bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Names of Chicago's Churches: A Tale of at Least Two Cultures
Authors: Zelinsky Wilbur
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis is a study of the generic and specific terms appearing in the English-language names of all the houses of worship/congregations in Cook County, Illinois (Chicago and its immediate suburban periphery) it was feasible to observe during the period 1999l–2001. The central question posed was what these linguistic patterns can disclose about the similarities and differences between the religious cultures of the Black and the Non- Black (largely Euro-American) communities. Relying upon two commercial mailing-list compendia and other documentary sources, but mostly on direct fieldwork to locate and document the places in question, I analyze the nomenclature of some 4,466 sites with their 3,407 and 9,481 usages of generic and specific terms, respectively. The major finding is how markedly the Black naming pattern deviates from that of the dominant population, particularly in terms of its two overarching, overlapping themes: uninhibited emotional and verbal exuberance, and an expansive, thrusting drive toward higher and broader realms of spirituality.
The Culture of Shaker Placenames: Sacred Geography and Communal Biography
Authors: De Vinne Christine
Published: January 2014

AbstractFrom 1776 to 1898, the Shakers established over twenty villages across the eastern and midwestern United States. Shaker theology and communitarianism defined the basis for the spiritual names of these settlements and the pragmatic descriptors that identified sites and buildings within each village. Despite a fluid doctrinal system and a geographic reach that extended across a third of the continent, the church's values remained remarkably consistent throughout its two centuries of development: purity, unity, simplicity, equality, and industry. As a reflection of these values, Shaker placenaming practices helped shape the movement's history into a communal religious biography.
Nicknames of American Civil War Generals
Authors: Abel Ernest L.
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis study examines the nicknames of American Civil War Generals. Beyond categorizing these names in terms of “external” physical or behavioral characteristics, and “internal” word play, this analysis offers a context and a semantic paradigm for understanding their referential and expressive aspects, and the prevailing cultural values associated with them. Few Generals were given nicknames. Those that did had to have had some characteristic or had to have done something that made them distinctive. A distinction is made between those nicknames that were given by men who had a personal relationship with the nicknamee and those who did not. Examples are given of the way these nicknames affected attitudes toward and the behavior of nicknamees.
Anglicizing Ethnic Surnames
Authors: Baird Scott
Published: January 2014

AbstractAfter arriving in the United States, many immigrants “anglicized” their names. This essay merges the scholarship on this process of “anglicization.” We begin with dissecting the ubiquitous Ellis Island stories, highlight the work of early lexicographers, then end with the excellent collection of essays in Patrick Hanks's Dictionary of American Family Names. We end by explaining two decades of research among gravemarker scholars - suggesting a possible merging of lexicography with the Universal Discourse of Mourning.
The “Malachi” Given Name Pattern in a Swedish Village, 1500–1800
Authors: Hallen Cynthia L.
Published: January 2014

AbstractAn inventory of parish records contains the given names of some 2,000 males and nearly 2,000 females in the village of Ljustorp, Sweden over three centuries. Three-fourths of all males shared eight given names and three-fourths of all females shared another eight names. The duplication of personal names across generations comes from the practice of naming children after close relatives. The naming pattern had three characteristics: repetition of the same given names for different people; selection of a child's name from a specific set of close family relationships; and assignment of the relative's name to the namesake child according to birth order. Although the specific pattern may be labeled name repetition in some onomastic and genealogical discussions, a precise term for the naming practice is lacking. I suggest it be called the “Malachi” pattern, after the description of the prophet who foresaw the restoration of family ties in the latter days.
Progress in joining of advanced materials: Part 1: Solid state joining, fusion joining, and joining of intermetallics
Authors: Çam G. , Koçak M.
Published: January 2014

Advanced materials generally require novel joining techniques. Developments in new materials research should be conducted hand in hand with work on weldability and joining capacity aspects. Sound joint quality for any new material has always been considered a milestone in a research and development scheme for a new material, particularly in terms of widespread applications. Better understanding of the microstructure–mechanical properties relationships of the bonded or welded joints will feed back to the materials development activities both in conventional and new materials areas. The two joining processes diffusion bonding and laser welding are considered in this literature review, since these processes are capable of joining a wide range of materials of interest in the aerospace industry, as well as in many other industrial applications, and offer remarkable advantages over conventional fusion welding processes. Of particular interest is the ability to join the more difficult aerospace alloys with minimal component distortion and high reproducibility of joint quality. The purpose of the review is to outline progress made in this area and to make suggestions for future work. Part 1 deals with solid state joining, fusion joining, and joining of intermetallics, while Part 2 will cover joining of metal matrix composites and joining of other advanced materials.
Titanium Nitride PVD Coating Technology
Authors: Matthews A.
Published: January 2014

The latest techniques to become widely available commercially to design engineers and others who specify surface coatings are those for ionization assisted physical vapour deposition; titanium nitride being the main coating material at this time. The background to this new technology is outlined and information is provided about the main commercial processes. An indication is given of potential problems which can arise, leading to performance variability. Details of applications reported by users are included. It is intended that with the aid of this guide engineers, designers, and other potential users will have a clearer picture of the technology involved and its strengths and weaknesses.
Influence of Process Variables in Flux Cored Arc Welding of Hardfacing Deposits
Authors: Ellis T. , Garrett G. G.
Published: January 2014

A lack of knowledge and objective data on the effects of welding process variables in the application and performance of weld deposited hardfacings has led to many past failures and a subsequent mistrust of the technology. This paper sets out, first, to review both the influence of welding process variables in hardfacing and the important characteristics and properties which determine the effective performance of a hardfacing deposit. Second, the results are presented of a full factorial experiment, which was performed in an effort to evaluate and interpret the effects of arc current, voltage, and polarity, as well as of travel speed, torch stand-off distance, and preheat, on the nature and properties of a commercial flux cored arc welded hardfacing deposit. In this programme, the effects of the welding parameters were evaluated with the aid of a number of computer analyses, with arc current, voltage, and polarity being shown to have the greatest effect: a high arc current (360 A) gives the most satisfactory deposit in terms of weld metal dilution, hardness, and porosity, as well as of both deposition rate and efficiency, provided that electrode negative arc polarity is used, together with a low (24 V) arc voltage. In attempting to achieve more cost effective use of hardfacings in abrasive wear resistant applications, both the potential of this approach and the value of the results obtained are clearly demonstrated.
Genome-wide eQTLs and heritability for gene expression traits in unrelated individuals
Authors: Yang Shengjie , Liu Yiyuan , Jiang Ning , Chen Jing , Leach Lindsey , Luo Zewei , Wang Minghui
Published: January 2014

Background

While the possible sources underlying the so-called ‘missing heritability’ evident in current genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of complex traits have been actively pursued in recent years, resolving this mystery remains a challenging task. Studying heritability of genome-wide gene expression traits can shed light on the goal of understanding the relationship between phenotype and genotype. Here we used microarray gene expression measurements of lymphoblastoid cell lines and genome-wide SNP genotype data from 210 HapMap individuals to examine the heritability of gene expression traits.

Results

Heritability levels for expression of 10,720 genes were estimated by applying variance component model analyses and 1,043 expression quantitative loci (eQTLs) were detected. Our results indicate that gene expression traits display a bimodal distribution of heritability, one peak close to 0% and the other summit approaching 100%. Such a pattern of the within-population variability of gene expression heritability is common among different HapMap populations of unrelated individuals but different from that obtained in the CEU and YRI trio samples. Higher heritability levels are shown by housekeeping genes and genes associated with cis eQTLs. Both cis and trans eQTLs make comparable cumulative contributions to the heritability. Finally, we modelled gene-gene interactions (epistasis) for genes with multiple eQTLs and revealed that epistasis was not prevailing in all genes but made a substantial contribution in explaining total heritability for some genes analysed.

Conclusions

We utilised a mixed effect model analysis for estimating genetic components from population based samples. On basis of analyses of genome-wide gene expression from four HapMap populations, we demonstrated detailed exploitation of the distribution of genetic heritabilities for expression traits from different populations, and highlighted the importance of studying interaction at the gene expression level as an important source of variation underlying missing heritability.
Dose response of umeclidinium administered once or twice daily in patients with COPD: a randomised cross-over study
Authors: Church Alison , Beerahee Misba , Brooks Jean , Mehta Rashmi , Shah Palvi
Published: January 2014

Background

Umeclidinium bromide (UMEC) is an inhaled long-acting muscarinic antagonist in development for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Methods

This was a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, three-way cross-over, incomplete block study to evaluate UMEC 15.6, 31.25, 62.5, and 125 μg administered once daily (QD), and UMEC 15.6 μg and 31.25 μg administered twice daily (BID), over 7 days in patients with COPD. Tiotropium was included as an open-label treatment arm. The primary efficacy endpoint was trough forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) on Day 8. Secondary efficacy endpoints included weighted mean FEV1 over 0–24 hours after morning dosing on Day 7, and serial FEV1 at each time point over 24 hours after morning dosing on Day 7. Safety and pharmacokinetics were also examined.

Results

One hundred and sixty-three patients (mean age 59.5 years, 52% female) were randomised. Based on the population dose–response model of trough FEV1 data, the geometric mean potency (ED50) of UMEC was 37 μg (95% confidence interval [CI]: 18, 57) with a predicted maximum intrinsic efficacy (Emax) at trough of 0.185 L (95% CI: 0.153, 0.218) after QD dosing. UMEC 125 μg QD demonstrated the greatest improvements in measure of lung function compared with doses of 62.5 μg and below. UMEC 125 μg QD exhibited more consistent increases in FEV1 from baseline across serial time points over 24 hours compared with other UMEC doses and tiotropium. Increases in FEV1 over 0–12 hours were similar to those observed over 12–24 hours after the second dose of UMEC was administered. UMEC was rapidly absorbed following inhaled dosing and eliminated from plasma. Adverse events, generally mild, were highest with UMEC 125 μg QD (18%) compared with placebo (8%), tiotropium (4%) and other UMEC doses (5–12%).

Conclusions

UMEC is a potent QD bronchodilator with geometric mean ED50 of 37 μg. A dose ordering over the range of UMEC 15.6–125 μg QD doses was observed, with UMEC 125 μg showing the greatest improvement in trough FEV1.

Trial registration

GlaxoSmithKline funded (clinicaltrials.gov NCT01372410; GlaxoSmithKline study number AC4115321).
Prevalence and associated factors of thrombocytopenia among HAART naive HIV positive patients at Gondar university hospital, northwest Ethiopia
Authors: Wondimeneh Yitayih , Muluye Dagnachew , Ferede Getachew
Published: January 2014

Background

Hematological abnormalities are common in HIV positive patients. Of these, thrombocytopenia is a known complication which has been associated with progression of disease. However, its magnitude and associated factors in HAART naive HIV positive patients is not known in Ethiopia. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and associated factors of thrombocytopenia in HAART naïve HIV positive patients.

Methods

A retrospective study was carried out among HAART naive HIV positive patients at Gondar University Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia, from September 2011 through August 2012. Socio-demographic variables and immunohematological (platelets and CD4+ T cells) values were carefully reviewed from medical records. Associated factors and outcomes were assessed using logistic regression.

Results

A total of 390 HAART naive HIV positive patients with a mean age of 33.65 years and a range of 18–70 years were reviewed. The overall prevalence of thrombocytopenia was 23(5.9%). The mean CD4 count was 288 ± 188.2 cells/μL. HIV patients whose age ≥ 50 years old were 2.5 times more likely to have thrombocytopenia and those patients whose CD4 count < 350 were 2.6 times more likely to have thrombocytopenia than HIV patients whose CD4 count ≥500. However, CD4 count was not statistically associated with prevalence of thrombocytopenia (P > 0.05).

Conclusion

As CD4 counts of HIV patients decreasing, they have more likely to have thrombocytopenia. Therefore, early diagnosis and treatment of thrombocytopenia in these patients are necessary.
Synthesis of iron-doped TiO2 for degradation of reactive Orange16
Authors: Safari Mojtaba , Talebi Rasoul , Rostami Mohammad Hossein , Nikazar Manouchehr , Dadvar Mitra
Published: January 2014

In this study the optimum conditions for preparing the iron-doped TiO2 nanoparticles were investigated. Samples were synthesized by sol–gel impregnation method. Three effective parameters were optimized using Taguchi method, consisted of: (i) atomic ratios of Fe to Ti; (ii) sintering temperature; (iii) sintering time. The characterization of samples was determined using X-ray diffraction, BET- specific surface area, UV- Vis reflectance spectra (DRS) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The XRD patterns of the samples indicated the existence of anatase crystal phase in structure. UV- Vis reflectance spectra showed an enhancement in light absorbance in the visible region (wavelength > 400 nm) for iron-doped samples. The photocatalytic activity of samples was investigated by the degradation of RO 16 (RO 16) dye under UV irradiation. The results illustrated that the photocatalytic activity of iron-doped TiO2 was more than pure TiO2, because of the smaller crystal size, grater BET surface area and higher light absorption ability.
Effect of bioaugmentation to enhance phytoremediation for removal of phenanthrene and pyrene from soil with Sorghum and Onobrychis sativa
Authors: Baneshi Mohammad Mehdi , Rezaei Kalantary Roshanak , Jonidi Jafari Ahmad , Nasseri Simin , Jaafarzadeh Nemat , Esrafili Ali
Published: January 2014

The use of plants to remove Poly-aromatic-hydrocarbons (PAHs) from soil (phytoremediation) is emerging as a cost-effective method. Phytoremediation of contaminated soils can be promoted by the use of adding microorganisms with the potential of pollution biodegradation (bioaugmentation). In the present work, the effect of bacterial consortium was studied on the capability of Sorghum and Onobrychis sativa for the phytoremediation of soils contaminated with phenanthrene and pyrene. 1.5 kg of the contaminated soil in the ratio of 100 and 300 mg phenanthrene and/or pyrene per kg of dry soil was then transferred into each pot (nine modes). The removal efficiency of natural, phytoremediation and bioaugmentation, separately and combined, were evaluated. The samples were kept under field conditions, and the remaining concentrations of pyrene and phenanthrene were determined after 120 days. The rhizosphere as well as the microbial population of the soil was also determined. Results indicated that both plants were able to significantly remove pyrene and phenanthrene from the contaminated soil samples. Phytoremediation alone had the removal efficiency of about 63% and 74.5% for pyrene and phenanthrene respectively. In the combined mode, the removal efficiency dramatically increased, leading to pyrene and phenanthrene removal efficiencies of 74.1% and 85.02% for Onobrychis sativa and 73.84% and 85.2% for sorghum, respectively. According to the results from the present work, it can be concluded that Onobrychis sativa and sorghum are both efficient in removing pyrene and phenanthrene from contamination and bioaugmentation can significantly enhance the phytoremediation of soils contaminated with pyrene and phenanthrene by 22% and 16% respectively.
Systematic review and meta-analysis of the sero-epidemiological association between Epstein-Barr virus and systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Hanlon Peter , Avenell Alison , Aucott Lorna , Vickers Mark A
Published: January 2014

Introduction

Infection with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has been suggested to contribute to the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We sought to determine whether prior infection with the virus occurs more frequently in patients with SLE compared to matched controls.

Methods

We performed a systematic review and meta-analyses of studies that reported the prevalence of anti-EBV antibodies in the sera from cases of SLE and controls by searching Medline and Embase databases from 1966 to 2012, with no language restriction. Mantel-Haenszel odds ratios (OR) for the detection of anti-EBV antibodies were calculated, and meta-analyses conducted. Quality assessments were performed using a modified version of the Newcastle-Ottawa scale.

Results

Twenty-five case–control studies were included. Quality assessment found most studies reported acceptable selection criteria but poor description of how cases and controls were recruited. There was a statistically significant higher seroprevalence of anti-viral capsid antigen (VCA) IgG (OR 2.08; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.15 – 3.76, p = 0.007) but not anti-EBV-nuclear antigen1 (EBNA1) (OR 1.45; 95% CI 0.7 to 2.98, p = 0.32) in cases compared to controls. The meta-analyses for anti-early antigen (EA) /D IgG and anti-VCA IgA also showed significantly high ORs (4.5; 95% CI 3.00 to 11.06, p < 0.00001 and 5.05 (95% CI 1.95 – 13.13), p = 0.0009 respectively). However, funnel plot examination suggested publication bias.

Conclusions

Overall, our findings support the hypothesis that infection with EBV predisposes to the development of SLE. However, publication bias cannot be excluded and the methodological conduct of studies could be improved, with regard to recruitment, matching and reporting of blinded laboratory analyses.
Endophilin B is required for the Drosophila oocyte to endocytose yolk downstream of Oskar
Authors: Tsai Yi-Cheng , Chiang Wei , Liou Willisa , Lee Wei-Hao , Chang Yu-Wei , Wang Pei-Yu , Li Yi-Chen , Tanaka Tsubasa , Nakamura Akira , Pai Li-Mei
Published: January 2014

The nutritional environment is crucial for Drosophila oogenesis in terms of controlling hormonal conditions that regulate yolk production and the progress of vitellogenesis. Here, we discovered that Drosophila Endophilin B (D-EndoB), a member of the endophilin family, is required for yolk endocytosis as it regulates membrane dynamics in developing egg chambers. Loss of D-EndoB leads to yolk content reduction, similar to that seen in yolkless mutants, and also causes poor fecundity. In addition, mutant egg chambers exhibit an arrest at the previtellogenic stage. D-EndoB displayed a crescent localization at the oocyte posterior pole in an Oskar-dependent manner; however, it did not contribute to pole plasm assembly. D-EndoB was found to partially colocalize with Long Oskar and Yolkless at the endocytic membranes in ultrastructure analysis. Using an FM4-64 dye incorporation assay, D-EndoB was also found to promote endocytosis in the oocyte. When expressing the full-length D-endoBFL or D-endoBΔSH3 mutant transgenes in oocytes, the blockage of vitellogenesis and the defect in fecundity in D-endoB mutants was restored. By contrast, a truncated N-BAR domain of the D-EndoB only partially rescued these defects. Taken together, these results allow us to conclude that D-EndoB contributes to the endocytic activity downstream of Oskar by facilitating membrane dynamics through its N-BAR domain in the yolk uptake process, thereby leading to normal progression of vitellogenesis.
The conserved transmembrane RING finger protein PLR-1 downregulates Wnt signaling by reducing Frizzled, Ror and Ryk cell-surface levels in C. elegans
Authors: Moffat Laura L. , Robinson Ryan E. , Bakoulis Anastasia , Clark Scott G.
Published: January 2014

Wnts control a wide range of essential developmental processes, including cell fate specification, axon guidance and anteroposterior neuronal polarization. We identified a conserved transmembrane RING finger protein, PLR-1, that governs the response to Wnts by lowering cell-surface levels of the Frizzled family of Wnt receptors in Caenorhabditis elegans. Loss of PLR-1 activity in the neuron AVG causes its anteroposterior polarity to be symmetric or reversed because signaling by the Wnts CWN-1 and CWN-2 are inappropriately activated, whereas ectopic PLR-1 expression blocks Wnt signaling and target gene expression. Frizzleds are enriched at the cell surface; however, when PLR-1 and Frizzled are co-expressed, Frizzled is not detected at the surface but instead is colocalized with PLR-1 in endosomes. The Frizzled cysteine-rich domain (CRD) and invariant second intracellular loop lysine are crucial for PLR-1 downregulation. The PLR-1 RING finger and protease-associated (PA) domain are essential for activity. In a Frizzled-dependent manner, PLR-1 reduces surface levels of the Wnt receptors CAM-1/Ror and LIN-18/Ryk. PLR-1 is a homolog of the mammalian transmembrane E3 ubiquitin ligases RNF43 and ZNRF3, which control Frizzled surface levels in an R-spondin-sensitive manner. We propose that PLR-1 downregulates Wnt receptor surface levels via lysine ubiquitylation of Frizzled to coordinate spatial and temporal responses to Wnts during neuronal development.
Mechanisms of protein-folding diseases at a glance
Authors: Valastyan Julie S. , Lindquist Susan
Published: January 2014

For a protein to function appropriately, it must first achieve its proper conformation and location within the crowded environment inside the cell. Multiple chaperone systems are required to fold proteins correctly. In addition, degradation pathways participate by destroying improperly folded proteins. The intricacy of this multisystem process provides many opportunities for error. Furthermore, mutations cause misfolded, nonfunctional forms of proteins to accumulate. As a result, many pathological conditions are fundamentally rooted in the protein-folding problem that all cells must solve to maintain their function and integrity. Here, to illustrate the breadth of this phenomenon, we describe five examples of protein-misfolding events that can lead to disease: improper degradation, mislocalization, dominant-negative mutations, structural alterations that establish novel toxic functions, and amyloid accumulation. In each case, we will highlight current therapeutic options for battling such diseases.
Urban art and mission of modern city
Authors: Новичков Николай , Novichkov Nikolay
Published: January 2014

This article is talking about theoretical and practical problems in development of modern towns. Particularly it is marked, that the most important modern problem is defi nition of the town’s mission. The importance of culture policy, public art and the sights of Russian towns are also mentioned in the article.
Retrograde intramedullary nails with distal screws locked to the nail have higher fatigue strength than locking plates in the treatment of supracondylar femoral fractures
Authors: Pekmezci M. , McDonald E. , Buckley J. , Kandemir U.
Published: January 2014

We investigated a new intramedullary locking nail that allows the distal interlocking screws to be locked to the nail. We compared fixation using this new implant with fixation using either a conventional nail or a locking plate in a laboratory simulation of an osteoporotic fracture of the distal femur. A total of 15 human cadaver femora were used to simulate an AO 33-A3 fracture pattern. Paired specimens compared fixation using either a locking or non-locking retrograde nail, and using either a locking retrograde nail or a locking plate. The constructs underwent cyclical loading to simulate single-leg stance up to 125 000 cycles. Axial and torsional stiffness and displacement, cycles to failure and modes of failure were recorded for each specimen. When compared with locking plate constructs, locking nail constructs had significantly longer mean fatigue life (75 800 cycles (sd 33 900) vs 12 800 cycles (sd 6100); p = 0.007) and mean axial stiffness (220 N/mm (sd 80) vs 70 N/mm (sd 18); p = 0.005), but lower mean torsional stiffness (2.5 Nm/° (sd 0.9) vs 5.1 Nm/° (sd 1.5); p = 0.008). In addition, in the nail group the mode of failure was either cut-out of the distal screws or breakage of nails, and in the locking plate group breakage of the plate was always the mode of failure. Locking nail constructs had significantly longer mean fatigue life than non-locking nail constructs (78 900 cycles (sd 25 600) vs 52 400 cycles (sd 22 500); p = 0.04).

The new locking retrograde femoral nail showed better stiffness and fatigue life than locking plates, and superior fatigue life to non-locking nails, which may be advantageous in elderly patients.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2014;96-B:114–21.
The origin of the terms enamel, dentine and cementum
Authors: Trenouth Michael John
Published: January 2014

The scope of this article is to trace the origin of the terms enamel, dentine and cementum by searching the early dental literature. The task has been simplified by the eminent dental historian Ronald Cohen, whose article The development of dental histology in Britain provides an excellent starting point. 1

The situation was confused by the fact that both dentine and cementum were, on occasion, mistaken for bone. This was because, prior to the invention of the compound microscope around 1830, the histological structure of dental tissues was largely unknown. To add to the confusion, cementum was not always recognised as existing and there were multiple terms for all three dental hard tissues.
Emerging evidence for associations between periodontitis and the development of Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Poole Sophie , Singhrao Sim K , Crean St John
Published: January 2014

Periodontal disease (PD) is an inflammatory disease affecting tooth-supporting tissues in which interaction of specific bacteria and the host’s immune responses play a pivotal role. The pathogenic bacteria associated with PD are a source of systemic inflammation as they have the ability to enter systemic circulation during everyday tasks such as brushing teeth and chewing food. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a form of dementia whereby inflammation is thought to play a key role in its pathogenesis and the risk of developing the disease increasing with age. The exact aetiology of the late-onset AD is unknown but peripheral infections are being considered as a potential risk factor.
Children of the occupation: A decade after the invasion
Authors: Ismael Jacqueline S. , Ismael Shereen T.
Published: January 2014

This article covers a 23-year period, from 1990 to 2013, to describe the systematic degradation in the quality of life that children born in Iraq over this period were subjected to by global geopolitical machinations. The period is broken into three successive stages – sanctions, invasion and post-military occupation – to describe the process of occupation and its impact on infants and children. The statistics that were regularly published by international agencies and non-governmental organisations (NGOs) throughout the process showed the plight of Iraqi children as innocent victims of global policies known to the policy-makers.
Book Review
Authors: Holden Stacy E.
Published: January 2014

We Are Iraqis: Aesthetics and Politics in a Time of War, Al-Ali, Nadje and Deborah Al-Najjar (2013) Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press ISBN 780815633013, 266 pp., US$45
High Order Numerical Methods for Fractional Terminal Value Problems
Authors: Ford Neville J. , Morgado Maria L. , Rebelo Magda
Published: January 2014

In this paper we present a shooting algorithm to solve fractional terminal
(or boundary) value problems. We provide a convergence analysis of the
numerical method, derived based upon properties of the equation
being solved and without the need to impose smoothness conditions on
the solution. The work is a sequel to our recent investigation where we
constructed a nonpolynomial collocation method for the approximation of the
solution to fractional initial value problems. Here we show that the method can
be adapted for the effective approximation of the solution of terminal value
problems. Moreover, we compare the efficiency of this numerical scheme against other existing methods.
On the Chow motive of an abelian scheme with non-trivial endomorphisms
Authors: Moonen Ben
Published: January 2014

Let X be an abelian scheme over a base variety S, with endomorphism algebra D. We prove that the relative Chow motive

R
(
X
/
S
)

$R(X/S)$

has a canonical decomposition as a direct sum of motives

R

(
ξ
)

$R^{(\xi )}$

where ξ runs over an explicitly determined finite set of irreducible representations of the group

D

o
p
,
*

$D^{\textup {op},*}$

, such that

R

(
ξ
)

$R^{(\xi )}$

, seen as a functor from Chow motives to

D

o
p
,
*

$D^{\textup {op},*}$

-representations, is ξ-isotypic. Our decomposition refines the motivic decomposition of Deninger and Murre, as well as Beauville's decomposition of the Chow group.
The second main result is that we construct a canonical generalized motivic Lefschetz decomposition. Inspired by work of Looijenga and Lunts in
[Invent. Math. 129 (1997), 361–412], the role of

𝔰𝔩
2

$\mathfrak {sl}_2$

in the classical theory is here replaced by a larger Lie algebra, generated by all Lefschetz and Lambda operators associated to non-degenerate line bundles. We construct an action of this larger Lie algebra on

R
(
X
/
S
)

$R(X/S)$

and deduce from this a generalized Lefschetz decomposition. We also give a precise structure result for the Lefschetz components that arise.
As an application of our techniques, we provide a positive answer to a question of Claire Voisin concerning the analogue for abelian varieties of a conjecture of Beauville.
Applications of Population Genetics to Animal Breeding, from Wright, Fisher and Lush to Genomic Prediction
Authors: Hill William G
Published: January 2014

Although animal breeding was practiced long before the science of genetics and the relevant disciplines of population and quantitative genetics were known, breeding programs have mainly relied on simply selecting and mating the best individuals on their own or relatives’ performance. This is based on sound quantitative genetic principles, developed and expounded by Lush, who attributed much of his understanding to Wright, and formalized in Fisher’s infinitesimal model. Analysis at the level of individual loci and gene frequency distributions has had relatively little impact. Now with access to genomic data, a revolution in which molecular information is being used to enhance response with “genomic selection” is occurring. The predictions of breeding value still utilize multiple loci throughout the genome and, indeed, are largely compatible with additive and specifically infinitesimal model assumptions. I discuss some of the history and genetic issues as applied to the science of livestock improvement, which has had and continues to have major spin-offs into ideas and applications in other areas.
Genetic Control of Wiring Specificity in the Fly Olfactory System
Authors: Hong Weizhe , Luo Liqun
Published: January 2014

Precise connections established between pre- and postsynaptic partners during development are essential for the proper function of the nervous system. The olfactory system detects a wide variety of odorants and processes the information in a precisely connected neural circuit. A common feature of the olfactory systems from insects to mammals is that the olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) expressing the same odorant receptor make one-to-one connections with a single class of second-order olfactory projection neurons (PNs). This represents one of the most striking examples of targeting specificity in developmental neurobiology. Recent studies have uncovered central roles of transmembrane and secreted proteins in organizing this one-to-one connection specificity in the olfactory system. Here, we review recent advances in the understanding of how this wiring specificity is genetically controlled and focus on the mechanisms by which transmembrane and secreted proteins regulate different stages of the Drosophila olfactory circuit assembly in a coordinated manner. We also discuss how combinatorial coding, redundancy, and error-correcting ability could contribute to constructing a complex neural circuit in general.
Ecological study on mortality from influenza and pneumonia before and after influenza vaccination in the Northeast and South of Brazil
Authors: Oliveira Janessa de Fátima Morgado de , Boing Antonio Fernando , Waldman Eliseu Alves , Antunes José Leopoldo Ferreira
Published: January 2014

The study compared mortality from influenza and pneumonia in elderly people (65 years or older) before and since implementation of influenza vaccination in the South and Northeast regions of Brazil. Official population and mortality data were retrieved from government agencies to estimate weekly mortality rates. The Serfling model was used to identify influenza outbreaks and estimate the mortality attributable to them. In the South, the vaccination period showed a major reduction in mortality from influenza and pneumonia and in the number and duration of influenza outbreaks. These results were interpreted as consistent with the hypothesis of the vaccination program's effectiveness. In the Northeast, there was an increase in mortality from influenza and pneumonia during vaccination, which was associated with a quality improvement in recording causes of death in the elderly. An increase was also seen in mortality attributable to influenza outbreaks, suggesting a mismatch between the period in which vaccination is conducted and the relevant climatic characteristics for influenza transmission.
Avaliação da situação de saúde por profissionais da atenção primária em saúde com base no georreferencimento dos sistemas de informação
Authors: Ritter Fernando , Rosa Roger dos Santos , Flores Rui
Published: January 2014

A atenção primária em saúde (APS) pouco tem se valido dos sistemas de informação para avaliar a situação de saúde da população devido à dificuldade de compreensão dos relatórios. É usual a definição genérica das ações a partir de constatações empíricas. O objetivo desse trabalho é avaliar se a introdução de indicadores georreferenciados pode ser uma tecnologia para melhorar a identificação da situação de saúde das pessoas, o que ajudaria no planejamento das ações das equipes. Para tanto, foi aplicado um questionário nos profissionais de oito equipes em três momentos: o primeiro, antes da leitura dos relatórios do sistema de informação, o segundo após a leitura e o terceiro usando os georreferenciados. Os resultados mostraram diferença significativa na classificação da situação de saúde quando da utilização do georreferenciamento comparado aos momentos anteriores (p < 0,05). O georreferenciamento facilitou a análise da situação de saúde, propiciando melhor monitoramento dos processos de trabalho. Por fim, a utilização aponta para uma racionalização das ações e possível qualificação da atenção à saúde. Sugere-se o uso do georreferenciamento na agenda de trabalho para que se tornem uma ferramenta efetiva e norteadora das ações.
Factors associated with low life life satisfaction in community-dwelling elderly: FIBRA Study
Authors: Pinto Juliana Martins , Neri Anita Liberalesso
Published: January 2014

The objectives were to identify factors associated with decreased life satisfaction in community-dwelling elderly and describe such factors according to gender and age bracket. The study interviewed 2,472 elderly individuals 65 years or older without cognitive deficits suggestive of dementia, in probabilistic samples from seven Brazilian cities. All measures were self-reported except for functional performance, indicated by handgrip and gait speed. Women had more chronic diseases, worse functional performance, and greater social involvement when compared to men. The oldest participants showed worse functional performance and less social involvement when compared to the youngest. Low satisfaction was associated with three or more diseases, memory problems, low social involvement, low handgrip strength, and urinary incontinence. The authors conclude that health, functional performance, and social involvement interact with well-being, so interventions targeting these areas can favor quality of life for the elderly.
Post-transplant anemia and associated risk factors: the impact of steroid-free therapy
Authors: Oliveira Claudia Maria Costa , Timbó Paula Sátiro , Pinheiro Sanna Roque , Leite Janaína Gonçalves Silva , Timbó Luciana Sátiro , Esmeraldo Ronaldo Matos
Published: January 2014

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: The prevalence of post-renal transplant anemia (PTA) reported in the literature is variable and several factors contribute towards its pathophysiology. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of PTA, its associated risk factors and the impact of therapy without steroids. DESIGN AND SETTING: Retrospective cohort study in a renal transplantation unit at a tertiary hospital. METHODS: Anemia was defined as hemoglobin (Hb) < 12 g/dl in female adult recipients and < 13 g/dl in males. Donor and recipient age and gender, type of donor, creatinine, delayed graft function, acute rejection, use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) and therapy without steroids were investigated as risk factors for PTA through multivariate logistical regression analysis. RESULTS: Evaluations were performed on 258 recipients (mean age: 38.8 years; 60.5% males; 35.7% did not receive steroids). Anemia was diagnosed in 38% of the patients (at the sixth month, M6), 28% (M12), 32% (M24) and 45% (at last follow up). Donor age > 50 years was associated with greater risks of PTA at M6 (odds ratio (OR) = 4.68) and M24 (OR = 6.57), as well as with therapy without steroids at M6 (OR = 2.96). Delayed graft function was independently associated with PTA at M6 (OR = 3.66) and M12 (OR = 2.85). CONCLUSION: The lowest prevalence of PTA was observed between M9 and M24 after renal transplantation. Delayed graft function, donor age and therapy without steroids were the most important factors associated with PTA.
Soil deformation around a penetrating cone in silt
Authors: Paniagua P. , Andò E. , Silva M. , Emdal A. , Nordal S. , Viggiani G.
Published: January 2014

Laboratory-scale cone penetration tests (CPTs) in silt were performed with x-ray micro tomography and analysed with three-dimensional digital image correlation. During insertion of the instrumented probe, these tools allow the identification of a contractant bulb of silt close to the tip of the probe surrounded by a larger bulb of dilating material. The results obtained (in particular the failure mechanisms observed) shed new light on the mechanics of cone penetration in silt and consequently reflect on the interpretation of in situ CPTs.
A Limit Law of Almost l-partite Graphs
Authors: Koponen Vera
Published: January 2014

For integers l ≥ 1, d ≥ 0 we study (undirected) graphs with vertices 1, …, n such that the vertices can be partitioned into l parts such that every vertex has at most d neighbours in its own part. The set of all such graphs is denoted Pn (l, d). We prove a labelled first-order limit law, i.e., for every first-order sentence φ, the proportion of graphs in Pn (l, d) that satisfy φ converges as n → ∞. By combining this result with a result of Hundack, Prömel and Steger [12] we also prove that if 1 ≤ s1 ≤ … ≤ sl are integers, then Forb() has a labelled first-order limit law, where Forb() denotes the set of all graphs with vertices 1, …, n, for some n, in which there is no subgraph isomorphic to the complete (l + 1 )-partite graph with parts of sizes 1, s1, …, sl. In the course of doing this we also prove that there exists a first-order formula ξ, depending only on l and d, such that the proportion of ∈ Pn (l, d) with the following property approaches 1 as n → ∞: there is a unique partition of {1, …, n} into l parts such that every vertex has at most d neighbours in its own part, and this partition, viewed as an equivalence relation, is defined by ξ.
Failure of Interpolation in Constant Domain Intuitionistic Logic
Authors: Mints Grigori , Olkhovikov Grigory , Urquhart Alasdair
Published: January 2014

This paper shows that the interpolation theorem fails in the intuitionistic logic of constant domains. This result refutes two previously published claims that the interpolation property holds.
The subjective frequency of word n-grams
Authors: Shaoul Cyrus , Westbury Chris , Baayen Harald
Published: January 2014

When asked to think about the subjective frequency of an n-gram (a group of n
words), what properties of the n-gram influence the respondent? It has been
recently shown that n-grams that occurred more frequently in a large corpus
of English were read faster than n-grams that occurred less frequently (Arnon
& Snider, 2010), an effect that is analogous to the frequency effects in word
reading and lexical decision. The subjective frequency of words has also been
extensively studied and linked to performance on linguistic tasks. We
investigated the capacity of people to gauge the absolute and relative
frequencies of n-grams. Subjective frequency ratings collected for 352
n-grams showed a strong correlation with corpus frequency, in particular for
n-grams with the highest subjective frequency. These n-grams were then paired
up and used in a relative frequency decision task (e.g. Is green hills more
frequent than weekend trips?). Accuracy on this task was reliably above
chance, and the trial-level accuracy was best predicted by a model that
included the corpus frequencies of the whole n-grams. A computational model
of word recognition (Baayen, Milin, Djurdjevic, Hendrix, & Marelli, 2011) was
then used to attempt to simulate subjective frequency ratings, with limited
success. Our results suggest that human n-gram frequency intuitions arise
from the probabilistic information contained in n-grams.
'Tomb with cupids' from Viminacium: A contribution to research of construction, iconography and style
Authors: Andjelkovic-Grasar Jelena , Nikolic Emilija , Rogic Dragana
Published: January 2014

The tomb G-160, known as the 'Tomb with Cupids', was discovered in 2003, during the excavations at the Pirivoj - Viminacium necropolis. The tomb has a trapezial section, characteristic for Viminacium tombs of the late antique period, and its interior was painted using the fresco technique. Scenes and motives are set on all four walls of the tomb. Since the western wall is damaged, the tomb is named after the depiction of cupids on the eastern wall. The wealth of the iconographic repertoire, together with an analysis of the geometry and symmetry, allowed the reconstruction of the conceptual context and it can be concluded that the tomb was dedicated to Venus, or Dionysus. The tomb painting could be dated to the beginning of the 4th century, owing to the analysis of the style, which combines an eclectic Eastern expressionism, classicism and illusionism of the Constantine era.
Seal boxes from the Viminacium site
Authors: Milovanovic Bebina , Raickovic-Savic Angelina
Published: January 2014

Bronze seal boxes that had the function of holding the wax seal on the Viminacium site - Upper Moesia (Stari Kostolac, Serbia), mainly from the area of the necropolis (ten were found in the graves and ten at the cemetery between the graves). Six are from buildings that had a storage function, five are from public facilities - an amphitheatre, and only one find is from the military fort of the legion VII Claudia, which was stationed in Viminacium in the second half of the 1st century. Thirty-two seal boxes have been processed: nine whole, six with fragmented upper and lower parts, seven bases and ten covers. Seal boxes consist of two parts: the cover and the base. The cover is decorated with figural images, concentric rings and especially with applied ornaments. Some of the motifs are filled with enamel. The base always has three to five circular perforations at the bottom, the side walls are a height of 4 to 5 mm with two opposed notches or slots which are thought to have facilitated the tying of the seal box to a package or a document. The lock mechanism is operated using the hinges principle. Some specimens have a circular extension on the cover with a thorn on the bottom. This fits the hollow in the base, through which passes a thorn for the additional fixing of the cover. Based on shape and decoration, seal boxes were classified into five types: I - elliptical or oval shaped with a figural representation on the cover derived in relief; II/1 - leaf or heart-shaped with a special, riveted ornament; II/2 - leaf or heart-shaped with enamel on the cover; III/1 - circular showing a form in relief; III/2 - circular with cast concentric rings, with no enamel; III/3 - circular with concentric rings with enamel on the cover; IV - diamond shaped with enamel on the cover and V - square with enamel on the cover. The seal boxes dominate chronologically from the first half of the 2nd and throughout the 3rd century.
Auctoritas Maiorum in the edict of Galerius of 311 ad
Authors: Petkovic Zarko
Published: January 2014

The phraseology of the Edict of Toleration issued by Galerius in 311 reveals a unique motive on the part of the emperor for his persecution of Christians: the Christians had abandoned the religious convictions of their ancestors and made their own laws, which consequently had led them - allegedly - into atheism. Galerius issued an order that they (the Christians) should return to the practices established by their own forefathers. Thus, the re-establishment of mos maiorum, endangered by Christian 'atheism', was Galeirus' prime motive for confronting the new religion. If this was the real motive, it was carefully chosen: mos maiorum was the key point for the preservation of traditional (pagan) religion, social order and the Roman Empire, as Ciciero and Symmachus put it. When Galerius proclaimed, on his death?bed, that Christians should pray for his salvation, he remained devoted to his polytheistic convictions.