bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Crossing Border Wires
Authors: Yandell Kay
Published: December 2018

Nineteenth-century U.S. telegraphers created literatures that debated new social roles in the virtual realm for various political minorities. Such U.S. telegraphers as Mattie Kuhn and Abraham Burstein develop autobiographies and fictions of poor working telegraphers who successfully use telegraphic networks to empower themselves and others like them to seek higher wages, stronger communities, and better lives. In literatures written by telegraphers, knowledge of telegraphic social networks wins everything from eight-hour work days for single mothers to reunions with long-lost family members in the lives of telegraphers whom corporate or government elites conspire to disempower.
Corsets with Copper Wire
Authors: Yandell Kay
Published: December 2018

The male telegraphers whose voices originally predominated in disembodied speech forums sometimes suggested that women should be excluded from virtual speech forums, and often worried that women should interact in the virtual world in traditionally gendered ways. Such nineteenth-century women telegraphers as Ella Thayer and Lida Churchill nevertheless voluminously produced literature that provided a format for their own technologically enabled literary utopias of new gender forms in the telegraphic virtual realm. Telegraphy seems to have appealed to women writers exactly because it provided a freedom that authors otherwise achieved primarily through the creation of literature. The freedom women experienced virtually emboldened the inscription of newly gendered models for both virtual and physical-world selfhood through the creation of women telegraphers’ literature.
Theologies of Guadalupe
Authors: Matovina Timothy
Published: December 2018

Our Lady of Guadalupe is the only Marian apparition tradition in the Americas—and indeed in all of Roman Catholicism—that inspired a sustained series of published theological analyses. Theologians in each successive epoch since the mid-seventeenth century have plumbed the meaning of Guadalupe for their times. Their theological works are grounded in two realities: the first is the relationship between Guadalupe and her faithful, and the second is her power to shape their lives and their world. Theologies of Guadalupe examines the way theologians have understood Guadalupe and sought to orient her impact in the lives of her devotees. It also examines Guadalupe’s meaning in everyday devotees’ lives and the spread of Guadalupan devotion over nearly half a millennium. Chapters of this study successively examine core theological topics in the Guadalupe tradition developed in response to major events of Mexican history: conquest, attempts to Christianize native peoples, society building, independence, and the demands for justice of marginalized groups. The successive chapters also narrate how, amid the plentiful miraculous images of Christ, Mary, and the saints that dotted the sacred landscape of colonial New Spain, the Guadalupe cult rose above all others and emerged from a local devotion to become a regional, national, and then international phenomenon. From patristic-based theological writings in the colonial era down to contemporary formulations shaped by the emergence of liberation theologies in Latin America, the theologies under study here reveal how Christian concepts and scriptures imported from Europe developed in dynamic interaction with the new contexts in which they took root.
Introduction
Authors: Matovina Timothy
Published: December 2018

This introductory chapter for the book Theologies of Guadalupe: From the Era of Conquest to Pope Francis presents an overview of the origins, devotional evolution, and theologies of Our Lady of Guadalupe. It also provides an overview of the five chapters that comprise the book as well as its scholarly contribution to the current state of Guadalupan studies. The chapter summarizes two key developments from the colonial era to the first decades of the twenty-first century: theological analyses of Mexico’s most renowned religious tradition and an historical assessment of how the Guadalupe cult rose above all others in colonial New Spain and emerged from a local devotion to become a regional, national, and then international phenomenon. More broadly, the chapter outlines how theologies of Guadalupe present a critical inquiry in light of faith into the life of Mexico and its people from the preconquest era to the present.
Being and Motion
Authors: Nail Thomas
Published: December 2018

Being and Motion offers an original philosophical ontology of movement. The history of philosophy has systematically explained movement as derived from something else that does not move: space, eternity, force, and time. Why, when movement has been central to human societies, did a philosophy based on movement never take hold in the West? This book is the first major work of systematic ontology to answer this question and finally overturn this long-standing metaphysical tradition by placing movement at the heart of philosophy. In doing so, Being and Motion provides a completely new understanding of the most fundamental categories of ontology from the ground up: quality, quantity, relation, modality, and others. It also provides the first history of the philosophy of motion, from the early prehistoric mythologies up to contemporary ontologies. More than at any other time in human history, we live in an age defined by movement and mobility, and yet we lack a single contemporary ontology that takes this seriously as a starting point for philosophy. Being and Motion sets out to remedy this lacuna in contemporary thought by providing a historical ontology of our present: an ontology of movement.
Philosophy of Motion
Authors: Nail Thomas
Published: December 2018

This chapter provides a definition of the philosophy motion and a review of the history of the ontology of motion. It contrasts the ontology of motion with the ontology of becoming found in other theorists. It puts forward a definition and direction for a new ontology of motion. The philosophy of motion is defined as the analysis of phenomena across social, aesthetic, scientific, and ontological domains from the perspective of motion. The historical precursors of this ontology are discussed, and an abbreviated history of the main ideas and contributions of three major philosophers of motion (Lucretius, Marx, and Bergson) is provided.
Confluence
Authors: Nail Thomas
Published: December 2018

This chapter argues that if the flows of being are pedetic and capable of bifurcation, then it is also possible for them to flow together in a confluence. A confluence is the intersection or connection of two or more flows that intersect one or more times. In this type of connection, multiple flows move together and intersect with one another without directly folding back over themselves. Being connects because it moves together following a multiplicity of pedetic trajectories. The chapter provides a theory of events and constellations, and gives examples of plant growth and political struggle.
Centripetal Motion
Authors: Nail Thomas
Published: December 2018

This chapter argues that being is in motion, but that motion appears first and foremost historically as space. During the period of time roughly defined as the Neolithic (10,000 bce–5000 bce), movement begins to take on a certain dominant mode of distribution or circulation, defined by an inward trajectory from the periphery toward a center. This centripetal motion is the condition for the dominant description of being’s motion as fundamentally spatial. This chapter describes the defining features of centripetal motion, which is an entirely real and kinetic condition, not a metaphysical concept. The centripetal motion of being is the condition for the ontological description of being as space, and its inscription through speech.
Writing I
Authors: Nail Thomas
Published: December 2018

This chapter argues that writing did not emerge out of nowhere. It took thousands of years for it to rise to its place of kinetic dominance, particularly toward the end of the ancient period. Writing emerged, like the concept of eternity, through four similar kinetic operations, resulting in a reproducible pattern of centrifugal motion. These operations were not evolutionary or developmental. Three of the four sections in this chapter look at one of the four major kinographic operations as it emerged during a certain time: the introduction of the first tokens of the ancient Near East, dating from around 8500 bce, around the time of the invention of agriculture; their storage in clay spheres around 3700–3500 bce; and the first abstract inscriptions as numbers (3400 bce) and pictographs on tablets (3300 bce). The fourth of these operations, the creation of written letters in alphabetic systems around 1850 bce, will be addressed in Chapter 22.
Medieval Theology II
Authors: Nail Thomas
Published: December 2018

This chapter argues that the second kinetic operation or feature in the ontological description of force is the externalization of motion. Kinetically, the externalization of motion occurs when a flow becomes disjoined or released from a field of circulation. Once such a flow breaks free or bifurcates from the conjunction of a circulatory system, it is then capable of folding itself into a new series of junctions in a new field or connecting to another field elsewhere. When the internal motion of circulation, like that of a rotating sphere, for instance, appears to transfer its motion to another body as a cause, agent, or force, what occurs kinetically is not the transfer of a metaphysical substance, but the continuation of the same movement, circulated differently. This chapter treats this issue historically within the early modern concept of medieval impetus and the clockwork universe.
The Book II
Authors: Nail Thomas
Published: December 2018

The argument of this chapter is that while the printing press undoubtedly introduced several novelties into graphic and social circulation, it was not the bringer of a radically new kinographic regime. Kinetically speaking, it was a modification and intensification of the already dominant tensional regime of the codex. Just because there were more books in more hands does not mean the regime of motion changed, only that it was intensified and in some ways modified. The printed codex is still a codex, and it therefore follows much of the same material kinetic functions as the manuscript codex. The printed codex thus secured and intensified what the manuscript codex had already begun: the dominance of a new bibliographic regime of motion defined by the primary features of binding and comprehension.
Elastic Motion
Authors: Nail Thomas
Published: December 2018

This chapter begins Part IV by offering a purely kinomenological theory of the elastic motions that define the appearance of being as time. Time, like space, eternity, and force, is an ontological description structured according a specific regime of motion. Part IV argues that the concept of time is a fundamentally kinetic concept. With some exceptions, almost all modern ontologies of the eighteenth through twentieth centuries, in one way or another, accept the reality and foundational nature of time. The thesis of this chapter is that temporal being is defined by a material and kinetic elasticity of motion. This elastic pattern of motion is defined by seriality, subjectivity, and elastic subjectivity.
The Keyboard I
Authors: Nail Thomas
Published: December 2018

This chapter argues that alongside the historical rise of ontological descriptions of time, a new regime of inscription also emerged: typography. Just as the ontologically descriptive regime of force was inscribed in the tensional regime of the book, so the rise of the descriptive regime of time, from the late eighteenth century to the present, was predominantly inscribed in an elastic regime of the keyboard. Writing and books did not disappear during this time, of course, but were instead taken up and modified within a new kinographic regime defined by the elastic oscillations of the keyboard.
Accounting for the Complexity of the Law Applicable to Modern Armed Conflicts
Authors: Milanovic Marko
Published: December 2018

It is almost trivial to observe that the law applying to modern armed conflicts is full of complexities. Such complexities are, after all, the bread and butter of legal academics, who have produced mountains of books and articles on the various relevant topics, but the extent of these complexities can be overstated. While legal academics debate the finer points of the interaction between international humanitarian law (IHL) and international human rights law (IHRL), in the majority of today’s armed conflicts the law is reasonably practical and clear. It might not be complied with, but that is not because of its supposed complexity or lack of clarity. If, for example, the parties to armed conflicts with the highest cost in human lives and property (e.g., in Syria or Yemen) observed only the bare fundamentals of the principle of distinction, the world would be spared much suffering. Noncompliance has little to do with the law’s complexity. But complexity is nonetheless a major feature of a subset of modern armed conflicts, especially those involving foreign intervention by Western powers. The purpose of this chapter is to clarify our understanding of how complexity works, where it comes from, and how it is managed. To do so, this chapter first develops two themes: the multiple causes of complexity and the decentralized system for managing this complexity. These themes are then explored in more detail in the context of the law on the use of force, or jus ad bellum, IHL, and IHRL.
Personal Self-Defense and the Standing Rules of Engagement
Authors: Ford Christopher M.
Published: December 2018

The U.S. military Standing Rules of Engagement (SROE) restrict the use of force in armed conflict to either self-defense or “mission-specific” rules of engagement, which refer to the use of force against members of enemy armed forces or organized armed groups that have been “declared hostile.” This bifurcation of authority works well in an international armed conflict, where the enemy force is uniformed and easily distinguished. In these circumstances, the overwhelming number of engagements are against identified hostile forces. In many non-international armed conflicts, however, combatants actively attempt to camouflage their status, and U.S. forces find themselves engaging enemy forces under a self-defense framework. This creates problems. Consider, for example, a situation where three individuals of unknown affiliation launch an attack against a U.S. military convoy in Afghanistan. After a short engagement, the attackers get in a van and speed away from the attack site. The U.S. convoy is disabled, but an unmanned aerial vehicle tracks the van as it retreats into the desert. Thirty minutes later an AH-64 Apache attack helicopter arrives on scene above the still-retreating van. Can the Apache attack the vehicle? The van is retreating and poses no threat, thus self-defense principles would not allow for the use of force, despite the fact that the occupants are clearly directly participating in hostilities. This chapter addresses three questions: Why are the SROE drafted in this manner? What is the basis in the law for the SROE’s approach to self-defense? What are the problems presented by this approach?
Hybrid Warfare, Law, and the Fulda Gap
Authors: Sari Aurel
Published: December 2018

The law constitutes an integral and critical element of hybrid warfare. Law conditions how we conceive of and conduct war. By drawing a line between war and peace and between permissible and impermissible uses of force, the international legal framework governing warfare stabilizes mutual expectations among the warring parties as to their future behavior on the battlefield. Hybrid adversaries exploit this stabilizing function of the law in order to gain a military advantage over their opponents. They do so by failing to meet the relevant normative expectations, by using a range of means, including noncompliance with the applicable rules, by instrumentalizing legal thresholds, and by taking advantage of the structural weaknesses of the international legal order, while counting upon the continued adherence of their opponents to these expectations. The overall aim of hybrid adversaries is to create and maintain an asymmetrical legal environment that favors their own operations and disadvantages those of their opponents. This poses two principal challenges, one specific and one systemic in nature. Law is a domain of warfare. Nations facing hybrid threats should therefore prepare to contest this domain and strengthen their national and collective means to do so. At the same time, the instrumentalization of law poses profound challenges to the post–Second World War international legal order. Nations committed to that order cannot afford to respond to hybrid threats by adopting the same means and methods as their hybrid adversaries without contributing to its decay.
Concluding Thoughts and Implications
Authors: Miller Banks , Curry Brett
Published: December 2018

This chapter revisits key findings presented throughout the book. The results indicate a clear pattern of executive influence on the work of U.S. Attorneys (USAs). Additional results suggest that Congress has more influence than previously considered. The models in Chapter 6 show that Booker increased the influence of the President as well as the discretion of federal prosecutors. This naturally leads to questions about how future administrations will attempt to influence USAs and, more directly, how the Trump administration’s focus on narcotics and immigration will alter the priorities of USAs. Beyond this short-term speculation, the final chapter grounds the results in the rich empirical literature on the control of agents, prosecutorial discretion, and the imperial presidency.
Negation, mood, and (non)veridicality in Classical Greek (fifth to fourth centuries BC)
Authors: Chatzopoulou Katerina
Published: December 2018

This chapter provides a mapping of the functions of the Attic Greek NEG1 οὐ‎(κ‎) /u:(k)/ and NEG2 μή‎ /mε‎:/particles and a unified explanation of their distribution regulated by the notion of nonveridicality. Core properties of the Attic dialect are presented, regarding verbal morphology (grammatical information on verbs, infinitives and participles) and word order. The phrasal status of the Attic negators is discussed and their inconsistent relation to mood is exposed. The non-negative functions of NEG2 μή‎ /mε‎:/ are also identified: as a particle introducing yes/no questions, a complementizer and an attitudinal marker. The polarity behavior of the Attic Greek negators is extended to the morphologically negative paradigms of Attic indefinites: NEG1-words (e.g. οὐδείς‎/ u:de:s/ ‘no one’, οὐδέν‎ /u:den/ ‘nothing’ οὐδέποτε‎ /u:depote/ ‘never’) and NEG2-words (e.g. μηδείς‎ /mε‎:de:s/ ‘no one’, μηδέν‎ /mε‎:den/ ‘nothing’ μηδέποτε‎ /mε‎:depote/ ‘never’). NEG2-words are exclusively licensed in nonveridical environments.
Conclusion
Authors: Chatzopoulou Katerina
Published: December 2018

We have tracked the history of the Greek negator system through a timespan of over 2.5 thousand years, through quantitative evidence from three major stages of spoken Greek: Classical Greek, Koine Greek, and Late Medieval Greek and qualitative evidence from Homeric Greek up to Standard Modern. The presence of a second negative element, NEG2, that is particular to nonveridical environments in the sense of Giannakidou (1998 ...
The Transformation of the Chinese Economy
Authors: Jenkins Rhys
Published: December 2018

The chapter presents an analysis of the growth of the Chinese economy since the late 1970s, and the various phases of economic reform during that period. It shows the ways in which China became increasingly integrated with the global economy through trade and inward investment, and later, by outward foreign direct investment. Key aspects of the economic reforms discussed are those of the financial sector that led to the creation of the policy banks, and enterprise reform, leading to changes in the management of state-owned enterprises and the growth of the private sector. Developments in the Chinese labour market affecting employment, wages, and productivity are also considered. Finally, the negative environmental impacts of China’s rapid economic growth and the responses to it are discussed.
China’s Economic Impacts on Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Jenkins Rhys
Published: December 2018

The chapter considers three key aspects of China’s economic impact on Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). First, the direct and indirect effects of increased Chinese demand for commodities, which benefitted a number of SSA economies in the short and medium term, are looked at. China’s major contribution to development in the region has been through financing and building infrastructure. Finally, the impact on SSA manufacturing is analyzed. Despite concerns about the negative impact on domestic industry, it only appears to be a major problem in South Africa. However, optimistic views of the potential for Chinese firms to contribute to industrialization in the region appear over-optimistic. The chapter also includes case studies of the impact of China’s economic involvement in Angola, Ethiopia, and South Africa, which represent three different types of Sino-African relations.
Basic Social Security
Authors: Leisering Lutz
Published: December 2018

This chapter traces the historical origins of social assistance (including social cash transfers) in North and South, and maps the field in conceptual terms. It is argued that the emergence of social assistance was part of the rise of the modern state, and later of the welfare state, involving a bureaucratization and nationalization of poverty. Since the 1990s and the 2000s, poverty and social assistance respectively have been ‘globalized’: international organizations have turned to the issue, and cash transfers have spread across the global South and have even become an electoral issue. Drawing on Georg Simmel and T. H. Marshall, the chapter shows that social assistance may involve exclusions and stigma, but can be a vital component of social citizenship rights if society recognizes the legitimacy of the claims of the poor. The chapter also shows how social assistance has contributed to social citizenship in European countries.
Models of Social Cash Transfers
Authors: Leisering Lutz
Published: December 2018

Around 2000, poverty had moved to the top of global agendas, but there was no clear idea what policies would be appropriate. By the mid-2000s, a consensus among international organizations on social cash transfers had emerged. This chapter investigates what models of cash transfers were proposed by international organizations, and why, considering that global actors of all political leanings had rejected the idea of cash transfers well into the 1990s. The analysis draws on unique qualitative data on all major international organizations involved. It is argued that the idea of social cash transfers marks a paradigm shift in global anti-poverty policy, driven by pioneering country examples, sectional interests of international organizations, and new discursive frames. However, the idea of cash transfers was discursively reduced to four partial models that define the field to the present day, reflecting mandates of lead organizations and adding up to a fragmented and incomplete universalism.
The Regulation of Interest Groups and Public Benefit Organizations
Authors: Bolleyer Nicole
Published: December 2018

This chapter presents a detailed empirical assessment of cross-country variation in the regulation of interest groups and public benefit organizations in the operation stage—covering the regulation of these organizations’ constitutive functions as well as of resource access—across nineteen long-lived democracies. Regarding regulation of organizations’ constitutive functions, it covers areas such as lobby regulation, third-party regulation, and other legal restrictions on groups’ political activities. In terms of resource regulation, it covers aspects such as tax benefits for donors and organizations themselves as well as the regulation of fundraising. The chapter concludes with an assessment of the monitoring and supervision structures in charge of implementing group regulation. The analysis shows how interest groups and public benefit organizations have to operate within a complex web of legal regulation, which fundamentally affects their ability to engage in political activities and access state resources.
The Legal Environments of Organized Civil Society in Nineteen Democracies
Authors: Bolleyer Nicole
Published: December 2018

As the nature of legal environments for organized civil society is the product of causally complex processes, it is not expected that any one systemic condition by itself underpins a particular legal environment. Consequently, the analysis presented employs Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA), which is ideally suited to identify multiple, complex paths towards a particular outcome. The findings widely substantiate the theoretical framework presented in Chapter 6 and thereby stress the importance of an interdisciplinary approach to the question at hand. They show that the nature of voluntary organizations’ legal environments adopted in long-lived democracies varies with the relative acceptability of constraining regulation in that sphere, which, in turn, is shaped by distinct configurations of political systems’ democratic history, their legal family, and voluntary sector traditions.
Paradox and Ineffability
Authors: Priest Graham
Published: December 2018

In Chapter 5 it transpired that certain states of affairs are ineffable; but, of course, much is said about them. This chapter shows how such a paradox can be handled with a plurivalent version of the five-valued cateṣkoṭi, in which states of affairs can have more than one value. That some Buddhist texts appear to endorse the thought that something can be effable and ineffable is then shown by a consideration of the Vimalakīrti Sūtra. An appendix to the chapter shows how Jain logic may also be seen as a plurivalent logic
And So On
Authors: Priest Graham
Published: December 2018

The Sanlun thinker Jizang constructed a hierarchy of ultimate and conventional truths by alternately applying the third and fourth corners of the cateṣkoṭi. This chapter discusses the significance of the hierarchy and shows how to make precise formal sense of it.
Parliaments in Time
Authors: Koß Michael
Published: December 2018

This book sheds light on the institutional development of four (emerging) Western European parliaments. Parliaments in Western Europe are noteworthy for several reasons. Their institutional designs differ remarkably, with distinct consequences for their policy output. Scholars have diagnosed the decline of legislatures for over a century now. Based on a model of distributive bargaining over legislative procedures, this book engages in a comparative process-tracing analysis of ninety reforms, which restructured control over the plenary agenda and committee power in Britain, France, Sweden, and Germany between 1866 and 2015. The analysis presented suggests that legislators in Western Europe rationalize procedures as a response to growing levels of legislative workload. As a consequence, legislatures evolve towards one of two procedural ideal types: talking or working legislatures. In talking legislatures, governments enjoy privileges in legislative agenda-setting (resulting in centralized agenda control) and committees are weak. In contrast, working legislatures combine decentralized agenda control with powerful committees. Which path legislators chose is determined by the appearance of anti-system obstruction. If anti-system parties obstruct legislative business, legislators surrender ancient procedural privileges and agree to a centralization of agenda control. Otherwise, their demand for legislative mega-seats on committees triggers the evolution of working legislatures. If legislators fail to respond to an anti-system threat, legislative procedures break down. For this reason, the central aim of procedural reforms in Western European parliaments is to maintain legislative democracy. Rather than a decline of legislatures, for talking legislatures to successfully overcome an anti-system threat indicates the resilience of legislative democracy.
A Dynamic Partisan Perspective on Procedural Reform
Authors: Koß Michael
Published: December 2018

This chapter introduces the dynamic partisan perspective on procedural change. Leaders are expected to prefer creating mega-seats in the cabinet (and centralize agenda control), whereas followers prefer (powerful) legislative committees under decentralized agenda control. Leaders’ and followers’ procedural preferences are operationalized by means of the framing of their respective reform proposals. Leaders are expected to emphasize a majoritarian vision of legislative democracy, while followers espouse a proportional vision. All else being equal, followers enjoy a better bargaining position because the proportional vision is more in line with the legislative state of nature. Therefore, the procedural path chosen hypothetically depends on the occurrence of anti-system obstruction which alters followers’ preferences. The chapter closes by discussing the temporal, substantial, and spatial boundaries of the cases selected here. Accordingly, failed and successful procedural reforms in four Western European countries (Britian, France, Sweden, and Germany) will be analysed over the 1866–2015 period.
Prolegomena
Authors: Abraham William J.
Published: December 2018

Systematic theology is formally an exercise in university-level, post-baptismal Christian instruction. Materially it is a contemporary articulation of the Christian faith that focuses on divine agency and divine action. Theologians face a dilemma on securing the content of the classical loci of Christian theology. This can be resolved by noting that systematic theology first arose only after reception of the Gospel and initiation into the church. The latter required adoption of the creed which in turn supplied the motivation for and the content of Christian theology. The creed did not include an epistemology of theology, a move developed later which had serious negative consequences of the faith of the church. We need to return to this premodern vision of the place of epistemology in theology and focus afresh on the ancient turn to divine action in creation and redemption as the heartbeat of theology.
The Person of Christ
Authors: Abraham William J.
Published: December 2018

Treatments of Christology begin with the exploration of the Person of Christ, with who he is. Prima facie, Christ is often seen as an offense to human sensibility. The deep offense is that Christ is both a specific human agent in history and the second Person of the Trinity. The first seven ecumenical councils tackle a network of issues related to this offense and stand by the conviction that Jesus of Nazareth is fully human and fully divine. Given this conviction it is apt to speak of the virginal conception and to initiate a subtle historical-theological quest for the real Jesus of history and faith.
The Person of the Holy Spirit
Authors: Abraham William J.
Published: December 2018

This chapter discusses the Person of the Holy Spirit. The Holy Spirit is the third Person of the Trinity who proceeds eternally from the Father. In his work in Christology Athanasius made the relevant conceptual breakthrough, yet the church was rightly cautious in stating the ontology involved. Efforts to secure the filioque clause are not successful. There is merit in applying the biblical images of breath, rain, water, dove, wine, and oil. Later images focusing on force-field, bond of love, and light are interesting but light should be preferred, not least because it helps us make theological sense of the transfiguration of the Son.
Human Action in the Fall
Authors: Abraham William J.
Published: December 2018

The Christian tradition takes moral evil with radical seriousness. The tradition is divided on how to read Genesis 3 as seen in the work of Augustine and Symeon the New Theologian. We need several angles of vision to do justice to the fall and to human sin: a theological reading of Genesis 1–11, the many concepts used to describe sin, canonical lists of sins, hierarchies of sin, and the morphology of temptation. These enable us to develop a rich description of sin which does not undermine the goodness of creation. The deepest level of sin is represented by demon possession.
Introduction
Authors: Zanou Konstantina
Published: December 2018

The Introduction presents the book’s topics and objectives. It introduces the characters of the story—men and a few women of letters and politics, who lived along the shores of the Adriatic during the first half of the nineteenth century, most of whom have disappeared from the historical record; the setting—the post-Venetian Adriatic Sea and more widely the Eastern Mediterranean with its old empires and new colonial powers (Ottoman, Napoleonic, Russian, Habsburg, British) and nation-states (Italy and Greece); and the main intellectual concepts—‘transnational patriotism’, ‘imperial nationalism’, ‘conservative liberalism’, and ‘Orthodox Enlightenment’. Finally, it offers a historical overview of the Ionian Islands, Napoleonic and Restoration Italy, the Greek revolution, and the formation of the Greek state.
Recognizing a serial verb
Authors: Aikhenvald Alexandra Y.
Published: December 2018

A serial verb construction is a sequence of verbs which act together as a single predicate. Serial verbs are always monoclausal and are pronounced as a single verb would be. The components of a serial verb construction share tense, aspect, modality, reality status, evidentiality, mood, and also polarity values. A serial verb construction typically refers to what can be conceptualized as one event, and one recognizable event type, in terms of cultural stereotypes available to the speakers. Serial verbs tend to share at least one argument. An overwhelming majority of serial verbs have a single overall argument structure, with the subjects, objects and obliques belonging to the whole construction. In switch-function serial verb constructions, the O (or the recipient) of the first component is the same as the S (rarely, the A) of the second one. Event-argument and resultative serial verb constructions share no arguments.
Introduction
Authors: Böhler Jochen
Published: December 2018

In Central Europe, 1918 marked not only the demise of the German, Austrian, and Russian Empires, but also the rise of a multitude of nation states. Poland, re-erected after 123 years of partition, was at the center of events, independence having been the dream of its elites since the nineteenth century. But the formation of the Polish Second Republic was not the result of a united effort of the whole Polish nation, its political leaders, and military units—first and foremost the legendary “Legions”—during and after the Great War. In reality, in late 1918, there was no united Polish nation, leadership, or army to speak of. The rural masses did not take up the call to arms, the political factions were at war with one another, and the country was on the brink of a domestic war, while marauding soldiers killed Jews and harassed the whole civilian population.
Conclusion
Authors: Böhler Jochen
Published: December 2018

The Conclusion sums up the major arguments of the book and gives an outlook on the decade following the postwar struggles. Polish nationalism had not managed to incite the masses in 1918. Until 1921, the state frontiers in Central Europe were fixed, but they ran through ethnically mixed borderlands. All Central European nation states had ethnic minorities living within and co-nationals living beyond their respective borders. As a result of the enmities brought by the Central European Civil War, a collective postwar security system failed to materialize. Internal and external conflicts were simmering on. Even the fight of the Polish Second Republic for its survival did not unite the nation. Following the border struggles, the political elites were more estranged than ever. Their feud resulted in the assassination of the Prime Minister by a right-wing extremist in 1922 and a left-dominated coup d’état in 1926, which established an authoritarian regime.
Introduction
Authors: Lipscomb Suzannah
Published: December 2018

This chapter considers the challenges of finding the voices of ordinary women who lived in the mid-sixteenth to seventeenth centuries. It describes the sources used in the study: the registers of the Reformed churches of Languedoc, and why they are an important new source for the study of women and gender. Surveying the historiography on women in early modern France, it identifies that despite the impression given by synthetic literature there is actually little material examining the patterns of behaviour, motivations, beliefs, and scope for action of women of lower to middling sorts in France in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries: most work focuses on social structures and elite women. This is followed by an overview of the historiography on the consistories, and a discussion of models and methods used in the book.
Religion, Revolution, and Popular Mobilization
Authors: Isabella Maurizio
Published: December 2018

In Mediterranean regions between the late eighteenth century and the middle of the nineteenth century, it proved difficult to separate politics from religion—because political communities were also conceptualized as religious communities, so governing them entailed taking a stance on their religious ordering. South European liberalism was not associated with religious toleration: the hope was to bind the national community together around shared beliefs; Ottomans, by contrast, fostered religious pluralism, though also solidarity within religious communities. Those who sought to change the political order along democratic or liberal lines often found some supporters among religious leaders—in southern Europe, especially among would-be church reformers, perhaps in a Jansenist tradition. Such leaders could play an important role in proselytising for new values—though religious—for example, Lamennaisian—visions of democracy did not necessarily align neatly with more political visions. Religious leaders were also often prominent among opponents of reforms and in mobilizing ordinary people behind conservative forms of politics.
Popular Consent and the European Order
Authors: Innes Joanna
Published: December 2018

New ideas about how people should relate to power played out in relations between as well as within states. The French revolution promoted rights of self-determination, and devices (later termed plebiscites) for legitimating both new regimes and transfers of territories. Napoleon further instrumentalized, then abandoned, such practices. His enemies criticized his pursuit of ‘conquest’—but thereby raised questions about their own habits. After the wars, fuzzier notions of consent featured in discourses around ‘legitimacy’. Revolutions, which continued to be employed to constitute would-be-lawful regimes, tested prevailing ideas. In the Ottoman world, instruments that could be conceptualized as constitutions played a part in negotiations around overlordship. From the 1850s, plebiscites came back into use, alongside other means of registering consent to boundary change. Increasing involvement of European powers in attempts to resolve conflicts within Ottoman domains (thus Mount Lebanon, Crete) encouraged cross-fertilization between what were in some ways already convergent practices.
Algebras of Quantum Monodromy Data and Character Varieties
Authors: Chekhov Leonid , Mazzocco Marta , Rubtsov Vladimir
Published: December 2018

This chapter examines the Poisson structure of the representation variety of the fundamental groupoid of a Riemann surface with punctures and cusps, and the associated decorated character variety.
The Deformed Hermitian–Yang–Mills Equation in Geometry and Physics
Authors: Collins Tristan C. , Xie Dan , Yau Shing-Tung
Published: December 2018

This chapter provides an introduction to the mathematics and physics of the deformed Hermitian–Yang–Mills equation, a fully non-linear geometric PDE on Kähler manifolds, which plays an important role in mirror symmetry. The chapter discusses the physical origin of the equation, and some recent progress towards its solution. In addition, in dimension 3, it proves a new Chern number inequality and discusses the relationship with algebraic stability conditions.
Restrictions of Heterotic G2 Structures and Instanton Connections
Authors: de la Ossa Xenia , Larfors Magdalena , Svanes Eirik E.
Published: December 2018

This chapter revisits recent results regarding the geometry and moduli of solutions of the heterotic string on manifolds Y with a G2 structure. In particular, such heterotic G2 systems can be rephrased in terms of a differential Ď acting on a complex Ωˇ∗(Y,Q), where Ωˇ=T∗Y⊕End(TY)⊕End(V), and Ď is an appropriate projection of an exterior covariant derivative D which satisfies an instanton condition. The infinitesimal moduli are further parametrized by the first cohomology HDˇ1(Y,Q). The chapter proceeds to restrict this system to manifolds X with an SU(3) structure corresponding to supersymmetric compactifications to four-dimensional Minkowski space, often referred to as Strominger–Hull solutions. In doing so, the chapter derives a new result: the Strominger–Hull system is equivalent to a particular holomorphic Yang–Mills covariant derivative on Q|X=T∗X⊕End(TX)⊕End(V).
Shakespeare and Epic
Authors: Burrow Colin
Published: December 2018

This chapter describes how the word ‘epic’ spread from its early usages in sixteenth-century Cambridge to influence London poets and dramatists around Shakespeare. The word was associated with the highest of the three ‘characters’ of style, and by William Scott (in his recently discovered treatise The Model of Poesie, 1599) with the differentiation of particular speaking voices, or ‘characters’ in the modern sense. The chapter shows how arguments about ‘epic’ in the period cast light on Shakespeare’s allusions to the Aeneid in general and on the language of Troilus and Cressida in particular. This is an ‘epic’ drama in that it is pitched rhetorically between grandeur and excess, but also because it extends the rhetorical characters of style into a characterization of individual spoken voices. Shakespeare’s conception of ‘epic’ was a fully theatrical one, in which different characters manifest different, and often deviant, versions of the epic character of style.
Theatre on an Epic Scale
Authors: Supple Tim
Published: December 2018

Peter Brook’s ‘epic’ Mahabharata was not overtly a play for here and now but a conscious attempt to absorb the epics of elsewhere and render them meaningful throughout the world; it reached beyond place and time and sought a theatre of fundamental shared human character, belonging to no particular land or people or epoch. In pure form, we could see here all the essential elements of ‘epic’ theatre—narrative, episodic structure, music, the large-scale workings of gods and men and the crucial objective eye on all actions; and the result was something entirely original and intoxicating. It is the combination of ‘intimate’ impact with ‘epic’ scale, which marks the difference between truly ‘epic’ theatre and the mere big spectacle. This chapter examines the work of various practitioners from around the world, as well as some of the author’s own practice, in its attempt to define theatre on ‘an epic scale’.
From Epic to Lyric
Authors: Paul Georgina
Published: December 2018

This chapter examines two recent poetic responses to Homeric epic: Alice Oswald’s reworking of the Iliad in Memorial (2011) and Barbara Köhler’s cycle of Odyssey poems, Niemands Frau (2007), identifying their shared interest in dissolving the Homeric epic narrative line in favour of a gender-inflected preferment of the lyric dynamic. Epic narrative form is posited, via Horkheimer and Adorno’s reading of the Odyssey, as a correlate of the heroic masculinity it produces. It is contrasted with the lyric poem’s spatial or, in performance, sonic arena (in Köhler’s terminology, Areal) traversed by multiple possibilities of meaning: how meaning is derived from the Areal in any given reading is predicated, according to a model derived from Sappho’s ode to Anactoria, on ‘what moves us to love’. Köhler’s and Oswald’s poems emphasize not so much the heroic storyline as the verbal links and echoes across the poems that enable dynamic imaginative connections.
Homer as Improviser?
Authors: Burrow Colin
Published: December 2018

This chapter illustrates connections between Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey and the techniques of improvisation as heard in jazz performances. It starts by noting the inadequacy of the usual dictionary definition of ‘improvise’, inasmuch as it omits any consideration either of creativity or of necessary practice and training. After looking at a passage from Homer’s Iliad, and observing such well-known features as the use of repeated words and phrases (‘formulas’), it segues to jazz, noticing that similar techniques are employed, particularly repeated melodic motifs. The author illustrates (through improvisations from the jazz standard ‘Night and Day’) that these motifs can be modified and developed in much the same way as Homeric formulas. In each genre, the use of formulaic material is by no means an indication of mechanical and artless composition; rather such techniques are the fundamental tools of a creative artist composing and performing simultaneously.
‘Now hear this’
Authors: Power Henry
Published: December 2018

In 1958 Christopher Logue produced his first ‘account’ of the Iliad, ‘Achilles Fights the River’, following encouragement from two BBC producers, Donald Carne-Ross and Xanthe Wakefield. Over the next four decades, Logue produced several more accounts, now known collectively as War Music. Despite being the product of Logue’s idiosyncratic range of interests and affinities, the poem was also shaped through collaboration with two people who had a particular interest in the poem’s performance. Logue continued to correspond into the early 1980s with Carne-Ross, whose constant attention to the sound of the poem was crucial to its development. From 1981, Logue’s collaboration with the actor Alan Howard, who recorded sections of the poem for broadcast on the BBC also helped to shape War Music. This chapter, drawing on archival material, considers the ways in which the poem’s performance history affected its form and its development.
Unfixing Epic
Authors: Harrop Stephe
Published: December 2018

This chapter considers what a putative oral Homer means to contemporary performing artists. It is argued that (especially within devised theatre, performance storytelling, and spoken-word poetry) an imagined oral Homer can serve as inspiration for the creation of deliberately unpredictable ‘unfixed’ performances, which strive to generate present-day equivalents for the flexibility and spontaneity attributed to the earliest, preliterary, performances of epic. This chapter uses the terminology of ‘fixed’ and ‘unfixed’ to analyse such performances, with different works, and even different iterations of a single work, displaying ‘fixed’ or ‘unfixed’ characteristics to varying degrees, and at different moments. An in-depth case study examines Kate Tempest’s Brand New Ancients as a high-profile example of a work containing a significant degree of interplay between ‘fixed’ and ‘unfixed’ elements. The chapter concludes by highlighting challenging new questions concerning creative interactions between contemporary performance practices and myths of Homeric orality.