bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Intelligent Business Advisor System for Stock Investment
Authors: Liu N. K. , Lee K. K.
Published: March 2003

This paper presents an intelligent system to assist small investors to determine stock trend signals for investment in stock business. A pilot system is built providing three main categories of technical and analysis theories, namely momentum, moving average, and support/resistance line. It has extensive graphic interface design to facilitate the usage of the system. For novice investors, the system is associated with tutoring features and it supports analysis study of the rationale behind some system recommendations. Skilful investors can explore the various theories for the prediction by means of adjusting the weightings, combinations and even some independent variables allocated by the intelligent system. General users can therefore formulate their investment strategies upon system recommendations under different investment criteria accordingly.
Facilitating the use of multi‐attribute utility theory in expert systems:an aid for identifying the right relative importance weights of attributes
Authors: Mussi Silvano
Published: March 2003

In general, expert system applications to real cases involve making decisions, i.e. selecting a suitable action among a set of possible alternative actions. A well‐known standard method for modelling decision problems is the so‐called multi‐attribute utility theory (MAUT), a method in which the alternatives are viewed in terms of their attributes. A set of attributes are identified and a specific value and a suitable relative importance weight are assigned to each attribute. However, it is not easy for the expert to quantify the relative importance weight of an attribute: this assignment entails a certain abstraction activity from the expert and, as is well known, experts have difficulty in providing their knowledge in abstract and general terms. In order to overcome this difficulty we propose a method for automatically inferring relative importance weights from a set of specific action sequences. An action sequence is a list in chronological order of the actions executed by the expert when facing specific cases of decision problems. Providing action sequences requires no other effort but remembering specific episodes, and this task is much easier for experts than having to directly provide precise numbers expressing relative importance weights. Moreover in many cases action sequences are already stored in suitable records. Consider, for example, the list of medical tests executed on a given patient, a list included in the patient clinical record stored in the clinical database of a hospital. On the basis of these considerations the proposed method should be useful for designers of expert systems which face problems of choosing the right action among a set of alternative actions.
The rise and ‘fall’ of expert systems in medicine
Authors: Heathfield Heather
Published: March 2003

This paper represents a personal perspective on the last 13 years of research in medical artificial intelligence and expert systems, and describes the progress of the discipline from its inception to its current status. The challenges faced by researchers are examined, and it is argued that (despite the claims) theoretical and technical limitations are not the major barriers to the successful implementation of medical artificial intelligence and expert systems, but rather more complex professional and organizational issues are at stake.
The Role of Local Authority Accountants in Environmental Decision‐Making
Authors: Bowerman Mary , Hutchinson Fred
Published: March 2003

This research used case studies in decision‐making for environmental issues as a means to observe the role of management accountants in English local government. We found that while environmental considerations are important in local authorities, there is a lack of available accounting techniques to address them. The decisions we examined were made through an informal, essentially party political, process in which the accountants' role was limited to legitimising decisions.
The Private Finance Initiative: Clarification of a Future Research Agenda
Authors: Broadbent Jane , Laughlin Richard
Published: March 2003

The Private Finance Initiative in the UK, whereby the public sector actively seeks private finance for developments in its services/buildings, can be traced to the Chancellor of the the Exchequer’s Autumn Statement of 1992. However, the seeking of private finance had been a Government concern for many years before this time even though it was only in 1992 that it gained a real impetus and direction. Since then it has developed and expanded into all areas of Government and into local authorities and has been carried forward, with equal, if not greater, enthusiasm, by the recently elected Labour Government. This paper provides an introduction to this new development in the public sector in the UK, tracing its historical development from its ‘macro’ emphasis, through to the ‘micro’ outworking of these policies across the entire public sector. This summary provides the base to draw up a future research agenda for PFI, which forms the major concern of the paper.
Budgetary Reforms in the Non‐profit Sector: A Comparative Analysis of Experiences in Health Care and Higher Education in the Netherlands
Authors: Groot Tom
Published: March 2003

This study reports on budgetary reforms in the Dutch health care and higher education sector in the last twenty years. Comparisons between the two sectors reveal that not all reforms adhere to the principles of New Public Management. New budget systems in both sectors are mixed systems, with university budgets developing from input to more output based systems and hospital budgeting systems from output to more input oriented systems. More output‐based budget systems appear to stimulate production, contradicting government's policy of cost reduction. The most effective reform measures turn out to be those who are best aligned with opinions and attitudes of medical and academic professionals.
Intended or Unintended Consequences? Resource Erosion in New Zealand’s Government Departments
Authors: Newberry Susan
Published: March 2003

Internationally, a feature of public sector reforms over the last twenty years is the characterisation of negative effects as unintended consequences, yet the reform programme continues as before (Humphrey et al., 1993 and 1998). This article reports the findings from an investigation of ostensibly unintended consequences of New Zealand’s public sector financial management system: resource erosion in government departments which both escapes parliamentary scrutiny and damages departments’ capability to perform even core functions (State Services Commission, 1998a; and Controller and Auditor–General, 1999). The findings suggest that these effects might not be unintended. The system’s structures and processes, including designed–in resource erosion processes and a surreptitious approach, are highly consistent with those advocated to facilitate privatisation.
Underpricing of Foreign and Domestic IPOs in the U.S. Market: Empirical Evidence
Authors: Francis Bill , Hasan Iftekhar , Li Feng
Published: March 2003

Although the underpricing of initial public offerings (IPOs) has been well documented, the underpricing of foreign IPOs have received relatively little attention. In a comparative analysis of foreign and domestic IPOs in the U.S. market for the 1990‐1993 period, we find that for a matched sample, foreign IPOs are significantly more underpriced. Our results are consistent with the models developed by Rock (1986), Beatty and Ritter (1986), and Carter and Manaster (1990). Examination of the characteristics of foreign IPOs reveals that they are more likely to be larger in size, employ more prestigious underwriters and are much more likely to list on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE).
The Pantheon of Feminist Culture: Women’s Movements and the Organization of Memory
Authors: Grever Maria
Published: March 2003

The collective memory of feminist movements, like that of nation‐states, is comprised of ‘invented traditions’ and embodied in ‘lieu de mémoire’ (sites of memory). This essay considers national and international examples of collective memory, including International Women’s Day, showing how celebrations of historical events and commemorations of the past were used to cement group cohesion and define boundaries of inclusion and exclusion. The essay proposes a typology of collective memory and examines the implications of the attenuation of memory in contemporary society.
The Essential Body: Mesopotamian Conceptions of the Gendered Body
Authors: Asher‐Greve Julia M.
Published: March 2003

Linguistic, art historical, hermeneutic, gender and intercultural analyses clarify body and gender concepts in Sumerian and Akkadian mythology, literature and visual arts. The body was a fundamental point of reference in ancient Mesopotamia, metaphor for the total self, royal ideology, cities, humanity and deities. Humanity was created without gender; sex, gender and social status were subsequently inscribed on the body. Gender taxonomy tolerated ambiguity beyond the ‘normative’ masculine/feminine. Body and mind were an inseparable unity and denoted by the same Sumerian word. Mind/body and male/female dichotomy were unknown.
Auguries of Hegemony: The Sex Omens of Mesopotamia
Authors: Kessler Guinan Ann
Published: March 2003

Ancient Mesopotamian scholars examined problematic aspects of male erotic desire within the discourse of divination. They documented an array of sexual acts, reading each as an omen, a sign signifying an aspect of the future. Guinan shows that the omens are informed by a coherent perspective and, in general, are concerned with the impact of erotic desire on notions of male identity and expectations of gender hierarchy. The omens oppose masculine hegemony and male/female eroticism in such a way that the denial of one is the assertion of the other. In these omens, masculine power and agency are both expressed and preserved by the disavowal of erotic interactions with women.
Alma Söderhjelm and Hilma Granqvist
Authors: Widén Solveig
Published: March 2003

This essay examines two outstanding Finnish scholars, the historian Alma Söderhjelm (1870–1949) and the social anthropologist Hilma Granqvist (1890–1972). The article investigates their social background, the obstacles they faced in becoming qualified and in advancing within the university system, their scholarly ambitions and the particular personal qualities they brought to their task. Although a generation apart and coming from different social milieux, their stories have much in common, both with each other and with many other pioneers of womenÃs history in a variety of societies.
Azaria's Antecedents: Stereotyping Infanticide in late Nineteenth‐Century Australia
Authors: Kociumbas Jan
Published: March 2003

Recent historical studies have reconsidered the plight of white women accused of infanticide in Australia, casting new light especially on the motives of single women and mothers of large families. Still unredeemed and largely unanalysed, however, is the baby‐farmer. This article explores stereotypes of this bête noire of the nineteenth‐century city, addressing concurrent medicalisation of the maternal body, child‐birth, infant feeding and foster care. In so doing it also analyses representations of the midwife and the wet‐nurse, along with their essentialised opposite, the good mother, who abided by the newly defined ‘rights of the child’.
Producing Citizens, Reproducing the ‘French Race’: Immigration, Demography, and Pronatalism in Early Twentieth‐Century France
Authors: Camiscioli Elisa
Published: March 2003

This essay examines how, in the context of depopulation and mass immigration, members of the French pronatalist movement advanced a policy favouring immigrants from Italy, Spain, and Poland. Because the ‘demographic crisis’ created a shortage of citizens as well as workers, pronatalists held that foreign workers must also be assimilable, and able to produce French offspring. While the racial difference of colonial subjects was deemed immutable, pronatalists called for the immigration of white foreigners whose less ‘modern’ condition promoted fecundity, traditionalism, and gender dimorphism. Evidence is drawn from demographic studies, the press of France's largest pronatalist movement, and a pronatalist advisory committee created by the Ministry of Health in 1920.
Meat–Eating, Masculinity, and Renunciation in India: A Gandhian Grammar of Diet
Authors: Roy Parama
Published: March 2003

This paper focuses on the writings and the autobiography of one of the century’s most prominent vegetarians, who was almost as noted (or notorious) for his alimentary and sexual experiments as for his political ones. A consideration of diet is, I argue, in many ways central rather than marginal to a Gandhian gendered ethics and a Gandhian politics. The accounts of the eating and abjuration of meat in the Gandhian oeuvre can serve as a useful point of entry into the investigation of two linked loci of Gandhi’s dietary practices: the question of meat and modernity, and the question of meat in the context of the patriarchal vegetarian household. These accounts are fascinating for their profoundly conflictual ethical logic, and they help establish the intimate and unexpected links among meat–eating, modern formations of masculine identity, and the gendered dynamics of the patriarchal Hindu household. Using the evidence of Gandhi’s autobiography, correspondence, journalism, and public addresses, in conjunction with the writings of his contemporaries, I map therefore a trajectory of his gastropolitics, from the carnophilic mandate of the early years (during which he associated meat–eating with nationalist duty and access to a kind of culinary virility), to the diasporic discovery of vegetarianism in London, and finally to the carefully elaborated alimentary rigours and public fasts of the later years. All of this helps to underline how profoundly somatic Gandhi’s ‘experiments in truth’ were, and how pronounced was his belief that the purification of the body was inseparable from the purification of the mind necessary for swaraj (self–rule).
Style and Subversion: Postwar Poses and the Neo–Edwardian Suit in Mid–Twentieth–Century Britain
Authors: Breward Christopher
Published: March 2003

This essay examines the emergence of the Neo–Edwardian look in postwar London. It traces a network of styles which took their meanings from the immediate environment and from broader social, economic and cultural trends, and suggests that the arising connections between place, class and gender identities provided an important precedent for the reinvention of London as a centre of fashion innovation in the 1960s. Utilising contemporary sociological accounts and the content of trade periodicals, this reading challenges some of the more reactionary interpretations of Neo–Edwardianism which have dominated the established literature and refocuses the attention of the fashion historian on the sartorial activities of young men.
Life in the Corporation: A Multi‐Method Study of the Experiences of Male and Female Asian, Black, Hispanic and White Employees
Authors: Cianni Mary , Romberger Beverly
Published: March 2003

Organizational experiences of male and female Asian, Black, Hispanic and White managers in a Fortune 500 company were examined using both qualitative and quantitative methods. Oral histories were conducted to identify the antecedents to advancement within this organization. We used focus groups to expand our understanding of these antecedents and to determine differences among the racial/ethnic groups according to gender. Data from a follow‐up survey of 1,645 employees were subjected to MANCOVA to determine race/ethnicity and gender effects, controlling for the effect of organizational tenure. Main effects for race/ethnicity were found on three measures and main effects for gender were found on eight measures. Follow‐up size‐of‐effect tests (eta squared) revealed that the strength of the relationship was strong for two significant gender findings and one significant race finding.
Organizational Conflict, Technology and Space: A Swedish Case Study of the Gender System and the Economic System in Action
Authors: Sundin Elisabeth
Published: March 2003

The aim of this article is to show how the existing gender division of labour in an organization, the Department for Topographical Maps at the Swedish National Survey, was disrupted by the implementation of new technology, namely CAD (Computer Aided Design)‐equipment. In this case the new technology was given to the female draughtpersons, not the male engineers, a surprising outcome considering the close relations between masculinity and technology often stated and proved. The explanation seems to be that space in this case was the most important factor in the organizational gender constructions. The outcome was a surprise to management. Most employees, both men and women, resisted the transition but for different reasons. The economic rationality was strong enough to change the gender division of labour but not strong enough to prevent the gender regime from remaining.
Work Orientations and Women's Work: A Critique of Hakim's Theory of the Heterogeneity of Women
Authors: Procter Ian , Padfield Maureen
Published: March 2003

This paper is a critique of Hakim's theory of the gendered character of work with its key idea of the ‘heterogeneity of women’ centring on the distinction between those who are ‘family oriented’ and those who are ‘career oriented’. Such patterns of work commitment are claimed to be developed by early adulthood and to steer women in one direction or the other.

Our critique is based on interviews with two groups of young adult women generating rich data on their attitudes to employment, families and the relationship between the two. The first group (‘single workers’) when first interviewed were single, childless and employed full‐time. The second (‘early mothers’) were partnered mothers with at most part‐time employment.

The substance of the critique is threefold:

1.The single workers could not be clearly separated by ‘career’ or ‘family’ orientation. They wanted both, which then left them in Hakim's residual category as ‘drifters’, a wholly inappropriate characterization.

2.The early mothers were certainly homemakers but our data doubted that this was by choice and suggested that many were becoming more career oriented.

3.Longitudinal data from the single workers show the importance of analysing ‘orientation’ or other aspects of agency in the context of social structure rather than as a prime mover in itself.
The Pay Equity Bargaining Process in Newfoundland: Understanding Cooperation and Conflict by Incorporating Gender and Class
Authors: Hart Susan M.
Published: March 2003

In the latter half of the 1980s, when it was becoming apparent in Canada that previous equal pay policies had failed to close the gender wage gap, a number of provincial governments introduced pro–active pay equity policies. All these initiatives required the negotiation of pay equity in unionized workplaces. Leading up to the implementation of pay equity in Ontario, industrial relations specialists predicted an insurmountably conflictual process, whereas governments expected a new level of partnership with unions. Given these opposite expectations, the article aims to identify any significant patterns of cooperation and conflict in the pay equity bargaining process and to explore reasons for their dynamic. Based on a case study of Newfoundland’s health sector, neither prediction was correct as both conflict and cooperation occurred. It is argued that both the specificity and differences in the negotiations studied can be better understood by exploring the complex intertwinings of gender and class, namely, the ongoing articulation of their main manifestations: a reinforcing hierarchy and a transformative labour–feminist politic in the unions involved. The article concludes with some theoretical and policy observations concerning the importance of building in gender and class to current models of cooperative collective bargaining, as well as recognizing their importance in the pay equity process.
Power and Powerlessness: Brecht’s Poems to Carola Neher
Authors: Crick Joyce
Published: March 2003

This essay is a study of Brecht’s poems to Carola Neher: the two versions of ’Rat an die Schauspielerin C.N.’ (?1930, ?1956) and ’Das Waschen’ (1937). Their dating and textual authority in the three main editions of Brecht’s works are a matter of some uncertainty, but the essay suggests a sequence for them that makes sense in the overall pattern of Brecht’s life and poetry. They are analysed with two leading questions, particularly acute in the 1930s, in view: what is the nature of the poet’s authority; what is the relation of poetry to action?

The ’original version’ (Elisabeth Hauptmann’s term) of the two poems of advice is read as the product of Brecht and Neher’s shared success with Die Dreigroschenoper:the poet is in command; the situation is intimate, but the mood is imperative, the gesture as invasive as it is tender; the director is instructing his leading lady how to perform ‐ exemplarily. ’Das Waschen’, written from Brecht’s exile in Dennmark to Neher in prison in Moscow, is read as the gesture of one powerless to help, but writing into the dark, as a reminder of a ‐ Brecht’s word is ’menschenwürdigere’ ‐ situation: subdued though it is, the poem carries a charge of memory and muted encouragement. The third porm, a variant of the first, is read as a retreat, lacking the purposeful authority of the first and the paradoxical power in powerlessness of the second. The poems move from celebration to reminder to wish‐fulfilment ‐ which is both less and more than Brecht sert out to require of poetry.
Race, Sex and Character in Schnitzler’s Fräulein Else
Authors: Barker Andrew
Published: March 2003

Initially tracing possible real‐life Jewish models for the character of Else, and contex‐tualising the story’s genesis within the anti‐Semitic Reigen scandal of 1922, the article then locates Else’s characterisation within a carefully defined socio‐political context which is often overlooked, perhaps because of the overwhelming impact which Schnitzler’s presentation of his heroine achieves. However, given the story’s provenance, and its frequent references to Jews and Jewishness at a time of growing racial hatred in both Weimar Germany and Republican Austria, the ‘Jewish question’ in Fra¨ ulein Else is clearly important, especially as, more than in any other work of Schnitzler’s, the story’s milieu is a Jewish one. Though asserting pride in her Jewishness, Else also reveals evidence of Jewish anti‐Semitism, and as Else’s sexuality is a notable feature of her characterisation, the article then examines the linkage between Jewishness and heightened sexuality in the context of Otto Weininger’s contentious tract Geschlecht und Charakter (1903). By emphasising facets of her character more favourable to Viennese Jewry, Schnitzler somewhat redresses the balance, and the article concludes by relating the text to the well‐known letter from Freud to Schnitzler written in 1922.
The Gaze of the Fläneur in Siegfried Kracauer’s ’Das Ornament Der Masse’
Authors: Fleischer Molly
Published: March 2003

Siegfried Kracauer’s 1927 essay ‘Das Ornament der Masse’ uses the Tiller Girls as an emblem of modernity, which he then proceeds to analyse. The stance he assumes vis‐á‐vis those women performers is, however, problematic: the essayist/narrator remains detached in the manner of a flâneur, who observes but remains passive. This becomes evident in an examination of Kracauer’s narrative strategies in comparison with two short fictional texts, Robert Walser’s ‘Ovation’ and Franz Kafka’s ‘Auf der Galerie’. Those two texts also deal, in different ways, with male observers, challenged by the female spectacle and failing to respond effectively. In ‘Das Ornament der Masse’ the women’s bodies are fetishised through narrative devices evoking cinematic techniques of fragmentation. This fetishisation results in a disavowal of the women’s sexuality. Kracauer’s imaginary attack on the dancer’s bodily integrity reflects on the one hand his belief that the deconstruction of humanity is a necessary precondition for its progress to a state of true reason. On the other hand, however, it constitutes a defensive reaction to the ‘New Woman’s’ sexual liberation. Although it was frequently more seeming than real, this liberation compounded the attacks on male identity caused by the First World War, the Versailles Treaty and the inflation.
’...Mit Der Verjudung Des Deutschen Theaters Ist Es Night So Schimm!’ Ein Kritischer Rückblick Auf Die Karriere Der Literaturwissenschaftlerin Elisabeth Frenzel
Authors: Radvan Florian
Published: March 2003

Seitüber vierzig Jahren gilt Elisabeth Frenzel als Autorin geschätzter und bewährter Nachschlagewerke. Besonders die Daten deutscher Dichtung, die sie – gemeinsam mit Herbert A. Frenzel – in u¨ ber dreißig Auflagen betreut hat, sind zu einem Standardwerk avanciert. Weniger bekannt als diese Veröffentlichungen ist allerdings die Autorin selbst: Ihre Karriere, die unter dem Hakenkreuz begann, ist ein Schulbeispiel für ideologische Verblendung und Preisgabe der Wissenschaft im Dienst einer totalitären Doktrin. Der vorliegende Artikel zeigt auf, wie Frenzel sich ab 1933 als antisemitische Theaterhistorikerin profilierte und bis Kriegsende in zahllosen Publikationen jüdische Theaterleute denunzierte, ihre darstellerischen Leistungen herabwürdigte und die dramatischen Werke von Juden schmähte. Von einer fachwissen‐schaftlichen Warte aus trug sie so – mit ihren linientreuen Schriften – zur weiteren Verbreitung des Antisemitismus und letztlich auch zur Stabilisierung des Regimes bei. Die parteiamtlichen Organisationen (insbesondere das ‘Amt Rosenberg’) dankten ihr dieses Engagement, indem sie Frenzel zum Teil leitende Positionen antrugen. Die Beobachtung, daß Frenzel nach 1945 als vielgepriesene Handbuch‐Autorin reüssieren konnte, ihr vormaliger Judenhaß allerdings weitgehend unbe‐merkt oder unkommentiert blieb, schließt den vorliegenden Artikel ab.
Theodor Gottlieb von Hippel (1741–1796) Als Wegbereiter der Frauenbewegung in Deutschland: ‘Lachender Philosoph’ Oder ‘Prophet’?
Authors: Shaw Gisela
Published: March 2003

Die von der Französischen Revolution ausgelösten ersten öffentlichen Forderungen nach gleichen Rechten für die Frau in einer aufgeklärten Demokratie erhoben sich in Frankreich mit Appellen des Marquis de Condorcet und der Olympe de Gouges und fanden innerhalb eines Jahres je ein Echo in England und Deutschland (Mary Wollstonecraft bzw. Theodor Gottlieb von Hippel). Diese Stimmen verhallten zu ihrer Zeit mehr oder weniger ungehört oder doch zumindest wirkungslos und gerieten dann für lange Zeit in Vergessenheit. In Hippels Falle dauerte es ein Jahrhundert, bis seine Botschaft über die natürliche Gleichwertigkeit der Geschlechter — im Kontext der frühen deutschen Frauenbewegung und ihres Kampfes gegen das geplante Bürgerliche Gesetzbuch— auf ernsthaftes Interesse stieß. Dieser Beitrag erörtert Wesen und Rezeption des Schlüsselwerks in diesem Zusammenhang (Über die bürgerliche Verbesserung der Frauen, 1792) im Lichteder rhetorischen Fertig‐ und Eitelkeiten des Autors, der im Hauptberuf Jurist und hoher preußischer Staatsbeamter war. Unentschieden bleibt, ob es sich (um eine Unterscheidung der Frauenrechtlerinnen Helene Lange und Gertrud Bäumer aufzugreifen) bei diesem Wegbereiter der deutschen Frauenbewegung um nichts als einen ‘lachenden Philosophen’ oder aber um einen wahren ‘Propheten’ handelte.
All Change? Secondary Schools in Eastern Germany
Authors: Wilde Stephanie
Published: March 2003

This article is concerned with the restructuring of secondary school education in eastern Germany after unification in 1990. It includes a brief overview of the wider changes implemented, and the difficulties involved in those changes, before focusing on the perceptions held by a sample of teachers working in Gesamtschulen in the eastern federal state of Brandenburg. This micro‐level analysis examines some of the impacts of the restructuring process on the secondary education system in Brandenburg and highlights the current problems, from the viewpoint of the teachers. The article concludes that the processes of change after unification ignored or neglected to a large extent the expertise and potential contributions of teachers who had gained experience within the GDR education system.
Fragmentation and Sprawl: Evidence from Interregional Analysis
Authors: Carruthers John I. , Ulfarsson Gudmundur F.
Published: March 2003

Recent years have witnessed widespread expansion of state and regional planning programs in the United States. A major purpose of these efforts is to reduce urban sprawl—low density, discontinuous, suburban–style development, often characterized as the result of rapid, unplanned, and/or uncoordinated growth— by promoting jurisdictional cooperation and regulatory consistency across metropolitan areas. This paper evaluates the efficacy of this approach by examining the relationship between governmental fragmentation and several measurable outcomes of urban development: density, urbanized land area, property value, and public expenditures on infrastructure. The four dimensions are modeled in a simultaneous equations framework, providing substantive evidence on how fragmentation and other exogenous factors affect metropolitan growth patterns. Fragmentation is associated with lower densities and higher property values, but has no direct effect on public service expenditures; less fragmented metropolitan areas occupy greater amounts of land due to the extensive annexation needed to bring new development under the control of a central municipality. The findings of the analysis lend support to state and regional planning efforts aimed at increasing cooperation among local governments, but also suggest that further research is needed in order to evaluate whether or not they produce their intended effects.
Higher Education in Wales: The (Re‐)emergence of a National System?
Authors: Rees Gareth , Istance David
Published: March 2003

This paper explores historical patterns of change in participation in higher education in Wales, using as an organising framework Halsey’s (1992) distinction between higher education as an administrative and as a social system. The nineteenth‐century development of Welsh higher education was both part of a distinctive national political project and reflected the specificities of wider Welsh society. Expansion through the early and middle decades of the present century eroded this distinctiveness, as both the governance of Welsh higher education and patterns of student recruitment and participation became increasingly integrated into an ‘England and Wales’ system. The more recent expansion of higher education institutions in Wales, as well as the participation of Welsh students in higher education overall, has further accentuated this social integration into an ‘England and Wales’ system. Currently, Wales exhibits a pattern of participation which is unique amongst the home countries, whereby the Welsh higher education institutions serve very substantial numbers of students from England (and to a much lesser extent elsewhere), whilst a large proportion of Welsh students register at institutions in England. This indicates that there is now a significant disjuncture between an increasingly distinct pattern of governance of Welsh higher education and a pattern of participation which is massively integrated in the ‘England and Wales’ system.
Continuity and Change in the Collegial Tradition
Authors: Tapper Ted , Palfreyman David
Published: March 2003

This article has four main purposes: to explore the meaning of the idea of collegiality, to consider its importance in the governance of British institutions of higher education, to examine the pressures for change that have been exerted upon both the collegiate model of the university as well as upon the idea of collegiality, and to ascertain what relevance – if any – the idea of collegiality has in the context of a system of mass higher education. The article is a report upon ongoing research, of which interviews with some fifty Oxford academics and officials form the core of its empirical base. Naturally we welcome feedback. An important subtheme is our attempt to understand the process of change in British higher education. Our analysis suggests that the change process is best understood through an analysis of the interaction between state pressure for change and developments within the character of the academic profession.
Negotiating the Research Imperative: The Views of UK Academics on their Career Opportunities
Authors: Court Stephen
Published: March 2003

This article provides an analysis of the views of UK academic staff, given in response to a postal survey, on their opportunities for career progression through job appointments and promotion. The article investigates academics'opinions on the prominence of research, teaching and administration in determining career progression, and looks in particular at the effect of the Research Assessment Exercise on careers. There is consensus that the emphasis on research in determining careers has gone too far. The article considers the reasons for this, and looks at policy implications of this finding.
The Dearing Inquiry as Process – Delegated Thinking and the Limits of Expert Advice
Authors: Robertson David
Published: March 2003

The Dearing Inquiry into Higher Education is assessed in terms of its contribution to a style of policy‐making which has lain dormant for two decades. The paper questions the effectiveness of national inquiries in general, and asks whether there is a case for anticipating further inquiries as proposed by the Dearing report. The Inquiry itself is examined as part of a critique of state‐sponsored delegated thinking, in which the state delegates but does not abdicate its policy‐making function. Tensions between academic experts and the elite policy‐making community are also analysed. The paper concludes that inquiries have less to do with inquiry, and more to do with the legitimation of state policy options. A way is cleared for a further paper which explores the alternatives for higher education.
Lost Opportunity: What a Credit Framework Would Have Added to the National Qualification Frameworks
Authors: Gosling David
Published: March 2003

This paper outlines the recent work of the Southern England Consortium, SEEC, and the principles to which it is committed. It is argued that the failure of the Quality Assurance Agency (QAA) to grasp the nettle of credit in the recently published National Qualification Framework (NQF) is a blow, although not a fatal one, to the achievement of the objectives which SEEC is attempting to achieve on behalf of its member institutions. In particular, the opportunity to improve access, increase flexibility and support lifelong learning through the use of credit in the NQF has been lost. The value of the concept of level in a credit framework is defended and contrasted with the use of ‘qualification level’ in the NQF.
A Pan‐European Credit Accumulation Framework – Dream or Disaster?
Authors: Adam Stephen
Published: March 2003

This article seeks to examine credit accumulation and transfer from a European perspective, which involves four interlocking elements. Firstly, it analyses the current potential for rapid change within European education systems. Secondly, it considers the current nature, strengths and limitations of the European Credit Transfer System (ECTS) inspired by the European Commission. Thirdly, it seeks to identify the technical obstacles that need to be overcome to enable ECTS to evolve into something much more powerful, namely, a pan‐European credit accumulation and transfer framework. Finally, it considers whether such a development is a dream or a disaster and if one or the other, then for whom.
Up to the Job? Graduates’ Perceptions of the UK Higher Education Careers Service
Authors: Rowley Gill , Purcell Kate
Published: March 2003

This article investigates graduates’ perceptions of their careers guidance needs and the extent to which these are met by the higher education careers service. It reports the findings of a survey conducted by the Employment Studies Research Unit in support of the work of the recent Higher Education Careers Service Review Group chaired by Professor Sir Martin Harris. It places the findings in a context between recent and ongoing research on transitions from higher education to employment and considers the implications of these, and of wider changes in recruitment practices, for the role of the higher education careers service.
The Nature of Violence in the Middle Ages: an Alternative Perspective
Authors: Finch A. J.
Published: March 2003

An alternative perspective on the nature of violence in the middle ages is provided by the register of the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of Cerisy‐la‐Forêt in Normandy. Of particular interest are the detailed descriptions of assaults and brawls. Although numerous, these were mainly petty and unpremeditated and, as such, they serve to highlight the exceptional and often accidental nature of homicide, and the absence of ingrained habits of violence in the form of the feud. This contrasts with those studies which have taken such extreme forms of violence to be the norms and which, as a result, may have overlooked the mundane, everyday reality of violence.
Argentine Nacionalismo before Perón: The Case of the Alianza de la Juventud Nacionalista, 1937–c. 1943
Authors: Klein Marcus
Published: March 2003

As the 1930s moved towards their close, a new generation of young men began to dominate the political wing of a generally more radical and assertive Argentine Nacionalismo, replacing the old guard that had found its inspiration in General José F. Uriburu and the regime he had led between September 1930 and February 1932. The Alianza de la Juventud Nacionalista, set up in September 1937, was the most important nacionalista faction of the period. It shared with other nacionalista factions the rejection of liberalism, parliamentary democracy and communism, but in contrast to the elitist and anti‐popular orientation of earlier organisations, it aggressively tried to enlist popular support by portraying itself as a group genuinely concerned about the needs of the masses. The Alianza also distanced itself from the glorification of nineteenth‐century Argentina, another hallmark of previous groups. Although it failed in its efforts to build up a significant following, the analysis nevertheless demonstrates that the organisation can be described as a genuinely fascist movement.
The Student Movement of 1968 and the Mexican Press: The Cases of Excélsior and Siempre!
Authors: Brewster Claire
Published: March 2003

The Student Movement of 1968 was a watershed in Mexican political history. This article explores how it was reported in the daily newspaper Excélsior and the weekly magazine Siempre! from August to October 1968. It analyses the work of specific journalists to reveal the extent to which criticism of the government was voiced in a climate of apprehension and oppression. In doing so the important role played by Carlos Monsiváis in promoting and sustaining the students’ cause, and the commitment to impartial news coverage of editors Julio Scherer García and José Pagés Llergo, become evident.
The Social Function of Carlos Fuentes: A Critical Intellectual or in the ‘Shadow of the State’?
Authors: Morton Adam David
Published: March 2003

This article seeks to raise meaningful questions about the role, or wider social function, of the intellectual within state–civil society relations in Latin America characterised by conditions of socio–economic modernisation. It does so by pursuing such questions through a detailed examination of the social function of Carlos Fuentes as an intellectual in Mexico. Through a focus on the social function of Carlos Fuentes, it is possible to distinguish the role intellectual activity can play in the construction and contestation of hegemony in Mexico. Most crucially, the article prompts consideration of the social basis of hegemony and the agency of intellectuals organically tied to particular social forces functioning through state–civil society relations in the struggle over hegemony. Put differently, it is possible to grant due regard to the mixture of critical opposition and accommodation that has often confronted the intellectual within Latin America.
Transnational migration: taking stock and future directions
Authors: Levitt Peggy
Published: March 2003

Increasing numbers of sending states are systematically offering social and political membership to migrants residing outside their territories. The proliferation of these dual memberships contradicts conventional notions about immigrant incorporation, their impact on sending countries, and the relationship between migration and development in both contexts. But how do ordinary individuals actually live their lives across borders? Is assimilation incompatible with transnational membership? How does economic and social development change when it takes place across borders? This article takes stock of what is known about everyday transnational practices and the institutional actors that facilitate or impede them and outlines questions for future research. In it, I define what I mean by transnational practices and describe the institutions that create and are created by these activities. I discuss the ways in which they distribute migrants’ resources and energies across borders, based primarily on studies of migration to the United States.
Attitudes To and Knowledge of CAMHS: Differences Between Pakistani and White British Mothers
Authors: Stein Samuel M. , Christie Deborah , Shah Razmin , Dabney Jackie , Wolpert Miranda
Published: March 2003

Background: Research suggests that there are differences in the problems that are referred to Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS) by White British and Asian families as well as differences in how these services are accessed. There is a need for more information about how different ethnic communities perceive and access CAMH services.

Method: White British or Pakistani mothers of children between 0–20 years at an urban health centre were invited to complete a study‐specific questionnaire written in English (with verbal translation provided when needed). Data were collected on awareness and experience of, and willingness to use CAMH services; severity of problems before referral is considered and additional factors that influence service use.

Results: In comparison to White British mothers, Pakistani mothers were found to be less likely to consider a referral for problems judged as mild or moderate. There was no difference for severe problems. Qualitative factors that would enhance the use of CAMH services by Pakistani mothers include the availability of culture and gender matched therapists, and better access to translation facilities.

Conclusions: The study highlights service needs and expectations of mothers of Pakistani origin, and emphasises the need for relevant, inclusive and culturally sensitive services.
Evidence of physico–chemical and isotopic modifications in archaeological bones during controlled acid etching
Authors: Balter V. , Saliège J.–F. , Bocherens H. , Person A.
Published: March 2003

It has been repeatedly shown that palaeoecological inferences from the elemental and isotopic content of carbonate hydroxylapatite of fossil teeth and bones are unrecoverable without removing diagenetic overprinting by chemical pretreatments. Such pretreatments may in turn cause modification of the biogenic signature. In this paper, we focus upon optimal removal of Ca–bearing carbonates (mainly calcite). In order to control the progress with time of calcite dissolution, we perform leaching under vacuum, and we monitor the evolution of the pH, pCO2, δ13C of released CO2, %C, δ13C and δ18O of the remaining mineral. For a set of different Quaternary bones and teeth, mass and isotopic balances indicate that 1 hour at most is necessary for complete dissolution of calcite with an optimal conservation of carbonate hydroxylapatite. Long–lasting experiments lead to a fractionation of hydroxylapatite 18O/16O carbonates.
The strange case of Apigliano: early ‘fossilization’ of medieval bone in southern Italy
Authors: Smith C. I. , Nielsen–Marsh C. M. , Jans M. M. E. , Arthur P. , Nord A. G. , Collins M. J.
Published: March 2003

The preservation of the osteological material at the medieval site of Apigliano, in southern Italy, is characterized by bones with highly crystalline, and altered, mineral phases. In addition to this, some material retains perfect histological preservation, with the exception of small microfissures present throughout this structure. Diagenetic porosity is indicative of collagen loss via chemical degradation. The levels of residual collagen in these bones are much lower than is predicted from simple models of gelatinization, and thus a more complex explanation for the state of preservation must be sought. Possible explanations for the rapid loss of bone collagen are considered, including a high–temperature event, the acceleration of hydrolysis due to liming and extreme wetting and drying cycles.
Growing up with rivers? Rivers in London children’s worlds
Authors: Tapsell Susan , Tunstall Sylvia , House Margaret , Whomsley John , Macnaghten Phillip
Published: March 2003

This paper presents the results from exploratory research which set out to investigate London children’s perceptions and uses of river environments. Mainly qualitative, multi‐method research was carried out in four primary schools with children aged 9–11, focusing on two rivers near to the schools. Rivers were found to be marginal to the children’s everyday lives and outdoor play, being perceived as polluted, neglected, and initially dangerous places. However, when experienced on visits observed as part of the research, some of these perceptions changed and rivers were also found to afford many special activities and experiences for the children. The visits were generally seen to have a positive effect on the children’s perceptions of rivers, at least in the short term. This suggests that, if managed appropriately, rivers could be potentially rewarding play areas for children. Moreover, children could provide valuable input for river managers in suggesting ways of improving suitable local rivers for increased recreational uses.
Living with floods: victims’ perceptions in Beijiang, Guangdong, China
Authors: Wong Koon‐Kwai , Zhao Xiaobin
Published: March 2003

This study revealed the collective values of the flood victims in the Beijiang area, Guangdong, China, as a result of a hazardous flood in 1994. The victims were sceptical of large flood‐prevention engineering structures. They believed that flooding was unavoidable, but by extending support networks, applying hazard‐resistant designs, and developing loss‐sharing adjustments the disastrous effects of a flood could be mitigated. Seemingly, victims were prepared to live with floods and adopted functional adjustments to lessen flood impact.
Contracts and member checks in qualitative research in human geography: reason for caution?
Authors: Bradshaw Matt
Published: March 2003

Contracts with, and member checks by, research participants are increasingly recommended in qualitative research in human geography. However, differences in qualitatively researching ‘the powerful’, as opposed to researching ‘down’ mean that contracts and member checks may need to be approached with caution regarding the former. The possibility of the censorship of critique by powerful research participants is exemplified in this article, and a number of more general dilemmas in qualitatively researching ‘up’ are also discussed. Finally, some choices which might help address possible difficulties in qualitatively researching the powerful are outlined.