bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“Be Prepared if I Bring It Up:” Patients’ Perceptions of the Utility of Religious and Spiritual Discussion During Genetic Counseling
Authors: Thompson Amanda Bartenbaker , Cragun Deborah , Sumerau J. E. , Cragun Ryan T. , De Gifis Vanessa , Trepanier Angela
Published: January 2016

As debates continue about the relevance of religion to health care, research is needed to guide decisions about whether genetic counselors (GCs) should routinely address religious and/or spiritual (R/S) issues with their patients. We conducted an online survey to gauge patient perspectives on this issue. Among the 70 respondents, frequencies of closed‐ended responses and thematic analyses of open‐ended responses revealed multiple patient concerns related to R/S discussions with GCs. Although 60 respondents reported being R/S, only a small minority would want to discuss R/S issues if it meant less time discussing medical information. Most respondents also expressed opinions that: 1) genetic counseling should be about science; 2) GCs are not qualified to discuss R/S issues; 3) other outlets are available to meet the needs of patients who want R/S counseling; and/or 4) R/S discussions are more likely to be acceptable if patients broach the topic or in specific circumstances (e.g., when patients are facing end‐of life issues). Overall, responses suggest routine or comprehensive R/S assessments or discussions are not necessary and that GCs would be best equipped to help all their patients if they were prepared to listen, be supportive, and make referrals when R/S issues arise in clinic.
Hybrid Mafic Dykes from Delwara Shear Zone, Mt. Abu, NW India
Authors: Pandit Manoj K. , Dotzler Ramona , De Wall Helga
Published: January 2016

Mafic dykes intrude the composite Mt. Abu granite batholith as a minor and the last phase of magmatism. The dykes are sub-vertical, variable in width and visibly compact, however, features of alteration and shearing can be seen. The dykes occurring within the recently identified and described, Delwara Shear Zone (DWSZ), from the western margin of the Mt. Abu batholith are intensely to moderately sheared and intricately mixed with the host granitoids. The mafic dykes occurring within the shear zone bear evidence of assimilating the host granitoids during their ascent, seen as relicts, streaks and sub-rounded K-feldspar clasts in mafic dykes. The hybridization has resulted in unusual geochemical signatures of the mafic dykes such as higher silica levels, erratic and high incompatible trace element abundances and lack of any systematic trends. Mixing line calculations on the mafic dyke samples reveal between 30 to 60% felsic input into the mafic dykes. Mafic dykes outside the shear zone in the Mt. Abu are meter scale in width and generally free of felsic inclusions owing to small volumes of mafic melts. Large volume of mafic melts are required for assimilating up to 60% felsic component which has been identified as approximately 100 m wide zone within the DWSZ. Shearing has played an important role in providing the channel ways and for sustained high temperatures to allow such hybridization.
Hydrogeochemical Investigation and Qualitative Assessment of Surface Water Resources in West Bokaro Coalfield, India
Authors: Tiwari Ashwani Kumar , Singh Prasoon Kumar , Mahato Mukesh Kumar
Published: January 2016

A hydrogeochemical study of surface water of the West Bokaro coalfield has been undertaken to assess its quality and suitability for drinking, domestic and irrigation purposes. For this purpose, fourteen samples collected from rivers and ponds of the coalfield were analysed for pH, conductivity, total dissolved solids (TDS), major cations (Ca2+ Mg2+, Na+ and K+), major anions (HCO3-, F-, Cl-, SO42- and NO3-) and trace metals. The pH of the analysed water samples varied from 7.3 to 8.2, indicating slightly alkaline in nature. The electrical conductivity (EC) value varied from 93 μs cm-1 to 906 μs cm-1 while the TDS varied from 76 mg L-1 to 658 mg L-1. HCO3- and SO42- are the dominant anion and Ca2+ and Na+ the cation in the surface water. The concentration of alkaline earth metals (Ca2+ + Mg2+) exceed the alkali metals (Na+ + K+) and HCO3- dominates over SO42- + Cl- concentrations in the majority of the surface water samples. Ca2+ -Mg2+ -HCO3- and Ca2+ -Mg2+ -Cl- are the dominant hydrogeochemical facies in the surface water of the area. The water chemistry is mainly controlled by rock weathering with secondary contribution from anthropogenic sources. For quality assessment, analyzed water parameter values compared with Indian and WHO water quality standard. In majority of the samples, the analyzed parameters are well within the desirable limits and water is potable for drinking purposes. However, concentrations of TDS, TH, Ca2+, Mg2+ and Fe are exceeding the desirable limits in some water samples and needs treatment before its utilization. The calculated parameters such as sodium absorption ration, percent sodium, residual sodium carbonate, permeability index and magnesium hazard revealed good to permissible quality and suitable for irrigation purposes, however, higher salinity, permeability index and Mg-ratio restrict its suitability for irrigation at few sites.
Prediction of the Collapsing Risk of Mining Slopes Based on Geostatistical Interpretation of Geotechnical Parameters
Authors: Khakestar Marzieh Shademan , Hassani Hossein , Moarefvand Parvizz , Madani Hassan
Published: January 2016

Almost all collapses of rock slopes especially in open pit mines are related to discontinuities such as bedding planes, faults and major joints. Geostatistical assessments can be used for understanding the distribution of regionalized variables in any spatial study. In this paper3D spatial dispersion of the fault planes in the Gole Gohar open pit iron mine, located in Kerman province, south east of Iran, is modeled. Then, regionalized variable theory is used to analyze and interpret spatial distribution of the following geotechnical parameters: Geological strength index (GSI), Rock quality designation (RQD), Cohesion (C) and angle of internal friction (ϕ). In order to define regionalized variable distribution, variogram functions were determined for identifying the regional behavior. Structural analysis of variograms showed that the mentioned parameters have spatial structures that make it possible to set up a geostatistical model to predict their values for each non-sampled block on the pit wall. Results showed that there is a relation between the low values of geotechnical parameters and the existence of discontinuities around the pit area. The role of discontinuities in the occurrence of collapses in the area was clearly demonstrated by comparing the estimated parameters models and the model of discontinuities dispersion.
Kizilcahamam-Camlidere Geopark (Ankara/Turkey) with its Geological Heritage Values and Geotourism Planning
Authors: Kocan Nurhan , Yucesoy Nese
Published: January 2016

Geological heritage areas have lot of information about the formation of the earth, its history as well as ecological and aesthetic and resource values to attract different tourism activities. Unique geological and geomorphologic structures attract the attention of scientists and nature lovers. Turkey’s first geopark Kizilcahamam-Camlidere Geopark needs evaluation with its twenty-three geosites and different tourism activities. While a part of this potential is being used the remaining portion has to be developed. This study aims to assess Kizilcahamam-Camlidere Geopark and its surrounding within the frame work of planning so that it can become operating and to guide the project practitioners in this aspect. In this study visual analysis, SWOT analysis, surveys, work of focus group etc are used. Autocad 2012, Photoshop CS5 softwares are used for preparing drawings of the plan. From the study geotourism planning has been proposed.
Statistical points and pitfalls
Authors: Leppink Jimmie , O’Sullivan Patricia , Winston Kal
Published: January 2016

None
Thermal-oxidation mechanism of dioctyl adipate base oil
Authors: Qian Xuzheng , Xiang Yaling , Shang Hongfei , Cheng Bingxue , Zhan Shengpeng , Li Jian
Published: January 2016

The ester base oil of dioctyl adipate (DOA) was oxidized in an oven at 200 °C for 30 h, and variations in the physicochemical and tribological properties were studied. To investigate the thermal-oxidation mechanism, the thermal-oxidation products were analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC−MS), and the thermal-oxidation process was simulated using visual reactive force field molecular dynamics (ReaxFF MD). The results indicated that the total acid number (TAN) increased significantly because of the presence of 14% carboxylic acids and low molecular weight monoesters. The tribological properties were improved by the formation of the strongly polar carboxylic acids. Additionally, the increase in kinematic viscosity was limited due to the formation of high molecular weight polymerization products and low molecular weight degradation products. Thermal-oxidative degradation and polymerization mechanisms were proposed by combining ReaxFF MD simulations and GC−MS results.
Insights into the Earliest Formative Period of Coastal Ecuador: New Evidence and Radiocarbon Dates from the Real Alto Site
Authors: Tabarev Andrey V , Kanomata Yoshitaka , Marcos Jorge G , Popov Alexander N , Lazin Boris V
Published: January 2016

One of the most intriguing questions of South American archaeology is the time, place, and origin of the earliest pottery. Since the late 1950s, the earliest pottery has been attributed to the materials of the Early Formative Valdivia culture (5600–3500 BP), coastal Ecuador. Excavations at the Real Alto site conducted in the 1970s and 1980s allowed the rejection of the spectacular “Jomon–Valdivia” hypothesis and established a local origin of the phenomenon. Recent radiocarbon dates from a joint Russian–Japanese–Ecuadorian project at Real Alto open a new page in our knowledge of the transition from pre-ceramic Las Vegas to ceramic Valdivia cultures.
Notes on the Origins of Hiberno-Saxon Art
Authors: Clapham A. W.
Published: January 2016

One of the outstanding problems of British archaeology and perhaps the most important of those which still await solution, is that involved in the revival of Celtic and La T h e motives in 7th century art. This question has been discussed in various recent publications by Dr Mahr, Mr Kendrick and Dr Wheeler. So far however there is no sign of ultimate agreement. With this question is bound up the origins of that Irish Christian art which had so spectacular a blooming in such objects as the Books of Durrow and Kells, the high crosses of Monasterbois and Clonmacnoise and the Tara brooch.
Santa Orosia: a Thaumaturgic Saint
Authors: Alford Violet
Published: January 2016

Windy Jaca, up on its terrace, its back to the snowy Colorado, is especially connected with that disastrous forerunner of the Spanish revolution, which coming to premature birth ended in premature death. We may see there the Street of the Martyrs, renamed by a Republic, born after all without bloodshed, in memory of its first blood sacrifice. Yet in spite of its rather red modernity, little Jaca still cherishes rags and tatters of tradition, and up there on its chilly height a local thaumaturgical goddess holds as much sway as she would in Andalusia. On the 25th of June the town celebrates its feast in honour of Santa Orosia. That is the moment to see the old Jaca behaving as it did before its seventeen towers came down, and its encircling walls were laid flat.
Rome in the Middle East
Authors: Macdonald George
Published: January 2016

‘That which hath wings shall tell the matter’, says the Preacher. Readers of Antiquity do not need to be reminded of the fresh connotation which aerial photography has given to the text, but never before has its truth been so convincingly driven home as it is by the latest achievement of archaeological aviation. It may be said at once that this account of the Eastern frontier is one of the most important and illuminating contributions ever made to the unwritten history of the Roman Empire. Incidentally, as M. Cumont points out in his lucid and appreciative introduction, its usefulness as a guide for future explorers can hardly be over-estimated. Hundreds of miles of a terra incognita have been thoroughly reconnoitred, so that exponents of the older and less spectacular methods now know exactly where it will profit them to ply the spade and pick. And it is certain that their reward will be rich. Though the sandstorms of the desert may bury, they are in other respects far less destructive than cultivation. In course of time the wonders of Dura-Europos will be repeated or, it may be, eclipsed at other sites. Scholars will then be able to reconstruct with confidence the whole organization of the army of the East, a subject that has hitherto been well-nigh hopelessly obscure. A flood of new light will be thrown on the relations of Rome, first to the Parthians, and then to the Sassanians. At long last we shall learn something of the losing battle which Roman civilization had to fight when it was transplanted to a Semitic countryside, studded here and there with Hellenic towns, —something, that is, of the gradual process by which the legions of the West were slowly but surely transformed into a host of Orientals.
Archaeology and the State
Authors: Clark Grahame
Published: January 2016

The interest of the State in the ancient monuments and civilizations of Britain is recent in origin and limited in extent. It is the purpose of this paper to trace in outline the growth of State interest, the limits of State control at the present time, and the main lacunae which appear to exist in the mechanism for the preservation of our national antiquities. Before embarking on this topic it might be well to point out the two chief reasons why, before 1882, the State undertook little or no responsibility within a sphere now generally recognized as the proper concern of any civilized state. In the first place the study of British Archaeology has only within the last fifty years reached a degree of accuracy and discipline worthy of the expenditure of public funds; it is of the utmost significance in this connexion that the first scientific British archaeologist, General Pitt-Rivers, was appointed as first Inspector of Ancient Monuments under the Act of 1882.
Air Reconnaissance of Roman Scotland
Authors: Crawford O. G. S.
Published: January 2016

On 6 June I started from Southampton to carry out an investigation of the Roman roads and sites in Scotland from the air. For several years, as part of my official duties, I have been examining these on foot, in pursuance of a plan to publish a third edition of the Ordnance Survey Map of Roman Britain. It is intended to prepare the way for this map (which may be published on a slightly larger scale—10 miles instead of 16 miles to the inch) by the publication of maps of special regions on the scale of 4 miles to the inch. The drawing of the first two of these (Scotland, Sheet 3 [Forth and Tay], and Sheet I [The Border]) had been finished; but many doubtful points remained even after intensive field-work, and it seemed probable that a short air reconnaissance under favourable conditions would solve some of them. This opinion was amply justified by results. About a dozen new Roman sites (including as ‘ sites ’ new stretches of Roman road) were discovered; about 50 new sites in all, including many native forts, were placed on the map; and valuable results of a general character were obtained.
Etruria from the Air
Authors: Bradford John
Published: January 2016

A Century has just elapsed since the now famous Regolini-Galassi tomb at Caere (Cerveteri) was opened by the Archpriest and General whose names A it bears. The beautiful proportions of the silver vessels, the delicate goldwork, and the impressive design of the bronzes, which together formed the sepulchral furniture befitting an Etruscan nobleman of the middle 7th century B.C. came as a coup d’éclut to the academic world, and can still be considered the most splendid ornament of the Museo Etrusco Gregoriano at the Vatican. But the most obvious significance, today, of this centenary is to recall the early history of field-archaeology in Etruria and the problems that have been inherited from it, of which one of the most essential still remains to be dispatched; namely, the preparation of accurate plans of the cemeteries. The difficulties inherent in this are very clearly illustrated by the circumstances (1) of the Kegolini-Galassi discovery and by its consequences. It immediately stimulated extensive excavations for collectors’ trophies at Caere, where the necropolis until then had largely escaped the attentions of early antiquarians and treasure-hunters; activities that at Tarquinia have been characterized as ‘tumultuosi’ by Prof. Nogara, and whose story has been summed up by Prof. Pallottino as ‘singolare e dolorosa insieme’.
Prehistoric Fishing Methods in South Africa
Authors: Goodwin A. J. H.
Published: January 2016

In the course of many years of archaeological research in South Africa, cut off by the length of the continent from the European scene, various local problems, unrelated to those of Europe, necessarily arise. One of the most persistent has been that of the origin and age of coastal fishing enclosures whose distribution extends sporadically from the mouth of the Berg river in St. Helena Bay (northwest of Cape Town) to Kosi Bay on the Zululand coast, and perhaps even further in either direction. The known coastal range is well over 1000 miles. Any complete solution of the various problems raised must necessarily be shelved until petrol supplies permit the careful excavation of a series of surrounding midden deposits.

The enclosures are known locally as vywers (pronounced much as the English ‘favours’) or sometimes as viskraals, literally dams, or fish-corrals, and we can speak of them in English as tidal fish-traps. Happily their use continues, in a somewhat sporadic way, at several of the sites, and we can still study the methods used. In brief, the enclosure is built up as a dry-stone wall to such a height that normal high tides will cover the vywer and permit fish to swim freely over the enclosed area. As the tide sinks, the water runs out through the interstices between the stones, while the fish are trapped and can be clubbed and caught by hand. It is a simple application of the system used for netting fish, though here the dry-stone walling provides the imbrications.
The Role of Birds in Early Navigation
Authors: Hornell James
Published: January 2016

It is not generally recognized how important a part was played by birds in the guidance of early voyagers when sailing on the uncharted seas of the ancient world, and how their regular migrations year by year and season by season, along definite routes have contributed to the discovery of many lands and isolated islands. We know that Columbus made his first American landfall by noting the south-westerly direction taken by great flocks of small field-birds seen flying overhead in the evening towards land as yet out of sight of those aboard the ships; we know, too, that the significance of their flight was at once recognized, for did not Pinzon point out its meaning to his crew by his remark ‘Those birds know their business’ (Morison, 1841, 664-5)?

How true his words were we now know, for it is about the time of year (October) when Columbus saw these battalions of birds darkening the sky, that certain species of landbirds set out from the eastern shores of North America by a southerly route, via Bermuda, to seek a warmer climate and a more plentiful supply of food.
Prehistory and Protohistory in France
Authors: Daniel Glyn
Published: January 2016

In November 1954 the French Prehistoric Society celebrated its fiftieth jubilee with a séance solennelle extraordinaire in the cinema of the Musée de L'Homme in Paris. The séance was presided over by the Abbé Breuil, doyen of French if not of all European prehistorians, and attended by most French prehistoric archaeologists of importance. Guy Gaudron, the Secretary General of the Society, gave a brief history of the society's inception and development; the Abbé Breuil spoke on ‘La Perspective préhistorique et ses progrés’; messages of congratulation were sent to the Ćount Henri Begouen, who, with Gaudron, were made Honorary Presidents; messages were read from prehistorians and prehistoric organizations in other countries, and a small group of foreign representatives spoke in person—Sauter from Geneva, Kühn from Mainz, Frank Mitchell from Dublin, and Lacaille and myself from Great Britain.
How things are made and done
Authors: Crawford O. G. S.
Published: January 2016

A few years ago I was talking to a friend of mine in our club. It was obvious that he had, as we say, something on his mind. ‘Do you realize’, he said, ‘that in this technological age we still have no comprehensive history of technology?’ I paused for a moment, but before I could speak he had answered my thoughts. ‘I don't mean economic history—there are plenty of books about that; technology and economics are quite different’. I asked him to expand this. ‘Well, take any farm you know. An economic survey of it would cover everything on the farm—field-workers and their wages, birds, animals, dung, crops, carts, ploughs, reaping-machines, dairy utensils. But if it's to be a technological survey you concentrate on the carts and ploughs, how they're made, and how they work. What you are then concerned with is how things on the farm are done and made’. When he thus explained it the distinction became obvious. Seeing what was in his mind I murmured : ‘A History of Technology is going to be a big thing’. ‘It is’, he said, ‘for the world is my farm, the human race my farmers and field-workers, and the farm has been a going concern for many millennia’.
The Needfire Ritual
Authors: Davidson Thomas
Published: January 2016

The purpose of this paper is to give a brief survey of the Needfire ceremony and its variants as they occurred in various parts of Scotland. As the introductory example we take the case of a Morayshire farmer. ‘In the year 1850 a murrain decimated the herd of a farmer in the parish of Dallas. He proceeded at once with all ceremony to kindle theneedfire. Then digging a pit in the ground he sacrificed an ox’ (1). This is fairly representative of the practice which was common all over Scotland. From time immemorial fires of different kinds have been kindled on certain days of the year. But besides these regularly recurring celebrations farmers resorted to fire rituals in seasons of distress above all when their cattle were attacked by epidemic disease, or, to ward off the devils of witchcraft. The general name by which they are known isneedfire, Gaelicteine-éiginn, ‘churned’ or ‘forced fire’. It was by needfire that fire was originally produced at all fire festivals. Of the primitive ways of kindling fire the commonest was by the friction of wood, and two methods of producing friction in this way was clearly distinguished, the fire-drill and stick and groove or fire-plough. In its simplest form the fire-drill consists of two sticks, one of which is pointed and held upright with its point pressing on the other, which was laid flat on the ground; the upright stick, or drill proper, is twirled rapidly between the palms of the hands till the point bores a hole in the other stick and the continued friction generates first heat and then fire which is nursed into a flame by dry leaves or other suitable tinder. In the fire-plough a pointed stick is rubbed vigorously along a groove or depression in a piece of wood laid flat on the ground.
The Brå Cauldron and the Danish Early Iron Age
Authors: Daniel Glyn E.
Published: January 2016

Professor Conrad Engelhardt, who was himself responsible for the excavation of the four great finds of Thorsbjærg, Vimose, Nydam and Kragehul, gave us in his Denmark in the Early Iron Age (illustrated by recent discoveries in the Peat Mosses of Slesvig) our first comprehensive picture of Danish archaeology in the centuries immediately before and after the birth of Christ. His book was published in English in London in 1866 and the engravings of the Nydam boat and the Thorsbjærg woollen trousers have been commonplaces of archaeological teaching ever since. Engelhardt lived and worked in stirring times—his excavations at Nydam had to be discontinued ‘when the two Allied German Powers, in the heart of the winter of 1864, assailed Denmark and conquered South Jutland’; and he was writing only thirty years from the time when C. J. Thomsen had formally proposed that the antiquities of the Danish prehistoric period should be divided into three distinct ages of Stone, Bronze and Iron. Engelhardt adopted Worsaae's classification of the Danish Iron Age into three periods, the Early Iron Age which he dated from 250 B.C. to A.D. 450, a transition period extending to the close of the 7th century, and the Late Iron Age terminating with the introduction of Christianity in the year 1000. He discussed whether the changes implicit in the Early Iron Age were the result of pacific intercourse or commercial relations with nations of higher civilization, rejects these, and says ‘the higher state of civilization was the result of an invasion, for in no other way can the sudden appearance of damascened weapons, of materials hitherto unknown, of horses, arts and letters, be satisfactorily explained’.
Language as a Means to an End
Authors: Gordon Cyrus H.
Published: January 2016

To investigate any topic properly, we should exploit all the evidence bearing upon it. The study, therefore, of any period of antiquity documented both by artifacts and texts, requires the synthesis of archaeology and philology. He who would control any period of history, must master its written as well as its archaeological sources.

The growth of knowledge, and the development of new techniques, evoke more and more specialization. This has happened particularly in the study of man as a result of the masses of data that keep pouring in, during an age of discovery through exploration and excavation.
Minoan Linear A: A Provisional Balance Sheet
Authors: Chadwick John
Published: January 2016

The decipherment in 1952 by Michael Ventris of the prehistoric script known as Minoan Linear B at once suggested that here lay the key to the earlier Cretan script called Linear A. Linear B was proved to be a syllabic script which represented, imperfectly but just adequately, the Greek language in a form more archaic than any other surviving records. At an early stage in our short-lived partnership I discussed with Ventris the possibility of applying the results to the older script, and we both made certain experiments; but we concluded that the situation did not allow any easy progress, and being deeply committed to the development of his Linear B theory, we decided to leave this field to others, at any rate for the time being. Since then a great deal of work on Linear A has been published by other scholars, almost all of it based upon the decipherment of Linear B, and equally inspired by the success which attended the solution of the major problem. It is not, perhaps, too soon to review some of these attempts and appraise the progress made so far. We are clearly far from an agreed solution; but there are encouraging signs that the true solution is not too far beyond our grasp, though I for one doubt whether it can be achieved by mere ingenuity. I should like to emphasize at the outset that I am completely neutral in the controversies which are raging, and this account is intended to be quite impartial.
The Volcanic Destruction of Minoan Crete
Authors: Marinatos Sp.
Published: January 2016

In the long history of Minoan civilization two great catastrophes are discernible, of which the famous Cretan palaces themselves provide the chief source of our knowledge. Everywhere the catastrophes are seen to be contemporaneous. We can distinguish a period of the first palaces (MM) and a subsequent period of the second palaces (LM). There is no perceptible break in the development of the civilization as a result of these catastrophes. For this reason, the theories that the palaces were overthrown by invaders from abroad aroused opposition from the first. Usually the Achaeans—and even the Hyksos—were suggested as the destroyers. By this theory, however, it was not possible to explain two facts : the decorative arts continue on their way undisturbed, and the second palaces are built at once on the ruins of the first and are still unfortified. The Cretans would not have been so foolish as gratuitously to provide easy loot for fresh invaders.
A Bird's-eye View of Opis and Seleucia
Authors: Hopkins Clark
Published: January 2016

In 1927 Professor Waterman of the University of Michigan undertook a special study of Babylonian topography for the purpose of locating the site of Opis (Babylonian Upi, Upa) the older Sumerian Akshak, capital of one of the oldest kingdoms in Mesopotamia. The general location of Opis is well defined by the inscriptions of Nebuchadrezzar at Wadi Brissa and Nahr el-Kelb, who states that for the defence of Babylon he built a wall from Sippar on the Euphrates to ‘ above ’ Opis on the Tigris, a distance of five beru, about twenty miles. Since with the help of this brick-faced earth wall he fashioned great bodies of water ‘ like the sea ’, twenty beru in length (probably in circumference), it is clear that a watercourse formed part of this system of defence. Xenophon mentions Opis as located above the modern Bagdad, but Strabo clearly places it in the district of the later Seleucia, stating2 that the Tigris was navigable as far as Opis and Seleucia.
Megalithic and Other Art: Centre and West
Authors: Powell T. G. E.
Published: January 2016

The occurrence of designs cut on the stone walling slabs of certain prehistoric tombs in Central Germany has led from time to time to a search for comparisons, even prototypes, in the mural art of megalithic tombs in Atlantic Europe. Within recent years, some new observations and discoveries of considerable interest have been made principally as a result of a re-excavation at the well-known Lohne (Züschen) megalithic tomb near Fritzlar, and through the excavation of a tumulus on the Dölauer Heide near HallelSaale (FIG. I).

The first of these monuments is a large, megalithically constructed, collective tomb with a long rectangular chamber entered through a port-hole slab which is set between the main chamber and a short ante-chamber. The whole monument is set in a trench so that the roof was approximately at ground level. This is one of a group of such tombs in Hesse; there is a neighbouring group in Westphalia, and these are related both to a group in Sweden, and, more particularly, to the classic tombs of this type in the Paris Basin (SOM). The Dölau tumulus is something quite different, for in it, amongst other things, has been found a stone-constructed grave for only one individual. The wall and cap-stones are of moderate size but not megalithic, and the grave can be likened in various respects to some three other stone-built graves, all in the Halle district, and of which the best known was that found at Göhlitzsch with its representations of bow, quiver, and battle-axe, cut, with other decoration, on the wall faces.
The Accuracy of Radiocarbon Dates
Authors: Libby W. F.
Published: January 2016

The first test of the accuracy of dates obtained by the radiocarbon technique was made by determining whether dates so obtained agreed with the historical dates for materials of known age (n. 1). The validity of the radiocarbon method continues to be an important question, especially in the light of the numerous results that have been accumulated and the greater precision of the technique during the past few years (n. 2).

The radiocarbon content of the biosphere depends on three supposedly independent geophysical quantities: (i) the average cosmic ray intensity over a period of 8000 years (the average life of radiocarbon) as measured in our solar system but outside the earth's magnetic field (n. 1); (ii) the magnitude (but not the orientation, because of the relatively rapid mixing over the earth's surface) of the magnetic field in the vicinity of the earth, averaged over the same period (n. 1,3); and (iii) the degree of mixing of the oceans during the same period (n. 1). The question of the accuracy of radiocarbon dates therefore is of interest to geophysicists in general as well as to the archaeologists, geologists and historians who use the dates.

Previous workers in this area (n. 1, 2) have reported some discrepancies, and it is the purpose here to consider the matter further.
Ultra-Violet Radiation and Excavation
Authors: Ritchie P. R. , Pugh J.
Published: January 2016

The difticulties surrounding the proper excavation and display of poorly preserved skeletal remains are well known to excavators. Where the bone is moist and friable, care is required to avoid touching it until it has dried and hardened. When it is stained as well, so that there is little contrast between bone and soil, then the excavator's task can indeed be difficult. In such cases photographic presentation often shows less than was seen by the excavator since differences just perceptible to the eye are likely to fall well short of the contrast level which can be recorded satisfactorily by the camera. Those sandy soils in which the stain is well displayed are the fortunate exception. In an endeavour to overcome these difficulties ultra-violet radiation has been tried.

The light of the visible spectrum extends from a wavelength of 7,000 Å at the red end to 4,000 Å at the blue end (n. 1). The shorter wavelengths extending to 140 Å form the ultra-violet region, but most of this is lost for present purposes since ordinary optical glass absorbs all radiation below about 3,500 Å. However, phenomena which can be used are found in this band between 3,500 Å and 4,000 Å. Emissions of these wavelengths are not visible to the human eye but some substances possess the property of absorbing such radiation and in turn emitting new radiation at longer wavelengths, including those which are visible. This is the phenomenon known as fluorescence.
The Battle of Aljubarrota
Authors: Paço Afonso Do
Published: January 2016

One of the battles of the Hundred Ýears’ War was fought in Portugal on the 14th August, 1385, on the so-called ‘Cumeira de Aljubarrota’, about 80 miles north of Lisbon. There, the small army of King D. Joao I, led by Constable D. Nuno Àlvares Pereira, faced the greater forces of D. Juan I of Castile. Under the Portuguese flag, as Professor Peter Russell has shown, about 700 English archers fought, and on the enemy's side were many subjects of the King of France (n. 1). There are different contemporary versions of the battle which have caused a certain perplexity among historians. Froissart's chronicle tells us that D. Nuno Àlvares Pereira's men had fortified the battlefield; this assertion figures in another narrative known as the Cronica del Despensero, and also in the well-known letter written by D. Juan I of Castile, dated the 29th August, 1385. The Castilian Chronicler, Ayala, an eye-witness of the battle, says nothing about it however, and this fact must have prompted another chronicler, Fernão Lopes, who wrote 60 years after the battle, to assert that there was nothing to be said about the defensive system, even giving us to understand that it never existed. This conflict in the evidence had made it impossible to make a thorough investigation of a battle which is fundamentally important to Portuguese history. To overcome this, in February, 1960, the Ministry of War ordered the Commission of Military History to submit the battle to an intensive study and to make an attempt to evaluate the contradictory versions.
Zimbabwe, All Things Considered
Authors: Caton-Thompson Gertrude
Published: January 2016

A book slender in size but rich in content. Certainly it should be read by Europeans and Africans who are interested in the historic problems of Zimbabwe ruins with or without a mystery attached, yet have neither time or training to tackle the detailed publication of the 1958 excavations by Summers and his two colleagues, which appeared in December 1961 as an Occasional Paper (vol. 3) of the National Museum of Southern Rhodesia, and is, in the main, a concentrated and masterly exercise in stratigraphy.
Aerial Reconnaissance in Picardy
Authors: Agache R.
Published: January 2016

Although French archaeologists such as Pbre Poidebard in Syria, and Colonel Baradez in North Africa, have been using air photography very successfully for a long time in sub-desert regions overseas, this has not been so in Metropolitan France. In fact it was a mere ten years ago-a considerable time after systematic air photography had been going on in England-that French research workers began to use air photography, and even then as individual efforts each in his own region. In almost all cases they used, like the author, the aircraft of local aero-clubs, and small non-professional cameras, usually the simple 24 x 36mm. models. That these individual efforts have been far from negligible became more widely apparent in Paris, in August 1963, at the conference on, and exhibition of, air photography organized by M. Raymond Chevallier (ANTIQUITY, 1963, 296), under the auspices of the Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes of the Sorbonne where he has recently inaugurated the first university course in photo-interpretation in France.
New Discoveries of Rock Paintings in Ethiopia Part II
Authors: Graziosi Paolo
Published: January 2016

Painted caves are numerous in this region, particularly in the Coaito highlands. Let us consider some of the most important sites.
Lébous
Authors: Arnal J. , Martin-Granel H. , Sangmeister E.
Published: January 2016

We have been 50 bold as to call the LCbous site a ‘castle’ because, architecturally, it is in plan very like a medieval castle: it is trapeze-shaped, measuring 50 m. on two sides and 75 m. on the other two sides, and it is reinforced at its angles and along its walls with round towers. The enclosure is of dry stone walling about a metre thick, and the towers are about 2 m. 50 cm. in diameter inside, and spaced 24 m. apart from each other. On the north face a tower has been replaced by a rectangular entrance protected by two walls arranged like antennae (FIG. 2). The walls now stand only 60 to 80 cm. high, but one imagines that originally they rose to a height of 1½ m. (PL. XXVIII).

It is not suggested that we are dealing with a castle in the strict sense of that word: surely Ltbous is a fortified village site, and as such unique in the prehistory of western Europe and of very great importance. We need not concern ourselves here with the history of the discovery of the site, except to say that in the course of the excavation of seven Hallstatt barrows, tower no. 3 was found underneath them. As the towers and walls are all covered by Hallstatt and Bronze Age barrows, a late Roman wall, medieval. constructions, and even ploughed fields (surprising for garrigue country), it is not surprising that it took nearly seven years to discover the true nature of this fortified village.

The site is 1 km. south of the village of St-Mathieu and in the commune of St-Mathieu-de-Tréviers on the ridge known as the Ltbous [1]. Our excavations have already been published in France and Germany [2]; here we wish to summarize our work for English readers and to refer to the most recent excavations, hitherto unpublished.
The Bantry Boat
Authors: Johnstone Paul
Published: January 2016

The stone pillar of Bantry (PL. xLv a) stands on top of a rounded grassy hill one mile west of the old Bantry railway station in County Cork. Below it, just out of sight, is the comfortable Georgian red brick of Bantry House, whose demesne once included the pillar. Below that again are the waters of Bantry Bay, formerly one of the bases of the British Atlantic Fleet, and scene of the abortive landing attempt in 1798 of Wolfe Tone and the French invasion force.
The Productivity of Labour in Roman Agriculture
Authors: White K. D.
Published: January 2016

Some years ago, in a short review of some of the major questions concerning agricultural efficiency in Roman times, I pointed out that we do not possess the materials on which to base an accurate computation. In attempting to make an assessment of agricultural efficiency we should require as a minimum basis a body of statistical information on the following points: first, the numbers of persons engaged; second, average yields per acre of certain crops for comparison with average yields in other producing countries; and third, statistics of output measured in man-hours according to recognized methods of determining the productivity of labour. The type of dficulty mentioned here is not confined to research in ancient agriculture; lack of records, and paucity of precise information, make investigation difficult in almost every department of ancient economic history. But lack of precise information has not deterred historians from making rough analyses and generalizations. The evidence on wheat-yields showed, inter alia, that it is not legitimate to use Columella’s general average return on Italian wheat of four-fold as evidence of a generally low standard of productivity in cereals (De Re Rust., III, iii, 4). So far as crop-yields are concerned, the common postulate of a low level of agricultural technique cannot be upheld.
Megaliths and Mathematics
Authors: Thom Alexander
Published: January 2016

It is becoming apparent that megalithic man possessed and used a considerable knowledge of geometry. As more of his constructions are unravelled, we obtain an increasing appreciation of his attainments. Undoubtedly he also observed the heavenly bodies and used them to tell the time of day or night and to tell the day of the year. To take geometry first, let us look at the various shapes which, in his hands, a ring of stone could take. To understand these rings fully it is necessary to appreciate that he used extensively a very precise unit of length—the megalithic yard (MY). The exact length of this unit has become known to us by an examination of simple circles and flattened circles. When the author produced the first batch of circle diameters there was no universally accepted statistical analysis for the determination of the reliability of a quantum such as the suggested value for the megalithic yard. Then Broadbent produced two papers providing exactly the methods required to find, from a set of measurements, the most probable value of the quantum and the probability level at which it could be accepted [1,2]. This last is very important because Hammersley had shown that almost any random set of (say) diameters will yield an apparent unit of some sort.
A View of Etruscan Origins
Authors: Hencken Hugh
Published: January 2016

In recent years there have appeared a number of books about the Etruscans. These have for the most part been devoted to Etruscan art and culture of the historical period, and touch only lightly on the so-called mystery of Etruscan origins. This mystery is a peculiar thing, for no one regards the origin of other ancient peoples such as the Greeks or the Romans as mysterious. It is simply assumed that they developed where they are found at the beginning of history out of various prehistoric elements that had already arrived.

The Etruscan mystery arises in part from the remarkable differences both in language and in civilization between the Etruscans and the other peoples of pre-Roman Italy. The ancients also speculated about it, and the puzzle is in part due to contradictory statements made by them. Herodotus in the 5th century B.C. said that the Etruscans came from Lydia, and Dionysius of Halicarnassus in the 1st century B.C. said that they did not come from anywhere but originated in Italy. The aim of much discussion in recent times has been to determine which was right. I should say at once that it seems to me that there is something in both views. But the statement of Herodotus can hardly be taken literally, since there is insufficient specific connexion between the ancient language and culture of Lydia and anything in Etruria. I shall return to that part of the story later.
Greekless Archaeology
Authors: Chadwick John
Published: January 2016

In the 15 years since the decipherment of the so-called ‘Linear B’ script as Greek, I have often been asked what was the most important resulting gain in our knowledge of ancient Greece. I have always put first the final and conclusive proof that the Mycenaeans, the people who produced a brilliant civilization in Greece between the 16th and 12th centuries BC, were Greeks. Previously there had always been room for argument, and although most people accepted this as a fact, it was always just possible to assert that the Mycenaeans were a non-Greek people, whose deeds and legends had been appropriated by the Greeks as their own.
Durrington Walls: a Ceremonial Enclosure of the 2nd Millennium BC
Authors: Wainwright G. J.
Published: January 2016

Durrington Walls lies one quarter of a mile to the north of the outskirts of Amesbury in Wiltshire and 9 miles north of Salisbury (SU 150437). Stonehenge is situated 2 miles to the south-east and 80 yds. to the south of the enclosure is Woodhenge which was excavated by Mrs Cunnington in 1926-8. The much ploughed bank, which encloses a dry valley opening on to the River Avon, was initially recorded by Sir Richard Colt Hoare in the early 19th century (1812, 169), but until the recently completed series of excavations the only digging on the site was that carried out by Professor Stuart Piggott in 1952, despite recognition of the enclosure as being one of the largest henge monuments in the country. The 1952 excavations were in the nature of an exploration on both sides of a pipe trench where it intersected with the bank in its southern sector (Stone, Piggott and Booth, 1954). A double row of post-holes was recorded along the outer edge of the bank and a quantity of animal bones, flints and sherds of Grooved Ware was found on top of the old land surface which was preserved beneath it. Sherds of Grooved Ware and two small fragments of Beaker were recorded from domestic refuse overlying the bank talus. Radiocarbon dates of 2620± 40 and 2630 ± 70 BC were obtained from charcoal under the bank in its southern sector (Piggott, 1959, 289). These determinations were described by Professor Piggott as ‘archaeologically unacceptable’ as two small scraps of Beaker pottery were found in association with the abundant Grooved Ware.
The Cretan Bull Sports
Authors: Ward Anne
Published: January 2016

The actual nature of the Cretan bull sports can scarcely be in doubt. The wealth of representations of all stages of this extraordinary exhibition are clear enough as far as we are concerned with what actually happened. There remain, however, many unclarified questions about its motivation and purpose, the identity of its performers, its frequency, and above all its location. There has been much speculation on this point, which, reduced to its essence, seems to postulate that the sports took place either in the Central Courts of the great palaces or in some other, as yet unidentified, arena. Evans [I] and Pendlebury [2] both suggest the existence of a temporary wooden palisade outside the palace (at Knossos, on the level ground to the east). Their objections to the Central Court as the site of the bull sports are largely of a practical common-sense nature. An excited bull is a dangerous creature, and extremely difficult to control. To get it on to the court, through the narrow corridors and ornately painted and furnished rooms by which the court is approached, would pose formidable problems ; but once arrived the difficulties could be even greater.