bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Softening Effects of CO2 Treatment for Removal of Astringency from Stored Persimmon Fruits1
Authors: Ben-Aire Ruth , Guelfat-Reich Sylvia
Published: August 2022

Astringency of ‘Triumph’ persimmon fruits (Diospyros kaki L.) was removed before, during or after storage at −1°C, by treatment with 90% CO2 at 17°C. The duration of treatment required for total removal of astringency depended on the time of treatment, the tannin content at the time of its application, and the length of the storage period and subsequent shelf-life.

Pre-storage treatment of fruits for 24 hours induced an accelerated rate of softening during 2−4 months storage at − 1°C. When CO2 was applied under the same conditions, 2 weeks prior to termination of storage, the rate of softening was reduced, in comparison with pre-storage gassing, but was still greater than that of untreated fruit. Post-storage gassed fruit remained firmer during shelf-life than that gassed earlier. Treatments of shorter durations before, during or after storage, did not, however, reduce the rate of fruit softening but accelerated it. At all times of application, longer durations in CO2 atmosphere slowed down the rate of fruit softening, in spite of the accelerated softening of CO2-treated fruits vis-a-vis untreated fruit. These apparently contradictory effects indicate that CO2 treatment of persimmons affects two different systems involved in fruit softening.
Tissue Culture-induced Variation in Scented Pelargonium spp.1
Authors: Skirvin R. M. , Janick Jules
Published: August 2022

In vitro techniques were developed to regenerate plantlets (calliclones) from callus of scented geraniums (Pelargonium spp.). Calliclones were compared to plants derived from stem, root, and petiole cuttings of 5 cultivars. Plants from stem cuttings of all cultivars were uniform and identical to the parental clone. Plants from root and petiole cuttings were more variable with the amount of variation dependent upon cultivar. High variability was associated with calliclones. Aberrant types included changes in plant and organ size, leaf and flower morphology, essential oil constituents, fasciation, pubesence, and anthocyanin pigmentation. Calliclone variation was dependent upon clone and age of callus. Variability in calliclones was due to segregation of chimeral tissue, euploid changes, and heritable changes which may involve individual chromosomal aberrations or simple gene mutations. Variability of calliclones might be exploited for improvement of vegetatively propagated crops especially highly polyploid, sterile lines.
Preharvest Temperatures in Relation to Postharvest Quality of ‘d’Anjou’ Pears1
Authors: Mellenthin W. M. , Wang C. Y.
Published: August 2022

Quality and ripening capacity of ‘d’Anjou’ pears (Pyrus communis L.) after long-term storage were influenced by the daily-hourly average (DHA) temperatures during 6-week prior to harvest. Fruits of 17.2° and 13.9°C DHA temperatures ripened with high acid and sugar contents while samples of 20.0° and 11.7°C DHA temperature treatments failed to ripen properly and had lower quality. Failure to ripen after prolonged storage was associated with high protein nitrogen levels in the fruits. Samples of lower DHA temperature were more susceptible to friction discoloration, while fruits of higher DHA temperature had a higher percentage of superficial scald. Temperatures during this period did not appear to affect harvest maturity, size or soluble pectin content of the fruit.
Effects of Air and Soil Temperatures on Vegetative Growth of Citrus1
Authors: Khairi Mohamed M. A. , Hall Anthony E.
Published: August 2022

Interactive effects of air and soil temperatures on vegetative growth of 4- and 8-year-old ‘Frost Navel’ orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] budded to trifoliate orange rootstocks [Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.] were determined in controlled environments. Quiescent trees were subjected to 1 of 4 environmental treatments in 2 glasshouses consisting of 2 day/night air temperature regimes and 2 constant soil temperatures for 2 months in each experiment. Shoot initiation was doubled with warm soils (25°C) compared with cool soils (15°C) in all experiments. This effect of soil temperature on bud break was observed with both hot (35°C) and warm (25°C) day air temperatures (night air temperature was 15°C in both glasshouses) and with warm (25°C) and cool 15°C) night air temperatures (day air temperature was 30°C in both glasshouses). These large differences in shoot initiation resulted in a greater vegetative flush with respect to total shoot length, branch dry weight and leaf dry weight with warmer soils. Warmer day temperatures resulted in longer shoots with greater dry matter, whereas, warmer night temperatures had little effect on shoot length. Only small differences were observed among treatments in leaf water status and inorganic nutrient status. This suggests that soil temperature effects on root uptake of water and minerals may not have been responsible for the effects of soil temperature on shoot initiation and growth. Warmer soils may have increased bud break by influencing other processes such as the hormonal balance in the shoot.
Static and Dynamic Measures of Fresh Apple Texture1
Authors: Hard Margaret M. , Hard Arthur R.
Published: August 2022

A nondestructive, inexpensive method of measuring textural quality of raw apples is described. Termed the “sphere” test, it measures the compression of an apple produced by a fixed load on a standard diameter sphere. It is compared to a method for measuring dynamic elastic property. Both are evaluated in terms of the shearing measurements and sensory responses. The sphere test correlated significantly with shear values and sensory responses in Winesap apples.
Low Pressure (Hypobaric) Storage of Limes1
Authors: Spalding Donald H. , Reeder William F.
Published: August 2022

‘Tahiti’ (‘Persian’) limes (Citrus latifolia Tanaka) retained green color, juice content, and flavor acceptable for marketing and had a low incidence of decay during storage at a low atmospheric pressure of 170 mm Hg for up to 6 weeks at 10.0°C or 15.6° and a relative humidity (RH) of 98—100%. Check fruits turned yellow within 3 weeks at normal atmospheric pressure (760 mm Hg). Limes stored for 4 weeks at 170 mm Hg at 2.2°C and 98—100% RH developed as much chilling injury as comparable limes stored at normal atmospheric pressure. Limes coated with wax containing 0.1% of either thiabendazole or benomyl remained green and suitable for marketing after 3—4 weeks at 170 mm Hg at 21.1°C.
Carbohydrate Levels in the Pistachio as Related to Alternate Bearing1
Authors: Crane J. C. , Catlin P. B. , Al-Shalan I.
Published: August 2022

Alternate bearing in the pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) is brought about by abscission of inflorescence buds during July and August when seed growth and development take place. There was rapid accumulation of sugars and conversion to fat in the nuts at that time, but sugar and starch levels in the bark and wood of nut-bearing branches were not appreciably different from those in similar tissues of non-bearing branches. The inflorescence bud-drop phenomenon does not appear the result of carbohydrate deficiency.
Relationship of Nitrogen Nutrition of ‘Early Black’Cranberry to Vegetative Growth, Fruit Yield and Quality1,2
Authors: Eck Paul
Published: August 2022

The response of ‘Early Black’ cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) to differential levels of N applied to new bogs on an Atsion sand in New Jersey was monitored over a 5-year period. More than 17 kg N/ha/year did not increase the earliness of bearing in a new bog nor did it increase the productivity of a bog. Greater amounts of N resulted in poorer berry color in early harvested fruit, increased fruit rot and vegetative growth. A strong biennial bearing tendency appeared to be related to new upright production. Differential N treatment did not influence this biennial bearing tendency. N analysis of plant tissue was not an effective diagnostic method of measuring fertilizer response, due in part to the effective dilution of plant N content by increased vegetative growth. N deficiency symptoms did not develop in the range of 0.74 to 0.82% N in the cranberry plant. Vegetative growth was particularly sensitive to N fertilization and warrants consideration as a diagnostic tool for evaluating N response.
Prospective Lettuce Harvest Mechanization: Impact on Labor1
Authors: Johnson S. S. , Zahara M.
Published: August 2022

The objective of this study was to assess likely impacts of mechanization of lettuce harvest on farm workers. Two machine-harvest systems were selected to represent mechanization of both the regular and wrap pack. Commercial returns in the form of cost savings over the hand systems were estimated for the regular pack and for the wrap pack. As an illustration, a low rate of adoption of the machines was assumed, i.e., 5% adoption starting in 1980, followed by an increase to 25% from 1985 on.

The impact on harvest jobs, for the example, was estimated at 1.56% reduction at 5% machine adoption and 7.80% reduction at 25% adoption. New positions created were estimated to be equal or higher in skill requirements than those replaced. The work environment was considered to be less arduous and more conducive to increased worker longevity on the job, plus opening certain positions to older men and women.

Discounted total returns over time to public and private research expenditures were estimated to be high. External effects of mechanization may be greatest in job transitions of displaced workers.
Gibberellic and Abscisic Acid-like Substances and the Regulation of Apple Shoot Extension1
Authors: Robitaille Henry A. , Carlson Robert F.
Published: August 2022

Shoots on interstem-dwarfed apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees ceased growing earlier and showed a stronger tendency towards becoming summer dormant than did corresponding shoots on vigorous trees. Substances similar to gibberellic acid (GA3) and abscisic acid (ABA) were extracted from 1-year-old stems at 7 stages during the growing season using the centrifugation technique. ABA-like activity was higher in stems from dwarf than vigorous trees at full bloom, and remained higher until after the onset of summer dormancy. GA-like activity also was significantly higher in dwarf tree stems at the tight flower cluster stage. Injection experiments demonstrated that increasing ABA concn decreased terminal elongation in a linear manner. ABA-induced inhibition was reduced in direct proportion to the concn of GA3 in the injected solution.
Postharvest Carbohydrate Transformations and Processed Quality of High Sugar Maize Genotypes1
Authors: Garwood D. L. , McArdle F. J. , Vanderslice S. F. , Shannon J. C.
Published: August 2022

The T5125 × 1453’ hybrids of maize (Zea mays L.) homozygous for the sugary (su), amylose-extender (ae) dull (du) waxy (wx) and ae wx genotypes plus the related shrunken-2 (sh2) commercial hybrid were compared for processing and fresh market characteristics. Sensory panel evaluation and U.S. Department of Agriculture grading showed that both the ae du wx and sh2 genotypes produced high quality canned and frozen products. The processed sweet corn (su) hybrid had a high pericarp content resulting in lower quality. The ae wx canned and frozen products scored low in texture and flavor and were unacceptable. Kernel sucrose values (percent dry weight) in unstored ears were 36.5% for sh2, 24.8% for ae du wx, 18.5% for ae wx, and 14.4% for su. Only minor changes were observed in reducing sugar, sucrose, water soluble polysaccharide (WSP), and starch measured after 24, 48, and 96 hours of storage at 4°C. After 96 hours of storage at 27°, sucrose content decreased from initial levels by 83% in su, 67% in ae wx, 63% in sh2, and 55% in ae du wx. In spite of these decreases, ae du wx and sh2 sucrose content after 96 hours at 27° was almost as high as that found in unstored su ears demonstrating superior postharvest sugar retention for ae du wx and sh2. Corresponding with the decrease in su sucrose during storage at 27°, WSP increased and the starch decreased. In contrast, starch increased in sh2 and tended to increase in ae du wx while WSP declined. The processing, carbohydrate, and postharvest storage data indicate that the ae wx T5125 × 1453’ hybrid cannot be used for sweet corn quality improvement, while ae du wx and sh2 show definite potential for processing use. Furthermore, ae du wx can be considered as a high sugar genotype for fresh market use along with currently grown sh2 hybrids.
Chlorophyll Concentrations in Navel Orange Leaves in Relation to Iron Status, Leaf Age, and Season1
Authors: Wallihan E. F. , Sharpless R. G. , Printy Wilma L.
Published: August 2022

Young shoots on field-grown trees [Citrus sinensis, (L.) Osbeck] were the source of repeated chlorophyll measurements on individual leaves by light absorbance and occasional leaf samples for laboratory measurement of chlorophyll and Fe. These concentrations increased or decreased during the period of leaf expansion, depending on comparative rates of Fe uptake, chlorophyll formation, and leaf growth. Chlorophyll/Fe ratio in spring cycle leaves increased until leaves were fully expanded (May—June) and maintained the same level in December. Fall cycle leaves reached the same ratio in December. Linear regression of chlorophyll concentration on Fe concentrations was r = 0.907 at n = 46 for mature leaves having < 50 ppm Fe. Mature leaves having > 50 ppm Fe had essentially equal chlorophyll concentrations, indicating a maximum value of about 3 mg/g F.Wt. A graph of loci for immature leaves showed the majority with low chlorophyll in relation to Fe concentration. It is concluded that the maximum concentration of chlorophyll per unit of Fe is not achieved until leaf maturity.
Carotenoid Synthesis in Tissue Cultures of Daucus carota L.1
Authors: Mok Machteld C. , Gabelman W. H. , Skoog F.
Published: August 2022

Carotenoid synthesis was studied in tissue cultures derived from different carrot phenotypes of red, dark orange, orange, light orange, yellow and white root colors. Cultures derived from a single genetic source or even from a single root often differed in color. Yellow, pink, orange-red and red cultures were derived from red roots; yellow and orange cultures from dark orange and light orange roots; and yellow cultures from the roots of the other genetic sources. The total carotenoid content in tissue cultures partly reflected that of the parent root, but was generally lower than in the intact root. Cultures derived from white roots were exceptions to this; the carotenoid contents in these cultures sometimes exceeded the contents of the parent roots. Carotenes predominated in cultures and roots of the red and orange sources; xanthophylls were the main components in cultures and roots of the yellow and white sources. Individual cultures from one root differed in quantities of carotenes, but the main carotene was the same as in the root, lycopene for the red sources and B-carotene for the orange sources.

The effects of kinetin, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and gibberellic acid3 (GA3) on growth and pigmentation were tested in 13 selected cultures. Kinetin inhibited and 2,4-D enhanced carotenoid synthesis in several of the cultures. GA had no effect on pigment formation. Kinetin and 2,4-D affected the relative quantities of carotenoid components in one orange-red culture, R 1-1, but little in the orange-red culture R 1-2. Low total carotenoid content was associated with a relatively high xanthophyll content and a low lycopene to B-carotene ratio.

Variation in culture pigmentation due to mutations was not confirmed. Plants regenerated from tissue cultures which had been derived from a single root had the same phenotype even though the colors and carotenoid contents of the callus cultures differed widely. If plantlet regeneration is limited only to cells with a diploid chromosome number, aneuploidy, which is very common in callus cultures, may have contributed to the observed pigmentation differences in the cultures.
Effects of Evaporative Cooling during Dormancy on ‘Redhaven’ Peach Wood and Fruit Bud Hardiness1
Authors: Bauer Mary , Chaplin C. E. , Schneider G. W. , Barfield B. J. , White G. M.
Published: August 2022

‘Redhaven’ peaches (Prunus persica L. Batsch) were sprinkled from the end of rest, January 22, 1975, until the time check trees reached full bloom, April 18, 1975. Sprinkling delayed bloom by 15 days. Energy models predicted bloom one day before it occurred in the check trees. Wood temperatures were lowered as much as 6.5°C in sprinkled trees, but no significant difference in wood cold hardiness was observed. Sprinkled fruit buds were more cold hardy than non-sprinkled fruit buds until early March. Non-sprinkled buds were more cold hardy than sprinkled fruit buds in late March. Sprinkling reduced the number of viable buds/m by late March. Analyses of total and reducing sugars and protein showed no significant difference.
Morphological Changes and Factors Influencing Shoot Apex Development of Lilium longiflorum Thunb. during Forcing1
Authors: De Hertogh A. A. , Rasmussen H. P. , Blakely N.
Published: August 2022

Procedures are described for critical point drying the shoot apical meristems of Easter lilies for viewing in the scanning electron microscope. This preparatory technique was superior to either freeze-drying or the use of freshly isolated meristems. Photomicrographs of the morphological development of the entire shoot apex from the vegetative through several reproductive stages are presented. The morphology of a single flower is also illustrated.

Meristem diameter measurements revealed seasonal and bulb source variations. Diameter increased with increasing bulb size. When compared to non-cooled bulbs, low temperature treatments reduced meristem diameter prior to flower initiation. The average date of flower initiation of controlled temperature forced ‘Ace’ lilies over a 5-year period was January 21; whereas precooled lilies initiated about 1 week earlier. Greenhouse temperatures of 17−25°C accelerated the date of flower initiation when compared to 13°. A simplified technique for measuring the meristem diameter and observing the stage of development was developed.

The Easter lily forms 2 classes of primary flowers, initial and raised. They can also form secondary flowers. The number of initial primary flowers was correlated with meristem diameter. Larger bulb sizes resulted in a greater number of raised primary flowers. In general, only large bulbs formed secondary flowers. A greenhouse temperature of 13°C promoted the formation of raised primary flowers, while 21° promoted the formation of secondary flowers.

A measurement of the sprouting index showed seasonal and bulb source differences.
Relation between Growth of Chrysanthemums and Aeration of Various Container Media1
Authors: Paul J. L. , Lee C. I.
Published: August 2022

Chrysanthemum morifolium cv. Brilliant Anne was grown in 13 different media under frequent irrigation such that all media were nominally at container capacity. Media were selected to represent a range in airfilled porosity (0–20%) at container capacity with a depth of 12 cm. Substantial addition of organic amendment (40–90% v/v) improved aeration in a poorly aggregated loam and in two sands. Peat plus vermiculite had the best aeration of all media. Thirty day top yields were related to aeration properties of the media measured at container capacity. A value of 10–15% air-filled porosity was generally related to best growth. Oxygen diffusion rate (ODR) for the medium profile provided a better correlation with plant growth than air-filled porosity. A profile ODR of 45g O2 × 10‒8 cm-2 min-1 and above gave best growth.
Resistance to European Red Mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch), in Apple1
Authors: Goonewardene Hilary F. , Williams E. B. , Kwolek W. F. , McCabe L. D.
Published: August 2022

Selections of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) from the cooperative breeding program for disease resistance were evaluated in 3 tests for resistance to the European red mite. Field-collected detached leaves used to determine infestations of motile mites throughout the growing season, dormant twigs used to determine overwintering eggs, and in situ examination of artificially infested leaves of greenhouse-growing whip grafts indicated good sources of resistance. Selections with less hairy leaves supported fewer mites than selections with an abundance of hairs. Selection PRI 1677-2, 1957-1, 2023-1, 2175-7 and 2175-25 show consistently good resistance to the European red mite warranting their use in vegetative propagation or use as parents in breeding for resistance.
Ripening, Chilling Injury, and Respiratory Response of ‘Hass’ and ‘Fuerte’ Avocado Fruits at 20°C following Chilling1
Authors: Eaks Irving L.
Published: August 2022

The ripening, chilling injury and respiratory responses of ‘Hass’ and ‘Fuerte’ avocado fruit (Persea americana L.) were determined at 20°C subsequent to 0 to 5 weeks storage at 10°, 5° and 0°. Fruit held at 10° showed no chilling injury symptoms and were ripe by the third week. No softening or chilling injury symptoms occurred during the 5 weeks at 5° or 0°. However, after transfer to 20° fruit held at 5° and 0° longer than 1 week developed chilling injury and the severity increased as the exposure period increased. Short exposures to 5° and 0° tended to hasten ripening at 20° compared with fruit placed directly at 20°, but fruit held 5 weeks at 5° and 0° took longer to ripen at 20° than control fruit. Fruit placed directly at 20° showed a typical climacteric respiratory pattern which was associated with ripening. Chilling at 5° and 0° for more than 1 week resulted in high initial respiratory rates at 20°, followed by decreasing respiratory rates with no climacteric pattern associated with ripening.
Factors Associated with Resistance to Mechanical Damage in Snap Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)1
Authors: Dickson M. H. , Boettger M. A.
Published: August 2022

Lines and cultivars resistant to mechanical damage with white and colored seeds germinated 60–80% compared to under 20% for several major cultivars. Seed damage resistance was associated with transverse cotyledon cracking (TVC) resistance, r = .649, seed coat shattering (SH) resistance, r = .488, and seed coat weight, r = .373. The SH test indicates whether the seed coat is tightly or loosely adhered to the cotyledons. If % seed coat as a proportion of seed weight exceeded 10% and TVC and SH were under 10%, then damage resistance was almost always good. Weakness in any one character resulted in damage susceptibility. Damage resistant lines produced more vigorous seedlings than susceptible lines following seed maltreatment. Damage resistance was correlated, r = .722, with seedling vigor following seed impaction.
Genetic Aspects of Antibiosis to Aphis gossypii in Cucumis melo from India1
Authors: Kishaba A. N. , Bohn G. W. , Toba H. H.
Published: August 2022

Reproduction of the melon aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover, varied on different plants of Cucumis melo L., PI 371795, and its inbreds. Successive generations of selection and inbreeding increased uniformity and potency of antibiosis. Aphid reproduction on F1, F2, and backcross hybrids from a resistant × susceptible cross indicated that a single, dominant major gene conferred some antibiosis; but variation within resistant and susceptible classes indicated that additional, minor genes caused effects similar to those found in resistant inbreds.
Pesticide Effects on the Plant Cuticle: II. EPTC Effects on Leaf Cuticle Morphology and Composition in Brassica oleracea L.1
Authors: Flore J. A. , Buko vac M. J.
Published: August 2022

S-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate (EPTC, 2.24 kg/ha) inhibited epicuticular wax production by developing leaves of cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. capitata group cv. Market Prize). Similar inhibition of wax deposition was observed on abaxial (66.5%) and adaxial (67.5%) leaf surfaces. Wax bloom was absent on EPTC-treated plants, and its absence was associated with a marked reduction in surface fine-structure. No significant changes in cuticle thickness, structure, or morphology were observed due to EPTC-treatment as indexed by staining with Sudan III and IV and viewing with plane-polarized light. EPTC did not significantly affect the total weight of the cuticular membrane, cuticular wax, or cutin matrix, but there was a significant increase in the carbonate plus water soluble fraction (+33.4 μg/cm2), which approximately equaled the decrease in epicuticular wax weight (–28.8 Mg/cm2).
Comparative Effects of (2-Chloroethyl)phosphonic Acid and the Mono-2-chlorethyl Ester of the Acid on Growth, Peroxidase Activity, and Sex Expression of a Monoecious Cucumber1
Authors: Shannon S.
Published: August 2022

Application of equimolar solutions of (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid and the mono-2-chloroethyl ester of the acid to monoecious cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) plants resulted in equal retardation of internode growth and equal conversion to gynoecious flowering habit for the first 8 nodes. However, the effects of the ester persisted for 4 or more nodes longer than those of the acid for both parameters. Both peroxidase activity and ethylene evolution were 10-fold greater in plants treated with the acid than in those treated with the ester.
Defective Ovules in Avocado Cultivars1
Authors: Tomer E. , Gottreich M. , Gazit S.
Published: August 2022

Normal, abnormal, and degenerate ovules of avocado (Persea americana Mill.) are described and illustrated. The frequency of occurrence of these ovule types differed among 4 cultivars (‘Fuerte’, ‘Ettinger’, ‘Hass’, ‘Tova’) with a total frequency ranging from 15 to 40%. A higher frequency of apparently degenerative ovules increased the proportion considered defective to 80–98%. No relationship could be discerned between the percentage of normal ovules and the yields of 8 trees differing widely in fruitfulness.
Sampling Procedures for Minimizing Non-genetic Wood Hardiness Variation in Peach1
Authors: Cain D. W. , Andersen R. L.
Published: August 2022

A single genotype peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch cv. Redhaven) was used to study non-genetic hardiness variation. Twigs from the upper southwest and lower northeast sectors of several randomly chosen trees were frozen on 4 dates from November to March. The basal, middle, and tip sections of each twig were examined, using tissue browning as an index of injury. An appropriate statistical model was used to separate the variance components. Trees and tree × sector interaction constitute only a small portion of the total random variation, while twigs and residual error accounted for the major portion. Variance estimates were used to determine sample sizes needed to detect browning differences of a desired magnitude. The lowest variance estimates were obtained when the basal section of twigs collected from the upper southwest sector were analyzed. Sample sizes between 6 and 21 twigs could be expected to detect important differences in injury as assayed via tissue browning.
Effect of Rootstocks, Propagation Method, and Transplanting on Growth and Flowering of Young Apple Trees1
Authors: Ferree D. C.
Published: August 2022

A study to determine the influence of 4 rootstocks, 2 propagation methods, and transplanting on the growth and flowering of young ‘Skyline Supreme Delicious’ apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh.) revealed that trees on Mailing Merton (MM) 106 resulted in the greatest annual increment of growth followed by trees on MM 111, Mailing (M) 26 and M9. The rootstock influence on growth was evident in the second growing season. In their first season, budded trees made more rapid growth than grafted trees, but grafted trees made 39% more total growth in the second season. Two seasons later the trunk circumference, total shoot growth, tree height and spread, numbers of shoots and root suckers were greater on grafted trees than on budded trees. Transplanted trees had less trunk circumference, total shoot growth, tree height and spread, numbers of shoots and root suckers than stationary trees at the end of the fourth season. Trees on M 9 and M 26 produced more flower clusters than trees on MM 106 and MM 111. Grafted trees had more flower clusters than budded trees and stationary trees had more clusters than transplanted trees.
Influence of Cobaltous Ion (Co2+) on the Postharvest Behavior of ‘Samantha’ Roses1
Authors: Venkatarayappa T. , Tsujita M. J. , Murr D. P.
Published: August 2022

Cut flowers of rose (Rosa hybrida L. cv. Samantha) exhibited a longer vase life when opened in solutions containing cobaltous ion (Co2+). The extended vase life in response to Co2+ was related to 1) an increased water uptake into the cut flower, 2) an improved water balance during opening, 3) a delay in loss of fresh weight, and 4) a prevention of the occurrence of bent-neck. A concentration of 1.5 mm Co2+ gave maximum beneficial effects without injury to the cut flower, while a 2.0 mm concentration induced some toxic symptoms on leaves.
Inheritance of Peroxyacetyl Nitrate Resistance in Petunia1
Authors: De Vos N. E. , Hill R. R. , Hepler R. W. , Pell E. J. , Craig R.
Published: August 2022

The inheritance of peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) resistance in Petunia hybrida Vilm. was studied using the inbred parents of ‘White Cascade’, a susceptible F1 hybrid, and ‘Coral Magic’, a resistant hybrid. In each of 6 experiments, 4-week-old plants of the parents, their reciprocal F1 hybrids, the F2 generation, and reciprocal backcross generations were simultaneously tested for PAN resistance. Plants were exposed to 742 μg/m3 (0.15 ppm) PAN for 1.5 hours in a controlled environment chamber. The percent area of bifacial necrosis was determined for each leaf on a plant and an average was calculated to yield an injury rating. Significant genetic variation was detected in each experiment, but the best fitting genetic model varied among experiments, indicating large genotype by environment interaction. In the experiment with the most severe PAN injury, genes for susceptibility exhibited almost complete dominance to those for resistance and epistatic effects were not significant. In other experiments with lower levels of PAN injury, resistance was partially dominant to susceptibility and one or more epistatic parameters were significant.
Characteristics of Progeny from an Interspecific Cross of Cucumis melo with C. metuliferus1
Authors: Norton Joseph D. , Granberry D. M.
Published: August 2022

Plant and fruit characteristics of the parents and progeny from the interspecific cross Cucumis melo L. (PI 140471) × C. metuliferus E. Mey. (PI 292190) are described. An electron microscope scan (EMS) indicated that F1 seed exhibited both the netting from C. metuliferus and the ridging from C. melo but pollen from both parents and the F1 appeared to be identical. The F1 plants had lobed leaves as in the staminate parent (C. metuliferus). Trichomes of the F1 were intermediate. The F1 consisted of light green fruit with raised dark green areas and dark green fruit. Thirteen plants with spiney fruit were found in the F2. Ribbing and netting of fruit and andromonoecious flower types occurred in F2 progeny but did not occur in either parent. Weight, flesh and rind thickness, length, and diameter of F1 and F2 fruit greatly exceeded those of either PI 140471 or C. metuliferus. Attempts to duplicate the original cross were unsuccessful due to embryo abortion except for one plant grown by embryo culture. Backcrosses of the F1 to C. metuliferus were unsuccessful in the greenhouse and field due to embryo abortion except for 1 plant produced by embryo culture.
Salinity Effects on Yield and Fruit Quality of ‘Valencia’ Orange1
Authors: Francois L. E. , Clark R. A.
Published: August 2022

Salinity effects on yield and fruit quality of ‘Valencia’ orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) were determined in sand cultures artificially salinized with irrigation water applied twice daily. Yield reduction with increasing salinity during the 10-year study was attributed to a reduction in fruit number, not size. Salinity decreased rind thickness and delayed maturation but did not influence other fruit quality measures.
Variability in Physico-chemical Properties and Nutritional Components of Tropical and Domestic Dry Bean Germplasm1
Authors: Hosfield G. L. , Uebersax M. A.
Published: August 2022

Food-quality comparisons between tropically adapted genotypes of dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and accessions from domestic breeding agencies showed there is sufficient variability in important nutritional and canning traits among tropical beans to justify their use in temperate-climate breeding programs. Specifically, tropical bean germplasm may be of use to transfer stress tolerance and lodging resistance to commercially acceptable genotypes while the breeder is simultaneously breeding to maintain or improve nutritional composition and canning quality. Seed of 35 bean accessions representing plant introductions, breeding lines, and cultivars were screened for proximate chemical composition, yield, and several horticultural characters. Seventeen of these accessions, including several commercial dry bean cultivars, were selected for canning evaluations. Beans were adjusted to 16% moisture before soaking and processing. Soaked and processed beans were evaluated for water uptake, texture (with a Kramer Shear Press), and general canning quality. Protein content was highest in domestically adapted beans (31%) and lowest in the nonblack tropical array of genotypes (22%). Tropical beans showed a greater tendency to clump in the can after cooking. This indicates excessive breakdown of tropical beans during thermal processing. Nonsignificant correlation coefficients indicated that textural differences and soaking properties of the beans were not associated; however, textural differences were correlated with the final moisture percentage in processed tropically adapted beans. Several tropical genotypes were much firmer or much softer after cooking than ‘Sanilac’, which is considered the industry standard for making canning comparisons. Further evaluation of texture by examining Kramer Shear Press tracings showed that textural differences among genotypes could be broken down into a configuration showing a large shear force component, and a curve characterized by mostly compression. The curve types appeared to be a characteristic of the genotype rather than of seed-coat color, size of bean, or final moisture percentage.
In Vitro Culture of Sour Cherry Fruits1
Authors: Wittenbach Vernon A. , Bukovac Martin J.
Published: August 2022

Sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L. cv. Montmorency) fruit were collected from the orchard at various stages of development and cultured in vitro on a minimal medium. Fruits transferred to culture during Stage II ceased to develop and ripen. Fruits transferred during early Stage III increased in fresh weight and ripened as indexed by pigment formation and softening. However, the growth rate and final size were less than fruits developing on trees. Benomyl (100 mg liter-1) incorporated in the medium reduced contamination without affecting fruit growth.
Cryopreservation of Strawberry Meristems and Mass Propagation of Plantlets1
Authors: Kartha K. K. , Leung N. L. , Pahl K.
Published: August 2022

Meristems isolated from strawberry (Fragaria X ananassa Duch. cv. Redcoat) runner-tips were cultured on a Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 6-benzylamino purine (BA), indolebutyric acid (IBA) and gibberellic acid (GA3) at concentrations of 1, 1 and 0.1 μm, respectively. The meristems regenerated shoots within 3 to 4 weeks when incubated at 26°, 16 hour photoperiods and 4000 lux intensity. On medium supplemented with BA at a concentration of 10 μm these shoots proliferated into “clumps,” each consisting of 150 to 200 shoots. Meristems isolated from these in vitro shoots were precultured on medium supplemented with dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) or glycerol as cryoprotectants, frozen either slowly at cooling velocities of 0.5° to 1.0°C/minute to −40° or rapidly and stored in liquid nitrogen (−196°). Maximum viability and plant regeneration (95%) was obtained when the meristems were precultured on medium supplemented with 5% DMSO, and then frozen at a cooling velocity of 0.84°/min. A viability of 35% was observed when meristems precultured on 5% glycerol-supplemented medium for 3 days were frozen at a cooling velocity of 0.94°/min. Rapid freezing and rapid dry freezing using either DMSO or glycerol resulted in reduced viability. A viability and plant regeneration frequency of 95% was obtained after the meristems were in storage for one week in liquid nitrogen. From samples assayed after 8 weeks of storage in liquid nitrogen, more than 55% of the meristems regenerated into plantlets.
Nitrogen and Potassium Fertilization Effects on Fruiting and Petiole Composition of 24- to 48-month Old Papaya Plants1
Authors: Awada M. , Long C.
Published: August 2022

Bearing Solo papaya plants (Carica papaya L.) 24- to 48-months old grown on aa lava soil were treated with N and K fertilizers in factorial combinations. An increase in N or K fertilization increased the total number and total weight of marketable fruit and the weight of each marketable fruit. N fertilization increased petiole concentrations of N, Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn, and decreased those of P and B. K fertilization increased petiole concentrations of K and Mn, and decreased those of N, P, Ca, Mg, Na, and B. The maximum yield of marketable fruit was associated with petiole concentrations of 1.44% N and 2.52% K.
Potassium Fertilization of Prune Trees under Drip Irrigation1
Authors: Uriu K. , Carlson R. M. , Henderson D. W. , Schulbach H. , Aldrich T. M.
Published: August 2022

Fertilization with K2SO4 resulted in good uptake of K by trees of French prune (Prunus domestica L. cv. Agen) whether K was applied in drip water or dry K2SO4 was placed on the soil under the emitter and then drip irrigated. These methods were much more effective than applying K2SO4 in trenches alongside the trees and then sprinkler-irrigating. K fertilization with a drip system resulted in K movement to depths of 60 to 75 cm, where the soil is wet from drip irrigation and roots are abundant, enhancing K uptake.
Effect of Hydrogel on Wilting and Moisture Stress of Bedding Plants1
Authors: Gehring J. M. , Lewis A. J.
Published: August 2022

Hydrogel incorporated in the growing media of 2 bedding plants, marigold ‘Dolly’ (Tagetes erecta L.) and zinnia ‘Pink Buttons’ (Zinnia elegans Jacq.) grown in 3 different size containers generally increased hours to wilting (HTW) sequentially in both species and with increasing rates of hydrogel over the range tested (4 to 16 kg/m3). HTW of marigold and zinnia grown in 5.1 cm3 containers in hydrogel amended media at 16 kg/m3 increased 45 and 37%, respectively. High rates of hydrogel incorporation were as effective in increasing HTW in small containers as was doubling container size. Pressure bomb studies with plants grown under stress in hydrogel-amended media confirmed the reduction in internal moisture tension.
Persistent White Curd and Other Curd Characters of Cauliflower1
Authors: Dickson M. H. , Lee C. Y.
Published: August 2022

Cauliflower PI 183214 (Brassica oleracea L. (Botrytis group) produced a persistent pure white curd even when fully exposed to the sun. The inheritance of white curd is controlled by 2-3 genes with a narrow sense heritability of 33-38%. Visual color selection was correlated (r=.79) with Hunter Colorimeter readings. PI 183214 has a light weight curd which is not linked to persistent white color. PI 183214 is also free of riciness, leaf-in-curd, and bracting which are closely linked to the standard non-persistent white curd.
Effect of Temperature on Acetylene-reducing Activity Associated with Root Nodules on Woody Trees and Shrubs1
Authors: McNiel R. E. , Carpenter P. L.
Published: August 2022

C2H2-reduction activity of excised root nodules of 9 woody species was studied to determine the N2- fixation capabilities at various temperatures. Nodules of nonlegumes [Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn., A. rugosa (Du Roi) Spreng., Comptonia peregrina (L.) Coult., Elaeagnus angustifolia L., E. commutata Bernh., E. umbellata Thunb., and Shepherdia argentea Nutt.] had maximum C2H2-reduction rates near 30°C. Nodules of the nonlegume Hippophae rhamnoides L. and the legume Robinia pseudoacacia L. showed maximum activity at 20° and showed no significant change at 30°. The C2H2reduction activity of all species except E. angustifolia declined at 40°. High temperature injury (40°) was irreversible. Activity was very slight at temperatures near 0°. Arrhenius plots of the data indicate the reduction rate is biphasic with the change in activation energy occurring from 11° to 20° depending on species.
Abscisic Acid in Pistachio as Related to Inflorescence Bud Abscission1
Authors: Takeda Fumiomi , Crane Julian C.
Published: August 2022

Neither abscisic acid (ABA) levels in developing kernels nor in the developing inflorescence buds themselves were found to be related to abscission of inflorescence buds and consequent alternate bearing in pistachio (Pistacia vera L.).
Effects of Tillage Methods on Soil Nutrient Distribution, Plant Nutrient Absorption, Stand, and Yields of Snap Beans and Lima Beans1
Authors: Mullins C. A. , Tompkins F. D. , Parks W. L.
Published: August 2022

A 3 year (1976-1978) tillage study was conducted with snap beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and lima beans (P. lunatus L.). Treatments included 2 no-till systems where furrows were opened with a fluted coulter or a vibratory unit, 2 reduced tillage methods with seedbeds prepared with a disk or a powered harrow, and conventional tillage. Tillage method did not affect soil pH at sampled depths. Soil P levels were higher at the 10−15 cm depth with conventional compared to tillage with vibratory unit. Soil K levels were higher at the 5−10 and 10−15 cm depths with conventional tillage. Tillage method did not affect petiole N, K, and Ca concentrations. Petiole P concentrations were lowest with conventional tillage. Petiole Mg concentrations were lowest with the no-till treatments using fluted coulter for snap beans and the vibratory unit for lima beans. Snap bean stand was highest with no-till using the vibratory unit. Tillage method did not affect mean snap bean yield or lima bean stand. Mean lima bean yield was highest with conventional tillage.
Foliar Response and Growth of Apple Trees following Exposure to Ozone and Sulfur Dioxide1
Authors: Shertz Robert D. , Render W. J. , Musselman R. C.
Published: August 2022

Three cultivars of greenhouse-grown apple trees (Malus domestica, Borkh.) were fumigated for single, 4-hour exposures with ozone (O3) and/or sulfur dioxide (SO2) at 0.40 and 0.80 ppm. Fumigations were performed in a plexiglass chamber situated within a controlled environment walk-in growth chamber. All 3 cultivars responded to treatments in a similar manner. When applied separately both gases induced characteristic foliar injury. In general, apple trees were more sensitive to 0.40 ppm O3 than to 0.40 ppm SO2; but they responded similarly to 0.80 ppm O3 or SO2. Foliar injury, leaf abscission, and shoot growth reduction were greatest when 0.80 ppm O3 and 0.80 ppm SO2 were combined. The data showed a less-than additive response when the 2 pollutants were combined; a response due, in part, to the high amount of injury induced by single pollutants at these concentrations. All O3 and/or SO2 fumigations resulted in stomatal closure.
Regulation of Fruit Set in Cucumis sativus by Auxin and an Auxin Transport Inhibitor1
Authors: Watkins J. T. , Cantliffe D. J.
Published: August 2022

The involvement of naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), a synthetic auxin, and methyl-2-chloro-9-hydroxy-fluorene-9-carboxylate (chlorflurenol), an auxin transport inhibitor, in fruit set in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) was investigated. In the greenhouse, exogenously applied NAA and chlorflurenol enhanced fruit set depending on the position of application. In the growth chamber, when NAA was applied directly on the stigma, a small quantity moved into the ovary after 24 hours. However, when auxin was applied on the ovary, significant quantities of 14C NAA were detected in the ovary and other plant pieces. When NAA was placed on the peduncle, more accumulated in peduncle and stem sections than when NAA was placed on the stigma or ovary. Chlorflurenol applications to the peduncle inhibited movement of NAA out of the ovary and resulted in accumulation of auxin in that tissue. NAA movement in the intact plant was similar to that of excised sections: chlorflurenol applied to the peduncle reduced NAA movement out of the ovary. Thus, the regulation of fruit set by chlorflurenol may be through the restriction of auxin movement from the ovary. The increased auxin accumulation in the ovary may trigger fruit set and subsequent growth.
Graphic Display of Quantitative and Qualitative Character Associations in Cut Roses1
Authors: McLean I. B. , Rasmussen H. P.
Published: August 2022

Difficulty is frequently experienced in displaying associations of quantitative characters such as flower weight and vaselife with qualitative characters such as flower shape, petal attitude, color, and leaf damage in cut roses (Rosa hybrida L.) A scatter diagram technique which accommodates 2 quantitative and up to 12 qualitative characters applied to experiments on rose cultivars and floral preservatives revealed qualitative associations with increased vaselife and flower fresh weight in response to the use of various preservative solutions.
In Vitro Culture of Embryos and Ovules of Certain Incompatible Selfs and Crosses among Impatiens Species1
Authors: Arisumi Torn
Published: August 2022

Seedlings were obtained from incompatible crosses and seifs of certain African and Indian Impatiens by culturing excised embryos and ovules in vitro after fertilization in vivo. Selfed seedlings of I. campanulata Wight, I. epiphytica G. M. Schulze, I. hookeriana Am., and I. pseudoviola Gilg. were obtained by embryo and ovule cultures. Hybrid seedlings of I. hookeriana × I. campanulata were derived from embryo culture. Few to several hybrid seedlings each of I. flaccida alba Arn. × I. repens Moon, I. uguenensis Warb. × I. epiphytica, and I. uguenensis × I. flaccida alba were developed from cultures of 5- to 16-day-old ovules. Some ovules from 11 out of 57 incompatible crosses cultured in vitro grew and germinated. Except for I. hookeriana selfed progenies resembled their parents in gross morphology and breeding behavior. I. hookeriana selfed seedlings had smaller flowers and less pollen than their parents. Most hybrids exhibited blended parental characteristics, and all were sterile. Four interspecific hybrid progeneis are reported for the first time.
The Effect of Source and Rate of Potassium on the Performance of ‘Concord’ Grape Vines Grown on Clay Loam Soils1
Authors: Cline R. A. , Bradt O. A.
Published: August 2022

The responses of ‘Concord’ grape vines (Vitis labrusca L.) to 3 potassium fertilizer sources (KCl, K2SO4, and KNO3) used at 2 rates were compared. Fertilizers were applied for 10 years to vines on a poorly drained Jeddo clay loam soil. Performance on a moderately well-drained Oneida clay loam as influenced by KCl and K2SO4 levels was also studied. There was no reduction in yield, fruit quality, or vine vigor with high rates of KCl. KCl and K2SO4 were equally effective in increasing petiole K but the response was slow under Jeddo clay loam conditions. Yield, vigor, and petiole K levels were less with vines receiving KNO3 than with those receiving other sources of K, or with the non-treated control vines. KNO3 was undesirable as a source of K. Petiole K was higher in grape vines growing on Onedia clay loam than on Jeddo clay loam; in addition, they responded more quickly to applied K irrespective of source. There was an indication of a yield response one year to high levels of KCl but no such response occurred with K2SO4. No toxic response to high rates of KCl was detected at either location.