bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Changes in Ambient SO2 by Rhododendron and Pyracantha1
Authors: Roberts Bruce R. , Krause Charles R.
Published: September 2022

The capacity of rhododendron (Rhododendron catawbiense Michx., cv. Nova Zembla) and firethorn (Pyracantha coccinea M. J. Roem. var. Lalandii (Duren) Dipp.) to change ambient SO2 levels in a closed fumigation system was studied. P. coccinea removed greater quantities of SO2 at faster rates than R. catawbiense. Differences in leaf surface characteristics between the 2 species suggest that at least part of the SO2 uptake mechanism may involve a surface-mediated response to the pollutant.
National Considerations in the Development of Tropical Horticultural Crops
Authors: Tai Egbert A.
Published: September 2022

It is generally accepted that modern agriculture in tropical areas was first practised in the early days of colonialism when the main aim was production of items required in large quantities by the metropolitan nations. For this reason there developed plantations where crops like coffee, cotton, sugarcane and tobacco were grown on an extensive scale for export after simple preparation of the produce to enable it to withstand slow travel by sea; interest in horticultural crops which require intensive methods of production and rapid travel was to come much later. However, the existence of tropical fruits, vegetables and ornamental plants in abundance and great variety could not be ignored for long and, in time, the traditional approach to horticulture in temperate regions was adopted in the tropics also: plants were grown to produce crops for immediate use and the local market. It is remarkable that sometimes the names of horticultural crops of more temperate areas were attached quite inappropriately to a number of them, like avocado pear (Persea americana) and rose-of-sharon (Hibiscus mutabilis). Increasing familiarity bred appreciation of tropical horticultural produce and led to a growing demand most notably, for fruits but also for vegetables, flowers and ornamental foliage. The inevitable outcome has been the movement of larger quantities from the areas of production to the expanding areas of consumption – a prerequisite of a satisfactory export trade.
Multiple Cropping with Trickle Irrigation1
Authors: Kays S. J. , Johnson A. W. , Jaworski C. A.
Published: September 2022

Pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.) and summer squash (Cucurbita pepo var. melopepo (L.) Alef.) were grown in immediate succession in undisturbed beds using trickle irrigation with various treatments. Highest combined yield in metric tons/ha for both crops was obtained with film mulch + soil fumigation (117.6) followed by film mulch (112.3), soil fumigation (93.4) and control (69.0), respectively. Yield from the second crop was negatively correlated (r=−.87) with the degree of plant infection with root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White) Chitwood). Intensive production in this manner allows fixed costs to be defrayed over two crops thus increasing the magnitude of return per dollar invested. Multiple cropping of pepper and squash with trickle irrigation has an excellent potential in south Georgia provided nematodes and other soil-borne pathogens can be adequately controlled.
Glabrous Seedstalk in Carrot: Inheritance and Use as a Genetic Marker1
Authors: Morelock T. E. , Hosfield George L.
Published: September 2022

The mutant trait glabrous seedstalk was observed in carrot (Daucus carota L.) inbred W93 and, in crosses with pubescent inbred MSU 1558, was found to be controlled by a single recessive gene, gls. Cytoplasmic effects on the expression of the character were not detected. Glabrous seedstalk has practical application as a genetic marker to detect outcrosses in hybrid carrot seed production fields.
Gibberellin-like Substances of 3 Species of Lycopersicon1
Authors: Aung L. H.
Published: September 2022

Gibberellin-like substances (GAs) were demonstrated in the ethyl acetate-soluble basic, acidic and bound fractions of Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium (Jusl.), L. peruvianum (L.) Mill and L. hirsutum Humb. & Bonpl. The distribution of GAs activity differs in the fractions of the 3 species. The total amount of GAs of L. pimpinellifolium was 96-fold and 44-fold that of L. peruvianum and L. hirsutum, respectively. The vegetative growth of the species may be inversely related to the content of GAs.
Distribution of Fiber Content in Asparagus Cultivars1
Authors: Sosa-Coronel Jorge , Vest G. , Hemer R. C.
Published: September 2022

Analysis of spears of 9 cultivars of asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) revealed differences in fiber content between cultivars. The least fiber was found in ‘MSU-1’, ‘Mary Washington’, and ‘U.C. 72’, and the most in ‘N.J. Improved’ and ‘U.C. 711’. There were significant differences in fiber content in the 5 sections of spear studied; the tip (10 cm) portion of spear had the least while the bottom section (17.5 – 20.0 cm from the tip) had the most fiber.
Effect of Temperature on Growth of Shoot Apices Excised from Onions in Rest1
Authors: Mahotiere Sauveur , Herner Robert C. , Dennis Frank G.
Published: September 2022

Excised onion (Allium cepa L.) shoot apices exposed directly to temperatures of 10 to 15°C grew more than those excised from similarly treated half or whole bulbs. The temperature pretreatments which promoted the greatest growth of excised onion shoots at 20° ranged from 5 to 12.5°. Exposure to 30° following a 10° treatment negated the promotive effect of the lower temperature.
‘Bassateen Edfina’Guava11
Authors: Rokba A. M. , Ezzat A. H. , E Wakeel A. T.
Published: September 2022

‘Bassateen Edfina’, a new cultivar of guava (Psidium guajava L.), is characterized by its higher yield and better fruit quality than the parent stock ‘Bassateen El Sabahia’.
Ethylene Antidote
Authors: Beyer Elmo
Published: September 2022

One of the most sensitive plant tissues to ethylene is the orchid flower (cover photo). “Dry sepal,” a condition characterized by a progressive drying and fading of the sepals starting at the tip and extending downward, can be triggered by a brief exposure to only several ppb of ethylene. Recently, a potent ethylene antidote was found that will prevent ethylene action in plants including “dry sepal.” It is the most specific and effective plant hormone antidote known. The Cattleya orchids shown on the cover were protected with this ethylene antidote from an ethylene exposure 30 times that which would normally induce this condition.
Meeting the World Food Crisis through American Tropical Agricultural Research1
Authors: Matsunaga Spark M.
Published: September 2022

The theme that I am going to address, “Meeting the World Food Crisis through American Tropical Agricultural Research,” involves two basic assumptions:

First, there is, or there will be a world food crisis.

Second, that crisis can, at least in part, be met through American Tropical Agricultural Research
Crop Productivity: A National View1
Authors: Wittwer S. H.
Published: September 2022

On December 3, 1974 our Chief Executive wrote to the President of the National Academy of Sciences and to the Secretary of Agriculture calling for an assessment of the food problem. A program with research and development recommendations to insure our food supply and improve nutrition for ourselves and other nations was requested. Priorities were to be set, specific programs outlined, and needed resources determined. A report is now available (2).
Horticulture's Action Band in the Spectrum of the World's Food Supply1
Authors: Oyer Edwin B.
Published: September 2022

It is tempting to overemphasize the role of horticultural crops in man's diet. Horticultural crops rank a poor second after the cereal grains as an energy source (Table 1) (5). It is clear that roots and tubers, fruits, nuts and vegetables contribute less than a third of the dietary calories supplied by the cereal grains. There are several factors which deserve consideration in interpreting these data.
The Origin, Cytogenetics and Reproductive Morphology of the Zonal Geranium: A Review1
Authors: Harney Patricia M.
Published: September 2022

The zonal geranium, Pelargonium X hortorum Bailey2, probably originated from hybridization of natural species of the subgenus Ciconium (Sweet) Harvey of the genus Pelargonium l’Her. ex Ait. (11, 25). Although P. zonale was introduced into Europe from South Africa in 1609, it was not until 1814 that other Pelargonium species reached Europe. Since interspecific hybridization is readily accomplished under greenhouse conditions, the plant breeders of the time soon produced a number of forms different from the wild species (10, 11). Pelargonium breeding has, therefore, been carried out for over 150 years and, as few records have been kept until quite recently, the problem of species classification and determining the phylogeny of the culti-gens is difficult (28).
Silver Ion: A Potent Antiethylene Agent in Cucumber and Tomato1
Authors: Beyer Elmo
Published: September 2022

Ag+, applied foliarly as AgNO3 to intact cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. cv. Wisconsin SMR-18 and GY3) and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Homestead) plants, was a potent inhibitor of ethylene action. In tomatoes, AgNO3 concentrations of 250 and 500 mg/liter counteracted ethylene-induced epinasty, senescence, and abscission during a continuous 6-day-exposure to 1.5 μl/liter of ethylene. In cucumber, 50 and 100 mg/liter treatments of AgNO3 provided outstanding protection against ethylene-induced growth inhibition and senescence during a similar ethylene exposure. AgNO3 applied to ‘GY3’ gynoecious cucumbers at 500 mg/liter effectively shifted sex expression from female to male. Of over 20 other metal ions tested, only Pd and Hg were found to possess antiethylene properties, but their effect was marginal.
Evaluation of Root Viability Following Freezing by the Release of Ninhydrin-reactive Compounds1
Authors: Wiest Steven C. , Good George L. , Steponkus Peter L.
Published: September 2022

A modification of the ninhydrin method of evaluating injury was made by expressing the release of ninhydrin-reactive compounds following freezing as a percentage of the potential release. This method eliminates a laborious weighing procedure and also eliminates variability due to differences in endogeneous concentrations of ninhydrin-reactive compounds in roots. The technique correlated well with survival of Pyracantha coccinea Roem. cv. Lalandii Dipp. roots and stems 3 weeks after freezing, and lends itself to studies requiring large numbers of viability determinations using relatively small sample sizes.
Surfactant Removes Flower Buds from Lilium longiflorum Thunb.1
Authors: Tjia B. , Heafy H. , Buxton J.
Published: September 2022

Foliar application of 5% and 10% alkaryl polyoxyethylene glycol (X–77) surfactant to greenhouse forced pre-cooled ‘Georgia’ Easter lilies resulted in flower bud abortion and shorter plants. No phytotoxic effects were observed following application of 5% X–77 and only slight curving of young leaves were noted with 10% X–77 when applied to plants after 60 or more leaves had unfolded. There was no decrease in leaf number or damage to leaf area.
Light Intensity Effects on Redosier Dogwood1
Authors: Sheppard Robert , Pellett Harold
Published: September 2022

Plants of Cornus stolonifera Michx were grown in shade frames providing 100%, 75%, 53% and 27% natural light Plants with 75% light grew the most and plants with 27% light grew the least as indicated by plant height and weight. Other treatments produced intermediate growth responses.
Effectiveness of Organo-phosphate Insecticides in Controlling Rhodesgrass Scale in Sunturf Bermudagrass1
Authors: Murdoch L. , Mitchell W. C.
Published: September 2022

Rhodesgrass scale (Antonina graminis Maskell) is an important pest of turfgrass in many southern states of the U.S. Because of the positioning of the adults and the waxy coating of nymphal and adult stages, they are very difficult to control with insecticides. Excellent control of rhodesgrass scale in Sunturf bermudagrass (Cynodon magennissii Hurcombe) was obtained with Akton, diazinon, chlorpyrifos and leptophos. Ortho Dibrom Lawn Insect Spray was generally less effective than other materials.
Cabbage Looper Oviposition and Survival of Progeny on Leafy Vegetables1
Authors: Kishaba A. N. , Whitaker T. W. , Berry Wade , Toba H. H.
Published: September 2022

When given a choice, the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hübner), preferred lettuce for oviposition over chard [Beta vulgaris L. (Cicla group)], cabbage [Brassica oleracea (Capitata group)], broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. [Italica group)], and spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.). Preference did not appear to be related to leaf area or to any factor that enhances the survival of progeny of a particular plant species. A 20- to 29-fold difference in oviposition was noted on lettuce grown under 2 environmental conditions.
A Field Instrument for Testing Firmness of Citrus Fruit1
Authors: Felsenstein G. , Nahir D.
Published: September 2022

An instrument for in-the-field testing of citrus fruit firmness has been developed and tested. Linear deformation of a fruit along its diameter under the pressure of a constant force was found a good criterion of weight loss, and hence firmness of citrus.
Sugar and Dry Matter Content of Cucumber Fruits1
Authors: McCombs C. L. , Sox H. N. , Lower R. L.
Published: September 2022

Fruits of several cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) cultivars were analyzed for sugar and dry matter content shortly after harvest and after a 3-day storage period (16°C). The storage period produced no consistent pattern of differences in reducing and total sugar and dry matter content Large fruits (3.81–5.08 cm diameter) had more sugar than small fruits (<2.70 cm diameter). Fructose, glucose and sucrose were shown to be present Storage had little quantitative effect on sugar concentration. Additional data from other seasons confirmed that nearly all of the sugar present was reducing sugar. Correlations between refractive index and reducing sugar were from .42 to .93 in one experiment and from .05 to .84 in another. The sugar concentration was higher in locule tissue than in the carpel wall tissue. The sugar concentration of the fruit was generally less than 3% and refractive index expressed as percent soluble solids does not appear to be an accurate indicator of sugar content.
The Effect of Aqueous Sprays of Ammonium Fluoride on Oxygen Consumption and Firmness of Suture and Dorsal Tissues of ‘Early Improved Elberta’ Peaches1
Authors: Facteau T. J. , Rowe K. E.
Published: September 2022

Aqueous ammonium fluoride (NH4F) sprays on ‘Early Improved Elberta’ peaches (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) resulted in increased O2 consumption of suture tissue and inconsistent changes in O2 consumption of dorsal tissue as the spray concentration was increased. Flesh firmness on the suture side of treated fruit was less than non-sprayed fruit and decreased as either the NH4F spray concentration or number of sprays increased. The effect of the spray on the dorsal side differed from year to year. Levels of fluoride (F) in the fruit tissue were associated with F concentration and number of F sprays applied only within the same year.
Mass Screening of Young Strawberry Seedlings for Resistance to Phytophthora fragaria Hickman1
Authors: Scott D. H. , Draper A. D. , Maas J. L.
Published: September 2022

Young strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) seedlings were screened over a 4-year period for resistance to a composite of races of the red stele root rot causal organism, Phytophthora fragariae. A mixture of mycelia of 5 races of the organism, agar and water used as a root dip at the time of planting into sand on 6- to 8-week-old seedlings gave uniform results in the elimination of susceptible seedlings approximately five months later. The technique lends itself to efficient and effective mass screening of strawberry seedlings for relative resistance to P. fragariae.
Red Stele Disease of Strawberry: Soil pH, Pathogen, and Cultivar Interactions1
Authors: Maas John L.
Published: September 2022

The interrelationships among red stele infection (Phytophthora fragariae Hickman races A-2 and A-5), symptom development (in susceptible ‘Blakemore’ strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) runner plants and ‘Midland’ × ‘Midland’ and ‘Sequoia’ × ‘Earlibelle’ seedlings), and soil pH were examined in two experiments. Percent of plants infected and disease symptom severity ratings were high when plants were grown in soil infested with P. fragariae race A-2 and soil pH 5.4 to 8.0. The length of incubation period had a greater effect on infection and disease development by race A-2 than did either soil pH or type of plant (runner plant or seedling). Symptom severity ratings among ‘Blakemore’ runner plants and ‘Sequoia’ × ‘Earlibelle’ seedlings grown in soil infested with race A-5 was highest at low to intermediate pH levels and decreased as soil pH increased. No direct relationship between soil pH and plant infection was found. Interactions among soil pH, pathogen race, and runner plant or seedling populations were significant.
‘Solo’ Almond1
Authors: Spiegel-Roy P. , Kochba J.
Published: September 2022

‘Solo’ is a high-shell-out, well-filled, good shaped uniform almond (Prunus amygdalus Batsch) with no doubles (Fig. 1).
‘Patriot’ Blueberry1
Authors: Hepler P. R. , Draper A. D.
Published: September 2022

‘Patriot’ a new hardy blueberry, Vaccinium corymbosum L., originated in the cooperative blueberry breeding program of the Maine Life Sciences and Agriculture Experiment Station and the U.S. Department of Agriculture. It has performed well at Jonesboro, Maine, Maryland, North Carolina, and Oregon. The name ‘Patriot’ was assigned in recognition of the U.S. Bicentennial.
Minnesota 266 Muskmelon Breeding Line1
Authors: Davis D. W. , Shehata M. A. , Eide C. J.
Published: September 2022

Minnesota 266 is an early maturing, andromonecious, short-internode breeding line of muskmelon, Cucumis melo L., from the vegetable improvement program of the Departments of Horticultural Science and Landscape Architecture, and Plant Pathology. It has value for the home garden and, in addition, it should be useful as a germplasm source for selection as well as for the development of commercial hybrids and/or types for mechanical harvesting.
Small Fruits In Iowa1
Authors: Denisen Ervin L.
Published: September 2022

Horticulture production management positions that have been filled by paraprofessionals for many years are gradually becoming available to better qualified men and women with horticultural degrees. Although some horticultural industries had long sought horticultural graduates for their management positions, others have only recently become aware of the larger profits available to them through fewer mistakes made by horticultural graduates. It is true that the young, inexperienced graduate from the various horticulture departments around the country will need to be trained in procedures peculiar to the company that has employed them. In fact, most successful enterprises insist on training their own personnel in their particular operational procedures. However, a basic knowledge of olericulture, ornamentals, pomology, plant growth and development, propagation, genetics, pathology, entomology, soils, nutrition, systematics, and all other segments of horticulture must be obtained through a good course of study in horticulture to prepare the graduate so that he or she may make the contribution needed by industry.
A Bright Future for Horticulture Graduates
Authors: Storey J. Benton
Published: September 2022

Horticulture production management positions that have been filled by paraprofessionals for many years are gradually becoming available to better qualified men and women with horticultural degrees. Although some horticultural industries had long sought horticultural graduates for their management positions, others have only recently become aware of the larger profits available to them through fewer mistakes made by horticultural graduates. It is true that the young, inexperienced graduate from the various horticulture departments around the country will need to be trained in procedures peculiar to the company that has employed them. In fact, most successful enterprises insist on training their own personnel in their particular operational procedures. However, a basic knowledge of olericulture, ornamentals, pomology, plant growth and development, propagation, genetics, pathology, entomology, soils, nutrition, systematics, and all other segments of horticulture must be obtained through a good course of study in horticulture to prepare the graduate so that he or she may make the contribution needed by industry.
Comparing Treatment Means: A Compendium1
Authors: Chew Victor
Published: September 2022

The equality of the true average responses of several treatments (cultivars, insecticides, concentrations, temperatures, etc.) is usually tested statistically by means of the F-test or the analysis of variance. If the F-test rejects the hypothesis that the treatment means are all equal, it does not necessarily follow that these means are all unequal. The next stage in the data analysis is to determine which treatment means are different. Repeated application of the Student's t-test to all possible pairs of treatment means is usually discouraged, since this procedure gives a large probability of declaring one or more pairs of treatment means to be different, when they are in fact equal. Special techniques called multiple comparison procedures are available for this purpose.
Effect of Photoperiodic Manipulation on Seasonal Variation in Bud and Shoot Regeneration of Rieger Begonia Leaf Cuttings1
Authors: Cohl Herbert A. , Moser Bruno C.
Published: September 2022

Leaf cuttings of ‘Schwabenland Red’ Rieger begonia (Begonia × hiemalis Fotsch) regenerated buds prolifically, whereas ‘Aphrodite Pink’ regenerated buds sparingly, with fewer buds per cutting. Bud initiation was maximal in winter in both cultivars. Shoot development was maximal in ‘Schwabenland Red’ in spring and fall, and was maximal in ‘Aphrodite Pink’ in winter. Lack of bud initiation inhibited shoot development in ‘Aphrodite Pink’ but not in ‘Schwabenland Red’. Seasonal variation was eliminated, and shoot development was maximized in ‘Schwabenland Red’ when mother plants were grown on a short day and cuttings on a long day cycle. This daylength procedure did not eliminate seasonal variation in ‘Aphrodite Pink’, although it maximized shoot development over the year. Factors other than photoperiod may have played a role in ‘Aphrodite Pink’.
Environmental Control of Shoot Initiation by Rieger Begonia Leaf Cuttings1
Authors: Cohl Herbert A. , Moser Bruno C.
Published: September 2022

Short days on the mother plant and long days on leaf cutting resulted in the most rapid shoot initiation in Rieger begonia (Begonia × hiemalis Fotsch cvs. Schwabenland Red and Aphrodite Pink). High temperatures on the mother plants nullified the beneficial effect of this photoperiodic treatment.
Effect of Lateral Shoot Orientation on Growth and Flowering of Young Apple Trees1
Authors: Hamzakheyl N. , Ferree D. C. , Hartman F. O.
Published: September 2022

Shoots of newly planted ‘Oregon Spur Delicious’ (Malus domestica Borkh.) apple trees were trained at angles of 30°, 60°, or 90° from vertical and compared to an untrained control in 1973. Lateral shoots of some trees with the 30° orientation in 1973 were bent to 60° in 1974. Generally, during the first growing season shoot growth was reduced proportional to the degree of bending toward the horizontal. Shoots trained at an angle of 30° the first season and 60° the second season had the greatest reduction in shoot growth in 1974 and had more flowering on the upper and middle scaffold shoots than other treatments. Unpruned trees with shoots developing naturally produced more total shoot and new root growth and produced more spurs and flower clusters than other treatments. Trees with shoots trained to the horizontal (90°) produced the greatest number of watersprouts and the least flowering.
Time of Thiourea-KNO3 Application on the Rest Requirement and Bud Development in ‘Loring’ Peach1
Authors: Wolak R. J. , Couvillon G. A.
Published: September 2022

‘Loring’ peach trees (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) were treated with a 1% thiourea + 2% KNO3 (TUK) mixture during “late rest” when 589 chill units had accumulated and 1 week following rest completion, when 691 chill units had accumulated. Applications made during “late rest” terminated rest of both flower and lateral vegetative buds before the control and significantly reduced growing degree hour celsius (GHD°C required for bud break. Applications of TUK a week later resulted in a significant reduction in GDH°C for bud break over the control. The late treatment was intermediate between the control and the earlier treatment for bloom date and GDH°C accumulation.
Gibberellin Effects on Rabbiteye Blueberry Seed Germination1
Authors: Ballington J. R. , Galletta G. J. , Pharr D. M.
Published: September 2022

A 24 or 48 hour soak in gibberellins (GA) did not influence the total germination of open-pollinated rabbiteye blueberry seeds (Vaccinium ashei Reade, cv. Tifblue). GA4+7 at 100-500 ppm stimulated early germination of seeds from the 2nd to 4th week after sowing, with the maximum effect occurring after 3 weeks. The 48-hour, GA4+7, 100 ppm treatment stimulated germination from the 2nd to 5th week after sowing. Stimulation of earlier germination by GA4+7 hastened seedling transplanting by 2 to 4 weeks. Germination of mature seeds (large, filled) was significantly higher than immature (medium-size, filled) or imperfectly (partially-filled) developed seeds. GA4+7 did not increase germination of immature or imperfectly developed seeds.
Tissue Culture and Differentiation of Garlic1
Authors: Kehr A. E. , Schaeffer G. W.
Published: September 2022

Growing points from cloves of Allium sativum L. were excised from mature air-dried corms and cultured in vitro. Media for vegetative increase of tissues in the undifferentiated form should contain (2,4-dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), 6-(furfurylamino) purine (kinetin), and coconut milk. The vegetative tissues differentiate on Murashige-Skoog medium supplemented with IAA and kinetin.
Effect of Ethephon on Rate of Bulb Enlargement, Maturity, and Yield in Onions1
Authors: Lipe William N.
Published: September 2022

Onions (Allium cepa L.) of short and long-day requirements were grown in the field under normal conditions of increasing daylength and treated in the 4, 6, and 10 leaf stages of development with (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon). Ethephon stimulated bulb enlargement early when applied at the 4 and 6 leaf stages but this enlargement ceased before that of the non-treated plants. Treated plants were short and less prone to lodge at maturity, and yields were reduced by high concentrations and/or repeated applications. Late applications and low concentrations resulted in a pre-harvest increase in the rate of bulb growth.
Cocoyam and Taro Production in Florida
Authors: Volin R. B. , Zettler F. W.
Published: September 2022

The Araceae is a diverse family consisting of more than 100 genera and 1500 species of plants including several genera of growing significance as foliage ornamentals, such as Aglaonema, Caladium, Dieffenbachia, and Syngonium. Other aroids, such as Anthurium and Zantedeschia are commercially propagated for their attractive flowers; Pistia stratioites is considered a pestiferous aquatic weed, and jack-in-thepulpit (Arisaema spp.) is a well known woodland wildflower of temperate climates.
Seed Propagation of Cocoyam, Xanthosoma caracu Koch & Bouche1
Authors: Volin R. B. , Zettler F. W.
Published: September 2022

Viable seeds of a Cuban clone of Xanthosoma caracu were obtained through manual pollinations. Seedlings showed variability and appear free of known viruses.
Gibberellin Induced Seedless Fruit of Chayote Sechium edule Swartz1
Authors: Aung L. H. , Flick G. J.
Published: September 2022

Parthenocarpic fruits of chayote were obtained by application of 2 × 10-3 M gibberellin A3 and A4/7 in lanolin on the stigmatic surfaces of pistillate flowers under greenhouse conditions. The role, of gibberellins on fruit development and the significance of seedless fruits are discussed.
Response of Eggplant Cultivars to Ozone1
Authors: Rajput C. B. S. , Ormrod D. P.
Published: September 2022

Plants of 8 cultivars of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) exposed to 0 to 40 pphm ozone for 6 hr each day at 35 and 36 days of age varied in susceptibility as indicated by leaf area damage. The most sensitive cultivar was ‘Early Hybrid’; least sensitive was ‘Blacknite’.
Effect of Carbon Dioxide Enrichment on Growth of the Potato Plant1
Authors: Collins W. B.
Published: September 2022

Carbon dioxide enrichment of the greenhouse atmosphere, either in the period prior to tuberization or during the tuber development period of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), increased tuber yield significantly at harvest, compared to yields from plants grown in a conventional atmosphere. Enrichment during the tuber development period provided the greatest increase in tuber dry weight. The data indicated that the increase in yield was attributable to an increase in the net assimilation rate of carbon dioxide enriched plants and a corresponding increase in the relative growth rate.
The Use of Chlorflurenol in Production of Pickling Cucumbers1
Authors: Shannon S. , Robinson R. W.
Published: September 2022

Foliar application of 50 or 100 ppm 2-chloro-9-hydroxyfluorene-9-carboxylic acid (chlorflurenol) to plants of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) increased the number of fruit per plant 2- to 3-fold at a single harvest, particularly the more valuable small fruit. Higher and lower concentrations were less effective, and repeated applications were often more effective than a single application. In 2 of 4 field trials there were significant increases in value of treated over untreated plots, and in none of the trials was fruit shape affected.
The Influence of Early Pinching with Fatty Alcohols and Methyl Esters of Fatty Acids on Brussels Sprouts1
Authors: Vereecke M.
Published: September 2022

The effect of early pinching with 3 commercial formulations containing fatty alcohols or methyl esters of fatty acids applied to Brussels sprouts (Brassica oleracea L. Gemmifera group) was studied. Pinching was carried out at 2 stages of plant development. Pinching before the sprouts were visible, resulted in low yields of poorer quality, while manually topped plants gave excessive amounts of waste sprouts. At the second treatment date, when the basal sprouts were 0.3 cm in diameter, the same tendency was noted for every treatment, except Emgard 2077, which is a combination of methyl esters of fatty acids. The yield from ‘Topscore’ plants treated with 12% Emgard 2077 was slightly higher than that of the untopped plants. However, the amount of larger sprouts (> 30 mm) produced was greater than that obtained from untopped plants.
Method for Evaluating Excessive Secondary Root Development in Carrots1
Authors: Orzolek M. D. , Carroll R. B.
Published: September 2022

An index rating system was developed to evaluate the degree to which carrot (Daucus carota L.) develop “hairy” roots and was used to evaluate the influence of moisture on 6 carrot cultivars grown on sandy soil. A yield increase and reduction of secondary root formation was observed for all cultivars provided supplemental irrigation.
Inhibition of Soil Urease Activity and Nematocidal Action of 3-Amino-1,2,4-triazole1
Authors: Gauthier Sandra M. , Ashtakala Syamala S. , Lenoir Jacques A.
Published: September 2022

Soil urease activity was measured in 3 different types of soils previously planted with soybeans, Glycine max L. Treatment of these soils with varying concentrations of 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole showed inhibition of soil urease activity and a nematocidal effect even at doses sublethal for soybean plants. The plants treated with 3-amino-l,2,4-triazole showed a significant reduction in root nodulation.
Ineffectiveness of Commercial Microorganism Inoculum in Breaking Down Thatch in Common Bermudagrass in Hawaii1
Authors: Murdoch C. L. , Barr J. P.
Published: September 2022

Commercial microorganism inoculum was tested for effectiveness in aiding thatch breakdown in common bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.) turf on two golf courses in Hawaii. None of the materials tested were effective in reducing thatch accumulation over a 5-month test period.
Increasing the Effectiveness of Ethephon for Olive Harvesting1
Authors: Ben-Tal Y. , Lavee S.
Published: September 2022

Ethephon (2-chloroethyl phosphonic acid) and Alsol (2-chloroethyl-tris-(2-methoxy-ethoxy)-silane) are effective in reducing the fruit removal force (FRF) required for harvesting fruit of olive (Olea europaea L.). The lowest FRF value was achieved with Alsol within 2 to 3 days after treatment, but only after 7 to 8 days with ethephon. Raising the pH of the ethephon spraying solution to 7.0 increased ethylene evolution markedly and decreased both the FRF value and the time needed to achieve this reduced value.
Yield, Fruit Size, and Chlorosis of Grapefruit on 10 Rootstocks1
Authors: Maxwell Norman P. , Wutscher Heinz K.
Published: September 2022

Grapefruit trees (Citrus paradisi Macf.) budded on Kama Khatta and sour orange were most productive in a test including 10 rootstocks. Karna Khatta, sour orange, and Yuzu were tolerant, ‘Orlando’ tangelo and ‘Ortanique’ tangor were intolerant of calcareous soil. Trees on Karna Khatta were more susceptible to foot rot than trees on sour orange.
Identification of Ten Highbush Blueberry Cultivars Using Morphological Characteristics1
Authors: Gough R. E. , Hindle R. J. , Shutak V. G.
Published: September 2022

A dichotomous key for the identification of ten commercially important highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum Ait.) cultivars introduced since 1949 was constructed based on gross morphological characteristics.
CO2 and C2H4 Evolution by Highbush Blueberry Fruit1
Authors: Windus Norman D. , Shutak V. G. , Gough R. E.
Published: September 2022

Highbush blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) of 7 cultivars were harvested and visually separated into color grades: immature green, mature green, green-pink, blue-pink, blue and ripe. The rates of respiration over a 5 year period and ethylene evolution over a 3 year period of each color grade were determined using an infrared gas analyzer and a gas chromatograph, respectively. The rate of respiration of the berries generally increased from the immature green to a peak at the green-pink or blue-pink stage. Ethylene generally increased to a peak at green-pink. Both patterns are characteristic of climacteric type fruit.
‘Dixie’ Grape1
Authors: Nesbitt W. B. , Underwood V. H. , Mortensen J. A.
Published: September 2022

‘Dixie’ is a bronze muscadine grape, Vitis rotundifolia Michx., released jointly by the North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station and the Florida Agricultural Experiment Station in March, 1976. The ‘Dixie’ grape is high yielding, vigorous, self-fertile and useful for fresh fruit consumption (Fig. 1).
‘Kiowa’ Pecan1
Authors: Madden George D. , Brown Ellis J. , Malstrom Howard L.
Published: September 2022

‘Kiowa’ pecan [Carya illinoensis (Wang) K. Koch] is a precocious and prolific bearer whose nuts resemble those of ‘Desirable’ in size and shape but have a thinner shell. This hybrid meets the industry demand for a cultivar that produces heavy crops of large attractive nuts for marketing in shell. It has performed well in the Southwestern U. S. where it has been tested thoroughly. ‘Kiowa’ shows commercial potential under a rigid fungicide spray program in the humid Southeast, where testing has been limited.
The Effects of Negative Air Ions on Plant Growth1
Authors: Wachter S. L. , Widmer R. E.
Published: September 2022

The effects of negative air ions from a high voltage electrical discharge unit on growth and development of 9 plant species were studied in growth chambers and/or in the greenhouse. Treatments consisted of ionization during either the light or dark period, as well as untreated controls. In growth chambers, plants grown in ionized air had significantly greater fresh weights in 13 of 16 instances, but were relatively unaffected in dry weights. Ionization treatments in the greenhouse were less effective but treated plants showed increases in tobacco plant height, geranium stem length and lettuce leaf number.
Theoretical Analysis of Internal and External Covers for Greenhouse Heat Conservation1
Authors: Huang K. T. , Hanan Joe J.
Published: September 2022

The benefits of an internal cover between a greenhouse roof and the crop, or a cover over the outside of a greenhouse, were developed on a theoretical basis. The analysis indicated that heat savings by the use of an internal shade will be the same on clear or cloudy nights, with the main effect resulting from lower convective losses. Therefore, an internal cover can be inexpensive as long as it reduces convective heat losses. An external cover can reduce thermal radiation losses from the greenhouse roof, and in this case, the emissivity of an external cover should be as low as possible. Radiation properties do not depend upon color. Calculations indicate that heat savings of internal and external covers are about the same under conditions of clear, winter nights. The potential savings with either cover alone approaches 30% of the present average greenhouse heat requirements.
Effect of Environmental Conditions on Flowering of Strelitzia reginae, Ait.1
Authors: Halevy Abraham H. , Kofranek Anton M. , Kubota John
Published: September 2022

Bird-of-paradise plants of 2 clones were grown for 3 years under various environmental conditions. Flower production was 30–50% higher in plants grown at minimum night temperature of 13° than at 21°C. Shading (50%) reduced flowering in 1 clone. Photoperiod had no effect on flowering.
Pressure Trunk Injection Promising for Pecan and other Trees1
Authors: Worley R. E. , Littrell R. H. , Polles S. G.
Published: September 2022

Pressure trunk injection of Zn sulfate solutions rapidly increased leaf Zn levels of Zn deficient trees in pecan (Carya illinoensis (Wang.) K. Koch). Injection of 2270 g/tree killed foliage and twig terminals within one week. New foliage growth appeared normal but was high in Zn. Injected Rhodamine B dye indicates that solutions move rapidly to the extremities of the tree. Injected wood preservative “Osmose” killed trees within 10 days.
Effect of Soil Fumigation and Pruning Date on the Indoleacetic Acid Content of Peach Trees in a Short Life Site1
Authors: Carter George E.
Published: September 2022

Peach tree [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] short life, a disease complex resulting in premature death of peach trees, appears to be caused ultimately by cold injury to the vascular cambium. Indoleacetic acid (IAA) concentrations from the vascular cambium region of peach trees grown under various cultural practices were quantitated by thin-layer densitometry. Fall-pruned trees and trees in nonfumigated soil showed an elevated IAA level with respect to controls. It is suggested that early breaking of dormancy of the vascular cambium of peach trees, caused by an altered growth hormone balance, is responsible for the predisposition of certain trees to the cold injury death of peach tree short life.
Softening, Pectolytic Activity, and Storage-life of rin and nor Tomato Hybrids1
Authors: Buescher R. W. , Sistrunk W. A. , Tigchelaar E. C. , Ng Timothy J.
Published: September 2022

Fruits of tomato hybrids between the nonripening mutants rin and nor and a normal ripening cultivar, C17, ripen normally in terms of color and flavor. Compared to the normal ripening parent, the hybrids have delayed softening, lower pectolytic enzyme activities, and decreased solubilization of pectic substances. The nor mutant had a greater effect on these parameters than did rin in the heterozygous condition. Storage life of fruits produced from the nor hybrid was more than twice that of the normal parent. Utilization of nor heterozygotes to extend storage life would have a substantial impact on marketing of fresh tomatoes by reducing losses due to excessive softening.
Oregon M176, S423, S434, S441 Disease Resistant Pea Breeding Lines1
Authors: Baggett J. R.
Published: September 2022

Pea (Pisum sativum L.) breeding lines Oregon M176, S423, S434, and S441, were released in 1975 by the Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station. These lines, all of freezing type, were developed primarily for Western Oregon where enation mosaic and pea streak are often seriously damaging to the later plantings of processing peas.
‘Flordagold’ Peach1
Authors: Sherman W. B. , Sharpe R. H.
Published: September 2022

‘Flordagold’, a yellow-fleshed peach Prunus persica (L.) Batsch, is adapted to areas with mild winters. It has been tested by growers and should extend the peach season where peaches with similar chilling requirements are grown.
Nomenclature for Internal Storage Disorders of Apples1
Authors: Smock Robert M.
Published: September 2022

There is considerable confusion in the literature on the terminology of internal storage disorders of apples. For example, “internal breakdown” is a term widely used to cover all such problems. The focus here is on breakdown problems and excludes physiological disorders like bitter pit. The emphasis is on symptomology, factors associated with the disorders, and cultivar susceptibility. There is little or no mention of control measures.
Contaminants in Plant Growth Chambers1
Authors: Tibbitts T. W. , McFarlane J. C. , Krizek D. T. , Berry W. L. , Hammer P. A. , Hodgson R. H. , Langhans R. W.
Published: September 2022

The Growth Chamber Committee of the Society held a workshop on August 13, 1976 at Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge, Louisiana at the annual meeting on Contaminants in Growth Chambers. Observations and comments presented at the discussion are summarized in this report.
Use of brittle-A Gene in Sweet Corn Breeding1
Authors: Hannah L. C. , Bassett M. J.
Published: September 2022

Comparison of corn (Zea mays L.) kernels derived from common F2 families that were homozygous sugary (su) or homozygous for an allele of brittle (bt), termed bt-A, showed that bt-A kernels germinated nearly as well as su kernels and the time period for silking was identical in the 2 classes. The bt-A gene conditions twice the sucrose level found in su kernels.
Influence of N-P-K Fertilizers on Low Temperature Tolerance of Cabbage Seedlings1
Authors: Ragan P. , Nylund R. E.
Published: September 2022

Water-soluble fertilizers applied as starter solutions were evaluated for their influence on tolerance of non-hardened cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. Capitata Group) to freezing temperatures. Container-grown and bare-root seedlings were treated and the effects on low temperature tolerance 3 and 9 days after application were determined. Leaves were frozen using the excised leaf test and evaluated for injury by measuring conductance of the leachate. Potasium increased the tolerance to frost in both container-grown and bare-root plants; N decreased tolerance when N and K were applied, plants were less frost tolerant than those treated with no fertilizer. Greater freezing resistance resulted when starter solutions were applied 9 days before the leaves were exposed to freezing temperatures. Distinct differences in color between freeze-killed leaves and non-injured leaves occurred when they were pressed and dried. Leaves remained green after exposure to temperatures which caused at least 50% leaching, but yellowed when leaching did not exceed 50%.
Tele-lectures Expand Home Horticulture Programs in Illinois1
Authors: Meador Daniel B. , Vernon Edwin W.
Published: September 2022

Providing home horticulture information for the 14,000,000 citizens of Illinois is a formidable task which requires effective use of available resources, innovation, and cooperation. One innovation utilized by University of Illinois Extension horticultural specialists is tele-lectures delivered via a TeleNet system.
Effect of Dikegulac as a Post-shearing Shoot-inducing Agent on Azaleas, Rhododendron spp.1
Authors: Sanderson Kenneth C. , Martin Willis C.
Published: September 2022

Foliar sprays of 5,000 ppm dikegulac [sodium salt of 2,3:4,6 bis-0-(1-methylethlidene)-a-L-Xylo-2-hexulofuranosonic acid (Atrinal)] applied to 4 cultivars of greenhouse forcing azaleas (Rhododendron spp.) 1 week after shearing, produced plants with more shoots than untreated plants and plants treated with 42,000 ppm Off-Shoot-O (methyl esters of fatty acids: 4% C6, 56% C8, 38% C10 and 2% C12). Increases in shoot number on dikegulac-treated plants generally did not increase the number of flowers. Plants treated with sprays of 3,000 to 6,000 ppm dikegulac initially exhibited temporary shoot growth inhibition but had fewer by-pass shoots at flowering.
The Use of an Agar Substitute in the Initial Growth of Boston Ferns in Vitro1
Authors: Cooke Ron C.
Published: September 2022

There was no significant difference in growth (fresh weight) of runner tips of Nephrolepis exaltata (L.) Schott var. bostoniensis Davenport cultured on a modified Murashige and Skoog medium solidified by either agar or a new starch co-polymer agar substitute. The agar substitute requires no boiling to dissolve and appears to promote more shoot initiation than agar solidified medium.
Effect of Methazole Formulation and Rate on Shoot and Root Growth of Three Container-grown Woody Ornamentals1
Authors: Williams David J.
Published: September 2022

Two formulations, 5G and 75WP, of methazole (2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazolidine-3,5 dione) applied at 1.7, 3.4 and 6.8 kg ai/ha effectively controlled Digitaria sanguinalis L. (large crabgrass) and Portulaca oleracea L. (common purslane) in container-grown Cotoneaster apiculata Rehd. & Wils., Euonymus kiautschovicus Loes. cv. Manhattan and Juniperus chinensis L. cv. San Jose. All rates of the 75WP formulation reduced the shoot and root dry wt of Cotoneaster and Euonymus.
Altered Fruiting and Growth Characteristics of ‘Delicious’ Apple Associated with Irrigation Method1
Authors: Proebsting E. L. , Middleton J. E. , Roberts S.
Published: September 2022

‘Redspur Delicious’ apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh) on seedling roots were grown from planting with water applied 1) daily by trickle irrigation in amounts determined by water use from companion trees grown in lysimeters, 2) daily by overtree sprinkler irrigation in amounts determined from daily pan evaporation, and by 3) overtree sprinkling every 2 weeks in amounts needed to return soil moisture to field capacity. Trees grown with trickle irrigation flowered and set fruit in their 3rd and 4th seasons. Most of the sprinkled trees had not flowered by their 4th year. The average length of shoot growth was less, but more buds broke on the trickle-irrigated trees resulting in equivalent total shoot growth on all treatments.
Correcting Iron Deficiency of Kentucky Bluegrass
Authors: Minner D. D. , Butler J. D.
Published: September 2022

Iron chelates, iron salts, and acid-treated mine tailings significantly increased turfgrass greening of Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) when compared to control plots. Turf treated with iron salts and acid mine tailings after 384 days were significantly darker green than those treated with chelates. There was a positive correlation between turf color, total leaf iron, and chlorophyll 17 days after treatment, but not after 384 days.
Root System and Root Regeneration Characteristics of Pin and Scarlet Oak
Authors: Struve Daniel K. , Moser Bruno C.
Published: September 2022

Three- to 4-cm caliper pin oak (Quercus palustris Muenchh.), a species considered easy to transplant, had greater total root length and more first, 2nd, and 3rd order lateral roots than similar sized scarlet oak (Q. coccinea Juench.), a species considered difficult to transplant. One-year-old seedlings initiated roots 2 weeks earlier in spring and regenerated more roots after 12 weeks than did scarlet oak. Girdled, dormant scarlet oak seedlings regenerated similar numbers of roots as ungirdled plants, while girdled, dormant pin oak seedlings regenerated fewer roots. Removing buds from dormant seedlings decreased root regeneration by pin oak, but had no effect with scarlet oak.