bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
JOB-RELATED PERCEPTIONS OF MALE AND FEMALE GOVERNMENT, INDUSTRIAL, AND PUBLIC ACCOUNTANTS
Authors: Touliatos John , Bedeian Arthur G. , Mossholder Kevin W. , Barkman Arnold I.
Published: May 2006

Whereas the adverse consequences of role stress are well substantiated for most occupational groups, the relationship between this phenomenon and other job-related factors in accountants has received relatively less attention. The limited past research involving accountants has either
excluded female accountants or failed to report data by sex. Moreover, previous research has largely excluded accountants in government settings, focusing primarily on industrial and public accountants. In view of these limitations, the present investigations examined the relationships among
role stress (i.e., role conflict and ambiguity), job-related tension, job satisfaction, and propensity to terminate employment for a national sample of both male and female accountants in public, industrial, and government accounting. Within and between sex differences for each of the three
accountant groups on the five job-related variables are analyzed. Findings are discussed in terms of the uniqueness of different types of accounting jobs and pertinent implications are advanced.
SPORTS PENALTIES: AN ALTERNATIVE MEANS OF MEASURING AGGRESSION
Authors: Russell Gordon W. , Russell Audrey M.
Published: May 2006

The official records of all games played in the Western Hockey League (N = 432) during a season provided the data for a Principal Components analysis of 19 aggressive penalties. The solution suggested that inter-personal aggression in the sport is multiply determined and can arise from
eight different sets of conditions or antecedents. The advantages to research designs of using penalty indices as measures of aggression were discussed within the exceptional circumstance of a subculture which is supportive of aggressive behaviors.
THE SOCIABILITY ASPECT OF EXTRAVERSION AS A SITUATION-SPECIFIC DIMENSION
Authors: Fox Shaul
Published: May 2006

The study examined the generalizability of the sociability aspect of extraversion-introversion dimension as measured by Eysenck's Personality Questionnaire (Eysenck and Eysenck, 1975). Nine hundred Israeli students. 17-19 years of age were administered the EPQ and two out of four
Affiliation questionnaires, each examined the desirability of a particular type of companion (being alone, with intimates, acquaintances and strangers) in four clusters of situations: pleasant and enjoyable, unpleasant, situations which require concentration and threatening conditions. The
findings indicate that the most prominent dissemblances between extraverts and introverts exist in the desire for company in pleasant and enjoyable situations and in the overall desire to associate with strangers, where extraverts express stronger affiliative tendencies.
SOCIAL LEARNING VERSUS ATTRIBUTIONAL INTERPRETATIONS: THE EFFECT OF TASK FAMILIARITY ON TASK PERFORMANCE PERCEPTIONS AND FUTURE SUCCESS EXPECTANCIES
Authors: Triplet Rodney G. , Cohn Ellen S.
Published: May 2006

Social learning theory (Rotter, 1954, 1966, 1975) predicts that generalized locus of control influences how expectancies for future success result from success or failure at performing a task. However, a study by Weiner et al. (1976) has cast serious doubt on the social learning model
of expectancy formation by supporting the attributional (Heider, 1958; Weiner et al., 1971) interpretation of the same phenomena as a function of the stability of causal attributions. Unfortunately, Weiner et al's (1976) findings are suspect due to several problems with their methodology.
The present study was designed to correct for these problems. Partial support was found for elements of both the social learning and attributional theories. Specifically, social learning theory best accounted for the effects of task familiarity on changes in expectancies, while attributional
theory provided the best description of the types of information that are involved in the initial formation of expectancies.
FATHER-SON INTER-GENERATIONAL TRANSMISSION OF AUTHORITARIAN PATERNAL ATTITUDES
Authors: Peretti Peter O. , Statum Jo Ann
Published: May 2006

The present research was conducted to determine authoritarian paternal attitude inter-generational transmission. Factor analysis of the results suggested that authoritarian paternal attitudes could be indicated in terms of five factors, namely: Dominant, Rigidity, Conformity, Intolerant,
and Uncreative. In general, the sons expressed strongly the authoritarian attitudes of the fathers. Moreover, there were few significant differences between the paternal attitudes of the fathers and sons.
ATTITUDES OF NIGERIAN COLLEGE STUDENTS TOWARDS FUNDAMENTAL HUMAN RIGHTS
Authors: Atolagbe Emman O. , Otubanjo Femi
Published: May 2006

College students in developing countries constitute a vibrant and restive segment of the society. They also enjoy an enhanced status by virtue of their rarity with regards to the larger population. The writers recently conducted a study to assess the attitude of college students to
human right issues. On the whole, a sizeable portion (more than 60% of sample) of the 570 subjects believe that fundamental human rights exist in Nigeria. However, 50% of those sampled had no confidence in the law enforcement agencies of Nigeria. 40% were also very critical
of the judiciary. Overall, the results seem to indicate that University students in Nigeria seem to have a fairly positive assessment of the institutional, political and legal opportunities for the enjoyment and defence of human rights in Nigeria.
PERSON PERCEPTION CHANGE, ITS POSSIBILITIES FOR CLINICAL APPLICATION
Authors: Frazier Mark , Parlade Ray , Calhoun James F. , Strickland Tony
Published: May 2006

The purpose of this study is to determine if what has been learned by social psychologists in the area of perception can be useful in effecting changes in person perception of another. Three studies were conducted in an attempt to effect changes in person perception. Subjects were presented
a perception stimulus, assessed for their perception, given a treatment or control condition, presented the stimulus again, and then reassessed. The experimental stimuli presented were a policeman issuing a traffic citation, an elderly couple, and socially unskilled graduate student. Three
treatments were investigated: 1) arousal of empathy, 2) instruction in the process of impression formation, and 3) analysis and challenging of irrational perceptions. Results were inconclusive but suggest direction for future research. The implications of such research are discussed.
LEADER AGE AND NATIONAL CONDITION: A LONGITUDINAL ANALYSIS OF 25 EUROPEAN MONARCHS
Authors: Simonton Dean Keith
Published: May 2006

In order to determine the relationship between age and achievement in the politico-military domain, the reigns of 25 long-tenured European absolute monarchs were - analyzed as cross-sectional time series of 238 5-year age periods. Both linear and curvilinear age functions were defined
along with variables to control for individual differences, linear time trends, and other potential artifacts. A partial correlation analysis indicated that leader age tends to be negatively correlated with military success in foreign wars and with treaty negotiation, and positively correlated
with civil instability at home, whether in the royal family or in the populace. Moreover, some indicators of military and diplomatic success are curvilinear inverted U-functions of leader age, the peak approximately occurring in the leader's 42nd year.
THE EFFECTS OF RISK PROBABILITY, OUTCOME SEVERITY, EFFICACY OF PROTECTION AND ACCESS TO PROTECTION ON DECISION MAKING: A FURTHER TEST OF PROTECTION MOTIVATION THEORY
Authors: Beck Kenneth H.
Published: May 2006

The effects of different types of risk information in a simulated decision-making task were investigated to test the predictions of protection motivation theory. In accordance with predictions, outcome severity, efficacy of protection, and access to protection were related to protective
decisions. The results are discussed in terms of general utility of this model for a variety of decision-making situations. The aspect of manageability, which is seen as a combination of efficacy of protection and access to protection, was discussed as an essential component for risk decision
making.
THE EGO REFERENCE SYSTEM: A CONFIRMATORY CROSS-CULTURAL STUDY
Authors: Adcock Ngaire V. , White K. D.
Published: May 2006

A study was carried out using an Australian sample, to confirm the existence of a number of factors which had been found in a previous American study relating to Ego and Super-ego structure and functioning. A questionnaire based upon the original study but with additional items added
to provide an equal number for each factor, had been developed in New Zealand and tried out experimentally on several small groups and mean scores obtained for each factor. The same questionnaire was administered to 352 students at the University of Queensland. An oblique analysis of the data
revealed the presence of eight factors corresponding to the eight hypothesised: Religious Super-ego, Emotionality. Expediency. Material Self-ideal, Non-religious Super-ego, Ego Control, Compassion and Moral Self-ideal. It was found that the highest variance was the Religious Super-ego, and
that mean factor scores for this factor were significantly higher (beyond .01 level) than for the New Zealand subjects.
SOME PERSONALITY TRAITS OF SUPERIOR UNIVERSITY STUDENTS
Authors: Kodman Frank
Published: May 2006

A personality study was carried out using 100 Summa Cum Laude college students: 50 males and 50 females matched on race, age, sex, and education with normal control subjects. The subjects were white and attended several universities. Each subject was administered the full scale MMPI
of 566 questions. For the males, statistically significant differences were found on six subscales. These were Hysteria, Psychopathic Deviate, Masculinity/Femininity, Psychasthenia, Schizophrenia and Social Inversion. For the females, statistically significant differences were found for
the same subscales as for the males except for the Si (social inversion subscale. Statistical analysis of the data were computed using Fisher's t-test to test for intergroup differences. The high achieving males and the high achieving females showed highly similar personality profiles.
The mean profile differences were interpreted and the following are the major findings: a. The high achieving male subjects differed statistically on six subscales from their paired mates: Hy, Pd, Mf, Pt, Sc and Si. The high achieving female subjects differed from their controls on five subscales:
Hy, Pd, Mf, Pt, and Sc. b. The results reveal more negative personality traits than have, heretofore, been reported by other investigations of the gifted college student. c. A high degree of similarity was noted between the mean MMPI profiles of the high achieving males and the high achieving
females except for the social inversion subscale. d. The results suggest that certain personality traits are associated with high academic achievement. These traits are not necessarily those considered to be healthy or desirable traits.
IDENTIFYING THE CBK PERSONALITY
Authors: Kodman Frank
Published: May 2006

This investigation dealt with the identification of a special category of killer referred to here as the cold blooded killer personality. The purpose was to identify certain personality traits that might distinguish this killer from a normal control group, softcore inmates, hardcore inmates, a random sample of inmates, and assaultive inmates. Significant differences were found among five groups of incarcerated felons and a normal control group in terms of certain personality traits and significant test items. Multivariate analysis of variance revealed a significant main effect between the groups. Univariate F ratios were significantly different for twelve of the thirteen MMPI subscales. Simple effects analyses using the Duncan with a .05 level of confidence reliably discriminated between a number of group comparisons. The subjects were young adult males matched for age, sex, race and certain socioeconomic variables.
FACTOR ANALYSIS OF THE STEWART PERSONALITY INVENTORY RESEARCH FORM AND ITS CORRELATIONS WITH SOME OTHER PERSONALITY INSTRUMENTS
Authors: Stewart Robert A. C. , Ahmed S.M.S.
Published: May 2006

The 80-item Stewart Personality Inventory (SPI) has 8 sub-scales; Orderliness, Future orientation, Extraversion, Self-concept, Autonomy, Risk-taking, Nurturance and Scientific practicality. The inventory and scoring methods are summarised. A factor analysis yielded a very similar factor
structure to that of an earlier study, despite different factor methods and cultural settings for the studies. Presented also are correlations of the SPI sub-scales with the Bell Home Adjustment Scale, California Psychological Inventory, Eysenck Personality Inventory, Machiavellianism Scale,
Wrightsman Philosophies of Human Nature Scale, Rubin and Peplau “Just World” scale and the Wilson-Patterson Conservatism Scale. The results are generally supportive of the Inventory's validity.
CHILD-REARING PATTERNS AND DIMENSIONS OF PERSONALITY
Authors: Clayer John R. , Ross Michael W. , Campbell Rita L.
Published: May 2006

The Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ) and EMBU Inventory for measurement of child-rearing practices were administered to 85 university students. 72 medical and surgical patients, and 66 employees of a state department in order to assess the relationships between personality dimensions
and child-rearing. Results indicate that parents of extraverts tend to be performance-oriented and stimulating, parents of high psychoticism scorers tend to be unstimulating and unaffectionate, and that parents of high neuroticism scorers tend to be guilt-engendering, overprotective and shaming.
There is no relationship between the Lie scale and parental rearing patterns. These findings suggest that child-rearing patterns have an influence on personality, although inheritance cannot be ruled out.
GROUPTHINK: EFFECTS OF COHESIVENESS AND PROBLEM-SOLVING PROCEDURES ON GROUP DECISION MAKING
Authors: Callaway Michael R. , Esser James K
Published: May 2006

Janis' (1972) groupthink formulation was tested in the laboratory by manipulating group cohesiveness and adequacy of decision procedures in a factorial design. Internal analysis, involving redefined cohesiveness categories, provided mixed support for the groupthink hypothesis on
measures of decision quality and group processes presumed to underlie the groupthink decisions. Specifically, it was found that: (1) highest quality decisions were produced by groups of intermediate cohesiveness; (2) high cohesive groups without adequate decision procedures (the groupthink
condition) tended to make the poorest decisions; and (3) the presence of groupthink was characterized by a lack of disagreement and a high level of confidence in the group's decisions.
SOCIAL LINKAGES AND ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITMENT IN VOLUNTARY ORGANIZATIONS
Authors: Latham Van M. , Lichtman Cary M.
Published: May 2006

A mail survey of 519 Southern Baptists tested the prepotency of social linkages of predicting commitment in voluntary organizations. The results of the study indicated that instrumentality theory was a weak predictor of organizational commitment, while results were notably more consistent
with cohesion theory. The results are discussed and implications for theoretical and empirical research are addressed.
CHANGING PERCEPTIONS OF A DATING PARTNER
Authors: Beck Steve , Olasov Barbara , Frazier Mark T. , Calhoun James F.
Published: May 2006

Changing the perceptions one person has of another could be very useful in counselling and clinical settings. The purpose of this study was to determine if through additional information (i.e., information similar to that received through therapy) college students would change their
perception of a partner in an analogue dating relationship. Results indicated that the perception change strategies caused male subjects to refrain from making more positive, extreme, or confident attributions about the fictitious person. Female subjects, however, made more positive attributions
about their partner as a result of the perception change strategies. Directions for future research are discussed.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SELF-ESTEEM AND MALADAPTIVE BEHAVIORS IN HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS
Authors: Richman Charles L. , Brown Kathryn P. , Clark Maxine L.
Published: May 2006

General and area specific self-esteem scores of high school students were found to be inversely related to indices of maladaptive behavior. The specific maladaptive behaviors that were associated with self-esteem varied as a function of gender and social class. Implications for the possible causal relationship between self-esteem and maladaptive behaviors as they relate to gender and social class are discussed.
THE ASCH CONFORMITY EFFECT: A STUDY IN KUWAIT
Authors: Amir Taha
Published: May 2006

This study aimed at investigating whether conformity in the experimental setting suggested by Asch was particularly related to American culture and less likely to be replicable elsewhere - e.g. in Kuwait - as has been suggested recently. An experimental and control group of Kuwait Ss
were used in replicating the original experiment. An ‘Asch effect’ of a comparable magnitude to that of Asch was obtained. Individual differences in conformity were evident. Further experimental manipulation of relevant variables were suggested.
CANADIAN STUDENTS' BELIEFS ABOUT THE RELATIONSHIPS AMONG LOVE, SEX, AND INTIMACY
Authors: Storm Thomas , Storm Christine
Published: May 2006

University students responded to a questionnaire designed to permit the analysis of subjects' beliefs about the likelihood and desirability of love, sex, or intimacy given all possible combinations of the presence or absence of the three variables. Love and intimacy were believed to be closely related, each more likely and desirable in the presence of the other. Sex was considered undesirable unless both of the other components to a relationship were present and more likely than desirable in their absence. The presence of sex in the absence of love was considered to reduce the likelihood of intimacy. These and other findings permit a description of the pattern of expectations and ideals which may condition the formation of romantic relationships and affect the reaction to experience in such relationships.
SELF-MONITORING, SHYNESS, AND SOCIALIBILITY
Authors: Lennox Richard
Published: May 2006

The Lennox-Wolfe Self-monitoring scale is examined for its capacity to predict “shrewd and pragmatic” styles of behavior in 95 subjects tested prior to entering college. The scale is shown to correlate with a measure of shyness (negatively) and sociability (positively) in
theoretically consistent directions. Results partially validate the self-monitoring scale.
THE EFFECT OF COLOR IN AMERICAN POLITICAL CAMPAIGNS
Authors: Howard W. Gary
Published: May 2006

A wealth of literature in marketing and psychology asserts a relationship between color and personality; yet little information exists on the use and effect of color in political campaigns. The purpose of this research is to determine if certain public relations and social psychology
beliefs about color are adaptable to the market conditions of campaigns. A survey incorporating relevant questions on legibility, preference, and remembrance of color patterns was conducted on voting age people. Pertinent demographic and psychological factors were included as well. Tests were
employed to establish statistically significant relationships among color and campaign literature. One color combination - black on yellow - was most legible, most preferred, and most remembered; blue ranked high. The harmony of opposites was not valid for campaign signs. Individuals recalled
patterns to which they responded positively. Proclamations by marketing researchers that liberal/conservative attitudes or political party preference correlate to color preference were not substantiated; however, some items were significant based on age and sex.
PARENTAL TOY CHOICE STEREOTYPING AND ITS EFFECTS ON CHILD TOY PREFERENCE AND SEX-ROLE TYPING
Authors: Peretti Peter O. , Sydney Tiffany M.
Published: May 2006

Toys are associated with a child's expression, fantasy, interest, exploration, construction, education, cognitive development, and sex-role learning. The present research was concerned with the influence of parental toy choice stereotyping on child toy preference and sex-role typing
among nursery school children. The results indicated child toy preference was found to be significantly related to parental toy choice preference. Moreover, the parental toy choice preference was found to be associated with sex-role typing.
THE EFFECT OF PERCEIVED PLANNING AND PROPRIETY ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF LEADERSHIP ACCOUNTS
Authors: Giacalone Robert A. , Rosenfeld Paul
Published: May 2006

Subjects were given the written description of an erroneous decision made by a library director, followed by a number of accounts the leader might have given, and were asked to rate the accounts on acceptability and leadership. Results showed that the subject's perception of the
decision's propriety and planning affected both the ratings of acceptability and leadership. The data were discussed in terms of methodological problems and future research directions.
A PREDICTIVE STUDY OF VOTING BEHAVIOR USING LAMPERT'S POLLIMETER
Authors: Lampert Shlomoi. , Tziner Aharon
Published: May 2006

A voting behavior model hypothesizing voting intention as an intervening variable which mediates the relationship between voter attitudes and voting behavior was examined in the framework of the general election in Israel Voter attitudes were assessed via a new attitude scaling device embodying a number of characteristics that make it a promising tool for attitude measurement. Voter attitudes and intentions were collected prior to the elections, while the actual vote was collected after the elections. The model tested primarily via discriminant analysis, has gained considerable support. Implications of the findings are discussed and avenues for future research are suggested.
THE INFLUENCE OF HAIR COLOR ON ELICITING HELP: DO BLONDES HAVE MORE FUN?
Authors: Juni Samuel , Roth Michelle M.
Published: May 2006

A review of the literature suggests that hair color influences the quality of interpersonal interactions. In a factorially designed study, two male and two female confederates (Cs) encountered 72 male and 72 female street pedestrians (Ss) asking for help. Cs wore brunette wigs for half
of their interactions and blonde wigs for the rest. Results showed that while women helped Cs equally regardless of their gender, men helped women more than they helped men. Hair color of Cs was not shown to affect helping behavior. The findings are discussed in the context of other studies
and limitations are outlined.
INTEGRATIVE COMPLEXITY, COGNITIVE COMPLEXITY AND IMPRESSION FORMATION
Authors: Chambers William V.
Published: May 2006

Personal construct integrative complexity (I-C) refers to the assimilation of complex information into a system of impressions. Consistent with Kelly's (1955) theory of personal constructs, Chambers (1983; 1985) found I-C subjects tended to use a credulous approach to life and
were better at resolving conflicting information in forming impressions. In similar research, Crockett et al. (1975) showed a measure of cognitive complexity (C-C) interacted with a credulous cognitive set to be predictive of conflict resolution. In the present study, I-C and C-C are compared,
in interaction with cognitive set, as predictors of conflict resolution.
PRIOR CONTACTS AND PERCEPTION OF THE DEAF BY THE NON-DEAF IN NIGERIA
Authors: Togonu-Bickersteth Funmi , Odebiyi A.I.
Published: May 2006

The study examines the impact of non-deafs' previous contacts with the deaf on their perception of the deaf Data was collected through structured interviews of S34 randomly selected non-deaf respondents residing in Southwest part of Nigeria. A bout 60 percent of these respondents
have had varying contacts with the deaf Two hypotheses were tested. (1) that respondent who have had contact with the deaf will perceive the deaf more favourably than those who have had no contact; (2) that respondents who have had intimate contacts with the deaf will perceive them more favourably
than respondents who have had transient contacts with the deaf The two hypotheses were rejected.
EXPERIMENTALLY INDUCED LEARNED HELPLESSNESS: HOW FAR DOES IT GENERALIZE?
Authors: Tuffin Keith , Hesketh Beryl , Podd John
Published: May 2006

The study assessed whether experimentally induced learned helplessness on a cognitive training task generalized to a situationally dissimilar social interaction test task. Subjects were randomly assigned to non-contingent feedback, contingent feedback and control groups. The non-contingent feedback group demonstrated increased levels of affect (Anxiety. Depression and Hostility) following the training phase, indicating a successful helplessness induction. However, no significant differences were observed between the groups on the subsequent test task, showing that helplessness failed to generalize. A time delay between the test and training phase did not affect the performance of the non-contingent group, although there was an unexpected main effect with all subjects who experienced the delay showing facilitated performance. Results are discussed in terms of the reformulated learned helplessness model and extensions to it.
THE FELT FIGURE TEST ON MEASURES OF DISTANCE AND HEIGHT IN ISRAELI CHILDREN
Authors: Rabinowitz Aaron , Eldan Zamira
Published: May 2006

A modified version of Kuethe's technique, measuring distances between figures and heights of figures, was employed to study the social schemata of 128 Israeli fifth-graders, 65 boys and 63 girls. Each subject was asked to place a self-figure, plus a fat her figure, or a mother
figure, or all three figures, or a friend figure – four separate placements in all – on a sheet of paper. The subject was instructed to choose from three figures of differing heights, one adult figure and one child figure, for the above-mentioned placements. Results showed that
the subjects placed child-child figures closer together than other configurations. The girls placed figures closer together, and chose taller figures to represent a friend than did the boys. There was, however, no difference between the sexes in their choice of adult figures.
LIBERATING THE “DEVIANT” FEMINIST IMAGE THROUGH EDUCATION
Authors: Dabrowski Irene
Published: May 2006

A study was conducted testing the following hypothesis: Feminists are labeled as deviant or nondeviant depending on the audience's exposure to feminist education. Specifically tested was the assumption that there is a relationship between attitudes toward feminists and exposure
to university courses on feminism. A questionnaire, measuring attitudes in retrospect, over a two-year time span, was administered to 99 students at a metropolitan mid-western university. Based on accessibility, four student groups were selectively chosen and then tested with the major variable
under consideration, i.e., exposure (or lack of it) to consciousness-raising courses related to feminism. The results of t-test analysis indicate that the attitudes of students exposed to feminist courses changed in a more positive direction. The students not exposed to feminist courses already
held positive feminist attitudes, although of a lesser degree. Thus, the labeling of feminist behavior as deviant or nondeviant did not solely depend on the audience's exposure to feminist education. However, there was a positive relationship between attitudes toward feminist behavior
and exposure to university courses on feminism.
UNRESOLVED ISSUES IN RESEARCH ON FIELD DEPENDENCE-INDEPENDENCE
Authors: Moran Aidan P.
Published: May 2006

This paper attempts to evaluate some conceptual and methodological issues in research on field dependence-independence. Problems of the definition and measurement of “psychological differentiation” and “cognitive restructuring” are examined. Difficulties arising from the profusion of measures, inadequate control of intelligence and insufficient construct validation of tests are also considered. The paper concludes with some recommendations for further research in this field.
COMMONSENSE ATTRIBUTION VERSUS THE COVARIATION PRINCIPLE
Authors: Kimble Charles E.
Published: May 2006

Kelley (1967) indicated that low consensus information should lead to person attributions and that high distinctiveness should lead to stimulus attributions. Hansen (1980) stated that low distinctiveness should more readily lead to person attributions than low consensus and high consensus,
to stimulus attributions than high distinctiveness because they involve cognitively simpler processes. To examine these positions, we asked subjects to read two descriptions of an actor responding positively toward a target person with different patterns of information accompanying them. In
one description, the subject was the target person. The result s showed that Hansen's conditions yielded stronger predicted attributions than Kelley's conditions. However, another comparison between two-dimension information pat ferns implied that these results occurred only when
distinctiveness or consensus information was absent and that the results were dependent on assumed covariation of the missing dimension with behavior.
CONSTRUCT ELICITATION TECHNIQUES AND THE PRODUCTION OF INTERPERSONAL CONCEPTS IN CHILDREN
Authors: Klion Reid E.
Published: May 2006

Explorations into the development of children's constructs have failed to explore systematically the effects of sorting methods upon the content of a child's constructs. This study addressed this weakness by investigating the effects of construct elicitation techniques on
the content of children's constructs. Utilizing kindergarten, second, fourth, and sixth grade subjects, it was found that dyadic sorting and free response methods of construct elicitation differentially affect the types of constructs produced. Dyadic sorting led to fewer behavioral constructs
for the kindergarten and second grade groups while having a similar effect upon personality constructs for the fourth grade group. By the sixth grade, the method effect had disappeared. The results were discussed in terms of the implications for free response and dyadic sorting methods of
construct elicitation with children.
LUNAR CYCLES AND HUMAN AGGRESSION: A REPLICATION
Authors: Russell Gordon W. , de Graaf Jane P.
Published: May 2006

The present investigation provided for tests of a lunar-aggression hypothesis using the aggressive penalties awarded in ice hockey over a season of competition. Interpersonal aggression was found to be unrelated to either the synodic or anomalistic cycles, a result consistent with recent
reviews of lunar research. Discussion centered on the persistence of lunar beliefs and their links to the literature on selective exposure and interpersonal expectations.
AN EXAMINATION OF THE EFFECT OF TANGIBLE AND SOCIAL REINFORCERS ON INTELLIGENCE TEST PERFORMANCE OF MIDDLE SCHOOL STUDENTS
Authors: Miller Janice , Eller Ben F.
Published: May 2006

The purpose of this study was to determine if intelligence quotient mean test scores of middle school students of different races, sexes, and socioeconomic classes could be significantly increased through the use of tangible and intangible rewards of money and praise. One hundred and
thirty-five students from lower and middle socioeconomic classes were randomly assigned to three groups. The stratified groups, two experimental and one control, contained approximately the same number of male and female students. The students were identified as lower and middle socioeconomic
class whites and lower socioeconomic blacks. Ten hypothesis were tested and the results supported the following:). Significant increases in the intelligence quotient test scores of lower class blacks were dependent upon monetary reward. 2. Significant increases in the intelligence quotient
test scores of middle and lower class whites occurred when spoken verbal praise was administered. 3. The sequencing of money first and praise second led to significant increases in the scores of lower and middle class white females and middle class males.
NORM FORMATION, SOCIAL CONFORMITY, AND THE CONFEDERATING FUNCTION OF HUMOR
Authors: Khoury Robert M.
Published: May 2006

The following analysis was carried out in two parts. First, a quantitative measure was developed of the strength of the tendency toward conformity within social groups exposed to ambiguous situations. And second, two experiments were conducted in an attempt to reproduce empirically
the confederating function of humor hypothesized in groups facing such situations. Exactly what is the effect of the opinions of others in the joking situation on our own? The results of these experiments are clear-cut. The effects upon individuals of majority opinions of humor have
been investigated By means of a simple experimental design and analytical model we have produced and observed the ways in which norm formation and social conformity are engendered in the joke setting. Despite the “cautious” operational definition of the convergence concept, the
basic finding of convergence nevertheless seems fairly absolute and pertinent to the individual's day-today social relations.
PERCEPTIONS OF PROFESSIONALS WHO EXPRESS RELIGIOUS BELIEFS
Authors: Bailey Roger C. , Doriot Philip D.
Published: May 2006

Previous research suggests that a positive stereotype or “halo” is associated with the appearance of being religious. This study investigated how college students (81 males and 162 females) perceived male targets who did or did not publicly express religious beliefs in their
professional lives and who had access to varying sizes of public audiences (e.g. a TV personality, a college professor, and an accountant). Results demonstrated that, independent of the potential audience sizes, college students viewed a professional who actively expressed his religious beliefs
to be more liked, more intelligent, more trustworthy, more moral, and more personally adjusted than a nonexpressive professional. Future studies should examine the frequency, manner of expression. and content of religious expressions on person perception.
MOOD AND EXPECTED OUTCOME IN A TEST SITUATION
Authors: Sjöberg Lennart
Published: May 2006

One determinant of mood may be expected outcome of action. This study investigated that hypothesis. Mood ratings were obtained from a group of students at the eve of a difficult and important exam. They also rated their habitual mood, pessimism-optimism and a number of aspects of expectations
regarding the exam. Immediately following the exam, they again rated mood and perceived result as well as certain aspects of events during the exam. There were no significant correlations between mood and expected result at the exam but several other variables correlated with mood, in particular
anticipated emotions, attribution of the expected result to chance and attribution of mood to the exam. Students were in general quite strongly affected by the upcoming exam; female students more so than male.
SELF ACCEPTANCE AND THE SELECTION OF A MARITAL PARTNER - AN ASSESSMENT OF THE SVR MODEL OF MURSTEIN
Authors: Solomon Zahava
Published: May 2006

Mate selection is often explained by either the homogeneity or the complementary need model. The Stimulus-Value-Response (SVR) model that offers a framework for integration of the two models was assessed in the present study. The sample included forty-eight engaged Israeli couples.
Results support the SVR model and confirm earlier research in this area. Conceptual and methodological issues are discussed.
PHYSICAL ATTRACTIVENESS, AGE, AND SEX AS DETERMINANTS OF REACTIONS TO RESUMES
Authors: Quereshi M. Y. , Kay Janet P.
Published: May 2006

Physical attractiveness, age, and sex were manipulated to determine their effect on the evaluation of 54 (18 per job) hypothetical applicants' resumes for three different jobs (tax manager of an industrial firm, postmaster, and vice principal of a high school) by 60 MBA students
(20 MBA student-raters per job), evenly divided between the two sexes and among three age levels, who voluntarily participated in the three experiments. As hypothesized, physical attractiveness favourably influenced (p < .01) the suitability ratings for all jobs; raters' sex was not
significant but applicants' sex significantly (p < .03) affected ratings for the job of tax manager; and applicants' age as a main effect was significant (p < .05) for one job (vice principal) but the raters' age was not significant for any. A number of interactions, some
of which were hypothesized, emerged as significant (p < .05), which indicated that age and sex biases operate in a subtle and complex fashion and are moderated by a number of social and personal attributes of the raters and the ratees.
GENDER, SEX-TYPE AND COGNITIVE DISTORTION: SELF-PERCEPTIONS OF SOCIAL COMPETENCE AMONG MILD DEPRESSIVES
Authors: Mcnamara Kathleen , Hackett Gil
Published: May 2006

This study investigated the relationship of gender and sex-type to the accuracy of self-perceptions of social competence in depressed and non depressed college students. Three hundred and eighty subjects were initially screened and based on their diagnostic category,82 subjects (40
depressed; 42 non depressed) were selected and randomly assigned to small discussion groups. Ss rated themselves and were rated by group peers and trained observers on a measure of social competence. Analyses of the social competence ratings by sex, sex-type, and diagnostic category revealed
that the peer and self-ratings of the non depressed Ss were significantly higher than those ratings of the depressed Ss. Observers failed to differentiate between the depressed and non depressed Ss on the measure of social competence; all observers' ratings were significantly lower than
peer of self-ratings. These anomalous results were explored further via post-hoc analyses. No significant gender differences or differences due to the Ss sex-type emerged. The implications of these results for the cognitive distortion and social skills deficits theories of depression were
discussed.
ADDITIVITY OF CLOTHING CUES IN FIRST IMPRESSIONS
Authors: Lennon Sharron J.
Published: May 2006

The theory of information integration was used to predict that in first impression situations, clothing/physical appearance cues, like adjective trait descriptions, have differential importance depending upon the type of judgment elicited. One hundred four college aged females viewed
and responded to slides of colored line drawings of female stimulus persons. Multiple regression was used to analyze the data. In accord with the theory, it was predicted and found that a linear compilation of people's impressions of the stimulus person with one of the clothing/physical
appearance cues together with people's impressions of the stimulus person with another of the clothing/physical appearance cues in every case significantly predicted (p < .001) people's impressions of the stimulus person with the two cues combined. Significance of th e research
and avenues for future research are explored.
ATTRACTION AND EVALUATION AS A FUNCTION OF THE INGRATIATING STYLE OF A PERSON
Authors: Pandey Janak , Bohra Kayyum A.
Published: May 2006

The major objective of this paper was to examine the way people evaluated an ingratiating/non-ingratiating person, particularly when theevaluations were not the target of his compliments. In addition, the other independent variable was locus of control of reinforcement. A 2 × 2factorial experimental design with two levels of locus of control (External/Internal) and two levels of target person (Ingratiating/non ingratiating) was employed. Forty eight male engineering under graduates participated in the study. Results revealed that the person's ingratiating versus noningratiating style significantly influenced Ss' attraction and evaluation toward him. The noningratiating person was evaluated more positively and as more attractive than the ingratiating person.
PARALANGUAGE AND THE INTERPERSONAL IMPACT OF DYSPHORIA: IT'S NOT WHAT YOU SAY BUT HOW YOU SAY IT
Authors: Paddock John R. , Nowicki Stephen
Published: May 2006

Research shows that clinically depressed persons and dysphoric normals have a negative impact on others. This study attempted to identify what about the dysphoric paralinguistic style creates the aversive impact experienced by others. Results suggest that moderately dysphoric normals
are rejected to the extent that they speak in relatively soft, flat tones, with long pauses before “taking the floor” for an extended period of time. In addition, these persons pulled for rejection to the extent that their speech varied in loudness and pitch over a 15-minute telephone
interaction. Implications for both Coyne's (1976a) interpersonal conceptualization of depression as well as future research and psychotherapy were discussed.
COGNITIVE SET AND CLINICAL INFERENCE: REFERRAL INFORMATION MAY NOT (ALWAYS) AFFECT PSYCHOSOCIAL ASSESSMENT
Authors: Abraham Ivo L.
Published: May 2006

Fifty-four subjects participated in a study on the effects of general referral information about a client on subsequent clinical inferences about this client. They were randomly assigned to a “referral information” or “no referral information” condition before
being presented with additional data. Clinical inferential tasks included the assessment of maladjustment, client stress, depressive status; psychiatric emergency, and global psychosocial functioning. Both univariate, and where applicable multivariate, tests consistently yielded nonsignificant
results. It is concluded that general referral information may not affect, let alone bias, the clinical inference of depression. Drawing upon salience theory, it is cautioned that this may not be the case when specific data, high in diagnosticity, are included in a referral note.
ATTITUDES OF STUDENTS TOWARD POLITICALLY RELEVANT GROUPS
Authors: Wilson Warner
Published: May 2006

155 students who did not attend the anti-Vietnam War moratorium and 20 who did attend, indicated their degree of liking for 5 groups chosen to represent authority, namely, parents, police, college professors, college administrators, and high school teachers; and their liking for 5 groups
chosen as representing opposition to authority, namely, Negroes, demonstrators, campus militants, black militants, and criminals. As expected, the non-attenders liked the first groups more and the second groups less (p < .001) than did the attenders. Liking for the first 5 groups correlated.
75 with liking for the second 5 groups (p < .001). The results show that tolerance for 1 group does not predict o generally tolerant, warm, or impunitive attitude and vice versa.
OCCUPATION AND IMPRESSIONS: STEREOTYPES OF MALES AND FEMALES IN THREE PROFESSIONS
Authors: Decker Wayne H.
Published: May 2006

Stereotypes of persons in three professions and of “average persons” were studied. The results suggested an earlier finding is limited in generality, if not an artifact. The pattern of males being perceived as more autonomous and effective but less acceptable than females
occurred only when target occupation was unspecified and data of both subject-sexes were combined. Females were generally rated equal or superior to males, although male subjects gave average females low ratings. Male subjects also rated male nurses less acceptable than did female subjects.
Female cross-sex-role occupational behavior was not disapproved. Computer professionals generally scored high on auto nomy and effectiveness, but not on acceptability. Liberal education and role modeling were suggested as means of countering negative stereotypes.
PERCEPTIONS OF SOLICITED VERSUS UNSOLICITED SELFDISCLOSURE
Authors: Hund Renee , Olson Kenneth R. , Markley Robert P.
Published: May 2006

The present investigation examined perception of persons who emitted unsolicited self-disclosure as compared to perception of persons who emitted solicited self-disclosure. Sex differences were also examined. Subjects were 158 undergraduate students who were randomly assigned to listen
to one of four audiotapes. The audiotaped vignette consisted of actors emitting either solicited or unsolicited selfdisclosure. Subjects rated the actors on social skillfulness, social appropriateness, and interpersonal attraction. Unsolicited self-disclosers were rated as significantly less
socially appropriate and interpersonally attractive. A significant interaction effect of disclosure mode by actor sex was also found for social skillfulness. The female was viewed as less socially skillful than the male when she failed to solicit disclosure. Explanations of these findings
and their implications are discussed.
ATTITUDES OF MALE ALCOHOLICS TOWARDS EQUAL FREEDOM FOR WOMEN: PERSONALITY CORRELATES
Authors: Cernovsky Zdenek
Published: May 2006

Responses of 86 chronic alcoholic males to item 101 of the MMPI were examined. This item reads, “I believe women ought to have as much sexual freedom as men.” The proportion of responses with “False” (14% of the sample) was similar to recent normative
MMPI data on normal US Midwest males (15.1%). Alcoholics who responded with “True” did not differ from the others with respect to age, education, scope of vocabulary, average MMPI profile elevation, Anxiety, Repression, and Ego Strength scores, and -to scores on the standard
MMPI scales except on the Lie and Social Introversion Scales: alcoholics openly denying equal freedom to women were less concerned with being seen in a socially desirable light and were more likely to be somewhat reserved loners.
CLOTHING COLOR VALUE AND FACIAL EXPRESSION: EFFECTS ON EVALUATIONS OF FEMALE JOB APPLICANTS
Authors: Amhorst Mary Lynn D , Reed J. Ann Pinaire
Published: May 2006

Color value (light vs. dark) of clothing and facial expression (smiling vs. serious) were varied in photographs of six female job applicants. Male and female business persons (N = 208) judged the photographs on 14 semantic differential scales. Facial expression significantly affected
evaluations of Character-Sociability characteristics. Clothing color value was more important in influencing perceptions of Potency, i.e., competence and boldness, but ‘only for male interviewers. Results indicate that clothing color may have significant but not substantial impact on
hiring decisions made by male business persons.
STRESS AND MEDICAL CARE UTILIZATION: AN ELEMENT OF SCREENING BEHAVIOR
Authors: Bailey Eric J.
Published: May 2006

Previous research has demonstrated a relationship between stress and the inclination to seek medical advice. The present study tested the hypothesis that clients who utilize the medical facility for the first-time will exhibit higher stress levels than those who are frequent or nonusers.
Spielberger's State-Trait Anxiety Inventory measured stress in anxiety scores among 183 clients who attended a health screening service. Findings indicated that clients who experienced heightened anxiety levels during the screening were younger, men, lower-income and unemployed. Speculations
are offered regarding the meaning and significance to health professionals in modifying a client's health care practices.
TRADITIONALISM AND FEMINISM: A TYPOLOGY OF STRATEGIES USED BY UNIVERSITY WOMEN TO MANAGE CAREER-FAMILY CONFLICTS
Authors: Côté James E.
Published: May 2006

An Eriksonian analysis of the impact of traditionalism and feminism on the identity formation of university -attending women is presented and jour “identity strategies” are postulated: traditionalism, ambivalent semi-traditionalism, confident semi-traditionalism, and feminism.
A study assessing the reliability and validity of an operationalization of the identity strategies is described and it is concluded that Erikson's characterization of female identity formation has not been well understood in the literature, that more attention must be given to the unique
situation women face in contemporary universities, and that efforts should be made to more adequately integrate theoretical and empirical work in this area.