bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE PREVALENCE OF GLAUCOMA AND OCULAR HYPERTENSION IN TYPE 1 AND 2 DIABETES MELLITUS
Authors: NIELSEN NIELS VESTI
Published: May 2009

The prevalence of glaucoma and ocular hypertension was investigated in an epidemiological study of diabetics traced by registration of prescriptions on insulin and oral hypoglycaemic agents (OHA) on the island of Falster (inhabitants 44 498), Denmark. Among 533 diabetics (227 insulin‐ and 306 OHA‐treated) the prevalence rate of primary open angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension was 6.0% and 3.0%, respectively. Neovascular glaucoma occurred in 2.1% of all diabetics and in 21.3% of diabetics with proliferative retinopathy. Open angle glaucoma was more prevalent (P < 0.01) in type 2 diabetes mellitus compared with type 1 diabetes mellitus. No difference in the prevalence of neovascular glaucoma was found between type 1 and type 2 diabetics. The occurrence of open angle glaucoma correlated positively (P < 0.01) to the current age (> 65 years) in both groups and the diabetes onset age (> 40 years) in insulin‐treated diabetics. Neovascular glaucoma correlated positively (P < 0.05) with diabetic macrovascular complications in total (myocardial infarction, ischemic heart disease, arterial hypertension, cerebrovascular stroke, gangrene/amputation), neuropathy and severe microvascular complications (proliferative retinopathy, retinovascular occlusion). Diabetics with open angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension showed a higher frequency (P < 0.05) of ischemic heart disease, arterial hypertension and retinovascular occlusion compared with diabetics without glaucoma or ocular hypertension.
SURVIVAL TIME AMONG PATIENTS WITH GLAUCOMATOUS VISUAL FIELD DEFECTS
Authors: THORBURN WILLIAM , LINDBLOM BERTIL
Published: May 2009

During our studies on glaucoma we have made an important and surprising observation. We think it is urgent to report that we have found the survival time of glaucoma patients seems to be substantially shortened. To the best of our knowledge this has not been previously reported.
CORNEAL BURNS: A QUANTITATIVE COMPARISON OF ACID AND BASE
Authors: FLYNN W. J. , MAUGER T. F. , HILL R. M.
Published: May 2009

A quantitative comparison is made of the effects of two of the most completely dissociating representatives from the pH spectrum, sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid, on oxygen uptake by the corneal epithelium. Based on initial observations, a 6 to 1 time ratio in the exposure period (acid, 60 seconds; base, 10 seconds) was found necessary to localize and define similiar aerobic effects by the 2 agents on their concentration scales. A further dosage adjustment factor was required, a 5/1 concentration ratio of acid to base, to achieve near parity of the major depressive thresholds of those 2 agents, as well as to illustrate in the resulting graphical model sevel unique features of each in their aerobic effects on corneal tissue at lower concentrations.
DAILY CONTACT LENS WEAR
Authors: NILSSON SVEN ERIK G. , LINDH HANS
Published: May 2009

One hundred subjects wearing contact lenses (mainly soft lenses) on a daily basis for non‐medical reasons were followed for 3 years. Visual performance was very satisfactory. The lenses were replaced at an average interval of 20.3 months. During the 3 year period 18 patients suffered from eye disease/ changes. 17 of which had to be treated by an ophthalmologist: 8 cases of conjunctivitis, 5 cases of virus keratitis, 4 cases of corneal oedema (2 caused by overwear of lens, 1 by a too step fit and 1 by intolerance despite a perfect fit), and 1 case of unacceptable vascular reaction. Some of the infections might not have been related to contact lens wear. All changes healed well with no sequelae. One patient was hospitalized for 2 days. Each incident required 2.8 visits to an ophthalmologist and 7.4 weeks of discountinued lens wear, on the average. Details from patient history and objective findings recorded at the first examination of subjects accepted for lens wear did not seem to correlate well with later eye disease/changes. 11 subjects stopped lens wear. This was in no case mandatory, the most common reason being decreasing motivation. The results appear quite satisfactory.
HYDROPHILIC CONTACT LENSES IN CORNEAL DISORDERS
Authors: HØVDING GUNNAR
Published: May 2009

Hydrophilic ‘bandage’ lenses were fitted in 107 patients with corneal disorders not satisfactorily responding to conventional medical treatment. An over‐all beneficial effect on both ocular discomfort, visual acuity and corneal disorder was found (P < 0.002). Regarding each group separately only patients with bullous keratopathy and those with corneal ulcers achieved a significant reduction of ocular discomfort (P < 0.002) and a significant improvement of visual acuity (P < 0.05 — P < 0.01). In bullous keratopathy corneal oedema was significantly reduced by concomittant use of contact lenses and 5% NaCl eye drops (P < 0.01). Significant improvement of corneal disorder occurred in patients with corneal ulcers and in those with corneal lacerations (P < 0.002 and P<0.01. respectively). Complications included corneal vascularization (7.5%) and keratitis/keratoconjunctivitis (5.6%). Prophylactic use of topical antibiotics appeared neccessary only in dry eye disease.
THE PREVALENCE OF CATARACT IN INSULIN‐DEPENDENT AND NON‐INSULIN‐DEPENDENT‐DIABETES MELLITUS
Authors: NIELSEN NIELS VESTI , VINDING TROELS
Published: May 2009

In an epidemiological study of 533 diabetics ‐ 227 treated with insulin and 306 treated with oral hypoglycaemic agents (OHA) ‐ the prevalence of cataract/ aphakia and lens opacities was in total higher (P<0.01) in type 2 diabetics (= non‐insulin‐dependent diabetes) compared with type 1 diabetics (= insulin‐dependent diabetes). Type 2 diabetics were characterized by a higher age than type 1 diabetics (P < 0.01). Thus, an age‐specific comparison between type 1 and type 2 diabetics showed no difference (P > 0.05) in the occurrence of cataract/aphakia in type 1 diabetics (P < 0.01) in the age interval 50–64 years. Cataract/aphakia and lens opacities correlated positively (P < 0.01) with the current age and presence of retinopathy within both groups of diabetics. In type 1 diabetics the duration of diabetes was related to cataract/aphakia. A comparison of this study with the results of previous population studies of cataract in non‐diabetics indicates that cataract/aphakia occurs more fre‐quently in diabetics exclusively below the age of 65–70 years.
THE SHORT‐TERM EFFECT OF LASER TRABECULOPLASTY ON THE GLAUCOMATOUS VISUAL FIELD. A PROSPECTIVE STUDY USING COMPUTERIZED PERIMETRY
Authors: HEIJL ANDERS , BENGTSSON BOEL
Published: May 2009

Several earlier studies have shown improvement of glaucomatous visual fields after pressure reduction achieved by acetazolamide or filtering surgery, while other studies have given conflicting results. In the present study laser trabeculoplasty was used to reduce the IOP in 42 eyes with glaucomatous visual field defects. Although good pressure reduction was achieved, no general regression of field defects was observed. The changes of the visual field were not correlated to the degree of pressure reduction. The results do not support the hypothesis that glaucomatous field defects are reversible when the IOP is reduced.
THE PNEUMATONOGRAPH AND PERKINS‘ TONOMETER A clinical study of the reproducibility in glaucomatous eyes
Authors: GUDMUNDSON LARS‐ERIC
Published: May 2009

Reproducibility by means of replicated single pressure readings of 82 eyes of 46 glaucoma patients in the supine position were compared. The standard deviation was 7% for the pneumatonograph compared to 13% for the Perkins hand held applanation tonometer. The difference of the reproducibility is highly significant.
EFFECT OF PROSTAGLANDIN‐INHIBITOR NAPROXEN ON THE CORNEAL SWELLING RESPONSE TO HYDROGEL CONTACT LENS WEAR
Authors: EFRON NATHAN , HOLDEN BRIEN A. , VANNAS ANTTI
Published: May 2009

Previous studies have demonstrated that the prostaglandin‐inhibitor naproxen can reduce post‐surgical corneal oedema, which is largely due to an inflammatory process. To determine whether there is an inflammatory component in the oedematous response of the cornea to contact lens wear, we conducted a randomized, double‐masked, placebo‐controlled study on the effect of naproxen on contact lens‐induced corneal swelling. This drug did not have a significant effect, suggesting that prostaglandins are not involved in the hypoxic oedema response. The discrepancy between the effect of naproxen on lens‐ and surgically‐induced corneal oedema can be attributed to the different aetiologies of these oedema responses.
CHOLINE TRANSPORT THROUGH THE BLOOD‐RETINAL AND THE BLOOD‐BRAIN BARRIER IN VIVO
Authors: KARLSSON CONNY , MÄEPEA OLAV , ALM ALBERT
Published: May 2009

The uptake index method was used to study retinal and cerebral uptake of [14H]labelled choline in rats. In both tissues a saturable uptake was observed. This uptake was significantly inhibited by 10–20 mM unlabelled choline chloride as well as by 10 mM hemicholinium‐3. It is concluded that choline passes the blood‐retinal barrier by a carrier‐mediated transport system similar to that in the blood‐brain barrier.
REGRESSION OF OPHTHALMOPATHY IN GRAVES‘ DISEASE FOLLOWING THYROIDECTOMY A systematic study of changes of ocular signs
Authors: MARUSHAK DANUTA , FAURSCHOU SVEND , BLICHERT‐TOFT MOGENS
Published: May 2009

A report is given of 4 patients with progressive ophthalmopathy in Graves' disease treated by total or subtotal thyroidectomy. The post‐operative ophthalmological examination revealed evident regression of ocular symptoms and signs. Serial examinations of the ocular motility, the field of binocular single vision, as well as ultrasonic study were performed and gave an objective support to the improvement of the ocular disturbances. The symptomatical and presumed causal treatment of Graves' ophthalmopathy is reviewed and the possible immunological basis is discussed. It is concluded that a reduction in thyroid mass seems to diminish ophthalmic manifestations of Graves' disease.
ACUTE BILATERAL VISUAL IMPAIRMENT IN A DRUG ADDICT
Authors: JENSEN JØRGEN ELMO , MUNK‐OLESEN JENS
Published: May 2009

A 27‐year‐old male with a sudden visual loss in both eyes following an intravenous injection of 3 crushed tablets of Ketobemidon (Ketogan®) is presented. However, a mixture of illegal drugs was suspected because of a history of previous heavy drug addiction. Quinine, a well‐known additive in illegal narcotics could thus be suspected as the causative agent because of earlier episodes of reduction in visual acuity. An alternative diagnosis is embolism of both retinal central arteries.
STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION OF BOWMAN'S MEMBRANE
Authors: JACOBSEN ISA E. , JENSEN O. A. , PRAUSE J. U.
Published: May 2009

Bowman's membrane, seen as a homogeneous layer in light microscopy, is demonstrated by transmission electron microscopy as a layer with fibrils in random distribution, for which reason the term used at present is Bowman's layer. Frozen resin cracking demonstrates that the fibrils of the layer run in certain patterns and lie in 3 or 4 strata in the central areas of the cornea. In the periphery, stratification is scarcely demonstrable. The fibrils consist of collagen inseparable by histochemical methods from the collagen in the stroma, but the diameter is only half or two‐thirds of the diameter of the stromal fibrils. The authors discuss the possibility that artifacts are responsible for the findings. However, an explanation of the results may be that Bowman's layer is a condensation of the superficial layers of the stroma resulting from the development of the layer. The fibrils are presumed to break in different ways, but apparently in layers in which the breaking strengths are identical.
ANISOCORIA IN UNTREATED UNILATERAL OPEN‐ANGLE GLAUCOMA
Authors: HAHNENBERGER RUDOLPH
Published: May 2009

In 20 consecutive cases of untreated, unilateral open‐angle glaucoma (7 primary open‐angle glaucoma and 13 pseudoexfoliation glaucoma) it was found that the pupil of the glaucomatous eye was always smaller than the pupil of the contralateral clinically seemingly non‐glaucomatous eye. The difference in pupil areas ranged between 0.4 and 40.2% of that of the normal eye. The pupil areas were assessed by planimetry, and when the pupils were compared visually from photographs anisocoria was detected in 65% of the cases. There was no correlation between the degree of anisocoria and the magnitude of intraocular pressure elevation, the extent of the visual field defect or the type of glaucoma. No definite explanation for the anisocoria can be offered. The phenomenon might hypothetically be due to degenerative processes of the ciliary nerves similar to the degenerative changes in the optic nerve in glaucoma.
ABNORMAL PUPILLARY FUNCTION IN THIRD NERVE REGENERATION (THE PSEUDO‐ARGYLL ROBERTSON PUPIL)
Authors: OLSEN THOMAS , JAKOBSEN JOHANNES
Published: May 2009

A case of congenital oculomotor paralysis demonstrating retraction of the upper lid and constriction of the pupil in response to eye movements is described. The pupil was found to be unresponsive to light, but to contract promptly on attempted ocular movements which involved motor neurons of the third nerve. As demonstrated by infrared pupillography, the duration of the constriction phase was found to be remarkably long. Also, very little hippus was noted during constriction. The findings are explained on basis of the ‘misdirection’ hypothesis according to which regenerating nerve fibres find a wrong path in the peripheral part of the damaged nerve.
THE FOLLOW‐UP IN PATIENTS WITH PSEUDOEXFOLIATION OF THE LENS CAPSULE WITH AND WITHOUT GLAUCOMA
Authors: SLAGSVOLD JON ERIK
Published: May 2009

This study deals with the problem of attendances in patients with pseudo‐exfoliation of the lens capsule with and without glaucoma. While 640 patients attended the controls, 321 patients did not return for re‐examination in 2 years. This represents 1/6 of the capsular glaucoma patients and 1/3 of the non‐glaucoma patients. The analysis of influencing factors revealed that the glaucoma patients who failed to return had a higher mean age than the non‐glaucoma group (P < 0.001) or the group of glaucoma patients that attended the controls (P < 0.001). Persons with pseudoexfoliation without glaucoma who did not meet for control were younger than those who met (P < 0.001). The sex or travelling distance of the patients seemed to be of no influence. Interviewing the glaucoma patients disclosed a resigned attitude towards treatment among those who failed to come. More information and/or communication seem to be the most important factors to achieve better follow‐up in persons with pseudoexfoliation without glaucoma.
PHOTOMETRIC OCULOMETRY. II
Authors: KROGSAA BENT , FLEDELIUS HANS , LARSEN JESPER , LUND‐ANDERSEN HENRIK
Published: May 2009

Photometric oculometry is a slit‐lamp technique, which makes possible an estimation of intraocular axial distances and axial length. The technique is based on a transformation of a sagittal slit‐lamp movement into intraocular axial distances when the slit‐lamp focal plane is moved in the optical axis from retina to cornea. Determination of the axial length in 50 eyes (refractive range +4.75 to −5.25 D) showed that the axial length varied from 21.9mm in hypermetropic eyes to 26.0 mm in myopic eyes, with the emmetropic eyes being approximately 24 mm. A comparison of intraocular axial distances determined by photometric oculometry and by ultrasonography on a small series of eyes showed no significant differences between the axial length, the length of the vitreous body, and the lens thickness, whereas a significant difference between the anterior chamber depth was observed (photometry giving slightly larger values than ultrasound).
EFFECT OF CW YAG AND ARGON GREEN LASERS ON EXPERIMENTALLY DETACHED RETINAS
Authors: PEYMAN GHOLAM A. , CONWAY MANDI D. , HOUSE BABARA J.
Published: May 2009

We evaluated the effects of argon‐green (514.5 nm) and CW neodymium YAG (1060 nm) wavelengths on experimentally detached retinas of primates. Neither laser produced damage to the sensory retina of the fovea. The argon green wavelength, which was absorbed by haemoglobin in the vessel or by extravasated red blood cells, created vasospasm and nerve fiber layer damage. The beam of the CW YAG was not absorbed by haemoglobin; therefore, no vasospasm could be produced on experimentally detached retinas.
JUXTAPAPILLARY CHORIORETINITIS IN NEUROSYPHILIS
Authors: EIDE NILS , SKJELDAL OLA
Published: May 2009

A case of neurosyphilis is described. The presenting symptoms were reduced vision and pain around the left eye. The examination revealed a juxtapapillary chorioretinitis and neurosyphilis with elevated totalprotein (0.84 g/l) and pleocytosis (250 cells × 106/l) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CFS). Four months after treatmint with penicillin for 10 days and prednisolone for 5 weeks, the ophthalmological signs had disappeared. There was no pleocytosis (4 cells × 106/l), and the totalprotein content in CSF was almost normal (0.52 g/l). Treatment with 6 mill (IU) penicillin G intravenously every 6 h resulted in a concentration in serum and spinal fluid higher than the generally accepted treponemacidal level.
AN EXPERIMENTAL UVEITIS INDUCED BY BOVINE SERUM ALBUMIN. A TRANSMISSION AND SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDY
Authors: UUSITALO HANNU
Published: May 2009

An acute experimental uveitis was produced by injecting bovine serum albumin (BSA) intravitreally into presensitized albino rabbits. Histopathological changes in the anterior uvea were followed during a period of 2 weeks using transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Both the ciliary body and the iris showed prominent ultrastructural changes. Based on the histopathological characteristics, the inflammatory reaction was divided into the 3 different phases: 1) a rapid and transient polymorphonuclear phase (3 h‐ day 1); 2) a slower and prolonged mononuclear phase (day 1–day 14) and 3) a phase which is characterized by tissue damage (day 7‐). At the beginning of the mononuclear phase, inflammatory cells were seen to leak through the intercellular spaces of adjacent ciliary epithelial cells into the posterior chamber, later to cover large areas of the ciliary processes with fibrin. During the first 2 days, inflammatory changes were also detected in the ciliary body of the contralateral eye. The experiment was controlled using both unsensitized as well as presensitized rabbits which were intravitreally injected with sterile saline.
LENS SUBLUXATION IN HOMOCYSTINURIA
Authors: HAYASAKA SEIJI , ASANO YOSHIHIRO , TATEDA HIRAKU , HOSHI KUNIHIKO , KOGA YOSHIHISA
Published: May 2009

A 6‐year‐old girl had bilaterally subluxated lenses and liver and platelet dysfunctions. A cyanide‐nitroprusside test of the urine was positive. Serum and urinary levels of methionine and homocystine were high. Cystathionine synthetase activity in the cultured skin fibroblasts was negligible. Pyridoxine, 1000 mg/day orally, normalized the serum and urinary methionine and homocystine levels and the liver and platelet functions. Episodes of pupillary block glaucoma prompted lens extraction. The subluxated lenses were extracted under general anaesthesia after administration of pyridoxine and dextran to avoid thrombosis. A good result without serious complications was obtained. We believe that homocystinuria should not be considered a contraindication to general anaesthesia. In the pyridoxine‐responsive patient general anaesthesia is not hazardous if platelet function can be controlled by the vitamin.
THE PHAGOCYTIC CAPABILITY OF THE VARIOUS ZONES OF THE GUINEA PIG CONJUNCTIVAL EPITHELIUM: AN ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDY
Authors: LATKOVIC STEFAN , NILSSON SVEN ERIK G.
Published: May 2009

The phagocytic capacity of the different zones of the guinea pig conjunctival epithelium from the corneal limbus to the lid margin was investigated using latex microspheres as tracers. After 24 h exposure to a suspension of microspheres, the phagocytic capability of the epithelium could be estimated, zonal differences compared, and the kinetics of the internalized particles followed. The epithelial cells of the perilimbal zone contained the highest number of intracellular microspheres, followed by the cells of the supranodular zone. The phagocytic capability of the other zones was low. In the perilimbal zone a significant number of microspheres seemed to be transferred to the epithelial cells in the deeper layers, but not to the basal cells. In the supranodular zone the phagocytized and apparently transcellularly transported microspheres were secondarily taken up, mainly by polymorphonuclear leukocytes that infiltrated the epithelium.
TOXIC EFFECT OF SCOPOLAMINE EYE DROPS IN CHILDREN
Authors: HAMBORG‐PETERSEN B. , NIELSEN M. MUFF , THORDAL C.
Published: May 2009

Five children, admitted with acute psychotic reactions after use of Scopolamine eye drops 0.2%, are presented. The predominant symptoms were visual hallucinations, strange behaviour, and restlessness. In one case peripheral symptoms were observed. Recovery was complete in 24 h. Prescription of Scopolamine eye drops should be followed by information of possible adverse effects. Cyclopentolate might be used instead.
A NEW METHOD OF DETERMINING THE CELL DENSITY FROM A CORNEAL SPECULAR MICROGRAPH
Authors: DAVANGER MARTIN , OLSEN ERLING GRØNVOLD
Published: May 2009

Non‐contact specular micrographs of the corneal endothelium are usually only a few cell diameters in width. The oblong shape leads to uncertainties in the determination of cell density by counting the number of cells on an area of known size. A new method, particularly suited for a long and narrow picture, is described. A line with a length corresponding to 1 mm is drawn on a specular micrograph. The number n of cells sectioned by this line is counted. It is demonstrated that the average cell size A may be determined from n by the formula A = 1 404 669/n2 μm2. The relation between A and n is presented in Table 1, which also gives the corresponding cell density expressed by the number of cells per mm2.
REFRACTIVE ERRORS IN A FINNISH RURAL POPULATION
Authors: AINE ESKO
Published: May 2009

Refractive errors in 611 persons living in a rural area were examined. Males numbered 281 and females 330. The age range was from 6 to 85 years. In 73 (11.9%) persons the refraction was myopic (SER≤‐0.5 D) and in 173 (28.3%) hyperopic (SER ≥ + 2 D). Myopia was most frequently detected in persons aged 21–30 years (22.6%), and the proportion of myopia decreased towards both extremes of age. In all age groups females were more myopic than males. In persons aged 21–60 years the most educated proved to have more myopia and less hyperopia than those with less education. In 158 (25.9%) of the eyes, astigmatism was detectable. The degree of astigmatism changed little with advancing age and was independent of sex. In myopic eyes the range of astigmatic error was wider than in hyperopic eyes. The axis of + cylinders was in hyperopic eyes mostly horizontal and in myopic eyes vertical. Anisometropia of 1.25‐2.0 D was detected in 24 (4.0%) persons and in 19 (3.1%) persons it was over 2 D.
INFRARED RADIATION AMD CATARACT. I. EPIDENNOLOGIC INVESTIGATION OF IRON‐ AND STEEL‐WORKERS
Authors: LYDAHL EVA , PHILIPSON BO
Published: May 2009

The aim of the presented study was to establish if occupational exposure to infrared (IR) radiation increases the risk of developing cataract, and to correlate the lens findings to the degree of exposure. The eyes of 208 IR‐exposed workers and 208 controls, all from 6 Swedish iron and steel manufacturing plants, were examined. An increased prevalence of wedge‐shaped opacities was found in IR‐exposed persons 60 years of age and older. This type of lens opacity is normally considered to be a purely senile change. Acceleration of senile changes by IR radiation is suggested. Stratification of the material with regard to exposure was made on different grounds, but failed to show a dose‐effect‐correlation.
The inheritance of Leber's disease
Authors: Seedorff Tove
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Members of two Leber families previously published in 1944 (Lundsgård) and 1968 (Seedorff), were traced during the years 1968–1980 and questioned in 1981 about their eyesight. Age at onset, manifestation rate, the frequency of onsets of the disease in the families in the course of time, the procreation in the female lines of descent, and the carrier rate are considered. Women born in the female lines of descent were found to be carriers provided that they had a sufficient number of descendants so that the disease had a possibility of manifesting itself.
The effect of ametropia on the accommodative response
Authors: Ramsdale C.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. The accommodative response of 15 myopic, 10 hypermetropic and 15 emmetropic (<+0.50 D) subjects was assessed by the laser optometer. The Snellen E target was viewed binocularly whilst the monocular response to various levels of stimuli (0 D to 5 D) was measured. The mean response/stimulus curves and resting points for each group are compared. No significant difference is present between the 3 groups. There is no correlation between a) the resting point and spectacle prescription (r = 0.20) and b) the slope of the response/stimulus curve and the spectacle prescription (r = –0.32). The effect of ametropia on the accommodative response is insignificant.
Idiopathic haemochromatosis and eye symptoms: A case report
Authors: Høisen Harald , Kopstad Gunnar , Elsås Tor , Ringvold Amund , Tvedt Kåre E. , Ødegaard Arne
Published: May 2009

Abstract. A 61‐year‐old man with idiopathic haemochromatosis and eye symptoms is described. The examination showed microaneurysms scattered over the bulbar conjunctiva, and some discrete pigmentations in the superficial tissue in the perilimbal area. Each cornea revealed a light brown, ellipsoid opacity with the longest diameter horizontally, seemingly being located in the corneal epithelium and/or the anterior part of the stroma. A corneal biopsy was examined by light and electron microscopy. Two different types of granules were found mainly located to the Bowman's membrane. X‐ray microanalysis showed no detectable amounts of iron, but high concentrations of phosphorus and calcium, and in addition magnesium in one type of the granules. Treatment with EDTA improved the vision considerably.
Pigment spots related to scleral emissaries in Eskimos, Mongols, and Caucasians
Authors: Norn Mogens
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Examinations of a series of 1241 subjects showed episcleral pigment spots bearing relation to scleral canal emissaries to be most frequent among Eskimos (prevalence 85%), somewhat less frequent among Mongols (68%), and the rarest among white Northern Europeans (16%). The prevalence is the highest among women and rises very little with increasing age. The pigmentation is most often bilateral in Eskimos (66%), more rarely so in Caucasians (18%). It is most often localized superiorly (54%). Then follows in decreasing order to frequency: inferiorly (26%), nasally (13%), and – significantly more rarely – temporally (7%). The pigmentation is most often related to an artery (90%), most often one running a radial course (39%) or in the incyclo‐direction (32%). Its average length in Caucasians is 1.1 mm. Pigmentations are significantly related to the colour of the iris (visible in 8% of blue irides, against in 40% of brown).
Pars plana lensectomy
Authors: Eide Nils , Vatne Harald Overskott , Syrdalen Per
Published: May 2009

Abstract. The results of pars plana lensectomy (PPL) in 36 eyes are reported. The average follow‐up time was 9 months (2–24). The optical media became clear in all eyes. Post‐operative visual acuity (VA) was ≧ 0.6 in 31 eyes. Two eyes developed serious complications (retinal detachment in 1 eye and neovascular glaucoma in 1 eye). PPL represents minimal risks for the anterior segment, excludes problems with secondary cataract, presents optimal conditions for early contact lens fitting and for necessary treatment in the posterior segment. In the hands of an experienced surgeon PPL is effective and safe and offers an alternative treatment for patients up to the age of 30–35 years.
Vitreous surgery in patients with primary neuropathic amyloidosis
Authors: Sandgren Ola , Stenkula Staffan , Dedorsson Inger
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Pars plana vitrectomy was performed in 9 patients from the north of Sweden because of amyloid deposits of the vitreous. Operative technique and postoperative results are presented.
Myopia, use of eyes, and living habits among men aged 33–37 years
Authors: Pärssinen O. , Leskinen A.‐L. , Era P. , Heikkinen E.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. As a part of a more extensive research project on health and functional capacity among a representative sample of men, the living habits and backgrounds of myopic men between 33 and 37 years of age living in the town of Jyväskylä were studied in comparison with non‐myopic men of the same age. The prevalence of a negative spheric equivalent, which was considered as a criterion of myopia, was 25%. It was found that the myopic, on the average, had been more interested in reading from childhood onwards, their educational and occupational status were higher, and their body structure was lighter. As children they had taken less physical exercise, but as adults no difference was found in physical exercise between the myopic and non‐myopic.
Aspects of the surface morphology of the corneal endothelium
Authors: Olsen Erling Grønvold , Davanger Martin
Published: May 2009

Abstract. The influence on the surface of the corneal endothelial cells of 1) storage temperature of the enucleated eye, 2) epithelial abrasio, and 3) endothelial linear abrasio, has been examined. The surface structure may change rapidly following these procedures. The treatment of the cornea before fixation for electron microscopy should be standardized and as short as possible.
The uvea‐touch syndrome and how to avoid it
Authors: Binkhorst C. D.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. For successful lens implantation, the quality of the cataract extraction needed to be improved. The debate whether to perform extracapsular or intracapsular extraction has not yet come to an end. For better understanding a classification of lenses is necessary in view of the clinical consequences. The contact of the lens with the eye (read: the site of lens support) determines the long‐term fate of an eye with a lens. All lenses in contact with uveal tissue may cause symptoms that together constitute the uvea‐touch syndrome. Capsular support is to be preferred over uvea‐support. The all‐in‐the‐bag position of a lens is superior. This can be achieved with so‐called inter‐capsular surgery. A new lens design that is adapted to inter‐capsular surgery is presented and its use described in detail (the ‘Moustache’ lens). There are few restrictions to its use.
Particulate contamination in eye surgery
Authors: Winding Ole , Gregersen Eilif
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Flushing fluid from microsponges (surgical spears) and solutions for irrigation (balanced salt solution and Ringer solution) as well as other medicaments for intraocular use during surgery (solutions of Zolyse, solutions of Miochol and Healon) have been examined for particulate contamination. The method used to collect and analyse the particles involved scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive analysis of X‐ray (EDAX) in order to determine elements within the range of atomic number 9–93 in the periodic system. The investigation disclosed particulate contamination of all solutions examined. Particle number (> 5 μm) per ml varied from 15 to 400 and the size from 5 μm–800 μm. Microsponges released particles in numbers from 25–90 in a size range of 5–3000 μm per ml flushing fluid (Total flushing volume 20 ml). More than half of the particles were below 10 μm in all specimens examined. The irrigation solutions and solutions of medicaments contained only few particles above 40 μm. Most of the particles were of organic material which is not detectable with EDAX. This analytical system disclosed a wide range of inorganic elements, being present in the examined solution in the form of particles or as solutes.
Individual responsiveness to topical pilocarpine and the effects of variations in application technique
Authors: Berggren Lennart
Published: May 2009

Abstract. The effects of nasolacrimal obstruction (NLO) and of eyelid closure (EC) were studied in a group of 6 healthy female subject (25–29 years). The aim was to determine the best application technique for patients. NLO or EC for 1 min was assumed to be a maximum time for patient compliance. A standard eye drop bottle was used with a drop volume of about 40 μl. One drop of a 1% pilocarpine solution was instilled into the lower conjunctival sac of one eye in a randomized manner: a) NLO b) EC c) NLO and EC d) neither NLO nor EC. The effects on the pupil size, static refraction for distance and accommodative power were followed for 2 h. The results showed no significant difference between the 4 techniques. Pronounced interindividual differences but only small intraindividual differences were found in this group of healthy young females. Two subjects always responded strongly, and 2 other subjects always did so weakly. The application of the same amount of pilocarpine ointment (3%) increased and prolonged the effects on pupil size, refraction and accommodation at all points of time without reaching statistical significance compared with eye drops. Pilocarpine ointment caused considerable subjective discomfort. The experiments with pilocarpine suggest that, from a practical point of view, different techniques of application of ocular drugs seem to be a little importance with regard to local effect. The possibility of pronounced individual differences in pharmacological response should be borne in mind. Pilocarpine induced a significant increase in accommodative power.
Biochemical studies of normal and keratoconus corneas
Authors: Oxlund Hans , Simonsen Anders Hjorth
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Keratoconus corneas are characterized by a reduced mechanical stability. The mechanical strength depends primarily on the collagen. In the present study the cross‐linking pattern is analysed because it is important for the mechanical properties; an analysis of the aminoacids of the collagen is included. Surprisingly, we did not find any change in the cross‐linking pattern of collagen from keratoconus corneas compared to normal corneas. Neither did we find any difference in the composition of aminoacids of the collagens. Thus no alteration was found in the molecular structure which could explain the marked reduction in the mechanical stability of keratoconus corneas.
The central‐peripheral radius of the normal corneal curvature
Authors: Edmund Carsten , Sjøntoft Erik
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Both eyes of 40 normal persons were examined with a photokeratoscope. A method for analyzing the photokeratoscopic data based on the principle of least square fitting is presented. It is demonstrated that the corneal flattening expressed as the relative change in the radius of the corneal curvature is proportional with the square of the chord distances from apex. The factor of proportionality RV is defined as the coefficient of radius variation, which, together with the radius of the apex curvature K, are characteristic constants for a given meridian in a given eye. Expressed as mean and SD, the study demonstrates for the horizontal meridian K=7.86 mm (0.25) and RV=0.71 times 10‐2 mm‐2 (0.26 times 10‐2), for the vertical meridian the corresponding dimension are K=7.65 mm (0.24) and RV=0.70 times 10‐2 mm‐2 (0.38 times 10‐2). These results imply a change in the radius of the corneal curvature 1 mm and 5 mm from apex at, respectively, 0.7% and 17.7%. The precisions expressed as SD, by which the 2 parameters may be determined, are for K 0.03 mm and RV 0.12 times 10‐2 mm‐2.
Hydrogen ion concentration of tear fluid in newborn infants
Authors: Dahl Helena , Dahl Claus
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Tear pH was measured in 173 newborn infants by immersing the tip of a microcombination glass pH probe in the tear fluid lateral in the closed lower conjunctival sac. The median tear pH value was 6.8 with 95% interpercentile range 6.2 to 7.2. The mean tear pH value was 6.74+0.26 (SD). The pH value was not related to age within the first 12 days and not influenced by the mode of delivery or local application of 0.67% argenti nitratis. This method is an easy, reliable examination to record the pH values of tear fluid, and may widen the knowledge of tear function in normal and pathological conditions.
Objective evaluation of binocular function with pattern reversal VER
Authors: Katsumi Osamu , Tanino Tsuyoshi , Hirose Tatsuo
Published: May 2009

Abstract. The effect of change of contrast on the pattern reversal monocular VER, binocular VER, and binocular summation (binocular VER amplitude/monocular VER amplitude) was studied in normal subjects. The monocular VER amplitudes showed significant increase until the 0.50 contrast and saturation above that contrast. The largest binocular VER amplitude was observed at 0.20 contrast, and the amplitude tended to decrease with increasing contrast. The value of the binocular summation was highest at 0.20 contrast and decreased significantly with increasing contrast. At high contrast, there was no significant binocular summation. The difference of peak time (phase) between the binocular and the monocular VER was greatest at low contrast and decreased with increasing contrast. These results are explained by the difference of saturation level between the binocular and monocular systems. Our findings lead us to advocate strongly the use of low‐ to midlevel contrast for evaluating binocular function with pattern reversal VER in clinical ophthalmology.
Pigmentary dispersion syndrome A biometric study
Authors: Strasser G. , Hauff W.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. A‐Scan biometry was performed on both eyes of 5 patients suffering from unilateral pigmentary dispersion syndrome, partly with glaucoma. The anterior chamber was significantly deeper and the lens significantly flatter in the eyes with pigmentary dispersion syndrome.
Contractile properties and histochemistry of extraocular muscle in the pigmented and the albino guinea pig
Authors: Lennerstrand Gunnar
Published: May 2009

Abstract. The inferior oblique muscles of pigmented and albino guinea pigs were compared with respect to contractile and histochemical properties. No differences were found between the 2 kinds of animal in twitch and tetanic response or in fatigue properties. They also had the same fiber composition and fiber and capillary densities of their inferior obliques. These findings indicate that differences in eye muscle previously demonstrated and Siamese (albino) cats are related to the state of binocular vision and not to genetic variations between pigmented and albino animals.
Comparison of the effects of adrenergic agonists and α‐, β1‐, β2‐antagonists on the intraocular pressure and adenylate cyclase activity in the ciliary processes of the rabbit
Authors: Palkama Arto , Uusitalo Hannu , Raij Kari , Uusitalo Risto
Published: May 2009

Abstract.The hypotensive effect of different adrenergic agonists and antogonists were screened both in normo‐ and hypertensive rabbit eyes. The drugs were applicated topically and intraocular pressure (IOP) was monitored constantly with a manometric method. Subsequently the inhibitory effect of the antagonists on isoproterenol‐stimulated adenylate cyclase activity in the ciliary processes was analyzed in vitro. In normotensive eyes agonist isoproterenol (β) and antagonists labetalol (αβ), metoprolol (β1) and acebutolol (β1) decreased signi‐ *** ficantly IOP. In hypertensive eyes only isoproterenol andlabetalol decrease IOP markedly. Timolol (β) did notdecrease IOP, although it inhibited adenylate cyclase activity as actively as labetlol. The other antagonists showed no inhibitory effect on in this respect. The results indicated that α‐activity (labetalol, αβ) seems to potentiate the β‐activity (timolol, β) in decreasing IOP. Whether this α‐effect is a presynaptic effect (adrenergic denervation destroys it) is not yet clear. Similarly the β1‐effect (metoprolol), without affecting adenylate cyclase activity, decreased IOP as well. This might be due to pre‐synaptic release of endogenous transmitter(s) which in turn stimulate post‐synaptic adenylate cyclase and induce the decreased IOP. Besides this, the possible role of blood vessels and CNS must also be kept in mind.
Laser treatment for open angle glaucoma
Authors: Finnström Kerstin
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Of 52 eyes treated with argon laser trabeculoplasty (ALT) 49 were considered to be well controlled after treatment. At the one year follow‐up of these latter eyes 7 showed either a high IOP (>22 mmHg), in spite of medical treatment (4 eyes), or progression in visual field defects (3 eyes). No further deterioration was seen when 35 eyes were re‐examined at 18 months. There were no serious complications that could be attributed with certainty to ALT. Rapidly healing corneal burns, previously not systematically studied, were noticed in 80% of the eyes.
Astrocytoma of the ciliary body A clinicopathological case report
Authors: Naeser Peter , Möller Peter
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Gliomatous tumours are rare in the eye. A case of well differentiated fibrillary astrocytoma of the ciliary body is reported and a review of intraocular gliomas is given.
Ascorbic acid determination in serum and aqueous humour by high‐performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Johnsen Harald , Ringvold Amund , Blika Sigmund
Published: May 2009

Abstract. High‐performance liquid chromatography on a Supelcosil LC‐HN2 analytical column in weak anion exchange mode has allowed separation of ascorbic acid, in less than 5 min, from other interfering substances in serum and aqueous humour. UV monitoring at 254 nm enables ascorbic acid to be detected at 20 pmol level. A method for determination of ascorbic acid concentration in serum and aqueous humour is described, and values from 10 cataract patients are reported.
Periphlebitis retinae in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Engell Tine , Jensen O. A. , Klinken L.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. The reported findings of periphlebitis retinae (PR) at autopsy, in which brain autopsy was also performed, in 2 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) are, so far as the authors are aware, the first histological account of this manifestation of the disease. The similarity between the cellular accumulations around the veins of the central nervous system seen in multiple sclerosis and the periphlebitic cellular accumulations here described suggests that periphlebitis is an initial event in plaque formation.
The oxygen tension and temperature of the superior palpebral conjunctiva
Authors: Holden Brien A. , Sweeney Deborah F.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. A Clark‐type oxygen sensor and temperature‐sensing thermistor embedded in a ring designed to fit into the human palpebral aperture were used to directly measure the oxygen tension and temperature of the upper palpebral conjunctiva in 16 human subjects. The mean oxygen tension was found to be 61.4 ± 6.9 mmHg, equivalent to an atmosphere of 8.2% oxygen, slightly higher than previously reported. The mean temperature was 36.2 ± 0.6°C, in good agreement with previous findings. Significant individual differences in both oxygen tension and temperature were apparent.
The corneal endothelial cell interface
Authors: Davanger Martin , Olsen Erling Grønvold
Published: May 2009

Abstract. The apical edges of corneal endothelial cells have been separated along lines forming a crisscross pattern, by the help of a special method of preparation. The visualization by SEM of the lateral faces of the cells is thereby made possible. The separation leads to the formation of thin strands spanning the gap between the apical edges of adjoining cells. They are formed by stretching of the normal apical flaps. This stretching demonstrates that the main intercellular adherence is located at the tips of the apical flaps. The basal edges of the endothelial cells can be inspected, and it can be seen that the basal face of the cells has and irregular form. Threadlike processes extend from the basal cell edges. They ascend in the intercellular space and make contact with the lateral face of the neighbouring cell at varying levels. These processes are presumed to mediate intercellular transfer.
Central and peripheral contrast sensitivity for static and dynamic sinusoidal gratings in glaucoma
Authors: Lundh Björn L.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Contrast sensivity testing in glaucoma patients was extended from central, static patterns to include peripheral areas and dynamic gratings. The results were compared with age‐matched normals in visuo‐grams, and sensitivity defects were correlated to the location of visual field defects. Tested spatial frequencies included 0.3, 0.5 1, 2 and 4 c/d. Definite sensitivity losses for all spatial frequencies were found for dynamic patterns in testing positions located 10° eccentrically above and below fixation. For static patterns in the periphery sensitivity was reduced only for medium spatial frequencies. For central viewing, reduced sensitivity was found with dynamic medium spatial frequencies only. No centrally presented static gratings were of subnormal sensitivity. Dynamic patterns in the periphery were superior to other combinations regarding the capacity for indicating the presence of glaucomatous influence. Peripheral sensitivity losses also occurred when perimetric disturbances were located outside the area tested in the same hemi‐field. Depressed sensitivity was observed even in hemifields with normal/near‐normal perimetric fields. These findings might be indicative of an early glaucomatous impairment. It thus seems that testing peripheral dynamic contrast sensitivity might be a potentially valuable method for glaucoma screening.
The effect of naproxen on the ocular inflammatory response following extracapsular lens extraction in rabbits
Authors: Pritchett P. M. , Jay W. M. , Aziz M. Z. , Green K.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Naproxen effects on the ocular inflammatory response following extracapsular lens extraction were studied in rabbits. Twelve hours before surgery, rabbits were given 20 mg of a 5 mg/ml naproxen suspension by gavage. A maintenance dose of 10 mg naproxen 3 times per day was started on the day of lensectomy and continued throughout the entire observation period. Phakic and aphakic control rabbits received no drug suspension. Central corneal thickness and intraocular pressure measurements were determined pre‐operatively, at 4 and 24 h post‐operatively and every 24 h thereafter. Four groups of rabbits, sacrificed at 24, 48, 72, and 168 h after lensectomy, had anterior chamber paracentesis performed for PMN (polymorphonuclear leucocyte) counts and determination of protein content. A 5th group had both paracentesis and iris‐ciliary body excision for PGE2 assay at 24 h. No parameter was significantly altered by the naproxen regimen compared to untreated rabbits.
Prevalence of retinopathy in diabetes treated with oral antihyperglycaemic agents
Authors: Jerneld Bengt , Algvere Peep
Published: May 2009

Abstract. In a random sample of all diabetics treated with oral antihyperglycaemic agents on the island of Gotland, Sweden, retinopathy (Rp) was present in 24 (17%) of 140 patients examined. Eighteen patients had background Rp, 7 of these with exudative lesions. Four patients had pre‐proliferative and 2 proliferative Rp. On multiple logistic regression analysis a significant correlation was found between Rp on the one hand and a longer duration and a younger age at onset of the diabetes, on the other. Rp was also significantly correlated to higher levels of glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1C). In an additional analysis restricted to the group with Rp, higher levels of HbA1C were found in persons with Rp of a more severe degree. On a simple logistic regression analysis, a significant correlation (P < 0.05) was found between a high body mass index and a low prevalence of Rp, on multiple regression analysis this correlation became weaker (P = 0.06).