bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An introduction to collaborative filtering through the lens of the Netflix Prize
Authors: Munson Jacob , Cummins Breschine , Zosso Dominique
Published: January 2025

This survey is intended to inform non-expert readers about the field of recommender systems, particularly collaborative filtering, through the lens of the impactful Netflix Prize competition. Readers will quickly be brought up to speed on pivotal recommender systems advances through the Netflix Prize, informing their prospective state-of-the-art research with meaningful historic artifacts. We begin with the pivotal FunkSVD approach early in the competition. We then discuss Probabilistic Matrix Factorization and the importance and extensibility of the model. We examine the strategies of the Netflix Prize winner, providing comparisons to the Probabilistic Matrix Factorization framework as well as commentary as to why one approach became extensively used in research while another did not. Collectively, these models help to understand the progression of collaborative filtering through the Netflix Prize era. In each topic, we include ample discussion of results and background information. Finally, we highlight major veins of research following the competition.
Unconventional Imaging Methods in Psoriatic Arthritis
Authors: Minopoulou Ioanna , Fagni Filippo , Atzinger Armin , Albach Fredrik , Schett Georg , Krönke Gerhard , Kleyer Arnd , Simon David
Published: January 2025

Purpose of Review

Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is a complex heterogeneous inflammatory disease that affects about one-third of patients with psoriasis. PsA leads to significant physical impairment and reduced quality of life. Therefore, early diagnosis and intervention are critical for improving long-term outcomes. The purpose of this review is to highlight the advantages of unconventional imaging methods in the diagnosis and management of PsA and to discuss recent advancements in imaging technology.

Recent Findings

Conventional imaging methods, such as radiography, musculoskeletal ultrasound, and magnetic resonance imaging, have been instrumental in detecting structural joint damage and inflammation. However, these imaging modalities have several limitations, resulting in their inability to detect early disease changes. Recent advancements in imaging technology have led to the development of novel imaging modalities capable of characterizing not only early structural but also molecular aspects of disease activity. These cutting-edge approaches have been lately applied to both psoriasis and PsA patients, offering new insights into disease progression, the transition from psoriasis to PsA, and treatment responses.

By providing more detailed and individualized assessments, unconventional imaging modalities may bring us closer to realizing the potential of personalized medicine in the management of PsA.
Strategies to enhance management of HER2-positive breast cancer in the elderly: an expert consensus perspective
Authors: del Barco Sonia , Cotes-Sanchís Almudena , Cavanagh Mercedes , Gironés-Sarrió Regina , de San Vicente Borja López , Galve-Calvo Elena , Servitja Sonia
Published: January 2025

Therapeutic decision-making for older patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive breast cancer highlights the importance of a comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA). This assessment considers the functional status, comorbidities, and relevant conditions of the patient, and allows for an estimation of life expectancy, but it does not facilitate individualized treatment plans. There are also other challenges to consider related to the cardiac toxicity of the treatments and the under-representation of older patients in clinical trials. The Oncogeriatrics Section of the Spanish Society of Medical Oncology (Sociedad Española de Oncología Médica, SEOM), the Spanish Group for Breast Cancer Research (Grupo Español de Investigación en Cáncer de Mama, GEICAM) and the Spanish Group of Study, Treatment and other Experimental Strategies in Solid Tumours (Grupo Español de Estudio, Tratamiento y otras Estrategias Experimentales en Tumores Sólidos, SOLTI) have gathered an expert committee to evaluate the scientific evidence on the management of older patients with HER2-positive breast cancer and to establish recommendations based on a comprehensive review of the existing literature. These recommendations underscore the importance of individualizing treatment plans based on the patient's physical status and tolerability to maximize efficacy while minimizing toxicity. Emphasis is placed on adapting neoadjuvant and adjuvant therapies according to geriatric assessment and specific patient needs. A careful selection of treatment schedules for advanced stages is needed to improve survival and quality of life, assuming that scientific evidence in this age group is limited.
Effectiveness of Cold Smoking on Inactivating Murine Norovirus in Salami-Like Pork Sausages (Mettwurst), and Hepatitis E Virus and Murine Norovirus in Solution
Authors: Loikkanen Emil , Mikkelä Antti , Joutsen Suvi , Tuominen Pirkko , Maunula Leena
Published: January 2025

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a zoonotic virus that infects humans when virus-containing pork products are consumed. This study aimed to explore MNV (murine norovirus) and HEV inactivation during cold smoking and ripening/fermentation treatments used for salami-like sausages (mettwurst). MNV inactivation was monitored in culture medium solution and in sausage while being subjected to a salami-like sausage manufacturing process. The inactivation of MNV in the solution was also monitored at room temperature (RT) for four weeks. HEV inactivation was monitored in solution during the cold smoking process and at RT. A TCID50 assay was used to calculate the infectious MNV and HEV titres. MNV survival was modelled using Bayesian inference. MNV load in solution decreased by as much as 4.7 (SD 0.9) log10 TCID50/ml when it was subjected to the cold smoking process. Modelling revealed that 99.999% MNV might be inactivated during the treatment when observed at a level of 95% CI (Bayesian Confidence Interval). On the contrary, MNV load decreased by only 1.8 (0.2) log10 when stored at RT. The low-titre HEV in solution was inactivated (> 1.1 (0.2) log10) when treated, and at RT. However, MNV was resistant in the sausage matrix during the cold smoking process (log10 reduction of 1.9 (0.5) TCID50/ml). Based on modelling, a substantial amount of virus would remain in the product, even when the uncertainty was considered. Hence, viruses, here exemplified by MNV, may not be inactivated from salami-like pork sausages during manufacturing, which poses a risk for consumers in real-life situations.
Let’s Talk About Sex…Cell Lineages
Authors: MacCord Kate
Published: January 2025

Sex is fundamental to many organisms. It is through sexual reproduction that humans, and many metazoans (multicellular eukaryotes in the animal kingdom), propagate our species. For more than 150 years, sexual reproduction within metazoans has been understood to rely on the existence of a discrete category of cells (germ cells) that are usually considered uniquely separate from all other cells in the body (somatic cells), and which form a cell lineage (germline) that is sequestered from all somatic cell lineages. The consideration of germ cells and germline as the lone source of reproductive potential within metazoans has allowed many investigators to place the hereditary and evolutionary burdens of sexually reproducing lineages solely within these cells and cell lineages, making them central to many important topics within biology, such as units of selection, transmission and population genetics, Darwinian evolution, and individuality. Regarding these topics, there is a predominant and shared understanding of germ cells, somatic cells, and the ways in which these two relate to each other that is rarely critically evaluated. In this article, I lay out how germ cells and germline within metazoans are understood by a majority of scientists and philosophers, both now and historically, by sketching out what I call the predominant epistemic framework of germ. I show how this framework conflicts with empirical evidence, propose a series of revisions to realign it with this evidence, and indicate why such revisions are urgently needed by highlighting the case of somatic cell genome editing.
A multi-objective optimization approach for the virtual coupling train set driving strategy
Authors: Lin Junting , Li Maolin , Qiu Xiaohui
Published: January 2025

This paper presents an improved virtual coupling train set (VCTS) operation control framework to deal with the lack of optimization of speed curves in the traditional techniques. The framework takes into account the temporary speed limit on the railway line and the communication delay between trains, and it uses a VCTS consisting of three trains as an experimental object. It creates the virtual coupling train tracking and control process by improving the driving strategy of the leader train and using the leader–follower model. The follower train uses the improved speed curve of the leader train as its speed reference curve through knowledge migration, and this completes the multi-objective optimization of the driving strategy for the VCTS. The experimental results confirm that the deep reinforcement learning algorithm effectively achieves the optimization goal of the train driving strategy. They also reveal that the intrinsic curiosity module prioritized experience replay dueling double deep Q-network (ICM-PER-D3QN) algorithm outperforms the deep Q-network (DQN) algorithm in optimizing the driving strategy of the leader train. The ICM-PER-D3QN algorithm enhances the leader train driving strategy by an average of 57% when compared to the DQN algorithm. Furthermore, the particle swarm optimization (PSO)-based model predictive control (MPC) algorithm has also demonstrated tracking accuracy and further improved safety during VCTS operation, with an average increase of 37.7% in tracking accuracy compared to the traditional MPC algorithm.
Adult-plant resistance and a suitable method of reaction determination to scald and net form net blotch in malt barley genotypes at a hot spot location in Ethiopia
Authors: Ababa Girma , Shiferaw Tigist , Hailu Wami , Fekadu Wondimu , Alamerew Sentayehu
Published: January 2025

Scald and net form net blotch caused by fungal pathogens Rhynchosporium secalis and Pyrenophora teres f. teres, respectively, are significant foliar diseases affecting barley production on a global scale, and they lead to substantial reductions in both yield and quality. In the current study, the reactions of 100 malt barley genotypes to the diseases were evaluated under natural conditions in Ethiopia. Again, several methods of genotype reaction determination were assessed to select a suitable method. Field trial was conducted using a simple lattice design. The grain yield of ten middle rows (5 m2) was evaluated, and the results were converted to t ha−1. The relationship between independent and dependent variables was analyzed using the Pearson correlation in ellipses predictor at a P-value of 0.05 and 0.01. Logistic and Gompertz models were used for disease rate analysis. Genotypes HB#P786 and HB#P875 scored the highest (4.7 t ha−1) and lowest (0.8 t ha−1) grain yield, respectively. Eyal classes and Eyal and Brown reaction types were selected from several methods of genotype reaction determination. Out of one hundred genotypes evaluated, 41% were susceptible, 52% were moderately susceptible, 5% were moderately resistant, and 2% were resistant to scald disease. Genotypes such as HB#P1063 and HB#P239 were resistant to scald disease. Moreover, 16% were susceptible, 68% moderately susceptible, 12% were moderately resistant, and 4% were resistant to net form net blotch disease. Genotypes such as HB#P1063, HB#P239, SARC#41, and HB#P793 were resistant to net form net blotch disease. Therefore, these genotypes can be used for crop improvement in subsequent breeding schemes. A negative correlation (r = − 0.1) between plant height and leaf blotch severity indicated that the highest plant height genotype could be used for scald resistance. The current research suggests that the breeder can use the identified resistant and moderately resistant genotypes for future breeding schemes.
Asymptotic approximations for convection onset with Ekman pumping at low wavenumbers
Authors: Tro Sara , Grooms Ian , Julien Keith
Published: January 2025

Ekman pumping is a phenomenon induced by no-slip boundary conditions in rotating fluids. In the context of Rayleigh–Bénard convection, Ekman pumping causes a significant change in the linear stability of the system compared with when it is not present (that is, stress-free). Motivated by numerical solutions to the marginal stability problem of the incompressible Navier–Stokes equation (iNSE) system, we seek analytical asymptotic solutions which describe the departure of the no-slip solution from the stress-free one. The substitution of normal modes into a reduced asymptotic model yields a linear system for which we explore analytical solutions for various scalings of wavenumber. We find very good agreement between the analytical asymptotic solutions and the numerical solutions to the iNSE linear stability problem with no-slip boundary conditions.
Shakespeare’s Polar Bears
Authors: de Somogyi Nick
Published: January 2025

This is the third in a trilogy of articles for NTQ addressed to the ‘noises off’ supplied by Shakespeare’s earliest co-stars: the baited bears that competed for trade, fame, and patronage for the duration of his career as an actor-playwright. ‘Shakespeare and the Three Bears’ (NTQ 106, May 2011) sketched this context, exposing as a canard, via a mistakenly omitted comma, that there ever was a bear named Harry Hunks. ‘Shakespeare and the Naming of Bears’ (NTQ 135, August 2018) examined the influence of these rival entertainments on the structure and detail of Romeo and Juliet. ‘Shakespeare’s Polar Bears’ now expands that investigation by seeking to offer a long view of the dramatist’s association with, and attention to, such foul animal ‘sports’, and to supply a comprehensive context for the most famous stage direction in theatre history.
Edward Gordon Craig as Teacher-Dictator
Authors: Burt Philippa
Published: January 2025

Edward Gordon Craig was a controversial and iconoclastic figure in the early twentieth-century British theatre. Underpinning his work as a director, designer, and essayist was a desire to secure obedience and loyalty from the people with whom he worked and to ensure that he was the unquestioned authority. Nowhere was this ambition clearer than in his School for the Art of the Theatre, which he ran in Florence from 1913 to 1914. This article draws on extensive archival research, providing a detailed examination of the School’s structure, organization, and curriculum and demonstrating the importance that Craig placed on discipline, which became the School’s governing principle. It contextualizes the School’s practice, discussing Craig’s work in and outside the theatre and his political views so as to consider why he prized discipline above all else. In particular, the article reveals, for the first time, his intense misogyny and celebration of fascism in the 1920s and 1930s, and shows how this informed his school scheme and was informed by it.
Kunqu in Europe
Authors: He Chengzhou , Yang Ting
Published: January 2025

This overview presents kunqu’s historical journey, suggesting its future trends on European stages. Over the decades, kunqu has grown from traditional performances to avant-garde adaptations, including notable versions of The Peony Pavilion by Peter Sellars and also Chen Shizheng, which fostered intercultural dialogue. Key performances by troupes and artists have modernized kunqu, as exemplified by Bai Xianyong’s youth edition of The Peony Pavilion, and its appeal to younger audiences. Pre- and post-performance lectures have enhanced European understanding of kunqu, contributing to its recognition internationally. The dynamic interplay between tradition and innovation, and local and global perception, reveals kunqu’s enduring relevance and its active role in cultural exchange.
Garden Kun Opera and Cultural Tourism
Authors: He Chengzhou , Chen Chang
Published: January 2025

With a history of over six hundred years, Kun Opera is one of the oldest types of opera still actively performed in China today. In some Kun Opera plays, the story is set in a garden, which becomes an important narrative motif. Such plays were frequently staged in gardens, usually for private gatherings. The twenty-first-century revival of this type of garden Kun Opera took place during a strong wave of cultural tourism, aligning cultural preservation with economic development. A prototypical example is Six Records of a Floating Life, which, since 2018, has been performed at Canglang Pavilion, one of the classical gardens of Suzhou. An inventive yet historically informed production of garden Kun Opera, Six Records of a Floating Life provides an immersive aesthetic and more broadly cultural experience, situating Kun Opera in the economic, cultural, and social context of contemporary life.
The Craiova International Shakespeare Festival Celebrates Thirty Years
Authors: Shevtsova Maria
Published: January 2025

Emil Boroghină founded the Shakespeare Festival in Craiova in 1994 with the longer-term intention of making it an international festival of significant, indeed world, standing. This article, written in honour of Boroghină and dedicated to him, offers an overview of the Festival’s programming and related details from its triennial period to its present biennial existence. It draws particular attention to Boroghină’s selected outstanding directors (‘great directors, great productions’, in his words, and the title of one of his editions) without, however, losing sight of the Festival’s varied theatre activities, especially in the celebratory year of 2024.
Broadband dual-polarized antenna with parasitic elements for base-station applications
Authors: Zakerifar Hamid , Nourinia Javad , Ghobadi Changiz
Published: January 2025

A broadband ±45° dual-polarized base-station antenna based on crossed-dipoles with parasitic elements has been presented in this study. This antenna consists of printed dipoles fed by integrated baluns, parasitic elements, and a ground plane below them. As a result of using parasitic elements on the dipoles and creating a suitable coupling between them, the antenna’s impedance bandwidth has been improved, and its dimensions have been reduced. The experimental results show that the proposed antenna can cover the frequency band of 1.58–2.73 GHz with |S11| < −15 dB and isolation better than 17 dB. The measured peak gain for the proposed antenna in the frequency band is reported as 7.8 dB. Also, the antenna’s half-power beamwidth equals 62.15° ± 1.45°. The proposed antenna is fabricated with overall dimensions of 0.67λ0 × 0.67λ0 × 0.17λ0 and has been measured in the antenna laboratory.
Integrated analysis of miRNAs and mRNAs in thousands of single cells
Authors: Li Jia , Tian Jing , Cai Tao
Published: January 2025

The simultaneous sequencing of multiple types of biomolecules can facilitate understanding various forms of regulation occurring in cells. Cosequencing of miRNA and mRNA at single-cell resolution is challenging, and to date, only a few such studies (examining a quite limited number of cells) have been reported. Here, we developed a parallel single-cell small RNA and mRNA coprofiling method (PSCSR-seq V2) that enables miRNA and mRNA coexpression analysis in many cells. The PSCSR-seq V2 method is highly sensitive for miRNA analysis, and it also provides rich mRNA information about the examined cells at the same time. We employed PSCSR-seq V2 to profile miRNA and mRNA in 2310 cultured cells, and detected an average of 181 miRNA species and 7354 mRNA species per cell. An integrated analysis of miRNA and mRNA profiles linked miRNA functions with the negative regulation of tumor suppressor and reprogramming of cellular metabolism. We coprofiled miRNA and mRNA in 9403 lung cells and generated a coexpression atlas for known cell populations in mouse lungs, and detected conserved expression patterns of miRNAs among lineage-related cells. Based on this information, we identified informative age-associated miRNAs in mouse and human lung cells including miR-29, which can be understood as a conserved marker for immunosenescence. PSCSR-seq V2 offers unique functionality to users conducting functional studies of miRNAs in clinical and basic biological research.
Selenium-modified microgels as interfacial catalysts for the heterophase oxidation of aromatic aldehydes
Authors: Pavliuk Anastasiia , Fiukowski Oliver , Wagner Jan , Kharandiuk Tetiana , Ivasiv Volodymyr , Nebesnyi Roman , Schnakenberg Uwe , Pich Andrij
Published: January 2025

Selenium-modified microgels exhibit excellent surfactant properties and effectively catalyze the heterophase oxidation of aromatic aldehydes to acids under mild conditions.
Antioxidant Properties and Thermal Stability of Active Packaging Incorporated with Dyes
Authors: Wahyu Dewanti Erika , Tarman Kustiariyah , Santoso Joko , Nurjanah  , Dyah Hardiningtyas Safrina , Berlyanto Sedayu Bakti , Nurbaya Sari Rodiah , Fateha
Published: January 2025

Marine polysaccharides-based packaging that is both bio-based and biodegradable has garnered significant interest for preserving food freshness. This study introduces an eco-friendly packaging solution derived from agar and chitosan, designed not only to protect food but also to serve as an innovative indicator of rancidity and spoilage. By blending agar and chitosan using casting methods and mixed with various dyes, a material was created that demonstrated excellent compatibility due to their structural similarities and the thermal stability, confirmed by TGA and DSC analysis. TGA and DSC examinations verified the thermal stability of the blends at 180°C, with low crystallinity. Furthermore, agar and chitosan-based film with added 0.2% BTB dye possesses 493 ppm of DPPH scavenging activity while the control sample retains on 776.03 ppm. These results offer significant insights into the potential industrial applications of these compounds, particularly in sectors where both high thermal stability and effective antioxidant properties are crucial.
Optimization of maltodextrin coating for masking to maintain the characteristic of Spirulina powder using the Box-Behnken design: A Response Surface Methodology approach
Authors: Prasetiyo Himawan , Purwaningsih Sri , Setyaningsih Iriani , Sadi Uju , Nurilmala Mala , Tarman Kustiyariyah
Published: January 2025

Masking or encapsulating spirulina has been widely used to overcome unpleasant flavours and aromas. Masking procedures, including rehydration, mixing, and heating, might impact the characteristic of spirulina powder. This study aimed to identify the relationship between variables spirulina masking using maltodextrin and develop the model to optimize the response. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and Box-Behnken Design (BBD) was employed to evaluate optimum conditions for spirulina masking. The masking variables, such as heating temperature, heating period, concentration of maltodextrin and ratio of maltodextrin and spirulina, were studied extensively. Masking process was evaluated based on colour changes (ΔE), moisture, and crude phycocyanin content (CPC) responses. The results showed a moderate positive relationship between the masking variables, with a coefficient of determination (R2) value between 0.3-0.7. The response analysis showed a non-significant lack of fit (p>0.05), indicating that the data response will match with the optimized prediction model. The optimized conditions of spirulina masking were determined in low-temperature heating at 33°C for 60 min, with 7 g/L maltodextrin concentration and a 1:1 ratio of spirulina and maltodextrin (m/v). The optimized masking process condition could reach responses, moisture of 7.23 %, ΔE of 1.68, and CPC of 6.71 mg/g, respectively.
Characteristics of collagen from swim bladder of catfish (Pangasius sp.) under different ultrasound exposure times
Authors: Alfhitrah Gustami Viskha , Nurilmala Mala , Mardiono Jacoeb Agoes
Published: January 2025

The swim bladder is fishery by-product whose main components are collagen protein. Collagen is the main structural component of connective tissue. This study aimed to determine the chemical composition, structure of catfish swim bladder tissue, extraction process, and collagen hydrolysis of catfish swim bladder with different sonication times (0, 10, 15, and 20 minutes). The swim bladder is composed of wavy fibers, branches and spaces between fibers. The best treatment for catfish swim bladder collagen was determined using ANOVA and Duncan's test. The best quality collagen hydrolysate was obtained from a sonication treatment time of 15 minutes. Collagen contained α1, α2, and β chains. Collagen hydrolysate contained functional groups with peak absorption of amide A, amide B, amide I, amide II, and amide III, with a pH value of 6.67±0.15, viscosity value of 4.00±1.92, and antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 44.09±0.48.
Contaminated Waters: A Comprehensive Review of Heavy Metal Pollution in Marine Fish and Its Health Risks
Authors: Kurniasih Titin , Panigoro Novita , Panigoro Husain , Waryat  , Ediwarman  , Sutisna Ena , Fitria Yuliana , Arianto
Published: January 2025

Marine fish are crucial for the global food supply, providing essential nutrients to millions of people throughout the world. However, the presence of high levels of heavy metals in marine fish has become a significant risk to both human health and the sustainability of the fishing industry. This article is to provide a concise overview of recent scientific studies on the presence of heavy metals in marine fish products and the potential consequences for human health. The examination encompasses a range of frequently encountered heavy metals, along with the factors that affect the levels of pollution. This review also explores the geographical distribution of contaminated fish, pinpointing areas with high levels of contamination that necessitate focused attention. This study utilizes an comprehensive literature search technique by searching databases with the inclusion criteria of comprising relevant and recently published studies. The extracted data comprises information on the degrees of contamination, the fish species that are affected, and the health consequences that arise from consuming infected fish. This article also emphasizes the necessity for further research to address existing knowledge gaps and develop more efficient technologies and policies for managing heavy metal contamination in marine environments.
Effectiveness of Low-Deacetylation-Degree Chitosan as an Edible Coating for Apples, Tofu, and Tilapia Fillets
Authors: Ramadhan Wahyu , Tiftazani M. Haekal , Heri Suseno Sugeng , Septiyani Irawan Azizah , Astriyani Aisyah , Mahardika Vania , Sintia Armi Fuji , Silaban Rosella , Dewi Ghaisani Aatikah , Firdaus Zahrotul , Nasution Muheri Indra Aja , Butler Kyle , Suleiman Omar Abdulla
Published: January 2025

Food products like fish, fruits, and tofu are highly perishable, with quality degradation being a significant concern during storage. Chitosan, derived from shrimp waste, has potential as an edible coating to enhance shelf life. The degree of deacetylation (DD) is a key factor in chitosan's effectiveness, with high-DD chitosan (<80%) often requiring substantial resources for production. This study explores the use of low-DD chitosan (50%) as an edible coating for Nile tilapia fillets, apple slices, and tofu. Coatings were applied at intervals of 0, 6, 12, 18, and 24 hours, and samples were stored at room temperature (25 ± 2°C). Results show that low-DD chitosan significantly preserved the texture of Nile tilapia and tofu for up to 5 days (p>0.05). However, chitosan-coated apple slices exhibited increased browning, although oxidation was delayed compared to uncoated controls. These findings indicate that low-cost, low-DD chitosan could be an effective alternative for extending the shelf life of certain perishable foods without the need for high-purity chitosan.
A Microcomputer-based GNSS Scintillation Monitor using Low-Cost Receiver
Authors: Orongan Manuel Allan , Deleña Miemarc John , Macalalad Ernest , Marloun Sejera , Hsiao Tung Yuan
Published: January 2025

We improve upon previous low-cost radio scintillation monitor designs by implementing onboard processing and display capabilities to produce a more comprehensive device. The proposed design uses a U-blox EVK-6T’s GPS receiver, providing data updates at a rate of 1Hz, and a Raspberry Pi 4. The RPi calculates the S4c index with both a three-minute and a five-minute duration, then saves all the raw data and S4c values onto a locally stored CSV file. The proposed design has been successfully implemented, having been able to log all raw and calculated data and display the three-minute and five-minute S4c values on a plot with a temporal range from 00 UT to 24 UT. In addition to these features, we successfully validate the accuracy of our low-cost radio scintillation monitor by finding a high correlation between its C/No output to that of a high-rate receiver when performing simultaneous measurements from the same receiving antenna. The S4c values calculated from these C/No measurements also proved to be accurate as they demonstrated moderate correlation on non-scintillated days and high correlation on scintillated days.
Length-weight relationships of Indian squid, Uroteuthis duvaucelii and Bigfin reef squid, Sepioteuthis lessoniana from the coastal waters of Langkawi Island, Malaysia
Authors: Rohizad Maidin Mohd Samsul , Mastura Mustapha , Atikah Harun Nadiayatul , Wahab Abdullah Abdul , Luqman Wan Rosdi Wan Muhammad , Asyraf Raja Omar Raja Hanif , Faizah Ismail , Haryati Abd. Wahab , Bakri Miswan
Published: January 2025

Studies on the length-weight relationship (LWR) are crucial for understanding the growth, health, and ecological dynamics of fish and cephalopod populations. This study investigates how weight varies relative to its length. There have been limited studies on LWR in cephalopods, especially in Malaysia. This research aimed to explore the size frequency, length-weight relationship and relative condition factor of Uroteuthis duvaucelii and Sepioteuthis lessoniana in Langkawi Island. The samples were caught using squid cast net with a mesh size of 1.0 to 1.5 inch. Linear regression analysis was used to established the LWR of the species. Maximum mantle length for U. duvaucelii was recorded to be 213 mm long, and 98 mm for S. lessoniana. The growth coefficient b values calculated for U. duvaucelii and S. lessoniana were 2.068 and 2.3839, respectively, indicating negative allometric growth in this region. The mean relative condition factor (Kn) obtained for U. duvaucelii and S. lessoniana was similar, approximately 1.0 ± 0.1 suggesting favorable life conditions. The findings from this study are valuable in managing and conserving these species in Langkawi Island, Kedah.
A Review on QUAL2K Water Quality Model: Comparative Analysis with Other Models, Recent Advances and Future Directions
Authors: Mohamad Noor Siti Salwa , Saad Noor Aida
Published: January 2025

Sustainable water management refers to the utilization of water resources in a manner that fulfills present ecological, social, and economic requirements without undermining the potential to satisfy those requirements in the future. In this approach, water quality models are essential tools to provide important information for protecting and improving water resources over the long term. Several models, including QUAL2K, BATHTUB, EFDC, MIKE, and WASP, are commonly used in the development of Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs). While these models employ different approaches, QUAL2K is recognized for its user-friendly design and reliable results. However, as water quality management becomes more complex, there is an increasing need to enhance QUAL2K’s functionality through integration with other programs. This review also explores the comparative analysis of BATHTUB, EFDC, MIKE, and WASP and outlines the QUAL2K model’s future directions. This paper provides valuable insights into the QUAL2K model, helping researchers to understand the model and choose the most suitable model for specific water quality challenges. It can also equip them with the knowledge to make informed decisions for effective water management.
Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination in Paddy Field Soils: A Case Study in Ranau Valley, Sabah, Malaysia
Authors: Ahmad Damanhuri Nadrah , Harun Siti Norliyana , Abd Rahim Sahibin
Published: January 2025

The weathering of ultrabasic rocks surrounding the Ranau Valley in Sabah, Malaysia, contributes to the formation of soils with elevated concentrations of heavy metals. These metals, including Manganese (Mn), Nickel (Ni), Chromium (Cr), and others, have the potential to disperse into nearby paddy fields, leading to significant soil contamination. This study aims to: (a) determine the concentrations of heavy metals in the paddy field soils of Ranau Valley and (b) map their spatial distribution using Geographic Information System (GIS) technology. The results revealed that Mn was the most abundant metal, with concentrations reaching 13,855.67 mg/kg, followed by Iron (Fe), Ni, Zinc (Zn), and Cr. Several metals, including Mn, Ni, and Cr, exceeded established soil toxicity thresholds, particularly in areas influenced by ultrabasic rocks and agricultural practices. Elevated levels of Copper (Cu), Lead (Pb), Zn, and Cadmium (Cd) were also observed in regions affected by the use of chemical fertilizers. These findings highlight the potential risks to agricultural productivity and food safety in the region, as metals such as cadmium and lead can accumulate in crops, posing health risks to local populations. To address these concerns, remediation strategies such as organic amendments and pH adjustments are recommended. Regular monitoring and sustainable soil management practices will be essential to safeguard soil health, ensure food security, and reduce environmental risks in the Ranau Valley.
The Association of Non-Dipterocarps (Fagaceae) with Mycorrhizae in Elevated CO2 Condition in Tekam Forest Reserve, Pahang
Authors: Mustafa Bakray Nur Aqilah , Azmi Nuralisya Amirah , Jamar Nurul Hidayah , Kin Thi Bee , Mansor Patahayah , Mohti Azian , Zohari Ahmad Fitri , Mohd Said Mohd Nizam
Published: January 2025

The gradual rise in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) levels has indirectly impacted the structure of belowground communities, including arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) associated with Fagaceae saplings in Southeast Asia’s tropical rainforests. This study aims to determine the composition of AMF spore morphotypes under elevated CO2 and ambient conditions at Tekam Forest Reserve, Pahang. Seventeen soil samples were collected using a stratified sampling method from saplings of three Fagaceae species, namely, Castanopsis inermis, Lithocarpus lucidus, and Lithocarpus rassa, under both elevated CO2 and ambient conditions. AMF spores were extracted using the wet sieving and decanting technique and subsequently identified using specialized keys and online resources. The data were analyzed for composition and abundance of AMF community between the two conditions. The study identified 35 spore morphotypes across the different species and environmental conditions. AMF exhibited higher diversity and more complex community structures under ambient conditions, with a total of 29 species, compared to 25 species under elevated CO2 conditions. Glomus was the most prevalent under both conditions. These results suggest that elevated CO2 levels can significantly alter AMF community composition and reduce overall diversity, highlighting the impact of rising CO2 on belowground ecosystems. The findings provide valuable insights into how climate change may affect AMF communities in tropical forests like Tekam FR, with potential consequences for forest health, nutrient cycling, and plant growth. This emphasizes the need for further research to fully understand the dynamics and their broader ecological implications.
Smart Waste Management System Using Lora Technology
Authors: Azmi Aina Zafira , Mohd Sahar Norsuzlin , Islam Muhammad Tariqul
Published: January 2025

In residential areas and commercial spaces, garbage houses serve as important disposal sites. However, rapid urbanization has led to a surge in population, increasing waste production. The conventional waste collection schedules have proven to be inefficient: frequent visits to empty bins are waste resources, while delayed cleaning of overflowing bins harms the environment. To address this challenge, proposals to integrate IoT into smart waste management systems by using LoRa communication for realtime monitoring of fill levels bin and indoor air quality emerge. It involves the integration of sensor technology, IoT connectivity, data analytics, and LoRa technology, leading to more efficient, data-driven, and technologically advanced waste management practices. This digitalization aims to increase operational efficiency, reduce costs, minimize environmental impact, and optimize resource allocation in waste collection and processing.
Empowering Children as Agents of Climate Resilience: Integrating Education for SDG 13
Authors: Ab Rahman Nurul Hidayat , Rosli Yanti
Published: January 2025

As the world faces the challenges of climate change, its extensive effects are experienced in many areas of human life, emphasizing the urgent need to acknowledge its frequently overlooked consequences on the most susceptible individuals, particularly children. This study examines the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), which provides detailed guidelines on children’s rights in this challenge, aligning with the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 13. Furthermore, this research emphasizes the pivotal role of children as agents of change, particularly through the integration of education as outlined in Target 13.3. Grounded in socio-legal research conducted qualitatively, all data were meticulously gathered through library research and subjected to thorough analysis using the content analysis method. The paramount considerations revolve around the child’s best interests and developmental rights. The study affirms that children have the rights to a healthy environment, education, and participation in addressing climate change. However, their limited awareness hinders their ability to participate effectively, leaving them vulnerable and unprepared for the future. These findings underscore the imperative of taking proactive measures such as incorporating Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) into school curricula, involving children in decision-making processes, and fostering awareness of sustainable living practices.
Enhancing Climate Resilience through Integrative Approaches: A Synthesis of Indigenous and Scientific Knowledge Systems
Authors: Anak Kemarau Ricky , Sakawi Zaini , Anak Suab Stanley , Valentine Eboy Oliver
Published: January 2025

Indigenous Knowledge (IK) systems offer valuable insights into local environmental patterns and climatic changes, yet they remain underutilized within formal scientific frameworks. This study synthesizes findings from integrative approaches combining IK with scientific knowledge to enhance climate resilience. Utilizing a review of literature sourced from Web of Science, Scopus, and Science Direct, the paper identifies key areas where IK significantly augments scientific understanding of climate phenomena. Findings suggest that hybrid knowledge systems improve the accuracy and acceptance of climate forecasts, empowering local communities and enhancing adaptive capacities. This synthesis underscores the need for creating inclusive frameworks that respect and integrate diverse knowledge systems for sustainable climate resilience.
Empirical Analysis of Urban Community Social Vulnerability in Hilly Areas of Kajang
Authors: Nor Diana Mohd Idris , Zulkepli Nurul Atikah
Published: January 2025

The occurrence of landslides in Malaysia have increased significantly by year due to climate and development activities happening in Malaysia. The increasing phenomenon of landslide events in Malaysia especially in the urbanised area has greatly impacted the community living in those affected areas. Therefore, to determine the social vulnerability of the community living in the hilly areas of Kajang, the study assessed the social vulnerability index by using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Seventeen variables were selected to determine the index including age, health, education, single-parent household, vehicle ownership, housing, income, unemployment, and elevation. Using stratified sampling, 200 respondents from the areas of Kajang Mewah Hilly and Kajang Utama Hilly were selected. Overall, the study shows that the people living in Kajang Mewah Hilly area is more vulnerable compared to Kajang Utama Hilly area if landslides happen here. Therefore, there is a need to increase the resilience of the community to disaster event as well as increase the mitigation efforts by the local authorities.
Effect of Mg treatment on TiN inclusions in interstitial-free steel
Authors: Han Zhengpeng , Xu Xiangyu , Li Yutang , Xu Kang , Fu Jianxun
Published: January 2025

This article studied the effect of Mg content on TiN inclusions in interstitial-free (IF) steel through laboratory experiments and thermodynamic calculations. In the absence of Mg in the steel, TiN inclusions precipitate with Al2O3 of large size and small quantity as the nucleation core, leading to the formation of large and numerous clustered TiN inclusions in the steel. The addition of Mg to the steel provides abundant fine dispersed MgAl2O4 and MgO heterogeneous nucleation cores, promoting the nucleation of TiN inclusions. This can effectively reduce the average size of TiN inclusions and improve the clustering phenomenon of TiN in IF steel. In actual industrial production, it is recommended to add 15~20 ppm of Mg to refine TiN inclusions in IF steel.
Stapedotomy or Stapedectomy: Does It Really Matter?
Authors: Teixeira-Marques Francisco , Osório Rita Vaz , Teixeira Mónica , Rebelo Joana , Gerós Sandra , Helena Diamantino , Almeida António Faria de , Oliveira Pedro
Published: January 2025

Introduction Otosclerosis leads to stapes fixation and consequent conductive hearing loss. Surgery is the mainstay of treatment, and it can be achieved through small fenestra stapedotomy or stapedectomy. Despite the first being favored by most, evidence supporting its superiority over the latter remains inconclusive.

Objective To assess the hearing outcomes and complications of stapes surgery performed in a series of patients with otosclerosis and compare the results of stapedotomy with stapedectomy.

Methods A retrospective study of 134 ears in 125 otosclerosis patients undergoing primary stapes surgery was conducted. Patients underwent either stapedotomy or stapedectomy, and outcomes were compared using pre- and postoperative audiometric data and complication rates.

Results Most cases (81%) underwent stapedotomy. Both techniques resulted in significant improvement in air-bone gap (ABG) and speech recognition threshold (SRT) postoperatively, with no significant difference between them. Complication rates were comparable between techniques, with no statistical difference in postoperative complications.

Conclusion Both stapedotomy and stapedectomy offer favorable hearing outcomes with low complication rates in otosclerosis patients. While stapedotomy remains the preferred technique, if the initial plan shifts to a stapedectomy, surgeons should remain composed and confident in a good hearing outcome.
Tendon Transfer Procedures for Correction of Foot Drop Due to Injury to the Peripheral Nerves or Muscles
Authors: Lauer Henrik , Heinzel Johannes Christoph , Vasselli Benedetta , Farzaliyev Farhad , Ritter Jana , Kolbenschlag Jonas , Daigeler Adrien , Prahm Cosima
Published: January 2025

Background Foot drop is a challenging condition that significantly impacts the affected patient's mobility and quality of life. Tendon transfer has emerged as a viable treatment option. We hereby present data of the tendon transfer procedures in patients with foot drop in our department. Besides a detailed description of our surgical technique, we also compare our results with those reported in the literature.

Methods Data from 17 patients (11 males and 6 females) suffering from foot drop due to peripheral nerve or muscle lesions were retrospectively analyzed. All the patients underwent tendon transfer procedures between 2017 and 2022. Assessed outcomes encompassed parameters such as strength of foot dorsiflexion, the necessity for postoperative orthotic devices, and patient satisfaction. Demographic data, the time elapsed from injury/illness to surgery, and the underlying causes of foot drop were collected.

Results Postsurgery, 14 patients regained robust dorsiflexion strength (M4), while 2 exhibited slightly lower strength (M3) and 1 attained equal strength as on the unaffected side (M5). Corrective procedures were undertaken in five patients to address problems with tendon tension. After an average follow-up period of 11.9 months (± 9.13), 82.4% of patients reported a high level of satisfaction, although three patients experienced persistent foot inversion. Most patients (94.1%) no longer required orthotic devices following the operative procedure.

Conclusion A tendon transfer procedure for correction of foot drop has proven to be a safe and effective treatment option, resulting in a high level of patient satisfaction and restoration of quality of life.
Physical properties of thermally oxide-coated copper ribbons doped with Sm(Y) and Ba: quest for room-temperature superconductivity
Authors: Verkin B. I. , Eremenko V. V. , Beznosov A. B. , Bondarenko S. I. , Haiko V. , Galuza A. I. , Hudak O. , Gurevich A. M. , Eropkin V. N. , Zentko A. , Isakina A. P. , Molokac S. , Pokhil Yu. A. , Prokhvatilov A. I. , Seman M. , Sergienko V. V. , Timko M. , Ushakov V. A. , Churilov G. E.
Published: January 2025

Experimental studies have been carried out to determine the structure, microstructure, optical reflection between 1 and 6.2 eV, heat capacity, magnetic susceptibility, and electric conductivity of quick-quenched thermally oxide-coated copper ribbons doped with Sm(Y) and Ba. The oxide layer of the ribbons, which is of multiphase type and contains characteristic HTS (high temperature superconductor) structures as well as normal oxides, is found to possess a granular microcrystalline structure. Optical measurements show that monovalent copper layer dominates in the oxide layer. The rate of oxygen exchange with the gaseous medium is found to increase at certain temperatures between 250 and 325 K. The observed experimental data indicate that for currents of 7·10−5 A and at room temperatures, some samples reveal the existence of regions with an anomalously low resistance forming a highly unstable “Josephson medium.”
Electron–exciton interaction and local pairing in high-temperature superconductors
Authors: Kulik I. O. , Pedan A. G.
Published: January 2025

The possibility of pairing of holes on Cu2+(O2−)2 quasi-molecules in the oxygen-deficient chains CuO2–O–CuO2–O–... of the high temperature superconductor YBa2Cu3O7−x is discussed. The superconductivity is considered for the two-component system comprising local pairs on chains and conduction-band electrons in CuO2 layers.