bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Decision weaving: Forming novel, complex strategy in entrepreneurial settings
Authors: Ott Timothy E. , Eisenhardt Kathleen M.
Published: June 2020

Research Summary

Strategy formation is central to why some firms seize novel opportunities while others fail. We explore a core dilemma of strategy formation in entrepreneurial settings—whether to learn a novel strategy one domain at a time (modular) versus assemble a complex strategy of coherent activities across all domains at once (integrative). By studying six ventures, we develop a theoretical framework for how entrepreneurs effectively form novel, complex strategy: Decision weaving. They (a) employ sequential focus (not parallel), (b) pause at plateaus (not optima), and (c) deploy stepping stones (not leaps) in background domains. These behaviors enable both fast, effective learning and evolving yet holistic understanding of an emerging strategy. Overall, we contribute to the microfoundations of strategy by proposing a cognitively sophisticated, yet realistic strategist.

Managerial Summary

Strategy formation is central to why firms seize novel opportunities while others fail. By comparing three venture‐pairs, we develop a fresh framework for strategy formation in nascent markets where strategy is both novel and complex: Decision weaving. Effective strategists: (a) use sequential focus (not parallel) to learn about successive focal strategic domains, (b) pause at learning plateaus to consolidate that knowledge about a focal domain, and (c) use stepping stones to make progress in background domains without losing focus. These behaviors enable both fast, effective learning, and evolving yet holistic understanding of an emerging strategy. More importantly, these behaviors set the stage for rapid and profitable scaling (i.e., growth).
Corporate social responsibility of U.S.‐listed firms headquartered in tax havens
Authors: Lee Dongyoung
Published: June 2020

Research Summary

Using 138 firm‐year observations for 46 U.S.‐listed firms headquartered in tax havens from 2004 to 2013, this study employs a matched‐sample design and documents that the level of corporate social responsibility (CSR) engagement is relatively lower for firms with tax haven headquarters (HQ) than for those with U.S. HQ. This result is robust to the use of firm philanthropy as a measure of CSR engagement and holds true in an environment with high CSR expectations from U.S. communities. In an alternative setting of HQ relocations within the United States, we use a difference‐in‐differences methodology and find that when firms move their HQ to states with lower corporate income taxes, they decrease the level of CSR engagement. Overall findings are consistent with corporate culture theory.

Managerial Summary

This article examines CSR engagement of U.S.‐listed firms headquartered in tax havens. Using data from 2004 to 2013, we find that firms with tax haven HQ exhibit a relatively lower level of CSR engagement than otherwise similar firms headquartered in the United States. In the same vein, tax‐haven‐headquartered firms tend to give less to charity, even when they face high CSR expectations from U.S. communities. In an alternative setting of HQ relocations within the United States, we document that the level of corporate social engagement is more likely to drop for firms that move their HQ to lower‐tax regions. We interpret our findings as evidence of corporate culture affecting both the tax avoidance and CSR activities of firms headquartered in tax havens.
Enhanced Photocatalytic H2‐Production Activity of CdS Quantum Dots Using Sn2+ as Cocatalyst under Visible Light Irradiation
Authors: Xiang Xianglin , Zhu Bicheng , Cheng Bei , Yu Jiaguo , Lv Hongjin
Published: June 2020

Herein, oil‐soluble CdS quantum dots (QDs) are first prepared through a solvent‐thermal process. Then, oil‐soluble CdS QDs are changed into water‐soluble QDs via ligand exchange using mercaptopropionic acid as capping agent at pH 13. The photocatalytic performance is investigated under the visible light irradiation using glycerol as sacrificial agent and Sn2+ as cocatalyst. No H2‐production activity is observed for oil‐soluble CdS QDs. Water‐soluble CdS QDs exhibit significantly enhanced hydrogen evolution rate. When the concentration of cocatalyst Sn2+ increases to 0.2 × 10−3 m, the rate of hydrogen evolution reaches 1.61 mmol g−1 h−1, which is 24 times higher than that of the pristine water‐soluble CdS QDs. The enhanced H2‐production efficiency is attributed to the adsorption of Sn2+ ions on the surface of CdS QDs that are further reduced to Sn atoms by photogenerated electrons. The in situ generated Sn atoms serve as photocatalytic cocatalyst for efficient hydrogen generation.
X‐Ray‐Induced Growth Dynamics of Luminescent Silver Clusters in Zeolites
Authors: Fenwick Oliver , Coutiño‐Gonzalez Eduardo , Richard Fanny , Bonacchi Sara , Baekelant Wouter , de Vos Dirk , Roeffaers Maarten B. J. , Hofkens Johan , Samorì Paolo
Published: June 2020

Herein, AlKα X‐rays are used to drive the growth of luminescent silver clusters in zeolites. The growth of the silver species is tracked using Auger spectroscopy and fluorescence microscopy, by monitoring the evolution from their ions to luminescent clusters and then metallic, dark nanoparticles. It is shown that the growth rate in different zeolites is determined by the mobility of the silver ions in the framework and that the growth dynamics in calcined samples obeys the Hill–Langmuir equation for noncooperative binding. Comparison of the optical properties of X‐ray‐grown silver clusters with silver clusters formed by standard heat treatment indicates that the latter have a higher specificity toward the formation of luminescent clusters of a specific (small) nuclearity, whereas the former produce a wide distribution of cluster species as well as larger nanoparticles.
Effect of aggressive environment on durability of concrete containing fibrous rubber shreds and silica fume
Authors: Gupta Trilok , Siddique Salman , Sharma Ravi K. , Chaudhary Sandeep
Published: June 2020

The present study deals with the investigation of durability properties of reinforced concrete fabricated by incorporating fiber type rubber shreds as fine aggregate in concrete and silica fume as a supplementary cementitious material. Concrete designs were produced to replace natural fine aggregate and cement by rubber shreds, and silica fume, respectively. The concrete mixes were studied for compressive strength up to 365 days, abrasion resistance, and water absorption up to 28 days. The carbonation and acid resistance (H2SO4 and HCl) properties were studied up to 90 and 180 days, respectively. Corrosion samples were tested up to 18 months for both macrocell current and half‐cell potential. The incorporation of rubber shreds lowered the compressive strength of concrete and resistance to water absorption, carbonation, and corrosion. However, the resistance to abrasion and acid attack was enhanced on the utilization of rubber shreds in concrete. The presence of silica fume considerably enhanced the mechanical and durability properties of rubber shreds concrete and lowered the probability of corrosion.
Single and combined effects of carbamazepine and copper on nervous and antioxidant systems of zebrafish (Danio rerio)
Authors: Jia Dantong , Li Xiuwen , Du Sen , Xu Ning , Zhang Wenming , Yang Ruyi , Zhang Yunhai , He Yide , Zhang Yongjun
Published: June 2020

Various pollutants co‐exist in the aquatic environment such as carbamazepine (CBZ) and copper (Cu), which can cause complex effects on inhabiting organisms. The toxic impacts of the single substance have been studied extensively. However, the studies about their combined adverse impacts are not enough. In the present study, zebrafish were exposed to environmental relevant concentrations of CBZ (1, 10, and 100 μg/L), Cu (0.5, 5, and 10 μg/L) and the mixtures (1 μg/L CBZ + 0.5 μg/L Cu, 10 μg/L CBZ + 5 μg/L Cu, 100 μg/L CBZ + 10 μg/L Cu) for 45 days, the effects on nervous and antioxidant systems of zebrafish were investigated. The results demonstrated that, in comparison with single exposure group, the combined presence of CBZ and Cu exacerbated the effect of antioxidant system (the ability of inhibition of hydroxyl radicals (IHR), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione S‐transferase (GST)) but not nervous system (Acetylcholinesterase [AChE]). The qPCR results supported the changes of corresponding enzymes activities. Hepatic histopathological analysis verified the results of biomarkers. Our work illustrated that the toxicity of mixed pollutants is very complicated, which cannot simply be inferred from the toxicity of single pollutant, and calls for more co‐exposure experiments to better understanding of the co‐effects of pollutants on aquatic organisms.
Survey of canine use and safety of isoxazoline parasiticides
Authors: Palmieri Valerie , Dodds W. Jean , Morgan Judy , Carney Elizabeth , Fritsche Herbert A. , Jeffrey Jaclyn , Bullock Rowan , Kimball Jon P.
Published: June 2020

A veterinarian and pet owner survey (Project Jake) examined the use and safety of isoxazoline parasiticides given to dogs. Data were received during August 1–31, 2018 from a total of 2,751 survey responses. Forty‐two percent (1,157) reported no flea treatment or adverse events (AE), while 58% (1594) had been treated with some parasiticide for flea control, and of those that received a parasiticide, the majority, or 83% (1,325), received an isooxazoline. When any flea treatment was given, AE were reported for 66.6% of respondents, with no apparent AE noted for 36.1%. Project Jake findings were compared to a retrospective analysis of publicly available Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and European Medicines Agency (EMA) reported AE. The number of total AE reported to FDA and EMA were comparable, although a 7 to 10 times higher occurrence of death and seizures was reported from the EMA or from outside the United States (US). Serious AE responses for death, seizures and neurological effects reported in our survey were higher than the FDA but moderately lower than the EMA reports. These sizable global data sets combined with this pre‐ and post‐parasiticide administration survey indicated that isoxazoline neurotoxicity was not flea‐ and tick‐specific. Post‐marketing serious AE were much higher than in Investigational New Drug (IND) submissions. Although the labels have recently been updated, dogs, cats and their caregivers remain impacted by their use. These aggregate data reports support the need for continued cross‐species studies and critical review of product labelling by regulatory agencies and manufacturers.
Choice‐Based Reminder Cues: Findings From an mHealth Study to Improve Tuberculosis (TB) Treatment Adherence Among the Urban Poor in India
Authors: Das Gupta Debasree , Patel Amit , Saxena Deepak , Koizumi Naoru , Trivedi Poonam , Patel Krupali , Raval Devang , King Andrew , Chandler Kerianne
Published: June 2020

Poor treatment outcomes due to nonadherence and consequent high levels of drug resistance continue to challenge efforts to combat tuberculosis (TB) in India. Mobile health‐ or mHealth‐based reminder cues have been considered in multiple health behavior modification interventions, including TB treatment nonadherence. We conducted a quasi‐experimental study in Ahmedabad, India, to examine the effectiveness of mHealth‐based reminder cues customized to meet diverse patient needs. Results from this experiment indicate that the potential of customized mHealth reminder cues may remain unrealized unless addressed in conjunction with the multifaceted drivers of TB treatment nonadherence. The perspective we present here has broad relevance for future mHealth studies, especially in interpreting challenges that arise within resource‐scarce settings of the urban poor and prevent them from adhering to recommended TB treatment regimens.
Introduction: Why Is Philosophy Relevant for Clinical Practice?
Authors: Anjum Rani Lill , Copeland Samantha , Rocca Elena
Published: June 2020

This book is intended as an intellectual resource for clinicians and healthcare professionals who are interested in digging deeper into the philosophical foundations of their daily practice. It is a tool for understanding some of the philosophical motivations and rationality behind the way medicine and healthcare are studied, evaluated and practiced. In particular, this book illustrates the impact that our thinking about causality, both philosophically and conceptually, has on the clinical encounter. The aim is to engage and empower healthcare professionals to take part in changing and defining the premises for their own practice. After all, if clinical decisions should be based on evidence, this ought to be evidence that is relevant and well-suited for the clinic. The book has two parts, Philosophical Framework and Application to the Clinic. The first part is written from the philosophical perspective and presents a singular overall framework. The second part is written primarily by clinicians who address some implications of the philosophical framework for different aspects of their own practice.
Lessons on Causality from Clinical Encounters with Severely Obese Patients
Authors: Hagen Kai Brynjar
Published: June 2020

In this chapter, general practitioner and senior consultant Kai Brynjar Hagen calls for a more personal approach to the care of severely obese individuals. These patients are frequently dismissed, miscategorised and consequently mis-treated in the healthcare system. Two key insights should be highlighted. First, that the tendency to see obesity as a primarily physiological ailment stems not from scientific evidence (of which there is much to the contrary), but rather from the denial that emotional pain can have strong effects on one’s health, even when it does not fit neatly into a psychological diagnostic category. Such denial is in frame with the biomedical model of health and illness. Second, that taking the time to value clinical dialogue reveals much about the nature of that patient’s condition. Such dialogue gives context, elucidates values, and importantly, in combination with the published evidence, it suggests causal explanations that affect the options for successful treatment. Hagen translates into clinical practice the dispositionalist view of causal singularism, presented in Part I of this book: that since causation happens in the single case, it is from the single case that we need to start causal investigation. He gives details about how he operationalises a whole-person view of each patient, encourages joint insights through dialogue, and uses the patients’ narratives in a mutual decision making process about their future. Further, he explores how the results he has observed in his own practice, and the difficulties he has faced, reveal deep-seated issues with the way we tend to treat obesity medically, namely by focusing mainly on its symptoms and little or not at all on core causes.
Conclusion: CauseHealth Recommendations for Making Causal Evidence Clinically Relevant and Informed
Authors: Anjum Rani Lill , Copeland Samantha , Rocca Elena
Published: June 2020

From the philosophical perspective presented in the first part of this book, together with the clinical application of this framework in the second part, it follows that we must change the way we approach causal evidence of health and illness conceptually, methodologically and practically. This has some practical consequences for the clinical encounter, as discussed throughout the book. We here offer some specific CauseHealth recommendations for making causal evidence more clinically relevant and better informed by the clinical encounter. The recommendations follow from an overall consideration of the previous chapters, both the philosophical framework and its clinical implications.
The Guidelines Challenge
Authors: Copeland Samantha
Published: June 2020

This chapter looks at one of the key problems experienced by practitioners of medicine today, especially in large or public institutions, which is how to handle guidelines. Public management approaches to medicine tend to promote guidelines as rules to follow, and clinicians often feel pressure to follow a guideline even when their judgment cautions them to do otherwise. This ‘tramline’ approach to guidelines, we show, is philosophically as well as practically problematic. Especially when we take dispositions as the ontology of the causal relations that guidelines want to key in on—the best way to cause a recovery, or to counteract the causes of a condition—we see that guidelines cannot and ought not be treated as rules to be followed. We thus also make suggestions in this chapter about what kinds of guidelines, in terms of form and function, might be ideal.
The Complexity of Persistent Pain – A Patient’s Perspective
Authors: Price Christine
Published: June 2020

In this chapter, Christine Price gives a personal account of how a deeper philosophical understanding of causal complexity had a direct effect on her ability to understand and manage her experiences of chronic pain. Price explains that learning about the dispositionalist understanding of causation and causal singularism, as presented in Part I, re-directed her efforts from getting information about chronic pain in general to becoming more knowledgeable about her own pain. The first part of this book presented the vector model as a way to qualitatively represent a single causal event. This is done by modelling the multiple dispositions at work and their strength of tendency toward, or away from, the manifestation of a certain effect. Here Price translates the vector model into her own method for understanding and managing her own dispositions in regard to her pain. In this way she provides a clear and personal example of how seeing causes as complex and interactive can, perhaps paradoxically, give patients more agency and control over their own care. Price’s account shows us that reflections on one’s own dispositions and how they contribute to health and illness can be a long-term effect of a positive clinical encounter.
Causality and Dispositionality in Medical Practice
Authors: Edwards Ivor Ralph
Published: June 2020

In this chapter, Ivor Ralph Edwards shares his reflections based on more than 20 years of international experience, both in clinical practice and in drug safety monitoring. Crucial for Edward’s work is the dispositionalist view that outlier cases and deviations from the norm have a great potential in advancing causal understanding, as discussed in the first part of this book. Through a number of examples drawn from his professional experience, Edwards here provides some advice on how the dispositionalist approach presented in Part I of this book can improve clinicians’ daily practice and can assist the process of differential diagnosis. Despite the time and other constraints placed upon practicing clinicians today, the urgency of taking causal complexity properly into account demands that a more personal and contextual approach be taken. This chapter highlights the urgency of the call for a new framework for medical practice, one that fully acknowledges patient narratives as evidential and emphasises the importance of understanding rare symptoms and responses as being nonetheless part of a larger pattern of dispositions and manifestations.
Civil Society Between Populism and Anti-populism
Authors: Ruzza Carlo
Published: June 2020

This chapter focuses on the activities of civil society formations in the European political environment. It argues that the long-established ethos of inclusionary civil society groups is undergoing a redefinition. Moralized ideational constructs such as “community”, “belonging” and “solidarity”, which have traditionally been associated with a cosmopolitan, tolerant conception of the role of civil society, are undergoing a process of redefinition. An individualistic, nationalist, exclusionary and socially conservative conception of civil society is emerging. The chapter frames the contrast between rival images of civil society through a movement–counter-movement dynamic, which opposes a populist and an anti-populist bloc. It interprets them with reference to studies of “civil” and “uncivil” society and provides a typology of their roles and values.
The Discursive Denial of Racism by Finnish Populist Radical Right Politicians Accused of Anti-Muslim Hate-Speech
Authors: Pettersson Katarina
Published: June 2020

This chapter explores Finnish populist radical right politicians’ discursive denials of racism against Muslims following the 2015 European “refugee crisis”. The critical discursive psychological analysis of the politicians’ Facebook accounts identifies four ways in which racism was denied: first, through constructing the statements as mere displays of undisputable facts and common-sense; second, through personal narratives and ontological gerrymandering that acted as ‘proof’ of the politician’s non-racist disposition; third, through transferring the discussion from issues about race to concern matters of cultural threats; and, fourth, through reversing racism to the politicians’ political antagonists. The analyses show that in their discursive denial of racist hate-speech against Muslims, the Finnish politicians relied more on cultural arguments than welfare-protectionist ones. That is, the denials were primarily warranted through nostalgic references to Finnish national identity, people and values, and rhetorical promises that the hope of saving these rests on resisting the cultural threat posed by Islam.
Work Disability and Divorce
Authors: Brüggmann Daniel
Published: June 2020

This chapter uses German register to study the influence of divorce on the uptake of work disability. Information on work disability is included in the register data if sick leave extends beyond 42 days of illness. Thus, our analysis focuses on long-term health issues. We compare divorced men and women over a period of 12 years, starting 7 years before they filed for a divorce and ending 4 years thereafter. As a method, we use matching techniques, which enables us to compare the divorcees with a comparable control group of people who did not divorce. We show that health declined considerably around the time of separation and file opening. Even 4 years after they filed for a divorce, the divorcees’ risk of taking work disability was strongly elevated. However, a portion of the differences in the health status of the divorcees and the control group can be attributed to selection, because the health status of the divorcees had been lower than the health status of the control group 7 years before they filed for a divorce. The chapter concludes with a discussion on the societal consequences of divorce.
Economic Consequences of Divorce: A Review
Authors: Mortelmans Dimitri
Published: June 2020

The consequences of a relationship break-up span a wide range of foreseeable and unforeseeable effects in the life courses of adult individuals, their parents, and their children. One consistent finding in the divorce literature concerns the gender gap in the financial consequences of divorce. While there are huge international differences, it appears that in every country, women are economically disadvantaged following a divorce. Men tend to lose little or no income after a divorce, while the financial losses for women can be substantial. In this chapter, we provide an overview of the financial consequences of union dissolution. We thereby consider both divorces and break-ups of unmarried cohabitating partners. First, we focus on the magnitude of the decrease in financial resources and the moderating effects of welfare state benefits. Second, we look at the coping strategies women employ to make up for their income losses. Third, we look at the position of lone mothers. Being a lone parent after a break-up turns out to be a very difficult situation, as the chances of ending up in poverty are high for single parents. Again, welfare states react quite differently to the challenges faced by lone parents, which results in a differential poverty risk for lone parents across countries.
Parents Returning to Parents: Does Migration Background Have an Influence on the “Boomerang Effect” Among Parents After Divorce?
Authors: Mortelmans Dimitri , Thielemans Gert , Van den Berg Layla
Published: June 2020

The literature on the “boomerang effect” (returning to the parental home) is predominantly focused on young adults returning to their parents’ home in response to economic hardship. In this chapter, we study the boomerang effect in the context of divorce by looking at who returns to the parental home after a relationship break-up. The analysis is restricted to individuals with children, as the presence of children in the dissolving household gives an additional dimension to the process of young adults moving back in with their parents. We use register data from Belgium to test the probability of returning to the parental home among individuals who were either married or cohabiting. In addition, we take population heterogeneity into account as we compare the boomerang effect among different origin groups (Belgians, Turks, Moroccans). We find that the boomerang process is highly gendered, with men being substantially more likely than women to return to the parental home. Our results also indicate that migration background plays a less important role, with the exception that fathers of Turkish and Moroccan origin are more likely than others to return to the parental home after separation.
Will Separations Lead to More or Less Gender-Equal Parenthood? Mothers’ and Fathers’ Parental Leave Use in Sweden
Authors: Duvander Ann-Zofie , Korsell Nicklas
Published: June 2020

Swedish family policy aims to give the same rights and responsibilities to mothers and fathers, regardless of their living arrangements. In terms of parental leave, this means that the father and the mother each get 8 months leave each to be used during their child’s preschool years, regardless of whether they separate. In practice, the father often transfers some of his days to the mother, and the mother uses about three-quarters of all days. This study focuses on the question of whether separated parents use their parental leave entitlement to the same extent as parents who do not separate. The sample consists of parents of children born in Sweden in 2002 and 2003. We examine the parental leave use of these parents for 8 years after their child’s birth. Multinomial regression is used to investigate the leave use of mothers and fathers and the total leave use, depending on whether the parents separated, and, if so, when they separated. The results indicate that although the mothers’ total use was not affected by separation, those who separated used more days before separation; while the fathers used fewer days after a separation, and in total. Considering the total number of days used by parents together, separating parents used fewer days than cohabiting parents. We conclude that the children of separated parents are disadvantaged regarding time with a parent on parental leave.
Beyond the Western Horizon: Rethinking Education, Values, and Policy Transfer
Authors: Silova Iveta , Rappleye Jeremy , Auld Euan
Published: June 2020

Over the past four decades, the dominant understanding of education policy has shifted dramatically. In the past, education policy was seen as a reflection of particular historical, political, social, economic, and cultural configurations of a given country. Today, policy is increasingly understood as heavily influenced by extra-national forces, so much so that policies “elsewhere” are seen as possible reform options. This has given rise to many dominant trends in education policy today: the OECD’s Programme for International Student Achievement (PISA), the discourses of “best practice,” the dominance of the World Bank in the “developing” world, and now even attempts to borrow from “high performing” countries to improve education policy and practice at home. This chapter critically reexamines the implicit backdrop of existing education policy research, foregrounding the limitations of its universalist logics and underlying provincialism, and reframes the discussion within the ontoepistemic possibility for pluriversality. Drawing on Walter Mignolo’s work, we propose a new framework for understanding the nature of education policy studies, comprising five main research trajectories that are shaping global futures: re-westernization, global reorientation to the left, de-westernization, decoloniality, and spiritual/ontological options. This framework also requires that we as researchers think seriously about the values that underpin our scholarship and reflect on what sort of global futures our work seeks to contribute to.
The Transformation of Government Responsibility and the Development of Educational Policies for Early Childhood Education Reform in China
Authors: Fan Jieqiong , Li Lin
Published: June 2020

Currently, China is undergoing a social transformation driven by its government transformation. During this critical period, the development of nearly all social issues is closely tied to the role and accountability of the government. The development and reform of early childhood education (ECE) are no exception. Since the founding of the People’s Republic of China (PRC), almost all of the development trends of ECE can be attributed to the government’s performance in terms of its function and accountability. Exploring the reform and development of ECE in China from the government’s changing responsibility could lead to a more comprehensive understanding of the bigger picture. The World Development Report 1997: The State in a Changing World reminded that “far-reaching advancement in the global economy has us revisiting basic questions about government: what its role should be, what it can and cannot do, and how best to do it” (World Bank 1997: 25–26). In this chapter, we will introduce the status quo of ECE and government transformation in China, focusing on the influences of value orientation, the division of responsibility, and the impact of government accountability on the development of ECE. Furthermore, we will build a preliminary framework of ECE for the future, based on emerging issues and problems.
Interdependency in Transnational Education Governance
Authors: Grek Sotiria
Published: June 2020

The dominance of International Organisations in the production of global metrics has not only penetrated the transnational social and policy fields; numbers have become an integral part of the fabric of International Organisations themselves. However, amidst avid critics and unapologetic fans, surprisingly little is known about the ways in which global processes of quantification are reconfiguring the field. Metrics have infiltrated not only organisational cultures and the environments these organisations inhabit; crucially, they are reshaping the ways International Organisations co-exist, compete and survive in an increasingly quantified yet uncertain world. Recent decades have seen fervent activity by International Organisations to build working collaborations and broad alliances for finding ‘global solutions’ to ‘global crises’. Financial investment in these collaborations is increasing and so is hope:If only we had known, we could have acted. Given the moral dimension that these new indices of progress have taken, as well as the enormous human and environmental cost of their failures, there is growing recognition for the need to examine the interplay of International Organisations in producing quantification for transnational governance.
Statistics Reasoning and Its “Acting” in Educational Policy
Authors: Popkewitz Thomas S. , Lindblad Sverker
Published: June 2020

In an important book about numbers and social affairs, Theodore Porter (1995) begins by asking: “How are we to account for the prestige and power of quantitative methods in the modern world? How is it that what was used for studying stars, molecules and cells would have attraction for human societies?” To consider these questions, Porter continues that only a small proportion of numbers or quantitative expressions have any pretence of describing laws of nature or “even of providing complete and accurate descriptions of the eternal world” (Porter 1995: viii–ix). Numbers, he argues, are parts of systems of communication whose technologies create distances from phenomena by appearing to summarize complex events and transactions. The objectivity of numbers appears as mechanical, following a priori rules that project fairness and impartiality, numbers are seen as excluding judgment and mitigating subjectivity.
Elites and Expertise: The Changing Material Production of Knowledge for Policy
Authors: Ozga Jennifer T.
Published: June 2020

The terms ‘experts’, ‘expertise’ and ‘knowledge’ are used frequently in current discussion by policymakers and in academic literature on policymaking in education and other fields, though often in loosely defined or contradictory ways. Experts face criticism as enemies of the free flow of information, as anti-democratic, serving vested interests and conspiring against society to protect economic and political elites against challenges to their power and interests. Experts are, nevertheless, invoked frequently by policymakers in support of specific policy directions, yet also castigated by them for their failure to provide coherent, incontrovertible and ‘actionable’ knowledge (Grundmann and Stehr 2012: 19). At the same time as public is confidently told that policy can now be based securely on objective scientific fact, policymakers state that society ‘has had enough of experts’ (see, e.g., Michael Gove, then Secretary of State for Education in England, quoted in Clarke and Newman 2017: 1).
Education Reform Phenomenon: A Typology of Multiple Dilemmas
Authors: Cheng Yin Cheong
Published: June 2020

Numerous education reforms worldwide experienced different types of dilemmas in policy formulation and implementation and finally resulted in various kinds of frustrations and difficulties in the last two decades. Without understanding the nature and dynamics of these dilemmas, many education reforms with good intentions may fail in implementation. To address this concern, the present chapter proposes and discusses a typology of dilemmas commonly happening locally and internationally in various trends of education reforms.
From Government to Governance: The Incorporation of Managerial Regulation at the Ministry of Education in Israel
Authors: Resnik Julia
Published: June 2020

This study presents the complex process of transforming a bureaucratic public administration into a post-bureaucratic one through the incorporation of a mode of regulation anchored in New Public Management (NPM) and New Public Governance (NPG). Drawing on Actors-Network Theory (ANT), we followed the formation of the governance network first, at the Central Government and then, in the Ministry of Education in Israel by tracing the different human and non-human actors that participated in the formation of the managerial assemblage and the tri-sector cooperation assemblage. Important actors common to the two assemblages are represented by consulting firms chosen by tenders that instill the managerial culture and governance mode into the ministry and operate new non-hierarchical and dialogical techniques. Thus, the adoption of a managerial regulation in the Ministry of Education entails the consultization of the ministry responding to the NPM’s mandate to reduce the size of public administrations. In addition, the growing influence of NGOs resulting from the governmental encouragement of third sector participation according to NPG’s policies, engendered an idiosyncratic Israeli regulation mode - a post-bureaucratic NGO-ization regulation model – in which NGOs play an increasingly significant role in education provision but also in education policy making.
Adaptive Jacobian Based Trajectory Tracking for Redundant Manipulators with Model Uncertainties in Repetitive Tasks
Authors: Zhou Xuefeng , Xu Zhihao , Li Shuai , Wu Hongmin , Cheng Taobo , Lv Xiaojing
Published: June 2020

Tracking control of manipulators, which is also called kinematic control, has always been a fundamental problem in robot control, especially for redundant robots with higher degrees of freedom. This problem would become more difficult for systems with model uncertainties. This chapter presents an adaptive tracking controller that considers uncertain physical parameters. Based on the realtime feedback of task-space coordinates, by updating the motion parameters online, a Jacobian adaptive control strategy that does not require cartesian velocity and joint acceleration is established, which makes the controller much simpler. Then the Jacobian pseudo-inverse method is used to obtain the optimal repetitive solution as a secondary task. Lyapunov theory is used to prove that the tracking error of the end effector could asymptotically converge to zero. Numerical simulations verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Mixed scalar-pseudoscalar Higgs boson production through next-to-next-to-leading order at the LHC
Authors: Jaquier Matthieu , Röntsch Raoul
Published: June 2020

Abstract

We study the production of a mixed scalar-pseudoscalar Higgs boson in gluon fusion at the LHC, through next-to-next-to-leading order (NNLO) in QCD. We obtain fully differential results, including the decay of the Higgs boson to two charged lepton pairs. We discuss the impact of the interference between the scalar and pseudoscalar states. We also show differential distributions for several kinematic variables whose shape is sensitive to the parity of the Higgs boson, and assess the impact of the NNLO QCD corrections on these shapes.
Charges of monopole operators in $$ \hat{ADE} $$ Chern-Simons quiver gauge theories
Authors: Patra Moumita
Published: June 2020

Abstract

We compute R-charges of the BPS-monopole operators in

$$ \mathcal{N} $$

N

= 3

$$ \hat{ADE} $$

ADE
̂

Chern-Simons quiver gauge theories, along the lines of the work of Benna, Klebanov and Klose in [1]. These theories have a weakly coupled UV completion in terms of

$$ \mathcal{N} $$

N

= 3 supersymmetric Chern-Simons Yang-Mills theories. In the UV limit the monopole operators are well approximated by classical solutions. We construct classical BPS and anti-BPS monopole solutions to these theories which preserve

$$ \frac{1}{3} $$

1
3

supersymmetry all along the RG flow. We compute the SU(2)
R
charges in these backgrounds and show that the smallest possible value of quantised SU(2)
R
charge is zero in each quiver theory.
Psychopharmakotherapie in Zeiten der COVID-19-Pandemie
Authors: Seifert J. , Heck J. , Eckermann G. , Singer M. , Bleich S. , Grohmann R. , Toto S.
Published: June 2020

Im Rahmen der aktuellen coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)-Pandemie müssen sich viele Bereiche der Medizin umstrukturieren. Dies betrifft auch die Versorgung von Patienten mit psychischen Erkrankungen. Die Therapie psychischer Erkrankungen umfasst psychotherapeutische und psychopharmakologische Interventionen. Letztere können mit einer Vielzahl an unerwünschten Arzneimittelwirkungen (UAW) assoziiert sein, stellen aber in der aktuellen Situation mit Kontakt- und Ausgangsbeschränkungen die präferierte Therapieoption dar. Da der direkte Patientenkontakt zugunsten des Telefonats oder der Videokonferenz reduziert ist, müssen angepasste diagnostische und therapeutische Optionen gefunden werden, um eine ausreichende Patientensicherheit zu gewährleisten. Bedeutend sind hierbei die ausführliche Aufklärung der Patienten sowie eine aktive Abfrage von Symptomen zur rechtzeitigen Erkennung von UAW. Unter der Behandlung mit Psychopharmaka sind UAW zu befürchten, die besonders ungünstig sind, wenn sie im Rahmen einer akuten Infektion auftreten oder ein erhöhtes Infektionsrisiko begünstigen. Hierzu gehören Atemdepression, Agranulozytose, Intoxikation durch Hemmung des Arzneistoffmetabolismus und venöse Thromboembolien, die jeweils mit potenziell lebensbedrohlichen Folgen einhergehen. Gleichzeitig sollte auf eine ausreichende Wirksamkeit der Medikation geachtet werden, da die gegenwärtige Krise zu einer Exazerbation vorbestehender psychischer Erkrankungen führen bzw. deren Erstmanifestation begünstigen kann.
Improving quality of life through the routine use of the patient concerns inventory for head and neck cancer patients: baseline results in a cluster preference randomised controlled trial
Authors: Rogers Simon N. , Allmark Christine , Bekiroglu Fazilet , Edwards Rhiannon Tudor , Fabbroni Gillon , Flavel Robert , Highet Victoria , Ho Michael W. S. , Humphris Gerald M. , Jones Terry M. , Khattak Owais , Lancaster Jeffrey , Loh Christopher , Lowe Derek , Lowies Cher , Macareavy Dominic , Moor James , Ong T. K. , Prasai A. , Roland Nicholas , Semple Cherith , Spencer Llinos Haf , Tandon Sank , Thomas Steven J. , Schache Andrew , Shaw Richard J. , Kanatas Anastasios
Published: June 2020

Purpose

The main aim of this paper is to present baseline demographic and clinical characteristics and HRQOL in the two groups of the Patient Concerns Inventory (PCI) trial. The baseline PCI data will also be described.

Methods

This is a pragmatic cluster preference randomised control trial with 15 consultant clusters from two sites either ‘using' (n = 8) or ‘not using’ (n = 7) the PCI at a clinic for all of their trial patients. The PCI is a 56-item prompt list that helps patients raise concerns that otherwise might be missed. Eligibility was head and neck cancer patients treated with curative intent (all sites, stage of disease, treatments).

Results

From 511 patients first identified as eligible when screening for the multi-disciplinary tumour board meetings, 288 attended a first routine outpatient baseline study clinic after completion of their treatment, median (IQR) of 103 (71–162) days. At baseline, the two trial groups were similar in demographic and clinical characteristics as well as in HRQOL measures apart from differences in tumour location, tumour staging and mode of treatment. These exceptions were cluster (consultant) related to Maxillofacial and ENT consultants seeing different types of cases. Consultation times were similar, with PCI group times taking about 1 min longer on average (95% CL for the difference between means was from − 0.7 to + 2.2 min).

Conclusion

Using the PCI in routine post-treatment head and neck cancer clinics do not elongate consultations. Recruitment has finished but 12-month follow-up is still ongoing.
Micro- and nano-size hydrogrossular-like clusters in pyrope crystals from ultra-high-pressure rocks of the Dora-Maira Massif, western Alps
Authors: Geiger Charles A. , Rossman George R.
Published: June 2020

The supracrustal metamorphic rocks of the Dora-Maira Massif, western Alps, have been intensively studied. Certain ultra-high-pressure lithologies contain coesite and nearly end-member composition pyrope, Mg3Al2Si3O12, making this locality petrologically and mineralogically unique. Structural OH-, loosely termed “water”, in pyrope crystals of different composition has been investigated numerous times, using different experimental techniques, by various researchers. However, it is not clear where the minor OH- is located in them. IR single-crystal spectra of two pyropes of composition {Mg2.79,Fe2+0.15,Ca0.04}Σ2.98[Al]2.02(Si)2.99O12 and {Mg2.90,Fe2+0.04,Ca0.02}Σ2.96[Al]2.03(Si)3O12 were recorded at room temperature (RT) and 80 K. The spectra show five distinct OH- bands located above 3600 cm-1 at RT and seven narrow bands at 80 K and additional fine structure. The spectra were curve fit and the OH- stretching modes analyzed and assigned. It is argued that OH- is located in microscopic- and nano-size Ca3Al2H12O12-like clusters. The basic substitution mechanism is the hydrogarnet one, where (H4O4)4- ⇔ (SiO4)4-, and various local configurations containing different numbers of (H4O4)4- groups define the cluster type. The amounts of H2O range between 5 and 100 ppm by weight, depending on the IR calibration adopted, and are variable among crystals. Hydrogrossular-like clusters are also present in a synthetic pyrope with a minor Ca content grown hydrothermally at 900 °C and 20 kbar, as based on its IR spectra at RT and 80 K. Experiment and nature are in agreement, and OH- groups are partitioned into various barely nano-size hydrogrossular-like clusters. This proposal is new and significant mineralogical, petrological, and geochemical implications result. Ca and proton ordering occur. Hypothetical “defect” and/or coupled-substitution mechanisms to account for structural OH- are not needed to interpret experimental results. OH- incorporation in pyrope of different generations at Dora-Maira is discussed and OH- could potentially be used as an indicator of changing $$ P_{{{\text{H}}_{{\text{2}}} {\text{O}}}} {\text{(}}a_{{{\text{H}}_{{\text{2}}} {\text{O}}}} {\text{) - }}T $$

P

H
2

O

(

a

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2

O

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conditions in a metamorphic cycle. Published experimental hydration, dehydroxylation, and hydrogen diffusion results on Dora-Maira pyropes can now be interpreted atomistically.
Biological effectiveness of very high gamma dose rate and its implication for radiological protection
Authors: Olofsson Dante , Cheng Lei , Fernández Rubén Barrios , Płódowska Magdalena , Riego Milagrosa López , Akuwudike Pamela , Lisowska Halina , Lundholm Lovisa , Wojcik Andrzej
Published: June 2020

Many experimental studies are carried out to compare biological effectiveness of high dose rate (HDR) with that of low dose rate (LDR). The rational for this is the uncertainty regarding the value of the dose rate effectiveness factor (DREF) used in radiological protection. While a LDR is defined as 0.1 mGy/min or lower, anything above that is seen as HDR. In cell and animal experiments, a dose rate around 1 Gy/min is usually used as representative for HDR. However, atomic bomb survivors, the reference cohort for radiological protection, were exposed to tens of Gy/min. The important question is whether gamma radiation delivered at very high dose rate (VHDR—several Gy/min) is more effective in inducing DNA damage than that delivered at HDR. The aim of this investigation was to compare the biological effectiveness of gamma radiation delivered at VHDR (8.25 Gy/min) with that of HDR (0.38 Gy/min or 0.79 Gy/min). Experiments were carried out with human peripheral mononuclear cells (PBMC) and the human osteosarcoma cell line U2OS. Endpoints related to DNA damage response were analysed. The results show that in PBMC, VHDR is more effective than HDR in inducing gene expression and micronuclei. In U2OS cells, the repair of 53BP1 foci was delayed after VHDR indicating a higher level of damage complexity, but no VHDR effect was observed at the level of micronuclei and clonogenic cell survival. We suggest that the DREF value may be underestimated when the biological effectiveness of HDR and LDR is compared.