bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
De novo sequencing of short interfering ribonucleic acids facilitated by use of tandem mass spectrometry with ion mobility spectrometry
Authors: Fisher Henry C. , Smith Marco , Ashcroft Alison E.
Published: September 2013

RATIONALE

The use of RNAi for new therapeutics is becoming more widespread. To improve the development and quality control of such materials there is a need for rapid, accurate and meaningful analyses. Here, the use of negative ion nano‐electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry with ion mobility spectrometry (nESI‐MS/MS‐IMS‐MS) is shown to simplify data interpretation and lead to higher sequence coverage.

METHODS

A set of 20‐nucleotide RNA molecules was analysed using nESI‐MS/MS and their sequences determined manually with the aid of the Simple Oligonucleotide Sequencer (SOS) program. The RNAs were also analysed using nESI‐MS/MS‐IMS‐MS. This incorporates an extra step involving travelling‐wave IMS separation of the product ions into groups according to the number of charges that the ions carry. Following this, the RNA sequences were determined from the separated groups of ions.

RESULTS

nESI‐MS/MS collision‐induced dissociation of the RNA sequences produced w, y, a‐(Base) and c product ions. Sequence determination resulted in incomplete coverage with bases in the centre of the sequences being unidentifiable because of the plethora of overlapping ions. Sequencing carried out from the nESI‐MS/MS‐IMS‐MS data, whereby individual product ion spectra arising only from ions carrying the same charge were generated, gave full sequence coverage for each nucleotide (except y1) with assignment confirmation from a minimum of four different product ions.

CONCLUSIONS

Using nESI‐MS/MS‐IMS‐MS to analyse a number of 20‐nucleotide RNA molecules produced full sequence coverage with 100% accuracy, in addition to molecular mass confirmation. This method has the potential for automation for higher sample throughput and thus constitutes a robust approach for the quality control of RNAs in therapeutics. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Metabolism of norethisterone in the greyhound
Authors: Biddle S. T. B. , O'Donnell A. , Houghton E. , Creaser C. S.
Published: September 2013

RATIONALE

Norethisterone has been used as a successful oral contraceptive in humans for many years. It was recently permitted for use as an oestrus suppressant in racing greyhounds. To monitor the use of norethisterone as part of a routine drug surveillance programme, knowledge of its metabolism was required to enable detection.

METHODS

Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and selective derivatisation techniques have been used to identify urinary metabolites of norethisterone following oral administration to the greyhound. Metabolites were extracted using solid‐phase and liquid‐liquid extraction techniques.

RESULTS

Several metabolites were identified, including reduced, mono‐, di‐ and trihydroxylated steroids. The major metabolites observed were 17α‐ethynyl‐5β‐estrane‐3α,17β‐diol, 17α‐ethynyl‐5α‐estrane‐3β,17β‐diol, three 17α‐ethynylestranetriol stereoisomers and two 17α‐ethynylestranetetrol stereoisomers. The major metabolites were predominantly excreted as glucuronic acid conjugates and detection of the administration of norethisterone was possible for up to 8 days post‐dose using the methods described. The nandrolone metabolites, 19‐norepiandrosterone, estranediol and 19‐noretiocholanolone, were also identified in the post‐administration samples collected up to 8 h after dosing the treated animals.

CONCLUSIONS

The urinary metabolites identified in this study have further increased the knowledge of steroid metabolism in the greyhound, providing information to support routine drug testing programmes for greyhound racing. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Surface analysis and electrochemical characterization of palladium–cobalt nanoring formation from molecular precursor, [Et3NH]2[CoPd2(μ‐4‐I‐3,5‐Me2pz)4Cl4], on highly ordered pyrolytic graphite
Authors: Arroyo‐Ramírez Lisandra , Raptis Raphael G. , Cabrera Carlos R.
Published: September 2013

A Pd2Co precursor, [Et3NH]2[CoPd2(μ‐4‐I‐3,5‐Me2pz)4Cl4], was used to synthesize palladium–cobalt nanorings and nanoparticles on highly ordered pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) surface. Different types of nanostructures were formed on HOPG surfaces and were controlled by relative humidity (%RH). These structures included Pd2Co nanorings on HOPG surface by self‐assembly with humidity control. The %RH affects the size and dispersion of the self‐formation of the Pd2Co rings on HOPG surfaces. The modified HOPG surface with Pd2Co precursor at 80%RH has rings of similar sizes, while modification at 76%RH gives well‐formed rings and 70%RH with smaller diameters. After thermal reduction of the Pd2Co precursor on HOPG, bimetallic nanostructures were formed. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy with energy‐dispersive X‐ray fluorescence spectroscopy techniques were employed to study the composition and morphology of the nanostructures formations on the HOPG surface. Electrochemical characterization of the Pd2Co nanostructures was performed. Moreover, the bimetallic catalyst has electrocatalytic activity for the oxygen reduction reaction. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hierarchical multiple informants models: examining food environment contributions to the childhood obesity epidemic
Authors: Baek Jonggyu , Sánchez Brisa N. , Sanchez‐Vaznaugh Emma V.
Published: September 2013

Methods for multiple informants help to estimate the marginal effect of each multiple source predictor and formally compare the strength of their association with an outcome. We extend multiple informant methods to the case of hierarchical data structures to account for within cluster correlation. We apply the proposed method to examine the relationship between features of the food environment near schools and children's body mass index z‐scores (BMIz). Specifically, we compare the associations between two different features of the food environment (fast food restaurants and convenience stores) with BMIz and investigate how the association between the number of fast food restaurants or convenience stores and child's BMIz varies across distance from a school. The newly developed methodology enhances the types of research questions that can be asked by investigators studying effects of environment on childhood obesity and can be applied to other fields. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tunable Ionic Transport Control inside a Bio‐Inspired Constructive Bi‐Channel Nanofluidic Device
Authors: Zeng Lu , Yang Zhe , Zhang Huacheng , Hou Xu , Tian Ye , Yang Fu , Zhou Jianjun , Li Lin , Jiang Lei
Published: September 2013

Inspired by the cooperative functions of the asymmetrical ion channels in living cells, a constructive bi‐channel nanofluidic device that demonstrates the enhanced capability of multiple regulations over both the ion flux amount and the ionic rectification property is prepared. In this bi‐channel system, the construction routes of the two asymmetric conical nanochannels provide a way to efficiently transform the nanodevice into four different functional working modes. In addition, the variation of external pH conditions leads the nanodevice to the uncharged, semi‐charged and charged states, where the multistory ionic regulating function property is enhanced by the charged degree. This intelligent integration of the single functional nanochannels demonstrates a promising future for building more functional multi‐channel integrated nanodevices as well as expands the functionalities of the bio‐inspired smart nanochannels.
Upper crustal deformation in continent‐continent collision: A case study from the Bernard nappe complex (Valais, Switzerland)
Authors: Scheiber Thomas , Adrian Pfiffner O. , Schreurs Guido
Published: September 2013

The Penninic nappes in the Swiss Alps formed during continental collision between the Adriatic and European plates in Cenozoic times. Although intensely studied, the finite geometry of the basement‐bearing Penninic nappes in western Switzerland has remained a matter of debate for decades (e.g., “Siviez‐Mischabel dilemma”) and the paleogeographic origin of various nappes has been disputed. Here, we present new structural data for the central part of the Penninic Bernard nappe complex, which contains pre‐Permian basement and Permo‐Mesozoic metasedimentary units. Our lithological and structural observations indicate that the discrepancy between the different structural models proposed for the Bernard nappe complex can be explained by a lateral discontinuity. In the west, the presence of a Permian graben caused complex isoclinal folding, whereas in the east, the absence of such a graben resulted mainly in imbricate thrusting. The overall geometry of the Bernard nappe complex is the result of three main deformation phases: (1) detachment of Mesozoic cover sediments along Triassic evaporites (Evolène phase) during the early stages of collision, (2) Eocene top‐to‐the‐N(NW) nappe stacking (Anniviers phase), and (3) subsequent backfolding and backshearing (Mischabel phase). The southward localized backshearing is key to understand the structural position and paleogeographic origin of units, such as the Frilihorn and Cimes Blanches “nappes” and the Antrona ophiolites. Based on these observations, we present a new tectonic model for the entire Penninic region of western Switzerland and discuss this model in terms of continental collision zone processes.
A method for organic/inorganic differentiation using an x‐ray forward/backscatter personnel scanner
Authors: Glover Jack L. , Hudson Lawrence T.
Published: September 2013

A method is proposed for performing organic/inorganic materials discrimination using an x‐ray forward/backscatter scanner. The method is demonstrated using a commercially available personnel security‐screening system and requires only image post processing. The method relies upon x‐ray interaction physics, and the exact registration of forward‐ and backscattered images, permitting reliable discrimination between low and high atomic number materials over a range of thicknesses. The materials information is used to colorize images, and examples of the results are given. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Habitat loss and mammalian extinction patterns: are the reserves in the Quadrilátero Ferrífero, southeastern Brazil, effective in conserving mammals?
Authors: Morcatty Thaís Queiroz , El Bizri Hani Rocha , Carneiro Hellem Cristina Silva , Biasizzo Rodrigo Ludolf , Alméri Cândida Radicchi de Oliveira , da Silva Ericson Sousa , Rodrigues Flávio Henrique Guimarães , Figueira José Eugênio Côrtes
Published: September 2013

Habitat loss is considered to be the principal cause of the local extinction of mammals worldwide. We assessed the extinction pattern of medium‐ and large‐sized mammals caused by the effects of habitat loss in reserves in the Quadrilátero Ferrífero, southeastern Brazil, and discussed the effectiveness of these natural remnants for conserving mammals. A literature review and field collections were conducted from 2006 to 2011 to estimate the composition and richness of mammals in nine remnants of different sizes, including reserves and non‐protected areas. A species–area relation and a nested subset analysis were performed, and a degree of sensitivity to habitat loss was obtained for each species according to its frequency of occurrence. Forty‐five species of mammals were recorded. There was a strong species–area relation involving the legal size of reserves. High species richness was associated with large reserves, and thezvalue was within the range of very isolated continental remnants. The mammalian community exhibited a nested occurrence pattern, suggesting that most species were part of a more continuous ecosystem and that non‐random extinction caused by habitat loss occurred in southeastern Brazil. The negative relation found between species frequencies and body weights suggested that selective species loss is associated with decreases in the size of the reserves. The estimated viable size required to conserve all of the sensitive species is greater than the size of the largest reserve inventoried. We recommend the aggregation of neighboring natural remnants and the creation of new reserves to reduce extinction risks.
Overview of foot deformity management in children with cerebral palsy
Authors: Sees Julieanne P. , Miller Freeman
Published: September 2013

Foot deformities in children with cerebral palsy are common. The natural history of the deformities of the feet is very variable and very unpredictable in young children less then 5 years old. Treatment for the young children should be primarily with orthotics and manual therapy. Equinus is the most common deformity, with orthotics augmented with botulinum toxin being the primary management in young children. When fixed deformity develops lengthening only the muscle which is contracted is preferred. Varus deformity of the feet is often associated with equinus, and can almost always be managed with orthotics until 8 or 10 years of age. Planovalgus is the most common deformity in children with bilateral lower extremity spasticity. The primary management is orthotics until the child no longer tolerates the orthotic; then surgical management needs to consider all the deformities and all should be corrected. This requires correcting the subtalor subluxation with calcaneal lengthening or fusion, medial midfoot correction with osteotomy or fusion.
The role of mRNA‐based duplication in the evolution of the primate genome
Authors: Zhang Qu
Published: September 2013

Analysis of the human genome suggests novel genes created by retroposition may play an important role in primate evolution. However, data from non‐human primates is still scarce. A comprehensive comparison was thus performed among four primate genomes (human, chimpanzee, orangutan, and macaque), which detects elevated rates of retroposition in both the common ancestor of hominoids and macaques. Further analysis shows approximately 10% of intact retrocopies may be under positive selection and at least 4% of retrocopies become functional copies eventually. Moreover, human intact retrocopies were found enriched in transcription‐related functions. Collectively, these findings emphasize the important contribution of retroposition to primate genome evolution.
HPV genotyping in adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix in Thailand
Authors: Siriaunkgul Sumalee , Utaipat Utaiwan , Suthipintawong Cheepsumon , Tungsinmunkong Kobkul , Triratanachat Surang , Khunamornpong Surapan
Published: September 2013

Objective

To determine the distribution of human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes in cervical adenocarcinoma in Thailand and to evaluate the clinicopathologic characteristics associated with common HPV genotypes.

Methods

Formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded tissues from 150 patients with adenocarcinoma were collected from 4 areas of Thailand. Infection with HPV was detected by nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with primers MY09/11 and GP5 +/6 +. Genotyping was performed using a linear array assay, followed by type‐specific PCR targeting the E6/E7 regions of HPV‐16, HPV‐18, and HPV‐52 if the linear array test was negative.

Results

Human papillomavirus DNA was detected in 145 (97%) adenocarcinomas (132 single infections; 11 multiple infections; 2 tumors with undetermined HPV type). Genotype 18 was most common (66%), followed by HPV‐16 (30%) and HPV‐45 (3%). Infection with only HPV‐16 and/or HPV‐18 accounted for 88% of the HPV‐positive tumors. Patients with HPV‐18 infection had a younger age (P = 0.009) and higher tumor grade (P < 0.001) than patients with HPV‐16 infection.

Conclusion

The HPV detection rate in cervical adenocarcinomas in Thailand is high. The predominant genotype is HPV‐18, being twice as common as HPV‐16. Genotype variations are associated with patient age and tumor grade. Vaccination against HPV‐16/HPV‐18 might prevent almost 90% of adenocarcinomas.
Midlife risk score for the prediction of dementia four decades later
Authors: Exalto Lieza G. , Quesenberry Charles P. , Barnes Deborah , Kivipelto Miia , Biessels Geert Jan , Whitmer Rachel A.
Published: September 2013

Objective

The objective of this study was to obtain external validation of the only available midlife dementia risk score cardiovascular risk factors , aging and dementia study (CAIDE) constituting age, education, hypertension, obesity, and hyperlipidemia in a larger, more diverse population. Our second aim was to improve the CAIDE risk score by additional midlife risk factors.

Methods

This retrospective cohort study was conducted in an integrated health care delivery system. A total of 9480 Kaiser Permanente members who participated in a health survey study (age range, 40–55 years) from 1964 to 1973 were included in this study. Dementia diagnoses from primary care and medical specialist visits were collected from January 1, 1994 to January 16, 2006, using International Classification of Diseases 9 codes 290.0, 290.1 for “possible dementia,” and 331.0 and 290.4 for “specialist confirmed dementia.” Risk model prediction and validation were examined with the C statistic, net reclassification improvement, and integrated discrimination improvement. Dementia risk per sum score was calculated with Kaplan‐Meier estimates.

Results

A total of 2767 participants (25%) were diagnosed with any type of dementia, of which 1011 diagnoses (10.7%) were specialist‐confirmed diagnoses. Average time between midlife examination and end of follow‐up was 36.1 years. The CAIDE risk score replicated well with a C statistic of 0.75, quite similar to the original CAIDE C statistic of 0.78. The CAIDE score also predicted well within different race strata. Other midlife risk factors (central obesity, depressed mood, diabetes mellitus, head trauma, lung function, and smoking) did not improve predictability. The risk score allowed stratification of participants into those with 40‐year low (9%) and high (29%) dementia risk.

Conclusions

A combination of modifiable vascular risk factors in midlife is highly predictive of the likelihood of dementia decades later. Possible dementia prevention strategies should point to a life course perspective on maintaining vascular health.
Terlipressin‐induced hyponatremic encephalopathy in a noncirrhotic patient
Authors: Wang Yao‐Kuang , Hwang Daw‐Yang , Wang Sophie S.W. , Hwang Shang‐Jyh , Chen Li‐Tzong , Kuo Mei‐Chuan
Published: September 2013

Terlipressin, an analogue of vasopressin, is frequently used for the management of esophageal varices bleeding and hepatorenal syndrome. Terlipressin therapy in portal hypertensive patients is frequently associated with hyponatremia, but is rarely accompanied with serious neurological manifestations. A 39‐year‐old female with pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor, liver metastasis, main portal vein thrombosis, and a history of esophageal varices presented to the emergency room because of hematemesis. Terlipressin was given with a loading dose of 2 mg followed by 1 mg every 6 hours. After a total of 6 mg terlipressin injection, she suffered from acute delirium. Pertinent examinations showed there was no gross brain lesion by computed tomography, whereas her serum sodium level dropped from baseline (136 mmol/L) to 116 mmol/L with a serum osmolality of 256 mOsm/kg. At that time, urine sodium and urine osmolality were 142 mmol/L and 488 mOsm/kg, respectively. Under the tentative diagnosis of terlipressin‐induced hyponatremic encephalopathy, terlipressin was withheld and hypertonic saline infusion was given. Within 12 hours, her serum sodium level recovered to 130 mmol/L and she gradually regained her cognitive functions. Although symptomatic hyponatremic encephalopathy is a rare complication of terlipressin treatment, close monitoring of serum electrolyte level is warranted in patients receiving terlipressin.
Dissecting the Doctor‐Dancer Relationship: Health Care Decision Making Among American Collegiate Dancers
Authors: Air Mary E. , Grierson Matthew J. , Davenport Kathleen L. , Krabak Brian J.
Published: September 2013

Objective

To examine perceptual influences on dancers' health care−seeking decisions and whether dancers' beliefs correlate with actual use of provider services when they are injured. Secondary aims were to understand how dancers may select physicians and what they consider to be the most important features of the medical consultation.

Design

Prospective cohort study.

Setting

University and conservatory dance departments.

Participants

Forty American collegiate dancers.

Assessment of Risk Factors

Before the start of the dance semester, all participants completed a retrospective survey that included baseline demographic data, dance experience, a dance‐related injury (DRI) inventory, previous health care exposures, and perceptions regarding health care treatment providers. Data regarding new DRIs and health care exposures were then prospectively collected every 2 weeks for 6 months.

Main Outcome Measurements

A DRI was defined as any neuromusculoskeletal condition sustained as the result of dancing activity that caused a dancer to stop or modify his or her dancing for more than 3 consecutive days.

Results

Dancers perceived dance teachers to be first‐line treatment providers (47.5%), followed by physical therapists (PTs; 30%). Physicians were ranked third (12.5%) and only marginally higher than a dance colleague (10%). The dancers expressed a strong preference for nonsurgical rather than surgical physicians (87.5% versus 5.0%), and among physicians, the majority of dancers preferred subspecialists (60%), namely nonsurgical sports medicine doctors and physiatrists. During the 6‐month prospective data‐collection period, 25 dancers (69.4%) sustained 55 unique injuries, with 22 dancers (88%) and 34 injuries (61.8%) undergoing evaluation. Only 17.7% of injuries were evaluated by a physician. Dancers showed greater incongruity between their preinjury perceptions and postinjury use of physicians than they did with PTs (P = .0002).

Conclusions

Although dancers did not perceive physicians to be first‐line treatment providers for DRIs, these perceptions about physicians were poorly correlated with use. Instead, injured dancers' health care−seeking behaviors were more likely related to relatively decreased barriers to other nonphysician providers, as well as pre‐existing referral pathways to PTs.
Commentary: Teach network science to teenagers
Authors: HARRINGTON HEATHER A. , BEGUERISSE-DÍAZ MARIANO , ROMBACH M. PUCK , KEATING LAURA M. , PORTER MASON A.
Published: September 2013

We discuss our outreach efforts to introduce school students to network science and explain why researchers who study networks should be involved in such outreach activities. We provide overviews of modules that we have designed for these efforts, comment on our successes and failures, and illustrate the potentially enormous impact of such outreach efforts.
Design of the South East Asian Nutrition Survey (SEANUTS): a four-country multistage cluster design study
Authors: Schaafsma Anne , Deurenberg Paul , Calame Wim , van den Heuvel Ellen G. H. M. , van Beusekom Christien , Hautvast Jo , Sandjaja  , Bee Koon Poh , Rojroongwasinkul Nipa , Le Nguyen Bao Khanh , Parikh Panam , Khouw Ilse
Published: September 2013

Nutrition is a well-known factor in the growth, health and development of children. It is also acknowledged that worldwide many people have dietary imbalances resulting in over- or undernutrition. In 2009, the multinational food company FrieslandCampina initiated the South East Asian Nutrition Survey (SEANUTS), a combination of surveys carried out in Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand and Vietnam, to get a better insight into these imbalances. The present study describes the general study design and methodology, as well as some problems and pitfalls encountered. In each of these countries, participants in the age range of 0·5–12 years were recruited according to a multistage cluster randomised or stratified random sampling methodology. Field teams took care of recruitment and data collection. For the health status of children, growth and body composition, physical activity, bone density, and development and cognition were measured. For nutrition, food intake and food habits were assessed by questionnaires, whereas in subpopulations blood and urine samples were collected to measure the biochemical status parameters of Fe, vitamins A and D, and DHA. In Thailand, the researchers additionally studied the lipid profile in blood, whereas in Indonesia iodine excretion in urine was analysed. Biochemical data were analysed in certified laboratories. Study protocols and methodology were aligned where practically possible. In December 2011, data collection was finalised. In total, 16 744 children participated in the present study. Information that will be very relevant for formulating nutritional health policies, as well as for designing innovative food and nutrition research and development programmes, has become available.
Double burden of undernutrition and overnutrition in Vietnam in 2011: results of the SEANUTS study in 0·5–11-year-old children
Authors: Le Nguyen Bao Khanh , Le Thi Hop , Nguyen Do Van Anh , Tran Thuy Nga , Nguyen Huu Chinh , Thanh Do Tran , Deurenberg Paul , Khouw Ilse
Published: September 2013

The Vietnamese South East Asian Nutrition Survey (SEANUTS), a cross-sectional study, was undertaken to assess the nutritional status in a nationally representative sample of children aged 0·5–11·9 years. A multi-stage cluster-randomised sampling method was used to recruit 2872 children. Anthropometric measurements included weight, height, mid-upper arm circumference, and waist and hip circumferences. Blood biochemistry involved analyses of Hb, serum ferritin, and vitamins A and D. Dietary intake was assessed using a 24 h recall questionnaire, and nutrient intakes were compared with the Vietnamese RDA. In children aged < 5 years, approximately 14 % were stunted, 8·6 % underweight and 4·4 % thin. A higher prevalence of stunting (15·6 %) and underweight (22·2 %) was observed in school-aged children. Undernutrition was more prevalent in rural areas than in urban areas. In contrast, almost 29 % of the urban children were either overweight or obese when compared with 4 % of the overweight children and 1·6 % of the obese children in rural areas. A higher percentage of children in the age group 0·5–1·9 years and residing in rural areas had low Hb levels than those in the age group 2·0–5·9 years and residing in urban areas. In children aged 6–11 years, a small percentage had low Hb (11–14 %) and vitamin A (5–10 %) levels, but almost half the children (48–53 %) had vitamin D insufficiency. Food consumption data indicated that the children did not meet the RDA for energy, protein, Fe, vitamin A, vitamin B1 and vitamin C. Results from the SEANUTS highlight the double burden of malnutrition in Vietnam. Information from the SEANUTS can serve as an input for targeted policy development, planning and development of nutrition programmes.
Nutritional status and dietary intakes of children aged 6 months to 12 years: findings of the Nutrition Survey of Malaysian Children (SEANUTS Malaysia)
Authors: Poh Bee Koon , Ng Boon Koon , Siti Haslinda Mohd Din , Nik Shanita Safii , Wong Jyh Eiin , Budin Siti Balkis , Ruzita Abd Talib , Ng Lai Oon , Khouw Ilse , Norimah A. Karim
Published: September 2013

The dual burden of malnutrition reportedly coexists in Malaysia; however, existing data are scarce and do not adequately represent the nutritional status of Malaysian children. The Nutrition Survey of Malaysian Children was carried out with the aim of assessing the nutritional status in a sample of nationally representative population of children aged 6 months to 12 years. A total of 3542 children were recruited using a stratified random sampling method. Anthropometric measurements included weight, height, mid-upper arm circumference, and waist and hip circumferences. Blood biochemical assessment involved analyses of Hb, serum ferritin, and vitamins A and D. Dietary intake was assessed using semi-quantitative FFQ, and nutrient intakes were compared with the Malaysian Recommended Nutrient Intakes (RNI). The prevalence of overweight (9·8 %) and obesity (11·8 %) was higher than that of thinness (5·4 %) and stunting (8·4 %). Only a small proportion of children had low levels of Hb (6·6 %), serum ferritin (4·4 %) and vitamin A (4·4 %), but almost half the children (47·5 %) had vitamin D insufficiency. Dietary intake of the children was not compatible with the recommendations, where more than one-third did not achieve the Malaysian RNI for energy, Ca and vitamin D. The present study revealed that overnutrition was more prevalent than undernutrition. The presence of high prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency and the inadequate intake of Ca and vitamin D are of concern. Hence, strategies for improving the nutritional status of Malaysian children need to consider both sides of malnutrition and also put emphasis on approaches for the prevention of overweight and obesity as well as vitamin D insufficiency.
Food consumption and nutritional and biochemical status of 0·5–12-year-old Indonesian children: the SEANUTS study
Authors: Sandjaja Sandjaja , Budiman Basuki , Harahap Heryudarini , Ernawati Fitrah , Soekatri Moesijanti , Widodo Yekti , Sumedi Edith , Rustan Effendi , Sofia Gustina , Syarief Sainstiani N. , Khouw Ilse
Published: September 2013

Indonesia is currently facing the double burden of malnutrition. While undernutrition is still a major public health problem, the prevalence of overnutrition is increasing. The objective of the South East Asian Nutrition Survey (SEANUTS) was to provide up-to-date data on nutritional status, food consumption and biochemical parameters related to nutrition for children aged 0·5–12 years. The SEANUTS study in Indonesia was conducted in a nationwide representative sample of 7·211 children using multistage cluster sampling based on probability proportional to size, stratified for geographical location, in forty-eight out of 440 districts/cities. The results show that the growth (weight for age, height for age, weight for height and BMI for age) of Indonesian pre-school- and school-aged children is below the WHO standards. The older the children, the more the deviation from the WHO standard curves. Underweight was more prevalent in rural areas (28·9v.19·2 %) and overweight/obesity was observed to be more widespread in urban areas (5·6v.3·2 %). The prevalence varied with age groups and sexes. The overall prevalence of stunting was 25·2 and 39·2 % in urban and rural areas, respectively. The prevalence of anaemia was nearly 55 % in children aged 0·5–1·9 years and ranged from 10·6 to 15·5 % in children aged 2–12 years. Fe deficiency was observed in 4·1–8·8 % of the children. The percentage of children with dietary intakes of energy, protein, and vitamins A and C below the Indonesian RDA was high and differed across urban and rural areas and age groups.
SEANUTS: the nutritional status and dietary intakes of 0.5–12-year-old Thai children
Authors: Rojroongwasinkul Nipa , Kijboonchoo Kallaya , Wimonpeerapattana Wanphen , Purttiponthanee Sasiumphai , Yamborisut Uruwan , Boonpraderm Atitada , Kunapan Petcharat , Thasanasuwan Wiyada , Khouw Ilse
Published: September 2013

In the present study, we investigated nutritional status and health-related factors in a multistage cluster sample of 3119 Thai urban and rural children aged 0·5–12·9 years. In a subsample, blood samples were collected for the measurement of Hb, transferrin receptor, vitamin A and vitamin D concentrations. The prevalence of stunting and underweight was higher in rural children than in urban children, whereas the wasting rate was similar in both rural and urban areas. Among children aged 3·0–5·9 years, the prevalence of overweight was significantly higher in urban areas than in rural areas and so was the obesity rate in children aged 6·0–12·9 years. Protein intakes of all age groups were relatively high in both the areas. Intakes of Ca, Fe, Zn and vitamin C were significantly higher in urban areas than in rural areas. The prevalence of anaemia in rural areas was twice as high as that in urban areas, particularly in infants and young children. However, the prevalence of Fe-deficiency anaemia was similar in both urban and rural areas. While the prevalence of vitamin A deficiency (by serum retinol cut-off < 0·7 μmol/l) seemed to be very low, vitamin A insufficiency (by serum retinol cut-off < 1·05 μmol/l) was more prevalent (29·4–31·7 %) in both the areas. The prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency ranged between 27·7 and 45·6 % among the children. The present study indicates that the double burden of malnutrition is still a major public health problem in Thailand. Further studies need to explore the associated risk factors for these nutrient deficiencies. Effective strategies and actions are needed to tackle the nutritional problems in Thai children.
IMPROVING THE EFFICIENCY OF USE OF SMALL AMOUNTS OF NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS FERTILISER ON SMALLHOLDER MAIZE IN CENTRAL MALAWI
Authors: KAMANGA B. C. G. , WADDINGTON S. R. , WHITBREAD A. M. , ALMEKINDERS C. J. M. , GILLER K. E.
Published: September 2013

Mineral fertiliser is a scarce input for smallholder maize farmers in Malawi. A recent provision of small amounts of subsidised fertilisers by government programmes to farmers throughout Malawi has increased fertiliser access and raised maize production, but fertiliser management and yield responses frequently remain poor. To seek ways to use the fertiliser more efficiently, we analysed the effects of low rates of N (15 or 30 kg N ha−1) and P (9 kg P ha−1) fertiliser in combination with improved weed management on maize yields in experiments on 12 smallholder farms in Chisepo, central Malawi. Several indices of N and P use efficiency were computed from the above-ground crop components and nutrient contents. Maize yield simulations were conducted using long-term rainfall records in the APSIM crop-soil system model. NP fertiliser significantly (p < 0.001) raised maize grain yield from 0.65 to 1.5 t ha−1, and twice-weeding fertilised maize significantly (p < 0.001) raised maize yields by 0.4 t ha−1 compared with weeding once (0.9 t ha−1). The agronomic efficiency of applied fertiliser N (AEN) averaged 19.3 kg grain kg N−1 with one weeding but doubled to 38.7 kg with the additional weeding. The physiological efficiency of applied N (PEN) was 40.7 kg grain kg−1 N uptake. APSIM predicted that similar or larger maize yield responses to 15 or 30 kg N ha−1 can be expected in 8 out of 10 years in areas with similar rainfall patterns to Chisepo. A financial analysis showed that the application of these small amounts of fertiliser was economic even when fertiliser was purchased from the open market, provided the crop was adequately weeded. Participatory assessments helped farmers understand the increased efficiency of fertiliser use possible with additional weeding, although some farmers reported difficulty implementing this recommendation due to competing demands for labour. We conclude that to raise the productivity and sustainability of fertiliser support programmes in Malawi, initiatives should be introduced to help identify and educate farmers on the major drivers of productivity in their systems.
Molecular genotyping of Echinococcus granulosus from dromedaries (Camelus dromedarius) in eastern Iran
Authors: Moghaddas E. , Borji H. , Naghibi A. , Shayan P. , Razmi G.R.
Published: September 2013

With the aim of genotyping Echinococcus granulosus cysts found in Iranian dromedaries (Camelus dromedarius), 50 cysts of E. granulosus were collected from five geographical regions in Iran. Cysts were characterized using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis of the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) gene and sequencing fragments of the genes coding for mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1). Morphological criteria using rostellar hook dimensions were also undertaken. The present results have shown that 27 out of 50 E. granulosus cysts (54%) were determined as the G1 strain, and the other (46%) were determined as the G6 strain. The molecular analysis of the ITS1 region of ribosomal DNA corresponded with the morphological findings. Because of its recognized infectivity in humans, the G1 genotype is a direct threat to human health and its presence in Iranian dromedaries is of urgent public health importance.
Elasmobranchs longline fisheries in the Gulf of Gabès (southern Tunisia)
Authors: Echwikhi K. , Saidi B. , Bradai M.N.
Published: September 2013

In Tunisia, elasmobranch landings have decreased substantially in recent years. Generally, species-specific information is largely unavailable for artisanal fisheries, but it is essential to increase knowledge and to ensure proper management of these species. This study analysed elasmobranch catches with longline fishery in the Gulf of Gabès. In total, 21 and 20 pelagic and bottom longline fishing trips were conducted, respectively, from July to September in 2007 and 2008. A total of eight elasmobranch species were caught: four batoids and four sharks. Pelagic longline captures were hooked externally while a high number of individuals captured with bottom longline were hooked internally. Discards due essentially to low commercial value and size represented 7.6% of total number of elasmobranch specimens caught. Longline landings in the Gulf of Gabès were principally composed of sandbar shark,Carcharhinus plumbeus, representing, respectively, 94.14% and 21.17% in number of pelagic and bottom longline captures. The importance of rhinobatids andMusteluscapture with bottom longline reflect their abundance in this area compared to other Mediterranean zones. Juveniles, including neonates with umbilical scars, dominated carcharhnids specimens, while smoothhound and guitarfish captures were dominated by mature individuals. Mitigation measures based on gear modifications, size limits and delineated nursery areas in the Gulf of Gabès should be developed to protect these vulnerable species.
A new polyclad species associated withBankia martensi(Bivalvia) from the South Pacific coast of Chile, and its taxonomic position within Euplanidae (Platyhelminthes, Ilyplanoidea)
Authors: Brusa Francisco , Damborenea Cristina
Published: September 2013

We describe a new genus anda newspecies of Polycladida,Namyhplana henriettae(Platyhelminthes, Euplanidae), which lives associated with the tubes of the bivalveBankia martensiin the fjords of the South Pacific Ocean in Chile. This species is characterized by a ribbon-like body, light brown colour, anterior region devoid of pigment, few eyes, no tentacles, pharynx in the anterior region of the body with few folds, independent gonopores anterior to the medial body line, seminal vesicle strongly muscularized, digitiform penian papilla oriented posteroanteriorly, a curled vagina, and a large Lang's vesicle ventral to the intestine. A phylogenetic analysis of the Euplanidae, based on morphological characters, is presented. With the dataset used, the family Euplanidae does not seem to be a monophyletic group. The new species is closely related toTaenioplana teredini(also discussed here) which presents life-habit characteristics that are similar to those of the new species.
Spatial and temporal variation in the abundance and taxonomic composition of estuarine and terrestrial macrofauna associated with mangrove logs
Authors: Andrade Jennifer T.M. , Palhano Natália Barros , Tagliaro Claudia Helena , Beasley Colin Robert
Published: September 2013

Brazilian mangroves have ecological and economic importance, with molluscs, crustaceans and polychaetes being diverse and common faunal groups. The present study characterizes the macrofauna associated with logs from two mangrove forests in Pará State, northern Brazil, sampled in September, January and April, between 2008 and 2010, at three different distances from a tidal channel (2, 10, 20 m). In each forest, five logs (diameter/length: 10/40 cm) were randomly selected at each distance, totalling 15 logs per sampling date. The macrofauna was removed, counted and identified. Three-way analysis of variance was used to compare mean numbers of individuals, numbers of taxa and Berger–Parker dominance per log, between forests and among sampling dates and distances from the tidal channel. Non-metric multidimensional scaling and permutational multivariate analyses of variance were used to investigate macrofaunal structure in relation to the three factors. A total of 5437 individuals from both estuarine and terrestrial faunas was found in both forests, with 85 taxa distributed among Mollusca, Annelida, Arthropoda and Nemertea. Abundance increased from September through January to April in both mangrove forests. The most dominant species wasNeoteredo reynei, representing 48% of total abundance. No significant difference in any variable was found among the two forests and between the three distances. Logs may represent a stable microhabitat for the macrofauna, with little variation in humidity, salinity or temperature, despite different distances from the tidal channel. However, macrofaunal structure varied significantly between forests and among sampling dates, probably due to seasonal differences in precipitation and salinity between both locations.
Geographic variation in acid–base balance of the intertidal crustaceanCyclograpsus cinereus(Decapoda, Grapsidae) during air exposure
Authors: Lagos Marcelo , Cáceres Cristián W. , Lardies Marco A.
Published: September 2013

In intertidal poikilotherms with wide geographic distribution, physiological variations are ubiquitous, due to phenotypic plasticity and/or individual geographic variation. Using the grapsid crab,Cyclograpsus cinereusas a study model, acclimatization differences in respiratory physiology were evaluated among populations along the Chilean coast, covering a latitudinal gradient of about 2000 km. This species inhabits the supratidal zones and, therefore, is subject to constant immersion and emersion periods, producing physiological acidification due to CO2retention, mainly in the branchial cavity. Individuals of six populations were collected along the coastline of Chile and were exposed to air for different time periods in the laboratory. The following parameters were measured: pH, Ca2+, Cl−and haemolymphatic lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) enzyme activity. Populations from lower latitudes were significantly different from those from central and southern Chile, with a higher haemolymphatic pH variation and higher Ca2+level, along with lower levels of Cl−and LDH enzyme activity. This indicates that the populations from lower latitudes, which are subject to higher air temperatures during emersion, have a higher homeostatic capacity during emersion periods than those of intermediate and higher latitudes. This response seems to be determined by genetic bases due to adaptation to the local environment.
Desires, Dispositions and Deviant Causal Chains
Authors: Hyman John
Published: September 2013

Recent work on dispositions offers a new solution to the long-running dispute about whether explanations of intentional action are causal explanations. The dispute seemed intractable because of a lack of percipience about dispositions and a commitment to Humean orthodoxies about causation on both sides.
History without royalty? Queen and the strata of the popular music canon
Authors: Desler Anne
Published: September 2013

Although canon formation has been discussed in popular music studies for over a decade, the notion of what constitutes ‘the popular music canon’ is still vague. However, considering that many scholars resent canon formation due to the negative effects canons have exerted on other academic fields, analysis of canon formation processes in popular music studies seems desirable: awareness of these processes can be a valuable tool for scholars’ assessment of how their academic choices contribute to canon formation. Based on an examination of the reception history of Queen in the popular mainstream, music criticism and academia, this article argues that a universally valid popular music canon does not exist and that canon formation in popular music is based on the same criteria as in the ‘high’ arts, i.e. transcendence, historical importance and ‘greatness’, although the latter is replaced by ‘authenticity’ in the popular music context. While canons can be theorised in various ways, a model that distinguishes between canonic strata according to listeners’ relationship to music is particularly useful as it reveals the relative importance of the three canonic criteria within different strata and how they are applied.
‘More than just a music’: conservative Christian anti-rock discourse and the U.S. culture wars
Authors: Nekola Anna
Published: September 2013

Scholarship on the moral panics around rock music has long focused on racial fears and anxieties about a youth culture that might escape societal control, but little serious attention has been paid to the conservative Christian anti-rock discourse that surfaced publicly in the United States in the 1960s. This article addresses that gap by situating this construction of rock as an inherently evil corrupting force for 'traditional' religious, family, and national values within a larger cultural context, and arguing that it illuminates the rise of contemporary conservative morality politics in the U.S. Not merely the ravings of a few extremists, this discourse represents a worldview and rhetorical mode that was once widespread within a small religious subculture but has since developed—together with the social and cultural power of that subculture—into one of the central political frames of contemporary American life, helping lay the groundwork for today's culture wars.
Claiming Justice: Paternity Affiliation in South Wales, 1870–1900
Authors: FROST GINGER S.
Published: September 2013

This article surveys 226 affiliation cases from South Wales between 1870 and 1900. Detailed study reveals both the reasons why most women did not try to get maintenance, but also why they had high levels of success when they did so. Once a woman got to the hearing, the interests of magistrates and the poor law guardians helped them ‘find fathers’ for their children. The guardians in particular assisted women in bringing cases by the 1890s. The fact that affiliation suits centred on sexuality by definition meant that magistrates did not penalise women for sexual nonconformity any more than the men involved, although both sexes faced limitations on their behaviour. These cases also reveal a great deal about local customs and attitudes towards sexuality. In the end, affiliation suits merely removed the most glaring abuses rather than tackling the larger issue of support for unmarried mothers and their children.
À la recherche du français en Nouvelle-Angleterre: une enquête de terrain à travers six États
Authors: SALMON CAROLE , DUBOIS SYLVIE
Published: September 2013

L'héritage francophone américain qui a survécu à la traversée du 21èmesiècle se retrouve essentiellement en Louisiane et en Nouvelle-Angleterre. Cet article propose une description de la communauté francophone de la Nouvelle-Angleterre et d'une enquête sur le terrain au cours de laquelle chaque état a révélé un profil communautaire original. Le corpus audio recueilli en 2011 est composé d'entrevues en français et en anglais auprès de locuteurs franco-américains originaires des six états qui composent la Nouvelle-Angleterre. Ce nouveau corpus nous permettra de comparer l'état du français en Louisiane et en Nouvelle-Angleterre et de révéler des caractéristiques similaires.