bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Archéologie maritime et navale : nouveaux outils et acquis récents de la recherche
Authors: Boetto Giulia
Published: July 2021

L’archéologie en mer étudie les épaves de la haute antiquité à nos jours mais aussi toutes les activités humaines liées à la mer.
Effects of the Interval between Ovulation Induction using Clomiphene Citrate and Frozen Embryo Transfer on Pregnancy Outcome
Authors: Xu Yi-Ning , Li Lu , Sun Xiao-Xi
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Objective:

To explore the best timing for frozen embryo transfer (FET) after ovarian stimulation and egg retrieval using the clomiphene citrate (CC) + human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG) ovulation induction regimen through a retrospective analysis.

Methods:

Data of patients who underwent CC + hMG ovulation induction and FET from January 2014 to December 2019 were analyzed retrospectively. The patients were divided into three groups according to the interval from egg retrieval to FET: CC1 (within 1 menstrual cycle), CC2 (2 menstrual cycles), and CC3 (≥ 3 menstrual cycles). Indicators such as hormone levels and pregnancy outcomes were recorded to explore the effect of different intervals on pregnancy outcome.

Results:

A total of 1,082 transfer cycles were included in this retrospective analysis. The implantation, clinical pregnancy, and live birth rates in the CC1 group were significantly lower than those in the CC2 and CC3 groups (P < 0.05). The E2/P4 ratio on progesterone injection day (3 days before thawed embryo transfer) was lower in the CC1 group than in the other groups (P < 0.05). After adjusting for all factors using multifactor regression analysis, the interval between egg retrieval and FET was found to be an independent predictor of the implantation, pregnancy, and live birth rates.

Conclusion:

An interval of more than one menstrual cycle between the day of egg retrieval after ovarian stimulation with the CC + hMG ovulation induction regimen and the day of FET can result in high implantation, clinical pregnancy, and live birth rates, which can lead to an improved pregnancy outcome.
Long-Term Androgen-Induced Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in a Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Mouse Model is Related to Mitochondrial Dysfunction
Authors: Cui Peng , Shi Jie-Mei , Ma Tong , Rao Lin , Tong Xiao-Yu , Hu Wei , Xu Xiao-Qing , Zhang Fei-Fei , Li Xin , Billig Håkan , Shao Linus R. , Feng Yi
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Objective:

Metabolic disorders are markedly common in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is observed in 30%-55% of all PCOS patients. Many studies have reported that autophagy and apoptosis, which are closely related to mitochondrial function, play important roles in the development of NAFLD. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to explore the role of mitochondrial dysfunction caused by liver apoptosis and autophagy imbalance in the development of NAFLD in a PCOS mouse model.

Methods:

We used a dihydrotestosterone (DHT)-induced PCOS model to mimic the pathological process of hyperandrogenism. Hematoxylin and eosin and Oil Red O staining assays were used to observe the pathological changes in the liver. Western blotting and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction were used to perform mitochondrion-related assays.

Results:

Hepatic steatosis and different degrees of inflammation were observed in the DHT-treated mice. The expression of molecules involved in the respiratory chain and aerobic respiration process was altered. The levels of the key molecules associated with apoptosis and autophagy were abnormal.

Conclusions:

Androgens may play a role in the process of hepatic steatosis development by affecting mitochondrial function and subsequently inducing apoptosis and autophagy. Such phenomena might be involved in the pathogenesis of NAFLD in women with PCOS.
Syncytin-A Knockout Induces Placental Developmental Abnormalities Partially through Calpain1-Apoptosis-Inducing Factor-Mediated Trophoblast Apoptosis
Authors: Sun Dan , Long Hua-Yang , He Xiao , Kang Wei-Wei , Zhou Juan , Huang Jian-Lei
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Objective:

Structural abnormalities and dysfunction of the placenta contribute to pregnancy-related complications, such as preeclampsia. Syncytin-A (synA) has been reported to be expressed in the placenta. The contribution of synA to developmental abnormalities and dysfunction of the placenta remains elusive. In this study, we aimed to explore the role of synA in placental development and functions.

Methods:

SynA-knockout mice were generated using the CRISPR-Cas9 method, and the phenotypes of the placenta and fetus of synA-knockout mice were observed. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and routine PCR were employed to detect the genotypes of the offspring. CD31 immunohistochemistry was used to evaluate the vessel density of the placenta, and the protein levels of key molecules were measured by western blotting.

Results:

SynA knockout caused fetal death. Furthermore, synA-knockout mice showed placental developmental abnormalities, indicated by a thinner labyrinth layer, thicker spongiotrophoblast layer, lower blood vessel density, and significantly higher numbers of apoptotic trophoblasts, when compared with wild-type littermates. Mechanistically, synA ablation induced apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) cleavage and nuclear localization and promoted placental trophoblast apoptosis. In addition, synA knockout increased the calpain1 protein levels. The calpain1 inhibitor calpeptin blocked synA knockout-induced AIF cleavage, partially restoring the placental structural abnormalities of synA-knockout mice.

Conclusions:

SynA knockout leads to placental developmental abnormalities by inducing trophoblastic apoptosis via the calpain1-AIF pathway.
Analysis of the Microbiome Based on 16S rRNA Gene Signature in Women with Preterm versus Term Birth
Authors: Yu Jiao , Peng Ting , Lu Jiong , Li Xiao-Tian , Hu Rong
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Objective:

To characterize and compare the microbiome signature in the maternal, intrauterine, and fetal environments and the associated bacterial species in women who experienced preterm birth and term birth.

Methods:

A total of 140 women with singleton pregnancies were enrolled in this study. Among them, 31 experienced spontaneous preterm delivery (gestational age < 37 weeks), and 28 of them experienced vaginal delivery at term. Maternal peripheral blood, saliva, and vaginal discharge samples and fetal membrane, amniotic fluid, and cord blood samples were collected immediately after delivery under sterile conditions. DNA was isolated from the fetal membrane and umbilical cord blood samples, and the V3-V4 region of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene was sequenced. The sequence data were quality-filtered, chimera-checked, and organized into operational taxonomic units (OTUs) based on phylogeny. Principal coordinate analysis of beta diversity measures was used for visualization. The linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) algorithm and Wilcoxon test were used to differentiate the microbiomes found in the fetal membranes and cord blood in the cases of preterm birth.

Results:

OTU analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene showed similar microbiomes in the maternal peripheral blood, amniotic fluid, fetal membranes, and cord blood. However, the LEfSe algorithm revealed significantly different bacterial compositions in the fetal environment between the preterm and term groups, with some of the bacterial species originating from the maternal peripheral blood or saliva.

Conclusions:

The bacteria in the intrauterine and fetal environments may originate from other body sites through hematogenous transmission, and may cause the occurrence of preterm birth.
Intradural Disc Migration as a Complication of Chronic Disc Prolapse
Authors: Singrakhia Manoj Dayalal , Sha I. Ibad
Published: July 2021

Intradural migration of extruded disc is a rare phenomenon. The multiple anatomical barriers including annulus fibrosus, posterior longitudinal ligament, and dural sheath which limit migration of the intervertebral disc material are breached when this happens. It usually happens in case of disc prolapse of prolonged duration. We here report a rare case of dorsal intradural migration of an extruded disc fragment. The report is to emphasize the importance of proper preoperative evaluation and high clinical suspicion needed for preoperative diagnosis of this entity and to plan the treatment accordingly.
Ascariasis Presenting as Acute Cholangitis Due to Common Bile Duct Stone
Authors: Jayabal Pandiaraja , Arumugam Shalini
Published: July 2021

Ascaris lumbricoides is an intestinal parasite, more common habitant of the small intestine, particularly in the jejunum. It can produce a variety of presentations starting from anemia, gastrointestinal bleeding, intestinal obstruction, perforations, intussusception, and rarely obstructive jaundice. Obstructive jaundice is mainly due to proximal migration of the parasite into the biliary tree and causing an obstruction. It is the most common following biliary procedure. Here, we report the case of obstructive jaundice and cholangitis due to biliary ascariasis in a patient without any prior biliary procedure. Prompt intervention is needed in those cases of ascariasis with biliary sepsis. The patient has been managed by emergency cholecystectomy with common bile duct exploration and T-tube insertion.
Autologous Platelet-Rich Fibrin in the Management of Recurrent Complex Fistula in Ano
Authors: Ramachandran Riju , Pillai Anoop Vasudevan , Gunasekharan Vaishnavi , Raja Suyambu , Shenoy Veena
Published: July 2021

We present the case of a 26-year-old female with Crohn's disease who had undergone multiple procedures for recurrent complex fistula-in-ano now presenting with recurrent discharge for 3 months. She underwent video-assisted anal fistula treatment (VAAFT) in our department 2 years back. The patient had financial issues and was unwilling for another sitting of VAAFT. Hence, we tried autologous platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) as a more economical alternative to fibrin sealant used in VAAFT. The patient had a very comfortable postoperative period and the fistula healed well in 3 weeks. We present this case report to highlight a new indication for autologous PRF which is already in use in healing many other types of wounds.
Factors Associated With Stroke Burden in India
Authors: Roy Manas Pratim
Published: July 2021

Objective:

Stroke is one of the largest public health challenges in India. Several factors have been implicated for stroke. The present paper aims to explore associated factors from nationally representative data. Among different variables, smoking, alcohol, smokeless tobacco (SLT), second-hand smoking (SHS), use of clean fuel, and economic condition were considered.

Methods:

Data were taken from three reports – National Family Health Survey 4, Global Adult Tobacco Survey 2: India 2016–17, and India: Health of the Nation's States. The state-wise analysis was done. Spearman's correlation coefficient and multivariate linear regression were used.

RESULTS:

Five states from the eastern part of India, viz., West Bengal, Odisha, Tripura, Assam, and Chhattisgarh, recorded the highest burden of stroke. The use of SLT was significantly related to stroke burden (r 0.476). Clean fuel and better economic conditions were found to reduce stroke burden (r= -0.449 and − 0.363, respectively). SLT (B= 21.029,P= 0.011) and SHS at work (B= 25.905,P= 0.030) were associated with stroke burden significantly.

CONCLUSION:

States with the highest proportion of SLT need special intervention to reduce stroke burden in the country.
Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis as an Uncommon Presentation of Polycythemia Vera
Authors: Yadav Manoj Kumar , Saxena Rajeev , Nagarajan Hariprasadh , Godara Chander Bhan
Published: July 2021

Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) accounts for <1% of all cerebrovascular accidents which were attributed to increased viscosity of blood and activation of platelet in blood vessels. Polycythemia vera (PV) increases the risk of vaso-occlusive events including CVST which may be initial unusual presentation of disease. We present a 28-year-old male patient with headache associated with nausea, vomiting, and blurring of vision. Initial clinical examination was unremarkable, and blood investigations revealed erythrocytosis and neutrophilic leukocytosis with prominent granules. Brain imaging studies were consistent of cerebral venous thrombosis with hemorrhagic transformation and perilesional edema with midline shift. He was managed by decompressive hemicraniectomy, low molecular weight heparin, central nervous system decongestants, antiepileptics, and supportive care with close monitoring. PV is a hypercoagulable state which may precipitate vascular thrombosis. CVST is rare presentation of PV. Early screening for occult prothrombotic entities with prompt management increases the patient outcome and prognosis.
Contemplate Enteroviral Etiology
Authors: Pournami Femitha , Kumar Mandya Krishnappa Alok , Nandakumar Anand , Prabhakar Jyothi , Jain Naveen
Published: July 2021

Sepsis is one of the most common clinical diagnosis made in neonatal intensive care units. However, there are not so uncommon situations when the laboratory results do not support bacterial infections. Viral infections are under-recognized and often missed in sick neonates. We describe a case series of neonatal nonpolio enteroviral sepsis confirmed by the polymerase chain reaction. Although the first patient expired, early recognition of etiology in the index case helped control an outbreak.
Operating Room Preparedness to Manage Future Pandemics of Airborne Infectious Diseases
Authors: Mohta Medha , Chilkoti Geetanjali Tolia
Published: July 2021

The entire world has been in the grip of COVID-19 for more than a year and is susceptible to have further pandemics in future. Although elective surgical procedures should be postponed in infected patients, they may require emergency surgeries. At the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, most operating room (OR) setups were not as per the requirements. Hence, several modifications and innovations were made to handle the situation. The existing ORs were converted temporarily into COVID ORs using these modifications. However, now it is well understood that the world is quite susceptible to these types of infectious diseases, and special ORs will be required for surgical management of infected patients. Therefore, it becomes extremely important to prepare dedicated ORs for emergency surgeries in patients with airborne infectious diseases, which can be readily used to manage infected or suspected patients in the event of any future pandemic. We aim to review the current relatively scarce literature and answer some questions about the readiness and methods required for conducting safe surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as any other such pandemic in future. The preparations are needed in the field of infrastructure, staff requirements and management, equipment and other supplies, and formulation of guidelines for clinical management. The ultimate aim is to prevent spread of infection from the patient to the staff members, OR environment, and other patients without compromising the care of the infected patient. This review highlights these issues and also discusses specific concerns in some special patient populations.
Prevalence of ABO Blood Group Phenotypes and Antibody Titers of the Blood Donor Population in and Around Puducherry
Authors: Gopal Sridhar , Kannan Sujitha , Kulkarni Rajendra , Basavarajegowda Abhishekh
Published: July 2021

Background:

For any blood transfusion services, knowing the prevalence and distribution of blood groups in their corresponding geographical area is essential. Hence, this study was done to know the prevalence and distribution of the ABO blood group and the antibody titer levels of blood donors at a premier tertiary care center in Southern India.

Methodology:

This was a cross-sectional study conducted over 22 months from September 2015 to June 2017 in the Department of Transfusion Medicine, JIPMER, Puducherry, among blood donors in a single tertiary care teaching hospital blood center. The ABO blood group and Rhesus factors (Rh) were determined by the antigen-antibody agglutination test by the test tube method. Titration of anti-A and anti-B antibodies was also done for selected “O” group donors by the doubling dilution technique in the tube method.

Results:

It was found that the most common blood group in our blood donor population was the “O” blood group with 11,904 (38.43%) followed by “B” 10,643 (34.37%), “A” 6,201 (20.02%), and “AB” 2,219 (7.17%). We had 4 Bombay blood group donors during the study period (0.01%). A titer of 1:32 was the most frequently encountered for IgM anti-A and anti-B antibodies; in Group “O” donors and IgG antibodies, it was 1:8.

Conclusion:

The prevalence of ABO in and around Puducherry is comparable to those published from other regions in Southern India, with the “O” group being the most common. The distribution of antibody titers for anti-A and anti-B is similar to other studies in India.
Anatomical Variations in Scapula
Authors: Singroha Ritu , Verma Usha , Rathee Suresh K
Published: July 2021

Introduction:

Anatomical variation is defined as the normal flexibility in the topography and morphology of body structures. The present study was planned to study anatomical variations in dry scapula of North Indian population and their comparison between males and females on both sides.

Material and Methods:

The study was performed at the Department of Anatomy, PGIMS, Rohtak, on fifty pairs of human scapulae, out of which thirty were males and twenty were females. Various anatomical variations were noted such as sulcus for circumflex scapular artery, costal facets, horizontal inferior border, scapular foramina, and facet on inferior surface of acromion process. Morphological types of tip of acromion process, inferior surface of acromion process, and superior border of scapula were studied. These parameters were compared in both sexes on both the sides.

Results:

Majority of the anatomical variations were common in females in comparison to males.

Discussion and Conclusion:

Knowledge of the anatomical variations of scapula is the key to a successful outcome in the clinical setting.
Anatomical Considerations Regarding the Posterior Interosseous Nerve for Surgical Approaches In the Proximal Forearm
Authors: Jacob Jenny , Isaac Bina
Published: July 2021

Introduction:

The posterior interosseous nerve (PIN) is at risk of injury when surgical procedures are undertaken in the proximal forearm. The aim of the present study was to determine the relationship of the PIN to adjacent anatomical landmarks, which can be used to prevent iatrogenic injury to the nerve.

Material and Methods:

Forty upper extremities were used for this study. The landmarks used to measure the required parameters were intercondylar reference point, styloid process of ulna, proximal and distal borders of superficial layer of supinator muscle, and head of radius. The number of trunks of PIN and the innervation pattern of supinator muscle were studied.

Results:

The mean values and standard deviations of the measurements obtained were determined. There was no statistical difference of data between right and left sides.

Discussion and Conclusion:

The data obtained in the study will be of use to surgeons and orthopedicians during interventional procedures on the proximal part of radius and in decompression procedures of the PIN.
Biotherapeutic sufficiency of virgin coconut oil on paraquat-mediated reproductive dysfunction
Authors: Nwafor Joseph Alo , Uduma-Ukpai Chika , Okechukwu John , Uchewa Obinna , Ekaikite Ofovwe , Ikpeze Somadina
Published: July 2021

Introduction:

Paraquat (PQ) affects male reproductive health with the risk of infertility. Virgin coconut oil (VCO) has antioxidative and fertility properties. Thus, the histology of the testis and seminal vesicles, spermatic indices, testosterone, malondialdehyde (MDA), and superoxide dismutase level in Wistar rats exposed to PQ and treated with VCO was investigated.

Material and Methods:

Twenty-four rats (150–200 g) were divided into groupings (A-D) with six rats per group. Control (Group A) had a daily dose of 5 ml/kg of normal saline (NS) throughout the experimental period of 24 days. Group B received NS and oral dose of 12.75 mg/kg of PQ at the last 3 days of the experiment. Groups C and D were treated with 5 ml/kg and 10 ml/kg of VCO, respectively, for 21 days before PQ. The rats were then sacrificed. Blood samples were collected for biochemical analysis and the organs were harvested for histology.

Results:

There was no significant rise in MDA except in Group B. Groups C and D had significant decreases in sperm cells with unconventional pinhead, contrasting difference in active motile cells and testosterone when compared to Group B (P < 0.05). Normalcy in sperm count and a decrease in sperm cells with headless tails were only seen in Group C (P < 0.05). Histological evaluations showed minimal damage in VCO-treated groups.

Discussion and Conclusion:

VCO has a promising effect against PQ by modulating the activities of its free radicals in a dose-dependent manner.
A Unilateral Anomalous Muscle with an Uncommon Nerve Supply Interconnecting the Biceps Femoris And the Gastrocnemius
Authors: Olateju Oladiran Ibukunolu
Published: July 2021

This case study describes the morphology and embryology and hypothesizes the muscle action based on the morphology of an anomalous muscle that extends from the long head of the biceps femoris to the medial head of the gastrocnemius muscles. It has an uncommon nerve supply via the medial sural cutaneous nerve which is mainly sensory in humans. This variation is different from other similar variations involving the gastrocnemius and biceps femoris muscles. The case report will be of benefit to diagnosis, clinical training, and surgical procedures as well as contribute to knowledge on the type of nerve fiber carried by the medial sural cutaneous nerve or its components.
The effect of frequent diabetes self-management education on glucose control in patients with diabetes at the Dubai Diabetes Center in Dubai, United Arab Emirates
Authors: M. Dabous Rana , H. Younes Zeina , B. Athamnah Samerh , K. Hassoun Ahmed
Published: July 2021

Aims: The aim of this study is to retrospectively assess the effect of ongoing diabetes self-management education (DSME) on glycemic control among patients who received diabetes care at the Dubai Diabetes Center in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. Materials and Methods: The electronic medical records of all patients who attended the Dubai Diabetes Center for an initial visit between January and December 2015 were reviewed. Results: Patients who attended frequent follow-up visits (≥4 visits) within 1 year were found to have significantly lower HbA1c levels at the end of the 12-month study period as compared to those who attended less frequent follow-up visits (< visits). The mean difference in HbA1c from the initial visit was significantly greater in the group that attended frequent follow-up visits as compared to those who did not. The logistic regression analysis revealed the frequency of follow-ups to be a significant predictor of glycemic control, whereby patients who attended more frequent follow-ups had better glycemic control. Conclusions: Our research revealed the significance of frequent diabetes patient education on glycemic control in the United Arab Emirates. Our results can aid in shedding light that frequent and continued DSME can have a positive impact on disease outcomes in patients with diabetes.
The effect of treatment duration on metabolic parameters in patients with prolactinoma: A prospective longitudinal study
Authors: Imani Mehrnaz , Abbasi Rowshanak , Golgiri Fatemeh , Khajavi Alireza , Akbari Hamideh
Published: July 2021

Background: Hyperprolactinemia is associated with changes in body composition and metabolic abnormalities. Normalization of prolactin (PRL) has been suggested to reverse these abnormalities. The present study was designed to determine the effect of treatment duration on metabolism as well as metabolic alterations after treatment in comparison with baseline in patients with prolactinoma in Iranian individuals. Methods: In a prospective and longitudinal study, 27 consecutive patients with prolactinoma were assessed during 6 months. Anthropometric data and metabolic variables were studied at baseline and at 3 and 6 months after normalization of PRL. Results: In the present study, there was a statistically significant decrease of metabolic syndrome (Met.S) after 3 months (P = 0.01), with a further decline after 6 months (P < 0.001) of cabergoline therapy. Moreover, a statistically significant decline was seen in total cholesterol (P = 0.007 and P = 0.01 after 3 and 6 months, respectively) and uric acid (P = 0.05 and P = 0.03 after 3 and 6 months, respectively) after normalization of the serum PRL. Conclusions: We found a significant reduction in Met.S after normalization of PRL level in patients with prolactinoma. We suggest that it is important to consider the metabolic profile of patients with prolactinoma. Then, patients may benefit even at 3 months after treatment.
Secondary Oral Anti-hyperglycemic Drugs Failure in Type 2 Diabetes Patients Infected with Hepatitis C Virus
Authors: Aye Than , Aye Htar , Oo Ei
Published: July 2021

Background and Objective: Chronic hepatitis C infection can affect glycemic control in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). This study was done to assess the influence of hepatitis C viral infection compared to hepatitis B viral infection and noninfected cases on the occurrence of secondary oral anti-hyperglycemic drugs (OADs) failure in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. Patients and Methods: This prospective study was conducted on 1293 T2DM patients who had their hepatitis B and C status checked by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. Glycemic management was done according to the standard guidelines, and glycemic control was reviewed after 6 months of enrollment. Patients who had hemoglobin HbA1c >7.5% in spite of taking >75% of the maximum dosage of three OADs, that is, metformin, sulfonylurea, and thiazolidinediones were selected. Those who were already taking insulin therapy regardless of HbA1c were also considered as secondary OADs failure. The status of secondary OADs failure was analyzed in three groups: hepatitis C virus (HCV) positive, hepatitis B virus (HBV) positive, or noninfected patients. Results: Of selected 1293 cohorts, DM with HCV positive was 152 (11.7%), and DM with HBV positive was 111 (8.5%). Among 152 HCV-positive patients, secondary OADs failure was detected in 64 (42.1%), and in those with 111 HBV-positive patients, it was detected in 30 patients (27.02%), whereas it was 177 of 1030 noninfected patients (17.1%). Conclusion: Hepatitis C infection is more common than hepatitis B infection among diabetes patients. Secondary OADs failure is significantly associated with HCV-infected diabetes patients compared to other groups, and timely consideration of insulin initiation is important in these cases.
Nasal glucagon: A new hope for severe hypoglycemia in type 1 diabetes
Authors: Heba Salva , Parveen Uzma , Khanum Sara , Gulnaaz Maaria , Tabassum Maimuna , Safiyya Syeda
Published: July 2021

Until now, injectable glucagon was the only available treatment used in the management of severe hypoglycemia wherein glucagon had to be prepared in several steps before administration. This method of delivery of injectable glucagon being cumbersome and unappealing for wide majority of the patients had led to a search for an alternative route of drug delivery. nasal glucagon (NG) now serves an efficient, safe, easy-to-administer, and a favorable substitute to glucagon injections. This ready to use device stand in clear contrast to overcome the limitations associated with the currently available glucagon preparations has emerged a key advancement in the management of severe hypoglycemia in adolescents and children with type 1 diabetes. NG is now being developed and studied in other countries as well to meet the unmet need for an easy and convenient glucagon administration. This review covers the basic information of nasal glucagon, trials on nasal glucagon in children and adults and its potential uses, limitations, and future scope in practice.
Serum and salivary glucose levels in diabetes mellitus: A review on the quest for diagnostics
Authors: Nayyar Abhishek
Published: July 2021

The salivary fluid has an old history of study, but its physiological importance has only been recognized recently. In the past 50 years, the pace of salivary research has accelerated with the advent of new techniques that illuminated the biochemical and physicochemical properties of saliva. The recent introduction of molecular biology opens up, once again, new vistas and a new search of the role of salivary fluid as a potential diagnostic tool which has an added advantage of being noninvasive. The role of saliva in the diagnosis as well as monitoring of glycemic control has also been attracting the attention of clinical researchers in recent times although results have been conflicting. The present review presents such insight into the possible use of salivary fluid for the monitoring of serum glucose levels and in the detection of glycemic control in diabetic patients with the evidence of its reliability based on the existing literature.
Spontaneous Aortic Thrombosis in a Neonate
Authors: Sivakumar Kothandam , Mohanty Sandeep , Karthikeyan Suba , Sankaranarayanan Krishnamoorthy
Published: July 2021

Spontaneous aortic thrombosis is a serious clinical entity with clinical features that mimic neonatal coarctation of aorta. While both conditions manifest with weak femoral pulses, pallor and poikilothermia of lower limbs are unique to spontaneous aortic thrombosis. Proper imaging helps in precise diagnosis. A combination of thrombolysis and anticoagulation is used for resolution of thrombus. We present images of a neonate with spontaneous aortic thrombosis and its clinical management strategies.
Early Assessment of Left Atrial Appendicular Velocities in Patients Undergoing Balloon Mitral Valvuloplasty
Authors: Kasamsetty Subramanyam , Suranagi Manohar J. , Ramalingam Rangaraj , Subramani K. S.
Published: July 2021

Introduction:

Peripheral embolism is a major complication in patients with mitral stenosis. Several studies have suggested a relation between a decrease in left atrial appendage (LAA) function and more frequent thromboembolic events of cardiac origin. This study was conducted to assess LAA function before and after percutaneous transvenous mitral commissurotomy (PTMC) using transesophageal echocardiography and to determine factors related to improvement in LAA function.

Methods:

Fifty consecutively admitted patients with significant mitral stenosis undergoing PTMC were included in the study. All patients underwent transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiographic examination, including the study of LAA velocities, before and 48 h after PTMC.

Results:

PTMC resulted in a twofold increase in the mitral valve area and no severe mitral regurgitation occurred. The mean mitral valve orifice area increased from 0.9 ± 0.3 cm2 to 1.84 ± 0.22 cm2. There was a decrease in the mean left atrial pressure from 26 ± 8.6 to 12 ± 2.8 mmHg. PTMC also resulted in a significant improvement in the LAA flow velocities, with the anterograde component of the flow increasing from 19.56 ± 9.48 cm/s to 33.10 ± 14.01 cm/s. There was also a significant resolution of the spontaneous echo contrast in the left atrium.

Conclusion:

There is a significant improvement in the LAA velocities following PTMC and a significant decrease in the spontaneous echo contrast, potentially leading to a lower risk of embolism.
Endoscopic features and clinical outcomes of enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma
Authors: Chen Min , Liu Xiaolei , Zhang Yujie , Shi Yongquan
Published: July 2021

Background:

Enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma (EATL) is a rare but aggressive primary gastrointestinal lymphoma. The initial complaints of EATL patients are usually gastrointestinal symptoms, but the diagnosis is very difficult. Endoscopy can identify abnormal mucosa in most patients. However, the endoscopic appearance of EATL is still largely unknown.

Methods:

In this retrospective study, we investigated the endoscopic and clinical features of patients with EATLs at a tertiary center, from January 2008 to October 2020.

Results:

From a total of 248 patients with primary intestinal lymphoma, only 11 patients were finally diagnosed with EATLs, all of which were EATL type II. Men were affected twice as commonly as women. The median patient age was 47 years. The most common initial symptom was diarrhea (63.6%). Five patients (45.4%) were at late stage (IV) at diagnosis. The endoscopic appearances were classified into four distinct types: ulcerative type (54.5%), epithelial mass type (18.2%), diffuse infiltration type (9.1%), and nodular type (18.2%). The small bowel was the most common site of involvement (72.7%). The initial endoscopic impression of lymphoma was made in only 3 patients (27.3%). Only 4 patients (36.4%) were histologically confirmed as having EATLs based on the initial biopsy specimen. Five patients (45.5%) received emergency surgery. The median overall survival (OS) was 8 months. The use of chemotherapy and the absence of emergency surgery were associated with a significantly better median OS (P < 0.05).

Conclusions:

EATL may show various endoscopic appearances, and its prognosis is poor. Endoscopists should obtain more knowledge of EATL in order to make an early diagnosis.
The organoid
Authors: Chang Yu-Hsun , Wu Kun-Chi , Harnod Tomor , Ding Dah-Ching
Published: July 2021

Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is a heterogeneous disease with a variety of distinct clinical and molecular characteristics. The currently available and common research models for EOC include tumor cell lines and patient-derived xenografts. However, these models have certain shortcomings: establishing a cell line is time-consuming, loss of genetic traits after long-term culture is a possibility, and investment is required in terms of animal care facilities. Therefore, better research models are required. Organoid technology was originally developed from colorectal cancer. Tumor organoid is a three-dimensional culture system and can help accurately recapture the tumor phenotype from the original tumor. Tumor organoid systems can overcome the above-mentioned shortcomings of the currently available research models. The organoid model can be used for culturing ovarian cancer subtypes, screening drugs, assessing genomes, and establishing biobanks. However, the currently available organoid models can only culture one type of cells, epithelial cells. Therefore, an organoid-on-a-chip device can be developed in the future to provide a microenvironment for cell–cell, cell–matrix, and cell–media interactions. Thus, organoid models can be used in ovarian cancer research and can generate a simulated in vivo system, enabling studies on the heterogeneity of ovarian cancer.
Taxonomy and Definition of Safety Principles for Automated Driving System (ADS)
Authors:   On-Road Automated Driving (ORAD) Committee
Published: July 2021

This SAE Information Report classifies and defines a harmonized set of safety principles intended to be considered by ADS and ADS-equipped vehicle development stakeholders. The set of safety principles herein is based on the collection and analysis of existing information from multiple entities, reflecting the content and spirit of their efforts, including:

SAE ITC AVSC Best Practices

CAMP Automated Vehicle Research for Enhanced Safety - Final Report

RAND Report - Measuring Automated Vehicle Safety: Forging a Framework

U.S. DOT: Automated Driving Systems 2.0 - A Vision for Safety

Safety First for Automated Driving (SaFAD)

UNECE WP29 amendment proposal

UNECE/TRANS/WP.29/GRVA/2019/13

On a Formal Model of Safe and Scalable Self-Driving Cars (Intel RSS model)

SAE J3018

This SAE Information Report provides guidance for the consideration and application of the safety principles for the development and deployment of ADS and ADS-equipped vehicles. This SAE Information Report is not intended to encompass all aspects of system-level safety for an ADS-equipped vehicle, including communication with other traffic participants. Addressing all identified safety principles is intended to support, but not fully ensure, comprehensive system-level safety.

As an SAE Information Report, this document is non-normative, imposes no requirements, and does not address:

Requirements for methodology, metrics, and/or acceptance thresholds.

Ethics-related safety principles, or any link between the safety principles defined in this document and ethical studies/frameworks.

Conformance with safety principles for purposes of liability and/or fault assignment.

As ADS technology and deployment are expanded in the future, this document may be reconsidered for future revision including normative requirements.
Manyetik Levitasyon Sistemleri İçin Ağırlıklı Geometrik Merkez Yöntemi ile PI-PD Kontrolcü Tasarımı
Authors: ONAT Cem , DAŞKIN Mahmut , TURAN Abdullah , ÖZGÜVEN Ömerülfaruk
Published: July 2021

Manyetik levitasyon sistemleri, mühendislik sistemlerinde sürtünmeyi en aza indiren çözümler sunduğundan, güncel mühendislik çalışmalarına tabidirler. Bu çalışmada, yeni bir PI-PD kontrolcü tasarım prosedürü sunulmuştur. PI-PD kontrolcüleri, bir PI (iç çevrim) ve bir PD (dış çevrim) kombinasyonundan oluşur. İç çevrimin amacı, açık çevrim kararsız sistemi kararlı kılmaktır. Dış çevrimin amacı, kapalı çevrim sisteminin toplam performans gereksinimlerini sağlamaktır. Tasarım prosedürü, kontrolcü parametreleri düzleminde kararlılık sınır eğrisi kullanılarak çizilen kararlı bölgenin elde edilmesine ve bu bölgenin ağırlıklı geometrik merkezinin (AGM) hesaplanmasına dayanır. Tasarım prosedüründe, ilk olarak, iç çevrim için PD kontrolcü parametrelerinin düzlemindeki kararlı bölge ve bunun ağırlıklı geometrik merkezi hesaplanır. İç çevrim, belirtilen AGM kontrol parametreleri kullanılarak tek bir bloğa indirgenir ve ardından prosedür, farklı tasarımlarda faz ve kazanç marjı performans gereksinimlerini uygulayan bir test fonksiyonu kullanılarak dış çevrim PI denetleyicisi için tekrarlanır. Deneysel çalışma, önerilen metodoloji ile tasarlanan PI-PD kontrolcünün literatürde bulunan alternatiflere göre daha üstün performans sergilediğini göstermektedir.
Service learning in pharmacy: implementation of tuberculosis screening by second-year pharmacy students in primary health care facilities in Cape Town, South Africa
Authors: Adeola Adeleye T. , Coetzee Renier , Van Huyssteen Mea , Bheekie Angeni
Published: July 2021

Background: The School of Pharmacy of the University of the Western Cape implemented a service learning programme where second year students participated in tuberculosis (TB) screening.   
Objectives: To determine the views of students and nurses about student-led TB screening at primary healthcare (PHC) facilities.  
Methods: The study was descriptive and quantitative. The target populations were pharmacy students and nurses, who completed self-administered semi-structured questionnaires.   
Results: Study participants included 99 students from 19 facilities and 38 nurses who represented 15 facilities. Students had screened 1323 patients and referred 210 for further testing. Students and nurses felt students were adequately trained to conduct TB screening and seemed to screen patients with ease. Students and nurses believed that students gained more TB knowledge and clinical experience. Students also believed the TB screenings were beneficial to the patients and nurses.    
Conclusion: Students and nurses perceived the outcomes of student-led TB screening to be mostly positive.
TEŽINA ONLAJN ZABAVE U SVAKODNEVNOM ŽIVOTU SRPSKIH ADOLESCENATA – ZBOG ČEGA JE BITNO UBEDITI TINEJDŽERE DA SE SPOJE SA SMISLENIM SADRŽAJEM?
Authors: Caran Andrejić Maca , Toma Roksana
Published: July 2021

The content conveyed by the entertainment media is a diverse one, including images with emotional and aggressive content with different effects on adolescents᾽ behaviour. The stage of adolescence and youth within the life span is a stage of knowledge accumulation. Through this paper we intended to explore the informational content of media consumed by adolescents in the investigated group, the daily time allocated to media consumption and their level of empathy. More than 100 adolescents from Serbia completed a self-report questionnaire. The conclusions highlighted an increased consumption and no criteria for filtering the entertainment media. Finally, we propose some research and intervention recommendations for directing the online activities of adolescents in relation with the time spent online but also to the content of the materials covered.
О ПРЕЗИМЕНУ ПАЛАВЕСТРА И СЛИЧНИМ ПРЕЗИМЕНИМА
Authors: Б. Вељковић Жарко
Published: July 2021

In this article, the etymology of the Serbian surname Palavestra and similar Serbian surnames (e. g. Palonga, Palovrtić) has been scrutinized. Their first part, Pala-/Palo-, has been etymologized from Dalmatian Romance (and – maybe from there – Balkan Romance as well) word *pala/*pal-o- “sword”. Also, the partial possibility of obscene meaning of this word in some of the surnames mentioned has been scrutinized, in addition to what the etymological suggestions of few Serbian terms for distant male ancestors has been given: parđipan, (?) *kurđup, kurlebalo, kurcula, sukurebalo, sukurdov with feminine form sukurdača, (?) * surdepač, *ožmikur, kurajber, maybe even beli orao
Формирование цифровой компетентности будущих воспитателей детей дошкольного возраста средствами информационно-коммуникационных технологий
Authors: Листопад Н. Л.
Published: July 2021

The article explains the relevance and necessity of forming the digital competence of future pre-school teachers. The role of information and communication technologies in the process of forming the digital competence of future pre-school teachers is considered. The characteristics of digital competence of future pre-school educators have been analyzed by means of information and communication technologies.
Pendekatan Pastoral terhadap Pelestarian Hutan
Authors: Setiawan David Eko , Mandowen Silas Dismas
Published: July 2021

Forests are habitats for various species of living things. Their survival depends heavily on the preservation of their habitat. However, many forests have been damaged by human actions. It also poses a variety of ecological problems. This condition should encourage the church to find the right solution to the problem. Through the cultural mandate attached to it, the church is expected to play an active role in preserving forests. This can be realized through a pastoral approach oriented towards the involvement of the congregation in preserving forests from irresponsible actions. This research aims to show how important the role of the church in preserving forests. Through a concrete pastoral approach, the church can answer the cultural mandate.  The method used in this study is the literature method. The results of this study show that based on the principles of cultural mandate in the Bible, the church is required to be actively involved in addressing ecological problems. The involvement is manifested in the pastoral approach to the congregation by educating them about the nature of forests and through practical actions involving them to preserve forests as habitats for various species of living beings.  Hutan merupakan habitat bagi berbagai spesies mahkluk hidup. Kelangsungan hidup mereka sangat bergantung pada pelestarian habitatnya. Namun demikian banyak hutan yang telah rusak akibat ulah manusia. Hal itu rupanya juga menimbulkan berbagai problem ekologi. Kondisi ini seharusnya mendorong gereja untuk mencari solusi yang tepat atas masalah tersebut. Melalui mandat budaya yang melekat padanya, gereja diharapkan berperan aktif dalam melestarikan hutan. Ini dapat diwujudkan melalui pendekatan pastoral yang berorientasi kepada keterlibatan jemaat dalam melestarikan hutan dari tindakan yang tidak bertanggung jawab. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menunjukan betapa pentingnya peran gereja dalam melestarikan hutan. Melalui sebuah pendekatan pastoral yang konkrit, gereja dapat mengejawantahkan mandat budaya tersebut.  Adapun metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode kepustakaan. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa berdasarkan prinsip-prinsip mandat budaya yang ada di dalam alkitab, gereja dituntut untuk terlibat aktif dalam mengatasi problem ekologi. Keterlibatan itu diwujudkan dalam pendekatan pastoral kepada jemaat dengan mengedukasi mereka tentang hakikat hutan serta melalui tindakan-tindakan praktis yang melibatkan mereka untuk melestarikan hutan sebagai habitat bagi berbagai spesias mahkluk hidup.
Pelaksanaan Misi Allah dalam Konteks Keberagaman Budaya di Indonesia
Authors: Wijoyo Sigit
Published: July 2021

The implementation of God's mission in the context of cultural diversity in Indonesia is important to study considering that the church has the responsibility to carry out the Great Commission of the Lord Jesus to the nations. The culturally diverse situation of Indonesian society poses a formidable challenge for evangelists because they cannot apply one specific method that can be applied to the entire community. Some churches still apply the mission model inherited by Zending. The Colonial Model is considered less effective due to the growing culture of Indonesian society. Therefore, flexible mission implementation principles are needed, according to the context of society in Indonesia without compromising the biblical meaning of the gospel. This article was compiled by examining the facts of the cultural life of the Indonesian people who are diverse in culture and examining the word of God which contains teachings on the principle of preaching the gospel to all nations. The research process in this article is carried out by conducting library research on the condition of cultural diversity in Indonesia and examining relevant biblical records in carrying out missions in Indonesia. The result is a mission implementation model that takes into account the cultural context, a christocentric mission without losing the Indonesian values of the local community.Pelaksanaan misi Allah dalam konteks keragaman budaya di Indonesia penting dipelajari mengingat gereja memiliki tanggungjawab menjalankan Amanat Agung Tuhan Yesus kepada bangsa-bangsa. Keadaan masyarakat Indonesia yang beragam budaya, merupakan tantangan yang berat bagi para pemberita injil karena mereka tidak dapat menerapkan satu metode khusus yang dapat dipakai kepada seluruh masyarakat. Beberapa gereja masih menerapkan model misi yang diwariskan oleh Zending. Model Kolonial tersebut dinilai kurang efektif dengan adanya budaya masyarakat Indonesia yang telah berkembang. Oleh karena itu diperlukan prinsip-prinsip pelaksanaan misi yang luwes, sesuai dengan konteks masyarakat di Indonesia tanpa mengurangi makna injil yang alkitabiah. Artikel ini disusun dengan meneliti fakta kehidupan budaya masyarakat Indonesia yang beragam budaya dan meneliti firman Allah yang memuat ajaran tentang prinsip pemberitaan injil bagi segala bangsa. Proses penelitian dalam artikel ini dilakuakan dengan melakukan penelitian kepustakaan tentang kondisi keragaman budaya di Indonesia serta meneliti catatan alkitab yang relevan dalam pelaksanaan misi di Indonessia. Hasilnya adalah model pelaksanaan misi dengan memperhatikan konteks budaya, misi yang kristosentris tanpa menghilangkan nilai-nilai keIndonesiaan masyarakat lokal.