bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Legal Alchemy of White Domination
Authors: Moore Wendy Leo
Published: February 2014

The U.S. Constitution, like the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, states that no person shall be denied the equal protection of the law. Despite this Constitutional protection, however, the United States remains structured by deep racial inequality. Human rights advocates have suggested that this contradiction stems from unwillingness on the part of the U.S. government to go beyond equal protection of the law and provide state protection for a broader scope of human rights such as economic and cultural rights. Although this criticism of U.S. law and policy is warranted, I suggest even the notion of U.S. commitment to equal protection of the law must be critically interrogated given this country’s history of white racial domination. Through an explication of the equal protection jurisprudence of the U.S. Supreme Court, I illustrate how the Court has embedded within the equal protection legal frame a postcivil rights racial logic, particularly tropes of black criminality and white innocence. In doing so, the Court has constructed a substantive legal definition of equal protection of the law that naturalizes and supports contemporary mechanisms and structures of white racial domination.
Census and Racial Categorization in France
Authors: Léonard Marie des Neiges
Published: February 2014

The question of whether to accept the data collection of racial and ethnic statistics is part of a debate in France that has been going on for 20 years, as French census does not include racial or ethnic categories. Over the years, there have been several attempts—mostly unsuccessful—by scholars, nongovernmental organizations, and also elected officials, to argue in favor of the inclusion of “ethnic statistics,” as it has come to be called in France. Through the examination of the structure of the census and other state-sanctioned enumeration processes in France, this article explores the relationship between France’s color-blind discourse with regard to racial categorization and the material conditions of racial inequality. This article offers an alternative to previous explanations as to why France refuses to include race and ethnicity in its census. I argue that the so-called colorblindness of the French census can be best analyzed through the lens of Bonilla-Silva’s concept of color-blind racism and Feagin’s concept of white racial frame. This article claims that the principles of universalism and national identity in the French Republican order, constructed in opposition to multiculturalism and differentialism, serve as the dominant white racial frames that deny the reality of social relations based on race and support a color-blind racism.
Studies of Men’s Involvement in the Family—Part 1
Authors: Goldscheider Frances , Bernhardt Eva , Lappegård Trude
Published: February 2014

This special issue (like the one to follow) is designed to highlight research on men’s increased involvement in their families, focusing both on the antecedents that are linked with their involvement and on the consequences that may follow. Thus we show that such research is consistent with our theoretical view that the ongoing gender revolution has two parts. The first half, in which the “separate spheres” are broached by women’s increased participation in paid work, strained the family, but the second, in which the separation between the spheres is finally dissolved by men’s taking an active role in their families, contributing to the care of their children and homes, strengthens the family. This issue focuses on Scandinavia, where both halves of the gender revolution are more advanced than in other industrialized countries; the second issue, although not neglecting Scandinavia, includes not only research on the United States but also cross-national studies.
Internal thoracic artery: Anatomical and biological characteristics revisited
Authors: Sajja Lokeswara Rao , Mannam Gopichand
Published: February 2014

The left internal thoracic artery has become the conduit of choice for coronary artery bypass grafting, due to its superior patency rates at 10 or more years with little or no evidence of atherosclerotic changes. Recent evidence indicates that a second internal thoracic artery graft provides improved results relative to overall survival and major cardiac and cerebrovascular event-free survival, and reduces the need for repeat revascularization. However, the routine use of bilateral internal thoracic arteries is limited due to a perceived higher incidence of deep sternal wound infection. The surgical anatomy, collateral blood supply to the sternum, and biological characteristics of internal thoracic artery conduits are reviewed.
Intrathymic epidermoid cyst: A very rare condition
Authors: Monaco Francesco , Barone Mario , Monaco Maurizio
Published: February 2014

A 65-year-old man presented with a nonspecific thymic neoplasm following blunt thoracic trauma. The lesion increased in size over 12 years, to reach 47 mm in diameter. After thymectomy, the lesion was described as an epidermoid lining cyst composed of thickened stratified squamous epithelium. We assume that this rare pathological condition was caused by skin tissue islands and fat migrating into the mediastinum.
A study of the psychological distress in family caregivers of patients with prolonged disorders of consciousness during in-hospital rehabilitation
Authors: Moretta Pasquale , Estraneo Anna , De Lucia Lucia , Cardinale Viviana , Loreto Vincenzo , Trojano Luigi
Published: February 2014

Objectives:

To study psychological distress in a sample of caregivers of patients affected by prolonged disorders of consciousness during hospital stay in the Neurorehabilitation Unit.

Materials and methods:

Twenty-four caregivers of 22 patients affected by prolonged disorders of consciousness admitted to postacute rehabilitation center, completed self-reported questionnaires for assessment of depressive symptoms, state and trait anxiety, psychophysiological disturbances, prolonged grief disorder, psychological coping strategies, quality of perceived needs, perceived social support, and caregiver burden; at admission, and after four and eight months.

Results:

At admission depressive symptoms were found in 20/24 caregivers, high levels of anxiety in 16, and relevant psychophysiological disturbances in 10 participants; eight caregivers (32%) met criteria for prolonged grief disorder. The scores on questionnaires did not differ as a function of relatives’ diagnosis (vegetative state vs. minimally conscious state). The longitudinal study ( n = 18) showed a progressive and statistically significant increase of “emotional burden” during the hospital stay, whereas the remaining variables did not change significantly.

Conclusions:

Data confirmed the presence of severe psychological problems in caregivers of patients with prolonged disorders of consciousness. The levels of psychological distress tend to be constant over time, while the emotional burden increases.
Endovascular embolization is applicable for large and giant intracranial aneurysms: experience in one center with long-term angiographic follow-up
Authors: Wang Bing , Gao Bu-Lang , Xu Guo-Ping , Xiang Cheng , Liu Xiao-Sheng
Published: February 2014

Background

Endovascular treatment of large and giant intracranial aneurysms and long-term results of angiographic follow-up of these aneurysms treated endovascularly are not known currently.

Purpose

To investigate the outcome of endovascular treatment of large and giant aneurysms and the long-term angiographic follow-up results.

Material and Methods

A retrospective analysis of all patients with endovascular treatment of large and giant aneurysms between 1998 and 2009 was performed. There were 90 large or giant aneurysms treated with coiling alone, stent-assisted coiling, covered-stent deployment, or parent artery occlusion (PAO) in 88 patients (female/male, 54/34; age range, 23–92 years; mean age, 56 years).

Results

Immediately after the initial endovascular embolization procedure, complete occlusion was achieved in 56.7%, near complete occlusion in 37.8%, and incomplete occlusion in 5.5%. The total periprocedural complication rate excluding subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH)-induced vasospasm was 10.2% with a mortality rate of 2.3%. Follow-up angiography was performed in all of the aneurysms with the longest follow-up duration of 131 months. Among 38 aneurysms initially treated with coiling alone and 17 initially treated with stent-assisted coiling, 22 (57.9%) and four (23.5%) recurred, respectively, during follow-up. No recurrence occurred in aneurysms initially treated with covered-stent deployment or PAO. Aneurysm recurrence was predominantly seen in older and female patients, in larger aneurysms, and in aneurysms treated with coiling alone. Twenty-three aneurysms were successfully retreated endovascularly.

Conclusion

Endovascular intervention with coiling alone or stent-assisted coiling for large and giant cerebral aneurysms is not very effective, while covered stents are more promising. Better endovascular devices are needed to obtain more secure closure.
Ephrin B2 and EphB4 selectively mark arterial and venous vessels in cerebral arteriovenous malformation
Authors: Bai Jie , Wang Ya-jie , Liu Li , Zhao Yuan-li
Published: February 2014

Objectives

Ephrin type B receptor 4 (EphB4, Eph receptor) selectively binds ephrin B2 (Eph ligand). EphB4/ephrin B2 is involved in embryonic vessel development, vascular remodelling and pathological vessel formation in adults (including tumour angiogenesis). Binding of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A to the endothelial-specific receptor VEGF receptor-2 is the main extracellular signal triggering angiogenic response. Little is known about the role of EphB4/ephrin B2 during angiogenesis and arteriovenous plasticity in cerebral arteriovenous malformation (cAVM). This study investigated EphB4 and ephrin B2 expression in cAVM.

Methods

Haemorrhagic (H-AVM) and nonhaemorrhagic (NH-AVM) specimens of AVM nidus, obtained after microsurgical cAVM resection, and normal superficial temporal artery (STA) specimens, were analysed retrospectively. VEGF-A, EphB4 and ephrin B2 expression were studied by immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting.

Results

In cAVM (10 H-AVM; 10 NH-AVM), VEGF-A was immunocytochemically localized to endothelial cells; strong endothelial cell staining was found for EphB4 in veins and ephrin B2 in arteries. Normal STA ( n = 10) did not express EphB4 or ephrin B2. EphB4 and ephrin B2 expression was greater in H-AVM than in NH-AVM.

Conclusions

Endothelial cells are more active in H-AVM than NH-AVM. EphB4 and ephrin B2 play important roles in neovascularization and arteriovenous differentiation/plasticity. These data provide new insights into the aetiology of cAVM and lay a foundation for further study. The notch pathway induced by VEGF-A may be a key signalling pathway in this process.
Adolescent cervical disc degeneration in MRI does not predict adult headache or neck pain: A 5-year follow-up of adolescents with and without headache
Authors: Laimi Katri , Pitkänen Johanna , Metsähonkala Liisa , Vahlberg Tero , Mikkelsson Marja , Erkintalo Minna , Aromaa Minna , Rautava Päivi , Anttila Pirjo , Oksanen Airi , Saltychev Mikhail , Sillanpää Matti
Published: February 2014

Aim

The impact of early degenerative changes of the cervical spine on pain in adulthood is unknown. The objective was to determine whether degeneration in adolescence predicts headache or neck pain in young adulthood.

Methods

As part of a follow-up of schoolchildren with and without headache, 17-year-old adolescents with headache at least three times a month ( N = 47) and adolescents with no headache ( N = 22) participated in a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study of the cervical spine. The same adolescents were re-examined by phone interview at the age of 22 years ( N = 60/69, 87%).

Results

Mild disc degeneration at the age of 17 years was common, but was not associated with either frequent or intensive headache or neck pain at the age of 22 years. Conclusion: Mild degenerative changes of the cervical spine in 17-year-old adolescents cannot be regarded as a cause of future headache or neck pain.
Intraganglionic injection of a nitric oxide donator induces afferent mechanical sensitization that is attenuated by palmitoylethanolamide
Authors: Cairns Brian E , Laursen Jens C , Dong Xu-Dong , Gazerani Parisa
Published: February 2014

Aim

The aim of this article is to investigate whether the nitric oxide (NO) donator diethylenetriamine/nitric oxide (DETA/NO) affects trigeminal sensory processing through the trigeminal ganglion in part by activating trigeminal satellite glial cells (SGCs) and whether this effect is attenuated by the anti-inflammatory compound palmitoylethanolamide (PEA).

Methods

DETA/NO was administered to isolated rat trigeminal SGCs in vitro, and injected into the rat trigeminal ganglion in vivo, in the presence or absence of PEA.

Results

Administration of DETA/NO (1000 µM) increased the release of prostaglandin E2 by SGCs. PEA (1 and 10 µM) significantly attenuated prostaglandin E2 release. Two intraganglionic injections of DETA/NO (10 mM, 3 µl) or prostaglandin E2 at a 30-minute interval did not evoke discharge in trigeminal ganglion neurons that innervate the rat jaw-closer muscles, but did reduce the mechanical activation threshold of their peripheral endings by 30%–50%. Intravenous administration of PEA (1 mg/kg) or ketorolac (0.5 mg/kg) prevented DETA/NO-induced afferent mechanical sensitization.

Conclusions

Elevation of NO in the trigeminal ganglion results in the sensitization of the peripheral endings of masticatory muscle nociceptors to mechanical stimulation through a mechanism that involves prostaglandin E2 release from SGCs. Attenuation of this sensitization by PEA suggests a possible option for acute management of craniofacial pain and headache.
Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation and Anteromedialization for Isolated Patellar Articular Cartilage Lesions
Authors: Gillogly Scott D. , Arnold Ryan M.
Published: February 2014

Background:

Isolated chondral lesions of the patella are particularly challenging to treat, and long-term studies of treated isolated patellar lesions are limited. Previous short-term studies have reported favorable outcomes of autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) of the patella and/or trochlea, with a trend toward improvement when anteromedialization (AMZ) of the tibial tubercle was performed with the procedure.

Hypothesis:

Autologous chondrocyte implantation with concomitant AMZ for symptomatic isolated patellar lesions provides functional and symptomatic improvement in patients at a minimum 5-year follow-up.

Study Design:

Case series; Level of evidence, 4.

Methods:

Patients with failed primary treatment of isolated patellar full-thickness articular cartilage defects and patellofemoral malalignment who were treated with ACI and AMZ of the tibial tubercle at least 5 years prior were contacted for final postoperative outcome scores. Outcome scales including the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC), Lysholm, modified Cincinnati Knee Rating System, and 12-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-12) scores were assessed at baseline and final follow-up.

Results:

Of 27 eligible patients, 23 (25 knees) were available for assessment at a mean follow-up of 7.6 years (range, 5.1-11.4 years). Significant improvements from baseline to final follow-up were observed in the IKDC score (from 42.5 to 75.7; P < .0001), modified Cincinnati Knee Rating System score (from 3.0 to 7.0; P < .0001), Lysholm score (from 40.2 to 79.3; P < .0001), and SF-12 score (physical component score: from 41.2 to 47.6; P = .002; mental component score: from 48.1 to 60.7; P = .0001). Most patients (83%; 19/23) rated their surgery as good or excellent. The overall reoperation rate was 40% (10/25) largely because of periosteal hypertrophy (33%). One patient failed at 5.9 years postoperatively and underwent patellofemoral arthroplasty.

Conclusion:

Combined ACI and AMZ resulted in significant improvements in symptoms and function with a low incidence of adverse events in patients with isolated symptomatic patellar chondral defects after a mean follow-up of more than 7 years.
Are Multiple Platelet-Rich Plasma Injections Useful for Treatment of Chronic Patellar Tendinopathy in Athletes?
Authors: Charousset Christophe , Zaoui Amine , Bellaiche Laurence , Bouyer Benjamin
Published: February 2014

Background:

Chronic patellar tendinopathy (PT) is one of the most common overuse knee disorders. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) appears to be a reliable nonoperative therapy for chronic PT.

Purpose:

To evaluate clinical and radiological outcomes of 3 consecutive ultrasound (US)–guided PRP injections for the treatment of chronic PT in athletes.

Study Design:

Case series; Level of evidence, 4.

Methods:

A total of 28 athletes (17 professional, 11 semiprofessional) with chronic PT refractory to nonoperative management were prospectively included for US-guided pure PRP injections into the site of the tendinopathy. The same treating physician at a single institution performed 3 consecutive injections 1 week apart, with the same PRP preparation used. All patients underwent clinical evaluation, including the Victorian Institute of Sport Assessment–Patella (VISA-P) score, visual analog scales (VAS) for pain, and Lysholm knee scale before surgery and after return to practice sports. Tendon healing was assessed with MRI at 1 and 3 months after the procedure.

Results:

The VISA-P, VAS, and Lysholm scores all significantly improved at the 2-year follow-up. The average preprocedure VISA-P, VAS, and Lysholm scores improved from 39 to 94 ( P < .001), 7 to 0.8 ( P < .0001), and 60 to 96 ( P < .001), respectively, at the 2-year follow-up. Twenty-one of the 28 athletes returned to their presymptom sporting level at 3 months (range, 2-6 months) after the procedure. Follow-up MRI assessment showed improved structural integrity of the tendon at 3 months after the procedure and complete return to normal structural integrity of the tendon in 16 patients (57%). Seven patients did not recover their presymptom sporting level (among them, 6 were considered treatment failures): 3 patients returned to sport at a lesser level, 1 patient changed his sport activity (for other reasons), and 3 needed surgical intervention.

Conclusion:

In this study, application of 3 consecutive US-guided PRP injections significantly improved symptoms and function in athletes with chronic PT and allowed fast recovery to their presymptom sporting level. The PRP treatment permitted a return to a normal architecture of the tendon as assessed by MRI.
The Efficacy of Biceps Tenodesis in the Treatment of Failed Superior Labral Anterior Posterior Repairs
Authors: McCormick Frank , Nwachukwu Benedict U. , Solomon Dan , Dewing Christopher , Golijanin Petar , Gross Daniel J. , Provencher Matthew T.
Published: February 2014

Background:

The incidence and arthroscopic treatment of superior labral anterior posterior (SLAP) tears have increased over the past decade. Recent evidence has identified factors associated with poor outcomes, including age, overhead activity, and concomitant rotator cuff tears. Biceps tenodesis has also been suggested as an alternative treatment to repair. Moreover, there are no studies demonstrating effective treatment strategies for failed type II SLAP repairs.

Purpose:

To prospectively evaluate the surgical outcomes of biceps tenodesis for patients who undergo elected revision surgery after an arthroscopically repaired type II SLAP tear.

Study Design:

Case series; Level of evidence, 4.

Methods:

After institutional review board approval, 46 patients who met failure criteria for an arthroscopically repaired type II SLAP tear elected to undergo open subpectoral tenodesis by 2 fellowship-trained surgeons from 2006 to 2010 at a tertiary care military treatment facility. Objective outcomes were preoperative and postoperative assessments with the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES), Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation (SANE), and Western Ontario Shoulder Instability Index (WOSI) scores and an independent physical examination. Statistical analysis was performed via analysis of variance.

Results:

Of the 46 patients, 42 completed the study (91% follow-up rate). The mean age of the patients was 39.2 years, 85% were male, and the mean follow-up period was 3.5 years (range, 2.0-6.0 years). The rate of return to active duty and sports was 81%. There was a clinically and statistically significant improvement across all outcome assessments after revision surgery (preoperative mean scores: ASES = 68, SANE = 64, WOSI = 65; postoperative mean scores: ASES = 89, SANE = 84, WOSI = 81) ( P < .0001) and shoulder range of motion (preoperative mean values: forward flexion = 135°, abduction = 125°; postoperative mean values: forward flexion = 155°, abduction = 155°) ( P < .0001). There was 1 case of transient musculocutaneous nerve neurapraxia.

Conclusion:

Biceps tenodesis is a predictable, safe, and effective treatment for failed arthroscopic SLAP tears at a minimum 2-year follow-up. The majority of patients obtained good to excellent outcomes using validated measures with a significant improvement in range of motion.
Validity-Supporting Evidence of the Self-Efficacy for Teaching Mathematics Instrument
Authors: McGee Jennifer R. , Wang Chuang
Published: February 2014

The purpose of this study is to provide evidence of reliability and validity of the Self-Efficacy for Teaching Mathematics Instrument (SETMI). Self-efficacy, as defined by Bandura, was the theoretical framework for the development of the instrument. The complex belief systems of mathematics teachers, as touted by Ernest provided insights into the elements of mathematics beliefs that could be relative to a teacher’s self-efficacy beliefs. The SETMI was developed in July 2010 and has undergone revisions to the original version through processes defined in this study. Evidence of reliability and validity were collected to determine whether the SETMI is an adequate instrument to measure self-efficacy of elementary mathematics teachers. Construct validity of the revised SETMI was tested using confirmatory factor analysis. Findings indicate that the SETMI is a valid and reliable measure of two aspects of self-efficacy: pedagogy in mathematics and teaching mathematics content.
Cognitive Tests in Early Childhood
Authors: Williams Marian E. , Sando Lara , Soles Tamara Glen
Published: February 2014

Cognitive assessment of young children contributes to high-stakes decisions because results are often used to determine eligibility for early intervention and special education. Previous reviews of cognitive measures for young children highlighted concerns regarding adequacy of standardization samples, steep item gradients, and insufficient floors for young children functioning at lower levels. The present report extends previous reviews by including measures recently published or revised, nonverbal cognitive assessment tools, and issues specific to assessing bilingual or non-English-speaking children. Sixteen tests were reviewed, including all available measures of cognitive functioning for 2- to 4-year-old children normed in the United States. Test characteristics evaluated included (a) representativeness and recency of standardization data, (b) item bias analysis, (c) psychometric characteristics, and (d) appropriateness for assessing young children with developmental delays and non-English-speaking children. Implications are discussed for clinicians, researchers, and test developers.
The Test Anxiety Measure for Adolescents (TAMA)
Authors: Lowe Patricia A.
Published: February 2014

A new multidimensional measure of test anxiety, the Test Anxiety Measure for Adolescents (TAMA), specifically designed for U.S. adolescents in Grades 6 to 12 was developed and its psychometric properties were examined. The TAMA consists of five scales (Cognitive Interference, Physiological Hyperarousal, Social Concerns, Task Irrelevant Behavior, and Worry). The results of confirmatory factor analyses on the responses of a sample of middle and high school students to the TAMA indicated that a five-factor (target) model provided a better fit to the data than a one-factor model. Results also indicated that the TAMA scores had adequate internal consistency reliability. Evidence supporting the convergent and discriminant validity of the TAMA scores was found. Implications of the findings for school personnel who work with adolescent students are discussed.
Social Justice and Sustainability in Poor Neighborhoods
Authors: Larsen Larissa , Sherman Laura S. , Cole Laura B. , Karwat Darshan , Badiane Krista , Coseo Paul
Published: February 2014

Sustainability is the new lens that many planning educators and practitioners employ in their efforts. We taught an undergraduate service-learning studio focused on neighborhood sustainability in Detroit, Michigan. To evaluate the course, we identified four desirable learning outcomes based on a modified environmental education framework. Students gained a sense of personal investment in the sustainability challenges faced by the community and developed a more nuanced understanding of the power relationships inherent in these issues. This educational framework can help instructors design and evaluate service-learning studios that highlight the embedded social justice issues in impoverished neighborhoods.
Bypassing Equity? Transit Investment and Regional Transportation Planning
Authors: Lowe Kate
Published: February 2014

Regional planning may require a better understanding of multijurisdictional planning and equity within intergovernmental context. This research explores how intergovernmental context and metropolitan planning organization (MPO) activities impact rail proposals for low-income and minority communities. In two case studies, Boston and Miami, other government agencies determined the projects within MPO plans. In Boston, however, advocates leveraged agreements and federal rules to secure rail, and the MPO has developed extensive equity analyses. The cases exemplify the fiscal paradox that MPOs face—they have fiscally constrained plans but control little funding. Findings indicate the need to better relate multijurisdictional planning ambitions to intergovernmental context.
Global nautical livelihoods in the late nineteenth century: the sea careers of the maritime writers Frank T Bullen and Joseph Conrad, 1869–1894
Authors: Kennerley Alston
Published: February 2014

At the level of the individual, there can be few better examples of the global nature of maritime history than the travels and experiences of merchant seafarers serving in foreign-going commercial ships whatever period is chosen for investigation. By the 1870s the numbers of seafarers from maritime countries making international voyages were numbered in their hundreds of thousands and their collective global experience was penetrating an increasingly literate society ashore through sea travel writing and maritime fiction, as well as through their presence when between voyages. Bullen and Conrad were exact contemporaries born in 1857 whose time at sea was often in general trading vessels of the lower class of merchant sail shipping, though both served time in better class vessels and served in steam shipping. Their careers are representative of the collective of seafaring of their times. The paper makes a comparative study of the two sea careers with reference to internal and external social elements, and to the commercial and geographical dimensions of their voyages. Conrad’s life has been exhaustively examined, though principally from a literary perspective. Bullen, in contrast, has received little detailed attention. Both sea careers have been reconstructed using official records and autobiographical writing. The paper commences with a re-examination of “global” as the preserve of ocean navigators in contrast to the current usage related to economic activity and cultural transfer. It concludes with the suggestion that there is scope for the development of a systematic methodology for comparing sea careers.
The role of shipping in the ‘second stage of globalisation’
Authors: Kaukiainen Yrjö
Published: February 2014

In popular literature, the rapid growth of international trade during the last 50 or 60 years has often been viewed as a direct consequence of shipping technology and the decline of ocean transport costs, but a number of authoritative economists tend to regard certain other variables, such as the general income growth or reductions of customs tariffs, as more plausible explanations. However, typical macroeconomic estimations have a couple of weaknesses that make them insensitive to historical context. First, they pay no regard to the fact that ocean shipping is no homogenous entity but—for example in terms of transport costs—has varied substantially both across sectors and over time. Moreover, the typical macro-level proxy for transport costs, freight factor (the ratio of freight to commodity value), varies so hugely between cheap and expensive commodities that any single average ratio involves an unreasonably high standard deviation. Relying on conventional freight indices and tonnage data, the present article argues that, after the Second World War, the global role of ocean shipping can be interpreted in terms of two different phases. During the first, the focus was in bulk trades. Both in oil and dry-bulk fleets the average vessel sizes trebled and the resulting efficiency gains were reflected in a corresponding decline of freight-rates. This ‘bulk revolution’ came to an end during the so-called great shipping crisis, and the next phase was characterised by the development of liner shipping, the ‘container revolution’. Even in this case the technical development produced substantial efficiency gains but, unlike before, freight-rates only declined modestly. Yet shippers gained indirectly from better, more predictable and secure services—a better value for money. Such quality aspects cannot be measured by freight factors, but common opinion seems to be that, without the rapid growth of container shipping, the outsourcing of Western manufacturing to low-wage countries—as well as the concomitant growth of world trade in 1990–2007—would had been much slower.
High Expectations Across Multiple Domains, Peer Norms, and Physical Dating Violence Among California Adolescents
Authors: Loeb Anna , Deardorff Julianna , Lahiff Maureen
Published: February 2014

The purpose of this study is, first, to assess whether high expectation messages (from school, home, and community), and peer norms, were associated with physical dating violence victimization (PDV) among a representative sample of California middle and high school students, and second, to assess whether these associations differed by gender and grade level and/or were mediated by self-efficacy. Data from 7th-, 9th-, and 11th-grade respondents of the 2008-2010 California Healthy Kids Survey (CHKS) were analyzed ( N = 85,198). CHKS is an anonymous, school-based cross-sectional survey. Logistic regression was used to calculate adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for expectations in each domain (school, community, and home), peers norms, and their cumulative effects on physical dating violence victimization. We examined interactions for expectations and for peer norms by gender and grade level, and tested the mediation effect of self-efficacy. Ten percent of students reported experiencing physical dating violence victimization in the past year. Students who reported high overall expectations (in multiple domains) had significantly lower odds of experiencing dating violence (OR = 0.24, CI = [0.20, 0.28]) compared with those who reported very low expectations. This association held across all expectation domains and peer norms when tested in separate models and also when tested together in a single model. High expectations in the home domain and peer norms showed the lowest odds. Associations between high expectations and dating violence were similar across gender and grade levels. Self-efficacy partially mediated the associations between high expectations and dating violence. Suggestions for future research are presented.
Harm to Those Who Serve
Authors: Dupré Kathryne E. , Dawe Kimberly-Anne , Barling Julian
Published: February 2014

While there is a large body of research on the effects of being a direct target of workplace aggression, there is far less research on the vicarious experience of aggression at work, despite the fact that more people experience workplace aggression vicariously (i.e., observe it or hear about it) than they do directly. In this study, we develop and test a model of the effects of direct and vicarious exposure to aggression that is directed at employees by customers. Structural equation modeling provided support for the proposed model, in which direct and vicarious workplace aggression influences the perceived risk of future workplace aggression, which in turn affects organizational attachment (affective commitment and turnover intentions) and individual well-being (psychological and physical). Conceptual research and policy implications are discussed.
Pharmacists Levels of Emotionality and Career Success Correlates
Authors: Lonie John M. , Marzella Nino , Perry Richard , Shah Bupendra , Jariwala Jesal
Published: February 2014

Objective:

The objectives of this study were to (1) examine the relationships between Emotional Thinking Scale (ETS) scores and demographic variables such as income, years worked as a pharmacist, and hours worked per week and (2) determine the distribution of ETS scores among this sample of pharmacists. These objectives are significant to explore because they may provide important data regarding effective and ineffective pharmacist work-related behaviors that affect career and life success.

Method:

A convenience sample of practicing pharmacists was selected. Participants completed the 8-item ETS and a demographic survey. The ETS predicts how an individual’s thoughts might influence his or her emotions and behaviors. Researchers analyzed participant’s ETS scores with his or her demographic responses. Data were analyzed using SPSS statistical software.

Results:

One hundred twenty-five pharmacists completed the survey. Twenty-one percent of the sample scored between slightly high and very extremely high on the ETS. “often being incapacitated by strong feelings” correlated negatively with annual income r = −.309 ( P = .008); “relying on feelings to deal with complex situations” correlated negatively with annual income r = −.253 ( P = .026), with the “number of years practicing pharmacy” r = −.317 ( P = .007), and “number of hours worked each week” r = −.317 ( P = .007); and “focusing on details thus losing the big picture” was correlated negatively with annual income r = .215 ( P = .05). These findings are consistent with the previous ETS research.

Conclusion:

The variables of interest in this study were negatively but significantly related. Emotional thinking scores decreased with pharmacy practice experience and may be counterproductive for career goals. Entry-level pharmacy education and continuing education programs may help develop self-awareness to this issue.
The impact of foreign ownership on gender and employment relations in large Japanese companies
Authors: Olcott George , Oliver Nick
Published: February 2014

Despite two decades of stagnation in Japan since 1990, there is remarkably little evidence of radical change in Japanese economic institutions, including employment relations. However, Japan has seen a steady increase in foreign mergers and acquisitions, which can challenge existing institutional patterns.

Women have traditionally been excluded from core membership of the Japanese corporate community. Drawing on case studies of several companies, some acquired, some not, this article examines the impact of foreign ownership on the role of women in the Japanese workplace.

Although prospects for women improve at foreign-acquired companies, this is not necessarily accompanied by a change in attitudes towards gender. The article concludes that while a change of ownership can cause changes in practice, wider societal shifts will be required to alter significantly the position of women in Japanese enterprises.
Mycoplasma genitalium: a review
Authors: Daley GM , Russell DB , Tabrizi SN , McBride J
Published: February 2014

Mycoplasma genitalium (M. genitalium) was first isolated from the urethral swabs of two symptomatic men with urethritis in 1980. Published prevalence rates vary greatly between populations studied. A number of urogenital conditions have been ascribed to M. genitalium, which is recognised to cause a sexually transmitted infection. The association of M. genitalium with non-specific urethritis is now well established, but the evidence supporting its role in both male and female infertility remains inconclusive. Laboratory methods are challenging and there is a lack of test standardisation. The recommended treatment of the infection is azithromycin as a single 1 gm dose. However, in recent years macrolide resistance has been observed. More studies are required to establish the clinical importance of M. genitalium in urogenital conditions, particularly infertility, and to establish the role for screening and treatment in high-risk populations.
Historical evidence for nature disconnection in a 70-year time series of Disney animated films
Authors: Prévot-Julliard Anne-Caroline , Julliard Romain , Clayton Susan
Published: February 2014

The assumed ongoing disconnection between humans and nature in Western societies represents a profoundly challenging conservation issue. Here, we demonstrate one manifestation of this nature disconnection, via an examination of the representation of natural settings in a 70-year time series of Disney animated films. We found that natural settings are increasingly less present as a representation of outdoor environments in these films. Moreover, these drawn natural settings tend to be more and more human controlled and are less and less complex in terms of the biodiversity they depict. These results demonstrate the increasing nature disconnection of the filmmaking teams, which we consider as a proxy of the Western relation to nature. Additionally, because nature experience of children is partly based on movies, the depleted representation of biodiversity in outdoor environments of Disney films may amplify the current disconnection from nature for children. This reduction in exposure to nature may hinder the implementation of biodiversity conservation measures.
The physician, the Emperor and the fibromyalgia: Charles-Édouard Brown-Séquard (1817–1894) and Dom Pedro II (1825–1891) of Brazil
Authors: Kurizky Patricia Shu , Oliveira Ana Cristina Vanderley , da Mota Licia Maria Henrique , Diniz Leonardo Rios , Neto Leopoldo Luiz dos Santos
Published: February 2014

The physician Charles-Édouard Brown-Séquard was a neurologist of considerable importance. In 1846 his thesis ‘Researches and Experiments on the Physiology of the Spinal Cord’ brought out knowledge about the sensory pathways which remains until today. The Emperor, Dom Pedro II was the second and last Emperor of Brazil, reigning for 49 years and remembered for defending the nation’s integrity, the end of slavery, support for education and culture, diplomacy and relations with international personalities. He married Dona Teresa Cristina of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (1822–1889) by proxy in 1843, the fourth and last Empress consort of Brazil. This paper reports the exchange of letters between these personalities of the XIX century. Although they lived far from each other and worked in areas so different, they discussed the health of the Empress in letters. Dom Pedro II made contact with Brown-Séquard hoping that ‘ … your knowledge shall help heal my wife of nervous disease … . ’ According to Dom Pedro the Empress suffered ‘ … for a long time with more or less long interruptions of horrible neuralgic pains in the legs, head and the scalp. Two points on the dorsal spine feel the effects more or less with pressure applied … . ’ In addition to describing and documenting the exchange of letters, this paper raises the possibility that the Empress suffered from the fibromyalgia syndrome.
Comparative study of peripheral blood leukocytes in healthy dogs and in dogs with cancer and inflammatory diseases
Authors: García-Sancho Mercedes , Villaescusa Alejandra , Rodríguez-Franco Fernando , Sainz Ángel
Published: February 2014

In the present study, the peripheral blood lymphocyte subset distribution was compared between healthy dogs and dogs with chronic gastrointestinal disease, dental and skin conditions, and cancer. The immunophenotype of the group with chronic gastrointestinal disease and the group with dental and skin conditions showed no statistically significant differences with other groups of healthy or diseased dogs. When compared with healthy dogs, animals with cancer showed significantly lower absolute values of T cytotoxic cells (CD3+, CD8+) and lymphocytes that express major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II (MHC-II+) in peripheral blood. The results suggest that peripheral blood immunophenotype is mainly altered in dogs with cancer but not in other diseases. Further studies are required to evaluate the clinical relevance of these findings.
Experiences of Japanese Men During the Transition to Fatherhood
Authors: Iwata Hiroko
Published: February 2014

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to understand the meaning of the lived experience of Japanese men during the transition to fatherhood. Design: Hermeneutic phenomenology was used. Participants were 12 Japanese men who had a first-time healthy child younger than 1 year of age, who were sought by using a purposeful sampling technique. Findings: The following six themes were identified: (1) feeling like a father; (2) realizing oneself as a husband; (3) finding the wife’s pregnancy and delivery for the first time to be an impressive experience; (4) sharing time and space with one’s child; (5) being aware of a change and trying to adjust to a new life; and (6) being aware of the difference between oneself and one’s wife. These six themes created essence of the phenomenon of “becoming a father.” Discussion: This study revealed Japanese men’s own voice on becoming first-time fathers of infants.
Relationships of Acculturative Stress, Depression, and Social Support to Health-Related Quality of Life in Vietnamese Immigrant Women in South Korea
Authors: Chae Sun-Mi , Park Jee Won , Kang Hee Sun
Published: February 2014

Purpose: Promoting the health-related quality of life (HRQOL) is an important aim of nursing care for immigrant women. The aim of this study was to evaluate the level of HRQOL and its relationships with social support, acculturative stress, and depression among Vietnamese immigrant women. Method: A total of 216 Vietnamese immigrant women residing in South Korea participated in the study. Participants completed a series of questionnaires, including measures of social support, acculturative stress, depression, and HRQOL. For statistical analyses, a path analysis was applied. Results: Social support, acculturative stress, depression, and HRQOL were interrelated. Acculturative stress and depression directly influenced the mental health component of HRQOL, whereas social support indirectly influenced HRQOL through acculturative stress and depression. Only depression directly influenced the physical health component of HRQOL. Conclusion: Results suggest that social support and acculturative stress are related factors in preventing depression and promoting HRQOL, especially mental health, among Vietnamese immigrant women.
Transition From School to Adulthood for Youth With Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Wehman Paul , Schall Carol , Carr Staci , Targett Pam , West Michael , Cifu Gabriella
Published: February 2014

Youth with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) experience poor outcomes in the areas of independence, employment, and postsecondary education. This article provides a critical review of the key aspects of the transition process and identifies recommendations for policy and practice. The review highlights the literature and explores recommendations across the manifold elements of this transition, including social and psychological development, high school curriculum, work, and college. Five policy recommendations are outlined in the areas of school curriculum, employment development, postsecondary education, inclusion with nondisabled peers, and systematic instruction. Finally, the authors offer recommendations for further research in the areas of social interaction, increased academic and vocational rigor, employment, technology, independence, and postsecondary education.
Media as an Invitation to Rethink Music Education
Authors: Thibeault Matthew D.
Published: February 2014

This column explores from a philosophical perspective how sound recording and media create a context different in consequential ways for music education. The author relates the story of his connection to his son through the ukulele in two ways: first, through playing and singing together; and second, through a recording of their music. These differences are explored through a pragmatic approach to technology, with a focus on three issues: commoditization, efficiency, and sound fidelity. The author then explores two different kinds of responses that educators might explore in thinking about music education contexts and media awareness: an approach to focal practices following Borgmann, and the technological transparency approach recommended by Dewey.
Effect of Introducing Procalcitonin on Antimicrobial Therapy Duration in Patients With Sepsis and/or Pneumonia in the Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Bishop Bryan M. , Bon John J. , Trienski Tamara L. , Pasquale Timothy R. , Martin Bradley R. , File Thomas M.
Published: February 2014

Background: Utilizing procalcitonin (PCT) levels to limit antimicrobial overuse would be beneficial from a humanistic and economic perspective. Objective: To assess whether introducing PCT at a teaching hospital reduced antimicrobial exposure in critically ill patients. Methods: Patients wereadmitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) for >72 hours with sepsis and/or pneumonia. PCT levels were drawn on admission to the ICU or with new suspected infection, with at least 1 PCT level being drawn at least 48 hours later. Patients were matched in a 1:1 fashion to historical patients on age, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) score, gender, and primary diagnosis. The primary outcome was duration of initial antimicrobial exposure defined as days from initiation of antimicrobial therapy to the intentional discontinuation of therapy by the physician. Secondary end points included length of stay, readmission to the hospital, and relapse of infection. Results: There were 50 patients in the PCT group and 50 patients in the historical group. The initial duration of antimicrobials was 10 (±4.9) days compared with 13.3 (±7.2), which was statistically significant ( P = .0238). The duration of stay in the hospital (13.5 compared with 17.8 days; P = .0299), readmission to the hospital (9 compared with 17; P = .055), and relapse of infection (3 compared with 11; P = .02) were seen less in the PCT group compared with controls. Conclusion: Introducing PCT levels resulted in a shorter duration of initial antimicrobial therapy and was not associated with adverse treatment outcomes.