bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reconceptualizing Women's and Men's Undeclared Work: Some Results from a European Union Survey
Authors: Williams Colin
Published: September 2009

Recognizing that the current conceptualizations of men's and women's undeclared work derive almost entirely from a limited range of small‐scale studies of specific localities, sectors and occupations, this article begins to resolve this dearth of evidence by reporting the findings of an extensive cross‐national survey of undeclared work conducted in 2007 across 27 European Union (EU) nations. The outcome is fresh and extensive EU‐wide evidence that extends existing conceptualizations of the gender differences in terms of participation, sector, contract type and pay. However, the recognition that undeclared work is conducted for closer social relations and sometimes for motives other than financial gain, is shown to apply not only to women, as previously contended, but to men as well and to constitute most of the undeclared work in the EU. The result is a call for a fundamental reconceptualization of the nature of undeclared work that recognizes the heterogeneous work relations involved.
Practitioner Review: When parent training doesn’t work: theory‐driven clinical strategies
Authors: Scott Stephen , Dadds Mark R
Published: September 2009

Improving the parent–child relationship by using strategies based on social learning theory has become the cornerstone for the treatment of conduct problems in children. Over the past 40 years, interventions have expanded greatly from small, experimental procedures to substantial, systematic programmes that provide clear guidelines in detailed manuals on how practitioners should implement the standardised treatments. They are now widely disseminated and there is a great deal of empirical support that they are very effective for the majority of cases. However, evaluations of even the best of these evidence‐based programmes show that a quarter to a third of families and their children do not benefit. What does the practitioner then do, when a standard social learning approach, diligently applied, doesn’t work? We argue that under these circumstances, some of the major theories of child development, family functioning and individual psychology can help the skilled practitioner think his or her way through complex clinical situations. This paper describes a set of practical strategies that can then be flexibly applied, based on a systematic theoretical analysis. We hold that social learning theory remains the core of effective parent training interventions, but that ideas from attachment theory, structural family systems theory, cognitive‐attribution theory, and shared empowerment/motivational interviewing can each, according to the nature of the difficulty, greatly enrich the practitioner’s ability to help bring about change in families who are stuck. We summarise each of these models and present practical examples of when and how they may help the clinician plan treatment.
Tetrapod postural shift estimated from Permian and Triassic trackways
Authors: KUBO TAI , BENTON MICHAEL J.
Published: September 2009

Abstract:  The end‐Permian mass extinction, 252 million years (myr) ago, marks a major shift in the posture of tetrapods. Before the mass extinction, terrestrial tetrapods were sprawlers, walking with their limbs extended to the sides; after the event, most large tetrapods had adopted an erect posture with their limbs tucked under the body. This shift had been suspected from the study of skeletal fossils, but had been documented as a long process that occupied some 15–20 myr of the Triassic. This study reads posture directly from fossil tracks, using a clear criterion for sprawling vs erect posture. The track record is richer than the skeletal record, especially for the Early and Middle Triassic intervals, the critical 20 myr during which period the postural shift occurred. The shift to erect posture was completed within the 6 myr of the Early Triassic and affected both lineages of medium to large tetrapods of the time, the diapsids and synapsids.
A new arthropod resting trace and associated suite of trace fossils from the Lower Jurassic of Warwickshire, England
Authors: O’BRIEN LORNA J. , BRADDY SIMON J. , RADLEY JONATHAN D.
Published: September 2009

Abstract:  A new suite of arthropod trace fossils, attributed to a decapod crustacean, is described from the Lower Jurassic Saltford Shale Member of the Blue Lias Formation of Southam Cement Works Quarry, eastern Warwickshire, England. Solusichnium southamensis igen. et isp. nov. consists of small, isolated, bilaterally symmetrical, suboval hypichnia, comprising three regions. The concave anterior region contains imprints of chelate appendages, antennae and antennules. The elongate middle region contains abdominal appendage imprints that extend laterally, separated by a bifurcated medial imprint. The convex posterior region terminates in a globular V‐shaped telson imprint. The large sample size and range of trace morphologies allows identification of five morphotypes within a taphoseries. S. southamensis is found on the base of siltstone lenses in what is otherwise a dysaerobic laminated mudstone unit, associated with epichnial Rusophycus, and the suite of trace fossils is interpreted as the resting traces (Cubichnia) and escape reactions (Fugichnia) of small decapods that were trapped below a distal storm deposit. The producer of S. southamensis was possibly an Eryon‐like decapod, similar to those known from the slightly older Wilmcote Limestone Member of southwestern Warwickshire.
Silicified Middle Cambrian trilobites from Kyrgyzstan
Authors: GHOBADI POUR MANSOUREH , POPOV LEONID E.
Published: September 2009

Abstract:  A medium diversity silicified Middle Cambrian faunal assemblage occurs in an olistolith of bioclastic limestone within Silurian siliciclastic turbidites on the slopes of Arpatektyr Mountain in the eastern Alai Range, Kyrgyzstan. The fauna includes the trilobites Raragnostus cf. mirus, Altikolia kurshabica sp. nov., Corynexochina weberi, Dorypyge richthofeniformis, aff. Jincella sp., Olenoides comptus, Skreiaspis aff. spinosus and Suluktella mambetovi sp. nov. Three of these taxa (C. weberi, O. comptus and R. cf. mirus) are considered locally to be characteristic of the Pseudanomocarina Beds, although Pseudanomocarina itself is not present. Altikolia and Suluktella are endemic to early Palaeozoic terranes of Central Asia, Corynexochina also occurs in South China and Skreiaspis is known elsewhere exclusively from the Middle Cambrian of ‘West’ Gondwana. Because of preservation in full relief, the silicified trilobite fauna allows a detailed understanding of some morphological structures, related especially to trilobite enrolment, otherwise inadequately known for many Mid‐Cambrian polymerid trilobites.
Neighborhood Deprivation, Individual Socioeconomic Status, and Frailty in Older Adults
Authors: Lang Iain A. , Hubbard Ruth E. , Andrew Melissa K. , Llewellyn David J. , Melzer David , Rockwood Kenneth
Published: September 2009

OBJECTIVES: To assess how individual socioeconomic status and neighborhood deprivation affect frailty.

DESIGN: Nationally representative population‐based study, the English Longitudinal Study of Aging (ELSA), analyzed cross‐sectionally.

PARTICIPANTS: Four thousand eight hundred eighteen individuals aged 65 and older.

MEASUREMENTS: Outcome was a frailty index (FI), based on 58 potential deficits, with a theoretical range from 0 to 1; exposures were individual wealth and neighborhood deprivation (lack of local resources, financial and otherwise), based on a set of standard indicators.

RESULTS: The FI score varied independently according to wealth and neighborhood deprivation. The mean FI score for an individual in the highest 20% of wealth and least deprived 20% of neighborhoods was 0.09 (95% confidence interval (CI)=0.09–0.09) and for an individual in the lowest 20% of wealth and most deprived 20% of neighborhoods was 0.17 (95% CI=0.16–0.17).

CONCLUSION: Frailty in older adults is independently associated with individual and neighborhood socioeconomic factors. Older adults who are poor and live in deprived neighborhoods are most vulnerable. Policies and interventions intended to prevent or reduce frailty must take into account individual circumstances and the broader social settings in which individuals are located.
Age and Persistent Use of Cardiovascular Medication After Acute Coronary Syndrome: Results from Medication Applied and Sustained Over Time
Authors: Ali Robin C. , Melloni Chiara , Ou Fang‐Shu , Schmader Kenneth , Ohman E. Magnus , Roe Matthew T. , Peterson Eric D. , Alexander Karen P.
Published: September 2009

OBJECTIVES: To describe the persistent use of evidence‐based cardiovascular medications (EBCMs) 3 months after discharge from an acute coronary syndrome (ACS) event and patient‐reported reasons for nonpersistence across age groups.

DESIGN: Medication Applied and Sustained Over Time (MAINTAIN) is a longitudinal follow‐up cohort study of the Can Rapid Risk Stratification of Unstable Angina Patients Suppress ADverse Outcomes with Early Implementation quality improvement initiative and Acute Coronary Treatment and Intervention Outcomes Network registry.

SETTING: Forty‐one acute care hospitals in the United States from January 2006 to September 2007.

PARTICIPANTS: One thousand fifty‐four patients with a median age of 60 (interquartile range 52–71), including 27% aged 70 and older, admitted with an ACS.

MEASUREMENTS: Three‐month posthospital discharge telephone follow‐up with EBCMs reviewed and reconciled. Patients who reported nonpersistence were surveyed regarding reasons for EBCM discontinuation.

RESULTS: At 3‐month follow‐up, overall persistence was 71.2%. There was a significant trend toward lower overall persistence with prescribed EBCMs in older adults than in the other age groups (74.9% for <60, 71.0% for 60–69, 64.5% for ≥70; P=.02). Overall, 112 (10.6%) patients discontinued EBCMs with provider advice, and 178 (16.9%) self‐discontinued. Provider discontinuation increased across age groups (9.1%, 10.4%, and 13.6%, respectively). A similar trend was observed for EBCM self‐discontinuation (15.2%, 17.0%, and 19.9%, respectively). Reasons for self‐discontinuation included adverse effects, cost, and perception that the medication was not needed.

CONCLUSION: Older patients are less likely to be persistent with EBCMs after an ACS event at 3‐month follow‐up. Understanding patient‐reported reasons for discontinuation can influence intervention strategies to improve long‐term adherence to EBCMs.
The Elastic Provision of Liquidity by Private Agents
Authors: SAUNDERS DREW
Published: September 2009

I study a model of investment by financially constrained firms that are heterogeneous with respect to their exposure to an aggregate liquidity shock. A firm that is susceptible to the shock will mitigate its exposure by purchasing claims issued by a firm that is not. Liabilities of an unaffected firm may earn a liquidity premium due to their fungibility, and because they are backed by productive investment, their supply is elastic to the demand. This segmentation implies that an aggregate liquidity shock has different consequences across sectors of the economy.
On silver wings: a fragile structural mechanism increases plumage conspicuousness
Authors: Galván Ismael , Negro Juan J. , Bortolotti Gary R. , Margalida Antoni
Published: September 2009

We report for the first time the existence of a structural mechanism of feathers different from iridescence that makes plumage conspicuous. By using electron and light microscopy, we show that the mechanism consists of special lengthened and twisted distal barbules that are very susceptible to damage. The dorsal side of these barbules is translucent, which creates a distinctive sheen colouration to feathers that otherwise would be dark. When distal sheen barbules are broken, the black proximal barbules are exposed, thus generating a conspicuous difference between abraded and non‐abraded areas. Total and ultraviolet reflectance of sheen (non‐abraded) areas are strikingly higher than in abraded areas. We propose that this mechanism represents a case of convergent evolution in species that are limited in developing colourful plumage patches. Future studies should explore the potential of this colour mechanism to act as a signal of individual quality or identity.
High temporal species turnover enhances the complexity of fish assemblages in Amazonian Terra firme streams
Authors: Mojica J. I. , Castellanos C. , Lobón‐Cerviá J.
Published: September 2009

Abstract –  The objective of this study was to quantify fish species diversity in Terra firme streams of the Río Amazonas drainage. Fish diversity was quantified as the number of species collected or species richness in two sites of Yahuarcaca stream, a typical, first order tributary of the central Río Amazonas near Leticia (Colombia). The extremely high species richness recorded, 131 and 133 for the two study sites for a total of 171 species, was primarily due to species of low abundance (rare species) mostly with adults <5 cm in total length. The nonasymptotic tendencies of accumulated species richness over time for the 1999 samples at the two study sites and for the combined samples of 1999, 2001 and 2005 at site 2 suggested that the real number of fish species may be still greater. These findings emphasise the importance of long‐term sampling designs to quantify species richness in these systems. Terra firme streams actually sustain greater fish richness than previously reported for similar sized streams that in turn, represent a substantial per cent of the total species richness reported for vast areas of the main stem of Río Amazonas including tributaries and lakes. Terra firme streams should be considered critical hotspots for conservation and management efforts which are urgently needed given the rapid development of ornamental fisheries on small streams throughout Río Amazonas drainage.
Localization and potential function of kindlin‐1 in periodontal tissues
Authors: Petricca Giorgio , Leppilampi Mari , Jiang Guoqiao , Owen Gethin R. , Wiebe Colin , Tu Yizeng , Koivisto Leeni , Häkkinen Lari , Wu Chuanyue , Larjava Hannu
Published: September 2009

Kindlin‐1 is an intracellular focal adhesion protein that regulates the actin cytoskeleton. Patients suffering from Kindler syndrome have a homologous mutation of the kindlin‐1 gene and develop skin blisters, periodontal disease, and intestinal complications because of deficient adhesion of the basal epithelial cells. We investigated kindlin‐1 localization in periodontal tissue and its functions in cultured keratinocytes and showed that kindlin‐1 co‐localizes with migfilin and paxillin in the basal epithelial cells of oral mucosa and in cultured keratinocytes. The kindlin‐1‐deficient oral mucosal tissue from a patient with Kindler syndrome showed a complete lack of paxillin and reduced migfilin immunostaining in the basal keratinocytes. Co‐immunoprecipitation showed that migfilin directly interacted with kindlin‐1. RNA interference‐induced kindlin‐1 deficiency in keratinocytes led to an altered distribution of migfilin‐containing focal adhesions, reduced cell spreading, decreased cell proliferation, and decelerated cell migration. Disruption of microtubules in the kindlin‐1‐deficient cells further reduced cell spreading, suggesting that microtubules can partially compensate for kindlin‐1 deficiency. Kindlin‐1 supported mature cell–extracellular matrix adhesions of keratinocytes, as downregulation of kindlin‐1 expression significantly reduced the cell‐adhesion strength. In summary, kindlin‐1 interacts with migfilin and plays a crucial role in actin‐dependent keratinocyte cell adhesion essential for epidermal and periodontal health.
Evaluation of the antimicrobial effect of photodynamic antimicrobial therapy in an in situ model of dentine caries
Authors: Lima Juliana P. M. , Sampaio de Melo Mary A. , Borges Fátima M. C. , Teixeira Alrieta H. , Steiner‐Oliveira Carolina , Nobre dos Santos Marinês , Rodrigues Lidiany K. A. , Zanin Iriana C. J.
Published: September 2009

Photodynamic antimicrobial therapy (PACT) promotes bacterial death as a result of the photosensitization of microbial components. This study evaluated the effect of PACT on dentine caries produced in situ. Over the course of 14 d, 20 volunteers wore intra‐oral devices containing human dentine slabs that were treated 10 times daily with a 40% sucrose solution. Afterwards, the antimicrobial effect of toluidine blue O, associated with 47 or 94 J cm−2 of a light‐emitting diode, was evaluated. Before and after the treatments, dentine samples were analysed with regard to the total number of microorganisms, total streptococci, mutans streptococci, and lactobacilli. Significant reductions in the bacterial count were observed for PACT with both energy densities tested, with the following values observed for 47 and 94 J cm−2 of irradiation: for total streptococci, 3.45 and 5.18; for mutans streptococci, 3.08 and 4.16; for lactobacilli, 3.24 and 4.66; and for total microorganisms, 4.29 and 5.43, respectively. The control, treated with 94 J cm−2 of irradiation alone, was also effective against all bacteria. To conclude, PACT was effective in killing oral microorganisms present in dentine caries produced in situ and may be a useful technique for eliminating bacteria from dentine carious lesions before restoration.
Is diagnostic delay related to advanced‐stage oral cancer? A meta‐analysis
Authors: Gómez Iria , Seoane Juan , Varela‐Centelles Pablo , Diz Pedro , Takkouche Bahi
Published: September 2009

Diagnostic delay in oropharyngeal cancer may be associated with poor prognosis. As controversy exists on this topic because of contradictory results, the aim of this study was to perform a systematic review of the relationship between total diagnostic delay and advanced disease stages. A systematic search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, and ISI proceedings was made to identify observational studies that provided relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for patients with confirmed pathological diagnosis. The outcome of interest was disease stage (TNM classification), while the exposure of interest was the total diagnostic delay. The study‐specific adjusted log RRs for cohort studies were weighted by the inverse of their variance to compute a pooled RR and its 95% CI. The fixed‐effects pooled RR of advanced stages of oropharyngeal cancer when diagnostic delay is present was 1.32 (95% CI: 1.07–1.62). This association was stronger when the analysis was restricted to oral cancer (pooled RR: 1.47; 95% CI: 1.09–1.99) and when delay was longer than 1 month (pooled RR: 1.69; 95% CI: 1.26–2.77). The probability for patients with delayed diagnosis to present an advanced‐stage tumour at diagnosis was significantly higher than that of patients with no delay in diagnosis. However, new prospective studies with strict methodology are needed to shed more light on this association.
Carers' narratives: Finding dementia with Lewy bodies experiences
Authors: Nicholson Kathryn A
Published: September 2009

Carers' narratives provide a unique insight into the caring experience. From a human interest perspective they have appeal to the general population; however, they also target and are read by niche audiences – families striving to understand the challenges of the caring role. This article examines four carer narratives and their relevance to particular niche audiences; three classified from the information provided on their book covers as pertaining to Alzheimer's disease and one to Parkinson's disease. It explores the impact of care on the caregivers and reviews the promoted diagnoses in light of the current understanding of dementia with Lewy bodies. The author argues that the information provided in the titles, in good faith, may not reflect the content of the narratives and that three of these narratives may provide carers of people who have dementia with Lewy bodies with insights into the challenges that this disease presents.
Physical activity recommendations for older Australians
Authors: Sims Jane , Hill Keith , Hunt Susan , Haralambous Betty
Published: September 2009

Aim:  The aim of this research was to produce evidence‐based recommendations on physical activity designed to improve and maintain the health of older Australians.

Methods:  The authors reviewed existing guidelines and consensus statements, systematic reviews, meta‐analyses and research articles. Draft recommendations were circulated to stakeholder agencies and to an expert advisory group. Final recommendations were then forwarded to the Commonwealth Department of Health and Ageing for Ministerial approval.

Results:  The physical activity recommendations for older Australians complement the current National Physical Activity Guidelines for adults and the American College of Sports Medicine and American Heart Association recommendations for older adults. The recommendations provide advice developed specifically for older Australians.

Conclusion:  Although the recommendations may be manifested in different ways, according to specific populations or settings, they apply to older people across all levels of health and have application to community dwelling people and those in residential care accommodation.
Mechanisms of obesity and related pathologies: The macro‐ and microcirculation of adipose tissue
Authors: Rutkowski Joseph M. , Davis Kathryn E. , Scherer Philipp E.
Published: September 2009

Adipose tissue is an endocrine organ made up of adipocytes, various stromal cells, resident and infiltrating immune cells, and an extensive endothelial network. Adipose secretory products, collectively referred to as adipokines, have been identified as contributors to the negative consequences of adipose tissue expansion that include cardiovascular disease, diabetes and cancer. Systemic blood circulation provides transport capabilities for adipokines and fuels for proper adipose tissue function. Adipose tissue microcirculation is heavily impacted by adipose tissue expansion, some adipokines can induce endothelial dysfunction, and angiogenesis is necessary to counter hypoxia arising as a result of tissue expansion. Tumors, such as invasive lesions in the mammary gland, co‐opt the adipose tissue microvasculature for local growth and metastatic spread. Lymphatic circulation, an area that has received little metabolic attention, provides an important route for dietary and peripheral lipid transport. We review adipose circulation as a whole and focus on the established and potential interplay between adipose tissue and the microvascular endothelium.
Origin and Extent of Fresh Paleowaters on the Atlantic Continental Shelf, USA
Authors: Cohen Denis , Person Mark , Wang Peng , Gable Carl W. , Hutchinson Deborah , Marksamer Andee , Dugan Brandon , Kooi Henk , Groen Koos , Lizarralde Daniel , Evans Robert L. , Day‐Lewis Frederick D. , Lane John W.
Published: September 2009

While the existence of relatively fresh groundwater sequestered within permeable, porous sediments beneath the Atlantic continental shelf of North and South America has been known for some time, these waters have never been assessed as a potential resource. This fresh water was likely emplaced during Pleistocene sea‐level low stands when the shelf was exposed to meteoric recharge and by elevated recharge in areas overrun by the Laurentide ice sheet at high latitudes. To test this hypothesis, we present results from a high‐resolution paleohydrologic model of groundwater flow, heat and solute transport, ice sheet loading, and sea level fluctuations for the continental shelf from New Jersey to Maine over the last 2 million years. Our analysis suggests that the presence of fresh to brackish water within shallow Miocene sands more than 100 km offshore of New Jersey was facilitated by discharge of submarine springs along Baltimore and Hudson Canyons where these shallow aquifers crop out. Recharge rates four times modern levels were computed for portions of New England's continental shelf that were overrun by the Laurentide ice sheet during the last glacial maximum. We estimate the volume of emplaced Pleistocene continental shelf fresh water (less than 1 ppt) to be 1300 km3in New England. We also present estimates of continental shelf fresh water resources for the U.S. Atlantic eastern seaboard (104km3) and passive margins globally (3 × 105km3). The simulation results support the hypothesis that offshore fresh water is a potentially valuable, albeit nonrenewable resource for coastal megacities faced with growing water shortages.
The Sustainable Pumping Rate Concept: Lessons from a Case Study in Central Italy
Authors: Romano Emanuele , Preziosi Elisabetta
Published: September 2009

The term sustainable pumping rate (SPR) is defined as the maximum pumping rate that can be maintained indefinitely without mining an aquifer, and is different from the concept of safe yield (SY), which takes into account also aspects related to the much wider concept of sustainability. The assessment of the SPR for the case study of Petrignano d'Assisi, an alluvial aquifer located in Central Italy, shows the need for a reliable estimate of the global water budget of the aquifer, particularly of the recharge under undisturbed conditions; however, the latter is not sufficient, because the SPR is affected also by the geometry of the aquifer, the hydraulic conductivity pattern, the variation of recharge/discharge ratio induced by the abstractions, and so on. All these aspects are analyzed by means of a numerical flow model calibrated both under undisturbed conditions (1974) and under exploitation conditions (1998 to 2004). The steady‐state modeling results show that the relation between recharge and abstractions both at local and global scale is a key point in order to estimate a long‐term SPR. Moreover, as it could be necessary to overexploit the aquifer for short periods, e.g., during drought episodes, the estimate of SPR must be performed also in transient conditions, in order to take into account the characteristic time of depletion and the successive recovery.
Hybrid Activism: Paths of Globalisation in the Brazilian Environmental Movement
Authors: Alonso Angela
Published: September 2009

Focusing on two case studies of environmental activism in Brazil, this paper argues against theories that consider local and global activism as two separate realms. Instead, it is argued here that transnational activists circulate across the two spaces. In the global spaces, they build alliances with foreign groups, and in the local ones, they deal with the national state, other organised groups and ordinary communities living inside environmental areas they aim to protect. Activists live in both spheres and as they move, they carry with them local and global meanings, knowledge and forms of action and organising, mixing them through the continuous action of two mechanisms: adaptation and emulation. In this way, activists' biographies – their lived experience, their meanings and strategies – intermingle with both spaces in one single trajectory of activism. Discussing the existing literature on transnational social movements, I will argue that they forge hybrid identities in the sense of being at the same time localandglobal.
Flexible spike timing of layer 5 neurons during dynamic beta oscillation shifts in rat prefrontal cortex
Authors: Van Aerde Karlijn I. , Mann Edward O. , Canto Cathrin B. , Heistek Tim S. , Linkenkaer‐Hansen Klaus , Mulder Antonius B. , Van Der Roest Marcel , Paulsen Ole , Brussaard Arjen B. , Mansvelder Huibert D.
Published: September 2009

Human brain oscillations occur in different frequency bands that have been linked to different behaviours and cognitive processes. Even within specific frequency bands such as the beta‐ (14–30 Hz) or gamma‐band (30–100 Hz), oscillations fluctuate in frequency and amplitude. Such frequency fluctuations most probably reflect changing states of neuronal network activity, as brain oscillations arise from the correlated synchronized activity of large numbers of neurons. However, the neuronal mechanisms governing the dynamic nature of amplitude and frequency fluctuations within frequency bands remain elusive. Here we show that in acute slices of rat prefrontal cortex (PFC), carbachol‐induced oscillations in the beta‐band show frequency and amplitude fluctuations. Fast and slow non‐harmonic frequencies are distributed differentially over superficial and deep cortical layers, with fast frequencies being present in layer 3, while layer 6 only showed slow oscillation frequencies. Layer 5 pyramidal cells and interneurons experience both fast and slow frequencies and they time their spiking with respect to the dominant frequency. Frequency and phase information is encoded and relayed in the layer 5 network through timed excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission. Our data indicate that frequency fluctuations in the beta‐band reflect synchronized activity in different cortical subnetworks, that both influence spike timing of output layer 5 neurons. Thus, amplitude and frequency fluctuations within frequency bands may reflect activity in distinct cortical neuronal subnetworks that may process information in a parallel fashion.
Vasomotor and respiratory responses evoked from the dorsolateral periaqueductal grey are mediated by the dorsomedial hypothalamus
Authors: Horiuchi Jouji , McDowall Lachlan M. , Dampney Roger A. L.
Published: September 2009

Activation of neurons in the dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH) evokes increases in mean arterial pressure (MAP), sympathetic activity, heart rate (HR) and respiratory activity. Results of previous studies suggest that the DMH‐evoked increases in MAP and HR are mediated by neurons within the periaqueductal grey (PAG), but a recent study has proposed that the converse is also true, i.e. that increases in MAP and HR evoked from the PAG depend upon neuronal activity in the DMH. In this study in anaesthetized rats, we examined the functional relationship between the DMH and PAG in regulating renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) and respiratory activity (determined by measuring phrenic nerve activity (PNA)). Bilateral microinjections of the neuronal inhibitor muscimol into the DMH virtually abolished the increases in MAP, RSNA and PNA burst rate and amplitude evoked from the dorsolateral (dl) PAG. In contrast, multiple bilateral injections of much larger (10 times) doses of muscimol or of the local anaesthetic lignocaine into sites in the dlPAG at three different rostrocaudal levels did not reduce the magnitude or duration of the sympathetic vasomotor and respiratory responses evoked by disinhibition of neurons in the DMH. Thus, sympathetic vasomotor and respiratory responses generated from the dlPAG are dependent upon neuronal activity in the DMH, but not the converse. The results of this study together with those of previous studies indicate that the PAG regulates cardiovascular and respiratory function via both ascending projections to the DMH and descending projections to the ventral medulla, that originate from different PAG subregions.
Protein and carbohydrate supplementation increases aerobic and thermoregulatory capacities
Authors: Okazaki Kazunobu , Goto Masaki , Nose Hiroshi
Published: September 2009

The incidence of heat illness and heat stroke is greater in older than younger people. In this context, exercise training regimens to increase heat tolerance in older people may provide protection against heat illness. Acute increases in plasma volume (PV) improve thermoregulation during exercise in young subjects, but there is some evidence that changes in PV in response to acute exercise are blunted in older humans. We recently demonstrated that protein–carbohydrate (Pro‐CHO) supplementation immediately after a bout of exercise increased PV and plasma albumin content (Albcont) after 23 h in both young and older subjects. We also examined whether Pro‐CHO supplementation during aerobic training enhanced thermoregulation by increasing PV and Albcont in older subjects. Older men aged ∼68 years exercised at moderate intensity, 60 min day−1, 3 days week−1, for 8 weeks, at ∼19°C, and took either placebo (CNT; 0.5 kcal, 0 g protein kg−1) or Pro‐CHO supplement (Pro‐CHO; 3.2 kcal, 0.18 g protein kg−1) immediately after exercise. After training, we found during exercise at 30°C that increases in oesophageal temperature (Tes) were attenuated more in Pro‐CHO than CNT and associated with enhanced cutaneous vasodilatation and sweating. We also confirmed similar results in young subjects after 5 days of training. These results demonstrate that post‐exercise protein and CHO consumption enhance thermoregulatory adaptations especially in older subjects and provide insight into potential strategies to improve cardiovascular and thermoregulatory adaptations to exercise in both older and younger subjects.
High Temperature Inelastic Deformation Under Uniaxial Loading: Theory and Experiment
Authors: Chan K. S. , Lindholm U. S. , Bodner S. R. , Walker K. P.
Published: September 2009

The elevated temperature, uniaxial inelastic deformation behavior of a Ni-base alloy, B1900 + Hf, has been investigated by performing isothermal tensile, creep, cyclic, stress relaxation, and thermomechanical fatigue tests. The range of strain rates examined are 10−7 to 10−2 s−1, while the test temperatures range from 25°C to 1093°C. This extensive constitutive data base has been used for evaluating the unified constitutive models of Bodner-Partom and of Walker which apply for the small strain regime. Comparison of test results with independent model predictions indicates good agreement over a broad range of loading conditions demonstrating the applicability of the unified constitutive equation approach for describing the strongly nonlinear, time, and temperature-dependent response of metals under a wide range of deformation and thermal histories. Thus, the results give confidence that the unified approach is an effective and efficient approach in which complex, history-dependent, thermo-viscoplastic flow can be represented within a single inelastic strain-rate term.
The Stiffening Effect of Rigid Elliptical Inclusions on a Power-Law Material
Authors: Duva J. M. , Storm Dirck
Published: September 2009

An approximate constitutive relation is derived for plane strain deformation in a power-law viscous matrix reinforced with long rigid inclusions with elliptical cross sections. The analysis is based on the differential self-consistent scheme and numerical calculations estimating the influence of a single inclusion on the material surrounding it. In particular, the effects of particle shape and material nonlinearity are reported.
Constitutive Modeling of Ratchetting Effects—Part II: Possibilities of Some Additional Kinematic Rules
Authors: Chaboche J. L. , Nouailhas D.
Published: September 2009

The modeling possibilities of several linear and nonlinear-kinematic hardening rules are studied in detail in the particular case of tension-compression and in the framework of time-independent plasticity. The main difficulty is to reduce the predicted ratchetting without disturbing the tensile plastic flow. Among several modifications, the model proposed by Rousselier offers the best compromise. Incorporating the strain memory effect allows the correct description of many experimental facts observed on type 316 stainless steels.
Electrical characterization of thin InAs films grown on patterned W∕GaAs substrates
Authors: Astromskas Gvidas , Wallenberg L. Reine , Wernersson Lars-Erik
Published: September 2009

InAs has been grown on W–GaAs patterned substrates using metal organic vapor phase epitaxy. It is shown that the W pattern guides the nucleation of the InAs on the GaAs substrate and that the islands formed may be used to embed metal features in a hybrid InAs∕GaAs structure. A lower resistance (factor of 2) was measured for the hybrid structures as compared to reference structures. The reduction in the resistance is attributed to an increased carrier concentration as observed from Hall measurements on devices with different tungsten densities. Cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy investigations reveal a void-free overgrowth above the metal despite the large mismatch of the InAs∕GaAs system.
Mutational Upregulation of a Resistance-Nodulation-Cell Division-Type Multidrug Efflux Pump, SdeAB, upon Exposure to a Biocide, Cetylpyridinium Chloride, and Antibiotic Resistance in
Serratia marcescens
Authors: Maseda Hideaki , Hashida Yumiko , Konaka Rumi , Shirai Akihiro , Kourai Hiroki
Published: September 2009

Serratia marcescens
is an important opportunistic pathogen in hospitals, where quaternary ammonium compounds are often used for disinfection. The aim of this study is to elucidate the effect of a biocide on the emergence of biocide- and antibiotic-resistant mutants and to characterize the molecular mechanism of biocide resistance in
Serratia marcescens
. A quaternary ammonium compound-resistant strain, CRes01, was selected by exposing a wild-type strain of
S. marcescens
to cetylpyridinium chloride. The CRes01 cells exhibited 2- to 16-fold more resistance than the wild-type cells to biocides and antibiotics, including cetylpyridinium chloride, benzalkonium chloride, chlorhexidine gluconate, fluoroquinolones, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol, and showed increased susceptibilities to β-lactam antibiotics and
N
-dodecylpyridinium iodide. Mutant cells accumulated lower levels of norfloxacin than the parent cells in an energized state but not in a de-energized state, suggesting that the strain produced a multidrug efflux pump(s). To verify this assumption, we knocked out a putative efflux pump gene,
sdeAB
, in CRes01 and found that the knockout restored susceptibility to most quaternary ammonium compounds and antibiotics, to which the CRes01 strain showed resistance. On the basis of these and other results, we concluded that
S. marcescens
gains resistance to both biocides and antibiotics by expressing the SdeAB efflux pump upon exposure to cetylpyridinium chloride.
In Vitro Sensitivity Testing of
Leishmania
Clinical Field Isolates: Preconditioning of Promastigotes Enhances Infectivity for Macrophage Host Cells
Authors: Inocêncio da Luz Raquel , Vermeersch Marieke , Dujardin Jean-Claude , Cos Paul , Maes Louis
Published: September 2009

Diagnostic material from patients with leishmaniasis is generally available as promastigotes, and proper testing for susceptibility to first-line drugs by the intracellular amastigote assay is frequently hampered by the poor infectivity of the promastigotes for the macrophage host cell. Several conditions for optimization of the in vitro metacyclogenesis and cell infectivity of
Leishmania donovani
,
L. guyanensis
, and
L. braziliensis
field strains obtained from patients receiving standard antimony medication were investigated. Triggering log-phase promastigotes to become amastigote-like by increasing the temperature or acidifying the culture medium was not successful. Adequate metacyclogenesis and the highest levels of macrophage infection were obtained after 5-day-old late-log-phase promastigote cultures were preconditioned at 25°C to pH 5.4 for 24 h in Schneider's medium prior to infection. The susceptibility assay with primary peritoneal mouse macrophages included pentavalent antimony (Sb
V
; sodium stibogluconate), trivalent antimony (Sb
III
; potassium antimonyl tartrate), miltefosine, and the experimental drug PX-6518. All strains were sensitive to miltefosine (50% inhibitory concentration [IC
50
] < 10 μM) and PX-6518 (IC
50
< 2 μg/ml) but showed distinct susceptibility to Sb
V
and/or Sb
III
, depending on whether they were derived from cured, relapse, or nonresponder patients. Within the available set of
Leishmania
species and strains, simultaneous Sb
V
-Sb
III
resistance was clearly associated with treatment failure; however, a larger set of isolates is still needed to judge the predictive value of Sb
V
-Sb
III
susceptibility profiling on treatment outcome. In conclusion, the proposed conditioning protocol further contributes toward a more standardized laboratory model for evaluation of the drug sensitivities of field isolates.
In Vivo Activity of a Novel Anti-Methicillin-Resistant
Staphylococcus
aureus
Cephalosporin, Ceftaroline, against Vancomycin-Susceptible and -Resistant
Enterococcus
faecalis
Strains in a Rabbit Endocarditis Model: a Comparative Study with Linezolid and Vancomycin
Authors: Jacqueline Cédric , Caillon Jocelyne , Le Mabecque Virginie , Miègeville Anne-Françoise , Ge Yigong , Biek Donald , Batard Eric , Potel Gilles
Published: September 2009

We assessed the in vitro and in vivo efficacy of the novel parenteral broad-spectrum cephalosporin ceftaroline against
Enterococcus
faecalis
in time-kill experiments and in a rabbit endocarditis model with simulated human dosing. Ceftaroline was more active than either vancomycin or linezolid against vancomycin-sensitive and -resistant isolates of
E
.
faecalis
.
Malaria Ookinete Surface Protein-Based Vaccination via the Intranasal Route Completely Blocks Parasite Transmission in both Passive and Active Vaccination Regimens in a Rodent Model of Malaria Infection
Authors: Arakawa Takeshi , Tachibana Mayumi , Miyata Takeshi , Harakuni Tetsuya , Kohama Hideyasu , Matsumoto Yasunobu , Tsuji Naotoshi , Hisaeda Hajime , Stowers Anthony , Torii Motomi , Tsuboi Takafumi
Published: September 2009

Malaria vaccines based on ookinete surface proteins (OSPs) of the malaria parasites block oocyst development in feeding mosquitoes and hence disrupt the parasite life cycle and prevent the disease from being transmitted to other individuals. To investigate whether a noninvasive mucosal vaccination regimen effectively blocks parasite transmission in vivo,Plasmodium yoeliiPys25, a homolog of the Pfs25 and Pvs25 OSPs ofPlasmodium falciparumandPlasmodium vivax, respectively, was intranasally (i.n.) administered using a complement-deficient DBA/2 mouse malaria infection model, in which a highly elevated level of oocysts develops in feeding mosquitoes. Vaccinated mice developed a robust antibody response when the vaccine antigen was given together with cholera toxin adjuvant. The induced immune serum was passively transferred to DBA/2 mice 3 days after infection withP. yoelii17XL, andAnopheles stephensimosquitoes were allowed to feed on the infected mice before or after serum transfusion. This passive immunization completely blocked oocyst development; however, immune serum induced by the antigen or adjuvant alone did not have such a profound antiparasite effect. Further, when i.n. vaccinated mice were infected with the parasite and then mosquitoes were allowed to directly feed on the infected mice, complete blockage of transmission was again observed. To our knowledge, this is the first time that mucosal vaccination has been demonstrated to be efficacious for directly preventing parasite transmission from vaccinated animals to mosquitoes, and the results may provide important insight into rational design of nonparenteral vaccines for use against human malaria.
QUANTUM ENTROPY FUNCTION FROM AdS2/CFT1 CORRESPONDENCE
Authors: SEN ASHOKE
Published: September 2009

We review and extend recent attempts to find a precise relation between extremal black hole entropy and degeneracy of microstates using AdS 2/ CFT 1 correspondence. Our analysis leads to a specific relation between degeneracy of black hole microstates and an appropriately defined partition function of string theory on the near horizon geometry — named the quantum entropy function. In the classical limit this reduces to the usual relation between statistical entropy and Wald entropy.
Correction of the Abnormal Trafficking of Primary Myelofibrosis CD34+ Cells by Treatment with Chromatin-Modifying Agents
Authors: Wang Xiaoli , Zhang Wei , Ishii Takefumi , Sozer Selcuk , Wang Jiapeng , Xu Mingjiang , Hoffman Ronald
Published: September 2009

The abnormal trafficking of CD34+ cells is a unique characteristic of primary myelofibrosis (PMF). We have further studied the behavior of PMF CD34+ cells by examining their homing to the marrow and the spleens of nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficient (NOD/SCID) mice. Following the infusion of PMF and normal granulocyte colony-stimulating factor–mobilized peripheral blood (mPB) CD34+ cells into NOD/SCID mice, reduced numbers of PMF CD34+ cells and granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming unit (CFU-GM) compared with mPB were detected in the marrow of these mice, whereas similar numbers of PMF and mPB CD34+ cells and CFU-GM homed to their spleens. The abnormal homing of PMF CD34+ cells was associated with reduced expression of CXCR4, but was not related to the presence of JAK2V617F. The sequential treatment of PMF CD34+ cells with the chromatin-modifying agents 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine (5azaD) and trichostatin A (TSA), but not treatment with small molecule inhibitors of JAK2, resulted in the generation of increased numbers of CD34+CXCR4+ cells, which was accompanied by enhanced homing of PMF CD34+ cells to the marrow but not the spleens of NOD/SCID mice. Following 5azaD/TSA treatment, JAK2V617F-negative PMF hematopoietic progenitor cells preferentially homed to the marrow but not the spleens of recipient mice. Our data suggest that PMF CD34+ cells are characterized by a reduced ability to home to the marrow but not the spleens of NOD/SCID mice and that this homing defect can be corrected by sequential treatment with chromatin-modifying agents. [Cancer Res 2009;69(19):7612–8]
Lung Cancer in Never Smokers: Clinical Epidemiology and Environmental Risk Factors
Authors: Samet Jonathan M. , Avila-Tang Erika , Boffetta Paolo , Hannan Lindsay M. , Olivo-Marston Susan , Thun Michael J. , Rudin Charles M.
Published: September 2009

More than 161,000 lung cancer deaths are projected to occur in the United States in 2008. Of these, an estimated 10 to 15% will be caused by factors other than active smoking, corresponding to 16,000 to 24,000 deaths annually. Thus lung cancer in never smokers would rank among the most common causes of cancer mortality in the United States if considered as a separate category. Slightly more than half of the lung cancers caused by factors other than active smoking occur in never smokers. As summarized in the accompanying article, lung cancers that occur in never smokers differ from those that occur in smokers in their molecular profile and response to targeted therapy. These recent laboratory and clinical observations highlight the importance of defining the genetic and environmental factors responsible for the development of lung cancer in never smokers. This article summarizes available data on the clinical epidemiology of lung cancer in never smokers, and several environmental risk factors that population-based research has implicated in the etiology of these cancers. Primary factors closely tied to lung cancer in never smokers include exposure to known and suspected carcinogens including radon, second-hand tobacco smoke, and other indoor air pollutants. Several other exposures have been implicated. However, a large fraction of lung cancers occurring in never smokers cannot be definitively associated with established environmental risk factors, highlighting the need for additional epidemiologic research in this area. (Clin Cancer Res 2009;15(18):5626–45)
New and Old Thoughts on the Segmental Organization of the Forebrain in Lampreys
Authors: Pombal Manuel A. , Megías Manuel , Bardet Sylvia M. , Puelles Luis
Published: September 2009

Ten years ago, we published the first detailed prosomeric map of the forebrain in lampreys. In the interim, the prosomeric model has been modified and simplified to better explain numerous data on the expression patterns of regulatory genes, as well as data from chemical, hodological and neuroembryological experiments, mostly in amniote vertebrates. In this report we first review the main historical concepts of lamprey forebrain organization, relating them to either columnar- or segmental-influenced models and explicit or implicit axial references. Next, our previous prosomeric model of the lamprey forebrain is updated, postulating some new hypotheses on the organization of the secondary prosencephalon.