bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Performance of electronic and visual ear tags in lambs under extensive conditions in Turkey
Authors: Karakus F. , Demir A. Ö. , Akkol S. , Düzgün A. , Karakus M.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of electronic and visual ear tags in animal traceability, and to investigate the effect of placement site on ear-tag retention in Akkaraman lambs under rural conditions. A total of 380 lambs were identified with electronic and visual ear tags. Electronic and visual ear tags displayed 98.9 and 98.7 % readability at the end of 7 months, and 98.0 and 98.0 % readability at the end of the first year after tagging, respectively. Regarding the placement site, it was observed that there was more loss in ear tags placed on the mid-point part of the ear than the first-quarter part from the head side, but the difference was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Breakages and electronic failures were not recorded during this study. In conclusion, electronic and visual ear tags demonstrated similar on-farm efficiency for the identification of Akkaraman lambs and fulfilled the minimum efficiency of 98 % required by the International Committee for Animal Recording (ICAR) for an official animal identification device at the end of the first year after tagging. Based on the findings of the study, placement of the ear tag in a cranial position and near the base of the ear would be advised.
Effects of dust particle internal structure on light scattering
Authors: Kemppinen O. , Nousiainen T. , Jeong G. Y.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. There is a large variety of internal structures inside atmospheric dust particles, making them inherently inhomogeneous. Such structures may have a large effect on ground-level and atmospheric radiation. So far, dust particle internal structures and their effect on the light scattering properties have proved to be hard to quantify, in part due to challenges in obtaining information about these structures. Recently, internal structures of individual dust particles were revealed through focused ion beam milling and analyzed. Here, we perform a sensitivity study to evaluate the optical impacts of some of the typical internal structures revealed. To obtain suitable model particles, the first step is to generate inhomogeneous particles with varying internal structures by using an algorithm that is based on three-dimensional Voronoi tessellation. The parameters for the particle generation are obtained from studies of real-world Asian dust particles. The second step is to generate homogeneous versions of the generated particles by using an effective-medium approximation, for comparison. Third, light scattering by both versions of these particles is simulated with discrete-dipole approximation code. This allows us to see how different internal structures affect light scattering, and how important it is to account for these structures explicitly. Further, this allows us to estimate the potential inaccuracies caused by using only homogeneous model particles for atmospheric studies and remote sensing measurements. The results show that the effects vary greatly between different kinds of internal structures and single-scattering quantity considered, but for most structure types the effects are overall notable. Most significantly, hematite inclusions in particles impact light scattering heavily. Furthermore, internal pores and hematite-rich coating both affect some form of light scattering noticeably. Based on this work, it seems that it is exceedingly important that the effects of dust particle internal structures on light scattering are accounted for in a wide variety of applications.
Convergent modelling of past soil organic carbon stocks but divergent projections
Authors: Luo Z. , Wang E. , Zheng H. , Baldock J. A. , Sun O. J. , Shao Q.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. Soil carbon (C) models are important tools for understanding soil C balance and projecting C stocks in terrestrial ecosystems, particularly under global change. The initialization and/or parameterization of soil C models can vary among studies even when the same model and data set are used, causing potential uncertainties in projections. Although a few studies have assessed such uncertainties, it is yet unclear what these uncertainties are correlated with and how they change across varying environmental and management conditions. Here, applying a process-based biogeochemical model to 90 individual field experiments (ranging from 5 to 82 years of experimental duration) across the Australian cereal-growing regions, we demonstrated that well-designed optimization procedures enabled the model to accurately simulate changes in measured C stocks, but did not guarantee convergent forward projections (100 years). Major causes of the projection uncertainty were due to insufficient understanding of how microbial processes and soil C pool change to modulate C turnover. For a given site, the uncertainty significantly increased with the magnitude of future C input and years of the projection. Across sites, the uncertainty correlated positively with temperature but negatively with rainfall. On average, a 331 % uncertainty in projected C sequestration ability can be inferred in Australian agricultural soils. This uncertainty would increase further if projections were made for future warming and drying conditions. Future improvement in soil C modelling should focus on how the microbial community and its C use efficiency change in response to environmental changes, and better conceptualization of heterogeneous soil C pools and the C transformation among those pools.
A Stochastic, Lagrangian Model of Sinking biogenic aggregates in the ocean (SLAMS 1.0): model formulation, validation and sensitivity
Authors: Jokulsdottir T. , Archer D.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. We present a new mechanistic model, Stochastic Lagrangian Aggregate Model of Sinking particles (SLAMS) for the biological pump in the ocean, which tracks the evolution of individual particles as they aggregate, disaggregate, sink, and are altered by chemical and biological processes. SLAMS considers the impacts of ballasting by mineral phases, binding of aggregates by transparent exopolymer particles (TEP), zooplankton grazing, and the fractal geometry (porosity) of the aggregates. Parameterizations for age-dependent organic carbon (orgC) degradation kinetics, and disaggregation driven by zooplankton grazing and TEP degradation, are motivated by observed particle fluxes and size spectra throughout the water column. The model is able to explain observed variations in orgC export efficiency and rain ratio from the euphotic zone and to the sea floor as driven by sea surface temperature and the primary production rate and seasonality of primary production. The model provides a new mechanistic framework with which to predict future changes on the flux attenuation of orgC in response to climate change forcing.
A Web-based spatial decision supporting system for land management and soil conservation
Authors: Terribile F. , Agrillo A. , Bonfante A. , Buscemi G. , Colandrea M. , D'Antonio A. , De Mascellis R. , De Michele C. , Langella G. , Manna P. , Marotta L. , Mileti F. A. , Minieri L. , Orefice N. , Valentini S. , Vingiani S. , Basile A.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. Today it is evident that there are many contrasting demands on our landscape (e.g. food security, more sustainable agriculture, higher income in rural areas, etc.) as well as many land degradation problems. It has been proved that providing operational answers to these demands and problems is extremely difficult. Here we aim to demonstrate that a spatial decision support system based on geospatial cyberinfrastructure (GCI) can address all of the above, so producing a smart system for supporting decision making for agriculture, forestry, and urban planning with respect to the landscape. In this paper, we discuss methods and results of a special kind of GCI architecture, one that is highly focused on land management and soil conservation. The system allows us to obtain dynamic, multidisciplinary, multiscale, and multifunctional answers to agriculture, forestry, and urban planning issues through the Web. The system has been applied to and tested in an area of about 20 000 ha in the south of Italy, within the framework of a European LIFE+ project (SOILCONSWEB). The paper reports – as a case study – results from two different applications dealing with agriculture (olive growth tool) and environmental protection (soil capability to protect groundwater). Developed with the help of end users, the system is starting to be adopted by local communities. The system indirectly explores a change of paradigm for soil and landscape scientists. Indeed, the potential benefit is shown of overcoming current disciplinary fragmentation over landscape issues by offering – through a smart Web-based system – truly integrated geospatial knowledge that may be directly and freely used by any end user (www.landconsultingweb.eu). This may help bridge the last very important divide between scientists working on the landscape and end users.
The influence of a model subglacial lake on ice dynamics and internal layering
Authors: Gudlaugsson E. , Humbert A. , Kleiner T. , Kohler J. , Andreassen K.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. As ice flows over a subglacial lake, the drop in bed resistance leads to an increase in ice velocities and a subsequent draw-down of isochrones and cold ice from the surface. The ice surface flattens as it adjusts to the lack of resisting forces at the base. The rapid transition in velocity induces changes in temperature and ice viscosity, releasing deformation energy which raises the temperature locally. Recent studies of Antarctic subglacial lakes indicate that many lakes experience very fast and possibly episodic drainage, during which the lake size is rapidly reduced as water flows out. A question is what effect this would have on internal layers within the ice, and whether such past events could be inferred from isochrone structures downstream. Here, we study the effect of a subglacial lake on the dynamics of a model ice stream as well as the influence that such short timescale drainage would have on the internal layers of the ice. To this end, we use a Full–Stokes, polythermal ice flow model. An enthalpy gradient method is used to account for the evolution of temperature and water content within the ice. We find that the rapid transition between slow-moving ice outside the lake, and full sliding over the lake, releases large amounts of deformational energy, which has the potential to form a temperate layer at depth in the transition zone. In addition, we provide an explanation for a characteristic surface feature, commonly seen at the edges of subglacial lakes, a hummocky surface depression in the transition zone between little to full sliding. We also conclude that rapid changes in lake geometry or basal friction create a travelling wave at depth within the isochrone structure that transfers downstream with the advection of ice, thus indicating the possibility of detecting past events with ice penetrating radar.
The global land Cryosphere Radiative Effect during the MODIS era
Authors: Singh D. , Flanner M. G. , Perket J.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. Cryosphere Radiative Effect (CrRE) is the instantaneous influence of snow- and ice-cover on Earth's top of atmosphere (TOA) solar energy budget. Here, we apply measurements from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS), combined with microwave retrievals of snow presence and radiative kernels produced from 4 different models, to derive CrRE over global land during 2001–2013. We estimate global annual mean land CrRE during this period of −2.6 W m-2, with variations from −2.2 to −3.0 W m-2 resulting from use of different kernels, and variations of −2.4 to −2.6 W m-2 resulting from different algorithmic determinations of snow presence and surface albedo. Slightly more than half of the global land CrRE originates from perennial snow on Antarctica, whereas the majority of the Northern Hemisphere effect originates from seasonal snow. Consequently, the Northern Hemisphere land CrRE peaks at −6.0 W m-2 in April, whereas the Southern Hemisphere effect more closely follows the austral insolation cycle, peaking in December. Mountain glaciers resolved in 0.05° MODIS data contribute about −0.037 W m-2 (1.4 %) of the global effect, with the majority (94 %) of this contribution originating from the Himalayas. Inter-annual trends in the global annual mean land CrRE are not statistically significant during the MODIS era, but trends are positive (less negative) over large areas of Northern Asia, especially during spring, and slightly negative over Antarctica, possibly due to increased snowfall. During a common overlap period of 2001–2008, our MODIS estimates of the Northern Hemisphere land CrRE are about 18 % smaller (less negative) than previous estimates derived from coarse-resolution AVHRR data, though inter-annual variations are well correlated (r = 0.78), indicating that these data are useful in determining longer term trends in land CrRE.
Long-term coastal-polynya dynamics in the Southern Weddell Sea from MODIS thermal-infrared imagery
Authors: Paul S. , Willmes S. , Heinemann G.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. Based upon high-resolution thermal-infrared Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite imagery in combination with ERA-Interim atmospheric reanalysis data, we derived long-term polynya parameters such as polynya area, thin-ice thickness distribution and ice-production rates from daily cloud-cover corrected thin-ice thickness composites. Our study is based on a thirteen year investigation period (2002–2014) for the austral winter (1 April to 30 September) in the Antarctic Southern Weddell Sea. The focus lies on coastal polynyas which are important hot spots for new-ice formation, bottom-water formation and heat/moisture release into the atmosphere. MODIS has the capability to resolve even very narrow coastal polynyas. Its major disadvantage is the sensor limitation due to cloud cover. We make use of a newly developed and adapted spatial feature reconstruction scheme to account for cloud-covered areas. We find the sea-ice areas in front of Ronne and Brunt Ice Shelf to be the most active with an annual average polynya area of 3018 ± 1298 and 3516 ± 1420 km2 as well as an accumulated volume ice production of 31 ± 13 and 31 ± 12 km3, respectively. For the remaining four regions, estimates amount to 421 ± 294 km2 and 4 ± 3 km3 (Antarctic Peninsula), 1148 ± 432 km2 and 12 ± 5 km3 (Iceberg A23A), 901 ± 703 km2 and 10 ± 8 km3 (Filchner Ice Shelf) as well as 499 ± 277 km2 and 5 ± 2 km3 (Coats Land). Our findings are discussed in comparison to recent studies based on coupled sea-ice/ocean models and passive-microwave satellite imagery, each investigating different parts of the Southern Weddell Sea.
The propensity to bargain while on a vacation
Authors: Kozak Metin , Correia Antónia , Chiappa Giacomo Del
Published: July 2015

This article assesses how tourists’ bargaining motivations and attitudes moderate their willingness to return to Italy, where bargaining is perceived as one of the best ways to deal with sellers. A non-probability quota sampling technique was used to survey domestic tourists in Italy through an online questionnaire which encompassed 26 bargaining values and one item to measure the likelihood that the tourists would bargain at the same destination in the future. The data comprised a total of 812 observations. An order probit model and marginal effects were estimated to measure the tourists’ propensity to return to Italy for bargaining purposes. The study findings indicate that tourists’ propensity to return for bargaining purposes is taken with the awareness that they will not obtain what they expected; as a matter of fact, they are unlikely to care about the final result but instead engage in this behaviour to have fun.
Synthesis and Characterization of Carbon Soot Particles Doped HPMC Polymer Composites
Authors: Gowtham G.K. , Hegde Vinayakprasanna N. , Meshk Simin , Sukrutha S.K. , Somashekar R.
Published: July 2015

Biodegradable Hydroxyl propyl Methyl cellulose based polymer composites of various concentrations were prepared by doping carbon particles of kerosene soot. These composites were synthesized by employing simple solution casting method, to study the physical properties of the same. The analytical studies like XRD, AC conductivity, Tensile strength, Acoustic impedance, AFM and FTIR spectroscopy were carried out to characterize these composites. From the results it is seen that, the amorphous carbon particle disturbs the semi crystalline nature of the polymer by getting interstitial into polymer network. Further, this results in the characteristic changes of other physical parameters like tensile strength and AC conductivity. We have made an attempt to establish a structure property relation of such changes in the physical properties with that of microstructural parameters derived from XRD.
Covalent Functionalizations of Poly(vinyl chloride) in Tune with Applications: An Update
Authors: Moulay Saad
Published: July 2015

Poly(vinyl chloride), PVC, stands as one of the best polymer candidates as far as polymeric materials are strongly sought for in our today’s life. Functionalization of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) remains an appropriate way to fashion materials for specific applications. Molecules of different functionalities and sizes, up to macromolecules, were affixed to PVC matrix. Graft polymerization led to functionalized PVC with several properties for different applications. Some covalently modified PVCs, mainly with heteroatom-containing and cyclic molecules, proved to be biologically active and efficient scaffolds for enzyme/protein immobilization. Suitable functionalizations of PVC even ensured the effectiveness of the polymers as separative, ion-selective electrode, and fuel cell membranes. Some modifying agents incorporated in PVC made the polymeric materials convenient and reliable for solar cells design. Reactions of PVC with metal chelating molecules engendered PVC-metal complexes that were efficient polymer-supported catalysts for Heck, Sonogashira, and Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reactions. Heavy metal sorbents were also made by tailored functionalization of PVC. Modifications of PVC with allotropic carbon nanoparticles, including fullerene C60, carbon nanotubes, and graphene and their applications in the nanocomposites making are herein discussed. The newly emerged “click chemistry” and “living controlled radical polymerization, LCRP” were exploited in the functionalization of poly(vinyl chloride).
Co-Creation and Public Archaeology
Authors: Bollwerk Elizabeth , Connolly Robert , McDavid Carol
Published: July 2015

This paper serves a dual purpose. First it is an introduction that aims to frame a set of papers that describe and discuss the process of co-creation in a variety of archaeological projects. We discuss the challenge of community engagement in public archaeology and offer co-creative practice as a method for improving our relationships with descendant communities and the general public. We begin by providing a definition of public archaeology and a brief overview of its evolution over the last few decades. Second, we discuss co-creation’s origins and utilization in the museum and business sectors, where the process is applied to address challenges similar to those archaeologists face. We then demonstrate how co-creation fits into the public/applied archaeological framework. We argue that co-creation must be both co (that is, share power in some way) and creative (that is, not just do the same things better, but do something new). Within this framework, we discuss how co-creation aligns with and informs current trends in public archaeology practice drawing from the case studies included in this issue. We conclude that co-creation has an important place on the collaborative continuum and can help our discipline become more responsive to the needs of our many publics.
Survivance Stories, Co-Creation, and a Participatory Model at the Mashantucket Pequot Museum and Research Center
Authors: Kasper Kimberly , Handsman Russell G.
Published: July 2015

Since opening its doors in 1998, the Mashantucket Pequot Museum and Research Center (MPMRC) has had an identity as both a tribal center and a museum committed to challenging the public’s conventional understandings of Native history in New England. Over a 15-year period, museum staff and the tribal community learned to work more collaboratively in an effort to document and illuminate Pequot survivance—the histories of Mashantucket families living and working in and against the modern world. A review of recent museum projects clarifies the benefits of collaboration while revealing how new exhibits and programs are impacting visitor experiences and understandings. Another kind of museum space is envisioned in which visitors, staff, and tribal members actively co-create exhibits and programs centered on Pequot survivance, using content informed by ongoing archaeological studies. In that space, co-creation practices would encourage social interaction—a collaborative pushing-and-pulling of ideas and stories in a shared search for new understandings of survivance at Mashantucket and beyond.
Co-Creation of Knowledge by the Hopi Tribe and Archaeologists
Authors: Ferguson T. J. , Koyiyumptewa Stewart B. , Hopkins Maren P.
Published: July 2015

For two decades, the Hopi Cultural Preservation Office has worked with archaeologists to co-create knowledge about the past and document contemporary values associated with heritage sites. Much of this work has been accomplished within the framework of research mandated by the National Historic Preservation Act and National Environmental Policy Act. Here we describe a case study that illustrates the processes of this community-based participatory research, including research design, implementation of fieldwork, peer review of research findings, and reporting. The case study is a project conducted in 2014 by the Hopi Tribe in partnership with Anthropological Research, LLC, to investigate traditional cultural properties associated with an Arizona Public Service Company transmission line. The Hopi Tribe’s collaborative research with archaeologists provides intellectual benefits for the management of archaeological resources and the humanistic and scientific understanding of the past.
La cour de récréation au prisme du genre, lieu de transformation des responsabilités des enseignant-e-s à l’école primaire
Authors: Pasquier Gaël
Published: July 2015

En France, la cour de récréation des écoles primaires constitue un lieu où les enfants sont en grande partie livrés à eux-mêmes sous la surveillance des enseignant-e-s, dont la responsabilité consiste principalement à assurer la sécurité des élèves. Les politiques éducatives menées en faveur de l’égalité des filles et des garçons à l’école amènent cependant les maîtresses et les maîtres qui entendent se saisir de ces questions à envisager cet espace sous un jour nouveau, dans la mesure où ce fonctionnement participe activement à la reproduction des rapports sociaux de sexe traditionnels. Dans cet article, nous nous intéressons aux pratiques déclarées de ces professionnel-le-s, abordées à partir de vingt entretiens non-directifs. Nous y décrivons comment ces enseignant-e-s sensibles à la promotion de l’égalité sont amené-e-s à investir leur responsabilité dans et vis-à-vis de cet espace d’une dimension éducative qui les conduit à concevoir des formes d’interventions adaptées à la spécificité du lieu.
Quelles prises de responsabilités ? Recherche comparative entre élèves scolarisés à l’hôpital et élèves scolarisés hors contexte hospitalier
Authors: Colinet Séverine
Published: July 2015

Cette recherche a pour objectif de comprendre comment les prises de responsabilité s’exercent chez les élèves scolarisés dans le contexte de l’école à l’hôpital et chez ceux qui sont scolarisés à l’école. Afin de concourir à la mise en oeuvre d’une normalisation de la scolarité à l’hôpital, les prises de responsabilité doivent se décentrer du soin et s’inscrire en continuum sur l’ensemble des activités scolaires et non scolaires, au sein ou hors du contexte hospitalier. Notre enquête qualitative s’est fondée sur des entretiens exploratoires, des observations, des entretiens semi-directifs auprès d’élèves hospitalisés et non hospitalisés, d’enseignants et des parents. Un mini-journal a été rédigé par les élèves. Les résultats portent sur une analyse des formes de responsabilités qui ont été dégagées des types de perceptions issus des discours. Il existe différentes formes de prises de responsabilité, plus ou moins en adéquation avec le cadre législatif prônant l’éducation à la responsabilité.
Caractéristiques limnologiques de 56 lacs du Québec méridional en lien avec l’état trophique
Authors: Tremblay Roxane , Pienitz Reinhard
Published: July 2015

Les lacs de villégiature du Québec méridional sont soumis à des pressions anthropiques croissantes. Conséquemment, on observe une intensification de l’eutrophisation avec les effets indésirables que cela comporte, tels une diminution de la biodiversité et un accroissement des espèces tolérantes comme les cyanobactéries. Le premier objectif de l’étude consiste à documenter les interactions qui s’opèrent entre les variables limnologiques et géologiques à l’étude et le processus d’eutrophisation. Le second objectif vise à déterminer a posteriori l’état trophique des lacs étudiés. Pour ce faire, des analyses de corrélations, de groupement et de covariances ont été menées grâce à l’utilisation d’une série de données comptant 57 variables environnementales. Les analyses de corrélations ont montré, tel que normalement observé, qu’il y a un lien étroit entre la concentration de phosphore total, l’abondance des algues et la diminution de la transparence de l’eau. De plus, l’accroissement de la biomasse primaire dans les lacs eutrophes et hypereutrophes était corrélé avec l’augmentation des concentrations d’aluminium dissous. Par ailleurs, les résultats montrent que la géologie des bassins versants joue un rôle prépondérant sur les propriétés alcalines des lacs et conséquemment, le niveau de production primaire semble s’en trouver accrue. Enfin, l’ensemble des lacs à l’étude représente un gradient trophique complet, soit des conditions trophiques classées ultra-oligotrophes à hypereutrophes, ce qui permettra d’effectuer une étude comparative entre le gradient trophique et la structure des communautés de diatomées lors des travaux futurs.
Reconnaissance par imagerie électrique du site pollué de la décharge publique de la ville d’Oujda (Maroc oriental)
Authors: Saadi Sanae , Khattach Driss , Sbaa Mohamed , Kharmouz Mohamed El , Kaufmann Olivier
Published: July 2015

La décharge non contrôlée d’ordures ménagères de Sidi Yahya se trouve à environ 7 km au sud-est de la ville d’Oujda (Maroc nord-oriental). Le tonnage total de déchets qui y sont déversés est de 1,2 à 1,5 million de tonnes pendant la période de l’exploitation (1990-2005). La surface totale qui a été entièrement utilisée est de 41 hectares. Les eaux souterraines, situées à 30 m environ sous le sol, circulent dans des terrains post-miocènes sur un substratum imperméable formé par les marnes du Miocène. Le sol est de type calcimagnésique peu profond, avec une couche plus ou moins importante de limons et d’argiles. Les eaux provenant des déchets eux-mêmes ou issues de la dégradation de la matière organique en conditions aérobies, ainsi que les eaux météoriques, en percolant à travers les déchets, s’enrichissent en divers polluants appelés lixiviats ou percolats. Afin de connaître la destination de ces percolats dans le sous-sol, une étude géophysique par imagerie électrique a été menée dans la partie dégagée de la décharge. Quatre profils de reconnaissance ont été réalisés selon le dispositif dipôle-dipôle. Les résultats de la prospection géoélectrique ont montré que les très faibles résistivités électriques (< 5 Ωm), ont été observées au sein et à l’aval direct du site de la décharge. Ces résultats mettent bien en évidence des zones électriquement très conductrices et elles indiquent la progression du panache de lixiviats dans le sous-sol. La partie centrale de la décharge est l’endroit sous lequel la contamination a atteint des profondeurs qui dépassent les 20 m. Ceci plaide en faveur d’une forte minéralisation des eaux circulant dans les formations sous-jacentes au site, dont la source potentielle est liée à une contamination par des eaux de lixiviats très minéralisées et chargées en matière organique.
Operative Treatment of Ingrown Toenail by Nail Fold Resection Without Matricectomy
Authors: DeBrule Michael B.
Published: July 2015

Background

Many operative techniques have been studied for correction of ingrown toenails, yet the role of nail fold resection without matricectomy is poorly defined. Current literature on this topic is sparse, and previous systematic reviews are absent.

Methods

A MEDLINE/Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature/Scopus search was performed and a systematic review was undertaken for articles discussing surgical treatment of ingrown toenail by nail fold resection without matricectomy. Outcome measures were systematically reported, and variations in operative technique were identified.

Results

Of the 14 articles that fit the inclusion criteria, 2 were level V evidence, 11 were level IV, and 1 was level III. Minimum follow-up time and the criteria for a satisfactory outcome were not consistently defined. Recurrence rates varied from 0% to 20%. The postsurgical infection rate was 0% for all nine studies reporting infection. Ten different operative techniques were identified. Three studies used partial or total nail avulsion as an adjunctive operative procedure. Triangular-, crescent-, elliptical-, semi-elliptical–, and radical-shaped skin excision strategies were identified. Primary and secondary intentions were used for closure.

Conclusions

Operative algorithms for the treatment of ingrown toenail are still unclear regarding nail fold resection without matricectomy and are supported by almost entirely level IV evidence. Future prospective comparative studies and randomized trials are necessary to support and strengthen current practice.
Interprofessional Podiatric Surgical Simulation
Authors: Mendel Shaun , Curtis Donald , Page Jeffrey C.
Published: July 2015

Background

Interprofessional collaboration is key to quality outcomes in the health-care systems of today. Simulation is a common tool in podiatric medical education, and interprofessional education has become more common in podiatric medicine programs. Interprofessional simulation is the blending of these educational strategies.

Methods

A quantitative design was used to determine the impact of an isolated interprofessional podiatric surgical simulation between nurse anesthesia and podiatric medical students.

Results

Statistically significant differences were observed among participants between preintervention and postintervention surveys using the revised Interdisciplinary Education Perception Scale.

Conclusions

Interprofessional simulation can be an effective educational opportunity for podiatric medical and nurse anesthesia students.
Methodological Quality of Randomized Trials Published in the Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association, 1999–2013
Authors: Landorf Karl B. , Menz Hylton B. , Armstrong David G. , Herbert Robert D.
Published: July 2015

Background

Randomized trials must be of high methodological quality to yield credible, actionable findings. The main aim of this project was to evaluate whether there has been an improvement in the methodological quality of randomized trials published in the Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association (JAPMA).

Methods

Randomized trials published in JAPMA during a 15-year period (January 1999 to December 2013) were evaluated. The methodological quality of randomized trials was evaluated using the PEDro scale (scores range from 0 to 10, with 0 being lowest quality). Linear regression was used to assess changes in methodological quality over time.

Results

A total of 1,143 articles were published in JAPMA between January 1999 and December 2013. Of these, 44 articles were reports of randomized trials. Although the number of randomized trials published each year increased, there was only minimal improvement in their methodological quality (mean rate of improvement = 0.01 points per year). The methodological quality of the trials studied was typically moderate, with a mean ± SD PEDro score of 5.1 ± 1.5. Although there were a few high-quality randomized trials published in the journal, most (84.1%) scored between 3 and 6.

Conclusions

Although there has been an increase in the number of randomized trials published in JAPMA, there is substantial opportunity for improvement in the methodological quality of trials published in the journal. Researchers seeking to publish reports of randomized trials should seek to meet current best-practice standards in the conduct and reporting of their trials.
A Nonsurgical Approach to Arteriovenous Malformation of the Foot
Authors: Schick Faith A.
Published: July 2015

There are few documented reports of arteriovenous malformations in the extremities, and even fewer specifically in the foot. Most of the documented cases in the foot present surgical treatments, and there is limited information on the nonsurgical approach. A brief review of the surgical approach to arteriovenous malformations in the foot and hand is presented first, followed by a case report of the nonsurgical treatment of an arteriovenous malformation in the foot, which was initially diagnosed incorrectly.
The Notch-mediated hyperplasia circuitry in Drosophila reveals a Src-JNK signaling axis
Authors: Ho Diana M , Pallavi SK , Artavanis-Tsakonas Spyros
Published: July 2015

Notch signaling controls a wide range of cell fate decisions during development and disease via synergistic interactions with other signaling pathways. Here, through a genome-wide genetic screen in Drosophila, we uncover a highly complex Notch-dependent genetic circuitry that profoundly affects proliferation and consequently hyperplasia. We report a novel synergistic relationship between Notch and either of the non-receptor tyrosine kinases Src42A and Src64B to promote hyperplasia and tissue disorganization, which results in cell cycle perturbation, JAK/STAT signal activation, and differential regulation of Notch targets. Significantly, the JNK pathway is responsible for the majority of the phenotypes and transcriptional changes downstream of Notch-Src synergy. We previously reported that Notch-Mef2 also activates JNK, indicating that there are commonalities within the Notch-dependent proliferation circuitry; however, the current data indicate that Notch-Src accesses JNK in a significantly different fashion than Notch-Mef2.
Logics and properties of a genetic regulatory program that drives embryonic muscle development in an echinoderm
Authors: Andrikou Carmen , Pai Chih-Yu , Su Yi-Hsien , Arnone Maria Ina
Published: July 2015

Evolutionary origin of muscle is a central question when discussing mesoderm evolution. Developmental mechanisms underlying somatic muscle development have mostly been studied in vertebrates and fly where multiple signals and hierarchic genetic regulatory cascades selectively specify myoblasts from a pool of naive mesodermal progenitors. However, due to the increased organismic complexity and distant phylogenetic position of the two systems, a general mechanistic understanding of myogenesis is still lacking. In this study, we propose a gene regulatory network (GRN) model that promotes myogenesis in the sea urchin embryo, an early branching deuterostome. A fibroblast growth factor signaling and four Forkhead transcription factors consist the central part of our model and appear to orchestrate the myogenic process. The topological properties of the network reveal dense gene interwiring and a multilevel transcriptional regulation of conserved and novel myogenic genes. Finally, the comparison of the myogenic network architecture among different animal groups highlights the evolutionary plasticity of developmental GRNs.
First quantitative high-throughput screen in zebrafish identifies novel pathways for increasing pancreatic β-cell mass
Authors: Wang Guangliang , Rajpurohit Surendra K , Delaspre Fabien , Walker Steven L , White David T , Ceasrine Alexis , Kuruvilla Rejji , Li Ruo-jing , Shim Joong S , Liu Jun O , Parsons Michael J , Mumm Jeff S
Published: July 2015

Whole-organism chemical screening can circumvent bottlenecks that impede drug discovery. However, in vivo screens have not attained throughput capacities possible with in vitro assays. We therefore developed a method enabling in vivo high-throughput screening (HTS) in zebrafish, termed automated reporter quantification in vivo (ARQiv). In this study, ARQiv was combined with robotics to fully actualize whole-organism HTS (ARQiv-HTS). In a primary screen, this platform quantified cell-specific fluorescent reporters in >500,000 transgenic zebrafish larvae to identify FDA-approved (Federal Drug Administration) drugs that increased the number of insulin-producing β cells in the pancreas. 24 drugs were confirmed as inducers of endocrine differentiation and/or stimulators of β-cell proliferation. Further, we discovered novel roles for NF-κB signaling in regulating endocrine differentiation and for serotonergic signaling in selectively stimulating β-cell proliferation. These studies demonstrate the power of ARQiv-HTS for drug discovery and provide unique insights into signaling pathways controlling β-cell mass, potential therapeutic targets for treating diabetes.
The Sami of the Kola Peninsula - About the life of an ethnic minority in the Soviet Union
Authors: Allemann Lukas
Published: July 2015

With this study of the Sami population in the Russian part of Lapland, Lukas Allemann closes a research gap. The author focuses on the little explored period between the end of the war in 1945 and beginning of perestroika. Applying an oral history approach with biographical interviews the author opens up the inner world and structural relationships of this minority ethnic group.
For all the differences, contradictions and diverging assessments of the Soviet era, what emerges from this study is that - contrary to the widespread view expressed in the secondary literature - it was not collectivization and terror, but the forced relocations between the 1930s and 70s that represented the deepest rupture in the life of the Sami.  The opinion that it was Soviet rule that initiated the destruction of Sami culture is also relativized. Russification and changes in reindeer herding patterns had set in already before the October Revolution.

Translated from German language by Michael Lomax.

Originally published (in German) by:
Verlag Peter Lang, 'Menschen und Strukturen' series. Historisch-sozialwissenschaftliche Studien, Ed. Heiko Haumann, Vol.  18, Frankfurt am Main, Berlin, Bern, Brussels, New York, Oxford, Vienna, 2010.
Processo de Adaptação de Executivos Expatriados no Brasil: Um Estudo Sobre a Atuação do Profissional de Secretariado Executivo em uma Multinacional de Origem Alemã
Authors: Silva Guimarães Cota Marina , Emmendoerfer Magnus Luiz , Gonçalves Reis Ana Carolina , Da Silva Lara Lúcia
Published: July 2015

O presente trabalho propôs uma pesquisa descritiva, com o objetivo de verificar a atuação do profissional de Secretariado Executivo no processo de adaptação de executivos expatriados no Brasil. Para tanto, foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas com Secretárias Executivas que trabalham com expatriados e aplicados questionários a executivos expatriados, ambos os grupos pertencentes a uma mesma empresa multinacional alemã. Por meio da análise de dados qualitativos obtidos pelos questionários, foi possível identificar os fatores de choque cultural que os executivos expatriados alemães enfrentam no Brasil. Nesse sentido, buscou-se, também, conhecer a forma de atuação do profissional de Secretariado Executivo com os executivos expatriados, mapeando as atividades desenvolvidas, os desafios enfrentados e as competências necessárias ao profissional nessa função. Concluiu-se que o Secretário Executivo possui potencial de facilitador no processo de adaptação do executivo expatriado e, também, da família deste no país hospedeiro. Por fim, esta pesquisa aponta contribuições para mais um campo de atuação do profissional do Secretariado Executivo.
Drought‐induced variability in dissolved organic matter composition in a marsh‐dominated estuary
Authors: Medeiros Patricia M. , Seidel Michael , Dittmar Thorsten , Whitman William B. , Moran Mary Ann
Published: July 2015

The composition of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in an estuary characterized by extensive salt marsh vegetation was investigated at the molecular level using ultrahigh‐resolution mass spectrometry and stable carbon isotope analyses. Samples from multiple seasons covered different hydrological regimes, including anomalously low‐discharge conditions. The untargeted approach used allowed for identifying the DOM molecular signatures associated with different DOM sources in the estuary. DOM composition was strongly modulated by river discharge at monthly scales, with high river flow leading to significant increases in the terrigenous signature of the DOM throughout the estuary. During a severe/exceptional drought, estuarine DOM was imprinted with a distinct signature of marsh‐derived compounds. The frequency of occurrence of anomalously low‐discharge conditions seems to have increased over the last decades. If predictions of anthropogenically driven changes in hydroclimate are confirmed, they will likely be accompanied by changes in DOM composition in estuaries at multidecadal time scales.
Imaging widespread seismicity at midlower crustal depths beneath Long Beach, CA, with a dense seismic array: Evidence for a depth‐dependent earthquake size distribution
Authors: Inbal Asaf , Clayton Robert W. , Ampuero Jean‐Paul
Published: July 2015

We use a dense seismic array composed of 5200 vertical geophones to monitor microseismicity in Long Beach, California. Poor signal‐to‐noise ratio due to anthropogenic activity is mitigated via downward‐continuation of the recorded wavefield. The downward‐continued data are continuously back projected to search for coherent arrivals from sources beneath the array, which reveals numerous, previously undetected events. The spatial distribution of seismicity is uncorrelated with the mapped fault traces, or with activity in the nearby oil‐fields. Many events are located at depths larger than 20 km, well below the commonly accepted seismogenic depth for that area. The seismicity exhibits temporal clustering consistent with Omori's law, and its size distribution obeys the Gutenberg‐Richter relation above 20 km but falls off exponentially at larger depths. The dense array allows detection of earthquakes two magnitude units smaller than the permanent seismic network in the area. Because the event size distribution above 20 km depth obeys a power law whose exponent is near one, this improvement yields a hundred‐fold decrease in the time needed for effective characterization of seismicity in Long Beach.
Interplanetary coronal mass ejections from MESSENGER orbital observations at Mercury
Authors: Winslow Reka M. , Lugaz Noé , Philpott Lydia C. , Schwadron Nathan A. , Farrugia Charles J. , Anderson Brian J. , Smith Charles W.
Published: July 2015

We use observations from the MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging (MESSENGER) spacecraft, in orbit around Mercury, to investigate interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs) near 0.3 AU. MESSENGER is the first spacecraft since Helios 1 and 2 in the 1980s to make in situ measurements of the interplanetary medium at heliocentric distances < 0.5 AU. As such, it presents a unique opportunity for observing the innermost heliosphere. It also allows for observations of ICMEs well within 1 AU to study their evolution as they expand and propagate outward, interacting with the solar wind. We catalog ICME events observed by the MESSENGER Magnetometer between 2011 and 2014 and present statistical analyses of ICME properties at Mercury. In addition, using existing data sets of ICMEs at 1 AU, we investigate key ICME property changes from Mercury to 1 AU. We find good agreement with previous studies for the magnetic field strength dependence on distance, and we also find evidence that ICME deceleration continues past the orbit of Mercury. This paper describes the database of ICMEs from MESSENGER orbital observations around Mercury, which is publicly available through the supporting information (Table S1) associated with this manuscript and the Virtual Energetic Particle Observatory. Our ICME database will prove particularly useful for multipoint spacecraft studies of recent ICMEs, as well as for model validation of ICME properties.
Paludibacter
Authors:   The Editorial Board
Published: July 2015

Pa.lu.di.bac'ter. L. n.
palus ‐udis
a swamp, marsh; N.L. masc. n.
bacter
a rod; N.L. masc. n.
Paludibacter
rod living in swamps.

Bacteroidetes / Bacteroidia / Bacteroidales / Porphyromonadaceae / Paludibacter

Rods (0.5–0.6 µm × 1.3–1.7 µm), with the ends usually round to slightly tapered. Nonmotile. Nonsporeforming. Gram‐negative. Strictly anaerobic. Chemo‐organotrophic. Optimum growth temperature, 30°C. No growth occurs at 37°C. Oxidase and catalase‐negative. Nitrate is not reduced. Various sugars are fermented, and acetate and propionate are the major fermentation end products with succinate as a minor product. Major cellular fatty acids are C
15:0
anteiso, C
15:0
, and C
17:0
anteiso 3‐OH. The major respiratory quinone is MK‐8(H
4
).

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 39.3 (HPLC).

Type species
: Paludibacter
propionicigenes
Ueki, Akasaka, Suzuki and Ueki 2006, 43
VP
.
Alkaline‐Earth‐Promoted CO Homologation and Reductive Catalysis
Authors: Anker Mathew D. , Hill Michael S. , Lowe John P. , Mahon Mary F.
Published: July 2015

Reaction between a β‐diketiminato magnesium hydride and carbon monoxide results in the isolation of a dimeric cis‐enediolate species through the reductive coupling of two CO molecules. Under catalytic conditions with PhSiH3, an observable magnesium formyl species may be intercepted for the mild reductive cleavage of the CO triple bond.
Blends of polylactide and poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate‐co‐3‐hydroxyvalerate) with low content of hydroxyvalerate unit: Morphology, structure, and property
Authors: Liu Qingsheng , Wu Cong , Zhang Hongxia , Deng Bingyao
Published: July 2015

The Polylactide (PLA)/poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate‐co‐3‐hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) blends with four different weight ratios were prepared by melt mixing. PLA and PHBV in PLA/PHBV blends were immiscible while the weak interaction between PLA and PHBV existed. The PHBV domains below 2 μm were dispersed in PLA matrix uniformly. The addition of PHBV made the crystallization of PLA easier due to PHBV acting as nucleating agent. PLA spherulites in PLA/PHBV blends presented various banded structures. In addition, the crystallinity of neat PLA was lower than those of PLA/PHBV blends. With the increase of PHBV content in PLA/PHBV blends, the crystallinity of PLA/PHBV blends increased. PHBV could enhance significantly the toughness of PLA. However, with the increase of PHBV content, the yield stress (σy), tensile modulus (E), and the yield strain (εy) of PLA/PHBV blends decreased gradually. In addition, incorporation of PHBV to PLA caused a transformation from an optical transparent to an opaque system. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42689.