bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hydrogel contact lens cleaning with or without multi‐enzymes
Authors: Nilsson Sven Erik G. , Lindh Hans
Published: May 2009

Abstract. In a group of 66 daily hydrogel contact lens wearers, all lenses were cleaned and disinfected daily using a regular daily cleaner and a 3% hydrogen peroxide system. In addition, one of the lenses for each subject was subjected to weekly enzymatic cleaning with a multi‐enzyme pancreatin preparation. After 6 months there were highly significant differences (P < 0.001) between the lenses, the enzymatically cleaned ones showing less deposits and longer break‐up time (BUT) on the lens. Also, comfort was significantly (P < 0.05) better for these latter lenses. No adverse reactions that could be attributed with certainty to the preparations used were observed. The effectiveness of the pancreatin preparation employed in this study is of interest, since it has been demonstrated that enzymatic removal of deposits from hydrogel lenses reduces complications such as acute red eye reaction, contact lens‐induced papillary conjunctivitis, and presumably also corneal ulceration because of decreased bacterial adherence to the lenses.
Isolated leukemic choroidal relapse in a child with acute lymphoblastic leukemia one year off therapy, diagnosed through transvitreal retino‐choroidal biopsy
Authors: Schmiegelow Kjeld , Scherfig Erik , Prause Jan Ulrik , Jensen Ove Aksel
Published: May 2009

Abstract. A serous retinal detachment and choroidal hemorrhagic infiltration developed in a 17‐year‐old girl with acute lymphoblastic leukemia one year after cessation of therapy without concurrent bone marrow (BM) or central nervous system relapse. A choroidal biopsy through a sclerotomy with simultaneous release of subretinal fluid revealed no malignant cells. Accordingly, she was treated with prednisone, topical corticosteroid and atropine with normalisation of vision and clinical findings. Five months later the retinal detachment and choroidal infiltration recurred. In order to re‐attach the retina once more and obtain a representative choroidal biopsy, a pars plana vitrectomy followed by a retinotomy with removal of subretinal tissue was done revealing leukemic infiltration of the choroid. Simultaneously a BM relapse was diagnosed.
Shape changes produced in detergent extracted bovine retinal pigment epithelium when exposed to ATP
Authors: Hitchins Cathryn A. , De Yong Jiang , Day Joanne , Grierson Ian
Published: May 2009

Abstract. The response of single detergent treated bovine retinal pigment epithelial cells in culture to ATP was measured with an image analyser. The most pronounced contraction was produced by 1.0 mM ATP with most change taking place in the first 10 min. At 1 h the area had decreased by about 33%, perimeter 22% and maximum length 25%. By way of comparison rabbit skin fibroblasts had a decreased area of approximately 40%, perimeter 25% and maximum length 22%. Bovine aortic smooth muscle cells on the other hand decreased in area by 55%, perimeter 40% and maximum length 36%. It is hoped that this assay may be used to evaluate drugs which could counteract contractile events in proliferative vitreoretinopathy.
Effects of adrenergic drugs on accommodation and distant refraction in daylight and darkness
Authors: Zetterström Charlotta
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Near point accommodation was measured using a RAF near point rule, and distant refraction in daylight and darkness were determined using a laser‐optometer in a double‐blind cross‐over study on 10 healthy test subjects (19–31 years). Determinations were made before and 40 min after topical instillations of 3 times 10 μl 10% phenylephrine, 0.5% thymoxamine, 1% adrenaline, 3% isoproterenol, 0.5% timolol and 0.5% betaxolol. Combinations of 3 times 10 μl 0.5% thymoxamine + 10% phenylephrine, 0.5% timolol + 1% adrenaline and 0.5%. betaxolol + 3% isoproterenol were also administered. The near point of accommodation decreased 0.8 + 0.3 diopter after instillations of the alpha1 adrenoceptor agonist phenylephrine, while an increase of 0.6 ± 0.2 diopter was determined after administration of the alpha adrenoceptor antagonist thymoxamine. Thymoxamine plus phenylephrine did not alter the pretreatment values. Beta adrenoceptor stimulation by isoproterenol or beta adrenoceptor inhibition by timolol or betaxolol had no effect on the near point accommodation. The difference between distant refraction in daylight and darkness, that is low‐luminance myopia, amounted to −1.25 ± 0.1 diopter. Phenylephrine caused a myopic shift in distant refraction in daylight and darkness of 0.32 ± 0.1 and 0.9 ± 0.2 diopter, respectively. This effect was due to the mydriatic action of phenylephrine. While using a 2 mm artificial pupil in four subjects, phenylephrine did not change distant refraction in daylight or darkness. After beta adrenoceptor stimulation by isoproterenol distant refraction in darkness shifted 0.12 ± 0.07 diopter towards hyperopia while beta adrenoceptor inhibition by timolol or betaxolol caused a myopic shift of 0.2 ± 0.1 diopter. These shifts were, however, not statistically significant. We conclude from these data that alpha1 adrenoceptor stimulation decreases while alpha adrenoceptor antagonism increases the near point accommodation. Furthermore, alpha1 adrenoceptor stimulation of the ciliary muscle is blocked by the alpha adrenoceptor antagonist thymoxamine in vivo.
Histopathological changes in an intraocular retinoblastoma‐like tumour following photodynamic therapy
Authors: Winther Jens , Ehlers Niels
Published: May 2009

Abstract. The histopathological effect of photodynamic therapy (PDT) was investigated in an intraocular retinoblastoma‐like tumour in vivo. Eighty‐two tumours were studied by light microscopy and 8 by electron microscopy. Damage of the vascular endothelium with dilation of the organelles was evident 1 h after treatment, followed by leakage of the blood vessels, tissue hemorrhages, and vascular collapse. Histopathological examination showed an overall pattern of shrinkage of the cytoplasm and pycnosis of the nuclei in most of the tumour cells 3–5 days after treatment. The tumour recurrence often developed from the periphery of the tumours and in a few cases from small islets of viable tissue. Use of high doses of Photofrin II or light energy was associated with damage in the light irradiated area both to the conjunctiva or cornea in the form of leucocyte infiltration or ulcers, and to the retina, which often developed edema and appeared severely disorganized, with damage of the photoreceptors.
Long‐term visual results of vitreous surgery in diabetic eye disease
Authors: Laatikainen Leila , Summanen Paula
Published: May 2009

Abstract Long‐term visual results in the first 124 consecutively vitrectomized eyes of 105 diabetic patients in our department were evaluated. The indications for vitrectomy were unresorbable vitreous haemorrhage (77 eyes, 62%) (group A), central traction retinal detachment (21 eyes, 17%) (group B), and a combination of both (26 eyes, 21%) (group C). Initially visual acuity (VA) improved at least by one category in 83 eyes (67%). The latest post‐operative VA after the mean follow‐up of 3.7±0.2 years was > = 0.3 in 36 eyes (29%), 0.1‐0.25 in 15 eyes (12%), 0.05‐0.08 in 9 eyes (7%), counting fingers (CF) 1‐< 3 m in 13 eyes (11%), and < CF 1 m in 51 eyes (41%). The latest VA of 0.3 or better was significantly more common in group A (40%) than in group B (10%) or group C (12%) (P=0.0087 and 0.0076, respectively). The most common causes of visual failure (VA <C F 1 m) were neovascular glaucoma and/or retinal detachment. At the latest follow‐up visit 50% of the patients had VA of 0.3 or better, 16% were in the low‐vision category, and 34% were blind (VA < 0.05).
Immersion versus contact technique in the measurement of axial length by ultrasound
Authors: Olsen Thomas , Nielsen Per Julius
Published: May 2009

Abstract The axial length was measured by A‐scan in 60 cataractous patients using a non‐contact (immersion) and a contact technique. The mean axial length was found to be 23.49 mm with the immersion technique and 23.35 mm with the contact technique, using the same Sonometrics transducer probe. The difference of 0.14 mm (± 0.19) was significant at the 0.01 level. The difference should be taken into account when evaluating the accuracy of IOL calculation, and may call for different empirical corrections of the axial length with different ultrasonic equipment.
Pneumatic retinopexy in 50 patients
Authors: Skoog Klas‐Olav , Textorius Ola , Wrigstad Anders
Published: May 2009

Abstract Pneumatic retinopexy was introduced in our clinic in 1986. This paper reports the results from the first 50 cases. Detachments with multiple breaks within 3 clock hours and proliferative vitreoretinopathy up to grade C1 were included. This technique compares favorably to buckling procedures in selected cases. The primary success rate was 83%, and the overall success rate was 90% (penumatic retinopexy ± scleral buckling ± vitrectomy).
Pars plana and ora serrata anatomotopographic study of fetal eyes
Authors: Bonomo Pedro Paulo
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Morphology and topographic anatomical relations of pars plana, pars plicata and ora serrata were examined in 15 globes of fetuses, obtained from autopsy. The mean value of pars plana size was: nasal meridian = 1.15 ± 0.32 mm; temporal meridian = 1.20 ± 0.34 mm; superior meridian = 1.19 ± 0.34 mm; inferior meridian = 1.15 ± 0.34 mm. The mean value of the distance between the sclerocorneal limbus and the ora serrata was: nasal meridian = 3.22 ± 0.30 mm; temporal meridian = 3.33 ± 0.35 mm; superior meridian = 3.23 ± 0.36 mm; and inferior meridian = 3.27 ± 0.37 mm. A significant difference between the mean sizes of the pars plana in the superior meridian was found compared to the nasal and inferior meridian. The distances from Schwalbe's line to the ora serrata in the 4 meridians did not vary significantly. A positive, significant correlation between the antero‐posterior diameter and the distances from the sclerocorneal limbus to the ora serrata was demonstrated in the 4 meridians.
Autosomal dominant congenital cataract Morphology and genetic mapping
Authors: Marner E. , Rosenberg T. , Eiberg H.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. We studied a large Danish pedigree with autosomal dominant congenital cataracts (ADCC) in 9 generations. Morphological characteristics of the cataracts are described and documented by photos. In contrast with several other types of ADCC the cataracts studied were progressive during infancy and childhood. Linkage analysis with 14 marker systems revealed close linkage between this Marner cataract locus (CAM) and the locus of Haptoglobin (HP) on chromosome 16. Genetic heterogeneity in ADCC has now established with the genetic mapping of cataract loci to chromosome 1, chromosome 2, and chromosome 16.
Co‐existence of empty sella syndrome and low tension glaucoma
Authors: Rouhiainen Harri , Teräsvirta Markku
Published: May 2009

Abstract. In 15 low‐tension glaucoma patients computed tomography of the head was re‐evaluated in order to find the possible empty‐sella syndrome. Fourteen CT‐scans were normal, and empty sella was found in one patient with progressive low tension glaucoma. The possible role of empty sella syndrome in glaucomatous visual field defects is discussed.
Prevalence of pseudoexfoliation syndrome in the northwest of Spain
Authors: Montañés J. Moreno , Paredes A. Alcolea , Garcia S. Campos
Published: May 2009

Abstract. A prospective study of Pseudoexfoliation (PSX) syndrome prevalence has been evaluated in the northwest of Spain. In 850 examined patients (≥ 60 years old), PSX syndrome was found in 161 (18.9%); the frequency in those who suffered from cataract was 28.7%. Mean age in patients with PSX syndrome was 73.16 years old (70.19 in the whole of the patients examined). Bilateral PSX syndrome was observed in 73.3%. Intraocular pressure was glaucomatous in 49% of patients. The frequency of PSX syndrome increases with age; no differences have been noticed between sexes.
Chronic ocular ischaemia
Authors: Kerty Emilia , Eide Nils
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Patients with carotid artery occlusive disease may develop ocular changes in both the anterior and posterior segments of the eye caused by chronic ischaemia. Four cases are reported with a wide variety of the characteristic ocular ischaemic symptoms and signs. Pulsed Doppler spectral analysis of the precerebral carotid arteries was used to detect the presence of relevant carotid occlusive disease. Diagnosis and therapy require an interdisciplinary approach, to prevent cerebral stroke and to preserve ocular function.
The correlation of visual evoked potentials (VEP) and visual field indices (Octopus G1) in glaucoma and ocular hypertension
Authors: Nykänen Hannele , Raitta Christina
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Flash evoked responses and the visual field indices (VFI) of the Octopus G1 program were recorded from 42 eyes of 21 patients, aged 23–76 years (mean 51 years); 29 eyes had open‐angle glaucoma (OAG) and 10 ocular hypertension (OH). Three eyes were normal. The early component of the VEP called P 120 had lower amplitude in glaucomatous eyes compared with normal or hypertensive eyes. Mean sensitivity (MS), mean defect (MD), and short time fluctuation (SF), indicative of diffuse non‐specific nerve fibre loss, correlated significantly (P < 0.05). Reliability factor (RF), which is indicative of psychodynamic factors, also correlated significantly (P < 0.05) in eyes with OAG.
Savlon keratopathy a clinical profile
Authors: Khurana A. K. , Ahluwalie B. K. , Sood S.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. The present work highlights our observations on ‘iatrogenic’ superficial punctate keratopathy following use of savlon as cleansing agent before ocular surgery. It is emphasized that savlon, if used for skin preparation, should be carefully painted on or safer antiseptics, viz. betadine, be employed instead.
Anterior mesenchymal dysgenesis of the eye Congenital Hereditary Endothelial Dystrophy and Congenital Glaucoma
Authors: Pedersen O. Øyvind , Rushood Adel , Olsen Erling Grønvold
Published: May 2009

Abstract. The present report describes a patient with congenital glaucoma and iris hypoplasia who underwent repeated surgery to control the glaucoma. Despite these procedures, the patient's corneas opacified progressively, and bilateral penetrating keratoplasties were performed. Histopathological studies, including transmission and scanning electron microscopy of the corneal buttons, demonstrated specific changes of Descemet's membrane and the endothelium typical of congenital hereditary endothelial dystrophy (CHED). CHED has usually been considered to be a specific clinical entity that is not combined with congenital glaucoma or other significant abnormalities of the anterior segment of the eye. The present case indicates that these conditions may be combined, which is of importance when dealing with infants with congenital glaucoma and corneal opacities.
Contrast sensitivity in macular degeneration and the relation to subjective visual impairment
Authors: Lennerstrand Gunnar , Ahlström Carl‐Otto
Published: May 2009

Abstract Contrast sensitivity was determined with electronic and computer equipment (Cadwell CTS 5000) and with optotype test charts (LH low contrast test) in 31 patients, aged 47–89, with macular degeneration, mostly of the age‐related type. Values of maximal sensitivity and mean sensitivity in different spatial frequency bands were estimated. Visual acuity at distance and the magnification factor needed for reading were also determined. Each of these measures were correlated with a score obtained in a subjective evaluation of difficulties with visual discrimination and orientation. It was found that poor visual discrimination and orientation was better correlated with low contrast sensitivity than with low visual acuity. The outcome of the LH‐test was a better predictor of orientation problems than the electronic test.
Orbital metastasis from cutaneous malignant melanoma
Authors: Ruusuvaara Pekka , Setälä Kirsi , Tarkkanen Ahti
Published: May 2009

Abstract Orbital metastasis is a rare presenting sign of a cutaneous malignant melanoma. Fewer than 30 cases of orbital metastases have been published so far. A 69‐year‐old man was remitted to our clinic for removal of an orbital tumour verified with CT. Fine‐needle aspiration biopsy revealed the tumour to be a metastasis from a cutaneous malignant melanoma diagnosed 4 years earlier. The patient died 3 months after detection of the orbital metastatic tumour. This case illustrates the value of simple fine‐needle aspiration biopsy in the diagnosis of orbital tumours.
Topical indomethacin in extracapsular cataract surgery
Authors: Teräsvirta Markku
Published: May 2009

Abstract A photography‐based single‐blind study was conducted to evaluate the effect of topical indomethacin on the per‐operative pupil of 52 consecutive patients undergoing an extracapsular cataract extraction with or without an intraocular lens. Each operation was done by the author. Per‐operative miosis was significantly smaller in the group receiving indomethacin as compared with the control group (P= 0.06‐0.13). A reproducible photographic method for evaluating the per‐operative behavior of the pupil is described.
Cytologic and biochemical examination of the subretinal fluid in diagnosis of Coats' disease
Authors: Kremer Israel , Nissenkorn IIana , Ben‐Sira Issac
Published: May 2009

Abstract Two babies presenting with unilateral leuko‐coria were found to have total retinal detachment in one eye, associated with subretinal yellowish‐white deposits. As no calcification was found and subretinal fluid aspiration yielded many fat‐laden macrophages without any evidence of retinoblastoma cells in addition to a high level of cholesterol, the difinitive diagnosis of Coats' disease was made. Subsequently, retinal detachment surgery and cryotherapy were performed, in an attempt to preserve the affected eye.
Prognosis of perforating eye injuries with intraocular foreign bodies
Authors: Punnonen Eeva , Laatikainen Leila
Published: May 2009

Abstract. The long‐term results of 95 consecutive eyes with a perforating eye injury and an intraocular foreign body (IOFB) treated with or without pars plana vitrectomy are reported. With the mean follow‐up time of 30.0 months (median 22.8 months) 10 eyes (11%) were enucleated and another 17% became blind (visual acuity <0.05). The enucleation rate was considerably decreased and the visual outcome improved as compared with previous studies in Finland. The visual outcome was affected unfavourably by posterior location of the perforation, blunt injury, prolapse of intraocular tissue and poor initial visual acuity. There was no significant difference in the visual outcome between eyes with posterior segment IOFBs treated with or without vitrectomy. In the posterior perforation group the visual outcome was slighdy better in eyes in which vitrectomy was performed (P = 0.336), and early vitrectomy within 1 week gave best visual results (P = 0.692). In 79% of the non‐enucleated eyes the retina was attached. The anatomic success rate was similar regardless of the timing of vitrectomy.
Epidemiological and social aspects of perforating eye injuries
Authors: Punnonen Eeva
Published: May 2009

Abstract. The epidemiology of 387 consecutive perforating eye injuries (PEI) treated at the Helsinki University Eye Hospital in 1980–1986 was evaluated. Eighty‐six percent of patients were males. The age group of 16–45 years predominated among males, 0–15 years among females. The mean age of all patients was 33.7 years. Forty percent of the male injuries were occupational, 38% domestic and 11% caused by assault. The corresponding figures for females were 9%, 53% and 23%, respectively. The occupation groups most often associated with accidents at work were construction (42%) and industry (30%). Five percent of all PEIs were caused by traffic accidents, and 3% were sports‐related. After treatment 91% of the economically active patients were able to return to their pre‐accident work, 4% had to change profession, and 5% became permanendy disabled and unable to work.
Visual outcome of endophthalmitis in Sweden
Authors: Koul Sunendha , Philipson Bo T. , Philipson Agneta
Published: May 2009

Abstract. A retrospective study of 62 cases of clinically diagnosed endophthalmitis (EO) reported from 24 clinics in Sweden was carried out. Both culture negative and positive cases were included. The function of the eye was lost in 34% of all cases, while vision better than 0.1 was preserved in 41% cases. Staph. epidermidis positive and culture negative cases were associated with better visual results. The majority of eyes with cultures positive for Staph. aureus were lost or became blind. Intravitreal injection of antibiotics and vitrectomy was generally reserved for more severe cases often involving a delay in their institution. A combination of topical and systemic steroids gave better results than no steroids or only topical steroid administration.
Protection against cataract by aspirin, paracetamol and ibuprofen
Authors: Harding John J. , Egerton Muriel , Harding Ruth S.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Results of a case‐control study of 423 cataract patients and 608 controls in Oxfordshire shows that the protective effect against cataract associated with consumption of aspirin‐like analgesics (aspirin, paracetamol and ibuprofen family) is manifest even at low doses. Less than 150 g total dose was associated with a halving of the risk of cataract extraction.
Central visual function in patients with resolved central serous retinopathy
Authors: Mutlak J. A. , Dutton G. N. , Zeini M. , Allan D. , Wail A.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. The visual acuity, central retinal sensitivity, macular thresholds, contrast sensitivity and temporal visual acuity were employed to assess the long term visual outcome in 23 patients with a history of central serous retinopathy (CSR). Twenty patients had unilateral CSR, and 3 had had bilateral disease. The unaffected eyes had significantly better visual acuities (P<0.014), better retinal sensitivities (P<0.006) and lower macular thresholds (P<0.008) when compared with affected eyes. The eyes with CSR whose visual acuities were mildly affected (6/9) showed lower sensitivity for the high spatial frequency (P<0.0072). There was no significant difference in the temporal visual acuity between eyes with CSR and the non‐affected eyes.
Long‐term follow‐up and the role of vitrectomy in the treatment of perforating eye injuries without intraocular foreign bodies
Authors: Punnonen Eeva , Laatikainen Leila
Published: May 2009

Abstract The long‐term results of 292 consecutive eyes with a perforating eye injury without an intraocular foreign body treated with or without pars plana vitrectomy are reported. With the mean follow‐up time of 31.0 months 45 eyes (15%) were enucleated and another 47 eyes (16%) were blind (visual acuity <0.05). The retina was attached in 87% of the non‐enucleated eyes. The visual outcome was considerably better in eyes with anterior segment injuries (ASI) compared to posterior segment injuries (PSI). Eyes with primary vitreous haemorrhage had poorer visual prognosis than eyes without haemorrhage. Vitrectomy improved the prognosis of the former eyes, but in the whole series the visual acuity was better in eyes in which vitrectomy was not performed (not considered indicated). Of the vitrectomized eyes, 55% in the ASI group and 25% in the PSI group received useful vision (visual acuity ≥ 0.05). Excluding the very late vitrectomies, a statistically significant correlation was found between the timing of vitrectomy and the late visual outcome.
Granular corneal dystrophy Groenouw type I (Grl) and Reis‐Bücklers' corneal dystrophy (R‐B) One Entity?
Authors: Møller H. U.
Published: May 2009

Abstract This paper maintains that Reis‐Bücklers' corneal dystrophy and granular corneal dystrophy Groenouw type I are one and the same disease. Included are some of the technically best photographs of Reis‐Bücklers' dystrophy found in the literature, and these are compared with photographs from patients with granular corneal dystrophy examined by the author. It is argued that most of the histological and ultrastructural findings on Reis Bücklers' dystrophy described in the literature are either congruent with what is found in granular corneal dystrophy or unspecific.
The cell barrier effect in rabbit corneas kept under eye bank conditions
Authors: Medin Walther , Davanger Martin
Published: May 2009

Abstract The influence of endothelial cell pumping and of cell barrier functions on cultivated corneas has been studied by comparing the rate of weight increase in freeze‐treated, ouabain‐treated and fresh corneas. Inhibition of the endothelial cell pump activity increased the swelling rate from 0.5% of start weight per h (fresh corneas) to about 2% per h (ouabain‐treated corneas), as measured after 24 h in culture medium. The cell barrier effect was estimated by comparing the swelling rate of ouabain‐treated corneas after 24 h, and the swelling rate of freeze‐treated corneas with the same swelling pressure. The values are 2 and 9.5% per h, respectively. The swelling rate of freeze‐treated corneas with different button diameters was found to increase with decreasing corneal button diameter.
Association of hypomagnesemia with diabetic retinopathy
Authors: Hatwal A. , Gujral A. S. , Bhatia R. P. S. , Agrawal J. K. , Bajpai H. S.
Published: May 2009

Abstract Serum magnesium was measured in 100 patients of type II diabetes mellitus (40 without retinopathy, 40 with non‐proliferative and 20 with proliferative retinopathy) without malnutrition, hepatic or renal disease or albuminuria and in 100 age and sex matched controls. The serum magnesium levels were lower in diabetics than in controls (P< 0.001), and the levels in diabetics with non‐proliferative and proliferative retinopathy were significantly lower than in those without retinopathy (P< 0.001). These data seem to point towards an association between hypomagnesemia and diabetic retinopathy.
Effects of D‐timolol and L‐timolol eye drops on intraocular pressure and aqueous flow
Authors: Aim Albert , Koskela Timo , Taarnhøj Jens
Published: May 2009

Abstract. The effect on intraocular pressure of 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 or 4.0% D‐timolol and 0.25 or 0.5% L‐timolol was determined in healthy volunteers after a single topical application. A dose‐response relationship for D‐timolol could be established. The effect on a diurnal pressure curve and on aqueous humour production was about twice as large with 0.25% L‐timolol as with 4.0% D‐timolol.
The dexamethason provocative test: a predictive tool for glaucoma?
Authors: Klemetti Anneli
Published: May 2009

Abstract. A retrospective follow‐up study of 134 patients (84 women and 50 men) tested for their responsiveness to topically administered corticosteroids was carried out. Of the 134 patients tested, 34 (25.4%) had a high response (IOP rise ≥16 mmHg), 66 (49.3%) an intermediate (IOP rise 6–15 mmHg) and 34 (25.4%) a low response (IOP rise < 5 mmHg) to topically administered 0.1% dexamethason eye drops. Follow‐up time varied from 5 to 15 years (mean 7.1 years). During the follow‐up period 29 (21.6%) patients developed glaucoma. Of these, 9 (31.0%) were high responders and 7 (24.0%) had a low response to corticosteroids. Log‐linear analysis showed no correlation between corticosteroid response and development of glaucoma in the study eye (SD = 0.232, DF=2, P = 0.890), the control eye (SD = 1.234, DF = 2, P = 0.540) or both eyes (SD=0.618, DF=2, P = 0.734). At the final examination 75 patients (56%) had an IOP of ≥22 mmHg. Of these ocular hypertensive patients 28 (37.3%) were high responders, and 15 (20%) had a low response to corticosteroids. Of the whole material of 134 patients 44 had a family history of glaucoma. Eleven (25.1%) of these were high responders and 14 (31.8%) low responders. Of the 29 patients who developed glaucoma 8 had a family history of glaucoma. Of these 3 were high responders and 3 low responders. The results indicate that the dexaprovocative test yielded relatively limited value in the screening of patients for glaucoma.
Phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation in patients with cataract
Authors: Pedersen O. Øyvind
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Phacoemulsification was performed in 125 eyes (123 patients) selected from 145 eyes (143 patients) referred for planned extracapsular cataract extractions and intended posterior chamber intraocular lens implantations. These procedures were the first clinical phacoemulsification operations performed by the author. In the total material, lesion of the posterior capsule or zonules occurred in 7 eyes (4.9%). Vitreous loss occurred in 3 of these eyes (2.1%). In cases with vitreous loss the operative strategy was changed to implantations of anterior chamber lenses. Five of the 7 eyes that experienced intraoperative complications, had preoperative complicating conditions other than cataract. Visual acuity 6 to 12 weeks postoperatively was 6/12 or better in 87% (126/145) of the eyes. Excluding preoperative posterior segment pathology, 98.4% (126/128) achieved this visual acuity. This study demonstrates that it is possible to include phacoemulsification as the main treatment modality in planned ECCE operations without significant increase in complicaton rates even for a ‘beginning phacoemulsification surgeon’.
Serum and tear immunoglobulins in bacterial, fungal and viral corneal ulcers
Authors: Lai Harbans , Ahluwalia B. K. , Khurana A. K. , Aggarwal D. C. , Sharma A.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Serum and tear IgA, IgG and IgM levels were studied in patients with bacterial, fungal and viral corneal ulcers. In patients with viral corneal ulcers serum IgA and IgG levels were found to be significantly raised, while IgM concentration remained unaltered. In bacterial and mycotic ulcerations, serum IgA, IgG and IgM levels remained unaltered. All three immunoglobulins were found to be raised in tears of patients with viral corneal ulcers, while only IgA levels were found to be increased in bacterial and mycotic ulcerations.
The effect of refractive blur on the visual field using the ring perimeter
Authors: House Philip H. , Drance Stephen M. , Schulzer Michael , Wijsman Kees
Published: May 2009

Abstract. To determine the effect of optically induced blur on the visual field measured with high pass spatially filtered targets, 10 normal subjects had field examinations with 0 diopter + 1.00 diopter or + 2.00 diopter of overcorrection in the cyclopleged state. All subjects showed a significant loss of sensitivity when defocussed, but not with pupil dilation. Mean thresholds for the central field rose from 4.79 ± 0.68 dB (Mean ± SD) with the image focussed and pupil dilated, to 7.16 ± 0.72 dB with two diopters of image blur (P < 0.001). The effects of defocussing did not differ significantly between the central and peripheral parts of the field. The great influence of defocussing the image on sensitivity should be considered during clinical perimetry as the 2.37 dB decline shown would place the group's mean sensitivity below die fifth percentile for age corrected normals.
Keratoprosthesis I. Results obtained after implantation of 12 one‐piece prostheses A retrospective, follow‐up study
Authors: Slettebergy Odd , Høvding Gunnar , Bertelsen Torstein
Published: May 2009

Abstract. A total of 12 one‐piece keratoprostheses were implanted in 6 eyes of 6 different patients with bilateral blinding, severe corneal disease with no possibility for a successful corneal transplantation. The prosthesis and the surgical procedure used are described. The short‐term results were good, with 4 of the 6 patients obtaining a substantial visual improvement. In the remaining 2 patients preexisting pathology in the posterior segment of the eye was strongly suspected. However, the long‐term complication rate was high, the chief problems being tissue necrosis around the prosthesis with eventual prosthesis loss and the development of retroprosthetic membranes. Repeated replacements of keratoprostheses extruded or removed because of complications were possible with restoration of the vision obtained after the first implantation.
Keratoprosthesis II. Results obtained after implantation of 27 dismountable two‐piece prostheses A retrospective, follow‐up study
Authors: Sletteberg Odd , Høvding Gunnar , Bertelsen Torstein
Published: May 2009

Abstract. During the years 1974–1987 a total of 27 two‐piece keratoprostheses were implanted in 25 eyes of 22 different patients with bilateral blinding anterior segment disease with no possibility for a successful corneal transplantation. The prosthesis design and the surgical procedures used are described. The healing in and fixation of the prostheses were initially good in all cases, but 9 prostheses were lost or removed because of complications during the postoperative period of observation. The prosthesis retention time was significantly longer than that earlier achieved by the use of a one‐piece prosthesis. In 18 of 27 cases a visual acuity of 6/60 or better was obtained. Postoperative complications included necrosis of the tissues covering and supporting the prosthesis, infection around the prosthesis, overgrowth of the surrounding tissues and the development of dense retroprosthetic membranes. Despite the obvious risks, keratoprosthesis surgery in a small number of patients with severe corneal disease represents the only potential hope for a visual rehabilitation, and should therefore be considered.
Occurrence of drusen, pigmentary changes and exudative changes in the macula with reference to age‐related macular degeneration An epidemiological study of 1000 aged individuals
Authors: Vinding Troels
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Macular changes in 60 to 80‐year‐old people i.e. drusen (DR), pigmentary changes (PC) and exudative changes (EXC) are assessed by fundoscopy in a random and age stratified population with 924 of the participants examined in both maculae (1848 eyes). DR, PC and EXC were found in 18.4%, 12.9% and 2.1% of all eyes with a rising frequency associated with increasing age. A separation was made between changes implying a visual acuity of 6/9 or less as criteria of age‐related macular degeneration (AMD) and age related macular changes without visual impairment (AMCW). The occurrence of DR, PC and EXC from eyes with AMD showed an age related rise which was also found for DR, contrary to PC and EXC deriving from eyes with AMCW. The basic forms of AMD, atrophic and exudative, were represented in 78.6% and 21.4% of individuals or 80.9% and 19.1% of eyes with AMD. The predominant findings in AMD eyes were DR + PC in combination represented in 60.7% of atrophic and 66.8% of exudative AMD eyes, while in atrophic AMCW eyes DR as only finding was leading with 59.2%. It is concluded that in eyes with atrophic macular changes, DR, respectively PC as only finding involves no visual deterioration in 80.6%, respectively 72.6%, while DR + PC in combination, as well as the appearance of EXC, are found to be the most likely expression of AMD as long as a visual impairment of 6/9 or worse is included in the definition of AMD.
A longitudinal study of a population based sample of astigmatic children I. Refraction and amblyopia
Authors: Abrahamsson M. , Fabian G. , Andersson A.‐K. , Sjöstrand J.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. The refraction changes in 310 children with astigmatism ≥ 1.0 D in at least one eye at one year of age were followed during a period of 3 years. At the age 4 years amblyopia was found in 23 children (7%). The refraction data of these children were compared to the rest of the sample. We found that an increasing astigmatism during the test period was associated with an increased risk to develop amblyopia. The majority of children (n = 280) showed a decrease of their astigmatism, whereas all cases with a marked amblyopia (V. A. < 0.5) or binocular amblyopia, except one, had an increasing or unchanged astigmatism during the age period 1 to 4 years. Strabismus and oblique astigmatism at any time during the test period was also strongly related to amblyopia. The incidence of strabismus (1%) was unexpectedly low. The study also showed that independent of age there was no simple relationship between amblyopia and refraction errors measured at a single test session. The main conclusion of this study is that failure of emmetropization may play an important role in visual development.
Screening for glaucoma with a non‐mydriatic fundus camera
Authors: Tuulonen Anja , Airaksinen P. Juhani , Montagna Antonio , Nieminen Heikki
Published: May 2009

Abstract. 183 first‐degree relatives of glaucoma patients were photographed by a technician with non‐mydriatic fundus camera in order to study the suitability of wide angle black‐and‐white fundus photographs in screening for glaucoma. The success rate of photography was 92%. The optic disc and retinal nerve fiber layer abnormalities were evaluated from the photographs by an ophthalmologist. 31 subjects (17%) were referred to further ophthalmological examinations. We found 6 (3%) new glaucomas. In addition, in 6 patients (3%) retinal nerve fiber layer defect was the only abnormality, 5 subjects (3%) showed a hemorrhage and 2 eyes had collateral vessels as a sign of asymptomatic venous stasis change at the optic disc. Only 1 of the 6 (17%) patients with glaucoma would have been found with tonometry alone. The results of this study indicate that non‐mydriatic retinal camera is a useful tool in screening for glaucoma.
Scleral dellen in strabismus surgery
Authors: Sharma Pradeep , Aryad A. V. , Prakash Prem
Published: May 2009

Abstract. This communication highlights scleral dellen as an unusual complication of strabismus surgery in a 55‐year‐old hypertensive male. The clinical significance, differential diagnosis and management of this condition has been discussed.
Evaluation of the retinal nerve fiber layer in early glaucoma. Physiological and pathological findings
Authors: Baun Ole , Møller Bent , Kessing Svend V.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. In this study on retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) evaluation in early glaucoma we investigated whether the greatest retinal vein width is a usable measure to distinguish physiological findings from beginning pathological defects. Seven normal control eyes and 23 glaucomatous eyes with small relative Octopus defects (>10 db and <20 db) were photographed. In the control group 3 eyes had no RNFL loss, 4 eyes had localized defect <1 vein width. In the glaucoma group 1 eye had a localized defect <1 vein width, 7 eyes had localized defects ≥1 vein width and 12 eyes had diffuse defects. Based on the present study it seems reasonable to define small localized defects as pathological if they at any point are >1 vein width. According to this definition our study showed a specificity of 100% and sensitivity of 95% which means that the method is usable as an extra parameter in the diagnosis of early glaucoma.
Factors associated with a learning effect in glaucoma patients using automated perimetry
Authors: Kulze John C. , Stewart William C. , Sutherland Susan E.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. We studied 45 primary open‐angle glaucoma patients consecutively examined with the program 30–2 on the Humphrey Field Analyzer to determine factors associated with a learning effect between the first two visual field exams. The average mean defect significantly decreased 1.7 dB between exams (P<0.05). No difference was noted in learning based on: the time interval between tests, the area of the field tested, age, sex, race, previous perimetric experience or parameters on the initial field exam (i.e. prevalence of false positive and negative errors, central reference level and eye tested (P<0.05). However, learning positively correlated to defect depth and negatively correlated to fixation losses on the initial exam in patients retested within seven months (P<0.05). This study suggests predicting which patients require a second baseline field exam to exclude a learning effect is difficult, except in those with glaucomatous field loss or few fixation losses and another field is planned within a half year.
Corneal endothelium in pigmentary glaucoma and pigment dispersion syndrome
Authors: Lehto Ilkka , Ruusuvaara Pekka , Setälä Kirsi
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Corneal endothelial cell density was determined in 64 eyes (32 patients) with pigmentary glaucoma and in 18 eyes (9 persons) with pigment dispersion syndrome without glaucoma. Twenty‐eight healthy eyes served as controls. The glaucomas were stabilized with topical treatment or following laser trabeculoplasty or filtration surgery. The mean duration of the glaucoma was 7.6 years (sd 6.1 years) subsequent to diagnosis. Neither in the glaucomatous, nor in the pigment dispersion syndrome eyes, could any statistically significant difference in cell density be noted compared to the control series. Within the glaucoma group pressure level, topical treatment, laser trabeculoplasty and trabeculectomy did not have any statistically significant effect on cell counts. Distinct pleomorphism and polymegatism of the endothelial cells were observed in the study groups. The endothelial cell density decreased linearly with age.
Effect of sodium hyaluronate on immediate postoperative intraocular pressure after extracapsular cataract extraction and IOL implantation
Authors: Ruusuvaara Pekka , Pajari Seppo , Setälä Kirsi
Published: May 2009

Abstract. We studied 129 eyes which were undergoing extracapsular cataract extraction with IOL‐implantation. The amount of residual Healon® had a clearcut effect on the IOP elevations postoperatively. In eyes operated on with the intercapsular technique, pressure elevations and the mean values during the first 6 postoperative hours were significantly higher than in eyes operated on with the planned ECCE (can opener‐technique) (P<0.01). The pressure elevations reached the maximal values 8–12 h postoperatively and had normalized already at 24 h in most cases, except in glaucomatous eyes which at that time had significantly higher mean IOP values than the non‐glaucomatous eyes (P<0.01). When operations were done with an air bubble no clearcut postoperative pressure increases could be observed. Our study indicates that a comparatively small amount of Healon® may cause a pressure elevation and the amount left in the eye has a greater effect upon the level of the pressure than the duration of the pressure elevation. The less we inject Healon® into the eye and the more we avoid leaving it there, the less risk we have of the possibility of vision deteriorating high postoperative intraocular pressure.
Visual outcome and complications following intracapsular and extracapsular cataract extraction A prospective, controlled follow‐up study
Authors: Næser Kristian , Hansen Tom Eggert , Nielsen Niels Elkjær
Published: May 2009

Abstract. We followed two comparable groups of patients operated on for cataract immediately before and after a transition from intracapsular extraction with an anterior chamber lens to extracapsular technique with a posterior chamber lens. Both groups consisting of 69 eyes of 69 patients were invited to follow‐up examinations 4 months and 2 1/2 years after surgery. The visual acuity was similar in the two groups at the two follow‐up examinations. Significantly more eyes in the intracapsular group showed either a rise in intraocular pressure or received anti‐glaucomatous medications at the latest follow‐up. YAG‐laser capsulotomy had been performed in 14.5% of the 69 extracapsularly operated eyes. There was a trend towards more intra‐operative and cumulative post‐operative complications in the intracapsular group, but this difference was not statistically significant. We conclude, that both intracapsular and extracapsular cataract extraction are followed by such low incidences of post‐operative complications, that it will require a very large number of eyes to confirm or reject a possible statistically significant difference in post‐operative complication rate.
Visual impairment of age‐related macular degeneration
Authors: Vinding Troels
Published: May 2009

Abstract To emphasize the unknown visual impairment of age‐related macular degeneration (AMD) — defined as macular changes causing a visual acuity of 6/9 or less — an epidemiological study was designed including 1000 age stratified and randomly selected Danes, 60–80 years of age. Among the 924 individuals in whom both maculae could be examined (1848 eyes) a total number of 173 AMD eyes was found in 112 persons. For all AMD eyes, the composition of visual loss can be described as an iceberg with minor visual impairment of 6/9–6/12 as the predominant base (71.7%), partial impairment of 6/18–6/36 as an interjacent area (15.0%) and major impairment of 6/60 or less (i.e. blindness) as the top (13.3%). By use of a logistric regression model the proportion of exudative macular degeneration among all AMD eyes (atrophic + exudative) was demonstrated to be significantly increasing with decreasing visual acuity but unrelated to age. The prevalence rates of AMD were age related in each of the visual subgroups of minor, partial and major impaired eyes. The prevalence rates of social blindness (6/60 or less in both eyes) due to AMD are estimated to be 4.3 per 1000 persons and of monocular blindness 16.2 per 1000. Further calculations suggest that about 90 000 out of 870 000 Danes, 60–80 years old, have visual impairment of 6/9 or less caused by AMD in one of both eyes.
Endothelial repair of posterior corneal wounds in rabbits. Influence of foetal calf serum in the culture medium
Authors: Medin Helge , Davanger Martin
Published: May 2009

Abstract The endothelial covering of experimental wounds on the posterior corneal surface has been studied in organ culture experiments. Defects involving the Descemet's membrane were produced, in addition to pure endothelial defects. The influence of foetal calf serum (FCS) on the healing process was examined. Wounds including the Descemet's membrane, about 1–2 × 3 mm, were not covered by cells after 12 days in FCS free medium. Such wounds were covered by endothelium after 6 days when cultivated in medium containing 10% FCS, and partly covered in 1% FCS. Pure endothelial defects, 4 mm in diameter, were cell‐covered within 3–4 days irrespective of the presence of FCS. Conclusion: the presence of FCS is required for the healing of defects involving the Descemet's membrane, and not required for the healing of pure endothelial defects.
Serum beta‐2 microglobulin level in sympathetic ophthalmitis
Authors: Sen D. K. , Sarin G. S. , Mathur M. D.
Published: May 2009

Abstract Serum beta‐2 microglobulin (ß2‐m) levels were measured in 12 patients with sympathetic ophthalmitis, 34 with neglected traumatic uveitis following penetrating injury and 36 healthy subjects by ELISA technique. There was no significant alteration of its level in patients with traumatic uveitis. However, its levels were significantly increased in patients with sympathetic ophthalmitis. They were high even in the early stage of the disease. Serum B2‐m levels paralleled the severity of disease. It decreased significantly at the remission stage. Four patients came back with relapse of the condition and the level of serum B2‐m was again found to be elevated in them. It is proposed that estimation of ß2‐m can be used as a diagnostic aid when the diagnosis of sympathetic ophthalmitis remains doubtful on clinical grounds. It is also suggested that a rise in serum ß2‐m in patients with traumatic uveitis following perforating injuries may point to the onset of sympathetic ophthalmitis. The extent of rise in its level may be considered a good parameter of the degree of severity of sympathetic ophthalmitis. It may also act as a useful tool to evaluate the drug efficacy in this disease and predict relapse.