bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characterization of Phytoplasmas Related to Aster Yellows Group Infecting Annual Plants in Iran, Based on the Studies of 16S rRNA and RP Genes
Authors: Sichani Fereshteh Vali , Bahar Masoud , Zirak Leila
Published: May 2014

Several annual field crops, vegetables, ornamentals, oilseed crops, and weeds showing phytoplasma diseases symptoms were collected to detect phytoplasmas related to ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris’. The collecting was done in the central regions of Iran. For general detection of phytoplasmas, 16S rRNA gene fragments were amplified using phytoplasma universal primer pair P1/P7 in polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by primer pair R16F2n/R16R2 in nested PCR. Then, for finer detection of phytoplasmas related to ‘Ca. P. asteris’, DNA samples were used to extend the rp and tuf gene fragments by PCR using aster yellows group specific primer pairs rp(I)F1A/rp(I)R1A and fTufAy/rTufAy, respectively. Restriction fragment lenght polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of rp gene fragments using digestion with AluI, MseI, and Tsp509I restriction enzymes indicated that aster yellows group related phytoplasmas in these Iranian regions, belong to rpI-B subgroups. Sequence analysis of partial 16S rRNA and rp genes from representative phytoplasma isolates confirmed the RFLP results. This research is the first report of annual plants infected with phytoplasmas related to subgroup rpI-B in Iran.
Pathogenicity of the fungus Lecanicillium longisporum against Sipha maydis and Metopolophium dirhodum in laboratory conditions
Authors: Fadayivata Safoora , Moravvej Gholamhossein , Karimi Javad
Published: May 2014

This study aimed to evaluate the susceptibility of two cereal aphids, Sipha maydis (Passerini) and Metopolophium dirhodum (Walker), to the entomopathogenic fungus, Lecanicillium longisporum (Zimm.) Zare and Gams strain LRC 190, under controlled conditions. The conidial suspension of the fungus was administered using a sprayer on the whole plant over apterous adult aphids. The results indicated that both aphid species were susceptible to L. longisporum and that aphid populations were significantly reduced, compared to the control. Nine days after treatment, the LC50 value of the fungus was obtained as 5.9 × 105 and 3.2 × 106 conidia/ml for S. maydis and M. dirhodum, respectively. The LT50 value of the fungus at a concentration of 108 conidia/ml was obtained as 2.9 and 4.4 days for S. maydis and M. dirhodum, respectively. The results demonstrated that there was a varying susceptibility to the fungus between aphid species. The estimated LC50 and LT50 indicated that L. longisporum was more virulent to S. maydis than to M. dirhodum. The LT50 and R0 decreased as the conidial concentration increased. This is the first study to demonstrate the susceptibility of S. maydis to the entomopathogenic fungi. The present study suggests that L. longisporum has high virulence against the aphids S. maydis and M. dirhodum. Further research with an emphasis on greenhouse and field tests are required, however, before making any decision about using the fungus in a control program
A Model Parameter Extraction Method for Dielectric Barrier Discharge Ozone Chamber using Differential Evolution
Authors: Amjad M. , Salam Z. , Ishaque K.
Published: May 2014

In order to design an efficient resonant power supply for ozone gas generator, it is necessary to accurately determine the parameters of the ozone chamber. In the conventional method, the information from Lissajous plot is used to estimate the values of these parameters. However, the experimental setup for this purpose can only predict the parameters at one operating frequency and there is no guarantee that it results in the highest ozone gas yield. This paper proposes a new approach to determine the parameters using a search and optimization technique known as Differential Evolution (DE). The desired objective function of DE is set at the resonance condition and the chamber parameter values can be searched regardless of experimental constraints. The chamber parameters obtained from the DE technique are validated by experiment.
Potential of Nanocarriers in Antigen Delivery: The Path to Successful Vaccine Delivery
Authors: Patravale Vandana , Prabhu Priyanka
Published: May 2014

Vaccination has indubitably made noteworthy contribution to global health. Recent years have witnessed the employment of subunit antigens rather than inactivated or live attenuated vaccines, owing to the superior safety of the former. The intrinsic weak immunogenicity of subunit antigens makes it imperative to formulate them with an adjuvant. Presently, the armamentarium of approved vaccine adjuvants is very poor. Nanocarriers hold great promise for successful vaccine delivery owing to their versatility, excellent cellular uptake properties, capacity to protect antigen, amenability to targeting, and ability to offer prolonged antigen presentation. All these attributes ultimately endow nanocarriers with immense potential to achieve needle-free vaccine delivery, reduce the number of vaccinations, attain dose sparing of antigen, and lead to stronger immune response generation. Nanocarriers can be explored in manifold ways to accomplish targeted antigen delivery to antigen presenting cells. They can be formulated to contain both antigen and immunostimulant molecules, and they can be engineered from specific materials to achieve antigen presentation through the desired pathway to stimulate a particular arm of the immune response. This review discusses the basics of immune response generation, mechanisms of adjuvanticity by nanocarriers, parameters influencing their adjuvanticity, and finally describes the incredible opportunities offered by a gamut of nanocarriers for vaccine delivery
Cannabis retail purchases in a low-risk market: Purchase size and sex of buyers
Authors: Moeller Kim , Pedersen Michael
Published: May 2014

Aim

To analyse the composition of cannabis retail purchases in a representative sample of purchases made in Christiania, Copenhagen in 2004.

Material

Transactions (n=1,123) were registered along four variables; type (loose resin or joints), quantum (n=957, grams or number of joints), sex (n=559, female or male) and payment (n=707, notes or coins).

Results

We found that more than half of all transactions were for joints only. The median transaction quantum was small, at two joints or three grams of resin, valued at DKK 100. Of the resin transactions, 88% were three grams or below. Women made 11% of the purchases. There was no statistically significant difference in the preferences for quantum or type between males and females.

Conclusions

Buyers prefer joints over loose resin despite the higher price, which is interesting. The small median transactions size is consistent with findings in the international literature. Illicit drug buyers appear to prefer small acquisitions across drugs and social context. The share of purchases made by women is 11%, which is similar to the estimated proportion of women among daily cannabis users. This finding suggests an interesting question for future research. At what point in a cannabis-using career do users purchase their drugs? These findings contribute to the existing research by documenting the proportion of female buyers, and preferences for type and quantum in a sample that is representative of a market and is not based on self-reported purchases.
Pastureland Copses As Habitats For A Primeval Forest Relict: A Unique Location Of The Rosalia Longicorn Rosalia Alpina (L.) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) In The Polish Carpathians
Authors: Ciach Michał , Michalcewicz Jakub
Published: May 2014

The Rosalia longicorn Rosalia alpina is regarded as a primeval forest relict and occurs mainly in old beech woodland in mountain areas. This paper describes a locality of the species in a copse surrounded by pastures, lying in open farmland situated at some distance from woodlands. The larval host plant was Wych Elm Ulmus glabra. The trees at this locality were dying from Dutch elm disease, which is caused by the fungus Ophiostoma sp. It is demonstrated that under favourable circumstances R. alpina can also colonise copses in pastureland, a hitherto unknown habitat for this species. At the same time this newly discovered locality may signify a change in the species’ habitat preferences. R. alpina is under threat, however, from the possible felling of the dead trees by the landowner; conservation measures should therefore include

a mechanism for financial compensation in return for not cutting the trees down. This work has shown that copses may be used by endangered saproxylic species. The discovery of a R. alpina locality in a pastureland copse gives an indication of the importance of pockets of unmanaged habitat in the farming landscape, which could be contributing to the preservation of populations of rare species.
Potential of an Insect Growth Regulator in the Management of the Rice Moth Corcyra Cephalonica Stainton, 1866 (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
Authors: Tripathi Priyanka , Tiwari S.K.
Published: May 2014

The present investigation reveals the influence of methoprene, an IGR, on the ontogeny, growth duration and adult longevity of the rice moth Corcyra cephalonica. Twenty-five larvae of different instars (1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th) of C. cephalonica were exposed to the juvenile hormone analogue methoprene in order to evaluate its potential effect on larval mortality, pupation, pupal mortality, adult emergence, growth duration and adult longevity. These different instars larvae were treated with 2, 4, 8 and 12 ppm of methoprene in an artificial diet (coarsely ground jowar mixed with 5% yeast powder) where the control received acetone alone. The results reveal significant differences in all the parameters mentioned above as compared to the control.
Assessment of knowledge of midwives about the scope of professional responsibility under the amended provisions of law
Authors: Belowska Jarosława , Dykowska Grażyna , Sienkiewicz Zofia , Gotlib Joanna
Published: May 2014

Introduction. To work safely, knowledge of law is crucial for midwives who should be familiar with the midwife’s rights and duties as well as their professional responsibility. Aim. Assessment of knowledge of midwives about their professional responsibility. Material and methods. A total of 103 MA Midwifery students of the Medical University of Warsaw, including 55 working and 48 not working as midwives. A diagnostic poll, original anonymous questionnaire, 25 close-ended questions, 8 openended questions. Statistical analysis: STATISTICA 10.0, Mann-Whitney U test, p<0.05. Results. Seventy-one percent of the study participants had knowledge of the binding provisions of law and 83% considered this kind of knowledge as necessary in their professional activity. Twenty-four percent of the total did not know any legal regulations. Thirty percent was not familiar with the Nurses and Midwives Act. Only 52% of the study participants were knowledgeable about the legal protection of midwives and indicated the protection established for public officers. Forty-six percent of the total said that the Act on Professional Self-Government of Nurses and Midwives of July 1st, 2011 regulates the issue of self-governance. As many as 30 study participants knew that membership in the self-governing body of midwives is obligatory. Conclusions. Knowledge of nurses about professional responsibility under amended provisions of law is insufficient and does not improve with experience as a midwife. Due to the fact that new acts on professional responsibility of midwives were implemented in Poland beginning in January 1st, 2012, it is advisable to extend qualifications and knowledge of midwives in order to improve their knowledge of professional issues. Midwives should constantly update their knowledge of legal regulations on their profession
The future of internal medicine in the United States and Poland
Authors: Wilson Candace M. , Taylor Olusegun , Prystupa Andrzej , Załuska Wojciech
Published: May 2014

Internal medicine physicians are critical to the health of the population. Internal medicine doctors also bring cost savings in health care because they treat many systems in the body and treat the patients in a holistic manner. However, the popularity of the specialty of internal medicine is declining. This is due to the decreased compensation that internal medicine doctors obtain when compared to their colleagues who specialize in other fields. The decline in number of physicians specializing in internal medicine causes a decrease in the health of the population. Governments and policy makers must look for ways to reverse the trend of doctors not specializing in internal medicine
The Discursive Mind Model
Authors: Stemplewska-Żakowicz Katarzyna , Zalewski Bartosz , Suszek Hubert , Kobylińska Dorota , Szymczyk Bartosz
Published: May 2014

The paper proposes the model of discursive mind and describes the cognitive architecture of the dialogically structured mind. The model draws on Hermans’ (1999) theory of the dialogical self (DS) and Wertsch’s (1991) vision of mind as a “tool kit” with socio-cultural instruments, and also on the socio-cognitive approach to personality in experimental psychology. An I-position is understood here as an active totality of experience, shaped in a particular social context and represented in a separate representation module. Th ere are many modules in the mind because in the course of socialization, the individual comes across many different social contexts. Th e described model and its preliminary empirical verification not only gives support to the DS theory, but can also be a leverage of its contribution to general theories of mind stemming from other theoretical traditions
Language as a Tool Creating and Dividing Communities. Dangerous use of Asymmetric Counterconcepts
Authors: Jakubowska-Branicka Iwona
Published: May 2014

The paper discusses the role of language in shaping social and political reality. Referring to the theory of the sociology of knowledge, symbolic interactionism and theory related to sociolinguistics, the author makes the assumption that language understood as a tool that assigns meaning and defines reality has a decisive influence on individual awareness and knowledge about reality, and simultaneously also on activities undertaken by individuals. Moreover, in the opinion of many theoreticians who represent the above disciplines of knowledge, the knowledge about reality transferred by means of language creates cognitive schemes in awareness through which an individual perceives and defines reality. In this sense it may be said that manipulation of images of reality through language is also a manipulation of social reality
Socialization of Language Through Family Language Policy: A Case Study
Authors: Kayam Orly , Hirsch Tijana
Published: May 2014

Challenges of heritage language maintenance and benefits of bilingualism have been widely acknowledged. Heritage language maintenance research most oft en focuses on heritage languages in English-dominant societies. This paper presents a case study on family language policy experiences, strategies, and outcomes led by an American-born mother in her effort to maintain and promote English, her heritage language, within the home in the Hebrew-dominant environment in Israel
Pipeline Creation Language for Machine Translation
Authors: Johnson Ian
Published: May 2014

A pipeline is a commonly used architecture in machine translation (MT). Statistical MT can require, for example, many computational steps during training and decoding which are best viewed as a pipeline. These pipelines can be tedious to construct and are error prone since little or no type checking is performed, and no clear interface is defined for a pipeline’s components. At times this can manifest itself as components requiring knowledge of how a preceding component’s output is formed in order to consume it. Moreover, collaboration and sharing of pipelines or components becomes difficult since the components themselves may need to be changed in order to be used by others.

In order to alleviate these problems a specialised language has been designed called Pipeline Creation Language (PCL). PCL allows users to construct pipelines that have components with well defined and compatibility checked interfaces. Components can be defined in packages, so individual components or packages of components, including entire pipelines, can be shared and composed with others. PCL supports operators which allow components to be executed sequentially, in parallel, or conditionally.
A computational study on preverbal and postverbal accusative object nouns and pronouns in Ancient Greek
Authors: Celano Giuseppe G. A.
Published: May 2014

Many studies try to determine whether Ancient Greek is an OV or VO language. All of them, however, fail to conduct a research whose method is entirely clear. This paper presents the first attempt to quantify the number of verbs governing preverbal or postverbal accusative object nouns or pronouns in single or coordinate independent clauses in Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey, Herodotus’ Histories, and the New Testament, by providing results which are fully verifiable and reproducible. I prove that as for the parameter OV vs. VO there is great variation in the texts, which suggests a change over time from OV order in Homer to VO order in the New Testament. The figures for Herodotus’ Greek prove a quasi-exact match between OV order and VO order.
Brain metastases in lung adenocarcinoma: impact of EGFR mutation status on incidence and survival
Authors: Stanic Karmen , Zwitter Matjaz , Turnsek Hitij Nina , Kern Izidor , Sadikov Aleksander , Cufer Tanja
Published: May 2014

Background. The brain represents a frequent progression site in lung adenocarcinoma. This study was designed to analyse the association between the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation status and the frequency of brain metastases (BM) and survival in routine clinical practice.

Patients and methods. We retrospectively analysed the medical records of 629 patients with adenocarcinoma in Slovenia who were tested for EGFR mutations in order to analyse the cumulative incidence of BM, the time from the diagnosis to the development of BM (TDBM), the time from BM to death (TTD) and the median survival.

Results. Out of 629 patients, 168 (27%) had BM, 90 patients already at the time of diagnosis. Additional 78 patients developed BM after a median interval of 14.3 months; 25.8 months in EGFR positive and 11.8 months in EGFR negative patients, respectively (p = 0.002). EGFR mutations were present in 47 (28%) patients with BM. The curves for cumulative incidence of BM in EGFR positive and negative patients demonstrate a trend for a higher incidence of BM in EGFR mutant patients at diagnosis (19% vs. 13%, p = 0.078), but no difference later during the course of the disease. The patients with BM at diagnosis had a statistically longer TTD (7.3 months) than patients who developed BM later (3.1 months). The TTD in EGFR positive patients with BM at diagnosis was longer than in EGFR negative patients (12.6 vs. 6.8, p = 0.005), while there was no impact of EGFR status on the TTD of patients who developed BM later.

Conclusions. Except for a non-significant increase of frequency of BM at diagnosis in EGFR positive patients, EGFR status had no influence upon the cumulative incidence of BM. EGFR positive patients had a longer time to CNS progression. While EGFR positive patients with BM at diagnosis had a longer survival, EGFR status had no influence on TTD in patients who developed BM later during the course of disease.
Personal Resources and Temporal Satisfaction with Life in Men with Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Byra Stanisława
Published: May 2014

Streszczenie

Wstęp: Satysfakcja z życia traktowana jest w kategorii jednego z najbardziej istotnych wskaźników pomyślnego przystosowania do życia po nabyciu niesprawności. Literatura opisuje zjawisko tzw. paradoksu niepełnosprawności wskazującego na doświadczanie wyższego lub porównywalnego do ogólnej populacji poziomu zadowolenia z życia u osób z trwałymi uszkodzeniami. Kształtowanie się satysfakcji z życia po doznaniu urazu rdzenia kręgowego podlega oddziaływaniu wielu czynników, w tym wewnętrznych określanych mianem zasobów osobistych. Zalicza się do nich m. in. poczucie koherencji, optymizm dyspozycyjny, uogólnione poczucie własnej skuteczności.

Cel pracy: analiza związków zależnościowych między zasobami osobistymi (poczuciem koherencji, optymizmem i poczuciem własnej skuteczności) a satysfakcją z życia przeszłego, teraźniejszego i przyszłego u mężczyzn z uszkodzeniem rdzenia kręgowego.

Materiał i metody: W badaniach uczestniczyło 86 mężczyzn z uszkodzeniem rdzenia kręgowego oraz równoliczna grupa mężczyzn sprawnych ruchowo dobranych z uwzględnieniem kryteriów: wieku, miejsca zamieszkania i stanu cywilnego. Wykorzystano następujące narzędzia badawcze: Skalę Temporalnej Satysfakcji z Życia W. Pavota, E. Dienera i E. Suha w opracowaniu S. Byry (wersja eksperymentalna); Kwestionariusz Orientacji Życiowej SOC-29 A. Antonovsky’ego w opracowaniu B. L. Blocka; Test Orientacji Życiowej (LOT-R) Scheiera i Carvera w adaptacji R. Poprawy i Z. Juczyńskiego; Skalę Uogólnionej Własnej Skuteczności (GSES) R. Schwarzera i M. Jerusalem w adaptacji Z. Juczyńskiego.

Wyniki: Temporalnie ujęta satysfakcja z życia różni badanych. Mężczyźni z uszkodzeniem rdzenia deklarują istotnie wyższe zadowolenie z życia w przeszłości i obecnie prowadzonego, charakteryzuje ich przy tym znacząco niższe nasilenie zasobów osobistych w postaci poczucia koherencji i optymizmu dyspozycyjnego. Uogólnione poczucie własnej skuteczności niezróżnicowane istotnie u badanych mężczyzn nie wykazało związków zależnościowych z satysfakcją z życia.

Wnioski: Nabycie urazu rdzenia oddziałuje na temporalną satysfakcję z życia, jednakże charakter tego oddziaływania kształtowany jest przez nasilenie zasobów osobistych: poczucie koherencji (istotne w przypadku zadowolenia z życia przeszłego i oczekiwań względem przyszłości) i optymizm dyspozycyjny (znaczący dla poziomu zadowolenia z obecnego życia).
The Plurimetric Assessment Of Spinal Curvature Changes In The Sagittal Plane In Children And Youths, Measured During 10 Years’ Observation
Authors: Kluszczyński Marek , Czernicki Jan , Kubacki Janusz
Published: May 2014

Streszczenie

Wstęp: Praca jest 10 letnią obserwacją krzywizn przednio -tylnych kręgosłupa tej samej grupy dzieci i młodzieży. Celem pracy jest wykazanie zasad i prawidłowości zmian postawy dziewcząt i chłopców w badanym okresie ich życia, oraz propozycja oceny postawy na podstawie przedstawionej metody pomiarów wartości kąta lordozy lędźwiowej i kifozy piersiowej przy pomocy prostego kątomierza, która byłyby podstawą kwalifikacji do wady postawy.

Materiał i metody: Materiał stanowiła 100 osobowa grupa dzieci i młodzieży w wieku 4-16 lat, 58 dziewcząt i 42 chłopców, badanych pierwszorazowo w roku 1997, następnie ponownie po 10 latach czyli w roku 2007 (w wieku 14-26 lat).

Wyniki: W II badaniu częstość występowania pleców okrągłych u dziewcząt we wszystkich grupach wiekowych zmniejszyła się, natomiast u chłopców zwiększyła się, a zmiany były znamienne statystycznie (p<0,05).

Wnioski: W okresie 10 lat w badanej grupie dzieci stwierdzono odmienne zmiany postawy u dziewcząt i chłopców. U dziewcząt po okresie dojrzewania stwierdzono transformacje postawy w kierunku zmniejszania kifozy piersiowej i zwiększania lordozy lędźwiowej, natomiast u chłopców obserwowano zmiany postawy w kierunku odwrotnym- powiększania się kifozy piersiowej i zmniejszania lordozy lędźwiowej. Ocena postawy dziecka z użyciem prostych przyrządów pomiarowych wydaje się być dobrą propozycją do kwalifikacji postawy w badaniach przesiewowych i monitorowania efektów leczenia wad postawy.
Control of static balance among women after mastectomy. Vision impact on the quality of the equilibrium response
Authors: Rachwał Maciej , Drzał-Grabiec Justyna , Walicka-Cupryś Katarzyna , Truszczyńska Aleksandra
Published: May 2014

Streszczenie

Wstęp: Stabilność strukturalna ocenia wpływ wybranego zmysłu na reakcje równoważne. Celem przeprowadzonych badań było określenie znaczenia kontroli wzrokowej w utrzymaniu równowagi statycznej kobiet po amputacji piersi.

Materiał i metoda: W badaniu wzięło udział 150 kobiet, w grupie badanej znajdowało się 75 kobiet w wieku średnio 60 (±7,6), BMI 26 (±3,6) po zabiegu amputacji piersi oraz po leczeniu chemioterapeutycznym lub radioterapii. Żadna z kobiet w trakcie badania nie była w trakcie leczenia. Leczenie zakończono 2-5 lat (sd 3,6±0,5) przed wykonaniem testów. Do grupy kontrolnej zakwalifikowano 75 kobiet w wieku 59 (±6,5), BMI 26 (±7,9). Badanie przeprowadzono przy użyciu dwupłytowej platformy tensometrycznej. Kwantyfikacja składała się z dwóch 30 sekundowych prób, pierwsza próba z oczami otwartymi oraz druga po 5-10 sekundowej przerwie z oczami zamkniętymi.

Wyniki: Różnice istotne statystycznie występowały w obrębie znacznej części parametrów mierzonych dla oczu zamkniętych oraz w przypadku wszystkich parametrów współczynnika Romberga. Były to: długości ścieżki COP (centre of pressure) (p=0,0411), długość ścieżki COP mierzonej w kierunku przednio-tylnym (p=0,0251), średniego wychylenia COP (p=0,0025), maksymalnego wychylenia w osi OX (odnoszącego się do zakresu stabilności bocznej) (p=0,0447). Ponadto istotne statystycznie różnice wystąpiły pomiędzy parametrami: średniej prędkości poruszającego się COP w 2D (p=0,0432) oraz w osi OY (p=0,0240).

Wnioski: Równowaga po amputacji piersi było zależna od narządu wzroku w mniejszym stopniu niż w grupie kontrolnej. W programie usprawniania kobiet po mastektomii należy uwzględnić trening proprioceptywny z wyłączeniem narządu wzroku, dla poprawy jakości reakcji równoważnej i zwiększenia stabilności postawy.
The influence of outpatient cardiac rehabilitation on physical efficiency of patients subjected to myocardial infarction
Authors: Przemysław Paduch
Published: May 2014

Streszczenie

Wstęp: Elektrokardiograficzna próba wysiłkowa jest najczęściej stosowanym testem weryfikującym chorobę wieńcową. Głównym celem rehabilitacji jest poprawa tolerancji wysiłku.

Materiał i metody: Badaniem objęto grupę 60 pacjentów w wieku 34-76 lat (średnia 60±8,87) zakwalifikowanych do II etapu rehabilitacji. Przed rozpoczęciem rehabilitacji oraz po jej zakończeniu przeprowadzono elektrokardiograficzny test wysiłkowy na bieżni ruchomej według zmodyfikowanego protokołu Bruce’a. Podczas testu oceniano: tętno spoczynkowe oraz maksymalne, ciśnienie spoczynkowe oraz maksymalne, czas testu, koszt energetyczny wysiłku (METs), przyczynę przerwania testu, subiektywną ocenę stopnia odczuwanego zmęczenia, liczbę oddechów na minutę oraz maksymalny pobór tlenu VO- 2max. Do modelu A zakwalifikowało się 14 osób, B-31, C-15. Trening na cykloergometrze dla osób zakwalifikowanych do modelu A był treningiem wytrzymałościowy o typie ciągłym, natomiast dla pacjentów zakwalifikowanych do modelu B i C o typie interwałowym.

Wyniki i wnioski: Największą pracę wykonano podczas ostatniego- 21 treningu. Na podstawie uzyskanych wyników testów wysiłkowych wykazano istotny wzrost tolerancji wysiłkowej.
New Spatial Planning Data Access Methods Through The Implementation Of The Inspire Directive
Authors: Kaczmarek Iwona , Iwaniak Adam , Łukowicz Jaromar
Published: May 2014

Constant access to reliable information concerning future land use is of utmost importance for the real estate market as well as for spatial monitoring and public participation in spatial planning. The implementation of the INSPIRE Directive (Directive 2007/2/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 March 2007 establishing an Infrastructure for Spatial Information in the European Community) introduces new means for sharing spatial planning data. According to the Act of March 4 2010 on Spatial Information Infrastructure, which is a transposition of the Directive, every member state is obliged to publish data and metadata concerning the subject of spatial planning. In the Directive, this is defined as a “territory characterized according to its current and future planned functional dimension or socio-economic purpose (e.g., residential, industrial, commercial, agricultural, forestry, recreational)”. In the article, the authors present new possibilities for spatial planning data access, which result from the implementation of the INSPIRE Directive with the use of new information technologies, in the context of real estate management conditions.
The Value Of Cre In The Formulation And Implementation Process Of Real Estate Strategies In A Company
Authors: Konowalczuk Jan , Ramian Tomasz
Published: May 2014

One of the fundamental ways in which an advantage over competitors can be gained in business is to develop real estate portfolios in such a way that will lead to an increase in market share and value for shareholders. This serves as justification for the formulation and implementation of specific real estate strategies regarding the best manner in which to use CRE, make decisions regarding restructuring, and carry out necessary development projects, taking into account the criteria of: location, time, and procurement options. This paper presents the formulation and realization of real estate strategies, focusing on the use of the category of property value. Moreover, the authors formulate a possible classification of CRE, which is useful from the perspective of real estate strategies, in addition to identifying and evaluating different types of property values which can be used for real estate strategies. For the majority of operational properties, these categories differ from market value. The last part of the publication provides a reference of selected valuation methods used to determine the value of CRE in the context of formulating and implementing real estate strategies.
The Dynamics Of English Terminological Compound Lexemes And Their Serbian Equivalents
Authors: Dimković-Telebaković Gordana
Published: May 2014

This paper discusses the conceptual dynamicity of English compound lexemes and their Serbian equivalents as reflected in compound lexemes in traffic engineering. The morphological structure and semantics of compound lexemes are considered, as well as strategies for translating English metaphorical compound lexemes into Serbian. The analysis reveals that Serbian cannot cope with the dynamic nature of traffic engineering terminology in English, and that Anglicisms, synonyms of different polysemous terms and vague conceptual determinations are characteristic of Serbian terminological equivalents
The Metatextual Role of Introductions to Ba Papers
Authors: Pungă Loredana , Borchin Mirela
Published: May 2014

This article builds on a comparative analysis based on a corpus of literature and linguistics BA papers submitted by students majoring in English and Romanian, at the University of Timișoara. The authors highlight the metatextual function of introductions, focusing on identifying, classifying, and commenting upon deictic and non-deictic linguistic elements through which this function is fulfilled, in an attempt to see how consistently they are used by the student writers and to raise awareness of their use and usefulness.
When Power Seduces Women: Shakespeare’S Tragic (Mother) Queens in Manga
Authors: Şerban Andreea
Published: May 2014

Power is seductive, and fantasies of power affect both men and women, who are sometimes willing to do anything in order to achieve or retain it. The paper looks at how such a modern transmediation as manga renders powerful femininity in two of Shakespeare’s great tragedies, namely Hamlet and Macbeth. The paper aims to discuss the ways in which the emotive behaviour of both female protagonists eventually makes them inappropriate for the power roles they assume as wives, queens and mothers.
The Concept of Genre in The English Language Class: Implications for the Students’ Intercultural Competence
Authors: Cozma Mihaela
Published: May 2014

In order to communicate effectively with people belonging to different social or ethnic groups, any language user is supposed to have not only a good command of the language code involved, but also what is generally known as “intercultural knowledge.” As a consequence, the development of the students' cultural competence is perceived today as a major aim of the foreign language education. Starting from this hypothesis, the paper discusses the manner in which the concept of genre can provide students with insights into cultural expectations of creating a text in both spoken and written English.
Electronic Learning of Business English
Authors: Milošević Danica
Published: May 2014

This paper deals with one approach to organising electronic learning of a Business English language course. The paper will explain the basic structure of electronic learning, explore its principles and focus on the effects of this type of learning, trying to make English language teachers aware of the possibilities that this system has to offer to its users.
Legislative basis of pedagogical education in Japan
Authors: Kuchai Tetiana
Published: May 2014

Legal framework policy of Japan in the field of education has been analyzed. The problem of influence of legislative materials on the development of education in Japan, its legislative support has been considered. It has been defined that directive materials affect the development of education system in Japan. Legislation policy of the country is represented by the following documents on education: laws, decrees, regulations etc., which are developed in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution and the Basic Law on Education of Japan, and contribute to the high level of school education and training of highly qualified teachers. The Constitution of Japan in 1946 laid the foundation for progressive changes in society and consolidated a new approach to education. This document provides a framework for creating laws, decrees, regulations, reform education. Achievements of Japanese civilization began to express themselves in the form of military advantage and economic prosperity, which was the impetus for their further development. Important role in solving this problem belongs to education, development of which is held by the legislative materials. In particular, there was established a number of laws, decrees, regulations, etc., the implementation of which contributed to higher levels of school and higher education. It has been defined that the concept of national identity within the structure of the student’s moral consciousness should take priority position alongside with such concepts as conscience, justice, decency, kindness.
The role of professional societies in the professional formation of specialists in computer sciences: experience of Japan
Authors: Pododimenko Inna
Published: May 2014

The most urgent problem of training competitive specialists in higher educational establishments in the conditions of socio-economical dynamics of transformation of Ukraine and its entry into the world society has been considered. On the basis of professional requirements’ analysis the row of contradictions and disparities among the specialists in computer sciences in the current conditions of swift development of informative society has been traced. It has been stated that labor market growing demands, rapid technological changes require the use of the competency-building approach to future IT specialists for improving their professional level. The process of professional formation of a specialist in the context of modern theoretical-methodological principles has been comprehensively characterized. Peculiarities of leading Japan professional associations of specialists in information technologies activities in the aspect of assisting continuity and consistency of professional formation of experts in computer sciences have been defined. Special attention has been paid to the importance of creative analysis and implementation of foreign experience in the specialists’ training for the professional activity in the sphere of information technologies on the territory of Ukraine. Directions for upgrading higher education in our country and the prospects for subsequent research of the professional training practice of specialists in computer sciences have been outlined.
Dispersion and Travel Time of Dissolved and Floating Tracers in Urban Sewers
Authors: Istók Balázs , Kristóf Gergely
Published: May 2014

Environmental impacts of oil spills affecting urban sewage networks can be eliminated if timely intervention is taken. The design of such actions requires knowledge of the transport of surface pollutants in open channels. In this study we investigated the travel time and dispersion of pollutants by means of tracer experiments in sewage networks and a creek. The travel time of surface tracers has been found to be significantly shorter than that of a bulk flow tracer. The ratio of the travel times of a bulk flow tracer and surface tracers agreed with the known correlations obtained for rivers. An increasing tendency in the ratio of travel times has been observed for increasing bulk flow velocity. A segment-wise dispersion model was implemented in the existing hydraulic model of a sewer system. The simulation results were compared with the experimental observations. The dispersion rate of the bulk flow tracer has been found to obey Taylor’s mixing theory for long channels and was more intensive than that of surface tracers in community sewage channels.
Geospatial Information Relevant to the Flood Protection Available on The Mainstream Web
Authors: Kliment Tomáš , Gálová Linda , Ďuračiová Renata , Fencík Róbert , Kliment Marcel
Published: May 2014

Flood protection is one of several disciplines where geospatial data is very important and is a crucial component. Its management, processing and sharing form the foundation for their efficient use; therefore, special attention is required in the development of effective, precise, standardized, and interoperable models for the discovery and publishing of data on the Web. This paper describes the design of a methodology to discover Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) services on the Web and collect descriptive information, i.e., metadata in a geocatalogue. A pilot implementation of the proposed methodology - Geocatalogue of geospatial information provided by OGC services discovered on Google (hereinafter “Geocatalogue”) - was used to search for available resources relevant to the area of flood protection. The result is an analysis of the availability of resources discovered through their metadata collected from the OGC services (WMS, WFS, etc.) and the resources they provide (WMS layers, WFS objects, etc.) within the domain of flood protection.
Location Of Objects with a High Degree of Inner Precision
Authors: Kubáček Lubomír
Published: May 2014

Let us have two coordinate systems in a plane. In the first one (e.g. JTSK) the accuracy of the coordinate estimators is signicantly lower than the accuracy in the other system (the inner system of an object). The task is to determine the coordinate estimators of the characteristic points of the object in the first system (with a signicantly lower degree of accuracy) in such a way that the relative accuracy of the characteristic points is the same as the relative accuracy in the inner system.
Risk factors as a result of unhealthy nutrition in the adult population in slovenia with regard to sociodemographic variables
Authors: Koch Verena , Blenkuš Mojca Gabrijelčič , Gregorič Matej , Kostanjevec Stojan
Published: May 2014

Introduction: In this research, we carried out an analysis of risk factors due to precarious nutrition among the adult population in Slovenia and correlated the risks with biological and sociodemographic variables.

Methods: Descriptive and quantitative methods were applied. The data were collected by a structured interview on a sample of 1,193 adults from Slovenia. The biological and sociodemographic variables were then correlated with particular risk factors. The data was analysed using a statistical analysis program SPSS.

Results: It was found that only 4.7% of the population practice healthy nutritional diets, 22.5% can be considered as acceptable and 62.8% of the diets were classified as unhealthy. The most frequent risk factor is due to insufficient intake of grains, fish and vegetables as well as too much fried food and beverages with added sugar and red meat. In finding the correlations between biological and sociodemographic variables and risk factors, we found some correlations. The results also show that unhealthy nutrition is more frequent among the population with below average material standards and lower educational levels, people living in smaller communities, the young, people with high BMI, those living in eastern regions of Slovenia and students.

Conclusion: The results indicate that more effort should be made to target activities towards those groups where several risk factors were found and develop a complex approach to developing healthy nutritional life styles.
Evaluation of self-rated health – information on patients’ unmet needs?
Authors: Petek Davorina , Kersnik Janko
Published: May 2014

Background: Self-rated health (SRH) reflects a person’s experience of their own health, including the biological, sociological and psychological factors. It is frequently used in population studies but can provide primary physicians with additional information regarding patients’ needs.

Objectives: To analyse determinants of SRH according to physical health, patient demographic characteristics and frequency of practice attendance.

Methods: Analysed data derived from the national part of the EPA-Cardio project. Several patient characteristics and SRH as an outcome measure were analysed in three groups of patients: with coronary disease, with high risk for cardiovascular disease and with low risk for cardiovascular disease, randomly chosen from the practice registers and lists of 36 practices.

Results: 2524 patients participated (response rate 70.1%). Coronary patients and those with the highest number of chronic diseases rated their health the lowest. Low SRH was found in women, older patients, the unemployed and in patients with a lower level of education. Low SRH was associated with higher body weight, lower satisfaction with the practice and a higher number of practice visits.

Conclusion: Several determinants were shown to be important for SRH. Physical health reflected by chronic disease and multimorbidity and life-style determined by body weight were shown to be important for SRH in the population of family practice. Socio-economic characteristics (employment, education level) were also reflected in SRH. Lower SRH, associated with higher frequency of attendance of the practice and lower satisfaction with the practice, points to the unmet needs of the patients.
The secular trend in the prevalence of overweight and obesity in the population of primary school children from Ljubljana (Slovenia)
Authors: Kovač Marjeta , Jurak Gregor , Kragelj Lijana Zaletel , Leskošek Bojan
Published: May 2014

Background: The prevalence of overweight and obesity among children has increased dramatically in recent decades. The survey examined overweight and obesity in the population of boys and girls from Ljubljana, the capital of Slovenia, aged seven through fourteen from 1991 to 2011.

Methods: An annually repeated cross-sectional study of data from the national SLOFIT monitoring system was used. The body mass index cut-off points of the International Obesity Task Force were used to identify the prevalence of overweight and obesity. Multinomial logistic regression was used for modelling the probability of overweight and obesity as a function of time (year of measurement), sex and age of subjects.

Results: In 1991-2011 period, the odds for overweight and obesity among primary school children (n = 376,719) increased every year by 1.7% (95% CI: 1.6-1.9) and 3.7% (3.4-4%) respectively. Boys have 1.17 (95% CI: 1.15-1.20) times higher odds of becoming overweight and 1.39 (95% CI: 1.35-1.44) times higher odds of becoming obese than girls. In comparison to the reference group (age of 14), the highest odds for overweight were found at the ages of nine and ten (1.39; 95% CI: 1.34-1.44), while for the obesity the highest odds were at the age of eight (2.01; 95% CI: 1.86-2.16).

Conclusion: From 1991 to 2011, overweight and obesity clearly became more prevalent in children from Ljubljana. This trend has been more obvious among boys than girls. In comparison to 14-year-old boys and girls, the highest odds for excessive weight were found below the age of 10.
Maneuvering with the Burden of Proof: Confrontational Strategies in Dealing with Political Accountability
Authors: Andone Corina
Published: May 2014

In this paper, the author examines the burden of proof in the argu- mentative confrontations taking part in practices of political accountability. She does so by explaining how politicians maneuver strategically with the burden of proof in an attempt at winning the discussion in which they are involved. After making clear the role of the burden of proof in defining the difference of opinion in argumentative confrontations, the author outlines the constraints imposed by practices of political accountability on the burden of proof. Finally, she analyzes in detail a concrete case in which a politician maneuvers in such a way that his burden of proof is significantly diminished.
Linguistic Complexity and Argumentative Unity: A Lvov-Warsaw School Supplement
Authors: Simons Peter
Published: May 2014

It is argued that the source of complexity in language is twofold: repetition, and syntactic embedding. The former enables us to return again and again to the same subject across many sentences, and to maintain the coherence of an argument. The latter is governed by two forms of complexification: the functor-argument structure of all languages and the operator-bound-variable mechanism of familiar formal languages. The former is most transparently represented by categorial grammar, and an extension of this can adequately describe the syntax of variable binders. Both developments have roots within the work of the Lvov-Warsaw School.
Justification and Argumentation
Authors: Szymanek Krzysztof
Published: May 2014

In her paper “Argumentation theory and the conception of epistemic justification”, Lilian Bermejo-Luque presents a critique of deductivism in argumentation theory, as well as her own concept of epistemic justification inspired by the views of Stephen Toulmin. Reading this paper induced me to reflect on the mutual relation between the notions of justification and argumentation. In this work I would like to first draw the reader’s attention to a few issues which seem debatable to me, or which I find worth presenting from a slightly different point of view than that of Lilian Bermejo-Luque. I agree that deductivism is not suitable for a general theory of evaluation of arguments although the critique of deductivism presented by the Author appears as not fully adequate to me. Then I proceed to presenting my doubts about the “conception of justification as a proper outcome of good argumentation” presented in the work. I need to emphasise that due to a broad range of topics addressed by me in this short paper, the description of some of them will be neither fully precise nor exhaustive.
Traffic Information Interface Development in Route Choice Decision
Authors: Chowdhury Saidul Azam , Haque Bashirul , Sarwar Golam
Published: May 2014

In this paper, a method has been developed based on historic traffic data (vehicle speed), which helps the commuters to choose routes by their intelligence knowing the traffic conditions in Google maps. Data has been collected on basis of video analysis from several segments between Tuker Bazar and Bandar Bazar route. For each of the video footage, a reference length has been recorded with measurement tape for use in video analysis. Software has been also developed based on Java language to get the traffic information from historic data, which shows the output as images consisting of traffic speed details on the available routes by giving day and time limit as inputs. The developed models provide useful insights and helpful for the policy makers that can lead to the reduction of traffic congestion and increase the scope of intelligence of the road users, at least for the underdeveloped or developing country where navigation is still unavailable.