bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Noninvasive Color Doppler Inspection of Small‐Diameter Vascular Grafts Implanted in Canine Carotid and Femoral Arteries
Authors: Sung Hsing W. , Witzel Thomas H. , Hata Cary , Tu Roger , Quijano Rodolfo C.
Published: August 2009

Abstract: To noninvasively evaluate a small‐diameter vascular graft (approx. 4 mm in diameter) developed for coronary artery bypass application, a state‐of‐the‐art color Doppler flow mapping system was applied to inspect various grafts implanted in 5 canines. The grafts, including Denaflex, Gore‐Tex ePTFE, and Bioflow, were implanted interpositionally in the carotid and femoral arteries. Inspections were conducted with a 5 MHz linear vascular transducer at 6 weeks postimplantation and 12 weeks post‐implantation, immediately prior to retrieval. In the carotid artery position, all 5 Denaflex grafts were patent throughout the implantation period while 2 of the 5 Gore‐Tex grafts were occluded at 6 weeks, and 1 more was occluded at 12 weeks. In the femoral artery position, all 5 Denaflex grafts were patent at 6 weeks; however 2 were occluded at 12 weeks. For the Bioflow grafts at 6 weeks, 3 were patent, and 2 were occluded. The same results were observed at 12 weeks. The color Doppler inspection results indicated a higher patency rate in the carotid artery position than in the femoral artery position. Furthermore, the volumetric flow rate and the wall shear stress measured with the pulsed Doppler in the carotid artery were greater than in the femoral artery. These findings suggest that the hemodynamic “environment” in which the graft was implanted may affect the graft patency rate. The Doppler inspection results obtained at 12 weeks, identical with those observed after retrieval, demonstrated that color Doppler flow mapping is a reliable method to noninvasively inspect blood flow through small‐diameter vascular grafts.
Gas‐Exchange Function of a Preprimed Pediatric Oxygenator Stored for One Year for Emergency Cardiopulmonary Bypass
Authors: Otsu Tetsuro , Terasaki Hidenori , Choi Hyun , Tajiri Akihiko , Okamoto Taisuke , Matsuyama Kumi , Morioka Tohru
Published: August 2009

Abstract: To save priming time and perform more rapid initiation of emergency cardiopulmonary bypass for acute cardiopulmonary failure, an extracorporeal circuit with a hollow‐fiber oxygenator (EL‐2000 for pediatric use; Kurary Co. Ltd., Osaka, Japan) was preprimed, and the gas‐exchange function was evaluated after 1 year of storage. EL‐2000 has a dense polyolefin membrane with a surface area of 0.3 m2. When the bypass flow rates were 250, 500, 1,000, and 1,500 ml/min with 100% oxygen at the same flow rate as the bypass blood flow (namely, V/Q= 1) to the oxygenator, oxygen transport rates of the stored oxygenator were 19.6 ‡ 0.3, 38.3 ‡ 0.41, 64.4 ‡ 0.9, and 76.4 ‡ 2.7 ml/min (n = 5, mean ‡ SD), respectively. Pco2 differences between pre‐ and postoxygenator blood (ΔPco,) were 18.6 ‡ 1.4, 12.0 ‡ 1.6, and 4.4 ‡ 1.2 mm Hg at V/Q = 1 and the same bypass blood flow rates, respectively, excluding 1,500 ml/min, the data for which were excluded because of preparatory failure. Pco, removal indices (defined as the ratio of ΔPco, to Pco2 in preoxygenator blood) were 0.45 ‡ 0.03, 0.29 ‡ 0.12, and 0.10 ‡ 0.03, respectively. Though the evaluation was done using only a single oxygenator, we feel strongly that the gas‐exchange function of the preprimed dense‐membrane hollow‐fiber oxygenator will be preserved even after 1 year of storage.
Evaluation of High‐Frequency Jet Ventilation in Oxygenation Through an Artificial Membrane Lung
Authors: Matsuura Yuichiro , Sueda Taijiro , Fukunaga Shintaro , Hamanaka Yoshiharu , Shikata Hiroo , Hayashi Saihou , Orihashi Kazumasa
Published: August 2009

Abstract: The membrane oxygenator often develops impaired gas exchange after prolonged use because plasma proteins adhere to the membrane's surface and leak through its micropores. This study was performed to examine the efficacy of high‐frequency jet ventilation (HFJV) in minimizing these problems in a “flat plate” type of membrane oxygenator. We first vibrated the membrane of the oxygenator by HFJV from 1 to 10 Hz to find the frequency most effective for optimal gas exchange in animals with partial extracorporeal circulation. These studies suggested that 6 Hz HFJV was preferable in our model. We subsequently performed in vivo extracorporeal oxygenation in dogs for 8 h using the membrane oxygenator with or without 6 Hz HFJV. Although the gas exchange capacity within the first 8 h was similar in the two groups, after 6 h a significant decrease in the red blood cell count and in the hematocrit was found in the group not receiving HFJV. Scanning electron microscopic examination of the membranes after 8 h of use disclosed that the membrane from the group receiving HFJV had less plasma protein and fibrin adhesion than that from the group not receiving HFJV. Moreover, it appears that with prolonged extracorporeal oxygenation, 6 Hz HFJV also protects against a decrease in the hematocrit of the passed blood and might lead to enhanced gas exchange. Our data suggest that good gas exchange can be maintained for periods even longer than 8 h if HFJV is used in conjunction with the membrane oxygenator.
Optimum Albumin Concentration of Supplementation Fluid for Double Filtration Plasmapheresis
Authors: Mineshima Michio , Agishi Tetsuzo , Hasuo Yoshihiro , Era Kazuo , Suzuki Toshiaki , Teraoka Satoshi , Ota Kazuo
Published: August 2009

Abstract: Until recently, the albumin concentration of supplementation fluid for double filtration plasmapheresis (DFPP) has been empirically determined. Inadequate albumin infusion often leads to hypoproteinemic symptoms such as edema. In the current study, an aimed condensation coefficient (CCaimed) was introduced in an attempt to estimate the appropriate plasma albumin level for each patient. This coefficient is theoretically derived from a one‐compartment model for the patient's plasma albumin:

CC
aimed
=
CS/CD
= 1 ‐ (1 ‐ CR)/[1‐ exp(‐CC. VR)]

where CD and CS are albumin concentrations in discarded plasma and supplementation fluid, CR is the change ratio of albumin concentration in the patient's plasma during a DFPP treatment, and VR(= VS/VP) is the ratio of supplementation fluid volume (VS) to the patient's total plasma volume (Vp). And CC denotes the albumin condensation coefficient in a DFPP line, which depends on the filtration fraction of the plasma fractionator (FFPF) and the sieving coefficients of both the plasma separator (SCPS) and the plasma fractionator (SCPF):

CC
=
CD/CP
=
SCPS. (1 ‐ FFPF. SCPF)/(1‐ FFPF)

where CP is the albumin concentration of the patient's plasma. From the above relations, CS can be determined as follows:

CS
=
CC. CC
aimed. CP

Because many kinds of proteins are removed during a single DFPP treatment, a slightly higher albumin concentration in the supplementation fluid is needed to maintain an appropriate plasma level. Therefore, the CR value should be more than unity. For a patient with hematocrit (HCT) of 30%, body weight (BW) of 50 kg, and CP of 3.0 g/dl, who is receiving a DFPP treatment using AP‐05H (SCPS of 0.970) and Evaflux 2A (SCPF of 0.526) under FFPF of 0.8 with VS of 500 ml, VP=BW(1‐HCT/100)/13 = 50 ‡ (1–30/100)/13 = 2.69 L, VR= 500/(2.69 ‡ 1,000) = 0.186, CC = 2.81, and CCaimed= 1.25 assuming 1.1 for CR. Therefore, CS= 2.81 ‡ 1.25 ‡ 3.0 = 10.5 g/dl using the above equations.
Evaluation of Methemoglobin Formation During the Storage of Various Hemoglobin Solutions
Authors: Moore Gerald L. , Zegna Angelo , Ledford Mary Edith , Huling J. Patrick , Fishman Ronald M.
Published: August 2009

Abstract: Many researchers are trying to develop a blood substitute based on chemically modified human hemoglobin. In the process of making such solutions, we were faced with the problem of determining the best storage conditions to minimize oxidation of the solutions between the time of manufacture and use. Samples of stroma‐free hemoglobin, purified A0 hemoglobin, and various cross‐linked hemoglobins were stored for 8–12 months at +4‡C, ‐20‡C, and ‐80‡C and were analyzed periodically for formation of methemoglobin (MetHb). Various suspending solutions were evaluated for their effects on the rate of MetHb formation, and the approximate rates of MetHb production per month were calculated. Short‐term storage of hemoglobin solutions (< 14 days) can be done at +4‡C, but extended storage should be done at ‐80‡C with quick thawing. Salts minimize the hemoglobin oxidation during the stress of freeze‐thaw operations. Storage at —,
Three Different Hepatocyte Transplantation Techniques for Enzyme Deficiency Disease and Acute Hepatic Failure
Authors: te Velde Anje A. , Bosman Diederik K. , Oldenburg Jeroen , Sala Mieke , Maas Martinus A.W. , Chamuleau Robert A.F.M.
Published: August 2009

Abstract: The effects of three different techniques of hepatocyte transplantation were investigated: transplantation of free hepatocytes into the spleen and intraperitoneal transplantation of microcarrier‐attached hepatocytes or of microencapsulated hepatocytes. The liver‐supportive functions of these transplanted hepatocytes were analyzed using either the Gunn rat (hyperbilirubinemia) or rats with acute liver failure. In the Gunn rat intraperitoneal transplantation of microcarrier‐attached hepatocytes resulted in a significant reduction of plasma bilirubin for 28 days whereas intraperitoneal transplantation of microencapsulated hepatocytes was ineffective notwithstanding immu‐nosuppression by cyclosporin A. Intrasplenic hepatocyte transplantation was only effective in reducing plasma bilirubin for 14 days. During acute liver failure, liver support was achieved temporarily by hepatocyte transplantation in the spleen, by intraperitoneally transplanted microcarrier‐attached hepatocytes, and by microencapsulated hepatocytes to equal extents, the microencapsulated hepto‐cytes being the least effective after 8 h of liver ischemia.
Tissue Reconstruction in Primary Cultured Rat Hepatocytes on Asialoglycoprotein Model Polymer
Authors: Tobe Seishiro , Takei Yuka , Kobayashi Kazukiyo , Akaike Toshihiro
Published: August 2009

Abstract: Adult rat hepatocytes attached on an asialoglycoprotein model polymer, poly‐N‐p‐vinylbenzyl‐d‐lacto‐namide (PVLA), formed anchored multilayer aggregates that had stable three‐dimensional structure when epidermal growth factor (EGF) and insulin were added to the culture medium. The formation of multilayer aggregates depended on the concentrations of EGF and insulin added. Furthermore, the formation was synergistically accelerated by the presence of both hormones. Cells in the aggregates expressed a higher level of albumin secretion and lower proliferative ability than those in monolayer cultures on collagen. It seemed likely that the cells in multilayer aggregates experienced stable differentiated states resembling those in vivo through the formation of multilayer aggregates. The culture system described here has potential use for the study of the process of liver regeneration and the development of hepatic module systems such as a bioreactor and a hybrid artificial liver.
Combined MFA‐LCA for Analysis of Wastewater Pipeline Networks
Authors: Venkatesh G. , Hammervold Johanne , Brattebø Helge
Published: August 2009

Oslo's wastewater pipeline network has an aging stock of concrete, steel, and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipelines, which calls for a good portion of expenditures to be directed toward maintenance and investments in rehabilitation. The stock, as it is in 2008, is a direct consequence of the influx of pipelines of different sizes, lengths, and materials of construction into the system over the years. A material flow analysis (MFA) facilitates an analysis of the environmental impacts associated with the manufacture, installation, operation, maintenance, rehabilitation, and retirement of the pipelines. The forecast of the future flows of materials—which, again, is highly interlinked with the historic flows—provides insight into the likely future environmental impacts. This will enable decision makers keen on alleviating such impacts to think along the lines of eco‐friendlier processes and technologies or simply different ways of doing business. Needless to say, the operation and maintenance phase accounts for the major bulk of emissions and calls for energy‐efficient approaches to this phase of the life cycle, even as manufacturers strive to make their processes energy‐efficient and attempt to include captive renewable energy in their total energy consumption. This article focuses on the life cycle greenhouse gas emissions associated with the wastewater pipeline network in the city of Oslo.
Life Cycle Assessment of Second Generation Bioethanols Produced From Scandinavian Boreal Forest Resources
Authors: Bright Ryan M. , Strømman Anders Hammer
Published: August 2009

The boreal forests of Scandinavia offer a considerable resource base, and use of the resource for the production of less carbon‐intensive alternative transport fuel is one strategy being considered in Norway. Here, we quantify the resource potential and investigate the environmental implications of wood‐based transportation relative to a fossil reference system for a specific region in Norway. We apply a well‐to‐wheel life cycle assessment to evaluate four E85 production system designs based on two distinct wood‐to‐ethanol conversion technologies. We form best and worst case scenarios to assess the sensitivity of impact results through the adjustment of key parameters, such as biomass‐to‐ethanol conversion efficiency and upstream biomass transport distance. Depending on the system design, global warming emission reductions of 46% to 68% per‐MJ‐gasoline avoided can be realized in the region, along with reductions in most of the other environmental impact categories considered. We find that the region's surplus forest‐bioenergy resources are vast; use for the production of bioethanol today would have resulted in the displacement of 55% to 68% of the region's gasoline‐based global warming emission—or 6% to 8% of Norway's total global warming emissions associated with road transportation.
A Cross‐Ethnic Study of Adolescents' Depressed Mood and the Erosion of Parental and Peer Warmth During the Transition to Young Adulthood
Authors: Chung William Y. , Chen Chuansheng , Greenberger Ellen , Heckhausen Jutta
Published: August 2009

This 1‐year longitudinal study investigated the effects of adolescents' depressed mood on perceived parental and peer warmth during the transition to young adulthood. We hypothesized that ethnicity would moderate such effects. As part of a larger study, 511 adolescents (154 European, 205 Hispanic, and 152 Asian Americans) participated in this research. They were surveyed shortly before their high school graduation and again 1 year later. Analyses based on 2‐wave cross‐lagged models showed that higher levels of initial depressive symptoms predicted lower levels of subsequent perceived parental and peer warmth for European Americans. For Asian Americans, higher initial depressed mood was significantly associated with lower levels of perceived peer warmth and was marginally associated with lower levels of parental warmth. In contrast, the erosion of parental and peer warmth was not evident for Hispanic Americans. The role of culture in the erosion of parental and peer warmth during life transitions was discussed.
The Relation Between Popularity and Aggressive, Destructive, and Norm‐Breaking Behaviors: Moderating Effects of Athletic Abilities, Physical Attractiveness, and Prosociality
Authors: Dijkstra Jan Kornelis , Lindenberg Siegwart , Verhulst Frank C. , Ormel Johan , Veenstra René
Published: August 2009

The aim of this study was to examine the relations between popularity and different types of aggressive, destructive, and norm‐breaking behaviors in a large cross‐sectional sample of adolescents (N=3,312, M age=13.60). We were interested in the extent to which the relations of these behaviors with popularity were moderated by positive features (i.e., athletic abilities, physical attractiveness, and prosociality). From a goal‐framing perspective, it was argued that positive features evoke positive affect, which in turn enhances the positive impact of aggressive, destructive, and norm‐breaking behaviors on popularity. The results supported our notion that these latter behaviors are especially related to popularity in adolescents who also exhibit positive features.
Beyond Exposure: A Person‐Oriented Approach to Adolescent Media Diets
Authors: Schooler Deborah , Sorsoli C. Lynn , Kim Janna L. , Tolman Deborah L.
Published: August 2009

Research on adolescents' use of sexual media has been dominated by a variable‐oriented perspective, focusing on incremental effects of media exposure on sexual behavior. The present investigation examines the ways in which adolescents select and organize their television viewing. This study used cluster analysis to identify, validate, and describe distinct profiles of adolescent television use. Eight discrete clusters emerged, each with a unique profile of primetime viewing. To validate the cluster solution, participants' television viewing profiles were compared with their music preferences. The study then examined the sexual content consumed by adolescents in different viewing clusters. Content analysis of the most popular programs revealed that participants in all clusters were watching programs that were high in sexual content alongside programs that were low in sexual content. None of the clusters demonstrated an exclusive preference for sexual content.
Gender Differences in the Development of Dieting From Adolescence to Early Adulthood: A Longitudinal Study
Authors: Von Soest Tilmann , Wichstrøm Lars
Published: August 2009

This study examines gender differences in the development of dieting among a representative sample of 1,368 Norwegian boys and girls. The respondents were followed over 3 time points from ages 13/14 to 20/21. Latent growth curve analyses were conducted showing that girls' dieting scores increased while boys' scores remained constant. Gender differences in the development of dieting could be explained neither by differences in the development of appearance dissatisfaction nor by changes in relation to parents. In contrast, the dieting differences between boys and girls could be partially explained by a greater increase in emotional problems among girls compared with boys. Further research is needed, targeting in particular younger age groups, in order to acquire knowledge on whether appearance dissatisfaction serves as mediator of gender differences in dieting at other ages.
Adolescent Adjustment and Patterns of Parents' Behaviors in Early and Middle Adolescence
Authors: Simpkins Sandra D. , Bouffard Suzanne M. , Dearing Eric , Kreider Holly , Wimer Chris , Caronongan Pia , Weiss Heather B.
Published: August 2009

In this study, we identified unique clusters of parenting behaviors based on parents' school involvement, community involvement, rule‐setting, and cognitive stimulation with data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics—Child Development Supplement. In early (n=668) and middle adolescence (n=634), parents who provided high cognitive stimulation (i.e., cognitive enrichment parents) or engaged in all parenting behaviors (i.e., engaged parents) had the highest family income, parent education, and percentage of European Americans. Adolescents of cognitive enrichment or engaged parents often evidenced the highest academic and social adjustment. Adolescents whose parents set a large number of rules (i.e., “Rule setters”) or were also heavily involved in the community (i.e., the “Managers” cluster) had the lowest adjustment.
A Preliminary Analysis of Associations Among Ethnic–Racial Socialization, Ethnic Discrimination, and Ethnic Identity Among Urban Sixth Graders
Authors: Rivas‐Drake Deborah , Hughes Diane , Way Niobe
Published: August 2009

Drawing from cultural ecological models of adolescent development, the present research investigates how early adolescents received ethnic–racial socialization from parents as well as how experiences of ethnic and racial discrimination are associated with their ethnic identity (i.e., centrality, private regard, and public regard). Data for this study were drawn from a multimethod study of ethnically and socioeconomically diverse early adolescents in three mid‐ to high‐achieving schools in New York City. After accounting for the influences of race/ethnicity, social class, gender, immigrant status, and self‐esteem, parental ethnic–racial socialization was associated with higher levels of ethnic centrality (i.e., the extent to which youth identify themselves in terms of their group), more positive private regard (i.e., feelings about one's own ethnic group), and public regard (i.e., perceptions of other people's perceptions of their ethnic group). Ethnic discrimination from adults at school and from peers was associated with more negative perceptions of one's ethnic group (i.e., public regard). In addition, the association of ethnic–racial parent socialization and ethnic identity beliefs was stronger for those who reported higher levels of adult discrimination. Results highlight key ways in which ethnic identity may be shaped by the social ecologies in which adolescents are embedded.
International quotidian dialysis registry: Annual report 2009
Authors: NESRALLAH Gihad E. , SURI Rita S. , MOIST Louise M. , CUERDEN Meaghan , GROENEWEG Karen E. , HAKIM Raymond , OFSTHUN Norma J. , McDONALD Stephen P. , HAWLEY Carmel , CASKEY Fergus J. , COUCHOUD Cecile , AWARAJI Christian , LINDSAY Robert M.
Published: August 2009

The International Quotidian Dialysis Registry (IQDR) is a global initiative designed to study practices and outcomes associated with the use of hemodialysis regimens of increased frequency and/or duration. Several small studies suggest that compared with conventional hemodialysis (HD), short‐daily, nocturnal, and long conventional HD regimens may improve surrogate endpoints and quality of life. However, methodologically robust comparisons on hard outcomes are sorely lacking. The IQDR represents the first‐ever attempt to aggregate long‐term follow‐up data from centers utilizing alternative HD regimens worldwide, and will have adequate statistical power to examine the effects of these regimens on multiple clinical endpoints, including mortality. To date, the IQDR has enrolled patients from Canada, the United States, Australia, and New Zealand, with plans in place to begin linking with additional commercial databases and national registries. This fifth annual report of the IQDR describes (1) a proposed governance structure that will facilitate international collaboration, stakeholder input and funding; (2) data sources and participating registries; (3) recruitment to date and patient baseline characteristics; and (4) an agenda for future research.
The impact of age at onset of bipolar I disorder on functioning and clinical presentation
Authors: Biffin Frances , Tahtalian Steven , Filia Kate , Fitzgerald Paul B. , de Castella Anthony R. , Filia Sacha , Berk Michael , Dodd Seetal , Callaly Pam , Berk Lesley , Kelin Katarina , Smith Meg , Montgomery William , Kulkarni Jayashri
Published: August 2009

Objectives:

Recent studies have proposed the existence of three distinct subgroups of bipolar 1 disorder based on age at onset (AAO). The present study aims to investigate potential clinical and functional differences between these subgroups in an Australian sample.

Methods:

Participants (n= 239) were enrolled in the Bipolar Comprehensive Outcomes Study (BCOS), a 2-year longitudinal, observational, cross-sectional study. Assessment measures included the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS), Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD21), Clinical Global Impressions Scale (CGI-BP), SF-36, SLICE/Life Scale, and the EuroQol (EQ-5D). Participants were also asked about their age at the first major affective episode.

Results:

Three AAO groups were compared: early (AAO < 20, mean = 15.5 ± 2.72; 44.4% of the participants); intermediate (AAO 20–39, mean = 26.1 ± 4.8; 48.14% of the participants) and late (AAO > 40, mean = 50.6 ± 9.04; 7.4% of the participants). Higher rates of depression, suicidal ideation and binge drinking were reported by the early AAO group. This group also reported poorer quality of life in a number of areas. The early AAO group had a predominant depressive initial polarity and the intermediate group had a manic predominance.

Conclusion:

Early AAO is associated with an adverse outcome.
An experimental model system for leishmaniasis
Authors: Abok K. , Fredriksson B.‐A. , Brunk U.
Published: August 2009

To facilitate studies on the effect of chemotherapeutic agents on the host‐parasite interaction in leishmaniasis, we have developed an experimental model for infecting mouse peritoneal macrophages in culture with recently‐isolated Leishmania donovani promastigots. As the drug action is often dependent on concentration, the distribution of sodium stibogluconate, which is the commonly used drug for treatment of leishmaniasis, was studied in various parts of the macrophages by energy dispersive X‐ray microanalysis. The drug was found to accumulate in secondary lysosomes. The ultrastructural examination, using TEM and SEM, of macrophages, whose secondary lysosomes had been preloaded with gold particles, showed that leishmania parasites are phagocytosed and finally located in secondary lysosomes. Using flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry, the concentration of Mn, Fe and Cu in progmastigotes of Leishmania donovani, Leishmania eathiopica, Leishmania crithidia, Leishamnia major and their culture media was estimated. Of the three transition metals, the parasites accumulated only Mn from the medium, which they may use in a primitive defense mechanism against reactive oxygen metabolites produced by macrophages during the respiratory burst associated with phagocytosis.
Lipoxygenase products in experimental septic arthritis in dogs
Authors: Herlin T. , Fogh K. , Knudsen V. E. , Hansen E. S. , Bunger E. , Ewald H. , Holm I. , Kragballe K.
Published: August 2009

Induction of an experimental septic arthritis was performed in the juvenile dog knee by an intra‐articular injection with Staphylococcus aureus. From plasma, lipoxygenase (LO) products of arachidonic acid were separated by reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography (RP‐HPLC) after extraction of lipids. The plasma samples did not contain UV‐detectable amounts of LO products other than the LTB4 metabolite 20‐COOH‐LTB4, and 12‐HETE. Small amounts of chemokinetically active material were found coeluting with the eluate fraction of 20‐COOH‐LTB4, LTB4 and 12‐HETE after RP‐HPLC. After 48 hours of septic arthritis, resulting in a massive acute joint inflammation, no significant changes in LO proucts were observed.
Non‐neoplastic pulmonary multinucleate giant cells
Authors: Evensen øystein , Bratberg Bjørn
Published: August 2009

Pulmonary multinucleate giant cells (MGCs) in porcine dermatosis vegetans (DV) were compared with virus‐induced and inflammatory‐associated MGCs, with particular attention to mechanisms involved in the formation of such cells. Ultrastructurally, pigs with DV showed numerous pulmonary MGCs with transversely‐sectioned interdigitating microvillous structures. Microvilli were observed closely apposed to type‐II pneumocytes and with morphological characteristics of membrane bridge formation. Rabbits infected withMycobacterium bovisexhibited multiple pulmonary granulomas with prominent MGC formation 14 days after infection. Close apposition between MGCs and small macrophages and membrane bridge formation were demonstrated ultrastructurally. Pulmonary changes in calves infected with bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) included lobular consolidation and intense infiltration of inflammatory cells into the bronchial, bronchiolar and alveolar walls. Proliferation of bronchiolo‐alveolar epithelial cells was prominent, but syncytiae were only occasionally demonstrated. This study of the morphological characteristics of MGCs is related to the present knowledge of mechanisms involved in membrane fusion and allows for an interpretation of an active fusion process involved in the formation of MGCs in porcine DV.
Plasma IgG, IgG subclasses and acute‐phase proteins in children with recurrent acute otitis media
Authors: SØRensen C. H. , Nielsen L. K.
Published: August 2009

Quantitation of IgG, IgG subclasses and acute‐phase proteins was performed in plasma samples from 156 children, aged 2 to 162 months, with varying degrees of otitis proneness. None of the children had acute otitis media or had received any antibiotics 3 weeks before the examination. Children with recurrent acute otitis media (rAOM) had significantly higher levels of total IgG, IgG1, and significantly lower levels of IgG2 than healthy children (p<0.02, p<0.0003, and p<0.03, respectively). However, the low levels of IgG2 found in the rAOM children could at least, to some extent, be explained by the observation that these children were somewhat younger than the healthy children. Except for recurrent episodes of common colds, children suffering from secretory otitis media (SOM) most often show no clinical signs of inflammatory events. Nevertheless, children with SOM had raised levels of plasma IgG1, indicating recurrent polyclonal stimulation of the immune apparatus, which seems to be less pronounced than that of rAOM children. Levels of acute‐phase proteins, haptoglobin, orosomucoid and α1‐antitrypsin were evently distributed in the children investigated, reflecting that they had no acute illness at the time of plasma sampling.
Adherence of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli to porcine intestinal brush border membranes
Authors: NæSs Vigfrid , Johannessen Anne Christine , Hofstad Tor
Published: August 2009

The adhesion of Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli to isolated porcine intestinal brush border membranes was studied by phase‐contrast and electron microscopy. Approximately 45% of the cell population adhered to the brush borders, possibly in a specific manner. Pretreatment of the brush borders with trypsin or pronase, and competitive inhibition with L‐rhamnose caused a slight reduction of the adhesion. Different forms of pretreatment of the bacterial cells reduced their ability to adhere, but also their motility.
Erythropoietin‐induced secondary polycythemia in a patient with a renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Nielsen O. J. , Jespersen F. F. , Hilden M.
Published: August 2009

This study provides clear documentation of in vivo biogenesis of erythropoietin (Epo) by a human renal carcinoma. A middle‐aged woman with a clear cell renal carcinoma of the left kidney developed severe polycythemia. This polycythemia was accompanied by markedly elevated levels of immunoreactive erythropoietin both in the peripheral venous blood, and in blood derived from the left renal vein during nephrectomy. Exstirpation of the non‐invasive renal carcinoma was followed by complete restoration of both hematocrit and erythropoietin plasma concentration to normal levels. The fall in plasma erythropietin concentration immediately after nephrectomy (T/2 ≥ 3 hours) was probably a valid representation of plasma erythropoietin metabolism in this patient. Direct evidence of erythropoietin production in individual renal carcinoma cells was provided by immunoperoxidase studies demonstrating focal cytoplas‐matic accumulation of immunoreactive erythropoietin in the tumor cells.
Extracellular deposit of the cationic proteins ECP and EPX in tissue infiltrations of eosinophils related to tissue damage
Authors: Fredens K. , Dybdahl H. , Dahl R. , Baandrup U.
Published: August 2009

In a series of eosinophil inflammatory states affecting various organs (heart, gut, bladder and skin) we performed an immunohistochemical study of the eosinophil cationic proteins ECP and EPX. A strong correlation was noted between the liberation of ECP and EPX and tissue necrosis in all organs. In most cases ECP and EPX were found on the same location. However, one case indicated a possible differential release. Extracellular ECP and EPX were revealed concurrently with the two polyclonal antibodies and the monoclonal EG2 antibody. The latter binds to both ECP and EPX, but only during secretion. Since EG2 does not differentiate between ECP and EPX, but only during secretion. Since EG2 does not differentiate between EXP and EPX, it is for the first time demonstrated that both cationic proteins are correlated to tissue damage. The chymotrypsin‐like cationic protein (CCP), related to neutrophils, showed a low correlation with the eosinophil cationic proteins in cases of tissue damage. The hypothesis is put forward that the release of eosinophil granule proteins and especially ECP results in a non‐specific tissue damage.
Serum aminoterminal type III procollagen peptide
Authors: HØRslev‐Petersen K. , Kim K. Y. , Pedersen L. R. , Bentsen K. D. , Uldbjerg N. , Oxlund H. , Garbarsch C. , Hahn E. G. , Schuppan D. , Lorenzen I.
Published: August 2009

Serum aminoterminal type III procollagen peptide was measured in rats during the development of granulation tissue induced by subcutaneous implantation of viscose cellulose sponges. Active collagen type III synthesis in granulation tissue during the first three weeks was accompanied by an increase in serum propeptide level. A positive correlation was observed between the increase in serum propeptide level on the one hand and the increase in granulation tissue collagen type III content and the in vitro formation of tissue3H‐hydroxyproline on the other hand. In some animals the serum propeptide level remained low, despite biochemical signs of collagen synthesis, indicating variations in the release into serum and/or the metabolism of circulating propeptide. The increase in propeptide antigen concentration was mainly due to an elevated content of material with molecular weight equal to or twice that of the propeptide. A minor fraction of the propeptide remained attached to the interstitial collagen fibres in the granulation tissue. The correlation between the serum propeptide level and the biosynthesis of collagen at the site of the focal fibroproliferative process suggests that the serum propeptide level may be a valuable indicator of fibrogenesis and thereby of disease activity in fibrotic conditions.
Alveolar and poorly differentiated rhabdomyosarcoma
Authors: Seidal T. , Kindblom L.‐G. , Angervall L.
Published: August 2009

Eighteen poorly differentiated, small and dark cell malignancies afflicting young individuals without light‐microscopic evidence of a rhabdomyoblastic differentiation or a growth pattern characteristic of rhabdomyosarcoma were analyzed and compared with a series of 30 alveolar rhabdomyosarcomas of varying differentiation, where the diagnosis could be established light‐microscopically. The study comprised clinical data, light and electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry, using a battery of mono‐ and polyclonal antibodies against intermediate filaments, myoglobin, epithelial membrane antigen, neuron‐specific enolase, S‐100 and leucocyte common antigen. All 30 alveolar rhabdomyosarcomas were positive for desmin, while a minority were positive for myoglobin, using monoclonal antibodies. In 8 of the 18 small and dark cell malignancies, support for a rhabdomyoblastic differentiation was obtained by a positive staining for desmin. In only 3 of these 8 cases was there ultrastructural evidence of rhabdomyosarcoma. The results of the investigation indicate that immunohistochemistry is a more useful tool than electron microscopy in the diagnosis of poorly differentiated rhabdomyosarcoma and that the criteria for the diagnosis of poorly differentiated rhabdomyosarcoma may need to be reformulated.
Decreased B lymphocyte ecto‐5′nucleotidase and increased adenosine deaminase in mononuclear cells from patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus
Authors: Christensen L. Dalh , Svenson M. , Nygaard P. , Andersen V. , Faber V.
Published: August 2009

The levels of purine enzyme activities were studied in 10 patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) or AIDS related complex (ARC) and in 6 healthy individuals with antibodies against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). All AIDS/ARC patients studied had ecto‐5′nucleotidase (ecto‐5′NUC) activity in B lymphocytes below the normal range and 4 out of 6 clinically healthy HIV‐positive likewise had reduced activity. Increased numbers of activated B lymphocytes were found both in the group of healthy HIV positive individuals and in AIDS/ARC patients. Futher studies are needed to define whether the decrease in ecto‐5′NUC activity on the B lymphocytes is a result of increased activation of the cells or of a B cell defect. No significant changes were found in ecto‐5′NUC levels in T lymphocytes or mononuclear cells (MNC), neither in the group of AIDS/ARC patients nor in the healthy HIV‐positive group. Both AIDS/ARC patients and healthy individuals with antibodies against HIV had increased levels of adenosine deaminase (ADA) activity in mononuclear cells, but only in the group of AIDS/ARC patients was the increase significant. No changes were found in purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) activity in the two groups tested. From these investigations of purine enzyme levels and other markers of immune function in both sick and healthy HIV infected individuals we concludde that the observed changes in ecto‐5′NUC and ADA activities in HIV infected patients are not a direct result of the HIV infection but develop early in the couse of the disease.
Eosinophilic globules in pheochromocytoma of the adrenal medulla
Authors: Kawai Kioko , Senba Masachika , Tsuchiyama Hideo
Published: August 2009

Histochemical, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural characteristics of eosinophilic globules in pheochromocytoma of the adrenal medulla are described. The globules were observed in 7 (63.5%) out of 11 cases of pheochromocytoma of the adrenal medulla. These globules were eosinophilic, PAS‐positive with and without diastase predigestion, phosphotungstic acid hematoxylin (PTAH) positive, and autofluorescent under ultraviolet illumination. Although almost all globules were not stained with neuron specific enolase (NSE) using the immunoperoxidase method, a few globules were stained positive. The lectins of Triticum vulgaris (WGA) and Ricinus communis (RCA‐120) were weakly bound to most of the eosinophilic globules. Immunohistochemical reactions for alpha‐fetoprotein (AFP), alpha‐I‐antichymotrypsin (ACT), and human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) revealed negative reaction in these globules. An ultrastructural study revealed no relationship between these globules and chromaffin secretory granules. These findings suggested that the eosinophilic globules in pheochromocytoma of the adrenal medulla were not related to the chromaffin secretory granules and might be some kind of complex protein.
First isolations of Borrelia burgdorferi from rodents collected in Northern Europe
Authors: Hovmark Anders , Jaenson Thomas G. T. , ÅSbrink Eva , Forsman Anders , Jansson Eva
Published: August 2009

Spirochetes were found in 13% of Ixodes ricinus collected from an island, near Stockholm where human borreliosis is endemic. Borrelia burgdorferi was cultivated from the kidney and/or spleen of wild rodents (Clethrionomys glareolus and Apodemus flavicollis) from the same island. Spirochetes were identified as Borrelia burgdorferi by indirect immunofluorescence assays using species and genus specific monoclonal antibodies. In these tests the spirochetes could not be differentiated from strains previously cultured from Swedish patients with Ixodes‐borne borreliosis. The results show that small rodents in Europe may harbour borreliae and indicate that C. glareolus and A. flavicollis may be important reservoirs for the spirochetes causing Ixodes‐borne borreliosis in humans and domestic animals in Europe.
Kinetics and staining properties of mast cells proliferating in rat small intestine tunica muscularis and subserosa following infection with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis
Authors: Arizono Naoki , Nakao Susumu
Published: August 2009

Mucosal mast‐cell hyperplasia occurs in the rat small intestine mucosa after infection with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. In the present study, the number of mast cells was found to increase in the muscularis and subserosa as well as in the mucosa of rat small intestines 2–3 weeks after infection with this nematode. Mast cells in the muscularis were stained blue by the alcian blue/safranin sequence and did not bind berberine sulfate. The staining was blocked when tissues were fixed in neutral formalin. The increase in mast cells was transient and gradually disappeared; the half‐life was 40 days. After an intravenous administration of compound 48/80, mast cells in the muscularis did not discharge granules. The results indicate that these mast cells were of the mucosal type. The mast cell phenotype in the muscularis did not change even 12 weeks after infection. Mast cells in the subserosal tissue were first of the mucosal type as were those in muscularis. After 8–12 weeks, however, many subserosal mast cells became positive for berberine sulfate and safranin. These results show that mucosal‐type mast cells do not undergo phenotypic changes during the period of observation when these cells appear in the muscularis but the phenotypic expression may change as the cells arise in subserosal tissue.
Effects of endotoxin on the pancreatic ultrastructure
Authors: Florholmen Jon , Lindal Sigurd , RØKke Ola , Olsen Randi , Burhol Per G. , Revhaug Arthur
Published: August 2009

Intravenous administration of Escherichia coli endotoxin caused a state of shock with increased serum cationic trypsin‐like immunoreactivity (CTLI) in a porcine model. The pancreatic acinar cells revealed focal changes, including intracellular oedema, appearance of membranebound vacuoles and breaks in the plasma membrane. In the micro circulatory vessels, there was swelling of endothelial cells. Similar changes have been observed in hemorrhagic and cadiogenic shock. This study demonstrates severe ultrastructural changes in the pancreas during E. coli endotoxin shock.
Antikeratin antibodies in routine diagnostic pathology
Authors: Mygind Henrik , Nielsen Bjarne , Moe Dennis , Clausen Henrik , Dabelsteen Erik , Clausen Per PréEtorius
Published: August 2009

Ten commercially available antikeratin antisera were tested immunohistochemically on fresh frozen and formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded tissue. Eight of the antisera were in addition tested on protein‐immunoblottings. For six of the antisera a good correspondence was found between our immunoblots and data given by the manufacturers. Two monoclonal antisera did not react with keratinproteins. On immunohistochemical testing two of the antibodies showed qualitatively identical staining on both frozen and paraffin sections without background staining. Three of the antibodies reacted weakly or not at all on paraffin sections but gave acceptable staining on frozen sections. Three of the antibodies showed acceptable staining on paraffin sections, but background staining on frozen sections and one antibody gave the reverse staining pattern. For one of the antibodies it was impossible to obtain an acceptable staining due to high non‐specific binding of the secondary antibody. None of the antikeratins were true panepithelial tumour markers as all of them failed to detect keratin in at least one of the epithelial tumours. However, a combination of two or three antikeratins (Hybritech AE1 + AE3, Becton Dickinson No 7650, DAKO A622) covered most or all epithelial tumours examined. It is concluded that commercially available antisera show great variability with respect to quality and reactivity indicating that the majority need further purification, characterization and testing on tissues before they are introduced on the commercial market.
Binding of E. Coli to human blood leukocytes
Authors: Yuan‐Zhi Guan , Kharazmi Arsalan
Published: August 2009

The spontaneous binding of both piliated and non‐piliated E. coli to human lymphocytes, monocytes, and polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) was investigated. It was found that the piliated E. coli showed a higher binding percentage to lymphocytes than the nonpiliated bacteria. A specific antiserum raised in rabbit against E. coli strongly inhibited the binding of the homologous E. coli strain to lymphocytes and monocytes. On the other hand there was no difference in the binding of piliated and non‐piliated E. coli to PMNs, and the specific E. coli antiserum did not inhibit the binding. The binding of E. coli to human lymphocytes obtained from healthy donors was investigated in a 3‐week follow‐up experiment. It was shown that there were significant differences between the binding of cells from different individuals, whereas there were no differences in the binding ability of the cells from the same individual in the 3‐week follow up.
Human rotavirus infection enhances invasiveness of enterobacteria in MA‐104 cells
Authors: Bukholm Geir
Published: August 2009

To study the interaction between common pathogens causing infectious diarrhea in humans, MA 104 cell cultures were infected with human rotavirus and Salmonella typhimurium or Shigella flexneri or enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (EIEC) concomitantly. When MA‐104 cells were preinfected with human rotavirus, invasiveness of S. typhimurium was significantly enhanced. The enhancement was evident after 48 h of virus preincubation. At this time virus specific antigens were demonstrated in the cell cultures. Also, the invasiveness of S. flexneri and EIEC was enhanced after virus preincubation, though not significantly before 72 h. When the virus preincubation time was prolonged to 96 h a further increase in invasive ability was observed. No cytopathogenic effect of the virus on the cells was demonstrated. Two control strains of non‐enteropathogenic E. coli did not show any invasiveness in MA‐104 cells pretreated with virus. The results indicate a specific interaction between rotavirus infected cells and facultatively intracellular enteropathogenic bacteria.
Transmission of measles virus encephalitis to ferrets by intracardiac inoculation of a cell‐associated SSPE virus strain
Authors: Thormar H. , Brown H. R. , Goller N. L. , Barshatzky M. R. , Wisniewski H. M.
Published: August 2009

Ferret fibroblasts infected with a cell‐associated strain of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis virus were inoculated into the hearts of ferrets in order to study whether the virus can spread from the blood to the brain in this animal model. Five of 21 inoculated ferrets developed encephalitis 5–7 days later and were sacrificed. Sick animals showed inflammatory lesions in the brain, both perivascular cuffings and infiltration of inflammatory cells in the choroid plexus and meninges. Virus was isolated in cell cultures from various parts of the brain and virus antigen was found by immunostaining, particularly in the cortex. Virus was not detected in inflammatory cells by immunostaining but in situ hybridization with a cDNA probe demonstrated measles virus RNA in neurons and glia cells surrounding perivascular inflammatory cuffings and in a lymph node of one ferret. Ferrets inoculated into the heart with cell‐associated SSPE virus seem to be a suitable animal model to study how the virus spreads from the blood to the brain.