bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Attenuation of the BOLD fMRI Signal and Changes in Functional Connectivity Affecting the Whole Brain in Presence of Brain Metastasis
Authors: Angstwurm Pia , Hense Katharina , Rosengarth Katharina , Strotzer Quirin , Schmidt Nils Ole , Bumes Elisabeth , Hau Peter , Pukrop Tobias , Wendl Christina
Published: May 2024

To date, there are almost no investigations addressing functional connectivity (FC) in patients with brain metastases (BM). In this retrospective study, we investigate the influence of BM on hemodynamic brain signals derived from functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and FC. Motor-fMRI data of 29 patients with BM and 29 matched healthy controls were analyzed to assess percent signal changes (PSC) in the ROIs motor cortex, premotor cortex, and supplementary motor cortex and FC in the sensorimotor, default mode, and salience networks using Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM12) and marsbar and CONN toolboxes. In the PSC analysis, an attenuation of the BOLD signal in the metastases-affected hemisphere compared to the contralateral hemisphere was significant only in the supplementary motor cortex during hand movement. In the FC analysis, we found alterations in patients’ FC compared to controls in all examined networks, also in the hemisphere contralateral to the metastasis. This indicates a qualitative attenuation of the BOLD signal in the affected hemisphere and also that FC is altered by the presence of BM, similarly to what is known for primary brain tumors. This transformation is not only visible in the infiltrated hemisphere, but also in the contralateral one, suggesting an influence of BM beyond local damage.
Oncological Outcomes and Patterns of Recurrence after the Surgical Resection of an Invasive Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasm versus Primary Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma: An Analysis from the German Cancer Registry Group of the Society of German Tumor Centers
Authors: Abdalla Thaer S. A. , Duhn Jannis , Klinkhammer-Schalke Monika , Zeissig Sylke Ruth , Kleihues-van Tol Kees , Honselmann Kim C. , Braun Rüdiger , Kist Markus , Bolm Louisa , von Fritsch Lennart , Lapshyn Hryhoriy , Litkevych Stanislav , Hummel Richard , Zemskov Sergii , Wellner Ulrich Friedrich , Keck Tobias , Deichmann Steffen
Published: May 2024

Background: Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs) are premalignant cystic neoplasms of the pancreas (CNPs), which can progress to invasive IPMN and pancreatic cancer. The available literature has shown controversial results regarding prognosis and clinical outcomes after the resection of invasive IPMN. Aims: This study aims to characterize the oncologic outcomes and metastatic progression pattern after the resection of non-metastatic invasive IPMN. Methods: Data were obtained from 24 clinical cancer registries participating in the German Cancer Registry Group of the Society of German Tumor Centers (ADT). Patients with invasive IPMN (n = 217) as well as PDAC (n = 5794) between 2000 and 2021 were included and compared regarding oncological outcomes. Results: Invasive IPMN was significantly smaller in size (p < 0.001) and of a lower tumor grade (p < 0.001), with fewer lymph node metastases (p < 0.001), lymphangiosis (p < 0.001), and consequently a higher R0 resection rate (88 vs. 74%) compared to PDAC. Moreover, invasive IPMN was associated with fewer local (11 vs. 15%) and distant recurrences (29 vs. 46%) and metastasized more frequently in the lungs only (26% vs. 14%). Invasive IPMN was associated with a longer median OS (29 vs. 19 months) and DFS (31 vs. 15 months) compared to PDAC and stayed independently prognostic in multivariable analyses. These survival differences were most pronounced in early tumor stages. Interestingly, postoperative chemotherapy was not associated with improved overall survival in surgically resected invasive IPMN. Conclusions: Invasive IPMN is a rare pancreatic entity with increasing incidence in Germany. It is associated with favorable histopathological features at the time of resection and longer OS and DFS compared to PDAC, particularly before the locoregional spread has occurred. Invasive IPMNs are associated with lung-only metastasis. The benefit of postoperative chemotherapy after the resection of invasive IPMN remains uncertain.
Genomic Newborn Screening for Pediatric Cancer Predisposition Syndromes: A Holistic Approach
Authors: Linga BalaSubramani Gattu , Mohammed Sawsan G. A. A. , Farrell Thomas , Rifai Hilal Al , Al-Dewik Nader , Qoronfleh M. Walid
Published: May 2024

As next-generation sequencing (NGS) has become more widely used, germline and rare genetic variations responsible for inherited illnesses, including cancer predisposition syndromes (CPSs) that account for up to 10% of childhood malignancies, have been found. The CPSs are a group of germline genetic disorders that have been identified as risk factors for pediatric cancer development. Excluding a few “classic” CPSs, there is no agreement regarding when and how to conduct germline genetic diagnostic studies in children with cancer due to the constant evolution of knowledge in NGS technologies. Various clinical screening tools have been suggested to aid in the identification of individuals who are at greater risk, using diverse strategies and with varied outcomes. We present here an overview of the primary clinical and molecular characteristics of various CPSs and summarize the existing clinical genomics data on the prevalence of CPSs in pediatric cancer patients. Additionally, we discuss several ethical issues, challenges, limitations, cost-effectiveness, and integration of genomic newborn screening for CPSs into a healthcare system. Furthermore, we assess the effectiveness of commonly utilized decision-support tools in identifying patients who may benefit from genetic counseling and/or direct genetic testing. This investigation highlights a tailored and systematic approach utilizing medical newborn screening tools such as the genome sequencing of high-risk newborns for CPSs, which could be a practical and cost-effective strategy in pediatric cancer care.
Influence of Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Inhibition on Stemness of Endometrial Cancer Stem Cells
Authors: Serambeque Beatriz , Mestre Catarina , Correia-Barros Gabriela , Teixo Ricardo , Marto Carlos Miguel , Gonçalves Ana Cristina , Caramelo Francisco , Silva Isabel , Paiva Artur , Beck Hans C. , Carvalho Ana Sofia , Botelho Maria Filomena , Carvalho Maria João , Matthiesen Rune , Laranjo Mafalda
Published: May 2024

Endometrial cancer is one of the most common gynaecological malignancies. Although often diagnosed at an early stage, there is a subset of patients with recurrent and metastatic disease for whom current treatments are not effective. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) play a pivotal role in triggering tumorigenesis, disease progression, recurrence, and metastasis, as high aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity is associated with invasiveness and chemotherapy resistance. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of ALDH inhibition in endometrial CSCs. ECC-1 and RL95-2 cells were submitted to a sphere-forming protocol to obtain endometrial CSCs. ALDH inhibition was evaluated through ALDH activity and expression, sphere-forming capacity, self-renewal, projection area, and CD133, CD44, CD24, and P53 expression. A mass spectrometry-based proteomic study was performed to determine the proteomic profile of endometrial cancer cells upon N,N-diethylaminobenzaldehyde (DEAB). DEAB reduced ALDH activity and expression, along with a significant decrease in sphere-forming capacity and projection area, with increased CD133 expression. Additionally, DEAB modulated P53 expression. Endometrial cancer cells display a distinct proteomic profile upon DEAB, sharing 75 up-regulated and 30 down-regulated proteins. In conclusion, DEAB inhibits ALDH activity and expression, influencing endometrial CSC phenotype. Furthermore, ALDH18A1, SdhA, and UBAP2L should be explored as novel molecular targets for endometrial cancer.
Ionic Liquid Modification of High-Pt-Loading Pt/C Electrocatalysts for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Application
Authors: Cheng Fengshun , Guo Yuchen , Liang Xinhong , Yue Fanqiushi , Yan Yichang , Li Yang , Zhu Yuanzhi , He Yanping , Du Shangfeng
Published: May 2024

Ionic liquid modification for carbon-supported platinum (Pt/C) electrocatalysts to enhance their oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity has been well recognized. However, the research has only been reported on the low-Pt-loading Pt/C electrocatalysts, e.g., 20 wt%, while in practical applications, usually high-Pt-loading Pt/C electrocatalysts of 45–60 wt% are used. In this work, ionic liquid modification is systematically investigated for a Pt/C electrocatalyst with 60 wt% Pt loading for its ORR activity in the cathode in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). Various adsorption amounts are studied on the catalyst surface. Different modification behavior is found. Mechanism exploration shows that the adsorption of ionic liquid mainly happens on the Pt electrocatalyst surface and in the micropores of the carbon support. The highest fuel cell power performance is achieved at an ionic liquid loading of 7 wt%, which is much higher than the 3 wt% reported for the low-Pt-loading Pt/C.
Inhibition of PDIs Downregulates Core LINC Complex Proteins, Promoting the Invasiveness of MDA-MB-231 Breast Cancer Cells in Confined Spaces In Vitro
Authors: Young Natalie , Gui Zizhao , Mustafa Suleiman , Papa Kleopatra , Jessop Emily , Ruddell Elizabeth , Bevington Laura , Quinlan Roy A. , Benham Adam M. , Goldberg Martin W. , Obara Boguslaw , Karakesisoglou Iakowos
Published: May 2024

Eukaryotic cells tether the nucleoskeleton to the cytoskeleton via a conserved molecular bridge, called the LINC complex. The core of the LINC complex comprises SUN-domain and KASH-domain proteins that directly associate within the nuclear envelope lumen. Intra- and inter-chain disulphide bonds, along with KASH-domain protein interactions, both contribute to the tertiary and quaternary structure of vertebrate SUN-domain proteins. The significance of these bonds and the role of PDIs (protein disulphide isomerases) in LINC complex biology remains unclear. Reducing and non-reducing SDS-PAGE analyses revealed a prevalence of SUN2 homodimers in non-tumorigenic breast epithelia MCF10A cells, but not in the invasive triple-negative breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cell line. Furthermore, super-resolution microscopy revealed SUN2 staining alterations in MCF10A, but not in MDA-MB-231 nuclei, upon reducing agent exposure. While PDIA1 levels were similar in both cell lines, pharmacological inhibition of PDI activity in MDA-MB-231 cells led to SUN-domain protein down-regulation, as well as Nesprin-2 displacement from the nucleus. This inhibition also caused changes in perinuclear cytoskeletal architecture and lamin downregulation, and increased the invasiveness of PDI-inhibited MDA-MB-231 cells in space-restrictive in vitro environments, compared to untreated cells. These results emphasise the key roles of PDIs in regulating LINC complex biology, cellular architecture, biomechanics, and invasion.
Cytoprotective Small Compound M109S Attenuated Retinal Ganglion Cell Degeneration Induced by Optic Nerve Crush in Mice
Authors: Scott-McKean Jonah J. , Matsuyama Mieko , Guo Charles W. , Ni Lin , Sassouni Brandon , Kurup Shree , Nickells Robert , Matsuyama Shigemi
Published: May 2024

BAX plays an essential role in retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death induced by optic nerve injury. Recently, we developed M109S, an orally bioactive and cytoprotective small compound (CPSC) that inhibits BAX-mediated cell death. We examined whether M109S can protect RGC from optic nerve crush (ONC)-induced apoptosis. M109S was administered starting 5 h after ONC for 7 days. M109S was orally administered in two groups (5 mg/kg twice a day or 7.5 mg/kg once a day). The retina was stained with anti-BRN3A and cleaved Caspase-3 (active Caspase-3) that are the markers of RGC and apoptotic cells, respectively. ONC decreased the number of BRN3A-positive RGC and increased the number of active Caspase-3-expressing apoptotic cells. In ONC-treated retina, there were cells that were double stained with anti-BRN3A and ant-cleaved Caspase-3, indicating that apoptosis in BRN3A-positive RGCs occurred. M109S inhibited the decrease of BRN3A-positive cells whereas it inhibited the increase of active Caspase-3-positive cells in the retina of ONC-treated mice, suggesting that M109S inhibited apoptosis in RGCs. M109S did not induce detectable histological damage to the lungs or kidneys in mice, suggesting that M109S did not show toxicities in the lung or kidneys when the therapeutic dose was used. The present study suggests that M109S is effective in rescuing damaged RGCs. Since M109S is an orally bioactive small compound, M109S may become the basis for a portable patient-friendly medicine that can be used to prevent blindness by rescuing damaged optic nerve cells from death.
Therapeutic Relevance of Inducing Autophagy in β-Thalassemia
Authors: Gambari Roberto , Finotti Alessia
Published: May 2024

The β-thalassemias are inherited genetic disorders affecting the hematopoietic system. In β-thalassemias, more than 350 mutations of the adult β-globin gene cause the low or absent production of adult hemoglobin (HbA). A clinical parameter affecting the physiology of erythroid cells is the excess of free α-globin. Possible experimental strategies for a reduction in excess free α-globin chains in β-thalassemia are CRISPR-Cas9-based genome editing of the β-globin gene, forcing “de novo” HbA production and fetal hemoglobin (HbF) induction. In addition, a reduction in excess free α-globin chains in β-thalassemia can be achieved by induction of the autophagic process. This process is regulated by the Unc-51-like kinase 1 (Ulk1) gene. The interplay with the PI3K/Akt/TOR pathway, with the activity of the α-globin stabilizing protein (AHSP) and the involvement of microRNAs in autophagy and Ulk1 gene expression, is presented and discussed in the context of identifying novel biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets for β-thalassemia.
Superoxide Dismutase Detection on Silver Nanostructured Substrates through Surface-Enhanced Spectroscopic Techniques
Authors: Kanioura Anastasia , Geka Georgia , Kochylas Ioannis , Likodimos Vlassis , Gardelis Spiros , Dimitriou Anastasios , Papanikolaou Nikolaos , Kakabakos Sotirios , Petrou Panagiota
Published: May 2024

Oxidative stress refers to the overproduction of reactive oxygen species and is often associated with numerous pathological conditions. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is a widely used enzyme for evaluating oxidative stress, with numerous methods being developed for its detection in biological specimens like blood, urine, and saliva. In this study, a simple metal-assisted chemical etching method was employed for the fabrication of nanostructured silicon surfaces decorated with either silver dendrites or silver aggregates. Those surfaces were used as substrates for the immunochemical determination of SOD in synthetic saliva through surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) and surface-enhanced fluorescence (SEF). The immunoassay was based on a 3-step competitive assay format, which included, after the immunoreaction with the specific anti-SOD antibody, a reaction with a biotinylated secondary antibody and streptavidin. Streptavidin labeled with peroxidase was used in combination with a precipitating tetramethylbenzidine substrate for detection through SERS, whereas for SEF measurements, streptavidin labeled with the fluorescent dye Rhodamine Red-X was utilized. Both immunoassays were sensitive, with a detection limit of 0.01 μg/mL and a linear dynamic range from 0.03 to 3.3 μg/mL, enabling the evaluation of the oxidative stress status of an organism.
Enhancement of H2 Gas Sensing Using Pd Decoration on ZnO Nanoparticles
Authors: Kim Jin-Young , Choi Kyeonggon , Kim Seung-Wook , Park Cheol-Woo , Kim Sung-Il , Mirzaei Ali , Lee Jae-Hyoung , Jeong Dae-Yong
Published: May 2024

Hydrogen (H2) gas, with its high calorimetric combustion energy and cleanness, is a green source of energy and an alternative to fossil fuels. However, it has a small kinetic diameter, with high diffusivity and a highly explosive nature. Hence, the reliable detection of H2 gas is essential in various fields such as fuel cells. Herein, we decorated ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) with Pd noble metal NPs, using UV irradiation to enhance their H2 gas-sensing performance. The synthesized materials were fully characterized in terms of their phases, morphologies, and chemical composition. Then, the sensing layer was deposited on the electrode-patterned glass substrate to make a transparent sensor. The fabricated transparent gas sensor was able to detect H2 gas at various temperatures and humidity levels. At 250 °C, the sensor exhibited the highest response to H2 gas. As a novelty of the present study, we successfully detected H2 gas in mixtures of H2/benzene and H2/toluene gases. The enhanced H2 gas response was related to the catalytic effect of Pd, the formation of heterojunctions between Pd and ZnO, the partial reduction of ZnO to Zn in the presence of H2 gas, and the formation of PdHx. With a high performance in a high response, good selectivity, and repeatability, we believe that the sensor developed in this study can be a good candidate for practical applications where the detection of H2 is necessary.
Numerical Modeling of Atmospheric Temperature and Stratospheric Ozone Sensitivity to Sea Surface Temperature Variability
Authors: Smyshlyaev Sergei P. , Jakovlev Andrew R. , Galin Vener Ya
Published: May 2024

The results of numerical experiments with a chemistry–climate model of the lower and middle atmosphere are presented to study the sensitivity of the polar stratosphere of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres to sea surface temperature (SST) variability, both as a result of interannual variability associated with the Southern Oscillation, and because of long-term increases in SST under global warming. An analysis of the results of model experiments showed that for both scenarios of SST changes, the response of the polar stratosphere for the Northern and Southern Hemispheres is very different. In the Arctic, during the El Niño phase, conditions are created for the polar vortex to become less stable, and in the Antarctic, on the contrary, for it to become more stable, which is expressed in a weakening of the zonal wind in the winter in the Arctic and its increase in the Antarctic, followed by a spring decrease in temperature and concentration of ozone in the Antarctic and their increase in the Arctic. Global warming creates a tendency for the polar vortex to weaken in winter in the Arctic and strengthen it in the Antarctic. As a result, in the Antarctic, the concentration of ozone in the polar stratosphere decreases both in winter (June–August) and, especially, in spring (September–November). Global warming may hinder ozone recovery which is expected as a result of the reduced emissions of ozone-depleting substances. The model results demonstrate the dominant influence of Brewer–Dobson circulation variability on temperature and ozone in the polar stratosphere compared with changes in wave activity, both with changes in SST in the Southern Oscillation and with increases in SST due to global warming.
Lactate Profile Assessment—A Good Predictor of Prognosis in Patients with COVID-19 and Septic Shock Requiring Continuous Renal Therapy
Authors: Trebuian Cosmin Iosif , Marza Adina Maria , Chioibaş Raul , Şutoi Dumitru , Petrica Alina , Crintea-Najette Iulia , Popa Daian , Borcan Florin , Flondor Daniela , Mederle Ovidiu Alexandru
Published: May 2024

Introduction: Lactate is a useful prognostic marker, as its level increases in hypoxic tissue and/or during accelerated aerobic glycolysis due to excessive beta-adrenergic stimulation and decreased lactate clearance. The Surviving Sepsis Campaign Bundle 2018 Update suggests premeasurement of lactate within 2–4 h so that physicians perform, assist, administer, and introduce lactate-guided resuscitation to reduce mortality due to sepsis. Methods: A total of 108 patients with septic shock who underwent continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) for acute kidney injury were enrolled in this observational study. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory data were collected, and patients were divided into two groups: survivors and non-survivors. Results: Multivariate analysis demonstrated that lactate levels at 24 h after initiation of CRRT treatment, but not lactate levels at intensive care unit (ICU) admission, were associated with mortality. Lactate clearance was associated with lower mortality among the survivors (OR = 0.140) at 6 h after ICU admission and late mortality (OR = 0.260) after 24 h. The area under the ROC curves for mortality was 0.682 for initial lactate; 0.797 for lactate at 24 h; and 0.816 for lactate clearance at 24 h. Conclusions: Our result reinforces that the determination of lactate dynamics represents a good predictor for mortality, and serial lactate measurements may be more useful prognostic markers than initial lactate in patients with septic shock.
Energy-Absorption Behavior of Novel Bio-Inspired Thin-Walled Honeycomb Tubes Filled with TPMS Structure
Authors: Song Jian , Huo Qidong , Li Dongming , Chen Bingzhi , Zhang Jun
Published: May 2024

The application of bionic structures for the design of energy-absorbing structures has been proposed recently. The rapid advancement of additive manufacturing technology provides technical support for the fabrication of non-traditional structures and further improves the energy-absorbing properties of bionic structures. This work proposes a novel bionic hybrid structure that consists of honeycomb-inspired thin-walled tubes filled with weevil-inspired diamond TPMS (triple periodic minimal surface) structures. The energy-absorbing properties and the deformation behaviors of these topologies under axial crushing loads were investigated using combined numerical simulations and experimental tests. First, the effect of filling quantity and filling distribution on energy absorption of the hybrid structures was investigated. Results show that honeycomb tubes and diamond TPMS structures produce a synergistic effect during compression, and the hybrid structures exhibit excellent stability and energy absorption capacity. The bionic hybrid structure improves specific energy absorption (SEA) by 299% compared to honeycomb tubes. Peak crush force (PCF) and SEA are more influenced by filling quantity than by filling distribution. The effects of diamond TPMS structure volume fraction and honeycomb tube wall thickness on the energetic absorptive capacity of the hybrid structure were furthermore investigated numerically. Finally, a multi-objective optimization method was used to optimize the design of the bionic hybrid structure and balance the relationship between crashworthiness and cost to obtain a bionic hybrid energy-absorbing structure with superior performance. This study provides valuable guidelines for designing and fabricating lightweight and efficient energy-absorbing structures with significant potential for engineering applications.
First-Principles Study of Ti-Doping Effects on Hard Magnetic Properties of RFe11Ti Magnets
Authors: Xu Chengyuan , Wen Lin , Pan Anjian , Zhao Lizhong , Liu Yuansen , Liao Xuefeng , Pan Yu , Zhang Xuefeng
Published: May 2024

Due to the rare earth supply shortage, ThMn12-type RFe12-based (R is the rare earth element) magnets with lean rare earth content are gaining more concern. Most ThMn12-type RFe12 structures are thermodynamically metastable and require doping of the stabilizing element Ti. However, the Ti-doping effects on the hard magnetic properties of RFe11Ti have not been thoroughly investigated. Herein, based on density functional theory calculations, we report the Ti-doping effects on the phase stability, intrinsic hard magnetic properties and electronic structures of RFe11Ti (R = La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Y, Zr). Our results indicate that Ti-doping not only increases their phase stability, but also enhances the magnetic hardness of ground-state RFe12 phases. Particularly, it leads to the transition of CeFe11Ti and PrFe11Ti from easy-plane to easy-axis anisotropy. Charge density distributions demonstrate that Ti-doping breaks the original symmetry of the R-site crystal field, which alters the magnetic anisotropy of RFe11Ti. Projected densities of states reveal that the addition of Ti results in the shift of occupied and unoccupied f-electron energy levels of rare earth elements, affecting their magnetic exchange. This study provides an insight into regulating the hard magnetic properties of RFe12-based magnets by Ti-doping.
Efficient Adsorption Removal of Tetrabromobisphenol A from Water by Using a Magnetic Composite Fe3O4/GO/ZIF-67
Authors: Li Sumei , Ji Jian , Shan Saisai , Chen Sha , Li Hanbing , Xu Qian , Liang Yixuan
Published: May 2024

Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) is a kind of widely used brominated flame retardant (BFR), which is proven to be harmful to ecological systems and public health. It is very important to remove TBBPA from the environment. In our study, a magnetic composite named Fe3O4/GO/ZIF-67 was synthesized by a coprecipitation method and applied in the highly efficient adsorption of TBBPA from water. Static adsorption experiments demonstrated that the adsorption capacity could reach 232 mg·g−1 within 120 min, which is much higher than those reported in the other literature. The experimental results show that the adsorption of TBBPA on Fe3O4/GO/ZIF-67 followed Langmuir and pseudo-second-order kinetic adsorption models. The main mechanisms for these adsorptions were identified as hydrogen bonds between OH groups in TBBPA and COOHs of Fe3O4/GO/ZIF-67, and π-π stacking between Fe3O4/GO/ZIF-67 and TBBPA. This study provides a method with great promise for the design and synthesis of better adsorbents for the removal of TBBPA from the water environment.
Evaluation of Dry Eye Treatment with Sodium Hyaluronate- and Dexpanthenol-Containing Eye Drops on Ocular Surface Improvement after Cataract Surgery
Authors: Köppe Maximilian K. , Hallak Mustafa K. , Stengele Annette L. , Khoramnia Ramin , Auffarth Gerd U.
Published: May 2024

Background: To clinically evaluate how dry eye symptoms in preoperatively diagnosed dry eye patients change with the use of sodium hyaluronate- and dexpanthenol-containing eye drops (HYLO CARE (HC), URSAPHARM Arzneimittel GmbH, Saarbruecken, Germany) after cataract surgery. The aim of the study was not to compare different eye drops but to implement standard treatment in patients with dry eye undergoing cataract surgery. The impact of treatment was evaluated using Symptom Assessment Tools for Dry Eye. Methods: In this prospective, single-center, open-label clinical trial, 49 patients undergoing cataract surgery were included who showed signs and symptoms of dry eye disease assessed by the Symptom Assessment in Dry Eye (Visual Analogue Scale (VAS)) questionnaire, Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI), and fluorescein tear break-up Time (TBUT). Patients were instructed to apply HC three to four times a day for 5 weeks in the operated eye in addition to the standard postoperative topical anti-inflammatory regimen. The primary endpoint was the change in TBUT. Secondary endpoints were the assessment of the subjective symptoms (VAS), corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA), and slit-lamp examination including the corneal staining score, Schirmer test, and intraocular pressure. Results: At 5 weeks after operation, the mean TBUT increased from 6.42 ± 1.57 s (s) to 7.81 ± 1.83 s in the per-protocol (PP) population (p > 0.001) and from 6.33 ± 1.64 s to 7.71 ± 2.05 s in the intention-to-treat (ITT) population (p < 0.001). There was a statistically significant decrease in all scores (p < 0.05) from the VAS questionnaire except for the tearing score (p = 0.062) at 5 weeks after operation. The mean total corneal staining score also decreased statistically significantly from 8.85 ± 2.49 before operation to 5.61 ± 3.37 at 5 weeks after operation on a 15-point scale. Conclusions: Controlled standardized dry eye treatment (with HC) improved tear film stability, ocular surface defects, and subjective symptoms of dry eye disease in patients 5 weeks after undergoing cataract surgery. Both the patient and physician assessments indicated high efficacy, tolerability, and a reliable safety profile, as indicated by the low number of at least possibly related adverse events (AE), suggesting its beneficial role in the postoperative management of the ocular surface (OS) in patients with dry eye symptoms prior to and after cataract surgery.
Artificial Intelligence in Point-of-Care Biosensing: Challenges and Opportunities
Authors: Flynn Connor D. , Chang Dingran
Published: May 2024

The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into point-of-care (POC) biosensing has the potential to revolutionize diagnostic methodologies by offering rapid, accurate, and accessible health assessment directly at the patient level. This review paper explores the transformative impact of AI technologies on POC biosensing, emphasizing recent computational advancements, ongoing challenges, and future prospects in the field. We provide an overview of core biosensing technologies and their use at the POC, highlighting ongoing issues and challenges that may be solved with AI. We follow with an overview of AI methodologies that can be applied to biosensing, including machine learning algorithms, neural networks, and data processing frameworks that facilitate real-time analytical decision-making. We explore the applications of AI at each stage of the biosensor development process, highlighting the diverse opportunities beyond simple data analysis procedures. We include a thorough analysis of outstanding challenges in the field of AI-assisted biosensing, focusing on the technical and ethical challenges regarding the widespread adoption of these technologies, such as data security, algorithmic bias, and regulatory compliance. Through this review, we aim to emphasize the role of AI in advancing POC biosensing and inform researchers, clinicians, and policymakers about the potential of these technologies in reshaping global healthcare landscapes.
Complex Craniofacial Cases through Augmented Reality Guidance in Surgical Oncology: A Technical Report
Authors: Tel Alessandro , Raccampo Luca , Vinayahalingam Shankeeth , Troise Stefania , Abbate Vincenzo , Orabona Giovanni Dell’Aversana , Sembronio Salvatore , Robiony Massimo
Published: May 2024

Augmented reality (AR) is a promising technology to enhance image guided surgery and represents the perfect bridge to combine precise virtual planning with computer-aided execution of surgical maneuvers in the operating room. In craniofacial surgical oncology, AR brings to the surgeon’s sight a digital, three-dimensional representation of the anatomy and helps to identify tumor boundaries and optimal surgical paths. Intraoperatively, real-time AR guidance provides surgeons with accurate spatial information, ensuring accurate tumor resection and preservation of critical structures. In this paper, the authors review current evidence of AR applications in craniofacial surgery, focusing on real surgical applications, and compare existing literature with their experience during an AR and navigation guided craniofacial resection, to subsequently analyze which technological trajectories will represent the future of AR and define new perspectives of application for this revolutionizing technology.
Generative Artificial Intelligence in Tertiary Education: Assessment Redesign Principles and Considerations
Authors: Lye Che Yee , Lim Lyndon
Published: May 2024

The emergence of generative artificial intelligence (AI) such as ChatGPT has sparked significant assessment concerns within tertiary education. Assessment concerns have largely revolved around academic integrity issues among students, such as plagiarism and cheating. Nonetheless, it is also critical to consider that generative AI models trained on information retrieved from the Internet could produce biased and discriminatory outputs, and hallucination issues in large language models upon which generative AI acts provide made-up and untruthful outputs. This article considers the affordances and challenges of generative AI specific to assessments within tertiary education. It illustrates considerations for assessment redesign with the existence of generative AI and proposes the Against, Avoid and Adopt (AAA) principle to rethink and redesign assessments. It argues that more generative AI tools will emerge exponentially, and hence, engaging in an arms race against generative AI and policing the use of these technologies may not address the fundamental issues in assessments.
Establishing a PBL STEM Framework for Pre-Service Teachers
Authors: Pitot Lisa N. , McHugh Maggie Lee , Kosiak Jennifer
Published: May 2024

Research into pre-service teachers’ (PSTs) ability to develop meaningful interdisciplinary, project-based curricula is lacking; at the same time, many young adolescents fail to see the connections between their schoolwork and the real world. As such, there is a need for new methods to prepare elementary and middle school teachers’ abilities to integrate mathematics and science through authentic content. This article will examine how elementary and middle PSTs collaborated across their mathematics and science methods courses to design project-based learning (PBL) unit plans that integrate social justice and global awareness in a STEM context. The content analysis of 25 distinct PBL unit plans documented the levels at which PSTs could incorporate practical PBL design elements into their projects, integrate robust mathematical content, and identify connections to social justice and global awareness. Through this analysis, we will share the successes and challenges faced in guiding PSTs to create PBL STEM units and present a series of next steps that could be taken to further this cross-curricular endeavor.
The Potential Impact of Long-Term Copper Fungicide Sprays on Soil Health in Avocado Orchards
Authors: Matse Dumsane Themba , Geretharan Thangavelautham , van Gorp Eileen F. , Anderson Sean , Jeyakumar Paramsothy , Anderson Christopher W. N.
Published: May 2024

The long-term use of copper (Cu)-based fungicide sprays in orchards is associated with changes in soil Cu levels. However, there is a gap in knowledge regarding the potential accumulation of Cu in orchards and the associated impacts on the soil microbial structure. This study assessed the possibility of Cu accumulation in different avocado orchard farms and further evaluated the potential effect on soil microbial activities. Soil Cu levels were quantified in Tauranga and Northland, and three avocado orchards were analysed in each experimental location. All avocado farms in both sites received Cu-based fungicide sprays for over eight years. Soil samples were collected at a 0–20 cm depth from all six orchards. The soil total and bioavailable Cu, changes in soil chemical properties, microbial biomass, dehydrogenase activity, alkaline phosphatase activity, and acid phosphatase activity were measured. The results revealed that the total Cu and bioavailable Cu concentrations in Tauranga orchards were 81.3 and 0.32, 196.7 and 0.82, and 33.6 and 0.31 mg Cu kg−1 in Farms 1, 2, and 3, respectively. In Northland orchards, the total Cu and bioavailable Cu were 54.5 and 0.06, 18.4 and 0.77, and 46 and 0.34 mg Cu kg−1 in Farm 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Five out of six of the avocado orchard farms assessed in this study had total Cu concentrations greater than 30 mg Cu kg−1 reported in New Zealand native land. The magnitude of Cu accumulation was linked with soil pH and C content. No clear trend was observed between soil Cu concentrations and the soil microbial activity. Our study results demonstrated that the long-term use of Cu-based fungicide sprays can elevate Cu concentrations in orchard soils. Mitigation strategies need to be explored to abate the accumulation of Cu in orchard soils.
Detection of Microplastic Contamination in Commercial Insect Meals
Authors: Rimoldi Simona , Ponti Jessica , Valsesia Andrea , Saroglia Giulio , La Spina Rita , Fumagalli Francesco , Terova Genciana
Published: May 2024

Background: Escalating global plastic production, expected to reach 34,000 million tons by 2050, poses a significant threat to human and environmental well-being, particularly in aquatic ecosystems. Microplastics (MP) and nanoplastics (NP), which originate from the degradation of plastics, are of concern due to their potential bioaccumulation and uptake of pollutants. This study addresses identification methods and focuses on insect meal, a raw material for aquaculture feed. Methods: By using different techniques, the study was able to detect MP and NP in insect meal samples. Chemical digestion with KOH at 60 °C efficiently removed organic matter without affecting the synthetic polymer polyethylene (PE). Filtration, confocal Raman microscopy, SEM, and TEM were used for comprehensive analysis, and integrity tests on PE films were performed using Raman and FTIR spectroscopy. The results showed the presence of PE microplastic particles in the insect meal, which was confirmed by correlative Raman and SEM mapping on a positively charged surface. In addition, the increased resolution of the Raman microscope identified submicrometric PE NP (800 nm). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) confirmed plastic-like structures in the insect meal, highlighting the presence of PE plastics characterized by irregular shapes and some agglomeration. The higher carbon concentration in the EDX analysis supported the plastic nature, which was also confirmed by Raman spectroscopy. Conclusions: The study provides a robust method for the detection of MP and NP in insect meal and provides valuable insight into the possible presence of plastics in insect-based aquafeeds. The combination of different analytical methods increases the reliability of the results and sets the stage for future investigations that could focus on the quantification of NP and the assessment of their potential environmental impact.
The Spatial Distribution of Copepod Functional Traits in a Highly Anthropized Mediterranean Coastal Marine Region
Authors: Bellardini Daniele , Vannini Jessica , Russo Luca , Buondonno Angela , Saggiomo Maria , Vassallo Paolo , Mazzocchi Maria Grazia , D’Alelio Domenico , Licandro Priscilla
Published: May 2024

Copepods dominate marine zooplankton in abundance and play key roles in pelagic food webs. These small crustaceans show high taxonomic and functional diversity. Although there has been considerable research on their taxonomy, only a few studies have focused on their functional traits. In this study, we analyzed the functional traits of 95 copepod species, considering their body size, trophic regime, feeding behavior, and spawning strategy. Based on samples collected during two surveys (autumn 2020 and summer 2021) located in the coastal waters of three gulfs (Gaeta, Naples, and Salerno) in the highly populated Campania region (the central Tyrrhenian Sea, NW Mediterranean), we identified nine functional groups of copepods with different characteristics. The group that comprised herbivorous copepods with feeding currents and a broadcast strategy was the most abundant in both seasons and all gulfs. This group was dominated by Acartia clausi, Centropages typicus, Temora stylifera, and the Paracalanus parvus complex. The other functional groups showed differences in their temporal and spatial distribution. Our study reports the functional diversity of copepods along the Campania coast, thus contributing to advancing our knowledge of the planktonic trophic structure in a region of considerable importance due to its marine resources and services.
A New Remote Sensing Index for Forest Dryness Monitoring Using Multi-Spectral Satellite Imagery
Authors: Le Thai Son , Dell Bernard , Harper Richard
Published: May 2024

Canopy water content is a fundamental indicator for assessing the level of plant water stress. The correlation between changes in water content and the spectral reflectance of plant leaves at near-infrared (NIR) and short-wave infrared (SWIR) wavelengths forms the foundation for developing a new remote sensing index, the Infrared Canopy Dryness Index (ICDI), to monitor forest dryness that can be used to predict the consequences of water stress. This study introduces the index, that uses spectral reflectance analysis at near-infrared wavelengths, encapsulated by the Normalized Difference Infrared Index (NDII), in conjunction with specific canopy conditions as depicted by the widely recognized Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). Development of the ICDI commenced with the construction of an NDII/NDVI feature space, inspired by a conceptual trapezoid model. This feature space was then parameterized, and the spatial region indicative of water stress conditions, referred to as the dry edge, was identified based on the analysis of 10,000 random observations. The ICDI was produced from the combination of the vertical distance (i.e., under consistent NDVI conditions) from an examined observation to the dry edge. Comparisons between data from drought-affected and non-drought-affected control plots in the Australian Northern Jarrah Forest affirmed that the ICDI effectively depicted forest dryness. Moreover, the index was able to detect incipient water stress several months before damage from an extended drought and heatwave. Using freely available satellite data, the index has potential for broad application in monitoring the onset of forest dryness. This will require validation of the ICDI in diverse forest systems to quantify the efficacy of the index.
Stand Structure and Functional Traits Determine Productivity of Larix principis-rupprechtii Forests
Authors: Zhang Jing , Li Ming , Cheng Ruiming , Ge Zhaoxuan , Liu Chong , Zhang Zhidong
Published: May 2024

Forest productivity (FP) depends not only on tree species diversity but also on functional traits, stand structure, and environmental factors; however, causation and relative importance remain controversial. The effects of tree species diversity (species richness), trait community-weighted mean (CWM), forest structure (forest density and maximum DBH), and environmental factors (soil nutrients and elevation) on larch (Larix principis-rupprechtii Mayr) forests’ productivity were investigated, and the relative importance of each factor in determining productivity was quantified. Our results showed that stand structure and functional traits had significant positive effects on the basal area increment (BAI) of larch stands (p < 0.05) and were more important than tree diversity and environmental factors in explaining BAI variations. The contribution ratio of each influencing factor was as follows: stand structure (59%), functional composition (30%), environmental factors (9%), and species diversity (SD) (2%). The biomass ratio hypothesis was more important than the niche complementarity hypothesis in explaining the relationship between species diversity and productivity. The structural equation model showed that environmental factors did not directly affect the BAI in larch forests but indirectly affected the BAI through tree diversity and stand structure. Therefore, in larch forests with low species richness, it is more important to adjust stand structure to maintain overyielding while also considering the influence of environmental factors.
Impacts of Deep-Rooted Apple Tree on Soil Water Balance in the Semi-Arid Loess Plateau, China
Authors: Xiang Wei , Si Bingcheng , Li Huijie , Li Min , Song Jinxi , Tian Yulu
Published: May 2024

Partitioning soil water balance (SWB) is an effective approach for deciphering the impacts of vegetation change on soil hydrological processes. Growing apple trees on the Loess Plateau, China, leads to a substantial deep soil water deficit, posing a serious threat to the sustainable development of apple production. However, the impact of deep-rooted apple trees on SWB remains poorly understood. In this study, we conducted a “Paired Plot” experiment to achieve this objective by decoupling SWB components using water stable isotopes, tritium, and soil water contents from deep soil cores (up to 25 m) under apple orchards with a stand age gradient of 8–23 years. The results showed that deep soil water storage under apple orchards was notably reduced compared to nearby farmland, showing a stand age-related pattern of deep soil water deficit (R2 = 0.91). By analyzing the changing patterns of SWB components, we found that the main factor driving this deficit is the water uptake process controlled by the deep root system. This process is triggered by the increased transpiration demand of apple trees and short-term water scarcity. These findings have implications for understanding soil water dynamics, sustainable agroforestry management, and soil water resources’ protection in this region and other similar water-limited areas.
Subgrid Turbulent Flux Models for Large Eddy Simulations of Diffusion Flames in Space Propulsion
Authors: Martinez-Sanchis Daniel , Sternin Andrej , Banik Sagnik , Haidn Oskar , Tajmar Martin
Published: May 2024

Subgrid scale models for unresolved turbulent fluxes are investigated, with a focus on combustion for space propulsion applications. An extension to the gradient model is proposed, introducing a dependency on the local burning regimen. The dynamic behaviors of the model’s coefficients are investigated, and scaling laws are studied. The discussed models are validated using a DNS database of a high-pressure, turbulent, fuel-rich methane–oxygen diffusion flame. The operating point and turbulence characteristics are selected to resemble those of modern combustors for space propulsion applications to support the future usage of the devised model in this context.