bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Acid phosphatase activity in mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal Scots pine seedlings in relation to nitrogen and phosphorus nutrition
Authors: Kieliszewska-Rokicka Barbara
Published: April 2013

Mycorrhizal and control seedlings of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) were grown under axenic conditions at various concentrations of nitrogen (0.17 mM, 3.78 mM, 18.92 mM) and phosphorus (0.25 mM, 5.58 mM, 23.5 mM). Enzyme activities of soluble acid phosphatase of excised roots (surface-accessible activity) and of crude enzyme preparations of root tissue (total soluble activity) were analyzed in control and mycorrhizal seedlings. The content of P in pine shoot was also measured. The intermediate supply of nitrogen and phosphorus (N = 3.78 mM, P= 5.58 mM) was optimal for development of ectomycorrhizae. Activity of acid phosphatase was stimulated by higher levels of N in the soil and was higher in mycorrhizal than non-mycorrhizal roots. Pine roots had greater acid phosphatase activity at the reduced than at the higher P concentrations. The presence of mycorrhizae increased the activities of both surface-accessible and total soluble enzyme activities at lower P supply (0.25 mM, 5.58 mM) and decreased it significantly at the highest P concentration (23.5 mM). P content in shoots was higher in mycorrhizal than non-mycorrhizal seedlings.
Adaptation of plants to an environment polluted with heavy metals
Authors: Antosiewicz Danuta M.
Published: April 2013

This paper presents the problem of tolerance of plants to heavy metals. Induction, development and stability of tolerance are described. Multiple and co-tolerance are presented in the context of specificity of acquired tolerance to heavy metals. Phenomena involved in the uptake and distribution of metals in plant tissues along with the mechanisms of exclusion and accumulation are discussed. The problem of tolerance development in plants is presented also in the light of the nutritional conditions that plants most often encounter in contaminated environments.
Morphometric characteristics of bacteroidal tissue in yellow lupine (Lupinus luteus L.) nodules
Authors: Golinowski Władysław , Kopcińska Joanna , Borucki Wojciech
Published: April 2013

Morphometric methods were used to analyse the bacteroidal tissue in yellow lupine nodules. Volume fraction - Vv, surface area - Sv and ratio of surface area to its volume - R, were calculated from electron micrographs for some selected cell structures in 9, 13, 15, 20, 29 and 60 day-old nodules. The rate at which bacteroid Vv increased varied in time. Between days 13 and 20 of nodule development, bacteroid Vv increased in geometrical progression. Rough endoplasmic reticulum was active in nodule development and/or protein manufacturing necessary for the functioning of the system whereas the role of mitochondria was apparently limited.
Moehringia trinervia (L.) Clairv. - a bioindicator of heavy metal pollution of the environment
Authors: Godzik Barbara
Published: April 2013

The concentrations of 5 heavy metals, Cd, Pb, Ni, Zn and Cu, were determined in Moehringia trinervia (L.) Clairv. collected from several sites in the Niepołomice Forest. This area is polluted by the numerous industrial plants of Krakow, mainly by the steel mill situated near the eastern city limits. The composite index obtained from the contents of the assayed elements was the basis for delineating 4 pollution zones of the forest: the western zone, which has the highest heavy metal pollution (closest to the steel mill), with a composite pollution index from 0.26 to 0.43; two moderate zones with indexes from 0.02 to O.15 and from -0.02 to -0.12 and the least polluted zone in the eastern area of the forest with an index of -0.18 to -0.29. It was found that Moehringia is an exceptionally good cadmium accumulator. The concentration of this element in the above-ground parts of this plant averaged about 9 µg g-1.
Substrate specific hydrolysis of aromatic and aromatic-aliphatic esters in orchid tissue cultures
Authors: Mironowicz Agnieszka , Kukułczanka Krystyna , Siewiński Antoni
Published: April 2013

We found that tissue cultures of higher plants were able, similarly as microorganisms, to transform low-molecular-weight chemical compounds. In tissue cultures of orchids (Cymbidium 'Saint Pierre' and Dendrobium phalaenopsis) acetates of phenols and aromatic-aliphatic alcohols were hydrolyzed, whereas methyl esters of aromatic and aromatic-aliphatic acids did not undergo this reaction. Acetates of racemic aromatic-aliphatic alcohols were hydrolyzed with distinct enantiospecificity.
The sensitivity of carthamin and safflor yellow B colours towards redox substances
Authors: Saito Koshi , Matsumura Makiko , Takahashi Mihoko
Published: April 2013

The sensitivities of carthamin and safflor yellow B towards oxidants and antioxidants were compared in bufferized solutions at various given concentrations. The test chemicals affected variously on the pigment colourations: (1) externally charged 02 had less effect on the colour change of carthamin, (2) organe-yellow coloured safflor yellow B was bleached by the gas flush, (3) carthamin showed little or no affinitive property for H202 at 0.001-230 µM level, (4) safflor yellow B reacted positively with the oxidant and was changed readily to faint yellow unknown compounds, (5) double-faced responses could be found in carthamin solution with L-ascorbic acid or with D-isoascorbic acid, namely the former antioxidant intensified the colour of carthamin and the latter reduced the red colouration, (6) hydroquinone emphasized the red colour of carthamin in solution, (7) safflor yellow B shifted bathochromically in hydroquinone containing solution, however, it showed no shift in L-ascorbic acid and D-isoascorbic acid solutions. The data are discussed from the standpoint of oxidative dissimilation of the quinochalconoids in the floral tissues of dyer's saffron capitula.
The effect of a fungal preparation on the tissue cultures of Holarrhena anfidysenterica (Roxb.) Wall.
Authors: Dohnal Barbara , Kisiel Wanda
Published: April 2013

The addition of an aqueous extract from fruitbodies of Tylopilus felleus to tissue cultures of Holarrhena antidysenterica (Apocynaceae) caused the accumulation of an unknown compound in the culture medium. The compound was isolated and identified as 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furancarboxaldehyde (1). Moreover, biosynthesis of phenolic compounds was stimulated in response to the stress agents of the fungal preparation. Methyl ferulate (2) was the major phenolic constituent.
Presence of flavonoids and intrafamilial ciassification of the Compositae
Authors: Wiłkomirski Bogusław , Batko Andrzej
Published: April 2013

The structure of flavonoids isolated from plants of the Compositae family was applied for comparision of two classifications (Wagenitz 1976 and Takhtadjan 1987). The methods of numerical taxonomy, both phenetic and phylogenetic, confirm that Takhtadjan's classication based on morphological and anatomical data is more adequate to the flavonoid diversity.
Expansion of Tussilago farfara L. in disturbed environments. l. Population renewal under conditions of plant cover destruction
Authors: Namura-Ochalska Anna
Published: April 2013

The effectiveness of renewal of a Tussilago farfara L. population after destruction of the plant cover was studied. This process proceded at a very intense rate mainly due to querilla type vegetative growth. In its successive years the renewing population was characterized by: 1) a dynamic spurt in the number of individuals in the first year after destruction, attaining a maximum the following year; 2) a complete lack of generative shoots in the first year; 3) high mortality of seedlings; 4) change in spatial structure; 5) increased differentiation in the way individual plants spread. Seven-year studies have shown that even drastic disturbances in the environment did not eliminate T. farfara, moreover, complete destruction of the plant cover created favourable conditions for population renewal.
Plant cell responses to lead
Authors: Woźny Adam , Krzesłowska Magdalena
Published: April 2013

Current views on plant cell reactions to lead are reviewed. Lead uptake, translocation, early and secondary disturbing effects, as well as resistance mechanisms (avoidance and tolerance), with general characteristics of some metal binding compounds are focused on.
Morphology of crown - the overwintering organ of winter wheat seedling
Authors: Rybka Zbigniew
Published: April 2013

During eight days of hardening of the ten-day old winter wheat seedlings neither the shape nor crown morphology changed. Such observation considered seedlings of four cultivars differing in frost resistance.
Changes in DNA, dry mass and protein content of leaf epidermis nuclei during aging of perennial monocotyledonous plants
Authors: Kuran Hanna
Published: April 2013

DNA, NYS and DNFB protein contents were measured cytophotometrically using the Feulgen method in the nuclei of the epidermis from. the basal zone of young leaves and from the basal and apical zones of old leaves in two perennial monocotyledonous species, Clivia miniata and Rhoeo discolor. Dry mass was determined interferometrically. It was shown that nuclei with a 2C DNA content dominated in both zones of old leaves, and that a significant percentage of cells with a DNA content below 2C were present. The ratio between euchromatin DNA and heterochromatin DNA indicates a greater decrease in euchromatin during aging. Changes in DNA due to real DNA loss are accompanied by decreases in NYS and DNFB stained proteins and a decrease in dry mass content correlated mainly with the decrease in the amount of NYS proteins.
Histological study on tuberisation of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) promoted by inhibitors of gibberellin biosynthesis
Authors: Kupidłowska Ewa , Banaś Małgorzata
Published: April 2013

The application of antigibberellins to potato plant cultures results in an accelerated tuber appearance, caused by stimulation of pith-,and cortex-cell growth, particularly in the radial direction. Their growth considerably precedes the initiation of parenchymatous cell divisions, which are the first steps of naturally occurrring tuberisation, regulated by a different mechanism than the quantitative proportion of endogenous gibberellins and cytokinins. Part of the cortex cells change the orientation of their divisions to a periclinal one. The xylem parenchyma cells also undergo hypertrophy.
Diverse response of tomato fruit explants to high temperature
Authors: Starck Zofia , Witek-Czupryńska Barbara
Published: April 2013

Tomato explants (fruit with a pedicel and a piece of peduncle), with fruit growth stimulated by treating the flowers with NOA + GA3 (NG-series) were used as a model system for studying the effect of high temperature on C-sucrose uptake, its distribution and Ca retranslocation. Two cultivars with contrasting responses to high temperature were compared. In sensitive cv. Roma heat stress during 22h (40oC for 10h and 30oC for 12h), drastically depressed the uptake of 14C-sucrose coinciding with diminished fruit 14C-supply. It also decreased the specific activity of soluble acid invertase and the calcium content. All these strong negative responses to high temperature were markedly reduced in the NG-treated series involving remobilization of Ca to the fruits and a higher stability of the invertase activity. This indicates the indirect role of flower treatment with NG in addaptation to heat stress. In tolerant cv. Robin even higher temperatures (42oC for 10h and 34oC for 12h) were not stressful. They did not affect the 14C-sucrose uptake and stimulated 14C-supply to the fruit. Increased specific activity of acid invertase and a higher calcium content were also recorded but only in the control explants. In contrast to cv. Roma elevated temperature was slightly stressful for cv. Robin explants of NG-series. The differences in response of both cultivar explants to elevated temperature, based on unequal fruit supply with 14C-sucrose, seem to be causaly connected with two factors: the invertase activity being more or less sensitive to the heat stress, the ability to translocate Ca to the heated fruits.
The variability of seedss in Spergularia marina (L.) Griseb. (= S. Salina J. et C. PresI) growing on seacoast and iniand saline soils in Poland
Authors: Ceynowa-Giełdon Mirosława
Published: April 2013

The objective of this study was to analyse Polish populations of Spergularia marina in terms of seed variability, which was found to be independent of the environment to some degree. It was shown that the populations from industrialized and natural, but clearly unstabilized, habitats have less diversified seeds than populations from relict inland stands and some stabilized seacoast stands.
Spruce forests (Ass. Sphango girgensohnii - Piceetum (Br.-Bl. 39) Polak. 62) on excessively moistened peatlands in Latvia
Authors: Priedits Normunds
Published: April 2013

The research carried out on swamp spruce forests on peatland in Latvia gives a detailed notion of the phytosociological structure of Ass. Sphagno girgensohnii - Piceetum (Br. - BI. 39) Polak. 62 in the western part of the East-European Plain at the Baltic Sea. The paper reflects one of the aspects of swamp forest investigation results in Latvia on forest communities, its biodiversity and presevation. Ninety-one sample plots with Picea abies as the dominant in the tree layer or co-dominant with Betula pendula, Betula pubescens or Pinus sylvestris are described according to phytosociological Braun-Blanquet methodology. Floristic features of spruce communities belonging to Caricoso-phragmitosa and Dryopterioso-cnricosa forest site types are analysed. The results are compared with similar investigations carried out in the Baltic Sea region states and neighbouring countries.
Significance of follicle anatomy of Apocynaceae
Authors: Thomas Vinoth , Dave Yash
Published: April 2013

The pericarp structure of Aganosma, Alstonia, Catharanthus sp., Holarrhena, Ichnocarpus, Parsonsia, Strophanthus, Vallaris and Wrightia sp. distinguished into epicarp, mesocarp and endocarp has been used to put forward their taxonomic and phylogenetic importance. Epicarp is single layered in Catharanthus sp., Ichnocarpus, Parsonsia and Vinca, while in the rest of the genera it is multilayered. Mesocarp is parenchymatous which embeds vasculature and non-articulated laticifers. Endocarp is multilayered and thick walled. Dehiscence of the follicle is marginicidal. A comparison table of follicular features of Apocynaceae, Asclepiadaceae and Periplocaceae is furnished and their features are discussed. A taxonomic key based on follicular fruit characteristic to indentify the genera and species is appended.
Carotenoids in certain lichens of Białowieża Forest
Authors: Czeczuga Bazyli
Published: April 2013

Column-, and thin-layer chromatography revealed the presence of the following carotenoids in the thalli of 29 lichen species from Białowieża Forest: α-carotene, β-carotene, α-cryptoxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin, lutein, 3'-epilutein, zeaxanthin, β-carotene monoepoxide, lutein epoxide, antheraxanthin, 3'-hydroxyechinenone, α-doradexanthin, canthaxanthin, astaxanthin, neoxani thin, violaxanthin and mutatoxanthin. The total content of carotenoids ranged from 16.83 (Cladonia rangiferina) to 92.98 µg g dry wt (Xanthoria parietina). There were differences in carotenoid composition, concentration of each carotenoid, and in the total content in the thalli of four species collected from niches with different insolation.
Influence of toxic metal ions phenols in needles and roots, and on root respiration of Scots pine seedlings
Authors: Karolewski Piotr , Giertych Marian J.
Published: April 2013

Nitrates of aluminum, cadmium, manganese and lead cause changes in the content of phenolic compounds (o-dPh and TPh) in needles and roots, and in the rate of dark respiration (DR) of roots of one-year-old seedlings of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). The changes depend on the cation, the salt concentration used, and the analyzed plant part. The observed changes in the levels of phenolic compounds in needles and roots, and the rate of respiration in roots, indicate the following rank in toxicity of the studied metal cations: Mn < Al < Pb < Cd.
Variability characteristics and comparison of Carex arenaria L. and Carex ligerica Gay populations based on rhizome characters
Authors: Urbaniak Lech
Published: April 2013

The studies included 9 populations of Carex arenaria L. and 7 populations of Carex ligerica Gay, compared with each other on grounds of variability analysis, related to rhizome characters. The sedges reach in the area of Poland their eastern range limits, with isolated populations spread along the range margins. The studied plants were placed in a greenhouse in homogenous conditions,which made possible an analysis of genetic variability in the populations. The obtained results point to the absence of gene flow between the studied species and, thus, to their clearly distinct character. Genetic drift was postulated as one of the causes of the obtained variability pattern.
Distribution of Festuca amethyslina L. subsp. ritschilli (Hackel) Lemke ex Markgr.-Dannenb. in Poland
Authors: Jakubowska-Gabara Janina
Published: April 2013

The distribution of Fescula amethystina subsp. ritschlii in Poland has been prepared on the basis of data from literature, herbaria and the author's field investigations. The paper presents the general distribution of this taxon in Europe and gives its ecological, phytocoenological and taxonomical description.
Chrysosphaera sieminskae species nova, a new Chrysosphaera species from Poland
Authors: Matuła Jan
Published: April 2013

A new species of Chrysosphaera - Ch. sieminskae has been found in Poland. It is an alga forming compact colonies consisting of single cell structures settled down at Testacea's transluscent carapace (e.g. Euglypha, Centropyxis, Difflugia). The new species, which grows on specific animal host and is characterized by a peculiar organization of colonies, differs in shape and size of its cells from all other taxons belonging to the same genus. This new species has been found in the conditions of poor fen habitats, in water bodies at pH from 3.9 to 5.0.
The intrusive growth of initial cells in re-arangement of cells in cambium of Tilia cordata Mill.
Authors: Włoch Wiesław , Połap Ewa
Published: April 2013

In the cambium of linden producing wood with short period of grain inclination change (2-4 years), the intensive reorientation of cells takes place. This is possible mainly through an intrusive growth of cell ends from one radial file entering space between tangential walls of neighboring file and through unequal periclinal divisions that occur in the "initial surface". The intrusive growth is located on the longitudinal edge of a fusiform cell close to the end, and causes deviation of cell ends in a neighbouring file from the initial surface. Unequal periclinal division divides a cell with a deviated end into two derivatives, unequal in size. The one of them, which inherits the deviated end, leaves the initial surface becoming a xylem or phloem mother cell. This means that the old end is eliminated. The intensity of intrusive growth and unequal periclinal divisions is decisive for the velocity of cambial cell reorientation. The oriented intrusive growth occurs only in the initial cells. For that reason, changes in cell-ends position do not occur within one packet of cells but are distinct between neighbouring packets.
Nuclear DNA content and ultrastructure of secretory cells of Vicia faba L. stigma
Authors: Wróbel Bogdan , Bednarska Elżbieta
Published: April 2013

The object of study was the level of nuclear DNA and the ultrastructural transformations in the secretory cells of the stigma in Vicia faba L. It has been found that the stigmal cells which are active in biogenesis and exudate secretion are diploid cells whose differentiation starts from 2C DNA level. The presence of a population of nuclei with an amount DNA of about 2.5 C suggests that the metabolic activity of those cells may be regulated through supplementary incomplete replication. The ultrastructural transformations of secretory cells point to three stages of biogenesis and secretion of exudate. Stage I, before the start of the cell's secretory functions, is characterized by the development of the protein synthesizing apparatus and the activity of dictyosomes. In development stage II vesicular electron-transparent exudate is secreted. Stage III of exudate biogenesis is production of lipids. They form mainly in the plastids and are secreted with the involvement of the cell's vacuolar system.
Two ways of plant regeneration from immature cotyledons of pea
Authors: Nadolska-Orczyk Anna , Miłkowska Lidia , Orczyk Wacław
Published: April 2013

Two different systems of plant regeneration via organogenesis and embryogenesis from immature cotyledons of pea (Pisum sativum L.) were developed. The first system was direct multiple shoot regeneration from the proximal to the embryo axis, injured part of cotyledon. The ability of six Polish cultivars to shoot formation was very high. The percent of regenerating cotyledons was from 73 to 86 and mean number of shoots from 3.5 to 9.9 after seven weeks of culture. This multiplification could be prolonged for next several months. The second system was somatic embryogenesis, initiating from the same part of cotyledon simultaneously with slowly proliferating callus. Only three out of six cultivars formed embryoids. The differences of ability to embryo formation ranged between 43% of responding explants for Heiga cultivar to only 6% for Cud Ameryki. The mean number of embryoids was from 4.2 to 2.3.
Variability of eight Polish populations of Pinus sylvestris L. expressed in traits of cones
Authors: Bobowicz Maria A. , Korczyk Adolf F.
Published: April 2013

Two-year old cones were collected from 257 standing Pinus sylvestris L. trees, representing 8 Polish populations of the species. The cones were analyzed in respect to 11 morphological traits. The obtained data were subjected to multivariate statistical analysis to determine interpopulation variability. Multivariate analysis of variance was performed with testing of statistical hypothesis, Mahalanobis distances for each pair of populations were calculated and their significance was estimated using Hotelling T2 statistics. Using the shortest Mahalanobis distances a dendrite was constructed while Euklidean distances provided grounds for hierarchy grouping. Most of the populations were found to differ significantly from the remaining ones. The population from Ruciane proved to be most distinct. Cone setting angle was the trait of the highest discriminating power in interpopulational comparisons. Using the Bryant's test, the discussed populations were found to form two geographic groups: the north-eastern population group and the south-western one.
In vitro organogenetic potential of cotyledon and leaf explants of Capsicum annuum L., cv. Bryza
Authors: Gatz Andrzej , Rogozińska Janina
Published: April 2013

Regeneration capabilities of Capsicum annuum cotyledons and leaves were compared. Adventitious buds, leaf like structures and callus formation occurred on both types of explants, roots on cotyledons only. Murashige and Skoog basal medium containing 1.0 mg dm-3 indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and 1.0; 5.0; 10.0; 15.0 mg dm-3 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) were used. Adventitious buds were induced more frequently on cotyledons than on leaves. The middle part of cotyledon explants and the distal part of the leaf explants seem to be the best.
Localization of membrane-associated calcium in unpollinated and pollinated pistil of Petunia hybrida Hort.
Authors: Bednarska Elżbieta
Published: April 2013

In the pistil of Petunia hybrida, the transmitting tract and the ovules are the sites which give Ca2+-CTC fluorescence. In unpollinated pistil the level of membrane-associated Ca2+ decreases from the stigma to the base of the style. The renewed strong rise of Ca2+-CTC fluorescence appears on the placenta surface and in the ovule integuments. Following pollination, when the pollen tubes have grown through the pistil, the pattern of membrane-associated Ca2+ on the path stigma - ovary is reversed. The highest fluorescence is found in the base of the style. In pollinated ovules the Ca2+-CTC fluorescence increases markedly. In the transmitting cells membrane-associated Ca2+ occurs mainly in the polar regions of the cell. During cell degeneration following pollination the cytoplasmic clusters show Ca2+-CTC fluorescence. The used P. hybrida cultivar is self-fertile. The selection of pollen tubes occurs mainly in the upper part of the style. The rejected pollen tubes show a steady high level of membrane-associated calcium.
Cell membrane stability in two barley genotypes under water stress conditions
Authors: Bandurska Hanna , Gniazdowska-Skoczek Halina
Published: April 2013

The effect of water stress induced in vitro by polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG) and under drought stress on cell membrane stability was examined in two barley genotypes, the cultivar Aramir and line R567. The injury of cell membranes was markely influenced by leaf age, leaf position on the stem, and the degree of drought stress. The differences in percentage of injury to cell membrane between these genotypes were also found. The cv. Aramir exhibited a lower percentage injury value as compared to line R567, measured in vitro by PEG test. Similarly, under drought stress the cv. Aramir showed higher cell membrane stability than the line R567, even in severe stress. The results indicated also that both genotypes differ in the ability to adjust their cell membranes to water stress.
The phenolic acids of some species of the Oenothera L. genus
Authors: Krzaczek Tadeusz , Bogucka-Kocka Anna , Śnieżko Renata
Published: April 2013

The occurence and approximative quantitative proportions of the phenolic acids in four species of the Oenothera L. genus was determined by the method of TLC and HPLC. In all species of Oenothera L. genus the permanent occurrence of acids: 2-hydroxy-4-metoxybenzoic, salicylic, ferulic, syringic, vanillic, p-coumaric, p-hydroxybenzoic, p-hydroxyphenylacetic, γ-rezorcil, gentysic, protocatechuic, caffeic and gallic has been confirmed. Whereas the other phenolic acids: o-coumaric, o-hydroxyphenylacetic and pirocatechuic were found in some species of the Oenothera L. genus only.
Geographic distribution of Pellia spp. (hepaticae, metzgeriales) in Poland based on electrophoretic identification
Authors: Szweykowski Jerzy , Zieliński Roman , Odrzykoski Ireneusz , Buczkowska Katarzyna
Published: April 2013

Many species of liverworts (Hepaticae) are morphologically plastic to such an extent that their proper recognition may cause difficulties even for a specialist. Central European species of the genus Pellia are notorious in this respect. Searching for less malleable diagnostic characters (than morphological and/or anatomical ones) we showed recently that the electrophoretic phenotypes (obtained by means of separation of enzyme proteins on starch gels) can be used for reliable identification of Pellia species with much reliability. During the last 20 years we performed electrophoretic identification of over 500 (exactly 541) colonies and discovered that at least two of the "classic" species of the genus Pellia are in fact species complexes comprising taxa having the character of sibling species. In this paper we have mapped all stations of electrophoretically identified Pellia species, including the sibling species mentioned; marked differences in their geographical distributions are discussed. Our work clearly shows that using more natural taxa (i.e.genetically defined sibling species instead of weakly characterised species complexes) in bryogeography, one can obtain meaningful results even in a geographically restricted area as, for instance in Poland.
Biometrical study of some individuals chosen from Pinus mugo turra populations in the peat bog "Bór na Czerwonem"
Authors: Bączkiewicz Alina
Published: April 2013

Sixteen individuals were sampled for study of variation in 17 anatomical and morphological characters. Only individuals of low polycormic growth (trait typical for Pinus mugo Turra) connected with incurved one-year-cone stipes (a similar situation exists in Pinus sylvestris L.) were chosen, thus the sample studied cannot be treated as a random one. It has been shown by multivariate statistical analysis that these 16 individuals are quite different from each other, Mahalanobis'generalized distances between them being nearly 50% significantly different from 0. The sample studied in this respect is distinctly different from pure stands of both putative parental species (i.e. Pinus mugo and P. sylvestris). Every plant studied shows a different combination of traits typical (or nearly typical) for both the above-mentioned species and traits that are truly intermediate between them. The results support the frequently expressed opinion that the mountain pine population from the peat bog "Bór na Czerwonem" is, in fact, a hybrid swarm formed by hybridization between Pinus mugo and Pinus sylvestris.
Osmophores of Amorphophallus rivieri Durieu (Araceae)
Authors: Weryszko-Chmielewska Elżbieta , Stpiczyńska Małgorzata
Published: April 2013

The undertaken investigations (SEM, LM) concentrated on the distribution and the anatomy of osmophores emitting a characteristic odour of inflorescence of Amorphophallus rivieri Durieu. The osmophores situated at the top part of spadix (appendix), secreted a strong fragrance during the whole period of blooming, whereas those located on the stamens, in the apical and in the middle part of the spatha produced a weaker smell. The fragrance at the basis of spatha was undetectable although both the secretion and the tissue structure characteristic for osmophores located on the adaxial surface of the remaining part of the spatha were observed. The gland tissue consisted of the epidermis and of several layers of subepidermal parenchyma. The epidermis was covered by a thin, striated cuticle or sticks of wax. Moreover, there was also a small number of stomata covered with a smooth cuticle. The cells of osmophores stained intensively with neutral red. They contained numerous lipid drops, which presumably are carriers of the secreted fragrance substances. The cells of subepidermal layers were filled up with starch grains in the appendix and stamens. A considerable quantity of starch was also observed in the deeper layers of parenchyma in the spatha. The pattern of osmophores distribution corresponds with the localization of these inflorescence fragments, which emit heat, as showed in the literature.
Callus induction and plant regeneration in vitro in Actinidia
Authors: Matkowski Adam , Przywara Lesław
Published: April 2013

The dependence of callus induction and organogenesis on auxins (2,4-D, IAA) and cytokinins (BAP, KIN) content in MS medium in Actinidia arguta, A. deliciosa and A. polygama and explants derived from stems, petioles, leaves and roots was investigated. The ability to form callus was good for stem and petiole explants and weaker for leaf and root explants in all three species. The media with low level of 2,4-D (0.01 and 0.1 mg/l) and higher of cytokinins (1.0 and 5.0 mg/l) promoted callus growth and viability. Higher 2,4-D as well as IAA concentrations caused degeneration of calli. The application of BAP was more advantageous than of KIN in the case of A. arguta and A. polygama. Organogenesis was quick and abundant after passage to media with 0.1-5.0 mg/l of IAA and 1.0-5.0 mg/l of cytokinins only in callus derived from stems. Calli from the other explants showed weaker ability to regenerate. The reactions of the three investigated species, differed slightly, the similarities were however, more significant. Shoots regenerated from callus were rooted and the plantlets were transferred to soil.
An investigation of gamma-radiation sensitivity on in vitro study of Hordeum vulgare L.
Authors: Chaudhuri Pinaki , Sengupta Rupak K. , Ghosh Partha D.
Published: April 2013

Gamma-radiation sensitivity was studied on in vitro condition in Hordeum vulgare L. The variation of callusing response assessed with the increasing level of gamma-radiation treatment and regeneration delayed at higher dose level.
Ontogenetic changes in the shoot primary vasculature of Anagallis arvensis L.
Authors: Kwiatkowska Dorota
Published: April 2013

Ontogenetic changes in the primary vasculature of Anagallis shoots are strictly related to phyllotaxis. During the ontogeny of Anagallis, whorled and spiral phyllotactic patterns appear alternately in a regular sequence. The initial decussate phyllotaxis is transformed into the spiral Fibonacci, and then further into trimerous pattern. This in turn may change into the spiral Lucas phyllotaxis. Sporadically the immediate transition from the decussate to trimerous phyllotaxis takes place. The vascular system in Anagallis is always closed, despite that both whorled and spiral phyllotaxes are present. Also the number of vascular traces diverging to the leaf is constant. In the course of a single phyllotactic transition, there is an increase in the number of vascular sympodia and in the number of leaf traces present in the vascular cylinder. Usually only one single sympodium and one or two traces are added to the system. The immediate addition of two sympodia occurs only during infrequent transition from the decussate to trimerous pattern. The increase in the number of sympodia is most often simultaneous with the phyllotactic transition, however, when the trimerous pattern is transformed into the spiral Lucas, the increase is delayed, sometimes for as much as ten plastochrons. In shoots with changing phyllotaxis, a sector within the vascular cylinder can be distinguished, in which the leaf traces are arranged as if the previous phyllotactic pattern continued, whereas rearrangement of traces takes place at the same level but in the complementary sector. This is in agreement with the concept of discontinuous circumferential changes in the shoot apex being responsible for qualitative transformations of phyllotaxis.
Cytological and anatomical changes in pine tree xylem caused by sulphur compounds
Authors: Niewęgłowska-Guzik Beata
Published: April 2013

In areas intensely contaminated with sulphur compounds some pine trees (Pinus sylvestris L.) have deformed branches with numerous short sprouts. In the branches lenticular areas with considerably changed xylem elements are found. In these greatly changed xylem areas (GCXAs) deformed tracheids are almost isodiametric, some form hooks and loops. The tracheids and ray parenchyma cells show a differentiated level of cell walls lignification. A significantly larger number of rays and the so-called pseudorings are observed.
Phenotypic variation of Epipactis helleborine x E. atrorubens hybrids in anthropogenic conditions
Authors: Adamowski Wojciech
Published: April 2013

Hybrid index has revealed the hybrid nature of helleborine populations growing on disturbed habitats in Białowieża Forest and its western foreland. An analysis of eight traits has revealed that hybrids are morphologically more similar to E. helleborine. Hybrids differ from the typical E. helleborine first of all by: a very pubescent inflorescence axis, a considerable length of the subinflorescence internode. Also the range of phenotypical variation in these populations is shown.
The structure of floral nectaries of some species of Vicia L. (Papilionaceae)
Authors: Stpiczyńska Małgorzata
Published: April 2013

The subject of research were morphology and ultrastructure of floral nectaries of nine species of Vicia. The differences in their size and morphological structure were shown. Small, almost flat nectaries appeared in flowers of Vicia tetrasperma and V. hirsuta. Much better developed ones which had convexities with the shape of a protuberance, a half-ring or a half -ring with a ligulate outgrowth were observed in V. silvatica, V. cracca, V. villosa, V. sativa and V. angustifolia. Completely convex, annular nectaries with a ligulate outgrowth belonged to V. sepium and V. grandiflora. Small anatomical differences concerned mainly the structure and distribution of vascular bundles, whereas ultrastructure of secretory cells was very similar. Nectar got into the surface through the modified stomata situated on the top of nectaries' convexities.
Progress towards sugar beet improvement through somatic hybridization I. Inactivation of nuclei and cytoplasm in donor and recipient protoplasts
Authors: Jażdżewska Elżbieta , Niklas Aleksandra , Majewska-Sawka Anna
Published: April 2013

The isolation and culture of suspension-derived protoplasts from two sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) genotypes are described. Immobilization of protoplasts in agarose resulted in high frequency divisions and microcallus regeneration, with plating efficiency (PE) being clearly genotype-dependent. In further studies towards asymmetric fusion experiments, the effect of different doses of ultraviolet radiation (UV) and iodoacetic acid (IA) on protoplast physiology was assessed. Viability of both treated (UV, IA) and untreated protoplasts (control) was determined by FDA staining, and the biological effect was evaluated by testing the ability of protoplasts to divide and to form calli. The results are discussed in terms of the applicability of the methods for the production of asymmetric protoplasts suitable for somatic hybridization within the genus Beta.
Symbiotic properties of Bradyrhizobium sp. (Lupinus) assayed on serradella plants
Authors: Deryło Mieczysława , Bednara Józef , Głowacka Maria , Skorupska Anna
Published: April 2013

Physiological and symbiotic properties of Bradyrhizobium sp. (Lupinus) nodule isolates were compared to the standard slow-growing Bradyrhizobium sp. (Lupinus) strain USDA 3045. Lupine nodules isolates showed typical characteristics for bradyrhizobial strains and nodulated small seed legume, serradella (Ornithopus sativus), in tube test. We observed a permanent physiological segregation of the effective (Fix') and ineffective (Fix-) symbiotic phenotype for all tested bradyrhizobial strains during the growth of serradella in plant tube test. The ultrastructural differences between Fix* and Fix serradella nodules were observed. Rapid and visible nodulation as well as easy assay of the reduction of acetylene make serradella a convenient system for studies of Bradyrhizobium sp. (Lupinus) strains in laboratory conditions.
Comments on the variation of spike morphology in selected species of Elytrigia and Elymus (Triticeae)
Authors: Kosina Romuald
Published: April 2013

The structure of spikes of Elytrigia repens, E. intermedia and Elymus caninus was investigated. The number of spikelets per spike reveals the weakest correlations with other characters of the spike. The same concerns some character ratios. The correlations provide information about the segmented structure (metamers) of the spike. There is a great difference between matrices of correlation coefficients for E. repens and E. intermedia related to the development and structure of spike. Characters important for the description of the spike were chosen - in five-character set these are among others: length of glume awn in median spikelet, length of lemma awn in the first floret of the median spikelet, number of spikelets per spike. Length of lemma awn and mean length of the rachis segment were recognized as the best discriminants for species. Ordination of forms along axes of canonical variates does not indicate the subunits within E. repens. Intermediate forms between E. repens and Elymus caninus have not been found. Between E. repens and E. intermedia there exists some proximity. Heteromorphic individuals were described by means of cluster analysis. They prove the mobility of the genome in ramets of a single genet.
Microfungi on dryas extracted from polish Phanerogam herbaria
Authors: Chlebicki Andrzej
Published: April 2013

Twenty seven taxa of the microfungi on Dryas have been recorded from Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Canada, Finland, France, Horvatia, Italy, Korea, Norway, Poland, Rumania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraina, U.S.A. and Yugoslavia, including: Brunnipila dryadis, Cainiella johansonii, Crocicreas dryadis var. dryadis, C. dryadis var. uniseptata, Discosia strobilina, Epipolaeum absconditum, Gnomonia dryadis, Hypoderma dryadis, Isothea rhytismoides, Leptosphaerulina dryadis, Lophiostoma macrostomum, L. winteri, Massarina balnei-ursi, Melanomma dryadis, Mycosphaerella octopetalae, Otthia dryadis, Patinella dryadea, Phaeosphaeria dryadea, Pleospora ascodedicata, Pseudomassaria islandica, P. minor, Scleropleella hyperborea, Sphaerotheca volkartii, Septoria sp., Stomiopeltis dryadis, Tubeufia alpina and Wettsteinina dryadis. Patinella dryadea has been removed to lichenized microfungi from the genus Lecidiella.
Have necrohormones a role in embryogenesis?
Authors: Bell P. R.
Published: April 2013

The recognition of apoptosis (programmed cell death) as an accompaniment of normal development, the products released by the protoplasts undergoing self-destruction being utilized by adjacent living cells, stimulates renewed interest in Haberlandt's concept of "necrohormones" playing a role in apomictic reproduction. Recent work on somatic embryogenesis in carrot shows that regular death of certain cells in embryogenic cultures satifies the criteria of apoptosis. Similar observations have been made with embryogenic cultures of Picea abies. Haberlandt's claim that cell death induced by injury adjacent to an ovule in Oenothera could lead to parthenogenesis, despite conflicting evidence from later experimenters, is worthy of reexamination.
Some cytological, ecological and evolutionary aspects of pollination
Authors: Pacini Ettore , Franchi Gian G.
Published: April 2013

Different types of pollen dispersing units are described. The pollen of angiosperms may be dispersed in monads, tetrads, polyads, massulae or compact pollinia. The monads and tetrads may form larger clumps of pollen with the aid of the following substances: a) pollenkitt, a product of in situ degeneration of the tapetum; b) tryphine, a product of tapetal extra situm degeneration, found only in Cruciferae; c) elastoviscin, a highly viscous product of the degeneration of a limited number of tapetal cells, found only in certain Orchidaceae; d) viscin threads or sporopollenin filaments arising from the pollen exine. The number of pollen grains composing the clumps depends on pollen diameter and the cohesive forces holding the pollen grains together. The various types of pollen dispersing unit are discussed in relation to the type of pollination and number of ovules per ovary.
The haploid embryoids development in anther culture of transformed tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.)
Authors: Dubová Jaroslava
Published: April 2013

Induction of pollen embryogenesis was used for the test of cytokinin influence on the development of pollen grain. Gene for maize cytokinin-specific β-glucosidase were introduced into tobacco genome together with the methotrexate resistance marker (Brzobohatý et al. 1994). Anther culture of T1 generation of transformed Nicotiana tabacum L. plants revealed that high activity of β-glucosidase caused a reduced regeneration of pollen embryoids. The stages of pollen embryoid development were comparable with those of zygotic embryos. Optimal nutritive medium contained charcoal and chelated iron. The absence of iron in the initiation medium caused a distinct decrease of pollen embryoid regeneration.
Manifestation of embryogenic potential in culture of zygotic embryos of Quercus robur L.
Authors: Ostrolucká Maria G. , Krajmerová Diana
Published: April 2013

For the initiation of somatic embryogenesis early cotyledonary stage of zygotic embryo explants (from 15th July until late August) was suitable. The highest frequency of differentiation of somatic embryos was obtained on cotyledons of zygotic embryos cultured on basal modified medium MS (with 1/2 concentration macronutrients) or WPM medium containing 500 mg•l-1 glutamine, proline and casein hydrolysate and supplemented with 2,4-D (1,0-2,0 mg•l-1) and BAP (0,5-1,0 mg•l-1). The development of somatic embryos was direct and indirect and the process was continuous over a long period. Primary somatic embryos were able to produce secondary embryos. Repetitive somatic embryogenesis led to the proliferation of a large number of new somatic embryos on their cotyledons, hypocotyl or radicula. The process of embryo differentation is asynchronous - various stages of somatic embryos could be observed in embryogenic culture. A somatic embryo conversion was rare on tested media. Embryo germination occured on medium containing BAP (0,1 mg•l-1) or on medium with ABA and GA3 (each 0,2 mg•l-1) after a previous culture on WPM medium without plant growth regulators supplemented with sorbitol (6%). The embryo germination occurred also on WPM medium with 0.2 mg•l-1 BAP when cultures were mantained at 2oC for 4 weeks. Only 8 somatic embryos developed into plantlets. Their transplantation to in vivo conditions was unsuccessful.
Somatic embryogenesis in Lolium multiflorum suspension culture
Authors: Pavlova Margarita , Kordyum Elizabeth
Published: April 2013

The embryogenic cell suspension was obtained from immature embryos of Lolium multiflorum through a callus culture. Somatic embryogenesis was induced by addition of 2,4-D, dicamba and picloram in 0,5 mg/l concentrations in MS liquid nutrient medium. It was shown that somatic embryos arised from single cells. In globular embryoids, the meristematic cells are characterized by the presence of phytoferritin inclusions in the leucoplasts.
Cytomorphological studies on somatic embryogenesis of Gentiana tibetica (King) and G. cruciata (L.)
Authors: Mikuła Anna , Wesołowska Maria , Kapusta Józef , Skrzypczak Lutosława , Rybczyński Jan J.
Published: April 2013

The process of plant regeneration via somatic embryogenesis of two gentianas, Gentiana tibetica and G. cruciata was described. For this purpose seedling explants were cultured on agar medium and later maintained in cell suspension. For callus initiation seedling explants like: cotyledons, hypocotyl and root were plated on a callus induction medium (CIM) composed of MS (1962), supplemented with 0.5 mg/l 2,4-D and 1.0 mg/l Kin. For the formation of cell suspension culture, embryogenic callus was transferred into liquid maintained medium (MM) composed of MS (1962), supplemented with 1.0 mg/l Dic + 0.1 mg/l NAA + 2.0 mg/l BAP + 80.0 mg/l SA. The conversion of somatic embryo into plantlets required a new medium (ECM) based on MS (1962) mineral salts, supplemented with 0.5 mg/l GA3 + 1.0 mg/l Kin + 0.5 mg/l NAA. For cytomorphological studies of particular stages of embryogenesis, specimens were stained with dyes and reagents: 1. PAS reaction with leukofucsin, 2. Safranin + fast green, 3. Erlich's hematoxylin.
Sequence and expression of a microspore cDNA clone with homology to a ribosomal protein
Authors: Turcich Michael P. , Bokhari-Riza Amana , Hamilton Douglas A. , Mascarenhas Joseph P.
Published: April 2013

A cDNA library was made to RNA from corn anthers containing developing pollen at the uninucleate microspore stage. A randomly selected clone from this library which contained an insert (531 bp) was isolated and sequenced. An open reading frame of 330 bp was located. Computer alignments of the putative amino acid sequence with sequences from GenBank and the SwissProt protein databases indicated homology to L12, an acidic ribosomal protein. RNA blot analysis showed highest levels of this mRNA in mature pollen. The significance of this observation in light of the known biochemistry of ribosome synthesis in developing pollen is discussed.