bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Identification and Characterization of an Italian Isolate of Pear Blister Canker Viroid
Authors: Loreti S. , Faggioli F. , Barba M.
Published: May 2008

A small RNA with the structural property characteristic of viroids has been isolated from a pear plant (P8) showing superficial cracks or splits on the bark of the secondary branches and horizontal deep bark splits on the trunk.

Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis of the P8 isolate revealed that the viroid had the same electrophoretic mobility as pear blister canker viroid (PBCVd). P8 RNA reacted in molecular hybridization assays with the specific PBCVd cRNA probe, and its reverse transcript polymerase chain reaction amplified fragment was the same size as the amplified fragment of PBCVd.

Sequence analysis of the P8 isolate revealed only five changes in its primary structure when compared with the standard PBCVd isolate P2098T, Four of these changes were present also in P47A and P1914T PBCVd isolates previously characterized in Spain, The viroid associated with P8 pear can thus be considered a PBCVd isolate. This is the first report of PBCVd in a pear orchard in Italy.
Role of Extracellular Polysaccharide (EPS) Slime of Plant Pathogenic Bacteria in Protecting Cells to Reactive Oxygen Species
Authors: Király Z. , El‐Zahaby H. M. , Klement Z.
Published: May 2008

Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola, a phytopathogenic bacterium, seemed very sensitive in planta to the adverse action of reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by two chemical systems. The disease symptoms in host plants were also suppressed by ROS. Several other plant pathogenic bacteria (P. syringae pv. pisi, Erwinia amylovora, Xanthomonas campestris pv. pelargonii) as well as P. fluorescens were also sensitive in vitro to the inhibiting or killinig action of ROS. It was shown that O2 and H2O2 were produced in our two chemical systems and were involved in the killing action. OH’however was not involved in the adverse action on bacteria of the ROS. Superoxide dismutase and catalase were able to reverse the killing action of ROS. When the EPS slime around bacteria was removed by washing and centrifuging the cells, bacteria were more sensitive to ROS. However, when the cells of EPS‐ mutants were washed and centrifuged, their sensitivity to the killing action of ROS did not change because the lack of slime around the mutant cells.

The EPS‐ Tn5 mutants of P. syringae pv. phaseolicola and the natural EPS‐ mutant of E. amylovora were more sensitive to ROS than the wild type strains. These results support the idea that the EPS slime protects bacteria from ROS (O‐2 and H2O2).
Inhibition of Polygalacturonase Activity Produced by Leptosphaeria maculans with Stem Extracts of Canola, and the Relationship of Inhibition to Resistance
Authors: Annis S. L. , Goodwin P. H.
Published: May 2008

Leptosphaeria maculans, the causal agent of blackleg of canola, produces polygalacturonases during infection. Stem extracts of spring and winter canola cultivars contained a water‐soluble inhibitor of the polygalacturonase activity of L. maculans. The polygalacturonase inhibitor material had different characteristics dependent upon the cultivar. Some canola cultivars had a polygalacturonase inhibitory compound(s) which was heat liable, low molecular weight and required divalent cations, and other cultivars had a heat stable, low molecular weight compound(s). The cultivar Maluka had a unique polygalacturonase inhibitory compound(s) that was heat labile, low molecular weight and did not need divalent cations. The level of the polygalacturonase inhibitory activity in the stem extracts was significantly related to the resistance of the cultivars to L. maculans as measured by the rate of lesion elongation, but was less related to the rate of stem girdling. The significant correlation between levels of polygalacturonase inhibitor activity and stem resistance in canola cultivars indicates that polygalacturonase inhibitors may be involved in the resistance of stems to blackleg. The two quantitative measures of stem resistance, rate of lesion elongation and rate of stem girdling, were significantly correlated to cotyledon resistance and to each other.
Poinsettia Leaf Curl, a New Disease Caused by a Geminivirus
Authors: Tsai M.‐C. , Liu C.‐S. , Su H.‐J.
Published: May 2008

A serious disorder of unknown aetiology was found on the poinsettia cv. Angelica, a recent introduction to Taiwan. The symptoms of downward leaf curling and vein enation were similar to those of leaf curl disease on tobacco. The causal agent of the disease was transmitted to healthy plants of‘Angelica’poinsettia, common poinsettia and tobacco by whiteflies. Twinned particles measuring 16‐18 × 30‐32 nm were detected in a purified preparation obtained from diseased leaf tissues of‘Angelica’poinsettia, indicating that the disease is caused by a geminivirus. An earlier introduction of common poinsettias also showed mild leaf curl symptoms under natural condition. When the causal agent of this disease was transmitted to healthy‘Angelica’poinsettia plants by whiteflies or bud grafting, these plants also developed severe leaf curl symptoms, indicating that the disease is not a new introduction to Taiwan.
Immunoenzymatic Detection of PCR Products for the Identification of Phytoplasmas in Plants
Authors: Poggi Pollini C. , Giunchedi L. , Bissani R.
Published: May 2008

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR, with universal and specific primers designed on rRNA genes) provides a rapid, reliable method of diagnosing phytoplasmas (formerly mycoplasma‐like organisms) in plants. However, to attain a better identification of these prokaryotes, it is often necessary to digest the PCR products with restriction endonucleases or to hybridize them with specific probes. The present study compared routine procedures for detecting PCR products against a new system, PCRELISA (Boehringer Mannheim), which enables immunoenzymatic detection of PCR products. The results show that this new system provides fast and highly sensitive detection of several phytoplasmas associated with certain trees and shrubs. Optimization of all parameters involved in the PCR‐ELISA procedure and its advantages are reported and discussed.
Penetration and Infection Process of Phyllactinia corylea on Mulberry Leaf Causing Powdery Mildew — I. Asexual Stage
Authors: Kumar Vinvwt , Babu A. M. , Sharma D. D. , Datta R. K.
Published: May 2008

Surface morphology of conidia of Phyllactinia corylea (Pers.) Karst., its germination, penetration of hyphal branches and the infection process on mulberry leaf are described, under scanning electron microscope. Surface pf the clavate. hyaline conidium is ornamented with evenly distributed spine‐like protrusions. The conidia germinate 4 h after inoculation, producing a single germ tube mostly from a little behind the distal end of the conidium. The hyphae soon produce special branches. stomatopodia. which enter the leaf through stomata. The stomatopodia are produced singly or in pairs, and one or two stomatopodia enter in a stoma. The branched superficial hyphae forms a mycelial mass within 72 h after inoculation. The disease becomes apparent at conidial stage. The conidiophores were straight at early stages, but appeared spirally coiled when the conidia were mature. which may aid for conidial detachment.

Penetration und Infektionsverlauf von Phyllactinia corylea, Erreger des Echten Mehltaus der Maulbeere, auf Maulbeerblättern (I. Ungeschlechtliches Stadium)

Beschrieben werden die Morphologie der Oberfläche von Konidien des Pilzes Phyllactinia corylea (Pers.) Karst. sowie ihre Keimung. die Penetration von Hyphen in die Maulbeerblätter und der anschließende Infektionsverlauf. Die Untersuchungen erfolgten mit Hilfe der Rasterelektronenmikroskopie. Die Oberflächen der keulenförmigen. hyalinen Konidien sind gleichmäßig mit dornenähnlichen Ausslülpungen besetzt. Die Konidien keimen 4 h nach der Inokulation und bilden kurz hinter ihrem distalen Ende einen unverzweigten Keimschlauch. Nach kurzer Zeit bilden die Hyphen besondere Verzweigungen (Stomatopodien). welche durch die Stomata in die Blätter eindringen. Die Stomatopodien werden einzeln oder in Paaren gebildet, und jeweils ein oder zwei Stomatopodien treten in ein Stoma ein. Die verzweigten Hyphen an der Oberfläche bilden innerhalb von 72 h nach der Inokulation ein dichtes Myzel. Die krankheit wird im Konidienstadium bemerkbar. Die Konidiophoren sind zunächst gerade. zur Zeit der Konidienreife jedoch spiralig gewunden, was die Ablösung der Konidien erleichtern könnte.
Characteristics of Monoclonal Antibodies to Lucerne Transient Streak Sobemovirus and Their Use in Epitope Localization
Authors: Sehgal O. P. , Sinha R. C.
Published: May 2008

Murine monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to lucerne transient streak sobemovirus (LTSV) were used as probes for examining the virion capsid organization. A panel of nine mAbs from approximately 100 hybridomas were chosen for this study. All of these mAbs interacted effectively with sites on intact capsid and isolated coat protein sub‐units (i.e. metatopes) in ELISA and Western blots. Only one of these mAbs reacted with virions in gel diffusion test producing a visible precipitin band. Competitive binding assays showed that these mAbs recognized the same or very similar metatopes. None of the mAbs neutralized LTSV virion infectivity but rabbit polyclonal antibodies drastically reduced infectivity. Treatment of virions with EDTA (swollen LTSV). protein crosslinking reagents or sodium dodecyl sulphate caused no detectable alterations in their reactivities with these mAbs, The binding sites for monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies were located on denatured 5.5 kDa fragments resulting from partial trypsinization of LTSV coat protein and 8 kDa fragments formed with chymopapain proteolysis. These results indicate that these LTSV epitopes are of linear (or sequential) configuration and are located on the exposed, structurally stable domain of the virion capsid.
HydroxyproUne‐rich Glycoprotein Accumulation in TMV‐infected Tobacco Showing Systemic Acquired Resistance to Powdery Mildew
Authors: Raggi V.
Published: May 2008

Tobacco cv. Havana 425, with systemic‐acquired resistance (SAR) to an otherwise compatible Erysiphe cicho‐racearum DC. race after TMV infection, was infected with TMV basaily (4th and 5th leaves) and the hydroxyproline‐rich glycoproteins (HRGPs) were determined in two experiments (experiment 1 and experiment 2) by analysing cell wall hydroxyproline (Hyp) in the 6th leaf. In basal TMV infected plants Hyp content (μmol‐1 FW) was greater than in controls in both experiments: the increase was significant at all times except 16 days after TMV inoculation in experiment 1; the pool of data of experiment 2 was also significantly increased. In TMV protected +E. cichoracearum challenged leaves compared to untreated controls significant increases in Hyp were also noted between the pools of data in both experiments. No differences were found between Hyp content in protected compared to protected + challenged leaves in both experiments. These results show accumulation of HRGPs in Havana tobacco associated with TMV infection and SAR activation against E, cichoracearum. The accumulation appears to be due to the inducer, since no further increase was detected in protected leaves after challenging.
Botryosphaeria dothidea and Other Fungi Associated with Excoriose and Dieback of Grapevines in Portugal
Authors: Phillips A. J. L.
Published: May 2008

In a study of fungi associated with symptoms of excoriose in Portugal, the most prevalent ones were found to be Botryosphaeria dothidea and Phomopsis viticola. In artificial inoculations, these two fungi infected grapevines causing dark lesions on the shoots and bud mortality. They were re‐isolated from the shoot lesions and necrotic buds. Two further species of Botryosphaeria, namely B. obtusa and B. stevensii, were also isolated and they caused small lesions on wounded shoots but did not infect unwounded shoots. B. dothidea was also isolated from grapevines with a dieback of the trunk. These isolates were more virulent on young shoots and one‐year‐old canes than the ones from grapevines with excoriose.
The Role of Hyalesthes obsoletus (Hemiptera: Cixiidae) in the Occurrence of Bois noir of Grapevines in France
Authors: Sforza R. , Clair D. , Daire X. , Larrue J. , Boudon‐Padieu E.
Published: May 2008

An epidemiological study on a grapevine yellows disease called bois noir was carried out for 3 years in the Rhone valley (France). This yellows is caused by a stolbur type phytoplasma. Vectors and alternative host plants were searched, and the inoculation period was determined. Detection of stolbur phytoplasma in insects and plants was obtained using primers STOLl1 f2/r1. In addition, a nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used with primers P1/P7 and fU5/rU3 for detection in stolbur‐infected plants with low titre. Several thousand insects were captured and species of Hemiptera were listed. Fourteen wild or reared Hemiptera species were used in transmission trials. Thirty‐four wild species were monitored for phytoplasma DNA by PCR. A planthopper. Hvalesthes obsoletus Sign., tested positive for stolbur at a level of 28% (98,/343) in 1995 and 38% (205,529) in 1996. In 1995, two leafhoppers, Mocydia crocea (178) and Euscelis tineolatus (2/309), were infected at a much lower ratio. Successful experimental transmission to grapevine, periwinkle and thorn apple was only obtained with H. obsoletus. Among wild plant species, hoary cress (Cardaria draba L.), bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis L.), sweet cherry (Prunus sp.), plum (Prunus domestica L), lilac (Syringa vulgaris L.), fig tree (Ficus carica L.) and elm (Ulmus sp.) were shown to be stolbur infected and hoary cress was identified as a new host plant for H. obsoletus in France. The role of some fallow lands close to vineyards as sites where the inoculum of stolbur phytoplasma was maintained in insect vector and reservoir plants, is discussed. The natural inoculation period to grapevine was shown to extend from June to August, corresponding to the adult activity of H. obsoletus. Together with the close relationships of the phytoplasmas involved in vergilbungskrankheit, a German grapevine disease, and bois noir. The results of this study suggest that the two yellows are very close.
Susceptibility of Barleys to Bipolaris sorokiniana Seedling Blight Determined by Disease Scoring and Electrolyte Leakage
Authors: Wtsniewska H. , Wakulinaski W. , Chelkowski J.
Published: May 2008

Spring (14) and winter (8) barley cultivars were examined for seedling susceptibility (root and coleoptile) to Bipolaris sorokiniana infection under a controlled environment. High susceptibility of all cultivars to root rot was observed, both in winter and spring genotypes, Coleoptile infection on average, was about three times lower than root disease score. Significant membrane injury up to 35% of maximum electrolyte leakage was observed on the 7th day after inoculation. In only 3 cultivars were the membrane injuries low‐on the level of 3–6% and related with low coleoptile infection. Resistance of the barley cultivars to B. sorokiniana was not related with their resistance to Fusarium cutmorum
In Vitro Effect of Plant Leaf Extracts on Mycelial Growth and Sclerotial Germination of Sclerotium cepivorum
Authors: Pinto C. M. F. , Maffia L. A. , Casali V. W. D. , Cardoso A. A.
Published: May 2008

The effects of leaf extracts of Brachiaria humidicola, Crotalaria paulina. Eucalyptus citriodora. and Brassica oleracea var. capitata on mycelial growth and sclerotial germination of Sclerotium cepivorum were evaluated in vitro. Water extracts of leaves had little effect on either growth or germination. However, acetone‐water leaf extracts usually had the greatest inhibitory effects. Acetone‐water extracts reduced mycelial growth more than sclerotial germination. Leaf extracts of E. citriodora at 1000 and 10000p.p.m. in acetone‐water completely inhibited mycelial growth and sclerotial germination of S. cepivorum. Thus, this extract is potentially useful for the control of garlic white rot. and its effect will be evaluated under field conditions.
Involvement of the Antioxidative System in Tomato Response to Fusaric Acid Treatment
Authors: Kuźniak E. , Patykowski J. , Urbanek H.
Published: May 2008

Changes in O2‐ and H2O2 generation as well as superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase and guaiacol peroxidase activities were examined in fusaric acid‐treated tomato leaves. Fusaric acid application resulted in a lasting activation of O2‐ and H2O2 production. Within the first day after toxin application the H2O2 scavenging enzymes: catalase and ascorbate peroxidase showed a strong activity decrease followed by a gradual recovery to the control level after 2 and 3 days. By contrast fusaric acid markedly stimulated peroxidase activity measured with guaiacol as well as ferulic and coumaric acids, and syringaldazine. The maximum activity increase, coinciding with the highest H2O2 level, was about two‐fold and 5.5‐fold for phenolic acids and syringaldazine, respectively. The results obtained are discussed in the light of the data on the role of activated oxygen species and enzymes of their metabolism in plant defence.
Water Stress and the Development of Cankers by Diplodia mutila on Quercus robur
Authors: Ragazzi A. , Moricca S. , Dellavalle I.
Published: May 2008

Some experiments were conducted (in duplicate) to determine the effects of the osmotic potential on the growth of Diplodia mutila, and the effects of the pre‐dawn water potential on the development of cankers by D. mutila on Quercus robur. Mycelium of D. mutila was grown on liquid medium enriched with various amounts of polyethylene glycol so as to give osmotic potential values of ‐0.35, ‐1.18, ‐1.75, ‐3.00 and ‐3.98 MPa. At the two lowest MPa values (‐3.00 and ‐3.98 MPa) D. mutila growth was slower in relation to the fresh weight and the dry weight of the mycelium. To determine the pre‐dawn water potential 30 3‐year‐old Q. robur seedlings were inoculated with D. mutila mycelium. Water‐stressed seedlings had lower pre‐dawn water potential values (MPa ‐2.92) and longer cankers than the unstressed seedlings (MPa ‐0.79). It is concluded that Q. robur, a highly hygrophilous oak, suffers from water stress to such an extent that its structural and chemical defences are overcome and the seedlings are seriously damaged. A similar situation is observed in nature, where frequent and prolonged droughts may induce states of water stress that account for the spread and the incidence of D. mutila in Italy.
Expression of transketolase‐like 1 (TKTL1) and p‐Akt correlates with the progression of cervical neoplasia
Authors: Kohrenhagen Nico , Voelker Hans U. , Schmidt Melanie , Kapp Michaela , Krockenberger Matthias , Frambach Torsten , Dietl Johanees , Kammerer Ulrike
Published: May 2008

Aim:  It is supposed that increased glycolysis is crucial for the energy supply during tumor progression. Unfortunately, the relevance of glycolysis in cervical neoplasia is unknown, but what is certain is the fact that cervical cancer shows a high expression of glucose membrane transporters, which are necessary for glucose uptake as an energy source. Transketolase‐like enzyme 1 (TKTL1) and the oncogene p‐Akt have been described to play an important role in glycolysis during tumorigenesis. Thus, we were interested in their expression in cervical tissue.

Methods:  We examined the expression of TKTL1 and p‐Akt in 80 formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded cervical specimens: 20 benign cervical tissues, 20 low‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesions, 20 high‐grade intraepithelial lesions, and 20 invasive squamous cell carcinomas (ISCC).

Results:  Immunhistochemical analyses revealed that the intensity of the expression of TKTL1 and p‐Akt increases significantly with an increase in the histopathological grade of cervical tissues.

Conclusion:  The results suggest that both TKTL1 and p‐Akt play an important role in the progression of cervical neoplasia, which may be due to their impact on glycolysis.
Athiopische Thysanopteren iiberwiegend aus dem Massiv des Mount Elgon in Kenya (Insecta, Thysanoptera)1
Authors: zur Strassen Richard
Published: May 2008

zur Strassen, R. (Forschungs‐Institut und Natur‐Museum Senckenberg, Frankfur/Main, GFR.) Äthiopische Thysanopteren überwiegend aus dem Massiv des Mount Elgon in Kenya (Insecta, Thysanoptera). Zool. Scripta 1(2): 85–105, 1972.–The paper deals with the first part of a study of a collection of East African Thysanoptera yielded by Dr Å. Holm, Uppsala (Sweden), during four expeditions in Kenya (in 1937/38, 1948, 1964/65, 1969). Most of the lots discussed below by the present author were taken on the eastern slopes of Mount Elgon, an isolated mountain of an altitude of more than 4 320 m (ca. 14 180 ft.) at the boundary between Kenya and Uganda. The majority of the specimens has actually been taken from debris and ground litter found in both the savanna region (approx. 2 000–2 200 m) and in the lower part of the rain forest (approx. 2 300–2 500 m). Three genera are described below as new, all belonging to the Phlaeothripidae (Elgonima gen. n., Hapelothrips gen. n., Holmiella gen. n.), and seven species have been recognized as new to science (Taeniothrips holmi sp. n., Adraneothrips opacus sp. n., Elgonima seticeps sp. n., Hapelothrips albipes sp. n., Holmiella nigrita sp. n., Hoplothrips mendosus sp. n., Malacothrips jaurei sp. n.). Further eight species are recorded for the first time from Kenya. Altogether 25 species are discussed in this paper.

Aus mehreren Aufsamm'.ungen von Thysanopteren aus Kenya werden 25 Arten besprochen. Sieben Spezies haben sich als neu für die Wissenschaft erwiesen, von denen drei Arten in jeweils neue Gattungen gestellt werden (Taeniothrips holmi sp. n., Adraneothrips opacus sp. n., Elgonima seticeps gen. n. sp. n., Hapelothrips albipes gen. n. sp. n., Holmiella nigrita gen. n. sp. n., Hoplothrips mendosus sp. n., Malacothrips jaurei sp. n.). Weitere acht Arten sind neu für die Fauna von Kenya.
Flight Characteristics of Two Plume Moths, Alucita pentadacty/a L. and Orneodes hexadactyla L. (Microlepidoptera)
Authors: Norberg R. Åke
Published: May 2008

Norberg, R. Å. (Department of Zoology, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden.) Flight characteristics of two plume moths, Alucita pentadactyla L. and Orneodes hexadactyla L. (Microlepidoptera). Zool. Scripta 1 (6): 241–246,1972.–Multiple exposure photographs of up to 100 exposures/sec were taken on two plume moth species in free, unrestrained flight, in order to determine approximate lift/drag ratios and other functional characteristics of their wings, which are of a remarkable structure for insects of this size. In Alucita the forewing is cleft in two fringed lobes, the hind‐wing in three, while in Orneodes both forewing and hindwing are deeply cleft in six very narrow, fringed lobes. Wing stroke frequencies are ca. 33 Hz in A. pentadactyla and ca. 40 Hz in O. hexadactyla. During both the downstroke and the upstroke the fringed wing lobes lie edge against edge, thus forming a continuous wing surface. The upstroke seems to contribute no useful forces in A. pentadactyla, possibly some propulsive force in O. hexadactyla. The wings are strongly supinated in the upstroke to minimize drag. From relative wind diagrams, lift/drag ratios of 1.1 and 1.4 (minimum values) can be read for A. pentadactyla and O. hexadactyla, respectively. It is thus clear that these species do not make more use of drag forces than of lift forces. However, in A. pentadactyla the drag force in the downstroke may be almost as large as the lift force. Since drag certainly is small in the upstroke, the drag force probably contributes significantly to useful forces for flight in A. pentadactyla. These plume moths operate at Reynolds numbers of ca. 700. Reynolds numbers are calculated for very small insects. It is obvious that the wings of the smallest insects must be operating at Reynolds numbers of about 1. The fringed wings of small insects are briefly discussed.
Pipunculidae (Diptera) of the 1934 Swedish Expedition to Burma
Authors: Hardy D. Elmo
Published: May 2008

Hardy, D. E. (Department of Entomology, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hi., USA.) Pipunculidae (Diptera) of the 1934 Swedish expedition to Burma. Zool. Scripta 1(3–4): 121–138, 1972.–The collection of Pipunculidae made in Burma by Rene Malaise contained approximately forty species in five genera and four subgenera and is probably a thorough sampling of the species which occur in the Kambaiti area of N.E. Burma. Eleven new species are being described: Dorylomorpha latifrons sp.n., D. stenozona sp.n., Pipunculus (Cephalops) dolosus sp.n., P. (Cephalops) fimbriatus sp.n., P. (Cephalops) validus sp.n., P. (Cephalosphaera) reduncus sp.n., P. (Cephalosphaera) tingens sp.n., P. (Eudorylas) burmanicus sp.n., P. (Eudorylas) colossus sp.n., P. (Eudorylas) giganteus sp.n., and P. (Eudorylas) malaisei sp.n. Several other species, probably new ones, are indicated but not being described until further specimens can be studied. The majority of the species are new records for Burma.
Cingula globuloides sp.n. (Gastropoda, Prosobranchia) from Northern Atlantic
Authors: Warén Anders
Published: May 2008

Warén, A. (Department of Zoology, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden.) Cingula globuloides sp.n. (Gastropoda, Prosobranchia) from northern Atlantic. Zool. Scripta 1(3–4): 191–192, 1972. –Cingula globuloides sp.n. is described from the northern Atlantic. This species has earlier been confused with Cingula globulus (Möller, 1842). The distinctive characteristics and distribution of C. globulus are given.
Ecological and Historic‐Zoogeographic Influences on Concepts of the Genus as Demonstrated in Certain Chrysomelidae (Coleoptera)
Authors: Scherer Gerhard
Published: May 2008

It is proposed that taxonomists make more frequent use of the hierarchic category “subgenus” for classifying infra‐generic groups of species of common phylogenic origin and which share characters in common, rather than to over‐rank such species‐groups as separate genera through unwarranted splitting. Reality of the genus as a biological entity is demonstrated via considerations of geologic, paleoclimatic, and associated ecological phenomena. Geologic events of the Tertiary are used to explain the origin of many of our genera. Examples are given of certain Chrysomelidae (Coleoptera) which have evolved at different times and under different circumstances.
Further Studies on the Genus Hypoblepharina Böhmig (Turbellaria, Dalyellioida), with Description of H. serrifera sp. n.
Authors: Karling Tor G. , Nilsson Anne‐Marie
Published: May 2008

H. serrifera is described and supplementary information given on H. boehmigi. The material of both species was collected from the brood pouch of amphipods, H. serrifera from Orchomene no‐dimanus (Walker). The studies complete our general picture of the anatomy of the genus Hypoblepharina and support the theory that all the species of this genus are commensals in amphipods.
Données expérimentales sur la valeur des marques squelettiques comme indicateur de l‘âge chez Vipera aspis (L.) (Ophidia, Viperidae)
Authors: Castanet Jacques , Naulleau Guy
Published: May 2008

After a preliminary descriptive study of the “skeletal growth marks” often used among snakes as an empirical age index, this paper deals with the first experimental results. (1) On Vipera aspis grown from birth under controlled, constant conditions and hence of known age, the number of skeletal growth marks is closely related to animal size, but this size has no relationship with individual age. (2) On Vipera aspis submitted to seasonal variations under experimental conditions and bone labelled with fluorochromes, the number of growth marks added to the skeleton during the experimental study (two years) seems to be in accordance with this duration. This would demonstrate, at least theoretically, a relationship between skeletal growth marks and individual age, as well as incidences of environment conditions. These results are discussed.

Aprés une étude préliminaire descriptive sur la structure des marques squelettiques de croissance qui, chez les serpents sont utilisées de façon empirique comme indicateur de l'âge, le présent travail fait état de premiers résultats expérimentaux. (1) Chez des Vipères aspic élevées depuis leur naissance dans des conditions constantes, contrôlées (il s'agit donc d'animaux d'âge connu), le nombre de marques squelettiques est étroitement liéà la taille des animaux, mais comme elle, n'a plus dans ces conditions expérimentales de rapport avec l'âge. (2) Chez des Vipères subissant leur cycle saisonnier sous conditions expérimentales et dont on marque in vivo par fluorochromes le tissu osseux, le nombre de marques squelettiques mis en place pendant la durée de l'expérience (2 ans) correspond sensiblement à cette durée. Ceci tend à confirmer, en théorie, la relation entre les marques squelettiques et l'âge individuel et son interaction avec les conditions d'environnement. Nous discutons ces résultats.
Morpho‐karyological Types of Dugesia (Turbellaria, Tricladida) in Israel and Their Distribution Patterns
Authors: Bromley Heather J.
Published: May 2008

Populations of Dugesia in Israel have been classified on morphological and karyological criteria into 5 types. Two of these are morphologically similar to the Dugesia lugubris group (n = 4) but differ karyologically (Types 1 and 2: n=8), and three types are morphologically similar to the Dugesia gonocephala group (n= 8) but two differ karyologically (Types 4 and 5: n= 9). The three ‘gonocephala’ types are distributed in three distinct areas of Israel with little overlap, while the two ‘lugubris’ types are found in springs of one of these areas, The Rift Valley, where special localised conditions prevail. Possible relationships between Types 3, 4 and 5 are discussed with particular reference to their karyotypes and the presence of supernumerary chromosomes in Type 5.
The Proboscis Armature of Turbellaria‐Kalyptorhynchia, a Derivative of the Basement Lamina?
Authors: Rieger Reinhard M. , Doe David A.
Published: May 2008

The fine structure analysis of the proboscis teeth in the genusCarcharodorhynchusMeixner and of the proboscis hooks in the genusDiascorhynchusMeixner revealed that these structures are not derived from local cuticularizations of the epidermis, but rather are closely associated with the basement lamina of the proboscis sheath epithelium. InDiascorhynchusthe hooks are specializations within the basement lamina enclosing the proboscis. The proboscis teeth inCarcharodorhynchusseem to be either an intracellular differentiation within the modified proboscis sheath epithelium or, as inDiascorhynchus, a derivative of the basement lamina. The latter is supported by the finding of similar, dermal teeth clearly derived from the basement lamina in the body wall of several species of the genusCarcharodorhynchus.It appears from this study that most “cutic‐ular” differentiations of the body wall in Turbellaria are either derivatives of the basement lamina or of the cytoplasm of the epidermis cells. These considerations are discussed in the light of possible evolutionary pathways leading from a ciliated epidermis (e.g. free‐living acoelomates) to a cuticularized hypodermis (e.g. Aschelmimhes and Articulata).
On the Systematic Position of Rhyacodrilus prostatus Knöllner (Oligochaeta, Tubificidae)
Authors: Erséus Christer
Published: May 2008

New material of the marine tubificid Rhyacodrilus prostatus Knöllner, 1935 is examined and redescribed as Phallodrilus prostatus (Knöllner) comb. n. The main reason for the decision of this systematic position is the presence of a second pair of prostate glands, previously not reported, attached to the ectal end of the atria.
Fine Structure of the Organ of Bellonci (SPX) in Boreomysis arctica (Kroyer) (Crustacea, Mysidacea)
Authors: Kauri Tiit , Dahl Erik
Published: May 2008

The organ of Bellonci (oB) in Boreomysis arctica (Krøyer) is described. The fine structure of the organ is found to agree with that of the oB among other investigated peracarideans. The difficulties met by Chaigneau in 1971 when homologizing the organs in B. arctica and in the Isopoda have been eliminated. Into the cavity of the oB, (probably) sensory neurones protrude. The perikarya of the neurones are found in the wall of the oB. On the dendrites there are subterminal dendritic swellings from which dendritic branches and cilia arise. The branching dendrites are characteristic of the oB in B. arctica. Also the cilia branch, thus increasing the amount of sensory membranes in the organ.
The Mouthparts in Some North Atlantic Species of the Genus Orchomene Boeck (Crustacea, Amphipoda)
Authors: Olerod Roy
Published: May 2008

The mouthparts of five North Atlantic species of the genus Orchomene have been studied in detail. The species are: O. serrata (Boeck, 1861), O. amblyops G. O. Sars, 1890, O. crispata (Goes, 1866). O. humilis (A. Costa, 1853) and O. pectinate. G. O. Sars, 1882. The structure of the mandibular molar has been studied with the aid of the scanning electron microscope. Some features of the mouthparts, common to the species examined, are interpreted as generic criteria which should justify retaining the genus Orchomene Boeck, 1870, separated from the closely related genera OrchomeneUa G. O. Sars, 1890, and Orchomenopsis G. O. Sars. 1891.
Le lophophore—structure significative des Lophophorates (Brachiopodes, Bryozoaires, Phoronidiens)
Authors: Emig Christian C.
Published: May 2008

Emig, C. C. (Station Marine d'Endoume, F‐13007 Marseille, France.) Le lophophore — structure significative des Lophophorates (Brachiopodes, Bryozoaires, Phoronidiens). Zool. Scr. 5 (3–4): 133–137, 1976. — The term lophophore is defined and must be applied only in Lophophorata (i.e. Bryozoa, Brachiopoda, and Phoronida); it differs considerably from other tentacle‐bearing structures, as found in annelids, pogono‐phores, and entoprocts. Although bilaterally symmetrical, the shape of the lophophore varies greatly. It appears to function similarly in all types. The lophophoral functions are briefly described (food collecting, respiratory, defensive, brooding, etc). The resemblance of the lophophore to similar structures in Archimerata is obvious. The affinity with the ancestral form of the Archimerata is discussed.

Resumé

Le terme lophophore est défini; il ne peut ētre appliqué qu'aux Lophophorates (Brachiopodes, Bryozoaires, Phoronidiens), car il se distingue de toutes les autres structures tentaculées (telles celles des Annélides, Pogonophores, Entoproctes). La forme du lophophore, à symétrie bilatérale, présente de nombreuses configurations dont toutes ont des fonctions similaires. Ces différentes fonctions sont brièvement décrites. Le lophophore a indéniablement une signification phylogénétique, notamment au sein du concept Archimerata.
Reticular Specializations in Photoreceptors: a Review
Authors: Whittle Andy C.
Published: May 2008

Whittle, A. C.(Department of Zoology, The University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK).Reticular specializations in pholoreceptors: a review. Zool. Scr. 5 (5): 191–206, 1976.—Photoreceptors synthesize opsins which form either stable or unstable metarhodopsins. In the former case reticular specializations are located in the sensory cell (cones and microvillar types) whereas in the latter (rods) they are found in the supporting cells. The specialized reticulum takes various forms; myeloid; paracrystalline; vesicular and submicrovillar; and probably serves as a storage site for vitamin A compounds. In some invertebrates they are implicated in regeneration of visual pigment, whereas in vertebrates they are involved in vitamin A1/A2 interconversion—each process being mediated by an associated opsin‐like substance.
Hesiolicium gen.n. (Turbellaria Acoela) and Observations on Its Ultrastructure
Authors: Crezée Michael , Tyler Seth
Published: May 2008

Crezée, M. (University of Florida Marine Laboratory, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA) and Tyler, S. Hesiolicium gen.n. (Turbellaria Acoela) and observations on its ultrastructure. Zool. Scr. 5 (5): 207–216, 1976. —Hesiolicium inops gen.n., sp.n. is a thin and elongate protandric hermaphrodite from the marine interstitial environment. The male pore, with no accessory organs, lies just posterior to the mouth, with no pharynx. The dorsal ovary, lateral testes, adhesive papillae and a caudal organ are other features. The posterior and midventral adhesive papillae are bundles of haptocilia up to 22 μm long. In a crook near their base these adhesive cilia have three microtubule doublets displaced from the rest of the axoneme, giving the crook region a figure‐eight cross section. The caudal organ is a complex of cilium‐bearing sensory cells, large gland cells and modified muscle and epidermal cells. The rootlets of epidermal cilia and the two axial units of the sperm are as described for other acoels. Principally because of the haptocilia, Hesiolicium is provisionally placed in the Paratomellidae.
Anatomy and Systematics of Some Polycystididae (Turbellaria, Kalyptorhynchia) from the Pacific and S. Atlantic
Authors: KARLING TOR G. , SCHOCKAERT ERNEST R.
Published: May 2008

Paraustrorhynchus gen.n., P. pacificus sp.n. (California), Antiboreorhynchus novzelae sp.n. (New Zealand) and Gyratrix proaviformis sp.n. (Oregon) are described as new taxa. Additional notes are given on Gyratrix hermaphroditus Ehrbg. (new localities on the N. American Pacific coast), Scanorhynchus forcipatus Karling (new locality in California), Paraustrorhynchus elixus (Marcus) comb.n. and Alcha evelinae Marcus (new localities in California). The taxonomy of the genera and species is discussed. Viewpoints are presented on evolutionary trends and homologous atrial organs in the family Polycystididae.
Plumage and Size Variation in Swedish Common Buzzards Buteo buteo L. (Aves, Accipitriformes)
Authors: ULFSTRAND STAFFAN
Published: May 2008

Plumage colouration, using quantitative methods, and size of 320 museum specimens of Buteo buteo from Sweden were measured. The frequency of extremely pale birds was significantly higher in south Sweden than elsewhere. The amount of reddish colour in the plumage was minimal in central Sweden, rising northwards probably because of connexion with more easterly populations, and southwards probably because reddish pigments to a disproportionate degree persist even after an advanced general depigmentation. Size decreases clinally from south to north and a significant negative correlation was established between size and redness. No trace was found of any demarcation line between two distinguishable subpopulations, nor was there any bimodality in the data collected, and therefore nomenclatorial separation of the north Swedish population seems unjustified. Thus, the western limit of Buteo b. vulpinus must be located east of the Baltic. Finally, various factors possibly contributing to the complex pattern of variation in the Swedish population of Buteo buteo are discussed.
Ultrastructure of the Tubificid Acrosome (Annelida, Oligochaeta)
Authors: JAMIESON BARRIE G. M. , DADDOW UNA , BENNETT JOHN D.
Published: May 2008

The later morphogenesis of the acrosome of Limnodriloides winckelmanni and Rhyacodrilus arthingtonae is compared with that in Enchytraeus and in earthworms. After superposition of the acrosome on the tip of the nucleus the manchette continues apically beyond the nucleus to ensheath the acrosomal tube. At the posterior limit of, and probably contained in, the spacious/ terminal primary acrosomal vesicle is an electron‐dense ring. A domed protrusion into the floor of the primary vesicle is tentatively regarded as the secondary acrosome vesicle. The axial rod when first observed is attached to the vesicle complex. Later, the rod detaches and extends deeply into the acrosome tube. A membrane ensheathes the tubificid axial rod but its exact homology with the complex layers surrounding the lumbricid or megascolecid axial rod is not clear. The domed apical region of the tubificid acrosome is probably a persistence of the primary acrosome vesicle and it is deduced that the acrosome vesicle surrounding the axial rod in lumbricids and megascolecids is a product, by invagination, of the secondary acrosome vesicle only.
1. Morphological and anatomical scrutiny; with discussion on the generic level
Authors: HOLMQUIST CHARLOTTE
Published: May 2008

Re‐examination of 35 species and some “varieties” has led to a division of the whole “Peloscolex” complex of species into eight genera, Peloscolex Leidy, 1850, Spirosperma Eisen, 1879, Embolocephalus Randolph, 1892, Orientodrilus gen.n., Baikalodrilus gen.n., Haber gen.n., Edukemius gen.n., and Tubificoides Lastochkin, 1937. This division is based first and foremost on the construction and histology of the male genital organs, but it is also supported by other characteristics.
Tergestia karachiense sp.n. (Trematoda, Fellodistomidae) from the Fish Stromateus sinensis of the Karachi Coast
Authors: BILQEES FATIMA MUJEB
Published: May 2008

This is the first report of the genus Tergestia from Pakistan. T. karachiense sp.n. is characterized by possessing relatively long esophagus, intestinal bifurcation in front of the acetabulum, oral lobes 12 in number, scanty irregular vitellaria, testis at the posterior extremity, and* relatively small eggs.
The Structure and Mineralization of the Carapace of the Crab (Cancer pagurus L.) 3. The epicuticle
Authors: HEGDAHL TROND , GUSTAVSEN FINN , SILNESS JOHN
Published: May 2008

Decalcified and undecalcified preparations of the crab Cancer pagurus in the intermoult condition were studied to examine the mineralization and structure of the epicuticle, using light microscopic, electron microscopic, and microradiographic methods. The epicuticle was found to be composed of two layers, one superficial membrane, and one thicker layer, measuring 1‐2 μm. From the base layer spines or microtrichia projected. These were approximately 18 μm long and built like the remainder of the epicuticle. The spines and the base layer of the epicuticle contained vertical canals which in undecalcified sections accomodated columns of crystals. These canals were the only location in which minerals occurred in the epicuticle. In decalcified preparations filamentous strands were observed in the canals. Elsewhere in the epicuticular tissue no fibrillar structure was observed. The canals and their contents seemed to extend across the junctional zone between the epicuticle and the exocuticle.
Amphyllodomus incurvaria gen. et sp.n. (Crustacea, Amphipoda), a Remarkable Leaf‐cutting Amphithoid from the Marine Shallows of Barbados
Authors: JUST JEAN
Published: May 2008

Amphyllodomus incurvaria gen. et sp.n. is described and figured. The species lives among hydroids and algae and has a remarkable domiciliary biology in that it carries around a house built of two oval pieces of brown algae cut out by the animal itself. The species is placed in the Amphithoidae, but certain deviations from that family place it in an isolated position.
The Polyural Skeleton of Lepisosteus and Certain Other Actinopterygians
Authors: NYBELIN ORVAR
Published: May 2008

A description is given of the caudal skeleton in Lepisosteus founded on two specimens of L. osseus (L.) and figures and sketches of other species of the genus. A comparison is made with caudal skeletons of the Mesozoic genera Ionoscopus, Oligopleurus, Urocles and Caturus and the Recent Amia. They are all referred to a polyural type in a wider sense, different in principle from the diural type, characteristic of primitive living teleosts. A polyural caudal skeleton from the U. Jurassic of Cerin, France, is described; its identification with one of the known species from this locality is not possible.
Développement de la partie antérieure de la mandibule de Salmo trutta fario L. (Pisces, Teleostei, Salmonidae)
Authors: FRANCILLON HÉLÈNE
Published: May 2008

A study of the origin and development of the bony complex (“dentaire” s.l.) later forming the anterior part of the mandible of Salmo fario leads to the following conclusions: (1) various modes of ossifications occur in the ontogeny of this bony complex, (2) the main component is the dermal (dento‐splénial) whereas the enchondral one (mentomeckelien) is much reduced, (3) the proposed term “dento‐splénio‐mentomeckelien” focuses attention, at the same time, on the order of appearance and relative importance of the two components.
Papiliochromis gen.n., a New Genus of South American Cichlid Fish (Teleostei, Perciformes)
Authors: KULLANDER SVEN O.
Published: May 2008

A new, monotypic, genus is proposed for the fish hitherto known as Apistogramma ramirezi Myers & Harry, 1948. It is probably related to Geophagus Heckel and Biotodoma Eigenmann & Kennedy. It differs considerably in behaviour and morphology from other species assigned to the genus Apistogramma Regan, to which it is considered to be not very closely related.
Two New Kalyptorhynchia (Turbellaria) from the Coast of Northern New England, USA1
Authors: DEAN HARLAN K.
Published: May 2008

Cystiplana rubra sp.n. and Crassicollum musculare gen. et sp.n. are described and their taxonomy discussed. C. rubra (family Cystiplanidae Karling, 1964) is distinguished by red pigmented stripes, two pairs of cuticular pieces within the copulatory bulb, a small male atrium posterior to the copulatory bulb, and a two part atrial bulb. C. musculare is characterized by a large, unpaired prostatic vesicle with two distinct regions of secretory products, a muscular penis papilla with a small apical stylet, large muscle bolsters bracketing a glandular evagination of the genital atrium, and a large sphincter encircling the genital canal. A new family of Eukalyptorhynchia, Crassicollidae, is erected. Notes on some biological aspects of these species are included.
Two Types of Nematocysts in Campanulariidae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) Studied by Light and Scanning Electron Microscopy
Authors: ÖSTMAN CARINA
Published: May 2008

The cnidom was found to consist of several morphologically distinct types of nematocysts in six investigated species of Campanulariidae. Descriptions are provided for b‐rhabdoids (micro‐basic b‐mastigophores) of two sizes, occurring in the polyps of Campunulariu Integra and Clytia hemisphaerica of the johnstoni and gracilis forms, respectively. The smaller nemato‐cyst is the most frequent type and is also abundant in the polyps of Laomedea flexuosa, L. geniculata, L. longissima and L. dichotoma as well as in the medusae of Campanulariidae. Structural details of the two nematocyst types, as revealed by scanning electron microscopy, permit discussion of the classification of the nematocysts. The tube in the two types tapers almost unnoticeably from base to tip. No distinct, proximal enlargement of the tube was discernable in either type, as earlier light microscopical observations have suggested. The proximal armature consists of a right‐handed, triple helix of three separate strands of long, closely‐set, paired spines. In the small nematocyst the distal part of the tube is armed with medium sized spines and the discharged tube forms an obtuse angle to the long axis of the capsule. The discharged, wider tube of the large nematocyst roughly forms a right angle to the long axis of the capsule and is distally armed with minute spines.
Metrical and Non‐metrical Skull Variations in Norwegian Wild Mink (Mustela vison Schreber)
Authors: WIIG øYSTEIN , LIE ROLF W.
Published: May 2008

Variations in fifteen metrical measurements and six non‐metrical traits in 131 mink skulls were investigated. The skulls were subdivided geographically into three samples: Eastern Norway, Western Norway and Trøndelag. Separation into juveniles and adults was in accordance with the criterion that all sutures are closed in adults. This seemed to work well. No age or sex variations were found in the non‐metrical traits. Relatively little geographic variation found in either the metrical measurements or the non‐metrical traits indicated little genetic variation. Gene‐flow is regarded as one of the reasons for this.