐wavelength with respect to RO4003 substrate at the resonant frequency of 2.4 GHz. This can make the structure a good candidate for wireless body area network applications. A prototype of the designed EBG‐based antenna is fabricated over a widely available RO4003 substrate. The measurement results show a gain of 6.52 dBi, a front to back ratio of 12.12 dB, and a total efficiency of 79.87% around the resonant frequency. Furthermore, numerical studies are conducted to evaluate the specific absorption rate (SAR) of the proposed design, which shows by introducing the EBG structure, more than 96% reduction in SAR level is obtained. All simulations are carried out by CST microwave studio software.
From Stream Flows to Cash Flows: Leveraging Evolutionary Multi‐Objective Direct Policy Search to Manage Hydrologic Financial Risks
Authors: Hamilton Andrew L. , Characklis Gregory W. , Reed Patrick M.
Published: December 2021

Hydrologic variability can present severe financial challenges for organizations that rely on water for the provision of services, such as water utilities and hydropower producers. While recent decades have seen rapid growth in decision‐support innovations aimed at helping utilities manage hydrologic uncertainty for multiple objectives, support for managing the related financial risks remains limited. However, the mathematical similarities between multi‐objective reservoir control and financial risk management suggest that the two problems can be approached in a similar manner. This paper demonstrates the utility of Evolutionary Multi‐Objective Direct Policy Search for developing adaptive policies for managing the drought‐related financial risk faced by a hydropower producer. These policies dynamically balance a portfolio, consisting of snowpack‐based financial hedging contracts, cash reserves, and debt, based on evolving system conditions. Performance is quantified based on four conflicting objectives, representing the classic tradeoff between “risk” and “return” in addition to decision‐makers’ unique preferences toward different risk management instruments. The dynamic policies identified here significantly outperform static management formulations that are more typically employed for financial risk applications in the water resources literature. Additionally, this paper combines visual analytics and information theoretic sensitivity analysis to improve understanding about how different candidate policies achieve their comparative advantages through differences in how they adapt to real‐time information. The methodology presented in this paper should be applicable to any organization subject to financial risk stemming from hydrology or other environmental variables (e.g., wind speed, insolation), including electric utilities, water utilities, agricultural producers, and renewable energy developers.
Reservoir Attributes Display Cascading Spatial Patterns Along River Basins
Authors: Faucheux Nicky M. , Sample Andrew R. , Aldridge Caleb A. , Norris David M. , Owens Conner , Starnes Victoria R. , VanderBloemen Spencer , Miranda Leandro E.
Published: December 2021

Considering reservoirs as linear fragments in a basin's river network could improve understanding, predictability, and management efficiency. We looked for general cascading spatial patterns across five categories of reservoir attributes: land cover, morphology and hydrology, fish habitat, fish assemblages, and fisheries. Attributes were pulled from various databases for large reservoirs (>100 ha) located in the United States. 16 widely distributed river basins, each including a minimum of 15 large reservoirs, were selected for analysis. Using analysis of covariance with basin as the class variable, we tested each attribute as a linear function of catchment area, which is an index of reservoir position in the basin. The majority of reservoir attributes displayed log‐linear patterns as catchment area increased, indicating that reservoirs act as members of a larger network just as river reaches do. Several patterns were detected including attributes with no apparent lengthwise arrangement along the basin; cascading spatial patterns in which attributes increase or decrease from upstream to downstream within a basin; and attributes that increase with catchment area in some basins, decrease in others, or may simply remain constant throughout the basin. We conclude that each pattern may have different implications for management, and that the effectiveness with which most management activities influence reservoirs is likely to increase or decrease along river basins.
Facile synthesis of N-aryl phenothiazines and phenoxazines via Brønsted acid catalyzed C–H amination of arenes
Authors: Xia Wang , Zhou Zi-An , Lv Jie , Xiang Shao-Hua , Wang Yong-Bin , Tan Bin
Published: December 2021

An organocatalytic C–H amination of azonaphthalenes with phenothiazines and phenoxazines has been established. N-naphthyl phenothiazine and phenoxazine structures which are of significance in various fields could now be accessed in high efficiency.
On-surface products from de-fluorination of C60F48 on Ag(111): C60, C60Fx and silver fluoride formation
Authors: Barrena E. , Palacios-Rivera R. , Babuji A. , Schio L. , Tormen M. , Floreano L. , Ocal C.
Published: December 2021

The surface chemistry of C60F48 deposited on Ag(111) at room temperature involves de-fluorination of the molecules and the formation of silver fluoride.
Bioinspired spike-like double yolk–shell structured TiO2@ZnIn2S4 for efficient photocatalytic CO2 reduction
Authors: She Ping , Guan Buyuan , Sheng Jiyao , Qi Yuanyuan , Qiao Guanyu , Rui Hongbang , Lu Geyu , Qin Jun-Sheng , Rao Heng
Published: December 2021

A spike-like double yolk–shell structured TiO2@ZnIn2S4 (D-Y-TiO2@ZnIn2S4) photocatalyst was designed, which possesses superior photocatalytic CO2 reduction efficiency.
A continuous flow PCR array microfluidic chip applied for simultaneous amplification of target genes of periodontal pathogens
Authors: Yang Bo , Wang Ping , Li Zhenqing , Tao Chunxian , You Qingxiang , Sekine Shinichi , Zhuang Songlin , Zhang Dawei , Yamaguchi Yoshinori
Published: December 2021

The concept of time to place conversion makes using a continuous flow polymerase chain reaction microfluidic chip an ideal way to reduce the time required for amplification of target genes; however, it also brings about low throughput amplicons.
Aggregation-induced emission luminogen based self-healing hydrogels fluorescent sensors for α-amylase
Authors: Cai Lili , Xiong Xueru , Qiao Mingyu , Guo Jianwei , Zhang Huatang , Lin Jiawei , Liu Sa , Jia Yong-Guang
Published: December 2021

A self-healing hydrogel with a dual network was prepared through the host–guest recognition of acrylate γ-cyclodextrins with tetraphenylethylenes, and the fluorescence of hydrogel was enhanced in the presence of α-amylase.
Investigation on insulation properties of HFO‐1336mzz(E) and N2/CO2 mixtures as SF6 substitutes in gas‐insulated electrical applications
Authors: Gao Zhanyang , Luo Yunbai , Peng Ruichao , Wang Xiaoxiao , Yu Ping , Zhou Wenjun
Published: December 2021

The emissions of SF6 have been restricted owing to 3400 years of atmospheric lifetime and high global warming potential (GWP) as an insulating gas in gas‐insulated electrical equipment. In this study, HFO‐1336mzz(E) and N2/CO2 mixtures are proposed as SF6 substitutes for their short atmospheric lifetime, low GWP and superior insulation performance. The GWP of HFO‐1336mzz(E) is only 18 and its atmospheric lifetime is days to weeks. The breakdown voltage of 25% HFO‐1336mzz(E) and N2/CO2 mixtures is about 85% that of pure SF6 under alternating current. The self‐recovery ability of HFO‐1336mzz(E) and CO2 mixtures is superior to that of HFO‐1336mzz(E) and N2 mixtures. The decomposition characteristic of HFO‐1336mzz(E) shows that a tiny amount of its gas might initiate a carbonisation reaction to form carbon after multiple breakdown tests, which is verified by observations using energy dispersive X‐rays spectroscopy and scanning electron microscope. The acute toxicity test of HFO‐1336mzz(E) indicates that the gas is non‐toxic. The results show that HFO‐1336mzz(E) and N2/CO2 mixtures are potential substitutes for SF6 in electrical applications.
Hochverarbeitete Lebensmittel und ihre Bedeutung für die Genese ernährungsmitbedingter Erkrankungen
Authors: Fedde Svenja , Rimbach Gerald , Schwarz Karin , Bosy-Westphal Anja
Published: December 2021

Hochverarbeitete Lebensmittel sind Teil eines modernen Lebensstils und machen in Deutschland ca. 46 % der täglichen Energieaufnahme aus. Querschnitts- und Kohortenstudien belegen Assoziationen zwischen dem Verzehr hochverarbeiteter Lebensmittel und nichtübertragbaren Erkrankungen (Übergewicht, Diabetes, Krebs, Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen sowie Depressionen). Als Ursache für diesen Zusammenhang werden neben einer hohen Energiedichte und einer veränderten Lebensmittelmatrix eine ernährungsphysiologisch unausgewogene Zusammensetzung, ein hoher glykämischer Index, sowie abträgliche Zusatzstoffe und Kontaminanten durch Verarbeitung und Verpackung diskutiert. Um die anteilige Bedeutung dieser potenziellen Mechanismen zu verstehen und eine wissenschaftlich begründete, risikoassoziierte Definition hochverarbeiteter Lebensmittel zu geben, sind sowohl Interventionsstudien als auch eine bessere Erfassung der Zusammensetzung der verzehrten verarbeiteten Lebensmittel in prospektiven Kohortenstudien nötig.
Manifolds of quasi-constant SOAP and ACSF fingerprints and the resulting failure to machine learn four-body interactions
Authors: Parsaeifard Behnam , Goedecker Stefan
Published: December 2021

Atomic fingerprints are commonly used for the characterization of local environments of atoms in machine learning and other contexts. In this work, we study the behavior of two widely used fingerprints, namely, the smooth overlap of atomic positions (SOAP) and the atom-centered symmetry functions (ACSFs), under finite changes of atomic positions and demonstrate the existence of manifolds of quasi-constant fingerprints. These manifolds are found numerically by following eigenvectors of the sensitivity matrix with quasi-zero eigenvalues. The existence of such manifolds in ACSF and SOAP causes a failure to machine learn four-body interactions, such as torsional energies that are part of standard force fields. No such manifolds can be found for the overlap matrix (OM) fingerprint due to its intrinsic many-body character.
Intermolecular correlations of liquid and glassy CS2 studied by synchrotron radiation x-ray diffraction
Authors: Mizuno Yuki , Zhao Yuansheng , Akiba Hiroshi , Kohara Shinji , Ohara Koji , Tucker Matthew G. , McDonnell Marshall T. , Yamamuro Osamu
Published: December 2021

How is the orientation of molecular liquids ordered on cooling? What are the basic structures of molecular glasses, e.g., close to the crystalline structure or some special structures such as icosahedral cluster? These are long-standing questions in liquid and glass physics. We have constructed a novel cryostat to prepare simple molecular glasses by vapor deposition and performed in situ synchrotron radiation x-ray diffraction experiments. The glassy state of a simple molecule CS2, which cannot be vitrified by normal liquid quenching, was successfully prepared with this instrument, and its diffraction data were collected in a wide Q-range of 0.16–25.7 Å−1 with a high-energy diffractometer at BL04B2, SPring-8. The diffraction data of liquid CS2 were also recorded in a wide temperature range of 160–300 K. These diffraction data were analyzed with molecular dynamics simulations and reverse Monte Carlo modelings to investigate orientational correlation. From the obtained 3D structure models, the orientational correlation between neighboring CS2 molecules was investigated quantitatively as a function of temperature. At room temperature, the parallel and T-shaped arrangements are preferred for the nearest neighbor correlation. On cooling, these arrangements are developed gradually, and its rate became prominent below the melting temperature (162 K). In the glassy state, the slipped-parallel arrangement is dominant as well as the T-shaped arrangement. Both arrangements appear in the CS2 crystal, indicating that the structure of glassy CS2 is close to that of crystalline CS2.
Design of singlet fission chromophores by the introduction of N-oxyl fragments
Authors: James Dylan , Pradhan Ekadashi , Zeng Tao
Published: December 2021

Singlet fission is a highly desired process in organic photovoltaic devices. It splits one singlet exciton into two triplet excitons and enhances the power-conversion efficiency. However, the exploitation of this process in photovoltaic devices is plagued by the small number of singlet fission chromophores. In this work, we designed a series of singlet fission chromophores by introducing N-oxyl fragments into anthracene. The diradical character brought by the N-oxyl fragments and the structural reorganizations in response to excitation to the lowest triplet state allow some of the investigated molecules to satisfy the thermodynamic energy criteria for singlet fission chromophores.
Toward single-molecule surface-enhanced Raman scattering with novel type of metasurfaces synthesized by crack-stretching of metallized track-etched membranes
Authors: Kovalets N. P. , Kozhina E. P. , Razumovskaya I. V. , Bedin S. A. , Piryazev A. A. , Grigoriev Yu. V. , Naumov A. V.
Published: December 2021

The effect of hyperenhancement of Raman scattering (RS) appearing on microcracks of the metal deposition (silver and gold) of uniaxially stretched polymer track-etched membranes is investigated. Deformation of membranes with a combination of high surface density and small diameter of their pores leads to the development of many microcracks in the metal coating. The efficiency of the surface enhancement RS (SERS) of the synthesized metasurfaces has been investigated on the example of organic compound malachite green, and the possibility to recognize extremely low fractions of the substance was demonstrated. An increase in the SERS signal with an increase in the deformation of the samples and even greater enhancement after their unloading and relaxation were found. The experiment on tensile strain and relaxation of the deformation of the samples and the consequent change in their electrical conductivity confirm the assumption that SERS appears on microcracks edges with a rather small distance between their boundaries. The SERS technique is proposed to analyze the formation of micro- and nanocracks on metal coatings.
Challenges on optical printing of colloidal nanoparticles
Authors: Violi Ianina L. , Martinez Luciana P. , Barella Mariano , Zaza Cecilia , Chvátal Lukáš , Zemánek Pavel , Gutiérrez Marina V. , Paredes María Y. , Scarpettini Alberto F. , Olmos-Trigo Jorge , Pais Valeria R. , Nóblega Iván Díaz , Cortes Emiliano , Sáenz Juan José , Bragas Andrea V. , Gargiulo Julian , Stefani Fernando D.
Published: December 2021

While colloidal chemistry provides ways to obtain a great variety of nanoparticles with different shapes, sizes, material compositions, and surface functions, their controlled deposition and combination on arbitrary positions of substrates remain a considerable challenge. Over the last ten years, optical printing arose as a versatile method to achieve this purpose for different kinds of nanoparticles. In this article, we review the state of the art of optical printing of single nanoparticles and discuss its strengths, limitations, and future perspectives by focusing on four main challenges: printing accuracy, resolution, selectivity, and nanoparticle photostability.
Viscosity Measurement for Picoliter Liquid Volumes
Authors: Changizi M. A. , Stiharu I.
Published: December 2021

The chapter introduces the reader to the fluid-related problems associated with discrete small volumes. The sizes that might be reasonable by now in the scientific community—micrometers, nanometers—affect the fluids by a power of three as fluids mainly consist of spherical particles. Specific physical quantities that characterize the fluids are virtually impossible to measure when the droplets of the fluids are micrometer-sized droplets and in the femtograms weight range. Devices capable of reaching to those ranges are scarce and the influences of the environmental conditions at such levels become extremely significant. One example of such particles is liposomes—volumes of organic matter in the nanometer size range which embed useful chemicals and which can target specific tissues within the human body.
Dynamical Characteristics of Nanostructural Members with Complicating Effects
Authors: Jena Subrat Kumar , Chakraverty Snehashish
Published: December 2021

In this chapter, Navier's technique is used to investigate the vibration and buckling characteristics of three different types of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs): armchair, chiral, and zigzag, while considering a novel non-local elasticity theory and the Euler–Bernoulli beam theory. The carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are also subjected to low- and high-temperature conditions. The governing equations for vibration and buckling are derived by incorporating Hamilton's principle, and both non-local stress resultants are considered. For the hinged–hinged (H–H) boundary condition, the fundamental natural frequencies and critical buckling loads for all three types of CNTs are computed in low- and high-temperature conditions. In addition, a thorough investigation of the influence of several scaling parameters, such as small-scale parameters, temperature, thermal environment, and CNT length, on the fundamental natural frequencies and critical buckling loads has been carried out.
Heavy-Tailed Distributions
Authors: Gardiner Crispin
Published: December 2021

In Sec. 2.3.3 we introduced the idea of heavy-tailed distributions from a purely mathematical point of view, where we considered probability distributions for which the central limit theorem does not apply. The terminology arises because the “tails” of the distribution, that is the parts where the variable |x| → ∞, decrease so slowly that in most cases the variance diverges. This then invalidates the central limit theorem.
Stationary Processes
Authors: Gardiner Crispin
Published: December 2021

In many situations, a system settles into a steady state whose properties are independent of time. For example, the theoretical basis of the field of economics is based on the idea of economic equilibrium, in which prices are determined within a market, where traders exchange goods and money. An equilibrium is assumed, determined by market conditions, such as costs, availability, and competition between traders. This is of course an idealization of the real world, in which all of the market parameters change with time, but usually rather more slowly than the speed with which the equilibrium is reached.
Stochastic Differential Equations
Authors: Gardiner Crispin
Published: December 2021

The concept of a Langevin equation was introduced in Sec. 6.1.1 as the equation of motion of a particle subject to a rapidly fluctuating force. There we treated the Langevin source ξ(t) as a stochastic function with a very short correlation time, and developed results that would be valid in the limit that this correlation time becomes zero. This kind of formulation is valid, but can be very complicated in situations more general than those envisaged in writing the Langevin equation (6.1b) as an equation of motion for the velocity of a Brownian particle.
Population Processes
Authors: Gardiner Crispin
Published: December 2021

Biological systems almost always can be seen as systems of individuals interacting with each other, usually in pairs. The individuals may be animals, people, plants, individual cells, viruses, etc. Processes of birth and death, often involving interactions between individuals, determine the dynamics of the population as a whole. The same kind of description can be applied to chemical reactions, where the individuals are molecules or atoms, and to nuclear reactions, where atomic nuclei play the same roles.