bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An integrative taxonomic study of the needle nematode complex Longidorus goodeyi Hooper, 1961 (Nematoda: Longidoridae) with description of a new species.
Authors: Cai Ruihang , Prior Tom , Lawson Bex , Cantalapiedra-Navarrete Carolina , Palomares-Rius Juan E. , Castillo Pablo , Archidona-Yuste Antonio
Published: June 2020

Needle nematodes are polyphagous root-ectoparasites parasitizing a wide range of economically important plants not only by directly feeding on root cells, but also by transmitting nepoviruses. This study deciphers the diversity of the complexLongidorus goodeyithrough integrative diagnosis method, based on a combination of morphological, morphometrical, multivariate analysis and molecular data. A newLongidorusspecies,Longidorus panderaltumn. sp. is described and illustrated from a population associated with the rhizosphere of asphodel (Asphodelus ramosusL.) in southern Spain. Morphologically,L. panderaltumn. sp. is characterized by having a moderately long female body (5.2-7.0 mm), lip region bluntly rounded and slightly offset by a depression with body contour, amphidial pouch with slightly asymmetrical lobes, odontostyle 80.5–101.0 µm long, tail short and conoid rounded.Longidorus panderaltumn. sp. is quite similar toL. goodeyiandL. onubensisin major morphometrics and morphology. However, differential morphology in the tail shape of first-stage juvenile, phylogeny and haplonet analyses indicate they are three distinct valid species. This study defines those three species as members ofL. goodeyicomplex group and reveals the taxonomical complexity of the genusLongidorus. ThisL. goodeyicomplex group demonstrated that the biodiversity ofLongidorusin this region is still not fully clarified.
International student mobility and the transition from higher education to work in Norway
Authors: Wiers-Jenssen Jannecke , Støren Liv Anne
Published: June 2020

The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether international student mobility (ISM) has an impact on the transition from higher education to work. Two measures of labour market outcomes are investigated: unemployment and skills mismatch. To go beyond existing research, we analyse whether the effect of ISM on these outcomes vary by fields of study, intake grades, sociodemographic variables and more. Our analyses are based on data from the Norwegian graduate surveys time series from 2007 to 2017. After controlling for several confounding factors, we find very small differences in labour market outcomes between graduates with and without ISM experience. In comparison with field of study, immigrant background, previous labour market experience and business cycles, the effect of ISM on the examined labour market outcomes is small. Investigating whether graduates with different backgrounds benefit differently from ISM, we find evidence of moderate effect heterogeneities: Graduates with high intake grades and graduates in business and administration seem to benefit somewhat more. Regarding social origin and immigrant background, no heterogeneous effects are found. Contrary to findings from previous studies, we do not find that those least likely to study abroad benefit the most from it. Rather, there is a tendency that groups with the greatest likelihood of studying abroad are those who benefit most.
The Sustainable Development Goals viewed through Gross National Happiness, Ubuntu, and Buen Vivir
Authors: van Norren Dorine E.
Published: June 2020

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)—a normative (non-binding) global international environmental agreement (IEA)—claim to be universal as they were multilaterally negotiated between UN member states. However, is giving the Global South a seat at the table truly inclusive development? This article looks at a cross-cultural comparison of the African philosophy of Ubuntu (specifically in South Africa), the Buddhist Gross National Happiness (Bhutan) and the native American idea of Buen Vivir (e.g. Ecuador) and how they view the SDGs, how they view ‘development’, ‘sustainability’, goals and indicators, the implicit value underpinnings of the SDGs, prioritization of goals, and missing links, and leadership. Viewed through the lens of the three cosmovisions of the Global, the SDGs do not effectively address the human–nature–well-being interrelationship. Other cosmovisions have an inherent biocentric value orientation that is often ignored in academic and diplomatic circles. These claim to be more promising than continuing green development approaches, based in modernism. On the positive side, the SDGs contain language of all three worldviews. However, the SDGs are not biocentric aiming to respect nature for nature’s sake, enabling reciprocity with nature. They embody linear growth/results thinking which requires unlimited resource exploitation, and not cyclical thinking replacing growth with well-being (of all beings). They represent individualism and exclude private sector responsibility. They do not represent collective agency and sharing, implying that there is a need for ‘development as service’, to one another and to the Earth. Including these perspectives may lead to abolishing the word ‘development’ within the SDGs, replacing it by inter-relationship; replacing end-result-oriented ‘goals’ with process thinking; and thinking in cyclical nature, and earth governance, instead of static ‘sustainability’. The glass can be viewed as half full or half empty, but the analysis shows that Western ‘modernism’ is still a strong underpinning of the SDGs. Bridges can be built between Happiness, Ubuntu and Buen Vivir in re-interpreting goal frameworks, global governance and the globalization process. This article is largely based on Van Norren 2017 (Development as service, a Happiness, Ubuntu, and Buen Vivir interdisciplinary view of the Sustainable Development Goals. Doctoral dissertation, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands, 2017). Interview findings are numbered with A (Africa); B (Bhutan); E (Ecuador); S (SDGs).
Is It Fear? Similar Brain Responses to Fearful and Neutral Faces in Infants with a Heightened Likelihood for Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Di Lorenzo Renata , Munsters Nicolette M. , Ward Emma K. , de Jonge Maretha , Kemner Chantal , van den Boomen Carlijn
Published: June 2020

Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) show atypical processing of facial expressions. Research with autistic toddlers suggests that abnormalities in processing of spatial frequencies (SFs) contribute to such differences. The current event-related-potential (ERP) study investigated differences between 10-month-old infants with high- and low-likelihood for ASD in SF processing and in discrimination of fearful and neutral faces, filtered to contain specific SF. Results indicate no group differences in general processing of higher (HSF, detailed) and lower-SF (LSF, global) information. However, unlike low-likelihood infants, high-likelihood infants do not discriminate between facial expressions when either the LSF or HSF information is available. Combined with previous findings in toddlers, the current results indicate a developmental delay in efficient processing of facial expressions in ASD.
A Mosquito-Borne Disease Model with Non-exponentially Distributed Infection and Treatment Stages
Authors: Feng Z. , Gurski K. F. , Prosper O. , Teboh-Ewungkem M. I. , Grogan M.
Published: June 2020

Most epidemiological models for mosquito-borne disease assume exponentially distributed residence times in disease stages in order to simplify the model formulation and analysis. However, these models do not allow for accurate description of the interaction between drug concentration and pathogen load within hosts. To improve this, we formulate a model by considering arbitrarily distributed sojourn for various disease stages. The model formulation is presented using two proven equivalent approaches: integral equations and partial differential equations. Analysis of the model includes the existence of equilibrium solutions and stability, which are shown to be dependent on whether the control reproduction number $${\mathcal {R}}_c$$

R
c

is less or greater than 1. It is also shown that, when the general distributions are replaced by gamma distributions, the system of integral equations can be reduced to a system of ODEs, which has some non-trivial characteristics which are only captured by non-exponential distributions for disease stages.
Correction to: CO2 mineralization by burnt oil shale and cement bypass dust: effect of operating temperature and pre-treatment
Authors: Yörük Can Rüstü , Uibu Mai , Usta Mustafa Cem , Kaljuvee Tiit , Trikkel Andres
Published: June 2020

The article CO2 mineralization by burnt oil shale and cement bypass dust: effect of operating temperature and pre-treatment, written by Can Rüstü Yörük, Mai Uibu, Mustafa Cem Usta, Tiit Kaljuvee, Andres Trikkel.
Epistemic injustice and deepened disagreement
Authors: Lagewaard T. J.
Published: June 2020

Sometimes ordinary disagreements become deep as a result of epistemic injustice. The paper explores a hitherto unnoticed connection between two phenomena that have received ample attention in recent social epistemology: deep disagreement and epistemic injustice. When (pre-existing) epistemic injustice comes into play in a regular disagreement, this can lead to higher-order disagreement about what counts as evidence concerning the original disagreement, which deepens the disagreement. After considering a common definition of deep disagreement, it is proposed that the depth of disagreements is best understood as a matter of degree. Then, a case study of real-life disagreement is introduced: the disagreement about whether racism is a significant issue in the Netherlands, illustrated by the tradition of ‘Black Pete’. It is argued that there is disagreement about what counts as evidence in the case study because of two forms of epistemic injustice: testimonial and hermeneutical injustice. Specifically, there is disagreement about (the application of) epistemic principles concerning (A) whether private first-personal experience of racism is a weighty source of evidence in this domain, (B) whether victims of racism count as important testifiers in this domain, and (C) how to assess testimony that is not (fully) intelligible to you because it employs concepts and terminology you are unfamiliar with. By dismissing the relevant testimony and epistemic resources, the disagreement boils down to disagreement on the level of epistemic principles concerning (A), (B), and (C). Introducinginjustice-based deep disagreementhighlights moral and political aspects of disagreements that might seem factual.
Role of prothrombin 19911 A>G polymorphism, blood group and male gender in patients with venous thromboembolism: Results of a German cohort study
Authors: Limperger Verena , Kenet Gili , Kiesau Bettina , Köther Max , Schmeiser Malin , Langer Florian , Juhl David , Shneyder Maria , Franke Andre , Klostermeier Ulrich K. , Mesters Rolf , Rühle Frank , Stoll Monika , Steppat Dagmar , Kowalski Dorothee , Rocke Angela , Kuta Piotr , Bajorat Tido , Torge Antje , Neuner Bruno , Junker Ralf , Nowak-Göttl Ulrike
Published: June 2020

The role of the A>G polymorphism at position 19911 in the prothrombin gene (factor [F] 2 at rs3136516) as a risk factor for venous thromboembolism [VTE] is still unclear. To evaluate the presence of the F2 polymorphism in VTE patients compared to healthy blood donors and to adjust the results for common inherited thrombophilias [IT], age at onset and blood group [BG], and to calculate the risk of VTE recurrence. We investigated 1012 Caucasian patients with a diagnosis of VTE for the presence of the F2 rs3136516 polymorphism and compared these with 902 healthy blood donors. Odds ratios [OR] together with their 95% confidence intervals were calculated adjusted for F5 at rs6025, F2 at rs1799963, blood group, age and gender. In addition, we evaluated the risk of recurrent VTE during patient follow-up calculating hazard ratios [HR] together with their 95% CI. Compared with the AA wildtype, the F2 GG and AG genotypes (rs3136516) were associated with VTE (OR 1.48 and 1.45). The OR in F5 carriers compared to controls was 5.68 and 2.38 in patients with F2 (rs1799963). BG “non-O” was significantly more often diagnosed in patients compared to BG “O” (OR 2.74). VTE recurrence more often occurred in males (HR 2.3) and in carriers with combined thrombophilia (HR 2.11). Noteworthy, the rs3136516 polymorphism alone was not associated significantly with recurrence. In Caucasian patients with VTE the F2 GG/GA genotypes (rs3136516) were moderate risk factors for VTE. Recurrence was associated with male gender and combined thrombophilia.
Treatment preferences as basis for decision making in patients using direct oral anticoagulants in Spain
Authors: Gavín Olga , Grandes Jesús , García Ma Almudena , Marzo Cristina , Curcio Alejandro , Arístegui Rosa , González Marta , Cerezo-Manchado Juan José
Published: June 2020

Treatment preferences are considered a relevant decision-making driver by the main atrial fibrillation (AF) guidelines. Direct Oral Anticoagulants (DOACs), considered as similar clinically, have administration differences useful for treatment individualization. Preferences, priorities and satisfaction of DOAC users were assessed through an observational, multicentric (25 hospitals), cross-sectional study including adult AF-patients (and/or caregivers) in Spain. Three study groups were considered according to DOAC posology preferences: (A) once-daily, with water; (B) once-daily, with food; (C) twice-daily. Overall, 332 patients and 55 caregivers were included. Mean (SD) age was 73.7 (10.7) years [58.7 (13.9) for caregivers]; 51.5% women [69.1% for caregivers]; 80.7% showed comorbidities and poly-pharmacy [6.6 (3.3) drugs/day]. No statistically significant differences were shown among study groups. Once-daily administration was preferred by 274 patients (82.5%) [60.8% (Group A); 21.7% (Group B); 17.5% (Group C)], and 47 caregivers (85.5%) [58.2% (Group A); 27.3% (Group B); 14.5% (Group C)]. Once-daily DOACs were prescribed in 42.8% of the patients. Bleeding risk was the main concern for both, patients and caregivers, followed by DOAC posology and interactions. Although treatment satisfaction (patients and caregivers) was high (9.0 and 9.1 points, respectively), match between individual treatment preferences and real prescriptions was only shown in 41.0% of AF-patients, evidencing a need for patient involvement on treatment decision-making. There is not a patient profile linked to treatment preferences, and clinical criteria must be the main driver for decision-making. However, for most AF-patients (elderly patients), aged, with comorbidity, poly-pharmacy and high cardiovascular risk, once-daily DOACs would be the preferred option.
Towards Real Time Radiotherapy Simulation
Authors: Voss Nils , Ziegenhein Peter , Vermond Lukas , Hoozemans Joost , Mencer Oskar , Oelfke Uwe , Luk Wayne , Gaydadjiev Georgi
Published: June 2020

We propose a novel reconfigurable hardware architecture to implement Monte Carlo based simulation of physical dose accumulation for intensity-modulated adaptive radiotherapy. The long term goal of our effort is to provide accurate dose calculation in real-time during patient treatment. This will allow wider adoption of personalised patient therapies which has the potential to significantly reduce dose exposure to the patient as well as shorten treatment and greatly reduce costs. The proposed architecture exploits the inherent parallelism of Monte Carlo simulations to perform domain decomposition and provide high resolution simulation without being limited by on-chip memory capacity. We present our architecture in detail and provide a performance model to estimate execution time, hardware area and bandwidth utilisation. Finally, we evaluate our architecture on a Xilinx VU9P platform as well as the Xilinx Alveo U250 and show that three VU9P based cards or two Alevo U250s are sufficient to meet our real time target of 100 million randomly generated particle histories per second.
Spironolactone reduces biochemical markers of bone turnover in postmenopausal women with primary aldosteronism
Authors: Adolf Christian , Braun Leah T. , Fuss Carmina T. , Hahner Stefanie , Künzel Heike , Handgriff Laura , Sturm Lisa , Heinrich Daniel A. , Schneider Holger , Bidlingmaier Martin , Reincke Martin
Published: June 2020

Context

Primary aldosteronism (PA) is the most frequent form of endocrine hypertension. Besides its deleterious impact on cardiovascular target organ damage, PA is considered to cause osteoporosis.

Patients and methods

We assessed bone turnover in a subset of 36 postmenopausal women with PA. 18 patients had unilateral PA and were treated by adrenalectomy, whereas 18 patients had bilateral PA and received mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist (MRA) therapy respectively. 18 age- and BMI-matched females served as controls. To estimate bone remodeling, we measured the bone turnover markers intact procollagen 1 N-terminal propeptide, bone alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin and tartrate resistant acid phosphatase 5b in plasma by chemiluminescent immunoassays at time of diagnosis and one year after initiation of treatment.

Study design

Observational longitudinal cohort study.

Setting

Tertiary care hospital.

Results

Compared with controls, patients with PA had mildly elevated osteocalcin at baseline (p = 0.013), while the other bone markers were comparable between both groups. There were no differences between the unilateral and the bilateral PA subgroup. One year after initiation of MRA treatment with spironolactone bone resorption and bone formation markers had significantly decreased in patients with bilateral PA. In contrast, patients adrenalectomized because of unilateral PA showed no significant change of bone turnover markers.

Conclusion

This study shows that aldosterone excess in postmenopausal women with PA is not associated with a relevant increase of bone turnover markers at baseline. However, we observed a significant decrease of bone markers in patients treated with spironolactone, but not in patients treated by adrenalectomy.
A Remark on Atomic Decompositions of Martingale Hardy’s Spaces
Authors: Paluszynski Maciej , Zienkiewicz Jacek
Published: June 2020

We prove theorems and exhibit a counterexample concerning an atomic decomposition of martingale $${{\mathbb {H}}^1}$$

H

1

with atoms satisfying simultaneous cancellation condition (3).
Modelling Evolution in Structured Populations Involving Multiplayer Interactions
Authors: Broom Mark , Erovenko Igor V. , Rychtář Jan
Published: June 2020

We consider models of evolution in structured populations involving multiplayer games. Whilst also discussing other models, we focus on the modelling framework developed by Broom and Rychtář (J Theor Biol 302:70–80, 2012) onwards. This includes key progress so far, the main gaps and limitations, the relationship and synergies with other models and a discussion of the direction of future work. In this regard as well as discussing existing work, there is some new research on the applicability and robustness of current models with respect to using them to model real populations. This is an important potential advance, as previously all of the work has been entirely theoretical. In particular, the most complex models will have many parameters, and we concentrate on considering simpler versions with a small number of parameters which still possess the key features which would make them applicable. We find that these models are generally robust, in particular issues that can arise related to small payoff changes at critical values and removal of pivotal vertices would have similar effects on other modelling system including evolutionary graph theory. These often occur where it can be argued that there is a lack of robustness in the real system that the model faithfully picks up, and so is not a problematic feature.
Applying ecosystem services as a framework to analyze the effects of alternative bio-economy scenarios in Nordic catchments
Authors: Vermaat Jan E. , Immerzeel Bart , Pouta Eija , Juutinen Artti
Published: June 2020

The inherently unknown future development of a Nordic bio-economy was studied with four scenarios applied in an ecosystem service assessment framework. This framework couples CORINE land use cover with estimates of 15 final ecosystem services from the CICES 5.1 classification in biophysical and monetary terms. Current land use in two catchments, Lillebæk (83% cropland, area 4.7 km2, Denmark) and Ovre Haldenvassdraget (67% forest, 1006 km2, Norway) was compared with four scenarios for 2050. One scenario focusing on sustainability and environmental awareness led to considerable changes in land use and ecosystem service delivery (more diverse provisioning and higher value of regulating services, but not a higher total economic value), whereas the other three did not deviate markedly from the current scenario. Projected land use scenarios were verified with experts and stakeholder representatives. We conclude that the framework has sufficient resolution to show differences in service delivery among scenarios.
Characterising Clifford parallelisms among Clifford-like parallelisms
Authors: Havlicek Hans , Pasotti Stefano , Pianta Silvia
Published: June 2020

We recall the notions of Clifford and Clifford-like parallelisms in a 3-dimensional projective double space. In a previous paper the authors proved that the linear part of the full automorphism group of a Clifford parallelism is the same for all Clifford-like parallelisms which can be associated to it. In this paper, instead, we study the action of such group on parallel classes thus achieving our main results on characterisation of the Clifford parallelisms among Clifford-like ones.
Omics Biomarkers in Obesity: Novel Etiological Insights and Targets for Precision Prevention
Authors: Aleksandrova Krasimira , Egea Rodrigues Caue , Floegel Anna , Ahrens Wolfgang
Published: June 2020

Purpose of Review

Omics-based technologies were suggested to provide an advanced understanding of obesity etiology and its metabolic consequences. This review highlights the recent developments in “omics”-based research aimed to identify obesity-related biomarkers.

Recent Findings

Recent advances in obesity and metabolism research increasingly rely on new technologies to identify mechanisms in the development of obesity using various “omics” platforms. Genetic and epigenetic biomarkers that translate into changes in transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome could serve as targets for obesity prevention. Despite a number of promising candidate biomarkers, there is an increased demand for larger prospective cohort studies to validate findings and determine biomarker reproducibility before they can find applications in primary care and public health.

“Omics” biomarkers have advanced our knowledge on the etiology of obesity and its links with chronic diseases. They bring substantial promise in identifying effective public health strategies that pave the way towards patient stratification and precision prevention.
Efficacy and safety of hydroxychloroquine as add-on therapy in uncontrolled type 2 diabetes patients who were using two oral antidiabetic drugs
Authors: Chakravarti H. N. , Nag A.
Published: June 2020

Objective

To evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of Hydroxychloroquine as add-on therapy in uncontrolled type 2 diabetes patients who were using two oral antidiabetic drugs.

Materials and methods

This was a double blind, placebo controlled, parallel group study in 304 inadequately controlled type 2 diabetes (T2DM) subjects with two oral antidiabetic drugs (glimepiride 4 mg and metformin 500 mg) were randomised to hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) 200 mg, 300 mg, 400 mg once daily (OD) or placebo. Dose of hydroxychloroquine was selected as per body weight of the subject. Primary end point was glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) change at week 12 from baseline. Secondary endpoint was change in fasting plasma glucose (FPG), post prandial plasma glucose (PPG), body weight and any adverse reaction including no of hypoglycemic events, as well as a change in the percentage of subjects with A1C < 7.0% and > 6.5% after 12 weeks of treatment.. In follow-up of 400 mg once daily was once again divided to 200 mg twice daily (BD) to study the effect on tolerability profile for further 12 weeks.

Results

Hydroxychloroquine was associated with significant reduction in HbA1c from baseline (7–8.5%) in 12 weeks −0.78%, −0.91% and 1.2% for hydroxychloroquine 200 mg, 300 mg and 400 mg OD, respectively, versus 0.13% with placebo (P < 0.005). FPG and PPG were reduced by −25 to −38 mg/dl and 34–53 mg/dl, respectively. Body weight also reduced in each group of HCQ. Hypoglycemia was reported only with 300 mg (1.2%) and 400 mg (2.1%) group of HCQ. It was observed that patients who complains with mild GI disturbance with HCQ 400 mg glycemic efficacy was maintained with 200 mg BD with significant relief of the symptoms.

Conclusion

Hydroxychloroquine added to sulphonylurea and metformin, improves glycemic control significantly in T2DM patients. Glycemic effect of different dose of hydroxychloroquine is dose dependent. The safety/tolerability profile of hydroxychloroquine was favourable except GI disturbance which is more frequent with 400 mg. This can be avoided with 200 mg BD without compromise on efficacy.
LIONESS Lab: a free web-based platform for conducting interactive experiments online
Authors: Giamattei Marcus , Yahosseini Kyanoush Seyed , Gächter Simon , Molleman Lucas
Published: June 2020

LIONESS Lab is a free web-based platform for interactive online experiments. An intuitive, user-friendly graphical interface enables researchers to develop, test, and share experiments online, with minimal need for programming experience. LIONESS Lab provides solutions for the methodological challenges of interactive online experimentation, including ways to reduce waiting time, form groups on-the-fly, and deal with participant dropout. We highlight key features of the software, and show how it meets the challenges of conducting interactive experiments online.
The Association Between Hemoglobin Upswing in the Reference Range and Sleep Apnea Syndrome
Authors: Miyashita Hirotaka , Svensson Thomas , Nakamura Masahiro , Svensson Akiko Kishi
Published: June 2020

Purpose

Sleep apnea syndrome (SAS) is a relatively common disorder, but many patients with SAS are still undiagnosed. Using Japanese annual health check and medical claims data, we analyzed the association between hemoglobin upswing, defined as an increase in hemoglobin level within the reference range, and the incidence of SAS.

Methods

In this study, we used the Japan Medical Database Center (JMDC) annual health check and medical claims data of 351,930 male individuals aged 40−59 who had their hemoglobin concentration checked in 2014. We initially identified the reference range of hemoglobin level based on the mean and the standard deviation of hemoglobin concentration in this population. We examined the effect of hemoglobin upswing on the incidence of SAS using Cox proportional hazards models.

Results

The hemoglobin upswing was defined as a change greater than 1.19 g/dL in the reference range of 13.1 to 17.2 g/dL. During a mean follow-up period of approximately 1285 days, 1.9% of the individuals with hemoglobin upswing were diagnosed with SAS, while 1.6% of those without hemoglobin upswing were diagnosed with SAS. The hazard ratio of hemoglobin upswing to the incidence of SAS was 1.21 (95% CI; 1.01–1.44, p = 0.04).

Conclusion

We herein revealed the association between hemoglobin upswing and the incidence of SAS in a middle-aged male population. A statistically significant increase in hemoglobin concentration even in the reference range should be paid attention to as it may indicate the presence of SAS.
Evidence for Multiple Diagenetic Episodes in Ancient Fluvial‐Lacustrine Sedimentary Rocks in Gale Crater, Mars
Authors: Achilles C. N. , Rampe E. B. , Downs R. T. , Bristow T. F. , Ming D. W. , Morris R. V. , Vaniman D. T. , Blake D. F. , Yen A. S. , McAdam A. C. , Sutter B. , Fedo C. M. , Gwizd S. , Thompson L. M. , Gellert R. , Morrison S. M. , Treiman A. H. , Crisp J. A. , Gabriel T. S. J. , Chipera S. J. , Hazen R. M. , Craig P. I. , Thorpe M. T. , Des Marais D. J. , Grotzinger J. P. , Tu V. M. , Castle N. , Downs G. W. , Peretyazhko T. S. , Walroth R. C. , Sarrazin P. , Morookian J. M.
Published: June 2020

The Curiosity rover's exploration of rocks and soils in Gale crater has provided diverse geochemical and mineralogical data sets, underscoring the complex geological history of the region. We report the crystalline, clay mineral, and amorphous phase distributions of four Gale crater rocks from an 80‐m stratigraphic interval. The mineralogy of the four samples is strongly influenced by aqueous alteration processes, including variations in water chemistries, redox, pH, and temperature. Localized hydrothermal events are evidenced by gray hematite and maturation of amorphous SiO2 to opal‐CT. Low‐temperature diagenetic events are associated with fluctuating lake levels, evaporative events, and groundwater infiltration. Among all mudstones analyzed in Gale crater, the diversity in diagenetic processes is primarily captured by the mineralogy and X‐ray amorphous chemistry of the drilled rocks. Variations indicate a transition from magnetite to hematite and an increase in matrix‐associated sulfates suggesting intensifying influence from oxic, diagenetic fluids upsection. Furthermore, diagenetic fluid pathways are shown to be strongly affected by unconformities and sedimentary transitions, as evidenced by the intensity of alteration inferred from the mineralogy of sediments sampled adjacent to stratigraphic contacts.
The Chemostratigraphy of the Murray Formation and Role of Diagenesis at Vera Rubin Ridge in Gale Crater, Mars, as Observed by the ChemCam Instrument
Authors: Frydenvang J. , Mangold N. , Wiens R. C. , Fraeman A. A. , Edgar L. A. , Fedo C. M. , L'Haridon J. , Bedford C. C. , Gupta S. , Grotzinger J. P. , Bridges J. C. , Clark B. C. , Rampe E. B. , Gasnault O. , Maurice S. , Gasda P. J. , Lanza N. L. , Olilla A. M. , Meslin P.‐Y. , Payré V. , Calef F. , Salvatore M. , House C. H.
Published: June 2020

Geochemical results are presented from Curiosity's exploration of Vera Rubin ridge (VRR), in addition to the full chemostratigraphy of the predominantly lacustrine mudstone Murray formation up to and including VRR. VRR is a prominent ridge flanking Aeolis Mons (informally Mt. Sharp), the central mound in Gale crater, Mars, and was a key area of interest for the Mars Science Laboratory mission. ChemCam data show that VRR is overall geochemically similar to lower‐lying members of the Murray formation, even though the top of VRR shows a strong hematite spectral signature as observed from orbit. Although overall geochemically similar, VRR is characterized by a prominent decrease in Li abundance and Chemical Index of Alteration across the ridge. This decrease follows the morphology of the ridge rather than elevation and is inferred to reflect a nondepositionally controlled decrease in clay mineral abundance in VRR rocks. Additionally, a notable enrichment in Mn above baseline levels is observed on VRR. While not supporting a single model, the results suggest that VRR rocks were likely affected by multiple episodes of postdepositional groundwater interactions that made them more erosionally resistant than surrounding Murray rocks, thus resulting in the modern‐day ridge after subsequent erosion.
Modeling Present and Future Permafrost Distribution at the Seward Peninsula, Alaska
Authors: Debolskiy M. V. , Nicolsky D. J. , Hock R. , Romanovsky V. E.
Published: June 2020

Permafrost, a key component of Arctic ecosystems, is currently affected by climate warming and anticipated to undergo further significant changes in this century. The most pronounced changes are expected to occur in the transition zone between the discontinuous and continuous types of permafrost. We apply a transient temperature dynamic model to investigate the spatiotemporal evolution of permafrost conditions on the Seward Peninsula, Alaska—a region currently characterized by continuous permafrost in its northern part and discontinuous permafrost in the south. We calibrate model parameters using a variational data assimilation technique exploiting historical ground temperature measurements collected across the study area. The model is then evaluated with a separate control set of the ground temperature data. Calibrated model parameters are distributed across the domain according to ecosystem types. The forcing applied to our model consists of historic monthly temperature and precipitation data and climate projections based on the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 4.5 and 8.5 scenarios. Simulated near‐surface permafrost extent for the 2000–2010 decade agrees well with existing permafrost maps and previous Alaska‐wide modeling studies. Future projections suggest a significant increase (3.0°C under RCP 4.5 and 4.4°C under RCP 8.5 at the 2 m depth) in mean decadal ground temperature on average for the peninsula for the 2090–2100 decade when compared to the period of 2000–2010. Widespread degradation of the near‐surface permafrost is projected to reduce its extent at the end of the 21st century to only 43% of the peninsula's area under RCP 4.5 and 8% under RCP 8.5.
Six Ways Satellites Tracked COVID-19
Authors: Duncombe Jenessa
Published: June 2020

A new database reveals dimmer cities, empty farming fields, and vacant ports.
From Awareness to Action: Accounting for Infrastructure Interdependencies in Disaster Response and Recovery Planning
Authors: Narayanan Anu , Finucane Melissa , Acosta Joie , Wicker Amanda
Published: June 2020

This paper highlights challenges and open questions pertaining to physical and social infrastructure system interdependencies and their implications for disaster response, recovery, and resilience planning efforts. We describe the importance of understanding interdependencies in disaster contexts and highlight limitations to existing approaches. Suggestions for understanding and addressing interdependencies focus on increasing availability of tools for assessing interdependencies and increasing stakeholder and decisionmaker uptake of infrastructure interdependency‐related information in planning efforts.
Airborne Lead (Pb) From Abandoned Mine Waste in Northeastern Oklahoma, USA
Authors: Li Junran , McDonald‐Gillespie Julie
Published: June 2020

Active and abandoned mines pose serious health threats to humans, aquatic, and terrestrial biota. Northeastern Oklahoma, home to a number of Native American Tribes, is part of the well‐known Tri‐State Mining District. More than 100 years of mining production in this area has left numerous, large chat piles in the surrounding environment. Despite numerous studies and efforts on the restoration of metal contamination in this area, no studies have attempted to distinguish the contributions of different sources, particularly from the atmospheric deposition, of metals to the aquatic environment. Here, we analyzed the atmospheric deposition of Pb from Picher, a town surrounded by chat piles, and Tulsa, a primary metropolitan area in northeastern Oklahoma, from 2010 to 2016. We found that chat piles in Picher contain ~20% and 6% of fine particles that are subjective to windborne transport and human inhalation, respectively, and these fine particles contain disproportionally high concentrations of Pb. Despite the absence of industrial and human activities, airborne Pb in Picher is 2–5 times higher than that of Tulsa. A conservative estimate showed that airborne Pb may contribute up to 10% of annual Pb mass flux to a lake 18 km away from the chat piles in Picher and probably a much higher contribution for soil and water located adjacent to Picher. Despite known limitations, our study represents the first attempt to evaluate the significance of Pb‐laden airborne particulate matter from a large‐scale abandoned mining area where the humans are particularly vulnerable to metal exposure.
An Enhancement of Jupiter's Main Auroral Emission and Magnetospheric Currents
Authors: Nichols J. D. , Allegrini F. , Bagenal F. , Bunce E. J. , Cowley S. W. H. , Ebert R. W. , Grodent D. , Huscher E. , Kamran A. , Kurth W. S. , Wilson R. J. , Yao Z.
Published: June 2020

We present observations of Jupiter's magnetic field and plasma obtained with the NASA Juno spacecraft during February 2018, along with simultaneous Hubble Space Telescope (HST) observations of the planet's auroras. We show that a few‐day transient enhancement of the azimuthal and radial magnetic fields and plasma temperature was coincident with a significant brightening of Jupiter's dawn‐side main auroral emission. This presents the first evidence of control of Jupiter's main auroral emission intensity by magnetosphere‐ionosphere coupling currents. We support this association by self‐consistent calculation of the magnetosphere‐ionosphere coupling and radial force balance currents using an axisymmetric model, which broadly reproduces the Juno magnetic field and plasma observations and the HST auroral observations. We show that the transient enhancement can be explained by increased hot plasma pressure in the magnetosphere together with increased iogenic plasma mass outflow rate. Overall, this work provides important observational and modeling evidence revealing the behavior of Jupiter's giant magnetosphere.
Storage and Evolution of Laguna del Maule Rhyolites: Insight From Volatile and Trace Element Contents in Melt Inclusions
Authors: Klug Jacob D. , Singer Brad S. , Kita Noriko T. , Spicuzza Michael J.
Published: June 2020

Interpreting unrest at silicic volcanoes requires knowledge of the magma storage conditions and dynamics that precede eruptions. The Laguna del Maule volcanic field, Chile, has erupted ~40 km3 of rhyolite over the last 20 ka. Astonishing rates of sustained surface inflation at >25 cm/year for >12 years reveal a large, restless system. Integration of geochronologic, petrologic, geomorphic, and geophysical observations provides an unusually rich context to interpret ongoing and prehistoric processes. We present new volatile (H2O, CO2, S, F, and Cl), trace element, and major element concentrations from 109 melt inclusions hosted in quartz, plagioclase, and olivine from seven eruptions. Silicic melts contain up to 8.0 wt. % H2O and 570 ppm CO2. In rhyolites melt inclusions track decompression‐driven fractional crystallization as magma ascended from ~14 to 4 km. This mirrors teleseismic tomography and magnetotelluric findings that reveal a domain containing partial melt spanning from 14 to 4 km. Ce and Cl contents of rhyolites support the generation of compositionally distinct domains of eruptible rhyolite within the larger reservoir. Heat, volatiles, and melt derived from episodic mafic recharge likely incubate and grow the shallow reservoir. Olivine‐hosted melt inclusions in mafic tephra contain up to 2.5 wt. % H2O and 1,140 ppm CO2 and proxy for the volatile load delivered via recharge into the base of the silicic mush at ~14 to 8 km. We propose that mafic recharge flushes deeper reaches of the magma reservoir with CO2 that propels H2O exsolution, upward accumulation of fluid, pressurization, and triggering of rhyolitic eruptions.
The Electrical Conductivity of Liebermannite: Implications for Water Transport Into the Earth's Lower Mantle
Authors: Manthilake Geeth , Schiavi Federica , Zhao Chengcheng , Mookherjee Mainak , Bouhifd Mohamed Ali , Jouffret Laurent
Published: June 2020

Liebermannite (KAlSi3O8) is a principal mineral phase expected to be thermodynamically stable in deeply subducted continental and oceanic crusts. The crystal structure of liebermannite exhibits tunnels that are formed between the assemblies of double chains of edge‐sharing (Si, Al) O6 octahedral units, which act as a repository for large incompatible alkali ions. In this study, we investigate the electrical conductivity of liebermannite at 12, 15, and 24 GPa and temperature of 1500 K to track subduction pathways of continental sediments into the Earth's lower mantle. Further, we looked at whether liebermannite could sequester incompatible H2O at deep mantle conditions. We observe that the superionic conductivity of liebermannite due to the thermally activated hopping of K+ ions results in high electrical conductivity of more than 1 S/m. Infrared spectral features of hydrous liebermannite indicate the presence of both molecular H2O and hydroxyl (OH−) groups in its crystal structure. The observed high electrical conductivity in the mantle transition zone beneath Northeastern China and the lower mantle beneath the Philippine Sea can be attributed to the subduction pathways of continental sediments deep into the Earth's mantle. While major mineral phases in pyrolitic compositions are almost devoid of H2O under lower mantle conditions, our study demonstrates that liebermannite could be an important host of H2O in these conditions. We propose that the relatively high H2O contents of ocean island basalts derived from deep mantle plumes are primarily related to deeply subducted continental sediments, in which liebermannite is the principal H2O carrier.
Source Versus Recycling Influences on the Isotopic Composition of Nitrate and Nitrite in the East China Sea
Authors: Liu Su Mei , Ning Xiaoyan , Dong Shuhang , Song Guodong , Wang Lingyan , Altabet Mark A. , Zhu Zhuoyi , Wu Ying , Ren Jing Ling , Liu Cheng Gang , Zhang Jing , Huang Daji
Published: June 2020

Nitrogen transfer processes and NO3− sources in the East China Sea (ECS) were analyzed using dual isotopes of NO3− and NO2−, the concentration and isotopes of dissolved O2 and N2 gases, nutrient concentrations, and the hydrological conditions. It was clear that the δ15N and δ18O values of NO3− in the Changjiang freshwater were 5.6–6.6‰ and 0.6–1.0‰, respectively, affected by human activities (fertilizer, sewage, and manure) and nitrification. Off the Changjiang Estuary to the ECS continental slope, the NO3− concentration was lower or exhausted in the upper water layers, where both available δ15N and δ18O values for NO3− were high related to phytoplankton assimilation. In the lower water layers, organic matter remineralization, nitrification, and coupled sedimentary nitrification and denitrification resulted in low NO3− isotope values. Moreover, in the upper water layers of the ECS continental slope, NO3− showed high δ15N and δ18O values and low Δ(15, 18) values affected by assimilation, nitrification, and N2 fixation. NO2− in the ECS was dominated by NH4+ oxidation, and NO2− oxidation plays an important role in depleting NO2− in δ15N values. An overall NO3− budget is built for the ECS shelf, indicating that open boundary exchanges of NO3− flux and isotopes through Kuroshio invasion and Taiwan Warm Current Water are comparable to outflow off the ECS shelf, and nitrogen transformation processes (such as NO3− assimilation and nitrification) play an important role in nitrogen cycle, and NO3− is modified on the ECS shelf.
3‐D Massive MIMO Channel Model for High‐Speed Railway Wireless Communication
Authors: Liao Chengjian , Xu Kui , Xie Wei , Xia Xiaochen
Published: June 2020

In the fifth generation (5G) wireless communication, high‐speed railway (HSR) communication is one of the most challenging scenarios. By adopting massive multi‐input multioutput (mMIMO) technology in HSR communication, the design of the underlying communication system becomes more challenging. Some new channel characteristics must be studied, such as nonstationarity in space, time, and frequency domains. In this paper, two models are established for the two states of HSR. When the HSR stops, a three‐dimensional (3‐D) stationary channel model based on the single‐ring distribution of the scatterers is established. When the HSR moves, a 3‐D nonstationary geometric random channel model (GRCM) based on the cylinder distribution of the scatterers by introducing the birth and death process of the propagation path and time‐varying characteristics of the channel parameters is established. Moreover, a time evolution algorithm for time‐varying channel parameters is proposed, and a modularization study of key parameter update algorithms is conducted. Finally, based on the proposed 3‐D nonstationary geometric random channel model, important time‐varying channel statistical characteristics, such as time autocorrelation function (ACF), spatial cross‐correlation function (CCF), Doppler power spectral density (DPSD), and stationary interval are studied. Simulation results indicate that the properties of the proposed channel models, verified by simulation results, can match well with those of the theoretical model.
Cortical signatures in behaviorally clustered autistic traits subgroups: a population-based study
Authors: Mihailov Angeline , Philippe Cathy , Gloaguen Arnaud , Grigis Antoine , Laidi Charles , Piguet Camille , Houenou Josselin , Frouin Vincent
Published: June 2020

Extensive heterogeneity in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has hindered the characterization of consistent biomarkers, which has led to widespread negative results. Isolating homogenized subtypes could provide insight into underlying biological mechanisms and an overall better understanding of ASD. A total of 1093 participants from the population-based “Healthy Brain Network” cohort (Child Mind Institute in the New York City area, USA) were selected based on score availability in behaviors relevant to ASD, aged 6–18 and IQ >= 70. All participants underwent an unsupervised clustering analysis on behavioral dimensions to reveal subgroups with ASD traits, identified by the presence of social deficits. Analysis revealed three socially impaired ASD traits subgroups: (1) high in emotionally dysfunctional traits, (2) high in ADHD-like traits, and (3) high in anxiety and depressive symptoms. 527 subjects had good quality structural MRI T1 data. Site effects on cortical features were adjusted using the ComBat method. Neuroimaging analyses compared cortical thickness, gyrification, and surface area, and were controlled for age, gender, and IQ, and corrected for multiple comparisons. Structural neuroimaging analyses contrasting one combined heterogeneous ASD traits group against controls did not yield any significant differences. Unique cortical signatures, however, were observed within each of the three individual ASD traits subgroups versus controls. These observations provide evidence of ASD traits subtypes, and confirm the necessity of applying dimensional approaches to extract meaningful differences, thus reducing heterogeneity and paving the way to better understanding ASD traits.
Connectivity dependent thermopower of bridged biphenyl molecules in single-molecule junctions
Authors: Grace Iain M. , Olsen Gunnar , Hurtado-Gallego Juan , Rincón-García Laura , Rubio-Bollinger Gabino , Bryce Martin R. , Agraït Nicolás , Lambert Colin J.
Published: June 2020

We report measurements on gold|single-molecule|gold junctions, using a modified scanning tunneling microscope-break junction (STM-BJ) technique, of the Seebeck coefficient and electrical conductance of a series of bridged biphenyl molecules.