bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Live, dead, and fossil mollusks in Florida freshwater springs and spring-fed rivers: Taphonomic pathways and the formation of multisourced, time-averaged death assemblages
Authors: Kusnerik Kristopher M. , Means Guy H. , Portell Roger W. , Brenner Mark , Hua Quan , Kannai Alshina , Means Ryan , Monroe Mariah A. , Kowalewski Michał
Published: July 2020

Taphonomic processes are informative about the magnitude and timing of paleoecological changes but remain poorly understood with respect to freshwater invertebrates in spring-fed rivers and streams. We compared taphonomic alteration among freshwater gastropods in live, dead (surficial shell accumulations), and fossil (late Pleistocene–early Holocene in situ sediments) assemblages from two Florida spring-fed systems, the Wakulla and Silver/Ocklawaha Rivers. We assessed taphonomy of two gastropod species: the nativeElimia floridensis(n= 2504) and introducedMelanoides tuberculata(n= 168). We quantified seven taphonomic attributes (aperture condition, color, fragmentation, abrasion, juvenile spire condition, dissolution, and exterior luster) and combined those attributes into a total taphonomic score (TT). FossilE. floridensisspecimens exhibited the greatest degradation (highest TT scores), whereas live specimens of both species were least degraded. Specimens ofE. floridensisfrom death assemblages were less altered than fossil specimens of the same species. Within death assemblages, specimens ofM. tuberculatawere significantly less altered than specimens ofE. floridensis, but highly degraded specimens dominated in both species. Radiocarbon dates on fossils clustered between 9792 and 7087 cal BP, whereas death assemblage ages ranged from 10,692 to 1173 cal BP. Possible explanations for the observed taphonomic patterns include: (1) rapid taphonomic shell alteration, (2) prolonged near-surface exposure to moderate alteration rates, and/or (3) introduction of reworked fossil shells into surficial assemblages. Combined radiocarbon dates and taphonomic analyses suggest that all these processes may have played a role in death assemblage formation. In these fluvial settings, shell accumulations develop as a complex mixture of specimens derived from multiple sources and characterized by multimillennial time-averaging. These findings suggest that, when available, fossil assemblages may be more appropriate than death assemblages for assessing preindustrial faunal associations and recent anthropogenic changes in freshwater ecosystems.
TEMPO AND TRAJECTORY OF THE BUILT LANDSCAPE ON TA‘Ū ISLAND, MANU‘A GROUP, AMERICAN SĀMOA: INTEGRATING EXTENSIVE RADIOCARBON DATING WITH JOINT POSTERIOR MODELING
Authors: Quintus Seth , Huebert Jennifer , Day Stephanie , Lincoln Noa , Yoo Kyungsoo , Lee Tiffany , Filimoehala Darby , Autufuga Dolly
Published: July 2020

Stone and earthen architecture is nearly ubiquitous in the archaeological record of Pacific islands. The construction of this architecture is tied to a range of socio-political processes, and the temporal patterning of these features is useful for understanding the rate at which populations grew, innovation occurred, and social inequality emerged. Unfortunately, this temporal patterning is poorly understood for many areas of the region, including the Sāmoan archipelago. Here, we describe a project directed toward establishing a robust chronology for the construction of these earthen and stone terraces and linear mounds on Ta‘ū Island. Using recent methodological improvements, we highlight the tempo at which different architectural types were constructed on the island and the implications for understanding demographic expansion and changing land tenure practices in the last 1500 years. This research suggests the construction of architecture was largely confined to the 2nd millennium AD with a small number of terraces plausibly built in the 1st millennium AD. This temporal patterning suggests that a reconfiguration of settlement patterns occurred within West Polynesia as people there moved into other regions of Oceania.
Toward a Democracy of Seeing: William Eggleston and the Achievement of Southern Photography
Authors: KING RICHARD
Published: July 2020

Something about the way the South looks has long fascinated outsiders and southerners alike. It seems to invite the stunning cover of William Eggleston's The Beautiful Mysterious, which is a blue-tinged, illuminated, nearly empty, parking lot. Another example: the “rust aesthetic” associated with the banged-up signs so common in William Christenberry's photographs seems like an authentic southern thing. In fact, a certain orange-brown, rustlike color permeates many of the photographs in The Beautiful Mysterious. A more shocking visual signifier of southernness has historically been the lynched black body, as, for example, that of Emmett Till in 1955. As it turns out, Eggleston (b. 1939) grew up in Sumner, MS where the murderers of the Chicago teenager were put on trial – and acquitted.
Third window approach assisted middle meatal antrostomy: prospective cohort study of the two ports technique in management of hard to reach maxillary sinus pathology
Authors: Tomoum M O , Askar M H , Hamad A H , El-Naggar A , Amer M
Published: July 2020

Objective

This study aimed to assess the outcomes of a prelacrimal recess approach assisted middle meatal antrostomy in the management of hard to reach maxillary sinus pathologies.

Method

Twenty-five patients with maxillary sinus pathology underwent prelacrimal recess approach assisted middle meatal antrostomy (with a prelacrimal recess width of more than 3 mm). Patients were prospectively evaluated using both the Arabic version of the Sino-Nasal Outcome Test-22 and nasal endoscopy at least 6 months post-operatively.

Results

Our study included 25 maxillary sinuses (13 with antrochoanal polyps, 10 with maxillary fungal ball and 2 with a migrated part of a tooth). At a mean follow-up period of 10.9 months, all patients showed significant improvement in total mean Sino-Nasal Outcome Test-22 score. There was recurrence of one case with antrochoanal polyp and two cases with asymptomatic synechia. Injury to the nasolacrimal duct was not reported.

Conclusion

A prelacrimal recess approach assisted middle meatal antrostomy is a reliable and safe technique to manage pathologies in hard to reach regions within the maxillary sinus.
Need for care, adversity exposure and perceived stress in clinical and healthy voice-hearers
Authors: Baumeister David , Ward Thomas , Garety Philippa , Jackson Mike , Morgan Craig , Charalambides Monica , Chadwick Paul , Howes Oliver , Peters Emmanuelle
Published: July 2020

Objectives

Psychosis, and in particular auditory verbal hallucinations (AVHs), are associated with adversity exposure. However, AVHs also occur in populations with no need for care or distress.

Aims

This study investigated whether adversity exposure would differentiate clinical and healthy voice-hearers within the context of a ‘three-hit’ model of vulnerability and stress exposure.

Methods

Samples of 57 clinical and 45 healthy voice-hearers were compared on the three ‘hits’: familial risk; adversity exposure in childhood and in adolescence/adulthood.

Results

Clinical voice-hearers showed greater familial risk than healthy voice-hearers, with more family members with a history of psychosis, but not with other mental disorders. The two groups did not differ in their exposure to adversity in childhood [sexual and non-sexual, victimisation; discrimination and socio-economic status (SES)]. Contrary to expectations, clinical voice-hearers did not differ from healthy voice-hearers in their exposure to victimisation (sexual/non-sexual) and discrimination in adolescence/adulthood, but reported more cannabis and substance misuse, and lower SES.

Conclusions

The current study found no evidence that clinical and healthy voice-hearers differ in lifetime victimisation exposure, suggesting victimisation may be linked to the emergence of AVHs generally, rather than need-for-care. Familial risk, substance misuse and lower SES may be additional risk factors involved in the emergence of need-for-care and distress.
CONCEPTUALLY CUED PERCEPTUAL CATEGORIZATION IN ADULT L2 LEARNERS
Authors: Lozano-Argüelles Cristina , Fernández Arroyo Laura , Rodríguez Nicole , Durand López Ezequiel M. , Garrido Pozú Juan J. , Markovits Jennifer , Varela Jessica P. , de Rocafiguera Núria , Casillas Joseph V.
Published: July 2020

Previous studies attest that early bilinguals can modify their perceptual identification according to the fine-grained phonetic detail of the language they believe they are hearing. Following Gonzales et al. (2019), we replicate the double phonemic boundary effect in late learners (LBs) using conceptual-based cueing. We administered a forced choice identification task to 169 native English adult learners of Spanish in two sessions. In both sessions, participants identified the same /b/-/p/ voicing continuum, but language context was cued conceptually using the instructions. The data were analyzed using Bayesian multilevel regression. Learners categorized the continuum in a similar manner when they believed they were hearing English. However, when they believed they were hearing Spanish, “voiceless” responses increased as a function of L2 proficiency. This research demonstrates the double phonemic boundary effect can be conceptually cued in LBs and supports accounts positing selective activation of independent perception grammars in L2 learning.
Perception of conservation strategies and nature’s contributions to people around Chingaza National Natural Park, Colombia
Authors: Pedraza Sara , Sanchez Adriana , Clerici Nicola , Ospina Libertad , Quintero Alexandra , Escobedo Francisco J
Published: July 2020

A conventional conservation strategy is establishing protected areas to help combat anthropogenic and climate change impacts on tropical ecosystems, but the effectiveness of these measures is often hampered in upland areas by resource conflicts among armed groups, citizens and government institutions. Improved governance and community participation are key to effectively conserving these areas, yet little is known regarding citizen perceptions in such places. Here, a representative protected area in Colombia is used in order to analyse rural and urban citizen perceptions regarding conservation, conflicts with guerrilla groups and nature’s contributions to people (NCPs) around Chingaza National Natural Park. We used on-site, semi-structured in-person surveys, geospatial data and statistics to understand these perceptions and the roles of armed conflict and deforestation. Perceptions on ecosystem degradation were correlated with deforestation and past guerrilla attacks. Age and place of residence were influential pro-conservation factors, while younger respondents were most willing to invest time in conservation activities. Air purification and water supply and quality were the most identified NCPs and citizens differentiated conservation-related recreation activities from natural resource extraction. We suggest that the legacy of past armed conflict still affects conservation strategies and communities living near tropical highland protected areas.
Stress sensitization to depression following childhood adversity: Moderation by HPA axis and serotonergic multilocus profile scores
Authors: Starr Lisa R. , Stroud Catherine B. , Shaw Zoey A. , Vrshek-Schallhorn Suzanne
Published: July 2020

Childhood adversity appears to sensitize youth to stress, increasing depression risk following stressful life events occurring throughout the lifespan. Some evidence suggests hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis-related and serotonergic genetic variation moderates this effect, in a “gene-by-environment-by-environment” interaction (G × E × E). However, prior research has tested single genetic variants, limiting power. The current study uses a multilocus genetic profile score (MGPS) approach to capture polygenic risk relevant to HPA axis and serotonergic functioning. Adolescents (N = 241, Mage = 15.90) completed contextual-threat-based interviews assessing childhood adversity and acute life events, and diagnostic interviews assessing depression. Established MGPSs indexed genetic variation linked to HPA axis (10 single nucleotide polymorphisms [SNPs]) and serotonergic (five SNPs) functioning. Results showed significant MGPS × Childhood Adversity × Recent Life Stress interactions predicting depression for both HPA axis and serotonergic MGPSs, with both risk scores predicting stronger Childhood Adversity × Recent Stress interactions. Serotonergic genetic risk specifically predicted sensitization to major interpersonal stressors. The serotonergic MGPS G × E × E was re-tested in an independent replication sample of early adolescent girls, with comparable results. Findings support the notion that genetic variation linked to these two neurobiological symptoms alters stress sensitization, and that gene-by-environment (G × E) interactions may be qualified by environmental exposures occurring at different points in development.
Tweeting for Hearts and Minds? Measuring Candidates’ Use of Anxiety in Tweets During the 2018 Midterm Elections
Authors: Gervais Bryan T. , Evans Heather K. , Russell Annelise
Published: July 2020

This article considers whether candidates strategically use emotional rhetoric in social media messages similar to the way that fear appeals are used strategically in televised campaign advertisements. We use a dataset of tweets issued by the campaign accounts of candidates for the US House of Representatives during the last two months of the 2018 midterm elections to determine whether candidate vulnerability predicts the presence of certain emotions in social media messages. Contrary to theoretical expectations, we find that vulnerability does not appear to inspire candidates to use more anxious language in their tweets. However, we do find evidence of a surprising relationship between sad rhetoric and vulnerability and that campaign context influences the use of other forms of negative rhetoric in tweets.
Cost-effectiveness analysis of Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative in promotion of breast-feeding and reduction of late neonatal infant mortality in Brazil
Authors: Silva Osvaldinete Lopes de Oliveira , Rea Marina Ferreira , Sarti Flávia Mori , Buccini Gabriela
Published: July 2020

Objective:

To analyse the cost-effectiveness of Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI) in promoting breast-feeding during the first hour of life (BFFHL) and reducing late neonatal mortality.

Design:

Cost-effectiveness economic assessment from the health system perspective, preceded by a prospective cohort of mother–baby followed from birth to 6 months of life. The direct costs associated with two health outcomes were analysed: intermediate end point (BFFHL) and final end point (reduction in late neonatal mortality).

Setting:

Study was carried out in six hospitals in the city of São Paulo (Brazil), three being Baby-Friendly Hospitals (BFH) and three non-BFH.

Participants:

Mothers with 24 h postpartum, over 18 years old, single fetus and breast-feeding at the time of the interview were included. Poisson regressions adjusted for maternal age and level of education were estimated to identify factors related to BFFHL and late neonatal mortality. Sensitivity analysis was performed to ensure robustness of the economic assessment.

Results:

Cost-effectiveness analysis showed that BFHI was highly cost-effective in raising BFFHL by 32·0 % at lower cost in comparison with non-BFHI. In addition, BFHI was cost-effective in reducing late neonatal mortality rate by 13·0 % from all causes and by 13·1 % of infant mortality rate from infections.

Conclusions:

The cost-effectiveness of the BFHI in promoting breast-feeding and reducing neonatal mortality rates justifies the investments required for its expansion within the Brazilian health system.
Consumption of ultra-processed foods in the third gestational trimester and increased weight gain: a Brazilian cohort study
Authors: Gomes Caroline de Barros , Malta Maíra Barreto , Benício Maria Helena D’Aquino , Carvalhaes Maria Antonieta de Barros Leite
Published: July 2020

Objective:

To investigate whether the consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPF) during pregnancy is associated with gestational weight gain (GWG).

Design:

Cohort study with collection of two 24-h dietary recalls during each gestational trimester obtained on non-consecutive days and differentiating weekday v. weekend/holiday. The foods were classified according to the NOVA system into fresh or minimally processed foods and their culinary preparations, processed and UPF and subsequently analysed as a percentage contribution to dietary energy. The outcome was average GWG in the second and in the third trimesters, expressed in g/week.

Setting:

Botucatu, a medium-sized Brazilian city.

Participants:

Pregnant women with regular obstetric risk (n 259) undergoing prenatal care in primary healthcare.

Results:

In a multiple linear regression model, it was found that an increase of 1 percentage point in energy consumption from UPF in the third gestational trimester led to an average increase of 4·17 (95 % CI 0·55; 7·79) g in weekly GWG in this period. There was no association between second-trimester UPF consumption and GWG.

Conclusions:

Consumption of UPF in the third gestational trimester is positively associated with average weekly GWG in this period.
Obligatory Actions, Obligatory Maxims
Authors: Kahn Samuel
Published: July 2020

In this article, I confront Parfit’s Mixed Maxims Objection. I argue that recent attempts to respond to this objection fail, and I argue that their failure is compounded by the failure of recent attempts to show how the Formula of Universal Law can be used to demarcate the category of obligatory maxims. I then set out my own response to the objection, drawing on remarks from Kant’sMetaphysics of Moralsfor inspiration and developing a novel account of how the Formula of Universal Law can be employed to determine the deontic status of action tokens, action types and maxims.
Child, Parent and Worker Vulnerabilities in Unregulated Childcare
Authors: Goodall Zoë , Cook Kay , Breitkreuz Rhonda
Published: July 2020

In this article, we seek to develop a framework of childcare vulnerabilities experienced by children, parents and providers engaged in the formal, unregulated childcare market. Informed by vulnerability theorists who examine care work within the context of dependency and power relations, we explore the extent to which notions of vulnerability have been considered in childcare research. Five types of vulnerability from the literature – physical, emotional, economic, legal and racial – are mapped onto the experiences of children, parents and providers. We conceptualise an understanding of vulnerability as it relates to unregulated childcare, showing how vulnerability in this sector is compound, interrelated and structural, creating specific challenges.
LAGRANGIAN FIBRATIONS OF HYPERKÄHLER FOURFOLDS
Authors: Huybrechts Daniel , Xu Chenyang
Published: July 2020

The base surface$B$of a Lagrangian fibrationof a projective, irreducible symplectic fourfold$X$is shown to be isomorphic to$\mathbb{P}^{2}$.
Alternative provision of public health care: the role of citizens' satisfaction with public services and the social responsibility of government
Authors: Cohen Nissim , Mizrahi Shlomo , Vigoda-Gadot Eran
Published: July 2020

This paper explores the factors that influence citizens' attitudes toward the alternative provision of health care services, leading them to be willing to make extra, informal payments within the public health care system. We question whether these attitudes depend primarily on inherent normative preferences, such as beliefs about the government's responsibility to its citizens, or on certain aspects of the reality that they experience, such as satisfaction with the quality and quantity of services as well as the fairness of public systems. Analyzing the findings from a national survey, the paper shows that practical considerations and real-world conditions strongly relate to attitudes more than normative perceptions do.
Minimum clinically important differences for the Functioning Assessment Short Test and a battery of neuropsychological tests in bipolar disorders: results from the FACE-BD cohort
Authors: Roux P. , Brunet-Gouet E. , Ehrminger M. , Aouizerate B. , Aubin V. , Azorin J. M. , Bellivier F. , Bougerol T. , Courtet P. , Dubertret C. , Kahn J. P. , Leboyer M. , Olié E. ,   the FondaMental Advanced Centers of Expertise in Bipolar Disorders (FACE-BD) Collaborators, Etain B. , Passerieux C.
Published: July 2020

Aims

Establishing the minimum clinically important difference (MCID) in functioning and cognition is essential to the interpretation of the research and clinical work conducted in bipolar disorders (BD). The present study aimed to estimate the MCID for the Functioning Assessment Short Test (FAST) and a battery of neuropsychological tests in BD.

Methods

Anchor-based and distributive methods were used to estimate the MCID for the FAST and cognition using data from a large, multicentre, observational cohort of individuals with BD. The FAST and cognition were linked with the Clinical Global Impressions Scale-Severity (CGI-S) and Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) using an equipercentile method. The magnitude of the standard error measurement (s.e.m.) provided another estimate of the MCID.

Results

In total, 570 participants were followed for 2 years. Cross-sectional CGI-S and GAF scores were linked to a threshold ⩽7 on the FAST for functional remission. The MCID for the FAST equalled 8- or 9-points change from baseline using the CGI-S and GAF. One s.e.m. on the FAST corresponded to 7.6-points change from baseline. Cognitive variables insufficiently correlated with anchor variables (all ρ <0.3). One s.e.m. for cognitive variables corresponded to a range of 0.45 to 0.93-s.d. change from baseline.

Conclusions

These findings support the value of the estimated MCID for the FAST and cognition and may be a useful tool to evaluate cognitive and functional remediation effects and improve patient functional outcomes in BD. The CGI-S and GAF were inappropriate anchors for cognition. Further studies may use performance-based measures of functioning instead.
Efficacy of residual herbicides influenced by cover-crop residue for control ofAmaranthus palmeriandA. tuberculatusin soybean
Authors: Perkins Clay M. , Gage Karla L. , Norsworthy Jason K. , Young Bryan G. , Bradley Kevin W. , Bish Mandy D. , Hager Aaron , Steckel Lawrence E.
Published: July 2020

Field studies were conducted in 2018 and 2019 in Arkansas, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, and Tennessee to determine if cover-crop residue interfered with herbicides that provide residual control of Palmer amaranth and waterhemp in no-till soybean. The experiments were established in the fall with planting of cover crops (cereal rye + hairy vetch). Herbicide treatments consisted of a nontreated or no residual, acetochlor, dimethenamid-P, flumioxazin, pyroxasulfone + flumioxazin, pendimethalin, metribuzin, pyroxasulfone, andS-metolachlor. Palmer amaranth took 18 d and waterhemp took 24 d in the cover crop–alone (nontreated) treatment to reach a height of 10 cm. Compared with this treatment, all herbicides except metribuzin increased the number of days until 10-cm Palmer amaranth was present. Flumioxazin applied alone or in a mixture with pyroxasulfone were the best at delaying Palmer amaranth growing to a height of 10 cm (35 d and 33 d, respectively). The herbicides that resulted in the lowest Palmer amaranth density (1.5 to 4 times less) integrated with a cover crop were pyroxasulfone + flumioxazin, flumioxazin, pyroxasulfone, and acetochlor. Those four herbicide treatments also delayed Palmer amaranth emergence for the longest period (27 to 34 d). Waterhemp density was 7 to 14 times less with acetochlor than all the other herbicides present. Yield differences were observed for locations with waterhemp. This research supports previous research indicating that utilizing soil-residual herbicides along with cover crops improves control of Palmer amaranth and/or waterhemp.
β-carotene inhibits NF-κB and restrains diethylnitrosamine-induced hepatic inflammation in Wistar rats
Authors: Latief Uzma , Ahmad Riaz
Published: July 2020

Abstract. β-Carotene exhibits antioxidant and hepatoprotective activities via a multitude of biochemical mechanisms. However, the action mechanism involved in antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of this carotene in chronic liver diseases is not fully understood. In the present investigation, we have attempted to outline a plausible mechanism of β-carotene action against liver fibrosis in albino Wistar rats. To induce hepatic fibrosis, diethylnitrosamine (DEN) was administered in experimental rats for two weeks. DEN treated rats were divided into four groups, wherein each group comprised of five rats. β-Carotene supplement attenuated DEN-induced elevation in LFT markers (P < 0.05); averted depletion of glycogen (24%, P < 0.05) and, increased nitrite (P < 0.05), hydroxyproline (~67%, P < 0.05) and collagen levels (~65%, P < 0.05). Confocal microscopy of tissue sections stained with picrosirius red revealed accrued collagen in DEN-administered group, which was found to be reduced by β-carotene supplementation. Furthermore, β-carotene decreased the expression of iNOS/NOS-2 and NF-κB, as revealed by immunohistochemistry and Western immunoblotting. Collectively, these results demonstrate that β-carotene mitigates experimental liver fibrosis via inhibition of iNOS and NF-κB in-vivo. Thus, β-carotene may be suggested as a possible nutraceutical to curb experimental liver fibrosis.
Earthquake Interactions in Central Taiwan: Probing Coulomb Stress Effects Due to ML≥ 5.5 Earthquakes From 1900 to 2017
Authors: Li Shanshan , Wdowinski Shimon , Hsu Ya‐Ju , Shyu J. Bruce H.
Published: July 2020

Though large efforts have been made in studying earthquake generation processes, earthquake triggering in central Taiwan is still not well understood. The occurrence of 14 mainshocks with ML≥ 6.0 from 1900 to 2017 and the presence of eight active fault systems provide excellent data sets for studying earthquake interaction in central Taiwan. We examined the coseismic Coulomb stress changes (ΔCFSs) due to mainshocks in the sequence and other surrounding earthquakes comprising 3 smaller magnitude mainshocks with 5.5 ≤ML≤ 6.0 and 25 aftershocks with ML≥ 5.5. When considering only triggering effects from mainshocks in the sequence, the compounded ΔCFSs are significant for all 13 mainshocks with 8 being promoted (ΔCFS > 0.1 bar) and 5 being inhibited (ΔCFS < −0.1 bar). After adding effects from other surrounding earthquakes, we found that five mainshocks were promoted and seven were inhibited. Yet it is questionable whether the 2016 mainshock was promoted, because the calculated uncertainties at the hypocenter might reduce ΔCFS below the 0.1 bar triggering threshold. In addition, significant positive ΔCFSs (>2 bars) on the Chukou, Chaochou, and Chishan faults and flat decollement of central Taiwan suggest failure promotion on those active faults. Contrarily, significant negative ΔCFSs (<−0.2 bar) on the Changhua, Shungtung, Chelungpu, and Hsinhua faults suggest that ruptures on those faults might be inhibited. We also conducted sensitivity studies indicating uncertainty level of 33–38% of the calculated ΔCFSs. Our findings indicate that preceding earthquakes have affected nucleation and rupture propagation of large earthquakes in central Taiwan during the past 120 years.
Bank Erosion Processes in Regulated Navigable Rivers
Authors: Duró G. , Crosato A. , Kleinhans M. G. , Roelvink D. , Uijttewaal W. S. J.
Published: July 2020

Vessel‐induced waves affect the morphology and ecology of banks and shorelines around the world. In rivers used as waterways, ship passages contribute to the erosion of unprotected banks, but their short‐ and long‐term impacts remain unclear. This work investigates the effects of navigation on bank erosion along a reach of the regulated Meuse River with recently renaturalized banks. We apply UAV‐SfM photogrammetry, RTK‐GPS, acoustic Doppler velocimetry, aerial and terrestrial photography, soil tests, and multibeam echosounding to analyze the progression of bank retreat after riprap removal. After having analyzed the effects of ship‐generated waves and currents, floods, and vegetation dynamics, a process‐based model is proposed to estimate the long‐term bank retreat. The results show that a terrace evolves in length and depth across the bank according to local lithology, which we clustered in three types. Floods contribute to upper‐bank erosion‐inducing mass failures, while near‐bank flow appears increasingly ineffective to remove the failed material due to terrace elongation. Vegetation growth at the upper‐bank toe reduces bank failure and delays erosion, but its permanence is limited by terrace stability and efficiency to dissipate waves. The results also indicate that long‐term bank retreat is controlled by deep primary waves acting like bores over the terrace. Understanding the underlying drivers of bank evolution can support process‐based management to optimize the benefits of structural and functional diversity in navigable rivers.
A Comparison Between Station Observations and Reanalysis Data in the Identification of Extreme Temperature Events
Authors: Sheridan Scott C. , Lee Cameron C. , Smith Erik T.
Published: July 2020

While many studies comparing atmospheric reanalysis and surface observations have focused on the similarity of mean fields, trends, or frequencies of extreme events, very few have assessed how similar surface observations and reanalysis data sets are in terms of their specific identification of extreme temperature event days. Here, we assess the similarity between surface observations and three reanalysis products: ERA5, ERA5‐LAND, and NARR, in terms of the days on which they identify extreme heat and cold events for the period 1979–2016 at 230 locations in the United States and Canada. Cold events have a greater match than heat events. ERA5 has the greatest match percentage with station data across the study region. Match percentage is greatest in midlatitude, continental locations, with poorer performance in coastal areas, and the Arctic.
On the Relationship Between Offshore Geodetic Coverage and Slip Model Uncertainty: Analog Megathrust Earthquake Case Studies
Authors: Kosari Ehsan , Rosenau Matthias , Bedford Jonathan , Rudolf Michael , Oncken Onno
Published: July 2020

We apply a geodetic slip inversion technique to analog subduction megathrust earthquakes to demonstrate how limited offshore geodetic coverage affects coseismic slip models. We analyzed two archetypical megathrust earthquakes: trench‐breaking and non‐trench‐breaking earthquakes. Slip inversion models of analog earthquakes show quantitative and qualitative changes as a function of offshore coverage. Shallow slip cannot be resolved if the observation coverage of the offshore segment is <50%. Moreover, the slip pattern of shallow events flips from landward to trenchward skewed as offshore coverage reduces to <40%. The estimated slip for both event types converges to a similar unimodal pattern when there is no offshore coverage. We infer 5–20% slip overestimation when the observations are above the high slipping zone during trench‐breaking events versus 5–10% underestimation during non‐trench‐breaking events if observations are land limited. The moment magnitude derived for trench‐breaking ruptures might be significantly affected (ΔMw ~ 0.5).
Mid‐Holocene Grounding Line Retreat and Readvance at Whillans Ice Stream, West Antarctica
Authors: Venturelli R. A. , Siegfried M. R. , Roush K. A. , Li W. , Burnett J. , Zook R. , Fricker H. A. , Priscu J. C. , Leventer A. , Rosenheim B. E.
Published: July 2020

Understanding ice sheet evolution through the geologic past can help constrain ice sheet models that predict future ice dynamics. Existing geological records of grounding line retreat in the Ross Sea, Antarctica, have been confined to ice‐free and terrestrial archives, which reflect dynamics from periods of more extensive ice cover. Therefore, our perspective of grounding line retreat since the Last Glacial Maximum remains incomplete. Sediments beneath Ross Ice Shelf and grounded ice offer complementary insight into the southernmost extent of grounding line retreat, yielding a more complete view of ice dynamics during deglaciation. Here we thermochemically separate the youngest organic carbon to estimate ages from sediments extracted near the Whillans Ice Stream grounding line to provide direct evidence for grounding line retreat in that region as recent as the mid‐Holocene (7.2 kyr B.P.). Our study demonstrates the utility of accurately dated, grounding‐line‐proximal sediment deposits for reconstructing past interactions between marine and subglacial environments.
On the Use of Receiver Operating Characteristic Tests for Evaluating Spatial Earthquake Forecasts
Authors: Parsons Tom
Published: July 2020

Spatial forecasts of triggered earthquake distributions have been ranked using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) tests. The test is a binary comparison between regions of positive and negative forecast against positive and negative presence of earthquakes. Forecasts predicting only positive changes score higher than Coulomb methods, which predict positive and negative changes. I hypothesize that removing the possibility of failures in negative forecast realms yields better ROC scores. I create a “perfect” Coulomb forecast where all earthquakes only fall into positive stress change areas and compare with an informationless all‐positive forecast. The “perfect” Coulomb forecast barely beats the informationless forecast, and adding as few as four earthquakes occurring in the negative stress regions causes the Coulomb forecast to be no better than an informationless forecast under a ROC test. ROC tests also suffer from data imbalance when applied to earthquake forecasts because there are many more negative cases than positive.
Revisiting the Timpson Induced Earthquake Sequence: A System of Two Parallel Faults
Authors: Wang Kaiwen , Ellsworth William , Beroza Gregory C.
Published: July 2020

The 17 May 2012 M4.8 Timpson earthquake is the largest known earthquake in eastern Texas. It is thought to have been induced by wastewater injection from two nearby, high‐volume wells. Its cataloged aftershocks form a NW‐SE trend, which unlike other induced earthquakes sequences is unfavorably oriented for failure in the local stress field. To understand this, we enriched the catalog using PhaseNet, a deep‐learning‐based picker followed by double‐difference relocation with cross‐correlation‐based differential traveltimes. We clustered the aftershocks based on waveform similarity. Most of the seismicity falls into two clusters, which define a detailed fault structure of two parallel subfaults that are more favorably oriented than the overall trend. We inferred from waveform similarity that the sequence initiated on the northern subfault with a M3.9 foreshock and M4.8 mainshock, then extended to the southern subfault with a M4.1 aftershock, and was finally reactivated on the northern subfault with two more M4 events.
Therapeutic inhibition of FcγRIIb signaling targets leukemic stem cells in chronic myeloid leukemia
Authors: Parting Oliver , Langer Samantha , Kuepper Maja Kim , Wessling Caroline , Li Shaoguang , Braunschweig Till , Chatain Nicolas , Maié Tiago , Costa Ivan G. , Crysandt Martina , Huber Michael , Brümmendorf Tim H. , Koschmieder Steffen , Schemionek Mirle
Published: July 2020

Despite the successes achieved with molecular targeted inhibition of the oncogenic driver Bcr-Abl in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), the majority of patients still require lifelong tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) therapy. This is primarily caused by resisting leukemic stem cells (LSCs), which prevent achievement of treatment-free remission in all patients. Here we describe the ITIM (immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motif)-containing Fc gamma receptor IIb (FcγRIIb, CD32b) for being critical in LSC resistance and show that targeting FcγRIIb downstream signaling, by using a Food and Drug Administration-approved BTK inhibitor, provides a successful therapeutic approach. First, we identified FcγRIIb upregulation in primary CML stem cells. FcγRIIb depletion caused reduced serial re-plaiting efficiency and cell proliferation in malignant cells. FcγRIIb targeting in both a transgenic and retroviral CML mouse model provided in vivo evidence for successful LSC reduction. Subsequently, we identified BTK as a main downstream mediator and targeting the Bcr-Abl-FcγRIIb-BTK axis in primary CML CD34+cells using ibrutinib, in combination with standard TKI therapy, significantly increased apoptosis in quiescent CML stem cells thereby contributing to the eradication of LSCs.. As a potential curative therapeutic approach, we therefore suggest combining Bcr-Abl TKI therapy along with BTK inhibition.
Infrared chemical imaging through non-degenerate two-photon absorption in silicon-based cameras
Authors: Knez David , Hanninen Adam M. , Prince Richard C. , Potma Eric O. , Fishman Dmitry A.
Published: July 2020

Chemical imaging based on mid-infrared (MIR) spectroscopic contrast is an important technique with a myriad of applications, including biomedical imaging and environmental monitoring. Current MIR cameras, however, lack performance and are much less affordable than mature Si-based devices, which operate in the visible and near-infrared regions. Here, we demonstrate fast MIR chemical imaging through non-degenerate two-photon absorption (NTA) in a standard Si-based charge-coupled device (CCD). We show that wide-field MIR images can be obtained at 100 ms exposure times using picosecond pulse energies of only a few femtojoules per pixel through NTA directly on the CCD chip. Because this on-chip approach does not rely on phase matching, it is alignment-free and does not necessitate complex postprocessing of the images. We emphasize the utility of this technique through chemically selective MIR imaging of polymers and biological samples, including MIR videos of moving targets, physical processes and live nematodes.
A reciprocal inhibition model of alternations between under-/overemotional modulatory states in patients with PTSD
Authors: Chiba Toshinori , Ide Kentaro , Taylor Jessica E. , Boku Shuken , Toda Hiroyuki , Kanazawa Tetsufumi , Kato Sumie , Horiuchi Yuka , Hishimoto Akitoyo , Maruyama Toru , Yamamoto Taisuke , Shirakawa Miyako , Sora Ichiro , Kawato Mitsuo , Koizumi Ai
Published: July 2020

Patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) appear to manifest two opposing tendencies in their attentional biases and symptoms. However, whether common neural mechanisms account for their opposing attentional biases and symptoms remains unknown. We here propose a model in which reciprocal inhibition between the amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) predicts synchronized alternations between emotional under- and overmodulatory states at the neural, behavioral, and symptom levels within the same patients. This reciprocal inhibition model predicts that when the amygdala is dominant, patients enter an emotional undermodulatory state where they show attentional bias toward threat and manifest re-experiencing symptoms. In contrast, when the vmPFC is dominant, patients are predicted to enter an emotional overmodulatory state where they show attentional bias away from threat and avoidance symptoms. To test the model, we performed a behavioral meta-analysis (total N = 491), analyses of own behavioral study (N = 20), and a neuroimaging meta-analysis (total N = 316). Supporting the model, we found the distributions of behavioral attentional measurements to be bimodal, suggesting alternations between the states within patients. Moreover, attentional bias toward threat was related to re-experiencing symptoms, whereas attentional bias away from threat was related with avoidance symptoms. We also found that the increase and decrease of activity in the left amygdala activity was related with re-experiencing and avoidance symptoms, respectively. Our model may help elucidate the neural mechanisms differentiating nondissociative and dissociative subtypes of PTSD, which usually show differential emotional modulatory levels. It may thus provide a new venue for therapies targeting each subtype.
Glutamine-to-glutamate ratio in the nucleus accumbens predicts effort-based motivated performance in humans
Authors: Strasser Alina , Luksys Gediminas , Xin Lijing , Pessiglione Mathias , Gruetter Rolf , Sandi Carmen
Published: July 2020

Substantial evidence implicates the nucleus accumbens in motivated performance, but very little is known about the neurochemical underpinnings of individual differences in motivation. Here, we applied 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) at ultra-high-field in the nucleus accumbens and inquired whether levels of glutamate (Glu), glutamine (Gln), GABA or their ratios predict interindividual differences in effort-based motivated task performance. Given the incentive value of social competition, we also examined differences in performance under self-motivated or competition settings. Our results indicate that higher accumbal Gln-to-Glu ratio predicts better overall performance and reduced effort perception. As performance is the outcome of multiple cognitive, motor and physiological processes, we applied computational modeling to estimate best-fitting individual parameters related to specific processes modeled with utility, effort and performance functions. This model-based analysis revealed that accumbal Gln-to-Glu ratio specifically relates to stamina; i.e., the capacity to maintain performance over long periods. It also indicated that competition boosts performance from task onset, particularly for low Gln-to-Glu individuals. In conclusion, our findings provide novel insights implicating accumbal Gln and Glu balance on the prediction of specific computational components of motivated performance. This approach and findings can help developing therapeutic strategies based on targeting metabolism to ameliorate deficits in effort engagement.
Inflammatory modulation of the associations between prenatal maternal depression and neonatal brain
Authors: Wu Yonghui , Zhang Han , Wang Changqing , Broekman Birit F. P. , Chong Yap-Seng , Shek Lynette P. , Gluckman Peter D. , Meaney Michael J. , Fortier Marielle V. , Qiu Anqi
Published: July 2020

Inflammatory signaling has a role in sensing intrauterine environment, which may be moderators in altering fetal brain development upon maternal environment. This study integrated cytokine transcriptome of post-mortem fetal brains, neonatal brain imaging and genetic variants (n = 161) to examine whether cytokines are candidates for modulating the relationship between prenatal maternal depression and fetal brain development. This study obtained the transcriptome data of 208 cytokine genes in 12 fetal brain regions from the BrainSpan database. We also included 161 mother–child dyads with prenatal maternal depressive symptoms assessed at 26 weeks of gestation, cytokine genotype data extracted from umbilical cord specimens, and neonatal brain images from a longitudinal prospective birth cohort. We revealed that 22 cytokine genes are expressed in specific brain regions in utero, whose variants have roles in modulating the effects of the prenatal environment on the accelerated fetal development of the hippocampus, auditory, parietal, orbitofrontal, and dorsal prefrontal cortex. Neonates high in the genetic expression score (GES) of TNFRSF19 and IL17RB showed a larger right hippocampal volume, high in the GES of BMPR1B showed the thicker thickness of the sensorimotor cortex, and high in the GES of IL1RAP and CXCR4 demonstrated the thicker thickness of the dorsal and orbital prefrontal cortex in relation with greater prenatal maternal depressive symptoms. Our findings suggest that in humans, the cytokine genes are expressed in a brain region-specific manner in utero and may have potential roles in modulating the fetal development of the corresponding brain regions in response to the maternal environment.
Intracellular symbionts drive sex ratio in the whitefly by facilitating fertilization and provisioning of B vitamins
Authors: Wang Yan-Bin , Ren Fei-Rong , Yao Ya-Lin , Sun Xiang , Walling Linda L , Li Na-Na , Bai Bing , Bao Xi-Yu , Xu Xiao-Rui , Luan Jun-Bo
Published: July 2020

Symbionts can regulate animal reproduction in multiple ways, but the underlying physiological and biochemical mechanisms remain largely unknown. The presence of multiple lineages of maternally inherited, intracellular symbionts (the primary and secondary symbionts) in terrestrial arthropods is widespread in nature. However, the biological, metabolic, and evolutionary role of co-resident secondary symbionts for hosts is poorly understood. The bacterial symbionts Hamiltonella and Arsenophonus have very high prevalence in two globally important pests, the whiteflies Bemisia tabaci and Trialeurodes vaporariorum, respectively. Both symbionts coexist with the primary symbiont Portiera in the same host cell (bacteriocyte) and are maternally transmitted. We found that elimination of both Hamiltonella and Arsenophonous by antibiotic treatment reduced the percentage of female offspring in whiteflies. Microsatellite genotyping and cytogenetic analysis revealed that symbiont deficiency inhibited fertilization in whiteflies, leading to more haploid males with one maternal allele, which is consistent with distorted sex ratio in whiteflies. Quantification of essential amino acids and B vitamins in whiteflies indicated that symbiont deficiency reduced B vitamin levels, and dietary B vitamin supplementation rescued fitness of whiteflies. This study, for the first time, conclusively demonstrates that these two intracellular symbionts affect sex ratios in their whitefly hosts by regulating fertilization and supplying B vitamins. Our results reveal that both symbionts have the convergent function of regulating reproduction in phylogenetically-distant whitefly species. The 100% frequency, the inability of whiteflies to develop normally without their symbiont, and rescue with B vitamins suggests that both symbionts may be better considered co-primary symbionts.
Discovery of new fluorescent thiazole–pyrazoline derivatives as autophagy inducers by inhibiting mTOR activity in A549 human lung cancer cells
Authors: Lin ZhaoMin , Wang ZhaoYang , Zhou XueWen , Zhang Ming , Gao DongFang , Zhang Lu , Wang Peng , Chen Yuan , Lin YuXing , Zhao BaoXiang , Miao JunYing , Kong Feng
Published: July 2020

A series of fluorescent thiazole–pyrazoline derivatives was synthesized and their structures were characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and HRMS. Biological evaluation demonstrated that these compounds could effectively inhibit the growth of human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) A549 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner in vitro and inhibit tumor growth in vivo. The structure–activity relationship (SAR) of the compounds was analyzed. Further mechanism research revealed they could induce autophagy and cell cycle arrest while had no influence on cell necrosis. Compound 5e inhibited the activity of mTOR via FKBP12, which could be reversed by 3BDO, an mTOR activator and autophagy inhibitor. Compound 5e inhibited growth, promoted autophagy of A549 cells in vivo. Moreover, compound 5e showed good selectivity with no influence on normal vascular endothelial cell growth and the normal chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) capillary formation. Therefore, our research provides potential lead compounds for the development of new anticancer drugs against human lung cancer.