bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: The Intramolecular Ene Reaction of Carbon‐Nitrogen Double Bonds.
Authors: KOCH K. , LIN J.‐M. , FOWLER F. W.
Published: May 2016

Aus dem Hydroxylamin (Ia) entsteht das Acylderivat (Ib), das weiter zu (IIa) und (IIb) acyliert werden kann.
ChemInform Abstract: PHOTOOXYGENATION OF INDOLE‐3‐ACETIC ACIDS AND INDOLE‐3‐ACETALDEHYDES: BIOMIMETIC CONVERSION OF INDOLES INTO QUINOLINES VIA N1‐C2 FISSION
Authors: IHARA M. , NOGUCHI K. , FUKUMOTO K. , KAMETANI T.
Published: May 2016

Während die Photooxidation der substituierten lndolylessigsäuren (I) mit Singulett‐Sauerstoff nach Behandlung‐ der primär gebildeten liydroperoxide (II) mit Dimethylsulfid in Hydroxylaetone (ill) übergehen, liefert die gleiche Behandlung der lndolylacetaldehyde (IV) 4‐Aeylchin0line (V).
ChemInform Abstract: THE PREPARATION OF N′‐ALKYLNICOTINIUM SALTS
Authors: SHIBAGAKI M. , MATSUSHITA H. , KANEKO H.
Published: May 2016

Das aus Nicotin (I) durch Umsetzung mit Benzylbromid (II) hergestellte N‐Benzylnicotiniumbromid (III) reagiert mit AI‐ kylhalogeniden (IV) in hohen Ausbeuten zu bis‐quaternären Niootiniumsalzen (V).
ChemInform Abstract: 2‐HYDROXYMETHYL‐1,4‐DIOXANE
Authors: TSIVUNIN V. S. , ZARIPOVA V. G. , BIKULOVA V. ZH. , ZYKOVA V. V. , KAPUSTINA I. V.
Published: May 2016

Die literaturbekannte Titelverbindung (III) wird dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF CERTAIN DERIVATIVES OF 3‐ARYL‐4(3H)‐QUINAZOLINONES. PART I
Authors: SHANKAR C. R. , RAO A. D. , REDDY E. J. , REDDY V. M.
Published: May 2016

Synthesis and Biological Activities of Certain Derivatives of 3‐Aryl‐4(3H)‐quinazoIinones.
ChemInform Abstract: POLYSTYRENE‐BASED DEBLOCKING‐SCAVENGING AGENTS FOR THE 9‐FLUORENYLMETHYLOXYCARBONYL AMINO‐PROTECTING GROUP
Authors: CARPINO L. A. , MANSOUR E. M. E. , CHENG C. H. , WILLIAMS J. R. , MACDONALD R. , KNAPCZYK J. , CARMAN M. , LOPUSINSKI A.
Published: May 2016

Vernetzte Polystyrole (I) werden mit mono‐geschütztem Piperazin (II) nach Abspaltung der Schutzgruppe am Piperazin zu den Derivaten (III) umgesetzt.
ChemInform Abstract: MESOIONIC SIX‐MEMBERED HETEROCYCLES. VI. REACTIONS OF 6‐OXO‐6H‐1,3‐OXAZIN‐3‐IUM‐4‐OLATES WITH CARBODIIMIDES
Authors: FRIEDRICHSEN W. , SCHILDBERG M.
Published: May 2016

Die mon0‐ und laicyelischen Oxaziniumolate (I) reagieren mit Carbodiimiden (II) zu Dihydrooxazin‐Derivaten (III).
ChemInform Abstract: REACTIONS WITH IN SITU PRODUCTION OF HETERO‐1,3‐DIENES: 4H‐1,3,5‐OXADIAZINE FROM PERHALOKETONES AND CYANAMIDES
Authors: BURGER K. , SIMMERL R.
Published: May 2016

Die früher angegebene Strukturzuordnuiig des aus halogenierten Aeetonen (I) und ("yunamiden (II) erhaltenen Reziktionsprodtikles erwies sich als falsch und wird im Sinne des 4H‐I ,3,S‐Oxudiazin‐Derivates (V) bewiesen und korrigiert.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF BRIDGED‐PHENOXAZINE DERIVATIVES
Authors: MOTOHASHI N.
Published: May 2016

I)ie Reaktion des Benzyloxynitrobenzoylehlorids (I) mit den agp‐Alkylendiaminen (II) liefert die Bis‐amide (III), die sich durch katalytische Hydrierung zu den Anthruniltimiden (IV) reduzieren lassen.
ChemInform Abstract: INTRAMOLECULAR CONDENSATION OF N‐HOMOPIPERONYL‐N‐(DIALKYLPHOSPHORYL)GLYCINE UNDER THE CATALYSIS OF LEWIS ACID
Authors: ZHAO Y.‐F. , XI S.‐K. , TIAN Y.‐F. , SONG A.‐T.
Published: May 2016

Aus den Phosphiten (I) und den Phenethylaminen (II) erhält man mit Triethylamin die Amide (III), die mit NaH und Chloressigsäure zu (IV) acyliert und mit Trifhaoraeetanhydrid zu (V) cyclisiert werden.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF ALKYLTHIO, CYCLOALKYLTHIO, AND CYCLOALKYL DISULFIDES BY OXIDATION OF MERCAPTO THIO ETHERS, BISMERCAPTO THIO ETHERS, AND BISMERCAPTO ALKANES WITH IODINE AND TRIETHYLAMINE
Authors: WEISSFLOG E.
Published: May 2016

Die Methylthiothiole (I) lassen sich mit Iod/Triethylamin zu den Disulfiden (II) kuppeln.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF α‐SILYLOXY HYDROPEROXIDES FROM THE REACTION OF SILYL ENOL ETHERS AND HYDROGEN PEROXIDE
Authors: SAITO I. , NAGATA R. , YUBA K. , MATSUURA T.
Published: May 2016

Cyelohexanon (I) liefert den Silylenolether (II), der mit Wasserstoffperoxid in Gegenwart von Säuren wie Trifluoressigsäure zu dem Hydroperoxid (III) reagiert.
ChemInform Abstract: ORGANOPHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS. XXI. PREPARATION OF ORGANOBROMOPHOSPHINES FROM RPCL2 AND R2PCL BY HALOGEN EXCHANGE
Authors: HINKE A. , KUCHEN W.
Published: May 2016

Die Umsetzung der Dichlorphosphane (I) mit PBr3 oder HBr‐Gas liefert die Bromphosphane (II) in sehr guten Ausbeuten.
ChemInform Abstract: A DIRECT SYNTHESIS OF 1‐CYCLOALKENYLPHOSPHONATES
Authors: BANERJEE S. , ENGEL R. , AXELRAD G.
Published: May 2016

Die aus den (L′ycl0alkanonen (I) mit PCl5/POCl3 leicht darstellbaren l‐(′hloreyeloalkene (II) reagieren mit Triethylphosphit/Ctxßr zu den Cycloalkenylphosphonaten (III).
ChemInform Abstract: CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE CHEMISTRY OF PHOSPHORUS. 125. SYNTHESIS AND STRUCTURE OF F THE TRIORGANYLNONAPHOSPHANES(3) TRIISOPROPYLNONAPHOSPHANE(3) AND TRI‐TERT‐BUTYLNONAPHOSPHANE(3)
Authors: BAUDLER M. , AKTALAY Y. , KAZMIERCZAK K. , HAHN J.
Published: May 2016

Aus den aufgezeichneten Reaktionen wird die Isopropyl‐Verbindung (IIa) analysenrein und die tert.‐Butyl‐Verbindung (IIb) stark angereichert säulenchromatographisch (A1203) isoliert.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF 2‐MERCAPTO‐2‐THIOXO‐1,3,2‐DIOXAPHOSPHOLANES AND DIOXAPHOSPHORINANES
Authors: CHAUHAN H. P. S. , BHASIN C. P. , SRIVASTAVA G. , MEHROTRA R. C.
Published: May 2016

Durch Umsetzung der Glykole (I) mit P385 erhält man die cyclischen Thiophosphorsäurediester (ll).
ChemInform Abstract: PREPARATION AND REACTIONS OF BICYCLIC COMPOUNDS WITH A PHOSPHORUS‐PHOSPHORUS BOND
Authors: ROESKY H. W. , AMIRZADEH‐ASL D.
Published: May 2016

Bei der 1:1‐molaren Umsetzung des tetrasubstituierten llarn‐ Stoffes (I) mit P‐trichlorid entstehen die bicyclischen Produkte (II) und (III).
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF PORPHYRIN‐IRON‐INTERCALATORS WHICH CAUSE DNA SCISSION
Authors: HASHIMOTO Y. , LEE C.‐S. , SHUDO K. , OKAMOTO T.
Published: May 2016

Die Herstellung von Porphyrin‐lntercalatoren (VII) wird beschrieben.
ChemInform Abstract: A STEREOSELECTIVE TOTAL SYNTHESIS OF (.+‐.)‐MARITIMOL, (.+‐.)‐2‐DEOXYSTEMODINONE, (.+‐.)‐STEMODINONE, AND (.+‐.)‐STEMODIN
Authors: MARINI BETTOLO R. , TAGLIATESTA P. , LUPI A. , BRAVETTI D.
Published: May 2016

Ausgehend von dem Enon (I) wird das Methansulfonat (XII) synthetisiert, dessen solvolytische Umlagerung zu den Titelverbindungen (XIV) führt.
ChemInform Abstract: PHOTOSENSITIZED OXYGENATION OF ABIETA‐7,9(11)‐DIEN‐13β‐OL
Authors: ZELNIK R. , RABENHORST E. , HAIDER A. , LAUTERWEIN J. , WYLER H.
Published: May 2016

Durch Dehydratisierung entsteht aus dem Diol (I) ein trennbares Gemisch aus der Titelverbindung (II) und dem Trien (III).
ChemInform Abstract: STEREOCHEMICAL CORRELATIONS BETWEEN (2R,4′R,8′R)‐α‐TOCOPHEROL, (25S,26)‐DIHYDROXYCHOLECALCIFEROL, (‐)‐(1S,5R)‐FRONTALIN AND (‐)‐(R)‐LINALOOL
Authors: BARNER R. , HUEBSCHER J. +
Published: May 2016

Die Darstellungen von (‐)‐(1S,5R)‐Frontalin (IV) und von (‐)‐(3R)‐Linalol (XI) aus dem Cs‐Baustein (I) bzw. aus dem C4‐Baustein (V) werden beschrieben.
ChemInform Abstract: METHYL ABIETATE EPOXIDES AND THEIR REACTION PRODUCTS
Authors: SILKO YU. A. , RALDUGIN V. A. , MAMATYUK V. I. , SHMIDT E. N. , PENTEGOVA V. A.
Published: May 2016

Behandeln der Titelverbindung ( l") mit Persäure nach Literaturverfahren liefert die beiden Epoxide (II) und (III), deren weitere Epoxidierung die Diepoxide (IV) bzw. (VI) ergibt.
ChemInform Abstract: A‐RING NITRATION OF ESTRONE
Authors: SANTANIELLO E. , RAVASI M. , FERRABOSCHI P.
Published: May 2016

Östron (I) liefert bei der Nitrierung mit dem N‐Nitropyrazol (II) im wesentlichen die beiden Nitro‐Verbindungen (IIIa) und (IIIb), während unter drastischeren Bedingungen, speziell mit rauchender Salpetersäure, auch das Dinitro‐Derivat (IIIc) erhalten wird.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF 11‐ AND 15‐OXYGENATED STEROIDS. THE COURSE OF 8,14‐DIENES OXIDATION BY CHROMIC ACID
Authors: ANASTASIA M. , ALLEVI P. , FIECCHI A. , GALLI G. , GARIBOLDI P. , SCALA A.
Published: May 2016

Aus dem Cholestadien (I), dem Dien (IX) bzw. dem ungesättigten Alkohol (VI) werden verschiedene Oxidationsprodukte in der angegebenen Weise hergestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: REARRANGEMENT OF STEROIDAL EPOXIDES AND OPENING OF STEROIDAL KETALS BY ALKYLLITHIUMS
Authors: HOLLAND H. L. , JAHANGIR JAHANGIR
Published: May 2016

Bei der Behandlung mit Butyllithium erhält man aus dem Epoxy‐ketal (I) einen ungesättigten Alkohol (II), der zum Keton (III) verseift wird.
ChemInform Abstract: STUDIES ON ANTIBACTERIAL PEPTIDE. XVI. SYNTHESIS AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF α‐DECANOYLPENTAPEPTIDES RELATED TO COLISTIN. V
Authors: KURIHARA T. , ITO H. , TSUTIDA Y.
Published: May 2016

Die nach bekannten Methoden dargestellten α‐Decanoylgentagegtide (I) zeigen antibakterielle Wirkung.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF DEOXYHALOGENO SUGARS. REACTION OF HALIDE IONS WITH 1,2,3,4‐TETRA‐O‐ACETYL‐6‐O‐((TRIFLUOROMETHYL)SULFONYL)‐β‐D‐GLUCOPYRANOSE
Authors: AMBROSE M. G. , BINKLEY R. W.
Published: May 2016

Aus 1,2,3,4‐Tetra‐O‐acetyl‐β‐D‐glucopyranose (II) erhält man bei der Acylierung das Pyridiniumsalz (I), während in Gegenwart von Trimethylpyridin das Triflat (III) entsteht, das mit Tetrabutylammoniumhalogeniden zu (IVa)‐(IVd) bzw. entsprechend auch zu Sulfinaten wie (IVe) und (IVf) substituiert werden kann.
ChemInform Abstract: NUCLEIC ACID RELATED COMPOUNDS. 43. A CONVENIENT PROCEDURE FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF 2′‐ AND 3′‐KETONUCLEOSIDES
Authors: HANSSKE F. , ROBINS M. J.
Published: May 2016

Als Oxidationsmittel für Hydroxygruppen in Nucleosiden zu Keto‐nucleosiden wird eine Kombination (I) aus Chromtrioxid, Pyridin und Acetanhydrid (l : 2 : l) eingesetzt.
ChemInform Abstract: DEHYDROENKEPHALINS. PART 7. A POTENT DEHYDROLEUCINE‐ENKEPHALIN RESISTANT TO CARBOXYPEPTIDASE
Authors: SHIMOHIAGASHI Y. , STAMMER C. H.
Published: May 2016

Die nach üblichen Verfahren schrittweise dargestellten Tetrapeptide (I) und die geschützte Aminosäure (II) reagieren zu den Verbindungen (IIIa), welche nach Deblockierung die gewünschten Pentapeptide (IIIb) ergeben.
ChemInform Abstract: Angiotensin‐II Analogues. Part l. Synthesis and Incorporation of the Halogenated Amino Acids 3‐(4′‐Iodophenyl)alanine, 3‐(3′,5′‐Dibromo‐4′‐chlorophenyl)alanine, 3‐(3′,4′,5′‐Tribromophenyl)alanine, and 3‐(2′,3′,4′,5′,6′‐Pentabromophenyl)alanine.
Authors: LEDUE R. , BERNIER M. , ESCHER E.
Published: May 2016

Durch elektrophile Bromierung der Aminosäure (Ia) [→(Ib)] und nachfolgende entsprechende Sandmeyer‐Reaktion werden die Verbindungen (Ic) bzw. (Id) dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF A CYCLIC SULFONAMIDO PROSTAGLANDIN ANALOG
Authors: JONES D. N. , LUMBARD K. W.
Published: May 2016

N‐Brom‐N‐methylmethansulfamid (Ia) liefert bei der Photolyse mit dem entsprechenden Olefin das Addukt (Ib), das zum Alkohol (Ic) und seinem Ether (Id) reduziert bzw. zur Säure (le) hydrolysiert wird.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHETIC STUDIES ON CARBAPENEM ANTIBIOTICS: SYNTHESIS OF 6‐PHENOXYACETYLOXY‐1‐CARBAPEN‐2‐EM O‐NITROBENZYL ESTER
Authors: KAMETANI T. , HUANG S.‐P. , CHU S.‐D. , HONDA T.
Published: May 2016

Aus dem Azetidinon (I) wird über das Mesy‐ Iat (II) das Olefin (III) hergestellt und durch Ozonolyse und Reduktion in ein (Remiseh der beiden Alkohole (IV) und (V) umgewandelt.
ChemInform Abstract: STUDIES ON THE S1‐C2 BOND CLEAVAGE REACTION OF PENICILLINS BY CARBENE REACTION: SYNTHESIS OF PENICILLIN DERIVATIVE
Authors: KAMETANI T. , KANAYA N. , MOCHIZUKI T. , HONDA T.
Published: May 2016

Die Penicilline (l ) lassen sich durch Behandeln mit Diazomalonat (II) in Gegenwart von katalytischen Mengen Rhodiumacetat zu l ,2seco‐Penicillin‐Derivaten (III) spalten.
A Facile Approach to Covalently Functionalized Graphene Nanosheet Hybrids and Polymer Nanocomposites
Authors: Fu Jifang , Zong Peisong , Chen Liya , Dong Xing , Shang Dapeng , Yu Wenqi , Shi Liyi , Deng Wei
Published: May 2016

Homogeneous dispersion and a good interface between polymer and filler is crucial to obtain high‐performance polymer composites. In this work, we use a novel method employing organic aminopropyl‐functionalized nanosilica sols (OAS‐sols) to functionalize graphene oxide (GO) and thereby synthesize OAS covalently grafted graphene hybrid nanosheets (OAS‐graphene). The spherical OAS covalently attached on the two‐dimensional (2D) nanosheet GO surfaces creates OAS‐graphene hybrids, which have large surface areas and homogeneous amino active sites distributed on the nanosheets. The OAS‐graphene gave an improved dispersion and interface compatibility as well as a decreased thermal interfacial resistance. As a result, the thermal conductivity and mechanical properties of the epoxy nanocomposites were significantly improved at low loading while maintaining high electrical insulative properties.
An Exposure‐Response Modeling Approach to Examine the Relationship Between Potency of CYP3A Inducer and Plasma 4β‐Hydroxycholesterol in Healthy Subjects
Authors: Jiang Xuemin , Dutreix Catherine , Jarugula Venkateswar , Rebello Sam , Won Christina S. , Sun Haiying
Published: May 2016

The objectives of this analysis were to establish the exposure‐response relationship between plasma rifampicin and 4β‐hydroxycholesterol (4βHC) concentration and to estimate the effect of weak, moderate, and potent CYP3A induction. Plasma rifampicin and 4βHC concentration‐time data from a drug‐drug interaction study with rifampicin 600 mg were used for model development. An indirect response model with an effect compartment described the relationship between rifampicin and 4βHC concentrations. The model predicted that the equilibration t1/2 and 4βHC t1/2 were 72.8 and 142 hours, respectively. EM50 and Emax of rifampicin induction were 32.6 μg and 8.39‐fold, respectively. The population PK‐PD model was then used to simulate the effects of rifampicin 10, 20, and 100 mg on plasma 4βHC for up to 21 days, in which rifampicin 10, 20, and 100 mg were used to represent weak, moderate, and strong inducers, respectively. The model‐predicted median (5th, 95th percentiles) 1.13 (1.04, 1.44)‐, 1.28 (1.10, 1.71)‐, and 2.10 (1.45, 3.49)‐fold increases in plasma 4βHC after 14‐day treatment with rifampicin 10, 20, and 100 mg, respectively. A new drug candidate can likely be classified as a weak, moderate, or strong inducer if baseline‐normalized plasma 4βHC increases by <1.13‐, 1.13‐ to 2.10‐, or >2.10‐fold, respectively, after 14 days of dosing.
High‐Throughput Preparation of New Photoactive Nanocomposites
Authors: Conterosito Eleonora , Benesperi Iacopo , Toson Valentina , Saccone Davide , Barbero Nadia , Palin Luca , Barolo Claudia , Gianotti Valentina , Milanesio Marco
Published: May 2016

New low‐cost photoactive hybrid materials based on organic luminescent molecules inserted into hydrotalcite (layered double hydroxides; LDH) were produced, which exploit the high‐throughput liquid‐assisted grinding (LAG) method. These materials are conceived for applications in dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) as a co‐absorbers and in silicon photovoltaic (PV) panels to improve their efficiency as they are able to emit where PV modules show the maximum efficiency. A molecule that shows a large Stokes’ shift was designed, synthesized, and intercalated into LDH. Two dyes already used in DSSCs were also intercalated to produce two new nanocomposites. LDH intercalation allows the stability of organic dyes to be improved and their direct use in polymer melt blending. The prepared nanocomposites absorb sunlight from UV to visible and emit from blue to near‐IR and thus can be exploited for light‐energy management. Finally one nanocomposite was dispersed by melt blending into a poly(methyl methacrylate)‐block‐poly(n‐butyl acrylate) copolymer to obtain a photoactive film.
Catalytic Hydrotreatment of Humins in Mixtures of Formic Acid/2‐Propanol with Supported Ruthenium Catalysts
Authors: Wang Yuehu , Agarwal Shilpa , Kloekhorst Arjan , Heeres Hero Jan
Published: May 2016

Invited for this month′s cover is the group of Erik Heeres at the University of Groningen. The image shows how solid byproducts (humins) from sugar conversion in a biorefinery can be converted to a humin oil that contains interesting low‐molecular‐weight biobased components. The Full Paper itself is available at 10.1002/cssc.201501371.
Synthesis of 3‐(Alkylamino)‐, 3‐(Alkoxy)‐, 3‐(Aryloxy)‐, 3‐(Alkylthio)‐, and 3‐(Arylthio)‐1,2,4‐triazines by Using a Unified Route with 3‐(Methylsulfonyl)‐1,2,4‐triazine
Authors: Shi Da‐Hua , Harjani Jitendra R. , Gable Robert W. , Baell Jonathan B.
Published: May 2016

In our attempts to synthesize 3‐(alkylthio)‐ and 3‐(alkoxy)‐1,2,4‐triazines without substituents at the 5‐ or 6‐position, the synthesis of their anticipated precursor 3‐(methylsulfonyl)‐1,2,4 triazine was also optimized. The reactivity of 3‐(methylsulfonyl)‐1,2,4‐triazine towards alkyl and aryl thiols, primary and secondary alkylamines, phenols, and alcohols was explored, and the reactions were optimized to maximize the isolation of the corresponding 3‐substituted 1,2,4‐triazine. Good yields were obtained for the products of the reactions with all of the aforementioned nucleophiles, with the exception of alcohols, by using alkali metal carbonates. Higher yields of 3‐(alkoxy)‐1,2,4‐triazines were obtained by using the appropriate magnesium alkoxide as the nucleophile.
Benzopyrazinoisoindigo or Its Reduced Form? Synthesis, Clarification, and Application in Field‐Effect Transistors
Authors: Wang Xiao , Zhao Zhiyuan , Ai Na , Pei Jian , Liu Yunqi , Wan Xiaobo
Published: May 2016

Benzopyrazinoisoindigo, a pigment reported 40 years ago, should be a good candidate for n‐type semiconductors if the reported structure is correct. Reinvestigation of this molecule revealed that it is actually (4H,4′H)‐benzopyrazinoisoindigo, which could be considered as the reduced form of benzopyrazinoisoindigo, and hence, it is a good candidate for p‐type semiconductors. The route toward the synthesis of this molecule was optimized, and a mechanism was accordingly proposed. A field‐effect transistor based on this material showed a hole mobility up to 2.5 × 10–2 cm2 V–1 s–1.
Experimental and numerical investigations on the thermal response of multilayer glass fibre/unsaturated polyester/organoclay composite
Authors: Nguyen Quynh T. , Ngo Tuan D. , Bai Yu , Tran Phuong
Published: May 2016

Organoclay glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) nanocomposites are fabricated using the vacuum assisted resin transfer moulding. The unsaturated polyester resin is prepared with and without organoclay involving mechanical mixing, sonication, dilution solvent and heat treatment. Three levels of organophilic clay content are added, and its influences on the fire performance of composite samples are investigated. A novel numerical procedure combining pyrolysis analysis of the organoclay‐composites and the fire dynamic simulation of the combustion process are developed to validate the thermal responses obtained from the cone calorimetry experiments. Kinetic parameters obtained from the TGA tests and pyrolysis analyses are used as inputs for the models measuring the fire growth index and total heat release. To account for multilayer composite structure and organoclay distribution, three numerical models are proposed including composite (CPS), component (CPN) and CPN‐layer models. While CPS model assumes the homogeneity of the composite, later models consider multilayer effects with uniform (CPN model) or concentrated (CPN‐layer model) distribution of organoclay. Numerical results are compared with experimental ones in terms of total heat release, fire growth index. Finally, the fire resistance and total smoke release of the polyester/glass composites with the addition of organoclay will be evaluated taking into account influences of the fabrication processes.
Supplementary feeding and endangered avian scavengers: benefits, caveats, and controversies
Authors: Cortés‐Avizanda Ainara , Blanco Guillermo , DeVault Travis L , Markandya Anil , Virani Munir Z , Brandt Joseph , Donázar José A
Published: May 2016

Large avian scavengers are among the most vulnerable vertebrates, and many of their populations have declined severely in recent decades. To help mitigate this marked reduction in abundance, supplementary feeding stations (SFS; colloquially termed “vulture restaurants”) have been created worldwide, often without consideration of the scientific evidence supporting the suitability of the practice. SFS have been effective and important tools for conservation and reintroduction of avian scavengers. However, negative consequences can result from large aggregations of individual birds, disrupting intraguild processes and promoting density‐dependent decreases in productivity. At the community level, SFS favor the congregation of predators (ie facultative scavengers), increasing predation risk on small‐ and medium‐sized vertebrates in the vicinity of the SFS. These feeding stations might also affect processes of natural selection and even render populations maladapted to their natural environments. We also examine future scenarios for avian scavengers in relation to ecosystem services, to changes in agro‐grazing economies and in land uses, and ultimately to rewilding landscapes where SFS play a controversial role.
Fishery‐induced evolution provides insights into adaptive responses of marine species to climate change
Authors: Waples Robin S , Audzijonyte Asta
Published: May 2016

Climate change challenges marine species with seawater that is warmer, with less oxygen and lowerpH. To date, most climate‐change studies have focused on organisms' acclimation or shifts in distribution; relatively little is known about the capacity of marine species to respond through evolution. We propose that important insights can be gained from recent studies of fishery‐induced evolution (FIE), which show that increased adult mortality from fishing leads to rapid changes in growth and reproduction schedules. These changes consistently involve evolution of “faster” life histories: earlier maturation at smaller sizes and shorter life spans. In the ocean, coupled effects of higher temperatures and reduced oxygen also differentially affect larger or older individuals, so expected evolutionary consequences of climate change are qualitatively similar to those ofFIE. This general pattern will apply to large numbers of marine species and has important implications for conservation and management.
POD–Galerkin monolithic reduced order models for parametrized fluid‐structure interaction problems
Authors: Ballarin Francesco , Rozza Gianluigi
Published: May 2016

In this paper, we propose a monolithic approach for reduced‐order modeling of parametrized fluid‐structure interaction problems based on a proper orthogonal decomposition–Galerkin method. Parameters of the problem are related to constitutive properties of the fluid or structural problem, or to geometrical parameters related to the domain configuration at the initial time. We provide a detailed description of the parametrized formulation of the multiphysics problem in its components, together with some insights on how to obtain an offline–online efficient computational procedure through the approximation of parametrized nonlinear tensors. Then, we present the monolithic proper orthogonal decomposition–Galerkin method for the online computation of the global structural displacement, fluid velocity, and pressure of the coupled problem. Finally, we show some numerical results to highlight the capabilities of the proposed reduced‐order method and its computational performances. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
With Freedom Comes Responsibility
Authors: Strohschneider Peter
Published: May 2016

It is incumbent on every individual in the research system — as it is on the system as a whole — to subject their own capabilities and limitations to critical reflection, particularly at times of increasingly rapid change in research and in the circumstances surrounding it. A statement on the occasion of the award of this year's Leibniz Prizes.
Measuring the Invisible
Authors: Reiprich Thomas
Published: May 2016

Dark energy makes up most of the universe, permeating distant galaxies and our solar system. Yet it remains largely unresearched. The international X‐ray telescope consortium eROSITA is promising to deliver some spectacular insights into fundamental aspects of astrophysics.
Primary cardiac lymphoma: diagnosis, treatment and outcome in a modern series
Authors: Carras Sylvain , Berger Françoise , Chalabreysse Lara , Callet‐Bauchut Evelyne , Cordier Jean‐François , Salles Gilles , Girard Nicolas
Published: May 2016

Primary cardiac lymphoma (PCL) represents a rare subset of extranodal lymphomas for which the primary lesion arises from the heart and/or the pericardium. Fundamental characteristics of PCL remain uncertain, regarding optimal diagnosis strategy, pathological features, treatments, as well as prognostic factors. This is a single‐institution retrospective study of patients with histologically proven lymphoma, presenting with exclusive or predominant myocardial invasion at time of diagnosis. Thirteen patients were included, all of whom had symptoms related to cardiac tumour location with chronic chest pain in six (46%), dyspnea in seven (54%) and arythmia in three (23%). Sub‐acute and acute congestive heart failure were noticed in respectively nine (70%) and one (9%). PCL was identified at transthoracic echocardiography and computed tomography scan in 80 and 100% of patients, respectively. Most frequent location was the right atrium in 10 (77%) patients. Pericardial effusion was identified in 10 (77%). Pathological diagnosis—diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma in 12 cases and Burkitt in 1 case—was made on cardiac surgical biopsies in 9 cases and by intravascular procedure in 2 cases. All patients received first‐line chemotherapy, with a complete response rate of 62%. Recurrences occurred in 55% of patients, mostly at extracardiac extranodal sites. Our data confirm that PCL harbours specific clinical and anatomical features. The aggressiveness of PCL mainly results from the possible onset of acute cardiac events. Further molecular characterization may help to further individualize PCL among diffuse and intrathoracic lymphomas. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Robust analysis of the determinants of healthcare expenditure growth: evidence from panel data for low‐, middle‐ and high‐income countries
Authors: Younsi Moheddine , Chakroun Mohamed , Nafla Amine
Published: May 2016

This paper examines the determinants of healthcare expenditure for low‐, middle‐ and high‐income countries, and it quantifies their influences in order to assess policies for achieving universal health coverage. We elaborate two models, a fixed‐effect model and the dynamic panel model, to estimate the factors associated with the total health expenditure growth as well as its major components for 167 countries over the period of 1993–2013. The panel data on total health expenditure per capita and its components were taken from the World Development Indicators. Overall, our results showed that total health expenditure per capita is rising in all countries over time as a result of rising incomes. However, our estimates showed that the income elasticity of health expenditure ranged from 0.75 to 0.96 in the fixed‐effect static panel model, while in the dynamic panel model, it was smaller and ranged from 0.16 to 0.47. Our empirical findings indicate that development assistance for health reduced government domestic spending on health but increased total government health spending. Our results also indicate that the trend in health expenditure growth is significantly depending with the country's economic development. In addition, out‐of‐pocket expenditure is powerfully influenced by a country's capacity to increase general government revenues and social insurance contributions. Knowledge of factors associated to health expenditure might help policy makers to make wise judgments, plan health reforms and allocate resources efficiently. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Factors influencing survival among Kenyan children diagnosed with endemic Burkitt lymphoma between 2003 and 2011: A historical cohort study
Authors: Buckle Geoffrey , Maranda Louise , Skiles Jodi , Ong'echa John Michael , Foley Joslyn , Epstein Mara , Vik Terry A. , Schroeder Andrew , Lemberger Jennifer , Rosmarin Alan , Remick Scot C. , Bailey Jeffrey A. , Vulule John , Otieno Juliana A. , Moormann Ann M.
Published: May 2016

Discovering how to improve survival and establishing clinical reference points for children diagnosed with endemic Burkitt lymphoma (eBL) in resource‐constrained settings has recaptured international attention. Using multivariate analyses, we evaluated 428 children with eBL in Kenya for age, gender, tumor stage, nutritional status, hemoglobin, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) and Plasmodium falciparum prior to induction of chemotherapy (cyclophosphamide, vincristine, methotrexate and doxorubicin) to identify predictive and prognostic biomarkers of survival. During this 10 year prospective study period, 22% died in‐hospital and 78% completed six‐courses of chemotherapy. Of those, 16% relapsed or died later; 31% achieved event‐free‐survival; and 31% were lost to follow‐up; the overall one‐year survival was 45%. After adjusting for covariates, low hemoglobin (<8 g/dL) and high LDH (>400 mU/ml) were associated with increased risk of death (adjusted Hazard Ratio (aHR) = 1.57 [0.97–2.41]) and aHR = 1.84, [0.91–3.69], respectively). Anemic children with malaria were 3.55 times more likely to die [1.10–11.44] compared to patients without anemia or malarial infection. EBV load did not differ by tumor stage nor was it associated with survival. System‐level factors can also contribute to poor outcomes. Children were more likely to die when inadvertently overdosed by more than 115% of the correct dose of cyclophosphamide (aHR = 1.43 [0.84–2.43]) or doxorubicin (aHR = 1.25, [0.66–2.35]), compared with those receiving accurate doses of the respective agent in this setting. This study codifies risk factors associated with poor outcomes for eBL patients in Africa and provides a benchmark by which to assess improvements in survival for new chemotherapeutic approaches.
Contribution of Agricultural Infrastructure to Rural Development in the Republic of Korea
Authors: Im Sang Bong , Lee Sang‐Hyun , Lee Jemyung , Kim Taegon
Published: May 2016

The aim of the study is to analyse the effects of large‐scale agricultural infrastructure investment on rural development. Accordingly, we selected the Yeongsan River Basin Comprehensive Development Project (YRBCADP) as the case project and evaluated the impacts of YRBCADP on agricultural and regional development individually. In terms of agricultural development, YRBCADP has contributed to the increase of farmland area, agricultural productivity, and farm income. The farmland of the project area was increased about 3.5 times, from 43 000 ha in 1970 to 150 000 ha in 2010, and the average rice yield per area was 3.97 t ha‐1 in 1973. In addition, YRBCADP has affected regional development positively, such as population, regional income, and transportation accessibility. The ratio of population decrease was 25.6% in the project area but was 41.8% in the no‐project area. The local tax per capita in the project area increased from 123 to 1747 million won in the period 1991–2011. The tidal embankment in YRBCADP has shortened travel distance, thus transportation costs were also reduced. This study reviewed the various effects of YRBCARD on rural development, and these results might offer useful information for making decisions for large‐scale agricultural infrastructure investment. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Immunohistochemical and Western Blotting Analyses of Ganoine in the Ganoid Scales of Lepisosteus oculatus: an Actinopterygian Fish
Authors: Sasagawa Ichiro , Oka Shunya , Mikami Masato , Yokosuka Hiroyuki , Ishiyama Mikio , Imai Akane , Shimokawa Hitoyata , Uchida Takashi
Published: May 2016

In order to compare its characteristics with those of jaw tooth collar enamel, normally developing and experimentally regenerating ganoine from ganoid scales of Lepisosteus oculatus (spotted gar), an actinopterygian fish species, was examined by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Amelogenin, a major enamel matrix protein (EMP), is widely found from sarcopterygian fish to mammals. Therefore, we used antimammalian amelogenin antibodies and antisera: an antibody against bovine amelogenin; antiserum against porcine amelogenin; and region‐specific antibodies or antiserum against the C‐terminus, middle region, or N‐terminus of porcine amelogenin in this study. Positive immunoreactivity with the antibody against bovine amelogenin, antiserum against porcine amelogenin, and the middle and C‐terminal region‐specific antibodies was detected in both normally developing and regenerating ganoine matrix, as well as in granules found within inner ganoine epithelial cells. These immunohistochemical analyses indicated that the Lepisosteus ganoine matrix contains EMP‐like proteins with epitopes similar to mammalian amelogenins. In Western blotting analyses of regenerating ganoid scales with the antibovine amelogenin antibody, two protein bands with molecular weights of approximately 78 and 65 kDa were detected, which were similar to those found in Lepisosteus tooth enamel. Our study suggests that in Lepisosteus, EMP‐like proteins in the ganoine matrix corresponded to those in tooth enamel. However, it was revealed that the 78 and 65 kDa EMP‐like proteins were different from 27 kDa bovine amelogenin.
Silicon dynamics in the rhizosphere: Connections with iron mobilization
Authors: Gattullo Concetta Eliana , Allegretta Ignazio , Medici Luca , Fijan Rebeka , Pii Youry , Cesco Stefano , Mimmo Tanja , Terzano Roberto
Published: May 2016

Silicon (Si) is a beneficial element for plants as it increases their resistance to several biotic and abiotic stresses. In the rhizosphere, root exudates, especially when released by nutritionally stressed plants, promote the mineral weathering and, consequently, influence Si biogeochemistry. This study aims at evaluating the mineralogical alterations in the rhizosphere of Fe‐deficient or Fe‐sufficient barley plants grown either in a natural or in an artificial calcareous soil, focusing on the dynamics of both Fe and Si. After 6 d of soil–plant contact, X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of rhizosphere soil samples of Fe‐deficient plants revealed, for both natural and artificial soil, a decrease of amorphous phases and an increase of smectite compared to the unplanted soil. Root exudates released by Fe‐deficient plants were most likely the main responsible for the weathering of the amorphous phases by a ligand controlled dissolution mechanism. When the soil–plant contact was prolonged up to 12 d, plants overcame Fe nutritional stress and their effect on soil mineralogy completely changed, as proved by the considerable increase of amorphous and decrease of smectite. Smectite decrease might evidence the effort of plant to mobilize Si and micronutrients other than Fe from the soil through the exudation of organic ligands. When the artificial soil was treated with Fe‐sufficient barley plants, the mineral weathering trend appeared reversed compared to the experiments with Fe‐deficient plants. Plant nutritional status regulates the root exudation pattern and, consequently, drives mineral weathering processes in the rhizosphere. Barley has shown to be able to mobilize Si from smectite, yet depending on its Fe supply and proving the strict connection between Si and Fe dynamics in the rhizosphere.
A Silk Fibroin and Peptide Amphiphile‐Based Co‐Culture Model for Osteochondral Tissue Engineering
Authors: Çakmak Soner , Çakmak Anıl S. , Kaplan David L. , Gümüşderelioğlu Menemşe
Published: May 2016

New biomaterials with the properties of both bone and cartilage extracellular matrices (ECM) should be designed and used with co‐culture systems to address clinically applicable osteochondral constructs. Herein, a co‐culture model is described based on a trilayered silk fibroin‐peptide amphiphile (PA) scaffold cultured with human articular chondrocytes (hACs) and human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) in an osteochondral cocktail medium for the cartilage and bone sides, respectively. The presence of hACs in the co‐cultures significantly increases the osteogenic differentiation potential of hBMSCs based on ALP activity, RT‐PCR for osteogenic markers, calcium analyses, and histological stainings, whereas hACs produces a significant amount of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) for the cartilage region, even in the absence of growth factor TGF‐β family in the co‐culture medium. This trilayered scaffold with trophic effects offers a promising strategy for the study of osteochondral defects.

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The Burke‐Fahn‐Marsden Dystonia Rating Scale is Age‐Dependent in Healthy Children
Authors: Kuiper Marieke Johanna , Vrijenhoek Loïs , Brandsma Rick , Lunsing Roelineke J , Burger Huibert , Eggink Hendriekje , Peall Kathryn J , Contarino Maria Fiorella , Speelman Johannes D , Tijssen Marina A J , Sival Deborah A
Published: May 2016

View Supplementary Video 1

Background

The Burke‐Fahn‐Marsden Dystonia Rating Scale is a universally applied instrument for the quantitative assessment of dystonia in both children and adults. However, immature movements by healthy young children may also show “dystonic characteristics” as a consequence of physiologically incomplete brain maturation. This could implicate that Burke‐Fahn‐Marsden scale scores are confounded by pediatric age.

Objective

In healthy young children, we aimed to determine whether physiologically immature movements and postures can induce an age‐related effect on Burke‐Fahn‐Marsden movement and disability scale scores.

Methods

Nine assessors specializied in movement disorders (3 adult neurologists, 3 pediatric neurologists, and 3 MD/PhD students) independently scored the Burke‐Fahn‐Marsden movement scale in 52 healthy children (4–16 years of age; 2 boys and 2 girls per year of age). Independent of that, parents scored their children's functional motor development according to the Burke‐Fahn‐Marsden disability scale in another 52 healthy children (4–16 years of age; 2 boys and 2 girls per year of age). By regression analysis, we determined the association between Burke‐Fahn‐Marsden movement and disability scales outcomes and pediatric age.

Results

In healthy children, assessment of physiologically immature motor performances by the Burke‐Fahn‐Marsden movement and disability scales showed an association between the outcomes of both scales and age (until 16 years and 12 years of age, β = −0.72 and β = −0.60, for Burke‐Fahn‐Marsden movement and disability scale, respectively [both P < 0.001]).

Conclusions

The Burke‐Fahn‐Marsden movement and disability scales are influenced by the age of the child. For accurate interpretation of longitudinal Burke‐Fahn‐Marsden Dystonia Rating Scale scores in young dystonic children, consideration of pediatric age‐relatedness appears advisory.
Spotlight on Volasertib: Preclinical and Clinical Evaluation of a Promising Plk1 Inhibitor
Authors: Van den Bossche J. , Lardon F. , Deschoolmeester V. , De Pauw I. , Vermorken J.B. , Specenier P. , Pauwels P. , Peeters M. , Wouters A.
Published: May 2016

Considering the important side effects of conventional microtubule targeting agents, more and more research focuses on regulatory proteins for the development of mitosis‐specific agents. Polo‐like kinase 1 (Plk1), a master regulator of several cell cycle events, has arisen as an intriguing target in this research field. The observed overexpression of Plk1 in a broad range of human malignancies has given rise to the development of several potent and specific small molecule inhibitors targeting the kinase. In this review, we focus on volasertib (BI6727), the lead agent in category of Plk1 inhibitors at the moment. Numerous preclinical experiments have demonstrated that BI6727 is highly active across a variety of carcinoma cell lines, and the inhibitor has been reported to induce tumor regression in several xenograft models. Moreover, volasertib has shown clinical efficacy in multiple tumor types. As a result, Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has recently awarded volasertib the Breakthrough Therapy status after significant benefit was observed in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients treated with the Plk1 inhibitor. Here, we discuss both preclinical and clinical data available for volasertib administered as monotherapy or in combination with other anticancer therapies in a broad range of tumor types.
Interplay between diet, gut microbiota, epigenetic events, and colorectal cancer
Authors: Bultman Scott J.
Published: May 2016

Despite the success of colonoscopy screening, colorectal cancer (CRC) remains one of the most common and deadly cancers, and CRC incidence is rising in some countries where screening is not routine and populations have recently switched from traditional diets to western diets. Diet and energy balance influence CRC by multiple mechanisms. They modulate the composition and function of gut microbiota, which have a prodigious metabolic capacity and can produce oncometabolites or tumor‐suppressive metabolites depending, in part, on which dietary factors and digestive components are present in the GI tract. Gut microbiota also have a profound effect on immune cells in the lamina propria, which influences inflammation and subsequently CRC. Nutrient availability, which is an outcome of diet and energy balance, determines the abundance of certain energy metabolites that are essential co‐factors for epigenetic enzymes and therefore impinges upon epigenetic regulation of gene expression. Aberrant epigenetic marks accumulate during CRC, and epimutations that are selected for drive tumorigenesis by causing transcriptome profiles to diverge from the cell of origin. In some instances, the above mechanisms are intertwined as exemplified by dietary fiber being metabolized by colonic bacteria into butyrate, which is both a short‐chain fatty acid (SCFA) and a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor that epigenetically upregulates tumor‐suppressor genes in CRC cells and anti‐inflammatory genes in immune cells.
Effect of nitrogen on mechanical, oxidation and structural behaviour of Ti–Si–B–C–N nanocomposite hard coatings deposited by DC sputtering
Authors: Mahato P. , Singh R. J. , Pathak L. C. , Mishra S. K.
Published: May 2016

Ti–Si–B–C–N film was deposited by DC magnetron sputtering at different argon and nitrogen ratios such as N2/Ar = 1 : 5, 2 : 4, 3 : 3, 4 : 1 and 5 : 0. The formation of TiN and TiB phases was observed because of incorporation of nitrogen. The hardness, modulus, microstructure, structure and bond formation with different nitrogen contents during the deposition were studied by nanoindentation, scanning electron microscope, X‐ray diffraction and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, respectively. The oxidation kinetics of Ti–Si–B–C–N was investigated. The nitrogen incorporation during deposition influences different properties of the coating. Hardness and modulus decreased, and microstructure showed very fine grain presence, and film changes to fully amorphous because of incorporation of nitrogen in the film. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of the Fatty Acid Composition in Tree Peony Seeds Using Near‐Infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: Huliang Cui , Fangyun Cheng , Liping Peng
Published: May 2016

Tree peonies (Paeonia Sect Moutan DC) are an emerging oil crop because of their high oil and α‐linolenic acid (ALA) content. This research was to investigate the potential use of near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) for estimating the major fatty acids contents, such as palmitic acid (C16:0), oleic acid (C18:1), linoleic acid (C18:2) and linolenic acid (C18:3) in tree peonies. A total of 115 small seed samples and 447 single seeds were selected to calibrate the predictive models. NIRS absorbance spectra were collected using a Fourier transform near infrared (FT‐NIR) spectrometer for the small seed samples, and acousto‐optic tunable filter‐near infrared (AOTF‐NIR) for the single seed samples. Statistical analysis was performed with partial least squares (PLS). For the husked samples, C18:3, C18:1 and C18:2 showed the highest correlation coefficient of validation (Rv; = 0.9756, 0.9467 and 0.8485, respectively) and the ratio of performance to deviation (RPD; = 3.58, 1.91 and 2.17, respectively); however, C16:0 did not reach expectations (Rv = 0.7783, RPD = 1.32). For intact samples, C18:3 showed the best prediction (Rv = 0.9096, RPD = 3.14), followed by C18:2 (Rv = 0.8479, RPD = 1.96). The results for C18:1 were poor (Rv = 0.7237, RPD = 1.70). For single seeds, only the results for C18:3 (R = 0.9150, RPD = 1.73) were good in the husked seed samples. It was concluded that NIRS can be used to rapidly assess the content of the major fatty acids in small samples.
Intelligence Sharing and the Fight against Terrorism in the Eu: Lessons Learned from Europol
Authors: Bureš Oldřich
Published: May 2016

Ex-post investigations of major terrorist attacks in Europe have highlighted the contradiction between the seemingly free movement of terrorists across Europe and the lack of EU-wide intelligence sharing. In response, EU policymakers have repeatedly promised to improve intelligence sharing across Europe, and some have even floated the idea that Europol should be turned into a centralised EU criminal intelligence hub, akin to the US Federal Bureau of Investigation. In this article, I argue that despite the clear need for borderless intelligence sharing as a response to borderless terrorism, Europol is highly unlikely to become a genuine intelligence agency in the foreseeable future. Experience to date with Europol suggests that it is one thing for Europe's policymakers to make public promises to improve the fight against terrorism via better intelligence sharing across Europe, and quite another thing for them to persuade the relevant national agencies to comply.
S2k guideline on diagnosis and treatment of atopic dermatitis — short version
Authors: Werfel Thomas , Heratizadeh Annice , Aberer Werner , Ahrens Frank , Augustin Matthias , Biedermann Tilo , Diepgen Thomas , Fölster-Holst Regina , Gieler Uwe , Kahle Julia , Kapp Alexander , Nast Alexander , Nemat Katja , Ott Hagen , Przybilla Bernhard , Roecken Martin , Schlaeger Martin , Schmid-Grendelmeier Peter , Schmitt Jochen , Schwennesen Thomas , Staab Doris , Worm Margitta
Published: May 2016

Atopic dermatitis (AD) represents a pruritic, non-contagious, chronic or chronically relapsing, inflammatory skin disease. The course of the disease may be complicated by bacterial or viral superinfections. The first manifestation of the disease and further flare-ups are due to genetic predisposition and also to a variety of further trigger factors. The therapy regimen should be adapted to disease symptoms that are actually present and consider individual features of the disease as reported by the patients or their parents. This short version of the German guideline on AD provides an overview of evidence-based diagnostic and treatment options. All recommendations made here are the result of a consensus of the scientific medical societies, working groups and support groups based on scientific data published to date. Abstracts and details of the studies cited are provided in the long version of this guideline (see: www.awmf.org).