bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PHYLOGENY OF PROCARYOTES
Authors: De Ley J.
Published: April 2006

We first list the main experimental methods used to get an insight into the phylogenetic relationships of the presently existing bacterial genera. Their scope and relative merits are briefly discussed.

As a model system we briefly summarize the application of most of those methods to elucidate the phylogenetic relationships within the genus Agrobacterium. The evolutionary development of this genus is described.

Similar experiments with Zymomonas are summarized.
DISJUNCT DISTRIBUTIONS IN THE NEW WORLD ZYGOPHYLLACEAE
Authors: Porter Duncan M.
Published: April 2006

The disjunction of the genus Larrea between the arid regions of North and South America is well known and much discussed in the phytogeographical literature. Not so well known are the North American‐South American disjunctions in Fagonia and Porlieria, the New World‐Old World disjunctions in Fagonia and Peganum, and Bulnesia's disjunction within South America. Each genus, its close relatives in the family, and possible explanations for its present distribution are discussed.
PROPOSAL FOR THE RECOGNITION OF SUPER RANKS
Authors: Moore Royall T.
Published: April 2006

A proposal is made to recognize super ranks, including the new rank of dominion (Dominium) above that of the kingdom (Regnum), and to designate suffixes for those of superfamily and above.
NAMES FOR THE CULTIVATED CAPSICUM SPECIES (SOLANACEAE)
Authors: Heiser Charles B. , Pickersgill Barbara
Published: April 2006

Recent taxonomic treatments of the cultivated species of Capsicum are discussed and divergent opinions on the names to be employed for some of these demonstrated. It is concluded that five species are widely cultivated and that the correct names for these are C. pubescens R. & P., C. annuum L., C. baccatum L., C. frutescens L., and C. chinense Jacq.
THE SPECIES CONCEPT IN QUERCUS
Authors: Burger William C.
Published: April 2006

The modern biological species‐concept, defined by genetic isolation, describes a phyletically independent system of populations. Most of the species‐concepts in everyday use for the oaks (Quercus) exhibit genetic interchange with other so‐called species. Nevertheless, these classical concepts remain in use and represent biologically meaningful populations. In addition, it is suggested that the classical species of Quercus may represent phyletic units in species‐grade evolutionary advances. A comparison between the biological species‐concept and the classical species‐concept in Quercus suggests why the classical concepts have been retained. The biological species‐concept appears to be a population system of extraordinary complexity and difficult to delimit in Quercus. This genetically isolated complex population system is not directly comparable to genetically discrete species in most other genera. The prime function of the species binomial is as a unit of communication. The biological species‐concept must be used with greater flexibility as regards taxonomic rank if its designation by means of a binomial cannot provide a functional information retrieval system.
ON THE TAXONOMY AND TYPIFICATION OF MUSCARI MILLER (LILIACEAE) AND ALLIED GENERA, AND ON THE TYPIFICATION OF GENERIC NAMES
Authors: Garbari F. , Greuter W.
Published: April 2006

The types of the names of taxa above the rank of species cannot, logically, be taxa (species, etc.) but only names of taxa (in the sense of the ‘Code’). Accordingly, the type of the name Muscari Miller is the name Muscari botryoides (L.) Miller, as proposed by Britton and Brown in 1913, and is considered to be a neotype.

The species currently included in Muscari belong to 4 distinct genera (one of which is new) with 3 additional sections. Full synonymies and latin diagnoses of all these taxa are given. The name Leopoldia Parl. 1845 (non Herb. 1821) is proposed for conservation.
SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY OF THE LEAF EPIDERMIS IN THE MAGNOLIACEAE AND SOME RELATED FAMILIES
Authors: Baranova Margarita
Published: April 2006

Stomatal and other epidermal features suggest a close relationship among the Magnoliaceae, Eupomatiaceae, Degeneriaceae, and Himantandraceae, a somewhat more distant relationship of the Winteraceae to these families, and only a much more distant relationship of the Illiciaceae and Trochodendraceae to this group. Epidermal characteristics of the various genera and species of the Magnoliaceae are highly compatible with the taxonomic scheme of Dandy, and in some respects give strong support to it. The generic separation of Manglietia from Magnolia is particularly supported by my studies. Within the Winteraceae, epidermal features of several species of Belliolum correlate well with the system of A. C. Smith for this genus. The species Bubbia perrieri is anomalous in Bubbia on epidermal features, though clearly a member of the Winteraceae; its taxonomic position merits reconsideration. Many members of the Magnoliales have thickened lamellae (distinct from the outer stomatal ledge) on the outer walls of the guard cells, similar (except in not being lignified) to such lamellae in the modern Cycadales. The presence of these lamellae is considered to be a primitive feature among the angiosperms. Thick‐walled epidermal cells with pores in the outer wall are found in many of the Magnoliales, and this feature is also considered to be primitive within the angiosperms. It is noteworthy that the Cycadales also have thick‐walled cells, and that in Cycas and some other genera these cells have pores in the outer walls. The vast majority of the Magnoliales have paracytic stomates, and this is considered to be the primitive type within the angiosperms.
A METHOD FOR DATA CAPTURE
Authors: Pankhurst R. J.
Published: April 2006

A method is described for the rapid and accurate collection of descriptive taxonomic data for use in computer applications to taxonomy by using a computer driven display. Considerable savings of time and labour were achieved when the method was applied to descriptions of the microspecies of Rubus fruticosus.
CHARACTERS AND CLUSTERING IN TAXONOMY: A SYNTHESIS OF TWO TAXIMETRIC PROCEDURES
Authors: Legendre Pierre , Rogers David J.
Published: April 2006

The problem of producing a classification from data gathered on specimens has two main components: first the information about the specimens must be structured as characters and character states in such a way that it carries the most information about the taxonomic structure of the objects under study, the mathematical ‘noise’ being eliminated as much as possible. Then this information must be handled in such a way that a hierarchical partitioning of the objects, called classification, is derived.

This paper presents computer‐aided methods for the accomplishment of these steps. These methods were worked out to be both mathematically and biologically sound. The character analysis method (called CHARANAL) uses information theory to measure the amount of information common to pairs of characters, and derives from it various measures for the comparison of characters. The clustering technique presented here (entitled GRAPH), on the other hand, is based upon graph theory, and is intended to represent the thought process of the ‘classical’ taxonomist. For each method are given a general explanation, a detailed explanation of the mathematics involved, an example, and a section on interpretation of results.
LECTOTYPIFICATIONS OF SOME GENERIC NAMES OF GESNERIACEAE
Authors: Morton C. V. , Denham Dale
Published: April 2006

We have been looking up the original publication of all the generic names of the family Gesneriaceae for the Index Nominum Genericorum. Dr. B. L. Burtt has in various publications chosen lectotypes for many of the Old World genera, but many of the New World ones have not as yet been properly lectotypified. Generally, the proper lectotype is obvious, even though it has not been formally designated, and these we have chosen here. There are only a few names, like Diplocalyx K. B. Presl (still wholly dubious), Orobanchia Vandelli (also dubious), and Gesnera Mart. (non L.) that must remain ‘provisional’ for the time being.
ECOLOGICAL SPECIES, MULTISPECIES, AND OAKS
Authors: Van Valen Leigh
Published: April 2006

Oaks exemplify problems with the reproductive species concept which motivate a reconsideration of the use and nature of species. Ecology is important in the reconsideration. The species level is usually overemphasized in evolutionary thought; selection acts on phenotypes and any mutualistic units. Standard definitions tend to inhibit free conceptual progress. Multispecies, sets of broadly sympatric species that exchange genes, may occur among animals as well as plants and may conceivably bridge kingdoms. This phenomenon can be adaptively important. There may be taxa without species. The degree of modality of adaptive zones can be investigated empirically.
A TAXIR DATA BANK OF SEED PLANT TYPES AT THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN HERBARIUM
Authors: Estabrook George F.
Published: April 2006

A computerized information management system for use with the curation of seed plant types at the University of Michigan Herbarium is now operative. Its construction, structure, and use are described and illustrated.
A DISTANCE COEFFICIENT AS A HYBRIDIZATION INDEX: AN EXAMPLE USING MIMULUS LONGIFLORUS AND M. FLEMINGII (SCROPHULARIACEAE) FROM SANTA CRUZ ISLAND, CALIFORNIA
Authors: Wells Harrington
Published: April 2006

In studies where hybridization is suspected, data frequently are presented as Anderson pictorialized scatter diagrams and Anderson hybrid indices. These two techniques, however, introduce inherent biases which influence the reader's interpretation of the data. In this article a new method based on a euclidean distance coefficient is suggested as a replacement for both the pictorialized scatter diagram and hybrid index. It is as simple to perform as the Andersonian techniques but relatively free of biases. Morphological data on Mimulus longiflorus and M. flemingii from Santa Cruz Island, California, were gathered to illustrate the new index of hybridization and to show its advantages over the traditional Anderson pictorialized scatter diagram and hybrid index. Model examples are also used to compare these techniques of data analysis.
NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF VARIATION BETWEEN ALLIUM CERNUUM AND ALLIUM STELLATUM (LILIACEAE)
Authors: Jacobsen T. D.
Published: April 2006

Variability within and between two species of closely related onions (Allium cernuum Roth and Allium stellatum Wats.) was measured using methods of cluster and principal component analysis. These two widely distributed but overlapping species are sometimes difficult to distinguish. Analysis with 62 characters supports the classification of the two as distinct taxa. The level of dissimilarity between the two taxa falls within the range of interspecies dissimilarity for the genus.
USE OF A PORTABLE PROPANE GAS OVEN FOR FIELD DRYING PLANTS
Authors: Croat Thomas B.
Published: April 2006

The design of a portable propane gas plant drier is presented along with modifications in a pickup truck for preparation of specimens in the field.
WAGNER NETWORKS AND WAGNER TREES: A PRESENTATION OF METHODS FOR ESTIMATING MOST PARSIMONIOUS SOLUTIONS
Authors: Jensen Richard J.
Published: April 2006

The methods of Wagner network and Wagner tree construction are presented. A worked example, based on a set of hypothetical taxa, is examined in detail. Additional examples, representing real and artificial data sets, are also examined. The existence of alternative choices at several stages in the algorithms leads to solutions that may not be most parsimonious estimates. There apparently is no non‐arbitrary method for choosing between the alternatives. The examples presented illustrate that there may be multiple equally parsimonious solutions for a given data set and that neither algorithm can ensure a most parsimonious solution.
A PRELIMINARY NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF THE RED OAK COMPLEX IN MICHIGAN AND WISCONSIN
Authors: Jensen Richard J.
Published: April 2006

Individuals representing five taxa and numerous unidentified OTU's of red oaks native to the western Great Lakes region of the United States were examined through principal components analysis. Two data sets, one consisting of twenty untransformed characters and one in which various characters were redefined as ratios, were employed for comparative analyses. Although minor differences are noted, the two data sets provide essentially the same view of the relationships between the included OTU's. The five taxa appear to form more or less discrete groups with the unidentified OTU's occupying positions of intermediacy. The results support previous conclusions that extensive hybridization occurs among the red oaks of this geographic region.
THE DISTRIBUTION OF STORAGE PROTEINS IN MAGNOLIOPHYTINA (ANGIOSPERMS) AND THEIR SEROLOGICAL SIMILARITIES
Authors: Jensen Uwe , Büttner Christa
Published: April 2006

In this research we have demonstrated that the storage proteins, Aquilegilin and Tubiflorin, occur in nearly all taxa of the Magnoliophytina (angiosperm) families tested. Jensen and Penner (1980) have reported the value of comparing partially purified seed storage proteins extracted for plant taxonomic research. Büttner and Jensen (1981) established the homology of seed storage proteins isolated from Aquilegia vulgaris and Digitalis purpurea. The different amounts of serological reactivity detected among various plant taxa have been interpreted as being a reflection of evolutionary differences in the primary structure of the protein. While the serological differences were great between taxa of different families, taxa of different genera within each family usually were distinguishable only when the reference systems (antisystems) had been obtained from the same family. However, proteins obtained from species within a single genus were difficult to distinguish. The serological experiments comparing the proteins from different Magnoliophytina (angiosperm) families (Fig. 4), generally reflect the relationships of the tested families with the Ranunculaceae and the Scrophulariaceae as reference families.

Während Jensen and Penner (1980) bereits den vergleichenden Einsatz von isolierten Samen‐Reserveproteinen in der Verwandtschaftsforschung als sinnvoll erkannt hatten, konnten Büttner and Jensen (1981) auf die Homologie von in Aquilegia vulgaris und Digitalis purpurea ‐ Samen enthaltenen Reserveproteinen hinweisen. Jetzt zeigte sich, daß die Reserveproteine Aquilegilin und Tubiflorin in den Vertretern fast aller getesteter Angiospermenfamilien vorkommen. Ihre abgestufte serologische Reaktivität deutet auf evolutive Veränderungen der Primärstruktur hin. Während die serologischen Unterschiede bei Vertretern verschiedener Familien beträchtlich sind, sind Vertreter verschiedener Gattungen einer Familie oft nur mit Hilfe von Bezugssystemen (Antisystemen) aus dieser Familie differenzierbar. Die benutzten Reserveproteine aus Arten einer Gattung schließlich sind nur schwer unterscheidbar. Die serologischen Vergleiche der beiden Proteine aus einer Reihe von Angiospermenfamilien führten zu einem Bild (Fig. 4), das die abgestuften Verwandtschaftsverhältnisse in Bezug auf die Ranunculaceen und Scrophulariaceen im allgemeinen widerspiegelt.
A PRACTICAL AND NATURAL TAXONOMY FOR CANNABIS
Authors: Small Ernest , Cronquist Arthur
Published: April 2006

Variation in Cannabis is evaluated in the context of the confusing systematic history of this genus. Aside from some experimentally produced polyploids, all Cannabis is diploid (n = 10), and there appear to be no barriers to successful hybridization within the genus. The present pattern of variation is due in large part to the influence of man. Two widespread classes of plant are discernible: a group of generally northern plants of relatively limited intoxicant potential, influenced particularly by selection for fibre and oil agronomic qualities, and a group of generally southern plants of considerable intoxicant potential, influenced particularly by selection for inebriant qualities. These two groups are treated respectively as subsp. sativa and indica, of C. sativa, the only species of the genus Cannabis. Within each subspecies two parallel phases are recognizable. The “wild” (weedy, naturalized or indigenous) phase is more or less distinguishable from the domesticated (cultivated or spontaneous) phase by means of an adaptive syndrome of fruit characteristics. The resulting four discernible groups are recognized as varieties.
TERMINOLOGY OF STRUCTURES ASSOCIATED WITH POLLINIA OF THE ASCLEPIADACEAE
Authors: Newton L. E.
Published: April 2006

Unambiguous terms are proposed for referring to the structures associated with detatched pollinia of the Asclepiadaceae. A pollinating insect carries a bipollinium, comprising a pair of pollinia joined by caudicles to a corpuscle.
FIFTEEN YEARS WITH THE COMPUTER: ASSESSMENT OF THE “PRECIS” TAXONOMIC SYSTEM
Authors: Russell G. E. Gibbs , Arnold T. H.
Published: April 2006

PRECIS (Pretoria National Herbarium Computerized Information System) is designed to provide information about plants in southern Africa, a region that lacks a completed modern flora. The system now consists of four separate but linked components: Specimen, Taxon, Nomenclatural and Curatorial. The “PRECIS experiment” covers an estimated nine per cent of the world's plant species. It provides a broad and continuously up‐to‐date overview of the southern African flora as well as detailed information about particular species, specimens and localities. PRECIS results have wide applicability in taxonomic and vegetation studies, and could not have been obtained without computerization.
ORIGINS OF HETEROSPORY AND THE SEED HABIT: THE ROLE OF HETEROCHRONY
Authors: DiMichele William A. , Davis Jerrold I. , Olmstead Richard G.
Published: April 2006

The origin of the seed‐plant life history, and subsequent diversification of seed morphology, should be considered two independent, fundamentally distinct evolutionary problems. Gametophytic endospory may have arisen paedomorphically from homosporous ancestors, specifically by progenesis in the gametophyte generation. Heterospory and gametophytic unisexuality are not necessarily evolutionary antecedents of endospory; rather, they may have arisen as developmental consequences of endospory. Once seeds existed, their early pattern of diversification was not one of gradual change in form, but of a proliferation of integumentary types differing widely from one another. Subsequently, the morphological spectrum narrowed, with closed integuments eventually prevailing. This two‐stage pattern of diversity suggests an initial phenotypic breakthrough into a largely “empty” adaptive zone, followed by intensified biotic competition as the adaptive zone filled.
SUGGESTIONS FOR A NEW FAMILIAL CLASSIFICATION OF PLEUROCARPOUS MOSSES
Authors: Buck William R. , Vitt Dale H.
Published: April 2006

Based on correlated gametophytic and sporophytic characteristics, 57 families of pleurocarpous mosses are classified in four orders. Four new families are recognized. Five families are segregated into a new suborder of the Bryales, the Rhizogoniineae. The remaining 52 families are arranged in three orders. Suborders and superfamilies are used to reflect the proposed phytogeny. A standardized ending for superfamilies, ‐acanae, is proposed. Each family is discussed, light microscope and scanning electron micrographs are provided to illustrate salient structural features, and cladograms are presented to summarize the classification.
INSECT REPRODUCTION AND FLORAL FRAGRANCES: KEYS TO THE EVOLUTION OF THE ANGIOSPERMS?
Authors: Pellmyr Olle , Thien Leonard B.
Published: April 2006

Pollination systems in extant archaic angiosperms and cycads share three important characteristics. Based on these, it is suggested that insect pollination evolved primarily through meshing of the sexual life cycles of phytophagous insects with flowers in which floral odors served as chemical cues for mating sites and food. Floral fragrances may have originated from chemicals serving as herbivore feeding deterrents.
AN APPLICATION OF EXPERT SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY TO BIOLOGICAL IDENTIFICATION
Authors: Atkinson W. D. , Gammerman A.
Published: April 2006

The computer program, EXPERT KEY, is an application of expert‐systems technology to the problem of biological identification. The user can use easily‐obtained information about an unknown specimen's colour, location, habitat, etc. to minimise the subsequent search through an ordinary dichotomous key. EXPERT KEY uses the Dempster‐Shafer theory of evidence, a method of reasoning with uncertainty, to combine the heuristic rules. Uncertain inference is also used to allow the user to express Jack of certainty about the statements in the key. The system can reduce considerably the number of difficult key couplets which a user has to assess to make an identification. Unlike previous computer programs in this field, EXPERT KEY is aimed at the non‐specialist who may have problems with technical terms and microscopic examination.
A SUMMARY OF EVIDENCE AND ARGUMENTS SUPPORTING THE REMOVAL OF ACORUS FROM THE ARACEAE
Authors: Grayum Michael H.
Published: April 2006

The history of classification of the genera Acorus and Gymnostachys, generally considered to constitute the tribe Acoreae in the family Araceae, is briefly reviewed. Phenetic data appearing to have an important bearing on the placement of these genera are summarized in Table 1, and discussed more fully in the text. These data are interpreted as supporting the removal of Acorus to its own family, while favoring the retention of Gymnostachys in Araceae.
HYBRIDIZATION AND CLASSIFICATION OF THE WHITE PINES (PINUS SECTION STROBUS)
Authors: Critchfield William B.
Published: April 2006

Many North American and Eurasian white pines retain their ability to hybridize even after long isolation, and about half of all white pine hybrids from controlled pollinations are inter‐hemisphere crosses. Within the morphologically homogeneous and otherwise highly crossable core group of white pines, an exception in crossing behavior is Pinus lambertiana of western North America. Although it is an archetypal white pine in its winged seeds and long, unarmed cones that open at maturity, P. lambertiana has not been successfully crossed with any other species in the core group. It has been hybridized only with P. armandii and P. koraiensis, two natives of eastern Asia that do not resemble P. lambertiana or each other in the characteristics used to classify white pines. Both Asian species have seeds without wings, and P. koraiensis has indehiscent cones that retain the seed at maturity. Wingless seeds and seed‐retaining cones may have evolved more than once as adaptations to seed dispersal by birds, and their taxonomic value is questionable. Lack of agreement among the kinds of data that bear on relationships of the white pines emphasizes the need for new approaches to their classification.
ORDINAL ORTHOGRAPHY: NEMALIONALES VS. NEMALIALES (RHODOPHYTA)
Authors: Nicolson Dan H. , Norris James N.
Published: April 2006

The name Nemalion is a Second Declension neuter word with the stem Nemalio‐, not a Third Declension masculine word with the stem Nemalion‐. The stems of all suprageneric names based on Nemalion are correct as published, except Nemalionales, which is correctable to Nemaliales.
HEINRICH WILHELM SCHOTT'S BOTANICAL COLLECTIONS AT THE VIENNA NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM (W)
Authors: Riedl H. , Riedl‐Dorn Christa
Published: April 2006

A list of the taxa of Araceae in W. H. Schott's herbarium in Vienna which were lost at the end of World War II is given.
Phylogeny of the Caryophyllales ‐ gene sequence data
Authors: Rettig J. H. , Wilson Hugh D. , Manhart James R.
Published: April 2006

Rettig, J. H., Wilson, H. D. & Manhart, J. R.: Phylogeny of the Caryophyllales ‐ gene sequence data. ‐ Taxon 41: 201–209. 1992. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.

Phylogenetic relationships among selected families of the Caryophyllales were examined by analyses of nucleotide sequences of the large subunit of ribulose‐l,5‐bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (rbcL). Sequences from 12 Caryophyllalean families were examined using parsimony and bootstrap analysis. The parsimony analysis produced two minimal trees with 778 steps. Major clades supported by bootstrap analysis are (1) Amaranthus (Amaranthaceae), Atriplex and Spinacia (Chenopodiaceae); (2) Mirabilis (Nyctaginaceae), Rivina (Petiveriaceae), Phytolacca (Phytolaccaceae) and Trianthema (Aizoaceae); (3) Basella (Basellaceae), Alluaudia (Didiereaceae), Portulaca (Portulacaceae) and Schlumbergera (Cactaceae); and (4) Silene, Dianthus, Arenaria and Cerastium (Caryophyllaceae). The Caryophyllaceae and Mollugo are the only taxa examined that do not produce betalains but they are neither closely allied nor basal to other elements of the order. Stegnosperma is not allied with the Mirabilis‐Rivina‐Phytolacca‐Trianthema clade. Thus, the Phytolaccaceae (s.l.) are not monophyletic.
On inferring hybridity from morphological intermediacy
Authors: Wilson Paul
Published: April 2006

Wilson, P.: On inferring hybridity from morphological intermediacy. ‐ Taxon 41: 11–23. 1992. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.

The type of intermediacy that separates hybridity from divergence is not multivariate intermediacy; it is the coincidence of intermediate character states. For the purpose of showing hybridity, analyses should distinguish between the two types of intermediacy. (1) Hybrid indices fail to do so. (2) Principal components analysis does so only in an ambiguous way. (3) Pictorialized scatter diagrams properly present the evidence for an interpretation that is intuitive. (4) Counting characters as intermediate or not‐intermediate is an explicit approach that allows for statistical evaluation given that certain assumptions are made. Simulated data representing hybridity and divergence are presented to illustrate each method and to provide a prototype of how to document hybridity using the favored methods.
Integrating herbarium data into a geographic information system: requirements for spatial analysis
Authors: Rhoads Ann F. , Thompson Laura
Published: April 2006

Rhoads, A. F. & Thompson, L.: Integrating herbarium data into a geographic information system: requirements for spatial analysis. ‐ Taxon 41: 43–49. 1992. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.

This paper addresses the importance of spatial resolution and data accuracy for the development and use of herbarium data with geographic information systems (GIS). Using the Pennsylvania Flora Database as an example, we discuss the variable quality of the spatial information in herbarium databases and present suggestions for standardizing spatial information for future data collection. GIS applications are discussed and examples of these applications are provided.
Comments on the earliest validly published varietal name for the Corsican pine
Authors: Christensen Knud Ib
Published: April 2006

Christensen, K. I.: Comments on the earliest validly published varietal name for the Corsican pine. – Taxon 42: 649–653. 1993. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

The correct varietal name for the Corsican pine, occurring in Corsica, Sicily and Calabria, is P. nigra var. corsicana (Loudon) Hyl., based on P. laricio var. corsicana Loudon. The Corsican pine is often referred to as P. nigra var. maritima (Aiton) Melville, based on P. sylvestris var. maritima Aiton, but the type of the latter is conspecific with P. halepensis. The Corsican pine belongs to P. nigra subsp. salvnannii, the westernmost of the two subspecies of the variable P. nigra.
Report of the Committee for Algae: 1
Authors: Silva Paul C.
Published: April 2006

Silva, P. C: Report of the Committee for Algae: 1. – Taxon 42: 699–710. 1993. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

The previous Committee deferred 36 proposals to conserve family names to the present Committee (1987–1993). Seven, based on orthographic variants, were deemed unnecessary and have been withdrawn. Of the remaining 29 proposals 19 are recommended and 10 are not.
Chromosome counts in the Mentha collection at the USDA‐ARS National Clonal Germplasm Repository
Authors: Chambers Henrietta L. , Hummer Kim E.
Published: April 2006

Chambers, H. L. & Hummer, K. E.: Chromosome counts in the Mentha collection at the USDA–ARS National Clonal Germplasm Repository. – Taxon 43: 423‐432. 1994. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

The present chromosome number survey is based on the holdings of the National Clonal Germplasm Repository in Corvallis, which houses a world Mentha collection which includes most of the known taxa. The survey complements previously published counts and provides information about 73 accessions that are available to researchers. It includes chromosome counts for two accessions of M. australis, a previously uncounted Australian endemic, and accessions of M. japonica, M. diemenica, and M. cunninghamii, taxa with but one or a few published previous counts.
The infra‐familial taxonomic circumscription of the Velloziaceae: A historical and critical analysis
Authors: de Mello‐Silva Renato
Published: April 2006

Mello‐Silva, R. de: The infra‐familial taxonomic circumscription of the Velloziaceae: A historical and critical analysis. ‐ Taxon 40: 45–51. 1991. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.

This historical revision of the family Velloziaceae emphasizes a comparison between the two most recent systems of classification. The author's own opinion as to delimitation of Brazilian genera is given, and possibly represents an intermediary classification between those of Smith & Ayensu, and of Menezes.
Dr. Herbert F. Mooney, founder of the National Herbarium of Ethiopia (ETH)
Authors: Tadesse Mesfin
Published: April 2006

Tadesse, M.: Dr. Herbert F. Mooney, founder of the National Herbarium of Ethiopia (ETH). ‐ Taxon 40: 267–272. 1991. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.

The life and achievements of Dr. Herbert F. Mooney are outlined, principally in regard to his involvement with the foundation of the National Herbarium of Ethiopia. Unpublished correspondence of Dr. Mooney with various Kew botanists documents his unique contribution to the early stages of that herbarium.
The recent neotypification and proposal (977) to reject the name Cenchrus carolinianus Walter (Gramineae)
Authors: Nicolson Dan H. , Wilbur Robert L.
Published: April 2006

The recent neotypification and proposal (977) to reject the name Cenchrus carolinianus Walter (Gramineae). ‐ Taxon 40: 326–330. 1991. ‐ ISBN 0040‐0262

The recent neotypification of Cenchrus carolinianus Walter (1788) should be ignored as unjustifiable in terms of the original circumscription. The rejection proposal should be opposed and Walter's name returned to its historic status of ‘nomen dubium‘. The generally accepted name, C. incertus M. Curtis (1837), may also be threatened by C. spinifex Cav. (1799).
CLINAL MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION OF ALLIUM SCHŒNOPRASUM IN EASTERN NORTH AMERICA
Authors: Tardif Bernard , Morisset Pierre
Published: April 2006

Nineteen populations of Allium schœnoprasum L., distributed throughout the region between Lévis (near Québec City) and western Newfoundland, Canada, were sampled for a study of morphological variation. These populations overlapped the eastern Canadian ranges of var. laurentianum Fern. (an endemic taxon of eastern North America) and var. sibiricum (L.) Hartm. (a circumboreal taxon). Twenty morphological characters were measured on 20 plants from each population. Kruskal‐Wallis tests showed that (1) all the characters exhibited very significant differences between populations, and (2) 17 characters were different between habitats. Principal coordinate analyses, based on the 14 characters related more strongly to locality than to habitat, showed that similarity values were generally higher between populations from the same region. Using populations from both ends of the geographic gradient as a priori defined groups, canonical discriminant and classification analyses indicated that the overall variation pattern of A. schœnoprasum was clinal on a longitudinal gradient. The proportion of plants per population classified in one or the other group changed gradually along that gradient, and longitude alone accounted for most of the variance in mean population discriminant scores. Populations from Newfoundland and the eastern part of the Gaspé Peninsula, corresponding to var. laurentianum, are different from native populations of the upper St. Lawrence estuary region (var. sibiricum), but the clinal variation between these two extremes casts doubts on the need of retaining var. laurentianum in future taxonomic treatments of that species. Present variation patterns of A. schœnoprasum in eastern North America are interpreted as resulting from widespread introgression, following secondary contacts between two population systems that survived Wisconsin glaciation in refugia situated around the Gulf of St. Lawrence and in southern New England, respectively.
HESPEROPHYCUS SETCHELL & GARDNER, NOM. CONS. PROP., A PROBLEMATIC NAME APPLIED TO A DISTINCTIVE GENUS OF FUCACEAE (PHAEOPHYCEAE)
Authors: Silva Paul C.
Published: April 2006

Hesperophycus harveyanus (Decaisne) Setchell & Gardner (Fucaceae, Phaeophyceae), the type and only known species of its genus, is representative of Fucus L., not of Hesperophycus as described by Setchell and Gardner. Hesperophycus is therefore proposed for conservation with Gardner 1842, on which the generic description was based, as type. The species is redescribed as H. californicus P. C. Silva. It ranges from Santa Cruz, California, to Punta Eugenia, Baja California, but is scarce on the southern California mainland. It occurs on all of the Channel Islands of southern California, but is especially abundant on Santa Catalina and Santa Cruz islands, where it forms an extensive belt in the upper intertidal zone, above Pelvetia.
TYPIFICATION OF SARGASSUM FILIPENDULA C. AGARDH (PHAEOPHYCEAE, FUCALES, SARGASSACEAE) AND THE NAMES OF TWO VARIETIES
Authors: Hanisak M. Dennis , Kilar John A.
Published: April 2006

Lectotype specimens are designated for the brown alga, Sargassum filipendula C. Agardh var. filipendula, and two of its varieties, S. filipendula var. laxum J. Agardh and S. filipendula var. contractum J. Agardh.
Nothoscordum gracile and N. borbonicum (Alliaceae)
Authors: Ravenna Pierfelice
Published: April 2006

Ravenna, P.: Nothoscordum gracile and N. borbonicum (Alliaceae). ‐ Taxon 40: 485–487. 1991. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.

The weedy species long known as Nothoscordum fragrans is N. borbonicum Kunth, not N. gracile. It is postulated that N. borbonicum originated as a natural hybrid between two wild species, N. entrerianum and genuine N. gracile, in the area of Buenos Aires, Argentina. The differences between N. gracile and N. borbonicum are given. Nothoscordum subg. Euryscordum (type: N. gracile) is proposed to replace N. subg. Platyscordum, the type of which, N. inodorum, belongs in Allium.
Transfer of Cyphomandra (Solanaceae) and its species to Solanum
Authors: Bohs Lynn
Published: April 2006

Bohs, L.: Transfer of Cyphomandra (Solanaceae) and its species to Solanum. – Taxon 44: 583‐587. 1995. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

Data from recent molecular studies demonstrate that the genus Cyphomandra is nested within Solanum. Recognition of Cyphomandra as a separate genus therefore is not tenable unless Solanum is broken up into smaller monophyletic units. All Cyphomandra species are transferred to Solanum, necessitating twelve new names and twelve new combinations.
A comparison of traditional and phylogenetic nomenclature
Authors: Moore Gerry
Published: April 2006

Moore, G.: A comparison of traditional and phylogenetic nomenclature. – Taxon 47: 561‐579. 1998.–ISSN 0040‐0262.

The traditional method of biological nomenclature and the phylogenetic nomenclature method are reviewed. Under a phylogenetic nomenclature, ranks would not be required, and names of taxa would be given definitions based on descent. The phylogenetic nomenclature method, as currently proposed, would be in conflict, not only with the Linnaean hierarchy, but also with the notion of nomenclatural types. While the phylogenetic method would increase explicitness and universality regarding the application of names, it may do so at the expense of taxonomic flexibility and circumscriptional stability of a taxon represented by a given name. Suggestions are provided on how a code of nomenclature could be designed so as to accommodate both systems.
Reclassification of Actaea to include Cimicifuga and Souliea (Ranunculaceae): phytogeny inferred from morphology, nrDNA ITS, and cpDNA trnL‐F sequence variation
Authors: Compton James A. , Culham Alastair , Jury Stephen L.
Published: April 2006

Compton, J. A., Culham, A. & Jury, S. L.: Reclassification of Actaea to include Cimicifuga and Souliea (Ranunculaceae): phytogeny inferred from morphology, nrDNA ITS, and cpDNA trnL‐F sequence variation. – Taxon 47: 593‐634. 1998. – ISSN 0040‐0262

Phylogenetic analyses using parsimony were performed on three independent data sets to test generic relationships between Actaea, Cimicifuga, and Souliea. Analyses of morphology and nuclear ribosomal DNA ITS were performed on 23 species of Cimicifuga, 4 species of Actaea, and the single species of Souliea. Analysis of chloroplast DNA trnL‐F was applied to the same species, less two of Cimicifuga. The outgroup taxa Eranthis and Anemonopsis both resolved outside the ingroup in all parsimony analyses, whereas Souliea resolved within it. Jukes‐Cantor pairwise sequence distances confirm Eranthis and Anemonopsis to be most distant. Souliea distances are comparable with those of taxa within the Actaea‐Cimicifuga assemblage. A strongly supported monophyletic clade including all studied species of Actaea, Cimicifuga, and Souliea was found in all analyses. Evidence presented here allows a broader concept of Actaea to be adopted, reverting to the circumscription of Linnaeus in 1753. Seven sections, based on clades found in the total analysis, could be defined by morphological characters: A. sect. Actaea, sect. Podocarpae, sect. Cimicifuga, sect. Dichanthera, sect. Oligocarpae, sect. Pityrosperma, and sect. Souliea. One species, A. taiwanensis, is newly described and 23 new combinations are made in the ranks of section, species, and variety. Keys are provided to identify taxa at all ranks within the revised circumscription of Actaea. Maps showing the distributions of all seven sections and their constituent species are presented. Phytogeographic patterns suggest a Tertiary origin for the newly redefined genus, with species surviving in refugia during the glacial periods of the Pleistocene.
Diervillaceae and Linnaeaceae, two new families of caprifolioids
Authors: Backlund A. , Pyck N.
Published: April 2006

Backlund, A. & Pyck, N.: Diervillaceae and Linnaeaceae, two new families of caprifolioids. – Taxon 47: 657‐661. 1998. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

Two new families of caprifolioids, Diervillaceae and Linnaeaceae, are proposed. They correspond to the former subfamilies Diervilloideae and Linnaeoideae. A key to their genera and those remaining in Caprifoliaceae is provided.
Typification of Indocalamus tessellatus, Phyllostachys bambusoides var. albomarginata, Sasa veitchii, and the genus Sasa
Authors: Stapleton Chris
Published: April 2006

Stapleton, C: Typification of Indocalamus tessellatus, Phyllostachys bambusoides var. albomarginata, Sasa veitchii, and the genus Sasa. – Taxon 49: 235–238. 2000. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

Arguments are given regarding typification of Indocalamus tesselatus, Phyllostachys bambusoides var. albomarginatus, Sasa veitchii, and the genus Sasa (ail Poaceae).
First two publications by Duchesne of Cucurbita moschata (Cucurbitaceae)
Authors: Paris Harry S.
Published: April 2006

Paris, H. S.: First two publications by Duchesne of Cucurbita moschata (Cucurbitaceae). – Taxon 49: 303–317. 2000. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

The botanical authority for Cucurbita moschata (Cucurbitaceae) is frequently given as (Duch. in Lam.) Duch. ex Poir., Duch. ex Poir, or just simply Poir., in reference to A. N. Duchesne's contribution to volume 2 of J. B. P. A. de M. de Lamarck's Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique, published in Paris by Panckoucke in 1786 and volume II of J. L. M. Poiret's Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles, published in 1818. However, the binomial Cucurbita moschata apparently was published first in Duchesne's Essai sur l'Histoire Naturelle des Courges, of which a number of copies exist in libraries in Paris. This small, duodecimo book consists of 46 pages but does not bear a date, place of publication, nor the name of the publisher. The Essai contains most of the same rows of print as those of the article in Lamarck's Encyclopédie and contains a note added in proof dated 18 August 1786, indicating that it too must have been published in 1786 in Paris by Panckoucke. The Essai differs from the article in the Encyclopédie by presenting the binomial Cucurbita moschata, by its completeness, and by its clarity of presentation. Cucurbita moschata was also named and described by Duchesne in A. H. Tessier and A. Thouin's Encyclopédie Méthodique, Agriculture, volume 3, page 606, which was published in 1793, also in Paris by Panckoucke. Emphasizing horticulture instead of botany, this is a shorter version of the Essai and served in part as the basis for Poiret's writing on Cucurbita in his Dictionnaire. There is a strong likelihood that the Essai was issued prior to the first part of volume 2 of the Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique, and is thus also the first publication of Cucurbita maxima.
Generic limits in the seagrass family Zosteraceae
Authors: Tomlinson Philip Barry , Posluzny Usher
Published: April 2006

Tomlinson, P. B. & Posluzny, U.: Generic limits in the seagrass family Zosteraceae. – Taxon 50: 429–437. 2001. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

The seagrass family Zosteraceae may be divided into four groups of species on the basis of morphological and developmental evidence. It is proposed to treat each of these groups as a genus; this involves the elevation of Zosterella from subgeneric to generic rank as Nanozostera. The family thus now includes: Heterozostera (one sp.), Nanozostera (eight spp.), Phyllospadix (five spp.), and Zostera (four spp.). Molecular and morphological evidence suggests that Phyllospadix is the most divergent taxon, while Heterozostera and Nanozostera are the most closely related.
An improved method of DNA isolation from plants collected in the field and conserved in saturated NaCl/CTAB solution
Authors: Štorchová Helena , Hrdličková Radmila , Chrtek Jindřich , Tetera Martin , Fitze Dorothee , Fehrer Judith
Published: April 2006

Štorchová, H., Hrdličková, R., Chrtek, J., Jr., Tetera, M., Fitze, D. & Fehrer, J.: An improved method of DNA isolation from plants collected in the field and conserved in saturated NaCl/CTAB solution. – Taxon 49: 79‐84. 2000. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

A simple method for isolation of genomic DNA from wild plants sampled in remote field areas is presented. The protocol combines NaCl/CTAB leaf preservation with sorbitol extraction of secondary compounds which often contain inhibitors of Taq DNA polymerase activity. The obtained DNA is suitable for random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis of plant populations as well as for specific amplification of chloroplast DNA sequences. The NaCl/CTAB leaf preservation is a powerful alternative to silica gel drying‐based preservation.
Rhacophyllus and Zerovaemyces—teleomorphs or anamorphs?
Authors: Redhead Scott A. , Seifert Keith A. , Vilgalys Rytas , Moncalvo Jean‐Marc
Published: April 2006

Redhead, S. A., Seifert, K. A., Vilgalys, R. & Moncalvo, J.‐M.: Rhacophyllus and Zerovaemyces—teleomorphs or anamorphs? – Taxon 49: 789–798. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

The originally monotypic genus Rhacophyllus was conceived for an agaric‐like fungus that bore sheets of miniature sclerotium‐like bodies (lysomeres) in place of lamellae. Subsequently it was demonstrated that a “normal” Coprinus‐like teleomorph exists as an alternative state (morph). Following this discovery, most authors have treated Rhacophyllus as an anamorph. Ontogenetic studies indicate that the Rhacophyllus state is a variation on basidiome production. Rhacophyllus apparently was rediscovered and redescribed as a new genus Zerovaemyces, for which a new family, Zerovaemycetaceae, and a new order, Loculomycetes, were also described, all as teleomorphs. Nomenclatural application of these names are analysed, and it is concluded that Rhacophyllus (and Zerovaemyces, Zerovaemycetaceae) are best considered to be nomina anamorphosium. These decisions affect the naming of other taxa newly resolved molecularly. An analogous second case of modified basidiomes involves the anamorph Decapitatus gen. nov., described here for the well‐known gemmiferous state of Mycena citricolor, Decapitatus flavidus comb. nov. (= Stilbum flavidum).
Muntingiaceae, a new family of dicotyledons with malvalean affinities
Authors: Bayer Clemens , Chase Mark W. , Fay Michael F.
Published: April 2006

Bayer, C., Chase, M. W. & Fay, M. F.: Muntingiaceae, a new family of dicotyledons with malvalean affinities. ‐ Taxon 47: 37–42.1998. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.

The family Muntingiaceae, here described, includes the Neotropical, monotypic genera Muntingia and Dicraspidia, and probably Neotessmannia, which have previously been included in Elaeocarpaceae, Tiliaceae, or Flacourtiaceae. Morphological data discussed here and molecular data published elsewhere indicate that none of these families can be regarded as closely related to these genera. Muntingiaceae belong to a clade that comprises core Malvales (Sterculiaceae, Tiliaceae, Bombacaceae, and Malvaceae) and several other families. Within this alliance, relationships are presently unresolved.
Hypothesizing hybrids and parents using character intermediacy, parental distance, and equality
Authors: Estabrook George F. , Gil‐ad Nir L. , Reznicek Anton A.
Published: April 2006

Estabrook, G. F., Gil‐ad, N. L. & Reznicek, A. A.: Hypothesizing hybrids and parents using character intermediacy, parental distance, and equality. – Taxon 45: 647‐682. 1996. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

A simple method for objectively screening morphological variation in study sets suspected of containing hybrids is presented. The method applies to a collection of specimens in which two or more species along with some or all of their hybrids are suspected to be represented. The purpose of the method is to hypothesize which specimens might be of hybrid origin, and for each of these specimens to indicate which other two specimens resemble those that might have been its parents. The method is employed in the computer program HYWIN by using two kinds of computationally intense techniques: evaluation of a hybrid optimality score for each triplet generated from three quantitatively defined criteria: hybrid intermediacy (IN), parental distance (PD), and equality (EQ); and simulation of a probability hypothesis to generate measures of the level of statistical certainty. The method can be applied in direct studies of hybrids and their parents, taxonomic treatments, pinpointing of specimens that merit study with other techniques, and screening of data sets for putative hybrids and hybrid species prior to phylogenetic reconstruction.
Typification of Linnaean specific and varietal names in the Leguminosae (Fabaceae)
Authors: Jarvis Charles E.
Published: April 2006

Turland, N. J. & Jarvis, C. E. (ed.): Typification of Linnaean specific and varietal names in the Leguminosae (Fabaceae). – Taxon 46: 457‐485. 1997. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

Lectotypes, neotypes and epitypes are designated by 31 specialists for 213 previously untypified Linnaean plant names (including one by the younger Linnaeus) belonging to the family Leguminosae (Fabaceae). These newly proposed types support the current usage of the names concerned. Earlier but ineffective or supersedable type statements are discussed.