bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Male Sexual Development and the Androgenic Gland: Novel Insights through the de novo Assembled Transcriptome of the Eastern Spiny Lobster, Sagmariasus verreauxi
Authors: Chandler Jennifer C. , Aizen Joseph , Elizur Abigail , Battaglene Stephen C. , Ventura Tomer
Published: February 2016

The Eastern spiny lobster, Sagmariasus verreauxi, is commercially important in fisheries, with growing aquaculture potential, driving an interest to better understand male sexual differentiation. Amongst the Decapoda, the androgenic gland (AG) and the insulin-like androgenic gland hormone (IAG) have a well-defined function in male sexual differentiation. However, IAG is not a sex determinant and therefore must be considered as part of a broader, integrated pathway. This work uses a transcriptomic, multi-tissue approach to provide an integrated description of male-biased expression as mediated through the AG. Transcriptomic analyses demonstrate that IAG expression is stage- and eyestalk-regulated (low in immature, high in mature and 6-times higher in hypertrophied glands), with IAG being the predominant AG-specific factor. The low expression of this key factor in immature males suggests the involvement of other tissues in male sexual differentiation. Across tissues, the gonad (87.8%) and antennal gland (73.5%) show the highest male-biased differential expression of transcripts and also express 4 sex-determination regulators, known as Dmrts, with broader expression of Sv-Sxl and Sv-TRA-2. In order to better understand male sexual differentiation, tissues other than the AG must also be considered. This research highlights the gonad and antennal gland as showing significant male-biased expression patterns, including the Sv-Dmrts.
Circadian Blood Pressure Rhythm Is Changed by Improvement in Hypoalbuminemia and Massive Proteinuria in Patients with Minimal Change Nephrotic Syndrome
Authors: Ando Daisaku , Yasuda Gen
Published: February 2016

Background: Proteinuria and nighttime blood pressure (BP) elevation are notable risk markers of chronic kidney disease and correlate closely with each other. However, daily urinary protein excretion (UPE) always fluctuates. In patients with minimal change nephrotic syndrome (MCNS), serum albumin concentrations (SAC) decrease but fluctuate less than UPE. We evaluated whether SAC is a reliable marker for proteinuria, and compared the relations among circadian BP changes, SAC, and UPE. Methods: In patients with MCNS (12 men and 11 women, 43 ± 18 years), blood and spot urine samples were collected on three consecutive days before treatment, and 24-hour BP was also measured on the three days. Then, an intervention study was conducted in the patients to examine circadian BP changes induced by treatment. Sleeping/waking BP ratio was analyzed as an indicator of circadian BP rhythm. Results: In the three-day measurements before treatment, mean coefficient of variation, an index of dispersion of data, for SAC was 7.4 ± 7.4%, which was markedly lower (p < 0.01) than 35.7 ± 15.4% for UPE. SAC correlated inversely with sleeping/waking systolic and diastolic BP ratios on all three days, whereas UPE did not correlate significantly with sleeping/waking diastolic BP ratio on day 3. Sleeping/waking systolic and diastolic BP ratios were 96 ± 5 and 95 ± 6%, and were higher (p < 0.05) than in healthy subjects (89 ± 8 and 88 ± 10%). Treatment improved hyperproteinuria and hypoalbuminemia, and was accompanied by decreases (p < 0.05) in sleeping and waking systolic/diastolic BP ratio to 91 ± 8 and 89 ± 9%. Conclusion: These findings suggest that reduced SAC in patients with proteinuria is associated with disrupted circadian BP rhythm.
Inactivation of Airborne Bacteria and Viruses Using Extremely Low Concentrations of Chlorine Dioxide Gas
Authors: Ogata Norio , Sakasegawa Miyusse , Miura Takanori , Shibata Takashi , Takigawa Yasuhiro , Taura Kouichi , Taguchi Kazuhiko , Matsubara Kazuki , Nakahara Kouichi , Kato Daisuke , Sogawa Koushirou , Oka Hiroshi
Published: February 2016

Infectious airborne microbes, including many pathological microbes that cause respiratory infections, are commonly found in medical facilities and constitute a serious threat to human health. Thus, an effective method for reducing the number of microbes floating in the air will aid in the minimization of the incidence of respiratory infectious diseases. Here, we demonstrate that chlorine dioxide (ClO2) gas at extremely low concentrations, which has no detrimental effects on human health, elicits a strong effect to inactivate bacteria and viruses and significantly reduces the number of viable airborne microbes in a hospital operating room. In one set of experiments, a suspension of Staphylococcus aureus, bacteriophage MS2, and bacteriophage ΦX174 were released into an exposure chamber. When ClO2 gas at 0.01 or 0.02 parts per million (ppm, volume/volume) was present in the chamber, the numbers of surviving microbes in the air were markedly reduced after 120 min. The reductions were markedly greater than the natural reductions of the microbes in the chamber. In another experiment, the numbers of viable airborne bacteria in the operating room of a hospital collected over a 24-hour period in the presence or absence of 0.03 ppm ClO2 gas were found to be 10.9 ± 6.7 and 66.8 ± 31.2 colony-forming units/m3 (n = 9, p < 0.001), respectively. Taken together, we conclude that ClO2 gas at extremely low concentrations (≤0.03 ppm) can reduce the number of viable microbes floating in the air in a room. These results strongly support the potential use of ClO2 gas at a non-toxic level to reduce infections caused by the inhalation of pathogenic microbes in nursing homes and medical facilities.
Spatial Pattern in Beta Diversity of Echinoidea and Asteroidea Communities from the Coastal Area of Tomia Island, Wakatobi Marine National Park, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia
Authors: Analuddin Kangkuso , Nasaruddin Nasaruddin , Septiana Andi , Sarliyana Wa Ode , Nurlyati Agus , Masa Wa , Rahim Saban
Published: February 2016

The present study was aimed to elucidate the spatial pattern in the beta diversity of marine bentic for Echinoidea and Asteroidea that assemblages the coastal area of Tomia Island, Wakatobi Marine National Park, Indonesia. The two transect lines of 460 and 260 m in length with small quadrats of 1m2 wide were placed at the open and unopen beaches perpendicularly to the coastlines. The important value index and similarity index SI of organisms on these taxa were estimated in each the transect. Echinometra mathaei was the most dominant Echinoidea at open and unpen beaches, while Protoreaster nodusus was the most dominant Asteroidea at both areas. Most of SI values of Echinoidea at open beach were estimated less than 50%, which was lower than SI values that of organisms at unopen beach. On the other hand, most of SI values of Asteroidea at both areas were estimated more than 70% representing high similarity degree of its species composition among sites. The disimilarity index of organisms in the taxa of Echinoidea and Asteroidae was increased significantly as increasing the distance of among stands, which suggested that pettern in beta diversity of these taxa was associated with the spatial heterogenity.
Response of Lonkida (Nauclea orientalis L.) towards Mycorrhizal Inoculum in Waterlogged Condition
Authors: Tuheteru Faisal Danu , Kusmana Cecep , Mansur Irdika , Iskandar Iskandar
Published: February 2016

This study was carried out to examine the morpho-anatomical adaptation, survival, growth, biomass and nutrient uptake of lonkida (Nauclea orientalis L.) from different habitats inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on waterlogging conditions for 90 days. The results showed that the lonkida seedlings formed lenticels (100%), adventitious roots (41%) and aerenchym under waterlogging conditions. Seedling from dry land habitats, both mycorrhizal and no-mycorrhizal, have a height growth rate lower than those from other habitat types. Similarly for relative growth rates of shoot (RGRs), root (RGRr) and total (RGRt) dry weight and the ratio of root shoots. Treatments of temporal swamp habitat without waterlogging and waterlogging and savanna with waterlogging have RGRt greater than other treatments. In general, plant dry weight (root, shoot and total) and total N in roots and shoots was greater in the interactionbetween Â temporalswamp habitat with no-mycorrhizal on waterlogging condition. Independently, waterlogging increase the pool of average height gain (18%), diameter (46%) and leaf area (40%), leaf length (17%) and leaf width (21%). Nonetheless, treatment waterlogging decreased variable number of leaves (9%) andAMF colonization (71%). The results of this study indicate that the seedlings from the temporal swamp has good growth and high biomass in the conditions without or with waterlogging.Keywords : arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, lonkida, morpho-anatomical adaptations, Nauclea orientalisL, swamp, waterlogging
The Value Question and Legal Doctrine: The Inescapability of Ethics
Authors: Matwijkiw Anja , Matwijkiw Bronik
Published: February 2016

The authors investigate the value question in the context of international criminal law and legal doctrine. One objective is to use the distinction between global imperatives and context-specific characteristics as the basis for an attempt to capture the subtle nuances in the reasoning of different theorists. Another objective is to look at the case of incommunicado detention with a view to distilling those notions of legal reality that inform the position on jus cogens norms. Although some legal doctrines – like the community-centric and integrated approaches – are the contributions of contemporary theorists, the discussion that they are involved in still divides them along the traditional fence markers for legal positivism and natural law theory. In the course of comparing various doctrines, the authors concentrate on a criticism of the community-centric approach for the purpose of illustrating the inescapability of legal ethics and ethics proper as opposed to positive morality and/or law.
Rules, Games, and the Axiological Foundations of (International) Criminal Law
Authors: Zaibert Leo
Published: February 2016

International law has often been seen with scepticism, at least when contrasted against domestic law. International criminal law may suffer the same fate unless we reject a certain tendency to understand the role and functioning of any legal system in reductive and mechanistic terms. This tendency – a remnant from positivism – sees the law as modelled on games, and on their constitutive rules. I examine here a defense of this positivistic, narrow approach by prominent (domestic) criminal law theorists, and suggest reasons why international criminal law, in particular, should avoid it.
The Ethics of International Criminal ‘Lawfare’
Authors: Fisher Kirsten J. , Stefan Cristina G.
Published: February 2016

Despite the expansive employment of the term to refer to appeals to law in ongoing conflict as a tool of war, this article demonstrates how ‘lawfare’ has taken on negative meaning without ethical justification. We argue that the co-opting of the term as a means of condemnation is unfair and potentially detrimental, and a more exacting definition and narrower use of the term are needed to avoid obfuscating potentially purposeful recourses to international law. In looking at how international criminal lawfare has manifested with referrals to the International Criminal Court (icc), it becomes clear that problems of negative perceptions lie not with lawfare itself, but with the intentional perverting or obstructing of law by parties interested in the outcome of a conflict. Tackling these negative perceptions also lays the groundwork for a necessary future argument for the international community’s moral responsibility to promote safeguards to ensure that the international criminal legal system is itself just.
An Automated System to Quantify Aircraft Encounters with Convectively Induced Turbulence over Europe and the Northeast Atlantic
Authors: Meneguz Elena , Wells Helen , Turp Debi
Published: February 2016

It is well known that encounters with moderate or severe turbulence can lead to passenger and crew injuries and incur high insurance costs for airlines. Atmospheric convection is thought to induce a significant proportion of turbulence experienced by commercial aircraft, but its relative importance over Europe and the northeastern Atlantic Ocean area has not yet been quantified in a systematic way. In this study, a new approach is developed to automatically detect turbulent events associated with convective sources. Observations of convection over Europe and the northeastern Atlantic were obtained from the Met Office Arrival Time Detection system (ATDnet) and from Meteosat Second Generation satellite imagery. The system is run for all in situ reports of turbulence received from a commercial airline for two 6-month periods (summer 2013 and summer 2014). It is found that, as a monthly average, 14% of all aircraft encounters with turbulence occur in the proximity of a convective storm. These findings are interpreted and discussed together with the limitations of the system and observations that were used in this study.
Seasonal Exchanges of the Kuroshio and Shelf Waters and Their Impacts on the Shelf Currents of the East China Sea
Authors: Wang Jia , Oey Lie Yauw
Published: February 2016

Previous in situ observations and modeling studies have indicated that, through mass and momentum exchanges across the shelf edge, the Kuroshio can significantly influence the shelf currents of the East China Sea (ECS). Here, instead of localized observations, this study uses 25 yr of drifter data, supported by satellite and other data to identify seasonal cross-shelf exchanges along the entire shelf edge. The authors show that Kuroshio meanders onshore from fall to winter and offshore from spring to summer, with the largest amplitude northeast of Taiwan. The influence is limited to the shelf edge when the Kuroshio meanders offshore in spring and summer. By contrast, strong onshelf intrusions and cross-shelf exchanges occur when the Kuroshio meanders onshore in fall and winter. Drifters intrude onshelf northeast of Taiwan and spread as far north as 30°N against the strong northeasterly wind. The forcing on the shelf is identified as a northward downsloping of the sea level that is steepest north of Taiwan at 25°–28°N, but which is 3 times weaker farther north. The vorticity budget computed from a numerical model indicates that intrusion during fall and winter is primarily a result of balance between onshelf advection of ambient potential vorticity and vorticity production by the along-isobath pressure gradient acting on the changing mass of water column across the continental slope.
The efficiency of O-(beta-hydroxyethyl)-rutosides in reducing the incidence of superficial venous insufficiency in patients with calf muscle pump dysfunction
Authors: Yildiz Cenk Eray , Conkbayir Cenk , Huseynov Eldeniz , Sayin Omer Ali , Tok Okan , Kaynak Gokhan , Cebi Deniz , Ugurlucan Murat , Kantarci Fatih , Inan Muharrem
Published: February 2016

Objective

We aimed to evaluate the efficiency of O-(beta-Hydroxyethyl)-rutosides (Oxerutin) in reducing the incidence of venous system disease among patients with calf muscle pump dysfunction secondary to immobilization due to lower-limb fractures.

Methods

A total of 60 patients with lower-limb fractures and immobilized in plaster casts were included in this study randomized into control (n = 30; mean: 30.37 ± 6.03 years; 73.3% males; no treatment) and experiment (n = 30; mean: 31.67 ± 4.76 years; 66.6% males; Oxerutin, 500 mg po q12hr) treatment groups. Doppler ultrasound was performed to evaluate the effect of oxerutin on the alterations in the venous circulation.

Results

Patients in the control group were determined to be more commonly affected from the below-knee immobilization in terms of venous dysfunction in the great saphenous vein in the below-knee region when compared with the patients in the oxerutin treatment group (46.7 vs. 13.3%, respectively; p = 0.011). Incidence of reflux in the small saphenous vein was more common in the control group during the healing period when compared with the experiment group (40.0 vs. 10.0%, respectively; p = 0.017). None of the patients developed venous thrombosis.

Conclusions

In conclusion, the impairment of the lower extremity muscle pump should be considered as an important risk factor for venous disease, and should be evaluated. O-(beta-Hydroxyethyl)-rutosides during 6–8 week cast immobilization for a lower limb fracture may be an effective prophylactic regimen in reducing the incidence of reflux in the below-knee superficial veins.
Herpes simplex virus following stab phlebectomy
Authors: Hicks Caitlin W , Lum Ying Wei , Heller Jennifer A
Published: February 2016

Herpes simplex virus infection following surgery is an unusual postoperative phenomenon. Many mechanisms have been suggested, with the most likely explanation related to latent virus reactivation due to a proinflammatory response in the setting of local trauma. Here, we present a case of herpes simplex virus reactivation in an immunocompetent female following a conventional right lower extremity stab phlebectomy. Salient clinical and physical examination findings are described, and management strategies for herpes simplex virus reactivation are outlined. This is the first known case report of herpes simplex virus reactivation following lower extremity phlebectomy.
Functional neuroanatomy associated with the interaction between emotion and cognition in explicit memory tasks in patients with generalized anxiety disorder
Authors: Moon Chung-Man , Yang Jong-Chul , Jeong Gwang-Woo
Published: February 2016

Background

The functional neuroanatomy for explicit memory in conjunction with the major anxiety symptoms in patients with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) has not yet been clearly identified.

Purpose

To investigate the brain activation patterns on the interaction between emotional and cognitive function during the explicit memory tasks, as well as its correlation with clinical characteristics in GAD.

Material and Methods

The participants comprised GAD patients and age-matched healthy controls. The fMR images were obtained while the participants performed an explicit memory task with neutral and anxiety-inducing words.

Results

Patients showed significantly decreased functional activities in the putamen, head of the caudate nucleus, hippocampus, and middle cingulate gyrus during the memory tasks with the neutral and anxiety-inducing words, whereas the precentral gyrus and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex were significantly increased only in the memory tasks with the anxiety-inducing words. Also, the blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) signal changes in the hippocampus were positively correlated with the recognition accuracy for both neutral and anxiety-inducing words.

Conclusion

This study identified the brain areas associated with the interaction between emotional regulation and cognitive function in the explicit memory tasks in patients with GAD. These findings would be helpful to understand the neural mechanism on the explicit memory-related cognitive deficits and emotional dysfunction with GAD symptoms.
Towards a pragmatic human migraine model for drug testing: 2. Isosorbide-5-mononitrate in healthy individuals
Authors: Hansen Emma Katrine , Olesen Jes
Published: February 2016

Background

A model for the testing of novel anti-migraine drugs should preferably use healthy volunteers for ease of recruiting. Isosorbide-5-mononitrate (5-ISMN) provokes headache in healthy volunteers with some migraine features such as pulsating pain quality and aggravation by physical activity. Therefore, this headache might respond to sumatriptan, a requirement for validation of any model. The hypothesis of the present study was that sumatriptan is effective in 5-ISMN-induced headache in healthy individuals.

Methods

In a double-blind, randomised, crossover design, 30 healthy volunteers of both sexes received 5-ISMN 60 mg on two separate days, each day followed by oral self-administered placebo or sumatriptan 50 mg. Headache response and accompanying symptoms were registered in a questionnaire by the participants themselves.

Results

5-ISMN induced a reproducible headache in all 30 participants. The headache had several migraine-like features in all participants and 20 individuals developed a migraine-like attack. Median peak headache score was 5 on both experimental days ( p = 1.00). There was no reduction, but instead an increase in headache intensity 2 hours after sumatriptan ( p = 0.003). Difference in area under the headache score curve (AUC) 0–4 hours between sumatriptan and placebo was not significant ( p = 0.30).

Conclusion

5-ISMN is a very powerful inducer of migraine-like headache in healthy individuals but the headache does not respond to sumatriptan. The model is not useful for future drug testing.
May headache triggered by odors be regarded as a differentiating factor between migraine and other primary headaches?
Authors: Silva-Néto Raimundo Pereira , Rodrigues Ânderson Batista , Cavalcante Dandara Coelho , Ferreira Pedro Henrique Piauilino Benvindo , Nasi Ema Pereira , Sousa Kamila Maria de Holanda , Peres Mário Fernando Pietro , Valença Marcelo Moraes
Published: February 2016

Objectives

The objective of this article is to characterize olfactory stimulation as a trigger of headaches attacks and differentiation between migraine and other primary headaches.

Participants and methods

The study was prospective and experimental, with comparison of groups. A total of 158 volunteers (73 men and 85 women) were diagnosed with primary headaches, according to the criteria of the International Classification of Headache Disorders, Third Edition (beta version) (ICHD-3β). The study was conducted by two examiners; one of them was assigned to diagnose the presence and type of primary headache, while the other was responsible for exposing the volunteers to odor and recording the effects of this exposure.

Results

Of the 158 volunteers with headache, there were 72 (45.6%) cases of migraine and 86 (54.4%) with other primary headaches. In both groups, there were differences in headache characteristics (χ2 = 4.132; p = 0.046). Headache attacks (25/72; 34.7%) and nausea (5/72; 6.9%) were triggered by odor only in patients with migraine, corresponding to 19.0% (30/158) of the sample, but in none with other primary headaches (χ2 = 43.78; p < 0.001). Headache occurred more often associated with nausea ( p = 0.146) and bilateral location ( p = 0.002) in migraineurs who had headache triggered by odor. Headache was triggered after 118 ± 24.6 min and nausea after 72.8 ± 84.7 min of exposure to odor.

Conclusions

The odor triggered headache attacks or nausea only in migraineurs. Therefore, headache triggered by odors may be considered a factor of differentiation between migraine and other primary headaches and this trigger seems very specific of migraine.
Most New Businesses Fail, but Mine Won’t…Right?
Authors: Mattingly Eric Shaunn , Kushev Trayan
Published: February 2016

Building on expectancy theory, we study why entrepreneurs form positive beliefs about, and subsequent commitments to, entrepreneurial actions despite the negative mean outcome observed in the history of entrepreneurial efforts. We test our model using structural equation modelling on a sample of 1,185 entrepreneurs derived from the Panel Study of Entrepreneurial Dynamics II (PSED II) database. We find that the perceived gap between the value of an opportunity and opportunity cost positively influences both entrepreneurial expectancy and entrepreneurial intensity. Further, we find that the strength of these relationships is contingent upon uncertainty preference. Together, these findings contribute to literature on expectancy theory, increase our understanding of the role of uncertainty in entrepreneurial cognition and suggest that entrepreneurs’ cognition may be more rational than surface level appearances suggest.
Book Review: J. P. Das and S. B. Misra, Cognitive Planning and Executive Functions: Applications in Management and Education
Authors: Berger Dale E.
Published: February 2016

J. P. Das and S. B. Misra, Cognitive Planning and Executive Functions: Applications in Management and Education. New Delhi: SAGE Publications, 2015, 364 pp.
Book Review: Marc Sanso, The Value Trail: How to Effectively Understand, Deploy and Monitor Successful Business Models
Authors: Shankar Raj K.
Published: February 2016

Marc Sanso, The Value Trail: How to Effectively Understand, Deploy and Monitor Successful Business Models. Surrey, UK: Gower Publishing Limited, 2015, 150 pp.
The 10-Item Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale
Authors: Aloba Olutayo , Olabisi Oluseyi , Aloba Tolulope
Published: February 2016

BACKGROUND: The 10-item Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) has demonstrated satisfactory psychometric properties as a measure of resilience in all the previous studies conducted in developed countries. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to explore the psychometric characteristics of the 10-item CD-RISC among students nurses in southwestern Nigeria. DESIGN: This descriptive cross-sectional study involved a total of 449 student nurses who completed the 10-item CD-RISC in addition to measures of self-esteem, depression, religiosity, and psychological distress. RESULTS: The scale demonstrated adequate reliability (Cronbach’s α = .81) and satisfactory validity with significant correlations with the measures of self-esteem, depression, religiosity, and psychological distress. Factor analyses revealed that resilience was best explained by a two-factor construct. CONCLUSIONS: The scale is a valid measure of resilience among Nigerian student nurses.
Free vibration analysis of composite and sandwich plates by alternative hierarchical finite element method based on Reddy’s C1 HSDT
Authors: Serdoun SMN , Hamza Cherif SM
Published: February 2016

This paper presents the free vibration analysis of composite thick rectangular plates, based on Reddy’s higher order shear deformation theory (HSDT). The plate theory ensures a zero shear-stress condition at the top and bottom surfaces of the plate and do not requires a shear correction factor. Although the plate theory is quite attractive, it could not be used in the finite element analysis. This is due to the difficulties associated with the satisfaction of the [Formula: see text] continuity requirement. To overcome this problem associated with Reddy’s HSDT, a new [Formula: see text]-HSDT p-element with eight degrees of freedom per node is developed and used to find natural frequencies of thick composite plates. The formulation is easily implemented into simple and efficient finite element programs in which the trigonometric hierarchical shape functions are used. A fast convergence and excellent agreement with the known results in the literature are obtained using only one element. Besides, the effects of the boundary conditions, core to face sheet thickness ratio, Young’s modulus ratio on the natural frequencies are investigated through the analysis of these numerical results.
Multi-scale computational analysis of the nano-indentation and nano-scratch testing of Kevlar® 49 single fibers
Authors: Grujicic M , Snipes JS , Ramaswami S
Published: February 2016

To carry out virtual nano-indentation and nano-scratch Kevlar® 49 single-fiber tests, a multi-scale computational framework has been developed and employed. Such tests are generally conducted to determine fiber local properties, as well as to provide some insight into the interaction of hard nano-particles with the fibers. The Kevlar® fabric-based soft armor is infused with these nano-particles for improved ballistic resistance, and tip geometry of the nano-indentation/-scratch probes is selected to match nano-particle size and geometry. Due to the fact that Kevlar® 49 fibers (typical diameter 12 µm) are effectively assemblies of parallel fibrils (typical diameter 100–300 nm), while atomic bond length in Kevlar® fibers is of the order of 0.2 nm, a continuum-level finite-element framework has been developed. However, to more accurately account for some of the key aspects of the fiber-material constitutive behavior, e.g. inter-fibril cohesion, the continuum-level computational analysis has been supplemented with atomic-level molecular-statics/-dynamics calculations. In good agreement with their experimental counterparts, the results obtained revealed that the extent of participation of different fibril-deformation modes (e.g. transverse compression, inter-fibril shear, axial tension, axial tensile fracture, fibrillation, axial compression, buckling and pile-up formation ahead of the nano-scratch probe, etc.) is a function of the indentation/scratch depth. Also, a relatively good agreement was obtained between the computed and experimentally measured nano-indentation forces/energies for both shallow and deep indentations, and for the nano-scratch forces/energies, but only for shorter scratch lengths. At longer scratch lengths, the “short-fiber” effects cause the computation/experiment agreement to worsen.
Balancing voice and protection in literacy studies with young children
Authors: Rogers Rebecca , Labadie Meredith , Pole Kathryn
Published: February 2016

One of the tensions in conducting participatory literacy research with young children is finding the balance between protection and voice. In this paper, we describe how we sought to create participant-centred research techniques within the evolving design of a yearlong action research study with kindergarten students. Through weekly classroom read-alouds of social class-themed children’s literature, the larger project explored how children connected and critically responded to issues of poverty, privilege and inequality. How did our research techniques simultaneously balance ‘protecting’ children as ethical guidelines ask us to do, allow us to report our findings in ways that describe the rich data we collected, and create space for children to express and develop their voices and perspectives? We identified three issues that were salient to us in our research project with kindergarten students: using participant-centred research techniques, treating assent as an ongoing process and capturing the complexity of context while protecting children’s identities. We look beyond the minimal requirements of research review boards as we explore some of the ethical issues that arise for us as teachers and researchers when we conduct literacy research with young children. We conclude with a discussion about how literacy researchers are uniquely poised to contribute to the scholarship on ethics with young children.
Leveraging the Critical Decision Method to Develop Simulation-Based Training for Early Recognition of Sepsis
Authors: Patterson Mary D. , Militello Laura G. , Bunger Amy , Taylor Regina G. , Wheeler Derek S. , Klein Gary , Geis Gary L.
Published: February 2016

Training hour reductions for resident physicians have resulted in fewer opportunities for novices to manage critically ill patients. Our goals were (a) to understand differences in how novices and experts notice and interpret clinical cues using sepsis as an exemplar and (b) to develop simulations that replicate clinical cues to facilitate acquisition of expertise. Researchers conducted 14 critical decision method (CDM) interviews with four novices (interns), four senior trainees (senior residents), and six faculty (expert) physicians. We interviewed across a spectrum of experience to better assess for experience-based differences in sepsis recognition. Investigators analyzed transcribed interviews using a card sort technique. Experts described more hypothesis testing and violated expectations than novices. Expert–novice differences in sepsis recognition informed the design and future piloting of training scenarios that require novices to seek, interpret, and act on relevant cues.
Science Over Stigma
Authors: King Rebecca
Published: February 2016

Unintentional drug overdose is a leading cause of preventable death in the United States. Administration of naloxone hydrochloride (“naloxone”) can reverse a potentially fatal opioid overdose and save lives. The school nurse is an essential part of the school team responsible for developing emergency response procedures and should facilitate access to naloxone for the management of opioid-related overdose in the school setting. Delaware has been leading efforts to provide education, increase awareness, and help erase the stigma of substance use disorder through school nurse collaboration with a grassroots organization and state stakeholders. This article discusses the successful implementation of naloxone use in the school setting in Delaware public high schools.
ADAMTS13-mediated thrombolysis of t-PA–resistant occlusions in ischemic stroke in mice
Authors: Denorme Frederik , Langhauser Friederike , Desender Linda , Vandenbulcke Aline , Rottensteiner Hanspeter , Plaimauer Barbara , François Olivier , Andersson Tommy , Deckmyn Hans , Scheiflinger Friedrich , Kleinschnitz Christoph , Vanhoorelbeke Karen , De Meyer Simon F.
Published: February 2016

Key Points

ADAMTS13 dissolves t-PA–resistant cerebral occlusions in a mouse model of stroke. The thrombolytic activity of ADAMTS13 could become useful for more efficient and safer thrombolytic treatment of acute ischemic stroke.
Parameter Learning in General Equilibrium: The Asset Pricing Implications
Authors: Collin-Dufresne Pierre , Johannes Michael , Lochstoer Lars A.
Published: February 2016

Parameter learning strongly amplifies the impact of macroeconomic shocks on marginal utility when the representative agent has a preference for early resolution of uncertainty. This occurs as rational belief updating generates subjective long-run consumption risks. We consider general equilibrium models with unknown parameters governing either long-run economic growth, rare events, or model selection. Overall, parameter learning generates long-lasting, quantitatively significant additional macroeconomic risks that help explain standard asset pricing puzzles. (JEL C52, D83, E13, E32, G12)
A Balls-and-Bins Model of Trade: Comment
Authors: Blum Bernardo S. , Claro Sebastian , Horstmann Ignatius J.
Published: February 2016

We show that the Armenter and Koren model's firm-product-country results rely on the assumption that export shipment size is independent of firm size, and this assumption is contradicted by the data. When actual shipment sizes are used in the balls-and-bins model, it cannot reproduce the data on single product/single country exporters. Beyond just showing that the shipment size assumption matters to balls-and-bins outcomes, our results highlight the important fact that shipment size is an economic decision, co-determined with other export choices. For this reason, we argue that a balls-and-bins model cannot be a purely statistical benchmark model. (JEL F11, F14, O13, O19, Q37)
The Value of Postsecondary Credentials in the Labor Market: An Experimental Study
Authors: Deming David J. , Yuchtman Noam , Abulafi Amira , Goldin Claudia , Katz Lawrence F.
Published: February 2016

We study employers' perceptions of the value of postsecondary degrees using a field experiment. We randomly assign the sector and selectivity of institutions to fictitious resumes and apply to real vacancy postings for business and health jobs on a large online job board. We find that a business bachelor's degree from a for-profit online institution is 22 percent less likely to receive a callback than one from a nonselective public institution. In applications to health jobs, we find that for-profit credentials receive fewer callbacks unless the job requires an external quality indicator such as an occupational license. (JEL I23, I26, J24, J44, J63, M51)
Identification of features of demand for tourist products and services of the Klin municipal district of the Moscow region
Authors: Кривошеева Татьяна , Krivosheeva Tatiana
Published: February 2016

The article is a result of the study “Marketing, organizational and economic evaluation of tourism resources

of the Klin municipal district”, implemented by the creative team of Russian State University of Tourism and

Service in 2015. Among the major research areas were identified: quantitative assessment of the tourist flow

on the objects of the Klin municipal area, qualitative assessment of the tourist flow on the objects of the Klin

municipal district, assessment of the possibility and expediency of use of resources of the Klin municipal district

of various types, in developing the strategy the development of tourism, formation of tourism products and

programs that mitigate the effects of seasonality, as well as stimulating entrepreneurial initiative and generate

unique value proposition to consumers, risk assessment and identification of strategic benefits promising tourist

and recreational development of the Klin municipal district. In the article the author interprets the research

material in terms of characteristics of the target consumer groups of tourism products of the Klin municipal area,

the characteristics of their consumer behavior and preferences in the sphere of tourism. The main research

methods were routing intelligence, audit and certification of tourist and information resources of the municipal

district, questioning real consumers of tourist services, case interviewing of authorized representatives of the

anchor tourist attractions of the Klin municipal district. To study the opinions of real consumers of tourist

services, the author uses the method of questioning at the place of tourist-excursion service; the sample is

formed by the main body that requires involvement in the study of all the incoming flow of visitors to tourist

object in a certain period, in this case during the opening hours of visiting sites and displaying.
Historical basis and strategic design prospects of the municipal tourism product in the Kemerovo region (on the example of chebulinsky municipal district)
Authors: Глушкова Полина , Glushkova Polina , Родионова Дарья , Rodionova Darya , Насонов Александр , Nasonov Aleksandr
Published: February 2016

In accordance with the strategy of the tourism cluster development of Kuzbass which aim is to promote domestic

tourism product and expand the range of tourist services, the authors discuss the directions of development of

municipal Chebulinsky district as a tourist destination, focusing on its unique historical, cultural and natural

heritage. The authors explain the techniques and methods of museumification, reconstruction and updating of

historical and cultural heritage with specific examples. They pay special attention to ethnographic heritage of the area, extent of its knowledge and its possible application in modern social and cultural environment, the

formation of the tourist product based on it. Authors note that scientists carried out very little the ethnographic

studies on the territory of municipal Chebulinsky district of the Kemerovo region, but ritual traditions of the

areas are original and unique. The authors pay attention to the fact that the contemporary museumification

of historical and cultural heritage requires an integrated approach: the safeguarding of the intangible cultural

heritage is no less important than the preservation of material objects. Important components of material

culture that can be the objects of museumification or reconstruction are the immovable objects of historical

and cultural heritage: residential and commercial buildings, religious buildings. Giving specific examples of

objects, the authors see opportunities for the development of religious tourism in the area. In addition, the

authors emphasize the promotion of information about tourist and recreational cluster in the information

space. Summing up, the authors pay attention to the fact that the project-innovative development of a tourist

destination to Chebulinsky municipal district of the Kemerovo region is feasible through the organization of

special events. For these events, it is necessary to create a complex of integrated projects, which is socially

significant for the region strategic.
Technical base of soviet cinema in the period of “stagnation”
Authors: Косинова Марина , Kosinova Marina
Published: February 2016

The article is devoted to such technical aspects of Soviet cinema as cinema spreading, film, movie taking and film equipment. We consider the activities of NIKFI [National Research film and photo institute] in the 1970s. One of the major problems in cinema spreading is a deep-rooted lag of the cinema network from the audience needs. There was not only few cinemas, but also there was less technical equipment which often left much to be desired. In addition, large one-hall cinemas, which always prevailed in the USSR, significantly narrowed the choice of repertoire. In the late 1970’s – early 1980’s in the Soviet Union there was dramatically reduced cinema building, while the number of urban residents continued to grow. Status of rural cinema network also left much to be desired: it was often increased at the expense of the reorganization of rooms poorly adapted for this purpose into cinemas. The technical base of the Soviet film industry has always been its Achilles heel. In our country, there was always a certain gap between the level of scientific research and their practical realization. The reason is that all the forces were at the defense industry. A huge number of people (even in “peaceful” factories there were often secret workshops) employs on the “defense industry”. So in many fields we had advanced science (because the “defense industry” science always moves forward) and backward production. The perversity of this approach negatively affected the efficiency of NIKFI. Laboratories operating according to the plans approved by Institute of State cinema were busy with works which were not directly related to the cinematography; as the result, every year the Soviet Cinema equipment remained more and more behind the world standards, equipment dilapidated and were gradually replaced by foreign novelties. Especially serious lag observed in a number of areas cinema techniques: in the projection, the developing and copying equipment, new types of imaging optics, carrier transport. The most difficult situation was in the production and development of new varieties of film. In the late 1970s and early 1980s the problem of the quality laid on the problem of the quantity. Soviet film industry began to have trouble with positive film, which resulted in a forced reduction in circulation of new films.
Categorical analysis of culture, it’s national and common to all mankind aspects
Authors: Чернышева Татьяна , Chernysheva Tatyana
Published: February 2016

The subject of the article is correlation and interdependence of national and common to all mankind culture in light of modern crisis of multiculturalism conception. The article states the difficulty of processes in global society, which connected with the lack of common to all mankind culture acknowledgement. The goal of the research is by means of analysis of different conceptions of culture to prove the necessity of common to all mankind system of values which provide survival in international environment. The main conclusion is – only the choice of common to all mankind values is able to lead the world to non-conflict collaboration.
Romeo and the Apothecary
Authors: Grace Dominick M.
Published: February 2016

Romeo and Juliet 5.1, the apothecary scene, makes at best a minimal contribution to the forward action of the play. If the apothecary's function is to be a plot device to provide Romeo with poison, why devote so much space to him? If we consider the scene as a whole, as a dramatic unit enhancing the structure of the play and clarifying Romeo's character development; if we consider the thematic links between the action here and elsewhere; and if we consider the casting of the apothecary, we can discover the importance of the scene. A key point is that the apothecary is linked to Friar Lawrence. The two characters function as foils and as thematic contrasts, serving to clarify our understanding of Romeo's actions.
From Court to Playhouse and Back: Middleton's Appropriation of the Masque
Authors: Baird Caroline
Published: February 2016

Bringing a thorough study of court masques to bear on reoriented readings of The Revenger’s Tragedy, Women Beware Women, The Changeling, and the lesser known Your Five Gallants, I show that Thomas Middleton’s intimate knowledge of the Jacobean court masque enables him to exploit its conventions, iconography, and structural functions for use in the playhouse. Middleton confidently ‘deconstructs’ masque dramaturgy to create a masque episode which encapsulates the play’s overarching theme and engineers the resolution. At the same time, by subverting the very device used to represent the court to the world, he subtly critiques king and court.
Reproducing Iphigenia at Aulis
Authors: Findlay Alison G.
Published: February 2016

Lady Jane Lumley’s Iphigenia at Aulis exemplifies the process of dramatic reproduction in the mid-sixteenth century and in 2014. Lumley’s translation (ca 1554) of Euripides’ tragedy is a text which revivifies the past to confront the emotional consequences of betrayal and loss.  In the sixteenth-century context of Lumley’s own family, her translation disturbs and manages the emotional consequences of her father’s involvement in the sacrifice of Lady Jane Grey to fulfil the family’s political ambitions. My historicist approach juxtaposes a consideration of the play's performances in the Rose Company Theatre in 2014. Drawing on interviews with the director and actors and my observation of spectators’ reactions, I discuss the production's testing of  the script’s immediacy for audiences in a present which had its own preoccupations with the past; namely, the centenary of the outbreak of World War I.
Introduction: Attending to Early Modern Women as Theatre Makers
Authors: Schafer Elizabeth
Published: February 2016

This essay introduces the playwrights under consideration and looks forward to the four essays in this section examining the work of early modern women theatre makers.The introduction ends with a census of early modern women's plays in modern performance.
A Cycle-Based Formulation and Valid Inequalities for DC Power Transmission Problems with Switching
Authors: Kocuk Burak , Jeon Hyemin , Dey Santanu S. , Linderoth Jeff , Luedtke James , Sun Xu Andy
Published: February 2016

It is well known that optimizing network topology by switching on and off transmission lines improves the efficiency of power delivery in electrical networks. In fact, the USA Energy Policy Act of 2005 (Section 1223) states that the United States should “encourage, as appropriate, the deployment of advanced transmission technologies” including “optimized transmission line configurations.” As such, many authors have studied the problem of determining an optimal set of transmission lines to switch off to minimize the cost of meeting a given power demand under the direct current (DC) model of power flow. This problem is known in the literature as the Direct-Current Optimal Transmission Switching Problem (DC-OTS). Most research on DC-OTS has focused on heuristic algorithms for generating quality solutions or on the application of DC-OTS to crucial operational and strategic problems such as contingency correction, real-time dispatch, and transmission expansion. The mathematical theory of the DC-OTS problem is less well developed. In this work, we formally establish that DC-OTS is NP-Hard, even if the power network is a series-parallel graph with at most one load/demand pair. Inspired by Kirchoff’s Voltage Law, we provide a cycle-based formulation for DC-OTS, and we use the new formulation to build a cycle-induced relaxation. We characterize the convex hull of the cycle-induced relaxation; this characterization provides strong valid inequalities that can be used in a cutting-plane approach to solve the DC-OTS. We give details of a practical implementation, and we show promising computational results on standard benchmark instances.