bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
In vitro synergistic activity of aztreonam (AZT) plus novel and old β-lactamase inhibitor combinations against metallo-β-lactamase-producing AZT-resistant Enterobacterales
Authors: Cervino Ivan , Gonzalez Deborah , Nastro Marcela , Vega Juana , Reyes Ana Paula , Buriano Gisella , Vay Carlos , Famiglietti Angela , Rodriguez Carlos Hernan
Published: October 2021

The emergence of metallo-β-lactamase (MBL)-producing

Enterobacterales

, mainly New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase (NDM), represents a clinical threat due to the limited therapeutic alternatives. Aztreonam (AZT) is stable to MBLs, but most MBL-producing

Enterobacterales

isolates usually co-harbour other β-lactamases that confer resistance to AZT and, consequently, its use is restricted in these isolates. We compared the ability of sulbactam (SUL), tazobactam (TAZ), clavulanic acid (CLA) and avibactam (AVI) to restore the AZT activity in MBL-producing AZT-resistant

Enterobacterales

isolates. A collection of 64 NDM-producing AZT-resistant

Enterobacterales

from five hospitals in Buenos Aires city, Argentina, were studied during the period July–December 2020. MICs were determined using the agar dilution method with Mueller–Hinton agar according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) recommendations. AVI, SUL and TAZ were used at a fixed concentration of 4 mg l−1, whereas CLA was used at a fixed concentration of 2 mg l−1. A screening method based on disc diffusion to evaluate this synergy was also conducted. Detection of bla
KPC, bla
OXA, bla
NDM, bla
VIM,
bla
CTXM-1, bla
PER-2 and bla
CIT was performed by PCR. The AZT-AVI combination restored the AZT activity in 98.4 % of AZT-resistant strains, whereas CLA, TAZ and SUL did so in 70.3, 15.6 and 12.5 %, respectively, in isolates co-harbouring extended-spectrum β-lactamases, but were inactive in isolates harbouring AmpC-type enzymes and/or KPC. The synergy screening test showed an excellent negative predictive value to confirm the absence of synergy, but positive results should be confirmed by a quantitative method. The excellent in vitro performance of the AZT-CLA combination represents a much more economical alternative to AZT-AVI, which could be of use in the treatment of MBL-producing, AZT-resistant

Enterobacterales

.
Phylogenetic systematics of Butyrivibrio and Pseudobutyrivibrio genomes illustrate vast taxonomic diversity, open genomes and an abundance of carbohydrate-active enzyme family isoforms
Authors: Pidcock Sara E. , Skvortsov Timofey , Santos Fernanda G. , Courtney Stephen J. , Sui-Ting Karen , Creevey Christopher J. , Huws Sharon A.
Published: October 2021

Butyrivibrio

and

Pseudobutyrivibrio

dominate in anaerobic gastrointestinal microbiomes, particularly the rumen, where they play a key role in harvesting dietary energy. Within these genera, five rumen species have been classified (

Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens

,

Butyrivibrio hungatei

,

Butyrivibrio proteoclasticus

,

Pseudobutyrivibrio ruminis

and

Pseudobutyrivibrio xylanivorans

) and more recently an additional

Butyrivibrio

sp. group was added. Given the recent increase in available genomes, we re-investigated the phylogenetic systematics and evolution of

Butyrivibrio

and

Pseudobutyrivibrio

. Across 71 genomes, we show using 16S rDNA and 40 gene marker phylogenetic trees that the current six species designations (

P. ruminis

,

P. xylanivorans

,

B. fibrisolvens

,

Butyrivibrio

sp.,

B. hungatei

and B. proteclasticus) are found. However, pangenome analysis showed vast genomic variation and a high abundance of accessory genes (91.50–99.34 %), compared with core genes (0.66–8.50 %), within these six taxonomic groups, suggesting incorrectly assigned taxonomy. Subsequent pangenome accessory genomes under varying core gene cut-offs (%) and average nucleotide identity (ANI) analysis suggest the existence of 42 species within 32 genera. Pangenome analysis of those that still group within

B. fibrisolvens

,

B. hungatei

and

P. ruminis

, based on revised ANI phylogeny, also showed possession of very open genomes, illustrating the diversity that exists even within these groups. All strains of both

Butyrivibrio

and

Pseudobutyrivibrio

also shared a broad range of clusters of orthologous genes (COGs) (870), indicating recent evolution from a common ancestor. We also demonstrate that the carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) predominantly belong to glycosyl hydrolase (GH)2, 3, 5, 13 and 43, with numerous within family isoforms apparent, likely facilitating metabolic plasticity and resilience under dietary perturbations. This study provides a major advancement in our functional and evolutionary understanding of these important anaerobic bacteria.
Plaque Contact Surface Area and Flow Lumen Volume Predict Stroke Risk in Extracranial Carotid Artery Stenosis
Authors: Gedney Ryan , Kung Ethan , Mehta Veena , Brown Adam , Bridges Matthew , Veeraswamy Ravi
Published: October 2021

The standard indication for intervention in asymptomatic disease is currently percent stenosis in the internal carotid artery as measured by the NASCET method, which remains limited in discriminating power. CT angiography (CTA) is widely used to calculate NASCET stenosis but also offers the opportunity to analyze carotid artery plaques from a morphological perspective that has not been widely utilized. We aim to improve stroke risk stratification of patients with carotid artery stenosis using plaque 3D modeling and image analysis. Patients with CTAs appropriate for 3D reconstruction were identified from an NIH designated stroke center database, and carotid arteries were segmented and analyzed using software algorithms to calculate contact surface area between the plaque and blood flow (CSA), and volume of the flow lumen within the region of the plaque (FLV). These novel parameters factor in the 3D morphometry inherent to each carotid plaque. A total of 134 carotid arteries were analyzed, 33 of which were associated with an ipsilateral stroke. Plaques associated with stroke demonstrated statistically significant increases in average CSA and FLV when compared to those not associated with stroke. When compared to NASCET percent stenosis, CSA and FLV both demonstrated a larger area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUC) in predicting stroke risk in patients with carotid stenosis. The data presented here demonstrate morphological features of carotid plaques that are independent of NASCET criteria stratification and may present an improved method in assessing stroke risk in patients with carotid artery stenosis.
Direct brain recordings reveal continuous encoding of structure in random stimuli
Authors: Fuhrer Julian , Glette Kyrre , Ivanovic Jugoslav , Larsson Pål Gunnar , Bekinschtein Tristan , Kochen Silvia , Knight Robert T. , Tørresen Jim , Solbakk Anne-Kristin , Endestad Tor , Blenkmann Alejandro
Published: October 2021

The brain excels at processing sensory input, even in rich or chaotic environments. Mounting evidence attributes this to the creation of sophisticated internal models of the environment that draw on statistical structures in the unfolding sensory input. Understanding how and where this modeling takes place is a core question in statistical learning and predictive processing. In this context, we address the role of transitional probabilities as an implicit structure supporting the encoding of a random auditory stream. Leveraging information-theoretical principles and the high spatiotemporal resolution of intracranial electroencephalography, we analyzed the trial-by-trial high-frequency activity representation of transitional probabilities. This unique approach enabled us to demonstrate how the brain continuously encodes structure in random stimuli and revealed the involvement of a network outside of the auditory system, including hippocampal, frontal, and temporal regions. Linking the frame-works of statistical learning and predictive processing, our work illuminates an implicit process that can be crucial for the swift detection of patterns and unexpected events in the environment.
Distinct signatures of loss of consciousness during Focal Impaired Awareness versus Focal to Bilateral Tonic Clonic seizures
Authors: Juan Elsa , Górska Urszula , Kozma Csaba , Papantonatos Cynthia , Bugnon Tom , Denis Colin , Kremen Vaclav , Worrell Greg , Struck Aaron F. , Bateman Lisa M. , Merricks Edward M. , Blumenfeld Hal , Tononi Giulio , Schevon Catherine , Boly Melanie
Published: October 2021

Loss of consciousness (LOC) is a hallmark of many epileptic seizures and carries risks of serious injury and sudden death. While cortical sleep-like activities accompany LOC during focal impaired awareness (FIA) seizures, the mechanisms of LOC during focal to bilateral tonic-clonic (FBTC) seizures remain unclear. Quantifying differences in markers of cortical activation and ictal recruitment between FIA and FBTC seizures may also help to understand their different consequences for clinical outcomes and to optimize neuromodulation therapies.

We quantified clinical signs of LOC and intracranial EEG (iEEG) activity during 129 FIA and 50 FBTC from 41 patients. We characterized iEEG changes both in the seizure onset zone (SOZ) and in areas remote from SOZ with a total of 3386 electrodes distributed across brain areas. First, we compared the dynamics of iEEG sleep-like activities: slow-wave activity (SWA; 1-4 Hz) and beta/delta ratio (B/D; a validated marker of cortical activation) during FIA vs. FBTC. Second, we quantified differences between FBTC and FIA for a marker validated to detect ictal cross-frequency coupling: phase-locked high-gamma (PLHG; high gamma phased locked to low frequencies) and a marker of ictal recruitment: the epileptogenicity index (i.e. the number of channels crossing an energy ratio threshold for high vs. low frequency power). Third, we assessed changes in iEEG activity preceding and accompanying behavioral generalization onset and their correlation with electromyogram (EMG) channels. In addition, we analyzed human cortical multi-unit activity recorded with Utah arrays during three FBTC.

Compared to FIA, FBTC seizures were characterized by deeper LOC and by stronger increases in SWA in parieto-occipital cortex. FBTC also displayed more widespread increases in cortical activation (B/D), ictal cross-frequency coupling (PLHG) and ictal recruitment (epileptogenicity index). Even before generalization, FBTC displayed deeper LOC; this early LOC was accompanied by a paradoxical increase in B/D in fronto-parietal cortex. Behavioral generalization coincided with complete loss of responsiveness and a subsequent increase in high-gamma in the whole brain, which was especially synchronous in deep sources and could not be explained by EMG. Similarly, multi-unit activity analysis of FBTC revealed sustained increases in cortical firing rates during and after generalization onset in areas remote from the SOZ.

Unlike during FIA, LOC during FBTC is characterized by a paradoxical increase in cortical activation and neuronal firing. These findings suggest differences in the mechanisms of ictal LOC between FIA and FBTC and may account for the more negative prognostic consequences of FBTC.
Generation of a molecular interactome of the glioblastoma perivascular niche reveals Integrin Binding Sialoprotein as a key mediator of tumor cell migration
Authors: Ghochani Yasmin , Sohrabi Alireza , Muthukrishnan Sree Deepthi , Kawaguchi Riki , Condro Michael C. , Bastola Soniya , Gao Fuying , Qin Yue , Mottahedeh Jack , Iruela Arispe M. Luisa , Rao Nagesh , Laks Dan R. , Liau Linda M. , Mathern Gary W. , Goldman Steven A. , Carmichael S. Thomas , Nakano Ichiro , Coppola Giovanni , Seidlits Stephanie , Kornblum Harley I.
Published: October 2021

Glioblastoma (GBM) is characterized by extensive microvascular hyperproliferation. In addition to supplying blood to the tumor, GBM vessels also provide trophic support to glioma cells and serve as conduits for migration into the surrounding brain promoting recurrence. Here, we enriched CD31-expressing glioma vascular cells (GVC) and A2B5-expressing glioma tumor cells (GTC) from primary GBM and utilized RNA sequencing to create a comprehensive interaction map of the secreted and extracellular factors elaborated by GVC that can interact with receptors and membrane molecules on GTC. To validate our findings, we utilized functional assays, including a novel hydrogel-based migration assay and in vivo mouse models to demonstrate that one identified factor, the little-studied integrin binding sialoprotein (IBSP) enhances tumor growth and promotes the migration of GTC along the vasculature. This perivascular niche interactome will serve a resource to the research community in defining the potential functions of the GBM vasculature.
Long-term analysis of pertussis vaccine immunity uncovers a memory B cell response to whole cell pertussis immunization that is absent from acellular immunized mice
Authors: Weaver Kelly L. , Blackwood Catherine B. , Horspool Alexander M. , Pyles Gage M. , Sen-Kilic Emel , Grayson Emily M. , Huckaby Annalisa B. , Witt William T. , DeJong Megan A. , Wolf M. Allison , Damron F. Heath , Barbier Mariette
Published: October 2021

Over two decades ago acellular pertussis vaccines (aP) replaced whole cell pertussis vaccines (wP) in several countries. Since then, a resurgence in pertussis has been observed, which is hypothesized to be linked to waning immunity. To better understand why waning immunity occurs, we developed a long-term outbred CD1 mouse model to conduct the longest murine pertussis vaccine studies to date, spanning out to 532 days post primary immunization. Vaccine-induced memory results from follicular responses and germinal center formation; therefore, cell populations and cytokines involved with memory were measured alongside protection from challenge. Both aP and wP immunization elicit protection from intranasal challenge and generation of pertussis specific antibody responses in mice. Responses to wP vaccination were characterized by a significant increase in T follicular helper cells in the draining lymph nodes and CXCL13 levels in sera compared to aP mice. In addition, a population of B. pertussis+ memory B cells was found to be unique to wP vaccinated mice. This population peaked post-boost, and was measurable out to day 365 post-vaccination. Anti-B. pertussis and anti-pertussis toxoid antibody secreting cells increased one day after boost and remained high at day 532. The data suggest that follicular responses, and in particular CXCL13 levels in sera, should be monitored in pre-clinical and clinical studies for the development of the next-generation pertussis vaccines.
Single-cell transcription profiles in Bloom syndrome patients link BLM deficiency with altered condensin complex expression signatures
Authors: Gönenc Ipek Ilgin , Wolff Alexander , Schmidt Julia , Zibat Arne , Müller Christian , Cyganek Lukas , Argyriou Loukas , Räschle Markus , Yigit Gökhan , Wollnik Bernd
Published: October 2021

Bloom syndrome (BS) is an autosomal recessive disease clinically characterized by primary microcephaly, growth deficiency, immunodeficiency, and predisposition to cancer. It is mainly caused by biallelic loss-of-function mutations in the BLM gene, which encodes the BLM helicase, acting in DNA replication and repair processes. Here, we describe the gene expression profiles of three BS fibroblast cell lines harboring causative, biallelic truncating mutations obtained by single-cell (sc) transcriptome analysis. We compared the scRNA transcription profiles from three BS patient cell lines to two age-matched wild-type controls and observed specific deregulation of gene sets related to the molecular processes characteristically affected in BS, such as mitosis, chromosome segregation, cell cycle regulation, and genomic instability. We also found specific upregulation of genes of the Fanconi anemia pathway, in particular FANCM, FANCD2, and FANCI, which encode known interaction partners of BLM. The significant deregulation of genes associated with inherited forms of primary microcephaly observed in our study might explain in part the molecular pathogenesis of microcephaly in BS, one of the main clinical characteristics in patients. Finally, our data provide first evidence of a novel link between BLM dysfunction and transcriptional changes in condensin complex I and II genes. Overall, our study provides novel insights into gene expression profiles in BS on a single-cell level, linking specific genes and pathways to BLM dysfunction.
Partitioning of ribonucleoprotein complexes from the cellular actin cortex
Authors: Angert Isaac , Karuka Siddarth Reddy , Mansky Louis M. , Mueller Joachim D.
Published: October 2021

The cell cortex plays a crucial role in cell mechanics, signaling, and development. However, little is known about the influence of the cortical meshwork on the spatial distribution of cytoplasmic biomolecules. Here, we describe a new fluorescence microscopy method to infer the intracellular distribution of labeled biomolecules with sub-resolution accuracy. Unexpectedly, we find that RNA-binding proteins are partially excluded from the cytoplasmic volume adjacent to the plasma membrane that corresponds to the actin cortex. Complementary diffusion measurements of RNA-protein complexes suggest that a rudimentary model based on excluded volume interactions can explain this partitioning effect. Our results suggest the actin cortex meshwork may play a role in regulating the biomolecular content of the volume immediately adjacent to the plasma membrane.

Teaser

A novel microscopy method reveals exclusion of RNA-protein complexes from the actin cortex due to their large hydrodynamic size.
Non-conserved metabolic regulation by LKB1 distinguishes human and mouse lung adenocarcinoma
Authors: Stein Benjamin D. , Ferrarone John R. , Gardner Eric E. , Chang Jae Won , Wu David , Chen Qiuying , Hollstein Pablo E. , Yuan Min , Liang Roger J. , Coukos John S. , Sindelar Miriam , Ngo Bryan , Gross Steven S. , Shaw Reuben J. , Asara John M. , Moellering Raymond E. , Varmus Harold , Cantley Lewis C.
Published: October 2021

KRAS is the most frequently mutated oncogene in human lung adenocarcinomas (hLUAD) and activating mutations in KRAS frequently co-occur with loss-of-function mutations in the tumor suppressor genes, TP53 or STK11/LKB1. However, mutation of all three genes is rarely observed in hLUAD, even though engineered mutations of all three genes produces a highly aggressive lung adenocarcinoma in mice (mLUAD). Here we provide an explanation of this difference between hLUAD and mLUAD by uncovering an evolutionary divergence in regulation of the glycolytic enzyme triosephosphate isomerase (TPI1). Using KRAS/TP53 mutant hLUAD cell lines, we show that TPI1 enzymatic activity can be altered via phosphorylation at Ser21 by the Salt Inducible Kinases (SIKs) in an LKB1-dependent manner; this allows modulation of glycolytic flux between completion of glycolysis and production of glycerol lipids. This metabolic flexibility appears to be critical in rapidly growing cells with KRAS and TP53 mutations, explaining why loss of LKB1 creates a metabolic liability in these tumors. In mice, the amino acid at position 21 of TPI1 is a Cys residue which can be oxidized to alter TPI1 activity, allowing regulation of glycolytic flux balance without a need for SIK kinases or LKB1. Our findings reveal an unexpected role for TPI1 in metabolic reprogramming and suggest that LKB1 and SIK family kinases are potential targets for treating KRAS/TP53 mutant hLUAD. Our data also provide a cautionary example of the limits of genetically engineered murine models as tools to study human diseases such as cancers.
Local brain-state dependency of effective connectivity: evidence from TMS–EEG
Authors: Granö Ida , Mutanen Tuomas P. , Tervo Aino E. , Nieminen Jaakko O. , Souza Victor H. , Fecchio Matteo , Rosanova Mario , Lioumis Pantelis , Ilmoniemi Risto J.
Published: October 2021

Background

Spontaneous cortical oscillations have been shown to modulate cortical responses to transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). If not controlled for, they might increase variability in responses and mask meaningful changes in the signals of interest when studying the brain with TMS combined with electroencephalography (TMS–EEG). To address this challenge in future closed-loop stimulation paradigms, we need to understand how spontaneous oscillations affect TMS-evoked responses.

Objective

To describe the effect of the pre-stimulus phase of cortical mu (8–13 Hz) and beta (13–30 Hz) oscillations on TMS-induced effective connectivity patterns.

Methods

We applied TMS to the left primary motor cortex and right pre-supplementary motor area of three subjects while recording EEG. We classified trials off-line into positive- and negative-phase classes according to the mu and beta rhythms. We calculated differences in the global mean-field amplitude (GMFA) and compared the cortical spreading of the TMS-evoked activity between the two classes.

Results

Phase had significant effects on the GMFA in 11 out of 12 datasets (3 subjects × 2 stimulation sites × 2 frequency bands). Seven of the datasets showed significant differences in the time range 15–50 ms, nine in 50–150 ms, and eight after 150 ms post-stimulus. Source estimates showed complex spatial differences between the classes in the cortical spreading of the TMS-evoked activity.

Conclusions

TMS-evoked effective connectivity appears to depend on the phase of local cortical oscillations at the stimulated site. This may be crucial for efficient design of future brain-state-dependent and closed-loop stimulation paradigms.
Maintenance of community function through compensation breaks down over time in a desert rodent community
Authors: Diaz Renata M. , Ernest S. K. Morgan
Published: October 2021

Understanding the ecological processes that maintain community function in systems experiencing species loss, and how these processes change over time, is key to understanding the relationship between community structure and function and predicting how communities may respond to perturbations in the Anthropocene. Using a 30-year experiment on desert rodents, we show that the impact of species loss on community-level energy use has changed repeatedly and dramatically over time, due to 1) the addition of new species to the community, and 2) a reduction in functional redundancy among the same set of species. Although strong compensation, initially driven by the dispersal of functionally redundant species to the local community, occurred in this system from 1997-2010, since 2010, compensation has broken down due to decreasing functional overlap within the same set of species. Simultaneously, long-term changes in sitewide community composition due to niche complementarity have decoupled the dynamics of compensation from the overall impact of species loss on community-level energy use. Shifting, context-dependent compensatory dynamics, such as those demonstrated here, highlight the importance of explicitly long-term, metacommunity, and eco-evolutionary perspectives on the link between species-level fluctuations and community function in a changing world.
Contrast Solution Properties and Scan Parameters Influence the Apparent Diffusivity of Computed Tomography Contrast Agents in Articular Cartilage
Authors: Hall Mary E. , Wang Adam S. , Gold Garry E. , Levenston Marc E.
Published: October 2021

The inability to detect early degenerative changes to the articular cartilage surface that commonly precede bulk osteoarthritic degradation is an obstacle to early disease detection for research or clinical diagnosis. Leveraging a known artifact that blurs tissue boundaries in clinical arthrograms, contrast agent diffusivity can be derived from computed tomography arthrography (CTa) scans. We combined experimental and computational approaches to study protocol variations that may alter the CTa-derived apparent diffusivity. In experimental studies on bovine cartilage explants, we examined how contrast agent dilution and transport direction (absorption vs. desorption) influence the apparent diffusivity of untreated and enzymatically digested cartilage. Using multiphysics simulations, we examined mechanisms underlying experimental observations and the effects of image resolution, scan interval and early scan termination. The apparent diffusivity during absorption decreased with increasing contrast agent concentration by an amount similar to the increase induced by tissue digestion. Models indicated that osmotically induced fluid efflux strongly contributed to the concentration effect. Simulated changes to spatial resolution, scan spacing and total scan time all influenced the apparent diffusivity, indicating the importance of consistent protocols. With careful control of imaging protocols and interpretations guided by transport models, CTa-derived diffusivity offers promise as a biomarker for early degenerative changes.
Frailty and rate of fractures in patients initiating antihypertensive medications: a cohort study in primary care
Authors: Österdahl Marc F , Sinnott Sarah-Jo , Douglas Ian , Clegg Andrew , Tomlinson Laurie , Wong Angel
Published: October 2021

Background

Treatment for hypertension improves cardiovascular outcomes. Frailty is common in people treated for hypertension, and associated with increases in adverse drug effects, potentially including falls resulting in fractures. We aimed to determine the association between baseline frailty and fractures in patients initiated on antihypertensive treatment.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective cohort study using United Kingdom primary care data, including new-users of first-line antihypertensives aged 65 years or over. We reported degree of frailty (fit, mild, moderate, severe) at antihypertensive initiation using the Electronic Frailty Index. We examined the association of frailty with fractures using multivariable Poisson regression, and assessed for interaction between antihypertensive class and frailty.

Results

49634 (43%) people initiated on first-line antihypertensives were mildly or more frail. Over 4.1 years mean follow-up, 6567 (5.8%) experienced a fracture, with 3832 (58%) of these fractures occurring in frail people. Among those with severe frailty doubling of fracture risk was observed after antihypertensive initiation, compared with fit people [adjusted rate ratio 2.26 (95% CI 1.93-2.65)]. This pattern was replicated for hip and arm fractures, and strongest for spine fractures. The association between different types of antihypertensives and fractures varied by frailty (P=0.004), with a lower rate in moderately frail users of renin-angiotensin blockers compared with calcium-channel blockers (RR 0.81 95% CI 0.71-0.94)

Conclusions

Frailty is common among people initiating first-line antihypertensive treatment, and was associated with an increased fracture rate. Awareness of this is important to encourage clinicians to consider risk of falls and fractures when treating hypertension.
SARS-CoV-2 Seroprevalence among Healthcare Workers
Authors: Wiggen Talia D. , Bohn Bruno , Ulrich Angela K. , Stovitz Steven D. , Strickland Ali J. , Naumchik Brianna M. , Walsh Sara , Smith Stephen , Baumgartner Brett , Kline Susan , Yendell Stephanie , Hedberg Craig , Beebe Timothy J. , Demmer Ryan T.
Published: October 2021

Background

Monitoring COVID-19 infection risk among health care workers (HCWs) is a public health priority. We examined the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 among HCWs following the fall infection surge in Minnesota, and before and after COVID-19 vaccination. Additionally, we assessed demographic and occupational risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Methods

We conducted two rounds of seroprevalence testing among a cohort of HCWs: samples in round 1 were collected from 11/22/20 - 02/21/21 and in round 2 from 12/18/20 - 02/15/21. Demographic and occupational exposures assessed with logistic regression were age, sex, healthcare role and setting, and number of children in the household. The primary outcome was SARS-CoV-2 IgG seropositivity. A secondary outcome, SARS-CoV-2 infection, included both seropositivity and self-reported SARS-CoV-2 test positivity.

Results

In total, 459 HCWs were tested. 43/454 (9.47%) had a seropositive sample 1 and 75/423 (17.7%) had a seropositive sample 2. By time of sample 2 collection, 54% of participants had received at least one vaccine dose and seroprevalence was 13% among unvaccinated individuals. Relative to physicians, the odds of SARS-CoV-2 infection in other roles were increased (Nurse Practitioner: OR[95%CI] 1.93[0.57,6.53], Physician’s Assistant: 1.69[0.38,7.52], Nurse: 2.33[0.94,5.78], Paramedic/EMTs: 3.86[0.78,19.0], other: 1.68[0.58,4.85]). The workplace setting was associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection (p=0.04). SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence among HCWs reporting duties in the ICU vs. those working in an ambulatory clinic was elevated: OR[95%CI] 2.17[1.01,4.68].

Conclusions

SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in HCW increased during our study period which was consistent with community infection rates. HCW role and setting — particularly working in the ICU — is associated with higher risk for SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Anther cones increase pollen release in buzz-pollinated Solanum flowers
Authors: Vallejo-Marín Mario , Pereira Nunes Carlos Eduardo , Russell Avery Leigh
Published: October 2021

The widespread evolution of tube-like anthers releasing pollen from apical pores is associated with buzz pollination, in which bees vibrate flowers to remove pollen. The mechanical connection among anthers in buzz-pollinated species varies from loosely held conformations, to anthers tightly held together with trichomes or bio-adhesives forming a functionally joined conical structure (anther cone). Joined anther cones in buzz-pollinated species have evolved independently across plant families and via different genetic mechanisms, yet their functional significance remains mostly untested. We used experimental manipulations to compare vibrational and functional (pollen release) consequences of joined anther cones in three buzz-pollinated species of Solanum (Solanaceae). We applied bee-like vibrations to focal anthers in flowers with (“joined”) and without (“free”) experimentally created joined anther cones, and characterised vibrations transmitted to other anthers and the amount of pollen released. We found that joined anther architectures cause non-focal anthers to vibrate at higher amplitudes than free architectures. Moreover, in the two species with naturally loosely held anthers, anther fusion increases pollen release, while in the species with a free but naturally compact architecture it does not. We discuss hypotheses for the adaptive significance of the convergent evolution of joined anther cones.
Identification of Thermotolerant Rice Genotypes with Allele Coding at Seedling Stage
Authors: Shankar Bandi Arpitha , Kaushik Prashant
Published: October 2021

Rice-The most important plant in the world to ensure food security. Heat is one of the main factors that greatly limit rice production. With the increasing global warming, industrialization there is a great effect on climate change which requires us to see various alternatives for strains that are more tolerant to heat so that some techniques are developed to filter a large number of genotypes for high temperature tolerance. Here we report the standardization of Temperature Induction Response (TIR) technique to identify thermotolerant rice genotypes. The phenotypic characteristics of Rice due to high temperature is calculated with germination (%), growth of the seedling and molecular analysis is also considered. The heat stress is provided to the plants with the help of TIR protocol with the adjustment of temperature to lethal (55°C) and sub-lethal levels (38-55°C) in a TIR chamber with alterations in humidity. Of the 74 genotypes screened, 14 showed thermo tolerance caused by high temperatures. Both tolerant and sensitive genotypes were separated based on their survival percentages. The tolerant class are selected based on the growth and development of genotypes having high survival percentage and also their shoot and root lengths, fresh and dry weights are compared to the heat tolerant checks N22, Dular and Nipponbare. These genotypes have intrinsic heat tolerance and thus can be explored as a source of donors in breeding programs intended for global warming. The molecular markers which are identified to be linked with heat tolerant class through allele code are quite helpful and can be used in marker assisted breeding approach to attain heat tolerance in cultivated varieties.
An Information Theoretic Framework for Protein Activity Measurement
Authors: Griffin Aaron T. , Vlahos Lukas J. , Chiuzan Codruta , Califano Andrea
Published: October 2021

Nonparametric analytical Rank-based Enrichment Analysis (NaRnEA) is a novel gene set analysis method which leverages an analytical null model derived under the Principle of Maximum Entropy. NaRnEA critically improves over two widely used methods – Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) and analytical Rank-based Enrichment Analysis (aREA) – as shown by differential activity measurement of ~2,500 transcriptional regulatory proteins across three cohorts in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) based on the enrichment of their transcriptional targets in differentially expressed genes. Phenotype-matched proteomic data from the Clinical Proteomic Tumor Analysis Consortium (CPTAC) was used to evaluate measurement accuracy. We show that the sample-shuffling empirical null models leveraged by GSEA and aREA are overly conservative, a shortcoming that is critically addressed by NaRnEA’s optimal analytical null model.
How the validation of prior learning can be used to assess entrepreneurial human capital investments and outcomes
Authors: Fahrenbach Florian
Published: October 2021

Purpose

This paper aims to depart from the premise that human capital investments and human capital outcomes are often tacit – an aspect, which is often neglected in the current literature on entrepreneurial human capital. The idea of this conceptual paper is to shed light on the social process of how human capital investments and human capital outcomes can be valued and made visible through the validation of prior learning. Thus, this study conceptualises the validation of prior learning as a post hoc, the reflective process through which an aspiring entrepreneur is guided.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper is conceptual and introduces a process model.

Findings

Findings indicate that the process of the validation of prior learning is well-suitable to inform aspiring entrepreneurs of their investments into human capital and their human capital outcomes. The process results in a (partial) certified qualification that provides entrepreneurial legitimacy.

Research limitations/implications

Thus far, the model is conceptual and should be validated via interviews and further empirical studies in the field.

Practical implications

Literature in the field of entrepreneurial human capital suggests that human capital outcomes are more important for success than inputs. Furthermore, context-specific knowledge, skills and abilities are more important than generalised outcomes. These findings have implications for the design of validation procedures.

Originality/value

Human capital has only been recently conceptualised as consisting of human capital investments and outcomes of human capital investment. However, thus far the literature falls short in acknowledging the tacit nature of human capital investments and human capital outcomes. This paper contributes a structured process of how human capital investments and human capital outcomes are linked and assessed. In so doing, this study extends a recent model of human capital investments and outputs (Marvel et al., 2016, p. 616).
Insight into online teaching behaviour of lecturers in Zimbabwean universities during the COVID-19 era and beyond: issues and challenges
Authors: Rudhumbu Norman , Parawira Wilson , Bhukuvhani Crispen , Nezandoyi Jacob , Majoni Cuthbert , Chikosha Felix , Zvokuomba Kwashirai , Chingwanangwana Bernard
Published: October 2021

Purpose

This study aims to establish the online teaching behaviour of university lecturers as well as examine issues and challenges for online teaching in universities in Zimbabwe during the COVID-19 era and beyond.

Design/methodology/approach

The study assumed a quantitative approach that employed a structured questionnaire for data collection. Structural equation modelling using AMOS version 22 and independent samples t-test were used for data analysis. Confirmatory factor analysis was used for data purification.

Findings

The results of the study showed that organisational factors, technological factors, pedagogical factors, student factors and the gender of lecturers have a significant influence on the behavioural intentions of lecturers to teach online. The results also showed that the behavioural intentions of lecturers to teach online has a significant influence on the actual online teaching behaviour of the lecturers. The results also showed that lecturers mostly used the WhatsApp platform for teaching. Issues and challenges affecting the online teaching behaviour of lecturers in universities in Zimbabwe were also identified.

Research limitations/implications

The results of this study have implications for policy and practice with regard to online teaching and learning during periods of pandemics and beyond.

Practical implications

The results showed that for effective teaching to be done in universities, universities should not continue focusing on single platforms such as blackboard, Moodle and others, but should allow for a multimedia approach that factors in platforms such as WhatsApp, Google Classroom and others. This will ensure that even universities with limited technology infrastructure will be able to have online teaching occurring.

Social implications

The study demonstrated the influence of gender in online teaching by showing that there are gender differences in the way university lecturers conduct online teaching. This also has implication on teaching and policy as these results demonstrate a need for universities to come up with strategies and policies that ensure despite gender differences, university lecturers should be able to effective teach online.

Originality/value

While the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology has been widely used in research, the current study represents the first opportunity that the theory has been used to establish the online teaching behaviour of university lecturers in the context of Zimbabwe.
The use of complementary and alternative medicine and pain relievers among refugees resettled in the USA
Authors: Rathi Naveen , Pye Mu , Sin Kai , Garza-Levitt Sarah Elizabeth , Kamimura Akiko
Published: October 2021

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to describe the use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), pain reliever use and the expectations refugees have of physicians about their practice of CAM use in the USA. Individuals with a refugee background are one of the populations who use CAM for treatment. However, to date, there is insufficient empirical evidence to describe CAM use among refugees resettled in the USA. In addition, collecting information about the use of pain relievers would help better understand the experiences of individuals with a refugee background.

Design/methodology/approach

Data was collected from August 2018 to November 2019 using a self- or interviewer-administered survey from 94 refugees 18 years of age or older who had settled in the USA.

Findings

This study found the following: CAM practice is very common among refugees resettled in the USA, most refugees use non-prescription pain medicine and refugees prefer to see physicians who understand CAM. This study contributes valuable findings in the usage of CAM among refugees and determines that CAM is commonly used among refugees resettled in the USA for pain management.

Originality/value

By better understanding CAM, physicians can address a direct need for the refugee population-seeking health care in the USA and other countries that host refugee resettlement.
Remittances, institutions and human development in Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Mohammed Umar
Published: October 2021

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between remittances, institutions and human development (HD) in Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries using data from 2004 to 2018. The study attempts to answer two critical questions: Do the increasing remittances inflow to the region have any effect on human capital development? and does the effect of remittances on human development vary depending on the level of institutional quality?

Design/methodology/approach

The analysis uses a dynamic model; system Generalized Method of Moments (Sys-GMM) as this approach controls for the endogeneity of the lagged dependent variable; thus, when there is a correlation between the explanatory variable and the error term, which is normally associated with remittances, it also controls for omitted variable bias, unobserved panel heterogeneity and measurement errors in the estimation.

Findings

The findings indicate a positive and significant impact of remittances on HD in SSA. The results further reveal a substitutional relationship between institutions and remittances in stimulating HD. The estimations mean that remittances promote HD in countries with a weak institutional environment. The findings also establish that the marginal significance of remittances as a source of capital for HD falls in countries with well-developed institutions.

Practical implications

To increase the flow of remittances, policymakers should implement policies that increase the likelihood of both skilled and unskilled migrants sending remittances.

Originality/value

Most empirical research on the impact of remittances on HD does not tackle the problem of endogeneity associated with remittances. This study, however, provides empirical evidence by using Sys-GMM that solves the problem. The current study also is the first work to examine the relationship between remittances, institutions and HD in SSA and provides a new guide for future research on the remittance and HD nexus.
Availability and preferences for information services to visually impaired tertiary students in Delhi
Authors: Bhardwaj Raj Kumar
Published: October 2021

Purpose

The study aims to understand the information services provided to visually impaired users in Indian universities. Further, the study identifies the nuances of information system for visually impaired (ISVI) development suitable to the requirements of the visually impaired community in Indian higher educational institutions.

Design/methodology/approach

A two-fold methodology was followed in the study: (1) empirical survey and (2) information system design and development. The empirical survey was conducted in Indian higher educational institutions wherein 316 responses were collected including 185 (58.5%) undergraduate and 131 (41.5%) postgraduate students. A stratified random sampling technique was used in data collection. Empirical study findings were further used as a basis for ISVI design and development for addressing the information requirements of visually impaired users.

Findings

The study found that 232 respondents (73.2%) access the Internet every day. “Surprisingly, 143 respondents (45.3%) revealed that no digital infrastructure is available in their institutions, while 173 respondents (54.7%) stated digital infrastructure is available. A total of 210 respondents (75.9%) highlighted that the interface of open access (OA) resources is not designed as per visually impaired (VI) students' requirements. information and communication technology (ICT) infrastructure is not up to the mark revealed as by 34 respondents (10.7 percent) and was rated ‘poor.’” A total of 268 respondents (90.2%) expressed that their institution should develop the information system to full their information needs.

Research limitations/implications

The study is conducted in only one state in India due to financial hindrances. Visually impaired students studying in other states of India are not covered in the study, which may have different perception about the design and development of information system for the visually impaired.

Practical implications

An online ISVI is designed and developed under the study, which is accessible at http://www.isvi.in. Furthermore, the findings of the study may also be used by administrators of the higher educational institutions for building ICT infrastructure for visually impaired students.

Originality/value

No study has been conducted in Indian higher educational institutions for understanding the availability and preferences of information services to visually impaired tertiary students.
Transforming human trafficking rescue services in Nigeria: towards context-specific intersectionality and trauma-informed perspectives
Authors: Badejo Foluké Abigail , Gordon Ross , Mayes Robyn
Published: October 2021

Purpose

This study aims to introduce context-specific intersectionality and trauma-informed perspectives for transformative services theory and practice. While transformative service research concerning vulnerable people has focused on well-being and alleviating suffering, there has been less attention paid to how the intersection of scales of social categorisation such as class, gender and cultural norms shapes experiences and outcomes. Likewise, there is a paucity of attention to how lived experiences of trauma among people, such as human trafficking survivors, can and should influence service interactions, delivery and outcomes.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors draw upon insights from a focused ethnographic study featuring narrative interviews with ten human trafficking survivors and seven rescue service industry stakeholders, as well as field observations, in Nigeria. Thus, this work enriches the limited scholarship on transformative services across Africa, where local cultural contexts have a significant influence on shaping service environments.

Findings

The authors identify how the intersections of socio-economic class, gender dynamics, cultural norms and trauma shape the service experience for survivors.

Originality/value

The authors argue for the criticality of intersectionality and trauma-informed perspectives to transformative services to improve the mental and economic well-being of survivors of human trafficking in the long term.