bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Physical and chemical factors affecting microbial biomass and activity in contaminated subsurface riverine sediments
Authors: Mosher Jennifer J , Findlay Robert H , Johnston Carl G
Published: May 2006

Over 80 years of direct discharge of industrial effluents into the Mahoning River, located in northeastern Ohio, USA, has led to the accumulation of a wide variety of pollutants within its sediments. This study examined the physical and chemical parameters, including lipophilic pollutants, affecting microbial activity and biomass in subsurface (10–40 cm horizon) sediments. Microbial biomass was higher in anthropogenically contaminated sediments, and step-wise linear regression showed that approximately 82% of the variation in microbial biomass could be explained by total hexane extractable hydrocarbons, sediment particle size, and water content. There was no correlation between microbial activity and biomass. Independent variables influencing anaerobic activity were temperature and water holding capacity. The results of this study indicate that freshwater, sedimentary anaerobic microbial communities respond to a range of environmental parameters, many of which influence subsurface river sediments, and that lipophilic pollutants, when present, can cause increases in total microbial biomass.Key words: microbial activity, microbial biomass, anaerobic sediments, PAH, metals.
Shear wave velocity monitoring of collapsible loessic brickearth soil
Authors: Gunn D.A. , Nelder L.M. , Jackson P.D. , Northmore K.J. , Entwisle D.C. , Milodowski A.E. , Boardman D.I. , Zourmpakis A. , Rogers C.D. , Jefferson I. , Dixon N.
Published: May 2006

Metastable loessic brickearth comprises a stiff fabric structure with inter-particle interactions different to those normally associated with clay-sized or silt-sized particle fabrics. Laboratory samples loaded near
in situ
moisture contents exhibited little consolidation and relatively high shear wave velocities, which changed in response to sample flooding.
In situ
hydro-collapse caused non-monotonic changes in the velocity of shear waves through loessic brickearth that was subjected to simple flooding and to flooding while under additional surface loading. Hydro-collapse
in situ
resulted in an overall reduction of up to 50% in the shear wave velocity. A conceptual model of brickearth structure based on SEM images is presented to explain the process of collapse and its effect on shear wave velocity. These indicate a transition from a relatively low-density, high-stiffness fabric to the higher-density, lower-stiffness fabric during structural collapse of the loessic brickearth. The collapse process disrupts clay bridge-bonds that hold individual and aggregated clay-coated silt sized particles in an open packed structure, and which are absent in a more closely packed collapsed structure. These studies provide information for geohazard research and the development of shear wave velocity and other geophysical tools to assess soil collapse potential
in situ
.
Master equation for dysnatremia or intractable abracadabra
Authors: Ring Troels
Published: May 2006

The following is the abstract of the article discussed in the subsequent letter:

The presence of negatively charged, impermeant proteins in the plasma space alters the distribution of diffusible ions in the plasma and interstitial fluid (ISF) compartments to preserve electroneutrality. We have derived a new mathematical model to define the quantitative interrelationship between the Gibbs-Donnan equilibrium, the osmolality of body fluid compartments, and the plasma water Na+ concentration ([Na+]pw) and validated the model using empirical data from the literature. The new model can account for the alterations in all ionic concentrations (Na+ and non-Na+ ions) between the plasma and ISF due to Gibbs-Donnan equilibrium. In addition to the effect of Gibbs-Donnan equilibrium on Na+ distribution between plasma and ISF, our model predicts that the altered distribution of osmotically active non-Na+ ions will also have a modulating effect on the [Na+]pw by affecting the distribution of H2O between the plasma and ISF. The new physiological insights provided by this model can for the first time provide a basis for understanding quantitatively how changes in the plasma protein concentration modulate the [Na+]pw. Moreover, this model defines all known physiological factors that may modulate the [Na+]pw and is especially helpful in conceptually understanding the pathophysiological basis of the dysnatremias.
Identification of a Novel Peptide That Interferes With the Chemical Regulation of Connexin43
Authors: Shibayama Junko , Lewandowski Rebecca , Kieken Fabien , Coombs Wanda , Shah Sejal , Sorgen Paul L. , Taffet Steven M. , Delmar Mario
Published: May 2006

The carboxyl-terminal domain of connexin43 (Cx43CT) is involved in various intra- and intermolecular interactions that regulate gap junctions. Here, we used phage display to identify novel peptidic sequences that bind Cx43CT and modify Cx43 regulation. We found that Cx43CT binds preferentially to peptides containing a sequence RXP, where X represents any amino acid and R and P correspond to the amino acids arginine and proline, respectively. A biased “RXP library” led to the identification of a peptide (dubbed “RXP-E”) that bound Cx43CT with high affinity. Nuclear magnetic resonance data showed RXP-E–induced shifts in the resonance peaks of residues 343 to 346 and 376 to 379 of Cx43CT. Patch-clamp studies revealed that RXP-E partially prevented octanol-induced and acidification-induced uncoupling in Cx43-expressing cells. Moreover, RXP-E increased mean open time of Cx43 channels. The full effect of RXP-E was dependent on the integrity of the CT domain. These data suggest that RXP-based peptides could serve as tools to help determine the role of Cx43 as a regulator of function in conditions such as ischemia-induced arrhythmias.
Performance-Based Planning
Authors: Baker Douglas C. , Sipe Neil G. , Gleeson Brendan J.
Published: May 2006

This article examines the application of performance-based planning at the local level in the United States, Australia, and New Zealand. A review of the literature finds that there have been few evaluations of performance-based planning, despite its being used by many governments. The authors provide a comparative review of the experiences of various jurisdictions in implementing this form of zoning and present observations on its relative strengths and weaknesses. Findings suggest that many of the jurisdictions that adopted performance-based planning subsequently abandoned it because of the heavy administrative burden required, and where performance methods survived, they were typically hybridized with traditional zoning. If performance-based approaches continue to be used, there is a need to better understand the administrative and implementation implications of this type of land use regulation.
A collaborative end-of-life care curriculum
Authors: Bishop Maria C. , Gores Florence A. , Stempel Joan , Torrington Pat , Tynan Chet , Jaskar David , Garewal Harinder S.
Published: May 2006

Death and dying in America has received limited attention in medical education. The Southern Arizona VA Health Care System and the University of Arizona have collaborated with three nonprofit community hospice programs to develop an end-of-life care curriculum. This formal and comprehensive program is offered as a one-month elective to senior medical students, residents and fellows. The goal of the program is to improve clinical skills in caring for the dying patient and foster research in palliative and supportive care.
Unique aspects of caring for dying children and their families
Authors: Zwerdling Ted , Davies Sandra , Lazar Linda , Crawford Bonnie , Tucker Lynda , Boughner Ann , Richter-Beck Lisa
Published: May 2006

Pediatric hospice has become an important service for children and their families in the past decade. In this article we present unique aspects of StarShine, the hospice of Children’s Hospital Medical Center in Cincinnati, Ohio. Length-of-service data demonstrate the need to find innovative ways of encouraging earlier referral to hospice. Several specialized aspects of care, such as long-term bereavement, pet visitation and social services for the family are presented. The initiation of a novel in-home pain management program is described. StarShine has not followed an adult hospice model, and as such, we discuss those unique aspects of dying pediatric patients and suggest specific solutions and interventions designed for children.
Epidemiology of cancer pain and factors influencing poor pain control
Authors: Davis Mellar P. , Walsh Declan
Published: May 2006

Pain is one of the most commonly experienced and feared symptoms of advanced cancer. Most cancer patients experience pain, usually of moderate to severe intensity, and most also have a number of distinct pains. The most common type of pain is related to bone metastases. Neuropathic pain occurs in one-third of patients, alone, or as a mix of nociceptive and neuropathic pain.

The failure to manage pain properly is due to several factors. In developing countries, it is likely to be related to geography and limited resources. Legal restrictions also present barriers. In developed countries, failure to manage pain properly is usually related to a “disease” rather than a “symptom” model of care, which minimizes symptom management. Other factors include lack of physician education and failure to follow existing guidelines. Patients fear addiction, drug tolerance, and side effects. Despite adequate resources, pain is still undertreated.
Hospice use for the patient with advanced Alzheimer’s disease: The role of the geriatric psychiatrist
Authors: Aupperle Peter M. , MacPhee Edward R. , Strozeski Janet E. , Finn Myra , Heath John M.
Published: May 2006

Advanced Alzheimer’s disease (AD) can place an immense burden on caregivers as they struggle to provide end-of-life (EOL) care for the patient. Palliative care, as delivered by hospice, provides a viable solution. Hospice maintains the patient’s quality of life (QOL) and helps the family during the grieving process. However, many providers are not familiar with hospice and its care for advanced AD patients. Geriatric psychiatrists can be central in implementing hospice, and they can remain an important part of the care once it is in place. A principal clinical challenge is establishing the six-month prognosis for such patients, which is a prerequisite for initiating hospice admission.
Role of the doctor in relieving spiritual distress at the end of life
Authors: Pronk Karen
Published: May 2006

Relief of spiritual distress is a part of good palliative care. This literature review examines journal articles and texts dealing with patient spiritual issues at the end of life to see what constitutes spiritual care, why such issues are felt to be part of healthcare, and how, when, and by whom they should be explored. It also looks at the anticipated outcomes of addressing spiritual distress. This review also notes recommendations in the literature regarding prerequisite skills and attributes of those providing spiritual care and some tools for spiritual assessment and guidance.
Getting through our grief
Authors: Killeen Mary Ellen
Published: May 2006

Staff caring for AIDS patients experience a grief characterized by specific features. This article presents ways to understand these losses and develop supportive ways to manage their reactions.
The palliation of dyspnea in terminal disease
Authors: Zeppetella Giovambattista
Published: May 2006

Dyspnea is a complex subjective experience that is common in terminal illness. Patients may present at any time during the course of their illness, although prevalence increases with disease progression. Dyspnea has physical, psychological, social and spiritual components; without recognizing how each of these contributes to the total suffering of dyspnea, management is unlikely to be successful. The management of dyspnea involves both pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment. The main pharmacological palliative treatments are oxygen, opioids, and benzodiazepines, but the evidence to support these treatments is limited. More research is urgently needed to establish the efficacy of current treatments and to identify new ones.
Cognitive impairments in multiple sclerosis: A review
Authors: DeSousa Eduardo Adonias , Albert Ross H. , Kalman Bernadette
Published: May 2006

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Cognitive impairment (CI) may develop at any time during the course of the disease in the presence or absence of neurological disability. On the basis of comprehensive neuropsychological studies, there is now a consensus among investigators that 45 percent to 65 percent of MS patients suffer from some degree and form of cognitive difficulty. Features of CI include bradyphrenia; impaired attention, concentration and abstract reasoning; reduced manual speed and dexterity; deficits in memory retrieval; and language deficits in both the relapsingremitting and progressive forms of MS. Impairments in all cognitive domains may result from the diffuse spread of microscopic pathology, although a preferential lobar distribution of plaques can present with a predominant deficit in the corresponding cognitive function. Nevertheless, the severity of CI best correlates with total microscopic and macroscopic disease burden of the brain as defined by recently developed magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequences. A disruption of connecting intercortical and subcortical pathways is likely to be the main cause of metabolic and functional abnormalities in neurons. However, a direct toxic effect of soluble inflammatory products may also compromise neuronal function and survival. Early treatment of MS with interferons and copaxone can prevent or delay the onset of both neurological and cognitive disabilities by reducing the inflammatory activity and damage in the CNS. Until more powerful neuroprotective agents become available, simple neuropsychological screening and cognitive rehabilitation for memory and language impairments will remain important components in the care of MS patients.
Dementia consults: Predictors of compliance by primary care physicians
Authors: Podgorski Carol Ann , Lanning Benjamin D. , Casaceli Cynthia J. , Nardi Andrea L. , Cox Christopher
Published: May 2006

This study was designed to determine rates of primary care physician compliance with recommendations made by physician-consultants at an Alzheimer's disease center. A mail survey was sent to primary care physicians, who were asked to indicate which recommendations had been implemented and to select reasons for lack of adherence. The response rate was 53 percent (49/92). Some 83 percent of recommendations were implemented. Compliance with medical recommendations was higher (87 percent) than with social or behavioral issues (69 percent). Reasons for noncompliance indicated that patient or family barriers were responsible in 48 percent of cases, while physicians were responsible in 24 percent. These findings validate the development of two educational programs: curricula that support the primary care physician in conveying the value of these interventions and guidelines to assist specialists in communicating treatment recommendations.
Professional caregivers for patients with dementia: Predictors of job and career commitment
Authors: Drebing Charles , McCarty Ellen F. , Lombardo Nancy B. Emerson
Published: May 2006

The purpose of this study is to identify what factors predict job and career commitment among professional caregivers working with patients with dementia. A secondary analysis was completed using data collected from 77 professional caregivers working in residential dementia special care programs. The findings suggest that professional caregivers’ commitment to their jobs and careers is most closely related to their level of involvement in the interpersonal aspects of the work, the degree to which they feel personal growth or benefit, and the level of burden that their work generates. Strategies are suggested for improving job and career longevity among professional caregivers by enhancing attachment to patients and families, fostering professional identity and personal growth, and monitoring and managing professional caregiver burden.
Impact of family members on nurse assistants: What helps, what hurts
Authors: Looman Wendy J. , Noelker Linda S. , Schur Dorothy , Whitlatch Carol J. , Ejaz Farida K.
Published: May 2006

This qualitative study focuses on nurse assistant reports of both positive and negative behaviors exhibited by family members of cognitively impaired residents. The information reported is obtained from in-person interviews with 114 nurse assistants in 5 skilled nursing facilities (3 philanthropic, 2 proprietary) in Greater Cleveland, Ohio. Nurse assistants were predominantly female (89 percent), white (60 percent), with a mean age of 33, and had been caring for cognitively impaired nursing home residents for an average of five years.

Content analyses of nurse assistants’ responses reveal five categories of family members’ positive behaviors and four categories of negative behaviors. This article focuses on these themes and suggests topics for educational interventions for family members and nurse assistants who care for cognitively impaired nursing home residents. Topics include coping with family members’ feelings of guilt and related behaviors, understanding longstanding family relationship issues, and understanding possible reasons for decisions family members make regarding care of their relatives.
Long-term cholinesterase inhibitor therapy for Alzheimer's disease: Implications for long-term care
Authors: Brangman Sharon A.
Published: May 2006

As the population ages and Alzheimer's disease (AD) becomes more prevalent, nursing facilities will be faced with managing more AD patients than in previous decades. Managing this population will pose a significant challenge for the resources of long-term care facilities. In short-and long-term studies, cholinesterase (ChE) inhibitor treatment has been shown to benefit the symptoms of mild to moderate AD. Donepezil trials have extended this finding to patients with moderate to severe AD as well as the more severe symptoms of AD patients residing in nursing home settings. Results from long-term ChE inhibitor trials and the benefits that may be gained by treating AD patients residing in nursing facilities are presented.
Special care for persons with Alzheimer's disease and related dementias in Virginia adult care residences
Authors: Cotter J. James , Leon Joel , Akers Allison J. , Smith Wally R.
Published: May 2006

Designing supportive care for persons with Alzheimer's disease and related dementias in residential care is one of the most challenging issues facing researchers, policymakers, and facility administrators. To gain a better knowledge of the types of special care offered by adult care residences (ACRs) and assisted living facilities, the results of a survey of all licensed ACRs in the state of Virginia are presented. Examined are the facilities with special care units (SCUs) and special programs (SPs), the organizational characteristics of facilities that offer special care, the characteristics of existing SCUs and SPs, and the opinions of owners/ operators on the elements needed for establishing these units and programs. The discussion focuses on improvements needed within special care and the implications of the views of owners/ operators about special care.
Orientation behaviors in residents relocated to a redesigned dementia care unit
Authors: Gibson Margaret C. , MacLean Jill , Borrie Michael , Geiger Julia
Published: May 2006

This descriptive study took advantage of a scheduled environmental renovation in a secured dementia care unit. A convenience sample of 19 residents who were relocated to the unit completed a performance-based orientation task involving locating their own room. The study included a brief structured interview and tests of psychologicalfunction (cognition, depression, and visual-spatial ability) two months after admission. Intrusions (uninvited entry into another resident's room) were trackedfor one week. Eighty-four percent ofparticipants were able to find their own rooms during the orientation task. The majority ofparticipants reported use of color (n = 13) and structure (n = 12) as cues for locating their rooms. Thirty-eight percent of those who could find their own rooms also intruded into others 'rooms, these intrusions were most commonly related to seeking social interaction. The results attest to the importance of understanding the multiple factors that determine environmental use in this population.
Activity situations on an Alzheimer's disease special care unit and resident environmental interaction, time use, and affect
Authors: Wood Wendy , Harris Shelly , Snider Melinda , Patchel Stacy A.
Published: May 2006

Routine activity situations on an Alzheimer's disease (AD) special care unit were examined with respect to residents' social and physical environmental interactions, time use, and apparent affect. Using a computerassisted observational tool, observers recorded prevailing activity situations and corresponding behaviors and affects of seven residents every 10 minutes, from 8:00 AM to 8:00 PM,across four days. Although meals/snacks and some activity groups were positively associated with use of physical objects and engagement in activities, residents were predominantly environmentally disengaged, inactive, or without positive affects during the most prevalent activity situations of background media, downtime, and television. Findings suggest that routine activity situations may act as potent environmental influences on the quality of life (QOL) of people with AD and mediate the effectiveness of other environmental interventions undertaken on their behalf.
One-trial 10-item free-recall performance in Taiwanese elderly and near-elderly: A potential screen for cognitive decline
Authors: Tractenberg Rochelle E. , Aisen Paul S. , Chuang Yi-Li
Published: May 2006

To explore a one-trial 10-item free-recall test as a potential dementia screening tool, we analyzed recall scores and individualized serial position effects in nearelderly (N = 2,336) and elderly (N = 2,371) participants in a population-based survey in Taiwan. Age and sex were significantly associated with recall score [younger > older (p < 0.001); men > women (p < 0.001)]; after controlling for gender and age group, weak association between recall and education was still observed. By contrast, serial position effects (SPEs), defined for each participant and analyzed aggregated over each age group, were not associated with education and tended not to be associated with sex. Primacy effects were observed in 67 to 80 percent, and recency effects were observed in 41 to 54 percent of respondents. Because SPEs were defined for each respondent, we could determine that loss of the primacy effect was associated with significantly larger losses in total recall score in elderly persons who had exhibited both SPEs at the first survey, as compared to those who maintained both SPEs at successive surveys (p < 0.01). Elderly subjects showed slight longitudinal decline in free recall. A one-trial 10-item free-recall test demonstrated age-related cognitive decline in this Taiwanese population survey cohort; SPEs at the individual level may be useful markers for important cognitive change and warrant further study and benchmarking against valid and reliable tests of memory and cognitive decline.
Deglycosylation of anti-ß amyloid antibodies inhibits microglia activation in BV-2 cellular model
Authors: Rebe Sabina , Solomon Beka
Published: May 2006

Immunotherapy has become a strategy for treatment of Alzheimer's disease, by inducing antibody response to amyloid-ß peptide (AßP) or by passive administration of anti-AßP antibodies. Clearance of amyloid plaques involves interaction of immunoglobulin Fc receptor (FcR)-expressing microglia and antibodyopsonized Aß deposits, stimulating phagocytosis but may promote neuroinflammation. Carbohydrate moiety of Fc of the immunoglobulin G molecule plays a significant role in modulating binding to FcR and its effector functions. Here, we enzymatically removed Fc glycan from monoclonal antibody 196 raised against AßP. Antigen binding ability and in vitro stability of deglycosylated antibody were unaffected by deglycosylation. M oreover, the deglycosylated antibody exhibits low affinity to FcR on microglial BV-2 cells and has limited ability to mediate microglial chemotaxis and antibodydependent cytotoxicity compared to native antibody. These data suggest that deglycosylation of anti-Aß antibodies before in vivo administration might prevent microglial overactivation, thus reducing the risk of neuroinflammatory response during passive immunization.
Gender differentials in the evolution of cigarette smoking habits in a general European adult population from 1993–2003
Authors: Costanza Michael C , Salamun Julien , Lopez Alan D , Morabia Alfredo
Published: May 2006

Background

Describe the recent evolution of cigarette smoking habits by gender in Geneva, where incidence rates of lung cancer have been declining in men but increasing in women.

Methods

Continuous cross-sectional surveillance of the general adult (35–74 yrs) population of Geneva, Switzerland for 11 years (1993–2003) using a locally-validated smoking questionnaire, yielding a representative random sample of 12,271 individuals (6,164 men, 6,107 women).

Results

In both genders, prevalence of current cigarette smoking was stable over the 11-year period, at about one third of men and one quarter of women, even though smoking began at an earlier age in more recent years. Older men were more likely to be former smokers than older women. Younger men, but not women, tended to quit smoking at an earlier age.

Conclusion

This continuous (1993–2003) risk factor surveillance system, unique in Europe, shows stable prevalence of smoking in both genders. However, sharp contrasts in age-specific prevalence of never and former smoking and of ages at smoking initiation indicate that smoking continues a long-term decline in men but has still not reached its peak in women.
Lumbar Puncture Ordering and Results in the Pediatric Population: A Promising Data Source for Surveillance Systems
Authors: Kimia Amir , Brownstein John S. , Olson Karen L. , Zak Victor , Bourgeois Florence T. , Mandl Kenneth D.
Published: May 2006

Background:
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is incorporating laboratory data into real‐time surveillance systems. When normal patterns of laboratory test orders and results are modeled, aberrations can be detected. Because many test orders are available electronically well before results, atypical patterns of test ordering may signal outbreaks.

Objectives:
The authors sought to characterize baseline patterns in the ordering and early results of lumbar punctures, motivated by the possibility of using these data for real‐time surveillance for early detection of meningitis or encephalitis outbreaks.

Methods:
Retrospective cohorts of pediatric emergency department patients at a single hospital (1993–2003) and from the National Hospital and Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (1992–2000) were used for analysis.

Results:
Test ordering exhibits seasonal patterns, with monthly peaks in January and August (p < 0.0001). For the hospital cohort, the rate of cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis exhibits seasonal patterns (p < 0.0001), with a peak from August to October. This is strongly associated with the rate and pattern of clinical neurologic disease (p < 0.0001). A long‐term secular decline in daily test ordering is evident, dropping from 5.3 to 2.9 in the hospital sample, and from 371.8 to 185.3 in the national sample (p < 0.001). The long‐term rate of pleocytosis has declined (p < 0.0001), though the yield of testing for pleocytosis has improved (p = 0.0104).

Conclusions:
Laboratory test patterns correspond with those of clinical disease and are a promising source of surveillance data. Using such data for real‐time monitoring requires specific adjustments for patient age, periodicities, and secular trends.
FOXO1A Differentially Regulates Genes of Decidualization
Authors: Buzzio Oscar L. , Lu Zhenxiao , Miller Curt D. , Unterman Terry G. , Kim J. Julie
Published: May 2006

The forkhead box O1A (FOXO1A) has been identified as one gene that is up-regulated early in the decidualization process. To further investigate the role of FOXO1A during this process, six genes, IGFBP1, PRL, TIMP3, LAMB1, CNR1, and DCN, shown to be up-regulated during decidualization, were chosen as potential targets of FOXO1A action. Treatment of human endometrial stromal cells with hormones (estradiol and medroxyprogesterone acetate) plus dibutyryl cAMP (H+dbcAMP) for 48 h increased expression of IGFBP1, PRL, TIMP3, CNR1, and DCN but not LAMB1, as measured by real-time PCR. Silencing of FOXO1A using small interfering RNA oligonucleotides decreased IGFBP1 and DCN levels and increased CNR1, TIMP3, and PRL levels. LAMB1 was not affected. When FOXO1A was overexpressed in human endometrial stromal cells, expression of IGFBP1, DCN, and PRL increased, whereas levels of TIMP3 and CNR1 decreased. Addition of H+dbcAMP caused an increased expression of IGFBP1, PRL, and DCN beyond that of FOXO1A alone. TIMP3 and CNR1 levels decreased even further in response to H+dbcAMP compared with FOXO1A alone. LAMB1, which was unresponsive to FOXO1A, decreased when H+dbcAMP was added. Overexpressing FOXO1A also caused a change in cell shape, in that the stromal fibroblasts acquired a rounded, epithelioid appearance. Finally, reporter studies showed that cotransfection of FOXO1A significantly increased PRL promoter activity but not TIMP3 promoter activity. Addition of H+dbcAMP resulted in a significant increase in PRL promoter activity and a significant decrease in TIMP3 promoter activity. In summary, this study demonstrates the versatile nature of FOXO1A in the regulation of a number of decidualization-specific genes.
Glucocorticoid Receptor Activation Signals through Forkhead Transcription Factor 3a in Breast Cancer Cells
Authors: Wu Wei , Zou Min , Brickley Deanna R. , Pew Travis , Conzen Suzanne D.
Published: May 2006

Activation of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) plays a critical role in the stress response of virtually all cell types. Despite recent advances in large-scale genomic and proteomic data acquisition, identification of physiologically relevant molecular events downstream of nuclear hormone receptor activation remains challenging. By analyzing gene expression changes 30 min after dexamethasone (Dex) treatment, we previously found that immediate induction of serum and glucocorticoid-regulated kinase-1 (SGK-1) expression is required for GR-mediated mammary epithelial cell survival signaling. We now report that activation of the GR mediates Forkhead transcription factor 3a (FOXO3a) phosphorylation and inactivation in mammary epithelial cells. GR-mediated induction of SGK-1 expression is required for FOXO3a inactivation; additional growth factor stimulation is not required. To further explore the gene expression changes that occur downstream of GR-mediated FOXO3a inactivation, we analyzed temporal gene expression data and selected GR-down-regulated genes containing core FOXO3a binding motifs in their proximal promoters. This approach revealed several previously unrecognized transcriptional target genes of FOXO3a, including IGF binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3). Endogenous IGFBP-3 expression was confirmed to be dependent on the GR-SGK-1-FOXO3a signaling pathway. Moreover, GR activation decreased FOXO3a-induced apoptosis in SK-BR-3 breast cancer cells. Collectively, our data suggest that GR-mediated FOXO3a inactivation is an important mechanism contributing to glucocorticoid-mediated mammary epithelial cell survival.
Anion Sensing with Luminescent Tris(β-diketonato)europium(III) Complexes and Naked-Eye Detection of Fluoride Anion
Authors: Tsukube Hiroshi , Onimaru Aki , Shinoda Satoshi
Published: May 2006

Four kinds of tris(β-diketonato)europium(III) complexes were demonstrated to form highly coordinated complexes with inorganic anions and to exhibit anion-dependent luminescence. Their luminescence profiles were significantly dependent on the natures of β-diketonato ligands and external coordinative anions: Tris[3-(heptafluorobutyryl)-2-bornanonato]europium(III) complex gave F− anion-enhanced luminescence, and tris(6,6,7,7,8,8,8-heptafluoro-2,2-dimethyl-3,5-octadionato)europium(III) complex responded to HSO4− and CH3CO2− anions. Although the employed europium complexes included similar β-diketonato ligands, UV and IR characterizations and luminescence lifetime measurements revealed that the structure of the β-diketonato ligand had significant influences on anion coordination and sensing behaviors of the europium complex. Since the observed anion-enhanced luminescence was high enough to be detected by the naked eye, visual detection of the F− anion in an aqueous sample was realized with the tris[3-(heptafluorobutyryl)-2-bornanonato]europium(III) complex.
Redox Behavior and Catalytic Oxidation Reactions of Alcohols by a New Ruthenium(III)–Dioxolene–Amine Complex of Bis(2-pyridylmethyl)-2-aminoethylamine
Authors: Miyazato Yuji , Wada Tohru , Tanaka Koji
Published: May 2006

A ruthenium–dioxolene–amine complex, [RuIII(NH2-L)(Bu2sq)](PF6)2·0.5H2O (NH2-L = bis(2-pyridylmethyl)-2-aminoethylamine, Bu2sq− = 3,5-di-tert-butylsemiquinonate), was newly prepared. The complex undergoes spontaneous one-electron reduction under basic conditions in MeOH and works as an electrocatalyst in the oxidation of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde under electrolysis at +0.4 V (vs SCE).
A Study of Amidocarbonylation Reactions Catalyzed by Pd/HZSM-5
Authors: Yang Ke Wu , Jiang Xuan Zhen
Published: May 2006

A HZSM-5-supported palladium catalyst, which was prepared by the conventional impregnation method, was utilized in amidocarbonylation reactions. Several important parameters were optimized to give moderate to excellent yields. The catalyst recycling of Pd/HZSM-5, for the first time, was achieved for at least four run times without depreciation of catalytic activity. The studies of TEM images revealed that agglomeration of the palladium species of Pd/HZSM-5 catalyst was avoided after reaction, which was quite different from the case of Pd/C catalyst.
The Catalytic Friedel-Crafts Acylation Reaction Using a Catalyst Generated from GaCl3 and a Silver Salt
Authors: Mukaiyama Teruaki , Ohno Takashi , Nishimura Takashi , Suda Shinji , Kobayashi Shu
Published: May 2006

In the presence of a catalyst generated from GaCl3 and a silver salt (AgClO4 or AgSbF6), the Friedel-Crafts acylation reaction of aromatic compounds such as anisole and veratrole with acid anhydrides smoothly proceeds to afford the corresponding aromatic ketones in high yields.
An Organic Radical Ferromagnet
Authors: Kinoshita Minoru , Turek Philippe , Tamura Masafumi , Nozawa Kiyokazu , Shiomi Daisuke , Nakazawa Yasuhiro , Ishikawa Masayasu , Takahashi Minoru , Awaga Kunio , Inabe Tamotsu , Maruyama Yusei
Published: May 2006

The γ-phase crystal of 2-(4′-nitrophenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-4 5-dihydro-1H−imidazol-1-oxy-3-N-oxide is shown to become a bulk ferromagnet below about 0.65 K from the measurements of magnetization of magnetic susceptibility and heat capacity.
Preparation of a Radioactive Multitracer Solution from Gold Foil Irradiated by 135 MeV/nucleon 14N Ions
Authors: Ambe Shizuko , Chen Shao Yong , Ohkubo Yoshitaka , Kobayashi Yoshio , Iwamoto Masako , Yanokura Minoru , Ambe Fumitoshi
Published: May 2006

An irradiation facility and a radiochemical procedure for preparing a radioactive multitracer solution are reported. Gold foil was irradiated with 135 MeV/nucleon 14N-ion beam. The foil was dissolved in aqua regia and precipitation of gold as metal with hydrogen peroxide yielded a carrier- and salt-free multitracer solution.
A Laser Flash Photolysis Study of Transient Bis(triphenylphosphine)platinum(0)
Authors: Oishi Shigero , Suzuki Keita
Published: May 2006

Transient spectra were obtained for bis(triphenylphosphine)platinum(0) (ε410: 630 dm3 mol−1 cm−1), to which O2 and diphenyacetylene coordinated with second-order rate constants of 2.4 × 104 and 1.2 × 106 dm3 mol−1 s−1 respectively.
Effect of Ti(Oi-Pr)4 on Stereoselectivity of Halocyclization of 2-Substituted 4-Pentenoic Acid and 4-Penten-1-ol
Authors: Kitagawa Osamu , Sato Tomohiro , Taguchi Takeo
Published: May 2006

Iodolactonization of 2-substituted (N-sulfonylamino, hydroxyl and hydroxymethyl groups)-4-pentenoic acid with NIS or I2  in the presence of Ti(Oi-Pr)4 gave the γ-lactone with increased 1,3-cis-selectivity. Stereoselectivity in the haloetherification of 2-hydroxymethyl-4-penten-1-ol was reversed by the addition of Ti(Oi-Pr)4
A Novel Fluorescent Photochromic Compound for Two-Photon Three-Dimensional Optical Memory Devices
Authors: Itoh Kenjy , Tazuke Shigeo , Sisido Masahiko
Published: May 2006

A novel photochromic compound, 1,2-di(2-naphthyl)cycloheptene, was synthesized. The compound photoreacted to give dibenzo-dihydrophenanthrene and the latter was found to fluoresce with a high quantum yield. The photoreaction could be induced by a simultaneous two photon absorption when excited at 630 nm. A possible application of the fluorescence-detected two-photon reactions to three-dimensional optical memory devices is discussed.
Organic Electroluminescence of Styryl Type Dyes on Vacuum Deposited Thin Films
Authors: Saitoh Yasushi , Matsuoka Masaru , Nakao Yutaka , Kitao Teijiro
Published: May 2006

Some styryl type dyes, such as 2-(4-Dimethylaminostyryl)benzoxazole (1), were found to be useful as novel emitting materials for the electroluminescent (EL) device. The EL devices with hole transporting layer have more efficiency than that with only emitting layer, but the electron trans porting layer do not work effectively. The EL intensity of the H-type device with 1 was 3.8 cd/m2 at the dc bias voltage of 60 volt.
The Effect of Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Synthetic Cationic Amphiphiles on DNA Transfection
Authors: Akao Tetsuyuki , Osaki Tetsurou , Mitoma Jun-ya , Ito Akio , Kunitake Toyoki
Published: May 2006

Bilayer membranes of double-chain ammoium amphiphiles were utilized for DNA transfection into eukaryotic cells. The efficiency of the DNA transfection was much higher when fluid, vesicler bilayers were used than when rigid, helical bilayers were used.
Stereostructures of Unique 13-Membered Carbocyclic Cembranolides from the Soft Coral Lobophytum pauciflorum
Authors: Iguchi Kazuo , Kitade Makoto , Yamada Yasuji , Ichikawa Akio , Ohtani Ikuko , Kusumi Takenori , Kakisawa Hiroshi
Published: May 2006

The relative and absolute configurations of the 13-membered carbocyclic cembranolides (lobophytol and lobophytol acetate) isolated from the soft coral Lobophytum pauciflorum were established on the basis of detailed spectroscopic analysis and chemical transformations.
Carbon Dioxide Fixation Competed with Proton Addition to Methyl Acrylate
Authors: Nagao Hirotaka , Miyamoto Hajime , Tanaka Koji
Published: May 2006

The controlled potential electrolysis of CO2-saturated CH3CN containing (Bu4N)3[Mo2Fe6S8(SEt)9], methyl acrylate, BU4NBF4, and molecular sieves 4A at −1.60 – −1.70 V vs. SCE gave –OOCCH2CH(C(O)OCH3)COO–, –OOCCH2CH2C(O)OCH3, CH3CH(C(O)OCH3)COO–, and CH3CH2C(O)OCH3. The formation of those products may be explained in terms of a nucleophilic attack of either activated CO2 or H+ on the two-electron reduced cluster, followed by an electrophilic attack of free CO2 or H+ to olefinic carbons.
Mixed-valence States of 57Fe Atoms Produced in 57Co-labelled [CoFe2O(CH2ICO2)6(H2O)3] and [CoFe2O(CH2BrCO2)6(H2O)3]
Authors: Sato Takuma , Ishishita Kiyomi , Katada Motomi , Sano Hirotoshi , Aratono Yasuyuki , Sagawa Chiaki , Saeki Masakatsu
Published: May 2006

Mixed-valence states of 57Fe atoms produced by EC-decay in 57Co-labelled [CoFe2O(CH2ICO2)6(H2O)3] and [CoFe2O(CH2BrCO2)6(H2O)3] were studied by means of emission Mössbauer spectroscopy. It was found that [CoFe2O(CH2ICO2)6(H2O)3] and [CoFe2O(CH2BrCO2)6(H2O)3] show a temperature-dependent trapped-to-averaged valence state and a temperature-independent trapped-valence state, respectively.
Synthesis and Properties of N-Cyano Derivatives of Trideca-, Pentadeca-, Heptadeca-, and Nonadecaazafulvenes
Authors: Ojima Juro , Higuchi Hiroyuki , Sata Yoichi , Yamamoto Hiroyuki , Koizumi Toru , Iyoda Masahiko , Yamamoto Gaku
Published: May 2006

The title azafulvene analogs were synthesized by the reaction of the corresponding annulenones with N,N′-bis(trimethylsilyl)carbodiimide. The 1H NMR spectra reveal that these compounds show larger tropicity than the corresponding dicyanofulvenes and annulenones.
Another Example of a Rare Reaction of Coordinated Nitro Ligand to Give Monooxygen Ligand. From trans-[Ru(NO2)2(PY)4] to trans-[Ru(ONO)(O)(py)4]+
Authors: Satoh Katsuyuki , Kuroda Hiroshi , Nagao Hirotaka , Matsubara Katsushi , Howell F Scott , Mukaida Masao , Kakihana Hidetake
Published: May 2006

trans-[Ru(NO2)2(Py)4] is oxidized chemically to give trans-[Ru(ONO)(O)(py)4]+, via the formation of a precursor species, trans-[Ru(NO2)(H2O)(py)4]+. The process was confirmed by electrochemical investigations.
Role of Negative Charge on Acidic Lipids in the Interaction with Human Growth Hormone-Releasing Factor
Authors: Honda Shinya , Shiraki Masaru , Ohashi Shinichi , Uedaira Hatsuho
Published: May 2006

It was proved that a negative charge on acidic lipid was indispensable for the interaction between human growth hormone-releasing factor fragment (hGRF(1–29)NH2) and lipid. The characteristic conformational changes of the peptide were observed by CD spectroscopy on addition of several acidic lipids, whereas such changes were not observed on addition of neutral lipids.
Selective and Convenient Enzymatic Separation of Geometric Isomers of N-Protected-α-dehydrophenylalanine Esters
Authors: Shin Chung-gi , Seki Masashi
Published: May 2006

Selective enzymatic hydrolysis of a mixture of (Z)- and (E)-N-protected-ΔPhe-OMe with α-chymotrypsin A took place to give (Z)-ΔPhe-OH and (E)-APhe-OMe.
Kaolin Minerals from Chinmen Island (Quemoy)
Authors: Chen Pei Yuan , Wang Ming Kuang , Yang Deng Shiu , Chang Shyun Sheng
Published: May 2006

Chinmen Island is located in the west of the Taiwan Strait, 15 km from the coast of mainland China. Mesozoic granitic gneiss forms the basement rocks of the island. High-defect kaolin deposits, both major sedimentary and minor residual types of clays, have been mined for ceramic uses for many years. The objectives of this study were to characterize the kaolin deposits and to discuss the genesis of kaolin minerals on the island. The kaolin samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction and transmission and scanning electron microscopy. In general, the particle-size distribution of the sedimentary kaolin was 0.5–5.0% sand, 15–55% silt and 30–85% clay. In the clay fraction, the ratio of kaolinite to illite ranged from 9:1 to 3:1. The sedimentary kaolin materials were originally transported by river from mainland China. Kaolinite occurred generally as pseudo-hexagonal platelets of ∼1 µm in diameter. The residual kaolin minerals resulted from the argillization of granitoid rocks by in situ weathering which possibly occurred during the Pleistocene. The residual kaolin contained more tubular halloysite.
Optimum Thread Rolling Process that Improves SCC Resistance
Authors: Kephart AR
Published: May 2006

Accelerated testing in environments aggressive for the specific material have shown that fastener threads that are rolled after strengthening heat treatments have improved resistance to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) initiation. For example, intergranular SCC was produced in one day when machined (cut) threads of high-strength steel (ASTM A193 B-7 and A354 Grade 8) were exposed to an aggressive aqueous environment containing 8 wt % boiling ammonium nitrate and stressed to about 40 % of the steel's yield strength. In similar testing conditions, bolts that were thread rolled before heat treatment (quench and temper) had similar high susceptibility to SCC. However, threads rolled after the strengthening heat treatment exhibited no SCC after a week of exposure, even when stressed to 100 % of the B-7 alloy yield strength. Similarly, intergranular SCC was produced in less than one day when machined (cut) threads of nickel-base alloys (X-750 and aged 625) were exposed to an aggressive 750°F doped steam environment (containing 100 ppm of chlorides, fluorides, sulfates, and nitrates) and stressed to about 80 % of the alloy yield strength. In similar testing conditions, threads rolled after strengthening exhibited no SCC after 50 days of exposure. This beneficial effect of the optimum thread rolling process (i.e., threads rolled after the strengthening heat treatment) is due to the retention of large residual compressive stresses in the thread roots (notches), which mitigate the applied notch tensile stresses resulting from joint design preloads. Use of these material-specific aggressive environments—“chemical cracking” tests—can provide an accelerated test to verify that threads were, in fact, produced by the optimum thread rolling process. The chemical cracking tests could also support fastener acceptance criteria or failure analysis of fasteners with unknown or uncertain manufacturing processes. The achievement of the optimum process effects may not always be detected by more conventional methods (e.g., metallography or hardness testing).
Comparative Survey of the DCT and the Wavelet Transforms for Image Compression
Authors: Kammoun F , Fourati W , Bouhlel MS
Published: May 2006

In the framework of the image compression by transform coding, we studied two transformation techniques, respectively, used in the JPEG and JPEG2000 standards: the discrete cosine transform (DCT) and the wavelets transform (WT). We also studied the influence of different coding techniques on the compression rate.We compare the performances of different wavelets. The set of the techniques that we implemented have been applied on different types of images.We verified the compromise that exists between the compression rate and the quality of the reconstructed image.We noted that when we apply the wavelet transform, we succeeded with best results of those found by the use of the DCT.We note also that the quality of reconstruction is better as we increase the order of the filter associated to the Daubechies wavelets.
Evaluation of the FN 303 Less Lethal Projectile
Authors: Mesloh CT , Thompson LF
Published: May 2006

FN 303 less lethal launcher is at the forefront of less lethal weapons technology and exceeds the standards for accuracy and range. While the manufacturer stated maximum effective range for the FN 303 against a point target is 55 yards (50.29 m), this study found that it was possible to strike a point target at even greater ranges. Additionally, as the projectile descends quickly due to gravity and slowing velocity, an operator cannot rely on sights that are zeroed at 30 yards (27.43 m) to achieve point target strikes at 60 yards (54.86 m). This study produced a linear model to adjust an operator's point of aim to achieve the desired point of impact. At distances of 40 yards and greater, point of aim should be adjusted 13.7 in. (34.80 cm) for every additional 10 yards (9.14 m) of distance between shooter and target.
Inquiry into the Practices of Expert Courseware Designers: A Pragmatic Method for the Design of Effective Instructional Systems
Authors: Rowley Kurt
Published: May 2006

A multi-stage study of the practices of expert courseware designers was conducted with the final goal of identifying methods for assisting non-experts with the design of effective instructional systems. A total of 25 expert designers were involved in all stages of the inquiry. A model of the expert courseware design process was created, tested, and refined through four try-outs. The final version of the model included instructional design task descriptions and electronic worksheets. The study revealed a common expert process that included the use of rapid prototypes, an opportunistic method of applying 14 key instructional design tasks, 8 success factors related to courseware design, and design guidelines for 10 preferred instructional strategies for courseware.