bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Implementation of Two-Fluid Model for Dilute Gas-Solid Flow in Pipes With Rough Walls
Authors: Uz Zaman Ashraf , John Bergstrom Donald
Published: December 2013

A numerical study was carried out to investigate the performance of a two-layer model for predicting turbulent gas-particle flows in rough pipes. An Eulerian–Eulerian two-fluid formulation was used to model both the gas and solid phases for turbulent gas-particle flow in a vertical tube. The stresses developed in the particle phase were calculated using the kinetic theory of granular flows while the gas-phase stresses were described using an eddy viscosity model. The two-fluid model typically uses a two-equation k-ɛ model to describe the gas phase turbulence, which includes the suppression and enhancement effects due to the presence of particles. For comparison, a two-layer model was also implemented since it has the capability to include surface roughness. The current study examines the predictions of the two-layer model for both clear gas and gas-solid flows in comparison to the results of a conventional low Reynolds number model. The paper specifically documents the effects of surface roughness on the turbulence kinetic energy and granular temperature for gas-particle flow in both smooth and rough pipes.
Assembly and Validation of the Genome of the Nonmodel Basal Angiosperm
Amborella
Authors: Chamala Srikar , Chanderbali Andre S. , Der Joshua P. , Lan Tianying , Walts Brandon , Albert Victor A. , dePamphilis Claude W. , Leebens-Mack Jim , Rounsley Steve , Schuster Stephan C. , Wing Rod A. , Xiao Nianqing , Moore Richard , Soltis Pamela S. , Soltis Douglas E. , Barbazuk W. Brad
Published: December 2013

Shaping Plant Evolution

Amborella trichopoda
is understood to be the most basal extant flowering plant and its genome is anticipated to provide insights into the evolution of plant life on Earth (see the Perspective by

Adams

). To validate and assemble the sequence,

Chamala
et al.

(p.
1516
) combined fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), genomic mapping, and next-generation sequencing. The
Amborella Genome Project
(p.
10.1126/science.1241089
) was able to infer that a whole-genome duplication event preceded the evolution of this ancestral angiosperm, and

Rice
et al.

(p.
1468
) found that numerous genes in the mitochondrion were acquired by horizontal gene transfer from other plants, including almost four entire mitochondrial genomes from mosses and algae.
Unexpected Stable Stoichiometries of Sodium Chlorides
Authors: Zhang Weiwei , Oganov Artem R. , Goncharov Alexander F. , Zhu Qiang , Boulfelfel Salah Eddine , Lyakhov Andriy O. , Stavrou Elissaios , Somayazulu Maddury , Prakapenka Vitali B. , Konôpková Zuzana
Published: December 2013

Salt to Squeeze

Simple table salt, NaCl, is the only known stable phase of Na and Cl at ambient conditions. Previous attempts to understand its structure and chemical properties under pressure and at high temperatures revealed phase and bonding transitions, while keeping the balance of one Na to one Cl. Using crystal structure prediction algorithms,

Zhang
et al.

(p.
1502
; see the Perspective by

Ibáñez Insa

) show that other compounds—including Na
3
Cl, Na
2
Cl, Na
3
Cl
2
, NaCl
3
, and NaCl
7
are as stable as NaCl across a range of pressures.
Our Many Ties to Feathered Fauna
Birds and People

by Mark Cocker; photographs by David Tipling

Jonathan Cape, London, 2013. 592 pp. £40, $65, C$65. ISBN 9780224081740.
Authors: Armistead Henry T.
Published: December 2013

Combining natural history and cultural study, Cocker surveys the wide range of interactions between humans and birds.
How Cooperation Defeats Cheats
Authors: Spottiswoode Claire N.
Published: December 2013

Brood parasites may play a key role in the evolution and maintenance of cooperative breeding in birds.

[Also see Report by

Feeney
et al.

]
Scientists Campaign Against Killer Robots
Authors: Stone Richard
Published: December 2013

A global campaign to control robotic weapons gains momentum.
Swine Flu Connection Provides Clues About Narcolepsy
Authors: Vogel Gretchen
Published: December 2013

Investigation finds fingerprints of an autoimmune reaction.
Cancer Immunotherapy
Authors: Couzin-Frankel Jennifer
Published: December 2013

This year marks a turning point in cancer, as long-sought efforts to unleash the immune system against tumors are paying off—even if the future remains a question mark.
Multiepitope Fusion Antigen Induces Broadly Protective Antibodies That Prevent Adherence of Escherichia coli Strains Expressing Colonization Factor Antigen I (CFA/I), CFA/II, and CFA/IV
Authors: Ruan Xiaosai , Knudsen David E. , Wollenberg Katie M. , Sack David A. , Zhang Weiping
Published: December 2013

Diarrhea is the second leading cause of death in children younger than 5 years and continues to be a major threat to global health. EnterotoxigenicEscherichia coli(ETEC) strains are the most common bacteria causing diarrhea in developing countries. ETEC strains are able to attach to host small intestinal epithelial cells by using bacterial colonization factor antigen (CFA) adhesins. This attachment helps to initiate the diarrheal disease. Vaccines that induce antiadhesin immunity to block adherence of ETEC strains that express immunologically heterogeneous CFA adhesins are expected to protect against ETEC diarrhea. In this study, we created a CFA multiepitope fusion antigen (MEFA) carrying representative epitopes of CFA/I, CFA/II (CS1, CS2, and CS3), and CFA/IV (CS4, CS5, and CS6), examined its immunogenicity in mice, and assessed the potential of this MEFA as an antiadhesin vaccine against ETEC. Mice intraperitoneally immunized with this CFA MEFA exhibited no adverse effects and developed immune responses to CFA/I, CFA/II, and CFA/IV adhesins. Moreover, after incubation with serum of the immunized mice, ETEC orE. colistrains expressing CFA/I, CFA/II, or CFA/IV adhesins were significantly inhibited in adherence to Caco-2 cells. Our results indicated this CFA MEFA elicited antibodies that not only cross-reacted to CFA/I, CFA/II and CFA/IV adhesins but also broadly inhibited adherence ofE. colistrains expressing these seven adhesins and suggested that this CFA MEFA could be a candidate to induce broad-spectrum antiadhesin protection against ETEC diarrhea. Additionally, this antigen construction approach (creating an MEFA) may be generally used in vaccine development against heterogenic pathogens.
Characterization of a Novel Melt Curve by Use of the Roche LightCycler HSV 1/2 Analyte-Specific Reagent Real-Time PCR Assay: Frequencies of This Novel (Low) Melt Curve and Commonly Encountered (Intermediate) Melt Curves
Authors: Boyanton Bobby L. , Almradi Amro , Espy Mark J. , Prada Anne E. , Gibson John P. , Pritt Bobbi S.
Published: December 2013

We characterize a novel probe binding-site polymorphism detectable solely by melt curve analysis using the Roche LightCycler HSV 1/2 analyte-specific reagent real-time PCR assay. The frequencies of this novel (47°C) and previously described intermediate (60 to 62°C) melt curves were 0.016% and 4.9%, respectively.
Impact of Proficiency Testing Program for Laboratories Conducting Early Diagnosis of HIV-1 Infection in Infants in Low- to Middle-Income Countries
Authors: Garcia Albert , Subbarao Shambavi , Zhang Guoqing , Parsons Linda , Nkengasong John , Ou Chin-Yih , Ellenberger Dennis
Published: December 2013

A voluntary, cost-free external quality assessment (EQA) program established by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) was implemented to primarily monitor the performance of laboratories conducting HIV Early Infant Diagnosis (EID) from dried blood spots (DBS) in low- to middle-income countries since 2006. Ten blind DBS proficiency test (PT) specimens and 100 known HIV-positive and -negative DBS specimens (to be used as internal controls) were shipped triannually to participating laboratories with reports for the PT specimens due within 30 days. The participant's results and a summary of the performance of all participating laboratories and each diagnostic method were provided after each test cycle. Enrollment in the CDC PT program expanded progressively from 17 laboratories from 11 countries in 2006 to include 136 laboratories from 41 countries at the end of 2012. Despite external pressures to test and treat more children while expanding EID programs, mean PT test scores significantly improved over time as demonstrated by the upward trend from mid-2006 to the end of 2012 (
P
= 0.001) and the increase in the percentage of laboratories scoring 100% (
P
= 0.003). The mean test scores plateaued over the past 10 testing cycles, ranging between 98.2% and 99.7%, and discordant test results still occur but at a rate of no higher than 2.6%. Analysis of these test results suggests a positive impact of proficiency testing on the testing performance of the participating laboratories, and a continuous training program and proficiency testing participation may translate into laboratories improving their testing accuracy.
Role of the Goat K
222
-PrP
C
Polymorphic Variant in Prion Infection Resistance
Authors: Aguilar-Calvo Patricia , Espinosa Juan Carlos , Pintado Belén , Gutiérrez-Adán Alfonso , Alamillo Elia , Miranda Alberto , Prieto Irene , Bossers Alex , Andreoletti Olivier , Torres Juan María
Published: December 2013

The prion protein-encoding gene (
prnp
) strongly influences the susceptibility of small ruminants to transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs). Hence, selective breeding programs have been implemented to increase sheep resistance to scrapie. For goats, epidemiological and experimental studies have provided some association between certain polymorphisms of the cellular prion protein (PrP
C
) and resistance to TSEs. Among them, the Q/K polymorphism at PrP
C
codon 222 (Q/K
222
) yielded the most promising results. In this work, we investigated the individual effects of the K
222
-PrP
C
variant on the resistance/susceptibility of goats to TSEs. For that purpose, we generated two transgenic mouse lines, expressing either the Q
222
(wild type) or K
222
variant of goat PrP
C
. Both mouse lines were challenged intracerebrally with a panel of TSE isolates. Transgenic mice expressing the wild-type (Q
222
) allele were fully susceptible to infection with all tested isolates, whereas transgenic mice expressing similar levels of the K
222
allele were resistant to all goat scrapie and cattle BSE isolates but not to goat BSE isolates. Finally, heterozygous K/Q
222
mice displayed a reduced susceptibility to the tested panel of scrapie isolates. These results demonstrate a highly protective effect of the K
222
variant against a broad panel of different prion isolates and further reinforce the argument supporting the use of this variant in breeding programs to control TSEs in goat herds.

IMPORTANCE
The objective of this study was to determine the role of the K
222
variant of the prion protein (PrP) in the susceptibility/resistance of goats to transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs). Results showed that transgenic mice expressing the goat K
222
-PrP polymorphic variant are resistant to scrapie and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) agents. This protective effect was also observed in heterozygous Q/K
222
animals. Therefore, the single amino acid exchange from Q to K at codon 222 of the cellular prion protein provides resistance against TSEs. All the results presented here support the view that the K
222
polymorphic variant is a good candidate for selective breeding programs to control and eradicate scrapie in goat herds.
A Novel Recombinant Retrovirus in the Genomes of Modern Birds Combines Features of Avian and Mammalian Retroviruses
Authors: Henzy Jamie E. , Gifford Robert J. , Johnson Welkin E. , Coffin John M.
Published: December 2013

Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) represent ancestral sequences of modern retroviruses or their extinct relatives. The majority of ERVs cluster alongside exogenous retroviruses into two main groups based on phylogenetic analyses of the reverse transcriptase (RT) enzyme. Class I includes gammaretroviruses, and class II includes lentiviruses and alpha-, beta-, and deltaretroviruses. However, analyses of the transmembrane subunit (TM) of the envelope glycoprotein (
env
) gene result in a different topology for some retroviruses, suggesting recombination events in which heterologous
env
sequences have been acquired. We previously demonstrated that the TM sequences of five of the six genera of orthoretroviruses can be divided into three types, each of which infects a distinct set of vertebrate classes. Moreover, these classes do not always overlap the host range of the associated RT classes. Thus, recombination resulting in acquisition of a heterologous
env
gene could in theory facilitate cross-species transmissions across vertebrate classes, for example, from mammals to reptiles. Here we characterized a family of class II avian ERVs, “TgERV-F,” that acquired a mammalian gammaretroviral
env
sequence. Although TgERV-F clusters near a sister clade to alpharetroviruses, its genome also has some features of betaretroviruses. We offer evidence that this unusual recombinant has circulated among several avian orders and may still have infectious members. In addition to documenting the infection of a nongalliform avian species by a mammalian retrovirus, TgERV-F also underscores the importance of
env
sequences in reconstructing phylogenies and supports a possible role for
env
swapping in allowing cross-species transmissions across wide taxonomic distances.

IMPORTANCE
Retroviruses can sometimes acquire an envelope gene (
env
) from a distantly related retrovirus. Since
env
is a key determinant of host range, such an event affects the host range of the recombinant virus and can lead to the creation of novel retroviral lineages. Retroviruses insert viral DNA into the host DNA during infection, and therefore vertebrate genomes contain a “fossil record” of endogenous retroviral sequences thought to represent past infections of germ cells. We examined endogenous retroviral sequences in avian genomes for evidence of recombination events involving
env
. Although cross-species transmissions of retroviruses between vertebrate classes (from mammals to birds, for example) are thought to be rare, we here characterized a group of avian retroviruses that acquired an
env
sequence from a mammalian retrovirus. We offer evidence that this unusual recombinant circulated among songbirds 2 to 4 million years ago and has remained active into the recent past.
An Increase in Acid Resistance of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Capsid Is Mediated by a Tyrosine Replacement of the VP2 Histidine Previously Associated with VP0 Cleavage
Authors: Vázquez-Calvo Angela , Caridi Flavia , Sobrino Francisco , Martín-Acebes Miguel A.
Published: December 2013

The foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) capsid is highly acid labile, but introduction of amino acid replacements, including an N17D change in VP1, can increase its acid resistance. Using mutant VP1 N17D as a starting point, we isolated a virus with higher acid resistance carrying an additional replacement, VP2 H145Y, in a residue highly conserved among picornaviruses, which has been proposed to be responsible for VP0 cleavage. This mutant provides an example of the multifunctionality of picornavirus capsid residues.
Genetic Complementation of Hepatitis C Virus Nonstructural Protein Functions Associated with Replication Exhibits Requirements That Differ from Those for Virion Assembly
Authors: Herod Morgan R. , Schregel Vera , Hinds Chris , Liu Mengya , McLauchlan John , McCormick Christopher J.
Published: December 2013

Within the polyprotein encoded by hepatitis C virus (HCV), the minimum components required for viral RNA replication lie in the NS3-5B region, while virion assembly requires expression of all virus components. Here, we have employed complementation systems to examine the role that HCV polyprotein precursors play in RNA replication and virion assembly. In a
trans
-complementation assay, an HCV NS3-5A polyprotein precursor was required to facilitate efficient complementation of a replication-defective mutation in NS5A. However, this requirement for precursor expression was partially alleviated when a second functional copy of NS5A was expressed from an additional upstream cistron within the RNA to be rescued. In contrast, rescue of a virion assembly mutation in NS5A was more limited but exhibited little or no requirement for expression of functional NS5A as a precursor, even when produced in the context of a second replicating helper RNA. Furthermore, expression of NS5A alone from an additional cistron within a replicon construct gave greater rescue of virion assembly in
cis
than in
trans
. Combined with the findings of confocal microscope analysis examining the extent to which the two copies of NS5A from the various expression systems colocalize, the results point to NS3-5A playing a role in facilitating the integration of nonstructural (NS) proteins into viral membrane-associated foci, with this representing an early stage in the steps leading to replication complex formation. The data further imply that HCV employs a minor virion assembly pathway that is independent of replication.

IMPORTANCE
In hepatitis C virus-infected cells, replication is generally considered an absolute prerequisite for virus particle formation. Here we investigated the role that the viral protein NS5A has in both replication and particle assembly using complementation assays and microscopy. We found that efficient rescue of replication required NS5A to be expressed as part of a larger polyprotein, and this correlated with detection of NS5A at sites where replication occurred. In contrast, rescue of particle assembly did not require expression of NS5A within the context of a polyprotein. Interestingly, although only partial restoration of particle assembly was possible by complementation, that proportion that could be rescued benefitted from expressing NS5A from the same RNA being packaged. Collectively, these findings provide new insight into aspects of polyprotein function. They also support the existence of a minor virion assembly pathway that bypasses replication.
Maternal mortality in Malawi, 1977–2012
Authors: Colbourn Tim , Lewycka Sonia , Nambiar Bejoy , Anwar Iqbal , Phoya Ann , Mhango Chisale
Published: December 2013

Background

Millennium Development Goal 5 (MDG 5) targets a 75% reduction in maternal mortality from 1990 to 2015, yet accurate information on trends in maternal mortality and what drives them is sparse. We aimed to fill this gap for Malawi, a country in sub-Saharan Africa with high maternal mortality.

Methods

We reviewed the literature for population-based studies that provide estimates of the maternal mortality ratio (MMR) in Malawi, and for studies that list and justify variables potentially associated with trends in MMR. We used all population-based estimates of MMR representative of the whole of Malawi to construct a best-fit trend-line for the range of years with available data, calculated the proportion attributable to HIV and qualitatively analysed trends and evidence related to other covariates to logically assess likely candidate drivers of the observed trend in MMR.

Results

14 suitable estimates of MMR were found, covering the years 1977–2010. The resulting best-fit line predicted MMR in Malawi to have increased from 317 maternal deaths/100 000 live-births in 1980 to 748 in 1990, before peaking at 971 in 1999, and falling to 846 in 2005 and 484 in 2010. Concurrent deteriorations and improvements in HIV and health system investment and provisions are the most plausible explanations for the trend. Female literacy and education, family planning and poverty reduction could play more of a role if thresholds are passed in the coming years.

Conclusions

The decrease in MMR in Malawi is encouraging as it appears that recent efforts to control HIV and improve the health system are bearing fruit. Sustained efforts to prevent and treat maternal complications are required if Malawi is to attain the MDG 5 target and save the lives of more of its mothers in years to come.
Rear Operations Group medicine: a pilot study of psychological decompression in a Rear Operations Group during Operation HERRICK 14
Authors: Nimenko Wasyl , Simpson R G
Published: December 2013

Objectives

To investigate group activity psychological decompression (GAPD) in a Rear Operations Group.

Methods

Provision of military archaeological exercises for a Rear Operations Group's medical centre patients during Op HERRICK 14 with analysis of before and after Patient Health Questionnaires (PHQ), Work and Social Adjustment Scales, generalised anxiety disorder (GAD) 7 Anxiety, Audit Questionnaire and Impact of Events Scale Revised and analysis of interviews with supervisors and soldiers.

Results

Soldiers reported a mean of 13%–38% improvement across the self-reported domains. The civilian archaeologists reported improvements in self-esteem, morale and team-working. 10 out of 24 soldiers have expressed an interest to pursue archaeology further; eight soldiers disclosed mental health issues for the first time, four of whom required mental health referral.

Conclusions

GAPD can help early-returned soldiers in reducing symptoms of anxiety, depression, isolation and psychological traumatic symptoms. It also helps to increase perception of their ability to work and socialise as a team and help them to an early return to work. It can provide soldiers with the opportunity to approach their supervisors in an informal manner and help in early detection of mental health problems.
Modeling the impact of work-zone traffic flows upon concrete construction: a high level architecture based simulation framework
Authors: Hadiuzzaman Md. , Zhang Yang , Qiu Tony Z. , Lu Ming , AbouRizk Simaan
Published: December 2013

Congestion can restrict access to construction activities both on and close to a freeway, reducing construction efficiency, especially by delaying the delivery of materials. Although previous studies have investigated the impact of work-zone capacities on traffic flow, most did not consider interactions with construction resources. There is currently no mature standard or acceptable model that can be used for this purpose, and that would benefit both traffic and construction in an integrated framework; however, well-established, powerful simulation systems exist unique to each domain. To this end, in this paper, a construction-traffic interdisciplinary simulation (CTISIM) framework based on high level architecture is proposed to combine the power of each domain’s simulation systems. A ready-mixed concrete production and delivery problem is adopted to demonstrate the benefit of the CTISIM, which optimizes construction resource arrangement and a concrete production schedule based on the real-time traffic conditions in a work-zone.
Pharmacogenotyping of CYP3A5 in predicting dose-adjusted trough levels of tacrolimus among Malaysian kidney-transplant patients
Authors: Hamzah Sharina , Teh Lay Kek , Siew John Shia Kwong , Ahmad Ghazali , Wong Hin Seng , Zakaria Zainul Amiruddin , Salleh Mohd Zaki
Published: December 2013

Tacrolimus (FK506) is a calcineurin inhibitor with a narrow therapeutic index that exhibits large interindividual variation. Seventy-eight kidney transplant patients treated with tacrolimus were recruited to study the correlation of dose adjusted trough level (level/dose; L/D) of tacrolimus with CYP3A5 and ABCB1 genotypes, as well as the mRNA copy number of ABCB1 in blood. Patients were genotyped for ABCB1 (C1236T, G2677T/A, and C3435T) and CYP3A5 (G6986A), while ABCB1 mRNA transcript copy number was determined by absolute quantification (real-time PCR) in 46 patients. CYP3A5*3 genotypes were found to be a good predictor of tacrolimus L/D in kidney-transplant patients. Significantly higher L/D was observed among non-expressors (2.85, 95%: 2.05–3.70 (ng·mL–1)/(mg·kg–1)) as compared with the expressors (1.15, 95%: 0.95–1.80 (ng·mL–1)/(mg·kg–1)) of CYP3A5 (Mann–Whitney U test; P < 0.001). No correlation was observed between L/D and the ABCB1 genotypes. A significant inverse correlation of blood ABCB1 mRNA level with L/D was demonstrated (Spearman’s Rank Order correlation; P = 0.016, rs = –0.348). However, in multiple regression analysis, only CYP3A5*3 genotype groups were found to be significantly correlated with tacrolimus L/D (P < 0.001). These findings highlight the importance of CYP3A5*3 pharmacogenotyping among kidney-transplant patients treated with tacrolimus, and confirm the role of blood cell P-glycoprotein in influencing the L/D for tacrolimus.
MULTISCALING COEFFICIENTS TECHNIQUE FOR GAIN ERROR BACKGROUND CALIBRATION IN PIPELINED ADC
Authors: NING NING , SUI ZHILING , LI JING , WU SHUANGYI , CHEN HUA , XU SHUANGHENG , YU QI
Published: December 2013

This paper presents a multiscaling coefficient technique for convergence speed boosting in pipelined analog-to-digital converter (ADC) with noisy-signal-based gain error background calibration. By detecting the monotonicity of calculated gain error, the convergence process of the system can be divided into several phases. Each phase is then applied with different scaling coefficients, so rapid convergence speed and stable calibration system can be accomplished simultaneously. The time cost on convergence process can be reduced significantly, and stable calibration system has been simulated during the ADC's normal operation.
TOWARD THE REDEFINITION OF THE KILOGRAM FROM THE 28Si INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH PROJECT
Authors: FUJII KENICHI
Published: December 2013

In the international system of units, the kilogram in the only SI base unit still defined by a material artefact. In order to redefine this unit with a fundamental physical constant, an international research project was launched in 2004 for determining the Avogadro constant, NA, by counting the atoms in an isotopically enriched 28Si crystal. The counting procedure relies on the measurements of the molar and atomic volumes of 1 kg spheres made of the 28Si crystal. In 2011, the project succeeded in measuring the Avogadro constant with a smallest standard uncertainty, 3.0 × 10−8 NA. Because of an unexpected metallic contamination at the surface of the spheres, the measurement uncertainty was larger than the target of the project by a factor of 1.5. In order to further reduce the uncertainty, a new international research project was launched in 2012. Outline of the new project and the improvements of the measurements will be introduced at the forum.

Note from Publisher: This article contains the abstract only.
RECENT RESEARCH ON THE AUTOMATED MASS MEASURING SYSTEM
Authors: YAO HONG , REN XIAO-PING , WANG JIAN , ZHONG RUI-LIN , DING JING-AN
Published: December 2013

The research development of robotic measurement system as well as the representative automatic system were introduced in the paper, and then discussed a sub-multiple calibration scheme adopted on a fully-automatic CCR10 system effectively. Automatic robot system can be able to perform the dissemination of the mass scale without any manual intervention as well as the fast speed calibration of weight samples against a reference weight. At the last, evaluation of the expanded uncertainty was given out.
RESEARCH ON STABILITY ANALYSIS OF INTERNATIONAL PROTOTYPE KILOGRAM
Authors: REN XIAOPING , ZHANG YUE , WANG JIAN , REN QINGXIONG , REN QINGMAO
Published: December 2013

Today, the kilogram is the last of the seven base units of the International System of Units (SI) which is based on a physical artifact. The demands of modern mass metrology have led to an increasing focus on the surface stability and analysis of mass standard. Methods for evaluating the correlation between the measured mass values of the prototypes of the kilogram includes: collection of historical calibration data for kilogram prototypes, setting up a model for deterministic and random changes in the mass of a kilogram prototype (relative to the IPK), adjustment of parameters in a model using historical calibration data, and prediction of future mass values of a kilogram prototype using model and adjusted parameters.
HIGH-PERFORMANCE FLEXIBLE FORCE AND TEMPERATURE SENSING ARRAY WITH A ROBUST STRUCTURE
Authors: KIM MIN-SEOK , SONG HAN-WOOK , PARK YON-KYU
Published: December 2013

We have developed a flexible tactile sensor array capable of sensing physical quantities, e.g. force and temperature with high-performances and high spatial resolution. The fabricated tactile sensor consists of 8 × 8 force measuring array with 1 mm spacing and a thin metal (copper) temperature sensor. The flexible force sensing array consists of sub-millimetre-size bar-shaped semi-conductor strain gage array attached to a thin and flexible printed circuit board covered by stretchable elastomeric material on both sides. This design incorporates benefits of both materials; the semi-conductor's high performance and the polymer's mechanical flexibility and robustness, while overcoming their drawbacks of those two materials. Special fabrication processes, so called “dry-transfer technique” have been used to fabricate the tactile sensor along with standard micro-fabrication processes.
DESIGN AND MANUFACTURING OF A HIGH CAPACITY DEADWEIGHT FORCE STANDARD MACHINE
Authors: PARK YON-KYU , KIM MIN-SEOK , LEE JEONG-TAE , LEE HO-YOUNG , KIM KWANG PYO
Published: December 2013

A deadweight force standard machine is a mechanical structure that generates force by subjecting deadweights to the local gravitational field. Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS) maintains several deadweight force machines for national force standards. Recently, KRISS has launched a project to develop a 1 MN deadweight force standard machine. The project is scheduled to be finished in 2014. This paper describes the design of the deadweight force machine. Concept and structure of the force machine are illustrated in the paper. The manufacturing and compensation/calibration of deadweights of the force machine are also described in this paper.
MEASUREMENT OF CANTILEVER'S SPRING CONSTANT WITH CMS ELECTROSTATIC FORCE STANDARD
Authors: CHEN SHENG-JUI , PAN SHEAU-SHI , YEH YU-SHAN , LIN YI-CHING
Published: December 2013

The mechanical property is one of the important parameters for evaluating micro/nano-scale materials. The measurement of micro/nano-mechanical property usually involves measurements of small displacement and force. To provide a traceable force standard in micro/nano-newton level, we have developed a force measurement system based on electrostatic sensing and actuation techniques. The system mainly consists of a monolithic flexure stage, a three-electrode capacitor and a digital controller. The three-electrode capacitor is utilized as a position sensor, and at the same time an electrostatic force actuator. The force under measurement is balanced by a compensation electrostatic force which is traceable to electrical and length standards. A commercial cantilever-type micro-force probe was used in this calibration experiment. The force probe was brought to contact with and press into the load button (a ruby sphere) of the force measurement system by a closed-loop controlled z-scanner. The spring constant was obtained from the average slope determined from measured force-displacement curves and was found to be (2.26 ± 0.01) N/m where the given uncertainty is one standard deviation. We have successfully demonstrated the calibration of the microforce probe using our self-developed electrostatic sensing and actuating force measurement system. The measured spring constant is consistent with the manufacturer's specification, and the relative standard deviation is less than 0.5%.

Note from Publisher: This article contains the abstract only.
A PCB BASED CAPACITIVE SHEAR FORCE SENSOR DEVELOPED FOR ROBOTIC GRIPPER APPLICATION
Authors: HUANG JIAN-LIN , CHEN SHENG-JUI , WU GWO-JEN , WU CHUNG-LIN , PAN SHEAU-SHI
Published: December 2013

The shear force sensor is one of the key elements in future robotic industry, it is of great importance in applications where robotic arms are required to delicately interact with objects to be handled. In this paper, we present the development of a capacitive shear force capable of sensing shear forces in two degrees of freedom. The fabrication of the sensor is based on the printed circuit board (PCB) fabrication process, a well-known and mature technology. We adopt the capacitance sensing scheme for its high sensitivity and easy implementation. For sensor characterization, we used a force gauge and an optical interferometer to measure sensor's parameters including its sensing coefficient and resolution. The dimension of our prototype shear force sensor including the metal housing is 26 mm×13 mm×58 mm suitable for the integration with commercial robotic grippers. For sensor performance, we achieved a shear force sensing coefficient of 23.3 fF/N and a resolution of smaller than 5mN.
DEVELOPMENT OF IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM FOR CHECK-WEIGHER
Authors: HASHIMOTO TATSUAKI , UMEMOTO TOSHITAKA , MAEDA ATSUSHI
Published: December 2013

Our identification system for the natural frequency consisted of control computer, D/A-A/D conversion interface boards, motor driver, vibrator and eddy current displacement sensor. The RealTime application interface for Linux was used as the computer OS. First the sensing analog data were converted to the digital data. Then the count values were re-converted to the voltage data by our software. Here we used the enhanced signal compression method using the time stretched pulse signal. In the experiment using the system, the weight of products was confirmed to bear a proportionate relationship to the natural frequency. This indicates that our method is available to identify the natural frequency.
Electrical noise modulates perception of electrical pulses in humans: sensation enhancement via stochastic resonance
Authors: Iliopoulos Fivos , Nierhaus Till , Villringer Arno
Published: December 2013

Although noise is usually considered to be harmful for signal detection and information transmission, stochastic resonance (SR) describes the counterintuitive phenomenon of noise enhancing the detection and transmission of weak input signals. In mammalian sensory systems, SR-related phenomena may arise both in the peripheral and the central nervous system. Here, we investigate behavioral SR effects of subliminal electrical noise stimulation on the perception of somatosensory stimuli in humans. We compare the likelihood to detect near-threshold pulses of different intensities applied on the left index finger during presence vs. absence of subliminal noise on the same or an adjacent finger. We show that (low-pass) noise can enhance signal detection when applied on the same finger. This enhancement is strong for near-threshold pulses below the 50% detection threshold and becomes stronger when near-threshold pulses are applied as brief trains. The effect reverses at pulse intensities above threshold, especially when noise is replaced by subliminal sinusoidal stimulation, arguing for a peripheral direct current addition. Unfiltered noise applied on longer pulses enhances detection of all pulse intensities. Noise applied to an adjacent finger has two opposing effects: an inhibiting effect (presumably due to lateral inhibition) and an enhancing effect (most likely due to SR in the central nervous system). In summary, we demonstrate that subliminal noise can significantly modulate detection performance of near-threshold stimuli. Our results indicate SR effects in the peripheral and central nervous system.
Meningeal Carcinomatosis: A Metastasis from Gastroesophageal Junction Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Dam Tanya , Mahmood Aftab , Linville Kenneth , Bailey Michael , Surani Salim
Published: December 2013

Gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma is a malignant type of cancer, which can metastasize to multiple organs. However, there have not been many case reports in the literature pertaining the relationship of gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma and carcinomatous meningitis. In this case, a 65-year-old African American male with a history of dysphagia was initially diagnosed with adenocarcinoma at gastroesophageal junction. The patient was treated with both chemotherapy and radiation, but chemotherapy was interrupted due to significant weight loss, anemia, and sudden onset of change in mental status. Patient was admitted to our facility for further evaluation of his neurological symptoms. The patient became more confused and delirious during hospital stay, and symptoms could not be explained by radiological studies and laboratory values. Therefore, a lumbar puncture was done to search for infectious and neoplastic causes that were not shown up on Computed Tomography scan (CT) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging scan (MRI) of the brain. The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cytology showed metastatic poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma. The patient’s prognosis was poor because there is no specific treatment recommendation for primary gastroesophageal cancer at this stage. The patient passed away 4 weeks later under hospice care. The goal of our case report is to raise awareness of the rare metastatic possibility in advanced stage of gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma. In doing so, physicians can help educate and prepare family for unfavorable outcomes.
Assessing the Performance of Two Bioinspired Algorithms to Solve Single-Row Layout Problem
Authors: Ulutas Berna Haktanirlar
Published: December 2013

The single-row layout problem (SRLP), also known as the one-dimensional layout problem, deals with arranging a number of rectangular machines/departments with equal or varying dimensions on a straight line. Since the problem is proved to be NP-hard, there are several heuristics developed to solve the problem. This study introduces both a Clonal Selection Algorithm (CSA) and a Bacterial Foraging Algorithm (BFA) for SRLP. The performance of the algorithms is assessed by using three (small, medium, and large sized) well known test problems available in the literature. The promising results illustrated that both algorithms had generated the best known solutions so far for most of the problems or provided better results for a number of problems.
Capillary Electrophoresis with UV Detection to Determine Cocaine on Circulated Banknotes
Authors: Heller Melina , Vitali Luciano , Siqueira Mariana A. , Sako Alysson V. F. , Piovezan Marcel , Micke Gustavo A.
Published: December 2013

A new methodology employing capillary electrophoresis with UV detection (CE-UV) was developed, validated, and applied to determine the presence of cocaine on Brazilian banknotes. Some of the banknotes analyzed were obtained directly from general circulation (well used) while others were collected from Automated Teller Machines (ATMs) (relatively new). The background electrolyte optimized using Peakmaster 5.1 software was composed of 60 mmol L−1TRIS(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane and 20 mmol L−12-hydroxyisobutyric acid, at pH 8.4. The separation time achieved for cocaine was only 2.5 minutes. The figures of merit obtained in the evaluation of the proposed method were good linearity (r>0.999) in the concentration range of 0.8–8.0 mg L−1and acceptable limits of detection and quantification (0.2 mg L−1and 0.8 mg L−1, resp.). The relative standard deviations of the instrumental precision, repeatability (intraday), and intermediate precision (interday) were less than 4.5% (peak area). The accuracy evaluated through comparing the cocaine results for the banknotes determined by the proposed CE-UV method and using an LC-MS/MS method showed no significant difference between the methods (95% confidence level). In the analysis of the samples cocaine was detected on 93% of the circulating banknotes in amounts ranging from 11.5 μg to 2761.9 μg per note.
Application of a Simple In-House PCR-SSP Technique for HLA-B* 27 Typing in Spondyloarthritis Patients
Authors: Parasannanavar Devraj J. , Rajadhyaksha Anjali , Ghosh Kanjaksha
Published: December 2013

Background. Microlymphocytotoxicity (MLCT) and flowcytometry (FC) are the conventional serological methods to detect HLA-B* 27. Due to some disadvantages in these methods, most of the HLA laboratories have now switched over to molecular methods. Molecular techniques based on commercial kits are expensive; as such many laboratories with limited funds in developing countries cannot afford these techniques.Aims. Our main aim was to standardize a simple inexpensive in-house PCR-SSP technique for HLA-B* 27 typing.Materials and Methods. Sequence Specific primers were designed to amplify all the subtypes of B* 27 using IMGT-HLA sequence database. Accuracy was checked by retyping of 90 PCR-SSOP typed controls.Results. The presence of 149 bp specific band with control band on 2% agarose gel showed B* 27 positivity. No discrepancies were found when compared with PCR-SSOP results. The frequency of HLA-B* 27 was found to be significantly increased (68.75% versus 4.40%, O.R 46.909:Pvalue6.62E-32) among 700 SpA patients as compared to controls. Clinically, 54% of patients had polyarticular arthritis with SI joints involvement (68%) and restricted spine flexion (60%).Conclusion. In-house PCR-SSP technique is very simple and inexpensive technique to detect B* 27 allele, which was strongly associated with SpA patients from Western India.
Semiclassical Strings in (2+1)-Dimensional Backgrounds
Authors: Giardino Sergio
Published: December 2013

This study analyzes the geometrical relationship between a classical
string and its semiclassical quantum model. From an arbitrary (2+1)-dimensional
geometry, a specific ansatz for a
classical string is used to generate a semi-classical quantum
model. In this framework, examples of quantum oscillations and
quantum free particles are presented that
uniquely determine a classical string and the space-time
geometry where its motion takes place.
Species Favourability Shift in Europe due to Climate Change: A Case Study for Fagus sylvatica L. and Picea abies (L.) Karst. Based on an Ensemble of Climate Models
Authors: Falk Wolfgang , Hempelmann Nils
Published: December 2013

Climate is the main environmental driver determining the spatial distribution of most tree species at the continental scale. We investigated the distribution change of European beech and Norway spruce due to climate change. We applied a species distribution model (SDM), driven by an ensemble of 21 regional climate models in order to study the shift of the favourability distribution of these species. SDMs were parameterized for 1971–2000, as well as 2021–2050 and 2071–2100 using the SRES scenario A1B and three physiological meaningful climate variables. Growing degree sum and precipitation sum were calculated for the growing season on a basis of daily data. Results show a general north-eastern and altitudinal shift in climatological favourability for both species, although the shift is more marked for spruce. The gain of new favourable sites in the north or in the Alps is stronger for beech compared to spruce. Uncertainty is expressed as the variance of the averaged maps and with a density function. Uncertainty in species distribution increases over time. This study demonstrates the importance of data ensembles and shows how to deal with different outcomes in order to improve impact studies by showing uncertainty of the resulting maps.
Improving Therapeutic Ratio in Head and Neck Cancer with Adjuvant and Cisplatin-Based Treatments
Authors: Marcu Loredana G.
Published: December 2013

Advanced head and neck cancers are difficult to manage despite the large treatment arsenal currently available. The multidisciplinary effort to increase disease-free survival and diminish normal tissue toxicity was rewarded with better locoregional control and sometimes fewer side effects. Nevertheless, locoregional recurrence is still one of the main reasons for treatment failure. Today, the standard of care in head and neck cancer management is represented by altered fractionation radiotherapy combined with platinum-based chemotherapy. Targeted therapies as well as chronotherapy were trialled with more or less success. The aim of the current work is to review the available techniques, which could contribute towards a higher therapeutic ratio in the treatment of advanced head and neck cancer patients.
Heteropterys cotinifolia: A Neuropharmacological and Phytochemical Approach with Possible Taxonomic Implications
Authors: Huerta-Reyes Maira , Zamilpa Alejandro , Álvarez-Chimal Rafael , Luna-Manzanares José Ángel , León-Velasco María Esther , Aguilar-Rojas Arturo , Jiménez-Estrada Manuel , Campos-Lara María Guadalupe
Published: December 2013

Heteropterys cotinifolia (Malpighiaceae) has been used in traditional Mexican medicine mainly for the treatment of nervous disorders. However, the specific neuropharmacological activities responsible for this use remain to be defined. The present study evaluates the antidepressant and anxiolytic effects produced by the methanolic extract of Heteropterys cotinifolia and the influence of such effects on motor activity in ICR mice. Our results show that the methanolic extract of Heteropterys cotinifolia produces a dose‐dependent antidepressant effect in the forced swimming test in mice at doses from 31 to 310 mg/kg, with no reduction of mice locomotion. However, no anxiolytic properties were observed. Our findings suggest that the main extract compounds identified as chlorogenic acid and rutin may be involved in the antidepressant effects. To our knowledge, the present study constitutes the first report of pharmacological and phytochemical data of Heteropterys cotinifolia. The presence of flavonoids in the methanolic extract of Heteropterys cotinifolia may also provide further data to characterize taxonomically this species in order to be distinguished from others species closely related and belonging to the same genus.
FANCJ Localization by Mismatch Repair Is Vital to Maintain Genomic Integrity after UV Irradiation
Authors: Guillemette Shawna , Branagan Amy , Peng Min , Dhruva Aashana , Schärer Orlando D. , Cantor Sharon B.
Published: December 2013

Nucleotide excision repair (NER) is critical for the repair of DNA lesions induced by UV radiation, but its contribution in replicating cells is less clear. Here, we show that dual incision by NER endonucleases, including XPF and XPG, promotes the S-phase accumulation of the BRCA1 and Fanconi anemia–associated DNA helicase FANCJ to sites of UV-induced damage. FANCJ promotes replication protein A phosphorylation and the arrest of DNA synthesis following UV irradiation. Interaction defective mutants of FANCJ reveal that BRCA1 binding is not required for FANCJ localization, whereas interaction with the mismatch repair (MMR) protein MLH1 is essential. Correspondingly, we find that FANCJ, its direct interaction with MLH1, and the MMR protein MSH2 function in a common pathway in response to UV irradiation. FANCJ-deficient cells are not sensitive to killing by UV irradiation, yet we find that DNA mutations are significantly enhanced. Thus, we considered that FANCJ deficiency could be associated with skin cancer. Along these lines, in melanoma we found several somatic mutations in FANCJ, some of which were previously identified in hereditary breast cancer and Fanconi anemia. Given that, mutations in XPF can also lead to Fanconi anemia, we propose collaborations between Fanconi anemia, NER, and MMR are necessary to initiate checkpoint activation in replicating human cells to limit genomic instability. Cancer Res; 74(3); 932–44. ©2013 AACR.
Managing Breast Cancers with Low Estrogen Receptor and HER2 by Drugging Both
Authors: Miller Todd W.
Published: December 2013

Low estrogen receptor (ER) levels in breast tumors are associated with poorer response to antiestrogen therapy. Finn and colleagues identify low ER levels as a biomarker predicting benefit from the addition of the EGFR/HER2 dual inhibitor lapatinib to an antiestrogen treatment regimen in patients with metastatic ER+/HER2− breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res; 20(3); 528–30. ©2013 AACR.