bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Trans‐diagnostic outcome of eating disorders: A 30‐month follow‐up study of 629 patients
Authors: Helverskov J.L. , Clausen L. , Mors O. , Frydenberg M. , Thomsen P.H. , Rokkedal K.
Published: July 2010

Objective

To assess the 30‐month outcome and predictors of outcome in a cohort of patients with any eating disorder (ED).

Method

A naturalistic design was used to determine time to remission, predictors of remission, relapse, diagnostic cross‐over and mortality of 629 patients.

Results

At follow‐up (FU) 312 patients attended, 42% obtained full remission and 72% partial remission. No differences were found between diagnostic groups for adolescents. Adult patients with anorexia‐like eating disorder not otherwise specified‐anorexia nervosa (EDNOS‐AN) had the poorest outcome. Bulimia‐like EDNOS was the most frequent relapse diagnosis. Bingeing/purging behaviour predicted a poorer outcome for individuals with bulimic disorders. Desired low BMI predicted a poorer outcome for individuals with anorexia. Comorbid personality disorder was a common predictor of a worse outcome.

Conclusion

Adults with EDNOS‐AN had the poorest prognosis. Bulimic symptoms emerged frequently during FU regardless of diagnosis. Remission rates and outcome predictors were similar to previous findings. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Vegetated filter effects on sedimentological connectivity of agricultural catchments in erosion modelling: a review
Authors: Gumiere Silvio Jose , Le Bissonnais Yves , Raclot Damien , Cheviron Bruno
Published: July 2010

The sedimentological connectivity of agricultural catchments may be affected by anthropogenic structures (land management practices) established to reduce sediment exportation from agricultural plots to water streams. Distributed erosion models may in theory provide information about where and how these structures should be installed in catchments to reduce sediment exportation. The interaction between sediment exportation and land management practices is very complex from both theoretical and experimental points of view. Vegetated filters are a widely used land management practice. They interact with water flow, change turbulence conditions, and ultimately affect sediment transport and deposition processes. Experimental results have shown that the efficiency of sediment trapping in vegetated filters is influenced by flow characteristics, sediment size, and vegetation type, as well as by the slope and width of the filter in the streamwise direction. At the catchment scale, the spatial organisation of management practices is crucial for the global sedimentological connectivity. Present‐day erosion models propose different approaches to simulate the influence of management practices on soil loss and sediment export for agricultural catchments. Some of them use the Sediment Delivery Ratio (SDR) or P‐factor to describe sediment transport from source to sink areas. Others, such as in the TRAVA and VSFMOD, rely on process‐based descriptions involving changes in roughness and infiltrability along flow paths to study the effect of management practices. From the literature review conducted herein, we identified the lack of an approach of intermediate complexity, that would be more physically relevant than SDR and P‐factor approaches, but simpler and easier to spatialise than TRAVA and VSFMOD‐type models. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.
Poultry litter–induced endocrine disruption in fathead minnow, sheepshead minnow, and mummichog laboratory exposures
Authors: Yonkos Lance T. , Fisher Daniel J. , Van Veld Peter A. , Kane Andrew S. , McGee Beth L. , Staver Kenneth W.
Published: July 2010

Animal feeding operations in the United States produce more than 500 million tons of manure annually. Disposal of poultry waste via application as fertilizer results in substantial runoff of poultry litter–associated contaminants (PLAC). Of particular concern are sex steroids, 17β-estradiol, estrone and testosterone, responsible for sex differentiation and development of reproductive structures. In a series of laboratory assays, mature male and mixed-sex larval/juvenile fish were continuously exposed to environmentally relevant PLAC solutions. Effects on gonads were assessed histologically, and vitellogenin (VTG) induction was measured as a gauge of estrogenicity. Twenty-one-day exposures to laboratory-generated PLAC solutions routinely induced VTG in mature male Pimephales promelas. Vitellogenesis in Fundulus heteroclitus only occurred at the highest tested PLAC concentration, and Cyprinodon variegatus were unresponsive at any tested concentration. All species produced considerable VTG in response to a 17β-estradiol–positive control. A pronounced feminization was seen in P. promelas when exposed to PLAC as larvae but not when exposed as juveniles. Runoff from a poultry litter–amended field cropped under standard agronomic practices induced significant VTG in male P. promelas. Results indicate that environmentally relevant PLAC concentrations exhibit endocrine activity sufficient to induce VTG production in male fish and possibly affect sex ratios in resident fish populations. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:2328–2340. © 2010 SETAC
Modeling the effect of water chemistry on the bioaccumulation of waterborne cadmium in zebra mussels
Authors: Bourgeault Adeline , Gourlay-Francé Catherine , Tusseau-Vuillemin Marie-Hélène
Published: July 2010

The present study aims at investigating the effects of Zn, Ca, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) on the waterborne Cd bioaccumulation of a freshwater bivalve (Dreissena polymorpha). Mussels were exposed for 48 h at 3 µg/L of Cd in different media. Their physiological activities were assessed by separately measuring the filtration rate in the same exposure water. Increased Zn (from 3 to 89 µg/L) and Ca (from 37 to 131 mg/L) concentrations in water led to a threefold and sevenfold reduction of Cd bioaccumulation, whereas the effect of DOC varied greatly depending on its concentration. At low DOC concentrations (from 0.2 to 1.1 mg/L), the uptake of Cd increased, whereas at higher concentrations (from 1.1 to 17.1 mg/L), the uptake decreased. The filtration activity was not strongly influenced by either Zn or Ca concentration, whereas it was modified in enriched DOC media in the same manner as Cd uptake. A competitive model was built to predict the waterborne uptake rate constant of Cd (k  u) as a function of Zn and Ca concentrations in the water. Over the range of DOC concentrations we tested, organic matter was shown to influence Cd bioaccumulation in two ways: by modifying Cd speciation and thus its bioavailability and its interaction with the biological membrane, and by affecting the mussel's physiology and therefore its sensitivity to metal. The present study provides a useful means of adjusting the toxicokinetic constant to the water's physicochemical characteristics and proposes a unifying model that takes into account the different geochemical and biological influences on bioaccumulation. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:2182–2189. © 2010 SETAC
Study of pyrolysis and upward flame spread on charring materials—Part I: Experimental study
Authors: Wasan S. R. , Van Hees P. , Merci B.
Published: July 2010

In this paper, we describe the results from an experimental campaign, focused on vertical upward flame spread over a charring material. First, for validation purposes of simulation tools, we report on cone calorimeter results for square (9.8cm×9.8cm), 1.65 cm thick, medium density fibre samples, mounted horizontally. Temperature is shown at the surface and at different depths. The mass of the sample is continuously measured. From the raw data, we derive the temporal evolution of the mass loss rate due to pyrolysis. Different externally imposed heat fluxes are investigated (20, 30 and 50kW/m2), onto dry and wet material. Afterwards, for the configuration of two particle board plates (0.025 m thick, 0.4 m wide and 2.5 m high), vertically mounted face to face is considered. Two different horizontal spacing distances between the two plates are studied (30.5 and 10.5 cm). The purpose of this set‐up is to investigate the vertical upward flame spread with strong radiative heat feedback. To that purpose, the temporal evolution of surface temperature is measured over the height of the plates. The measurement data are used to test a pyrolysis model in numerical simulations. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multi‐dimensional wave‐oriented upwind schemes with reduced cross‐wind diffusion for flow in porous media
Authors: Edwards Michael G.
Published: July 2010

Single‐point upstream weighting schemes remain the reservoir simulation standard for integrating the convective components of the subsurface flow equations. While single‐point upstream weighting is attractive due to simplicity and small stencil, the accompanying first‐order error can contribute to a large amount of grid‐dependent numerical diffusion which smooths the numerical solution. New upwind schemes are introduced for reservoir simulation that significantly reduce cross‐wind diffusion, retain a local flux approximation with local conservation, and are free of spurious oscillations. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Defective Bone Morphogenic Protein Signaling Underlies Hepcidin Deficiency in HFE Hereditary Hemochromatosis
Authors: Ryan John D. , Ryan Eleanor , Fabre Aurelie , Lawless Matthew W. , Crowe John
Published: July 2010

Hereditary hemochromatosis (HH) is a common inherited iron overload disorder. The vast majority of patients carry the missense Cys282Tyr mutation of the

HFE

gene. Hepcidin, the central regulator of iron homeostasis, is deficient in HH, leading to unchecked iron absorption and subsequent iron overload. The bone morphogenic protein (BMP)/small mothers against decapentaplegic (Smad) signaling cascade is central to the regulation of hepcidin. Recent data from HH mice models indicate that this pathway may be defective in the absence of the HFE protein. Hepatic BMP/Smad signaling has not been characterized in a human HFE-HH cohort to date. Hepatic expression of BMP/Smad-related genes was examined in 20 HFE-HH males with significant iron overload, and compared to seven male HFE wild-type controls using quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Hepatic expression of

BMP6

was appropriately elevated in HFE-HH compared to controls (

P

= 0.02), likely related to iron overload. Despite this, no increased expression of the BMP target genes

hepcidin

and

Id1

was observed, and diminished phosphorylation of Smad1/Smad5/Smad8 protein relative to iron burden was found upon immunohistochemical analysis, suggesting that impaired BMP signaling occurs in HFE-HH. Furthermore,

Smad6

and

Smad7

, inhibitors of BMP signaling, were up-regulated in HFE-HH compared to controls (

P

= 0.001 and

P

= 0.018, respectively).

Conclusion:

New data arising from this study suggest that impaired BMP signaling underlies the hepcidin deficiency of HFE-HH. Moreover, the inhibitory Smads, Smad6, and Smad7 are identified as potential disruptors of this signal and, hence, contributors to the pathogenesis of this disease. (Hepatology 2010;)
Decentralization and health care prioritization process in Tanzania: from national rhetoric to local reality
Authors: Maluka Stephen Oswald , Hurtig Anna‐Karin , Sebastián Miguel San , Shayo Elizabeth , Byskov Jens , Kamuzora Peter
Published: July 2010

During the 1990s, Tanzania like many other developing countries adopted health sector reforms. The most common policy change under the health sector reforms has been decentralization, which involves the transfer of power and authority from the central level to local authorities. Based on the case study of Mbarali district in Tanzania, this paper uses a policy analysis approach to analyse the implementation of decentralized health care priority setting. Specifically, the paper examines the process, actors and contextual factors shaping decentralized health care priority setting processes. The analysis and conclusion are based on a review of documents, key informant interviews, focus group discussion, and notes from non‐participant observation. The findings of the study indicate that local institutional contexts and power asymmetries among actors have a greater influence on the prioritization process at the local level than expected and intended. The paper underlines the essentially political character of the decentralization process and reiterates the need for policy analysts to pay attention to processes, institutional contexts, and the role of policy actors in shaping the implementation of the decentralization process at the district level. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydrodynamic and isotopic investigations for evaluating the mechanisms and amount of groundwater seepage through a rockslide dam
Authors: Petitta Marco , Scarascia Mugnozza Gabriele , Barbieri Maurizio , Bianchi Fasani Gianluca , Esposito Carlo
Published: July 2010

This study addresses the influence of landslide dams on surface water drainage and groundwater flow. In the study area of Scanno Lake and Sagittario River (Central Italy), a limestone rockslide‐avalanche formed a lake, which has an outlet that is occasionally active, showing infiltration into the rockslide dam. Several springs are present at the lake's base and are partly fed by seepage through the rockslide debris. Piezometric surveys, discharge measurements, pumping tests and chemical analyses are tools used to build a conceptual model of the groundwater flow and to evaluate the flow through the rockslide debris. Seasonal water isotopic signatures validate the assumed model, showing a mixing of infiltration recharge and groundwater seepage throughout the rockslide debris. Various recharge areas have been found for springs, pointing out those directly fed by the rockslide debris aquifer. Hypotheses about seasonal groundwater mixing between the regional carbonate aquifer and the rockslide debris aquifer are supported by isotope results. Seasonal changes in groundwater table level due to recharge and surface losses from seasonal outlet have been correlated with isotopic groundwater composition from the rockslide debris aquifer and the downstream springs; this relationship highlights the role of the rockslide dam body on the hydrodynamics of the studied area. Relationships between surface waters and groundwater in the area have been completely understood on the basis of water isotopic fingerprinting, finally obtaining a complete evaluation of groundwater renewable resources and its regimen. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Creating conductive structures for cell growth: Growth and alignment of myogenic cell types on polythiophenes
Authors: Breukers R. D. , Gilmore K. J. , Kita M. , Wagner K. K. , Higgins M. J. , Moulton S. E. , Clark G. M. , Officer D. L. , Kapsa R. M. I. , Wallace G. G.
Published: July 2010

Conducting polymers provide suitable substrates for the in vitro study of excitable cells, including skeletal muscle cells, due to their inherent conductivity and electroactivity. The thiophene family of conducting polymers offers unique flexibility for tailoring of polymer properties as a result of the ease of functionalization of the parent monomer. This article describes the preparation of films and electrospun fibers from an ester‐functionalized organic solvent‐soluble polythiophene (poly‐octanoic acid 2‐thiophen‐3‐yl‐ethyl ester) and details the changes in properties that result from post‐polymerization hydrolysis of the ester linkage. The polymer films supported the proliferation and differentiation of both primary and transformed skeletal muscle myoblasts. In addition, aligned electrospun fibers formed from the polymers provided scaffolds for the guided differentiation of linearly aligned primary myotubes, suggesting their suitability as three‐dimensional substrates for the in vitro engineering of skeletal muscle tissue. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2010.
Identifying and reducing error in cluster‐expansion approximations of protein energies
Authors: Hahn Seungsoo , Ashenberg Orr , Grigoryan Gevorg , Keating Amy E.
Published: July 2010

Protein design involves searching a vast space for sequences that are compatible with a defined structure. This can pose significant computational challenges. Cluster expansion is a technique that can accelerate the evaluation of protein energies by generating a simple functional relationship between sequence and energy. The method consists of several steps. First, for a given protein structure, a training set of sequences with known energies is generated. Next, this training set is used to expand energy as a function of clusters consisting of single residues, residue pairs, and higher order terms, if required. The accuracy of the sequence‐based expansion is monitored and improved using cross‐validation testing and iterative inclusion of additional clusters. As a trade‐off for evaluation speed, the cluster‐expansion approximation causes prediction errors, which can be reduced by including more training sequences, including higher order terms in the expansion, and/or reducing the sequence space described by thecluster expansion. This article analyzes the sources of error and introduces a method whereby accuracy can be improved by judiciously reducing the described sequence space. The method is applied to describe the sequence–stability relationship for several protein structures: coiled‐coil dimers and trimers, a PDZ domain, and T4 lysozyme as examples with computationally derived energies, and SH3 domains in amphiphysin‐1 and endophilin‐1 as examples where the expanded pseudo‐energies are obtained from experiments. Our open‐source software package Cluster Expansion Version 1.0 allows users to expand their own energy function of interest and thereby apply cluster expansion to custom problems in protein design. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2010
Operational stability of cutinase in organic solvent system: model esterification of alkyl esters
Authors: de Barros Dragana P. C. , Fernandes Pedro , Cabral Joaquim M. S. , Fonseca Luís P.
Published: July 2010

BACKGROUND: The present work aims to gain further insight on the use of Fusarium solani pisi cutinase from a Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain for the synthesis of short chain ethyl esters, a group of important fruit flavor compounds, in a non‐conventional environment. Synthesis is promoted by cutinase in organic media, in particular, in iso‐octane, an organic solvent recognized as a safe ingredient in food and beverage industrial processes.

RESULTS: The effect of solvent and substrate components of the reaction mixture on the enzyme stability was measured separately. Focus was given to the effect of reaction medium on the operational stability of cutinase and on the esterification yield after 24h. The feasibility of the operation in fed batch mode was successfully evaluated. The effect of the addition of substrate in consecutive pulses in the activity and stability of the biocatalyst was again assessed.

CONCLUSIONS: The bioconversion system used in this work allowed for the sustained production of short chain alkyl esters for more than 45 days, which is suggestive of the stability of cutinase in the organic environment evaluated. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
The measurement of ionic activities in solution with electrodes containing ion‐exchange‐resin membranes
Authors: Kressman T. R. E.
Published: July 2010

It is shown that an electrode made from a membrane (actually a short length of 2‐mm.‐diameter rod) of a cation‐exchange resin of the sulphonated‐phenol type and containing a reference electrolyte of fixed concentration, gives steady and reproducible e.m.f. values when immersed in solutions of the same electrolyte of other concentrations. Between certain limits of concentration, different for every electrolyte, the e.m.f. values are those predicted by the Nernst equation when the activity functions are put equal to the mean ionic activities of cation and anion in the electrolyte solution.

The upper limit of conformity with the Nernst equation is determined, at least qualitatively, by the ratio of the mobilities of cation and anion within the resin phase, as predicted by the Meyer & Sievers and the Teorell equations. With some limitations the electrode can be used to measure unknown ionic activities in solution in a manner similar to that of the glass electrode, and the activity coefficients of potassium ferrocyanide in solutions of 0·02–0·001M are measured in this way.

Unlike the glass electrode for the hydrogen ion, the resin electrode is not specific for any one ion, and measurements with solutions containing two cationic species show the effect of the contributions from both species to the total e.m.f.
The correlation of the mechanical properties and petrography of a series of quartz‐dolerite roadstones
Authors: Sabine P. A. , Morey June E. , Shergold F. A.
Published: July 2010

Fifty‐five samples of British rocks of restricted petrological type, namely quartz‐dolerite, were examined petrographically and by mechanical testing. No general correlation was found between mineral content or grain‐size and test results. Considerable correlation exists, however, between the test values and geological occurrence; the specimens from the Whin Sill generally yield test results superior to those from Scottish Permo‐Carboniferous sills, whereas samples from Scottish dykes of Permo‐Carboniferous and Tertiary age respectively form intermediate groups.
Factors limiting general application of the Mackey test for spontaneous heating and ignition
Authors: Bowes P. C.
Published: July 2010

The Mackey test has been considered from the point of view of its suitability as a general method for assessing the spontaneous heating and ignition hazards of materials that are subject to atmospheric oxidation at ordinary temperatures.

An experimental study has shown that there is an optimum packing density for self‐heating in specimens of oiled fibre in the Mackey tester.

It is considered that the test may, to a limited extent, be adapted to give an indication of relative hazard for a wider range of materials than the textile oils for which it was originally designed. But materials must be compared under the optimum test conditions for spontaneous heating in each, and the extent of the investigation involved in satisfying this requirement reduces the practical value of such an application of the test. Nevertheless the test is of value in that it can be expected to show whether spontaneous heating is at all possible in any solid material.
The free energy of formation of the amide bond in polyamides
Authors: Meggy A. B.
Published: July 2010

The degree of polymerization of a polyamide is determined by the equilibrium between carboxyl, amino, and amide groups, and water molecules. Equations are deduced for the relationship between the equilibrium constant k1, the number‐average chain length n and the partial pressure of water. Allowance is made for the presence of a cyclic monomer, whose amount is determined by a second equilibrium constant k2. For monomers capable of forming 8‐membered or larger rings k2 approaches 0, and for those capable of forming 5‐ or 6‐membered rings k2 approaches 1, and no polymer is formed. For 7‐membered rings k2 has such a value that cyclic monomer and polymer can exist together. When the cyclic monomer is not miscible with the polymer, polymer formation is possible from 5‐ and 6‐membered rings, e.g. diketopiperazine (dioxopiperazine), which polymerizes to polyglycine.

From data on polymers of <‐caprolactam equations have been deduced giving the relationship between k1 and k2 and the temperature T, and from these the heat of formation Δk, the entropy ΔS, and the free energy ΔF for the polyamide bond in polyaminocaproic acid have been calculated. Assuming that the values for nylon 66 (produced from hexamethylenediamine and adipic acid) are not greatly different, equations are obtained for the chain length n of nylon 66 in terms of the temperature T and the partial pressure of water, and also for n as a function of T in the presence of an aqueous phase.

The reaction between carbon dioxide and a diamine is discussed, and it is shown that for the formation of a polymethyleneurea by this reaction k1 is probably much smaller than for the polyamides, so that conditions are less favourable to the formation of high polymers.

It is shown that the inability of α‐amino‐acids to polymerize directly is due to the large amount of ionic work that has to be done in adding a single amino‐acid to a peptide chain. Tripeptides and higher peptides should be able to polymerize.

A comparison is made between polyesters and polyamides. The formation of the amide group is accompanied by a large increase in entropy, 20–30 cal./mole degree, which is probably due mainly to the release of oriented water molecules held by the charged carboxyl and amino groups. Polyesters are formed by interaction between uncharged groups, so that the increase in entropy will be much smaller, and the conditions less favourable to polymer formation.
Some instruments for quality control in petroleum refineries
Authors: Eltenton G. C.
Published: July 2010

Brief descriptions are given of an automatic distillation apparatus for performing Engler distillations, a recording viscometer for oils and grease, a flash‐point recorder, a recording colorimeter, a detector for water in acetone, and a tester for indicating inhomogeneity in blending vessels. The use of such instruments in petroleum refineries illustrates the growing need for faster and more accurate measurement of product quality.
Factors affecting the testing of stainless steels in boiling concentrated nitric acid
Authors: Truman J. E.
Published: July 2010

The rates of corrosion obtained when testing stainless steels in concentrated boiling nitric acid can be very markedly affected by the method of testing. The main source of error is the contamination of the test acid by the dissolved steel. If the acid can be maintained in an essentially pure state, corrosion is linear with time, but, if corrosion products are allowed to accumulate, acceleration of attack occurs, and thus the volume of acid used for testing has a serious effect on the rates of attack obtained.

The prime cause of this acceleration is the chromium dissolved in the acid. This affects the rate of corrosion only if it is in the sexivalent state, and the degree of acceleration is roughly proportional to the amount of dissolved chromium in this condition. Chromium can be oxidized from the terto the sexi‐valent state by boiling concentrated nitric acid, but the extent to which this reaction proceeds is affected by several factors, which can consequently have a marked effect on the rate of corrosion of the steel. These include the type of condenser used and the strength of the test acid. Cyclic tests, in which the acid is changed at regular intervals, are not necessarily the answer to errors introduced by this process, as the mechanism of attack in sexivalent chromium‐bearing nitric acid is such that the stainless steel is left in a condition susceptible to heavier attack, even in pure nitric acid, and this can lead to earlier serious contamination of the acid used in later cycles. Unless these factors are taken into account when designing testing procedures, less satisfactory materials may be selected, since the steels most resistant to pure nitric acid are not necessarily those most resistant to nitric acid contaminated with sexivalent chromium.
Formaldehyde condensations with phenol and its homologues. XV. The dinuclear monoalcohols
Authors: Finn S. R. , James J. W. , Standen C. J. S.
Published: July 2010

Six isomeric monoalcohols, believed to be intermediates in phenol—formaldehyde resin condensations, can be derived from oo′‐, op′‐ and pp′‐dihydroxydiphenylmethanes by treatment with formaldehyde. These have been prepared by methods that leave no doubt as to their structures.

The general method of synthesis consisted in treating a brominated bromomethylphenol with a suitable phenolic ester. The resulting dinuclear ester was then hydrolysed to an acid which, after dehalogenation with Ni‐Al alloy in sodium hydroxide, was reduced with lithium aluminium hydride to the required alcohol.
Investigations on organo‐tin compounds. III. The biocidal properties of organo‐tin compounds
Authors: Van Kerk G. J. M. Der , Luijten J. G. A.
Published: July 2010

The present paper gives an account of the results of a systematic investigation on the fungicidal properties of organo‐tin compounds. It is shown that among these compounds one structural type in particular exhibits a very high fungicidal activity. Within this type the influence on the activity of the nature of the various groups linked to tin has been investigated.

The toxicity of organo‐tin compounds towards some other organisms is mentioned briefly.

The final section deals with possibilities for practical applications of organo‐tin compounds as a consequence of their biocidal properties. From the results of laboratory tests the preservation of wood seems the most promising possibility.
The surface properties of silica gels. II. Adsorption of water vapour
Authors: Sing K. S. W. , Madeley J. D.
Published: July 2010

Adsorption isotherms of water vapour have been determined at 25° on some laboratory and commercial samples of silica gel. A McBain‐Bakr type of sorption balance, which included a ‘Pyrex’ glass spring of high sensitivity, was employed.

The Brunauer, Emmett & Teller (B.E.T.) method is used to compare the water isotherms with those of nitrogen, previously determined on the same samples. It appears likely that water does not form a close‐packed monolayer.
The interaction of benzyl acetate and cellobiose α‐octa‐acetate with some solvents for cellulose acetate
Authors: Moore W. R. , Russell J.
Published: July 2010

The interaction of benzyl acetate and cellobiose α‐octa‐acetate, used as models for cellulose acetate, with some solvents for cellulose acetate, has been studied by a dielectric‐constant method. Chloroform and m‐cresol appear to form complexes with benzyl acetate in hexane solution, the molecular proportions being 2:1 m‐cresol: benzyl acetate and 1:1 or 3:2 chloroform: benzyl acetate. Complex‐formation between benzyl acetate and acetone, dioxan or pyridine was not detectable. Some evidence was obtained for 1:1 complexes of cellobiose α‐octa‐acetate with m‐cresol and aniline in dioxan solution. Complex‐formation between the octa‐acetate and acetone, ethyl acetate, pyridine and chloroform was not detected.
A modified universal semi‐micro Kjeldahl method for the determination of nitrogen in coal and other carbonaceous materials
Authors: Beet A. E.
Published: July 2010

A semi‐micro Kjeldahl method is described, in which for the first time an unmistakable colour indication is given of the completeness of conversion into ammonium sulphate. Instead of the usual catalysts, crystalline potassium permanganate is used as oxidant and digestion is complete in about 13 minutes; the distillation takes about 8 minutes. With only a single distillation unit, 36 determinations can easily be made in a working day. The method has been thoroughly tested in our laboratories for about six months.
Comparison of the heats of vapour and gas evolution from low‐vapour‐pressure liquids
Authors: Burrows G.
Published: July 2010

By the use of values of heats of vaporization ΔH and of gas evolution that have been derived in a previous paper, it is now shown that a linear relationship exists between ΔH and a defined change of entropy ΔS at 298° K for both vapours and gases. Equations are also established that enable estimates to be made of the solubility of a given non‐polar gas in a given low‐vapour‐pressure liquid, and of the value of ΔH for vaporization and for gas evolution, all at 298° K, from a knowledge of the molecular weight of the vapour or gas.
The determination of chlorine in pentachlorophenol and pentachlorophenol laurate
Authors: Searle E. H. , Bell E.
Published: July 2010

A study has been made of the removal of nuclear chlorine from pentachlorophenol and allied aromatic organic compounds by hydrolysis with potassium hydroxide in tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol. A practicable method of analysis has been developed which involves distillation of the tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol from the hydrolysis product in order to convert the polyphenols into a separable tarry mass before titration of the chloride.
A redetermination of the ionization constants of nicotine
Authors: Fowler R. T.
Published: July 2010

The ionization constants of aqueous solutions of nicotine have been determined by potentiometric titration at 0°, 25° and 40° by using strong and weak acids of varying normality.

The primary dissociation constant at 25° has been estimated to be 1.05 × 10−6 and the secondary constant to be 2.63 × 10−11, showing that nicotine acts primarily as a monoacidic base when titrated with strong or weak acids.
The revival of formaldehyde‐treated bacteria
Authors: Nash T. , Hirch Ann
Published: July 2010

Tests on 39 reagents showed that a few were able to revive formaldehyde‐treated bacteria (streptococci), i.e. growth was obtained in their presence when controls showed no growth. The most promising reagent, a mixture of dimedone and morpholine, was then tested in greater detail, mainly on a staphylococcus, and revival was demonstrated both by incorporating the mixture with the medium on which the bacteria were grown, and also by the use of the mixture in an aqueous wash before plating. The effect was limited, however, and may be ascribed to active interference with the lethal process rather than to the reversal of some action that had proceeded to completion.
Physicochemical studies on dusts. VIII. Some sorption properties of silicious dusts
Authors: Gibb J. G. , Ritchie P. D.
Published: July 2010

Adsorption of a basic dyestuff (methylene blue) on the surface of silica dusts, with and without the disturbed layer produced during crushing and grinding, indicates that for Lochaline sand, pure quartz and vitreous silica the layer is more active than the core in sorption processes, just as in solution processes. Acid extraction of an impure silica dust effectively reduces the equilibrium adsorption, the pH of the extracting medium being a factor controlling the extent of this reduction; a similar reduction is again apparent when an acid‐extracted dust is heated. These results support the conclusion, outlined in Part VII, that the increased rate of solution produced in a silicious dust by acid treatment is due to the adsorption of hydrogen ions on the particle surfaces.
Improvements in the determination of small amounts of sulphur
Authors: Wilson H. N. , Pearson R. M. , Fitzgerald D. M.
Published: July 2010

The quartz‐tube method for the combustion of organic samples before the determination of sulphur1 has been improved. A new catalyst—ceria on alumina—has been produced which is as active as the previous vanadium oxide catalyst, and has the advantage of being unaffected by chlorine. The absorption train has also been much improved. These modifications are described in Part I. A rapid volumetric method, using disodium dihydrogen ethylenediaminetetra‐acetate, for the determination of low concentrations of sulphate ion is described in Part II. This method has been shown to give results of the same order of accuracy as those obtained by the standard gravimetric procedure.
The resistance of fire‐fighting foams to destruction by petrol
Authors: French R. J. , Hinkley P. L.
Published: July 2010

The rate of drainage of a foam layer on the surface of petrol has been measured for a range of petrol temperatures, with different types of foam compound. In the experiments described, the liquid resulting from the breakdown of the foam was collected after it had drained, and a ‘petrol resistance index’, defined as the time in which 25% of the liquid content of the foam could be collected, was calculated. This index was found to vary greatly with the temperature of the petrol and the type of foaming agent employed.
The production of oxalic acid from new zealand plant wastes
Authors: Bailey R. W.
Published: July 2010

Recent work has shown that oxalic acid is capable of replacing sulphuric acid, in whole or part, in the superphosphate process.

The most promising method of manufacturing cheap oxalic acid on a large scale is by nitric acid oxidation of plant wastes, provided that most of the nitric acid can be recovered for re‐use. With wood and straw waste, oxalic acid yields of up to 85% are obtained at optimum conditions of temperature, catalyst concentration and reaction time. However, the loss of nitric acid is sufficiently low only when fuming nitric acid is used. In this case the ratio of oxalic acid produced to nitric acid lost is 7:1. The nitric acid lost is converted largely into nitrous oxide and this conversion appears to be connected with the oxidation of the lignin fraction of the sawdust.
The interaction of sulphur and sulphur compounds with olefinic substances. VII Low‐temperature sulphuration of trialkylethylenes with hydrogen sulphide‐sulphur dioxide, and with a sulphur‐zinc dithiocarbamate system
Authors: Farmer E. H. , Ford J. F. , Lyons J. A.
Published: July 2010

The sulphuration of trialkylethylenes with hydrogen sulphide‐sulphur dioxide at 0° (Peachey process) results in disubstitutive cross‐linking of the olefins, yielding dialkenyl tetrasulphides. At higher temperatures substitutive—additive cross‐linking occurs and alkyl alkenyl polysulphides are formed. Dialkenyl tetrasulphides are similarly formed by causing the olefin to react with sulphur at room temperature in the presence of zinc oxide and zinc dibutyldithiocarbamate, low concentrations of hydrogen sulphide acting as a catalyst for this reaction. At higher temperatures the reaction is also exclusively disubstitutive, a feature connected with the function of zinc compounds in influencing the cross‐linking reaction. The sulphuration of olefins with tetramethylthiuram disulphide at 140° shows a similar influence of zinc compounds.
The contraction on polymerization of n‐ and sec.‐alkyl methacrylates
Authors: Crawford J. W. C.
Published: July 2010

The contraction on polymerization per mole of monomeric methacrylic ester varies considerably with the nature of the alcohol alkyl group. It has been found, however, that the higher normal alkyl methacrylates (between propyl and decyl) give a constant molar contraction of 24.5 c.c. It is supposed that this constant contraction is the result of the common feature of the polymerization process at the double bond, the volume of the alkyl groups remaining unchanged. The molar contractions of alkylmethylcarbinyl methacrylates, which are higher than those of the normal alkyl esters, appear to be the result of assumption in the polymer by the secondary alkyl groups of a packing tending to be the same as that of the normal alkyl groups, and due to constraints arising from the polymerization reaction.
Corrosion due to mud banks in river estuaries
Authors: Patterson W. S.
Published: July 2010

Estuary mud, which is frequently characterized by high bacterial pollution, is an environment in which corrosion of iron and steel may readily occur.

The influence of temperature on the process has been examined, as has also the effect of abrasion on the protective quality of a paint film.

The corrosion is very severe under the anaerobic conditions obtained by complete immersion in the mud. Under water‐line conditions the phenomenon is more complicated, but corrosion under oxide blisters may be due to bacterial action.

The presence of sulphide pollution of river mud‐banks is widespread and occurs over extensive geographical areas.
Laboratory studies on the use of coal‐tar bases as inhibitors of corrosion by flue gases
Authors: Kear R. W.
Published: July 2010

Experiments have been made to investigate the possibility of using coal‐tar bases as inhibitors of the corrosion of steel surfaces by flue gases containing sulphur trioxide. In the first series of tests, the bases were sprayed into a town's‐gas flame with the object of minimizing the formation of sulphur trioxide in the combustion process; in the second series, the bases were sprayed into the gas stream with the object of depositing a protective film on the steel surface. The addition to the flame (gas flowing at 170 cu. ft./h.) of up to 12 g./h. of the bases reduced corrosion and rate of sulphuric acid deposition from gases containing 0.005% of sulphur trioxide (dew‐point 138°) at all surface temperatures below the dew‐point. When a liquid film was deposited on the steel, surface corrosion at temperatures below 117° was decreased, but some corrosion was induced at temperatures above the dew‐point, i.e. 136°.
The corrosion of tin in solutions of sodium alkyl sulphates
Authors: Ross T. K.
Published: July 2010

Earlier work had suggested that surface‐active agents played a more specific role in corrosion processes than was generally supposed. A series of sodium alkyl sulphates were prepared, and the behaviour of tin specimens immersed in their dilute aqueous solutions was examined. Some weight‐loss experiments were made, and the effects of constitution and concentration upon corrosion rate determined.

The corrosion was not general, but essentially a point attack, so that a note of the distribution of corrosion, as well as of its extent, was made. Theory suggests that the readiness with which a solution corrodes tin lies in its ability to dissolve the existing protective oxide layer on the metal surface. However, experiments showed that stannic oxide was insoluble in neutral solutions of any of the materials used.

Further experiments involving breakdown‐potential measurements and pressure tests on stripped oxide films revealed that the surface‐active solute ruptures, rather than dissolves, the oxide film. This film is generally sufficiently stressed for many potential cracks to exist. Adsorption of a surface‐active solute on the surfaces of these cracks so reduces their adhesion that they develop into actual failures, and ultimately into corrosion sites. The subsequent activity of these sites is controlled in part by the structure of the adsorbed layer of solute at the metal surface.
Operation of the thylox process with coal gas containing hydrogen cyanide
Authors: Toynbee P. A.
Published: July 2010

A pilot‐scale Thylox plant has been fabricated, and operated first on synthetic mixtures of town's gas and hydrogen sulphide at Dominion Laboratory, Wellington, New Zealand, and subsequently on crude gas at the Wellington Gas Company's works.

It has been found that hydrogen cyanide present in coal gas has a serious effect on the removal of hydrogen sulphide by the Thylox process, but satisfactory operation is obtained when the cyanide content of the gas entering the Thylox process has been reduced to below 10 grains/100 cu. ft.

Operated in conjunction with the prior removal of hydrogen cyanide, the Thylox process has proved capable of reducing the hydrogen sulphide content of gas to below 1 grain/100 cu. ft. Of the sulphur in the gas 85% is recovered as sulphur of significant commercial value.
Chromium hexacarbonyl. II. Chromium hexacarbonyl as a fuel additive
Authors: Cumming W. M. , Horn J. A. , Ritchie P. D.
Published: July 2010

Chromium hexacarbonyl raises the spontaneous ignition temperature (S.I.T.) of various hydrocarbon fuels, and therefore would be expected to have anti‐knock properties. However, determination of the highest useful compression ratio (H.U.C.R.) shows that the carbonyl is a pro‐knock agent; with a ‘pool’ petrol, the maximum pro‐knock effect (decrease of 5 in octane number) is approached at an unusually low concentration of additive (0.02 g./l.). Similarly, a very small concentration raises the cetane number of a Diesel fuel by about 3; the effect is not increased by raising the concentration. The carbonyl lowers the S.I.T. of benzene, and raises the H.U.C.R. from 14.5 to 15.6. The latter effect is attributed to inhibition of pre‐ignition. Explanations of this anomalous behaviour of chromium hexacarbonyl are advanced, based on either of the two current theories of knock. With fuels containing 1 g./l. of the carbonyl, chromium sesquioxide (Cr2O3) is deposited in the combustion chamber; this can be reduced but not eliminated by a small proportion of ethylene dichloride or dibromide in the fuel.
Reactive methylene groups. III. The ehrlich‐sachs reaction
Authors: McGookin A.
Published: July 2010

The Ehrlich‐Sachs reaction generally results in the production of a mixture of azomethine(anil), nitron and azoxy‐compound. A method is described whereby the azomethine is the sole product.
Phase equilibria in sugar solutions. VII. The quaternary system sucrose‐glucose‐potassium chloride‐water
Authors: Kelly F. H. C.
Published: July 2010

Equilibrium‐phase relationships of the quaternary system sucrose‐glucose‐KCl‐water have been determined at 30°. No double compounds were identified and glucose was almost invariably in equilibrium as the monohydrate. In a small zone near the quaternary point (Q.P.) a metastable condition of the glucose‐glucose monohydrate relationship was identified, with the monohydrate as the stable phase. The concentration of solute increased as composition approached the Q.P., at which point the solubility of each of the three solutes was appreciably higher than when alone in solution. Results have been plotted by using a Jänecke type of projection on a triangular diagram with isohydrores defined quantitatively as solvent per 100 units of total solute.
Flotation frothers for low‐rank coals
Authors: Mainhood J. , Whelan P. F.
Published: July 2010

A number of aliphatic alcohols and acids, phenols and other heteropolar compounds were studied as flotation frothers for a tetralin‐conditioned low‐rank coal.

The effects of these reagents, in the absence of coal, on the static surface tension of water and on froth formation and the character of bubble streams in aqueous solutions were investigated and correlations made with flotation merit. Although some of the most efficient flotation frothers reduced the surface tension of water markedly, the amount of lowering of surface tension appeared to be unimportant. The effects of the reagents on bubble streams and on the formation and stability of froths in a frothmeter tube showed some correlation with flotation merit.

The balance between polar and non‐polar groups in the molecule is the most important factor in determining flotation merit for low‐rank coal. For monohydric alcohols and monocarboxylic acids to be good frothers, the molecule must contain between 5 and 10 carbon atoms, the optimum being probably 8. Little variation between isomeric alcohols was observed. No phenol with good frothing properties had a dissociation constant (Ka) greater than 2 × 10−8, but no correlation between Ka and frothing power was found. Molecules of small residual polarity were often good frothers, but the presence of more than one strongly polar group in the molecule reduced the efficiency.
Phase equilibria in sugar solutions. X. The quinary system sucrose–glucose–fructose–potassium chloride–water
Authors: Kelly F. H. C.
Published: July 2010

The equilibrium‐phase relationships for the quinary system sucrose–glucose–fructose–potassium chloride–water have been determined at 30°, and are illustrated on a triangular diagram.

Solutions saturated with glucose and potassium chloride are nearly always in equilibrium with anhydrous glucose. A small range of compositions is shown for which glucose is stable as the monohydrate, and a smaller range of intermediate compositions for which the anhydrous glucose is in a metastable condition with a tendency to form the monohydrate. No double‐compound formation was observed. The solution of highest concentration of total solids was not at the quinary point and, in this respect, resembled the quaternary system sucrose–fructose–potassium chloride–water. A line is drawn round the quinary point which marks the limit of increasing solute concentration. The quinary point has the percentage composition sucrose 18°0, fructose 44.6, glucose 11.7, potassium chloride 11.0 and water 14.7.