bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Becoming Female and Deformed through Suffering in Hell
Authors: Henning Meghan R.
Published: January 2022

Chapter 3 focuses on the bodily torments themselves, demonstrating that hell threatened readers with the horror of transforming into a female, disabled body through references to hair, skin, and reproductive organs. This chapter applies the ancient understandings of the bodies that were “assigned to suffering” in chapter 1 to an analysis of the apocalyptic depictions of hell. The results of this analysis demonstrate that ancient Christian understandings of the suffering body were not simply employing a binary juxtaposition between male and female, or a negative valuation of the feminine or disabled body. For example, this chapter examines the weeping, leaky, male bodies of Jesus, Peter, and Paul as well as the weeping bodies of male sinners, without trying to fit the ideological differences of those depictions into a single explanatory framework.
Our Present Challenge
Authors: Scanlan Melissa K.
Published: January 2022

This chapter highlights the critical juncture in global development that calls for a fresh approach to cooperating for a livable planet. It cites the international scientific consensus indicating that humans are on a deadly trajectory as increasing amounts of greenhouse gases (GHGs) are released due to economic activities. It also describes that atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) are at their highest levels in over 800,000 years and continue to rise. The chapter discusses the alarming decline of biodiversity worldwide at the close of the 2010s, noting that humanity is at a critical juncture that leads to climate-related risks to health, livelihoods, food security, water supply, personal security, and economic growth. It stresses the growing awareness around the world to move the global economy off fossil fuels and rethink and redesign man's relationship with natural resources.
The uneven geographies of neighbourhood planning in England
Authors: Parker Gavin
Published: January 2022

This chapter discusses recent research that surveyed 120 groups involved at different stages of the neighbourhood planning process in England. Focusing on both the experiences of those involved in urban and rural areas, it provides a source from which to draw out some wider observations about the overall neighbourhood planning experience. In particular, the chapter gives insights into the evolution of neighbourhood planning groups in terms of their motivations and capacities to engage, their location and socioeconomic background, the issues that they are focusing on, and the barriers that they have been facing. In the light of debates on localism, it considers the extent to which neighbourhood planning is producing an uneven and unequal geography. The chapter also adds new dimensions to debates on capacity building and the over- and under-representation of certain interests in neighbourhood planning.
Planning and governing the future city
Authors: Dixon Timothy J. , Tewdwr-Jones Mark
Published: January 2022

This chapter examines the more recent evolution of urban planning and its response to these contextual, state and neoliberal pressures, and explore how city visioning can still help develop a stronger focus for an activity that is referred to as futures-based urban planning in and for our cities and urban areas. The links between urban planning, city foresight and wider state theory are explored and the implications of city visioning and long-term strategic planning in cities are highlighted. The focus in the chapter is on exploring the changing role that planning and city foresight might play within the future governance of the city, and how place-based leadership and place management can reinvigorate urban planning approaches.
Theoretical approaches to urban futures
Authors: Dixon Timothy J. , Tewdwr-Jones Mark
Published: January 2022

This chapter examines pathways to change for cities and look at two main strands of thinking for understanding systemic change within cities: (i) socio-ecological systems (SES); and (ii) socio-technical transitions (STT). The chapter focuses particularly on STT to show how transition theory (comprising the multi-level perspective) and transition management can be used as analytical and conceptual frameworks for understanding and shaping and guiding urban transitions. In doing this, the chapter focuses on examples from our own research and other work. The chapter concludes by providing key lessons from this body of work and what we can learn by using transitions theory in an urban context.
Contemporary expressions of arts and culture as protest: consonance, dissonance, paradox and opportunities for community development?
Authors: Mutibwa Daniel H.
Published: January 2022

The predominance of rich academic analyses of the arts and its use in protest at both macro and meso levels within social movement coalitions has eclipsed work involving other actors, groups and organisations engaging in protest at micro levels outside of social movements and mainstream culture This chapter recognises that protest can and does happen in local or community contexts that may not necessarily be part of the said movements and culture. To illustrate this, the chapter provides an ethnographic account of the use of the arts and culture in the service of protest through the lens of two pioneering arts organisations. Conceptualising the organisations’ activity and practice as arts, and cultural work as protest, the chapter considers how such work offers public witness, is oppositional, and presents alternative visions of being or organising. It explores the different forms of institutional, political and market controls that fiercely challenge this work and discusses responses to those challenges. The chapter argues that, while those responses are not unproblematic and demand huge sacrifices, they demonstrate a commitment to pursuing sustainable social change through collective action and solidarity in alignment with critical and transformational approaches to community development.
The kinaesthetics of community: social circus, corporeal aesthetics and the balancing act of a development practice in (post-)neoliberal conditions
Authors: Spiegel Jennifer Beth
Published: January 2022

The role of kinaesthetics within social and cultural institutions is increasingly being taken into consideration within community development theory and practice. Corporeal habits and modes of engaging the world shape individuals’ subjective experiences as well as collective modes of co-creation. The conditions of movement, however, are shaped by wider institutional structures and policies. This chapter explores the kinaesthetics of community within the context of ‘social circus’ initiatives – a movement of programs that use the circus arts as a modality of community development. It analyzes the use of embodied play to re-forge personal habits and fortify social identities, and traces tensions that persist between goals of integrating into existing cultural and socioeconomic systems, and those of transforming the collective horizon of possibility. Highlighting research conducted with participants, instructors, community workers and funders at various social circus sites across the Americas, the chapter demonstrates how social circus embodies a distinct approach to community development, balancing the demands of the neoliberal era with the dreams of a post-neoliberal vision.
The scope of sex/gender embodiment and self-determination
Authors: Davy Zowie
Published: January 2022

The first chapter develops the Deleuzian framework and places debates surrounding sex/gender as a key motif that travels through the rest of the book. Key feminist and new materialist debates are explored in relation to ‘sex’ and ‘gender,’ trans, sex/gender expansive and intersex people, notions of biologism and bioethical encounters to understand the contexts in which particular human and non-human bodies’ desire sex/gender. This chapter explores the ways that sex/gender assemblages help us to understand the complex ways in which humans are continuously produced through, rather than determined by biological, material, affective, social, semiotic, political, and economic forces. These ideas are then explored in relation to notions of sex/gender autonomy and bodily integrity in the context of legislative human rights.
(Self-)determining trans, sex/gender expansive and intersex people
Authors: Davy Zowie
Published: January 2022

This chapter explores the burgeoning debates from the international trans and intersex depathologization movement in relation to medico-legal sex/gender self-determination. This activism argues for a patient-centred, self-determination model to be implemented. The chapter goes on to describe the different degrees to which sex/gender self-determination has made inroads into medico-legal frameworks in Europe, Asia, and South America, and assesses whether these developments are underpinned by self-determination. As such, this chapter deals with the micro-challenges and movements that are producing new medical practices for trans, sex/gender expansive and intersex people through political activism. I demonstrate that in some countries, psychiatrists’ power over trans, sex/gender expansive and intersex people’s bodies is being questioned, and highlight that the self-determination model has succeeded in changing the context in various jurisdictions.
Introduction
Authors: Bradbury Alice
Published: January 2022

This introductory chapter sets out a rationale for exploring the concept of ‘ability’ and how it relates to educational inequalities. It considers merit and ability in recent political debate, and concludes that ideas about individual ‘talents’ are common across the political spectrum. The theoretical framing for the book is then set out, including discussion of disciplinary and regulatory power from Foucault, and ideas from Critical Race Theory and DisCrit on inequalities. The two educational developments which are the focus of later chapters – neuroscience and datafication – are then introduced, before the research study which motivated this book is described. The chapter ends with an outline of the rest of the book.
Introduction
Authors: Horton John , Pimlott-Wilson Helena , Hall Sarah Marie
Published: January 2022

This chapter considers how contexts of economic crisis, austerity and neoliberalism have transformed contemporary childhood and youth, and offers the concept of ‘hard times’ as a provocative way of enabling new kinds of discussion about these interrelated processes. The chapter develops three key arguments. First, it argues that experiences of children, young people and families have been overwhelmingly absent from chief scholarly accounts of neoliberalism, austerity and the global financial crisis. Second, conversely, the chapter argues that more multidisciplinary researchers working with children, young people and families should address the impacts of neoliberalisations, austerities and economic crises for children and young people’s lives, particularly inasmuch as they intersect with gendered, classed, ableist, post-colonial, heteronormative, and cis-normative modes of marginality and social exclusion. Third, the chapter argues that too much is lost in normative accounts that figure neoliberalisations, austerities and economic crises in primarily political-economic terms, overlooking hard times as lived, as felt, as endured, as intimately experienced and as personal. A postscript situates these arguments in the emerging contexts of COVID-19.
Sex and intimacy in later life: a survey of the terrain
Authors: Reynolds Paul , Simpson Paul , Hafford-Letchfield Trish
Published: January 2022

This chapter Introduces the book through a critical discussion of conventional views of ageing, sex and intimate lives and their problems and limitations. It identifies and rejects conventional stereotypes as prejudicial and disabling of older peoples sexual and intimate desires. It comments on the relative neglect of older people in research agendas around sex and intimacy and identifies this text and the series it launches as part of a corrective to this neglect. It introduces the collection of chapters as representing a range of intersectional identities with age and sex//intimacy, including gender, ethnicity/race/sexuality/class.
Sexual desires and intimacy needs in older persons and towards the end of life
Authors: Rennie Karen
Published: January 2022

This chapter is predicated on the notion that sex is not just about the physical acts of sex, or whom we have or might want to have sex with, although it undoubtedly does encompass that. Sex and intimacy comprise emotions, feelings and desires about how we perceive and experience love, intimacy, touch, pleasure and passion. Research shows that sexual expression provides emotional and physical benefits throughout life and does not diminish with age or loss of capacity (Rennie et al 2017). For too long, the sexual desires and intimate connections of older persons have been, like some embarrassment, swept under the carpet or have been subject to misunderstanding. This chapter aims to challenge such stereotypes about older people and sexual desires, especially focusing on the ‘oldest old’ and older persons experiencing their end of life. I create a discussion about the specialness of sex in terms of its significance for older persons in order to provide a context for discussion of the sensitive subjects of sex and intimacy, including older persons living with dementia, older persons living in long-term care settings, and older persons who are at the end of life.
The age of rediscovery: what is it like to gender transition when you are 50 plus?
Authors: Bonhomme Laura Scarrone
Published: January 2022

This chapter seeks to address the experiences of transgender and non-binary people who come to transition after turning 50. The reader will be guided through the questioning process that leads individuals to accept the reality of gender dysphoria and the need to take this life-changing decision. In order to better understand its bio-psycho-social impact, the reader will be asked to retrace the changes of their own adolescence. Whilst starting to live within authentic gender role, many gender-diverse people (in their midlife) experience a re-enactment of transformations associated to this period. Offering a contextual understanding of this group, the demographics of the 50 plus population will be described. Overall, the chapter provides a holistic understanding of how the relationship with one’s body, sexuality, and social interactions can greatly change as a result of accepting one’s gender identity and seeking specialist support, no matter how ‘late’ in life.
Ageing asexually: exploring desexualisation and ageing intimacies
Authors: Przybylo Ela
Published: January 2022

This chapter examines how compulsory sexuality operates alongside desexualization for aging adults in Western countries at the end of the twentieth and beginning of the twenty-first century, where the pressure to have sex and remain vigorous into late life looms strong. Drawing on asexuality studies, I mark a difference between asexuality, as a sexual orientation of low to no sexual attraction to others, and desexualisation, as a harmful process of barring or preventing access to sex, sexual fulfilment, and sexual identity. Arguing for desexualisation as a life-undermining ageist project, the chapter outlines the ways in which older adults are desexualized through a politics of disgust, disposability, and through the spatialization of disposability. Next, the chapter looks at the discourse of so-called “successful aging” and how this discourse relies on compulsory sexuality to situate sex as a practice of combatting aging available unevenly to those who are able-bodied, white, and upper to middle class. Finally, the chapter turns to rethinking intimacy on asexually-infused terms that allow for a broadening on what constitutes intimacy in older age.
Older people living in long-term care: no place for old sex?
Authors: Villar Feliciano , Fabà Josep
Published: January 2022

This chapter addresses barriers that older people living in long-term care facilities (L-TCF) have to face to express openly their sexual needs and maintain their rights to a sexual/erotic life. It examines research regarding three kinds of barrier: social attitudes toward sexuality in older age; organizational culture and models of care prevalent in L-TCF; and staff attitudes influencing practices and relations with older people living in L-TCF. The chapter also draws attention to how certain social groups, such as people living with a dementia, and those identifying as lesbian, gay, bisexual or trans face particular problems in relation to the expression of sexual needs. The chapter concludes by considering interventions aimed at improving such challenging situations, among them reinforcing staff development and training on sexual issues, developing formal and clear institutional guidelines on sexuality and the need to abandon a task-oriented model of care in favour of person-centred care models.
Final reflections: themes and issues arising from the volume on desexualisation in later life
Authors: Simpson Paul , Hafford-Letchfield Trish , Reynolds Paul
Published: January 2022

This concluding chapter briefly reprises the main foci of this volume concerning critical attention to the cross-cutting embodied, relational, cultural, structural and policy and practice-related constraints on older people’s intimate and sexual self-expression. However to avoid a simple, pedestrian recap of key points, the chapter highlights broader themes to which chapters refer and which suggest an agenda for research that could develop into studies of how older people challenge and resist desexualisation and that anticipate creative resexualization of diverse older selves.
The condition of wifehood
Authors: Oakley Ann
Published: January 2022

This chapter summarizes the main arguments of the book, that assumptions about marriage and women obstruct recognition of women’s achievement. It looks briefly at the history of marriage and the politics of women’s rights, and introduces the four detailed case-studies that follow.
The social dimension of sustainable development at the UN: from Brundtland to the SDGs
Authors: Borowy Iris
Published: January 2022

This chapter discusses the issue of the ‘social’ in ‘sustainable development’ (SD). Much neglected in academic and policymaking circles, the chapter reveals that the ‘social’ dimension was certainly considered to be a central component of sustainable development at the United Nations from the 1980s, inextricably linked to economic and environmental concerns. It emphasizes that sustainable development is about meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Depending on who does the planning, perceptions of reality as well as desires for change may differ. The chapter then elaborates on some of those plans with regard to the ‘social’ dimension of SD. The chapter examines how questions (such as, what does the social component of SD consist of? Is a one-world or fragmented-world approach more just, acceptable and useful or, in other words, who is perceived as needing to change?) were addressed at critical junctures of the SD debates between the 1970s and today.
Everything seemed to change at once: women’s liberation and the women’s movement(s) from the 1960s
Authors: Hague Gill
Published: January 2022

This chapter outlines women’s liberation and the women’s movement(s) from the 1960s onwards, in the UK and other countries, with background contextualising history and memoir. It describes the way that the new passionate women’s movements erupted out of the post-World War II period and the social ferment and wide-ranging social movements for liberation at the end of the 1960s. The passion and verve of the women’s liberation movement is described in terms of consciousness raising, patriarchy, collective organising, and ‘the personal is political’. The chapter outlines the development of a dazzling array of groups and actions from the early 1970s on, addressing, for example, abortion, equal pay, education, childcare, sexual freedom, the lesbian movement and social liberation for women. They included campaigns, demonstrations, theatre groups, music, conferences, work with trade unions, books, newsletters, daily transformations and the Seven Demands of the Women’s Liberation Movement. The book addresses the challenges raised by, and the development of, the independent Black women’s movement.
Taking on rape and sexual violence, as well as domestic abuse
Authors: Hague Gill
Published: January 2022

While the book is focused on domestic violence and abuse, this chapter looks at the equally important issues around wider sexual violence and rape. The rape crisis movement evolved at the same time as, and in close collaboration with, the domestic abuse movement, building, similarly, on consciousness raising and collective working. It resulted in a pioneering network of women’s rape crisis phone lines and centres. The chapter outlines the development and challenges of the rape crisis movement, with some examples referencing the original London Rape Crisis Centre. It also addresses WAVAW (Women Against Violence Against Women) and the Reclaim the Night movement. It brings the discussions of sexual violence services up-to-date with a look at Sexual Abuse Referral Centres (SARCs) and anti-rape campaigns.
Struggling to change: campaigns, laws, and local and global strategies
Authors: Hague Gill
Published: January 2022

This chapter looks at campaigns and social action on domestic violence and rape in the UK across the years, including the End Violence Against Women Campaign and Imkaan. It outlines the global instruments on gender-based violence, and domestic abuse legislation, especially in England and Wales and in Scotland, including the pioneering laws of the 1970s, and activist work to campaign for/improve this legislation. It describes the development of wider collaborations, ‘violence against women and girls’ strategies and multi-agency coordination, bringing agencies and services together to mount coordinated responses. The chapter pays tribute to the late Ellen Pence and the Duluth (USA) Domestic Abuse Intervention Program. It describes the pioneering previous work of the Greater London Domestic Violence Project, and of helplines and men’s projects. It analyses the evolution of commissioning frameworks which can disadvantage smaller organisations, and of mainstreaming. The development of large organisations incorporating many domestic violence services and of a strong emphasis on risk assessment are also outlined. The chapter discusses austerity and funding shortages in the 2010s which have led to project closures and have affected Black and minority domestic violence projects disproportionately. The chapter concludes with a poem about women’s activists in the Middle East and Iraqi Kurdistan.
Activist responses, justice and shelters (refuges) across the world
Authors: Hague Gill
Published: January 2022

This chapter discusses activist responses across the world to domestic violence and abuse, and the development of shelters (refuges) in other countries. It starts with a look at international initiatives to work with the police, for example, the Special Cell for Women and Children in India, the Canadian London, Ontario, initiatives and women’s police stations in Brazil. It debates whether shelters / refuges are a Western concept, and the necessity for context-specific projects in countries of the Global South. It continues by looking at the pioneering work of the World Conference of Shelters and the Global Network of Women’s Shelters. The chapter concludes with a tribute to the women’s activists on domestic violence who now span the globe and a poem honouring Middle Eastern activists and their work on ‘honour’-based violence.
Innovation outside the state: the Glendale Gateway Trust
Authors: Healey Patsy , Johnston Tom , Mansfield Frank
Published: January 2022

This chapter reviews the experience of a civil society initiative in rural Northumberland experiencing a major transformation from an agricultural economy, an ageing population and problems of housing affordability. Since it was formed in 1996, the Glendale Gateway Trust, a community-led development agency, has created a multi-faceted community centre, provided affordable housing for rent, renovated parts of the local high street, provided offices for small business ventures and promoted tourist opportunities. It has both responded to the conditions generated by neoliberal policies pursued at national government level and shown ways of innovating in the prevailing governance ecosystem. Through its activities, it has helped to improve the quality of life and opportunities available in the area, contributed to rural social transformation, and shown a way forward towards a sustainable future to replace the traditional, labour-intensive agricultural economy.
‘Computer Says No’: exploring social justice in digital services
Authors: Crivellaro Clara , Coles-Kemp Lizzie , Wood Karen
Published: January 2022

This chapter presents an exploration of what constitutes justice in digital services through a collaboration between Parker Trust - a charity based in Sunderland, and Not-Equal - a UKRI funded project. The chapter brings together the voices of people at Parker Trust as they struggle to benefit from digital welfare services. It uncovers the critical role that caring relations plays in enabling capabilities needed for digital access. This exploration is set within a wider process of digital transformation in the UK - where technologies’ careless design and application could amplify existing forms of injustice; and where the Covid-19 pandemic forced the sudden closure of community spaces usually supporting those most in need to access digital services. The chapter concludes with a call for concerted efforts to democratise digital innovation within an ethics of care, towards the co-creation of a digital society that can benefit the many rather than the few.
The civic university: introduction
Authors: Todd Liz , Davoudi Simin , Shucksmith Mark , Steer Mel
Published: January 2022

This chapter include signposting and a summary of the chapters in this section of the book.
Reinventing a civic role for the 21st century: the cathedral and the university
Authors: Goddard John , Gilliland Lindy
Published: January 2022

This chapter explores how a long-established institution - a city’s cathedral - can rediscover its roots through place making and interaction with business and the community and civic life at large through the provision of ‘spiritual capital’. Contrasts are made with the urban university seeking to establish its role as an anchor institution providing ‘intellectual capital’, with both translating higher aspirations into actions that contribute to meeting the challenges facing their cities. Developing these roles for both poses institutional leadership and management challenges as they seek to reconcile potentially conflicting demands on the use of space, working with a multiplicity of partners and the need for financial viability to sustain their core missions. The chapter focuses on St Nicholas’s Cathedral, Newcastle seeking to re-establish a civic role in the commercial as well as religious life of the city that dates back to the 15th-century. Comparison is made with Newcastle University established in the 19th-century to serve the needs of a rapidly industrialising city and currently seeking to re-invent itself as a civic university connecting the global and the local in urban partnerships.
The benefit of hindsight: learning for policy and practice
Authors: Neagu Mariela
Published: January 2022

Although the research participants were all born in Romania, the exceptional case in which Romania’s children were reflected in international relations, international media and research make it an interesting study case for any country that sets to close down its residential institutions. This chapter addresses implications for practice and sets the research findings into a wider context. It challenges the global and aggressive deinstitutionalisation policy as a goal to improve lives of children in care in different countries and cultural contexts. It makes reference to systemic challenges and invites the reader to reflect on the key aspects of care. One important conclusion is that the quality of care is more important than the type of placement.
Epilogue
Authors: Neagu Mariela
Published: January 2022

Since the time of the interviews, I have stayed in contact with several of the young people and, alongside that, social media accounts have made me a silent witness for how their lives unfold. Undoubtedly, interviewing them in a few years’ time would bring new learning. Among those who have stayed in contact, some went on to have their own children. They are each a committed parent as every child should have. Some of those who grew up in residential care since birth and who did not speak of any romantic relationships during the interview, have started relationships. One has invited me to his wedding. Some emigrated for work, something they could do since Romania became a full member of the European Union. Andi is one of them. After some initial struggles in his new country, he is now in full-time employment, providing cleaning services and earning enough to live and look after himself. His past experiences still haunt him but he has a small number of friends and a strong faith in God. He received the necessary state support to pay his rent when he could not work due to COVID-19 restrictions. For him and many others who experienced abuse in care as he did, a truth commission or some kind of restorative justice is necessary and a moral duty for Romania. Veronica also emigrated and has saved enough to buy a house (in Romania), her most important aspiration at the time of the interview. Some of those adopted internationally continue to struggle in different ways....
Harmful social and cultural practices that exist within South Asian communities in the UK and their impact on women
Authors: Ganeshpanchan Zinthiya , Masson Isla
Published: January 2022

This chapter recounts the influx of South Asian migrants to the UK since 1947, which was motivated by a need to escape civil war, to seek better economic opportunities, for marriage or to join family members. It cites the 2011 census indicating that South Asians represent the largest minority group in Britain and many of them are contributing to economic, social, and political life. It highlights the disadvantages of South Asian women migrants, such as language barriers, lack of education, lack of skills, poor-quality housing, unemployment, and specific forms of violence associated with the various cultural and religious practices that define their identity. The chapter discusses the increase in gender-based power imbalance that reinforces the patriarchal structures of both the host and migrant cultures, which leads to the further marginalisation and victimisation of women.
“You can’t make a living doing porn”: Laith
Authors: Bowen Raven
Published: January 2022

In this chapter, extent literature on ‘exiting’ sex work is presented and then problematise due the limitations of role transition theories that underpin this scholarship, the overreliance on the experiences of the most visible sex workers, who are street-based, and ideological standpoints that view sex work as wholly exploitation, all contributes to simplistic dichotomy conceptualisations of as something people are either trapped in or have survived. Drawing on the lived experiences and practices of Contributors who operate at the intersection of sex work and square work, and research that offers a nuanced understanding of the factors that influence decisions about involvement in sex work. The Continuum of Sex Industry Work and Square Work (SIWSQ) is introduced as an alternative framework to understand this complex issue. The chapter ends with a detailed accounting by participants of their diversified earnings derived from duality compared to the general population, time investments in work in both industries, and how participating in concurrent sex work and square work provides ‘flexicurity’. Contributors discuss how duality staves off poverty, provides money for emergencies, seed money and funding for interim projects such as tuition, and facilitates social mobility if engaged in as a longer-term financial strategy to pay for life.
Narratives as tools for influencing policy change1
Authors: Crow Deserai , Jones Michael
Published: January 2022

This chapter discusses how public policy is navigated by a system of actors that are vying for their preferred policy goals and wield narratives to help achieve those goals. It analyzes the intuitive ad hoc nature of policy narration by drawing upon extant narrative research in public policy to offer theoretically based and useful storytelling advice. It also uses the Narrative Policy Framework, a recent theoretical innovation in policy scholarship, to build a guide for applied understanding of theory. The chapter outlines two key pitfalls that can lead to ineffective policy communication: knowledge fallacy and empathy fallacy. It elaborates that knowledge fallacy is likely to be familiar to those versed in the science communication literature, while empathy fallacy has not been identified within policy narrative research.
Using cultural theory to navigate the policy process
Authors: Simmons Richard
Published: January 2022

This chapter talks about complexity that places a premium on evidence and judgement, the ability to question, and learn and adapt. It points out how institutions matter in complexity and elaborates how policymakers use institutions to establish and prioritise particular values, norms, rules and roles to reduce the complexity of choice. It analyzes Cultural Theory (CT), which allows researchers to examine the role of institutions in structuring how policy actors make sense of their environment. The chapter addresses challenges through CT's parsimonious framework, which constitutes institutions in rivalrous cultural biases. It claims that theory provides common frames of reference that benefit the work of policy scholars, including their engagement with practical policy.
The lessons of policy learning: types, triggers, hindrances and pathologies1
Authors: Dunlop Claire A , Radaelli Claudio M
Published: January 2022

This chapter reviews the literature on policy learning, which has generated a huge amount of heat producing policy learning taxonomies, concepts, and methods. It discusses what are the lessons of thinking about policy processes in terms of learning, what are their triggers and hindrances, what can go wrong with learning, and what are the pathologies. It also examines features, triggers, hindrances, and pathologies of learning that depend on the policy process context in which actors interact. The chapter refers to policy actors engaged with bargaining or who have tried to understand what works on the basis of science and evidence in order to find solutions within a pre-established hierarchy of rules and procedures. It highlights four process-related contexts: epistemic, reflexivity, bargaining, and compliance with hierarchy.
Reflections and resolutions in drawing practical lessons from policy theories
Authors: Weible Christopher M , Cairney Paul
Published: January 2022

This chapter summarises the state-of-the-art developments of different theories and aspects of relatively complicated and dynamic policy process theories, such as the Punctuated Equilibrium Theory and Advocacy Coalition Framework. It offers practical insights that sometimes overlap in dealing with various themes of the policy process and focuses on the cognitive aspects of the policy processes by dealing with strategies related to persuasion and learning. It also covers lessons on recognising cognitive shortcuts, telling good stories, and developing the right opportunities for learning. The chapter points out how policy theories offer a different lens for influencing public policy than those commonly found in political science. It outlines the assumption that policy actors are subject to bounded rationality, which prompts them to develop strategies for persuasion and learning to build and maintain coalitions over the long haul with policy actors.
Grading the Implementation Prospects: Where Do We Go from Here?
Authors: Jagannathan Radha
Published: January 2022

Radha Jagannathan authors this final chapter and begins with an examination of the disconnect that exists between knowledge/data on the employment policies with an empirical record of success and the motivation to implement these policies that could dramatically reduce the youth unemployment rates in southern Mediterranean countries. This apparent disconnect is explored through a cultural lens with the help of five, not necessarily mutually exclusive, hypotheses. The chapter then goes on to provide the reader with a scorecard of the feasibility of the German and American models for the southern Mediterranean countries featured in this book. This scorecard contrasts the rankings of chapter experts with assessments of each country’s (Spain, Portugal, Greece, France, Italy) prospects by the authors of the German and American chapters (chapters 7 and 8). Each chapter expert was asked to provide a brief rational for his/her ranking based on the data and discussion which appears in the chapter contributions. These rationales are presented unfiltered. The chapter concludes with a final word on technology transfer in an environment of renewed nationalism.
Making Platforms Public
Authors: Carrigan Mark , Fatsis Lambros
Published: January 2022

This chapter offers a sociology of platforms that is aimed at making them 'public' through the way that they are used. It highlights how exciting social media are as objects of and tools for sociological research and thinking, emphasizing cautiousness about the limits that the political economy imposes. It also looks at the realization that online platforms are not neutral, idle tools as they can be used whenever or however and are still dictated by powerful systems on how much that can be done with and through them. The chapter analyzes the idea of platform capitalism, analysing the function of social media as promising opportunities for connection, exchange and collaboration. It highlights ways that obscure the reality that social media is used as much as individuals are being used by them.
Truth and the Probity of Evidence-Gathering
Authors: Hillier Tim , Dingwall Gavin
Published: January 2022

Procedural rules are sometimes breached, intentionally or inadvertently, in the evidence-gathering process. The evidence uncovered may incriminate or exculpate a suspect. If the primary determinant of admissibility is relevance, then the case for using such evidence is compelling. But what is the point of procedural rules if they can be flouted with impunity? This Chapter contrasts the English law approach to admitting illegally or unfairly obtained evidence with that of other jurisdictions, notably the United States, to evaluate how these competing concerns are resolved. The conclusion considers three potential justifications for excluding prima facie relevant evidence: systemic unfairness; human rights protection; and deterrence.
Restoration, Reconciliation and Reconceptualizing Justice
Authors: Hillier Tim , Dingwall Gavin
Published: January 2022

Earlier Chapters question whether traditional modes of adjudication are able to capture the reality of a criminal event. This is one of several concerns that have led theorists and activists to seek alternatives to the orthodox criminal justice system; most notably, there is an increasing use of restorative justice schemes at the domestic and international level. After considering definitional issues, the Chapter will outline the main claims made by exponents of restorative justice and review empirical evidence which is broadly supportive. The conclusion reviews the implications of adopting a restorative approach for truth-finding in criminal cases.
Introduction
Authors: Herring Jonathan
Published: January 2022

This chapter introduces the reader to some of the themes of the book. It explains the different ways that law can impact on society and how these related to different stages of life. It also sets out the legal concepts of rights and best interests which are used in the regulation of human behaviour.
Family Law
Authors: Herring Jonathan
Published: January 2022

This chapter considers the lessons that can be learned for family law by considering the life course. It looks at the legal response to marriage and questions the extent to which the law does, or should, privilege marriage. It considers whether other relationship may be more deserving of support than marriage. It also considers the basis of parenthood and how the law allocates parental status.
Conclusion
Authors: Herring Jonathan
Published: January 2022

This chapter brings together some of the themes of the book. It explores the tension for the law and society between the emphasis on individualism and the expectation and assumptions around stages of life. It considers the emphasis placed on autonomy in law and approaches to the life course.
The Idea of South Asia as a Region
Authors: Chakma Bhumitra
Published: January 2022

This chapter explains the complexities of defining a region. ‘Region’ is a contested idea and there is no consensus among the scholars about it. This chapter illustrates the complexities of defining South Asia as a region and explains in what sense it should or should not be called a region.
SAARC and the Limits of Cooperation in South Asia
Authors: Chakma Bhumitra
Published: January 2022

This chapter evaluates the performance of SAARC and the limits of South Asian regionalism. It analyses its achievements and failures. SAARC is largely viewed as a dysfunctional organisation and its achievements mostly, as noted above, are ‘on paper’. However, it should be noted that SAARC has some achievements which will be explored in this chapter. But, as will be analysed, its failures are more visible than its achievements. This chapter provides a nuanced, in-depth analysis of the successes and failures of SAARC and their causes.
Introduction: The Ultramodern Age of Criminology, Control Societies and ‘Dividual’ Justice Policy
Authors: Arrigo Bruce A. , Sellers Brian G. , Butta Faith
Published: January 2022

This Introduction accomplishes two objectives. First, it situates the volume within the age of ultramodern criminology. In this age, data science and digital culture (re)produce “dividual” justice policy. The imperative of this policy is a control society. Second, the Introduction summarizes what each chapter investigates within the volume. Collectively, the chapters demonstrate the relevance and impact of the pre-crime society thesis across the systems of state, national, and global surveillance and securitization
2 The Security Society: On Power, Surveillance and Punishments
Authors: Schuilenburg Marc
Published: January 2022

This chapter analyzes the basis of present ‘security’ at the level of both discourse and practice by exploring the long-term process of transformation from a sovereign to a security society. In an extension on Foucault’s and Deleuze’s writings on power, a new type of power is introduced: ‘psychopower’, which makes it possible to channel our desires toward ‘normal’ social behaviour, drawing a line between what is acceptable and what is unacceptable.
Pre-Crime and the ‘Control Society’: Mass Preventive Justice and the Jurisprudence of Safety
Authors: O’Malley Pat , Smith Gavin J.D.
Published: January 2022

Not only new crimes and pre-crimes, but also already existing offences, are being defined in terms of risk factors. This is associated with the reconstitution of sanctions into risk-reducing interventions. The chapter focuses on the re-formation of speeding offences in this light, and their redefinition into ‘mass preventive justice’ within a risk-based jurisprudence of safety. While this conforms with the Deleuzian diagram of ‘control society’, resistance has been widespread and its impact needs to be taken into account.
Commodification of Suffering
Authors: Draper Matthew , Breton Brett , Petot Lisa
Published: January 2022

Suffering seeks amelioration. Such context presents opportunities for service, and in our modern western societies, an opportunity for profit. Psychologically, many forms of suffering are constructed by the health care professionals as “mental illness”. These professionals surveil the prevalence of these constructed categories to assist those who fall within them—simultaneously allowing them to profit from clients’ seeking amelioration. One instance of such profit-tied data is population prevalence, a measure of the frequency of these conditions and rates of illness along with suggestions for efficient. Unfortunately, some illnesses are complex, hence more expensive to treat, which decreases profitability. This decrease in profitability, in turn, affects the practice of treating these illnesses, because third-party payors are less likely to reimburse practitioners for treating them. This leaves a deficit of treatment, especially for the more severely mentally ill, which includes, to a considerable degree, the mentally ill individuals in correctional facilities.
Global Surveillance: The Emerging Role of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Technology
Authors: Sellers Brian G.
Published: January 2022

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), which uses electromagnetic radio waves to automatically identify people, animals, or objects, has become perhaps the most pervasive computing technology in history. First, this chapter provides an historical overview of the literature pertaining to the emergence of RFID and its evolving system components. Secondly, the chapter examines RFID’s numerous practical applications as a mechanism for global surveillance in the Internet of Things (IoT). Next, the chapter undertakes a theoretical analysis of the significance RFID technology plays in the globalization of surveillance. RFID, as an emerging crime control technology, is geared towards global post-panoptic surveillance, panoptic social sorting, the responsibilization of citizens, and new forms of “people-making” culture in coordination with the aims of the global pre-crime society. Lastly, the chapter concludes with a critique related to the liberty, privacy, and citizenship concerns of RFID implementation and human chipping.
Philosophy Behind Bars
Authors: Szifris Kirstine
Published: January 2022

This book describes the experience and outcomes of engaging prisoners in philosophy education. Through philosophical dialogue, prisoners had the opportunity to discuss some of the ‘big’ questions in life: ‘What does it mean to be me?’ ‘What is society?’ ‘What are morals and how do they affect how we ought to behave?’ Through non-adversarial, collaborative conversation, Szifris works with men serving long sentences to develop a community of philosophical enquiry. After 3 months of philosophical conversation, the importance of this type of education became apparent – this is about identity and self-understanding. Men in prison need opportunity to express themselves, to explore philosophical questions and engage with each other in positive activity.
Through discussion of identity, the text considers whether there is room for growth in the prison environment or can people only ‘survive’. The research, which took place in two prisons, explores the role of prison education, community dialogue and active philosophising in encouraging personal development.
The research describes the role of philosophical dialogue in developing trust and relationships between and among the participants; the relevance of this type of education to prisoners’ psychological wellbeing; and the significance of the subject-matter to participants’ perspectives. The book argues that prison promotes the formation of a hyper-masculine ‘survival’ identity. It goes on to argue that education, and more specifically philosophy education, can play a role in cultivating growth identities that encourage personal exploration, self-reflection, and development of new interests.