bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Impact of Online Reverse Auction Design on Buyer–Supplier Relationships
Authors: Jap Sandy D.
Published: December 2006

As the use of online reverse auctions in industrial-sourcing activities grows, buyers and suppliers are increasingly concerned about these auctions’ effects on their interorganizational performance (i.e., suspicions of opportunism, overall satisfaction, and future expectations). This research examines how the buyer's auction design (i.e., the number of bidders, the economic stakes, and price visibility) and the price dynamics over the course of the auction affect its relationship with suppliers. Analysis of 25 quasi experiments involving 125 suppliers and $385 million in procurement contracts suggests that the larger the number of bidders, the larger the economic stakes, and the less visible the price in an auction, the more positive is the impact on the interorganizational relationship. Large price drops (higher savings) over the course of the event have a detrimental effect on the buyer–supplier relationship. For auctions in which the lowest bidder wins, there is a decrease in opportunism suspicions as the economic stakes of the auction increase, and there is an increase in opportunism suspicions in auctions with greater price visibility. Implications for the management of industrial procurement activities are considered.
The Influence of Incidental Affect on Consumers’ Food Intake
Authors: Garg Nitika , Wansink Brian , Inman J. Jeffrey
Published: December 2006

Although incidental affect has been shown to influence both attitude and purchase behavior, it has not been extended to actual consumption. This research investigates whether specific affective states influence food consumption and whether this influence is moderated by factors such as information and the nature of the product (hedonic versus less hedonic). The authors show that an integrative mood management and mood evaluation framework accounts for this relationship more effectively than a self-regulation explanation. A preliminary test and two lab studies show that people eat larger amounts of hedonic foods (buttered popcorn and M&M's) when they are in a sad state than when they are in a happy state and that this effect is attenuated when nutritional information is present. In contrast, they tend to eat larger amounts of a less hedonic product (raisins) when they are in a happy state than when they are in a sad state. The authors discuss implications for responsible marketers, health professionals, and health conscious consumers in the context of campaigns and individual efforts.
Point-of-care C-reactive protein testing in febrile children in general practice
Authors: Monteny Miriam , ten Brinke Marjolein H. , van Brakel Jocelyn , de Rijke Yolanda B. , Berger Marjolein Y.
Published: December 2006

Clin Chem Lab Med 2006;44:1428–32.
National survey on the pre-analytical variability in a representative cohort of Italian laboratories
Authors: Lippi Giuseppe , Montagnana Martina , Giavarina Davide
Published: December 2006

Clin Chem Lab Med 2006;44:1491–4.
Improvement of bacteria detection by flow cytometry (BDFC) / Verbesserter Nachweis von Bakterien mittels Durchflusszytometrie
Authors: Wahl Alexandra , Karo Oliver , Nicol Sven-Boris , Brachert Julia , Lambrecht Bernd , Spengler Hans-Peter , Nauwelaers Frans , Schmidt Michael , Müller Thomas H. , Montag Thomas
Published: December 2006

Since bacterial infection of the recipient has become the most frequent infection risk in transfusion medicine, suitable methods for bacteria detection in blood components are of great interest. Platelet concentrates are currently in the focus of attention as they are stored under temperature conditions, which enable the multiplication of most bacteria species contaminating blood donations. Rapid methods for bacteria detection allow testing immediately before transfusion in a bedside-like manner. This approach would overcome the sampling error observed in early sampling combined with culturing of bacteria and would at least prevent the transfusion of highly contaminated blood components leading to acute septic shock or even death of the patient.

Flow cytometry has been demonstrated to be a rapid and feasible approach for the detection of bacteria in platelet concentrates. The general aim of the current study is to develop protocols for the application of this technique under routine conditions. The effect of improved test reagents on practicability and sensitivity of the method is evaluated. Furthermore, the implementation of fluorescent absolute count beads as an internal standard is demonstrated. A simplified pre-incubation procedure has been worked out in order to diminish the detection limit in a pragmatic manner. Additionally, the application of bacteria detection by flow cytometry (BDFC) as a culture method is shown, i.e., the transfer of samples from PCs into a satellite bag, incubation of the latter at 37°C, and measuring the contaminating bacteria in a flow cytometer.
Differential Reelin-Induced Enhancement of NMDA and AMPA Receptor Activity in the Adult Hippocampus
Authors: Qiu Shenfeng , Zhao Lisa F. , Korwek Kimberly M. , Weeber Edwin J.
Published: December 2006

The developmental lamination of the hippocampus and other cortical structures requires a signaling cascade initiated by reelin and its receptors, apoER2 (apolipoprotein E receptor 2) and VLDLR (very-low-density lipoprotein receptor). However, the functional significance of continued reelin expression in the postnatal brain remains poorly understood. Here, we show that reelin application to adult mice hippocampal slices leads to enhanced glutamatergic transmission mediated by NMDA receptors (NMDARs) and AMPA receptors (AMPARs) through distinct mechanisms. Application of recombinant reelin enhanced NMDAR-mediated currents through postsynaptic mechanisms, as revealed by the variance-mean analysis of synaptic NMDAR currents, assessment of spontaneous miniature events, and the levels of NMDAR subunits at synaptic surface. In comparison, nonstationary fluctuation analysis of miniature AMPAR currents and quantification of synaptic surface proteins revealed that reelin-induced enhancement of AMPAR responses was mediated by increased AMPAR numbers. Reelin enhancement of synaptic NMDAR currents was abolished when receptor-associated protein (RAP) or the Src inhibitor 4-amino-5-(4-methylphenyl)-7-(t-butyl)pyrazolo[3,4-d]-pyrimidine (PP1) was bath applied and was abrogated by including PP1 in the recording electrodes. In comparison, including RAP or an inactive PP1 analog PP3 in the recording electrode was without effect. Interestingly, the increased AMPAR response after reelin application was not blocked by PP1 but was blocked by the phosphoinositide-3′ kinase (PI3K) inhibitors wortmannin and LY294002 [2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-1(4H)-benzopyran-4-one hydrochloride]. Furthermore, reelin-induced, PI3K-dependent AMPAR surface insertion was also observed in cultured hippocampal neurons. Together, these results reveal a differential functional coupling of reelin signaling with NMDAR and AMPAR function and define a novel mechanism for controlling synaptic strength and plasticity in the adult hippocampus.
Elevated Sleep Spindle Density after Learning or after Retrieval in Rats
Authors: Eschenko Oxana , Mölle Matthias , Born Jan , Sara Susan J.
Published: December 2006

Non-rapid eye movement sleep has been strongly implicated in consolidation of both declarative and procedural memory in humans. Elevated sleep-spindle density in slow-wave sleep after learning has been shown recently in humans. It has been proposed that sleep spindles, 12–15 Hz oscillations superimposed on slow waves (<1 Hz), in concert with high-frequency hippocampal sharp waves/ripples, promote neural plasticity underlying remote memory formation. The present study reports the first indication of learning-associated increase in spindle density in the rat, providing an animal model to study the role of brain oscillations in memory consolidation during sleep. An odor–reward association task, analogous in many respects to human paired-associate learning, is rapidly learned and leads to robust memory in rats. Rats learned the task over 10 massed trials within a single session, and EEG was monitored for 3 h after learning. Learning-induced increase in spindle density is reliably reproduced in rats in two different learning situations, differing primarily in the behavioral component of the task. This increase in spindle density is also present after reactivation of remote memory and in situations when memory update is required; it is not observed after noncontingent exposure to reward and training context. The latter results substantially extend findings in humans. The magnitude of increase (∼25%) and the time window of maximal effect (∼1 h after sleep onset) were remarkably similar to human data, making this a valid rodent model to study network interactions through the use of simultaneous unit recordings and local field potentials during postlearning sleep.
Progressive Deafness and Altered Cochlear Innervation in Knock-Out Mice Lacking Prosaposin
Authors: Akil Omar , Chang Jolie , Hiel Hakim , Kong Jee-Hyun , Yi Eunyoung , Glowatzki Elisabeth , Lustig Lawrence R.
Published: December 2006

After a yeast two-hybrid screen identified prosaposin as a potential interacting protein with the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subunit α10, studies were performed to characterize prosaposin in the normal rodent inner ear. Prosaposin demonstrates diffuse organ of Corti expression at birth, with gradual localization to the inner hair cells (IHCs) and its supporting cells, inner pillar cells, and synaptic region of the outer hair cells (OHCs) and Deiters' cells (DCs) by postnatal day 21 (P21). Microdissected OHC and DC quantitative reverse transcriptase-PCR and immunohistology localizes prosaposin mRNA to DCs and OHCs, and protein predominantly to the apex of the DCs. Subsequent studies in a prosaposin knock-out (KO) (−/−) mouse showed intact but slightly reduced hearing through P19, but deafness by P25 and reduced distortion product otoacoustic emissions from P15 onward. Beginning at P12, the prosaposin KO mice showed histologic organ of Corti changes including cellular hypertrophy in the region of the IHC and greater epithelial ridge, a loss of OHCs from cochlear apex, and vacuolization of OHCs. Immunofluorescence revealed exuberant overgrowth of auditory afferent neurites in the region of the IHCs and proliferation of auditory efferent neurites in the region of the tunnel of Corti. IHC recordings from these KO mice showed normalI–Vcurves and responses to applied acetylcholine. Together, these results suggest that prosaposin helps maintain normal innervation patterns to the organ of Corti. Furthermore, prosaposin's overlapping developmental expression pattern and binding capacity toward the nAChR α10 suggest that α10 may also play a role in this function.
Increased Generation of Neuronal Progenitors after Ischemic Injury in the Aged Adult Human Forebrain
Authors: Macas Jadranka , Nern Christian , Plate Karl H. , Momma Stefan
Published: December 2006

The adult human brain retains the capacity to generate new neurons in the hippocampal formation (Eriksson et al., 1998) and neuronal progenitor cells (NPCs) in the forebrain (Bernier et al., 2000), but to what extent it is capable of reacting to injuries, such as ischemia, is not known. We analyzed postmortem tissue from normal and pathological human brain tissue (n= 54) to study the cellular response to ischemic injury in the forebrain. We observed that cells expressing the NPC marker polysialylated neural adhesion cell molecule (PSA-NCAM) are continuously generated in the adult human subventricular zone (SVZ) and migrate along the olfactory tracts. These cells were not organized in migrating chains as in the adult rodent rostral migratory stream, and their number was lower in the olfactory tracts of brains from old (56–81 years of age) compared with young (29 + 36 years of age) individuals. Moreover, we show that in brains of patients of advanced age (60–87 years of age), ischemia led to an elevated number of Ki-67-positive cells in the ipsilateral SVZ without concomitant apoptotic cell death. Additionally, ischemia led to an increased number of PSA-NCAM-positive NPCs close to the lateral ventricular walls, compared with brains of comparable age without obvious neuropathologic changes. These results suggest that the adult human brain retains a capacity to respond to ischemic injuries and that this capacity is maintained even in old age.
“I Let Go My Force Just Touching Her Hair”: Male Sexuality in Athenian Vase-Paintings of Silens and Iambic Poetry
Authors: Hedreen G.
Published: December 2006

Abstract In Archaic Athenian vase-painting, silens (satyrs) are often sexually aroused, but only sporadically satisfy their desires in a manner acceptable to most Athenian men. François Lissarrague persuasively argued that the sexuality of silens in vase-painting was probably laughable rather than awe-inspiring. What sort of laughter did the vase-paintings elicit? Was it the scornful laughter of a person who felt nothing in common with silens, or the laughter of one made to see something of himself in their behavior? For three reasons, I argue for the latter interpretation. First, some vase-paintings are constructed so as to invite the viewer to adopt imaginatively the persona of a silen. Second, parallels for the less-than-triumphant sexuality of silens occur in Archaic iambic poetry. Like the vase-paintings, the poetry was often constructed so that performers of the poems are incorporated into the narratives as all-too-human protagonists. Third, certain formal features of classical satyr-play encouraged the audience to identify with the point of view of the satyr-chorus, while others reminded it that there were better role models than silens. In all three media, a negative characterization of male characters or silens is combined with a manner of presentation that invites the viewer or performer to see himself among those characters despite their negative traits. That form of humor may have been common in Archaic symposia, but its presence in satyr-play suggests that it may also be a fundamental characteristic of silens.
Two Paths to Daniel's Mountain: Poetic-Musical Unity in Aquitanian Versus
Authors: CARLSON RACHEL GOLDEN
Published: December 2006

Textual-musical integration in representative 12th-century Aquitanian versus suggests that poetic and musical language were shaped not independently but rather in conjunction, inspired by the same rhetorical principles. The versus Resonemus hoc natali (Paris, Bibliothèque nationale fonds latin 1139, fol. 50v) and De monte lapis scinditur (London, British Library, Additional Manuscript 36881, fol. 19v), both underexplored in the musicological literature, centrally treat the Biblically inspired topos of Daniel's mountain as a metaphor for Mary's virginity. Witnessing opposite ends of the versus manuscript chronology, these compositions together offer two discrete snapshots of active and shifting approaches to textual-musical expression in veneration of the Virgin.

Stylistic contrasts between the versus parallel a two-pronged path described by English rhetorician Geoffrey de Vinsauf in his influential treatise Poetria nova (ca. 1210). In particular, Geoffrey's notions of the natural and artistic paths furnish interpretive tools for understanding both poetic and musical discourse. While the earlier Resonemus hoc natali takes a linear path that emphasizes narrative structure, the later De monte lapis travels a more circuitous route of permutation and reconstitution, evoking artifice rather than nature. As poetic texts demanded, or conformed to, new rhetorical strategies, music did likewise, and according to similar rhetorical ideals.
Narrating the Urban Waterfront: The Role of Public History in Community Revitalization
Authors: HURLEY ANDREW
Published: December 2006

In recent years, urban waterfronts have become effective settings for community-based public history projects. St. Louis, with a long tradition of historical commemoration on its waterfront, provides an opportunity to examine the trend toward grassroots public history in the context of broader urban redevelopment strategies and identify some of the difficulties encountered in constructing more socially inclusive historical narratives. In particular, the case studies reviewed here highlight the challenge of balancing internal community-building goals with the demands of heritage tourism. The case studies also suggest the enormous potential of grassroots public history to connect the residents of diverse metropolitan areas more meaningfully to the urban landscape and to one another.
Presidential Libraries and Museums: Opportunities for Genuine Reform
Authors: CRAIG R. BRUCE
Published: December 2006

One of the goals of the summer 2006 issue of The Public Historian, which focused on the presidential library system, was “to provoke discussion, especially on the issues that have not received sufficient attention or have been largely avoided” (Larry J. Hackman, “Introduction,” p. 7). This essay responds to the lead article in that special issue, Sharon Fawcett's “Presidential Libraries: A View From the Center.” Craig warns against the potential for “politicization” that could result from greater centralized control NARA's presidential libraries. He argues that NARA has consistently failed to articulate to Congress the true funding needs of the presidential libraries for records processing; he suggests how these needs could be more effectively communicated to Congress and proposes a fiscal solution (earmarking a portion of endowment and trust funds) to address the records processing backlog. Craig also reflects on the role and function of library supporting foundations and advances the notion that NARA library directors should not be permitted to serve as the head of such foundations. Finally, he argues that before focusing on public programming and educational outreach, NARA needs to reinvigorate emphasis on the original purposes of presidential libraries-archival preservation and access.
The Blind Man and His Dog: The Public and Its Historians
Authors: WEIBLE ROBERT
Published: December 2006

This article suggests that the gap between professional historians and the public has grown during the past twenty-five years and that both the public and the profession have suffered as a result. It suggests further that historians in academic and nonacademic settings need to overcome institutional barriers that prevent them from providing better service to the public. Just as seeing-eye dogs guide sightless people to their destinations, professionally trained historians should be leading the public to a more promising future, thanks to their ability to separate objectively determined historical facts from self-serving, often ideological opinions and fantasies.
INDIGENOUS VIDEO, DEVELOPMENT AND SHARED ANTHROPOLOGY: A COLLABORATIVE EXPERIENCE WITH MAYA Q'EQCHI'FILMMAKERS IN POSTWAR GUATEMALA
Authors: FLORES CARLOS Y.
Published: December 2006

This article deals with the role of indigenous video, shared anthropology, and collaborative filmmaking among Maya‐Q'eqchi'communities in Alta Verapaz, Guatemala. The subjective and historical conditions that provided the context for collaborative video production between local filmmakers, communities and a visual anthropologist are analyzed, as are the implications these had both for the Q'eqchi'and for my own anthropological practice. I argue that this community‐based video project provided important ethnographic insights about an indigenous group and its transformations. It also provided the communities with new mechanisms for sociocultural reconstruction and awareness after an intensely traumatic and violent period of civil war. In this context, the video documents produced provided a space within a wider practice of shared anthropology where each party could advance its own goals through hybrid products. The project represented an opportunity to explore ways in which anthropology and ethnographic filmmaking could, simultaneously, be of use to the researcher and to the communities studied. It also highlighted the contradictions and complexities of collaborative or “shared” anthropological practice in the sphere of applied visual anthropology.
Urban Encounters
Authors: MCKINNEY BILL
Published: December 2006

Urban Encounters. Helen Liggett. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. 2003.
Transnational Cinema in a Global North: Nordic Cinema in Transition
Authors: HAFSTEINSSON SIGURJON BALDUR
Published: December 2006

Transnational Cinema in. Global North: Nordic Cinema in Transition. Andrew Nestingen and Trevor G. Elkington, editors. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. 2005.
Carnaval
Authors: SCHER PHILIP W.
Published: December 2006

Carnaval!. Barbara Mauldin, editor. Seattle: University of Washington Press. 2004.
PHOTOGRAPHS AND THE SOUND OF HISTORY
Authors: EDWARDS ELIZABETH
Published: December 2006

This article explores the nature of photographs as relational objects in the making and articulating of histories. It argues that, in the contexts of indigenous and cross‐cultural histories in Australia and elsewhere, photographs have a relational quality, occupying the spaces between people and people and people and things. They are socially salient objects and tactile, sensorially engaged objects that exist in time and space and thus in social and cultural experience. As such, they operate not only at a visual level but become absorbed into other ways of telling history. Photographs become not simply visual history but crucially, oral history, linked to sound, gesture and relationships.
Management of Retrograde Peri-implantitis: A Clinical Case Report
Authors: Ataullah Khurram , Chee Loh Fun , Peng Lim Lum , Lung Henry Ho Kim
Published: December 2006

The term retrograde peri-implantitis has been commonly used to describe lesions in the periapical region of dental implants. There are very few reports on this condition, and the exact etiology and pathogenesis are subject to speculation. Management of retrograde peri-implantitis is even more scarcely discussed in the literature. The current article briefly reviews the literature on this subject and presents a case report of retrograde peri-implantitis. Special emphasis is placed on the management of the condition, and different strategies are critically evaluated. If the fixture is stable despite bone loss in the periapical region, it is suggested that surgical debridement be carried out with the use of a surface antiseptic like chlorhexidine. Also all possible efforts should be made to prevent damage to the implant surface. Bone loss due to this condition may be regenerated on the basis of the principle of guided bone regeneration.
Níveis de fósforo total em dietas para alevinos de tilápia-do-nilo
Authors: Ribeiro Felipe Barbosa , Lanna Eduardo Arruda Teixeira , Bomfim Marcos Antonio Delmondes , Donzele Juarez Lopes , Freitas Anderson Saraiva de , Sousa Maíra Paula de , Quadros Moisés
Published: December 2006

Objetivando-se determinar a exigência de fósforo em dietas para alevinos de tilápia-do-nilo (Oreochromis niloticus), foram utilizados 432 alevinos com peso inicial de 0,60 ± 0,02 g, mantidos em 36 aquários de 150 L. Foi utilizado delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com seis tratamentos (0,55; 0,73; 0,94; 1,14; 1,37 e 1,59% de fósforo total), seis repetições e 12 peixes por unidade experimental. Os peixes foram alimentados com rações contendo 32% de PB e 3.000 kcal ED/kg, durante 40 dias. Verificou-se efeito quadrático dos níveis de fósforo na dieta sobre a conversão alimentar e a taxa de eficiência protéica, sendo estimados os melhores resultados com 1,10% de fósforo total. Houve efeito linear dos níveis de fósforo na dieta sobre a taxa de eficiência de retenção de P e a taxa de eficiência de P. Para as demais variáveis, não houve efeito dos níveis de fósforo da dieta. A exigência de P em dietas para alevinos de tilápia-do-nilo é de 1,10%.
Dinâmica da pastagem e desempenho de novilhos em pastagem de capim-tanzânia sob diferentes ofertas de forragem
Authors: Barbosa Marco Aurélio Alves de Freitas , Nascimento Júnior Domicio do , Cecato Ulysses
Published: December 2006

Um experimento foi realizado com o objetivo de estudar a dinâmica de produção da pastagem e o desempenho animal em pastagem de capim-tanzânia (Panicum maximum Jacq. cv. Tanzânia) sob lotação contínua, com taxa de lotação variável e quatro ofertas de forragem (3, 7, 11 e 15% do PV). Foram utilizados novilhos mestiços Nelore x Charolês com média de 18 meses de idade e 350 kg de PV. O delineamento experimental adotado foi em blocos casualizados, com três repetições. O intervalo de 7 a 11% de oferta de forragem consiste na faixa em que o capim-tanzânia deve ser manejado com mínima aplicação de fertilizantes (30 kg/ha/ano de N) para obtenção de alto ganho médio diário (GMD), sem afetar demasiadamente o ganho por hectare (G/ha). Nesta condição, a pastagem apresenta-se com 1.528 kg/ha de MSLV; 56 cm de altura; 97% de cobertura de solo; 62 kg/ha/dia de taxa de crescimento de MSLV e 34% de lâminas verdes na MS total, resultando em GMD de 0,5 kg/dia e G/ha de 126 kg.
Mapeamento de locos de características quantitativas no cromossomo 6, associados às características de carcaça e de órgãos internos de suínos
Authors: Pires Aldrin Vieira , Lopes Paulo Sávio , Guimarães Simone Eliza Facioni
Published: December 2006

Com o objetivo de mapear locos de características quantitativas (QTLs) associados às características de carcaça e de órgão internos, uma população composta de 550 animais F2 foi produzida a partir do intercruzamento da geração F1, obtida pelo cruzamento divergente de dois machos da raça nativa brasileira Piau com 18 fêmeas comerciais. Os animais foram genotipados para 13 marcadores microssatélites distribuídos no cromossomo 6. As características avaliadas foram: comprimento de carcaça pelos métodos brasileiro e americano, peso e rendimento de carcaça, espessura de toucinho na região da copa, espessura de toucinho imediatamente após a última costela, espessura de toucinho entre a última e a penúltima vértebra lombar, menor espessura de toucinho na região acima da última vértebra lombar, espessura de toucinho imediatamente após a última costela, a 6,5 cm da linha dorso-lombar, espessura de toucinho média (geral = estimada a partir da média de todas as espessuras de toucinho citadas anteriormente; e dorso-lombar = estimada a partir das espessuras de toucinho tomadas na linha dorso-lombar do animal), espessura de bacon, profundidade de lombo, área de olho-de-lombo, pesos de órgãos internos (coração, pulmões, fígado, baço e rim) e comprimento de intestino. Utilizou-se o método de regressão por intervalo de mapeamento por meio do programa QTL Express. Foram encontrados QTLs sugestivos para as características de comprimento de carcaça pelo método brasileiro e espessura de bacon e QTL significativo para peso do rim. Nos intervalos dos picos da estatística F em que se encontraram QTLs sugestivos, devem ser incluídos mais marcadores para se confirmar a real presença de QTL.
Digestibilidade, cecotrofia, desempenho e rendimento de carcaça de coelhos em crescimento alimentados com rações contendo óleo vegetal ou gordura animal
Authors: Ferreira Vanusa Patrícia de Araújo , Ferreira Walter Motta , Saliba Eloísa de Oliveira Simões , Scapinello Cláudio , Teixeira Alexandre de Oliveira , Kamwa Elis Bernard
Published: December 2006

Dois experimentos foram conduzidos com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da inclusão de níveis crescentes (1,5; 3,0; 4,5 e 6,0%) de óleo de soja (OS) ou gordura animal (gordura de porco - GA) nas dietas sobre a digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes e o desempenho de coelhos em crescimento. No ensaio de digestibilidade, foram utilizados 72 coelhos da raça NZB, distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com nove tratamentos e oito repetições. A adição de diferentes níveis de OS ou GA às dietas não influenciou os coeficientes de digestibilidade de MS, MO, PB e EB e a ingestão de MS, mas provocou efeito positivo sobre a digestibilidade do EE e da FDN. Não foi observado efeito da inclusão de OS ou GA sobre a contribuição nutritiva de cecotrofos ou sobre a MS e PB, mas a inclusão de 3 e 6% de GA aumentou a contribuição nutritiva do EE. No experimento de desempenho, foram utilizados 45 coelhos NZB distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com nove tratamentos e cinco repetições. Os animais foram alojados logo após o desmame em gaiolas individuais, onde foram controlados o consumo de ração e o ganho de peso até os 77 dias de idade. Os tratamentos não afetaram significativamente o peso final, o ganho de peso diário, a conversão alimentar, os pesos de carcaça, pele, rins e intestino, mas influenciaram negativamente o consumo médio diário e os pesos de fígado e coração.
Exigência de lisina para poedeiras semipesadas durante o pico de postura
Authors: Filho José Jordão , Silva José Humberto Vilar da , Silva Edson Lindolfo da , Ribeiro Marcelo Luís Gomes , Costa Fernando Guilherme Perazzo , Rodrigues Paulo Borges
Published: December 2006

Objetivando determinar as exigências nutricionais de lisina para 252 poedeiras semipesadas, foi conduzido um experimento em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com sete tratamentos, constituídos de seis repetições de seis aves. As dietas, isoprotéicas (17,1% de PB) e isocalóricas (2.800 kcal/kg-EM), foram formuladas para atender às exigências das aves em todos os nutrientes, exceto lisina, que foi suplementada com L-lisina • HCl (78,4% de lisina), resultando nos seguintes níveis: 0,79; 0,83; 0,87; 0,91; 0,95; 0,99 e 1,03% de lisina total. As características de desempenho foram avaliadas no período de 30 a 46 semanas de idade, que corresponde ao pico de postura. Foi observado efeito quadrático dos níveis de lisina sobre a produção, o peso e a conversão alimentar por dúzia de ovos. As exigências de lisina total foram de 0,92; 0,91 e 0,90%, que correspondem, respectivamente, a 0,84; 0,83 e 0,82% de lisina digestível. Recomenda-se 0,92 ou 0,84%, ou 996 ou 910 mg, de lisina total e digestível/ave/dia para poedeiras semipesadas durante o pico de postura.
Valores energéticos de diferentes alimentos de origem animal para aves
Authors: Nunes Ricardo Vianna , Rostagno Horacio Santiago , Gomes Paulo Cezar , Nunes Christiane Garcia Vilela , Albino Luiz Fernando Teixeira , Pozza Paulo Cesar , Dionizio Marli Arena , Araújo Marcelle Santana de
Published: December 2006

Objetivou-se determinar, utilizando-se o método tradicional de coleta total, os valores de energia metabolizável aparente (EMA), aparente corrigida (EMAn), verdadeira (EMV) e verdadeira corrigida (EMVn), bem como os coeficientes de metabolizabilidade da EB, de 11 alimentos. Avaliaram-se amostras de três farinhas de vísceras de aves (FVA), três farinhas de penas (FP), duas farinhas de carne e ossos (FCO), duas farinhas de vísceras suínas (FVS) e uma farinha de penas e vísceras (FPV) de diferentes procedências. Foram utilizados 360 frangos de corte machos Ross com 21 dias de idade, distribuídos em blocos ao acaso em 11 tratamentos e uma ração-referência, com duas repetições por bloco e cinco aves por unidade experimental. Cada alimento substituiu em 20% a ração-referência. As aves receberam ração à vontade por 12 dias, sendo os cinco dias finais destinados à coleta total de excretas. Durante os cinco dias de coleta, 30 aves (distribuídas em seis gaiolas) foram mantidas em jejum por 72 horas, sendo as 24 horas iniciais para esvaziamento do trato gastrointestinal e as 48 horas restantes para coleta das excretas, que foram quantificadas e extrapoladas para cinco dias. Os valores de EMA e EMAn, expressos em kcal/kg de MS, foram em média de 1.647 e 1.422 para a FCO, de 2.143 e 1.875 para a FP, de 3.062 e 2.844 para a FVA, de 1.889 e 1.779 para a FVS e de 2.497 a 2.209 para a FPV. Os valores de EMV e EMVn, expressos em kcal/kg de MS, foram em média de 1.753 e 1.462 para a FCO, de 2.269 e 1.452 para a FP, de 3.211 e 2.740 para a FVA, de 2.002 e 1.562 para a FVS e de 2.615 e 1.944 para a FPV.
Efeito do genótipo e do sexo sobre a composição química e o perfil de ácidos graxos da carne de cordeiros
Authors: Madruga Marta Suely , Araújo Waldinei Oliveira de , Sousa Wandrick Hauss de , Cézar Marcílio Fontes , Galvão Mércia de Sousa , Cunha Maria das Graças Gomes
Published: December 2006

Este estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos do sexo e do genótipo sobre a composição centesimal e o perfil de ácidos graxos do músculo Semimembranosus (SM) de ovinos submetidos às mesmas condições de confinamento. Foram utilizados 12 cordeiros, quatro machos inteiros e quatro fêmeas da raça Santa Inês (SI) e quatro machos inteiros mestiços ½ Santa Inês x ½ Dorper (SI-D). A raça e o sexo não influenciaram a composição centesimal da carne dos cordeiros. No entanto, as concentrações de fósforo e cálcio diferiram significativamente quando considerados estes dois fatores. Os ácidos graxos encontrados em maior quantidade na fração lipídica da carne dos animais foram o oléico, o palmítico e o esteárico. Houve efeito do sexo sobre o perfil dos ácidos graxos monoinsaturados na carne dos animais Santa Inês. O perfil de ácidos graxos de mestiços machos SI-D comprovou melhor valor nutricional da carne, pelo maior percentual de ácidos graxos poliinsaturados, pela maior relação AGPI/AGS e pela menor relação w6:w3.
Ingestão, digestibilidade das rações e parâmetros sangüíneos em cabras Saanen durante o pré-parto recebendo rações com diferentes níveis de energia
Authors: Zambom Maximiliane Alavarse , Alcalde Claudete Regina , Macedo Francisco de Assis Fonseca de , Garcia Jocilaine , Moraes Gentil Vanini de , Sakuno Marlene Leiko Doi , Borgh Everton Luiz
Published: December 2006

O objetivo neste trabalho foi avaliar a ingestão e a digestibilidade dos nutrientes das rações e os parâmetros sangüíneos de 20 cabras Saanen (70,65±7,39 kg) no período de 21 dias pré-parto, em condições de confinamento. Foram utilizados cinco níveis de energia 2,95; 2,83; 2,70; 2,58 e 2,46 Mcal de EM/kg de MS, com as respectivas relações volumoso:concentrado 40:60, 50:50, 60:40, 70:30 e 80:20. O delineamento utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições por tratamento. Os níveis de energia não influenciaram o peso vivo e as ingestões de MS, MO, PB, CT, FDN e NDT. No entanto, verificou-se efeito linear positivo da energia da ração sobre a ingestão de EE. Os níveis energéticos da ração influenciaram a digestibilidade dos nutrientes, observando-se efeito linear positivo para MS, MO, EE, FDN, CT e EB, todavia, não houve efeito para PB. Não houve efeito dos tratamentos sobre os valores de colesterol e uréia, mas verificou-se efeito linear positivo do nível energético da ração sobre os níveis de triglicerídeos (mg/dL). O nível de energia de 2,95 Mcal/kg de MS da ração resultou em maior disponibilidade de nutrientes em cabras Saanen no período pré-parto.
Qualidade da carne de cordeiros castrados e não-castrados confinados sob dois fotoperíodos
Authors: Klein Júnior Manoel Henrique , Siqueira Edson Ramos de , Roça Roberto de Oliveira
Published: December 2006

Objetivou-se avaliar a qualidade da carne por meio da determinação da composição centesimal e das características físicas da paleta e do lombo de 20 cordeiros mestiços Ideal, não-castrados (NC) e castrados (C), submetidos a fotoperíodos curto, de 12 horas (FC), e longo, de 18 horas (FL). Os animais foram divididos ao acaso em esquema fatorial 2 x 2 (condição sexual x fotoperíodo), em quatro tratamentos (NC em FC; C em FC; NC em FL; e C em FL), com cinco repetições, sendo terminados em confinamento individual até que atingissem 37 kg de PV. A qualidade da carne foi determinada em amostras da paleta e do músculo Longissimus lumborum (LL). Os mais baixos teores de umidade e os mais altos de EE, tanto na paleta como no lombo, foram determinados na carne dos animais castrados. O fotoperíodo longo influenciou significativamente os teores de EE e proteína total do músculo LL. A capacidade de retenção de água foi afetada pelo FL, no qual foram encontrados percentuais mais baixos. Não houve efeito do fotoperíodo nem da condição sexual sobre a capacidade de absorção de água e a perda de peso por cozimento do músculo LL. Os valores de força de cisalhamento (FoCi) na carne de cordeiros NC e dos submetidos ao FL foram superiores aos da carne dos animais castrados ou expostos ao FC.
Briefing: Eurocodes implementation for highway bridges in the UK
Authors: Chakrabarti S. , Garden S.
Published: December 2006

The implementation of structural Eurocodes is the biggest ever change to codified structural design in the UK. The new standards will replace British Standards for structural design, and will be implemented by the Highways Agency (‘the Agency’) for bridge design over the next four years. The Agency is committed to using Eurocodes for the design of all highway structures and will introduce the Eurocodes for all new procurement at an appropriate time after the respective UK National Annexes are published. This briefing note discusses the implementation aspects in more detail, outlining the Agency's Eurocodes strategy. This includes the effects on the Design Manual for Roads and Bridges and the design studies that have been carried out to ensure highway bridges continue to be designed safely and economically following implementation of the Eurocodes.
Variation in Swedish address practices
Authors: Norrby Catrin Elisabeth
Published: December 2006

This article explores variation in address in contemporary Swedish in Sweden-Swedish and Finland-Swedish. The research is part of a large-scale Australian project on changes in the address systems of French, German and Swedish. The present article focuses on results from 72 social network interviews conducted in Sweden (Gothenburg) and Finland (Vaasa). Both quantitative results (questionnaire part) and qualitative results (interview part) are presented. The findings suggest that the V pronoun of address – ni – is gradually disappearing in both national varieties. This tendency is clearly stronger in Sweden-Swedish; in spoken Sweden-Swedish V hardly exists any more, except for a controversial re-entry in communication between the young and middleaged and the very old in service encounters (c.f. Mårtensson 1986). Furthermore the results indicate that there is considerable variation between written (impersonal) and spoken Sweden-Swedish with a much higher acceptance for the V pronoun in written, impersonal contexts. The study demonstrates that national variation is considerable with much more use of V in Finland-Swedish.
Analysis of Protein S‐Nitrosylation
Authors: Mannick Joan B. , Schonhoff Christopher M.
Published: December 2006

S‐nitrosylation is the binding of an NO group to a cysteine or other thiol. Like phosphorylation, S‐nitrosylation is a precisely targeted and rapidly reversible post‐translational modification that serves as an on/off switch for protein function during cell signaling. However, unlike phosphorylation, S‐nitrosylation of proteins occurs nonenzymatically and is mediated, at least in part, by redox‐regulated chemical reactions in cells. Alterations in pH, pO2, cellular reductants, transition metals, and UV light lead to the loss and/or gain of S‐NO bonds. Due to the redox‐sensitive nature of the modification, analysis of protein S‐nitrosylation is technically difficult, since the S‐NO bond is easily disrupted during sample preparation. In addition, the level of S‐nitrosylated proteins in cells approaches the limit of detection of currently available technology. Despite these technical challenges, several useful methods have been developed recently to measure protein S‐nitrosylation in biological samples, and these are described in this unit.
Quantitative Determination of Protein Stability and Ligand Binding by Pulse Proteolysis
Authors: Park Chiwook , Marqusee Susan
Published: December 2006

Pulse proteolysis exploits the difference in proteolytic susceptibility between folded and unfolded proteins for facile but quantitative determination of protein stability. The method requires only common biochemistry and molecular biology lab equipment. Pulse proteolysis also can be used to determine the affinity of a ligand to its protein target by monitoring the change in protein stability upon ligand binding. The Basic Protocol describes the detailed procedure for determining protein stability using pulse proteolysis. For pulse proteolysis to be used for determining a protein's stability, the protein should not be digested significantly by pulse proteolysis when it is in the folded conformation. The Support Protocol describes a procedure for determining whether a protein satisfies this requirement. The principles of protein stability determination using denaturant and pulse proteolysis are also discussed.
Monoamine Oxidase Assays
Authors: Tipton Keith F. , Davey Gavin , Motherway Martha
Published: December 2006

Monoamine oxidase catalyzes the oxidative deamination of primary aliphatic and aromatic amines and some secondary and tertiary amines, including the hormone and neurotransmitter amines epinephrine, dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin. The two isoenzymes, MAO‐A and MAO‐B, differ according to substrate and inhibitor specificities. For example, selective inhibitors of MAO‐A have been shown to be effective antidepressants whereas some MAO‐B inhibitors have been reported to be beneficial in the treatment of Parkinson's and perhaps Alzheimer's diseases. Thus, it is important to have accurate procedures for determining the activities of each MAO isoenzyme in tissues that may contain both. In this unit, several MAO assay procedures are described, along with support protocols for equilibrating ion‐exchange resin, preparing aldehyde dehydrogenase, preparing dose‐response curves for determining the relative proportions of isoenzyme activities, determining concentrations of each isoenzyme, assessing new compounds as putative MAO inhibitors, and determining protein concentration of membrane‐bound proteins.
Influenza: Propagation, Quantification, and Storage
Authors: Szretter Kristy J. , Balish Amanda L. , Katz Jacqueline M.
Published: December 2006

Influenza viruses are negative‐sense, single‐stranded, enveloped RNA viruses belonging to the family Orthomyxoviridae. Three types exist, influenza A, B, and C. All infect humans, but only A and B are major human pathogens. Influenza type A viruses are divided into subtypes based on genetic and antigenic differences in the two surface spike proteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). The appropriate cell lines to be used for isolation of influenza A or B viruses depend on the clinical information and the host of origin. MDCK cells are the preferred cell line for isolation of human influenza viruses from clinical specimens.
Boric Oxide, Boric Acid, and Borates
Authors: Smith Robert A.
Published: December 2006

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Boric Oxide2.1.Physical Properties2.2.Chemical Properties2.3.Production3.Boric Acid3.1.Physical Properties3.2.Chemical Properties3.3.Production4.Aqueous Borate Solutions5.Sodium Borates5.1.Sodium Tetraborate Decahydrate5.2.Sodium Tetraborate Pentahydrate5.3.Anhydrous Sodium Tetraborate5.4.Sodium Metaborate Tetrahydrate5.5.Sodium Metaborate Dihydrate5.6.Sodium Pentaborate Pentahydrate5.7.Disodium Octaborate Tetrahydrate5.8.Disodium Tetraborate Tetrahydrate6.Other Metal Borates6.1.Calcium and Calcium Sodium Borates6.2.Lithium, Potassium, and Ammonium Borates6.2.1.Lithium Borates6.2.2.Potassium Borates6.2.3.Ammonium Borates6.3.Zinc Borates7.Borate Glasses8.Quality Specifications9.Uses10.Economic Aspects11.Toxicology and Occupational Health
Boron Compounds
Authors: Brotherton Robert J. , Weber C. Joseph , Guibert Clarence R. , Little John L.
Published: December 2006

The article contains sections titled:

1.Boron Halides1.1.Physical Properties1.2.Chemical Properties1.2.1.Exchange Reactions1.2.2.Halide Displacement Reactions1.2.3.Boron Trihalides as Lewis Acids1.2.4.Reduction Reactions1.3.Production1.4.Quality Specifications, Chemical Analysis1.5.Sources, Handling, and Transportation1.6.Uses of Boron Trihalides1.7.Pollution Control, Toxicology, and Occupational Health2.Fluoroboric Acid and Fluoroborates2.1.Physical and Chemical Properties2.2.Production2.3.Quality Specifications, Chemical Analysis2.4.Sources, Handling, and Transportation2.5.Uses2.6.Pollution Control, Toxicology3.Boron Subhalides4.Boron Sulfide4.1.Physical and Chemical Properties4.2.Production4.3.Uses5.Boranes5.1.Diborane and Higher Boranes5.1.1.Physical and Chemical Properties5.1.2.Production5.1.3.Uses5.2.Amine Boranes5.3.Borohydrides5.4.Carbaboranes6.Organoboranes6.1.Alkyl‐ and Arylboranes6.2.Borinic and Boronic Acids6.3.Borazines6.4.Boric Acid Esters7.Toxicology and Occupational Health
Bromine Compounds
Authors: Dagani Michael J. , Barda Henry J. , Benya Theodore J. , Sanders David C.
Published: December 2006

The article contains sections titled:1.Organic Bromine Compounds1.1.Physical Properties1.2.Chemical Properties1.2.1.Nucleophilic Displacement of Bromine1.2.2.Displacement of Bromine by Metals1.3.Production1.3.1.Addition Reactions1.3.2.Substitution Reactions1.4.Commercial Products1.4.1.1,2‐Dibromoethane1.4.2.1‐Bromododecane1.4.3.1‐Bromo‐3‐chloropropane1.4.4.1‐Bromo‐2‐phenylethane1.4.5.1‐(Bromomethyl)‐3‐phenoxybenzene1.4.6.Bromoacetic Acid1.4.7.Bromomethane1.4.8.3‐Bromo‐1‐propene1.4.9.Bromochloromethane and Dibromomethane1.4.10.Trifluorobromomethane and Difluorobromochloromethane1.4.11.Flame Retardants1.4.11.1.Tetrabromobisphenol‐A1.4.11.2.Decabromobiphenyl Oxide1.4.11.3.Tetrabromophthalic Anhydride1.4.11.4.Hexabromocyclododecane1.5.Manufacturers1.6.Toxicology and Occupational Health2.Inorganic Bromine Compounds2.1.Hydrogen Bromide and Bromides2.1.1.Hydrogen Bromide2.1.2.Bromides2.2.Hypobromous Acid, Hypobromites2.3.Bromous Acid, Bromites2.4.Bromic Acid, Bromates
Calcium Antagonists
Authors: Mannhold Raimund , Seitz Werner
Published: December 2006

The article contains sections titled:

1.Introduction2.Molecular Pharmacology2.1.Sites of Action2.2.Structure ‐ Activity Relationships3.Pharmacodynamics of Calcium Antagonists in Heart and Smooth Muscle4.Clinical Application5.General Aspects of Chemistry5.1.Aralkylamines5.2.1,4‐Dihydropyridines5.3.Diphenylalkylamines
Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Topham Susan
Published: December 2006

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Physical Properties

3.

Chemical Properties

4.

Occurrence in Nature

4.1.

Lithosphere

4.2.

Atmosphere

4.3.

Hydrosphere

4.4.

Biosphere

4.4.1.

Life Cycle

4.4.2.

Radiocarbon Dating

5.

Environmental Effects

6.

Production

6.1.

Carbon Dioxide from Ammonia and Hydrogen Plants (Process Gas CO
2
)

6.1.1.

Potassium Carbonate Process

6.1.2.

Ethanolamine Process

6.2.

Carbon Dioxide from Flue Gases

6.3.

Carbon Dioxide from Fermentation

6.4.

Carbon Dioxide from Carbonates

6.5.

Carbon Dioxide from Natural Sources

7.

Purification of Carbon Dioxide before Liquefaction

8.

Liquefaction of Carbon Dioxide

9.

Production of Dry Ice

10.

Quality Specifications and Analysis

11.

Commercial Forms, Storage, and Distribution

11.1.

Solid Carbon Dioxide

11.2.

Liquid Carbon Dioxide

12.

Uses

12.1.

Uses of Gaseous Carbon Dioxide

12.2.

Uses of Solid Carbon Dioxide

12.3.

Uses of Liquid Carbon Dioxide

12.3.1.

Use as an Inert Environment

12.3.2.

Promoting the Growth of Plants

12.3.3.

Heat Transfer Medium in Nuclear Power Stations

12.3.4.

Refrigerant

12.3.5.

Uses Based on the Solubility of Carbon Dioxide

12.3.6.

Chemical Uses

12.3.7.

Other Uses

13.

Economic Aspects

14.

Safety Precautions
Carbon Disulfide
Authors: Lay Manchiu D. S. , Sauerhoff Mitchell W. , Saunders Donald R.
Published: December 2006

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Physical Properties

3.

Chemical Properties

4.

Production

4.1.

Thermodynamics and Rates of Reaction

4.2.

Production from Charcoal and Sulfur

4.3.

Production from Methane and Sulfur

4.4.

Other Processes

5.

Environmental Aspects

6.

Quality Specifications and Analytical Methods

7.

Storage and Transportation

8.

Uses and Economic Aspects

9.

Toxicology and Occupational Health

10.

Carbonyl Sulfide