bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
What's the Cost of Finding the Right Fit? The Cost of Conducting NSP Business in a Range of Modalities
Authors: Treloar Carla , McLeod Ross , Yates Kenneth , Mao Limin
Published: February 2015

The aim of this study was to calculate the cost of a range of needle and syringe program (NSP) models to contribute to planning for effective NSP delivery. Existing health service data was used to estimate the cost per needle distributed across four modes of service delivery (Primary NSP, including one model of Primary NSP providing primary health care; Secondary NSP; Vending Machine and Outreach) over three years. Costs were primarily affected by the ratio of the volume of equipment distributed to staff costs. The average cost per unit for Primary, Secondary and Outreach modes was approximately $1.00. The cost for Vending Machine provision (accounting for income from service users) was the cheapest option at $0.30–0.40 per unit. When income from services users are not included in calculations, other considerations may be more important than cost when making decisions about providing access to NSP services to a marginalized client group with diverse needs.
The Missing Work of Collaboration: Using Assemblages to Rethink Antidepressant Action
Authors: McLeod Kim
Published: February 2015

How do antidepressants work? This often-asked question continues to attract debate. The depressed individual features in many debates about antidepressants' action. With this focus, discussion oscillates over whether antidepressants work to remedy chemical imbalances in the brains of depressed people, or produce inauthentic states of being. This article argues shifting the analytic focus away from the depressed individual and onto the collective body, or assemblage, moves debates about how antidepressants work into more productive terrain. This provides a new way of looking at how antidepressants work to facilitate recovery from depression through a series of collaborative connections or relationships. Drawing on the charts, photos, and narratives from research encounters with people who take antidepressants, the article illustrates how medication facilitates the creation of active associations in an assemblage of forces. The article concludes by discussing the new ways of thinking about depression, medication and recovery suggested by this understanding of antidepressant action.
Blurred Boundaries
Authors: Chatwin Caroline , Potter Gary
Published: February 2015

This article examines particular features of the bottom level of the U.K. cannabis market and the overlap between supply–supplier and use–user within that market. An Internet survey was completed by 464 adult regular cannabis users residing in the United Kingdom. Results indicate that over a quarter of the sample had bought large amounts (9 ounces [252 g] or more) of cannabis at one time, a third had been involved in selling cannabis for profit and over two fifths had been involved in intentionally taking cannabis across internal European Union borders. These findings are discussed in relation to both Parker, Aldridge, and Measham’s (1998) thesis of normalization and South’s (1999) theory of the “everyday” nature of drug taking. We suggest that the boundaries between users and suppliers within the U.K. cannabis market are far from clear, and that attempts to conceptually separate these behaviors, whether for legal, policy or academic purposes, are therefore problematic.
From False Confession to Wrongful Conviction: Seven Psychological Processes
Authors: Leo Richard A. , Davis Deborah
Published: February 2015

A steadily increasing tide of literature has documented the existence and causes of false confession as well as the link between false confession and wrongful conviction of the innocent. This literature has primarily addressed three issues: the manner in which false confessions are generated by police interrogation, individual differences in susceptibility to interrogative influence, and the role false confessions have played in documented wrongful convictions of the innocent. Although the specific mechanisms through which interrogation tactics can induce false confessions, and through which they can exert enhanced influence on vulnerable individuals have been widely addressed in this literature, the processes through which false confessions, once obtained by police, may lead to wrongful conviction have remained largely unaddressed. This article addresses this gap in the literature, examining seven psychological processes linking false confession to wrongful conviction and failures of post-conviction relief: (1) powerful biasing effects of the confession itself, including incorporated “misleading specialized knowledge” (inside crime-relevant knowledge displayed by the suspect in the false confession, but acquired through outside sources (such as the interrogator) rather than in the course of the commission of the crime); (2) tunnel vision and confirmation biases, (3) motivational biases, (4) emotional influences on thinking and behavior; (5) institutional influences on evidence production and decision making; and inadequate context for evaluation of claims of innocence, including (6) inadequate or incorrect relevant knowledge, and (7) progressively constricting relevant evidence. We discuss reciprocal influences of these mechanisms and their biasing impact on the perceptions and behaviors of suspects, investigators, prosecution and defense attorneys, juries, and trial and appellate judges.
Interrogation and False Confessions among Adolescents: Differences between Bullies and Victims
Authors: Gudjonsson Gisli H. , Sigurdsson Jon Fridrik , Sigfusdottir Inga Dora
Published: February 2015

The principal aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between false confessions during custodial interrogation and group bullying using the “quadrant” classification: pure bullies, pure victims, bully-victims (i.e., those who are both bullies and victims of bullying), and those not involved in bullying. It was hypothesized that bully-victims would be most likely to have a history of giving false confessions when interrogated by police and pure bullies the least likely, with pure victims falling in between the two other groups. There were two separate samples, 7,149 Icelandic and 24,627 European pupils in the last two years of their compulsory education (mean age 15.5 years). The participants completed a questionnaire in class, which included questions about interrogations, false confessions, and bullying. Over 95% of the participants answered the questions about bullying. The results showed that bully-victims were most likely to be interrogated by police and to give false confessions when interrogated. Pure bullies had a very low false confession rate, which was almost identical to those who were not involved in bullying. The findings suggest that bully-victims, followed by pure victims, are psychologically the weakest during interrogation and pure bullies the strongest.
Good Liars
Authors: Vrij Aldert , Granhag Pär Anders , Mann Samantha
Published: February 2015

A neglected area in deception research is what constitutes a good liar. On the basis of deception theory, people's views about how liars respond, impression formation theory, and persuasion theory, we describe eighteen attributes which in our view are present in a good liar. Insight into these characteristics will help law enforcement personnel in two ways: It provides insight into who would be suitable for undercover operations, and it may help lie detectors, because one reason why people make errors in lie detection is that they do not take the full complexity of deception into account and seem to have limited knowledge about what is actually going on in a liar's mind.
A Proposed Model Standard for Forensic Assessment of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders
Authors: Brown Natalie Novick , Wartnik Anthony P. , Connor Paul D. , Adler Richard S.
Published: February 2015

A model protocol is proposed for multidisciplinary assessment of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) in the forensic context. Used effectively on both sides of the courtroom in the United States in criminal and post-conviction matters in state and federal courts, the model relies on the FASD literature and best-practice standards of care in terms of clinical as well as forensic evaluation. It is suggested that FASD diagnostic criteria for older adolescents and adults in the criminal system may need different emphasis if facial features have diminished with age and confirmation of prenatal exposure is impossible.
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder as a Marker for Increased Risk of Involvement with Correction Systems
Authors: Burd Larry , Fast Diane K. , Conry Julianne , Williams Andrew
Published: February 2015

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) may be common in adolescents and adults in the corrections systems. However, current prevalence estimates for FASD suggest that nearly all affected people are undiagnosed in corrections systems. In this article we provide an overview of our experience with FASD in corrections populations and present strategies for screening, assessment and intervention. We conclude with a plan to provide training to corrections staff in response to identified preferences and needs identified by Canadian and American corrections staff.
The Criminal Justice System's Disparate Treatment of Individuals with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders in Cases Involving Sexual Activity
Authors: McMurtrie Jacqueline
Published: February 2015

Individuals with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) are treated differently by the criminal justice system in sex offense prosecutions, depending upon whether they are categorized as victims or perpetrators. The primary and secondary disabilities associated with prenatal alcohol exposure are often taken into consideration when assessing the capacity of a victim to consent to sexual activity, but generally not considered in determining whether a defendant had the mens rea to engage in criminal sexual conduct. This article traces the historical underpinnings of the mens rea requirement in criminal law and discusses its elimination in most prosecutions for statutory rape. The article recommends that additional research be conducted to determine the impact of prenatal alcohol exposure on an individual's capacity to consent to sexual activity. It suggests that fundamental principles of culpability require an examination of how FASD impacts an individual's capacity to engage in meaningful, responsible, decision making about sexual activity before criminal sanctions are imposed.
Litigant Self-Representation I: The Fate of Defendants Who Represent Themselves in Court
Authors: White M. Myra S. , Gutheil Thomas G.
Published: February 2015

The Supreme Court of the United States held in Indiana v. Edwards (2008) that states may limit the self-representation rights of criminal defendants with mental illness when such persons are incapable of acting effectively as their own counsel. This article—the first of two by the authors on this topic—reviews the ramifications of the Edwards decision in terms of the fate of criminal defendants who are allowed to represent themselves in court, and substantiates the need to develop operational schemata that courts, attorneys, and forensic mental health experts can utilize in assessing relevant competencies.
Applying Cognitive Models of Deception to National Security Investigations: Considerations of Psychological Research, Law, and Ethical Practice
Authors: Rogers Richard , Boals Adriel , Drogin Eric Y.
Published: February 2015

The current threat of global terrorism has sparked a renewed interest in the development of more effective methods for the detection of deception. In the United States, the American Psychological Association (APA)—spurred by torture allegations involving terrorist suspects—established guidelines for professional practice regarding investigative methods that could be conceptualized as coercive. As affirmed by APA, psychological research can play an active and ethical role in the development of standardized methods for the detection of deception. Instead of focusing on external sources of terrorism, this conceptual paper argues for programmatic research on insider threats, specifically risks to national security posed by government and other employees. In briefly reviewing deception research, recent investigations of cognitive loads and deceptions hold particular promise, especially studies that systematically manipulate levels of cognitive load. These methods can be extended to collateral sources, further minimizing ethical concerns while broadening the scope of deception investigation.
Folk Psychology and Criminal Law: Why We Need to Replace Folk Psychology with Behavioral Science
Authors: Commons Michael Lamport , Miller Patrice Marie
Published: February 2015

Much of what social scientists apply when addressing legal matters is based upon “folk psychology” as opposed to behavioral science. This article addresses how folk psychological notions arise and why they continue to exist, and then proposes an alternative view of criminal behavior with references to evidence-based stage theories—in particular, the Model of Hierarchical Complexity.
Accommodation without Exculpation? The Ethical and Legal Paradoxes of Borderline Personality Disorder
Authors: Sisti Dominic A. , Caplan Arthur L.
Published: February 2015

Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a complex mental disorder that straddles the line between psychosis and neurosis. As such, questions about the moral and legal responsibility of persons with BPD are especially vexing. Persons suffering with borderline personality disorder typically are impulsive and suffer from impaired volition. They also lack a stable sense of self. Nonetheless, persons with borderline personality disorder often hold long-term, stable preferences—often related to discontinuing particular problematic behaviors—and have a degree of capacity that we argue creates prima facie conditions for holding them ethically and legally responsible. However, this limited capacity often falls short in smoothly accommodating day-to-day relationships. We argue that while a certain degree of accommodation is appropriate for persons with BPD, the diagnosis of BPD does not by itself provide sufficient grounds for voiding responsibility for criminal acts. Using a hierarchical theory of autonomy recognizing first- and second-order volition, we propose a sliding scale be used to ascertain the degree to which a person with BPD should be exculpated weighing the graveness of the act against an estimation of the congruence of second- and first-order volitions.
Sites of subversion: online political satire in two post-Soviet states
Authors: Miazhevich Galina
Published: February 2015

This article questions the Internet’s ability to foster a civil society and to be a counter hegemonic force using the case of grassroots political satire. It focuses on two post-Soviet states – an authoritarian dictatorship of Belarus and an aspiring democracy of Ukraine – where the subversive potential of the online satire plays out in dramatically different ways. Drawing on the Soviet legacy of ironic participatory popular culture, this article explores the present-day political satire online, highlights how this genre interacts with new media technology and questions its potential to challenge established power structures in the post-Soviet region. Longitudinal analysis of online political satire in two countries (2004–2013) shows the fluidity of both states’ and grassroots activists’ strategies in dealing with new media. Although the Internet can potentially offer an alternative public space, the dynamic of online political satire in both countries reveals a number of challenges which could eventually lead to the marginalisation of ‘alternative’ voices.
Colonial Psychiatry in Mid-nineteenth Century India
Authors: Rajpal Shilpi
Published: February 2015

This article is largely based on historical analysis of an overlooked and unexplored colonial document. The Sir James Clark Enquiry of 1868, conducted by the Government of India, contains rich evidence of the mindset of policymakers and those who implemented colonial psychiatry in 14 institutions. While the state regarded the asylum system as burdensome, it made ample efforts to sequester the insane. In view of such ambivalence, the article scrutinises the relationship between colonialism and psychiatry, and also probes some reasons behind the state’s inability to establish superior-quality asylums in India. The findings throw new light on the limited colonial agenda of psychiatry in India, highlighting the basically punitive nature of psychiatric infrastructures, linked with attempts to create an ordered society, but above all to minimise costs.
Comfort goal of care and end-of-life outcomes in dementia: A prospective study
Authors: van Soest-Poortvliet Mirjam C , van der Steen Jenny T , de Vet Henrica CW , Hertogh Cees MPM , Deliens Luc , Onwuteaka-Philipsen Bregje D
Published: February 2015

Background:

Many people with dementia die in a nursing home. A comfort care goal may be beneficial. Little research has examined the relationship between care goals and outcome.

Aim:

To investigate whether family satisfaction with end-of-life care and quality of dying is associated with whether or not dementia patients have a comfort goal shortly after admission.

Design and setting:

Prospective data collection from 28 long-term care facilities (the Dutch End of Life in Dementia study). We included 148 patients who died after prospective follow-up. Main outcomes were family satisfaction (End-of-Life in Dementia–Satisfaction with Care scale; range: 10–40) and quality of dying (End-of-Life in Dementia-Comfort Assessment in Dying; range: 14–42). We performed generalized estimating equations regression analyses to analyze whether these outcomes are associated with a comfort goal established shortly after admission compared with another or no care goal as reported by the physician.

Results:

Families of patients were more satisfied with end-of-life care when a comfort goal was established shortly after admission. We found this pattern only for patients who died within 6 months of admission (adjusted b: 4.5; confidence interval: 2.8, 6.3 vs −1.2; confidence interval: −3.0, 0.6 for longer stay). For quality of dying, no such association was found.

Conclusion:

We found that family satisfaction with care is related to a comfort care goal shortly after admission, but quality of dying did not. Establishing a comfort goal at an early stage may be important to the family. Advance care planning interventions should be studied for their effects on patient and family outcome.
Audit of intrathecal drug delivery for patients with difficult-to-control cancer pain shows a sustained reduction in pain severity scores over a 6-month period
Authors: Mitchell Alison , McGhie Jonathan , Owen Margaret , McGinn Gordon
Published: February 2015

Background:

Intrathecal drug delivery is known to be effective in alleviating cancer pain in patients for whom the conventional World Health Organization approach has proved insufficient. A multidisciplinary interventional cancer pain service was established in the West of Scotland in 2008 with the aim of providing a safe and effective intrathecal drug delivery service for patients with difficult-to-control cancer pain.

Aim:

The aim of the intrathecal drug delivery service is to improve pain scores as evaluated by pain scores before and after insertion of an intrathecal drug delivery device.

Design:

Pain is monitored before and after intrathecal drug delivery implantation using the Brief Pain Inventory. Following implantation, pumps are refilled fortnightly and repeat Brief Pain Inventory assessments are undertaken. This prospective case series analyses change in Brief Pain Inventory domains for patients who had an intrathecal drug delivery implanted using a paired sample t-test.

Results:

Data are presented from 2008–2013 for 22 patients receiving an intrathecal drug delivery system who experienced an immediate improvement in their pain that was both clinically and statistically significant. One week after insertion, the average pain score on the Brief Pain Inventory fell from 6.8 (pre–intrathecal drug delivery) to 3.0 (post–intrathecal drug delivery). Improvement in pain scores was sustained over a 6-month period.

Conclusion:

Evaluation of results of this case series shows that with the appropriate use of intrathecal drug delivery systems, patients with difficult-to-control cancer pain can benefit from effective pain relief for many months.
Mixed H2/H∞ decentralized fuzzy tracking control design for a flexible air-breathing hypersonic vehicle
Authors: Guo Chao , Liang Xiao-Geng , Wang Jun-Wei , Wu Huai-Ning
Published: February 2015

This article addresses the problem of mixed H2/ H∞ decentralized fuzzy tracking control design for a flexible air-breathing hypersonic vehicle, which includes the intricate coupling between the engine and flight dynamics as well as the complex interplay between the flexible and rigid modes. Initially, the nonlinear longitudinal model of the flexible air-breathing hypersonic vehicle is represented as a nonlinear large-scale interconnected system, which can be described by a Takagi–Sugeno fuzzy model. Then, based on the decentralized Takagi–Sugeno fuzzy model, a mixed H2/ H∞ decentralized fuzzy tracking controller is developed to not only ensure the stability of the whole nonlinear interconnected system but also achieve the suboptimal H2 control performance under a desired H∞ disturbance attenuation level. Furthermore, the problem of mixed H2/ H∞ decentralized fuzzy tracking control design is characterized in terms of a set of linear matrix inequalities. Finally, simulation results on the flexible air-breathing hypersonic vehicle demonstrate the effectiveness and merit of the proposed design method.
Greasing the Skids of the Musical Mind
Authors: Bugos Jennifer A.
Published: February 2015

Researchers suggest that musical training prepares the mind for learning; however, there are many obstacles to the implementation of research to practice in music education. The purpose of this article is to apply key principles of mind brain education to music education and to evaluate how music prepares the mind for learning. Practical teaching strategies and approaches are presented to maximize benefits for musical and general cognitive development. Application of such strategies and approaches discussed in mind brain education may enhance music classroom teaching and learning.
Compact second-order time-domain perfectly matched layer formulation for elastic wave propagation in two dimensions
Authors: Assi Hisham , Cobbold Richard S.
Published: February 2015

A new second-order formulation is obtained for elastic wave propagation in 2D media bounded by a perfectly matched layer (PML). The formulation uses a complex coordinate stretching approach with a two-parameter stretch function. The final system, consisting of just two second-order displacement equations along with four auxiliary equations, is smaller than existing formulations, thereby simplifying the problem and reducing the computational cost. With the help of a plane-wave analysis, the stability of the continuous formulation is examined. It is shown that by increasing the scaling parameter in the stretch function, any existing instability is moved to higher spatial frequencies. Since discrete models cannot resolve frequencies beyond a certain limit, this can lead to significant computational stability improvements. Numerical results are shown to validate our formulation and to illustrate the improved stability that can be achieved with certain anisotropic media that have known issues.
Combination therapy with indacaterol and glycopyrronium bromide in the management of COPD: an update on the evidence for efficacy and safety
Authors: Ridolo Erminia , Montagni Marcello , Riario-Sforza Gian Galeazzo , Baroni Marco , Incorvaia Cristoforo
Published: February 2015

The international guidelines on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) recommend inhaled bronchodilators for maintenance treatment of the disease. These drugs include β2-agonists and muscarinic antagonists, which are both available as short-acting agents (to be used as needed for dyspnea) and long-acting agents. To the latter belong salmeterol and formoterol (long-acting β2-agonists) and indacaterol, vilanterol and olodaterol (very long-acting β2-agonist) as β2-agonists, and tiotropium, aclidinium and glycopyrronium bromide as long-acting muscarinic antagonists. The efficacy and safety of indacaterol and glycopyrronium as monotherapies has been demonstrated in several controlled trials. However, in some patients with moderate-to-severe COPD, symptoms are poorly controlled by bronchodilator monotherapy; in these cases the addition of a second bronchodilator from a different pharmacological class may be beneficial. Here we review the evidence from published randomized trials concerning the efficacy and safety of the once-daily fixed-dose dual bronchodilator combining indacaterol and glycopyrronium.
A Review of Ethnicity, Culture, and Acculturation Among Asian Caregivers of Older Adults (2000-2012)
Authors: Miyawaki Christina E.
Published: February 2015

This review identified domains of care experiences among studies of Chinese, Filipino, Japanese, Korean, and Vietnamese caregivers in the United States and Canada between 2000 and 2012. Using a narrative approach, 46 peer-reviewed journal articles were found through electronic databases and references. Considering caregivers’ assimilation to host countries, attention was given to their culture, socioeconomic resources, immigrant status, filial responsibility, generation, and acculturation. Three primary domains were identified across subgroups. The caregivers’ experiences domain was a strong sense of filial responsibility and its varied effects on caregiving experience; in the cultural values domain, reciprocity, and familism. In the acculturation domain, caregivers’ generations influenced their experiences. Because our society is rapidly changing demographically and culturally, studies of older adults and their caregivers that are not only inclusive of all racial/ethnic groups but also sensitive to specific racial/ethnic and cultural subgroup differences are necessary to inform policy and practice.
A Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) Model of Triarchic Psychopathy Constructs
Authors: Latzman Robert D. , Drislane Laura E. , Hecht Lisa K. , Brislin Sarah J. , Patrick Christopher J. , Lilienfeld Scott O. , Freeman Hani J. , Schapiro Steven J. , Hopkins William D.
Published: February 2015

The current work sought to operationalize constructs of the triarchic model of psychopathy in chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes), a species well suited for investigations of basic biobehavioral dispositions relevant to psychopathology. Across three studies, we generated validity evidence for scale measures of the triarchic model constructs in a large sample ( N = 238) of socially housed chimpanzees. Using a consensus-based rating approach, we first identified candidate items for the chimpanzee triarchic (CHMP-Tri) scales from an existing primate personality instrument and refined these into scales. In Study 2, we collected data for these scales from human informants ( N = 301) and examined their convergent and divergent relations with scales from another triarchic inventory developed for human use. In Study 3, we undertook validation work examining associations between CHMP-Tri scales and task measures of approach-avoidance behavior ( N = 73) and ability to delay gratification ( N = 55). Current findings provide support for a chimpanzee model of core dispositions relevant to psychopathy and other forms of psychopathology.
Regulation of ribosomal RNA synthesis in T cells: requirement for GTP and Ebp1
Authors: Nguyen Le Xuan Truong , Lee Yunqin , Urbani Lenore , Utz Paul J. , Hamburger Anne W. , Sunwoo John B. , Mitchell Beverly S.
Published: February 2015

Key Points

MPA suppresses ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis and cell proliferation in T cells through TIF-IA, a GTP binding protein. The combination of MPA and sotrastaurin potently suppresses T-cell proliferation and inhibits IL-2 secretion through TIF-IA and ErbB3-binding protein 1 (Ebp1).
The development of a standardised diet history tool to support the diagnosis of food allergy
Authors: Skypala Isabel J , Venter Carina , Meyer Rosan , de Jong Nicolette W , Fox Adam T , Groetch Marion , Oude Elberink J N , Sprikkelman Aline , Diamandi Louiza , Vlieg‐Boerstra Berber J ,   the Allergy‐focussed Diet History Task Force of the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
Published: February 2015

The disparity between reported and diagnosed food allergy makes robust diagnosis imperative. The allergy‐focussed history is an important starting point, but published literature on its efficacy is sparse. Using a structured approach to connect symptoms, suspected foods and dietary intake, a multi‐disciplinary task force of the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology developed paediatric and adult diet history tools. Both tools are divided into stages using traffic light labelling (red, amber and green). The red stage requires the practitioner to gather relevant information on symptoms, atopic history, food triggers, foods eaten and nutritional issues. The amber stage facilitates interpretation of the responses to the red‐stage questions, thus enabling the practitioner to prepare to move forward. The final green stage provides a summary template and test algorithm to support continuation down the diagnostic pathway. These tools will provide a standardised, practical approach to support food allergy diagnosis, ensuring that all relevant information is captured and interpreted in a robust manner. Future work is required to validate their use in diverse age groups, disease entities and in different countries, in order to account for differences in health care systems, food availability and dietary norms.
Engineered biomaterials for development of nucleic acid vaccines
Authors: Yang Jun , Li Yan , Jin Shubin , Xu Jing , Wang Paul C , Liang Xing-Jie , Zhang Xin
Published: February 2015

Nucleic acid vaccines have attracted many attentions since they have presented some superiority over traditional vaccines. However, they could only induce moderate immunogenicity. The route and formulation of nucleic acid vaccines have strong effects on the immune response and efficiency. Numerous biomaterials are used as a tool to enhance the immunogenicity of antigens. They deliver the antigens into the cells through particle- and non-particle-mediated pathway. However, challenges remain due to lack of comprehensive understanding of the actions of these biomaterials as a carrier/adjuvant. Herein, this review focuses on the evolution of biomaterials used for nucleic acid vaccines, discusses the advantages and disadvantages for gene delivery and immunostimulation of variety of structures of the biomaterials, in order to provide new thought on rational design of carrier/adjuvant and better understanding of mechanism of action in both immunostimulatory and delivery methods.
Household Net Worth, Racial Disparities, and Hormonal Therapy Adherence Among Women With Early-Stage Breast Cancer
Authors: Hershman Dawn L. , Tsui Jennifer , Wright Jason D. , Coromilas Ellie J. , Tsai Wei Yann , Neugut Alfred I.
Published: February 2015

Purpose

Nonadherence to adjuvant hormonal therapy is common and is associated with increased prescription copayment amount and black race. Studies suggest that household wealth may partly explain racial disparities. We investigated the impact of net worth on disparities in adherence and discontinuation.

Patients and Methods

We used the OptumInsight insurance claims database to identify women older than age 50 years diagnosed with early breast cancer, from January 1, 2007, to December 31, 2011, who were using hormonal therapy. Nonadherence was defined as a medication possession ratio of ≤ 80% of eligible days over a 2-year period. We evaluated the association of demographic and clinical characteristics, annual household income, household net worth (< $250,000, $250,000 to $750,000, or > $750,000), insurance type, and copayments (< $10, $10 to $20, or > $20) with adherence to hormonal therapy. Logistic regression analyses were conducted by sequentially adding sociodemographic and financial variables to race.

Results

We identified 10,302 patients; 2,473 (24%) were nonadherent. In the unadjusted analyses, adherence was negatively associated with black race (odds ratio [OR], 0.76; P < .001), advanced age, comorbidity, and Medicare insurance. Adherence was positively associated with medium (OR, 1.33; P < .001) and high (OR, 1.66; P < .001) compared with low net worth. The negative association of black race with adherence (OR, 0.76) was reduced by adding net worth to the model (OR, 0.84; P < .05). Correcting for other variables had a minimal impact on the association between race and adherence (OR, 0.87; P = .08). The interaction between net worth and race was significant (P < .01).

Conclusion

We found that net worth partially explains racial disparities in hormonal therapy adherence. These results suggest that economic factors may contribute to disparities in the quality of care.
Pombe's thirteen – control of fission yeast cell division by the septation initiation network
Authors: Simanis Viesturs
Published: February 2015

The septation initiation network (SIN) regulates aspects of cell growth and division in Schizosaccharomyces pombe and is essential for cytokinesis. Insufficient signalling results in improper assembly of the contractile ring and failure of cytokinesis, generating multinucleated cells, whereas too much SIN signalling uncouples cytokinesis from the rest of the cell cycle. SIN signalling is therefore tightly controlled to coordinate cytokinesis with chromosome segregation. Signalling originates from the cytoplasmic face of the spindle pole body (SPB), and asymmetric localisation of some SIN proteins to one of the two SPBs during mitosis is important for regulation of the SIN. Recent studies have identified in vivo substrates of the SIN, which include components involved in mitotic control, those of the contractile ring and elements of the signalling pathway regulating polarised growth. The SIN is also required for spore formation following meiosis. This has provided insights into how the SIN performs its diverse functions in the cell cycle and shed new light on its regulation.
Sep(t)arate or not – how some cells take septin-independent routes through cytokinesis
Authors: Menon Manoj B. , Gaestel Matthias
Published: February 2015

Cytokinesis is the final step of cell division, and is a process that requires a precisely coordinated molecular machinery to fully separate the cytoplasm of the parent cell and to establish the intact outer cell barrier of the daughter cells. Among various cytoskeletal proteins involved, septins are known to be essential mediators of cytokinesis. In this Commentary, we present recent observations that specific cell divisions can proceed in the absence of the core mammalian septin SEPT7 and its Drosophila homolog Peanut (Pnut) and that thus challenge the view that septins have an essential role in cytokinesis. In the pnut mutant neuroepithelium, orthogonal cell divisions are successfully completed. Similarly, in the mouse, Sept7-null mutant early embryonic cells and, more importantly, planktonically growing adult hematopoietic cells undergo productive proliferation. Hence, as discussed here, mechanisms must exist that compensate for the lack of SEPT7 and the other core septins in a cell-type-specific manner. Despite there being crucial non-canonical immune-relevant functions of septins, septin depletion is well tolerated by the hematopoietic system. Thus differential targeting of cytokinesis could form the basis for more specific anti-proliferative therapies to combat malignancies arising from cell types that require septins for cytokinesis, such as carcinomas and sarcomas, without impairing hematopoiesis that is less dependent on septin.
Decoloration of Furfural Wastewater via Nitrogen-doped Titanium Dioxide under Simulated Sunlight Irradiation
Authors: Pei Zhenzhao , Li Zhiguo , Zheng Xianlong
Published: February 2015

Investigations on treatment of furfural wastewater using photocatalytic technology are few. Furfural wastewater was efficiently degraded under simulated sunlight irradiation by a series of N-doped TiO2 samples prepared via hydrothermal method. The optimum photodegradation efficiency is 97.35%. The factors affecting the photodegradation efficiency, including the amounts of EDTA-2Na, furfural wastewater concentrations, and concentrations of photocatalysts in furfural wastewater, are investigated.
Synthesis of α,β,γ,δ-Unsaturated Imines from N-Sulfonyl-1,2,3-triazoles and Allenes through Rhodium-catalyzed Cyclopropanation and Thermal Rearrangement
Authors: Miura Tomoya , Nakamuro Takayuki , Biyajima Tsuneaki , Murakami Masahiro
Published: February 2015

α,β,γ,δ-Unsaturated imines are synthesized from N-sulfonyl-1,2,3-triazoles and allenes. Allenes are initially cyclopropanated by intermediate α-imino rhodium carbene complexes, and the resulting alkylidenecyclopropyl methanimines undergo a ring-opening thermal rearrangement to afford the corresponding α,β,γ,δ-unsaturated imines.
2D-Extension of Deployable Linked Panel Unit
Authors: Takatsuka Masao
Published: February 2015

The objective of the present paper is to propose a two-dimensional extension method for our previously proposed deployable ‘linked panel unit’ for construction of huge flat space-structures such as a solar power satellite. In our previous study, we proposed a one-directional extension method of the ‘linked panel unit’. However, its two-dimensional deployment was assumed to be feasible with an additional mast. To address that issue, the present paper proposes a new 2D-extension method of the ‘linked pane unit’ without using an additional mast, and suggests it for realization of a solar power satellite as a huge flat construction in space.
Fractal-Based Generative Design of Structural Trusses Using Iterated Function System
Authors: Rian Iasef Md , Sassone Mario
Published: February 2015

The purpose of this study is to apply the notion of fractal geometry in designing structural roof trusses. Fractal geometry, commonly characterized by the features of recursive self-similarity, is considered as a rule-based geometric system that can be generated by using the process of the Iterated Function System (IFS). Lattice configurations of conventional trusses generally show some extend of ‘self-similarity’ features that loosely and sometimes closely resemble with the properties of fractal shapes. The typical configurations of these regular trusses are strategically designed to provide adequate strength and stability to the structures for carrying enough vertical and wind loads. This paper, using the Iterated Function System based on Barnsely's contraction mapping as a generative design method, proposes a new family of truss designs that follow the concept of fractal geometry. The Hausdorff dimensions and the Box Counting dimensions are evaluated to measure the fractality and detailness of the lattices of proposed fractal-based trusses. It also briefly investigates their mechanical properties for analyzing their practical feasibility in construction.
Analysis of Force-Capping for Large Wind Turbine Rotors
Authors: Buck James A , Garvey Seamus D
Published: February 2015

A standard design procedure is to optimise wind turbine rotors for maximum power coefficient within a specified range of wind speeds, up to the rated wind speed. The downwind thrust force upon the rotor is greatest at this design condition. Reacting large forces using cantilever beams necessitates high material costs for the blades, tower and foundations. This paper shows that limiting the maximum allowable downwind thrust can lower the capital expenditure (CAPEX) of a wind farm per MW installed. This saving is made at the expense of sacrificing power coefficient over the small range of wind speeds at which the thrust limit is enforced. We describe this concept as ‘force-capping’. For small reductions in the maximum allowable force, the effect on annual energy production (AEP) is minor. This paper outlines a parametric analysis procedure to evaluate how reducing the material content of a wind turbine affects the energy production. Dynamic forces and fatigue life are considered. For small reductions in turbine material, we show that the change in CAPEX is first order, whereas the loss of AEP is second order. We therefore conclude that force-capping must be beneficial in every case to at least some extent. Our analysis shows that the cost of energy can reduce by approximately 0.2% through imposing a force-cap of ∼90% upon the maximum thrust force for a 5MW machine. The case for force-capping strengthens further as the cost of borrowing and cost of material rises.
Protected Steel and Composite Connections
Authors: Schaumann Peter , Kirsch Thomas
Published: February 2015

Actual developments in numerical simulations of the structural behaviour in fire situation are focussed on taking into consideration the interaction of all structural members in a global approach. Therefore it is necessary to simulate the load bearing behaviour of connections. With this motivation, the authors conducted experiments and thermal FE-simulations on two different connection types. In this paper, the accompanying mechanical FE-simulations of both investigated connection types will be described. The joints are defined as an end plate connection in a steel structure and a fin plate connection in a composite structure. Besides the validation of the numerical models, the results of the described investigations show that it is possible to activate a significant moment resistance within fin plate connections of composite structures. The main requirement for this activation is sufficient reinforcement strength.
Mechanical Response under Natural Fire of Barrel Shape Shell Structure
Authors: Malendowski Michal , Glema Adam , Kurzawa Zdzislaw , Polus Lukasz
Published: February 2015

In this paper, thermo-mechanical analysis of the structural shell construction exposed to natural fire is presented. A barrel shape coverlet with dimensions of 40m x 80m is a roof system covers the shopping arcade. The braced shell structure is made of steel rectangular hollow sections. The steel construction is a support for a special glass system. Behaviour of structure under natural fire conditions is considered as the main goal of research. Fire is simulated with the use of FDS software. Then, adiabatic surface temperatures are transferred into the non-linear Abaqus finite element analysis as boundary conditions for thermo-mechanical analysis. The 3D geometry FE computational model is prepared using 3D beam finite elements with mechanical and thermal degrees of freedom. CFD and FE analyses are sequentially coupled using special individually designed scripts. The analyses show influence of natural fire on the structural behaviour of the roof.
Managing asthma in pregnancy
Authors: Holmes Steve , Scullion Jane
Published: February 2015

Helping with good control and advice on medicine safety are key, say Steve Holmes and Jane Scullion
Treating vulvovaginal candidiasis
Authors: Kochhar Suneeta
Published: February 2015

Vaginal discharge presents regularly in practice. Suneeta Kochhar recaps diagnosis and treatment of thrush
Dysphagia: an SLT and dietetic perspective
Authors: Erwin Amy , Brook Sarah
Published: February 2015

Millions of people are affected by dysphagia, an inability to swallow safely, and its management is an ongoing challenge for health professionals. In this article, Amy Erwin and Sarah Brook explore the crucial role of diet and speech and language therapy
SEN resources for little outlay
Authors: Brodie Katy , More Judy
Published: February 2015

The first step is to ensure you really understand your children's additional needs. Then you can begin to think about resources which can be cheaply adapted, and those which can be bought, says Katy Brodie.
Help families to take control
Authors: Grist Mandy
Published: February 2015

Mandy Grist, of the children's communication charity I CAN, outlines how practitioners have a key role to play in directing parents to a new online resource, which will help them to access SEN support.
All a question of choice…
Authors: Williams Brenda
Published: February 2015

Use this poem to support the topic ‘All about me’. The poem's rhythm will encourage children to be emphatic when it comes to expressing what they like and what they don't. By Brenda Williams.
Believe you're brilliant
Authors: Doyle Phoebe
Published: February 2015

In the early stages of childhood, a child's all-important views about themselves are forming. This feature looks at the power of self-esteem and how we can boost it in the early years through practical activities.
All hands on deck
Authors: Hewson Claire
Published: February 2015

Finger gym activities are kinesthetic challenges and games that help children to develop fine motor skills. Claire Hewson offers some activity ideas, including mosaics, button fastening and weaving.
Preparation of lignin-containing porous microspheres through the copolymerization of lignin acrylate derivatives with styrene and divinylbenzene
Authors: Podkościelna Beata , Sobiesiak Magdalena , Zhao Yadong , Gawdzik Barbara , Sevastyanova Olena
Published: February 2015

A novel method for synthesizing microspheres from lignin or lignin acrylate derivatives through copolymerization with styrene (St) and divinylbenzene (DVB) has been developed. The copolymers were obtained by the emulsion-suspension polymerization with a constant molar ratio of DVB to St of 1:1 (w/w) and different amounts of lignin or its derivatives. The morphologies of the obtained materials were examined by scanning electron microscopy. Two types of lignin modifications were performed to introduce vinyl groups into the lignin molecules: modification with acrylic acid and modification with epichlorohydrin plus acrylic acid. The course of modification was confirmed by attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The thermal stability and degradation behavior of the obtained microspheres were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis, and the pore structure was characterized via nitrogen sorption experiments. Owing to the presence of specific functional groups and the well-developed pore structure, the obtained Lignin-St-DVB microspheres may have potential application as specific sorbents for the removal of phenolic pollutants from water, as demonstrated by the solid-phase extraction technique.
Numerical simulation and parameters inversion for non-symmetric two-sided fractional advection-dispersion equations
Authors: Jia Xianzheng , Li Gongsheng
Published: February 2015

This paper deals with numerical solution and parameters inversion for
a one-dimensional non-symmetric two-sided fractional advection-dispersion
equation (FADE) with zero Neumann boundary condition in a finite domain. A
fully discretized finite difference scheme is set forth based on
Grünwald–Letnikov's definition of the fractional derivative, and its
stability and convergence are proved by estimating the spectral radius of the
coefficient matrix of the scheme. Furthermore, an inverse problem of
simultaneously determining the fractional order and the dispersion coefficients
is investigated, and numerical inversions are carried out by using the optimal
perturbation regularization algorithm. The inversion results show that the
fractional order and the dispersion coefficients in the FADE can be determined
successfully by the final observations.