bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fra onlinefællesskaber til onlinenetværk: Facebook som augmentering af den sociale virkelighed [From online communities to online networks: Facebook as an augmentation of social reality]
Authors: Jensen Jakob Linaa
Published: March 2016

This article discusses the Facebook phenomenon, using it as an example of how the most dominant social use of the Internet today is network-based rather than community-based. In the early years of the Internet, online communities were popular fora for meeting new people with related interests or opinions. Today, the dominant social use is to create and maintain relationships with your existing social network. It is also demonstrated that the success of Facebook, is dependent, among other factors, upon the fulfilment of five social functions for the users: self-presentation, friendship, object sharing, publication, and having a “sixth sense”. Thus, Facebook contributes to an enhancement of existing social relationships offline, what I call an augmentation of social reality.
Electronic soundscape: The impression of reality in synthesis cinema
Authors: Castanheira José Cláudio Siqueira
Published: March 2016

This article aims to investigate the involvement of sound, specifically electronic generated or modified sounds in the construction of the impression of reality in cinematographic experience. From an analysis of Jean-Louis Baudry on the film apparatus, I propose that, although often underestimated, sound is a fundamental tool in the mobilization of the senses and, therefore, the creation of an immersive space. Following Baudry, cinematic experience has intrinsic relations to the state of dream. The absence of a “test of reality” effectuated by our motor mechanisms would give the favorable conditions for a misled interpretation of representations as if they were genuine perceptions. This is a usual process in dream state. Cinema, as commonly compared to dream conditions, deals with a similar effacement of reality perceptions in order to instigate a new sort of “real”. How can we describe the process of turning into reality soundscapes which components do not have, themselves, an immediate relation to concrete objects? How can those electronic sounds contribute in this process of new realities construction?
Informationsteknologi, medier og dannelse. Om informatik- og kommunikationsuddannelser på universitetet - en introduktion
Authors: Bondebjerg Ib
Published: March 2016

Informationsteknologi, medier og dannelse. Om informatik- og kommunikationsuddannelser på universitetet - en introduktion
Mass Media and the Culture Life of Young Girls
Authors: Jensen Else Fabricius
Published: March 2016

Mass Media and the Culture Life of Young Girls
Musik til billeder - billeder til musik
Authors: Tranholm Mads
Published: March 2016

Mange lærere er ikke musikkyndige. Og "man kan da ikke undervise i film- og TV-musik uden at kende de "dyre" teorier!" Men der tager de fejl, mener Mads Thranholm. Han giver idéer til hvordan nybegyndere kommer i gang. Og hvordan man kommer videre, bl.a. med musikvideoerne. Man bør interessere sig mere for den såkaldte "underlægningsmusik", som nok ikke er så underlagt billedet som man tror...
Jeg er blevet frygtelig tolerant over for Danmarks Radio. Interview med Esben Højlund Carlsen, fakta-chef på TV2
Authors: Hjort Anne , Hansen Carsten Y.
Published: March 2016

Esben Højlund Carlsen er fakta-chef for TV2 og står for indkøb af fremmed-

produktioner, etablering af co-produktionsaftaler med udlandet, samt indkøb

og bestilling af danske programmer inden for faktaområdet. Faktaområdet

dækker alt lige fra undervisningsstof, wild life, hobby, erotik, udland, de små

dyr til halvdelen af børneprogrammerne.

I dette interview fortæller Esben Højlund Carlsen om hvad man gør når man

skal udfylde det store hul, som en ny TV-kanal er, for det har været nød-

vendigt at indgå pakke-aftaler med nogle få store danske producenter. Han

kommer også ind på sine erfaringer fra TV-Syd med dramaproduktioner

med amatørskuespillere, og gør sig nogle tanker om hvordan TV-2 kan

skabe sig sit eget image i forhold til Danmarks Radio.

Esben Højlund Carlsen startede TV-2 for kun godt et år siden, og der har

været nok at se til for at TV-2 kan gå i luften som planlagt den 1. oktober

1988.
Lars Larsen - en bombe i underbevidstheden. Et halvt år med reklame i TV2
Authors: Nygaard Bendt
Published: March 2016

Efter mange års diskussion for og imod fik vi endelig reklamer i dansk TV.

Redaktionen har bedt Bendt Nygaard anmelde det første halve års reklamer.

Det sker ved at inddele dem i typer, de såkaldte formater. Og ved at trække

den vist nok mest atypiske frem. Nygaard begrunder selv hvorfor.
Skal vi have reklame-TV i Danmark?
Authors: Prehn Ole
Published: March 2016

Under stor ståhej fik vi reklamer i 1987 (TV-Syd) og året efter kom turen til

næsten resten af Danmark.

Seertallene lever endnu ikke op til lovens forudsætninger, og reklamesel-

skabet (TVR) har derfor blandet sig uhørt kraftigt i den offentlige debat om

reklamernes placering og programlægningen. Dette stemmer ikke særlig

godt med de vandtætte skodder mellem reklamer og programlægning, som

politikerne havde lovet os. Hvilke yderligere løftebrud er nødvendige i frem-

tiden, hvis vi skal have TV betalt via reklamer?

Ole Prehn gennemgår de politiske forudsætninger, beregninger af de så-

kaldte kontaktpriser for TV-reklame og seertallene. Han når frem til, at

reklamestrukturen i TV langt fra har nået sit endelige udviklingsstade i

Danmark. Vi har endnu reklame-TV til gode.
Skrift, lyd og billede - om mediefag som forsøg på VUC, Randers 1987 - 1989
Authors: Tybjerg Jette
Published: March 2016

Den 9. -11. december 1988 blev der på Danmarks Lærerforenings kursus-

center "Skarrildhus" ved Herning afholdt en nordisk konference om "De

elektroniske billedmedier og mediepædagogikken" arrangeret af SMID. I

konferencen deltog bl.a. forskere og undervisere inden for folkeskolen,

gymnasiet og HF.

Herfra stammer denne artikel, hvor Jytte Tybjerg gør sig til talsmand for

et selvstændigt fag i gymnasiet og på HF, og hun beskriver "det ideelle

mediefag" som et fag, der rummer alle tre medier: aviser, radio og TV.
Kan Batman dateres? Om massekommunikasjonen som kulturhistorie
Authors: Dahl Hans Frederik
Published: March 2016

Hans Frederik Dahls artikel er et bud på om massekommunikationen kan

tænkes ind i kulturhistorien.Første halvdel af artiklen fremhæver de prob-

lemer, det rejser, når massekommunikation med dens karakteristika i

form af serialitet, triviatitet og internationalitet skal reflekteres i forhold til

en kulturhistorisk tradition, som normalt tænker i begreber som tidsånd,

kunstnerisk originalitet og nationalt særpræg. Sidste halvdel focuserer

på tre centrale aspekter ved massekommunikationen, som også er af-

gørende for dens kulturhistorie: dens nære forbindelse til musikken, dens

internationale karakter og dens konstante tilbagevenden til tidligere pro-

dukter.
Kulturen og teknologien
Authors: Williams Raymond
Published: March 2016

Raymond Williams gør i denne artikel op med den teknologiske deter-

minisme som præger kulturdebatten, samtidig med at han forholder

sig stærkt kritisk til såvel kommercialiseringen af medierne som til

public service stationernes programpolitik.
Den instinktive semiotiker. Om kultfilm som betydningsproduktion mellem film og tilskuer
Authors: Jerslev Anne
Published: March 2016

Begrebet kultfilm har oftest været knyttet til eksklusivt fanpublikums

sening af mere eller mindre "anderledes" film på obskure tidspunkter.

Anne Jerslev forsøger i denne artikel at fundere begrebet bredere.

Kultfilm ses som et betydningsfelt mellem en film og dens publikum.

Og ved at karakterisere elementer i denne tekst-tilskuerrelation, som

kan kaldes en kultkultur eller en kultisk begivenhed argumenteres der

for, at det, der engang var en niche i filmkulturen, i dag karakteriserer

mediereceptionen i bredere forstand.
Melodrama, temporalitet og genkendelse: amerikansk og russisk stumfilm.
Authors: Doane Mary Ann
Published: March 2016

Mary Ann Doanes artikel om det tidlige amerikanske og russiske me-

lodrama fra stumfilmsperioden kan måske synes at have et meget

eksotisk tema her i 1990. Men hun beskæftiger sig for det første med

en genre, melodramaet, som indtager en enestående central plads i

både filmens og TV-mediets historie, og hvis historiske rødder derfor

har stor aktualitet. Desuden kaster hun et kønsteoretisk aspekt ind-

over genre-diskussionen i sin beskæftigelse med sammenhængen

mellem kønsroller på lærredet og i den virkelighed, som publikum og

filmene befandt sig i.

Endelig rummer hendes artikel en central pointe i en generel genre-

diskussion: genrerne er i høj grad bundet til deres sociale, kulturelle

og historiske produktionssammenhæng - de er ikke ontologiske, over-

historiske skabeloner. Det amerikanske og det russiske melodrama

er to meget forskellige udgaver af en basal, melodramatiske oplevel-

sesmåde. (Artiklen er oversat af Ib Bondebjerg og er i sin engelske

udgave trykt i "East-West Film Journal", vol.4, no.2, juni 1990).
DR og musikken - en blues til 90´erne
Authors: Bonde Lars Ole
Published: March 2016

Musikken i radioen er et af de mange underbelyste temaer inden for me-

dieforskningen i Danmark. Forfatteren til den følgende artikel har gennem

nogle år arbejdet som musik-medarbejder i Danmarks Radio - med base i

Østjyllands Radio. I artiklen fokuserer han på produktionsaspektet. Hvilke

funktionssammenhænge indgår musikken i inden for den kanalombrudte

Danmarks Radio - både som selvstændig programform og som "akkompag-

nement" til andet programstof? Dernæst følger man musikproduktionens

mange former og får her afdækket både ex- og implicitte rammer for musik-

politikken i institutionen. Herudfra rejses spørgsmålet om musikkens rolle i

DR som aktiverende eller registrerende i forhold til det musikliv, som findes

uden for institutionen.
Dagblade i provinsielt dødvande
Authors: Minke Kim
Published: March 2016

Er der noget fundamentalt galt med det koncept, det lokale dagblad i dag er

sat sammen efter? Hvordan kan de danske provinsaviser vende den ned-

gang de har oplevet gennem flere årtier? Hvordan ser den typiske provinsbos

avisbehov egentlig ud i dagens multimediesamfund? Hvorfor er alle hidtidige

tilløb til produktion af fællesstof til flere provinsaviser (f.eks. fælles tema-

sektioner) løbet ud i sandet?

Gennem en diskussion af disse og andre centrale spørgsmål forsøger Kim

Minke, lektor ved Danmarks Journalisthøjskole, at tage en pejling på den

danske provinspresses situation ved starten af 1990'erne. Det gør han bl.a.

gennem et kig på amerikansk provinspresse, som det op gennem 1980'erne

er lykkedes for at finde en niche i mediebilledet, hvor den lokale avis kan spille

en rolle i læsernes samlede livsverden.
Dansk TV efter monopolbruddet - konkurrencen om seerne og public service i forandring
Authors: Nielsen Poul Erik
Published: March 2016

Hvordan ser DR-TV´s og TV2´s ledelser på konkurrencesituationen, på

sig selv og på hinanden? Hvordan fortolker de det publicservice-begreb,

som lovgiverne har pålagt begge stationer? Er der mulighed for samarbej-

de og programkoordinering eller er den indbyrdes konkurrence vigtigst?

Det er nogle af de spørgsmål Poul Erik Nielsen har søgt at få svar på

gennem interviews med Jørgen Steen Nielen fra TV2 og Ingolf Gabold

fra DR-TV. Interviewene er gennemført henholdsvis den 4. og den 18.

november 1991 på et tidspunkt, hvor TV2´s økonomi og sammensæt-

ningen af bestyrelsen for TV2 var centrale mediepolitiske emner.

Undersøgelsen "Ligheder og forskelle", udarbejdet af Medieforskningen

i Danmarks Radio, var blevet præsenteret for TV2 nogle få dage før

interviewet blev gennemført. Denne undersøgelse bringes også i dette

nummer af MedieKultur.
Musikplanlægning i Danmarks Radio - et interview med to musikansvarlige
Authors: Dahl Henrik , Poulsen Jørgen
Published: March 2016

Danmarks Radio er en væsentlig faktor i det danske musikliv i dag.

Musikindustrien får sine potentielle hits præsenteret og den levende

musik kommer ud via transmissionsvognene. DR har tre orkestre

og 2 kor og producerer selv musik af høj kvalitet. Der er tale om et

kredsløb - eller fødekæde om man vil - hvor radioen indgår som

distributionskanal, udstillingsvindue og formidler af både musik og

diskussionen omkring den.

Hvordan forvalter Danmarks Radio sin musik- og kulturpolitiske

funktion? Hvem bestemmer hvad der skal spilles i radioen? Er det

medarbejderne, programcheferne eller radioledelsen? Og hvem

tager man hensyn til? Lyttertal? Den offentlige mening? - I dette

dobbeltinterview med to chefer, Bent-Erik Rasmussen og Torben

Bille, der er ansvarlige for musikken på henholdsvis P2 (undtagen

Danmarkskanalen) og P3, prøver vi at belyse de overvejelser der

ligger bag den seneste kanalomlægning og den daglige styring af

danskernes musikoplevelser.
Offentlighed og Public Relations
Authors: Heltoft Lars
Published: March 2016

Lars Heltoft, der er en af grundlæggerne af Public Relationsuddannelsen

på Roskilde Universitetscenter, kaster i artiklen et kritisk blik på den

akademiske forskning i feltet public relations. Selv i nyere udgaver af

PR-forskningen - af mange anset for "progressive", f.eks. James

Grunings og Jon Whites arbejder - ser Lars Heltoft tydelige spor af PR-

professionens selvforståelse og legitimationsbehov. Resultatet er, at den

"offentlighed", der burde være kernen i den videnskabelige beskæftigelse

med public relations, "forsvinder i den blå luft". Han argumenterer for, at

Habermas´ forestilling om "offentlighed" stadig institutionaliserer mulig-

heden for kritisk diskurs inden for feltet, samtidig med at han i sproghand-

lingsteoretisk perspektiv problematiserer Habermas´ legitimationsbegreb,

fordi det undtager private virksomheder og organisationer.
I grønt selskab - Virksomhedskommunikation og den nye miljøbevidsthed
Authors: Bernstein David
Published: March 2016

For David Bernstein handler den grønne udfordring, som virksomhed-

erne i dag står overfor, ikke blot om miljøbevidsthed og økologi, men

også om helt nye kommunikations- og ledelsesformer: "Miljøbevidst-

hed er filosofisk set i oppotion til autoritetstro(...) Hvis man giver grøn

kommunikation en stiv hierarkisk form og herser med folk, har man

slet ikke forstået hverken det grønne eller hvad det vil sige at kommu-

nikere". "Det grønne" udgør således blot den seneste udvidelse af det

holistiske syn på kommunikation, som David Bernstein har forfægtet i

årevis som kommunikationsrådgiver (for nogle år siden bl.a. for det

danske medicinalfirma Novo) og forfatter, f.eks. i klassikeren "Com-

pany Image and Reality: A Critique of Corporate Communications"

(1984). Artiklen er en beaerbejdet udgave af et oplæg holdt ved års-

mødet i Sammenslutningen af Medieforskere i Danmark, november

1992. Den er oversat af Ebbe Klitgaard.
Distribution and regulation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, kisspeptin, RF-amide related peptide-3, and dynorphin in the bovine hypothalamus
Authors: Tanco Valeria M. , Whitlock Brian K. , Jones Melaney A. , Wilborn Robyn R. , Brandebourg Terry D. , Foradori Chad D.
Published: March 2016

Recent work has led to the hypothesis that kisspeptin/neurokinin B/dynorphin (KNDy) neurons in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) play a key role in gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) pulse generation and gonadal steroid feedback, with kisspeptin driving GnRH release and neurokinin B and dynorphin acting as pulse start and stop signals, respectively. A separate cell group, expressing RFamide-related peptide-3 (RFRP-3) has been shown to be a primary inhibitor of GnRH release. Very little is known regarding these cell groups in the bovine. In this study, we examined the relative immunoreactivity of kisspeptin, dynorphin, and RFRP-3 and their possible connectivity to GnRH neurons in the hypothalami of periestrus and diestrus bovine. While GnRH and RFRP-3 immunoreactivity were unchanged, kisspeptin and dynorphin immunoreactivity levels varied in relation to plasma progesterone concentrations and estrous status. Animals with higher plasma progesterone concentrations in diestrus had lower kisspeptin and increased dynorphin immunoreactivity in the ARC. The percentage of GnRH cells with kisspeptin or RFRP-3 fibers in close apposition did not differ between estrous stages. However, the proportions of GnRH cells with kisspeptin or RFRP-3 contacts (∼49.8% and ∼31.3%, respectively) suggest direct communication between kisspeptin and RFRP-3 cells to GnRH cells in the bovine. The data produced in this work support roles for kisspeptin and dynorphin, within the KNDy neural network, in controlling GnRH release over the ovarian cycle and conveying progesterone-negative feedback onto GnRH neurons in the bovine.
Power flux distribution in chiroplasma‐filled perfect electromagnetic conductor circular waveguides
Authors: Ghaffar A. , Alkanhal Majeed A. S.
Published: March 2016

Theoretical analysis of the electromagnetic wave propagation in circular waveguides with a chiroplasma core coated with a perfect electromagnetic conductor (PEMC) is presented. The presented formulations and analysis are general for any perfect electric, perfect magnetic, or perfect electromagnetic conductor (PEMC) waveguides filled with any general anisotropic/isotropic metamaterial including plasma. The characteristic equation for the modes in this waveguide is obtained, and the behavior of the dispersion curves and the power flux are examined and evaluated numerically. The results demonstrate that the behavior of the power flux transported in the guide, in magnitude and orientation, is highly determined by the chirality parameter and the plasma and cyclotron frequencies. The mode cutoff frequencies are sensitive to the variations in the filling material and chirality parameters and likewise affected by the variations in the PEMC admittance parameter.
Highly Efficient Nonradiative Energy Transfer from Colloidal Semiconductor Quantum Dots to Wells for Sensitive Noncontact Temperature Probing
Authors: Olutas Murat , Guzelturk Burak , Kelestemur Yusuf , Gungor Kivanc , Demir Hilmi Volkan
Published: March 2016

This study develops and shows highly efficient exciton‐transferring hybrid semiconductor nanocrystal films of mixed dimensionality comprising quasi 0D and 2D colloids. Through a systematic study of time‐resolved and steady‐state photoluminescence spectroscopy as a function of the donor‐to‐acceptor molar concentration ratio and temperature, a high‐efficiency nonradiative energy transfer (NRET) process from CdZnS/ZnS core/shell quantum dots (QDs) directed to atomically flat CdSe nanoplatelets (NPLs) in their solid‐state thin films is uncovered. The exciton funneling in this system reaches transfer efficiency levels as high as 90% at room temperature. In addition, this study finds that with decreasing temperature exciton transfer efficiency is increased to a remarkable maximum level of ≈94%. The enhancement in the dipole–dipole coupling strength with decreasing temperature is well accounted by increasing photoluminescence quantum yield of the donor and growing spectral overlap between the donor and the acceptor. Furthermore, NRET efficiency exhibits a highly linear monotonic response with changing temperature. This makes the proposed QD–NPL composites appealing for noncontact sensitive temperature probing based on NRET efficiencies as a new metric. These findings indicate that combining colloidal nanocrystals of different dimensionality enables efficient means of temperature probing at an unprecedented sensitivity level at nanoscale through almost complete exciton transfer.
New Insights into Tunable Volatility of Ionic Materials through Counter‐Ion Control
Authors: Ma Dongxin , Qiu Yong , Duan Lian
Published: March 2016

Recent development in the field of small molecular materials has led to great advances in the performance of vacuum‐evaporated organic light‐emitting diodes. However, as a significant class of phosphorescent emitters, ionic transition metal complexes are seldom sublimable due to the inherent ionic nature and low vapor pressure, restricting their applications in state‐of‐the‐art devices fabricated by vacuum evaporation deposition. Here a facile, feasible and versatile strategy is shown to tune the volatility of ionic transition metal complexes through counter‐ion control. By introducing counter‐ions with large steric hindrance and well‐dispersed charges, a series of evaporable ionic iridium complexes are developed, and efficient vapor‐processed devices with a high brightness, small efficiency roll‐off, and polychromic emission ranging from deep‐blue to red‐orange are achieved. Our findings unlock the utilization of ionic functional materials in vacuum‐evaporated devices, and may open new doors for modern electronic materials technology.
Monolayer MoS2 Dendrites on a Symmetry‐Disparate SrTiO3 (001) Substrate: Formation Mechanism and Interface Interaction
Authors: Zhang Yu , Ji Qingqing , Wen Jinxiu , Li Jiu , Li Cong , Shi Jianping , Zhou Xiebo , Shi Kebin , Chen Huanjun , Li Yuanchang , Deng Shaozhi , Xu Ningsheng , Liu Zhongfan , Zhang Yanfeng
Published: March 2016

Dendritic patterns generated in non‐equilibrium growth processes are prevalent in nature while their formation mechanisms are far from fully understood. Here, we report a coverage‐dependent fractal degree evolution of monolayer 2H‐MoS2 dendrites synthesized on a symmetry‐disparate substrate of SrTiO3 (001). Surprisingly, various characterizations have revealed that the monolayer dendrites featured with orthogonal backbones are single crystalline, possessing both peculiar adlayer‐substrate interaction and abnormal indirect bandgap on SrTiO3 (001). Further theoretical calculations indicate that a prominent diffusion anisotropy of monomer precursors, combined with the disparate adlayer‐substrate symmetry, determine the diffusion‐limited aggregation of MoS2 towards dendritic shapes. This work provides brand‐new insights in the morphological engineering of two‐dimensional atomic crystals, and contributes greatly to an in‐depth understanding of the detailed dynamics in non‐equilibrium crystal growth.
Is Color‐Specific Photoswitching in Dual‐Color Fluorescence Systems Possible? Manipulating Intermolecular Energy Transfer among Two Different Fluorophores and One Photoswitch
Authors: Kim Dojin , Kwon Ji Eon , Park Soo Young
Published: March 2016

Color‐specific photoswitching in dual‐color fluorescent system is important due to its potential in bioimaging and other applications. It requires elaborate manipulation of intermolecular energy transfer (ET) among two different fluorophores and one photochromic chromophore. Here, the rationally designed color‐specific photoswitching system composed of two excited‐state intramolecular proton transfer fluorophores and a color‐specific photoswitchable diarylethene in poly(methyl methacrylate) film is reported. Through their unique photophysical properties, this system demonstrates an entirely new principle of color‐specific photoswitching, which includes the frustration of ET between two fluorophores and the selective ET from only one specific fluorophore to the photochromic switch. In this novel class of smart fluorescent film, reversible photoswitching and photopatterning are successfully demonstrated.
Enantioselective Copper(II)‐Catalyzed Conjugate Addition of Indoles to β‐Substituted Unsaturated Acyl Phosphonates
Authors: Ma Hong‐Li , Xie Lei , Zhang ZhenHua , Li Jia‐Qi , Qin Zhao‐Hai , Fu Bin
Published: March 2016

The first copper‐catalyzed enantioselective conjugate addition of indoles to β‐substituted unsaturated acyl phosphonates was successfully realized by using a heteroarylidene‐tethered bis(oxazoline) ligand. The reaction features high efficiency, cheap catalyst and broad generality. In the case of either β‐alkyl‐ or β‐aryl‐substituted unsaturated acyl phosphonates, the 3‐indolyl adducts were achieved in high yields with good to excellent enantioselectivities (up to 97% ee). The 3‐indolyl adducts can serve as important intermediates in the synthesis of indole alkaloids.

magnified image
Air‐stable Organobismuth(V) Bisperfluorooctanesulfonate as an Efficient Catalyst for the Synthesis of N‐Containing Compounds
Authors: Wang Penghui , Wang Jinying , Au Chak‐Tong , Qiu Renhua , Xu Xinhua , Yin Shuang‐Feng
Published: March 2016

Triphenyl bismuth bisperfluorooctanesulfonate is an air‐ and water‐stable Lewis acid. It exhibits high catalytic efficiency for the synthesis of nitrogen heterocycles such as diindolylmethane derivatives, dihydropyrimidinones, dihydropyridines and 1,2‐disubstitued benzimidazoles under mild condition. Furthermore, it can be reused without loss of activity in a test of five cycles.This catalytic system affords a simple and efficient way for the synthesis of N‐containing compounds.

magnified image
Potassium Hydroxide/Dimethyl Sulfoxide Superbase‐Promoted Transition Metal‐Free Synthesis of 2‐Substituted Benzothiophenes under Visible Light
Authors: Gao Li , Chang Bin , Qiu Wenzhao , Wang Lele , Fu Xianzhi , Yuan Rusheng
Published: March 2016

A potassium hydroxide/dimethyl sulfoxide (KOH/DMSO) superbase‐promoted method for the synthesis of 2‐substituted benzothiophenes has been developed via photoinduced intermolecular annulation of 2‐halothioanisoles with terminal alkynes at ambient temperature. The present protocol uses commercially available 2‐halothioanisoles as substrates and visible light as energy force, which offers a wide range of benzothiophenes regioselectively in moderate to good yields. Such a facile and effective transformation will provide an environment‐friendly approach to the synthesis of benzothiophene derivatives.

magnified image
Large‐Scale Production of Bismuth Chalcogenide and Graphene Heterostructure and Its Application for Flexible Broadband Photodetector
Authors: Song Jingchao , Yuan Jian , Xia Fang , Liu Jingying , Zhang Yupeng , Zhong Yu Lin , Zheng Jialu , Liu Yan , Li Shaojuan , Zhao Meng , Tian Zhiming , Caruso Rachel A. , Loh Kian Ping , Bao Qiaoliang
Published: March 2016

Large‐scale production of 2D van der Waals heterostructures with precisely controlled chemical composition is the major challenge hindering their practical electric and optoelectronic applications. In this work, a solvothermal method is demonstrated to produce van der Waals heterostructures consisting of metal chalcogenides and graphene in a large scale. In situ powder X‐ray diffraction reveals that graphene plays an important role as atomic template to grow bismuth chalcogenide nanoplatelets with preferential stoichiometry of Bi2Se1.5Te1.5, which is naturally unstable. It is found that Bi2Se1.5Te1.5 has the minimum lattice mismatch with graphene (<0.1%). The release of lattice mismatch strain between Bi2Se1.5Te1.5 and graphene sheet is evidenced by a new peak in the ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy. A macroscale free‐standing heterostructured thin film with excellent mechanical flexibility is fabricated by simply filtering the large‐scale solution processed heterostructure. The heterostructure film is used to fabricate a flexible photodetector, which shows a broadband photo response and excellent durability in a bending test. The heterostructure material and device demonstrated in this work may shed light to flexible optoelectronic devices and applications.
Toward a mesoscale‐structure‐based kinetic theory for heterogeneous gas‐solid flow: Particle velocity distribution function
Authors: Wang Junwu , Zhao Bidan , Li Jinghai
Published: March 2016

Mesoscience has recently been proposed as a possible general concept for describing complex systems far from equilibrium, however, concrete formulations are needed, and particularly, a statistical mechanics foundation of mesoscience remains to be explored. To this end, the mathematical theory of stochastic geometry is combined with the energy minimization multi‐scale (EMMS) principle under the concept of mesoscience to propose a statistical mechanics framework. An EMMS‐based particle velocity distribution function is then derived as an example to show how the proposed framework works, and more importantly, as a first key step toward a generalized kinetic theory for heterogeneous gas‐solid flow. It was shown that the resultant EMMS‐based distribution is bimodal, instead of the widely‐used Maxwellian distribution, but it reduces to the Maxwellian distribution when the gas‐solid system is homogeneous. The EMMS‐based distribution is finally validated by comparing its prediction of the variance of solid concentration fluctuation and granular temperature with experimental data available in literature. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical EngineersAIChE J, 62: 2649–2657, 2016
A Randomized, Double‐Blind, Active‐ and Placebo‐Controlled Efficacy and Safety Study of Arhalofenate for Reducing Flare in Patients With Gout
Authors: Poiley Jeffrey , Steinberg Alexandra S. , Choi Yun‐Jung , Davis Charles S. , Martin Robert L. , McWherter Charles A. , Boudes Pol F. ,   for the Arhalofenate Flare Study Investigators
Published: March 2016

Objective

Arhalofenate is a novel antiinflammatory uricosuric agent. The objective of this study was to evaluate its antiflare activity in patients with gout.

Methods

This was a 12‐week, randomized, double‐blind, controlled phase IIb study. Eligible patients had had ≥3 flares of gout during the previous year, had discontinued urate‐lowering therapy and colchicine, and had a serum uric acid (UA) level of 7.5–12 mg/dl. Patients were randomly assigned at a 2:2:2:2:1 ratio to receive 600 mg arhalofenate, 800 mg arhalofenate, 300 mg allopurinol, 300 mg allopurinol plus 0.6 mg colchicine, or placebo once a day. The primary outcome measure was the flare incidence (number of flares divided by time of exposure). The serum UA level was a secondary outcome measure.

Results

A total of 239 gout patients were randomized and took at least 1 dose of study medication. The primary outcome measure comparing flare incidence between 800 mg arhalofenate and 300 mg allopurinol was achieved, with a 46% decrease in the 800 mg arhalofenate group (0.66 versus 1.24; P = 0.0056). Treatment with 800 mg arhalofenate was also significantly better than placebo (P = 0.049) and not significantly different from treatment with 300 mg allopurinol plus 0.6 mg colchicine (P = 0.091). Mean changes in serum UA level were −12.5% with 600 mg arhalofenate and −16.5% with 800 mg arhalofenate (P = 0.001 and P = 0.0001, respectively, versus −0.9% with placebo). There were no meaningful differences in adverse events (AEs) between groups, and there were no serious AEs related to arhalofenate. Urinary calculus occurred in 1 patient receiving 300 mg allopurinol. No abnormal serum creatinine values >1.5‐fold the baseline value were observed in the arhalofenate‐treated groups.

Conclusion

Arhalofenate at a dosage of 800 mg decreased gout flares significantly compared to allopurinol at a dosage of 300 mg. Arhalofenate was well tolerated and appeared safe. Arhalofenate is the first urate‐lowering antiflare therapy.
Vorschubgerüste – Anforderungen und Möglichkeiten im Massivbrückenbau
Authors: Däbritz Michael
Published: March 2016

Vorschubgerüste dienen der feldweisen Herstellung von vorgespannten Ortbetonbrücken. Nach einer Erklärung des Bauverfahrens werden verschiedene Gerüsttypen und deren Komponenten im Zusammenhang mit ihrer Eignung und Wirkung auf das zu erstellende Brückenbauwerk erläutert. Der Artikel beschreibt die Entwicklungen im Massivbrückenbau und deren Auswirkungen auf das Bauverfahren mit Vorschubgerüsten. Schnittstellen zwischen Baubehelf und Brücke werden beschrieben. Es werden Hinweise zu einem sicheren und effizienten Umgang mit diesem Bauverfahren geliefert.

Der Artikel beschränkt sich auf einen Überblick über gängige Gerüste im mitteleuropäischen Raum, da sich Anforderungen im Brückenbau hinsichtlich Witterung, Konstruktion, Bemessungskonzept und Arbeitssicherheit sowie die Gestaltung der Arbeitsabläufe von anderen Regionen teilweise stark unterscheiden.

Movable Scaffolding Systems – Opportunities and requirements in today's bridge constructions

Movable Scaffolding Systems are used for a full span construction of post‐tensioned cast‐in‐place concrete bridge decks. After an explanation of the construction method, different types of movable scaffolding systems and their components are explained in relation with their suitability and impact on the bridge construction to be erected. The article describes developments of cast‐in‐place concrete bridge building and their effects on the construction with movable scaffolding systems. Optimization potentials for interphases between temporary works and permanent works are described. Indications are given for a save and efficient application of this construction method.

The article is limited to an overview on established MSS in the central‐european area because requirements in bridge constructions partially differ strongly from other regions regarding weather conditions, construction, calculation standards, labour safety and working cycle configuration.
Cellular effects of acute exposure to high peak power microwave systems: Morphology and toxicology
Authors: Ibey Bennett L. , Roth Caleb C. , Ledwig Patrick B. , Payne Jason A. , Amato Alayna L. , Dalzell Danielle R. , Bernhard Joshua A. , Doroski Michael W. , Mylacraine Kevin S. , Seaman Ronald L. , Nelson Gregory S. , Woods Clifford W.
Published: March 2016

Electric fields produced by advanced pulsed microwave transmitter technology now readily exceed the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) C.95.1 peak E‐field limit of 100 kV/m, highlighting a need for scientific validation of such a specific limit. Toward this goal, we exposed Jurkat Clone E‐6 human lymphocyte preparations to 20 high peak power microwave (HPPM) pulses (120 ns duration) with a mean peak amplitude of 2.3 MV/m and standard deviation of 0.1 with the electric field at cells predicted to range from 0.46 to 2.7 MV/m, well in excess of current standard limit. We observed that membrane integrity and cell morphology remained unchanged 4 h after exposure and cell survival 24 h after exposure was not statistically different from sham exposure or control samples. Using flow cytometry to analyze membrane disruption and morphological changes per exposed cell, no changes were observed in HPPM‐exposed samples. Current IEEE C95.1–2005 standards for pulsed radiofrequency exposure limits peak electric field to 100 kV/m for pulses shorter than 100 ms [IEEE (1995) PC95.1—Standard for Safety Levels with Respect to Human Exposure to Electric, Magnetic and Electromagnetic Fields, 0 Hz to 300 GHz, Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers: Piscataway, NJ, USA]. This may impose large exclusion zones that limit HPPM technology use. In this study, we offer evidence that maximum permissible exposure of 100 kV/m for peak electric field may be unnecessarily restrictive for HPPM devices. Bioelectromagnetics. 37:141–151, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Extraintestinal manifestations of celiac disease: 33‐mer gliadin binding to glutamate receptor GRINA as a new explanation
Authors: Garcia‐Quintanilla Albert , Miranzo‐Navarro Domingo
Published: March 2016

We propose a biochemical mechanism for celiac disease and non‐celiac gluten sensitivity that may rationalize many of the extradigestive disorders not explained by the current immunogenetic model. Our hypothesis is based on the homology between the 33‐mer gliadin peptide and a component of the NMDA glutamate receptor ion channel – the human GRINA protein – using BLASTP software. Based on this homology the 33‐mer may act as a natural antagonist interfering with the normal interactions of GRINA and its partners. The theory is supported by numerous independent data from the literature, and provides a mechanistic link with otherwise unrelated disorders, such as cleft lip and palate, thyroid dysfunction, restless legs syndrome, depression, ataxia, hearing loss, fibromyalgia, dermatitis herpetiformis, schizophrenia, toxoplasmosis, anemia, osteopenia, Fabry disease, Barret's adenocarcinoma, neuroblastoma, urinary incontinence, recurrent miscarriage, cardiac anomalies, reduced risk of breast cancer, stiff person syndrome, etc. The hypothesis also anticipates better animal models, and has the potential to open new avenues of research.
The Anticancer Activity of Organotelluranes: Potential Role in Integrin Inactivation
Authors: Silberman Alon , Kalechman Yona , Hirsch Shira , Erlich Ziv , Sredni Benjamin , Albeck Amnon
Published: March 2016

Organic TeIV compounds (organotelluranes) differing in their labile ligands exhibited anti‐integrin activities in vitro and anti‐metastatic properties in vivo. They underwent ligand substitution with l‐cysteine, as a thiol model compound. Unlike inorganic TeIV compounds, the organotelluranes did not form a stable complex with cysteine, but rather immediately oxidized it. The organotelluranes inhibited integrin functions, such as adhesion, migration, and metalloproteinase secretion mediation in B16F10 murine melanoma cells. In comparison, a reduced derivative with no labile ligand inhibited adhesion of B16F10 cells to a significantly lower extent, thus pointing to the importance of the labile ligands of the TeIV atom. One of the organotelluranes inhibited circulating cancer cells in vivo, possibly by integrin inhibition. Our results extend the current knowledge on the reactivity and mechanism of organotelluranes with different labile ligands and highlight their clinical potential.
Organic Solvent‐Free Process for Cyclohexanone Ammoximation by a Ceramic Membrane Distributor
Authors: Mao Honglin , Chen Rizhi , Xing Weihong , Jin Wanqin
Published: March 2016

Cyclohexanone ammoximation with cyclohexanone, ammonia gas, and hydrogen peroxide over titanium silicalites‐1 catalysts requires a large amount of tert‐butanol as solvent, which needs to be recycled in industry and increases the separation costs. A novel organic solvent‐free process for cyclohexanone ammoximation was developed, in which a porous ceramic membrane distributor was introduced to the reactor and used for the micro‐scale distribution of H2O2. Plenty of tiny H2O2 drops were produced with the membrane distributor to strengthen the mixing between water phase and organic phase in the cyclohexanone ammoximation without organic solvents, resulting in enhanced oxime selectivity. The membrane operating and reaction conditions were optimized, and the ceramic membrane exhibited excellent thermal and chemical stability.
Cationic Five‐Coordinate Bis(guanidinato)silicon(IV) Complexes with SiN4El Skeletons (El=S, Se): “Heterolytic Activation” of S−S and Se−Se Bonds
Authors: Mück Felix M. , Baus Johannes A. , Burschka Christian , Tacke Reinhold
Published: March 2016

The donor‐stabilized silylene [iPrNC(NiPr2)NiPr]2Si (2) reacts with PhEl−ElPh (El=S, Se) to form the respective cationic five‐coordinate bis(guanidinato)silicon(IV) complexes {[iPrNC(NiPr2)NiPr]2SiSPh}+PhS− (4) and {[iPrNC (NiPr2)NiPr]2SiSePh}+PhSe− (5). Compounds 4 and 5 were characterized by crystal structure analyses and NMR spectroscopic studies in the solid state.
Porphyrin Analogues of a Trityl Cation and Anion
Authors: Kato Kenichi , Kim Woojae , Kim Dongho , Yorimitsu Hideki , Osuka Atsuhiro
Published: March 2016

Porphyrin‐stabilized meso‐ or β‐carbocations were generated upon treatment of the corresponding bis(4‐tert‐butylphenyl)porphyrinylcarbinols with trifluoroacetic acid (TFA). Bis(4‐tert‐butylphenyl)porphyrinylcarbinols were treated with TFA to generate the corresponding carbocations stabilized by a meso‐ or β‐porphyrinyl group. The meso‐porphyrinylmethyl carbocation displayed more effective charge delocalization with decreasing aromaticity compared with the β‐porphyrinylmethyl carbocation. A propeller‐like porphyrin trimer, tris(β‐porphyrinyl)carbinol, was also synthesized and converted to the corresponding cation that displayed a more intensified absorption reaching over the NIR region. meso‐Porphyrinylmethyl carbanion was generated as a stable species upon deprotonation of bis(4‐tert‐butylphenyl)(meso‐porphyrinyl)methane with potassium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide (KHMDS) and [18]crown‐6, whereas β‐porphyrinylmethyl anions were highly unstable.
1,2‐Thiazines: One‐Pot Syntheses Utilizing Mono and Diaza Analogs of Sulfones
Authors: Bohmann Rebekka Anna , Unoh Yuto , Miura Masahiro , Bolm Carsten
Published: March 2016

A one‐pot Michael addition/cyclization/condensation reaction sequence for the regioselective synthesis of 1,2‐thiazines, starting from propargyl ketones and NH‐sulfoximines or NH‐sulfondiimines, has been developed. Under mild and operationally simple reaction conditions previously unprecedented 1,2‐thiazine 1‐imide and 1‐oxide derivatives are formed in good to excellent yields. The products represent heterocyclic building blocks, readily modifiable by a regioselective C−H bond functionalization, classical cross‐coupling reactions, and deprotection.
Enantioselective Synthesis of Isoquinolines: Merging Chiral‐Phosphine and Gold Catalysis
Authors: Gao Yu‐Ning , Shi Feng‐Chen , Xu Qin , Shi Min
Published: March 2016

The highly enantioselective synthesis of dihydroisoquinoline derivatives from aromatic sulfonated imines tethered with an alkyne moiety, through a one‐pot asymmetric relay catalysis of chiral‐phosphine and gold catalysts, is reported. Enantiomerically enriched dihydroisoquinoline derivatives were afforded in good yields and good‐to‐excellent ee values under mild conditions, based on the asymmetric aza‐Morita‐Baylis–Hillman reaction. Dihydroisoquinoline derivatives containing two chiral centers were also synthesized through further transformations.
Regioconvergent and Enantioselective Rhodium‐Catalyzed Hydroamination of Internal and Terminal Alkynes: A Highly Flexible Access to Chiral Pyrazoles
Authors: Haydl Alexander M. , Hilpert Lukas J. , Breit Bernhard
Published: March 2016

The rhodium‐catalyzed asymmetric N‐selective coupling of pyrazole derivatives with internal and terminal alkynes features an utmost chemo‐, regio‐, and enantioselective access to enantiopure allylic pyrazoles, readily available for incorporation in small‐molecule pharmaceuticals. This methodology is distinguished by a broad substrate scope, resulting in a remarkable compatability with a variety of different functional groups. It furthermore exhibits an intriguing case of regio‐, position‐, and enantioselectivity in just one step, underscoring the sole synthesis of just one out of up to six possible products in a highly flexible approach to allylated pyrazoles by emanating from various internal and terminal alkynes.
A General, Concise Strategy that Enables Collective Total Syntheses of over 50 Protoberberine and Five Aporhoeadane Alkaloids within Four to Eight Steps
Authors: Zhou Shiqiang , Tong Rongbiao
Published: March 2016

A concise, catalytic, and general strategy that allowed efficient total syntheses of 22 natural 13‐methylprotoberberines within four steps for each molecule is reported. This synthesis represents the most efficient and shortest route to date, featuring three catalytic processes: CuI‐catalyzed redox‐A3 reaction, Pd‐catalyzed reductive carbocyclization, and PtO2‐catalyzed hydrogenation. Importantly, this new strategy to the tetracyclic framework has also been applied to the collective concise syntheses of >30 natural protoberberines (without 13‐methyl group) and five aporhoeadane alkaloids.
ChemInform Abstract: DETERMINATION OF THE RATE CONSTANT OF ELECTROCHEMICAL REACTION IN NONAQUEOUS MEDIUM BY THE POTENTIOSTATIC EQUILATERAL TRIANGLE PULSE METHOD
Authors: MARECEK V. , HONZ J.
Published: March 2016

Die Geschwindigkeit der Elektrodenreaktion A in Propylen wurde unter Verwendung eines einzelnen potentiostatischen Impulses in Form eines gleichseitigen Dreiecks gemessen.
ChemInform Abstract: STUDIES ON STABILITY OF CRSO4 SOLUTIONS
Authors: KRANZ MAKSYMILIAN , DUCZMAL WOJCIECH
Published: March 2016

Bei völligem Ausschluß des Zutritts von Sauerstoff sind neutrale oder saure (8n H2SO4) CrSO4‐ Lösungen einige Tage sehr stabil und neigen nicht zur Autoxidation.
ChemInform Abstract: THE PHOTOISOMERIZATIONS OF 2‐METHYLPHENYLCYCLOPROPANES, ISOTOPE EFFECTS AND STEREOCHEMISTRY
Authors: MAZZOCCHI P. H. , LUSTIG R. S.
Published: March 2016

Die Kinetik der photolytischen Spaltung von 2,2‐Dimethyl anhand der Spaltung der deuterierten Komponente (II), di steht, über eine Ermittlung der Verbindungen (III) und (I CGH5 C133 CGH; CH: C6H5 /C′Hz, ,CH; +CcH5 ,CHZN ,CD; CH CD CH′ (I EH (I 3 ‐ 3 IT CD, D CH, T ′L In ‐Methylphenylcyclopropanes.
ChemInform Abstract: PARTICIPATION OF O‐CARBOXYLATE GROUPS IN AROMATIC NUCLEOPHILIC SUBSTITUTION
Authors: MUTHUKRISHNAN R. , KANNAN R. , SWAMINATHAN S.
Published: March 2016

Die Reaktion der Benzoesäure (Ia) mit Alkoholen (10 Verbindungen wie Methanol bis Butanol, Cyclohexanol, Allylalkohol) oder Phenolen (14 Methyl/Brom/Chlorsubstituierte Phenole) in Pyridin führt zu den Alkyl/Arylsalicylaten (II), daneben entstehen in einigen Fällen die Ester (IIIb).
ChemInform Abstract: ASYMMETRIC INDUCTION IN THE ALLYLIC REARRANGEMENT OF CHIRAL AMINE OXIDE
Authors: YAMAMOTO Y. , ODA J. , INOUYE Y.
Published: March 2016

Das trans‐Buten (I) wird mit For:maldehyd/Ameisensäure zu dem tertÄAmin (II) methyliert, aus dem man mit 40 7öiger Peressigsäure in Chloroform bei ‐40°C das Aminoxid (III) erhält.
ChemInform Abstract: REAKTIVITAET DER AUS GEMISCHTEN METHYL‐ UND SUBSTITUIERTEN BENZYLDIAZOMALONATEN GEBILDETEN CARBENE UND CARBENOIDE, SYNTHESE VON CYCLOHEPTATRIENVERBINDUNGEN
Authors: LEDON H. , LINSTRUMELLE G. , JULIA S.
Published: March 2016

Aus den Diazomalonaten (I) gehen beim Rückflußkochen in Octan in Gegenwart von Cu‐Pulver die Lactone (II) hervor, die außerdem in einigen Fällen (Ia) von den Estern (IIIa) und (IVa) als Nebenprodukten begleitet werden.
ChemInform Abstract: ALLENIC CARBANIONS IN SYNTHESIS PART 1, THE ACYLACETATE UNIT
Authors: CARLSON R. M. , ISIDOR J. L.
Published: March 2016

1‐Methylmercapto‐3,3‐diäthoxy‐propin (I) liefert bei niederen Temperaturen mit Lithiumdiäthylamid das Anion (II) == (III), dessen Reaktionen vorwiegend von der Allen‐Struktur (III) her erfolgen.
ChemInform Abstract: FLUORINATION WITH XENON DIFLUORIDE, REACTIONS WITH 1,1‐DIPHENYLETHYLENES
Authors: ZUPAN M. , POLLAK A.
Published: March 2016

Die 1,1‐Diphenyläthylene (I) reagieren in Methylenchlorid mifXenondifluorid (II) bei Raumtemperatur in Gegenwart von Fluorwasserstoff oder Trifluoressigsäure in 65‐95%iger Ausbeute zu den Difluordiphenyläthanen (III).
ChemInform Abstract: ADDITIONEN VON 2‐ALKENYLZINK AN UNGESAETTIGTE KOHLENWASSERSTOFFE
Authors: LEHMKUHL H. , NEHL H.
Published: March 2016

Erhitzen von Dicrotylzink (I) liefert über die angenommene Zwischenstufe (II) die isomeren Diene (III)‐(V) und nach Hydrolyse über eine weitere vermutete Zwischenstufe (VI) zusätzlich das Olefin (VII).
ChemInform Abstract: HALOMETHYL‐METAL COMPOUNDS PART 65, GENERATION OF FLUOROCARBOALKOXYCARBENES VIA THE ORGANOMERCURY ROUTE
Authors: SEYFERTH D. , WOODRUFF R. A.
Published: March 2016

Aus den Organo‐Quecksilberverbindungen (I) bzw. (III) erhält man die Carbene (II) bzw. (IV), deren Addition an zahlreiche Olefine sowie deren Reaktion mit dem Silan (V) zum Addukt (VI) studiert werden.
ChemInform Abstract: THE PROBLEM OF REDUCTION COUPLING OF CYCLOPROPENIUM CATIONS, BICYCLOPROPENYLSULFONES ‐ SYNTHESIS AND PROPERTIES
Authors: WEISS R. , SCHLIERF C. , KOELBL H.
Published: March 2016

Während z.B. das Tropylium‐Kation (I) durch Dithionit glatt zu Ditropyl (II) reduziert werden kann, führt die analoge Reaktion bei den Cyclopropenium‐Kationen (IIIa) und′ (IIIb) zu einem Einbau des Schwefels unter Bildung der Bis‐cyclopropenylsulfone (IVa) und (IVb),deren Photolyse unter Annahme der Zwischenstufen (V) zu den Tetraphenyl‐benzolen (VIa) und (VIb) führt.
ChemInform Abstract: CYCLISCH GEKREUZT‐KONJUGIERTE BINDUNGSSYSTEME 26. MITT. STABILE PHENAZULEN‐DERIVATE DURCH (12+2)‐ADDITIONEN AN 8,9‐DICYAN‐SESQUIFULVALEN
Authors: PRINZBACH HORST , SCHNEIDER HEINZ‐WALTER
Published: March 2016

Das Sesquifulvalen (I) setzt sich mit den Enoläthern (II) zu den Addukten (III) um, die rasch Alkohol verlieren und unter H‐Wanderung ein Gemisch der isomeren Dihydrophenazulene (IV)‐(VI) liefern.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESE VON 5‐ALKYL‐3‐JODARYL‐IMIDAZOLIDINDIONEN‐(2,4) AUS UNSYMMETRISCH SUBSTITUIERTEN HARNSTOFFEN
Authors: GAUX BERNARD , LE HENAFF PHILIPPE
Published: March 2016

Durch Addition der Aminosäuren (II) an die Jodarylisocyanate (I) in wäßrigem l Na2CO3 bei 80°C werden die Hanrstoffe (III) dargestellt.