bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Intracellular amyloid formation in muscle cells of Aβ-transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans: determinants and physiological role in copper detoxification
Authors: Minniti Alicia N , Rebolledo Daniela L , Grez Paula M , Fadic Ricardo , Aldunate Rebeca , Volitakis Irene , Cherny Robert A , Opazo Carlos , Masters Colin , Bush Ashley I , Inestrosa Nibaldo C
Published: January 2009

Background

The amyloid β-peptide is a ubiquitous peptide, which is prone to aggregate forming soluble toxic oligomers and insoluble less-toxic aggregates. The intrinsic and external/environmental factors that determine Aβ aggregation in vivo are poorly understood, as well as the cellular meaning of this process itself. Genetic data as well as cell biological and biochemical evidence strongly support the hypothesis that Aβ is a major player in the onset and development of Alzheimer's disease. In addition, it is also known that Aβ is involved in Inclusion Body Myositis, a common myopathy of the elderly in which the peptide accumulates intracellularly.

Results

In the present work, we found that intracellular Aβ aggregation in muscle cells of Caenorhabditis elegans overexpressing Aβ peptide is affected by two single amino acid substitutions, E22G (Arctic) and V18A (NIC). Both variations show decrease intracellular amyloidogenesis compared to wild type Aβ. We show that intracellular amyloid aggregation of wild type Aβ is accelerated by Cu2+ and diminished by copper chelators. Moreover, we demonstrate through toxicity and behavioral assays that Aβ-transgenic worms display a higher tolerance to Cu2+ toxic effects and that this resistance may be linked to the formation of amyloid aggregates.

Conclusion

Our data show that intracellular Aβ amyloid aggregates may trap excess of free Cu2+ buffering its cytotoxic effects and that accelerated intracellular Aβ aggregation may be part of a cell protective mechanism.
Schizophrenia spectrum disorders in a Nigerian family: 4 case reports
Authors: Omoaregba Joyce O , James Bawo O , Eze George O
Published: January 2009

Introduction

The risk of developing schizophrenia is higher among persons with an affected sibling compared to the general population. Beliefs about aetiology influence presentation, management and treatment outcomes. There are no reports on multiple occurrences of this disorder in a family in this part of the world. In this case series we also highlight how cultural beliefs hamper and shape management.

Case presentation

We report a case series of schizophrenia spectrum disorders affecting four women in a Nigerian family of Ibo tribal origin who responded marginally to pharmacological interventions and required insight oriented psychotherapy and family therapy in resolving psychosocial problems.

Conclusion

While western taught disease models might explain these presentations, it is not usually accepted by lay persons from developing cultures. Limitations in contemporary treatment approaches necessitate the development of culturally relevant psychotherapeutic interventions.
Membrane Bound Axin Is Sufficient for Wingless Signaling in Drosophila Embryos
Authors: Tolwinski Nicholas S
Published: January 2009

The Wingless signaling pathway controls various developmental processes in both vertebrates and invertebrates. Here I probe the requirement for nuclear localization of APC2 and Axin in the Wg signal transduction pathway during embryonic development of Drosophila melanogaster. I find that nuclear localization of APC2 appears to be required, but Axin can block signaling when tethered to the membrane. These results support the model where Axin regulates Armadillo localization and activity in the cytoplasm.
Prion Variants and Species Barriers Among Saccharomyces Ure2 Proteins
Authors: Edskes Herman K , McCann Lindsay M , Hebert Andrea M , Wickner Reed B
Published: January 2009

As hamster scrapie cannot infect mice, due to sequence differences in their PrP proteins, we find “species barriers” to transmission of the [URE3] prion in Saccharomyces cerevisiae among Ure2 proteins of S. cerevisiae, paradoxus, bayanus, cariocanus, and mikatae on the basis of differences among their Ure2p prion domain sequences. The rapid variation of the N-terminal Ure2p prion domains results in protection against the detrimental effects of infection by a prion, just as the PrP residue 129 Met/Val polymorphism may have arisen to protect humans from the effects of cannibalism. Just as spread of bovine spongiform encephalopathy prion variant is less impaired by species barriers than is sheep scrapie, we find that some [URE3] prion variants are infectious to another yeast species while other variants (with the identical amino acid sequence) are not. The species barrier is thus prion variant dependent as in mammals. [URE3] prion variant characteristics are maintained even on passage through the Ure2p of another species. Ure2p of Saccharomyces castelli has an N-terminal Q/N-rich “prion domain” but does not form prions (in S. cerevisiae) and is not infected with [URE3] from Ure2p of other Saccharomyces. This implies that conservation of its prion domain is not for the purpose of forming prions. Indeed the Ure2p prion domain has been shown to be important, though not essential, for the nitrogen catabolism regulatory role of the protein.
CD4 Counts Decline Despite Nutritional Recovery in HIV-Infected Zambian Children With Severe Malnutrition
Authors: Hughes Stephen Miles , Amadi Beatrice , Mwiya Mwiya , Nkamba Hope , Mulundu Georgina , Tomkins Andrew , Goldblatt David
Published: January 2009

OBJECTIVE. The objective of this study was to establish the contribution that severe malnutrition makes to CD4 lymphopenia in HIV-infected and uninfected children and to determine the changes in CD4 count during nutritional rehabilitation.

METHODS. Fifty-six children with severe malnutrition and with and without HIV infection were recruited from a pediatric ward in Lusaka for measurement of CD4 counts on admission, on discharge, and at final nutritional recovery.

RESULTS. HIV-uninfected children with severe malnutrition had normal CD4 counts. In contrast, CD4 counts in HIV-infected children with severe malnutrition were reduced, more so in those without edema compared with those with edema. Mean CD4 count of HIV-infected SM children fell despite nutritional recovery so that at the time of full nutritional recovery, >85% of HIV-infected children required antiretroviral therapy.

CONCLUSIONS. Severe malnutrition did not reduce the CD4 counts of children without HIV. HIV-infected children with severe malnutrition may respond well to nutritional rehabilitation, despite low CD4 counts, but nearly all require early antiretroviral therapy to prevent disease progression.
Particle breakage during cyclic triaxial loading of a carbonate sand
Authors: Donohue S. , O'sullivan C. , Long M.
Published: January 2009

Dynamic loading of embankment, foundation and pavement structures results in particle breakage of the constituent granular materials, when the stresses imposed on their particles exceed their strength. This paper presents the results of a number of drained cyclic triaxial tests on loose, uniformly graded samples of Dogs bay carbonate sand. It is observed that particle breakage is dependent on stress level, cyclic stress ratio, and creep and is directly related to volumetric strain. Drained cycling increases volumetric strain and therefore more breakage occurs when larger numbers of cycles are imposed. The increase in particle breakage from one cycle to the next indicates that while particles may not be loaded to their full capacity in a given cycle, they can be crushed in subsequent cycles without any variation in the amplitude of cyclic loading.
A Summit of Sages Exploring Social Justice and Nursing: An Interview with Marie Manthey and Joanne Disch
Authors: Manthey Marie , Disch Joanne , Beaty Beth
Published: January 2009

Beth Beaty discusses with Marie Manthey and Joanne Disch, organizers of the recent Summit of Sages, their efforts to bring nurses from around the world together to think and talk about social justice. They share their belief that social justice is a part of the fabric of nursing. A Summit of Sages encouraged participants to a higher level of involvement in their communities. Marie and Joanne hope their example will lead to expanded cooperation between businesses and academic institutions.
DNP Portfolio: The Scholarly Project for the Doctor of Nursing Practice
Authors: Smolowitz Janice , Honig Judy
Published: January 2009

The terminal scholarly project is an intrinsic component of doctoral education that affords the student the opportunity to integrate knowledge amassed during the course of study and provides a foundation for future erudition. We describe how Columbia University School of Nursing uses the portfolio as a comprehensive, competency-based assessment for Doctor of Nursing Practice students and propose that the portfolio is a preferred format for the terminal scholarly project for Doctor of Nursing Practice programs that focus on provision of direct care to a patient population.
An integrated approach to water conservation for large users
Authors: Hauber-Davidson Guenter
Published: January 2009

Water conservation programs targeted at large users will play an integral role securing water supplies for cities in years to come. A hierarchical approach to water conservation—reducing consumption as a priority, then considering internal re-use of water and replacement of potable water with alternative sources—should be the key principle in sustainable water management. The application of this approach relies on a sound understanding of water consumption at a site: where water is used, why, when and how. This entails smart- and sub-metering of the water supply and detailed analysis of site activities to produce a site water balance. The hierarchical approach can then be applied, and conservation options can be costed to assess financial viability. ‘Packaging’ measures with different payback times together should be considered, along with funding support available. Based on implemented projects in Australia, an estimated 30% of potable water consumption within the commercial and industrial sectors could be saved at attractive payback periods. By adopting this integrated water conservation and management approach the same outcomes can be achieved with less potable water consumption. Appropriate source substitution is a pillar of sustainable water supply, providing water at less environmental, social and financial cost than the alternatives.
Significance of flocculation for NOM removal by coagulation–ceramic membrane microfiltration
Authors: Meyn T. , Bahn A. , Leiknes T. O.
Published: January 2009

Potable water treatment with coupling coagulation–microfiltration processes are still rarely applied in commercial treatment plants. Raw water with a high content of organic matter, typical for Norwegian surface water sources, was treated in this study using a ceramic microfiltration membrane system. Three different pre-treatment options were investigated, a classical two-stage flocculation, a simplified one-stage fast mixing step and an inline flocculation treatment, using an iron chloride coagulant. DOC removal was similar (76–81%, 5.5 mg C/L in raw water) in all compared setups. The more compact, energy efficient inline configuration was investigated further, varying flux (140 and 220 LMH), pH (4.5, 5.5 & 6.5), G-value (60 and 300 s−1) and HRT in the pipe (7 and 30 s), while monitoring DOC removal, fouling rate and residual iron concentrations. DOC removal was strongly pH dependent; 70% at pH 4.5, and 47% at pH 6.5. At high flux of 220 LMH the membrane fouled quickly and sustainable operation was not possible. At 140 LMH fouling was much less and no severe fouling was observed during the experimental period. Residual metal concentration was found to be the limiting parameter in the design and operation of the process configuration. Metal concentrations below the regulation limits (200 μgFe/L) were only achieved at pH 6.5. Reversible fouling was only observed at higher pH values.
Letter: Comment on Dolan and Recent Fed Policy
Authors: Sumner Scott
Published: January 2009

Edwin Dolan recently argued that the Fed might be running out of options to prevent deflation, but that their recent policy of paying interest on reserves offers hope for the future. Scott Sumner contests both assertions.
Action of Portulaca oleracea against Streptozotocin-Induced Oxidative Stress in Experimental Diabetic Rats
Authors: Sharma Alok , Vijayakumar M. , Rao Ch. V. , Unnikrishnan M.K. , Reddy G.D.
Published: January 2009

Antidiabetic treatment with an extract of Portulaca oleracea leaves (100mg/kg and 250mg/kg body weight) for three weeks showed a significant reduction in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBRAS) and an increase in glutathione reductase (GSH-R) in both the liver and kidney of STZ diabetic rats. The treatment with P. oleracea significantly altered the glutathione and GSH-R to be comparable with the control group. P. oleracea- and tolbutamide-treated rats showed decreased lipid peroxidation that is associated with increased activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase(CAT). The effects of P. oleracea on tissue lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status in diabetic animals have not been studied before. The result of this study thus shows that although P. oleracea extract possesses moderate antidiabetic activity, it exhibits potent antioxidant potential in diabetic conditions.
Statistical Approaches to Estimating the Relative Contribution of Intermolecular Interactions in Aliphatic Alcohols: Application to QSPR/QSAR Modeling of Their Boiling Points
Authors: Nohair Mohamed , Mallouk Noura , Benmarzouk Marouane , Mohssine El Morrakchi
Published: January 2009

A three-layer feed forward neural network trained with a LevenbergMarquardt batch error back propagation algorithm has been used to model the strong relationships between the boiling point of aliphatic alcohols and intermolecular forces consisting both in Van Der Waals forces and polar interactions, respectively. For that purpose, we use the multifunctional autocorrelation method to provide an appropriate topological description. Two types of descriptors are generated: the first is commonly used in QSARs and QSPRs modelling, it gives a general description of the whole of the molecule; the second is attributed to the local description of the group hydroxyl. In this we have turned our interests to the explanatory capacities of our methodology to explore the relative contribution and/or the contribution profile of the input factors compared to the size of the molecule. The initial data set is divided into different subsets in increasing order of values of boiling point. Then, we explore the good descriptive ability of the molecular descriptors calculated solely from the modified autocorrelation method to carry out a variable analysis and give information about features of the compounds responsible for their boiling points. This is made possible by comparing the regression coefficients for the established linear model, and by using the Garson weight portioning method for the ANN analysis.
Towards Robustness in Neural Network Based Fault Diagnosis
Authors: Patan Krzysztof , Witczak Marcin , Korbicz Józef
Published: January 2009

Towards Robustness in Neural Network Based Fault Diagnosis

Challenging design problems arise regularly in modern fault diagnosis systems. Unfortunately, classical analytical techniques often cannot provide acceptable solutions to such difficult tasks. This explains why soft computing techniques such as neural networks become more and more popular in industrial applications of fault diagnosis. Taking into account the two crucial aspects, i.e., the nonlinear behaviour of the system being diagnosed as well as the robustness of a fault diagnosis scheme with respect to modelling uncertainty, two different neural network based schemes are described and carefully discussed. The final part of the paper presents an illustrative example regarding the modelling and fault diagnosis of a DC motor, which shows the performance of the proposed strategy.
The state of plant conservation in small water bodies located within the city limits of Olsztyn
Authors: Grzybowski Mirosław , Endler Zbigniew
Published: January 2009

The interior depressions in the Olsztyn area are characterized by high biodiversity. On the basis of floral surveys of 32 small water bodies, 200 species of vascular plants and 10 species of bryophytes were recorded. Phytosociological analysis indicated 45 plant associations. Among the phytocoenoses described, some communities require more attention, including Wolffietum arrhizae, Riccietum fluitantis, Charetum fragilis, the pondweeds Potametum nitentis and P. commpressi as well as communities with Potamogeton trichoides and P. pusillus.

In light of their significant natural value, some of the basins studied units should be protected as ecological grounds. Reservoirs located in the Jaroty District, in the vicinity of Lake Track or some reservoirs located within the Gutkowo and Kortowo districts are important points of peatwater or water accumulation. These small water bodies limit the nutrient and pollutant input into the numerous lakes located in the Olsztyn area. Some basins are of a recreational character, including the reservoir located in the central quarter of the town and the water bodies of the Kortowo District. The remaining reservoirs need restoration and litter collection to restore their recreational functions.
The distribution of lead, zinc, and chromium in fractions of bottom sediments in the Narew River and its tributaries
Authors: Skorbiłowicz Mirosław , Skorbiłowicz Elżbieta
Published: January 2009

The purpose of the paper was to evaluate the distribution of lead, zinc and chromium contents in different grain fractions of bottom sediments in the Narew River and some of its tributaries. This study also aimed to determine which fractions are mostly responsible for bottom sediment pollution. The studies of the Narew and its tributaries (the Supraśl, Narewka, and Orlanka) were conducted in September 2005 in the upper Narew catchment area. The analyzed bottom sediments differed regarding grain size distribution. The studies revealed the influence of the percentage of particular grain fractions present on the accumulation of heavy metals in all bottom sediments.
Surface and near-bottom water saturation with CaCO3 in the Pomeranian Bay in the vicinity of the Świna Channel mouth
Authors: Poleszczuk Gorzysław
Published: January 2009

Langmuir and Langelier calcite saturation indexes were calculated for water in the vicinity of the Świna Channel in the Pomeranian Bay. Measurements carried out in April-October of 1994 and 2004 indicated that CaCO3 concentrations nearly reached the saturation level, though in spring and fall the water showed slight calcite unsaturation while in summer it was oversaturated with calcite. The observed saturation levels were related with the shifts in the equilibrium between assimilation and dissimilation processes in the Pomeranian Bay ecosystem.
Water bugs (Heteroptera) in small water bodies located in Olsztyn
Authors: Kurzątkowska Alicja
Published: January 2009

The study was conducted on 16 water bodies located in Olsztyn, most of them natural and dominated by astatic ones (dystrophic, eutrophic, and artificial with elevated mineralization levels). Heteroptera was identified to 32 species represented by five synecological groups, i.e., species typical of dystrophic water bodies (Cymatia bonsdorffi, Hesperocorixa linnaei, H. moesta, H. sahlbergi, Gerris lateralis, G. sphagnetorum, Hebrus ruficeps), lacustrine species (Gerris argentatus, Aquarius paludum), halophilous species (Cymatia rogenhoferi, Paracorixa concinna, Gerris thoracicus), psammophilous and argilophilous species (Sigara lateralis) and eurytopic species typical of small water bodies (18). It was found that the degree of permanency of astatic water bodies affects both the species diversity and abundance of the Heteroptera fauna. Migrations play a crucial role with respect to the colonization of newly-formed bodies of water and to the abandonment of those that are drying up.
Pilot study of patient and phantom breast dose measurements in Bulgaria
Authors: Avramova-Cholakova Simona , Vassileva Jenia
Published: January 2009

Pilot study of patient and phantom breast dose measurements in Bulgaria

A pilot study of breast dose measurements on two mammography units in Bulgaria was conducted. The mean glandular doses (MGDs) to samples of approximately 60 women per unit were measured. MGD with a standard PMMA phantom was measured as well. The MGDs were calculated according to the European protocol on dosimetry in mammography as well as to the European protocol for the quality control of the physical and technical aspects of mammography screening. The measured women's MGDs were divided into three groups depending on the compressed breast thicknesses. The results for the group of thicknesses in the interval 40-60 mm were compared with the results from the measurements on the standard 45 mm PMMA phantom. Some differences were found which could be due to errors in breast thickness measurements, differences in breast and phantom densities and other factors. A standardized procedure was elaborated for patient dose measurement and calculation both from patient and phantom studies.
A Socio-Linguistic Approach to the Development of Folk Psychology
Authors: Ohreen David
Published: January 2009

A Socio-Linguistic Approach to the Development of Folk Psychology

One of the most interesting issues central to folk psychology is how it develops in humans. Over the past few decades, two distinct theories have emerged known as the Theory-Theory and Simulation Theory. Theory-theory supporters argue that children construct theories to explain behavior, while simulation theorists extol the virtues of empathy—putting yourself in another person's shoes. I argue that each position falls short of an adequate account of how folk psychology develops. Instead, explaining behavior is a matter of acquiring folk psychological concepts within a culture and then learning how to deploy such terms with competence.
Effect of Transgenic Maize Mon 810 on Selected Non-Target Organisms: The Bird Cherry-Oat Aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi L.) and its Predator - Green Lacewing (Chrysoperla carnea Steph.)
Authors: Lewandowski Andrzej , Górecka Julia
Published: January 2009

Effect of Transgenic Maize Mon 810 on Selected Non-Target Organisms: The Bird Cherry-Oat Aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi L.) and its Predator - Green Lacewing (Chrysoperla carnea Steph.)

The maize variety MON 810 resistant on lepidopteran pests is one of the most common and longest grown transgenic variety. It was modified to constantly produce in its tissues Cry1Ab protein derived from common bacteria Bacillus thuringensis. The Cry1Ab protein is lethally-toxic for European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis), significant maize pest. A study was carried out to evaluate the influence of MON 810 maize on development of two non-target species - the bird cherry-oat aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi L.) and its predator - green lacewing (Chrysoperla carnea Steph.). During comparison analysis there were no significant differences between transgenic maize vs. non-transgenic isogenic maize influence on non-target organisms.
Efficiency of Entec 26 - A New Concept Nitrogen Fertilizer in White Head Cabbage Production
Authors: Kołota Eugeniusz , Adamczewska- Sowińska Katarzyna
Published: January 2009

Efficiency of Entec 26 - A New Concept Nitrogen Fertilizer in White Head Cabbage Production

In field experiment conducted in 2005-2007 there was evaluated the suitability of Entec 26 - a new concept nitrogen fertilizer containing DMPP nitrification inhibitor (3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate) and ammonium nitrate as a source of this nutrient for white cabbage. Ammonium nitrate was supplied in split doses of 75 (1/2 + 1/2), 150 (1/2 + 1/2), 225 (1/3 + 1/3 + 1/3) and 300 (1/4 + 1/4 + 1/2) kg N per hectar, as preplant and one or two top dressings. Entec 26 was used in the same amounts and terms of application as ammonium nitrate or in one preplant dose.

Results of the study showed that Entec 26 was a better source of nitrogen than ammonium nitrate, providing higher yield of marketable heads and lower nitrate contents in plants at harvest. Plants supplied with a single preplant dose of N produced similar marketable yield with lower nitrates accumulation in comparison to split application of the fertilizer. Irrespective of nitrogen form, enhancement of its dose from 75 kg·ha-1 to 300 kg·ha-1 resulted in the decrease of sugars and vitamin C contents, while the increment of total N and nitrates level in cabbage heads.
Attempts at Biological Control of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis On Rockwool-Grown Greenhouse Tomatoes
Authors: Ślusarski Czesław
Published: January 2009

Attempts at Biological Control of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis On Rockwool-Grown Greenhouse Tomatoes

Two greenhouse experiments were conducted in which tomato plants artificially inoculated with Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (Cmm) were grown in an open rockwool system as spring and autumn crops. Two isolates of the rhizosphere bacteria, Pseudomonas fluorescens strain PSR21, Pseudomonas reactans strain GGS14, a commercial biocontrol agent Aqua Bac Plus (Bacillus spp.) and a proprietary disinfectant containing QAC+Chx, applied at weekly intervals, were evaluated for their efficiency in the suppression of the bacterial canker of tomato. All treatments tested revealed to be ineffective in controlling the disease. The introduction of Cmm bacteria into the fresh rockwool in the first year of its usage resulted in a 100% death of tomato plants, whereas following an artificial inoculation of two- and three-year-old rockwool slabs with Cmm bacteria dead plants amounted to 70 and 58%, respectively. This indicates that in the re-used rockwool a natural microbial suppressiveness to bacterial canker of tomato might be developed in the root zone.
The impact of land use on the water quality of foothill microcatchment areas
Authors: Misztal Andrzej , Kuczera Marcin
Published: January 2009

The impact of land use on the water quality of foothill microcatchment areas

The impact of land use on the water quality of foothill microcatchment areas. In this paper a comparison is made between the impact of land use methods on the quality of water in the streams which drain various catchment areas. For this purpose three microcatchments were selected which are located in agricultural, rural settlements, and forested areas. Water samples were physically and chemically analysed in order to determine: nitrates, nitrites, ammonia, phosphates, sulphates, chlorides, calcium, magnesium, dissolved oxygen, reaction and conductivity. The above studies were conducted in the 2006 and 2007. Our analysis of the collected materials allows us to affirm that land use methods have a significant impact on the water quality of the streams which drain the area. Rural settlement has the most negative influence on the water quality, followed by typical agricultural use. Based on the direct quality evaluations of single water samples, it has been found that only water from forested areas can be qualified as belonging to the 1st cleanness class.
Effects of Surgical Stress on Serum Cortisol Level: A Comparative Study between Elective and Emergency Surgery
Authors: Selimuzzaman SM , Begum Noorzahan , Islam Nadira , Begum Shelina
Published: January 2009

The study was designed to observe the effects of surgical stress on serum level of cortisol in patients undergoing surgical treatment and to find out any differences in hormonal response between elective and emergency surgical procedures. A total number of 60 male subjects aged between 18 and 45 years were included in the study. Of them, 20 were healthy control (Group I), 20 underwent elective surgical treatment (Group II) and emergency surgical interventions were applied in rest 20 subjects (Group III). Study Groups were further divided into subgroups A (preoperative samples were collected 1- hour before operation), B (postoperative samples were collected 1-hour after the end of the operation) and C (postoperative samples were collected 24-hours after operation).Serum cortisol level was estimated by invitro-immunolytic test.Statistical analysis was done by paired, unpaired ‘t' test and regression analysis. The preoperative mean serum cortisol concentration in elective surgical cases was almost similar to that of healthy control. On the contrary, in the emergency surgical cases, a significantly increased mean cortisol level were observed (I vs IIIA and IIA vs IIIA; P < 0.05). The serum cortisol concentrations were increased both in elective and emergency surgical cases after operations but the magnitude of rise was more marked in emergency group of patients (IIB vs IIIB; P < 0.05). Therefore, this study reveals that surgical intervention causes increase in serum cortisol which is more marked in emergency procedure. Key Words: Stress; Cortisol; Surgery DOI:10.3329/jbsp.v2i0.981 J Bangladesh Soc Physiol. 2007 Dec;(2): 28-33.
Effects of Magnesium Hydroxide on Disintegration Time and Dissolution Rate of Diclofenac Sodium Plain Tablet
Authors: Miazi Md Mosharaf , Choudhury M Mohiuddinn A , Rahman M Habibur , Rahman Abedur
Published: January 2009

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of magnesium hydroxide (MH) on disintegration time (DT) and dissolution profile of diclofenac sodium (DS) plain tablet. The tablets of DS were formulated with conventionally used excipients and investigational agent Mg [OH]2. Different parameters of tablets like hardness, thickness, friability, and disintegration time and dissolution rate were determined to assess the effects of MH on these parameters. The physical resistance against abrasion or shock of DS-MH tablets had been noticed by the results of hardness and friability test which were within the limits of standard specification. The disintegration times of tablets of the experimental batches except one, found 2.0 to 25 minutes were also within the limits of standard specification. The release rates of DS in simulated gastric fluid (SGF) at 30 minutes were inspiring about batches FO3: 84.78% and FO4: 90.38%. A positive correlation of coefficient determined between quantity of Mg(OH)2 in different batches of tablets and their effects on dissolution rate was found statistically significant (r = 0.66). The tmax of DS was not affected by the presence or increment of MH as evident in rtmax= 0.50. The overall study indicated that Magnesium hydroxide didn't affect the different physical parameters of plain tablet rather it in certain quantity while present in some batches assisted rapid disintegration and release profile of active content Diclofenac sodium. The DS-MH plain tablet to provide rapid disintegration, dissolution and absorption hence fastest anti-inflammatory action with acid neutralizing benefits by MH, might be considered sincerely Key words: Diclofenac Sodium; Magnesium Hydroxide; Disintegration; Dissolution DOI:10.3329/jbsp.v2i0.984 J Bangladesh Soc Physiol. 2007 Dec;(2): 42-48.
Hering-Breuer Reflex and pre-Botzinger Complex: A Literature Survey
Authors: Ahmed M
Published: January 2009

The existence and physiological role of Hering-Breuer reflex and pre-Botzinger complex has long been depreciated by the Bangladesh society of physiologist (personal communication). The aim of this mini review is to highlight the recent findings on the aforementioned topics. Due to the difficulties in vivo studies in human subjects, many aspects of the neuronal regulation of the respiratory rhythm are still unclear. However, the recent localization of the pre-Botzinger complex in humans and advances in technologies necessitates further exploration of the neuronal circuits in the pre-BotC complex which will subsequently unwrap the magical box and pave the way to solve the puzzle of the mechanism of respiratory rhythmogenesis and its modulation in different pathophysiological conditions. Key Words: Physiology; Hering-Breuer reflex; pre-Botzinger complex; Rhythmic respiration  DOI:10.3329/jbsp.v2i0.988 J Bangladesh Soc Physiol. 2007 Dec;(2):89-94.
Evaluation of Analgesic and Antioxidant Potential of the Leaves of Curcuma alismatifolia Gagnep.
Authors: Akter Raushanara , Hasan SM Raquibul , Siddiqua Samira Ayesha , Majumder Muntasir Mamun , Hossain Md Mokarram , Alam Md Ashraful , Haque Shamsul , Ghani Abdul
Published: January 2009

In the present study, the antioxidant and analgesic potential of the 80% methanol extract of the leaves of Curcuma alismatifolia Gangnep was evaluated. The extract was investigated for its antioxidant activity using lipid peroxidation, total antioxidant capacity and reducing power assays. The extract showed significant antioxidant activities in lipid peroxidation assay compared to the standard antioxidant in a dose dependent manner. In lipid peroxidation assay, the IC50 value was found to be 122.43Î¼g/mL while the IC50 value for the reference ascorbic acid was 147.87Î¼g/ml. Moreover, Curcuma alismatifolia extract showed strong total antioxidant capacity and good reducing power. The analgesic activity was evaluated for its central and peripheral pharmacological actions using tail immersion method and acetic acid-induced writhing test in mice respectively. The extract, at the dose of 250 and 500 mg/kg, produced a significant (p < 0.05-0.001) increase in pain threshold in tail immersion methods in a dose dependent manner. In acetic acid-induced writhing test the extract, at a dose of 500 mg/kg, showed a maximum of 60.5% inhibition (p < 0.001) of writhing reaction compared to the reference drug diclofenac-sodium (75.0%). All experimental results suggest the use of this plant for the treatment of pain and inflammatory disorder. Key Words: Curcuma alismatifolia, Antioxidant, Lipid peroxidation, Total antioxidant capacity, Reducing power, Analgesic, Tail immersion. doi:10.3329/sjps.v1i1.1779 S. J. Pharm. Sci. 1(1&2): 3-9
An Improved In Vitro Pyrogen Test To Detect The Presence of Endotoxin Containing Bacteria Using Limulus Amoebocyte Lysate Assay From Pharmaceutical Raw Product
Authors: Bashar Tanvir , Shurovi Khondokar Mahzebin , Dilshad Sanjida
Published: January 2009

Most of the environmental organism possess endotoxin which presence indicates the organisms are much lethal and for the purposes bacteriological quality of pharmaceutical raw products is much important. In these current study, 2 raw materials out of 10 were found to containing pathogenic bacteria Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas species in the culture medium, that indicates the raw materials were contaminated with the deadly organism. These two raw materials checked for the presence of Endotoxin and both provided positive gel clot by Limulas amoebocyte lysate (LAL) assay. Quality maintenance and assurance is the essential need of Drug preparation in pharmaceutical sector. The result ensure that Pharmaceutical industry should need to follow GMP and HACCP to minimize the contamination for improving the biological safety of the product in a cost-effective manner. Key Word: Limulas amoebocyte lysate (LAL) assay, Gram negative bacteria, endotoxin. doi:10.3329/sjps.v1i1.1812 Â Â  S. J. Pharm. Sci. 1(1&2): 76-79
Cytotoxicity, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Studies of the Different Plant Parts of Mimosa Pudica
Authors: Chowdhury Sadia Afreen , Islam Jannatul , Rahaman Md Mahfujur , Rahman Md Mostafizur , Rumzhum Nowshin Nowaz , Sultana Rebeka , Parvin Most. Nazma
Published: January 2009

Rebeka Sultana and Most Nazma Parvin - were added as authors on 13th September 2010.The petroleum ether, chloroform and methanol crude extracts of the two different plant parts (aerial part and root) of Mimosa pudica (Mimosaceae) were screened in vitro for cytotoxicity studies by brine shrimp lethality bioassay and antimicrobial screening by disc diffusion method. The methanol crude extract of the aerial part was screened in vitro for antioxidant activity using the 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay. The petroleum ether and methanol crude extracts of the root showed potential cytotoxic activities (LC50 0.05 μg/ml and 0.035 μg/ml respectively) whereas the other extractives showed poor cytotoxicity. All the crude extracts showed poor activity or inactivity against the test microorganisms. On the other hand, the methanol crude extract of the aerial part showed moderate antioxidant activity (IC50 296.92 μg/ml) compared to ascorbic acid (IC50 131.29 μg/ml). The overall experimental results suggest the biologically active constituents present in the methanolic extract of Mimosa pudica and justify its use in folkloric remedies. Key Words: Mimosa pudica, Mimosaceae, Cytotoxicity, Antimicrobial, DPPH, Antioxidant.  doi:10.3329/sjps.v1i1.1813 S. J. Pharm. Sci. 1(1&2): 80-84
Validity and Reproducibility of a Self-Administered Semi-Quantitative Food-Frequency Questionnaire for Estimating Usual Daily Fat, Fibre, Alcohol, Caffeine and Theobromine Intakes among Belgian Post-Menopausal Women
Authors: Bolca Selin , Huybrechts Inge , Verschraegen Mia , De Henauw Stefaan , Van de Wiele Tom
Published: January 2009

A novel food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was developed and validated to assess the usual daily fat, saturated, mono-unsaturated and poly-unsaturated fatty acid, fibre, alcohol, caffeine, and theobromine intakes among Belgian post-menopausal women participating in dietary intervention trials with phyto-oestrogens. The relative validity of the FFQ was estimated by comparison with 7 day (d) estimated diet records (EDR, n 64) and its reproducibility was evaluated by repeated administrations 6 weeks apart (n 79). Although the questionnaire underestimated significantly all intakes compared to the 7 d EDR, it had a good ranking ability (r 0.47-0.94; weighted κ 0.25-0.66) and it could reliably distinguish extreme intakes for all the estimated nutrients, except for saturated fatty acids. Furthermore, the correlation between repeated administrations was high (r 0.71-0.87) with a maximal misclassification of 7% (weighted κ 0.33-0.80). In conclusion, these results compare favourably with those reported by others and indicate that the FFQ is a satisfactorily reliable and valid instrument for ranking individuals within this study population.
Multi‐model ensemble estimates of climate change impacts on UK seasonal precipitation extremes
Authors: Fowler H. J. , Ekström M.
Published: January 2009

Thirteen regional climate model (RCM) integrations from the Prediction of Regional Scenarios and Uncertainties for Defining European Climate change risks and Effects (PRUDENCE) ensemble are used together with extreme value analysis to assess changes to seasonal precipitation extremes in nine UK rainfall regions by 2070–2100 under the SRES A2 emissions scenario. Model weights are based on similarities between observed and modelled UK extreme precipitation calculated for a combination of (1) spatial characteristics: the semi‐variogram parameters sill and range, and (2) the discrepancy in the regional median seasonal maxima. These weights are used to combine individual RCM bootstrap samples to provide multi‐model ensemble estimates of percent change in the return value magnitudes of regional extremes. The contribution of global climate model (GCM) and RCM combinations to model structural uncertainty is also investigated. The multi‐model ensembles project increases across the UK in winter, spring and autumn extreme precipitation; although there is uncertainty in the absolute magnitude of increases, these range from 5 to 30% depending upon region and season. In summer, model predictions span the zero change line, although there is low confidence due to poor model performance. RCM performance is shown to be highly variable; extremes are well simulated in winter and very poorly simulated in summer. The ensemble distributions are wider (projections are more uncertain) for shorter duration extremes (e.g. 1 day) and higher return periods (e.g. 25 year). There are rather limited differences in the weighted and unweighted multi‐model ensembles, perhaps a consequence of the lack of model independence between ensemble members. The largest contribution to uncertainty in the multi‐model ensembles comes from the lateral boundary conditions used by RCMs included in the ensemble. Therefore, the uncertainty bounds shown here are conservative despite the relatively large number of RCMs contributing to the multi‐model ensemble distribution. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Cocoa: antioxidant and immunomodulator
Authors: Ramiro-Puig Emma , Castell Margarida
Published: January 2009

Cocoa, a product consumed since 600 BC, is now a subject of increasing interest because of its antioxidant properties, which are mainly attributed to the content of flavonoids such as ( − )-epicatechin, catechin and procyanidins. Moreover, recent findings suggest a regulatory effect of cocoa on the immune cells implicated in innate and acquired immunity. Cocoa exerts regulatory activity on the secretion of inflammatory mediators from macrophages and other leucocytesin vitro. In addition, emerging data fromin vivostudies support an immunomodulating effect. Long-term cocoa intake in rats affects both intestinal and systemic immune function. Studies in this line suggest that high-dose cocoa intake in young rats favours the T helper 1 (Th1) response and increases intestinal γδ T lymphocyte count, whereas the antibody-secreting response decreases. The mechanisms involved in this activity are uncertain; nonetheless, because redox-sensitive pathways control immune cell function, the action of cocoa flavonoids on modulating cell signalling and gene expression deserves investigation.
Skew distribution of founder-specific inbreeding depression effects on the longevity of Landrace sows
Authors: CASELLAS J. , VARONA L. , IBÁÑEZ-ESCRICHE N. , QUINTANILLA R. , NOGUERA J. L.
Published: January 2009

Inbreeding is a biological phenomenon of special relevance in domestic species in which its influence has been typically associated with reductions in animal fitness. Nevertheless, recent research suggests substantial founder-specific variability in terms of inbreeding depression on some productive traits, although this centred on a very reduced number of founders. This research focuses on the modelling of founder-specific inbreeding depression (FSID) effects from a more general point of view, characterizing the expected distribution of FSID effects on sow longevity. Under a change-point Weibull proportional hazards model solved through Bayesian inference, a skew-normala prioridistribution for the FSID effects of 19 founders was assumed. In terms of the deviance information criterion, this model was clearly preferred to other prior distributions for FSID effects as well as to a standard analysis of the overall inbreeding depression effect, although all models were consistent with an overall negative genetic effect of inbreeding on sow longevity. The joint posterior distribution of FSID effects showed a skewed pattern with substantial right-tail overexpression, in which the mean (0·036), mode (0·034), S.D. (0·032) and asymmetry parameter (0·045) reported a higher incidence of positive estimates (85·2%) with an unfavourable effect on sow longevity. The founder with the worst inbreeding depression effect reduced sow longevity by 32 days for 1% or 167 days for 10% partial inbreeding. As a whole, our analyses highlighted substantial variability in FSID effects, with unfavourable, neutral and even favourable influences on sow longevity. This heterogeneity could be related to an uneven distribution of the recessive deleterious genetic load among founder genomes, and also with the different selection pressures applied to each founder line. The implementation of skew-normal priors also proved an appealing way to bypass the strict scenario imposed by the standard symmetric-Gaussian distribution, allowing right- and left-tail overexpression as well as non-zero modal estimates.
Improved particle fusing geometric relation between particles in FastSLAM
Authors: Kim Inkyu , Kwak Nosan , Lee Heoncheol , Lee Beomhee
Published: January 2009

FastSLAM is a framework for simultaneous localization and mapping using a Rao-Blackwellized particle filter (RBPF). But, FastSLAM is known to degenerate over time due to the loss of particle diversity, mainly caused by the particle depletion problem in resampling phase. In this work, improved particle filter using geometric relation between particles is proposed to restrain particle depletion and to reduce estimation errors and error variances. It uses a KD tree (k-dimensional tree) to derive geometric relation among particles and filters particles with importance weight conditions for resampling. Compared to the original particle filter used in FastSLAM, this technique showed less estimation error with lower error standard deviation in computer simulations.
The influence of methodologic quality on the conclusion of a landmark meta-analysis on thrombolytic therapy
Authors: Doi Suhail A. R.
Published: January 2009

Verhagen et al. (5) suggest, in a study done in 2002, that methodologic quality of individual trials do not influence the conclusions of a landmark meta-analysis on thrombolytic therapy. This meta-analysis was studied because it was believed that it represents the true effect because its conclusions remain valid 15 years after publication. They incorporated the results of quality assessment in five different ways in the calculation of the pooled odd ratios (ORs): (i) component analysis, (ii) visual plot, (iii) quality score as a threshold score, (iv) quality score as a weighting factor, and (v) cumulative pooling. They did not find much discrepancy using either of these methods of quality assessment.
Counterpoint in Mozart’s Die Entführung aus dem Serail
Authors: MELAMED DANIEL R.
Published: January 2009

Counterpoint plays a surprisingly large role in the musical language of Mozart’s Die Entführung au dem Serail. In solo material for the deep bass voice of the character Osmin Mozart suggested contapuntal relationships with other parts to give the vocal line independence from the instrumental bass. In ensemble numbers like Osmin and Blonde’s duet No. 9 the composer strongly suggested a contrapuntal relationship between lines sung by antagonistic characters. In Osmin and Belmonte’s duet No. 2, represented in the sources in a nearly complete sketch, Mozard used numerous contrapuntal techniques in support of the dramatic situation. Though the work was composed right around Mozart’s well-known Bach year of 1782, most of the counterpoint is not particularly Bachian. But the polyphonic textures and contrapuntal thinking mark the work as stylistically connected with the composer’s most mature music. Contrapuntal analysis turns out to be a useful perspective of Mozart’s operatic writing.
Continuous wave and pulsed EPR analyses of metalloproteins
Authors: Van Doorslaer Sabine
Published: January 2009

For many decades, EPR has been used as a tool to study paramagnetic metalloproteins. Recent developments in multi-frequency pulsed EPR and ENDOR have significantly increased the amount of information that, in principle, can be obtained from such an EPR study, but at the same time, modern EPR spectroscopists are facing the difficult task of choosing the optimal techniques to tackle a specific problem. In this chapter, a number of strategies and their possible problems are outlined using different examples of recent multi-frequency EPR/ENDOR studies of metalloproteins and related model systems.