bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Accelerating the spin‐up of Ensemble Kalman Filtering
Authors: Kalnay Eugenia , Yang Shu‐Chih
Published: August 2010

Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF) may have a longer spin‐up time to reach its asymptotic level of accuracy than the corresponding spin‐up time in variational methods (3D‐Var or 4D‐Var). During the spin‐up EnKF has to fulfill two independent requirements, namely that the ensemble mean be close to the true state, and that the ensemble perturbations represent the ‘errors of the day’. As a result, there are cases, such as radar observations of a severe storm, or regional forecast of a hurricane, where EnKF may spin‐up too slowly to be useful. A heuristic scheme is proposed to accelerate the spin‐up of EnKF by applying a no‐cost Ensemble Kalman Smoother, and using the observations more than once in each assimilation window during spin‐up in order to maximize the initial extraction of information. The performance of this scheme is tested with the Local Ensemble Transform Kalman Filter (LETKF) implemented in a quasi‐geostrophic model, which requires a very long spin‐up time when initialized from random initial perturbations from a uniform distribution. Results show that with the new ‘running in place’ (RIP) scheme the LETKF spins up and converges to the optimal level of error faster than 3D‐Var or 4D‐Var, even in the absence of any prior information. Additional computations (2 to 12 iterations for each assimilation window) are only required during the initial spin‐up, since the scheme naturally returns to the original LETKF after spin‐up is achieved. RIP also accelerates spin‐up when the initial perturbations are drawn from a well‐tuned 3D‐Var background‐error covariance, rather than being uniform noise, and fewer iterations and RIP cycles are required than in the case without such prior information. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Output feedback model predictive control of uncertain norm‐bounded linear systems
Authors: Famularo D. , Franzè G.
Published: August 2010

A constrained output feedback model predictive control (MPC) scheme for uncertain Norm‐Bounded discrete‐time linear systems is presented. This scheme extends recent results achieved by the authors under full‐state availability to the more interesting case of incomplete and noisy state information. The design procedure consists of an off‐line step where a state feedback and an asymptotic observer (dynamic primal controller) are designed via bilinear matrix inequalities and used to robustly stabilize a suitably augmented state plant. The on‐line moving horizon procedure addsNfree control moves to the action of the primal controller which are computed by solving a linear matrix inequality optimization problem whose numerical complexity grows up onlylinearlywith the control horizonN. The effectiveness of the proposed MPC strategy is illustrated by a numerical example. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterizing the greedy behavior in wireless ad hoc networks
Authors: Djahel Soufiene , Naït‐abdesselam Farid , Turgut Damla
Published: August 2010

While the problem of greedy behavior at the MAC layer has been widely explored in the context of wireless local area networks (WLAN), its study for multi‐hop wireless networks still almost an unexplored and unexplained problem. Indeed, in a wireless local area network, an access point mostly forwards packets sent by wireless nodes over the wired link. In this case, a greedy node can easily get more bandwidth share and starve all other associated contending nodes by manipulating intelligently MAC layer parameters. However, in wireless ad hoc environment, all packets are transmitted in a multi‐hop fashion over wireless links. In this case, an attempting greedy node, if it behaves similarly as in a WLAN, trying to starve all its neighbors, then its next hop forwarder will be also prevented from forwarding its own traffic, which leads obviously to an end to end throughput collapse. In this paper, we show that in order to have a more beneficial greedy behavior in wireless ad hoc network, a node must adopt a different approach than in WLAN to achieve a better performance of its own flows. Then, we present a new strategy to launch such a greedy attack in a proactive routing based wireless ad hoc network. A detailed description of the proposed strategy is provided along with its validation through extensive simulations. The obtained results show that a greedy node, applying the defined strategy, can gain more bandwidth than its neighbors and keep the end‐to‐end throughput of its own flows highly reasonable. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of Biopolymer Emulsifier Performance in Formation and Stabilization of Orange Oil‐in‐Water Emulsions
Authors: Qian Cheng , Decker Eric Andrew , Xiao Hang , McClements David Julian
Published: August 2010

The effectiveness of various biopolymer emulsifiers at forming and stabilizing model beverage emulsions was examined: β‐lactoglobulin (BLG); gum arabic (GA); conventional modified starch (MS‐old); new modified starch (MS‐new). Orange oil‐in‐water emulsions (5% oil) were prepared using high pressure homogenization. For BLG, MS‐new, MS‐old and GA, the minimum droplet diameters produced were 171, 254, 222 and 497 nm, while the minimum mass ratio of emulsifier‐to‐oil required to produce small droplets were 0.5:5, 1:5, 3:5 and 5:5, respectively. The influence of pH (3–8), ionic strength (0–500 mM NaCl, 0–50 mM CaCl2) and thermal treatment (30–90 °C) on the stability of the emulsions was examined. Extensive droplet aggregation occurred in BLG‐stabilized emulsions around their isoelectric point (pH ≈ 5), at high salt concentrations (≥300 mM NaCl, ≥10 mM CaCl2, pH 7) and at high temperatures (>70 °C, 200 mM NaCl, pH 7) due to changes in electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions. There was little effect of pH, ionic strength and temperature on emulsions stabilized by GA or MS due to strong steric (rather than electrostatic) stabilization. The new type of modified starch used in this study was capable of forming stable emulsions with small droplet sizes at low concentrations.
The Real Costs of Surgical Instrument Training in Sterile Processing Revisited
Authors: Chobin Nancy
Published: August 2010

The need for properly trained sterile processing staff members has grown with the increased sophistication of surgical procedures. In 1998, I conducted a survey of hospitals about various aspects of training sterile processing personnel, including the length of time for training employees to process general surgical and specialty surgical instruments. To evaluate trends, I conducted a second survey 10 years later. A majority of the 2008 respondents indicated that training would take three to six months (60%) or six to 12 months (31%) and that most preceptors (52%) spend two to three months working with new employees. A calculation of the cost to train a sterile processing technician to the competent level, including the salary of the preceptor, was $41,414 for 2008, an increase of more than 100% from the 1998 calculation. These costs must be weighed against the loss of revenue when procedures are delayed because of missing, damaged, or unclean instruments and the patient safety issues that could result if an employee is not well trained.
The Other Kind of Smart
Authors: Humphrey Caryn
Published: August 2010

The Other Kind of Smart Harvey Deutschendorf 2009, AMACOM 224 pages, $17.95 softcover
Anathema: America's War on Medicine
Authors: Rockhill Wayne
Published: August 2010

Anathema: America's War on Medicine Michael Pryce 2008, Trafford Publishing 156 pages, $18 softcover
Compliance With Surgical Smoke Evacuation Guidelines: Implications for Practice
Authors: Ball Kay
Published: August 2010

Surgical smoke presents a serious health hazard, but perioperative nurses' compliance with smoke evacuation recommendations is not consistent. I investigated key indicators for compliance with electrosurgical smoke evacuation recommendations based on nurses' individual innovativeness characteristics, perceptions of the attributes of smoke evacuation recommendations, and organizational innovativeness characteristics. The study findings provide implications for improving nurses' compliance with smoke evacuation recommendations. Individual innovativeness characteristics, including nurses' knowledge and training, were most strongly linked to smoke evacuation compliance. The key indicators that promote surgical smoke evacuation can provide direction to guide the content of education programs and help identify the personnel and settings that are most in need of this information. Barriers to compliance included lack of equipment, physician resistance, noise, and staff member complacency. Vendor demonstrations on the ease of smoke evacuation device use can show nurses that smoke evacuation is compatible with nursing practice. Facility leaders should provide smoke evacuation policies that are easy to understand and should enforce these policies.
Peripheral N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate receptors contribute to mechanical hypersensitivity in a rat model of inflammatory temporomandibular joint pain
Authors: Ivanusicl J.J. , Beainil D. , Hatchl R.J. , Staikopoulosl V. , Sesslel B.J. , Jenningsl E.A.
Published: August 2010

The aim of this study was to determine whether peripheral N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate (NMDA) receptors are involved in inflammation‐induced mechanical hypersensitivity of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) region. We developed a rat model of mechanical sensitivity to Complete FreunD's Adjuvant (CFA; 2μl containing 1μg Mycobacterium tuberculosis)‐induced inflammation of the TMJ and examined changes in sensitivity following injection of NMDA receptor antagonists (dl‐2‐amino‐5‐phosphonovaleric acid (AP5) or Ifenprodil) with CFA. CFA injected into the TMJ resulted in an increase in mechanical sensitivity relative to pre‐injection that peaked at day 1 and lasted for up to 3 days (n =8, P <0.05). There was no change in mechanical sensitivity in vehicle‐injected rats at any time‐point (n =9). At day 1, there was a significant increase in mechanical sensitivity in animals injected with CFA+vehicle (n =7) relative to those injected with vehicle alone (n =7, P <0.05), and co‐injection of AP5 (n =6) or Ifenprodil (n =7) with CFA blocked this hypersensitivity. Subcutaneous injection of AP5 (n =7) and Ifenprodil (n =5) instead of into the TMJ had no significant effect on CFA‐induced hypersensitivity of the TMJ region. Western blot analysis revealed constitutive expression of the NR1 and NR2B subunits in trigeminal ganglion lysates. Immunohistochemical studies showed that 99% and 28% of trigeminal ganglion neurons that innervated the TMJ contained the NR1 and NR2B subunits respectively. Our findings suggest a role for peripheral NMDA receptors in inflammation‐induced pain of the TMJ region. Targeting peripheral NMDA receptors with peripheral application of NMDA receptor antagonists could provide therapeutic benefit and avoid side effects associated with blockade of NMDA receptors in the central nervous system.
Fission yeast telomeres forecast the end of the crisis
Authors: Dehé Pierre-Marie , Cooper Julia Promisel
Published: August 2010

Recent years have placed fission yeast at the forefront of telomere research, as this organism combines a high level of conservation with human telomeres and precise genetic manipulability. Here we highlight some of the latest knowledge of fission yeast telomere maintenance and dysfunction, and illustrate how principles arising from fission yeast research are raising novel questions about telomere plasticity and function in all eukaryotes.
Osmoregulated trehalose‐derived oligosaccharides in Sinorhizobium meliloti
Authors: Brique Arnaud , Devassine Jimi , Pilard Serge , Cailleu Dominique , Gosselin Isabelle
Published: August 2010

Sinorhizobium meliloti is a soil bacterium accumulating glutamate, N‐acetylglutaminyl glutamine amide and trehalose in hyperosmolarity. Besides these compatible solutes, we highlighted several compounds in S. meliloti Rm1021 wild‐type strain. The purification and the structural characterization based on liquid chromatography evaporative light scattering detector, electrospray ionization high resolution mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance techniques showed they were four linear oligosaccharides composed of 3, 4, 5 and 6 glucose units all linked by α‐(1 → 2) linkages except a terminal α‐(1 ↔ 1) linkage. These oligosaccharides were cytoplasmic and were observed in several wild‐type strains suggesting they were common features in S. meliloti strains grown in hyperosmolarity.
Improving the Management of Waiting Lists for Long Term Care
Authors: Chafe Roger , Coyte Peter , Sears Nancy A.
Published: August 2010

Initially prepared for the South East Local Health Integration Network in Ontario, this literature review focuses on interventions to improve the management of waiting lists for admission to long-term care facilities. The review identified studies relating to four types of interventions: (1) different models for prioritizing patients, (2) ways to improve the accuracy of waiting lists, (3) the use of alternative care settings, and (4) altering the level of home care.
Knowledge to Action: Integrating the Use of Evidence in Management Decision Making
Authors: Lefebre Nancy
Published: August 2010

This article describes an intervention project focused on laying the foundation for the integration of evidence in management decision making in a home healthcare organization. The current state and readiness for change were assessed, revealing barriers and enablers to using evidence in decision making. Strategies were developed and implemented to address the barriers. Practical steps are outlined to assist other healthcare organizations wishing to embark on the journey of integrating evidence in management decision making.
Le savoir à l'œuvre: Intégrer les données probantes à la prise de décision en gestion
Authors: Lefebre Nancy
Published: August 2010

Le présent article décrit un projet d'intervention visant à jeter les bases de l'intégration des données probantes à la prise de décision en gestion dans une organisation de soins à domicile. On a évalué l'état actuel et la préparation au changement, qui ont révélé des obstacles et des catalyseurs à l'utilisation des données probantes dans le processus décisionnel. On a mis au point et mis en œuvre des stratégies pour réagir aux obstacles. Les étapes pratiques sont exposées pour aider les autres organisations de soins de santé désireuses de se lancer dans l'aventure de l'intégration des données probantes à la prise de décision en gestion.
A Comparative Cost-Minimization Analysis of Providing Paediatric Palliative Respite Care before and after the Opening of Services at a Paediatric Hospice
Authors: Pascuet Elena , Cowin Lloyd , Vaillancourt Régis , Splinter William , Vadeboncoeur Chris , Dumond Lynn Grandmaison , Ni Andy , Rattray Marion
Published: August 2010

A palliative care service provider may add or decrease overall operational costs to the healthcare system. This study assessed the costs of managing respite care for children with life-limiting illness at the Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario for the 12-month period both before and after services at Roger's House (RH, a paediatric hospice) was made available. The opening and operation of RH for providing respite care resulted in a minimization of operational costs (n = 66 patients, mean decrease of $4,251.95 per month per patient).
The Differential Effects of Online Word-of-Mouth and Critics’ Reviews on Pre-release Movie Evaluation
Authors: Chakravarty Anindita , Liu Yong , Mazumdar Tridib
Published: August 2010

In this paper, we examine the persuasive influences of online user comments (or word-of-mouth) and of the reviews by movie critics on moviegoers’ evaluation of to-be-released movies. Two distinctive features of this study are: (1) moviegoers are considered to be heterogeneous in their movie going frequency and (2) word-of-mouth and critical reviews are concurrently available, and the views expressed in the two messages are in conflict. Using three experiments with natural stimuli, we find that the persuasive effect of online word-of-mouth is stronger on infrequent than on frequent moviegoers, especially when it is negative (Study 1). The effect of negative word-of-mouth on infrequent moviegoers is enduring even in the presence of positive reviews by movie critics (Study 2). The relative influence of word-of-mouth and critical reviews are asymmetric with infrequent moviegoers more influenced by word-of-mouth, while frequent moviegoers more influenced by the reviews (Study 3). We validate this source–segment alignment through secondary data analysis.
Epidermal growth factor receptor expression is predictive of poor prognosis in feline cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Sabattini Silvia , Marconato Laura , Zoff Aurora , Morini Maria , Scarpa Filippo , Capitani Ombretta , Bettini Giuliano
Published: August 2010

The aim of this study was to investigate epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) expression in feline cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (FC-SCC) and assess its prognostic role. Nineteen formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded excisional biopsies of FC-SCC were tested for EGFR expression using immunohistochemistry (IHC). Relationships between EGFR expression and histopathological parameters (differentiation, mitotic activity), disease-free interval (DFI) and overall survival (OS) at 24 months were further investigated. Fourteen of 19 tumours (73.7%) were positive for EGFR, with great variation in intensity and proportion of labelled cells. EGFR expression was not correlated with tumour differentiation or mitotic activity. Nine cats (47.4%) died of tumour-related causes. Patients with EGFR-positive tumours had a significantly worse outcome (P=0.0217), with decreased DFIs (P=0.0075) and survival times (P=0.0391). These data suggest that EGFR expression carries a negative prognostic significance in FC-SCC. EGFR inhibitors in association with conventional treatments may improve outcome for the subgroup of cats with EGFR-positive tumours.
Myelitis due to reactivated spinal toxoplasmosis in a cat
Authors: Lindsay Scott A. , Barrs Vanessa R. , Child Georgina , Beatty Julia A. , Krockenberger Mark B.
Published: August 2010

The diagnosis, management, and subsequent post-mortem confirmation of a case of suspected reactivated spinal toxoplasmosis in a 10-year-old female neutered Cornish Rex are described. While an ante-mortem diagnosis of toxoplasmosis was considered possible based on the neuroanatomical diagnosis of central nervous system (CNS) disease primarily involving spinal cord segment C6–T2 and the progressive elimination of other potential causes, Toxoplasma gondii antibody titres were consistent with previous exposure rather than active infection. A poor response to appropriate therapy did not support a diagnosis of toxoplasmosis. A post-mortem morphological diagnosis of marked segmental non-suppurative myelitis and necrosis, and an aetiological diagnosis of toxoplasmosis were made. The clinical and pathological findings are supportive of CNS inflammation due to reactivation of latent tissue T gondii cysts.
Autumn snowfall and hydroclimatic variability during the past millennium inferred from the varved sediments of meromictic Lake A, northern Ellesmere Island, Canada
Authors: Tomkins Jessica D. , Lamoureux Scott F. , Antoniades Dermot , Vincent Warwick F.
Published: August 2010

We examined the hydroclimatic signal in a record of annual lamina (varve) thickness from High Arctic Lake A, Ellesmere Island (83°00.00′N, 75°30.00′W). In this unglacierized catchment, nival melt is the dominant source for meltwater and transport of sediment to the lake, and autumn snowfall is highly influential on varve thickness through the amount of snow available for melt in the following year. For the period during which climatic data are available, varve thickness in Lake A was significantly correlated (r = 0.50, p < 0.01) with the cumulative snowfall from August to October (ASO) during the previous year and to a lesser extent, ASO mean daily temperature (r = 0.39, p < 0.01) at Alert, Nunavut (175 km east). The varve thickness record, interpreted as a proxy record of ASO snowfall and by extension, ASO temperature, indicated above-mean conditions during five periods of the past millennium, including most of the 20th century. These results corresponded well to other available high-resolution proxy climate records from the region, with some discrepancies prior to AD 1500 and during the period AD 1700–1900.
Benthic Foraminiferal Biostratigraphy of the South Caribbean Region
Authors: Bolli Hans M. , Beckmann J. P. , Saunders J. B.
Published: August 2010

Benthic foraminifera from the classic southern Caribbean region are presented in this book, to provide valuable information on ranges for biostratigraphers working in the region and beyond. Around 1000 of the more important species are assembled - from the Barremian (early Cretaceous) to the middle Miocene, approximately 120 to 10 million years before the present. The deeper water benthic species are tied in to the zonal scheme used in Plankton Stratigraphy, published by Cambridge University Press in 1985. The taxa have been brought up to date generically, and in many cases new comparisons between species have been made - the late Cretaceous and early Paleogene are particularly detailed. This information, together with detailed illustrations, will enable the taxa to be used stratigraphically.
An Historical Geography of Europe, 1500-1840
Authors: Pounds Norman John Greville
Published: August 2010

This book, like its companion volume, An Historical Geography of Europe 450 BC–AD 1330, seeks to examine the complex of natural and man-made features that have influenced the course of history and have been influenced by it. It follows the general pattern of the earlier volume and spans the period from the early sixteenth century to the eve of the Industrial Revolution in continental Europe, approximately 1500 to 1840.
It first presents a picture of the geography of Europe - political, social and economic - in the early sixteenth century, and it ends with a similar picture of continental Europe in the early nineteenth. The intervening period of about three centuries is too short to be presented in a series of cross-sections. Instead, between these two horizontal pictures a series of vertical studies has been inserted. These trace the development of the main facets of European geography during this period. There are chapters on population, urban development, agriculture, manufacturing and trade and transport. As in the earlier volume, no attempt has been made to include either the British Isles or Russia, and these are referred to only incidentally.
UK Tax Policy and Applied General Equilibrium Analysis
Authors: Piggott John , Whalley John
Published: August 2010

At the time of this volume's publication in 1985, general equilibrium modelling had become a significant area of applied economic research. Its focus was to develop techniques to facilitate economy-wide quantitative assessment of allocative and distributional impacts on policy changes. UK Tax Policy and Applied General Equilibrium Analysis was the first book-length treatment of the development and application of an applied general equilibrium model of the Walrasian type, constructed to analyse UK taxation and subsidy policy. As a whole, UK Tax Policy and Applied General Equilibrium Analysis offers the reader two things. First, it gives a detailed account of the development of an applied general equilibrium model of the UK. Second, it provides results of model experiments which have been designed to inform the policy debate, not only in the UK but also in other countries. It should thus be of interest to both researchers and students undertaking research in the applied general equilibrium area and to policy makers concerned with tax reform.
Medicinal Plants in Tropical West Africa
Authors: Oliver-Bever Bep
Published: August 2010

First published in 1986, this book describes the most important medicinal plants in tropical West Africa and similar humid tropical climates. After a short introduction about early traditional medicine, the bulk of the book gives an account of locally occurring plants, grouped by their medicinal actions. Plants that affect the cardiovascular and nervous systems are discussed, as are those with antibiotic, insecticidal and molluscicidal properties. Those which affect the hormonal systems of humans are catalogued and so are others that act as adrenal-cortex, sex and thyroid hormones. There is a full botanical index, which includes the commonly found synonyms for many of the plants and the work is illustrated by the author's own water colours. It may be of particular interest and use to pharmacists, biochemists, botanists and pharmacologists and of great value to those who exploit locally available resources in treating diseases in tropical areas.
What Are Philosophical Systems?
Authors: Vuillemin Jules
Published: August 2010

This book presents a learned and ingenious attempt to understand the origin and nature of philosophical inquiry. It draws on material from numerous disciplines and from all periods of philosophy and provides challenging arguments on a wide range of topics. The author constructs a hierarchy of ontological claims, beginning with perceptual experience, moving to language and science. He traces subtle and unexpected relations among these and concludes by offering a system for classifying philosophical theories which reveals why they take the form they do and why philosophical dispute is ineradicable. The book offers many fresh insights into such topics as the nature of experience, the nature of language and that of philosophy itself. It will interest a wide range of philosophers, in particular those concerned with categorical schemes, grammar and ontology.
THE FORGOTTEN FREEDOM: FREEDOM FROM FEAR
Authors: Spigelman James
Published: August 2010

Freedom from fear, expressly recognized in the foundational human rights treaties, has been forgotten in human rights discourse. Fear can have profound behavioural impacts. Without recognition of the importance of freedom from fear, the fulfilment of many human rights is compromised, particularly physical security. Politico-legal thought, from Montesquieu and Blackstone, has long identified the significance of security of the person and the tension between liberty and security. Comparative exploration of contemporary case law reveals disparate approaches to the recognition of security of the person as an individual right which the State is obliged to protect. Increasing the salience of security of the person and the dimension of freedom from fear in human rights decision making raises the difficult issue of balancing conflicting rights.
IN THE TRAP OF A LEGAL METAPHOR: INTERNATIONAL SOFT LAW
Authors: Blutman László
Published: August 2010

International soft law as a legal metaphor has become part of legal discourse. The author argues not only that the term itself is misleading and contradictory, but that the terminological problem indicates deeper doctrinal difficulties which soft law theories should overcome. Identifying two main streams of these theories, the article provides a short review of the fundamental arguments for the existence of soft law. It distinguishes between two lines of arguments, ie functional arguments and proximity arguments, evaluates their coherence and explanatory power, and finds that these arguments fail to lay a coherent and persuasive foundation for international soft law. The author concludes by pointing out that non-legal norms may have essential regulatory functions in international relations but the law and non-law distinction should be maintained, and separating soft law as a distinct category is unwarranted.
I. THE CORONERS AND JUSTICE ACT 2009 AND INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL LAW: BACKING INTO THE FUTURE?
Authors: Cryer Robert , Mora Paul David
Published: August 2010

As a precursor to the United Kingdom's ratification of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC) in 2001, the respective Parliaments in the UK adopted two Acts to implement the obligations that treaty imposed on the UK, and to implement the international crimes, as defined in that treaty, into the law of the UK. When the International Criminal Court Act (ICC Act) was being debated in 2001, Baroness Scotland, speaking for the Government, explained that part of the raison d'etre of the Act was that the UK ought not to be seen as a safe haven for international criminals. However, in line with article 11 of the Rome Statute, the jurisdiction of UK courts over such offences, insofar as they were not already covered by the Geneva Conventions Act 1957 and the Genocide Act 1969 (the latter of which was repealed by the ICC Act) only applied prospectively.
II. INTERNATIONAL LAW, THE UNITED KINGDOM AND DECISIONS TO DEPLOY TROOPS OVERSEAS
Authors: White Nigel D
Published: August 2010

This short article considers the two primary legal frameworks that can operate to control decisions by a State, in this case the UK, to deploy troops to conflict or post-conflict zones—British constitutional law and international law, and how they have both been thrown into sharp relief by the continuing debate about the possible adoption by the House of Commons of a non-statutory war powers resolution.
I. EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS BIJELIC V MONTENEGRO AND SERBIA (APPLICATION NO 19890/05) JUDGMENT OF 11 JUNE 2009
Authors: Brockman-Hawe Benjamin E
Published: August 2010

What happens when a European State breaches its international obligations and then ceases to exist? Does its obligation to repair the harm caused by the breach devolve to a new state that occupies part of the territory of an old state? When will a new European State be held accountable for violations that took place before the entry into force of a human rights treaty? This comment examines the European Court of Human Rights' (hereinafter ‘the Court’ or ‘the ECtHR’) encounter with the law of state succession, specifically succession to treaty obligations and succession to responsibility for the wrongful acts of a predecessor state. In Bijelic v Montenegro and Serbia the Court held that Montenegro was to be automatically regarded as a party to the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (hereinafter ‘the Convention’), as well as Protocol No 1 thereto, from the date of its declaration of independence from the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro (hereinafter ‘the State Union’), and that Montenegro alone could be held responsible for violations of these instruments occurring in the territory of the State Union that began before March 2004 (the date of ratification of the Convention and Protocol 1 by the State Union) but continuing through 2009. Bijelic is not the first time the Court has been called upon to decide a question of succession to treaty obligations or responsibility, but the judgment is noteworthy for the unique approach the Court adopted to deciding both of these issues. This comment will place the decision in the larger context of Court practice with respect to both of the implicated succession issues, identify the aspects the Trial Chamber's analysis that distinguish it from its predecessors and discuss the decision of the Court in light of general and emerging trends in international law. In the process, this comment will provide a uniquely thorough examination of ECtHR practice with respect to succession to responsibility and identify the trends, to the extent that such trends exist, that characterize the Court's approach to this area of law.
Large particle segregation, transport and accumulation in granular free-surface flows – ERRATUM
Authors: GRAY J. M. N. T. , KOKELAAR B. P.
Published: August 2010

The Publishers apologise to the authors and readers for the following errors which occurred in Gray & Kokelaar (2010).
Psorophorus and Xanthopsoroma, two new genera for yellow-green, corticolous and squamulose lichen species, previously in Psoroma
Authors: ELVEBAKK Arve , ROBERTSEN Eli Helene , PARK Chae Haeng , HONG Soon Gyu
Published: August 2010

Psoroma microlepideum is reduced to a synonym of P. fuegiense. The species differs in several characters from P. pholidotum, and it overlaps geographically with the latter, which is neotypified here. These two species are now placed in the new southern South American genus Psorophorus, differing from Psoroma s. str. in being corticolous, having adpressed squamules on a distinct, dark prothallus, lacking melanins, having a thin cortical layer and a simpler IKI+ apical ascus structure. Two other widespread, panaustral species are the only ones in Pannariacae containing usnic acid. The primarily fertile species has been known as Psoroma pholidotoides, but the type contains pannarin rather than usnic acid, and the correct name for the primarily fertile taxon with usnic acid is Psoroma contextum Stirt. This is together with P. soccatum R. Br. ex Crombie is now placed in the new genus Xanthopsoroma. In addition to usnic acid, both species have a series of distinct terpenoids, some in major quantities. Like Psorophorus, they are corticolous, but have long, more or less nodulose, apical perispore extensions, and an IKI+ apical ascus tube structure which is longer and thinner, including a diffuse tholus reaction, and often an external apical sheet. Phylogenetically, these two genera are shown to be monophyletic and different from Psoroma s. str. based on an analysis of ITS and nrLSU rDNA. This analysis also shows that among the ten species focused on in this study, nine species (two in Xanthopsoroma, two in Psorophorus and five in Psoroma s. str.) are monophyletic, based on two to six sequences of each species. Psoroma hypnorum remains polyphyletic. All names now belonging in Psorophorus and Xanthopsoroma are typified.
Reassessment of the genusCatillochroma(lichenized Ascomycota,Ramalinaceae)
Authors: FRYDAY Alan M. , LENDEMER James C.
Published: August 2010

The species assigned to the genusCatillochromaare reassessed. The two characters used to characterizeCatillochroma, exciple anatomy and thalline chemistry, are shown to be variable and contradictory with a number of intermediates. Consequently,Catillochromais reduced to synonymy withMegalaria, and the species previously placed inCatillochromatransferred, or returned, toMegalaria. As such, the following new combinations are proposed:Megalaria anaglyptica,M. endochroma,M. intermiscensandM. leptocheila. The genusLopezariais also shown to be related toMegalariaand to be closely related to the type species ofCatillochroma,C. endochroma, and so is also reduced to synonymy withMegalaria. A number of species found to have been misplaced inCatillariaare also transferred toMegalaria:M. leucochlora,M. melanopotamica,M. obludens,M. pannosaandM. phaeolomiza.Megalaria imshaugiiis reduced to synonymy withM. obludens, Megalaria pannosais reported for the first time from North America andLopezaria isidizais reported for the first time from outside Asia from Jamaica.
Sleep in care homes
Authors: Gordon Adam L , Gladman John RF
Published: August 2010

Sleep problems in older adults are common and disturbance in sleep is associated with increased mortality. These problems are more pronounced in the care home population because of institutional factors and a high prevalence of frailty and co-morbidity. This article reviews the randomized controlled trials undertaken to address sleep problems in care homes. These suggest that stand-alone therapies – oral melatonin and light therapy – have no effect on sleep but that combination treatments – physical exercise plus sleep hygiene, physical exercise plus sleep hygiene plus light and melatonin plus light – may have positive effects. These effects are more marked for daytime arousal than nocturnal sleep. Practical considerations for care homes are how to maximize light exposure, incorporate exercise into daily routines and minimize night-time disruption for residents. Trials undertaken so far are compromised by small sample size and inappropriate randomization strategies and further research is therefore required.
The architect is present?
Authors: Unwin Simon
Published: August 2010

Some artists have a sense of architecture, using it in or around their work. I am thinking of Antony Gormley whose casts of his own body are almost always located in relation to a setting – whether a beach, the courtyard of a gallery or the precipitous edges of high buildings. I am thinking too of James Turrell whose light spaces are works of architecture, places in which to contemplate the sky, to watch the sunlight pan slowly around the space. I would cite too Martin Creed whose fugitive sprinters ran approximately along the axis of the Duveen Galleries at Tate Britain in London, framed by them, avoiding visitors as they rushed from one end to the other; and Anish Kapoor for his bulbous walls or his vast ‘trumpet’ – Marsyas – in the Turbine Hall of Tate Modern.
Archetypische Symbolik in der Kunst von Niki de Saint Phalle
Authors: Franzen Georg
Published: August 2010

Zusammenfassung. Aufgrund der symbolischen Orientierung bietet die Analytische Psychologie von C. G. Jung eine Grundlage für kunstpsychologische Untersuchungen. Am Beispiel der Kunst von Niki de Saint Phalle (1930–2002) wird der Zusammenhang von Archetypischer Symbolik und Kunst erläutert.
Origin and context of C. T. R. Wilson's ideas on electron runaway in thunderclouds
Authors: Williams Earle R.
Published: August 2010

The publications, research notebooks and personal correspondence of C.T.R. Wilson are reviewed to understand his thinking on the idea of electron runaway in thunderclouds. The expansion cloud chamber, developed and refined over a period of nearly fifty years, is centrally important. Wilson's habit of research is characterized by a pattern of alternating between laboratory work with the cloud chamber and field observations of thunderclouds and the global electrical circuit. The evidence that the ionization tracks of electrons in the cloud chamber straightened with increasing energy was key to the idea of electron runaway, published in 1925. Despite numerous negative results by Wilson's colleagues Schonland, Halliday and others in searching for energetic particles in the vicinity of thunderclouds, Wilson supported the idea from its inception to his final publication in 1956. Wilson's notebooks indicate a conceptual awareness of runaway breakdown in thunderclouds 60 years in advance of contemporary theoretical publications. Definitive observational results on runaway breakdown in contemporary research were likely delayed for 60 years as a result of the unfortunate negative experimental results with inadequate equipment.
Mesospheric temperature observations at Resolute (75°N) in the context of solar flux and quasi‐biennial variations
Authors: Shepherd Gordon G. , Cho Young‐Min , Shepherd Marianna G.
Published: August 2010

A spectral airglow temperature imager was operated at Resolute (75°N) in northern Canada from 2001 to 2009, providing mesospheric rotational temperatures from the hydroxyl radical OH Meinel (6,2) band airglow from a nominal altitude of 87 km. The year‐to‐year temperature variability, which included a full maximum to minimum of the solar cycle, was investigated and compared with the temperatures at 22.5 km obtained from radiosonde measurements at the same site. For both data sets, an anticorrelation with the quasi‐biennial oscillation (QBO) was found, in the sense that a positive (eastward) zonal wind at the equator corresponded to negative temperature anomalies for both regions, a relationship that had already been recognized for the lower stratosphere. Plots of the monthly mesospheric temperatures versus solar flux, done separately for the two phases of the QBO, showed a high correlation for the westerly phase of the QBO and a low correlation for the easterly phase, as has been recognized for the lower stratosphere. Finally, when the upper mesospheric monthly temperature anomalies were plotted versus those for the lower stratosphere, a high correlation was found for the westerly phase of the QBO and a low correlation for the easterly phase. This is also a new finding for the upper mesosphere and indicates either a coupling between the two regions or simply a common response to the same source: solar flux, the influence of which is modulated by the QBO.
Microscopy analysis of soils at the Phoenix landing site, Mars: Classification of soil particles and description of their optical and magnetic properties
Authors: Goetz W. , Pike W. T. , Hviid S. F. , Madsen M. B. , Morris R. V. , Hecht M. H. , Staufer U. , Leer K. , Sykulska H. , Hemmig E. , Marshall J. , Morookian J. M. , Parrat D. , Vijendran S. , Bos B. J. , El Maarry M. R. , Keller H. U. , Kramm R. , Markiewicz W. J. , Drube L. , Blaney D. , Arvidson R. E. , Bell J. F. , Reynolds R. , Smith P. H. , Woida P. , Woida R. , Tanner R.
Published: August 2010

The optical microscope onboard the Phoenix spacecraft has returned color images (4 μm pixel−1) of soils that were delivered to and held on various substrates. A preliminary taxonomy of Phoenix soil particles, based on color, size, and shape, identifies the following particle types [generic names in brackets]: (1) reddish fines, mostly unresolved, that are spectrally similar to (though slightly darker than) global airborne dust [red fines], (2) silt‐ to sand‐sized brownish grains [brown sand], (3) silt‐ to sand‐sized black grains [black sand], and (4) small amounts of whitish fines, possibly salts [white fines]. Most particles have a saturation magnetization in the range 0.5‐2 Am2 kg−1 as inferred from their interaction with magnetic substrates. The particle size distribution has two distinct peaks below 10 μm (fines) and in the range 20–100 μm (grains), respectively, and is different from that of ripple soils in Gusev crater. In particular medium to large sand grains appear to be absent in Phoenix soils. Most sand grains have subrounded shape with variable texture. A fractured grain (observed on sol 112) reveals evidence of micrometer‐sized crystal facets. The brown sand category displays a large diversity in color including shiny, almost colorless particles. Potential source regions for these grains may be the Tharsis volcanoes or Heimdal crater (20 km east of the landing site). The black grains are suggested to belong to a more widespread population of particles with mafic mineralogy. The absence of black/brown composite grains is consistent with different formation pathways and source regions for each grain type.
Toward two‐phase flow modeling of nondilute sediment transport in open channels
Authors: Jha Sanjeev K. , Bombardelli Fabián A.
Published: August 2010

In this paper, we generalize several models based upon the multiphase flow theory to address the nondilute transport of suspended sediment in open channels. These models naturally include the dilute condition as a special case. We assess the range of validity of models through simulations of the experimental tests by Vanoni (1946), Einstein and Chien (1955), Taggart et al. (1972), Coleman (1986), and Wang and Qian (1992). The K − ɛ model is used to represent the turbulence in the carrier phase, and the kinetic theory of gases is employed for the closure of stresses due to inter‐particle collisions. We test various closures for the eddy viscosity of the disperse phase; we show the effects of increasing sediment concentration on the interaction forces between the two phases and on the stresses developed due to inter‐particle collisions. We determine the values of the Schmidt number required to approximate the experimental profiles of the volumetric concentration of sediment, suggesting that while the Schmidt number is smaller than one for dilute mixtures, it is larger than one for nondilute flows. Results indicate that nondilute models of increasing complexity are indeed necessary for flows having high solid volume fractions. Our results also suggest a more tested range of values for the threshold of sediment concentration of nondilute flows; this threshold can be located between 2 and 5%. It is observed that the virtual mass force becomes important in the simulation of nondilute flows. The eddy viscosity of the carrier phase is found to decrease with the increasing volumetric concentration in the flow.
Seismic monitoring of Séchilienne rockslide (French Alps): Analysis of seismic signals and their correlation with rainfalls
Authors: Helmstetter Agnès , Garambois Stéphane
Published: August 2010

In the French Alps, Séchilienne rockslide is one of the natural phenomena that presents one of the highest levels of risk in terms of socioeconomical outcomes. This rockslide has been active for a few decades and has been instrumented since 1985. The current very active volume of this rockslide is estimated to be up to 5 million m3, located on the border of a slowly moving mass reaching 50–100 million m3. The velocity of the most active zone reached 1.4 m/yr in 2008, about twice the value of 2000. A seismic network was installed on this rockslide in May 2007 to supplement the monitoring system. It has now recorded several thousand events, mostly rockfalls but also hundreds of local and regional earthquakes, which can be distinguished and classified from their signal characteristics. Rockfalls and microseismicity, which occur in bursts of activity, are found to be weakly, but significantly, correlated with rainfall. Rockfall occurrence increases linearly with precipitation, with however strong fluctuations of the numbers of rockfalls per day for the same rainfall intensity. No threshold was found for rainfall triggering, with even 1 mm of rain being enough to trigger rockfalls. Rockfall activity starts almost immediately during a rainfall episode and lasts for several days after the rainfall. Rain also induces strong accelerations of the rockslide movement, which also start quasi‐instantaneously and last for about a month.
A hidden seasonal switching model for high‐resolution breakpoint rainfall data
Authors: Sansom John , Thomson Peter
Published: August 2010

A nonhomogeneous hidden semi‐Markov model (NHSMM) for breakpoint rainfall data is proposed which extends the homogeneous hidden semi‐Markov model (HSMM) of Sansom and Thomson (2001) to incorporate stochastic seasonality. The NHSMM model is able to switch seasons at times that are earlier or later than expected and, in this way, is able to explain additional seasonal variability due to varying length seasons. The model's hidden rainfall states align with precipitation mechanisms that are seasonally invariant, but the state dynamics are assumed to vary with season. Recursions for constructing the likelihood are developed and the EM algorithm used to fit the parameters of the model. An application of the model to breakpoint rainfall measurements from Invercargill, New Zealand, is discussed, and the results of fitting a number of different NHSMMs are compared to those from fitting the non‐seasonal homogeneous HSMM.
Surface area measurements of marine basalts: Implications for the subseafloor microbial biomass
Authors: Nielsen Mark E. , Fisk Martin R.
Published: August 2010

These first measurements of specific surface area (SSA) of bulk samples of subsurface marine basalts were undertaken to determine the potential area available for microbial colonization. SSA ranged from 0.3 to 52 m2/g of basalt with the lowest value coming from pillow basalt and the highest value from breccia. The average for massive and pillow basalts combined was 2.3 m2/g. The total specific surface area of the extrusive volcanic rocks of the ocean crust is estimated to be 1024 m2. This surface area could provide attachment for up to 1034 cells if cell density is the same as that of experimentally colonized basalt surfaces. Independent measures and calculations of biomass in basalts suggest that cell densities on surfaces are only 10−4 times those in laboratory experiments and, therefore, the surface area of basalt does not limit microbial biomass in the igneous ocean crust.