bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Parametric study of the elastic stress distribution in pin-loaded lugs modelled in two and three dimensions and loaded in tension
Authors: Grant R J , Flipo B C D
Published: May 2009

This paper describes a numerical study that investigates the effects of loading a lug with a pin. In this work, the loading direction is axial with respect to the lug. The models are both two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D). The effects of a change in the level of pin interference, the amount of material around the pin hole, and the thickness of the lug are demonstrated and discussed. Through-thickness effects are shown to be appreciable, and a simple 2D model can give a potentially serious underestimation of the true stress levels which may be particularly significant when a joint is subjected to fatigue loading.
Three-dimensional elasticity solution of simply supported functionally graded rectangular plates with internal elastic line supports
Authors: Xu Y P , Zhou D
Published: May 2009

This paper studies the stress and displacement distributions of simply supported functionally graded rectangular plates with internal elastic line supports. The Young's modulus is graded through the thickness following the exponential law and the Poisson's ratio is kept constant. On the basis of three-dimensional elasticity theory, the solutions of displacements and stresses of the plate under static loads, which exactly satisfy the governing differential equations and the simply supported boundary conditions at four edges of the plate, are analytically derived. The reaction forces of the internal elastic line supports are regarded as the unknown external forces acting on the lower surface of the plate. The unknown coefficients in the solutions are then determined by the boundary conditions on the upper and lower surfaces of the plate. Convergence and comparison studies demonstrate the correctness and effectiveness of the proposed method. The effect of variations in Young's modulus on the displacements and stresses of rectangular plates and the effect of internal elastic line supports on the mechanical properties of plates are investigated.
Evaluation of mixed-mode stress intensity factors by the mesh-free Galerkin method: Static and dynamic
Authors: Wen P H , Aliabadi M H
Published: May 2009

Based on the variational principle of the potential energy, the element-free Galerkin method is developed using radial basis interpolation functions to evaluate static and dynamic mixed-mode stress intensity factors. For dynamic problems, the Laplace transform technique is used to transform the time domain problem to the frequency domain. The so-called enriched radial basis functions are introduced to capture accurately the singularity of stress at crack tip. In this approach, connectivity of the mesh in the domain or integrations with fundamental or particular solutions are not required. The accuracy and convergence of the mesh-free Galerkin method with enriched radial basis functions for the two-dimensional static and dynamic fracture mechanics are demonstrated through several benchmark examples. Comparisons have been made with benchmarks and solutions obtained by the boundary element method.
Stress intensity factor solutions for two-dimensional elastostatic problems by the hypersingular boundary integral equation
Authors: Sahli A , Rahmani O
Published: May 2009

The boundary element method is a numerical method that can be advantageously used for a wide range of engineering problems, including the stress concentration problems encountered in fracture mechanics. In linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM), the stress intensity factor is an important parameter. Cracks, if present in the region experiencing the modes of deformation, increase the stress amplitude significantly and this high stress may lead to premature failure of the engineering components. If the value of the SIF is known, it is possible to predict whether the crack will propagate or not. As the conventional boundary integral equation (CBIE) degenerates when a mathematical crack is modelled, a previously developed dual boundary integral equation approach has been adopted in the current work. It utilizes the hypersingular boundary integral equation (HBIE) along with the CBIE. A weakly singular form of HBIE is utilized in the current work to eliminate the hypersingularity analytically. Stress intensity factors are evaluated using the crack opening displacement (COD), displacement extrapolation (DE), and the J-integral approaches. A stand-alone code has been developed for calculating the stress intensity factors of general two-dimensional domains with cracks. The code has been validated by evaluating the stress intensity factors for the standard components, for which the stress intensity factor values are available in the literature. Accurate and well-converged results are obtained proving the robustness of the code. A linear combination of the CBIE and HBIE was applied at the crack and a significant (87–97 per cent) reduction in the condition numbers for the system of equations was observed for the examples studied. Again, the results obtained are accurate and well converged.
Revisiting single-point incremental forming and formability/failure diagrams by means of finite elements and experimentation
Authors: Silva M B , Skjoedt M , Bay N , Martins P A F
Published: May 2009

In a previously published work, the current authors presented an analytical framework, built upon the combined utilization of membrane analysis and ductile damage mechanics, that is capable of modelling the fundamentals of single-point incremental forming (SPIF) of metallic sheets. The analytical framework accounts for the influence of major process parameters and their mutual interaction to be studied both qualitatively and quantitatively. It enables the conclusion to be drawn that the probable mode of material failure in SPIF is consistent with stretching, rather than shearing being the governing mode of deformation. The study of the morphology of the cracks combined with the experimentally observed suppression of neck formation enabled the authors to conclude that traditional forming limit curves are inapplicable for describing failure. Instead, fracture forming limit curves should be employed to evaluate the overall formability of the process.

The aim of this paper is twofold: (a) to compare the mechanics of deformation of SPIF, namely the distribution of stresses and strains derived from the analytical framework with numerical estimates provided by finite element modelling; and (b) to compare the forming limits determined by the analytical framework with experimental values. It is shown that agreement between analytical, finite element, and experimental results is good, implying that the previously proposed analytical framework can be utilized to explain the mechanics of deformation and the forming limits of SPIF.
Mutations in the U5 snRNA result in altered splicing of subsets of pre-mRNAs and reduced stability of Prp8
Authors: Kershaw Christopher J. , Barrass J. David , Beggs Jean D. , O'Keefe Raymond T.
Published: May 2009

The U5 snRNA loop 1 aligns the 5′ and 3′ exons for ligation during the second step of pre-mRNA splicing. U5 is intimately associated with Prp8, which mediates pre-mRNA repositioning within the catalytic core of the spliceosome and interacts directly with U5 loop 1. The genome-wide effect of three U5 loop 1 mutants has been assessed by microarray analysis. These mutants exhibited impaired and improved splicing of subsets of pre-mRNAs compared to wild-type U5. Analysis of pre-mRNAs that accumulate revealed a change in base prevalence at specific positions near the splice sites. Analysis of processed pre-mRNAs exhibiting mRNA accumulation revealed a bias in base prevalence at one position within the 5′ exon. While U5 loop 1 can interact with some of these positions the base bias is not directly related to sequence changes in loop 1. All positions that display a bias in base prevalence are at or next to positions known to interact with Prp8. Analysis of Prp8 in the presence of the three U5 loop 1 mutants revealed that the most severe mutant displayed reduced Prp8 stability. Depletion of U5 snRNA in vivo also resulted in reduced Prp8 stability. Our data suggest that certain mutations in U5 loop 1 perturb the stability of Prp8 and may affect interactions of Prp8 with a subset of pre-mRNAs influencing their splicing. Therefore, the integrity of U5 is important for the stability of Prp8 during splicing and provides one possible explanation for why U5 loop 1 and Prp8 are so highly conserved.
Functional stabilization of an RNA recognition motif by a noncanonical N-terminal expansion
Authors: Netter Catharina , Weber Gert , Benecke Heike , Wahl Markus C.
Published: May 2009

RNA recognition motifs (RRMs) constitute versatile macromolecular interaction platforms. They are found in many components of spliceosomes, in which they mediate RNA and protein interactions by diverse molecular strategies. The human U11/U12-65K protein of the minor spliceosome employs a C-terminal RRM to bind hairpin III of the U12 small nuclear RNA (snRNA). This interaction comprises one side of a molecular bridge between the U11 and U12 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles (snRNPs) and is reminiscent of the binding of the N-terminal RRMs in the major spliceosomal U1A and U2B″ proteins to hairpins in their cognate snRNAs. Here we show by mutagenesis and electrophoretic mobility shift assays that the β-sheet surface and a neighboring loop of 65K C-terminal RRM are involved in RNA binding, as previously seen in canonical RRMs like the N-terminal RRMs of the U1A and U2B″ proteins. However, unlike U1A and U2B″, some 30 residues N-terminal of the 65K C-terminal RRM core are additionally required for stable U12 snRNA binding. The crystal structure of the expanded 65K C-terminal RRM revealed that the N-terminal tail adopts an α-helical conformation and wraps around the protein toward the face opposite the RNA-binding platform. Point mutations in this part of the protein had only minor effects on RNA affinity. Removal of the N-terminal extension significantly decreased the thermal stability of the 65K C-terminal RRM. These results demonstrate that the 65K C-terminal RRM is augmented by an N-terminal element that confers stability to the domain, and thereby facilitates stable RNA binding.
Uridine insertion/deletion RNA editing in trypanosomatid mitochondria: In search of the editosome
Authors: Osato Daren , Rogers Kestrel , Guo Qiang , Li Feng , Richmond Greg , Klug Felix , Simpson Larry
Published: May 2009

The RNA ligase-containing or L-complex is the core complex involved in uridine insertion/deletion RNA editing in trypanosome mitochondria. Blue native gels of glycerol gradient-separated fractions of mitochondrial lysate from cells transfected with the TAP-tagged editing protein, LC-8 (TbMP44/KREPB5), show a ∼1 MDa L-complex band and, in addition, two minor higher molecular weight REL1-containing complexes: one (L*a) co-sedimenting with the L-complex and running in the gel at around 1.2 MDa; the other (L*b) showing a continuous increase in molecular weight from 1 MDa to particles sedimenting over 70S. The L*b-complexes appear to be mainly composed of L-complex components, since polypeptide profiles of L- and L*b-complex gradient fractions were similar in composition and L*b-complex bands often degraded to L-complex bands after manipulation or freeze–thaw cycles. The L*a-complex may be artifactual since this gel shift can be produced by various experimental manipulations. However, the nature of the change and any cellular role remain to be determined. The L*b-complexes from both lysate and TAP pull-down were sensitive to RNase A digestion, suggesting that RNA is involved with the stability of the L*b-complexes. The MRP1/2 RNA binding complex is localized mainly in the L*b-complexes in substoichiometric amounts and this association is RNase sensitive. We suggest that the L*b-complexes may provide a scaffold for dynamic interaction with other editing factors during the editing process to form the active holoenzyme or “editosome.”
Is there an alternative to simulation and theory in understanding the mind?
Authors: Mitchell Peter , Currie Gregory , Ziegler Fenja
Published: May 2009

This article is the author's response to two commentaries (Apperly, 2009; Harris, 2009) on their original article, ‘Two routes to perspective: Simulation and rule‐use as approaches to mentalizing’ (Mitchell, Currie, & Ziegler, 2009).
Development and Testing of a Laboratory Spray Table Methodology to Bioassay Simulated Levels of Aerial Spray Drift
Authors: Fritz Bradley K. , Hoffmann W. Clint , Parker Chris , López Juan D.
Published: May 2009

The objective of this work was to develop a repeatable methodology for bioassaying simulated levels of aerially applied glyphosate at deposition levels ranging from 1/3 to 1/100 of labeled rate at droplet sizes of 100 μm in a spray table environment. These drift deposition levels are consistent with downwind drift measurements out to 200 m seen in previous field studies focusing on quantitative drift assessment. Additionally, full rate applications were included for comparative purposes. The deposition levels were obtained by varying nozzle traverse speed and plant location under the nozzle. Ten replications were conducted at each targeted rate applying glyphosate to container grown-plant samples. Deposition was measured on Mylar cards through fluorometric analysis. Plant health measures [height and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI)] were taken at 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, and 14 days after treatment. An equal number of nontreated control plants were analyzed alongside treated plants. Deposition and plant health data were used to generate dose-response relationships. Dose-response curves relating change in plant height and change in measured NDVI values corresponding to deposition levels were generated. This methodology is one that can be implemented across a wide variety of plant and pesticide combinations. Collected data from this and future studies will be tested under field conditions and ultimately be included in application decision support systems that integrate spray drift modeling results with established dose-response relationships.
Long-term hormone replacement therapy preserves bone mineral density in Turner syndrome
Authors: Cleemann Line , Hjerrild Britta E , Lauridsen Anna L , Heickendorff Lene , Christiansen Jens S , Mosekilde Leif , Gravholt Claus H
Published: May 2009

Context

Reduced bone mineral density (BMD) and increased risk of fractures are present in many women with Turner syndrome (TS).

Objective

Examine longitudinal changes in BMD in TS and relate changes to biochemical parameters.

Design

Prospective, pragmatic, and observational study. Examinations at baseline and follow-up (5.9±0.7 years).

Setting

Tertiary hospital.

Participants

Fifty-four women with TS (43.0±9.95 years).

Interventions

Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and calcium and vitamin D supplementation.

Main outcome measures

BMD (g/cm2) measured at lumbar spine, hip, and the non-dominant forearm. Bone formation and resorption markers, sex hormones, IGF1, and maximal oxygen uptake.

Results

At follow-up, forearm BMD, radius ultradistal BMD, and hip BMD remained unchanged, radius 1/3 BMD declined (0.601±0.059 vs 0.592±0.059, P=0.03), while spine BMD increased (0.972±0.139 vs 1.010±0.144, P<0.0005). Bone formation markers did not change over time in TS. Bone resorption markers decreased over time in TS. Testosterone, IGF1, and maximal oxygen uptake was significantly reduced in TS.

Conclusion

Longitudinal changes in BMD in TS were slight. BMD can be maintained at most sites in well-informed women with TS, being encouraged to maintain a healthy lifestyle, including HRT and intake of calcium and vitamin D.
Predictors of access to pituitary tumor resection in the United States, 1988–2005
Authors: Mukherjee Debraj , Zaidi Hasan A , Kosztowski Thomas , Chaichana Kaisorn L , Salvatori Roberto , Chang David C , Quiñones-Hinojosa Alfredo
Published: May 2009

Objective

Surgery remains a common form of treatment for sellar and parasellar tumors involving the pituitary gland and adjacent structures. Studies have suggested that pituitary surgery procedures performed at high-volume centers are associated with less adverse outcomes, yet it remains unclear which types of patients are more likely to be admitted to such centers. We set out to determine which factors most influenced admission to these high-volume centers.

Methods

A retrospective analysis of the National Inpatient Sample over an 18-year period was linked to socioeconomic and environmental data contained within the Area Resource File. Only patients undergoing transsphenoidal surgery in the United States, >18-years-old were included. The primary outcome was admission to a high-volume (>25 pituitary surgeries/year) hospital.

Results

Overall, patients' odds of admission to a high-volume center increased over an 18-year time period. However, African–Americans (odds ratio, OR=0.46), Hispanics (OR=0.28), and Asians (OR=0.49) experienced declining odds of admission over time. Patients from high-income brackets (OR=1.53) and from areas with higher neurosurgeon density (OR=1.61) were more likely to be admitted to high-volume centers. Conversely, patients coming from counties with higher poverty (OR=0.92) were less likely to be admitted to high-volume centers.

Conclusion

Racial and socioeconomic factors play a significant role in the admission of patients to high-volume pituitary surgery centers. This study demonstrates potential key policy areas for meaningful intervention to help ease disparities in access to quality care for surgical pituitary disease.
An immunologically anomalous but considerably bioactive GH produced by a novel GH1 mutation (p.D116E)
Authors: Dateki Sumito , Hizukuri Kazuko , Tanaka Toshiaki , Katsumata Noriyuki , Katavetin Paravee , Ogata Tsutomu
Published: May 2009

Contex

Although GH values measured by an immunoassay usually reflect GH bioactivities, discrepancy exists between immunoactivity and bioactivity in a rare condition known as ‘bioinactive GH’.

Objective

To report an immunologically anomalous but considerably bioactive GH.

Methods

We performed mutational and functional analyses of GH1 in a 7-year-old Japanese boy with short stature (−3.0 s.d.) in whom serum GH values measured with a Tosoh immunoassay kit were all undetectable in three provocation tests, whereas urine GH value measured with a Hitachi immunoassay kit was within the normal range. Serum IGF-1 was at a low-normal range, and IGF-binding protein-3 was below the normal range.

Results

Mutation analysis showed a missense GH produced by a novel GH1 mutation (p.D116E) of paternal origin and a frameshift mutation (p.Q68fsX106) of maternal origin. Genotype–phenotype correlations in this family and in vitro functional studies indicated that the p.D116E-GH was immeasurable with the Tosoh kit but was measurable, though maybe not precise, with a Daiichi kit, and had a reduced in vivo bioactivity. The p.Q68fsX106 yielded no GH protein.

Conclusions

The results suggest that the p.D116E affects the GH epitope primarily recognized by the Tosoh kit but not by the Hitachi or the Daiichi kits, thereby producing an immunologically anomalous but considerably bioactive GH. The presence of such a hormone discordant for immunoactivity and bioactivity should be kept in mind, to allow for an appropriate assessment of endocrine data.
Cross-cultural and cultural comparative psychology in Hungary
Authors: Fülöp Márta
Published: May 2009

A jelen tanulmány a magyarországi pszichológiai és pszichiátriai szakfolyóiratokban megjelent publikációk alapján átfogó és kimerítő áttekintését adja a Magyarországon 1960 és 2008 között végzett kultúraközi és kulturális összehasonlító vizsgálatoknak. A kutatásokat részben időrendben, évtizedekre tagolva, részben tematikusan ismerteti. A tanulmány bemutatja, hogy az ország fokozatos nyitottá válása miként tette lehetővé magyar és külföldi kutatócsoportok együttműködését. Kiemelten kezeli a rendszerváltást, amely a kutatott témák, kutatott országok és a kutatásban résztvevő kollégák számának ugrásszerű növekedését eredményezte. A tanulmány célja, hogy az e területen felgyülemlett tudást és ismeretet egységben láttassa, és ezzel megalapozza a hazai kulturális összehasonlító pszichológiát mint hagyományokkal rendelkező önálló diszciplínát.
Native people of North America (the so called Indians): historical overview, ethnopsychological outline
Authors: Szegál Borisz
Published: May 2009

A tanulmány első része bemutatja, leírja, elemzi és értelmezi az indiánokkal összefüggő főbb fogalmakat. A fogalmak tisztázása igen fontos, mert éppen ezekben a kérdésekben mutatható ki egyértelműen a hiányos ismeretekre épülő félreértések és többé-kevésbé szándékosan félrevezető általánosítások sokasága. Ezután ismertetjük az észak-amerikai indiánok történetének etnopszichológiai szempontból fontosabb elemeit, kiemelve az Amerika felfedezése előtti évezredekre vonatkozó adatokat, majd áttérünk a bennszülött népek és az Európából egyre nagyobb számban érkező tömegek közötti kapcsolatokra. Az európai bevándorlók által provokált konfliktusok, később háborúk, népirtás, korlátozások és diszkrimináció, valamint az Európából behurcolt fertőző betegségek következtében az első amerikaiak nagy része elpusztult. Csak az utóbbi évtizedekben kezdett kibontakozni az amerikai indián restauráció. A tanulmány második részében bemutatjuk e különleges történelmi sorsú népek pszichológiai sajátosságait. Az etnopszichológiai kutatások igen fontos kérdése az adatgyűjtés módszertani jellemzői, az adatok validitása és megbízhatósága. Az érvek és ellenérvek mérlegelése alapján megkíséreljük az indiánok magatartásának, pszichés jellemzőinek felvázolását, a főbb indián értékek, attitűdök, magatartási sajátosságok bemutatását, mint például együttműködés, a csoport szelleme, a versengés hiánya, szerénység, visszafogott magatartás, perceptuális sajátosságokat, mint kiváló megfigyelőkészség stb.
The relationship between culture and psychiatry: cultural psychiatry
Authors: Szilágyi Gyöngyi
Published: May 2009

A tanulmány körvonalazza a kulturális pszichiátria kialakulását, kiemelve e tudományág megnevezésének a fejlődését, más tudományterületekkel való termékeny kapcsolatát és működési területének folyamatos bővülését. A kulturális pszichiátria egyik fókuszpontja a kultúra és a pszichopatológia kölcsönhatása, a biológiai, pszichológiai, szociális és kulturális tényezők hatása a kórképek megjelenési formáira és megnyilvánulási sajátosságaira. A szakirodalom alapján tárgyalja az ebből fakadó diagnosztizálási nehézségeket és az erre vonatkozó eltérő véleményeket. A kultúra különböző mértékű hatását elemezve a helyi gyógyítási eljárások, kulturálisan befolyásolt egyedi terápiák, és a modern pszichoterápiák kapcsán a tanulmány azt kívánja hangsúlyozni, hogy a pszichoterápia komplex folyamatában a kulturális tényező figyelembevétele elengedhetetlen. A megnövekedett migráció és a globalizáció világában a mentális egészség szempontjából a kulturális dimenzió fontossága megjelenik az elmegyógyászat területén is. Kiemelkedik a kulturális kompetencia fontossága a klinikai gyakorlatban, hogy a diagnosztizálás és a terápia folyamata egy adott kultúrkörhöz tartozó egyén jóllétét segíthesse elő.
Attitude towards mathematics among Chinese and Hungarian secondary school students
Authors: Sebestyén Nóra
Published: May 2009

A vizsgálat kínai és magyar diákok matematikához és matematika órához való hozzáállását tárta fel 234 (128 pekingi és 106 budapesti első és második osztályos) szakközépiskolás diák részvételével. Alapjául egy SCHOENFELD (1989) által kifejlesztett kérdőív szolgált, mely a tantárgyhoz való hozzáállást hat szempont alapján vizsgálta (siker és kudarc attribúciója; a diákok matematikával és matematikaórával kapcsolatos nézetei; az iskolai matematikára, angolra és társadalomtudományokra vonatkozó látásmód; a geometria természetéről vallott nézetek; motiváció; a teljesítményre és a matematikából való jó szereplés fontosságára vonatkozó adatok). Az eredmények statisztikailag igazoltan mutatnak rá a vizsgált területen belüli különbségekre, elsősorban az erőfeszítés (kínai mintában szerepe a teljesítményben meghatározóbb), a motiváció (magyar mintában fontosabb a büntetéstől való félelem és a tanulás kötelező volta), valamint a családi támogatottság tekintetében (kínai mintában mindkét szülő érdekelt a gyermek teljesítményében, valamint a matematikai teljesítményt több tényező bonyolult együtt járása határozza meg). Az eredmények segíthetnek a matematika hatékonyabb oktatásának megszervezésében, illetőleg a Magyarországon tanuló kínai gyermekekkel való hatékony pedagógiai bánásmód megtervezésében.
The psychology of relationship harmony in the East-Asian collectivistic societies
Authors: Indries Krisztián
Published: May 2009

Interdiszciplináris jellegű tanulmányomban a kultúraközi dialógus kiszélesítésére törekszem a keletázsiai alapvetően kollektivista szerkezetű társadalmak lokális lélektani diskurzusai, illetve a döntően individualistának tekintett nyugati kultúra pszichológiatudománya között. Az etnikus validitással rendelkező távol-keleti kultúrspecifikus lélektani magyarázóelvek és fogalmak a lokális naiv pszichológia részét képezik, ugyanakkor fokozatosan beszűrődtek a helyi tudományos lélektan, illetve társadalomtudományok diskurzusaiba, valamint empirikus kutatások is születtek egyes fogalmak vizsgálatára. Válaszként a kelet-ázsiai lokális pszichológiai diskurzusokra nyugati étikus elemzések, diskurzusanalitikus reflexiók is születtek, és a helyileg tárgyalt lelki és társas jelenségek közül egyesek bekerültek a kultúrközi pszichológia empirikus kutatásainak a fókuszába. A kelet-ázsiai kultúrák népi pszichológiájában gyökerező lokális lélektani diskurzusok autentikus fogalomrendszerének az alkalmazásával koherens és plauzibilis módon lehet magyarázni ezen kollektivista-interdependens szerveződésű társadalmak személyközi viszonyait, valamint az intrapszichikus történéseket, ami a kulturális relativizmus jegyében új értékes kulturális nézőpontokkal egészítheti ki a nyugati pszichológia szakmai főáramának etnocentrikus, leginkább az európai és az egyesült államokbeli lélektani iskolák kutatásaira épülő ismereteit.
Cultural differences in motivation to learn
Authors: Gordon Győri János
Published: May 2009

Mint számos kutatás kimutatta, a tanulással kapcsolatba hozható motivációk kulturális konstruktumok. A tanulmány az euro-amerikai és a kelet-ázsiai kultúra között jellegzetes különbségeket mutatja be ezen a téren. A kelet-ázsiai tanulók kevésbé konzisztens és kevésbé pozitív énképet hordoznak, mint nyugati társaik, ám – szemben azzal, ahogy a nyugati tanulási motivációelméletek alapján azt várni lehetne – a teljesítményüket ez nem befolyásolja negatív irányban, ami arra mutat, hogy tanulási motivációjuk viszonylag független ezektől a tényezőktől. A teljesítménymagyarázó attribúció terén a kelet-ázsiai diákok nagy hangsúlyt helyeznek az erőfeszítésre, kevésbé a képességek szerepére; a képességeket változó entitásnak tekintik, a teljesítményt pedig erősebben a szociális környezetükhöz kapcsolva ragadják meg, mint nyugati társaik, kevésbé individuálisan azoknál. A kelet-ázsiai tanulók esetében kevésbé egyértelműen választható el egymástól a külső és a belső motiváció; tanulási motivációs rendszerük leginkább a többszörös célelmélet fogalmi keretében magyarázható meg, vagyis csak a hagyományos nyugati külső/ belső motivációelmélet dichotómiájának meghaladásával. Az előzőekkel összhangban, társas tanulási helyzetekben például a kelet-ázsiai tanulók kevésbé követik a társas lazsálás elvét, mint nyugati társaik. A fenti példák is azt mutatják, hogy a kelet-ázsiai tanulók tanulási motivációs rendszere nem kielégítően magyarázható meg a nyugati pedagógiai pszichológiai magyarázóelvekkel, illetve hogy ez utóbbiakon a maguk etnocentrizmusa miatt gyökeresen változtatni kell, különben nem tudják kellő megbízhatósággal megmagyarázni a motiváció jelenségét a globalizálódó világban.
Perceptions of distributive justice and system justification: a cross-cultural comparison of two post-socialist countries
Authors: Berkics Mihály
Published: May 2009

Vizsgálatunkban két volt szocialista ország, Lengyelország és Magyarország válaszadóit hasonlítottuk össze a szerint, hogyan vélekednek az országaikban tapasztalható társadalmi viszonyok igazságosságáról. Az összehasonlítás különösen azért érdekes, mert megmutathatja, hogy a Magyarországon a rendszerváltás óta tapasztalható elégedetlenség mennyiben tulajdonítható a magával a rendszerváltással járó, sokszor problematikus és ellentmondásos társadalmi átalakulásnak. Az eredmények a két ország válaszadóinak hasonlóságát mutatják. A kutatás során megvizsgáljuk az igazságossággal kapcsolatos nézetek mérésére használt Likert-skálák alkalmazhatóságát is.
Academic cheating in higher education: a comparative examination among French and Hungarian business school students
Authors: Orosz Gábor
Published: May 2009

A jelen kutatásban magyar (98) és francia (131) közgazdászhallgatók felsőoktatási csalással kapcsolatos attitűdjeit és önbevalláson alapuló viselkedését vizsgáltuk. Elsősorban a kulturális különbségekre fókuszáltunk, viszont többek között megvizsgáltuk azt is, hogy a nem, az évfolyam, a tanulmányi átlagok, a várható büntetések nagysága, a sikeres csalás utáni pozitív vagy negatív érzések milyen összefüggésben állnak a csalás elfogadásával, illetve azzal, hogy az adott személy önbevallása alapján csalt-e az elmúlt félévben, vagy sem. A csalás elfogadását 14 olyan helyzet bemutatása segítségével mértük, amelyben a válaszadónak egy képzeletbeli tisztességtelen csoporttárs viselkedésének elfogadhatóságáról kellett döntenie. Az eredmények közül kiemelendő, hogy a magyar közgazdászhallgatók 83%-a legalább egyszer csalt az elmúlt félév során, míg ugyanez a franciáknak csupán 34%-ára igaz (χ2= 52,19; p = 0,001). Emellett a magyar hallgatók a franciákhoz képest a kérdőívben szereplő mind a 14 elképzelt szituációban szignifikánsan elfogadhatóbbnak ítélik a csalást (p = 0,01); szignifikánsan kevesebben élnek át negatív érzéseket csalás után (t = – 2,203, p = 0,031); szignifikánsan enyhébb büntetésre (χ2= 75,29; p = 0,001) számíthatnak; szerteágazóbb csalási eszköztárral rendelkeznek, mint francia társaik. A több szempontú varianciaanalízissel felállított hierarchikus modell azt mutatja, hogy kizárólag a büntetés nagysága (F = 34,429, p = 0,001) és a nemzetiség (F = 19,839, p = 0,001) van szignifikáns hatással a csalás elfogadására, és a nemzetiség a legerősebb hatású magyarázó változó.
Assessment of Trout Passage through Culverts in a Large Montana Drainage during Summer Low Flow
Authors: Burford D. Drake , McMahon Thomas E. , Cahoon Joel E. , Blank Matthew
Published: May 2009

We used a combination of methods to assess the degree of fish passage restriction from road culverts during summer low flow for westslope cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarkii lewisi and brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis across a large drainage basin. The FishXing fish passage model classified 41 of 45 (91%) culverts as barriers to upstream passage for 152-mm westslope cutthroat trout. Population sampling upstream and downstream of 23 culverts revealed little differences in westslope cutthroat trout or brook trout above and below culverts, although density declined upstream when culvert slopes exceeded 4.5% and outlet drops exceeded 20 cm. A passage experiment with marked trout at 12 culverts showed that the proportion of upstream movement averaged 2.45 times lower through culverts (mean, 0.37) than through natural stream reaches (mean, 0.63; χ2 = 26.2, P < 0.001). Outlet drop was the most important factor affecting passage success; probability of passage was low for small trout (<100 mm fork length) at outlet drops greater than 15 cm and for large trout (>100 mm) at outlet drops greater than 21 cm. Agreement between FishXing model predictions and observed upstream passage through test culverts was low overall (17%, n = 12); the model tended to overestimate the number of impassable culverts, underscoring a need for further field testing to refine the model. Overall, the high degree of upstream movement observed in our study for juvenile and adult westslope cutthroat trout and brook trout during the summer indicates that culvert passage is an important management consideration for stream salmonids during this period.
Walleye and Muskellunge Movement in the Manitowish Chain of Lakes, Vilas County, Wisconsin
Authors: Weeks Jordan G. , Hansen Michael J.
Published: May 2009

We quantified within-year and between-year movement of walleyes Sander vitreus and muskellunge Esox masquinongy in the Manitowish Chain of 10 interconnected lakes in Vilas County, Wisconsin. Beginning in May 2004, we marked 7,427 walleyes (55–2,720 fish/lake) and 491 muskellunge (24–99 fish/lake) with T-bar anchor tags and marked 33 walleyes and 36 muskellunge with radio tags. Tags were recaptured and recovered through October 2005 via fyke-netting, electrofishing, angling, and spearing. Anchor tag loss averaged 2.9% for walleyes and 2.1% for muskellunge. Of 1,752 anchor-tagged walleyes (19–555 fish/lake), 81% (54–90% per lake) were recovered in the same lake in which they were tagged. Of the 95 muskellunge tagged (1–18 fish/lake), 53% (0–100% per lake) were recovered in the same lake in which they were tagged. For radio-tagged fish, 82% (27 of 33 fish) of walleyes and 50% (18 of 36 fish) of muskellunge were recovered in the same lake in which they were tagged. Of 1,153 anchor tag returns for walleyes (8–326 fish/tag group and 6–340 fish/lake) and 57 anchor-tag returns for muskellunge (1–17 fish/tag group and 1–12 fish/lake), 76% of walleyes (37–98% per lake) and 45% of muskellunge (0–100% per lake) were found in the same lake in spring 2004 and spring 2005. Our results indicate that most walleyes remained in the same lake during the year of tagging and between years, whereas half of all muskellunge did not remain in the same lake during the tagging year or between years. We recommend that walleye angling and spearing fisheries be managed for individual lakes and that muskellunge fisheries be managed for the entire chain of lakes.
Management of obesity in adolescents: state of art
Authors: Godoy-Matos Amélio F. De , Guedes Erika Paniago , Souza Luciana Lopes de , Martins Mariana Farage
Published: May 2009

Increasing prevalence of obesity in children and adolescents might represent an emerging public health issue. Pathogenesis of obesity is multifactorial and involves a complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors. Adolescent obesity has been seen as a cosmetic problem only; nevertheless, a significant increase in cardiovascular risk, probably due to obesity-related metabolic disarrangement has been observed. Consequently, discussion on strategies for treating childhood and adolescent obesity has been promoted worldwide. The proposed treatment triad is life style modification, pharmacological, and surgical treatment. Although lacking definitive data, drug therapy has emerged as an efficacious tool, at least in adolescent obesity. Therefore, sibutramine and orlistat may be good therapeutic options when life style modifications alone do not work.
The first decade of sibutramine and orlistat: a reappraisal of their expanding roles in the treatment of obesity and associated conditions
Authors: Coutinho Walmir
Published: May 2009

Ancillary therapies for weight management, consisting mainly of diet and exercise programs that incorporate variable levels of lifestyle modification techniques, are frequently ineffective to achieve clinically meaningful weight loss and maintenance. Although pharmacological treatment of obesity is widely used in most countries, the number of available drugs is still very limited. The most widely used anti-obesity agents are sibutramine and orlistat, both available in clinical practice for about a decade. A large number of clinical trials have demonstrated that both agents are safe and well tolerated, with a level of efficacy in the moderate weight loss recommended by the most relevant clinical guidelines. Several studies have assessed the efficacy and safety of sibutramine and orlistat in adolescents and also for the treatment of some associated conditions in adults, including type 2 diabetes, polycystic ovary syndrome and binge eating disorder. The positive results of these studies suggest an expanding role for both agents, not only for the treatment of obesity, but also for associated conditions. After the efficacy of orlistat for the prevention of type 2 diabetes demonstrated in the XENDOS study, the results of SCOUT study are awaited for a better evaluation of sibutramine impact on cardiovascular outcomes.
Recurrência da Hepatite C após transplante hepático de doador vivo e falecido
Authors: Coelho Júlio Cezar Uili , Okawa Luciano , Parolin Mônica Beatriz , Freitas Alexandre Coutinho Teixeira de , Matias Jorge E. Fouto , Matioski Alysson Rogério
Published: May 2009

OBJETIVO: Determinar a recurrência da hepatite C em pacientes submetidos a transplante hepático de doador vivo comparados com os submetidos a transplante hepático de doador falecido. MÉTODOS: Do total de 333 transplantes hepáticos, 279 (83,8%) eram de doador falecido e 54 (16,2%) de doador vivo. Hepatopatia crônica pelo vírus da hepatite C foi a indicação mais comum tanto de transplante hepático de doador falecido (82 pacientes) como de doador vivo (19 pacientes). O protocolo de estudo eletrônico de todos pacientes com hepatopatia crônica pelo vírus da hepatite C foi avaliado. Os dados coletados foram analisados estatisticamente conforme a idade, sexo, resultado dos exames laboratoriais, recidiva do vírus da hepatite C e rejeição aguda. RESULTADOS: O total de 55 transplantes hepáticos de doador falecido e 10 de doador vivo realizados em pacientes com cirrose hepática pelo vírus da hepatite C, foi incluído no estudo. As características clínicas e laboratoriais pré-transplante dos dois grupos foram similares, exceto o tempo de atividade de protrombina que foi maior no grupo de transplante hepático de doador falecido do que no de doador vivo (P = 0,04). A recidiva da hepatite C foi similar nos grupos de transplante hepático de doador falecido (n = 37; 69,3%) e de doador vivo (n = 7; 70%) (P = 0,8). A incidência de rejeição aguda foi igual no grupo de transplante hepático de doador falecido (n = 27; 49%) e no grupo de doador vivo (n = 2; 20%) (P = 0,08). A recurrência do vírus da hepatite C nos pacientes do grupo de transplante hepático de doador falecido que receberam pulsoterapia (9 de 11 pacientes) foi similar aos demais pacientes (28 de 44 pacientes) (P = 0,25). A recurrência também foi similar nos pacientes do grupo de transplante hepático de doador vivo que receberam pulsoterapia (1 de 1 paciente) em relação aos que não receberam (6 de 9 pacientes) (P = 0,7). CONCLUSÕES: A recurrência do vírus da hepatite C é similar nos receptores de transplante hepático de doador falecido e de doador vivo.
Endoscopic follow-up of cyanoacrylate obliteration of gastric varices
Authors: Martins Fernanda Prata , Macedo Erika Pereira de , Paulo Gustavo Andrade de , Nakao Frank Shigueo , Ardengh José Celso , Ferrari Angelo Paulo
Published: May 2009

Bleeding from gastric varices is a life-threatening condition. We report our experience with cyanoacrylate injection. Twenty three patients with portal hypertension and gastric varices underwent intra-variceal injection of a cyanoacrylate/lipiodol solution (1:1). Study endpoint was variceal obliteration. Mean follow-up was 25.3 months. Variceal obliteration was achieved in 87% of patients. Recurrence occurred in one patient (4.3%) and rebleeding in another case (4.3%). Mild abdominal pain was described in 13% of patients. Overall mortality was 21.7% and rebleeding related mortality rate was 4.3%. Our results confirm that cyanoacrylate injection is effective and safe to eradicate gastric varices.
Mineralogia da fração areia de latossolo roxo do município de Piracicaba, SP
Authors: Rodrigues E.M. , Marconi A.
Published: May 2009

A mineralogia da fração pesada e o arredondamento do quartzo, da fração areia dos horizontes B, de dois perfis de latossolo roxo, do município de Piracicaba, SP, foram estudados com o objetivo de verificar a proveniência do material de origem dos solos e a possível ocorrência de descontinuidades litológicas. Os resultados mostram rochas básicas como material de origem, com contribuição dos arenitos da formação Botucatu, mas deixam em dúvida a presença de descontinuidades litológicas.
Parâmetros da rede de drenagem de solos da região de Iracemápolis (SP)
Authors: França G.V. , Demattê J.A.M.
Published: May 2009

Com o objetivo de utilizar parâmetros da drenagem determinados em fotografias aéreas em áreas de latossolos argilosos e solos podzólicos de textura arenosa/média ou média/argilosa, assim como dos solos rasos associados, estudou-se quantitativamente a composição das redes de drenagem de unidades de mapeamento desses solos. A área de estudo, com tamanho aproximado de 600km², está localizada na Depressão Periférica Paulista, na região de Iracemápolis-SP. Foi feito o estudo das bacias hidrográficas de terceira ordem de ramificação, selecionadas pelo princípio da semelhança geométrica. Analisaram-se o número, comprimento total e comprimento médio de segmentos de rios, em amostras constituídas por bacias e por amostras circulares. Os valores da densidade de drenagem, tanto das bacias como das áreas circulares, mostraram diferenças entre os grupos de latossolos argilosos e os grupos de solos podzólicos. Além disso, esse parâmetro distinguiu também as unidades de mapeamento compostas, principalmente para solos podzólicos.
Bilateral mandibular canines with two roots and two separate canals: case report
Authors: Victorino Fausto Rodrigo , Bernardes Ricardo Affonso , Baldi Jarcio Victorio , Moraes Ivaldo Gomes de , Bernardinelli Norberti , Garcia Roberto Brandão , Bramante Clovis Monteiro
Published: May 2009

The mandibular canine is usually considered a single-rooted tooth with a single root canal. However, two canals and more rarely two roots may also occur. This paper reports the case of a patient with bilateral mandibular canines with two roots and two root canals. The initial periapical radiographs of the mandibular right and left canines for endodontic treatment revealed the presence of two roots in each tooth. After coronal opening, the cervical third was prepared with a SX file of the ProTaper® system and root canal length was confirmed using Root ZX electronic apex locator. Root canal preparation was completed with the series of ProTaper® instruments and the root canal was filled with gutta-percha and an epoxy resin-based endodontic sealer according to Tagger's hybrid technique. The final radiographs showed two well-obturated canals ending at the electronically located apexes. The 6-month posttreatment follow-up showed apparent clinical and radiographic success. Clinicians should always consider the presence of anatomical variations in the teeth during endodontic treatments. Despite the low prevalence, variations may occur in the number of roots and root canals of mandibular canines, as demonstrated in this case report.
Temperatura base inferior e estacionalidade de produção de genótipos diplóides e tetraplóides de azevém
Authors: Müller Liziany , Manfron Paulo Augusto , Medeiros Sandro Luís Petter , Streck Nereu Augusto , Mittelmman Andréa , Dourado Neto Durval , Bandeira Andriéli Hedlund , Morais Katiule Pereira
Published: May 2009

O trabalho tem por objetivo estimar a temperatura base (Tb) para três genótipos diplóides (Comum, Fepagro São Gabriel e LE 284) e dois tetraplóides (Avance e INIA Titán) de azevém. Com os valores de Tb, o trabalho também permitiu investigar se esses genótipos podem apresentar estacionalidade de produção, auxiliando no planejamento alimentar dos rebanhos. Foram realizadas cinco datas de semeadura (11/05, 07/06, 05/07, 09/08 e 01/09/2007) em Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul (RS). Os métodos utilizados para cálculo de Tb foram o da menor variabilidade ou desvio padrão e do desenvolvimento relativo ou equação de regressão. Os valores de Tb, para os genótipos diplóides, variam entre 7,0 e 8,5°C, já os valores para os tetraplóides variam de 9,0 a 10,6°C, dependendo do método de estimativa da Tb. As pastagens de azevém com germoplasma diplóide não possuem risco de estacionalidade de produção, mas os tetraplóides, com destaque para o Avance, poderão ter seu crescimento e desenvolvimento reduzidos nos meses de junho a agosto, em Santa Maria, em função das temperaturas mínimas do ar.
Concretos refratários preparados com alumina hidratável: efeito dos dispersantes
Authors: Oliveira I. R. , Pandolfelli V. C.
Published: May 2009

Uma alumina de transição capaz de formar fases hidratadas em água tem sido utilizada como ligante hidráulico alternativo para concretos refratários. Entretanto, têm-se observado que a secagem de concretos preparados com este ligante é normalmente mais lenta do que no caso de composições contendo cimento. Essa característica pode favorecer a pressurização do vapor de água gerado no interior do concreto durante a secagem, podendo culminar na explosão do revestimento refratário. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo relacionar o tipo de aditivo utilizado no processamento de concretos refratários com seu comportamento de secagem e resistência mecânica, por meio da atuação do aditivo na dispersão da matriz do concreto e no mecanismo de hidratação do ligante. Embora a dispersão das partículas do ligante mostre-se primordial no desenvolvimento das fases hidratadas, o total recobrimento da superfície das partículas pelo aditivo ácido cítrico desfavoreceu a hidratação gerando defeitos nos corpos e comprometendo a sua aplicação. Por outro lado, os aditivos poliméricos foram apontados como os mais efetivos para conciliar dispersão e desenvolvimento de fases hidratadas com conseqüente ganho de resistência mecânica.
Os modelos multiestágios de maturidade: um breve relato de sua história, sua difusão e sua aplicação na gestão de pessoas por meio do People Capability Maturity Model (P-CMM)
Authors: Silveira Victor Natanael Schwetter
Published: May 2009

O objetivo deste artigo teórico é discutir o desenvolvimento e a aplicação de modelos multiestágios de maturidade nas organizações e, em particular, o modelo de maturidade People Capability Maturity Model ou P-CMM (Curtis, Hefley, & Miller, 1995, 2002), uma metodologia inovadora que busca mensurar o nível de maturidade em gestão de pessoas nas organizações. A partir de um esforço de pesquisa bibliográfica do tema, o artigo, de caráter teórico e exploratório, recupera o desenvolvimento histórico recente dos modelos de maturidade e apresenta suas principais contribuições. Inicialmente são apresentados os fundamentos teóricos dos modelos baseados em estágios. Em seguida discute-se a difusão desses modelos na área organizacional. Finalmente, apresenta-se o modelo P-CMM e discute-se sua metodologia e aplicação. Observa-se que o P-CMM promove um diagnóstico e uma orientação dos processos organizacionais, mensurando a progressão dos estágios de maturidade, orientando, em cada estágio, as práticas consistentes para desenvolver, organizar e gerar a melhoria contínua na gestão das pessoas.