bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reconstitución inmune exitosa mediante trasplante de células madre hematopoyéticas en un paciente colombiano afectado con enfermedad granulomatosa crónica
Authors: Rocha Yermis Carolina , López Juan Álvaro , Orrego Julio Cesar , Coll Yadira , Karduss Amado , Rosenzweig Sergio , Franco José Luis
Published: June 2016

Introducción. La enfermedad granulomatosa crónica es una inmunodeficiencia primaria causada por mutaciones en los genes que codifican para las proteínas del sistema de la oxidasa de NADPH (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate) de las células fagocíticas, las cuales afectan la producción de especies reactivas del oxígeno y la actividad microbicida. Actualmente, la única terapia curativa para esta enfermedad es la reconstitución inmune mediante el trasplante de células madre hematopoyéticas.
Objetivo. Reportar la caracterización clínica y molecular de un paciente con enfermedad granulomatosa crónica ligada al cromosoma X y su reconstitución inmunitaria exitosa mediante el trasplante de células madre hematopoyéticas.
Materiales y métodos. El estallido respiratorio en neutrófilos de sangre periférica se midió por citometría de flujo mediante la prueba de oxidación de la dihidrorrodamina 123 (DHR 123). El análisis de las mutaciones del gen CYBB se hizo mediante reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) en el ADN complementario y la secuenciación e hibridación genómica comparativa en el ADN genómico. En el trasplante se emplearon células madre del hermano menor con HLA idéntico, y previamente se hizo un acondicionamiento de intensidad reducida. La reconstitución inmunitaria después del trasplante se evaluó periódicamente con hemoleucogramas y la prueba DHR 123 en neutrófilos de sangre periférica.
Resultados. El diagnóstico de la enfermedad granulomatosa crónica ligada al cromosoma X se estableció como resultado de una deleción hemicigota en la banda Xp21.1 que implicó la deleción completa del CYBB. La toma de injerto postrasplante para plaquetas y neutrófilos fue en los días 10 y 11, respectivamente. En el día 30 después del trasplante se logró la reconstitución hematológica completa y en los tres años siguientes no se observaron complicaciones ni infecciones.
Conclusión. El trasplante de células madre hematopoyéticas permite la reconstitución completa de la función inmunitaria relacionada con la actividad microbicida de las células fagocíticas de pacientes con enfermedad granulomatosa crónica ligada al cromosoma X.
Pérdida de seguimiento y factores asociados en pacientes inscritos en el programa de HIV/sida del Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Colombia, 2012-2013
Authors: Támara-Ramírez José Roberto , Álvarez Carlos Arturo , Rodríguez Jesús
Published: June 2016

Introducción. El seguimiento clínico regular a largo plazo, es un componente importante en la atención de los pacientes con HIV.
Objetivo. Describir las razones de la pérdida de seguimiento de los pacientes inscritos en el programa de HIV/sida de un hospital universitario.
Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un estudio de casos y controles anidado en una cohorte retrospectiva, entre el 1º de enero de 2012 y el 31 de julio de 2013.
Resultados. Se seleccionaron 45 pacientes; la tasa de densidad de incidencia de los pacientes que se perdieron en el seguimiento fue de 17,7 por 100 pacientes por año. En el análisis bivariado, el desempleo (p=0,000), el consumo de alcohol (p=0,004), el tiempo de la evolución de la enfermedad en años (p=0,032), el sexo (p=0,027), y la edad promedio de 34 años (p=0,000) fueron estadísticamente significativos en relación con la pérdida de seguimiento. Al hacer el ajuste por regresión logística para la probabilidad de pérdida de seguimiento, se evidenció que las variables de edad promedio de 34 años (p=0,019; IC95% 0,871-0,976), sexo femenino (p=0,017; IC95% 1,903-31,83), consumo de alcohol (p=0,028; IC95% 0,040-0,830) y desempleo (p=0,001; IC95% 4,696-464,692) tuvieron significación estadística.
Conclusiones. Es necesario que los programas de HIV/sida establezcan sistemas de seguimiento y rastreo, con el fin de establecer estrategias para mejorar la retención de los pacientes y, por ende, su calidad de vida a largo plazo.
Eritema necrolítico migratorio y glucagonoma pancreático
Authors: Rodríguez Gerzaín , Vargas Elga , Abaúnza Claudia , Cáceres Sergio
Published: June 2016

El eritema necrolítico migratorio es una dermatosis paraneoplásica infrecuente que puede ser la primera manifestación clínica del glucagonoma, el cual se caracteriza por erupción mucocutánea, intolerancia a la glucosa, hipoaminoacidemia, hiperglucagonemia y glucagonoma pancreático.
Se presenta el caso clínico de una mujer de 45 años que presentó pérdida de peso, polidipsia, polifagia, vómito posprandial, caída abundante del cabello y dolor abdominal de dos meses de evolución. Tenía, además, placas eritematosas, descamativas y migratorias en tronco, periné, codos, manos, pies, pliegues submamarios y antecubitales de 20 días de evolución.
En la biopsia de piel se observaron células epidérmicas altas con cambio vacuolar notorio, extensa necrosis y delgada capa córnea ortoqueratósica, hallazgos interpretados como eritema necrolítico migratorio.
Se sugirió investigar un glucagonoma pancreático. En los exámenes de laboratorio se encontró anemia moderada, hiperglucemia e importante hiperglucagonemia. La ecografía abdominal reveló una masa de 6 x 5 x 5 cm en la cola pancreática, la cual fue resecada. El diagnóstico histopatológico fue de glucagonoma confirmado por inmunohistoquímica. Los síntomas cutáneos desaparecieron a los 10 días de la resección tumoral.
Se concluye que los cambios histológicos observados pueden ser claves en la búsqueda de una enfermedad distante de la piel y permiten hacer su diagnóstico. El patrón histológico de vacuolización y necrosis epidérmica subcórnea debe llevar a sospechar la presencia de un glucagonoma pancreático.
Síndrome de Li-Fraumeni
Authors: Ossa Carlos Andrés , Molina Gustavo , Cock-Rada Alicia María
Published: June 2016

El síndrome de Li-Fraumeni se caracteriza por la aparición de tumores en múltiples órganos, generalmente a temprana edad. Esta condición hereditaria es causada por mutaciones germinales en el gen TP53, que codifica el gen supresor tumoral p53.
Se presenta el caso de una paciente de 31 años con diagnóstico clínico y molecular de síndrome de Li-Fraumeni, que presentó dos tumores sincrónicos a los 31 años: un leiomiosarcoma de antebrazo y un tumor filoides de mama.
Tenía el antecedente de un hijo con diagnóstico de carcinoma cortical suprarrenal a los tres años, que falleció a los cinco años debido a la enfermedad. Además, su abuela y su bisabuela maternas habían fallecido de cáncer gástrico a los 56 y 60 años, respectivamente, y la madre y una hermana de su abuelo materno presentaron cáncer de mama pasados los 60 y los 40 años de edad, respectivamente.
Después de una asesoría genética, se ordenó hacer la secuenciación completa y el análisis de duplicaciones y deleciones en el gen TP53. El estudio molecular en una muestra de ADN proveniente de linfocitos de sangre periférica reveló la mutación germinal c.527G>T (p.Cys176Phe) en el exón 5 del gen, mutación deletérea descrita anteriormente en tejidos tumorales. Hasta donde se sabe, este es el primer caso que se publica en Colombia de síndrome de Li-Fraumeni con diagnóstico molecular confirmado.
El diagnóstico y el manejo del síndrome de Li-Fraumeni deben estar a cargo de un equipo multidisciplinario, y debe contarse con asesoría genética para el paciente y sus familiares.
Virus de la influenza
Authors: Rivera Jorge , Neira Marcela , Sarmiento Ladys , Parra Edgar , Caldas María Leonor
Published: June 2016

El virus de la influenza es un importante agente patógeno humano que causa infecciones respira-torias y una considerable morbimortalidad anual a nivel mundial. El virus puede circular esporádicamente durante brotes locales como parte de una epidemia estacional o puede generar una pandemia mundial.
Preserving and vouchering butterflies and moths for large-scale museum-based molecular research
Authors: Cho Soowon , Epstein Samantha W. , Mitter Kim , Hamilton Chris A. , Plotkin David , Mitter Charles , Kawahara Akito Y.
Published: June 2016

Butterflies and moths (Lepidoptera) comprise significant portions of the world’s natural history collections, but a standardized tissue preservation protocol for molecular research is largely lacking. Lepidoptera have traditionally been spread on mounting boards to display wing patterns and colors, which are often important for species identification. Many molecular phylogenetic studies have used legs from pinned specimens as the primary source for DNA in order to preserve a morphological voucher, but the amount of available tissue is often limited. Preserving an entire specimen in a cryogenic freezer is ideal for DNA preservation, but without an easily accessible voucher it can make specimen identification, verification, and morphological work difficult. Here we present a procedure that creates accessible and easily visualized “wing vouchers” of individual Lepidoptera specimens, and preserves the remainder of the insect in a cryogenic freezer for molecular research. Wings are preserved in protective holders so that both dorsal and ventral patterns and colors can be easily viewed without further damage. Our wing vouchering system has been implemented at the University of Maryland (AToL Lep Collection) and the University of Florida (Florida Museum of Natural History, McGuire Center of Lepidoptera and Biodiversity), which are among two of the largest Lepidoptera molecular collections in the world.
Second‐Trimester 3‐Dimensional Placental Sonography as a Predictor of Small‐for‐Gestational‐Age Birth Weight
Authors: Quant Hayley S. , Sammel Mary D. , Parry Samuel , Schwartz Nadav
Published: June 2016

Objectives

We previously reported the association between first‐trimester 3‐dimensional (3D) placental measurements and small‐for‐gestational‐age (SGA) neonates. In this study, we sought to determine whether second‐trimester measurements further contribute to the antenatal detection of SGA and preeclampsia.

Methods

We prospectively collected 3D sonographic volume sets and uterine artery pulsatility indices of singleton pregnancies at 18 to 24 weeks. Placental volume, placental quotient (placental volume/gestational age), mean placental diameter and chorionic diameter, placental morphologic index (mean placental diameter/placental quotient), placental chorionic index (mean chorionic diameter/placental quotient), and placental growth (volume per week) were assessed and evaluated as predictors of SGA and preeclampsia as a composite and alone.

Results

Of 373 pregnancies, the composite outcome occurred in 67 (18.0%): 36 (9.7%) manifested SGA alone; 27 (7.2%) developed preeclampsia alone, and 4 (1.1%) developed both. The placental volume, placental quotient, mean placental diameter, mean chorionic diameter, and volume per week were significantly smaller, whereas the placental morphologic index and chorionic index were significantly larger in pregnancies with the composite outcome (P < .01). Further analyses revealed that the significant associations with placental parameters were limited to the SGA outcome. Each placental measure remained significantly associated with SGA after adjusting for confounders. The mean uterine artery pulsatility index was not associated with either outcome. Placental parameters were moderately predictive of SGA, with adjusted areas under the curve ranging from 0.72 to 0.76. Sensitivity for detection of SGA ranged from 32.5% to 45.0%, with positive predictive values ranging from 17.3% to 22.7%.

Conclusions

Second‐trimester 3D placental measurements can identify pregnancies at risk of SGA. However, there appears to be no significant improvement compared to those obtained in the first trimester.
TEACHING BEYOND SOCRATES: AN EXPERIMENT WITH ICTS FOR AN UNDERGRADUATE COURSE OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION AT A UNIVERSITY IN SOUTHERN BRAZIL
Authors: Villar Eduardo Guedes , Vilvert Alex Sandro Steinheuser , Domingues Maria Jose Carvalho de Souza
Published: June 2016

This research examined the influence of multimedia presentations on content retention and satisfaction of business administration students when subjected to different didactic standards. For this study we used experimental procedures with 147 undergraduate students of Business Administration at a university in southern Brazil. As for the retention of the contents, statistical differences were found between the experimental groups; classes with dynamic slides showed better results. As for the influences of teaching tools in students' satisfaction, the survey indicated that dynamic slides facilitate the logical and rational development of the discipline and raise students' motivation. Traditional slides, in turn, can disperse the interest of the student and suppress attention to the teacher.
Interorganizational Relationships Networks in Internationalization Process of Exporting Companies
Authors: Verdu Fabiane Cortez , Reinert Mauricio
Published: June 2016

This research aimed to characterize the interorganizational network of exporting companies in Maringá (PR). Social Network perspective is used to discuss the interorganizational relationship through concepts such as centrality, strong and weak ties, social embeddedness, embedded ties and arms-length ties. The population was 47 and the questionnaires were applied in 31 exporting companies, 66% of the population. When dealing with their relationships with organizations, the exporting companies concentrate their relationships on the value chain (buyers and suppliers). These relationships tend to be embedded and frequent, where each company plays only one role in relation to the other. Even though only four exporting companies cited theirs competitors as organizations with which they keep a more frequent contact, there is evidence of the existence of coopetition in these relationships. Eight exporting companies mentioned trade associations and companies formed by competitors as institutions with which they keep frequent contact, that is, these companies keep contact with competitors through institutions (evidence of the existence of coopetition). Limitations: The number of companies in the sample limits the statistical analysis. In trying to mitigate this problem, all the questionnaires were applied in loco assuring that the respondents were the correct informants. The number of variables in the ANOVA – GLM was limited to two, trying to keep the statistical power. As research suggestion, the population should be expanded. The role of institutions should be analyzed in depth, especially of the Mercosul Institute and the Banco do Brasil. The role of institution in the coopetition should be analyzed.
A utilização do conhecimento biogeográfico auxiliando atingir os objetivos colocados pela UNESCO no ano de 2010 – Ano Internacional da Biodiversidade.DOI: 10.7902/ecb.v2i1.24
Authors: Alves Rafael De Souza , De Souza Patrick Oliveira , Alves Adriano De Souza , Ribeiro Filho Oswaldo Pinto , Padovani Michele Tidisco
Published: June 2016

Diariamente, somos noticiados sobre a importância de preservar o meio ambiente, de utilizar os recursos naturais de forma sustentável, de lutarmos pela biodiversidade, tudo para garantirmos a manutenção da qualidade de vida mundial. A UNESCO no ano de 2010 celebrou o Ano Internacional da Biodiversidade, apontando objetivos que visaram preservar e conservar toda diversidade ecológica existente. Dessa forma, o presente texto tem o propósito de apresentar contribuição da ciência biogeográfica no alcance dos objetivos colocados pela UNESCO, dialogando com diversos autores do conhecimento geográfico, biológico e áreas afins.
Diversidade cariotípica de piranha vermelha (“Pygocentrus nattereri”) (Characiformes, Characidae), rio Salobo, bacia do Araguaia, Pará, Brasil. DOI: 10.7902/ecb.v2i1.32
Authors: Santana Mariana Passos , Giongo Patrícia , Travenzoli Natália Martins , Walker Nicholas Jacob , Sampaio Wagner Martins Santana
Published: June 2016

Serrasalmideos são peixes conhecidos por pacus e piranhas, incluindo cerca de 80 espécies e 15 gêneros. Os gêneros estão representados na bacia Amazônica, Paraná-Paraguia e São Francisco. O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar análises cariotípicas e definir a localização dos sítios de NORs, em espécimes de piranha vermelha Pygocentrus nattereri. Foram analisados dez indivíduos de P. nattereri coletados no rio Salobo, bacia do Araguaia, no município de Rio Maria, Pará-Brasil. Os espécimes foram submetidos às técnicas de obtenção de cromossomos mitóticos metafásicos a partir de células do rim anterior e as NORs obtidas pela impregnação com nitrato de prata. O registro fotográfico feito em microscópio Olympus BX60, as fotos processadas em Adobe Photoshop CS2 e as metáfases montadas no Image-Pro Plus®. Os espécimes apresentaram 2n=60 e a fórmula cromossômica 14m+22sm+14st+10a, com NF=100. Os resultados cariotípicos e de NORs múltiplas estão dentro da variação esperada para a família, gênero e espécies.
Caracterização micorrízica de "Oeceoclades maculata" (LINDL.) LINDL. e utilização de seus simbiontes fúngicos na germinação e produção de mudas de orquídeas nativas da região do Alto Paranaíba – MG. DOI: 10.7902/ecb.v3i1.6
Authors: Pessoa Herika Paula , Teixeira Anita Fernanda dos Santos , Miranda Letícia , Pereira Marlon Correa
Published: June 2016

Oeceoclades maculata (Lindl.) Lindl. pertence à família Orchidaceae e, como as demais plantas dessa família, necessita da interação com fungos micorrízicos para que a germinação de suas sementes ocorra na natureza. Várias populações de O. maculata foram encontradas no município de Rio Paranaíba, o qual está inserido no bioma do Cerrado. Não há relatos de estudos da associação micorrízica para plantas deste bioma. Este trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar a associação micorrízica de O. maculata a partir do isolamento, caracterização morfológica e identificação dos fungos micorrízicos associados a seu sistema radicular e testar a compatibilidade dos isolados na germinação de Cattleya walkeriana Gardner, Dendrobium nobile Lindl., O. maculatta e Sophronitis cernua Lindl., orquídeas encontradas no Cerrado. Isolou-se 44 fungos, que foram organizados em nove morfotipos e identificados como Fusarium sp., Rhizoctonia-like e Basideomicetes. Alguns destes fungos se mostraram eficientes na germinação, podendo ser utilizados na produção de mudas destas plantas.
ESTADO DA ARTE DO CONHECIMENTO DE ARACHNIDA
Authors: Tourinho Ana Lúcia , Kury Adriano
Published: June 2016

Nos últimos dois séculos o avanço do conhecimento da diversidade em Arachnida tem ocorrido numa velocidade grande, principalmente no que diz respeito ao Brasil. Isso ocorreu devido ao aumento considerável no número de especialistas formados e ativos nos campos da taxonomia, sistemática, biogeografia e ecologia de Arachnida. Neste artigo, traçamos uma breve resumo da trajetória histórica da aracnologia no Mundo e no Brasil, e apontamos o estado atual do nosso conhecimento da fauna no Mundo e no Brasil, além de abordamos os desafios principais para o futuro.
EFEITO DA ASSOCIAÇÃO MICORRÍZICA E DE FATORES ABIÓTICOS SOBRE O DESENVOLVIMENTO E A DISTRIBUIÇÃO DE Oeceoclades maculata (Lindl.) Lindl. EM SUB-BOSQUE DE ABACATEIROS.
Authors: Teixeira Anita Fernanda Dos Santos , Pessoa Herika Paula , Miranda Letícia , Resende Paulo Henrique , Pereira Marlon Corrêa
Published: June 2016

Orchidaceae é uma das maiores famílias botânicas entre as angiospermas e pelo menos 121 gêneros dessa ocorrem no bioma de Cerrado. Oeceoclades maculata (Lindl.) Lindl se desenvolvem em diferentes ambientes e estudos sobre essa são importantes para entendimento de ecologia dessa espécie. Esse trabalho objetivou estudar efeitos da associação micorrízica e fatores abióticos sobre desenvolvimento e distribuição de O. maculata em sub-bosque de abacateiros. Foram isolados 44 fungos de raízes de O. maculata coletadas em três ambientes. Os nove morfotipos obtidos foram testados em experimentos de germinação simbiótica de sementes de O. maculata. Os morfotipos 1 e 5 mostraram maior eficiência em promover germinação. O talhão 18/1995 é o ambiente que mais propicia o desenvolvimento de O. maculata. Conclui-se que pelo menos nove fungos interagem simbioticamente com O. maculata e que no talhão 18/1995 há condições que propiciam um bom desenvolvimento dessa pelos fatores bióticos e abióticos.
Geochemical records from loess deposits in Japan over the last 210 kyr: Lithogenic source changes and paleoclimatic indications
Authors: Miyazaki Takashi , Kimura Jun‐Ichi , Katakuse Maiko
Published: June 2016

The generation, transport, and accumulation of tropospheric dust have changed with the paleoclimatic changes of the Quaternary period. Such dust has accumulated in Japan ∼3000 km leeward of the source deserts in China. We analyzed the fractions of windblown fine quartz and bulk major and trace elements, and Sr‐Nd‐Pb isotopic compositions of loess in SW Japan deposited over the past 210 kyr. The results indicated extensive accumulation of tropospheric dust mixed with tephra fragments derived from the nearby Daisen volcano. The accumulation rate of fine quartz and selected elemental/isotopic compositions can be used as climatic proxies that reflect greater accumulation of dust in times of colder climate. Chemical indices for weathering show enhanced effects of weathering during times of warmer climate. The trace element compositions of the loess deposits are surprisingly similar to those of the Chinese loess, hemipelagic sediments in the Sea of Japan and the western Pacific Ocean, and the distal Chinese dust found in Canada. This similarity indicates that the loess dust shares major fractions of these fine‐grained sediments and that geochemical fractionation during the transport was limited. The Sr‐Nd‐Pb isotope compositions of the SW Japan loess indicate an origin predominantly in the Gobi Desert. The high‐latitude Pacific sediments and high‐latitude dust in Canada also show the same signature. However, isotopic compositions of samples from the southern Chinese loess plateau and mid to low‐latitude Pacific sediments are largely derived from the Taklimakan desert, which indicates different delivery pathways of the tropospheric dusts.
Is frictional heating needed to cause dramatic weakening of nanoparticle gouge during seismic slip? Insights from friction experiments with variable thermal evolutions
Authors: Yao Lu , Ma Shengli , Niemeijer André R. , Shimamoto Toshihiko , Platt John D.
Published: June 2016

To examine whether faults can be lubricated by preexisting and newly formed nanoparticles, we perform high‐velocity friction experiments on periclase (MgO) nanoparticles and on bare surfaces of Carrara marble cylinders/slices, respectively. Variable temperature conditions were simulated by using host blocks of different thermal conductivities. When temperature rises are relatively low, we observe high friction in nano‐MgO tests and unexpected slip strengthening following initial weakening in marble slice tests, suggesting that the dominant weakening mechanisms are of thermal origin. Solely the rolling of nanoparticles without significant temperature rise is insufficient to cause dynamic fault weakening. For nano‐MgO experiments, comprehensive investigations suggest that flash heating is the most likely weakening mechanism. In marble experiments, flash heating controls the unique evolutions of friction, and the competition between bulk temperature rise and wear‐induced changes of asperity contact numbers seems to strongly affect the efficiency of flash heating.
Deep time evidence for climate sensitivity increase with warming
Authors: Shaffer Gary , Huber Matthew , Rondanelli Roberto , Pepke Pedersen Jens Olaf
Published: June 2016

Future global warming from anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions will depend on climate feedbacks, the effect of which is expressed by climate sensitivity, the warming for a doubling of atmospheric CO2 content. It is not clear how feedbacks, sensitivity, and temperature will evolve in our warming world, but past warming events may provide insight. Here we employ paleoreconstructions and new climate‐carbon model simulations in a novel framework to explore a wide scenario range for the Paleocene‐Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) carbon release and global warming event 55.8 Ma ago, a possible future warming analogue. We obtain constrained estimates of CO2 and climate sensitivity before and during the PETM and of the PETM carbon input amount and nature. Sensitivity increased from 3.3–5.6 to 3.7–6.5 K (Kelvin) into the PETM. When taken together with Last Glacial Maximum and modern estimates, this result indicates climate sensitivity increase with global warming.
Metal Complexes with Oligo(Salen)‐Type Ligands
Authors: Akine Shigehisa
Published: June 2016

Various kinds of metal complexes having oligo(salen)‐type ligands have been designed, synthesized, and characterized. Convergent arrangement of two or more metallosalen units contributes to the programmed formation of multi‐metal structures. The oligo(salen) compounds are classified into three types: macrocyclic, acyclic (helical), and cage‐like systems. In the macrocyclic systems, the metalation of the salen moieties significantly enhances the guest ion binding in the cavity. This enables the controlled synthesis of homo‐ and heterometallic cluster‐like structures. In the acyclic systems, the metalation makes the ligand molecules adopt a helical conformation. These helical structures provided a new binding site, at which guest ions are recognized based on metal exchange protocol. The dynamic feature of the helical structures is utilized for stimuli‐responsive systems that can change the helicity upon binding with chemical species. Metal complexes obtained from cage‐like oligo(salen) ligands have a three‐dimensional cavity suitable for size‐selective guest recognition. The cooperative metal binding by taking advantage of the convergent oligo(salen) structures discussed in this chapter will be useful to achieve sophisticated responsive functions, which are based on the intrinsic properties and the dynamic structural conversions of the multimetallic core of the complexes.
Advances in Deposition of Transition‐Metal Oxides from Metal Enolates
Authors: Lang Heinrich , Adner David , Georgi Colin
Published: June 2016

This chapter is an update of part of a review published by our group elsewhere in Patai's Series; in addition, in this volume, chapters present the recent advances in the deposition of metals and oxides of main‐group metals and rare‐earth elements, all derived from metal enolates.

Metal oxides are essential as common inorganic crude materials, possessing a manifold portfolio of applications because of their singular physical and chemical properties. Metal oxides are formed by straight vaporization from metal oxide sources, by evaporation of metals in an oxidizing atmosphere, or via wet chemistry, for example, the sol‐gel process. Their industrial use includes protective coatings, electrical insulator materials, gate oxides, transparent conductors, piezoelectric materials, battery electrode materials, electrochromic devices, optical filters, laser‐active media, wide‐bandgap semiconductors, solar absorbers, and many others.
Adaptive observer for nonlinear fractional‐order systems
Authors: N'doye Ibrahima , Laleg‐Kirati Taous‐Meriem , Darouach Mohamed , Voos Holger
Published: June 2016

In this paper, an adaptive observer is proposed for the joint estimation of states and parameters of a fractional nonlinear system with external perturbations. The convergence of the proposed observer is derived in terms of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs) by using an indirect Lyapunov method.The proposed
adaptive observer is also robust against Lipschitz additive nonlinear uncertainty. The performance of the observer is illustrated through some examples including the chaotic Lorenz and Lü's systems. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Long‐Range Domain Structure and Symmetry Engineering by Interfacial Oxygen Octahedral Coupling at Heterostructure Interface
Authors: Liao Zhaoliang , Green Robert J. , Gauquelin Nicolas , Macke Sebastian , Li Lin , Gonnissen Julie , Sutarto Ronny , Houwman Evert P. , Zhong Zhicheng , Van Aert Sandra , Verbeeck Johan , Sawatzky George A. , Huijben Mark , Koster Gertjan , Rijnders Guus
Published: June 2016

In epitaxial thin film systems, the crystal structure and its symmetry deviate from the bulk counterpart due to various mechanisms such as epitaxial strain and interfacial structural coupling, which is accompanyed by a change in their properties. In perovskite materials, the crystal symmetry can be described by rotations of sixfold coordinated transition metal oxygen octahedra, which are found to be altered at interfaces. Here, it is unraveled how the local oxygen octahedral coupling at perovskite heterostructural interfaces strongly influences the domain structure and symmetry of the epitaxial films resulting in design rules to induce various structures in thin films using carefully selected combinations of substrate/buffer/film. Very interestingly it is discovered that these combinations lead to structure changes throughout the full thickness of the film. The results provide a deep insight into understanding the origin of induced structures in a perovskite heterostructure and an intelligent route to achieve unique functional properties.
Sulfur‐Enriched Conjugated Polymer Nanosheet Derived Sulfur and Nitrogen co‐Doped Porous Carbon Nanosheets as Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction and Zinc–Air Battery
Authors: Su Yuezeng , Yao Zhaoquan , Zhang Fan , Wang Hai , Mics Zoltan , Cánovas Enrique , Bonn Mischa , Zhuang Xiaodong , Feng Xinliang
Published: June 2016

Among the rising 2D soft materials, conjugated polymer nanosheets are one of the most promising and new classes of polymeric materials, which are rarely developed because of the challenge in controlling the dimensionality and lack of synthetic strategies. In this study, one kind of sulfur‐enriched conjugated polymer nanosheet (2DP‐S) with a high aspect ratio of up to ≈400 is successfully synthesized. On the basis of structural characterization, as‐prepared 2DP‐S possesses the chemical identity of cruciform‐fused polymeric backbone consisting of quinoidal polythiophene and poly(p‐phenylenevinylene) along horizontal and vertical directions, respectively, by sharing two alternating single–double carbon–carbon bonds in each repeat unit. The unique structural conformation of 2DP‐S renders carrier mobilities of up to 0.1 ± 0.05 cm2 V−1 s−1, a figure inferred from Terahertz time domain spectroscopy. Moreover, upon thermal treatment, 2DP‐S is readily converted into N/S dual‐doped porous carbon nanosheets (2DPCs) under ammonia atmosphere, whose N/S ratio can be rationally controlled by adjusting the activation time. The catalytic performance of the oxygen reduction reaction of as‐prepared 2DPCs is well tunable by the rationally controlled N/S contents. These results offer a new pathway for exploring heteroatom‐doped porous carbons applicable for energy conversion and storage.
Design Advances in Particulate Systems for Biomedical Applications
Authors: Lima Ana Catarina , Alvarez‐Lorenzo Carmen , Mano João F.
Published: June 2016

The search for more efficient therapeutic strategies and diagnosis tools is a continuous challenge. Advances in understanding the biological mechanisms behind diseases and tissues regeneration have widened the field of applications of particulate systems. Particles are no more just protective systems for the encapsulated drugs, but they play an active role in the success of the therapy. Moreover, particles have been explored for innovative purposes as templates for cells growth and as diagnostic tools. Until few years ago the most relevant parameters in particles formulation were the chemistry and the size. Currently, it is known that other physical characteristics can remarkably affect the performance of particulate systems. Particles with non‐conventional shapes exhibit advantages due to the increasing circulation time in blood stream, less clearance by the immune system and more efficient cell internalization and trafficking. Creation of compartments has been found useful to control drug release, to tune the transport of substances across biological barriers, to supply the target with more than one bioactive agent or even to act as theranostic systems. It is expected that such complex shaped and compartmentalized systems improve the therapeutic outcomes and also the patient's compliance, acting as advanced devices that serve for simultaneous diagnosis and treatment of the disease, combining agents of very different features, at the same time. In this review, we overview and analyse the most recent advances in particle shape and compartmentalization and applications of newly designed particulate systems in the biomedical field.
Improve Hole Collection by Interfacial Chemical Redox Reaction at a Mesoscopic NiO/CH3NH3PbI3 Heterojunction for Efficient Photovoltaic Cells
Authors: Lin Ming‐Wei , Wang Kuo‐Chin , Wang Jeng‐Han , Li Ming‐Hsien , Lai Yu‐Ling , Ohigashi Takuji , Kosugi Nobuhiro , Chen Peter , Wei Der‐Hsin , Guo Tzung‐Fang , Hsu Yao‐Jane
Published: June 2016

Organometal‐trihalide‐perovskite‐based solar cells have exhibited high efficiencies when incorporated into mesoscopic NiO (NiOnc) hole‐transport layers. The integration of a NiOnc‐perovskite heterojunction provides an inorganic alternative as a p‐type contact material with efficient hole extraction for perovskite‐based solar cells. Herein the origin of such highly efficient carrier transport is studied in terms of electronic, chemical and transport properties of a NiOnc‐perovskite heterojunction with X‐ray photoelectron spectra, ultraviolet photoelectron spectra, near‐edge X‐ray absorption fine structure spectra, a scanning transmission X‐ray microscope, and calculations of electronic structure. A pronounced chemical redox reaction is found at an NiOnc‐perovskite heterojunction such that PbI2 is oxidized to PbO with subsequent formation of hole‐dopant CH3NH3PbI3–2δOδ at the heterojunction. The generation of hole‐doping CH3NH3PbI3–2δOδ induced by the redox reaction at the NiOnc/perovskite heterojunction plays a significant role to facilitate the carrier transport, and thus enhances the photovoltaic efficiencies.
Exploring the Limiting Open‐Circuit Voltage and the Voltage Loss Mechanism in Planar CH3NH3PbBr3 Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Chen Shi , Hou Yi , Chen Haiwei , Richter Moses , Guo Fei , Kahmann Simon , Tang Xiaofeng , Stubhan Tobias , Zhang Hong , Li Ning , Gasparini Nicola , Quiroz Cesar Omar Ramirez , Khanzada Laraib S. , Matt Gebhard J. , Osvet Andres , Brabec Christoph J.
Published: June 2016

Perovskite solar cells based on CH3NH3PbBr3 with a band gap of 2.3 eV are attracting intense research interests due to their high open‐circuit voltage (Voc) potential, which is specifically relevant for the use in tandem configuration or spectral splitting. Many efforts have been performed to optimize the Voc of CH3NH3PbBr3 solar cells; however, the limiting Voc (namely, radiative Voc:Voc,rad) and the corresponding ΔVoc (the difference between Voc,rad and Voc) mechanism are still unknown. Here, the average Voc of 1.50 V with the maximum value of 1.53 V at room temperature is achieved for a CH3NH3PbBr3 solar cell. External quantum efficiency measurements with electroluminescence spectroscopy determine the Voc,rad of CH3NH3PbBr3 cells with 1.95 V and a ΔVoc of 0.45 V at 295 K. When the temperature declines from 295 to 200 K, the obtained Voc remains comparably stable in the vicinity of 1.5 V while the corresponding ΔVoc values show a more significant increase. Our findings suggest that the Voc of CH3NH3PbBr3 cells is primarily limited by the interface losses induced by the charge extraction layer rather than by bulk dominated recombination losses. These findings are important for developing strategies how to further enhance the Voc of CH3NH3PbBr3‐based solar cells.
Chimpanzees in an anthropogenic landscape: Examining food resources across habitat types at Bossou, Guinea, West Africa
Authors: Bryson‐Morrison Nicola , Matsuzawa Tetsuro , Humle Tatyana
Published: June 2016

Many primate populations occur outside protected areas in fragmented anthropogenic landscapes. Empirical data on the ecological characteristics that define an anthropogenic landscape are urgently required if conservation initiatives in such environments are to succeed. The main objective of our study was to determine the composition and availability of chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes verus) food resources across fine spatial scales in the anthropogenic landscape of Bossou, Guinea, West Africa. We examined food resources in all habitat types available in the chimpanzees’ core area. We surveyed resource composition, structure and heterogeneity (20 m × 20 m quadrats, N = 54) and assessed temporal availability of food from phenology trails (total distance 5951 m; 1073 individual trees) over 1 year (2012–2013). Over half of Bossou consists of regenerating forest and is highly diverse in terms of chimpanzee food species; large fruit bearing trees are rare and confined to primary and riverine forest. Moraceae (mulberries and figs) was the dominant family, trees of which produce drupaceous fruits favored by chimpanzees. The oil palm occurs at high densities throughout and is the only species found in all habitat types except primary forest. Our data suggest that the high densities of oil palm and fig trees, along with abundant terrestrial herbaceous vegetation and cultivars, are able to provide the chimpanzees with widely available resources, compensating for the scarcity of large fruit trees. A significant difference was found between habitat types in stem density/ha and basal area m2/ha of chimpanzee food species. Secondary, young secondary, and primary forest emerged as the most important habitat types for availability of food tree species. Our study emphasizes the importance of examining ecological characteristics of an anthropogenic landscape as each available habitat type is unlikely to be equally important in terms of spatial and temporal availability of resources. Am. J. Primatol. 78:1237–1249, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ethics, International Affairs and Western Double Standards
Authors: Thakur Ramesh
Published: June 2016

The stability of the global order is a function of the reconciliation between universal ethical principles and power asymmetries. Both principles and power are embedded in international institutions. As relative power shifts away from the West, the ability of the latter to exempt themselves from the reach of global norms—on human rights, international criminal justice, the rule of law, the use of force, the possession of nuclear weapons—will lessen. They will have to accommodate to the new normal either by bringing their conduct within the operation of international normative instruments, or else risk mass defections from global regimes. The relative loss of power means they have a material interest in strengthening, not weakening, a rules‐based global order.
Public–Private Partnerships in Lead Discovery: Overview and Case Studies
Authors: Gottwald Matthias , Becker Andreas , Bahr Inke , Mueller‐Fahrnow Anke
Published: June 2016

The pharmaceutical industry is faced with significant challenges in its efforts to discover new drugs that address unmet medical needs. Safety concerns and lack of efficacy are the two main technical reasons for attrition. Improved early research tools including predictive in silico, in vitro, and in vivo models, as well as a deeper understanding of the disease biology, therefore have the potential to improve success rates. The combination of internal activities with external collaborations in line with the interests and needs of all partners is a successful approach to foster innovation and to meet the challenges. Collaboration can take place in different ways, depending on the requirements of the participants. In this review, the value of public–private partnership approaches will be discussed, using examples from the Innovative Medicines Initiative (IMI). These examples describe consortia approaches to develop tools and processes for improving target identification and validation, as well as lead identification and optimization. The project “Kinetics for Drug Discovery” (K4DD), focusing on the adoption of drug–target binding kinetics analysis in the drug discovery decision‐making process, is described in more detail.
Keep your eye on…
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: June 2016

The benefits of systems of care in reducing suicide attempts

Pharma‐sponsored group supporting increased access to opioid treatment

The stress of parenting children with neurodevelopmental disorders
Earlier initiation, longer duration of ADHD stimulants reduces risk of substance use in adolescence
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: June 2016

In the ongoing examination of whether medications to treat attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are linked to substance misuse during adolescence, researchers used a survey of high school seniors from 2005 to 2014 to test whether age of treatment onset, duration, and type of medication affected substance use. The study was led by Timothy Wilens, M.D., of Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard University, who has conducted research into the link between ADHD, substance use, and ADHD medications for years, showing consistently that it is untreated ADHD that leads to substance use, not the stimulant medications (properly used).
Trauma‐informed schools: A must
Authors: Paccione‐Dyszlewski Margaret R.
Published: June 2016

There is hardly a child who crosses the threshold of a school who does not carry with them a reservoir of trauma. Whether this pain is the size of a pencil case, knapsack, or duffel bag, the odds are that some degree of trauma is present and that it hurts.
Coronary plaques with near‐infrared spectroscopy
Authors: Danek B. A. , Karatasakis A. , Karacsonyi J. , Alame A. , Kalsaria P. , Resendes E. , Rangan B. V. , Banerjee S. , Brilakis E. S.
Published: June 2016

Coronary near‐infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is an intravascular imaging modality with high sensitivity and specificity for lipid core plaque detection. A combined modality catheter that coregisters NIRS measurements with intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) is available, providing the operator with both structural and compositional data. NIRS/IVUS can identify plaques at risk for periprocedural myocardial infarction during stenting, allowing implementation of preventive strategies. NIRS/IVUS is currently being studied for identification of vulnerable plaques and vulnerable patients at risk of future cardiovascular events.

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Pathologic correlates in stable coronary plaques. Traditional and novel insights from pathology
Authors: Lutter C. , Joner M.
Published: June 2016

Coronary artery disease (CAD) remains the most common cause of death overall and is the leading cause of cardiovascular mortality worldwide . Although huge advances in medical therapy have been made within the last decades, the number of worldwide deaths due to CAD will further increase according to current forecasts . Based on the knowledge and understanding of CAD which cardiovascular research has provided over the last decades, patient care has made substantial progress in daily clinical practice. Although the implementation and further refinement of invasive treatment techniques have paved the way for revolutionary concepts especially in the setting of acute coronary syndromes, a true mortality benefit after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) of stable lesions has not been shown to date, which may partly be explained by incomplete understanding of atherosclerotic lesion progression underlying the symptomatic presentation of patients with CAD. Therefore, the following review focuses on traditional knowledge and novel concepts of stable atherosclerotic coronary plaque progression from a pathological point of view, to provide a foundation for future technological refinements and novel therapeutic approaches.

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A DFT Insight into Hashmi Phenol Synthesis Catalyzed by M6@Au32 (M=Ag, Cu, Pd, Pt, Ru, Rh) Core–Shell Nanoclusters
Authors: Yang Miao , Chen Zhongzhu , Luo Yafei , Zhang Jin , He Rongxing , Shen Wei , Tang Dianyong , Li Ming
Published: June 2016

The Hashmi phenol synthesis reaction (the ω‐alkynylfuran cycloisomerization) catalyzed by the M6@Au32 (M=Ag, Cu, Pd, Pt, Ru, and Rh) core–shell nanoclusters was investigated systematically. The 5‐exo Friedel–Crafts‐type mechanism of the ω‐alkynylfuran cycloisomerization on the six core–shell nanoclusters was analyzed in details. The adsorption property and catalytic activity of the Au38 nanocluster could be effectively tuned by the substitution of the core Au atoms. The adsorption properties of alkynes on core–shell and Au38 clusters depended on four factors, including the numbers of unoccupied and occupied d orbitals, orientation of d orbital and d‐bonding down‐shift. Compared with the Au38 cluster, the core–shell nanoclusters could cause larger changes in the interaction energies between the substrate and cluster fragments, which are beneficial for facilitating the cyclization step and the ring closing of the dienone carbene–gold intermediate. In addition, according to the calculated results, the catalytic activity of Au38 can be tuned by substitution of the core gold atoms.
Carbon Dioxide Reforming of Methane over Cobalt‐Nickel Bimetal‐Doped Ordered Mesoporous Alumina Catalysts with Advanced Catalytic Performances
Authors: Xu Leilei , Wang Fagen , Chen Mindong , Zhang Jian , Yuan Kaidi , Wang Liangjun , Wu Kai , Xu Guoqin , Chen Wei
Published: June 2016

Co‐Ni bimetal‐doped ordered mesoporous Al2O3 composite oxides with different Co/(Co+Ni) ratios were designed and fabricated by a one‐pot evaporation‐induced self‐assembly method. The obtained materials, which had an ordered mesostructure and outstanding thermal stability, were investigated as catalysts for the CO2 reforming of CH4. The effects of the Co/(Co+Ni) molar ratios and ordered mesostructure on the catalytic performances were investigated systematically. The ordered mesoporous Co‐Ni bimetallic catalysts exhibited both higher catalytic activities and better anticoke properties than the corresponding monometallic materials because of the Co‐Ni synergistic effect. Furthermore, the ordered mesostructure could promote the catalytic performances significantly by providing gaseous reactants with enough accessible metallic active centers and stabilizing the metallic nanoparticles through the confinement effect of the mesoporous framework. As a result, these mesoporous Co‐Ni bimetallic catalysts had more enhanced catalytic properties and anticoke ability than traditional supported catalysts toward the CO2 reforming of CH4, which promises a series of potential catalyst candidates.
Human immunodeficiency virus lymphomas in the era of antiretrovirals: Is it finally time to change the discussion?
Authors: Gunthel Clifford J. , Lechowicz Mary Jo
Published: June 2016

Currently, clinicians involved in the treatment of and research regarding lymphoma may want to look toward achieving the goal of a dual cure of human immunodeficiency virus and cancer in patients with lymphoma. In addition, the difficult issues of health care disparities, disease prevention, and long‐term survivorship need to be addressed in this population.

See also pages 2689‐97
How many object colors can we distinguish? A comment on prof. Kuehni
Authors: Flinkman Mika , Laamanen Hannu
Published: June 2016

This is a comment on Prof. Rolf G. Kuehni's article, How Many Object Colors Can We Distinguish? We give a reasoning why the previously calculated estimates for the number of discernible colors are valid, apart from the possible deviations caused by uncertainty of JND and non‐uniformity of color space, without correcting them with a coefficient proposed by Kuehni. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2016