bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Jak pisać podręczniki szkolne o Zagładzie? Na marginesie recenzji książki pt. Zrozumieć Holokaust
Authors: Szuchta Robert , Trojański Piotr
Published: November 2020

W bieżącym numerze rocznika „Zagłada Żydów. Studia i Materiały” zamieszczona została obszerna i szczegółowa recenzja merytorycznej strony książki pióra dr. Adama Puławskiego. Z uwagi na charakter zarzutów postawionych w recenzji wydaje nam się, że już na wstępie naszej odpowiedzi warto podkreś­lić fakt, iż jej autor należy do kręgu tych historyków, którzy uważają, że tylko szczegółowe poznanie faktografii każdego, nawet epizodycznego, wydarzenia związanego z Zagładą pozwala o nim mówić i pisać. Jako osoby od wielu lat zajmujące się głównie w sposób praktyczny edukacją, której – jak wiadomo – zasadniczą częścią jest popularyzacja wiedzy historyków badaczy, pozwalamy sobie z tym stanowiskiem polemizować. Naszym zdaniem pisanie dla szerokiego odbiorcy, w tym podręczników szkolnych, wymaga podejścia innego niż naukowe, zastosowania zrozumiałego dla uczniów języka, dokonywania pewnych uogólnień i skrótów myślowych, na co wielu badaczy historyków nie potrafi się zdobyć. Ponadto uważamy, że narracja podręcznikowa, do której recenzowana książka się zalicza, rządzi się innymi prawami niż monografia naukowa. Dlatego wydaje się nam, że gros zarzutów postawionych w recenzji wynika z niezrozumienia przez jej autora specyfiki publikacji, jej przeznaczenia i odbiorcy, do którego jest ona adresowana.
Dać przemówić faktom. O polskim wydaniu Zagłady Żydów europejskich Raula Hilberga
Authors: Giebułtowski Jerzy
Published: November 2020

Sam tytuł dzieła Hilberga stanowi wyzwanie dla tłumacza. W oryginale brzmi on The Destruction of the European Jews. Najważniejszą składową jest tu pojęcie destruction, które odnosi się do zniszczenia, zburzenia, uśmiercenia, ale również zagłady. Zdecydowałem się na to ostatnie z kilku powodów. Po pierwsze, kierowałem się regułami frazeologicznymi języka polskiego. Po drugie, starałem się – odczytując intencje autora – by tytuł streszczał najważniejszą tezę książki oraz jej zakres. Jaka to teza? Hilbergowi chodziło o coś więcej niż samą eksterminację Żydów europejskich, cała narracja została bowiem skonstruowana tak, by pokazać, że fizyczne wymordowanie Żydów jest epilogiem, ostateczną konsekwencją, końcową fazą pewnego procesu, procesu zagłady (destruction process). Obejmuje on – zdaniem autora – wszystkie sfery życia i wszystkie one także ulegają zagładzie, destruction. Jest to proces złożony z faz wynikających jedna z drugiej, przy czym wcześniejsza jest warunkiem każdej następnej. Warunkiem koniecznym.
Treblinka. Reportaż [tłum. i przyp. Karolina Szymaniak, oprac. Monika Polit]
Authors: Auerbach Rachela , Szymaniak Karolina , Polit Monika
Published: November 2020

Rachela Auerbach urodziła się 18 grudnia 1903 r. w Łanowcach na Podolu. Otrzymała polskojęzyczne wychowanie i wykształcenie, ale władała też biegle językiem jidysz. W okresie studiów na lwowskim Uniwersytecie Jana Kazimierza szczególnie zajmowała ją filozofia, historia i psychologia. Znalazła się wśród słuchaczy wykładów profesora Kazimierza Twardowskiego. Należała do Towarzystwa Żydowskich Studentów filozofii UJK. W okresie międzywojennym była jedną z ważnych postaci jidyszystycznego środowiska Lwowa. Redagowała dodatki literackie do gazet codziennych, a także przyczyniła się do powstania pisma „Cusztajer”, gromadzącego na swych łamach galicyjskich twórców piszących w jidysz. W 1933 r. przeniosła się do Warszawy, gdzie aż do wybuchu wojny pracowała jako dziennikarka i krytyczka literacka (pisała między innymi do „Naszego Przeglądu” i do „Literarisze Bleter”) oraz tłumaczka.

Reportaż Racheli Auerbach powstał w 1945 roku. Stanowi zapis wrażeń z wizji lokalnej na terenie byłego obozu śmierci w Treblince. W reportaż o tej ekspedycji, która została przeprowadzona 7 listopada 1945 roku, zostały wplecione obrazy i refleksje dotyczące tego, czym była Treblinka. Chcemy podkreślić, że autorka zajmowała się przesłuchiwaniem świadków i badaniem problematyki obozu śmierci w Treblince już od 1942 roku. Choć jej reportaż ma bardziej literacki niż naukowy charakter, fakty w nim opisane pozostają w zgodzie z dzisiejszym stanem naszych badań dotyczących Treblinki.
Pomaganie skazanym na zagładę jako źródło destrukcji – na podstawie dokumentów osobistych Brandli Siekierkowej
Authors: Kowalska-Leder Justyna
Published: November 2020

Okupacyjny dziennik Brandli Siekierkowej oraz jej pamiętnik z 1949 r. ukazują doświadczenia, które nie mieszczą się w głównych nurtach polskiej narracji historycznej. Autorka po likwidacji getta w Mińsku Mazowieckim w sierpniu 1942 r. znalazła wraz z mężem i dwoma synami schronienie we wsi Żwirówka, w gospodarstwie rodziny Bylickich. Jej świadectwa odsłaniają nieheroiczny wymiar długotrwałej i bezinteresownej pomocy, która zrodziła wzajemną niechęć obu stron. Nie wpisują się ani w „jasny” schemat narracji o Sprawiedliwych i ich podopiecznych, ani w model „obrzeży Holokaustu”, gdzie Polacy krzywdzą Żydów. Za sprawą notatek Brandli zyskujemy wgląd w obszar sytuujący się pomiędzy tymi dwoma typami narracji o polsko-żydowskiej przeszłości
Łucja Pawlicka-Nowak (1938–2020) – badaczka Zagłady, prekursorka archeologii miejsc pamięci
Authors: Nowicki Przemysław
Published: November 2020

Zmarła 27 lutego 2020 r. w Koninie Łucja Pawlicka-Nowak, archeolożka i historyczka Zagłady w Kraju Warty, była prekursorką badań archeologicznych na terenach po byłym niemieckim obozie zagłady Kulmhof w Chełmnie nad Nerem, pierwszym zorganizowanym miejscu uśmiercenia Żydów na polskich ziemiach wcielonych do Trzeciej Rzeszy. Wyznaczała trendy w nowej dziedzinie archeologii historycznej – archeologii totalitaryzmu – na długo przed pracami badawczymi archeologów, historyków drugiej wojny światowej i prokuratorów w podobnych miejscach pamięci – na terenach poobozowych w Bełżcu i Sobiborze.
Toruńskie Yad Vashem
Authors: Podbielska Alicja
Published: November 2020

Autorka artykułu analizuje otwarty w sierpniu 2020 r. w Toruniu przez Fundację „Lux Veritatis” Park Pamięci Narodowej „Zachowali się jak trzeba”, dedykowany Polakom ratującym Żydów. Przygląda się temu projektowi na tle innych inicjatyw Tadeusza Rydzyka związanych z pamięcią o polskiej pomocy oraz roli toruńskich mediów w szerzeniu treści antysemickich. Zwraca m.in. uwagę na wyolbrzymianie liczby ratujących i ratowanych, symboliczne łączenie Sprawiedliwych z tzw. żołnierzami wyklętymi oraz podkreślanie roli Polaków jako ofiar przy jednoczesnym braku upamiętnienia Zagłady. Pokazuje, w jaki sposób toruński park forsuje narrację o Polakach katolikach jako narodzie ratujących
Przedziały śmierci. O książce Jana Grabowskiego, "Na posterunku. Udział polskiej policji granatowej i kryminalnej w zagładzie Żydów"
Authors: Tokarska-Bakir Joanna
Published: November 2020

W kontekście badań nad masowymi zbrodniami Abrama de Swaana, podsumowanych w jego monografii The Killing Compartments. The Mentality of Mass Murder,(2015), artykuł omawia problematykę granatowej policji w ujęciu Jana Grabowskiego z książki Na posterunku. Udział polskiej policji granatowej i kryminalnej w zagładzie Żydów (2020)
Nieznane opracowanie: Waldemar Szulc, „Chełmno nad Nerem (Kulmhof). Hitlerowski obóz natychmiastowej zagłady”
Authors: Litka Piotr , Lorek Zdzisław , Pawlikowski Grzegorz
Published: November 2020

Opracowanie Waldemara Szulca to nieznany i dotychczas niepublikowany dokument na temat ośrodka śmierci Kulmhof. Dokument został napisany przez naocznego świadka Waldemara Szulca, który przebywał w najbliższej okolicy ośrodka w ostatnich miesiącach jego funkcjonowania. Opracowanie zostało udostępnione przez syna Waldemara Szulca dopiero w 2020 r.
Jankiew Pat. „Żydowski brat z ziemi amerykańskiej, który jest też polskim Żydem”
Authors: Polit Monika
Published: November 2020

Prezentowany reportaż Jankiewa Pata jest poświęcony działalności Centralnej Żydowskiej Komisji Historycznej, dokumentującej zagładę polskich Żydów – wtedy pod kierownictwem Filipa Friedmana. Autor, przed wojną działacz Centralnej Żydowskiej Organizacji Szkolnej i Bundu, był uzdolnionym literacko dziennikarzem, odbywającym liczne podróże służbowe. W 1938 r. znalazł się w Stanach Zjednoczonych, by zabiegać o pomoc materialną na rzecz szkolnictwa w jidysz w Polsce. Ponieważ nie udało mu się opuścić USA przed wybuchem wojny, związał się z antynazistowskim Żydowskim Komitetem Robotniczym (Jewish Labor Committee). Działał tam także po wojnie. Jako przedstawiciel Komitetu przybył do Polski w 1946 r., by zebrać informacje o stanie żydostwa polskiego oraz udzielić wsparcia finansowego ocalałym i reprezentującym ich instytucjom
„Podczas wojny przebywał w łódzkim getcie”. Portret architekta Ignacego Gutmana
Authors: Król Joanna
Published: November 2020

Artykuł przedstawia Ignacego Gutmana (1900–1972), inżyniera architekta, autora licznych projektów domów mieszkalnych i budynków użyteczności publicznej w Łodzi. Gutman przeżył pięć lat drugiej wojny światowej w getcie łódzkim. Był kierownikiem Wydziału Budowlanego. Wyrysował pierwszy plan getta i zaprojektował banknoty używane w getcie. Po wojnie zeznawał w procesie Hansa Biebowa, niemieckiego zarządcy getta. W 1947 r., na skutek donosu, został oskarżony o przestępstwa wobec ogółu żydowskiego, którym stanowczo zaprzeczył. Jego życiorys został zrekonstruowany na podstawie zeznań sądowych, dokumentów emigracyjnych, archiwum domowego Gutmanów i wywiadów historii mówionej
Miasto po Zagładzie. Dzielnica żydowska w Lublinie i jej upamiętnienia
Authors: Kubiszyn Marta , Zętar Joanna
Published: November 2020

W czasie drugiej wojny światowej częściowej lub całkowitej destrukcji uległa struktura urbanistyczna oraz tkanka architektoniczna wielu dzielnic żydowskich w Polsce i w innych krajach europejskich. Po 1989 r. w ramach działań na rzecz przywracania pamięci o wymordowanych Żydach zaczęto podejmować działania ukierunkowane z jednej strony na restaurację zabudowy dawnych dzielnic żydowskich celem wykorzystania ich jako elementu oferty turystycznej, z drugiej zaś – niekomercyjne projekty artystyczne i edukacyjne służące upamiętnianiu. W prezentowanym artykule zagadnienia te stanowią tło dla przedstawienia powojennych dziejów lubelskiej dzielnicy żydowskiej na Podzamczu obejmujących zniszczenie historycznej zabudowy w latach 1942–1954, realizację nowej struktury przestrzenno-urbanistycznej w 1954 r. oraz podejmowane – począwszy od lat osiemdziesiątych – działania upamiętniające lubelskich Żydów i Zagładę w przestrzeni dawnej dzielnicy
A Testimony of Silence… Interview with Jerzy Lewiński, a former functionary of the Order Service in the Warsaw ghetto
Authors: Koźmińska-Frejlak Ewa
Published: November 2020

Jerzy Lewiński was born at the beginning of the previous century (in 1911) in a family of assimilated Jews. Not only did he witness the most important events of that century, but he participated in a number of them as well. The youngest of five siblings, he had two step-sisters and a step-brother, from his father’s (Kopel–Kacper) first marriage and brother Adolf (mother Frajndla–Franciszka). Initially, he lived in the city of Turek, from where he moved to Warsaw in 1922, after the tragic death of his father (murdered in 1920 by his business partner). Here, in 1933, he graduated from law school of Warsaw University. During his studies, he left for several months for a scholarship at the École Superieure Politique in Paris. After completing his studies in September 1934, he was referred to the Cadet School in Częstochowa and completed it a year later as a reserve officer cadet. He passed his final exam before the military commission headed by Stanisław Władysław Maczek (the certified colonel). Following his release from military service, Lewiński moved to Łódź, where he completed judge’s training in the Łódź District Court. He also started his advocate’s training there in 1937.
Ensinar e aprender geografia com/nas redes sociais
Authors: Tonetto Élida Pasini , Tonini Ivaine Maria
Published: November 2020

Este estudo trata de refletir sobre as potencialidades/operacionalidades das práticas pedagógicas da Geografia na apropriação das redes sociais online. Para isso, analisamos possíveis potencialidades oferecidas pelas redes sociais online para a Geografia e como podem ser operacionalizadas nas práticas pedagógicas com as redes sociais online seu ensino e, também, pensar como elas podem contribuir para ensinar e aprender com mais significância Geografia. Os fios teóricos da pesquisa estão tramados no entendimento de aprendizagem online para emaranhar os conceitos de espaço e ciberespaço, transitando por dois locais fundamentais: o da escola e o das redes. A abordagem metodológica é construída nas trilhas das pesquisas pós-críticas em educação, onde o Facebook é o lócus para analisar as novas formas de comunicar que subjetivam os sujeitos e engendram novos formatos de ensinagem. Os resultados apontam diferentes potencialidades e operacionalidades das redes sociais online, mas que não representam apenas o uso da técnica em sala de aula, mas sim como parte da agenda de busca pela construção de processos de aprendizagens significativos em Geografia, através das redes sociais, que representam uma forma contemporânea de comunicar/interagir presente no cotidiano dos alunos.
Del pensamiento espacial al conocimiento geográfico a través del aprendizaje activo con tecnologías de la información geográfica
Authors: González Rafael de Miguel
Published: November 2020

Las nuevas tecnologías de la información geográfica suponen enormes ventajas para la enseñanza y el aprendizaje de la Geografía en las etapas escolares de la Educación Secundaria. A pesar de su escasa consideración en el currículo y en los libros de texto, su uso es creciente por los profesores de Geografía en la educación secundaria de todo el mundo. En sistemas educativos anglosajones ha quedado demostrado la efectividad de las tecnologías geoespaciales, en escritorio y on-line, no sólo para el aprendizaje escolar de una disciplina científica como es la Geografía, sino especialmente para el desarrollo y la formación del pensamiento espacial, y para la adquisición de la competencia en ciudadanía espacial, por medio de la aplicación de metodologías de aprendizaje activas. Las tecnologías geoespaciales resultan muy atractivas y motivadoras para el alumno, pero sobre todo permiten que éste ejercite procedimientos y habilidades propias de la información geográfica a partir de estrategias didácticas basadas en el aprendizaje por descubrimiento.
Freedom Indices and Capital Asset Pricing Model: Some Malaysian Evidence
Authors: Tay Lee Ying , Rasiah Devinaga , Lai Ming Ming
Published: November 2020

Human rights and fundamental freedoms such as economic, political, and press freedoms vary widely from country to country. It creates opportunity and risk in investment decisions. Thus, this study is carried out to examine if the explanatory power of the model for capital asset pricing could be improved when these human rights movement indices are included in the model. The sample for this study comprises of 495 stocks listed in Bursa Malaysia, covering the sampling period from 2003 to 2013. The model applied in this study employed the pooled ordinary least square regression estimation. In addition, the robustness of the model is tested by using firm size as a controlled variable. The findings show that market beta as well as the economic and press freedom indices could explain the cross-sectional stock returns of the Malaysian stock market. By controlling the firm size, it adds marginally to the explanation of the extended CAP model which incorporated economic, political, and press freedom indices.
The Nexus of Economic Growth, Education, Fertility Rate and Female Labour Supply: Empirical Evidence in Malaysia
Authors: Goh Han Hwa , Macharagai Vishalini , Thai Siew Bee , Teh Boon Heng , Ong Tze San
Published: November 2020

Malaysia, a fast-growing developing country in Asia, has envisioned Shared Prosperity Vision 2030 to become a developed economy with high income via sustainable and inclusive economic growth by the year 2030. To accomplish this vision, female labour participation is needed as the female population constitutes almost half of Malaysia’s total population. However, female labour participation rate is way lower than Malaysia’s overall labour force participation rate.The relatively low female labour participation rate can be a barrier to Malaysia’s economic development and thus the realization of its goal of a high income nation.Therefore, this paper makes an attempt to examine empirically the long-run causal association among female labour force participation, economic growth, education, and fertility rate. The interrelationships among the variables are examined using the bounds test and Toda-Yamamoto granger non-causality methodology. The result of the study indicates a strong evidence of long-run relationship among the variables. Besides, we have found a significant inverted-U-shaped association linking the female labour force participation to the economic growth in Malaysia. The results of Granger causality tests further confirm that there is a strong evidence of bidirectional causality from education to economic growth as well as female labour participation. Besides, the results also show significant unidirectional causality from female labour force participation and fertility to economic growth.
Dynamic model of speed control through ring gears in a device with a multistage gear differentials and closed-loop hydraulic systems
Authors: Strilets O.
Published: November 2020

The dynamic processes in the device for speed control with multistage gear differential and closed-loop hydraulic systems through ring gears have been studied for case when the leading link is the sun gear of the first stage, and the driven is a carrier of the last stage. For such a device, the equation of kinetic energy has been compiled and the dynamics equations have been obtained by the Lagrange method, which have been solved. The obtained results are the basis for further computer simulation on and quantitative analysis to assess the performance of such devices and select the necessary closed-loop hydraulic systems to control speed changes.
Failed language predictions: history giving lessons
Authors:   O. O. Potebnia Institute of Linguistics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Selihey P. O. 
Published: November 2020

The external history of individual languages shows attempts to predict their future. Time has shown that these predictions were both true and false. The article on the material of some languages analyzes what exactly predicted them in the past and what happened to them later. For example, in 16–17th centuries English was perceived as «backward» and «peasant», which should give way to a more perfect Latin. In the middle of the 20th century the Russian language was foretold the status of a world language after the victory of communism throughout the world. Quite often predictions about the near death of languages experiencing linguicide turned out to be false. Fr. Engels predicted the disappearance of «small» Slavic peoples and their languages (Czechs, Slovaks, Croats, Slovenes). In the 18th century, the Swedish administration predicted the rapid disappearance of the «hopeless» Finnish language. Sometimes optimistic forecasts were not confirmed either. At one time, nobody could foresee the rapid decline of Yiddish. As a result of the Nazi Holocaust and the subsequent assimilation of the Jews, the demographic power of this language decreased by more than 20 times. At the same time, Hebrew has unexpectedly overcome the opposite path during the incomplete century: from a half dead book language to a universal means of communication in all communicative spheres. The history of the Ukrainian language abounds with predictions of its imminent decline. The respective forecasts were given not only by assimilators, but also by native speakers. Thus, in the 19th century one of the motives for compiling grammar and dictionaries was the fear that in the future it would be impossible to do so, as the language is doomed to death. From chauvinistic point of view the Ukrainian language was perceived as unviable, which served as a basis for administrative oppressions and prohibitions. The misconceptions about its futility and near death existed in fact until the end of the 20th century. Unfulfilled predictions about the decline of languages give reason to formulate a recommendation: even if the language is subject to linguicide, it is not necessary to be pessimistic and to lose heart. The belief in a better future, the position «not to give up under any circumstances», the guide to an uncompromising fight for the language is practically expedient and psychologically advantageous. The second conclusion: there are still no reliable forecasting methods in linguistics. This is a big gap, because, apart from cognitive function, science must also have a predictive function. Prediction of the future of the language should become a topical task of modern linguistics.
Constellation names in Ukrainian translations of the Bible
Authors:   Odesa National Polytechnical University, Fomina L. F.
Published: November 2020

The article explores the names of The Great Bear, Orion and the star constellation of Pleiades in the eight full translations of the Bible into the Ukrainian language of XIX–XXI c. Besides the Introduction and the Brief summary of the Ukrainian translations history, the article is made up of three sections. In the first section we analyze the ancient Hebrew names, such as Ash, Kima and Kesil, which are found in the translation by Patriarch Philaret (Denysenko) of the Synodic Bible (1876), and also in the New World Translation, made by the religious society “Jehovah’s Witnesses”. The second chapter focuses on the folk Ukrainian names, also typical for the whole Slavic world, such as Viz, Volosozhar, Kvochka, Kosari, used in the first full translation of the Bible into Ukrainian — Kulish᾽s Bible, which, by its authority, has created a certain tradition, proclaiming the authenticity and comprehensiveness of the Ukrainian language, and has become the standard, later followed by Ivan Ogiyenko and Ivan Khomenko. The third section is dedicated to such Graecisms as Pleiads, Orion, Arcturus, being equivalents for the nominations, presented in the protograph Septuaginta, found in the translation by Father Raphael. The author comes to the conclusion that all the translators in their clerical work aimed to make the astronomic names available and understandable to the orthodox reader of the biblical texts, but for each period of time this aim was achieved differently: if for the XIX century such understandable ones were folk names, in XX and XXI centuries they have been forgotten and replaced by the more familiar Greek-originated and common The Great Bear, Orion and Pleiads. This concerns also the translation of the Ostrog Bible, whose astronomic names had been formed in the times of the first Slavic enlighteners Cyril and Methodius and have become too archaic for our times. The author states that different ethno-cultures have been reflected in the astronomical names: Judaic cosmonymy is more of the anthropomorphic character, while Slavic, including the Ukrainian one, reflects the villatic view to the world and the sky of stars.
Serhii Yefremov аnd the Commission of the Dictionary of the Living Ukrainian Language in the case of the Union of Liberation of Ukraine (ULU)
Authors:   Institute of the Ukrainian Language of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Tyshchenko K. M.
Published: November 2020

The article focuses on the work of the Living Ukrainian Dictionary Commission in the case through the prism of the case ULU (the Union of Liberation of Ukraine), through personalities of authors of Dictionary as participants of the process. Exactly this academic group in the Institute of Ukrainian Scientific Language Science Academy of Ukrainе was «appointed» as the center of ULU in the Academy, and Serhii Yefremov — as the head of the «hostile» organization. In the context of research of the RUD it is expedient to study lingual and linguistic, extralingual and extralinguistic factors, the conditions in which the national identity of the Ukrainian lexicography of the early twentieth century was formed. In the declassified archives of the Security Service of Ukraine, materials of the process of ULU are stored, among which there are cases of three members of the Living Ukrainian Dictionary Commission: H. Holoskevych, A. Nikovskiy, V. Hantsov and S. Yefremov. This article will discuss the Living Ukrainian Dictionary Commission through the prism of the case Serhii Yefremov. It was found out that the tasks of the Commission formulated by S. Yefremov — the national direction of scientific activity, involvement of skilled workers, formation of the Ukrainian scientific terminology on a specific basis — in cases were qualified as political activity of ULU. It was once again confirmed: to be an enemy to the Soviet power, it was enough merely to love nation and have the dignity to work for her self-affirmation. To the 100-th anniversary of the beginning of work on the academic «Russian- Ukrainian dictionary» edited by А. Crimskiy and S. Yefremov 1924–1933 (RUD).
Metalinguistic reflections and discourse practices of Central Ukraine residents
Authors:   Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Germany, Palinska O. M. 
Published: November 2020

The article dwells upon the metalinguistic reflections of the inhabitants of Central Ukraine, who use in their everyday communication Ukrainian and Russian languages, as well as Ukrainian-Russian mixed speech (URMS). Based on a closed-ended questionnaire, as well as open-ended semi-structured interviews (a research project of the University of Oldenburg in 2014), I studied both implicit (self-translations) and explicit (characteristics in the categories of ‟own / foreign”, reflections on language codes) metalinguistic reflections. The speakers self-translate into Ukrainian and Russian almost equally (though with some predominance in favour of Russian). There is a statistically significant correlation between the direction of self-translations and some socio-demographic parameters of the respondents, namely: region, first language, age group, type of settlement where the respondents live, education level. The gender of the respondents, the subcorpus (semiformal interviews or informal family conversations), as well as the type of the settlement where the respondents have grown up, do not show a statistically significant correlation with the direction of self-translations. The respondents mostly refer to the URMS as ‟their” language code (‟po-našomu”), contrasting it with other regional substandards or dialects, or even standard languages – Ukrainian and Russian (‟po-jixn’omu”), rarely – structurally more distant foreign languages (‟ne po-našomu”). The statements about the URMS are dominated by a positive attitude to the mixed variety, which is explained by its convenience, familiarity, and ease of use. The analysis of both the closed-ended survey and the open-ended interviews demonstrated that the respondents mostly consider the URMS as a variant of the Ukrainian language, focusing on its vocabulary, less often on its morphological or phonetic features.
The informal anthroponym Петръ Гоугнивыи. 1.
Authors:   National Aviation University, Mezhzherina H. V.
Published: November 2020

Article is devoted to finding out the motivational basis, reconstruction of reference connections, denotative features of an unofficial anthroponym Петръ Гоугнивыи available in the original and translated East Slavic written monuments (the Lavrenty chronicle, «Chronicle of George Amartol», «Old Slavonic Kormchaia of 14 titles» etc.). The anthroponym belongs to two people — Patriarch Peter ІІІ of Alexandria V century (Πέτρος Μογγός) and the «chronicle» Roman heresiarch ІХ century. It is assumed that Peter ІІІ got an unofficial name among the Monophysites during his lifetime. It is proved that the transition from the assessment of a person by physical disabilities to religious and ethical assessment, from the meaning ‛who has a hoarse, vague voice’ to the meaning ‛heretic’ reflected in the internal form of the unofficial proprial name Μογγός and its translation equivalent Гоугнивыи. The use of an informal anthroponym in written monuments after the thirteenth century has been traced in connection with reconstruction of denotative features of an unofficial anthroponym Петръ Гоугнивыи. A number of discussion issues were considered, including the origin of «Philosopher’s Speech», time of inclusion of the legend of Петръ Гоугнивыи in the chronicle, fact of existence of Pope ІХ century by name Петръ Гоугнивыи, ethnic roots of the heresiarch, etc. It was shown that Peter Huhnyvyy introduced into the Catholic faith a heretical teaching focused on pagan and Jewish dogmas. Denotation of second component in an unofficial name Петръ Гоугнивыи includes characteristics that appeared at rethinking the original semantics of Indo-European root *gou‑(n‑) and its continuants. Semantics of dissatisfaction, mockery, disrespect developed in East Slavic derivatives. The transition to cultural semantics has already taken place in a word-forming nest with a root ‑гоу(г)‑ at a time when the legend of Peter Huhnyvyy was included in the chronicle article * 988. The ethnocultural denotative components which are included in the content of the anthroponym Петръ Гоугнивыи, in its entirety coincide with the semantic structure of the word heretic. Combination of linguistic analysis with historical and cultural analysis, taking into account historical facts and information contained in apocryphal legends and scientific versions, gives reason to believe that the «chronicle» Peter Huhnyvyy was the real historical person.
Methodical approaches to assessment of the capability of biochemical decomposition of polymeric materials and their wastes
Authors: Snoz S.V. , Smerdova L.М. , Prokopenko L.O. , Bobyliova O.O.
Published: November 2020

Actuality. The urgency of the topic is due to the fact that recently the problem of environmental safety in connection with the generation of large quantities of waste has become particularly acute. A separate aspect of this problem is the accumulation of polymeric material wastes, in particular packaging and packaging waste. Preventing packaging and packaging waste with a view to ensuring a high level of protection of the environment and human health is a major goal of regulation in the field of packaging and packaging management, both nationally and internationally.

Materials and Methods.The purpose of the work is to analyze the existing requirements for packaging and its waste in the EU and Ukraine and to systematize the methods used in the process of evaluation and certification of polymeric packaging according to biodegradation criteria.

It is stated that the manufacture of packaging must be carried out in such a way that the level of toxic and other harmful substances and materials that are components or components of the packaging is minimized. Packaging to be recovered through energy recovery must have the minimum required calorific value for energy recovery. Organic recovery packaging should be characterized by its ability to decompose under the influence of microorganisms, which should not interfere with its separate collection. The use of biodegradable materials for packaging and packaging is a new step in the field of packaging and packaging waste management, which will prevent waste generation. The characteristic of the main types of biodegradable polymeric materials is given.

DSTU EN 13432: 2015 “Packaging. Requirements for packaging recoverable through composting and biodegradation. Test scheme and evaluation criteria for the final acceptance of packaging» and DSTU EN 14995: 2018 «Plastics. Evaluation of compostability. Test scheme and specifications”, which sets out the basic requirements and procedures for determining the biodegradability of packaging and packaging materials, which will allow the assessment and certification of packaging according to biodegradation criteria both for the internal market and for export.

Conclusions. The introduction of methods and test schemes for assessing the biochemical degradation capacity of packaging will accelerate the introduction of biodegradable materials in the consumer market of Ukraine, reduce the total amount of packaging and packaging waste, and help meet the goals set by the 2030 National Waste Management Plan.

Key Words: packaging waste, EU Directives, biopolymer materials, biodegradability, methods for determining biodegradation.
Diet and food ontogeny of the lizard Tupinambis matipu Silva et al. 2018 (Squamata: Teiidae) in Central Brazil
Authors: Silva Odair Diogo da , Costa Thatiane Martins da , Silva-Alves Vancleber Divino , Fermiano Eder Correa , Seba Mariany de Fatima Rocha , Nogueira Olinda Maíra , Mudrek Jessica Rhaiza , Barbosa Ana Paula Dalbem , Gusmão Almério Câmara , Muniz Claumir César , Carniello Maria Antônia , Santos-Filho Manoel dos , Silva Dionei José da
Published: November 2020

The tegus are generalists lizards that use large amounts of prey in its diet, providing environmental services as a biological controller and seed disperser, which reveals how important diet studies are to understand ecological relationships related to a particular species. So the objective of this study was to analyze diet and food ontogeny of T. matipu, investigating changes in the pattern and composition of food items in different age classes and how the species shares its intraspecific niche. The captured specimens had the contents of their digestive tracts were analysed qualitatively and quantitatively. Our results indicate that T. matipu is a generalist lizard, consuming many food items, which fruits are the most important item in its diet. However, the species uses food resources in different importance proportions, according to its age class. Fruit consumption tends to increase and arthropods consumption decline as the age class increase. Thus, T. matipu performs an intraspecific sharing of feeding niche between the age classes and constitutes potential seed dispersers in its populations distributed along the Upper Course of the Paraguai River.
Sintomas depressivos estão independentemente associados à cirrose em indivíduos não tratados com hepatite C crônica
Authors: Pott Junior Henrique , Pott Eveline Tonelotto Barbosa , Moretto Rita , Senise Jorge Figueiredo , Castelo Adauto
Published: November 2020

Objetivos: A depressão tem se mostrado um importante problema de saúde pública e é frequentemente relatada em pessoas com hepatite C crônica (HCC). No entanto, pouco se sabe sobre o papel da fibrose hepática na predição de sintomas depressivos em pacientes não tratados. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os sintomas depressivos entre pacientes não tratados com HCV e explorar sua associação com a fibrose hepática. Métodos: Um estudo transversal com escore de propensão combinado foi conduzido em 154 indivíduos com HCC. A depressão foi definida como uma pontuação maior que 11 pontos para a sintomatologia da depressão no Inventário de Depressão de Beck-II. Resultados: A prevalência global de sintomas depressivos foi de 42,9%, afetando predominantemente indivíduos do sexo feminino, com idade ≥ 45 anos, que apresentavam menor escolaridade geral, e sem história de uso atual ou prévio de antidepressivos ou ansiolíticos. A pontuação média do BDI-II foi 6 (IQR, 3 - 16) e 12 (IQR, 6 - 19) para o grupo não cirrótico e cirrótico, respectivamente. Os sintomas depressivos foram mais frequentes em indivíduos cirróticos compensados ​​do que em indivíduos não cirróticos, apesar do controle de uma série de variáveis ​​demográficas e condições associadas. Conclusões: Indivíduos não tratados com HCV apresentam elevada prevalência de sintomas depressivos. Isso é especialmente relevante entre aqueles com cirrose e deve aumentar a conscientização sobre essa condição para os profissionais de saúde.
Qualidade de sementes de quiabo produzidas sob diferentes lâminas de irrigação
Authors: Santos Evaldo Alves dos , Vale Luís Sérgio Rodrigues , Oliveira Henrique Fonseca Elias de , Miranda Tamires Martins , Mello Carlos Eduardo Leite , Souza Anderson Dias Vaz de , Leal Vanessa Nunes
Published: November 2020

A análise do vigor de semente tem se destacado por permitir maior precisão, padronização, objetividade e velocidade na avaliação do potencial fisiológico de sementes. A variação da lâmina de irrigação na planta, pode levar a resultados expressivos na obtenção de produto de qualidade superior. A população final desta cultura em campo é diretamente proporcional à taxa de germinação das sementes. Neste sentido, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade de sementes de quiabo Santa Cruz e Speedy produzidas sob diferentes lâminas de irrigação. O delineamento foi em blocos casualizados com fatorial de 5 x 2 (cinco lâminas de irrigação: 25, 50, 75, 100 e 125% da ETc e duas cultivares de quiabo: Santa Cruz e Speedy) e quatro repetições. Aos 70 dias após a antese os frutos foram colhidos e as sementes extraídas e realizados os testes grau de umidade, pureza varietal, massa de mil sementes, teste de envelhecimento acelerado, teste padrão de germinação e condutividade elétrica de sementes. Com o aumento das lâminas de irrigação houve menor germinação de sementes para as duas cultivares de quiabo. As lâminas de irrigação de 100 e 125 da ETc proporcionaram menor condutividade elétrica das sementes para as duas cultivares de quiabo. Maiores lâminas indicam maior rigidez do tegumento das sementes.  A cultivar de quiabo Speedy respondeu com aumento do Grau de umidade das sementes e da Massa de mil sementes até a lâmina de 75% da ETc.
Aplicação da escala de Braden na avaliação dos riscos de lesão por pressão em uma Unidade de Terapia Intensiva
Authors: Lima Rayra Mass Lucena de Sena , Moura Micheline Veras de , Matos Johnata da Cruz , Walter Karla Cristina , Oliveira Aliete Cristina Gomes Dias Pedrosa da Cunha , Araújo Verbena Santos , Cavalcante Eliane Santos , Nunes Vilani Medeiros de Araújo , Mesquita Emily Kathiene Silva de , Silva Michel Siqueira da
Published: November 2020

Objetivo: Contribuir para pesquisa em saúde e em enfermagem, ao analisar a incidência de lesões por pressão em uma UTI, correlacionando-a com os escores obtidos na Escala de Braden. Método: Trata-se de um estudo quantitativo-descritivo, de caráter retrospectivo realizado através de levantamento de dados secundários dos prontuários de pacientes internados em uma UTI adulto de um hospital público da Cidade de Natal/RN. A amostra do estudo foi composta por 177 pacientes internados na UTI no período de março a dezembro do ano de 2019. A análise dos resultados obtidos foi processada por intermédio de cálculos estatísticos, colocados em números absolutos e percentuais, da forma que melhor demonstrasse a quantidade amostral. Resultados: Dos 177 pacientes internados, 46,33% eram do sexo feminino e 53,67% pertenciam ao sexo masculino, com média de idade de 65,3(± 16,50) anos. Apenas 7,34% evoluíram para óbito. Referente a incidência de LPP durante a internação, foi constatado uma diferença de 53,67% em homens, comparado a 46,33% de incidência em mulheres. O tempo médio de internação dos pacientes que desenvolveram LPP foi de 14,51 dias e daqueles que não desenvolveram foi de apenas 5,57 dias. Foi identificado que a média dos score da Escala de Braden dos pacientes que adquiriram LPP durante sua internação não apresentaram variação significante quando comparados aos que não desenvolveram LPP. Conclusão: Os resultados permitiram traçar a realidade do serviço estudado, fornecendo subsídios para o planejamento da assistência prestada e intensificando a atenção para os desafios que temos diante da problemática representada pelas LPP.
Life history of the Critically Endangered largetooth sawfish: a compilation of data for population assessment and demographic modelling
Authors: Kyne PM , Oetinger M , Grant MI , Feutry P
Published: November 2020

The largetooth sawfish Pristis pristis is a Critically Endangered, once widespread shark-like ray. The species is now extinct or severely depleted in many former parts of its range and is protected in some other range states where populations persist. The likelihood of collecting substantial new biological information is now low. Here, we review all available life history information on size, age and growth, reproductive biology, and demography as a resource for population assessment and demographic modelling. We also revisit a subset of historical data from the 1970s to examine the maternal size-litter size relationship. All available information on life history is derived from the Indo-West Pacific (i.e. northern Australia) and the Western Atlantic (i.e. Lake Nicaragua-Río San Juan system in Central America) subpopulations. P. pristis reaches a maximum size of at least 705 cm total length (TL), size-at-birth is 72-90 cm TL, female size-at-maturity is reached by 300 cm TL, male size-at-maturity is 280-300 cm TL, age-at-maturity is 8-10 yr, longevity is 30-36 yr, litter size range is 1-20 (mean of 7.3 in Lake Nicaragua), and reproductive periodicity is suspected to be biennial in Lake Nicaragua (Western Atlantic) but annual in Australia (Indo-West Pacific). There was a weak relationship between litter size and maternal size in Lake Nicaragua, and lifetime reproductive output for an individual female from Lake Nicaragua was estimated as 73 pups. Future demographic models should aim to capture the variability and uncertainty in life history parameters for P. pristis and we encourage a conservative approach to any application for conservation and management.
Occupancy and population density estimates of the Amazonian manatee in eastern Ecuador
Authors: Narváez Ruano V , Utreras B V , Zapata-Ríos G
Published: November 2020

The Amazonian manateeTrichechus inunguishas been categorized as Vulnerable by the IUCN. There have been few studies on the species in its natural habitats due to its elusive nature and the low visibility of its aquatic habitats. Understanding the conservation status of Amazonian manatees, as well as any changes in their population trends and direct threats, is the basis for their management and conservation. Our study was carried out in 2 localities of the Ecuadorian Amazon (Tambococha-Jatuncocha and the Lagarto River), in the provinces of Sucumbíos and Orellana. We surveyed Amazonian manatees along rivers and in lagoons, using fish finder side-scan sonar to increase detectability rates. We estimated encounter rates, population density and occupancy. With a sampling effort of 573 km, we obtained an average encounter rate of 0.90 records 10 km-1and estimated a population density of 1.09 and 0.94 ind. km-2in Tambococha-Jatuncocha and the Lagarto River, respectively. In addition, occupancy rates varied between 0.51 and 0.57, and presence and distribution of the species were associated with distance to humans. The Amazonian manatee population estimates presented here represent a baseline for future research, and additional surveys will be needed to understand population fluctuations over time. An evaluation of population viability in Tambococha-Jatuncocha and the Lagarto River would also be required to determine whether these populations will be able to persist over the long term under different deterministic and stochastic scenarios.
English Language Teachers' Views on Teaching and Assessment of Writing Skills
Authors: Kalay Serdal , Büyükkarcı Kağan
Published: November 2020

This research investigates the techniques used by English language teachers for teaching and assessing writing skills in their classes at secondary school level. In this study, both quantitative and qualitative data collection methods were used. The data were obtained from 97 English language teachers working in public and private secondary schools through two different surveys. The first survey aimed to measure the teaching writing techniques and the second one aimed to investigate the teachers’ assessment techniques for writing. Beside the surveys, 6 randomly selected teachers were interviewed to collect more detailed information. The analysis results of the quantitative data collected through the surveys demonstrated that teachers preferred teacher-centered and direct instruction methods for teaching writing. When it comes to assessment, teachers’ scores were higher in more mechanical, exam-oriented and paper based assessment techniques. The quantitative findings also revealed that gender, teaching experience and the school type do not significantly influence English language teachers’ preferences of teaching and assessment techniques. The qualitative findings of the study revealed that teachers’ choices of teaching and assessing writing techniques were affected by time, lack of motivation, course book contents, lack of in-service training and grading.
Pengaruh Kompensasi Terhadap Kinerja Karyawan Pada PT Gratia Prima Indonesia
Authors: Irnawati Jeni , Samcay Samcay
Published: November 2020

The purpose of this study is to determine whether there is an influence between compensation and employee performance at PT Gratia Prima Indonesia. Compensation is income in the form of money, direct or indirect goods received by employees in return for services rendered to employees. Compensation is one of the important things in a company. With compensation, employees will be compelled to do something to meet their needs. The data analysis technique used in this research is a quantitatively descriptive method by describing the condition of the respondent as well as the description of the research variables in the frequency and percentage tables of the results of questionnaire distribution through data analysis procedures, namely interviews, questionnaires and observations. The results showed that there was a positive and significant effect between compensation on employee performance at PT Gratia Prima Indonesia with a correlation coefficient of 0.833 meaning the effect of compensation on employee performance was STRONGLY related. This refers to table 4.14 that (0.80-1.00) is stated to be very strong. From the calculation of the coefficient of determination obtained a value of 69.39%, while the rest (100% -64.39%) = 30.61% is influenced by other factors. And the results of the formula test then tcount> t-table is 10.82> 2.006 which means H0 is rejected and Ha is accepted, meaning that the Compensation Effect (X) has a significant effect on Employee Performance (Y). Because the results obtained to state that there is a positive and significant effect between compensation on employee performance, these results can provide input or information to PT Gratia Prima Indonesia.
Rutin-Loaded Silver Nanoparticles With Antithrombotic Function
Authors: Wu Haitao , Su Manlin , Jin Hui , Li Xinyu , Wang Puyu , Chen Jingxiao , Chen Jinghua
Published: November 2020

In this paper, we fabricated rutin-loaded silver nanoparticles (Rutin@AgNPs) as the nano-anticoagulant with antithrombotic function. The serum stability, anticoagulation activity, and bleeding risk of Rutin@AgNPs were evaluated. The results showed Rutin@AgNPs had good serum stability, hemocompatibility, and cytocompatibility. The anticoagulation activity of rutin was maintained, and its stability and aqueous solubility were improved. The Rutin@AgNPs could provide a sustained release to prolong the half-life of rutin. The results of the coagulation parameter assay and thrombus formation test in mice model showed that the activated partial thromboplastin time and prothrombin time were prolonged, and Rutin@AgNPs inhibited the thrombosis in the 48 h period. Moreover, the limited bleeding time indicated that the Rutin@AgNPs significantly minimized the hemorrhage risk of rutin. This Rutin@AgNPs is a potential anticoagulant for antithrombotic therapy.