bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Results after the adoption of a MELD/PELD‐based liver allocation policy in Argentina
Authors: Dip Marcelo , Cejas Nora , Cervio Guillermo , Villamil Federico , Tagliafichi Viviana , Hansen Krogh Daniela , Imventarza Oscar , Soratti Carlos , Bisigniano Liliana
Published: November 2014

In July 2005, Argentina switched from a categorical liver allocation system to a MELD/PELD‐based policy for patients with CLD. To analyze WL outcomes and survival after LT in children. From January 2000 to December 2010, 923 children were registered. Two consecutive five‐yr periods were analyzed and compared: Era I (January 2000–July 2005) (n = 379) and Era II (July 2005–December 31, 2010) (n = 544). All data were prospectively collected and analyzed using the Kaplan–Meier method. After adopting the MELD/PELD system, WL registrations increased by 44% (from 379 to 544) and the number of LT increased by only 24% (from 278 to 365). However, three‐month WL mortality rate (32% to 18%, p < 0.0001, HR 2.002 CI 95% 1.5–2.8) decreased significantly. No significant differences were observed between Era 1 and II in one‐yr post‐LT survival (77.5% vs. 84.1%, p = 0.3053) and in acute re‐LT rate (9% vs. 5%, p = 0.1746). Under the MELD/PELD‐based allocation system in Argentina, mortality on the WL significantly decreased in children with CLD without affecting post‐LT survival, although reduced access to LT was observed.
Spatial Relationships among Dairy Farms, Drinking Water Quality, and Maternal‐Child Health Outcomes in the San Joaquin Valley
Authors: Blake Sarah Brown
Published: November 2014

Objective

Access to clean and affordable water is a significant public health issue globally, in the United States, and in California where land is heavily used for agriculture and dairy operations. The purpose of this study was to explore the geographic relationships among dairy farms, nitrate levels in drinking water, low birth weight, and socioeconomic data at the ZIP code level in the San Joaquin Valley.

Design and Sample

This ecological study used a Geographic Information System (GIS) to explore and analyze secondary data.

Measures

A total of 211 ZIP codes were analyzed using spatial autocorrelation and regression analysis methods in ArcGIS version 10.1.

Results

ZIP codes with dairies had a higher percentage of Hispanic births (p = .001). Spatial statistics revealed that ZIP codes with more dairy farms and a higher dairy cow density had higher levels of nitrate contamination. No correlation was detected between LBW and unsafe nitrate levels at the ZIP code level.

Conclusion

Further research examining communities that use private and small community wells in the San Joaquin Valley should be conducted. Birth data from smaller geographic areas should be used to continue exploring the relationship between birth outcomes and nitrate contamination in drinking water.
Photophysics of Acetophenone Interacting with DNA: Why the Road to Photosensitization is Open
Authors: Huix‐Rotllant Miquel , Dumont Elise , Ferré Nicolas , Monari Antonio
Published: November 2014

Deoxyribonucleic acid photosensitization, i.e. the photoinduced electron‐ or energy‐transfer of chromophores interacting with DNA, is a crucial phenomenon that triggers important DNA lesions such as pyrimidine dimerization, even upon absorption of relatively low‐energy radiation. Oxidative lesions may also be produced via the photoinduced production of reactive oxygen species. Aromatic ketones, and acetophenone in particular, are well known for their sensitization effects. In this contribution we model the structural and dynamical properties of the acetophenone/DNA aggregates as well as their spectroscopic and photophysical properties using high‐level hybrid quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics methods. We show that the key steps of the photochemistry of acetophenone in gas phase are conserved in the macromolecular environment and thus an ultrafast singlet–triplet conversion of acetophenone is expected prior to the transfer to DNA.
An Inverse‐regression Method of Dependent Variable Transformation for Dimension Reduction with Non‐linear Confounding
Authors: Lue Heng‐Hui
Published: November 2014

Many model‐free dimension reduction methods have been developed for high‐dimensional regression data but have not paid much attention on problems with non‐linear confounding. In this paper, we propose an inverse‐regression method of dependent variable transformation for detecting the presence of non‐linear confounding. The benefit of using geometrical information from our method is highlighted. A ratio estimation strategy is incorporated in our approach to enhance the interpretation of variable selection. This approach can be implemented not only in principal Hessian directions (PHD) but also in other recently developed dimension reduction methods. Several simulation examples that are reported for illustration and comparisons are made with sliced inverse regression and PHD in ignorance of non‐linear confounding. An illustrative application to one real data is also presented.
The Morphology of Multiple Household Family Farms
Authors: Moreno‐Pérez Olga M. , Lobley Matt
Published: November 2014

This article endeavours to illuminate a largely underexplored area of family farming research; that of multiple‐household arrangements at the farm level. The investigation focused on an agricultural area of south‐east Spain where family‐based farms specialising in export‐oriented horticulture have undergone profound transformations over the last decades. In‐depth interviews were undertaken with 20 informants complemented by a face‐to‐face survey of 135 farmers. A closer look at the farm–family interplay unveiled the existence of holdings jointly managed by several kindred households. These farm governance structures are associated with a greater ability to cope with the managerial complexity of this agricultural system and provide a sound basis for farm expansion, thus emerging as an important element of farm differentiation. Micro‐level information allowed us to explore, for the first time, the variable morphology of the organisational forms that were often found to lie behind different legal arrangements and their role in the intergenerational transfer process. These findings have far‐reaching implications for research, since they take us considerably beyond the picture portrayed by conventional agricultural statistics and challenge many of the traditional assumptions and categories of the existing literature on family farming.
Governing Animal–human Relations in Farming Practices: A Study of Group Housing of Sows in the EU
Authors: de Krom Michiel P. M. M.
Published: November 2014

EU pig welfare legislation required European pig farmers to shift from individual to group housing of pregnant sows by 1 January 2013. This requirement was principally designed to meet the sows' needs for locomotion and interaction with conspecifics. This article explores how the legislation affected everyday sow–farmer interactions, which influence farm animal welfare to an important degree. We start by analysing conceptualisations of sow welfare and sow–farmer relations as implicated in the EU directive and the scientific advice that informed it. Contending that these conceptualisations largely overlook co‐developments in sow housing systems and sow–farmer relations, we subsequently introduce an alternative analytical framework that builds on sociological, practice‐oriented theories. We then apply this framework to analyse 19 qualitative interviews with pig farmers in Belgium on the on‐farm introduction of group sow housing. In this analysis, we discern different ways in which farmers' choices for particular group housing systems were co‐constituted by and co‐constitutive of everyday sow–farmer relations. We conclude by reflecting on the scientific and policy implications of these findings.
Scaling of Film Cooling Performance From Ambient to Engine Temperatures
Authors: Greiner Nathan J. , Polanka Marc D. , Rutledge James L.
Published: November 2014

The present study employs computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to explore the complexities of scaling film cooling performance measurements from ambient laboratory conditions to high temperature engine conditions. In this investigation, a single shaped hole is examined computationally at both engine and near ambient temperatures to understand the impact of temperature dependent properties on scaling film cooling performance. By varying select flow and thermal parameters for the low temperature cases and comparing the results to high temperature flow, the parameters which must be matched to scale film cooling performance are determined. The results show that only matching the density and mass flux ratios is insufficient for scaling to high temperatures. In accordance with convective heat transfer fundamentals, freestream and coolant Reynolds numbers and Prandtl numbers must also be matched to obtain scalable results. By virtue of the Prandtl number for air remaining nearly constant with temperature, the Prandtl number at ambient conditions is sufficiently matched to engine temperatures. However, laboratory limitations can prevent matching both the freestream and coolant Reynolds numbers simultaneously. By examining this trade-off, it is determined that matching the coolant Reynolds number produces the best scalability. It is also found that by averaging the adiabatic effectiveness of two experiments in which the freestream and coolant Reynolds number are matched, respectively, results in significantly better scalability for cases with a separated coolant jet.
Modeling the Nature of Science with the Mystery Tube
Authors: Miller Scott
Published: November 2014

Oftentimes physics is portrayed as merely a list of facts that we know about the world around us, when in fact it is a way of knowing about that world. At times physics claims to understand the inner working of objects that cannot be directly observed, such as the core of the planets and Sun, or the structure of an atom. It is important for students to learn not only the facts of what we know about science, but also how we know what we know about science, even if we cannot directly observe it. This article describes a new take on a black box activity that has been around for years, the mystery tube.1 It is simple to construct but effective at demonstrating the nature of science (NOS). It illustrates the difference between observation and inference, and steps students through the scientific process. Beginning with a scientific question, students make observations, form a hypothesis, predict further observations, and test them before revising or strengthening their hypothesis. This activity provides a fantastic introduction to NOS, either as an alternative to other NOS activities2 or as a lead-in to a discussion of NOS.3 It can be used as an in-class activity, starting off a discussion of how scientists can claim to know what we know, or it can be used as an introductory lab, setting the foundation for how all subsequent activities should be conducted.
Approaches to Delivering Online Programs in Kinesiology
Authors: Bryan Charity
Published: November 2014

The proliferation of online courses and programs has impacted kinesiology programs across the country. The process of providing online instruction, while popular with students, is often daunting to the kinesiology programs that must navigate this process. Recommendations for transitioning courses and programs from face-to-face to online are offered from both the faculty and administrative perspective. Maintaining academic rigor in online kinesiology courses and program is also essential to the dialogue and for ensuring success. Many kinesiology courses and programs are well suited for online delivery and demand for these programs is high. Kinesiology faculty and administrators should understand both the facilitators and barriers to online implementation.
Improving Teaching Effectiveness and Student Learning Through the Use of Faculty Learning Communities
Authors: Roth Stephen M.
Published: November 2014

Higher education faculty have many responsibilities, with teaching as arguably the most public of those yet also the task for which many are least prepared. Professional development around teaching and learning can provide faculty with the knowledge and skills needed to improve student learning while also improving job satisfaction. The present paper describes the use of faculty learning communities as a best practice for professional development around teaching. Such communities engage a group of participants over time and provide a way to impart knowledge and resources around teaching and learning, encourage application of new skills in the classroom, and evaluate and refect on the effectiveness of those trials. Research shows that time spent in faculty learning communities translates into improvements in both teaching effectiveness and student learning. Resources are provided for administrators interested in developing and supporting faculty learning communities around teaching and learning.
Online Threaded Discussion: Benefits, Issues, and Strategies
Authors: Jung Jinhong , Gilson Todd A.
Published: November 2014

The rapid growth of technology allows tertiary-level education to develop alternative ways of instruction to effectively support student learning. Although a face-to-face class is still powerful, online learning has been advocated as an innovative instructional way to confront constraints such as distance, time, space, and diverse student characteristics. This article introduces a brief overview of online threaded discussion (OTD) in a blended course in physical education teacher education (PETE), and provides insights into how to effectively design, manage, and teach online courses. In particular, contextual information that relates to a specific university, PETE program, course, and students are discussed in this article. Second, the blended model and OTD implemented by the authors are introduced. Finally, the article discusses the blended model's contributions, issues, and strategies, and provides implications for physical educators to improve their online courses in higher education settings.
The State of Online Education in Kinesiology in the United States
Authors: Mahar Matthew T. , Hall Tyler R. , Delp Michael D. , Morrow James R.
Published: November 2014

Administrators of kinesiology departments (N = 101) completed a survey that requested information about online education, funding for online courses, and administrator perceptions of the rigor and future of online courses. More master's (n = 18) than undergraduate degree (n = 9) programs were totally online. Forty-nine percent of institutions provide funding to faculty and 37% provide funding to departments for online offerings. Respondents indicated concern about the rigor of online courses. Sixty-one percent indicated that academic rigor is a concern of faculty, 42% did not feel that totally online courses were as rigorous as face-to-face classes, and 65% indicated tests for online courses are not proctored. Despite concerns, 76% indicated they expect to have some or many online courses in the next 5-10 years. Few respondents indicated they expected to have no online courses or almost totally online delivery of courses. Online delivery of instruction is impacting kinesiology, and expansion of online education is likely.
Finished Genome Sequence of Escherichia coli K-12 Strain HMS174 (ATCC 47011)
Authors: Mairhofer Juergen , Krempl Peter M. , Thallinger Gerhard G. , Striedner Gerald
Published: November 2014

Escherichia coli
strain K-12 substrain HMS174 is an engineered descendant of the
E. coli
K-12 wild-type strain. Like its ancestor, it is an important organism in biotechnological research and is used in fermentation processes for heterologous protein production. Here, we report the complete genome sequence of
E. coli
HMS174 (ATCC 47011).
Draft Genome Sequence of Psychrotrophic
Acinetobacter
sp. Strain MN12 (MTCC 10786), Which Produces a Low-Temperature-Active and Alkaline-Stable Peptidase
Authors: Swarnkar Mohit Kumar , Salwan Richa , Kasana Ramesh Chand , Singh Anil Kumar
Published: November 2014

We report here the draft genome sequence of
Acinetobacter
sp. strain MN12 (MTCC 10786), which is a psychrotrophic bacterium that produces an extracellular low-temperature-active and alkaline-stable peptidase. The draft genome assembly of
Acinetobacter
sp. MN12 has a size of 4.31 Mbp, with a G+C content of 40.75%.
Metagenomes of Microbial Communities in Arsenic- and Pathogen-Contaminated Well and Surface Water from Bangladesh
Authors: Layton Alice C. , Chauhan Archana , Williams Daniel E. , Mailloux Brian , Knappett Peter S. K. , Ferguson Andrew S. , McKay Larry D. , Alam M. Jahangir , Matin Ahmed Kazi , van Geen Alexander , Sayler Gary S.
Published: November 2014

The contamination of drinking water from both arsenic and microbial pathogens occurs in Bangladesh. A general metagenomic survey of well water and surface water provided information on the types of pathogens present and may help elucidate arsenic metabolic pathways and potential assay targets for monitoring surface-to-ground water pathogen transport.
Reidentification of Ebola Virus E718 and ME as Ebola Virus/H.sapiens-tc/COD/1976/Yambuku-Ecran
Authors: Kuhn Jens H. , Lofts Loreen L. , Kugelman Jeffrey R. , Smither Sophie J. , Lever Mark S. , van der Groen Guido , Johnson Karl M. , Radoshitzky Sheli R. , Bavari Sina , Jahrling Peter B. , Towner Jonathan S. , Nichol Stuart T. , Palacios Gustavo
Published: November 2014

Ebola virus (EBOV) was discovered in 1976 around Yambuku, Zaire. A lack of nomenclature standards resulted in a variety of designations for each isolate, leading to confusion in the literature and databases. We sequenced the genome of isolate E718/ME/Ecran and unified the various designations under Ebola virus/H.sapiens-tc/COD/1976/Yambuku-Ecran.
Genome Sequences of Vibrio navarrensis, a Potential Human Pathogen
Authors: Gladney Lori M. , Katz Lee S. , Knipe Kristen M. , Rowe Lori A. , Conley Andrew B. , Rishishwar Lavanya , Mariño-Ramírez Leonardo , Jordan I. King , Tarr Cheryl L.
Published: November 2014

Vibrio navarrensis
is an aquatic bacterium recently shown to be associated with human illness. We report the first genome sequences of three
V. navarrensis
strains obtained from clinical and environmental sources. Preliminary analyses of the sequences reveal that
V. navarrensis
contains genes commonly associated with virulence in other human pathogens.
Draft Genome Sequence of Escherichia coli Strain VKPM B-10182, Producing the Enzyme for Synthesis of Cephalosporin Acids
Authors: Mardanov Andrey V. , Eldarov Mikhail A. , Sklyarenko Anna V. , Dumina Maria V. , Beletsky Alexey V. , Yarotsky Sergey V. , Ravin Nikolai V.
Published: November 2014

Escherichia coli
strain VKPM B-10182, obtained by chemical mutagenesis from
E. coli
strain ATCC 9637, produces cephalosporin acid synthetase employed in the synthesis of β-lactam antibiotics, such as cefazolin. The draft genome sequence of strain VKPM B-10182 revealed 32 indels and 1,780 point mutations that might account for the improvement in antibiotic synthesis that we observed.
Complete Genome Sequence of Lactococcus lactis Strain AI06, an Endophyte of the Amazonian Açaí Palm
Authors: McCulloch John Anthony , de Oliveira Viviane Matoso , de Almeida Pina André Vicioli , Pérez-Chaparro Paula Juliana , de Almeida Lara Mendes , de Vasconcelos Janaina Mota , de Oliveira Layanna Freitas , da Silva Daisy Elaine Andrade , Rogez Hervé Louis Ghislain , Cretenet Marina , Mamizuka Elsa Masae , Nunes Marcio Roberto Teixeira
Published: November 2014

We report the genome, in a single chromosome, of
Lactococcus lactis
strain AI06, isolated from the mesocarp of the açaí fruit (
Euterpe oleracea
) in eastern Amazonia, Brazil. This strain is an endophyte of the açaí palm and also a component of the microbiota of the edible food product.
$\bar{B}\rightarrow X_s\gamma$ in the μνSSM
Authors: Zhang Hai-Bin , Luo Guo-Hui , Feng Tai-Fu , Zhao Shu-Min , Gao Tie-Jun , Sun Ke-Sheng
Published: November 2014

The μνSSM, one of supersymmetric extensions beyond the Standard Model, introduces three singlet right-handed neutrino superfields to solve the μ problem and can generate three tiny Majorana neutrino masses through the seesaw mechanism. In this paper, we investigate the rare decay process [Formula: see text] in the μνSSM, under a minimal flavor violating assumption for the soft breaking terms. Constrained by the SM-like Higgs with mass around 125 GeV, the numerical results show that the new physics can fit the experimental data for [Formula: see text] and further constrain the parameter space.
Quark mass hierarchy and flavor mixing puzzles
Authors: Xing Zhi-Zhong
Published: November 2014

The fact that quarks of the same electric charge possess a mass hierarchy is a big puzzle in particle physics, and it must be highly correlated with the hierarchy of quark flavor mixing. This chapter is intended to provide a brief description of some important issues regarding quark masses, flavor mixing and CP-violation. A comparison between the salient features of quark and lepton flavor mixing structures is also made.
How Much Do Analysts Influence Each Other's Forecasts?
Authors: Cohn Jonathan B. , Juergens Jennifer L.
Published: November 2014

This paper develops and applies a new approach for disentangling the influence of analysts on each other's earnings forecasts from the effects of correlated information shocks. We estimate that, on average, each cent a new forecast by an analyst is above (below) another analyst's most recent forecast causes the other analyst to revise her forecast upwards (downwards) by between 0.21 and 0.36 cents. More reputable analysts are more influential, while those that tend to be optimistic are less influential and are influenced more by the forecasts of other analysts. We do not find support for career concerns-driven herding or anti-herding. Finally, we find that more influential analysts are more likely to subsequently be ranked as All-Stars and to move from a less to a more prestigious brokerage house, and less likely to leave the analyst profession, suggesting that influence is a desirable characteristic.
Animal models of ischemia-reperfusion-induced intestinal injury: progress and promise for translational research
Authors: Gonzalez Liara M. , Moeser Adam J. , Blikslager Anthony T.
Published: November 2014

Research in the field of ischemia-reperfusion injury continues to be plagued by the inability to translate research findings to clinically useful therapies. This may in part relate to the complexity of disease processes that result in intestinal ischemia but may also result from inappropriate research model selection. Research animal models have been integral to the study of ischemia-reperfusion-induced intestinal injury. However, the clinical conditions that compromise intestinal blood flow in clinical patients ranges widely from primary intestinal disease to processes secondary to distant organ failure and generalized systemic disease. Thus models that closely resemble human pathology in clinical conditions as disparate as volvulus, shock, and necrotizing enterocolitis are likely to give the greatest opportunity to understand mechanisms of ischemia that may ultimately translate to patient care. Furthermore, conditions that result in varying levels of ischemia may be further complicated by the reperfusion of blood to tissues that, in some cases, further exacerbates injury. This review assesses animal models of ischemia-reperfusion injury as well as the knowledge that has been derived from each to aid selection of appropriate research models. In addition, a discussion of the future of intestinal ischemia-reperfusion research is provided to place some context on the areas likely to provide the greatest benefit from continued research of ischemia-reperfusion injury.
Green tea extract attenuates muscle loss and improves muscle function during disuse, but fails to improve muscle recovery following unloading in aged rats
Authors: Alway Stephen E. , Bennett Brian T. , Wilson Joseph C. , Sperringer Justin , Mohamed Junaith S. , Edens Neile K. , Pereira Suzette L.
Published: November 2014

In this study we tested the hypothesis that green tea extract (GTE) would improve muscle recovery after reloading following disuse. Aged (32 mo) Fischer 344 Brown Norway rats were randomly assigned to receive either 14 days of hindlimb suspension (HLS) or 14 days of HLS followed by normal ambulatory function for 14 days (recovery). Additional animals served as cage controls. The rats were given GTE (50 mg/kg body wt) or water (vehicle) by gavage 7 days before and throughout the experimental periods. Compared with vehicle treatment, GTE significantly attenuated the loss of hindlimb plantaris muscle mass (−24.8% vs. −10.7%, P < 0.05) and tetanic force (−43.7% vs. −25.9%, P <0.05) during HLS. Although GTE failed to further improve recovery of muscle function or mass compared with vehicle treatment, animals given green tea via gavage maintained the lower losses of muscle mass that were found during HLS (−25.2% vs. −16.0%, P < 0.05) and force (−45.7 vs. −34.4%, P < 0.05) after the reloading periods. In addition, compared with vehicle treatment, GTE attenuated muscle fiber cross-sectional area loss in both plantaris (−39.9% vs. −23.9%, P < 0.05) and soleus (−37.2% vs. −17.6%) muscles after HLS. This green tea-induced difference was not transient but was maintained over the reloading period for plantaris (−45.6% vs. −21.5%, P <0.05) and soleus muscle fiber cross-sectional area (−38.7% vs. −10.9%, P <0.05). GTE increased satellite cell proliferation and differentiation in plantaris and soleus muscles during recovery from HLS compared with vehicle-treated muscles and decreased oxidative stress and abundance of the Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax), yet this did not further improve muscle recovery in reloaded muscles. These data suggest that muscle recovery following disuse in aging is complex. Although satellite cell proliferation and differentiation are critical for muscle repair to occur, green tea-induced changes in satellite cell number is by itself insufficient to improve muscle recovery following a period of atrophy in old rats.
The Effectiveness of Xylitol in a School-Based Cluster-Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Lee Wonik , Spiekerman Charles , Heima Masahiro , Eggertsson Hafsteinn , Ferretti Gerald , Milgrom Peter , Nelson Suchitra
Published: November 2014

Objective: The purpose of this double-blind, cluster-randomized clinical trial was to examine the effects of xylitol gummy bear snacks on dental caries progression in primary and permanent teeth of inner-city school children. Methods: A total of 562 children aged 5-6 years were recruited from five elementary schools in East Cleveland, Ohio. Children were randomized by classroom to receive xylitol (7.8 g/day) or placebo (inulin fiber 20 g/day) gummy bears. Gummy bears were given three times per day for the 9-month kindergarten year within a supervised school environment. Children in both groups also received oral health education, toothbrush and fluoridated toothpaste, topical fluoride varnish treatment and dental sealants. The numbers of new decayed, missing, and filled surfaces for primary teeth (dmfs) and permanent teeth (DMFS) from baseline to the middle of 2nd grade (exit exam) were compared between the treatment (xylitol/placebo) groups using an optimally-weighted permutation test for cluster-randomized data. Results: The mean new d3-6mfs at the exit exam was 5.0 ± 7.6 and 4.0 ± 6.5 for the xylitol and placebo group, respectively. Similarly, the mean new D3-6MFS was 0.38 ± 0.88 and 0.48 ± 1.39 for the xylitol and placebo group, respectively. The adjusted mean difference between the two groups was not statistically significant: new d3-6mfs: mean 0.4, 95% CI -0.25, 0.8), and new D3-6MFS: mean 0.16, 95% CI -0.16, 0.43. Conclusion: Xylitol consumption did not have additional benefit beyond other preventive measures. Caries progression in the permanent teeth of both groups was minimal, suggesting that other simultaneous prevention modalities may have masked the possible beneficial effects of xylitol in this trial. © 2014 S. Karger AG, Basel
The Impact of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System Blockade on Contrast-Induced Nephropathy: A Meta-Analysis of 12 Studies with 4,493 Patients
Authors: Jo Sang-Ho , Lee Joo Myung , Park Jonghanne , Kim Hyo-Soo
Published: November 2014

Objectives: This meta-analysis investigated the impact of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) blockade on the occurrence of contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN). Methods: Twelve studies comparing the use of RAAS blockade in a total of 4,493 patients undergoing a contrast-using procedure were included. The primary endpoint was the overall postprocedural incidence of CIN. Results: In the overall pooled analysis, there was no significant difference between the two groups, RAAS blockade ‘used' versus ‘not-used', in the incidence of postprocedural CIN in the random-effects model (OR 1.27, 95% CI 1.77-2.11, p = 0.351, I2 = 61.9%). In the stratified analysis, however, for chronic RAAS blockade users, the continuation of the drug was significantly associated with a higher incidence of CIN compared with discontinuation (OR 2.06, 95% CI 1.62-2.61, p < 0.001, I2 = 0.0%). A hazard of continuation was marked in a subgroup of older patients or in patients with chronic kidney disease. For drug-na9ve patients, however, administration of RAAS blockade before contrast procedures did not reduce the development of CIN significantly (OR 0.52, 95% CI 0.23-1.16, p = 0.108, I2 = 34.2%). Conclusion: Discontinuation of RAAS blockade in chronic users is associated with a significantly lower incidence of CIN, whereas administration of RAAS blockade as a preventive measure for na9ve patients did not show a significant effect on the incidence of CIN. i 2014 S. Karger AG, Basel
An Investigation of the Late Excitatory Potentials in the Hand following Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Early Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Balla Christina , Maertens de Noordhout Alain , Pepin Jean Louis
Published: November 2014

Background: Recent neuroimaging studies in humans support the clinical observations that the motor cortex is affected early in the course of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Patients and Methods: We measured the silent period (SP) induced by transcranial magnetic stimulation in AD patients in the very early stage of the disease, and we explored whether and in which way the pharmacologic manipulation of the cholinergic system could modify it. Results: An increase in the duration of the SP was observed in AD patients in the early stage in comparison to controls. After 2 months of treatment with donepezil, the duration did not differ significantly from that of normal subjects. The results of our study show a fragmentation and an enlargement of the SP in the presence of multiple late excitatory potentials (LEPs) in early untreated AD patients. These LEPs were also modulated by donepezil. Conclusions: The results suggest an early functional impairment of cholinergic neurotransmission in AD. The disturbance in acetylcholine output in early AD leads to a decrease in excitability of the motor system.
Wishes and Beliefs of Cancer Patients Regarding Counseling on Integrative Medicine
Authors: Münstedt Karsten , Vogt Tobias , Rabanus Maria-Elisabeth , Hübner Jutta
Published: November 2014

Background: Today there is an agreement on how patients should be counseled regarding integrative medicine in oncology. In order to better meet the patients' demands, we investigated additional beliefs and wishes related to these topics. Patients and Methods: Patients in 2 locations were asked to complete an assessment form regarding their wishes in relation to counseling on integrative medicine. Results: Based on 404 returned assessment forms, we found that most patients wished to be counseled on integrative medicine by oncologists but also wanted to be treated by them with such methods. Oncologists received the best ratings regarding credibility, oncological competence, sympathy for patients, and honesty. Only with regard to time for patients did health practitioners receive better ratings. Physical exercise, balanced diets, and psycho-oncological support were the methods mainly recommended by physicians. Health practitioners mainly recommended taking mistletoe extracts, trace elements, and immunostimulants. Conclusion: It may be hypothesized from this work that the physicians' leading role in promoting integrative medicine in the field of oncology - which contrasts with findings in other countries - is perhaps based on the patients' desire to be treated and counseled by physicians, especially oncologists.
A Phase I Study of UGT1A1 *28/*6 Genotype-Directed Dosing of Irinotecan (CPT-11) in Korean Patients with Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Receiving FOLFIRI
Authors: Kim Kyu-Pyo , Hong Yong Sang , Lee Jae-Lyun , Bae Kyun Seop , Kim Ho-Sook , Shin Jae-Gook , Lee Jung Shin , Kim Tae Won
Published: November 2014

Purpose: A UGT1A1 genotype-directed dose escalation of irinotecan (CPT-11) was performed in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer receiving first-line FOLFIRI chemotherapy. Methods: Patients were genotyped for UGT1A1 and stratified according to the number of defective alleles (DA; *28 and *6). The irinotecan dose was escalated with a fixed dose of 5-fluorouracil and leucovorin in a standard 3 + 3 design. Results: In 43 enrolled patients, the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) was 300 mg/m2 for the 1 DA group, while the MTD was not reached for the 0 DA group with 1 dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) at 330 mg/m2 and for the 2 DA group with 0 DLT at 150 mg/m2. Because of the risk of being exposed to unsafe doses, the trial was terminated before the MTD was reached in the 0 DA and 2 DA groups. The recommended doses were 300 (0 DA), 270 (1 DA) and 150 (0 DA) mg/m2. The 2 DA group displayed 27% lower SN-38 exposure levels relative to the 0 and 1 DA groups (95% CI, 0.47-1.15). Conclusions: The MTD of irinotecan differed according to the UGT1A1 genotype, and higher doses of irinotecan are feasible with sLV5FU2 compared to the present regulatory approved doses. © 2014 S. Karger AG, Basel
Fast and Successful Management of Intraocular Inflammation with a Single Intravitreal Dexamethasone Implant
Authors: Pleyer Uwe , Klamann Matthias , Laurent Thierry-Jens , Mänz Martin , Hazirolan Dicle , Winterhalter Sibylle , Thurau Stephan R.
Published: November 2014

Purpose: To investigate the efficacy and safety of a single dexamethasone intravitreal implant (Ozurdex®, 700 µg). Methods: In this prospective noncomparative case series, 84 patients (54 females) received a dexamethasone intravitreal implant. At weeks 4, 12 and 24 after the injection, vitreous haze, macular thickness and best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) were assessed and adverse events reported. Results: Clearance of vitreous haze could be achieved after 4 weeks in 61% of all eyes (p < 0.001) and remained significant until week 24 (p < 0.001). This was paralleled by a reduction of central retinal thickness after 4 (p < 0.001), 12 (p < 0.001) and 24 weeks (p < 0.006). Significant and fast improvement of BCVA was already achieved after 4 weeks (p < 0.001) but vanished by week 24. Intraocular pressure reached ≥35 mm Hg in 3 eyes and was significantly more frequent in intermediate uveitis compared to posterior uveitis (p < 0.016). Conclusions: The dexamethasone implant is effective in controlling intraocular posterior segment inflammation and reduces central retinal thickness fast and effectively.
Tuberculoma of the Cavernous Sinus and Meckel's Cave in a Child
Authors: Kumar V.R. Roopesh , Madhugiri Venkatesh S. , Verma Surendra Kumar , Barathi S. Deepak , Yadav Awdhesh Kumar , Bidkar Prasanna
Published: November 2014

Tuberculous infection of the cavernous sinus and Meckel's cave is extremely rare. In this report, we describe a patient with tuberculoma of the cavernous sinus and Meckel's cave, extending to the petrous apex. The patient underwent microsurgical excision of the lesion and antitubercular chemotherapy resulting in a good outcome. We describe the diagnostic difficulties and review the relevant literature.
Herpes Simplex Encephalitis as a Complication of Whole-Brain Radiotherapy: A Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Sermer David J. , Woodley Jamie L. , Thomas Christian A. , Hedlund Jacquelyn A.
Published: November 2014

A 55-year-old male recently diagnosed with stage IV lung adenocarcinoma presented with altered mental status approximately 1 week after the completion of 14 fractions of whole-brain radiotherapy (WBRT) for brain metastases. On admission, he was somnolent but oriented and without focal neurological deficits. Brain imaging revealed marked regression of his brain metastases. Laboratory values were only significant for hyponatremia with urine hyperosmolality consistent with syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion. The patient developed seizures 3 days after admission, at which time cerebrospinal fluid was significant for positive herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1 PCR but with a negative cell count, and acyclovir was started for HSV encephalitis (HSE). After 3 weeks of acyclovir 10 mg/dl i.v. 3 times per day, he had significant neurological recovery and was discharged. Although HSE is a relatively rare condition, it is the most common cause of sporadic encephalitis in Western countries. Since the pathogenesis is believed to be due to the reactivation of latent HSV, it is possible that patients who are immunosuppressed are at higher risk for HSE. In addition, patients who are immunosuppressed or immunocompromised often present atypically, which may delay time to diagnosis and treatment, thus significantly worsening prognosis. This case report intends to raise awareness of this severe condition in the context of patients who have received WBRT and immunosuppressive therapy. In addition, important considerations of diagnosis and treatment of HSE in this patient population are discussed.
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Overexpression Does Not Enhance Adipose Stromal Cell–Induced Protection on Muscle Damage in Critical Limb Ischemia
Authors: Olea Fernanda Daniela , Locatelli Paola , Hnatiuk Anna , De Lorenzi Andrea , Valdivieso León , Rocha Estefanía , Ramírez Rodrigo , Laguens Rubén , Crottogini Alberto
Published: November 2014

Objectives—

Critical limb ischemia complicates peripheral artery disease leading to tissue damage and amputation. We hypothesized that modifying adipose stromal cells (ASCs) to overexpress human vascular endothelial growth factor 165 (VEGF) would limit ischemic muscle damage to a larger extent than nonmodified ASCs.

Approach and Results—

Rabbits with critical hindlimb ischemia were injected with allogeneic abdominal fat-derived ASCs transfected with plasmid-VEGF
165
(ASCs-VEGF; n=10). Additional rabbits received nontransfected ASCs (ASCs; n=10) or vehicle (placebo; n=10). One month later, ASCs-VEGF rabbits exhibited significantly higher density of angiographically visible collaterals and capillaries versus placebo (both
P
<0.05) but not versus ASCs (both
P
=NS). Arteriolar density, however, was increased in both ASCs and ASCs-VEGF groups (both
P
<0.05 versus placebo). ASCs-VEGF and ASCs showed comparable post-treatment improvements in Doppler-assessed peak systolic velocity, blood pressure ratio, and resistance index. Ischemic lesions were found in 40% of the muscle samples in the placebo group, 19% in the ASCs-VEGF group, and 17% in the ASCs groups (both
P
<0.05 versus placebo, Fisher test).

Conclusions—

In a rabbit model of critical limb ischemia, intramuscular injection of ASCs genetically modified to overexpress VEGF increase angiographically visible collaterals and capillary density. However, both modified and nonmodified ASCs increase arteriolar density to a similar extent and afford equal protection against ischemia-induced muscle lesions. These results indicate that modifying ASCs to overexpress VEGF does not enhance the protective effect of ASCs, and that arteriolar proliferation plays a pivotal role in limiting the irreversible tissue damage of critical limb ischemia.
Digoxin and Risk of Death in Adults With Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Freeman James V. , Reynolds Kristi , Fang Margaret , Udaltsova Natalia , Steimle Anthony , Pomernacki Niela K. , Borowsky Leila H. , Harrison Teresa N. , Singer Daniel E. , Go Alan S.
Published: November 2014

Background—

Digoxin remains commonly used for rate control in atrial fibrillation, but limited data exist supporting this practice and some studies have shown an association with adverse outcomes. We examined the independent association between digoxin and risks of death and hospitalization in adults with incident atrial fibrillation and no heart failure.

Methods and Results—

We performed a retrospective cohort study of 14 787 age, sex, and high-dimensional propensity score-matched adults with incident atrial fibrillation and no previous heart failure or digoxin use in the AnTicoagulation and Risk factors In Atrial fibrillation-Cardiovascular Research Network (ATRIA-CVRN) study within Kaiser Permanente Northern and Southern California. We examined the independent association between newly initiated digoxin and the risks of death and hospitalization using extended Cox regression. During a median 1.17 (interquartile range, 0.49–1.97) years of follow-up among matched patients with atrial fibrillation, incident digoxin use was associated with higher rates of death (8.3 versus 4.9 per 100 person-years;
P
<0.001) and hospitalization (60.1 versus 37.2 per 100 person-years;
P
<0.001). Incident digoxin use was independently associated with a 71% higher risk of death (hazard ratio, 1.71; 95% confidence interval, 1.52–1.93) and a 63% higher risk of hospitalization (hazard ratio, 1.63; 95% confidence interval, 1.56–1.71). Results were consistent in subgroups of age and sex and when using intent-to-treat or on-treatment analytic approaches.

Conclusions—

In adults with atrial fibrillation, digoxin use was independently associated with higher risks of death and hospitalization. Given other available rate control options, digoxin should be used with caution in the management of atrial fibrillation.
Common Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor p.G116S Variant Has a Large Effect on Plasma Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol in Circumpolar Inuit Populations
Authors: Dubé Joseph B. , Wang Jian , Cao Henian , McIntyre Adam D. , Johansen Christopher T. , Hopkins Scarlett E. , Stringer Randa , Hosseinzadeh Siyavash , Kennedy Brooke A. , Ban Matthew R. , Young T. Kue , Connelly Philip W. , Dewailly Eric , Bjerregaard Peter , Boyer Bert B. , Hegele Robert A.
Published: November 2014

Background—

Inuit are considered to be vulnerable to cardiovascular disease because their lifestyles are becoming more Westernized. During sequence analysis of Inuit individuals at extremes of lipid traits, we identified 2 nonsynonymous variants in low-density lipoprotein receptor (
LDLR
), namely p.G116S and p.R730W.

Methods and Results—

Genotyping these variants in 3324 Inuit from Alaska, Canada, and Greenland showed they were common, with allele frequencies 10% to 15%. Only p.G116S was associated with dyslipidemia: the increase in LDL cholesterol was 0.54 mmol/L (20.9 mg/dL) per allele (
P
=5.6×10
−49
), which was >3× larger than the largest effect sizes seen with other common variants in other populations. Carriers of p.G116S had a 3.02-fold increased risk of hypercholesterolemia (95% confidence interval, 2.34–3.90;
P
=1.7×10
−17
), but did not have classical familial hypercholesterolemia. In vitro, p.G116S showed 60% reduced ligand-binding activity compared with wild-type receptor. In contrast, p.R730W was associated with neither LDL cholesterol level nor altered in vitro activity.

Conclusions—

LDLR
p.G116S is thus unique: a common dysfunctional variant in Inuit whose large effect on LDL cholesterol may have public health implications.
Free-living stages of the parasitic copepod Lernanthropinus labracoglossae Izawa, 2014 (Siphonostomatoida, Lernanthropidae), reared from eggs
Authors: Izawa Kunihiko
Published: November 2014

Free-living stages, comprising two naupliar stages and the infective copepodid I, of the parasitic copepod Lernanthropinus labracoglossae Izawa, 2014 are described. The larvae were reared from eggs detached from an ovigerous female, recovered from the branchial lamellae of the Japanese actinopterygian fish Labracoglossa argentiventris Peter, 1866 (Kyphosidae). The number of naupliar stages prior to copepodopid I in the Lernanthropidae is the same as in the Caligidae, Pseudohatschekidae and Trebiidae. The copepodid I of the species has a frontal filament, as do representatives of the Caligidae, Pandaridae and Trebiidae. However, this is regarded as a vestigial feature in the last two families. Copepodid I of L. labracoglossae has a 6-segmented antennule, including the naked first segment, as do the first copepodids of eudactylinid copepods.
First report of the swimming crab Ovalipes iridescens (Miers, 1886) (Brachyura, Portunidae) from Taiwan
Authors: Koch M. , Ďuriš Z. , Huang J. F. , Chan T. Y.
Published: November 2014

The portunid crab Ovalipes iridescens (Miers, 1886) is reported for the first time from the marine waters of Taiwan, and is just the second Ovalipes species known from this region. The only previously known Ovalipes species from Taiwan is a commercially-used species, Ovalipes punctatus (De Haan, 1833). The present study provides morphological and distributional data, and discusses the variability of the external morphology. The colour pattern of the body and the shape of the male gonopods of the newly recorded O. iridescens are illustrated.
The occurrence of the Atlantic penaeid prawn Farfantepenaeus aztecus (Ives, 1891) in the Thermaikos Gulf (Aegean Sea, eastern Mediterranean): considerations on the potential establishment and impact on the autochthonous Melicertus kerathurus (Forskål, 1775)
Authors: Kevrekidis Kosmas
Published: November 2014

The penaeid prawn Farfantepenaeus aztecus (Ives, 1891), of western Atlantic origin, has been recently recorded in a lagoonal environment in the Thermaikos Gulf (North Aegean Sea) increasing the number of alien decapods in the Aegean Sea to 29. The present work reports the finding of F. aztecus in offshore waters on the trawling ground of the Thermaikos Gulf. The presence of this alien species in the area is probably due to ships’ ballast water or to expansion northward from the Levantine Sea where it was recently reported. The life cycle characteristics and several properties of the Atlantic species along with the abiotic and biotic factors of the Thermaikos indicate that the species will eventually be established successfully in the gulf. However, the potential establishment of F. aztecus in the Thermaikos Gulf raises concerns over the fate of the autochthonous penaeid prawn Melicertus kerathurus (Forskål, 1775) in the North Aegean Sea.
Tolstoy and Schopenhauer and War and Peace: Influence and Ambivalence
Authors: Becker David
Published: November 2014

This essay is an analysis of the influence that Schopenhauer’s philosophy had upon Tolstoy during his writing of the novel War and Peace. It is generally conceded that Schopenhauer’s ideas had a deep impact upon Tolstoy during the writing of Anna Karenina, however, the case of War and Peace is more complex and contested. Some have maintained that War and Peace possesses an essentially “optimistic” perspective on life, and that Tolstoy shifted his ground dramatically when he embarked upon the latter novel. Others have seen a greater degree of continuity between the two works. This essay makes the case that War and Peace is in fact a work that is deeply influenced by Tolstoy’s affinity for Schopenhauer’s view of the world. However, at the same time, it argues that Tolstoy was ambivalent about Schopenhauer’s deep pessimism, and that this ambivalence is manifested throughout the novel. Nevertheless, the essay proposes that War and Peace is a far darker and more “pessimistic” work than is often understood, and that this element of the novel is an indication of the author’s sympathy with the philosophy of Arthur Schopenhauer.