bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Use of special knowledge in investigation of anti-morality crimes
Authors: Yefimov Mykola
Published: April 2021

The scientific article deals with some aspects of the investigation of crimes against morality. The peculi-arities of the use of special knowledge in the investigation of this category of criminal offenses are con-sidered. The author emphasizes that during criminal proceedings at the stage of both pre-trial investigation and in court, questions may arise, which, due to their narrow specialization and unlawful nature, may not be within the power of the investigator and the court. In such cases, other participants in the criminal process are involved in the process of proving - persons who have special knowledge sufficient to make a qualified solution to the problem. It is noted that special knowledge is a set of theoretical knowledge and practical skills in the field of science, technology, arts, crafts obtained as a result of vocational training and professional education used for the prevention and investigation of criminal offenses. The view is maintained that the following should be attributed to independent forms of the use of specialized knowledge: the direct application of specialized knowledge in science, technology, art and craft by the judge himself; appointment of examinations; appointment of audits; knowledge that is inherent in various types of professional activity, except knowledge that is professional for the investigator and the judge, and is used in the investigation of crimes and criminal proceedings in court in order to facilitate the establishment of the truth of the case in cases, forms and procedures determined by criminal- procedural legislation; consulting assistance of a specialist without involving him personally in court actions; expert's participation in court actions. It is emphasized that specialized knowledge can be used directly and indirectly by an authorized person. Based on the analysis of judicial investigative practice, the following were distinguished among the main forms of use of special knowledge in the investigation of crimes against morality: direct (use of special knowledge by investigators in carrying out individual procedural actions); mediated (appointment of forensic expertise and involvement of relevant specialists in individual procedural actions).
Some issues of training specialists in the field of law enforcement activities
Authors: Kramarenko Yuriy
Published: April 2021

The article focuses on the professional requirements for persons who carry out law enforcement activities. The questions of higher education in the specialty «law enforcement activities» are considered. The functional responsibilities and personal qualities of investigators of pre-trial investigation bodies and employees of operational units are analyzed. Generalizations are made regarding the working conditions of law enforcement officers. Conclusions are drawn regarding the lack of significant differences in the training of investigators and operational unit employees. The need for a mutual understanding of the essence of the work of the investigator and the operative officer is expressed. The problematic issues are identified that relate to the uncertainty of employment of graduates of the specialty «law enforcement activities», the experience of the position of an investigator to legal professions, as well as the lack of using the calculation of the norms of time spent for investigators of pre-trial investigation bodies and employees of operational units. The article suggests two ways out of the uncertain state of graduates of the specialty «law en-forcement activities»: 1) the classification of the specialty «law enforcement activities» as a legal education; 2) amending the legislation regarding the requirements of higher education for investigators of pre-trial investigation bodies - to provide for the possibility of having a higher education in the specialty «law» and «law enforcement activities». Work experience as an investigator should be counted as work experience in the field of law, regardless of the specialty received.
Conditions of providing national security of the state
Authors: Kubetska Olha , Ostapenko Tetyana , Paleshko Yana
Published: April 2021

The article deals with the issue of national security of the state through the allocation and consideration of the basic conditions for its provision. In particular, the authors identified the main components of national security of the country (state security, public security, technogenic security, environmental security, etc.) and identified the priority tasks of the state policy to ensure them. In particular, the main components of the conditions for ensuring public safety (state of orderly public legal relations, in which each person, state body, local self-government bodies and their officials adhere to legal and moral and ethical norms, social norms and rules, fulfill all recommendations, are identified in order to achieve public safety and well-being). The authors have determined the basic list of factors of state policy formation of national security. The components of sustainable development of the state have been identified and characterized. The content of the basic principles that determine the order of state policy making in the fields of national security and defense is explained, namely: accountability is defined as a system of measures by which equilibrium (balance) of authority of the authority and its responsibility is achieved; legality is defined as a kind of foundation of a civilized society, ensuring the equality of all persons before the law; transparency of government is defined as the publication or dissemination of information about a public authority, the principle of activity of public authorities, in which all decisions are open and public. The authors place special emphasis on ensuring the fundamental national interests of Ukraine, which proclaimed: state sovereignty and territorial integrity, democratic constitutional order, preventing interference in the internal affairs of Ukraine; sustainable development of the national economy, transparency of power.
Bayes Estimation of Shape Parameter of Length Biased Weibull Distribution
Authors: Rao Arun Kumar , Pandey Himanshu
Published: April 2021

In this paper, length biased Weibull distribution is considered for Bayesian analysis. The expressions for Bayes estimators of the parameter have been derived under squared error, precautionary, entropy, K-loss, and Al-Bayyati’s loss functions by using quasi and gamma priors.
High Visual-Spatial Intelligence Students’ Creativity in Solving PISA Problems
Authors: Triutami Tabita Wahyu , Hariyanti Uun , Novitasari Dwi , Tyaningsih Ratna Yulis , Junaidi Junaidi
Published: April 2021

Creativity is very necessary for learning mathematics, especially when solving geometry problems. This research aims to describe 4th year mathematics education students’ creativity in solving geometry problems. Creativity in this research is focused on fluency, flexibility, and originality of student anwer when solving geometry problems. This research is an explorative descriptive research through a qualitative approach. The participants were 7 fourth year mathematics education students of state University in Mataram, who have a high level of visual-spatial intelligence. The data was collected by written test and interview. The test consisted of two open-ended geometry problems about transforming 3-dimensional images into 2-dimensional images and making 2-dimensional images with a predetermined circumference. The problems are modification of the 2006 PISA test. The result showed that subjects with high visual-spatial intelligence levels met all indicators of creativity. In solving problems that meet the aspects of fluency, flexibility and originality, they combine mental rotation and mental visualization abilities and include using their visual experience by modifying the information obtained and the initial problem solving ideas obtained. This also enables them to produce original problem solutions. The results of this research can be used as an illustration and a guideline to assess students’ creativity with high visual-spatial intelligence level.
Collaborative Skills of Pre-service Mathematics Teachers in Blended Learning
Authors: Lu'luilmaknun Ulfa , Al Kautsar Karin Selma , Apsari Ratih Ayu , Triutami Tabita Wahyu , Wulandari Nourma Pramestie
Published: April 2021

Blended learning is a learning that combines face-to-face and online learning. Several studies have shown that blended learning has a positive effect on collaborative skills. The aim of this study is to determine the collaborative skills of pre-service mathematics teachers after using blended learning. The focus of this study is 4 indicators of collaborative work skills, namely quality of work, problem solving skills, working with others, and focus on the task. This type of study is a case study. The participants were 23 pre-service mathematics teachers in second year. Data collection was carried out using a collaborative questionnaire. Data were analysed using quantitative descriptive methods. The results showed that the criterion for quality work of students was 47.83% average. The criterion for problem solving skills was 47.83% very high. The criterion of working with others was 86.96% very high. The criterion for focus on the task was 82.61% very high. Therefore, blended learning possesses positive effects towards pre-service mathematics teachers.
Using Problem-Based Learning to Enhance Mathematical Abilities of Primary School Students: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Suparman Suparman , Tamur Maximus , Yunita Yunita , Wijaya Tommy Tanu , Syaharuddin Syaharuddin
Published: April 2021

Several inconsistent research results regarding the effect of Problem-Based Learning (PBL) in enhancing Mathematical Abilities (MA) of primary school students have been reported widely by some researchers. To summarize, estimate, and evaluate the effect of PBL on MA of primary school students and investigate the study characteristics that provoked the heterogeneous effect size, a systematic review and meta-analysis was employed. Hedge's equation was employed to measure effect size using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA) software as an analysis tool. The synthesis of 16 relevant primary studies revealed that the overall implementation of PBL had a high positive effect (g = 1,050) significantly compared to conventional learning on MA of primary school students based on a random effect model. Moreover, the characteristics of the sampling technique, publication index, and MA significantly caused the heterogeneity of the effect size of PBL towards students' MA. Thus, these results suggest that primary school mathematics teachers should select PBL as one of the best solutions to enhance students' MA and consider the characteristics of students MA that will be improved. Besides, researchers should select random sampling as a sampling technique to select the sample and the literature indexed by Scopus as references to support the quality of research.
Self-Regulated Learning of Mathematics for Teacher Prospectives in the Development of Student E-Worksheets
Authors: Kusno Kusno , Setyaningsih Eka
Published: April 2021

This research is motivated by demands for mastery of 21st-century skills as a form of educational reform in the 4.0 era. This study aims to explore the understanding and skills of the prospective mathematic teacher in the development of the student e-worksheet as a form of teacher skills in the 21st-century. A total of 27 math teacher candidates in Banyumas Regency, Central Java, Indonesia, who took part in training teaching material development, was formed into 9 Groups (G) and was given the task to develop student e- worksheet of mathematics of junior high school. Data were collected through observation, interviews, self-reflection, open questionnaires, and portfolios and analyzed using content analysis procedures by reading carefully to understand relevant themes. The coding and labeling are then carried out to find the meanings associated with the research objectives and theoretical framework. This study's results indicate that self-regulated learning of prospective mathematics education teachers in the development of student e-worksheet can encourage motivation to learn, self-confidence, experience, and determination to become professional teachers in the 21st century. From this study, an understanding and skill of the century 21can be explored from self-regulated learning during the development of student e- worksheet, namely collaboration and communication skills, problem-solving, creativity and imagination, innovation, and novelty, literacy, and leadership.
Adaptive Reasoning Based on Microsoft Mathematics
Authors: Susilawati Wati , Rachmawati Tika Karlina , Nuraida Ida
Published: April 2021

The demands of professional teachers to design technology-assisted learning that can facilitate all students to develop their potential. the fact that the quality of students' adaptive reasoning in solving math problems is still low which has an impact on other mathematical competencies. The purpose of this study was to determine the differences in the improvement of adaptive reasoning abilities between students who have implemented Search Solving Create and Share learning assisted with Microsoft Mathematics and conventional learning. The method used is quasi-experimental with the non-equivalent pre-test and post-test control group design. Through the Simple Random Sampling technique, two classes were selected, namely class X1 and X2 one of the SMA in Bandung Indonesia. Test instrument: story questions about adaptive reasoning abilities. Analysis using independent T-test data. Result: There is a difference in the improvement in adaptive reasoning abilities between students who using search-solve-create- share learning assisted by Microsoft mathematics compared to conventional learning. Students' difficulties in solving story problems with adaptive reasoning abilities can be minimized by getting used to solving non-routine story problems. Learning search-solve-create-share assisted by Microsoft mathematics accustoms students to convey assumptions, provide reasons for answers, draw conclusions from statements, and students can find patterns of various mathematical problems through multi-interactive media.
CONCERNING A RESPONSE TO REINER MARIA RILKE’S DEATH: THE «RUSSIAN» P. S.
Authors:   Institute of Russian Literature (Pushkinskij Dom) Russian Academy of Sciences, Koreneva M.Iu.
Published: April 2021

The article focuses on the responses to the death of R. M. Rilke in the context of his cult following that fl ourished during his lifetime, and on the pervading interest in Dostoyevsky in Germany of the 1920s. The latter infl uenced the perception of Rilke as a dangerous «Russophile», responsible, along with the others, for the ideological and moral «downfall» of the German culture. Special attention is paid to the fi rst publication of Rilke’s private letter to a Russian correspondent in the Rigasche Rundschau and its correlation with the book Idiotenführer durch die russische Lietratur (A Guide to the Idiots of the Russian Literature) by B. Eckstein-Diener.
TRAGEDY OF EXISTENCE AND SEARCH FOR SURVIVAL. "THE LITTLE TRAGEDIES" AND "BELKIN’S TALES"
Authors:   University of Pittsburgh, USA, Altshuller Mark G.
Published: April 2021

The Little Tragedies and Belkin’s Tales were written at the same time. In the former, Pushkin examines the main, eternal, and insoluble confl icts of existence: love and death, life and death, inspiration and hard work, youth and old age. These confl icts are tragic, and are in principle insoluble, for humanity. Their collision constitutes the very essence of human life and of human civilization. But — according to Pushkin — what is insoluble for humanity as a whole might be, at least partly, resolved by way of a compromise, when it comes to individual human lives. This is what Belkin’s Tales are about.
Innovation potential of region’s economics tranformation on the basis of partnership and interaction
Authors: Budnikevich Iryna , Romanyuk Nadiia
Published: April 2021

The article regards the essence of region’s economics transformation on the basis of partnership and interaction. It points out that region’s economics transformation is connected with the concept of partnership and interaction which presupposes maximal satisfaction of needs of regional economics on the basis of organic mutually beneficial long-term interaction of main “actors” of regional markets and partnership interrelations among them; that in its turn will foster implementation of interests of region, each participants and solution of common regional problems. Innovation potential is determined by capacity of regional economics subjects to implement and disseminate the achievements of science and technology in social and economic spheres, develop organizational forms of innovative activity, manage the activity of subjects involved in creative, inventive, rationalization, licensing, educational activity. It also determines the impact of innovation potential to transformation processes in the region.
The Influence of Spiritual Intelligence on Leadership Competency in The Scope of Government Institutions
Authors: Siswanti Dian Novita , Rozainee Khairuddin  , Fatimah Wati Halim
Published: April 2021

The success of an organization cannot be separated from the quality of a leader. Leaders have an important role in achieving the success of an organization. For this reason, a competent leader is needed, so that he is able and proficient in managing the system applied in an organization. This study aims to determine the effect of spiritual intelligence on leadership competencies of leaders within the scope of government agencies. Subjects in this study, leaders within the scope of government totaling 300 leaders in the Makassar City Government Authority. The measuring instrument used is based on the Emmons and Swiderski theory. The statistical analysis method applied is the ordinal regression analysis. Hypothesis test results showed that spiritual intelligence affects leadership competence (p = 0.000), with a contribution of 6.9%. This research implies that it becomes the input for leaders to increase the level of spiritual intelligence so that they can become competent leaders in carrying out their duties and responsibilities, and can implement systems and manage human resources to achieve maximum results from organizational goals.
Global Climate Change and Aesthetics
Authors: Brady Emily
Published: April 2021

What kinds of issues does the global crisis of climate change present to aesthetics, and how will they challenge the field to respond? This paper argues that a new research agenda is needed for aesthetics with respect to global climate change (GCC) and outlines a set of foundational issues which are especially pressing: (1) attention to environments that have been neglected by philosophers, for example, the cryosphere and aerosphere; (2) negative aesthetics of environment, in order to grasp aesthetic experiences, meanings, and dis/values in light of the catastrophic effects of GCC; (3) bringing intergenerational thinking into aesthetics through concepts of temporality and ‘future aesthetics’ (4) understanding the relationship between aesthetic and ethical values as they arise in regard to GCC.
Stimulation of Dopamine Production by Sodium Benzoate, a Metabolite of Cinnamon and a Food Additive
Authors: Rangasamy Suresh B. , Dasarathi Sridevi , Nutakki Aparna , Mukherjee Shreya , Nellivalasa Rohith , Pahan Kalipada
Published: April 2021

Background:

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is one of the most important neurodegenerative disorders in human in which recovery of functions could be achieved by improving the survival and function of residual dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the dopamine (DA) biosynthesis pathway.

Objective:

Earlier our laboratory has shown that sodium benzoate (NaB), a metabolite of cinnamon and an FDA-approved drug against urea cycle disorders and glycine encephalopathy, increases neuroprotective molecules and protects dopaminergic neurons in a mouse model of PD. Here, we examined whether NaB could stimulate the production of DA in dopaminergic neurons.

Methods:

We employed PCR, real-time PCR, western blot, immunostaining, and HPLC to study the signature function of dopaminergic neurons. Locomotor functions were monitored in mice by open-field.

Results:

NaB increased the mRNA and protein expression of TH to produce DA in mouse MN9D dopaminergic neuronal cells. Accordingly, oral feeding of NaB increased the expression of TH in the nigra, upregulated striatal DA, and improved locomotor activities in striatum of normal C57/BL6 and aged A53T- α-syn transgenic mice. Rapid induction of cAMP response element binding (CREB) activation by NaB in dopaminergic neuronal cells and the abrogation of NaB-induced expression of TH by siRNA knockdown of CREB suggest that NaB stimulates the transcription of TH in dopaminergic neurons via CREB.

Conclusion:

These results indicate a new function of NaB in which it may be beneficial in PD via stimulation of DA production from residual dopaminergic neurons.
Protein and Imaging Biomarkers in the Eye for Early Detection of Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Fereshetian Shaunt , Agranat Joshua S. , Siegel Nicole , Ness Steven , Stein Thor D. , Subramanian Manju L.
Published: April 2021

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is one of the most common causes of dementia worldwide. Although no formal curative therapy exists for the treatment of AD, considerable research has been performed to identify biomarkers for early detection of this disease, and thus improved subsequent management. Given that the eye can be examined and imaged non-invasively with relative ease, it has emerged as an exciting area of research for evidence of biomarkers and to aid in the early diagnosis of AD. This review explores the current understanding of both protein and retinal imaging biomarkers in the eye. Herein, primary findings in the literature regarding AD biomarkers associated with the lens, retina, and other ocular structures are reviewed.
Knowledge and perceived benefits of exercise among women with breast cancer in tertiary hospitals in Delta State
Authors: Odikpo Linda C. , Chiejina E.N.
Published: April 2021

BACKGROUND: Knowledge of exercise is of paramount importance in improving and reclaiming the health of women with breast cancer and also enables them to reap the enormous benefits associated with healthy physical activity. AIM: To assess the knowledge and perceived benefits of exercise among women with breast cancer in Delta State. METHOD: Sample of 94 eligible consenting women who are still maintaining follow up with the two tertiary hospitals in Delta state, Federal Medical Center (FMC) Asaba and Delta State University Teaching Hospital (DELSUTH) Oghara were enlisted for the study. RESULT: Findings from the study revealed knowledge of the recommended exercise was poor among the women with breast cancer, as only 21(22.3%) had good knowledge. For those knowledgeable, their knowledge source was mainly through the mass media 5(23.8%) and the internet 4(19.0%). On the benefits of exercise as perceived by the women with breast cancer, the result shows that 88 (93.6%) of the women with breast cancer perceived exercise as beneficial. The principal exercise perceived to be beneficial was walking 43(45.7) and treatment of discomfort 25(26.6%) was the main benefit they hoped to gain from exercise. Also demographic profiles of the women were not significantly related to their knowledge about the recommended exercise asp > 0.05. CONCLUSION: Knowledge of the recommended exercise was low among women with breast cancer despite their awareness of the benefits. It is therefore essential for health care providers, especially those involved in the care of these patients, to use every avenue to health-educate, counsel and help them in implementing the recommended exercise to enhance their survival.
“Picture this”- Patients’ Drawings of Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer: A Novel Method to Help Understand How Patients Perceive Their Condition
Authors: Richards Helen L. , Sweeney Paul , Corscadden Rebekah , Carr Chelsea , Rukundo Aphie , Fitzgerald Jill , O’Connor Charles , Fortune Dónal G.
Published: April 2021

BACKGROUND:

There is a paucity of data regarding patient experiences of living with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC).

OBJECTIVES:

To investigate patients’ beliefs about NMIBC utilising both a well-established verbal/linguistic method, the Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire (B-IPQ) in addition to a novel visual/perceptual method, that is, asking patients to draw their bladder as it is now and as they perceive it will be in the future.

METHODS:

Cross-sectional study of patients with NMIBC. Patients completed: (i) the B-IPQ, and (ii) 2 drawings of their bladder: as they perceived it currently and as they perceived it would look in 5 years’ time.

RESULTS:

A total of 118 patients completed the B-IPQ, of which 96 produced 2 bladder drawings. Forty-seven per cent of patients depicted no change in their bladder across time, 35% depicted improvements, while 18% drew their NMIBC as deteriorating between the two time points. Patients who drew their NMIBC worsening over time reported significantly stronger beliefs in the severity of current consequences from their NMIBC (F(2,94) = 9.07, p < 0.001, m = 5.68, 95% CI 4.38–6.88) and greater current concerns about their NMIBC (F(2,94) = 6.17, p < 0.01, m = 7.06, 95% CI 5.47–8.66). This was unrelated to cancer grade, cancer stage, treatment or demographic variables.

CONCLUSION:

This is the first study to explore beliefs about NMIBC in a sample of patients with NMIBC attending routine clinics using both a well-established and a novel method of assessing patients’ perceptions. Results highlight the usefulness of a simple non-verbal technique, in identifying patients’ concerns about the condition. Almost one fifth of patients with NMIBC may experience significant concerns about the worsening of their condition, which appear to be independent of demographic, histopathological, and treatment related variables. Further exploration of the psychological concerns of individuals with NMIBC is required in order to appropriately plan for needs led multidisciplinary approach in their care.
Silencing circPVT1 enhances radiosensitivity in non-small cell lung cancer by sponging microRNA-1208
Authors: Huang Meifang , Li Tianqian , Wang Qing , Li Chongxin , Zhou Huahua , Deng Shengyi , Lv Zengbo , He Yongmei , Hou Bo , Zhu Guangying
Published: April 2021

BACKGROUND: Radiotherapy is one of main useful therapies in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Nevertheless, the underlying mechanism between NSCLC cell radiosensitivity and effective treatment remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: The aim is to explore the relationship between circular (circ) RNA and NSCLC cell radiosensitivity. METHODS: CircRNA plasmacytoma variant translocation 1 (PVT1) and microRNA (miR)-1208 expression in NSCLC cells were assessed using quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR (qRT-PCR). NSCLC cells were transfected with si-PVT1 or miR-1208 inhibitor and then exposed to irradiation. Cellular biology behaviors were detected using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP Nick-End Labeling (TUNEL), colony formation, invasion and western blot. Additionally, binding between circPVT1 and miR-1208 was testified by dual-luciferase reporter and RIP assay. RESULTS: CircPVT1 was upregulated in NSCLC cells after irradiation treatment. Silencing circPVT1 induced inhibition of NSCLC cell growth and invasion, accompanied by cell apoptosis and γ-H2AX expression. Moreover, NSCLC cell proliferation and invasion was further inhibited by irradiation treatment in circPVT1-silenced cells, indicating a strong radiosensitivity of NSCLC cells. CircPVT1 functions as a competing endogenous RNA of miR-1208. Silencing miR-1208 reversed NSCLC cell sensitivity response to irradiation and activated PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in circPVT1-silenced cells. CONCLUSIONS: Silencing circPVT1 enhanced radiosensitivity of NSCLC cells by sponging miR-1208.
The Responsibility of the Indonesian Government to Fulfill the Rights to Water During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Some Legal Issues
Authors: Astriani Nadia , Rubiati Betty , Adharani Yulinda , Afifah Siti Sarah , Salsabila Rewita , Diffa Rizkia
Published: April 2021

Indonesia has enough access to freshwater resources of the planet. However, uneven distribution together with mediocre water management and a lack of water infrastructures make a significant number of households in this country have inadequate access to safe water. This becomes big issues, because the provision of safe water, sanitation and hygienic conditions are essential to protect human health and save humanity during the Covid-19 pandemic. When this article was written, COVID-19 patients who were confirmed to be infected were in all Indonesian provinces, with the largest numbers of patients located in Java. The purpose of this study is to determine the efforts of the Indonesian government to fulfill its responsibilities in fulfilling clean water during a pandemic. The study collects all regulations and policies concerning clean water and an analyses them using doctrinal method. The result of the study shows that although there are enough regulations governing the use of clean water, they have not resolved the problem of clean water fulfillment. In overcoming water needs during the pandemic, the Indonesian government did not make additional efforts other than those previously planned in the Strategic Plan of the Ministry of Public Works and Housing. The disruption of the economy has an impact on state finance, causing the government to refocus budgeting. As a result, many programs related to clean water are postponed. This minimum effort by government is neglecting its responsibility in fulfilling the right to water. The government must emulate how to fulfill the needs for water during the pandemic from other countries and using this situation to fix the problem of clean water in Indonesia
Preseason shoulder rotational isokinetic strength and shoulder injuries in volleyball players
Authors: Hadžić Vedran , Dervišević Edvin , Pori Primož , Hadžić Alen , Sattler Tine
Published: April 2021

BACKGROUND: Rotator cuff weakness is considered an important risk factor for shoulder injuries in volleyball. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate association of shoulder preseason strength status with shoulder injury occurrence in subsequent season. METHODS: Volleyball players (N= 181; 99 men) from Slovenian 1st and 2nd national league volunteered to participate in this prospective cohort study. Preseason isokinetic testing of the shoulder was conducted at 60∘/s in the concentric mode of contraction over a RoM of 60∘ with five repetitions of internal (IR) and external (ER) rotation. During the subsequent season the players reported shoulders injuries through a weekly questionnaire. RESULTS: During the season we have registered 14 (7.7%) shoulder injuries (10 in men). All injuries affected the dominant shoulder. There was significant preseason weakness of ER and lower ER/IR strength ratio in players with shoulder injury. Normal strength ratio ER/IR was a significant protective factor (Exp (B) = 0.217, 95% C.I. 0.058–0.811) for shoulder injury occurrence when controlled for sex and previous injury. CONCLUSIONS: The inclusion of systematic strengthening of the external rotators of the shoulder is necessary, especially for male volleyball players, as part of preventive measures for the prevention of shoulder injuries.
Nicotine pouches- a research and regulatory policy agenda to maximise public health benefits and minimise harms
Authors: Patwardhan Sudhanshu , Fagerström Karl
Published: April 2021

Nicotine extracted from tobacco and purified from other constituents can be delivered in the form of nicotine replacement products for helping people move away from tobacco dependence. Nicotine pouches to be put under the upper lip are one such new category of products that are being rapidly developed and marketed as consumer goods with little research or regulatory oversight. We review the available data on these products and their harm reduction potential for reducing the disease and death burden from tobacco globally. Finally, we have identified research gaps in assessing their harm and benefit potential, and possible regulatory approaches to ensure that these products do not lead to unintended consequences.
II.-Crónica Internacional
Authors: B. M.
Published: April 2021

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The Quality of Informed Consent Obtaining Before Electroconvulsive Therapy: A Report From a Referral, Academic Hospital
Authors:   Department of Anesthesiology, Anesthesiology Research Center, Alzahra Hospital, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran., Khoshrang Hossein , Rahbar Taramsari Morteza ,   Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran., Emir Alavi3 Cyrus ,   Department of Razi Clinical Research Development Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht., Soleimani Robabeh ,   Department of Psychiatry, Kavosh Behavioral, Cognitive and Addiction Research Center, Shafa Hospital, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran., Rimaz Siamak ,   Department of Anesthesiology, Anesthesiology Research Center, Alzahra Hospital, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran., Sedighinejad Abbas ,   Department of Anesthesiology, Anesthesiology Research Center, Alzahra Hospital, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran., Habibi Mohammad Reza ,   Department of Anesthesiology, Anesthesiology Research Center, Alzahra Hospital, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran., Bayat Zoleikha ,   Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
Published: April 2021

Background: In patients undergoing Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT), obtaining written Informed Consent (IC) must be the standard measure before the procedure. The patient must be informed about the risks and benefits of the treatment and alternatives. Objectives: We aimed to investigate the quality of IC obtaining before the ECT course in an academic hospital in the North of Iran. Materials & Methods: This study was conducted at an academic center in the north of Iran during 2018-2019. Firstly the patients’ mental capacity was assessed, and if it was not adequate for giving informed consent, a patient’s relative was interviewed. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS V. 22. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to evaluate the normality assumption. To compare the mean scores in subgroups, we applied t-test. Results: A total of 259 people enrolled in the survey and were interviewed. Schizophrenia was the main cause of receiving ECT. The Mean±SD score of receiving information was 8.22±3.68 (0-16), understandability of IC 3.03±1.76 (0-6), patients’ voluntary acceptance of the treatment 1.38±0.68 (0-4) and physician-patient relationship 6.11±2.16 (0-12). The total Mean±SD score was 18.05±3.16 (0-38). Conclusion: IC process was not optimal in our center; however, great trust in the physicians was noticeable. The physician-patient relationship had the highest score while the intentional obtaining of informed consent achieved the lowest.
The Role of Spiritual Intelligence, Sense of Coherence, and Cognitive Flexibility as Internal Resources in Predicting Perceived Stress in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis
Authors:   Neurological Diseases Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran., Ebrahimi Meymand Hossein Ali , Askarizadeh Ghasem ,   Department of Psychology, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Shahid Bahonar University, Kerman, Iran., Bagheri Masoud ,   Department of Psychology, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Shahid Bahonar University, Kerman, Iran., Arabnejad Maryam ,   Department of Psychology, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Shahid Bahonar University, Kerman, Iran.
Published: April 2021

Aims: Stress is one of the significant factors contributing to the onset, exacerbation, and recurrence of Multiple Sclerosis (MS) that imposes high costs on society and people. The present study aims to assess the role of spiritual intelligence, sense of coherence, and cognitive flexibility (internal resources) in predicting perceived stress in patients with MS. Methods & Materials: In this descriptive/correlational study, 156 patients with MS were selected as samples using a convenience sampling method. The participants completed the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), Spiritual Intelligence Self-Report Inventory (SISRI), Sense of Coherence Scale (SOC), and Cognitive Flexibility Inventory (CFI). The collected data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics (stepwise regression analysis) in SPSS v. 24. Findings: Transcendental awareness (a component of SISRI), meaningfulness (a component of SOC), and perception of controls and alternatives (components of CFI) predicted perceived stress in MS patients. Conclusion: In stress management program, internal resources education can help reduce perceived stress in patients with MS.
The Prevalence of Disability and Its Relationship With the Demographic Characteristics of the Elderly in Gonabad City, Iran, in 2019
Authors:   Department of Elderly health and Psychiatric nursing, School of Nursing, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran., Baghery Kakhki Saleh , Basiri Moghadam Mehdi ,   Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center, School of nursing, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran., Sadeghmoghadam Leila ,   Department of Elderly health and Psychiatric nursing, School of Nursing, Social Development and heath Promotion Center, Gonabad University of Medical Science, Gonabad, Iran.
Published: April 2021

Aims: Disability reduces the independence and quality of life in the elderlies and it increases their independence and causes increased need of support, more admittance in nursing homes and early death. The aim of this study was to examine the prevalence of disability and its relationship with the demographic characteristics. Methods & Materials: This cross-sectional (descriptive-analytical) study was performed on 470 elderly people aged 60 and over living in Gonabad by random stratified sampling. Data collection tools included a demographic profile questionnaire and a standardized questionnaire from the WHO to assess disability in the elderly. The data collected were analyzed using SPSS software version 14.5 and the Kai Scoyer test and ranked logistic regression. Significant levels of less than 0.05 were considered Findings: 35.6% of the elderly had very low disability, 40.6% had low disability, 15.2% had moderate disability and 8.6% had severe disability. Age (P<0.001), sex (P=0.03), literacy level (P<0.001), and background history (P<0.001) were significant predictors of elderly disability Conclusion: There is a relationship between disability and its level with aging. According to the growth in elderly’s population, paying attention to health and reducing disability and promoting their life’s quality is necessary.
Investigating the Prevalence and Etiology of Accidents Recorded at Emergency Management Center of Gonabad City Using the Pareto Chart in 2018
Authors:   Department of Occupational Health Engineering, Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran., Beheshti Mohammad Hossein , Amkani Mojtaba ,   Department of Occupational Health Engineering, Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran., Zamani Amin ,   Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Social Factors Affecting Health Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran., Tabrizi Akram ,   Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran., Jafari Mostafa ,   Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Health, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran.
Published: April 2021

Aims: Accidents are the leading causes of hospitalization and death. This study investigates the prevalence and causes of accidents recorded in Gonabad City emergency hospital service using the Pareto chart from 2016 to 2018. Methods & Materials: This descriptive and analytic study reviewed about 12281 emergencies recorded during 2016-2018, and the key variables such as the number of incidents, causes of incidents, age, gender, and time of incidents were collected for transport and non-transport incidents. Data analysis was performed using a Pareto chart in Minitab v. 16, SPSS v. 18, and EXCEL 2010. Findings: Based on the results, the highest rate of the incidents (542 cases) was related to falling and the lowest related to chemical and electrical burns with one case. Also, most complaints were related to accidents. In the present study, the rate of road accidents was higher than the street and urban accidents (8142 and 4208 cases, respectively). The most frequent accidents were related to motorcycles (748 cases) and then light vehicles (744 cases). The number of accidents that occurred in September and April is higher. Most male victims of accidents were between 16 and 20 years old. Conclusion: Since incidents related to the fall and clash with the mechanical force have the highest prevalence, it is necessary to allocate more financial and human resources to prevent such accidents. Because most admissions to emergency hospital services are related to accidents, and the rate of road accidents is high, it is essential to investigate the causes of accidents. Then, it is possible to raise public awareness to respect the safety regulations while driving and increasing the quality of roads.
Problem-Solving Ability and Quality of Life of Mothers of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors:   Department of Psychology, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran., Khodadadi Nafiseh , Foroozandeh Elham ,   Department of Psychology, Naein Branch, Islamic Azad University, Naein, Iran.
Published: April 2021

Objective: The current paper examined the relationship between Problem-Solving Ability (PSA) and Quality of Life (QoL) in the mothers of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (AS). Methods: This was a descriptive and correlational study. The study population consisted of the mothers of children with AS in Isfahan City, Iran. The required sample was selected from one autism center (out of three) using a convenience sampling method. Then, a sample of 150 mothers was randomly selected. Accordingly, they completed the 12-item Quality of Life and the 35- item Problem-Solving Inventory (PSI). The obtained data were analyzed using the Pearson correlation coefficient and stepwise regression analysis. Results: The present research results suggested a significant relationship between PSA and QoL (r=0.696, P<0.01). Moreover, there was a significant relationship between the dimensions of the PSA (self-confidence in PSA; r=0.560, P<0.01), avoidant attachment to PSA style (r=0.241, P<0.01), self-control (r=0.307, P<0.01), and QoL. Regression analysis data also indicated that QoL was predicted by self-confidence in PSA (P<0.01), avoidant attachment to PSA style (P<0.01), and self-control (P<0.01), and self-confidence in PS, as the most powerful predictor of QoL. Conclusion: The PSA is correlated with QoL, and PSA dimensions, including self-confidence in PS, avoidant attachment to PSA style, and self-control.
The Mediating Role of Impulsivity and Experiential Avoidance in the Relationship between Emotion Regulation and Pornography Viewing in Married Men
Authors:   Department of Counseling, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Isfahan, Iran., Khaleghian Arezoo , Sajjadian Ilnaz ,   Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Isfahan, Iran., Fatehizade Maryam ,   Department of Counseling, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran., Manshaei Gholamreza ,   Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Isfahan, Iran.
Published: April 2021

Objective: The present study aimed to predict the tendency to Internet Pornography Viewing (IPV) in married men based on difficulty in Emotion Regulation (ER) with the mediating role of impulsivity and experiential avoidance. Methods: The study participants were recruited via advertising banners posted on some of the most popular social networking applications in Iran. A total sample of 123 married men in Isfahan City, Iran, participated in the study. The study participants completed the Pornography Craving Questionnaire (PCQ), the Short-form version of Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS-SF), the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II (AAQ-II), and Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-15) through the internet. The collected data were analyzed in SPSS using descriptive statistics (Mean±SD) and correlation tests. For analyzing the study model, the PLS-SEM technique was performed in WarpPLS. Results: The current research results indicated that difficulties in ER provided a positive direct effect on the tendency to IPV (β=0.37, P<0.01). The results also revealed that impulsivity (β=0.64, P<0.01) and experiential avoidance (β=0.71, P<0.01) played mediating roles between difficulties in ER and the tendency to IPV. The model presented a good fit with the data (AVIF=2.88, GOF=0.63, SPR=1, RSCR=1, SSR=1, NLBCDR=1). Conclusion: Difficulties in ER, impulsivity, and experiential avoidance play important roles in the tendency to IPV. Impulsivity and experiential avoidance, as two modes of ER, can mediate the relationship between difficulties in ER and the tendency to IPV; therefore, they should be taken into consideration in this regard.
Effects of Compassion-focused Therapy on Psychological Wellbeing, Life Expectancy, and Psychological Flexibility in Individuals With Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Authors:   Department of Psychology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran., Khalaj Farzane , Dolatshahi Behrooz ,   Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran., Bagheri Fariborz ,   epartment of Psychology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
Published: April 2021

Objective: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) causes a debilitating disease that affects the involved patient’s life. Therefore, investigating and introducing effective interventions to improve the status of these patients are among the necessities of modern research. This study aimed to investigate the effects of Compassion-focused Therapy (CFT) on enhancing psychological wellbeing, life expectancy, and psychological flexibility in HIV-infected patients. Methods: This was a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test-post-test-follow-up and a control group design. The statistical population included all patients with an active file in the Tehran Blood Transfusion Organization who were eligible to participate in the study according to inclusion criteria. Thirty-four cases were selected by purposive sampling method and randomly assigned into two groups of CFT and control (n=17/group). During the research process, 2 subjects from the experimental group and 2 subjects from the control group were removed. The study participants were assessed before, after, and three months after the intervention using the Ryff Psychological Well-being Questionnaire, Schneider’s Hope Scale, and Bond’s Psychological Flexibility Questionnaire. The obtained data were analyzed using repeated-measures Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) in SPSS. Results: The present research findings suggested that psychological wellbeing (F=112.83, P=0.001) life expectancy (F=117.02, P=0.001), and psychological flexibility (F=65.61, P=0.001) significantly increased in the CFT group, compared to the controls (P>0.001). Conclusion: The obtained data revealed that CFT was effective in increasing psychological wellbeing, life expectancy, and psychological flexibility in HIV-infected patients.