bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An unusual case of invasive pleuritis and miliary Mycoplasma pneumonia during check‐point inhibitor therapy
Authors: Bird Daniel , Singh Maninder
Published: July 2021

A growing body of evidence suggests that check‐point inhibitors not only increase the overall risk of infections, but, due to an altered immune response, may also result in atypical manifestations. We report a case of a 38‐year‐old man with pleuritic chest pain, dyspnoea, fevers and a dry cough receiving combination ipilimumab and nivolumab immunotherapy for metastatic melanoma. Radiological findings demonstrated a diffuse increased fluorodeoxyglucose avidity of the thoracic pleura in addition to a disseminated miliary pattern of pulmonary nodularities. A subsequent bronchoscopy was macroscopically normal with unremarkable washings. In the context of a significantly elevated Mycoplasma serology, a diagnosis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (MPP) was made. The patient was successfully treated with a course of azithromycin and amoxicillin‐clavulanic acid. We suggest an awareness of diffuse pleuritis and a disseminated miliary nodular pattern as atypical manifestations of MPP, potentially attributable to immune modulation in the context of immunotherapy.
Characterizing the Fatigue Damage in a Martensitic Spring Steel
Authors: Wildeis Anna , Christ Hans-Jürgen , Brandt Robert , Thimm Matthias , Fritzen Claus-Peter
Published: July 2021

Herein, a short crack propagation in a martensitic spring steel by means of in situ fatigue tests in a confocal laser microscope and additional electron back‐scattered diffraction analyses to link the local crystallographic orientation of the hierarchical martensitic microstructure with the short crack propagation behavior are investigated. For this purpose, different stress levels are imposed at a constant R ratio of −1 and a frequency of 10 Hz applying a sinusoidal command signal. It is found that the early fatigue damage evolution is characterized by the formation of slip bands, which subsequently serve as crack initiation sites. Most of the slip bands and correspondingly most of the short fatigue cracks initiate at or close to prior austenite grain boundaries. A strong dependence of the crack density, used as a parameter for fatigue damage, on the applied stress amplitude could be observed. The prior austenite grain boundaries can be identified to act as obstacles to short crack propagation because of the corresponding strong change in the crystallographic orientation, leading to an oscillating short crack propagation rate.
Occurrence State and Behavior of Carbon Brick Brittle in a Large Dissected Blast Furnace Hearth
Authors: Guo Ziyu , Zhang Jianliang , Jiao Kexin , Zong Yanbing , Wang Zhongyi
Published: July 2021

The thickness of the carbon bricks is one of the important factors of the longevity of the blast furnace. Herein, a large number of brittle carbon bricks in the hearth sidewall and the continuous rectangle‐shape floating refractory in residual iron are found during the blast furnace hearth dissection. The occurrence state of the carbon brick is characterized through chemical analysis, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscope (SEM)–energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS). The contents of K, Na, Cl, Zn, and Fe in brittle carbon bricks are relatively high, and a large number of large‐scale Al2O3 phases and nepheline appear in the floating carbon brick. It indicates that K, Na, Cl, Zn, and Fe are major causes for the serious erosion of the carbon brick, and the floating carbon brick may come from brittle carbon bricks on the sidewall. In addition, the source of Al2O3 and the consumption pathway of SiO2 and ZnO in floating refractory in residual iron are analyzed. Finally, the disappearing mechanism of carbon brick is proposed, which is that the carbon bricks floated up to the tuyere and burnt.
Microstructure and Fracture Characteristics of Heat‐Affected Zone in Shipbuilding Steel Plates with Mg Deoxidation after High Heat Input Welding
Authors: Pan Xiaoqian , Yang Jian , Zhang Yinhui
Published: July 2021

To clarify the microstructure and fracture characteristics of heat‐affected zone in shipbuilding steel plates with Mg deoxidation after high heat input welding, two steels with 0.0002 (2Mg) and 0.0049 (49Mg) wt% Mg are prepared and investigated with metallography and crystallography. Compared with 2Mg, TiN particles are incrementally refined in 49Mg, making the prior austenite grain (PAG) size decrease. In the large‐sized grains of 2Mg, there are preferentially formed coarse grain boundary ferrites (GBFs) and ferrite side plates (FSPs), followed by intragranular bainite ferrites (IBFs). The small PAGs of 49Mg make fine‐grained polygonal ferrites (PFs) dominate the microstructure. With Mg addition, the effective grain with θ > 50° refines and the high‐angle grain boundary density increases. The brittle transgranular fracture occurs around little‐deformed coarse GBFs, FSPs, and IBFs with θ < 15° in 2Mg, showing the weak crack resistance. However, in 49Mg, the ductile fracture occurs around fine PFs and IAFs with large plastic deformation. Although there is transgranular fracture in coarse PFs, it can be soon deflected and arrested by small‐sized PFs with θ > 50° in 49Mg. Thus, for 49Mg, the crack initiation and propagation energies increase with the toughness at −40 °C increasing from 20 to 167 J.
Spending privilege through genuine relationships: Co‐navigating campus unrest and intergroup tensions
Authors: Lange Alex C. , Lee Jasmine A.
Published: July 2021

As educators, we each hold privileged and minoritized identities which can be leveraged to navigate difficulties across difference. In the article below, we discuss how working in coalition across professional relationships might help educators navigate intergroup tensions on campus. We offer strategies for higher education professionals to develop genuine relationships that address campus inequities.
Campus communications and navigating privilege
Authors: Fernflores Rachel , Humphrey Keith
Published: July 2021

Our university campuses need people in leadership sensitive to the social and political privilege they enjoy relative to the many diverse students they serve. Through a case study approach, we examine how leaders use campus communications to intentionally build community and expand a sense of belonging for all voices. Drawing on feminist philosophical theory, a model for campus communications from university leadership that expresses both justice and care is presented.
A new design model for welded joints
Authors: Stroetmann Richard , Kästner Thoralf
Published: July 2021

In the AiF‐FOSTA research project P1020 [1], a new design model for welded joints was developed. In this context, a small scale test on flat tensile specimens was designed, with the help of which various influences on the strength and ductility of the welds were investigated. Furthermore, extensive tests were carried out on overlap joints, cruciform joints with double fillet welds as well as partially and fully penetrated butt joints. This was done to calibrate the weld construction factor αw, which takes into account the influence of the type of joint on the load‐bearing capacity. In the following article, after a short summary of the current state of research, the design model, and the results from the parameter studies on flat tensile tests are described in more detail in [2–4]. Subsequently, the test program on welded joints and the calibration of the weld construction factor αw are presented. Finally, the results of the design model and the tests carried out are compared with test results from other research projects and the design model of prEN 1993‐1‐8 [5].
Comparison of the seismic‐resilient design of seismically isolated reinforced concrete frame structures using two codes
Authors: Yin Chuanyin , Xie Linlin , Li Aiqun , Zeng Demin , Yang Cantian , Wang Xinyu
Published: July 2021

Resilience‐based seismic design of buildings using seismic isolation has become a critical issue. Currently, there are two design codes for isolated structures in China, exhibiting significant differences. It is critical to investigate the resilience‐based design of isolated buildings using these codes. Hence, using reinforced concrete (RC) frame buildings as an example, two groups of buildings with different heights were designed to achieve the lower limit of seismic performance given in two codes. Although different requirements for acceptable isolation efficiency control this design, the seismic resilience levels were assessed to be Level 2 for all cases. The controlling index is the total repair time, which is dominated by the maximum inter‐story drift ratio (MIDR). Meanwhile, significant differences in design results and resilience performance between two codes were identified. Subsequently, the highest resilience performance (i.e., Level 3) oriented optimization was conducted, and the correspondingly designed schemes using two codes were compared; it was identified that the MIDR of the superstructure requires controlling to approximately 0.23% for such a design using both codes, and the differences between two codes became negligible. The research outcome will assist in providing a useful reference for the seismic‐resilient design of base‐isolated RC frame structures.
Secrecy enhancing for SSK‐based communications in the presence of imperfect CSI estimation
Authors: Zhu Han , Peng Yuyang
Published: July 2021

In this letter, a new security enhancement scheme for space shift keying (SSK) systems under imperfect channel state information (CSI) is proposed. In this scheme, the legitimate receiver is always accompanied by an eavesdropper, and the secrecy enhancing of the SSK system is realized by adding the designed artificial noise (AN). Since the AN is designed by the CSI of the legitimate channel, it can be canceled at the legitimate receiver and remained at the eavesdropper. In addition, the impacts of the CSI estimation error on the secrecy rate (SR) and bit error ratio (BER) of the SSK system have also been taken into account. The simulation results show that compared with the traditional SSK under imperfect CSI environment, the proposed scheme improves the SR and BER. © 2021 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Phylogenetic relationships in the Sorghum genus based on sequencing of the chloroplast and nuclear genes
Authors: Ananda Galaihalage , Norton Sally , Blomstedt Cecilia , Furtado Agnelo , Møller Birger , Gleadow Roslyn , Henry Robert
Published: July 2021

Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] is an important food crop with a diverse gene pool residing in its wild relatives. A total of 15 sorghum accessions from the unexploited wild gene pool of the Sorghum genus, representing the five subgenera, were sequenced, and the complete chloroplast genomes and 99 common single‐copy concatenated nuclear genes were assembled. Annotation of the chloroplast genomes identified a total of 81 protein‐coding genes, 38 tRNA, and four rRNA genes. The gene content and gene order among the species was identical. A total of 153 nonsynonymous amino acid changes in 40 genes were identified across the species. Phylogenetic analysis of both the whole chloroplast genome and nuclear genes revealed a similar topology with two distinct clades within the genus. The species within the subgenera Eusorghum, Chaetosorghum, and Heterosorghum clustered in one clade, whereas the species within the subgenera Parasorghum and Stiposorghum clustered in a second clade. However, the subgenera Parasorghum and Stiposorghum were not monophyletic, suggesting the need for further research to resolve the relationships within this group. The close relationship between the two monotypic subgenera Chaetosorghum and Heterosorghum suggests that species within these subgenera could be considered as one group. This analysis provides an improved understanding of the genetic relationships within the Sorghum genus and defines diversity in wild sorghum species that may be useful for crop improvement.
Introduction
Authors: Desille Amandine , Nikielska-Sekula Karolina
Published: July 2021

A significant effort in theorising and conceptualising the visual has been made within various disciplines. To mention only a few, Howard Becker (Art as collective action. Am Sociol Rev 767–776, 1974) in visual sociology, Lucien Taylor (Visualising theory. Routledge, 1994), Marcus Banks and Howard Morphy ((eds): Rethinking visual anthropology. Yale University Press, London, 1999) and Jay Ruby (Picturing culture: explorations of film and anthropology. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 2000) in visual anthropology, Chris Jenk ((ed): Visual culture. Routledge, 1995) in cultural studies, Gillian Rose (Visual methodologies: an introduction to the interpretation of visual methods. Sage, 2001) in geography and Sarah Pink (Doing visual ethnography. Sage, London, 2001) in visual ethnography, all produced fundamental works focusing on the visual in social sciences. This book, however, without diminishing the disciplinary work within the subject, proposes to approach visual methodologies in the specific context of a field of study, adopting an interdisciplinary approach that brings together geography, sociology, anthropology and communication studies. As Adrian Favell (Rebooting migration theory: interdisciplinarity, globality and postdisciplinarity in migration studies. In: Brettell C, Hollifield J (eds) Migration theory: talking across disciplines. Routledge, pp 259–278, 2007, p. 1988) has suggested: “On the face of it, there could hardly be a topic in the contemporary social sciences more naturally ripe for interdisciplinary thinking than migration studies.” In this piece we will attempt to explain why the adoption of visual methodologies in the field of migration studies is of particular interest.
Photovoice as a Research Tool of the “Game” Along the “Balkan Route”
Authors: Augustová Karolína
Published: July 2021

Migratory pathways across the borders of South Eastern Europe have been commonly recognised within public and policy discourses as the ‘Balkan Route’ (Frontex, 2018; UNHCR, 2019). Yet those pathways do not follow one linear route across the official border checkpoints of former Yugoslav states – Serbia and Bosnia, to the European Union – Croatia and Hungary (Obradovic-Wochnik & Bird, 2019; Stojić & Vilenica, 2019). As often encountered by displaced populations, the journeys consist of perpetually moving onward and being pushed backward across diverse European towns, highways, mountains, forests, rivers, minefields, and camps, necessary to cross to reach western or northern Europe. Displaced people stranded in Serbia and Bosnia generally call their border crossing attempts the ‘game’; the term that conveys the daily mobility struggles, violence and deaths.
Chant Down the Walls: Exploring the Potential of Video Methods in the Study of Immigrant Politics and Social Movements
Authors: Gnes Davide
Published: July 2021

In this chapter I draw on my fieldwork experience in Los Angeles to discuss the potential of video for qualitative research on migration and political action. I focus specifically on three aspects: access to the field, research respondents and data; video and the study of micro-social interaction; video as a tool to generate new insights and data. I argue that video has facilitated, enriched and expanded my understanding of migrant political action in several ways, some of which were entirely unexpected at the beginning of this research. Within the field of migration studies, video appears particularly suitable to research the terrain of politics and culture, since it provides the means to study a key social aspect that is difficult to investigate in detail only with other types of methods: interaction. Hence, video as both a tool and a method proved a useful complement to interviews, artefacts and archive documentation.
In the Eye of the Beholder? Minority Representation and the Politics of Culture
Authors: Magazzini Tina
Published: July 2021

The debate(s) on the relationship between art, activism and academia is as old as knowledge-production itself. In keeping with this volume’s focus on reflexivity and representation, this contribution asks what role filmmakers, curators and artists play as knowledge producers and as knowledge-brokers when working on politicized issues such migration and/or ethnicity. This chapter looks at three European experiences that sit on the seam of curatorial practice, testimony and activism and address the (visual) narratives of minority groups. Exploring the emergence of these initiatives and drawing upon interviews with the curators and artists behind them, this chapter takes stock of ongoing debates on the complex relationship between political and artistic representation on minority groups. Adopting Mitchell’s (1995) approach to representation that sees it as always being ‘of someone, by someone, to someone’, particular attention is given to the implications of what kind of stories are told, for whom they are told, and of who does the storytelling.
Conclusions: “Ways of Representation”: Is a Reflexive Representation Possible?
Authors: Şanlıer Yüksel İlke , Çam Aydın
Published: July 2021

In his seminal work, Berger (1972) introduces ‘ways of seeing’ as the ways in which meaning is given to the things which are depicted that stand for something. Image-based ethnography has long been interested in these meaning construction processes, namely representations. The ethnographer, or the researcher – as part of the meaning-making process – produces and/or reproduces ways of representation, along with the research design and the outcome. Then the question arises: is a reflexive representation possible? The three chapters in the fourth section of this volume offer thoughts to provoke answers to this question and evoke a theoretical discussion on the dialectical relation between migration and the representation of it, through research. The concluding chapter of this section reflect on key methodological, ethical and theoretical issues connected to the ways of representation and the role of the researcher.
Afterword: Visual Research in Migration. (In)Visibilities, Participation, Discourses
Authors: Prieto-Blanco Patricia
Published: July 2021

Profound developments in terms of scale, diversity of digital media and prosumerism (García-Galera & Valdivia, 2014; Madianou, 2011) in the last decade have resulted in vast monitoring of movement, migratory or otherwise. While migrants have been outlined as digital natives, early adopters and heavy users of digital technologies (Ponzanesi & Leurs, 2014); the intersection of ICT (Information and Communications Technology) and migration is still under-researched (Oiarzabal & Reips 2012), Madianou’s (2011) work being a notable exception. As Leurs and Prabhakar highlight (2018, p. 247), the implications of the rise of ubiquitous and pervasive technologies (software and hardware) for the migration experience can be grouped in two sets of media practices. On the one hand, these technologies are used to reproduce and (forcefully) enforce top-down control by (state) authorities. On the other, they enable migrants - both voluntary and forced - to connect (dis)affectively, manage kinship and other relationships (Cabalquinto, 2018; Madianou, 2012; Prieto-Blanco, 2016), participate in collective processes (Siapera & Veikou, 2013; Martínez Martínez, 2017; Özdemir, Mutluer & Özyürek, 2019), establish a sense of belonging (Yue, Li, Jin, & Feldman, 2013; Budarick, 2015; Gencel-Bek & Prieto-Blanco, 2020), and move money across borders (Aker, 2018; Batista & Narciso, 2013). “[T]he transformed epistolary base and the communication infrastructure of the migrant experience” (Hedge 2016, p. 3), with their distinct affordances, impact on how migration is currently understood via a focus on connectivity and presence. Stay in touch. Remain within reaching distance. Leave, but let your presence linger.
“Have You Just Taken a Picture of Me?”: Theoretical and Ethical Implications of the Use of Researcher-Produced Photography in Studying Migrant Minorities
Authors: Nikielska-Sekula Karolina
Published: July 2021

This paper aims at discussing the value of researcher-generated visual methods in studying migration. It focuses on photography as a data collection method, and the problem is presented in the context of researching urban and rural arenas of exercising transnational belonging by migrants and their descendants in new and ancestral homelands. Photography is approached here as a sensorial experience mediating a relationship between the researcher and the participants. The author argues that the relationships occurring around photo-taking in the field are as important as the data collected intentionally. Moreover, the chapter discusses ethical questions prompted by the employment of visual methods, problematizing them in a context of different social, cultural and national settings. With this chapter, the author attempts to answer a question whether researcher-generated visual data can open new angles of analyses of migrants’ life-words and how the employment of visual methods can influence theoretical perspectives within migration studies.
On the Use of Visual Methods to Understand Local Immigration Politics
Authors: Desille Amandine
Published: July 2021

In this chapter, I present the making of an ethnographic film, which I filmed during a research project in geography carried out from 2013 to 2017 and entitled Victory Day. The chapter provides a reflection on the use of film to capture political actions, specifically the ones targeting immigrant groups. It also shows the extent to which filmmaking relates to experiences of the participants involved, and to the sensorial experience of a place. With this, it builds on previous works that have highlighted the potential of moving images to represent the sensory, experiences and intersubjectivities. Finally, it tackles the ethics of working in conflict cities, and even more specifically, when participants take a hawkish stand in that conflict.
Ethnocinematographic Theory. How to Develop Migration Theory Through Ethnographic Filmmaking
Authors: Verstappen Sanderien
Published: July 2021

Film and text can be complementary modes of theory formation in the field of migration studies. If the theoretical potential of filmmaking is recognized in research, this also opens opportunities for teaching migration theory through film. This argument is illustrated here through the project Living like a common man, in which both film and text were used to observe, analyse, and theorize the migration experiences of young Indians to the UK - as ‘middling migration’. The resulting film offers a stand-alone argument that is used as teaching material in courses of migration studies; while accompanying texts make the argument explicit and clarify its significance for migration scholarship.
COVID-19-Patientinnen und -Patienten in Deutschland: Expositionsrisiken und assoziierte Faktoren für Hospitalisierungen und schwere Krankheitsverläufe
Authors: Koppe Uwe , Wilking Hendrik , Harder Thomas , Haas Walter , Rexroth Ute , Hamouda Osamah
Published: July 2021

Das Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) hat sich seit 2020 weltweit verbreitet. In Deutschland haben sich bis zum Ende Juni 2021 über 3,7 Mio. Menschen infiziert. Das Infektionsgeschehen betrifft jedoch nicht alle Bevölkerungsgruppen gleichmäßig. Einige Gruppen haben ein besonders hohes Risiko, sich zu infizieren oder nach der Infektion schwere Coronavirus-Disease-2019(COVID-19)-Verläufe zu erleiden.

Der vorliegende narrative Review vermittelt eine Übersicht über die Bevölkerungsgruppen in Deutschland, welche besonders von COVID-19 betroffen sind. Außerdem werden die bisher identifizierten Risikofaktoren beschrieben, die mit Krankenhausaufenthalten oder schweren COVID-19-Verläufen assoziiert sind.

SARS-CoV-2-Übertragungen finden an den verschiedensten Orten und in unterschiedlichen Situationen statt. Besonders betroffen erscheinen bestimmte berufliche Umgebungen, wie z. B. die Fleisch verarbeitende Industrie, aber auch Freizeitaktivitäten und Großveranstaltungen. Es wurden im Laufe der Pandemie Komorbiditäten identifiziert, die mit einem erhöhten Hospitalisierungsrisiko oder einem schweren COVID-19-Verlauf assoziiert sind, z. B. vorbestehende Lungen‑, Herz-Kreislauf- und Stoffwechselkrankheiten. Patientinnen und Patienten nach Organtransplantation und Personen mit Downsyndrom (Trisomie 21) haben nach einer SARS-CoV-2-Infektion das höchste Risiko für eine stationäre Behandlung.

Die identifizierten Rahmenbedingungen, die eine SARS-CoV-2-Verbreitung begünstigen, und das Wissen um besonders vulnerable Bevölkerungsgruppen bilden eine wichtige Evidenzgrundlage für die Planung von Präventionsstrategien und Maßnahmen zur Pandemiebekämpfung.
Molekulare Medizin: Pathobiochemie als Schlüssel zur personalisierten Therapie vererbter Krankheiten
Authors: Mayr J. A. , Feichtinger R. G. , Achleitner M. T. , Brugger K. , Kutsam K. , Spenger J. , Koch J. , Hofbauer P. , Lagler F. B. , Sperl W. , Weghuber D. , Wortmann S. B.
Published: July 2021

Genetische Defekte werden vielfach noch als Schicksal empfunden, mit dem man sich Zeit seines Lebens abfinden muss. Es stimmt, dass vererbte Anlagen in vielen Fällen zu schweren Krankheiten führen, allerdings stimmt es auch, dass der Anteil von genetischen Defekten, bei denen eine Therapieoption besteht, stetig wächst und sich der Ausbruch von Krankheitssymptomen bei einigen davon bestenfalls gänzlich verhindern lässt. Die Kenntnis des genauen molekularen Krankheitsmechanismus liefert oft die Grundlage für einen Therapieansatz. Zum Auffinden des genetischen Defekts haben die Möglichkeiten der genomweiten Sequenzierung und ihr mittlerweile breiter Einsatz in der Diagnostik entscheidend beigetragen. Nach dem Nachweis einer genetischen Veränderung braucht es aber noch die Untersuchung der pathobiochemischen Konsequenzen auf zellulärer und systemischer Ebene. Dabei handelt es sich oft um einen längeren Prozess, da der volle Umfang von Funktionsausfällen nicht immer auf Anhieb erkennbar ist. Bei metabolischen Defekten kann die Therapie ein Auffüllen von fehlenden Produkten oder eine Reduktion von giftigen Substraten sein. Oft lässt sich auch die Restfunktion von betroffenen „pathways“ verbessern. Neuerdings haben Therapien mit direkter Korrektur des betroffenen Gendefekts Einzug in die therapeutische Anwendung gefunden. Da die ersten Krankheitssymptome in vielen Fällen früh im Leben auftreten, trifft die Kinderheilkunde eine Vorreiterrolle in der Entwicklung von Therapieansätzen.
Inter-reader agreement of the PI-QUAL score for prostate MRI quality in the NeuroSAFE PROOF trial
Authors: Giganti Francesco , Dinneen Eoin , Kasivisvanathan Veeru , Haider Aiman , Freeman Alex , Kirkham Alex , Punwani Shonit , Emberton Mark , Shaw Greg , Moore Caroline M. , Allen Clare
Published: July 2021

Objectives

The Prostate Imaging Quality (PI-QUAL) score assesses the quality of multiparametric MRI (mpMRI). A score of 1 means all sequences are below the minimum standard of diagnostic quality, 3 implies that the scan is of sufficient diagnostic quality, and 5 means that all three sequences are of optimal diagnostic quality. We investigated the inter-reader reproducibility of the PI-QUAL score in patients enrolled in the NeuroSAFE PROOF trial.

Methods

We analysed the scans of 103 patients on different MR systems and vendors from 12 different hospitals. Two dedicated radiologists highly experienced in prostate mpMRI independently assessed the PI-QUAL score for each scan. Interobserver agreement was assessed using Cohen’s kappa with standard quadratic weighting (κw) and percent agreement.

Results

The agreement for each single PI-QUAL score was strong (κw = 0.85 and percent agreement = 84%). A similar agreement (κw = 0.82 and percent agreement = 84%) was observed when the scans were clustered into three groups (PI-QUAL 1–2 vs PI-QUAL 3 vs PI-QUAL 4–5). The agreement in terms of diagnostic quality for each single sequence was highest for T2-weighted imaging (92/103 scans; 89%), followed by dynamic contrast-enhanced sequences (91/103; 88%) and diffusion-weighted imaging (80/103; 78%).

Conclusion

We observed strong reproducibility in the assessment of PI-QUAL between two radiologists with high expertise in prostate mpMRI. At present, PI-QUAL offers clinicians the only available tool for evaluating and reporting the quality of prostate mpMRI in a systematic manner but further refinements of this scoring system are warranted.

Key Points

• Inter-reader agreement for each single Prostate Imaging Quality (PI-QUAL) score (i.e., PI-QUAL 1 to PI-QUAL 5) was strong, with weighted kappa = 0.85 (95% confidence intervals: 0.51 – 1) and percent agreement = 84%.

• Interobserver agreement was strong when the scans were clustered into three groups according to the ability (or not) to rule in and to rule out clinically significant prostate cancer (i.e., PI-QUAL 1-2 vs PI-QUAL 3 vs PI-QUAL 4–5), with weighted kappa = 0.82 (95% confidence intervals: 0.68 – 0.96) and percent agreement = 84%.

• T2-weighted acquisitions were the most compliant with the Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System (PI-RADS) v. 2.0 technical recommendations and were the sequences of highest diagnostic quality for both readers in 95/103 (92%) scans, followed by dynamic contrast enhanced acquisition with 81/103 (79%) scans and lastly by diffusion-weighted imaging with 79/103 (77%) scans.
Schmerztherapie in der Schwangerschaft
Authors: Marhofer Daniela , Jaksch Wolfgang , Aigmüller Thomas , Jochberger Stefan , Urlesberger Berndt , Pils Katharina , Maier Barbara , Likar Rudolf , Kayer Beate , Wallner Roswitha , Fink Petra , Grögl Gabriele
Published: July 2021

Hintergrund

Schwangerschaft und Schmerzen unterschiedlicher Herkunft sind eine ungünstige Kombination, die alle BehandlerInnen vor besondere Herausforderungen stellt. Schmerzen beeinflussen die Homöostase des Menschen negativ. Compliance der Patientin und fundiertes Wissen über Fetotoxizität und Teratogenität von Analgetika sind nötig, um die Balance zwischen Therapie der Mutter und Sicherheit des Ungeborenen zu wahren.

Ziel der Arbeit

ExpertInnen verschiedener Disziplinen, die mit der Betreuung von schwangeren Schmerzpatientinnen betraut sind, haben sich zusammengeschlossen, um medikamentöse und nichtmedikamentöse Therapiekonzepte zu erstellen, mit dem Ziel, eine suffiziente Analgesie von schwangeren Schmerzpatientinnen zu ermöglichen.

Material und Methode

Relevante Fragestellungen wurden durch ExpertInnen formuliert und einer Literatursuche unterzogen. Kombiniert mit weiteren nationalen und internationalen Empfehlungen wurden Behandlungskonzepte entwickelt, interdisziplinär diskutiert und im Anschluss Kernaussagen erstellt, die mit Empfehlungsgraden abgestuft wurden.

Ergebnisse

Abhängig vom Trimenon können bei Schmerzen Paracetamol, Ibuprofen, Diclofenac, Metamizol und Opioide wohlüberlegt verabreicht werden, besondere Vorsicht ist bei nichtsteroidalen Antirheumatika (NSAR) im letzten Trimenon geboten. COX-2-Hemmer werden nicht empfohlen. Bei neuropathischen Schmerzen gelten Amitriptylin, Duloxetin, Venlafaxin als sicher. Bei starker Migräne kann Sumatriptan zum Einsatz kommen. Nichtmedikamentöse Therapien wie transkutane elektrische Nervenstimulation (TENS-Therapie), Kinesio-Tapes und Akupunktur gelten als sicher. Lymphdrainagen werden bei Ödemen empfohlen, sofern sie nicht durch eine Präeklampsie bedingt sind.

Schlussfolgerung

Die Therapie sollte mit einer nichtmedikamentösen Behandlung beginnen und eskalierend in einer Kombination aus medikamentösen und nichtmedikamentösen Konzepten enden.
Impact of orthognathic surgery on quality of life in patients with different dentofacial deformities: longitudinal study of the Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-14) with at least 1 year of follow-up
Authors: Tuk Jacco G. , Lindeboom Jerome A. , Tan Misha L. , de Lange J.
Published: July 2021

Objective

The objective of this study was to assess the impact of orthognathic surgery for dental facial deformities on oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) in the immediate postoperative period up to at least 1 year after surgery.

Study design

This prospective study evaluated data from 85 patients. OHRQoL was assessed using the Dutch version of the Oral Health Impact Profile questionnaire (OHIP-14NL) preoperatively (T0), each day for 7 days postoperatively (T1–T7) and 4 weeks (T8), 6 months (T9), and at least 1 year (T10) after surgery. The total OHIP score was calculated for each patient, with higher OHIP scores indicating a worse impact on oral health. Patients also completed an extra questionnaire about self-care, discomfort, and experienced pain (rated on a 10-point scale) in the postoperative period (T1–T10).

Results

The mean OHIP score increased sharply at T1 compared to T0 but decreased significantly in the first postoperative week. The mean OHIP score at T8 was still higher than before surgery. However, at T9 and T10, the mean OHIP score was significantly lower than at T0 (P < .05). No significant difference in OHIP score was found between gender, age, type of surgery, and indication for surgery. Pain significantly decreased from T6 to T0. The OHIP and pain scores significantly positively correlated at every time point except T9.

Conclusion

The findings indicate that OHRQoL is reduced from baseline in the immediate postoperative period but improves over time. By 1 year, OHRQoL improves significantly after orthognathic surgery in patients with dentofacial deformities.
Towards completing the puzzle: complexity of control by replacing, adding, and deleting candidates or voters
Authors: Erdélyi Gábor , Neveling Marc , Reger Christian , Rothe Jörg , Yang Yongjie , Zorn Roman
Published: July 2021

We investigate the computational complexity of electoral control in elections. Electoral control describes the scenario where the election chair seeks to alter the outcome of the election by structural changes such as adding, deleting, or replacing either candidates or voters. Such control actions have been studied in the literature for a lot of prominent voting rules. We complement those results by solving several open cases for Copeland$$^{\alpha }$$α, maximin,k-veto, plurality with runoff, veto with runoff, Condorcet, fallback, range voting, and normalized range voting.
Prognostic impact of non-improvement of global longitudinal strain in patients with revascularized acute myocardial infarction
Authors: Otterstad Jan Erik , Norum Ingvild Billehaug , Ruddox Vidar , Le An Chau Maria , Bendz Bjørn , Munkhaugen John , Klungsøyr Ole , Edvardsen Thor
Published: July 2021

Global longitudinal strain (GLS) is a more sensitive prognostic factor than left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) in various cardiac diseases. Little is known about the clinical impact of GLS changes after acute myocardial infarction (AMI). The present study aimed to explore if non-improvement of GLS after 3 months was associated with higher risk of subsequent composite cardiovascular events (CCVE). Patients with AMI were consecutively included at a secondary care center in Norway between April 2016 and July 2018 within 4 days following percutaneous coronary intervention. Echocardiography was performed at baseline and after 3 months. Patients were categorized with non-improvement (0 to − 100%) or improvement (0 to 100%) in GLS relative to the baseline value. Among 214 patients with mean age 65 (± 10) years and mean LVEF 50% (± 8) at baseline, 50 (23%) had non-improvement (GLS: − 16.0% (± 3.7) to − 14.2% (± 3.6)) and 164 (77%) had improvement (GLS: − 14.0% (± 3.0) to − 16.9% (± 3.0%)). During a mean follow-up of 3.3 years (95% CI 3.2 to 3.4) 77 CCVE occurred in 52 patients. In adjusted Cox regression analyses, baseline GLS was associated with all recurrent CCVE (HR 1.1, 95% CI 1.0 to 1.2, p < 0.001) whereas non-improvement versus improvement over 3 months follow-up was not. Baseline GLS was significantly associated with the number of CCVE in revascularized AMI patients whereas non-improvement of GLS after 3 months was not. Further large-scale studies are needed before repeated GLS measurements may be recommended in clinical practice.

Trial registration: Current Research information system in Norway (CRISTIN). Id: 506563
Transthoracic echocardiographic reference values of the aortic root: results from the Hamburg City Health Study
Authors: Wenzel Jan-Per , Petersen Elina , Nikorowitsch Julius , Senftinger Juliana , Sinning Christoph , Theissen Matthias , Petersen Johannes , Reichenspurner Hermann , Girdauskas Evaldas
Published: July 2021

Here we generate up-to-date reference values of transthoracic echocardiographic aortic root dimensions matched by sex, age, and body surface area (BSA) derived from the population-based Hamburg City Health Study (HCHS) cohort. In 1687 healthy subjects (mean age 57.1 ± 7.7, 681 male and 1006 female), derived from the first prospectively-recruited 10,000 HCHS participants, dimensions of the aortic root were measured in systole and diastole using state-of-the-art 2-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography. Diameters were assessed at four levels: aortic annulus, Sinus of Valsalva, sinotubular junction, and ascending aorta. Female sex was associated with significantly smaller absolute aortic root dimensions, while indexing for BSA resulted in a reverse effect at all levels. There was a strong age dependency of all aortic root diameters as well as aortic annulus/sinotubular junction ratio for both sexes. Multivariate analysis revealed age, sex, weight, height, and BSA to be significant determinants of aortic root size. Finally, formulas were generated for the calculation of individual aortic root reference values considering age, sex, weight, and height. We provide population-based reference values of aortic root diameters based on a standardized transthoracic echocardiographic protocol of the population-based HCHS which may support the diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment of aortic root disease.
Moisture uptake in nanocellulose: the effects of relative humidity, temperature and degree of crystallinity
Authors: Garg Mohit , Apostolopoulou-Kalkavoura Varvara , Linares Mathieu , Kaldéus Tahani , Malmström Eva , Bergström Lennart , Zozoulenko Igor
Published: July 2021

Foams made from cellulose nanomaterials are highly porous and possess excellent mechanical and thermal insulation properties. However, the moisture uptake and hygroscopic properties of these materials need to be better understood for their use in biomedical and bioelectronics applications, in humidity sensing and thermal insulation. In this work, we present a combination of hybrid Grand Canonical Monte Carlo and Molecular Dynamics simulations and experimental measurements to investigate the moisture uptake within nanocellulose foams. To explore the effect of surface modification on moisture uptake we used two types of celluloses, namely TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibrils and carboxymethylated cellulose nanofibrils. We find that the moisture uptake in both the cellulose nanomaterials increases with increasing relative humidity (RH) and decreases with increasing temperature, which is explained using the basic thermodynamic principles. The measured and calculated moisture uptake in amorphous cellulose (for a given RH or temperature) is higher as compared to crystalline cellulose with TEMPO- and CM-modified surfaces. The high water uptake of amorphous cellulose films is related to the formation of water-filled pores with increasing RH. The microscopic insight of water uptake in nanocellulose provided in this study can assist the design and fabrication of high-performance cellulose materials with improved properties for thermal insulation in humid climates or packaging of water sensitive goods.

Graphic abstract
Balancing a budget or running a deficit? The offset regime of carbon removal and solar geoengineering under a carbon budget
Authors: Asayama Shinichiro , Hulme Mike , Markusson Nils
Published: July 2021

The idea of the carbon budget is a powerful conceptual tool to define and quantify the climate challenge. Whilst scientists present the carbon budget as the geophysical foundation for global net-zero targets, the financial metaphor of a budget implies figuratively the existence of a ‘budget manager’ who oversees the budget balance. Using this fictive character of budget manager as a heuristic device, the paper analyses the roles of carbon dioxide removal (CDR) and solar radiation management (SRM) under a carbon budget. We argue that both CDR and SRM can be understood as ‘technologies of offset’. CDR offsets positive carbon emissions by negative emissions, whereas SRM offsets the warming from positive greenhouse gas forcing by the induced cooling from negative forcing. These offset technologies serve as flexible budgeting tools in two different strategies for budget management: they offer the promise of achieving a balanced budget, but also introduce the possibility for running a budget deficit. The lure of offsetting rests on the flexibility of keeping up an ‘appearance’ of delivering a given budget whilst at the same time easing budget constraints for a certain period of time. The political side-effect of offsetting is to change the stringency of budgetary constraints from being regulated by geophysics to being adjustable by human discretion. As a result, a budget deficit can be normalised as an acceptable fiscal condition. We suggest that the behavioural tendency of policymakers to avoid blame could lead them to resort to using offset technologies to circumvent the admission of failure to secure a given temperature target.
In Situ exploration of the giant planets
Authors: Mousis O. , Atkinson D. H. , Ambrosi R. , Atreya S. , Banfield D. , Barabash S. , Blanc M. , Cavalié T. , Coustenis A. , Deleuil M. , Durry G. , Ferri F. , Fletcher L. N. , Fouchet T. , Guillot T. , Hartogh P. , Hueso R. , Hofstadter M. , Lebreton J.-P. , Mandt K. E. , Rauer H. , Rannou P. , Renard J.-B. , Sánchez-Lavega A. , Sayanagi K. M. , Simon A. A. , Spilker T. , Venkatapathy E. , Waite J. H. , Wurz P.
Published: July 2021

Remote sensing observations suffer significant limitations when used to study the bulk atmospheric composition of the giant planets of our Solar System. This impacts our knowledge of the formation of these planets and the physics of their atmospheres. A remarkable example of the superiority of in situ probe measurements was illustrated by the exploration of Jupiter, where key measurements such as the determination of the noble gases’ abundances and the precise measurement of the helium mixing ratio were only made available through in situ measurements by the Galileo probe. Here we describe the main scientific goals to be addressed by the future in situ exploration of Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune, placing the Galileo probe exploration of Jupiter in a broader context. An atmospheric entry probe targeting the 10-bar level would yield insight into two broad themes: i) the formation history of the giant planets and that of the Solar System, and ii) the processes at play in planetary atmospheres. The probe would descend under parachute to measure composition, structure, and dynamics, with data returned to Earth using a Carrier Relay Spacecraft as a relay station. An atmospheric probe could represent a significant ESA contribution to a future NASA New Frontiers or flagship mission to be launched toward Saturn, Uranus, and/or Neptune.
An attempt to optimize the outcome of penetrating keratoplasty in congenital aniridia-associated keratopathy (AAK)
Authors: Farah C. J. , Fries F. N. , Latta L. , Käsmann-Kellner B. , Seitz B.
Published: July 2021

Purpose

To propose an optimized microsurgical and medical approach to reduce the risk of complications after penetrating keratoplasty (PKP) in patients with aniridia-associated keratopathy (AAK).

Methods

Retrospective observational case series of 25 PKP performed in 16 patients with AAK. Preoperative indications were endothelial decompensation and vascularized scars (68%) or graft failure (32%) due to limbal stem cell deficiency. The optimized approach included a combination of a small corneal graft size (around 7.0 mm), interrupted 10–0nylon sutures, simultaneous AMT as a patch, large bandage contact lens, temporary lateral tarsorrhaphy, postoperative autologous serum eye drops, and systemic immunosuppression. Main outcome measures included: visual acuity, transplant survival, and complications encountered during follow-up of 107 weeks on average.

Results

A complete modified keratoplasty scheme was used in 10 of 25 PKP (group 1), while at least one of the modifications was missing in the other 15 PKP (group 2). After 8 weeks of follow-up, the epithelium was closed in 23 eyes. Visual acuity improved in 19 eyes at 6 months of follow-up, and remained stable in six eyes. None of the eyes showed a decrease in visual acuity. At the last post-operative follow-up, this visual improvement persisted in 14 eyes and graft survival rate after 156 weeks (3 years) was 69% in group 1 versus 44% in group 2 (p = 0.39, log-rank test). Secondary corneal neovascularization (8%), scarring (4%), ulcer (4%), or graft rejection (8%) happened mostly in the second group which was missing at least one of the suggested modifications.

Conclusions

PKP in congenital aniridia must be considered as a high-risk keratoplasty. An optimized therapeutic approach seems to be promising in order to reduce the postoperative complication rate in these most difficult eyes.
Towards scalable and reusable predictive models for cyber twins in manufacturing systems
Authors: Giannetti Cinzia , Essien Aniekan
Published: July 2021

Smart factories are intelligent, fully-connected and flexible systems that can continuously monitor and analyse data streams from interconnected systems to make decisions and dynamically adapt to new circumstances. The implementation of smart factories represents a leap forward compared to traditional automation. It is underpinned by the deployment of cyberphysical systems that, through the application of Artificial Intelligence, integrate predictive capabilities and foster rapid decision-making. Deep Learning (DL) is a key enabler for the development of smart factories. However, the implementation of DL in smart factories is hindered by its reliance on large amounts of data and extreme computational demand. To address this challenge, Transfer Learning (TL) has been proposed to promote the efficient training of models by enabling the reuse of previously trained models. In this paper, by means of a specific example in aluminium can manufacturing, an empirical study is presented, which demonstrates the potential of TL to achieve fast deployment of scalable and reusable predictive models for Cyber Manufacturing Systems. Through extensive experiments, the value of TL is demonstrated to achieve better generalisation and model performance, especially with limited datasets. This research provides a pragmatic approach towards predictive model building for cyber twins, paving the way towards the realisation of smart factories.