bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rediscovering the Discovery Outcrop: The Promises and Pitfalls of LiDAR Technology in Mineral Exploration
Authors: Jewell Paul W. , Farnsworth J. Anna , Zajac Theresa
Published: August 2021

An increasing number of mineral discoveries rely on remote sensing methods such as airborne geophysics and hyperspectral imaging. The relatively new technology of Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR), whereby surface outcrop patterns suggestive of economic mineralization can be identified, has the potential to join other remote sensing techniques employed by the exploration geologist. Successful application of LiDAR relies on rigorous, high-quality data collected under strict QA/QC standards and is most useful for delineating linear features such as faults or resistant rock types such as silicification. If used judiciously, LiDAR can join the toolbox of the modern exploration geologist working in heavily vegetated areas that contain many of the most prospective terrains left on Earth.
Gold Exploration and Potential of the Appalachian Piedmont of Eastern Alabama
Authors: Saunders Jim , Steltenpohl Mark , Cook Robert B.
Published: August 2021

The discovery and production of gold from epithermal and volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits in the Carolina slate belt of the southern Appalachians perhaps have overshadowed the gold potential of orogenic gold deposits in relatively higher grade metamorphic terranes of the southern Appalachian Piedmont. There has been a limited amount of exploration in the non-Carolina slate belt southern Appalachians since the early 1980s. Here we describe some of the recent exploration activity and geology of gold occurrences in the most productive part of the Alabama Piedmont, including the Goldville and Devil’s Backbone districts. In this area, there is a strong geochemical association of gold and arsenic in bedrock, saprolite, and soils, which reflects the mineralogical association of gold with arsenian pyrite and arsenopyrite in mineralized zones.
GAYA BAHASA KIASAN DALAM DONGENG ANAK BERBAHASA INGGRIS (STUDI KASUS KARYA BROTHERS GRIMM)
Authors: Rosita Sofyaningrum
Published: August 2021

The purpose of this study is to investigate the use of figurative language in English children's fairy tales by Brothers Grimm with titled Hansel and Gretel, Rapunzel, and Snowdrop. This study specifically addresses the style of figurative language contained in English children's fairy tales. Style of figurative language are examined in this study includes metaphor, personification, simile, and hyperbole, in terms of form, meaning, function, and particularities in English children's fairy tales. Advanced Research is a qualitative research produces descriptive data in the form of the written word. This study did not use statistical data in the form of numbers, but rather to describe the form, meaning, types, functions, and uniqueness of figurative language in English children's fairy tales. The results showed that in the style of figurative language metaphor based on Haley’s hierarchy in nine metaphors, the metaphors in the three fairy tales are being, cosmos, energy, terrestrial, object, animate, and human. Personification in this research are inanimate personification and non-human personification. Simile in this research includes abstract (being), objects, cosmos, terrestrial, plants, and animals. Hyperbole in this research is hyperbole that state a thing and hyperbole that state a situation. Function of figurative language in the fourth type of style are; reveal the beauty in the style of figurative language, declare an abstract in a concrete way to give a clear image, stating things that are not captured by human senses, and cause freshness or emphasis the words, to give emphasis to a statement or situation, to intensify and enhance the impression and impact of the intent to deliberately overstate the thing and circumstances. Uniqueness found in the using of vehicle from the figurative language in the form of terrestrial, cosmos, and animal. Through this study it can be concluded that children in Europe, the reader or the audience of this tale, is expected to know the figurative language style.
THE TRUTH OF LIFE IN MODERN PROSE
Authors: Orda G.
Published: August 2021

The article analyzes in detail the issues of artistic reality and the style of the works of G. Kalibekuly. The speech level is an analysis of the author’s speech and the characters ’speech, which helps to reveal the character of the characters, as well as help to deeply understand the essence of the work. In any work, the role of the narrator is the organizer, which brings together everything depicted. Types of storytelling interact with character dialogues and monologues. Analysis of the author’s speech and the speech of the characters helps to penetrate deeper into the meaning of the work. The writer’s achievements in the development of small literary genres by the author are based on an analysis of the development of events and the system of characters in his works.
NOGAY CYCLE OF THE KAZAKH HEROIC EPIC
Authors:   M.O. Auezov Institute of Literature and Art, Azibayeva B.U.
Published: August 2021

Epic song heritage is an important and significant part of the Kazakh folklore. Important, socially significant issues of the Kazakh epic, an integral and composite part of the global epic heritage – praising the actions of the arrow-hunter, who lives separately from the people, protection of the family, protection of the clan, tribe, El, Motherland from foreign invaders, the struggle for the unity and independence of the people, the struggle for personal happiness, protection of honor and dignity of the individual, glorifying personal qualities of the average member of society, depiction of the internal struggles, religious feelings and affections, as well as interpersonal, intra-family, intra-tribe and inter-tribe interactions, etc. The national theme of protection of the Motherland, being relevant in many periods of history of Kazakhstan, is a dominant theme of the epics with heroic orientation, which received the highest artistic expression in classical samples of the heroic epic which were rightly included into the golden Foundation of the world epic heritage; images of the heroes- defenders became an example to follow for many generations. Heroes of classical samples of the heroic epic, for example, epics "Alpamys Batyr", "Kobylandy Batyr", "Kambar Batyr", etc. protect interests of specific clans and tribes which they lead. Heroes of Nogay cycle of the heroic epic don't protect a specific clan or tribe, but the whole Nogay El. In historical epics, the batyrs defend the interests of the Kazakh khanate, fight for freedom, independence, peace and happy life of the entire Kazakh people. These epic genres give us a panoramic picture of the progressive development of the national epic from the clan-tribal to the State epic. Nogay cycle is a semantically significant part of the heroic Kazakh epic, a symbol of a certain stage of its historical development. Nogay cycle of heroic epic is created within the frame of national epic traditions, however, it is characterized by its specific parameters and features.
WAYS OF REALIZATION OF “ETERNAL NATION (MANGILIK EL)” CONCEPT IN THE NOVEL (Illustrated in the novel of T. Zakenuly “Eternal stone”)
Authors:   M.O. Auezov Institute of Literature and Art Almaty, Kazakhstan, Akhmetova A.M.
Published: August 2021

The article tells about the genesis of the realization of the artistic concept “Eternal nation” in the novel of the writer Tursynkhan Zakenuly “Mugitas” (“Eternity in stone”). The author of the article tries to uncover the main motive reason for the narrative, and also conducts a comparative analysis of both the artistry and the historical events that took place in the novel. In the context of the novel, the concept “Eternal nation” is embodied through historical anthroponyms and toponyms, in reproducing the spiritual valuesof the Turkic world, also characteristic of the Kazakh people, reflected in the artistic details of the work. The author of the article demonstrates and brings to the forefront reminiscences and allusions to certain socio-historical and religious-cultural events,points to signs and other examples of the artistic use of literary paths within the framework of the concept being studied. In the novel “Migitas (Eternity in the Stone)”, published in 2012, the image of the ruler-kagan of the Turkic people from the monuments “Bilge Kagan”, “Tonykok” and “Kultegin” was reflected, “the word of the Heros” is also one of the images, making up the basis of interesting storylines of the novel. The above-mentioned monuments represent the edification advice of the rulers of the Turkic people to their descendants. Thus, the author of the article concludes that the mentioned monuments of the 6th-8th centuries became for the writer Tursynkhan Zakenuly not only a topic of creative search, but also an interest in writing the nevel “Mangitas (Eternity in Stone)”.
FROM THE HISTORY OF COLLECTION AND STUDY OF THE TATAR FOLK SONGS
Authors:   G.Ibragimov Institute of Language, Literature and Art, Minnullin Kim
Published: August 2021

The article deals with the problems related to the collection, recording and scientific study of the Tatar folk song. The author of the article defines the first stage of this process, covering the entire nineteenth century. It was revealed that the study of folk songwriting of the Tatar people began within the walls of Kazan University. Attention is paid to the contribution of Russian and foreign scientists to the formation of Tatar musical folklore. The next stage in the formation of professional Tatar folklore studies is the period from the end of the 19th to the beginning of the 20th centuries. The author of the article lists the representatives of Tatar professional literature, theatrical art, and music who have shown interest in folk music and poetry. It has been established that the third stage in the development of Tatar philological and musical folklore began after 1917.
Electrochemical reversibility of Me6Fc/Me6Fc+PF6- and Me8Fc/Me8Fc+PF6- redox systems in acetonitrile
Authors: Ibrahimova Nigar Z. , Jafarov Gazanfar M. , Tagiyev Dilgam B. , Lyatifov Iltifat U.
Published: August 2021

Two new redox systems, sym. 1,2,4,1¢,2¢,4¢-hexamethylferrocene/cation sym. 1,2,4,1¢,2¢,4¢-hexamethyl ferricinium and sym. octamethylferrocene/cation sym. Octamethyl­ferricinium (MenFc/MenFc+, n = 6, 8) were studied by the cyclic voltammetry method. The observed dif­ference between potentials of anodic and cathodic peaks of 0.063 to 0.075 V, and its inde­pendence on the potential scan rate, the straight-line depen­dence of the current value of anodic (and cathodic) peak on square root of the potential scan rate, as well as  shapes of the recorded cyclic voltammograms indicate that both redox systems in acetonitrile meet the most important requirement of IUPAC regarding internal reference redox systems (IRRS) - electrochemical reversibility of electron transfer reaction. The same method under identical conditions was used to study the effect of the number of methyl groups on the redox potential of MenFc/MenFc+ systems, n = 0, 6, 8, 10. It was shown that the successive displacement of half-wave potential in the series of Fc/Fc+ - Me6Fc/Me6Fc+ - Me8Fc/Me8Fc+ -Me10Fc/Me10Fc+ towards negative potentials is attributed to the electron-donor property of methyl groups. The location of the redox potentials values of new systems [n=6 (111 mV), n=8 (23 mV)] between redox potentials of systems of n = 0 (431 mV) and n = 10 (-77 mV) means that the redox potential of the systems of MenFc/MenFc+(n = 6, 8) has an optimal position on the electrode potential scale, i.e. meets another of the IUPAC criteria for IRRS.
Anarchist Criminology
Authors: Walach Václav , Seis Mark , Vysotsky Stanislav
Published: August 2021

Anarchist criminology is not a new approach to the critical study of harm, crime, and criminalization, but it has been largely overlooked and gained serious impetus only in recent years. This interview features two scholars who have been at the forefront of this development. Mark Seis co-edited the volumes Contemporary Anarchist Criminology (Nocella, Seis and Shantz 2018) and Classic Writings in Anarchist Criminology (Nocella, Seis, and Shantz 2020), which bring together some of the key texts that utilize anarchist theorizing to challenge the status quo, both in society and in criminology. Stanislav Vysotsky has recently published his book American Antifa (Vysotsky 2021), where he explores, inter alia, militant antifascism as informal policing. The interview emerged somewhat unconventionally. Stanislav was interviewed first on March 22, 2021. The resulting transcript was edited and sent to Mark who was unable to join the online meeting due to technical difficulties. I received his answers on May 24. The following is a slightly shortened and edited version of the interview.
Morphometry and production of maize inoculated with Azospirillum brasilense
Authors: Brito Tauane Santos , Guimarães Vandeir Francisco , Chaves Elisiane Inês Dall’Oglio , Pan Renan , Lerner Alexandre Wegner , Roske VictorMatheus , Cecatto Junior Roberto
Published: August 2021

This study aimed to analyze the influence of inoculation methods with Azospirillum brasilense in morphometric and nutritional parameters of the maize crop. Maize plants, hybrid Formula VT®, were grown under different forms of inoculation: absence of inoculation; seed inoculation; leaf inoculation; seed inoculation associated to leaf inoculation. In the phenological stages V8 and VT the parameters number of leaves, aerial height, root volume, stem diameter, besides the leaves, stem, sheath, root and total dry mass and the leaf content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were determined. In the R6 stage, in addition to the previous evaluations the following parameters were determined: ear diameter and length, number of kernel rows, number of kernels per row, the reproductive structure and thousand grains dry mass, and total number of grains, besides the grain’s content of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. The SPAD index from the leave’s apex, medial and basal thirds was measured fortnightly. The inoculation methods with A. brasilense had little influence in maize’s morphometric and nutritional parameters, also not influencing in production. Maize plants inoculated with A. brasilense, via seed and via seed associated to leaf spraying, positively stood out for the stem diameter, leaves dry mas, root volume, and for the nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium leaf content.
Klausurtraining Umweltrecht
Authors: Winkler Daniela , Kelly Ryan , Schmidt Kristina , Zeccola Marc
Published: August 2021

Vorerst ist nicht absehbar, dass es in näherer Zukunft ein Umweltgesetzbuch gibt, das alle umweltrechtlich relevanten Regelungen – vergleichbar dem Sozialrecht – zusammenfasst und einheitlich normiert. So bleibt es bei der Vielzahl an Einzelregelungen. Das Klausurtraining stellt die typischen Problemkonstellationen, wie sie häufig in Übungs- und Examensprüfungen vorkommen, dar. Das Fallbuch legt einen Schwerpunkt darauf, sämtliche klausurrelevanten Umweltrechtsbereiche abzudecken, dabei wird das Energierecht ebenso berücksichtigt wie das europäische Umweltrecht. Umfangreiche Erwähnung findet das Umweltrechtsbehelfsgesetz mit den Neuerungen von 2017. Durch zahlreiche die Fallbearbeitung ergänzende Erläuterungen verbindet das Werk die Vorzüge eines Klausurenbuchs mit denen eines Lehrbuchs.
Das Menschenrecht auf Wasser im internationalen Investitionsrecht
Authors: Panosch Lara Maria
Published: August 2021

International investment law and the law of human rights currently show an unresolved relationship in the practice of international arbitration. The extent to which a human right to water can be accommodated within the framework of investment protection law has been considered in detail in this thesis. The possible solutions identified in the course of this research offer the potential to adequately take into account a human right to water in investment arbitration, both through non-contractual integration by means of a systemic interpretation along the established guidelines and through the contractual inclusion of explicitly formulated building blocks on Corporate Social Responsibility.
Verwaltungskoordination in der internationalen Energiepolitik
Authors: Widmuch Sebastian
Published: August 2021

National and international administrative actors interact via coordination processes that are often informal, in which they exercise power to accumulate critical resources or push their agendas. Supported by quantitative and qualitative data collection and analysis techniques, this work sheds light on factors that facilitate the successful exercise of power in the energy sector. It looks not only at corporate factors, such as personnel, but also at individual characteristics, such as work experience. A central finding of the study shows that the successful exercise of power is not conditioned by individual corporate factors, but is made possible by a combination of different factors.
Power Decreases Loneliness through Enhanced Social Support: The Moderating Role of Social Exclusion
Authors: Sun Gong , Wang Wangshuai , Han Jianyi , Yu Zucheng , Li Jie
Published: August 2021

En los últimos años, el poder y la soledad son dos temas importantes de investigación en psicología social. Sin embargo, están en ramas separadas de literatura a pesar de la relación potencial. Para llenar este vacío, esta investigación investiga sistemáticamente cómo, por qué y cuándo el sentido de poder afecta la soledad examinando el efecto principal, el papel mediador del apoyo social percibido y el papel moderador de la exclusión social. En el Estudio 1, 539 participantes en China participaron en un estudio de encuesta, que incluyó la Escala de Sentido de Poder, la Escala de Apoyo Social Percibido y la Escala de Soledad de UCLA. En el Estudio 2, probamos casualmente los efectos principales y moderadores en un experimento controlado utilizando una muestra de los Estados Unidos. Tomados en conjunto, los resultados muestran que: (1) El sentido de poder reduce la soledad. (2) El apoyo social percibido media esta relación, de modo que el poder fortalece el apoyo social percibido y, por lo tanto, disminuye la soledad. (3) La exclusión social modera esta relación, de modo que la función de amortiguamiento del poder es efectiva sólo cuando la exclusión social está ausente.

In recent years, power and loneliness are two important research topics in social psychology. However, they are in separate streams of literature despite the potential relationship. To fill this gap, this research systematically investigates how, why, and when sense of power affects loneliness by examining the main effect, the mediating role of perceived social support, and the moderating role of social exclusion. In Study 1, 539 participants in China participated in a survey study, which included Sense of Power Scale, Perceived Social Support Scale, and UCLA Loneliness Scale. In Study 2, we casually tested the main and moderating effects in a controlled experiment using a sample from the United States. Taken together, the results show that: (1) Sense of power reduces loneliness. (2) Perceived social support mediates this relationship, such that power enhances perceived social support and thereby decreases loneliness. (3) Social exclusion moderates this relationship, such that the buffering function of power is effective only when social exclusion is absent.
Medidas observacionales para evaluar la responsividad parental: una revisión sistemática.
Authors: Halty Amaia , Berástegui Ana
Published: August 2021

Objetivo: Este estudio pretende identificar y analizar las medidas observacionales para evaluar el constructo de responsividad parental, con especial atención en los componentes que se evalúan, en las características de aplicación y en los criterios de uso. Método: Se llevó a cabo una revisión sistemática de la literatura de todos los instrumentos publicados a través de las bases de datos de PsychINFO y Google Scholar. Dos investigadoras independientes evaluaron la elegibilidad de todos los instrumentos, extrajeron los datos y evaluaron sus características. Resultados: Se seleccionaron 33 instrumentos. Los componentes evaluados son diversos y más del 50% evalúan también otros constructos. La mayoría son de enfoque positivo, más de la mitad se codifican a través de vídeo y el tiempo destinado a la evaluación es muy variable, desde menos de 5 minutos a más de una hora. Algo menos de la mitad solicita realizar tareas concretas y todos ellos requieren formación específica para su uso. Discusión: Existe una gran oferta de instrumentos para evaluar la responsividad parental. Esta revisión ofrece claves que facilitan la elección del instrumento más adecuado a cada necesidad profesional o de investigación.

Objective: The aim of this research is to identify and analyze the observational measures for the assessment of parental responsiveness construct, with a focus on the components that are evaluated, the characteristics of the implementation and the criteria of use. Method: A systematic review was carried out to identify all instruments published through PsychINFO and Google Scholar databases. Two independent researchers assessed the eligibility criteria of all measures, substracted data and assessed their characteristics. Results: 33 instruments were selected. The components of the measures are diverse and more than 50% also evaluate other constructs. Most instruments are positive in focus, more than half are encoded through video and the evaluation periods are very variable, from less than 5 minutes to more than one hour. Less than a half request to perform specific tasks and all of them require specific training for their use. Discussion: There is a wide range of instruments to assess parental responsiveness. This review offers clues that facilitate the choice of the most appropriate instrument for each professional or research needs.
Nota editorial. Introducción al tema monográfico “Cerebro y conducta: un enfoque neurocientífico/psicofisiológico”, en honor y recuerdo del Prof. Jesús Gómez Amor
Authors: Espín López Laura , Salvador Alicia
Published: August 2021

Nota editorial en la que se presenta el monográfico y se hace un breve comentario de los artículos que lo componen

Editorial note in which the special theme is presented and a brief comment is made on the articles that compose it.
The local and filmed accountability of sensorial practices
Authors: Mondada Lorenza , Bouaouina Sofian A. , Camus Laurent , Gauthier Guillaume , Svensson Hanna , Tekin Burak S.
Published: August 2021

This paper contributes to a multimodal EMCA approach to sensoriality and to a reflection about how video can support it. First, it discusses how the intersubjectivity and accountability of sensorial practices are locally and endogenously achieved by and for the participants. This accountability is implemented through various multimodal resources, which make sensorial practices accessible for the co-participants. Second, it shows how the visual, verbal and sometimes co-tactile orientations of the participants are also the very basis on which researchers and other professionals build the videographability of the activity. The paper articulates these two aspects by studying activities dealing with food, in which the participants engage in touching food as a relevant sensorial practice within their ongoing course of action.
Does Post-Mastectomy Radiation Therapy Worsen Outcomes in Immediate Autologous Breast Flap Reconstruction? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Liew Belle , Southall Clea , Kanapathy Muholan , Nikkhah Dariush
Published: August 2021

Background There is great uncertainty regarding the practice of immediate autologous breast reconstruction (IBR) when post-mastectomy radiotherapy (PMRT) is indicated. Many plastic surgery units differ in their protocols, with some recommending delayed breast reconstruction (DBR) instead. Nevertheless, the cosmetic and psychosocial benefits offered by IBR are significant. The aim of this study was to comprehensively review and analyse existing literature to compare irradiated and unirradiated autologous flaps. Methods A comprehensive search in MEDLINE, EMBASE and CENTRAL databases was conducted in November 2020 for primary studies assessing outcomes of IBR with and without PMRT. Primary outcomes were the incidence of clinical complications, observer- and patient-reported outcomes. Meta-analyses were performed to obtain the pooled risk ratio of individual complications where possible. Results Twenty-one articles involving 3817 patients were included. Meta-analysis of pooled data demonstrated risk ratios for fat necrosis (RR=1.91, p<0.00001), secondary surgery (RR=1.62, p=0.03) and volume loss (RR=8.16, p<0.00001) favouring unirradiated flaps, but no significant difference in all other reported complications. The unirradiated group scored higher in observer-reported outcome measures, but self-reported aesthetic and general satisfaction rates were similar. Conclusions IBR should still be offered to patients as a viable option after mastectomy, even if they require PMRT. Despite the statistically significant higher risks of fat necrosis and contracture, these changes appear to be less clinically relevant, as corroborated by generally positive self-reported scores from patients who developed the aforementioned complications. Preoperative and intraoperative measures can further optimize reconstruction and mitigate post-radiation sequelae. Careful management of patients’ expectations is also imperative.
Symphonies by B. Tishchenko: in tune with the times, against the troubled times. Part 1
Authors: Serov Iurii Eduardovich
Published: August 2021

The research subject is the symphonic works of an outstanding Russian composer of the late 20th century Boris Ivanovich Tishchenko (1939 - 2010). The article considers his compositions of the 1960s - 1980s: the first six symphonies with numbers and some symphonies with titles. The author studies such aspects of the topic as Tishchenko’s innovatory role in the renovation of Russian symphonic style of the 1960s, the interrelation of music and poetry in Tishchenko’s large orchestra compositions, and the significant influence of literary concepts on the development of his symphonic style. Special attention is given to the issue of Tishchenko taking over from the large Russian symphonic tradition. The main contribution of the research is the idea that Tishchenko is among the few of his generation who held true to the genre of large “pure” symphony, and took over from the symphonic line of his genius teacher D. Shostakovich. The author’s special contribution is the analysis of all symphonic works by B. Tishchenko. Such a detailed study is the first in Russia. The scientific novelty of the research consists in the fact that the author proves a close connection between Tishchenko’s symphonic style and his epoch, the controversial cultural and social processes suffered by his generation.
The Invisible Presence of OBC: A Literary Voice
Authors: Wayal Amar
Published: August 2021

This paper analyzes the writing on OBC literature to contribute, presumably in a bit of way, toward opening up a dialogue among them regarding what constitutes meaningful literary efforts and selecting OBC literature because OBC has not much mattered yet, not in the aura of postcolonial, cultural, and subaltern studies. In order to initiate a dialogue about the undersideof the literary world, the term OBC literature appears as one of the mechanisms for producing social, political, and educational consciousness in society. The existence of this consciousness, shaped by the backward commissions, is easily understood for the constitutional facts of pre andpost-independence societies. To investigate the conditions of socially and educationally backward classes and the difficulties in which they labour for years, the variants of Other Backward Classes from history remain the same in order to establish a favourable literary voice for their marginalization and oppression.
Notes from the editor
Authors: Nimehchisalem Vahid
Published: August 2021

Thanks to our international authors, readers, reviewers, and editorial board members, our July 2021 issue is now released. The pandemic has been on-going stimulating many researchers to conduct more studies related to digital literacy and e-learning. We have had an increasing number of submissions related to online learning. The current issue presents engaging topics related to education and literacy studies from diverse locations from all around the world. The topics of our articles in this issue are related to different areas including motivation, listening skills, E-mail literacy, young learners’ literacy, literacy as women’s empowerment tool, learning environment, digital storytelling, bilingualism and writing skills, synchronous distance education, paradigm shifts in literacy theories, social studies instruction, music e-learning, creative expression technique, persuasive communication instruction, 21st century learner skills, historical literacy, and technological pedagogical content knowledge.
An Application for Persuasive Communication Instruction in Turkish Education
Authors: Asar Ahmet , Gülerer Salih
Published: August 2021

The learning outcomes concerning the characteristics of persuasive communication are specified within Turkish curriculum from 4th grade onward. Depending on the field and purpose, persuasive communication exhibits different characteristics. Turkish language education program addresses such general characteristics of media texts as cultural transmission, interpretation, elucidating, entertaining and persuading. In Turkish courses, activities regarding the characteristics of persuasive education are not implemented. Therefore, this particular study primarily aimed to provide activities concerning persuasive communication instruction with the aim of assisting secondary school students analyze and interpret media texts. In this mixed methods study, the data were collected through literature review, pre-post test and course activities towards persuasive communication used in education, public relations, advertisement and propaganda. The activities were carried out with 14 voluntary students attending 7th grade in a Turkish state school. Pre and post-test activities were assessed by two experts. The results were keyed into SPSS 18 program. The data were analyzed via paired sample t-test and Wilcoxon Test together with students’ opinions. Based on students’ performances evaluated prior to, during and after the activity, it has been concluded that learning towards the characteristics of persuasive communication occurs with a significant level. As a result, teaching the characteristics of persuasive communication in Turkish lessons should be considered.
Investigation of 21st Century Learner Skills Usage Levels of Turkish Language Teacher Candidates
Authors: Maltepe Saadet , Bayrakdar Emre
Published: August 2021

In this study, it was aimed to determine the 21st century learner skills usage levels (cognitive skills, autonomous skills, collaboration and flexibility skills, and innovation skills) of Turkish language teacher candidates in terms of some variables (gender, grade level, success status). In this study, singular screening, causal comparison and relational screening models were used together within the framework of quantitative research approaches. The respondents were 259 students studying in Turkish Language Teaching Program of Turkish and Social Sciences Department at Balikesir University Necatibey College of Education in the 2018-2019 academic year. The “21st Century Learner Skills Usage Scale” developed by Orhan Göksün (2016) was used as the data collection tool. The scoring of the five-point Likert-type scale consisting of 31 items was made from never (1) to always (5). The 31 items in the scale were gathered under four factors as cognitive skills, autonomous skills, collaboration and flexibility skills, and innovation skills. In the analysis of the data obtained, mean for descriptive analysis, t-test and analysis of variance techniques for comparisons made by the related variables were used. In the study, it was found that the 21st century learner skills usage levels of Turkish language teacher candidates differed in favor of males only in the innovation skills dimension of the scale. It was concluded that as the grade level and grade point average increased, the level of 21st century learner skills use of the participants also increased.
The Effect of Storytelling Skill Acquisition on the Impromptu Speaking Attitudes and Anxiety Levels of 6th Grade Students
Authors: Doğan Filiz , Çifci Selcen
Published: August 2021

People’s attitudes and anxiety towards impromptu speaking can negatively affect their performance and can create speaking anxiety in them. The aim of this study is to find out whether there is a significant relationship between the acquisition of storytelling skills and the impromptu speaking attitudes and speaking anxieties of 6th grade students. The nested pattern of the mixed method was used in the research. In the quantitative part of the research, a one-group, pretest-posttest experimental model was employed. The quantitative data were collected by the ‘Speaking Skill Attitude Scale’. Paired samples t-test was used to determine whether the storytelling training given to the students had an effect on their speaking attitudes, and the Wilcoxon Signed Ranks test was used to determine whether it had an effect on their speaking anxiety. Qualitative data were also collected with student interview form and observation form. As the result of the research showed, the acquisition of storytelling was significantly associated with students’ impromptu speaking attitudes and anxiety levels. Therefore, it is important to provide students with the acquisition of storytelling to influence their attitudes and anxieties when delivering impromptu speeches.
Reasons for Manuscript Rejection at Internal and Peer-review Stages
Authors: Adib Souhail , Nimehchisalem Vahid
Published: August 2021

The noble aim of publishing an article is to drive the wheel of scientific research forward; pragmatically speaking, though, and that is the case of many authors, a publication is a set criterion for their graduation or promotion. When publishing an article is mentioned, authors tend to contemplate rejection. Some fear rejection to the point of refraining from drafting the manuscript. To identify the most common reasons why submissions are rejected, internally by the journal editors (also referred to as preview or screening stage), and externally by the blind reviewers, we analysed the preview and review comments of 100 rejected submissions to the International Journal of Education and literacy Studies (IJELS) in the period between 2018 and 2020. The results of inductive thematic analysis indicated that the main reasons why submissions were rejected at the preview stage were problems with originality, poor language, scope, format, and organization. At the review stage, the main reasons were methodology, organization, language, insignificance, and literature review. Additionally, other less common reasons why manuscripts were rejected were that they lacked clear and conventional result reports, in-depth discussions, and thick conclusions, relevant, current, and impactful references among others to be discussed in this article. Many of these issues are, of course, fixable and future authors are highly encouraged to go through this paper and treat it as a guideline that will improve the quality of their manuscripts, and therefore, they will stand higher chances of acceptance.
Motivational Predictors of Tenth Graders’ Academic Achievement in Harari Secondary Schools
Authors: Teressa Tamrat Dina , Bekele Gadissa
Published: August 2021

The main purpose of this study was to examine the effects of intrinsic predictors, teaching style, and extrinsic predictors and challenges of male and female 10th graders’ academic achievement in Harari National Regional state. The population of the study were students from Abadir secondary school, Shakib secondary school, and Harari senior secondary schools. The samples (n = 104) were selected using cluster sampling technique from eight secondary schools in the region. Reliability tests indicated acceptable coefficients (0.72, 0.85 and 0.82) for the three domains of the questionnaire. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data. The findings show that student-centered teaching approach is the most robust predictor of academic success. Some of the variables in the study indicated poor predictive power, some indicated moderate, and others showed high predictive power over students’ academic achievement. The findings are insightful in that they reveal why some students succeed in tasks, why some give up easily, and why some other students persist. It is recommended that teachers adopt a learner/student-centered teaching method to enable their students to develop self-sustaining approach in order to maintain a lifelong enthusiasm for their future learning. The findings have implications for curriculum experts who can transform their routine approach to general education curricula in such a way as to inspire and change students’ personal, moral, emotional, psychological and behavioural adjustments towards academic success.
Dung beetles as samplers of mammals in Malaysian Borneo—a test of high throughput metabarcoding of iDNA
Authors: Drinkwater Rosie , Williamson Joseph , Clare Elizabeth L. , Chung Arthur Y.C. , Rossiter Stephen J. , Slade Eleanor
Published: August 2021

Invertebrate-derived DNA (iDNA) sampling in biodiversity surveys is becoming increasingly widespread, with most terrestrial studies relying on DNA derived from the gut contents of blood-feeding invertebrates, such as leeches and mosquitoes. Dung beetles (superfamily Scarabaeoidea) primarily feed on the faecal matter of terrestrial vertebrates and offer several potential benefits over blood-feeding invertebrates as samplers of vertebrate DNA. Importantly, these beetles can be easily captured in large numbers using simple, inexpensive baited traps, are globally distributed, and occur in a wide range of habitats. To build on the few existing studies demonstrating the potential of dung beetles as sources of mammalian DNA, we subjected the large-bodied, Bornean dung beetle (Catharsius renaudpauliani) to a controlled feeding experiment. We analysed DNA from gut contents at different times after feeding using qPCR techniques. Here, we first describe the window of DNA persistence within a dung beetle digestive tract. We found that the ability to successfully amplify cattle DNA decayed over relatively short time periods, with DNA copy number decreasing by two orders of magnitude in just 6 h. In addition, we sampled communities of dung beetles from a lowland tropical rainforest in Sabah, Malaysia, in order to test whether it is possible to identify vertebrate sequences from dung beetle iDNA. We sequenced both the gut contents from large dung beetle species, as well as whole communities of smaller beetles. We successfully identified six mammalian species from our samples, including the bearded pig (Sus barbatus) and the sambar deer (Rusa unicolor)—both vulnerable species on the IUCN red list. Our results represent the first use of dung beetle iDNA to sample Southeast Asian vertebrate fauna, and highlight the potential for dung beetle iDNA to be used in future biodiversity monitoring surveys.
In vitro effect of resin infiltrant on resistance of sound enamel surfaces in permanent teeth to demineralization
Authors: Li Meng , Yang Zhengyan , Huang Yajing , Li Yueheng , Zhou Zhi
Published: August 2021

Objective

To investigate the effect of resin infiltrant on resistance of sound permanent enamel surfaces to demineralization.

Method

Eighty healthy premolars were sectioned to obtain enamel blocks from the buccal surface. Specimens with baseline surface microhardness values of 320–370 were selected. The experimental group were treated with resin infiltrant, while the control group was not. Specimens from each group were artificially demineralized and the surface microhardness values were measured again. Confocal laser scanning microscopy was used to measure the depth of demineralization and detect the penetration ability of the resin infiltrant. The specimens were subjected to a simulated toothbrushing abrasion test. Scanning electron microscopy was used to observe changes in the surface morphology of specimens after each of these procedures.

Results

No significant differences between the experimental and control groups were observed in the baseline microhardness values or in the experimental group after resin infiltration compared with the baseline conditions. After artificial demineralization, the microhardness value in the control group was significantly lower than that in the experimental group (266.0 (±34.5) compared with 304.0 (±13.0), P = 0.017). Confocal laser scanning microscopy results showed that the demineralization depth in the control group was significantly deeper than that in the experimental group (97.9 (±22.8) µm vs. 50.4 (±14.3) µm, P < 0.001), and that resin infiltrant completely penetrated the acid-etched demineralized area of the tooth enamel with a mean penetration depth of 31.6 (±9.0) µm. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the surface morphology was more uniform and smoother after simulated toothbrushing. The enamel surface structure was more severely destroyed in the control group after artificial demineralization compared with that of the experimental group.

Conclusion

Resin infiltrant can completely penetrate an acid-etched demineralized enamel area and improve resistance of sound enamel surfaces to demineralization. Our findings provide an experimental basis for preventive application of resin infiltrant to sound enamel surfaces to protect tooth enamel against demineralization.
Physical-Chemical Characterization of the Oil Extracted from Sponge Gourd (Luffa cylindrica) Seeds and Its Potential Application as Lipid-base Raw Material to Produce Biodiesel
Authors: Adeosun Y. M. , Koyenikan O. O. , Oyewole B. A.
Published: August 2021

The escalating prices of petroleum fuels, the uncertainties in their supply and the wreckage of global climate caused by their continual use have rekindled research interests in the use of plant oil for fuels and other biofuels. Sponge gourd seeds were investigated for its biodiesel properties with the aim of determining the desirability of incorporating the oil into bio-fuel. The seeds were sourced for, processed and extracted while the bio-fuel oil obtained were analyzed. 31.0 Percentage (%) of oil yield was obtained from Luffa cylindrica seeds according to American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) and Association of Analytical Chemists (AOAC) Standards which were used to determine other Biofuel properties of luffa cylindrica seed.  The laboratory analysis revealed that the oil obtained has higher viscosity at 40°C (15.55 mm2/s) which can perfectly meet up with an established standard of biodiesel on reduction after transesterification. The analysis obtained had a flash point of (150°C), Cetane number of (71.90), Refractive index of (1.645 nm), Acid value of (34.10 mg KOH/g) and Iodine value of (86.20 mgI2/g) obtained compared with most standard biodiesel which is in agreement with the specified ASTM biodiesel standard.
Standardized Ileal Amino Acid Digestibility of Red and White Pigeon Peas (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp) in Broiler Chicks
Authors: Agboola A. F. , Omidiwura B. R. O. , Oluwatomini I. O. , Ahmed R. O.
Published: August 2021

This study evaluated the standardized ileal amino acid digestibility of two varieties of pigeon pea in broiler chicks.

The experiment was carried out at the Poultry Unit of the Teaching and Research Farm, University of Ibadan, Nigeria between May and July, 2019. Two hundred and forty (240) one-day old Abor Acre plus-strain broiler chicks were fed a commercial broiler starter diet for 15 days. On day 16, the birds were weighed, tagged and randomly allotted to 4 dietary treatments (Diet 1: Nitrogen Free Diet (NFD); Diet 2: Highly Digestible Protein (HDP); Diet 3: Red Pigeon Pea (RPP), Diet 4: White Pigeon Pea (WPP) with 6 replicates and 10 birds each in a randomized complete block design.

On day 21, birds were sacrificed and digesta collected from terminal ileum. The Endogenous Amino Acid Losses (EAAL), Apparent Ileal Amino Acid Digestibility (AIAAD), Standardized Ileal Amino Acid Digestibility (SIAAD) were estimated. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and ANOVA at P = .05.

Higher EAA flow (P < .001) was recorded in lysine and aspartic acid for NFD while endogenous alanine flow was higher in HDP. Arginine had the lowest apparent digestibility values for both WPP and RPP. Apparent digestibility values of histidine, phenylalanine, valine, aspartic acid, glycine, proline and serine in WPP were significantly (P = .05) higher than in RPP with their corresponding higher (P = .05) SID values. Arginine had the lowest SIAAD value when AIAAD was corrected with HDP or NFD. In conclusion, WPP had higher CP level as well as higher digestibility values for some amino acids than RPP. The method used for standardization did not affect SIAAD values corrected with NFD or HDP for WPP and RPP respectively. Therefore, either of the two methods can be used to correct for endogenous amino acid losses.
Effect of Different Levels of Potassium on Soil Potassium Fractions and on Sugarcane Yield and Quality
Authors: Sireesha A. , Ramalakshmi CH. S. , Sreelatha T.
Published: August 2021

A Field experiment was conducted on effect of various levels of potassium application on soil potassium fractions and sugarcane yield at Regional Agricultural research station, Anakapalle, Andhra Pradesh. The experiment comprised six treatments and four replications in Randomized Block Design. The treatments comprised of T1:Control (0 K), T2:50% Recommended dose of Potassium (60 kg K/ha),T3:75% Recommended dose of Potassium (90 kg K/ha),T4:100% Recommended dose of Potassium (120 kg K/ha),T5:125% Recommended dose of Potassium (150 kg K/ha) and T6:150% Recommended dose of Potassium (180 kg K/ha). Results revealed that number of milliable cane, cane yield (t/ha) and sugar yield (t/ha) was found to be significantly high with treatment receiving 150% recommended dose of fertilizers (79855, 82.12 t/ha and 12.04 t/ha respectively), however, it was statistically on par with the treatments receiving  125% recommended dose of potassium fertilizers(79855,82.12 t/ha and 12.04 t/ha respectively) and 100% recommended dose of potassium fertilizers application (79315,81.86 t/ha and 11.57 t/ha respectively). Increasing levels of K significantly increased all the K fractions. However, highest value of water soluble K (29.5 mg kg-1 at 0-15 cm depth and 31.6 mg kg-1 at 15-30 cm ) exchangeable K (205 mg kg-1 at 0-15 cm depth and 228 mg kg-1 at 15-30 cm depth) non-exchangeable K (854 mg kg-1 at 0-15 cm depth and 971 mg kg-1 at 15-30 cm depth), lattice K (2110and 2381 mg kg-1 at 0-15 and 15-30 cm ) and total K (3267 and 3718 mg kg-1) were recorded with the application of with the application of 150% recommended dose of potassium application (180 kg ha-1) followed by application of 125% recommended dose of potassium application (150 kg ha-1) . The sequential order of dominance of different fractions of K were lattice K>nonexchangeable K> exchangeable K and water soluble K. The per cent contribution of different fractions of K to total K were followed in the order of lattice K (64.02 to 74.94% at 0-15 and 15-30 cm depth), non-exchangeabl K (15.46 to 17.79% at 0-15 and 26.4 to 27.43 % 15-30 cm depth), exchangeable K (6.32 to 8.39% and 5.60 to 7.69% at 0-15 and 15-30 cm depth), and water soluble K (0.81-0.90% and 0.69 to 0.85% at 0-15 and 15-30 cm depth) There exists positive and significant correlation among various K fractions indicating dynamic equilibrium.