bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SNP Analysis of Minimally Evolved t(14;18)(q32;q21)-Positive Follicular Lymphomas Reveals a Common Copy-Neutral Loss of Heterozygosity Pattern
Authors: Cheung K.J. , Rogic S. , Ben-Neriah S. , Boyle M. , Connors J.M. , Gascoyne R.D. , Horsman D.E.
Published: November 2011

Follicular lymphoma (FL) cases with a t(14;18)(q32;q21) and minimal or no additional karyotypic alterations, such as copy number gains and losses and/or chromosomal rearrangements, may exhibit pathologic features and a clinical behavior similar to those with more complex karyotypes. This study sought to investigate whether the copy-neutral loss of heterozygosity (cnLOH) profiles of these minimally evolved t(14;18)(q32;q21)-positive follicular lymphoma (MEV-FL) cases are similar to or different from the majority of FL cases with more karyotypic alterations. Affymetrix SNP 6.0 array analysis was applied to the tumor genomes of 23 MEV-FL biopsy samples to assess for the presence of cnLOH. These cases carried either a single or no chromosomal abnormality in addition to t(14;18)(q32;q21) as determined by karyotyping. We found that, although these MEV-FL cases had simple karyotypes, they showed very similar cnLOH profiles as compared to cytogenetically complex cases. The most frequent regions affected by cnLOH were 1p (17%), 6p (17%), 12q (13%) and 16p (13%). Our study suggests that cnLOH alterations may serve as important contributors to the pathological and clinical manifestations of FL.
Supplemental description of Paraphelenchus acontioides (Tylenchida: Aphelenchidae, Paraphelenchinae), with ribosomal DNA trees and a morphometric compendium of female Paraphelenchus
Authors: Skantar Andrea M. , Handoo Zafar A. , Carta Lynn K. , Baynes Melissa A.
Published: November 2011

Nematodes were isolated from surface-sterilised stems of cheatgrass, Bromus tectorum (Poaceae), in Colorado, grown on Fusarium (Hypocreaceae) fungus culture, and identified as Paraphelenchus acontioides. Morphometrics and micrographic morphology of this species are given to supplement the original description and expand the comparative species diagnosis. A tabular morphometric compendium of the females of the 23 species of Paraphelenchus is provided as the last diagnostic compilation was in 1984. Variations in the oviduct within the genus are reviewed to evaluate the taxonomic assignment of P. deckeri, a morphologically transitional species between Aphelenchus and Paraphelenchus. Sequences were generated for both 18S and 28S ribosomal DNA, representing the first identified species within Paraphelenchus so characterised. These sequences were incorporated into phylogenetic trees with related species of Aphelenchidae and Tylenchidae. Aphelenchus avenae isolates formed a well supported monophyletic sister group to Paraphelenchus. The ecology of Paraphelenchus, cheat grass and Fusarium is also discussed.
Organizational Collaborative Capacities in Disaster Management: Evidence from the Taiwan Red Cross Organization
Authors: Allen Lai Yu-Hung
Published: November 2011

Abstract

In the post disaster situation, relief organizations are expected to learn and adjust their capacity to collaborate with other major players such as nonprofit organizations, government agencies, and local workers. In other words, effective responses to disasters require capacity for collaboration on the part of emergency response agencies; however in disaster affected area, not every relief organization is equally capable of doing so. The capacity for organizations to collaborate with others in and after a disaster does not occur spontaneously or in a vacuum. Since organizational collaborative capacity is essential in disaster relief, it is imperative to present empirical evidence regarding organizational collaborative capacity. The purpose of this paper is to develop a working theory of what characteristics an emergency response organization needs in order to develop collaborative capacity. We analyze collaborative capacities by examining two events: the 2004 Asian Tsunami and the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake. This piece argues that collaborative capacity, defined by purpose, structure communication and resources, is a requisite for collaboration in a post disaster situation. The implications for practitioners and scholars in post disaster society are discussed.
Reconciliation in Aceh: Addressing the social effects of prolonged armed conflict
Authors: Schiller Rachel
Published: November 2011

Abstract

Aceh, Indonesia is one of the few societies that have successfully navigated a post-disaster transition following simultaneous natural and man-made disasters. Since the August 2005 peace agreement, Aceh’s road to recovery from the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami and 30 years of separatist war has been largely successful. However, key challenges remain to consolidate the success of Aceh’s post-disaster transition and ensure sustainable peace in the province. Reconciliation is among the challenges that has to date been largely neglected. While significant political and economic change has occurred, prolonged armed conflict left behind a legacy of negative intergroup relations in Aceh that has yet to be addressed.

As political realities have delayed implementation of mechanisms designed to promote reconciliation such as the Truth and Reconciliation Commission and the Human Rights Court, this paper argues that peacebuilding practitioners should adopt complementary approaches to reconciliation such as intergroup contact programs that are being proven effective in various international contexts. It will explore an important, and largely neglected aspect of Aceh’s post-disaster transition by providing an overview of the literature on reconciliation and intergroup contact, and highlighting key efforts to pilot these techniques and advance reconciliation in Aceh.
Aid Accountability and Participatory Approaches in Post-Disaster Housing Reconstruction
Authors: Daly Patrick , Daly Patrick , Brassard Caroline
Published: November 2011

Abstract

In the last decade, housing has become one of the most prominent and best funded sectors in large-scale post-disaster reconstruction efforts. This has especially been the case in Asian developing countries where both official and private aid helped finance a significant amount of the housing reconstruction. Despite the emphasis upon community involvement, inclusive and participatory processes for housing reconstruction by international non-governmental organizations, recent experiences show that such ideas often do not readily translate in practice on the ground.

This paper analyses the necessary conditions for successful involvement by local beneficiaries in rebuilding their homes following natural disasters. The analysis is situated within the context of community recovery, and the trade-off between centralized donor planning, and community driven initiatives, using primary and secondary data collected from post-tsunami Aceh, Indonesia. The paper also discusses how various stakeholders (including recipient government and donors) evaluate and make use of the practical capacities of affected persons and communities to be involved in planning, building and monitoring processes in the housing sector.

Our research focused on the level and types of roles played by the aid beneficiaries in the housing reconstruction process in Aceh. In spite of considerable rhetoric about participation and inclusive reconstruction accompanying the post-tsunami reconstruction by various donors, a number of systemic barriers created considerable distance between beneficiaries and NGOs in Aceh in the housing sector. The drive for efficiency and need to produce tangible results quickly, mixed with the sheer number of stakeholders and resources involved, created a largely top-down environment in which decisions were centralized, and arbitrary standards imposed. This was exacerbated by an extensive chain of sub-contractors, a large supply of lower-cost imported labor, and highlighted the importance of local political affiliations, leading to weak accountability and reduced aid effectiveness.
Two Ways of Living through Postpartum Depression
Authors: Røseth Idun , Binder Per-Einar , Malt Ulrik Fredrik
Published: November 2011

Abstract

Our aim with this descriptive phenomenological study was to identify and describe the essential meaning structure in the experience of postpartum depression (PPD). We interviewed four women diagnosed with major depression and analyzed the data with Giorgi’s descriptive phenomenological method. Our analysis revealed two essential meaning structures of PPD. The first structure describes the mother as thrown into a looming, dangerous world, coupled with a restricted, heavy body that hindered her attunement to her baby. Tormented by anxiety, guilt and shame, she tried to deal with her pain by analytical reflection and social isolation. The second structure describes sudden lapses into intense feelings of alienation from the self, the baby, and from the social and material world. With a distorted primordial self-awareness, the mother no longer felt that she existed as herself in the world. We reflect on these findings using the insights of Fuchs, Van den Berg, Heidegger and Merleau-Ponty.
IPA and Science: A Response to Jonathan Smith
Authors: Giorgi Amedeo
Published: November 2011

Abstract

This article is a response to Jonathan Smith’s attempted rebuttal to the accusations I had made that Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis’s (IPA’s) methodical procedures did not meet generally accepted scientific criteria. Each of Smith’s defenses was carefully examined and found to be lacking. IPA’s claim to have roots in contemporary phenomenological philosophy was found to be seriously deficient and its claim that it has a basis in hermeneutics was superficial. IPA’s hesitation to proclaim fixed methods makes the possibility of replication of IPA studies impossible and thus it makes the fulfillment of an important scientific criterion impossible. Its claim that its findings are subjective fails to meet the important scientific criterion of objectivity or even intersubjectivity. Consequently, the claims that I made in my original article were basically sustained and repeated.
Virtual Gender: Moroccan and Saudi Women’s Cyberspace
Authors: Khannous Touria
Published: November 2011

Abstract

This paper looks at how Arab Muslim feminists have deployed Facebook and blogging in recent years as a tool for networking with other feminists and forming different groups. It offers an analysis of the ways Muslim women in Morocco and Saudi Arabia converse online about issues of gender and Islam in the present globalized context. Their topics of discussion include their personal legal status, discourses on feminism, redefining gender roles, sexuality, and a range of other issues. Facebook and blogging allow these women to speak freely to one another and encourage them to form groups. These platforms are useful not only for coalescing around key social and political issues pertaining to women, but also for initiating social change. Women utilizing online social networking are using new forms of feminist discourse—and the technology to fuel such discourse—to promote change from within. What is also happening is a revolution in the way these women are approaching Islam. They are turning to Facebook and blogging not only to debate, discuss, and explain their religion to people who do not understand the concept of Islam, but also to learn about the rights of women elsewhere.
Representation of Islam and Christianity in the Swiss Media
Authors: Dahinden Urs , Koch Carmen , Wyss Vinzenz , Keel Guido
Published: November 2011

Abstract

What is the role of the media in multi-religious societies? Are they aggravating latent tensions between religions or rather helping to promote mutual understanding? These are the key research questions addressed in this paper. The discussion in this paper refers to narration and framing as two theoretical approaches from communication science. The empirical findings of a media content analysis in Switzerland show strong differences between Islam and Christianity: While Christianity and its denominations are mainly presented in positive frames and positive narratives (e.g. “good mother”), the image of Islam is rather negative. Islam receives relatively high media attention, but the focus is not on Islam in Switzerland, but on Islam abroad. A number of qualitative interviews with journalists and representatives of religious organisations show that this negative image is not caused by anti-muslim attitudes, but rather the outcome of journalistic routines. The paper discusses these findings against the background of the research questions and concludes with some recommendations for journalists and representatives of religious organizations.
Good Religion or Bad Religion: Distanced Church-members and their Perception of Religion and Religious Plurality
Authors: Portmann Adrian , Plüss David
Published: November 2011

Abstract

The article presents the findings of a qualitative study that examined the church affiliation and religiosity of distanced church-members as well as their perception of religions and their reaction to religious plurality. It brings forward thirteen patterns of interpretation to which distanced church-members refer in their evaluation of religions and in their dealing with religious plurality. Two types of pattern constellation could be made out and, correspondingly, two groups whose members share the same patterns: the pluralists and the proponents of the traditional. The principal difference between the types can be seen in their dealing with intuitive reactions to, and critical assessments of, religions. Distanced church-members in general show a weak and individualized religiosity, which is nevertheless connected to Christian ideas and symbols. Again, the two groups mentioned above could be found, their main differences being self-reflexivity in the motives for church affiliation, the social and cultural role ascribed to church, the awareness of confessional identity and expectations of tolerance towards other religions.
Dividing Harm
Authors: Øverland Gerhard
Published: November 2011

In this paper I argue that mere causal contribution to harm is morally significant on two counts: a) innocent aggressors have a duty to bear additional costs to help protect their potential victims, as compared to the duty innocent bystanders are expected to bear, and correspondingly; b) it is permissible to use more force against innocent aggressors, as used in self-defense and defense of others, than innocent bystanders.

The paper has two parts. First I aim to demonstrate the intuitive plausibility of this proposal and what I call “the asymmetrical fair share procedure.” According to this procedure, innocent aggressors have a duty to take on a fair share of the harm if dividing it is possible, and a fair share of the risk of being harmed if redistribution of harm is impossible. In the second part, I develop a contractual account explaining why mere contribution is morally significant.
Self-Defence and the Principle of Non-Combatant Immunity
Authors: Frowe Helen
Published: November 2011

The reductivist view of war holds that the moral rules of killing in war can be reduced to the moral rules that govern killing between individuals. Noam Zohar objects to reductivism on the grounds that the account of individual self-defence that best supports the rules of war will inadvertently sanction terrorist killings of non-combatants. I argue that even an extended account of self-defence—that is, an account that permits killing at least some innocent people to save one’s own life—can support a prohibition on terrorism, provided that it distinguishes between direct and indirect threats. What such an account cannot support is the blanket immunity of non-combatants to defensive killing. If a non-combatant is morally responsible for indirectly threatening in an unjust war, she can be liable to defensive killing. However, this gives us reason to revise our account of permissible killing in war, rather than to reject the reductivist account.
Intercomparison of Nine Micrometeorological Stations during the BEAREX08 Field Campaign
Authors: Alfieri Joseph G. , Kustas William P. , Prueger John H. , Hipps Lawrence E. , Chávez José L. , French Andrew N. , Evett Steven R.
Published: November 2011

Land–atmosphere interactions play a critical role in regulating numerous meteorological, hydrological, and environmental processes. Investigating these processes often requires multiple measurement sites representing a range of surface conditions. Before these measurements can be compared, however, it is imperative that the differences among the instrumentation systems are fully characterized. Using data collected as a part of the 2008 Bushland Evapotranspiration and Agricultural Remote Sensing Experiment (BEAREX08), measurements from nine collocated eddy covariance (EC) systems were compared with the twofold objective of 1) characterizing the interinstrument variation in the measurements, and 2) quantifying the measurement uncertainty associated with each system. Focusing on the three turbulent fluxes (heat, water vapor, and carbon dioxide), this study evaluated the measurement uncertainty using multiple techniques. The results of the analyses indicated that there could be substantial variability in the uncertainty estimates because of the advective conditions that characterized the study site during the afternoon and evening hours. However, when the analysis was limited to nonadvective, quasi-normal conditions, the response of the nine EC stations were remarkably similar. For the daytime period, both the method of Hollinger and Richardson and the method of Mann and Lenschow indicated that the uncertainty in the measurements of sensible heat, latent heat, and carbon dioxide flux were approximately 13 W m−2, 27 W m−2, and 0.10 mg m−2 s−1, respectively. Based on the results of this study, it is clear that advection can greatly increase the uncertainty associated with EC flux measurements. Since these conditions, as well as other phenomena that could impact the measurement uncertainty, are often intermittent, it may be beneficial to conduct uncertainty analyses on an ongoing basis.
The Relation Between Function and Form in the Main Federal Industrial Tribunals
Authors: Rathmell Aaron
Published: November 2011

This article examines the relation between function and form in the main Australian federal industrial tribunals, drawing on process jurisprudence, in particular the work of Lon Fuller. It suggests that the structures and procedures of the tribunals can be set against Fuller's idealized features of adjudication, in order to draw out their most important and innovative features. Of particular interest are the distinctive ways that the tribunals have mediated the participation of the industrial parties and tackled complicated problems such as wage-setting. The aim is to focus attention on procedural design and encourage research into the tribunals’ contributions to the rule of law in the industrial context. This should also lead to a better understanding of the continuities, discontinuities and dilemmas represented in the new umpire, Fair Work Australia.
Reflections on the Commission’s Legacy in Legislated Minimum Standards
Authors: Pittard Marilyn
Published: November 2011

This article examines the extent to which the labour standards adopted by the Australian Industrial Relations Commission and its predecessors have left a ‘legacy’ in the new legislated standards and dismissal protection in the Fair Work Act 2009. The Commission’s ‘community standards’, developed from ‘test cases’ and piecemeal from other decisions, will be explored, together with factors that had an impact on those decisions, including: the very nature of test cases; economic, social and public interest considerations; the federal statute; State legislative developments; and international influences. Case studies involving paid annual leave and standard hours of work will illustrate the Commission’s approach in its decision-making. Questions are posed as to whether the Commission has left guiding principles to achieve economic and social justice and assist future policymakers and regulators when they face similar decisions; and why some Commission standards were not legislated but may remain in awards.
Experiences of Parents Who Homeschool Their Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders
Authors: Hurlbutt Karen S.
Published: November 2011

Teachers may be inadequately prepared for the increasing number of students being identified with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), as students with ASD may not respond to traditional methods of instruction. Some parents of children with ASD are concerned with educational programming available through public school systems and are turning to homeschooling. Ten parents from nine families participated in this qualitative study to share their experiences, opinions, and perceptions of homeschooling as compared to instruction in public school settings. Four themes emerged from the data analysis, along with one overarching theme. The 10 parents who homeschool their children with ASD believe they have found a treatment plan that works, and their perception has been that the school has been either (a) not willing and/or (b) unable to provide effective programming. An unexpected finding was that homeschooling goals and interventions varied across the families.
Prefactored optimized compact finite-difference schemes for second spatial derivatives
Authors: Zhou Hongbo , Zhang Guanquan
Published: November 2011

We have described systematically the processes of developing prefactored optimized compact schemes for second spatial derivatives. First, instead of emphasizing high resolution of a single monochromatic wave, we focus on improving the representation of the compact finite difference schemes over a wide range of wavenumbers. This leads to the development of the optimized compact schemes whose coefficients will be determined by Fourier analysis and the least-squares optimization in the wavenumber domain. The resulted optimized compact schemes provide the maximum resolution in spatial directions for the simulation of wave propagations. However, solving for each spatial derivative using these compact schemes requires the inversion of a band matrix. To resolve this issue, we propose a prefactorization strategy that decomposes the original optimized compact scheme into forward and backward biased schemes, which can be solved explicitly. We achieve this by ensuring a property that the real numerical wavenumbers of both the forward and backward biased stencils are the same as that of the original central compact scheme, and their imaginary numerical wavenumbers have the same values but with opposite signs. This property guarantees that the original optimized compact scheme can be completely recovered after the summation of the forward and backward finite difference operators. These prefactored optimized compact schemes have smaller stencil sizes than even those of the original compact schemes, and hence, they can take full advantage of the computer caches without sacrificing their resolving power. Comparisons were made throughout with other well-known schemes.
pH- and Temperature-induced Crystallization of Aqueous Dispersions of Positively Charged Poly(styrene-co-2-vinylpyridine) Particles
Authors: Nagano Ryota , Toyotama Akiko , Yamanaka Junpei
Published: November 2011

We report that aqueous dispersions of cationic poly(styrene-co-2-vinylpyridine) particles exhibit pH- and temperature-induced crystallization. Thus far, these crystallization methods have been examined only for negatively charged colloids. The present findings will be useful for the fabrication of positively charged colloidal crystalline materials.
Boundary value problems for heat equation with certain potentials in Lipschitz cylinders
Authors: Tang Lin
Published: November 2011

The Dirichlet and Neumann problems of heat
equation with certain potentials of the form

∂
t

-
Δ
+
V
=
0

$\partial _t-\Delta +V=0$

in
Lipschitz cylinders are studied, where V is a nonnegative
potential satisfying certain conditions.
Inter-Korean and Cross-Strait Relations through the Window of Regional Integration Theories
Authors: IM HYUG-BAEG , CHOI YU-JEONG
Published: November 2011

This article examines why although the two Koreas have had many talks and reached many agreements, economic cooperation and exchanges have met setbacks, stalemate, spillback, and not spillover. It also explores why the two Chinas have made a relatively successful case of functionalist cooperation and exchanges but have failed to make economic cooperation spill over into political cooperation in a neo-functionalist “package deal.”
How Do Campaign Events Affect Regionalism during South Korean Presidential Campaigns?
Authors: MIN JEONGHUN
Published: November 2011

This study examines how campaign events influence regional voters’ candidate preferences during South Korean presidential campaigns. Results show that regional voters become more aware of regionalism through campaign events, and, thus, their voting intention becomes more homogeneous within the regions toward the end of the campaign.
Protecting and Respecting Civilians
Authors: Haque Adil Ahmad
Published: November 2011

There is a gap between the international humanitarian law of Geneva and the international criminal law of Rome, a gap between the law we have and the law we need if we are to “ensure respect for and protection of the civilian population” caught in the midst of armed conflict.

The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court fails to fully enforce four core principles of humanitarian law designed to protect civilians: distinction, discrimination, necessity, and proportionality. As a result, it is possible for a combatant with a culpable mental state, without justification or excuse, and in violation of humanitarian law, to kill civilians, yet escape criminal liability under the Rome Statute. The Rome Statute also ignores or misapplies three fundamental criminal law distinctions: between conduct offenses and result offenses, between material elements and mental elements, as well as between offenses and defenses. These distinctions are not empty formalisms but rather are the means by which any system of criminal law gives expression to its underlying moral values.

The purpose of this article is to expose these defects and propose a way to overcome them. Drawing on contemporary criminal law theory, it offers a new approach to war crimes against civilians, one that better protects and respects the value of civilian life. This article proposes a redefined offense of Willful Killing that fully incorporates the principles of distinction and discrimination as well as a new affirmative defense that fully incorporates the principles of necessity and proportionality. Only by adopting such an approach can international criminal law provide civilians the legal protection and moral recognition they deserve. The recent adoption of an operative definition of the crime of aggression during a Review Conference in June 2010 suggests that further reform of the Rome Statute is achievable.
Be United, Be Virtuous
Authors: McLain Karline
Published: November 2011

In one popular devotional poster the Indian god-man Shirdi Sai Baba (d. 1918) gazes out at the viewer, his right hand raised in blessing. Behind him are a Hindu temple, a Muslim mosque, a Sikh gurdwara, and a Christian church; above him is the slogan, “Be United, Be Virtuous.” In his lifetime, Shirdi Sai Baba acquired a handful of Hindu and Muslim devotees in western India. Over the past several decades, he has been transformed from a regional figure into a revered persona of pan-Indian significance. While much scholarship on religion in modern India has focused on Hindu nationalist groups, new religious movements seeking to challenge sectarianism have received far less attention. Drawing upon primary devotional materials and ethnographic research, this article argues that one significant reason for the rapid growth of this movement is Shirdi Sai Baba’s composite vision of spiritual unity in diversity, construed by many devotees as a needed corrective to rigid sectarian ideologies.
The Study of Hindu New Religious Movements
Authors: Thursby Gene R.
Published: November 2011

The category of Hindu new religious movements is conventional and useful, but has imprecise boundaries. Scholars tend to include within it some groups that have claimed they are not Hindu (Arya Samaj, Ramakrishna Mission) or not religious (Transcendental Meditation). Within its wide range are world-affirming groups dedicated to transforming the physical and social world as well as world-transcending groups that find the status of the world doubtful and their purpose at another level or in another realm. The four articles in this special issue of Nova Religio on Hindu new religious movements represent several aspects of this category, and the potential for accommodation of basic differences, social harmony, and even world-transcendence.
When a Movement Is Not a Movement
Authors: Lucas Phillip Charles
Published: November 2011

This article examines the influence of the Hindu teacher Ramana Maharshi on Neo-Advaita groups in North America. These groups constitute a growing segment of North America’s liberal spirituality subculture and bear witness to the transposability of the Maharshi’s teachings and the portability of his method of self-inquiry into non-Indian cultural spaces. I use three teachers as representative examples of Neo-Advaitin strategies for adapting the Maharshi’s Advaitic message to the North American cultural setting.
Multichannel Mueller Matrix Analysis of the Evolution of Surface Roughness on Different In-Plane Scales during Polycrystalline Film Processing
Authors: Chen Chi , Ross Christoph , Wronski C. R. , Collins R. W.
Published: November 2011

Optical analysis of polycrystalline semiconductors and transparent conducting oxides (TCOs) used in thin film photovoltaics is a considerable challenge due to surface roughness and nonuniformities that may exist over many orders of magnitude in the in-plane scale L, from tenths of nanometers to hundreds of microns. Here we describe the new optical technique of multichannel Mueller matrix ellipsometry, that enables one to extract the dielectric function (ε1, ε2) of such a film, as well as the time evolution of surface roughness layer thicknesses on (i) microscopic (L <<λ, whereλ is the probe wavelength), (ii) macroscopic (L λ), and (iii) “geometric optical” (L <<λ) scales, in an analysis of data collected during deposition or processing. We present as an example, analysis results from spectra collected during chemical etching of the TCO zinc oxide that leads to detectable surface roughness on all three scales. The optical results are in good agreement with direct measurements by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and profilometry.
Electron Radiation Damage in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 analysed in-situ by Cathodoluminescence in a Transmission Electron Microscope
Authors: Scheel Hanne , Frank Gerhard , Ott Niels , Witte Wolfram , Strunk Horst P.
Published: November 2011

We have equipped our transmission electron microscope (accelerating voltage up to 300 kV) with a cathodoluminescence (CL) system that covers a wavelength range of 180 — 1800 nm and temperatures from 10 K upwards. This contribution shows how this system can be utilized to study the initial damage process due to electron irradiation in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin solar films. This damage leads essentially to atomic defects that cannot structurally be imaged in the transmission electron microscope, but influence the luminescence spectra. We analyse in-situ the spectral evolutions with electron dose of Cu(In1-xGax)Se2 with [Ga]/([Ga]+[In]) ratio x ranging from x=0 to x=1 and interpret the defect formation kinetics with a first model. The obtained results indicate that the films with equal Ga and In concentration are the least radiation sensitive. The voltage dependence of the damage rate indicates that the damage arises essentially due to displacement by electron knock-on (in the voltage range 150 — 300 kV).
Structural, optical and electrical properties of transparent conducting CuInO2 thin films prepared by RF sputtering
Authors: Yang Bin , He Yunbin , Polity Angalika , Meyer Bruno K.
Published: November 2011

The transparent conducting CuInO2 thin films were prepared by radio frequency (RF) reactive sputtering and post growth annealing. A study of structural, optical, and electrical properties was performed on the films. The crystalline phase in the films was identified to be the delafossite structure. The optical properties, such as the wavelength dependence of the transmittance and the band gap energy, were determined. The average transmittance is 70% in the wavelength range of 400-1100 nm and the band gap is ˜3.7 eV. The temperaturedependence of electrical conductivity in the CuInO2 delafossite thin films was measured from 70 to 400K. The resistivity, carrier density, and mobility of the thin films at 300K were 1.8x101 Δcm, 1.6x1019 cm-3 and 2x10-1 cm2/Vs, respectively. Hall coefficient indicated that the CuInO2 thin films are n-type conductors. The electrical conductivity showed semiconducting type at room temperature.
Flexible, Monolithically Integrated Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Thin-Film Solar Modules
Authors: Herrmann Dirk , Kessler Friedrich , Klemm Ulf , Kniese Robert , Friedlmeier Theresa Magorian , Spiering Stefanie , Witte Wolfram , Powalla Michael
Published: November 2011

CIGS (Cu(In,Ga)Se2) thin-film solar modules on glass substrates are currently on the verge of commercialization. Entirely new application areas could be accessed with CIGS modules fabricated on thin and flexible non-glass substrates. Additionally, the roll-to-roll manufacturing of such flexible CIGS modules promises to be a low-cost production method. Different external Na supply methods and a vacuum-deposited buffer were investigated in this contribution, a sample of the challenges we face when modifying the standard, industrial CIGS module production process to the particular requirements of flexible substrates. Both metal foil substrates and polymer films are considered. Our excellent best results of above 14 % for single cells on titanium, more than 11% on polyimide, and around 7 % for modules on both substrates indicate our progress in developing flexible CIGS.
Glancing Incidence X-Ray Diffraction of Polycrystalline Thin Films
Authors: McCandless Brian E.
Published: November 2011

Glancing incidence x-ray diffraction (GIXRD) is a powerful diagnostic tool for nondestructive analysis of thin film materials and structures. GIXRD fundamentals and experimental techniques and results are presented with respect to polycrystalline thin-films. The refraction index and critical incident beam angle are calculated for selected elemental and inorganic compounds. Quantitative GIXRD analysis with Cu Kα radiation is applied to several problems: recrystallization of ultra-thin chemical surface deposited CdS films; compositional grading in CuIn1-xGaxSe2films; formation of native oxides on CdTe films; interdiffusion between CdTe and CdS; Te film thickness determination on etched CdTe; and correlation of inplane residual stress with deposition conditions for sputtered Mo films.
The Structure and Passivation Effects of Double-Positioning Twin Boundaries in CdTe
Authors: Yan Yanfa , Al-Jassim M.M. , Jones K.M.
Published: November 2011

Using the combination of high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, first-principles density-functional total-energy calculations, and image simulations, we studied the atomic structure and passivation effects of double-positioning (DP) twin boundaries in CdTe. The DP twin boundaries are found to contain more Te dangling bonds than Cd dangling bonds, resulting in energy states in the bandgap that are detrimental to the electronic properties of CdTe. We found that I, Br, Cl, S, and O atoms present passivation effects on the DP twin boundaries to differing degrees, whereas H does not passivate the boundaries. Of all these impurities, I and Cl atoms present the best passivation effects on the DP twin boundaries. The superior passivation effects are realized by either terminating the Cd atoms with dangling bonds, or substituting the Te atoms with dangling bonds in the DP twin boundaries in CdTe by Cl and I atoms.
Band offsets at the ZnSe / CuInS2 interface
Authors: Papathanasiou O. , Siebentritt S. , Lauermann I. , Hahn T. , Metzner H. , Lux-Steiner M. Ch.
Published: November 2011

ZnSe has been shown to be a promising alternative buffer in CuInS2 thin film solar cells. Here we present for the first time photoemission measurements to determine the band alignment at the ZnSe/CuInS2 interface. Epitaxial CuInS2 is used as a substrate. ZnSe is deposited in varying thicknesses by MOCVD. X-ray photoelectron spectra are measured with an Mg laboratory source and with synchrotron radiation. A valence band offset of 0.4+/-0.1eV is obtained.
Photoluminescence Studies on Cu and O Defects in Crystalline and Thin-film CdTe
Authors: Corwine Caroline R. , Gessert Timothy A. , Sites James R. , Metzger Wyatt K. , Dippo Pat , Li Jingbo , Duda Anna , Teeter Glenn
Published: November 2011

Polycrystalline thin-film CdTe is one of the leading materials used in photovoltaic solar cells. One way to improve device performance and stability is through understanding how various process steps alter defect states in the CdTe layer. Low-temperature photoluminescence (PL) studies show a 1.456-eV PL peak in single-crystal CdTe that is likely due to a Cui-OTe defect complex. A similar peak, observed in as-deposited glass/SnO2:F/CdS/CdTe thin-film structures, strongly suggests a common origin. The 1.456-eV peak is also seen in a thin-film sample after performing the CdCl2 treatment needed for high efficiencies.
O CFESS na defesa das condições de trabalho e do projeto ético-político profissional
Authors: Santos Silvana Mara de Morais dos
Published: November 2011

Este texto analisa a ação política do CFESS na defesa das condições de trabalho do(a) assistente social e na materialização do projeto ético político profissional neste tempo de crise estrutural do capital, momento histórico de extrema imposição da mercantilização sob todas as dimensões da vida social e de banalização da vida humana.
Comparação de estimativas para o auto-relato de condições crônicas entre inquérito domiciliar e telefônico - Campinas (SP), Brasil
Authors: Francisco Priscila Maria Stolses Bergamo , Azevedo Barros Marilisa Berti de , Segri Neuber José , Alves Maria Cecília Goi Porto , Cesar Chester Luiz Galvão , Malta Deborah Carvalho
Published: November 2011

OBJETIVO: O objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar as estimativas obtidas por diferentes modalidades de inquérito para condições crônicas auto-referidas em adultos residentes em Campinas (SP) no ano de 2008. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados os dados do ISACamp, inquérito domiciliar realizado pela Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Universidade Estadual de Campinas com apoio da Secretaria Municipal de Saúde, e do VIGITEL - Campinas (SP), inquérito telefônico realizado pelo Ministério da Saúde para Vigilância de Fatores de Risco e Proteção para Doenças Crônicas na população adulta (18 anos ou mais). Estimativas do auto-relato de hipertensão arterial, diabetes, osteoporose, asma/bronquite/enfisema, foram avaliadas e comparadas por meio do teste t de Student para duas amostras independentes. RESULTADOS: Para as estimativas globais, maior prevalência de hipertensão arterial e osteoporose foram verificadas pelo inquérito telefônico. Diabetes e asma/bronquite/enfisema não apresentaram diferenças estatísticas significantes. Na análise segundo variáveis sócio-demográficas, maior prevalência de hipertensão foi obtida pelo VIGITEL para os homens, entre as pessoas de 18 a 59 anos e nos que referiram 9 ou mais anos de estudo. Maior prevalência de osteoporose entre adultos (18 a 59 anos) foi verificada pelo VIGITEL. Em relação à asma/bronquite/enfisema nos idosos, maior prevalência foi observada pelo ISACamp. CONCLUSÃO: Exceto para hipertensão arterial, os dados obtidos do inquérito telefônico constituíram uma alternativa rápida para disponibilizar estimativas globais da prevalência das condições estudadas na população adulta residente em Campinas (SP).
Tendências temporais de atividade física no Brasil (2006-2009)
Authors: Hallal Pedro C , Knuth Alan G , Reis Rodrigo S , Rombaldi Airton J , Malta Deborah C , Iser Betine P M , Bernal Regina T I , Florindo Alex A
Published: November 2011

OBJETIVO: Analisar as tendências temporais de atividade física (AF) nas capitais brasileiras entre 2006 e 2009. MÉTODOS: A análise apresentada neste artigo é baseada nos dados do VIGITEL, totalizando uma amostra anual aproximada de 54.000 indivíduos. Foram analisados indicadores de AF no tempo livre, trabalho, em casa e no deslocamento, além do tempo assistindo à televisão e de inatividade considerando todos os domínios de AF. A variação dos indicadores no período foi aferida por meio de modelos de regressão de Poisson, tendo como variável explanatória o ano do inquérito. Foi considerada significativa a evolução correspondente a um coeficiente de regressão diferente de zero (p<0,05). RESULTADOS: O percentual de indivíduos ativos no deslocamento passou de 11,7 para 14,4% (p<0,001), enquanto aqueles fisicamente inativos nos quatro domínios passaram de 11,7 para 8,7% (p<0,001). Não foram observadas oscilações significantes nos demais indicadores. As mulheres foram menos ativas em todos os indicadores, exceto nos serviços domésticos. Neste domínio, houve redução das mulheres ativas de 71,4 para 67,1% (p<0,001). Os níveis de AF da população brasileira entre 2006 e 2009 estão estáveis no tempo livre e nas atividades domésticas, mas aumentaram no deslocamento, acarretando uma diminuição no percentual de inativos no país. CONCLUSÃO: A continuidade do monitoramento e o fortalecimento do VIGITEL se colocam como prioridades e a área de AF se insere neste crescimento, e no longo prazo, poderá ter sua evolução temporal novamente avaliada.
Desigualdades de sexo e escolaridade em fatores de risco e proteção para doenças crônicas em adultos Brasileiros, por meio de inquéritos telefônicos
Authors: Malta Deborah Carvalho , Moura Erly Catarina , Morais Neto Otaliba Libanio de
Published: November 2011

OBJETIVOS: Analisar os fatores de risco e proteção para doenças crônicas não-transmissíveis (DCNT) e identificar as desigualdades sociais na sua distribuição entre adultos brasileiros. MÉTODOS: Os dados utilizados foram coletados em 2007, por meio do VIGITEL, inquérito telefônico contínuo, em todas as capitais dos estados do Brasil, tendo sido analisadas pouco mais de 54.000 entrevistas. Foi calculada a razão de prevalência ajustada por idade, e as tendências em diversos níveis de escolaridade foram calculadas utilizando a regressão de Poisson com modelos lineares. RESULTADOS: Foram descritas diferenças na prevalência de fatores de risco e proteção para DCNT, por sexo e escolaridade. Entre homens, as prevalências do excesso de peso, consumo de carnes com gordura aparente e dislipidemia foram maiores na faixa de maior escolaridade, enquanto o uso do tabaco, estilo de vida sedentário e hipertensão arterial foram menores. Entre as mulheres, o uso do tabaco, excesso de peso, obesidade, hipertensão e diabetes foram menores na faixa de maior escolaridade. O consumo de carnes com gorduras visíveis e estilos de vida sedentários foram maiores na faixa de maior escolaridade. Quanto aos fatores de proteção, o consumo de frutas e verduras e atividade física aumentaram em homens e mulheres com o aumento da escolaridade. CONCLUSÃO: Sexo e escolaridade exercem influência nos fatores de risco e proteção para DCNT, com valores mais desfavoráveis para os homens. O VIGITEL é uma ferramenta importante no monitoramento destes fatores junto à população brasileira.
Variação temporal na prevalência do excesso de peso e obesidade em adultos: Brasil, 2006 a 2009
Authors: Gigante Denise Petrucci , França Giovanny Vinícius Araújo de , Sardinha Luciana Monteiro Vasconcelos , Iser Betine Pinto Moehlecke , Meléndez Gustavo Velasquez
Published: November 2011

Excesso de peso e obesidade são problemas de saúde pública que atingem parcela importante da população mundial. Este estudo tem o objetivo de descrever as tendências nas prevalências do excesso de peso e da obesidade, no período de 2006 e 2009, obtidas por meio de entrevistas telefônicas em 27 cidades brasileiras com uma população de 18 anos ou mais. O índice de massa corporal (IMC) foi calculado a partir do peso e altura referidos; o excesso de peso e obesidade foram definidos por IMC >25 kg/m² e >30 kg/m², respectivamente. A variação temporal das prevalências do excesso e peso e de obesidade é apresentada para homens e mulheres, de acordo com grupo etário, escolaridade, união estável e cor da pele. A regressão de Poisson foi utilizada na análise. As prevalências do excesso de peso foram 43,0, 42,7, 44,2 e 46,6%, para cada ano do período de 2006 a 2009, respectivamente. Para obesidade, no mesmo período, foram encontradas as seguintes prevalências: 11,4, 12,7, 13,2 e 13,8%. A tendência temporal variou em relação às variáveis demográficas e econômicas. O aumento nas prevalências ocorreu nas mulheres e entre os mais jovens. A tendência temporal foi independente do estado civil dos entrevistados, mas o aumento nas prevalências ocorreu em mulheres brancas e com menor escolaridade. Os resultados do presente estudo confirmam a urgência da necessidade de medidas efetivas de prevenção e controle, uma vez que a tendência do aumento está ocorrendo em um curto intervalo de tempo, especialmente entre os jovens.
The Impact of Maxillary Osteotomy on Speech Outcomes in Cleft Lip and Palate: An Evidence-Based Approach to Evaluating the Literature
Authors: Pereira Valerie , Sell Debbie , Tuomainen Jyrki
Published: November 2011

Objective

To undertake a critical and systematic review of the literature on the impact of maxillary advancement on speech outcomes in order to identify current best evidence.

Design and Main Outcome Measures

The following databases were searched: PubMed, CINAHL, and The Cochrane Controlled Trials Register. In addition, reference lists were hand searched for additional articles. Using a predefined framework and set criteria, evidence was evaluated using the assignment of levels of evidence (at least Level III on the evidence hierarchy), calculation of post-hoc power (≥ 0.8), effect size (Cohen's d ≥ 0.5), and adaptation of the parameters as set out by The Cochrane Collaboration.

Results

Of the 40 studies identified, the majority (68%) fell within Level lll.ii, representing cohort-type studies and a fifth (20%) within Level IV, the weakest form of evidence. Power and effect size calculations were only possible in 9 studies for different speech outcomes, and only seven studies met the set criteria for best evidence. Accordingly, current best evidence for articulation exists only for a noncleft population, is conflicting for resonance and nasalance, and is mixed for velopharyngeal function depending on which instrumental measure is used.

Conclusions

There is an obvious need for further prospective research in the field with strong speech methodology such as the undertaking of interrater and intrarater reliability, adequate follow-up, and sufficient sample sizes based on a priori power analyses. Methodologic issues are discussed and recommendations made.
The Interactive Effects of Relationship Conflict, Reward, and Reputation on Knowledge Sharing
Authors: Chen Zhenjiao
Published: November 2011

The relationship between relationship conflict and knowledge sharing (KS), and the moderating effects of reward and reputation on this relationship were investigated. A survey was administered to 170 full-time employees in China and results indicated that relationship conflict has a
negative effect on KS. This relationship was moderated by reward and reputation such that the negative effect of relationship conflict on KS was found to be weaker when reward is high compared to when it is low, and the negative effect of relationship conflict on KS was found to be weaker
when reputation is high compared to when it is low. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.