bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A review of lobster fishery management: the Western Australian fishery for Panulirus cygnus, a case study in the development and implementation of input and output-based management systems
Authors: Penn J. W. , Caputi N. , de Lestang S.
Published: April 2015

Lobster stocks around the world support high-value fisheries with production currently about 260,000 tonnes annually. The largest fisheries harvest Homarus, Nephrops and Panulirus species with smaller production from the Jasus, Palinurus and Scylarid species groups. The majority of larger industrial fisheries have systems limiting fishing effort or catches, while many of the smaller fisheries remain open access and have yet to implement basic management controls. The review uses the Western Australian fishery for Panulirus cygnus, valued between AUS$200–400 million annually with a long history of successful management, as a case study for the consideration of lobster fisheries management systems more generally. The conclusions from the review suggest that an evolutionary approach to management with biological controls as a precursor to input-based controls is necessary to allow sufficient fishery-based data to be accumulated for management decision processes to be effective. The case study experience suggests that well-defined fishing rights leading to an input-based total allowable effort system with individually transferable effort (ITE) units can provide efficient mechanisms for the reduction of latent effort, which characterises most lobster fisheries with open access or basic limited entry. Further the system has been shown to be capable of generating significant license values for fishermen while maintaining owner-operators as the dominant group in the fishery. The ITE system was also used effectively to adjust fishing to compensate for a severe environmentally-driven downturn in recruitment, but resulted in highly complex management rules. In 2010 the fishery moved seamlessly to a total allowable catch with individually transferable quotas which removed the complexity of management, further increased the catch value and reduced costs of fishing. Price/earnings (P/E) ratios have been used to track trends in license values which highlight the industry’s increasing economic viability over time under both input and output based management.
VLBI observation of the newly discovered z = 5.18 quasar SDSS J0131−0321
Authors: Gabányi K. É. , Cseh D. , Frey S. , Paragi Z. , Gurvits L. I. , An T. , Zhang Y. K.
Published: April 2015

Few high-redshift, radio-loud quasars are known to date. The extremely luminous, radio-bright quasar, SDSS J013127.34−032100.1 was recently discovered at a redshift of z = 5.18. We observed the source with high resolution very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) at 1.7 GHz with the European VLBI Network (EVN) and found a single compact radio component. We estimated a lower limit to the brightness temperature of the detected radio component, TB ∼ 1011 K. Additionaly, when compared to archival radio data, the source showed significant flux density variation. These two findings are indicative of the blazar nature of the source.
Aggression and Coercive Behaviors in Early Adult Relationships
Authors: Kim Hyoun K. , Shortt Joann Wu , Tiberio Stacey S. , Capaldi Deborah M.
Published: April 2015

Aggression and coercive behaviors in the form of physical assaults, psychological aggression, and sexual coercion—often referred to as intimate partner violence (IPV)—are highly prevalent in couples during early adulthood (ages 18 through 29 years). Although such IPV has long been recognized as a major public health problem, the existing intervention programs have shown limited effects. Since the late 1990s researchers have sought to identify more nuanced developmental pathways and interactional processes of IPV in young couples in order to better inform prevention and intervention efforts. This chapter first discusses characteristics of IPV in early adulthood and then outlines key assumptions of the dynamic developmental systems model, an extension of coercion theory, as a framework for understanding the development of IPV. It then provides relevant empirical findings from the Oregon Youth Study–Couples Study. We also discuss clinical implications of the findings from our work.
Child-Focused Cognitive-Behavioral Interventions Designed to Reduce Aggression
Authors: Lochman John E. , Boxmeyer Caroline , Powell Nicole , Dishion Thomas J.
Published: April 2015

This chapter describes issues related to cognitive-behavioral group-based interventions for children with aggressive behavior problems. It describes beneficial aspects of group formats and notes the longer-term effects of the Coping Power program. It discusses potential problems in group-based interventions with aggressive children, including the potential for deviant peer effects and deviancy training. It then describes a study of Coping Power that randomly assigned schools to either group or individual formats for aggressive children. Results indicated significant reduction in behavioral problems for children in both conditions. However, teacher ratings indicated significantly stronger effects apparent by a 1-year follow-up for children in the individual sessions compared to the group format. The chapter discusses why these differences may have emerged and how group therapist behavior may be important in protecting against longer term follow-up deviant peer effects.
Feminist Jurisprudence
Authors: Williams Juliet
Published: April 2015

This chapter explores the contributions of feminist jurisprudence to feminist theory, highlighting several strands of legal analysis that productively challenge feminists more generally to think beyond settled boundaries. The 1980s are remembered as the heyday of feminist jurisprudence in the United States, an impression that rightly acknowledges the vigorous and generative nature of debate in this period but that risks overlooking the significance of more recent developments in feminist legal theory. Focusing on the ideas of intersectionality, gender and sexuality, and masculinities, the chapter demonstrates new directions in feminist legal theory that have emerged in the wake of the sameness/difference debates.
Intersexuality, Transgender, and Transsexuality
Authors: Bettcher Talia Mae
Published: April 2015

This essay discusses the complex relations between feminist theory and trans and intersex theory and politics. It charts the emergence of a “beyond-the binary” model of oppression that frames trans and intersex oppression in terms of a hostile binary—a binary that forces out anything in-between the categories male/man and female/woman. This chapter shows how this model has unfortunately resulted in political impasse, particularly in articulating a feminism that sees trans and intersex oppression as intersecting with sexist oppression. The chapter excavates and interrogates the roots of this model in, for example, the responses of Sandy Stone and Kate Bornstein to the transphobic feminism of Janice Raymond, and provides an alternative way of conceptualizing trans and intersex oppression more congenial to an intersectional framework. It proceeds by taking seriously a specific form of transphobic sexual violation, namely, “reality enforcement.”
Temporality
Authors: Smith Bonnie G.
Published: April 2015

Time or temporality is a concept by which humans confront the experience of duration. Feminists across the globe have constructed theories, political programs, and fantasies based on an awareness of temporality, usually as a tool to confront long-standing myths, inequality, and oppression. Feminist history is especially concerned with temporality, but so are activists who invoke the conditions of women in the past and present that must be remedied in the future. Temporality is embedded in discourses of the body and sexuality, and in this respect, women are seen as especially time bound. Postmodern theory has provided feminism with new approaches to time—many of them seeking to confound what can be called ordinary restrictions on time and to overturn time’s seeming limitations. Nonetheless, temporality exists only in language that is already gendered, seeming to set limits to a revolt against time.
Civilization
Authors: Towns Ann
Published: April 2015

This chapter discusses the treatment of civilization as a concept and phenomenon in feminist scholarship from the late 1970s until the present. How have feminist scholars understood and approached civilization and its relation to gender and/or women? In what ways have these interventions contributed to and challenged more mainstream scholarship on civilization, particularly on the West and Islam? The chapter begins with a discussion of feminist treatments of civilizations as bounded sociocultural entities and the role of women and men therein. It then continues with a longer analysis of the alternative feminist understanding of civilizations as discourses that are contextually unfolding. In this understanding, gender and the status of women are implicated in the production as well as challenging of civilizational boundaries and hierarchies. The chapter ends with suggestions for the direction of future research, including a call to more directly engage central civilizations scholarship that is inattentive to gender.
Work–Family Intervention Research
Authors: Hammer Leslie B. , Demsky Caitlin A. , Kossek Ellen Ernst , Bray Jeremy W.
Published: April 2015

This chapter reviews the literature on work–family interventions focusing on linkages to evidence-based employee health and well-being outcomes and on return on investment (ROI) in organizations. Work–family interventions include, but are not limited to, alternative work arrangements, family supportive supervisor behavior training, work redesign to increase schedule control, and the provision of dependent care supports. Work–family interventions have the goal of reducing work–family conflict and in turn increasing the health and well-being of employees and the organizations in which they work (Kossek, Hammer, Kelly, and Moen, 2014). Sixteen studies were identified that meet our criteria. The chapter provides a discussion of establishing the work–family intervention value proposition with a focus on ROI, concluding with a discussion of approaches and guidelines for future work–family intervention research and practice.
Gender and the Work–Family Domain
Authors: Leslie Lisa , Manchester Colleen Flaherty , Kim Yeonka
Published: April 2015

This chapter advances a social role perspective on gender and the work–family domain—defined to include work and family time investments and attitudes and the work–family intersection (e.g., work–family conflict). A traditional view of social roles suggests that (1) gender has a main effect on the work–family domain, such that men (women) tend to have more work-oriented (family-oriented) and less family-oriented (work-oriented) experiences than women (men) and (2) gender moderates the effect of the work–family domain on valued outcomes (e.g., career success, family satisfaction, health), such that men and women have more favorable outcomes when work–family experiences align with traditional gender roles. In contrast, a dynamic view of social roles suggests that gender has little relevance for understanding the work–family domain. A narrative review of recent research reveals that gender differences often fail to align with traditional gender-based social roles, but also reflect some vestiges of traditional gender-based expectations.
Homicide-Suicide
Authors: Hillbrand Marc
Published: April 2015

Homicide-suicide entails a homicide followed by the perpetrator’s suicide within one week. The incidence of homicide-suicide in the US was 0.23% per 100,000 in 2013 (about 5% of all US homicides). In Western Europe and other low violence countries, such as Japan, homicide-suicides make up a much higher proportion of all homicides. Subtypes are filicidal, spousal (including jealous and declining health subtypes), familial, and extrafamilial homicide-suicide. Spousal homicide-suicides are the most common, yet extrafamilial homicide-suicides receive the most media attention, despite their rarity. Related phenomena include mass murder, victim-precipitated suicide (“suicide by cop”), politically motivated homicide-suicide, and suicide in violent offenders. We review several conceptual models of the etiology of homicide-suicide, namely developmental, dynamic, biological, and cognitive models, and draw implications from the current state of knowledge about homicide-suicide.
Age Discrimination at Work
Authors: Truxillo Donald M. , Finkelstein Lisa M. , Pytlovany Amy C. , Jenkins Jade S.
Published: April 2015

People are working longer, with the result that workplaces are becoming older and more age-diverse. For these reasons, workplace age discrimination is of increasing importance. This chapter describes a number of mechanisms that may explain age stereotyping and may lead to workplace age discrimination in the areas of hiring, training, performance appraisal, layoffs and reemployment, and interpersonal treatment. Noting that the growing interest in age at work among researchers and practitioners has led to a number of recent developments, the chapter reviews more recent advances in the field of workplace age discrimination and recommends a number of pathways for future research.
Tigers or Tiger Prawns?
Authors: Cramer Christopher , Chang Ha-Joon
Published: April 2015

This chapter examines Africa’s “renaissance” following a “growth tragedy,” or “chronic growth failure,” between the mid-1990s and the mid-2000s. It puts the African growth experiences of the last 50 years into perspective by analyzing these so-called growth tragedy and renaissance. The chapter begins by discussing the merits and the shortcomings of explanations that have been put forward to account for an African growth tragedy based on “meta-structural” factors. It then considers Africa’s accelerated economic growth and the factors behind this renaissance, focusing on the experiences of Mozambique and Ethiopia. Finally, it challenges both the older narrative of an African growth tragedy and the more recent narrative of Africa rising, arguing that they failed to provide a more realistic approach to understanding the challenges and prospects of long-term economic development in the continent.
Rhetoric and Gender in British Literature
Authors: Enterline Lynn
Published: April 2015

This chapter examines the intermingling of rhetorical theory, educational training in Latin grammar and rhetoric, and literary representations that designate bodies, texts, genres, figures, and tropes as “male,” “female,” and/or “epicene” (of common gender). Arguing that a tripartite rather than binary scheme is appropriate to early modern British literature and culture, the chapter historicizes Jacques Lacan’s abstract psychoanalytic claims about the “Symbolic Order” by examining language games, community practices, and social texts at work in literary texts that translate classical rhetorical training into vernacular literary practice. Focusing on William Shakespeare, John Webster, and George Gascoigne, the chapter explores the vogue for Ovidian cross-voicing in light of grammar school training in prosopopoeia and impersonation. Along the way it analyzes many examples of literary imitatio in which a male/female binary distinction collapses and rhetoric’s translation into literary invention is rendered legible in epicene figures that defy easy categorization.
Reflexivity and Sentiment in Hume’s Philosophy
Authors: Baier Annette
Published: April 2015

This contribution is concerned with what Hume means by reflection and sentiment. Hume’s Treatise is devoted to an account of the extent to which the mind is able to bear its own reflexion or turn mental states on themselves. This theme is likely the “new scene of thought” that inspired Hume’s major concerns in the Treatise. Although Hume found that the understanding fails to understand itself, the passions do better in satisfying curiosity about curiosity, and, most importantly, moral sentiment is able to approve of itself. The author contends that the whole task of the moral sentiment is to get us to fulfill our part to mankind and society, and that, according to Hume, the sentiments are the noble source of morality itself.
Mefenoxam Sensitivity, Aggressiveness, and Identification ofPythiumSpecies Causing Root Rot on Floriculture Crops in North Carolina
Authors: Lookabaugh E. C. , Ivors K. L. , Shew B. B.
Published: April 2015

Herbaceous ornamental plants exhibiting symptoms of Pythium root rot were collected from 26 greenhouses in 21 counties in North Carolina (NC) from 2010 to 2012. Plant symptoms ranged from mild stunting to severe wilting, root rot, and death. Roots were plated on selective media, and 356 isolates of Pythium were recovered from 34 host species. Selected isolates were identified by sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA gene region. Seventeen Pythium species were identified, with P. aphanidermatum, P. irregulare, and P. myriotylum comprising 75% of the 320 isolates sequenced. Twelve of the 26 greenhouses had more than one species present. Mefenoxam sensitivity was tested in vitro by growing isolates in wells of microtiter plates containing clarified V8 agar amended with 100 µg a.i./ml mefenoxam. Colonization was scored after 24 to 48 h using a scale of 0 (no growth) to 5 (entire well colonized). Fifty-two percent of the isolates were resistant to mefenoxam (mean score ≥4). All 32 isolates of P. myriotylum were sensitive, whereas sensitivity varied among isolates of P. aphanidermatum and P. irregulare. Resistant and sensitive isolates of the same species were found within the same greenhouses. The aggressiveness of P. aphanidermatum and P. irregulare isolates was evaluated on poinsettia, Gerbera daisy, and petunia. P. aphanidermatum was more aggressive than P. irregulare on poinsettia and petunia; symptoms were mild and no differences in aggressiveness were observed on Gerbera daisy. Sensitivity to mefenoxam was not related to aggressiveness.
Barberry as Alternate Host Is Important for Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici But Not for Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici in the U.S. Pacific Northwest
Authors: Wang M. N. , Wan A. M. , Chen X. M.
Published: April 2015

Common barberry (Berberis vulgaris) is the alternate host of the wheat stem rust pathogen, Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici, under natural conditions in the U.S. Pacific Northwest. Barberry was recently shown to be infected by basidiospores of the wheat stripe rust pathogen, Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, under controlled conditions, but it is unclear if barberry plays any role in stripe rust epidemics under natural conditions. Aecial samples of Puccinia spp. collected from barberry plants in the Pacific Northwest from 2010 to 2013 were characterized to species by inoculation on wheat plants under controlled conditions and by molecular markers and sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of nuclear ribosomal DNA. Inoculation of wheat plants with bulked aecia-bearing barberry samples resulted in most P. graminis f. sp. tritici uredia and some P. striiformis f. sp. tritici uredinia. Virulence tests demonstrated that the P. graminis f. sp. tritici isolates were sexually produced, whereas the P. striiformis f. sp. tritici isolates were clonal based on both virulence and simple sequence repeat marker tests, indicating urediniospores from wheat fields landing on barberry leaves as the possible source of P. striiformis f. sp. tritici inoculum. A method for simultaneously testing individual aecia for identifying of P. graminis f. sp. tritici and P. striiformis f. sp. tritici by pathogenicity and ITS markers. Using the method together with ITS sequencing, tested individual aecia were mostly P. graminis f. sp. tritici and occasionally some other formae speciales of P. graminis, but not P. striiformis. The results imply that barberry is essential for stem rust epidemics, but not for stripe rust under the natural conditions in the U.S. Pacific Northwest.
Resistance to Puccinia graminis f. sp. avenae in Barley Is Associated with the Rpg5 Locus
Authors: Dracatos Peter , Singh Davinder , Fetch Tom , Park Robert
Published: April 2015

In barley, gene Rpg5 was first identified for providing resistance to the rye stem rust pathogen (Puccinia graminis f. sp. secalis). A subsequent study determined that Rpg5 is required for rpg4-mediated resistance to the wheat stem rust pathogen (P. graminis f. sp. tritici) including pathotype TTKSK (“Ug99”), which poses a major threat to global wheat and barley production. Based on the effectiveness of Rpg5 against P. graminis f. sp. tritici and P. graminis f. sp. secalis, we assessed whether it also conferred resistance to the oat stem rust pathogen (P. graminis f. sp. avenae). A barley F8 recombinant inbred line (RIL) population was produced by crossing ‘Q21861’ (Rpg1 and Rpg5) with ‘73-G1’ (Rpg1), which is susceptible to P. graminis f. sp. avenae, P. graminis f. sp. secalis, and some pathotypes of P. graminis f. sp. tritici. Seedling tests were performed on the F8 RIL population using Australian pathotypes of P. graminis f. sp. tritici, P. graminis f. sp. secalis, P. graminis f. sp. avenae, and a putative somatic hybrid between P. graminis f. sp. tritici and P. graminis f. sp. secalis known as the ‘Scabrum’ rust. Segregation in the responses to all rust isolates for the RILs was identical (50 resistant: 52 susceptible), and fitted a 1:1 ratio (X2 = 0.039, P = 0.843), indicating that resistance to all isolates was monogenetically inherited. Screening of the RILs and the parental lines with perfect markers for the functional Rpg1 and Rpg5 resistance alleles indicated that Rpg1 was fixed, while Rpg5 was positive in all resistant lines and negative in all susceptible lines. This suggests that different formae speciales of P. graminis may share common effectors, and that the Rpg5 locus confers resistance to both P. graminis f. sp. tritici and P. graminis f. sp. secalis and the heterologous formae speciales of P. graminis, P. graminis f. sp. avenae.
Specificity of a Rust Resistance Suppressor on 7DL in the Spring Wheat Cultivar Canthatch
Authors: Talajoor Mina , Jin Yue , Wan Anmin , Chen Xianming , Bhavani Sridhar , Tabe Linda , Lagudah Evans , Huang Li
Published: April 2015

The spring wheat ‘Canthatch’ has been shown to suppress stem rust resistance genes in the background due to the presence of a suppressor gene located on the long arm of chromosome 7D. However, it is unclear whether the suppressor also suppresses resistance genes against leaf rust and stripe rust. In this study, we investigated the specificity of the resistance suppression. To determine whether the suppression is genome origin specific, chromosome location specific, or rust species or race specific, we introduced 11 known rust resistance genes into the Canthatch background, including resistance to leaf, stripe, or stem rusts, originating from A, B, or D genomes and located on different chromosome homologous groups. F1 plants of each cross were tested with the corresponding rust race, and the infection types were scored and compared with the parents. Our results show that the Canthatch 7DL suppressor only suppressed stem rust resistance genes derived from either the A or B genome, and the pattern of the suppression is gene specific and independent of chromosomal location.
MILDEW LOCUS O Mutation Does Not Affect Resistance to Grain Infections with Fusarium spp. and Ramularia collo-cygni
Authors: Hofer Katharina , Linkmeyer Andrea , Textor Katharina , Hückelhoven Ralph , Hess Michael
Published: April 2015

MILDEW LOCUS O defines a major susceptibility gene for powdery mildew, and recessive mlo resistance alleles are widely used in breeding for powdery mildew resistance in spring barley. Barley powdery mildew resistance, which is conferred by mlo genes, is considered to be costly in terms of spontaneous defense reactions and enhanced susceptibility to cell-death-inducing pathogens. We assessed fungal infestation of barley (Hordeum vulgare) grain by measuring fungal DNA after natural infection with Fusarium spp. and Ramularia collo-cygni or after inoculation with Fusarium spp. in the field. Powdery-mildew-resistant mlo5 genotypes did not show enhanced Fusarium spp. or R. collo-cygni DNA content of grain over four consecutive years. Data add to our understanding of pleiotropic effects of mlo-mediated powdery mildew resistance and contributes to the discussion of whether or not application of barley mlo mutations may support pathogenesis of cell-death-inducing fungal pathogens under field conditions.
Rereduction for Redisplacement of Both-Bone Forearm Shaft Fractures in Children
Authors: Eismann Emily A. , Parikh Shital N. , Jain Viral V.
Published: April 2015

Background:

There is a high rate of redisplacement after closed reduction and cast treatment of displaced both-bone forearm shaft fractures in children. Little evidence is available on the efficacy of rereduction of these redisplaced fractures. This study evaluates the impact of rereduction on radiographic outcomes and compares the cost to surgical stabilization.

Methods:

This retrospective study included 31 children (mean age, 6.3 y; 18 boys) treated with rereduction for redisplacement of a displaced both-bone forearm shaft fracture between 2008 and 2013. Angulation was measured on anteroposterior and lateral radiographs of the radius and ulna at injury, after reduction, at redisplacement, after rereduction, and at fracture union. Average procedure costs for rereduction and surgical stabilization were calculated.

Results:

Initial reduction decreased apex volar angulation (initially >20 degrees) of both bones to a median of ≤2 degrees. After an average of 15 days (range, 4 to 35 d), apex volar angulation of the radius worsened to 9 degrees, and apex ulnar angulation worsened to >10 degrees for both bones. For every 5 days after initial reduction, apex ulnar angulation of the radius worsened by 4 degrees. Rereduction reduced apex ulnar and volar angulation of both bones to <5 degrees, which was maintained after cast removal. There were no complications. The average procedure cost for rereduction was $2056 compared with $4589 for surgical stabilization with or without implant removal.

Conclusion:

Rereduction of both-bone forearm shaft fractures after redisplacement following initial closed reduction had satisfactory radiographic outcomes and is a safe, effective, and less expensive option than surgical stabilization.

Level of Evidence:

Level IV—therapeutic.
Radiographic Evaluation During Treatment of Pediatric Forearm Fractures: Implications on Clinical Care and Cost
Authors: Luther Gaurav , Miller Patricia , Waters Peter M. , Bae Donald S.
Published: April 2015

Background:

As ≥30% of displaced pediatric forearm fractures demonstrate loss of reduction (LOR) following closed reduction (CR); radiographic follow-up is advocated at 1, 2, 4, and 6 weeks for detection of redisplacement. We hypothesized that there is minimal change in fracture alignment 2 weeks after CR, and consequently, that radiographs at 4 weeks add cost but little value to clinical care.

Methods:

A total of 184 patients enrolled in a prospective study of pediatric forearm fractures including both distal and diaphyseal injuries were evaluated. All were treated with CR, casting, and radiographic evaluation at 1, 2, 4, and 6 weeks postinjury. Primary endpoint was radiographic LOR. Secondary endpoint was need for any intervention. A modified number-needed to treat analysis estimated the utility of the week 4 x-ray in predicting intervention. Relative value unit (RVU) costing, time-derived activity-based costing (TDABC), and billing totals were used for cost analysis.

Results:

Seventy patients (38%) demonstrated radiographic LOR. Independent predictors of LOR were initial radius displacement >75% (OR=5.40; CI, 2.23-12.60), concomitant ulna fracture (OR=1.71; CI, 1.15-2.54), and dominant arm involvement (OR=2.87; CI, 1.40-5.87). Eighty percent of all LORs occurred within the first 2 weeks. There was no statistically significant change in radiographic alignment after week 2. Of 40 total interventions, all were performed within the first 2 weeks of follow-up. The 4-week x-ray did not influence decision to intervene, and at most, 1 in every 40 patients would require an intervention after week 2. Elimination of the 4-week x-ray would result in a savings of 4.8% (RVU method) to 11.9% (TDABC method) in the overall cost of nonoperative fracture care.

Conclusions:

There is minimal change in fracture alignment 2 weeks following CR of pediatric forearm fractures, and all interventions are based on early radiographic follow-up. The week 4 x-ray adds little value to clinical decision making, and its elimination would result in savings up to 11.9% of the overall cost of nonoperative fracture care.

Level of Evidence:

Level II—prognostic.
Narcotic-only Epidural Infusion for Posterior Spinal Fusion Patients: A Single-Center, Retrospective Review
Authors: Hong Rebecca , Gauger Virginia , Caird Michelle S. , Burke Constance
Published: April 2015

Background:

Adequate and safe postoperative analgesia for patients with idiopathic scoliosis undergoing posterior spinal fusion (PSF) remains challenging and controversial. A past adverse event in this patient population triggered a change of our institution’s practice from epidurals containing bupivacaine and has resulted in use of epidurals containing solely narcotic (hydromorphone) for postoperative analgesia. This retrospective review looks at our experiences with hydromorphone patient-controlled epidural analgesia for postoperative analgesia in this patient population.

Methods:

Electronic medical records of all children with a diagnosis of idiopathic scoliosis who underwent PSF surgery at our institution during the period of January 2011 to October 2011 were reviewed from the time they entered the PACU through the first 72 hours following PACU discharge. Specifically, the charts were reviewed for pain scores, sedation scores, narcotic use, use of adjuvant medications, antiemetics, antipruritics, hours to first ambulation, hours to first oral intake, respiratory rate, SpO2 values, need for any respiratory interventions, length of stay, and any adverse events.

Results:

Fifty-six patients were enrolled. Three patients had their epidurals removed within the first 24 hours (5.4% failure rate). Highest mean pain scores ranged from 5.6±2.3 to 5.8±2.2 with median pain scores ranging from 4 to 6. There were no respiratory or neurological adverse events. Ambulation occurred on either postoperative day 1 or 2. The incidence of vomiting in this study was 34% in the first 24 hours post-PACU discharge and during this period, 61% of patients received ondansetron, for either nausea or pruritus. The mean length of stay for our patients was 3.95 days, with a median of 4 days.

Conclusions:

This retrospective review suggests that hydromorphone epidurals used for pain control in postoperative PSF patients are a reasonable alternative to IV-PCA, in terms of analgesia, side-effect profile, and length of stay.

Level of Evidence:

Level III—retrospective study.
Resident Versus Attending Surgeons in Achieving and Maintaining Fracture Reduction in Pediatric Distal Radius Fractures
Authors: Abson Simon , Williams Nicole , Inglis Mark , Antoniou Georgia , Cundy Peter
Published: April 2015

Background:

Distal third forearm fractures are one of the most common orthopaedic injuries in the pediatric population with a reported risk of redisplacement in the range of up to a third following initial reduction. The aims of this study were to determine whether fracture redisplacement and adequacy of cast molding were associated with surgeon seniority in the treatment of displaced pediatric distal third radius fractures that required manipulation under anesthesia.

Methods:

This study prospectively randomized 143 pediatric patients presenting to a tertiary referral hospital with a fractured distal radius into 2 groups. We compared the surgeon seniority (resident vs. attending surgeon) with the cast index (CI) and amount of displacement/angulation postreduction.

Results:

Our results showed no significant difference in CI according to level of experience between resident and attending surgeon (P=0.14). There was also no difference in redisplacement for fracture types relative to seniority. Median redisplacement for resident and attending, respectively, for type Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Osteosynthesefragen (AO) 23E was 6% (range, 0% to 42%) versus 6% (range, 0% to 41%) P=0.98. For type AO 23M reangulation was 4 degrees (range, 0 to 29 degrees) versus 5 degrees (range, 0 to 18 degrees) P=0.97, respectively.

Conclusions:

Our results indicate that the level of seniority does not influence the CI or redisplacement/angulation of fractures after closed reduction. Residents appear well trained in cast application.

Level of Evidence:

Level I—randomized-controlled trial.
The sociality–health–fitness nexus: synthesis, conclusions and future directions
Authors: Nunn Charles L. , Craft Meggan E. , Gillespie Thomas R. , Schaller Mark , Kappeler Peter M.
Published: April 2015

This theme issue has highlighted the links between sociality, health and fitness in a broad range of organisms, and with approaches that include field and captive studies of animals, comparative and meta-analyses, theoretical modelling and clinical and psychological studies of humans. In this concluding chapter, we synthesize the results of these diverse studies into some of the key concepts discussed in this issue, focusing on risks of infectious disease through social contact, the effects of competition in groups on susceptibility to disease, and the integration of sociality into research on life-history trade-offs. Interestingly, the studies in this issue both support pre-existing hypotheses, and in other ways challenge those hypotheses. We focus on unexpected results, including a lack of association between ectoparasites and fitness and weak results from a meta-analysis of the links between dominance rank and immune function, and place these results in a broader context. We also review relevant topics that were not covered fully in this theme issue, including self-medication and sickness behaviours, society-level defences against infectious disease, sexual selection, evolutionary medicine, implications for conservation biology and selective pressures on parasite traits. We conclude by identifying general open questions to stimulate and guide future research on the links between sociality, health and fitness.
Mycobacterium anyangense sp. nov., a rapidly growing species isolated from blood of Korean native cattle, Hanwoo (Bos taurus coreanae)
Authors: Kim Byoung-Jun , Kim Jae-Myung , Kim Bo-Ram , Lee So-Young , Kim GaNa , Jang Yun-Ho , Ryoo Soyoon , Jeon Che-Ok , Jin Hyun-Mi , Jeong Joseph , Lee Seon Ho , Lim Ji-Hun , Kook Yoon-Hoh , Kim Bum-Joon
Published: April 2015

From the whole blood of Korean native cattle, Hanwoo (Bos taurus coreanae), a previously undescribed, rapidly growing, scotochromogenic isolate of the genus Mycobacterium is reported. Its 16S rRNA gene sequence, and the sequences of three other genes (hsp65, recA and rpoB) were unique and phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence (1420 bp) placed the organism into the rapidly growing Mycobacterium group close to Mycobacterium smegmatis (98.5 % sequence similarity). However, phylogenetic analyses based on three different gene sequences (hsp65, recA and rpoB) revealed its location to be distinct from the branch of rapidly growing species. Culture and biochemical characteristics were generally similar to those of Mycobacterium fortuitum. Unique matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) MS profiles of lipids, unique fatty acid profile, unique mycolic acids profiles and a low DNA–DNA relatedness to M. fortuitum (23.6 %) and M. smegmatis (39.7 %) strongly supported the taxonomic status of this strain as a representative of a novel species of rapidly growing mycobacteria named Mycobacterium anyangense. The type strain is strain QIA-38T ( = JCM 30275T = KCTC 29443T).
Gelidibacter sediminis sp. nov., isolated from a sediment sample of the Yellow Sea
Authors: Zhang De-Chao , Margesin Rosa
Published: April 2015

The Gram-stain-negative, yellow-pigmented, rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated S11-41T, was isolated from a sediment sample of the Yellow Sea in China. The strain was able to grow well over a wide temperature range (1–35 °C). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain S11-41T was related to the members of the genus Gelidibacter, sharing highest sequence similarities with the type strains of Geldibacter salicanalis (98.2 %), Geldibacter algens (97.4 %) and Geldibacter mesophilus (96.9 %). The genomic DNA G+C content of strain S11-41T was 39.2 mol%. The predominant cellular fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0 (13.2 %), iso-C17 : 0 3-OH (12.8 %) and iso-C15 : 1 G (12.2 %). Phosphatidylethanolamine was identified as the major polar lipid. Combined data from phenotypic, phylogenetic and DNA–DNA relatedness studies demonstrated that strain S11-41T is a representative of a novel species of the genus Gelidibacter, for which we propose the name Gelidibacter sediminis sp. nov. (type strain S11-41T = DSM 28135T = LMG 28076T).
Fast principal components analysis reveals convergent evolution of ADH1B gene in Europe and East Asia
Authors: Galinsky Kevin J , Bhatia Gaurav , Loh Po-Ru , Georgiev Stoyan , Mukherjee Sayan , Patterson Nick J , Price Alkes L
Published: April 2015

Searching for genetic variants with unusual differentiation between subpopulations is an established approach for identifying signals of natural selection. However, existing methods generally require discrete subpopulations. We introduce a method that infers selection using principal components (PCs) by identifying variants whose differentiation along top PCs is significantly greater than the null distribution of genetic drift. To enable the application of this method to large data sets, we developed the FastPCA software, which employs recent advances in random matrix theory to accurately approximate top PCs while reducing time and memory cost from quadratic to linear in the number of individuals, a computational improvement of many orders of magnitude. We apply FastPCA to a cohort of 54,734 European Americans, identifying 5 distinct subpopulations spanning the top 4 PCs. Using the PC-based test for natural selection, we replicate previously known selected loci and identify three new genome-wide significant signals of selection, including selection in Europeans at the ADH1B gene. The coding variant rs1229984*T has previously been associated to a decreased risk of alcoholism and shown to be under selection in East Asians; we show that it is a rare example of independent evolution on two continents. We also detect new selection signals at IGFBP3 and IGH, which have also previously been associated to human disease.
Solution-state NMR structure of the putative morphogene protein BolA (PFE0790c) fromPlasmodium falciparum
Authors: Buchko Garry W. , Yee Adelinda , Semesi Anthony , Myler Peter J. , Arrowsmith Cheryl H. , Hui Raymond
Published: April 2015

Protozoa of the genusPlasmodiumare responsible for malaria, which is perhaps the most important parasitic disease to infect mankind. The emergence ofPlasmodiumstrains resistant to current therapeutics and prophylactics makes the development of new treatment strategies urgent. Among the potential targets for new antimalarial drugs is the BolA-like protein PFE0790c fromPlasmodium falciparum(Pf-BolA). While the function of BolA is unknown, it has been linked to cell morphology by regulating transcription in response to stress. Using an NMR-based method, an ensemble of 20 structures ofPf-BolA was determined and deposited in the PDB (PDB entry 2kdn). The overall topology of thePf-BolA structure, α1–β1–β2–η1–α2/η2–β3–α3, with the β-strands forming a mixed β-sheet, is similar to the fold observed in other BolA structures. A helix–turn–helix motif similar to the class II KH fold associated with nucleic acid-binding proteins is present, but contains an FXGXXXL signature sequence that differs from the GXXG signature sequence present in class II KH folds, suggesting that the BolA family of proteins may use a novel protein–nucleic acid interface. A well conserved arginine residue, Arg50, hypothesized to play a role in governing the formation of the C-terminal α-helix in the BolA family of proteins, is too distant to form polar contacts with any side chains in this α-helix inPf-BolA, suggesting that this conserved arginine may only serve a role in guiding the orientation of this C-terminal helix in some BolA proteins. A survey of BolA structures suggests that the C-terminal helix may not have a functional role and that the third helix (α2/η2) has a `kink' that appears to be conserved among the BolA protein structures. Circular dichroism spectroscopy shows thatPf-BolA is fairly robust, partially unfolding when heated to 353 K and refolding upon cooling to 298 K.
Crystal structure of 2-chloro-N-(3-fluorophenyl)acetamide
Authors: Sreenivasa S. , Suchetan P. A. , Naveen S. , Lokanath N. K. , Srivishnu K. S.
Published: April 2015

In the title compound, C8H7ClFNO, the F atom is disordred over themetapositions of the benzene ring in a 0.574 (4):0.426 (4) ratio and the Cl atom issynto the O atom [O—C—C—Cl = 5.6 (3)°]. A short intramolecular C—H...O contact occurs. In the crystal, molecules are linked into amideC(4) chains propagating in [101] by N—H...O hydrogen bonds.
Crystal structure of ({4-[(4-bromophenyl)ethynyl]-3,5-diethylphenyl}ethynyl)triisopropylsilane
Authors: Shu Caiyun , Moxey Graeme J. , Barlow Adam , Morshedi Mahbod
Published: April 2015

The title compound, C29H37BrSi, was synthesized by the Sonogashira coupling of [(3,5-diethyl-4-ethynylphenyl)ethynyl]triisopropylsilane with 4-bromo-1-iodobenzene. In the structure, the two phenyl rings are nearly parallel to each other with a dihedral angle of 4.27 (4)°. In the crystal, π–π interactions between the terminal and central phenyl rings of adjacent molecules link them in thea-axis direction [perpendicular distance = 3.5135 (14); centroid–centroid distance = 3.7393 (11) Å]. In addition, there are weak C—H...π interactions between the isopropyl H atoms and the phenyl rings of adjacent molecules.
Crystal structure of SrGeO3in the high-pressure perovskite-type phase
Authors: Nakatsuka Akihiko , Arima Hiroshi , Ohtaka Osamu , Fujiwara Keiko , Yoshiasa Akira
Published: April 2015

Single crystals of the SrGeO3(strontium germanium trioxide) high-pressure phase have been synthesized successfully at 6 GPa and 1223 K. The compound crystallizes with the ideal cubic perovskite-type structure (space groupPm-3m), which consists of a network of corner-linked regular GeO6octahedra (point-group symmetrym-3m), with the larger Sr atoms located at the centers of cavities in the form of SrO12cuboctahedra (point-group symmetrym-3m) in the network. The degrees of covalencies included in the Sr—O and the Ge—O bonds calculated from bond valences are 20.4 and 48.9%, respectively. Thus, the Ge—O bond of the GeO6octahedron in the SrGeO3perovskite has a strong covalency, comparable to those of the Si—O bonds of the SiO4tetrahedra in silicates with about 50% covalency. The thermal vibrations of the O atoms in the title compound are remarkably suppressed in the directions of the Ge—O bonds. This anisotropy ranks among the largest observed in stoichiometric cubic perovskites.
Crystal structure of a new hybrid antimony–halide-based compound for possible non-linear optical applications
Authors: Ben Rhaiem Tarek , Boughzala Habib
Published: April 2015

The hybrid title compound,catena-poly[[[bis(1,4-diazoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane) [tetraachloridoantimonate(III)]-μ-chlorido-[tetrachloridoantimonate(III)]-μ-chlorido]] monohydrate], {(C6H14N2)2[Sb2Cl10]·H2O}n, is self-assembled into alternating organic and inorganic layers parallel to thebcplane. The anionic inorganic layer consists of infinite zigzag chains of corner-sharing [SbCl6]3−octahedra running along thebaxis. The organic part is made up of 1,4-diazoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane dications (dabcoH22+). The water molecules in the structure connect inorganic and organic layers. Hydrogen-bonding interactions between the ammonium groups, water molecules and Cl atoms ensure the structure cohesion.
Crystal structure ofrac-(3a'R,9a'R)-3a'-(indol-3-yl)-1′,2′,3′,3a',4′,9a'-hexahydrospiro[cyclopentane-1,9′-pentaleno[1,2-b]indole]p-xylene hemisolvate
Authors: Noland Wayland E. , Worth Matthew A. , Schneerer Andrew K. , Paal Courtney L. , Tritch Kenneth J.
Published: April 2015

The title compound, C26H26N2·0.5C8H10, is the first reported characterized 2:2 product from acid-catalyzed condensation of indole with cyclopentanone and no other 2:2 products were observed. Recrystallization fromp-xylene gave the title hemisolvate with thep-xylene molecule located about an inversion center. The terminal pentalene ring is envelope-flap disordered at the C atom farthest from the skeletal indole unit, with a refined occupancy ratio of 0.819 (4):0.181 (4). The major component has this C atom bent away from thespiro-fused cyclopentane ring. In the crystal, molecules are connected by N—H...π interactions, forming chains along [100], and N—H...π and C—H...π interactions, forming chains along [001], which results in the formation of slabs parallel to (010).
Is the economic benefit of Bt cotton dying away in China
Authors: Qiao Fangbin , Yao Yi
Published: April 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to try to empirically answer whether the economic benefit of Bt cotton is dying away in China. As the development of the pest resistance and the outbreak of the secondary pest, it was believed that economic benefit of Bt cotton is dying away. And reduction of cotton sown area in recent years had been considered as one of the consequences. This study empirically estimates the impact of Bt cotton adoption on cotton sown area.

Design/methodology/approach

– This paper uses regression techniques based on provincial level data. In addition, the fixed-effects model is used to control the impact of those time-consistent variables. Finally, several scenarios are estimated for the robustness of the estimation results.

Findings

– This study shows that the adoption of Bt cotton has positive impact on cotton sown area. On the other hand, the increasing labor cost and decreasing cotton price might be the real reasons behind the decrease of cotton sown area.

Originality/value

– This, it is believed, is one of the first studies to empirically answer the impact of Bt cotton adoption on cotton sown area in China, using national representative data.