bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
‘I get around’: sadism, desire, and metonymy on the streets of Rome with Horace, Ovid, and Juvenal
Authors: Miller Paul Allen
Published: November 2023

‘How’s a fellow supposed to get around in Rome?’ ‘Where’s the action?’ ‘Nights can be dangerous. Watch out for muggers!’ ‘Things aren’t like they used to be.’ ‘In the good old days, the streets were safe, a man could speak his mind, and sex was easy.’ ‘Even a moral reformer like the princeps should appreciate that.’ Roman elegy and satire are the two urban genres par excellence. Each of them is self-consciously staged in a cityscape. Their pages teem with the life of the urbs aeterna: drunken young men crooning by torch light outside their beloved’s windows and beating up passers-by, dinner parties with exotic dishes and sexual escapades, temples that double as singles bars, and the bustle of the street crowded with slaves, lictors, courtesans, bauds, and pimps. It is no wonder that both formal verse satire and erotic elegy have no precise analogues in the Greek tradition—they are genres that presume both a large cosmopolitan urban environment and a tradition of personal libertas (freedom of speech): a combination not to be found in Athens, Alexandria, Pergamum, or Jerusalem.1 Yet the genres themselves, while they are profoundly related in their urban thematics, their manifest ironic even satirical aims, and their subjective modes of presentation, ultimately portray very diVerent 1 Miller (2005: Introduction).
Holes in the body: sites of abjection in Juvenal’s Rome*
Authors: Larmour David H J
Published: November 2023

I am but a farce, a satire of stability Trivium, ‘SuVocating Sight’ from the album Ascendancy (2005) The Satires of Juvenal have frequently received praise for their vivid depiction of Rome in his era, but what exactly are the sites of Rome presented to us in these poems? Many well-known locations are mentioned en passant throughout the corpus—the Forum (1.128; 2.142; 4.7; 6.58; 7.132; 10.25; 11.50; 16.47), the Capitol (1.116; 6.47–8; 10.65; 14.91), the Campus Martius (2.131–2; 6.153–4, 524–5, 529) and numerous temples1—so that, when these are combined with references to the hills, the Tiber, the Embankment, and the three main roads out of the city (Flaminian, Latin, and Appian), they give a sense of the topographical highlights of the imperial Urbs, both those * I am most grateful to my co-editor, Diana Spencer, for reading various versions of this paper and oVering many helpful comments along the way; I would also like to thank Paul Allen Miller and Donald Lavigne who gave me numerous suggestions for improvements and additions.
The Gates of Janus: Bakhtin and Plutarch’s Roman meta chronotope*
Authors: Banta Jason
Published: November 2023

The erosion of the boundaries between the past and present is a very real concern in many of the articles in this volume. Rome, as a temporal entity, is not easily contained and seeps through the walls that writers and readers of the city have attempted to construct. Plutarch’s formation of an Archaic Roman topography in his biographies of Romulus and Numa is saturated with chronotopal irregularities and problems of temporal seepage. In this article I tackle the narratological strategies which embed the Romulus and Numa ideologically as well as three-dimensionally, in Plutarch’s archaic vistas. These Lives are less about their ostensible subjects than how the tension between the respective agendas of Romulus and Numa creates the backdrop of Archaic Rome. Plutarch utilizes them to create, in Bakhtin’s words, a chronotopicnarrative.1 For Bakhtin, the chronotopeis a speciWc intersection of time and space coordinates in a literary work that are the prime determinants of its generic qualities. According to Pam Morris, at the centre of this chronotopicperception * I would like to thank both Diana Spencer, for her critical and encouraging read of the essay, and David Larmour, for his long-time involvement in this project as well as paving the way for my interest in Plutarch. The essay itself is based on a chapter of my dissertation, ‘Imperium cum Wnibus: Plutarch’s Archaic Roman Chronotope’. Finally, I would like to extend thanks to my dissertation committee, in both its incarnations, for their thoughtful comments. 1 Bakhtin’s theory of the literary chronotopeis enunciated in ‘Forms of Time and the Chronotope in the Novel’ in Bakhtin (1981: 258).
Sizing up Rome, or theorizing the overview*
Authors: Vout Caroline
Published: November 2023

hinc septem dominos uidere montis et totam licet aestimare Romam . . . From here it is possible to see the seven sovereign hills and to gauge the whole of Rome . . . Martial, Epigrams4.64.11–12 Are we as conWdent as Martial about man’s capacity to ‘measure the whole of Rome’? Not just elements of the city. All of her: what she is and what she stands for. Not simply scanning but surveying, so as to gain the knowledge to feel in control. What does it mean to ‘know’ a city anyway, whether Rome, Venice, or Naples? Does each place and people shape our education diVerently, or is there a basic rule-book about being a visitor? For the Classicist, Rome is a special case, even colloquially it is ‘la citta` eterna’. How do we make sense of her shifting landscape and her vast historical sway, capture her essence without fragmentation? * This chapter represents my Wrst foray into a new project on Rome and her hills. I thank Catharine Edwards, David Larmour, Katharina Lorenz, Elizabeth Speller, Diana Spencer, Susanne Turner, and the members of the Classics Department in St Andrews and the Latin seminar in the Institute of Classical Studies, London, for their helpful comments on various aspects. I also thank the anonymous readers. As the bulk of this research was done while at the University of Nottingham, I would like to take this opportunity to thank my Classics colleagues there. This is for them. All translations are from the Loeb Classical Library unless otherwise stated.
Becoming a writer
Authors: Milton John
Published: November 2023

John Milton (1608–1674), poet and polemicist, was born at 6.30 a.m. on Friday 9 December 1608 in the house at the sign of the Spread Eagle, Bread Street, London, and baptized in nearby All Hallows Church on 20 December, the third child of John Milton (1562–1647), and his wife, Sara, née Jefirey (c .1572–1637). The house in Bread Street accommodated the scrivener’s business of Milton’s father, and was also the family home. The most remark- able feature of the domestic life of Milton’s childhood was music: Milton’s father was a composer, and the music that he wrote was designed for performance in private houses, without an audience.
Can Hunter-Gatherers Hear Color?
Authors: Hurley Susan , Noë Alva
Published: November 2023

Philip Pettit (2003) argues that color looks should be explained in terms of manifest powers. He indicates that his view is broadly allied with our own dynamic sensorimotor approach to conscious experience (O‘Regan and Noë 2001a,b,c; Hurley 1998; Hurley and Noë 2003; Noë 2004). Pettit finds support for his view in Ivo Kohler ‘s (1964) report of adaptation to color-distorting goggles. However, a potential objection to Pettit ‘s account of color looks derives from color experiences; this objection has also recently been pressed against our position by Jeffrey Gray (2003).
Conversability and Deliberation
Authors: Ferejohn John
Published: November 2023

Suppose that Congress is to decide whether to enact a statutory scheme, such as, for example, establishing a cabinet department for Homeland Security. Presumably the reasons in favor of the statute would be more or less directed to considerations of welfare or public safety. But the new department may be authorized to behave in ways that may sometimes infringe some people ‘s rights. Whether or not such an agency should be set up and authorized to suspend rights would seem to be a matter of balancing the advancement of a shared interest in public safety against the particular rights violations that such advancement may entail.
Pettit ‘s Molecule
Authors: Waldron Jeremy
Published: November 2023

The most striking thing in Philip Pettit ‘s political philosophy is his attempt to replace the standard liberal conception of negative freedom with a conception of freedom as non-domination, which he associates with the republican rather than the liberal tradition of political thought. Since I first read Pettit ‘s book Republicanism: A Theory of Freedom and Government,1 I have had my doubts about this contrast, and about the appeal of the Pettit ‘s conception. But I never could quite put my finger on these misgivings. Now I think I can.
The Evolution of Morality
Authors: Hinde Robert A
Published: November 2023

The last chapter contained a brief summary of how we gradually assimilate the rules by which we live as we grow up. The moral choices we make, the precepts that govern our behaviour, and the virtues we admire are influenced by the rules incorporated in our personalities as the result of earlier experience. While we feel that we ‘should’ act according to the moral principles and precepts that we have acquired, this begs the question how it has come about that this behaviour and this virtue are to be admired and emulated, and not those. There are really two questions here, one biological/cultural and the other sociological/psychological.
Ethics and Medicine
Authors: Hinde Robert A
Published: November 2023

The development of poisonous gases, nuclear weapons, and other twentieth-century scientific advances has brought the ethical problems associated with research in the physical sciences into prominence only relatively recently. Ethical issues associated with the practice of medicine have been a matter of public concern for millennia and biomedical research, while opening up possibilities for curing previously incurable diseases, is also raising new and important ethical problems. Opinions differ as to whether some of its applications are desirable.
Ethics and Politics
Authors: Hinde Robert A
Published: November 2023

Although politicians are only human, they must take part in momentous decisions affecting the lives of millions. They may even have to decide whether or not their country should go to war, with the inevitable suffering that that will mean both to their own countrymen and women and to the perceived enemy. Most of the decisions they take must be made with inadequate evidence. Dilemmas involving both practical issues and moral principles are intrinsic to the life of most politicians. They raise the question of how politicians justify to themselves the decisions they take.
What Does All This Mean for the Future?
Authors: Hinde Robert A
Published: November 2023

In the early chapters of this book I sketched an approach to understanding the nature of morality that involved asking how moral intuitions develop in individuals, what causes people to decide to act ethically, how morality evolved, and how it functions in the life of individuals and society. As a heuristic device, I focused on two basic propensities, prosociality and selfish assertiveness: both are the product of natural and cultural selection. Prosociality, roughly wanting to do good to at least some others, is as much part of being human as selfish assertiveness.
Syntactic Gradience
Authors: Aarts Bas
Published: November 2023

This is the first exhaustive investigation of gradience in syntax, conceived of as grammatical indeterminacy. It looks at gradience in English word classes, phrases, clauses and constructions, and examines how it may be defined and differentiated. Professor Aarts addresses the tension between linguistic concepts and the continuous phenomena they describe by testing and categorizing grammatical vagueness and indeterminacy. He considers to what extent gradience is a grammatical phenomenon or a by-product of imperfect linguistic description, and makes a series of linked proposals for its theoretical formalization. Bas Aarts draws on, and reviews, work in psychology, philosophy and language from Aristotle to Chomsky., and writes clearly on a fascinating and important aspect of language and cognition. His book will appeal to scholars and graduate students of language and syntactic theory in departments of (English) linguistics, philosophy and cognitive science.
Cartesian Reflections
Authors: Cottingham John
Published: November 2023

John Cottingham explores central areas of Descartes’s rich and wide-ranging philosophical system, including his accounts of thought and language, of freedom and action, of our relationship to the animal domain, and of human morality and the conduct of life. He also examines ways in which his philosophy has been misunderstood. The Cartesian mind-body dualism that is so often attacked is only a part of Descartes’s account of what it is to be a thinking, sentient, human creature, and the way he makes the division between the mental and the physical is considerably more subtle, and philosophically more appealing, than is generally assumed. Although Descartes is often considered to be one of the heralds of our modern secular worldview, the ‘new’ philosophy which he launched retains many links with the ideas of his predecessors, not least in the all-pervasive role it assigns to God (something that is ignored or downplayed by many modern readers); and the character of the Cartesian outlook is multifaceted, sometimes anticipating Enlightenment ideas of human autonomy and independent scientific inquiry, but also sometimes harmonizing with more traditional notions of human nature as created to find fulfilment in harmony with its creator.
Reserved Seats in National Legislatures: A Comparative Approach
Authors: Reynolds Andrew
Published: November 2023

Electoral systems that rely solely on constituencies to elect representatives to the national parliament cannot guarantee proportional representation or even some minimal percentage of seats to ethnic, racial, national, or religious minority groups in the population. Special electoral mechanisms are required if such minority communities are to be assured seats in the legislature. This chapter provides an overview of targeted electoral mechanisms designed to ensure the inclusion in national parliaments of representatives of minority communities.
The Genesis of Grammar
Authors: Heine Bernd , Kuteva Tania
Published: November 2023

This book reconstructs what the earliest grammars might have been and shows how they could have led to the languages of modern humankind. Like other biological phenomena, language cannot be fully understood without reference to its evolution, whether proven or hypothesized," wrote Talmy Givón in 2002. As the languages spoken 8,000 years ago were typologically much the same as they are today and as no direct evidence exists for languages before then, evolutionary linguists are at a disadvantage compared to their counterparts in biology. Bernd Heine and Tania Kuteva seek to overcome this obstacle by combining grammaticalization theory, one of the main methods of historical linguistics, with work in animal communication and human evolution. The questions they address include: do the modern languages derive from one ancestral language or from more than one? What was the structure of language like when it first evolved? And how did the properties associated with modern human languages arise, in particular syntax and the recursive use of language structures? The authors proceed on the assumption that if language evolution is the result of language change then the reconstruction of the former can be explored by deploying the processes involved in the latter. Their measured arguments and crystal-clear exposition will appeal to all those interested in the evolution of language, from advanced undergraduates to linguists, cognitive scientists, human biologists, and archaeologists.
Australian Literature
Authors: Huggan Graham
Published: November 2023

The Oxford Studies in Postcolonial Literatures series offers stimulating and accessible introductions to definitive topics and key genres and regions within the rapidly diversifying field of postcolonial literary studies in English. In a provocative contribution to the series, Graham Huggan presents fresh readings of an outstanding, sometimes deeply unsettling national literature whose writers and readers just as unmistakably belong to the wider world. Australian literature is not the unique province of Australian readers and critics; nor is its exclusive task to provide an internal commentary on changing national concerns. Huggan’s book adopts a transnational approach, motivated by postcolonial interests, in which contemporary ideas taken from postcolonial criticism and critical race theory are productively combined and imaginatively transformed. Rejecting the fashionable view that Australia is not, and never will be, postcolonial, Huggan argues on the contrary that Australian literature, like other settler literatures, requires close attention to postcolonial methods and concerns. A postcolonial approach to Australian literature, he suggests, is more than just a case for a more inclusive nationalism; it also involves a general acknowledgement of the nation’s changed relationship to an increasingly globalized world. As such, the book helps to deprovincialize Australian literary studies. Australian Literature also contributes to debates about the continuing history of racism in Australia-a history in which the nation’s literature has played a constitutive role, as both product and producer of racial tensions and anxieties, nowhere more visible than in the discourse it has produced about race, both within and beyond the national context.
British History
Authors: McCord Norman , Purdue Bill
Published: November 2023

This fully revised and updated edition of Norman McCord’s authoritative introduction to nineteenth century British history has been extended to cover the period up to the outbreak of the First World War in 1914. The nineteenth and early twentieth century saw the transformation of Britain from a predominantly rural to a largely urban society with an economy based upon manufacturing, finance, and trade, and from a society governed mainly by a landed aristocracy to what was increasingly a mass democracy. The authors chart the development of a modern state equipped with a large and expanding bureaucracy, the expansion of overseas territories into one of the world’s greatest empires, and changes in religion, social attitudes, and culture. The book divides the era into four chronological periods, with chapters on the political background, administrative development, and social, economic, and cultural changes in each period. Exploring major themes such as the massive increase in population, the question of class, the scope of state activity, and the development of consumerism, leisure, and entertainment, and including a select bibliography and biographical appendix, this updated new edition provides the ultimate introduction to British history between the end of the Napoleonic Wars and the outbreak of the First World War.
Political Developments 1815–1830
Authors: McCord Norman , Purdue Bill
Published: November 2023

The victory of Britain and its allies and the inauguration of peace did not provide the government and its ministers with easy years to enjoy this triumph. The years of war had not frozen Britain in the context of the early 1790s but had rather seen social and economic pressures and problems subordinated to the war effort even as they became more serious, while the urgent necessity for national unity had divided and made unpatriotic reformist movements amongst the elite and the broader populace. The government was faced with pressing problems: a rising population, a depression in agriculture, which set in soon after the war’s end, major social problems consequent upon economic change and the difficulty of finding work for the soldiers and sailors who were no longer required. Economic and social problems fanned radical discontent.
Economy and Society c.1830–1850
Authors: McCord Norman , Purdue Bill
Published: November 2023

The pace of economic and social change accelerated in the years after 1830, but it is still necessary to be cautious in assessing the transformation which had occurred by mid-century. The concept of the ‘Industrial Revolution’ as a transforming agency in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries has been immensely influential. Repeated demonstrations of its limitations have not succeeded in eradicating the widespread but erroneous belief that Britain was a predominantly industrial nation by 1850.
Blurry Images, Double Vision, and Other Oddities: New Problems for RepresentationaIism?
Authors: Tye Michael
Published: November 2023

Representationalism is a thesis about the phenomenal character of experiences, about their immediate subjective or felt qualities.1 The thesis is sometimes stated as a supervenience claim: necessarily, experiences that are alike in their representational contents are alike in their phenomenal character (Lycan 1996a). In its strong form, representationalism is an identity thesis (Dretske 1995; Tye 1995, 2000). It asserts that phenomenal character is one and the same as representational content that meets certain further conditions. Representationalists are sometimes also content-externalists. The combination of representationalism about phenomenal character with externalism about content yields phenomenal externalism (the view that qualia ain’t in the head).
Experience and Representation
Authors: Levine Joseph
Published: November 2023

Qualia, or phenomenal properties of experience, pose a deep and persistent problem for Materialism. Consider the particular throbbing character of a pain in one’s toe after stubbing it, or the way a gleaming red fire engine looks in the sunlight. In both cases there is a strong intuition that we are enjoying experiences—conscious, mental states—which can be typed by their qualitative character: the throbbing of the pain or the reddish character of the visual experience. In this sense the qualitative character of an experience, a quale, is a property of the experience.
How to Read Your Own Mind: A Cognitive Theory of Self-Consciousness
Authors: Nichols Shaun , Stich Stephen
Published: November 2023

The topic of self-awareness has an impressive philosophical pedigree, and sustained discussion of the topic goes back at least to Descartes. More recently, self-awareness has become a lively issue in the cognitive sciences, thanks largely to the emerging body of work on ‘mind-reading’, the process of attributing mental states to people (and other organisms). During the last fifteen years, the processes underlying mind-reading have been a major focus of attention in cognitive and developmental psychology. Most of this work has been concerned with the processes underlying the attribution of mental states to other people. However, a number of psychologists and philosophers have also proposed accounts of the mechanisms underlying the attribution of mental states to oneself. This process of reading one’s own mind or becoming self-aware will be our primary concern in this chapter.
Consciousness and Cognition: Semiotic Conceptions of Bodies and Minds
Authors: Fetzer James H
Published: November 2023

A comprehensive and complete theory of mentality, including an account of the nature of consciousness and of cognition, would have to include at least the following three ingredients familiar from classical philosophy of mind, namely: a theory of mind, a solution to the mind-body problem, and a resolution of the problem of other minds. This enquiry has the purpose of providing a summary of the theory of minds as sign-using (or ‘semiotic’) systems and to explain how this approach can solve the mind-body problem (by means of a nomological theory of mind-body interaction) and can resolve the problem of other minds (on the basis of epistemic principles supplied by inference to the best explanation).
Therapeutics of the Divine: Healing and Redemption as Mutual Transformation in Hasidism
Authors: wood Roland Little
Published: November 2023

In the last lecture I discussed an ultra-Orthodox Jewish group the Lubavitch Hasidim, emphasizing the ‘tight’ construction of their symbolic and physical world. In this lecture I am less concerned with the physical projections of the individual into a cosmos than with a later development: how the already projected cosmos is now referred back again to the experiential body in practical healing; and how embodiment and representation can be regarded as two contrary processes.
On Generation and Corruption I. 3: Substantial Change and the Problem of Not-Being
Authors: Algra Keimpe
Published: November 2023

My contribution to this book deals with the ‘chapter’ in which Aristotle discusses coming to be simpliciter (simpliciter is the standard rendering of a1rt\ws-). This “chapter’ constitutes a relatively autonomous section of GC book I. To bring this out I provide an overview of its structure and argumentation in Section 1 below. Comments on particular points of detail will be appended here as footnotes. In the three sections that follow (2-4) the discussion wi11 focus on three separate, though interrelated, issues. Section 2 will deal with the problem concerning the referent of ‘not-being simpliciter’ (-ro a1rAws-µ, ov) in GC I. 3. Section 3 will examine how Aristotle’s account in GC I. 3 relates to an analysis found in Physics book I.
Meritocracy
Authors: Cavanagh Matt
Published: November 2023

The aim of the next two parts of the book is to loosen the grip that the ideas of merit and equality have on our thinking in this area, in the hope that other ideas and approaches might then find room to breathe. I take the idea of meritocracy first because, as I noted in the Introduction, it seems to be the default position. By ‘meritocracy’ I mean what most people seem to mean by this word-the view that the best person should always get the job1 But this view is not as simple as it appears: there are, as I also noted in the Introduction, at least two different ways of understanding it, and people are often unclear about which version they believe in. Both versions involve the idea of competition, but they understand it in different ways. On the first way of understanding it, the point of competition is to give everyone a chance to earn the right to a job. On the second way of understanding it, the point is not to create winners and losers, by giving people the chance to earn rewards, but to reveal who the best person is. The best person would still have been the best even if there hadn’t been a competition.
Typology
Authors: Gentilcore David
Published: November 2023

In late 1712 the charlatan Simone Greco wrote to his wife Angela, in Brescia, from his lodgings in Verona. He was in the town with the hopes of setting up his stage from which to sell his Olio di Straccione. Angela ’s reply of 8 December still survives. She thanks him for sending some money and for his interest towards the family, and says that their son is now in the service of Signor Lombardo and that she has paid the rent and purchased a load of firewood. Angela has arranged for a local gentleman to send a testimonial on Simone ’s behalf to the officials of the Veronese Sanità.
The Role of Demonstratives in Action- Explanation
Authors: Campbell John
Published: November 2023

It has often been remarked that perceptual demonstratives have a special role to play in the explanation of action. In ‘The Problem of the Essential Indexical’, Perry discussed the case of a hiker standing in the wilderness, unsure as to which of the mountains he sees is which, and not sure which trail he is looking at. The hiker has a period of deliberation. ‘Then he begins to move along the Mt. Tallac trail. If asked, he would have explained the crucial change in his beliefs this way: “I came to believe that this is the Mt. Tallac trail and that is Gilmore Lake”‘ (Perry 1993: 35).The connection between perceptual demonstratives and action was given a strong formulation by Peacocke, who said that ‘no set of attitudes gives a satisfactory psychological explanation of a person’s acting on a given object unless the content of those attitudes includes a demonstrative mode of presentation of that object’ (Peacocke, 1981: 205-6). This is quite a strong thesis. As it stands, it is open to the point that I can act on the candidate standing in an election by voting against him, or that I can act on you by sending you an e-mail, without a demonstrative mode of presentation being involved at all. But that leaves it open that there may be some more primitive types of action, such as choosing which path to take, or reaching and grasping an object, whose explanation does typically require the use of a demonstrative.
Perception and Agency
Authors: Baldwin Thomas
Published: November 2023

Within the empiricist tradition perception is conceived as essentially passive in comparison with exercise of the active will: Locke writes ‘For in bare naked Perception, the Mind is, for the most part, only passive’.1 According to pragmatists this contrast is overdone and leads to the mistakes of ‘the spectator theory of knowledge’ which are to be corrected by giving due weight to the connections between perception and agency: Dewey writes that ‘Experience, in other words, is a matter of simultaneous doings and sufferings’.2 As ever within philosophy there are truths on both sides of this dispute; the difficult task is to strike the mean.
John Rawls
Authors: Raphael D D
Published: November 2023

John Rawls’s bookA Theory of Justice’has received an enormous amount of attention, probably more than any other twentieth-century work of political philosophy I have not come upon any knowledgeable scholar who has been ready to accept Rawls’s conclusions as a sound view of justice. Yet they all agree that the book is an important one. Why so? Because it uses a novel method and so presents the subject in a new perspective, always a virtue in philosophy.

The novelty does not lie in the basic feature of the method, a hypothetical contract, but in its application. The idea of a social contract is familiar and indeed ancient in political philosophy, having been used to explain and justify political obligation, the citizen’s duty to obey the laws of the state. Rawls’s innovation lies in transferring the idea to explaining the concept of justice. It is true that the earliest use of the idea in philosophical literature occurs in Plato’sRepublic,whose initial subject isdikaiosyne,justice in the wide sense of what is right, and perhaps that suggested to Rawls the possibility of adopting the idea in a new way. Even so, the novelty of his approach is nonetheless striking and stimulating.
Paris 1961: Algerians, State Terror, and Memory
Authors: House Jim , Macmaster Neil
Published: November 2023

The massacre of Algerian demonstrators by the Paris police on the night of 17 October 1961 is one of the most contested events in contemporary French history. This book provides a multi-layered investigation of the repression through a critical examination of newly opened archives, oral sources, the press and contemporary political movements and debates. The roots of violence are traced back to counter-insurgency techniques developed by the French military in North Africa and introduced into Paris to crush the independence movement among Algerian migrant workers. The study shows how and why this event was rapidly expunged from public visibility in France, but was kept alive by immigrant and militant minorities, to resurface in a dramatic form after the 1980s. Through this case-study the authors explore both the dynamics of state terror as well as the complex memorial processes by which these events continue to inform and shape post-colonial society.
Esprit Calvet
Authors: Brockliss L V B
Published: November 2023

Esprit-Claude-Franc, ois Calvet was born in the papal enclave of Avignon on 28 November 1728 at 6 p.m. with two teeth. His father, Claude-Joseph, was 54,a man of some substance in the city living of fa private income in his own house on the Rue Pugelle, which was located in the parish of Sainte-Madeleine, one of the rich quartiers of the city to the west of the Palaisdes Papes. Claude- Joseph (see Ill. 1) had married late, and his only immediate family were two sisters-Claire and Anne (see Fig. 1.1). Calvet’s mother, Marguerite, on the other hand, was only 29 and belonged to a large brood of three brothers and four sisters. She was the daughter of Esprit-Franc, ois d ‘Hugues, and belonged to a family of merchants and lawyers with close links to the city government (see Fig. 1.2). The couple had married three years before on 9 January 1725, and Esprit-Claude-François was their first and only child. The Calvets were a prominent family both in Avignon and Villeneuve-le’s-Avignon, the neighbouring town across the Rhone in the kingdom of France. One Gabriel Calvet had moved to the area from Toulouse in the mid-fifteenth century and his son and heir, Nicolas (died 1512), had had four surviving sons who went on to establish their own separate dynasties. Doubtless capitalizing on the fact that Gabriel was descended from a capitoul of Toulouse, two branches of the family at least established the right to be considered noble. At the turn of the eighteenth century a number of Calvets of Avignon were serving officers in the French army and navy; others were local lawyers and judges.
The Intellectual Milieu
Authors: Brockliss L V B
Published: November 2023

The kernel of Calvet’s intellectual world was formed by a small group of his Avignon neighbours who shared his scientific and aesthetic interests. Although no one else permanently based in the city during Calvet’s life time enjoyed such a prominent place in the Republic of Letters, there was a clutch of minor ‘erudits in his home town whose intellectual interests he had frequently fostered and with whom he regularly dined and conversed. Their number included the painter Jean-Baptiste Pe ‘ ru II, who sculpted Calvet’s bust, the numismatist and antiquarian Pe ‘re Anselme, dean of the church of Saint-Pierre, the printer Jean-Joseph Neil, and several titled aristocrats and their relatives. Among these, the chief were Louis de Berton des Balbes de Quien, Duc de Crillon, and his brother the Abbe ‘ Louis-Athanase, the Marquis de Conceyl, a naturalist, and three bibliophiles: Joseph-François-Xavier de Seytres, Mar- quis de Caumont, whose father had been the leading Avignon ‘erudit in Calvet’s youth; the Marquis de Pe ‘russis; and the Marquis de Cambis-Velleron, famous for his collection of manuscripts.
The Revolutionary Climacteric
Authors: Brockliss L V B
Published: November 2023

A number of Calvet’s immediate circle had been at some time in their lives part of the apparatus of the French state. Some-Bedos, Caylus, Calvie re, Sainte- Croix, and Courtois-had served as officers in the armed forces, Calvie re reaching the rank of lieutenant-ge ‘ne ‘ral. Others-La Tourrette, Saint-Vincens, Ve ‘rone, and D ‘Ennery-were major office-holders, while Pellerin was a civil servant in a Paris ministry and Faujas a local-government official. La Tourr-ette in particular served the state in various ways: he was a councillor at the Lyons cour des monnazes (1749-63), director of the local veterinary school’s botanical garden, director of the town’s ‘ecole de desszn, and a government inspector of books. Caylus and Calvie re had also been close to the centre of power. The former had been a part of a court circle of writers, while the latter had been close to Madame de Pompadour and enjoyed a large government pension of 15,000 livres. The Abbe ‘ de Sade, too, had been a courtier for many years, initially coming to Paris as the representative of the Estates of Languedoç and was equally beholden to the crown for some of his income. Indeed, before the Revolution the only laymen among Calvet’s close correspondents who had no affiliation with the state machine were the merchant Passinges, the lawyer Se ‘guier (who did not practise), and the physicians Roustan, Paul, and Achard.
Conclusion: Enlightenment and the Republic of Letters
Authors: Brockliss L V B
Published: November 2023

This book has been primarily a study of the intellectual hobbies of a small group of self-confessed republicans of letters who chiefly lived in the Rhone valley in the second half of the eighteenth century. The members of the group came from a variety of professional and social backgrounds. what united them was a common interest in antiquities and/or natural history. what gave them a deeper identity as a group was their close relationship (usually maintained by correspondence) with the physician and collector Esprit Calvet of Avignon, who deliberately chose them to be his intellectual companions and frequently introduced them to one another. For this reason, I have dubbed the group Calvet’s web, although this is not a sobriquet that many of his friends and correspondents would have appreciated. The small number of Parisians with whom Calvet was in contact, especially Caylus, would have considered him to be ensnared in their own web; so too would Se ‘guier and, I suspect, La Tourrette; while a number of the Avignon physi-cian’s less visible provincial correspondents had also allowed themselves to be trapped in other correspondence circles.
Introduction
Authors: Hendy David
Published: November 2023

In May 1988 an elderly woman caught a bus from Blackpool to London, marched into Broadcasting House, pulled a revolver from her handbag, and shot at a BBC commissionaire standing in the reception. Her gun turned out to be a replica and her bullets turned out to be blanks. No one was hurt. But it was the cause of her complaint that struck many observers as most worthy of comment: she had been driven to violence, so she said, by her inability to receive Radio Four. Less than a year later another sad tale reached the pages of the newspapers.
September 1967
Authors: Hendy David
Published: November 2023

At ten to midnight on Friday 29 September 1967, the Home Service reached the end of its nightly weather forecast for coastal waters around Britain and went quiet for the very last time. As he sat in his darkened studio in Broadcasting House that night the continuity announcer on duty, David Dunhill, retained a firm sense of decorum in the face of history. But keen listeners would have detected that he was more concerned with the passing of the old than the beginning of the new. ‘This is the end of the Home Service for today and for all days, ‘ he told them, ‘So, goodbye Home Service—two of the best words in the British language.
Reconstruction
Authors: Hendy David
Published: November 2023

‘There is a little civil war seething below the surface of radio. It is between the Mods and the Ancients, between those who see radio as the keeper of traditions that BBC TV has basely surrendered, and those who believe radio can only survive by competing in the modern world of communications and meeting it not only in speed but in style.  ‘ Daily Mail, 16 September 1967 The Home Service ‘s reconstruction began in earnest several years before the excitements of September 1967, with the arrival in 1963 of a new man at the top of Radio determined to tear apart many of Broadcasting House ‘s settled habits.
Three in One
Authors: Hendy David
Published: November 2023

For those still smarting over Broadcasting in the Seventies, Tony Whitby ‘s appointment as the new Controller of Radio Four seemed to rub salt into raw wounds. As one recalled, it looked as though ‘a carnivore had just descended among the herbivores ‘. Their own world—the world of Broadcasting House and of BBC Radio—they saw as ‘having a civilizing mission ‘: ‘residually Christian, something of the navy, of the civil service, of showbiz, something of variety, of the universities—an extraordinary mixture ‘.
Under Siege
Authors: Hendy David
Published: November 2023

November 1978 should have been a moment of triumph for Radio Four, because an exciting rebirth was under way. Across Britain, Boy Scouts called on thousands of homes, marched the occupants towards their radio sets, retuned each dial, and placed a diamond-shaped sticker on the spot marked 1500 metres long wave. Letters landing on doormats were franked with slogans bearing the same magic number.
‘Not Quite Pukka’: Schooling in India and the Acquisition of Racial Status
Authors: Buettner Elizabeth
Published: November 2023

Looking back upon her schooling during the 1930s and 1940s, Hazel Innes Craig described being sent to school in Britain after an early childhood in Calcutta, where her father worked in commerce. The outbreak of the Second World War, however, led to her unexpected return to India, where she remained for the duration of hostilities. Enrolling as a boarder at Mount Hermon School in Darjeeling introduced her to a new racial discourse that reflected perceptions of her schoolmates’ backgrounds: ‘I became familiar with such remarks as “chi-chi” and “fifteen annas” ... the former referring to the sing-song, almost Welsh accent of the “Anglo-Indian” community at large; and the latter a joke for not being quite pukka or 100%, for everyone knew sixteen annas made a rupee.’1 For a child who before the war had experienced what many commentators suggested was the inevitable departure for Britain, going to Mount Hermon not only demonstrated the possibility of other educational paths within India but, more importantly, their complex implications.
Cannabis Britannica
Authors: Mills James H
Published: November 2023

Cannabis Britannica explores the historical origins of the UK’s legislation and regulations on cannabis preparations before 1928. It draws on published and unpublished sources from the seventeenth century onwards from archives in the UK and India to show how the history of cannabis and the British before the twentieth century was bound up with imperialism. James Mills argues that until the 1900s, most of the information and experience gathered by British sources were drawn from colonial contexts as imperial administrators governed and observed populations where use of cannabis was extensive and established. This is most obvious in the 1890s when British anti-opium campaigners in the House of Commons seized on the issue of Government of India excise duties on the cannabis trade in Asia in order to open up another front in their attacks on imperial administration. The result was that cannabis preparations became a matter of concern in Parliament which accordingly established the Indian Hemp Drugs Commission. The story in the twentieth century is of the momentum behind moves to include cannabis substances in domestic law and in international treaties. The latter was a matter of the diplomatic politics of imperialism, as Britain sought to defend its cannabis revenues in India against American and Egyptian interests. The domestic story focuses on the coming together of the police, the media, and the pharmaceutical industry to form misunderstandings of cannabis that forced it onto the Poisons Schedule despite the misgivings of the Home Office and of key medical professionals. The book is the first full history of the origins of the moments when cannabis first became subjected to laws and regulations in Britain.
‘An allusion was made to hemp in the notes appended to the Hague Opium Convention’: The League of Nations and British Legislation, 1912-1928
Authors: Mills James H
Published: November 2023

By 1925 the British parliament was presented with draft legislation relating to cannabis that regulated possession and supply and by 1928 this legislation had been approved and had become law. This was the first British law on cannabis and cannabis products and yet between 1912 and 1928 there was no significant change in the patterns of use of cannabis in British society or British medicine. It remained largely unknown as an intoxicant and was infrequently used in medical practice. It was not therefore developments in domestic drug consumption that had inspired these new restrictions. Rather, and this is the key to understanding the origins of these laws, it was the rise of drugs controls as an international issue that lay behind the new legislation on cannabis in this period, and more specifically it was the politics of the international drug trade that meant that Indian hemp sub- stances became the subject of statutory regulation.
Conclusion: Cannabis and British Government, 1800-1928
Authors: Mills James H
Published: November 2023

Three sets of conclusions may be drawn from this study. The first relates to patterns of use of cannabis. The second is more speculative and regards the usefulness for current debates of the information that British administrators, officials, and observers generated about cannabis in their dealings with it before 1928. The third is perhaps the most important and focuses on the circumstances in which cannabis policy and cannabis laws have been formulated. As regards consumption of cannabis, it is clear that there was very little use of preparations of the plant in the UK in the period 1800-1928. British doctors reported using it infrequently to control pain, swelling, and spasms and the only habitual recreational consumers of the drug in this country were visitors from Asia and Africa who were usually passing through as sailors or itinerant workers. However, this did not mean that the British had no experience of societies where preparations of Indian hemp were common and popular. It was in the empire that British administrators, doctors, and scientists encountered populations and cultures where cannabis substances were resorted to extensively and for a variety of purposes, as medicines, as tonics, and as intoxicants.
Introduction
Authors: Charles-Edwards Thomas
Published: November 2023

One succinct characterization of the period 400-800, namely ‘after Rome’, is both true and false. The period opens as the Roman Empire in the West ceased to exercise power over its British provinces. The implications of that change dominate the history of fifth-century Britain. In a different way they also deeply influenced Ireland and North Britain, beyond Hadrian’s Wall.
Nations and kingdoms: a view from above
Authors: Charles-Edwards Thomas
Published: November 2023

In the late fourth century Roman Britain was subject to major invasions mounted by sea as well as by land. One threat was from Ireland, from people called Scotti by the Romans and perhaps also from a little-known people, the Atacotti. Another was from the Picts to the north of the Firth of Forth. A third was from a people whom Roman historians called ‘Saxons’, but who appear to have included contingents from several peoples along the North Sea coast, from Frisia, Saxony, and the Jutland peninsula.
Latin and the vernacular languages: the creation of a bilingual textual culture
Authors: Orchard Andy
Published: November 2023

The period between the time that the Romans left and the continuing conflicts against the Vikings around 900 proved one of the most fertile and productive in literary and linguistic terms that the British Isles have ever known. A complex nexus of competing influences inspired a rich and fruitful cultural exchange that the repeated introduction of Latin letters and Christian ideas only served to stimulate further; and the shock waves started by the successive importation of literacy and Latin book learning were still being felt as the ninth century drew to a close.
Texts and society
Authors: Stacey Robin Chapman
Published: November 2023

In 709 Bishop Wilfrid of Hexham, formerly of York, died as he had lived: with conspicuous attention to property and to the material wellbeing of his supporters. Shortly before his death, he caused the monastic treasury at Ripon to be formally opened and, in the presence of abbots and other clerical worthies, publicly divided his gold and silver and jewels into four portions.