bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
RAPIDITY CORRELATIONS IN PARTICLES PRODUCED IN INELASTIC COLLISIONS OF 12C AND 28Si IONS IN EMULSION AT 4.5A GeV/c
Authors: TARIQ M. , ZAFAR M. , AHMAD S.
Published: November 2004

Correlations between particles produced in the interactions of 28 Si and 12 C nuclei with emulsion nuclei at 4.5A GeV/c has been investigated. 701 events of 28 Si and 844 of 12 C interactions have been analysed. A method which combines techniques from the method of using the two-particle correlation functions and from rapidity-gap distributions is applied. This method has been used successfully by others to study the correlation in P-Em and light-ion interactions. However, we have applied it to the heavy-ion collision data. Small but significant departure from zero-correlation is observed.
MACROTHERMODYNAMICS OF BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS AND EVOLUTION
Authors: GLADYSHEV G.P.
Published: November 2004

Thermodynamics of complex open hierarchical natural systems, known as macrothermo-dynamics, studies the evolution and behavior of non-steady state systems using specific values of classical thermodynamic functions tending to extremum. The tendency of the specific value of the Gibbs function of intermolecular interactions to reach a minimum during the formation of a supramolecular organismic structure determines the variation of the chemical composition of living bodies and accumulation by biosystems of high chemical energy matter.

The proposed model of the biological evolution makes it possible to substantiate and experimentally to demonstrate the possibility of accumulation and inheritance of thermodynamic features under constant (steady state) environmental conditions. The thermodynamic theory of the biological evolution does not contradict the dynamic theory of Darwin and Walles and reconciles it with some concepts promulgated by the opponents of Darwinism.
BIPOLAR CONTROL (OR PARADOXICALLY UNILATERAL) OF IMBALANCED LIMIT-CYCLES AND STRANGE ATTRACTORS.: CHAOS AND HOMEOSTASIS
Authors: WEIL E. BERNARD
Published: November 2004

The functioning of the mathematical model for the regulation of agonistic antagonistic couples (MRCAA) is first recalled: it intends to simulate normal and pathological states concerning some biological (im)balances, just as a control method allowing to reestablish the balances, if necessary. Using the MRCAA in the frame of AA networks, it was permitted to obtain strange attractors (SA). By approaching in that manner the problem of chaotic dynamics, we may understand that SA have important characteristics other than their aperiodicity. Their topology in the phase-space has equally to be considered. The position of a SA in the phase-space allows us to simulate the functioning of a biological system; if this does not correspond to the physiological position, we consider it as an imbalanced SA. Therefore, SA could take the place in biological modelling of limit-cycles, which were perhaps an approximation of these SA. Then, the problem of correction of these imbalances should be considered. Using the mathematical model of AA networks, it was possible to propose an outline as yet theoretical of this problem: how can we model imbalanced SA, then how can the balance be restored from a method already used in the correction of imbalanced limit-cycles? By this technique, SA have also became quasi-periodic attractors, but this was not the result which was particularly wished.

This paper mainly concerns chaotic dynamics (CD) and the problems elicited by the control of corresponding systems. However, given that we will use a general model (or a model of function in the sense proposed by Rosen), i.e., the “model for the regulation of agonistic antagonistic couples” (MRAAC), it has seemed firstly necessary to recall the structure of this model and also to establish a comparison between the results of computer simulations with this model and the results of the control in concrete systems (bipolar or paradoxically unilateral therapies in bio-medicine).
BODY TEMPERATURE AFFECTS THE SHAPE OF AVIAN GROWTH CURVES
Authors: ZONNEVELD C. , KOOIJMAN S.A.L.M.
Published: November 2004

Growth of birds is described by a variety of mathematical equations. These equations generally lack a biological motivation. As a result, it remains unclear why growth in different species should be described by different equations. In this article, we argue that the gradual development of endothermy affects the growth of birds. Hence, differences in the growth curve may result from differences in the thermal ontogeny. We assume that birds would grow according to the von Bertalanffy growth equation, if their temperature were constant. Using the deviations from this growth curve, we reconstruct the time course of the temperature of growing birds. This reconstruction well describes data on the ontogeny of the body temperature in birds.
MAXIMUM ENTROPY ALGORITHMS FOR UNCERTAINTY MEASURES
Authors: MAEDA Y. , NGUYEN H. T. , ICHIHASHI H.
Published: November 2004

In decision-making problems when probabilistic information is incomplete (e.g. Nguyen and Walker [1]) as well as in measuring the non-specificity and conflict in the theory of evidence (e.g. Maeda and Ichihashi [2, 3]), one is led to consider the problem of maximizing probabilistic entropy under a functional constraint induced by the available evidence. This paper is devoted specifically to developing computational algorithms for this optimization problem.
METHODS FOR CONVEYING ENTREPRENEURIAL KNOWLEDGE: PERCEPTIONS OF TOP EXECUTIVES FROM SUCCESSFUL ENTREPRENEURIAL FIRMS
Authors: HOOD JACQUELINE N , YOUNG JOHN E
Published: November 2004

Instruction in entrepreneurship often parallels traditional teaching methods. The effectiveness of these methods, given the unique nature of entrepreneurship, has not been investigated fully. The purpose of this study is to ascertain the pedagogical methods currently successful U.S. entrepreneurs feel would be effective for conveying information in university-level entrepreneurship programs. Four areas of development were found to be important in cultivating successful entrepreneurs, including areas of content, skills, mentality, and personality. Pedagogical methods cited by the respondents for imparting knowledge in each of these areas were divided into 47 different categories. Several traditional teaching methodologies were supported in terms of their perceived effectiveness for conveying specific areas of knowledge. The respondents also suggested new active learning approaches such as co-operative education/internships and student-run businesses, which should be given serious consideration in particular circumstances, depending upon instructional goals or objectives.
MANAGEMENT PERCEPTION OF PERFORMANCE AND THE INFORMATION NEEDS OF SMALL BUSINESS
Authors: GREENWOOD ROBERT , TSANG FLORENCE
Published: November 2004

This paper illustrates that small business managers in Hong Kong and the United Kingdom over-rely on the financially related performance measures in a manner inappropriate for handling the complexities and uncertainties in the business environment. It also shows that managers must address the development of new approaches to performance measurement to anticipate market trends and respond to changing customer needs.

The paper suggests that small business success is dependent upon the ability of managers to understand the external environment and match this to the internal capabilities of the business. This implies that managers will have an external focus and possess the ability to continuously develop the small business's capabilities to meet the challenges created by the external environment.

The paper concludes by advocating that performance measures should adapt as businesses are affected over time by different factors. We recommend a broad approach to performance measurement which incorporates tangible, non-tangible, financial and non-financial indicators.
Targeting brain stem centers of cardiovascular control using adenoviral vectors: impact of promoters on transgene expression
Authors: Lonergan Tina , Teschemacher Anja G. , Hwang D. Y. , Kim K.-S. , Pickering Anthony E. , Kasparov Sergey
Published: November 2004

Adenoviral vectors (AVV) are widely used as tools for exploring gene function in studies of the central autonomic control, but the cellular specificity of the promoters commonly used in these vectors has not been studied. We evaluated AVV with four “wide-spectrum” promoters, human cytomegalovirus promoter (HCMV), synapsin-1 promoter (Syn1), tubulin-α1 promoter (Tα1), and neuron-specific enolase (NSE) for their ability to express enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) within the dorsal vagal complex and the adjacent brain stem. They were compared with the PRSx8 promoter, specifically designed to target catecholaminergic neurons. AdHCMVEGFP, AdSyn1EGFP-WHE (woodchuck hepatitis enhancer element), AdTα1EGFP, and AdNSEEGFP were unable to drive expression of EGFP in dopamine β-hydroxylase-immunoreactive neurons of the A2 cell group, although the adjacent dorsal vagal motonucleus and especially hypoglossal motoneurons did express high levels of EGFP. AdPRSx8EGFP efficiently drove EGFP expression in the A2 cell group but also in choline acetyltransferase-positive vagal motoneurons. However, catecholaminergic neurons could be selectively and efficiently transduced via a retrograde route by injecting the vector into their target areas. Thus AVV with “wide-spectrum” promoters have strikingly different activity in the diverse cellular populations within brain stem cardiovascular control centers. The PRSx8 promoter is a valuable tool for the study of the role of catecholaminergic neurons.
One-Year Coronary Bypass Graft Patency
Authors: Widimsky Petr , Straka Zbynek , Stros Petr , Jirasek Karel , Dvorak Jaroslav , Votava Jan , Lisa Libor , Budesinsky Tomas , Kolesar Miroslav , Vanek Tomas , Brucek Petr
Published: November 2004

Background—

Off-pump coronary bypass surgery has become a widely used technique during recent years. However, limited data are available with regard to 1-year patency of bypass grafts implanted on the beating heart in unselected consecutive bypass surgery candidates. The aim of this study was to compare 1-year angiographic patency of bypass grafts done on the beating heart (off pump) with those done classically (on pump).

Methods and Results—

The PRAGUE-4 trial randomized 400 consecutive nonselected cardiac surgery candidates into group A (on pump; n=192) and group B (off pump; n=208). One-year follow-up coronary angiography was done in 255 patients. The arterial graft patency after 1 year was 91% in both groups. Saphenous graft patency was 59% (on pump) versus 49% (off pump;
P
=NS). Saphenous graft patency per patient was lower in the off-pump group: 0.7 patent anastomosis per patient versus 1.1 patent anastomosis in the on-pump group (
P
<0.01). There were 46% on-pump patients with all grafts patent versus 52% off-pump patients (
P
=NS). Grafts anastomosed distally to collateralized chronic total occlusions of native coronary arteries remained patent in 100% on the left anterior descending artery compared with 23% on other arteries (
P
<0.0001).

Conclusions—

The patency of arterial coronary bypass grafts done on the beating heart is excellent and equal to grafts done on pump. The off-pump procedure in the unselected patient population results in fewer patent saphenous grafts per patient.
Role for the Kunitz-3 Domain of Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor-α in Cell Surface Binding
Authors: Piro Orlando , Broze George J.
Published: November 2004

Background—

Tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI)-α, a key regulator of tissue factor–induced coagulation, contains 3 tandem Kunitz-type inhibitory domains. Kunitz-1 binds and inhibits factor VIIa in the factor VIIa/tissue factor complex, and Kunitz-2 binds and inhibits factor Xa. The role of the Kunitz-3 domain of TFPI-α, however, has remained an enigma.

Methods and Results—

To determine the structures within TFPI-α involved in its binding to cell surface, altered forms of TFPI-α were expressed in C127 (mouse mammary) cells: C-terminal truncated forms TFPI-α (252), TFPI-α (242), and TFPI-α (181), which also lacks the third Kunitz domain (K3); TFPI-α (desK3), which lacks only the K3 domain; and TFPI-α (R199L), in which the putative P1 site in K3 is changed from arginine to leucine. By flow cytometry (fluorescence-activated cell sorting), the altered forms 252, 242, and R199L showed significantly reduced binding, whereas the forms 181 and desK3 completely failed to bind to the cell surface. Transient expression of WT-, desK3-, and K3/K2-TFPI-α (in which K3 is replaced with K2) in another cell line (b-end3, mouse endothelial) produced comparable results. Exogenously added C-terminal truncated and R199L forms of TFPI-α bound poorly and desK3 did not bind at all to the surface of ECV304 cells in which TFPI-α expression had been “knocked down” by RNA interference.

Conclusions—

Optimal cell binding of endogenously expressed TFPI-α requires its K3 and C-terminal domains, and within the K3 domain, the P1 (R199) residue plays an important role. Thus, one role of the K3 domain involves the cell surface localization of TFPI-α.
Control of Plasma Nitric Oxide Bioactivity by Perfluorocarbons
Authors: Rafikova Olga , Sokolova Elena , Rafikov Ruslan , Nudler Evgeny
Published: November 2004

Background—

Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) are promising blood substitutes because of their chemical inertness and unparalleled ability to transport and upload O
2
and CO
2
. Here, we report that PFC emulsions also efficiently absorb and transport nitric oxide (NO).

Methods and Results—

Accumulation of NO and O
2
in PFC micelles results in rapid NO oxidation and generation of reactive NO
x
species. Such micellar catalysis of NO oxidation leads to formation of vasoactive
S
-nitrosothiols (RSNO) in vitro and in vivo as detected electrochemically. The efficiency of PFC-mediated
S
-nitrosation depends on the amount of PFC in aqueous solution. The optimal PFC concentration that produced the maximum level of RSNO was ≈1% (vol/vol). Larger PFC amounts were progressively less efficient in generating RSNO and functioned simply as NO sink. These results explain the characteristic hemodynamic effects of PFCs. Intravenous bolus application of PFC (0.14 g/kg, ≈1% vol/vol) to Wistar-Kyoto rats decreased mean arterial pressure significantly (−10 mm Hg over 40 minutes). PFC-induced hypotension could be further stimulated (−17 mm Hg over 140 minutes) by exogenous thiols (cysteine and glutathione). In contrast, a larger amount of PFC (1 g/kg, ≈7% vol/vol) exhibited a strong hypertensive effect (11 mm Hg over 40 minutes).

Conclusions—

The present study reveals a physiologically significant pool of endogenous plasma NO and underscores the crucial role of the circulating hydrophobic phase in modulating its bioactivity. The results also establish PFC as a conceptually new pharmacological tool for various cardiovascular complications associated with NO imbalance.
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Brinton. D. G.
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

El Mije y el Zoque. Por Bartolomé Mitre. 8vo. Buenos Aires.

Imprenla de “la Nation.” Langue Zoque et Langue Mixe. Par Raoul de la Grasserie.
Dr. Dixon's Reply
Authors: Dixon R. B.
Published: November 2004

Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Loeb E. M.
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

OCEANIA: Outlines of (he Anthropology of the Timor Archipelago. H. J. T. Bijlmer. (Weltevreden, 1929.)

The Races of Java. J. H. Nyessen.
Book Reviews
Authors: Herskovits Melville J.
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

The African Today. D. Westermann.

The African Labourer. G. St J. Orde Browne.
BOOK REVIEW
Authors: Edel May Mandelbaum
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

Uganda. H. B. Thomas and Robert Scott.

Anthropology in Action. G. Gordon Brown and A. McD. Bruce Hutt.
BOOK REVIEW
Authors: Eggan Fred
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

GENERAL: Tylor. R. R. marett.

The Doctrine of Survivals. Margaret T. Hodgen.
Book Reviews
Authors: Kennedy Raymond
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

Heilkunde und Volkstum auf Bali. Wolfgang Weck.
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: White Leslie A.
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

NORTH AMERICA: Music of Santo Domingo Pueblo, New Mexico. Frances Densmore.

NORTH AMERICA: The Pottery of Santo Domingo Pueblo; A detailed study of its decoration. Kenneth M. Chapman.
RESULTS OF SOVIET INVESTIGATIONS IN SIBERIA, 1940–1941
Authors: FIELD HENRY , PROSTOV EUGENE
Published: November 2004

This report contains some9 of the important results obtained by Soviet archaeologists during the latter part of 1940 and the first part of 1941. Despite the War, books, scientific journals, and manuscripts have been received from the U.S.S.R. as recently as February, 1942. The authors wish to express their gratitude to President Kemenev of the Society for the Promotion of Cultural Relations with Foreigners (VOKS) and to the Soviet archaeologists from Murmansk to Yerevan and from Tripolje to Kamchatka who have furnished us with the information contained in this and in our previous articles.10
Book Reviews
Authors: Preston W. D.
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

MISCELLANEOUS: Phonetics. A Critical Analysis of Phonetic Theory and a Technic for the Practical Description of Sounds. Kenneth L. Pike

MISCELLANEOUS: Linguistic Structures of Native America. Harry Hoijer and others

MISCELLANEOUS: Kola Texts I‐IV. M. B. Emeneau

MISCELLANEOUS: Navaho Phonology. Harry Hoijer

MISCELLANEOUS: The Aleut Language. Richard Henry Geoghegan and Fredericka I. Martin.

MISCELLANEOUS: Critical and Comparative Grammar of the Cuna Language. Nils M. Holmer.

MISCELLANEOUS: A Grammar of the West Greenland Language. Schultz‐Lorentzen.

MISCELLANEOUS: Études linguistiques caribes II. C. H. de Goeje.
Book Reviews
Authors: Bascom William R.
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

The Use of Indigenous Authorities in Tribal Administration. H. E. Lambert.

Marriage in Langa Native Location. Ruth Levin.

The Political Annals of a Tswana Tribe. I. Schapera.

The Morphology of Residential Associations as Found among the Khwakhwa of Basutoland. V. G. J. Sheddick.
BOOK REVIEW
Authors: Hause H. E.
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

A History of the Gold Coast. W. E. F. Ward.

The Gold Coast. A Survey of the Gold Coast and British Togoland 1919–1946. F. M. Bourret.
PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY: Evolution Emerging: A Survey of Changing Patterns from Primeval Lqe t o Man, WILLIAM KING GREGORY.
Authors: Straus William L.
Published: November 2004

Evolution Emerging: A Survey of Changing Patterns from Primeval Life to Man, William King Gregory.
Book Reviews
Authors: Dyson Robert H.
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

ARCHEOLOGY: Discovering Buried Worlds. André Parrot. Translated by Edwin Hudson

ARCHEOLOGY: The Flood and Noah's Ark. André Parrot. Translated by Edwin Hudson.

ARCHEOLOGY: The Tower of Babel. André Parrot.
Book Reviews
Authors: Cappannari Stephen C.
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

The Epidemic of 1830–1833 in California and Oregon. S. F. Cook

The Aboriginal Population of the San Joaquin Valley, California. S. F. Cook
Book Reviews
Authors: Musgrave John
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

ETHNOLOGY AND ETHNOGRAPHY: The Chinese in Modern Malaya. Victor Purcell

ETHNOLOGY AND ETHNOGRAPHY: The National Status of the Chinese in Indonesia. Donald E. Willmott
Book Reviews
Authors: Ehrich Robert W.
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

ARCHEOLOGY: Man the Tool‐Maker. Kenneth P. Oakley.

ARCHEOLOGY: Prehistoric Men. Robert J. Braidwood.
Book Reviews
Authors: Tappen Neil C.
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

GENERAL: The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin: Including an Autobiographical Chapter. Francis Darwin

GENERAL: The Autobiography of Charles Darwin and Selected Letters. Francis Darwin

GENERAL: Darwin and the Darwinian Revolution. Gertrude Himmelfarb
Book Reviews
Authors: Bulmer Ralph
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

General and Ethnology: Samekulturen. Ørnulv Vorren and Ernst Manker

General and Ethnology: The Lapps. Roberto Bosi
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Hardin Garrett
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

OTHER.: Genetics. R. P. Levine.

The Genetic Code. Isaac Asimov.
On Hayden's List of Cheyenne Military Societies
Authors: Petersen Karen Daniels
Published: November 2004

Hayden's list provides a cross‐reference on diffusion of societies, cults, and dances between portions of the Northern Cheyenne and Dakota tribes that had intermarried. It is the earliest list known of the five well known military societies of the Cheyennes and one society that early became extinct. Only one, the Elks, may be seriously questioned.
Book Reviews
Authors: Coser Rose Laub
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

OTHER. Suicide and Scandinavia: A Psychoanalytic Study of Culture and Character. Herbert Hendin.

OTHER. Status Integration and Suicide: A Sociological Study. Jack P. Gibbs and Walter T. Martin.
Marriage Rules in Bengal1
Authors: KLASS MORTON
Published: November 2004

This is an essay in structural analysis: an examination of the rules governing prescription and permitting choice in the initiation of marriage in West Bengal villages. Four structural features emerge as significant in the Bengal variant of marriage in India: arranged marriage, kin‐group exogamy/endogamy, intensification of ties, and extension of ties. These features (variously modified) appear to characterize marriage in other parts of India, and it is suggested here that the approach utilized for Bengal may provide greater insight for the study of Indian marriage patterns than the more traditional dichotomy: North India characterized by village exogamy, South India characterized by preferential close‐kin marriage.
The Mohenjo‐daro Floods: A Reply1
Authors: Possehl Gregory L.
Published: November 2004

Over the past three years a theory concerning the abandonment of the ancient cities of the Indus Valley has been advanced: that these settlements were engulfed by a sea of mud that accumulated behind a naturally formed dam across the Indus River. This article reviews this theory and finds it lacking in two respects: (1) the evidence for the dam is extremely thin and could be accounted for in other ways; (2) even if the dam did form, one can object to the interpretation that it would surely have led to the abandonment of the whole of the Indus Valley. The present author sets forth an alternative theory. This theory proposes that the cities and settlements were abandoned because the Harappans were overutilizing their land and that they sealed their own fate with the patterns of subsistence that they choose to use.
Book Reviews
Authors: Ellis Florence H.
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

ARCHEOLOGY: Kin Kletso: A Pueblo III Community in Chaco Canyon, New Mexico. Gordon Vivian and Tom W. Mathews.

ARCHEOLOGY: Tree‐Ring Dating of the Archeological Sites in the Chaco Canyon Region, New Mexico. Bryant Bannister.

ARCHEOLOGY: Contributions to Mesa Archaeology: II. Site 875, Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado. Robert H. Lister.

ARCHEOLOGY: The Archeological Survey of Wetherill Mesa: Mesa Verde National Park–Colorado. Alden C. Hayes.
Death as a Way of Life: The Increasing Resort to Homicide in a Maya Indian Community1
Authors: NASH JUNE
Published: November 2004

The breaking‐down of a social‐control system based on belief in the guardianship of the spiritual ancestors and their temporal agents, the curers, is reflected in a rising homicide rate as people turn to individual sanctions when threatened. The acts of homicide differ in their social significance according to who is killed, the context, the agency, and the motivation of the killer. Thirty‐seven homicides between 1938 and 1965, analyzed in terms of these component variables, reflect the conflicts arising from competition in new economic enterprises, the rising suspicion of curers' abuse of their supernatural power, and the loss of belief in the guardianship of the ancestors.
A Design for the Study of Archeological Characteristics1
Authors: BENFER ROBERT A.
Published: November 2004

With a sample of stemmed projectile points, the nonredundant description of archeological characteristics is demonstrated by principal‐axes factor analysis. The obtained dimensions of the artifacts are tested for cultural significance by variance techniques. The concept of “culturability,” or c2, is introduced as the total predictable variance of a measurement of an artifact from a knowledge of its location in time and space. Both the psychologically derived factor‐analytic model and c2, analagous to the concept of heritability in population genetics, are found to be useful in interpreting archeological data. The use of available programs and high‐speed digital computers allows a complete analysis with a small expenditure of time.
Cultural Factors and the Response to Pain: A Review1
Authors: WOLFF B. BERTHOLD , LANGLEY SARAH
Published: November 2004

A review of the literature on the effects of ethnocultural factors on the response to pain revealed a paucity of information. The few existing experimental studies yield equivocal results as to the significance of such factors and suffer from anthropological naivete. On the other hand, only one anthropological report dealing specifically with this problem was found, but it lacks experimental control of pain. Consequently, the question as to whether or not there are basic differences between ethnocultural groups in the response to pain remains unanswered. However, there is some experimental evidence that attitudinal factors do influence the response to pain within cultural groups. There is thus a need for the cultural anthropologist to combine forces with the medical investigator in order to add to our knowledge about the pain response.
Maximizing in Jajmaniland: A Model of Caste Relations
Authors: ORANS MARTIN
Published: November 2004

Insofar as it may be regarded as a purely logicomathematical system, lacking empirical content, economic theory may, by appropriate empirical interpretation, be applied to domains quite apart from the market. Here such use yields a model of caste or jajmani relations. The chief assumptions of the model regarding the stability of a caste system are the following: (1) it requires a high concentration of political power; (2) it requires “prices” that do not change “freely” with supply and demands; (3) it requires consonance of political power, wealth, and ritual rank. These assumptions and various related deductions are tested statistically by data derived from village studies in India, Pakistan, and Ceylon. The evidence indicates that the model is generally plausible and may be applicable to hereditary hierarchies everywhere.
From American Indian to Indian American: The Changing Identity of the Hupa1
Authors: BUSHNELL JOHN H.
Published: November 2004

An examination of the cultural history of the Hupa over the last hundred years indicates that the traditional designation “American Indian” is most relevant when applied to the life style developed as an accommodation to reservation living. Rapid modernization following World War II and a changing status vis‐à‐vis the larger society have placed the contemporary Hupa in a position that may be appropriately characterized by the transposed term “Indian American.” In this the Hupa parallel other minority groups in the United States inasmuch as they possess a culture that is largely American in content yet retains a unique sense of ethnic identity. The viability of the Indian component of this identity is discussed in the context of cultural survivals and current interests and concerns within the tribe.
Linked Changes in Values and Behavior in the Out Island Bahamas1
Authors: RODGERS WILLIAM B. , GARDNER RICHARD E.
Published: November 2004

The relationships between observable changes in sociocultural behavior on the one hand and underlying value systems on the other is examined in two communities that stem from a single sociocultural tradition but that recently diverged because of differential exposure to economic development. Value preferences of individuals in each community were elicited by structured questionnaires, which allowed operational measurement of values and statistical testing of differences within and between the community samples. The findings are explained with reference to the nature of the behavioral responses of individuals to perceived modifications (related to economic development) in their environments.
Misconstruction and Problems in Communication
Authors: DU TOIT BRIAN M.
Published: November 2004

Anthropological literature is rich in descriptions and analyses of cultural revitalization movements. On the whole, however, we lack studies of situations and occurrences that contain the necessary—but sometimes not sufficient—conditions for these movements. The events that preceded and accompanied the solar eclipse of 1962 in New Guinea produced the preconditions for a movement of cultural revitalization. This case shows the kind of misinterpretation and misrepresentation that has frequently occurred where linguistic and cultural barriers compound administrative problems. It suggests a field for research—for instance, to uncover millenarian patterns in mythical traditions—in which anthropologists and folklorists can cooperate.
Pictorial Depth Perception and Acculturation Among the Baganda1
Authors: Kilbride Philip L. , Robbins Michael C.
Published: November 2004

Data collected among the Baganda of Uganda indicates that pictorial perceptual skills are positively and significantly related to relative amounts of exposure to Western culture. Both urban and relatively more acculturated rural residents make overall more correct identifications of pictorial objects and more consistent use of cues to pictorial depth than more traditional Baganda. These results offer support for the proposition that visual perceptual skills are related to culturally constituted experience.
Economic Analysis in an Anthropological Setting: Some Methodological Considerations1
Authors: EDEL MATTHEW
Published: November 2004

The substantivist‐formalist debate over the applicability of economics to non‐Western societies may be illuminated by consideration of the nature of economic analysis. Because this analysis takes as data preferences technical production or exchange possibilities and an inventory of resources, it is shown incapable of being an exhaustive model of a society, but since these patterns interact in any human group, there is always a use for economic analysis in tracing how resources are allocated to needs, whether on a basis of maximization or of fixed targets. Applications of economic analysis to anthropologists' problems and alternative definitions of “the economy” are also considered.
The Midland Complex: Is It Valid?
Authors: Agogino George
Published: November 2004

The Midland point has the same general shape, size, and typological manufacture as the unfluted Folsom point and may represent a minor style variation within a single cultural complex. The Paleo‐Indians who made both Midland (unfluted Folsom) and classical Folsom points occupy nearly identical time spans and have nearly identical associated tools. While individual sites have been found with all Midland and all Classic Folsom projectiles, many Folsom sites have both fluted and unfluted points found in the same chronological time horizon. The question is: with the available evidence, can we place them into separate complexes?
Promiscuity and Fertility: Comments on Greenfield's “The Bruce Effect and malinowski's hypothesis on Mating and Fertility”
Authors: Nag Moni , Bedford J. Michael
Published: November 2004

Recently, Greenfield has invoked the “Bruce effect‘ (pregnancy block caused by odors from a strange male) in mice and studies on antisperm antibodies in the serum of prostitutes as support for the hypothesis that promiscuity reduces the fertility of women. This paper disagrees with Greenfield's interpretation and explains why it is invalid to extrapolate such findings in mice to the human condition. Reference is made to studies of human populations that indicate veneral disease may be an important factor in any observed negative correlation between promiscuity and fertility in adults. The phenomenon of adolescent sterility seems likely to be determined mainly by adolescent endocrine imbalance and by immaturity of the female reproductive tract. [population, fertility, promiscuity, sexual relations, adolescent sterility]
Physical Anthropology: The Search for General Processes and Principles
Authors: LASKER GABRIEL W.
Published: November 2004

Physical anthropology consists of two interdependent types of study: (1) the biological history of man and (2) general biological processes in man (such as mechanisms of evolution and growth). Popular interest may focus on the former, the fascinating story of the origin of man and of specific people, but the latter affords physical anthropology potential practical value in respect to medicine, dentistry, public health, and population policy. The study of general processes is the study of human beings in particular situations, not for what we can learn about these particular populations but for the sake of generalization about mankind anywhere in comparable situations. This is, of course, the purpose of experimental science in general, but in anthropology the method is usually comparative. Long ago the study of the growth of the two sexes and of children in different countries was started on a comparative basis as was the study of the so‐called secular change in adult stature. By 1911 Franz Boas had compared the changes in stature and head form of children of several different immigrant groups in the United States. There have since been comparative studies of the amount and distribution of body fat (but not yet adequate comparative measurements of the relation of tissue components to diet and to diseases). Demographic patterns, inbreeding, outbreeding, and their effects are other general problems. The Human Adaptability Project of the International Biological Program promises studies of human response to heat, cold, altitude, and other conditions on a wide international basis. If supported, these could turn physical anthropology's search in a useful direction. The functional biology of people of even out‐of‐the‐way communities will be compared with each other. These studies can yield general statements concerning human response to types of ecological situation including such sociocultural conditions as those of hunting‐gathering tribes and urban slums.
A New Look at Navajo Social Organization1
Authors: WITHERSPOON GARY
Published: November 2004

The concrete social system of the Navajo is ordered by the conceptual or symbolic system. The central symbol of Navajo social organization is motherhood. The symbolic meaning of motherhood is found in life, reproduction, and subsistence. It is expressed in affectionate care and in the giving or providing of food. The basic unit of the concrete social system of the Navajo, the subsistence residential unit, is organized, structured, and integrated by the symbols of motherhood.
Northern Iroquoian Sociopolitical Organization1
Authors: Tooker Elisabeth
Published: November 2004

Data from seventeenth‐century documents on the Iroquoian‐speaking Hurons indicates that their sociopolitical organization was virtually identical to that of the ethno‐graphically better‐known Iroquois. The Hurons had a tribal and a clan organization both of which systems resembled the comparable Iroquois ones in the specific details known.
Hopewell, Middle Woodland, and the Laurel Culture: A Problem in Archeological Classification1
Authors: MASON RONALD J.
Published: November 2004

Concepts of the Middle Woodland as a classificatory device are examined from the different perspectives of the greater Ohio Valley and the northern lake country between Lakes Superior and Winnipeg with the Hopewell and Laurel cultures as test cases. The predominant role of the former in archeological thinking is seen as providing an unbalanced picture. Four different uses of the term Middle Woodland (formal taxon, cultural tradidition, archeological period, and cultural stage) are explored as they relate particularly to the classification of the Laurel culture. Problems of loose, inadequate, or even inappropriate definitions suggest that archeologists are not quite in the close agreement that use of common classificatory terms might otherwise indicate. A few modest suggestions are made to provide more explicit criteria for classification.
Vertisols and Their Implications for Archeological Research1
Authors: DUFFIELD LATHEL F.
Published: November 2004

Vertisols are soils with dynamic characteristics. They are capable of disrupting the stratigraphic sequence and/or cultural context of a site; in addition, these soils are not easily tilled by primitive agricultural methods. They seem to have been a factor in restricting the westward spread of prehistoric village farmers in Texas and thus contributed to the development of the so‐called “cultural sink.”
“On the Modesty of Women in Arab Muslim Villages”: A Reply1
Authors: Abu‐Zahra Nadia M.
Published: November 2004

It is methodologically misleading to try to understand the code of modesty in illiterate Arab Muslim villages by dubious interpretation of Quranic verses or archaic literary Arabic words. It is also dangerous to generalize about the modesty of Arab Muslim women on the basis of the analysis of idioms peculiar to a particular Arab community. The code of modesty of Arab Muslim women in a certain community could not be understood independently of the values and the images prevalent in this community.
Methods for the Detection of Census Error in Palaeodemography1
Authors: LOVEJOY C. OWEN
Published: November 2004

Recent dramatic improvements of archaeological technique have been accompanied by renewed interest in demographic variables deducible from skeletal populations. Although such data will provide meaningful insight into changes in population biology and structure resulting from significant socio‐economic shifts, such conclusions must be subjected to more sophisticated methods of treatment and analysis. Techniques are suggested for the detection of intra‐population census error and also for examination of the reliability and meaningfulness of extra‐population comparisons. Employment of these should minimize census error and serve to establish the reliability of demographic inferences based on comparison of discrete skeletal samples.
The Implications of Marriage Rules and Descent: Categories for Merina Social Structures
Authors: BLOCH MAURICE
Published: November 2004

Contrary to previous accounts, the Merina have cognatic, endogamous descent categories. As a result of Merina imperialism and French colonialism they are now dispersed all over Madagascar. Those of free descent still prefer to marry endogamously, although embarrassed at the taint of incest attaching to it, and to be buried in the tombs of the original villages around Tananarive which they consider home. The equally numerous population of slave descent has no such ties. They pride themselves on marrying exogamously and establish tombs in the villages where they have settled. The free not only thus maintain attachment to their traditional groupings but derive benefit from them for social and spatial mobility.
Sense and Nonsense in St. Vincent: Speech Behavior and Decorum in a Caribbean Community1
Authors: ABRAHAMS ROGER D. , BAUMAN RICHARD
Published: November 2004

Speech behavior, among the Afro‐American peasants of St. Vincent, British West Indies, is the focus of a high degree of interest, self‐consciousness, and value judgment. A segment of the speech economy of Vincentian peasants is analyzed in terms of a native taxonomy of speech acts and related terms, illuminating Vincentian ideas concerning proper and improper behavior as well as the realm of speech behavior itself. The analysis paves the way for a consideration of the conduct and significance of the tea meeting, one of the most popular performance events on the island and a key to the dynamics of social change in contemporary Vincentian society.
Familingual and Familinear Relationships: Two Patterns of Control by the Invoking of Family Roles1
Authors: CHATTERJEE PRANAB
Published: November 2004

Two concepts are developed in this paper: familingualization and familinearization. Familingualization is defined as reinforcement of social control by linguistic prescription of family roles. Familinearization is defined as attempts to develop personal control of one over another by linguistic usage of family roles. It is concluded that these two patterns of behavior are likely not only in the family and the community, but also in fraternities and sororities, revolutionary organizations, some underground crime syndicates, religious orders, etc.
Community Structure in West Bengal1
Authors: KLASS MORTON
Published: November 2004

The intent of this paper is to determine the most meaningful and useful model of community for the purpose of anthropological research in India. Redfield's “little community” approach is assessed first, and it is argued that this is a limiting one for India, whatever its applicability elsewhere in the world. Arensberg's approach to community as a minimal unit of organization and transmission of culture is next considered. Utilizing this concept, a model of community is then constructed. It exhibits five structural elements, of which “village” is only one. Once the ethnographer is freed from the necessity of viewing the village alone as a “little community” he may find it more possible to study, with equal facility, all the rubrics and institutions of anthropological interest.
Hierarchy and Hypergamy: Some Interrelated Aspects among the Kanya‐Kubja Brahmans1
Authors: KHARE R. S.
Published: November 2004

This paper is concerned with an examination of structural interrelationships between hierarchy and hypergamy. As illustrated by the Kanya‐Kubja Brahmans of northern India, several elements of intracaste hierarchy—some ancient (gotraj, some medieval (biswa and ank) and some modern (secular economic status)–are found to interrelate directly with the system of intracaste hypergamy. The characteristics of hierarchy and hypergamy follow certain logical trends and interpretations which find support from the available empirical evidence. Gross movements of women and wealth across the hierarchical ranks are genealogically measurable, allowing one to isolate those features that emerge when the traditional marital structure accommodates increasing economic competition. At present the hierarchical structure reflects, whether directly or indirectly, several major effects of intracaste hypergamy.
The Potlatch: A Structural Analysis1
Authors: ROSMAN ABRAHAM , RUBEL PAULA G.
Published: November 2004

Significant variations are shown to be present in the potlatch in two Northwest Coast societies. Differences occur in occasions for potlatches, in frequency, in guests present, and in the nature of their relationship to the host. These variations are related to variations in the social structures of the societies. The Tlingit and the Kwakiutl are selected for comparison, using an approach which involves the building of models based upon a rule of marriage for the Tlingit and a rule of succession for the Kwakiutl. Analysis of the potlatches of these two societies verifies the structural models.
The Coe Ridge Colony: A Racial Island Disappears
Authors: MONTELL LYNWOOD
Published: November 2004

The ninety year history of a racial isolate in the Kentucky‐Tennessee border is examined. Peopled by a mixed population of Whites, Blacks, and, occasionally, Indians, the community received notoriety as an enclave for fugitives from the law of neighboring jurisdictions. Its demise came in 1958 as a result of changing land use and increasing tensions between the residents and those of the environing White society.
Culture and Memory1
Authors: COLE MICHAEL , GAY JOHN
Published: November 2004

The problem of specifying the ways in which culture influences cognitive processes is discussed using the relation between culture and memory as a special case. Beginning with scattered suggestions from the anthropological and psychological literature, a research strategy combining ethnolinguistic and experimental psychological techniques is described. Mnemonic performance is shown to depend upon a host of situational (cultural) factors which must be systematically explored in order to determine culture‐memory relations.
The Political Structures and Functions of Poro in Kpelle Society1
Authors: FULTON RICHARD M.
Published: November 2004

This article is an attempt to establish not only that (1) the persistence of Kpelle culture is due to the effectiveness of Poro organization, but that (2) the political organization of Kpelle Chiefdoms is shaped largely by Poro influence and that, though culturally pervasive, even dominant, (3) the Poro is organizationally a localized phenomenon with no Kpelle‐wide unity of organization.
The Mucuchies Phase: An Extension of the Andean Cultural Pattern into Western Venezuela1
Authors: WAGNER ERIKA
Published: November 2004

A homogeneous cultural history for the Venezuelan Andes had been postulated using unilateral approaches and neglecting environmental variations within the region. Our archaeological and ethnohistorical data allow us to establish the tierra fría Mucuchíes phase of the Andean pattern. Typical features are the cultivation of cold climate tubers, stone constructions, simple pottery, and burials associated with votive material. This contrasts with the features of the Sub‐Andean pattern established for the tierra templada. The Mucuchíes phase's resemblance to the Chibcha and Tairona material from Colombia reflects in a simplified form the way of life of the protohistoric people of the Andes as a whole.
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: NANDY SANTOSH KUMAR
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

Development and Change: Theories of Social Change. RICHARD P. APPELBAUM

Development and Change: Socio‐Cultural Dynamics: An Introduction to Social Change. FRANCIS R. ALLEN
The Behavior of Young Primates During Adult Copulation: Observations of a Macaca irus Colony1
Authors: DE BENEDICTIS TINA
Published: November 2004

Reactions by young monkeys to the adult male's mounts were observed in a Macaca irus colony. Age, sex, and mother dependence of the young monkey present, the mountee's age, sex, and relationship to the observing animal, and variables in the mount itself influenced behavior of a young monkey at a copulation. The interest in mounts shown by young suggests that they enjoy watching copulation and that appropriate sexual behavior may be partially learned by observation of copulation.
The Athabascans of Interior Alaska: A Culture and Personality Perspective
Authors: HIPPLER ARTHUR E.
Published: November 2004

Traditional Athabascan institutions are related to the modal personality and culture of the group. It is shown how otherwise pathic aspects of personality were creatively integrated into these institutions. The collapse of these institutions due to acculturative pressure is discussed and the release of these pathic aspects described. Finally it is suggested that a new creative reintegration is under way, based upon old Athabascan personality dimensions and new institutions which function in a fashion similar to traditional ones.