bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quality Aspects of the Wegener Center Multi-Satellite GPS Radio Occultation Record OPSv5.6
Authors: Angerer Barbara , Ladstädter Florian , Scherllin-Pirscher Barbara , Schwärz Marc , Steiner Andrea K. , Foelsche Ulrich , Kirchengast Gottfried
Published: July 2017

Abstract. The demand for high-quality atmospheric data records, applicable in climate studies, is undisputed. Using such records requires knowledge of the quality and the specific characteristics of all contained data sources. The latest version of the Wegener Center (WEGC) multi-satellite GPS radio occultation (RO) record, OPSv5.6, provides globally distributed upper-air satellite data of high quality, usable for climate and other high-accuracy applications. The GPS RO technique has been deployed in several satellite missions since 2001. Consistency among data from these missions is essential to create a homogeneous long-term multi-satellite climate record. In order to enable a qualified usage of the WEGC OPSv5.6 dataset we performed a detailed analysis of satellite dependent quality aspects from 2001 to 2016. We present the impact of the OPSv5.6 quality control on the processed data and reveal time-dependent and satellite specific quality characteristics. Highest quality is found for MetOp (Meteorological Operational satellite) and GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment). Also data from Formosat-3/COSMIC (Formosa Satellite mission-3/Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate) are of high quality, however comparatively large day-to-day variations and satellite dependent irregularities need to be taken into account when using these data. We validate the consistency among the various satellite missions by calculating monthly mean temperature deviations from the multi-satellite mean, inducing also a correction for the different sampling characteristics. The results are highly consistent in the altitude range from 8 km to 25 km with mean temperature deviations less than 0.1 K. At higher altitudes the OPSv5.6 RO temperature record is increasingly influenced by the characteristics of the bending angle initialization, with the amount of impact depending on the receiver quality.
Assessment of an ensemble seasonal streamflow forecasting system for Australia
Authors: Bennett James C. , Wang Quan J. , Robertson David E. , Schepen Andrew , Li Ming , Michael Kelvin
Published: July 2017

Abstract. Despite an increasing availability of skillful long-range streamflow forecasts, many water agencies still rely on simple resampled historical inflow sequences (stochastic scenarios) to plan operations over the coming year. We assess a recently developed forecasting system called forecast guided stochastic scenarios (FoGSS) as a skillful alternative to standard stochastic scenarios for the Australian continent. FoGSS uses climate forecasts from a coupled ocean-land-atmosphere prediction system, post-processed with the method of calibration, bridging and merging. Ensemble rainfall forecasts force a monthly rainfall-runoff model, while a staged hydrological error model quantifies and propagates hydrological forecast uncertainty through forecast lead times. FoGSS is able to generate ensemble streamflow forecasts in the form of monthly time series to a 12-month forecast horizon. FoGSS is tested on 63 Australian catchments that cover a wide range of climates, including 21 ephemeral rivers. In all perennial and many ephemeral catchments, FoGSS provides an effective alternative to resampled historical inflow sequences. FoGSS generally produces skillful forecasts at shorter lead times (
Improving the Xin'anjiang hydrological model based on mass–energy balance
Authors: Fang Yuan-Hao , Zhang Xingnan , Corbari Chiara , Mancini Marco , Niu Guo-Yue , Zeng Wenzhi
Published: July 2017

Abstract. Conceptual hydrological models are preferable for real-time flood forecasting, among which the Xin'anjiang (XAJ) model has been widely applied in humid and semi-humid regions of China. Although the relatively simple mass balance scheme ensures a good performance of runoff simulation during flood events, the model still has some defects. Previous studies have confirmed the importance of evapotranspiration (ET) and soil moisture content (SMC) in runoff simulation. In order to add more constraints to the original XAJ model, an energy balance scheme suitable for the XAJ model was developed and coupled with the original mass balance scheme of the XAJ model. The detailed parameterizations of the improved model, XAJ-EB, are presented in the first part of this paper. XAJ-EB employs various meteorological forcing and remote sensing data as input, simulating ET and runoff yield using a more physically based mass–energy balance scheme. In particular, the energy balance is solved by determining the representative equilibrium temperature (RET), which is comparable to land surface temperature (LST). The XAJ-EB was evaluated in the Lushui catchment situated in the middle reach of the Yangtze River basin for the period between 2004 and 2007. Validation using ground-measured runoff data proves that the XAJ-EB is capable of reproducing runoff comparable to the original XAJ model. Additionally, RET simulated by XAJ-EB agreed well with moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS)-retrieved LST, which further confirms that the model is able to simulate the mass–energy balance since LST reflects the interactions among various processes. The validation results prove that the XAJ-EB model has superior performance compared with the XAJ model and also extends its applicability.
PREGRIDBAL 1.0: towards a high-resolution rainfall atlas for the Balearic Islands (1950–2009)
Authors: López Mayol Toni , Homar Víctor , Ramis Climent , Guijarro José Antonio
Published: July 2017

Abstract. This work presents a catalog of daily precipitation fields in the Balearic Islands created with data from AEMET (State Meteorological Agency) assistant observations, including records from 1912. The original digital daily data file has been interpolated onto a regular 100 m-resolution grid (namely PREGRIDBAL), defined with the aim of becoming a valid standard for future methodological improvements and catalog upgrades. Daily precipitation amounts on each grid point are calculated using an analysis method based on ordinary kriging, using the daily anomaly with respect to the annual mean for all available observations each day. Due to quality concerns, the time span for products derived from the catalog is limited to the 1950–2009 period, when the number of operating stations reached 200. Therefore, from the time series of daily maps, monthly-, annual-, quinquennial-, and decadal-accumulations are produced. Similarly, the catalog allowed for quantification of climate trends in rainfall amounts in the Balearic Islands, with the significant advantage of minimizing the biases originated from heterogeneities in the spatial distribution of stations across the archipelago. Results show a general decrease in precipitation during the 1950–2009 period. From 1950 to 1979, the average annual precipitation across the islands was 624.3 mm, while from 1980 to 2009 it diminished to 555.36 mm. Changes in precipitation patterns, which vary among the different areas, are also detected. The most significant reductions are found in the northern half of the archipelago and especially in Mallorca, where the Tramuntana mountain range stands out. All seasonal trends show a decrease, with values ranging between 1 and 3 mm decade−1, with the exception of autumn, which reaches a positive trend up to 7 mm decade−1. October shows the most dramatic decrease (−10. 34 mm decade−1) and, conversely, September and November show an increase in precipitation (3.28 and 1.82 mm decade−1, respectively) with a statistical significance above 85 % across almost the entire archipelago, and even exceeding 95 % in Eivissa and Formentera.
Changes in beach shoreline due to sea level rise and waves under climate change scenarios: application to the Balearic Islands (western Mediterranean)
Authors: Enríquez Alejandra R. , Marcos Marta , Álvarez-Ellacuría Amaya , Orfila Alejandro , Gomis Damià
Published: July 2017

Abstract. This work assesses the impacts in reshaping coastlines as a result of sea level rise and changes in wave climate. The methodology proposed combines the SWAN and SWASH wave models to resolve the wave processes from deep waters up to the swash zone in two micro-tidal sandy beaches in Mallorca island, western Mediterranean. In a first step, the modelling approach has been validated with observations from wave gauges and from the shoreline inferred from video monitoring stations, showing a good agreement between them. Afterwards, the modelling set-up has been applied to the 21st century sea level and wave projections under two different climate scenarios, representative concentration pathways RCP45 and RCP85. Sea level projections have been retrieved from state-of-the-art regional estimates, while wave projections were obtained from regional climate models. Changes in the shoreline position have been explored under mean and extreme wave conditions. Our results indicate that the studied beaches would suffer a coastal retreat between 7 and up to 50 m, equivalent to half of the present-day aerial beach surface, under the climate scenarios considered.
Clinical experiences at veterans administration primary care clinics: An interprofessional education project for advanced practice nurses and health professions students
Authors: Brommelsiek Margaret , Peterson Jane Anthony , Knopf-Amelung Sarah , Graybill Tracy Lynn
Published: July 2017

There is limited literature that specifically addresses how academic institutions and healthcare facilities effectively establish and manage clinical experiences for students. Since advanced practice nursing education (APRN) programs strive to provide appropriate clinical experiences as part of their students’ educational training, it is imperative that academic institutions and clinical facilities establish working relationships and protocols for productive collaboration. Barriers may exist in arranging student clinical placements, including scheduling conflicts and provider workload burden. Collaborative approaches for placing APRN students in primary care settings can be beneficial for student learning and the clinical care of patients. The purpose of this paper is to provide an initial roadmap for coordinating APRN and other health professional students’ placement in clinical rotations at a Veterans Health Administration Medical Center (VAMC) primary care clinic in the Midwest.
Effecten van informatieverstrekking op agressie van UWV-cliënten
Authors: Sprado Natascha , Fischer Tamar , van Reemst Lisa
Published: July 2017

Effects of informational justice on aggression by UWV-clients. An experimental scenario study

This study investigates the effect of providing information about decision making on aggression of clients of the Dutch Employee Insurance Agency (UWV). The expectation is that providing adequate information leads to a decrease in aggression, because it influences feelings of informational justice and frustration. UWV-clients (N=1.415) participated in an experimental scenario study (adequate vs. limited information providing). Next to aggression, psychological, UWV and social demographic characteristics were measured. Compared to limited information, receiving adequate information results in lower aggression. Clients with more negative affect show more aggression, but receiving adequate information especially reduces aggression in these clients.
Veroordeeld tot (g)een baan
Authors: van den Berg Chantal , Blommaert Lieselotte , Bijleveld Catrien , Ruiter Stijn
Published: July 2017

Employment opportunities for ex-convicts. An experimental study into how the crime type and personal characteristics influence employment chances

Previous research showed that job applicants with a criminal record have lower chances of obtaining employment compared to job applicants with no criminal record. At the same time empirical studies showed that having a job is especially beneficial for ex-delinquents, as employment was found to lower recidivism. The current study uses an experimental design to look into the influence of a criminal record on employment chances. For this purpose, 520 resumes and motivation letters were sent in response to vacancies published on the internet. All were identical except for the stated offence type (no offence, violent offence, property offence, or sexual offence), duration between conviction and application, business sector and ethnicity of the applicant. Results show no effect for type of offence or no offence on employment chances. However, a strong effect is found for ethnicity. Ethnic minorities with no conviction were even found to have lower chances of receiving a positive reaction compared to applicants with a Dutch name and a conviction for a violent offence.
Boef zoekt vrouw
Authors: Beijers Joris , van Prooijen Jan-Willem , Bijleveld Catrien
Published: July 2017

Mitigating factors in judgements about living with an offender

In a vignette study, we investigated the extent to which factors may mitigate the relative ‘unattractiveness’ of one-time offenders as cohabitation partners. These factors include having a job, not having a criminal record and the amount of time that has passed since the offence was committed. This was done by asking students to advise a hypothetical person whether he or she should start cohabiting with his or her partner who had offended once. The factors of interest were systematically varied. Our findings showed a more positive cohabitation advice when the offender had committed the offence relatively long ago. Our findings also showed a more positive cohabitation advice when the offender was employed. This is an important finding, as this may indicate that being employed also helps ex-offenders getting their lives back on track with respect to cohabitation.
Монгол улсын шилжилтийн эдийн засаг, цаашдын төсөөлөл
Authors: Т Намжим
Published: July 2017

Монгол улсад нийгэм-эдийн засгийн өөрчлөлт шинэчлэлт явагдаж, шинэ тогтолцоонд шилжих оролдлого хийсээр даруй 20-иод жилийн хугацаа өнгөрлөө.Шилжилтийн үеийн эдийн засгийн асуудлыг авч үзэхийн өмнө юуны түрүүнд ер нь Монгол улсын хувьд шилжилтийн үеийн мөн чанар, шийдвэрлэх зорилт, үндсэн асуудлын агуулга, дуусах хугацаа, түүний шалгуур гэх зэрэг зүйлийн талаар товч боловч санаа бодлоо толилуулах нь зүйтэй юм.
Монгол-германы хамтарсан чулуун зэвсгийн судалгааны ангийн 2012 онд хийсэн малтлага судалгааны урьдчилсан үр дүн
Authors: Б Гүнчинсүрэн , Ц Болорбат , Звинс Н
Published: July 2017

Mongolian and Germany joint expedition start­ed research excavation at the “Tulbur-16” Pa­leolithic site in 2012. The excavation covered totally 5 sq.m. In the result of the excavation, there stratigraphic has seven layers and 3664 stone tools are found. The knapping technique of some of the findings are similar to findings from lower layers of Tulbur-4 and Tulbur-15 sites. This result is definitelly indicating that this site belongs to Upper Paleolithic and it is representing that ancient human were settled in this region for longer period: from early to finality of Upper Paleolithic.
Монгол орны чулууннүүрсний галавын ургамлын судалгаанаас
Authors: Л Уранбилэг
Published: July 2017

Монгол орны чулууннүүрсний (карбон) галавийн мөхсөн ургамлын судалгаа хэд хэдэн үе шаттайгаар явагдсан байна. Уг судалгааг 19-р зууны сүүлч, 20-р зууны эхэн үеэс эхэлсэн гэж үздэг бөгөөд анхны олдворууд нь цөөн тооны үлдэгдлүүд байв. 1970-аад оны эхэн үеэс хоёр дахь үеийн судалгааг Гурван-Хараат уул, Цагаан-суварга (Өмнөговь), Мэргэн уул (Ховд), Орхон голын сав газар зэрэг голлох олдворт газруудын хэмжээнд явуулсан байна (Дуранте М.В.,1976). Сүүлийн жилүүдэд Улаан толгой, Шарга морьт, Хүрэн толгой (Говь-алтай),Бор толгод (Өмнөговь), Цагаан-суварга (Дорноговь) нутагт эртний ургамлын үе шатны судалгаа явагдаж тодорхой үр дүнд хүрлээ. Манай орны нүүрс агуулсан хурдас чулуулгууд нь чулууннүүрс, пермь, юр, цэрдийн цаг үетэй салшгүй холбоотой байдаг. Чулууннүүрсний үеийн ургамлын судалгааг явуулах нь Монгол орны нүүрсний орд, илрэлүүдийн судалгаа, хурдас хуримтлалын цаг хугацаа,талбайн тархалтын зүй тогтлыг илрүүлэх, эх газрын хурдас чулуулгийн насыг тогтооход чухал ач холбогдолтой юм. Энэхүү өгүүлэлд Өмнөд-Монголын бүсэд хамаарагдах Улаан толгой, Шарга морьт, Хүрэн толгой, Бор толгод, Цагаан-суваргын олдворт газрын чулууннүүрсний үеийн ургамлын судалгааны зарим шинэлэг үр дүнг тусгахыг зорив (зураг 1).
The transaction cost theory in strategy research in Brazil
Authors: Santos Nathália De Melo , Ferraz Isabela Neves , Falqueto Junia Maria Zandonade , Verga Everton
Published: July 2017

The aim of this study was to investigate the production of Brazilian research in organizational strategy that addresses the Transaction Cost Theory (TCT). As a method, we chose to perform a documentary research through bibliometric analysis. We examined methodological aspects, keywords, theories, authors and most cited works related to TCT, as well as identified gaps and suggestions for future studies. A prominent finding was the proximity of two theoretical areas: TCT and Resource-Based View (RBV). This result reinforces the argument that it is viable the proximity of TCT and VBR in the strategy field for a better understanding of superior performance by the firms.
Compensation strategies and their relationship with the organizational commitment in the teachers of the institutions of higher education in Mexico
Authors: Rios Manriquez Martha , Pérez Rendón Lízbeth , Sánchez-Fernández María Dolores , Ferrer Guerra Julián
Published: July 2017

This research analyzes the effect of compensation strategies (fees and wage) has on the dimensions of organizational commitment in teachers from Higher Education Institutions (HEI’s), the study is descriptive with an analysis of variance with one factor (Anova), made to 209 teachers in the Metropolitan Area Laja Bajio in Guanajuato, Mexico, using variables (affective, normative and continuous commitment), of the instrument proposed by Meyer and Allen (1997). The results show that the compensation strategy through wage increases affective commitment, while reducing continuous commitment. Compared with compensation strategy through fees, waged teachers have a greater sense of attachment and commitment to do their job and less sense of "having to" stay in the institution only by the need of a job.
Acolhimento de imigrantes haitianos via integração ensino-serviço-pesquisa na atenção primária à saúde: relato de experiência
Authors: Assis Neoma Mendes , Martins Letícia Lara , Souza Lêda Maria Mendes , Nicolao Ivone Aparecida , Souza Nathan Mendes
Published: July 2017

Este artigo objetiva relatar a experiência do acolhimento a uma comunidade de imigrantes haitianos pela Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) no âmbito do ‘Internato de Atenção Integral à Saúde’ do curso de Medicina da Unifenas - BH. A experiência ocorreu no Centro de Saúde Novo Aarão Reis (CSNAR) mediante estratégia multifacetada de acolhimento do serviço composta por: 1) interlocução com entidade de apoio a imigrantes, o Centro Zanmi; 2) busca ativa e visitas domiciliares pela agente comunitária de saúde e internas de medicina, 3) aplicação de questionário; 4) apresentação dos resultados à comunidade de imigrantes haitianos, aos profissionais de saúde do CSNAR, à comunidade acadêmica da Unifenas - BH e a outros membros da comunidade interessados. Pelo contato com os primeiros haitianos identificados na comunidade, e por meio de busca ativa, outros foram encontrados e incluídos no estudo. Em conjunto com a aplicação dos questionários, foi possível avaliar o contexto em que estes se encontravam e, assim, buscar nas ferramentas da APS e do território formas de incluir esses imigrantes na comunidade e auxiliá-los em suas demandas. Este processo permitiu acolher a comunidade de imigrantes haitianos no CSNAR, otimizar seu cadastro no Sistema Único de Saúde, sensibilizar os profissionais de saúde para a importância do desenvolvimento de competência cultural e oportunizar intercâmbio de conhecimentos sobre o sistema de saúde haitiano e brasileiro.
The phenomenon of medically unexplained chronic pain
Authors: Granan Lars-Petter
Published: July 2017

This article begins by defining what medically unexplained pain is and if the content of this terminology is dependent on the prevailing medical framework. It will then proceed to discuss various treatment options and what sort of clinical benefit has been documented from them. In addition, the paper will focus on how we might reconsider the premises and consequences of an altered framework to develop individualized and targeted treatment modalities. This shift in conceptualization of medically unexplained pain is founded on the basics of psychology (i.e., the study of behaviour and mind, not the clinical aspect of it), neuroscience and the theory of evolution. The paper is advanced as a starting point for a fruitful discussion on how to encounter with persons with a longstanding pain condition and what the next steps for clinicians, the afflicted, the next of kin, Society and researchers ought to be.
Perceptions of Unprofessional Attitudes and Behaviors: Implications for Faculty Role Modeling and Teaching Professionalism During Pathology Residency
Authors: Brissette Mark D. , Johnson Kristen A. , Raciti Patricia M. , McCloskey Cindy B. , Gratzinger Dita A. , Conran Richard Michael , Domen Ronald E. , Hoffman Robert D. , Post Miriam D. , Roberts Cory Anthony , Rojiani Amyn M. , Powell Suzanne Zein-Eldin
Published: July 2017

Context.—

Changes occurring in medicine have raised issues about medical professionalism. Professionalism is included in the Core Competencies and Milestones for all pathology residents. Previous studies have looked at resident professionalism attitudes and behaviors in primary care but none have looked specifically at pathology.

Objective.—

To examine behavior and attitudes toward professionalism within pathology and to determine how professionalism is taught in residency programs.

Design.—

Surveys were sent to all College of American Pathologists junior members and all pathology residency program directors, and responses were compared.

Results.—

Although no single behavior received the same professionalism rating among residents and program directors, both groups identified the same behaviors as being the most unprofessional: posting identifiable patient information or case images to social media, making a disparaging comment about a physician colleague or member of the support staff on social media or in a public hospital space, and missing work without reporting the time off. Faculty were observed displaying most of these behaviors as often or more often than residents by both groups. The most common means to teach professionalism in pathology residencies is providing feedback as situations arise and teaching by example. Age differences were found within each group and between groups for observed behaviors and attitudes.

Conclusions.—

As teaching by example was identified as a common educational method, faculty must be aware of the role their behavior and attitudes have in shaping resident behavior and attitudes. These results suggest a need for additional resources to teach professionalism during pathology residency.
Immunohistochemistry of Pulmonary Biomarkers: A Perspective From Members of the Pulmonary Pathology Society
Authors: Thunnissen Erik , Allen Timothy Craig , Adam Julien , Aisner Dara L. , Beasley Mary Beth , Borczuk Alain C. , Cagle Philip T. , Capelozzi Vera Luiza , Cooper Wendy , Hariri Lida P. , Kern Izidor , Lantuejoul Sylvie , Miller Ross , Mino-Kenudson Mari , Radonic Teodora , Raparia Kirtee , Rekhtman Natasha , Roy-Chowdhuri Sinchita , Russell Prudence , Schneider Frank , Sholl Lynette M. , Tsao Ming Sound , Vivero Marina , Yatabe Yasushi
Published: July 2017

The use of immunohistochemistry for the determination of pulmonary carcinoma biomarkers is a well-established and powerful technique. Immunohistochemisty is readily available in pathology laboratories, is relatively easy to perform and assess, can provide clinically meaningful results very quickly, and is relatively inexpensive. Pulmonary predictive biomarkers provide results essential for timely and accurate therapeutic decision making; for patients with metastatic non–small cell lung cancer, predictive immunohistochemistry includes ALK and programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) (ROS1, EGFR in Europe) testing. Handling along proper methodologic lines is needed to ensure patients receive the most accurate and representative test outcomes.
Empreendedorismo criativo: a preservação da privacidade e a coleta de dados no comércio eletrônico
Authors: Silveira-Nunes Bibiana , Macedo Leonardo Brunetti , Montardo Sandra Portella
Published: July 2017

Investigamos a preservação da privacidade na internet, especificamente em relação aos dados coletados pelos empreendedores criativos no comércio online. É nosso objetivo principal investigar se e como o empreendedor criativo protege a privacidade de seus consumidores no que cabe aos dados coletados para a formalização de negócios no comércio eletrônico. Como resultado entendemos que muitos empreendedores, apesar de se dizerem conhecedores da legislação, ainda não adequaram seus negócios online às disposições do Marco Civil da Internet, descumprindo os requisitos necessários para que uma de suas atividades-meio – a coleta de dados pessoais do potencial consumidor – observe as normas jurídicas relativas à proteção da privacidade e ao direito fundamental à informação que têm os consumidores.
Evaluación de competencias genéricas en el ámbito universitario a través de entornos virtuales: Una revisión narrativa
Authors: Ruiz Morales Yovanni Alexander , Biencinto López Chantal , Garcìa Garcìa Mercedes , Carpintero Elvira
Published: July 2017

El artículo expone una revisión bibliográfica al estado de la cuestión sobre la enseñanza y evaluación de competencias genéricas a través de Entornos Virtuales (EV) en el ámbito universitario, a partir de la consulta sistemática en revistas científicas en formato electrónico e impreso publicadas entre el año 2000 y 2014, así como también de los proyectos de investigación centrados en el desarrollo de competencias genéricas a través de EV. Sintetiza las aportaciones teóricas y empíricas, como una forma de aportar un mayor conocimiento a una línea iniciada hace escasamente una década. Las competencias genéricas, relacionadas con la formación integral del estudiante, al conjugarse con las específicas permiten un mejor desempeño en los ámbitos personal, académico, social y organizacional. Esta premisa supone la necesidad de plantearse el desarrollo de nuevas metodologías para la enseñanza, aprendizaje y evaluación de las competencias genéricas. Entre los resultados se destaca el valor de las competencias genéricas en la formación de los estudiantes universitarios, así como también el desarrollo de proyectos innovadores centrados en la aportación de procedimientos de enseñanza y evaluación viables y eficaces para el logro de competencias genéricas en EV.
The cyanobacterial circadian clock follows midday in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Leypunskiy Eugene , Lin Jenny , Yoo Haneul , Lee UnJin , Dinner Aaron R , Rust Michael J
Published: July 2017

Circadian rhythms are biological oscillations that schedule daily changes in physiology. Outside the laboratory, circadian clocks do not generally free-run but are driven by daily cues whose timing varies with the seasons. The principles that determine how circadian clocks align to these external cycles are not well understood. Here, we report experimental platforms for driving the cyanobacterial circadian clock both in vivo and in vitro. We find that the phase of the circadian rhythm follows a simple scaling law in light-dark cycles, tracking midday across conditions with variable day length. The core biochemical oscillator comprised of the Kai proteins behaves similarly when driven by metabolic pulses in vitro, indicating that such dynamics are intrinsic to these proteins. We develop a general mathematical framework based on instantaneous transformation of the clock cycle by external cues, which successfully predicts clock behavior under many cycling environments.
Theta oscillations locked to intended actions rhythmically modulate perception
Authors: Tomassini Alice , Ambrogioni Luca , Medendorp W Pieter , Maris Eric
Published: July 2017

Ongoing brain oscillations are known to influence perception, and to be reset by exogenous stimulations. Voluntary action is also accompanied by prominent rhythmic activity, and recent behavioral evidence suggests that this might be coupled with perception. Here, we reveal the neurophysiological underpinnings of this sensorimotor coupling in humans. We link the trial-by-trial dynamics of EEG oscillatory activity during movement preparation to the corresponding dynamics in perception, for two unrelated visual and motor tasks. The phase of theta oscillations (~4 Hz) predicts perceptual performance, even >1 s before movement. Moreover, theta oscillations are phase-locked to the onset of the movement. Remarkably, the alignment of theta phase and its perceptual relevance unfold with similar non-monotonic profiles, suggesting their relatedness. The present work shows that perception and movement initiation are automatically synchronized since the early stages of motor planning through neuronal oscillatory activity in the theta range.
Expression, refolding and spectroscopic characterization of fibronectin type III (FnIII)-homology domains derived from human fibronectin leucine rich transmembrane protein (FLRT)-1, -2, and -3
Authors: Yang Lila , Hansen Falkesgaard Maria , Thulstrup Peter Waaben , Walmod Peter Schledermann , Lo Leggio Leila , Krighaar Rasmussen Kim
Published: July 2017

The fibronectin leucine rich transmembrane (FLRT) protein family consists in humans of 3 proteins, FLRT1, -2, and -3. The FLRT proteins contain two extracellular domains separated by an unstructured linker. The most membrane distal part is a leucine rich repeat (LRR) domain responsible for bothcis-andtrans-interactions, whereas the membrane proximal part is a fibronectin type III (FnIII) domain responsible for acis-interaction with members of the fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) family, which results in FGFR tyrosine kinase activation. Whereas the structures of FLRT LRR domains from various species have been determined, the expression and purification of recombinant FLRT FnIII domains, important steps for further structural and functional characterizations of the proteins, have not yet been described. Here we present a protocol for expressing recombinant FLRT-FnIII domains in inclusion bodies inEscherichia coli. His-tags permitted affinity purification of the domains, which subsequently were refolded on a Ni-NTA agarose column by reducing the concentration of urea. The refolding was confirmed by circular dichroism (CD) and1H-NMR. By thermal unfolding experiments we show that a strand-strand cystine bridge has significant effect on the stability of the FLRT FnIII fold. We further show by Surface Plasmon Resonance that all three FnIII domains bind to FGFR1, and roughly estimate aKdfor each domain, allKds being in the µM range.
Plasmalogen homeostasis – regulation of plasmalogen biosynthesis and its physiological consequence in mammals
Authors: Honsho Masanori , Fujiki Yukio
Published: July 2017

Plasmalogens, mostly ethanolamine‐containing alkenyl ether phospholipids, are a major subclass of glycerophospholipids. Plasmalogen synthesis is initiated in peroxisomes and completed in the endoplasmic reticulum. The absence of plasmalogens in several organs of peroxisome biogenesis‐defective patients suggests that the de novo synthesis of plasmalogens plays a pivotal role in its homeostasis in tissues. Plasmalogen synthesis is regulated by modulating the stability of fatty acyl‐CoA reductase 1 on peroxisomal membranes, a rate‐limiting enzyme in plasmalogen synthesis, by sensing plasmalogens in the inner leaflet of plasma membranes. Dysregulation of plasmalogen homeostasis impairs cholesterol biosynthesis by altering the stability of squalene monooxygenase, a key enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis, implying physiological consequences of plasmalogen homeostasis with respect to cholesterol metabolism in cells, as well as in organs such as the liver.
Multifaceted death receptor 3 signaling—promoting survival and triggering death
Authors: Bittner Sebastian , Ehrenschwender Martin
Published: July 2017

Death Receptor 3 (DR3) and its cognate ligand TL1A belong to the tumor necrosis factor superfamily (TNFSF). This sophisticated network of receptor–ligand systems controls innumerable biological processes. For many (if not all) TNFSF ligands and receptors, a role in conditions such as inflammation, tissue development, proliferation, and cell death has been firmly established. However, relatively little is known about DR3 and TL1A. Here, we review novel aspects of DR3 signaling and DR3‐associated signaling pathways before summarizing the function of DR3 in the immune system. The emerging role of DR3 in disease will be addressed before we finally critically discuss the potential therapeutic exploitation of this receptor–ligand pair.
EMIC waves covering wide L shells: MMS and Van Allen Probes observations
Authors: Yu Xiongdong , Yuan Zhigang , Huang Shiyong , Wang Dedong , Li Haimeng , Qiao Zheng , Yao Fei
Published: July 2017

During 04:45:00–08:15:00 UT on 13 September in 2015, a case of Electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves covering wide L shells (L = 3.6–9.4), observed by the Magnotospheric Multiscale 1 (MMS1) are reported. During the same time interval, EMIC waves observed by Van Allen Probes A (VAP‐A) only occurred just outside the plasmapause. As the Van Allen Probes moved outside into a more tenuous plasma region, no intense waves were observed. Combined observations of MMS1 and VAP‐A suggest that in the terrestrial magnetosphere, an appropriately dense background plasma would make contributions to the growth of EMIC waves in lower L shells, while the ion anisotropy, driven by magnetospheric compression, might play an important role in the excitation of EMIC waves in higher L shells. These EMIC waves are observed over wide L shells after three continuous magnetic storms, which suggests that these waves might obtain their free energy from those energetic ions injected during storm times. These EMIC waves should be included in radiation belt modeling, especially during continuous magnetic storms. Moreover, two‐band structures separated in frequencies by local He2+ gyrofrequencies were observed in large L shells (L > ~6), implying sufficiently rich solar wind origin He2+ likely in the outer ring current. It is suggested that multiband‐structured EMIC waves can be used to trace the coupling between solar wind and the magnetosphere.
Seismic wavefield imaging of long‐period ground motion in the Tokyo metropolitan area, Japan
Authors: Kano M. , Nagao H. , Nagata K. , Ito S. , Sakai S. , Nakagawa S. , Hori M. , Hirata N.
Published: July 2017

Long‐period ground motions due to large earthquakes can cause devastating disasters, especially in urbanized areas located on sedimentary basins. To assess and mitigate such damage, it is essential to rapidly evaluate seismic hazards for infrastructures, which can be simulated by seismic response analyses that use waveforms at the base of each infrastructure as an input ground motion. The present study reconstructs the seismic wavefield in the Tokyo metropolitan area located on the Kanto sedimentary basin, Japan, from seismograms of the Metropolitan Seismic Observation network. The obtained wavefield fully explains the observed waveforms in the frequency band of 0.10–0.20 Hz. This is attributed to the seismic wavefield imaging technique proposed by Kano et al. (2017), which implements the replica exchange Monte Carlo method to simultaneously estimate model parameters related to the subsurface structure and source information. Further investigation shows that the reconstructed seismic wavefield lower than 0.30 Hz is of high quality in terms of variance reduction, which quantifies a misfit in waveforms but that the variance reduction rapidly worsens in higher frequencies. Meanwhile, the velocity response spectra show good agreement with observations up to 0.90 Hz in terms of the combined goodness of fit, which is a measure of misfit in the velocity response spectra. Inputting the reconstructed wavefield into seismic response analyses, we can rapidly assess the overall damage to infrastructures immediately after a large earthquake.
Linear forecasting of the F10.7 proxy for solar activity
Authors: Warren Harry P. , Emmert John T. , Crump Nicholas A.
Published: July 2017

The ability to accurately forecast variations in the solar extreme ultraviolet irradiance is important to many aspects of operational space weather. For example, variations in the Sun's radiative output at these wavelengths drive changes in thermospheric density, which perturbs the trajectories of objects in low Earth orbit. Thus, predicting the conjunction of an operational satellite with orbital debris requires accurate forecasts of solar activity. In this paper we present a simple linear forecasting model for the 10.7 cm radio flux (F10.7), a commonly used proxy for solar activity. Comparisons with simple reference models indicate that this linear model has positive skill for all forecast days that we have considered. We also examine the impact of the F10.7 forecast skill on empirical model predictions of thermospheric density and ionospheric total electron content.
Bhutto,Benazir
Authors: Jiang Guoping
Published: July 2017

Benazir Bhutto was an influential politician in Pakistan. She was the first female prime minister of an Islamic country, and served twice. Bhutto took a leftist, feminist, and democratic approach to support the poor, to empower women, and to prevent dictatorship. She adopted a capitalist method to facilitate economic growth. Internationally, Bhutto maintained relations with socialist states, but was tough on India and broke off relations with the United States.
Day Reporting Centers
Authors: Pleggenkuhle Breanne
Published: July 2017

Day reporting centers perform an important role in community corrections, serving offenders released from pretrial detention, as an alternative to probation, or for offenders released to parole supervision. Day reporting centers improve public safety by requiring frequent contact with offenders under community supervision while also providing a variety of rehabilitative services, though centers vary in the degree of both from location to location. Limited studies fully examine the effectiveness of day reporting centers, and evidence is mixed. While some demonstrate a reduction in recidivism rates, other find limited effects and even a rise in reoffending. This is often dependent on client history as well as program length and completion status. Day reporting centers have a strong presence in corrections, generally serving a high‐risk population, and strengthen the supervision and rehabilitative efforts of community supervision.
Code ofHammurabi
Authors: Zohair Husain Mir , Costanza Stephen E.
Published: July 2017

The Code of Hammurabi is a collection of at least 282 ancient Mesopotamian laws that King Hammurabi promulgated near the end of his reign (1792–1750bce). Hammurabi's Code represents one of the first written attempts by an ancient civilization to systematically codify civil and criminal laws. The Code is important to penologists and criminologists because it demonstrates how one of the oldest known civilizations responded to criminal violations. Although the original text was lost around 1565bceand not rediscovered until 1901, most of the principles inherent in the Code became points of reference for future legal and religious development.
B
oudin,
K
athy
Authors: Elizabeth Stearns A.
Published: July 2017

Former 1960s‐era radical Kathy Boudin is now an adjunct professor with the School of Social Work at Columbia University, an appointment that has garnered criticism in the wake of her violent past. Boudin served 22 years for her participation as getaway driver during the 1981 armed robbery of a Brinks security truck that killed three people. Her time behind bars produced poetry, academic articles, beneficial inmate and social programs, and the completion of advanced educational degrees.
B
eccaria,
C
esare
Authors: Clara Sapienza Simona
Published: July 2017

Cesare Beccaria can rightly be considered one of the leading intellectuals in the field of penal reform. His enlightened ideas, developed in the context of substantial social, cultural, and historical changes that swept across Europe at the end of the eighteenth century have inspired penal reform, with consequences that have reached even contemporary penology discourse.
Beto,George
Authors: Lim Hyeyoung
Published: July 2017

This entry introduces readers to the innovative and groundbreaking prison reform work of Dr. George J. Beto (1916–91), who is best known for his prison work in the United States beginning in the 1950s. The entry includes an overview of Beto's prison control and management models, his philosophy and practice of corrections, and the legal challenges associated with his work.
Administrative Punishment
Authors: Zhao Ruohui
Published: July 2017

Administrative punishment is the term that is used to describe penalties that may be imposed in the administration of public security in China. Crime is defined as behavior that reaches a certain level of severity. Much minor antisocial behavior is not defined as a crime and thus is not dealt with under the Criminal Law of the People's Republic of China. Instead, such behavior is dealt with by the public security organs, primarily the police, under the 2005 Law on Administrative Penalties for Public Security Offenses. The penalties stipulated in the law are essentially administrative, as the public security organs are the only entities that can enforce the law and carry out the punishments. Normally no court trials or further criminal proceedings are required when dealing with this type of minor antisocial behavior.
Electronic Monitoring
Authors: Nellis Mike
Published: July 2017

This entry contains a description of various electronic monitoring (EM) technologies, a characterization of the form of penal control that EM represents, its range of uses in criminal justice, its origins, its global pattern of development, a summary of its research findings, its ethical debates, and the possible future development of EM technologies.
D
ostoyevsky:
Crime and Punishment
Authors: Kitai‐Sangero Rinat
Published: July 2017

Dostoyevsky's novel
Crime and Punishment
treats many issues in the legal world: utilitarian versus deontological considerations, motives for crimes, the obligation to obey the law, confessions (both true and false), the significance of remorse, and the goals of punishment. The novel supports the retributive concept of punishment and its various derivations: the concept of punishment as atonement, the concept of the importance of meting out punishment in order to return the offender to his or her moral state, the concept that punishment confirms the true value of the victim and rescinds the pose of superiority that the offender created by the very commission of the offense, and the concept that punishment has the expressive function of conveying a message of condemnation.
Federal Sentencing Guidelines
Authors: Norwood Melanie B.
Published: July 2017

In 1984, the Sentencing Reform Act contained within the Comprehensive Crime Control Act was passed. The Sentencing Reform Act of 1984 created the United States Sentencing Commission that was given instructions to develop sentencing guidelines for the federal court system in an effort to reduce sentencing disparities along racial and gender lines, while also ensuring the certainty of punishment, and thus crime control, through deterrence. Prior to the creation of these guidelines, federal sentencing operated with a vast degree of discretion on the part of judges and employed an indeterminate federal sentencing scheme. The guidelines have since been through numerous revisions, most notably in 2005 with the
US v. Booker
ruling that made the guidelines advisory as opposed to mandatory. Although the creation of these guidelines has moderately reduced criticism surrounding federal sentencing, some legal scholars contend that the guidelines are too rigidly adhered to and too harshly applied.
Aggression Replacement Training for Juveniles
Authors: McGuire James
Published: July 2017

Aggression replacement training is a form of structured intervention program which has been adopted by criminal justice agencies in a number of countries. Its objective is to reduce the likelihood of aggressive behavior or violent offenses by providing a series of training sessions in which individuals with a history of such behavior learn socially acceptable alternatives to aggression and violence. Originally designed for use with juveniles, its use has since been extended to work with adult offenders. This entry focuses primarily on the use of the program with youth, describing several aspects of the training, including its theoretical basis, the nature of the methods used within it, its range of application, and outcome evidence generated in support of it.
F
olsom
S
tate
P
rison and New
F
olsom
S
tate
P
rison
Authors: Bookspan Shelley
Published: July 2017

Made famous in song, Folsom Prison, the State of California's second penitentiary after San Quentin, underwent a series of wardens' attempts at various means of effective prisoner control in the face of underfunding, overcrowding, ill‐defined punishment goals, and resistance by industry to productive prisoner labor. Some of the means were brutal and scandalous, albeit effective in minimizing prisoner rebellion and escape. System reform came about in the post‐progressive age when the state initiated a corrections department with centralized authority, professional staff, rehabilitative programming, and indeterminate sentencing. Chronic overcrowding, however, has characterized Folsom Prison throughout its history.
Cross‐National Imprisonment
Authors: Ruddell Rick , Jones Nicholas A.
Published: July 2017

Walmsley'sWorld Prison Population Listreveals that imprisonment rates vary greatly across 222 nations and dependent territories: while more than half the countries in the world have imprisonment rates of around 150 per 100,000 residents in their national populations, rates in other countries are several times higher. Scholars who have carried out cross‐national studies find that the use of imprisonment is only weakly related to levels of serious crimes such as homicide, and that other economic, political, and social factors are also associated with the use of imprisonment. In this entry, the cross‐national use of imprisonment is described and the factors that drive the differential use of imprisonment are examined.
Disparities in Sentencing
Authors: Rousseau Danielle , Baranger Jillian
Published: July 2017

Sentencing guidelines in the United States and elsewhere have been established for the purposes of eliminating disparity and increasing fairness in criminal sentencing; however, criminal justice actors retain some discretion in the determination of punishment. At the US federal level, the Sentencing Reform Act of 1984 set specific guidelines for sentencing. As a result, only legally relevant variables should play a role in the determination of the enactment of sentences. In 2005, with the
United States vs. Booker
and subsequent judicial decisions, federal judicial discretion was increased when guidelines were deemed unconstitutional, as a result of which guidelines became advisory only. Research since the enactment of guidelines posits a variety of extralegal variables, including race and sex, as having influence throughout the sentencing process, from decision to prosecute through sentencing. Even when legal factors such as crime type, criminal history, and guideline recommendations are controlled, disparities in sentencing outcomes exist.