bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nationalism, ethnic conflict, and job competition: non‐Russian collective action in the USSR under perestroika†
Authors: KOLSTØ PÅL
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT. The article examines the effects of job competition on ethnic relations within a multinational state. It argues that demographic increase leads to competition for blue‐collar jobs while an increase in the number of graduates from higher education leads to competition over elite jobs. In the first case, people risk unemployment, in the second, blocked career opportunities. Mass‐level unemployment may lead to anger‐driven mass riots, while an intelligentsia will formulate more rational strategies to eliminate threatening competitors from the labour market. One such strategy is to insist that the state ought to be a national state, in which the national elites will be in control. While questions of identity no doubt also may have an enormously mobilising power in times of national resurgence, identity issues are normally intimately intertwined with interest politics. These mechanisms are traced in the history of ethnic mobilisation in the Soviet Union and the post‐Soviet states during and after perestroika.
Appearance Investment and Everyday Interpersonal Functioning: An Experience Sampling Study
Authors: Forand Nicholas R. , Gunthert Kathleen C. , German Ramaris E. , Wenze Susan J.
Published: August 2010

Several studies have shown that body satisfaction affects interpersonal functioning. However, few have studied the specific interpersonal correlates of another important body image dimension, appearance investment—that is, the importance a woman places on appearance. We used an experience sampling design with PDA (personal digital assistant) devices to assess how 92 college women's appearance investment is related to perceptions of everyday social interactions and to investigate the association of these perceptions with mood and self-esteem. For 1 week, participants completed electronic diaries of their mood, self-esteem, and perceptions of one-on-one interactions. High appearance investment was associated with a stronger relationship between perceived communion of the interaction and negative mood and self-esteem. Notably, highly appearance-invested women did not report differences in average momentary levels of perceived communion or agency in interactions, negative mood, or self-esteem when compared to women with lower appearance investment. In contrast, women with low body satisfaction reported lower average perceptions of communion and self-esteem as well as higher average negative mood compared to women with higher body satisfaction, but no relationships among perceptions and self-esteem and mood were found. Thus, self-esteem and negative mood in women high in appearance investment might be contingent on perceptions of communion in interactions, even though they appear to have average levels of mood and self-esteem in general. This mood and self-esteem contingency could predispose appearance-invested women to psychological distress or eating pathology.
New species of Barwing Actinodura (Passeriformes: Sylviinae: Timaliini) from the Western Highlands of Vietnam
Authors: EAMES JONATHAN C. , TRAI LE TRONG , CU NGUYEN , EVE ROLAND
Published: August 2010

On the basis of field observations and museum diagnosis of two specimens collected from Ngoc Linh in the Western Highlands (sometimes termed Central Highlands) of Vietnam, we here describe a new species of Actinodura. This species is most closely related to A. ramsayi of Burma, China, Laos, Thailand and Vietnam. Among other differences, it has a distinctive black crown ‐ a feature otherwise unknown in the genus Actinodura, of which it is the southernmost known taxon. It occurs in montane evergreen forest from at least about 1100–2400 m asl and is likely to occur widely in this habitat and at this altitude elsewhere in the Western Highlands and in adjacent Laos. We present notes on the taxonomic affinities, ecology, behaviour and conservation of this new species.

A partir d'observations effectuées sur le terrain et de l'analyse en laboratoire de deux spécimens collectés au Mont Ngoc Linh dans le massif de Kontum, nous décrivons ici une nouvelle espèce du genre Actinodura. Cette espèce est la plus proche de A. ramsayi de Chine, Birmanie, Laos, Thaïlande et Viêt‐nam. Elle possède une calotte noire distincte, un caractère jusqu'à présent inconnu du genre Actinodura dont elle occupè l'atire la plus mAeridionale connue. Cette espèce vit dans la forêt sempervirente de montagne entre 1100 m et 2400 m d'altitude et se trouve probablement dans un habitat et à une altitude similaires dans les montagnes environnantes du massif de Kontum et du Laos adjacent. Nous présentons ici des informations sur la taxonomie, l'écologie, le comportement et la conservation de cette nouvelle espèce.
Mortality and survival of African Penguins Spheniscus demersusinvolved in the Apollo Seaoil spill: an evaluation of rehabilitation efforts
Authors: UNDERHILL LESLIE G. , BARTLETT PETER A. , BAUMANN LUKAS , CRAWFORD ROBERT J.M. , DYER BRUCE M. , GILDENHUYS ANDRE , NEL DEON C. , OATLEY TERENCE B. , THORNTON MEREDITH , UPFOLD LEISHA , WILLIAMS ANTHONY J. , WHITTINGTON PHILIP A. , WOLFAARDT ANTON C.
Published: August 2010

The bulk ore carrier Apollo Seasank near Dassen Island, South Africa, on 20 June 1994 during a period of winter storms. Approximately 10 000 African (Jackass) Penguins Spheniscus demersuswere oiled, collected and transported to the SANCCOB rescue centre; 5213 were released after cleaning, 4076 with flipper bands. We believe that most of the penguins oiled during this incident reached an island or the mainland alive, and that there was no mass mortality in the wild at the time of the oil spill. Birds from all parts of the breeding range were oiled, but most were from Robben and Dassen Islands. The overwhelming majority of released birds made the transition from the rescue centre to the wild successfully; 2652 had been resighted at breeding colonies within two years of their release; the cumulative number of birds was increasing steadily and an asymptote had not been reached by August 1996. There was a wide dispersal of released penguins, with recoveries and resightings over 1800 km of coastline between Algoa Bay and Walvis Bay.
Initial winter flock formation in the Willow Tit Parus montanus. Do immigrating juveniles assess the quality of territorial adults?
Authors: HAFTORN SVEIN
Published: August 2010

In the Willow Tit Parus montanus, forming of winter flocks starts shortly after the juveniles have become independent of their parents. In the early phase of flock formation the juveniles roam about prospecting for suitable winter territories. They visit several occupied territories in succession and seek contact with the territory holders. I describe the behaviour of juveniles during such encounters with adult conspecifics. I suggest that, by approaching adults closely and behaving specifically, juveniles gain important information on the adults' innate qualities; this may affect the settling juveniles' future survival.
Energy metabolizability and nutrient digestibility in the Black‐billed Magpie Pica pica
Authors: HARPER1 E. JEAN , CLARK COLETTE , MACDONALD DAVID W.
Published: August 2010

Energy metabolizability (ME) and nutrient digestibility were investigated in a captive colony of nine adult Black‐billed Magpies Pica pica over a 12‐day period. The mean digestibility coefficients ranged from 0.84 for protein to 0.94 for fat and were generally close to those of other birds. Mean daily protein intake was 10.5 g/bird which was relatively high compared with the values reported for other species. Raptor studies have also reported high protein intakes which not only reflects the diet composition but may suggest that meat‐eating birds have a high protein requirement. The magpies exhibited an energy metabolizability of 324.3 kJ ME/100 g wet mass intake which corresponded well with the value of 328.8 Id ME/100 g calculated using the standard poultry equation. The measured ME intakes of the magpies were all higher than the values predicted using published allometric equations. The data from the magpies were combined with those of other studies on raptorial birds to derive an equation to predict daily ME requirement: ME (kJ) = 15.16M0.65 We propose that this equation predicts the daily ME requirements of birds of 100–1500 g.
Human Capital Investment: The Returns from Education and Training to the Individual, the Firm and the Economy
Authors: Blundell Richard , Dearden Lorraine , Meghir Costas , Sianesi Barbara
Published: August 2010

This paper provides a non‐technical review of the evidence on the returns to education and training for the individual, the firm and the economy at large. It begins by reviewing the empirical work that has attempted to estimate the true causal effect of education and training on individual earnings, focusing on the recent literature that has attempted to control for potential biases in the estimated returns to education and training. It then moves on to review the literature that has looked at the returns from human capital investments to employers. Lack of suitable data and methodological difficulties have resulted in a paucity of studies that have carried out sound empirical work on this issue. In the final part of the review, we look at the work that has tried to assess the contribution of human capital to national economic growth at the macroeconomic level. This work has generally involved using either a ‘growth accounting’ theoretical framework or ‘new growth’ theories. Although the empirical macroeconomic evidence that accompanies this work does not generally allow one to distinguish between the two approaches, there is a substantial body of evidence on the contribution of education to economic growth.
Expenditure Incidence in Africa: Microeconomic Evidence
Authors: Sahn David E. , Younger Stephen D.
Published: August 2010

In this paper, we examine the progressivity of social sector expenditures in eight sub‐Saharan African countries. We employ dominance tests, complemented by extended Gini/concentration coefficients, to determine whether health and education expenditures redistribute resources to the poor. We find that social services are poorly targeted. Among the services examined, primary education tends to be most progressive and university education is least progressive. The benefits associated with hospital care are also less progressive than other health facilities. Our results also show that, while concentration curves are a useful way to summarise information on the distributional benefits of government expenditures, statistical testing of differences in curves is important.
Tax‐Aided Financial Services Companies and the Cost of Capital
Authors: Hespel Annick , Mignolet Michel
Published: August 2010

Over the past two decades, the governments of several European countries have implemented special tax devices to attract the finance centres of multinational companies. This paper determines how the cost of capital for investments made by multinationals is affected by the tax regimes, bringing into play the Irish financial services company, the Belgian co‐ordination centre, the Dutch finance company and the Luxemburg company coupled with a Swiss finance branch. It gives evidence that intermediation of a tax‐aided services company in the financing scheme of a foreign subsidiary provides an important tax saving. However, the home and source countries' tax regimes influence the hierarchy of the less heavily taxed treasury and finance centres. The methodology relies on the marginal effective tax rates theory and consists of an extension of Alworth's (1988) model to include treasury centres.
Indirect tax reform and the role of exemptions
Authors: Creedy John
Published: August 2010

This paper examines the question of whether indirect tax rates should be uniform, using four different modelling strategies. First, marginal tax reform is examined. This is concerned with the optimal direction of small changes in effective indirect tax rates and requires considerably less information than the calculation of optimal rates. Second, the welfare effects of a partial shift from the current indirect tax system in Australia towards a goods and services tax (GST) are considered, with particular emphasis on differences between household types and the role of exemptions. Third, in view of the stress on a distributional role for exemptions of certain goods from a GST, the potential limits to such redistribution are considered. The fourth approach examines the extent of horizontal inequity and reranking that can arise when there are non‐uniform tax rates. These inequities arise essentially because of preference heterogeneity.
Local fiscal equalisation based on fiscal capacity: the case of Austria
Authors: Schneider Martin
Published: August 2010

This paper deals with local fiscal equalisation in Austria. The system of intergovernmental relations in Austria includes different regulations in order to equalise differences in the fiscal capacity of the municipalities. This leads to so‐called ‘compensation effects’, because additional revenues from a local government's own tax are (at least partly) compensated by losses from equalisation grants. This paper carries out a detailed analysis of these compensation effects. It is shown that they create strong fiscal disincentives for the local governments: on average, 55 per cent of additional revenues from the communal tax (which is the most important of a local government's own taxes) are compensated by losses of equalisation grants. In extreme cases, local governments can lose up to 144 per cent of the additional tax yields collected. These local governments would be better off if they made no effort to increase their tax base.
Ownership and Production Costs: Choosing between Public Production and Contracting‐Out in the Case of Swedish Refuse Collection
Authors: Ohlsson Henry
Published: August 2010

Many comparisons of public and private firms use a public/private ownership dummy variable to capture cost differences. If, however, public and private firms use different production technologies, the dummy‐variable approach is misspecified. Data from public and private firms should not be pooled. Secondly, selectivity bias may arise, making it more difficult to identify cost differentials that actually exist. Thirdly, if data should be pooled, the resulting empirical model may be logically inconsistent. This paper compares public and private firms using the refuse collection costs of 170 firms in 115 Swedish municipalities. First, public production costs were 6 per cent lower than private production costs. Secondly, cost differences did not affect producer choice. It is crucial to adjust for selectivity. Data for private and public firms should not be pooled. The dummy‐variable model is misspecified.
Educational inequality: the widening socio‐economic gap
Authors: Machin Stephen , Vignoles Anna
Published: August 2010

In this paper, we consider research on links between higher education and family background, focusing particularly on the experiences of two cohorts of individuals born in 1958 and 1970. The findings point to a rise in educational inequality during the period relevant to these two cohorts. Specifically, links between educational achievement and parental income / social class strengthened during this period. Furthermore, a person's actual (measured) ability became a poorer predictor of whether they would get a degree than was previously the case. The expansion of higher education in the UK during this period appears to have disproportionately benefited children from richer families rather than the most able. Furthermore, the labour market success or failure of individuals became more closely connected to their parents' income, revealing a fall in the extent of intergenerational mobility over time.
Data and Measurement Issues in the Analysis of Health Disparities
Authors: Bilheimer Linda T. , Klein Richard J.
Published: August 2010

Objective. To describe measurement challenges and strategies in identifying and analyzing health disparities and inequities.

Methods. We discuss the limitations of existing data sources for measuring health disparities and inequities, describe current strategies to address those limitations, and explore the potential of emerging strategies.

Principal Findings. Larger national sample sizes are necessary to identify disparities for major population subgroups. Collecting self‐reported race and granular ethnicity data may reduce some measurement errors, but it raises other methodological questions. The assessment of health inequities presents particular challenges, requiring analysis of the interactive effects of multiple determinants of health. Indirect estimation and modeling methods are likely to be important tools for estimating health disparities and inequities for the foreseeable future.

Conclusions. Interdisciplinary training and collaborative research models will be essential for future disparities research. Evaluation of evolving methodologies for assessing health disparities should be a priority for health services researchers in the next decade.
Improving Evaluations of Value‐Based Purchasing Programs
Authors: McHugh Megan , Joshi Maulik
Published: August 2010

Although value‐based purchasing (VBP) holds promise for encouraging quality improvement and addressing rising costs, currently there is limited evidence about how best to structure and implement VBP programs. In this commentary, we highlight several issues for improving evaluations of VBP programs. Implementation research can be enhanced through early and continuous assessment and greater variation in program designs. Impact research can be improved by creating better outcome measures, increasing the availability of linked patient‐level data, and advancing synthesis research. We offer several recommendations for improving the foundation to conduct evaluations of VBP programs to better inform policy and practice.
The Electrical Theory of Dyeing
Authors: HARRISON W.
Published: August 2010

The theoretical ideas of Neale and Crank are criticised, and their estimates of the specific surface of cellulose are shown to be too high. The surface of contact between water and cellulose is regarded as an electrical condenser, the water possessing a positive charge and the cellulose being negatively charged. An estimate, based on the contact potential, of the number of hydroxyl groups per unit surface of the cellulose corresponds with that to be expected from molecular models.

The author's theory of the aggregation of direct dyes in the pores of cellulose is supported by experimental work on the dyeing of stretched and unstrotched fibres in the presence of increasing concentrations of Sapamine V, and it is shown that such aggregation may be aceoimted for by hydrogen–bond formation.
The Practical Assessment of the Light Fastness of Dyeings
Authors: MORTON T. H.
Published: August 2010

The testing of light fastness of dyeings against standards such as those originated by the Society is considered. It is shown that in practice certain anomalies are found, since the sample and dyeing do not necessarily follow the same course of fading. The discrepancies are examined on the basis of simple theory, and certain recommendations are made in respect of the practice of light–fastness testing. The influence of quality of light, atmosphere, and mixture of dyes is discussed.
The Mechanism of Photosensitised Reactions in Solution
Authors: WEISS JOSEPH
Published: August 2010

Photosensitised reactions in solution generally prooeed by mechanisms involving free radicals and radical ions. The initial step in all these processes is the interaction between an electronically excited form of the light–absorbing molecule and a suitable acceptor molecule which must be present in the system. A number of different examples have been discussed, particularly those where (i) the initial processes are identioal with the elementary process of the quenching of the fluorescence of the light–absorbing molecule and where (ii) the light–absorbing molecule undergoes transition to a triplet state (G. N. Lewis) which is capable of initiating the photosensitised reaction.
Chrome Dyeing of Wool: Reducing the Amount of Chromium in the Residual Bath
Authors: Benisek L.
Published: August 2010

The concentration of the residual CrVI and Or111 in the dye‐bath can be decreased to acceptable levels by incorporating a‐hydroxymonocarboxylic acids in afterchrome dyeing using the normal dye to dichromate ratios, the most suitable being lactic acid. The mechanism is based on the reduction ofCrVI to Cr111 which appears to take place predominantly on the wool fibre. The optimum pH range for the treatment is 3.4 to 3.6. Compounds which are substantive to the wool fibre, such as sulphates, or form stable complexes with CrIII such as ethylenediaminetetracetic acid, may increase the amount of the residual chromium in the bath. Other dicarboxylic and hydroxycarboxylic acids, which are also effective in reducing the concentration of the CrVI in the bath, form stable complexes with Cr111, adversely affecting the concentration of the residual Cr111 in the bath.
The Efficient Use of Steam and Water in the Continuous Dyeing and Printing of Carpets
Authors: DAWSON T. L. , DUNKERLEY K.
Published: August 2010

All continuous coloration processes for carpet fibres are based on the sequence:

Impregnate→Steam fix→Wash‐off

Although process optimization may be achieved at the dye‐application stage, lack of attention to the second and third stages may result in poor reproducibility (from laboratory to the bulk scale and from batch to batch), an increase in second quality material, and a wastage of water and energy.

The steam fixation and washing‐off stages have been studied under laboratory conditions to define the compromise between ideal and practically realisable conditions. Variations in steam quality (temperature, air content, degree of turbulence, presence of free water, etc.) are shown to have a profound effect on dye fixation. Subsequent treatments with water of varying efficiency affect, in turn, the handle, appearance and level of wet fastness of the finished carpet.

Investigation of steaming and washing‐off conditions used in practice show that these are often far from ideal, partly owing to the design of the equipment and partly due to the lack of sufficiently precise controls leading to an excessive use of both steam and water. Modifications tending to improve process conditions are suggested and where these are not feasible under local circumstances, the effect of dye and auxiliary product selection to minimize the above problems are discussed.
Transport Phenomena in Textile Finishing Equipment
Authors: Wassink J Groot
Published: August 2010

Presented at the 13th Congress of the International Federation of Associations of Textile Chemists and Colourists in London on 21 September 1984.

The application of transport phenomena to textile finishing processes is emphasised. By combination of the predominant transfer processes (momentum, mass and heat/mass transfer) and the engineering objective (operation, design and innovation), three cases are selected dealing with (a) momentum transfer and operation of a rotating washing machine, (b) mass transfer and design of an open‐width washing machine and (c) heat/mass transfer in connection with the innovation of porous roller dryers.
Selecting dyes for wool: technical and economic criteria
Authors: Bone J A , Shore J. , Parkf J.
Published: August 2010

The technical and economic factors that govern the selection of dyes by the wool dyer are discussed with reference to specific examples. Such data help to quantify the complex interplay between these competing requirements and to establish their relative importance in a given set of circumstances. The technical and economic limitations imposed by the need to eliminate metamerism are illustrated. There is a substantial price to be paid in meeting the highest standards of product quality and fastness in wool dyeing.
Adding colour to the world
Authors: Houlton Sarah
Published: August 2010

Do you fancy a few weeks abroad? British Executive Service Overseas (BESO) places volunteers in companies in many developing countries to transfer knowledge and skills by both training and giving advice on specific problems. In this article, Sarah Houlton talks to a BESO volunteer about his experiences, and gives information about BESO and how to become one of their volunteers.
Granulopoiesis in Bone Marrow and Spleen in Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia
Authors: Brandt L. , Schnell C.‐R.
Published: August 2010

Differential counts of bone marrow smears and aspirated material from the spleen were compared in 17 cases of chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML). With increasing signs of relapse i.e. increasing WBC, an increasing proportion of granulopoietic precursor cells were found in the bone marrow. The proportion of granulopoietic precursor cells did not, however, change significantly in the spleen. It is suggested that the differences observed may reflect differences in granulopoiesis between bone marrow and extramedullary tissue in CML.
A Controlled Environmental Culture System for the Production of Erythropoietin
Authors: Zucali James R. , Mirand Edwin A.
Published: August 2010

A controlled environmental culture system in which consistent growth of fetal liver cells typical of the tissue of origin and capable of producing erythropoietin in culture is described. This system attempts to duplicate the major components of the natural habitat of the mammalian cell allowing for meaningful studies to be conducted on the regulation and control of erythropoietin biosynthesis. The direct effects of changes in pO2, pCO2, pH and various cell nutrients on cells producing erythropoietin is now possible.
Homogeneously staining chromosomal region in a case of erythroleukaemia
Authors: Kovacs G. , Freund M. , Poliwoda H. , Leithauser H. , Thiel E.
Published: August 2010

Cytogenetical analysis of bone marrow and peripheral blood cells in a case of erythroleukaemia revealed a complex karyotype with a stemline of 44 chromosomes. I marker chromosome bearing a homogeneously staining region (hsr) was found in each of the aneuploid cells examined. The hsr was localised to the chromosome regions 15q12 and 15p12. The possible function of amplified DNA sequences and the relationship of hsr to cell proliferation are discussed.
Changes in the expression of integrins and basement membrane proteins in benign mucous membrane pemphigoid
Authors: Jones J , Downer CS , Speight PM
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVE: To determine the location of the subepi‐thelial split in benign mucous membrane pemphigoid (BMMP) and its relationship to the anchoring filaments and their receptors.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Frozen sections of lesional and perilesional oral mucosa from 10 cases of BMMP were stained, using an immunofluorescence method, for the β1, β4, α3 and α6 integrin subunits and for their ligands, laminin I and laminin V (kalinin). In all cases the diagnosis was confirmed by the demonstration of linear staining for IgG at the basement membrane zone. Six specimens of normal mucosa were stained for comparison.

RESULTS Staining for integrins, laminin and kalinin in perilesional mucosa was similar to normals, although one case showed loss of α6 and β4. In lesional mucosa, laminin and kalinin showed strong linear staining localised to the floor of the bullae. The α6 and β4 subunits were expressed only on the roof of the bullae but staining was weak and patchy with areas of loss. In some sections a6 showed a punctate intracellular distribution similar to IgG. The distribution of α3 and β1 was similar to that seen in normals.

CONCLUSIONS: In all cases kalinin was found on the connective tissue side of the lesions and α6β4 localised to the epithelial side. This shows that the split occurs at a location which separates anchoring filaments from the hemidesmosomes. Loss of the α6β4 integrin in the lesions and the similar intracellular staining of α6 and IgG, suggest that disruption of hemidesmosomes may be a key event in the immunopathogenesis of the lesions and that the α6 integrin subunit is a potential antigen in oral mucosal BMMP.
Immunohistochemical evaluation of TGF‐β and extracellular matrix proteins expression in rat squamous cell carcinomas
Authors: Poulopoulos AK , Kayavis IG , Papanayotou P
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to establish a possible association between the degree of differentiation of squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) derived from rat oral tissues treated in vivo with the carcinogen 4NQO, and the expression of TGF‐β on epithelial cells and the distribution of extracellular matrix proteins (laminin‐collagen type IV).

MATERIALS AND METHODS: A parent tumour showing a spectrum of differentiation was used to establish clonal subpopulations that formed differentiated SCC and undifferentiated (spindle cell phenotype) tumours following transplantation to athymic mice.

RESULTS tmmunohistological findings revealed the absence of TGF‐β staining on epithelial cells and extracellular matrix proteins in spindle cell tumours. In contrast, staining of SCC revealed a significant number of TGF‐β positive cells and the presence of extracellular matrix proteins.

CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggested that there is a positive correlation between histological differentiation, TGF‐β expression and the elaboration of extracellular matrix proteins.
Hydrolytic and depolymerising enzyme activity of Prevotella intermedia and Prevotella nigrescens
Authors: Stubbs S , Lewis MAO , Waddington RJ , Embery G
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVE: Prevotella intermedia has been reported to be associated with periodontal disease whilst P. nigrescens has predominantly been isolated from more specific conditions and healthy sites. The aim of the present study was to compare the enzyme activity of these species.

MATERIALS AND METHODS Nine strains of P. intermedio and 12 strains of P. nigrescens were studied. Lipolytic. saccharolytic, nucleolytic and proteolytic activity was determined by traditional microbiological and chromo‐genic substrate methods.

RESULTS: All strains hydrolysed gelatine, casein. DNA and RNA. Lipase activity was produced by all strains except P. nigrescens ATCC 33563T. Lipolytic activity of P. nigrescens strains decreased as the environmental glucose concentration was increased. Only two strains, both P. intermedia, hydrolysed benzyl‐arg‐p‐nitroanilide. All strains hydrolysed alkaline pnitrophenolphosphate (except P. intermedia DAL 100). produced glycylprolyl dipeptidase activity and demonstrated elastase‐like activity. All but three strains (2 P. intermedia and I P. nigrescens) hydrolysed suc‐ala‐ala‐pro‐phe‐p‐nitroanilide. Overall, no qualitatively analysed enzyme activity was exclusive to all strains of either species. Quantitatively analysed activity exhibited a high degree of variability both within and between species.

CONCLUSIONS: P. intermedia and P. nigrescens degrade natural and synthetic substrates, but intra‐ and interspec‐ies activity is variable.
Cellular immune correlates of clinical severity in oral lichen planus: preliminary association with mood states
Authors: Chiappelli F. , Kung MA , Nguyen P. , Villanueva P. , Farhadian E Arash , Eversole LR
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVES: We investigated cellular immune and psycho‐immune dysfunctions in patients with erosive and non‐erosive oral lichen planus (OLP) lesions.

METHODS: Patients with erosive or non‐erosive OLP were screened at the UCLA Dental Clinic. The profile of mood states (POMS) was administered. T lymphocyte subpopulations were monitored by dual fluorescence. T lymphocytes were stimulated with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) for assessment of markers of activation by flow cytometry and of interleukin (IL)‐2 production by ELISA.Plasma cortisol and neopterin levels were assessed by radioimmunoassay.

RESULTS: Circulating T cells that express the cluster of differentiation no.4 (CD4+) but devoid of the CD45RA marker, and POMS score were significantly associated (r= 0.83, P < 0.05) in the patients we studied. We found a significantly higher (P < 0.05) per cent and absolute lymphocyte numbers of circulating CD4+CD45RA cells in the OLP patients with erosive lesions, compared to OLP patients with non‐erosive lesions. The ratio of CD4+ CD45RA+ over CD4+CD45RA cells was significantly (P < 0.05) biased toward the CD4+CD45RA subpopulation in OLP patients with erosive lesions (ratio = 0.19 ± 0.09) compared to patients with non‐erosive OLP lesions (ratio = 0.47 ± 0.15). The expression of CD54, but not that of CD69, was significantly blunted (P < 0.05) in OLP patients following CD3+ cell stimulation. IL‐2 production and plasma neopterin were normal in these patients. There was no correlation between plasma cortisol and T cell populationS. CONCLUSIONS: We find fine differences in psycho‐immune interactions between patients afflicted with non‐erosive OLP lesions compared to those with erosive OLP lesions.
The relationship between E‐cadherin expression, clinical stage and tumour differentiation in oral squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Yamada K. , Jordan R. , Mori M. , Speight PM
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the expression of E‐cadherin, a calcium‐dependent cell adhesion molecule, in a retrospective analysis of paraffin embedded tissue specimens of oral squamous cell carcinoma and relationship with the clinical TNM stage and histochemical differentiation. DESIGN: Paraffin embedded tissue sections of normal oral mucosa (n= 6), oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC,n= 18) and metastatic lymph nodes (n= 2) were immunostained by a three‐stage streptoavidin‐biotin immunoperoxidase method using monoclonal antibody. The TNM staging and histochemical grading were done according to the standard criteria.

RESULTS: Normal oral epithelium showed a strongly positive pericellular distribution of E‐cadherin in basal, parabasal and spinous layers and no staining was observed in the parakeratinized and cornified layerS. In well differentiated SCCs, the centrally located cells in tumour islands showed no staining, but peripheral basally located tumour cells showed positive staining. Poorly differentiated SCCs were devoid of staining. In moderately differentiated SCCs, the staining pattern was found to be one of the following three types: (1) a pattern similar to that of well differentiated SCC; (2) central cells of tumour aggregates were reactive but peripheral cells showed weak to negative reaction; and (3) all cells showed a negative reaction, resembling the poorly differentiated SCC.Fischer exact test showed a statistically significant correlation with loss of E‐cadherin and grades of tumour differentiation as well as an advancing T and N stage.

CONCLUSION: The loss of E‐cadherin may correlate with advancing T and N stages of the tumour and a poor tumour cell differentiation in oral squamous cell carcinomas.
Osseointegration in implant‐embedded mandible in rats fed calcium‐deficient diet: a radiological study
Authors: Nasu M , Amano Y , Kurita A , Yosue T
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the present study was to investigate osseointegration using radiographs of titanium (Ti) implants into the osteoporotic mandible of rats.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Rats were divided into three groups: first group, which were fed a standard diet throughout (control group), second group which were fed a Ca‐deficient diet for only I week before implantation (group A), and those which were fed the Ca‐deficient diet before and after implantation (group B). On the 7th and 42nd days after implantation, bone changes in those rats were examined by microradio‐graphs and autoradiographs.

RESULTS: On the 7th day after implantation, calcification of newly formed bones was lower in groups A and B than in the control group, 4SCa uptake was seen in surrounding bones adjacent to the implant, as well as throughout the mandible. On the 42nd day after implantation, trabecular bone in group A showed radiopacity as seen in the control group. In the alveolar crest and peri‐implanted bones in group B, thin bone formation with active 4SCa incorporation was found.

CONCLUSIONS: It is suggested that irrespective of the calcium deficiency status in rats, trabecular bones around the implant are restored to a healthy state to some extent by resuming an intake of a necessary amount of dietary calcium. In continued calcium deficiency, osseointegration with the implant and alveolar bone was still observed as in the healthy rats suggesting calcium deficiency is not always a factor to regulate osseointegration of mandibular endosseous implants.
Intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia of the mouth: report of six cases and literature review
Authors: de Courten A. , Küffer R. , Samson J. , Lombardi T.
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVE: Oral intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia (IPEH) is an uncommon, reactive vascular lesion with no specific clinical featureS. Microscopically two subtypes have been described: a pure and a mixed form. The importance of IPEH is in its resemblance to angiosarcoma. The aim of this study was to evaluate both the prevalence of IPEH in a consecutive series of oral vascular malformations and the clinico‐pathological features.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Histological sections of 103 consecutive cases filed as vascular malformations were reviewed for histopathological criteria of IPEH.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: We found six cases of oral IPEH, of which three were diagnosed previously. Five of these cases were in males, and the mean age was 58 yearS. It was usually described as a blue or reddish nodule. The lower lip mucosa was the most common site followed by the tongue and the upper lip. Histologically, thrombi were always present and five out of the six lesions appeared in a mixed form, while only one was in a pure form. Three cases were diagnosed at an early stage and in the other three, the lesions were well‐established. In this series, IPEH associated with vascular malformation was more common than reported in previous studieS. Lesions at early stages, especially in the mixed form, may be unnoticed.
The management of oral lichen planus
Authors: Carrozzo M , Gandolfo S
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVE: To review the current literature regarding the medical treatment of oral lichen planus (OLP). DATA SOURCES: PubMed on‐line Medline data searches were carried out for the years 1966–1998 to identify reports on therapy of OLP.

METHODS OF STUDY SELECTION: Single case reports or open trials were included if they covered new therapeutic approaches or suggested significant modifications of known treatment modalities. Review papers were limited to those dealing with the topic.

DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: Every paper was critically examined. Because of the great heterogeneity of the response criteria, many data could not be directly compared. Stronger weight was given to therapies that have proven to be effective under placebo‐controlled research protocols. Attention was also drawn to potential and effective adverse effects of every drug used.

CONCLUSIONS: Among the various medications advocated for the treatment of OLP, several lack conclusive findings from adequately controlled trials. Mainly high‐potency topical corticosteroids in an adhesive medium appear at present the safest and most efficacious. Adjuvant agents as antimycotics may be useful in topical steroid treatment. Systemic corticosteroids may be occasionally indicated for severe recalcitrant erosive OLP or for diffuse mucocutaneous involvement. Topical cyclo‐sporine should be considered in steroid‐unresponsive cases considering that its efficacy in OLP could be related to a systemic effect and its high cost. Classical PUVA therapy seems to have too many side effects; topical application of psoralen is promising but still experimental. Topically and systemically delivered retinoids combined with topical corticosteroids could improve the efficacy of these agents whereas complete remission is difficult to achieve with retinoids alone and they frequently cause adverse effects. Finally, there are only few data concerning the long‐term effect of the medical treatments upon the course of OLP and we do not know if therapy influences the malignant evolution of OLP.
Isolation of fusobacteria from the oral cavities of malnourished Nigerian children living in agricultural and herding villages
Authors: Falkler WA , Enwonwu CO , Ewell AJ , Idigbe EO
Published: August 2010

A previous study demonstrated the presence and possible involvement of Fusobacterium necrophorum in the pathogenesis of noma lesions of children living in agricultural and herding villages in northwestern Nigeria. In order to determine if F.necrophorum was part of the oral flora of malnourished children with no noma lesions, a study of the fusobacteria present in the oral cavities of 30 children, 2–6 years of age in Sokoto State, was undertaken. Swabs taken of the oral cavity were cultured on selective fusobacteria medium using conventional anaerobic microbiological techniques.F.nucleatum was recovered from each child and F.necrophorum was isolated from the oral cavity of only one child. The presence of F.nucleatum and the lack of F.necrophorum, except in one case, suggests that the latter is not normal flora in the children at risk for noma.F.necrophorum, a putative trigger organism for noma may gain a foothold only when certain staging conditions (ie, lowered host resistance and/or oral lesion) are present.
Cytokine mRNA expression in the labial salivary glands of healthy volunteers
Authors: Brennan MT , Fox PC
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVE: To examine the cytokine profile in minor salivary glands of healthy volunteers and examine differential cytokine production from acinar and ductal tissueS. STUDY DESIGN: Acinar and ductal elements were isolated by a cell‐specific micro‐dissection technique from frozen 8 μm sections of minor salivary glands from healthy volunteerS. Reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and Southern hybridization using 32P‐labeled cytokine gene‐specific probes were utilized to detect cytokine mRNA.mRNA transcripts for the Th1 cytokines (IL‐2, TNF‐alpha, and IFN‐gamma), Th2 cytokines (IL‐4, IL‐6, and IL‐10), TGF‐beta, actin, and CD3δ were analyzed in acini, ducts and total tissue sections of minor salivary glands of six healthy controls.

RESULTS: Actin, TGFβ and TNFα was present in 6/6 acinar, 6/6 ductal, and 6/6 total section sampleS. IFNγ was present in 2/6 acinar, 3/6 ductal, and 6/6 total sampleS. IL‐2 was found in 3/6 acinar, 3/6 ductal and 5/6 total sectionS. IL‐6 was found in 1/6 acinar, 0/6 ductal, and 5/6 total sectionS. IL‐10 was found in 3/6 acinar, 3/6 ductal, and 5/6 total sectionS. IL‐4 was present in 0/6 acinar, 0/6 ductal and 1/6 total sampleS. CD3δ was present in 6/6 acinar, 5/6 ductal and 6/6 total sections.

CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate abundant expression of cytokines in healthy minor salivary glands. The production of these cytokines in healthy tissues demonstrates a likely role of supporting normal cellular function.
Dental extractions and radiotherapy in head and neck oncology: review of the literature
Authors: Koga DH , Salvajoli JV , Alves FA
Published: August 2010

Management of irradiated patients with cancer in the head and neck region represents a challenge for multidisciplinary teams. Radiotherapy promotes cellular and vascular decrease that results in a low response rate in the healing. Consequently, surgical procedures in irradiated tissues present high rates of complication. Osteoradionecrosis (ORN) is the most severe sequelae caused by radiotherapy. It is associated with previous extractions especially those carried out post‐irradiation. The management of this side effect is difficult and can result in bone or soft tissue loss, affecting the quality of life.

The literature regarding dental extractions performed before and after head and neck radiotherapy was evaluated, focusing on indications, criteria, surgical techniques and adjunctive therapies such as antibiotics and hyperbaric oxygen.

Osteoradionecrosis can be minimized by oral evaluation and care prior to irradiation and healing time which allows tissue repair until the commencement of radiotherapy. In dental extractions realized after irradiation, minimal trauma, alveolectomy, primary alveolar closure and adjunctive therapies are recommended.

Patients must be evaluated before radiation therapy and at that time all unrestorable teeth and/or teeth with periodontal problems must be extracted to reduce the post‐radiotherapy exodontias that contribute to ORN. Once dental extractions become unavoidable after irradiation, additional care is needed.
The Role of Complete Overdentures in Esthetic Rehabilitation of the Adolescent Oligodontia Patient. A Case Report
Authors: THALJI GHADEER N. , COOPER LYNDON F.
Published: August 2010

Statement of the Problem:  Dental agenesis is a common developmental anomaly among human populations. It presents with varying degrees of severity. Oligodontia present in the permanent dentition may have significant esthetic, psychosocial, as well as functional implications.

Case Presentation:  A case of oligodontia in an adolescent patient treated with conventional overdentures is presented in this article. A thorough medical and dental history were taken. Comprehensive clinical and radiographic examinations were made. Diagnostic casts were mounted. The prosthetic denture teeth were set and followed by esthetic and phonetic evaluation. Following approval by the patient, the overdentures were processed in heat cure resin using the conventional techniques.

Results:  Good esthetic results were achieved. Patient was satisfied with the final prostheses.

Conclusion:  Simple prosthodontic solutions can be utilized to aid patients with dental agenesis. These have great implications for the patient's self image.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

Oligodontias are common. The literature frequently addresses esthetic rehabilitation using fixed prostheses and dental implants. This case report illustrates the value of removable prosthodontic procedures as one approach to fulfilling the requirements of esthetic rehabilitation of a young oligodontia patient.

(J Esthet Restor Dent 22:213–222, 2010)
Treatment options for thalassemia patients with osteoporosis
Authors: Terpos Evangelos , Voskaridou Ersi
Published: August 2010

Osteoporosis represents a prominent cause of morbidity in patients with thalassemia. The delay in sexual maturation, the presence of diabetes and hypothyroidism, the parathyroid gland dysfunction, the progressive marrow expansion, the iron toxicity on osteoblasts, the iron chelators, and the deficiency of growth hormone or insulin growth factors have been identified as major causes of osteoporosis in thalassemia. Adequate hormonal replacement, effective iron chelation, improvement of hemoglobin levels, calcium and vitamin D administration, physical activity, and smoking cessation are the main to‐date measures for the management of the disease. During the last decade, novel pathogenetic data suggest that the reduced osteoblastic activity, which is believed to be the basic mechanism of bone loss in thalassemia, is accompanied by a comparable or even greater increase in bone resorption. Therefore, the role of bisphosphonates, potent inhibitors of osteoclast activation, arises as a major factor in the management of osteoporosis in thalassemia patients.