bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effective use of Authentic Materials in the English Language Classrooms
Authors: Srinivas Rao Parupalli
Published: July 2019

Due to the technological innovations, the twenty-first century has witnessed tremendous changes in all walks of life. The new technology abetted the extant educational system and it gifted the contemporary educational system with a newfangled drift. As a result, there have been several innovations in the field of education and English has no exception. The concept of teaching English has drastically changed and the present generation of teachers as well as the learners depend more on the latest technology that brings a greater change in teaching and learning. In the modern world, the teachers of English have been using a variety of teaching materials in order to satisfy the needs and interests of the learners. In this process, they also go for the authentic materials in addition to the prescribed textbooks with an aim to improve the standards of the learners and to develop their learners’ language skills enormously in the regular English classrooms. According to Peacock (1997), “Authentic materials are more motivating for students, even lower level students, than artificial materials”. Furthermore, Briton (1991 cited in Qura, 2001) states, “Authentic materials relate more closely to learners’ need, for they build a connection between the language classroom and the outside world. The teachers have to use all the available authentic materials such as newspapers, magazines, story books, movies, radio, TV ads, songs, label products, bus or train timetables, realia like phones and dolls so that the learners show more interest towards their leaning. As authentic materials play a vital role in promoting the learners’ learning and creates interests among learners to learn the English language in a natural way with proper motivation, the teachers of English should use these authentic materials in their day-to-day teaching profession.

The present paper brings to light to the effective use of authentic materials by the teachers in the English language classrooms. For this purpose, this paper initially discusses the advantages of authentic materials in the field of education. Then this paper brings out the importance of the authentic materials that are used in the English language classrooms. Later, this paper emphasizes primarily on the effective use of the authentic materials and how they assist the teachers in their teaching and also how they help the learners to learn English in a better and easier way. Finally, this paper gives some expedient hints both to the teachers and the learners of English to how improve their teaching and learning skills colossally using the authentic materials in the English classrooms.
Transformation of Tribals through MGNREGA in Attappady Block of Palakkad District, Kerala Some Case studies
Authors: Lakshmi Devi V P , Boraian M P
Published: July 2019

MGNREGS is a mammoth employment programme, launched more than a decade ago in the rural diaspora of the Indian sub-continent, with a massive annual budget of Rs.60,000crore, aimed at eradicating rural poverty and unemployment in one stroke, targeting a multitude of mainstream rural workers, as well as vulnerable categories such as the adivasis, the aged, the differently abled and disabled persons. Acclaimed as a model by most other countries, MGNREGS entitles every worker with wage employment for 100 days, augments their income and forms the base for a sustainable rural livelihood. With a plethora of studies made on the impact of this scheme on poverty eradication, the present study conducted in early 2019, concentrates on its impact on the primitive and nomadic tribal groups in Attappadi , a tribal- prominent block in Palakkad district of Kerala State. Conducted primarily thro’ Case studies, the present research highlights the role of the scheme in achieving not only the intended outcome, but also its unintended outcome. The study has profiled the role of the scheme in not only providing livelihood to all the workers, but also in restoring the normal life of persons with disabilities such as mental depression, speech and visual impairment.The mentally and physically challenged workers, who were hitherto confined to their homes or settlements and were a frustrated lot, are now able to ease their depression, while working, and interacting with fellow workers, and find cheer and solace in their company.

Besides, it has provided physical safety, economic security, and social status to the deserted women, divorcees, and children with disabilities. Though living in poverty, the fellow workers have proved that they have concern and commitment for not only their distraught co-workers but also for their distressed family members. By sharing the work of the weak and the vulnerable at the worksite, they have demonstrated that “humanitarianism” exists amidst destitution and deprivation and “compassion and camaraderie” are the primary assets of the workers, than poverty and backwardness.
Application of Demonstration Method in Writing Text Procedure at SMA Pasundan 1 Cianjur
Authors: Sudiastuti Windy
Published: July 2019

This article discusses the significance of differences in the ability to write text of complex procedures before and after using the demonstration method and then to observe the interest of student learning in grade XI SMA Pasundan 1 Cianjur. The method used is a quasi-experimental study involving one study group by giving pretest as a preliminary test and postes as a final test to see the difference of learning result then use questionnaire to see interest in learning. Processing results of pretest and postes value, calculated using the help of SPSS application, from wilcoxon test results obtained 0.000 significance meaning less than 0.05 indicates the difference of learning outcomes before and after applied method of demonstration then student learning interest showed good response with 100% answer want to relearn with this method. It was concluded that the application of demosntration method in writing text of complex procedure in class XI of Pasundan 1 Cianjur High School can give significant difference of learning result and student's learning interest showed good attitude.Keywords: demonstration methods, complex text procedures.
Seni Beluk: Context and Lyrics
Authors: Manggala Intan Noviati
Published: July 2019

This article will examine one of Cianjur's local wisdoms, namely beluk art, its context and rumpaka. The data were obtained by descriptive analytical method,that is to examine and describe seni beluk qualitatively. Seni beluk is a type of art that is closely related to wawacan literature that uses pupuh rules. Commonly, seni beluk is performed at the 40 days old-baby birth ceremony, but gradually the pattern of life of society develops so that seni beluk is not only presented at the 40 days old-baby ceremony but also at a ceremonial event related with circumcision , wedding and religion ceremonials. Considering its presentation,  seni beluk still holds the tradition and culture the of ancestors.Keywords:beluk, local wisdom, lyrics
Toponymy and Cultural Value of Village Names in Bojong
Authors: Rohmawati Iis
Published: July 2019

This article describes the aspects of toponymy and cultural values of village names in Bojong. The research method used descriptive, with observation, interview, and content analysis techniques. The research was carried out in Bojong, Karangtengah district, with the research objects of Ciburial, Ciroyom, and Kaum villages. The first result is, the three names of villages found in Bojong are categorized into three aspects of toponymy, namely the physical, social and cultural aspects. Secondly, there are cultural values in the stories of the three village names based on beliefs, social or individual interactions in groups and cultural values that relate to people's occupation from the past to the present. Therefore, the Village Head of Bojong can utilize local culture as a village asset.Keywords: Toponymy aspects, cultural values.
Implementation of Imaginative Sugestion Method by Using Audio Visual Media in Learning Poetry Writing
Authors: Budiansah Andri Firman
Published: July 2019

The research is led by the problems on student’s skill in writing poetry in eight grade SMPN 3 Cipanas cianjur. Imaginative suggestion method with audio visual media does not only create comfortable atmosphere but also give suggestion that develop students amaginative skill. The research design used in this study is One Group Pre-test Post-test. The design is aimed to find out the result of the subject and to show how well the final results of each subject. Based on the results, it is shown that there is a significant difference of students’ ability of writing poetry before and after using Imaginative Suggestion method With Visual-Audio Media, it is proven by calculation with t-test obtained t arithmetic is 2.68 and t table price t 0,05 ie 2.04. it shows that t count (2.68)> t table (2.04). Then it can be concluded that the results of implementing Imaginative Suggestion method With Visual-Audio Media on Poetry Writing is effective.Keywords: imaginative suggestion method, audio-visual media, poetry writing
Students’ Responses Toward Kahoot Application in Indonesian Subject
Authors: Rosdiana Lilis Amaliah
Published: July 2019

This article aims to describe university students' responses toward Kahoot! application in Indonesian subject. Kahoot! application is commonly played by gamers in their smartphone. However, the writer used this application as a medium of teaching Bahasa Indonesia, more specifically during the quiz. The quiz was conducted once in the session of the subtopic Ejaan Yang Disempurnakan (EYD). The research method used in this study was descriptive method, with questionnaire as the research instrument. The results show that the students were more motivated, more enthusiastic and able to manage their time to think throughout the quiz. There was no tense atmosphere, and all students seemed happy and enthusiastic in answering each question. The Students and the lecturer were able to utilize their smartphones for something they never imagined before, that was, to learn by utilizing Kahoot! application.Keywords: students' responses, Kahoot! application, Indonesian subject
Gender and Structural Adjustment in Pakistan
Authors: Rafi Khan Shahrukh , Ahmad Mehnaz
Published: July 2019

We review the change in the socio-economic condition of women
during the intensive period of structural adjustment (1987/88 onwards) in
their role as producers, as home managers and as mothers. In their role as
producers, overall female labour force participation increased such that their
share in the labour force virtually tripled. However, over this period there
has also been a dramatic decline in female self-employment and a more
dramatic rise in the female unemployment rate. In their role as home
managers, women confronted a more than doubling of the sensitive price
index and a cut in consumption subsidies as a percent of the budget by
about two-thirds. The price of wheat, from which the poor derive almost
three-fifths of their caloric intake and three-fourths, also more than
doubled. In their role as mothers, data show that compared to 1987-88,
education expenditure as a percent of GNP has been constant while that of
health has actually declined.
MIMIC models for uniform and non-uniform DIF as moderated mediation models
Authors: Montoya Amanda Kay , Jeon Minjeong
Published: July 2019

In this note we describe how multiple indicators multiple cause (MIMIC) models for studying uniform and non-uniform differential item functioning (DIF) can be conceptualized as mediation and moderated mediation models. Conceptualizing DIF within the context of a moderated mediation model helps us understand DIF as the effect of some variable on our measurements which is not accounted for by the latent variable of interest. In addition, this allows us to apply useful concepts and ideas from the mediation and moderation literature: (1) improving our understanding of uniform and non-uniform DIF as direct effects and interactions, (2) understanding the implication of indirect effects in DIF analysis, (3) clarifying the interpretation of the “uniform DIF parameter” in the presence of non-uniform DIF, and (4) probing interactions and using the concept of “conditional effects” to better understand the patterns of DIF across the range of the latent variable.
PEMENUHAN HAK KONSTITUSIONAL MASYARAKAT PENGANUT KEPERCAYAAN LOKAL DALAM PEMILIHAN UMUM
Authors: Adi Syaputra Muhammad Yusrizal , Nasution Mirza
Published: July 2019

Kedudukan Negara Indonesia sebagai negara hukum yang melaksanakan prinsip demokrasi secara tegas diatur oleh UUD 1945. Konsekuensi Indonesia sebagai negara hukum adalah adanya persamaan didepan hukum dan pemerintahan bagi setiap warga negara sebagaimana yang diatur dalam Pasal 27 ayat (1) UUD 1945. Salah satu akibat hukum yang ditimbulkan dari Pasal 27 ayat 1 UUD 1945 adalah bahwa setiap warga negara yang memenuhi syarat untuk memilih dalam pemilihan umum haru diakomodir hak pilih dan memilihnya oleh negara. Kelompok masyarakat penganut kepercayaan lokal di Indonesia adalah bagian dari warga negara Indonesia yang memiliki persamaan kedudukan didepan hukum dan pemerintahan. Kelompok masyarakat penganut kepercayaan lokal Indonesia yang tersebar di beberapa daerah seperti masyarakat penganut parmalim di Sumatera Utara, Sunda Wiwitan di Jawa Barat, Sapto Darmo di Jawa Tengah dan Masyarakat penganut Marapu di Sumba dan lainnya. Dalam konteks pelaksanaan hak-hak politik warga negara masih ditemukan ketidakadilan dan diskriminasi diantara masyarakat mayoritas kepada masyarakat minoritas melalui regulasi dan kebijakan terkait pemilihan umum, misalnya masih banyak ditemukan masyarakat yang menganut kepercayaan lokal tidak memiliki KTP Elektronik sehingga tidak terdaftar sebagai pemilih tetap untuk memilih dalam pemlihan umum. Penelitian ini mengkaji tentang Bagaimana perlindungan hak konstitusional penganut aliran kepercayaan dalam pemilihan umum berdasarkan sistem ketatanegaraan Indonesia? Dan apakah Setelah diterbitkannya Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor perkara 97/PUU-XIV/2016, penganut aliran kepercayaan dapat menjadi pemilih dalam pemilihan umum tanpa harus mengadopsi salah satu dari ke-enam agama yang diakui di Indonesia. Kata Kunci: Hak Konstitusional, Pemilihan Umum, Penganut Aliran Kepercayaan.
Factors affecting the efficiency of the catalytic purification of air from pollutants
Authors: V.V. Kurylev , S.N. Vladimirov
Published: July 2019

In the article, the influence of the intensity of ultraviolet radiation to the media photocatalytic air purification. Conducted research and made a choice of material based on its durability performance, resistance and efficiency of air purification. It is noted that the substrate can be nonwoven materials, glass balls of various size, porous ceramics, paper, etc. Defined methods of applying the photocatalyst to the carrier material. Designed and manufactured experimental setup to determine the static resistance to air flow. Reviewed the design of the experimental setup to determine the static resistance to air flow. Based on the obtained results we note that the minimum resistance to any air flow creates a synthetic non-woven material based on polyethylene terephthalate. Nonwoven fabric based on natural wool keeps the particles of photocatalyst and creates a relatively small resistance at high speed air flow. Media made from sintered glass beads do not lose the nanoparticles at any speed of flow.
The use of white clover in agriculture
Authors: E.V. Gorbkova
Published: July 2019

The article considers problems of increase of efficiency of use of agricultural land. Summarized experimental data on cultivation of white clover in different countries. Recommendations on the improvement of soil fertility. Summarizes experimental data obtained during the research works on the study of white clover under irrigation for non-Chernozem zone, Moscow region on the production site «Dubna» in 2012–2014 Considered the agrotechnics of cultivation of white clover to obtain high-protein feed for livestock. It is noted that the white clover is a promising crop, contributes to the restoration of soil resources is used to produce low cost biological nitrogen needs irrigation. It is established that the maximum productivity is achieved clover 70...75 day from the date of sowing. Late sowing white clover adversely affects the growth and development of plants. To solve the fodder problem, it is recommended the advanced sowing of white clover, as in the context of irrigation, it is able to give good yields. It is noted that the clover well grown for silage, green manure, as feed additive in the form of hay. Perhaps the use of clover in crop rotation for conservation and reproduction of soil fertility. Clover is recommended to strengthen the slopes of roads and ditches for erosion control, as already in the first year of vegetation it forms a strong root system to 60 cm depth.
Scientific substantiation of rational technology of irrigation for the regions of mountain agriculture in the Republic of Azerbaijan
Authors: Z.G. Aliev , G. Mamaedova , KH. Aikhan
Published: July 2019

The article considers the problem of scientific substantiation of rational technology of irrigation for the region, mountain agriculture in the Republic of Azerbaijan. The authors observed that the need to replace open irrigation network in earthen channel with improved irrigation devices. The authors have developed concepts for the irrigation of slopes with different slope. It is noted that the advantage of irrigation microbiota is the reduction of soil erosion, uniform humidification across the width of the aisles and along the length of the field, reduction of surface relief and increase productivity.
Synthesis and biological evaluation of truncated derivatives of abyssomicin C as antibacterial agents
Authors: Monjas Leticia , Fodran Peter , Kollback Johanna , Cassani Carlo , Olsson Thomas , Genheden Maja , Larsson D G Joakim , Wallentin Carl-Johan
Published: July 2019

The synthesis and antibacterial activity of two new highly truncated derivatives of the natural product abyssomicin C are reported. This work outlines the limits of structural truncation of the natural product and consequently provides insights for further structure–activity relationship studies towards novel antibiotics targeting 4-amino-4-deoxychorismate (ADC) synthase. Specifically, it is demonstrated that the synthetically challenging bicyclic motif is essential for activity towards methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).
Sensitivity to Gamma-Ray Bursts of a Nanosatellite MeV Telescope with a Silicon Tracker
Authors: Rando Riccardo , Canevarolo Sofia , Xiao Hubing , Bastieri Denis
Published: July 2019

We propose a nanosatellite Compton telescope based on a silicon tracker, both as a fast and low-cost mission for astrophysics in the MeV regime and as a pathfinder for future large-scale Compton orbital observatories. In this paper we assess the sensitivity of such an instrument for the observation of gamma-ray bursts.
A Radial Velocity Survey of Embedded Sources in the Rho Ophiuchi Cluster
Authors: Sullivan Timothy , Wilking Bruce A. , Greene Thomas P. , Lisalda Lindsey , Gibb Erika L. , Ejeta Chemeda
Published: July 2019

We present the results of a radial velocity survey of young stellar objects (YSOs) in early stages of evolution in the core of the L1688 molecular cloud. New and archival spectra obtained with four high-resolution infrared spectrographs were analyzed using Markov chain Monte Carlo techniques that simultaneously fit for the radial velocity, T
eff, v sin i, and veiling by comparison with synthetic spectra. The radial velocity distribution for 32 objects, most with Class I or flat-spectrum spectral energy distributions, is marginally Gaussian, with a higher dispersion relative to optical surveys at the 2σ level. When comparing the results from both proper-motion and radial velocity surveys in L1688, there is a trend for the 1D dispersions to be higher for samples of Class I/flat-spectrum YSOs that reside in the cloud core compared to Class II/III dominated samples, which are located in the lower extinction periphery. In addition, there is a velocity gradient along the major axis of the cloud core that appears more pronounced than that derived from optically visible objects at the cloud edges. If these higher dispersions for Class I/flat-spectrum objects are confirmed by future surveys, this could imply a supervirial state for the less evolved objects in the cloud core and be a signature of the initial collapse and rebound of the cluster as suggested by recent simulations of cluster evolution.
Precise Photometric Transit Follow-up Observations of Five Close-in Exoplanets: Update on Their Physical Properties
Authors: Chakrabarty Aritra , Sengupta Sujan
Published: July 2019

We report the results of the high-precision photometric follow-up observations of five transiting hot Jupiters, WASP-33b, WASP-50b, WASP-12b, HATS-18b, and HAT-P-36b. The observations are made from the 2 m Himalayan Chandra Telescope at Indian Astronomical Observatory, Hanle, and the 1.3 m J. C. Bhattacharyya Telescope at Vainu Bappu Observatory, Kavalur. This exercise is a part of the capability testing of the two telescopes and their back-end instruments. Leveraging the large aperture of both the telescopes used, the images taken during several nights were used to produce the transit light curves with high photometric signal-to-noise ratio (>200) by performing differential photometry. In order to reduce the fluctuations in the transit light curves due to various sources such as stellar activity, varying sky transparency, etc., we preprocessed them using wavelet denoising and applied a Gaussian process correlated noise modeling technique while modeling the transit light curves. To demonstrate the efficiency of the wavelet denoising process we have also included the results without the denoising process. A state-of-the-art algorithm used for modeling the transit light curves provided the physical parameters of the planets with more precise values than reported earlier.
Maximum Mass of Differentially Rotating Strange Quark Stars
Authors: Szkudlarek Magdalena , Gondek-Rosińska Dorota , Villain Loïc , Ansorg Marcus
Published: July 2019

We present the first fully relativistic numerical calculations of differentially rotating strange quark stars models for broad ranges of the maximum density and of the degree of differential rotation. Our simulations are performed with the very accurate and stable multi-domain spectral code FlatStar and use the MIT Bag model for describing strange quark matter. Our calculations, based on a thorough exploration of the solution space, show that the maximum mass of strange stars depends on both the degree of differential rotation and a type of solution, similar to neutron stars. The highest increase of the maximum mass (compared to the value for a non-rotating star) is obtained for models with a low degree of differential rotation. This highest mass is over four times larger than that of the equivalent non-rotating configuration. Comparing our results with calculations done for realistic models of neutron stars, we conclude that for small degrees of differential rotation, strange stars can sustain masses much larger than stars made from nuclear matter, which reinforces the hope of demonstrating, or of ruling out, the existence of strange matter through observation of the gravitational waves, gamma-rays, or neutrinos of the massive material object born from the merger of a compact binary system or during some supernova events.
Conditions for Reionizing the Universe with a Low Galaxy Ionizing Photon Escape Fraction
Authors: Finkelstein Steven L. , D’Aloisio Anson , Paardekooper Jan-Pieter , Russell Ryan Jr.  , Behroozi Peter , Finlator Kristian , Livermore Rachael , Sanderbeck Phoebe R. Upton , Vecchia Claudio Dalla , Khochfar Sadegh
Published: July 2019

We explore scenarios for reionizing the intergalactic medium with low galaxy ionizing photon escape fractions. We combine simulation-based halo mass–dependent escape fractions with an extrapolation of the observed galaxy rest-ultraviolet luminosity functions to solve for the reionization history from z = 

. We explore the posterior distributions for key unknown quantities, including the limiting halo mass for star formation, the ionizing photon production efficiency, and a potential contribution from active galactic nuclei (AGNs). We marginalize over the allowable parameter space using a Markov chain Monte Carlo method, finding a solution that satisfies the most model-independent constraints on reionization. Our fiducial model can match observational constraints with an average escape fraction of <5% throughout the bulk of the epoch of reionization if (i) galaxies form stars down to the atomic cooling limit before reionization and a photosuppression mass of log(M
h/M
⊙) ∼ 9 during/after reionization (−13 < M
UV,lim < −11), (ii) galaxies become more efficient producers of ionizing photons at higher redshifts and fainter magnitudes, and (iii) there is a significant but subdominant contribution by AGNs at z ≲ 7. In this model, the faintest galaxies (M
UV > −15) dominate the ionizing emissivity, leading to an earlier start to reionization and a smoother evolution of the ionized volume-filling fraction than models that assume a single escape fraction at all redshifts and luminosities. The ionizing emissivity from this model is consistent with observations at z = 4–5 (and below, when extrapolated), in contrast to some models that assume a single escape fraction. Our predicted ionized volume-filling fraction at z = 7 of

 = 78% (±8%) is in modest (∼1σ–2σ) tension with observations of Lyα emitters at z ∼ 7 and the damping-wing analyses of the two known z > 7 quasars, which prefer

 ∼ 40%–50%.
Radius Inflation at Low Rossby Number in the Hyades Cluster
Authors: Jaehnig Karl , Somers Garrett , Stassun Keivan G.
Published: July 2019

Radius inflation continues to be explored as a peculiar occurrence among magnetically active, low-mass stars. Recently, Somers & Stassun showed that radius inflation among low-mass stars in the young open cluster M45 (Pleiades Cluster) is correlated to the rotation rate: faster rotators are more inflated. Here we extend that work to a sample of 68 stars of the older open Hyades Cluster. We derive the stars’ spectral energy distributions to measure their bolometric fluxes. With spectroscopically defined T
eff and Gaia distances we calculate stellar radii using the Stefan–Boltzmann relation. We find numerous stars that exhibit significant (3–4σ) radius inflation relative to a nominal cluster isochrone. We compare these results to that of the younger Pleiades and consider radius inflation as a function of open cluster evolution. We find that unlike the Pleiades, there is not a statistically significant correlation between radius inflation and stellar rotation period. However, we do find that most inflated stars have (rapid) rotational Rossby numbers of 0.1–0.2, such that the correlation of radius inflation with Rossby number is statistically significant at 99.98% confidence. Because the canonical rotation-activity relation of low-mass stars is understood to result from the connection between magnetic activity and surface convection, our results imply that magnetic activity within the convective layers of low-mass stars is what preferentially drives radius inflation.
A Search for High-energy Counterparts to Fast Radio Bursts
Authors: Cunningham Virginia , Cenko S. Bradley , Burns Eric , Goldstein Adam , Lien Amy , Kocevski Daniel , Briggs Michael , Connaughton Valerie , Miller M. Coleman , Racusin Judith , Stanbro Matthew
Published: July 2019

We report on a search for high-energy counterparts to fast radio bursts (FRBs) with the Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor, Fermi Large Area Telescope, and the Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory Burst Alert Telescope. We find no significant associations for any of the 23 FRBs in our sample, but report upper limits to the high-energy fluence for each on timescales of 0.1, 1, 10, and 100 s. We report lower limits on the ratio of the radio to high-energy fluence, f

r
/f

γ
, for timescales of 0.1 and 100 s. We discuss the implications of our non-detections on various proposed progenitor models for FRBs, including analogs of giant pulses from the Crab pulsar and hyperflares from magnetars. This work demonstrates the utility of analyses of high-energy data for FRBs in tracking down the nature of these elusive sources.
Angular Momentum in Bipolar Outflows: Dynamical Evolutionary Model
Authors: López-Vázquez J. A. , Cantó J. , Lizano S.
Published: July 2019

We model molecular outflows produced by the time-dependent interaction between a stellar wind and a rotating cloud envelope in gravitational collapse, studied by Ulrich. We consider spherical and anisotropic stellar winds. We assume that the bipolar outflow is a thin shocked shell, with axial symmetry around the cloud rotation axis, and obtain the mass and momentum fluxes into the shell. We solve numerically a set of partial differential equations in space and time and obtain the shape of the shell, the mass surface density, the velocity field, and the angular momentum of the material in the shell. We find that there is a critical value of the ratio between the wind and the accretion flow momentum rates β that allows the shell to expand. As expected, the elongation of the shells increases with the stellar wind anisotropy. In our models, the rotation velocity of the shell is in the range of 0.1–0.2 km s−1, a factor of 5–10 lower than the values measured in several sources. We compare our models with those of Wilkin & Stahler for early evolutionary times and find that our shells have the same sizes at the pole, although we use different boundary conditions at the equator.
Evaluating Geographic Patterns of Morphological Diversity in Ferns and Lycophytes Using Deep Neural Networks
Authors: White Alexander , Trizna Michael , Frandsen Paul , Dorr Laurence , Dikow Rebecca , Schuettpelz Eric
Published: July 2019

With digitized herbarium specimens and associated metadata accumulating rapidly in open access repositories, we are now able to exploit data-hungry computer vision techniques in order to evaluate fundamental questions in plant evolution. High among the list of unknowns is the role that ecological factors, such as morphological similarity, play in mediating biogeographic patterns of taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity. Here, we integrate deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) into a biogeographic study of morphological, taxonomic, and phylogenetic diversity in ferns and lycophytes. We show how CNNs and digitized specimens can be used to extract quantitative estimates of morphospace occupation, and we use these techniques to evaluate diversity-disparity relationships within ferns across latitudes. We also discuss how CNNs can be used to overcome logistical obstacles arising from modern workflows involving millions of images.
Answering Research Questions Using Semantic Traits
Authors: Mabee Paula
Published: July 2019

Phenoscape has developed methods to render phylogenetic characters from the systematic literature machine computable and interoperable with genetic data from model organisms, by annotating them with taxon, anatomy, quality, other ontologies. Moving these trait data into a semantic framework enables their integration with other data types and provides the potential for powerful new computational tools to aid discovery. For example, trait similarities can be quantified, assessed against phylogenetic trees to determine whether they are based in homology or homoplasy, and linked back to candidate genes. Another example is the ability to automatically construct a matrix on the fly, for a user-selected set of traits and taxa. Guidelines for consistent representation of characters have been developed through manual annotation of over 20,000 systematic characters. These represent a limited number of design patterns that are applicable to traits from any source. The level of detail to which characters are annotated will influence how they may be used in research; a minimal approach will still enable basic trait aggregation. Manual curation effort is substantial and does not scale well to biodiversity traits. Natural Language Processing (NLP) methods, using our newly developed Gold Standard for semantic traits, can accelerate annotation from published text, particularly with well-provisioned ontologies. Efforts to establish new trait databases might profitably explore machine learning for morphological discrimination and semantic annotation from digitized images for a high-throughput approach.
From Field Observations and Plant Specimens to a Trans-continental Knowledge Base: Efficient, semantically rich integration of highly heterogeneous plant phenological data
Authors: Stucky Brian , Deck John , Walls Ramona , Guralnick Robert
Published: July 2019

Ideally, an information system that automates the integration of disparate datasets should be able to minimize the loss of information from any one dataset, achieve computational complexity suitable for working with large datasets, be flexible enough to easily incorporate new data sources, and produce output that is easily analyzed and understood by data users. Achieving all of these goals within highly heterogeneous and highly complex data domains is a major challenge. In this talk, we present the results of our recent efforts to develop such a system for data about plant phenology. Our data integration system, which is built around the Plant Phenology Ontology, currently supports semantically fine-grained integration of phenological data from both field observations and herbarium specimens. We show that even with a heavily axiomatized ontology and sophisticated, machine-reasoning-based data analysis, it is possible to implement a high-throughput data integration pipeline capable of processing millions of individual records in a matter of minutes while running on modest, server-class hardware. Success requires careful ontology design and judicious application of machine reasoning techniques. We also discuss some of the many challenges that remain for designing efficient, general-purpose data integration systems.
Distributed, but Global in Reach: Outline of a de-centralized paradigm for biodiversity data intelligence
Authors: Franz Nico , Gilbert Edward , Sterner Beckett
Published: July 2019

We provide an overview and update on initiatives and approaches to add taxonomic data intelligence to distributed biodiversity knowledge networks. "Taxonomic intelligence" for biodiversity data is defined here as the ability to identify and renconcile source-contextualized taxonomic name-to-meaning relationships (Remsen 2016). We review the scientific opportunities, as well as information-technological and socio-economic pathways - both existing and envisioned - to embed de-centralized taxonomic data intelligence into the biodiversity data publication and knowledge intedgration processes.

We predict that the success of this project will ultimately rest on our ability to up-value the roles and recognition of systematic expertise and experts in large, aggregated data environments. We will argue that these environments will need to adhere to criteria for responsible data science and interests of coherent communities of practice (Wenger 2000, Stoyanovich et al. 2017). This means allowing for fair, accountable, and transparent representation and propagation of evolving systematic knowledge and enduring or newly apparent conflict in systematic perspective (Sterner and Franz 2017, Franz and Sterner 2018, Sterner et al. 2019).

We will demonstrate in principle and through concrete use cases, how to de-centralize systematic knowledge while maintaining alignments between congruent or concflicting taxonomic concept labels (Franz et al. 2016a, Franz et al. 2016b, Franz et al. 2019). The suggested approach uses custom-configured logic representation and reasoning methods, based on the Region Connection Calculus (RCC-5) alignment language. The approach offers syntactic consistency and semantic applicability or scalability across a wide range of biodiversity data products, ranging from occurrence records to phylogenomic trees. We will also illustrate how this kind of taxonomic data intelligence can be captured and propagated through existing or envisioned metadata conventions and standards (e.g., Senderov et al. 2018).

Having established an intellectual opportunity, as well as a technical solution pathway, we turn to the issue of developing an implementation and adoption strategy. Which biodiversity data environments are currently the most taxonomically intelligent, and why? How is this level of taxonomic data intelligence created, maintained, and propagated outward? How are taxonomic data intelligence services motivated or incentivized, both at the level of individuals and organizations? Which "concerned entities" within the greater biodiversity data publication enterprise are best positioned to promote such services? Are the most valuable lessons for biodiversity data science "hidden" in successful social media applications? What are good, feasible, incremental steps towards improving taxonomic data intelligence for a diversity of data publishers?
Twelve new and exciting Annonaceae from the Neotropics
Authors: Maas Paul J.M. , Westra Lubbert Y.Th. , Chatrou Lars W. , Verspagen Nadja , Rainer Heimo , Zamora Nelson A. , Erkens Roy H.J.
Published: July 2019

As a result of concerted efforts of the community of Annonaceae taxonomists, increasingly detailed knowledge of the diversity of the Neotropical genera has been documented. With the exception of just two large genera, Annona and Xylopia, all Neotropical Annonaceae have been revised within the last 25 years. Subsequent to these publications, many new specimens have been collected and sent to us in Leiden for identification. These included a number that, despite the advanced state of taxonomic knowledge, proved to represent rarely collected, undescribed species. Here we describe 12 new species of Annona, Guatteria, Klarobelia, Tetrameranthus, and Xylopia. These species serve to illustrate the still underestimated diversity of the Neotropical flora, even in well studied plant groups like Annonaceae.
Cave millipede diversity with the description of six new species from Guangxi, China
Authors: Liu Weixin , Wynne J. Judson
Published: July 2019

We synthesized the current knowledge of cave-dwelling millipede diversity from Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region (Guangxi), South China Karst, China and described six new millipede species from four caves from the Guilin area, northeastern Guangxi. Fifty-two cave-dwelling millipedes are known for the region consisting of 38 troglobionts and 14 troglophiles. Of the troglobionts, 24 are presently considered single-cave endemics. New species described here includeHyleoglomerisrukouqusp. nov.andHyleoglomerisxuxiakeisp. nov.(Family Glomeridae),Hylomusyuanisp. nov.(Family Paradoxosomatidae),Eutrichodesmusjianjiasp. nov.(Family Haplodesmidae),Trichopeltisliangfengdongsp. nov.(Family Cryptodesmidae), andGlyphiulusmaocunsp. nov.(Family Cambalopsidae). Our work also resulted in range expansions ofPacidesmustrifidusGolovatch & Geoffroy, 2014,BlingulussinicusZhang & Li, 1981 andGlyphiulusmelanoporusMauriès & Nguyen Duy-Jacquemin, 1997. As with many hypogean animals in Southeast Asia, intensive human activities threaten the persistence of both cave habitats and species. We provide both assessments on the newly described species’ distributions and recommendations for future research and conservation efforts.
Two new species of the genus Microplitis Förster, 1862 (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Microgastrinae) from China
Authors: Zhang Wangzhen , Song Dongbao , Chen Jiahua
Published: July 2019

Two new species of Microplitis Förster, 1862, M.bomiensis Zhang, sp. nov., and M.paizhensis Zhang, sp. nov. from Tibet, China are described and illustrated. A key to the species of the genus Microplitis Förster from China is added.
La réforme du droit du travail de 2017
Authors: Carelli Rodrigo
Published: July 2019

Cet article présente la réforme du droit du travail menée au Brésil en 2017, en l’analysant par rapport aux événements survenus depuis le renversement de la Présidente élue en 2016. Le rôle actif de la Cour suprême est également souligné, ainsi que les procédures antidémocratiques de la réforme. Les principaux points modifiés dans la loi sont abordés, ainsi que les éléments qui nous portent à croire qu’il s’agit d’un travail inachevé, qui ne pourrait être qu’une séquence dans le gouvernement d’extrême droite élu au Brésil.
Réformes d’envergure pour la résolution des contentieux individuels du travail
Authors: Suzuki Hiromasa
Published: July 2019

La détérioration du marché du travail à partir des années 1990 a amené les contentieux individuels du travail à augmenter considérablement. Prenant conscience d’une grande lacune institutionnelle dans ce domaine, les pouvoirs publics ont adopté, depuis 2001, des réformes administratives et judiciaires d’envergure. Les plus importantes sont la création de bureaux préfectoraux pour le conseil, la conciliation et la médiation, l’instauration d’un tribunal du travail et l’adoption de la loi sur le contrat de travail. Malgré ces réformes en faveur des salariés, les recours à ces instances sont relativement peu nombreux, probablement en raison des coûts impliqués par les procès.
Comment faire émerger le vrai coût du risque financier en gestion de fortune ? Une critique de MIFID-II
Authors: Munier Bertrand , Menk-Bertrand Ève
Published: July 2019

Les retraits de fonds sous gestion dans les banques privées et les autres institutions de gestion de fortune ont récemment surpris par leurs montants, mettant parfois en péril la rentabilité momentanée des institutions qu’ils quittent. Le présent article propose donc de procéder à une gestion proactive du risque-client, appuyée sur une explication convaincante de tels retraits. Une application innovante de l’article 25 de la réglementation MIFID-II aurait pu en fournir une base adaptée à cette fin. Cet article montre qu’il n’en est rien, en raison des modalités mises en oeuvre généralement choisies, reposant sur des questionnements fixes et des scores qualitatifs, conduisant à des résultats opposés à ceux que la notion d’adéquation-client souhaitait atteindre. Au-delà de ce constat, l’article propose une vue synthétique de l’évolution de l’analyse du risque et suggère que seule la notion actuelle de tolérance au risque généralisée, dépassant la vision héritée de Von Neumann et Morgenstern, conduit à l’explication recherchée. Les auteurs recommandent alors des outils digitaux interactifs, appuyés sur ce modèle et « apprenant » vite le profil de risque de l’investisseur, pour mettre en oeuvre une gestion proactive du risque-client. Une telle solution restaure dans le même temps une véritable conformité à la réglementation MIFID-II. Classification JEL : G21, G28 .
Pourquoi le risque diversifiable est-il encore rémunéré ?
Authors: Trainar Philippe
Published: July 2019

La théorie économique enseigne que le prix du risque diversifiable est nul. Or le prix des risques les mieux diversifiables et couverts par les assureurs dans le cadre d’un marché a priori concurrentiel, comme l’assurance auto, ne tend pas vers zéro et n’a même pas tendance à diminuer sur le long terme. Ce paradoxe s’explique par la combinaison de nombreux facteurs qui le plus souvent n’ont pas de valeur en eux-mêmes, mais qui doivent être combinés pour arriver à un tableau à peu près fidèle de la réalité. L’objectif du présent article est de fournir des éléments de réflexion permettant de mieux comprendre les facteurs déterminants de la situation effective sur le marché. Dans une première partie, nous reviendrons sur la notion de risque, de risque diversifiable et de prix du risque diversifiable, afin de nous assurer de ce qui est vraiment supposé tendre vers zéro. Dans une deuxième partie, nous examinerons les différentes causes de cette déviation et chercherons à valider certaines d’entre elles, sans toutefois recourir à la rigueur de l’analyse quantitative qui outrepasse les limites du présent article. Dans une troisième partie, nous nous demanderons pourquoi on n’observe pas, à tout le moins, une tendance à la baisse du prix du risque diversifiable. Dans une quatrième partie, nous examinerons le rôle ambivalent de la régulation prudentielle de l’assurance à cet égard, le terme « ambivalent » étant strictement factuel, sans aucune connotation négative. Classification JEL : G11, G12, G22, G28.
La puissance publique face au prix effectif du risque
Authors: Bureau Dominique
Published: July 2019

Pour intégrer le prix du risque dans les décisions publiques, la Commission Gollier proposait d’intégrer des « primes de risque pour la collectivité » dans le calcul économique, favorisant les projets à caractère assurantiel vis-à-vis des aléas sur le niveau de richesse global et pénalisant ceux dont les fondamentaux sont corrélés à l’activité économique. L’analyse des raisons pour lesquelles la mise en œuvre tarde conduit notamment à souligner le besoin de cohérence entre la prime de risque macroéconomique et le taux d’actualisation. Le champ d’application dépasse celui de l’évaluation des investissements publics, ou encore des politiques environnementales. On a besoin de telles références aussi pour l’évaluation des politiques de prévention des risques sociaux, pour guider l’État-actionnaire en matière de coût moyen pondéré du capital de ses opérateurs, et pour la fixation des redevances d’accès par les régulateurs sectoriels. Mais il faut alors intégrer que les politiques correspondantes prennent place dans des contextes de second rang, ceci nécessitant d’aller plus loin dans l’explicitation de l’articulation entre évaluation et gestion du risque. Classification JEL : D61, D78, H43.
Le prix du risque climatique et le prix du carbone
Authors: Gollier Christian
Published: July 2019

Face à l’externalité globale que constitue le changement climatique, il existe un consensus fort parmi les économistes académiques en faveur de l’instrument de prix pour internaliser une externalité et pour soutenir au moyen d’une taxe un prix du carbone universel, en raison de la nature globale de l’externalité climatique. Toutefois, compte tenu des très fortes incertitudes à long terme pesant sur la dynamique du climat, sur les progrès technologiques verts, sur la crédibilité des engagements des différents pays, sur la croissance économique et donc sur l’évolution des émissions, la détermination de ce prix constitue encore aujourd’hui un défi colossal pour les économistes du climat. Il s’agit de valoriser des actions présentes générant un flux de bénéfices économiques et environnementaux, ce qui est très compliqué dans ce contexte. Dans cet article, j’offre une synthèse de mes travaux récents sur le sujet en présentant les deux méthodes possibles : l’approche coût-bénéfice dans laquelle le prix du carbone est la valeur actualisée du flux des dommages évités en réduisant les émissions actuelles d’une tonne de CO 2 et l’approche coût-efficacité dans laquelle un budget de CO 2 pour le siècle est fixé a priori , le prix du carbone étant la variable duale de cette contrainte climatique. Classification JEL : G12, H23, Q54, Q58 .