bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Characterization of Trinuclear NiII3 and CuII3 Triplesalophen Complexes: Evaluation of Ligand Folding and Heteroradialene Formation and their Impact on the Magnetic Properties
Authors: Freiherr von Richthofen Carl‐Georg , Stammler Anja , Bögge Hartmut , Glaser Thorsten
Published: November 2012

The coordination chemistry of the triplesalophen ligands H6baronR (R = Me, Cl, Br) with CuII and NiII has been studied. The triplesalophen ligand system is an extension of the triplesalen ligand system and is composed of a bridging phloroglucinol ring with three meta‐phenylene salophen coordination compartments. The completely sp2 hybridized backbone of the triplesalophen ligands should favor a more planar molecular structure of the trinuclear complexes in comparison to the triplesalen complexes. Reaction of the ligands with the metal acetates in n‐butanol/CHCl3 provided the complexes [(baronMe)Ni3]a, [(baronCl)Ni3]a, [(baronBr)Ni3]a, [(baronMe)Cu3], [(baronCl)Cu3], and [(baronBr)Cu3]. For the NiII complexes, recrystallization from pyridine or performing the reaction in pyridine provided the compounds [(baronMe)Ni3]b and [(baronCl)Ni3]b, whereas for the bromo derivative the complex [(baronBr){Ni(py)2}2Ni] with one four‐coordinate and two six‐coordinate NiII ions have been obtained. In contrast, for the CuII complexes, two [(baronR){Cu(py)}2Cu] (R = Me, Cl, Br) units dimerize via bridging of a coordinated phenolate. The structural analysis reveals a strong tendency for π stacking of the trinuclear complexes resulting in a planarization of the complexes. The trinuclear triplesalophen complexes exhibit the four signatures of heteroradialene formation, which were extracted from single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, NMR, FTIR, and UV/Vis spectroscopy. Analysis of these experimental data with regard to the respective data of the free ligands H6baronR (R = Me, Cl, Br) and the mononuclear analogue H2carlCl and its complexes [(carlCl)Ni] and [(carlCl)Cu] clearly demonstrates that the heteroradialene resonance structure, which has been established as the dominant resonance structure for the free ligands, still has a strong but smaller contribution in the trinuclear triplesalophen complexes. The magnetic properties demonstrate weak intramolecular ferromagnetic interactions mediated by the triplesalophen ligands in the trinuclear CuII3 complexes, which are experimentally difficult to determine due to intermolecular antiferromagnetic interactions of the same order of magnitude.
Direct C‐3‐Arylations of 1H‐Indazoles
Authors: Ben‐Yahia Ali , Naas Mohammed , El Kazzouli Saïd , Essassi El Mokhtar , Guillaumet Gérald
Published: November 2012

The first example of intermolecular C–H arylation of substituted 1H‐indazoles is reported. Various 1‐substituted indazoles were used as starting materials, and (hetero)aryl bromides and iodides were investigated as coupling partners. Different reaction conditions were investigated. The best results were obtained using Pd(OAc)2 as catalyst, 1,10‐phenanthroline as ligand, K2CO3 as base, and DMA as solvent. The crucial role of the ligand on the C–H arylation of substituted 1H‐indazoles is highlighted.
Synthesis and Biological Activities of the 3,5‐Disubstituted Indolizidine Poison Frog Alkaloid 239Q and Its Congeners
Authors: Wang Xu , Tsuneki Hiroshi , Urata Noriko , Tezuka Yasuhiro , Wada Tsutomu , Sasaoka Toshiyasu , Sakai Hideki , Saporito Ralph A. , Toyooka Naoki
Published: November 2012

The first total synthesis of the 3,5‐disubstituted indolizidine toad alkaloid 239Q from the known pyrrolidine 1 has been achieved, in seven steps with a 35 % overall yield. The relative stereochemistry of natural 239Q was determined unambiguously by comparison of GC‐FTIR spectra of synthetic material with the skin extracts of the toad Melanophryniscus cupreuscapularis. The C7 congeners at the 5‐position (12 and 13) showed strong antagonist activities on the α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.
Microwave Heating in the Solid‐Phase Synthesis of N‐Methylated Peptides: When Is Room Temperature Better?
Authors: Roodbeen Renée , Pedersen Søren L. , Hosseini Masood , Jensen Knud J.
Published: November 2012

The N‐methylation of backbone amides in synthetic peptides is an important method for improving properties such as bioavailability, stability, as well as structural preferences, and is thus an attractive design strategy. However, the synthesis of N‐methylated peptides can be challenging as the nucleophile in the acylation step is a sterically hindered secondary amine. In this study, we have systematically evaluated the use of microwave heating, different coupling conditions and the role of steric effects on coupling yields. First, the coupling reagent providing the highest yields was identified by a series of test N‐acylation reactions on a selected peptide sequence. Secondly, a comparison of the coupling temperature, that is, room temperature versus microwave heating, with the optimal coupling reagent was performed. Finally, under the optimal conditions, a comprehensive study employing a set of sterically hindered N‐methylated amino acids was conducted. Interestingly, incorporation of Fmoc‐Arg(Pbf)‐OH proceeded with higher yields at room temperature than at elevated temperature as a result of intramolecular Arg lactam formation, which competes with intermolecular amide bond formation. Fmoc‐Arg(Boc)2‐OH provided even lower coupling yields, due to the complete formation of the Arg lactam product. Our studies have led to a robust, rapid, easy and high‐yielding microwave‐assisted method using COMU for the incorporation of Fmoc amino acids into challenging, sterically hindered N‐methylated amino acid residues in a peptide sequence without the use of harsh reagents.
Microbial degradation of phenol and phenolic derivatives
Authors: Krastanov Albert , Alexieva Zlatka , Yemendzhiev Husein
Published: November 2012

Phenol and its derivatives are one of the largest groups of environmental pollutants due to their presence in many industrial effluents and broad application as antibacterial and antifungal agents. A number of microbial species possess enzyme systems that are applicable for the decomposition of various aliphatic and aromatic toxic compounds. Intensive efforts to screen species with high‐degradation activity are needed to study their capabilities of degrading phenol and phenolic derivatives. Most of the current research has been directed at the isolation and study of microbial species of potential ecological significance. In this review, some of the best achievements in degrading phenolic compounds by bacteria and yeasts are presented, which draws attention to the high efficiency of strains of Pseudomonas, Candida tropicalis, Trichosporon cutaneum, etc. The unique ability of fungi to maintain their degradation potential under conditions unfavorable for other microorganisms is outstanding. Mathematical models of the microbial biodegradation dynamics of single and mixed aromatic compounds, which direct to the benefit of the processes studied in optimization of modern environmental biotechnology are also presented.
Energy savings scheme in radio access networks via compressive sensing‐based traffic load prediction
Authors: Li Rongpeng , Zhao Zhifeng , Zhou Xuan , Zhang Honggang
Published: November 2012

In radio access networks, the base stations’ (BSs) power consumption does not merely depend on the traffic loads within its coverage. The auxiliary devices, especially the cooling system in BSs, contribute to significant energy exhaustion. As the traffic loads fluctuate spatially and temporally, the BSs consequently suffer from heavy energy wastage when the traffic loads of their coverage are low. In this paper, an energy saving scheme over predicted traffic loads is proposed to tackle this energy inefficiency problem in incumbent radio access networks induced by the fluctuations of traffic loads. The proposed scheme firstly takes advantage of the spatial–temporal pattern of traffic loads and employs the compressive sensing method to predict the future traffic loads. Then, a grid‐based energy saving scheme is developed to improve the energy efficiency through turning some BSs into sleeping mode while ensuring the quality of experience. Results of the simulation with real traffic load statistics finally validate the accuracy of the traffic load prediction and large improvement of energy efficiency. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Note on Exports and Hedging Exchange Rate Risks: The Multi‐Country Case
Authors: Wong Kit Pong
Published: November 2012

This study examines the behavior of an exporting firm that exports to two foreign countries, each of which has its own currency. Hedging is imperfect in that the firm can only trade one of the two foreign currencies forward. Compared to the case wherein hedging is perfect in that both foreign currencies can be traded forward, the firm is shown to produce less in the home country. Furthermore, the firm is shown to export more (less) to the foreign country whose currency can (cannot) be traded forward. The firm's optimal forward position is an over‐hedge or an under‐hedge, depending on whether the spot exchange rates are positively or negatively correlated in the sense of expectation dependence, respectively. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 33:1191–1196, 2013
Synthesis of Novel Amide Derivatives with In Vitro Antiproliferative and Cytotoxic Activity
Authors: Liu Ying , Zhang Guo‐Yan , Li Yang , Zhang Ya‐Nan , Zheng Song‐Zhi , Zhou Zhao‐Xia , An Sheng‐Ji , Jin Ying‐Hua
Published: November 2012

Some amide derivatives are highly valuable products with antiproliferative and cytotoxic bioactivity. In this paper, 12 novel amide compounds were synthesized correspondingly by boc‐protection glycine, deprotection, and condensation reactions. The antiproliferative and cytotoxic activity of these compounds was also evaluated by human cervical cancer (Hela) and hepatoma carcinoma (SK‐Hep‐1) cancer cell lines. The assay revealed that eight compounds (5a–d, 6a–d) exhibited activity against Hela cancer cells. Four of them (5a–d) also showed activity against SK‐Hep‐1 cancer cells. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 24:9–17, 2013; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/hc.21057
Effects of physical parameters on natural convection in a solar collector filled with nanofluid
Authors: Nasrin Rehena , Alim M.A. , Chamkha A.J.
Published: November 2012

Solar energy is one of the best sources of renewable energy with minimal environmental impact. A numerical study has been conducted to investigate the natural convection inside a solar collector having a flat‐plate cover and a sine‐wave absorber. The water‐alumina nanofluid is used as the working fluid inside the solar collector. The governing differential equations with boundary conditions are solved by the penalty finite element method using Galerkin's weighted residual scheme. The effects of physical parameters on the natural convection heat transfer are simulated. These parameters include the number of wave λ and non‐dimensional amplitude A of the sinusoidal corrugated absorber. Comprehensive average Nusselt number, average temperature, and mean velocity field for both nanofluid and base fluid within the collector are presented as functions of the parameters mentioned above. Comparison with previously published work is made and found to be in excellent agreement. The numerical results show that the highest heat transfer rate is observed for both the largest λ and A. In addition, the design for enhancing the performance of the collector is determined by examining the above‐mentioned results. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/htj). DOI 10.1002/htj.21026
Associations between Temperament and Social Responsiveness in Young Children
Authors: Salley Brenda , Miller Angela , Bell Martha Ann
Published: November 2012

Recent research has demonstrated that social responsiveness (comprised of social awareness, social information processing, reciprocal social communication, social motivation, and repetitive/restricted interests) is continuously distributed within the general population. In the present study, we consider temperament as a co‐occurring source of individual differences in social responsiveness in young children. The sample consisted of 62 infants assessed at 2, 3, and 4 years old. Measures of temperament were obtained at each age (Early Childhood Behavior Questionnaire and Children's Behavior Questionnaire), and social responsiveness was measured at 4 years old (Social Responsiveness Scale). Multivariate patterns of association between components of temperament and social responsiveness were observed at each age, with overall findings in line with the broader literature examining temperament and socio‐development associations. Importantly, these results provide support for the usefulness of temperament as a relevant source of variability in social responsiveness, as measured by the Social Responsiveness Scale, in typically developing young children. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chemoprevention of intestinal adenomatous polyposis by acetyl‐11‐keto‐beta‐boswellic acid in APCMin/+ mice
Authors: Liu Hui‐Ping , Gao Zu‐Hua , Cui Shu‐Xiang , Wang Yan , Li Bao‐Ying , Lou Hong‐Xiang , Qu Xian‐Jun
Published: November 2012

Acetyl‐11‐keto‐beta‐boswellic acid (AKBA) is a derivative of boswellic acid, which is an active component of the gum resin of Boswellia serrata. AKBA has been used as an adjuvant medication for treatment of inflammatory diseases. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the efficacy of AKBA as a chemopreventive agent against intestinal adenomatous polyposis in the adenomatous polyposis coli multiple intestinal neoplasia (APCMin/+) mouse model. APCMin/+ mice were administered AKBA by p.o. gavage for 8 consecutive weeks. The mice were sacrificed and the number, size and histopathology of intestinal polyps were examined by light microscopy. AKBA decreased polyp numbers by 48.9% in the small intestine and 60.4% in the colon. An even greater AKBA effect was observed in preventing the malignant progression of these polyps. The number of large (>3 cm) colonic polyposis was reduced by 77.8%. Histopathologic analysis demonstrated a significant reduction in the number of dysplastic cells and in the degree of dysplasia in each polyp after AKBA treatment. There was no evidence of high grade dysplasia or intramucosal carcinoma in any of the polyps examined within the treated group. More interestingly, interdigitated normal appearing intestinal villi were observed in the polyps of the treated group. During the course of the study, AKBA was well tolerated by the mice with no obvious signs of toxicity. Results from immunohistochemical staining, Western blotting and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay indicated that the chemopreventive effect of AKBA was attributed to a collection of activities including antiproliferation, apoptosis induction, antiangiogenesis and anti‐inflammation. AKBA was found to exert its chemopreventive action through the inhibition of the Wnt/β‐catenin and NF‐κB/cyclooxygenase‐2 signaling pathways. Our findings suggest that AKBA could be a promising regimen in chemoprevention against intestinal tumorigenesis.
Growth and osteogenic differentiation of alveolar human bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cells on chitosan/hydroxyapatite composite fabric
Authors: Kim Beom‐Su , Kim Jin Seong , Chung Yong Sik , Sin Yeon‐Woo , Ryu Kyung‐Ho , Lee Jun , You Hyung‐Keun
Published: November 2012

Scaffolds can be used for tissue engineering because they can serve as templates for cell adhesion and proliferation for tissue repair. In this study, chitosan/hydroxyapatite (CS/HAp) composites were prepared by coprecipitation synthesis. Then, CS and CS/HAp fabrics were prepared by wet spinning. CS fibers with a diameter of 15 ± 1.3 μm and CS/HAp fibers with a diameter of 22 ± 1.2 μm were successfully produced; incorporation of HAp into the CS/HAp fibers was confirmed by X‐ray diffraction analysis. Biologicalin vitroevaluations showed that human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) cultured on CS/HAp fabric showed increased proliferation compared to those cultured on pure CS fabric, which was observed using the 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, DNA content assay, and [3H] thymidine incorporation assay. Neither the CS nor CS/HAp scaffold exhibited any cytotoxicity to hMSCs, as shown by viability staining and cytotoxicity fluorescence image assays. After 10 days of culturing, the attachment of cells onto the scaffold was observed by scanning electron microscopy. Furthermore, under osteogenic differentiation conditions, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and calcium accumulation was higher in cells cultured on the CS/HAp scaffold than in cells cultured on the CS scaffold. The mRNA expression of osteoblast markers, including ALP, osteocalcin, Co1Ia1, and runt‐related transcription factor 2, was higher in cells cultured on CS/HAp than in cells cultured on the CS fabric. The results of this study indicate that the CS/HAp composite fabric may serve as a good scaffold for bone tissue engineering applications. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2013.
Chondrogenic differentiation of bone marrow concentrate grown onto a hylauronan scaffold: Rationale for its use in the treatment of cartilage lesions
Authors: Cavallo Carola , Desando Giovanna , Columbaro Marta , Ferrari Andrea , Zini Nicoletta , Facchini Andrea , Grigolo Brunella
Published: November 2012

Bone marrow is one of the best characterized stem cell microenvironment that contains Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs). MSCs have been indicated as a new option for regenerative medicine because of their ability to differentiate into bone, cartilage and adipose tissues. However,in vitro‐cultivation of MSCs could be associated with some shortcomings such as the possibility of the de‐differentiation or reprogramming of the cells and the increase of the risk of infection and contaminations. To overcome these problems, a new approach is represented by the use of Bone Marrow Concentrate (BMC). This enables the implant of a cell population surrounded by its microenvironment preventing all the complications related to thein vitro‐culture. Moreover, the cells within the bone marrow niche are able to regulate stem cell behavior through direct physical contact and by secreting paracrine factors. The aim of this study was to investigate the phenotype of cells within BMC and their ability to differentiate into chondrogenic lineage once seeded onto a hyaluronan‐based scaffold (Hyaff‐11) already used in clinic. The chondrogenic potential of BMC has been evaluated by means of morphological, histological, immunohistochemical and molecular analyses. The data obtained with the current study demonstrated that cells within BMC grown onto HYAFF‐11 are able to differentiate into chondrogenic sense by the expression and production of specific extracellular molecules. These findings support the use of BMC in clinic for the repair of cartilage lesions allowing its transplantation in a “One Step” procedure. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2013.
Issues relating to confounding and meta‐analysis when including non‐randomized studies in systematic reviews on the effects of interventions
Authors: Valentine Jeffrey C. , Thompson Simon G.
Published: November 2012

Background

Confounding caused by selection bias is often a key difference between non‐randomized studies (NRS) and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of interventions.

Key methodological issues

In this third paper of the series, we consider issues relating to the inclusion of NRS in systematic reviews on the effects of interventions. We discuss whether potential biases from confounding in NRS can be accounted for, the limitations of current methods for attempting to do so, the different contexts of NRS and RCTs, the problems these issues create for reviewers, and a research agenda for the future.

Guidance

Reviewers who are considering whether or not to include NRS in meta‐analyses must weigh a number of factors. Including NRS may allow a review to address outcomes or pragmatic implementations of an intervention not studied in RCTs, but it will also increase the workload for the review team, as well as their required technical repertoire. Furthermore, the results of a synthesis involving NRS will likely be more difficult to interpret, and less certain, relative to the results of a synthesis involving only randomized studies. When both randomized and non‐randomized evidence are available, we favor a strategy of including NRS and RCTs in the same systematic review but synthesizing their results separately.

Conclusion

Including NRS will often make the limitations of the evidence derived from RCTs more apparent, thereby guiding inferences about generalizability, and may help with the design of the next generation of RCTs. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Plasma B vitamins and LINE‐1 DNA methylation in leukocytes of patients with a history of colorectal adenomas
Authors: Jung Audrey Y. , Botma Akke , Lute Carolien , Blom Henk J. , Ueland Per M. , Kvalheim Gry , Midttun Øivind , Nagengast Fokko , Steegenga Wilma , Kampman Ellen
Published: November 2012

Scope

Low concentrations of folate, other B vitamins, and methionine are associated with colorectal cancer risk, possibly by changing DNA methylation patterns. Here, we examine whether plasma concentrations of B vitamins and methionine are associated with methylation of long interspersed nuclear element‐1 (LINE‐1) among those at high risk of colorectal cancer, i.e. patients with at least one histologically confirmed colorectal adenoma (CRA) in their life.

Methods and results

We used LINE‐1 bisulfite pyrosequencing to measure global DNA methylation levels in leukocytes of 281 CRA patients. Multivariable linear regression was used to assess associations between plasma B vitamin concentrations and LINE‐1 methylation levels. Plasma folate was inversely associated with LINE‐1 methylation in CRA patients, while plasma methionine was positively associated with LINE‐1 methylation.

Conclusion

This study does not provide evidence that in CRA patients, plasma folate concentrations are positively related to LINE‐1 methylation in leukocytes but does suggest a direct association between plasma methionine and LINE‐1 methylation in leukocytes.
Unambiguous structure elucidation of heterocyclic products from condensation–cyclisation reactions of enaminones by 2D INADEQUATE and 15N NMR
Authors: Liermann Johannes C. , Elnagdi Mohamed Hilmy , Meier Herbert
Published: November 2012

The reaction of enaminones with 3‐amino‐2‐cyanopent‐2‐enedinitrile can lead to an array of 12 possible products, depending on the reaction pathway and tautomerization. The use of 2D INADEQUATE and 15N NMR for the unambiguous structure elucidation of the reaction products is discussed in this manuscript. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Disordering of phospholipid headgroups induced by a small amount of polyethylene oxide
Authors: Filippov Andrey , Munavirov Bulat , Gizatullin Bulat , Antzutkin Oleg N.
Published: November 2012

We present a 31P NMR spectroscopy study of planar glass‐plate‐oriented multi‐bilayers of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) with addition of polyethylene oxide (PEO). This work revealed the presence of a new component in the spectra that appeared only with addition of a small fraction of PEO (up to one PEO segment per dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine molecule) and disappeared when larger amounts of PEO were added. We explained this phenomenon as an effect of an inhomogeneous force field induced by the PEO molecules located at a certain depth in the lipid membrane interface region. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sonographic incidence of ulnar nerve (sub)luxation and its associated clinical and electrodiagnostic characteristics
Authors: Van Den Berg Petronella J. , Pompe Sander M. , Beekman Roy , Visser Leo H.
Published: November 2012

Introduction: The aim of this study was to assess the presence of (sub)luxation of the ulnar nerve in patients with ulnar neuropathy at the elbow (UNE) compared with healthy controls (HC). We assessed its clinical patterns, electrodiagnostic, and sonographic characteristics. Methods: Using high‐resolution sonography, we studied the incidence of (sub)luxation in a cohort of 342 patients and 70 HC. Results: Subluxation occurred in 14% and luxation in 6.7% of the UNE patients versus 5.7% and 5.7%, respectively, in HC (no significant differences). Pain at the elbow occurred more often in patients with (sub)luxation (P = 0.007). Electrodiagnostic and sonographic findings did not differ between patients with or without (sub)luxation. Conclusions: The incidence of ulnar nerve (sub)luxation between patients with UNE and HC does not differ. UNE patients with (sub)luxation do not have specific clinical or electrodiagnostic findings, apart from experiencing pain at the elbow more often. Muscle Nerve 47: 849–855, 2013
Metallic Janus and Patchy Particles
Authors: Rodríguez‐Fernández Denis , Liz‐Marzán Luis M.
Published: November 2012

The concepts of Janus and patchy particles are relatively new in nanoscience. Much effort has been made during recent years to devise and fabricate asymmetric particles with multiple compositions and functionalities due to their interesting properties and potential applications in a variety of fields such as catalysis, optical imaging, or drug delivery. Here, recent advances in the field of Janus particles are highlighted, focusing on nanoparticles comprising (at least) one metallic component, which is responsible for the most interesting properties of the particles. First, the main synthetic approaches are summarized, i.e., phase separation, masking, and self‐assembly techniques, and then the special properties, applications, and future prospects of metallic Janus particles are described.
Formation of Large 2D Arrays of Shape‐Controlled Colloidal Nanoparticles at Variable Interparticle Distances
Authors: Ullrich Simon , Scheeler Sebastian P. , Pacholski Claudia , Spatz Joachim P. , Kudera Stefan
Published: November 2012

A method for the production of homogeneous layers of nanoparticles of arbitrary shape is presented. The method relies on a ligand exchange with a functionalized polymer and a subsequent self‐assembly of a thin film on the substrates. The interparticle distances in the layer can be adjusted by the length of the polymer. In the case of spherical particles, the approach yields quasi‐hexagonal structures; in the case of anisotropic particles, the minimum distance between adjacent particles is controlled. Regular arrangements of the nanoparticles covering areas of several square centimeters are achieved.
Burning Characteristics of Ammonium Nitrate‐based Composite Propellants Supplemented with MnO2
Authors: Naya Tomoki , Kohga Makoto
Published: November 2012

Ammonium nitrate (AN)‐based composite propellants have several major problems, namely, a low burning rate, poor ignitability, low energy, and high hygroscopicity. The addition of a burning catalyst proved to be effective in improving the burning characteristics of AN‐based propellants. In this study, the burning characteristics of AN‐based propellants supplemented with MnO2 as a burning catalyst were investigated. The addition of MnO2 is known to improve the ignitability at low pressure. The most effective amount of MnO2 added (ξ) for increasing the burning rate is found to be 4 %. The increasing ratio with ξ is virtually independent of the burning pressure and the AN content. However, the pressure exponent unfortunately increased by addition of MnO2. The apparent activation energy of the thermal decomposition for AN and the propellant is decreased by addition of MnO2. From thermal decomposition kinetics it was found that MnO2 could accelerate the thermal decomposition reaction of AN in the condensed phase, and therefore, the burning characteristics of the AN‐based propellant are improved.
Experimental and Computational Studies on the Thermal Degradation of Nitroazidobenzenes
Authors: Özkaramete Elif , Şenocak Nilgün , İnal Kübra E. , Öz Sevi , Svoboda Ingrid , Atakol Orhan
Published: November 2012

In this combined experimental and theoretical study the thermal degradation of 2‐nitroazidobenzene (I), 2,4‐dinitroazidobenzene (II) and 2,4,6‐trinitroazidobenzene (III) to yield benzofuroxan (IV), 4‐nitrobenzofuroxan (V), and 4,6‐dinitrobenzofuroxan (VI) were investigated by thermoanalytical (TG, DSC) and computational methods. In contrast, furoxan formation was not observed for 4‐nitroazidobenzene (VII) under heating due to the para position of the nitro group in the benzene ring. All compounds were characterized by elemental analysis, vibrational (IR) spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. The crystal structure of compound III was determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. DFT‐based structure optimizations and frequency analyses were performed at the B3LYP/cc‐pVDZ level of theory. The structural parameters of the fully optimized compound III showed very good agreement with the single‐crystal X‐ray data. The enthalpies of formation for compounds I, II, III, IV, V, and VI were calculated using the complete basis set (CBS‐4M) method of Petersson and co‐workers in order to obtain accurate energies. The enthalpies of degradation for compounds I, II, and III were obtained from calculated enthalpies of formation according to the Hess Law and were compared with the experimental values, which were available from DSC analysis and were found to be in very good agreement.
Hyptis pectinata: Redox Protection and Orofacial Antinociception
Authors: Paixão M. S. , Melo M. S. , Oliveira M. G. B. , Santana M. T. , Lima A. C. B. , Damascena N. P. , Dias A. S. , Araujo B. S. , Estevam C. S. , Botelho M. A. , Quintans‐Júnior L. J.
Published: November 2012

Hyptis pectinata L. Poit, known as ‘sambacaitá’, is used in Brazil to treat inflammatory and painful disorders. In this study, the antioxidant and orofacial antinociceptive properties of the aqueous extract of H. pectinata leaves (AEPH) were assessed using in vitro and in vivo models. Thus, AEPH reduced the 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl radical up to 72.10% with an EC50 of 14.56 µg/ml. It also inhibited 40.80% of the lipoperoxidation induced by 2′‐azobis (2‐amidinopropane) dihydrochloride in the thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances assay. The orofacial antinociceptive activity was evaluated in mice pre‐treated with AEPH (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg, p.o.) and morphine (5 mg/kg, i.p.), which received afterwards formalin‐ (20 µl, 2% solution, s.c.), glutamate‐ (40 µl, 25 mM, s.c.) and capsaicin‐ (20 µl, 2.5 µg, s.c.) to induce orofacial nociception. AEPH at all doses reduced (p < 0.001) the nociceptive response in the first (43–62%) and second (47–80%) phases of the formalin test. Besides, the effect of AEPH (400 mg/kg) was not changed in the presence of naloxone (1.5 mg/kg, i.p.), an opioid antagonist. AEPH significantly inhibited mice face rubbing for capsaicin (23–69%, p < 0.05) and glutamate (48–77%, p < 0.001) at all doses. The findings suggested the AEPH has peripheral and central antinociceptive activities, which are not related to opioid receptors. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Neoplasm Prevention and Immuno‐Enhancement Mediated by Daily Consumption of a Proprietary Extract from North American Ginseng by Elderly Mice of a Cancer‐Prone Strain
Authors: Durairaj Punithavathi , Miller Sandra C.
Published: November 2012

Cells belonging to the innate immune system, known as natural killer (NK) cells, act as the first line of defense against developing neoplasms. We have previously shown in a leukemia‐induced tumor model (mouse) that a proprietary extract (CVT‐E002), of North American ginseng, administered in the diet, significantly increased the absolute numbers of NK cells, significantly decreased leukemia cells and significantly increased the life span of CVT‐E002‐fed leukemic mice. In the present study, we assessed the efficacy of this extract to inhibit the spontaneous development of tumors in elderly mice of the cancer‐prone C3H strain. Dietary CVT‐E002 was fed for approximately a year beginning when mice were almost 2 years of age. Control mice, consuming the same chow without CVT‐E002, all developed assorted, palpable tumors between 22 and 33 months, while all mice consuming CVT‐E002 remained alive and tumor‐free until they were purposely euthanized as healthy animals. The absolute numbers of NK cells at euthanasia, in CVT‐E002‐consuming mice, were significantly elevated in both the spleen and bone marrow. Given these profoundly positive results and the fact that CVT‐E002 already exists in the marketplace under the label Cold‐fX®, the potential for cancer prevention in humans becomes apparent. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
EVALUATION OF SPAWNING SUBSTRATE ENHANCEMENT FOR WHITE STURGEON IN A REGULATED RIVER: EFFECTS ON LARVAL RETENTION AND DISPERSAL
Authors: Crossman J. A. , Hildebrand L. R.
Published: November 2012

Site‐specific habitat alterations have improved spawning success and early life stage survival of different fish species, including sturgeon, in regulated rivers. We modified the substrate within a section of river at the only known spawning site used by white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) in the Mid Columbia River, Canada. Existing armoured riverbed conditions were modified using a mixture of larger and smaller angular rock with the assumption that the larger material would remain in place at higher discharges and help retain the smaller material. This increased substrate complexity and the amount of available interstitial spaces. We stocked 2‐day posthatch larvae over both the modified site and at an adjacent control site that represented existing substrate conditions. Our objectives were to determine (i) the extent that stocked larvae remained in both the modified and control sites immediately after release, (ii) the timing of subsequent dispersal of larvae from both sites and (iii) how total length of dispersing larvae changed over time and by site. Results from this work indicated that the modified section of riverbed retained significantly higher numbers of larvae after release compared with the control site. Larvae at the modified site were able to hide and remain within the substrate and initiated downstream drift 15 days after release. With the exception of the first day after release, dispersal from both sites occurred at night. There was a significant effect of time after release and site on the total length of dispersing larvae. The larger variation in total larval length observed at the control site compared with the modified site indicated greater difficulty in hiding within the control substrate. Larvae initiated dispersal from the modified site at a mean size of 17.5 mm, which may indicate an important growth threshold before drift. Results from this work are important for future mitigative efforts for sturgeon in regulated rivers where changes to spawning substrates have occurred. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Improve Survival During Sepsis in the Absence of Heme Oxygenase-1: The Importance of Neutrophils
Authors: Hall Sean R. R. , Tsoyi Konstantin , Ith Bonna , Padera Robert F. , Lederer James A. , Wang Zhihong , Liu Xiaoli , Perrella Mark A.
Published: November 2012

The use of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) for treatment of bacterial infections, including systemic processes like sepsis, is an evolving field of investigation. This study was designed to investigate the potential use of MSCs, harvested from compact bone, and their interactions with the innate immune system, during polymicrobial sepsis induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). We also wanted to elucidate the role of endogenous heme oxygenase (HO)-1 in MSCs during a systemic bacterial infection. MSCs harvested from the bones of HO-1 deficient (−/−) and wild-type (+/+) mice improved the survival of HO-1−/− and HO-1+/+ recipient mice when administered after the onset of polymicrobial sepsis induced by CLP, compared with the administration of fibroblast control cells. The MSCs, originating from compact bone in mice, enhanced the ability of neutrophils to phagocytize bacteria in vitro and in vivo and to promote bacterial clearance in the peritoneum and blood after CLP. Moreover, after depleting neutrophils in recipient mice, the beneficial effects of MSCs were entirely lost, demonstrating the importance of neutrophils for this MSC response. MSCs also decreased multiple organ injury in susceptible HO-1−/− mice, when administered after the onset of sepsis. Taken together, these data demonstrate that the beneficial effects of treatment with MSCs after the onset of polymicrobial sepsis is not dependent on endogenous HO-1 expression, and that neutrophils are crucial for this therapeutic response.
Cell Surface Structures Influence Lung Clearance Rate of Systemically Infused Mesenchymal Stromal Cells
Authors: Nystedt Johanna , Anderson Heidi , Tikkanen Jonne , Pietilä Mika , Hirvonen Tia , Takalo Reijo , Heiskanen Annamari , Satomaa Tero , Natunen Suvi , Lehtonen Siri , Hakkarainen Tanja , Korhonen Matti , Laitinen Saara , Valmu Leena , Lehenkari Petri
Published: November 2012

The promising clinical effects of mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) rely especially on paracrine and nonimmunogenic mechanisms. Delivery routes are essential for the efficacy of cell therapy and systemic delivery by infusion is the obvious goal for many forms of MSC therapy. Lung adhesion of MSCs might, however, be a major obstacle yet to overcome. Current knowledge does not allow us to make sound conclusions whether MSC lung entrapment is harmful or beneficial, and thus we wanted to explore MSC lung adhesion in greater detail. We found a striking difference in the lung clearance rate of systemically infused MSCs derived from two different clinical sources, namely bone marrow (BM-MSCs) and umbilical cord blood (UCB-MSCs). The BM-MSCs and UCB-MSCs used in this study differed in cell size, but our results also indicated other mechanisms behind the lung adherence. A detailed analysis of the cell surface profiles revealed differences in the expression of relevant adhesion molecules. The UCB-MSCs had higher expression levels of α4 integrin (CD49d, VLA-4), α6 integrin (CD49f, VLA-6), and the hepatocyte growth factor receptor (c-Met) and a higher general fucosylation level. Strikingly, the level of CD49d and CD49f expression could be functionally linked with the lung clearance rate. Additionally, we saw a possible link between MSC lung adherence and higher fibronectin expression and we show that the expression of fibronectin increases with MSC culture confluence. Future studies should aim at developing methods of transiently modifying the cell surface structures in order to improve the delivery of therapeutic cells.
Multifocality, But Not Bilaterality, Is a Predictor of Disease Recurrence/Persistence of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
Authors: Kim Hye Jeong , Sohn Seo Young , Jang Hye Won , Kim Sun Wook , Chung Jae Hoon
Published: November 2012

Background

Although papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) often presents as multifocal or bilateral tumors, but whether multifocality or bilaterality is associated with disease recurrence/persistence is controversial. We evaluated the association between multifocality and bilaterality of PTC and disease recurrence/persistence. We also analyzed the location and number of tumors in multifocal PTC.

Methods

We reviewed the medical records of 2,095 patients who underwent total thyroidectomy for PTC. Tumors were classified as solitary or multifocal PTC according to the number of tumors present. Multifocal PTCs were subdivided into multifocal‐unilateral and multifocal‐bilateral PTC based on the tumor location. Solitary tumor or multifocal tumors located in one lobe were classified as unilateral PTC, and tumors in both lobes were classified as bilateral PTC. We analyzed the clinicopathologic features and clinical outcomes in each classification. Logistic regression models were used to assess the relation between multifocality or bilaterality and disease recurrence/persistence.

Results

Extrathyroidal invasion, cervical lymph node metastasis, and advanced TNM stage were significantly more frequent in multifocal PTC than in solitary PTC. Extrathyroidal invasion, cervical lymph node metastasis, advanced TNM stage, and distant metastasis were significantly more frequent in bilateral PTC than in unilateral PTC. The clinicopathologic parameters did not differ significantly between patients with multifocal‐unilateral and multifocal‐bilateral PTC. Multifocality was found to be an independent predictor of disease recurrence/persistence [odds ratio (OR) 1.45, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.01–2.10, p = 0.04]. However, there was no association between bilaterality and disease recurrence/persistence (OR 0.98, 95 % CI 0.64–1.48, p = 0.92). In multifocal PTC, the number of tumors (OR 1.75, 95 % CI 1.04–2.97, p = 0.04), but not the location of tumors (OR 0.56, 95 % CI 0.31–1.02, p = 0.06), was significantly associated with disease recurrence/persistence.

Conclusions

Although multifocal and bilateral PTC had aggressive pathologic features, only multifocality was associated with an increased risk of disease recurrence/persistence. This suggests that the number of tumor foci, but not their location, is a significant predictor of clinical outcomes.
A method to convert floating to fixed-point EKF-SLAM for embedded robotics
Authors: de Souza Rosa Leandro , Bonato Vanderlei
Published: November 2012

The Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) is one of the most efficient algorithms to address the problem of Simultaneous Localization And Mapping (SLAM) in the area of autonomous mobile robots. The EKF simultaneously estimates a model of the environment (map) and the position of a robot based on sensor information. The EKF for SLAM is usually implemented using floating-point data representation demanding high computational processing power, mainly when the processing is performed online during the environment exploration. In this paper, we propose a method to automatically estimate the bit-range of the EKF variables to mitigate its implementation using only fixed-point representation. In this method is presented a model to monitor the algorithm stability, a procedure to compute the bit range of each variable and a first effort to analyze the maximum acceptable system error. The proposed system can be applied to reduce the overall system cost and power consumption, specially in SLAM applications for embedded mobile robots.
ANKHD1 regulates cell cycle progression and proliferation in multiple myeloma cells
Authors: Dhyani Anamika , Duarte Adriana S.S. , Machado-Neto João A. , Favaro Patricia , Ortega Manoela Marques , Olalla Saad Sara T.
Published: November 2012

ANKHD1 is a multiple ankyrin repeat containing protein, highly expressed in cancers, such as acute leukemia. The present study was undertaken to determine the expression and functional significance of ANKHD1 in human Multiple Myeloma (MM). We found that ANKHD1 is highly expressed in MM patient cells and cell lines. In vitro, lentiviral mediated ANKHD1‐shRNA inhibited proliferation and delayed S to G2M cell cycle progression in glucocorticoid resistant (U266) and sensitive (MM1S) MM cells. Further ANKHD1 silencing resulted in upregulation of cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor p21 irrespective of the p53 status of the MM cell lines. These data suggest that ANKHD1 might have a role in MM cell proliferation and cell cycle progression by regulating expression of p21.
Epigenetic mechanisms regulating learning and long‐term memory
Authors: Lipsky Robert H.
Published: November 2012

A balance between rapid, short lived, neuronal responses and prolonged ones fulfill the biochemical and cellular requirements for creating a molecular memory. I provide an overview of epigenetic mechanisms in the brain and discuss their impact on synaptic plasticity, cognitive functions, and discuss a recent example of how they can contribute to neurodegeneration and the cognitive decline associated with Alzheimer's disease.
Can disclosures lead consumers to resist covert persuasion? The important roles of disclosure timing and type of response
Authors: Campbell Margaret C. , Mohr Gina S. , Verlegh Peeter W.J.
Published: November 2012

While sponsorship disclosure is proposed as a remedy for covert marketing, i.e., tactics such that the persuasive nature of the communication is not clear to consumers, little is known about whether or when disclosures prompt consumers to correct for persuasion. Three experiments reveal that covert marketing, in the form of subtle product placements, can increase brand recall and attitudes but that both instructions to avoid influence and mere disclosure of sponsorship can lead to correction. The first experiment demonstrates that consumers are able to correct both brand attitudes and stated recall when there are instructions to avoid influence. The following two experiments show that mere sponsorship disclosure can evoke use of persuasion knowledge for correction. However, disclosure timing differentially influences correction for recall and attitudes. Disclosure prior to exposure to the covert marketing tactic leads only to correction for effects on recall; attitude is as high with a prior disclosure as with placement with no disclosure. Disclosure after placement provides general correction of the impact of the covert marketing tactic on both recall and attitudes.
The European Union and Military Force
Authors: Norheim-Martinsen Per M.
Published: November 2012

The Common Security and Defence Policy maps out how the EU – established primarily to be an economic organisation – can purposefully prepare for and apply the use of military force. In this insightful work, Per M. Norheim-Martinsen argues that, since the EU is not a state but nevertheless does embody some non-intergovernmental characteristics, neither EU studies nor strategic studies is sufficient for fully understanding the Policy itself. Combining the two fields, the author utilises the instrumentality and clarity of the strategic approach, while retaining an understanding of the unique character of the EU as a strategic actor. In so doing, he provides a fruitful conceptual framework for analysing the development of the CSDP, how it functions in practice and how it will continue to evolve in the face of the challenges which lie ahead. This book will appeal to scholars and advanced students of European studies, international relations and strategic studies.
The Sounds of Korean
Authors: Shin Jiyoung , Kiaer Jieun , Cha Jaeeun
Published: November 2012

This introduction to the sounds of Korean is designed for English-speaking students with no prior knowledge of the language and includes online sound files, which demonstrate the sounds and pronunciation described. It will be an invaluable resource for students of Korean wanting to understand the basis of the current state of Korean phonetics and phonology, as well as for those studying Korean linguistics.
• Provides a complete and authoritative description and explanation of the current state of Korean phonetics and phonology
• Gives clear comparisons with English and provides practical advice on pronunciation
• Provides a wealth of authentic Korean examples
• Each chapter contains exercises and Did you know? sections to help students put their knowledge into practice.