bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Zhan Wang: Urban Landscape
Authors: stomberg john
Published: May 2007

The artist Zhan Wang replicates the city of Beijing using a variety of mass-produced cookware and his own, hand-molded, stainless steel rock formations. The installation, called Urban Landscape: Beijing, simultaneously extends and significantly alters both the tradition of Marcel Duchamp and the general precepts of minimalist sculpture. His work also addresses current social concerns such as urbanization and globalization.

Urban Landscape: Beijing embodies Zhan's expansive worldview. In the context of his work, the artist discusses concerns that range from economics, theology, sociology, urban planning, and architecture to formal art issues, such as the use of found objects and the role of the grid. He encourages our contemplation of rapid modernization in China--and the negative effect it can have on life there--and shares our pleasure in the gleaming surfaces of his materials. Urban Landscape: Beijing evokes both the allure of modern urban culture and the consequences of urban renewal--it offers the sensuous pleasure of modernity and the sting of the price paid.
Divine Wisdom and Dolorous Mysteries: Habsburg Marian Devotion in Two Motets from Monteverdi's Selva morale et spirituale
Authors: WEAVER ANDREW H.
Published: May 2007

Despite recent scholarly interest in Monteverdi's Selva morale et spirituale (1641), many aspects of this large, complex print remain enigmatic, and the intended context for much of the music in the collection has long been a matter of pure conjecture. Yet two of the most anomalous features of the Selva morale, the solo motets Ab aeterno ordinata sum and Pianto della Madonna, can now be placed into the context of the Habsburg court in Vienna during the reign of Ferdinand III (1637–57).

Both of these works play directly into the most important aspects of Habsburg Marian devotion. Ab aeterno is a setting of Proverbs 8:23–31, a text that although very rare for seventeenth-century motets would nonetheless have been widely understood as a celebration of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin. The Pianto, a Latin contrafactum of Monteverdi's celebrated Lamento d'Arianna, would have been perfectly suited for the Habsburgs' Fifteen Mysteries Celebration, a Lenten devotion in praise of the Most Holy Rosary. Various types of evidence, including liturgical and other religious writings, Habsburg sermons, and additional musical works, support these interpretations of Monteverdi's motets and reveal their importance to the imperial court. That the composer did indeed include the motets in his print with the Habsburg court in mind is further indicated by similarities between the Selva morale and an earlier publication stemming directly from Ferdinand III's court: Giovanni Felice Sances's Motetti a voce sola of 1638.
Critical appraisal of articles about clinical audit
Authors: Mogyorósy Zsolt , Mogyorósy Gábor
Published: May 2007

Célkitűzés:
A közlemény célja a szakirodalom áttekintésével összefoglalni az auditról szóló közlemények kritikus értékelésének legfontosabb szempontjait.
Módszertan:
A Medline (PubMed), a Science Direct és az Ingenta Select elektronikus adatbázisokban való keresés mellett a szerzők a szakkönyvek és szaklapok kézi áttekintésével gyűjtötték össze a releváns publikációkat. A narratív irodalmi áttekintés 1985 és 2005 között publikált angol nyelvű közleményekre támaszkodik.
Eredmények:
A szakirodalomban meglepően kevés releváns cikket sikerült fellelni. A klinikai auditra vonatkozó közlemények kritikus értékelése során mindenképpen mérlegelni kell, hogy a) a szerzők hiteles és releváns kritériumok és standardok alapján végezték-e az auditot; b) a minősítést reprezentatív mintán egységesen alkalmazták-e; és c) a kapott eredmények fontosak-e, és általánosíthatók-e a saját klinikai gyakorlatra. A tanulmány akkor értékes számunkra, ha az eredmények segítenek saját gyógyító-ápoló tevékenységünk minőségének folyamatos javításában.
Konkluzió:
Az ajánlott szempontok elősegíthetik egyrészt a klinikai audit jó minőségű kivitelezését, másrészt az eredmények széles körű megismertetését a szakmai közönséggel, illetve jó minőségű és releváns publikációk fellelését.
Paraneoplastic pemphigus
Authors: Preisz Klaudia , Kárpáti Sarolta
Published: May 2007

A paraneoplasticus pemphigus malignus vagy benignus tumorokhoz társuló autoimmun hólyagos megbetegedés diagnosztikus és immunológiai kritériumait 1990-ben fektette le
Anhalt
. Klinikailag súlyos, fájdalmas, mélyre terjedő bőr- és nyálkahártyatünetek jellemzik. A bőrtünetek polimorf jellegűek, általában dominál a hólyagképződés. Egyes esetekben, az ún. „graft-versus-host-disease” formákban előfordul, hogy kizárólag papulosus, lichenoid bőrtünetek észlelhetők, hólyagképződés nincs, vagy csak később jelenik meg. Elsősorban ezen alcsoport betegeiben a bőr- és nyálkahártyatünetek mellett súlyos dyspnoét okozó pulmonalis érintettség is kialakul, melynek hátterében bronchiolitis obliterans áll. A paraneoplasticus pemphigus diagnosztikájában alapvető fontosságú a bőr/nyálkahártyák direkt immunfluoreszcens, továbbá a szérum indirekt immunhisztológiai és immunoblot vizsgálata. Az eddig azonosított autoantigének döntő többsége a plakincsalád tagja: envoplakin (210 kDa), periplakin (190 kDa), plectin (~500 kDa), desmoplakin I (250 kDa), desmoplakin II (210 kDa), bullosus pemphigoid antigén 1 (230 kDa). A plakinok mellett a desmosomalis cadherinek közé sorolt desmoglein 1 és 3 a bullosus pemphigoid antigén 2 (180 kDa), a desmocollin 2 és 3, továbbá egy még nem azonosított, 170 kDa molekulatömegű transzmembrán fehérje szintén autoantigénje a kórképnek. A paraneoplasticus pemphigus nagy mortalitású kórkép, az esetek több mint 90%-ában halálos kimenetelű. A háttérben álló tumor eltávolítása mellett a bázisterápia továbbra is a nagy dózisú szisztémás szteroidkezelés, melyet citosztatikumok, immunmodulánsok adásával egészítenek ki. Szóba jön ezenkívül plasmapheresis, plazmacsere, photopheresis, nagy dózisú intravénás immunglobulin és anti-CD20 monoklonális antitest (rituximab) adása is.
Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy in Male Patients with Early Breast Cancer
Authors: Gentilini Oreste , Chagas Eduardo , Zurrida Stefano , Intra Mattia , De Cicco Concetta , Gatti Giovanna , Silva Luzemira , Renne Giuseppe , Cassano Enrico , Veronesi Umberto
Published: May 2007

Learning Objectives

After completing this course, the reader will be able to: Evaluate the feasibility of sentinel lymph node biopsy in male breast cancer patients.Determine which male breast cancer patients can be candidates for sentinel lymph node biopsy.Identify the main biological features of male breast cancer and evaluate differences with respect to female breast cancer.

CME Access and take the CME test online and receive 1 AMA PRA Category 1 Credit™ at CME.TheOncologist.com
Anal Cancer: An Overview
Authors: Uronis Hope E. , Bendell Johanna C.
Published: May 2007

Learning Objectives

After completing this course, the reader will be able to: Discuss the epidemiology of and the risk factors for anal cancer.Outline standard treatment for anal cancer and describe its complications.Understand the issues related to treating HIV-positive patients with anal cancer.

CME Access and take the CME test online and receive 1 AMA PRA Category 1 Credit™ at CME.TheOncologist.com
Tumor Suppressor Role of Notch-1 Signaling in Neuroendocrine Tumors
Authors: Kunnimalaiyaan Muthusamy , Chen Herbert
Published: May 2007

A growing body of literature is demonstrating that Notch signaling is a more complex process than originally thought. Contradictory findings of notch-1 acting as an oncogene or a tumor suppressor revealed that its role is very specific to the cellular context. In this review we focus on the tumor suppressor role of Notch-1 signaling in neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) such as carcinoid and medullary thyroid cancers. NETs secrete various bioactive hormones that can cause debilitating symptoms. Surgery is the only potential curative treatment for the patients with NETs. Notch-1 signaling is absent in these tumors and activation of Notch-1 significantly reduces tumor growth in vitro. Therefore, identification of compound(s) that activate the Notch-1 pathway in NETs could be a potential strategy to treat patients with NETs.
FDA Drug Approval Summary: Panitumumab (Vectibix™)
Authors: Giusti Ruthann M. , Shastri Kaushikkumar A. , Cohen Martin H. , Keegan Patricia , Pazdur Richard
Published: May 2007

Learning Objectives

After completing this course, the reader will be able to: Add panitumumab (Vectibix™) to the armamentarium of drugs for colorectal cancer.Identify the patient group that is eligible for panitumumab therapy.Identify biologic agents that have activity in colorectal cancer.List the FDA criteria for the analysis of progression-free survival and for accelerated approval.

CME Access and take the CME test online and receive 1 AMA PRA Category 1 Credit™ at CME.TheOncologist.com
Effect on Body Weight and Safety of RC-1291, a Novel, Orally Available Ghrelin Mimetic and Growth Hormone Secretagogue: Results of a Phase I, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Multiple-Dose Study in Healthy Volunteers
Authors: Garcia Jose M. , Polvino William J.
Published: May 2007

Purpose.

RC-1291 is a novel, oral ghrelin mimetic and growth hormone (GH) secretagogue being developed to increase appetite and lean muscle mass in patients with cancer-associated anorexia/cachexia. This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multiple-dose, dose-escalation phase I study in healthy volunteers evaluated RC-1291 once daily (qd) and twice daily (bid) for effect on body weight and safety.

Methods.

The study was conducted with three sequential groups of volunteers. Panel A subjects (n = 8) received placebo or RC-1291, 25 mg qd, for 5 days. Panel B subjects received RC-1291, 25 mg bid or 50 mg qd, for 6 days then crossed over to the other dosage for 5 days (n = 12); three subjects received placebo for all 11 doses to maintain double-blinding. Panel C subjects (n = 9) received placebo or RC-1291, 75 mg qd, for 6 days.

Results.

Subjects who received RC-1291, 50 or 75 mg, had significant dose-related weight gain after 6 days versus placebo, with the greatest increases seen with daily dosing. The mean increase in weight from baseline after 50 mg qd was 1.25 ± 0.725 kg (p = .0022 versus placebo), and after 75 mg qd it was 1.16 ± 0.651 kg (p = .0022 versus placebo). One subject in the 50 mg qd group had moderate transient elevation in aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase levels. No other laboratory or clinical adverse events of consequence were reported.

Conclusions.

Results indicate that RC-1291 produces dose-related increases in body weight with no dose-limiting adverse effects, and may be an effective treatment for anorexia/cachexia.
Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Inhibitor–Associated Cutaneous Toxicities: An Evolving Paradigm in Clinical Management
Authors: Lynch Thomas J. , Kim Ed S. , Eaby Beth , Garey Jody , West Dennis P. , Lacouture Mario E.
Published: May 2007

Epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors (EGFRIs) have demonstrated improved overall survival in patients with non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, and colorectal cancer; however, their use is associated with dermatologic reactions of varying severity. The similar spectrum of events observed with monoclonal antibodies and tyrosine kinase inhibitors suggests such toxicities are a class effect. While such reactions do not necessarily require any alteration in EGFRI treatment, being best addressed through symptomatic treatment, there is limited evidence on which to base such therapies. In October 2006, at an international and interdisciplinary EGFRI dermatologic toxicity forum, the underlying mechanisms of these toxicities were discussed and commonly used therapeutic interventions were evaluated. Our aim was to reach a current consensus on management strategies. A three-tiered, EGFRI-focused toxicity grading system is suggested for the purposes of therapeutic decision making, and as a framework on which to build a stepwise approach to intervention. This approach to successful management is specifically tailored to accurately categorize dermatologic toxicity associated with EGFRIs, and can be easily applied by all health care professionals. The goal is to maximize quality of life in patients who are being treated with these agents—many of whom will be on these drugs for several months or even years.
How are we to understand the ‘intercultural dimension’?
Authors: Crichton Jonathan , Scarino Angela
Published: May 2007

The internationalisation of education has become a major focus of international, national and institutional attention, reflected in a substantial and expanding literature on how internationalisation is manifested, how it might be promoted, its implications for areas such as government policy, strategic planning and management, educational quality, student mobility, teaching and learning, and the place of language and culture in teaching and learning. There is also general agreement in the literature on the need for internationalisation to include an ‘intercultural dimension’.

In this paper, we examine how we are to understand the ‘intercultural dimension’ in higher education. Our approach is based on an analysis of current constructions of this dimension, to argue that these constructions are neither individually nor in combination capable of meeting the challenge of internationalisation. Drawing on recent studies undertaken at the University of South Australia, we propose culture as ‘intercultural’ as an alternative construction.
Language choice and second language learning opportunities in learners’ social networks
Authors: Kurata Naomi
Published: May 2007

This paper examines the patterns of language choice and the construction of L2 learning opportunities in foreign language learners’ social networks by focusing on how these patterns and opportunities are socially structured in a Japanese language learner’s natural interactions. It is based on a range of data, including a script of on-line chat occurring in natural environments as well interview data. Drawing on Cummins’ (1996) concept of interpersonal space, the findings indicate that there were a number of social and contextual factors that seemed to affect the learner’s language choice and L2 learning opportunities in complex ways. Most of these factors appeared to be related to the learner’s and/or his network interactants’ identity as an adequate L2 user and their perception of each other’s L2 proficiency and/or role. This paper provides insights into how to create environments that promote the learners’ opportunities for L2 use and learning.
Community languages and LOTE provision in Victorian primary schools
Authors: Slaughter Yvette , Hajek John
Published: May 2007

Primary school languages education continues to be a challenging issue for all states in Australia. In Victoria, LOTE study is provided at the primary level to address the needs of linguistically diverse communities, as well as to provide an enriching learning experience for monolingual speakers of English. The challenge remains to ensure that programs that are run are effective, address the needs of the community and are embraced as a valuable and enriching component of the school curriculum. This study looks at the provision of LOTE in 2003 in Victorian primary schools and in particular, through an analysis of the geographical location of community groups and primary LOTE programs, how effectively community needs are being met. We also analyse the nature of LOTE programs through an examination of teachers’ qualifications, time allotment and program type. Factors identified by some schools as impinging on LOTE study at the primary level, such as literacy concerns and multilingual diversity, will also be examined.
Missing me and Msing the other
Authors: Winter Joanne , Pauwels Anne
Published: May 2007

The introduction and spread of Ms as the courtesy address title for women is a cornerstone of feminist linguistic planning for English. Its introduction aimed to eradicate the discriminatory inequity in the address system that exposed women through their (non)marital relationship with men. The understanding, use and impact of the courtesy title are fairly well documented, particularly for Englishes of Australia (e.g. Pauwels 1987; 1998; 2001; 2003), US and Britain (Romaine 2001) and New Zealand (Holmes 2001). We have little knowledge of the form’s spread, impact and use by speakers for whom English is not the dominant language but forms part of their linguistic repertoire. Graddol (1997) argues that English-speaking bilinguals will outnumber first language speakers and, ‘increasingly will decide the global future of the language’ (p.10). Such contexts of English – second / third / foreign – usage loosely align with locales Kachru (1997) identified as ‘expanding circles’, and to some extent, many of the ‘outer circle’ Englishes, e.g. Hong Kong. In this paper we take up a new direction in feminist language planning: the exploration of courtesy title use and practices by English-speaking mono-/bi-/multilingual women around the world. We draw upon online survey data (available from http://www.teagirl.arts.uwa.edu.au/) to probe respondents’ strategies for addressing unknown women, as well as women’s use of courtesy titles for themselves. Our mapping of practices associated with Ms reveals an unexpected pattern of diffusion with implications for evaluating planned social language change. In relation to Ms, the implementation of feminist linguistic policy does not cohere with a pattern of spread from inner to outer to expanding ‘circles’ of English or from ‘first language speaker’ to … ‘foreign language speaker’ diffusion. The locale and personal contexts associated with education, awareness and personal commitment to gender equity interact in complicating, and surprising ways. Indeed our research exposes a new directionality for Ms as a preferred form for unknown women, without necessarily implicating its use in self-naming for many bilingual women resident in ‘outer circle’ locales.
Congenitally Missing Mandibular Incisors and Mandibular Symphysis Morphology
Authors: Endo Toshiya , Ozoe Rieko , Kojima Koji , Shimooka Shohachi
Published: May 2007

Objective: To explore the association between congenital absence of permanent mandibular incisors and craniofacial and mandibular symphysis morphology in Japanese orthodontic patients.

Materials and Methods: A total of 27 girls with one or two congenitally absent mandibular incisors (group M) were selected and divided into group 1M (16 girls with the absence of one incisor) and group 2M (11 girls with the absence of two incisors). In addition, 20 other Japanese girls without hypodontia and with little or no mandibular incisor crowding were enrolled as a control (group C). Using the lateral cephalogram of each subject, 17 angular, 8 linear, and 3 area measurements were made for evaluation of craniofacial and mandibular symphysis morphology. The cephalometric data thus obtained were statistically analyzed and compared between the groups.

Results: A significantly greater retroclination of the retained mandibular incisors was found in group 1M than in group C. Groups 1M and M showed a significantly greater retroclination of mandibular alveolar bone than group C. Groups 2M and M exhibited a significantly smaller mandibular symphysis area than group C.

Conclusion: The retroclination of the mandibular incisors and alveolar bone and the reduced mandibular alveolar bone area should be taken into consideration in planning orthodontic treatment on patients with congenitally missing permanent mandibular incisors.
Mandibular Growth Changes and Cervical Vertebral Maturation
Authors: Gu Yan , McNamara James A.
Published: May 2007

Objective: To evaluate mandibular dimensional changes and regional remodeling occurring during five intervals of circumpubertal growth.

Materials and Methods: This investigation evaluated a unique sample of subjects in whom tantalum implants were placed into the craniofacial complex during childhood. The sample was obtained from the Mathews and Ware implant study originally conducted at the University of California San Francisco in the 1970s, with longitudinal cephalometric records of 20 subjects (13 female, 7 male) available for evaluation. Cephalograms at six consecutive stages of cervical vertebral maturation (CS1 through CS6) were analyzed.

Results: Peak mandibular growth was noted during the interval from CS3 to CS4. Forward rotation of the mandible was due to greater mandibular growth posteriorly than anteriorly. Progressive closure of the condylar-ramus-occlusal (CRO) angle resulted in a forward and upward orientation of the ramus relative to the corpus of the mandible due to increased vertical growth of the condyle.

Conclusions: A peak in mandibular growth at puberty was substantiated. Mandibular remodeling and condylar rotation continue to occur after the growth spurt.
Mechanical Characteristics of Various Orthodontic Mini-screws in Relation to Artificial Cortical Bone Thickness
Authors: Song Young-Youn , Cha Jung-Yul , Hwang Chung-Ju
Published: May 2007

Objective: To evaluate the effect of cortical bone thickness on the maximum insertion and removal torque of different types of self-drilling mini-screws and to determine if torque depends on the screw design.

Materials and Methods: Three different types of self-drilling mini-screws (cylindrical type [Cl], taper type [Ta], taper type [Tb]) were inserted with the use of a driving torque tester at a constant speed of 3 rotations per minute. Experimental bone blocks with different cortical bone thicknesses were used as specimens.

Results: Differences in the cortical bone thickness had little effect on the maximum insertion and removal torque in Cl. However, with Ta and Tb, the maximum insertion torque increased as the cortical bone thickness increased. The maximum insertion torque of Tb was highest in all situations, followed by Ta and Tb, in that order. Cl showed less torque loss in all cortical bone thicknesses and a longer removal time compared to Ta or Tb. There were significant relationships between cortical bone thickness, maximum insertion and removal torque, and implantation time in each type of self-drilling mini-screw.

Conclusion: Since different screw designs showed different insertion torques with increases in cortical bone thickness, the suitable screw design should be selected according to the cortical thickness at the implant site.
Adhesion of Streptococcus mutans to Different Types of Brackets
Authors: Papaioannou William , Gizani Sotiria , Nassika Maria , Kontou Efterpi , Nakou Melachrini
Published: May 2007

Objective: To examine the difference in the adhesion of Streptococcus mutans to three different types of orthodontic brackets and the effect of the presence of an early salivary pellicle and Streptococcus sanguis on adhesion.

Materials and Methods: Three adhesion experiments were performed using stainless steel, ceramic, and plastic orthodontic brackets. In the first experiment a clinical strain of S mutans adhered to the three different types of brackets (n = 6 for each). For the second, the brackets were treated with saliva before adhesion of S mutans (n = 6 per type of bracket). Finally, the third experiment concerned saliva coated brackets (n = 6 per type of bracket), but before S mutans, S sanguis bacteria were allowed to adhere. The bacteria were always allowed to adhere for 90 minutes in all the experiments. Adhesion was quantitated by a microbial culture technique by treating the brackets with adhering bacteria with trypsin and enumerating the total viable counts of bacteria recovered after cultivation.

Results: There were consistently no differences in the adherence to stainless steel, ceramic, or plastic brackets. The presence of an early salivary pellicle and S sanguis reduced the number of adhering S mutans to all three types of brackets.

Conclusions: Adhesion of bacteria to orthodontic brackets depends on several factors. The presence of a salivary pellicle and other bacterial species seem to have a significant effect on the adhesion of S mutans, reducing their numbers and further limiting any differences between types of brackets.
Intrusion of Overerupted Molars by Corticotomy and Orthodontic Skeletal Anchorage
Authors: Moon Cheol-Hyun , Wee Jin-Uk , Lee Hyun-Sun
Published: May 2007

This article describes the orthodontic treatment of a 26-year-old female patient with overerupted left maxillary molar teeth. Her chief complaint was that the maxillary left first and the second molar intruded into the space required for the mandibular left first and the second molars, preventing prosthodontic treatment. The authors performed a corticotomy and used orthodontic skeletal anchorage with a miniplate and orthodontic miniscrews with a head modified to provide a specially designed hook. With this approach, they were able to achieve a sufficient amount of molar intrusion without discomfort, root resorption, or extrusion of the adjacent teeth. The first molar was intruded 3.0 mm and second molar was intruded 3.5 mm during 2 months of treatment. These results have been maintained for 11 months.
Three-dimensional Facial Morphometry of Attractive Children and Normal Children in the Deciduous and Early Mixed Dentition
Authors: Sforza Chiarella , Laino Alberto , D'Alessio Raoul , Dellavia Claudia , Grandi Gaia , Ferrario Virgilio Ferruccio
Published: May 2007

Objectives: To identify possible esthetic canons in facial size and shape of Italian children.

Materials and Methods: The three-dimensional coordinates of 50 facial landmarks (forehead, eyes, nose, cheeks, mouth, jaw, ears) were collected in 220 healthy reference children (4–9 years old) and in 89 “attractive” children of a similar age group selected by a commercial casting organization. Soft-tissue facial angles, distances, and volumes were computed. Comparisons were made with the Student's t-test.

Results: Attractive children had a larger face than the reference children, with a larger maxilla and forehead; overall, their faces were wider and deeper, but less vertically developed. Lips were more voluminous in attractive children, with a higher mouth. The nose was larger in attractive children than in reference children. The soft-tissue facial profile was more convex in attractive children, with a more prominent maxilla relative to the mandible.

Conclusions: Overall, considering that in the analyzed ages body growth and dental changes are very fast and individually determined, all the measurements appeared sufficiently homogenous, and the quantitative characteristics of an “attractive” face well defined. Esthetic reference values can be used to determine optimal timing and goals in orthodontic treatment.
Noncompliance Open-Bite Treatment with Zygomatic Anchorage
Authors: Erverdi Nejat , Usumez Serdar , Solak Alev , Koldas Tamer
Published: May 2007

Objective: To evaluate the dentoalveolar and skeletal effects of the new-generation open-bite appliance.

Subjects and Methods: The study group was composed of 11 subjects with a mean age of 19.5 years who underwent intrusion of the posterior dentoalveolar segment using an open-bite appliance supported by bilateral zygomatic implants. The study was carried out on lateral cephalograms of the subjects taken before treatment and after intrusion. The mean intrusion time was 9.6 months.

Results: The mean intrusion measured as the distance of the U6 to the palatal plane was 3.6 ± 1.4 mm (P < .001). This resulted in an average of 3.0° ± 1.5° of closure of the Go-Gn-SN angle (P < .001). The gain in the overbite was 5.1 ± 2.0 mm (P < .001), and the overjet was reduced by 1.4 ± 1.5 mm (P < .01). The change in the occlusal plane angle was an average of 2.4° ± 1.4° counterclockwise rotation (P < .001). The lower facial height was also decreased significantly by 2.9 ± 1.3 mm (P < .001). No significant changes were observed in the SNA angle and incisor positions (P > .05), except for the interincisal angle, which was increased by 3.5° (P < .05).

Conclusion: Zygomatic anchorage can be used effectively for open-bite correction through posterior dentoalveolar intrusion.
Appropriate Oral Hygiene Motivation Method for Patients with Fixed Appliances
Authors: Ay Zuhal Yetkin , Sayın Mözgür , Özat Yener , Goster Tuba , Atilla A. Onur , Bozkurt F. Yeşim
Published: May 2007

Objective: To determine the most appropriate oral hygiene motivation method (OHMM) for orthodontic patients with fixed appliances.

Materials and Methods: A total of 150 orthodontic patients, scheduled for their regular controls, were included in this study. The patients were divided into five groups (n = 30) according to the verbal OHMM and instructed as follows: only verbal information (V), verbal information with demonstration on model (M), verbal information with demonstration on model and self application by the patient (M+A), verbal information using the illustration catalog (I), and verbal information using the illustration catalog and self application by the patient (I+A). All of the applications of the patients were made under the supervision of the clinicians. The periodontal parameters (plaque index [PI], gingival index [GI], and bleeding on probing [BOP]) were recorded at the baseline (before the instructions of the OHMM), 1 week later, and 4 weeks after the OHMM.

Results: All periodontal parameters showed significant decreases after 4 weeks in all OHMM groups (P < .05). I+A group has significantly lower PI scores and BOP percentages than the other groups (P < .05) after 4 weeks. The difference between the V group and M+A, I, and I+A groups in the GI scores were significant (P < .05), and the I+A group has presented the lowest GI score.

Conclusions: The OHMM applied by the patients under the supervision of the clinician seemed to be more successful in the elimination of plaque and inflammatory symptoms in patients with fixed appliances.
Third-Molar Development in Relation to Chronologic Age in Turkish Children and Young Adults
Authors: Sisman Yildiray , Uysal Tancan , Yagmur Fatih , Ramoglu Sabri Ilhan
Published: May 2007

Objective: To assess estimation of chronologic age based on the stages of third-molar development following the eight stages (A–H) method of Demirjian et al and to compare third-molar development by sex and age with results of previous studies.

Materials and Methods: The final sample consisted of 900 orthopantomograms from young Turkish subjects of known chronologic age (range, 8–25 years; mean age, 15.18 ± 4.81 years) and sex (380 males with a mean age of 14.51 ± 4.55; 520 females with a mean age of 15.67 ± 4.94). Statistical analysis was performed using the Mann-Whitney U-test and the Wilcoxon test between sex and age. Regression analysis was performed to obtain regression formulas for dental age calculation with the chronologic age

Results: Statistically significant differences (P < .05) in third-molar development between males and females were revealed regarding the calcification stages D and G. Third-molar genesis was attained earlier in males than in females. Statistical analysis showed a strong correlation between age and third-molar development for males (r2 = .65) and for females (r2 = .61). New equations (Age = 8.92 + 1.50 Development stage) were derived for estimating chronologic age.

Conclusion: The use of third molars as a developmental marker is appropriate, especially when comparing the obtained standard deviation with other skeletal age calculation techniques.
Which Way Forward? Fixed or Removable Lower Retainers
Authors: Atack Nikki , Harradine Nigel , Sandy Jonathan R. , Ireland Anthony J.
Published: May 2007

Objective: To determine whether lower lingual, canine to canine, bonded multistrand retainers prevent relapse of lower labial segment alignment following fixed appliance therapy and to compare this with lower Hawley-type removable retainers.

Materials and Methods: Two groups of 29 patients were identified. Group 1 had bonded lower canine to canine multistrand retainers placed following debonding, whereas Group 2 had lower Hawley-type retainers (with acrylic labial to the incisors) fitted following debonding. Study models were taken of all patients at debonding (T1) and at least 1 year post debonding (T2). Changes in Little's index over the study period were recorded using a reflex microscope.

Results: Statistically significant changes in Little's index occurred in the lower labial segment of both study groups (P = .001) over the observation period. There was no statistically significant difference in the amount of change in Little's index between the bonded and removable retainer groups (P = .13). Bonded retainers tended to be placed in older patients (P = .02).

Conclusions: Relapse can occur in the lower labial segment with both fixed and removable retainers. The amount of relapse seen with both types of retainer is not statistically significantly different.
En Masse Retraction and Two-Step Retraction of Maxillary Anterior Teeth in Adult Class I Women
Authors: Heo Wook , Nahm Dong-Seok , Baek Seung-Hak
Published: May 2007

Objective: To compare the amount of anchorage loss of the maxillary posterior teeth and amount of retraction of the maxillary anterior teeth between en masse retraction and two-step retraction of the anterior teeth.

Materials and Methods: The sample consisted of 30 female adult patients with Class I malocclusion and lip protrusion who needed maximum posterior anchorage. The sample was subdivided into group 1 (n = 15, mean age = 21.4 years, en masse retraction) and group 2 (n = 15, mean age = 24.6 years, two-step retraction). Lateral cephalograms were taken before (T1) and after treatment (T2). Nine skeletal and 10 anchorage variables were measured, and independent t-test was used for statistical analysis.

Results: Although the amount of horizontal retraction of the maxillary anterior teeth was not different between the two groups, there was mild labial movement of the root apices of the upper incisors in group 2 at T2. There were no significant differences in the degree of anchorage loss of the maxillary posterior teeth between the two groups. Bodily and mesial movements of the upper molars occurred in both groups. Approximately 4 mm of the retraction of the upper incisal edges resulted from 1 mm of anchorage loss in the upper molars in both groups.

Conclusion: No significant differences existed in the degree of anchorage loss of the upper posterior teeth and the amount of retraction of the upper anterior teeth associated with en masse retraction and two-step retraction of the anterior teeth.
Cephalometric Analysis of Nonobese Snorers Either with or Without Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome
Authors: Tsai Hung-Huey , Ho Ching-Yin , Lee Pei-Lin , Tan Ching-Ting
Published: May 2007

Objective: To determine if there is an indicator on the lateral cephalometric radiograph that can be used for the differential diagnosis of severe obstruct sleep apnea syndrome and simple snoring in nonobese young male adults.

Materials and Methods: The subjects were Taiwanese male patients with a complaint of snoring and/or sleep apnea, whose body mass index was less than 25 kg/m2 and who were younger than 40 years old. Forty-six patients with severe obstructive sleep apnea and 36 patients with simple snoring were selected and underwent lateral cephalometric radiography, from which 24 linear and 34 angular measurements were calculated. Differences between the two groups were studied, and a discriminatory analysis was performed.

Results: Soft palate length, mandibular body length, tongue size, and distance from the hyoid bone to the mandibular plane were significantly larger in patients with severe obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Of the original grouped cases, 76.5% were correctly classified using these five variables. The position of the hyoid bone in simple snorers was near the straight line from the third vertebra to the menton, whereas the position of the hyoid bone in severe obstruct sleep apnea syndrome patients was far below the line from the third vertebra to the menton.

Conclusion: The position of the hyoid bone relative to the line from the third vertebra to the menton can be used as an indicator for a diagnosis of severe obstruct sleep apnea syndrome in nonobese young male Taiwanese adults.
An unusual case: Ruptured and infected primary muscle cystic echinococcosis
Authors: Keskin Davut
Published: May 2007

There are few case reports of primary muscle cystic echinococcosis in which a hot abscess developed at the site of the cyst following its perforation. Here, the author presents a 23-year-old female with a hydatid cyst of more than 15 years’ duration in her right quadriceps muscle. The cyst did not cause any complaints for years and grew very slowly, but eventually became infected and perforated. A large hot abscess was formed at its site. The patient was managed successfully by surgical and medical treatments. She was assessed carefully for clinical, radiological, surgical and histopathological findings. Investigations were made to differentiate the condition from classical hot abscesses and other soft tissue masses. In T1-and T2-weighted magnetic resonance images, a hypointense membranous structure (the perforated rim) within the mass of the lesion was significant for its differential diagnosis. In conclusion, especially in endemic regions, magnetic resonance imaging is a valuable tool in differentiating soft tissue cystic echinococcosis in the presence of infected and rapidly enlarging masses after long periods of dormancy.
Researching Race/Ethnicity and Educational Inequality in English Secondary Schools: A Critical Review of the Research Literature Between 1980 and 2005
Authors: Stevens Peter A. J.
Published: May 2007

This article describes and critically analyzes how sociologists in England have studied racial/ethnic inequalities in secondary education between 1980 and 2005. This study is different from earlier literature reviews conducted in this particular area in that it adopts a more systematic approach and includes the most recent studies in this field. Five major research traditions are identified: those of political arithmetic, racism and racial discrimination in school, school effectiveness and school inclusion, culture and educational outcomes, and educational markets and educational outcomes. These research traditions are critically examined in terms of their research questions, methods, outcomes, and related debates. The development of particular research traditions is explained by pointing to more general developments in terms of social policy and intellectual climate in England. A final section offers a discussion of how sociologists of education could improve future research on race/ethnicity and educational inequality in England.
“Vygotsky’s Neglected Legacy”: Cultural-Historical Activity Theory
Authors: Roth Wolff-Michael , Lee Yew-Jin
Published: May 2007

The authors describe an evolving theoretical framework that has been called one of the best kept secrets of academia: cultural-historical activity theory, the result of proposals Lev Vygotsky first articulated but that his students and followers substantially developed to constitute much expanded forms in its second and third generations. Besides showing that activity theory transforms how research should proceed regarding language, language learning, and literacy in particular, the authors demonstrate how it is a theory for praxis, thereby offering the potential to overcome some of the most profound problems that have plagued both educational theorizing and practice.
Intraclass Correlation Values for Planning Group-Randomized Trials in Education
Authors: Hedges Larry V. , Hedberg E. C.
Published: May 2007

Experiments that assign intact groups to treatment conditions are increasingly common in social research. In educational research, the groups assigned are often schools. The design of group-randomized experiments requires knowledge of the intraclass correlation structure to compute statistical power and sample sizes required to achieve adequate power. This article provides a compilation of intraclass correlation values of academic achievement and related covariate effects that could be used for planning group-randomized experiments in education. It also provides variance component information that is useful in planning experiments involving covariates. The use of these values to compute the statistical power of group-randomized experiments is illustrated.
Testing for Local Dependence in Rasch’s Multiplicative Gamma Model for Speed Tests
Authors: Jansen Margo G. H.
Published: May 2007

The author considers a latent trait model for the response time on a (set of) pure speed test(s), the multiplicative gamma model (MGM), which is based on the assumption that the test response times are approximately gamma distributed, with known index parameters and scale parameters depending on subject ability and test difficulty parameters. Like any other parametric latent trait model, the MGM is based on strong assumptions. One of these assumptions is local independence. Two statistical tests for checking if the local independence assumption holds are compared, using generated and empirical data.
Odds Ratio, Delta, ETS Classification, and Standardization Measures of DIF Magnitude for Binary Logistic Regression
Authors: Monahan Patrick O. , McHorney Colleen A. , Stump Timothy E. , Perkins Anthony J.
Published: May 2007

Previous methodological and applied studies that used binary logistic regression (LR) for detection of differential item functioning (DIF) in dichotomously scored items either did not report an effect size or did not employ several useful measures of DIF magnitude derived from the LR model. Equations are provided for these effect size indices. Using two large data sets, the authors demonstrate the usefulness of these effect sizes for judging practical importance: the LR adjusted odds ratio and its conversions to the delta metric, the Educational Testing Service (ETS) classification system, and the p metric; the LR model-based standardization indices, using various weights for averaging stratum-specific differences in fitted probabilities; and a p metric classification system. Pros and cons of these effect sizes are discussed. Recommendations are offered. These LR effect sizes will be valuable to practitioners, particularly for preventing flagging of statistically significant but practically unimportant DIF in large samples.
Messages About Calcium and Weight In Canadian Women's Magazines
Authors: Hassan Talia , Marchessault Gail , Campbell Marian , Huhmann Bruce
Published: May 2007

Purpose: Osteoporosis affects 1.4 million Canadians. Maximizing bone mass by age 30 may reduce this risk. Because calcium intake and body weight are both associated with bone mass, and many Canadian women report that they obtain nutrition information from magazines, we compared the frequency of calcium and body weight messages in Chatelaine and Flare, Canadian magazines for mature versus younger women, respectively.

Methods: Using keywords, we identified relevant advertisements and articles in all issues of Chatelaine and Flare for 2000 to 2001. Data were analyzed using paired t-tests and Wilcoxon signed-rank sum tests.

Results: Chatelaine had more calcium and weight messages per 100 pages than did Flare (significant only for calcium, p ≤0.0001). Within Chatelaine, there were no significant differences between the frequency of calcium and weight messages; however, almost 90% of Flare's messages focused on weight (p ≤0.0001), with only eight messages in two years addressing calcium.

Conclusions: Magazines with limited calcium and many weight messages inadvertently promote a lifestyle that may increase the risk for osteoporosis. The opportunity exists to provide improved calcium and osteoporosis coverage for women at the prime age for maximizing bone density. Awareness of information gaps may help dietitians strategize in promoting nutrition messages to women.
Supporting Healthy Eating Among Preschoolers: Challenges for Child Care Staff
Authors: Needham Lisa , Dwyer John J.M. , Randall-Simpson Janis , Heeney Elizabeth Shaver
Published: May 2007

Purpose: The child care setting can help preschoolers develop healthy eating habits. Establishing such habits may increase preschoolers’ likelihood of carrying them into adulthood, which can decrease the risk of nutrition-related chronic diseases. Challenges in supporting preschoolers’ healthy eating were investigated among child care staff.

Methods: Three focus group interviews were conducted with 29 child care staff members. Audiotapes of the sessions were transcribed.

Results: Several themes were identified from the analysis of the transcripts. An intrapersonal (individual) factor was children's picky eating. Interpersonal factors (interactions) included perceptions that parents do not encourage their children to eat in a healthy way, and that child care staff's use of practices were inconsistent with health professional recommendations. Physical environment factors included perceptions that healthy food was not accessible at child care centres and that children have unhealthy food at home.

Conclusions: Program planners and health professionals can develop and implement strategies to overcome some of the identified challenges to supporting preschoolers’ healthy eating.
Canadian Dietitians’ Understanding of Non-Dieting Approaches in Weight Management
Authors: Marchessault Gail , Thiele Kevin , Armit Eleeta , Chapman Gwen E. , Levy-Milne Ryna , Barr Susan I.
Published: May 2007

Purpose: How Canadian dietitians define and use non-dieting and size acceptance approaches (SAAs) in the context of weight management was explored.

Methods: Fifteen focus groups with 104 dietitians were conducted in seven Canadian cities. Questions were designed to explore participants’ understanding and use of non-dieting and SAAs, including counselling goals, techniques, and outcome measures. Sessions were tape-recorded, transcribed verbatim, coded, and analyzed using qualitative methods.

Results: Participants generally agreed that non-dieting involves promoting healthy lifestyles and avoiding restrictive diets. Participants also agreed that size acceptance means accepting all body shapes and sizes and promoting comfort with one's body. Many dietitians said they use size acceptance only with appropriate clients, most often with those who are lighter or without other health risks. Others said that size acceptance, by definition, is appropriate for everyone. Opinions varied about the appropriateness of teaching portion sizes or using meal plans, and whether weight loss could be a goal of non-dieting and SAAs.

Conclusions: Views on the usefulness of non-dieting and size acceptance strategies in weight management counselling were related, at least partially, to the different understanding that dietitians had of these approaches. Terminology needs to be clarified when we speak about non-dieting and SAAs. The varied understanding about these concepts should help dietitians reflect on their own perspectives and practice.