bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Recombination of Cr(CO)n with CO: Kinetics and Bond Dissociation Energies.
Authors: FLETCHER T. R. , ROSENFELD R. N.
Published: May 2016

Time‐resolved IR laser absorption spectroscopy is used to study the kinetics of the recombination of both Cr(CO)4 and Cr(CO)5 with CO.
ChemInform Abstract: p‐Bis(diphenylhydrosilyl)benzene. A Useful Reagent for the Deoxygenation of Alcohols via Acetates.
Authors: SANO H. , TAKEDA T. , MIGITA T.
Published: May 2016

Diphenylchlorosilane (I) reacts with magnesium and 1,4‐dibromobenzene (II) to form the p‐phenylene bridged bissilane (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Reactions of 3,4‐Di‐tert‐butylthiophene.
Authors: NAKAYAMA J. , YAMAOKA S. , HOSHINO M.
Published: May 2016

The diketo sulfide (I) reacts with TiCl4 and Zn to give the tetrahydrothiophenediol (II) which is desulfurized with Raney nickel, forming the acyclic diol (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Thermal Condensation of Indoles with Trifluoroacetaldehyde.
Authors: MAKI Y. , KIMOTO H. , FUJII S. , SENGA M. , COHEN L. A.
Published: May 2016

The indoles (I) and (IV) are coupled with the hemiacetal (II) to produce the hydroxytrifluoroethylindoles (III) and (V).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Characterization, and Properties of the η2‐Acyl Complexes Mo(η2‐COCH2CMe3)X(PMe3)4 (X: Cl, Br).
Authors: CARMONA E. , MUNOZ M. A. , ROGERS R. D.
Published: May 2016

The η2‐acyl title complexes (III) are prepared according to the scheme.
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Carbon‐Carbon Bond Formation on a Triosmium Cluster: Crystal Structures of (Os3(CO)8(C(Me)C(Me)C(O)C(Me)C(Me)C(Ph)C(Ph))) and (Os3(CO)8(P(OMe)3)(C(Me)C(Me)C(O)C(Me)C(Me))).
Authors: JOHNSON B. F. G. , KHATTAR R. , LEWIS J. , RAITHBY P. R. , SMIT D. N.
Published: May 2016

(IVa), which is obtained from (I) besides the known complex (III), is converted to (IVb) (no yield given), which reacts with a range of alkynes such as (VII) to produce the clusters (VIII) in which the incoming alkyne and the previously coordinated pentadienone ligand have combined to produce a C7Os3 unit.
ChemInform Abstract: Syn‐Selective Aldol Reactions of Titanium and Zirconium Dienolates.
Authors: PANEK J. S. , BULA O. A.
Published: May 2016

The lithium enolates, prepared from the cyclohexenone (I), react with chlorotitanium triisopropoxide (IIa) or bis(cyclopentadienyl)dichloro‐zirconium (IIb) under transmetalation to yield the Z,E‐dienolates (III) which are coupled with the achiral aldehydes (IV) to give syn/anti mixtures of the hydroxy enones (V).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Terbinafine. A Palladium Catalyzed Vinyl Iodide ‐ Ethynylstannane Coupling.
Authors: RUDISILL D. E. , CASTONGUAY L. A. , STILLE J. K.
Published: May 2016

Methyl(naphthylmethyl)amine (I) is coupled with propargyl bromide (II) in the presence of butyllithium to give the propargylic amine (III) which is iodinated to form the iodopropenyl amine (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: A Regiodefined Synthesis of α‐Trimethylsilyl Ketones Catalyzed by Rhodium(I) Hydride Complex.
Authors: SATO S. , MATSUDA I. , IZUMI Y.
Published: May 2016

The β‐silylated allylic alcohols (I) and (III) are isomerized in the presence of HRh(PPh3)4 to form the α‐silyl ketones (II) or (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Polycarbosilane Models. Part 3. Synthesis and Characterization of Linear Functional Carbosilanes.
Authors: BACQUE E. , PILLOT J.‐P. , BIROT M. , DUNOGUES J. , BOURGEOIS G.
Published: May 2016

The oligomeric silanes (V) are prepared by coupling the α,ω‐dichlorosilanes (IV) with the silylmethylmagnesium chlorides (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 9‐Deoxynanaomycin A Methyl Ester.
Authors: DHOKTE U. P. , RAO A. S.
Published: May 2016

The key steps in the synthesis of the title compound (XI) from 1,4‐dimethoxynaphthalene (I) are outlined in the reaction scheme.
ChemInform Abstract: Hydrogenation of Alkenes by Diruthenium(II) Tetraacetate.
Authors: LINDSAY A. J. , MCDERMOTT G. , WILKINSON G.
Published: May 2016

The metal‐metal bonded title complex is an effective catalyst for the homogeneous hydrogenation of 1‐alkenes in methanol under ambient conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Organic Syntheses via Transition Metal Complexes. Part 29. 2,3‐Dihydroazete Complexes and 2‐Azetidinones by Template Synthesis with Carbene Complexes, Isocyanides, and Inamines.
Authors: AUMANN R. , KUCKERT E. , KRUEGER C. + , GODDARD R. , ANGERMUND K.
Published: May 2016

The three‐component reaction between (I), (II) and (III) yields the unusual cyclization products (IV).
It May Seem Inflammatory, but Some T Cells Are Innately Healing to the Bone
Authors: Kalyan Shirin
Published: May 2016

Among the most significant developments to have taken place in osteology over the last few decades is an evolution from treating and viewing bone disorders primarily through an endocrine lens to instead seeing them as metabolic disorders that interface at the molecular and cellular level with the immune system. Osteoimmunology was officially born in response to accumulating evidence that the immune system is integrally involved in bone remodeling, but much of the early work focused on the role of conventional αβ T cells in driving bone loss. There is, however, emerging data indicating that innate lymphocytes, in particular γδ T cells, may in fact be important for bone regeneration. We first observed that bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ), a rare but serious adverse drug effect characterized by nonhealing necrotic bone tissue of the mandible or maxilla, was linked to a deficiency in a subset of γδ T cells found in human peripheral blood. Patients who developed ONJ while on bisphosphonate therapy not only lacked the main subset of circulating γδ T cells, but they also all had underlying conditions that compromised their immune integrity. A number of recent studies have unraveled the role of γδ T cells (and lymphocytes sharing their characteristics) in bone regeneration—particularly for fracture healing. These findings seem to contradict the prevailing view of such “inflammatory” T cells as being bone degenerative rather than restorative. This viewpoint melds together the emerging evidence of these so-called inflammatory T cells in bone remodeling and healing—showing that they are not in fact “all bad to the bone.” © 2016 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Generation of Neural Crest‐Like Cells From Human Periodontal Ligament Cell‐Derived Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
Authors: Tomokiyo Atsushi , Hynes Kim , Ng Jia , Menicanin Danijela , Camp Esther , Arthur Agnes , Gronthos Stan , Mark Bartold Peter
Published: May 2016

Neural crest cells (NCC) hold great promise for tissue engineering, however the inability to easily obtain large numbers of NCC is a major factor limiting their use in studies of regenerative medicine. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) are emerging as a novel candidate that could provide an unlimited source of NCC. In the present study, we examined the potential of neural crest tissue‐derived periodontal ligament (PDL) iPSC to differentiate into neural crest‐like cells (NCLC) relative to iPSC generated from a non‐neural crest derived tissue, foreskin fibroblasts (FF). We detected high HNK1 expression during the differentiation of PDL and FF iPSC into NCLC as a marker for enriching for a population of cells with NCC characteristics. We isolated PDL iPSC‐ and FF iPSC‐derived NCLC, which highly expressed HNK1. A high proportion of the HNK1‐positive cell populations generated, expressed the MSC markers, whilst very few cells expressed the pluripotency markers or the hematopoietic markers. The PDL and FF HNK1‐positive populations gave rise to smooth muscle, neural, glial, osteoblastic and adipocytic like cells and exhibited higher expression of smooth muscle, neural, and glial cell‐associated markers than the PDL and FF HNK1‐negative populations. Interestingly, the HNK1‐positive cells derived from the PDL‐iPSC exhibited a greater ability to differentiate into smooth muscle, neural, glial cells and adipocytes, than the HNK1‐positive cells derived from the FF‐iPSC. Our work suggests that HNK1‐enriched NCLC from neural crest tissue‐derived iPSC more closely resemble the phenotypic and functional hallmarks of NCC compared to the HNK1‐low population and non‐neural crest iPSC‐derived NCLC. J. Cell. Physiol. 232: 402–416, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Polyisobutylene‐based polyurethanes X: PU nanocomposites with s‐containing soft segments
Authors: Nugay Nihan , Toth Kalman , Kekec Nur Cicek , Nugay Turgut , Kennedy Joseph P.
Published: May 2016

Sulfur‐containing polyisobutylene (PIB)‐based polyurethane nanocomposite (PIBs‐PU/NC) was synthesized using HOCH2CH2SPIBSCH2CH2OH for the soft segment, conventional hard segments of MDI and BDO, and organically modified montmorillonite (OmMMT) nanolayers. The properties of PIBs‐PU/NC containing 72.5% PIB and 0.5% OmMMT were studied and contrasted with unmodified PIBs‐PU. PIBs‐PU/NC produces colorless optically clear films exhibiting enhanced tensile strength, elongation, oxidative–hydrolytic stability, and creep resistance relative to that of PIBs‐PU. FTIR spectroscopy indicates H bonded S atoms between soft and hard segments, and OmMMT nanolayers. DSC and XRD suggest randomly dispersed low‐periodicity crystals and urea groups between galleries. We propose that minute amounts of OmMMT nanolayers become covalently attached to polyurethane chains and beneficially affect properties by acting as co‐chain extender/reinforcing filler. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2016, 54, 2760–2765
A model for polythermal ice incorporating gravity-driven moisture transport
Authors: Schoof C. , Hewitt I. J.
Published: May 2016

The flow of ice sheets and glaciers dissipates significant amounts of heat, which can result in the formation of ‘temperate ice’, a binary mixture of ice and small amounts of melt water that exists at the melting point. Many ice masses are polythermal, in the sense that they contain cold ice, below the melting point, as well as temperate ice. Temperature and melt water (or moisture) content conversely affect the flow of these ice masses through their effect on ice viscosity and sliding behaviour. Ice flow models therefore require a component that can solve for temperature and moisture content, and determine the free boundary between the cold and temperate subdomains. We present such a model, based on the theory of compacting partial melts. By contrast with other models, we describe gravity- and pressure-gradient-driven drainage of moisture, while maintaining a divergence-free ice flow at leading order. We also derive the relevant boundary conditions at the free cold–temperate boundary, and find that the boundary behaves differently depending on whether ice enters or exits the temperate region. The paper also describes a number of test cases used to compare with a numerical solution, and investigates asymptotic solutions applicable to the limit of small compaction pressure gradients in the temperate ice regions. A simplified enthalpy-gradient model is finally proposed, which captures most of the behaviour of the full model in this limit.
Judicial Independence in British North America, 1825–67: Constitutional Principles, Colonial Finances, and the Perils of Democracy
Authors: Phillips Jim
Published: May 2016

It is well known that “formal” judicial independence—appointment on good behavior rather than at pleasure—was established in Britain with the 1701 Act of Settlement, and, like many other aspects of the English constitution, not exported to the colonies of either the First or the Second Empire. Its absence formed one of the allegations against the crown in the American Declaration of Independence, and the Constitution of the New Republic accordingly included a federal judicial independence provision. British imperial policy in North America after the Revolution regarding judges continued as before, so that formal judicial independence was not established until 1834, and then only in Upper Canada (now Ontario). In the other three principal British North American colonies this was later still. What is now Quebec (Lower Canada) received good behavior appointments in 1843, and Nova Scotia in 1848. In the other colonies that joined the Canadian Confederation in 1867 (New Brunswick) or within a few years afterwards (British Columbia, Manitoba, and Prince Edward Island), good behavior appointments were introduced for the first time only when the colony joined Confederation.
THE ZERO LOWER BOUND AND CRUDE OIL AND FINANCIAL MARKETS SPILLOVERS
Authors: Serletis Apostolos , Xu Libo
Published: May 2016

We investigate mean and volatility spillovers between the crude oil market and the debt, stock, and foreign exchange markets. In doing so, we estimate a four-variable VARMA–GARCH model with a BEKK representation and also examine the possible effects of monetary policy at the zero lower bound by including a dummy variable in both the conditional mean and variance equations. We find that the crude oil market and the financial markets are tightly interconnected and that monetary policy at the zero lower bound has strengthened their linkages.
Hospice and palliative social workers' experiences with clients at risk of suicide
Authors: Washington Karla T. , Albright David L. , Parker Oliver Debra , Gage L. Ashley , Lewis Alexandria , Mooney Megan J.
Published: May 2016

Objective:

We sought to determine the frequency with which hospice and palliative social workers encounter patients, family caregivers, and other clients at risk of suicide, and to discover the extent to which hospice and palliative social workers feel prepared to address issues related to suicide in their professional practice.

Method:

We conducted a cross-sectional survey of hospice and palliative social workers, recruiting a convenience sample of volunteer respondents through advertisements at professional conferences and listservs, and via social media accounts associated with national organizations, state hospice and palliative care associations, and individual healthcare professionals.

Results:

Most respondents reported having worked with patients, family caregivers, or other clients who had exhibited warning signs of suicide during the previous year. Fewer respondents indicated that they had worked with patients and family members who had attempted or died by suicide. While the majority of respondents believed they possessed sufficient knowledge and skills to intervene effectively with individuals at risk of suicide, they indicated that additional education on this topic would be valuable for their professional practice.

Significance of results:

These study results suggest that suicide-related competencies are important in the practice of hospice and palliative social work. Future education and training efforts should include skill development in addition to knowledge building.
Stabilizing and color tuning pyrazine radicals by coordination for photochromism
Authors: Zhang Xian , Wang Ming-Sheng , Sun Cai , Yang Chen , Li Pei-Xin , Guo Guo-Cong
Published: May 2016

This work reports the first photochromic pyrazine-based compound that can undergo photoinduced charge separation and yield stable pyrazine radicals.
Wireless rotating disk electrode (wRDE) for assessing heterogeneous water oxidation catalysts (WOCs)
Authors: Mills A. , O'Rourke C.
Published: May 2016

A novel method for assessing the activity of a powdered water oxidation catalyst (WOC) is described, utilising an easily-prepared wireless rotating disc electrode of the WOC, thereby allowing its activity to be probed, via the observed kinetics of water oxidation by Ce(iv) ions, and so provide invaluable electrochemical information.
Decarboxylative dearomatization and mono-α-arylation of ketones
Authors: Mendis Shehani N. , Tunge Jon A.
Published: May 2016

Ligand-controlled decarboxylative coupling of benzyl enol carbonates provides dearomatized products via enantiospecific coupling or alpha-aromatic ketones via dearomatization–rearomatization.
Catalytic co-pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass with polymers: a critical review
Authors: Zhang Xuesong , Lei Hanwu , Chen Shulin , Wu Joan
Published: May 2016

A perspective and review of recent progress in the catalytic co-pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass with polymers is presented.
Three-dimensional hierarchical cultivation of human skin cells on bio-adaptive hybrid fibers
Authors: Planz Viktoria , Seif Salem , Atchison Jennifer S. , Vukosavljevic Branko , Sparenberg Lisa , Kroner Elmar , Windbergs Maike
Published: May 2016

Bio-adaptive hybrid fibers simulating the complex biomechanical characteristics of the native human extracellular matrix were developed as bio-inspired functional materials for biomedical applications.
The emergence of oxime click chemistry and its utility in polymer science
Authors: Collins Joe , Xiao Zeyun , Müllner Markus , Connal Luke A.
Published: May 2016

The synthesis of new, highly functional and dynamic polymeric materials has risen dramatically since the introduction of click chemistry in 2001.
Iron-catalyzed trifluoromethylation of vinylcyclopropanes: facile synthesis of CF3–containing dihydronaphthalene derivatives
Authors: Li Zong-Rui , Bao Xing-Xing , Sun Jian , Shen Jing , Wu Dun-Qi , Liu Yan-Kai , Deng Qing-Hai , Liu Feng
Published: May 2016

FeCl2-catalyzed trifluoromethylation of vinylcyclopropanes to generate a series of CF3-containing dihydronaphthalene derivatives in moderate to high yields (up to 96%) under mild reaction conditions was successfully developed.
Planar integration of flexible micro-supercapacitors with ultrafast charge and discharge based on interdigital nanoporous gold electrodes on a chip
Authors: Zhang Chao , Xiao Jian , Qian Lihua , Yuan Songliu , Wang Shuai , Lei Pengxiang
Published: May 2016

A flexible micro-supercapacitor based on interdigital nanoporous gold electrodes is elaborately designed through direct writing technology, exhibiting excellent electrochemical performance.
Self-assembly of cobalt hexacyanoferrate crystals in 1-D array using ion exchange transformation route for enhanced electrocatalytic oxidation of alkaline and neutral water
Authors: Bui Hoa Thi , Ahn Do Young , Shrestha Nabeen K. , Sung Myung M. , Lee Joong Kee , Han Sung-Hwan
Published: May 2016

1-D array of Co3[Fe(CN)6]2 film obtained by ion exchange mediated chemical transformation route from Co(CO3)0.35Cl0.20(OH)1.10 demonstrated an enhanced electrocatalytic oxidation of alkaline and neutral water.
Traumatic Brain Injury Caused by Motor Vehicle Collision and Alcoholism in Piauí
Authors: Vale Benjamim , Castro Juçara , Araújo Marx , Morais Herb , Macêdo Lívio
Published: May 2016

Objectives To determine the relationship between alcohol consumption and the incidence of traumatic brain injury (TBI) with diffuse axonal injury (DAI), determining these indices, checking acquired comorbidities and characterizing the patients by gender, age and race/color, as well as describing the characteristics of the motor vehicle collision (vehicle, period of the day, day of the week and site) in people admitted to an emergency hospital in the city of Teresina, in the state of Piauí, Brazil.

Methods We have analyzed the data contained in the medical records of patients admitted with a history of motor vehicle collision and severe TBI in intensive care units, based on the forms provided by the Mobile Emergency Care Service (SAMU, in the Portuguese acronym) in the period between February 28 and November 28, 2013.

Results In the period covered by the present study, 200 individuals were analyzed, and 54 (27%) had consumed alcohol; of these 11 had DAI. Of the total sample, 17% (34) presented DAI, however, with unknown data regarding the consumption of alcoholic beverages.

Conclusion Considering the data, we observed that the profile of the head trauma patients are brown men, mostly (53.5%) aged between 15 and 30 years. The collisions occurred mostly on weekends and at night (55%), and 89.5% of the crashes involved motorcycles.
5.2.17.9 Acylstannanes (Including S, Se, and Te Analogues) (Update 2014)
Authors: Wyatt P. B.
Published: May 2016

This chapter is an update to the earlier Science of Synthesis contribution (Section 5.2.17) describing synthetic methods that involve acylstannanes and analogues incorporating heavier chalcogens. This update focuses on applications of acylstannanes reported in the period 2000–2013. These include cross-coupling reactions with carbon electrophiles and transition-metal-catalyzed additions to carbon-carbon multiple bonds.
5.2.18.8 Imidoylstannanes, Diazoalkylstannanes, Tin Isocyanates, and Tin Isothiocyanates (Update 2014)
Authors: Wyatt P. B.
Published: May 2016

This chapter is an update to the earlier Science of Synthesis contribution (Section 5.2.18) describing synthetic methods that involve imidoylstannanes, diazoalkylstannanes, tin isocyanates, and tin isothiocyanates. It focuses on applications of these compounds reported in the period 2000–2013.
6.1.42 Product Subclass 42: N-Heterocyclic Carbene Borane Complexes
Authors: Vallet A.-L. , Lacôte E.
Published: May 2016

N-Heterocyclic carbene borane complexes are a family of new reagents for organic chemistry and polymer synthesis. This chapter summarizes first the preparations and modifications of these reagents. It then focuses on the applications of the title compounds as radical hydrogen-atom donors, hydrides, hydroborating reagents, and radical photopolymerization initiators.
In-vacuum scattered light reduction with black cupric oxide surfaces for sensitive fluorescence detection
Authors: Norrgard E. B. , Sitaraman N. , Barry J. F. , McCarron D. J. , Steinecker M. H. , DeMille D.
Published: May 2016

We demonstrate a simple and easy method for producing low-reflectivity surfaces that are ultra-high vacuum compatible, may be baked to high temperatures, and are easily applied even on complex surface geometries. Black cupric oxide (CuO) surfaces are chemically grown in minutes on any copper surface, allowing for low-cost, rapid prototyping, and production. The reflective properties are measured to be comparable to commercially available products for creating optically black surfaces. We describe a vacuum apparatus which uses multiple blackened copper surfaces for sensitive, low-background detection of molecules using laser-induced fluorescence.
X-ray metrology and performance of a 45-cm long x-ray deformable mirror
Authors: Poyneer Lisa A. , Brejnholt Nicolai F. , Hill Randall , Jackson Jessie , Hagler Lisle , Celestre Richard , Feng Jun
Published: May 2016

We describe experiments with a 45-cm long x-ray deformable mirror (XDM) that have been conducted in End Station 2, Beamline 5.3.1 at the Advanced Light Source. A detailed description of the hardware implementation is provided. We explain our one-dimensional Fresnel propagation code that correctly handles grazing incidence and includes a model of the XDM. This code is used to simulate and verify experimental results. Initial long trace profiler metrology of the XDM at 7.5 keV is presented. The ability to measure a large (150-nm amplitude) height change on the XDM is demonstrated. The results agree well with the simulated experiment at an error level of 1 μrad RMS. Direct imaging of the x-ray beam also shows the expected change in intensity profile at the detector.
Joint estimation of (co) variance components and breeding values for mean and dispersion of days from calving to first service in Holstein cow
Authors: Ghiasi Heydar , Felleki Majbritt
Published: May 2016

The present study explored the possibility of selection for uniformity of days from calving to first service (DFS) in dairy cattle. A double hierarchical generalised linear model with an iterative reweighted least-squares algorithm was used to estimate covariance components for the mean and dispersion of DFS. Data included the records of 27 113 Iranian Holstein cows (parity, 1–6) in 15 herds from 1981 to 2007. The estimated additive genetic variance for the mean and dispersion were 32.25 and 0.0139; both of these values had low standard errors. The genetic standard deviation for dispersion of DFS was 0.117, indicating that decreasing the estimated breeding value of dispersion by one genetic standard deviation can increase the uniformity by 12%. A strong positive genetic correlation (0.689) was obtained between the mean and dispersion of DFS. This genetic correlation is favourable since one of the aims of breeding is to simultaneously decrease the mean and increase the uniformity of DFS. The Spearman rank correlations between estimated breeding values in the mean and dispersion for sires with a different number of daughter observations were 0.907. In the studied population, the genetic trend in the mean of DFS was significant and favourable (–0.063 days/year), but the genetic trend in the dispersion of DFS was not significantly different from zero. The results obtained in the present study indicated that the mean and uniformity of DFS can simultaneously be improved in dairy cows.
Fine-scale distribution of aboveground biomass of herbaceous vegetation and soil nutrients on an oceanic island after goat eradication are correlated with grazing damage and seabird nesting.
Authors: Hata Kenji , Kohri Mari , Morita Sayaka , Hiradate Syuntaro
Published: May 2016

We tested whether vegetation recovery on an oceanic island after the eradication of feral goats is related to
disturbances by goats and recovery of seabird nesting in an island. To test, we investigated relationships among the
aboveground biomass of herbaceous vegetation, nutrient concentrations in the soil after goat eradication, and vegetation
degradation before goat eradication and seabird nesting after the eradication. The investigation was conducted on the
island of Nakoudojima, a subtropical island situated in the northwestern Pacific Ocean with consideration of fine-scale
variation of topography and structure of current vegetation. The aboveground biomass of herbaceous vegetation was
correlated with the presence of vegetation degradation before goat eradication but not with seabird nesting after
eradication. Concentrations of carbon and nitrogen in the soil were correlated with both the presence of vegetation
degradation and seabird nesting. The concentration of available phosphorus in the soil was correlated with nesting
seabirds but not with vegetation degradation. The presence of nesting seabirds was correlated with differences in
dominant species in the vegetation after goat eradication and with topography. Our results suggested that fine-scale
heterogeneities of the aboveground biomass of herbaceous vegetation and the concentrations of nutrients in the soil
after goat eradication in an island could be related to vegetation degradation and subsequent erosion of surface soil
caused by goats and seabird nesting after the goat eradication.
Invasive toxic prey may imperil the survival of an iconic giant lizard, the Komodo dragon.
Authors: Ujvari Beata , Mun Hee-Chang , Conigrave Arthur D , Ciofi Claudio , Madsen Thomas
Published: May 2016

Although invasive species constitute a major threat to global biodiversity, the introduction of toxic prey into naïve
predator faunas may become particularly destructive. An example of such an introduction was the deliberate release
of the highly toxic cane toad (Bufo marinus) to the toad-free Australian continent in 1935. Naïve large Australian varanid
lizards have recently been shown to suffer a massive increase in mortality (> 95%) when attempting to feed on this
toxic amphibian. The high susceptibility of Australian varanids to toad toxin is caused by minor mutations in the sodiumpotassium-
ATPase enzyme. In the present study we show that Komodo dragons (Varanus komodoensis) have similar
mutations within this enzyme as observed in Australian varanids demonstrating that dragons are extremely susceptible
to toad toxin. During the last decade the black-spined toad (Bufo melanostictus) has been able to invade areas close
to the five toad-free islands constituting the habitat of Komodo dragons. An invasion of highly toxic black-spined toads
into dragon habitats may therefore cause similar dramatic increase in dragon mortality as recorded in Australian varanids
imperiling the long-term survival of this giant and iconic lizard.
Trends in conservation research and management in Hawai‘i over the past 20 years.
Authors: Elliott D. Dutra , Fortini L.B. , Duffy D.C.
Published: May 2016

Hawaiʻi, an archipelago of the most isolated inhabited islands on the planet, faces unique and extreme challenges
to its biodiversity. We examined how the conservation community has responded to these challenges and how the
responses have changed over time, using twenty years of abstracts from the Hawaiʻi Conservation Conference, a yearly
gathering of the majority of scientists, managers and the public in Hawaiʻi. Of the 2145 abstracts considered, 60%
percent reported research results; 40.0% reported information on conservation and resource management programmes
and institutions (i.e., non-research abstracts). Initially, applied research abstracts predominated, but in recent years the
number of basic research abstracts has become similar. Across taxonomic groups, terrestrial plants, mammals and
birds were the dominant research subjects, fish, algae and fungi were noticeably less studied relative to their diversity
in Hawaiʻi. Bird and fish species studied were mostly native; research on most other taxa was evenly divided between
native and non-native species. Topics have oscillated in frequency over the years, but there have been no dramatic
trends, with the exception of climate change and Local Ecological Knowledge (LEK). Although there is an increasing
trend in LEK and cross-disciplinary studies, the number of related abstracts have remained uncommon through the
period, accounting for less than 5.0% of total research abstracts analyzed. Our results offer an oportunity for the
conservation community to take a closer look at reported effort to better address key conservation questions for Hawaiʻi.
Diagnostic Delay and Antibiotic Overuse in Acute Pulmonary Blastomycosis
Authors: Alpern Jonathan D. , Bahr Nathan C. , Vazquez-Benitez Gabriela , Boulware David R. , Sellman Jonathan S. , Sarosi George A.
Published: May 2016

The diagnosis of blastomycosis is often delayed. We identified 28 cases of pulmonary blastomycosis in a retrospective chart review. Most patients received multiple antibiotic courses before being diagnosed, and the sputum KOH smear was rarely used. Diagnostic delay can be decreased with higher suspicion for pulmonary blastomycosis and early use of the sputum KOH smear.
Pull of Gravity
Authors: Mejia Lidyvez
Published: May 2016

Recidivism is defined as reincarceration, reconviction and/or being reimprisoned. This article focuses on the issues of recidivism while incorporating Pull of Gravity, a documentary, which highlights the challenges ex-offenders encounter during postrelease. This article explores 3 sociological issues closely related to recidivism: (1) types of populations that are recidivating, (2) communities' ex-offenders are returning home to, and (3) challenges they face in their transition. This article integrates research on issues of reentry and utilizes real-life experiences reflected through this film to give readers a tangible perception on the challenges that are currently faced. It explores possible resolutions while prompting critical thinking for everyone; individuals who are familiar with this topic and those who are foreign.
Losing Ground
Authors: Lichtenstein Bronwen , Weber Joe
Published: May 2016

Medical debt is a persistent problem in the United States. This study examined the role of medical debt in relation to home foreclosure in a Deep South county with high rates of poverty, health disparities, and a racial gap in homeownership. Statistical analysis and geographic information systems mapping of municipal court records for 890 foreclosees indicated disproportionately high rates of medical debt among African Americans who lived in racially distinct neighborhoods. Both nonmedical and medical debt judgments were more numerous among African Americans than among whites; foreclosees in both groups had a higher medical debt burden compared with nonforeclosees. These results help to explain medical debt as a driver of foreclosure and racial disparities in homeownership.
Impact of Physical Therapy for a Patient with Multiple Limb Amputations Secondary to Legionnaires' Disease: A Case Report
Authors: Taylor Sally Marie
Published: May 2016

Background and Purpose

Collaboration between the physical therapist and prosthetist is essential for patients with any type of amputation. This case report describes a patient with multiple limb amputations due to medical complications resulting from community acquired Legionnaires' disease (LD). The physical therapy evaluation, examination, diagnosis, interventions, and outcomes along with collaboration with the prosthetist are discussed.

Case Description

A 55-year-old previously healthy male contracted LD and subsequently developed multiple medical complications in acute care. This resulted in left transradial and bilateral transtibial amputations due to hypotension-induced ischemia from sepsis. A 2-month course of inpatient rehabilitation is described, including changes in functional status and progression to safe discharge home.

Outcomes

Physical therapy interventions resulted in an improvement from total assist for all functional mobility to ambulating at a standby assist level with bilateral lower limb and left upper limb prosthesis. He improved his 10-m walk test score from 0.07 to 0.60 m/s, 6-minute walk test to 133 m, and timed up and go test to 47 seconds.

Discussion

A comprehensive list of physical therapy interventions needs to be included for successful rehabilitation of a medically complex patient with multiple limb amputations. Collaboration with the prosthetist is inherent and critical. Future research may include a series of case reports or a study using practice-based evidence. This would allow for more associations to be made regarding interventions for patients with multiple limb amputations.
India – The evolution and corruption of licensing
Authors: Sutherland Ewan
Published: May 2016

Purpose

This paper aims to review the licensing in India, including the development of universal licences and of the now infamous 2G spectrum scam.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper is a case study drawing on a side range of official documents, including inquiry reports, policies, licences and court judgements.

Findings

Liberalisation of the sector introduced opportunities for lobbying and corruption that lead to very unusual market structures, with many operators and too little spectrum.

Research limitations/implications

Interviews with the principals were impossible.

Practical implications

It is now necessary for the government to adopt good governance processes, especially in respect of 4G and th inevitable consolidation of operators in a fair and equitable manner.

Social implications

The governance systems are incapable of controlling the corruption in the telecommunications sector and require substantial redesign.

Originality/value

The paper is the first to relate corporate political activity and corruption to outcomes in the telecommunications sector in India.
An analysis of the recent restructuring of network assets by the largest international mobile operators
Authors: Curwen Peter , Whalley Jason
Published: May 2016

Purpose

This paper aims to examine the extent to which the largest international mobile operators are restructuring their network assets to adapt to a rapidly changing environment.

Design/methodology/approach

A number of original databases have been constructed that identify the relevant operators, both current and over an eight-year period, where they operate on a regional basis, their purchases and sales of network assets during those eight years and their unfulfilled aspirations to buy and sell network assets.

Findings

It is reasonably evident that operators have clear strategic objectives when deciding where and when to expand their empires, and that they have a clear preference for regional clustering of assets. However, the paucity of desirable networks for sale means that asset buying has to be opportunistic and that operators come up against problems such as an unwelcoming government or a corrupt regime which makes operators come to regret their initial enthusiasm. In recent years, the emphasis has switched from building empires consisting solely of mobile networks towards the development of multi-play capabilities within a limited number of countries.

Practical implications

Databases are compiled by many organisations for their own purposes. They are usually difficult to interpret because of a lack of explanatory footnotes and often contain mistakes. The authors compile their own unique databases and, therefore, have a better understanding of the reasons why strategic decisions are made that affect the buying and selling of international assets.

Originality/value

The existence of these databases mean that the authors’ work is highly original, even though it is, of necessity, based upon public domain sources.
Spatial distribution of aquatic marine fungi across the western Arctic and sub‐arctic
Authors: Hassett Brandon T. , Ducluzeau Anne‐Lise L , Collins Roy E. , Gradinger Rolf
Published: May 2016

Fungi are important parasites of primary producers and nutrient cyclers in aquatic ecosystems. In the Pacific‐Arctic domain, fungal parasitism is linked to light intensities and algal stress that can elevate disease incidence on algae and reduce diatom concentrations. Fungi are vastly understudied in the marine realm and knowledge of their function is constrained by the current understanding of fungal distribution and drivers on global scales. To investigate the spatial distribution of fungi in the western Arctic and sub‐Arctic, we used high throughput methods to sequence 18S rRNA, cloned and sequenced 28S rRNA and microscopically counted chytrid‐infected diatoms. We identified a broad distribution of fungal taxa predominated by Chytridiomycota and Dikarya. Phylogenetic analysis of our Chytridiomycota clones placed Arctic marine fungi sister to the order Lobulomycetales. This clade of fungi predominated in fungal communities under ice with low snowpack. Microscopic examination of fixed seawater and sea ice samples revealed chytrids parasitizing diatoms collected across the Arctic that notably infected 25% of a single diatom species in the Bering Sea. The Pezizomycotina comprised > 95% of eukaryotic sequence reads in Greenland, providing preliminary evidence for osmotrophs being a substitute for algae as the base of food webs.
B‐type natriuretic peptide levels normalise in preterm infants without a patent ductus arteriosus by the fifth postnatal day
Authors: Tauber Kate A. , Doyle Robin , Granina Evgenia , Munshi Upender
Published: May 2016

Aim

Few published reports have established B‐type natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels in preterm infants without a patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). This study addressed that gap in our knowledge by establishing a reference range for BNP levels during the first two weeks of life in preterm infants without a PDA.

Methods

We enrolled 36 preterm infants between 24 and 32 weeks of gestation in this prospective, noninterventional study. Infants with a PDA, congenital heart disease, possible or confirmed sepsis and, or, meningitis, or perinatal depression requiring chest compressions were excluded. BNP levels were measured on postnatal days one, five, 10 and 15, with an echocardiogram on day five. Statistical analyses were performed using the ANOVA and Mann–Whitney U‐tests.

Results

BNP levels were significantly higher on day one than on days five, 10 and 15, and there was no statistical difference between days five, 10 and 15. The levels were not statistically different between infants of less than and greater than 29 weeks of gestation.

Conclusion

BNP levels were significantly elevated on postnatal day one in preterm infants without a PDA, but then decreased by day five and continued to stay low after that. Gestational age did not have an effect on BNP levels.
Adenomas as a risk factor in familial colorectal cancer: implications for screening and surveillance in the UK
Authors: Buczacki S. J. A. , Wheeler J. M. D.
Published: May 2016

Colorectal cancer (CRC) develops from normal epithelium, through dysplastic adenoma to invasive carcinoma. In addition to familial adenomatous polyposis and Lynch syndrome, approximately 10–35% of CRCs are familial in nature. CRC screening and surveillance programmes are based on an understanding of the natural history of polyps and rely on the ability to remove premalignant lesions endoscopically before they are capable of developing invasion. There are, however, significant differences in these guidelines between the UK and the USA in relation to the weight attributed to a family history of polyps. Here, using publicly available national data sets, we show that these differences in guidelines unexpectedly generate inadequate screening recommendations for second‐degree relatives of patients with CRC in the UK. We validate our simple mathematical modelling of the clinical problem on a regional data set as well as previously published study data to demonstrate the correct interpretation. We further discuss the implications of a family history of adenoma formation in the current climate of the Bowel Cancer Screening Programme and suggest a re‐evaluation of the UK guidelines in the light of this developing issue.
Prevalence of oral health‐related conditions that could trigger accidents for patients with moderate‐to‐severe dementia
Authors: Kobayashi Naoki , Soga Yoshihiko , Maekawa Kyoko , Kanda Yuko , Kobayashi Eiko , Inoue Hisako , Kanao Ayana , Himuro Yumiko , Fujiwara Yumi
Published: May 2016

Objective

This study was performed to determine the prevalence of oral health conditions unnoticed by doctors and ward staff that may increase risk of incidents and/or accidents in hospitalised patients with moderate–severe dementia.

Background data discussing the present status of the field

Dementia patients may not recognise risks in the mouth, such as tooth mobility or ill‐fitting dental prostheses and/or dentures. In addition to the risk of choking, injury by sharp edges of collapsed teeth or prosthodontics could pose risks. However, many previous publications were limited to case reports or series.

Materials and methods

Ninety‐two consecutive hospitalised dementia patients (M: 52, F: 40, median age: 82.5 years, range: 62–99 years, from 2011 to 2014), referred for dentistry for dysphagia rehabilitation, were enrolled in this study. Participants referred for dental treatment with dental problems detected by ward staff were excluded. All participants had a Global Clinical Dementia Rating Score >2. Their dental records were evaluated retrospectively for issues that may cause incidents and/or accidents.

Results

Problems in the mouth, for example tooth stumps, dental caries, and ill‐fitting dentures, were detected in 51.1% of participants (47/92). Furthermore, 23.9% (22/92) showed risk factors that could lead to incidents and/or accidents, for example falling out of teeth and/or prosthodontics or injury by sharp edges of teeth and/or prosthodontics.

Conclusions

Hospitalised moderate–severe dementia patients had a high prevalence of oral health conditions unnoticed by doctors and ward staff that may increase risk of incidents and/or accidents.
The Sexual Division of Labor and the Split Paycheck
Authors: Hirschmann Nancy J.
Published: May 2016

This essay takes up an apparently minor idea of Susan Moller Okin'sJustice, Gender, and the Family—that employers should split the paycheck of wage‐earning husbands between employees and their stay‐at‐home spouses—and suggests that it actually threatens to undermine Okin's entire argument by perpetuating the most central cause of women's inequality by Okin's own account: the sexual division of labor. Recognizing the vital contributions that Okin's seminal work made and the impact that it had on the field of feminist philosophy and political theory, the essay explores the ethical, political, and philosophical problems with this solution to the dire problems of gender inequality and injustice that Okin correctly identifies. The essay suggests that her commitment to liberalism may have resulted in a commitment to an inadequate vision of how to solve the problems of gender inequality, and offers other possibilities that Okin could have pursued instead that sustain her strong commitment to liberalism.
Raising One Eyebrow and Re‐envisioning Justice, Gender, and the Family
Authors: Ackerly Brooke A.
Published: May 2016

As part of a celebration of Susan Okin'sJustice, Gender, and the Family(JGF), this article notes how some impacts of the book were so accepted that their original source (JGF) has been forgotten. It goes on to make three critical arguments about 1) Okin's pared‐down account of gender injustice, 2) her choice to embrace the Rawlsian distributive view of justice, and 3) her treatment of the family as the linchpin of gender injustice.
The effect of arabinoxylooligosaccharides on gastric sensory‐motor function and nutrient tolerance in man
Authors: Scarpellini E. , Deloose E. , Vos R. , Francois I. E. J. A. , Delcour J. A. , Broekaert W. F. , Verbeke K. , Tack J.
Published: May 2016

Background

Intestinal microbiota regulates gastrointestinal sensory‐motor function. Prebiotics such as arabinoxylan‐oligosaccharide (AXOS) are non‐digestible, fermentable food ingredients beneficially affecting intestinal microbiota, colon activity, and improving human health. We wanted to investigate whether acute AXOS or maltodextrin (placebo) administration may alter gastric sensitivity (GS), accommodation (GA), nutrient tolerance (NT) in man.

Methods

Thirteen HV (6 M, 32.2 ± 1.8 years; BMI 22.3 ± 0.2) underwent two 48 h treatment periods with oral 4 × 9.4 g AXOS or 4 × 10 g maltodextrin (at least 1 week wash‐out) for gastric barostat assessment of GS, gastric compliance (GC), GA to a liquid test meal, on day 1, and NT drink test, on day 2. Oro‐cecal transit‐time (OCTT), colonic fermentation (CF) were assessed simultaneously with 13C‐lactose ureide, H2 breath tests.

Key Results

Arabinoxylan‐oligosaccharide significantly increased CF on day 1 and 2 (565 ± 272 vs 100 ± 24, 365 ± 66 vs 281 ± 25 H2 ppm/min, AXOS vs maltodextrin, both p < 0.05), not the OCTT. AXOS did not alter GC, sensitivity before and after the meal. Gastric accommodation was not significantly influenced by AXOS (volume increment: 171 ± 33 vs 130 ± 28 mL, AXOS vs maltodextrin, p = NS). On day 1, AXOS fermentation was associated with significantly higher postprandial bloating scores (960 ± 235 vs 396 ± 138 mm*min, AXOS vs maltodextrin, p < 0.05). On day 2, AXOS did not affect maximal NT (946 ± 102 vs 894 ± 97 mL, AXOS vs maltodextrin, p = NS), increased the bloating score (1236 ± 339 vs 675 ± 197 mm*min, AXOS vs maltodextrin, p < 0.05).

Conclusions & Inferences

Acute AXOS administration, associated with increased CF, does not affect GA, is not associated with increased meal‐induced satiety or perception scores.
Resolving Peer Disagreements Through Imprecise Probabilities
Authors: Elkin Lee , Wheeler Gregory
Published: May 2016

Two compelling principles, the Reasonable Range Principle and the Preservation of Irrelevant Evidence Principle, are necessary conditions that any response to peer disagreements ought to abide by. The Reasonable Range Principle maintains that a resolution to a peer disagreement should not fall outside the range of views expressed by the peers in their dispute, whereas the Preservation of Irrelevant Evidence (PIE) Principle maintains that a resolution strategy should be able to preserve unanimous judgments of evidential irrelevance among the peers. No standard Bayesian resolution strategy satisfies the PIE Principle, however, and we give a loss aversion argument in support of PIE and against Bayes. The theory of imprecise probability allows one to satisfy both principles, and we introduce the notion of aset‐based credal judgmentto frame and address a range of subtle issues that arise in peer disagreements.