bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gênero, cor/raça e níveis de letramento em Santa Catarina e Alagoas: um experimento com base em microdados do censo 2000
Authors: Ferraro Alceu Ravanello , Oliveira Jasom de
Published: August 2012

Valendo-se dos microdados do Censo 2000, o estudo se propôs confrontar as relações de gênero e de cor/raça com níveis de letramento nos estados de Santa Catarina (SC) e Alagoas (AL), estados estes representativos das situações extremas, nopaís, em termos de educação escolar. O estudo considerou apenas a população jovem de 18 a 24 anos, a qual, pela idade, já poderia/deveria ter concluído a Educação Básica, o que corresponde ao nível 4 de letramento. Esses/as jovens de 18 a 24 anos foram classifi cados em diferentes níveis de letramento com base na quantidade de anos de estudo cursados com aprovação. Os resultados da análise são basicamentetrês: primeiro, enquanto que em Santa Catarina predominam os níveis mais elevados de letramento, em Alagoas prevalecem os níveis mais baixos; segundo, em ambos os estados, as mulheres situam-se melhor que os homens do respectivo Estado emtermos de níveis de letramento; terceiro, tanto em Santa Catarina como em Alagoas tem-se a seguinte ordem decrescente quanto a níveis de letramento: 1o – mulheres brancas, 2o – homens brancos, 3o – mulheres negras, 4o – homens negros, ou seja,superioridade ao mesmo tempo da mulher em relação ao homem e da cor/raça branca em relação à negra. Em síntese, ao mesmo tempo em que se mantêm as históricas desigualdades regionais e de cor/raça, as mulheres jovens (de 18 a 24 anos) apresentam melhores níveis de letramento do que os homens da mesma idade. O principal desafi o posto por estes resultados está na investigação e no enfrentamento político e pedagógico das causas que, ao mesmo tempo que levam à inversão darelação de desigualdade no que concerne a gênero, mantêm e reproduzem as desigualdades educacionais relacionadas com as variáveis região e cor/raça.
Cultura, mídias e identidades na Pós-modernidade
Authors: Coutinho Lidia Maria , Quartiero Elisa Maria
Published: August 2012

Neste artigo buscamos relacionar o fenômeno da globalização às questões culturais, formação de novas identidades e à crescente expansão das mídias nas sociedades contemporâneas. Discutimos a construção das novas identidades culturais que emergem frente à globalização, fruto da imbricada relação das identidades individuais, coletivas e midiáticas. Contextualizamos o espaço e o lugar que as mídias eletrônicas ocupam nestes tempos de pós-modernidade a partir do conceito de midiatização da sociedade e discutimos as possibilidades que a teoria dos modos de endereçamento traz para o entendimento da relação entre mídia, currículo e escola.
Marx e Lukács e o problema da individualidade: algumas aproximações
Authors: Vaisman Ester
Published: August 2012

A última grande obra filosófica de Gyorgy Lukács, para uma ontologia do ser social, assim como os prolegômenos constituem no interior do marxismo uma inovação radical diante da interpretação dispensada à obra de Marx ao longo do último século,  pois  têm o mérito  de enfatizar o caráter ontológico do pensamento de Marx. Entretanto, se deve sublinhar que, segun- do o filósofo húngaro, a categoria da generidade explicita a concepção revolucionária sobre o ser e o devir do gênero huma- no instaurada por Marx. Lukács identifica o lócus genético dessa concepção, ou seja, a superação do gênero natural mudo e o surgimento do gênero propriamente humano, precisamente na práxis que constitui a maneira segundo a qual a “adaptação ativa” se desenvolve e na qual, por consequência, se realiza  de modo contraditório e não idêntico a constituição processual do ser social. Nesse contexto, Lukács não compreende a individua-lidade como um dado humano originário, mas, antes, como categoria que se constitui também historicamente, sobre o fundamento de uma “determinação recíproca” com a generidade.
Reflexões e perspectivas das relações entre capital e Educação
Authors: Mészáros István
Published: August 2012

Entrevista concedida por István Mészáros, a Maria Isabel Batista Serrão e Patricia Laura Torriglia em 21 de novembro de 2007. Florianópolis. Santa Catarina. Brasil.
Future methane, hydroxyl, and their uncertainties: key climate and emission parameters for future predictions
Authors: Holmes C. D. , Prather M. J. , Søvde O. A. , Myhre G.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. Accurate prediction of future methane abundances following a climate scenario requires understanding the lifetime changes driven by anthropogenic emissions, meteorological factors, and chemistry-climate feedbacks. Uncertainty in any of these influences or the underlying processes implies uncertainty in future abundance and radiative forcing. We simulate methane lifetime in multiple models over the period 1997–2009, adding sensitivity tests to determine key variables that drive the year-to-year variability. Across three atmospheric chemistry and transport models – UCI CTM, GEOS-Chem, and Oslo CTM3 – we find that temperature, water vapor, ozone column, biomass burning and lightning NOx are the dominant sources of interannual changes in methane lifetime. We also evaluate the model responses to forcings that have impacts on decadal time scales, such as methane feedback, and anthropogenic NOx emissions. In general, these different CTMs show similar sensitivities to the driving variables. We construct a parametric model that reproduces most of the interannual variability of each CTM and use it to predict methane lifetime from 1980 through 2100 following a specified emissions and climate scenario (RCP 8.5). The parametric model propagates uncertainties through all steps and provides a foundation for predicting methane abundances in any climate scenario. Our sensitivity tests also enable a new estimate of the methane global warming potential (GWP), accounting for stratospheric ozone effects, including those mediated by water vapor. We estimate the 100-yr GWP to be 32.
Aircraft measurements of carbon dioxide and methane for the calibration of ground-based high-resolution Fourier Transform Spectrometers and a comparison to GOSAT data measured over Tsukuba and Moshiri
Authors: Tanaka T. , Miyamoto Y. , Morino I. , Machida T. , Nagahama T. , Sawa Y. , Matsueda H. , Wunch D. , Kawakami S. , Uchino O.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. Aircraft measurements of carbon dioxide and methane over Tsukuba (36.05° N, 140.12° E) (February 2010) and Moshiri (44.36° N, 142.26° E) (August 2009) were made to calibrate ground-based high-resolution Fourier Transform Spectrometers (g-b FTSs) and to compare with the Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT). The aircraft measurements over Tsukuba in February 2010 were successful in synchronizing with both the g-b FTS and GOSAT for the first time. Airborne in situ and flask-sampling instruments were mounted on the aircraft, and measurements were carried out between altitudes of 0.5 and 7 km to obtain vertical profiles of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and other gaseous species. By comparing the g-b FTS measurements with the airborne measurements, the column-averaged dry air mole fractions of CO2 (XCO2) and CH4 (XCH4) retrieved from the g-b FTS measurements at Tsukuba were biased low by 0.33 ± 0.11% for XCO2 and 0.69 ± 0.29% for XCH4. The g-b FTS values at Moshiri were biased low by 1.24% for XCO2 and 2.11% for XCH4. The GOSAT data show biases that are 3.1% ± 1.7% lower for XCO2 and 2.5% ± 0.8% lower for XCH4 than the aircraft measurements obtained over Tsukuba.
Application of linear polarized light for the discrimination of frozen and liquid droplets in ice nucleation experiments
Authors: Clauss T. , Kiselev A. , Hartmann S. , Augustin S. , Pfeifer S. , Niedermeier D. , Wex H. , Stratmann F.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. We report on the development and test results of the new optical particle counter TOPS-Ice (Thermostabilized Optical Particle Spectrometer for the detection of Ice particles). The instrument uses measurements of the depolarized component of light scattered by single particles into the near-forward direction (42.5° ± 12.7°) to distinguish between spherical and non-spherical particles. This approach allows the differentiation between liquid water droplets (spherical) and ice particles (non-spherical) having similar volume equivalent sizes and therefore can be used to determine the fraction of frozen droplets in a typical immersion freezing experiment. We show that the numerical simulation of the light scattering on non-spherical particles (ellipsoids in random orientation) with account for the actual scattering geometry used in the instrument supports the validity of the approach, even though the cross polarized component of the light scattered by spherical droplets is not vanishing in this scattering angle. For the separation of the ice particle mode from the liquid droplet mode, we use the width of the pulse detected in the depolarization channel instead of the pulse height. Exploiting the intrinsic relationship between pulse height and pulse width for Gaussian pulses allows us to calculate the fraction of frozen droplets even if the liquid droplet mode dominates the particle ensemble. We present test results obtained with TOPS-Ice in the immersion freezing experiments at the laminar diffusion chamber LACIS (Leipzig Aerosol Cloud Interaction Simulator) and demonstrate the excellent agreement with the data obtained in the same experiment with a different optical instrument. Finally, the advantages of using the cross-polarized light measurements for the differentiation of liquid and frozen droplets in the realistic immersion freezing experiments are discussed.
A probe into the different fates of locust swarms in the plains of North America and East Asia
Authors: Yu G. , Johnson D. , Ke X. , Li Y.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. Locust swarms had periodically raged in both North American Plains (NAP) and East Asian Plains (EAP) before 1880 AD. After this period, the locust outbreaks almost never recurred in NAP but have continued to occur in EAP. Since large quantities of pesticides were used in the major agriculture regions of NAP in the late 1870s; this has been suggested as a possible major cause of the disappearing of locust outbreaks. Extensive applications of more effective chemical pesticides were also used in the granary regions of EAP in the 1950s in an effort to kill the pests at a much higher intensity. However, locust swarms came back again in many areas of China in the 1960s. Therefore, NAP locust extinction still remains a puzzle. Frequent locust outbreaks in EAP over the past 130 yr may offer clues to probe key control elements in the disappearing of locust outbreaks in NAP. This paper analyzes the climate extremes and monthly temperature-precipitation combines of NAP and EAP, and found the differences in their frequencies of these climate combines caused different locust fates in the two regions: restrained the locust outbreak in NAP but induced such events in EAP. Validation shows that severer EAP locust outbreak years were coincided with the climate extreme combines years. Thus we suggest that climate changes in frequency, extremes and trends can explain why the fate of the locust plague in EAP was different from that in NAP. The study also points out that, under the present global warming, cautions should be taken to make sure the pest hazard being nipped in the-bud.
Nitrogen balance of a boreal Scots pine forest
Authors: Korhonen J. F. J. , Pihlatie M. , Pumpanen J. , Aaltonen H. , Hari P. , Levula J. , Kieloaho A.-J. , Nikinmaa E. , Vesala T. , Ilvesniemi H.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. The productivity of boreal forests is considered to be limited by low nitrogen (N) availability. Increased atmospheric N deposition has altered the functioning and N cycling of these N-sensitive ecosystems. The most important components of N pools and fluxes were measured in a boreal Scots pine stand in Hyytiälä, Southern Finland. The measurement at the site allowed direct estimations of nutrient pools in the soil and biomass, inputs from the atmosphere and outputs as drainage flow and gaseous losses from two micro-catchments. N was accumulating to the system with a rate of 7 kg N ha−1 yr−1. Nitrogen input as atmospheric deposition was 7.4 kg N ha−1 yr−1. Dry deposition and organic N in wet deposition contributed over half of the input in deposition. Total outputs were 0.4 kg N ha−1 yr−1, the most important outputs being N2O emission to the atmosphere and organic N flux in drainage flow. Nitrogen uptake and retranslocation were as important sources of N for plant growth. Most of the uptaken N originated from decomposition of organic matter, and the fraction of N that could originate directly from deposition was about 30%. In conclusion, atmospheric N deposition fertilizes the site considerably.
Shallow water carbonate platforms (Late Aptian–Early Albian, Southern Apennines) in the context of supraregional to global changes: re-appraisal of palaeoecological events as reflectors of carbonate factory response
Authors: Raspini A.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. This paper discusses the palaeoenvironmental significance of the "Orbitolina Level", the microbial carbonates and the Salpingoporella dinarica-rich deposits encased in the Aptian/Albian shallow water carbonate platform strata of Monte Tobenna and Monte Faito (Southern Italy). These facies show a peculiar field appearance due to their color and/or fossil content. In the shallow water carbonate strata, the Late Aptian "Orbitolina Level" was formed during a period of decreasing accommodation space. Microbial carbonates occur in different levels in the composite section. They reach their maximum thickness around the sequence boundaries just above the "Orbitolina Level" and close to the Aptian–Albian transition, and were not deposited during maximum flooding. S. dinarica-rich deposits occur in the lower part of the Monte Tobenna-Monte Faito composite section, in both restricted and more open lagoonal sediments. S. dinarica has its maximum abundance below the "Orbitolina Level" and disappears 11 m above this layer. On the basis of δ13C and δ18O values recorded at Tobenna-Faito, the succession has been correlated to global sea-level changes and to the main volcanic and climatic events during the Aptian. Deterioration of the inner lagoon environmental conditions was related to high trophic levels triggered by volcano-tectonic activity. Microbial carbonates were deposited especially in periods of third-order sea level lowering. In such a scenario, periods of increased precipitation during the Gargasian induced the mobilization of clay during flooding of the exposed platform due to high-frequency sea-level changes, with consequent terrigenous input to the lagoon. This and the high nutrient levels made the conditions unsuitable for the principle carbonate producers, and an opportunistic biota rich in orbitolinids (Mesorbitolina texana and M. parva) populated the platform. In the more open marine domain, the increased nutrient input enhanced the production of organic matter and locally led to the formation of black shales (e.g. the Niveau Fallot in the Vocontian Basin). It is argued that the concomitant low Mg/Ca molar ratio and high concentration of calcium in seawater could have favoured the development of the low-Mg calcite skeleton of the S. dinarica green algae. During third-order sea-level rise, no or minor microbial carbonates formed in the shallowlagoonal settings and S. dinarica disappeared. Carbonate neritic ecosystems were not influenced by the environmental changes inferred to have been induced by the mid-Cretaceous volcanism. The "Orbitolina Level", the microbial carbonates and the Salpingoporella dinarica-rich deposits in the studied Aptian/Albian shallow water carbonate strata are interpreted to be the response to environmental and oceanographic changes in shallow-water and deeper-marine ecosystems.
Informação e políticas públicas: responsabilidade social da Ciência da Informação
Authors: Santos Marcia Mazo , Cardoso Filho Jair Cunha
Published: August 2012

Apresenta os fundamentos teóricos da CI a partir da inserção do tema responsabilidade social em seu contexto. Discorre sobre os conceitos de políticas públicas e argumenta como a vertente social da ciência da informação contribui no estabelecimento de políticas públicas. Adota a definição de Borko para a CI, e apresenta o que é entendido por informação como suporte à tomada de decisão, particularmente no que se refere ao estabelecimento de políticas públicas. Comenta sobre o ciclo das políticas públicas e a tipologia de políticas públicas de Lowi, e demonstra que ferramentas da CI são recursos legítimos para integrar e coordenar a heterogeneidade dos recursos informacionais existentes em uma sociedade para, por meio de políticas públicas, permitirem ao ser humano construir a si mesmo e o seu mundo, de forma livre e autônoma, e transformar a realidade na direção do desenvolvimento político, econômico e social.
Motivação de equipes em unidades de informação
Authors: Santos Vanessa Lima dos , Almeida Daniela Pereira dos Reis de , Valentim Marta Lígia Pomim
Published: August 2012

Este artigo, por meio de uma revisão de literatura nas áreas de Ciência da Informação e Administração, buscou resgatar o referencial teórico sobre liderança, motivação, trabalho em equipe, competências, habilidades e atitudes do líder. Além disso, foi elaborado um estudo exploratório junto a diretores/gestores de bibliotecas universitárias. A partir da análise da literatura selecionada e da pesquisa exploratória, infere-se que o líder que atua em unidades de informação (UIs) pode desenvolver algumas ações que possibilitem motivar a equipe, a qual lidera, como por exemplo: implantar programas participativos; estabelecer metas desafiadoras; incentivar trabalhos em grupo; promover rotatividade de cargos e funções; criar sistemas de divulgação de resultados; estimular a criatividade; promover um bom ambiente de trabalho; promover educação e treinamento individual/grupo; definir claramente as responsabilidades; delegar autoridade conscientemente, cobrar resultados; entre tantas outras. Dessa maneira, entende-se que o líder que atua em unidades de informação necessita conhecer os fatores que possibilitam a motivação da equipe. Para tanto, é preciso observar as aspirações de seus colaboradores e verificar se a organização tem sido capaz de satisfazê-las. Assim, cabe ao profissional da informação capacitar-se para desempenhar bem essa função.
Núcleo de gestão da informação e inteligência da Escola Superior da Defensoria Pública do Estado da Bahia
Authors: Neves Barbara Coelho
Published: August 2012

Esta comunicação apresenta o relato de experiência acerca da implementação do Núcleo de Gestão da Informação e Inteligência administrado pela Biblioteca da Defensoria Pública do Estado da Bahia. O Núcleo tem o propósito de corroborar com o estoque informacional, baseando-se na captação do conhecimento tácito dos Defensores Públicos da DPE. Ambiciona-se a inclusão social e preservação da memória dos direitos humanos empregada nas atividades defensoriais desenvolvidas. O maior benefício da criação do Núcleo de Gestão da Informação e Inteligência é proporcionar a disponibilidade de informação adquirida pelos Defensores, de maneira estruturada, a todas as pessoas interessadas nos temas defensoriais apreendidos através de vivências jurídicas, congressos, cursos de capacitação, seminários, workshops, dentre outros. O Núcleo de Gestão da Informação e Inteligência da Biblioteca da DPE constitui importante meio para conectar eficientemente “aqueles que sabem” com aqueles que “necessitam saber” e converter conhecimento pessoal em memória da organização. Para tanto, a proposta desenvolve a coleta, o armazenamento, gerenciamento e disseminação do conhecimento com uma metodologia baseada em modelos dos autores Nonaka e Takeuchi, com o auxílio de adolescentes “menores aprendizes” em cumprimento de medida sócio-educativa da Fundação Cidade Mãe.
El CUIB: Un foco de motivación para la investigación sobre Bibliotecología y Ciencia de la Información en América Latina
Authors: Biblios Editores
Published: August 2012

Entrevista a Filiberto Felipe Martínez Arellano (México) investigador del Centro Universitario de Investigaciones Bibliotecológicas (CUIB) en el marco del treinta aniversario de este centro académico.
Internal Fixation of Proximal Humerus Fracture with Polyaxial Angular Stable Locking Compression Plate in Patients Older Than 65 Years
Authors: Lee Ki Won , Choi Young Joon , Ahn Hyung Sun , Kim Chung Hwan , Hwang Jae Kwang , Kang Jeong Ho , Choo Han Ho , Park Jun Seok , Kim Tae Kyung
Published: August 2012

PURPOSE: The clinical and radiographic outcomes of the internal fixation, which were executed on patients over the age of 65 with proximal humerus fracture by using a polyaxial angular stable locking compression plate (Non-Contact-Bridging proximal humerus plate, Zimmer, Switzerland, NCB), were evaluated.MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty two patients over the age of 65 among the proximal humerus fracture treated with NCB plate, between August 2007 and January 2011, were chosen as the subjects. The average age of patients was 71 years, and the average postoperative follow-up period was 11.5 months. The fractures included 14 two-part and 18 three-part fractures. The clinical results were evaluated, using the visual analog scale (VAS) score and the Constant score. The radiological results were evaluated by time to union and Paavolainen method, which measures the neck shaft angle.RESULTS: At the last follow-up examination, the mean VAS score was 3 points and the mean Constant score was 64.5 points, with bone union achieved after the average of 16.2 weeks following the surgery in all the cases. The mean neck shaft angle was 125.9 and 24 cases had good results, while 8 cases had fair results by Paavolainen method, at the last follow-up. There were 1 case of delayed union and cerclage wire failure, and 3 cases of subacromial impingement. There were no complications, such as loss of reduction, nonunion, screw loosening, or avascular necrosis of the humeral head.CONCLUSION: Internal fixation, using a NCB plate, was considered to be an effective surgical method in treating proximal humerus fracture in the elderly patients, on whom the fixation of the fracture and maintenance of reduction are difficult.
Relationship Between Insertion Torque, and Pullout Strength Depending on the Size of the Pilot Hole and Biodegradable Suture Anchor in Osteoporotic Humeral Head
Authors: Chun Yong Min , Lee Young Han , Kim Sung Hwan , Park Yoo Jung , Kim Sung Jae
Published: August 2012

PURPOSE: The object of this study was to investigate the difference in torque and pullout strength between the standard anchor insertion (5.0 mm) with a small awl (3.7 mm) and larger anchor insertion (6.5 mm), with a standard awl (5.0 mm) in osteoporotic humeral head.MATERIALS AND METHODS: The embalmed 24 paired cadaveric shoulders were assigned to either Group A or B. After measuring the bone mineral density (BMD) of the ROI (region of interest) in the humeral head, 5.0 mm suture anchors were inserted using a 3.7 mm awl in Group A1, and the same 5.0 mm anchors were inserted using a 5.0 mm awl in Group A2. The 5.0 mm anchors were inserted using a 5.0 mm awl in Group B1, and 6.5 mm anchors were inserted using a 5.0 mm awl in Group B2. We measured the torques at the time of the anchor insertion and pullout strengths.RESULTS: There was no significant difference in the BMD between the groups. The torque of A1 (20.6 cN.m) was significantly higher than that of A2 (13.2 cN.m), and the torque of B2 (20.8 cN.m) was significantly higher than that of B1(12.1 cN.m). However, the difference in the increased torque between group A and B was not significant. The pullout strength of A1 (204.2 N) was significantly higher than that of A2 (152.9 N), and the pullout strength of B2 (210.9 N) was significantly higher than that of B1 (149.5 N). However, the difference in the increased pullout strength between Group A and B was not significant.CONCLUSION: In severe osteoporosis, the use of a larger suture anchor with a standard awl increased the torque and pullout strength significantly, in comparison to the use of the same sized suture anchor and awl. If there is an inadequate interval between the anchors on the greater tuberosity, the use of a 3.7 mm awl and 5.0 mm anchor will be beneficial compared to that of a 5.0 mm awl and 6.5 mm anchor, considering that an increase in the pullout strength does not depend on the awl size.
Integrability and Multi-Soliton Solutions for a Variable-Coefficient Coupled Gross–Pitaevskii System for Atomic MatterWaves
Authors: Lin Zhi-Qiang , Tian Bo , Wang Ming , Lu Xing
Published: August 2012

Under investigation in this paper is a variable-coefficient coupled Gross-Pitaevskii (GP) system, which is associated with the studies on atomic matter waves. Through the Painlev´e analysis, we obtain the constraint on the variable coefficients, under which the system is integrable. The bilinear form and multi-soliton solutions are derived with the Hirota bilinear method and symbolic computation. We found that: (i) in the elastic collisions, an external potential can change the propagation of the soliton, and thus the density of the matter wave in the two-species Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC); (ii) in the shape-changing collision, the solitons can exchange energy among different species, leading to the change of soliton amplitudes.We also present the collisions among three solitons of atomic matter waves.
On the Quasi-Ordering of Catacondensed Hexagonal Systems with Respective to their Clar Covering Polynomials
Authors: Xu Liqiong , Zhangb Fuji
Published: August 2012

In this paper, we discuss the quasi-ordering of hexagonal systems with respective to the coefficients of their Clar covering polynomials (also known as Zhang-Zhang polynomials). The last six minimal catacondensed hexagonal systems and the hexagonal chains with the maximum Clar covering polynomial are determined. Furthermore, the smallest pair of incomparable catacondensed hexagonal systems is given.
Triggering the Continuous Growth of Graphene Toward Millimeter‐Sized Grains
Authors: Wu Tianru , Ding Guqiao , Shen Honglie , Wang Haomin , Sun Lei , Jiang Da , Xie Xiaoming , Jiang Mianheng
Published: August 2012

A simple but efficient strategy to synthesize millimeter‐sized graphene single crystal grains by regulating the supply of reactants in the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process is demonstrated. Polystyrene is used as a carbon source. Pulse heating on the carbon source is utilized to minimize the nucleation density of graphene on copper foil, while a gradual increase in the temperature of the carbon source and the flow rate of hydrogen is adapted to drive the continuous growth of the graphene grains. As a result, the nucleation density of graphene grain can be controlled to as low as ≈100 nuclei/cm2, and a single crystal grain can grow up to dimensions of ≈1.2 mm. Raman spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and electrical‐transport measurements show that the graphene grains obtained are of high quality. The strategy presented provides very good controllability and enables the possibility of large graphene single crystals, which is of vital importance for practical applications.
Transcatheter closure of multiple interatrial communications
Authors: Masseli Johannes , Bertog Stefan , Stanczak Lukas , Blankenbach Kira , Majunke Nicolas , Reiffenstein Isabel , Renkhoff Kristina , Lehn Katharina , Wunderlich Nina , Sievert Horst
Published: August 2012

Objectives

We sought to examine acute and midterm results of closure of multiple interatrial communications with staged device deployment and to review the relevant literature.

Background

Information about percutaneous methods of closure for multiple defects is limited.

Methods

We treated 148 patients with multiple defects. Of these, 88 had a relevant left to right shunt (“LRS”), 52 had a presumed paradoxical embolism (“PPE”), five had both (LRS and PPE), and one patient, respectively, had migraine, decompression sickness, and a right to left shunt. After implantation of the first device, closure of additional septal defects was attempted only if indicated clinically.

Results

Ninety‐four patients received a single device and 53 more than one. In four patients, surgical defect closure followed. At the end of follow‐up (FU; mean 4.5 ± 3.4 years), complete closure of all defects occurred in 67.6% (62.1% for LRS, 76.5% for PPE). Clinical success (small or trivial residual shunt) was achieved in 86.9% (83.9% for LRS, 90.2% for PPE). Complications included pericardial effusions in 2.7%, recurrent thromboembolic events in 4.8%, and new onset of atrial fibrillation in 10.1%. In a significant number of patients with multiple defects, after single device implantation, the likelihood of complete closure increased with FU time (26% complete closure at 1 month vs. 78% at 24 months).

Conclusion

Percutaneous closure of multiple interatrial communications is feasible and safe. Importantly, many residual defects close without further intervention at FU. Therefore, staged device delivery is an alternative to simultaneous device implantation, possibly requiring fewer and smaller second devices. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Copper‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Triarylamines from Aryl Halides and Arylamines
Authors: Qian Cunwei , Xu Shaojie , Zong Qianshou , Fang Dong
Published: August 2012

A simple and efficient methodology for the synthesis of triphenylamines has been demonstrated using copper catalyst with a ligand and tripotassium phosphate as the base. The effect of parameters such as catalyst precursors, ligands, bases and solvents were studied and a series of triphenylamines were obtained with moderate to excellent yields in DMF. This reaction displays great functional groups compatibility in the presence of a broad range of functional groups.
Metal‐Free Oxidation of α‐Hydroxy Ketones to 1,2‐Diketones Catalyzed by Mesoporous Carbon Nitride with Visible Light
Authors: Zheng Zhishuo , Zhou Xiaosong
Published: August 2012

As a photocatalyst, mesoporous carbon nitride (mpg‐C3N4) shows higher photocatalytic activities in organic synthesis. Herein we report an mpg‐C3N4‐catalyzed oxidation of α‐hydroxy ketones to synthesize 1,2‐diketones using visible light. This transformation represents a green and highly efficient synthetic route to synthesize 1,2‐diketones for which catalytic approaches are scarce.
CdGAP regulates cell migration and adhesion dynamics in two‐and three‐dimensional matrix environments
Authors: Wormer Duncan , Deakin Nicholas O. , Turner Christopher E.
Published: August 2012

CdGAP is a Rac1/Cdc42 specific GTPase activating protein (GAP) that localizes to cell–matrix adhesions through an interaction with the adhesion scaffold α‐parvin/actopaxin to regulate lamellipodia formation and cell spreading. Herein, we demonstrate, using a combination of siRNA‐mediated silencing and overexpression, that cdGAP negatively regulates directed and random migration by controlling adhesion maturation and dynamics through the regulation of both adhesion assembly and disassembly. Interestingly, cdGAP was also localized to adhesions formed in three‐dimensional (3D) matrix environments and cdGAP depletion promoted cancer cell migration and invasion through 3D matrices. These findings highlight the importance of GAP proteins in the regulation of Rho family GTPases and the coordination of the cell migration machinery. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Case Study of Single‐Pill Combination Therapy: The Ezetimibe/Simvastatin Combination for Treatment of Hyperlipidemia
Authors: Huang Xianhai , Chen David Y.‐K.
Published: August 2012

In recent years, combination therapy has received growing popularity as a powerful therapeutic tactic for the treatment of diseases. The justifications and benefits of combination therapy are far‐reaching, including but not limited to addressing unmet medical needs such as cancer, malaria, and HIV/AIDS, improved clinical efficacy and safety with reduced dosage of a single medication, understanding the underlying science of the disease, alleviating pharmaco‐economic impacts, and better drug life‐cycle management. Using the ezetimibe/simvastatin combination therapy as a case study, a comprehensive overview of the successful discovery and development of the single‐pill combination, Vytorin, is presented in this review. A cursory introduction to combination therapy and the rationale for the ezetimibe/simvastatin combination for the treatment of hyperlipidemia provides an instructive entry point. The discovery and mode of action of simvastatin and ezetimibe monotherapies set the scene for a detailed discussion on the discovery and development of Vytorin, with emphasis on bioequivalency studies, clinical efficacy and safety profile studies, and the economic consequences of the single‐pill combination therapy. Large‐scale outcome clinical trials are also discussed to demonstrate the long‐term effects of Vytorin.
The role of 1α,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 and cytokines in the promotion of distinct Foxp3+and IL‐10+CD4+T cells
Authors: Urry Zoë , Chambers Emma S. , Xystrakis Emmanuel , Dimeloe Sarah , Richards David F. , Gabryšová Leona , Christensen Jillian , Gupta Atul , Saglani Sejal , Bush Andrew , O'Garra Anne , Brown Zarin , Hawrylowicz Catherine M.
Published: August 2012

1α,25‐Dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1α25VitD3) has potent immunomodulatory properties. We have previously demonstrated that 1α25VitD3 promotes human and murine IL‐10‐secreting CD4+ T cells. Because of the clinical relevance of this observation, we characterized these cells further and investigated their relationship with Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells. 1α25VitD3 increased the frequency of both Foxp3+ and IL‐10+ CD4+T cells in vitro. However, Foxp3 was increased at high concentrations of 1α25VitD3 and IL‐10 at more moderate levels, with little coexpression of these molecules. The Foxp3+ and IL‐10+ T‐cell populations showed comparable suppressive activity. We demonstrate that the enhancement of Foxp3 expression by 1α25VitD3 is impaired by IL‐10. 1α25VitD3 enables the selective expansion of Foxp3+ Treg cells over their Foxp3− T‐cell counterparts. Equally, 1α25VitD3 maintains Foxp3+ expression by sorted populations of human and murine Treg cells upon in vitro culture. A positive in vivo correlation between vitamin D status and CD4+Foxp3+ T cells in the airways was observed in a severe pediatric asthma cohort, supporting the in vitro observations. In summary, we provide evidence that 1α25VitD3 enhances the frequency of both IL‐10+ and Foxp3+ Treg cells. In a translational setting, these data suggest that 1α25VitD3, over a broad concentration range, will be effective in enhancing the frequency of Treg cells.
Piedmont olive oils: Compositional characterization and discrimination from oils from other regions
Authors: Aghemo Costanza , Albertino Andrea , Gobetto Roberto , Lussiana Carola , De Maria Antonino , Isocrono Deborah
Published: August 2012

Piedmont olive oils collected in 2010 were characterized, for the first time, in terms of their fatty acid profile using GC and 1H NMR and compared to other oils from five Italian regions. Applying NMR spectroscopy on the olive oil samples, without manipulation, it is possible to calculate the proportion of the different acyl groups in the oil samples. As the area of the signals is proportional to the number of each type of proton in the sample, saturated, monounsaturated (oleic acid) and polyunsaturated (linoleic and linolenic acids) fatty acids were determined. All analyzed samples can be categorized as virgin olive oil extra quality according to the oleic/linoleic ratio. Based on a preliminary geographical investigation, olive oils produced in the North of Italy show a good separation from those from Central and Southern regions.

Practical applications: Oil characterization of new products is the basis for further nutritional and food technological investigations and the quality of edible oils is of great concern especially for products available on the market. The two adopted techniques show a remarkable agreement in the evaluation of fatty acid composition of oil samples. Also, this research, by means of 1H NMR, provides information on geographical origin of the olive oils of Northern Italian regions with respect to Central and Southern regions.
Primate socioecology at the crossroads: Past, present, and future
Authors: Clutton‐Brock Tim , Janson Charles
Published: August 2012

Attempts to explain differences in the size and structure of primate groups have argued that they are a consequence of variation in the intensity of feeding competition caused by contrasts in food distribution. However, although feeding competition can limit the size of female groups, many other factors affect the costs and the benefits of sociality to females and contribute to differences in group size. Moreover, interspecific differences in social relationships between females, in female philopatry, and in kinship between group members appear to be more closely associated with variation in life‐history parameters, reproductive strategies, and phylogeny than with contrasts in food distribution or feeding competition. The mismatch between predictions of socioecological theory and observed variation in primate social behavior has led to protracted arguments about the future of primate socioecology. We argue that future attempts to understand the diversity of primate societies need to be based on an approach that explores separate explanations for different components of social organization, combines ecological and phylogenetic information, and integrates research on primates with similar studies of other groups of mammals. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The shape of human evolution: A geometric morphometrics perspective
Authors: Baab Karen L. , McNulty Kieran P. , Rohlf F. James
Published: August 2012

Study of morphological form is fundamental to the discipline of paleoanthropology. The size and shape of our ancestors' anatomical features have long been the focus of research on hominin systematics, phylogeny, functional morphology, ontogeny, variation, and evolutionary change. Early physical anthropologists relied on both qualitative descriptions of anatomical shape and linear measurements to assess variation among hominins. The seminal works of W. W. Howells1and C. E. Oxnard2helped to bring multivariate techniques to the forefront of physical anthropology. Howells' intention was the objective delineation of components of shape, which could then fuel further analyses and interpretations, as well as clarification of the ways that growth influences interindividual and interpopulational differences in shape. He expressed concern that previous comparisons of individual measurements did not capture the overall shape of the skull, which is “expressed by the relationsbetweenmeasurements.”1:3Similarly, Oxnard recognized that a multivariate approach to the study of complex shapes allows “for such perturbations (e.g., variation and covariation)…that are difficult to evaluate by eye and impossible to reveal by measurement and simple analysis alone.”2:6While multivariate methods offered clear advantages over univariate or bivariate representations of shape, the analysis of traditional morphometric measures such as linear distances, angles, and ratios, has limitations when it comes to quantifying the complex geometry of some anatomical structures. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Performance of Cobalt‐free La0.6Sr0.4Fe0.9Ni0.1O3–δ Cathode Material for Intermediate Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
Authors: Zhang F. , Yang Z. , Wang H. , Wang W. , Ma G.
Published: August 2012

A series of cobalt‐free perovskite‐type cathode materials La0.6Sr0.4Fe1–xNixO3–δ (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.15) for intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells (IT‐SOFCs) are prepared by a citric‐nitrate process. The conductivities of the cathode materials are measured as functions of temperature (300–800 °C) in air by AC impedance method, and the La0.6Sr0.4Fe0.9Ni0.1O3–δ (LSFN10) has the highest conductivity to be 160 S cm–1 at 400 °C. A single IT‐SOFC based on LSFN10 cathode, BaZr0.1Ce0.7Y0.2O3–δ electrolyte membrane and Ni–BaZr0.1Ce0.7Y0.2O3–δ anode substrate was fabricated by a simple spin‐coating process, and the performances of the cell using hydrogen as fuel and air as the oxidant were researched by electrochemical methods at 600–700 °C. The maximum power densities of the cell are 405 mW cm–2 at 700 °C, 238 mW cm–2 at 650 °C, and 140 mW cm–2 at 600 °C, respectively. The results indicate that the LSFN10 is a promising cathode material for proton conducting IT‐SOFCs.
Development of an effects-based approach for watershed scale aquatic cumulative effects assessment
Authors: Squires Allison J , Dubé Monique G
Published: August 2012

Environmental impacts can manifest themselves in a cumulative manner over very large spatial (watershed) and temporal (decadal) scales. In response to these challenges, scientists have been developing methods that attempt to assess the complex interactions between our environment and the current and future demands of society. This article proposes a framework for quantifying cumulative changes in water quality and quantity and demonstrates its implementation in an entire watershed, the Athabasca River Basin in Alberta, Canada. The Athabasca River Basin is an ideal watershed for this study as it has undergone significant increase in urban and industrial developments that have the potential to impact this aquatic ecosystem. This framework addresses the problems of setting a historical baseline and comparing it to the current state in a quantitative way. This framework also creates the potential for predicting future impacts by creating thresholds specific to the study area. The outcome of this framework is the identification and quantification of specific stressors (dissolved Na, chloride, and sulfate) showing significant change across the entire Athabasca River Basin, as well as the development of thresholds for these parameters. This information can be used in future assessments of proposed development and possible mitigation in the basin. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2012;X:000–000. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2013;9:380–391. © 2012 SETAC
Effect of mesh construction on the physicomechanical properties of bicomponent knit mesh using yarns derived from degradable copolyesters
Authors: Peniston Shawn J. , L. Burg Karen J. , Shalaby Shalaby W.
Published: August 2012

The use of mesh to repair abdominal wall defects has significantly increased over the past two decades owing to a perceived reduction in recurrence rates compared to primary repairs. However, the use of a mesh in vivo has introduced undesirable patient complications. As a result, there exists an unmet need for a mesh design which exhibits improved biocompatibility. In the present study, the in vitro conditioned modulation of biocompatibility‐relevant physical and mechanical mesh properties using (1) absorbable yarns with different degradation profiles and (2) different mesh constructions employing the warp and weft knitting technologies was investigated. A novel warp‐knit, bicomponent mesh (WK1) was developed that modulates physicomechanical properties and that (1) possesses short‐term structural stiffness, (2) provides a gradual transition phase, and (3) possesses long‐term compliance with force–extension properties similar to the abdominal wall. The use of two different degradable copolyester yarns facilitated the modulation of mesh physicomechanical properties, whereas the knit construction determined the resultant porosity, area weight, thickness, strength, and extension of the mesh. The lack of variation in the knit pattern for the weft knit (DM1) mesh made it one‐dimensional, producing strength loss with time but showing no change in extensibility following the substantial degradation of the fast‐degrading yarn. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2012.
When creativity meets control: A fashion industry case study
Authors: Busco Cristiano , Frigo Mark L. , Giovannoni Elena , Maraghini Maria Pia
Published: August 2012

Is innovation hindered by management efforts to channel and control creativity? Many would argue that management control systems that are inappropriately designed and used can inhibit innovation. This being true, companies need to find ways to manage the delicate balance between creativity and control. The fashion industry provides an interesting setting for exploring creativity, innovation, and control, as this case study of a medium‐sized Italian fashion company shows. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effects of dietary supplementation with antimicrobial peptide‐P5 on growth performance, apparent total tract digestibility, faecal and intestinal microflora and intestinal morphology of weanling pigs
Authors: Yoon Jung Ho , Ingale Santosh Laxman , Kim Jin Soo , Kim Kwang Hyun , Lohakare Jayant , Park Yoon Kyung , Park Jun Cheol , Kwon Ill Kyong , Chae Byung Jo
Published: August 2012

BACKGROUND: The increase in drug‐resistant bacteria and the ban on antibiotic growth promoters worldwide make the search for novel means of preventing bacterial infection and promoting growth performance imperative. In this sense, antimicrobial peptides are thought to be ideal candidates owing to their antimicrobial properties, broad spectrum of activity and low propensity for development of bacterial resistance. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation with antimicrobial peptide‐P5 (AMP‐P5) on weanling pig nutrition.

RESULTS: A total of 240 weanling pigs were allotted to four treatments on the basis of initial body weight. There were four replicates in each treatment, with 15 pigs per replicate. Dietary treatments were negative control (NC, basal diet without antimicrobial), positive control (PC, basal diet + 1.5 g kg−1 apramycin), basal diet with 40 mg kg−1 AMP‐P5 (P5‐40) and basal diet with 60 mg kg−1 AMP‐P5 (P5‐60). Pigs fed the PC or P5‐60 diet showed improved (P < 0.05) overall growth performance, apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter, crude protein and gross energy and reduced (P < 0.05) faecal and intestinal coliforms compared with pigs fed the NC diet.

CONCLUSION: The results obtained in this study indicate that dietary supplementation with 60 mg kg−1 AMP‐P5 has the potential to improve the growth performance and apparent total tract digestibility of nutrients and reduce coliforms in weanling pigs. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Angiotensin‐converting enzyme‐inhibitory activity in protein hydrolysates from normal and anthracnose disease‐damaged Phaseolus vulgaris seeds
Authors: Hernández‐Álvarez Alan Javier , Carrasco‐Castilla Janet , Dávila‐Ortiz Gloria , Alaiz Manuel , Girón‐Calle Julio , Vioque‐Peña Javier , Jacinto‐Hernández Carmen , Jiménez‐Martínez Cristian
Published: August 2012

BACKGROUND: Bean seeds are an inexpensive source of protein. Anthracnose disease caused by the fungus Colletotrichum lindemuthianum results in serious losses in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) crops worldwide, affecting any above‐ground plant part, and protein dysfunction, inducing the synthesis of proteins that allow plants to improve their stress tolerance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of beans damaged by anthracnose disease as a source of peptides with angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE‐I)‐inhibitory activity.

RESULTS: Protein concentrates from beans spoiled by anthracnose disease and from regular beans as controls were prepared by alkaline extraction and precipitation at isolelectric pH and hydrolysed using Alcalase 2.4 L. The hydrolysates from spoiled beans had ACE‐I‐inhibitory activity (IC50 0.0191 mg protein mL−1) and were very similar to those from control beans in terms of ACE‐I inhibition, peptide electrophoretic profile and kinetics of hydrolysis. Thus preparation of hydrolysates using beans affected by anthracnose disease would allow for revalorisation of this otherwise wasted product.

CONCLUSION: The present results suggest the use of spoiled bean seeds, e.g. anthracnose‐damaged beans, as an alternative for the isolation of ACE‐I‐inhibitory peptides to be further introduced as active ingredients in functional foods. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry