bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
One-Per-Mil Tumescent Infiltration Technique for Vascular Malformation Surgery in Hand and Upper Extremity
Authors: Prasetyono Theddeus O.H. , Gustin Jesslyn
Published: September 2015

Background: To present the efficacy of 1:1,000,000 tumescent solution for resection of vascular malformation in hand and upper extremity without tourniquet application.

Methods: Four patients with five slow flow vascular malformations were retrospectively reviewed. Prior to incision, 1:1,000,000 tumescent solution was infiltrated subcutaneously surrounding the lesion until the skin turned pale. Amount of tumescent solution injected, the length of surgery, the clarity of the operative field, and the complications were recorded. Clarity of operative field was categorized as totally bloodless, minimum bleeding, acceptable bleeding, and bloody. In the surgeries under local anesthesia, we also recorded self-reported intra-operative pain using VAS score, onset of pain, and conversion of anesthesia.

Results: The injected amount of the tumescent solution ranged from 4.5 to 200 mL, with the length of surgery ranged from 60 to 150 minutes. One out of 5 cases was totally bloodless, 3 cases were minimum bleeding and 1 case was acceptable bleeding. Minor skin necrosis was recorded in 1 patient. Neither intra-operative pain nor conversion from local to general anesthesia was reported.

Conclusions: 1:1,000,000 tumescent solution is effective for resection of slow flow vascular malformation in hand and upper extremity without tourniquet application.
Application of Weight Functions in Nonlinear Analysis of Structural Dynamics Problems
Authors: Ghassemieh M. , Gholampour A. A. , Massah S. R.
Published: September 2015

This paper presents a weighted residual method with several weight functions for solving differential equation of motion in nonlinear structural dynamics problems. Order of variation of acceleration is assumed to be quadratic in each time step in which polynomial of displacement would contain five unknown coefficients. Five equations are required for determination of these coefficients in each time step. These equations are obtained from initial conditions, satisfying equation of motions at both ends, and weighted residual integration. In this study, four procedures are considered for weight function to be used in the weighted residual integration as; unit weight function, Petrov–Galerkin’s weight function, least square weight function, and collocation weight function. Due to higher order of acceleration in the proposed method, the results indicate better and more accurate responses. Among the tested functions, the unit weighted function method demonstrated to be non-dissipative and its numerical dispersion showed to be clearly less than the common Newmark’s linear acceleration method. Also critical time step duration in stability investigation for weighted function procedure showed to be larger than the critical time step duration obtained by other methods used in the nonlinear structural dynamics problems.
AVIAN VIRAL VECTOR VACCINES FOR INFECTIOUS BURSAL DISEASE
Authors: Mosley Yung-Yi C. , Wu Ching Ching , Lin Tsang Long
Published: September 2015

Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is one of the economically important avian diseases for the poultry industry. In addition to traditional inactivated and attenuated vaccines, recent research has developed other types of vaccines to make IBD vaccines more adaptable for preventing different strain types and avoid the interference of maternal antibodies. Avian viral vector vaccines are emphasized in the present review. The background of IBD, virus and viral vectors is introduced. Different avian viral vectors for IBD, including their benefits and drawbacks, and the potential use of IBD virus as the viral vector are addressed.
An inverse theorem for additive bases
Authors: Qu Yongke , Han Dongchun
Published: September 2015

Let [Formula: see text] be a finite abelian group of order [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text] be the smallest prime dividing [Formula: see text]. Let [Formula: see text] be a sequence over [Formula: see text]. We say that [Formula: see text] is regular if for every proper subgroup [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] contains at most [Formula: see text] terms from [Formula: see text]. Let [Formula: see text] be the smallest integer [Formula: see text] such that every regular sequence [Formula: see text] over [Formula: see text] of length [Formula: see text] forms an additive basis of [Formula: see text], i.e. [Formula: see text]. Recently, [Formula: see text] was determined for many abelian groups. In this paper, we determined [Formula: see text] for more abelian groups and characterize the structure of the regular sequence [Formula: see text] over [Formula: see text] of length [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text].
Potential Biomarkers of the Earliest Clinical Stages of Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Alieva Anelya Kh. , Filatova Elena V. , Karabanov Aleksey V. , Illarioshkin Sergey N. , Slominsky Petr A. , Shadrina Maria I.
Published: September 2015

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a widespread neurodegenerative disorder. Despite the intensive studies of this pathology, in general, the picture of the etiopathogenesis has still not been clarified fully. To understand better the mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of PD, we analyzed the expression of 10 genes in the peripheral blood of treated and untreated patients with PD. 35 untreated patients with PD and 12 treated patients with Parkinson’s disease (Hoehn and Yahr scores 1-2) were studied. An analysis of the mRNA levels ofATP13A2,PARK2,PARK7,PINK1,LRRK2,SNCA,ALDH1A1,PDHB,PPARGC1A, andZNF746genes in the peripheral blood of patients was carried out using reverse transcription followed by real-time PCR. A statistically significant and specific increase by more than 1.5-fold in the expression of theATP13A2,PARK7, andZNF746genes was observed in patients with PD. Based on these results, it can be suggested that the upregulation of the mRNA levels ofATP13A2,PARK7, andZNF746in untreated patients in the earliest clinical stages can also be observed in the preclinical stages of PD, and that these genes can be considered as potential biomarkers of the preclinical stage of PD.
Synthesis of Magnetite Nanoparticles by Top‐Down Approach from a High Purity Ore
Authors: Priyadarshana Gayan , Kottegoda Nilwala , Senaratne Atula , de Alwis Ajith , Karunaratne Veranja
Published: September 2015

This study attempts to synthesize magnetite nanoparticles from a high purity natural iron oxide ore found in Panvila, Sri Lanka, following a novel top‐down approach. Powder X‐Ray diffraction, elemental analysis, and chemical analysis data confirmed the ore to be exclusively magnetite with Fe2+ : Fe3+ ratio of 1 : 2. Surface modified magnetite nanoparticles were synthesized by destructuring of this ore using a top‐down approach in the presence of oleic acid. These oleic acid coated nanoparticles were further dispersed in ethanol resulting in stable nanomagnetite dispersion. Interestingly, the nanoparticles demonstrated a spherical morphology with a particle size ranging from 20 to 50 nm. Magnetic force microscopic data was used to confirm the topography of the nanoparticles and to study the magnetic domain structure.
Successive Intramuscular Boosting with IFN-Alpha ProtectsMycobacterium bovisBCG-Vaccinated Mice againstM. lepraemuriumInfection
Authors: Guerrero G. G. , Rangel-Moreno J. , Islas-Trujillo S. , Rojas-Espinosa Ó.
Published: September 2015

Leprosy caused byMycobacterium lepraeprimarily affects the skin and peripheral nerves. As a human infectious disease, it is still a significant health and economic burden on developing countries. Although multidrug therapy is reducing the number of active cases to approximately 0.5 million, the number of cases per year is not declining. Therefore, alternative host-directed strategies should be addressed to improve treatment efficacy and outcome. In this work, using murine leprosy as a model, a very similar granulomatous skin lesion to human leprosy, we have found that successive IFN-alpha boosting protects BCG-vaccinated mice againstM. lepraemuriuminfection. No difference in the seric isotype and all IgG subclasses measured, neither in the TH1 nor in the TH2 type cytokine production, was seen. However, an enhanced iNOS/NO production in BCG-vaccinated/i.m. IFN-alpha boosted mice was observed. The data provided in this study suggest a promising use for IFN-alpha boosting as a new prophylactic alternative to be explored in human leprosy by targeting host innate cell response.
Lack of Association betweenToxocaraExposure and Suicide Attempts in Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Alvarado-Esquivel Cosme , Hernández-Tinoco Jesús , Sánchez-Anguiano Luis Francisco
Published: September 2015

Infection withToxocaramay affect the central nervous system. A high seroprevalence ofToxocarainfection has been reported in psychiatric patients. To the best of our knowledge, there is no previous report about an association ofToxocarainfection with suicide attempts. Therefore, we sought to determine whetherToxocaraexposure is associated with suicide attempts in psychiatric patients. We studied 282 psychiatric outpatients (156 with suicide attempts and 126 without suicide attempts). Sera of patients were analyzed for the presence of anti-ToxocaraIgG antibodies by using a commercially available enzyme immunoassay. One of the 156 (0.6%) suicide attempters and 1 (0.8%) of the 126 controls were positive for anti-ToxocaraIgG antibodies (OR = 0.80; 95% CI: 0.04–13.02;P=1.00).Toxocaraseropositivity was significantly higher (P=0.01) in male patients with consumption of raw dried goat meat than male patients without this consumption. Results suggest thatToxocaraexposure is not associated with suicide attempts in psychiatric outpatients in Durango City, Mexico. However, further studies with larger samples sizes to confirm our results should be conducted. Too few patients were seropositive to assess further associations ofToxocaraexposure with sociodemographic, clinical, and behavioral characteristics of the psychiatric patients.
Privacy Preserved and Secured Reliable Routing Protocol for Wireless Mesh Networks
Authors: Thandava Meganathan Navamani , Palanichamy Yogesh
Published: September 2015

Privacy preservation and security provision against internal attacks in wireless mesh networks (WMNs) are more demanding than in wired networks due to the open nature and mobility of certain nodes in the network. Several schemes have been proposed to preserve privacy and provide security in WMNs. To provide complete privacy protection in WMNs, the properties of unobservability, unlinkability, and anonymity are to be ensured during route discovery. These properties can be achieved by implementing group signature and ID‐based encryption schemes during route discovery. Due to the characteristics of WMNs, it is more vulnerable to many network layer attacks. Hence, a strong protection is needed to avoid these attacks and this can be achieved by introducing a new Cross‐Layer and Subject Logic based Dynamic Reputation (CLSL‐DR) mechanism during route discovery. In this paper, we propose a new Privacy preserved and Secured Reliable Routing (PSRR) protocol for WMNs. This protocol incorporates group signature, ID‐based encryption schemes, and CLSL‐DR mechanism to ensure strong privacy, security, and reliability in WMNs. Simulation results prove this by showing better performance in terms of most of the chosen parameters than the existing protocols.
Stabilizing versus Destabilizing the Microtubules: A Double-Edge Sword for an Effective Cancer Treatment Option?
Authors: Fanale Daniele , Bronte Giuseppe , Passiglia Francesco , Calò Valentina , Castiglia Marta , Di Piazza Florinda , Barraco Nadia , Cangemi Antonina , Catarella Maria Teresa , Insalaco Lavinia , Listì Angela , Maragliano Rossella , Massihnia Daniela , Perez Alessandro , Toia Francesca , Cicero Giuseppe , Bazan Viviana
Published: September 2015

Microtubules are dynamic and structural cellular components involved in several cell functions, including cell shape, motility, and intracellular trafficking. In proliferating cells, they are essential components in the division process through the formation of the mitotic spindle. As a result of these functions, tubulin and microtubules are targets for anticancer agents. Microtubule-targeting agents can be divided into two groups: microtubule-stabilizing, and microtubule-destabilizing agents. The former bind to the tubulin polymer and stabilize microtubules, while the latter bind to the tubulin dimers and destabilize microtubules. Alteration of tubulin-microtubule equilibrium determines the disruption of the mitotic spindle, halting the cell cycle at the metaphase-anaphase transition and, eventually, resulting in cell death. Clinical application of earlier microtubule inhibitors, however, unfortunately showed several limits, such as neurological and bone marrow toxicity and the emergence of drug-resistant tumor cells. Here we review several natural and synthetic microtubule-targeting agents, which showed antitumor activity and increased efficacy in comparison to traditional drugs in various preclinical and clinical studies. Cryptophycins, combretastatins, ombrabulin, soblidotin, D-24851, epothilones and discodermolide were used in clinical trials. Some of them showed antiangiogenic and antivascular activity and others showed the ability to overcome multidrug resistance, supporting their possible use in chemotherapy.
The Angle of Progression at Station 0 and in Magnetic Resonance and Transperineal Ultrasound Assessment
Authors: Iliescu D. , Tudorache S. , Dragusin R. , Carbunaru O. , Patru C. , Florea M. , Gheonea I. A.
Published: September 2015

The transperineal ultrasound (TPU) value of the angle of progression (AOP) during fetal head engagement, at station 0, is a critical cut-off for current obstetrical practice, especially when intrapartum instrumental interventions are required. Still, controversial measurements were reported in previous high resolution imagistic studies. Our TPU and direct “gold-standard” magnetic resonance (MRI) measurements confirm that station 0 corresponds to a 120° AOP, concordantly. Based on these findings, the fact that an AOP of 120° or greater was previously strongly associated with vaginal delivery may be due to the achievement of head engagement in labor.
Gene Expression-Genotype Analysis ImplicatesGSDMA,GSDMB, andLRRC3Cas Contributors to Inflammatory Bowel Disease Susceptibility
Authors: Söderman Jan , Berglind Linda , Almer Sven
Published: September 2015

To investigate the biological foundation of the inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease, susceptibility locus rs2872507, we have investigated the expression of 13 genes using ileal and colonic biopsies from patients with IBD (inflamed and noninflamed mucosa) or from individuals without IBD (noninflamed mucosa). The susceptibility allele was consistently associated with reduced expression ofGSDMB(P= 4.1 × 10−3–7.2 × 10−10). The susceptibility allele was also associated with the increased expression ofGSDMA(P= 1.6 × 10−4) andLRRC3C(P= 7.8 × 10−6) in colon tissue from individuals without IBD and with the reduced expression ofPGAP3(IBD;P= 2.0 × 10−3) andZPBP2(Crohn’s disease;P= 7.7 × 10−4) in noninflamed ileum. Inflammation resulted in the reduced colonic expression ofERBB2,GRB7,MIEN1, andPGAP3(P= 1.0 × 10−4–1.0 × 10−9) and the increased colonic expression ofIKZF3andCSF3(P= 2.4 × 10−7–3.5 × 10−8). Based on our results and published findings onGSDMA,GSDMB,LRRC3C, and related proteins, we propose that this locus in part affects IBD susceptibility via effects on apoptosis and cell proliferation and believe this hypothesis warrants further experimental investigation.
Testicular Interposition Flap for Repair of Perineal Urinary Fistulae: A Novel Surgical Technique
Authors: Raup Valary T. , Eswara Jairam R. , Marshall Stephen D. , Brandes Steven B.
Published: September 2015

Rectourinary fistulae and urinary-cutaneous fistulae are a rare yet devastating complication. Current options for tissue interposition include rectus, gracilis, or gluteal muscle, omentum, or intestine for use in coloanal pull-through procedures. In elderly patients, testicular interposition flaps may be an excellent tissue option to use when vitalized tissue is necessary to supplement fistula repair. Elderly patients frequently have increased spermatic cord length, potentially offering a longer flap reach than use of a muscle flap. Additionally, mobilizing one of the testicles and developing it through the external inguinal ring may be a less morbid and less costly procedure than harvesting and tunneling a muscle flap. Longer follow-up and further studies are needed to determine the outcomes of this novel technique.
‘Deepness of Response' Is Associated with Overall Survival in Standard Systemic Chemotherapy for Metastatic Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Nozawa Hiroaki , Nishikawa Takeshi , Tanaka Toshiaki , Tanaka Junichiro , Kiyomatsu Tomomichi , Kawai Kazushige , Hata Keisuke , Kazama Shinsuke , Yamaguchi Hironori , Ishihara Soichiro , Sunami Eiji , Kitayama Joji , Watanabe Toshiaki
Published: September 2015

Background: The identification of responders is an important issue in chemotherapy for metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). ‘Deepness of response' (DpR), defined as the maximum rate of reduction from the initial tumor burden, was recently proposed as a novel hypothetical parameter associated with overall survival (OS) in first-line chemotherapy plus cetuximab for mCRC. We determined whether this concept was universally applicable to diverse standard chemotherapeutic regimens for mCRC. Methods: We reviewed mCRC patients who received the first-line systemic chemotherapy regimens FOLFOX, CapeOX or FOLFIRI (with biologics) at our department between June 2005 and March 2015. Data such as clinicopathological parameters, metastasized organs, chemotherapeutic regimens, the best response by RECIST v1.1, progression-free survival (PFS) and OS were retrospectively retrieved for patients who exhibited tumor shrinkage. DpR was calculated as the uni-dimensional maximum reduction rate of measurable tumors. We addressed the association between DpR and survival. Results: Of the 156 patients receiving first-line chemotherapy regimens, tumor shrinkage was observed in 63 (41 of whom were men; median age 62 years). Complete remission was achieved in 6 patients, partial remission in 42 and stable disease in 15. The median DpR was 44.2% and was employed as the cutoff, in line with previous reports. DpR ≥45% (31 patients) was correlated with longer PFS (median 16.4 vs. 8.1 months for DpR <45%, p = 0.006) and OS (median 58.6 vs. 30.9 months for DpR <45%, p = 0.041). There was basically no difference in the subsequent chemotherapy between the DpR ≥45% and DpR <45% groups. Conclusion: DpR correlated with OS in various first-line systemic upfront chemotherapy regimens for mCRC.
Explanation and Elaboration of the Standards of Reporting of Neurological Disorders Checklist: A Guideline for the Reporting of Incidence and Prevalence Studies in Neuroepidemiology
Authors: Bennett Derrick A. , Brayne Carol , Feigin Valery L. , Barker-Collo Suzanne , Brainin Michael , Davis Daniel , Gallo Valentina , Jetté Nathalie , Karch André , Kurtzke John F. , Lavados Pablo M. , Logroscino Giancarlo , Nagel Gabriele , Preux Pierre-Marie , Rothwell Peter M. , Svenson Lawrence W.
Published: September 2015

Background: Incidence and prevalence studies of neurological disorders play an extremely important role in hypothesis-generation, assessing the burden of disease and planning of health services. However, the assessment of disease estimates is hindered by the poor quality of reporting for such studies. We developed the Standards of Reporting of Neurological Disorders (STROND) guideline in order to improve the quality of reporting of neurological disorders from which prevalence, incidence, and outcomes can be extracted for greater generalisability. Methods: The guideline was developed using a 3-round Delphi technique in order to identify the ‘basic minimum items' important for reporting, as well as some additional ‘ideal reporting items.' An e-consultation process was then used in order to gauge opinion by external neuroepidemiological experts on the appropriateness of the items included in the checklist. Findings: The resultant 15 items checklist and accompanying recommendations were developed using a similar process and structured in a similar manner to the Strengthening of the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology checklist for ease of use. This paper presents the STROND checklist with an explanation and elaboration for each item, as well as examples of good reporting from the neuroepidemiological literature. Conclusions: The introduction and use of the STROND checklist should lead to more consistent, transparent and contextualised reporting of descriptive neuroepidemiological studies that should facilitate international comparisons, and lead to more accessible information for multiple stakeholders, ultimately supporting better healthcare decisions for neurological disorders.
Wallenberg Syndrome with Associated Motor Weakness in a Two-Week-Postpartum Female
Authors: Louis David W. , Dholakia Nimit , Raymond Michael J.
Published: September 2015

A 30-year-old, right-handed female presented 2 weeks postpartum with acute-onset severe headache, vertigo, and vomiting. Initial neurologic examination illustrated lingual dysarthria, horizontal nystagmus, right dysmetria on finger-to-nose testing, and weakness of the extremities. Magnetic resonance imaging showed a large, left lateral medullary infarction (Wallenberg syndrome) with cephalad extension into the ipsilateral pons as well as involvement of the left middle cerebellar peduncle. The patient was discharged 3 weeks later to an inpatient rehabilitation facility with gradual improvement of her symptoms.
“As bellas amethystas”: Garimpos e relações comerciais em Brejinho das Ametistas (Alto Sertão da Bahia, 1870-1930)
Authors: Cotrim Carla Chaves
Published: September 2015

Este estudo analisa a conjuntura do descobrimento e primeiras décadas de exploração da mineração na vila de Brejinho de Ametistas/BA. Inicia-se com dados registrados por memorialistas e viajantes, e nesse sentido identifica incongruências de informações apresentadas por estas fontes. Tais dados farão recuar a época da descoberta de tais minérios ao mesmo tempo em que redimensiona as relações movidas por aqueles garimpos. Em seguida, analisa por meio de correspondências pessoais e processos cíveis, relações comerciais movidas pela mineração de Brejinho durante as primeiras décadas do século XX, envolvendo a participação de imigrantes alemães e ricos comerciantes de Caetité/BA, principalmente Deocleciano Pires Teixeira. Tal parceira fomentou a dinâmica do comércio dos ditos minerais e facilitou sua chegada ao seu principal destino, a Alemanha.
“La única cosa que tienes que hacer es fijarte en tu trabajo”: Miradas sobre los obreros en Tiempos Difíciles de Charles Dickens
Authors: Lopes Rafael De Almeida
Published: September 2015

El presente artigo tiene la intención de discutir las distintas maneras como son representados los obreros en la obra Tiempos Difíciles de Charles Dickens. A partir del análisis de la obra usando el concepto de estructuras de sentimiento y teniendo como base trabajos de Eric Hobsbawm, intentamos ver los distintos proyectos y visiones de las distintas clases sociales para los trabajadores industriales de la primera mitad del siglo XIX en Inglatierra. Identificamos con este trabajo a presencia de três proyectos: o burgués que calcula maneras de control sobre la vida del obrero; del mismo obrero, que por las uniones piensa un mundo hecho por si mismo, y del proprio Dickens que intenta solucionar los problemas de su tiempo a través de la moralidad
Baghdad Music Journal: A Soldier’s Move toward Technology in Music
Authors: Thompson IV William A. , Albert Jeffrey
Published: September 2015

The author was deployed to Iraq as a member of the U.S. Army National Guard in April 2004. He left his acoustic piano roots and embraced electronic music as a way to stay involved with music during his deployment. While deployed in Iraq, Thompson recorded and released a CD entitled Baghdad Music Journal (BMJ). The soldier’s recording was made and released while he was deployed to an active war zone and is a document of his experience. Describing his time in Iraq, he discusses how it has changed his musical practice.
Cultivating Activist Lives in Sound
Authors: Rodgers Tara
Published: September 2015

The author discusses political dimensions of electronic music and sound cultures in the historical present, critiques various ways that neoliberalism inflects and constrains creative practice, and outlines cultural and political aspirations that sonic activists might pursue.
The Instrumentality of Sense in Bruce Nauman’s Audio Video Piece for London, Ontario (1969–1970)
Authors: Louria-Hayon Adi
Published: September 2015

Bruce Nauman’s installations have long served a literary and linguistic critique emphasizing the role of the body in relation to space and time. However, focusing on vision, phenomenology and semiotics, scholars of Nauman have paid little attention to the sounding body. The author weaves the political basis of audition into the making of sense while morphing the historical and philosophical roots through a close examination of Bruce Nauman’s Audio Video Piece for London, Ontario, a work executed soon after unrest on the American West Coast and in the streets of Paris. Unhinging the unity of sensus communis, Nauman’s work proposes new political trajectories for dispersed sounding bodies.
Return to SOURCE: Contemporary Composers Discuss the Sociopolitical Implications of Their Work
Authors: Santoro Alyce
Published: September 2015

During the heat of the fraught political climate of 1969, the editors of SOURCE: Music of the Avant Garde invited 20 innovative composers and musicians to respond to a single question: “Have you, or has anyone, ever used your work for political or social ends?” Forty-five years later the author posed the same question to 20 unconventional composers working today, resulting in a provocative contemporary update to the original 1969 SOURCE article.
The Introductiones Montanae maiores: A Student’s Guide to Logic
Authors: Spruyt Joke
Published: September 2015

The tract on logic that has now become known as the Introductiones Montanae maiores provides us with useful evidence of the kind of education that was on offer in the Parisian schools of the 12th century. In this contribution, I will go through a number of arguments brought up in connection with the definitions of basic logical concepts. By doing so I aim to provide more details about some of the most important theoretical positions of the tract.
The Collection of Grammatical Sophismata in ms London, bl, Burney 330. An Exploratory Study
Authors: Kneepkens C.H.
Published: September 2015

Manuscript London, British Library, Burney 330 contains an anonymous collection of grammatical sophisms, dating in all probability from early 13th-century France or England, and all based on problematic biblical, liturgical or religious propositions. After a presentation of the manuscript and collection, this article examines two analysis tools that are applied in the majority of the sophisms, viz. a distinction between three layers of grammatico-semantic perfection or completeness, and the grammatical and semantic supposition doctrines. It appears that these sophisms pay prominent attention to improper or figurative supposition, but are not intended for highly advanced readers. These preliminary results suggest that the Burney Sophismata Collection constituted an exercise tool to support textbook-based instruction in theological grammar, which was developed by such masters as Peter the Chanter and William de Montibus in the late 12th and early 13th centuries.
Ex impossibili quodlibet sequitur (Angel d’Ors)
Authors: Normore Calvin G.
Published: September 2015

While agreeing with Professor D’Ors’ thesis that the notion of logical consequence cannot be exhaustively characterized (though not with his grounds for it), I depart from Professor d’Ors’ conclusion that the very notion of good consequence is primitive and can only be identified with the (incompletable) set of acceptable rules of inference, and from his conviction that modal notions such as necessity and impossibility are equivocal and gain such clarity as they have by their interaction with rules of inference. Inspired by this picture, Professor d’Ors undertook an examination of a number of medieval attempts to analyze the notion of consequence and tried to show how certain developments in the medieval history of logic made sense in the light of debate over such analyses. This paper examines a small fragment of Professor d’Ors programme and its relation to some aspects of Jean Buridan’s account of the consequence relation.
Richard Kilvington and the Theory of Obligations
Authors: Read Stephen
Published: September 2015

Kretzmann and Spade were led by Richard Kilvington’s proposed revisions to the rules of obligations in his discussion of the 47th sophism in his Sophismata to claim that the purpose of obligational disputations was the same as that of counterfactual reasoning. Angel d’Ors challenged this interpretation, realising that the reason for Kilvington’s revision was precisely that he found the art of obligation unsuited to the kind of reasoning that lay at the heart of the sophismatic argument. In his criticism, Kilvington focused on a technique used by Walter Burley to force a respondent to grant an arbitrary falsehood and similar to Lewis and Langford’s famous defence of ex impossibili quodlibet. Kilvington observed that just as in obligational disputation one may be obliged to grant a false proposition and deny a true one, so in counterfactual reasoning one may be obliged to doubt a proposition whose truth or falsity one knows, on pain of contradiction.
Statistically Optimal Multisensory Cue Integration: A Practical Tutorial
Authors: Rohde Marieke , van Dam Loes C. J. , Ernst Marc O.
Published: September 2015

Humans combine redundant multisensory estimates into a coherent multimodal percept. Experiments in cue integration have shown for many modality pairs and perceptual tasks that multisensory information is fused in a statistically optimal manner: observers take the unimodal sensory reliability into consideration when performing perceptual judgments. They combine the senses according to the rules of Maximum Likelihood Estimation to maximize overall perceptual precision. This tutorial explains in an accessible manner how to design optimal cue integration experiments and how to analyse the results from these experiments to test whether humans follow the predictions of the optimal cue integration model. The tutorial is meant for novices in multisensory integration and requires very little training in formal models and psychophysical methods. For each step in the experimental design and analysis, rules of thumb and practical examples are provided. We also publish Matlab code for an example experiment on cue integration and a Matlab toolbox for data analysis that accompanies the tutorial online. This way, readers can learn about the techniques by trying them out themselves. We hope to provide readers with the tools necessary to design their own experiments on optimal cue integration and enable them to take part in explaining when, why and how humans combine multisensory information optimally.
A GUIDE TO FIELD STATIONS IN THE TROPICS: I. MEXICO
Authors: M. Claudio Delgadillo
Published: September 2015

Herbaria: The National Council for the Flora of Mexico (Consejo Nacional de la Flora de México) recently published a revised edition of the catalogue of Mexican herbaria (Arreguín & Valenzuela 1986). This contains information on 58 institutional herbaria including name, accepted acronym -when available-, number of specimens, important col-lections, available services, staff research interests, geographical coverage, etc.
Bryohumbertia subcomosa (Dix.) J.-P. Frahm, a new name for Bryohumbertia walkeri (Mitt.) J.-P. Frahm
Authors: Frahm Jan-Peter
Published: September 2015

The concept of Bryohumnertia walkeri (Mitt.) J.-P. Frahm was based on isotype specimens, which are, however, not identical with te holotype which consists of Campylopus comosus (Reinw. & Hornsch.) Bosch & Lac.. Therefore the next older epithet available must be chosen fro B. walkeri and the new combination B. subcomosa is introduced accordingly.
Mosses from the Mascarenes - 3.
Authors: Een Gillis
Published: September 2015

37 species of mosses are reported from the Mascarenes. Of these 19 belong to the genus Campylopus and 8 to Leucoloma. Three are new to the Mascarenes i.e. Campylopus leucochlorus (C.Müll.) Par., C. paludicola Broth. and C. subperichaetialis Biz. & Kilb., two are new to Mauritius i.e. Bryum truncorum (Brid.) Brid. and Leucoloma cinclidotioides Besch. and four are new to Réunion i.e. Campylopus incacorralis Herz. C. praetermissus J.-P. Frahm, C. trachyblepharon (C. Müll.) Mitt. ssp. comatus (Ren. & Card.) J.- P. Frahm and Leucoloma rutenbergii (Geh.) Wright var. elatum Ren. The variety is new to the Mascarenes.
Origin of the New Caledonian Bryophytes
Authors: Iwatsuki Zennoske
Published: September 2015

The origin of a flora is one of the most interesting and challenging topics in bryology. However, it is a very difficult problem, and considerable effort is needed to accumulate more detailed information on the distribution and taxonomy of bryophytes than is available today.
A synopsis of Chinese epiphyllous liverworts
Authors: Luo Jian-Sin
Published: September 2015

Epiphyllous liverworts are characteristic of tropical and subtropical forests where the air is very moist. The distribution of epiphyllous liverworts is primarily in the tropical or subtropical regions of Indo- Malay, Central and South America, central Africa and the Asian-Pacific regions of South Korea and southern Japan south to Australia. Epiphyllous liverworts are also abundant in some evergreen forests of China (Cao & Be, 1988; Chen & Wu, 1964; Wu & Guo, 1986; Wu & Lou 1978; Wu et al., 1983). Little has been known about the liverworts in Sichuan Province of China. Only eight species and one variety, belonging to eight genera have been reported from Mt. Emei (Wu & Lou, 1978) and some scattered records from Mt Erlang, Mt Yaan and Mabin County.
Tropical component of the Moss Flora of China
Authors: Redfearn, Jr. Paul L.
Published: September 2015

In many ways, it is presumptuous for me to speak on the mosses of the tropical regions of China. Many consider the knowledge about the taxonomy, ecology, and geography of tropical bryophytes inadequate (Pócs 1982; Schuster 1983; Richards 1984), and this is certainly the case for the bryophytes of the tropical regions of China. The taxonomy of Chinese taxa is generally in a state of disarray. Early workers, both Chinese and others, have tended to describe new species based upon minor or inconsequential morphological characters and without apparent reference to related taxa found outside of China. This is clear from recent monographic studies that compared Chinese taxa with taxa throughout the world. For example, Su (1988) in his studies of Homaliodendron reduced the taxa of this genus for southeast Asia from over eighteen to four. Similar synonymizing has occurred in Forsstroemia (Stark 1987), Mniaceae (Koponen 1981), Grimmia and Schistidum (Cao & Vitt 1986) and the Calymperaceae (Lin & Reese 1989). Furthermore, monographers of groups have not always been able to study adequate collections from China as for example, Noguchi’s (1976) revision of the Meteoriaceae or Nyholm’s (1971) studies on the genus Atrichum. Even recent monographic or revisionary studies such as those on Leucodon (Akiyama 1988), Trachyloma (Miller & Manuel 1982), Glossadelphus (Tixier 1988), Entodon (Hu 1983), Ctenidium (Nishimura 1985), Forsstroemia (Stark 1987), Gollania (Higuchi 1985) or Fissidens (Li 1985) appear to have had only those collections from China for study that were available in herbaria outside of China. The cause for this probably rests with the difficulty of borrowing material from Chinese herbaria. Even when specimens are loaned by Chinese herbaria the borrower gets only a small sample of what may be present. Herbaria I have visited in China have huge backlogs of unprocessed or unidentified collections. In many cases these collections come from significant regions such as western Sichuan, Yunnan and the tropical regions of Xizang (Tibet).
A functional evolution of the Leucobryaceae
Authors: Robinson Harold
Published: September 2015

Recent conclusions on the limits of the Leucobryaceae and on the function of the Leucobryaceous leaf are used as basis for further observations on evolution of the group. Eight genera are recognized in the family; 1. Leucobryum, 2. Steyermarkiella, 3. Ochrobryum, 4. Arthrocormus, 5. Schistomitrium, 6. Holomitriopsis, 7. Cladopodanthus, and 8. Octoblepharum. The leaf form, capsule shape, and peristome substructure of Leucobryum seems to derive from a Campylopus-type member of the Dicranaceae. Four basic stages are noted in the functional evolution of the family. 1. The stratification of the leaf into leucocysts and chlorocyst layers with leucocysts holding water and internally generated gas; 2. The shift from soil substrates seen mostly in Temperate Zone Leucobryum to rotten wood substrates or epiphytism; 3. Increasing reliance on vegetative reproduction with reduction of reliance on sporophytes; 4. Morphogenetic increase of the number of chlorocysts in the leaf. Geographical concentrations of the genera are noted, and distributions between hemispheres are apparently mostly by way of the South Atlantic. The use of functional considerations in evolutionary studies is emphasized. The retention of paraphyletic groups in taxonomy is defended.
A Revision of the Genus Crossomitrium (Musci: Hookeriaceae)
Authors: Allen Bruce H.
Published: September 2015

Crossomitrium is a genus of neotropical, essentially epiphyllous mosses. The genus consists of six species that are distributed in two sections: section Crossomitrium (C. acuminatum, C. patrisiae, and C. scabrisetum) and section Cormophila (C. epiphyllum, C. saprophilum, and C. sintenisii). Section Crossomitrium is characterized by 1. plants nearly always on leaves or twigs, 2. lateral leaves oblongacuminate and widest below the middle, 3. leaves when dry that arch from an erect base downward to the substrate and, 4. the presence of specialized brood branches that are closely adnate to the substrate and have tightly imbricate leaves. Section Cormophila is characterized by 1. plants growing on rocks and tree trunks as well as on leaves, 2. lateral leaves oval to obovate, acute to apiculate and widest above the middle, 3. leaves when dry flattened to the substrate and, 4. the presence of erect, specialized brood branches that have leaves spreading on all sides. Crossomitrium is placed in the Hookeriaceae (sensu Whittemore & Allen, 1989) on the basis of its branched stems, ecostate leaves, straight, unbranched rhizoids that are tightly clustered just posterior to the leaf bases, 2-celled axillary hairs and weakly pigmented stem cortex. Within the Hookeriaceae Crossomitrium is considered close to the genus Lepidopilum by virtue of 1. its peristome which is hydrocastique and has a high basal membrane, 2. the spinose setae of C.acuminatum and C. scabrisetum, 3. the irregular subdivision of its stomatal guard cells (including the presence of stomates at the base of raised pustules), 4. leaves doubly serrulate by the projecting ends of contiguous marginal cells, 6. absence of a stem central strand. It differs from Lepidopilum in its 1. symmetric, ecostate leaves, 2. calyptra fimbriate by downward projecting, multicellular hairs that arise from the margins of the calyptra, 3. collenchymatous exothecial cells, 4. the presence of broodbodies on specialized brood branches as well as in clusters just below the junction of the leaf with the stem.
A preliminary study on the affinities of Philippine, Bornean and New Guinean hepatics

Authors: Tan Benito C. , Engel John J.
Published: September 2015

The generic and specific affinities of the Philippine, Bornean and New Guinean hepatic floras were analyzed by calculating the Kroeber’s percentage of similarity on the basis of recently published checklists. It is observed that the overall affinities parallel that exhibited by local moss floras except for one important difference. For the three areas, the number and distribution of species of large, actively evolving hepatic genera are noted to be disparate and with few shared taxa. Contrastingly, the large and actively evolving moss genera produce consistently large number of species in all three areas with an equally large number of shared taxa. The strong dependence of many hepatic taxa on asexual reproduction and the poor spore dispersability are accepted as the best explanation to this phenomenon.
Advances in Mexican Bryology
Authors: M. Claudio Delgadillo
Published: September 2015

After some 150 years of research there are more than 575 publications on Mexican bryophytes. Most of these appeared in the last two decades; it is suggested that research toward the preparation of the Manual of Mexican mosses increased the rate publication for that period of time.
Redescription of Phrurolithus flavipes (Araneae: Phrurolithidae), with the first description of the male
Authors: MARUSIK YURI M. , ZONSTEIN SERGEI L. , OMELKO MIKHAIL M.
Published: September 2015

Phrurolithus C.L. Koch, 1839, with 71 named species, is the largest genus of the family Phrurolithidae, which contains 188 species belonging to 14 genera (Platnick 2014). It has an almost exclusively Holarctic distribution: 34 species are known from the Palaearctic, 35 are known from the Nearctic and two species are known from Hispaniola. The genus is rather poorly studied and has never been the subject of wide-scale revision. Almost half of its species are known from a single sex: 23 from females and nine from males. Additionally, 45 species are known from the original description only, and one species has never been illustrated (Platnick 2014).
Two new species of erect Bryozoa (Gymnolaemata: Cheilostomata) and the application of non-destructive imaging methods for quantitative taxonomy
Authors: MATSUYAMA KEI , TITSCHACK JÜRGEN , BAUM Daniel , FREIWALD ANDRÉ
Published: September 2015

Two new species of cheilostome Bryozoa are described from continental-slope habitats off Mauritania, including canyon and cold-water coral (mound) habitats. Internal structures of both species were visualised and quantified using microcomputed tomographic (micro-CT) methods. Cellaria bafouri n. sp. is characterised by the arrangement of zooids in alternating longitudinal rows, a smooth cryptocyst, and the presence of an ooecial plate with denticles. Smittina imragueni n. sp. exhibits many similarities with Smittina cervicornis (Pallas, 1766), but differs especially in the shape and orientation of the suboral avicularium. Observations on Smittina imragueni and material labelled as Smittina cervicornis suggest that the latter represents a species group, members of which have not yet been discriminated, possibly because of high intracolony variation and marked astogenetic changes in surface morphology. Both new species are known only from the habitats where they were collected, probably reflecting the paucity of bryozoan sampling from this geographic area and depth range. Both species are able to tolerate low oxygen concentration, which is assumed to be compensated by the high nutrient supply off Mauritania. The application of micro-CT for the semiautomatic quantification of zooidal skeletal characters was successfully tested. We were able to automatically distinguish individual zooidal cavities and acquire corresponding morphological datasets. Comparing the obtained results with conventional SEM measurements allowed ascertaining the reliability of this new method. The employment of micro-CT allows the observation and quantification of previously unseen characters that can be used in describing and differentiating species that were previously indistinguishable. Furthermore, this method might help elucidate processes of colony growth and the function of individual zooids during this process.
The Costa Rican Systenus Loew (Diptera: Dolichopodidae): rich local sympatry in an otherwise rare genus
Authors: BICKEL DANIEL J.
Published: September 2015

The Costa Rican Systenus Loew (Diptera: Dolichopodidae: Medeterinae) are described, illustrated and keyed, and comprise nine new species: Systenus divericatus sp. nov., S. eboritibia sp. nov., S. emusorum sp. nov., S. flavifemoratus sp. nov., S. maculipennis sp. nov., S. naranjensis sp. nov., S. parkeri sp. nov., S. tenorio sp. nov., and S. zurqui sp. nov. Eight species are known only from Malaise traps at a locale in Guanacaste Province, in contrast to a single species collected as part of the long running INBio survey of the Costa Rican insect fauna. On a global scale, Systenus is uncommon in collections, possibly the result of its known larval tree hole habitat and adult arboreal associations, making the genus less likely to be captured by ground-level trapping. This makes the high level of sympatry at one site even more remarkable and suggesting that more cryptic species-rich arboreal faunas await discovery.
Inappropriate Referral: The Use of Primary Jurisdiction in Food-Labeling Litigation
Authors: Winters Diana R. H.
Published: September 2015

Food system regulation must negotiate intensely individual and hyper-local preferences with the national and collective implications of food production and consumption. The regulatory scheme permits the coincidence of multiple sets of regulators, and there is an active interchange between federal and state authorities. This kind of “dynamic” or “polyphonic” federalism entails “the interaction of multiple independent voices” and “the dynamic interaction among states and the national government.”
Dietary Supplements are Not all Safe and Not all Food: How the Low Cost of Dietary Supplements Preys on the Consumer
Authors: Sax Joanna K.
Published: September 2015

Dietary supplements are regulated as food, even though the safety and efficacy of some supplements are unknown. These products are often promoted as ‘natural.’ This leads many consumers to fail to question the supplements' safety, and some consumers even equate ‘natural’ with safe. But, ‘natural’ does not mean safe. For example, many wild berries and mushrooms are dangerous although they are natural. Another example is tobacco—a key ingredient in cigarettes: it is natural, but overwhelming studies have established the harm of cigarette smoke. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) requires safety and efficacy testing prior to market entry for drugs. In contrast, the FDA only has limited ability to regulate the entry of new dietary supplements into the marketplace because supplements are treated as food.

Two main arguments support the current regulatory structure of dietary supplements: (1) cost and (2) access. But lower cost and increased access to dietary supplements do not necessary have any relationship to safety and efficacy. Manufacturers' marketing techniques tout the health benefits of their supplements. Meanwhile, consumers are ingesting supplements without scientific studies indicating whether or not they are harmful.

The FDA Food Safety and Modernization Act, signed into law on January 4, 2011, did not address the safety concerns regarding dietary supplements. This article discusses the regulatory deficiencies concerning dietary supplements and proposes novel solutions to address this specific sector of the food supply. This article advocates for the use of scientific data to support a multi-tiered classification system to ensure that dietary supplements on the market are safe.