bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The hidden link between late‐onset seizures and cerebral amyloid angiopathy: A case–control study
Authors: Marsico Oreste , Pascarella Angelo , Gasparini Sara , Manzo Lucia , Bova Valentina , Cianci Vittoria , Mammì Anna , Abelardo Domenico , Africa Emilio , La Torre Giuseppe , Armentano Antonio , Damavandi Payam Tabaee , DiFrancesco Jacopo C. , Aguglia Umberto , Ferlazzo Edoardo
Published: July 2024

Objective

Epileptic seizures occurring in late adulthood often remain of unknown origin. Sporadic cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is a cerebral small vessel disease characterized by intracerebral hemorrhage, microhemorrhage and superficial siderosis, occurring mostly in elderly. This observational case–control study aimed to assess the occurrence of CAA in patients experiencing their first seizure in late adulthood.

Methods

We enrolled consecutive patients aged ≥55 years presenting with late‐onset seizures (LOS) to the emergency departments or outpatient clinics of two Italian centers, from April 2021 to October 2022. Two age‐matched control subjects with neurological symptoms other than epileptic seizure were recruited for each enrolled case. All participants underwent brain MRI (1.5 Tesla) including blood‐sensitive sequences and were assessed for probable CAA diagnosis according to Boston criteria 2.0. Chi‐squared test was performed to evaluate group differences. Univariate logistic regression analysis tested the association between clinical variables and CAA.

Results

We included 65 patients with LOS (27 females; mean age 72.2 ± 8.9 years) and 130 controls (49 females; mean age 70.3 ± 8.9 years). Diagnosis of probable CAA was achieved in 10.8% (7/65) of LOS patients and 2.3% (3/130) controls, with a statistically significant difference (p = 0.011). The OR for CAA in the LOS group was 5.2 as compared to the control group (95% CI = 1.3–20.6, p = 0.02).

Significance

The frequency of CAA is significatively higher in patients with LOS as compared to other neurological diseases, suggesting that a portion of LOS of unknown or vascular origin are associated with CAA.

Plain Language Summary

Late‐onset seizures (LOS) are very frequent in the elderly and often have no clear cause. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is a condition where amyloid proteins build up in the blood vessels of the brain, causing them to become weak and prone to bleeding. In this study, we explored the occurrence of CAA in people with LOS. We found that people with LOS were more likely to have a diagnosis of CAA than controls (i.e., people with other neurological diseases).
Perennial grass and herb options to extend summer–autumn forage in a drought‐prone temperate environment
Authors: Stutz Rebecca S. , De Faveri Joanne , Culvenor Richard A.
Published: July 2024

Background

The ability to finish livestock on pasture over the summer–autumn period could improve the profitability of red meat enterprises in drought‐prone temperate regions. In south‐eastern Australia, traditional perennial options are limited by poor warm‐season performance (phalaris, Phalaris aquatica L.) and widespread environmental constraints (lucerne, Medicago sativa L.). We aimed to identify perennial species suitable for summer–autumn finishing.

Methods

We tested pure swards of summer‐active perennial grasses and herbs (20 cultivars across 14 species) in replicated small‐plot experiments at two sites on the Southern Tablelands of New South Wales, Australia. We assessed early persistence, productivity and warm‐season nutritive characteristics over 2–3 years.

Results

Lucerne and chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) persisted well through drought and produced herbage of high quantity and quality through summer–autumn. Digit grass (Digitaria eriantha Steud.) was highly persistent and productive but nutritive values were generally poor. Cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.), perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), prairie grass (Bromus willdenowii Kunth.) and plantain (Plantago lanceolata L.) were productive but less persistent through drought, while nutritive values were sometimes inadequate.

Conclusions

Chicory is a good alternative to lucerne, given its excellent summer–autumn performance, ability to survive droughts and superior acid soil tolerance. If appropriate management resolves issues with persistence and nutritive value, several of the other species could also be used to close the warm‐season feed gap in drought‐prone temperate environments.
Oral glucose tolerance test—The imperfect gold standard for gestational diabetes screening: A qualitative study involving clinicians in regional, rural and remote areas of Western Australia
Authors: Kirke Andrew B. , Spry Erica , Atkinson David , Sinclair Craig , Marley Julia V.
Published: July 2024

Issue Addressed

The oral glucose tolerance test is the ‘gold standard’ for detecting gestational diabetes in Australian and International guidelines. Test completion in regional, rural and remote regions may be as low as 50%. We explored challenges and enablers for regional, rural and remote antenatal clinicians providing gestational diabetes screening to better understand low oral glucose tolerance test completion.

Methods

We conducted a qualitative descriptive study using semi‐structured interviews. Participants eligible for the study were doctors or midwives providing antenatal care in regional, rural and remote Western Australia, between August 2019 and November 2020. Interviews were recorded digitally and transcribed into a Word document. We conducted a thematic analysis after initial categorisation and deduction of themes through workshops involving the research team.

Results

We found a diversity of viewpoints on oral glucose tolerance test reliability for detecting gestational diabetes. Themes that emerged were; good collaboration between antenatal clinicians is required for successful screening; screening occurs throughout pregnancy using various tests; clinicians make significant efforts to address barriers; clinicians prioritise therapeutic relationships.

Conclusions

Effective universal screening for gestational diabetes in regional, rural and remote Western Australia is difficult and more complex in practice than guidelines imply. Detecting gestational diabetes requires creative solutions, early identification of at risk women and trust and collaboration between clinicians and women.

So What?

Detection of gestational diabetes in regional, rural and remote Western Australia remains poorly completed. New strategies are required to adequately identify women at risk of adverse birth outcomes relating to hyperglycaemia in pregnancy.
Age‐specific incidence trends of 32 cancers in China, 1983 to 2032: Evidence from Cancer Incidence in Five Continents
Authors: Hu Meijing , Li Mandi , Lin Yidie , Pei Jiao , Yao Qiang , Jiang Lin , Jin Yu , Tian Yunhe , Zhu Cairong
Published: July 2024

The long‐term incidence trends of 32 cancers in China remained unclear. Cancer statistics for young population were often presented in aggregate, masking important heterogeneity. We aimed to assess the incidence trends of 32 cancers in China from 1983 to 2032, stratified by sex and age groups. Data on cancer incidence from 1983 to 2017 were extracted from Cancer Incidence in Five Continents Volumes VI–XII. The age‐period‐cohort model was utilized to assess age and birth cohort effects on the temporal trends of 32 cancers in China, while the Bayesian age‐period‐cohort model was utilized to project future trends from 2018 to 2032. An increase in cohort effects is observed in some cancers such as thyroid and kidney cancers. Eight of the 12 obesity‐related cancers may rise in the 0–14 age group, and nine in the 15–39 age group from 2013 to 2032. Liver and stomach cancers show an increasing trend among the younger population, contrasting with the observed declining trend in the middle‐aged population. There has been a significant rise in the proportions of cervical cancer among females aged 40–64 (4.3%–19.1%), and prostate cancer among males aged 65+ (1.1%–11.8%) from 1983 to 2032. Cancer spectrum in China is shifting toward that in developed countries. Incidence rates of most cancers across different age groups may increase in recent cohorts. It is essential to insist effective preventive interventions, and promote healthier lifestyles, such as reducing obesity, especially among younger population.
Protocol to record and analyze primate leaping in three dimensions in the wild
Authors: Janisch Judith , Kirven Jack , Schapker Nicole , Myers Lydia C. , Shapiro Liza J. , Young Jesse W.
Published: July 2024

Several studies comparing primate locomotion under lab versus field conditions have shown the importance of implementing both types of studies, as each has their advantages and disadvantages. However, three‐dimensional (3D) motion capture of primates has been challenging under natural conditions. In this study, we provide a detailed protocol on how to collect 3D biomechanical data on primate leaping in their natural habitat that can be widely implemented. To record primate locomotion in the dense forest we use modified GoPro Hero Black cameras with zoom lenses that can easily be carried around and set up on tripods. We outline details on how to obtain camera calibrations at greater heights and how to process the collected data using the MATLAB camera calibration app and the motion tracking software DLTdv8a. We further developed a new MATLAB application “WildLeap3D” to generate biomechanical performance metrics from the derived x, y, z coordinates of the leaps. We provide details on how to collect data on support diameter, compliance, and orientation, and combine these with the jumps to study locomotor performance in an ecological context. We successfully reconstructed leaps of wild primates in the 3D space under natural conditions and provided data on four representative leaps. We provide exemplar data on primate velocity and acceleration during a leap and show how our protocol can be used to analyze segmental kinematics. This study will help to make motion capture of freely moving animals more accessible and help further our knowledge about animal locomotion and movement.
Hyperandrogenemia elevates expression of apelin and apelin receptor protein in the mice pituitary
Authors: Riba Preethi , Anima Borgohain , Dutta Ayushmita , Gurusubramanian Guruswami , Roy Vikas Kumar
Published: July 2024

Hyperandrogenemia is associated with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) and imbalances in the pituitary hormones, luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH) levels. Apelin and its receptor, APJ (class A, rhodopsin‐like G‐ protein‐coupled receptor), belongs to adipokines, and its expression has been shown in the pituitary. It is also well known that, hyperandrogenism and PCOS have deregulation of different adipokines. Whether hyperandrogenism also deregulates the apelin system in the pituitary has yet to be investigated. Thus, we have investigated the expression and localization of apelin and its receptor, APJ, in the letrozole‐induced hyperandrogenised pituitary of female mice. Our results showed that the apelin, APJ and androgen receptor (AR) expression were upregulated in the anterior pituitary. Furthermore, the immunostaining of LH exhibited increased abundance than FSH. The circulating LH was also found to be elevated compared to FSH levels. The increased LH synthesis and secretion coincides with elevated apelin system in the pituitary of hyperandrogenised mice. Recently, a direct role of apelin has also been reported in the female pituitary, where apelin inhibits LH secretion. Thus, apelin could be one of the factors for deregulated gonadotropin secretion in hyperandrogenised conditions. However, more research is needed to fully understand the complex interactions between apelin and androgen regarding gonadotropin secretion in hyperandrogenised conditions.
Which freedoms benefit the poor? A two‐horse race between economic and political freedoms on health‐adjusted life expectancy and child mortality, 1990–2020
Authors: Helmersen Ingrid Holthe , de Soysa Indra
Published: July 2024

We examine theoretically and empirically whether democratic rights might be superior to economic rights in a two‐horse race, utilizing indicators of poverty reduction, such as health‐adjusted life expectancy (HALE) and child mortality as outcomes. The results show robustly that economic freedoms associate positively with HALE and negatively with child mortality, while the effect of democracy is more mixed. Studies reporting a negative effect of political freedoms on child mortality without accounting for economic freedoms, thus, are potentially mis‐specified. These results are robust to a barrage of tests, alternative data, estimating method and formal tests of omitted variables bias.
New variants expand the neurological phenotype of COQ7 deficiency
Authors: Fabra María Alcázar , Paredes‐Fuentes Abraham J. , Torralba Carnerero Manuel , Moreno Férnandez de Ayala Daniel J. , Arroyo Luque Antonio , Sánchez Cuesta Ana , Staiano Carmine , Sanchez‐Pintos Paula , Luz Couce María , Tomás Miguel , Marco‐Hernández Ana Victoria , Orellana Carmen , Martínez Francisco , Roselló Mónica , Caro Alfonso , Oltra Soler Juan Silvestre , Monfort Sandra , Sánchez Alejandro , Rausell Dolores , Vitoria Isidro , del Toro Mireia , Garcia‐Cazorla Angels , Julia‐Palacios Natalia A. , Jou Cristina , Yubero Delia , López Luis Carlos , Hernández Camacho Juan Diego , López Lluch Guillermo , Ballesteros Simarro Manuel , Rodríguez Aguilera Juan Carlos , Calvo Gloria Brea , Cascajo Almenara María Victoria , Artuch Rafael , Santos‐Ocaña Carlos
Published: July 2024

The protein encoded by COQ7 is required for CoQ10 synthesis in humans, hydroxylating 3‐demethoxyubiquinol (DMQ10) in the second to last steps of the pathway. COQ7 mutations lead to a primary CoQ10 deficiency syndrome associated with a pleiotropic neurological disorder. This study shows the clinical, physiological, and molecular characterization of four new cases of CoQ10 primary deficiency caused by five mutations in COQ7, three of which have not yet been described, inducing mitochondrial dysfunction in all patients. However, the specific combination of the identified variants in each patient generated precise pathophysiological and molecular alterations in fibroblasts, which would explain the differential in vitro response to supplementation therapy. Our results suggest that COQ7 dysfunction could be caused by specific structural changes that affect the interaction with COQ9 required for the DMQ10 presentation to COQ7, the substrate access to the active site, and the maintenance of the active site structure. Remarkably, patients' fibroblasts share transcriptional remodeling, supporting a modification of energy metabolism towards glycolysis, which could be an adaptive mechanism against CoQ10 deficiency. However, transcriptional analysis of mitochondria‐associated pathways showed distinct and dramatic differences between patient fibroblasts, which correlated with the extent of pathophysiological and neurological alterations observed in the probands. Overall, this study suggests that the combination of precise genetic diagnostics and the availability of new structural models of human proteins could help explain the origin of phenotypic pleiotropy observed in some genetic diseases and the different responses to available therapies.
Hippocampal Glutamate Levels and Their Correlation With Subregion Volume in School‐Aged Children With MRI‐Negative Epilepsy: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Xu Donghao , Ren Qingfa , Liu Quanyuan , Liu Miaomiao , Gong He , Liu Yuwei , Yin Zhijie , Zeng Zhen , Xia Shuyuan , Zhang Yanyan , Li Jie , Gao Quansheng , Wang Jing , Li Xianglin
Published: July 2024

Background

Abnormal levels of glutamate constitute a key pathophysiologic mechanism in epilepsy. The use of glutamate chemical exchange saturation transfer (GluCEST) imaging to measure glutamate levels in pediatric epilepsy is rarely reported in research.

Purpose

To investigate hippocampal glutamate level variations in pediatric epilepsy and the correlation between glutamate and hippocampal subregional volumes.

Study Type

Cross‐sectional, prospective.

Subjects

A total of 38 school‐aged pediatric epilepsy patients with structurally normal MRI as determined by at least two independent radiologists (60% males; 8.7 ± 2.5 years; including 20 cases of focal pediatric epilepsy [FE] and 18 cases of generalized pediatric epilepsy [GE]) and 17 healthy controls (HC) (41% males; 9.0 ± 2.5 years).

Field Strength/Sequence

3.0 T; 3D magnetization prepared rapid gradient echo (MPRAGE) and 2D turbo spin echo GluCEST sequences.

Assessment

The relative concentration of glutamate was calculated through pixel‐wise magnetization transfer ratio asymmetry (MTRasym) analysis of the GluCEST data. Hippocampal subfield volumes were computed from MPRAGE data using FreeSurfer.

Statistical Tests

This study used t tests, one‐way analysis of variance, Kruskal–Wallis tests, and Pearson correlation analysis. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

The MTRasym values of both the left and right hippocampi were significantly elevated in GE (left: 2.51 ± 0.23 [GE] vs. 2.31 ± 0.12 [HCs], right: 2.50 ± 0.22 [GE] vs. 2.27 ± 0.22 [HCs]). The MTRasym values of the ipsilateral hippocampus were significantly elevated in FE (2.49 ± 0.28 [ipsilateral] vs. 2.29 ± 0.16 [HCs]). The MTRasym values of the ipsilateral hippocampus were significantly increased compared to the contralateral hippocampus in FE (2.49 ± 0.28 [ipsilateral] vs. 2.35 ± 0.34 [contralateral]). No significant differences in hippocampal volume were found between different groups (left hippocampus, P = 0.87; right hippocampus, P = 0.87).

Data Conclusion

GluCEST imaging have potential for the noninvasive measurement of glutamate levels in the brains of children with epilepsy.

Level of Evidence

2

Technical Efficacy

Stage 1
Association between virus infection and periodontitis: Evidence from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2009−2014
Authors: Fang Tongfeng , Liu Liu , Mao Suning , Jiang Zhishen , Cao Yubin , Pan Jian
Published: July 2024

Periodontitis is a cumulative inflammatory disease associated with multiple health conditions and various systemic diseases. As a common disease, virus infection along with its consequences has become a serious health burden. The study aims to evaluate the relationship between common viruses including hepatitis virus, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), herpes simplex virus (HSV), human papillomavirus (HPV), and periodontitis. The data from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2009−2014 was adopted and screened through, including 10 714 participants. Generalized linear regression was conducted to verify the relationships between the virus infections and periodontitis. Moreover, we also performed analyses in age and gender subgroups. The results suggested that the infection of HCV, HSV‐1, and HSV‐2 was significantly associated with the prevalence of periodontitis (odds ratio [OR] 1.46, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.26−1.70; OR 1.09, 95% CI 1.05−1.13; OR 1.06, 95% CI 1.01 ‐ 1.11, respectively) and risk of developing moderate or severe periodontitis (OR 1.51, 95% CI 1.29−1.77; OR 1.08, 95% CI 1.04−1.12; OR 1.05, 95% CI 1.01−1.10, respectively) after adjusting all relevant co‐factors. Subgroup analyses revealed a steady association between periodontitis and hepatitis C virus (HCV) or HSV‐1 infection, while the relationship between HSV‐2 and HPV infection can also be found in some subgroups. The presence of HCV and HSV infection was found to be significantly associated with the prevalence of periodontitis, including moderate or severe cases. Moreover, the association of periodontitis and HPV infection can also be observed in people < 35 years.
Sirolimus to treat chronic and steroid‐resistant allograft rejection‐related fibrosis in pediatric liver transplantation
Authors: Quintero Bernabeu Jesús , Juamperez Goñi Javier , Mercadal Hally Maria , Padrós Fornieles Cristina , Ortega López Juan , Larrarte King Mauricio , Molino Gahete José A. , Salcedo Allende María T. , Hidalgo Llompart Ernest , Bilbao Aguirre Itxarone , Charco Torra Ramon
Published: July 2024

This study aimed to report our experience with the use of Sirolimus (SRL) in pediatric liver transplant patients with chronic rejection or steroid‐resistant rejection with hepatic fibrosis, focusing on their histological evolution. All pediatric liver transplant recipients who received off‐label treatment with SRL for chronic ductopenic rejection or cortico‐resistant rejection between July 2003 and July 2022 were included in the study. All nine patients included in the study showed improvement in liver enzymes and cholestasis parameters as soon as 1‐month after post‐SRL introduction. A decrease in fibrosis stage was observed in 7/9 (77.7%) patients at 36 months. All but one patient experienced an improvement in the Rejection Activity Index and ductopenia at 12 months. A single patient had to discontinue SRL treatment owing to nephrotic proteinuria. In conclusion, SRL may be a safe and effective treatment for chronic and steroid‐resistant rejection and may improve allograft rejection‐related fibrosis and ductal damage.
Wernicke encephalopathy in a pediatric patient with cannabinoid hyperemesis: A novel case report
Authors: Munroe Melissa , Shah Zalan , Setya Aniruddh
Published: July 2024

This case report details a novel case of Wernicke encephalopathy (WE) in a 16‐year‐old boy with obesity and chronic cannabis use. Despite the absence of alcohol use disorder, this adolescent developed classic symptoms of WE, challenging the conventional diagnostic framework. Clinical suspicion for WE was supported by typical magnetic resonance imaging findings, low thiamine levels and rapid clinical improvement postintravenous thiamine supplementation. This case underscores the need for heightened clinical vigilance for WE in patients who present with neurologic symptoms who endorse history of persistent emesis, regardless of their history of alcohol use. It also supports the preemptive administration of thiamine in those at risk of deficiency.
Diatomite evidence for a small palaeo mountain lake at 3400 m asl, Lesotho, southern Africa
Authors: Fitchett Jennifer M. , Mackay Anson W.
Published: July 2024

The Eastern Lesotho Highlands experience an excess of rainfall sufficient to form the country's primary export, supplying the economic hub of southern Africa, Gauteng South Africa. However, there is currently only one natural lake in the country, Letšeng‐la Letsie, and evidence of palaeolakes in the region is therefore of particular interest. This study presents the analysis of a diatomite outcrop from a depression northwest of Mafadi Summit, at 3400 m asl. The presence of diatomite, dominated by the facultative planktonic species Staurosirella pinnata and Staurosira construens and abundant planktonic Aulacoseira ambigua, is indicative of the continuous presence of a shallow lake between ~4600 and 100 cal a 
bp. Comparative analysis of rainfall for the Mafadi and Letšeng‐la Letsie regions from CHIRPS gridded rainfall data demonstrates sufficient rainfall for a lake of comparable size, if not larger, as Mafadi receives considerably more rainfall than Letšeng‐la Letsie. Analysis of the SRTM 30‐m Digital Elevation Model and Topographic Position Index calculations demonstrate the feasibility of a shallow surface water feature at Mafadi. The conversion of this palaeolake into the contemporary wetland is hypothesized to be the result of post‐industrial warming, possibly augmented by migration of livestock into the Eastern Lesotho Highlands.
Medical traumatic stress: Integrating evidence‐based clinical applications from health and trauma psychology
Authors: McBain Sacha , Cordova Matthew J.
Published: July 2024

Medical events in both childhood and adulthood, including components of the illness or injury and subsequent medical intervention, recovery, and disability, are increasingly being recognized as potentially traumatic. There has been an increased focus on scholarly work related to medical trauma and medically induced posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Existing evidence suggests that trauma‐focused treatment can promote both physical and psychological recovery. However, there continues to be a dearth of clinical guidance on how to (a) best identify and treat prior trauma exposure that complicates adjustment to illness and increases the risk for medically induced PTSD and (b) address medically induced PTSD while concurrently targeting health‐related concerns (e.g., pain, adjustment to illness, acquired disability) that may negatively impact recovery. Originally presented as a premeeting institute at the 2023 Annual Meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, this paper describes the biopsychosocial impacts of medical trauma on adults and considerations for assessment and intervention in both traditional trauma and integrated care settings. This includes clinical applications, including assessment, case conceptualization, and health and rehabilitation interventions, that can promote health‐related adjustment and coping within the context of trauma‐focused treatment.
Bi3+/Eu3+ Co‐Activated Multimode Anti‐Counterfeiting Material with White Light Emission and Orange‐Yellow Persistent Luminescence
Authors: Chen Xuexia , Pang Ran , Wang Shangwei , Tan Tao , Su Jiangyue , Yuan Weihong , Zhang Su , Zhang Hongjie
Published: July 2024

Traditional anti‐counterfeiting luminescent phosphors are usually composed of single‐mode photoluminescence materials, which greatly limits the security of encryption by its static fluorescent pattern. Herein, multi‐mode luminescence properties are achieved including fluorescence and persistent luminescence (PersL) within single host by co‐doping Bi3+ and Eu3+ in CaNaSb2O6F (CNSOF). A tunable emission is observed from blue (Bi3+, 3P1→1S0) to white and then to orange‐yellow (Eu3+, 5D1→7F2 and 5D0→7F0, 1, 2, 3, 4) as the excitation schemes, environment temperatures and doping level are modulated. Impressively, the blue emission attributed to the Bi3+ rapidly disappears after stopping the excitation light irradiation, and only the intense orange‐yellow PersL produced by Eu3+ can be observed. And a possible model for the energy transfer and PersL mechanism is proposed by the investigation crystal structure and photoluminescence/PersL. A schematic of security logo and digital information encryption is demonstrated using the prepared samples, which shows the dynamic evolution of the emission color and PersL brightness. The excellent property of multiple color outputs, different decay processes, and external field stimulation modes (including low energy light, thermal, and mechanical stimuli) present in CNSOF:Bi3+, Eu3+ provides a fast, low‐cost, and effective method for advanced anti‐counterfeiting and information encryption applications.
Tailoring Silk Sericin Grafting: Comparing One‐Step and Two‐Step Approaches for PNIPAM/PAMPS Block Nanoparticles
Authors: Radu Ionut‐Cristian , Cozorici Derniza‐Elena , Blanzeanu Erika , Vadureanu Andreea , Stavarache Cristina , Tanasa Eugenia , Iovu Horia , Zaharia Catalin
Published: July 2024

Structurally defined, protein‐grafted nanoparticles are widely used in various biomedical applications, particularly as intelligent nanocarriers for drug delivery. The integration of synthetic polymers with natural proteins such as silk sericin enhances the functionality and stability of these nanocarriers, making them suitable for targeted and controlled drug release. In this context, an optimized grafting procedure for silk sericin is presented, employing a protein macroinitiator and atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). This study aims to elucidate the significance of the grafting process in tailoring the structure of sericin through the chemistry of synthetic grafts. The grafting procedure uses block copolymers of N‐isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) and 2‐acrylamido‐2‐methylpropanesulfonic acid (AMPS), such as Poly‐(AMPS‐block‐NIPAM)/Poly‐(NIPAM‐block‐AMPS). The procedure employs both one‐step and two‐step synthesis methods to produce a well‐defined, biofunctionalized sericin. Subsequently, sericin‐based nanoparticles are prepared, demonstrating the significance of the optimized procedure. The synthesized products undergo structural analysis using H‐NMR, FTIR‐ATR, XPS, DLS, and zeta potential measurements. In addition, their thermal behavior is assessed using differential scanning calorimetry. To further investigate the prepared nanoparticles, SEM and DLS analyses are conducted. Through synthesis optimization, position and length of each synthetic block is precisely determined, significantly influencing properties of the grafted products and characteristics of the resulting nanoparticles.
The simultaneous impact of interventions on optimism and depression: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Schutte Nicola S. , Malouff John M.
Published: July 2024

The positive psychology approach to mental‐health‐related interventions suggests that a dual focus on positive and problematic characteristics is beneficial and that positive and negative characteristics interact. The present study explored the link between optimism and depression outcomes in intervention studies that assessed both optimism and depression outcomes. A meta‐analysis examined effect sizes for depression and optimism and links between depression and optimism outcomes. Eighteen studies with a total of 2153 participants were included. Across studies the weighted effect sizes for the impact of interventions on both depression (g = 0.46) and optimism (g = 0.38) were significant. Optimism and depression outcomes were associated with one another (r(17) = 0.58). Meta‐regression analyses also indicated linkages between the two outcomes in that the optimism effect sizes moderated depression effect sizes and depression effect sizes moderated optimism effect sizes. The results of the study lend support to a dual focus on positive and problematic characteristics.
Determination of voiding pressure in infants with normal lower urinary tracts: Exploring the possible effect of sacral development
Authors: Zahir Mazyar , Ladi‐Seyedian Seyedeh‐Sanam , Majidi Zolbin Masoumeh , Sharifi‐Rad Lida , Hekmati Pooya , Kajbafzadeh Abdol‐Mohammad
Published: July 2024

Objective

To investigate the association between sacral underdevelopment, as defined by subnormal sacral ratio (SR) measurements, with increased maximum detrusor voiding pressure (P det. Max) in infants.

Methods

In this 2007–2015 retrospective cohort study, the medical records of all infants who underwent a pyeloplasty due to congenital ureteropelvic junction obstruction were added. Their P det. Max was evaluated through the suprapubic catheter utilized for urinary drainage intraoperatively, without imposing any additional risk of urethral catheterization on the infant. SR was calculated via the plain kidney, ureter, and bladder (KUB) radiography film obtained during the voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG) evaluation before the surgery. Participants were categorized into SR < 0.74 or SR ≥ 0.74. P det. Max was subsequently compared between these two groups.

Results

A total of 45 patients were included in our analysis. Twenty‐eight (62.2%) patients had a (SR < 0.74), while 17 (37.8%) had a (SR ≥ 0.74). P det. Max was shown to be significantly higher in the SR < 0.74 compared to the SR ≥ 0.74 group (167.5 ± 60.8 vs. 55.7 ± 17.9 cmH2O, p < 0.001). After adjusting for age and sex, SR remained a significant contributor to P det. Max (p < 0.001). Physiologic detrusor sphincter dyscoordination (PDSD) rate was significantly higher in the SR < 0.74 versus SR ≥ 0.74 group (100.0% vs. 70.6%, respectively; p = 0.005).

Conclusion

Lumbosacral underdevelopment, as indicated by subnormal sacral ratios, is associated with sphincter‐detrusor dyscoordination, which causes PDSD and can ultimately result in higher P det. Max in infants.
Work loss among privately insured employees with overweight and obesity in the United States
Authors: Shinde Shraddha , Tran Anh Thu , Jerry Michelle , Lee Clare J.
Published: July 2024

Background

Rising obesity rates in the workforce are accompanied by a hidden cost burden to employers due to work productivity loss. Understanding the impact of obesity on work productivity is essential for employers to provide tailored weight loss interventions in the workplace.

Objectives

To measure work loss and associated productivity costs among employees with overweight/obesity compared with employees with normal weight.

Methods

This retrospective cohort study used the MerativeTM MarketScan® Health and Productivity Management Database to identify adult employees with ≥1 diagnosis code reporting a body mass index (BMI) between 1/1/2015‐12/31/2019. Based on the earliest BMI, employees were assigned to normal weight (BMI 19–24.9), overweight (BMI 25–29.9), obesity class 1 (BMI 30–34.9), obesity class 2 (BMI 35–39.9), and obesity class 3 (BMI ≥40) cohorts. Among employees with data for each work loss category (absenteeism, short‐term disability [STD], long‐term disability [LTD], worker's compensation [WC]) during the 12‐month follow‐up, the percentage of employees with work loss, number of hours/days lost, and associated productivity costs were reported.

Results

719,482 employees (normal weight: 106,631, overweight: 230,637, obesity class 1: 185,850, obesity class 2: 101,909, obesity class 3: 94,455) were included. Outcomes increased with each higher BMI category for the mean number of absence hours ([in order of BMI category]: 262, 273, 285, 290, 304) and percentage of employees with a claim (STD: 6.8%, 7.6%, 9.7%, 11.7%, 17.0%; LTD: 0.4%, 0.4%, 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.8%; WC: 2.7%, 2.8%, 3.4%, 3.6%, 3.5%). Estimated costs to the employer associated with absenteeism, STD, LTD, and WC were $1,036, $611, $38, and $95 higher per year (respectively) in the obesity class 3 cohort relative to the normal weight cohort.

Conclusions

This real‐world analysis demonstrated that employees with overweight/obesity had higher loss of work productivity compared with employees with normal weight. Further studies are warranted to determine the long‐term impacts on work productivity loss if overweight and obesity are left untreated.
Communities in ecosystem restoration: The role of inclusive values and local elites' narrative innovations
Authors: Dai Huxuan , Zhu Ziyun , Trachung Balzang , Golog Drugkyab , Riley Mark , Lü Zhi , Li Li
Published: July 2024

Ecosystem restoration practices are gaining prominence in coping with the crisis of ecosystem degradation. To improve the long‐term effectiveness of restoration activities, community engagement in restoration projects needs to be strengthened. In communities where traditional and local values drive adaptation to environmental changes, a community‐engaged restoration approach requires the integration of restoration techniques and local value systems.

In two pastoral communities on the Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau, we used the Q method to explore pastoralists' attitudes towards grassland degradation and restoration and to understand different levels of community engagement in grassland restoration activities. Through this study, we aim to promote an understanding of the value‐based approach of local communities to enable better community engagement for the long‐term effectiveness of ecosystem restoration projects and contribute to the achievement and synergy of global Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

The study revealed eight types of pastoralists with different attitudes in two communities, with the type of Active Agents leverages transformative restoration action through creating value‐inclusive narratives of grassland restoration in the community with a higher level of engagement in restoration practices. Alongside this, we explored the pastoralists' perspectives of biodiversity in restoration and the importance of local elites in facilitating multiple‐actor cooperation in restoration projects.

We recommend that decision‐makers recognize the significance of local worldviews and values in facilitating environmental adaptations, as well as the irreplaceable role played by local people in developing value‐inclusive narratives that align with the local cultural context. Open dialogues and sufficient communication between multiple stakeholders are needed to build mutual trust and accumulate social capital for driving transformative actions in traditional communities. Such approaches are essential to foster community engagement and gain better momentum in ecosystem management initiatives.

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Acrylonitrile butadiene rubber‐based heat shielding materials for solid rocket motors: Impact of metal–organic frameworks on thermal and mechanical properties
Authors: Elashker Ahmed Elsayed Mohamed Monir , Zorainy Mahmoud Yosry , Zaghloul Basem , Eldakhakhny Ahmed Mahmoud , Kotb Mohamed Mokhtar
Published: July 2024

The thermal protection system (TPS) plays a major role in shielding solid rocket motors (SRMs) against structural failure from excessive heating. This study was directed at the recent innovation in flame‐retardant materials used for thermal insulation, with a particular focus on integrating metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) to bolster thermal stability. Three targeted transition metal‐BDC MOFs (MIL‐88(Fe), MOF‐71(Co), and MOF‐5(Zn)) were hydrothermally synthesized and the effect of incorporating these MOFs into nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) composites was tracked. In general, the addition of the MOFs improved the interfacial compatibility and the processing of the composites. Additionally, experimental investigations have shown that all MOFs improved the mechanical properties of the NBR composite materials. Specifically, the addition of MOF‐5 has been found to increase the maximum tensile strength to 13 MPa, while MIL‐88 increased the elongation at break to 67.1%. In order to evaluate the thermal stability and ablative resistance of the prepared composites, the oxy‐acetylene flame test was utilized. Results showed that the efficiency of the composite as thermal insulation is highly dependent on the MOF type and the metal included. The impact of MOF‐71(Co) on thermal insulation displayed the least linear and mass ablation rates (0.0168 mm/s and 0.057 g/s, respectively) along with the lowest recorded back‐face temperatures, owing to the formation of a thick and compact char layer upon exposure to flames.
Hierarchical enhancement of carbon fiber reinforced polymer laminate with randomly hybridized carbon nanotubes and aramid‐pulp micro/nano‐fibers
Authors: Wang Hangyan , Lin Yang , Zhou Shuiting , Ouyang Liange
Published: July 2024

In this study, inspired by human teeth, random hybrid carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and aramid‐pulp micro/nano‐fibers (AP) with different mixing ratios were experimentally interleaved into carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) panels to form a gradient interface for hierarchical enhancement and synthetic effects. Due to different out‐of‐plane movability or penetrability of the CNTs, AP, and resin, 3rd and 4th order bio‐inspired gradient interfaces between the carbon‐fiber plies were formed in situ. According to flexural testing, hybrid CNT/AP‐interleaved CFRP with a CNT of 3.6 gsm and an AP of 2.4 gsm showed an improvement of 47.35% in flexural strength. Furthermore, the synthetic effects of hybrid CNT/AP‐interleaving were investigated by analyzing the mer3its and demerits of the CNT‐ or AP‐interleaving methods. It was identified that the hybridization of multiple length‐scale fibers as interleaves can be used to produce more hierarchical enhancements and synthetic effects. The new insights into multi‐scale strengthening mechanisms were systematically revealed from the models of hierarchical fiber‐bridging. And the graded penetration mechanisms of multi‐scale fiber‐reinforced CFRP laminates were analyzed.

Highlights

The in situ gradient interfaces form by Z‐direction penetration of CNT/AP.

CNT/AP‐interleaving can form hierarchical enhancements and synthetic effects.

Multi‐scale strengthening via fiber‐bridging and graded penetrations achieved.

More fiber‐bridging occur at sub‐surface regions of the carbon‐fiber plies.
Tailoring the physicochemical and dielectric properties of natural polymer using graphene nanoplatelet as filler
Authors: Maity Saurav Kumar , Tyagi Uplabdhi , Bisht Prashant , Sirohi Sidhharth , Pani Balaram , Kumar Gulshan
Published: July 2024

Bio‐based flexible dielectric substrates have gained tremendous attention for their potential to reduce environmental risks from nonbiodegradable electronic waste. The present study demonstrates the fabrication of facile, nontoxic, and biodegradable chitosan‐based flexible dielectric substrate using graphene nanoplatelet (GNP) as a nanofiller. The detailed impact of different concentrations of GNP (1, 2, and 3 wt%) into the chitosan (CS) matrix was studied on physicochemical, morphological, mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties. The fabricated CS/GNP composites showed improved mechanical strength, thermal stability, and electrical properties compared with unmodified CS film. The composites exhibited excellent thermal stability (200°C) with a promising biodegradation rate (within 6 days). The mechanical strength of the unmodified CS film was increased unequivocally with 2 wt% GNP loading with tensile strength of 23.56 Mpa. Furthermore, the current–voltage (I–V) characteristic curves for CS/GNP (2%) and CS/GNP (3%) showed similar current conduction and ohmic behavior in flat, bending, and flat‐after‐bending modes. The dielectric measurements revealed that the CS/GNP composite with 2 wt% filler exhibited optimal performance having permittivity (έ) of 32.71 (at 102 Hz) with low dielectric loss of 0.04 (at 106 Hz). These results suggest that the dielectric films offer strong prospects as an eco‐friendly alternative for various applications.

Highlights

Biodegradable chitosan‐based flexible dielectric films were prepared.

Films were made using a simple solvent casting method with 1–3 wt% GNP filler.

Optimum physicochemical and electrical properties were seen at 2 wt% GNP.

CS/GNP (2%) film exhibited ohmic behavior in both flat and bending modes.

Excellent dielectric properties were achieved at 2 wt% GNP filler.
Introducing Diels‐Alder reaction with carbon nanotubes for the enhanced repair performance of epoxy resin modified asphalt
Authors: Zhang Fenglei , Han Dongdong , Xu Ning , Cui Xing , Zhang Lei
Published: July 2024

Epoxy asphalt, a thermosetting polymer, is characterized by stable, irreversible internal chemical bonds that prevent recovery and spontaneous micro‐crack healing, unlike conventional asphalt. This study introduces a renewable nano‐modifier synthesized via esterification of carboxyl‐functionalized carbon nanotubes (CNTs‐COOH) and furfuryl alcohol (FA), termed CNTs‐FA. The successful synthesis of CNTs‐FA was confirmed through various microscopic techniques. Integrating CNTs‐FA into epoxy asphalt materials, the optimal dosage was identified as 0.05% of the total epoxy asphalt mass using tensile tests and fluorescence microscopy. Thermal reversible effects and mechanisms were further analyzed through multiple regeneration cycles using tensile properties, fluorescence microscopy, and infrared spectroscopy. The study elucidates that the thermal reversibility in epoxy asphalt is facilitated by the Diels‐Alder (DA) reaction between the conjugated diene structure in FA and the curing agent oleylamine. This research provides an effective solution to the non‐recoverability and unrepairable micro‐cracks of traditional epoxy asphalt mixtures.

Highlights

CNTs‐FA was successfully prepared by esterification reaction.

Using nano modification methods, introduce DA reaction into curing system.

Renewable function of epoxy asphalt by DA reversible reaction.
Causal association of metabolic syndrome with chronic kidney disease progression: A Mendelian randomization study
Authors: Guo Qitong , Chen Meiling , Yu Yihang , Li Ping , Huang Xu , Shen Lianju , Long Chunlan , Liu Xing , Lin Tao , He Dawei , Wei Guanghui , Zhang Deying
Published: July 2024

Research from the past has indicated a link between the risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and metabolic syndrome (MetS). It is yet unknown. Nevertheless, exactly how the dynamic process of declining renal function and metabolic syndrome are related. The study's purpose is to evaluate the causal relationship between MetS and the deterioration in kidney function using a Mendelian randomization (MR). Univariable and multivariable MR were applied to evaluate the causal relationships between MetS and its components with Rapid3, CKDi25, and CKD. The main source of MetS data was the GTC database, whose constituents came from extensive genome‐wide association research. The CKDGen Consortium provided data on dynamic changes in kidney function. Preliminary analysis was conducted using five different statistical techniques, including Inverse Variance Weighting and Weighted Median. Rucker's Q, MR‐Egger, and Cochran's Q test were used in sensitivity studies. In order to address reverse causality, the Steiger test was used. The IVW results showed Rapid3, CKDi25, and CKD all exhibited positive correlations with MetS. Rapid3, CKDi25, and CKD were found to have a positive causal relationship with SBP and WC, while DBP was also linked to an increased risk of Rapid3 and CKDi25. Even after accounting for other variables, MVMR analysis showed a correlation between WC and the drop in kidney function indices. MetS, together with its constituents WC, SBP, and DBP, are separate risk factors for the deterioration of renal function. However, the causal relationship between FBG, HDL, TG, and the decline in kidney function indicators remains uncertain.
A phase 2a study investigating the effects of ritlecitinib on brainstem auditory evoked potentials and intraepidermal nerve fiber histology in adults with alopecia areata
Authors: Anderson Samira , Cavaletti Guido , Hood Linda J. , Polydefkis Michael , Herrmann David N. , Rance Gary , King Brett , McMichael Amy J. , Senna Maryanne M. , Kim Brian S. , Napatalung Lynne , Wolk Robert , Zwillich Samuel H. , Schaefer Gregor , Gong Yankun , Sisson Melanie , Posner Holly B.
Published: July 2024

Reversible axonal swelling and brainstem auditory evoked potential (BAEP) changes were observed in standard chronic (9‐month) toxicology studies in dogs treated with ritlecitinib, an oral Janus kinase 3/tyrosine kinase expressed in hepatocellular carcinoma family kinase inhibitor, at exposures higher than the approved 50‐mg human dose. To evaluate the clinical relevance of the dog toxicity finding, this phase 2a, double‐blind study assessed BAEP changes and intraepidermal nerve fiber (IENF) histology in adults with alopecia areata treated with ritlecitinib. Patients were randomized to receive oral ritlecitinib 50 mg once daily (QD) with a 4‐week loading dose of 200 mg QD or placebo for 9 months (placebo‐controlled phase); they then entered the active‐therapy extension and received ritlecitinib 50 mg QD (with a 4‐week loading dose of 200 mg in patients switching from placebo). Among the 71 patients, no notable mean differences in change from baseline (CFB) in Waves I–V interwave latency (primary outcome) or Wave V amplitude on BAEP at a stimulus intensity of 80 dB nHL were observed in the ritlecitinib or placebo group at Month 9, with no notable differences in interwave latency or Wave V amplitude between groups. The CFB in mean or median IENF density and in percentage of IENFs with axonal swellings was minimal and similar between groups at Month 9. Ritlecitinib treatment was also not associated with an imbalanced incidence of neurological and audiological adverse events. These results provide evidence that the BAEP and axonal swelling finding in dogs are not clinically relevant in humans.