bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Implementasi Metode Elemen Hingga Untuk Persoalan Aliran Air Pada Jaringan Pipa
Authors: Hayani Cici , Tulus Tulus , Sawaluddin Sawaluddin
Published: January 2019

Pada zat cair yang mengalir di dalam bidang batas (contohnya pipa) akan terjadi tegangan geser dan gradien kecepatan pada seluruh medan aliran karena adanya kekentalan (viskositas). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat persoalan aliran air pada jaringan pipa yang diselesaikan dengan mengimplementasikan metode elemen hingga pada persamaan Navier-Stokes yang merupakan persamaan diferensial dasar yang menggambarkan aliran dari fluida Newtonian tak mampu-mampat. Dalam metode elemen hingga, medan aliran dipecah menjadi sekumpulan elemen-elemen fluida kecil (diskritisasi domain). Dalam penelitian ini peneliti menggambarkan aliran air pada bidang dua-dimensi (2D), kemudian dipilih fungsi interpolasi linier untuk elemen 2D, dan menurunkan elemen matriks dan vektor dengan metode Galerkin untuk mendapatkan persamaan Global. Hasil dari penelitian dengan bantuan komputer, memperlihatkan distribusi tekanan dan kecepatan aliran air untuk beberapa variasi bentuk pipa, yaitu pipa I dan pipa T, masing-masing juga dengan variasi posisi inlet/oulet. Hasil simulasi dengan COMSOL menunjukkan, bahwa terdapat hubungan antara tekanan dan kecepatan aliran air, kehilangan tekanan pada salah satu cabang pipa menyebabkan kecepatan aliran air menjadi tidak merata.

 

In liquid that flows inside the boundary field (e.g., pipe) there will be shear stress and velocity gradient in all flow fields due to viscosity. This study aimed to look at the problem of water flow in the pipe network solved by implementing the finite element method in the Navier-Stokes equation. This equation is a basic differential equation that describes the flow of incompressible Newtonian fluid. In the finite element method, the flow field is broken down into a set of small fluid elements (domain discretization). In this study the researcher described the flow of water in two-dimensional (2D) fields; then linear interpolation functions for 2D elements were selected and lowered the matrix and vector elements with the Galerkin method to obtain the Global equation. The results of the study with the help of computers showed the distribution of pressure and velocity of water flow for several variations in the shape of the pipe, namely pipe I and pipe T, each also with variations in position of inlet/outlet. The simulation with COMSOL showed that there was a relationship between the pressure and velocity of water flow, and the pressure loss on one of the pipe branches caused the water flow velocity to be uneven.
Analisis Dan Implementasi Algoritma Kriptografi Playfair Chiper Dan Algoritma Kompresi Run Length Encoding Dalam Pengamanan Dan Kompresi Data Teks
Authors: Putri Ananda Dwi , Rachmawati Dian , Heriyance Heriyance
Published: January 2019

Komunikasi dan bertukar informasi secara jarak jauh sudah sangat mudah dan praktis. Kemudahan ini menuntut peningkatan keamanan terhadap kerahasiaan data yang dikirim. Kriptografi adalah salah satu cara yang digunakan untuk menjaga kerahasian dari sebuah pesan, dimana pesan disamarkan menjadi sandi. Selain keamanan data yang perlu diperhatikan juga adalah kecepatan dalam pengiriman data tersebut. Kecepatan pengiriman ini tergantung dari ukuran informasi tersebut. Kompresi adalah proses pengubahan sekumpulan data menjadi bentuk kode dengan tujuan untuk menghemat kebutuhan tempat penyimpanan dan waktu untuk transmisi data. Dalam penelitian ini penulis mengkombinasi algoritma kriptografi Playfair Cipher dengan algoritma kompresi Run Length Encoding, serta menganalisa kedua algoritma menggunakan kompleksitas algoritma. waktu eksekusi pesan dengan 16 karakter adalah 0.54423 sekon, waktu eksekusi pesan dengan 78 karakter adalah 1.14617 sekon, dan waktu eksekusi pesan dengan 189 karakter adalah 1.51715 sekon. Hasil pengujian proses kompresi string Homogen dengan kompresi rasio rata-rata sebesar 33.83% dan sring Heterogen dengan kompresi rasio rata-rata sebesar 15,54%. Dapat disimpulkan jumlah karakter pada pesan berbanding lurus terhadap waktu.

Communication and exchanging information remotely are very easy and practical. This convenience requires increased security against the confidentiality of the data sent. Cryptography is one way used to maintain the confidentiality of a message, where the message is disguised as a password. In addition to data security, the speed in sending the data also needs to be considered. This speed of delivery depends on the size of the information. Compression is the process of converting a set of data into a code form with the aim of saving storage needs and time for data transmission. In this study, the researcher combined the Playfair Cipher cryptographic algorithm with the Run Length Encoding compression algorithm and analyzed both algorithms using algorithmic complexity. Message execution time with 16 characters was 0.54423 seconds. Message execution time with 78 characters was 1.14617 seconds, and message execution time with 189 characters was 1.51715 seconds. The result test was an average of 33.83% for the Homogeneous string compression process with compression ratios, and 15.54% for the Heterogeneous string with compression ratios. It could be concluded that the number of characters in the message was directly proportional to time.
Dictionary Of Psychology With Horspool Algorithm
Authors: Kartika Ade Mutiara , Sihombing Poltak , Candra Ade
Published: January 2019

Dictionary is a reference that contains words and phrases that are usually sorted alphabetically and is followed by a description of the word or phrase. Dictionary consists of several types, one of which is a dictionary of terms. Psychology dictionary is a dictionary of terms that contain psychological term. Psychology dictionary is identical to the old tome in search and less efficient in its use. Made an Android-based application of psychology dictionary that applies the Horspool algorithm for terms search and SQLite for data storage is a solution. The search algorithm is needed to shorten the time in the search itself. Horspool algorithm apply a saved search information to shift even further because the string matching is done from right to left, so the time to search a string is shorter. Fields used in this research is psychology in general terms. By entering a psychological term as input in the search then we will get the search results. The results of this research show the entire pattern that matches the text.
Sintesis Cmc-G-Epiklorohidrin/Etilendiamina Melalui Reaksi Selulosa Membentuk Cmc Dilanjutkan Dengan Esterifikasi/Aminasi Menggunakan Epiklorohidrin/Etilendiamina
Authors: Ginting Adil , Ginting Mimpin , Situmeang Hotlan Heber
Published: January 2019

Cellulose from paper pulp was alkalized with NaOH 30%; then carboxymethylated with monochloroacetic acid producing carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). CMC resins was subsequently alkalized again with NaOH 30% producing sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (Na-CMC) before esterification/amination reaction with epichlorohydrin/ethylendiamine. Esterification/amination reaction with epichlorohidrin/ethylendiamine was carried out in two steps as well. Na-CMC was reacted with epichlorohydrin, and in the second step, 2-oxiranylmethyl carboxymethyl cellulose was reacted with ethylendiamine producing cellulose-g-epichlorohydrin/ethylendiamine. FT-IR spectroscopy analysis indicated CN Amine vibration in the region 1417 cm-1 and in the 1600 cm-1 region attributed to vibration of C=O group. Morphological analysis using SEM showed homogeneous and porous at their structure.
Isolasi dan karakteristik bakteri lignoselulolitik rumen kerbau sebagai pendegradasi komponen serat
Authors: Hanafi N.D. , Tafsin M. , Purba D.R.
Published: January 2019

Meningkatkan kecernaan komponen serat dalam rumen dapat melalui penambahan bakteri lignoselulolitik yang berasal dari rumen kerbau dalam ransum berserat pada ternak ruminansia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengisolasi dan mengkarakterisasi bakteri lignoselulolitik rumen kerbau sehingga akan memperoleh isolat bakteri yang mempunyai kemampuan degradasi komponen serat yang tinggi. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode isolasi Hungate  yaitu menggunakan medium selektif yang ditumbuhkan pada media roll tube. Medium selektif yang digunakan yaitu Carboxy Methyl Cellulosa/CMC sebagai substrat bakteri selulolitik, xylan sebagai substrat bakteri silanolitik dan asam tanat sebagai substrat bakteri lignolitik.Dari hasil penelitian ini diperoleh 14 isolat lignoselulolitik yaitu 5 isolat selulolitik, 5 isolat silanolitik dan 4 isolat lignolitik. Berdasarkan uji semikuantatif diperoleh zona bening dan zona difusi warna coklat yang memiliki diameter terluas antara lain isolat CMC1 (bakteri selulolitik), XY5 (bakteri silanolitik) dan AT4 (bakteri lignolitik) sehingga ketiga isolat tersebut yang memilki kemampuan mencerna serat terbaik. 

 

Increasing the digestibility of a fiber component in the rumen can be done through the addition of lignocellulolytic bacteria originating from the rumen of buffalo in fibrous rations in ruminants. This study aimed to isolate and characterize buffalo lignocelulolytic bacteria to obtain bacterial isolates that had high fiber component degradation ability. This study employed the Hungate isolation method utilizing selective medium grown on roll tube media. The selective medium used was Carboxy Methyl Cellulosa/CMC as a cellulolytic bacterial substrate, xylan as a silanolitic bacterial substrate, and tanic acid as a lignolytic bacterial substrate. From this study, 14 lignocelulolytic isolates, 5 cellulolytic isolates, 5 silanolitic isolates and 4 lignolytic isolates were obtained. Based on the semiquantative test, clear zone and brown diffusion zone were achieved which had the widest diameter and the best fiber digestibility, namely, CMC1 isolates (cellulolytic bacteria), XY5 (silanolitic bacteria) and AT4 (lignolytic bacteria).
Analisis Numerik Evaporator Pada Desalinasi Surya Sistem Vakum Alami
Authors: Ronowikarto Agistya D. , Siregar Ridho Elranda T. , Ambarita Himsar
Published: January 2019

Teknologi desalinasi merupakan salah satu solusi dari kelangkaan air bersih yang terjadi. Dengan menggunakan energi terbarukan yang digunakan oleh proses desalinasi umumnya berupa energi surya, angin, dan geotermal diharapkan dapat mengurangi kebutuhan energi dalam sistem desalinasi. Pada penelitian ini telah dilakukan analisis numerik perpindahan fraksi volume massa dan laju penguapan yang terjadi pada evaporator. Analisis numerik diasumsikan sebagai kasus 3 dimensi. Persamaan pembentukan fluida didiskritasikan menjadi suatu persamaan menggunakan metode volume hingga. Pada hasil simulasi dapat dilihat bahwa terjadi proses evaporasi-kondensasi pada evaporator berdasarkan hasil kontur volume fraksi dan laju penguapan berdasarkan hasil simulasi adalah sebesar 4,36×〖10〗^(-5) dengan hasil produktifitas air bersih sebanyak 1,3 liter. Hasil simulasi akan dibandingkan dengan hasil eksperimental. Dengan hasil perhitungan matematis, produktifitas air bersih sebanyak 1,38 liter akan dibandingkan dengan hasil simulasi, maka didapat bahwa terdapat ralat sebesar 6,1%.Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa evaporator pada teknologi desalinasi surya sistem vakum alami telah bekerja dengan baik.

 

Desalination technology is one solution to the scarcity of clean water. By using renewable energy used by the desalination process generally in the form of solar, wind and geothermal energy, it is expected to reduce energy necessities in the desalination system. This study conducted a numerical analysis of the displacement of the fraction of mass volume and evaporation rate occurred in the evaporator. Numerical analysis was assumed to be a 3-dimensional case. The fluid formation equation was discounted into an equation using the volume up method. From the simulation results, it could be seen that there was an evaporation-condensation process on the evaporator based on the volume contour fraction results and the evaporation rat. The simulation resulted 4.36 × 〖10〗 ^ (- 5) with 1.3 liters of clean water productivity. Simulation results were compared with experimental results. With the results of mathematical calculations, the productivity of 1.38 liters of clean water was compared with the simulation results, and it was found that there was an error of 6.1%. This indicated that the evaporator in the solar desalination technology of natural vacuum systems had worked well.
Rancang Bangun Alat Penukar Kalor Shell And Tube Dengan Satu Laluan Cangkang Dan Dua Laluan Tabung Sebagai Pemanas Air
Authors: Napitupulu Farel H. , Sitepu Tekad , Kusuma Jefry , Wijaya Agus
Published: January 2019

Limbah air panas yang dibuang langsung tanpa diproses pasti akan mengakibatkan efek buruk terhadap ekosistem air. Dalam penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuat suatu  rancang bangun alat penukar kalor yang memanfaatkan energi panas dari limbah air panas pabrik pupuk yang bertujuan untuk memanaskan air dan akan digunakan sebagai air panas di pemandian perumahan karyawan pabrik pupuk. Dengan memanfaatkan energi panas dari limbah air panas tersebut maka temperatur limbah air panas ini juga akan turun dan selanjutnyadapat dibuang ke sungai tanpa membahayakan ekosistem di sungai. Secara ringkas, didapat alat penukar kalor berukuran panjang 1,64 m, lebar 0,48 m , dan tinggi 2,1 m , Panjang  total  pipa pada alat penukar kalornya  adalah 2,7 m berdiameter 13mm , dan shellnya mempunyai panjang  1,35m dan  berdiameter  70mm, volume pada tangki Alat penukar ini sebesar 27 Liter. Pada tabung dalam APK shell and tube, material yang digunakan adalah tembaga dengan nilai konduktivitas sebesar 385 W/mK sedangkan pada APK tabung sepusat, material yang digunakan adalah aluminium dengan nilai konduktivitas  sebesar 205 W/mK. Sedangkan efektifitas terbesar setelah dilakukan percobaan adalah 35,4040%.

Hot water waste that is discharged directly without being processed will definitely have an adverse effect on the water ecosystem. This study aimed to make a design of heat exchanger that utilized heat energy from hot water waste of fertilizer factories to heat water and produce hot water for the housings of the fertilizer factories. By utilizing heat energy from the hot water waste, the temperature of the hot water waste would also drop and it could be discharged into the river without endangering the ecosystem in the river. In summary, a heat exchanger measuring 1.64 m long, 0.48 m wide, and 2.1 m high was built with the 2.7 m total length and 13 mm diameter of the pipe on the heat exchanger, a diameter of 1.35 m and 70mm shell, and a 27 liter volume on the tank. In shell and tube heat exchanger, the material used was copper with a conductivity value of 385 W/mK; while in a centralized tube heat exchanger, the material used was aluminum with a conductivity value of 205 W/mK. The largest effectiveness post the experiment was 35.4040 %.
Palm Juice / Nira (Arenga pinnata (Wurmb) Merr.), A Source of Lactic Acid Bacteria from North Sumatra
Authors: Jamilah It , Priyani Nunuk , Silaban Maretta Fitriani
Published: January 2019

Palm juice or so called Nira in North Sumatera, is a liquid produced from the base of the male flower bunches from sugar palm or Aren (Arenga pinnata L.). Nira contain sugar and other nutritional components that are suitable for the growth of microorganisms; one of which lactic acid bacteria (LAB). The purpose of this study was to isolate LABs that could inhibit growth of food pathogenic bacteria and to evaluate their potencies as probiotic candidates. Evaluation on probiotic properties were obtained from: - Antagonisms assay against representative food pathogens (Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli), - Survivability within simulated gastrointestinal tract (Gastric pH (2.0), - Intestinal pH (7.2), - Bile salts (0.5% oxgall), and - ability to form biofilm on the surface of solid stainless steel. Sixteen LABs were isolated and only six isolates had showed antagonisms against food pathogens. Five LABs namely MF5, MF10, MF11, MF14 and MF15 were able to survive in simulated condition of gastrointestinal tract and to form biofilm on the surface of solid stainless steel. The results showed prospective aspects of LABs as local probiotic candidates.
Effect of Operation Condition on Gelugur Acid (Garcinia atroviridis) Drying Rate Using Tray Dryer
Authors: Hasibuan R , Gusman Heri
Published: January 2019

Garcinia atroviridis is a commodity with promising economic potential in the future, that it is not only used as spices but also as a necessity in cosmetic industry. One of the backgrounds of this research was the abundant amount of Garcinia atroviridis in North Sumatra. The post-harvest of processing Garcinia atroviridis was conducted by conventional drying process, i.e. drying out directly under the scorching sun where it was put on the sack or tarp and in the roads passed by motor vehicles. It had some disadvantages such as, a long drying time, lack of hygiene, contamination of dust and sand, animals and insects plague, as well as uncertain whether circumstances. Therefore, the dryer is very much needed as it can overcome these weaknesses. This research attempted to conduct a drying study of Garcinia atroviridis using tray dryer. It consisted of a drying room equipped with a tray of dried material, air heater, fan, control panel of temperature gauge and relative humidity (RH). The main purpose of this research was to study the influence of operating conditions against the rate of drying and characteristics of drying Garcinia atroviridis. This research was conducted by varying the drying temperature (45 and 55 oC) and air flow rate (1.15 and 2.25 m/s), with a weight of 500 grams Garcinia atroviridis. The drying was done by weighing each ingredient in a specified time interval until reaching constant weight. The results showed that the air flow rate and temperature affected the drying rate, where the 55 oC temperature and 2.25 m/s flow rate could lower the moisture content of 90% within 540 minutes. As for the characteristics of the drying Garcinia atroviridis, it generally showed that there were only two stages of drying rate, namely rising and declining drying rate. But on the operating conditions of the 1.15 m/s air flow rate and 55 oC temperature, it showed three stages namely, rising, constant and declining drying.
Konsep Generalized Gradient Pada Optimisasi Nonsmooth
Authors: Nababan Esther , Bangun Pengarapen
Published: January 2019

Tulisan ini merupakan kajian literature mengenai konsep generalized pada optimisasi fungsi nonsmooth. Generalized gradient  ¶f merupakan salah satu pengganti derivative atau turunan fungsi. Generalized gradient dikembangkan dari kenyataan bahwa suatu fungsi tak halus yang memenuhi kondisi Lipschitz disekitar suatu titik x pasti mempunyai turunan berarah di titik x dalam arah v, yaitu f o(x;v).Generalized gradient dari fungsi real  f  di suatu titik x didefinisikan sebagai¶f(x) : = {xÎ Rn : f o(x;v)³áv,xñ untuk semua v di Rn }. Secara geometri,  fungsi nonsmooth dapat dibuktikan mempunyai titik optimal apabila fungsi tersebut konveks. Dengan analisa konveksitas ditunjukkan bahwa syarat perlu untuk titik x* merupakan titik peminimum dari  fungsi tak halus f(x) adalah 0Î¶ f(x).

 

This paper was a literature study of generalized concepts in non-smooth function optimization. Generalized gradient ¶f is a substitute for derivatives or derivatives functions. Generalized gradient is developed from the fact that a subtle function that fulfills the Lipschitz condition around a point x must have a derivative directed at point x in the direction v, i.e. fo (x; v). Generalized gradient of the real function f at a point x is defined as f (x): = {xÎ Rn: fo (x; v) ³áv, xñ for all v in Rn}. Geometrically, the nonsmooth function can be proven to have an optimal point if the function is convex. Convinced analysis showed that the necessary condition for point x* was the minimum point of the subtle function f (x) is 0Î¶ f (x).
Optimisasi Program Linear Integer Murni Dengan Metode Branch And Bound
Authors: Marulizar Tondi , Sinulingga Ujian , Nababan Esther
Published: January 2019

Program Linier Integer Murni merupakan optimisasi kombinatorial yang tidak mudah untuk diselesaikan secara efisien. Metode yang sering digunakan untuk menyelesaikan Program Linier Integer Murni diantaranya adalah metode merative, yang merupakan salah satunya metode Branch and Bound. Metode ini menggunakan hasil dari metode simpleks yang belum bernilai integer sehingga dilakukan pencabangan dan batasan terhadap variabel x_j yang bernilai pecahan terbesar. Metode Branch and Bound dapat menyelesaikan masalah optimisasi suatu produk, tetapi membutuhkan waktu yang lebih lama dalam proses perhitungannya dikarenakan dalam setiap tahap perhitungan harus dicari nilai dari batas atas dan batas bawah yang ditentuan berdasarkan suatubatasandankriteria tertentu.

Pure Integer Linear Program is combinatorial optimization that is not easy to solve efficiently. The method that is often used to complete the Pure Integer Linear Program is the merative method, which is one of the Branch and Bound methods. This method uses the results of the simplex method that is not yet an integer value so that the branching and limitation of the x_j variable is the largest fraction. The Branch and Bound method can solve the optimization problem of a product, but requires a longer time in the calculation process because in each calculation phase, a value must be sought from the upper and lower limits determined based on the boundary and certain criteria.
Model dan analisa struktur sepatu kuda bahan komposit polymeric foam diperkuat serat fiber-glass
Authors: Mawardi Mawardi , Siregar Raja E Karya , Sudharma Randika
Published: January 2019

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mensimulasi pembebanan pada sepatu kuda bahan polymeric foamdiperkuat serat fiber-glassmenggunakan analisa software AnsysR17,5 Model sepatu kuda dibuat menggunakan software Solidwork2014 sebanyak dua model, yaitu model 1 dan model 2. Selanjutnya disimulasi statik masing-masing pada sisi atas dan bawah untuk mendapatkan distribusi tegangan sepatu kuda dengan Software AnsysR17.5 Hasil akhir simulasi numerik menunjukkan angka tertinggi pada model 2 bahan polymeric foamdengan nilai tegangan Equivalent(von-mises) Stress0.13021 MPa sedangkan pada model 1 bahan steelhasil akhir nilai tegangan Equivalent (von-mises) Stress0.091885 MPa. Melihat hasil simulasi ini, kesempatan sangat terbuka lebar bagi peneliti berikutnya untuk mengembangkan teknologi mendesain sepatu kuda baru baik secara simulasi maupun eksperimental menggantikan bahan konvensional seperti steelini.

This study aimed to simulate the loading on horse shoes of polymeric foam materials reinforced by fiber glass using AnsysR17,5 software analysis. Horse shoe models made using Solidwork2014 software were as many as two models, namely model 1 and model 2. Furthermore, static simulation was conducted on each upper and lower side to get the horse shoe stress distribution with AnsysR17.5 Software. The final numerical simulation showed the highest number in the polymeric foam 2 model with the value of Equivalent (von-mises) Stress 0.13021 MPa while in the 1 steel material the final value was Equivalent (von-mises) Stress 0.091885 MPa. Seeing the results of this simulation, the opportunity was very wide open for the next researcher to develop technology to design new horse shoes both in simulations and experiments replacing conventional materials such as steelini.
Pembuatan Sabun Cair Dengan Alkali Kalium Abu Batang Pisang (Musa Paradisisaca)
Authors: Sukeksi Lilis , Sirait Masniar , Haloho Patima Valentina
Published: January 2019

Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui potensi kalium dari abu limbah batang pisang sebagai sumber alkali untuk dijadikan sabun cair alami.Penelitian ini diawali dengan mengeringkan batang pisang dan dilakukan pembakaran untuk memperoleh abu batang pisang. Pembakaran dilakukan dengan menggunakan muffle furnace pada suhu 550 oC selama 3 jam. Kemudian dilakukan ekstraksi pada abu dengan menggunakan aquadest dengan perbandingan 4 : 25 (w/v) (gram/ml) untuk memperoleh alkali. Alkali ini direaksikan dengan minyak kelapa “Barco” pada proses saponifikasi dengan variabel tetap volume minyak 30 ml, kecepatan pengadukan 250 rpm dan waktu reaksi 3 jam. Sedangkan untuk variabel bebasnya suhu reaksi 60 oC, 70 oC, 80 oC, 90 oC, volume alkali 40 ml,50 ml, 60 ml, 70 ml.Respon yang diamati adalah Keasaman (pH), densitas, bilangan penyabunan dan alkali bebas. Hasil yang terbaik diperoleh pada suhu 80 oC dan volume alkali 70 ml dengan pH 10,1, densitas 1,064 gr/ml,bilangan penyabunan 198,939dan kadar alkali bebasnya 0,0840%

This study aimed to determine the potential of potassium from the ashes of banana stem waste as a source of alkali to be used as natural liquid soap. This study was initiated by drying banana stems and burning to obtain banana stem ash. Burning was done by using a muffle furnace at a temperature of 550 oC for 3 hours. Then the extraction on ash using aquadest with a ratio of 4: 25 (w / v) (gram / ml) was conducted to obtain alkali. Alkali was reacted with coconut oil "Barco" in the saponification process with a variable constant oil volume of 30 ml, stirring speed of 250 rpm and reaction time of 3 hours. As for the independent variables the reaction temperature is 60oC, 70 oC, 80 oC, and 90 oC, the volume of alkaline 40 ml, 50 ml, 60 ml, and 70 ml. The response observed was acidity (pH), density, saponification and free alkali. The best results were obtained at 80 oC and the volume of 70 ml alkali with pH 10.1, density 1.064 gr/ml, saponification number 198.939 and free alkali content 0.0840%
Perbandingan Gugus Fungsi dan Morfologi Permukaan Karbon Aktif dari Pelepah Kelapa Sawit Menggunakan Aktivator Asam Fosfat (H3PO4) dan Asam Nitrat (HNO3)
Authors: Mentari Vidyanova Anggun , Maulina Seri
Published: January 2019

Indonesia termasuk negara produsen kelapa sawit terbesar di dunia. Berdasarkan laporan Badan Pusat Statistik luas perkebunan kelapa sawit di Indonesia pada tahun 2016 sebesar 11.672.861 Ha. Limbah perkebunan kelapa sawit tersedia dalam jumlah yang banyak dan belum dimanfaatkan secara optimal salah satunya yaitu pelepah kelapa sawit. Pelepah kelapa sawit termasuk kategori limbah basah (wet by-products) dengan jumlah produksi pelepah kelapa sawit pada tahun 2016 yaitu sebesar 191.434.920 ton.Paper ini membahas perbandingan gugus fungsi dan morfologi permukaan karbon aktif dari pelepah kelapa sawit(elaeis guineensis Jacq) dengan aktivator H3PO4 dan HNO3.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbandingan gugus fungsi dan morfologi permukaan karbon aktif dari pelepah kelapa sawit dengan aktivator H3PO4 dan HNO3. Metode yang dilakukan meliputi proses impregnasi, karbonisasi, dan pencucian. Konsentrasi aktivator yang digunakan yaitu 20% dengan suhu aktivasi 400 oC. Analisa yang dilakukan pada penelitian ini meliputi analisis morfologi permukaan karbon aktif dengan menggunakan SEM dan analisis spektra secara FTIR terhadap karbon aktif. Hasilanalisa morfologi menggunakan SEM menunjukkan adanya pori yang terbentuk pada karbon aktif dan identifikasi dengan spektrofotometer FTIR menunjukkan bahwa karbon aktif pada penelitian ini mengandung gugus fungsi C=O, C=C, C-C, N=O, C-N, C-OH, CH2dan C-H

Indonesia is the largest palm oil producer in the world. Based on the Central Statistics Agency's report, the area of ​​oil palm plantations in Indonesia in 2016 amounted to 11,672,851 Ha. Palm oil plantation waste is available in large quantities and has not been utilized optimally; one of which is palm tree fronds. Palm oil fronds are categorized as wet waste (wet by products) with the amount of palm oil fronds production in 2016 was equal to 191,434,920 tons. This paper discussed the comparison of functional groups and surface morphology of activated carbon from oil palm fronds (Elaeis guineensis Jacq) with H3PO4 and HNO3 activators. This study aimed to determine the comparison of functional groups and surface morphology of activated carbon from oil palm fronds with activators of H3PO4 and HNO3. The method used included the process of impregnation, carbonization, and washing. The concentration of activator used was 20% with an activation temperature of 400 oC. The analysis carried out in this study included the analysis of the surface morphology of activated carbon using SEM and FTIR spectra analysis of activated carbon. Morphological analysis using SEM showed the presence of pores formed on activated carbon. Identification with FTIR spectrophotometer showed that the activated carbon in this study contained functional groups C = O, C = C, CC, N = O, CN, C-OH, CH2 and CH.
Gambaran Empati Perawat Dalam Memberikan Asuhan Keperawatan Di Ruang Rawat Inap Rsup H. Adam Malik Medan
Authors: Butarbutar Ranafika , Fathi Achmad
Published: January 2019

Empati merupakan suatu proses memahami perasaan orang lain dan ikut merasakan yang orang lain rasakan. Empati dibagi menjadi dua komponen utama, yaitu kognitif dan afektif. Empati secara kognitif adalah proses memikirkan suatu situasi dari sudut pandang orang lain, sedangkan secara afektif akan membuat seseorang melakukan sesuatu untuk menolong dan menunjukkan kepeduliannya pada orang lain. Oleh karena itu empati menjadi sangat penting bagi seorang perawat untuk menjalin hubungan terapeutik dan juga berkomunikasi dengan pasien. Perawat yang memiliki empati, akan lebih mudah untuk menjalin hubungan terapeutik sehingga pasien akan lebih mudah menerima tindakan asuhan keperawatan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi gambaran empati perawat dalam memberikan asuhan keperawatan di ruang rawat inap RSUP H. Adam Malik Medan. Penelitian merupakan penelitian deskriptif dengan sampel 141 perawat pelaksana yang dipilih secara accidental sampling. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan menggunakan kuisioner dengan nilai koefisien reliabel 0,86. Analisis data dengan menggunakan analisis univariat. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa sebanyak 120 perawat (85,1%) memiliki empati dalam kategori baik dan 21 perawat (14,9%) dalam kategori cukup baik. Rekomendasi dari penelitian ini diharapkan agar pihak manajemen keperawatan rumah sakit terus meningkatkan kualitas pelayanan keperawatan pada pasien dan dalam waktu berkala melakukan evaluasi tentang kepuasan pasien terhadap pelayanan keperawatan.

 

Abstract

Empathy is a process of understanding and participating in others’feeling. Empathy is divided into two main components, cognitive and affective. Cognitive empathy is the process of thinking from another person's point of view, while affective empathy is feeling concern for the suffering of another person and a desire to help. Therefore empathy becomes very important for nurses to establish therapeutic relationships and to communicate with patients. Nurses showing empathy to patients will have no difficulty to establish therapeutic relationships because the patients will feel more comfortable to receive the nursing care plan actions. This study aimed to determine the overview of nurses’ empathy in providing nursing care in among inpatient in H. Adam Malik Hospital Medan. This study employed a descriptive research with 141 nurses selected by using accidental sampling. For data collection, a questionnaire was used as the study instrument with Cronbach alpha of 0.86. Data were analyzed by using univariate analysis. The results of this study showed that 120 nurses (85.1%) were in good category and 21 nurses (14.9%) were in moderate category in empathy. It is recommended that the hospital nursing management improve the quality of nursing care for patients and evaluate patient satisfaction on regular basis.
IgG Anti-Toxoplasma pada Cairan Otak Pasien Terinfeksi HIV dan AIDS dengan Meningitis
Authors: Andriyani Yunilda , Kurniawan Agnes , Sari Ika Puspa , Wahyuningsih Retno
Published: January 2019

Toksoplasmosis diperkirakan telah menginfeksi sepertiga populasi dunia dan dapat mengancam jiwa pasien dengan imunokompromi. Ensefalitis toksoplasma (ET) terjadi akibat reaktivasi infeksi laten T. gondii yang sering terjadi pada pasien AIDS, terutama stadium akhir. Untuk menegakkan diagnosis pasti pada pasien AIDS dengan kelainan SSP sangatlah sulit. Diagnosis ET ditegakkan hanya berdasarkan asumsi dari gejala klinis, gambaran radiologi, dan respon terhadap terapi yang diberikan. Pemeriksaan kadar IgG dari cairan organ masih jarang dilakukan. Sampel cairan otak diperoleh dari 50 pasien HIV dan AIDS yang dikumpulkan sejak Januari 2013 hingga 2014 di Laboratorium Parasitologi FKUI. Kadar CD4+, gejala klinis, hasil radiologi, diagnosis klinis, riwayat terapi profilaksis ko-trimoksazol, dan analisis cairan otak, diperoleh dari rekam medik.Dari 50 sampel, diperoleh hasil 24 (48%) positif dan 26 (52%) negatif IgG anti-Toxoplasma. Dari IgG positif, terdapat 5 (20,83%) dengan kadar tinggi, dan 19 (79,17%) dengan kadar IgG rendah. Tidak ada perbedaan bermakna antara kadar IgG antiToxoplasma dengan hasil radiologi, diagnosis klinis, maupun riwayat terapi profilaksis ko-trimoksazol. Diperoleh korelasi negatif antara kadar CD4+ dan IgG anti-Toxoplasma, walaupun kekuatannya sangat lemah. Berdasarkan hasil radiologi, diperoleh sensitivitas 56%, spesifisitas 57%, nilai duga positif 41%, dan nilai duga negatif 71%.

Toxoplasmosis is estimated to infect a third of the world's population and can be life-threatening to human immunocompromised system . Toxoplasma Encephalitis (TE) is caused by reactivation of latent T. gondii infection that often occurs in AIDS patients especially those with end-stage . To establish a definite diagnosis in AIDS patients with Central Nervous System (CNS)disorders is very difficult. The diagnosis of TE is only based on the assumptions of clinical symptoms, radiological features, and responses to the therapy given. Examination of IgG levels from organ fluids is still rare. CSF samples were taken from 50 HIV/AIDS patients collected from January 2013 to 2014 at the Parasitology Laboratory at FKUI (Medical Departement of University of Indonesia). CD4 levels, clinical symptoms, radiological results, clinical diagnosis, history of co-trimoxazole prophylaxis, and SCF analysis were obtained from medical records. The results showed that IgG-anti Toxoplasma was positive in 24 patients (48%) and negative in 26 patients (52%). From the positive IgG, there were 5 patients(20.83%) with high IgG levels, and 19 patients(79.17%) with low IgG levels. There was no significant difference between the levels of IgG anti-toxoplasma and the results of radiology, clinical diagnosis, and a history of co-trimoxazole prophylactic therapy. There was a weak negative correlation between CD4 + and IgG anti-Toxoplasma levels, The results of radiology showed values of sensitivity 56%, specificity 57%, positive predictive value 41%, and negative predictive value 71%.
Pengaruh Terapi Relaksasi Otot Progresif Terhadap Tingkat Kecemasan Pasien Kanker Payudara di RSUP Haji Adam Malik, Medan
Authors: Nova Rizky Rahma , Tumanggor Roxsana Devi
Published: January 2019

Patient with breast cancer is experienced a psychological pressure with cancer diagnosis. This condition leads to anxiety and hopeless feeling toward life. One of the therapies which found effective to minimize anxiety is progressive muscle relaxation. The objective of the reasearch was to find the influence of progressive muscle relaxation therapy as the nursing intervention in reducing the anxiety level of the patient with breast cancer. The research applied quasi experiment method with pre-test and post-test control group design. The samples involved are 26 patients with breast cancer, which consist of 13 patients with intervention and 13 patient without intervention. The research instrument used to assess the anxiety level was HRS-A (Hamilton Rating Scale-Anxiety) questionnaire. The research conducted at RSUP Haji Adam Malik Medan from May to June,2016. Progressive muscle relaxation theraphy was carried out in 3 days with the frequency of 6 times exercise. The result of the research showed that t-value was -4.275 and p-value=0.000 or p-value < 0.05 (0,000) which indicated that there was the influence of progressive muscle relaxation therapy on the decrease in the level of anxiety of breast cancer patients. Therefore, nurse can use progressive muscle relaxation as non-pharmacological in coping with breast cancer patients.

Patient with breast cancer mostly experienced  psychological pressure . This condition leads to anxiety and hopeless feeling toward life. One of the therapies which regarded effective to minimize anxiety is progressive muscle relaxation. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of progressive muscle relaxation therapy as  intervention in reducing the anxiety level of the patient with breast cancer. This study employed quasi experiment method with a pre-test and post-test control group design. The sample was composed of 26 breast cancer patients; 13 patients with intervention and 13 patients without intervention. The research instrument used to assess the anxiety level was HRS-A (Hamilton Rating Scale-Anxiety) questionnaire. The study was conducted in Haji Adam Malik Hospital Medan from May to June, 2016. Progressive muscle relaxation theraphy was carried out for 3 days, with a frequency of 6  exercises  The results showed that t-value was -4.275 and p-value=0.000  indicating that there was an effect of progressive muscle relaxation therapy in reducing the level of anxiety of breast cancer patients. Therefore, nurse can use progressive muscle relaxation as non-pharmacological in coping with breast cancer patients.
Pengetahuan Dan Sikap Masyarakat Dalam Mencegah Leptospirosis di Desa Pabelan Kabupaten Sukoharjo
Authors: Sudaryanto Agus , Fuadi Fatkhurrohman Ilham , Susilaningsih Endang Zulaicha
Published: January 2019

Leptospirosis merupakan penyakit zoonosis yang mempunyai dampak signifikan terhadap kesehatan di banyak belahan dunia beriklim sub tropis dan tropis. Bakteri Leptospira merupakan penyebab leptospirosis yang dapat menyerang hewan dan manusia. Infeksi pada manusia merupakan kejadian yang bersifat insidental, karena reservoir atau penyebar utama Leptospira adalah tikus. Air kencing tikus yang terinfeksi Leptospira terbawa banjir dan dapat masuk ke tubuh manusia melalui kulit yang terluka dan selaput mukosa. Semua kasus leptospirosis ringan (anikterik) dapat sembuh sempurna, berbeda dengan leptospirosis berat (ikterik) yang mempunyai angka Case Fatality Rate tinggi, antara 5%-40%. Upaya pencegahan merupakan salah satu cara untuk menekan angka kejadian leptospirosis, diantaranya ialah dengan menumbuhkan sikap dan pengetahuan yang baik tentang leptospirosis. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui hubungan antara pengetahuan dengan sikap masyarakat dalam mencegah leptospirosis di Desa Pabelan, Kecamatan Kartasura, Kabupaten Sukoharjo. Jenis penelitian ini adalah kuantitatif dengan menggunakan rancangan cross sectional. Sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah masyarakat Desa Pabelan sejumlah 212 responden dengan menggunakan accidental sampling. Mayoritas responden mempunyai pengetahuan yang kurang (53,3%). Sebaliknya, 80,7% dari responden mempunyai skor sikap yang baik.

Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease which has a significant effect on human health most commonly found in tropical or sub-tropical countries. Leptospira bacteria is the cause of leptospirosis which can attack animals and humans. Infection in humans is accidental, because the main reservoir or spreader of leptospira is rodents. The urine of infected rodents carried away by floodwaters can enter the human body through broken skin and mucous membranes. All patients with mild leptospirosis (anicteric) can recover completely. It is very different from patients with severe leptospirosis (jaundice) who have a high case fatality rate from 5% to 40%. Preventive measure is one way to reduce the incidence of leptospirosis by developing positive attitudes and improving good knowledge about leptospirosis. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between knowledge and attitudes of the community concerning on the prevention of leptospirosis in Pabelan village, Sukoharjo Regency. This study employed quantitative research with a cross sectional design in a sample of 212 respondents from Pabelan village selected by using accidental sampling. Majority of respondents demonstrated moderate knowledge (53.3%). However, 80.7% of the them demonstrated good attitude scores.
Resiliensi Pasien Yang Mengalami Penyakit Kronis di RSUP H. Adam Malik Medan
Authors: Siregar Mahmul Rivai , Siregar Cholina Trisa
Published: January 2019

Penyakit kronis merupakan masalah kesehatan yang menjadi penyebab utama kematian di dunia. Penyakit kronis mengakibatkan stres berat dan kecemasan yang tinggi bagi hampir semua penderita karena kondisi ini akan terus berkembang secara perlahan selama bertahun-tahun, sehingga dibutuhkan adanya resiliensi dalam menghadapi penyakitnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi gambaran resiliensi pasien yang mengalami penyakit kronis di RSUP. H. Adam Malik Medan. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah pasien dengan penyakit kronis dengan sampel berjumlah 60 orang dimana pengumpulan data dengan menggunakan accidental sampling. Data dikumpulkan melalui kuesioner dan dianalisis dengan distribusi frekuensi. Hasil penelitian diperoleh data bahwa 35 dari 60 respoden berada pada resiliensi tinggi yaitu 58,3%. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa pasien yang mengalami penyakit kronis di RSUP H. Adam Malik Medan memiliki resiliensi yang baik dalam mengatasi stres dan kecemasan yang dialaminya. Peneliti mengharapkan agar perawat memberikan asuhan keperawatan yang optimal untuk menunjang kemampuan resiliensi pasien untuk mengurangi dampak psikososial negatif pasien.

Chronic disease is a health problem which is also the main cause of death worldwide. Chronic disease causes severe stress and high anxiety for almost all sufferers because this condition will continue to develop slowly over the years, thus resilience is needed in dealing with the disease. This study aimed to determine the resilience of patients with chronic disease in H. Adam Malik Hospital Medan. The population was 60 patients with chronic disease which recruited using accidetal samplign method . Data were collected using questionnaires and frequency distribution is analyzed. The results showed that 35 of the 60 respondents with high resilience (58.3%). This study concluded that patients with chronic disease at H. Adam Malik Hospital Medan had good resilience in dealing with stress and anxiety. It is expected that nurses provide optimal nursing care to support patient resilience to reduce the patient's negative psychosocial effects.
Pengetahuan Perawat Tentang Perawatan Luka Dengan Metode Moist Wound Healing di RSUD H. Adam Malik Medan
Authors: Naralia T. Widya , Ariani Yesi
Published: January 2019

Perawatan luka merupakan serangkaian kegiatan yang dilakukan untuk merawat luka dengan tujuan meningkatkan re-epitelisasi jaringan baru dan mengembalikan fungsi fisiologis kulit yang rusak. Moist wound healing merupakan metode perawatan luka terkini yang efektif menyembuhkan luka. Perawat dituntut untuk mempunyai pengetahuan dan keterampilan yang adekuat terkait dengan proses perawatan luka agar klien segera memperoleh kembali kesehatan dan kehidupan mandiri secara optimal. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain deskriptif yang bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi pengetahuan perawat tentang perawatan luka dengan metode moist wound healing di RSUP H. Adam Malik Medan. Jumlah sampel penelitian ini adalah 60 orang perawat yang diambil melalui teknik total sampling sesuai kriteria inklusi yang ditetapkan yaitu perawat yang lama bekerja minimal 1 tahun di ruang bedah dan penyakit dalam serta pendidikan terakhir minimal D3 keperawatan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa 50% responden memiliki pengetahuan yang cukup, namun masih ada sebanyak 31,7% responden yang memiliki pengetahuan yang kurang tentang perawatan luka dengan metode moist wound healing. Disarankan bagi pihak RSUP. H. Adam Malik Medan agar dapat memfasilitasi pelatihan perawatan luka bagi perawat sehingga pengetahuan dan ketrampilan perawat menjadi lebih baik yang berdampak pada peningkatan kualitas asuhan keperawatan.

Wound care is a series of activities carried out to care wounds with the aim of increasing re-epithelialization of new tissue and restoring physiological function of broken skin. Moist wound healing is the latest wound care method that heals wounds effectively. Nurses are required to have adequate knowledge and skills related to the wound care process so that the patients regain health and independent life optimally. This study used a descriptive design that aimed to determine nurses’ knowledge about wound care using the moist wound healing method in H. Adam Malik Hospital Medan. The sample of this study  composed of 60 nurses who were selected using consecutive sampling techniques based on the specified inclusion criteria, i.e. nurses who have worked for at least 1 year in operating room and internal medicine room, and nurses who have at least an associate degree or diploma in nursing. The results showed that 50% of respondents had sufficient knowledge, but there were still 31.7% of respondents who had insufficient knowledge about wound care using the moist wound healing method. It is recommended that H. Adam Malik Hospital Medan facilitate wound care training for nurses so that nurses have better knowledge and skills to improve the quality of nursing care.