bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Polymer‐Free Patterning of Graphene at Sub‐10‐nm Scale by Low‐Energy Repetitive Electron Beam
Authors: Lan Yann‐Wen , Chang Wen‐Hao , Xiao Bo‐Tang , Liang Bo‐Wei , Chen Jyun‐Hong , Jiang Pei‐hsun , Li Lain‐Jong , Su Ya‐Wen , Zhong Yuan‐Liang , Chen Chii‐Dong
Published: August 2014

A polymer‐free technique for generating nanopatterns on both synthesized and exfoliated graphene sheets is proposed and demonstrated. A low‐energy (5–30 keV) scanning electron beam with variable repetition rates is used to etch suspended and unsuspended graphene sheets on designed locations. The patterning mechanisms involve a defect‐induced knockout process in the initial etching stage and a heat‐induced curling process in a later stage. Rough pattern edges appear due to inevitable stochastic knockout of carbon atoms or graphene structure imperfection and can be smoothed by thermal annealing. By using this technique, the minimum feature sizes achieved are about 5 nm for suspended and 7 nm for unsuspended graphene. This study demonstrates a polymer‐free direct nanopatterning approach for graphene.
Automated Formation of Lipid Membrane Microarrays for Ionic Single‐Molecule Sensing with Protein Nanopores
Authors: del Rio Martinez Juan M. , Zaitseva Ekaterina , Petersen Sönke , Baaken Gerhard , Behrends Jan C.
Published: August 2014

Efficient use of membrane protein nanopores in ionic single‐molecule sensing requires technology for the reliable formation of suspended molecular membranes densely arrayed in formats that allow high‐resolution electrical recording. Here, automated formation of bimolecular lipid layers is shown using a simple process where a poly(tetrafluoroethylene)‐coated magnetic bar is remotely actuated to perform a turning motion, thereby spreading phospholipid in organic solvent on a nonpolar surface containing a <1 mm2 4 × 4 array of apertures with embedded microelectrodes (microelectrode cavity array). Parallel and high‐resolution single‐molecule detection by single nanopores is demonstrated on the resulting bilayer arrays, which are shown to form by a classical but very rapid self‐assembly process. The technique provides a robust and scalable solution for the problem of reliable, automated formation of multiple independent lipid bilayers in a dense microarray format, while preserving the favorable electrical properties of the microelectrode cavity array.
Finding optimal parameters of tuned mass dampers
Authors: Özsarıyıldız Şaban S. , Bozer Ali
Published: August 2014

In this paper, optimum design of tuned mass damper for seismically excited structures is discussed. In the design process, a benchmark multi‐degree of freedom system is considered, and the performance measure of the optimization criterion is selected as the H2 and H∞ norms of the transfer function of the combined tuned mass damper and building system. Differential evolution algorithm is then utilized to minimize these objective functions. The objective function choice on performance and the effectiveness of differential evolution optimization algorithm in comparison with other algorithms in the literature are investigated through numerical simulations. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Teachers' knowledge structures for nature of science and scientific inquiry: Conceptions and classroom practice
Authors: Bartos Stephen A. , Lederman Norman G.
Published: August 2014

Research on nature of science (NOS) and scientific inquiry (SI) has indicated that a teacher's knowledge of each, however well developed, is not sufficient to ensure that these conceptions necessarily manifest themselves in classroom practice (Lederman & Druger, 1985; Lederman, 2007). In light of considerable research that has examined teachers' subject matter knowledge structures and their classroom practices (e.g., Gess‐Newsome & Lederman, 1993, 1995), what was conspicuously absent was an assessment of teachers' knowledge structures for NOS and SI. The current investigation inferred the classroom practice knowledge structures for NOS and SI for four physics teachers. These results were then compared to responses communicated through theKnowledge Structures for NOS and SI (KS4NS)questionnaire and subsequent interview. The degree of congruence between the two knowledge structures was gauged at the level of included concepts, connections between concepts, and for other organizational or thematic elements. The results indicated limited congruence between teachers' knowledge structures for NOS and SI and those espoused in their classroom practice. Most notable was the dearth of connections evidenced between constituent aspects in the latter. The necessity of having teacher candidates explicitly reflect on the structure of the subject matter they are learning for teaching is reiterated through the findings of the current study. The utility of the KS4NS as tool to foster such reflections specifically regarding conceptualization of NOS and SI independent of, or in conjunction with, traditional subject matter also warrants further investigation, particularly in light of the recently releasedNext Generation Science Standardsand their highly integrative conception of science. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 51: 1150–1184, 2014
Does metarepresentation make human mental time travel unique?
Authors: Redshaw Jonathan
Published: August 2014

Recent neurological evidence suggests that rats can mentally represent novel spatial trajectories and then are more likely to follow these paths in the future. Consequently, it has been proposed that human and nonhuman mental time travel capacities may differ in degree rather than kind. As of yet, however, there is no evidence for the crucial and qualitatively distinct component of metarepresentation in any nonhuman animal, not even our closest great ape relatives. Metarepresentation allows humans to represent the relationship between current reality and mere representations of reality—including those of the future. Drawing on parallels with dreaming and mind‐wandering, I outline the future‐oriented benefits associated with uncontextualized (non‐metarepresentational) representations of past and novel events, but propose that further, immense benefits flowed from the addition of metarepresentational insight. I critique previous behavioral paradigms used to assess mental time travel in animals and suggest how future‐oriented metarepresentation might possibly be demonstrated nonverbally. WIREs Cogn Sci 2014, 5:519–531. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1308

This article is categorized under:

Cognitive Biology > Evolutionary Roots of Cognition

Psychology > Comparative Psychology

Psychology > Memory
Body perception, awareness, and illusions
Authors: Costantini Marcello
Published: August 2014

Perceiving a body is a phenomenal experience completely different from experiencing a body as one's own body. Visual presentation of bodies or body parts recruits several occipitotemporal regions in the brain. Are these activations sufficient in order to change the phenomenal status of a body in one's own body? In this paper, I will review consolidated experimental evidence showing that the feeling of owning a body is not limited to the vision of a body, rather it is the result of a complex interaction between interoception, exteroception, and pre‐existing body templates. To illustrate this complex interplay, I will take advantage of the so‐called bodily illusions, referring to controlled illusory generation of unusual bodily feeling. These feelings include having a supernumerary limb, or lacking an arm, or feeling like you do not really have a body, or feeling that you do not really control a certain part of your body, or that your body is not really yours. In the last 15 years more than 150 empirical studies on body illusions have been published (Source: Pubmed, June 2014). These studies, using different technologies, are largely responsible for contributed our current understanding of bodily self‐consciousness. WIREs Cogn Sci 2014, 5:551–560. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1309

This article is categorized under:

Psychology > Perception and Psychophysics

Philosophy > Consciousness

Neuroscience > Behavior
A Comprehensive Evaluation of the Density of Neat Fatty Acids and Esters
Authors: Knothe Gerhard , Steidley Kevin R.
Published: August 2014

Density is one of the most important physical properties of a chemical compound, affecting numerous applications. An application in the case of fatty acid esters (biodiesel) is that density is specified in some biodiesel standards. In the present work, the density of fatty acid methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl esters as well as triacylglycerols in the C8–C24 range was determined in the range of 15–40 °C with a densitometer utilizing the oscillating U‐tube technique. Literature data on density are compiled and compared, showing that data for these compounds are incomplete with discrepancies existing in some cases. Besides known effects such as density decreasing with increasing chain length and increasing saturation, it is shown that trans fatty compounds exhibit lower density than cis fatty compounds. Density data for several saturated odd‐numbered, C18, as well as C20 and C22 polyunsaturated fatty esters are reported for the first time. The density contribution of compounds with high melting points is predicted. An equation is given for the calculation of the density of mixtures.
Ichnology of the Goradongar Formation, Goradongar Hill Range, Patcham Island, Kachchh, Western India
Authors: Patel Satish J. , Joseph Jaquilin K. , Bhatt Nishith Y.
Published: August 2014

The middle Jurassic Goradongar Formation exposed in Goradongar hill represents a mixed siliciclastic-carbonate succession with shales and limestones. They contain a large number of well preserved trace fossils. Total 44 ichnospecies of 31 ichnogenera; representing diverse ethology, were grouped in five ichnoassemblages (Planolites, Palaeophycus, Gyrochorte, Rhizocorallium and Arenicolites assemblage). These recurring ichnoassemblages represent the Cruziana ichnofacies and occasionally a mixed Skolithos-Cruziana ichnofacies. Patterns of diversity and density of the trace fossils reveal changes in bathymetry, oxygen level, trophic level and the sub-strate conditions at the time of deposition. These paleoenvironment and palaeo-oceanography changes are co-relatable to world-wide Bathonian-Callovian (middle Jurassic) deposits.
Preliminary Magnetic Susceptibility Characteristics of the Bharati Promontory (Grovness Peninsula), Larsemann Hills, Prydz Bay Region, East Antarctica
Authors: Pandit Manoj K. , De Wall Helga
Published: August 2014

The coastal tract of the Prydz Bay region in the East Antarctica exposes Archean to Late Proterozoic magmatic and medium- to high grade (amphibolite – granulite facies) metamorphic rocks. The para- and ortho gneisses from the Bharati promontory (Grovness Peninsula) forming a part of the Larsemann Hills in the southern segment of Prydz Bay were investigated for magnetic characterization. In this small peninsula the upper amphibolite facies gneisses occur as NE-trending bands. The para-gneisses show a range of mineral assemblages (± cordierite ± sillimanite ±garnet) while ortho-gneiss mineralogy includes quartz, feldspar, biotite, garnet. All the lithological units in Bharati promontory contain ubiquitous magnetite, however, with wide variation in the volume proportions. This has resulted in a wide range in magnetic susceptibility (10−4 to 10−2 SI). Magnetic foliations show a correspondence with the general trend of lithounits (050° NE) and define a resulting geometry of mainly D1 and D2 foliations. The magnetic lineations show a preferred orientation with moderate easterly plunge (mean vector 093/36). The findings have implications for the magnetic field survey because such fabrics would impart a strong horizontal component of induced magnetization.
Mode of membrane insertion of individual transmembrane segments in Mdl1 and Mdl2, multi‐spanning mitochondrial ABC transporters
Authors: Park Kwangjin , Jung Sung-jun , Kim Hyeonseong , Kim Hyun
Published: August 2014

The sorting of an individual transmembrane (TM) segment of multi‐spanning membrane proteins by the TIM23 complex in the mitochondrial inner membrane is poorly understood. Using the Mgm1 fusion approach, we attempted to assess the membrane insertion of individual TM segments of Mdl1p and Mdl2p, mitochondrial ABC transporters. Although these transporters share high sequence similarity, our results show that their membrane sorting patterns differ and that specific residues in TM domains strongly influence membrane insertion or translocation. These data imply that TIM23‐mediated membrane insertion highly depends on the TM domain sequence context.
Discovery of a novel HIV‐1 integrase inhibitor from natural compounds through structure based virtual screening and cell imaging
Authors: Gu Wan-Gang , Zhang Xuan , Ip Denis Tsz-Ming , Yang Liu-Meng , Zheng Yong-Tang , Wan David Chi-Cheong
Published: August 2014

The interaction between HIV‐1 integrase and LEDGF/P75 has been validated as a target for anti‐HIV drug development. Based on the crystal structure of integrase in complex with LEDGF/P75, a library containing 80 thousand natural compounds was filtered with virtual screening. 11 hits were selected for cell based assays. One compound, 3‐(1,3‐benzothiazol‐2‐yl)‐8‐{[bis(2‐hydroxyethyl)amino]methyl}‐7‐hydroxy‐2H‐chromen‐2‐one (D719) inhibited integrase nuclear translocation in cell imaging. The binding mode of D719 was analyzed with molecular simulation. The anti‐HIV activity of D719 was assayed by measuring the p24 antigen production in acute infection. The structure characteristics of D719 may provide valuable information for integrase inhibitor design.
Risk factors for preterm premature rupture of membranes in Chinese women from urban cities
Authors: Zhou Qiongjie , Zhang Weiyuan , Xu Huan , Liang Huan , Ruan Yan , Zhou Shufeng , Li Xiaotian
Published: August 2014

Objective

To investigate the prevalence of preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM) in urban areas in China and examine the associated risk factors.

Methods

A population‐based, prospective study was undertaken in 14 cities in China between January 1, 2011, and January 31, 2012. Women were recruited at their first prenatal‐care visit, when maternal characteristics were recorded. Risk factors were analyzed by one‐way analysis of variance.

Results

Of 112 439 women included in analyses, 3077 (2.7%) had PPROM. Univariate analysis showed an increased risk of PPROM before 28 weeks of pregnancy in migrant women (odds ratio [OR] 2.25; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.53–3.30; P < 0.001), in those with a history of recurrent induced abortions (OR 2.75; 95% CI 1.66–4.56; P < 0.001), and in those with a history of preterm birth (OR 3.90; 95% CI 0.77–19.61; P < 0.001). The associations were maintained in multivariate analysis (P < 0.001).

Conclusion

Migration as a result of urbanization, high rates of induced abortion, and preterm birth are potential risk factors for PPROM in Chinese women.
The General Comments on HIV adopted by the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights as a tool to advance the sexual and reproductive rights of women in Africa
Authors: Durojaye Ebenezer
Published: August 2014

The present article examines the contents and importance of the General Comments adopted by the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights on Article 14 (1) (d) and (e) of the Protocol to the African Charter on the Rights of Women in Africa as a tool for advancing women's rights in the context of HIV. Given that discriminatory practices in all facets of life have continued to limit African women's enjoyment of their sexual and reproductive rights and render them susceptible to HIV infection, it becomes vital that African governments adopt appropriate measures to address this challenge. The provisions of the Protocol on the Rights of Women in Africa present great opportunities for this to be realized. The radical and progressive provisions of the Protocol will be of no use to women unless policymakers and other stakeholders have a clear understanding of them and are able to implement them effectively. The adoption of the General Comments is a welcome development, and states and civil society groups must maximize it to advance women's rights.
Effect of spaced training with a box trainer on the acquisition and retention of basic laparoscopic skills
Authors: Akdemir Ali , Zeybek Burak , Ergenoglu Ahmet M. , Yeniel Ahmet O. , Sendag Fatih
Published: August 2014

Objective

To investigate whether basic laparoscopic skills acquired via structured spaced training on a box trainer persist after 6 months.

Methods

In a prospective study undertaken at the Ege University School of Medicine (Izmir, Turkey) between January 1, 2012, and June 1, 2013, 22 gynecology residents without previous laparoscopy experience were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive training with a box trainer (1 hour per week for 4 weeks) or to a control group. At baseline and at 5 weeks, residents’ performance was assessed via the salpingectomy module of LapSim. The box trainer group was reassessed for skills retention 6 months later.

Results

The box trainer group performed significantly better than the control group in time (P = 0.01) and economy of movement (P = 0.001) at the final test. Error scores did not differ significantly. Deterioration between final and retention tests in the box trainer group were recorded in time (P = 0.041), instrument path length (P = 0.013), and instrument angular path (P = 0.075). However, time and economy of movement scores were better at the retention assessment than at baseline (P = 0.008 and P = 0.003, respectively).

Conclusion

Structured training with a box trainer improved laparoscopic skills, but deterioration was evident within 6 months. This deterioration should be considered when planning laparoscopic training programs.
I see you’re in pain – The effects of partner validation on emotions in people with chronic pain
Authors: Edlund Sara M. , Carlsson Maria L. , Linton Steven J. , Fruzzetti Alan E. , Tillfors Maria
Published: August 2014

Background and aims

Chronic pain not only affects the person in pain, but can also have a negative impact on relationships with loved ones. Research shows that chronic pain is associated with difficulties in marital relationships, which in turn is related to a variety of negative outcomes such as psychological distress and conflict within the family. This suggests that couples where chronic physical pain is present also struggle with emotional pain and relationship problems, and thus targeting relationship skills and interpersonal functioning might be helpful for these couples. Although studies in this area are promising, their numbers are few. In the present study, validation as a way of communicating is suggested for handling emotional expression in interpersonal interactions. Validation communicates understanding and acceptance of the other person’s experience, and it has been shown to have a down-regulating effect on negative emotions. It has previously been demonstrated to be important for these couples. However, the feasibility and effects of increasing partner validation in these couples are unknown. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate if a brief training session in validation for spouses would result in more validating and fewer invalidating responses towards their partners with pain, and to investigate if changes in these behavioural responses were associated with changes in emotion and pain level in the partner with pain.

Methods

Participants were 20 couples where at least one partner reported chronic pain. The study employed a within-groups design in which spouses of people with pain received validation training (without their partner’s knowledge), and their validating and invalidating responses were rated pre- and post-intervention using a reliable observational scale. Also, positive and negative affect and subjective pain level in the persons with pain were rated pre- and post-intervention.

Results

Results showed that the validation training was associated with increased validating and decreased invalidating responses in the partners. Their spouses with chronic pain reported a decrease in negative affect from pre- to post-training.

Conclusions

Our results indicate that the partner or closest family member, after brief validation training, increased validating responses and decreased invalidating responses towards the person with pain, which had an immediate positive impact on emotions in the other person.

Implications

This study suggests that using validation in interpersonal interactions is a promising tool for couples where chronic pain is present.
The Impact of Self-Imagery on Affective, Cognitive, and Attentional Processes in Social Phobia: A Comprehensive Literature Review of the Theoretical and Empirical Literature
Authors: Ng Ashlen S. , Abbott Maree J.
Published: August 2014

Social Phobia (SP) is a psychological disorder characterised by an excessive and persistent fear of negative evaluation in social or performance situations that interferes with daily functioning. Cognitive models of SP (Clark & Wells, 1995; Hofmann, 2007; Rapee & Heimberg, 1997) emphasise the role of negative images of the self as an important factor in the maintenance of SP. While empirical research has demonstrated the link between negative self-imagery and social anxiety, many aspects of this cognitive factor are yet to be understood. Currently, there is limited research investigating the impact of different types of self-imagery and their effects on social anxiety and performance. Further research assessing the relationships between self-imagery and other maintaining processes proposed in cognitive models is also warranted. This review assesses the literature focusing on self-imagery in social anxiety, including qualitative, empirical, and preliminary treatment studies to date. Recommendations for future research and the use of imagery-based rescripting methods in the treatment of SP are also discussed.
Investigating the Effect of Mindfulness Training on Heart Rate Variability in Mental Health Outpatients: A Pilot Study
Authors: Wheeler Alexis , Denson Linley , Neil Chris , Tucker Graeme , Kenny Maura , Beltrame John F. , Schrader Geoffrey , Proeve Michael
Published: August 2014

Depression is associated with increased cardiac morbidity and mortality in people with and without cardiac risk factors, and this relationship is, in part, mediated by heart rate variability (HRV). Increased heart rate and reduced HRV are common in depressed patients, which may explain their higher cardiac risk. This pilot study investigated whether mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) promoted objective changes in (1) HRV, and (2) depressive symptoms and quality of life, in mental health outpatients. Twenty-seven adults meeting criteria for DSM-IV Axis I disorders completed an 8-week MBCT program. Data were collected on three occasions, 8 weeks apart; twice before and once after MBCT. Participants completed the Short Form-36 and the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) at each test period. Heart rate and HRV were measured during electrocardiographic monitoring before and after a cognitive stressor. At baseline, 78% of participants met criteria for depression (CES-D ≥16). Multivariate analyses revealed a significant treatment effect for SF-36 physical summary score and depression (as a dichotomous variable), but not for HRV. This pilot study highlights the immediate psychological and health benefits of MBCT. Low power may have influenced the lack of a finding of an association between HRV and MBCT. However, the feasibility of the study design has been established, and supports the need for larger and longer-term studies of the potential physiological benefits of MBCT for cardiac health.
ESTIMATION OF WAIST AND HIP CIRCUMFERENCES USING BODY MASS INDEX IN DELHI SCHOOL GIRLS (6–11 YEARS)
Authors: BANSAL ASTHA , JOSHI P. C.
Published: August 2014

Central obesity has been associated with the risk of cardiovascular and metabolic disease in children. A total of 358 Delhi school girls aged 6–11 years were measured for height, weight, waist circumference and hip circumference. The study demonstrates a linear correlation between body mass index (BMI) and waist and hip circumference and suggests an indirect method of estimating waist and hip circumferences, whose high values may be used for the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease. Further investigations on different groups are needed to substantiate these results and attribute BMI a predictive value in the clinical setting for the risk and diagnosis of childhood obesity-related metabolic disorders.
Foreign Media Coverage and Protest Outcomes in China: The case of the 2011 Wukan rebellion
Authors: HESS STEVE
Published: August 2014

By looking at the case of the 2011 Wukan rebellion in Guangdong Province, the following article explores the role played by foreign media in influencing the protest's ultimate outcome: an intervention from above by provincial authorities in favour of the villagers. Placing Wukan into a four-level model incorporating local, provincial, national, and international dimensions, this article considers how Wukan might serve as a model for contention that may influence future acts of popular protest in China in the digital age. It suggests that while appealing directly to foreign media can help claimants increase their leverage over local officials and prompt interventions from above, such actions are likely to modify and accelerate, but not fundamentally transform, existing patterns of localized, community-specific acts of contention seen earlier in the Reform Era.
Blood cadmium and depressive symptoms in young adults (aged 20–39 years)
Authors: Scinicariello F. , Buser M. C.
Published: August 2014

Background.

Genetic and environmental factors contribute to the risk of depression and several studies have noted an association between tobacco smoke and depression. Cadmium is a neurotoxicant and the main source of non-occupational exposure is tobacco smoke.

Method.

We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of data from 2892 young adult (aged 20–39 years) participants of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007–2010. Multivariate logistic regressions, adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, poverty income ratio (PIR), obesity, alcohol intake, blood lead (BPb) and smoking status, were used to analyze the association between blood cadmium (BCd) and depressive symptoms, as determined by the score on the nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9).

Results.

Individuals in the highest BCd quartile had higher odds of having depressive symptoms [odds ratio (OR) 2.79, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.84–4.25] than those in the lowest BCd quartile. Smoking status, but not BPb, was statistically significantly associated with depressive symptoms. Stratification by smoking status found that BCd was significantly associated with depressive symptoms in both non-smokers (OR 2.91, 95% CI 1.12–7.58) and current smokers (OR 2.69, 95% CI 1.13–6.42).

Conclusions.

This is the first study to report an association between BCd levels and depressive symptoms using a nationally representative sample. The association of cadmium with depressive symptoms was independent of smoking status. If this association is further confirmed, the continued efforts at reducing cadmium exposures, mainly through tobacco smoking cessation programs, may decrease the incidence of depression.
The social motivations of reversal: Raisedboughtin New York City English
Authors: Becker Kara
Published: August 2014

This article presents a variationist analysis of theboughtvowel in New York City English (NYCE) and finds that it has reversed the trajectory of change outlined in Labov (1966). An acoustic analysis of production data from sixty-four native residents of the Lower East Side demonstrates thatboughtis lowering in apparent time, a change led by young people, white and Jewish speakers, and the middle classes. A second source of data comes from perceptions of raisedboughtgathered from a matched guise experiment, which highlights an indexical field (Eckert 2008) of social meanings for raisedboughtthat comprise a ‘classic New Yorker’ persona: an older, white ethnic New Yorker from the outer boroughs who is mean and aloof. Taken together, the data suggest thatbought's reversal is motivated by its contemporary social meanings. (bought,New York City English, dialectology, variationism, sound change, social meaning, perception, sociophonetics)*
Building the tower of Babel: International Sign, linguistic commensuration, and moral orientation
Authors: Green E. Mara
Published: August 2014

This article examines International Sign (IS), a mode of signed cross-linguistic communication, in the context of the World Federation of the Deaf (WFD). I contend that the WFD General Assembly's language policy, which bans interpreters and requires that delegates use IS, formalizes the commonsense deaf notion that what is particular about deaf people is their capacity for connecting across differences, rooted in and materialized through the ability to use sign across language boundaries. While such an ability has been explained primarily in terms of the affordances of the visual-gestural modality, this article foregrounds and theorizes the irreducibly relational dimensions of linguistic commensuration. I argue that communicating in IS relies on and produces mutual moral orientation among signers, and that ultimately, it is the labor involved in using IS that deaf people value and that the WFD General Assembly institutionalizes. (International Sign, sign language, deaf, linguistic commensuration, moral orientation)*
Gloucester: The Wotton Cemetery Excavations, 2002
Authors: Ellis P. , King R.
Published: August 2014

The report summarises results from an excavation site within the Wotton cemetery on the outskirts of Gloucester. A total of 20 cremations and 54 inhumations were excavated and are the subject of a detailed human bone report. The earliest cremation urns were of pre-Flavian date and could be paralleled by pots from the Kingsholm fortress. Cremation rite continued into the early second century, but was then replaced by inhumation burials. These dated from the later first/early second century till the fourth century. Part of a ditched enclosure, perhaps with an earlier precursor, was laid out in the second century and survived, respected by burials, into the later Roman period. The layout of this part of the Wotton cemetery is not in the orderly rows expected for urban burial in the province and this circumstance is compared both with other urban cemeteries and with practices known on rural sites. Analysis of the human bone suggested working people were buried in this part of the cemetery. At least one of the burials seems likely to have been a soldier and another may have been a person of importance very late in the life of the town.
Gendered diffusion on gendered issues: the case of human trafficking
Authors: Bouché Vanessa , Wittmer Dana E.
Published: August 2014

This study aims to identify those factors that impact the comprehensiveness of state human trafficking legislation. To do so, we propose independent effects of policy diffusion and the percentage of females in a state legislature. Building on this framework, we then suggest a process of gendered diffusion, whereby female state legislators represent a unique diffusion network for “women’s interest” issues both within their own legislature, as well as across state networks. Taken together, this paper suggests that, for certain types of new issue areas, the demographic composition of state legislative chambers and the policy diffusion process are conditional on one another. This finding extends the bodies of scholarship concerning descriptive representation and policy diffusion, and presents a novel way to look at the policy-making process.
Fostering resilience later in life: a narrative approach involving people facing disabling circumstances, carers and members of minority groups
Authors: OTTMANN GOETZ , MARAGOUDAKI MARGARITA
Published: August 2014

Over the last two decades, the concept of resilience has become the focus of a growing body of gerontological research. However, there is a dearth of qualitative research that explores how socio-economic and socio-cultural factors shape older people's resilience. This study addresses this gap and explores the concept of resilience through the lens of 25 Australians from a variety of backgrounds, investigating the resilience strategies they employed in the face of different challenging life events. A qualitative narrative methodology involving one focus group and semi-structured interviews was employed. A stratified convenience sample of 34 people aged 60 and over participated in semi-structured interviews between 2009 and 2011. The study describes the meaning participants assigned to the term resilience, and focuses on the range of resilience responses and strategies they employed, bringing to light some key commonalities and differences. The study's findings suggest that access to economic and cultural resources and the nature of the adversity older people face can shape and limit their resilience strategies. The article outlines how the concept of resilience could be incorporated into aged care practice and argues that resilience-focused interventions that potentially broaden the resilience repertoire of older people should be explored within an aged care context.
A Beam Scanning Method based on the Helical Antenna for Space-based AIS
Authors: Cheng Yun , Chen Lihu , Chen Xiaoqian
Published: August 2014

We investigate a strategy to address the problem of low ship detection probability of space-based Automatic Identification System (AIS). A directional AIS antenna and an innovative beam scanning method are proposed, which scan the antenna across a wide swath to provide complete coverage and maintain the advantage of a narrow footprint to reduce signal collision. Aiming at the mission requirement of global ship detection by the year 2016, the appropriate swath, the scanning range and the scanning rate were studied and designed in detail. Theoretical analysis and simulations showed that this scanning antenna can greatly improve ship detection probability and hold the detection probability at an average reporting interval from six to 15 seconds for most oceans when compared with the traditional fixed wide beam antenna. Furthermore, the detection capacity of this scanning antenna was little affected by the heights of different Low Earth Orbits. The results of this work show that the design of the helical antenna along with the beam scanning method can be considered as a building block of future space-based AIS.
Crystal structure determination from powder diffraction data of the coumarin vanillin chalcone
Authors: Ghouili Afef , Rohlicek Jan , Ayed Taïcir Ben , Hassen Rached Ben
Published: August 2014

4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl-4-hydroxycoumarin chalcone (C19H14O6) was synthesized by the Claisen–Schmidt reaction with the condensation of 3-acetyl-4-hydroxycoumarin with 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde (vanillin). The new compound was characterized by Fourier transform infrared microscopy, UV–vis 1H, and 13C NMR spectroscopy and its crystal structure was ab initio determined from laboratory X-ray powder diffraction data. The crystal structure is monoclinic with unit-cell parameters a = 14.3181(4), b = 8.040 71(9), c = 13.5524(3), β = 100.3559(13)°, V = 1534.84(6) Å3, and space group P21/c.
Cross-immunity and age patterns of influenza A(H5N1) infection
Authors: KUCHARSKI A. J. , EDMUNDS W. J.
Published: August 2014

The age distribution of influenza A(H5N1) cases reported during 2006–2013 varied substantially between countries. As well as underlying demographic profiles, it is possible that cross-immunity contributed to the age distribution of reported cases: seasonal influenza A(H1N1) and avian influenza A(H5N1) share the same neuraminidase subtype, N1. Using a mechanistic model, we measured the extent to which population age distribution and heterosubtypic cross-immunity could explain the observed age patterns in Cambodia, China, Egypt, Indonesia and Vietnam. Our results support experimental evidence that prior infection with H1N1 confers partial cross-immunity to H5N1, and suggest that more than 50% of spillover events did not lead to reported cases of infection as a result. We also identified age groups that have additional risk factors for influenza A(H5N1) not captured by demography or infection history.
Religion, the Rule of Law and Discrimination
Authors: Etherton Terence
Published: August 2014

Reconciling conflict between religious freedoms and non-religious human rights is a subject that has begun to affect many countries as they have become more liberal, multicultural and secular. The law relevant to the subject is currently developing at a fast pace, and is of particular interest in England and Wales given the historical position that Christianity has had within the establishment – the monarchy, Parliament and the law. This article charts the development of the law in these areas from an era of officially Protestant uniformity to the current plural and tolerant society. The fast pace of development, particularly since the end of the Second World War, is shown through examination of the development of the law in the fields of racial discrimination, discrimination on the grounds of sexuality, and religious freedom and discrimination. To all intents and purposes, the law has now become neutral towards religion and belief and provides an enlarged space where, subject only to legitimate interference for the protection of that freedom and the rule of law, all are free to adhere to their own faith and belief system.
The Synod of Bishops: Canon Law and Ecclesial Dynamics
Authors: Ombres Robert
Published: August 2014

Christians have had centuries of experience with a wide variety of synods or councils, and the establishment by Pope Paul VI in 1965 of the Synod of Bishops is one of the latest examples. It is already clear that with Pope Francis the Synod will increase its already great impact on the life and mission of the Church. This article will begin by presenting the current canon law governing the Synod, mainly from the 1983 Code of Canon Law. Particular attention will then be given to the ecclesial dynamics within which the Synod operates. This will involve considering papal primacy, episcopal collegiality, Ecumenical Councils, the College of Cardinals and the Roman Curia. While accepting that the Synod must be understood on its own terms, the concluding reflections will illustrate the need to state as a matter of theology and of history the foundations on which synodality and conciliarity rest.
‘Anglicanism’ and the Origins of the Church of England
Authors: McCullough Peter
Published: August 2014

This article aims to provide an introductory historical sketch of the origins of the Church of England as a background for canon law in the present-day Anglican Communion and the Roman Catholic Church. Written by a specialist for non-specialists, it summarises the widely held view among ecclesiastical historians that if the Church of England could ever be said to have had a ‘normative’ period, it is not to be found in its formative years in the middle decades of the sixteenth century, and that, in particular, the origins of the Church of England and of what we now call ‘Anglicanism’ are not the same thing.
Accommodating Bishops
Authors: Cranmer Frank , Pocklington David
Published: August 2014

Earlier this year the Church Commissioners decided that the newly appointed Bishop of Bath and Wells should live in the Old Rectory, Croscombe, instead of at the historic palace in Wells. When the decision met considerable local opposition, not least in the House of Commons, the Archbishops' Council appointed a committee consisting of Mrs Mary Chapman (in the Chair), Philip Fletcher and Archdeacon Cherry Vann to consider objections. After a hearing, the committee directed that the transaction should not proceed.
Reducing readmissions following paediatric cardiothoracic surgery: a quality improvement initiative
Authors: Kogon Brian , Woodall Kim , Kanter Kirk , Alsoufi Bahaaldin , Oster Matt
Published: August 2014

Background: We have previously identified risk factors for readmission following congenital heart surgery – Hispanic ethnicity, failure to thrive, and original hospital stay more than 10 days. As part of a quality initiative, changes were made to the discharge process in hopes of reducing the impact. All discharges were carried out with an interpreter, medications were delivered to the hospital before discharge, and phone calls were made to families within 72 hours following discharge. We hypothesised that these changes would decrease readmissions.Methods: The current cohort of 635 patients underwent surgery in 2012. Demographic, preoperative, operative, and postoperative variables were evaluated. Univariate and multivariate risk factor analyses were performed. Comparisons were made between the initial (2009) and the current (2012) cohorts.Results: There were 86 readmissions of 77 patients during 2012. Multivariate risk factors for readmission were risk adjustment for congenital heart surgery score and initial hospital stay >10 days. In comparing 2009 with 2012, the overall readmission rate was similar (10 versus 12%, p=0.27). Although there were slight decreases in the 2012 readmissions for those patients with Hispanic ethnicity (18 versus 16%, p=0.79), failure to thrive (23 versus 17%, p=0.49), and initial hospital stay >10 days (22 versus 20%, p=0.63), they were not statistically significant.Conclusions: Potential risk factors for readmission following paediatric cardiothoracic surgery have been identified. Although targeted modifications in discharge processes can be made, they may not reduce readmissions. Efforts should continue to identify modifiable factors that can reduce the negative impact of hospital readmissions.
Corner store purchases made by adults, adolescents and children: items, nutritional characteristics and amount spent
Authors: Lent Michelle R , Vander Veur Stephanie , Mallya Giridhar , McCoy Tara A , Sanders Timothy A , Colby Lisa , Rauchut Tewksbury Colleen , Lawman Hannah G , Sandoval Brianna , Sherman Sandy , Wylie-Rosett Judith , Foster Gary D
Published: August 2014

Objective

Corner stores, also known as bodegas, are prevalent in low-income urban areas and primarily stock high-energy foods and beverages. Little is known about individual-level purchases in these locations. The purpose of the present study was to assess corner store purchases (items, nutritional characteristics and amount spent) made by children, adolescents and adults in a low-income urban environment.

Design

Evaluation staff used 9238 intercept surveys to directly examine food and beverage purchases.

Setting

Intercepts were collected at 192 corner stores in Philadelphia, PA, USA.

Subjects

Participants were adult, adolescent and child corner store shoppers.

Results

Among the 9238 intercept surveys, there were 20 244 items. On average, at each corner store visit, consumers purchased 2·2 (sd 2·1) items (1·3 (sd 2·0) foods and 0·9 (sd 0·9) beverages) that cost $US 2·74 (sd $US 3·52) and contained 2786·5 (sd 4454·2) kJ (666·0 (sd 1064·6) kcal). Whether the data were examined as a percentage of total items purchased or as a percentage of intercepts, the most common corner store purchases were beverages, chips, prepared food items, pastries and candy. Beverage purchases occurred during 65·9 % of intercepts and accounted for 39·2 % of all items. Regular soda was the most popular beverage purchase. Corner store purchases averaged 66·2 g of sugar, 921·1 mg of sodium and 2·5 g of fibre per intercept. Compared with children and adolescents, adults spent the most money and purchased the most energy.

Conclusions

Urban corner store shoppers spent almost $US 3·00 for over 2700 kJ (650 kcal) per store visit. Obesity prevention efforts may benefit from including interventions aimed at changing corner store food environments in low-income, urban areas.
Roughness and Morphology of Composites: Influence of Type of Material, Fluoride Solution, and Time
Authors: de Oliveira Ana Luísa Botta Martins , Giro Elisa Maria Aparecida , Garcia Patrícia Petromilli Nordi Sasso , Campos Juliana Álvares Duarte Bonini , Phark Jin-Ho , Duarte Sillas
Published: August 2014

This study evaluated the effect of fluoride solutions on surface roughness and morphology of composites in the short and long term. Specimens were randomly assigned to experimental groups (n=5) according to type of composite (nanofilled, microhybrid, microfilled) and immersion media (artificial saliva, 0.05% sodium fluoride solution, Fluordent Reach, Oral-B, and Fluorgard). Roughness was evaluated at time intervals: T0 after 24 h in artificial saliva (baseline); T60 after being in assigned immersion media for 1 min daily over 60 days; and Tfinal after artificial aging (20,000 thermal cycles, 1,200,000 mechanical loading cycles, and continuous immersion for 1,825 min). Surface morphology was qualitatively analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) at T60 and Tfinal. Roughness data were submitted to analysis of variance for mixed repeated measures, Sidak, and Tukey tests at α=0.05. Micro-filled resin showed the highest roughness values. Fluoride solutions had no influence on roughness. Higher roughness values were observed after artificial aging. In SEM observations after the artificial aging, the specimens showed surface degradation, irrespective of immersion medium or type of composite. Nano-filled resin showed higher loss of resin matrix and protrusion of filler particles. Roughness was not influenced by fluoride solutions; however, it is material dependent and increases over time.
Schlaf und Sport
Authors: Erlacher Daniel , Gebhart Carmen , Ehrlenspiel Felix , Blischke Klaus , Schredl Michael
Published: August 2014

Der Schlaf ist eine wichtige Ressource für das psychische und physische Wohlbefinden. Die Erkenntnisse aus der Schlafforschung spielten jedoch in der Sportwissenschaft bislang nur eine untergeordnete Rolle. Nach einer kurzen Einführung zur physiologischen Erfassung von Schlaf werden in diesem Beitrag drei Bereiche aufgeführt, die fruchtbare Verknüpfungen zwischen Schlaf- und Sportwissenschaft aufweisen. Im ersten Bereich wird auf die schlafbegleitende Konsolidierung von motorischen Gedächtnisinhalten eingegangen. Dieser eher grundlagenorientierte Forschungszweig beleuchtet den Zusammenhang zwischen der Aneignung bzw. Optimierung von motorischen Fertigkeiten und verschiedenen Schlafstadien und Schlafparametern (z. B. Schlafspindeln). In dem zweiten Bereich geht es um den Schlaf vor sportlichen Wettkämpfen. Für den Sport liegt eine Vielzahl von anekdotischen Belegen über eine schlecht geschlafene Nacht vor einem sportlichen Wettkampf vor. Systematische Erhebungen existieren jedoch kaum. Anhand verschiedener Studien sollen Aspekte geklärt werden, die die Ursachen und Häufigkeiten von schlechtem Schlaf vor Wettkämpfen und die Auswirkung auf die Wettkampfleistung betreffen. Der dritte Bereich widmet sich dem Einfluss von körperlicher Aktivität auf den Schlaf. Es zeigt sich, dass der Sport einen positiven Effekt auf den Schlaf bei Menschen mit Schlafstörung aufweist. Diese Befunde weisen auf einen therapeutischen Ansatz für Sportwissenschaftler in der Schlafmedizin. Abschließend werden sportpraktische Implikationen erörtert und Perspektiven auf weitere Forschungsfragen eröffnet.