bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Direct Bioautography as a High-Throughput Screening Method for the Detection of Antibacterial Components from Plant Sources
Authors: Móricz Ágnes M , Ott Péter G
Published: August 2015

The applicability of direct bioautography, the combination of planar chromatography with antimicrobial assay, is demonstrated with special emphasis on its recent developments such as BioArena and the use of genetically modified luminescent bacteria. Its methodological advancement is put into a historical perspective. In comparison with other commonly used antimicrobial susceptibility tests, the main advantage of direct bioautography resides in its simplicity, rapidity, and ability to detect separated individual matrix components exhibiting antimicrobial activity in situ. It is confirmed with examples that high-throughput direct bioautography is suitable as a biomonitoring-screening system for bioassay-guided isolation.
Antioxidant Activity of Selected Thyme (Thymus L.) Species and Study of the Equivalence of Different Measuring Methodologies
Authors: Orłowska Marta , Kowalska Teresa , Sajewicz Mieczysław , Pytlakowska Katarzyna , Bartoszek Mariola , Polak Justyna , Waksmundzka-Hajnos Monika
Published: August 2015

This study presents the results of comparative evaluation of the antioxidant activity of the phenolic fraction exhaustively extracted with aqueous methanol from 18 different thyme (Thymus L.) specimens and species. This evaluation is made with use of the same free radical source (DPPH• radical), three different free radical scavenging models (gallic acid, ascorbic acid, and Trolox), and three different measuring techniques (the dot blot test, UV-Vis spectrophotometry, and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, EPR). A comparison of the equivalence of these three different measuring techniques (performed with use of hierarchical clustering with Euclidean distance as a similarity measure and Ward's linkage) is particularly important in view of the fact that different laboratories use different antioxidant activity measuring techniques, which makes any interlaboratory comparison hardly possible. The results obtained confirm a semiquantitative equivalence among the three compared methodologies, and a proposal is made of a simple and cost-effective dot blot test that uses the DPPH• radical and provides differentiation of antioxidant activity of herbal matter comparable with the results of the UV-Vis spectrophotometry and EPR.
CD-ROM como ferramenta educacional no ensino de física do ensino fundamental
Authors: Matos João Ricardo Souza , Dantas Mário André Trindade , Vieira Fabiana Silva
Published: August 2015

Como forma de dinamizar e auxiliar o professor de Ciências nas aulas de física dirigidas para os alunos do nono ano do Ensino Fundamental foi proposto a elaboração de um CD-ROM. Para elaboração do CD-ROM foram realizadas entrevistas com dez professores de Ciências e foram analisados livros didáticos. Com base nas informações obtidas nestas etapas é que foi elaborado um CD-ROM sobre a temática “Onda”. Essa ferramenta isoladamente não tem a capacidade de melhorar ou garantir o ensino-aprendizagem, ou mesmo de substituir o livro didático, mas o seu uso associado a outros recursos pode proporcionar uma maneira mais agradável, dinâmica e eficiente do aprendizado de “Ondas”.
La reconnaissance de représentativité comme source d’intégration ? L’Union syndicale Solidaires à la recherche d’un positionnement original
Authors: Béroud Sophie , Denis Jean-Michel
Published: August 2015

Constituée à la fin des années 1990, l’Union syndicale Solidaires a pris une part importante dans les mobilisations sociales. Au travers de ses syndicats SUD, elle apparaît comme l’une des composantes radicales du mouvement syndical en France, tout comme l’un des acteurs majeurs dans la contestation des effets de la crise économique et des politiques de rigueur. Cet article montre que, tout en jouant un rôle important dans la contestation sociale, l’Union syndicale Solidaires (USS) est également engagée dans un processus de reconnaissance de sa représentativité et de sa place dans le système de relations professionnelles. Pour faire vivre le syndicalisme combatif qu’elle entend défendre, l’organisation est, en effet, obligée de gagner en audience et en visibilité. Tout en contestant les règles du système de relations professionnelles, tel qu’elles bénéficiaient aux acteurs dominants au sein de ce dernier, Solidaires réclamait un changement de celles-ci. La réforme des règles de représentativité, lancée en 2008, a été de ce point de vue plutôt positive pour l’Union. Cependant, elle a engendré des dynamiques ambivalentes en son sein : elle a facilité les conditions d’implantation de ses syndicats dans le secteur privé, tout en l’obligeant à rationaliser ses structures, mais aussi ses pratiques, dans un souci d’efficacité. Une tension existe ainsi entre, d’un côté, une stratégie de développement syndical pensée d’une certaine façon « à froid », non plus dans les phases de mobilisation sociale, mais davantage en lien avec les opportunités créées par le nouveau régime de représentativité et, de l’autre, l’importance de certains référents identitaires très présents dans l’organisation (reconnaissance de l’autonomie des structures de base, refus de toute centralisation, critique des permanents syndicaux).
Salaires et productivité du travail au Canada depuis le début du 20e siècle : les travailleurs bénéficient-ils de la croissance économique?
Authors: Rouillard Jacques , Rouillard Jean-François
Published: August 2015

Notre article évalue la croissance des salaires réels des travailleurs au Canada du début du 20e siècle jusqu’à 2013, en considérant à la fois les salaires des travailleurs syndiqués et non syndiqués. Cette évolution est mise en relation avec la hausse de la productivité du travail afin de vérifier la théorie de l’économiste Robert Solow voulant que la croissance des salaires réels progresse au même rythme que la productivité du travail. Nous relevons l’évolution des salaires en trois temps selon les modes dominants de régulation des relations de travail : 1900-1939, 1940-1979 et 1980-2013. La première phase, celle du libéralisme, est marquée par la négociation individuelle des conditions de travail et l’amorce de la syndicalisation. La deuxième se situe dans la mouvance keynésienne et est caractérisée par le militantisme syndical et l’aide de l’État. La troisième, qui s’inscrit dans l’affirmation du néolibéralisme, voit le recul du syndicalisme et de l’appui apporté par les gouvernements. De notre analyse, il ressort que trois importants facteurs influencent la détermination des salaires : 1-la croissance économique ; 2-l’action de l’État ; et 3- le militantisme syndical.

Notre recherche montre que les salaires réels moyens des travailleurs au Canada n’ont guère augmenté au-delà de l’inflation depuis les trois dernières décennies malgré un accroissement de la productivité du travail. Ce quasi-gel du pouvoir d’achat des travailleurs est notamment attribuable à des transformations du marché du travail, à l’érosion du rapport de force des salariés dans les entreprises et aux valeurs néolibérales qui s’imposent auprès des gouvernements.

En revanche, les années antérieures se présentent sous un tout autre jour puisque les salariés profitent de la croissance économique et de la hausse de la productivité du travail. Depuis la Deuxième Guerre mondiale, leur pouvoir d’achat fait plus que doubler, en même temps qu’ils peuvent bénéficier d’une réduction de leurs heures de travail et de nombreux autres avantages sociaux. Cet avancement est le résultat de la forte croissance économique, de la hausse du taux de syndicalisation et de politiques gouvernementales keynésiennes axées sur la stimulation de la consommation. De 1901 à 1940, les salariés profitèrent également du développement industriel, même si les rapports qui déterminent l’embauche et les conditions de travail sont surtout de nature individuelle basés sur les lois du marché. Au cours de cette période, l’action de l’État demeure marginale, mais des syndicats réussissent à imposer la négociation collective.
Predicting effective microRNA target sites in mammalian mRNAs
Authors: Agarwal Vikram , Bell George W , Nam Jin-Wu , Bartel David P
Published: August 2015

MicroRNA targets are often recognized through pairing between the miRNA seed region and complementary sites within target mRNAs, but not all of these canonical sites are equally effective, and both computational and in vivo UV-crosslinking approaches suggest that many mRNAs are targeted through non-canonical interactions. Here, we show that recently reported non-canonical sites do not mediate repression despite binding the miRNA, which indicates that the vast majority of functional sites are canonical. Accordingly, we developed an improved quantitative model of canonical targeting, using a compendium of experimental datasets that we pre-processed to minimize confounding biases. This model, which considers site type and another 14 features to predict the most effectively targeted mRNAs, performed significantly better than existing models and was as informative as the best high-throughput in vivo crosslinking approaches. It drives the latest version of TargetScan (v7.0; targetscan.org), thereby providing a valuable resource for placing miRNAs into gene-regulatory networks.
Aven recognition of RNA G-quadruplexes regulates translation of the mixed lineage leukemia protooncogenes
Authors: Thandapani Palaniraja , Song Jingwen , Gandin Valentina , Cai Yutian , Rouleau Samuel G , Garant Jean-Michel , Boisvert Francois-Michel , Yu Zhenbao , Perreault Jean-Pierre , Topisirovic Ivan , Richard Stéphane
Published: August 2015

G-quadruplexes (G4) are extremely stable secondary structures forming stacks of guanine tetrads. DNA G4 structures have been extensively studied, however, less is known about G4 motifs in mRNAs, especially in their coding sequences. Herein, we show that Aven stimulates the mRNA translation of the mixed lineage leukemia (MLL) proto-oncogene in an arginine methylation-dependent manner. The Aven RGG/RG motif bound G4 structures within the coding regions of the MLL1 and MLL4 mRNAs increasing their polysomal association and translation, resulting in the induction of transcription of leukemic genes. The DHX36 RNA helicase associated with the Aven complex and was required for optimal translation of G4 mRNAs. Depletion of Aven led to a decrease in synthesis of MLL1 and MLL4 proteins resulting in reduced proliferation of leukemic cells. These findings identify an Aven-centered complex that stimulates the translation of G4 harboring mRNAs, thereby promoting survival of leukemic cells.
Care for larynx cancer patients under a holistic perspective: nursing approach in the inca
Authors: Marques dos Santos Maria Cristina , Dos Santos Guedes Maria Teresa , Raimundo Durval Diniz , Soares Enedina
Published: August 2015

Objetivos: Demonstrar a importância da concepção de Clínica Ampliada no processo saúde-doença, a partir da experiência do profissional de Enfermagem com portadores de câncer de laringe; e levantar as intervenções de Enfermagem realizadas na perspectiva da integralidade do cuidado em saúde. Método: Análise de dados secundários dos prontuários de portadores de câncer de laringe, matriculados no ambulatório da Seção de Cirurgia de Cabeça e Pescoço do INCA no período de 01 de março de 2012 a 23 de maio de 2013. Resultados: Mostrou a importância dos registros para a comprovação do trabalho da equipe de Enfermagem e a importância da Clínica Ampliada como filosofia e ferramenta para que os processos de trabalho em saúde se voltem para a produção do cuidado centrado nos clientes e as contradições na tentativa de inter-relação com serviços de saúde fora da instituição.
Expectations of patients submitted to myocardial revascularization surgery at the time of hospital discharge
Authors: Cielo Cibele , Arboit Éder Luís , Silveira Marlusse , Camponogara Silviamar
Published: August 2015

Objetivo: conhecer as expectativas de pacientes submetidos à cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio no momento da alta hospitalar. Método: estudo descritivo-exploratório de abordagem qualitativa, realizado com dez pacientes pós-cirúrgicos de revascularização miocárdica de um hospital universitário do sul do Brasil. Os dados foram coletados de julho a agosto de 2012, utilizando-se entrevista semiestruturada e analisados por meio de análise de conteúdo. Resultados: os resultados foram agrupados em uma categoria que versa sobre as expectativas dos pacientes frente ao processo de recuperação e retorno às atividades diárias. Evidenciou-se que essa fase mostra-se desafiadora para os sujeitos, sobressaindo-se sentimentos de ansiedade e preocupação com o futuro, além de terem fragilidades em relação ao conhecimento sobre as mudanças de hábitos impostas pelo processo de adoecimento. Conclusões: a cirurgia provoca um impacto significativo na vida dos pacientes, sendo necessária a intervenção efetiva da enfermagem, a fim de otimizar o processo de recuperação.
The prevalence of hypertensive syndromes particular of pregnancy (GHS)
Authors: Brito Karen Krystine Gonçalves , De Moura Jorge Roberto Pessoa , Sousa Merifane Januário , De Brito Josinalva Vieira , Oliveira Simone Helena dos Santos , Soares Maria Júlia Guimarães Oliveira
Published: August 2015

Objetivo: Identificar a prevalência das Síndromes Hipertensivas Específica da Gestação e traçar o perfil epidemiológico das gestantes. Métodos: Pesquisa retrospectiva, realizada em prontuários de mulheres internadas na clínica obstétrica do Hospital Universitário Lauro Wanderley, João Pessoa/PB, entre janeiro de 2009 a dezembro de 2010. Os dados foram coletados através de um formulário com questões fechadas, e analisados descritivamente. Foram contempladas as observâncias éticas em pesquisas envolvendo seres humanos. Resultados: Foram analisados 1874 prontuários e identificados 9,1% (170) prontuários com diagnóstico de SHEG. Destes 12,4% eram adolescentes e 40,6% estavam na primeira gestação. Em 100% (170) dos prontuários a patologia ocorreu após a 20ª semana gestacional. Como complicações foram identificadas: pré- eclampsia, eclampsia, síndrome HELLP, crise hipertensiva, o óbito fetal intrauterino, o óbito neonatal e a prematuridade. Conclusão: Os resultados apontam a necessidade do planejamento da assistência pré-natal, objetivando a redução da taxa de morbimortalidade materna e perinatal.
Contraception in adolescence: knowledge, chosen methods and criteria adopted
Authors: Araújo Anna Karolina Lages de , Araujo Filho Augusto Cezar Antunes de , Araújo Telma Maria Evangelista de , Nery Inez Sampaio , Rocha Silvana Santiago da
Published: August 2015

Objetivo: Analisar a produção científica, no período de dez anos, relacionada ao conhecimento sobre contracepção na adolescência. Metódos: Para alcance do objetivo proposto optou-se pela escolha da revisão integrativa (RI). A busca dos estudos primários ocorreu no mês de setembro de 2014, e incluiu 13 artigos. Resultados: Os estudos mostraram que a maioria dos adolescentes tem conhecimento apenas do condom ou camisinha e dos métodos anticoncepcionais orais e injetáveis, evidenciando também forte relação entre a baixa escolaridade e a pouca idade, com a não utilização dos métodos. Conclusão: Os jovens iniciam sua atividade sexual cada vez mais precocemente, o que tem proporcionado um aumento gradual ao acesso e ao conhecimento sobre o uso de anticoncepcionais. Entretanto, ainda, existem muitas incertezas em relação aos métodos contraceptivos, sendo necessários investimentos na educação sexual dos adolescentes.
Skills and hands ability: dealing with the teaching of semiotics in nursing
Authors: Silva Paulo Sergio da , Ramos Ricardo Luiz , Cunha Karinne Cristinne da Silva , Figueiredo Nébia Maria Almeida de
Published: August 2015

Objetivos: Produzir ideias a partir do estímulo à imaginação que possam indicar solução de problemas identificados por estudantes de enfermagem e apresentar as ideias e os possíveis produtos decorrentes de suas imaginações. Método: cartográfico de natureza qualitativa. O cenário de investigação institucional consiste em uma universidade pública localizada no estado do Rio de Janeiro. Participaram deste estudo dezesseis estudantes de enfermagem. Resultados: Foram produzidas doze imagens por estudantes de enfermagem (73,4%), enquanto que apenas quatro estudantes (26,6%), não elaboraram nenhuma imagem. Os dados produzidos foram trabalhados em três momentos intitulados: "rastreando para tocar", "tocando para pousar" e "pousando para reconhecer". Conclusão: Identificamos problemas resultantes de experiência com familiares, às criações das ideias transformadas em produtos ou processos envolveram inovações de tecnologias leve-duras e criação de aplicativos, tablets para clientes internados.
Skin care of the newborn: the state of art
Authors: Santos Simone Vidal , Costa Roberta
Published: August 2015

Objetivo: Conhecer o estado da arte sobre os cuidados com a pele do recém-nascido. Método: Revisão integrativa de literatura. A busca dos artigos foi realizada nas bases de dados Medline, Lilacs e BDENF, sendo selecionados para análise dezoito artigos publicados entre os anos de 2009 e 2013. Resultados: Existe uma variedade de orientações, que podem ser utilizadas pelos profissionais de saúde no cuidado com a pele do recém-nascido. Ressalta-se que os tópicos mais abordados foram: causas de lesões, cuidado de enfermagem na prevenção de lesões, manuseio adequado do recém-nascido, avaliação da pele, prevenção de perda de água transepidérmica, termorregulação, uso de emolientes e antissépticos, banho, adesivos, fixação de dispositivos, prevenção de úlceras por pressão, cuidados com punções e tratamento de lesões. Conclusão: Os resultados desta pesquisa possibilitam a atualização do tema, propiciando uma assistência humanizada, individualizada, qualificada, que garanta a segurança do paciente neonatal.
Prenatal assistance carried out by nurse: a pregnant woman look
Authors: Moura Samilla Gonçalves de , Melo Maria Maysa Marques de , César Edna Samara Ribeiro , Silva Vagna Cristina Leite da , Dias Maria Djair , Ferreira Filha Maria de Oliveira
Published: August 2015

Objetivos: Avaliar a consulta de pré-natal realizada pelo enfermeiro na ótica das gestantes e avaliar o conhecimento das gestantes sobre a importância da consulta de pré-natal. Métodos: Pesquisa exploratória, descritiva com abordagem qualitativa, desenvolvida com 20 gestantes, atendidas em uma Unidade de Saúde da Família no município de Tabira-PE, em novembro de 2010. Os dados foram coletados a partir de um questionário semi-estruturado e avaliados pela análise de conteúdo de Bardin. Resultados: Diante do contexto apresentado, foi possível observar que as gestantes entrevistadas conhecem alguns dos motivos que fazem do pré-natal uma conduta importante a ser realizada durante a gestação. Observou-se ainda que as orientações dadas pela enfermeira durante a consulta são incipientes, diante dos diversos assuntos que devem ser abordados durante o pré-natal. Conclusão: A assistência garantida diante das fragilidades que limitam o desenvolvimento de uma atenção com qualidade.
Motivations for the treatment of crack users in a therapeutic community
Authors: Seleghim Maycon Rogério , Meschial William Campo , Martins Beatriz Ferreira , Barboza Cinthia Lopes , Galera Sueli Aparecida Frari , Oliveira Magda Lúcia Félix de
Published: August 2015

Objective: Knowing the motivation of crack users for treatment in hospital environments. Method: Descriptive and qualitative search, using the design of some cases. Twenty male crack users, aged over 18 years old, hospitalized in a Therapeutic Community in Southern Brazil, were interviewed. A semi-structured interview was used and the data were analyzed by their thematic content. Results: Were found three categories that reflect the treatment motivations: perception of the crack harmful consequences; the compulsive use of drugs as the treatment initiation; and, the family participation looking for a treatment. Conclusion: Significant events (turning points) favored the interruption of the crack use and the family assumed a very important place to the users behavior in relation to the use of the drug, exclusively. Descriptors: Street drugs, Crack Cocaine, Substance Abuse Treatment Centers, Family.
Scientific production on the elderly person undergoing palliative care: bibliometric study
Authors: Duarte Marcella Costa Souto , Costa Solange Fátima Geraldo da , Morais Gilvânia Smith da Nóbrega , França Jael Rúbia Figueiredo de Sá , Fernandes Maria Andréa , Lopes Maria Emília Limeira
Published: August 2015

Objetivo: Caracterizar a produção científica divulgada em periódicos online sobre a pessoa idosa em cuidados paliativos. Método: Estudo bibliométrico constituído de 46 artigos publicados nas bases de dados LILACS, MEDLINE e IBECS, e nas bibliotecas digitais SciELO e COCHRANE, no período de 2004 a 2014. Resultados: Identificou-se uma concentração de títulos em revistas especializadas em cuidados paliativos, com procedência do Brasil, Estados Unidos e Reino Unido, em Qualis A1, A2 e B1. As áreas de Enfermagem e Medicina obtiveram maior quantitativo de publicações. Houve predominância de autores com o título de Doutor. Quanto ao enfoque da doença, 90% dos estudos estavam relacionados ao câncer. Conclusão: As publicações acerca da temática investigada apresentam um quantitativo pouco expressivo, considerando o período pesquisado. Sugere-se a realização de novos estudos tendo como método a pesquisa bibliométrica, para que outros indicadores possam emergir e suscitar a ampliação do conhecimento sobre o tema.
Quantifying the Energy Barriers and Elucidating the Charge Transport Mechanisms across Interspherulite Boundaries in Solution‐Processed Organic Semiconductor Thin Films
Authors: Hailey Anna K. , Wang Szu‐Ying , Chen Yuanzhen , Payne Marcia M. , Anthony John E. , Podzorov Vitaly , Loo Yueh‐Lin
Published: August 2015

Grain boundaries act as bottlenecks to charge transport in devices comprising polycrystalline organic active layers. To improve device performance, the nature and resulting impact of these boundaries must be better understood. The densities and energy levels of shallow traps within and across triethylsilylethynyl anthradithiophene (TES ADT) spherulites are quantified. The trap density is 7 × 1010 cm−2 in devices whose channels reside within a single spherulite and up to 3 × 1011 cm−2 for devices whose channels span a spherulite boundary. The activation energy for charge transport, EA, increases from 34 meV within a spherulite to 50–66 meV across a boundary, depending on the angle of molecular mismatch. Despite being molecular in nature, these EA’s are more akin to those found for charge transport in polymer semiconductors. Presumably, trapped TES ADT at the boundary can electrically connect neighboring spherulites, similar to polymer chains connecting crystallites in polymer semiconductor thin films.
Emergent Functionality and Controllability in Few‐Layer Metasurfaces
Authors: Cheng Hua , Liu Zhaocheng , Chen Shuqi , Tian Jianguo
Published: August 2015

Recent progress in metamaterial research has successfully exceeded the limitations imposed by conventional materials and optical devices, enabling the manipulation of electromagnetic waves as desired. The distinct characteristics and controlling abilities of metamaterials make them ideal candidates for novel photonics devices not only in traditional optics but also for biological detection, medical science, and metrology. However, the controllability and functionality of both single‐layer metasurfaces and bulk metamaterials are not sufficient to meet the requirements of emerging technologies; hence, new solutions must be found. As such technologies advance, new functionalities will emerge as different or identical single‐layer metasurfaces are combined. Thus, innovation in few‐layer metasurfaces will become an increasingly important line of research. Here, these metasurfaces are classified according to their functionalities and the few‐layer metasurfaces that have been proposed up to now are presented in a clear sequence. It is expected that, with further development in this area, few‐layer metasurfaces will play an important role in the family of optical materials.
Ultrathin carbon molecular sieve membrane for propylene/propane separation
Authors: Ma Xiaoli , Lin Y. S. , Wei Xiaotong , Kniep Jay
Published: August 2015

Ultrathin (down to 300 nm), high quality carbon molecular sieve (CMS) membranes were synthesized on mesoporous γ‐alumina support by pyrolysis of defect free polymer films. The effect of membrane thickness on the micropore structure and gas transport properties of CMS membranes was studied with the feed of He/N2 and C3H6/C3H8 mixtures. Gas permeance increases with constant selectivity as the membrane thickness decreases to 520 nm. The 520‐nm CMS membrane exhibits C3H6/C3H8 mixture selectivity of ∼31 and C3H6 permeance of ∼1.0 × 10−8 mol m−2 s−1 Pa−1. Both C3H8 permeance and He/N2 selectivity increase, but the permeance of He, N2, and C3H6 and the selectivity of C3H6/C3H8 decrease with further decrease in membrane thickness from 520 to 300 nm. These results can be explained by the thickness‐dependent chain mobility of the polymer film which yields thinner final CMS membranes with reduction in pore size and possible closure of C3H6‐accessible micropores. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 491–499, 2016
A model for supersaturation and aspect ratio for growth dominated crystallization from solution
Authors: Derdour Lotfi , Chan Eric J.
Published: August 2015

A model for predicting supersaturation, crystal growth rate, crystal size distribution, and aspect ratio is presented. The model applies to isothermal anti‐solvent crystallization where crystal growth is the dominant phenomena and for systems where crystal habit can be characterized by two‐dimensional variables. A parameter estimation algorithm was derived to extract solute integration coefficients in the two growth directions from experimental data about temporal evolution of concentration during crystallization, the final aspect ratio, and the aspect ratio at the end of the seed age period. Model's predictions for supersaturation and aspect ratio were in good agreement with experimental data obtained on an investigational drug that crystallizes in the parallelepipedic shape. Finally, model simulations predict that for a given initial seed size, the seed loading is the main factor impacting the final aspect ratio and thus identified the range of seed loading that would result in undesired powder flow. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 4456–4469, 2015
Chiral Substituted 3‐Formylfurans from Carbohydrates: An Expedient Route via N‐Bromosuccinimide (NBS)‐Mediated Electrophilic Cyclization
Authors: Mal Kanchan , Kaur Amanpreet , Das Indrajit
Published: August 2015

Chiral, substituted 3‐formylfurans have found widespread applications as synthetic intermediates and are key structural motifs in a variety of bioactive natural products. However, methods for their preparation are scant. We report herein an efficient and general route to synthesize them from suitably protected 2‐iodoenones derived from glycals. The synthetic protocol involves Heck coupling between substituted 2‐iodoenones and olefins followed by N‐bromosuccinimide (NBS)‐mediated electrophilic cyclization sequence, using H2O as a nucleophile. Similarly, a fully substituted chiral 3‐formylfuran can be prepared utilizing a two‐step approach starting with β‐methylstyrene as an olefinic partner in the Heck coupling. Further, to demonstrate the potential of our method, we have synthesized a furo[3,2‐c]pyran derivative and a fully protected chiral furan.
Thoracotomy for blunt chest trauma: is chest tube output a useful criterion?
Authors: Mizushima Yasuaki , Nakao Shota , Watanabe Hiroaki , Matsuoka Tetsuya
Published: August 2015

Aim

The aim of this study was to determine whether the traditional criteria of chest tube output are useful indicators for urgent thoracotomy in patients with blunt chest trauma.

Methods

Data were collected retrospectively from our trauma registry of 542 blunt chest trauma patients (Chest Abbreviated Injury Scale score of 3 or greater) over a 10‐year period (2000–2010). The 1‐h chest tube output was calculated from chest tube output and time after admission, and the results were compared between patients who underwent thoracotomy for hemorrhage and those who did not.

Results

Data were available for 24 patients who underwent thoracotomy for hemorrhage and 93 patients who did not undergo thoracotomy. The 1‐h chest tube output between the groups was significantly different (708.0 ± 258.3 mL versus 108.9 ± 222.9 mL). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis of the predictive value of 1‐h chest tube output for thoracotomy was conducted. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.98, and the cutoff 1‐h chest tube output value for predicting thoracotomy was 404 mL (sensitivity, 87.5%; specificity, 96.8%).

Conclusions

The 1‐h chest tube output of patients who underwent thoracotomy was lower than the thresholds traditionally reported as indications for urgent thoracotomy. High chest tube output as a traditional indicator for thoracotomy may not apply to patients with blunt chest trauma.
The Effect of DNA Sequence Directionality on G‐Quadruplex Folding
Authors: Marušič Maja , Plavec Janez
Published: August 2015

Sequence inversion in G‐rich DNA from 5′→3′ to 3′→5′ exerts a substantial effect on the number of structures formed, while the type of G‐quadruplex fold is in fact determined by the presence of K+ or Na+ ions. The melting temperatures of G‐quadruplexes adopted by oligonucleotides with sequences in the 5′→3′ direction are higher than those of their 3′→5′ counterparts with both KCl and NaCl. CD, UV, and NMR spectroscopy demonstrates the importance of primary sequence for the structural diversity of G‐quadruplexes. The changes introduced by mere sequence reversal of the G‐rich DNA segment have a substantial impact on the polymorphic nature of the resulting G‐quadruplexes and their potential physiological roles. The insights resulting from this study should enable extension of the empirical rules for the prediction of G‐quadruplex topology.
[Cr(ddpd)2]3+: A Molecular, Water‐Soluble, Highly NIR‐Emissive Ruby Analogue
Authors: Otto Sven , Grabolle Markus , Förster Christoph , Kreitner Christoph , Resch‐Genger Ute , Heinze Katja
Published: August 2015

Bright, long‐lived emission from first‐row transition‐metal complexes is very challenging to achieve. Herein, we present a new strategy relying on the rational tuning of energy levels. With the aid of the large N‐Cr‐N bite angle of the tridentate ligand ddpd (N,N′‐dimethyl‐N,N′‐dipyridine‐2‐ylpyridine‐2,6‐diamine) and its strong σ‐donating capabilities, a very large ligand‐field splitting could be introduced in the chromium(III) complex [Cr(ddpd)2]3+, that shifts the deactivating and photoreactive 4T2 state well above the emitting 2E state. Prevention of back‐intersystem crossing from the 2E to the 4T2 state enables exceptionally high near‐infrared phosphorescence quantum yields and lifetimes for this 3d metal complex. The complex [Cr(ddpd)2](BF4)3 is highly water‐soluble and very stable towards thermal and photo‐induced substitution reactions and can be used for fluorescence intensity‐ and lifetime‐based oxygen sensing in the NIR.
Imidazolin‐2‐ylidenaminophosphines as Highly Electron‐Rich Ligands for Transition‐Metal Catalysts
Authors: Wünsche Marius A. , Mehlmann Paul , Witteler Tim , Buß Florenz , Rathmann Patrick , Dielmann Fabian
Published: August 2015

A variety of chemical transformations benefit from the use of strong electron‐donating ancillary ligands, such as alkylphosphines or N‐heterocyclic carbenes when electron‐rich metal centers are required. Herein, we describe a facile and highly modular access to monodentate and bidentate imidazolin‐2‐ylidenamino‐substituted phosphines. Evaluation of the phosphine’s electronic properties substantiate that the formal replacement of alkyl or aryl groups by imidazolin‐2‐ylidenamino groups dramatically enhance their donor ability beyond that of alkylphosphines and even N‐heterocyclic carbenes. The new phosphines have been coordinated onto palladium(II) centers, and the beneficial effect of the novel substitution patterns has been explored by using the corresponding complexes in the palladium‐catalyzed Suzuki–Miyaura cross‐coupling reaction of non‐activated aryl chloride substrates.
Acid‐Mediated Formation of Radicals or Baeyer–Villiger Oxidation from Criegee Adducts
Authors: Schweitzer‐Chaput Bertrand , Kurtén Theo , Klussmann Martin
Published: August 2015

The acid‐mediated reaction of ketones with hydroperoxides generates radicals, a process with reaction conditions similar to those of the Baeyer–Villiger oxidation but with an outcome resembling the formation of hydroxyl radicals via ozonolysis in the atmosphere. The Baeyer–Villiger oxidation forms esters from ketones, with the preferred use of peracids. In contrast, alkyl hydroperoxides and hydrogen peroxide react with ketones by condensation to form alkenyl peroxides, which rapidly undergo homolytic OO bond cleavage to form radicals. Both reactions are believed to proceed via Criegee adducts, but the electronic nature of the peroxide residue determines the subsequent reaction pathways. DFT calculations and experimental results support the idea that, unlike previously assumed, the Baeyer–Villiger reaction is not intrinsically difficult with alkyl hydroperoxides and hydrogen peroxide but rather that the alternative radical formation is increasingly favored.
Morphometric Study of Diabetes Related Alterations in Human Parotid Gland and Comparison with Submandibular Gland
Authors: Lilliu Maria Alberta , Loy Francesco , Cossu Margherita , Solinas Paola , Isola Raffaella , Isola Michela
Published: August 2015

Type 2 diabetes mellitus represents one of the principal diseases that afflict the world population and is often associated with malfunction of salivary glands and consequent oral diseases. We recently described significant ultrastructural alterations in the human submandibular gland in diabetic patients without evident oral pathologies. Herein, an analogs morphometrical investigation was focused on the parotid gland in order to evaluate if one of the two glands is more affected by diabetes. Parotid fragments from diabetic and nondiabetic patients were fixed, dehydrated, and processed for light and electron microscopy. Serous cells were randomly photographed and the density and size of several structures involved in the secretory process were examined by morphometry. Scanning electron microscopy images revealed significant changes in the number of apically docked granules and vesicles, suggesting that the last steps in exocytosis are somehow altered in diabetic cells. Other variables analyzed by light and transmission electron microscopy such as the size of acini and secretory granules did not show significant changes, but comparison with previous data obtained with submandibular gland cells demonstrated that the two glands are affected differently. Anat Rec, 298:1911–1918, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Nonlinear general path models for degradation data with dynamic covariates
Authors: Xu Zhibing , Hong Yili , Jin Ran
Published: August 2015

Degradation data have been widely used to estimate product reliability. Because of technology advancement, time‐varying usage and environmental variables, which are called dynamic covariates, can be easily recorded nowadays, in addition to the traditional degradation measurements. The use of dynamic covariates is appealing because they have the potential to explain more variability in degradation paths. We propose a class of general path models to incorporate dynamic covariates for modeling of degradation paths. Physically motivated nonlinear functions are used to describe the degradation paths, and random effects are used to describe unit‐to‐unit variability. The covariate effects are modeled by shape‐restricted splines. The estimation of unknown model parameters is challenging because of the involvement of nonlinear relationships, random effects, and shaped‐restricted splines. We develop an efficient procedure for parameter estimations. The performance of the proposed method is evaluated by simulations. An outdoor coating weathering dataset is used to illustrate the proposed method. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Studies of the mechanism of an antibacterial peptide (cecropinA–magainin) on methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus membranes
Authors: Yu Longmei , Zhu Mingxing , Liu Erqiang , Yang Tiantian , Chen Xiangjun , Wang Xiuqing
Published: August 2015

As bacterial resistance becomes increasingly common, a new hybrid peptide, cecropinA–magainin (KWALSKEGPGKFLGKKKKF), has been developed that can kill a broad spectrum of bacteria without damaging human cells. The mechanism of antibacterial toxicity for the hybrid peptides is unknown. Herein, we investigate the localization of the hybrid peptide in methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The minimum inhibitory concentration was 64 µg/mL. The hybrid peptides could enhance the hydrophobicity of MRSA. Dye leakage experiments showed that the hybrid peptides caused dye leakage from liposomes. The hybrid peptides influenced the permeability of the outer membrane and plasma membrane of MRSA. After cecropinA–magainin treatment of MRSA, the membrane ultrastructure was damaged and the concentration of K+ increased. Ultimately, the peptide destroyed the integrity of the bacterial cell membrane, allowing the dye propidium iodide to enter the cytoplasm. Therefore, the hybrid antibacterial peptide can kill MRSA.
Patterns of early resuscitation associated with mortality after penetrating injuries
Authors:   Committee on Emergency Medicine, Intensive Care and Trauma Management of the German Trauma Society (Section NIS), Wafaisade A , Paffrath T , Lefering R , Ludwig C , Fröhlich M , Mutschler M , Banerjee M , Bouillon B , Probst C
Published: August 2015

Background

Penetrating injuries are rare in European populations so their management represents a particular challenge. The aim was to assess early therapeutic aspects that are associated with favourable outcomes in patients with penetrating trauma.

Methods

Patients with penetrating injuries documented from 2009 to 2013 in the TraumaRegister DGU® were analysed. Patients with a primary admission and an Injury Severity Score (ISS) of at least 9 were included. The Revised Injury Severity Classification (RISC) II score was used for mortality prediction, and a standardized mortality ratio (SMR) calculated per hospital. Hospitals with favourable outcome (SMR below 1) were compared with those with poor outcome (SMR 1 or more).

Results

A total of 50 centres had favourable outcome (1242 patients; observed mortality rate 15·7 per cent) and 34 centres had poor outcome (918 patients; observed mortality rate 24·4 per cent). Predicted mortality rates according to RISC-II were 20·4 and 20·5 per cent respectively. Mean(s.d.) ISS values were 22(14) versus 21(14) (P = 0·121). Patients in the favourable outcome group had a significantly shorter time before admission to hospital and a lower intubation rate. They received smaller quantities of intravenous fluids on admission to the emergency room, but larger amounts of fresh frozen plasma, and were more likely to receive haemostatic agents. A higher proportion of patients in the favourable outcome group were treated in a level I trauma centre. Independent risk factors for hospital death following penetrating trauma identified by multivariable analysis included gunshot injury mechanism and treatment in non-level I centres.

Conclusion

Among penetrating traumas, gunshot injuries pose an independent risk of death. Treatment of penetrating trauma in a level I trauma centre was significantly and independently associated with lower hospital mortality.
Multicentre randomized clinical trial to investigate the cost-effectiveness of an allogeneic single-donor fibrin sealant after coronary artery bypass grafting (FIBER Study)
Authors: Tavilla G , Bruggemans E F , Gielen C L I , Brand A , van den Hout W B , Klautz R J M , van Hilten J A
Published: August 2015

Background

Reduction of blood transfusion in cardiac surgery is an important target. The aim of this study was to investigate the cost-effectiveness of the use of CryoSeal®, an allogeneic single-donor fibrin sealant, in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG).

Methods

This randomized clinical study involved seven cardiac surgery centres in the Netherlands. Patients undergoing elective isolated CABG with the use of at least one internal thoracic artery (ITA) graft were assigned randomly to receive either CryoSeal® (5 ml per ITA bed) or no CryoSeal®. Primary efficacy endpoints were units of transfused red blood cells, fresh frozen plasma and platelet concentrates, and duration of intensive care unit stay. Secondary efficacy endpoints were 48-h blood loss, reoperation for bleeding, mediastinitis, 30-day mortality and duration of hospital stay.

Results

Between March 2009 and January 2012, 1445 patients were randomized. The intention-to-treat (ITT) population comprised 1436 patients; the per-protocol (PP) population 1292. In both the ITT and the PP analysis, no significant difference between the treatment groups was observed for any of the primary and secondary efficacy endpoints. In addition, no significant difference between the groups was seen in the proportion of transfused patients. Estimated CryoSeal® costs were €822 (95 per cent c.i. €808 to €836) per patient, which translated to €72 000 per avoided transfusion (unbounded 95 per cent c.i.).

Conclusion

The use of the fibrin sealant CryoSeal® did not result in health benefits. Combined with the high cost per avoided transfusion, this study does not support the implementation of routine CryoSeal® use in elective isolated CABG. Registration number: NTR1386 (http://www.trialregister.nl).
The research conundrum of acute appendicitis
Authors: Søreide K
Published: August 2015

A plea for basic research
Combat escalating costs of health insurance for your student‐athletes
Authors: McCarthy Claudine
Published: August 2015

ORLANDO, FLA. — Significant changes in primary health insurance coverage and the escalating cost of providing student‐athletes with secondary insurance present college athletics departments with more and varied challenges. But you can take specific steps to address these issues and keep costs down.
Develop proper procedures, education for addressing student‐athletes' allegations of mistreatment
Authors: O'Brien Timothy
Published: August 2015

Allegations of mistreatment of student‐athletes from either a safety or an equal opportunity basis have captured the headlines in recent months. Among the numerous stories, the lawsuit filed by former members of the University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign women's basketball team serves as a reminder that the equitable and appropriate treatment of student‐athletes must be one of the highest priorities for every college athletics department.
HPTLC and GC/MS Study of Amaryllidaceae Alkaloids of Two Narcissus Species
Authors: Shawky Eman , Abou‐Donia Amina H. , Darwish Fikria A. , Toaima Soad M. , Takla Sarah S. , Pigni Natalia B. , Bastida Jaume
Published: August 2015

In this article, we report on the alkaloid profile and dynamic of alkaloid content and diversity in two Narcissus plants at different stages of development. The alkaloid profile of the two Narcissus species was investigated by GC/MS and HPTLC. Fifty eight Amaryllidaceae alkaloids were detected, and 25 of them were identified in the different organs of N. tazetta and N. papyraceus. The alkaloid 3‐O‐methyl‐9‐O‐demethylmaritidine is tentatively identified here for the first time from the Amaryllidaceae family, and four alkaloids (tazettamide, sternbergine, 1‐O‐acetyllycorine, 2,11‐didehydro‐2‐dehydroxylycorine) are tentatively identified for the first time in the genus Narcissus. The different organs of the two species analyzed showed remarkable differences in their alkaloid pattern, type of biosynthesis, main alkaloid and number of alkaloids. Lycorine‐type alkaloids dominated the alkaloid, metabolism in N. papyraceus, while alkaloids of narciclasine‐, galanthamine‐ and homolycorine‐types were found only in the species N. tazetta L.
Widening the Product Profile of Carbon Dioxide Reduction by Vanadium Nitrogenase
Authors: Rebelein Johannes G. , Hu Yilin , Ribbe Markus W.
Published: August 2015

Two reaction systems based on vanadium nitrogenase were previously shown to reduce CO2 to hydrocarbons: 1) an enzyme‐based system that used both components of V nitrogenase for ATP‐dependent reduction of CO2 to ≤C2 hydrocarbons; and 2) a cofactor‐based system that employed SmI2 to supply electrons to the isolated V cluster for an ATP‐independent reduction of CO2 to ≤C3 hydrocarbons. Here, we report ATP‐independent reduction of CO2 to hydrocarbons by a reaction system comprising EuII DTPA and the VFe protein of V nitrogenase. Combining features of both enzyme‐ and cofactor‐based systems, this system exhibits improved C−C coupling and a broader product profile of ≤C4 hydrocarbons. The C−C coupling does not employ CO2‐derived CO, and it is significantly enhanced in D2O. These observations afford initial insights into the characteristics of this unique reaction and provide a potential template for future design of catalysts to recycle the greenhouse gas CO2 into useful products.
Ultrafine Pd Nanoparticles Anchored on Porous 1,6‐Hexanediamine‐Functionalized Graphene as a Promising Catalyst towards Ethanol Oxidation in Alkaline Media
Authors: Ren Fangfang , Zhang Ke , Bin Duan , Yang Beibei , Wang Huiwen , Yang Ping , Fei Zhenghao , Du Yukou
Published: August 2015

A novel composite catalyst of Pd nanoparticles supported on 1,6‐hexanediamine‐functionalized reduced graphene oxide (HD‐RGO) has been successfully synthesized by a facile chemical method. The as‐synthesized composite catalyst has been extensively characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and electrochemical tests. TEM images show that Pd nanoparticles with smaller diameters of (3.30±1.20) nm are more evenly dispersed on the HD‐RGO surface than those supported on RGO. Electrochemical tests reveal that the as‐prepared Pd/HD‐RGO catalyst displays higher electrocatalytic activity, better tolerance, and better electrochemical stability toward ethanol oxidation in alkaline media in comparison with Pd/RGO and commercial Pd/C catalysts. The Pd/HD‐RGO catalyst may be a promising potential catalyst in direct ethanol fuel cells.
Decreasing Side Products and Increasing Selectivity in the Tandem Hydroformylation/Acyloin Reaction
Authors: Ostrowski Karoline A. , Faßbach Thiemo A. , Vogelsang Dennis , Vorholt Andreas J.
Published: August 2015

A highly selective catalyst system was developed for the recently discovered tandem hydroformylation/acyloin reaction by systematic investigations and changes of reaction conditions. This new catalyst system is characterized by an excellent selectivity of the desired reaction pathway with negligible amounts of side products. A successful application of the tandem hydroformylation/acyloin reaction to a variety of olefins is enabled with comparable excellent selectivities up to >99 % for the first and second reaction step, therefore a general synthesis for the conversion of olefins into acyloins is found. Furthermore, very good to excellent yields for the intermediates and final acyloin products were observed within two catalysed reactions in one preparative step. The acyloin product was applied as a nonpolar precursor for surfactants. After attaching a polar head group to the acyloin and determination of tensiometric data, the molecule showed industrial relevant surface‐active properties.