Roadmap on energy harvesting materials
Authors: Pecunia Vincenzo , Silva S Ravi P , Phillips Jamie D , Artegiani Elisa , Romeo Alessandro , Shim Hongjae , Park Jongsung , Kim Jin Hyeok , Yun Jae Sung , Welch Gregory C , Larson Bryon W , Creran Myles , Laventure Audrey , Sasitharan Kezia , Flores-Diaz Natalie , Freitag Marina , Xu Jie , Brown Thomas M , Li Benxuan , Wang Yiwen , Li Zhe , Hou Bo , Hamadani Behrang H , Defay Emmanuel , Kovacova Veronika , Glinsek Sebastjan , Kar-Narayan Sohini , Bai Yang , Kim Da Bin , Cho Yong Soo , Žukauskaitė Agnė , Barth Stephan , Fan Feng Ru , Wu Wenzhuo , Costa Pedro , del Campo Javier , Lanceros-Mendez Senentxu , Khanbareh Hamideh , Wang Zhong Lin , Pu Xiong , Pan Caofeng , Zhang Renyun , Xu Jing , Zhao Xun , Zhou Yihao , Chen Guorui , Tat Trinny , Ock Il Woo , Chen Jun , Graham Sontyana Adonijah , Yu Jae Su , Huang Ling-Zhi , Li Dan-Dan , Ma Ming-Guo , Luo Jikui , Jiang Feng , Lee Pooi See , Dudem Bhaskar , Vivekananthan Venkateswaran , Kanatzidis Mercouri G , Xie Hongyao , Shi Xiao-Lei , Chen Zhi-Gang , Riss Alexander , Parzer Michael , Garmroudi Fabian , Bauer Ernst , Zavanelli Duncan , Brod Madison K , Malki Muath Al , Snyder G Jeffrey , Kovnir Kirill , Kauzlarich Susan M , Uher Ctirad , Lan Jinle , Lin Yuan-Hua , Fonseca Luis , Morata Alex , Martin-Gonzalez Marisol , Pennelli Giovanni , Berthebaud David , Mori Takao , Quinn Robert J , Bos Jan-Willem G , Candolfi Christophe , Gougeon Patrick , Gall Philippe , Lenoir Bertrand , Venkateshvaran Deepak , Kaestner Bernd , Zhao Yunshan , Zhang Gang , Nonoguchi Yoshiyuki , Schroeder Bob C , Bilotti Emiliano , Menon Akanksha K , Urban Jeffrey J , Fenwick Oliver , Asker Ceyla , Talin A Alec , Anthopoulos Thomas D , Losi Tommaso , Viola Fabrizio , Caironi Mario , Georgiadou Dimitra G , Ding Li , Peng Lian-Mao , Wang Zhenxing , Wei Muh-Dey , Negra Renato , Lemme Max C , Wagih Mahmoud , Beeby Steve , Ibn-Mohammed Taofeeq , Mustapha K B , Joshi A P 
Published: March 2023

Ambient energy harvesting has great potential to contribute to sustainable development and address growing environmental challenges. Converting waste energy from energy-intensive processes and systems (e.g. combustion engines and furnaces) is crucial to reducing their environmental impact and achieving net-zero emissions. Compact energy harvesters will also be key to powering the exponentially growing smart devices ecosystem that is part of the Internet of Things, thus enabling futuristic applications that can improve our quality of life (e.g. smart homes, smart cities, smart manufacturing, and smart healthcare). To achieve these goals, innovative materials are needed to efficiently convert ambient energy into electricity through various physical mechanisms, such as the photovoltaic effect, thermoelectricity, piezoelectricity, triboelectricity, and radiofrequency wireless power transfer. By bringing together the perspectives of experts in various types of energy harvesting materials, this Roadmap provides extensive insights into recent advances and present challenges in the field. Additionally, the Roadmap analyses the key performance metrics of these technologies in relation to their ultimate energy conversion limits. Building on these insights, the Roadmap outlines promising directions for future research to fully harness the potential of energy harvesting materials for green energy anytime, anywhere.