bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Computations using analysis of covariance
Authors: Barrett Timothy J.
Published: March 2011

Although analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was introduced long ago, it is not well understood by many researchers and is frequently misused. ANCOVA is an extension of analysis of variance (ANOVA) with the inclusion of one or more covariates. Its benefits compared to ANOVA include (1) increased power and (2) a reduction in biases caused by differences in experimental units [the covariate(s)] among groups. ANCOVA can be presented using an adjusted means procedure (testing for differences in means adjusted for the covariate), but the procedure can be easily understood using a multiple linear regression method using indicator variables to represent groups. Statistical software packages use general linear models to perform ANCOVA which are identical to the multiple linear regression models. Failure to meet assumptions of ANCOVA can lead to misinterpretation of results. Failing to meet the assumption of parallel group regression slopes is common in many data sets and methods are available to analyze these data sets (e.g., the Johnson–Neyman technique). Although ANCOVA is robust to violations of some assumptions (e.g., normality and equality of variances) when sample sizes are equal, many nonparametric tests based on ranks are available as nonparametric alternatives to ANCOVA. WIREs Comp Stat 2011 3 260–268 DOI: 10.1002/wics.165

This article is categorized under:

Statistical and Graphical Methods of Data Analysis > Nonparametric Methods
Interaction Between Nonionic and Gemini (Cationic) Surfactants: Effect of Spacer Chain Length
Authors: Chavda Suresh , Bahadur Pratap , Aswal Vinod K.
Published: March 2011

The interaction between mixtures of nonionic surfactant polyethylene glycol p‐(1,1,3,3‐tetramethyl butyl)‐phenyl ether and cationic gemini surfactants alkanediyl‐α,ω‐bis(dimethyldodecylammonium bromide) (12‐s‐12, where s = 2, 4 and 6) was studied using surface tension and small‐angle neutron scattering measurements. Marked interaction was observed for the investigated surfactants mixtures which depend upon the hydrophobic spacer length of the gemini surfactant and also on the fraction of nonionic surfactant in the mixed systems. The results are discussed in terms of interaction parameters calculated according to the theory of regular solutions which uses the critical micelle concentration determined tensiometrically to calculate the molecular interaction parameter and the mole fractions of the two components in the mixed micelles. A relatively high negative molecular interaction parameter value (up to −3.40) obtained for mixtures of nonionic and cationic gemini surfactant indicates a presence of strong attractive interaction in the mixed system that increases with the spacer length of the gemini surfactant. Micellar parameters deduced from small‐angle neutron scattering measurements also compliment the surface tension results.
1H‐ and 13C‐NMR Characterization of the Molecular Components of the Lipid Fraction of Pecorino Sardo Cheese
Authors: Scano P. , Anedda R. , Melis M. P. , Dessi’ M. A. , Lai A. , Roggio T.
Published: March 2011

In this work the molecular fatty components of Pecorino Sardo Protected Designation of Origin (PS PDO) cheese were characterized through an exhaustive investigation of the 1H‐ and 13C‐NMR spectra of the extracted lipids. Several fatty acids (FA), such as long chain saturated, oleic, linoleic, linolenic, butyric, capric, caprylic, caproic, trans vaccenic, conjugated linoleic acid (cis9, trans11–18:2), and caproleic (9–10:1) were unambiguously detected. The positional isomery of some acyl groups in the glycerol backbone of triacylglycerols (TAG) was assessed. Furthermore, the NMR signals belonging to sn‐1,2/2,3, sn‐1,3 diacylglycerols (DAG), and free fatty acids (FFA) were analysed as a measure of lipolytic processes on cheese. Lastly, 1H‐NMR resonances of saturated aldehydes and hydroperoxides were detected, their very low intensity indicating that the lipid oxidation process can be considered to be of minor relevance in Pecorino Sardo cheese.
The effect of local anaesthetic on post-operative pain with wound instillation via a catheter for paediatric orthopaedic extremity surgery
Authors: Bulut T. , Yilmazlar A. , Yavascaoglu B. , Sarisozen B.
Published: March 2011

Purpose

We aimed to investigate the effects on post-operative pain of local anaesthetic administration via a catheter placed into the operation site in patients who were undergoing upper and lower extremity paediatric orthopaedic surgery.

Methods

In this randomised, double-blind and placebo study, 40 ASA I–II patients aged between 1 and 12 years were randomly allocated into two groups: study group (Group S: 0.2 ml/kg, 0.5% bupivacaine, n = 20) and control group (Group C: 0.2 ml/kg, serum physiologic, n = 20). Before the fascia was closed by the surgical team, the solution previously prepared by the chief nurse was injected into the subfascial soft tissue with the syringe as the “injected dose” of serum physiologic or bupivacaine. After the closure, 0.2 ml/kg (1 mg/kg) bupivacaine or saline was instillated as the “first instillated dose” into the surgical area via the catheter. Pain scores were recorded at 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24 and 48 h post-operatively. Patients were administered 0.75 mg/kg meperidine intramuscularly post-operatively to equalise the pain scores.

Results

No statistically significant difference was found between Group S and Group C in terms of demographic and other data and pain scores in the post-anaesthesia care unit, while a statistically significant decrease was found at 2, 4, 8, 12, 24 and 48 h in Group S and at 1, 2 and 4 h in Group C based on pain scores in the post-anaesthesia care unit ( P < 0.05). A statistically significant decreasing pain score was found at 4, 8, 12, 24 and 48 h in Group S ( P < 0.05).

Conclusion

The local anaesthetic administered via a catheter implanted in the surgical field may provide long-term and efficient post-operative analgesia.
The Relative Returns to Graduating from a Historically Black College/University: Propensity Score Matching Estimates from the National Survey of Black Americans
Authors: Price Gregory N. , Spriggs William , Swinton Omari H.
Published: March 2011

This paper considers the returns to earning a baccalaureate degree from a Historically Black College/University (HBCU) relative to a non-HBCU for black Americans. With data from the National Survey of Black Americans, we use propensity score matching estimators to estimate the treatment effect of graduating from an HBCU on direct labor market outcomes, and on psychological outcomes that indirectly increase wages. We find that the treatment effect of graduating from an HBCU relative to a non-HBCU is positive with respect to labor market and psychological outcomes across three decades. As our direct labor market outcome measure reflects permanent earnings, our results suggest that as HBCUs afford graduates relatively superior long-run returns they continue to have a compelling educational justification, as the labor market outcomes of their graduates are superior to what they would have been had they graduated from a non-HBCU.
Molecular population genomics: a short history
Authors: CHARLESWORTH BRIAN
Published: March 2011

Population genomics is the study of the amount and causes of genome-wide variability in natural populations, a topic that has been under discussion since Darwin. This paper first briefly reviews the early development of molecular approaches to the subject: the pioneering unbiased surveys of genetic variability at multiple loci by means of gel electrophoresis and restriction enzyme mapping. The results of surveys of levels of genome-wide variability using DNA resequencing studies are then discussed. Studies of the extent to which variability for different classes of variants (non-synonymous, synonymous and non-coding) are affected by natural selection, or other directional forces such as biased gene conversion, are also described. Finally, the effects of deleterious mutations on population fitness and the possible role of Hill–Robertson interference in shaping patterns of sequence variability are discussed.
Genetic analysis of environmental variation
Authors: HILL WILLIAM G. , MULDER HAN A.
Published: March 2011

Environmental variation (VE) in a quantitative trait – variation in phenotype that cannot be explained by genetic variation or identifiable genetic differences – can be regarded as being under some degree of genetic control. Such variation may be either between repeated expressions of the same trait within individuals (e.g. for bilateral traits), in the phenotype of different individuals, where variation within families may differ, or in both components. We consider alternative models for defining the distribution of phenotypes to include a component due to heterogeneity ofVE. We review evidence for the presence of genetic variation inVEand estimates of its magnitude. Typically the heritability ofVEis under 10%, but its genetic coefficient of variation is typically 20% or more. We consider experimental designs appropriate for estimating genetic variance inVEand review alternative methods of estimation. We consider the effects of stabilizing and directional selection onVEand review both the forces that might be maintaining levels ofVEand heritability found in populations. We also evaluate the opportunities for reducingVEin breeding programmes. Although empirical and theoretical studies have increased our understanding of genetic control of environmental variance, many issues remain unresolved.
Insights from GWAS into the quantitative genetics of transcription in humans
Authors: KIM JINHEE , GIBSON GREG
Published: March 2011

Human gene expression profiles have emerged as an effective model system for the dissection of quantitative genetic traits. Peripheral blood and transformed lymphoblasts are particularly attractive for their ready availability and repeatability, respectively, and the advent of relatively inexpensive genotyping and microarray analysis technologies has facilitated genome-wide association for transcript abundance in numerous settings. Thousands of genes have been shown to harbour regulatory polymorphisms that have large local effects on transcription, explaining 20% or more of the variance in many cases, but the focus on such results obscures the reality that the vast majority of the genetic component of transcriptional variance remains to be ascertained. This mini-review surveys the inferences derived from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for gene expression to date, and discusses some of the issues we face in finding the remainder of the heritability and understanding how environmental and genetic regulatory factors orchestrate the highly structured architecture of transcriptional variation.
Art and Society in Modern China—A Review Article
Authors: Croizier Ralph
Published: March 2011

Until recently, modern Chinese art attracted little scholarly attention, either in China or in the West. Western art historians might occasionally glance at the more traditional kinds of painting in the twentieth century, but their serious publications were on the great periods of Chinese art, Ming or before. The contemporary China-watchers—social scientists and modern period historians—trained their gaze on the harder stuff of politics and economics, ideology and organization. In the United States and the West in general, art seemed to slip through the crack between ACLS- and SSRC-funded research projects. In China, anything on the twentieth century, even art, was too sensitive politically for safe handling. The result was that throughout the Maoist years modern Chinese art could occasionally pique the interest of collectors or dealers outside China or draw carefully calculated praise from critics and publicists within, but it was not a promising area for critical scholarship. Michael Sullivan's pioneering survey,Chinese Art in the Twentieth Century, London and Berkeley, 1959—strong on developments in the later Guomindang period when he was in China, but understandably rather out of touch with the main currents in the People's Republic—remained for almost thirty years the sole monument in a neglected field.
Sir George Sansom—An Appreciation
Authors: Jansen Marius B. , Keene Donald , Wright Arthur F.
Published: March 2011

Sir George Bailey Sansom, who died on March 8 in Tucson, Arizona, at the age of 82, was the last of the great amateurs and first among professional students of Japan in the Western world. Like Aston, Satow and Eliot, earlier pioneers of Japanese studies, he began his studies of Japan during his tenure in diplomatic posts. The long exposure and intimate knowledge of Japanese life that he received in the British Embassy in Tokyo between 1905 and 1940 provided a setting very different from contemporary academic arrangements whereby stays in Japan are reliefs from, and not the center of, professional life and activities.
The Erosion of Democracy
Authors: Emerson Rupert
Published: March 2011

1958 was the year of collapse for democratic constitutionalism in the new countries. Although some, following the example of Latin America, had already abandoned their brave new experiments, hopes were still high for the rest. The major defectors from the democratic ranks in 1958 were Pakistan, Burma, and the Sudan, in all three of which the military took over, but other countries underwent similar experiences which emphasized the nature and extent of the crisis. In Indonesia the existing regime was pushed further toward an unstable combination of disintegration and authoritarian rule by the proclamation in Sumatra of a provisional revolutionary government, claiming to supplant the government headed by President Sukarno. In Thailand, Field Marshal Sarit Thanarat, who had replaced Field Marshal Pibul Song-gram, reasserted and tightened his dictatorial control. In the Middle East the United Arab Republic was established under the firm authoritarian rule of Colonel Gamal Abdul Nasser; Iraq was taken over by General Abdul Karim Kassim; and Lebanon and Jordan were both threatened by upheavals. In Africa south of the Sahara the military had not yet come to prominence but Nkrumah and his Convention People's Party tightened their grip on Ghana; and Guinea, voting its independence from France, set up an explicit one-party system under the leadership of Sékou Touré.
Norman Dwight Harris, 1870–1958
Authors: Colegrove Kenneth
Published: March 2011

Norman Dwight Harris, patron of the Journal of Asian Studies, after an illness of several months, passed away on September 4, 1958, in his home in Daytona Beach, Florida. Professor Harris was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, on January 25, 1870. In 1892, he graduated from the Sheffield Scientific School of Yale University. After studying a year in the University of Chicago, he spent three years at the Universities of Berlin and Leipzig. In 1901, he received his degree of doctor of philosophy at the University of Chicago. For the next four years, he served as instructor in history in Lawrence College, in Appleton, Wisconsin. In 1906, he was appointed Professor of European Diplomatic History in Northwestern University. Ten years later, he oragnized the Department of Political Science at Northwestern, and remained chairman of this department until his retirement in 1928.
The Department of Oriental Printed Books and Manuscripts of the British Museum
Authors: Gardner K. B. , Grinstead E. D. , Meredith-Owens G. M.
Published: March 2011

Until the latter half of the nineteenth century no separate department of Oriental books or manuscripts existed in the British Museum. Such works as had been acquired in the foundation collections of the Museum, the Old Royal, Sloane, Harleian, and Cottonian Collections, and those acquired subsequently by donation and purchase, were comparatively few in number and were administered by the two departments of Printed Books and of Manuscripts. By 1867, however, the growing number of acquisitions and a growing sense of the importance of the Oriental manuscript collections led the Trustees to set up a separate Department of Oriental Manuscripts. Printed books continued to be housed and administered along with the Western collections, and it was not until 1891 that a new Department of Oriental Printed Books and Manuscripts was formed, incorporating all the Oriental material under one Keeper, Sir Robert K. Douglas.
Harry J. Benda: An Obituary
Authors: Mcvey Ruth T.
Published: March 2011

Harry benda's association with Asian studies stemmed from bitter accident, for he had been of a Prague Jewish family; when Hitler took over Czechoslovakia, his father arranged for Harry's exodus by getting him a job in a Dutch trading firm in the East Indies. A brother was the only other member of the family to escape death under Nazi rule. In Java, Benda settled down to learn the life of a European merchant, but he had too lively a mind to be content with latter-day colonial society. He saw the remnants of a great indigenous tradition around him, and the stirrings of a new life; he began to meet scholars who were interested in Indonesian culture and from them developed a broad intellectual interest in the people of Java. Many of these intellectuals vanished into concentration camps with the coming of the Japanese; and in 1943 Benda joined them, when the Japanese decided to intern Jews. For many of those intellectuals who survived the camps, the experience was a time of learning and reorientation; so also for Benda, whose interest in Indonesian society deepened into the determination to pursue its study as a career.
Horace Irvin Poleman 1905–1965
Authors: Brown W. Norman
Published: March 2011

Horace Irvin Poleman, Chief of the Orientalia Division of the Library of Congress, died on November 6,1965, in the Georgetown University Hospital in Washington. He was born in Philadelphia on September 5, 1905, graduated from the College of the University of Pennsylvania in 1927, having been elected to Phi Beta Kappa, received the degree of M.A. in classical languages from the same university in 1930 and the Ph.D. degree in Sanskrit in 1933. His doctoral dissertation (unpublished) was an edition and translation of the Aurdhvadehika-paddhati, a mediaeval Sanskrit text on death ritual. In 1939 he married Jenny Falk, who with their sons, Karl and Robert, survives him.
Richard Hugh Robinson June 21, 1926–August 6, 1970
Authors: Johnson Willard
Published: March 2011

A Tragic accident took the life of Richard Hugh Robinson on August 6, 1970, thereby depriving the world of one of its finest scholars of Buddhism and Indo-Asian studies. Richard's degree was in Classical Chinese, but as the years passed he became master of every canonical language of Buddhism believing as he did that a good scholar of Buddhism must know all its languages. Even beyond his linguistic abilities his scholarship was broad and deep, encompassing the most diverse subjects, and amazing to everyone. As he talked with us in conferences, meetings, classes and discussions of every kind he drew on this scholarship with telling skill, and we all remember Richard's remarkable presence among us. Now since his life was cut short at the inopportune age of forty-four all of us have experienced feelings of regret at the passing of such a scholar.
Correction
Authors: Liu James J. Y.
Published: March 2011

In my article, “The Study of Chinese Literature in the West” (JAS, XXXV, 1, Nov 1975), I erroneously stated that Jean-Pierre Dieny's Aux origines de la poésie classique en Chine was concerned with the shih (p. 27). The book is in fact concerned with the yüehfu. The error was due to momentary confusion of this book with another work by the same author, Les Dix-neuf poèmes anciens, which is concerned with the shih. I regret the error and apologize to M. Diény and the readers.
Three-dimensional vortex dynamics in oscillatory flow separation
Authors: CANALS MIGUEL , PAWLAK GENO
Published: March 2011

The dynamics of coherent columnar vortices and their interactions in an oscillatory flow past an obstacle are examined experimentally. The main focus is on the low Keulegan–Carpenter number range (0.2 < KC < 2), where KC is the ratio between the fluid particle excursion during half an oscillation cycle and the obstacle size, and for moderate Reynolds numbers (700 < Rev < 7500). For this parameter range, a periodic unidirectional vortex pair ejection regime is observed, in which the direction of vortex propagation is set by the initial conditions of the oscillations. These vortex pairs provide a direct mechanism for the transfer of momentum and enstrophy to the outer region of rough oscillating boundary layers. Vortices are observed to be short-lived relative to the oscillation time scale, which limits their propagation distance from the boundary. The instability mechanisms leading to vortex decay are elucidated via flow visualizations and digital particle image velocimetry (DPIV). Dye visualizations reveal complex three-dimensional vortex interactions resulting in rapid vortex destruction. These visualizations suggest that one of the instabilities affecting the spanwise vortices is an elliptical instability of the strained vortex cores. This is supported by DPIV measurements which identify the spatial structure of the perturbations associated with the elliptical instability in the divergence field. We also identify regions in the periphery of the vortex cores which are unstable to the centrifugal instability. Vortex longevity is quantified via a vortex decay time scale, and the results indicate that vortex pair lifetimes are of the order of an oscillation period T.
Oscillatory Kelvin–Helmholtz instability. Part 1. A viscous theory
Authors: YOSHIKAWA HARUNORI N. , WESFREID JOSÉ EDUARDO
Published: March 2011

The stability of oscillatory two-layer flows is investigated with a linear perturbation analysis. An asymptotic case is considered where the oscillation amplitude is small when compared to the perturbation wavelength. The focus of the analysis is on the influence of viscosity and its contrast at the interface. The flows are unstable when the relative velocity of the layers is larger than a critical value. Depending on the oscillation frequency, the flows are in different dynamical regimes, which are characterized by the relative importance of the capillary wavelength and the thicknesses of the Stokes boundary layers developed on the interface. A particular regime is found in which instability occurs at a substantially lower critical velocity. The mechanism behind the instability is studied by identifying the velocity- and shear-induced components in the disturbance growth rate. They interchange dominance depending on the frequency and the viscosity contrast. Results of the analysis are compared with the experiments in the literature. Good agreement is found with the experiments that have a small oscillation amplitude. The validity condition of the asymptotic theory is estimated.
Prólogo del ex presidente del Tribunal Penal Internacional para ex Yugolavia
Authors: Cassese Antonio
Published: March 2011

El Tribunal Penal Intemacional para ex Yugoslavia (en adelante, «Tribunal Internacional») fue instituido hace más de cuatro años como respuesta a las masivas matanzas, las violaciones generalizadas y sistemáticas y la «depuración étnica» que se estaban cometiendo en ex Yugoslavia, con una dimensión y un salvajismo sin precedentes en Europa tras la Segunda Guerra Mundial. El Consejo de Seguridad de las Naciones Unidas, considerando que esta situación era una amenaza para la paz y la seguridad internacionales, decidió instituir el Tribunal Intemacional como órgano judicial subsidiario, con la convicción de que ello contribuiría al cese de tales prácticas.
Jurisdicción penal internacional, derecho internacional humanitario y acción humanitaria
Authors: Stroun Jacques
Published: March 2011

Al término de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, los Estados, aterrorizados por la violencia desatada que hizo estragos en el mundo durante más de cinco años, ratificaron una refundición de los Convenios de Ginebra con la esperanza de que este sólido instruments de derecho permitiera preservar, incluso en la guerra, la dignidad de los seres humanos. Se comprometieron a respetar, en los conflictos armados tanto internacionales como internos, los derechos fundamentals de la persona humana y a limitar a lo estricto necesario el empleo de la fuerza para poner fuera de combate al enemigo. En los dos Protocolos adicionales de 1977 se refrenda esta voluntad.
Jurisdicción de los Tribunales ad hoc para ex Yugoslavia y Ruanda por lo que respecta a los crímenes de lesa humanidad y de genocidio
Authors: Roberge Marie-Claude
Published: March 2011

El Tribunal Penal International para ex Yugoslavia (TPIY) y el Tribunal Penal Internacional para Ruanda (TPIR) fueron instituidos el 11 de febrero de 1993 y el 8 de noviembre de 1994, respectivamente, por decision del Consejo de Seguridad para enjuiciar a las personas responsables de graves violaciones del derecho internacional humanitario. La finalidad del Consejo de Seguridad era poner término a tales violaciones y contribuir a restaurar y a mantener la paz. Con el establecimiento de los dos Tribunalesad hocse ha dado, sin lugar a dudas, un gran paso en esa dirección y se da a los autores de dichas transgresiones y a las víctimas la inequívoca señal de que ya no se volverá a tolerar tal comportamiento.
Tribunal Penal Internacional para Ruanda - Cometido del tribunal en la realidad africana
Authors: Wembou Djiena
Published: March 2011

Vistas las atrocidades cometidas en Ruanda, entre abril y julio de 1994, la comunidad intemacional se ha comprometido a hacer respetar el derecho intemacional humanitario y a enjuiciar a los responsables de las infracciones contra ese derecho. Así, en virtud de la resolución 955 del 8 de noviembre de 1994, el Consejo de Seguridad de las Naciones Unidas estableció el Tribunal Penal Intemacional para que enjuicie tanto a los presuntos responsables de genocidio y de otras graves violaciones del derecho intemacional humanitario cometidas en el territorio de Ruanda como a los ciudadanos ruandeses presuntamente responsables de dichos actos o violaciones cometidos en el territorio de Estados vecinos.
¿Puede contribuir la Cruz Roja a la salvaguardia de la paz?
Authors: Haug Hans
Published: March 2011

¿ Puede la Cruz Roja contribuir al mantenimiento de la paz? Además de su cometido humanitario, ¿ no tendría que cumplir también una misión de paz? Esta no es, ni mucho menos, una nueva preocupación suscitada por los recientes acontecimientos del movimiento pacifista o por las manifestaciones en pro de la paz. La cuestión de si la Cruz Roja es, por su naturaleza misma, un factor de paz, si su labor humanitaria debería conducir finalmente a la eliminación de la guerra, es tan antigua como la idea misma de la Cruz Roja. Ya en los comienzos, Henry Dunant declaró que no bastaba con aliviar el sufrimiento de las victimas de la guerra sino que habia que prohibir la guerra misma.
Esfuerzos realizados para que los Estados acepten los Protocolos de 1977
Authors: Gasser Hans-Peter
Published: March 2011

No basta con redactar un nuevo tratado international; hace falta, además, que los Estados quieran respetarlo. Este asenso del Estado de respetar las nuevas obligaciones se manifiesta, en primer lugar, mediante la ratificación del tratado o su adhesión al mismo.
Las gestiones de la Cruz Roja Alemana en la República Federal de Alemania en favor de la ratificatión de los Protocolos adicionales
Authors: von Block-Schlesier Andreas
Published: March 2011

Desde que terminó la Segunda Guerra Mundial, la Cruz Roja Alemana en la República Federal de Alemania (CRA) atribuye gran importancia al desarrollo del derecho internacional humanitario. Los resultados de la Conferencia Diplomática de 1949, que elaboró los cuatro Convenios de Ginebra, suscitaron, naturalmente, un interés especial por la situación que reinaba en la Alemania ocupada de la posguerra y por los millones de prisioneros de guerra y de desaparecidos que aún había entonces. Después de que, en 1950 y 1959, se fundaran de nuevo la Cruz Roja Alemana en la República Federal de Alemania y la Cruz Roja Alemana en la República Democrática Alemana, respectivamente, siguió ese interés.
Aplicación de los Protocolos adicionales en Bélgica
Authors: Andries André
Published: March 2011

En noviembre de 1977, el Gobierno belga confió a una comisión interdepartamental el estudio de las cuestiones relativas a la ratificación de los Protocolos adicionales a los Convenios de Ginebra, aprobados el 8 de junio de ese mismo año, antes de que fuesen abiertos para la firma el 12 de diciembre. Se trataba, en esa etapa, de determinar si Bélgica debía formular alguna declaración interpretativa, incluso reserva, en el momento de la ratificación y de preparar el proyecto de ley para aprobarla. Esto suponía una concertación, no solamente entre los diferentes departamentos ministeriales concernidos por la aplicación de los Protocolos, sino también entre el Gobierno belga y los Gobiernos de los países miembros de la alianza militar de la que Bélgica formaba parte.
Difusión del derecho internacional humanitario. La situatión en Bélgica
Authors: Vandekerckhove Carl
Published: March 2011

Desde el 20 de noviembre de 1986, Bélgica está obligada por las disposiciones no sólo de los Convenios de Ginebra de 1949, sino también por las de los Protocolos adicionales de 1977. Por consiguiente, todos los ciudadanos belgas deben tomar las medidas necesarias para dar cumplimiento a las obligaciones que les corresponden.

Al ratificar los Protocolos, Bélgica se comprometió a respetar y hacer respetar las citadas normas en toda circunstancia.
Los Convenios de Ginebra y los Protocolos adicionales como piedra angular para Japón, país amante de la paz
Authors: Adachi Sumio
Published: March 2011

El derecho international humanitario es, por así decirlo, un conjunto de medidas destinadas a hacer respetar la moral que, a su vez, establece un puente entre el derecho y la política. Abarca los deberes mínimos de las Partes en conflicto en caso de conflicto armado international o national.
Décimo aniversario de los Protocolos adicionales de 1977. Una opinión jordana
Authors: Abu-Goura Ahmad
Published: March 2011

Veinte años después de que se aprobaran los cuatro Convenios de Ginebra en 1949, las organizaciones internacionales humanitarias concernidas, en particular el CICR, creyeron conveniente ampliar esos tratados humanitarios. Tras varias sesiones preliminares con expertos de diferentes Gobiernos y Sociedades Nacionales, el CICR llegó a la conclusión de que no convenía revisar los Convenios de 1949, sino redactar dos Protocolos adicionales: el primero de ellos referente a los «conflictos armados internacionales» y el segundo a los «conflictos armados no internacionales», con el fin de completar y desarrollar los Convenios de Ginebra.
Conferencia de Examen de la Convención de 1980 sobre ciertas armas convencionales
Authors: Jlestov Nikolai
Published: March 2011

La Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas acogió favorablemente, en su resolutión 48/79 del 16 de diciembre de 1993, la petición que uno de los Estados Partes en la Convención de 1980 sobre ciertas armas (Francia) había efectuado al secretario general de la Organización para que convocase una conferencia de examen de las disposiciones de dicha Conventión en virtud de su artículo 8(3). En el párrafo 6 de dicha resolución, la Asamblea General animaba a los Estados Partes a que pidiesen al secretario general la designación de un grupo de expertos gubernamentales con el cometido de preparar la conferencia. Así lo hicieron, y el grupo de expertos constituido con tal finalidad celebró tres reuniones en 1994 y una en 1995. Siguiendo una decisión del grupo, la Conferencia de Examen se celebrará en Viena del 25 de septiembre al 13 de octubre de 1995.
125 años de la Revista Internacional de la Cruz Roja o Cuando la memoria es fiel… III. El Movimiento Internacional de la Cruz Roja y de la Media Luna Roja: Solidaridad y Unidad
Authors: Meurant Jacques
Published: March 2011

Las actividades de protectión y de asistencia en favor de las víctimas de los conflictos armados, así como el desarrollo y la aplicación del derecho internacional humanitario han ocupado un lugar privilegiado en la Revista, desde sus albores. Nada extraño en ello, dado el cometido del CICR, del que es el órgano oficial.
Manual de San Remo sobre el Derecho Internacional aplicable a los Conflictos Armados en el Mar
Authors: Doswald-Beck Louise
Published: March 2011

Hace tiempo que era necesario reconsiderar el derecho relativo al uso de la fuerza en el mar a la luz de los nuevos métodos y medios de hacer la guerra en el mar y de los importantes cambios registrados en otras ramas del derecho intemacional directamente relacionadas con este tema. Esta necesidad queda reflejada en la Resolución VII de la XXV Conferencia Intemacional de la Cruz Roja en la que se toma nota de que «algunos aspectos del derecho intemacional humanitario relativos a la guerra en el mar requieren reafirmación y clarificación sobre la base de los principios fundamentales vigentes del derecho intemacional humanitario» y, por lo tanto, se insta a «los gobiemos a que coordinen sus actividades en los foros apropiados, a fin de examinar la necesidad y la posibilidad de actualizar los textos pertinentes del derecho intemacional humanitario relativo a la guerra en el mar»
La responsabilidad penal por violación del derecho internacional humanitario aplicable en situación de conflicto armado no internacional
Authors: Graditzky Thomas
Published: March 2011

A mediados de nuestro siglo, dos importantes acontecimientos influyeron en el derecho penal international. En primer lugar, fueron los juicios en Nuremberg y en Tokio contra los grandes criminales de guerra, al finalizar la Segunda Guerra Mundial, los que sirvieron de referente en este ámbito. La responsabilidad penal individual por actos graves contrarios a las normas del derecho internacional aplicable en caso de conflicto marmado sale a la luz pública; las nociones de «crímenes contra la paz», «crímenes de guerra» y «crímenes contra la humanidad» se ven refrendadas. Algo más tarde, con la aprobación de los cuatro Convenios de Ginebra de 12 de agosto de 1949 para la protectión de las víctimas de la guerra, se produce el segundo acontecimiento. En estos instrumentos se establece un marco represivo especial para las violaciones más graves del derecho que garantizan; nace la expresión técnica «infracción grave».
La primera propuesta de creación de un tribunal penal internacional permanente
Authors: Hall Christopher Keith
Published: March 2011

El 15 de junio de 1998, dará comienzo en Roma una conferencia diplomática de cinco semanas de duración con la misión de poner remedio, con la aprobación de un tratado para la constitutión de un tribunal penal international permanente, a una de las más persistentes deficiencias existentes en el sistema de aplicación del derecho internacional humanitario. Aunque el esfuerzo actual de las Naciones Unidas para instituir un tribunal de esta índole se inició hace medio siglo con la propuesta formulada en 1947 por Henri Donnedieu de Vabres, el juez francés del Tribunal Militar International de Nuremberg, es aún escasamente sabido que la primera propuesta seria de creación de este tribunal fue la realizada hace más de siglo y cuarto por Gustave Moynier, uno de los fundadores, y durante mucho tiempo, presidente del Comité International de la Cruz Roja. Moynier luchó con muchos de los mismos problemas a los que se enfrentarán los redactores de los estatutos en la Conferencia Diplomática de 1998, y los aciertos y carencias de su propuesta siguen siendo válidos.
La fuerza frente al derecho: el Comité Internacional de la Cruz Roja y la guerra química en el conflicto ítalo-etíope de 1935–1936
Authors: Baudendistel Rainer
Published: March 2011

En la Primera Guerra Mundial, se recurrió, por primera vez, al empleo generalizado de agentes químicos en los principales frentes bélicos, lo que causó un número sin precedentes de víctimas. Apenas terminada la guerra, se desplegaron esfuerzos para proscribir estas armas. La Sociedad de Naciones se encargó de elaborar las normas específicas, poniéndose así de relieve la convicción de que esta cuestión era de interés mundial y no sólo de las potencias victoriosas. El 17 de junio de 1925, firmaron el Protocolo de Ginebra sobre la prohibición del empleo en la guerra de gases asfixiantes, tóxicos o similares y de medios bacteriológicos 26 Estados. En este tratado, se prohíbe categóricamente recurrir a medios de combate químicos y biológicos. Aunque la firma del Protocolo despertó grandes esperanzas de una efectiva prohibición de las armas químicas, la adhesión al tratado progresó lentamente. Varios Estados, que, a todas luces, dudaban de que el Protocolo pudiera aplicarse con la firmeza prevista en el texto, formularon importantes reservas.
Prólogo del juez Abdul G. Koroma
Authors: Koroma Abdul G.
Published: March 2011

La iniciativa de la Revista Internacional de la Cruz Roja de conmemorar el 50° aniversario de la Declaración Universal de Derechos Humanos es acertada y digna de elogio, dado su cometido de promover y hacer respetar el derecho internacional humanitario durante los conflictos armados, así como de fomentar la convergencia de ese derecho con el derecho de los derechos humanos —como se infiere de la progresiva sustitución de la expresión «derecho de la guerra» por la de «derecho internacional humanitario».
Relaciones entre el derecho internacional humanitario y los derechos humanos: Reseña histórica de la Declaración Universal de Derechos Humanos (1948) y de los Convenios de Ginebra (1949)
Authors: Kolb Robert
Published: March 2011

Hoy parece perfectamente asumido que el derecho internacional humanitario y los derechos humanos son parientes próximos. Repetida en multitud de ocasiones, esta afirmación se impone hoy en día a todos. A menudo se piensa que la estrecha relación entre estas dos materias existía y se percibía desde «el principio». Nada más alejado de la realidad. Antaño adscritas a categorías jurídicas distintas, sólo la asidua atención de los tratadistas modernos ha desvelado ese fondo común que parece predestinarlas a múltiples y fructíferos intercambios. Tratemos de aclarar esta relación.
Salvando la distancia entre los derechos humanos y el derecho humanitario: la sanción de los infractores
Authors: Dugard John
Published: March 2011

En 1948, cuando se aprobó la Declaración Universal de Derechos Humanos, se consideraba que los derechos humanos y el derecho humanitario eran campos separados. Desde la Conferencia Internacional de Derechos Humanos celebrada en Teherán el año 1968, la situación ha cambiado drásticamente y ahora se considera que los dos ámbitos son ramas distintas de la misma disciplina. Son varios los factores que han contribuido a esta confluencia, entre los que se cuentan la importancia creciente del derecho penal internacional y la incriminación de las violaciones graves de los derechos humanos. Ése es el tema del presente artículo.
Las normas humanitarias mínimas aplicables en período de disturbios y tensiones interiores
Authors: Momtaz Yamchid
Published: March 2011

Son muchos los Estados que han debido afrontar, a lo largo de su historia, situaciones de disturbios interiores y tensiones internas, tan graves a veces que hicieron peligrar sus intereses esenciales. Esas situaciones, que se caracterizan por actos de rebelión y de violencia cometidos por facciones más o menos organizadas contra las autoridades, o entre las propias facciones, se distinguen de las calificadas como conflictos armados no intemacionales, en que la intensidad de tales actos es mayor. Para poner fin a esos enfrentamientos y restablecer el orden perturbado, las autoridades se sirven, con frecuencia de considerables efectivos policiales e, incluso, de las fuerzas armadas. Esto da necesariamente lugar a una alteración del estado de derecho, caracterizada por graves violaciones en gran escala de los derechos humanos, que causan sufrimientos generalizados entre la población.
Codificación de normas internacionales acerca de personas desplazadas en el interior de un país: Un ámbito en el que se consideran los derechos humanos y el derecho humanitario
Authors: Goldman Robert K.
Published: March 2011

El mes de abril pasado, el representante del secretario general de las Naciones Unidas sobre la cuestión de los desplazados internos, señor Francis Deng, presentó a la Comisión de Derechos Humanos, en su 54° período de sesiones, un informe con una adición titulada Principios Rectores de los desplazamientos internos (en adelante, Principios Rectores). La Comisión aprobó por consenso una resolución, apoyada por más de 50 Estados, en la que, inter alia, toma nota de la decisión del Comité Permanente entre Organismos de acoger con satisfacción los Principios Rectores y alentar a sus miembros a que compartan dichos Principios con sus juntas ejecutivas, así como de la intención manifestada por el señor Deng de utilizar los Principios Rectores en su diálogo con los Gobiernos y las organizaciones intergubernamentales y no gubernamentales. Estos Principios son un hito importante en el proceso de elaboración de un marco normativo de aceptación general para la proteción de unos 20 a 25 millones de personas desplazadas internamente en todo el mundo.
Las Conferencias Internacionales de la Cruz Roja: factor de desarrollo del derecho internacional humanitario y de cohesión del Movimiento Internacional de la Cruz Roja y de la Media Luna Roja
Authors: Abplanalp Philippe
Published: March 2011

La XXVI Conferencia Internacional de la Cruz Roja y de la Media Luna Roja tendrá lugar en Ginebra, el mes de diciembre de 1995. La Conferencia es, sin duda, el más importante foro de la acción humanitaria. Es una fuerza de cohesión entre los Estados y los diversos componentes del Movimiento Internacional de la Cruz Roja y de la Media Luna Roja, cuya historia está relacionada, desde sus orígenes, con la ciudad helvética. La XXVI Conferencia Internacional debería haberse celebrado en Budapest, el año 1991; pero, desafortunadamente, tuvo que aplazarse por problemas de índole política. Así pues, han transcurrido nueve años desde la última Conferencia, reunida también en Ginebra, el año 1986.
Emotional state talk and emotion understanding: a training study with preschool children
Authors: GRAZZANI ILARIA , ORNAGHI VERONICA
Published: March 2011

The present study investigates whether training preschool children in the active use of emotional state talk plays a significant role in bringing about greater understanding of emotion terms and improved emotion comprehension. Participants were 100 preschool children (M=52 months;SD=9·9; range: 35–70 months), randomly assigned to experimental or control conditions. They were pre- and post-tested to assess their language comprehension, metacognitive language comprehension and emotion understanding. Analyses of pre-test data did not show any significant differences between experimental and control groups. During the intervention phase, the children were read stories enriched with emotional lexicon. After listening to the stories, children in the experimental group took part in conversational language games designed to stimulate use of the selected emotional terms. In contrast, the control group children did not take part in any special linguistic activities after the story readings. Analyses revealed that the experimental group outperformed the control group in the understanding of inner state language and in the comprehension of emotion.
Post-hatching development of bovine embryos in vitro: the effects of tunnel preparation and gender
Authors: Machado Grazieli Marinheiro , Caixeta Ester Siqueira , Lucci Carolina Madeira , Rumpf Rodolfo , Franco Maurício Machaim , Dode Margot Alves Nunes
Published: March 2011

The objective of this study was to compare morphological characteristics, kinetics of development, and gene expression of male and female IVP embryos that were cultured until day (D)15 (fertilization = D0), using either phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or Milli-Q water (MQW) to dilute the agarose gel used for tunnel construction. On D11, embryos (n = 286) were placed in agarose gel tunnels diluted in PBS and MQW. Embryos were evaluated for morphology, and embryo size was recorded on D11, D12.5, D14 and D15. Then, embryos were sexed and used for gene expression analyses (G6PD, GLUT1, GLUT3, PGK1, PLAC8, KRT8, HSF1 and IFNT). The percentage of elongated embryos at D15 was higher (p < 0.05) in the PBS (54%) than in the MQW (42%) gel. However, embryos produced in MQW were bigger (p < 0.05) and had a lower expression of GLUT1 (p = 0.08) than those cultured in PBS. There was a higher proportion of male than female embryos at D15 in both treatments, MQW (65% vs. 35%; p < 0.05) and PBS (67% vs. 33%; p < 0.05); however, embryo size was not significantly different between genders. Moreover, D15 female embryos had greater expression of G6PD (p = 0.05) and KRT8 (p = 0.03) than male embryos. In conclusion, the diluent used for tunnel construction affected embryo development in the post-hatching development (PHD) system, and the use of MQW was the most indicative measure for the evaluation of embryo quality. Male and female embryos cultured from D11 to D15, either in an MQW or PBS agarose gel, demonstrated similar development but different gene expression.
HARM, SOVEREIGNTY, AND PROHIBITION
Authors: Tadros Victor
Published: March 2011

What restrictions are there on the scope of the criminal law? One familiar suggestion is that it is wrong to criminalize conduct that is not harmful. Another suggestion is that it is wrong to criminalize conduct if criminalizing that conduct does not prevent harm. The first suggestion focuses on the conduct criminalized. The second focuses on the effects of the decision to criminalize. A third suggestion is that it is wrong to criminalize conduct if that conduct does not wrongfully interfere with the sovereignty of others. None of these suggestions points to a valid principle of criminalization, though each points to part of the truth. Versions of the harm principle can deal with some familiar objections but cannot explain why it is permissible to criminalize interference with some nonharmful conduct, for example, interference with self-sacrificial acts. The sovereignty principle can explain the cases that the harm principle struggles with. But it makes the permissibility of preventing harm through the criminal law depend on interference with sovereignty. This is not attractive either with respect to the protection of those who have the capacity for sovereignty but especially with respect to the protection of those who do not. I conclude that any valid principle of criminalization will be complex, drawing on two independent ideas: of harm and of interference with sovereignty.