bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Junge Chemiker auf der 27. Hauptversammlung der GDCh
Authors: Petty Frauke
Published: December 2010

Über die Mailingliste des Jungchemikerforums liefen in den vergangenen Wochen wiederholt Fragen wie diese: „Warum werden die Aktivitäten des JCF im Programm der 27. Hauptversammlung nicht erwähnt?”︁ „Gibt es überhaupt JCF‐Veranstaltungen?”︁ Es scheint, als seien wir jüngeren Mitglieder überregional von der Bildfläche der GDCh verschwunden. Sollte Berlin 1999 nicht auch der Anlaß für den 2. Jungchemikerkongreß werden? Welche Erwartungen des ersten in Essen (März 1998) werden in Berlin umgesetzt? Wie sieht die Bilanz des JCF zu seinem zweiten Geburtstag aus?
Berlin: die Hauptvorträge
Authors: Karger Gerhard
Published: December 2010

War bei GDCh‐Hauptversammlung und IUPAC‐Kongreß über die Grenzen seiner Spezialisierung blicken möchte, dem seien die Hauptvorträge der Großveranstaltung empfohlen. Hier bietet sich die nicht alltägliche Gelegenheit, von Forscherpersönlichkeiten — alle der Untersuchung der molekularen Grundlagen komplexer Lebensvorgänge verpflichtet — aus erster Hand Informationen zu bekommen, die die Zukunft auch des Faches Chemie prägen werden. Auf den nächsten Seiten finden Sie zur Einstimmung Kurzportraits der Redner und Hintergrundinformationen zu ihren Vorträgen. Dem Kreis gehören auch einige Nobelpreisträger an. Über welche Themen Roald Hoffmann und Heinz Staab aus Anlaß der Verleihung der Ehrenmitgliedschaft der GDCh sprechen werden, stand bei Redaktionsschluß noch nicht fest.
Wasserbewirtschaftung oder Fortsetzung der Politik mit anderen Mitteln?
Authors: Schoenberg Dieter
Published: December 2010

Die wirtschaftliche Entwicklung der Mittelmeeranlieger wird zunehmend durch ein nachhaltiges Dilemma beeinträchtigt: Die Wasserdargebote sind begrenzt und vielfach übernutzt. Ohne rasch wirksame und zugleich nachhaltige und einschneidende Wasserbewirtschaftungs‐ und Wassernutzungsprogramme wird der Wassermangel für die künftigen wirtschaftlichen und sozialen Verhältnisse dieser Länder bestimmend.
Die vielen Gesichter der Nachhaltigkeit
Authors: Markl Hubert
Published: December 2010

Der Begriff “Nachhaltigkeit” wurde in den 90er Jahren zu einem Leitgedanken öffentlicher Debatten — jedoch häufig genug fehlinterpretiert und mißverstanden. Hubert Markl. Präsident der Max‐Planck‐Gesellschaft und Ehrenmitglied der GDCh erläutert, was man unter dem Begriff verstehen sollte.
Schwingungsspektroskopie in den letzten 50 Jahren
Authors: Schroder Bernhard
Published: December 2010

Vor 50 Jahren waren die Infrarot‐, die Nahinfrarot‐ und die Raman‐Spektroskopie — enge Verwandte in der Familie der Methoden der Schwingungsspektroskopie — in der Wissenschaft zwar einigen Experten bekannt, in der Analytik als Methode zur Charakterisierung von Substanzen jedoch praktisch noch nicht genutzt. Im folgenden Essay berichtet Bernhard Schrader vornehmlich über die Geschichte der Infrarot‐Spektroskopie, erwähnt aber auch die Entwicklung der Nahinfrarot‐ und Raman‐Spektroskopie, soweit diese von den Fortschritten der Infrarot‐Spektroskopie beeinflußt wurden.
Diplomwirtschaftschemiker — eine Brücke zwischen Naturwissenschaften und Wirtschaft
Authors: Guggolz Ernst
Published: December 2010

Mit den Vorsehlägen der “Fachkommission Wirtschaftschemie” der GDCh liegen Lehrinhalte für ein managementorientiertes Stadium der Wirtschaftswissenschaften vor, nach denen Universitäten den Studiengang Wirtschaftschemiker im Rahmen des Würzburger Modells einrichten können.
Von Tabletten und anderen Innovationen
Authors: Hauthal Hermann G.
Published: December 2010

Innovationen in der Industrie und die Arbeit in der GDCh‐Fachgruppe Waschmittelchemie haben bewirkt, daß Waschmittel heute wesentlich umweltverträglicher als noch vor Jahren sind. Im europäischen Rahmen werden unter dem Projekttitel “Code of Good Environmental Practice” Initiativen fortgeführt, urn den Eintrag von Waschmittelinhaltsstoffen in die aquatische Umwelt weiter zu reduzieren.
Das Malariagenom
Authors: Maelicke Alfred
Published: December 2010

Die Genom‐Sequenzierung des Malariaerregers Plasmodium falciparum schürt die Hoffnung, dass doch noch ein Impfstoff oder eine zuverlässige Therapie gegen diese weit verbreitete Tropenkrankheit gefunden werden kann.
Günther Schiemann zum 100. Geburtstag: die Kernfluorierung von Aromaten
Authors: Cornils Boy
Published: December 2010

Günther Schiemann wäre am 7. November einhundert Jahre alt geworden. 1927 'entdeckte er zusammen mit Günther Balz das Diazoniumtetrafluoroborat‐Verfahren, mit dessen Hilfe erstmals in guten Ausbeuten kernfluorierte Aromaten zugänglich warden. Durch die Nazis aus der Bahn geworfen, erst nach 1946 wieder im Kontakt mit der Hochschullehre und erst seit 1955 Institutsdirektor in Hannover, ist er ein archetypisches Beispiel für das Schicksal rasseverfolgter Wissenschaftler im Dritten Reich.
Creatin und Doping
Authors: Maelicke Alfred
Published: December 2010

Creatin, ein natürliches Zwischenprodukt unseres Stoffwechsels und Bestandteil unserer Nahrung, wird von Spitzensportlern gern in größeren Dosen als Aufbaumittel genommen. 1st damit der Tatbestand des Doping erfüllt?
An improved phase‐inversion process for the preparation of silica/poly[styrene‐co‐(acrylic acid)] core–shell microspheres: synthesis and application in the field of polyolefin catalysis
Authors: Lijun Du , Wei Qin , Jingdai Wang , Yongrong Yang , Wenqing Wu , Binbo Jiang
Published: December 2010

Spherical and well‐dispersed silica/poly[styrene‐co‐(acrylic acid)] (SiO2/PSA) core–shell particles have been synthesized using an improved phase‐inversion process. The resulting particles were successfully used as supports for polyolefin catalysts in the production of polyethylene with broad molecular weight distribution. Through the vapor phase, instead of the liquid phase in the traditional process, a non‐solvent was introduced into a mixture of micrometer‐sized SiO2 and PSA solution. The core–shell structure of the resulting SiO2/PSA microspheres was confirmed using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transfer infrared spectrometry, thermogravimetric analysis and measurement of nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherms. In order to avoid agglomeration of particles and to obtain a good dispersion of the SiO2/PSA core–shell microspheres, the non‐solvent was added slowly. As the concentration of PSA solution increased, the surface morphology of the core–shell particles became looser and more irregular. However, the surface area and the pore volume remained the same under varying PSA concentrations. The SiO2/PSA core‐shell microspheres obtained were used as a catalyst carrier system in which the core supported (n‐BuCp)2ZrCl2 and the shell supported TiCl4. Ethylene/1‐hexene copolymerization results indicated that the zirconocene and titanium‐based Ziegler–Natta catalysts were compatible in the hybrid catalyst, showing high activities. The resulting polyethylene had high molecular weight and broad molecular weight distribution. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Simple and versatile method for the one‐pot synthesis of segmented poly(urethane urea)s via in situ‐formed AB‐type macromonomers
Authors: Shokrolahi Fatemeh , Yeganeh Hamid , Mirzadeh Hamid
Published: December 2010

We present a one‐pot method for the synthesis of poly(urethane urea)s (PUUs) with uniform (monodisperse) hard segments that eliminates tedious approaches to control the exothermic nature of isocyanate–amine reaction, is less sensitive to impurities and involves no isolation of intermediates. Reaction of two moles of hexamethylene diisocyanate with one mole of polycaprolactone of various molecular weights under optimum time and temperature led to NCO‐terminated polyurethane prepolymers. Addition of an equimolar quantity of benzoic acid and excess dimethylsulfoxide at ambient temperature produced quantitative yields of PUUs with high molecular weight. The structure of the PUUs was fully characterized using spectroscopic methods and a reasonable mechanism for the reaction sequences was determined via preparation and characterization of a model compound. Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis data confirmed the phase‐separated structure of the PUUs. Evaluation of stress‐strain curves revealed the wide‐ranging mechanical properties depending on soft‐segment molecular weight. Monitoring the remaining weight and molecular weight of polymers incubated in phosphate‐buffered saline showed hydrolytic degradability with rate depending on soft‐segment molecular weight. Also, a preliminary investigation of the interaction of L929 fibroblast cells with the prepared polymers confirmed no cytotoxicity and acceptable cytocompatibility for the PUUs. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
A novel hyperbranched polyester made from aconitic acid (B3) and di(ethylene glycol) (A2)
Authors: Cao Hongliang , Zheng Yu , Zhou Jian , Wang Wenxin , Pandit Abhay
Published: December 2010

A new hyperbranched polyester with a high degree of branching was successfully synthesized by A2 + B3 polymerization of di(ethylene glycol) (A2) and aconitic acid (B3) in a 3:2 molecular ratio. Gelation was effectively avoided by producing in situ an AB2 monomer via this method. The structure and composition of the polyester were characterized using gel permeation chromatography and nuclear magnetic resonance and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopies. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Minimum reading fluency necessary for comprehension among second‐grade students
Authors: Burns Matthew K. , Kwoka Heather , Lim Becky , Crone Melissa , Haegele Katherine , Parker David C. , Petersen Shawna , Scholin Sarah E.
Published: December 2010

The current study examined the relationship between oral reading fluency (ORF) and reading comprehension for students in second grade. A total of 84 participants were randomly assigned to one of four conditions that involved reading a grade‐appropriate passage with either 0%, 10%, 20%, or 30% scrambled words and answering subsequent comprehension questions. The correlation coefficient between ORF and the number of comprehension questions correctly answered was r = .54. Receiver operating characteristics were then used to empirically derive a minimum ORF score necessary for comprehension, indicating that when these students read 63 words correct per minute they successfully comprehended what they read. Finally, the diagnostic accuracy of the derived criterion of 63 words read correctly per minute was tested and resulted in overall correct classification of .80. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Relationships among school climate domains and school satisfaction
Authors: Zullig Keith J. , Huebner E. Scott , Patton Jon M.
Published: December 2010

This study investigated the magnitude of the relationships between eight school climate domains and a measure of global school satisfaction among 2,049 middle and high school students. Tests of moderator effects were conducted to determine if the magnitude of the relationships between the school climate domains and school satisfaction differed as a function of students' gender, grade, age, GPA, or SES. Multiple regression analyses suggested that five school climate domains are significantly related to school satisfaction (p < .01): Academic Support (beta weight = 0.17), Positive Student‐Teacher Relationships (0.12), School Connectedness (0.11), Order and Discipline (0.13), and Academic Satisfaction (0.12). In addition, the importance of the school climate variables to students' school satisfaction appeared invariant across the demographic variables and academic performance levels. The inclusion of school climate and school satisfaction measures may form a foundation for more comprehensive assessments for understanding and monitoring the experiences of students in schools. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Blue fluorescent polyamides containing naphthalene and oxadiazole rings
Authors: Damaceanu Mariana‐Dana , Rusu Radu‐Dan , Nicolescu Alina , Bruma Maria
Published: December 2010

New polyamides containing 1,3,4‐oxadiazole and naphthalene rings were prepared by low‐temperature solution polycondensation reaction of a new diamine containing preformed oxadiazole ring with various aromatic diacid chlorides. Elemental analysis, mass, infrared, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy were used to confirm the structure of the monomers and corresponding polymers. The thermal stability and glass transition temperatures of these poly(oxadiazole‐amide)s were measured and compared with those of related polymers. Their good solubility allows them to be processed in very thin films with smooth surfaces, without pinholes or cracks, when studied by atomic force microscopy. Upon irradiation with UV light the polymers showed photoluminescence maxima in the blue spectral range, both in solution and in solid state. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) was performed in order to obtain information about the electrochemical stability and reversibility of the redox processes of these polyamides. The highest occupied molecular orbital and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy levels, and electrochemical and optical band gap values were calculated by using the results of CV and UV/vis, respectively, showing very good electron and hole injection and transport characteristics. These properties make the present polymers suitable for application in electroluminescent devices. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011
High Rate Etching of Polymers by Means of an Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Jet
Authors: Fricke Katja , Steffen Hartmut , von Woedtke Thomas , Schröder Karsten , Weltmann Klaus‐Dieter
Published: December 2010

The impact of atmospheric pressure plasma on surfaces, in particular its potential application of modification and decontamination of different materials has been intensively investigated. In this study, the etching capability of an atmospheric pressure plasma jet is shown. A variety of polymers [e.g., polyethylene and poly (ether ether ketone)] was exposed to pure argon and argon/oxygen plasma. The influence of the oxygen admixture (up to 1%) and of the jet‐nozzle to substrate distance on the etch rate of chemically different polymers was explored. Particular attention was applied on the feasible use of atmospheric pressure plasma on biofilm removal. For that reason a theory was postulated with each polymer representing a model compound of bacterial cells. The etch rates were obtained by determination of the mass loss and etch profiles after plasma exposure. The experiments showed that reactive oxygen species play an important role in the polymer removal which results in etch rates of 50 up to 300 nm · s−1 depending on the polymeric material. These high etch rates imply that non‐thermal atmospheric plasma jets could be used for removal of organic material including micro‐organisms from surfaces.

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Computational prediction and analysis of the DR6–NAPP interaction
Authors: Ponomarev Sergei Y. , Audie Joseph
Published: December 2010

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that involves a devastating clinical course and that lacks an effective treatment. A biochemical model for neuronal development, recently proposed by Nikolaev et al., that may also have implications for AD, hinges on a novel protein–protein interaction between the death cell receptor 6 (DR6) ectodomain and an N‐terminal fragment of amyloid precursor protein (NAPP), specifically, the growth factor‐like domain of NAPP (GFD NAPP). Given all of this, we used a pure computational work‐flow to dock a binding competent homology model of the DR6 ectodomain to a binding competent crystal structure of GFD NAPP. The DR6 homology model was built according to a template supplied by the neurotrophin p75 receptor. The best docked model was selected according to an empirical estimate of the binding affinity and represents a high quality model of probable structural accuracy, especially with respect to the residue‐level contribution of GFD NAPP. The final model was tested and verified against a variety of biophysical and theoretical data sets. Particularly, worth noting is the excellent observed agreement between the theoretically calculated DR6–GFD NAPP binding free energy and the experimental quantity. The model is used to provide a satisfying structural and energetic interpretation of DR6–GFD NAPP binding and to suggest the possibility of and a mechanism for spontaneous apoptosis. The evidence suggests that the DR6–NAPP model proposed here is of probable accuracy and that it will prove useful in future studies, modeling work, and structure‐based AD drug design. Proteins 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A natural and readily available crowding agent: NMR studies of proteins in hen egg white
Authors: Martorell Gabriel , Adrover Miquel , Kelly Geoff , Temussi Piero Andrea , Pastore Annalisa
Published: December 2010

In vitro studies of biological macromolecules are usually performed in dilute, buffered solutions containing one or just a few different biological macromolecules. Under these conditions, the interactions among molecules are diffusion limited. On the contrary, in living systems, macromolecules of a given type are surrounded by many others, at very high total concentrations. In the last few years, there has been an increasing effort to study biological macromolecules directly in natural crowded environments, as in intact bacterial cells or by mimicking natural crowding by adding proteins, polysaccharides, or even synthetic polymers. Here, we propose the use of hen egg white (HEW) as a simple natural medium, with all features of the media of crowded cells, that could be used by any researcher without difficulty and inexpensively. We present a study of the stability and dynamics behavior of model proteins in HEW, chosen as a prototypical, readily accessible natural medium that can mimic cytosol. We show that two typical globular proteins, dissolved in HEW, give NMR spectra very similar to those obtained in dilute buffers, although dynamic parameters are clearly affected by the crowded medium. The thermal stability of one of these proteins, measured in a range comprising both heat and cold denaturation, is also similar to that in buffer. Our data open new possibilities to the study of proteins in natural crowded media. Proteins 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Biological characterization of sulfoxaflor, a novel insecticide
Authors: Babcock Jonathan M , Gerwick Clifford B , Huang Jim X , Loso Michael R , Nakamura Genta , Nolting Steven P , Rogers Richard B , Sparks Thomas C , Thomas James , Watson Gerald B , Zhu Yuanming
Published: December 2010

BACKGROUND: The commercialization of new insecticides is important for ensuring that multiple effective product choices are available. In particular, new insecticides that exhibit high potency and lack insecticidal cross‐resistance are particularly useful in insecticide resistance management (IRM) programs. Sulfoxaflor possesses these characteristics and is the first compound under development from the novel sulfoxamine class of insecticides.

RESULTS: In the laboratory, sulfoxaflor demonstrated high levels of insecticidal potency against a broad range of sap‐feeding insect species. The potency of sulfoxaflor was comparable with that of commercial products, including neonicotinoids, for the control of a wide range of aphids, whiteflies (Homoptera) and true bugs (Heteroptera). Sulfoxaflor performed equally well in the laboratory against both insecticide‐susceptible and insecticide‐resistant populations of sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci Gennadius, and brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål), including populations resistant to the neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid. These laboratory efficacy trends were confirmed in field trials from multiple geographies and crops, and in populations of insects with histories of repeated exposure to insecticides. In particular, a sulfoxaflor use rate of 25 g ha−1 against cotton aphid (Aphis gossypii Glover) outperformed acetamiprid (25 g ha−1) and dicrotophos (560 g ha−1). Sulfoxaflor (50 g ha−1) provided a control of sweetpotato whitefly equivalent to that of acetamiprid (75 g ha−1) and imidacloprid (50 g ha−1) and better than that of thiamethoxam (50 g ha−1).

CONCLUSION: The novel chemistry of sulfoxaflor, its unique biological spectrum of activity and its lack of cross‐resistance highlight the potential of sulfoxaflor as an important new tool for the control of sap‐feeding insect pests. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Low pesticide rates may hasten the evolution of resistance by increasing mutation frequencies
Authors: Gressel Jonathan
Published: December 2010

At very low pesticide rates, a certain low proportion of pests may receive a sublethal dose, are highly stressed by the pesticide and yet survive. Stress is a general enhancer of mutation rates. Thus, the survivors are likely to have more than normal mutations, which might include mutations leading to pesticide resistance, both for multifactorial (polygenic, gene amplification, sequential allelic mutations) and for major gene resistance. Management strategies should consider how to eliminate the subpopulation of pests with the high mutation rates, but the best strategy is probably to avoid too low application rates of pesticides from the outset. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Light‐induced degradation in compensated n‐type Czochralski silicon solar cells
Authors: Schutz‐Kuchly Thomas , Dubois Sébastien , Veirman Jordi , Veschetti Yannick , Heslinga Dick , Palais Olivier
Published: December 2010

This study focuses on the evolution under illumination of the electrical performances of solar cells made with n‐type boron–phosphorus compensated Czochralski silicon. First, we show via carrier lifetime measurements that this material is sensitive to light‐induced degradation (LID) effects due to the formation of BOi2 complexes. Solar cells were then processed with this compensated material. The cells performances were found to be dependent on the position of the wafer along the ingot height.

This dependence is due to carrier lifetime variations along the ingot height and is not directly linked with the differences in concentration between boron and phosphorus. LID experiments were then performed on the same cells. Unlike what was suggested from previous studies, we highlighted a weak decrease of the cell performances under illumination, consistent with the electrical characterizations at the wafer level. These degradations have been quantified and linked with the chemical composition of the material.
A universal matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization cleavable cross‐linker for protein structure analysis
Authors: Müller Mathias Q. , Zeiser Johannes J. , Dreiocker Frank , Pich Andreas , Schäfer Mathias , Sinz Andrea
Published: December 2010

The concept of protein cross‐linking in combination with mass spectrometry holds great promise to derive structural information on protein conformation and protein‐protein interactions. We recently presented a dissociative amine‐reactive cross‐linker (NHS‐BuUrBu‐NHS) that is shown herein to be universally applicable to protein structure analysis under matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization tandem mass spectrometric (MALDI‐MS/MS) conditions, based on the examples of the peptides substance P, luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH), and the 32‐kDa ligand‐binding domain of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor alpha (PPARα). The characteristic fragment ion patterns and constant neutral losses of the cross‐linker greatly simplify the identification of different cross‐linked species from complex mixtures and drastically reduce the potential of identifying false‐positive cross‐links. Therefore, this cross‐linker holds an enormous potential for deriving structural information of proteins and protein complexes in a highly automated fashion. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lyso‐form fragment ions facilitate the determination of stereospecificity of diacyl glycerophospholipids
Authors: Hou Weimin , Zhou Hu , Khalil Maroun Bou , Seebun Deeptee , Bennett Steffany A. L. , Figeys Daniel
Published: December 2010

In this work we report the development of a novel methodology for the determination of stereospecificity of diacyl glycerophospholipids, including glycerophosphatidic acids (PA), glycerophosphoserines (PS), glycerophosphoglycerols (PG), glycerophosphoinositols (PI), and glycerophosphoethanolamines (PE), which can be conventionally ionized in negative ion mode. This methodology uses MS2 recorded on a hybrid quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometer to determine the stereospecificity of diacyl glycerophospholipids based on the lyso‐form fragment ions, attributed to the neutral loss of fatty acyl moieties. The fragmentation patterns of a variety of diacyl glycerophospholipid standards were first fully examined over a wide range of collision energy. We observed that lyso‐form fragment ions corresponding to the neutral loss of fatty acyl moieties attached to the sn2 position as free fatty acids ([M–Sn2]−) and as ketenes ([M–(Sn2‐H2O)]−) exhibited consistently higher intensity than their counterpart ions due to the neutral loss of fatty acyl moieties attached to the sn1 position ([M–Sn1]− and [M–(Sn1‐H2O)]−). Therefore, we concluded that an empirical fragmentation rule can be used to precisely determine the stereospecificity of diacyl glycerophospholipids, primarily on the basis of relative abundance of the lyso‐form fragment ions. We then examined the product ion spectra of diacyl glycerophospholipids recorded from lipid extracts of rat hepatoma cells, where the stereospecific information of these lipids was conclusively determined. Combining the novel methodology reported in this work with the currently widely practiced mass spectrometric techniques such as multiple precursor ion scans (MPIS), fatty acyl scans (FAS), and multidimensional mass spectrometry based shotgun lipidomics (MDMS‐SL), should enable a reliable and convenient platform for comprehensive glycerophospholipid profiling. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Detergent enhancement of on‐tissue protein analysis by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging mass spectrometry
Authors: Mainini Veronica , Angel Peggi M. , Magni Fulvio , Caprioli Richard M.
Published: December 2010

Matrix‐Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization (MALDI) Imaging Mass Spectrometry (IMS) is a molecular technology that allows simultaneous investigation of the content and spatial distribution of molecules within tissue. In this work, we examine different classes of detergents, the anionic sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), the nonionic detergents Triton X‐100, Tween 20 and Tween 80, and the zwitterionic 3‐[(3‐cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]‐1‐propanesulfonate (CHAPS) for use in MALDI IMS of analytes above m/z 4000. These detergents were found to be compatible with MALDI MS and did not cause signal suppression relative to non‐detergent applications and did not produce interfering background signals. In general, these detergents enhanced signal acquisition within the mass range m/z 4–40 000. Adding detergents into the matrix was comparable with the separate application of detergent and matrix. Evaluation of spectra collected from organ‐specific regions of a whole mouse pup section showed that different detergents perform optimally with different organs, indicating that detergent selection should be optimized on the specific tissue for maximum gain. These data show the utility of detergents towards enhancement of protein signals for on‐tissue MALDI IMS analysis. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Objectives and Indicators in Sustainable Development Strategies: Similarities and Variances across Europe
Authors: Steurer Reinhard , Hametner Markus
Published: December 2010

Europe has positioned itself as a progressive global player in environmental and sustainable development (SD) policies, and SD strategies should play a key role in better coordinating policies horizontally across sectors and vertically across levels of government. This paper gives an overview of the objectives and indicators employed in 24 national SD strategies across Europe, covering five different welfare‐state models. After highlighting some structural features of SD strategies the paper explores how coherently they address environmental and social policies, measured against the objectives and indicators of the EU SD strategy. It is shown that environmental objectives and indicators are more coherent than social ones. Regarding the five socioeconomic models it was found that the significant variance regarding social policy objectives and indicators is mainly because some SD strategies from Mediterranean countries ignore this dimension of SD. The paper concludes that SD strategies in Europe (in particular the EU SD strategy) unfold only a fraction of their potential to better coordinate policies vertically across different levels of government. As this conclusion is confirmed by more qualitative research approaches, the European governance architecture for sustainable development is questioned in fundamental ways. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Upregulation of liprin‐α1 protein in the temporal neocortex of intractable epileptic patients and experimental rats
Authors: Yin Huan , Wang Linyuan , Xiao Fei , Huang Zuchun , Huang Yuanyuan , Zhou Chunlei , Han Yanbing , Tao Shuxin , Yang Hui , Wang Xuefeng
Published: December 2010

Intractable epilepsy (IE) patients have synaptic dysfunction. However, the exact mechanism of synaptic function needs further elucidation. The aim of this study was to use immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, and Western blotting to investigate the expression of the Liprin‐α1 protein, one of the synapse‐associated proteins, in human IE brain tissues and experimental rats and to discuss the possible role of Liprin‐α1 in IE. We selected 30 temporal neocortical tissue samples from patients with intractable temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and 10 histologically normal temporal lobes from controls. Fifty‐six Sprague‐Dawley rats were divided randomly into seven groups; one control group and six groups with epilepsy induced by lithium‐pilocarpine administration. Temporal lobe tissues were taken from controls and from rats at 1, 3, 7, 14, 30, and 60 days postseizure. Liprin‐α1 was mainly expressed in neurons of human controls and TLE patients and was significantly higher in TLE patients than in controls. Liprin‐α1 was also expressed in neurons of control and experimental rats and it was significantly higher in experimental rats than in the control group. The expression of Liprin‐α1 in animals in the experimental group gradually increased from Days 1 to 30 postseizure induction and reached a stable level when spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRS) appeared. These results suggest that an increased expression of Liprin‐α1 in the brain may be associated with human IE. Synapse, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The effect of size and density on the mean retention time of particles in the reticulorumen of cattle (Bos primigenius f. taurus), muskoxen (Ovibos moschatus) and moose (Alces alces)
Authors: Clauss Marcus , Lechner Isabel , Barboza Perry , Collins William , Tervoort Theo A. , Südekum Karl-Heinz , Codron Daryl , Hummel Jürgen
Published: December 2010

Particle passage from the reticulorumen (RR) depends on particle density and size. Forage particle density and size are related and change over time in the RR. Particle density mainly influences sorting in the reticulum, whereas particle size influences particle retention in the fibre mat of stratified rumen contents (‘filter-bed’ effect). We investigated these effects independently, by inserting plastic particles of different sizes (1, 10 and 20 mm) and densities (1·03, 1·20 and 1·44 mg/ml) in the RR of cattle (Bos primigenius f. taurus) as a pilot study, and of muskoxen (Ovibos moschatus; n 4) and moose (Alces alces; n 2) both fed two diets (browse and grass). Faeces were analysed for plastic residues for 13 d after dosing to calculate mean retention times (MRT). The results confirmed previous findings of differences in absolute MRT between species. Comparing muskoxen with moose, there was no difference in the effect of particle density on the MRT between species but particle size had a more pronounced effect on the MRT in muskoxen than in moose. This indicated a stronger ‘filter-bed effect’ in muskoxen, in accord with the reports of stratified RR contents in this species v. the absence of RR content stratification in moose. Low-density particles were retained longer in both species fed on grass diets, indicating a contribution of forage type to the ‘filter-bed effect’. The results indicate that retention based on particle size may differ between ruminant species, depending on the presence of a fibre mat in the RR, whereas the density-dependent mechanism of sedimentation in the RR is rather constant across species.
MADS-box genes of maize: frequent targets of selection during domestication
Authors: ZHAO QIONG , WEBER ALLISON L. , MCMULLEN MICHAEL D. , GUILL KATHERINE , DOEBLEY JOHN
Published: December 2010

MADS-box genes encode transcription factors that are key regulators of plant inflorescence and flower development. We examined DNA sequence variation in 32 maize MADS-box genes and 32 randomly chosen maize loci and investigated their involvement in maize domestication and improvement. Using neutrality tests and a test based on coalescent simulation of a bottleneck model, we identified eight MADS-box genes as putative targets of the artificial selection associated with domestication. According to neutrality tests, one additional MADS-box gene appears to have been under selection during modern agricultural improvement of maize. For random loci, two genes were indicated as targets of selection during domestication and four additional genes were indicated to be candidate-selected loci for maize improvement. These results suggest that MADS-box genes were more frequent targets of selection during domestication than genes chosen at random from the genome.
Standing Still or Running On? Reconsidering Rhetoric in the Strasbourg Anabaptist-Spiritualist Debates, 1530–1531
Authors: BRAND PAUL
Published: December 2010

This article assesses the strikingly different rhetoric used in pamphlets published in 1530 by the Strasbourg Spiritualists Christian Entfelder and Johannes Bünderlin. Whilst these texts are most commonly read in light of their shared critique of Anabaptism, this article argues that Bünderlin's work also reveals his rejection of Entfelder's Spiritualist alternative, characterised by the term ‘standing still’ (Stillstand). By exploring these pamphlets, and other texts associated with the Strasbourg Anabaptist-Spiritualist debates, this article seeks to demonstrate the importance not only of fully contextualising such sources, but also of understanding the divisive and potentially destabilising nature of Spiritualist rhetoric itself.
The Secularisation of Sin in the Nineteenth Century
Authors: ERDOZAIN DOMINIC
Published: December 2010

This article argues that the post-secularisation historiography of the past twenty years has erred in neglecting theological categories of analysis. Committed to challenging the explanatory power of the secularisation thesis, it has established a new paradigm of ‘survival’ and ‘redefinition’, interpreting the sub-Christian morality of the twentieth century as a robust continuation of the pervasive Christianity of the nineteenth. A more theological approach, however, demonstrates that much of the ‘success’ of Victorian religion was achieved at the cost of the soteriology that had fired the religious boom. Tracing a shift from an ‘internal’ concept of sin to an ‘external’ notion of vice, it is argued that Evangelicalism created its own mechanism of secularisation, distilled in the shift from Evangelicalism to temperance agitation.
DNA methylation of genes in adipose tissue
Authors: Pinnick Katherine E. , Karpe Fredrik
Published: December 2010

Body fat distribution plays an important role in determining metabolic health. Whereas central obesity is closely associated with the development of CVD and type 2 diabetes, lower body fat appears to be protective and is paradoxically associated with improved metabolic and cardiovascular profiles. Physiological studies have demonstrated that fatty acid handling differs between white adipose tissue depots, with lower body white adipose tissue acting as a more efficient site for long-term lipid storage. The regulatory mechanisms governing these regional differences in function remain to be elucidated. Although the local microenvironment is likely to be a contributing factor, recent findings point towards the tissues being intrinsically distinct at the level of the adipocyte precursor cells (pre-adipocytes). The multi-potent pre-adipocytes are capable of generating cells of the mesenchymal lineage, including adipocytes. Regional differences in the adipogenic and replicative potential of these cells, as well as metabolic and biochemical activity, have been reported. Intriguingly, the genetic and metabolic characteristics of these cells can be retained through multiple generations when the cells are cultured in vitro. The rapidly emerging field of epigenetics may hold the key for explaining regional differences in white adipose tissue gene expression and function. Epigenetics describes the regulation of gene expression that occurs independently of changes in DNA sequence, for instance, DNA methylation or histone protein modification. In this review, we will discuss the contribution of DNA methylation to the determination of cells of adipogenic fate as well as the role DNA methylation may play during adipocyte terminal differentiation.
Trauma, identity and mental health in UK military veterans
Authors: Brewin C. R. , Garnett R. , Andrews B.
Published: December 2010

Background

Military service can lead to profound changes in identity, both in servicemen's perception of themselves and in their relationship to the world, but the significance of these changes for psychopathology is unclear. We investigated whether the extent and valence of identity change was related to the degree of military trauma exposure or to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and suicide attempts. We further sought to describe the nature of such changes using qualitative analysis.

Method

A total of 153 veterans in receipt of a war pension for PTSD or physical disability were identified. Interviews established retrospectively DSM-IV diagnoses of PTSD and reports of suicidal ideation or behaviour since enlistment were examined.

Results

Trauma exposure alone was unrelated to any measure of identity change. By contrast, PTSD was associated with a relationship to the world that had changed in a negative direction. It was also associated with a changed perception of self, which could be either positive or negative. After controlling for trauma exposure and PTSD, suicidal behaviours were associated with more negative perceptions of the world. These perceptions of the world included disillusionment about human nature and a more specific rejection of civilian life.

Conclusions

PTSD and suicidal behaviours in veterans seem not to be associated with significantly more negative views of the self but rather with more alienation from civilian life. This has serious consequences for engaging veterans in National Health Service (NHS) mental health services and for the provision of effective treatment.
Global Governance: Parsimony and the Strictures of Complexity
Authors: Kustermans Jorg
Published: December 2010

The central contribution of the discipline of International Relations to the debate on globalization is its engagement with the process of global governance. This article seeks to map the substance of this engagement through a systematic comparison of three main theoretical approaches to global governance: James Rosenau’s account of the sui generis and complex nature of global governance, Political Realism’s reductive reading of global governance as fragile international cooperation, and the so-called English School’s ‘middle-way’ analysis of global governance as (a historically evolved form of) ordered international interaction.
Mapping iron oxides and the color of Australian soil using visible–near‐infrared reflectance spectra
Authors: Viscarra Rossel R. A. , Bui E. N. , de Caritat P. , McKenzie N. J.
Published: December 2010

Iron (Fe) oxide mineralogy in most Australian soils is poorly characterized, even though Fe oxides play an important role in soil function. Fe oxides reflect the conditions of pH, redox potential, moisture, and temperature in the soil environment. The strong pigmenting effect of Fe oxides gives most soils their color, which is largely a reflection of the soil's Fe mineralogy. Visible–near‐infrared (vis–NIR) spectroscopy can be used to identify and measure the abundance of certain Fe oxides in soil, and the visible range can be used to derive tristimuli soil color information. The aims of this paper are (1) to measure the abundance of hematite and goethite in Australian soils from their vis–NIR spectra, (2) to compare these results to measurements of soil color, and (3) to describe the spatial variability of hematite, goethite, and soil color and map their distribution across Australia. We measured the spectra of 4606 surface soil samples from across Australia using a vis–NIR spectrometer with a wavelength range of 350–2500 nm. We determined the Fe oxide abundance for each sample using the diagnostic absorption features of hematite (near 880 nm) and goethite (near 920 nm) and derived a normalized iron oxide difference index (NIODI) to better discriminate between them. The NIODI was generalized across Australia with its spatial uncertainty using sequential indicator simulation, which resulted in a map of the probability of the occurrence of hematite and goethite. We also derived soil RGB color from the spectra and mapped its distribution and uncertainty across the country using sequential Gaussian simulations. The simulated RGB color values were made into a composite true color image and were also converted to Munsell hue, value, and chroma. These color maps were compared to the map of the NIODI, and both were used to interpret our results. The work presented here was validated by randomly splitting the data into training and test data sets, as well as by comparing our results to existing studies on the distribution of Fe oxides in Australian soils.
A multiscale model for integrating hyporheic exchange from ripples to meanders
Authors: Stonedahl Susa H. , Harvey Judson W. , Wörman Anders , Salehin Mashfiqus , Packman Aaron I.
Published: December 2010

It is necessary to improve our understanding of the exchange of dissolved constituents between surface and subsurface waters in river systems in order to better evaluate the fate of water‐borne contaminants and nutrients and their effects on water quality and aquatic ecosystems. Here we present a model that can predict hyporheic exchange at the bed‐form‐to‐reach scale using readily measurable system characteristics. The objective of this effort was to compare subsurface flow induced at scales ranging from very small scale bed forms up to much larger planform geomorphic features such as meanders. In order to compare exchange consistently over this range of scales, we employed a spectral scaling approach as the basis for a generalized analysis of topography‐induced stream‐subsurface exchange. The spectral model involves a first‐order approximation for local flow‐boundary interactions but is fully three‐dimensional and includes the lateral hyporheic zone in addition to the flow directly beneath the streambed. The primary model input parameters are stream velocity and slope, sediment permeability and porosity, and detailed measurements of the stream channel topography. The primary outputs are the distribution of water flux across the stream channel boundary, the resulting pore water flow paths, and the subsurface residence time distribution. We tested the bed‐form‐exchange component of the model using a highly detailed two‐dimensional data set for exchange with ripples and dunes and then applied the model to a three‐dimensional meandering stream in a laboratory flume. Having spatially explicit information allowed us to evaluate the contributions of both gravitational and current‐driven hyporheic flow through various classes of stream channel features including ripples, dunes, bars, and meanders. The model simulations indicate that all scales of topography between ripples and meanders have a significant effect on pore water flow fields and residence time distributions. Furthermore, complex interactions across the spectrum of topographic features play an important role in controlling the net interfacial flux and spatial distribution of hyporheic exchange. For example, shallow exchange induced by current‐driven interactions with small bed forms dominates the interfacial flux, but local pore water flows are modified significantly by larger‐scale surface‐groundwater interactions. As a result, simplified representations of the stream topography do not adequately characterize patterns and rates of hyporheic exchange.
Generation of permeability barriers during melt extraction at mid‐ocean ridges
Authors: Hebert Laura B. , Montési Laurent G. J.
Published: December 2010

Melt focusing at mid‐ocean ridges is necessary to explain the narrowness of the zone of crustal accretion and the formation of large but localized on‐axis seamounts at slow and ultraslow spreading centers. It has been proposed that melt focusing is facilitated by the presence of a barrier to upward melt migration at the base of the thermal boundary layer (TBL). We assess the development of a melt impermeable boundary by modeling the geochemical evolution and crystallization history of melts as they rise into the TBL of mid‐ocean ridges with different spreading rates. A permeability barrier, associated with a crystallization front controlled by the conductive thermal regime, exists for melt trajectories at slow to fast spreading ridges (≥10 mm/yr half rate). The effective lateral scope of the barrier, where the slope of the barrier exceeds a critical value that allows buoyant melt transport to the axis, generally increases with spreading rate. At all distances from the axis at ultraslow ridges and off‐axis at slow spreading ridges, the weak crystallization front may prohibit formation of an efficient barrier and lead to the possibility that some fraction of melt may be incorporated into the lithospheric mantle, allowing refertilization. The protracted crystallization history and potential absence of an effective permeability barrier may explain the dearth of volcanism at ultraslow ridges and calls for a revision of lateral melt focusing scenarios at ultraslow spreading rates.