bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Recuperación fraseológica en los diccionarios onomasiológicos del español
Authors: Moreno Moreno M.ª Águeda
Published: June 2022

The purpose of this paper is to study the treatment of phraseological units in general ideological dictionaries of Spanish. The final aim is to verify if the lexicographic conception of this practice, based on the total and global integration of the lexicon, really offers advantages for lexicon retrieval and storage, in a holistic and useful way for linguistic coding and decoding. Methodologically, we will take on microstructure issues: lematization, semantic value of hyperonymic label and morphological typology of phraseological units.
Divergencia en la expresión de modalidad epistémica y deóntica en tres lenguas polinésicas
Authors: Poveda Becerra David Javier
Published: June 2022

The aim of this article is to provide a first approach to the phenomenon of divergence by borrowing in the modality category in three Polynesian languages. Thus, we revised some forms originated by borrowing to express certain modal values in Rapa Nui and explored whether this phenomenon occurs in other two Polynesian languages with similar sociolinguistic features: Tahitian and Māori. Following a functional approach, we described concisely the manners these languages use to express epistemic and deontic modality, based on examples obtained from grammatical descriptions of those languages, as well as examples from a Rapa Nui corpus. We conclude that, in the case of the modality category, Rapa Nui presents divergence due to its contact to Spanish. Similarly, we present these results in the light of Matras proposals about borrowing in the TAM categories.
Catholic education in Lithuania: an alternative for the dominating education system?
Authors: Voidogaitė Viktorija
Published: June 2022

In this article it is discussed whether the catholic education may be approached as the alternative for the dominating education system. In the theoretic part I did reveal that regarding to the historical context, the catholic education is a traditional, during different periods reflourishing phenomenon. That is why the notion alternative while speaking about a catholic school in Lithuania may be used in some extremely specific cases: a) how catholic education becomes an opposition for different repressions as well as for a worldview that is uncongenial for the catholic culture; b) when there is an objective to gain reservations necessary for an education institution as well as not to pursue certain reforms that are provided for at a national level.

Phenomenological analysis has grasped that an incredibly special space of a catholic school that appears in the remembrance of the participants of the analysis, is a chapel. A relation based on trust between adults and pupils in a catholic school, stimulates pupils to proceed the same well that they witness the senior (teachers and other pupils) as well as their peers (building team and embracing correlation) doing. On the other hand, negation and disregard of a classroom relation problems may lead to hidden, decennial sneering. Body dimension at a catholic school displays in several aspects: voluntary physical assistance and embracing look at the different one, a shocking collision with a theme about one’s sexuality and peaceful belief in body resurrection that provides strength and hope. Exclusive time in catholic education – planned retreat kairos time. Other scheduled liturgical practice (Mass) for some pupils becomes as resistance time for senselessness. Also, the transformation time when worldview of a school is changing, leads to foreignness and anxiety experience that stimulates resistance as well as desire to replace a school back to the usual, “normalcy” condition.

Some exceptional catholic education features that are mentioned in a theoretic part of the article also are seen in findings of phenomenological analysis, that are: pastoral care practices, liturgical practices and practise of mercy activities.
Can Grammatical CALL Help EFL Writing Instruction?
Authors: Liou Hsien-Chin
Published: June 2022

This is a research report of a one-year study which addresses whether and in what way grammatical CALL can help English writing instruction in an EFL setting, namely, in Taiwan, R.O.C. The study started with the implementation of CALL courseware which contains ten lessons of grammar exercises. The courseware featured (a) empirically based contents, results from error analysis of Chinese EFL students' common mistakes; (b) a sentence-level drill and practice with various formats of guided Chinese-English translation, error correction, and sentence combining; (c) adaptive remedial instruction for individual students while practicing on-line; (d) integration of error anticipation and keyword matching for answer judging as well as item-specific feedback messages; and (e)verbatim recording of student input. To evaluate the effectiveness of this CALL strategy, we designed an experimental study in which two groups of college freshman EFL majors did the pre-test and post-test tasks with ten-week CALL intervention for the experiment group while the control group worked on the same contents in a paper-and-pen homework setting). Results suggested that the combined effect of classroom instruction and grammatical CALL is helpful for writing instruction, or at least not detrimental.
Canned Teaching. Can Technology Be True To Methodology?
Authors: Rassias John
Published: June 2022

CALICO '93 Keynote Presentation. The College of William and Mary
Language Learning and Information Technology
Authors: Rüschoff Bernd
Published: June 2022

Keynote Address, Calico '92 International Symposium "Bridges", Maastricbt -- Valkenburg, The Netherlands
Parsers In Tutors
Authors: Holland V. Melissa , Maisanp Richard , Alderks Cathie , Martin Jeffrey
Published: June 2022

This paper looks at the possibilities and limitations of parser-based language tutors. Our observations draw from a project by the U.S. Army Research Institute (ARI to develop a German tutor BRIDGE, which revolves around a parser.
Verbochip: Extending External Versatility to the Contextual Use of English Tenses
Authors: Van Elsen Edwig , Van Deun Kurt , Decoo Wilfried
Published: June 2022

Didascalia is a research group at the University of Antwerp in Belgium, under the direction of Dr. Wilfried Decoo and Jozef Colpaert. This academic research center sponsors a series of projects concerning fundamental and applied scientific research on the development and implementation of educational software. In this description of latest courseware programs from Didascalia special attention is paid to Verbochip, a program dealing with the formation and contextual use of the tenses in English. Verbochip is based on the principle of external versatility, meaning that the content base includes various fields with information that allows the content to be implemented in a selection system where the user can select at will the items which fit his own linguistic needs.
Ganesh: Courseware for Technical Report Writing in Delft
Authors: Andeweg Bas , Kunst Sabine
Published: June 2022

Technical engineers consider communication and writing skills to be among the most difficult aspects of their profession. Communication courses, however, are expensive, because teaching takes place in tutorials in which students are given feedback regularly. Therefore a computer assisted practicum has been designed. The practicum aims to diminish the amount of lecturer effort while increasing student participation through the interactive and user-friendly courseware Ganesh. The program (in Dutch) consists of two modules: 1) a report module, which offers examples of and criteria for the standard components of technical reports; 2) a style module, which discusses subjects such as sentence complexity, use of examples, use of connectives, spelling, etc. In both modules the student can opt for additional examples or exercises via buttons, menus and hypertext paths. In this paper we would like to discuss some of the characteristics of the program and the results of a test we performed last spring.
Practical Considerations for Multimedia Courseware Development
Authors: Liou Hsien-Chin
Published: June 2022

Well grounded theoretical motivation for technological innovations should always lead CALL courseware development. Second language acquisition theories and practices, instructional design concepts, human factors research, and advances in educational technology can be relevant. However, the how-to aspects of courseware development, especially for the most popular star- multimedia, become immediate considerations and concerns once one chooses the platform on which to proceed. This paper addresses these practical aspects through the exploration of the development of a piece of English as a foreign language (EFL) interactive videodisc (IVD) courseware. The objective setting, instructional design, and on-line implementation are explained in detail. Subprocesses include data collection and analyses, content analysis, and screen design. About 95% of the courseware has been implemented and is ready for pilot testing. It consists of four units: an Introduction, Hyperscript, Film Viewing, and Film Viewing with Instruction. Hyperscript is a design using a hypertext format, while Film Viewing is designed with various kinds of on-line help. Film Viewing with Instruction is a module with a great deal of program control. Lastly, linkage to the language classroom, evaluation approaches, implications, and recommendations for future courseware development are discussed.
Making the Most of Scarce Resources
Authors: Donaldson Randall P. , Zarker Morgan Leslie
Published: June 2022

"Scarce resources" include equipment, software, and faculty time. They are now, more than ever before, a concern across the gamut of schools, public and private. The article outlines the development and current use of two programs developed by members of a Modern Languages and Literatures Department on the Macintosh using HyperCard. The first is a reading-comprehension program of a Renaissance Italian text; the second, in German, uses scanned-in maps of the various stages of German political development to illustrate the course of German history. Problems involved in using HyperCard as well as unexpected benefits -- viz., shared stacks from other developers -- are included in the discussion.
Processors Processing
Authors: Künzel Sebatian
Published: June 2022

The article discusses learing theories which influenced the development of CALL.
From #2 Pencil to #2 Pencil
Authors: Ruplin Ferdinand A.
Published: June 2022

Musings about the Stony Brook Project.
An Effective Application of Natural Language Processing in Second Language Instruction
Authors: Nagata Noriko
Published: June 2022

This paper presents an intelligent CALI system called "Nihongo-CALI" (Japanese Computer Assisted Language Instruction), which employs natural language processing to provide immediate, grammatically sophisticated feedback to students in an interactive environment. Using this system, Nagata (1993) previously compared the effectiveness of the two different levels of computer feedback for teaching Japanese passive sentences: traditional feedback (which follows simple pattern-matching error analysis and indicates only missing/unexpected words in the learners' responses) and intelligent feedback (which utilizes a parsing technique to provide detailed grammatical explanations for the source of the learners' errors). The study found a statistically significant difference between traditional and intelligent feedback, favoring intelligent feedback. The present study compares the efficacy of intelligent CALI feedback with that of a more advanced, traditional CALI feedback (which also indicates the positions of missing particles in the learners' responses) for teaching basic sentence constructions in Japanese. The result indicates that the Intelligent CALI feedback is more effective than even the enhanced version of traditional CALI feedback, underscoring the importance of natural language processing technology in second language instruction.
Comparative Evaluation of French Grammar Checkers
Authors: Burston Jack
Published: June 2022

Four grammar checkers, all of French Canadian origin, were evaluated in this study: Le Correcteur 101 (Le Correcteur), GramR, Hugo Plus (Hugo), and the French Proofing Tools for Word for Windows Ver. 6 (French Proofing Tools). All the programs except GramR exist in both IBM-PC and Macintosh versions. The versions tested in this study are indicated in Table 1 (other available versions are indicated in parentheses) IBM-PC software was tested on a 486/66; Macintosh software was run on a Quadra 650. These programs will operate on lesser platforms, but with considerably slower response times.
Speaking
Authors: Egan Kathleen B.
Published: June 2022

Speaking is at the heart of second language learning but has been somewhat ignored in teaching and testing for a number of logistical reasons. Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) can give speaking a central role in language instruction. This article describes plans and efforts to shape speech-interactive Computer-Assisted Language Learning (CALL) programs. Current proficiency guidelines provide a practical framework for this development. Although questions and challenges remain, current implementations of ASR provide some solutions now, and on-going research holds great promise for future implementations.
Preliminary Tests of Language Learning in a Speech-Interactive Graphics Microworld
Authors: Holland V. Melissa , Kaplan Jonathan D. , Sabol Mark A.
Published: June 2022

A speech-interactive graphics microworld is described in which learners speak problem-solving directions to an animated agent and in which new scenarios can be authored. A proof-of-concept application is illustrated for sustaining basic speaking skill in Modern Standard Arabic. Preliminary tests of the application are summarized involving learners from both university and military settings. Problems are discussed in predicting and measuring learning gains based on brief exposure to new technologies.
Giving Help and Praise in a Reading Tutor with Imperfect Listening--Because Automated Speech Recognition Means Never Being Able to Say You're Certain
Authors: Mostow Jack , Aist Gregory
Published: June 2022

Human tutors make use of a wide range of input and output modalities, such as speech, vision, gaze, and gesture. Computer tutors are typically limited to keyboard and mouse input. Project LISTEN's Reading Tutor uses speech recognition technology to listen to children read aloud and help them. Why should a computer tutor listen? A computer tutor that listens can give help and praise naturally and unobtrusively. We address the following questions: When and how should a computer tutor that listens help students? When and how should it praise students? We examine how the advantages and disadvantages of speech recognition technology helped shape the design and implementation of the Reading Tutor. Despite its limitations, this technology enables the Reading Tutor to provide patient, unobtrusive, and natural assistance for reading aloud.
Linguistic Knowledge and Reasoning for Error Diagnosis and Feedback Generation
Authors: Delmonte Rodolfo
Published: June 2022

We present four sets of NLP-based exercises for which error correction and feedback are produced by means of a rich database in which linguistic information is encoded either at the lexical or at the grammatical level. One exercise type "Question-Answering" utilizes linguistic knowledge and inferential processes on the basis of the output generated by GETARUN, a system for text understanding. GETARUN produces a complete parse of a text and a semantic mapping in line with situational semantics in the form of a Discourse Model. Another exercise, Grammcheck, uses a 'robust' version of the parser to produce suitable environments for grammatical error spotting and consequent accurate and precise feedback generation for German. The parser of GETARUN is then presented as an analytical tool for students who study Lexical Functional Grammar (LFG). Finally, exercises on "Essay Evaluation," which are cast into the more general problem of text summarization, are discussed. In this case, the system is used to perform multidocument sentence extraction on the basis of a statistically based Summarizer. This summary is then compared with the student's summary. All applications can be found at our web site, project.cgm.unive.it.
Lexically Driven Error Detection and Correction
Authors: Tschichold Cornelia
Published: June 2022

Recent progress in multimedia technology used in CALL has clearly been more impressive than progress in error detection capability. In order to overcome the obstacles in error detection needed for intelligent feedback in CALL, this paper calls for a new focus on lexical items, both single words and multiword units of various types. Single and multiword lexemes should not only be explicitly taught in CALL, but could also provide the key to more effective feedback on the language production by learners.
Investigating the Promise of Learner Corpora
Authors: Pendar Nick , Chapelle Carol A.
Published: June 2022

Researchers working with learner corpora promise quantitative results that would be of greater practical value in areas such as CALL than those from small-scale and qualitative studies. However, learner corpus research has not yet had an impact on practices in teaching and assessment. Significant methodological issues need to be examined if results from learner corpus research are going to provide convincing results about language development. This study explored the use of the International Corpus of Learner English (ICLE) focusing on methodological issues such as identification of variation in learners' levels and statistical analysis of large numbers of predictors consisting of lexical and quantitative text features. Results show promise for the lexical and quantitative variables and machine learning statistical procedures investigated in the study. They also suggest the need for a larger corpus with more systematically sampled subcorpora from across language groups and a clear classification of the texts in terms of levels of L2 development based on objective criteria.
Empirical CALL evaluation
Authors: Ma Qing
Published: June 2022

CALL evaluation is important because it is the most efficient means to prove CALL effectiveness. While both learning process and learning outcome should be investigated in empirical evaluation, the precise relationship between the two needs to be examined closely. Only by doing so can we identify useful CALL design features that facilitate relevant user-computer interaction which can lead to an improved learning outcome. This study examined how certain user actions can affect or predict receptive/productive vocabulary retention in a computer-assisted vocabulary learning (CAVL) program. Results showed that only the user actions which contributed to identifiable levels of vocabulary processing--those at which (a) the initial meaning-form mappings of the vocabulary items are established and (b) the vocabulary items are practiced in different contexts--significantly accounted for vocabulary retention. In addition, user actions accounted for receptive vocabulary retention better than for productive vocabulary retention.
An Empirical Investigation of the Effects of Blended Learning on Student Outcomes in a Redesigned Intensive Spanish Course
Authors: Young Dolly Jesusita
Published: June 2022

Replacing face-to-face teaching with online instruction in higher education will become an increasingly attractive strategy for reducing instructional costs. Research on the effectiveness of online instruction, however, is sparse. The purpose of this paper is to present findings of a 2-year study that examined learner outcomes within the context of foreign language learning when contact time is replaced by online instruction.
Developing English Language Curriculum for Online Delivery
Authors: McCloskey Mary Lou , Thrush Emily A. , Wilson-Patton Mary Elizabeth , Kleckova Gabriela
Published: June 2022

The E-Language Learning (ELL) project is an ongoing collaborative effort between the US Department of Education and the Chinese (PRC) Ministry of Education. Its purpose is to develop a free, online language-learning opportunity for students in the two countries. Developers in the US are now in the process of creating a program to teach English to the Chinese, while the Chinese are simultaneously developing a program to teach Chinese to English speakers. The authors, who served as the English language development team for the US in the initial stage, describe the curriculum development process for the program, addressing issues in meeting the challenges of developing oral/aural proficiency in language using an online platform. These include making limited use of voice recognition technology for assessment, integrating cultural elements for the targeted audience, developing a program with optimal learning potential, and making the best possible use of technology that is both technically and financially feasible. The authors also include descriptions of clarifying learning goals and curriculum and providing means to track both in order to provide direction for program development, making careful research-based decisions to inform development, and providing careful and ongoing collaboration between technicians, content developers, and language educators.
DESIGN AND EVALUATION ISSUES IN CAL MATERIALS
Authors: England Elaine
Published: June 2022

There has been a tendency to treat the design and evaluation of CAL materials from too narrow a perspective. Some insights from other disciplines are shown to be relevant and difficulties inherent in evaluation of CAL materials are pointed out. Designers and evaluators need to develop new skills and awareness to meet the requirements of interactive media.
DEVELOPING A COMPUTER-ASSISTED READING INSTRUCTION PROGRAM
Authors: Simpson Mark W. , Bolduc-Simpson Sheila
Published: June 2022

CARI is a computer assisted reading instruction program that was designed by two English Language teachers for the purpose of  providing supplementary and relevant material for their students in three subskill areas. The  program was written for intermediate level adults learning English in a business environment.  The  reading subskills include skimming, scanning and guessing.  The paper describes in detail the  content and structure  of the program and outlines the steps involved in its development. Following  the description are comments and suggestions for teachers on how to evaluate effective courseware.
COMPUTER-ASSISTED FOREIGN LANGUAGE MATERIALS: ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS
Authors: Ariew Robert
Published: June 2022

This article explores some ofthe decisions and the decisionmaking process that went intoproducing the Blossom CAImaterials for French instructionat The Pennsylvania StateUniversity. Some of theattributes, limitations, andquestions concerning the uses,validity, and usefulness of CAImaterials are also discussed.
BALTIMORE CITY SCHOOLS USE MICROCOMPUTERS TO TEACH WRITING
Authors: Hancock Charles R.
Published: June 2022

Many school systems in the U.S. are attempting to use limited resources effectively.  In a large urban school system, the problem is compounded by a large number of students and a steadily declining budget. Despite this reality, school systems are continuing to find creative ways to use computers and other technological advances to raise the achievement level of their students.  Several innovative programs in the Baltimore City Public Schools are described in this article. A joint project with a local college, a federally funded project for disadvantaged pupils, a partnership with a national organization, and a joint venture with the Maryland State Department of Education, all involving the use of computers, are described.  These projects suggest that there is a distinct advantage in using computers to teach students to write better. In the case of the severe problem writer, word processing may be the preferable way to help them in a school setting.
INTERACTIVE LANGUAGE SIMULATION SYSTEMS: TECHNOLOGY FOR A NATIONAL LANGUAGE BASE
Authors: Rowe A. Allen
Published: June 2022

In early 1982 the Defense Language Institute Foreign Language Center set a course toward making interactive video an integral part of foreign language instruction. This effort is being carried on with the help of severalorganizations, both civilian and military. The outcome should improve the quality of language instruction for national security and also bring interactive video technology within the grasp of many school systems, colleges, and universities throughout the nation.
A JAPANESE WORD PROCESSOR FOR THE APPLE
Authors: Tripp Steven D.
Published: June 2022

The Assist 16 is a Japanese language word processor that runs on Apple IIe and IIc computers.  It requires no special hardware, and with an Epson-type printer will print Chinese character text in two sizes. For Japanese language teachers in the U.S. who cannot afford dedicated word processors this is a convenient  way of editing and printing Japanese text.
WARRANT: A PEDAGOGICAL ENVIRONMENT FOR CRITICAL READING, REASONING, AND WRITING
Authors: Geisler Cheryl
Published: June 2022

In January 1985, the Writing Center at Carnegie-Mellon University undertook a three year project, sponsored by the Fund for the improvement of Post- Secondary Education, to create a computer environment for teaching critical reading, reasoning, and writing skills. This report, originally given as a talk at the CALICO '85 Symposium in Baltimore, explains the problem which WARRANT is designed to address, the assumptions on which it is based, the design of the program itself, the procedure to be used in developing the curriculum and some of the theoretical issues involved.
RUSSIAN CAI AT DUKE UNIVERSITY
Authors: Pugh Stefan M.
Published: June 2022

The Department  of Slavic Languages at Duke University began actively considering the implementation of Russian CAI in 1983.  It was decided tomodel the Russian materials after the German CALIS system. Unique software and hardware problems encountered in the creation of the Russian CAI system were solved as well as other problems. Full scale use of the Russian CALIS system is expected in the Fall of 1985.
How I Met Bob Fischer
Authors: Youngs Bonnie L.
Published: June 2022

NA
Robert Fischer: CALICO's Gentleman-Scholar
Authors: Lafford Barbara A.
Published: June 2022

NA  this is a short personal essay for the Festschrift.
Visibilization of languages at the University: The Language-Integrated Knowledge Education (LIKE) Approach
Authors: Thorne Steve
Published: June 2022

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Patterns of Interaction Between Moderators and Learners during Synchronous Oral Discussions Online
Authors: Bayle Aurélie , Youngs Bonnie L.
Published: June 2022

This paper describes research with French university graduate student moderators in a Master’s program on using technology to teach French as a foreign language and advanced undergraduate students learning French at an American university who used Second Life software and Moodle to carry out oral tasks synchronously. For fall 2011, the researchers designed five tasks (étapes) that paralleled the undergraduates’ course curriculum. Transcripts of two of the six groups of moderators and learners show that the unintended different styles of moderator behaviors influenced learner interactions with each other and with the moderators. The authors show that students were less able to engage with each other independently when faced with more rigid questioning behaviors by the moderators.
List of Contributors
Authors: Hubbard Phil
Published: June 2022

List of Contributors
CALL FOR THE MACINTOSH
Authors: Blake Robert , Duncan Bruce
Published: June 2022

In collaboration with a team of programmers and with support from a Sloan Foundation grant, the authors created an authoring language specifically for composing computer-assisted language drills, but applicable to many other kinds of instruction. The interaction between the various collaborators has produced a pedagogically sound and technically practical program that takes advantage of the Macintosh's user-friendly environment, high-resolution graphics, and international keyboard. Students can receive written or visual cues, edit their answers, and summon additional information using the Macintosh's pull-down menus and multiple windows. A future version, still under development, will provide even more sophisticated features. A preliminary survey of student users has yielded encouraging results.
COMPUTER LITERACY AN THE FOREIGN LANGUAGE TEACHER
Authors: Hoch Frances S.
Published: June 2022

This article is based on a presentation at CALICO '85.  It discusses the problems inherent in making teachers computer literate. It then describes a staff development program for foreign language teachers in North Carolina which introduces them to the potential of CAI for foreign language instruction by providing hands-on experience with the computer which is directly applicable to this instructional area.
COMPUTER-AIDED TRANSLATION AT WCC
Authors: Perscheid Margaret M.
Published: June 2022

Many individuals, companies, and government agencies need to have a large volume of foreign language printed matter translated for their use. Computer-aided translation offers the advantages of speed and volume over the normal non-assisted human translation process. With a shortage of trained language specialists, the volume of material to be translated, and the speed of translation which is desired, the computer- aided translation market becomes the most feasible and desirable option in the translation field.Weidner is one company which recognized the needs in this particular area and has developed both hardware and software to fill this need. Constant improvement and attention to detail is needed to keep such a system operating at top accuracy. It is Weidner’s goal to stay on top of all advances in the field as well as to offer a complete line of language and translation services to the community.
COMMUNICATIVE CALL WITH ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: SOME DESIDERATA
Authors: Barrutia Richard
Published: June 2022

The ideal CALL courseware development procedure will take advantage of many or all of the latest hardware, pedagogical, and theoretical advances in the language teaching field.  These advances are presented in this paper both as a description o the ideal CALL courseware and, where applicable, as actual design implementations in a Spanish course being developed by the author.
THE MARKING OF TESTS IN JAPAN
Authors: Kinoshita Eizo
Published: June 2022

In order to attend one of the one hundred and twenty-nine national and public universities in Japan, aspirants must take a preliminary unified college entrance examination.  since many thousands of aspirants take this examination simultaneously at different location in Japan and since marking of the examination papers must be finished in about ten days, the test itself must be selected so as to be able to be marked quickly.  In order to mark such large numbers of examination papers in such a short time has necessitated the use of computers.  computers in turn have enhanced the testing procedure by also furnishing analyses of the test scores.
USING THE ADVENTURE FORMATS FOR CALI
Authors: Kossuth Karen C.
Published: June 2022

Because adventure games can be highly interactive and so absorbing that users commonly spend hours in a session, they are well suited to CALI, as long as the level of language on the screen is low enough and as long as the parser can recognize naturally-formed commands. This article attributes the success of the adventure format to the Input Hypothesis and the Affective Filter Hypothesis and sets up criteria for instructional evaluation of foreign language adventures.
PILOT, SNOBOL, AND LOGO AS COMPUTING TOOLS FOR FOREIGN-LANGUAGE INSTRUCTION
Authors: Sanders Ruth H.
Published: June 2022

Three programming languages widely available for microcomputers deserve attention  from the foreign-language academic community because of their ease of use and their particular facility in manipulating language.  PILOT, SNOBOL, and Logo are described and evaluated as tools for foreign-language CAI, and a small sample program in each language is given. A bibliography is included.
PRODUCING FOREIGN LANGUAGE STUDY MATERIALS ON THE XEROX STAR
Authors: Ratliff III John B.
Published: June 2022

This is the Text of a paper presented at the CALICO Conference on Language and Technology, Dec. 2, 1985, Tokyo, Japan.
APPROACHES TO THE DESIGN OF SOFTWARE LANGUAGE TEACHING
Authors: Phillips Martin K.
Published: June 2022

It is argued that there is a need in the field of computer-assisted language learning (CALL) to develop a principled framework which will enable current activity to be related to an appropriate theoretical perspective and to suggest avenues of future development. A comparison of two different types of CALL programs leads to a discussion of some of the possible elements of such a framework.
Computer-Assisted Spanish-Composition Instruction Survey—1986
Authors: Harvey T. Edward
Published: June 2022

This study reports on a survey of Spanish instructors' views on the use of computers in Spanish composition instruction. Data are reported for 208 (from a total of 1,678) full-time instructional faculty at universities, two-year colleges, and high schools across the nation. Most respondents taught one-semester courses whose enrollment sizes were increasing. Text use for the majority of programs is three years or less. This corresponds to the advent of process-model texts. Apples and IBM-PCs predominate among the hardware available. The lack of foreign-character support remains the major frustration reported. Essay analyzers are new to nearly everyone. There is mixed opinion about the real versus the expected benefits of using word processors as part of composition instruction. However, the time appears right for a paradigm shift and curriculum definition to include computer-assisted composition instruction.
Using SuperPILOT for Creating the Russian Characters Set
Authors: Adamantova-Abbas Vera
Published: June 2022

The lack of a Cyrillic alphabet is among the most notable obstacles in teaching and learning Russian language through a computer. This paper examines the possibility of creating the Russian character set using a "programmerless" authoring language, SuperPILOT,  which allows a teacher or a learner to produce and use the Russian alphabet with no programming skills.
When the Music Stops: A Review of Using Computers in Language Learning
Authors: Underwood John
Published: June 2022

Graham Davies' "Using Computers in Language Learning" (with a separate section on ESL by John Higgins), is for the most part a useful guide through the maze of programming languages, authoring systems, exercise formats, etc., which face the teacher contemplating the use of computers for language learning. Unfortunately, however, much of the information in the text refers to British sources, limiting its usefulness to the American teacher. A more serious flaw is the underlying assumption that computers are best suited for mechanical drill, thus freeing the teacher for communicative activities. The reviewer suggests that the continued use of computers in this fashion may well lead to the demise of CALL before experimenters have had an opportunity to explore its full potential.
Chinese Flashcards on Computer: A CAI System for Chinese with Voice, Characters, and Pinyin Tonal Diacritics
Authors: Kunst Richard
Published: June 2022

Chinese Flashcards on Computer is a system for computer-assisted practice of Chinese vocabulary. The main goal of the system is to help students improve their association between the sound of a Chinese word or phrase and its graphic shape, as written in Chinese characters. A secondary goal is to get the student to associate meaning through typing the correct pronunciation in standard pinyin romanization and an acceptable English equivalent. The computer responds to wrong and right answers. The system has many special features such as an extensive and flexible vocabulary of Chinese characters, diacritical marks, and a digitized voice stored on the disk. There are also plans for future improvements to the system.
The "Rear-View Mirror" Approach
Authors: Nord James
Published: June 2022

Foreign language teaching can make great advances through the use of new educational media. The new interactive videodisc systems can be particularly  helpful in making this progress. Unfortunately,  the implementation of this new educational media is being done with the "rear-view  mirror" approach spoken of by McLuhan. That is, this new media is being used with the methods of older, different media. Instead, it should be used in conjunction with a new methodology which could better capitalize on the great potential which this new media has. A model is described for this new methodology.
Banquet Address --CALICO'87 in Monterey
Authors: Kenny Minnie
Published: June 2022

This is a banquet address presented at the CALICO conference in Monterey in 1987.
Tur(n)ing the Tables: A Quiet Polemic
Authors: Borchardt Frank
Published: June 2022

This is a Luncheon Address presentend at the CALICO conference in Monterey in 1987.
The Magic of Optical Memories
Authors: Schneider Edward
Published: June 2022

Optical memory in the form of compact discs is ever increasing inpopularity throughout the world. Two variations are Compact Disc Read-Only Memory (CD ROM) and Compact Disc-Interactive  (CD-I). CD ROM is well-suited to information storage in the form of text. CD-I is not in the production yet but will be capable of text, graphics, video still frames, and audio at three different quality levels. Education is not the target market for CD ROM or CD-I. Nevertheless, both CD ROM and CD-I can be a great boon to language education and will find their place in the education market.
The Status of Computer-Assisted Language Instruction
Authors: Clifford Ray
Published: June 2022

Opening Keynote Address, presented at the CALICO conference in Monterey in 1987.
A Free-Form Dialog Program in Spanish
Authors: Jehle Fred
Published: June 2022

SPANLAP is a computer program which attempts to engage students of Spanish in a free-form written dialog by allowing them to ask questions. The program performs morphological, syntactic, and some semantic parsing of the student input, and either generates a response according to predetermined patterns or selects a response written by an instructor. Although unfinished, the program is functional, and demonstrates the feasibility of communicative programs for students of foreign languages.
CAI Development: The Experience of the University of North Carolina Courseware Development Project
Authors: Dominguez Frank , Hazen Margret
Published: June 2022

The University of North Carolina (UNC)/IBM Courseware Development Project has been successful in the creation of high-quality college level educational computer materials. This paper provides an overview of the development of the Project, of the difficulties encountered along the way, and of the solutions found to overcome them. It advocates the use of a team approach to the development of quality computer materials, and provides a model to follow.
Some Current IAV CALI Projects in Europe
Authors: Fletcher William
Published: June 2022

This article reports on some of the author's recent contacts with European researchers producing imageware and courseware of interest for IAV CALI. Issues of video (PAL/NTSC) and computer (MS-DOS and other operating systems) (in)compatibility are raised, and specific sources for foreign language videodiscs and software are discussed.
Artificial Intelligence and Computer-Assisted Language Instruction: A Perspective
Authors: Bailin Alan
Published: June 2022

The article attempts to outline the major components of CALI-AI (computer-assisted language instruction incorporating artificial intelligence techniques). The article begins by discussing briefly the central assumption on which CALI-AI work is based, that is, that human cognitive abilities can be reproduced by mechanical means. It then proceeds to examine the following components of CALI-AI: (1) natural language processing, problem solving, (3) language learning, and (4) modeling teacher behavior. The article concludes with a discussion of the ways in which language teachers can participate in the development of the field.
Evaluating CUES: Some Problems and Issues in Experimental CALL Research
Authors: Craven Mary-Louise
Published: June 2022

The effectiveness of a computer program, CUES, designed to improve adult ESL students' essays was tested both formally and informally. The formal measures carried out in both the experin7eiital and the control groups included: 1) holistic ratings of both groups' pre- and post- intervention essays, and 2) a comparison of pre- and post-intervention thinking-aloud protocol analyses. The informal measures included a questionnaire administered to the students and critical comments about the program garnered from the students' responses in a 500-ivord essay entitled, "Assess the program CUES." This research provides an opportunity for the author to examine critically the research methods used, and to conclude that both formal and informal evaluation measures provide a balanced assessment of CALL software.
Microcomputers and English Language Instruction: A Few Years Later
Authors: Jex William W.
Published: June 2022

This article presents a "conservative" assessment of the introduction of microcomputers for assisting English language (ESL) instruction. In particular, it reports on our experience with the use of microcomputers and word processing programs at the American Language Institute of New York University. It describes what we have found to be a useful, specialized taxonomy of applications of word processing to ESL instruction in reading and composition.
Banquet Address—CALICO'88 in Salt Lake City
Authors: Kenny Minnie M.
Published: June 2022

Banquet Address—CALICO'88 in Salt Lake City.
On Generating a German Lexicon
Authors: Ruplin Ferdinand , Russell John
Published: June 2022

Building on a method of compressing lexical information, the authors have defined a set of algorithms providing the minimum amount of information necessary to generate all forms in the German lexicon and to detect spelling errors. Master stems were marked for part of speech and desinences with a view also to making possible inference drills for use in foreign language instruction.
An Interactive Video Program: TOPIC (Training for Oral Proficiency Interviewing Competence)
Authors: West Gaby
Published: June 2022

This article discusses the development and production of the interactive video refresher training program "TOPIC' (Training for Oral Proficiency Interviewing Competence). The oral proficiency interview is a face- to-face test of a candidate's speaking proficiency. TOPIC teaches interviewing and evaluation skills to oral proficiency testers.Under computer control, this interactive video program provides the user with videotaped sample interviews in German, simulation-type activities, and explanations for remedial purposes.The program can be used as a prototype for the development of refresher training programs in other languages. Authoring was done in CDS/Genesis. TOPIC runs on the Sony View System.
Towards Better Tutorial CALL: A Matter of Intelligent Control
Authors: Burston Jack
Published: June 2022

Although drill and practice exercises continue to account for a substantial proportion of CALL production, most available foreign language programs suffer from expedient programming and poor pedagogy. At the heart of the problem is the failure of language teaching specialists to involve themselves in CALL research and development. In the absence of AI-derived natural language processors, programs based on anticipated student responses remain the only viable means of creating sophisticated CALL lessons. Special purpose authoring languages offer the most accessible approach to such programming, but are seriously hampered by their lack of flexible feedback capabilities. In particular, much greater author control is needed over pattern matching devices to accommodate the processing of non-differential variations in predicted answers. Provided that basic command structures incorporate variable parameters with pre-set, but alterable, default values, increased author management of response handling need not place unreasonable programming denmands upon the courseware designer. In any event, variable lesson parameters are required to enable students to more intelligently exploit the computer-aided learning environment. To demonstrate the feasibility of implementing flexible response handling control, the essential design features of an Australian developed authoring language, EMU, are examined in some detail.
Expressing the Same Piece of Information Using Different Elements of Language: A Text-Based System
Authors: Kecskés István , Agócs László
Published: June 2022

STOBI is a text-based system combining the positive features of both authoring and generative techniques. The main goal of the system is to help students understand the interrelation between form and meaning and practice expressing the same piece of information by using different elements of language. The program runs on IBM PC (compatible).
Interactions Audio-Visuelles, Videodisc and Hypercard for Students of French at Ventura College, California
Authors: Slaton Alice
Published: June 2022

This article describes an interactive video French project at Ventura College. It describes Interactions Audio-Visuelles, the disc, the manual, and the current stacks. Furthermore, it discusses how the disc and the stacks are used in the classroom as well as the empirical outcomes of the project.
Survey of Interactive Language Discs
Authors: Rubin Joan , Ediger Anne , Coffin Edna , Van Handle Donna , Whiskeyman Ann
Published: June 2022

This survey was conducted by a committee of the CALICO IAV SIG, chaired by Joan Rubin. We owe special thanks to Ed Schwartz for providing us with hard to find references.
Using Electronic Mail as a Medium for Foreign Language Study and Instruction
Authors: Lunde Ken R.
Published: June 2022

This article describes how electronic mail can be used to send and receive foreign character sets, using the Japanese character set as an example. Electronic mail is fast, inexpensive, and can be stored, modified, and printed. This modern communication tool can be used to accelerate the traditional penpal process, and can act as a medium for instruction through correspondence courses. In addition, other computerized information, such as computer software and digitized speech can be sent using electronic mail. This opens many doors for future trends in computer-aided instruction (CAI).
Computer Assisted Language Learning: A Client's View
Authors: Dhaif Husain A.
Published: June 2022

Perhaps one of the significant milestones in English Language Training (ELT) in the last decade was the introduction of personal computers as an aid in the ELT classroom. Although this was mainly associated with the more affluent societies, the fact remains that major publishers were quick to jump on the bandwagon to produce a sizeable body of teaching material for CALL (Computer-Assisted Language Learning). Papers have also been published which deal with the topic in one way or another. The views range between hailing the computer as the best answer to the otherwise monotonous task of practicing language items in the classroom setting, and considering it as yet another classroom novelty analogous to the rise of the language laboratories in the sixties. Whatever the view might be, it is perhaps surprising that the clients, and I mean here the learners and not the institutions, have not properly been consulted to find out what they like or dislike about CALL; nor have any serious attempts been made to measure the effectiveness of CALL based programs. This paper attempts, through a questionnaire, to shed some light on the first issue, i.e., the view of the learners and their reactions to using the computer in learning a foreign language. It also tries to identify the strategies used by these learners in dealing with CALL exercises, and discusses some general issues related to the uses of CALL.