bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The systemic effects of the enriched environment on the conditioned fear reaction
Authors: Grigoryan Grigory A.
Published: August 2023

In this review, a hypothesis is proposed to explain the beneficial effect of an enriched environment (EE) on the conditioned fear reaction (CFR) from the perspective of a functional system of behavioral control. According to the hypothesis, the EE affects all behavioral act components, including the processing of sensory information, memory, motivational and reinforcing systems, and motor activities, which weakens the CFR. Animals raised in the EE have effects that are comparable to those of context (CTX) and CS pre-exposures at latent inhibition. An abundance of stimuli in the EE and constant contact with them provide the formation of CS-noUS and CTX-noUS connections that later, during CFR learning, slow down and diminish fear. The EE also contributes to faster processing of information and habituation to it. As a result, many stimuli in the context lose their significance, and subjects simply ignore them. And finally, the EE affects the motivational and reinforcing brain mechanisms, induces an impairment of search activity, and worsens memory consolidation, which leads to a reduction of CFR.
Research trends in the orthopedic surgical management of cerebral palsy: a cross-analytical study of publications in the past decade
Authors: Ghandour Maher , Klotz Matthias , Horsch Axel
Published: August 2023

Little is known about the trends in orthopedic surgical management of cerebral palsy (CP). In this cross-analytical study we examined alterations in research publications in this field in the past 10 years through four databases. Thus, we divided publications into old (2012–2017) and recent (2018–2022). To determine if the focus of research in this field has changed, we compared both periods based on publication’s (authors’ number, journal, country, design), patients’ (number, gender, age, CP type), and surgery-related (indication, number, category, type) characteristics. Publications showed a positive trend over the past 10 years with a peak in 2020. The number of publications was similar between old and recent ones (47.58% vs. 52.42%). Most research outputs were from the United States and Germany. Differences were noted between recent and old publications regarding journals (p = 0.0001), journal category (p = 0.023), authors’ number (p = 0.006), and patients’ age (p = 0.02). The impact factor was also different (p = 0.0001). However, no differences were noted regarding other characteristics (p > 0.05). The research output regarding surgical orthopedic management in CP has increased in the past decade with no difference between 2012–2017 and 2018–2022. Except for the number of authors, journal name, and patients’ age, no significant differences were noted between both periods.
Synaptic network structure shapes cortically evoked spatio-temporal responses of STN and GPe neurons in a computational model
Authors: Kromer Justus A. , Bokil Hemant , Tass Peter A.
Published: August 2023

Introduction

The basal ganglia (BG) are involved in motor control and play an essential role in movement disorders such as hemiballismus, dystonia, and Parkinson's disease. Neurons in the motor part of the BG respond to passive movement or stimulation of different body parts and to stimulation of corresponding cortical regions. Experimental evidence suggests that the BG are organized somatotopically, i.e., specific areas of the body are associated with specific regions in the BG nuclei. Signals related to the same body part that propagate along different pathways converge onto the same BG neurons, leading to characteristic shapes of cortically evoked responses. This suggests the existence of functional channels that allow for the processing of different motor commands or information related to different body parts in parallel. Neurological disorders such as Parkinson's disease are associated with pathological activity in the BG and impaired synaptic connectivity, together with reorganization of somatotopic maps. One hypothesis is that motor symptoms are, at least partly, caused by an impairment of network structure perturbing the organization of functional channels.

Methods

We developed a computational model of the STN-GPe circuit, a central part of the BG. By removing individual synaptic connections, we analyzed the contribution of signals propagating along different pathways to cortically evoked responses. We studied how evoked responses are affected by systematic changes in the network structure. To quantify the BG's organization in the form of functional channels, we suggested a two-site stimulation protocol.

Results

Our model reproduced the cortically evoked responses of STN and GPe neurons and the contributions of different pathways suggested by experimental studies. Cortical stimulation evokes spatio-temporal response patterns that are linked to the underlying synaptic network structure. Our two-site stimulation protocol yielded an approximate functional channel width.

Discussion/conclusion

The presented results provide insight into the organization of BG synaptic connectivity, which is important for the development of computational models. The synaptic network structure strongly affects the processing of cortical signals and may impact the generation of pathological rhythms. Our work may motivate further experiments to analyze the network structure of BG nuclei and their organization in functional channels.
Body composition parameters correlate with the endoscopic severity in Crohn’s disease patients treated with infliximab
Authors: Tang Wuli , Xie Gang , Li Junlin , Tan Wei , Yi Rongqi , Yang Ling , Zhang Lingqin , Deng Jiaxing , Zhang Yue , Li Kang
Published: August 2023

Background

The disease activity status and behavior of Crohn’s disease (CD) can reflect the severity of the disease, and changes in body composition are common in CD patients.

Aims

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between body composition parameters and disease severity in CD patients treated with infliximab (IFX).

Methods

Patients with CD assessed with the simple endoscopic score (SES-CD) and were treated with IFX were retrospectively collected, and body composition parameters at the level of the 3rd lumbar vertebrae were calculated from computed tomography (CT) scans of the patients. The correlation of patients’ body composition parameters with disease activity status and disease behavior was analyzed, and the diagnostic value of the relevant parameters was assessed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves.

Results

A total of 106 patients were included in this study. There were significant differences in the subcutaneous adiposity index (SAI) (p = 0.010), the visceral adiposity index (VAI) (p < 0.001), the skeletal muscle mass index (SMI) (p < 0.001), and decreased skeletal muscle mass (p < 0.001) among patients with different activity status. After Spearman and multivariate regression analysis, SAI (p = 0.006 and p = 0.001), VAI (p < 0.001 and p < 0.001), and SMI (p < 0.001and p = 0.007) were identified as independent correlates of disease activity status (both disease activity and moderate-to-severe activity), with disease activity status independently positively correlated with SAI and SMI and independently negatively correlated with VAI. In determining the disease activity and moderate-to-severe activity status, SMI performed best relative to SAI and VAI, with areas under the ROC curve of 0.865 and 0.801, respectively. SAI (p = 0.015), SMI (p = 0.011) and decreased skeletal muscle mass (p = 0.027) were significantly different between different disease behavior groups (inflammatory disease behavior group, complex disease behavior group) but were not independent correlates (p > 0.05).

Conclusion

Body composition parameters of CD patients treated with IFX correlate with the endoscopic disease severity, and SMI can be used as a reliable indicator of disease activity status.
Intracranial meningiomas: an update of the 2021 World Health Organization classifications and review of management with a focus on radiation therapy
Authors: Yarabarla Varun , Mylarapu Amrutha , Han Tatiana J. , McGovern Susan L. , Raza Shaan M. , Beckham Thomas H.
Published: August 2023

Meningiomas account for approximately one third of all primary intracranial tumors. Arising from the cells of the arachnoid mater, these neoplasms are found along meningeal surfaces within the calvarium and spinal canal. Many are discovered incidentally, and most are idiopathic, although risk factors associated with meningioma development include age, sex, prior radiation exposure, and familial genetic diseases. The World Health Organization grading system is based on histologic criteria, and are as follows: grade 1 meningiomas, a benign subtype; grade 2 meningiomas, which are of intermediately aggressive behavior and usually manifest histologic atypia; and grade 3, which demonstrate aggressive malignant behavior. Management is heavily dependent on tumor location, grade, and symptomatology. While many imaging-defined low grade appearing meningiomas are suitable for observation with serial imaging, others require aggressive management with surgery and adjuvant radiotherapy. For patients needing intervention, surgery is the optimal definitive approach with adjuvant radiation therapy guided by extent of resection, tumor grade, and location in addition to patient specific factors such as life expectancy. For grade 1 lesions, radiation can also be used as a monotherapy in the form of stereotactic radiosurgery or standard fractionated radiation therapy depending on tumor size, anatomic location, and proximity to dose-limiting organs at risk. Optimal management is paramount because of the generally long life-expectancy of patients with meningioma and the morbidity that can arise from tumor growth and recurrence as well as therapy itself.
Review of possible mechanisms of radiotherapy resistance in cervical cancer
Authors: Zhang Hanqun , Wang Xiaohu , Ma Yan , Zhang Qiuning , Liu Ruifeng , Luo Hongtao , Wang Zi
Published: August 2023

Radiotherapy is one of the main treatments for cervical cancer. Early cervical cancer is usually considered postoperative radiotherapy alone. Radiotherapy combined with cisplatin is the standard treatment for locally advanced cervical cancer (LACC), but sometimes the disease will relapse within a short time after the end of treatment. Tumor recurrence is usually related to the inherent radiation resistance of the tumor, mainly involving cell proliferation, apoptosis, DNA repair, tumor microenvironment, tumor metabolism, and stem cells. In the past few decades, the mechanism of radiotherapy resistance of cervical cancer has been extensively studied, but due to its complex process, the specific mechanism of radiotherapy resistance of cervical cancer is still not fully understood. In this review, we discuss the current status of radiotherapy resistance in cervical cancer and the possible mechanisms of radiotherapy resistance, and provide favorable therapeutic targets for improving radiotherapy sensitivity. In conclusion, this article describes the importance of understanding the pathway and target of radioresistance for cervical cancer to promote the development of effective radiotherapy sensitizers.
Cardiac tamponade, a rare complication of gastric cardia cancer resection after neoadjuvant chemotherapy combined with immunotherapy: a case report and literature review
Authors: Du Wei , Wang Hemei , Shen Junmei , Qiao Xi , Yao Jifang , Li Chao
Published: August 2023

Transthoracic cardia resection is a technically well-established surgical procedure. However, acute cardiac tamponade in the early postoperative period is extremely rare. The occurrence is life-threatening to the patient. It also poses a great clinical challenge for perioperative management. To date, few cases of pericardial tamponade have been reported in gastric cancer resection performed after neoadjuvant chemotherapy combined with immunotherapy. We present the case of a 62-year-old woman who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy combined with immunotherapy before surgery, followed by transthoracic surgery. A life-threatening complication, pericardial tamponade, occurred in the early postoperative period. The successful outcome was achieved in through multidisciplinary collaboration.
Nodular cutaneous metastasis of the leg in advanced urothelial bladder carcinoma: a case report and systematic literature review
Authors: Izzo Paolo , Izzo Luciano , Lai Silvia , D’Onghia Giuliano , Giancontieri Paola , Gabriele Raimondo , Polistena Andrea , Sibio Simone , Costanzo Maria Ludovica , De Intinis Claudia , Izzo Sara
Published: August 2023

Cutaneous metastases from urothelial carcinoma (UC) are very rare and indicate advanced disease with a poor prognosis. A 63-year-old female patient with a history of urothelial bladder carcinoma, treated 2 months prior with radical cystectomy and adjuvant gemcitabine and cisplatin (GC) therapy, presented a skin lesion localized in the lower third of the right leg. Punch biopsy revealed carcinomatous metastasis whose urothelial origin was confirmed by immunohistochemical analysis. 18-FDG PET-CT showed the spread of metastases to the lung and left ischium. Our review focuses on the time between surgery and skin metastasis, localization, and prognosis after metastasis diagnosis. In many cases, skin metastases occur within one year of initial UC surgery and in most cases occur on the abdominal wall. Local wide excision of metastasis should be considered in selected cases; however, chemotherapy remains the main treatment.
Validation of liquid biopsy for ESR1-mutation analysis in hormone-sensitive breast cancer: a pooled meta-analysis
Authors: Najim Omar , Papadimitriou Konstantinos , Broeckx Glenn , Huizing Manon , Tjalma Wiebren
Published: August 2023

Several retrospective and prospective studies have shown that genomic alterations in Estrogen-receptor one (ESR1) can be characterized not only in tissue samples but also by sequencing circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) in liquid biopsy. Therefore, liquid biopsy is a potential noninvasive surrogate for tissue biopsy. This meta-analysis was designed to compare the prevalence of ESR 1 mutation detected with liquid biopsy and tissue biopsy. A pooled meta-analysis of studies published between 1 January 2007 and 1 March 2021 was conducted regarding the methodologies used for ESR1 mutation analysis. Liquid biopsy is a valid, inexpensive, and attractive noninvasive alternative to tumor biopsies for the identification of ESR1 mutations. Liquid biopsy for ESR 1 analysis would facilitate regular testing, allowing monitoring of the sensitivity to ET and guiding treatment strategies.
Metabolic barriers in non-small cell lung cancer with LKB1 and/or KEAP1 mutations for immunotherapeutic strategies
Authors: Tanaka Ichidai , Koyama Junji , Itoigawa Hideyuki , Hayai Shunsaku , Morise Masahiro
Published: August 2023

Currently, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are widely considered the standard initial treatment for advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) when there are no targetable driver oncogenic alternations. NSCLC tumors that have two alterations in tumor suppressor genes, such as liver kinase B1 (LKB1) and/or Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1), have been found to exhibit reduced responsiveness to these therapeutic strategies, as revealed by multiomics analyses identifying immunosuppressed phenotypes. Recent advancements in various biological approaches have gradually unveiled the molecular mechanisms underlying intrinsic reprogrammed metabolism in tumor cells, which contribute to the evasion of immune responses by the tumor. Notably, metabolic alterations in glycolysis and glutaminolysis have a significant impact on tumor aggressiveness and the remodeling of the tumor microenvironment. Since glucose and glutamine are essential for the proliferation and activation of effector T cells, heightened consumption of these nutrients by tumor cells results in immunosuppression and resistance to ICI therapies. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the clinical efficacies of current therapeutic strategies against NSCLC harboring LKB1 and/or KEAP1 mutations, along with the metabolic alterations in glycolysis and glutaminolysis observed in these cancer cells. Furthermore, ongoing trials targeting these metabolic alterations are discussed as potential approaches to overcome the extremely poor prognosis associated with this type of cancer.
Can CD34+CD38− lymphoblasts, as likely leukemia stem cells, be a prognostic factor in B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children?
Authors: Stolpa Weronika , Mizia-Malarz Agnieszka , Zapała Magdalena , Zwiernik Bartosz
Published: August 2023

Background

CD34+CD38− lymphoblasts as likely leukemia stem cells (LSCs) may be responsible for a worse response to treatment and may be a risk factor for recurrence in B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP-ALL).

Objective

The study objective was to assess the prognostic role of CD34+CD38− lymphoblasts in bone marrow on the day of BCP-ALL diagnosis.

Methods

115 patients with BCP-ALL, the median age of 4.5 years (range 1.5–17.9 years), gender: female 63 (54.8%) with BCP-ALL were enrolled; Group I (n = 90)—patients with CD34+CD38+ antigens and Group II (n = 20)—patients with CD34+CD38− antigens on the lymphoblast surface.

Results

A worse response on Days 8, 15, and 33 of therapy and at the end of treatment in Group II (CD34+CD38−) was more often observed but these differences were not statistically significant. A significantly higher incidence of BCP-ALL recurrence was in Group II.

Conclusions

1.

In BCP-ALL in children, the presence of CD34+CD38− lymphoblasts at the diagnosis does not affect the first remission.

2.

In BCP-ALL in children, the presence of CD34+CD38− lymphoblasts at the diagnosis may be considered an unfavorable prognostic factor for disease recurrence.

3.

It is necessary to further search for prognostic factors in BCP-ALL in children.
How people perceive malicious comments differently: factors influencing the perception of maliciousness in online news comments
Authors: Lee Saerom , Baek Hyunmi , Kim Seongcheol
Published: August 2023

This study proposes a comprehensive model to investigate the factors that influence the perceived maliciousness of online news comments. The study specifically examines individual factors, including demographic characteristics (e.g., gender and age), personality traits (e.g., empathy and attitudes toward online news comments), and reading-related factors (e.g., the amount of news comment reading). Contextual factors such as issue involvement, perceived peer behavior, and the presence of malicious comments in news articles are also considered. The results suggest that most of the proposed variables have a significant impact on the perceived maliciousness of online news comments, except for morality and issue involvement. The findings have important theoretical implications for research on malicious online news comments and provide practical guidelines for online news platforms on how to reduce malicious comments by visualizing them alongside other news comments.
Dengue in Timor-Leste during the COVID-19 phenomenon
Authors: da Cruz Zito Viegas , Araujo Afonso Lima , Ribas Alexis , Nithikathkul Choosak
Published: August 2023

Dengue is a significant public health problem in mostly tropical countries, including Timor-Leste. Dengue continues to draw attention from the health sector during the COVID-19 phenomenon. Therefore, the goal of this study is to evaluate the dengue incidence rate in comparison with the COVID-19 cumulative number and associated dengue risk factors, including the fatality rate of dengue infection in each municipality during the COVID-19 phenomenon in Timor-Leste, by applying the data processing program in Geographic Information Systems (GIS). A descriptive study using GIS was performed to provide a spatial-temporal mapping of dengue cases. Secondary data, which were sourced from the Department of Health Statistics Information under the Ministry of Health Timor-Leste, were collected for the period during the COVID-19 outbreak in 2020–2021. These data were grounded at the municipal (province) level. Quantum GIS and Microsoft Excel were used to analyze the data. During the COVID-19 outbreak (2020–2021), dengue spread nationwide. It was found that there was an increase in municipalities with high dengue cases and cumulative COVID-19 numbers. The high number of dengue cases associated with the COVID-19 cumulative number found in municipalities with an urban characteristic and in terms of severity, dengue fever (DF) is most commonly reported with a total of 1,556 cases and is followed by dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) and dengue shock syndrome (DSS). Most cases were reported in the months of the monsoon season, such as December, January, and March. Dengue GIS mapping helps understand the disease's presence and dynamic nature over time.
The role of pharmacists in eliminating counterfeit medicines in Nigeria
Authors: Adigwe Obi Peter
Published: August 2023

Introduction

Over the years, counterfeit pharmaceuticals have posed immense concerns for global health and patient safety. This menace encompasses various classes of medications. Given the criticality of pharmacists’ interventions in drug distribution and supply, this study aimed at exploring their role in the prevention and control of counterfeit pharmaceutical products in Nigeria.

Methods

A cross-sectional study was undertaken, using questionnaires to collect data from pharmacists across various sectors of pharmacy practice in Nigeria. Face and content validity was undertaken on the study tool prior to data collection. Ethical approval was obtained from the National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development Health Research Ethics Committee, and confidentiality was strictly maintained during data collection process. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences. Descriptive statistical analysis was undertaken and chi square was used to determine association between socio-demographic characteristics and variables.

Results

The responses comprised 205 (52.6%) female and 185 (47.4%) male participants. Almost all the participants (98.4%) agreed that strict enforcement of drug laws can contribute to adequate control of counterfeit medicines in Nigeria, and majority of the study sample (64.7%) indicated that the poor implementation of these laws was a major factor influencing the preponderance of counterfeit medicines in the country. Two-thirds (63.5%) of the participants supported the need for pharmacists to provide adequate education to patients on strategies to identify counterfeit medicines, and a similar proportion (68.0%) were of the opinion that it was the responsibility of pharmacists to ensure that drugs are purchased from credible sources.

Conclusion

Findings from this study, in addition to confirming pharmacists’ instrumentality in the fight against counterfeit medicines, identified certain context specific factors that can strengthen the regulation, policy and the entire healthcare system. Government and relevant stakeholders can therefore begin to articulate strategic reforms for contextual policy intervention that address medicines’ counterfeiting, whilst prioritising pharmacists’ role in other critical areas in the healthcare system.
COVID-19 and cognitive performance: a Mendelian randomization study
Authors: Tang Ching-Man , Li Gloria Hoi-Yee , Cheung Ching-Lung
Published: August 2023

Background

A substantial proportion of individuals with COVID-19 experienced cognitive impairment after resolution of SARS-CoV-2 infection. We aimed to evaluate whether genetic liability to SARS-CoV-2 infection per se, or more severe COVID-19, is causally linked to cognitive deficit.

Methods

We firstly performed univariable Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to examine whether genetic liability to SARS-CoV-2 infection, hospitalized and severe COVID-19 is causally associated with cognitive performance. To dissect the causal pathway, multivariable MR (MVMR) analysis was conducted by adjusting for five inflammatory markers [C-reactive protein, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and tumour necrosis factor α, as proxies of systemic inflammation].

Results

In univariable MR analysis, host genetic liability to SARS-CoV-2 infection was associated with lower cognitive performance [inverse variance weighted (IVW) analysis, estimate: −0.023; 95% Confidence Interval (CI): −0.038 to −0.009]. Such causal association was attenuated in MVMR analysis when we adjusted for the five correlated inflammatory markers in one analysis (IVW analysis, estimate: −0.022; 95% CI: −0.049 to 0.004). There was insufficient evidence of association for genetic liability to hospitalized and severe COVID-19 with cognitive performance.

Conclusion

The causal effect of host genetic liability to SARS-CoV-2 infection on reduced cognitive performance may be mediated by systemic inflammation. Future studies examining whether anti-inflammatory agents could alleviate cognitive impairment in SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals are warranted.
‘It doesn’t happen how you think, it is very complex!’ Reconciling stakeholder priorities, evidence, and processes for zoonoses prioritisation in India
Authors: Asaaga Festus A. , Sriram Aditi , Chanda Mudassar M. , Hoti Subhash L. , Young Juliette C. , Purse Bethan V.
Published: August 2023

Background

Why do some zoonotic diseases receive priority from health policy decision-makers and planners whereas others receive little attention? By leveraging Shiffman and Smith’s political prioritisation framework, our paper advances a political economy of disease prioritisation focusing on four key components: the strength of the actors involved in the prioritisation, the power of the ideas they use to portray the issue, the political contexts in which they operate, and the characteristics of the issue itself (e.g., overall burdens, severity, cost-effective interventions). These components afford a nuanced characterisation of how zoonotic diseases are prioritised for intervention and highlight the associated knowledge gaps affecting prioritisation outcomes. We apply this framework to the case of zoonoses management in India, specifically to identify the factors that shape disease prioritisation decision-making and outcomes.

Methods

We conducted 26 semi-structured interviews with national, state and district level health policymakers, disease managers and technical experts involved in disease surveillance and control in India.

Results

Our results show pluralistic interpretation of risks, exemplified by a disconnect between state and district level actors on priority diseases. The main factors identified as shaping prioritisation outcomes were related to the nature of the zoonoses problem (the complexity of the zoonotic disease, insufficient awareness and lack of evidence on disease burdens and impacts) as well as political, social, cultural and institutional environments (isolated departmental priorities, limited institutional authority, opaque funding mechanisms), and challenges in organisation leadership for cross-sectoral engagement.

Conclusion

The findings highlight a compartmentalised regulatory system for zoonoses where political, social, cultural, and media factors can influence disease management and prioritisation. A major policy window is the institutionalisation of One Health to increase the political priority for strengthening cross-sectoral engagement to address several challenges, including the creation of effective institutions to reconcile stakeholder priorities and prioritisation processes.
Connection to nature for sustainable development at universities—What should be done?
Authors: Kleespies Matthias Winfried , Dierkes Paul Wilhelm
Published: August 2023

Universities and institutions of higher education play an important role in today's society. They educate the next generation of decision-makers and therefore have a great influence on the decisions made in society. In today's world, where many people's livelihoods are threatened by environmental issues, it is not only necessary for universities to operate sustainably, but also to motivate students to adopt more sustainable behaviors. We believe that promoting a connection to nature is an important starting point for this, as it is a key influencing factor for sustainable behavior. Due to decreasing contact with nature and increasing urbanization worldwide, connection to nature is currently in decline. In this perspective, we propose six starting points that can help increase the connection to nature of university students: (1) Bringing students to nature, (2) bringing nature to students, (3) environmental education, (4) virtual nature contact, (5) incorporating other human-nature relationships and concepts (6) combining 1–5. For each point, we explain possible recommendations for university decision-makers.
Around and Around, Up and Down: Motion in the Southern Ocean
Authors: Foppert Annie , Spence Paul
Published: August 2023

The Southern Ocean, which surrounds Antarctica, is unlike any other ocean on Earth. It is home to the world’s most powerful currents, biggest waves, craziest ice, and wildest animals. Despite its remoteness, the Southern Ocean plays a major role in Earth’s climate. The Southern Ocean connects and stirs together the other major oceans. The fast-flowing currents of the Southern Ocean block heat from being carried toward Antarctica, keeping the continent covered in ice—which is important to prevent dangerous sea-level rise. The Southern Ocean also connects the surface waters with the deep parts of the global ocean, by bringing deep water up to the surface and sending surface water down into the deep. This circulation is crucial for regulating how much heat and carbon the ocean can hold. The more carbon and heat held by the ocean, the slower Earth’s climate will change for those of us on land.
Diverse clinical presentation of primary spontaneous pneumothorax in patients with pectus excavatum
Authors: Lee June , Jeong Jin Yong , Suh Jong Hui , Park Chan Beom , Kim Dulee , Park Soo Seog
Published: August 2023

Objective

Patients with primary spontaneous pneumothorax (PSP) tend to be young, tall, and thin, as do those with pectus excavatum (PE). Notably, the Haller index, which measures the severity of PE, tends also to be higher in patients with PSP, further suggesting a potential predisposing factor for the development of PSP in individuals with PE. This study aimed to share clinical experiences with case series of concomitant PSP and PE and to emphasize the importance of evaluating these two conditions together.

Methods

In this single-center study, we conducted a retrospective records review to identify patients who were diagnosed and treated (including surgical or conservative treatment and follow-up observation) for the diagnosis of PE between July 2011 and February 2023. From these, we selected patients who were diagnosed with both PE and PSP and analyzed their clinical presentations.

Results

Among a total of 139 patients with PE, there were 8 (5.76%) who had concurrent diagnoses of PE and PSP and who underwent surgery for PSP, PE, or both. The average age of these 8 patients (male:female = 7:1) was 19.38 years. The 8 patients were grouped into four categories based on their clinical scenarios. Group A had 1 patient with PE diagnosed first, followed by the discovery of PSP during evaluation; Group B included 2 patients initially presenting with PSP and subsequently diagnosed with PE during evaluation; Group C consisted of 1 patient who had PSP before undergoing surgical PE correction; and Group D comprised 4 patients who developed PSP after PE correction.

Conclusions

The incidence of PSP in patients with PE was 5.76% (8 out of 139 patients), indicating the importance of vigilant monitoring for PSP prior to PE surgery, and vice versa. Furthermore, the authors recommend close observation for PSP independent of PE surgery, even in the absence of postoperative complications.
Comparative proteomics of ovaries elucidated the potential targets related to ovine prolificacy
Authors: Li Chunyan , Zhou Mei , He Xiaoyun , Di Ran , Zhang Zijun , Ren Chunhuan , Liu Qiuyue , Chu Mingxing
Published: August 2023

Small Tail Han (STH) sheep, a unique Chinese breed, is recognized for its early maturity, year-round estrus, and prolificacy. However, the molecular mechanism of its high prolificacy has not been fully elucidated. The Proteomics approach is feasible and effective to reveal the proteins involved in the complex physiological processes of any organism. Given this, we performed the protein expression profiling of ovarian tissues during the luteal phase using polytocous STH sheep (litter size ≥2, three consecutive lambings) and monotocous STH sheep (litter size =1, three consecutive lambings) (PL vs. ML), and the follicular phase using polytocous STH sheep (litter size ≥2, three consecutive lambings) and monotocous STH sheep (litter size =1, three consecutive lambings) (PF vs. MF), respectively. Parallel Reaction Monitoring (PRM) was conducted to validate the differentially abundant proteins (DAPs). The tandem mass tag (TMT) quantitative proteomic results showed that a total of 5,237 proteins were identified, of which 49 and 44 showed differential abundance in the PL vs. ML and PF vs. MF groups, respectively. Enrichments analyses indicated that the DAPs including TIA1 cytotoxic granule-associated RNA-binding protein-like 1 (TIAL1), nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), and cellular retinoic acid-binding protein 1 (CRABP1) were enriched at the luteal phase, while TIAL1, inhibin beta-a-subunit (A2ICA4), and W5PG55 were enriched at the follicular phase, potentially mediating reproductive processes in polytocous ewes. Furthermore, six DAPs were verified using PRM, confirming the accuracy of the TMT data acquired in this study. Together, our work expanded the database of indigenous sheep breeds and provided new ovarian candidate molecular targets, which will help in the study of the genetic mechanisms of ovine prolificacy.
Patient delay and its clinical significance among head and neck cancer patients in Hungary
Authors: Dános Kornél , Horváth Angéla , Halász Judit , Tamás László , Polony Gábor
Published: August 2023

Introduction: Head and neck cancers represent a major health problem in Hungary. With their high incidence and mortality rates, Hungary is one of the world leaders in these indicators. The length of patient delay, defined as time from onset of symptoms to first medical consultation, is unknown in Hungarian patients with head and neck cancer. We aimed to use a representative sample of the Hungarian head and neck cancer patient population to determine patient delay according to disease localization and stage and to identify correlations with other clinical parameters.

Methods: In our retrospective study, we reviewed patient documentation. For the inclusion, the patients had to be diagnosed with malignant tumors of the oral cavity, oropharynx, hypopharynx or larynx at the Department Head and Neck Surgery of Semmelweis University between 2012 and 2017.

Results: We identified 236 patients who met the inclusion criteria. The median delay was 9.5 weeks (range 0–209 weeks) and the mean delay of patients was 17.57 weeks (SD 23.67). There was a significant difference in patient delay data by location. Among glottic cancers, the most common diagnosis was an early stage (67%), compared with other localizations, including most commonly the oropharynx (81%) and hypopharynx (80%), where a locoregionally advanced stage was more frequent.

Discussion: Compared to data from different countries, the delay of Hungarian patients with head and neck cancer is significantly longer, which may contribute to the high mortality in Hungary. Screening and patient education in high-risk groups could contribute to earlier diagnosis and thus improve prognosis.
An Analytical Study of the Elements of Airworthiness Certification Technology Based on the Development of the Conversion of Diesel Engines for Vehicles to Aviation
Authors: Lim Junwoo , Lee Seangwock , Chung Jaeyeop , Kim Youngwan , Park Giyoung
Published: August 2023

Aircraft reciprocating engines have been in operation over the past 100 years, which is a testament to their high levels of reliability and stability. Compared to turbine engines, reciprocating engines are at a disadvantage when it comes to high-speed flight. Nevertheless, they are widely used mainly for small aircraft thanks to their high specific power or power-to-weight ratio. Considering that propulsion systems account for approximately 40% of the aircraft price, lightness and high performance are key attributes of aircraft to achieve longer endurance. With the advantages offered by diesel engines, such as fuel economy, less maintenance, and a long lifespan, many attempts have been made to mount automotive diesel engines on urban air mobility and light aircraft. Recognizing advanced automotive diesel technology, where the power-to-weight ratio of the diesel engine is approximately 1 PS/kg, we analyzed a case where an automobile engine was converted for use in an aircraft. We focused on the Mercedes-Benz OM640 and the Austro AE300 and disassembled the two engines for comparative analysis. We then classified the engine components modified for aircraft use by (1) defining the major engine parts as fixed and alteration ones; (2) identifying the airworthiness-related alteration parts; and (3) categorizing the conversion purposes into classes A, B, and C. Components under class A were further categorized into subgroups in accordance with the airworthiness certification specifications outlined by the European Union Aviation Safety Agency. This helped determine the corresponding airworthiness standards for each subgroup. An inspection of the oil supply system revealed the need to apply safety wiring for some components to prevent possible oil leakages, which can be caused by the pressure difference with increasing altitude. Moreover, given that sensor manufacturers are required to present guidelines for sensor redundancy through numerous designs and tests and secure single-fault tolerance, we established criteria for selecting and applying sensors and separating sensors that must be made redundant from ones that are not subject to sensor redundancy.
Three-Dimensional Flight Conflict Detection and Resolution Based on Particle Swarm Optimization
Authors: Pan Weijun , Qin Liru , He Qinyue , Huang Yuanjing
Published: August 2023

This paper presents a conflict detection and resolution method based on a velocity obstacle method for flight conflicts in a three-dimensional space. With the location and speed information of the two aircraft, the optimal relief strategy is obtained using particle swarm optimization. Aiming at the problem of excessive computational complexity in solving flight conflicts in a three-dimensional space with a cylindrical flight protection zone, an improved method for narrowing the search range is proposed to achieve a rapid solution by simplifying the complicated three-dimensional problem into a two-dimensional problem. The generality and flexibility of the method is effectively verified through simulations in flight conflict scenarios which almost cover all common situations. The experimental results show that the method can accurately determine the conflict time and generate the optimal relief strategy for different scenarios. The improved method of optimizing-search-range can significantly improve the computational efficiency, taking about 0.4 s to find the optimal solution, which can be used in real-time conflict resolution. The study provides a new solution for the flight conflict resolution problem.
Titanium Dioxide Nano-Formulation: Characterization, Antimicrobial Activity, and Wound Healing in Animals
Authors: Pangprasit Noppason , Thammawong Yada , Kulsirorat Alongkorn , Chuammitri Phongsakorn , Kongkaew Aphisek , Intanon Montira , Suriyasathaporn Witaya , Pikulkaew Surachai , Chaisri Wasana
Published: August 2023

The use of metal oxide nanoparticles as an alternative antimicrobial agent has gained attention due to the increasing problem of antimicrobial resistance. Understanding its properties and potential benefits can contribute to the development of more effective and sustainable treatments in veterinary medicine. The aim of this study was to characterize TiO2-NP formulations and evaluate their antibacterial and wound healing abilities. The diameters and zeta potentials were determined using the Zetasizer in conjunction with dynamic light scattering. The agar-well diffusion method, time-kill kinetic assay and crystal violet assay were used to evaluate their antimicrobial activities. Wound healing assays were conducted both in vitro and in vivo. The study demonstrated that TiO2-NP formulations exhibit significant antimicrobial properties against various bacterial strains such as S. aureus and E. coli. No measurable E. coli growth was observed within a 15-min period following exposure to TiO2-NP formulations. The TiO2-NP formation can improve wound healing by enhancing cell migration and collagen formation in both in vitro and in vivo conditions. In summary, our study suggests that TiO2-NP has the potential for use as an antimicrobial agent for animal wound treatment due to its ability to suppress bacterial growth and biofilm formation, as well as to enhance wound healing.
Recent Advances in Ni-Based Catalysts for CH4-CO2 Reforming (2013–2023)
Authors: Cai Yajing , Zhang Yunfei , Zhang Xiaodi , Wang Ying , Zhao Yuqiong , Li Guoqiang , Zhang Guojie
Published: August 2023

In recent years, the greenhouse effect has emerged as a major environmental concern. As a result, the utilization and capture of greenhouse gases have become urgent tasks. The dry reforming of methane (DRM) reaction is a technology that directly converts greenhouse gases (CH4 and CO2) into valuable products. Ni-based catalysts have gained significant attention and industrial prospects in DRM reactions due to their excellent performance and cost-effectiveness compared to noble metals. However, challenges such as metal sintering and carbon deposition hinder its industrialization. This paper provides a review of the recent advancements in catalyst design for DRM reactions, with a focus on the impact of additives, supports, and preparation methods on Ni-based catalysts. It also describes the reaction and deactivation mechanisms, as well as the thermodynamics and kinetics of DRM reactions. Furthermore, this paper envisions the main challenges and opportunities associated with Ni-based catalysts in DRM research.
Mandibular Titanium Miniplates Change the Biomechanical Behaviour of the Mandible in the Case of Facial Trauma: A Three-Dimensional Finite Element Analysis
Authors: Graillon Nicolas , Foletti Jean-Marc , Godio-Raboutet Yves , Guyot Laurent , Varazzani Andrea , Thollon Lionel
Published: August 2023

Our study aimed to compare the biomechanical behaviour of mandibles with or without titanium miniplates when subjected to an impact after bone healing using a finite element model (FEM) of the human mandible. We simulated mandibular trauma on an FEM of a human mandible carrying or not two parasymphyseal miniplates and applying a concentrated force of 2000 N to four different areas, including the insertion area, the area straddling the edge of the miniplates and the adjacent bone, at a distance from the miniplates on the symphysis, and on the basilar border of the mandible below the miniplates. Then, we compared the Von Mises stress distributions between the two models. In the case of an impact on the miniplates, the maximum Von Mises stress occurred in two specific areas, on the cortical bone at the posterior border of the two miniplates at a distance from the impact, while in the model without miniplates, the Von Mises stresses were homogenously distributed in the impact area. The presence of titanium miniplates in the case of trauma affects the biomechanical behaviour of the mandible and could cause more complex fractures. We recommend informing patients of this potential risk.
The Role of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Secretome in the Inflammatory Mediators and the Survival Rate of Rat Model of Sepsis
Authors: Sari Mutiara Indah , Jusuf Nelva Karmila , Munir Delfitri , Putra Agung , Bisri Tatang , Ilyas Syafruddin , Farhat Farhat , Muhar Adi Muradi , Rusda Muhammad , Amin Mustafa Mahmud
Published: August 2023

In sepsis, simultaneously elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and interleukin (IL)-10 indicate immune response dysregulation, increasing the mortality of the host. As mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) secretome is known to have immunomodulatory effects, we aim to assess the role of MSC secretome in the inflammatory mediators (NF-κB p65 and p50, TNF-α, IL-10) and the survival rate of a rat model of sepsis. In this study, forty-eight male Rattus norvegicus rats were divided into one sham group and three groups with sepsis induction: the control group and the sepsis-induced rat groups treated with 150 μL (T1) and 300 μL (T2) of secretome. The survival rate was observed per 6 h for 48 h and plotted using the Kaplan–Meier method. Compared to the control group, T2 showed a significant decrease in the relative expression of NF-κB and the serum TNF-α level, and a significant increase in the serum IL-10 level. Meanwhile, T1 showed a significant decrease in the serum TNF-α level compared to the control group. The Kaplan–Meier Log Rank test did not show significance in the distribution of survival between T1, T2, and the control group. However, from the 18th to the 36th hour, the survival rate of T2 was lower than the survival rate of the control group and T1, with a noticeable difference between T2 and the control group, as well as T1 at the 36th hour. At the 42nd hour, the survival rate of T2 was the same as the control group and remained lower than T1. In conclusion, MSC secretome regulated the inflammatory mediators in rat model of sepsis, with a dose of 150 μL being more effective.
Glial Populations in the Human Brain Following Ischemic Injury
Authors: Mihailova Victoria , Stoyanova Irina I. , Tonchev Anton B.
Published: August 2023

There is a growing interest in glial cells in the central nervous system due to their important role in maintaining brain homeostasis under physiological conditions and after injury. A significant amount of evidence has been accumulated regarding their capacity to exert either pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory effects under different pathological conditions. In combination with their proliferative potential, they contribute not only to the limitation of brain damage and tissue remodeling but also to neuronal repair and synaptic recovery. Moreover, reactive glial cells can modulate the processes of neurogenesis, neuronal differentiation, and migration of neurons in the existing neural circuits in the adult brain. By discovering precise signals within specific niches, the regulation of sequential processes in adult neurogenesis holds the potential to unlock strategies that can stimulate the generation of functional neurons, whether in response to injury or as a means of addressing degenerative neurological conditions. Cerebral ischemic stroke, a condition falling within the realm of acute vascular disorders affecting the circulation in the brain, stands as a prominent global cause of disability and mortality. Extensive investigations into glial plasticity and their intricate interactions with other cells in the central nervous system have predominantly relied on studies conducted on experimental animals, including rodents and primates. However, valuable insights have also been gleaned from in vivo studies involving poststroke patients, utilizing highly specialized imaging techniques. Following the attempts to map brain cells, the role of various transcription factors in modulating gene expression in response to cerebral ischemia is gaining increasing popularity. Although the results obtained thus far remain incomplete and occasionally ambiguous, they serve as a solid foundation for the development of strategies aimed at influencing the recovery process after ischemic brain injury.