bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Caesars (1968)
Authors: Magerstädt Sylvie
Published: September 2019

This case-study examines the 1968 ITV production The Caesars.
New approaches to peer review in the age of online, open-access publishing
Authors: Hopkins Melanie J
Published: September 2019

“Electronic publishing” can mean a variety of things, but for the dissemination of scientific results, there are two major categories: 1) materials that have not gone through peer-review, such as community-database entries, presentations from conferences, and manuscripts posted on preprint servers; and 2) materials that have gone through peer-review and are subsequently posted online. In the latter case, the process of peer-review is usually managed by a body of editors associated with a journal. If a manuscript is published by such a journal, the reader can be assured that it went through the peer-review process successfully. In the last decade or so, journals have started to abandon printed issues of peer-reviewed articles and are now publishing exclusively online; there have also been a proliferation of new online-only journals. Concurrently, there has been a shift towards open-access publishing, which, while making scientific studies more broadly available, has also transferred the financial burden from the reader or subscriber to the authors and funding agencies. Lastly, there has been a shift in how manuscripts on preprint servers are viewed, and it is increasingly common in many scientific fields for authors to post a finalized manuscript to a preprint server prior to submission to a journal. This talk will describe the “Peer Community In” (PCI) Project, which is a non-profit organization that was established in response to these major shifts in scientific publishing. The PCI Project is comprised of communities of researchers working in different fields (including paleontology), who peer review and recommend research articles publicly available on preprint servers. The goal is to promote rigorous scientific study by providing an alternative to traditional avenues for peer-reviewed publishing.
Reshaping the Industry: The Challenge to Misclassification
Authors: Cummings Scott L.
Published: September 2019

This chapter explores the litigation and organizing campaign to challenge the misclassification of truck drivers in court and through the administrative framework for unionization.
Can E-safety Compromise Children’s Rights?
Authors: Milosevic Tijana
Published: September 2019

This chapter provides a more elaborate review and a critical examination of research findings about digital bullying, drawing from an interdisciplinary literature. In light of these findings, it critically analyzes media coverage of e-safety, online risks and harms, which digital bullying is an example of, as well as moral and technopanics –exaggerated concerns over youth use of technology and the consequences that emerge under such circumstances for various stakeholders. This chapter also builds the case for considering protection from digital bullying in the context of children’s rights. Wider social and cultural problems that remain less discussed in public discourse on digital bullying are given special attention to, building the case as to why it is important to address the culture of humiliation, focusing attention on dignity, rather than engaging in simplistic binaries of finger-pointing that are so often witnessed in the aftermaths of digital bullying cases.
Shaping Company Responsibility: Privatized Public Sphere
Authors: Milosevic Tijana
Published: September 2019

This chapter surveys social media platforms whose policies are examined in this book and gives an overview of critical research on the increasing role of private intermediaries in regulating digital environments (DeNardis, 2014), placing this information against the safe harbor provisions of the CDA and DMCA, which ensure limited liability for online intermediaries. The brief company profiles are meant to provide an overview for those readers who are not familiar with these companies and their history in relationship to bullying incidents. Following Gillespie (2010, 2015) and van Dijck (2013), the chapter examines the literature on discourses of platforms.
Industry Self-Regulation in the US and in the EU
Authors: Milosevic Tijana
Published: September 2019

This chapter analyzes the regulatory environment with implications for digital bullying with a specific focus on the United States (US) and the European Union (EU). Relevant regulatory stakeholders are explained as well as the process of self-regulation vs. traditional, command-and-control legislation and the benefits and downsides of each in the context of digital bullying. Self-regulation is distinguished from private regulation and corporate social responsibility (CSR) and literature that compares differences in self-regulatory traditions in the US and EU is examined, together with discussions on co-regulation. The term “alternative regulatory instruments” or ARIs (Lievens, 2010) is proposed and the author specifies how the terms “self-regulation” and “private regulation” are used in the book and subsequent chapters. It is argued that few companies examined in this book have been part of traditional self-regulatory initiatives but have rather adopted and developed policies via industry best practices. The issue of scarcity of independent evaluation, especially from children’s perspective, is raised, and how such a state of affairs reflects upon children’s rights.
The Birth of ECD: An Invention Factory (1965–1979)
Authors: Hoddeson Lillian , Garrett Peter
Published: September 2019

With new resources gained from licensing Ovshinsky’s discoveries, his company, renamed Energy Conversion Devices (ECD), expanded into an ambitious research and development laboratory. Its growing staff of highly trained scientists pursued both theoretical explanations and practical applications of the Ovshinsky effect, in the process helping to open the vast scientific field of materials research. Their first success was the optical phase-change memory that became the basis of rewritable CDs and DVDs. The new companies that ECD established circa 1970 to commercialize instant imaging and optical memory systems based on Ovshinsky’s new “Ovonic” proprietary materials did not succeed, however, and ECD struggled to survive. Its fortunes dramatically improved a decade later when its new photovoltaic program, aimed at developing and producing thin-film amorphous silicon solar cells in large quantities attracted major funding from the prominent oil corporation Atlantic Richfield (ARCO).
Information: Displays and Memory Devices (1981–2007)
Authors: Hoddeson Lillian , Garrett Peter
Published: September 2019

Adapting the thin-film technology developed in its solar energy program, ECD became a pioneer in making flat panel displays. Its subsidiary Ovonic Imaging Systems enjoyed some success in this area, but in time the display industry was taken over by the giant Japanese and Korean electronics companies. Commercializing Ovshinsky’s invention of phase-change memory also went slowly. The company first developed chalcogenide alloys for faster optical memories, used in rewritable CDs and DVDs. At Ovshinsky’s urging, the same alloy was used in an electrical phase-change memory, which advanced to the point where a new company, Ovonyx, was begun to develop its promise for use in computers. One other promising information technology, a “cognitive computer” whose architecture modeled that of the human brain, never reached fruition because the program was terminated by ECD at the time Ovshinsky was pushed out.
Losing Iris, Losing ECD
Authors: Hoddeson Lillian , Garrett Peter
Published: September 2019

This chapter recounts two devastating losses that befell Ovshinsky in less than a year’s time (2006-07). The first was the sudden death of his wife and partner Iris, who had played a vital role in his life and work. The second was his loss of control over ECD, the company they had founded and fostered together for forty-seven years. Ovshinsky’s position in ECD had been eroding for some years, but the main cause of his forced “retirement” was the Sarbanes-Oxley Bill, which required replacing many of his supporters on the Board of Directors. The new board not only pushed Ovshinsky out of ECD but also eliminated most of the company’s research programs, including those devoted to hydrogen-powered cars and the cognitive computer, keeping only the profitable United Solar and Ovonic Battery divisions.
The Problems Resolved in a New Account of Reason
Authors: Hoffmaster Barry , Hooker Cliff
Published: September 2019

Deliberative judgment formation is a core human skill largely irreplaceable by rational formalisms. Judgment is rationally learnable and improvable like other skills, and well-designed deliberation is the foundation of non-formal rationality. It includes self-improvement by learning about our own norms and deliberative processes, exemplified in increasingly powerful scientific method, in the spread of institutional ethical resolution processes, and so on. There are four principal resources or means for the improvement of skilled judgment: observation, the use of both formal and non-formal reasoning procedures, constrained but creative construction, and systematic critical appraisal. These four bundles of processes are utilized by both individuals and, typically more powerfully, by communal groupings such as research teams. The bulk of the chapter is devoted to expositions of the four resources of non-formal reason and their strategic deployment in problem solving.
Introduction
Authors: Ananny Mike
Published: September 2019

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the book's main themes. The book challenges the myth that if we just get out of the way of good journalists and let them tell truth to power, they will produce the information that vibrant democracies need. It complicates the idea of press freedom and shows that it emerges not from individual heroes but from social, technological, institutional, and normative forces that vie for power, imagine publics, and implicitly fight for visions of democracy. Press freedom is viewed as a concept to think with—a generative and constructive tool for looking at any given era of the press and public life and asking, is this version of press freedom giving us the kind of publics we need? If not, how do we revise the institutional arrangements underpinning press freedom and make a different thing that we agree to call ‘the press’?
How Free Is the Networked Press?
Authors: Ananny Mike
Published: September 2019

This chapter traces where the networked press exists today. Based on a seven-year corpus (2010–2016) of journalistic trade press focused on sociotechnical dynamics, it describes how the networked press' autonomy exists in twelve sociotechnical dynamics: observation, production, alignments, labor, analytics, timing, security, audiences, revenue, facts, resemblances, and affect. It argues that networked press freedom is the story of people and machines coming together and pulling away from often invisible and unacknowledged assumptions about what kind of press publics need. By seeing itself as a set of sociotechnical separations and dependencies, the press may better be able to decide and defend what kinds of publics it can create.
Performing Identity Work
Authors: Humphreys Lee
Published: September 2019

This chapter explores the role of media accounting in identity performance and work by highlighting how media have always been important outlets for identity expression. It suggests that visual modes of identity representation are means of social interaction. Beginning with a review of the historical role of snapshot photography, it shows the early interconnections between media, the family, and identity. The chapter then reviews the rise of consumer culture and scrapbooks at the turn of the twentieth century, discussing the importance of performance, consumption, and identity on Pinterest. Two important aspects of identity representations are explored. First, it argues that identity is not an individualistic cognition or state, but fundamentally a dynamic and socially enacted process revealed through media accounting. Second, the ways in which people make choices about the small scraps, snapshots, and posts of their media accounting reflect identity work.
Conclusion
Authors: Humphreys Lee
Published: September 2019

This chapter reviews the practices and dialectics of media accounting to explore what is really new about new media accounting practices. One of the goals of placing social media into a media accounting framework is that it shows similarities in practices across time and technology. It also gives insights into the key differences. The chapter argues that the speed, size, and ownership of mobile and social media platforms are significantly different from previous forms of media accounting. It discusses the implications of what these differences are for individuals as well as the broader cultural implications. It also discusses a so-called post-digital turn in media accounting whereby the media traces we create are made analogue in a tactical way—tactical both as a means of exerting power and influence but also in its material form.
From Associative Learning to Language Structure
Authors: Kapatsinski Vsevolod
Published: September 2019

This chapter reviews sources of regularity in language, including maximizing (vs. probability matching) in decision making and positive feedback (rich-get-richer) loops within and between individuals. It argues that gradual learning can manifest itself in abrupt changes in behaviour, and languages can look somewhat regular and systematic in everyday use despite being represented as networks of competing associations. The chapter then reviews the kinds of structures found in language, distinguishing between syntagmatic structure (sequencing, serial order), schematic structure (form-meaning mappings, constructions) and paradigmatic structure, which is argued to be necessary only for learning morphological paradigms. Two controversial issues are discussed. First, it is argued that associations in language are ‘bidirectional by default’ in that an experienced language learner tries to form associations in both directions but may fail in doing so. Second, learning is argued to often proceed in the general-to-specific directions, especially at the level of cues (predictors) as opposed to outputs (behaviours).
Bayes, Rationality, and Rashionality
Authors: Kapatsinski Vsevolod
Published: September 2019

This chapter reviews the main ideas of Bayesian approaches to learning, compared to associationist approaches. It reviews and discusses Bayesian criticisms of associationist learning theory. In particular, Bayesian theorists have argued that associative models fail to represent confidence in belief and update confidence with experience. The chapter discusses whether updating confidence is necessary to capture entrenchment, suspicious coincidence, and category variability effects. The evidence is argued to be somewhat inconclusive at present, as simulated annealing can often suffice. Furthermore, when confidence updating is suggested by the data, the updating suggested by the data may be non-normative, contrary to the Bayesian notion of the learner as an ideal observer. Following Kruschke, learned selective attention is argued to explain many ways in which human learning departs from that of the ideal observer, most crucially including the weakness of backward relative to forward blocking. Other departures from the ideal observer may be due to biological organisms taking into account factors other than belief accuracy. Finally, generative and discriminative learning models are compared. Generative models are argued to be particularly likely when active learning is a possibility and when reversing the observed mappings may be required.
Continuous Dimensions and Distributional Learning
Authors: Kapatsinski Vsevolod
Published: September 2019

This chapter describes the evidence for the existence of dimensions, focusing on the difference between the difficulty of attention shifts to a previously relevant vs. irrelevant dimension. It discusses the representation of continuous dimensions in the associationist framework. including population coding and thermometer coding, as well as the idea that learning can adjust the breadth of adjustable receptive fields. In phonetics, continuous dimensions have been argued to be split into categories via distributional learning. This chapter reviews what we know about distributional learning and argues that it relies on several distinct learning mechanisms, including error-driven learning at two distinct levels and building a generative model of the speaker. The emergence of perceptual equivalence regions from error-driven learning is discussed, and implications for language change briefly noted with an iterated learning simulation.
Schematic Structure, Hebbian Learning, and Semantic Change
Authors: Kapatsinski Vsevolod
Published: September 2019

This chapter aims to explain some trends in semantic change with Hebbian learning. Semantic broadening observed in grammaticalization is argued to be seeded by speakers when they select frequent forms for production over less accessible competitors, even though the meaning they are trying to express is merely similar to the meanings the frequent form was experienced in. Extension of frequent forms in production co-exists with entrenchment (the suspicious coincidence effect) in comprehension. The entrenchment effect in comprehension rules out a habituation account of the semantic change. The form a speaker is most likely to extend to a new meaning in production is often the form they are least likely to map onto that meaning in comprehension. A range of Hebbian models of these processes is developed. All such models are shown to predict the comprehension-production dissociation under default assumptions regarding salience differences between absent and present cues. Certain aspects of the results are shown to be problematic for error-driven models (Rescorla-Wagner), at least if learning rate is fast enough to give rise to their signature blocking effect. Finally, an account of accessibility in an associative framework is developed.
Relation between Spontaneous and Stimulus-Induced Activity: Interaction Model of Brain
Authors: Northoff Georg
Published: September 2019

The brain and especially its spontaneous activity have been the subject of intense study in both neuroscience and philosophy (as for instance by Klein 2014). However, what exactly counts as spontaneous activity as well as its relationship with stimulus-induced or task-evoked activity remain matters of debate. I here focus on the second aspect, the relationship between spontaneous and stimulus-induced activity. I suggest two different models of their relationship, parallelism and interactionism. I weigh the empirical evidence for and against both models and tentatively suggest that it speaks in favour of interactionism wherein spontaneous and stimulus-induced activity are taken to be mutually dependent on each other and interact in a non-additive way. In addition to empirical evidence, I also discuss the non-additive interaction within the context of philosophy of science by referring to Giere’s distinction between model and fundamental principle. I suggest a particular coding strategy by the brain, e.g., difference-based coding, to underlie and make possible the interaction model – difference-based coding may therefore be regarded a fundamental principle. This complements the empirical findings I present by extrapolating some of the theoretical implications of the interactionist view.
Copernican Revolution in Physics and Cosmology: Vantage Point from beyond Earth
Authors: Northoff Georg
Published: September 2019

Why do we so stubbornly cling to the assumption of mind? Despite the so far presented empirical, ontological, and conceptual-logical evidence against mind, the philosopher may nevertheless reject the world-brain problem as counter-intuitive. She/he will argue that we need to approach the question for the existence and reality of mental features in terms of the mind-body problem as it is more intuitive than the world-brain problem. Our strong adherence to mind is thus, at least in part, based on what philosophers describe as “intuition”, the “intuition of mind” as I say. How can we resist and escape the pulling forces of our “intuition of mind”? The main focus in this chapter and the whole final part is on the “intuition of mind” and how we can avoid and render it impossible. I will argue that we need to exclude the mind as possible epistemic option from our knowledge, i.e., the “logical space of knowledge”, as I say. The concept of “logical space of knowledge” concerns what we can access in our knowledge, i.e., our possible epistemic options that are included in the “logical space of knowledge”, as distinguished from what remains inaccessible to us, i.e., impossible epistemic options, as they are excluded from the “logical space of knowledge”. For instance, the “logical space of knowledge” presupposed in current philosophy of mind and specifically mind-body discussion includes mind as possible epistemic option while world-brain relation is excluded as impossible epistemic option. This, as I argue, provides the basis for our “intuition of mind” and the seemingly counterintuitive nature of world-brain relation. How can we modify and change the possible and impossible epistemic options in our “logical space of knowledge”? I argue that this is possible by shifting our vantage point or viewpoint - that is paradigmatically reflected in the Copernican revolution in cosmology and physics. Copernicus shifted the “vantage point from within earth” to a “vantage point beyond earth”; this enabled him to take into view that the earth (rather than the sun) moves by itself which provided the basis for his shift from a geo- to a helio-centric view of the universe. Hence, the shift in vantage point modified his epistemic options and thus expanded the presupposed “logical space of knowledge”. I conclude that we require an analogous shift in the vantage point we currently presuppose in philosophy of mind. This will expand our “logical space of knowledge” in such way that makes possible to include world-brain relation as possible epistemic option while, at the same time, excluding mind as impossible epistemic option. That, in turn, will render the world-brain problem more intuitive while the mind-body problem will then be rather counter-intuitive. Taken together, this amounts to nothing less than a Copernican revolution in neuroscience and philosophy – that shall be the focus in next chapter.
Pre-Copernican Stance in Neuroscience and Philosophy: Vantage Point from within Mind or Brain
Authors: Northoff Georg
Published: September 2019

Our intuition pulls us towards assuming the mind. We are therefore inclined to approach the question for the existence and reality of mental features in terms of mind and mind-body problem rather than the world-brain problem (even if the latter is more plausible). The present chapter focuses on the origin of our “intuition of mind”. I argue that our “intuition of mind” is closely related to the vantage point or point of view we presuppose – the vantage point determines or frames the possible epistemic options that are included within the “logical space of knowledge”. Specifically, I argue that a “vantage point from within mind” makes possible to include the “intuition of mind” as possible epistemic option in our “logical space of knowledge”. However, such “vantage point from within mind” as well as its various escape strategies including vantage point from within reason and vantage point from brain or body amount to a pre-Copernican stance as they can be compared to the “vantage point from within earth” (chapter 12). My main argument in the present chapter is therefore that, analogous to Copernicus, we need to replace the pre-Copernican “vantage point from within mind” (or from within brain) by a post-Copernican “vantage point from beyond brain” – the latter will be developed in the next chapter.
How Vanhu Managed Tsetse
Authors: Mavhunga Clapperton Chakanetsa
Published: September 2019

This chapter shows that vanhu vatema understood mobility as the centerpiece of their interactions with the insect. It commences from a view of vatema's management of mhesvi as a site of innovation, illustrating the centrality of mobility in interactions between vanhu and zvipukanana. The chapter strategically deploys the travel accounts of vachana writing in the nineteenth century about their encounters with people living with and despite mhesvi. The strategy herein is to read these travel accounts as acts of witnessing to, and confessions about, ruzivo rwemhesvi (knowledge of tsetse) among the people living in the lands between and along the Zambezi and Limpopo Rivers. The chapter maps mhesvi-infested areas and mhesvi management techniques—namely, forest clearance, selective culling of mhuka, strategic settlement of vanhu, use of repellents, movement by night, and inoculation. At the end of the day, African mhesvi management was about mobilities management.
Exposing the Fly to Its Enemies
Authors: Mavhunga Clapperton Chakanetsa
Published: September 2019

This chapter builds on and contributes to literature on arboricides or herbicides, which currently is strongest in the United States, where some of the chemicals and equipment used to deny ndedzi shelter originated. It considers two stratagems, both derived from past and prevailing practices of vanhu vatema of killing mhesvi and exposing it to its predators. One involved using moto (fire)—specifically, late-season burning—to achieve maximum destruction and expose to predation all mhesvi in their adult phase, their zvikukwa (the insect at its worm or pupa stage, what vachana called puparia; singular chikukwa), and their zviguraura (literally, “the one that has cut off its intestines,” what vachana called larva). The second strategy was the mechanical clearance and chemical phytocides of the forest for the same purpose.
Cordon Sanitaire: Prophylactic Settlement
Authors: Mavhunga Clapperton Chakanetsa
Published: September 2019

This chapter discusses the deliberate replacement and overcrowding of vatema as forest-clearing agents and shields against ndedzi. It focuses on the use of fencing and forced resettlement of vatema as methods of “tsetse control.” The argument is that vatema and their zvipfuyo were deployed as methods of pest control and to act as an outer ring of early warning systems to protect vachana's cattle ranches. The chapter reflects on the meaning of a humanity experienced and lived under conditions of animalization, wherein vatema are dumped at the unhealthy margins, to live not just like but with other mhuka as vachana helped themselves to their healthy lands on the watershed.
The Coming of the Organochlorine Pesticide
Authors: Mavhunga Clapperton Chakanetsa
Published: September 2019

This chapter deals with the extensive poisoning of the environment to exterminate mhesvi. Given the massive amounts of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) dumped into the environment to kill mhesvi, OCPs present an opportunity to explore the question of pollution and its health effects. The chapter introduces and accounts for the specific circumstances by which OCPs arrived in Southern Rhodesia. In fact, by the time organochlorines like DDT, BHC, and dieldrin and organophosphates like Thallium were deployed in combat against mhesvi, hutunga, hwiza (locusts), and zvimokoto (quelea birds) after World War II, Southern Rhodesia's farmers had been dispatching mhuka, shiri, zvipukanana, and hutachiwana with chepfu through ingestion, inhalation, and skin contact for over fifty years. The chapter therefore starts from this earlier history, well before DDT and its peers, in search of antecedents that profoundly shaped and offered a broader context for the use of OCPs.
Unleashed: Mhesvi in a Time of War
Authors: Mavhunga Clapperton Chakanetsa
Published: September 2019

This chapter discusses the abandonment of “tsetse control operations” as the war of self-liberation intensified, into the fog of war in which the methods designed for mhesvi and other pests are extended to those vatema viewed as varwi verusununguko (freedom fighters) and those designated magandanga (terrorists). This does not mean all vatema and all vachena shared the same perspective or that all freedom fighters behaved consistently with that description but the majority did. This lumping together of “problem animals” and “problem people” into “vermin beings” justified the extension and slippage of instruments and methods from zvipukanana to the dehumanized munhu, whose elimination constituted a form of pest control.
Cryo-EM analyses reveal the common mechanism and diversification in the activation of RET by different ligands
Authors: Li Jie , Shang Guijun , Chen Yu-Ju , Brautigam Chad A , Liou Jen , Zhang Xuewu , Bai Xiao-chen
Published: September 2019

RET is a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) that plays essential roles in development and has been implicated in several human diseases. Different from most of RTKs, RET requires not only its cognate ligands but also co-receptors for activation, the mechanisms of which remain unclear due to lack of high-resolution structures of the ligand/co-receptor/receptor complexes. Here, we report cryo-EM structures of the extracellular region ternary complexes of GDF15/GFRAL/RET, GDNF/GFRα1/RET, NRTN/GFRα2/RET and ARTN/GFRα3/RET. These structures reveal that all the four ligand/co-receptor pairs, while using different atomic interactions, induce a specific dimerization mode of RET that is poised to bring the two kinase domains into close proximity for cross-phosphorylation. The NRTN/GFRα2/RET dimeric complex further pack into a tetrameric assembly, which is shown by our cell-based assays to regulate the endocytosis of RET. Our analyses therefore reveal both the common mechanism and diversification in the activation of RET by different ligands.
Protein engineering expands the effector recognition profile of a rice NLR immune receptor
Authors: De la Concepcion Juan Carlos , Franceschetti Marina , MacLean Dan , Terauchi Ryohei , Kamoun Sophien , Banfield Mark J
Published: September 2019

Plant nucleotide binding, leucine-rich repeat (NLR) receptors detect pathogen effectors and initiate an immune response. Since their discovery, NLRs have been the focus of protein engineering to improve disease resistance. However, this approach has proven challenging, in part due to their narrow response specificity. Previously, we revealed the structural basis of pathogen recognition by the integrated heavy metal associated (HMA) domain of the rice NLR Pikp (Maqbool et al., 2015). Here, we used structure-guided engineering to expand the response profile of Pikp to variants of the rice blast pathogen effector AVR-Pik. A mutation located within an effector-binding interface of the integrated Pikp–HMA domain increased the binding affinity for AVR-Pik variants in vitro and in vivo. This translates to an expanded cell-death response to AVR-Pik variants previously unrecognized by Pikp in planta. The structures of the engineered Pikp–HMA in complex with AVR-Pik variants revealed the mechanism of expanded recognition. These results provide a proof-of-concept that protein engineering can improve the utility of plant NLR receptors where direct interaction between effectors and NLRs is established, particularly where this interaction occurs via integrated domains.
A distinct transition from cell growth to physiological homeostasis in the tendon
Authors: Grinstein Mor , Dingwall Heather L , O'Connor Luke D , Zou Ken , Capellini Terence Dante , Galloway Jenna Lauren
Published: September 2019

Changes in cell proliferation define transitions from tissue growth to physiological homeostasis. In tendons, a highly organized extracellular matrix undergoes significant postnatal expansion to drive growth, but once formed, it appears to undergo little turnover. However, tendon cell activity during growth and homeostatic maintenance is less well defined. Using complementary methods of genetic H2B-GFP pulse-chase labeling and BrdU incorporation in mice, we show significant postnatal tendon cell proliferation, correlating with longitudinal Achilles tendon growth. Around day 21, there is a transition in cell turnover with a significant decline in proliferation. After this time, we find low amounts of homeostatic tendon cell proliferation from 3 to 20 months. These results demonstrate that tendons harbor significant postnatal mitotic activity, and limited, but detectable activity in adult and aged stages. It also points towards the possibility that the adult tendon harbors resident tendon progenitor populations, which would have important therapeutic implications.
Ankle and midtarsal joint quasi-stiffness during walking with added mass
Authors: Kern Andrew M. , Papachatzis Nikolaos , Patterson Jeffrey M. , Bruening Dustin A. , Takahashi Kota Z.
Published: September 2019

Examination of how the ankle and midtarsal joints modulate stiffness in response to increased force demand will aid understanding of overall limb function and inform the development of bio-inspired assistive and robotic devices. The purpose of this study is to identify how ankle and midtarsal joint quasi-stiffness are affected by added body mass during over-ground walking. Healthy participants walked barefoot over-ground at 1.25 m/s wearing a weighted vest with 0%, 15% and 30% additional body mass. The effect of added mass was investigated on ankle and midtarsal joint range of motion (ROM), peak moment and quasi-stiffness. Joint quasi-stiffness was broken into two phases, dorsiflexion (DF) and plantarflexion (PF), representing approximately linear regions of their moment-angle curve. Added mass significantly increased ankle joint quasi-stiffness in DF (p < 0.001) and PF (p < 0.001), as well as midtarsal joint quasi-stiffness in DF (p < 0.006) and PF (p < 0.001). Notably, the midtarsal joint quasi-stiffness during DF was ~2.5 times higher than that of the ankle joint. The increase in midtarsal quasi-stiffness when walking with added mass could not be explained by the windlass mechanism, as the ROM of the metatarsophalangeal joints was not correlated with midtarsal joint quasi-stiffness (r = −0.142, p = 0.540). The likely source for the quasi-stiffness modulation may be from active foot muscles, however, future research is needed to confirm which anatomical structures (passive or active) contribute to the overall joint quasi-stiffness across locomotor tasks.
Negative emotional state slows down movement speed: behavioral and neural evidence
Authors: Li Xiawen , Zhang Guanghui , Zhou Chenglin , Wang Xiaochun
Published: September 2019

Background

Athletic performance is affected by emotional state. Athletes may underperform in competition due to poor emotion regulation. Movement speed plays an important role in many competition events. Flexible control of movement speed is critical for effective athletic performance. Although behavioral evidence showed that negative emotion can influence movement speed, the nature of the relationship remains controversial. Thus, the present study investigated how negative emotion affects movement speed and the neural mechanism underlying the interaction between emotion processing and movement control.

Methods

The present study combined electroencephalography (EEG) technology with a cued-action task to investigate the effect of negative emotion on movement speed. In total, 21 undergraduate students were recruited for this study. Participants were asked to perform six consecutive action tasks after viewing an emotional picture. Pictures were presented in two blocks (one negative and one neutral). After the participants completed a set of tasks (neutral of negative), they were subjected to complete a 9-point self-assessment manikin scale. Participants underwent EEG while performing the tasks.

Results

At the behavior level, there was a significant main effect of emotional valence on movement speed, with participants exhibiting significantly slower movements in the negative emotional condition than in the neutral condition. EEG data showed increased theta oscillation and larger P1 amplitude in response to negative than to neural images suggesting that more cognitive resources were required to process negative than neutral images. EEG data also showed a larger late CNV area in the neutral condition than in the negative condition, which suggested that there was a significant decrease in brain activation during action tasks in negative emotional condition than in the neural. While the early CNV did not reveal a significant main effect of emotional valence.

Conclusion

The present results indicate that a negative emotion can slow movement, which is largely due to negative emotional processing consuming more resources than non-emotional processing and this interference effect mainly occurred in the late movement preparation phase.
Nurhachius luei, a new istiodactylid pterosaur (Pterosauria, Pterodactyloidea) from the Early Cretaceous Jiufotang Formation of Chaoyang City, Liaoning Province (China) and comments on the Istiodactylidae
Authors: Zhou Xuanyu , Pêgas Rodrigo V. , Leal Maria E.C. , Bonde Niels
Published: September 2019

A new istiodactylid pterosaur,Nurhachius lueisp. nov., is here reported based on a complete skull with mandible and some cervical vertebrae from the lower part of the Jiufotang Formation of western Liaoning (China). This is the second species ofNurhachius, the type-species beingN. ignaciobritoifrom the upper part of the Jiufotang Formation. A revised diagnosis of the genusNurhachiusis provided, being this taxon characterized by the presence of a slight dorsal deflection of the palatal anterior tip, which is homoplastic with the Anhangueria andCimoliopterus. N. lueisp. nov. shows an unusual pattern of tooth replacement, with respect to other pterodactyloid species. The relationships within the Istiodactylidae and with their closest taxa are investigated through a phylogenetic analysis by parsimony.
Physical and Chemical Parameters of “Cagaita” (Eugenia dysenterica) at Different Maturity Stages
Authors: Alvarenga Antônia M. Lima , Silva Rodrigo E. Vassoler , Costa Patrícia M. Crivelari , Pinto Daniella Moreira , Rodrigues Luiz José
Published: September 2019

The cagaita fruit is widely distributed in the Brazilian Cerrado and is ideal for their sensory peculiarities, may be constituted in rich vehicle of vitamins and minerals, and its limited consumption to an essentially extractive process. This study aimed to evaluate the physical and chemical parameters of cagaita fruit (Eugenia dysenterica) from the Cerrado biome, especially of Mato Grosso State. The selection of fruits was made by their condition, at different maturity stages: Stage 1, fruits with greenish to yellowish hulls; Stage 2, fully yellowish hulls fruits attached to the mother plant; Stage 3, intense yellow hulls fruits with detachment from the mother plant. The fresh weight for cagaita fruit was 9.62 g; the longitudinal and transverse diameters were 20.75 mm and 243.09 mm, respectively. The fruit can be considered a perishable fruit due to its high moisture content, around 88%, besides presenting significant protein (1.69%), compared to other fruits. Still has reduced lipid values (0.19%) and carbohydrates (7.4%), resulting in a fruit with low calorific value (36.6 kcal). The vitamin C index found was significant, around 55.02 mg.100g-1 in the ripe fruit. The cagaita fruit shows potential for industrialization due to low energy values and lipid and carbohydrate contents, as well as outstanding levels of vitamin C, which can contribute beneficially to health.
A Circular Light Bulb Economy: Framework for Sustainable End-of-life Management of Modern Light Bulb
Authors: Selvam S. , Chandok Shivinder Singh , Singh Harsh
Published: September 2019

This paper presents a framework that focuses on transitioning from a linear light bulb economy to a circular light bulb economy by developing a closed-loop system of reuse. The conceptual framework is based on a pilot study conducted in India and strengthened by a comprehensive review and analysis of relevant literature. Accordingly, the proposed paradigms are a result of best practices identified during the pilot study. The results demonstrate the financial viability of the pilot study conducted over a period of three years. Additionally, the results provide evidence of the impact of the circular economy on economic growth, employment opportunity, and reduction in environmental waste. The discussion also identifies the barriers to the adoption of a circular economy framework including the role of attitude towards the environment and the skill gap in labor.
Evaluation of Ocular Anterior Chamber Depth and Body Mass Index in Normal Blacks in a Nigerian City
Authors: Aprioku I. N. , Ejimadu C. S.
Published: September 2019

Aim: To evaluate ocular anterior chamber depth (ACD) and body mass index (BMI) in a normal population in Port Harcourt City Local Government Area (LGA), with a view to determine formulae in estimating intraocular lens power for cataract surgeries and possible association with angle closure glaucoma and other ocular pathological conditions.           

Methods: This is a multi-stage study with inclusion criteria of Visual Acuity > 6/18, age greater than 18 years with no history of past ocular surgeries or trauma. Data obtained through a structured proforma included age, sex, tribe, occupation and level of education. Body Mass Index (BMI) was measured using a standard height and weight automated scale (SECA 769,220). Comprehensive ocular examination done and Anterior Chamber Depth (ACD) measured using Amplitude (A) scan ultrasonography (SONOMED PACSCAN 300AP). Data was analyzed using SPSS (Version 17), and p value was set at ≤ 0.05.

Results: Four hundred and sixty six (466) subjects participated in the study made up of two hundred and twelve (212) males (45.5%) and two hundred and fifty four (254) females (54.5%) with M: F ratio of 1:1.2. The age range was 18-92 years and mean age of the subjects studied 43.0±14.2 years. Findings revealed mean ACD and Body Mass Index to be 3.1±0.5 mm and 26.9±6.2 kg/m2 respectively. The mean ACD was greater in males than females. There was a statistically significant relationship between age and ACD. Obesity was found to be higher in females (n=97; 78.2%) compared to the males among those with BMI >30Kg/m2 and this was found to be statistically significant (p=0.0001). A larger proportion of subjects with normal BMI and overweight BMI 25-29.5 Kg/m2 were males. There was a statistically significant difference in the ACD values between genders among those overweight (BMI 25- 29.5 Kg/m2) and the obese (BMI >30 Kg/m2).

Conclusion: There was a statistically significant difference in the ACD values between genders among those overweight.
Differentiated Lithium Salt Design for Multilayered PEO Electrolyte Enables a High‐Voltage Solid‐State Lithium Metal Battery
Authors: Wang Chen , Wang Tao , Wang Longlong , Hu Zhenglin , Cui Zili , Li Jiedong , Dong Shanmu , Zhou Xinhong , Cui Guanglei
Published: September 2019

Low ionic conductivity at room temperature and limited electrochemical window of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) are the bottlenecks restricting its further application in high‐energy density lithium metal battery. Herein, a differentiated salt designed multilayered PEO‐based solid polymer electrolyte (DSM‐SPE) is exploited to achieve excellent electrochemical performance toward both the high‐voltage LiCoO2 cathode and the lithium metal anode. The LiCoO2/Li metal battery with DSM‐SPE displays a capacity retention of 83.3% after 100 cycles at 60 °C with challenging voltage range of 2.5 to 4.3 V, which is the best cycling performance for high‐voltage (≥4.3 V) LiCoO2/Li metal battery with PEO‐based electrolytes up to now. Moreover, the Li/Li symmetrical cells present stable and low polarization plating/stripping behavior (less than 80 mV over 600 h) at current density of 0.25 mA cm−2 (0.25 mAh cm−2). Even under a high‐area capacity of 2 mAh cm−2, the profiles still maintain stable. The pouch cell with DSM‐SPE exhibits no volume expansion, voltage decline, ignition or explosion after being impaled and cut at a fully charged state, proving the excellent safety characteristic of the DSM‐SPE‐based lithium metal battery.
Syntheses and Applications of 2‐Alkynylnitriles
Authors: Bhatt Divya , Kumari Chandresh , Goswami Avijit
Published: September 2019

2‐Alkynylnitriles are a distinguished class of molecules known to play a pivotal role in the construction of a plethora of carbo‐/heterocyclic compounds of biological and pharmaceutical importance. These molecules have been exploited as hydrolytically stable irreversible labels for cysteine tagging. In addition, they also form an important homologous series of complex interstellar molecules identified by radioastronomy. Therefore, in this Minireview, we highlight the numerous transformations and diverse reactions carried out with these substrates. Different reactions including nucleophilic additions and various carbo‐/heterocycles formation are the prime focal areas of this article. Mechanistic aspects for certain reactions have also been delineated.
Antiparasitic activities of new lawsone Mannich bases
Authors: Al Nasr Ibrahim , Jentzsch Jana , Winter Isabel , Schobert Rainer , Ersfeld Klaus , Koko Waleed S. , Mujawah Adil A. H. , Khan Tariq A. , Biersack Bernhard
Published: September 2019

A series of new lawsone Mannich bases derived from salicylaldehydes or nitrofurfural were prepared and tested for their activities against Leishmania major, Toxoplasma gondii, and Trypanosoma brucei brucei parasites. The hydrochloride salts 5a and 6a of the Mannich bases 2a and 3a, derived from unsubstituted salicylaldehyde and long‐chained alkyl amines, were selectively and strongly active against T. gondii cells and appear to be new promising drug candidates against this parasite. Compound 6a showed an even higher activity against T. gondii than the known lawsone Mannich base 1b. Compound 4a, derived from salicylaldehyde and 2‐methylaminopyridine, was also distinctly active against T. gondii cells. The derivatives 3a (salicyl derivative), 3b (3,5‐dichloro‐2‐hydroxyphenyl derivative), and 3d (5‐nitrofuranyl derivative) as well as the hydrochlorides 6a and 6b were also efficacious against T. b. brucei cells with compounds 3a and 3b being more selective for T. b. brucei over Vero cells when compared with the known control compound 1b. The derivatives 5a, 5c, 6a, and 6c proved to be up to five times more active than 1b against L. major promastigotes and up to four times more efficacious against L. major amastigotes.
Strategic Talent Imperatives for PE, VC, and Public Company Boards
Authors: Hocking Jeff
Published: September 2019

Jeff Hocking is a San Francisco–based partner at the executive search firm ON Partners, where he and his colleagues work with public and private companies to identify and recruit high‐impact executives for board and C‐level leadership roles. Here, he discusses the ways that boardroom challenges and priorities compare for private equity–owned, venture capital–backed, and publicly traded companies.
Heart insufficiency after combination of verapamil and metoprolol: A fatal case report and literature review
Authors: Saedder Eva A. , Thomsen Asser Hedegård , Hasselstrøm Jørgen Bo , Jornil Jakob Ross
Published: September 2019

The combination of verapamil or diltiazem with beta‐blockers should be avoided because of potentially profound adverse effects on AV (atrioventricular) nodal conduction, heart rate, or cardiac contractility. This effect is unpredictable but may be enhanced due to CYP2D6 poor metabolizer status which could be a special vulnerability factor.