bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Coccoloba-associated xerocomoid boletes (Boletaceae) from the Caribbean and Mexico: Tropicoboletus ruborculus gen. et comb. nov., revision of Xerocomus coccolobae, phylogenetic assessment of Singerocomus guadelupae comb. nov., and type studies of Xerocomus caeruleonigrescens, X. cuneipes, and X. pseudoboletinus var. pini-caribaeae
Authors: Gelardi Matteo , Angelini Claudio , Biketova Alona Yu. , Suz Laura M. , Ercole Enrico , Svetasheva Tatiana Yu. , Miller Kurt O. , de la Fuente Javier Isaac , Jiménez Jesús García , Vizzini Alfredo
Published: March 2023

Only two Coccoloba-associated xerocomoid boletes with smooth basidiospores are currently known from the Dominican Republic, namely Boletus ruborculus and Xerocomus coccolobae. A multilocus phylogenetic analysis of four gene markers (ITS, LSU, RPB2, TEF1) reveals that B. ruborculus forms an autonomous clade in the Boletaceae corresponding to a novel genus, which is introduced here as Tropicoboletus gen. nov., whereas X. coccolobae is confirmed as a member of Xerocomus s. str. Tropicoboletus is sister to subfamily Xerocomoideae in the combined RPB2/TEF1 Boletaceae-wide analysis. Accurate morphological descriptions of the two species based on well-annotated samples are provided, accompanied by color photographs of fresh specimens in habitat and line drawings of their main anatomical features. The holotype collections of B. ruborculus and X. coccolobae were successfully sequenced and re-examined anatomically. The distribution range of Tropicoboletus ruborculus comb. nov. is extended from the original locality in Puerto Rico to the Dominican Republic and Mexico where its presence is reported for the first time. Similarly, the Dominican collections of X. coccolobae represent the first documented occurrence of this species for the Island of Hispaniola. Based on molecular and morphological evidence, we conclude that the Belizean species Xerocomus olivaceus is conspecific with X. coccolobae and is therefore reduced into synonymy. In addition, the holotypes of Xerocomus caeruleonigrescens, Xerocomus cuneipes, and Xerocomus pseudoboletinus var. pini-caribaeae were microscopically re-studied, although their exact taxonomic placement remains unresolved in the absence of any phylogenetic inference. Molecular investigation of a paratype of Boletus guadelupae resulted in a conspecificity with the recently described Singerocomus atlanticus from Brazil, extending the biogeographic coverage of Singerocomus to the Caribbean. Accordingly, the new combination Singerocomus guadelupae is proposed and S. atlanticus is synonymized. Finally, a putative novel Xerocomus s. str. species is discovered from the Dominican Republic but not formally described for the time being due to the paucity of material available.
The more things change, the more they stay the same: promises of bioeconomy and the economy of promises
Authors: Eversberg Dennis , Koch Philip , Lehmann Rosa , Saltelli Andrea , Ramcilovic-Suominen Sabaheta , Kovacic Zora
Published: March 2023

This editorial lays out the core themes of the special feature and provides an overview of the contributions. It introduces the main argument, namely that the promises of far-reaching change made by recent bioeconomy policies are in fact strategically directed at avoiding transformative change to existing societal arrangements. Bioeconomy discourse showcases technological solutions purported to solve sustainability ‘problems’ while sustaining economic growth, but avoids issues of scalability, integration or negative consequences. Thus, bioeconomy policies, and particularly the latest versions of the predominantly European ‘bio-resource’ variety that have rhetorically integrated a lot of previous sustainability-minded criticism, serve to ward off or delay challenges to an unsustainable status quo, in effect prolongating the escalatory imperatives of capitalist modernity that are at the root of current crises. The editorial’s second part highlights the contributions that the 13 featured articles, based on theoretical considerations as well as policy analyses and empirical case studies from a range of countries, make to this argument.
Thin Hybrid Hemp/Carbon Fiber Composites: Manufacturing, Flexural, and Impact Behavior
Authors: Boccarusso Luca , Pinto Fulvio , Myronidis Kostas , De Fazio Dario , Durante Massimo
Published: March 2023

This work is focused on the manufacturing and mechanical characterization of hybrid thin laminates in which the reinforcement is a combination of woven carbon and hemp fibers. Two types of hemp fabrics that differ in areal density were adopted for the production of the hybrid samples in sandwich configuration (1.8 mm in thickness), and pure carbon laminates were fabricated as reference. An ad-hoc manufacturing process was presented, and low-velocity impacts (at 2 and 5 J) and flexural tests were carried out. The results proved that, depending on the required performance, two carbon plies can be replaced by one hemp ply without affecting the performance of the structure while at the same time enhancing its sustainability.
A New Approach to the Optimization of the Austenite Stability of Metastable Austenitic Stainless Steels
Authors: Berger Aaron , Egels Gero , Fussik Robert , Benito Santiago Manuel , Weber Sebastian
Published: March 2023

Austenitic steels used for components in high-pressure hydrogen storage systems in the automotive sector have to meet high requirements in terms of material properties and cost efficiency. The commonly used 1.4435/AISI 316L type steels fulfil the technological requirements but are comparatively expensive and resource-intensive. Lower alloyed steel grades are less costly, though prone to α-martensite formation and therefore sensitive to hydrogen embrittlement. Segregation-related fluctuations of the local element concentrations exert a strong impact on the austenite stability, thus controlling the segregation behavior can improve the austenite stability of lean alloyed steel grades, making them suitable for hydrogen applications. In this work, a novel approach for the optimization of alloy compositions with the aim of improving the homogeneity of the austenite stability is developed. The approach is based on combining automated Scheil–Gulliver solidification simulations with a multi-objective optimization algorithm. The solidification simulations provide information about the influence of the segregation profiles on the local austenite stability, which are then used to optimize the alloy composition automatically. The approach is exemplarily used for an optimization within the compositional range of 1.4307/AISI 304L. It is shown that a significant increase in the homogeneity of the austenite stability can be achieved solely by adjusting the global element concentrations, which has been validated experimentally.

Graphical Abstract
Introducing the THz time domain CT system for evaluating kernel weight and plumpness of sunflower seed
Authors: Lei Tong , Sun Da-Wen
Published: March 2023

The Terahertz (THz) time domain computed tomography (CT) system was used for evaluating kernel weight and plumpness of sunflower seed in present study. Specifically, a series of THz projections of the sunflower seed on a rotation stage were captured by a customized transmission mode THz time domain imaging system from different angles. These projections were preprocessed and then modelled by the inverse Radon transform to reconstruct the three-dimensional (3D) sunflower seed. The shapes and structures of sunflower seeds in reconstructed volumetric images were well presented. The volume ratio (obtained by THz CT imaging) and the area ratio (obtained by RGB imaging) of the whole seed to the kernel were calculated as 3D and 2D plumpness, respectively. The comparison between these two different plumpness indicating that our 3D plumpness can better describe the sunflower seed structure. Correlation coefficient (R) between sum intensity values of kernel voxels and kernel weights is 0.89 at 1.2 THz. This is the first application of applying THz CT systems to agri-food research, and the results indicate that THz time domain CT can be a useful nondestructive tool for evaluating weight and plumpness of intact sunflower seed. In addition, there is potential to extend the THz time domain CT system to the analysis of other agri-food sample types.
Effect of limiting current density on corrosion performance of Ni–Mo, Ni–Cd and Ni–Mo–Cd alloy coatings
Authors: Shetty Akshatha R. , Hegde A. Chitharanjan
Published: March 2023

In this article an attempt was made to increase the corrosion resistance of Ni– Mo alloy coatings with the addition of small quantity of CdCl2 into its bath. The limiting of limiting current density (iL) of Ni in both Ni–Mo and Ni–Cd baths due to inherent induced and normal type of codeposition has been successfully alleviated by addition of 1 g/L of CdCl2.The advent of induced and normal type of codeposition of individual binary baths has been used to optimize the Ni content of the ternary deposit for better corrosion stability. The composition vs. current density plots of all coatings have been studied, and thereby optimaliL of Ni in all baths were assessed. The content of Mo was found to be decreased with the small addition of Cd to the bath. Results revealed that (Ni–Mo–Cd)6.0 Adm−2 coating showed better corrosion resistance by reducingiL of Ni, on addition of Cd+2 ions into the bath and was explained in the light of diffusion limited deposition of Ni+2 ions. The results were supported by SEM (scanning electron microscopy), XRD (X-ray diffraction) and AFM (atomic force microscopy) study of Ni–Mo, Ni–Cd and Ni–Mo–Cd coatings at optimal current densities.
Evaluation of water quality of Angereb reservoir: a chemometrics approach
Authors: Gobeze Ageritu , Kaba Tassisa , Tefera Molla , Lijalem Tsegu , Legesse Mulugeta , Engdaw Flipos , Mulu Mengistu , Wubet Walelign , Adugna Ayal , Guadie Atnafu
Published: March 2023

Deterioration of water quality of lakes and reservoirs has become major global concerns that impose serious environmental impacts for both aquatic and terrestrial environments. In the current study, many parameters like temperature (Temp), electric conductivity (EC), dissolved oxygen (DO), turbidity (TU), pH, biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total alkalinity (TA), total dissolved solids (TDS), total organic carbon (TOC), nitrate(NO3−), phosphate (PO43−) and chlorophyll a (chl-a) were determined. The study covered the Angereb reservoir and its tributaries on a monthly basis from January to March 2019 at five sampling stations in accordance with APHA 2017 guide lines for physicochemical analysis. The values of all the investigated parameters, except DO (at AU, AD, KU and KD), COD and TU, were below the maximum permissible limits set by WHO. Thus, the findings for DO, TU and COD demonstrated that remedial actions should be taken to improve the quality of the water in the reservoir and its tributaries. Multivariate statistical methods (PCA and CA) were applied to detect spatial and temporal variations of water quality parameter. The first three principal components were enough to develop the PCA score plot which explained about 71.32% of the total variance in the dataset. The PCA and CA have provided similar information; grouped the 24 samples into 3 significant clusters showing spatial variations but minimal temporal variations were observed within the samples collected in the period of January in the reservoir site. The water quality parameters, TU and BOD, were moderately positively loaded on the space of the first principal component and were found to be associated with each other, whereas the EC and TDS have shown moderate negative loading and positively associated with each other. This study suggested PCA and CA methods found to be useful tools for monitoring and controlling water quality parameters for selected sampling stations of surface water.
Stratification of stakeholders for participation in the governance of coastal social-ecological systems
Authors: Celliers Louis , Rölfer Lena , Rivers Nina , Rosendo Sérgio , Fernandes Meredith , Snow Bernadette , Costa María Mãnez
Published: March 2023

Knowledge co-production has become part of an evolution of participatory and transdisciplinary research approaches that are increasingly important for achieving sustainability. To effectively involve the most appropriate stakeholders there is a need for engagement and increasing prominence of stakeholders in environmental management and governance processes. The paper aims at developing and testing a methodology for stratifying stakeholders by (i) classifying organisations involved in coastal and ocean governance by their agency, and (ii) grouping them into organisational archetypes for representation and selection in research processes. Agency was measured by the three dimensions of scale, resources, and power. Each dimension was further elaborated as a set of indicators. The methodology is applied in the context of a research project set in Algoa Bay, South Africa. The stratification of organisations enabled the research team to gain a better understanding of the stakeholder landscape of organisational agency, and thus identify the most relevant stakeholder with which to engage. The use of a hierarchical cluster analysis identified five organisational archetypes in relation to ocean and coastal governance in Algoa Bay. The methodology used in this study proposes an informed and intentional approach to create the conditions under which the co-production of and participation in research processes can take place.
The Godless Crusade
Authors: Cremer Tobias
Published: March 2023

This book postulates that the rise of right-wing populism in the West and its references to religion are less driven by a resurgence of religious fervour, than by the emergence of a new secular identity politics. Based on exclusive interviews with 116 populist leaders, key policy makers and faith leaders in the USA, Germany, and France, it shows how right-wing populists use Christianity as a cultural identity marker of the 'pure people' against external 'others' while often remaining disconnected from Christian values, beliefs, and institutions. However, right-wing populists' willingness and ability to employ religion in this way critically depends on the actions of mainstream party politicians and faith leaders. They can either legitimise right-wing populists' identitarian use of religion or challenge it, thereby cultivating 'religious immunity' against populist appeals. As the populist wave breaks across the West, a new debate about the role of religion in society has begun.
Empire of Influence
Authors: Wilkinson Callie
Published: March 2023

Indirect rule is widely considered as a defining feature of the nineteenth and twentieth century British Empire but its divisive earlier history remains largely unexplored. Empire of Influence traces the contentious process whereby the East India Company established a system of indirect rule in India in the first decades of the nineteenth century. In a series of thematic chapters covering intelligence gathering, violence, gift giving and the co-optation of the scribal and courtly elite, Callie Wilkinson foregrounds the disagreement surrounding the tactics of the political representatives of the Company and recaptures the experimental nature of early attempts to secure Company control. She demonstrates how these endeavours were reshaped, exploited and resisted by Indians as well as disputed within the Company itself. This important new account exposes the contested origins of these ambiguous relationships of 'protection' and coercion, while identifying the factors that enabled them to take hold and endure.
Information-theoretic Cryptography
Authors: Tyagi Himanshu , Watanabe Shun
Published: March 2023

This book offers a mathematical foundation for modern cryptography. It is primarily intended as an introduction for graduate students. Readers should have basic knowledge of probability theory, but familiarity with computational complexity is not required. Starting from Shannon's classic result on secret key cryptography, fundamental topics of cryptography, such as secret key agreement, authentication, secret sharing, and secure computation, are covered. Particular attention is drawn to how correlated randomness can be used to construct cryptographic primitives. To evaluate the efficiency of such constructions, information-theoretic tools, such as smooth min/max entropies and information spectrum, are developed. The broad coverage means the book will also be useful to experts as well as students in cryptography as a reference for information-theoretic concepts and tools.
The Battle of Yorktown, 1781
Authors: Grainger John D.
Published: March 2023

An accessible and authoritative account of the battle of Yorktown (1781), the last major battle in the American War of Independence, where an outnumbered British Army surrendered to American forces under George Washington and their French allies.
Snow spikes (penitentes) in the dry Andes, but not on Europa: a defense of Lliboutry's classic paper
Authors: Warren Stephen G.
Published: March 2023

Tall, spiky snow structures (penitentes) occur high in subtropical mountains, in the form of blades oriented east-west and tilted toward the noontime sun. By trapping sunlight, they cause a reduction of albedo by ~0.3 relative to flat snow. The formation of penitentes, explained by Lliboutry in 1954, requires weather conditions allowing the troughs to deepen rapidly by melting while the peaks remain dry and cold by sublimation, losing little mass, because of the 8.5-fold difference in latent heats. Lliboutry's explanation has been misrepresented in some recent publications. A concern has been raised that in the low latitudes of Jupiter's moon Europa, the ice surface may have developed penitentes, which would pose a hazard to a lander. They would require a different mechanism of formation, because Europa is too cold for melting to occur. If penitentes are present on Europa, they cannot be resolved by the coarse-resolution satellite images available now, but the high albedo of Europa (~0.7 at visible wavelengths) argues against the existence of such extreme roughness.
Clinician experiences with using assistive technology in brain injury rehabilitation: a survey of clinician capability, attitudes, and barriers
Authors: Pilli Kavya , Worne Brendan , Simpson Grahame
Published: March 2023

Background:

The rise in assistive technology (AT) solutions to support people with an acquired brain injury (ABI) has warranted clinicians to build capability in assisting clients to select goal-centred AT. The study explored, amongst ABI clinicians, (a) capability, attitudes, and barriers with AT implementation, (b) age-related differences in technology self-efficacy and capability (c) strategies to support AT use in rehabilitation and (d) thematic analysis of AT-related experiences.

Method:

Mixed methods design. Online survey circulated to ABI clinicians across New South Wales, Australia, comprising purpose-designed items as well as the Modified Computer Self-Efficacy Scale (MCSES; range 0–100)

Results:

Clinicians (n = 123) were evenly distributed across decadal age groups. The majority were female (90%, n = 111) and one-third were occupational therapists.

Clinicians scored strongly on the MCSES (Mdn = 76, IQR = 19), with younger age groups significantly associated with higher scores (H[3] = 9.667, p = .022). Most clinicians (92%) were knowledgeable of mainstream technology for personal use, but over half (65%) reported insufficient knowledge of suitable AT for clients. Clinicians reported positive attitudes towards AT, however, time to research and develop proficiency with a range of AT was the primary barrier (81%).

Thematic analysis suggested that whilst the ideal AT experience is client-motivated requiring multidisciplinary guidance, the clinician role and experience with AT is evolving, influenced by rapid technological advancement and extrinsic opportunities to access AT.

Conclusions:

Whilst clinicians have positive attitudes towards AT, there is a gap in clinician implementation. There is need to support further resources to build clinician capability and access to AT.
Clinician perspectives of ABI vocational rehabilitation in Queensland
Authors: Watter Kerrin , Murray Alena , McLennan Vanette , Vogler Jessica , Ehlers Shelley , Jeffery Sarah , Nielsen Mandy , Kennedy Areti
Published: March 2023

Introduction:

Services to support adults with acquired brain injury (ABI) and return to work goals are varied. In Queensland, Australia, return to work goals may be addressed through private or publicly funded rehabilitation services or through publicly funded employment programs. No set frameworks or processes are in place to guide clinicians in providing vocational rehabilitation to adults with ABI, and the extent to which services address clients’ vocational goals and/or provide vocational rehabilitation is unknown.

Method:

This qualitative study investigated the clinical practice and experiences of allied health rehabilitation clinicians (n = 34) to identify current practice in providing vocational rehabilitation to adults with ABI, including pathways and services; models, frameworks and tools; and recommendations for ideal services. Focus groups and online surveys were conducted, with data analysed via content analysis.

Results:

ABI vocational rehabilitation was inconsistently delivered within and across services in Queensland, with differences in access to services, aspects of vocational rehabilitation provided and timeframes for rehabilitation. Five key themes were identified regarding ABI vocational rehabilitation and service delivery in Queensland: Factors influencing ABI and return to work; Service provision; ABI vocational rehabilitation processes (including assessment tools and interventions); Service gaps; and Ideal ABI vocational rehabilitation services.

Discussion:

These findings can inform clinical practice and development, and current and future service delivery models for ABI vocational rehabilitation.
Exeporfinium chloride (XF-73) nasal gel dosed over 24 hours prior to surgery significantly reduced Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage in cardiac surgery patients: Safety and efficacy results from a randomized placebo-controlled phase 2 study
Authors: Mangino Julie E. , Firstenberg Michael S. , Milewski Rita K.C. , Rhys-Williams William , Lees James P. , Dane Aaron , Love William G. , Gonzalez Moreno Jesus
Published: March 2023

We studied 83 cardiac-surgery patients with nasal S. aureus carriage who received 4 intranasal administrations of XF-73 nasal gel or placebo <24 hours before surgery. One hour before surgery, patients exhibited a S. aureus nasal carriage reduction of 2.5 log10 with XF-73 compared to 0.4 log10 CFU/mL for those who received placebo (95% CI, −2.7 to −1.5; P < .0001).
Hydrodynamics of finite-length pipes at intermediate Reynolds numbers
Authors: Pomerenk Olivia , Carrillo Segura Simon , Cao Fangning , Wu Jiajie , Ristroph Leif
Published: March 2023

Extensive studies of the hydraulics of pipes have focused on limiting cases, such as fully-developed laminar or turbulent flow through long conduits and the accelerating flow through an orifice, for which there exist laws relating pressure drop and flow rate. We carry out experiments on smooth, circular pipes for dimensions and flow rates that interrogate intermediate conditions between the well-studied limits. Organizing this information in terms of dimensionless friction factor, Reynolds number and pipe aspect ratio yields a surface$f_D(Re,\alpha )$that is shown to match the three laws associated with developed laminar, developed turbulent, and orifice flows. While each law fails outside its applicable range of$(Re,\alpha )$, we present a hybrid theoretical–empirical model that includes inlet, development and transition effects, and that proves accurate to approximately 10 % over wide ranges of$Re$and$\alpha$. We also present simple formulas for the boundaries between the three hydraulic regimes, which intersect at a triple point. Measurements show that sipping through a straw is an everyday example of such intermediate conditions not accounted for by existing laws but described accurately by our model. More generally, our findings provide formulas for predicting frictional resistance for intermediate-$Re$flows through finite-length pipes.
Developing an Agprop
Authors: Davis D. G. M.
Published: March 2023

It is an historical fact that the Rotol Airscrew Co was formed in the late 1930s specifically to manufacture variable pitch propellers. It would not be unnatural, therefore, to think that the development, in 1975, of a propeller for a crop spraying aircraft would be a routine matter for a company with nearly 40 years experience in the business. To some extent it was, but in other ways it proved to be an interesting and exciting challenge. Perhaps this was partly due to the fact that it was a new type and new types of aircraft or engine or major accessories are something special these days. But the main reason was that some fairly radical changes in design philosophy to those which the Company was accustomed were employed and these provided the major source of development activity.
Engines for agricultural aircraft
Authors: Harker R. W.
Published: March 2023

This paper has been written at rather short notice, which has prevented me from going into statistics and detailed figures, as I would have wished. It is therefore given fairly broad brush treatment and concentrates mainly on the larger types of crop-spraying aircraft in the category of around 6/7000 lb all up weight. This is where the engine situation is most critical and the need for a satisfactory powerplant which the operator can afford is most needed.

My only claim to be able to offer ideas or suggestions and perhaps some prognostications for the future is by associating with a number of Ag operators over the last four years, mainly in the States and particularly at the last four National Agricultural Aircraft Conventions in Florida and at Las Vegas; I have therefore no intention of being pontifical. Another reason for caution is because most of my past experience with engine installations has been with sophisticated aircraft, such as jet fighters, where I have had the good fortune to be supported by a team of technical experts and colleagues.
Legal aspects of mandatory occurrence reporting and CAA powers and duties in the context of pilot licensing
Authors: White G. M. E.
Published: March 2023

Section 8(2)(h) of the Civil Aviation Act 1949 gives power to make provision in the Air Navigation Order ‘generally for securing the safety, efficiency and regularity of air navigation and the safety of aircraft and of persons or property carried therein’. When it was decided to institute a Mandatory Occurrence Reporting system, there was therefore no problem about including a requirement for reporting in the Air Navigation Order, since the whole purpose of the system is to secure the safety of air navigation.

Provision for Mandatory Occurrence Reporting was first made in the summer of 1974 by the Air Navigation (Amendment) Order 1974 which added to the Order a new article, Article 80(A), which specified classes of persons required to report to the Civil Aviation Authority ‘any reportable occurrence … which is of such a description as may be prescribed’. ‘Prescribed’ in the Air Navigation Order means prescribed in regulations (in this context the Air Navigation (General) Regulations) and Article 80(A) did not in fact bite until regulations had been made.
Air transport demand 2000—through a glass darkly
Authors: Wheatcroft Stephen F.
Published: March 2023

One of my US friends in the forecasting fraternity wrote a paper some years ago which he called ‘The Perils of Prediction'. He concluded, on the evidence of successes and failures, that all air traffic forecasters needed to have their heads examined for staying in the business. So why am I here today to talk about air transport demand in the next quarter of a century? Only because I am totally persuaded that the industry cannot do without forecasts —and, moreover, very long term forecasts—of the future volume and nature of demand. I shall examine this proposition in detail shortly. But, in spite of this conviction, you will note that I have added the words ‘through a glass darkly’ to my title. Those of you familiar with St. Paul's Epistle to the Corinthians will remember the words:

'When I was a child, I spoke as a child, I understood as a child, I thought as a child, but when I became a man I put away childish things for now we see through a glass darkly, but then face to face'.
The air defence of the West—a view from NATO's Central Region
Authors: Ellis Richard H.
Published: March 2023

Considerable public debate has arisen recently over the Warsaw Pact's increasing military capability both in quantity and quality of land, sea and air weapons systems. The Soviet military potential has moved from mainly defensive to increased offensive power and a considerable proportion of Soviet resources is going into military research and development. These developments and trends are of increasing concern to the Western democracies particularly in the light of Soviet communism's constant aims and ambitions.

Professional military correspondents and commentators have been warning us on these trends in Soviet military power for a decade or more but a more public and general concern has arisen only in the last year or two, inspired in part perhaps by the lack of progress in SALT and MBFR negotiations as well as the disappointments arising out of the Helsinki agreements.
Aero engine development costing
Authors: Fitzgerald R. M.
Published: March 2023

Rolls-Royce develops engines for both commercial and military purposes. The majority of the military business is through the Procurement Executive branch of the Ministry of Defence. It is not the purpose of this paper to describe the cost estimating and control of contracts with HMG, but to discuss our procedures for commercial engines.

Expressing a programme in figures of £'s sterling is a convenient way of aggregating many dis-similar resources.
Thick, two-dimensional wake roll-up behind a wing of finite span—extended calculations
Authors: Portnoy H.
Published: March 2023

Reference 1 describes a numerical procedure for calculating the roll-up of the wake behind a wing of finite span, when the wake vorticity is assumed to occur within a layer of finite thickness with thin elliptic cross-section normal to the stream. The vorticity is assumed to be a function of spanwise position only (corresponding to a linear transverse velocity profile when the wake is thin), the process is treated as a two-dimensional unsteady one, as in the work of Westwater, Moore and others, and viscous and turbulence effects are ignored.

In Ref. 1 the technique was applied to the classical elliptic loading, to calculate the very early stages of the roll-up. In the present paper these calculations are extended to larger values of the dimensionless time t* and the results are seen to tally fairly well with those of Moore, which were obtained by using a point-vortex model. Similar calculations have also been carried out for a particular non-elliptic loading which was dealt with by Clements and Maull by a two-dimensional, point-vortex method. They gave this loading as an example of a distribution which produces two roll-up cores on each half span, with an induced drag only 10% greater than that of the elliptic loading having the same Ch. The results of the new calculations are presented here, and are seen to be similar to those of Ref. 4 in a general way, both qualitatively and quantitatively.
The Commonwealth Advisory Aeronautical Research Council and its influence on research in the Commonwealth
Authors: Gandy R. W. G.
Published: March 2023

It is to me a signal honour to be invited to give the 33rd British Commonwealth Lecture of this august Society on the subject of the Commonwealth Advisory Aeronautical Research Council. It has fallen to my lot to serve this Commonwealth body from its inception until my retirement a few days ago and, although during most of this period my work for the CAARC has represented only a part of my professional duties, it is a part which has lain very close to my heart.
Electrical power—factors to be considered in future civil aircraft of moderate complexity
Authors: Drury H. P.
Published: March 2023

Many factors influence the choice of the electrical power generation system and the design of the associated busbar distribution network in an aircraft. Beyond the usual factors of safety, initial cost, weight, maintenance cost and the actual rating, the characteristics of the electrical power demanded by the utilisation system, and in particular the avionics equipment, are becoming a factor of increasing importance. The influence of such systems will, of course, vary with the aircraft size, its role, and its overall complexity. Perhaps it is as well also, to point out that the purpose of any system is to enable the aircraft to fulfil its role in the most cost effective manner. This may be a novel approach to the systems engineer whose enthusiasm leads him to believe that the aircraft's sole purpose is to carry around his pet system.
The Government's White Paper on Future Airport Policy
Authors: Clinton Davis S.
Published: March 2023

Since the White Paper appeared three weeks ago, there has been both the opportunity for an initial reaction to emerge and sufficient time for a more mature consideration of the policy conclusions and their implications. The symposium today provides the first occasion open to the Government to explain the policy to a wider audience—outside the House of Commons and the meetings which I have been holding up and down the country at particular airports—to comment on the principal views which have been expressed so far; and to receive a reaction to the White Paper and its recommendations from influential opinion within the airlines, airport authorities, local authorities, amenity organisations and airport users.

It is not my intention to comment on the detailed conclusions of the White Paper, which Neville Ledsome will be covering shortly. But I would like to refer briefly to the Government's overall approach; to the immediate reaction to the White Paper; and to the next steps in the development of airports policy, for which the White Paper marks a beginning rather than an end.
Ground access for airports
Authors: Quarmby David
Published: March 2023

First some independent comments about the access issues raised in the consultation document originally and in the White Paper most recently, and I can do so with a fair degree of independence because now having got the Heathrow Underground link all we have to do is to run it properly and some of the current problems will look after themselves

Perhaps I can give a somewhat independent view on the access issues for airports generally. Just for the record we are interested in access not only for air passengers but also for airport workers who are almost as numerous in their movements as the air passengers are, and those doing business at the airports, particularly those involved in the movement of commercial vehicles. Access is important because, first of all, it can consume a good deal of time and effort on the part of a passenger as part of his total journey.
AIDS in engine management programmes
Authors: Davies A. E.
Published: March 2023

A symposium having AIDS as its topic must include descriptions of flight and ground hardware, software programmes, and logistic support. These are dealt with only incidentally in this paper which attempts to examine the role of AIDS in the total management programme of a major aircraft system—the propulsion system. It can be accepted without too much contention that AIDS equipment can now be adequately reliable and provide flight acquired data in virtually any desired form. It is the inventiveness and imagination of prime manufacturers and operators which is being challenged to make the best use of it. The carriage in flight of equipment which does not directly contribute to performance or payload, and can require anything up to its own weight in compensatory fuel, obviously needs careful examination; but knowledge and understanding of the propulsion system characteristics can be priceless in guiding a transport system or weapon system efficiently through its life cycle.
AIDS in military aircraft
Authors: Daley E. , Delahunty A.
Published: March 2023

In the earlier military aircraft designed since the last war, equipments and systems were generally isolated, each performing its own function independently of the others. Methods of checking correct behaviour of the aircraft system were generally by means of switching on and operating the equipment under reasonably known conditions—that is, for example, observing that indicators showed the correct situation. The methods of flight testing where there was no ready display indication were simply go, no-go methods which generally speaking merely indicated that power was supplied to the equipment under examination. In the Canberra for instance although fairly reasonable space was available, airborne checking in-flight was fairly minimal, most of the system tests taking place prior to flight and in some cases prior to installation of the equipment. With the advent of more miniaturised electronics it was possible to achieve more integrated systems and also system testing, although the natural trend towards smaller and faster aircraft rendered space a premium and therefore such functions more difficult. In the Lightning aircraft there appeared for the first time a fully integrated flight control system which was potentially integrated with the radar system. Figure 1 is a flow diagram which shows a considerable amount of system inter-relationship. In addition there originated a requirement for an automatic test system which was developed and gave a first experience of the use of a complex computer in the testing field. The main problems associated with its use lay in the difficult and time-taking connection to the aircraft and the fact that build up of adverse tolerances in the equipment could result in the rejection of systems which were themselves flight worthy. These factors resulted in the system being only viable at second line. A considerable number of lessons were learnt, however, which have since been applied on a smaller but equally complex scale.
Design concepts of the shuttle mission simulator
Authors: Bird J. D.
Published: March 2023

During the last 20 years flight simulation has become of increasing importance in commercial, military, and space applications because of the significant transfer of training experience to the actual flight task, and the economy in usage of equipments, personnel, and fuels. Simulation has also aided in the definition of man's capability to deal effectively with new and different flight control tasks especially in space flight. In the case of space flight no other means of astronaut training exists other than simulation for much of the mission, a fact that NASA recognised in the beginning of the space programme. As a result a major effort has been made to obtain the highest simulation fidelity possible to insure the safety of each 'one of a kind’ space mission carried out. Link has been actively involved in the US space programme since 1962 when it employed simulation techniques to aid in astronaut training for Gemini flights. Shortly thereafter Link built three command module simulators and two lunar module simulators in which Apollo astronauts trained for their successful moon missions. Subsequently Link was selected to build the simulator in which astronauts trained for the Skylab missions, and was awarded NASA contracts for an Orbiter aeroflight simulator and a Shuttle mission simulator. The Orbiter aeroflight simulator has been functional since 1976 and has been in continuous use in preparation for the recent orbiter aeroflight tests at Edwards AFB, CA. The Shuttle mission simulator has been in design and construction since April 1976, and is scheduled for a phased delivery beginning early in 1978. It represents a major milestone in mission simulators in terms of sophistication, completeness, and magnitude of systems simulated.
Air-to-air combat simulation
Authors: Barnes A. G. , Houghton E. A.
Published: March 2023

The Flight Simulation Facility at the Warton Division of British Aerospace provides support for the design and development of advanced military aircraft. In fulfilling this rôle, opportunities often arise for innovation in the required flight simulation equipment. The combat simulator which we will describe is a good example of such an opportunity.

The practice of using flight simulators for research and development is well established, and the range of problems which are solved by this means is continually growing. Computers, which are at the heart of all simulators, are being improved at a remarkable rate, and improvements in other areas—electronic, hydraulic and mechanical, all contribute to more effective simulators. At the same time, the demand for simulation increases because the cost saving trade-off improves as the cost of flight testing to the ever-more-stringent design goals increases.
Pitot-tubes at 90 and 180 degrees of yaw
Authors: Mojola O. O.
Published: March 2023

As a total pressure sensor in laminar or turbulent flows, the conventional, circular, pitot-tube, with a sharp plane mouth and diameter ratio of about 0.6, has long been known to be insensitive to yaw within about ±10°, relative to the incident stream direction, and, apart from a few isolated attempts to design special pitot-probes having a flat yaw response of over ±45° or thereabouts, information on pitot-tube response at very large yaw angles (>45°, say) is virtually non-existent, even though such information might be sometimes useful.

In this brief note is presented some exploratory measurements of pitot-tube response in a uniform stream at two particular yaw angles, namely 90° and 180°. While the 90° angle was chosen largely out of pure curiosity, the choice of 180° yaw has been motivated by some questions raised in a study on pressure-probe interference in a vortex flow. Included is a brief discussion of the effects of shear on the pitot-tube response.
De Havilland engines—some recollections
Authors: Moult E. S.
Published: March 2023

Before we begin, let me say that this paper is not a catalogue of engines, their bores and strokes, their output and weight. These aspects have been well covered before and are well recorded.

However, engines will figure prominently because that was the business of de Havilland Engines and our fortunes or misfortunes followed their pattern. However, instead of rigorously following the historic trail I prefer to pick out some of the landmarks and to outline some of the problems we met on the way. There may be a few anecdotes and something about the people who took part.

To begin at the beginning, we must start with Geoffrey de Havilland, who wanted to fly.
Flight testing the Cranfield A.1
Authors: McVitie A. M.
Published: March 2023

Before getting to the heart of the matter as it were, it would seem to be sensible to sketch in some of the background to the whole project.

One of the teaching methods used at Cranfield relating to aircraft design students, is to enforce on them the discipline of a design project study undertaken within a group, to be completed within a given timescale and within defined specifications. Many an interesting paper aeroplane has evolved which, for obvious reasons, never progresses beyond model stage.

About a decade ago Nick Carter, the then manager of the British Aerobatic Team and Peter Little an ex-student of the College of Aeronautics asked Cranfield if they would consider the use of student effort to design an aerobatic aircraft for competitive work. On investigation it was discovered that such a task was sufficiently demanding to prove a challenge.
Energy and Aerospace
Authors: Seamans Robert C.
Published: March 2023

Over seven decades have passed since Wilbur and Orville Wright successfully flew their 1903 Flyer and thus ushered in a new era in human history. The impact on our own civilisation of the brothers' accomplishment has been as profound as it has been lasting.

As the new era of heavier-than-air flight matured and man gained increasing confidence in the air, his restless mind looked outward and pondered the possibility of flight into space. In due course, the intellectual and adventuresome descendants of the Wrights made tentative probings in latter day spacecraft counterparts of the 1903 Flyer and were soon spending days, weeks and even months in the strange extra-terrestrial environment.
Current problems of flight simulators for research
Authors: Staples K. J.
Published: March 2023

Barnes has said ‘simulation is like a meal in a restaurant —more depends on the way it is prepared and served than on the basic ingredients'. We know a good deal about the ingredients, the hardware, of the simulator meal but we are not yet particularly good cooks. The lore of cooking has largely been obtained by ad hoc experiments, and at its highest expression is an art; the same is still true, in the main, of simulation techniques. Simulation should come of age. The precocious youngster grew up relatively undisciplined using the sledge-hammer of technology in an endeavour to produce a ground-borne aeroplane, with little science used in identifying the requirements.
Road, rail and air competition for passengers in Europe
Authors: Thomson J. M.
Published: March 2023

The data in this paper are derived from the European Intercity Transport Study carried out between 1973 and 1976 jointly by the OECD, the ECMT and the EEC, with the direct participation of 12 European governments. The Study report was completed in the second half of 1976 and, though not yet published, has been circulated fairly widely.

The subject of this paper touches on just one aspect of the European Study, namely the competition between air transport and other means of transport for passenger traffic in Europe. Since the interest of the paper lies in air traffic it is only concerned with long-distance travel. The European Study limited its attention to trips of over 80 km, straight line distance, which clearly includes all air trips.

The principal modes of transport which compete with air for passenger trips within Europe are car, train and bus. Other modes account for less than 2% of long-distance trips, and they appear to be about equally divided between goods vehicles and motorcycles, but these modes will be ignored in this paper. Ferries are also used, of course, for sea crossings but they are treated for analytical purposes as links in the road and rail networks.
C. C. Walker, CBE, Hon FRAeS 1877-1968
Authors: Newman D. R.
Published: March 2023

It is my privilege this evening to pay tribute to one of the truly great men of British Aviation—Mr. C. C. Walker—in the centenary year of his birth.

C. C. Walker was born in Highgate on 25th August 1877, and in his boyhood there was only a limited degree of general interest in the possibility of powered flight. Most people regarded it as a Jules Verne idea—what we should today call ‘Science Fiction’.

However, his interest was clearly aroused and he had an early appreciation that the problems were soluble. In his own Reminiscences of Fifty Years of Aviation published in the Society’s Centenary Journal, he recalls a ride in Maxim’s steam-driven multiplane in 1894 and it is on record that at the age of sixteen he lectured to a boys’ club on the subject of flying. What a pity that the text has not survived.