bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impact of aspen furniture and restricted feeding on activity, blood pressure, heart rate and faecal corticosterone and immunoglobulin A excretion in rats (Rattus norvegicus) housed in individually ventilated cages
Authors: Kemppinen N , Hau J , Meller A , Mauranen K , Kohila T , Nevalainen T
Published: October 2009

This study aims to evaluate the impact of adding different items in individually ventilated rat cages on the animal's activity, cardiovascular parameters and faecal stress indicators. The following three cage items made of aspen were compared: a cross made of two intersecting boards, a similar cross where drilled holes were loaded with food pellets (restricted feeding) and a rectangular tube. Male rats of the strains BN and F344 ( n = 12) were housed in groups of three; one rat in each group was implanted with a telemetric transponder to measure mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR). In a crossover design, each group spent 14 days with each type of cage furniture, thereafter faecal pellets were collected for faecal analyses. The means of activity and means and coefficient of variation for MAP and HR were calculated for days 2, 6, 10 and 14. As a way of determining which of the statistically significant MAP and HR mean changes were biologically meaningful, the night–day differences of the controls on day 14 were used. Both board types lowered MAP of F344 rats; hence dividing walls seem beneficial for F344 welfare. None of the MAP or HR differences in BN rats were biologically significant. No statistically significant differences in faecal corticosterone or IgA excretion were detected. In conclusion, provision of general recommendations with respect to cage furniture for rat cages is complicated because there is a clear genetic component involved in how animals respond to these structures.
Tandem KH domains of Khd4 recognize AUACCC and are essential for regulation of morphology as well as pathogenicity inUstilago maydis
Authors: Vollmeister Evelyn , Haag Carl , Zarnack Kathi , Baumann Sebastian , König Julian , Mannhaupt Gertrud , Feldbrügge Michael
Published: October 2009

RNA-binding proteins constitute key factors of the post-transcriptional machinery. These regulatory proteins recognize specific elements within target transcripts to promote, for example, maturation, translation, or stability of mRNAs. InUstilago maydis, evidence is accumulating that post-transcriptional processes are important to determine pathogenicity. Deletion ofkhd4, encoding a predicted RNA-binding protein with five K homology (KH) domains, causes aberrant cell morphology and reduced virulence. Here, we demonstrate that Khd4 recognizes the sequence AUACCC in vivo via its tandem KH domains 3 and 4. This sequence most likely functions as a regulatory RNA element inU. maydis, since it accumulates in 3′ untranslated regions. Consistently, an independent mRNA expression profiling approach revealed that the binding motif is significantly enriched in transcripts showing altered expression levels inkhd4Δ strains. Since the vast majority of potential Khd4 target mRNAs exhibit increased amounts in deletion mutants, Khd4 might promote mRNA instability. Mutants that fail to bind AUACCC resemble deletion mutants, which exhibit altered cell morphology, disturbed filamentous growth, and severely reduced virulence. Hence, RNA binding is essential for function of Khd4, stressing the importance of post-transcriptional control in regulating morphology and pathogenicity.
Deadenylation of maternal mRNAs mediated by miR-427 in Xenopus laevis embryos
Authors: Lund Elsebet , Liu Mingzhu , Hartley Rebecca S. , Sheets Michael D. , Dahlberg James E.
Published: October 2009

We show that microRNA-427 (miR-427) mediates the rapid deadenylation of maternal mRNAs after the midblastula transition (MBT) of Xenopus laevis embryogenesis. By MBT, the stage when the embryonic cell cycle is remodeled and zygotic transcription of mRNAs is initiated, each embryo has accumulated ∼109 molecules of miR-427 processed from multimeric pri-miR-427 transcripts synthesized after fertilization. We demonstrate that the maternal mRNAs for cyclins A1 and B2 each contain a single miR-427 target sequence, spanning less than 30 nucleotides, that is both necessary and sufficient for deadenylation, and that inactivation of miR-427 leads to stabilization of the mRNAs. Although this deadenylation normally takes place after MBT, exogenous miRNAs produced prematurely in vivo can promote deadenylation prior to MBT, indicating that turnover of the maternal mRNAs is limited by the amount of accumulated miR-427. Injected transcripts comprised solely of the cyclin mRNA 3′ untranslated regions or bearing a 5′ ApppG cap undergo deadenylation, showing that translation of the targeted RNA is not required. miR-427 is not unique in promoting deadenylation, as an unrelated miRNA, let-7, can substitute for miR-427 if the reporter RNA contains an appropriate let-7 target site. We propose that miR-427, like the orthologous miR-430 of zebrafish, functions to down-regulate expression of maternal mRNAs early in development.
Physical and genetic interactions of yeast Cwc21p, an ortholog of human SRm300/SRRM2, suggest a role at the catalytic center of the spliceosome
Authors: Grainger Richard J. , Barrass J. David , Jacquier Alain , Rain Jean-Christophe , Beggs Jean D.
Published: October 2009

In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Cwc21p is a protein of unknown function that is associated with the NineTeen Complex (NTC), a group of proteins involved in activating the spliceosome to promote the pre-mRNA splicing reaction. Here, we show that Cwc21p binds directly to two key splicing factors—namely, Prp8p and Snu114p—and becomes the first NTC-related protein known to dock directly to U5 snRNP proteins. Using a combination of proteomic techniques we show that the N-terminus of Prp8p contains an intramolecular fold that is a Snu114p and Cwc21p interacting domain (SCwid). Cwc21p also binds directly to the C-terminus of Snu114p. Complementary chemical cross-linking experiments reveal reciprocal protein footprints between the interacting Prp8 and Cwc21 proteins, identifying the conserved cwf21 domain in Cwc21p as a Prp8p binding site. Genetic and functional interactions between Cwc21p and Isy1p indicate that they have related functions at or prior to the first catalytic step of splicing, and suggest that Cwc21p functions at the catalytic center of the spliceosome, possibly in response to environmental or metabolic changes. We demonstrate that SRm300, the only SR-related protein known to be at the core of human catalytic spliceosomes, is a functional ortholog of Cwc21p, also interacting directly with Prp8p and Snu114p. Thus, the function of Cwc21p is likely conserved from yeast to humans.
Defining American Urbanity: Royall Tyler, William Dunlap, and the Postrevolutionary Theater in New York
Authors: Caldwell Mark
Published: October 2009

Through an examination of several plays written by Royall Tyler and William Dunlap, produced at the John Street Theatre in New York during the late 1780s, this article traces an ongoing discussion about the proper nature of postrevolutionary urban manners, and—more broadly—attempts to define the social and cultural features of a distinctive American metropolis, differentiated from its European models and attuned to ongoing contemporary debates about the nature of civil society in the new republic.
Present at the Creation: Making the Case for the Dutch Founders of America
Authors: Goodfriend Joyce D.
Published: October 2009

This essay traces the efforts of nineteenth-and early twentieth century New Yorkers to challenge the Pilgrim myth and gain recognition for the New Netherland Dutch as legitimate founders of the American nation.
Quixotic History and Cultural Memory: Knickerbocker's History of New York
Authors: Scraba Jeffrey
Published: October 2009

This article explores the functions and legacy of Diedrich Knickerbocker, the fictional narrator-historian of Washington Irving's first major work, A History of New York, From the Beginning of the World to the End of the Dutch Dynasty (1809). I argue that Irving deploys a number of self-conscious strategies to produce a cultural memory of New York in and through Knickerbocker and his text. Perhaps most important, Knickerbocker generates the first serviceable English-language account of New Amsterdam, an account that haunts the space of New York with its Dutch and Indian pasts. Second, by reflecting on the theories and craft of history, Knickerbocker explores the problems and possibilities of American historical representation. Third, through a range of quixotic strategies, Knickerbocker implicates the reader in the construction of his history. And finally, Knickerbocker actively writes himself into the story he is telling, merging his fictional identities with New York's history. By describing the ways in which Knickerbocker insinuates himself and his New York into the actual New York, I aim to trace the complexities of Irving's historiographic thinking and to show how accounts of the past can become part of a living cultural memory.
Intimate Networks and Children's Survival in New Netherland in the Seventeenth Century
Authors: Romney Susanah Shaw
Published: October 2009

This essay investigates the lives of children on their own in the Dutch colony before 1664. Literature on the early modern Netherlands has shown the importance of civic institutions in caring for children in need, and some such institutions developed in New Netherland. Children's experiences differed greatly, however, despite or because of civic action. Similarly, though realities such as race and status shaped the opportunities and threats children faced, children's varied outcomes indicate that these realities did not solely determine which children thrived. Investigating the lives of several black and white children in New Netherland reveals that social networks and intimate connections played a critical role in determining who suffered or survived. Thus, we should look to faceto face bonds and intimate connections to understand what determined a child's place within colonial hierarchies.
"Wilderness and Its Waters": A Professional Identity for the Hudson River School
Authors: Strazdes Diana
Published: October 2009

The ideology behind much Hudson River School painting was reflected in the 1855 inaugural volume of the art journal The Crayon . There Asher B. Durand's "Letters on Landscape Painting" were serialized alongside a short story by William James Stillman, a painter as well as The Crayon 's editor. His "Wilderness and Its Waters," a tale of travel into the Hudson River's headwaters, attempted to redefine the landscape painter's activity. Reinforcing Durand's imperative to study nature in its undefiled state, Stillman portrayed landscape painters both as deeply philosophical and as men of action. Emphasizing the primitive conditions encountered on the river, Stillman introduced hardship, privation, and physical risk to the requirement of relentlessly observing nature, while offering spiritual epiphany as reward. He created a novel artistic profile that melded two stereotypical professional identities, those of intrepid explorer and minister of God, which conveniently mirrored the values by which many Americans defined themselves.
"Close Remotenesses" along the Hudson: Nathaniel Parker Willis's Suburban Aesthetic
Authors: D'Amore Maura
Published: October 2009

Nathaniel Parker Willis relocated from New York City to the suburbanizing Hudson River Valley for health reasons in the early 1850s. From the position of his home at Idlewild he reflected on the effects of the railroad and telegraph on print distribution and community formation, even going so far as to suggest that his Home Journal readership constituted a print suburb defined by lifestyle choices and gated by technology rather than geography.
Property Ownership and Educational Discrimination in the South
Authors: Halcoussis Dennis , Ng Kenneth , Virts Nancy
Published: October 2009

In the postbellum southern U.S., African Americans were steadily disenfranchised, a modern publicly financed universal school system with racially segregated schools was created, and public school monies were allocated so that white pupils received substantially more than black pupils. An earlier paper (Ng and Halcoussis 2003) established a statistical relationship between black voter participation, the prevalence of black children and the degree of fund diversion. This article extends the analysis by examining the effect of land distribution, political participation, and tax incidence on black and white student expenditures. A positive statistical relationship is found between black per student expenditures and counties with higher political participation. A negative statistical relationship is found between black per student expenditures and counties where large tenant plantations are more prevalent. This establishes that both voting power and the source of school funding also played important roles in the existence and extent of racially based school fund diversion.
Building Budgets and Trust through Superintendent Leadership
Authors: Bird James J. , Wang Chuang , Murray Louise M.
Published: October 2009

In this study, we surveyed school district superintendents in a southeastern state about their budget-building strategies. The majority of responding superintendents had worked with their most senior principals and business managers for less than three years. Patterns of variance along the openness of budget-building processes, information management, and school settings had no relationship to superintendent rate of rise to authority, career path, or cohesiveness of staff. There was no relationship found between professional preparation and budget-building processes. Cohesiveness of staff had a negative and weak relationship with information management but the openness of processes had a significantly positive relationship to information management. The responding superintendents relied heavily on their on-the-job training and currently operate much differently than when they started their superintendency. We discuss these outcomes with regard to professional preparation programs and superintendent professional development activities.
Variation in Teacher Salaries in Georgia: Does the Property Tax Base Matter?
Authors: Winters John V.
Published: October 2009

There is a great deal of variation in teacher salaries across school districts. This is important because districts that pay low salaries are likely to have greater trouble recruiting and retaining quality teachers. Regression analysis reveals that local supplements—payments exceeding the state minimum salary schedule—are affected by a number of important factors including the average local supplement in nearby districts, property tax wealth in a district, composition of the property tax base, teacher education, and teacher experience. The results for property wealth are of particular importance. Despite state equalization efforts, poorer districts pay lower teacher salary supplements than wealthier districts, though the difference is only moderately large.
Protestant Bishops in Restoration England
Authors: Harmes Marcus
Published: October 2009

The reconstruction of the Church of England's hierarchy after 1660 has attracted extensive scholarly attention. Scholars have evaluated how far the doctrinal and ecclesial positions of the Laudian Church shaped the reconstruction of the episcopal hierarchy up to and beyond 1660, especially the Laudian recourse to theories of Jure divino episcopacy as justifying episcopal status and power. Detailed analysis of two texts, John Gauden's The Looſing of St Peters Bands and Arthur Duck's Life of Henry Chichele (a medieval archbishop of Canterbury) will demonstrate how the restored episcopate was prepared to appeal to its late-medieval past and to its immediate context in order to justify its authority and demonstrate its self-conception as being an agent of reformed authority.
Cold Cases: Law and Legal Detail in the Íslendingasögur
Authors: Burrows Hannah
Published: October 2009

The Íslendingasögur [Sagas of Icelanders] are often said to be obsessed with law. But while the importance of legal themes to saga narrative cannot be doubted, the extent to which the sagas cite technical details of law and legal process varies greatly across the corpus. The use of law in this manner has various literary and stylistic effects which should be viewed as integral to the narrative design, and explored as such within individual sagas.
A Picture of Christendom: The Creation of an Interpretive Community in Julian of Norwich's A Revelation of Love
Authors: Lewis Anna
Published: October 2009

In order to avoid suspicion, opposition, and even inquisition, visionaries of the late Middle Ages did well to deny their capacities as either readers or writers. In A Revelation of Love , Julian of Norwich nullifies her role in uncovering the meaning of the divine 'text' she receives by demonstrating that the interpretation, and the processes by which it was achieved, are the responsibility of an interpretive community. The legitimacy of the interpretation is established by the authority of this community which, as a union between God, Church, and Christian souls, is a picture of Christendom itself.
'Ryght worchepfull mastres': Letters of Request and Servants' Scripting of Margaret Paston's Social Self
Authors: Creelman Valerie
Published: October 2009

Margaret Paston's influential role in managing the Paston family's affairs in her capacity as a wife, mother, and widow has been well documented. Garnering less attention, however, has been Margaret's role as the 'maistresse' of her household and the influence she exercised in governing the estate servants with whom she collaboratively managed the Paston family's estate business. Examining the highly politic speech activity of request enacted in the petitionary letters servants addressed to Margaret offers a rare opportunity to examine the rhetorical impact of these letters in the dialogic shaping and expression of Margaret's honour or worshep', a critical aspect of her social self and influence in the course of estate management.
The Medical Diagnosis of Demonic Possession in an Early Modern English Community
Authors: Bonzol Judith
Published: October 2009

In early modern England both ordinary and learned people believed that certain kinds of illness might be the result of maleficium (harmful magic) or demonic possession. While belief in witchcraft and demons may have declined somewhat during the course of the seventeenth century, it remained acceptable to attribute certain forms of disease to the Devil, particularly certain types of mental illness. But complex social factors were also at play. A detailed study of the medical involvement in the possession of Anne Gunter, beginning in 1604, reveals that community and family influences were particularly crucial to the medical diagnosis of diabolical afflictions.
'Devils Liquore' and 'Virgins Milke': Fashion, Fetishism and Jonson's Line
Authors: Moran Elizabeth
Published: October 2009

Many observers of the nascent consumer culture of early modern London asserted that fashionable consumption encouraged the creation of ephemeral identities at the cost of the family line. Ben Jonson had a particular interest in fashion's corrosive effect upon the line, given his sense of his own patrilineal literary inheritance. His satires of fashion, notably in Epicoene (1609), The Devil is an Ass (1616), and many poems, allow us to consider the precise mode of perception by which consumption may destroy the line – a barren, fetishistic mentality which displaces generative appetites from bodies to objects.
Within and Without Family in the Icelandic Sagas
Authors: Gíslason Kári
Published: October 2009

The Icelandic sagas reflect a deep social interest in the nature of family obligations. Narrative tension and drama often result from carefully plotted increases competition between families, while considerable space is given over to family biographies and genealogical information. As a result, the saga authors' conception of the historical seems closely bound to a desire to represent family life. In Gísla saga Súrssonar and Íslendinga saga , the representation of family life extends the situation of internal family conflicts, when the strict ethical codes underpinning the centrality of family obligations seem to be complicated and perhaps even threatened by characters' formation of stronger bonds outside the family. The portrayal of internal family conflicts in these two sagas enabled the authors express complex and often conflicting ethical issues.
“The South Arose as One Man”: Gender and Sectionalism in Antislavery Petition Debates, 1835–1845
Authors: Zaeske Susan
Published: October 2009

Debates over female antislavery petitions provoked the first sustained discussion of women’s political rights in the history of the U.S. Congress. Analysis of discourse produced on multiple sides of the debate reveals that as interlocutors questioned the womanhood and manhood of their opponents, the debates exceeded issues of constitutionality, escalating to what were perceived as attacks on the very way members and their constituents lived their lives. In the end, House debates over women’s antislavery petitions from 1835 to 1845 were waged through a rhetoric of gender and amounted to a battle about who could be considered a citizen of the United States.
“A Complicated and Frustrating Dance”: National Security Reform, the Limits of Parrhesia , and the Case of the 9/11 Families
Authors: Bean Hamilton
Published: October 2009

The case of the 9/11 families represents both disruption and continuity in the rhetorical history of citizen participation in U.S. national security affairs. The 9/11 families were “outsiders” who used parrhesia—speech uniquely characterized by frankness, truth, criticism, danger, and duty—to access inside arenas of national security policymaking. Once inside, however, the families’ inability to sustain their preferred framing of accountability for 9/11—a framing that sought to assign concrete and specific responsibility for the catastrophe—demonstrates the limits of parrhesia in the face of institutional rhetoric that persistently excludes, contains, and suppresses citizen-stakeholder voices. Thus, although national security policymaking remains the domain of technocratic elites, the aftermath of 9/11 nevertheless represents an exigence in which established elements of the relationship between elites and citizens were at least partly and temporarily destabilized. As a result, a critical analysis of the competing rhetorical strategies used by the groups responding to this exigence illuminates tensions useful for conceptualizing the development of a rhetorical democracy.
John Brown’s “Madness”
Authors: Griffin Charles J. G.
Published: October 2009

This essay explores how divergent interpretations of John Brown’s alleged “madness” in the aftermath of the Harper’s Ferry Raid defined the meaning and import of his actions for the Republic’s increasingly unstable social and political order. It argues that popular characterizations of Brown illustrate that “madness” can serve a number of rhetorical functions in the civic sphere. The essay first explores the popular etiology of insanity in antebellum America. It then argues that prevailing views of insanity in the mid-nineteenth century invited three metonymic interpretations of the origins of Brown’s “madness”—and hence of the larger significance of his actions: Brown as pariah, Brown as pawn, and Brown as prophet. A concluding section discloses how these competing views may enrich our understanding of “madness” as a recurrent trope in American political and social controversy.
“The One Word the Kremlin Fears”: C. D. Jackson, Cold War “Liberation,” and American Political-Economic Adventurism
Authors: O’Gorman Ned
Published: October 2009

This essay considers how C. D. Jackson, an associate of Eisenhower and political warfare specialist, worked in the 1950s to give compelling public form to a grand strategy of “liberation” in the Cold War. Jackson worked to ally liberation with U.S. political-economic adventures abroad rather than martial exploits. In so doing, he sought not only to disassociate liberation from catastrophic war with the Soviets, but also to win the Cold War by working to liberalize the world. Jackson’s approach thus sought to reconcile structural and contingent perspectives on Cold War strategy.
Metacognitive Beliefs About Procrastination: Development and Concurrent Validity of a Self-Report Questionnaire
Authors: Fernie Bruce A. , Spada Marcantonio M. , Nikčević Ana V. , Georgiou George A. , Moneta Giovanni B.
Published: October 2009

This article describes the development of a questionnaire on metacognitive beliefs about procrastination. In Study 1 we performed a principal axis factor analysis that suggested a two-factor solution for the data obtained from the preliminary questionnaire. The factors identified were named positive and negative metacognitive beliefs about procrastination. The factor analysis reduced the questionnaire from 22 to 16 items, with each factor consisting of 8 items. In Study 2 we performed a confirmatory factor analysis that provided support for the two-factor solution suggested by the exploratory factor analysis. Both factors had adequate internal consistency. Concurrent validity was partially established through correlation analyses. These showed that positive metacognitive beliefs about procrastination were positively correlated with decisional procrastination, and that negative metacognitive beliefs about procrastination were positively correlated with both decisional and behavioral procrastination. The Metacognitive Beliefs About Procrastination Questionnaire may aid future research into procrastination and facilitate clinical assessment and case formulation.
Modular Cognitive Therapy for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Wait-List Controlled Trial
Authors: Wilhelm Sabine , Steketee Gail , Fama Jeanne M. , Buhlmann Ulrike , Teachman Bethany A. , Golan Elana
Published: October 2009

The current study examined the efficacy of cognitive therapy (CT) in reducing symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Twenty-nine individuals with OCD were assigned according to therapist availability to a 12-week wait period or the immediate start of 22 sessions (over 24 weeks) of flexible, modular CT. After 12 weeks of treatment, the CT group, but not the wait-list group, exhibited significant improvement in OCD symptoms. The combined sample of patients who underwent 24 weeks of CT improved significantly from pre- to post-treatment and symptoms remained significantly improved at 3-month follow-up. OCD symptoms rose slightly between post-treatment and 12-month follow-up, but, remained significantly lower than at pretreatment. Overall, modular CT appears to be an effective and acceptable treatment for OCD.
Etiology, Assessment, and Treatment of Muscle Dysmorphia
Authors: Grieve Frederick G. , Truba Natalie , Bowersox Sandy
Published: October 2009

Muscle dysmorphia is a newly described disorder in which muscular men believe they are smaller than they actually appear. Similar to the presentation of eating disorders in women, men with muscle dysmorphia have behavioral symptoms and cognitive distortions that serve to maintain the disorder. A brief overview of muscle dysmorphia, its diagnostic criteria, and some of the causes is provided. Assessment issues and treatment suggestions are also discussed.
Mindfulness and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: Are They Compatible Concepts?
Authors: Harrington Neil , Pickles Charles
Published: October 2009

Several therapies have emerged that include mindfulness as a central theoretical concept within a Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) model. These include Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), and Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT). This article argues that mindfulness is contrary to many of the core principles of CBT, but more importantly, the concept of mindfulness lacks meaning, outside of the Buddhist religious tradition from which it arises. As part of a mystical ideology, mindfulness represents an antirational and prescientific worldview. As such, this article questions the assertion that mindfulness can be a part of a new scientific paradigm, representing a “third generation” of CBT, and suggests that CBT is in danger of becoming an all-encompassing term.
Mindfulness and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: A Commentary on Harrington and Pickles
Authors: Baer Ruth A. , Sauer Shannon
Published: October 2009

Harrington and Pickles (this issue) raise interesting and important questions about the nature of mindfulness and its relationships to scientific clinical psychology and cognitive behavioral theory and treatment. In this commentary, we address two primary questions. First, is mindfulness a meaningful concept within scientific clinical psychology or is it religious or mystical? Second, is mindfulness compatible with cognitive behavioral therapy? We argue that mindfulness can be conceptualized as a nonreligious construct suitable for scientific study and that it can be integrated with cognitive behavioral therapy in interesting and fruitful ways.
Mindfulness and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: A Rebuttal
Authors: Harrington Neil , Pickles Charles
Published: October 2009

The authors discuss Baer and Sauer’s definition of mindfulness and point to possible conceptual confusions. It is argued that the defining features of mindfulness are contradictory and fail to represent a coherent scientific definition.
Self-Criticism, Maladaptive Perfectionism, and Depression Symptoms in a Community Sample: A Longitudinal Test of the Mediating Effects of Person-Dependent Stressful Life Events
Authors: Cox Brian J. , Clara Ian P. , Enns Murray W.
Published: October 2009

Both self-criticism and maladaptive dimensions of perfectionism have been associated with depression symptoms, based on cross-sectional and some longitudinal research with selective clinical and student samples. The present study evaluated a mediation model involving self-criticism, maladaptive dimensions of perfectionism, and depression-related symptoms at baseline (Time 1), and person-dependent stressful life events and depression-related symptoms 12 months later (Time 2), in a more representative noninstitutionalized sample. Participants included 723 community-based adults in an urban area. A proposed mediation model based on recent theoretical writings was evaluated, whereby the effects of self-criticism and maladaptive perfectionism on subsequent depression symptoms were hypothesized to be mediated by person-dependent stressful life events. In female respondents, the relationship between self-criticism and Time 2 depression was not mediated by person-dependent stressful life events and the relationship between socially prescribed perfectionism and Time 2 depression was fully mediated by person-dependent life events. In male respondents, self-criticism showed evidence of partial mediation while doubts about actions and socially prescribed perfectionism did not have significant main effects on Time 2 depression. Clinical and research implications of this important cognitive diathesis domain in association with person-dependent stressful life events and subsequent depression are discussed.
Self-Administered Optimism Training: Mechanisms of Change in a Minimally Supervised Psychoeducational Intervention
Authors: Fresco David M. , Moore Michael T. , Walt Lisa , Craighead Linda W.
Published: October 2009

Pessimistic explanatory style is a robust predictor of future depressive symptoms. There were 112 college students with a pessimistic explanatory style identified from a larger screening sample. Participants were randomly assigned to Self-Administered Optimism Training or a no-treatment control group. Participants assigned to SOT received 10 minutes of instruction regarding self-monitoring of how they assigned causes to events in their lives and “brainstorming” alternate causes, and then sent off to record daily diaries that captured this information every day for 28 days. The SOT participants demonstrated significant drops in pessimism in three separate but related assessments. Further, findings indicated a significant correlation between cognitive change and depression symptom change for the SOT group but not the control group. Although preliminary in nature, findings from the current study demonstrate the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of an inexpensive, prophylactic treatment for depression that utilizes a minimum of therapist contact.
Development and Characterization of SSR Markers and Their Use to Assess Genetic Relationships among Alfalfa Germplasms
Authors: He C. , Xia Z. L. , Campbell T. A. , Bauchan G. R.
Published: October 2009

Simple sequence repeat (SSR), or microsatellite markers, are codominant, abundant and hypervariable molecular markers from eukaryotic genomes that are being widely used in genetic mapping, phylogenetic studies, and marker‐assisted selection. Currently, the number of SSR markers available from alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) genomic libraries is limited. This study was conducted to identify additional SSR markers in the alfalfa genome and to evaluate their ability to separate the nine historically recognized progenitors of North American cultivated alfalfa (African, Chilean, Falcata, Flemish, Indian, Ladak, Peruvian, Turkistan, and Varia), as well as seven additional accessions of M. sativa ssp. sativa, falcata, and coerulea and the model legume M. truncatula Genomic DNA from the autotetraploid alfalfa germplasm W10 was used to develop 81 primer pairs, which amplified SSRs containing AC, AT, CT, CTT, GAT, and GGT motifs. The majority (96%) of the primer pairs were functional and 61 (78.2%) detected 2 to 11 polymorphic fragments among the accessions. A dendrogram was constructed using cluster analysis from these data, representing three main clusters: (i) diploid ssp. falcata; (ii) M. truncatula; and (iii) all remaining entries. Additional separation of some accessions [M. truncatula (‘Jemalong’), Ladak (‘Ladak’), Fall dormancy 11 (UC‐1465), Indian (Sirsa Type 9), Flemish (‘Dupuit’), Peruvian (‘Hairy Peruvian’), and African 2 (‘Moapa’)] was obtained through multiple correspondence analysis. These genomic alfalfa SSRs have excellent utility for polymorphic assessment with potential application for phylogenetic and genetic mapping studies of alfalfa.
Comparative Plant Growth and Development in two Cotton Rotations under Irrigated and Non‐Irrigated Conditions
Authors: Katsvairo Tawainga W. , Wright David L. , Marois James J. , Rich Jimmy R. , Wiatrak Pawel P.
Published: October 2009

Incorporating perennial grasses such as bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Fluegge) to diversify the conventional two‐crop rotation of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) prevalent in the U.S. Southeast (SE) is advocated. However, little is reported on growth and development for cotton grown in rotation with perennial grasses. Our objectives were to compare plant characteristics including height, leaf area index (LAI), chlorophyll meter readings (chlorophyll index), N uptake, weed densities, and residual soil nutrients in a conventional rotation of peanut‐cotton‐cotton vs. a bahiagrass‐bahiagrass‐peanut‐cotton rotation. Field studies were conducted in Quincy, FL from 2000 to 2006. Plant height, LAI and N, P, and K uptake were generally greater for cotton in the bahiagrass rotation compared to the conventional cotton/peanut rotation. Weed densities were reduced for cotton in the bahiagrass rotation. Residual nutrients at the end of the season including N, P, and K and soil organic matter (SOM) showed no differences between the rotations. In spite of the improvements in plant growth characteristics, rotating cotton with bahiagrass overall did not improve yield above the conventional rotation. Potential exists for greater cotton yield in the bahiagrass rotation once effective management practices have been identified.
Ancestral Landraces of Common Bean from the South of Europe and Their Agronomical Value for Breeding Programs
Authors: Rodiño A. Paula , Monteagudo A. Belén , De Ron Antonio M. , Santalla Marta
Published: October 2009

Selection among breeding lines has been widely used to identify important cultivars and favorable alleles for adaptation, and resistance to abiotic and biotic stress. The objective of this work was to study the variability among common bean breeding lines selected from ancestral landraces, to evaluate the reaction of these lines to anthracnose (ANT) rust, common bacterial blight (CBB), halo bacterial blight (HBB) and bean common mosaic virus (BCMV) and to study the introgression in ancestral landraces of Phaseolus vulgaris L. Fifty‐five breeding lines obtained by individual selection, 21 parents or ancestral landraces and six check cultivars were grown in four environments. Thirty morphological and agronomical traits, the reaction to five diseases, and allozyme and phaseolin profiles were determined. Significant differences among breeding lines were recorded for morphological and agronomical traits. The lines 0330‐02, 0452‐03, 0219‐06, 0323‐01, 0323‐13, and 0323‐15 would be useful genetic material to use in breeding programs for increasing seed yield. Thirty‐six breeding lines were tolerant or resistant to different diseases. The lines 0221‐14 and 0452‐03 are worthy of special mention because they had resistance to four diseases. Allozyme and phaseolin pattern studies indicated a predominance of Andean genetic material but 14 breeding lines presented intermediate characteristics between both Andean and Mesoamerican gene pools and may represent unique genetic recombination events. These genotypes could be of utility to breeders seeking to improve common bean. This work indicates the existence of lines with superior characteristics and favorable alleles that merit further evaluation in genetic studies.
Competitiveness of Agrostis Interspecific Hybrids in Turfgrass Swards
Authors: Hart Stephen E. , Belanger Faith C. , McCullough Patrick E. , Rotter David
Published: October 2009

Transgenic herbicide‐resistant cultivars of creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.) have been developed and are being considered for commercial release. Concerns regarding transgenic species include potential for outcrossing of the crop, which may produce novel genotypes with increased weediness. Persistence and multiyear growth of interspecific hybrids between creeping bentgrass and velvet bentgrass (A. canina L.), colonial bentgrass (A. capillaris L.), dryland bentgrass (A. castellana Boiss. and Reut.), and redtop bentgrass (A. gigantea Roth) and the backcross progeny of the hybrids were compared with the parental species in field experiments. The plants were evaluated over 2 yr in residential Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) and a low maintenance roadside turf of mixed species. With the exception of redtop bentgrass by creeping bentgrass interspecific hybrids, all interspecific hybrids between creeping bentgrass and colonial, dryland, and velvet bentgrasses were equally or less competitive relative to their parental species. Backcross progeny of interspecific hybrids, including those of redtop bentgrass by creeping bentgrass hybrids, were equally or less competitive than parental species. Bentgrasses that were highly competitive in residential turf were also competitive under roadside maintenance, suggesting bentgrasses have weediness potential regardless of management intensity.
Fate of 15N‐Nitrate Applied to a Bermudagrass System: Assimilation Profiles in Different Seasons
Authors: Wherley Benjamin G. , Shi Wei , Bowman Daniel C. , Rufty Thomas W.
Published: October 2009

Pressures to protect water quality and water shortages are leading to increased applications of effluent water on turfgrasses, and there are pressures to disperse effluent throughout the year. These experiments investigated NO3− uptake efficiency by Tifway bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. × C. transvaalensis Burtt Davy] during growth and dormancy cycles, and thus the potential to filter effluent at different times of the year. Turf–soil cores from field plots were placed in controlled environment chambers and fed solutions with 15N‐NO3− Nitrate uptake was, as expected, greatest in summer when plants were growing rapidly. Less than 10% of applied NO3− was recovered from soil after 3 d. The microbial population was elevated, but little 15N was found in soil microbial or organic fractions. The system was inefficient in winter when bermudagrass was dormant; 80 to 90% of the NO3− remained in soil after 16 d. The system was more efficient than expected in spring and fall transition months, with 80 to 90% assimilated within 1 wk. A large portion of applied 15N was held belowground in rhizomes and roots. Competitiveness of the microbial population was greater in transition months than during rapid bermudagrass growth in August when the population itself was larger. Although seasonal differences occurred, bermudagrass roots were consistently more competitive than the microbial population for applied 15N, an observation very different from that with other grass systems.
Evaluation of Remote Sensing to Measure Plant Stress in Creeping Bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.) Fairways
Authors: Johnsen Aaron R. , Horgan Brian P. , Hulke Brent S. , Cline Van
Published: October 2009

Turfgrass irrigation strategies must be clearly defined in response to increasing concerns over quality water availability. Water conservation may be achieved with technologies such as remote sensing. The objectives of this research were to (i) correlate reflectance measurements from creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.) under stress with volumetric water content and turf quality measurements, (ii) determine if remote sensing can detect plant stress before visual observation, and (iii) explore the influence of nitrogen fertility on water stress detection. Four experiments were conducted in the 2006 and 2007 growing seasons on 3‐m2 creeping bentgrass plots maintained under fairway conditions at the University of Minnesota agriculture campus. Treatments were irrigation at 20, 40, 60, and 80% of predicted evapotranspiration every 3 d on plots fertilized with 98 or 244 kg N ha−1 yr−1 Reflectance measurements from two remote sensors were more highly correlated (r = 0.73–0.91) than reflectance and turf quality (r = 0.42–0.71) or reflectance and volumetric water content (r = 0.28–0.64). Reflectance measurements detected water stress 0 to 48 h before visual observation across all treatments and experiments. Nitrogen did not influence the ability to detect drought‐stressed turfgrass. Use of remote sensors to monitor and detect drought stress has the potential to improve turfgrass irrigation and ultimately conserve water.
Quantitative Trait Loci and Epistasis for Oat Winter‐Hardiness Component Traits
Authors: Wooten D. R. , Livingston D. P. , Lyerly H. J. , Holland J. B. , Jellen E. N. , Marshall D. S. , Murphy J. P.
Published: October 2009

Winter hardiness is a complex trait and poor winter hardiness limits commercial production of winter oat (Avena spp.). The objective of this study was to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) for five winter‐hardiness component traits in a recombinant inbred line population derived from a cross between the winter‐tender cultivar Fulghum and the winter‐hardy cultivar Norline. Crown freezing tolerance, vernalization response, and photoperiod response were evaluated in controlled environment studies. Heading date and plant height were evaluated over two seasons in Kinston, NC, and winter field survival was evaluated in five environments over two seasons in the mountains of North Carolina and Virginia. A partial genetic linkage map of regions believed to affect winter hardiness was developed using restriction fragment length polymorphism and simple sequence repeat markers. Most QTL were located on linkage groups FN3, FN22, and FN24. Quantitative trait loci were identified for all traits except photoperiod response, and epistatic interactions were identified for winter field survival, crown freezing tolerance, vernalization response, and plant height. Major QTL for winter field survival (R 2 = 35%) and crown freezing tolerance (R 2 = 53%) were identified on linkage group FN3, which was associated with an intergenomic reciprocal translocation between chromosomes 7C and 17.
Barley Germplasm STARS‐9577B Lacks a Russian Wheat Aphid Resistance Allele at a Quantitative Trait Locus Present in STARS‐9301B
Authors: Mittal Shipra , Dahleen Lynn S. , Mornhinweg Dolores
Published: October 2009

Russian wheat aphid (RWA; Diuraphis noxia Kurdjumov) infestations of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) have reduced yield and quality in the United States since 1986. Resistant germplasm lines, including STARS‐9577B, have been used for cultivar development. Our objective was to map quantitative trait loci (QTL) for RWA resistance in STARS‐9577B and compare them to previously mapped loci. A set of 185 F2:3 families from ‘Morex’/STARS‐9577B was tested in replicated trials in the greenhouse based on a 1 to 9 visual rating of chlorosis. Morex is a susceptible six‐rowed malting barley. Polymerase chain reaction–based markers polymorphic between STARS‐9577B and Morex were used to create a 146 marker linkage map. Quantitative trait loci analysis located two loci for resistance, one on the short arm of chromosome 1H and the other on the long arm of 3H. The 1H locus was associated with a B‐hordein marker, showed additive gene action, and explained 19% of the variation. The 3H locus was associated with marker EBmac0541, showed partial dominance and explained 47% of the variation. Combined, the two loci explain 55% of the phenotypic variation for RWA reaction. Results showed that STARS‐9577B lacks a resistance allele at one of the QTL found in STARS‐9301B, which may explain the consistently higher RWA score (lower resistance) of 3 in STARS‐9577B versus the lower score (higher resistance) of 2 in STARS‐9301B, indicating that the QTL on chromosome 2H is an important factor in determining resistance.
Allelic Variants at the Psy‐A1 and Psy‐B1 Loci in Durum Wheat and Their Associations with Grain Yellowness
Authors: He Xinyao , Wang Jianwu , Ammar Karim , Peña Roberto Javier , Xia Xianchun , He Zhonghu
Published: October 2009

Phytoene synthase (PSY) genes are involved in the biosynthesis of carotenoid pigments in durum wheat [Triticum turgidum L. subsp durum (Desf.) Husn.], significantly influencing grain yellowness. This study was conducted to identify new allelic variants at the Psy‐A1 and Psy‐B1 loci in durum wheat, and to evaluate the applicability of functional markers developed from common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) for durum wheat breeding. Two new allelic variants, Psy‐A1d and Psy‐A1e, were identified at the Psy‐A1 locus, and both the codominant markers YP7A and YP7A‐2 can be used to discriminate the two haplotypes, yielding 194‐ and 231‐bp polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products with YP7A and 1001‐ and 1684‐bp fragments with YP7A‐2, respectively. At the Psy‐B1 locus, three allelic variants were identified. Psy‐B1e was also found in common wheat, whereas Psy‐B1f and Psy‐B1g were detected only in durum wheat. The codominant marker YP7B‐1 can be used to distinguish Psy‐B1f and Psy‐B1g, generating 151‐ and 153‐bp PCR fragments, respectively, and the dominant marker YP7B‐4 was specific to haplotype Psy‐B1e, producing a 717‐bp PCR product. In a set of 100 CIMMYT durum wheat lines with widely variable grain yellowness, the frequencies of Psy‐A1d, Psy‐A1e, Psy‐B1e, Psy‐B1f, and Psy‐B1g were 99, 1, 0, 67, and 33%, respectively, and the genotype Psy‐B1f showed a significant association with higher grain yellowness, whereas the presence of Psy‐B1g led to lower yellowness. A phylogenetic tree generated from the gene sequences of the allelic variants at Psy‐A1 and Psy‐B1 loci indicated two parallel lineages of durum–common wheat, suggesting that more than one tetraploid T. turgidum L. subsp. dicoccon (Schrank) Thell. genotypes were involved in the origin of common wheat. Our results suggested that Psy‐B1f should be paid more attention in durum breeding programs for its association with elevated grain yellowness.