bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
إشكالية الزمن وعوضه في عقدي السلم، والبيع الآجل: دراسة تحليلية وصفية
Authors: مسعد صالح محمد عون الرحيم , عبد المجد الغطاس عز الدين محمد
Published: December 2020

This paper purposes to discuss the basis for determining compensation in the contract of banking financing through the meanings and intentions which understood and implemented by Senior Muslim scholars in the four Sunni schools in most Muslim countries. There are several elements which must be considered in bank financing contracts, namely, goods, time, capital and time value. According to this perception is that time is the most important elements in the bank financing contracts which causes the issues of riba in the most of bank financing contract. The financing contracts are indeed considered as new kinds of contracts in the banking system. When the principle of sale contracts in Islamic jurisprudence basically represents everything in its meaning, it is inevitable that financing contracts in bank are referred to similar contracts in jurisprudence, and perhaps “salam" contract and deferred contract are the most similar contracts to the bank financing contracts. Therefore, this research is conducted on both contracts basis. In the other hand the most important reasons for divergence of views toward the issues is the elaborating the issues which began from the branch regardless determining the principles, focusing on the types. Therefore this research is attempting to discuss the basis of the rule of the value of time in the financing contracts of bank. The method of this research is to address to the views of Senior Fiqh Scholars of the four Sunni schools of analysis to reach the destinations included.

Keywords: Uqud al-Tamwil al-Marafiy, al-Riba, al-Salam, Bay al- Ajil,time value

ملخص

تهدف هذه الورقة إلى مناقشة أساس تحديد العوض في عقود التمويل المصرفي، من خلال المعاني والمقاصد التي تضمنتها عبارات وتطبيقات الفقهاء الأقدمين في المذاهب السنية الأربعة، باعتبارها المنتشرة في أكثر الدول الإسلامية. في البداية لابد من الإشارة إلى أن المحل في عقود التمويل المصرفي مركب من عدة عناصر نجملها  في (السلعة والزمن، ورأس المال وعوض الزمن)، وطبقا لهذا التصور يعدّ الزمن أهم عناصر محل عقود التمويل المصرفي، ومن هنا تثور مسألة الربا في جل عقود التمويل المصرفي حيث أن عقود التمويل المصرفي من مستجدات العصر، ولما كانت قواعد  البيوع في الفقه الإسلامي تمثل أساسا  لكل ما في معناها، فإنه لا مناص من رد عقود التمويل المصرفي لما يشابهها في الفقه، ولعل عقد السلم، وبيع الآجل أكثر شبهاً لعقود التمويل المصرفي، ولذلك اعتمدها الباحث في بيان أسس وأحكام عقود التمويل المصرفي. وما دفع الباحث لهذا البحث ما تثيره هذه البيوع خاصة، وأعمال المصارف بشكل عام من إشكاليات، ومن أهم أسباب تباعد وجهات النظر حولها، وما يكتنفها من غموض هو البداية من الفرع عند بيان الحكم، وعدم تحديد الأسس، والتركيز على الشكل، ويحاول الباحث في هذه الورقة مناقشة أساس حكم قيمة الزمن في عقود التمويل المصرفي، والمنهج الذي يسير عليه الباحث هو التطرق إلى عبارات الفقه القديم، أي أصول المذاهب السنية الأربعة وتحليلها للوصول إلى المقاصد التي تضمنتها.
Hujan dan Banjir dalam Hadis Nabi Saw
Authors: Mohamed Nor Zulhilmi , Ab. Rahman Azman
Published: December 2020

Natural disaster happened around the world causing destruction to the environment and mankind. All of these natural disasters also happened during the time of Prophet and his Companions. Natural disasters that often experienced in our country is flood. This phenomenon that happened previously has causing chaos to many people. The floods began with heavy rain, spilled into the river and cause it to overflow. This article will analyse the views of Prophet in regards to the issue of the floods. It commenced with the situation before, during and after of the rain and the effects of continuous rain. Some hadith of Prophet will be collected and analysed guided with the view of contemporary scholars. This research is expected to expose the actions of Prophet to the phenomenon of rain and floods. It also shall become a guideline and a starting point for Muslim to deal about completion of the rain and flood disasters. Generally, the views of Prophet about the flood are very minimising. It corresponds to the times, places and circumstances in Mecca and Medina during that time, when the rain is simply related to the range by way of the Prophet faced and through its.Keywords: rain, flood, damages, natural disaster, hadith of Prophet

Abstrak

Dewasa ini kita melihat banyak berlaku bencana alam di merata tempat di dunia. Kesemua bencana alam ini pernah diketahui atau disaksikan oleh Nabi SAW dan para sahabat Baginda RA. Antara bencana alam yang sering dialami di negara kita adalah banjir, kejadian banjir yang melanda negara tidak lama dahulu amat meresahkan semua pihak. Banjir ini dimulai dengan hujan lebat yang berterusan, lalu mengakibatkannya bertakung atau melimpah. Artikel ini akan cuba mengemukakan pandangan dan sabdaan Nabi SAW berkaitan dengan hujan yang menjadi sebab kepada banjir dan seterusnya melihat saranan Baginda atau perlakuan terhadap banjir yang melanda. Ia dimulakan dengan situasi sebelum, semasa dan selepas berlakunya hujan dan kesan daripada hujan yang berterusan. Beberapa hadis Nabi SAW yang berkaitan akan dikumpulkan dan dianalisa isi kandungannya serta dikukuhkan dengan pandangan ulama muktabar. Diharapkan artikel ini dapat menyingkap perbuatan dan sabdaan Nabi SAW terhadap fenomena hujan dan banjir dan seterusnya menjadi suatu pedoman dan titik permulaan kepada umat Islam untuk berhadapan dan mula mencari jalan penyelesaian kepada bencana hujan dan banjir. Didapati secara umumnya, sentuhan Nabi SAW terhadap banjir amat minima, ia sesuai dengan zaman, tempat dan keadaan di Mekah serta Madinah pada ketika itu, manakala berkaitan hujan hanyalah berkisar dengan cara Nabi SAW berhadapan dan melaluinya. Kata kunci: hujan, banjir, kemusnahan, bencana alam, sunnah Nabi SAW
Aplikasi Kaedah Fiqh Al-Darurah Tuqaddar Biqadariha dalam Agihan Zakat untuk Mangsa Banjir
Authors: Muhd. Fisal Siti Fariza , Abd. Khafidz Hasanah , Mohd Subri Irwan , Ab. Rahman Azman
Published: December 2020

Flood that occurred in December 2014 has been categorized as the worst in Malaysia. The disaster has involved more than 100,000 people who experienced with the destruction of property and livelihoods. The victims need immediate help to restore their life back to normal. The situation was categorized as an urgency that requires the use of Islamic Legal Maxims in emergency situations. However, it is restricted by the method of “al-darurah tuqaddar biqadariha”. Thus, the study will examine the use of Islamic Legal Maxims in fiqh of zakat scheme for flood victims. The study will also suggest improvements in the coordination of assistance provided. The study found that the eligibility of a flood victim in an emergency situation is seen under the legal maxim of “al- Darurat Tubihul Mahzurat” (necessity makes illegal things legal) but should be restricted by the other legal maxim which is “al-darurah tuqaddar biqadariha” (necessities are estimated according to their quantity). Implications of the study will provide guidelines to the zakat institutions in providing proper assistance schemes to them. Further studies can be conducted to identify the effectiveness of the assistance provided to the victims.

Keywords: flood, Islamic legal maxims, emergency, flood victims, aids limitation

Abstrak

Banjir yang berlaku pada Disember 2014 dikategorikan sebagai paling buruk yang melanda kawasan Pantai Timur, Malaysia. Bencana ini telah melibatkan lebih 100,000 orang mangsa yang mengalami kemusnahan harta benda dan punca pendapatan. Mangsa memerlukan bantuan segera bagi memulihkan kembali kehidupan seperti sedia kala. Keadaan ini dikategorikan sebagai keadaan mendesak yang mengharuskan penggunaan kaedah fiqh dalam situasi darurat. Walau bagaimanapun, ia dibataskan dengan kaedah fiqh al-darurah tuqaddar biqadariha. Justeru, kajian akan mengkaji penggunaan kaedah fiqh ini dalam agihan zakat untuk mangsa banjir. Kajian juga akan mencadangkan penambahbaikan dalam penyelarasan agihan zakat yang diberikan kepada mereka. Hasil kajian mendapati kelayakan seseorang mangsa banjir dalam situasi darurat dilihat lebih tepat di bawah kaedah fiqh  al-darurat tubihul mahzurat (kemudaharatan membolehkan tegahan) tetapi perlu dibatasi dengan kaedah fiqh yang lain iaitu al-darurat tuqaddar bi qadariha (keadaan darurat ditentukan mengikut kadarnya). Implikasi kajian boleh dijadikan  garis panduan kepada institusi zakat dalam menyediakan agihan zakat yang sepatutnya kepada mangsa banjir ini. Kajian lanjutan boleh dilakukan dalam mengenalpasti keberkesanan bantuan yang diberikan kepada mangsa banjir. 

Kata kunci: banjir, kaedah fiqh, darurat, mangsa banjir, had bantuan
Kedudukan Mangsa Banjir Sebagai Penerima Zakat dan Cadangan Pengaplikasiannya di Malaysia
Authors: Muhd. Fisal Siti Fariza , Ab. Rahman Azman , Ahmad Sanep , Wahid Hairunnizam
Published: December 2020

On 24 December 2014, floods have plagued Malaysian society, especially in the east coast which resulted in losses of millions of ringgit and many lives. The most affected areas were the states of Kelantan, involving the number of victims in nine districts with a total of 34,955 victims. Those involved with flood loss of property such as houses, vehicles, farm equipment and basic source of income. People are also concerned and lend a hand. Questions arise regarding the eligibility of flood victims as the one of the eight zakat recipients. Therefore, this study will evaluate the position of victims as beneficiaries zakat itself. The study will also recommended an appropriate scheme for the flood victims if they are entitled to receive zakat. The study found that the victims were entitled under the category of recipients of zakat al- gharimin because they are having difficulties in getting the necessities in basic needs. The proposed scheme will provide assistances in housing, food and clothing, because of human needs. The implications of the study provides guidelines to zakat institutions in providing assistance to flood victims. Future studies can be conducted to identify the effectiveness of the scheme of zakat that are provided to the victims.

Keywords: Rights of zakat, eight asnaf, emergency within Islam, flood victims, zakat sceheme.

Abstrak

Pada 24 Disember 2014, bencana banjir telah melanda Malaysia khususnya di kawasan Pantai Timur yang mengakibatkan kerugian jutaan ringgit dan mengorbankan banyak nyawa. Kawasan yang paling teruk terjejas adalah negeri Kelantan, yang melibatkan jumlah mangsa banjir di sembilan jajahan seramai 34,955 orang mangsa. Mereka yang terlibat dengan bencana banjir kehilangan harta seperti tempat kediaman, kenderaan, ladang punca pendapatan dan peralatan asas untuk menjalani kehidupan. Keadaan yang dialami oleh mereka tidak terlepas daripada mata-mata masyarakat yang prihatin untuk menyalurkan bantuan. Timbul persoalan tentang kedudukan mangsa banjir sebagai asnaf yang berhak menerima zakat. Justeru, kajian ini akan menilai kedudukan mangsa banjir sebagai penerima zakat. Kajian ini juga akan mencadangakan skim bantuan yang sesuai untuk diberikan kepada mangsa banjir sekiranya mereka berhak menerima zakat. Hasil kajian mendapati mangsa banjir layak menerima bantuan zakat di bawah kategori asnaf al-gharimin menepati syarat sebagai penerima zakat. Skim bantuan yang dicadangkan adalah bantuan berbentuk keperluan asasi seperti skim bantuan tempat tinggal, makanan dan pakaian. Implikasi kajian memberikan garis panduan kepada institusi zakat dalam menyediakan bantuan kepada mangsa banjir. Kajian lanjutan boleh dilakukan dalam mengenalpasti keberkesanan skim bantuan yang diberikan kepada mangsa banjir.

Kata kunci: Hak zakat, asnaf lapan, darurat dalam Islam, mangsa banjir, skim bantuan.
The Legal Exposition of Abu Ya‘La on The Appointment of A Qadi
Authors: Abdul Azeez Yusuf , Ishola Abdullahi Saliu
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Abu Ya‘la ibn al-Farra’ (380-458 A.H / 990-1065 C.E) is regarded as one of the prominent jurists of the Hanbali Madhhab credited to have written many works of erudition in Public Law, Islamic constitutional Law and the Islamic system of politics. His proficiency in jurisprudence, ethics, political science and literature proved useful in securing a respectable career for him not only as a qadi (judge) but also as an excellent author, muhaddith (expert in hadith) and a Qur’anic scientist. The focus of attention of this paper, therefore, is to examine the views and thoughts of this prominent mufti (Islamic legal expert) on the nature of appointments that could be conferred by the imam (leader of the Islamic State) on a qadi. In achieving this notion, attempt is made to examine his exposition on the qualifications of a qadi and the mode of contract of his appointment, validation of his appointment by the imam and the areas of his jurisdiction. Other relevant areas examined in his legal theory, are his fatawa (personal legal opinions) on such appointment of a qadi with a special jurisdiction, appointment of two judges in a city, request for appointment as a qadi, as well as offering of bribes to be appointed as a qadi. It is discovered that some of the legal opinions expressed by Abu Ya‘la on each of these matters are guidelines that may be adopted in the contemporary society for the appointment of a credible qadi into any of the judicial positions. The study adopts a descriptive analytical research method whereby references were made to the primary sources containing Abu Ya‘la’s opinion as well as other secondary literature written by classical and contemporary Muslim and non-Muslim scholars on his life and works.   It is, thus, believed that the legal opinions propounded by Abu Ya‘la on the appointment of a qadi is not only germane but also contain policies that are relevant to the contemporary judicial institutions.

Keywords: Abu Ya‘la, fatwa (Islamic legal opinion), qadi (judge), Hanbali Madhhab.
Adab Perbezaan Pendapat dalam Islam Menurut Taha Jabir Al-Alwani (1935-2016)
Authors: Ghazali Mohd Rumaizuddin
Published: December 2020

This article briefly discusses the biography of Taha Jabir al-Alwani and ethics of disagreement that have been espoused in his book, Adab al-Ikhtilaf fi al-Islam. He surveyed the ethics of disagreements and dissension during the time of the Prophet, the Companions and leading scholars (imam) of madhahib until the contemporary era. Differences of opinions in fiqh branches (furu') is natural due to the language factor, the transmissions of ahadith and methodologies (usul fiqh). The differences in the fiqh are considered as blessings (rahmah) which provide space and wealth of knowledge from which the law-making process is derived. He also outlined the solutions for Muslims to wade through this crisis of the loss of adab; the solutions include training of Muslim youths with the fundamentals of modern and religious sciences, strengthening of the educational institutions that pursue the islamisation of knowledge, and establishing the true Islamic thoughts.

Keywords: ethics of disagreement, ethics of dialogues, Islamic thoughts and the Islamization of knowledge

Abstrak

Artikel ini membincangkan secara ringkas biografi Taha Jabir al-Alwani dan adab perbezaan pendapat dalam karyanya Adab al-Ikhtilaf fi al-Islam. Beliau telah menyoroti adab perbezaan pendapat pada zaman nabi, zaman para sahabat dan imam mazhab sehingga zaman kini. Perbezaan pendapat dalam bidang cabangan fikah (furu’) adalah perkara tabi’i disebabkan faktor bahasa, sebab periwayatan hadis dan kaedah usul. Perbezaan dalam perkara cabangan fikah sebagai rahmat dan kelapangan bagi umat ini serta kekayaan dalam proses pengambilan hukum. Beliau turut menggariskan jalan penyelesaian umat Islam dalam menghadapi krisis kehilangan adab ini dengan melatih para belia dengan ilmu syariat dan moden, mengukuhkan institusi pendidikan yang berteraskan pengislaman ilmu dan membentuk pemikiran Islam yang tulen.

Kata kunci: adab perbezaan pendapat, adab berdialog, pemikiran Islam dan pengislaman ilmu
现代测绘技术在工程测量中的应用及完善策略
Authors: 李 子君
Published: December 2020

近年来，我国社会综合国力得到了全面的发展，从而促进了我国建筑工程行业的发展壮大，推动了工程施工技术整体水平的显著提升。建筑工程测量工作效果往往会与对工程施工质量造成巨大的影响，所以施工单位务必要对建筑工程测量工作加以重点关注，综合各方面实际情况挑选适合的测绘技术来对测量结果的准确性加以保障。高效的测绘工作不但能够为工程项目创造良好的经济效益，并且也是确保工程各项工作有序开展的重要基础。在我国社会经济飞速发展的带动下，使得我国测绘技术发展也取得了良好的成绩，从而导致大量的新兴测绘方式应时而生。这些新兴技术在实践运用过程中对施工工作起到了重要的影响，并且也推动了工程测量结果的准确性和高效性的良好发展，不但可以确保各项测量工作能够按照既定的计划有序的进行，并且还可以从根本上保障工程施工质量。鉴于此，这篇文章主要针对测绘技术在工程测量中的实践运用展开全面深入的研究分析，希望能够对我国建筑工程行业的持续稳定发展有所帮助。
建筑工程中深基坑降水施工关键技术研究
Authors: 刘 以珊
Published: December 2020

我国随着建筑业的快速发展，基坑脱水施工技术已有一定程度的提高。基坑脱水是建设工程的重要组成部分，施工质量直接影响到整个建设项目的质量，基坑脱水的技术支持是减少地下水的重要因素。基坑脱水施工将受到多种因素的影响，如果对施工过程中的技术实施没有严格把握或操作不充分，将在整个施工项目中发生潜在的事故，给建筑企业带来巨大的经济损失。降水建设技术的控制尤为重要。在文中，我将对其进行简要介绍，仅供参考。
土木工程建筑施工技术及创新探讨
Authors: 唐 鸿 , 陈 快 , 邹 祥
Published: December 2020

在社会快速发展的带动下，使得民众的生活水平不断的提升，在这种发展形势下，人们对生活环境提出了更高的要求。土木工程技术在房屋建筑工程中的作用是非常重要的，在科学技术不断提升的影响下，使得土木工程技术整体水平得以显著提升，有效的推动了我国土木建筑行业的稳定持续发展。在新的历史时期中，土木工程行业务必要充分结合各方面实际情况对市场定位加以准确的判断，在组织开展土木工程施工工作的过程中，施工工作人员需要对施工技术的重要性加以正确的认识，并且合理的加以实践运用，提升施工工作的整体效率和质量。但是就现如今土木工程施工技术实际情况来说，整体水平并没有达到成熟的状态，其中还存在诸多的问题。很多施工单位自身施工技术水平较差，在施工过程中缺少专业的指导，从而导致工程施工过程中会发生诸多施工质量问题，最终会埋下诸多危险隐患，并且也会对工程施工质量造成严重的损害，对土木工程行业形成诸多的制约。要想从根本上保证土木工程行业的良好持续发展，那么最为重要的就是需要制定切实可行的施工规章制度，从而对土木工程施工工作给予规范化指导，合理的运用最先进的施工技术，提升土木工程施工效率和质量。
试论绿色建筑与建筑节能技术
Authors: 马 志刚
Published: December 2020

伴随着我国经济水平的蓬勃发展，我国的建筑工程行业也得到了较为显著的进步与发展。与此同时，人们对于所生活的环境质量和建筑设计有了更多全新的需求，其中一个较为重要的理念就是确保建筑节能环保。所以，绿色建筑和建筑节能技术应运而生。通过绿色建筑与建筑节能技术的不断发展，不仅为人们提供了良好舒适的居住空间和居住环境，还起到了有效的节能环保的作用，并且符合当前我国绿色、低碳、节能、环保的理念。因此，文章将对我国的绿色建筑与建筑节能技术进行全面的分析研究，然后提出相应的对策促进建筑节能技术的有效应用，进而推动我国建筑工程行业未来的可持续发展。
室内设计中的自然素材应用分析
Authors: 徐 止喜
Published: December 2020

自然材料就是那些来自于大自然的材料。这些材料普遍绿健康，并且得到现代大多数人的认可。人类在刚刚出现时便开始使用这些材料，那时的人类也会用这些自然材料来作为建筑材料装饰我们的房子，直到现在我们也仍然使用着这些自然材料。随着世界通讯技术的发展和各个民族的文化交融，人类的审美也变得越发的具有多样性。与此同时，社会的不同发展同样也给人们的身心带来了不同程度的压力，所以在人们心情烦躁，生活压抑的时候，急需一个舒适安逸的环境来缓解他们内心的压力。而自然材料，它能带给人的感觉就是清新绿色放松，这样就给消费者们营造了一种人与自然和谐相处的环境。
论公路工程路桥施工中混凝土施工技术分析
Authors: 钱 昊
Published: December 2020

近年来，在我国社会经济快速发展的推动下，使得我国公路交通工程行业得到了良好的进步，为了切实的保证公路路桥工程施工质量，那么最为重要的就是需要加大力度从各个细节入手来对各项施工用作加以全面的管控。在实际组织开展公路工程桥梁施工工作的时候，混凝土施工技术在其中所具有的影响作用是非常巨大的，只有切实的对路桥施工中混凝土施工技术进行不断优化完善才能从根本上对混凝土工程质量加以保证，提升整个公路工程项目的施工效率。
Ukrainian-Russian-English dictionary of welding
Authors: Shyrokov V.A. , Sidorchuk N.M. , Yakimenko K.M. , Chumak V. V. , Shevchenko L.L. , Rabulets O.H. , Shevchenko I.V. , Yarun H.M.
Published: December 2020

Українсько-російсько-англійський словник зі зварювання містить близько 12000 найуживаніших науково-технічних термінів зі зварювання та споріднених технологій. Створення Словника зумовлене нагальною потребою вчених, фахівців та студентів, які спеціалізуються у галузі зварювання, оволодіння сучасною науково-технічною термінологією, необхідністю забезпечення уніфікації та стандартизації української та міжнародної термінології. У Словнику максимально повно відображено все багатство термінологічної системи зварювальної науки і техніки, поповнення її одиницями, що називають нові явища та фіксують останні досягнення науки, техніки і технології. Словник орієнтований на нормативну термінологію. Це забезпечується : уведенням термінів, зафіксованих не лише енциклопедичними та галузевими словниками, а й широковживаних у сучасній науково-технічній, навчальній та інформаційно-реферативній літературі; використанням Багатомовних (дванадцятимовних) збірників термінів зі зварювання та споріднених процесів, що видаються Міжнародним інститутом зварювання, та чинних Державних стандартів України на терміни і визначення в галузі зварювання та споріднених процесів; уникненням вузькоспеціальних та застарілих термінів. Словник розрахований на інженерно-технічних працівників, студентів та перекладачів, які працюють з технічною літературою.
EVALUATION OF EFFICIENCY OF ONLINE EDUCATION IN SPHERE OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION OF COLLEGE LEVEL STUDENTS DURING THE COVID-19 QUARANTINE IN UKRAINE
Authors: Глоба Г. В.
Published: December 2020

The unexpectedly rapid transition to online education in the 2nd semester of 2020 due to the COVID-19 outbreak became a challenge for the domestic educators in Physical Education. Despite the abundance of newest health-tracking and sports devices, apps, and online platforms and channels, appropriate sport facilities and equipment are still necessary due to safety restrictions and for conduction of good quality PE and sports classes. Ukrainian climate conditions do not allow a year-round outdoor training in the public premises. Lack of sports equipment in private apartments, insufficient supply of Ukrainian families with computers and telephones of the new generation, lack of Internet access in 35% of families, inability to use sports facilities even for teachers for shooting video lessons, etc. resulted in a drop in the success of university students of PE departments. The failure of half-a-year PE classes’ results on the state level was eloquently pronounced with the Ministry of Education official recommending assessment of students’ year PE results by the I-st semester grades. Thus, the need to analyze the efficiency of online-teaching experience in domestic physical education arose. The article analyses the pitfalls of the introduction of distance education in the field of physical education of students of Ukrainian universities according to the criteria of effectiveness proposed by A. Veremchuk (effectiveness, accessibility to all segments of the population, resource intensity, efficiency, democratic communication "teacher-student", and comprehensive software technologies) and recommendations for compensation of the mentioned problem.
РОЗВИТОК КУЛЬТУРИ ІНЖЕНЕРНОЇ ОСВІТИ В США
Authors: Скирда А. Є.
Published: December 2020

Стаття окреслює розвиток культури інженерної освіти кінця XX та початку XXI сторіччя. Політики, роботодавці, дослідники та освітяни приділяють значну увагу системі інженерної освіти США та підготовці спеціалістів з інженерними навичками, оскільки саме інженерна освіта відповідає за розвиток та підтримку технічної інфраструктури нації та потенціал для інновацій. Основними сучасними рушіями реформи інженерної освіти стають консультативні ради інженерних коледжів та кафедр, а також інженерні професійні товариства. Більшість інженерних коледжів та інженерних факультетів мають виробничі консультативні ради, що складаються з випускників і представників компаній, які беруть на роботу значну кількість випускників освітнього закладу. Давню історію підтримки реформ освіти в США мають приватні фонди. Окрім консультативних рад, дуже впливовими на розвиток освітніх програм вважаються публікації та конференції професійних товариств, зокрема щорічна конференція Американського товариства інженерної освіти. Інноваційні інженерні програми створюються з метою розвивати ефективні зв’язки між інженерною освітою та початковою і середньою освітою, просувати програми подвійних дипломів, підтримувати регулярну, добре сплановану взаємодію з промисловістю, поширення отриманих даних, стимулювати винагороду викладачів, які розвиваються або впроваджують успішні інновації в викладанні та навчанні, а також скоротити час і вартість, необхідні для отримання ступеня в інженерній освіті. Національний альянс колективних винахідників та інноваторів був заснований з метою заохочувати винаходи, інновації та підприємництво серед студентів університетів по всій країні, що є способом створення нових підприємств та можливостей працевлаштування.
Ventanilla única de comercio exterior y el impacto en las pymes exportadoras de cacao en el Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas - Ecuador
Authors: Casanova Villalba César Iván , Cecilia Mercedes Navarrete Zambrano , Herrera Sánchez Maybelline Jaqueline , Ruiz López Silvana Elizabeth
Published: December 2020

Introducción: Las exportaciones favorecen a las economías internas de los países en desarrollo, con la finalidad de incrementar y mejorar esta articulación los gobiernos impulsan diferentes líneas de incentivos, focalizándose en los aranceles o impuestos, pero estas solo favorecen a las industrias dejando de lado a las PYMES; las cuales representan al 99% de los negocios en Ecuador, adicional a esto se debe considerar que uno de los principales productos exportados es el cacao. Objetivo: Analizar el impacto de la utilización del sistema de ventanilla única de comercio como estrategia de exportación e incentivo para las PYMES de Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas. Metodología: para obtener información fue atreves de encuestas a la población de interés, basándose en evidencia documental teórica, por lo cual es una investigación exploratoria pasando de datos generales a específicos. Resultados: Como resultado se presentan las ventajas de la utilización de la ventanilla única y el impacto en la economía. Conclusiones: se concluyó que la utilización de la ventanilla única para comercio exterior es una estrategia que favorece a los exportadores de las PYMES pero esta no debe por sí sola no genera un impacto elevado en el crecimiento económico de los productores, por lo cual esta se debe trabajar conjuntamente con otros incentivos y estrategias gubernamentales.
Computational simulation of nanostructured lipid carrier containing lipids from Cupuassu (Theobroma grandiflorum) seed fat: Design, interaction and molecular dynamic study
Authors: Vieira Ana Paula Bastos Ferreira , Silva Natália de Farias , Brasil Davi do Socorro Barros , Silva Junior José Otávio Carréra , Costa Roseane Maria Ribeiro
Published: December 2020

Drug delivery systems are constantly evolving and developing, as well as the search for promising and effective formulations for drug delivery. Computational simulation methods enable the development of complex systems, such as nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC), the understanding of interaction and dynamics between drug molecule and its transporter. In this work, aimed to simulate a NLC containing cupuassu fat triacylglycerols, carnauba wax and caprylic/capric acid triacylglycerol, stabilized with Tween 80 and Pluronic and ketoconazole enantiomer as drug was simulated. Initially, lipid mixtures were studied by Differential Scanning Calorimetry and X-ray diffraction. Subsequently, computational studies were carried out, among which Molecular Docking of ketoconazole to the lipid mixture and Molecular Dynamics of NLC system containing ketoconazole. From the results obtained it was possible to observe the main binding affinities of the drug and provide a better NLC formulation. It was also possible to propose a three-dimensional NLC model that was stable after molecular dynamics and ideal for future experimental studies.
Parâmetros bioquímicos de tilápia do Nilo exposta ao tiametoxam
Authors: Albinati Ana Catarina Luscher , Soares Pierre Castro , Moreira Eduardo Luiz Trindade , Albinati Ricardo Castelo Branco , Silva Angélica Liberalino da , Medeiros Silene Duarte Costa de
Published: December 2020

Tiametoxam é um inseticida da classe dos neonicotinóides e, apesar de estar no mercado por mais de 20 anos, ainda há poucos estudos relativos à sua toxicidade em peixes. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a toxicidade de um inseticida baseado em tiametoxam através de análise bioquímica do soro de tilápias do Nilo expostas a concentrações subletais. Um total de 96 tilápias juvenis foram utilizadas, expostos a 32mgL de tiametoxam por 24, 48, 168, e 360 horas. Na análise bioquímica, uma queda no total de proteínas com elevação dos níveis de triglicérides foi observada no grupo exposto em comparação ao grupo de controle. Os outros parâmetros não apresentaram diferença entre o grupo exposto e o grupo de controle. Concentrações subletais de Tiametoxam são capazes de causar alterações decorrentes da toxicidade em tilápias do Nilo, considerando-se que as dinâmicas de alguns parâmetros bioquímicos são influenciadas pela ação desse inseticida.
Uso popular de plantas medicinais para tratamento de distúrbios gastrointestinais
Authors: Santos Antônio Gustavo Silva dos , Santos Ana Beatriz Silva dos
Published: December 2020

Objetivo: Neste contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar um estudo de revisão de literatura sobre o uso popular de plantas medicinais para tratamento de distúrbios gastrointestinais, identificando as principais plantas utilizadas como tratamento de doenças, plantas utilizadas no tratamento de patologias gastrointestinais e a importância social para a população. Metodologia: Estudo de descritivo de revisão de literatura, de natureza qualitativa sobre o uso popular de plantas medicinais para tratamento de distúrbios gastrointestinais. O período de coleta de dados ocorreu de Julho a Novembro de 2020 nas bases de dados: Public Medline (PubMed), Scientific Eletronic Library Online (SciELO) e Biblioteca virtual em Saúde (BVS), através do cruzamento das palavras-chave: Gastroenteropatias, plantas medicinais, etnobotânica, fitoterapia, distúrbios intestinais, com publicações do período de 2015 a 2020. Resultados: Na pesquisa inicial foram identificados 136 artigos: PubMed (5), BVS (4), SciELO (125). Após aplicação dos filtros “ensaio clínico” e “últimos cinco anos”, excluindo artigos por não estarem de acordo com os critérios de elegibilidade, restaram 9 estudos potencialmente relevantes para a revisão de artigos para uma análise detalhada. Conclusão: As fitopreparações desvinculam uma fundamental importância na precaução e terapêutica de variadas disfunções digestivas. A fitoterapia empregada é muito tolerada, sem fortes sequelas e concomitantemente, os pacientes sentem-se contentes com as alterações visíveis ou presumidas.
Analysis of fermentative parameters and the importance of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in the development of goods and services
Authors: Batistote Margareth , Santos Maria do Socorro Mascarenhas
Published: December 2020

In the fermentation process, yeasts need to adapt to the environmental changes that occur during the production process. Responses to these adjustments can alter biochemical routes and the amount of metabolites produced. Thus, the objective was to analyze the fermentative parameters of industrial yeast strains in different growing conditions, as well as to evaluate the its applicability in different sectors of goods and services. A pre-inoculum was performed with the YPSAC 5% medium for the activation of the yeasts Catanduva-1 and Fleischmann that remained incubated for 24 hours at 30 °C at 250 rpm. After the cells were recovered by centrifugation and inoculated in the fermentation medium based on sugarcane juice at 15 °Brix at temperatures of 30 and 40 °C. Aliquots were removed for the analysis of the fermentative parameters. Concomitantly, a survey was carried out regarding the use of yeasts in the process of preparing goods and services. The data show that the best yeast fermentation performance occurred at 30 °C in 10 hours. In addition, yeasts have the ability to produce, under ideal conditions, metabolites that can be used in different biotechnological processes.
Efeitos da laserterapia de baixa intensidade em pacientes com úlceras por pressão
Authors: Lima Antonio Deison de , Aguiar Dennis Frankilin , Borges Gustavo Miranda , Trindade Hugo Alves da , Rocha Gabriel Mauriz de Moura
Published: December 2020

Introdução: As úlceras por pressão são lesões na pele ou no tecido subjacente ocasionadas por longos períodos de imobilidade, ocorre isquemia local e em consequência morte tecidual. É considerada um problema de saúde pública mundial. A terapia a laser de baixa intensidade é utilizada de maneira copiosa no tratamento das úlceras por pressão. Objetivo: O objetivo desse trabalho é realizar uma revisão sistemática acerca do efeito do laser de baixa intensidade no processo de reparação tecidual em pacientes com úlceras por pressão. Metodologia: Revisão sistemática da literatura de artigos selecionados nas bases de dados pubmed, Periódicos Capes, BVS Brasil e Google acadêmico. Os Descritores (Decs) foram:  Terapia a laser, terapia com luz de baixa intensidade e Úlceras por pressão. As palavras-chave foram cruzadas entre inseridas entre aspas para triagem da busca. Estratégia PICO foi adotada. Critérios de inclusão foram artigos dos últimos dez anos em pacientes humanos nos idiomas inglês e português. Os artigos que não entraram em consonância com os critérios de inclusão foram descartados. Resultados: A maioria dos artigos apontam que o laser de baixa intensidade promove melhores resultados no processo de cicatrização das úlceras por pressão. Conclusão: Dos estudos selecionados foi observado que os comprimentos de onda de 658 e 660nm alcançaram melhores resultados no processo de cicatrização das úlceras por pressão.
A influência dos estados emocionais no desencadeamento de doenças psicossomáticas
Authors: Cunha Evelyn Cristina Martins , Fonseca Bianca Reis
Published: December 2020

O corpo e a mente dentro dos processos históricos foram colocados em paradigmas epistemológicos que divergiam e não eram aceitos como instâncias que se comunicavam e influenciavam o corpo. Porém, são instâncias que se comunicam e influenciam o bem-estar do sujeito, e sua não concepção de transversalidade e multifatoriedade causam uma fragmentação da compreensão acerca do sujeito nos processos dinâmicos da subjetividade e doença e saúde. Este estudo é de natureza qualitativa que teve como objetivo discutir como a literatura vem descrevendo sobre de que maneira os estados emocionais corroboram com as doenças psicossomáticas através das teorias psicanalíticas. Como método, foi realizado uma revisão bibliográfica, utilizando artigos publicados em 2014 e 2018, nas seguintes bases de dados LILACS, MEDLINE, IBECS e INDEX PSICOLOGIA. Foram abordadas reflexões sobre as interações entre a mente, corpo e as influências emocionais no processo de adoecimento ou agravamento no adoecer, e os avanços sobre o fenômeno psicossomático. Concluindo, foi possível verificar a expansão acerca da compressão biopsicossocial do ser humano.
Frenectomia labial superior com laser cirúrgico de diodo: relato de caso clínico em paciente infantil
Authors: Silva Cynthia Lorena dos Santos , Melo Hevellyne Belizario , Nascimento Larissa Lucy Carvalho do , Vieira Karlla Almeida , Brito Janaina Andrade Lima Salmos de , Bessa-Nogueira Ricardo Viana
Published: December 2020

O freio labial é uma estrutura anatômica do lábio superior e, quando se encontra posicionado próximo a margem gengival, possibilita o aparecimento de problemas periodontais, gerando impactos negativos na vida do paciente, tais como: insatisfação estética, dificuldade na mobilidade labial e na higienização oral. O uso do laser cirúrgico vem se difundindo nas diversas áreas da odontologia e vem tomando destaque como uma alternativa para a realização da frenectomia, devido apresentar, em comparação ao método cirúrgico convencional, menor sangramento local, menor dor pós-operatória, e apresentar uma rápida cicatrização local e não necessitar de sutura. Este trabalho relata o caso de uma paciente pediátrica que apresentava freio labial superior fibroso, devido a um trauma na região anterior da face, o que resultou no aparecimento de diastema mediano entre os incisivos centrais superiores. Realizou-se a frenectomia labial com laser de diodo (980nm; 2W; 20pps; 120J; 60Hz, modo pulsado). Em seguida foi feita a fotobiomodulação com laser diodo de baixa potência (660nm; 100mW; com 2J de potência por ponto por 20s, modo puntiforme) na região da incisão e da papila incisiva. Desta forma, com este caso procura-se ilustrar as vantagens da cirurgia laser em relação a outras técnicas para a remoção do freio labial superior.
Maintaining and storing encapsulated cells for propagation of Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile
Authors: Carrasco-Acosta M , Garcia-Jimenez P
Published: December 2020

In the present study, we have developed an efficient system for regenerating Posidonia oceanica via the storage of free cells at low temperature and the initiation of cell encapsulation. This system could help in solving problems related to the intractable nature of in vitro marine phanerogam regeneration. Free cells from enzyme digestion were preserved with glycerol and DMSO at different concentrations and stored at low temperature. Cell encapsulation was performed with sodium alginate and calcium chloride. First, results showed that optimum cell culture was obtained when the initial cell concentration was 104 cells ml-1. Cell scaling allowed exponential growth to produce 2268000 cells at 13 d. Second, treatment based on cell storage with 60% glycerol plus 1.3 M DMSO was a success. The preserved cells grew and produced 1.96 more cells than the initial cell concentration (104 cells ml-1). Third, the encapsulated cells (beads) showed a survival range of 84 to 100% over 4 yr. The divided beads released cells that developed embryos or free cells depending on the culture medium. Cell encapsulation was the only method that was successful to acclimatise the cells to salinity, store artificial material for sowing and obtain embryos. We concluded that encapsulated cells could be used as a starting material for the production of embryos in the regeneration of P. oceanica.
Desert Related Traditional Knowledge, Policies and Management in Wadi Allaqi, South Eastern Desert, Egypt
Authors:   , Abdou Kandal Hanaa Ali Hassan
Published: December 2020

Traditional knowledge in the desert. By Hanaa Ali Hassaan How do Bedouins survive, living in the dry desert? Part of the secret can be found in their Traditional Knowledge (TK), about plants, rangeland, pastoralism and settlement related issues. Such TK, that supports social resilience to endure harsh conditions, is vanishing because of political and socio-economic conditions. Also globally, traditional knowledge is at stake, notwithstanding intentions laid down in international policy conventions. This thesis describes the TK that has played a role in the subsistence of Bedouins living in the extreme conditions of Wadi Allaqi Biosphere Reserve, Southeastern Desert of Egypt. In this study, we investigated the impact of the formation of Lake Nasser in the mid-1960s and the establishment of a new village in the vicinity of the lake in the early 2000s on TK of a Bedouin community. First, we studied whether Bedouin knowledge of plant species has changed in the context of socio-economic changes during the last 50 years. Then, we focused on items relating to rangelands and settlements. Next, we analyzed whether TK plays a role in Egyptian policy, as reflected in policy documents and in interviews with regional stakeholders. Finally, we explored a possible role of citizen science approaches in the conservation and application of TK in Southern Egypt. Based on interviews with and observations of Bedouin people we demonstrated that indigenous, botanical knowledge gets lost, and that several cultural aspects of Bedouin culture are vanishing. At the other hand new agricultural knowledge has been developed with regard to the use of aquatic species, especially as a source of fodder for their herds of goats. Notwithstanding international conventions on traditional knowledge, practical interest is very limited within regional Egyptian policy, research and education. Derived recommendations imply that a stronger position of TK in regulation and law should be supplemented by social measures and actions, taking into account the perspective of the Bedouin community, in a citizen science approach of public participation. This research, supported by Nuffic, has been carried out under the supervision of Dr. Sjaak Swart and Prof. Dr. Menno Gerkema at the Energy and Sustainability Research Institute of the University of Groningen.
11th Grade Students’ Understanding Level of Gases in terms of Some Chemical Variables and the Determination of Alternative Conceptions
Authors:   Department of Primary School Education, Faculty of Education, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey, Mete Pelin
Published: December 2020

For abstract concepts to be well understood, students need to be familiar with the concepts and able to associate them correctly. Students cannot make scientific explanations on the subject unless they can establish relationships. This study aimed to determine the understanding level of 11th-grade high school students on “gases” in terms of chemical variables and any alternative frameworks on the subject of gases. A methodology, including both qualitative and quantitative design, was used for this investigation. Open-ended questions and group discussion methods were used for data collection. The questions were applied to 87 11th-grade students from three public schools. Group discussions were conducted with nine students. The students’ understanding level of gases was statistically presented based on the predetermined categories. Besides, alternative frameworks on gases were described with direct excerpts taken from the students’ statements. According to the results of the study, it was concluded that the students’ understanding level of gases was low. In addition, it was observed that students were often inadequate in explaining gas-related events and that there were numerous unscientific errors in their explanations. Active learning methods should be designed to minimize the alternative conceptions of high school students on gases and focus on the conceptual and scientific understanding of students.
Pre-Service Science Teachers’ Views of the Nature of STEM
Authors:   Department of Education, Faculty of Education, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand, Faikhamta Chatree
Published: December 2020

Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) education plays an important role in teaching and learning for the 21st century. Science teacher education is making great efforts to prepare STEM teachers for modern classroom practice and enable them to adapt their STEM knowledge and practices to the needs of students’ contexts. However, before developing STEM teaching practices, it is important for pre-service teachers to understand the “nature of STEM” (NOSTEM). This study explored pre-service teachers’ views of the NOSTEM from both individual and integrative perspectives. The sample consisted of 428 Thai pre-service science teachers who were enrolled in science teacher-education programs. A NOSTEM questionnaire comprising Likert-type items and open-ended questions was used as a research tool. The findings indicated that pre-service teachers had inadequate understandings of NOSTEM definitions, epistemological perspectives, and the impact of culture and society on each STEM discipline. Each STEM discipline has its own characteristics, but the disciplines are similar in terms of their usefulness, processes, and required knowledge. In terms of the integration of STEM, technology uses the application of science, mathematical knowledge, and engineering processes to create tools and utensils. This paper discusses the implications of this study for science teacher-education programs and developing STEM teachers.
Determining the Relationship between Preschool Teachers’ Attitudes towards Science Teaching and Self-efficacy Beliefs in Terms of Various Variables
Authors:   Department of Elementary Education, Faculty of Education, Giresun University, Giresun, Turkey, Ültay Neslihan , Ültay Eser ,   Department of Elementary Education, Faculty of Education, Giresun University, Giresun, Turkey, Yılmazer Hatice ,   Department of Elementary Education, Faculty of Education, Giresun University, Giresun, Turkey
Published: December 2020

The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between preschool teachers’ attitudes toward science teaching and self-efficacy beliefs and to examine them in terms of various variables. The research was conducted in the years 2018–2019 using a survey. The study included 113 female and eight male preschool teachers who worked in state or private schools in Turkey. All participated voluntarily. In this study, the “Scale of Attitudes toward Science Teaching” (AST) and “Science Teaching Self-Efficacy Beliefs Scale” (SEB) were used. Both scales used five-point Likert type items. After the scales were applied, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 36 randomly selected teachers and five open-ended questions developed by the researchers were asked. In the light of the findings obtained from the study, it was observed that pre-school teachers’ attitudes toward science teaching and science self-efficacy beliefs did not differ according to gender and professional experience. In addition, there was a positive relationship between teachers’ scores obtained from the AST and SEB, that is, science attitudes and science self-efficacy beliefs were related positively. In other words, teachers who have positive attitude toward science had high self-efficacy beliefs. Learning environments should be prepared to conduct science activities effectively in accordance with different methods and techniques.
Dexamethasone-Enhanced Microdialysis and Penetration Injury
Authors: Jaquins-Gerstl Andrea , Michael Adrian C.
Published: December 2020

Microdialysis probes, electrochemical microsensors, and neural prosthetics are often used forin vivomonitoring, but these are invasive devices that are implanted directly into brain tissue. Although the selectivity, sensitivity, and temporal resolution of these devices have been characterized in detail, less attention has been paid to the impact of the trauma they inflict on the tissue or the effect of any such trauma on the outcome of the measurements they are used to perform. Factors affecting brain tissue reaction to the implanted devices include: the mechanical trauma during insertion, the foreign body response, implantation method, and physical properties of the device (size, shape, and surface characteristics. Modulation of the immune response is an important step toward making these devices with reliable long-term performance. Local release of anti-inflammatory agents such as dexamethasone (DEX) are often used to mitigate the foreign body response. In this article microdialysis is used to locally deliver DEX to the surrounding brain tissue. This work discusses the immune response resulting from microdialysis probe implantation. We briefly review the principles of microdialysis and the applications of DEX with microdialysis in (i) neuronal devices, (ii) dopamine and fast scan cyclic voltammetry, (iii) the attenuation of microglial cells, (iv) macrophage polarization states, and (v) spreading depolarizations. The difficulties and complexities in these applications are herein discussed.
Molecular Pathways Modulated by Mesenchymal Stromal Cells and Their Extracellular Vesicles in Experimental Models of Liver Fibrosis
Authors: Chiabotto Giulia , Pasquino Chiara , Camussi Giovanni , Bruno Stefania
Published: December 2020

End-stage liver fibrosis is common to all chronic liver diseases. Since liver transplantation has several limitations, including lack of donors, immunological rejection, and high medical costs, therapeutic alternatives are needed. The administration of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) has been proven effective in tissue regeneration after damage. However, the risk of uncontrolled side effects, such as cellular rejection and tumorigenesis, should be taken into consideration. A safer alternative to MSC transplantation is represented by the MSC secretome, which retains the same beneficial effect of the cell of origin, without showing any considerable side effect. The paracrine effect of MSCs is mainly carried out by secreted particles in the nanometer range, known as extracellular vesicles (EVs) that play a fundamental role in intercellular communication. In this review, we discuss the current literature on MSCs and MSC-EVs, focusing on their potential therapeutic action in liver fibrosis and on their molecular content (proteins and RNA), which contributes in reverting fibrosis and prompting tissue regeneration.