bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A divergence‐conforming hybridized discontinuous Galerkin method for the incompressible Reynolds‐averaged Navier‐Stokes equations
Authors: Peters Eric L. , Evans John A.
Published: May 2019

We present a hybridized discontinuous Galerkin (HDG) method for the incompressible Reynolds‐averaged Navier‐Stokes equations coupled with the Spalart‐Allmaras one‐equation turbulence model. The method extends upon an HDG method recently introduced by Rhebergen and Wells for the incompressible Navier‐Stokes equations. With a special choice of velocity and pressure spaces for both element and trace degrees of freedom (DOFs), the method returns pointwise divergence‐free mean velocity fields and properly balances momentum and energy. We further examine the use of different polynomial degrees and meshes to see how the order of the scalar eddy viscosity affects the convergence of the mean velocity and pressure fields, specifically for the method of manufactured solutions. As is standard with HDG methods, static condensation can be employed to remove the element DOFs and thus dramatically reduce the global number of DOFs. Numerical results illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology.
Unsalted tomato juice intake improves blood pressure and serum low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol level in local Japanese residents at risk of cardiovascular disease
Authors: Odai Tamami , Terauchi Masakazu , Okamoto Daisaku , Hirose Asuka , Miyasaka Naoyuki
Published: May 2019

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of unsalted tomato juice intake on cardiovascular risk markers in local Japanese residents. Four hundred and eighty‐one local residents in Kuriyama, Japan, were enrolled in this study. Throughout the year of the study, they were provided with as much unsalted tomato juice as they wanted. Participants were screened for cardiovascular risk markers, such as blood pressure (BP), serum lipid profile, and glucose tolerance, before and after the study period. Of the study participants, 260 participated in a detailed study of their lifestyle factors. The average ages of the 184 male and 297 female participants were 56.3 ± 13.3 (mean ± SD) and 58.4 ± 11.7 years, respectively. BP in 94 participants with untreated prehypertension or hypertension was significantly lowered (systolic BP, 141.2 ± 12.1–137.0 ± 16.3 mmHg, p = 0.003; diastolic BP, 83.3 ± 10.1–80.9 ± 11.1 mmHg, p = 0.012, paired t test). Further, the serum low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C) level in 125 participants with untreated dyslipidemia significantly decreased (155.0 ± 23.2–149.9 ± 25.0 mg/dl, p = 0.005, paired t test). These beneficial effects were not different between sexes and among the different age groups. No significant difference in lifestyle was found before and after the study. Unsalted tomato juice intake improved systolic and diastolic BP and serum LDL‐C level in local Japanese residents at risk of cardiovascular conditions.
A Finely Honed Intellectuality and Moral Authority
Authors: Finetti Marco
Published: May 2019

Wolfgang Frühwald, DFG President (1992–1997), died in January at the age of 83
Ore geology, fluid inclusions, and C–H–O–S–Pb isotopes of Nagengkangqieergou Ag‐polymetallic deposit, East Kunlun Orogen, NW China
Authors: Chen Xiao‐Dong , Li You‐Guo , Li Min‐Tong , Zhou Hong‐Bing , Sun Chong‐Bo , Zhao Yun‐Chuan , Lai Chun‐Kit
Published: May 2019

Several large Ag‐polymetallic deposits have been newly discovered in the eastern segment of the East Kunlun Orogen, with the largest one being the high‐grade Nagengkangqieergou deposit (3,017 tons Ag at 310.04 g/t). The Ag ore veins are hosted in the Palaeoproterozoic Jinshuikou Group and Upper Triassic Elashan Formation, principally along NW‐trending faults and volcanogenic ring fractures. Alteration and mineralization processes occurred in two periods (J and E), which are hosted in two different ore‐bearing sequences (Jinshuikou Group and Elashan Formation respectively). These two periods can be subdivided into Stages J‐I, J‐II, J‐III, and J‐IV and Stages E‐I, E‐II, and E‐III. Fluid inclusions in the ore‐bearing quartz and calcite comprise predominantly of vapour‐rich two‐phase (vapour + liquid) type and minor pure‐liquid type. Fluid inclusions in Stage J quartz and calcite homogenized mainly at 270–330°C, 250–310°C, 250–290°C, and 170–250°C, with salinities of 5–6 wt.%, 4–6 wt.%, 4–5 wt.%, and 3–5 wt.% NaCl equiv., respectively. Fluid inclusions in Stage E quartz homogenized mainly at 210–250°C, 170–230°C, and 150–170°C, with salinities of 6–7 wt.%, 4–5 wt.%, and 1–2 wt.% NaCl equiv., respectively. δ13C and δ18OSMOW values of the calcite samples are of −6.0‰ to −2.8‰ and 5.2‰ to 20.5‰, respectively. The results indicate a mantle‐derived magmatic source and low temperature alteration. and δDV–SMOW values of the quartz and calcite from the Jinshuikou Group vary from −1.9‰ to 9.0‰ and −116.5‰ to −69.3‰, respectively, whilst those of
quartz from the Elashan Formation vary from −11.6‰ to 7.8‰ and −99.7‰ to −86.7‰. The results indicate that the ore‐forming fluids are of medium‐low temperatures and low salinities and were originated from magmatic water to meteoric water. Sulfide δ34SV–CDT values of the Jinshuikou Group and the Elashan Formation are of −6.1‰ to 0.8‰ and −3.4‰ to 0.9‰, respectively, suggesting a mantle‐derived magmatic source. Sulfide 206Pb/204Pb, 207Pb/204Pb, and 208Pb/204Pb ratios of the J‐period ores (18.190–18.622, 15.598–15.725, and 38.383–39.103, respectively) and E‐period ores (18.408–18.420, 15.746–15.758, and 38.879–38.895, respectively) are similar to those of granodiorite porphyry and Elashan Formation (sub)‐volcanic rocks, respectively, indicative of genetic connections between them. Integrating new evidence from fluid inclusions and C–H–O–S–Pb isotopes, we suggest that (a) mantle‐derived materials and their mixture with crust‐derived ones were critical to the ore formation, (b) the Nagengkangqieergou deposit was formed in a magmatic system and a (sub)‐volcanic system under the syn‐ and post‐collisional tectonics of the East Kunlun Orogen, respectively.
Stress and coping among early childhood intervention professionals receiving reflective supervision: A qualitative analysis
Authors: Frosch Cynthia A. , Mitchell Yolanda T. , Hardgraves Lauren , Funk Sadie
Published: May 2019

Reflective supervision/consultation (RS/C) is an important component of infant mental health training and practice. Given high levels of job stress reported by a variety of early childhood professionals, the present study offers a qualitative examination of early childhood intervention professionals’ perceptions of stress and coping before and after receiving regular RS/C. Thirty‐one professionals received 9 months of RS/C and completed semistructured interview questionnaires at the pre‐/postassessments. Questionnaires focused on job‐related experiences, including what participants found stressful and how they coped with job‐related stress. Inductive analysis techniques were used to identify themes that arose from the data. Relationships between themes were discovered through axial coding. Three key themes of individual, relational, and organizational stress were identified across the pre‐/postassessments. Similar themes were evident in reports of coping. Following 9 months of RS/C, analysis revealed greater detail and reflection among the majority of participants. These results contribute to the literature through identification of multiple levels of stress and coping as well as areas of continuity and change among participants receiving RS/C. Future research should consider how professionals’ reports of stress and coping relate to reported self‐efficacy and observed competence with young children and families.
A collision window tree algorithm improved by fixed‐window and parallel‐matching schemes
Authors: Sok Kyongjin , Hong Gon , Rim Chongil , Pak Unjin , Sin Kinam
Published: May 2019

In passive radio frequency identification systems, tag collision is a serious problem causing performance degradation. Most anti‐collision protocols waste numerous transmitted bits while eliminating or reducing the idle and collision slots. In this letter, an improved collision window tree (ICwT) algorithm is proposed by applying a parallel‐matching scheme to a fixed‐window scheme, in order to restrict the length of tag response as well as reduce the number of query cycles. As a result of the simulation, ICwT is proved to be more effective in terms of identification time and energy cost, compared to the existing tree‐based algorithms including collision tree, M‐ary query tree, dual prefix probe scheme, query window tree, and collision window tree.
Downregulation of IQGAP1 inhibits epithelial‐mesenchymal transition via the HIF1α/VEGF‐A signaling pathway in gastric cancer
Authors: Liu Junqiang , Ni Xiufan , Li Yafang , Chen Mengjiao , Chen Wei , Wu Ying , Chen Baoding , Wu Yan , Xu Min
Published: May 2019

As an oncogene, IQ‐domain GTPase‐activating protein 1 (IQGAP1) regulates the epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) of several cancers, such as breast cancer, thyroid cancer, and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. However, the role of the scaffold protein IQGAP1 on EMT in gastric cancer remains unclear. Therefore, the present work was performed to address the question.

Our results showed that IQGAP1 expression is upregulated in human gastric cancer specimens and cell lines. Furthermore, IQGAP1 knockdown inhibited the migratory ability of gastric cancer cells and reduced the expression of mesenchymal phenotype markers, including Slug, β‐catenin, Snail, Vimentin, and N‐cadherin, as well as vascular endothelial growth factor‐A (VEGF‐A) secretion in gastric cancer cells. Conversely, IQGAP1 downregulation increased the epithelial phenotype marker E‐cadherin. Furthermore, IQGAP1 silencing not only downregulated hypoxia‐inducible transcription factor 1α (HIF1α) but also limited its translocation from the cytosol to the nucleus.

Collectively, our results indicated that EMT was regulated by IQGAP1, which was associated with VEGF‐A, since other data demonstrated that HIF1α was involved in VEGF‐A expression. Therefore, we speculated that IQGAP1 regulated EMT of gastric cancer partially via the HIF1α/VEGF‐A signaling pathway. IQGAP1 may serve as an effective therapeutic biomarker for gastric cancer.
Identification of a nuclear localization signal and importin beta members mediating NUAK1 nuclear import inhibited by oxidative stress
Authors: Palma Mario , Riffo Elizabeth N. , Suganuma Tamaki , Washburn Michael P. , Workman Jerry L. , Pincheira Roxana , Castro Ariel F.
Published: May 2019

NUAK1 is a serine/threonine kinase member of the AMPK‐α family. NUAK1 regulates several processes in tumorigenesis; however, its regulation and molecular targets are still poorly understood. Bioinformatics analysis predicted that the majority of NUAK1 localizes in the nucleus. However, there are no studies about the regulation of NUAK1 subcellular distribution. Here, we analyzed NUAK1 localization in several human cell lines, mouse embryo fibroblasts, and normal mouse tissues. We found that NUAK1 is located in the nucleus and also in the cytoplasm. Through bioinformatics analysis and studies comparing subcellular localization of wild type and NUAK1 mutants, we identified a conserved bipartite nuclear localization signal at the N‐terminal domain of NUAK1. Based on mass spectrometry analysis, we found that NUAK1 interacts with importin‐β members including importin‐β1 (KPNB1), importin‐7 (IPO7), and importin‐9 (IPO9). We confirmed that importin‐β members are responsible for NUAK1 nuclear import through the inhibition of importin‐β by Importazole and the knockdown of either IPO7 or IPO9. In addition, we found that oxidative stress induces NUAK1 cytoplasmic accumulation, indicating that oxidative stress affects NUAK1 nuclear transport. Thus, our study is the first evidence of an active nuclear transport mechanism regulating NUAK1 subcellular localization. These data will lead to investigations of the molecular targets of NUAK1 according to its subcellular distribution, which could be new biomarkers or targets for cancer therapies.
The diagnostic efficacy of circulating miRNAs in monitoring the early development of colitis‐induced colorectal cancer
Authors: El‐Daly Sherien M. , Morsy Safaa M. , Medhat Dalia , El‐Bana Mona A. , Latif Yasmin Abdel , Omara Enayat A. , Awadallah Jackleen R. , Gamal‐Eldeen Amira M.
Published: May 2019

Early detection of colorectal cancer and monitoring the progress in colon carcinogenesis stages is essential to reduce mortality. Therefore, there is continuous search for noninvasive biomarkers with high stability and good sensitivity and specificity. miRNAs have attracted attention as promising biomarkers as they are stably expressed in circulation. The aim of our study is to evaluate the aberrant expression of circulating miRNAs during the stepwise progress of colitis‐associated colon cancer. This was accomplished through assessing the expression levels of five miRNAs (miR‐141, miR‐15b, miR‐17‐3p, miR‐21, and miR‐29a) in serum and their corresponding tissue samples through the different cycles of colorectal carcinogenesis cascade using the azoxymethane/dextran sulfate sodium murine model. We also compared the diagnostic performance of these selected miRNAs with the conventional tumor biomarkers CEA and CA 19‐9. The results of our study revealed that the expression levels of those miRNAs were dynamically changing in accordance with the tumor development state. Moreover, their aberrant expression in serum was statistically correlated with that in tissue. Our data also revealed that serum miR‐15b, miR‐21, and miR‐29a showed the best performance in terms of diagnostic power. Our findings highlight the efficiency of these circulating miRNAs not only for early diagnostics purposes, but also for monitoring progress in the colorectal carcinogenesis process, and therefore encouraging integrating these noninvasive biomarkers into the clinical diagnostic settings beside the traditional diagnostic markers for accurate screening of the early progress of colon carcinogenesis.
Coculture with noncardiac cells promoted maturation of human stem cell–derived cardiomyocyte microtissues
Authors: Varzideh Fahimeh , Mahmoudi Elena , Pahlavan Sara
Published: May 2019

Cardiomyocytes derived from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC‐CM) provided a promising cell source for cell therapy, drug screening, and disease modeling. However, hPSC‐CM are immature and phenotypically more similar to fetal rather than adult cardiomyocytes in vitro. We explored the impact of coculture of human embryonic stem cell–derived mesenchymal stem cells (hESC‐MSC) and endothelial cells (ECs) with human embryonic stem cells–derived cardiac progenitor cells (hESC‐CPC) on the gene expression and electrophysiological properties of hESC‐CPC in 3D culture (microtissue spheroid). In this regard, hESC‐CPC were cultured either alone (CM microtissue) or in coculture with EC and hESC‐MSC (CMEM microtissue) on agar‐coated 96‐well round‐bottomed plates for 1 week. Lumen‐like structures were formed in CMEM but not in CM microtissue. Cardiac progenitor markers (TBX5, GATA4) were downregulated and cardiac sarcomeric transcripts (MLC2v and β‐MHC) were upregulated in CMEM compared with CM microtissue. Furthermore, beating frequencies, beating cycles, and field potential durations of CMEM resided in the range of adult cardiomyocytes rather than fetal like phenotypes observed in CM microtissue. These findings demonstrated that CPC spheroids in coculture with EC and hESC‐MSC may undergo greater maturation toward an adult‐like cardiomyocyte.
Titanium with nanotopography induces osteoblast differentiation through regulation of integrin αV
Authors: Lopes Helena Bacha , Freitas Gileade Pereira , Fantacini Daianne Maciely Carvalho , Picanço‐Castro Virginia , Covas Dimas Tadeu , Rosa Adalberto Luiz , Beloti Marcio Mateus
Published: May 2019

Topographical modifications of titanium (Ti) at the nanoscale level generate surfaces that regulate several signaling pathways and cellular functions, which may affect the process of osseointegration. Here, we investigated the participation of integrin αV in the osteogenic capacity of Ti with nanotopography. Machined titanium discs (untreated) were submitted to treatment with H2SO4/H2O2 to produce the nanotopography (nanostructured). First, the greater osteogenic capacity of the nanotopography that increased osteoblast differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells compared with untreated topography was shown. Also, the nanostructured surface increased (regulation ≥ 1.9‐fold) the gene expression of 6 integrins from a custom array plate utilized to evaluate the gene expression of 84 genes correlated with cell adhesion signaling pathway, including integrin αV, which is involved in osteoblast differentiation. By silencing integrin αV in MC3T3‐E1 cells cultured on nanotopography, the impairment of osteoblast differentiation induced by this surface was observed. In conclusion, it was shown that nanotopography regulates the expression of several components of the cell adhesion signaling pathway and its higher osteogenic potential is, at least in part, due to its ability to upregulate the expression of integrin αV. Together with previous data that showed the participation of integrins α1, β1, and β3 in the nanotopography osseoinduction activity, we have uncovered the pivotal role of this family of membrane receptors in the osteogenic potential of this surface.
S100A8 acts as an autocrine priming signal for heme-induced human Mϕ pro-inflammatory responses in hemolytic inflammation
Authors: Silveira Angélica A A , Mahon Olwyn R , Cunningham Clare C , Corr Emma M , Mendonça Rafaela , Saad Sara T O , Costa Fernando F , Dunne Aisling , Conran Nicola
Published: May 2019

Intravascular hemolysis, in addition to reducing red cell counts, incurs extensive vascular inflammation and oxidative stress. One product of hemolysis, heme, is a potent danger associated molecular pattern (DAMP), activating leukocytes and inducing cytokine expression and processing, among other pro-inflammatory effects. We explored pathways by which heme-induced inflammation may be amplified under sterile conditions. Incubation of human Mϕs, differentiated from CD14+ cells, with heme induced time- and concentration-dependent gene and protein expression of S100A8, a myeloid cell-derived alarmin. Human Mϕ stimulation with recombinant S100A8, in turn, induced robust pro-IL-1β expression that was dependent upon NF-κB activation, gene transcription, and partially dependent upon TLR4-mediated signaling. Moreover, heme itself stimulated significant Mϕ pro-IL-1β gene and protein expression via an S100A8-mediated mechanism and greatly amplified S100A8-driven NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated IL-1β secretion. In vivo, induction of acute intravascular hemolysis in mice induced a rapid elevation of plasma S100A8 that could be abolished by hemopexin, a heme scavenger. Finally, plasma S100A8 levels were found to be significantly elevated in patients with the inherited hemolytic anemia, sickle cell anemia, when compared with levels in healthy individuals. In conclusion, we demonstrate that hemolytic processes are associated with S100A8 generation and that some of the inflammatory effects of heme may be amplified by autocrine S100A8 production. Findings suggest a mechanism by which hemolytic inflammation could be propagated via leukocyte priming by endogenous proteins, even in sterile inflammatory environments such as those that occur in the hemolytic diseases. S100A8 may represent a therapeutic target for reducing inflammation in hemolytic disorders.
Argon plasma effects on maize: pesticide degradation and quality changes
Authors: Feng Xinxin , Ma Xin , Liu Hongxia , Xie Jinzhuo , He Chi , Fan Rui
Published: May 2019

BACKGROUND

During planting, storage and transportation of maize excessive amounts of pesticides are used to ensure production, resulting in pesticide residues on the maize that can threaten human health. Plasma, compared with other technologies, has been widely regarded as a green, safe and promising technology for surface decontamination to ensure maize safety and quality.

RESULTS

The aim of this study is to discuss plasma effects on the degradation of chlorpyrifos and carbaryl on maize surface and the changes of treated maize quality. Results achieved the largest degradation efficiency of chlorpyrifos and carbaryl, up to 91.5% and 73.1%, respectively. The physical changes of maize were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), showing a decrease in contact angle, an increase in surface free energy and polar component, leading to improved hydrophilicity of the treated maize. There was no significant change of vitamin B2 content of maize. A significant increase of acid value and decrease of moisture content and starch content were observed within acceptable limits.

CONCLUSION

It is reasonable to believe that argon plasma treatment enhances the edible safety of maize while maintaining maize quality. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Higher species diversity improves soil water infiltration capacity by increasing soil organic matter content in semiarid grasslands
Authors: Liu Yu , Miao Hai‐Tao , Chang Xiaofeng , Wu Gao‐Lin
Published: May 2019

Understanding the mechanisms mediating biodiversity effects on ecosystem functions and services is considered a core issue in ecological and environmental sciences. We studied the direct and indirect effects of plant diversity on soil organic carbon storage and soil infiltration capacity in semiarid grasslands. Plant species diversity enhances soil organic carbon and soil infiltration capacity via multiple plant–soil feedback mechanisms in long‐term natural restoration grasslands. Plant species diversity increases community productivity, resulting in increasing soil carbon storage, which improves soil infiltration capacity by influencing soil aggregate stability and porosity. The present study indicates that plant species diversity is conducive to increasing atmospheric CO2 sequestration and reducing the risk of soil erosion. Our study provides a framework for interpreting the relationships among plant species diversity, soil organic carbon, and soil infiltration capacity to understand plant–soil feedback mechanisms in semiarid grasslands.
Efficacy of Combined Intense Pulsed Light (IPL) With Fractional CO2‐Laser Ablation in the Treatment of Large Hypertrophic Scars: A Prospective, Randomized Control Trial
Authors: Daoud Alexander A. , Gianatasio Chloe , Rudnick Ashley , Michael Mary , Waibel JillS
Published: May 2019

Background and Objectives

Scar rehabilitation is a complex process that incorporates medical, surgical, and physical therapeutic measures to best restore function and visual normalcy. Lasers have emerged as essential tools in the management of scars, with devices available to address scar size, dyschromia, and contour irregularities. As different lasers treat these different features, multi‐laser, same session therapeutic approaches may offer a more comprehensive approach to scar revision. In this study, we aim to demonstrate the effect of a combinatorial, same session treatment with intense pulsed light (IPL) and fractional ablative CO2 as compared to single laser treatment with fractional ablative CO2 laser alone or control in the treatment of mature hypertrophic scars.

Materials and Methods

This institutional review board‐approved, randomized controlled trial, enrolled 23 healthy adults with large (>100 cm2) hypertrophic scars who were randomized to one of three treatment arms: (i) IPL and CO2 ablative fractional laser (AFL), (ii) CO2 AFL alone, and (iii) control (no laser treatment). Subjects underwent a total of four treatment sessions at 6–8‐week intervals with follow‐up visits at 1, 3, and 6 months following the last treatment session. Primary endpoints included blinded scoring of before and after photographs via the Manchester Scar Scale (MSS). Secondary endpoints included the Patient‐Observer Scar Assessment Scale (POSAS).

Results

As compared to control and CO2 AFL laser alone, the combination of CO2 AFL and IPL demonstrated statistically significant improvement across a greater number of scar domains, as assessed by the MSS. 100% of subjects in both treatment groups showed a statistically significant decrease in the POSAS scale after the series of four treatment sessions. No adverse events were reported.

Conclusion

Treatment with combined IPL and CO2 AFL demonstrated higher average improvements across the majority of assessed scar domains, as compared to both control and CO2 laser alone. The difference was not statistically significant in overall MSS score as expected due to the role of CO2 as the main source of improvement. However, only the combination group had statistically significant improvement in both color and texture. These findings support the assertion that a multi‐photo‐thermolytic approach with combined IPL and CO2 AFL can have a positive impact on the treatment of hypertrophic scars by using multiple wavelengths to maximize laser‐skin interactions in targeting the different chromophores expressed in scar tissue. Lasers Surg. Med. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Assessing the effect of hypoxia on cardiac metabolism using hyperpolarized 13C magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Authors: Le Page Lydia M. , Rider Oliver J. , Lewis Andrew J. , Noden Victoria , Kerr Matthew , Giles Lucia , Ambrose Lucy J.A. , Ball Vicky , Mansor Latt , Heather Lisa C. , Tyler Damian J.
Published: May 2019

Hypoxia plays a role in many diseases and can have a wide range of effects on cardiac metabolism depending on the extent of the hypoxic insult. Noninvasive imaging methods could shed valuable light on the metabolic effects of hypoxia on the heart in vivo. Hyperpolarized carbon‐13 magnetic resonance spectroscopy (HP 13C MRS) in particular is an exciting technique for imaging metabolism that could provide such information.

The aim of our work was, therefore, to establish whether hyperpolarized 13C MRS can be used to assess the in vivo heart's metabolism of pyruvate in response to systemic acute and chronic hypoxic exposure.

Groups of healthy male Wistar rats were exposed to either acute (30 minutes), 1 week or 3 weeks of hypoxia. In vivo MRS of hyperpolarized [1‐13C] pyruvate was carried out along with assessments of physiological parameters and ejection fraction. Hematocrit was elevated after 1 week and 3 weeks of hypoxia.

30 minutes of hypoxia resulted in a significant reduction in pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) flux, whereas 1 or 3 weeks of hypoxia resulted in a PDH flux that was not different to normoxic animals. Conversion of hyperpolarized [1‐13C] pyruvate into [1‐13C] lactate was elevated following acute hypoxia, suggestive of enhanced anaerobic glycolysis. Elevated HP pyruvate to lactate conversion was also seen at the one week timepoint, in concert with an increase in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) expression. Following three weeks of hypoxic exposure, cardiac metabolism of pyruvate was comparable with that observed in normoxia.

We have successfully visualized the effects of systemic hypoxia on cardiac metabolism of pyruvate using hyperpolarized 13C MRS, with differences observed following 30 minutes and 1 week of hypoxia. This demonstrates the potential of in vivo hyperpolarized 13C MRS data for assessing the cardiometabolic effects of hypoxia in disease.
Effect of FGF/FGFR pathway blocking on lung adenocarcinoma and its cancer‐associated fibroblasts
Authors: Hegab Ahmed E , Ozaki Mari , Kameyama Naofumi , Gao Jingtao , Kagawa Shizuko , Yasuda Hiroyuki , Soejima Kenzo , Yin Yongjun , Guzy Robert D , Nakamura Yoshikazu , Ornitz David M , Betsuyaku Tomoko
Published: May 2019

Cancer‐associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are known to promote tumourigenesis through various mechanisms. Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)/FGF receptor (FGFR)‐dependent lung cancers have been described. We have developed a mouse model of lung adenocarcinoma that was constructed through the induction of Fgf9 overexpression in type 2 alveolar cells. The expression of Fgf9 in adult lungs resulted in the rapid development of multiple adenocarcinoma‐like tumour nodules. Here, we have characterised the contribution of CAFs and the Fgf/Fgfr signalling pathway in maintaining the lung tumours initiated by Fgf9 overexpression. We found that CAF‐secreted Fgf2 contributes to tumour cell growth. CAFs overexpressed Tgfb, Mmp7, Fgf9, and Fgf2; synthesised more collagen, and secreted inflammatory cell‐recruiting cytokines. CAFs also enhanced the conversion of tumour‐associated macrophages (TAMs) to the tumour‐supportive M2 phenotype but did not influence angiogenesis. In vivo inhibition of Fgfrs during early lung tumour development resulted in significantly smaller and fewer tumour nodules, whereas inhibition in established lung tumours caused a significant reduction in tumour size and number. Fgfr inhibition also influenced tumour stromal cells, as it significantly abolished TAM recruitment and reduced tumour vascularity. However, the withdrawal of the inhibitor caused a significant recurrence/regrowth of Fgf/Fgfr‐independent lung tumours. These recurrent tumours did not possess a higher proliferative or propagative potential. Our results provide evidence that fibroblasts associated with the Fgf9‐induced lung adenocarcinoma provide multiple means of support to the tumour. Although the Fgfr blocker significantly suppressed the tumour and its stromal cells, it was not sufficient to completely eliminate the tumour, probably due to the emergence of alternative (resistance/maintenance) mechanism(s). This model represents an excellent tool to further study the complex interactions between CAFs, their related chemokines, and the progression of lung adenocarcinoma; it also provides further evidence to support the need for a combinatorial strategy to treat lung cancer. © 2019 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An accelerometry and observational study to quantify upper limb use after stroke during inpatient rehabilitation
Authors: Chin Lay Fong , Hayward Kathryn S. , Soh Aloysius Jun An , Tan Chin Mei , Wong Cheryl Jing Ru , Loh Jia Wei , Loke Genevieve Jia Hui , Brauer Sandra
Published: May 2019

Objectives

The objectives of the study are to characterize paretic upper limb (UL) use in people with different levels of impairment 4 weeks poststroke and to compare accelerometry and direct observational approaches.

Methods

Twelve stroke inpatients (five mild, three moderate, and four severe UL impairment) were recruited from a rehabilitation hospital. UL use was measured using accelerometry (24 hr) and direct observation (12 hr of behavioural mapping). Accelerometry variables included duration of use, use ratio, magnitude ratio, bilateral magnitude, and variation ratio. Direct observation recorded the duration of use and type of UL movement (e.g., functional vs. non‐functional).

Results

From accelerometry data, people with mild, moderate, and severe UL impairments used their paretic UL 59%, 45%, and 22% of a 24 hr‐day, respectively. People with severe UL impairment had the lowest paretic UL use duration (median 1.49 hr/day), magnitude ratio, and variation ratio compared with people with mild and moderate UL impairment. From 12 hr of observational data, people with mild impairment were using their UL for 37.8% of the observed time, whereas the people with moderate and severe impairment were using their UL 15.8% and 4.9%, respectively. UL movements for the mild cohort were mainly functional, whereas UL movements of the moderate and severe cohorts were mainly non‐functional. UL movements were predominantly active for the mild and moderate cohorts but passive for the severe cohort. Duration of paretic UL use from accelerometry and observation data were highly correlated (ICC > 0.8), but the absolute percentage error between methods ranged from 34.2% to 42.7%.

Conclusions

Paretic UL use within the first 4 weeks poststroke differs across levels of impairment in this exploratory study. Accelerometry and observation findings of paretic UL use were correlated and may be needed in different situations as they capture different information.
SPOP and FOXA1 mutations are associated with PSA recurrence in ERG wt tumors, and SPOP downregulation with ERG‐rearranged prostate cancer
Authors: Hernández‐Llodrà Silvia , Segalés Laura , Safont Ainara , Juanpere Nuria , Lorenzo Marta , Fumadó Lluís , Rodríguez‐Vida Alejo , Cecchini Lluís , Bellmunt Joaquim , Lloreta‐Trull Josep
Published: May 2019

Background

ERG fusion‐related prostate cancer (PrCa) is the most prevalent oncogenic driver subclass. SPOP, FOXA1, and IDH1 mutations are other three main oncogenic driver subclasses in non–ETS‐fusion PrCa. ERG protein levels seem to be increased in SPOP‐mutated cases, and different studies reported that SPOP mutations and ERG fusions are mutually exclusive. The aim of this study has been to analyze the alterations in non–ETS‐oncogenic drivers in PrCa.

Methods

SPOP, FOXA1, and IDH mutations were investigated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Sanger direct sequencing. ERG, SPOP, and TMPRSS2‐ERG messenger RNA expression was assessed by quantitative real‐time PCR from complementary DNA, and the presence of the fusion was also analyzed by nonquantitative PCR. The clinical pathological features were retrieved from the charts of the 111 patients included in the study (MARBiobanc, Barcelona, Spain).

Results

Loss of SPOP expression (25.2%) was associated with ERG overexpression (P = 0.0036). SPOP mutations were found in 5.4% cases, all with wild‐type (wt) ERG (P = 0.007). FOXA1 mutations were found in 8.2% cases, most of them ERG wt (P = 0.06). No IDH1 mutations were found. SPOP or FOXA1 mutations were found in 1.7% of ERG‐rearranged, and 34.2% of non–ERG‐rearranged cases (P < 0.0001). SPOP or FOXA1 alterations (mutations or expression loss) were significantly more common in GG5, while isolated ERG overexpression was more common in GG1 tumors (P = 0.042). SPOP‐or FOXA1‐mutated cases were associated with a shorter time to prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) recurrence in the univariate (P = 0.0009), and with the PSA recurrence risk in the multivariate (P = 0.023) analysis.

Conclusions

In conclusion, SPOP and FOXA1 mutations may have prognostic value in ERG wt tumors. Interestingly, in absence of SPOP mutations, downregulation of this gene is a feature of many ERG‐rearranged prostate tumors.
Continuous robust fault‐tolerant control and vibration suppression for flexible spacecraft without angular velocity
Authors: Zhang Xiuyun , Zong Qun , Tian Bailing , Liu Wenjing
Published: May 2019

The fault‐tolerant control and vibration suppression for flexible spacecraft without angular velocity measurement are investigated. External disturbances, actuator faults, unknown angular velocity, and flexible vibration are addressed simultaneously. Firstly, a model‐free adaptive supertwisting state observer and an angular velocity calculation algorithm in one step are developed by using attitude information only, which can estimate the angular velocity in finite time. Then, on the basis of angular velocity estimation, a novel continuous multivariable integral sliding mode (CMISM) is proposed for the first time, which is a combination of continuous nominal controller and a modified multivariable twisting controller to reject disturbances and faults. The CMISM can stabilize attitudes in finite time and attenuate chattering effectively. Furthermore, the input shaping technique is developed to achieve effective vibration suppression of the flexible appendages. Finally, the efficiency of the proposed method is illustrated by numerical simulations.
Dynamic Transformation During the Simulated Hot Rolling of an API‐X80 Steel
Authors: Mendes‐Fonseca Nizia , Rodrigues Samuel F. , Guo Baoqi , Jonas John J.
Published: May 2019

The occurrence of dynamic transformation is investigated during the simulated hot rolling of an API‐X80 steel. Torsion tests are carried out under continuous cooling conditions, with all deformation passes applied above the equilibrium transformation temperature. Three different interpass times are investigated: 1, 8, and 20 s. Samples are water‐quenched before and after the odd‐numbered passes, and the volume fraction of ferrite is evaluated metallographically. Dynamic transformation took place under all conditions and the volume fraction of retained ferrite increased with the retained strain. The increase in flow stress during simulated rolling is less than expected under all conditions, which is evidence for the dynamic formation of ferrite. The driving forces and energies barriers are evaluated, indicating that dynamic transformation is mechanically activated.
VLSI-SoC: An Enduring Tradition
Authors: Reis Ricardo , Glesner Manfred
Published: May 2019

VLSI-SoC series of conferences started in 1981 and this chapter presents a little bit of its history. Since the beginning, the conference moves around the world, showing recent works in the field of VLSI and Systems-on-Chip design and design automation. The contents of books related to the set of event editions is in some way a witness of the extraordinary evolution of the field in these almost 4 decades.
Fracture resistance and marginal gap formation of post-core restorations: influence of different fiber-reinforced composites
Authors: Fráter Márk , Lassila Lippo , Braunitzer Gábor , Vallittu Pekka K. , Garoushi Sufyan
Published: May 2019

Objectives

The aim was to explore the fracture behavior and marginal gap within the root canal of endodontically treated (ET) premolars restored with different fiber-reinforced post-core composites (FRCs). Further aim was to evaluate the composite curing at different depths in the canal.

Materials and methods

Eighty-seven intact upper premolars were collected and randomly divided into six groups. After endodontic procedure, standard MOD cavities were prepared and restored with their respective fiber-reinforced post-core materials: group 1: prefabricated unidirectional FRC-post + conventional composite core; group 2: prefabricated unidirectional FRC-post + short fiber composite (SFRC) core; group 3: individually formed unidirectional FRC-post + conventional composite core; group 4: randomly oriented SFRC directly layered as post and core; group 5: individually formed unidirectional FRC + randomly oriented SFRC as post and core. After restorations were completed, teeth (n = 3/group) were sectioned and then stained. Specimens were viewed under a stereo microscope and the percentage of microgaps within the root canal was calculated. Fracture load was measured using universal testing machine.

Results

SFRC application in the root canal (groups 4 and 5) showed significantly higher fracture load (876.7 N) compared to the other tested groups (512–613 N) (p < 0.05). Post/core restorations made from prefabricated FRC-post (group 1) exhibited the highest number of microgaps (35.1%) at the examined interphase in the root canal.

Conclusions

The restoration of ET premolars with the use of SFRC as post-core material displayed promising performance in matter of microgap and load-bearing capacity.

Clinical significance

Fracture resistance of ET premolar restored by bilayered composite restoration that includes both SFRC as post-core material and surface conventional resin seems to be beneficial.
When parents are inconsistent: Parenting style and adolescents' involvement in cyberbullying
Authors: Katz Idit , Lemish Dafna , Cohen Rinat , Arden Adi
Published: May 2019

Introduction

The prevalence of cyberbullying among adolescents is globally on the rise. This study examined how general and cyber‐specific parenting styles impact the prevalence of young adolescents' involvement in cyberbullying as victims and/or perpetrators.

Methods

One hundred and eighty 7th and 8th‐grade Israeli students participated (Mean age = 13.25, SD = 0.81; 86 males, 89 females, 5 did not indicate gender). Adolescents reported the frequency of their involvement in cyberbullying, and whether their parents were using “autonomy‐supportive” or “psychologically controlling” strategies generally and specifically when mediating internet use.

Results

A controlling parenting‐style as well as an inconsistent internet‐mediation style were associated with a higher prevalence of adolescent involvement in cyberbullying as victims and as perpetrators. Prevalence was higher when parents who generally use a controlling style were less controlling or consistent when mediating internet use.

Conclusion

Despite the caveats related to parental control, parents who generally use a controlling style should consistently use this style while mediating cyber. Inconsistent parenting style conveys messages concerning internet activities that contradict what teens are accustomed to receiving in other contexts. This inconsistency may encourage them to exploit their relative freedom in the cyber context and act irresponsibly.
Entangled security: Science, co-production, and intra-active insecurity
Authors: Elbe Stefan , Buckland-Merrett Gemma
Published: May 2019

This article advances a new account of security as an intensely relational and ontologically entangled phenomenon that does not exist prior to, nor independently of, its intra-action with other phenomena and agencies. Security's ‘entanglement’ is demonstrated through an analysis of the protracted security concerns engendered by ‘dangerous’ scientific experiments performed with lethal H5N1 flu viruses. Utilising methodological approaches recently developed in the field of Science and Technology Studies (STS), the article explicates the intensely ‘co-productive’ dynamics at play between security and science in those experiments, and which ultimately reveal security to be a deeply relational phenomenon continuously emerging out of its engagement with other agencies. Recovering this deeper ontological entanglement, the article argues, necessitates a different approach to the study of security that does not commence by fixing the meaning and boundaries of security in advance. Rather, such an approach needs to analyse the diverse sites, dynamics, and processes through which security and insecurity come to intra-actively materialise in international relations. It also demands a fundamental reconsideration of many of the discipline's most prominent security theories. They are not merely conceptual tools for studying security, but crucial participants in its intra-active materialisation.
High-repetition-rate, high-peak-power 1450 nm laser source based on optical parametric chirped pulse amplification
Authors: Wang Pengfei , Shao Beijie , Su Hongpeng , Lv Xinlin , Li Yanyan , Peng Yujie , Leng Yuxin
Published: May 2019

We present a high-peak-power, near-infrared laser system based on optical parametric chirped pulse amplification pumped by a home-built picosecond pumping laser, which can generate over 40 mJ energy at 1450 nm center wavelength and operate at 100 Hz repetition rate. Subsequently, the chirped laser pulses are compressed down to 60 fs with 26.5 mJ energy, corresponding to a peak power of 0.44 TW. This high-energy, long-wavelength laser source is highly suitable for driving various nonlinear optical phenomena, such as high-order harmonic generation and high-flux coherent extreme ultraviolet/soft X-ray radiation.
#Ustoo: How I-O psychologists can extend the conversation on sexual harassment and sexual assault through workplace training
Authors: Medeiros Kelsey , Griffith Jennifer
Published: May 2019

Recent events in the workplace, government, and college campuses in the US have brought the issues of sexual harassment and assault to the forefront of media and public discussion. Industrial and organizational (I-O) psychologists are uniquely suited to help address these issues by aiding in intervention development. Specifically, I-O psychologists can provide key insight regarding the context, design, development, and evaluation of sexual harassment and assault training efforts. Although some empirical evidence suggests that trainings are effective in the short term, there is little evidence to suggest long-term attitudinal or behavioral change outside of the training environment. Much of the research in this area, however, has focused solely on the training intervention, excluding the pre- and post-training environment. Thus, the present effort focuses on designing trainings that promote transfer, as well as improving measurement of desired outcomes, to provide a framework for improving sexual harassment and assault training. This framework addresses how individual differences, needs analysis, training design, evaluation, and post-training support contribute to lasting change while addressing the unique challenges associated with sexual harassment and assault. Last, this framework provides guidance for improving research in this area as well as practical suggestions for improving training programs.
Particle transport induced by internal wave beam streaming in lateral boundary layers
Authors: Horne E. , Beckebanze F. , Micard D. , Odier P. , Maas L. R. M. , Joubaud S.
Published: May 2019

Quantifying the physical mechanisms responsible for the transport of sediments, nutrients and pollutants in the abyssal sea is a long-standing problem, with internal waves regularly invoked as the relevant mechanism for particle advection near the sea bottom. This study focuses on internal-wave-induced particle transport in the vicinity of (almost) vertical walls. We report a series of laboratory experiments revealing that particles sinking slowly through a monochromatic internal wave beam experience significant horizontal advection. Extending the theoretical analysis by Beckebanze et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 841, 2018, pp. 614–635), we attribute the observed particle advection to a peculiar and previously unrecognized streaming mechanism in the stratified boundary layer originating at the lateral walls. This vertical boundary layer streaming mechanism is most efficient for significantly inclined wave beams, when vertical and horizontal velocity components are of comparable magnitude. We find good agreement between our theoretical prediction and experimental results.
GlacierMIP – A model intercomparison of global-scale glacier mass-balance models and projections
Authors: HOCK REGINE , BLISS ANDREW , MARZEION BEN , GIESEN RIANNE H. , HIRABAYASHI YUKIKO , HUSS MATTHIAS , RADIĆ VALENTINA , SLANGEN AIMÉE B. A.
Published: May 2019

Global-scale 21st-century glacier mass change projections from six published global glacier models are systematically compared as part of the Glacier Model Intercomparison Project. In total 214 projections of annual glacier mass and area forced by 25 General Circulation Models (GCMs) and four Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) emission scenarios and aggregated into 19 glacier regions are considered. Global mass loss of all glaciers (outside the Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets) by 2100 relative to 2015 averaged over all model runs varies from 18 ± 7% (RCP2.6) to 36 ± 11% (RCP8.5) corresponding to 94 ± 25 and 200 ± 44 mm sea-level equivalent (SLE), respectively. Regional relative mass changes by 2100 correlate linearly with relative area changes. For RCP8.5 three models project global rates of mass loss (multi-GCM means) of >3 mm SLE per year towards the end of the century. Projections vary considerably between regions, and also among the glacier models. Global glacier mass changes per degree global air temperature rise tend to increase with more pronounced warming indicating that mass-balance sensitivities to temperature change are not constant. Differences in glacier mass projections among the models are attributed to differences in model physics, calibration and downscaling procedures, initial ice volumes and varying ensembles of forcing GCMs.