bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE USE OF ENGLISH MOVIES ON IMPROVING STUDENTS’ INTEREST IN LEARNING ENGLISH AT SMP NEGERI 2 NGUNUT
Authors: Azimah Anis
Published: May 2018

In language learning, technology is an attractive media to the students, along with the development of the information technology, teacher should build up the learning process to be more interesting. Learning language successfully depends on many factors. One of the factors is interest of the learners themselves. Interest is an attitude favorably disposing and motivating one toward some objects, situations or idea. It relates to the activity which makes the learners to be involved in language learning process. In teaching English, teacher should conduct some techniques communicatively to build students’ interest in learning process. Films are closed related to students’ life. Younger likes watching movies or films. So, teacher can use films as the media in teaching English. It also can attract students to have high participation during learning process. Watching English movies can also be used as a technique to improve students’ interest. It is not only improving students’ interest, but also improving their achievement.Keywords : English Movie, Learning Interest. Received: 6 February, 2017; Accepter: 15 March, 2017
THE FUNCTION OF INDONESIAN WOMEN COALITION (KPI) IN EFFORTS TO IMPROVE WOMEN LEADERSHIP IN BLITAR CITY
Authors: Frenti Dewi , Huda Anam Miftakhul
Published: May 2018

Women who have been used as the object of national development is considered to be anfair, due to the current conditions of women already have to be the perpetrators of the change. Their motion is limited in the domestic territory. Indeed, the normative idea contained in the 1945 Constitution has never been a record stating that there is no differentiate between men and women. Politic and election are clear to accommodate women to participate more broadly. The research objectives is to know: 1) kinds of programs of KPI Blitar 2) Supporting factors and inhibitors program of KPI Blitar. This research uses a qualitative approach that describes all the activities of KPI Blitar related to efforts of women empowerment in Blitar. The results of this research indicates: 1) The role of KPI Blitar city in Improving Leadership of female autonomy. 2) Supporting factors of KPI Blitar city which cooperate with government institution, independently, local and national. Internal and external constraint factors lead many women to become activists of rights struggle, and tend to rely on men ability. Key words: Indonesian Women Coalition (KPI), Patriakhi, Domestik. Received: 12 August, 2017; Accepter: 10 September, 2017
RECEPTION ANALYSIS OF FARMERS GROUP MEMBERS AGAINST AGRICULTURAL INTERACTIVE DIALOGUE BROADCAST PROGRAM AT PERSADA FM RADIO AND MAYANGKARA FM, JOINT EXECUTIVE AGENCY EXTENSION OF AGRICULTURE, FISHERIES AND FORESTRY (BP4K) BLITAR
Authors: Nofa Harumike Yefi Dyan
Published: May 2018

This research was conducted by the interest of the researcher looking at the active phenomenon of mass communication media in the community. The researcher chose to conduct a research on a broadcasting program of interactive dialogue organized by BP4K Blitar, because in previous studies regarding the reception of audience have never used the broadcast program audience interactive dialogue. This type of research is qualitative descriptive research using audience reception analysis is based on the concept of encoding/decoding stated Stuart Hall. The researcher compiled the study based on the theory models used to determine the audience reception of the broadcasting program of agricultural interactive dialogue with the theme of the broadcast organic mushroom cultivation timber Persada FM radio broadcast and organic fertilizer production Mayangkara FM radio broadcast. Reception results obtained from this study, both the theme of agriculture broadcast interactive dialogue on the theme of organic wood mushroom cultivation, as well as organic fertilizer there are three positions, namely dominant, negotiated and oppositional. In a dominant position audience is inclined to accept the message and then applied the same as those interpreted by a messenger, to the position negosiated audience besides receiving and applying the meaning of the message delivered with creators message yet been of meaning other than experience, while for the position of oppositional audiences tend to have a different meaning with delivering message, and the application also made on the basis of personal experiences and knowledge. Keywords: Agriculture interactive dialogue, Organic wood mushroom cultivation, Organic fertilizer Received: 6 August, 2017; Accepter: 10 September, 2017
Editorial Vol.16
Authors: Thakur Uday Chandra
Published: May 2018

No Abstract available
Global effect of climate change and food security with respect to Nepal
Authors: Paudel Mina Nath
Published: May 2018

The effect of global climate change in Nepal could be observed by glacier retreat in the Himalaya region and change in the pattern of the south west monsoon which is the only reliable source of water for farming. Climate change has been occurred in Terai, hills and mountain of Nepal resulting change in agriculture systems leading to the emergence of new insect, pest and disease of crops and animals. There are frequent losses of lives, crops and, human settlements due to occurrence of flash floods, droughts, typhoon and hurricanes in the world mainly due to climate change. Global food production and trade have been affected by the negative consequences of climate change as a result countries like Nepal are also victimized due to the negative effect of climate change. Increase in C02concentration in the atmosphere and change in precipitation are being the main cause of floods, droughts, glacier retreat, and melting of snows, hence, change in the flora and fauna globally. To address such measures of climate change, Nepal has been trying to develop some adoptive ways such as development of climate resilient technology including crop varieties, animal breeds; agronomic practices that could address vagaries of climate change and sustain food and nutritional security. In Nepal, the effect of climate change is more pronounced in hills and mountains with respect to increase in temperature than that of Terai. This paper tries to address issue of global climate change with respect to food security of Nepal by applying some of the pragmatic adoptive measures to follow in agriculture for sustaining food security in Nepal.
Correlation of climatic factors with cereal crops yield: a study from historical data of Morang district, Nepal
Authors: Khanal Badri
Published: May 2018

The present study is based on the secondary sources of information on temperature, rainfall and productivity of four major cereals (Rice, Maize, Finger Millet and Wheat) in Morang district of Nepal. A total of 17 years data (1995-2011) on yield of crops, annual total rainfall, annual mean maximum temperature and annual mean minimum temperature is analysed. The suitability analysis of crops shows that all the four cereals found to be suitable for cultivation in temperature range of Morang district, whereas irrigation is required in addition to recorded rainfall in case of rice and wheat. The production of three cereals except millet (which is almost stable) has increased during the study period. The analysis of correlation coefficient shows that maize yield and minimum temperature have strong positive correlation (0.7755). The linear regression analysis showed that the yield of maize was significant and highly sensitive to combined effect of all three climatic factors (R2 0.7414). Whereas, the yield of rice, millet and wheat were not statistically significantly related. At individual climatic factors level, yield of maize and wheat were significantly related with annual mean minimum temperature. The yield of these crops can be increased by crop management mainly by altering the planting time, varieties and irrigation practices.
Use of pesticides and its residue on vegetable crops in Nepal
Authors: Sharma Dilli Ram
Published: May 2018

Farmer field survey and lab residue analysis studies were carried out to examine the use of pesticide in vegetable fields and its potential effects on human health and environment. Field information were collected using semi-structured questionnaires face to face interview with 200 farmers from three districts (Bara, Dhading and Kavre) of central region of Nepal. The recent study showed that the use of chemical pesticides in Nepal is 0.396Kg a.i./ha. The farmers' field survey showed that 72 percent of the farmers paid attention on acquiring information about the effectiveness of pesticide to control the target pests. While 65 percent of the farmers noticed the expiry date of pesticides, and only a few farmers considered the adverse effects of pesticide on human health and environment. The result showed that majority of them (51.5%) kept the remaining pesticides in their house freely, whereas 23.5 percent farmers destroyed the remaining pesticides; either buried or burnt. It was also found that 22.5 percent of farmers did not care and threw the remaining pesticides outside the house and in the fields. Residues analysis of 75 samples of 13 vegetables indicated that 58%t of the vegetable samples contained no detectable level (NDL) of the monitored pesticides, 38% samples resulted in trace level of the pesticides residue or below the minimum residue level (MRL), while 4% samples showed above MRL (EU Standard). Present study revealed ample scope for improvement on pesticide use and exposure, for which there is need of strong policy implementation, strengthening training, extension services and various awareness programs to farmers and agro-vets for judicious use of pesticides, health safety and environment protection.
Remote sensing and its application in agricultural pest management
Authors: Acharya MC , Thapa RB
Published: May 2018

Agricultural production is significantly affected by biotic- living organisms, such as predator, parasites, pathogens and abiotic factors, like temperature, humidity, rainfall etc. To manage the pests, monitoring and forecasting has been an integrated part of the crop production system in developed countries. In recent years, remote sensing has become popular in pest monitoring, yield forecasting, and early warning to crop growers for timely management of potential pests in agriculture. This paper highlights basic functioning of remote sensing and its application in agriculture with main emphasis on pest management.
Use of biological agents for disease management of tomato in Bhaktapur of Nepal
Authors: Adhikari PR , Baral S , Bhandari B
Published: May 2018

The experiment was conducted in tomato crop grown under plastic house in farmers’ field condition in two VDCs of Bhaktapur District in two seasons in 2011/2012. The objective of the studies was to train the IPM facilitators for the production and multiplication of bio-control agents (Trichoderma harzianum, Trichoderma viride and Pseudomons fluorescens), to advocate the benefit of bio-control method for protection of crops and reduce the use of chemical pesticides in vegetables and to taste the efficacy of commercially available bio-pesticides. Trichoderma viride, T. harzianum, Pseudomons fluorescens and Bavistin were applied in seed and seedlings treatment, and foliar spray. The result revealed that seed and seedlings treated with T. species and Pseudomons fluorescens were healthier than those treated with chemical fungicides and produced higher yield.
Livelihood diversification and climate change adaptation in Indo-Gangetic plains: implication of rainfall regimes
Authors: Bhatta Gopal D , Aggarwal Pramod K , Shrivastava Amit
Published: May 2018

We investigate whether spatial variations in climatic resource such as rainfall have prompted livelihood diversification, local adaptation and household food availability in Indo-Gangetic Plains using data from a household survey of 2660 farm-families carried out in India, Bangladesh and Nepal. We found that on-farm livelihood sources are higher in high rainfall regime (1300-1800 mm) compared to medium (<1300 mm) and very high rainfall regime (>1800 mm). The off-farm sources are higher in medium rainfall regime. Although a large number of changes are attributed to harvest better yield, yet farmers made numbers of changes in response to climatic variability as well. Although agricultural livelihood and local adaptation are restrained by several climatic and non-climatic factors; the amount of annual rainfall significantly affects livelihood diversification, and the impact of climatic stressors becomes more pronounced when there is interaction with other non-climatic factors. The results imply that livelihood and adaptation strategies should be tailor made along the climatic and non-climatic resources.
Bipesticides: effective alternative to organic Nepal
Authors: GC Yubak Dhoj
Published: May 2018

Historically agriculture has been the major -culture to the majority of the Nepalese people, however, in recent days, the trend is gradually shifting towards other sectors like business and services. The dependency on agriculture both on direct and indirect has been declining from 90% to 65%, indicating towards its specialization, commercialization and diversification. This has further necessitated to the high input based agriculture, especially chemical fertilizers, pesticides and seeds. At the same time, considerable interests are pounding on the organic agriculture. This fact has becoming evident due to growing demands of organic produce within and outside the country. Nepal can earn money by producing and exporting of organic agricultural produce to its neighboring countries- China and India. In this context, Nepal is situated on the strategic point where it may take the advantages from the flourishing economy of its giant neighbors. Nepal can choose natural farming as well to rely on the use of biorational compounds like biopesticides for combating biotic and abiotic stresses. Very importantly, such products need producing within the home country and are made accessible to the farmers.
Perception and economics of dry direct seeded rice in tarai of Nepal
Authors: Dhakal M , Sah Shrawan K , McDonald Andrew , Regmi Anant P
Published: May 2018

Transplanting is widely practiced methods of rice establishment in puddled soils require large amount of labor and water, which are becoming scarce and expensive in Nepal. A field survey was carried out in six districts of terai region of Nepal during 2010. Sixty farmers, ten from each district were randomly selected. They were interviewed using face-to-face method based on semi-structured questionnaires to know their perception towards constraints, and economics of dry direct seeded rice (DDSR). Farmers were mostly using transplanted rice (TPR) because of less weed infestation and better crop establishment, but they were concerned with high cost of cultivation, higher water requirement and deterioration of soil after puddling operation. Farmers perceived DDSR as a cost reducing and less water requiring technology whereas severe weed infestation, poor crop establishment and reduced grain and straw yield were the major nuisance. Nevertheless, the B:C ratio of DDSR (2.0) was found higher than TPR (1.63). Therefore, DDSR could be an alternative to TPR in reducing cost of cultivation; however weeds are serious problems.
Production cost and market analysis of mandarin in Dhading District of Nepal
Authors: Shrestha D
Published: May 2018

A study was conducted in 2010 to explore the value chain of the mandarin business in two VDCs; Nalang and Jogimara of Dhading district, Nepal. Information were collected through survey from 60 mandarin growers, 4 collectors, 2 agroinput traders, 2 fruit nurseries, 4 technical service providers, 4 dealers, 4 wholesalers, 4 retailers and 20 consumers. Different direct actors and organizations were found to be involved in micro, meso and macro levels of the mandarin value chain. The technical structure of the mandarin value chain was found as the input provision, mandarin production, intermediary trading, retailing, and consumption. The value chain was linked to different regions of the country. On an average, mandarin producers incurred total variable cost of NRs 10.40 per kg of mandarin. Their gross margin was NRs 8.44 per kg of mandarin. The cost of marketing of the traders, wholesalers, and retailers were NRs 3.56, 5.38 and 1.98 per kg of mandarin respectively whereas the margins of each of them were NRs 2.54, 2.36 and 5.01 per kg of mandarin respectively. The role of traders was found dominant in both purchasing of mandarin from producers and supplying to other districts. The majority of producers were not getting adequate training, support and supervision from concerned organizations. The major weakness in mandarin value chain was unorganized marketing system. Intermediaries and retailers were always found to be in profit. Therefore, the concerned organizations should bring policies in fixing the market price of mandarin based on cost of production. An upgrading strategy with the technology based processed mandarin production has a great opportunity to enter in the new value chain for further improvements in the existing mandarin business.
Profitability and resource use efficiency of buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) production in Chitwan District, Nepal
Authors: Dhakal Shiva Chandra , Regmi Punya Prasad , Thapa Resham Bahadur , Sah Shrawan Kumar , Khatri-Chhetri Dilli Bahadur
Published: May 2018

The study was designed to determine the profitability and resource use efficiency of buckwheat production in Chitwan. The study used 42 buckwheat growers from 300 farmers adopting different pollinator friendly practices. Descriptive and statistical tools including Cobb-Douglas production function were used on data collected from structured interview schedule to accomplish the objectives. The benefit cost ratio (1.25) indicates that buckwheat production was profitable. The magnitude of regression coefficients of buckwheat implied that use of tractor and nutrient cost had significant positive effects on gross return. According to estimated allocative efficiency indices, it is suggested to reduce labor and seed cost by about 148% and 143%, respectively and; increase the use of tractor and nutrient inputs by about 63% and 19%, respectively. Extension of modern technologies with adjustment on resource use explains for increase in return and profit from buckwheat production which indirectly promotes and ensure forage for pollinators in study area.
Assessing practices of organic vegetable production in Bhadaure Tamagai, Kaski, Nepal
Authors: Bhurtyal Saraswati , Dangol Dharma Raj , Joshi Ananda Raj
Published: May 2018

This study assessed local practices of organic vegetable production through two focus group discussions and a household survey with 66 randomly selected households of ward number 1 and 2 of Bhadaure Tamagi Village Development Committee, Kaski district of Nepal. The study found that most of the farmers were growing varieties of organic vegetables by using local practices for household consumption as well as for marketing mainly by using livestock manure, and organic biopesticides prepared locally. In addition, organic vegetable production in the area has helped to increase their income and contributed to strengthen traditional seed exchange practice, conservation of local seeds and agro biodiversity. In order to sustain current production trend and enhance marketing of organic vegetables, the study recommends targeted interventions of organic farming related to capacity building, technology support and market promotion of the produces.
Analysis of the impact of Praganna Irrigation Project (PIP) on income and employment in Dang District of Nepal
Authors: Pradhyoti Yadav , Dutta Jay Prakash , Regmi Punya Prasad , Chaudhary Narendra Kumar
Published: May 2018

A survey research was conducted to assess the performance of Praganna Irrigation Project with respect to farm income and employment in Dang district of Nepal. Simple random sampling was used to select 60 beneficiaries and 30 non-beneficiaries as sampling units to comprise a sample size of 90. Representatives of WUGs and officials of PIP were interviewed through checklists. Altogether there were 75 WUGs, which are responsible for distribution of irrigation water equitably and collection of irrigation charges effectively. A comparative study was made between the beneficiaries and nonbeneficiaries under PIP. The total farm assets of beneficiaries were estimated at NRs. 1,150,975 and differed significantly with the non-beneficiaries with total farm assets of NRs. 875,185. A significant difference was observed between on farm income of beneficiaries (NRs.183,260) and non– beneficiaries (NRs. 31,453). The net farm income of the beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries were estimated at NRs. 79,993 and NRs. 13,077 respectively and the difference were significant among the categories of respondents. The total farm income was significantly affected by landholding, total variable cost, cropping intensity, and employment in case of beneficiaries whereas only employment significantly affected total farm income in case of non-beneficiaries. Gini coefficients for gross household and gross farm income were calculated at 0.37 and 0.44 respectively for beneficiaries and 0.44 and 0.27 respectively for non-beneficiaries. So, there existed inequality in distribution of gross household and gross farm incomes within both categories. The study also indicated the huge potentiality of PIP for increasing farm income in the command area of PIP.
Effect of different priming methods in rice (Oryza sativa)
Authors: Subedi R , Maharjan BK , Adhikari R
Published: May 2018

Good germination of rice is considered critical for the plant life cycle. A laboratory experiment was conducted in IAAS, Lamjung campus, Sundarbazar to study the effect of different priming methods in rice. The experiment was done in completely randomized design using 12 treatments replicated thrice. The treatments consisted; Control (No priming), Hydro priming (soaking of seeds in distilled water for 72 hrs), PEG6000 - 5% and 10%, CaCl2 – 0.5% and 1%, KCl – 2% and 4%, KNO3 – 1% and 2% and NaCl – 1.8% and 3.6% where seeds were soaked for 12 hours followed by 12 hours drying. Both hydro priming and PEG improved germination energy, germination index, germination speed, radical length, and plumule length. The effect due to varied doses were not observed in the priming substances except PEG 6000, where PEG6000 – 5% was better as compared to PEG – 10% in overall observations.
Influence of biogass slurry and urea on yield and quality of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) fruits
Authors: Ghimire K , Gautam DM , Mishra K , Pande KR , GC A
Published: May 2018

The study was conducted on sandy loam soil at IAAS Rampur, Chitwan during May to September, 2012 to evaluate the effect of different combinations of biogas slurry and urea on production of okra, laid out in a two-factor RCBD with three replications. Altogether ten treatments consist of two varieties namely Arka Anamika - open pollinated and Jaikisan-62-F1 hybrid and four different levels of biogas slurry and urea combination (urea75%+biogas slurry25%, urea50%+biogas slurry50%, urea25%+biogas slurry75% and biogas slurry100%) and only inorganic chemical (75:60:50 kg NPK/ha) as control. All treatments were based on fulfillment of required nitrogen for the crop. The results showed that application of urea50%+biogas slurry50% increased plant height, leaf area, number of leaves and number of nodes at final harvesting. Treatment urea50% + biogas slurry50% allow maximum number of pickings/plant (23.2) and number of fruits/plant (23.5) resulting highest yield/plant (376.3 g). Among the varieties, Jaikisan-62 is superior in terms of growth, yield and post harvest character than Arka Anamika. The net return (Rs. 474,136/ha) and mean B/C ratio was highest (2.59) in Jaikisan-62 treated with urea50%+biogas slurry50%. So, for the commercial production hybrid variety is suggested.
Present status and future strategy of forage development in Nepal
Authors: Sharma Bansi
Published: May 2018

Livestock is an integral part of agricultural production system in Nepal. Animal feed have been one of the major production inputs drawing attention of the producers. There is excess green forage available during the monsoon period, but for the remaining six months, over the winter and spring, there is a lack of feed. In commercialized farming situations farmers compensate for shortages of forages with supplementation of expensive concentrate feeds. There are different cultivars of oats presently cultivated in Nepal. The winter crops oat is highly important to livestock raisers in Nepal. Oats are largely self-pollinated so farmers can save their own seed for several crops, provided that rogueing is carried out and the usual precautions are taken against mechanical contamination. Oat straw is good, palatable roughage and is also excellent bedding. With the introduction of multi-cut cultivars and new management technologies, the yield of fodder oats has gone up from 15-20 t/ha – 50-93 ha/ha. Non-legumes and legumes cropping can increase the condition of soil. So that farmers can be benefitted in subsequent cropping. Cost of production of livestock and its product can be lower down with better feeding practices of forage crops round the year.
Contribution of agriculture sector to national economy in Nepal
Authors: Adhikari Santosh
Published: May 2018

Agriculture is the mainstay of majority of Nepalese people which provides employment, foods and shelter. However, the investment in agriculture in not encouraging, received only about 3 percent of total government outlays during 2002 to 2014. In the study, Gross Domestic Product was regressed with Domestic Savings, Government Expenditure on Agriculture and Foreign Direct Investment on Agriculture with the data from FY 2002/03 to 2014/15. Regression reveals the degree of association among these variables is significant at 5 % level of significance (R=0.991, P=0.005<0.05). The analysis showed that the contribution of Government Expenditure on Agriculture to Gross Domestic Product was found significant whereas the Domestic Savings and Foreign Direct Investment on Agriculture were found insignificant. The compound annual growth rate of Government’s expenditure was found slightly lower than that of budget allocated to Ministry of Agricultural Development. In sum, the study concluded that the Government Expenditure on Agriculture is crucial for the national economy.
Tea pests and pesticide problems and integrated management
Authors: Shrestha Gita , Thapa Resham B
Published: May 2018

Tea is one of the most popular beverage and main cash crops of Nepal with a very high export potential. Its plantation has expanded over 19000 ha with production of nearly 21 million kg per annum providing employment opportunity to 12000 farmers and many traders in Nepal. This plant suffers from more than 300 recognized pests, of which 25-30 insect pests occur regularly in poorly managed tea garden and some of them are major ones causing significant crop loss. Their recognition of field occurrence and incidence helps in devising management options to reduce crop loss. Therefore, a study was conducted to monitor insect pests, ascertain their nature of incidence and time of occurrence in tea garden in terai (Bhadrapur), foot-hill (Barne) and mid- hill (Kanyam) of eastern Nepal. Information was gathered by interacting with local tea gardeners, close observation in the field, collection of species and their identification in the laboratory, which showed that both terai and foot-hills with warmer climate harbored higher number of species than mid-hills. Their integrated management is essential for sustainable tea production.
Importance of Health Economics for Health Professionals in Nepal
Authors: Karki Denis
Published: May 2018

No abstract.Birat Journal of Health Sciences 2018, 3(1)5: 318-319.
Endoscopic Band Ligation in Patients with Variceal Bleeding
Authors: Belbase Narayan Prasad , Jalan Aditya , Upadhya Hari Prasad , Mishra Rohit , Karki Mukesh , Kumar Sujit
Published: May 2018

Introduction: Esophageal varices (EV) affect about 50% of patients with liver cirrhosis. Mortality rate from the initial EV bleeding can rise up to 30% in patients with advanced liver disease and large varices. Several RCTs have shown endoscopic variceal banding to be more effective than sclerotherapy for the long-term prevention of variceal bleeding.Objective: This study was conducted to see the outcome of endoscopic banding in the management of esophageal varices in Nepalese population.Methodology: This was a prospective observational study conducted in the Department of Surgical Gastroenterology, College of Medical Sciences and Teaching Hospital (COMS-TH), Bharatpur, Nepal over a period of 2 years. Patients attending the COMS emergency/surgical OPD with history of UGI bleed with features consistent with portal hypertension during this period were enrolled. The endoscopic variceal band ligation was done based on similar principles applied to Barren and ligation in the treatment of internal haemorrhoids.Results During this period of two years 50 patients were analysed. The mean age of the study subjects was 52.26+/-12.80 years and male predominance was seen (M:F=42:8). Alcoholic chronic liver disease (CLD) (74%) was the most common cause of portal hypertension. Child's B score was seen among 54%, grade III varices were seen in 36% and grade II in 32%. Acute bleeding of varices was present in nine (18%) cases. On an average 3.8 sessions were required to obliterate the varices. Control of acute bleed and variceal eradication was seen in 77.78% cases and in 96% cases respectively. Complications following banding were seen in 20% cases. Mortality was seen in two (4%) cases.Conclusions: Alcoholic cirrhosis was the most common cause of portal hypertension and endoscopic banding of oesophageal varices in Nepalese population had comparable eradications, complications and recurrences with similar other studies conducted in other parts of the world. BJHS 2018;3(1)5 : 320-324
Correlates of Depression Among Elderly Population Residing in a Community in Eastern Nepal
Authors: Sharma Khem Raj , Yadav Birendra Kumar , Battachan Meika
Published: May 2018

Introduction: With an increase in life expectancy, demographic transition has led to sharp rise in number of elderly population. The elderly population growth rate per year has always been more than the total population growth rate, signifying the start of the ageing dynamics in Nepal. Mental health is a neglected health problem of the elderly in Nepal, with depression topping the list. This needs to be addressed in the national programs for the elderly to bring about an overall improvement in their health status.Objectives: This study was conducted with objectives to identify the prevalence of depression and factors associated with it in an urban municipality of eastern Nepal.Methodology: A community based cross-sectional study was conducted using the Geriatric Depression Scale- Short Form (GDS-SF) with 15 questions to screen for depression with a cutoff of 4/5. Door to door visit was done for data collection and face to face interviews were conducted. Pearson's Chi-square was used and Odds Ratio (OR) with confidence limits was calculated for inferential statistics. Logistic regression analysis was performed for all independent variables significantly associated in the bivariate analysis.Results: Among the 353 study subjects interviewed, depression was identified in 65.2% by GDS-SF. Regression Model showed that age more than 70 years, being in the lower class of Kuppuswamy Socioeconomic scale and elderly who were not satisfied with the respect given by their community had more odds of being depressed.Conclusion: Prevalence of depression among elderly was found to be very high in this study which was significantly associated with older age, low socio-economic status and perceived lack of respect from the community. BJHS 2018;3(1)5 : 325-330
Outcome of Paediatric Cataract Surgery at Tilganga Institute of Ophthalmology, Nepal
Authors: Gurung Rajya Laxmi , Adhikari Srijana , Shrestha Ujjowala Devi , Ruit Sanduk
Published: May 2018

Introduction: Paediatric cataract and aphakia are still a major cause of childhood blindness in developing world due to lack of advanced technology. In developing countries like Nepal, many children still present late due to lack of awareness and financial constraints.Objectives: The objective of this study was to determine the outcome of paediatric cataract surgery in a tertiary eye care centre in Nepal.Methodology: A hospital based prospective, observational study taking 42 patients (77 eyes) aged ≦15 years diagnosed with paediatric cataract were enrolled during a period of 1 year ( Jan 2011 - Jan 2012) at Tilganga Institute of Ophthalmology, Kathmandu, Nepal. The patients underwent either: a) Lens aspiration + Primary posterior capsulotomy (PPC) + Anterior Vitrectomy; b) Lens aspiration + PPC+ Anterior Vitrectomy + Intra-ocular lens (IOL); c) Lens Aspiration + IOL. Post-operatively optical ± amblyopia correction. Statistical analysis was carried out by using STATA 9.0. The association of changes in the vision of eyes before and after surgery was analyzed by using generalization of McNemar's test (Stuart-Maxwell test). A pvalue of < 0.05 was considered for the statistical significance. Institutional Ethics Board approval was obtained from the institutional review committee (IRC) of National Academy Medical Sciences ( NAMS ).Results: Mean age of patients was 4.46 yrs ± 4.32(SD), range from (15 days -12 yrs); Male : Female: 22 (52%)/20 (48%); 35 (83%) patients had bilateral cataract and 7(17%) had unilateral cataract. Morphologically, the most common type of cataract was total cataract (27/32%). Post-operatively, a statistically significant improvement in vision was there in all the eyes ( p value : < 0.0001) . Visual axis opacification was the most common post- operative complication seen in 20(26% ) of total eyes by the end of 6 months.Conclusion: Good visual outcome in paediatric cataract surgery can be obtained in developing countries like Nepal with minimal intra and post-op complications. BJHS 2018;3(1)5 : 331-337
Induction of Labor in Post Dated Pregnancy with Intra-cervical Foley Catheter in Antenatal Ward
Authors: Dixit Baburam , Manandhar Tara , Sitaula Sarita , Basnet Tulasa
Published: May 2018

Introduction: Induction of labor is one of the commonest obstetric procedures done these days with the aim of normal vaginal delivery. Among the different methods, transcervical Foley catheter is one of them used with great success and less complications.Objective: This study assesses the effect of intra-cervical Foley catheter in induction of labor in post dated pregnancy.Methodology: This was a descriptive observational study. Patients admitted in antenatal ward of BP Koirala Institute of Health Sciences (BPKIHS) with period of gestation (POG) ≥ 41 weeks without any complications were taken. Patients were induced either with Foley catheter or directly with misoprostol. Patients induced with Foley catheter were included in the study. Sixteen French Gauge Foley catheter was inserted intracervically and bulb was inflated with 40- 60 ml of distilled water and observed for 24 hours. If patient didn't go into labor after 24 hours with or without Foley expulsion, patient was reassessed and prostaglandin was used for further induction. Structured Pro forma was used for data collection and collected data was analyzed using SPSS software 11.5.Results: During the study period 353 patients were induced with intracervical Foley catheter. Among them 97(27.48%) went to labor and 256 (72.52%) needed further prostaglandin. Among 97 patients who went to labor 80 had normal vaginal delivery, 16 underwent cesarean section and one patient had vacuum assisted vaginal delivery. There were nine patients who had delivered baby with meconium stained liquor. Four patients had postpartum hemorrhage and two patients had intrapartum fever. None of the patients had hyper stimulation syndrome but one patient had still birth.Conclusion: Intracervical Foley catheter is one of the options to induce the patient in postdatism for priming the cervix to increase the rate of normal vaginal delivery with less complications.BJHS 2018;3(1)5 : 338-341
Echocardiographic Findings in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Patients
Authors: Khatri Devendra , Karki Parag , Shrestha Dhan Bahadur , Khatri Rishi , Thapa Raj Kumar , Panta Chiranjibi , Budhathoki Lee
Published: May 2018

Introduction: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is parenchymal lung disease with systemic effects and hemodynamic alteration more so in pulmonary circulation. In COPD, right ventricular (RV) after load increases due to structural and mechanical changes in the pulmonary vascular bed leading to increase in pulmonary arterial pressure which also leads to alteration in structure and function of RV. In COPD, congestive cardiac failure and ventricular dysfunction may coexist and demands proper assessment and management of dual condition.Objectives: This study was aimed to study the effect of COPD in cardiac anatomical and functional parameters in COPD patients in Shree Birendra Hospital.Methodology: This study was a retrospective review of hospital data on echocardiographic findings in 86 COPD patients visiting the outpatient department (OPD) in six months from June 2016 to December 2016. Available data was entered, edited and analyzed using Statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 22.Results: Among 86 cases studied, 43% had dilated RA and 41% with dilated RV, 24% with dilated LA and dilated LV in 22%. Normal pulmonary artery pressure was present in 41 (48%) cases and 45(52 %) individuals were having PAH. Among valvular disorder tricuspid regurgitation was commonest (50%). Left ventricle abnormalities like dilated left ventricles, LVDD, concentric ventricular hypertrophy, LVSD were also presented in significant number of COPD patients counting 22%, 37%, 7%, 30% respectively. Among the various factors analyzed in echocardiogram; there was significant association between the PAH with right atrial dilatation, right ventricular dilatation, left atrial dilatation, LVDD, tricuspid regurgitation (p<0.05) while rest of the parameters were not statistically significant association.Conclusion: COPD in most instances associated with some form of cardiac abnormalities like PAH, LVDD, LVSD, TR, dilated cardiac chambers so echocardiographic evaluation in timely basis has pivotal role in COPD cases to detect hemodynamic and mechanical alterations. BJHS 2018;3(1)5 : 342-345
Tranexamic Acid in Patients with Green Snake Bite in Western Region of Nepal
Authors: Sapkota Subash , Acharya Ramesh Raj , Paudel Navaraj
Published: May 2018

Introduction: Green snakes found in hilly areas of Nepal cause significant morbidity in form of local swelling and bleeding manifestations. Polyvalent antivenoms are not indicated for the treatment. Specific management protocols are not endorsed for its bite. Conventionally, vitamin K and fresh frozen plasma are used to correct deranged coagulation in green snake bite.Objectives: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of addition of tranexamic acid to the conventional method in green snake bite in western region of Nepal.Methodology: A hospital based, prospective comparative cross-sectional study was conducted at Department Medicine Manipal Teaching Hospital, Pokhara, Nepal from April 2014 to October 2017. It included 110 patients aged 15 to 76 years of both genders with confirmed history of green snake bite. Participants were alternately randomized into two groups; conventional group, tranexamic acid group. Duration of hospital stay was considered the primary outcome measure for this study while INR levels were considered the secondary outcome measure. Data were collected in a preformed pro forma and analyzed using SPSS version 16.0. Differences were considered significant if p-value is < 0.05.Results: The age (mean: 35.41; SD=17.23) of the study population ranged from 15 -76 years. The median duration of hospital stay in conventional group was 8 days (Inter Quartile Range = 7 to 8) and in tranexamic acid group was 6 days (Inter Quartile Range: 5 to 6). Mean INR was statistically significantly different at day 5 and day 6 in favor of tranexamic acid group (p<0.001)Conclusion: Treatment with tranexamic acid reduced the median duration of hospital stay by two days. Statistically significant differences in mean International Normalized Ratio levels were seen at day 5 and 6 of hospitalization (p<0.001). BJHS 2018;3(1)5 : 346-349
Study of Protein/creatinine Ratio in Preeclampsia as an Alternative to 24 Hours Urine Protein in Manipal Teaching Hospital of Nepal
Authors: Shrestha Pravin
Published: May 2018

Introduction: Hypertensive disorder in pregnancy complicates around 5 to 10% of all pregnancies. It is one of the leading causes of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. Measurement of protein excretion by 24 -hour urine protein collection is gold standard but as it is time consuming, an alternative method like random urine protein/creatinine ratio is required.Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the diagnostic accuracy of urine protein/ creatinine ratio compared with 24-hour urine protein as an alternative method for evaluating proteinuria in preeclampsia.Methodology: Patients with preeclampsia after 20 weeks of gestation were included in the study. Random urine protein/ creatinine ratio and 24-hour urine for protein was collected and evaluated for proteinuria. Results were entered and analysis was done.Results: Fisher's exact test depicted a positive association between UPCR with 24-hour urine protein, p value being less than 0.05. The area under curve was calculated as 0.87 95% CI (0.74-1.01), which was statistically significant. At cut off point of 0.3, sensitivity was 100%, specificity 90%, positive and negative predictive value 97.2% and 100% respectively.Conclusion: Random urine protein/ creatinine ratio (>0.3) is a reliable indicator of proteinuria >300mg/day. It can be used as an alternative to 24-hour protein estimation. BJHS 2018;3(1)5 : 350-353
Correlation of Clinical Presentations with Endometrial Pathologies in Women Presenting with Abnormal Uterine Bleeding. A Prospective Descriptive Study
Authors: Basnet Pritha , Thakur Achala , Agrawal Ajay , Bhandari Sangeeta , Sitaula Sarita , Karki Smriti
Published: May 2018

Introduction: Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) is one of the common presenting symptoms in women attending gynaecology outpatient department and has remained one of the most frequent indications for hysterectomy in developing countries. Endometrial sampling is used as the first diagnostic step in AUB.Objectives: To correlate the clinical presentations with endometrial pathologies in women presenting with abnormal uterine bleeding.Methodology: This was a hospital based descriptive study carried out on one hundred and nineteen women who presented with AUB and planned for endometrial biopsy. Clinical profile of the patient was recorded and the histopathology of the sampled endometrial tissue was retrieved. Correlation of abnormal uterine bleeding with histopathology report was done using appropriate statistical test.Results: The mean age of presentation of women with abnormal uterine bleeding was 46.56 yrs ± 9.525. Irregular menstrual cycle was the commonest reason seeking treatment for AUB. The commonest histopathology among women who underwent endometrial biopsy was secretory endometrium (39.5%). Other causes identified were proliferative endometrium (21.8%), mucus flakes with hemorrhage (16%), disordered proliferative endometrium (10%), pill endometrium (5%) ,endometritis (5.9%), endometrial carcinoma (1.7%),endometrial hyperplasia without atypia (1.7%).Conclusion: The nature of endometrial pathology is varied across the entire spectrum of women presenting with abnormal uterine bleeding. Knowledge of endometrial pathology helps in directing specific management and can provide better care to women presenting with abnormal uterine bleeding. BJHS 2018;3(1)5 : 354-356
Study of Optic Nerve Sheath Diameter in Normal Nepalese Adults Using Ultrasound
Authors: KC Bidur , Thapa Amit
Published: May 2018

Introduction: Though invasive intracranial devices are gold standard to calculate intracranial pressure (ICP); these are not without any complications. Non-invasive measurement of ICP by Ultrasonography could be a safe and portable technique.Objectives: The objective of the study was to measure and compare values of optic nerve sheath diameter of both eyes in healthy Nepalese adults.Methodology: A prospective cross-sectional study of healthy adult Nepalese volunteers was performed using a 7.5 MHz linear Ultrasound probe on the closed eyelids; optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) was measured 3 mm behind the globe in each eye.Results: Optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) of both eyes was measured in 100 healthy volunteers of age ranged from 15 to 75 years with a mean of 30.21 ± 14.05 years. There were 18 (18%) male and 82 (82%) female. ONSD for right eye ranged from 3.20 to 4.90 mm with mean of 4.10 ± 0.50 mm and left eye from 3.20 to 4.80 mm with mean of 4.22 ± 0.49 mm. P value for right and left eye ONSD (P = 0.06) and male and female (P = 0.12 and 0.85 for right and left ONSD respectively) were within normal limits. ONSD has no correlation with age (P = 0.27 and 0.27 for right and left ONSD respectively).Conclusion Mean of optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) is 4.10mm and 4.22 mm for right and left eye respectively. There is no statistical significant difference in mean of ONSD between right and left eye. BJHS 2018;3(1)5 : 357-360
Profile of Acute Coronary Syndrome In Young People: A Hospital Based Observational Study in Western Nepal
Authors: Paudel Navaraj , Alurkar Vijay Madhab , Jha Girija Shankar , Kafle Ramchandra , Sapkota Subash , Lamsal Lekhnath
Published: May 2018

Introduction: Acute coronary syndrome is associated with high mortality and morbidity. The incidence of acute coronary events in young is increasing.Objectives: This study aimed at evaluating the profile of acute coronary syndrome in young people in the western part of Nepal.Methodology: A retrospective study was designed. All patients admitted for acute coronary syndromes were taken and data of acute coronary syndrome involving patients aged less than 45 years from April 2015 through December 2017 were collected in a pre-structured proforma and analyzed.Results: There were 712 (489 males and 223 females with M:F=2.19:1) acute coronary syndrome patients admitted during the study period. Only 79 (12.9%) patients were patients <45 years of age. Commonest risk factor of acute coronary syndrome was smoking (69%) followed by dyslipidemia (46.8%), hypertension (45.5%) and diabetes (14%). Out of 79 patients of young acute coronary syndrome, 37 (46.8%) presented with ST elevated myocardial infarction, 16 (20.2%) with non-ST elevated myocardial infarction and 26 (32.9%) with unstable angina. Most common finding in coronary angiography was single vessel disease (35%) –left anterior descending artery being the commonest (53% of single vessel disease), double vessel disease (17.7%), non-critical coronary artery disease (16.4%), triple vessel disease (7.6%) and left main (1.2%). Myocardial bridging was seen in 1.2% and 20% had normal coronaries. Comparison of males and females in different categories of acute coronary showed that males predominate significantly in ST elevated myocardial infarction (odds ratio: 2.99; p=0.03) but there was no significant difference between the males and females presenting either with Non ST elevated myocardial infarction or unstable angina.Conclusion: Acute coronary syndrome in young people was common (12.9%) particularly males with Non ST elevated myocardial infarction. Smoking was the commonest risk factor. Public awareness regarding stoppage of cigarette smoking should be focused to prevent such events especially in the young population. BJHS 2018;3(1)5 : 361-365