bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Linguistics and Deception Detection (DD): A Work in Progress
Authors: Christiansen Thomas Wulstan
Published: December 2021

Linguistic Deception Detection DD is a well-established part of forensic linguistics and an area that continues to attract attention on the part of researchers, self-styled experts, and the public at large. In this article, the various approaches to DD within the general field of linguistics are examined. The basic method is to treat language as a form of behaviour and to equate marked linguistic behaviour with other marked forms of behaviour. Such a comparison has been identified in other fields such as psychology and kinesics as being associated with stress linked to the attempt to deceive, typically in such contexts as examined here. Representative authentic examples of some of the most common linguistic indicators of deception that have been identified are discussed, dividing them into two general categories which we here introduce: language as revealer and language as concealer. We will argue that linguistic analysis for DD should be conducted relative to the subject’s individual linguistic patterns of behaviour, not on absolutes related to broad generalisations about what is supposedly normal or unmarked in the population at large. We will also briefly discuss some structured methods for linguistic analysis for DD and the prospect that technology and artificial intelligence will provide the means to automate and digitalise the linguistic DD process. We maintain that caution is advisable when considering these, as DD will, in all probability, always remain a work in progress, with the need for a flexible human evaluator ready to take into account many different aspects of the individual subject and the case in question.
The Concept and Functions of a Universal Language of Law
Authors: Doliwa Katarzyna
Published: December 2021

The subject of the article is the concept of a universal language and a reflection on its importance for law. The starting point is a presentation of the history of the concept of a common language for all mankind, a concept that has always accompanied man – it is present in the Bible, in the ancient writings of Near Eastern peoples, it was alive in the Middle Ages and during the Renaissance, and it experienced its particular heyday – among other reasons because of the gradual abandonment of Latin as the language of science – in the seventeenth century, an age that was reformist by definition. Since its inception, the concept of a universal language has been inextricably linked with the idea of world peace and universal happiness for all people. It is significant that in most universal language designs, regardless of the era, there were, to a greater or lesser extent, references to the utility of such languages for law. The author, tracing the development of the concept of a universal language, focuses on its fullest contemporary development: Esperanto. Esperanto, like previous universal language designs, places particular emphasis on ideas linked to the concept of a universal language, especially the idea of peaceful coexistence and understanding between peoples. In this context, it is reasonable to ask what role Esperanto can play in the development of certain branches of law, especially international law. Given the position of English as the language of legal acts of international importance, the answer to this question is currently not clear.
Risks of Using “Language Relief” and Plain Language Principles in the Process of Applying Tax Law – Selected Issues
Authors: Woltanowski Piotr
Published: December 2021

The level of communicativeness of official letters in the field of tax law leaves much to be desired. The article concerns the consequences of the application of “Language Relief” in the practice of applying tax law by the National Revenue Administration. The author calls for the principles of plain language to be introduced first in relation to acts of state law, so that officials can adapt their letters to the plain language of the law. A reversal of this order poses significant risks to the protection of taxpayers’ rights since internal instructions and letter templates proposed on the NRA intranet will be used to a greater extent instead of legal acts.
Transparency of Approaches to International Law: A Short Story of an Unsung Hero
Authors: Stępień Michał
Published: December 2021

This article is about the problem of non-disclosure of an assumed method and approach to international law. That makes some real and current issues of international more difficult to grasp – and how to debate about something if there is a misunderstanding of the basics? The problem is depicted with two examples: the attitude of international law toward the statehood of Taiwan along with the on-going development of the Responsibility to Protect doctrine. Both reveal the clash between so-called black-letterism and a policy-approach to international law. Meanwhile the doctrinal method is fully functional and mostly accepted in domestic law, though often contested in international law. But after all, international law being sui generis law is not just an instance of the domestic-type law which is the effect of particular features of the international community.
Equity Sensitivity and Organizational Outcomes: Incremental Validity over Big Five Personality Traits
Authors: Condrea Sergiu , Oprea Bogdan , Miulescu Amalia
Published: December 2021

One individual difference that emerged over the years is equity sensitivity. It was posited that this construct may be a central factor in predicting work outcomes in reactions to inequity. However, its conceptual overlap with already established dimensions of personality has been insufficiently taken into consideration so far. The present study examines the incremental validity of equity sensitivity in predicting counterproductive work behaviors and perception of organizational justice over the Big Five personality traits. The study sample consisted of 223 Romanian working adults. Results showed that, although equity sensitivity had a significant relationship with counterproductive work behaviors after controlling for the Big five personality traits, its incremental validity was small, with little practical utility. Moreover, the incremental validity of equity sensitivity in predicting justice dimension above the Big-Five personality dimensions was not supported. Theoretical and practical implications of equity sensitivity for personnel selection are discussed.
Interventions Aimed at Enhancing Employee Well-being: Current State of Knowledge and Next Challenges
Authors: Maricutoiu Laurentiu
Published: December 2021

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The Association Between Psychological Well-Being and Intersectional Awareness: Clarifying the Role of Identity Privilege and Critical Consciousness
Authors: Simpson Lydia S.
Published: December 2021

The goal of these 2 studies was to clarify the association between intersectional awareness (IA) and psychological well-being (PWB). Past research on this association has been mixed, with some studies identifying positive well-being outcomes (e.g., Fischer & Good, 2004; Yakushko, 2007) and others identifying negative well-being outcomes (e.g., Curtin et al., 2015; Greenwood, 2008). Study 1 examined the role of identity privilege, predicting that identity privilege would moderate the relationship between IA and well-being. Analyses indicated a positive relationship between IA and well-being, regardless of identity privilege (β = .19). Study 2 examined the role of identity privilege and identity group, as well as the role of critical consciousness and its factors: egalitarianism (CC-Eg) and critical action (CC-CA), predicting that any association between IA and well-being would be present for participants with high CC-CA, and intensified by CC-Eg. Analyses indicated that the overall relationship between IA and well-being was insignificant, but CC-Eg played the most important role in predicting well-being by interacting separately with IA (β = .20) and CC-CA (β = .22). Study 2 found that the association between IA and well-being was positive only for African American and Black people. Studies 1 and 2 suggest that the factors of critical consciousness uniquely interact with IA as it relates to well-being and that this association may be especially important for African American and Black people. These studies provide future researchers and mental health professionals with a framework for understanding how opinions and awareness of intersecting social hierarchies and injustices may be related to PWB.
"PROHIBITATIVE DECREES" OF PETER I IN THE CONTEXT OF THE RUSSIAN ECONOMY OF EARLY MODERN TIME
Authors: Redin D. A.
Published: December 2021

In 1713-1721 Peter the Great issues a series of interrelated and complementary decrees aimed at the curbing of corruption. In the office documentation of those years, they were called “prohibitive”. At the same time, the tsar is taking energetic organizational measures designed to ensure the practical implementation of this legislation. The author wonders why it is during these years that the monarch is launching an unprecedented fight against corruption. The answer is seen in the fact that this legislation was caused by serious changes in the Russian economy, which gave rise to large-scale and systemic economic crime. First of all, these changes have occurred in the field of finance and taxes. They were associated with the saturation of the national economy with money, the transfer of most of the taxes and fees into monetary form, and the widespread practice of public procurement. The intensification of cash flows with weak control by the state, the access to state funds opened by both officials and private individuals led to a sharp increase in the criminalization of the economy. Thus, Peter's “prohibitive” decrees became not only a reaction, but also an important indicator of economic changes; they designated corruption as a systemic threat to the interests of the state for the first time.
ACTIVITIES OF THE SPIES OF ATAMAN NECRASOV ON THE TERRITORY OF THE RUSSIAN STATE (1708-1720s) PART 2
Authors: Sen D. V.
Published: December 2021

The author investigated the reasons, forms and methods for sending spies from the territory of the Kuban, part of the Crimean Khanate to Russia. The Spies "subversive" activities were most often directed by the ataman Ignat Nekrasov. For the first time in academia, the author systematically analyzed the tasks assigned to these Nekrasov spies, as well as the conditions that both facilitated and hindered their implementation. Achieving the goal and objectives of this article, general scientific and special historical methods were used. The article is based on written historical sources XVIII c. from several Russian federal and state archives. The paper focuses on the geography of the "subversive" activities of such people. The analysis of their composition and the peculiarities of training to perform tasks that are not always associated with the collection of intelligence information on the territory of Russia. In addition, the reactions of various categories of Russian subjects who communicated with the spies of Ignat Nekrasov were identified and studied. Numerous search engines have been systematically analyzed, preventive measures of the Russian authorities aimed at suppressing / preventing the activities of the Nekrasov spies, as well as at their capture and organization of interrogations.
THE PROBLEM OF REFORMING THE ARMENIAN VILAYETS OF TURKEY IN THE POLITICS OF THE LEADING POWERS IN 1908-1914
Authors: Ambartsumyan K. R.
Published: December 2021

The current problem of the South Caucasus and Russian-Turkish interaction requires constantly to look back to the historical past, where the roots of all Caucasian ethno-territorial conflicts lie. In this regard, the problem of reforming the Armenian vilayets of the Ottoman Empire is urgent for modern international relations. Neither the genocide, nor the current difficulties of the Armenian-Turkish relations can be adequately considered without studying the situation around Armenia at the beginning of the 20th century.

Above all, the author examines the problem of reforming the Armenian regions of the Ottoman Empire, taking into account the interests of the leading powers and is placed in the context of the pre-war peace and bloc confrontation. The main research approach of the study is neorealism, which makes the basis of international relations not only states with their interests, but also alliances of states. In addition to the published musical correspondence of Russian diplomats, the work uses sources of personal origin: the memoirs of S. D. Sazonov - the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Empire, the memoirs of the American Ambassador G. Morgenthau, the diary of the Dutch inspector Louis Konstan Westenenk, archival documents with A. Mandelstam's report on reform projects were introduced into scientific circulation. The study released that the most persistent and consistent position on the reforms of the Armenian vilayets was taken by Russia, which sought to secure the Caucasus, adjacent to Turkey. Refugees were striving from the vilayets to the Russian part of Armenia, therefore, calming down the Armenian population in the Turkish part would contribute to stability in the Caucasian outskirts. However, there was no unanimity in the Entente on the Armenian issue, the outbreak of the First World War prevented the implementation of the project prepared on the eve of the war, as a result, everything turned into genocide for the Armenian people.
INFORMATION CAPABILITIES OF THE STATISTICAL DOCUMENTS OF THE FIRST HALF OF THE XIX CENTURY FOR THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC HISTORY OF THE FORMER TERRITORIES BELGOROD DEFENSE LINE
Authors: Zhirov N. A.
Published: December 2021

The study of the frontier zone spaces is an urgent issue in modern Russian and foreign historiography. In the historical realities of the XVI-XVII centuries, the zone of the Russian frontier was located to the south of Moscow and stretched over a huge area of the forest-steppe zone, starting from the headwaters of the Don and going deep into the Steppe. Since the second half of the XVII century, thanks to the creation of the Belgorod defense line, rapid development of the territory of the line itself and adjacent territories began. But the real socio-economic ef fect of the construction of this line of defensive fortifications arose much later, by the turn of the XVIII-XIX centuries. In our article, the main emphasis is placed on the information capabilities of statistical sources of the first half of the XIX century on the socio-economic history of the Belgorod region. The territory of the Yelets county of the Oryol province, which was a historical part of the defense line, was taken as the object of the study. The study of socio-economic processes at the local level in a broad chronological framework is a promising direction in modern historical science. Shifting research emphasis from fixing the actual state of processes at a certain time in favor of studying their historical evolution over a long chronological period can help a scientist to take a fresh look at both little-studied and well-known facts. The research methodology consists of the use of both traditional methods and modern source-based methods. Our article describes the main markers with the help of which a comprehensive assessment of socio-economic changes in the studied territory will be carried out over a long chronological period. Based on the results of the work, it was concluded that statistical sources of the first half of the XIX century have a wide range of information opportunities for the history of socioeconomic processes that took place on the territory of the county. The obtained information is well combined with the information from mass sources of the XVII-XVIII centuries, without violating the basic methodological principles, but only expanding the possibilities of applying this approach to other territories located near or bordering the Belgorod line.
Analisis Faktor Eksternal Yang Dominan Terhadap Biaya Overhead Proyek Konstruksi
Authors: Wijaya Hendi , Anondho Basuki
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACTOverhead costs are one of the cost components that play an important role in the company's performance in maintaining good quality work. However, the overhead costs in a project are different and are influenced by several factors. One of the factors that influence it is the external factor of the project. The external factors of each project are different. This is because each project must adapt the workplace environment to certain functions, designs, and preferences. On that basis, to be able to better estimate the overhead in a project, further costs are needed for any external factors that affect construction overhead project costs, and a few percent of the direct costs of construction projects to anticipate the risks caused by overhead costs. . Data was collected through a structured questionnaire distributed to some people working in the construction sector from contractors in several regions in Indonesia. The analysis results obtained as many as 3 groups of external factors that affect construction project overhead costs, namely economic factors, legal factors, and sociocultural factors related to the COVID-19 pandemicABSTRAKBiaya overhead merupakan salah satu komponen biaya yang berperan dan berpengaruh penting terhadap kinerja perusahaan konstruksi dalam menjaga kualitas pekerjaan yang baik. Akan tetapi biaya overhead dalam suatu proyek berbeda-beda, dan dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor. Salah satu faktor yang mempengaruhinya ialah faktor eksternal proyek. Faktor eksternal dari setiap proyek berbeda-beda. Hal ini dikarenakan setiap proyek harus menyesuaikan lingkungan tempat kerja dengan fungsi, desain, serta prefensi tertentu. Atas dasar itu, untuk dapat lebih baik dalam mengestimasi biaya overhead dalam sebuah proyek maka diperlukan identifikasi lebih jauh terhadap faktor-faktor eksternal apa saja yang dominan berpengaruh terhadap biaya overhead proyek konstruksi, dan menyisihkan beberapa persen dari biaya langsung proyek konstruksi untuk mengantisipasi resiko yang disebabkan oleh biaya overhead.  Data dikumpulkan melalui kuesioner terstruktur  yang disebarkan kepada sejumlah orang yang bekerja di bidang konstruksi dari pihak kontraktor di beberapa wilayah di Indonesia. Dari hasil analisis diperoleh sebanyak 3 kelompok faktor eksternal yang dominan mempengaruhi biaya overhead proyek konstruksi, yaitu  faktor ekonomi, faktor legal, dan faktor sosial-budaya yang juga berkenaan dengan adanya pandemi COVID-19.
PENINGKATAN KEKUATAN TANAH ORGANIK DENGAN PENCAMPURAN EMPAT JENIS LIMBAH RAMAH LINGKUNGAN
Authors: Febrian Aldo , Prihatiningsih Aniek
Published: December 2021

Waste is one of the problems in Indonesia. Based on the Ministry of the Environment, each person produces an average of 0.8 kg of waste per day. The average waste per person will increase in line with the increase in people's welfare and lifestyle. Assuming 220 million Indonesians, waste reaches 176,000 tons per day. Accompanied by increasing population growth, the need for infrastructure development on land is increasing. Soils that is often used for construction land is organic soil. It has low soil bearing capacity values and soil improvement methods are commonly used. The general method usually is to mix the soil with better bearing capacity. To minimize costs, a physical stabilization system is carried out that can use soil improvement methods with waste. This can deal with 2 problems at once, where there is the use of certain types of waste and also the planning of organic soil stabilization with small carrying capacity. By doing a triaxial test on organic soil by mixing 4 different types of waste, it shows that the best waste mixture that can affect the bearing capacity of the soil in sequence is coconut husk, tile fragments, construction demolition debris, and chicken egg shells.    ABSTRAKLimbah merupakan salah satu permasalahan di Indonesia, Berdasarkan informasi Kementerian lingkungan Hidup, setiap orang menghasilkan rata-rata 0,8 kg sampah per hari. Rata-rata limbah per orang akan meningkat sejalan dengan meningkatnya kesejahteraan dan gaya hidup masyarakat. Dengan asumsi 220 juta penduduk Indonesia, limbah mencapai 176.000 ton per hari. Diiringi dengan peningkatan pertumbuhan penduduk, maka kebutuhan pembangunan infrastruktur di lahan tanah semakin bertambah. Salah satu tanah yang sering dipakai untuk lahan konstruksi adalah tanah organik. Tanah organik memiliki nilai daya dukung tanah yang rendah dan biasa dilakukan metode perbaikan tanah. Metode umum yang biasa dilakukan adalah dengan melakukan pencampuran tanah dengan daya dukung yang lebih baik. Untuk memperkecil biaya maka dilakukannya sistem stabilisasi fisik yang bisa menggunakan metode perbaikan tanah dengan limbah. Hal ini bisa menangani 2 masalah sekaligus, dimana adanya pemanfaatan dari jenis limbah tertentu dan juga perencanaan stabilisasi tanah organik dengan daya dukung kecil. Dengan melakukin uji triaksial pada tanah organik dengan mencampurkan 4 jenis limbah berbeda menunjukan bahwa campuran limbah terbaik yang bisa mempengaruhi daya dukung tanah secara berurutan adalah sabut kelapa, pecahan genteng, puing pembongkaran konstruksi, dan cangkang telur ayam.
Calcareous Nannofossil Biostratigraphy and Ostracoda Paleoecology of Hartha Formation from Balad (1) well, Central Iraq
Authors: Al-Badrani Omar Ahmed , Hassan Faris Nejris , Al-Hadeedy Mahfoudh Abdulla
Published: December 2021

Seventeen samples of Hartha Formation in Balad (1) well, central Iraq, are studied on the basis of stratigraphic ranges of the recorded calcareous nannofossils for twenty species belonging to twelve genera. The studied section reveals three biozones arranged from oldest to youngest as follows; (1) Calculites ovalis Interval Biozone (CC19), (2) Ceratolithoides aculeus Interval  Biozone (CC20), (3) Quadrum  sissinghii Interval Biozone (CC21). These Biozones are correlated with other calcareous nannofossils biozones from both local and regional sections, leading to conclude the age of the Middle Campanian.

Rerecorded eighteen ostracode species that belong to eleven genera are identified, all of which were previously recorded from Iraq and adjacent regions. The occurrence of these species leads to conclude a continental shelf environment, while they are typical of inner shelf-outer shelf depth.
Incidencia del ataque de agentes insectiles ante la aplicación de dos hidroretenedores en plantaciones piloto de Alnus acuminata y Eucalyptus globulus en Jauja, Junín, Perú
Authors: Lazo Callupe Faviola Danitza , Móstiga Rodríguez Maricel Jadith
Published: December 2021

El interés por las plantaciones forestales en el Perú ha aumentado pese a que su establecimiento está condicionado a diversos factores, por ello, es necesaria su evaluación. Uno de estos factores es el estrés hídrico, el cual genera mayor susceptibilidad al ataque de insectos y enfermedades en la planta. En este sentido, la investigación determinó la incidencia del ataque de agentes insectiles bajo la aplicación de dos hidroretenedores: hidrogel y humus, en una plantación piloto de Eucalyptus globulus, Alnus acuminata y Pinus radiata ubicada en el Instituto Regional de Desarrollo (IRD) Sierra, Jauja, Junín de la Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina. El área se prospectó y se realizó una evaluación fitosanitaria cualitativa (descripción de síntomas y signos) y cuantitativa (incidencia y severidad), durante septiembre del 2018 a enero del 2019. Pinus radiata no formó parte del estudio, porque no presentó síntomas ni signos. Eucalyptus globulus presentó síntomas de deformación, debilitamiento y secamiento de brotes nuevos y reducción del área fotosintética de hojas, a causa del ataque de Ctenarytaina eucalypti. La incidencia del insecto para los tres tratamientos (hidrogel, humus y testigo) fue cercana al 100%. La severidad fue alta en el hidrogel y el testigo, y menor en humus. Durante la primera evaluación, Alnus acuminata presentó una alta mortalidad (90%) en los tres tratamientos, pero, se registró la aparición de rebrotes. Debido a esto se limitó la identificación del agente causal a la familia Geometridae. El tratamiento que tuvo la mayor cantidad de rebrotes fue el humus.
A un año de la pandemia COVID 19: ¿Cómo están los recursos hídricos?
Authors: Milla Pino Manuel Emilio , Torres Cruz María Marleni , Rojas Milla Cristian Jesús
Published: December 2021

El presente trabajo tiene como finalidad analizar el estado actual de los recursos hídricos habiendo transcurrido un año desde que se decretó el estado de emergencia generado por la pandemia COVID 19, desarrollando los siguientes aspectos, recursos hídricos antes de la pandemia, medidas implementadas durante la pandemia, metodología de valoración de impactos ambientales e impactos de las medidas implementadas durante la pandemia en los recursos hídricos. Se  tomó como base la metodología expuesta por Conesa (1997), de la cual se seleccionaron cinco criterios, específicamente, naturaleza, intensidad, extensión, momento y sinergia,  y estos fueron aplicados a las cinco medidas de mayor restricción implementadas durante la pandemia COVID 19, obteniéndose como resultados que la medida con mayor puntaje es el cierre temporal de fronteras con 100 y la medida con menor puntaje es llevar mascarilla con 38,75. Mientras que el puntaje total es 356,25, que se traduce en una moderada incidencia en los recursos hídricos.
ВПЛИВ ТИСКУ НА ПИТОМУ ПРОДУКТИВНІСТЬ УЛЬТРАФІЛЬТРАЦІЙНИХ ЦЕЛЮЛОЗНИХ МЕМБРАН
Authors: Movchaniuk Olha , Gomelya Mykola
Published: December 2021

У роботі представлено розроблений авторами новий целюлозний ультрафільтраційний матеріал, ефективність якого була доведена під час очищення води від гуматів. Вивчено вплив постійного тиску на продуктивність нових мембран під час фільтрування дистильованої води. За тиску 0,2‒1,0 МПа досліджено три варіанти композиції мем-бран. Побудовано експериментальні залежності швидкості трансмембранного потоку від загального часу фільтрування. Отримано математичні моделі, адекватність яких підтверджено. Встановлено, що питома продуктивність суттєво залежить від композиції мембрани і значення тиску. Максимальну продуктивність 235 дм3/(м2·год) на сталому режимі роботи досягнуто при величині тиску 1 МПа.
ПАКУВАЛЬНИЙ ПАПІР ІЗ НАПІВФАБРИКАТІВ ОБГОРТОК КАЧАНІВ КУКУРУДЗИ
Authors: Cheropkina Romaniia , Denysenko Anna , Deykun Irina , Trembus Irina
Published: December 2021

Вивчено можливість використання напівфабрикатів, отриманих із обгорток качанів кукурудзи для виготовлення пакувальних видів паперу. Показано залежність фібрилювання волокон із обгорток від ступеня їх делігніфікації. Проаналізовано фракційний склад маси після розмелювання. Показано, що натронно-содові напівфабрикати із обгорток за невисоких витрат реагентів 10 та 14 % в од. Na2O та нетривалого часу обробки 15 та 30 хв і температури 100 °С та 160 °С характеризуються високими паперотворними властивостями. Зважаючи на доступність обгорток кукурудзи, легкість їх делігніфікації та високі показники міцності, вони можуть успішно використовуватися як целюлозовмісної сировини для виготовлення паперу обгорткового, для пакування текстильних матеріалів, для обкладинок зошитів.
CALIBRATION OF OPTICAL DISPLACEMENT SENSOR SYSTEM
Authors: Kelemenová Tatiana , Koláriková Ivana , Benedik Ondrej
Published: December 2021

The optical displacement sensor was selected for accurate length measurement. The aim of this article is to determine the mathematical measurement model for displacement measurement using an assembled measuring chain by calibration. The uncertainty balance for the assembled measuring chain is determined in the next part of this article.
Theological aspects of educational postulates of Ludwika Jeleńska (1885–1961) in the light of contemporary interdisciplinary discourses of theology with education sciences
Authors: Waga Leszek
Published: December 2021

The main purpose of the paper is to present the contemporary perspectives of interdisciplinary discourse between theology and education sciences. The basis of the considerations is the concept of integral pedagogy reconstructed on the basis of the educational postulates presented by a Polish educator, Ludwika Jeleńska (1885–1961). The originality and relevance of this concept is not so much due to the association of education with faith content; it's actually due to the close association of pedagogy with theology, and theory with practice. In Jeleńska's works, theology – in a precursory manner, characteristic of contemporary Christian pedagogy – does not merely act as a normative conveyor of Christian values and ideas, but is an element that inspires the development of modern science and broadly understood culture.
Marginalization and social exclusion of Evangelical Masurians and Germans: The case of post-war Ełk County
Authors: Marcinkiewicz Stefan Michał
Published: December 2021

The article presents the post-war history of Evangelical population: Germans and Masurians in Ełk county.  For this purpose, archival sources and biographical interviews were used. Interviews with the inhabitants of the county were collected as part of two oral history projects carried out by the "Museum for Ełk" Association in 2013-2015.The historical context is complemented by the available literature. One third of post-war Poland consisted of the territories being the part the Third Reich before the World War II, where a considerable part of population were Germans. Masurians formed a borderland group that became the reason of conflict between the Polish and the German. In the first half of the 20th century, both as a result of the nationalistic discourse and the assimilation pressure, most of them declared to maintain German identity. After the war, Masurians were present  in the public space of Ełk county as a minority group. There was the inflow of  population of the eastern territories of the Second Republic of Poland and people from central Poland. The small Evangelical church in Ełk in Słowackiego street was often filled with the faithful.  Numerous processes and phenomena of  social marginalization, exclusion and displacements resulted in nearly entire disintegration of Masurian and Evangelical community.  The number of the faithful in Evangelical community proves it- there are nearly 150 people and only few of them feel Masurian origin. In the post-war vision of future Poland nationally and religiously homogenous state was believed to be an ideal solution.
Personalizująca moc komunii według Johna D. Zizioulasa
Authors: Jagodziński Marek
Published: December 2021

Osoby ludzkie mają podstawę swojej tożsamości w trynitarnym Bogu. Ludzkie bycie osobą nie jest jakością natury ludzkiej, ale wydarzeniem relacyjnym, analogicznym do komunii wewnątrztrynitarnej. Dlatego ludzie mogą być obrazem życia w Trójcy Świętej jedynie we wspólnocie Kościoła. Zizioulas uważa, że osoba to nie statyczna całość, lecz rzeczywistość otwarta na rela­cje. Bycie osobą zakłada nie tylko „otwartość bytu”, ale także ruch w kierunku budowania komunii przekraczają­cej granice własnego „ja”. Człowiek istnieje jako istota biologiczna, ale działanie łaski Bożej urzeczywistnia osobowy sposób bycia bytów ludzkich, przemienia ich wypaczoną egzystencję indywidualizującą i umożliwia ich istnienie eklezjalne. Personalizacja bytu ludzkiego dokonuje się w komunii Kościoła. Może ona dokonać się przez związek z Chrystusem w chrzcie jedynie w Duchu Świętym, pod wpływem wielkiej inicjacji sakramentalnej, a Eucharystia jest nie tylko zgromadzeniem, ale również drogą do historycznego urzeczywistnienia i objawienia eschatycznej egzystencji człowieka.
The Christian Contribution to the Changes of the Development Aid System: The Lutheran Approach
Authors: Kopiec Piotr
Published: December 2021

Unlike the previous decades, the global development aid system is more willing to admit a significant role of faith-based organisations in promoting development thinking and in the distribution of development aid. The Lutheran World Federation (LWF) approach significantly contributes to this new thinking, especially as the theological background, global structures, and long-year experience in diaconal work enable the LWF's experts to make credible and feasible utterances in the field of development aid. The article outlines the meaning and global structure of the development aid and contrasts it with the Lutheran, Christian approach to development. It stresses the significance of the theological background of such terms as sustainability and sustainable development and specific assets ascribed to faith-based organisations. The text synthesizes information and observations from relevant literature on development and selected documents of the LWF.
Clinical procedures in stage II implant supported fixed dental prosthesis: A case report
Authors: Soumya P. , Aravind K. , Ahila S. C. , Kumar Murugan Suresh
Published: December 2021

Restoring a partially edentulous jaw with implant-supported prosthesis is a challenge. The clinical outcome will be satisfactory only when both the surgical phase as well as the prosthetic phase are planned in advance and executed while keeping in mind the aesthetic and functional necessities. In this case report we describe the steps in successfully restoring the edentulous space with implant supported FP1 prosthesis. The sequential steps that were followed in the prosthetic phase has been described in detail. From the satisfactory outcome of the case, it can be concluded that proper evaluation, prosthetically driven treatment planning and correct execution of the plan would ensure good predictability of the implant-supported prosthesis.
360-surgery for a giant cervical chordoma with involvement of the right vertebral artery
Authors: Molina-Martínez Rodolfo Pedro , Medina-Illueca Venus Damaris , Betancourt-Quiroz Carlos , Vega-Moreno Daniel Alejandro , Moral-Naranjo Andrés Alberto , Vicuña-González Rosa María , Llamas-Ceras Martha Leticia , Reyes-Rodríguez Víctor Andrés , Hernández-Reséndiz Rodrigo Efraín , la Torre Abraham Ibarra-de , García-González Ulises
Published: December 2021

Background:

Chordomas are malignant tumors that arise from the remnants of the notochord. Complete en bloc radical resection with postoperative radiation therapy is currently considered the gold standard. Here, we performed a 360-staged approach to manage a C3-C4 chordoma that involved the right vertebral artery.

Case Description:

A 40-year-old woman presented with a C3-C4 chordoma that invaded the right vertebral artery. She responded well to a circumferential approach including resection and stabilization.

Conclusion:

A 40-year-old woman with a C3-C4 spinal chordoma was optimally managed with a combined anterior/posterior surgical approach including decompression/fusion.
Microvascular proliferation in the clots: The key finding of acute subdural hematoma transforming into chronic subdural hematoma?
Authors: Watanabe Aito , Tsutsumi Satoshi , Nonaka Senshu , Ishii Hisato
Published: December 2021

Background:

Despite extensive investigations, the exact etiology of chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) remains elusive. Organized CSDHs are a distinct but less-understood type of CSDH.

Case Description:

A 50-year-old hypertensive woman experienced headache without any previous head injury. At presentation, the patient showed no focal neurological deficits. Cranial computed tomography (CT) revealed a slightly compressive subdural hematoma that spontaneously regressed and no intracranial vascular lesions. Cerebral magnetic resonance imaging identified a non-enhancing nodular lesion in the subdural hematoma. After the patient presented disorientation and aphasia on post hospitalization day 14, CT showed a considerable enlargement of the subdural hematoma. Partial removal of the bi-layered hematoma was performed through a parietal craniotomy. Histological examination revealed microvascular proliferation in both the outer membrane and the nodular lesion. On postoperative day 35, CT demonstrated a remarkable resolution of the residual hematoma.

Conclusion:

Development of microvascular proliferation in the clots of an acute subdural hematoma may lead to its rapid enlargement as an organized CSDH. Organized CSDH can be managed by partial removal of the outer membrane and hematoma through a craniotomy.
Junior high school students' perceptions of physical education subjects: An instrument development
Authors: Mu’arifin
Published: December 2021

Students' perception of the concept of physical education is one of the determinants of success in learning. Physical activity characteristics that are dominated by physical activity are often perceived as inaccurate, resulting in a low appreciation of it. This study aimed to develop an instrument to measure students' perceptions of the concept of physical education. This research is development research involving 693 junior high school students in Pacitan, Tulungagung, and Kediri districts. To measure the validity of the instrument, the biserial point correlation technique was used with the help of Microsoft Excel, and to measure the reliability of the instrument used the Cronbach Alpha analysis technique with the help of SPSS version 23. The results obtained were the compilation of 71 statements that could be used to measure students' perceptions of the concept of physical education. Teachers can use the results of this development to measure perceptions, especially junior high school students, about the concept of physical education subjects so that teachers can prepare learning materials based on the perception data obtained. This development research only measures perceptions at the junior high school level, it is hoped that further research can involve motivation and implementation of physical education learning at various levels of education.
THE DEATH PENALTY IN THE CONTEXT OF THE RIGHT TO LIFE
Authors:   Yaroslav Mudryi National Law University, Dakhova Іryna , Nykonova Mariia ,   Yaroslav Mudryi National Law University
Published: December 2021

The article emphasizes that the right to life is the basis of other rights and freedoms. It is noted that one of the main problems associated with the exercise of this right is the question of the appropriateness of the death penalty. It is pointed out that this phenomenon has been actively discussed by scientists since the Enlightenment. There are statistics that indicate the gradual abandonment of this type of punishment. The norms of international normative legal acts regulating the issue of the death penalty are considered in detail.It is established that the history of the death penalty in Ukraine shows certain features. The analysis of the conclusion of the decision of CCU from 29.12.1999 was made. Particular attention is paid to the arguments of supporters and opponents of the death penalty regarding the need to introduce or abolish it. The cases “Ocalan v. Turkey ”and“ Soering v. the United Kingdom » were analyzed. It has been found that the absence of the death penalty in the penitentiary system does not increase the number of serious criminal offenses. The considered phenomenon is analyzed taking into account the economic factor. The article mentions the risk of miscarriage of justice. It has been studied that execution is the product of human suffering.It is concluded that the existence of the institution of the death penalty in the modern world indicates the backwardness of the legal and moral level of development of public life. The authors support the position of opponents of the death penalty. Emphasis is placed on the need to improve this type of punishment, such as life imprisonment.
CRIMINOLOGICAL PERSONAL TRAITS OF AN OFFENDER
Authors:   Yaroslav Mudryi National Law University, Holovkin Bohdan , Kakhnova Maryna ,   Yaroslav Mudryi National Law University
Published: December 2021

This article considers particular aspects of criminological personal traits of an offender. The author draws attention to the fact that in most countries of the world, including Ukraine, there is an exacerbation of the problem of domestic violence due to the COVID-19 pandemic, quarantine and isolation. Therefore, analysis of some particular aspects of the criminological personality traits of an offender is an urgent issue. In this article, the typical personal features of offenders were identified. The author classified people committing domestic violence by gender, age and educational level. The study identified negative traits of character that are common to the individuals committing domestic violence. The research of criminal law features that characterize the personality of an offender showed that the offender commits most of all illegal acts from this category individually. At the same time, most of the people who commit domestic violence have previous criminal experience and a criminal record. The analysis of socio-psychological characteristics of offenders revealed that latter tend to act in a socially dangerous way. It should be noted, that unfriendly relations become the most frequent motives for domestic violence. The analysis of the social role of people committing domestic violence allowed concluding that the latter tend to separate themselves from positively oriented social groups. They tend to perform negative social roles and functions, causing violations or deliberate disregard for legal norms, labour, family and other responsibilities. In the article, there is a classification of the different types of the offender’s personality by moral and psychological traits of the person. The findings of the research provide a typical criminological portrait of a person who commits domestic violence and outline the prospects for further research of this issue.
Zika Virus Enters Soma of Neuron through NGF/TrkA-Like Endosomal Signaling Pathway
Authors: liu wenzhong , li hualan
Published: December 2021

Infection with the Zika virus results in severe neurological disease in adults or congenital Zika syndrome in newborns. We employed the domain search strategy to study the Zika virus glycoprotein E in this work. The results revealed that immature E contains a NGF domain (“MNKCYIQIMDLGHMCDATMSYECPMLDEGVEPDDVDCWCNTTSTWVVYGTCHH”) and is capable of interacting with TrkA. The E/TrkA complex increased E's interaction with receptors such as Axl and facilitated Zika virus endocytosis via clathrin. Rab5 retrograded transmission of Zika virus-containing E/TrkA endosomal signals to neuronal soma. Rab7 helped dissociation of E/TrkA in late acidic endosomes, and then E became mature after the NGF domain was cut. After membrane fusion with the endosome, the Zika virus was released into the neuron cell body. It showed only the immature E protein of Zika had NGF activity. The retrograde trafficking of endosomal signals (E/TrkA) similar to NGF/TrkA enabled Zika virus to infect neuronal cells. E's interference with the TrkA signal impaired neuronal cell growth and results in neuronal cell apoptosis.
Validating Experiment for the Reaction H2 + NH2- by Dynamical Computations on an Accurate Full-Dimensional Potential Energy Surface
Authors: Song Kaisheng , Li Jun
Published: December 2021

Ion-neutral molecular reactions play key roles in the field of ion related chemistry. As a prototypical multi-channel ion-molecular reaction, the reaction H2 + NH2- → NH3 + H- has been studied for decades. In this work, we develop a globally accurate potential energy surface (PES) for the title system H2 + NH2- based on nearly hundreds of thousands points over a wide dynamically relevant region. The permutational invariants polynomials neural network (PIP-NN) method is used for fitting and the total root mean squared error (RMSE) is extremely small, only 0.026 kcal mol-1. Extensive dynamical and rate coefficient calculations are carried out on this new PIP-NN PES by the quasi-classical trajectory (QCT) method. The calculated rate coefficients for H2 / D2 + NH2- agree well with the experimental results that show a inverse temperature dependence from 50 to 300 K, consistent with the capture nature of this barrierless reaction. A significant kinetic isotope effect has been well reproduced by the QCT computations. In addition, we report a unique phenomenon of significant reactivity suppression by exciting the rotational mode of H2, particular at low collision energies. Further analysis shows that the excitation of rotational mode of H2 would prevent the formation of the reactant complex and thus suppress reactivity.
Impact of Trumpian Trade on Canadian Agriculture: Evidence from Commodity Analyses
Authors: Flaherty Victoria
Published: December 2021

It is generally understood that Canada’s close trading relationship with the United States helps power its export-dependent economy. This understanding was challenged in the wake of the US-China trade war that began in 2018. The trade war, which created opportunities for countries to fill the void left by American products in the Chinese market, was a chance for Canada to sink its teeth into China’s need for agricultural commodities. By examining Canada’s trading relationship with China during the trade war at a commodity level across five different products, this paper ascertains the factors that determined why Canadian lobster fishers jumped for joy while canola farmers floundered. This examination exposes how Canada-China tensions arose because Canada’s extradition with the US severely depressed its ability to sell certain agricultural goods to China.
Too Little, Too Late: The Constraining Effect of Traditional Peacekeeping Norms On the UN Protection Forces and its Consequences
Authors: Franken Avery
Published: December 2021

During the Bosnian War (1992-1995),  despite the efforts of the United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR), thousands of lives were lost in heinous attacks on Bosnian Muslims, perpetrated mostly by Bosnian Serbs. Using a constructivist approach, this paper investigates why the United Nations (UN) failed in their mandate to protect the Bosnian people. To do so, it examines the deeply entrenched norms that have traditionally guided UN peacekeeping – namely, impartiality and non-use of force. By tracing the key events that defined the UN’s involvement in this conflict in relation to existing theoretical models of norm emergence and evolution, the paper finds that the UN’s strict adherence to these principles significantly contributed to their failure to achieve their objectives. This is evidenced by the limited capacity of the UN peacekeepers during the conflict, the swift improvement of conditions following the replacement of UNPROFOR with the NATO-led Implementation Force, and the developments within the UN that ensued in the following years. The paper concludes with potential implications of these findings and suggestions for further research.