bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
3519 Community Engagement And Health Disparities In Clinical And Translational Research Course: A Joint Academic Institution Approach
Authors: Quarells Rakale Collins , Thompson Winifred , Yancey Elleen , Akintobi Tabia
Published: March 2019

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Current translational research moves beyond bench to bedside and includes translating scientific evidence to clinical practice and into the community settings (T1-T5). This progression is dynamic, involving patient-physician, community, and academic organizational structures and translational strategies. However, basic and clinician scientists are often unprepared and/or ill equipped to successfully conduct community-engaged research which may aid in more efficient translation of their research findings. The recognized need for such training was the impetus for our course which was originally designed and implemented through the innovative and sustainable joint academic-community partnerships of Morehouse School of Medicine and Emory University with the support of Georgia Institute of Technology. Since that time the course has evolved with the recently added partner, University of Georgia. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Initially developed and implemented in 2008, the course continues through the Georgia Clinical and Translational Science Alliance, Community Engagement and Research Program (GaCTSA/CERP), a Clinical Translational Science Award (CTSA) (UL1TR002378). The course is an introduction to community-engaged research concepts/methods. This includes behavioral science; community engagement principles; clinical translational research partnerships; and strategies in planning, implementing, evaluating, and disseminating community-engaged research to address health disparities. The course is open to the four GaCTSA academic institutions’ faculty, MD, PhD, MS in Clinical Research, and the Graduate Certificate in Translational Science students. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Students received scholarly and hands-on training in community engaged research through faculty- and community member-led didactic lectures/interactions, team science activities, and a final assignment involving work with a community-based organization. From 2008-2017 over 230 students have matriculated through this course and many are now involved in community-engaged translational research. Most students in the class were MD/PhD students (33%), however 21% were junior faculty, attending physicians (21%), or fellows/residents/ postdocs (15%). Evaluations over the years indicate that most students were unware of Community-Based Participatory or community-engagement strategies for conducting translational research. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Effective application of community-engaged translational research requires essential skills training to facilitate the translational research paradigm. Translational researchers, at any stage, will benefit from understanding the entire translational research process and the importance of quickly bringing research advances to patients and the community.
3446 The OHSU Physician-Scientist Experience: Integrating intensive translational research training for medical students into a competency-based educational framework
Authors: McCracken Karen W. , Mayinger Peter , Morris Cynthia
Published: March 2019

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: The aim of this program is to provide early support to motivated medical students interested in a career as a physician-scientist in a framework of competency-based medical education. The CTSA creates an opportunity to provide clinical research education and protected time for research for medical students in clinical and translational research. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: This physician-scientist experience offers research opportunities in a wide variety of research disciplines, focused on clinical and translational investigations. The program offers both five-month and one-year blocks of protected research time. The five-month option is integrated into the four- year medical curriculum. The one-year option requires enrollment in an established Master of Clinical Research degree. Both options provide research experience under the mentorship of a physician-scientist. The five-month option aligns with UME competencies categorized under the six ACGME Domains of Competence. The one-year option includes coursework in research design, biostatistics, research ethics, data management, scientific communication, and proposal development within the CTSA-based education program. All students in the program attend a bimonthly journal club and seminar series starting in year one and extending through the research experience. This includes discussion of the importance of mentorship, selecting a residency, scientific writing and presentation, and personal narratives of physician-scientists and their pathways to this career. All students will be followed to determine career outcome. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Between 2015 and 2018, 67 students entered the program 46% selected the year out, and 56% selected the 5-month option. Students selecting this program constitute about 10% of the medical student population overall. We have had 17 graduates of the program to date. 55% of the cohort is women which parallels the OHSU medical student population. Long-term follow-up of at least 10 years will be needed to determine career outcomes. We assess student productivity by traditional measures of submitted abstracts, manuscripts, and presentations as well as longer term outcomes such as career orientation in medicine such as entry into a research-oriented residency and ultimately into an academic medicine or research. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: The OHSU physician-scientist experience successfully matches medical students with a diverse set of research mentors focused on the CTSA. Although institutional structures determine the variety of specific research opportunities, the integration of physician-scientist training into a CTSA-based training program expands the reach of training programs such as the TL1.
3006 Academic-Community Partnership and Capacity Strengthening for Deaf Community-engaged Research in the Dominican Republic
Authors: De Ver Dye Timothy , Sánchez José Javier , Taveras Pablo , Estill-Varner History , Hall Wyatte , Jesurum Alan , Siddiqi Shazia , Mora Joshua , Tavarez Zahira Quinones
Published: March 2019

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Deaf communities in many low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) struggle to organize, advocate, and reach social and health equity in their nations. In the Dominican Republic (DR), the health and social status of Deaf citizens is unclear, which obfuscates action and advocacy based on data. A set of successful pre-existing US-DR partnerships that function well but were not previously connected, organized around submission of a community-based NIH research grant and pilot work to support it. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Adapting the Partnership Synergy Framework for this purpose, we evaluate the partnership, its evolution, and its experience in implementing formative research. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Our experience showed the local Deaf community organization easily recruited and interfaced with the Deaf community; presence of a trusted external organization facilitated entry of the PUCMM-UR research team; and stakeholders are enthusiastic about the partnership, its outputs, and the ability to recruit Dominican Deaf citizens into research. The partnership organized around production of an R21 to the Fogarty International Center (NIH), including Human Subjects certification, budget and scope of work negotiation, and inclusion of preliminary data. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: The engagement of Deaf communities globally is virtually non-existent in clinical and translational research. This partnership in the Dominican Republic shows that partners can organize around common goals and identify logistics required to produce pilot data and an NIH grant.
3082 Cardiovascular Health Promotion Among African-Americans: Community Participatory Approach to Design an Innovative Mobile-Health Intervention
Authors: Brewer LaPrincess , Hayes Sharonne , Caron Amber , Smith Christina , Schaepe Karen , Jenkins Sarah , Johnson Jacqueline , Jones Clarence , Breitkopf Carmen Radecki , Cooper Lisa , Patten Christi
Published: March 2019

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: To translate a behavioral theory–informed, evidence-based, face-to-face health education program into an mHealth lifestyle intervention for African-Americans (AAs). METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: This mixed methods study consisted of 4 phases, using an iterative development process to intervention design with the AA community. In Phase 1, we held focus groups with AA community members and church partners (n=23) to gain insight regarding the needs and preferences of potential app end users. In Phase 2, the interdisciplinary research team synthesized input from Phase 1 for preliminary app design and content development. Phase 3 consisted of a sequential 3-meeting series with the church partners (n=13) for iterative app prototyping (assessment, cultural tailoring, final review). Phase 4 was a single group pilot study among AA church congregants (n=50) to assess app acceptability, usability, and satisfaction. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Phase 1 focus groups indicated preferences for general and health related apps: multifunctional; high-quality graphics/visuals; evidence-based, yet simple health information; and social networking capability. Phase 2 integrated these preferences into the preliminary app prototype. Feedback from Phase 3 was used to refine the FAITH! App prototype for pilot testing. Phase 4 pilot testing indicated high acceptability, usability, and satisfaction of the FAITH! App. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: This study illustrates the process of using formative and CBPR approaches to design a culturally relevant, mHealth lifestyle intervention to address CV health disparities within the AA community. Given the positive perceptions of the app, our study supports the use of an iterative development process by others interested in implementing an mHealth lifestyle intervention for racial/ethnic minority communities.
3009 Understanding the Lived Experience of Deaf Dominicans: Implementing Qualitative Methods with the Deaf Community in the Dominican Republic
Authors: Mora Joshua , Taveras Pablo , Estill-Varner History , Sanchez Jose Javier , Hall Wyatte , Tavarez Zahira Quinones , Batista Edward , Jesurum Alan , Siddiqi Shazia , Dye Timothy
Published: March 2019

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Qualitative approaches help explore poorly understood phenomenon, and are highly engaging, enabling both sides of an encounter greater connection. Historically, Deaf communities have been marginalized and oppressed, with their linguistic needs unrecognized and ignored. As a result, Deaf participants are rarely involved in clinical research. Like other marginalized communities, the Deaf community experiences health disparity compared with others, especially in low- and middle-income settings. The purpose of this project was to assess the feasibility of conducting qualitative research with Deaf Dominicans. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We implemented a partnered research process with 59 Deaf community members in the Dominican Republic, conducting preliminary thematic analysis through reviews of interviews and on-site debriefings. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Participants were highly engaged with the Deaf-Deaf research encounters, indicating satisfaction with both the process and with the opportunity to communicate their needs and interests. Preliminary findings indicated Deaf Dominicans were highly engaged, confirming their interest, and often stated that they felt they were being listened for the first time. Indeed, some participants claimed that this was the first time they communicated their experiences as Deaf Dominicans and appreciated the opportunity to relate this experience to Deaf interviewers. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: This experience confirms that the Deaf Dominican community can be mobilized and will participate in Deaf-Deaf research.
3444 Development of human engineered cardiac tissue (hECT)-based screening assay to explore cardiac contractile properties in response to pharmacological challenge with proarrhythmic drugs
Authors: Stillitano Francesca , Turnbull Irene C. , Dave Jaydev , Hulot Jean-Sébastien , Hajjar Roger J.
Published: March 2019

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: The goals of this study were (1) to evaluate the effect of proarrhythmic drugs on calcium transient and (2) to use three-dimensional human engineered cardiac tissue (hECT) technology to evaluate cardiac contractile properties in response to pharmacological challenge with proarrhythmic drugs. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Calcium transient was measured in subject-specific iPSC-CMs by using the IonOptix system in Sotalol treated vs. untreated conditions. We fabricated human engineered cardiac tissues (hECT) in a custom designed bioreactor using low- and high-sentitive subject-specific iPSC-CMs. Contractile function of the hECT was evaluated at baseline and after Sotalol [300 µM] administration. The change in beat rate was recorded under spontaneous beating conditions; changes in other twitch parameters, including time to relaxation, were recorded under electrical stimulation. Time to relaxation served as an indicator of action potential duration (APD), which has a temporal correlation with the QT interval. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: The low-sensitive iPSC-CM showed a considerable drop in overall peak height of the calcium transient, in the presence of 100 µM Sotalol. The high-sensitive line, however, showed a more pronounced drop in peak height. Sotalol treatment also induced a more pronounced increase in the exponential decay time constant (tau) in the high-sensitive line compared to the low-sensitive line. The hECT fabricated with high sensitive hiPSC-CM showed a larger decrease in spontaneous beat rate in response to Sotalol (0.41 vs 0.23 fold decrease), with a higher increase in time to relaxation (1.8 vs 1.3 fold increase), compared to hECT from low sensitive hiPSC-CM. Moreover, while the low-sensitive hECT showed a positive correlation between time to relaxation and developed force, as expected after Sotalol stimulation; the high-sensitive hECT failed to show a positive inotropic response. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Our findings suggest subject-specific iPSC-CMs and hECT, can be used to model functional abnormalities observed in diLQTS in response to Sotalol, and offer novel insights into human-based screening assays for toxic drug reactions. Success of this study may help identify key components underlying diLQT susceptibility to ultimately develop novel therapeutic agents.
3000 Olfactory habituation in schizophrenia
Authors: Estani Patricia
Published: March 2019

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: The aim objective of this research work is the study of neurocognitive endophenotypes in the new classifications of mental disorders. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Neuropsychological tests,such as the UPSIT test were used. The population was composed by a sample of patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Olfactory discrimination is a potencial neurocognitive endophenotype in the study of schizophrenia research DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: The aim impact of this research work is the study of Dimensional classifications of mental disorders.
3357 TL1 Team Approach to Using a Combination of Ganglioside 2 and 3 as an Immunoaffinity Target for Circulating Osteosarcoma Cell Detection
Authors: Fasanya Henrietta , Dopico Pablo Joaquin , Yeager Zachary J. , Fan Hugh , Siemann Dietmar W.
Published: March 2019

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: The objective of our collaboration is to develop a strong trans-disciplinary team consisting of microfluidics engineers, cancer biologists, and clinicians, to identify a universal marker to detect circulating osteosarcoma cells (COC) using microfluidic devices. Our goals are 3 fold: 1) Identify cell surface markers unique to osteosarcoma (OS) for COC isolation, 2) Develop a Geometrically Enhanced Mixing (GEM) device to isolate COCs, and 3) Evaluate the efficacy of GEM device to detect COCs in patients with OS. The long term goal of this collaboration is to utilize this cell detection approach to evaluate treatment efficacy and correlate the presence of circulating osteosarcoma cells with metastatic incidence. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: In this phase of our study, we have identified an abundant and conserved cell surface marker across a panel of OS cell lines. Flow cytometry was used to evaluate the relative expression of Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule (EpCAM), and Ganglioside 2 or/and 3 (GD2/3) on a panel of OS cell lines. An antibody coated GEM microfluidic device is used to affirm the efficacy of GD2/3 to capture COCs. Further capture studies will be conducted using OS cell spiked blood samples. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) will be used to determine any significant difference in capture efficiency between EpCAM, GD2/3 cell surface markers. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Our results demonstrate that EpCAM is not a suitable marker for COC detection. Results from our flow cytometry studies demonstrate that GD2/3 expression is significantly higher than EpCAM expression, across all OS cell lines within our panel. The cell capture efficiency strongly correlates with the cell surface expression data obtained from flow cytometry analysis. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: OS is the most common primary bone tumor and the third leading cause of pediatric cancer deaths. At diagnosis, 80% of patients will present with metastasis, however only 20% of these cases are clinically detectable. Innovative strategies to identify patients at risk of metastasis would allow for stratification of intervention therapies. Liquid biopsies are a novel alternative to current diagnostic imaging systems to monitor metastatic incidence and treatment efficacy. The detection of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) through routine blood sampling has the potential to be used clinically for earlier detection, monitoring the treatment of metastatic cancers and surveying the effect of therapeutic interventions on metastasis. To date, the majority of the studies on CTCs have evaluated their presence in carcinomas. Although sarcomas are rare, they generally have a poorer prognosis. This study will address one of the unmet medical needs in the field of CTC detection; the identification of cell surface OS makers to improve binding specificity, increase purity, and maintain a high capture efficiency.
3209 Hepatitis C Virus Linked To Increased Mortality in Inmates Who Are Hospitalized
Authors: Wurcel Alysse G , Burke Deirdre , Freund Karen , Beckwith Curt , Wong John
Published: March 2019

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) has a high prevalence among individuals in jail and prisons. Access to HCV treatment has been restricted in jails and prisons. We hypothesized that HCV infection in inmates would be associated with increased mortality in people who were hospitalized while incarcerated. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We created and then linked a database of people who were incarcerated and admitted at Lemuel Shattuck Hospital (2004, 2008, 2011) to the Massachusetts Vital Statistic Registry (updated through end of 2015). Death was classified using the Automatic Classification of Medical Entry Death Code. The primary outcome of interest was mortality within 1 year of hospitalization, and the secondary outcome was mortality at any time. The primary indicator of interest was HCV, defined as the presence of the ICD-9 code for HCV on discharge. Covariates included in univariate and multivariate modeling included age, year of admission, and race/ethnicity classified as: White, Black, Hispanic or Other (i.e., Asian, Native American, Multi-Racial, or No answer). RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Of the 1,541 hospital admissions, 21% had HCV, and 57% were white, 22% black, 8% Hispanic and 12% other. Of the 273 total deaths (18% of cohort), 82 deaths occurred within 1 year of hospitalization (5.3% of the entire cohort, 30% of all deaths). The primary cause of death was vascular (21%), followed by chronic liver disease (18%), cancer (17%), overdose/suicide/trauma (19%), pulmonary (7%) and infection (6%). People with HCV were more likely to die of chronic liver disease (40% vs 7%, p<0.001). In the multivariable adjusted model, people with HCV were more likely to die within 1 year of hospitalization (HR 1.59, 95% CI 1.02, 2.49) and more likely to die at any time (HR 1.38, 95% CI 1.06, 1.79). Age, race and gender were not associated with risk of death. Compared to 2004, people admitted in 2008 (HR 2.05, 95% CI, 1.50-2.80) and 2011 (HR 4.02, 95% CI 2.77, 5.83) were more likely to die within 1 year. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Despite advances in HCV treatment in the community, HCV in inmates is associated with increased mortality.
3363 Prognostic Value of Immune-Related Biomarkers in Resected Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Veluswamy Rajwanth R , Tuminello Stephanie , Petralia Francesca , Lieberman-Cribbin Wil , Wang Pei , Taioli Emanuela
Published: March 2019

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Immune cells within the tumor microenvironment (TME) play an important role in the development and progression of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, data evaluating the impact of individual immune cell types on NSCLC outcomes is limited and often conflicting. We performed a meta-analysis of existing data and used The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) to evaluate the effect of several immune cells on surgical outcomes of stage I-IIIA NSCLC. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: PubMed was searched to identify eligible studies evaluating survival of surgically resected stage I-IIIA NSCLC patients according to immune cell infiltration. Meta-analysis was performed using a linear mixed-effects model to determine overall, disease specific and progression free survival. We then used a similar patient subset found in the TCGA to validate the meta-analysis findings. For the TCGA analysis, sample-specific scores for different immune cells were computed via xCell using level three RNAseq data. After stratifying the cohort by histologic subtype, the association between each cell type and survival was assessed via Cox Regression, while adjusting for stage, gender and smoking status. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: From the meta-analysis (37 articles eligible; N = 8,162 patients), high levels of CD20+ B cells (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.36, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.15-0.85), natural killer (NK) cells (HR: 0.64, 95% CI: 0.41-1.0), and dendritic cells (0.34, 95% CI: 0.13-0.84) were significantly associated with better overall survival (OS); T regulatory cells (HR: 1.85, 95% CI: 1.35-2.54) were associated with worst OS. High CD8+ T cell infiltrates were associated with improved disease-free survival (DFS; HR: 0.85, 95% CI 0.73-0.99), while CD68+ macrophages (HR> 2.83, 95% CI: 1.28-6.24) were associated with worst DFS. In the TCGA cohort, lung adenocarcinomas rich in CD4 T cells, CD8 T cells, B cells, and NK cells were associated with improved OS in unadjusted analysis. In adjusted analysis, only NK cells were associated with improved OS (HR: 0.82, 95% CI: 0.69-0.98). There was no significant association of any immune cell type for DFS in lung adenocarcinomas and with both OS and DFS in Squamous Cell Lung Cancers (p>0.05 for all comparisons). DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: The presence of tumor infiltration by specific immune cell subsets may potentially predict survival outcomes in resected stage I-III NSCLC patients. However, the impact of immune cells may not be similar in all histologic types and after adjusting for important clinical confounders.
3385 TARGETING DIABETES PREVENTION PROGRAMS: INDIVIDUAL RISK-BASED HEALTH ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
Authors: Olchanski Natalia , Klaveren David van , Cohen Joshua T , Wong John B , Ruthazer Robin , Kent David M
Published: March 2019

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Objective: Approximately 86 million people in the US have prediabetes, but only a fraction of them receive proven effective therapies to prevent diabetes. Further, the effectiveness of these therapies varies with individual risk of progression to diabetes. We estimated the value of targeting those individuals at highest diabetes risk for treatment, compared to treating all individuals meeting inclusion criteria for the Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP). METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: METHODS: Using a micro-simulation model, we estimated total lifetime costs and quality-adjusted life expectancy (QALE) for individuals receiving: (1) lifestyle intervention involving an intensive program focused on healthy diet and exercise, (2) metformin administration, or (3) no intervention. The model combines several components. First a Cox proportional hazards model predicted onset of diabetes from baseline characteristics for each pre-diabetic individual and yielded a probability distribution for each alternative. We derived this risk model from the Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) clinical trial data and the follow-up study DPP-OS. The Michigan Diabetes Research Center Model for Diabetes then estimated costs and outcomes for individuals after diabetes diagnosis using standard of care diabetes treatment. Based on individual costs and QALE, we evaluated NMB of the two interventions at population and individual levels, stratified by risk quintiles for diabetes onset at 3 years. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Results: Compared to usual care, lifestyle modification conferred positive benefits for all eligible individuals. Metformin’s NMB was negative for the lowest population risk quintile. By avoiding use among individuals who would not benefit, targeted administration of metformin conferred a benefit of $500-$800 per person, depending on duration of treatment effect. When treating only 20% of the population (e.g., due to capacity constraints), targeting conferred a NMB of $14,000-$18,000 per person for lifestyle modification and $16,000-$20,000 for metformin. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Conclusions: Metformin confers value only among higher risk individuals, so targeting its use is worthwhile. While lifestyle modification confers value for all eligible individuals, prioritizing the intervention to high risk patients when capacity is constrained substantially increases societal benefits.
3469 Age and racial variation in the relation between blood lead level and asthma in children: Data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2016
Authors: Shaheen Magda , Pan Deyu
Published: March 2019

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Lead (Pb) exposure can seriously affect nervous system and kidney. Young children are vulnerable to Pb exposure. However, the role of low-level Pb exposure in asthma in children and the age and racial disparity is not well studied. The objectives are to examine the relation between Pb level and asthma status and to determine the age and racial/ethnic differences in this relation. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We analyzed data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2016 for 22,885 children 1-15 years old. Asthma information was collected by questionnaire. Blood lead level was measured using mass spectrometry. The association between blood Pb level and asthma status was assessed by logistic regression after adjusting for children’ age, gender, race/ethnicity, insurance status, and source of care; household poverty, mother’s age and smoking status. Data were analyzed using Stata 14 considering design and sample weight and p<0.05 is statistically significant. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Pb level was associated with asthma status (Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR)=1.4, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) = 1.2-1.7, p < 0.001). Stratified analysis by age showed that blood Pb level is related to asthma only in children 1-5 years old (AOR = 1.3, 95% CI = 1.1-1.5, p = 0.004). There was no racial/ethnic difference in this association. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Pb level is associated with asthma status in children especially young children. Health risk of low Pb is a concern. Preventive measures by reducing potential sources of Pb should be introduced early.
On the surface expression of a canopy-generated shear instability
Authors: Mandel Tracy L. , Gakhar Saksham , Chung Hayoon , Rosenzweig Itay , Koseff Jeffrey R.
Published: March 2019

Results are presented from a laboratory study on the free-surface signal generated over an array of submerged circular cylinders, representative of submerged aquatic vegetation. We aim to understand whether aquatic ecosystems generate a surface signature that is indicative of both what is beneath the water surface as well as how it is altering the flow. A shear layer forms over the canopy, generating coherent vortex structures which eventually manifest in the free-surface slope field. We connect the vortex properties measured at the surface with measurements of the bulk flow, and show that correlations between these quantities are adequate to create a parameterized model in which the interior velocity profile can be predicted solely from measurements taken at the free surface. Experimental surface observations yield a Strouhal number that is twice the most amplified mode predicted by linear stability theory, suggesting that vortices may evolve between generation at the canopy height and their manifestation at the water surface. Additionally, the surface signal continues evolving with distance downstream, with vortices becoming spread farther apart and the passage frequency gradually decreasing. By the trailing edge of the canopy, surface-impacting boils emerge for canopies with higher submergence ratios, suggesting a transition from coherent two-dimensional rollers to transversely varying structures.
When the judge met P: the rules of engagement in the Court of Protection and the parallel universe of children meeting judges in the Family Court
Authors: Case Paula
Published: March 2019

The importance of the subjects of litigation being able to tell their story directly to the decision maker is widely recognised as offering therapeutic benefits to all involved in the decision-making process. The Court of Protection makes life changing decisions for individuals on health and welfare matters, and it is clearly critical that the person at the centre of those proceedings (known as ‘P’) is given the opportunity for ‘direct engagement’ with the judge deciding their case. This paper interrogates the under-explored domain of the prevalence and forms in which ‘P’ has engaged directly with the judge (particularly by meeting with the judge without giving formal evidence) with the aid of a database of over 200 ‘health and welfare’ judgments. An integrated approach is adopted, drawing from these judgments, but also cross-referencing the far more advanced literature and case law on children meeting judges in the Family Court to explore some of the issues. This paper finds that the transplantation of practices from the Family Court to the Court of Protection has been problematic, has sometimes obscured P's direct contact with the judge in their own case, and jars with recent moves in the Court of Protection towards modelling empathetic judging and ‘standing in P's shoes’.
The Right to Know? The Politics of Information about Contraception in France (1950s–80s)
Authors: Pavard Bibia
Published: March 2019

In 1920 in France, a law was passed prohibiting abortion, the sale of contraceptives and ‘anti-conception propaganda’. While contraception was legalised in 1967 and abortion in 1975, ‘anti-natalist propaganda’ remained forbidden. This article takes seriously the aim of the French state to prevent the circulation of information for demographic reasons. Drawing from government archives, social movement archives and media coverage, the article focuses on the way the propaganda ban contributed to shaping the public debate on contraception as well as lastingly impacting the ability of the state to communicate on the subject. It first shows how birth control activists challenged the legal interdiction against communicating about contraception (1956–67) without questioning the natalist obligation. It then shows how, after 1968, communication on contraception became a power struggle carried out by various actors (sexologists and feminist and leftist activists) and how the dissemination of information about contraception was thought of as a way to challenge moral and social values. Finally, the article describes the change of state communication policies in the mid-1970s, leading to the first national campaign on contraception launched in 1981, which defined information as a task that women should take on.
Prenatal Diagnosis in France: Between Regulation of Practices and Professional Autonomy
Authors: Ville Isabelle
Published: March 2019

Prenatal diagnosis (PND) was introduced in France in the 1970s on the initiative of medical researchers and clinicians. For many years the regulation of practices was self-imposed, decentralised and idiosyncratic. The advent of ‘therapeutic modernity’ in the 1990s gave rise to an ethical, legal and scientific framework designed to homogenise PND at a national level, with the creation of multidisciplinary centres (CPDPN) and theAgence de la biomédecine. This article first recovers the history of PND in France. It then compares the activities of two CPDPNs, using ethnographic fieldwork and by analysing national quantitative data compiled by theAgence. It argues that the official policy of nationally homogeneous practices is not born out in practice, at the local level. This lack of homogeneity is most apparent in the number of authorisations for pregnancy termination due to foetal malformation, which varies considerably from one centre to another. Rooted in local culture, this variation relates to organisational methods, decision-making processes and variable levels of tolerance towards the risk of disability. Foetal medicine practitioners, thus, maintain a certain amount of autonomy that is collective rather than individual and that is reflected in the particular ‘identity’ of a given centre.
“What I Saw for Myself”: Collating Polyphonic Voices in Joe Sacco’s Palestine Narratives
Authors: Farnsworth Fiona
Published: March 2019

This piece foregrounds the relevance of the question of witness in Joe Sacco’s Palestine and Footnotes in Gaza, and the ways in which the elasticity of the comics medium lends itself to Sacco’s representation of life under occupation. It asks how the nature of occupation is visible in the land and architecture of the contested territory and explores the capacity of comics to register—and to represent—this. Later, distinctions are drawn between Sacco as character, narrator, and author, arguing that the inherent polyphony of comics allows a plurality of narratives to be woven into a nuanced portrayal of the land and its inhabitants and that these are transcribed through the lens of Sacco’s trademark self-deprecation and consciousness of his own biases. Sacco’s Palestine narratives are, it is concluded, a rendering of what Sacco himself perceives to be the “essential truth,” without assuming false superiority or objectivity.
Spatiotemporal patterns of pre-Columbian people in Amazonia
Authors: McMichael Crystal N.H. , Bush Mark B.
Published: March 2019

A current goal among many scientific disciplines is to incorporate data on past human land use and climate change into current global climate and vegetation models. Here, we used existing archaeological and paleoecological data to provide a spatiotemporal reconstruction of human history in Greater Amazonia over the Holocene. We used an ensemble distribution model based on a database of georeferenced14C-dated material and environmental factors to predict the changes in spatial distributions of past human occupation sites. We ran these models for the precultivation (13,000–6000 yr ago), early cultivation (6000–2500 yr ago), and late cultivation (2500–500 yr ago) periods. The ensemble models suggest that people mostly inhabited the peripheral areas of Greater Amazonia and the eastern sections of the main Amazon River and its larger tributaries during the precultivation period. Human populations began growing exponentially through the early cultivation period, and people spread and expanded into the interior forests and along river channels in western Amazonia. Populations continued growing through the late cultivation period in these same regions. Our results suggest that many forests, particularly in the peripheral regions and riverine locations, may still be in recovery from disturbances that have occurred repeatedly through the Holocene.
Global science meets ethnic diversity: Ian McGonigle interviews GenomeAsia100K Scientific Chairman Stephan Schuster
Authors: McGonigle Ian , Schuster Stephan C.
Published: March 2019

GenomeAsia100K is a human genome project based at Nanyang Technological University in Singapore that aims to sequence one hundred thousand Asian genomes in an effort that addresses an ethnic bias towards Western populations in previous genomic research. GenomeAsia100K consists of a team of bioinformaticians, statisticians and population geneticists, and was initiated by the Nanyang Technological University in collaboration with industrial partners MedGenome (an Indian R&D company specializing in genomic data) and the California Biotech company Genentech. The GenomeAsia100K project is amongst the most ambitious precision medicine projects to date but it is not clear how the project will challenge or reshape understandings of ethnic and racial differences in Asian populations. Ian McGonigle, a scientist and cultural anthropologist, sat down with geneticist Stephan C. Schuster, the scientific chairman of GenomeAsia100K, to discuss the project and the implications of genomics for social identity in the 21st century.
Between the Plantation and the Port: Racialization and Social Control in Eighteenth-Century Paramaribo
Authors: Brandon Pepijn
Published: March 2019

Starting from an incident in the colonial port city of Paramaribo in the autumn of 1750 in which, according to the Dutch governor Mauricius, many of the proper barriers separating rich and poor, men and women, adults and children, white citizens and black slaves were crossed, this article traces some of the complexities of everyday social control in colonial Suriname. As gateways for the trade in commodities and the movement of people, meeting points for free and unfree labourers, and administrative centres for emerging colonial settlements, early modern port cities became focal points for policing interaction across racial and social boundaries. Much of the literature on the relationship between slavery and race focuses on the plantation as “race-making institution” and the planter class as the immediate progenitors of “racial capitalism”. Studies of urban slavery, on the other hand, have emphasized the greater possibilities of social contact between blacks,mestizos, and whites of various social status in the bustling port cities of the Atlantic. This article attempts to understand practices of racialization and control in the port city of Paramaribo not by contrasting the city with its plantation environment, but by underlining the connections between the two social settings that together shaped colonial geography. The article focuses on everyday activities in Paramaribo (dancing, working, drinking, arguing) that reveal the extent of contact between slaves and non-slaves. The imposition of racialized forms of repression that set one group against the other, frequently understood primarily as a means to justify the apparent stasis of the plantation system with its rigid internal divisions, in practice often functioned precisely to fight the pernicious effects of mobility in mixed social contexts.
Liberated Africans, Slaves, and Convict Labor in the Construction of Rio de Janeiro's Casa de Correção: Atlantic Labor Regimes and Confinement in Brazil's Port City
Authors: Jean Martine
Published: March 2019

From 1834 to 1850, Latin America's first penitentiary, the Casa de Correção in Rio de Janeiro, was a construction site where slaves, “liberated Africans”, convicts, and unfree workers interacted daily, forged identities, and deployed resistance strategies against the pressures of confinement and the demands of Brazil's eclectic labor regimes. This article examines the utilization of this motley crew of workers, the interactions among “liberated Africans”, slaves, and convict laborers, and the government's intervention between 1848 and 1850 to restrict slave labor at the prison in favor of free waged workers. It asserts that the abolition of the slave trade in 1850 and the subsequent inauguration of the penitentiary augured profound changes in Rio's labor landscape, from a predominantly unfree to a free wage labor force.
In situ growth rate estimates of Southern Ocean krill, Thysanoessa macrura
Authors: Wallis Jake R. , Melvin Jessica E. , King Robert , Kawaguchi So
Published: March 2019

Growth, which is intrinsically linked to environmental conditions including temperature and food availability are highly variable both temporally and spatially. Estimates of growth rates of the Southern Ocean euphausiid Thysanoessa macrura are currently restricted to limited studies which rely upon repeated sampling and length-frequency analysis to quantify growth rates. The instantaneous growth method (IGR) was used to measure the growth rate of T. macrura successfully in the southern Kerulen Plateau region during summer, providing the first IGR parameters for the Southern Ocean euphausiid species. Results of the four-day IGR incubation indicate a period of low somatic growth for adult T. macrura. Males had a longer intermoult period (IMP) (62 days) than females (42 days), but the sexes exhibited similar daily growth rates of 0.011 mm day−1 and 0.012 mm day−1 respectively. Juveniles exhibited the fastest growth, with an IMP of 13 days and daily growth rate of 0.055 mm day−1 indicating a prolonged growth season, similar to the Antarctic krill E. superba. Consequently, we highlight the usability of the IGR method and strongly encourage its use in developing a comprehensive understanding of spatial and seasonal growth patterns of T. macrura.
What determines immigrant caregivers’ adherence to health recommendations from child primary care services? A grounded theory approach
Authors: Mourão Susana , Bernardes Sónia F.
Published: March 2019

Aim

To investigate the diversity and specificity of the determinants of immigrant caregivers’ adherence to child primary care (CPC) health recommendations.

Background

Immigrant caregiver’s adherence to CPC health recommendations is of utmost importance to minimize their children’s health-related vulnerabilities. Some research has been conducted on the determinants of immigrants’ access to health services, but much less is known about the determinants of their adherence to health professionals’ recommendations once they get there, especially in a primary health care context. This study contributes to bridge these gaps.

Methods

Interviews and focus groups were conducted, with immigrant and non-immigrant caregivers living in Portugal (n=35), from heterogeneous socioeconomic backgrounds. Focus group and individual interview scripts were developed to explore caregivers’ understanding and use of CPC services and, particularly, their adherence to CPC recommendations. A socio-demographic questionnaire was also administered. Qualitative data were analyzed using a grounded theory methodology.

Findings

‘Adherence to CPC health recommendations’ is a core and multidimensional concept. Several determinants were identified at individual, interpersonal, organizational and structural levels. Some determinants were highlighted both by immigrant and non-immigrant caregivers: valuing children’s health, usefulness of recommendations, perceived health-care professionals’ competence, central role of vaccination in CPC and caregivers’ socio-economic conditions. Other determinants were specifically mentioned by immigrant caregivers: expectations about traditional versus pharmacological treatments, cultural mismatches in children’s care practices, perceived quality of Portuguese CPC services versus CPC from countries of origin. These results provide innovative theoretical and empirical contributions to the field of primary health care and, particularly, to immigrant caregivers’ adherence behaviors. Implications for research on treatment adherence in primary care contexts, the development of interventions that promote caregivers’ adherence to CPC health recommendations and for child protection will be discussed.
BRAZILIAN RACE RELATIONS, FRENCH SOCIAL SCIENTISTS, AND AFRICAN DECOLONIZATION: A TRANSATLANTIC HISTORY OF THE IDEA OF MISCEGENATION
Authors: MERKEL IAN
Published: March 2019

This article analyzes how debates concerning Brazilian race relations, miscegenation, and racial democracy unfolded in France in the 1950s. During those years, Gilberto Freyre and those critical of him emerged in French social scientific discourse, offering distinct visions concerning race, culture, and the possibility of harmonious coexistence in a world structured by racial, social, and colonial inequalities. Certain French social scientists such as Lucien Febvre and Fernand Braudel embraced Freyre's vision as a possible source for racial and cultural mixing, whereas others, especially Alfred Métraux and Florestan Fernandes, directly criticized his work. Roger Bastide mediated between the two, translating Freyre's Casa-Grande & Senzala and coauthoring a UNESCO-based study on blacks and whites in São Paulo that largely repudiated Freyre's claims. I argue that in a period in which decolonization was already underway, Freyre piqued the interest of French social scientists looking to overcome the growing antagonism between colonizer and colonized, even if other models of cultural integration and autonomy contested the validity of Brazil's so-called racial democracy.
Detection of Carbonates in Martian Weathering Profiles
Authors: Bultel Benjamin , Viennet Jean‐Christophe , Poulet François , Carter John , Werner Stephanie C.
Published: March 2019

Noachian surfaces on Mars exhibit vertical assemblages of weathering horizons termed as weathering profiles; this indicates that surface water caused alteration of the rocks that required a different, warmer climate than today. Evidence of this early Martian climate with CO2 vapor as the main component causing greenhouse warming has been challenged by the lack of carbonate in these profiles. Here we report the analysis of Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars L‐detector data leading to the detections of carbonates using a spectral signature exclusively attributed to them. The carbonates are collocated with hydroxylated minerals in weathering profiles over the Martian surface. The origin of CO2 for the formation of carbonates could be the atmosphere. The widespread distribution of weathering profiles with carbonates over the surface of the planet suggest global interactions between fluids containing carbonate/bicarbonate ions with the surface of Mars in the presence of atmospheric water until around 3.7 billion years ago.
Author Correction: Organizing principles of pulvino-cortical functional coupling in humans
Authors: Arcaro Michael J. , Pinsk Mark A. , Chen Janice , Kastner Sabine
Published: March 2019

The original version of this Article contained an error in the author affiliations. Affiliation 3 incorrectly read ‘Department of Biological and Brain Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA’.