bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Addressing Transportation Insecurity Among Patients With Cancer
Authors: Graboyes Evan M , Chaiyachati Krisda H , Sisto Gall Jennifer , Johnson Wenora , Krishnan Jerry A , McManus Sapna S , Thompson Letitia , Shulman Lawrence N , Yabroff K Robin
Published: September 2022

Health-care–related transportation insecurity is common in the United States. Patients with cancer are especially vulnerable because cancer care is episodic in nature, occurs over a prolonged period, is marked by frequent clinical encounters, requires intense treatments, and results in substantial financial hardship. As a result of transportation insecurity, patients with cancer may forego, miss, delay, alter, and/or prematurely terminate necessary care. Limited data suggest that these alterations in care have the potential to increase the rates of cancer recurrence and mortality and exacerbate disparities in cancer incidence, severity, and outcomes. Transportation insecurity also negatively impacts at the informal caregiver, provider, health system, and societal levels. Recognizing that transportation is a critical determinant of outcomes for patients with cancer, there are ongoing efforts to develop evidence-based protocols to identify at-risk patients and address transportation insecurity at federal policy, health system, not-for-profit, and industry levels. In 2021, the National Cancer Policy Forum of the National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine sponsored a series of webinars addressing key social determinants of health including food, housing, and transportation among patients with cancer. This commentary summarizes the formal presentations and discussions related to transportation insecurity and will 1) discuss the heterogeneous nature of transportation insecurity among patients with cancer; 2) characterize its prevalence along the cancer continuum; 3) examine its multilevel consequences; 4) discuss measurement and screening tools; 5) highlight ongoing efforts to address transportation insecurity; 6) suggest policy levers; and 7) outline a research agenda to address critical knowledge gaps.
Food Insecurity Among People With Cancer: Nutritional Needs as an Essential Component of Care
Authors: Raber Margaret , Jackson Ann , Basen-Engquist Karen , Bradley Cathy , Chambers Shonta , Gany Francesca M , Halbert Chanita Hughes , Lindau Stacy Tessler , Pérez-Escamilla Rafael , Seligman Hilary
Published: September 2022

A cancer diagnosis can upend work and family life, leading patients to reallocate resources away from essentials such as food. Estimates of the percentage of people navigating a cancer diagnosis and food insecurity range between 17% and 55% of the cancer patient population. The complexity of addressing food insecurity among those diagnosed with cancer during different phases of treatment is multifactorial and often requires an extensive network of support throughout each phase. This commentary explores the issue of food insecurity in the context of cancer care, explores current mitigation efforts, and offers a call to action to create a path for food insecurity mitigation in the context of cancer. Three programs that address food insecurity among those with cancer at various stages of care are highlighted, drawing attention to current impact and actionable recommendations to make programs like these scalable and sustainable. Recommendations are grounded in the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine social care framework through 5 essential domain areas: awareness, adjustment, assistance, alignment, and advocacy. This commentary seeks to highlight opportunities for the optimization of cancer care and reframe food access as an essential part of treatment and long-term care plans.
Housing Insecurity Among Patients With Cancer
Authors: Fan Qinjin , Keene Danya E , Banegas Matthew P , Gehlert Sarah , Gottlieb Laura M , Yabroff K Robin , Pollack Craig E
Published: September 2022

Social determinants of health are the economic and environmental conditions under which people are born, live, work, and age that affect health. These structural factors underlie many of the long-standing inequities in cancer care and outcomes that vary by geography, socioeconomic status, and race and ethnicity in the United States. Housing insecurity, including lack of safe, affordable, and stable housing, is a key social determinant of health that can influence—and be influenced by—cancer care across the continuum, from prevention to screening, diagnosis, treatment, and survivorship. During 2021, the National Cancer Policy Forum of the National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine sponsored a series of webinars addressing social determinants of health, including food, housing, and transportation insecurity, and their associations with cancer care and patient outcomes. This dissemination commentary summarizes the formal presentations and panel discussions from the webinar devoted to housing insecurity. It provides an overview of housing insecurity and health care across the cancer control continuum, describes health system interventions to minimize the impact of housing insecurity on patients with cancer, and identifies challenges and opportunities for addressing housing insecurity and improving health equity. Systematically identifying and addressing housing insecurity to ensure equitable access to cancer care and reduce health disparities will require ongoing investment at the practice, systems, and broader policy levels.
Can Sunlight Disperse Mistrust? A Meta-Analysis of the Effect of Transparency on Citizens’ Trust in Government
Authors: Wang Qiushi , Guan Zhen
Published: September 2022

Transparency has often been hailed as a golden tool to bolster citizens’ trust in government and improve public governance. However, there is a considerable disparity in theoretical reasoning and empirical findings. Through a meta-analysis of 49 studies with 436 effect sizes, this study provides novel perspectives for understanding the effect of transparency on citizens’ trust in government. To test these mechanisms, we draw on various social science theories such as agency theory, deliberative democracy theory, procedural justice theory, a disappointment effect view, and a misinformation/information overload view. The meta-analysis indicates that the overall effect of transparency on trust is positive and significant, with an average effect size being 0.13 points. The meta-regression results further show that the impact of transparency on trust is negatively moderated by computer-mediated transparency and decision-making transparency, and it varies in a non-linear pattern with the level and the color of transparency. The findings from this article advance the theoretical development of the contextual conditions under which transparency may or may not lead to more trust in government. They also suggest helpful strategies for governments to foster a trusting relationship with their citizens.
The role of microRNAs in the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of diabetic cardiomyopathy
Authors: Abdel Rhman Mahasin , Owira Peter
Published: September 2022

Introduction

Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is an end-point macrovascular complication associated with increased morbidity and mortality in 12% of diabetic patients. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that can act as cardioprotective or cardiotoxic agents in DCM.

Methods

We used PubMed as a search engine to collect and analyse data in published articles on the role of miRNAs on the pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment of DCM.

Results

MiRNAs play an essential role in the pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment of DCM due to their distinct gene expression patterns in diabetic patients compared to healthy individuals. Advances in gene therapy have led to the discovery of potential circulating miRNAs, which can be used as biomarkers for DCM diagnosis and prognosis. Furthermore, targeted miRNA therapies in preclinical and clinical studies, such as using miRNA mimics and anti-miRNAs, have yielded promising results. Application of miRNA mimics and anti-miRNAs via different nanodrug delivery systems alleviate hypertrophy, fibrosis, oxidative stress and apoptosis of cardiomyocytes.

Conclusion

MiRNAs serve as attractive potential targets for DCM diagnosis, prognosis and treatment due to their distinctive expression profile in DCM development.
A case of cerebral infarction due to aplastic or twig-like middle cerebral artery after lung cancer surgery
Authors: Hato Tai , Yamaguchi Masatoshi , Sugiyama Ato , Aoki Kohei , Fukuda Hiroki , Kohno Mitsutomo , Nakayama Mitsuo
Published: September 2022

Aplastic/twig-like middle cerebral artery is a rare vascular abnormality. We report a case of postoperative cerebral infarction caused by this disease. The patient is a male in his 40s. A 9-cm tumour was revealed to have invaded the superior vena cava from his right lung. He underwent right upper and middle bilobectomy. Due to the vascular invasion, the intraoperative bleeding exceeded 2 litres. Mechanical ventilation was required for postoperative pneumonia. After extubation, he was unable to write and was found to have cerebral infiltration in the left middle cerebral artery region. The cause of the cerebral infarction was investigated, but no thrombus in the left atrium or arteriosclerosis was found. No atrial fibrillation was observed during or after the surgery. Magnetic resonance angiography of the brain revealed an aplastic/twig-like middle cerebral artery.
Blockchain and energy commodity markets: legal issues and impact on sustainability
Authors: Lee Joseph , Khan Vere Marie
Published: September 2022

In this article, we explore the application of blockchain, a type of distributed ledger technology (DLT), in the field of energy trading. Specifically, we focus on crude oil trade. We argue that the application of blockchain technology and supplementary smart contracts supports responsible sourcing in complex supply chains and helps reduce information asymmetry in both the physical trade and paper trade of energy commodities markets. In order to apply blockchain technology to the energy market, we begin with a discussion on the architecture of blockchain and the different types of blockchain that might be applied in this sector. Further to this, we examine the current oil trading markets, particularly their relevant components, as part of the discussion on blockchain application. Subsequently, we look at how the various types of blockchain may be applied to the markets and examine their advantages and disadvantages. In conclusion, we look at the legal issues that may arise from such application, the potential solutions, and the potential impact of blockchain technology on the United Nations Sustainable Developmental Goals in the future and how a green fintech application can be developed.
Feline sporotrichosis caused by Sporothrix schenckii sensu stricto in Southern Thailand: phenotypic characterization, molecular identification, and antifungal susceptibility
Authors: Indoung Saowakon , Chanchayanon Baramee , Chaisut Mananya , Buapeth Kanok-on , Morteh Rajeef , Jantrakajorn Sasibha
Published: September 2022

Feline sporotrichosis caused by the Sporothrix schenckii complex is a global subcutaneous mycosis, having higher prevalence in Latin America and Malaysia. However, its etiological agents have not been elucidated in Thailand, a neighboring country of Malaysia, where the cases are increasing. This study identified 38 feline isolates of S. schenckii from Southern Thailand, collected between 2018 and 2021, using phenotypic characterization and molecular identification using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-sequencing of partial calmodulin (CAL) and ß-tubulin (Bt2) genes. Phenotypic characteristics proved that the isolates were S. schenckii sensu lato, with low thermotolerance. Based on partial CAL and Bt2-PCR sequencing, all isolates were identified as S. schenckii sensu stricto. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that the isolates were clustered with S. schenckii sensu stricto isolated from the cats in Malaysia. A low degree of genetic diversity was observed among the Thai feline isolates. The antifungal susceptibility of these isolates to antifungal agents, including itraconazole (ITC), ketoconazole (KTC), fluconazole (FLC), and amphotericin B (AMB), was investigated according to the M27-A3 protocol of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Results showed low ITC, KTC, and AMB activities against S. schenckii sensu stricto isolates, with high minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranges of 1–8, 1–8, and 2–16 μg/ml, respectively, whereas FLC exhibited MICs of 64 and > 64 μg/ml. This study indicated that S. schenckii sensu stricto is the causative agent responsible for feline sporotrichosis in Southern Thailand. Their phenotypic characteristics and in vitro antifungal susceptibility profiles will help to improve our understanding of this mycosis in Thailand.
Investigation of CryptoPS LFA-positive sera in patients at risk of cryptococcosis
Authors: Aissaoui Nesrine , Benhadid-Brahmi Yasmine , Sturny-Leclère Aude , Hamane Samia , Payet Eliane , Bonnal Christine , Munier Anne-Lise , Denis Blandine , Alanio Alexandre
Published: September 2022

Cryptococcal antigen (CrAg) is a capsule polysaccharide antigen that can be detected in the fluids of patients with cryptococcal infections. Cryptococcal Antigen Latex Agglutination System (CALAS), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (EIA), and lateral flow assay (LFA) are the main methods available. Two main commercial LFA kits are available: CryptoPS (Biosynex, Illkirch Graffenstaden, France) and CrAg LFA (IMMY, Inc. USA). In our lab, we prospectively used CryptoPS as a screening tool in serum for confirmed positive results with CALAS. We investigated the rigor of the CryptoPS test in serum in a multicentric evaluation over 3 years. To improve the specificity of CryptoPS in serum, we additionally implemented and evaluated a pretreatment protocol before CryptoPS testing. A total of 43 serum samples collected from 43 patients were investigated. We found that the CryptoPS assay is hampered by a high rate of false-positive results in serum with a high rate of CryptoPS-positive but CrAg LFA-negative and CALAS-negative sera in patients with no proof of Cryptococcus infection (n = 29). Using a simple pretreatment procedure (5 min incubation at 100°C and centrifugation) we were able to reverse false-positive results, suggesting that there could be interferent material present in the serum. Pretreatment also impacted the CryptoPS results (negative result) in two patients with the cryptococcal disease, one with isolated antigenemia and one with cryptococcal meningitis. Comparing the titers obtained with CALAS and CrAg LFA, we noticed that the titer obtained with CrAg LFA was almost 10-fold higher than those with CALAS. This study showed that Biosynex CryptoPS in serum could give false-positive results even in the absence of cryptococcal disease. These could be reduced by applying an easy pretreatment procedure to the serum before testing, with little but existing impact on the sensitivity.
The fate of baryons in counterfactual universes
Authors: Oh Boon Kiat , Peacock John A , Khochfar Sadegh , Smith Britton D
Published: September 2022

We present results from nine simulations that compare the standard Lambda cold dark matter cosmology (ΛCDM) with counterfactual universes, for approximately $100\, {\rm Gyr}$ using the Enzo simulation code. We vary the value of Λ and the fluctuation amplitude to explore the effect on the evolution of the halo mass function (HMF), the intergalactic medium (IGM), and the star formation history (SFH). The distinct peak in star formation rate density (SFRD) and its subsequent decline are both affected by the interplay between gravitational attraction and the accelerating effects of Λ. The IGM cools down more rapidly in models with a larger Λ and also with a lower σ8, reflecting the reduced SFRD associated with these changes – although changing σ8 is not degenerate with changing Λ, either regarding the thermal history of the IGM or the SFH. However, these induced changes to the IGM or ionizing background have little impact on the calculated SFRD. We provide fits for the evolution of the SFRD in these different universes, which we integrate over time to derive an asymptotic star formation efficiency. Together with Weinberg’s uniform prior on Λ, the estimated probability of observers experiencing a value of Λ no greater than the observed value is 13 per cent, substantially larger than some alternative estimates. Within the Enzo model framework, then, observer selection within a multiverse is able to account statistically for the small value of the cosmological constant, although Λ in our universe does appear to be at the low end of the predicted range.
The propagation of relativistic jets in expanding media
Authors: Gottlieb Ore , Nakar Ehud
Published: September 2022

We present a comprehensive analytic model of relativistic jet propagation in expanding homologous media (ejecta). This model covers the entire jet evolution as well as a range of configurations that are relevant to binary neutron star mergers. These include low- and high-luminosity jets, unmagnetized and mildly magnetized jets, time-dependent luminosity jets, and Newtonian and relativistic head velocities. We also extend the existing solution of jets in a static medium to power-law density media with index α < 5. Our model provides simple analytic formulae (calibrated by 3D simulations) for the jet head propagation and breakout times. We find that the system evolution has two main regimes: strong and weak jets. Strong jets start their propagation immediately within the ejecta. Weak jets are unable to penetrate the ejecta at first, and breach it only after the ejecta expands significantly, thus their evolution is independent of the delay between the onset of the ejecta and the jet launching. After enough time, both strong and weak jets approach a common asymptotic phase. We find that a necessary, but insufficient, criterion for the breakout of unmagnetized (weakly magnetized) jets is $E_{j,{\rm iso,tot}} \gtrsim 3[0.4]\, {E_{ej,{\rm tot}}}\left({\, {\theta _{j,0}}}/{0.1{\rm ~rad}}\right)^2$, where Ej, iso, tot is the jet total isotropic equivalent energy, $\, {\theta _{j,0}}$ is its opening angle, and $\, {E_{ej,{\rm tot}}}$ is the ejecta energy. Applying our model to short gamma-ray bursts, we find that there is most likely a large diversity of ejecta mass, where mass ≲10−3 M⊙ (at least along the poles) is common.
Ultrasonography and contrast-enhanced ultrasound for activity assessment in 115 patients with carotid involvement of Takayasu arteritis
Authors: Dong Yifan , Wang Yahong , Wang Ying , Tian Xinping , Li Jing , Yang Yunjiao , Ge Zhitong , Zhang Li , Zou Mi , Wang Hongyan , Li Jianchu
Published: September 2022

Objectives

To evaluate the efficacy of ultrasound and contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in disease activity assessment of Takayasu arteritis (TA) with carotid involvement.

Methods

This is a cohort study of 115 patients of TA with carotid involvement. We investigated correlations between clinical data, sonographic features, and CEUS enhancement at the site most prominent lesion of each patient. Disease activity was assessed by the National Institute of Health Kerr criteria. Sonographic findings were compared with follow-up examinations. CEUS was repeated after a 3–7 months interval in 35 patients to evaluate change of CEUS enhancement after treatment.

Results

Extensiveness of CEUS enhancement at most prominent carotid lesions had significant correlations with disease activity by the Kerr criteria (P < .001). The specificity of extensive enhancement for indicating active disease was 95%, while sensitivity was 67%. Patients with active disease showed greater arterial wall thickness and more prominent reduction of arterial wall thickness after treatment. Most of the patients (68%) with subsided active disease after treatment featured decrease of CEUS enhancement.

Conclusions

Extensiveness of enhancement by CEUS and arterial wall thickness by ultrasonography may be useful markers for initial and follow-up assessment of disease activity of TA with common carotid artery involvement.
Chromatin transitions triggered by LH density as epigenetic regulators of the genome
Authors: Portillo-Ledesma Stephanie , Wagley Meghna , Schlick Tamar
Published: September 2022

Motivated by experiments connecting linker histone (LH) deficiency to lymphoma progression and retinal disorders, we study by mesoscale chromatin modeling how LH density (ρ) induces gradual, as well sudden, changes in chromatin architecture and how the process depends on DNA linker length, LH binding dynamics and binding mode, salt concentration, tail modifications, and combinations of ρ and linker DNA length. We show that ρ tightly regulates the overall shape and compaction of the fiber, triggering a transition from an irregular disordered state to a compact and ordered structure. Such a structural transition, resembling B to A compartment transition connected with lymphoma of B cells, appears to occur around ρ = 0.5. The associated mechanism is DNA stem formation by LH binding, which is optimal when the lengths of the DNA linker and LH C-terminal domain are similar. Chromatin internal and external parameters are key regulators, promoting or impeding the transition. The LH density thus emerges as a critical tunable variable in controlling cellular functions through structural transitions of the genome.
A mitochondria-specific mutational signature of aging: increased rate of A > G substitutions on the heavy strand
Authors: Mikhailova Alina G , Mikhailova Alina A , Ushakova Kristina , Tretiakov Evgeny O , Iliushchenko Dmitrii , Shamansky Victor , Lobanova Valeria , Kozenkov Ivan , Efimenko Bogdan , Yurchenko Andrey A , Kozenkova Elena , Zdobnov Evgeny M , Makeev Vsevolod , Yurov Valerian , Tanaka Masashi , Gostimskaya Irina , Fleischmann Zoe , Annis Sofia , Franco Melissa , Wasko Kevin , Denisov Stepan , Kunz Wolfram S , Knorre Dmitry , Mazunin Ilya , Nikolaev Sergey , Fellay Jacques , Reymond Alexandre , Khrapko Konstantin , Gunbin Konstantin , Popadin Konstantin
Published: September 2022

The mutational spectrum of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) does not resemble any of the known mutational signatures of the nuclear genome and variation in mtDNA mutational spectra between different organisms is still incomprehensible. Since mitochondria are responsible for aerobic respiration, it is expected that mtDNA mutational spectrum is affected by oxidative damage. Assuming that oxidative damage increases with age, we analyse mtDNA mutagenesis of different species in regards to their generation length. Analysing, (i) dozens of thousands of somatic mtDNA mutations in samples of different ages (ii) 70053 polymorphic synonymous mtDNA substitutions reconstructed in 424 mammalian species with different generation lengths and (iii) synonymous nucleotide content of 650 complete mitochondrial genomes of mammalian species we observed that the frequency of AH > GH substitutions (H: heavy strand notation) is twice bigger in species with high versus low generation length making their mtDNA more AH poor and GH rich. Considering that AH > GH substitutions are also sensitive to the time spent single-stranded (TSSS) during asynchronous mtDNA replication we demonstrated that AH > GH substitution rate is a function of both species-specific generation length and position-specific TSSS. We propose that AH > GH is a mitochondria-specific signature of oxidative damage associated with both aging and TSSS.
Intrinsically disordered regions of tristetraprolin and DCP2 directly interact to mediate decay of ARE-mRNA
Authors: Maciej Vincent D , Mateva Nevena , Schwarz Juliane , Dittmers Theresa , Mallick Megha , Urlaub Henning , Chakrabarti Sutapa
Published: September 2022

The RNA-binding protein tristetraprolin (TTP) is a potent activator of mRNA decay, specifically for transcripts bearing AU-rich elements (AREs) in their 3′-untranslated regions. TTP functions as a mediator for mRNA decay by interacting with the decay machinery and recruiting it to the target ARE-mRNA. In this study, we report a weak, but direct interaction between TTP and the human decapping enzyme DCP2, which impacts the stability of ARE transcripts. The TTP–DCP2 interaction is unusual as it involves intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) of both binding partners. We show that the IDR of DCP2 has a propensity for oligomerization and liquid–liquid phase separation in vitro. Binding of TTP to DCP2 leads to its partitioning into phase-separated droplets formed by DCP2, suggesting that molecular crowding might facilitate the weak interaction between the two proteins and enable assembly of a decapping-competent mRNA–protein complex on TTP-bound transcripts in cells. Our studies underline the role of weak interactions in the cellular interaction network and their contribution towards cellular functionality.
Methodological approaches for studying the human milk microbiome
Authors: Stinson Lisa F , Ma Jie , Sindi Azhar S , Geddes Donna T
Published: September 2022

Human milk contains a low-biomass, low-diversity microbiome, consisting largely of bacteria. This community is of great research interest in the context of infant health and maternal and mammary health. However, this sample type presents many unique methodological challenges. In particular, there are numerous technical considerations relating to sample collection and storage, DNA extraction and sequencing, viability, and contamination. Failure to properly address these challenges may lead to distortion of bacterial DNA profiles generated from human milk samples, ultimately leading to spurious conclusions. Here, these technical challenges are discussed, and various methodological approaches used to address them are analyzed. Data were collected from studies in which a breadth of methodological approaches were used, and recommendations for robust and reproducible analysis of the human milk microbiome are proposed. Such methods will ensure high-quality data are produced in this field, ultimately supporting better research outcomes for mothers and infants.
Acquired vibratory angioedema with a severe impact on work performance
Authors: Gatica-Ortega M E , Sánchez-Matas I , Sánchez-Muñoz L , Pastor-Nieto M A
Published: September 2022

Vibratory urticaria/angioedema is an inducible type of urticaria that may be elicited by vibratory stimuli from work tool and instruments. A 39-year-old male construction worker was diagnosed with acquired vibratory angioedema associated with chronic spontaneous urticaria involving a severe work performance impairment. Response to omalizumab was immediate and complete. We evaluated the Urticarial Activity Score; the response to the vibratory angioedema provocation vortex test; and evolution of analytical parameters (e.g. high-affinity IgE receptor expression on peripheral blood basophils, C-reactive protein, D-dimer and IgE levels). Vibratory angioedema may be misdiagnosed as delayed pressure urticaria if the appropriate specific provocation tests are not performed. According to our knowledge, this is the first time a pneumatic hammer is described as a trigger; the first case responding to omalizumab; and the second published case associated with spontaneous chronic urticaria.
The corporate sector and the current account
Authors: Behringer Jan , van Treeck Till
Published: September 2022

We analyze how the corporate sector’s financing position affects national current account balances in a macroeconomic panel analysis for sample of 25 countries for the period 1980–2015. A consistent finding is that an increase (decrease) in corporate net lending is associated with a higher (lower) current account. We disentangle the current account effects of corporate saving and investment and conduct a number of robustness checks. We show that corporate saving and top household income shares are inversely related in our sample and that they have opposite effects on the current account. We conclude that corporate sector saving has contributed considerably to global current account imbalances.
Application of Value Framework to Phase III Trials of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Esophageal and Gastric Cancer
Authors: Thawani Rajat , Agrawal Neha , Taflin Nicholas F , Kardosh Adel , Chen Emerson Y
Published: September 2022

Background

Recent trials testing immune-checkpoint inhibitors in esophago-gastric malignancies have shown mixed results. We aim to assess key subgroups using the ASCO Net Health Benefit Score (NHBS) and ESMO Magnitude of Clinical Benefit Scale (MCBS).

Materials and Methods

A search for phase III trials of FDA-approved anti-PD-1 or anti-PD-L1 drugs in esophago-gastric cancer trials was identified using www.clinicaltrials.gov. These published studies were scored using the ASCO NHBS and ESMO MCBS. The ASCO NHBS scores were compared by primary site of cancer (esophageal vs gastric) and PD-L1 expression using the Mann-Whitney test and the ESMO-MCBS grading, by Fisher’s Exact test.

Results

Fifteen of 45 clinical trials were included. Of them, 6 were primarily esophageal cancer trials, and 9 were primarily gastric cancer trials. Ten stratified their analysis based on PD-L1 expression. The ASCO NHBS score was higher (mean 40, range 20 to 56.6 vs. mean 12, range −1.1 to 18.4, P < .01) for esophageal cancer than gastric cancer. No difference was observed in survival and response endpoints between the 2 groups. Similarly, the ESMO MCBS scored higher for esophageal cancer group than gastric cancer (P < .05). Additionally, the scores were higher in those with high PD-L1 expression vs. low PD-L1 (mean 36, range 11.2-66.6 vs. mean 14, range −19.5 to 43.6, P < .05).

Conclusion

The ASCO NHB and ESMO scores were consistently higher among esophageal cancer trials than gastric cancer trials and in those with high PD-L1 expression than low expression. Histology and PD-L1 expression should be considered when discussing value of immunotherapy to patients.
Abscisic acid-responsive transcription factors PavDof2/6/15 mediate fruit softening in sweet cherry
Authors: Zhai Zefeng , Xiao Yuqin , Wang Yanyan , Sun Yueting , Peng Xiang , Feng Chen , Zhang Xiang , Du Bingyang , Zhou Xin , Wang Chao , Liu Yang , Li Tianhong
Published: September 2022

Softening is a key step during fruit ripening that is modulated by the interplay between multiple phytohormones. The antagonistic action of abscisic acid (ABA) and auxin determines the rate of fruit ripening and softening. However, the transcription factors that integrate ABA and auxin signals to regulate fruit softening remain to be determined. In this study, we identified several DNA-binding with One Finger (Dof) transcription factors essential for ABA-promoted fruit softening, based on transcriptome analysis of two sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) varieties with different fruit firmness. We show that PavDof6 directly binds to the promoters of genes encoding cell wall-modifying enzymes to activate their transcription, while PavDof2/15 directly repress their transcription. Transient overexpression of PavDof6 and PavDof2/15 in sweet cherry fruits resulted in precocious and delayed softening, respectively. In addition, we show that the auxin response factor PavARF8, the expression of whose encoding gene is repressed by ABA, activates PavDof2/15 transcription. Furthermore, PavDof2/6/15 and PavARF8 directly bind to the 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase 1 (PavNCED1) promoter and regulate its expression, forming a feedback mechanism for ABA-mediated fruit softening. These findings unveil the physiological framework of fruit softening and establish a direct functional link between the ABA–PavARF8–PavDofs module and cell-wall-modifying genes in mediating fruit softening.
Injectable reactive oxygen and nitrogen species-controlling hydrogels for tissue regeneration: current status and future perspectives
Authors: Le Thi Phuong , Tran Dieu Linh , Hoang Thi Thai Thanh , Lee Yunki , Park Ki Dong
Published: September 2022

The dual role of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) in physiological and pathological processes in biological systems has been widely reported. It has been recently suggested that the regulation of RONS levels under physiological and pathological conditions is a potential therapy to promote health and treat diseases, respectively. Injectable hydrogels have been emerging as promising biomaterials for RONS-related biomedical applications owing to their excellent biocompatibility, three-dimensional and extracellular matrix-mimicking structures, tunable properties and easy functionalization. These hydrogels have been developed as advanced injectable platforms for locally generating or scavenging RONS, depending on the specific conditions of the target disease. In this review article, the design principles and mechanism by which RONS are generated/scavenged from hydrogels are outlined alongside a discussion of their in vitro and in vivo evaluations. Additionally, we highlight the advantages and recent developments of these injectable RONS-controlling hydrogels for regenerative medicines and tissue engineering applications.
Longitudinal study of patients with antimelanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 antibody-positive dermatomyositis-associated interstitial lung disease
Authors: Lian Xinyue , Ye Yan , Zou Jing , Wu Chunmei , Ye Shuang , Guo Qiang , Chen Sheng , Lu Liangjing , Wang Ran , Fu Qiong , Bao Chunde
Published: September 2022

Objectives

To describe the 8-year longitudinal study and long-term prognosis of a large inception cohort of anti-melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5) antibody-positive (MDA5+) DM-interstitial lung disease (ILD) patients.

Methods

In total, 216 patients diagnosed with MDA5+ DM-ILD were enrolled and followed up to analyse long-term survival rate. Demographic and clinical variables were collected at baseline and each temporal end point. Seventy patients who survived the first year were analysed for the long-term serological and respiratory outcomes.

Results

A total of 85 patients (39.3%) died during the follow-up period up to 96 months, with 89% of the deaths occurring in the first year after diagnosis. Long-term outcome was reported in 70 patients. Serological markers including anti-MDA5 antibody showed significant improvement with time. Radiographic findings and pulmonary function also improved notably in the follow-up period, especially in rapidly progressive ILD group, as measured by high-resolution computed tomography imaging scores, the estimated forced vital capacity, estimated diffusing capacity of lung carbon monoxide and dyspnoea scores. Early application of anti-fibrosis therapy helped to improve long-term pulmonary function.

Conclusions

MDA5+ DM-ILD patients had a high mortality rate despite aggressive treatment. Patients who survived the first year usually showed a significant improvement in serological markers and pulmonary function during the long-term follow-up.
Eosinophilic fasciitis (Shulman syndrome)—recognition of the histological spectrum allows for new insights into possible pathomechanisms
Authors: Pehl Debora , Preuße Corinna , Allenbach Yves , Benveniste Olivier , Dittert Philipp , Alten Rieke , Krause Andreas , Görl Norman , Zänker Michael , Goebel Hans-Hilmar , Schneider Udo , Stenzel Werner
Published: September 2022

Objectives

EF is a rare disease characterized by fibrosis and inflammation of the fascia, scleroderma-like skin indurations and optional blood eosinophilia. We aimed to expand the knowledge about its aetiology and pathogenesis.

Methods

Biopsy specimens from 16 EF patients were assessed by histology, immunohistochemistry and quantitative reverse transcription PCR in comparison with anti-Mi-2+ DM patients and non-disease controls.

Results

Histologically, EF shows mild to severe inflammation at the muscle–fascia interface, with frequent involvement of the underlying muscle tissue, though varying in degree. CD206+ macrophages predominate and eosinophils are detected within the fascia in the majority of cases, however in quite small numbers, and seen infrequently within the muscle. Activators of the so-called Th2–M2 pathway like STAT6 and IL-4 are upregulated leading to high expression levels of CD206. Activators of the so-called Th1–M1 pathway like STAT1 and IFN-γ (IFNG) are also upregulated, though not translating into a significant upregulation of the effector molecule COX2. Interestingly, activators or chemoattractants of eosinophils show no significant upregulation in EF compared with DM. EF shows features of perifascicular pathology comparable to DM, with upregulation of MHC class I and II; however, this is not accompanied by perifascicular atrophy or any signs of a type I IFN response or hypoxia-mediated processes.

Conclusions

Our findings highlight a specific immune phenotype of leucocyte infiltrates in EF along features of perifascicular pathology similar to DM, while there is no evidence of hypoxia-mediated or type I IFN–associated processes with perifascicular fibre atrophy, indicating different pathomechanisms of muscle involvement.
Global and institutional drivers of wage inequality between and within firms
Authors: Zwysen Wouter
Published: September 2022

Rising wage inequality in wealthy countries is disproportionately driven by widening differences in pay between workplaces, through increasingly homogenous workforces as well as widening differences in the pay of similar workers. While this is found consistently across countries, the variation in trends highlights the need to study institutional settings. This paper uses cross-national representative European data from the Structure of Earnings Survey to study the trends in wage inequality over time between and within firms, linking these to changes in structural and institutional factors. Indeed, common structural changes such as globalization and digitalization contribute to rising wage inequality across otherwise similar workers within and between establishments. However, the institutional context plays an important role: where employers’ pay setting is constrained through more biting minimum wages or multi-employer collective bargaining, this inequality is compressed and does not grow as much.
Earmarking space: relationality, economic judgments and housing wealth
Authors: Hayes Adam S , Besbris Max
Published: September 2022

Housing wealth is the single largest portion of household wealth in most Western societies today, yet little research has examined how individuals make decisions regarding the use of the housing wealth that they possess. In this article, we leverage insights from relational economic sociology to understand how individuals’ subjective valuations and other economic judgments are influenced when space in a home is relationally earmarked. Using a series of original vignette experiments and survey tasks in conjunction with qualitative responses, we find that earmarking a room for a close social tie does indeed matter for valuation. Furthermore, we reveal that individual economic judgments are strongly influenced by different relational content associated with relational earmarks compared to a control. Put differently, we systematically show how modifying the constitution of an earmark strengthens or lessens the appropriateness of its match and prompts distinct patterns of economic decision-making. Our analyses extend relational economic sociology to studies of housing while also building intellectual bridges with research on judgment and decision-making (JDM).
Quantifying the effects of sleep loss: relative effect sizes of the psychomotor vigilance test, multiple sleep latency test, and maintenance of wakefulness test
Authors: Chaisilprungraung Thitaporn , Stekl Emily K , Thomas Connie L , Blanchard Margaux E , Hughes John D , Balkin Thomas J , Doty Tracy J
Published: September 2022

The psychomotor vigilance test (PVT) is a widely-used, minimally invasive, inexpensive, portable, and easy to administer behavioral measure of vigilance that is sensitive to sleep loss. We conducted analyses to determine the relative sensitivity of the PVT vs. the multiple sleep latency test (MSLT) and the maintenance of wakefulness test (MWT) during acute total sleep deprivation (TSD) and multiple days of sleep restriction (SR) in studies of healthy adults. Twenty-four studies met the criteria for inclusion. Since sleepiness countermeasures were administered in some of these studies, the relative sensitivity of the three measures to these interventions was also assessed. The difference in weighted effect size (eta-squared) was computed for each pair of sleepiness measures based on available raw test data (such as average PVT reaction time). Analyses revealed that the sleep measures were differentially sensitive to various types of sleep loss over time, with MSLT and MWT more sensitive to TSD than the PVT. However, sensitivity to SR was comparable for all three measures. The PVT and MSLT were found to be differentially sensitive to the administration of sleepiness countermeasures (drugs, sleep loss, etc.), but PVT and MWT were found to be comparably sensitive to these interventions. These findings suggest the potential utility of the PVT as a component of next-generation fatigue risk management systems.
Interaction effects of sex on the sleep loss and social jetlag-related negative mood in Japanese children and adolescents: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Shinto Takae , Tahara Yu , Watabe Aato , Makino Naomichi , Tomonaga Masataka , Kimura Haruo , Nozawa Yuki , Kobayashi Kazuki , Takahashi Masaki , Shibata Shigenobu
Published: September 2022

Study Objectives

Sleep problems, such as accumulated sleep loss and social jetlag (SJL), which is characterized by a discrepancy in a person’s sleep pattern between the weekday and the weekend, are associated with physical and mental health problems, and academic performance in young ages. However, sex differences in these associations are not fully understood. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of sex on sleep-related factors, mental health (negative mood), and academic performance in Japanese children and adolescents.

Methods

A cross-sectional online survey was conducted with 9270 students (boys: N = 4635, girls: N = 4635) ranging from the fourth grade of elementary school to the third grade of high school, which typically includes ages 9–18 years in Japan. Participants completed the Munich ChronoType Questionnaire, the Athens Insomnia Scale, self-reported academic performance, and negative mood-related questions.

Results

School grade-related changes in sleep behavior (e.g. delayed bedtime, shortened sleep duration, and increased SJL) were detected. Girls had greater sleep loss on weekdays and SJL on weekends than boys. Multiple regression analysis revealed that sleep loss and SJL were more associated with negative mood and higher insomnia scores in girls than in boys, but not with academic performance.

Conclusions

Sleep loss and SJL in Japanese girls had a higher correlation to their negative mood and tendency to insomnia than in boys. These results suggest the importance of sex-dependent sleep maintenance for children and adolescents.
Is Phenotypic Evolution Affected by Spiders’ Construction Behaviors?
Authors: Shao Lili , Zhao Zhe , Li Shuqiang
Published: September 2022

What happens when organisms actively modify their environment? Clarifying the role of construction behavior on a macroevolutionary scale is crucial to interpreting phenotypic evolution. Spiders, an extremely successful group of animals exhibiting a wide variety of functional, morphological, and behavioral diversity, are ideal candidates to test whether animal behaviors are related to their phenotypic evolution. Herein, we reconstructed the phylogenomic relationships of 303 spiders covering 105 families with 99 newly developed molecular markers that universally apply across Araneae, and explicitly tested the potential link between construction behavior and somatic evolution based on extensive morphological data from 3,342 extant species and 682 fossil species. Our dated molecular phylogeny provides the backbone for analyses, revealing the behavioral and ecological processes behind these spiders’ morphological adaptations. Evolutionary model analyses showed the artifacts constructed by spiders, especially the suspending webs, expand the spider’s ability to inhabit different habitats. These artifacts have more substantial impacts on their somatic traits than habitats and promote different trajectories of morphological evolution. Specifically, for spiders, silk-lined burrowing produced larger bodies, relatively shorter legs, and longer patellae, while web-building produced smaller bodies, relatively longer legs, and shorter patellae, and hunting promoted an intermediate morphological size. Molecular convergence analysis showed that genes related to morphogenesis or response to stimulus and stress are enriched in spiders with construction behavior. Our study demonstrated that the construction behavior of an animal plays a crucial role in determining the direction and intensity of the selection pressure imposed on it and provides strong evidence that construction behaviors are associated with phenotypic evolution on macroevolutionary timescales. [Araneae; body size; habitat change; molecular marker; leg length; phylogenomics.]
A WeChat-based smoking cessation intervention for Chinese smokers: a feasibility study
Authors: Luo Ting , Li Mirandy S , Williams Donna , Fritz Jackson , Beiter Kaylin , Phillippi Stephen , Yu Qingzhao , Kantrow Stephen , Chen Liwei , Chen Yongchun , Tseng Tung Sung
Published: September 2022

WeChat is the largest social media platform in China, yet few WeChat-based smoking cessation interventions have been investigated to date. The objective of this study was to develop and test the feasibility of a WeChat-based smoking cessation intervention for smokers in China. Participants were recruited using WeChat and were then randomized into one of three groups: the Standard Group, the Enhanced Group, and the wait-list Control Group. Feasibility indicators including program reach, recruitment rate, recruitment efficiency, cost per person, attrition rate, intervention message exposure, group discussion utilization rate, intervention message engagement, satisfaction, and the likelihood of recommending to others were measured with assessed. Analyses included Chi-square and Fisher exact test, as well as analysis of variance test. A responsive participant is defined as a participant that responded to a certain assessment. A total of 1,132 individuals connected with (“friended”) our project on WeChat between July 1 and August 5, 2019. Of these, 403 were eligible to participate, consented, and completed the baseline assessment. As a result, 136, 135, and 132 smokers were randomly assigned to the Standard Group, the Enhanced Group, and the Control Group, respectively. The total program recruitment rate was 35.6% and the attrition rate was 46.4%. The program cost was $0.85 per person. All responsive participants read at least one message during the intervention and engaged with intervention messages 56.8% of the time. Most responsive participants reported being very or somewhat satisfied, highly or somewhat engaged, and were willing to recommend our program to others. This study demonstrated the feasibility of a smoking cessation interventions using WeChat. The program could be expanded to deliver smoking cessation interventions to a large population of smokers.