bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reflections on ethics and MCA in environmental decisions
Authors: Rauschmayer Felix
Published: September 2002

The aim of decision analysis is normative. Consequently, at least in public spheres, one has to reflect on its normative foundation. Multi‐criteria analysis (MCA) uses aggregated evaluations on several criteria to recommend a decision. The claim for the adequacy of the recommended solution is usually based on the assumption that the interests of the decision‐maker(s) are adequately assessed by the MC model (see, for example, Munda G. 1996. Cost–benefit analysis in integrated environmental assessment: some methodological issues. Ecological Economics 19: 157–168). I argue that as a prerequisite to a normative foundation, the criteria have to reflect not only the interests but possibly all values stemming from normative arguments of the decision‐maker(s). These arguments might differ substantially from each other. This is especially true for environmental decisions. The integration of values will result in changes of the MCA understanding, criteria building, and aggregation method, and will not be possible without analytical capacities of the decision analyst in ethics. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the use of multi‐criteria analysis in environmental impact assessment in The Netherlands
Authors: Janssen Ron
Published: September 2002

Multi‐criteria analysis (MCA) is a popular tool in Dutch environmental impact assessment (EIA). This paper provides an overview of the type and complexity of decision problems supported, and the MCA approach selected to analyse these problems. Furthermore, the role of MCA in the decision process is analysed, and a special case where the MCA results were challenged in court is presented. The paper concludes with some lessons learned from the use of MCA in the Netherlands. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Multivariate Analysis Biplot as tool for conflict analysis in MCDA
Authors: Losa Fabio B. , van den Honert Rob , Joubert Alison
Published: September 2002

In this paper, the use of multivariate statistical analysis techniques to aid in conflict analysis in a multi‐actor group is demonstrated. In particular, the covariance biplot technique is focused on and the resulting graphical output, called the conflict diagram, is interpreted in terms of relationships between actors, profiles of alternatives under consideration, and the interactions between actors and alternatives in terms of the conflict and its possible resolutions (consensus, coalition, etc.). The conflict analysis is divided into two distinct phases. The descriptive phase is used to represent the conflict. The prescriptive phase is used in two ways: (i) to visualize the effects of changes in parameters (‘conflict resolution aid’), hopefully bringing the actors closer together, and (ii) as a tool to enhance the creative search for new alternatives (‘alternative generation’). The conflict analysis process is illustrated by examining ex post a practical case study in water resource management. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Basic teaching in microsurgery
Authors: Mikó Irén , Bráth Endre , Furka István
Published: September 2002

We summarize our 15 years of educational experience in the field of teaching microsurgery. The students can be divided into three groups: (1) medical students, (2) researchers, (3) medical doctors and specialists. Characteristics of our method include the following: activity, synchronism, video‐assistance, self‐controlling, individualization, analysis. The Furka microsurgical educational method, named after one of the authors, is 20 hours long (five 4‐hour sessions). The first lesson allows students to become acquainted with the microsurgical instruments. The next lesson consists of learning the probe of layer‐feeling. The third lesson is to learn how to produce stitches under the microscope. The fourth lesson includes arterial anastomosis preparation on fresh arterial pieces of animal origin. The fifth lesson means a quality change from previous classes, as practice is performed on living animals, generally rats. The teaching of microsurgical basics requires both patience and empathy. The teaching process is most successful if one teacher deals with a maximum of two students.
Mandible reconstruction and autogenous frozen bone graft: Experimental study on rats
Authors: Garusi Cristina , Calabrese Luca , Giugliano Gioacchino , Mazzarol Giovanni , Podrecca Stefano , Chiesa Fausto , Fassati Raniero
Published: September 2002

The aim of this study was to evaluate the biological behaviour of a frozen bone graft in orthotopic and heterotopic sites in the rat. The previous experimental study on this subject was published 25 years ago without sufficient detail about the histology and comparison between the orthotopic and ectopic sites. Therefore, being very important for future clinical application, we decided to evaluate the frozen bone graft using rats. The procedure was performed on two groups of five rats each (Charles River). After wide dissection of the inferior border of the mandible from the surrounding muscle, an inferior segmental resection 4 mm in length was performed, taking care not to fracture the superior part and to maintain mucosal integrity. This segment was placed in liquid nitrogen for two periods of 10 minutes each with a third period to allow it to reach room temperature. In the first group (A), the frozen segment was placed ectopically in a gluteal muscle pocket, and in the second group (B), the frozen bone was fixed in the same position in the same mandible. After 1 month of follow‐up, the animals were killed, the bone graft was removed, and histology was performed. Results were consistent in both groups. In group A, the segment was surrounded by strong inflammatory reaction, with no vital cells or bone cells, but some vascular penetration. We concluded that there was no bone deposition and no bone rehabitation. In group B, the initial segment was strongly fixed to the remaining mandible, there was an increase of the macroscopic dimension that paralleled the increase in the dimension of the remaining mandible and the growth of the animal. The cortical part had thinned down, the medullary part presented signs of bone deposition as well as bone resorption and vascular penetration. The periosteum from the adjacent normal mandible was growing and covering the frozen bone graft, offering additional stimulus to the bone deposition. In conclusion, the frozen bone graft acts as a normal bone graft. It needs to be placed in contact with vascularised bone and surrounded by well vascularised soft tissue to allow deposition of new bone. If the frozen graft is placed ectopically, it will be surrounded by chronic inflammatory reaction with no bone deposition. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. MICROSURGERY 21:131–134 2001
Fabricating autologous tissue to engineer artificial nerve
Authors: Cheng Biao , Chen Zhengrong
Published: September 2002

This study reports on the successful fabrication of artificial nerves with tissue engineering methods. Schwann cells were cultured for 2 weeks, seeded on polyglactin 910 scaffolds, and biomembrane‐coated with rat‐tail glue and laminin. Observation of the scaffolds' adsorptivity to Schwann cells, and of the growth and migration of Schwann cells, was made using a light microscope, and by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The Schwann cells were able to migrate and proliferate on the polyglactin 910 fiber. Schwann cells were well‐distributed, and formed a Büngner band on which the Schwann cells produced more matrices. Schwann cells on the biomembrane also grew well. We investigated the role of the tissue engineering conduit guide in vivo, using an established rabbit peripheral nerve regeneration model. At 8 weeks, axonal regeneration was observed in the distal nerve stump. Adult Schwann cells can be produced on the coated fiber and the biomembrane. Three‐dimensional scaffolds with Schwann cells had the basic characteristics of the artificial nerve. These findings will provide a practical method for fabricating tissue‐engineered artificial nerve to repair long nerve defects. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. MICROSURGERY 22:133–137 2002
Limit behaviour of solutions to equivalued surface boundary value problem for p‐Laplacian equations: II
Authors: Fengquan Li
Published: September 2002

In this paper (which is a continuation of Part‐I), we discuss the limit behaviour of solutions to boundary value problem with equivalued surface for p‐Laplacian equations in the case of 1<p⩽2−1/N when the equivalued surface boundary shrinks to a point in certain way. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The layered medium Green's function—A new look
Authors: Chew W. C. , Zhao J. S. , Cui T. J.
Published: September 2002

This paper describes an alternate method to formulate the layered medium Green's function suitable for computational electromagnetics. The Green's function is symmetrized so that the reciprocity theorem becomes obvious. Also, the vector differential operators are explicit so that they can be transferred to operate on the basis function and the testing function, as is often done in the method of moments. This alternative formulation of the layered medium Green's function makes it simple to integrate with other computational electromagnetic methods. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 32: 252–255, 2001.
Matched load truncation for feedline of patch antennas in the FDTD method
Authors: Abd El‐Raouf Hany E. , Yu Wenhua , Farahat Nader , Mittra Raj
Published: September 2002

In this paper, a matched load termination of a finite‐length line is used to represent an infinite feedline structure in FDTD simulations. A generator with an internal resistor—which is matched to the input port—is employed to excite the feedline, with a view to achieving a low reflection at the truncation point. A patch antenna, whose feedline is truncated in this manner, is used as an example to illustrate the usefulness of the proposed technique. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 31: 267–269, 2001.
Downsizing inverted‐F antennas for 915 MHz ISM applications
Authors: Ammann M. J.
Published: September 2002

The inverted‐F antenna is experimentally downsized using various reactive and dielectric loading techniques. Antenna parameters are presented for each technique, including size reduction, bandwidth, and radiation performance. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 31: 270–271, 2001.
Tuning the delay time of harmonically mode‐locked erbium‐doped fiber laser pulses by a frequency‐discriminated phase shifter
Authors: Lin Gong‐Ru , Cheng Yao‐Ling
Published: September 2002

A delay‐time tunable, actively mode‐locked erbium‐doped fiber ring laser is demonstrated by using a voltage‐controlled phase‐locked phase shifter as an inherent timing module. By changing the voltage from −3.35 to 3.6 V, the maximum tuning range of the phase and the delay time of the optical pulse train repeated at 500 MHz from the laser can be up to 340° (∼1.9π) and 1.9 ns (nearly one period), respectively, under a tuning responsivity of 0.27 ps/mV. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 30: 168–170, 2001.
A finite‐element realization of a 3‐D conformal PML
Authors: Liu Peng , Xu Jia‐Dong , Wan Wei
Published: September 2002

The 3‐D conformal perfectly matched layer (PML) is realized by the finite‐element method (FEM). We outline the procedure, and demonstrate that it works well on highly curved scatterers. A significant challenge in this implementation is ensuring the continuity of the physical parameters in the PML region. We present explanation from the computer‐aided geometric design (CAGD) point of view, and a normal curvature‐based approximation is proposed to overcome this difficulty. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 30: 170–173, 2001.
Dispersion of multiple V‐groove guide
Authors: Cho Yong H. , Eom Hyo J.
Published: September 2002

A multiple V‐groove guide is rigorously analyzed with the Fourier transform and mode matching. A new rigorous dispersion relation is presented in fast‐convergent series, which is efficient for numerical calculation. The propagation characteristics and their Hz‐field distributions are presented in terms of the double and triple V‐groove guides. A closed‐form dispersion relation based on a dominant‐mode approximation is shown to be accurate for most practical applications. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 30: 175–177, 2001.
An accurate calculation of microstrip step discontinuities' three sets of lengths for the transverse‐resonance technique by the method of lines
Authors: Zakriti Alia , Essaaidi Mohamed
Published: September 2002

In this paper, a numerical study is carried out in order to establish systematic convergence criteria for the method of lines. These criteria allow an optimum determination of microstrip step discontinuities' three sets of lengths, that are needed to determine the S‐parameters of the considered structure by the transverse‐resonance technique. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 30: 181–185, 2001.
Large‐bandwidth double‐T‐shaped microstrip‐fed single‐layer single‐slot antenna
Authors: Jang Yong‐Woong
Published: September 2002

The wideband double‐T‐shaped microstrip‐line‐fed slot antenna is studied in this letter. The characteristics of the antenna depended greatly on the offset parameters. The experimental characteristics of the impedance loci and VSWR exhibiting a multiloop and three‐resonance are due to the effect of the broad band of the antenna. The measured bandwidth of the antenna is from 1.877 to 5.638 GHz, which is approximately 114% (VSWR≤2.0). In addition, the experimental data for the impedance and the radiation patterns of the antenna are described. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 30: 185–187, 2001.
A microwave HEMT oscillator with a directly coupled port at 4.2 K
Authors: Lee Moon‐Que
Published: September 2002

An X‐band HEMT oscillator is designed and tested at the cryogenic temperature of liquid helium. The designed oscillator has a directly coupled port in addition to an output port to obtain circuit simplicity. For the novel oscillator configuration, an analytic design formula of the feedback network is derived. The measured data at cryogenic temperature show a significantly improved phase noise and output power compared to the performance of an oscillator operating at room temperature. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 31: 159–162, 2001.
Meta‐materials with wideband negative permittivity and permeability
Authors: Tretyakov S. A.
Published: September 2002

Recently, electromagnetic materials with negative permittivity and permeability values (sometime called “media with negative refraction index”) have been given much attention in the literature. Negative values of the material parameters can be achieved in composite media near resonances, which implies very dispersive properties. The material parameters are complex numbers to account for dissipation, and the real parts can be negative only in narrow frequency bands. Here, we show that this limitation can be relaxed in composite materials with active inclusions. It is proven that, using small dipole and loop antennas loaded by certain simple electronic circuits as composite inclusions, the material behaves as an effective medium with real negative parameters in wide frequency bands. Similarly, thin sheets of negative materials can be simulated by strip or patch arrays loaded by active circuits. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 31: 163–165, 2001.
A study on resonance characteristics of a microstrip open‐loop resonator
Authors: Görür Adnan , Karpuz Ceyhun , Yilmaz Arzu , Yalçin Kürşat
Published: September 2002

A microstrip open‐loop resonator (MOLR) is proposed for maximum miniaturization in microwave applications, and to obtain a wider upper stopband including the first spurious resonance frequency for planar bandpass filters. The effect of variation in the width of one of the longer strips of an OLR formed in two ways (namely, fixed‐gap (FG) and variable‐gap (VG) OLR) on their resonance characteristics is discussed. Also, simple empirical expressions indicating the effect of variation in the strip width are derived for estimation of the resonance frequency as a function of the variable strip width and the fundamental resonance frequency of the standard loop resonator. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 31: 177–180, 2001.
Effect of axial sinusoidal size variation on the modal characteristics of an annular optical fiber
Authors: Singh Vivek , Prasad B. , Ojha S. P.
Published: September 2002

This paper considers a new lightguide with a circular annular core cross section varying periodically in size along the propagation axis. We report an analytical study of the modal properties of this structure using the weak guidance approximation and considering vector boundary conditions. The characteristic eigenvalue equation is derived. As expected, the z‐component of the propagation vector β is found to depend on the variable z, the axial coordinate. The propagation constant β is computed and plotted against z for some low‐order modes (modal index ν=0). These curves show an oscillatory periodic behavior. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 31: 211–214, 2001.
Antennas based on modified metallic photonic bandgap structures consisting of capacitively loaded wires
Authors: Simovski Constantin R. , He Sailing
Published: September 2002

Antenna systems based on some improved metallic photonic bandgap (MPBG) structures are introduced. A useful modification is introduced by replacing each wire in a two‐dimensional MPBG structure by a chain of many identical conducting elements of a certain shape. Each such chain forms an effective wire of capacitive impedance. The optimal design for maximal radiation efficiency and directivity is obtained by choosing an appropriate value of the impedance per unit length for the effective wire and the geometry of the modified MPBG structure. The optimal impedance is realized by using elements of various shapes, including broken wire elements and planar H‐shaped elements. Numerical results have shown that the modification can increase the efficiency of the MPGB antenna by a factor of 1000, as well as reduce the thickness of the MPGB structure to about λ/3 in the presence of a metal background plane. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 31: 214–221, 2001.
Modeling of very high‐frequency effects in the interconnection delays on GaAs‐based VLSICs
Authors: Goel A. K. , Weitemeyer S. E.
Published: September 2002

In this paper, a model of the propagation delays in the interconnection lines on GaAs‐based very high‐speed integrated circuits is presented. The model includes the very high‐frequency effects, such as geometric dispersion, substrate losses, and conductor losses. The model is used to simulate the dependence of interconnect delays on the frequency of operation, interconnect length, width, material resistivity, load capacitance, and the driving source resistance. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 31: 229–233, 2001.
Input impedance of probe‐fed multilayer rectangular microstrip patch antenna using the modified Wolff model
Authors: Verma A. K. , Nasimuddin  , Tyagi V. , Chakraverty D.
Published: September 2002

The modified Wolff model (MWM)‐based cavity model is presented for the simple and accurate computation of the input impedance of a probe‐fed multilayer rectangular microstrip patch antenna. Results of the MWM are compared with both the experimental data and data of the MoM, with agreement within 1.5% for resonance frequency and within 0.15 for normalized input impedance. Further results are presented on the input impedance of a suspended rectangular microstrip patch antenna with a two‐layer superstrate. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 31: 237–239, 2001.
Comments on “Periodically Slotted Microstrip Ring Resonator”
Authors: Dmitriev V.
Published: September 2002

A microstrip ring resonator with stubs is analyzed by circuit theory. It is shown that the stubs lead to a reduction of the dimensions of the resonator, an increase of the susceptance slope parameter, and as a consequence, an increase of the Q‐factor. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 31: 241–243, 2001.
Comparison of long‐term outcome of children and adolescents with disseminated non‐lymphoblastic non‐Hodgkin lymphoma treated with COMP or daunomycin‐COMP: A report from the Children's Cancer Group
Authors: Sposto Richard , Meadows Anna T. , Chilcote Robert R. , Steinherz Peter G. , Kjeldsberg Carl , Kadin Marshall E. , Krailo Mark D. , Termuhlen Amanda M. , Morse Margaret , Siegel Stuart E.
Published: September 2002

Background

Early Children's Cancer Group (CCG) trials indicated that the cyclophosphamide, vincristine, methotrexate, and prednisone (COMP) regimen was superior to the LSA2L2regimen for non‐lymphoblastic (NLB) non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). Studies by other groups suggested that addition of anthracyclines to standard therapies could improve outcome. Therefore, in 1983 CCG initiated study CCG‐503, a randomized trial of COMP vs. daunomycin‐COMP (D‐COMP) in children and adolescents with disseminated NLB NHL.

Procedures

Between December 1983 and April 1990, 404 eligible patients were entered. Patients without central nervous system (CNS) or marrow involvement were randomized to receive COMP (N = 139) or D‐COMP (N = 145). Randomization was stratified by histology and site of disease. Patients with CNS or marrow involvement (stage IV) were non‐randomly treated with D‐COMP (N = 120).

Results

Ten‐year event‐free survival in COMP and D‐COMP patients was similar: 55 ± 4.3% (Estimate ± SE) vs. 57 ± 4.2% (not significant). Stage I–III patients with large‐cell (LC) NHL had worse 10‐year event‐free survival (EFS) (48 ± 4.9%) than those with small non‐cleaved cell (SNCC) NHL disease (61 ± 3.5%, P < 0.05 in multivariate analysis), but equivalent survival (65 ± 4.7% vs. 63 ± 3.5%) due to significantly higher salvage rates in LC patients, especially those failing more than 12 months from diagnosis. Ten‐year EFS in stage IV patients was 39 ± 5.2%. Addition of daunomycin resulted in higher rates of grade 3/4 hematologic toxicity and stomatitis, as well as late cardiac‐related deaths. The incidence of second malignant neoplasms was 1.0% at 10 years.

Conclusions

Addition of daunomycin to standard COMP therapy did not improve outcome in pediatric disseminated NLB NHL. Patients with LC disease had a significantly reduced long‐term EFS, but were retrieved at a higher rate than patients with SNCC disease, resulting in equivalent long‐term survival. Med Pediatr Oncol 2001;37:432–441. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Three‐dimensional finite element analysis of the interaction between tunneling and pile foundations
Authors: Mroueh H. , Shahrour I.
Published: September 2002

This paper concerns analysis of the impact of construction of urban tunnels on adjacent pile foundations. It is carried out using an elastoplastic three‐dimensional finite element modelling. Numerical simulations are performed in two stages, which concern, respectively, the application of the pile axial loading and the construction of the tunnel in presence of the pile foundations. Analysis is carried out for both single piles and groups of piles. Results of numerical simulations show that tunneling induces significant internal forces in adjacent piles. The distribution of internal forces depends mainly on the position of the pile tip regarding the tunnel horizontal axis and the distance of the pile axis from the centre of the tunnel. Analysis of the interaction between tunneling and a group of piles reveals a positive group effect with a high reduction of the internal forces in rear piles. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mechanical behaviour of Lixhe chalk partly saturated by oil and water: experiment and modelling
Authors: Collin F. , Cui Y. J. , Schroeder C. , Charlier R.
Published: September 2002

Two or more different fluids generally saturate chalk in oil reservoir, and therefore its behaviour can be very complicated. In this paper, a constitutive law is proposed for modelling the mechanical behaviour of a chalk saturated by two non‐miscible fluids, water and oil. The effects of the capillary pressure or suction are taken into account. They are considered as an independent variable, as in the Barcelona's basic model developed for unsaturated soils. On the other hand, internal friction and pore collapse are modelled as independent mechanisms. The determination of the parameters is based on triaxial and oedometer tests. Finally, in order to validate the model, predictions are compared with experimental results of water‐flooding test. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Minimizing makespan on a single batch processing machine with nonidentical job sizes
Authors: Zhang Guochuan , Cai Xiaoqiang , Lee C.‐Y , Wong C.K
Published: September 2002

We deal with the problem of minimizing makespan on a single batch processing machine. In this problem, each job has both processing time and size (capacity requirement). The batch processing machine can process a number of jobs simultaneously as long as the total size of these jobs being processed does not exceed the machine capacity. The processing time of a batch is just the processing time of the longest job in the batch. An approximation algorithm with worst‐case ratio 3/2 is given for the version where the processing times of large jobs (with sizes greater than 1/2) are not less than those of small jobs (with sizes not greater than 1/2). This result is the best possible unless P = NP. For the general case, we propose an approximation algorithm with worst‐case ratio 7/4. A number of heuristics by Uzosy are also analyzed and compared. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 48: 226–240, 2001
Teletraffic capacity of CDMA cellular mobile networks and adaptive antennas
Authors: Al‐Ruwais Abdulaziz S.
Published: September 2002

The teletraffic capacity of a CDMA mobile network with adaptive antennas at the receiver base station is considered and a simplified expression for the system outage probability associated with the teletraffic capacity is obtained. Analytical as well as numerical results show that the outage probability, and consequently the teletraffic capacity of the system, is improved using adaptive antennas at the receiver base station. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hierarchical VP restoration management system for a reliable ATM backbone network
Authors: Hong Won‐Kyu , Hong Choong‐Seon
Published: September 2002

This paper proposes a distributed ATM VP PVC restoration framework with the dynamic rerouting schemes in a hierarchical transport network. The rerouting algorithm aims to provide rapid ATM VP PVC restoration in the case of fault or performance degradation in terms of maximization of network resource utilization and satisfaction of the end user's QoS requirement. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Remodeling of an identified motoneuron during metamorphosis: central and peripheral actions of ecdysteroids during regression of dendrites and motor terminals
Authors: Knittel Laura M. , Kent Karla S.
Published: September 2002

During metamorphosis of the moth Manduca sexta, an identified leg motoneuron, the femoral depressor motoneuron (FeDe MN), undergoes reorganization of its central and peripheral processes. This remodeling is under the control of two insect hormones: the ecdysteroids and juvenile hormone (JH). Here, we asked whether peripheral or central actions of the ecdysteroids influenced specific regressive aspects of MN remodeling. We used stable hormonal mimics to manipulate the hormonal environment of either the FeDe muscle or the FeDe MN soma. Our results demonstrate that motor‐terminal retraction and dendritic regression can be experimentally uncoupled, indicating that central actions of ecdysteroids trigger dendritic regression whereas peripheral actions trigger terminal retraction. Our results further demonstrate that discrete aspects of motor‐terminal retraction can also be experimentally uncoupled, suggesting that they also are regulated differently. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol 52: 99–116, 2002
GABAergic modulation of primary gustatory afferent synaptic efficacy
Authors: Sharp Andrew A. , Finger Thomas E.
Published: September 2002

Modulation of synaptic transmission at the primary sensory afferent synapse is well documented for the somatosensory and olfactory systems. The present study was undertaken to test whether GABA impacts on transmission of gustatory information at the primary afferent synapse. In goldfish, the vagal gustatory input terminates in a laminated structure, the vagal lobes, whose sensory layers are homologous to the mammalian nucleus of the solitary tract. We relied on immunoreactivity for the GABA‐transporter, GAT‐1, to determine the distribution of GABAergic synapses in the vagal lobe. Immunocytochemistry showed dense, punctate GAT‐1 immunoreactivity coincident with the layers of termination of primary afferent fibers. The laminar nature and polarized dendritic structure of the vagal lobe make it amenable to an in vitro slice preparation to study early synaptic events in the transmission of gustatory input. Electrical stimulation of the gustatory nerves in vitro produces synaptic field potentials (fEPSPs) predominantly mediated by ionotropic glutamate receptors. Bath application of either the GABAA receptor agonist muscimol or the GABAB receptor agonist baclofen caused a nearly complete suppression of the primary fEPSP. Coapplication of the appropriate GABAA or GABAB receptor antagonist bicuculline or CGP‐55845 significantly reversed the effects of the agonists. These data indicate that GABAergic terminals situated in proximity to primary gustatory afferent terminals can modulate primary afferent input via both GABAA and GABAB receptors. The mechanism of action of GABAB receptors suggests a presynaptic locus of action for that receptor. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol 52: 133–143, 2002
Extension theorems for Stokes and Lamé equations for nearly incompressible media and their applications to numerical solution of problems with highly discontinuous coefficients
Authors: Bakhvalov N. S. , Knyazev A. V. , Parashkevov R. R.
Published: September 2002

We prove extension theorems in the norms described by Stokes and Lamé operators for the three‐dimensional case with periodic boundary conditions. For the Lamé equations, we show that the extension theorem holds for nearly incompressible media, but may fail in the opposite limit, i.e. for case of absolutely compressible media. We study carefully the latter case and associate it with the Cosserat problem.

Extension theorems serve as an important tool in many applications, e.g. in domain decomposition and fictitious domain methods, and in analysis of finite element methods. We consider an application of established extension theorems to an efficient iterative solution technique for the isotropic linear elasticity equations for nearly incompressible media and for the Stokes equations with highly discontinuous coefficients. The iterative method involves a special choice for an initial guess and a preconditioner based on solving a constant coefficient problem. Such preconditioner allows the use of well‐known fast algorithms for preconditioning.

Under some natural assumptions on smoothness and topological properties of subdomains with small coefficients, we prove convergence of the simplest Richardson method uniform in the jump of coefficients. For the Lamé equations, the convergence is also uniform in the incompressible limit.

Our preliminary numerical results for two‐dimensional diffusion problems show fast convergence uniform in the jump and in the mesh size parameter. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A method for representing boundaries in discrete element modelling—part I: Geometry and contact detection
Authors: Kremmer M. , Favier J. F.
Published: September 2002

The discrete element method for analysis of the dynamic behaviour of discontinuous media is well established. However, its application to engineering problems is still limited to simplified representations of structural boundaries and their kinematics. In this paper a method is developed for representing three‐dimensional boundaries of arbitrary geometry and for modelling the interaction between boundary objects and particles within the discrete element modelling framework. The approach, which we term the finite wall method, uses planar triangular elements to approximate the boundary surface topology. Any number of wall elements can be used to model the shape of the structure. A contact detection scheme is presented for boundary surfaces and spheres based on a series of vector projections to reduce the problem dimensionally. The algorithm employs spatial sporting to obtain the set of potential contacts between spheres and wall elements prior to contact resolution. In a further stage, all possible contact conditions including contact with surfaces, edges and corners are explicitly determined. Part I of this two‐part series of papers describes the finite wall method for representation of surface geometry and fully elaborates the method for detecting and resolving contact between boundary wall elements and spheres. In Part II the finite wall method is extended to apply kinematics to linearly independent boundary objects using combinations of translational and rotational motion. An approach is developed for coupling the DEM with the FEM for the purpose of optimising the design of structures which are dynamically interacting with particulate media. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Theory and numerics of a thermodynamically consistent framework for geometrically linear gradient plasticity
Authors: Liebe Tina , Steinmann Paul
Published: September 2002

The paper presents the theory and the numerics of a thermodynamically consistent formulation of gradient plasticity at small strains. Starting from the classical local continuum formulation, which fails to produce physically meaningful and numerically converging results within localization computations, a thermodynamically motivated gradient plasticity formulation is envisioned. The model is based on an assumption for the Helmholtz free energy incorporating the gradient of the internal history variable, a yield condition and the postulate of maximum dissipation resulting in an associated structure. As a result the driving force conjugated to the hardening evolution is identified as the quasi‐non‐local drag stress which incorporates besides the strictly local drag stress essentially the divergence of a vectorial hardening flux. At the numerical side, besides the balance of linear momentum, the algorithmic consistency condition has to be solved in weak form. Thereby, the crucial issue is the determination of the active constraints exhibiting plastic loading which is solved by an active set search algorithm borrowed from convex non‐linear programming. Moreover, different discretization techniques are proposed in order to compare the FE‐performance in local plasticity with the advocated gradient formulation both for hardening and softening. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Smooth C1‐interpolations for two‐dimensional frictional contact problems
Authors: Wriggers P. , Krstulovic‐Opara L. , Korelc J.
Published: September 2002

Finite deformation contact problems are associated with large sliding in the contact area. Thus, in the discrete problem a slave node can slide over several master segments. Standard contact formulations of surfaces discretized by low order finite elements leads to sudden changes in the surface normal field. This can cause loss of convergence properties in the solution procedure and furthermore may initiate jumps in the velocity field in dynamic solutions. Furthermore non‐smooth contact discretizations can lead to incorrect results in special cases where a good approximation of the contacting surfaces is needed. In this paper a smooth contact discretization is developed which circumvents most of the aformentioned problems. A smooth deformed surface with no slope discontinuities between segments is obtained by a C1‐continuous interpolation of the master surface. Different forms of discretizations are possible. Among these are Bézier, Hermitian or other types of spline interpolations. In this paper we compare two formulations which can be used to obtain smooth normal and tangent fields for frictional contact of deformable bodies. The formulation is developed for two‐dimensional applications and includes finite deformation behaviour. Examples show the performance of the new discretization technique for contact. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Advances in computational design and optimization with application to MEMS
Authors: Chen Bing‐Chung , Silva Emílio C. N. , Kikuchi Noboru
Published: September 2002

In this paper, we will highlight the current research which employs the topology optimization to find the optimal configuration of various smart structures and microstructures, specifically, pressure actuated compliant mechanisms, flextensional transducers, and porous material microstructures with unusual thermoelastic properties. These examples demonstrate that the topology optimization problem involving multiple physics domain is a viable direction for future research, in particular, for sensor and actuator design. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nursing intervention studies: A descriptive analysis of issues important to clinicians
Authors: Brown Sarah Jo
Published: September 2002

When reading a report of an intervention study, clinicians are interested in knowing: whether the intervention is effective, with whom it is effective, how much benefit it produces, and whether associated, adverse outcomes occur. Recommendations have been made in the research literature regarding how to conduct and report intervention studies so as to produce knowledge regarding these questions. This descriptive study was conducted to estimate the frequency with which these recommendations are being used in nursing intervention studies. Data pertinent to five research questions were extracted from 84 experimental and quasi‐experimental study reports published between 1998 and 2000. Seventeen percent of the studies used a design that could statistically test for variation in intervention effect depending on the level of an individual characteristic. However, a test of interaction was actually conducted in only 8% of the studies. The magnitude of the intervention's effect was addressed in 38% of the study reports. Providing the proportion of persons in the intervention group who attained a discrete outcome was the most frequently used way of showing intervention magnitude. Associated, adverse outcomes were examined in 23% of the studies, and were most often measured as continuous variables. The low level of use of recommended methods leads the author to suggest dialogue between clinicians and researchers to determine if intervention studies are being conducted and reported in ways that produce knowledge that is useful to clinicians. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 25:317–327, 2002
Wives giving care to husbands with alzheimer's disease: A process of interpretive caring
Authors: Perry JoAnn
Published: September 2002

Wives giving care to spouses with dementia are a particularly vulnerable segment of the caregiving population. In this article a grounded theory study of 20 such wives is described, with their experiences explained as a process of interpretive caring. Wives began the process by either seeing changes in their husbands or recognizing changes in their work. Following this, the wives moved on to a phase of drawing inferences about what they observed and then took over their husbands' roles and responsibilities. These changes prompted the wives to rewrite identities for their husbands that incorporated the dementia and to rewrite identities for themselves to reflect their new roles, abilities, and strengths. Finally, the wives set about constructing a new daily life to sustain both partners. This process is neutral and allows for positive aspects of caring to be considered along with grief and frustration. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 25:307–316, 2002
Cultural differences in responses to a likert scale
Authors: Lee Jerry W. , Jones Patricia S. , Mineyama Yoshimitsu , Zhang Xinwei Esther
Published: September 2002

Cultural differences in responses to a Likert scale were examined. Self‐identified Chinese, Japanese, and Americans (N=136, 323, and 160, respectively) recruited at ethnic or general supermarkets in Southern California completed a 13‐question Sense of Coherence scale with a choice of either four, five, or seven responses in either Chinese, Japanese, or English. The Japanese respondents more frequently reported difficulty with the scale, the Chinese more frequently skipped questions, and both these groups selected the midpoint more frequently on items that involved admitting to a positive emotion than did the Americans, who were more likely to indicate a positive emotion. Construct validity of the scale tended to be better for the Chinese and the Americans when there were four response choices and for the Japanese when there were seven. Although culture affected response patterns, the association of sense of coherence and health was positive in all three cultural groups. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 25:295–306, 2002
An analysis of the relationship between job satisfaction and job stress in correctional nurses
Authors: Flanagan Nancy A. , Flanagan Timothy J.
Published: September 2002

Stamps and Piedmonte's Index of Work Satisfaction and Harris's Nurse Stress Index were completed by 287 registered nurses employed in state prison health care facilities in order to assess job satisfaction and job stress among correctional nurses. Correctional nurses' expectations about job satisfaction were influenced by pay and autonomy. This finding was consistent with studies of hospital nurses. Important sources of job satisfaction were professional status and interaction with employees. Analysis of differences between expectations and sources of job satisfaction may provide understanding of career benefits and sources of dissatisfaction. Time pressures and organizational support and involvement were sources of stress. Multivariate analyses showed an inverse relationship between stress and job satisfaction. Information about job satisfaction and work stress and their correlates may be used to develop strategies to improve the recruitment and retention of correctional nurses. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 25:282–294, 2002
A one‐pot, two‐step reaction for the synthesis of VLC acidic polymers for resin modified glass‐ionomers
Authors: Schricker S. R. , Dotrong M. H. , Huang Y. , Culbertson B. M.
Published: September 2002

Methacrylate‐functionalized aromatic oxazolines are evaluated for attaching pendant methacrylate groups to acid containing polymers. Typically, these reactions use the toxic liquid 2‐isocyanatoethyl methacrylate (IEM) to functionalized the acid containing polymer. Methacrylate‐functionalized oxazolines will add to acid containing polymer in aqueous solvent. Thus, in a one‐pot, two‐step reaction the acid containing polymer can be synthesized and then reacted with the methacrylate‐functionalized oxazoline. The visible light‐curable (VLC) polymer can then be formulated in resin modified glass‐ionomers. The resulting glass‐ionomers have properties that are comparable to commercial materials. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Photooxidations of phenol, cyclopentadiene and citronellol with photosensitizers ionically bound at a polymeric ion exchanger
Authors: Gerdes Robert , Bartels Oliver , Schneider Gerhard , Wöhrle Dieter , Schulz‐Ekloff Günter
Published: September 2002

Different metal tetrasulfophthalocyanines and rose bengal were employed as photosensitizers in the photooxidation of phenol, cyclopentadiene and (S)‐(−)‐citronellol. Ionically polymer bound photosensitizers were easily obtained by the reaction of negatively charged low‐molecular‐weight phthalocyanines with the strong basic anion exchanger Amberlite® IRA 400. The activities of the low‐molecular‐weight and the polymer systems are compared. Especially immobilized phthalocyanines which exhibit the advantages of good activity, as well as stability against photobleaching, and can be used repeatedly. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Blends of functionalized terthiophenes with polyethylene as materials for new linear polarizers
Authors: Ciardelli Francesco , Cellai Caterina , Pucci Andrea , Regoli Leonardo , Ruggeri Giacomo , Tirelli Nicola , Cardelli Camillo
Published: September 2002

The dispersibility of terthiophene alkyl derivatives in polyethylene films was comparatively investigated by calorimetry, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and microscopy. Polyethylene affinity of the terthiophenes increases with increasing linear alkyl chain length, but the increased tendency to separate crystallization gives rise to distinct phases and dishomogeneity. Drawing of the film at higher temperature than chromophore and poly(ethylene)(PE) melting points (141 °C) improves dispersibility with parallel orientation of chromophore molecules and PE macromolecules. These phenomena are important in determining the high dichroism of new polymeric host–guest polarizers based on blends of ultra‐high‐molecular‐weight poly(ethylene)(UHMWPE) with linear anisotropic molecules based on terthiophene nuclei functionalized with push‐pull and alkyl groups. The PE affinity of the chromophores favored by their alkyl chains is one of the key factors in allowing their dispersion in the oriented poly(ethylene) films which show good performances as linear optical polarizers. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Peripherally polymerized octacyanophthalocyanine as cathode material of lithium rechargeable batteries1
Authors: Asai Yoshihiro , Onishi Ken , Arai Takayuki , Matsumoto Michiko , Miyata Seizo , Shigehara Kiyotaka
Published: September 2002

Highly pure metal‐free octacyanophthalocyanine (H2PcOC) was further converted into two‐dimensional polymers (PPcCN) by solid‐phase reaction in presence of tetracyanobenzene. PPcCN showed the electric conductivity as high as about 5·10−4 S cm−1, 2‐orders of magnitude larger than that of H2PcOC. Since PPcCN exhibited reversible multi‐electron redox reaction at relatively positive potential near −0.3 V vs. NHE and was insoluble throughout the redox reaction in any organic electrolyte solutions, this polymer is useful in lithium (ion) rechargeable batteries as cathode‐active material. When the depth of discharge was controlled to 150 mAh g−1, the cell composed of [metallic Li/electrolyte/PPcCN] gave very stable cycle property for several hundred charge‐discharge cycles with the average output voltage of 2.73 V and the energy density of 409 Wh kg−1, of which value is comparable to commercial lithium ion batteries based on Lix(CoO2)y cathode. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Branched epoxy copolymers with oligo(benzoate) side chains carrying donor and acceptor functions in each end1
Authors: Kimura Tatsumi , Fukuda Takashi , Matsuda Hiro , Komoriya Atsushi , Kazama Mariko , Kato Masao , Okada Shuji , Nakanishi Hachiro
Published: September 2002

We synthesized branched epoxy copolymers with oligo‐(benzoate) to create unique second‐order nonlinear optical (NLO) active polymers (PEA3‐C3, PEA3‐C3F6 and PEA3‐K) on the basis of new architecture. The cutoff wavelength (λ∞) of these polymers was satisfactory shorter than the visible region, i.e., λ∞ = ca. 400 nm. Second‐order NLO properties for poled polymer films of thus synthesized were investigated. These polymer films after poling treatment exhibited good transparency in visible region and the second‐order nonlinear optical coefficient, d33, of 7∼10 pmV−1. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.