bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Economic Dualism and Finance: The Lower Mississippi Delta
Authors: Weber William , Devaney Michael
Published: March 2021

A multiple discriminant model is used to test the pervasive nature of economic dualism in the Lower Mississippi Delta Region (LMDR). Much of the policy discussion by The Delta Commission and the Congressional Delta Caucus has tended to focus on local financial constraints. While bank deposits and restrictive branching laws entered the discriminant function, our results suggest that the problems of the Delta are economically and socially pervasive. In addition to finance, public policy in the LMDR should also promote investment in human capital.
Comparative State Employment Growth: An Exploratory Investigation
Authors: Riefler Roger F.
Published: March 2021

This paper uses the Mead/Ramsay version of shift/share analysis to investigate the comparative employment performance (80s vs. 70s) of the 50 states and D.C. State performance is ranked and compared with various measures of business climate, labor costs and trade sensitivity. The results are disappointing. More interesting results are derived when state policy measures are contrasted to improvement in state comparative advantage. These results, plus the geographic clustering of states improving their performance, suggest further research is warranted.
An Empirical Test of the Interaction Between Regional Financial Markets and Regional Growth
Authors: Amos, Jr. Orley M. , Kermani Majid , Wingender John R.
Published: March 2021

Two models of the interaction between regional financial markets and regional production are examined. The first assumes that regional expenditures are determined by the regional interest rate, analogous to national IS-LM macroeconomic models. The second assumes that regional expenditures are constrained by the availability of regional credit available through financial markets. The first model implies regional financial markets have no effect on national growth if financial capital is perfectly mobile. However, the second model indicates regional growth is affected by regional financial markets. This difference is tested using gross product and commercial bank loan data for states from 1965 to 1985. A two-step procedure is used that (1) estimates the structural coefficients for each state through time series analysis, then (2) tests the explanatory power of these coefficients in a cross-section analysis of state growth rates. This analysis indicates that regional financial markets exhibit a positive impact on regional growth.
The Dimensions Of Regional Economic Development Theory
Authors: Johnson Thomas G.
Published: March 2021

My interest in the dimensions of regional economic development theory developed over a period of years as I searched for ways to organize my lectures in a graduate course in Rural Economic Development. I found that students were somewhat bewildered by the array of concepts, theories, hypotheses, models, and methods they were asked to absorb all under the title of rural development. At the same time, I hoped to understand a little better the relationship between regional economics, regional development, and rural economic development. This paper is the product of that search.
Demographic Influences on the Number of Children at School Entry Ages, with Examples from Three States
Authors: Schmertmann Carl P. , Mathews T.J. , Nam Charles B.
Published: March 2021

When demographic rates are in flux, each age group within a regional population grows at a different rate. This paper analyzes the effects of changes in fertility, mortality, and net migration patterns on the growth of school entry-age populations in three states (Florida, South Carolina, and West Virginia) over the period 1950-1990. Fertility changes have had the largest influence on growth of these young populations, as common sense suggests. Changing migration patterns have been quite important, however, in explaining intertemporal and interspatial variations in growth rates. Furthermore, migration’s effects on age-specific growth rates can be counterintuitive. Most importantly, sustained net in-migration does not necessarily generate positive growth of age-specific populations within a state. We discuss some implications for policy and for improving population projections.
Estimating Demand for Public Rural Roads in Texas
Authors: Crane Laurence M. , Pinnoi Nat , Fuller Stephen W.
Published: March 2021

Following Bergstrom and Goodman, private demand functions for publicly provided rural roads in Texas are estimated at the county level. Results show the effect of income and tax rate (price) to have the expected effect and the demand for rural roads to have changed over time. In particular, demand has become more inelastic, and the influence of income on demand has moderated.
On the Persistent Structure of Metropolitan Income Inequality, 1900-1980
Authors: Persky Joseph , Tam Mo-Yin
Published: March 2021

A unique data set for 1900 is used to construct estimates of mean incomes and Gini coefficients for normal families in principal cities of 33 states. Southern states showed much higher inequality levels than northern ones. Ceteris paribus, income levels were inversely related to inequality, while non-white population shares were positively related to inequality. Inequality rose for the very largest areas, but somewhat surprisingly fell with higher illiteracy rates. The Census PUS for 1980 was used to construct state samples based as closely as possible on the definitions of normal families and principal cities used in 1900. The general cross-sectional pattern of inequality in 1980 was remarkably similar to that of 1900, although there seems to have been a convergence of inequality levels and a declining significance of race and region.
Geography and Regional Science: Interdisciplinary Disciplines of Area Analysis
Authors: Moriarty Barry M.
Published: March 2021

What regional science did most for geography was to provide a forum for the ideas and methodologies of scientific human geographers that were not and are apparently still not acceptable to a large number of geographers. Scientific geographers’ ideas and methods of analysis were and are accepted in regional science because many other practitioners of regional science are interested in the same ideas and methods. Thus, there exists a reciprocal appreciation between scientific geographers and practitioners of other disciplines interested in regional science.
Wealth and Income Effects of Natural Disasters: An Econometric Analysis of Hurricane Hugo
Authors: Guimaraes Paulo , Hefner Frank L. , Woodward Douglas P.
Published: March 2021

Following natural disasters, many regions face substantial losses of wealth. However, some sectors experience temporary gains in economic activity as a result of insurance claims and other short-term income flows. This paper examines the economic gains and losses from Hurricane Hugo in South Carolina. The analysis is based on a multi-sector regional econometric model, which allows us to examine the state’s economy “with and without” the storm. We first obtained estimates based on pre-Hugo period data. Then, we simulated the state’s economy in the post-Hugo period based on the actual values of national economic variables during the reconstruction period-yielding the “without” storm estimates. We found that the income gains were neutral overall, despite a major surge in some sectors. Even in these sectors, the economic gain remained below the unreimbursed wealth loss. Thus, the catastrophe had a net negative economic effect.
Energy Price Shocks and Regional Output and Employment
Authors: Bohi Douglas R. , Powers John R.
Published: March 2021

This paper assesses the importance of energy price shocks to short-term fluctuations in state output and employment. In one set of cross-state regressions, the positive effects of energy production are compared with the negative effects of energy used in industrial production during the 1978-80 period of rising energy prices and the 1985-87 period of falling energy prices. A separate regression compares the effect of energy prices and macroeconomic stabilization policy on economic performance in energy-producing and nonproducing states. Overall, monetary policy appears to be more important than energy prices in explaining relative state economic performance.
Distributed Lag Effects of Transportation Expenditures on Rural Income and Employment
Authors: Crane Laurence M. , Leatham David J.
Published: March 2021

Effects of transportation expenditures on income and employment were evaluated using polynomial distributed lags. Results indicate that a 1 percent increase in transportation expenditures increased farm income in rural areas by 1.94 percent, distributed over four years, and nonfarm income by 0.86 percent, distributed over six years. Similar positive results were found for farm and nonfarm employment in rural areas distributed over nine years.
Measuring the Economic Impacts of Reducing Environmentally Damaging Production Activities
Authors: Siegel Paul B. , Johnson Thomas G.
Published: March 2021

The joint production of desirable economic goods and undesirable environmental by-products is not uncommon. An expedient means of reducing undesirable by-products is to reduce production of the desired good. This paper addresses the use of input-output models for analyzing the economic impacts of environmental programs that intentionally reduce output and compensate some economic agents for associated income and employment losses. The objective of this paper is to specify some basic principles that are essential for the economic impact analysis of such programs when using input-output models and to demonstrate how neglect of these principles may lead to ambiguous results for policy analysis.
The Manufacturing Employment Longitudinal Density Distribution In The USA
Authors: Moriarty Barry M.
Published: March 2021

This microanalysis of manufacturing employment density-distribution patterns in the United States from 1947 to 1982 reveals that the density of production workers increased with distance from the Manufacturing Belt, while the density of nonproduction workers decreased. The research supports the hypothesis that the nation’s hierarchical system of cities has served to sort manufacturing operations geographically on the basis of the returns that could be derived from different sized urban centers. As a consequence of this sorting process, nonproduction workers have become more concentrated in large urban centers, while production workers have become more concentrated in smaller settlements. Because most large urban centers are located in the Northeast and East North-Central regions, nonproduction workers have become more concentrated in the Manufacturing Belt, while production workers have settled primarily in other regions of the country. The process has helped to foster the development of a mosaic of geographically bifurcated labor markets among the larger and smaller urban centers throughout the country. The keywords in this paper include: deindustrialization, industrial restructuring, economic development, manufacturing employment redistribution, urban system, and industrial decentralization.
Annexation Impact on Municipal Efficiency
Authors: Liner Gaines H.
Published: March 2021

In recent decades, annexation has been the major form of city growth in all parts of the United States except the Northeast. Several studies in the literature suggest that high annexation activity leads to bureau inefficiency. Using 1960s data in a national sample of 403 cities, this study found annexation activity to be inversely correlated with the growth rates of two major indicators of municipal bureau inefficiency. The annexation of people was found to be inversely correlated with rates of growth of per capita municipal employment and per capita fire and police expenditures. Total expenditures per capita were not found to be statistically related to changes in annexation activity. These results indicate that annexation activity per se does not lead to bureau inefficiency in cities.
Migration Decisions and Site-Specific Attributes of Public Policy: Microeconomic Evidence from the NLSY
Authors: Knapp Thomas A. , White Nancy E.
Published: March 2021

This paper demonstrates a relationship between migration and public policy and suggests a role for migration in regional development. Numerous studies have analyzed the relationship between migration and specific aspects of public policy, and simultaneous equations models have included public policy variables that are found to influence both firm location and migration. Yet, none of these studies has generated a comprehensive migration-oriented study of regional development that can be evaluated along with the firm location literature. Increasing evidence of the importance of public sector variables in the household location decision suggests further study of migration and regional development. Our empirical results contribute to the literature linking migration and public sector characteristics. We link migration to public policy by treating tax and expenditure variables as site attributes in a utility maximization model. We fmd that public sector attributes, through their effect on migration, are among the determinants of regional development.
The Role of Region and Coastal Location in Explaining Metropolitan Population Growth Differentials During the 1980s
Authors: Serow William J. , O'Cain Steven M.
Published: March 2021

There has recently been some speculation that the physical location of a community on the coast plays an equal or even more important role than does region in terms of the importance of geography upon population growth. This paper explores in empirical fashion the relative importance of coastal siting, as well as location, in the South or West, along with variables measuring economic base and demographic structure in explaining the relative rates of population growth in American metropolitan areas from 1980 to 1990.
Paths to Ownership of Small Businesses Among Immigrants in Israeli Cities and Towns
Authors: Razin Eran
Published: March 2021

This paper examines the role of location and ethnicity in paths to entrepreneurship among immigrants in Israel. focusing on differences between immigrants of Eastern (Middle Eastern and North African) and Western (European and American) origin, and between metropolitan and nonmetropolitan locations. Analysis is based on census data for cohorts of immigrants defined by age and year of immigration and on a survey of blue-collar and distribution small businesses. The combination of a population of Eastern origin and peripheral location created the most restricted paths to entrepreneurship. These paths were characterized by a high dependency on kinship and social networks for advancement through blue-collar and distribution self-employment opportunities in locations where such opportunities and supportive networks were least available.
Residential Location, Workplace Location, and Black Earnings
Authors: Sexton Edwin A.
Published: March 2021

Despite the fairly large amount of research devoted to the topic, the debate continues over the relationship between residential location, workplace location, and black economic well-being as measured by employment and/or earnings. The current work compares the earnings of black workers who live and work in the central city to otherwise equal blacks who live and work in the suburbs. In addition, we decompose the black/white intrametropolitan earnings differential into three parts: 1. that portion caused by differences in the characteristics of blacks and whites, 2. that portion due to differences in the market valuation of these characteristics, and 3. that portion due to differences in the spatial characteristics of blacks and whites. We find both that residentiaVworkplace combinations significantly impact earnings and that, of the portion of the earnings gap explained by differences in characteristics, a significant part is explained by differences in spatial characteristics.
Regional Economic Development and Pari-Mutuel Racing: The Odds
Authors: Ray Margaret A.
Published: March 2021

For many years regions have benefited from the existence of pari-mutuel horse racing tracks. Significant government revenue has been generated, racing and horse related industry has been developed, and tourism has been greatly increased for these regions as a direct result of the existence of a pari-mutuel race track. Supporters of racing point out that the race tracks provide jobs and revenue for the area, and that the development which accompanies the tracks does not lead to some of the negative externalities associated with industrial development. Recognizing these benefits, many states are contemplating or have recently passed laws to allow pari-mutuel betting. These states hope that pari-mutuel race tracks will bring economic development to and provide government revenue for the region. This paper develops a theoretical model and uses empirical analysis to identify the factors which determine the success or failure of pari-mutuel horse racing tracks.
Sources of Wage Differentials Between Native and Immigrant Workers: A Regional Analysis
Authors: Daneshvary Nasser , Weber William L.
Published: March 2021

Sources of wage differential between native and all immigrant, Asian, European, and Latin American workers are examined by estimating hedonic wage equations and employing wage differential decomposition methodology. In addition the extent of interregional differences in such differential is investigated. Results show that a large portion of the wage differential is due to the level and valuation of pre- and post-migration experiences and education. However, some portion of wage differential is due to wage discrimination (residual difference). These findings are by no means uniform for all ethnic groups or for all regions of the United States. The portion of wage differential attributable to possible discrimination is highest for Latin American and nonexistent for Europeans. Overall, the estimated levels of wage discrimination against immigrants are lower, and the regional pattern of these estimates is consistent with the findings of wage discrimination studies of blacks and women.
Some Implications of College Students and Military Personnel for the Age Structure of Migration
Authors: Kindahl James K. , Nakosteen Robert A.
Published: March 2021

This paper examines the impact of a college or military installation in a metropolitan area on the age structure of the migration for the area. We find that the presence of such institutions causes significant and systematic impacts on the age patterns of in- and out-migration that may not be obvious a priori. Failure to account for these effects in studies of gross migration (whether or not aggregated over age groups}, or of net migration by age, will typically lead to bias or to inefficiency in the results, depending on the techniques of analysis used.
Regulation, Ownership Form, and the Economic Efficiency of Rural Electric Distribution Cooperatives
Authors: Hallas Daniel R. , Stansell Stanley R.
Published: March 2021

This paper uses a translog profit function to analyze economic efficiency in rural electric distribution cooperatives for the period 1974-1982. Hypotheses dealing with absolute price efficiency, the effect of capital on profit and the effect of service area density on profit are tested. The paper uses a translog profit function analysis with both fixed and variable inputs to test the various hypotheses. Regulatory intensity variables are developed and used to examine the effect of regulation on technical efficiency. The results indicate that cooperatives are not profit maximizers, regulation has a negligible effect on technical efficiency, capital positively affects profit, and increasing service area density positively affects profit.
Divergence Of Per Capita Real Gross State Product By Sector
Authors: Amos, Jr. Orley M.
Published: March 2021

This paper examines the divergence of per capita real gross state product in the United States from 1963 to 1986. By extending earlier analyses of increasing regional income inequality, this paper hypothesizes that regional inequality is increasing due to the existence of a 100-year growth pole cycle that relies on the emergence of major product innovations. Each growth pole cycle, leading to separate 50-year periods of increasing, then decreasing, regional inequality, is hypothesized to generate recent increases in inequality. Regression analysis, using gross state product data, indicates that three sectors-transportation, communications, and public utilities; retail trade; and finance, insurance, and real estate-are the leading sectors for the onset of increasing regional inequality.
The Impact of Changes on Military Expenditures on the Washington State Economy
Authors: Hughes David , Holland David , Wandschneider Philip
Published: March 2021

This study provides a better understanding of the nature and significance of military spending to the Washington State economy. The pattern of military spending on Washington-produced goods and services is summarized for the past, and simulations are made for later years. The impact on employment and income of military spending relative to other sources of demand is examined with an input/output model of the Washington economy. Estimates are made of the job growth in Washington that can be attributed to the Reagan military buildup. Three-year simulations indicate that military-generated demand is not likely to be the engine of economic growth in the state that it had been in the previous decade. Growth in the future levels of foreign exports may replace losses in income and employment as future military spending in the state declines.
Unionization and Unemployment Rates: A Re-Examination of Olson’s Labor Cartelization Hypothesis
Authors: Gruben William C. , Phillips Keith R.
Published: March 2021

This paper presents a test of Mancur 0lson’s theory of the role that labor cartelization plays in determining interregional variations in unemployment rates. In Olson’s theory, the regional degree of labor cartelization contributes to interregional variations in unemployment rates. We show that Olson’s theory may be validated in the context of an empirical model that accommodates not only his theory, but also a competing hypothesis due to Freeman and Medoff, as well as business-cycle and sectoral shift related explanations of interregional variations in unemployment rates. Nevertheless, our results also offer partial substantiation of the Freeman and Medoff hypothesis. According to Freeman and Medoff, the positive relation between variation in degrees of unionization and unemployment rates among geographic regions may reflect the concentration of unions in older industrial parts of the economy.
The Adequacy of Capital Markets for Rural Nonfarm Businesses
Authors: Rogers Glenn , Shaffer Ron , Pulver Glen
Published: March 2021

The recent farm crisis has increased awareness of nonfarm businesses’ contribution to future economic development in rural areas. Rural area residents increasingly depend on employment off the farm. A crucial determinant of rural nonfarm businesses growth is the adequacy of local capital markets. This study recognizes it is impossible to precisely measure capital market adequacy for rural nonfarm businesses. Instead the work measures the relative difficulty in acquiring capital for firms of varying types after attempting to account for major risk indicators. In this study, a capital market is considered inadequate if businesses have difficulty obtaining funds because of non-risk reasons.
Interregional Filtering-Down of a Household Asset: The Case of the Automobile Age Mix in Israel
Authors: Stern Eliahu
Published: March 2021

An interregional filtering-down process of a household asset was examined through the study of spatial changes in the age mix of private cars. The relative share effect of shift share analysis was used to identify cities exporting and importing old cars using Israel as a national case. A causal path model supported the hypothesis that a core-periphery filtering-down process characterizes the spread of private cars. A further analysis of the car market demonstrated the regional impact of the automobile filtering process. The latter was found to have a core-positive effect that both directly and indirectly, increases regional inequality. Peripheries thus are always expected to have a relatively larger share of secondary goods than do the cores. The theoretical context of the study is presented first and followed by a proposed mechanism by which the age structure (hereafter the age mix) of the car market is changed. Using Israel as a national case, both a shift-share and a path analysis are used to examine and test the filtering- down process. Finally, the regional implications of the process are discussed.
The Locational Criteria of Footloose Firms: A Formal Model
Authors: Allen Ralph C. , Stone Jack H.
Published: March 2021

A footloose industry was defined originally by William Alonso and Edgar Hoover as an industry for which transport costs are relatively unimportant.The purpose of this paper is to develop a formal model of a footloose firm, and to use this model to analyze the conditions that establish transport footlooseness and the location orientation of the firm. Using this model, the paper also will investigate the mechanisms that Alonso and others suggested would create footlooseness.
The Impact of Cost of Living Differentials on Migration of Elderly People to Florida
Authors: Rasmussen David W. , Fournier Gary M. , Charity Douglas A.
Published: March 2021

Migration patterns of the growing elderly population can have important effects on the economic vitality of regions. In places that receive a disproportionate share of the elderly, such as areas in Florida, Arizona, and California, migration can have magnified effects on the economic base, housing market, infrastructure needs, and social service delivery systems in the region. Local governments typically face the task of anticipating these effects, but are handicapped by a lack of understanding of the migration of elderly people. In this paper the determinants of such migration are analyzed with special reference to how cost of living influences the selection of a destination by migrating elderly persons (55 and over) during 1975-1980. The results of the study support the hypothesis that cost of living differentials provide the elderly an incentive to move that is not unlike the incentive wage differentials provide members of the labor force.
Applying an Industrial Diversification Decision Model to Small Regions
Authors: Schoening Niles C. , Sweeney Larry E.
Published: March 2021

Diversification models based on the analysis of regional industrial portfolios were first developed in the 1970s and applied to the problem of minimizing employment instability in U.S. metropolitan areas.Since then proponents of the portfolio approach have asserted that it can be a useful tool in devising both long and short term strategies to guide the growth of a region. However, none of these authors has applied it to small regions such as a county located in a non-metropolitan area. The purpose of this paper is to assess the applicability of the industrial portfolio analysis approach in four non-metropolitan North Alabama counties. The authors contend that the lack of detailed time-series data seriously degrades the utility of this technique, not only in non-metropolitan regions but also in previously studied larger regions. When faced with these constraints, researchers in the past either have employed highly aggregated local data in their models or have substituted national data for missing local data. This leads to a misspecification of the variance-covariance matrix used to optimize the industrial mix of the region and consequently to erroneous policy recommendations.
Measures of Shifts in Regional Retail Trade
Authors: Senl David R.
Published: March 2021

In this paper a new measure or index of retail trade is developed to measure the extent and direction of spatial shifts in retail trade. The index, based on the concepts of market share and concentration, yields static and dynamic measures of shifting retail trade patterns that supplement other retail trade indicators such as pull factors, leakage measures, and per capita sales figures commonly used to analyze intertemporal trade shifts. The technique introduced also is used to judge the relative influence of rural income growth and shifting spatial shopping patterns on the decline in rural retail trade. This is achieved by comparing changes in retail sales and income concentration indexes. Both indexes are calculated from community-level data. Past retail trade research has tended to use community- level retail sales but county-level income data. The empirical evidence presented suggests that the recent decrease in rural retail trade has been due more to shifts in spatial shopping patterns than to declining rural retail purchasing power.
Off-Farm Earnings: The Impact of Economic Structure
Authors: McNamara Kevin T. , Gunter Lewell F.
Published: March 2021

Local economic structure, or opportunities to earn nonfarm income, should have significant implications for farm family income. This paper reports the results of an analysis of the off-farm earnings of Georgia and Oklahoma farm operators. Unlike earlier studies, this analysis examines the relationship between the economic region in which a farm operator resides and his allocation of labor to non farm activities. The following section of the paper presents the theoretical basis for the analysis. This is followed by sections on the empirical model, the data, the results and the conclusions.
Spatial Price Aggregation, Item Weight and Constant Utility
Authors: Simmons James C. , Schneider Elihu
Published: March 2021

It should be obvious that it would be meaningless to aggregate the prices of unlike items to form one index from two. It is for this reason that the BLS, to all intents and purposes, uses approximately the same list of items in all locations for the price survey. The BLS is very careful to insure that the physical and qualitative characteristics of items are the same in all locations. They make no assumption about the utility of items for consumers, although they use different location-specific item weights or ‘relative importances.’ This article proposes to demonstrate some of the effects of this practice.
An Analysis of Oil Price Shocks on the Colorado Economy Using Vector Autoregression
Authors: Bohara Alok K.
Published: March 2021

This paper analyzes the effects of oil price shocks on the Colorado economy by using the innovation-accounting technique of Sims (1980) to study the channels of influence. The paper demonstrates that a time series model can be used to model a regional economy by integrating both macro and regional factors in a vector autoregression. A six-variable vector autoregression containing three macro variables (real oil price, interest rate and real GNP) and three regional variables (employment, real income, and consumer price index) is analyzed. The oil price variable is found to be exogenous to the entire system, and all three macro variables are exogenous to the local economy. A positive oil price shock has been found to affect RGNP negatively. The influence of oil price shocks on employment and income in Colorado also is negative, meaning that, although it is an oil-producing state, Colorado does not benefit from a higher oil price.
Chamberlin’s Solution in a Spatial Market
Authors: Benson Bruce L. , Feinberg Robert M.
Published: March 2021

A rather large body of recent literature has explored the implications of various conjectural variations in spatial pricing models. Very different conclusions have been reached as to which conjecture is appropriate for spatial modeling. The purpose of this paper is to add to this debate through application to a spatial model of two sets of arguments which stress that entrepreneurs learn.
The Nonmetropolitan South in the 1990s: Convergence or Stagnation?
Authors: Knox Hugh W.
Published: March 2021

For the past 25 years, members of this Association, together with a few select nonmembers, have made major contributions to the theory and measurement of regional economic growth and development and to the development and implementation of regional, state, and local economic development policy. However, the question of whether those theories of regional growth and development can lead to unequivocal policy recommendations for a region like the nonmetropolitan South remains unresolved. Will there continue to be inevitable marketdirected convergence in wages and per capita personal income as predicted by the staunchest neoclassical believers, those described as “neoclassical moonies” by Richardson (see Miernyk, 1982)? Or will the nonmetropolitan South continue forever to be on the end of the product cycle described by Norton and Rees (1979)? Or will the agglomerative and exogeneous forces described by Williamson (1980) and Hansen (1972) lead to divergence between metropolitan and nonmetropolitan wages and per capita incomes? Or, will the future story of the nonmetropolitan South be some combination of the above?
A Further Test of the Competitive Effect in Shift-Share Analysis
Authors: Andrikopoulos Andreas , Brox James , Carvalho Emanuel
Published: March 2021

Shift-share analysis has been used to examine regional and urban development by breaking growth into three sub-components. The purpose of this paper is to test the relationship between the regional competitive share component and capital information by using data for twenty two-digit industries for the provinces of Ontario and Quebec and by extending the analysis to include an out-of-sample ex post forecast evaluation.
Comparative Cyclic Behavior of an Agricultural Economy: Nebraska in the 70s and 80s
Authors: Riefler Roger F.
Published: March 2021

During the period extending from 1970 to 1984 the U.S. economy went through several recessions. For the regional scientist, the similarity between the two national recessions and that of Nebraska’s response to these phenomena suggests a fertile ground for testing the stability of industrial mix and regional competitive effects as isolated by shift/ share analysis.
Substate and SMSA Personal Income Inequality and Regional Development
Authors: Amos, Jr. Orley M.
Published: March 2021

The growth pole theory offers one explanation for observable patterns of regional development, including income inequality. This paper examines income inequality within a growth pole context testing whether growth poles are a necessary or merely sufficient condition for regional development.
Expenditures on Air Pollution Control Under Federal Regulation
Authors: Quinn Robert , Yandle Bruce
Published: March 2021

Air pollution and other environmental regulation migrated from state and local jurisdictions to the federal level in the early 1970s. The research reported here seeks to explain the level of expenditures incurred by states on regulatory activities for air pollution control during the federal period, as contrasted with the earlier state-control period.
Southern Appalachian Handicraft Industry: Implications for Regional Economic Development
Authors: Miller H. Max , Brown E. Evan , Centner Terence J.
Published: March 2021

This study is based on data obtained in a survey of Southern Appalachian craftspeople and provides information on occupational entry, occupational involvement, and economic impact as well as the legal ramifications of participation by members of the handicraft industry.
Cyclical Aspects of Black Unemployment: An Empirical Analysis
Authors: Hashemzadeh Nozar , Long Burl F.
Published: March 2021

This paper examines, in a national perspective, the extent to which the “typical” unemployment cycle and its duration differ for non-whites. Drawing on annual data from 1950 to 1982, the study attempts to show how the burden of unemployment shifts from whites to blacks and vice-versa over the course of the business cycle.
Commercial Bank Loans and Non-Metropolitan Economic Activity: A Question of Causality
Authors: Barkley David L. , Helander Peter E.
Published: March 2021

The Granger test for causality was applied to 1975-1980 loan and retail sales data for 27 non-metropolitan Arizona communities to determine if banks have played an active or passive role in community development. Regression results for Arizona indicate that bank lending was sensitive to past local economic activity. No statistical evidence was found to indicate that bank lending leads local economic development.
Physical Water Use and Water Sector Activity in Environmental Input-Output Analysis
Authors: Alabi Oluwafisayo , Munday Max , Swales Kim , Turner Karen
Published: March 2021

This paper uses input-output accounting methods to identify the direct, indirect, and induced physical demand for water. The seminal work by Leontief (1970) has previously motivated a more extensive account of issues related to those sectors that generate and those that clean/treat polluting outputs. The present paper extends this approach to deal with sectors that use a natural resource and those that supply it. We take, as a case study, public water use and supply in Wales. The analysis shows how the proposed method, using both the quantity input-output model and the associated price dual, can be used to investigate the economy-wide implications of the deviation between expenditures on the output of the water sector and actual physical water supplied. The results indicate that the price paid for water varies greatly amongst different uses; in particular, household consumption is charged at a higher price than intermediate industrial demand. We argue that decision makers (in this case, policy makers and industry regulators) require such analysis and information in order to understand the demands on and supply of water resources and their role in supporting economic expansion, whilst simultaneously adopting appropriate strategies for achieving water sustainability objectives.
Comparison of Non-Survey Input-Output Estimates using Alternative Reduction Techniques
Authors: Braschler Curtis , Procter Michael , Kuehn John A.
Published: March 2021

This paper presents a theoretical and empirical comparison of location quotient and supply-demand pool techniques for regionalizing national input-output systems. The 1972 national model was used in this study because it was the most recent available. The major conceptual difference in the 1972 version as compared to earlier versions is that the 1972 model is a commodity to industry output transformation rather than the traditional industry to industry transformation.
An Econometric Analysis of the Effects of Reductions in Food Stamp Benefits and Cash-Out in Puerto Rico
Authors: Hill Marianne T. , Udall Alan T.
Published: March 2021

The Economic and Financial Council of the Governor has estimated an econometric model of the Puerto Rican economy which makes possible statistical studies of changes in the economy. This study uses the Council’s model to examine several questions regarding the impact of the food stamp program, the reduction in funding, and the switch to checks from stamps.
Federal Perceptions and Policy Versus Virgin Islands Reality
Authors: McElroy Jerome E. , de Albuquerque Klaus
Published: March 2021

There is a long-standing tradition of discrepant perceptions of development problems and remedies in many present and former colonial areas. Thus it is not surprising that conflicts have often infested the coordination of colonial economic policy since these arrangements generally involve two distinct groups separated by distance, experience, context, and decision-making authority. Such has been the case in the United States Virgin Islands.
Interregional Total Flow: A Concept and Appication to a U.S. Input-Output Model
Authors: Szyrmer Janusz , Walker Robert
Published: March 2021

Previous attempts to characterize a total flow concept have been largely limited to single sector impacts. In this paper, an initial step is taken to provide a foundation for developing such a concept. In addition, a variant of Input-Output Analysis based on total flow considerations is introduced; for the sake of distinction it is called Flow Analysis.
Tuition Tax Credits and the Market for Private Schooling in North Carolina
Authors: Jud G. Donald
Published: March 2021

This paper develops estimates of the impact of tuition tax credits on private school enrollment within the state of North Carolina. Data for the study were obtained from a 1980 survey of private elementary and secondary schools. The price and income elasticities of demand are found to be in the inelastic range, and the price elasticity of supply for elementary and secondary schooling combined is found to be very elastic. The paper shows that overall tax savings could result from a tuition tax credit program.
Regional Development and Labor Turnover: More on the Frostbelt/Sunbelt Controversy
Authors: Premus Robert , Fichtenbaum Rudy
Published: March 2021

Much has been written about plant closings in the frostbelt states and the economic expansion of the sunbelt. The purpose of this paper is to rectify this deficiency in the regional economic development literature. A cross-section model of interindustry labor turnover behavior is developed and tested using data from the manufacturing sector in 1976. A surprising result is the lack of evidence that workers are quitting their jobs in the frostbelt to move to the sunbelt.
Modeling the Multiregional Economy: Integrating Econometric and Input-Output Models
Authors: Kort John R. , Cartwright Joseph V.
Published: March 2021

Over the last decade, considerable research has been devoted to modeling the linkages within the national economy in a more disaggregate fashion. In addition to more detailed industry models, a number of multiregional models have been constructed to capture the nation-to-region, region-to-nation, and region-to-region linkages. Both multiregional input-output and multiregional econometric models have been developed for this purpose. Little research has used these two models in a complementary fashion. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate how such an integration may be accomplished at a multiregional level.
Accounting for Subnational Economic Growth: The Hawaiian Experience, 1900-1976
Authors: Mark Shelley M. , Ono Mitsuo
Published: March 2021

Renewed interest in growth accounting as a means of analyzing long-term performance of an economy has recently coincided with a noticable slowdown in the US productivity growth rate. However, there does not appear to have been any systematic attempts to analyze long-term trends at the subnational level. This paper represents a first attempt to apply growth accounting methodology to a state or subnational jurisdiction, Hawaii.
Earnings Expectations and the Role of Human Capital in the Migration Decision: An Empirical Analysis
Authors: Nghiep Nguyen huu , Herzog, Jr. Henry W. , Schlottmann Alan M.
Published: March 2021

In most theories of migration, economic incentives are considered important determinates of mobility. One such theory, which draws upon the human capital literature, views migration as an investment that inreases the productivity of human resources. On the other hand, an alternative thery views migration as a response to current income differences across space. This study provides an empirical test of the purported superiority of the human capital theory.
Estimation and Evaluation of State Price Indexes for the Period 1967-1978: An Empirical Note
Authors: Grady Stephan T.
Published: March 2021

Much empirical work in economics utilizes data bases defined for individual states. In any cases, as for instance when estimating demand functions with pooled cross section and time series data, the correct specification of the hypothesized model requires a price index for each state. Therefore, solutions to this problem have varied and included using the national Consumer Price Index, thereby ignoring the spatial variation in prices. The purpose of this research is to estimate and evaluate a set of state price indexes for the period 1967-1978 that can be used in further research efforts.
Taxation and Pollution Control: An Illustration
Authors: Barnett A.H.
Published: March 2021

In recent years, economists have devoted a great deal of attention to the issue of taxation for environmental quality control. The purpose of this paper is to present a framework which can be applied to calculate taxes to satisfy present environmental quality standards and to illustrate the operation of that framework by calculating emission taxes for selected sulfur oxide emitters in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania. The framework is also used to show that policies requiring uniform control standards for all polluters can result in substantial increases in control costs over policies which recognize differential abatement costs across firms.
Changing Input-Output Coefficients: The Case of West Virginia
Authors: Loviscek Anthony L.
Published: March 2021

This study analyzes changes in input-output coefficients for the West Virginia economy. The study uses the 1965 and 1975 survey-based West Virginia input-output tables. First, changes are reported on demand (input) and supply (output) sides, using direct coefficient and Leontief inverse matrices. Second, pictorial representations of input-output changes are analyzed using graph-theoretic techniques.
Using the Shift-Share Technology in Economies with Widely Varying Sectoral Growth Rates: Observations and a Suggested Model Modification
Authors: Gordon John R. , Hackett William B. , Mulkey David
Published: March 2021

Shift-share is a descriptive tool of regional analysis which provides a systematic means of analyzing and categorizing economic change into component parts so that forces behind the change can be identified. This article addresses a problem or peculiarity of shift-share analysis which arises when the technique is utilized in rapidly changing economics where a substantial portion of the change is concentrated in a few sectors. This feature of the shift-share technique can cause analysts and policy makers to focus unnecessary attention on the industrial-mix portion of the analysis.
A Note on Nonsurvey Input-Output Models for Multicounty Regions
Authors: Henry Mark
Published: March 2021

Despite the debate on the relative merits of survey, nonsurvey, and semi-survey methods of estimating regional input-output models, nonsurvey techniques are widely used because they are low cost. Among those low cost alternatives that use published regional data and the national IO tables, the simple location quotient (SLQ) approach has been found to yield the most accurate estimates of regional IO tables. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the need for a modification of the SLQ approach whenever this method is used to estimate an aggregate regional IO model and subregional IO models that are components of the aggregate region.
A History of the Process of Capital Accumulation in Pittsburgh: A Marxist Interpretation - Part III
Authors: Houston David
Published: March 2021

After World War II all of the latent tendencies in the Pittsburgh economy became manifest and relative decline became absolute. In trying to follow the accumulation process in Pittsburgh during this period, then, we must keep in mind several intertwined forces. First, the decline of the region. Second, the expanding national economy based on the internationalization of capital. Finally, the active intervention of the ruling class to reshape the economic structure.
The Choice of Journey Destinations and Length of Stay: A Micro Analysis
Authors: Mak James , Moncur James E.T.
Published: March 2021

Since the 1960s, there has been growing awareness of the importance of pleasure travel as a component of interregional trade and moreover, that travel has become increasingly multi-destinational. Recent increases in airfares have altered the relative costs of travel and intensified competition among vying destinations. How best to maintain one’s relative market position depends on an awareness of the determinants of visitor flows. Despite this, there exists little theoretical or empirical research on the individual demand for travel. This paper looks to fill that gap in the literature.