bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
In-Hospital and Post-Discharge Mortality in the Extreme Elderly Admitted to Intensive Care
Authors: Thomas Philip , Lynch Katherine , Mason Aaron , Matthews Tracie , Snelson Catherine
Published: December 2014

As our population ages, there will be an increasing number of extreme elderly patients (aged 85 years and older) admitted to intensive care units (ICUs). Relatively few studies are published about clinical outcomes in this population. We analysed three years of admissions data to the ICU of a teaching hospital in the West Midlands for patients who were aged 85 years or older at time of admission to ICU. Data from 185 patient episodes were included in the analysis. Six-month mortality in medical and surgical emergency patients was 62.5% and 55.1% respectively. Mortality was low in elective surgical patients at 18.6%. For those who survived the acute hospital admission, 68% of patients were discharged home, with a further 17% moving to a rehabilitation facility. A significant proportion of extreme elderly patients admitted to the ICU are surviving critical illness despite advanced age. The majority of survivors returned home, indicating that they were making a positive functional recovery from their illness.
A Retrospective Review of Patients Managed with the Pneux PY™ VAP Prevention System
Authors: Smith Neil , Khan Faheem , Gratrix Andrew
Published: December 2014

Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is commonplace in intensive care and has implications for patients' morbidity and mortality in hospital. A range of interventions exists to prevent the development of VAP. We reviewed the impact of the PneuX PY™ VAP prevention system on the incidence of VAP and its effects on local practice. In total, 48 patients in a mixed medical and surgical intensive care unit received the PneuX PY VAP prevention system and its associated care package in 2010. The VAP rate for this cohort of patients was found to be 6.25% (n=3) in the local context of historical VAP rates above 26%. Notably, 17% of extubations were unplanned, of which almost two-thirds were self-extubations. The PneuX PY VAP prevention system facilitated lower VAP rates than those documented elsewhere and highlighted the incidence of unplanned extubations in local practice. Further evaluation of the implementation of the PneuX PY VAP prevention system in intensive care areas, in tandem with large-scale evaluation of its effectiveness, are still required.
Classic Cases Revisited — Medical Manslaughter, Corporate Liability and the Death of Sean Phillips
Authors: Szawarski Piotr
Published: December 2014

The legal reasoning, case law and legislation relevant to negligence and gross negligence are discussed, using the case of a patient who developed shock after elective knee surgery. It highlights that there is individual and corporate accountability for negligence and is especially relevant given the recent investigation into Mid Staffordshire Foundation NHS Trust.
Do Sedation and Neuromuscular Blockade Influence the Outcome of Adult Intensive Care Patients? A Prospective Observational Study
Authors: Jagan Pavani , Hariharan Seetharaman , Chen Deryk , Kumar Areti Y
Published: December 2014

A prospective observational study was conducted on patients admitted to an adult intensive care unit (ICU) to investigate the pattern of sedation, analgesia and neuromuscular blockade and to determine their relationship to patient outcomes. Data including age, gender, diagnoses, dosage of sedatives, analgesics and neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBA), duration of mechanical ventilation, admission and weaning sedation scores, ICU length of stay and outcomes were recorded; 1550 patient-days were studied from 140 mechanically ventilated patients, of which 52 (37%) received NMBA. The mean length of stay in patients receiving NMBA was 15.6 days compared to 11.7 in patients who did not receive them (p=0.08). Mean duration of mechanical ventilation was 12.5 days in patients receiving NMBA, while it was 10.2 days in patients who did not receive NMBA (p=0.21). Neuromuscular blockade did not significantly influence the duration of mechanical ventilation, length of stay and survival of ICU patients.
High versus Low Blood Pressure Target in Patients with Septic Shock
Authors: McLaughlin Danny , English Will
Published: December 2014

Targeting a mean arterial pressure (MAP) of 80 to 85 mm Hg in patients with septic shock undergoing resuscitation did not result in significant differences in mortality at 28 or 90 days when compared with targeting a MAP of 65 to 70 mm Hg.
Preventing Venous Thromboembolism in the Critically Ill — Can We do More?
Authors: Hunt Beverley J
Published: December 2014

Pulmonary embolism is the most common preventable cause of hospital death; and of all the different patient groups, the critically ill are particularly at risk of venous thromboembolism. Most critically ill patients have multiple risk factors. Clinical trials have shown that the use of low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) is safer than unfractionated heparin in this population. Further trials are required to look at the risks and benefits of dose adjusting LMWH at the extremes of weight, in patients with renal failure and those on antiplatelet agents. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia is still a risk with LMWHs so a safer anticoagulant such as fondaparinux and even the new oral anticoagulants merit trials. Further evidence is also needed for the use of graduated compression stockings and pneumatic devices.
What Have Genetics Ever Done for Us? The Implications of aDNA Data for Interpreting Identity in Early Neolithic Central Europe
Authors: Hofmann Daniela
Published: December 2014

This paper is concerned with the impact of ancient DNA data on our models of the Mesolithic–Neolithic transition in central Europe. Beginning with a brief overview of how genetic data have been received by archaeologists working in this area, it outlines the potential and remaining problems of this kind of evidence. As a migration around the beginning of the Neolithic now seems certain, new research foci are then suggested. One is renewed attention to the motivations and modalities of the migration process. The second is a fundamental change in attitude towards the capabilities of immigrant Neolithic populations to behave in novel and creative ways, abilities which in our transition models were long exclusively associated with hunter-gatherers.
Double layer ZrSi2–ZrC–SiC/SiC oxidation protective coating for carbon/carbon composites
Authors: Hu M. H. , Li K. Z. , Li H. J. , Wang B. , Ma H. L.
Published: December 2014

A ZrSi2–ZrC–SiC/SiC double layer coating was prepared on the surface of carbon/carbon (C/C) composites by pack cementation. The microstructure, oxidation and thermal shock resistance of the coating were studied. These results show that the outer coating is mainly composed of ZrSi2, ZrC, SiC and Si respectively. Oxidation tests were conducted in air at 1173 K for 100 min and 1773 K for 67 h and a weight decrease of 0·37 and 0·12% were recorded. After 20 times thermal shocks between 1773 K and room temperature, the weight of the coated specimens increased by only 0·12%. The excellent thermal shock resistance is attributed to the aptness to oxidation of the minor phases distributing in the gaps among the SiC particles and the coarseness of the coating.
Assessing complement blockade in patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria receiving eculizumab
Authors: Peffault de Latour Régis , Fremeaux-Bacchi Véronique , Porcher Raphaël , Xhaard Aliénor , Rosain Jérémie , Castaneda Diana Cadena , Vieira-Martins Paula , Roncelin Stéphane , Rodriguez-Otero Paula , Plessier Aurélie , Sicre de Fontbrune Flore , Abbes Sarah , Robin Marie , Socié Gérard
Published: December 2014

Key Points

CH50 activity reflects C5 blockade in PNH patients treated with eculizumab and is directly related to circulating free eculizumab levels. Both CH50 and free eculizumab level markers look promising for the monitoring of complement blockade in patients with PNH receiving eculizumab.
How I treat type 2 variant forms of von Willebrand disease
Authors: Tosetto Alberto , Castaman Giancarlo
Published: December 2014

Type 2 von Willebrand disease (VWD) includes a wide range of qualitative abnormalities of von Willebrand factor structure and function resulting in a variable bleeding tendency. According to the current classification, 4 different subtypes can be identified, each with distinctive phenotypic and therapeutic characteristics. Current available laboratory methods allow a straightforward approach to VWD subtyping, and although the precise molecular characterization remains complex, it is not required for appropriate treatment of the vast majority of cases. Desmopressin can be useful only in a few type 2 cases compared with patients with actual quantitative deficiency (type 1), most often in variants with a nearly normal multimeric pattern (type 2M). However, since no laboratory test accurately predicts response to desmopressin, a trial test should always be performed in all type 2 VWD patients, with the exception of type 2B ones. Replacement therapy with plasma-derived von Willebrand factor-factor VIII concentrates represents the safe mainstay of treatment of all patients, particularly those not responding to desmopressin or requiring a sustained hemostatic correction because of major surgery or bleeding. A significant patient bleeding history correlates with increased bleeding risk and should be considered in tailoring the optimal antihemorrhagic prophylaxis in the individual patient.
Hausdorff quasi-distances, periodic and fixed points for Nadler type set-valued contractions in quasi-gauge spaces
Authors: Włodarczyk Kazimierz
Published: December 2014

In a quasi-gauge space

(
X
,
P
)

with quasi-gauge

P

, using the left (right)

J

-families of generalized quasi-pseudodistances on X (

J

-families on X generalize quasi-gauge

P

), the left (right) quasi-distances

D
η

L
−
J

(

D
η

R
−
J

) of Hausdorff type on

2
X

are defined,

η
∈
{
1
,
2
,
3
}

, the three kinds of left (right) set-valued contractions of Nadler type are constructed, and, for such contractions, the left (right)

P

-convergence of dynamic processes starting at each point

w
0

∈
X

is studied and the existence and localization of periodic and fixed point results are proved. As implications, two kinds of left (right) single-valued contractions of Banach type are defined, and, for such contractions, the left (right)

P

-convergence of Picard iterations starting at each point

w
0

∈
X

is studied, and existence, localization, periodic point, fixed point and uniqueness results are established. Appropriate tools and ideas of studying based on

J

-families and also presented examples showed that the results: are new in quasi-gauge, topological, gauge, quasi-uniform and quasi-metric spaces; are new even in uniform and metric spaces; do not require completeness and Hausdorff properties of the spaces

(
X
,
P
)

, continuity of contractions, closedness of values of set-valued contractions and properties

D
η

L
−
J

(
U
,
V
)
=

D
η

L
−
J

(
V
,
U
)

(

D
η

R
−
J

(
U
,
V
)
=

D
η

R
−
J

(
V
,
U
)

) and

D
η

L
−
J

(
U
,
U
)
=
0

(

D
η

R
−
J

(
U
,
U
)
=
0

),

η
∈
{
1
,
2
,
3
}

,

U
,
V
∈

2
X

; provide information concerning localizations of periodic and fixed points; and substantially generalize the well-known theorems of Nadler and Banach types.

MSC:54A05, 54C60, 47H09, 37C25, 54H20, 54H25, 54E15.
4D propagated layer-based inversion
Authors: Thore Pierre , Blanchard Thomas D.
Published: December 2014

We developed a new model-based 4D inversion algorithm that propagated through a 4D data set from a well location, minimizing the traveltime and amplitude differences of the data. The model consisted of a finite number of layers in which the thickness and change in elastic parameters were solved in each layer. The inversion used a local optimization strategy at each trace, in which the solution of a previously inverted neighboring trace was used as the initial guess; it started from a 4D layer-based inversion solution found at a well location. Information from the well was, therefore, propagated into the data set whereas it remained consistent with the data. When several wells were used simultaneously, they propagated in a concurrent manner to determine each well’s area of influence. By using the time-shift and amplitude differences, it became possible to decouple density and P-wave velocity changes; however, even with this additional information, solutions were seldom consistent enough to provide coherent quantitative interpretation. We therefore introduced a new constraint based on production information and rock physics to guide the solution to realistic combinations of elastic parameters. We determined that this constraint was fairly independent of the geology. Examples of the prestack propagation inversion algorithm were shown on synthetic and real data examples. Comparisons were also made to standard 4D inversion highlighting the improvement in the coherency of the new results. We concluded that this type of model-based inversion was not designed to be used as a reconnaissance tool for 4D interpretation (this remains the job of data-driven inversion schemes) but was a powerful tool for either extracting as much information as possible from 4D seismic data or to test various hypothesis of different 4D scenarios.
Improving the quality of prestack inversion by prestack data conditioning
Authors: Zhang Bo , Chang Deshuang , Lin Tengfei , Marfurt Kurt J.
Published: December 2014

Prestack seismic inversion techniques provide valuable information of rock properties, lithology, and fluid content for reservoir characterization. The confidence of inverted results increases with increasing incident angle of seismic gathers. The most accurate result of simultaneous prestack inversion of P-wave seismic data is P-impedance. S-impedance estimation becomes reliable with incident angles approaching 30°, whereas density evaluation becomes reliable with incident angles approaching 45°. As the offset increases, we often encounter “hockey sticks” and severe stretch at large offsets. Hockey sticks and stretch not only lower the seismic resolution but also hinder long offset prestack seismic inversion analysis. The inverted results are also affected by the random noises present in the prestack gathers. We developed a three-step workflow to perform data conditioning prior to simultaneous prestack inversion. First, we mitigated the hockey sticks by using an automatic nonhyperbolic velocity analysis. Then, we minimized the stretch at the far offset by using an antistretch workflow. Last, we improved the signal-to-noise ratio by applying prestack structure-oriented filtering. We evaluated our workflow by applying it to a prestack seismic volume acquired over the Fort Worth Basin, Texas, USA. The results inverted from the conditioned prestack gathers have higher resolution and better correlation coefficients with well logs when compared to those inverted from conventional time-migrated gathers.
Vitamin D and Parathyroid Hormone Status in Pregnancy: Effect on Insulin Sensitivity, β-cell Function, and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Kramer Caroline K. , Swaminathan Balakumar , Hanley Anthony J. , Connelly Philip W. , Sermer Mathew , Zinman Bernard , Retnakaran Ravi
Published: December 2014

Context:

Previous studies have yielded conflicting findings on the relationship between vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). We hypothesized that PTH may be an underlying factor relevant to this potential association.

Objective:

This study sought to evaluate the effect of vitamin D and PTH status on insulin sensitivity, β-cell function, and glycemia in pregnancy.

Setting and Design:

Five-hundred-twenty-four women underwent a glucose challenge test (GCT) and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in late second/early third trimester. The GCT/OGTT identified 142 women with GDM, 94 with gestational impaired glucose tolerance, 163 with an abnormal GCT and normal OGTT, and 125 with normal GCT and OGTT.

Main Outcomes:

Glycemia was assessed by glucose tolerance status and area under the glucose curve (AUCgluc) on the OGTT. Insulin sensitivity and β-cell function were assessed by Matsuda index and Insulin Secretion-Sensitivity Index-2 (ISSI-2), respectively.

Results:

There were 166 women (31.7%) with vitamin D deficiency (25-OH-D < 50 nmol/L), 178 (34%) with insufficiency (25-OH-D ≥ 50 nmol/L and < 75 nmol/L), and 180 (34.3%) with sufficiency (25-OH-D ≥ 75 nmol/L). Vitamin D status was not associated with Matsuda index, ISSI-2, AUCgluc, or glucose tolerance status. In contrast, ISSI-2 decreased and AUCgluc increased across ascending tertiles of PTH (P = .06 and P = .002, respectively). Indeed, the prevalence of GDM progressively increased from the first (22.6%) to second (25.8%) to third (33.5%) tertile of PTH (P < .001). On logistic regression analyses, the third tertile of PTH was independently associated with GDM (adjusted OR = 1.82; 95% CI, 1.09–3.02; P = .022), whereas vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency were not significant predictors of GDM.

Conclusions:

Increased PTH, rather than vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency, is independently associated with dysglycemia in pregnancy.
Triptolide treatment reduces Alzheimer’s disease (AD)-like pathology through inhibition of BACE1 in a transgenic mouse model of AD
Authors: Wang Qi , Xiao Bing , Cui Shuqin , Song Hailong , Qian Yanjing , Dong Lin , An Haiting , Cui Yanqiu , Zhang Wenjing , He Yi , Zhang Jianliang , Yang Jian , Zhang Feilong , Hu Guanzheng , Gong Xiaoli , Yan Zhen , Zheng Yan , Wang Xiaomin
Published: December 2014

The complex pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) involves multiple contributing factors, including amyloid β (Aβ) peptide accumulation, inflammation and oxidative stress. Effective therapeutic strategies for AD are still urgently needed. Triptolide is the major active compound extracted from Tripterygium wilfordii Hook.f., a traditional Chinese medicinal herb that is commonly used to treat inflammatory diseases. The 5-month-old 5XFAD mice, which carry five familial AD mutations in the β-amyloid precursor protein (APP) and presenilin-1 (PS1) genes, were treated with triptolide for 8 weeks. We observed enhanced spatial learning performances, and attenuated Aβ production and deposition in the brain. Triptolide also inhibited the processing of amyloidogenic APP, as well as the expression of βAPP-cleaving enzyme-1 (BACE1) both in vivo and in vitro. In addition, triptolide exerted anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects on the transgenic mouse brain. Triptolide therefore confers protection against the effects of AD in our mouse model and is emerging as a promising therapeutic candidate drug for AD.
Improvement of Raman Spectroscopic Densimetry for Carbon Dioxide Fluid
Authors: Takahata Kohei , Torimoto Junji , Yamamoto Junji
Published: December 2014

We improved Raman spectroscopic densimetry for a CO2 fluid using a micro-Raman spectrometer with high spectral resolution. For precise determination of CO2 density, we obtained Δ, the separation of wavenumbers between two main peaks of the CO2 Raman spectrum, with a precision of ±0.006 cm−1 (1σ). This precision will be enhanced to ±0.003 cm−1 by increasing counts, corresponding to a density precision of ±0.0009 g cm−3, which is approximately one order of magnitude less than that reported in earlier studies.
Rhodium(III) Porphyrin-catalyzed Reactions via Activation of Alkynes
Authors: Hasegawa Makoto , Kurahashi Takuya , Matsubara Seijiro
Published: December 2014

The cycloisomerization of 1,6-enynes catalyzed by rhodium(III) porphyrin under mild reaction conditions successfully afforded a five-membered ring system. The rhodium porphyrin was found to be a strong π-Lewis acid that could activate alkynes. Thus, rhodium porphyrin-catalyzed intramolecular Friedel–Crafts-type reactions of alkynes with arenes were also accomplished. Furthermore, rhodium porphyrin-catalyzed intermolecular cyclization of alkynes with styrenes afforded the indene derivatives.
Photochemistry of Atropisomers: Non-biaryl Atropisomers for Stereospecific Phototransformations
Authors: Clay Anthony , Kumarasamy Elango , Ayitou Anoklase J-L , Sivaguru Jayaraman
Published: December 2014

This review highlights the use of atropisomeric (axially chiral) chromophores for stereospecific photoreactions. The presence of axial chirality in the substrate imparts excellent stereo (enantio- and diastereo-) control affording high selectivities in point chiral photoproducts. 6π-Photocyclization and [2 + 2]-photocycloaddition are detailed as exemplars to highlight the richness and diversity of atropisomers undergoing photochemical transformations.
Secondary Thioamides as Multidentate Ligands for Functional Metal Complexes
Authors: Okamoto Ken , Kuwabara Junpei , Kanbara Takaki
Published: December 2014

This highlight review describes recent progress in thioamide-based transition-metal complexes, including their preparation methods and functionalities. In particular, pincer organometallics with secondary thioamide ligands are unique tools that can be used for applications in various areas such as chemical-sensor materials, tunable redox-potential complexes, polymer hybrid-luminescence materials, building blocks for multinuclear complexes, and catalysts for cross-coupling reactions.
Development and Application of an Analytical Model for Horizontally Curved Bridge Decks
Authors: Fatemi S.J. , Sheikh A.H. , Ali M.S. Mohamed
Published: December 2014

This paper presents a reliable closed form analytical solution without any major simplification which can be used with confidence by designers for the analysis of statically indeterminate horizontally curved bridges idealized as curved girders. The unit load method, a method extracted from the Castigliano's second theorem is used to derive the proposed closed form analytical solution which is then used to obtain the influence line diagram of shear force, bending moment and torsion of the curved bridge girder and it is validated with the published test results and also with the finite element solution of a curved girder. Moreover, an extensive parametric study is conducted using the proposed analytical model to investigate the effect of various parameters such as curvature ratio, span length, number of cells and number of loading lanes on bending moment and torsion of the curved bridges subjected to Australian bridge design loads where the effect of all these parameters except the number of cells is found to be significant. Finally, a comparative study of the behaviour of horizontally curved bridges subjected to loads recommended by three different international bridge design codes is undertaken which concludes that the Eurocode LM1 predicts higher bending moment as well as torsion with respect to other codes.
Crack-Based Damage Assessment Method for HSRC Shear-Critical Beams and Columns
Authors: Chiu Chien-Kuo , Ferry Fransiscus Mintar , Darwin Sihotang
Published: December 2014

The main purpose of this study is to propose a crack-based damage assessment method for high strength reinforced concrete (HSRC) shear-critical beams and column members. At first, the monotonic models of the force-deformation relationship for HSRC shear-critical beam and column members are proposed on the basis of the mechanical behavior, including four points: the cracking point, maximum strength point, degradation point, and axial failure point. For the nonlinear dynamic analysis, hysteretic rules are suggested and investigated using the full-size experiment including the HSRC beam and column specimens. Furthermore, on the basis of the experimental results, the relationship between the residual deformation and the residual maximum shear crack width is constructed. Finally, the experimental results are used to investigate the application of the proposed crack-based damage assessment method for HSRC shear-critical beam and column members.
Influence of Interlayers on the Flexural Performance of Four-Side Supported Laminated Glass at Room Temperature
Authors: Huang X.K. , Liu G. , Liu Q. , Bennison S.J.
Published: December 2014

This paper experimentally and numerically studied the influence of interlayers on flexural performance of four-side simply supported laminated glass (LG) carrying uniformly distributed loads of 1 minute at 20 °C. The flexural stiffness of the LG using ionomer interlayer was found increasing with increasing interlayer thickness, while that of the LG using polyvinyl butyral interlayer was found insensitive to interlayer thickness. The strengths of the two types of LG can be enhanced by increasing interlayer thickness only in case the effect of large deflection was not significantly involved. The strengths of the two types of LG having interlayer thickness of 0.38 mm were found close to that of a monolithic glass having twice the thickness of each laminate glass ply. The results obtained were expected to provide useful information for academic and engineering professionals in analysis and design of LG plates sustaining medium term duration loads in room temperature.
An Optimization Procedure for Seismic Design of Steel Frames for Multi-Performance and Multi-Hazard Levels
Authors: Liu Qimao , Paavola Juha
Published: December 2014

This paper describes an optimization procedure for seismic design of steel frames for multi-performance and multi-hazard levels under the different performance objectives. The optimization models and optimization techniques are incorporated in the seismic design procedure. An estimation method is developed to evaluate the residual inter-story drifts of steel frames under multi-hazard levels for the seismic design procedure. The estimation method just needs to perform nonlinear static analysis until all the inter stories yield and all residual inter-story drifts can be achieved. The design procedures of a three-story steel frame for multi-performance and multi-hazard levels under the different performance objectives are demonstrated to elucidate the proposed optimization procedure.
Physico-chemical models of galena flotation system
Authors: Chettibi M. , Abramov A. , Boutrid A.
Published: December 2014

Main idea to prevent the ground contamination by heavy metals is to extract them maximally with minimum consumption of chemical reagents. So, a perfect studying of pulp ionic structure, an adjustment of the sulphuric ores flotation parameters and modelling of minerals selectivity variables, by using the thermodynamic method of analysis, the behavior of lead xanthenes surface state in solution and experimental investigation results, allow obtaining quantitative physico-chemical models of minimum necessary xanthenes concentration of lead sulphide complete flotation.

The optimal pH values, ensuring a complete flotation of galena agree with the potential of zero or minimum charge of its surface, and the optimal composition of the collector sorption layer consisting both of chemisorbed xanthenes and physically adsorbed dixanthenes.

In additional, it was obtained quantitative models for the necessary xanthenes concentration of lead sulphide complete flotation in the case of different oxidation products from the galena surface in pH values from 7,0 up to 12,0.

The models derived can be used as the criteria for functional units of automation systems to control and regulate the flotation process in mineral processing plants. All these should conduct to increasing of metals extraction degree with minimum chemical reagents consumption and providing good environmental protection.
Application of FY-2 precipitation data in meteorological drought monitoring of the Weihe river basin
Authors: Wang Yujuan , Wang Shudong , Yang Shengtian , Zhao Yuling , Wang Mingcheng , Yang Banghui
Published: December 2014

The remote sensing data have become the irreplaceable source of data for the regions with little or without rainfall data, but these data also require scientific analysis, correction and application. This paper uses FY-2 rainfall data and the case studies of the droughts occurred in the Weihe River Basin from 2006 to 2009 to monitor the spatial and temporal evolution of climatic droughts. The monitoring results indicate that: (1) Except for 2008 which was a dry year, the other years in the Weihe River Basin had normal dry/wet conditions; (2) From October 2008 to January 2009, the rainfall was significantly reduced across the Weihe River Basin, and the continual rainfall was even less than 1 mm for December and January with a precipitation anomaly percentage lower than -80%, a sign of severe climatic drought. But the rainfall has improved since February 2009, when the precipitation reached 17.8 mm and Pa exceeded 100%, which helped to relieve the stress from drought resistance. A heavy precipitation continued for four months from June to September 2008, with the Pa exceeding 50%; (3) Due to the better temporal and spatial continuity than the ground-based meteorological observation, FY-2 precipitation data have good application prospects in the meteorological drought monitoring at a national or regional macro-scale.
Dispersion of oil spilled under solid ice cover
Authors: Ratchagar Nirmala , Hemalatha S.
Published: December 2014

The model, presented here, is developed to study the axial dispersion and distribution of oil particle concentration in the presence of coriolis force of oil spilled under solid ice cover. The movement of oil slick is obtained by employing perturbation technique and the dispersion of oil is studied using generalized dispersion model proposed by Gill (1967). The mean concentration is computed by introducing a slug of finite length separated from pure solvent using suitable impermeable barriers by varying the dimensionless time, axial distance and length of solute slug. The results obtained are discussed in detail with the help of graphs and tables.
Remote Assessments of Site Damage: A New Ontology
Authors: Cunliffe Emma
Published: December 2014

The archaeology of the Middle East is of immense significance to the history of mankind. However, due to modern development and the expansion of irrigation and agriculture, this priceless heritage is being damaged and lost at an unprecedented rate. It is neither practical, nor in many cases, possible, to visit sites to determine the extent of damage. Satellite imagery offers an unparalleled opportunity to assess and quantify the damage sites are experiencing. However, remote assessments present a new set of challenges in how to record aspects of damage which cannot be confirmed in the field, such as site visibility, and site depth. This paper presents a new ontology of damage, developed specifically for use in assessing sites remotely. In addition, it offers ways to incorporate additional factors such as site visibility on imagery. Whilst it was developed during an assessment of Syrian sites, it has far wider applicability.
How to Put Archaeological Geometric Data into Context? Representing Mining History Research with CIDOC CRM and Extensions
Authors: Hiebel Gerald , Doerr Martin , Hanke Klaus , Masur Anja
Published: December 2014

A wealth of information on cultural heritage coming from archaeological investigations exists in the form of geometric information. Here we want to question how this geometric information relates back to the reality it was intended to document. Building upon the CIDOC CRM – an ontology to represent data for cultural heritage -we apply CRMgeo, an extension to the CIDOC CRM that treats space always in combination with time which is essential to archaeological investigations. Interdisciplinary research on mining sites in Austria within the project HIMAT serves as the field of application for showing our proposal how to put geometries into context. From the various research conducted in the course of HIMAT we selected prospection activities, archaeological excavations, survey and dendrochronological analysis for a prototypical modelling. We want to show how such a modelling may help to answer practical research questions like reconstructing the spatial organisation of the metallurgical production chain.
An evolutionarily significant unicellular strategy in response to starvation in Dictyostelium social amoebae
Authors: Dubravcic Darja , van Baalen Minus , Nizak Clément
Published: December 2014

The social amoebaDictyostelium discoideumis widely studied for its multicellular development program as a response to starvation. Aggregates of up to 106cells form fruiting bodies containing (i) dormant spores (~80%) that can persist for months in the absence of nutrients, and (ii) dead stalk cells (~20%) that promote the dispersion of the spores towards nutrient-rich areas.

It is often overlooked that not all cells aggregate upon starvation. Using a new quantitative approach based on time-lapse fluorescence microscopy and a low ratio of reporting cells, we have quantified this fraction of non-aggregating cells. In realistic starvation conditions, up to 15% of cells do not aggregate, which makes this third cell fate a significant component of the population-level response of social amoebae to starvation. Non-aggregating cells have an advantage over cells in aggregates since they resume growth earlier upon arrival of new nutrients, but have a shorter lifespan under prolonged starvation. We find that phenotypic heterogeneities linked to cell nutritional state bias the representation of cells in the aggregating vs. non-aggregating fractions, and thus affect population partitioning. Next, we report that the fraction of non-aggregating cells depends on genetic factors that regulate the timing of starvation, signal sensing efficiency and aggregation efficiency. In addition, interactions between clones in mixtures of non-isogenic cells affect the partitioning of each clone into both fractions. We further build a numerical model to test the evolutionary significance of the non-aggregating cell fraction. The partitioning of cells into aggregating and non-aggregating fractions is optimal in fluctuating environments with an unpredictable duration of starvation periods. Our study highlights the unicellular component of the response of social amoebae to starvation, and thus extends its evolutionary and ecological framework.
The textuality of diagonal ornamentation: Historical transformations of signification from the Baltic perspective
Authors: Tumėnas Vytautas
Published: December 2014

This paper deals with textual aspects of the geometric diagonal linear ornamentation that appears on traditional woven Lithuanian bands. Taking into consideration diachronic, local as well as universal perspectives, it aims to determine and classify the basic elements of the ornament that relate to the development of textuality. Previous investigations of Baltic and Lithuanian textile ornaments have been based on a purely geometric analysis of ornamental form, or on creating linguistic inventories of folk pattern denominations. This paper describes a unique, elaborated, interdisciplinary method for studying such ornaments based on historical-typological comparative analyses, the classification of patterns with regard to their form and meaning, and the semiotic interpretation of mythopoetic images of patterns names. Further, the paper discusses whether an authentic folk classification and a tradition of typology based on the forms of patterns and names can be detected. From the traditional point of view the main meaning-carrying element of this ornamentation is the type of pattern. Therefore, reconstructions and interpretations of the semantic field of patterns’ signification may be based on the mythopoetic context of folk culture.
The role of trust in binding the perspectives of guide dogs and their visually impaired handlers
Authors: Magnus Riin
Published: December 2014

Building on anthropological discussions of perspectivism and (zoo)semiotic accounts of sign use by humans and other animals, the article explores the cooperation of a guide dog and its visually impaired handler as contingent on the mutual adjustment of two individual perspectives. A perspective is defined as a point of view which comprises the meanings as well as the forms of objects that the subject perceives and acts upon. On certain occasions, individual perspectives can be alligated to one another, resulting in a transformation of the meaningful worlds of the subjects. Three types of connections between individual perspectives are delineated in the paper, resulting in the formation of mimetic, collaborative and comparative double perspectives. Although all of them bear relevance for the guide dog team’s interactions, the collaborative double perspective is put under further scrutiny. The maintenance of the collaborative double perspective depends on the formation of trust between the two individuals. While investigating the conditions for the establishment of trust, a question is raised as to whether a shared communication system can serve as an ultimate ground for it.
Diagrams, narratives and ‘reality’
Authors: Stjernfelt Frederik
Published: December 2014

Review of Creative Dynamics. Diagrammatic Strategies in Narrative [Iconicity in Language and Literature Vol. 11], by Christina Ljungberg. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 2012. 190 pp.
SOLUTION TO EVALUATION PROBLEM OF HIDDEN SEMI-MARKOV QP-MODELS
Authors: Deundyak V. M. , Zhdanova M. A.
Published: December 2014

A hidden semi-Markov QP-model is considered; and the way it could be embedded in a general hidden semi-Markov model is shown. The estimation problem (the first of three classical theory problems of the hidden Markov models and hidden semi-Markov models) is solved for the hidden semi-Markov QP-model. The solution is based on Shun-Zheng Yu forward algorithm for a general hidden semi-Markov model. This approach differs from the traditional one and employs posterior probabilities. The estimation problem solution of the hidden semi-Markov QP-model is an important step in solving the following more specific problem. That is the selection problem based on the recorded in the data channel model error sequence from the base of hidden semi-Markov QP-models that generates the closest to the channel sequence error streams. The fitting problem solution will make it possible to evaluate the correcting capability of the noise-free codec towards errors of various types, and to select the optimal codec for a particular communication channel on the basis of the computer simulation experiments.
METHOD FOR GENERATOR FREQUENCY EVALUATION UNDER UNPREDICTABLE CHANGES IN MEASUREMENT INTERVAL SIZE
Authors: Safaryan O. A.
Published: December 2014

The method of frequency estimation of the simultaneously and independentlyoperating generators under unpredictable changes in the measurement interval size is studied. Errors arising under the method application due to the transiency of the oscillator frequencies on the frequency estimation interval are considered. The first error component is related to the deviation of the measurable generator phase due to the inherent generator frequency instability; and the second one is determined by the unpredictable changes in the oscillator frequency on the measurement interval. It is noted that the decrease of each of the components imposes incompatible requirements on the duration of the time length. On the basis of the known relations identifying the potentially reachable value of the root-mean-square frequency deviation from the nominal value, the expressions determining the optimum time length are obtained. As a criterion when choosing the time length, the minimum of two errors sum is considered. The analytical relations determining potentially reachable accuracy of the frequency estimates are presented. The unbiasedness, efficiency, and consistency of the estimates obtained are proved.
MODELING OF HYDROMECHANICAL DRIVE SYSTEM OF WORKING BODY FOR MOBILE TECHNOLOGY MACHINE
Authors: Temirkanov, A. R. , Rybak A. T.
Published: December 2014

An element of the working body (brush) of the aerodrome sweeper – a synchronous hydromechanical drive – is considered. It is based on the throttle flow divider of the non-spool type plunger setters, and it is driven by two hydraulic motors. Its mathematical model is offered. Special attention is given to describing the stress state of the brush shaft when twisting under the variable load, and to identifying the effect of the shaft elastic properties on the dynamic properties of the synchronous hydromechanical system. In this paper, modeling of the synchronous hydromechanical brush drive system, unlike the conventional method, is based on the use of the reduced volume stiffness of the hydraulic system. This simplifies the modeling and allows performing a rapid analysis of the test drive operation which significantly reduces the design time of the drive system with the given performance properties.
Living with companion animals after stroke: experiences of older people in community and primary care nursing
Authors: Johansson Maria , Ahlström Gerd , Jönsson Ann-Cathrin
Published: December 2014

Older people often have companion animals, and the significance of animals in human lives should be considered by nurses—particularly in relation to older people's health, which can be affected by diseases. The incidence of stroke increases with age and disabilities as a result of stroke are common. This study aimed to explore older people's experiences of living with companion animals after stroke, and their life situation with the animals in relation to the physical, psychological and social aspects of recovery after stroke. The study was performed using individual interviews approximately 2 years after stroke with 17 participants (10 women and 7 men) aged 62–88 years. An overarching theme arising from the content analysis was contribution to a meaningful life. This theme was generated from four categories: motivation for physical and psychosocial recovery after stroke; someone to care for who cares for you; animals as family members; and providers of safety and protection. The main conclusion was that companion animals are experienced as physical and psychosocial contributors to recovery and a meaningful life after stroke.
An introduction and guide to effective Doppler assessment
Authors: Benbow Maureen
Published: December 2014

Accurate and timely diagnosis of leg ulceration is an essential factor in making evidence-based, effective decisions regarding patient management with the aim of swift wound healing and/or referral to the appropriate specialty. Nurses are professionally responsible for ensuring that patients receive the appropriate assessment and evidence-based management. This article examines the most up-to-date guidance on Doppler ultrasound as a key element of this assessment. Approaches to assessment will be explored, with emphasis on the need to include a Doppler ultrasound as one key element of a larger, holistic assessment. An introduction to the ankle–brachial pressure index (ABPI) will be given, followed by a step-by-step guide to standard procedures for carrying out a full Doppler ultrasound. Alternative options for measuring ABPI are also provided.
An introduction to absorbent dressings
Authors: Jones Menna Lloyd
Published: December 2014

Exudate bathes the wound bed with a serous fluid that contains essential components that promote wound healing. However, excess exudate is often seen as a challenge for clinicians. Absorbent dressings are often used to aid in the management of exudate, with the aim of providing a moist but unmacerated environment. With so many different types of absorbent dressings available today—alongside making a holistic assessment—it is essential that clinicians also have the knowledge and skill to select the most appropriate absorbent dressing for a given patient.
Midwives' insurance
Authors:   The Independent Midwives Association
Published: December 2014

As midwives, we are seriously concerned about the issue of midwives' professional indemnity insurance in the UK and the implications for childbearing women and their families, midwives and maternity services. However, it appears that many midwives are unaware of the issues.
Book Reviews
Authors: Edwards Susan , Cook Dorothy
Published: December 2014

Aspects of developmentally appropriate care for premature babies have been focus points of neonatal nurses' interest for a few years but how delightful it is to have these crucial issues addressed in one splendid nursing orientated book. The aim of the book is to review the literature about developmental care in order to inform practice. The author undertakes this by an honest and realistic appraisal of the studies and by linking with exemplars from clinical practice is able to offer templates for a high standard of nursing care.
Paternal presence at delivery
Authors: Jackson Karen B
Published: December 2014

Childbirth has historically been considered as ‘women's work’, as indeed it still is in many societies. Until the last 20-30 years men were largely excluded from the delivery room so that they were spared the indignities of labour. Today men are actively encouraged to attend the birth of their babies and as such are party to witnessing all types of procedures and investigations.
Supervision from a LSA officer's perspective
Authors: Sauter Sue
Published: December 2014

The role of the Local Supervising Authority was devolved to health authorities in April 1996. This article gives a brief overview of the changes and the benefits for supervisors and midwives.
Letters
Authors: Finnigan Valerie , Bates Karen
Published: December 2014

I am writing to say ‘three cheers to Margaret Chesney’ for her excellent article ‘The ills of the profession, and a search for a cure’ (Vol. 5(3) 1997, p.135). Many midwives will agree with your article, which in my opinion highlights the ‘reality’ of today's midwifery culture. Many midwives fear speaking out; telling the truth is not politically correct. Midwives fear that speaking the truth may lead to job losses, particularly if the truth relates to their individual trusts.
Skincare: clinical examination of the baby
Authors: Allen Rose
Published: December 2014

Most babies are born healthy; however, as part of a national surveillance team an important element of the midwives' role, and that of other health-care professionals, is to recognize deviations from the norm. Clinical examination of the baby facilitates the midwife to fulfil this role.
Cooperativas No Agropecuarias: The Emergence of a New Form of Social Property in Cuba
Authors: Steve Ludlam
Published: December 2014

Cuba's ongoing economic reform programme includes a significant development of non-agricultural cooperatives that has received little comment in spite of the priority accorded to this officially preferred form of non-state activity. The article notes the ambiguous treatment of cooperatives in historical socialist debates in general and Cuban debates in particular. Non-agricultural cooperativism, although seen as bringing efficiency and income gains, is now being theorised with a greater emphasis than in the past on self-management and non-alienated forms of labour. Since the enabling legislation in 2012, the creation of such cooperatives has been rapid, mainly due to the conversion of small-scale state workplaces in the service sector, but such cooperatives, so far, remain a small component of the wider shift of workers into non-state employment. Nevertheless, economic, social, educational and media institutions are adapting to the economic, cultural and representational needs and challenges of the new cooperativism. The legislation addresses lessons from experience elsewhere by limiting the exploitation of hired labour by profit-sharing cooperative members. The article concludes by considering factors influencing the rise of the new cooperativism and its potential for rekindling a socialist consciousness of work.