bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of depression in Type 1 diabetes and the problem of over‐diagnosis
Authors: Fisher L. , Hessler D. M. , Polonsky W. H. , Masharani U. , Peters A. L. , Blumer I. , Strycker L. A.
Published: October 2015

Aims

To determine the prevalence of depression and diabetes distress in adults with Type 1 diabetes and the rate of false‐positives when compared with rates of major depressive disorder.

Methods

The sample consisted of 368 individuals with Type 1 diabetes, aged > 19 years. Individuals completed: the eight‐item Patient Health Questionnaire depression scale (PHQ8), which was coded using four scoring criteria (scores > 10, >12 and >15, and Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5 (DSM) algorithm scores); the Type 1 Diabetes Distress Scale; and the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM Disorders (SCID) to assess major depressive disorder.

Results

The prevalence rates of depression according to the eight‐item Patient Health Questionnaire were: score >10, 11.4%; score >12, 7.1%; score >15, 3.8%; and positive algorithm result, 4.6%. The prevalence of major depressive disorder was 3.5%; and the prevalence of at least moderate diabetes distress was 42.1%. Depending on the criterion used, the false‐positive rate when using the Patient Health Questionnaire compared with the results when using the SCID varied from 52 to 71%. Of those classified as depressed on the PHQ‐8 or Structured Clinical Interview for DSM Disorders, between 92.3 and 96.2% also reported elevated diabetes distress. No significant association was found between any group classed as having depression according to the PHQ8 or the SCID and HbA1c concentration. Depression was significantly associated with more other life stress, more complications and a lower level of education.

Conclusions

We found an unexpectedly low rate of current depression and major depressive disorder in this diverse sample of adults with Type 1 diabetes, and a very high rate of false‐positive results using the Patient Health Questionnaire. Considering the high prevalence of diabetes distress, much of what has been considered depression in adults with Type 1 diabetes may be attributed to the emotional distress associated with managing a demanding chronic disease and other life stressors and not necessarily to underlying psychopathology.
Economic evaluations of pharmacist‐managed services in people with diabetes mellitus: a systematic review
Authors: Wang Y. , Yeo Q. Q. , Ko Y.
Published: October 2015

Aim

To review and evaluate the most recent literature on the economic outcomes of pharmacist‐managed services in people with diabetes.

Background

The global prevalence of diabetes is increasing. Although pharmacist‐managed services have been shown to improve people's health outcomes, the economic impact of these programmes remains unclear.

Methods

A systematic review was conducted of six databases. Study inclusion criteria were: (1) original research; (2) evaluation of pharmacist‐managed services in people with diabetes; (3) an economic evaluation; (4) English‐language publication; and (5) full‐text, published between January 2006 and December 2014. The quality of the full economic evaluations reviewed was evaluated using the Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards checklist.

Results

A total of 2204 articles were screened and 25 studies were selected. These studies were conducted in a community pharmacy (n= 10), a clinic‐ /hospital‐based outpatient facility (n= 8), or others. Pharmacist‐managed services included targeted education (n= 24), general pharmacotherapeutic monitoring (n= 21), health screening or laboratory testing services (n= 9), immunization services (n= 2) and pharmacokinetic monitoring (n= 1). Compared with usual care, pharmacist‐managed services resulted in cost savings that varied from $7 to $65,000 ($8 to $85,000 in 2014USdollars) per person per year, and generated higher quality‐adjusted life years with lower costs. Benefit‐to‐cost ratios ranged from 1:1 to 8.5:1. Among the 25 studies reviewed, 11 were full economic evaluations of moderate quality.

Conclusions

Pharmacist‐managed services had a positive return in terms of economic viability. With the expanding role of pharmacists in the healthcare sector, alongside increasing health expenditure, future economic studies of high quality are needed to investigate the cost‐effectiveness of these services.
Longitudinal circulating concentrations of long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in the third trimester of pregnancy in gestational diabetes
Authors: Zhao J. P. , Levy E. , Shatenstein B. , Fraser W. D. , Julien P. , Montoudis A. , Spahis S. , Xiao L. , Nuyt A. M. , Luo Z. C.
Published: October 2015

Aim

Gestational diabetes mellitus is a common complication of pregnancy. Long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) are essential for fetal neurodevelopment. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is the predominant n–3 LCPUFA in the brain and retina. Circulating absolute concentrations of total n–3 and n–6 LCPUFAs rise during normal pregnancy. It remains unclear whether gestational diabetes may affect the normal rise in circulating concentrations of LCPUFAs in the third trimester of pregnancy – a period of rapid fetal neurodevelopment. This study aimed to address this question.

Methods

In a prospective singleton pregnancy cohort, fatty acids in fasting plasma total lipids were measured at 24–28 and 32–35 weeks of gestation in women with (n = 24) and without gestational diabetes mellitus (n = 116). Fatty acid desaturase activity indices were estimated by relevant product‐to‐precursor fatty acid ratios. Dietary nutrient intakes were estimated by a food frequency questionnaire.

Results

Plasma absolute concentrations of total n–6 LCPUFAs rose significantly between 24–28 and 32–35 weeks of gestation in women with or without gestational diabetes, whereas total n–3 LCPUFAs and DHA concentrations rose significantly only in women without gestational diabetes (all P < 0.01). Delta–5 desaturase indices (20:4n–6/20:3n–6) were similar, but delta–6 desaturase indices (18:3n–6/18:2n–6) were significantly lower in women with gestational diabetes at 32–35 weeks of gestation. Dietary intakes of all fatty acids were comparable.

Conclusion

The normal rise in circulating absolute concentrations of DHA and total n–3 LCPUFAs in the third trimester of pregnancy may be compromised in gestational diabetes, probably due to impaired synthesis or mobilization rather than dietary intake difference.
Diversification strategies and firm performance in Vietnam
Authors: Santarelli Enrico , Tran Hien Thu
Published: October 2015

This paper is based upon the assumption that a firm's profitability is determined by its degree of diversification which is, in turn, strongly related to the antecedent decision to carry out diversification activities. This calls for an empirical approach that permits the joint analysis of the three interrelated and consecutive stages of the overall diversification process: diversification decision, degree of diversification and outcome of diversification. We apply parametric and semi‐parametric approaches to control for sample selection and the endogeneity of the diversification decision in both static and dynamic models. For the analysis, we use the census dataset on the whole firm population in Vietnam, as a representative of transition countries. After controlling for industry fixed‐effects, the empirical evidence from the firm‐level data shows that diversification has a curvilinear effect on profitability: it improves firms’ profit up to a point, after which a further increase in diversification is associated with declining performance. This implies that firms should consider optimal levels of product diversification when they expand their product offerings beyond their core business. Other noteworthy findings include the following: (i) the factors that stimulate firms to diversify do not necessarily encourage them to extend their diversification strategy; (ii) firms that are endowed with highly technological resources and innovation investment are likely to successfully exploit diversification as an engine of growth; and (iii) while industry performance does not have a strong influence on the profitability of firms, it impacts their diversification decision as well as the degree of diversification.
Evaluation of the synthetic sex pheromone of the obscure mealybug, Pseudococcus viburni, as an attractant to conspecific males, and to females of the parasitoid Acerophagus maculipennis
Authors: Charles John G. , Bell Vaughn A. , Hall Alistair J. , Suckling D. Maxwell , Walker James T.S. , Cole Lyn M. , Shaw Peter W. , Wallis D. Roger , Millar Jocelyn G.
Published: October 2015

The obscure mealybug, Pseudococcus viburni (Signoret) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), is a cosmopolitan pest. In New Zealand, recently introduced management tools include the host‐specific parasitoid Acerophagus maculipennis (Mercet) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) established in 2001, and pheromone‐baited monitoring traps available since 2005. Red delta traps baited with rubber septum lures impregnated with 4.0 μg of the mealybug synthetic sex pheromone, placed in apple orchards in Hawke's Bay and Nelson, trapped both male P. viburni and female A. maculipennis. Two generations of both species per year were discernible, but numbers were low in spring and parasitoids were not trapped during winter (June to September). Male P. viburni catches reached a plateau at a pheromone dose of ca. 1.0 μg per lure but numbers of A. maculipennis per trap increased up to 100 μg per lure, the maximum dose tested. A mathematical model showed that the lures had a half‐life of about 7.4 days and were most attractive to P. viburni with a dose of 0.19 μg, and that the trap effectiveness decreased rapidly once the release rate dropped below the optimum. The model also predicted that the initial pheromone dose should be increased from 0.19 to 5.41 μg per lure as the desired period of deployment increased from 0 to 9 weeks. A dose of 4.0 μg had an initial relative effectiveness of about 55%, reached peak effectiveness after about 5 weeks, and fell to 55% relative effectiveness again after about 8.3 weeks. We conclude that an initial pheromone load of 4.0 μg is appropriate for practical monitoring of P. viburni during the New Zealand summer. Future applications of the sex pheromone for managing the pest and parasitoid are discussed.
Effects of elicitors of host plant defenses on pear psylla, Cacopsylla pyricola
Authors: Cooper W. Rodney , Horton David R.
Published: October 2015

Pear psylla, Cacopsylla pyricola (Foerster) (Hemiptera: Psyllidae), is a key pest of cultivated pear [Pyrus communis L. (Rosaceae)] in North America and Europe. We examined the effects of foliar applications of three commercially available chemical elicitors of host‐plant defenses — Actigard (acibenzolar‐S‐methyl), Employ (harpin protein), and ODC (chitosan) — on survival, development, feeding, and egg laying of C. pyricola. All three defense elicitors reduced the number of nymphs present on pear (cvs. Bartlett or D'Anjou) 30 days after releasing 10 adults on the trees. Choice assays showed that females settled and oviposited on untreated trees more often than on trees treated with any of the three defense elicitors. Results of no‐choice assays confirmed that the effects of Actigard, Employ, and ODC on C. pyricola were due to activation of systemic plant responses that led to reduced oviposition preference and nymph survival. However, results did not provide evidence that plant responses to elicitors led to reduced nymphal feeding rates or development. Results of our laboratory studies suggest that commercial defense elicitors may be useful in the integrated management of pear psylla once the effects of elicitors at an ecological scale are better understood.
Cytogenetics in multiple myeloma patients progressing into extramedullary disease
Authors: Besse Lenka , Sedlarikova Lenka , Greslikova Henrieta , Kupska Renata , Almasi Martina , Penka Miroslav , Jelinek Tomas , Pour Ludek , Adam Zdenek , Kuglik Petr , Krejci Marta , Hajek Roman , Sevcikova Sabina
Published: October 2015

Background

Extramedullary disease in multiple myeloma patients is an uncommon event occurring either at the time of diagnosis, or during disease progression/relapse. This manifestation is frequently associated with poor outcome and resistance to treatment. We evaluated chromosomal alterations of plasma cells of multiple myeloma patients with extramedullary relapse, either in the bone marrow (BM) or at extramedullary sites, and in previous BM collection by interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization.

Material and methods

Thirty‐one patients [25 BM plasma cells (BMPCs), 18 extramedullary tumor plasma cells], of which 12 had paired samples of BM and extramedullary plasma cells and 14 had previous collection of BM, were investigated for the presence of chromosomal aberrations (CHAs): del(17)(p13), del(13)(q14), 14q32 disruption, t(4;14)(p16;q32), t(14;16)(q32;q23), gain(1)(q21), and hyperdiploidy status.

Results

Overall, in unrelated samples, t(4;14) was more prevalent in extramedullary plasma cells, and hyperdiploidy was more frequent in BMPCs. In paired samples, there was a higher frequency of del(13)(q14) and 14q32 disruption in BMPCs. Frequency of all studied CHAs was higher in BMPCs of extramedullary patients than in their previous sample collection.

Conclusion

These data show that plasma cells harbor more aberrations during their transformation into extramedullary form.
Identification of proteins from human permanent erupted enamel
Authors: Castiblanco Gina A. , Rutishauser Dorothea , Ilag Leopold L. , Martignon Stefania , Castellanos Jaime E. , Mejía Wilson
Published: October 2015

Proteins from the extracellular matrix of enamel are highly specific and necessary for proper enamel formation. Most proteins are removed from the matrix by enamel proteases before complete mineralization is achieved; however, some residual protein fragments persist in the mineralized matrix of erupted enamel. So far, only amelogenin peptides obtained by traditional bottom‐up proteomics have been recovered and identified in human permanent erupted enamel. In this study, we hypothesize that other enamel‐specific proteins are also found in human permanent enamel, by analysing human erupted third molars. Pulverized enamel was used to extract proteins, and the protein extract was subjected directly to liquid‐chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS) without a previous trypsin‐digestion step. Amelogenin and non‐amelogenin proteins (ameloblastin and enamelin) were succesfully identified. The sequences of the naturally occurring peptides of these proteins are reported, finding in particular that most of the peptides from the amelogenin X‐isoform come from the tyrosine‐rich amelogenin peptide (TRAP) and that some were identified in all specimens. In conclusion, our LC‐MS/MS method without trypsin digestion increased the coverage of identification of the enamel proteome from a few amelogenin peptides to a higher number of peptides from three enamel‐specific proteins.
Do Investors Trade around Social Rating Announcements?
Authors: Cellier Alexis , Chollet Pierre , Gajewski Jean‐François
Published: October 2015

This paper investigates trading around Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) rating announcements. Focusing on CSR rating announcements made by Vigeo on European markets, we use Euronext intraday data to prove that trading volume drops sharply before announcements and increases afterwards. Willingness to trade depends mainly on prior private information and the content of the announcement. Our results show effects from disaggregated scores, but not from overall scores. More specifically, we find that some topics like business behaviour, human resources and human rights significantly influence investor trades. Environmental risk does not have an impact on trading behaviour.
Assessing early fitness consequences of exotic gene flow in the wild: a field study with Iberian pine relicts
Authors: Unger Gregor M. , Heuertz Myriam , Vendramin Giovanni G. , Robledo‐Arnuncio Juan J.
Published: October 2015

Gene flow from plantations of nonlocal (genetically exotic) tree provenances into natural stands of the same species is probably a widespread phenomenon, but its effects remain largely unexamined. We investigated early fitness consequences of intraspecific exotic gene flow in the wild by assessing differences in survival among native, nonlocal, and F1 intraspecific hybrid seedlings naturally established within two native pine relicts (one of Pinus pinaster and the other of P. sylvestris) surrounded by nonlocal plantations. We obtained broad‐scale temporally sequential genotypic samples of a cohort of recruits in each pine relict, from seeds before dispersal to established seedlings months after emergence, tracking temporal changes in the estimated proportion of each parental cross‐type. Results show significant proportions of exotic male gametes before seed dispersal in the two pine relicts. Subsequently to seedling establishment, the frequency of exotic male gametes became nonsignificant in P. pinaster, and dropped by half in P. sylvestris. Exotic zygotic gene flow was significantly different from zero among early recruits for P. sylvestris, decreasing throughout seedling establishment. Seedling mortality resulted in small late sample sizes, and temporal differences in exotic gene flow estimates were not significant, so we could not reject the null hypothesis of invariant early viability across parental cross types in the wild.
Prevention of post operative complications following surgical treatment of equine colic: Current evidence
Authors: Salem S. E. , Proudman C. J. , Archer D. C.
Published: October 2015

Changes in management of the surgical colic patient over the last 30 years have resulted in considerable improvement in post operative survival rates. However, post operative complications remain common and these impact negatively on horse welfare, probability of survival, return to previous use and the costs of treatment. Multiple studies have investigated risk factors for post operative complications following surgical management of colic and interventions that might be effective in reducing the likelihood of these occurring. The findings from these studies are frequently contradictory and the evidence for many interventions is lacking or inconclusive. This review discusses the current available evidence and identifies areas where further studies are necessary and factors that should be taken into consideration in study design.
A negative feedback loop between miR‐200b and the nuclear factor‐κB pathway via IKBKB/IKK‐β in breast cancer cells
Authors: Wu Hewen , Wang Guohui , Wang Zhengwei , An Shan , Ye Peijun , Luo Suxia
Published: October 2015

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) act as important post‐transcriptional regulators of gene expression in diverse signalling pathways. However, the relationship between miR‐200b and the nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) signalling pathway remains poorly understood in breast cancer cells. In the current study, we show that IKBKB is a direct target of miR‐200b, and that miR‐200b downregulates IKBKB expression via directly binding to its 3′‐UTR. miR‐200b inhibits IκBα phosphorylation, nuclear p50/p65 expression, NF‐κB‐binding activity, and the translocation of p65 to the nucleus. In addition, miR‐200b also suppresses tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐α‐induced NF‐κB activation and the expression of NF‐κB target genes. Importantly, IKBKB overexpression attenuates the inhibitory roles of miR‐200b in NF‐κB expression, NF‐κB‐binding activity, and the nuclear translocation of p65. We also show that NF‐κB p65 knockdown reduces the binding of NF‐κB to the miR‐200b promoter and miR‐200b promoter activity. Furthermore, p65 knockdown or inhibition of IκBα phosphorylation suppresses miR‐200b expression. Finally, functional studies show that IKBKB overexpression can restore the cell growth and migration that are suppressed by miR‐200b. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that miR‐200b, a transcriptional target of NF‐κB, suppresses breast cancer cell growth and migration, and NF‐κB activation, through downregulation of IKBKB, indicating that miR‐200b has potential as a therapeutic target in breast cancer patients.
lincRNA‐p21 inhibits hepatic stellate cell activation and liver fibrogenesis via p21
Authors: Zheng Jianjian , Dong Peihong , Mao Yuqing , Chen Shaolong , Wu Xiaoli , Li Guojun , Lu Zhongqiu , Yu Fujun
Published: October 2015

Long non‐coding RNAs are involved in various biological processes and diseases. The biological role of long intergenic non‐coding RNA‐p21 (lincRNA‐p21) in liver fibrosis remains unknown before this study. In this study, we observed marked reduction of lincRNA‐p21 expression in mice liver fibrosis models and human cirrhotic liver. Over‐expression of lincRNA‐p21 suppressed activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) in vitro. Lentivirus‐mediated lincRNA‐p21 transfer into mice decreased the severity of liver fibrosis in vivo. Additionally, lincRNA‐p21 reversed the activation of HSCs to their quiescent phenotype. The mRNA levels of lincRNA‐p21 and p21 were positively correlated. Our results show that over‐expression of lincRNA‐p21 promotes up‐regulation of p21 at both the mRNA and protein levels. Furthermore, lincRNA‐p21 inhibited cell‐cycle progression and proliferation of primary HSCs through enhancement of p21 expression. Compared with healthy subjects, serum lincRNA‐p21 levels were significantly lower in patients with liver cirrhosis, especially those with decompensation. These findings collectively indicate that lincRNA‐p21 is a mediator of HSC activation, supporting its utility as a novel therapeutic target for liver fibrosis.
Consumer awareness and willingness to pay for safety of street foods in developing countries: a review
Authors: Alimi Buliyaminu Adegbemiro , Workneh Tilahun Seyoum
Published: October 2015

Street food vending is still popular in developing countries despite the giant stride recorded in the areas of food processing and global food supply in the last century. Its contribution to the socio‐economic development of the countries is evidenced by the volume of trade involved and provision of employment for significant portion of rural and urban populace. However, there has been persistent global concern on the risks of street food to the health of consumers because of the attitudes of practitioners throughout the chain. This review summarizes the findings of studies on awareness and perceptions of street food consumers to the hazards involved in street food, and their willingness to pay (WTP) premium for safety intervention. The major limitation to WTP is the extra cost that could result from the implementation of reports of WTP studies which could disenfranchise those consumers that may not be able to afford the premium. This review, therefore, recommends the formulation and enforcement of appropriate public policies that would cover the entire chain of street food vending for the safety of everybody along the chain and the protection of the health of the consumers.
Tribological Performance of Aligned Silicon Nitride Ceramics under Isooctane‐Lubricated Oscillating Sliding Conditions
Authors: Schneider Johannes , Miranzo Pilar , Osendi María Isabel , Belmonte Manuel
Published: October 2015

Silicon nitride (Si3N4) materials with preferentially aligned β‐Si3N4 grains were tribologically characterized with respect to their possible application in a high‐pressure gasoline pump. Tribological tests were performed under oscillating sliding conditions lubricated with isooctane as a substitute for gasoline using Si3N4 counterbodies. Performance in terms of wear of the aligned materials surpassed that of nonaligned reference Si3N4, as well as that of self‐mated silicon carbide, zirconia, alumina, and a steel sliding pair. The plane perpendicular to the extruding direction and parallel to the hot‐pressing axis was the most wear resistant.
A Fracture Toughness Test Using the Ball‐on‐Three‐Balls Test
Authors: Lube Tanja , Rasche Stefan , Nindhia Tjokorda Gde Tirta
Published: October 2015

A method for fracture toughness measurement of ceramics using small disks and plates is presented. Similar to the surface‐crack‐in‐flexure (SCF) method a semielliptical surface crack is introduced centrally into one plane side of the specimen which is fractured in a ball‐on‐three‐balls test. Finite element simulations are used to evaluate the stress intensity factor (SIF) for this loading geometry for a range of crack sizes and crack geometries. Empirical formulae for the geometric function are provided for evaluation of the test. The effect of position uncertainties is investigated using FEM and experiments. Other sources which may contribute to the measurement error are identified and quantified, resulting in recommendations for the practical realization of the test. A determination of the fracture toughness within ±10% measurement uncertainty is possible with specimens larger than 8 mm in diameter and thicker than 0.5 mm. With larger specimens an uncertainty comparable to other fracture toughness tests can be achieved. For precise measurements it is important to position the crack within ±120 μm of the stress maximum, to know Poisson's ratio exactly and to test cracks that have the maximum SIF at their deepest point. A method how this can be achieved is presented.
Predictive, Miniature Co‐Extrusion of Multilayered Glass Fiber‐Optic Preforms
Authors: Bhowmick Kaustav , Furniss David , Morvan Herve P. , Seddon Angela B. , Benson Trevor M.
Published: October 2015

A miniature co‐extrusion technique, to produce a concentric multilayered glass fiber‐optic preform of ~3 mm diameter, is modeled and experimentally demonstrated. A three‐dimensional, incompressible, noncavitating, and nonisothermal Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model, similar to one developed in our previous work, is used to predict the dimensions of an alternating four‐layer glass stack feed required to produce the desired layer dimensions in a multilayered‐glass preform extrudate, using a miniaturized and thus more economical co‐extrusion. Strong agreement in the cross‐sectional geometrical proportions of the simulated and experimentally obtained preform supports the prowess of the predictive modeling. Nevertheless, some small deviations between the simulated and experimentally obtained dimensions indicate topics for future rheological study. Performing the co‐extrusion process under vacuum helps to minimize the inter‐layer defects in the multi‐layered fiber‐optic preform. The miniature co‐extrusion potentially removes the need for a postextrusion draw‐down prior to fiber drawing, avoiding devitrification issues possible in non‐oxide novel glass compositions.
Layered Ceramic Phosphors Based on CaAlSiN3:Eu and YAG:Ce for White Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Pricha Irene , Rossner Wolfgang , Moos Ralf
Published: October 2015

To develop warm‐white light‐emitting diodes via conversion phosphors, blue light‐emitting diodes are generally combined with mixtures of green and red‐emitting phosphor powders. Generally, the phosphors are provided by resin embedded particle dispersions. Such resin‐based solutions cause several drawbacks with respect to LED lifetime and quality. Therefore, it has been investigated whether the red‐emitting nitride phosphor CaAlSiN3:Eu and the green‐emitting oxidic phosphor YAG:Ce can be cofired to layered ceramic composites. The shrinkage behavior and the composition of the interface in dependence of sintering temperature and the effect of interdiffusion processes at the interface on the luminescence properties were investigated. The formation of secondary phases at the interface in the cofired structures was found to limit the phosphor functionality for the nitride‐based CaAlSiN3:Eu in such composite ceramics. To counteract this, sacrificial interlayers were introduced to produce multilayered ceramics comprising CaAlSiN3:Eu and YAG:Ce for LED lighting applications. It is shown for the first time, that it is possible to sinter layered CaAlSiN3:Eu and YAG:Ce composite ceramics in a pressureless process at moderate sintering temperatures if one uses thin‐film passivated interfaces to reduce luminescence‐disturbing diffusion phenomena. These results demonstrate that diffusion barriers can be suitable means to obtain layered ceramic composites comprising CaAlSiN3:Eu and YAG:Ce in a pressureless sintering process with good optical properties.
New Magneto‐Optical Film of Ce,Ga:GIG with High Performance
Authors: Fu Qiuping , Xu Qianrui , Zhao Zhongsheng , Liu Xiaofeng , Huang Yajun , Hu Xiaolin , Zhuang Naifeng , Chen Jianzhong
Published: October 2015

Ce3+‐doped Gd3Fe5O12 (Ce:GIG) film has a good application prospect in the field of integrated optical device. In this article, Ce:GIG and Ce,Ga:GIG films were deposited onto the quartz glass substrate by using radio‐frequency magnetron sputtering technology. The crystal phase, surface morphology, magnetization, and magnetic circular dichroism properties of films were characterized by using the X‐ray powder diffraction, atomic force microscopy, vibrating sample magnetometer, and circular dichroism spectrometer. The results show that as‐prepared Ce,Ga:GIG films has a good quality and show an excellent magneto‐optical performance, and the doping of Ga3+ ion and the annealing process have significant effect on the magnetism and magneto‐optical performances. It is expected that Ce,Ga:GIG film with a moderate Ga3+‐doping content is a better candidate than Ce:GIG and Ce:YIG films for the next generation of integrated optical isolator and other magneto‐optical equipment.
Ergonomics in hair restoration surgeons
Authors: Williams Ken L , Gupta Aditya K , Schultz Hayden
Published: October 2015

Background

Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are potential sources of morbidity in hair restoration surgeons (HRS). This is particularly true for those who perform follicular unit extraction (FUE).

Objective

To describe the nature, prevalence, and extent of ergonomic or work‐related MSDs among HRS.

Methods & Materials

A survey regarding MSDs was e‐mailed to 100 HRS.

Results

Thirty‐eight HRS completed the survey, the majority of which were male and between the ages of 50–69. Fifty percent of respondents reported musculoskeletal symptoms occurring during or after hair restoration procedures. Reports of pain during and after surgery were higher for FUE procedures than single strip excision procedures. Pain/fatigue/discomfort persisted for longer following FUE procedures compared to strip excision procedures. MSD symptoms also negatively impacted quality of life. Although the majority of respondents felt that ergonomics was important, only 30% use ergonomic support when performing FUE procedures.

Conclusion

Hair restoration surgeons should be aware of MSD symptoms and particularly when performing FUE. Symptoms reported included pain, fatigue, and discomfort, sometimes lasting several hours following surgery. More attention needs to be paid to ergonomics during hair restoration procedures in order to improve the quality of life of surgeons and ultimately prevent the development of MSDs.
An examination of factors related to aspiration and silent aspiration in older adults requiring long‐term care in rural Japan
Authors: Sakai K. , Hirano H. , Watanabe Y. , Tohara H. , Sato E. , Sato K. , Katakura A.
Published: October 2015

Swallowing disorders are a growing problem among the elderly in long‐term care (LTC), and they can cause aspiration pneumonia. In order to detect swallowing disorders early, simple tools are needed to assess aspiration and silent aspiration (SA). To compile a sample of elderly people requiring LTC, and categorise them as having suspected aspiration and/or SA using simple screening tools. In addition, oral ability, severity of dementia, vital functions and nutritional status were compared in these groups. A total of 393 elderly people in LTC (89 men and 304 women; age ranging from 65 to 100 years) were included in the study. The modified water swallow test, cervical auscultation and cough test were used to assess swallowing function. The participants were categorised as having suspected aspiration and/or SA, and the following assessments were performed: (i) oral ability (lips function, tongue function, rinsing and gargling ability), (ii) dementia severity, (iii) vital functions and (iv) nutritional status. Suspected aspiration was apparent in 50·5% of patients, of which 24·0% had suspected SA. Those with suspected aspiration showed worsened oral ability, dementia severity, vital functions and nutritional status. Similarly, those with suspected SA showed worsened dementia severity, vital functions and nutritional status. Logistic regression analysis revealed that lip closure, lingual movement and rinsing ability were significantly associated with suspected aspiration. Dementia severity was the best predictor of suspected SA. Simple screening tools can be used to identify suspected aspiration and SA, which may facilitate early detection of aspiration pneumonia or swallowing disorder risk.
Assessment of the calcification of the nuchal ligament and osteophytes of the cervical spine in obstructive sleep apnoea subjects and snorers
Authors: Ando E. , Shigeta Y. , Nejima J. , Yamanaka H. , Hirai S. , Ogawa T. , Clark G. T. , Enciso R.
Published: October 2015

The previous reports suggest that obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is related to metabolic syndrome, mineral metabolism disorders and cardiovascular disease. In addition, a possible relationship between obesity and the calcification of ligaments has been implied. However, the potential link between OSA and the calcification of ligaments has not been directly studied. In this present study, to investigate the potential link between OSA and the calcification of ligaments, we examined the prevalence of the calcification of ligaments in OSA patients and the relationship between these findings and OSA severity. Eighty consecutive patients (60 males, 20 females) diagnosed as OSA or a heavy snorer based on full‐night polyso‐mnography were retrospectively recruited from May 2006 to July 2008. Each patient underwent cephalometric imaging examination before the arrangement of an oral appliance. One calibrated observer (YS) reviewed the cephalometric images for the presence of calcification of the nuchal ligament and osteophytes of the cervical spine. The prevalence of calcification of the nuchal ligament in OSA patients and snorers was 46·3% (males: 52%, females: 30%) There was a significant positive correlation between the severity of OSA (AHI) and the calcification of the nuchal ligament before and after adjusting for BMI. The prevalence of the calcification of the nuchal ligament in OSA subjects and snorers was higher than in previous studies with non‐OSA subjects. In addition, it is suggested that the severity of OSA correlates with the presence of calcification of the nuchal ligament.
Bone metabolism induced by denture insertion in positron emission tomography
Authors: Suenaga H. , Chen J. , Yamaguchi K. , Sugazaki M. , Li W. , Swain M. , Li Q. , Sasaki K.
Published: October 2015

18F‐fluoride positron emission tomogra‐phy (PET) can identify subtle functional variation prior to the major structural change detectable by X‐ray. This study aims to investigate the mechanobiological bone reaction around the abutment tooth and in the residual ridge, induced by insertion of removable partial denture (RPD) within two different groups of patients: patients without denture experience (Group 1) and patients with denture experience before (Group 2), using 18F‐fluoride PET imaging technique. 18F‐fluoride PET/computerised tomography (CT) scan was performed to examine the bone metabolic change in mandible before and after the RPD treatment. Region of interests (ROIs) were placed in alveolar bone around abutment tooth and in residual bone beneath the RPD. Standardised uptake value (SUV), reflecting the accumulation of 18F‐fluoride, was measured for each ROI. In all subjects of Group 1, SUVs after insertion were higher than before in both alveolar bone and residual bone, while there was less significant change in SUV in subjects of Group 2. This study demonstrated using longitudinal 18F‐fluoride PET scans to effectively examine the bone metabolic change in mandible induced by occlusal loading after RPD insertion. Using this technique, within the six subjects in this study, it was shown that bone metabolism around abutment tooth and residual ridge increased after RPD insertion in case of first‐time denture user, while there was no big change in the patient with experience of denture before. This study revealed the effectiveness of applying PET to evaluate bone metabolic activity as mechanobiolo‐gical reaction.
Using the Whole School, Whole Community, Whole Child Model: Implications for Practice
Authors: Rooney Laura E. , Videto Donna M. , Birch David A.
Published: October 2015

BACKGROUND

Schools, school districts, and communities seeking to implement the Whole School, Whole Community, Whole Child (WSCC) model should carefully and deliberately select planning, implementation, and evaluation strategies.

METHODS

In this article, we identify strategies, steps, and resources within each phase that can be integrated into existing processes that help improve health outcomes and academic achievement. Implementation practices may vary across districts depending upon available resources and time commitments.

RESULTS

Obtaining and maintaining administrative support at the beginning of the planning phase is imperative for identifying and implementing strategies and sustaining efforts to improve student health and academic outcomes. Strategy selection hinges on priority needs, community assets, and resources identified through the planning process. Determining the results of implementing the WSCC is based upon a comprehensive evaluation that begins during the planning phase. Evaluation guides success in attaining goals and objectives, assesses strengths and weaknesses, provides direction for program adjustment, revision, and future planning, and informs stakeholders of the effect of WSCC, including the effect on academic indicators.

CONCLUSIONS

With careful planning, implementation, and evaluation efforts, use of the WSCC model has the potential of focusing family, community, and school education and health resources to increase the likelihood of better health and academic success for students and improve school and community life in the present and in the future.
Interleukin‐17, oxidative stress, and inflammation: role of melatonin during Trypanosoma cruzi infection
Authors: Brazão Vânia , Colato Rafaela Pravato , Santello Fabricia Helena , Filipin Marina Del Vecchio , Toldo Míriam Paula Alonso , do Vale Gabriel Tavares , Tirapelli Carlos Renato , do Prado Júnior José Clóvis
Published: October 2015

Although the exact etiology of Chagas' disease remains unknown, the inflammatory process and oxidative stress are believed to be the main contributors to the dysfunction and pathogenesis during chronic Trypanosoma cruzi infection. Our hypothesis is that melatonin administered for 2 months daily could modulate the oxidative stress and the inflammatory response during the chronic infection. Flow cytometric analysis of macrophages and antigen‐presenting cells (APC), expression of RT1B as well as LFA‐1 and MCP‐1 in CD4+ and CD8+T cells and levels of interleukin‐17A were assessed. The oxidative stress was evaluated through lipid peroxidation (LPO) analysis on the plasma of thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances (TBARS) and nitric oxide production. Decreased concentrations of nitrite and TBARS were found in infected and melatonin‐treated animals, as well as a rising trend in the production of IL‐17A as compared to infected and untreated counterparts. A significant decrease was found in the percentages of CD4+ and CD8+T lymphocytes MCP‐1 producers for infected and melatonin‐treated rats. Reduced percentage of CD8+T cells producing LFA‐1 was observed in control and melatonin‐treated animals as compared to untreated rats. The cellular response of peritoneal APC cells and macrophages significantly dropped in infected and treated animals. As an endpoint, the use of antioxidant compounds such as melatonin emerges as a new and promising approach to control the oxidative stress during the chronic Chagas' disease partially mediated through the abrogation of LPO and the prevention of the inflammatory response and can be used for further investigation on treatment trials for other infectious diseases.
Noninvasive Deformation Test for the Tenderness Classification of Broiler Breast Meat
Authors: Lee Youngseung , Xiong R. , Owens C.M. , Meullenet J.F.
Published: October 2015

A noninvasive deformation test was performed on the raw broiler breast meat using four different cylindrical probes (diameter of 2, 5, 6 and 8 mm). The tenderness of the cooked meat was determined instrumentally with the Meullenet–Owens razor shear (MORS). MORS energy (MORSE) was modeled with the parameters extracted from the deformation test using either ordinary or partial least squares regression. The correlation coefficient (r) between the MORSE and deformation was −0.851 (P < 0.05) for a probe with 2 mm diameter. Breast meat deboned early (0.25 and 1.25 h PM) showed less deformation than those deboned later. Tender meat in the deformation test predicted tender group comprised 78.9 and 84.6% of the total meat based on MORSE using both regressions. The use of this method resulted in more than a 50% improvement in the proportion of tender meat after classification, suggesting it could potentially be implemented as a nondestructive assessment method for sorting poultry breast meat by tenderness levels.

Practical Applications

Classifying poultry breast meat into tender and tough groups could be of commercial importance due to the high value contribution to the poultry industry. Based on classification of breast meat using the deformation test developed in this study, tender breast meat can be marketed as a natural, nonenhanced or even premium product, while tough breast meat can be tenderized before marketing.
The Effects of Live and Artificial Diets on Feeding Performance of Cultured Winter Flounder, Pseudopleuronectes americanus, in the Wild: Survival, Feeding, Growth, and Nucleic Acid Analyses
Authors: Walsh Michelle L. , Fairchild Elizabeth A. , Rennels Nathan , Howell W. Huntting , Mercaldo‐Allen Renee , Kuropat Catherine
Published: October 2015

This research, which is part of a larger study designed to assess the feasibility of winter flounder, Pseudopleuronectes americanus, stock enhancement in New Hampshire, identifies hatchery feeds that optimize feeding‐related performance of fish once released in the wild. Fish reared on post‐nauplii of brine shrimp, Artemia sp., white worms, Enchytraeus albidus, common burrower amphipods, Leptocheirus plumulosus, and formulated pellets were evaluated post‐release from in situ cages using survival, growth rate, feeding onset and incidence, stomach fullness, diet composition, and nucleic acid‐based condition as indicators of hatchery diet suitability. Amphipod‐reared fish had the highest mean stomach content index of all feed types, including wild fish. Wild and worm‐reared fish exhibited the most similar survival, overall stomach fullness, and diet composition profiles over time. Amphipod‐reared fish ranked highest in overall performance; however, if wild fish performance is viewed as the ideal for a stocked fish, worm‐reared fish performed optimally. This study describes hatchery feeding strategies that may ease the transition of flatfish released into the wild for stock enhancement.
Commercial Diets in Phase I Palmetto Bass, Morone saxatilis × Morone chrysops, Production in Plastic‐lined Ponds: Fertilizer or Feed?
Authors: Wamboldt James J. , Wanamaker Alan D. , Morris Joseph E.
Published: October 2015

The role of offering a commercial pelleted diet has been characterized as both an expensive organic fertilizer and as a selected food item for larval hybrid striped bass (palmetto), Morone saxatilis × Morone chrysops, culture operations. In this study, we examined the effects of providing a commercial diet on fish production and zooplankton dynamics during phase I culture in plastic‐lined ponds. We also sought to estimate relative dietary contribution of a commercial fish feed relative to natural pond biota using stable isotope tissue analysis. Palmetto bass were stocked into six 0.04‐ha plastic‐lined ponds at a rate of 125,000/ha. During the 31‐d culture period, ponds were fertilized with alfalfa pellets at a rate of 112 kg/ha/wk. At 14 d post‐stock (dps), Silver Cup Trout Fry diet was offered at a rate of 13.6 kg/ha/d and fertilization was discontinued in three ponds. Although mean final fish length was significantly greater within the fed treatment, no other production parameters were found to be different (P < 0.1). Following feed application, copepod concentrations within the fed ponds were greater in magnitude by 24 dps. Through stable isotope tissue analysis, we found a significant enrichment in both 13C and 15ν of fish, zooplankton, and Chironomidae larvae within the fed ponds (P < 0.10). Using a three‐source mixing model, the mean (±SE) percent composition of feed in the fish's isotopic signature increased from 5% ±2 to 20% ±6 within 16 d. Although fish production was not greatly affected through the addition of a commercial fish feed, enriched 13C and 15ν of fish tissue indicate that palmetto bass fingerlings increasingly utilized the prepared diets over time. However, based on the isotopic values of fish and potential food sources, it can be estimated that natural pond biota likely accounted for up to 80% of nutrient assimilation in the hybrid striped bass.
Evaluation of Quality Parameters in the Meat of Pintado Amazônico, Female Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum × Male Leiarius marmoratus, Subjected to Different Slaughter Methods
Authors: Cassol Luzilene A. , Martins Marcelo A. , da Silva Maciel Elayna C. , Pinto Daniella M. , de Abreu Janessa S. , de Almeida Filho Edivaldo S.
Published: October 2015

The objective of this study was to check the effect of different stunning methods on the meat quality of Pintado Amazônico, female Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum × male Leiarius marmoratus, stored on ice for 18 d. A total of 90 specimens (2.5 ± 0.45 kg and 58.21 ± 6.20 cm) were divided into three groups and subjected to stunning by: water saturated with CO2, hypothermia on ice, or asphyxia in air. Subsequently, samples were removed to be analyzed after (times) 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, and 18 d. At the established times, aerobic mesophilic heterotrophic microorganisms and aerobic psychrotrophic heterotrophic microorganisms were quantified, and the pH, total volatile base nitrogen, color (L*a*b*), and sensory traits were analyzed. The stunning method significantly affected (P < 0.05) the meat quality. The group stunned on ice showed the best results compared with the other treatments.