bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Medical treatment of functional dyspepsia
Authors: Kim Sung Eun
Published: July 2015

Functional dyspepsia (FD) is a condition in which upper abdominal symptoms, such as epigastralgia, postprandial discomfort, and bloating, occur in the absence of any organic or metabolic disease that could explain the symptoms. The prevalence of FD is increasing, presumably because of an increasingly stressful environment, as well as overlap with other motility disorders such as gastroesophageal reflux diseases and irritable bowel syndrome. Numerous studies have attempted to determine the pathophysiological mechanisms of FD and establish effective FD treatment, with little success. Several therapeutic options have been explored, including Helicobacter pylori eradication, proton pump inhibitors, prokinetic agents, anti-depressant and anxiolytic agents, and acotiamide, a recent emerging drug. Through the many trials evaluating the efficacy of drugs for FD treatment, we found that it is necessary to treat according to the symptoms of FD and to use a combination of therapeutic options. Additional well-designed, prospective studies are needed to confirm the management of FD.
Uterine leiomyoma research
Authors: Kim Tae Hee , Lee Hae Hyeog
Published: July 2015

Uterine leiomyoma is the most common type of benign tumor in women of reproductive age. This disease is rare before menarche, and its incidence decreases after menopause. Uterine leiomyoma is known to be related to hormonal changes, but the precise underlying mechanism has yet to be determined. Although it is a benign disease, the most common form of management involves surgical intervention. Uterine leiomyoma is also related to infertility and obstetric complications. Here, we present a review of the literature regarding uterine leiomyoma and discuss management of this disease.
Percutaneous Cardiopulmonary Support Experience of a National University Hospital in Busan
Authors: Shin Dong Hun , Lee Min Jin , Na Hae Jung , Jang Sun Mi , Oh Jun-Hyok
Published: July 2015

Objectives Cardiopulmonary support has been used to treat the patients with refractory cardiogenic shock since 1950s. In advent of portable system its use has been widened considerably. In this retrospective study, we report our single center experience concerning possible indications, complications and outcomes of percutanous cardiopulmonary support (PCPS) Methods From January 2013 to March 2014, we searched the patients who were supported by PCPS system by reviewing the medical records in cardiology department at our Hospital. Infectious organism was limited to what was identified within 2 weeks after weaning of PCPS. Results A total of 9 patients were supported by PCPS with CAPIOX CX® system (Terumo inc., Tokyo, Japan) initially for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction/non ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction in 4 patients, myocarditis in 3 patients, valvular heart disease in 1 patient, and acute respiratory distress syndrome in 1 patient. The mean duration of PCPS support was 79.1±76.6 hours and 5 of them were recovered and discharged alive. All the patients needed transfusions of various forms of blood products. And there was one major stroke and one hyperbilirubinemia in related to PCPS treatment. Conclusions PCPS treatment was a valuable means to treat the patients with cardiovascular collapse, but not without costs. Efforts to reduce its associated complications should be made to improve outcomes.
Comparison of Social Nicotine Dependence Using the KTSND-K Questionnaire between patients with lung cancer and non-cancer people
Authors: Lee Jin Young , Oak Chul Ho , Jang Tae Won , Jung Maan Hong , Nam Seong Jin , Son Su Kyung , Lee Ji Hyun , Jo Eun Joo , Lee Sang Joon
Published: July 2015

Objectives Smoking is one of the most important leading causes of lung cancer. Smoking habit is recognized as nicotine dependence, which consists of physical and psychosocial dependence. To evaluate social nicotine dependence, the Kano Test for Social Nicotine Dependence (KTSND) working group developed a new questionnaire. We examined the social nicotine dependence among high school students, university students and patients with lung cancer. Method We applied Korean version of KTSND(KTSND-K) questionnaire to high school students, university students and patients with lung cancer. Complete data obtained from the 1333 responders were analyzed. Results Among the responders, current smokers, past-smokers, and never-smokers were 17.3%, 16.4%, and 66.3% respectively. According to smoking status, the total KTSND-K scores of current smokers were significantly higher than those of past-smokers, and of never-smokers (17.7±6.6 versus 13.7±5.7, and 10.9±5.15, P<0.001). The total KTSND-K scores of males were higher than those of females, suggesting that males have a propensity for depending nicotine socially much more than females (13.2±6.2 and 11.7±5.7 respectively, P<0.05). And the total KTSND scores of the patients with lung cancer, medical students, nursing students, and high school students were 11.2±3.8, 14.9±4.8, 14.6±5.8 and 15.6±5.9 respectively. The scores of patients with lung cancer were significantly lower than non-cancer people(P<0.01). Our study suggested that the KTSND-K questionnaire could be a useful method to evaluate psychosocial aspects of smoking in patients with lung cancer and non-cancer people.
Simultaneous Laparoscopy-Assisted Resection for Colorectal Cancer and Metastases
Authors: Lee Seung Hyun , Yoo Joong Jae , Park Sung Dal , Ahn Byung Kwon , Baek Sung Uhn
Published: July 2015

With advancement of minimal invasive surgery, a simultaneous laparoscopy-assisted resection for colorectal cancer and metastasis has become feasible. Hence, we report three cases of simultaneous laparoscopic surgery for colorectal cancer with liver or lung metastasis. In the first case, laparoscopic right hemicolectomy and left lateral segmentectomy of liver was performed for ascending colon cancer and liver metastasis. In the second case, laparoscopic right hemicolectomy and wedge resection of right lower lung was performed for cecal cancer and lung metastasis. In the third case, laparoscopic right hemicolectomy and wedge resection of left lower lung was performed for ascending colon cancer and lung metastasis. In the first two cases, patients quickly returned to normal activity. In the third case, postoperative bleeding was observed, but spontaneously stopped. There was no postoperative mortality. Simultaneous laparoscopic surgery represents a feasible option for colorectal cancer with metastases on the other organs.
Development of the National Library of the Czech Republic 2011–2016: Past, Present and Future
Authors: Böhm Tomáš
Published: July 2015

The National Library of the Czech Republic, which was founded in 1773 by the Austrian Empress Maria Theresa, is one of the oldest National Libraries in Europe. It has been through various organizational changes incorporating other libraries and institutions. In addition to providing traditional library service, the library is active in such fields as digitization, paper documents restoration and preservation, refurbishment of its main seat in the baroque Klementinum building and international cooperation. The most important digitization project is the creation of the National Digital Library, which will also serve as the LTP (Long Term Preservation) repository for other digitization projects carried out by either the National Library or by other libraries and institutions in the Czech Republic. Other projects in this field are: the world's biggest digital manuscript library (Manuscriptorium), creation of the Web Archive, digitization of rare books in partnership with Google, formation of the repository for digitized Czech cultural heritage and, together with other main Czech libraries, work on the creation of the Czech Libraries Portal. The Library is further active in paper documents restoration and preservation where it is trying to tackle the problem of de-acidification as well as the formation of the physical Czech Depository Library and the Interdisciplinary Methodological Centre for Book Restoration and Conservation. The Library continues to serve its users during the refurbishment of the Klementinum. It aims to create ‘a modern library in baroque walls’ by the end of 2018. Furthermore, a new physical depository has been bulk on the outskirts of Prague.
Library Policy in the Republic of Korea: Second Library Development Strategic Plan
Authors: Choi Eunju
Published: July 2015

This paper aims to introduce and share globally Korea's experiences and practices regarding library policy and to bring new evidence to establish national library policy by introducing Korea's Five-Year Library Development Strategic Plan, as laid out by the Presidential Committee on Library and Information Policy in 2014. Serving as a centre for cultural community, the library of today contributes to the realization of happiness for every citizen by facilitating the public's participation in and boosting of opportunities for cultural activities. With a vision of ‘The Library Creating Happy Life and Future’, in 2014, the committee announced seven driving strategies, with twenty strategic tasks and ninety-two specific implementation tasks in the Second Library Development Strategic Plan. This plan has yielded fruitful results and has led to success in developing libraries in Korean society. Considering that the situation varies from one country to another, the plan introduced in this paper cannot be regarded as a one-size-fits-all model. Korea's practice, however, is well localized and well developed through collaborative work among several government bodies and stakeholders of libraries in Korea, so it is expected that this policy will provide a good example of a strategic plan for developing libraries in the long run.
On the History of the Archival Library and Scholarship in the West since the Alexandrian Library: An Overview
Authors: Willison Ian
Published: July 2015

We might approach the history of the textual archive, the archival research library, and the humanities in the West in the light of three major cultural/political turning points associated with three substantial changes – so-called ‘revolutions’ – in the textual condition. These changes are: first, the ‘Literate Revolution’ in Ancient Greece, and the eventual founding of the encyclopaedic Library and Museum of Ptolemaic Alexandria, based on Aristotelian doxography and text-critical editing ( ekdosis), and bibliographically controlled by the Pinakes of Callimachus, with its reincarnations in Late Antiquity as the Christian Library of Caesarea and the Bayt al-Hikma of Baghdad. Second, following the introduction and spread of printing – the ‘first revolution of the printed book’ – and of cultural nationalism and search for prestige/‘glory’ in Europe, we have the founding of the autarchic national research library and its archival base in the principle of legal deposit of printed texts, initiated in France with the Alexandrian state humanism associated with Guillaume Budé, its theorizing by Gabriel Naudé as an encyclopaedic universal library based on the doxographical concept of historia literaria, and bibliographically controlled by a Callimachean Catalogue Méthodique. But then, following the ‘second – industrial – revolution of the printed book’, we have the imperial climax of the autarchic national research library with Panizzi at the British Museum, his realistically ‘unmethodical’, alphabetical General Catalogue, and iconic circular, encyclopaedic Reading Room; itself to be followed and eventually overtaken by the more ecumenical United States Library of Congress. Third, following the ‘revolution in information technology’ during and after the Second World War we have the process of global, cooperative, potentially total digitization of the unmediated as well as mediated textual archive, with national libraries as ‘leading hubs’ of a unified, encyclopaedic network, associated with the idea of ‘the new Library of Alexandria’.
Integrative Care Therapies and Physiological and Pain-related Outcomes in Hospitalized Infants
Authors: Hathaway Elizabeth E. , Luberto Christina M. , Bogenschutz Lois H. , Geiss Sue , Wasson Rachel S. , Cotton Sian
Published: July 2015

Background:

Pain management is a frequent problem in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Few studies examining effects of integrative care therapies on pain-related outcomes in neonates have included physiological outcomes or investigated the use of such therapies in a practice-based setting.

Objective:

The purpose of this practice-based retrospective study was to examine the associations between integrative care therapies, particularly massage and healing touch, and pain-related outcomes among hospitalized infants.

Methods:

We conducted a retrospective review of a clinical database from a level III NICU regularly delivering integrative care therapies. Paired-samples t-tests were used to examine associations between integrative care therapies and 4 pre-post outcome measures: therapist-rated pain and presentation (ranging from asleep to agitated) and neonates’ heart rate and oxygen saturation.

Results:

Of 186 patients (Mage=68 days), 58% were male and 67% were Caucasian. Sixty-two percent received both massage and healing touch; the remainder received a single therapy. From pre-post therapy, statistically significant changes were observed in infants’ heart rate (Mpre=156 vs Mpost=140 per minute; P<.001), oxygen saturation (Mpre=95.0% vs.Mpost=97.4%; P<.001), and therapist-reported pain (Mpre=2.8 vs Mpost=0.2; P<.001) and presentation (Mpre=3.2 vs. Mpost=1.0; P<.001).

Conclusion:

Observed improvements in pain-related outcomes suggest that massage and healing touch may be useful integrative therapies to consider as pain management options in the NICU.
Patient Decision Control and the Use of Cardiac Catheterization
Authors: Mitchell Suzanne E. , Paasche-Orlow Michael K. , Orner Michelle B. , Stewart Sabrina K. , Kressin Nancy R.
Published: July 2015

Background:

Shared decision-making is a key determinant of patient-centered care. A lack of patient involvement in treatment decisions may explain persistent racial disparities in rates of cardiac catheterization (CCATH). To date, limited evidence exists to demonstrate whether patients who engage in shared decision-makingare more or less likely to undergo non-emergency CCATH.

Objective:

To assess the relationship between participation in the decision to undergo a CCATH and the use of CCATH. We also examined whether preference for or actual engagement in decision-making varied by patient race.

Methods:

We analyzed data from 826 male Veterans Administration patients for whom CCATH was indicated and who participated in the Cardiac Decision Making Study.

Results:

After controlling for con-founders, patients reporting any degree of decision control were more likely to receive CCATH compared with those reporting no control (doctor made decision without patient input) (54% vs 39%, P<.0001). Across racial groups, patients were equally likely to report a preference for control over decision-making (P=.53) as well as to experience discordance between their preference for control and their perception of the actual decision-making process (P=.59). Therefore, these factors did not mediate racial disparities in rates of CCATH use.

Conclusion:

Shared decision-making is an essential feature of whole-person care. While participation in decision-making may not explain disparities in CCATH rates, further work is required to identify strategies to improve congruence between patients’ desire for and actual control over decision-making to actualize patient-centered care.
Impact of Short- and Long-term Tai Chi Mind-Body Exercise Training on Cognitive Function in Healthy Adults: Results from a Hybrid Observational Study and Randomized Trial
Authors: Walsh Jacquelyn N. , Manor Brad , Hausdorff Jeffrey , Novak Vera , Lipsitz Lewis , Gow Brian , Macklin Eric A. , Peng Chung-Kang , Wayne Peter M.
Published: July 2015

Background:

Cognitive decline amongst older adults is a significant public health concern. There is growing interest in behavioral interventions, including exercise, for improving cognition. Studies to date suggest tai chi (TC) may be a safe and potentially effective exercise for preserving cognitive function with aging; however, its short-term and potential long-term impact on physically active, healthy adults is unclear.

Objective:

To compare differences in cognitive function among long-term TC expert practitioners and age-matched and gender-matched TC-naïve adults and to determine the effects of short-term TC training on measures of cognitive function in healthy, nonsedentary adults.

Design:

A hybrid design including an observational comparison and a 2-arm randomized clinical trial (RCT)

Participants:

Healthy, nonsedentary, TC-naive adults (50 y-79 y) and age-matched and gender-matched long-term TC experts

Methods:

A cross-sectional comparison of cognitive function in healthy TC-naïve (n=60) and TC expert (24.5 y ± 12 y experience; n=27) adults: TC-naïve adults then completed a 6-month, 2-arm, wait-list randomized clinical trial of TC training. Six measures of cognitive function were assessed for both cross-sectional and longitudinal comparisons.

Results:

TC experts exhibited trends towards better scores on all cognitive measures, significantly so for category fluency (P=.01), as well as a composite z score summarizing all 6 cognitive assessments (P=.03). In contrast, random assignment to 6 months of TC training in TC-naïve adults did not significantly improve any measures of cognitive function.

Conclusions:

In healthy nonsedentary adults, long-term TC training may help preserve cognitive function; however, the effect of short-term TC training in healthy adults remains unclear.

Trial Registration:

ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01340365
Ionospheric and plasmaspheric electron contents inferred from radio occultations and global ionospheric maps
Authors: González‐Casado G. , Juan J. M. , Sanz J. , Rovira‐Garcia A. , Aragon‐Angel A.
Published: July 2015

We introduce a methodology to extract the separate contributions of the ionosphere and the plasmasphere to the vertical total electron content, without relying on a fixed altitude to perform that separation. The method combines two previously developed and tested techniques, namely, the retrieval of electron density profiles from radio occultations using an improved Abel inversion technique and a two‐component model for the topside ionosphere plus protonosphere. Taking measurements of the total electron content from global ionospheric maps and radio occultations from the Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate/FORMOSAT‐3 constellation, the ionospheric and plasmaspheric electron contents are calculated for a sample of observations covering 2007, a period of low solar and geomagnetic activity. The results obtained are shown to be consistent with previous studies for the last solar minimum period and with model calculations, confirming the reversal of the winter anomaly, the hemispheric asymmetry of the semiannual anomaly, and the existence in the plasmasphere of an annual anomaly in the South American sector of longitudes. The analysis of the respective fractional contributions from the ionosphere and the plasmasphere to the total electron content shows quantitatively that during the night the plasmasphere makes the largest contribution, peaking just before sunrise and during winter. On the other hand, the fractional contribution from the ionosphere reaches a maximum value around noon, which is nearly independent of season and geomagnetic latitude.
Dynamics of HVECs emitted from comet C/2011 L4 as observed by STEREO
Authors: Raouafi N.‐E. , Lisse C. M. , Stenborg G. , Jones G. H. , Schmidt C. A.
Published: July 2015

High‐quality white‐light images from the Sun‐Earth Connection Coronal and Heliospheric Investigation (SECCHI) HI‐1 telescope on board STEREO‐B reveal high‐velocity evanescent clumps (HVECs) expelled from the coma of the C/2011 L4 (Pan‐STARRS) comet. The observations were recorded around the comet's perihelion (i.e., ∼0.3 AU) during the period 9–16 March 2013. Animated images provide evidence of highly dynamic ejecta moving near radially in the antisunward direction. The bulk speed of the clumps at their initial detection in the HI1‐B images range from 200 to 400 km s−1 followed by an appreciable acceleration up to speeds of 450–600 km s−1, which are typical of slow to intermediate solar wind speeds. The clump velocities do not exceed these limiting values and seem to reach a plateau. The images also show that the clumps do not expand as they propagate. The white‐light images do not provide direct insight into the composition of the expelled clumps, which could potentially be composed of fine, submicron dust particles, neutral atoms and molecules, and/or ionized atomic/molecular cometary species. Although solar radiation pressure plays a role in accelerating and size sorting of small dust grains, it cannot accelerate them to velocities >200 km s−1 in the observed time interval of a few hours and distance of < 106 km. Further, order of magnitude calculations show that ionized single atoms or molecules accelerate too quickly compared to observations, while dust grains micron sized or larger accelerate too slowly. We find that neutral Na, Li, K, or Ca atoms with β > 50 could possibly fit the observations. Just as likely, we find that an interaction with the solar wind and the heliospheric magnetic field can cause the observed clump dynamical evolution, accelerating them quickly up to solar wind velocities. We thus speculate that the HVECs are composed of charged particles (dust particles) or neutral atoms accelerated by radiation pressure at β > 50 values. In addition, the data suggest that clump ejecta initially move along near‐radial, bright structures, which then separate into HVECs and larger dust grains that steadily bend backward relative to the comet's orbital motion due to the effects of solar radiation and gravity. These structures gradually form new striae in the dust tail. The near‐periodic spacing of the striae may be indicative of outgassing activity modulation due to the comet nucleus' rotation. It is, however, unclear whether all striae are formed as a result of this process.
New insights into embayed beach rotation: The importance of wave exposure and cross‐shore processes
Authors: Harley M. D. , Turner I. L. , Short A. D.
Published: July 2015

Although embayed beach rotation has been viewed and modeled as an alongshore sediment transport process acting on a uniform beach profile, recent research suggests a more complex response whereby alongshore variability in cross‐shore sediment fluxes may be more significant. This study utilizes 5 years of fully three‐dimensional beach surveys at Narrabeen‐Collaroy Beach (SE Australia) to quantify the control of alongshore nonuniform wave exposure and cross‐shore processes on embayed beach rotation. Empirical orthogonal function analysis of the alongshore variability in subaerial beach volume/width and berm slope confirms that the dominant mode of subaerial beach variability is an onshore/offshore sediment exchange that is strongly controlled (R > 0.8) by the alongshore gradient in breaker wave height and coincides with a uniform flattening/steepening of the berm slope. A secondary rotation‐like signal is observed in both the subaerial beach volume/width data and, significantly, the berm slope. This inverse flattening/steepening of the berm slope between beach extremities is most likely a proxy for differing cross‐shore processes within the surf zone between the exposed and sheltered ends of the embayment, particularly with regards to dissipation of storm wave energy by offshore sandbars and beach recovery following storms. Analysis of the corresponding wave data reveals two distinct time scales of wave forcing characteristic of short‐term erosion and longer‐term recovery processes. A new conceptual model is presented of three differing modes of embayed beach rotation, with the newly identified beach rotation mode controlled by offshore sandbars considered of particular importance at embayments where headland sheltering of oblique waves is pronounced.
Abiotic control of underwater light in a drinking water reservoir: Photon budget analysis and implications for water quality monitoring
Authors: Watanabe Shohei , Laurion Isabelle , Markager Stiig , Vincent Warwick F.
Published: July 2015

In optically complex inland waters, the underwater attenuation of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) is controlled by a variable combination of absorption and scattering components of the lake or river water. Here we applied a photon budget approach to identify the main optical components affecting PAR attenuation in Lake St. Charles, a drinking water reservoir for Québec City, Canada. This analysis showed the dominant role of colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) absorption (average of 44% of total absorption during the sampling period), but with large changes over depth in the absolute and relative contribution of the individual absorption components (water, nonalgal particulates, phytoplankton and CDOM) to PAR attenuation. This pronounced vertical variation occurred because of the large spectral changes in the light field with depth, and it strongly affected the average in situ diffuse absorption coefficients in the water column. For example, the diffuse absorption coefficient for pure‐water in the ambient light field was 10‐fold higher than the value previously measured in the blue open ocean and erroneously applied to lakes and coastal waters. Photon absorption budget calculations for a range of limnological conditions confirmed that phytoplankton had little direct influence on underwater light, even at chlorophyll a values above those observed during harmful algal blooms in the lake. These results imply that traditional measures of water quality such as Secchi depth and radiometric transparency do not provide a meaningful estimate of the biological state of the water column in CDOM‐colored lakes and reservoirs.
Ionospheric disturbances in the vicinity of the Chelyabinsk meteoroid explosive disruption as inferred from dense GPS observations
Authors: Perevalova N. P. , Shestakov N. V. , Voeykov S. V. , Takahashi H. , Guojie M.
Published: July 2015

The paper describes results of studying effects of total electron content (TEC) variations triggered by the Chelyabinsk meteoroid airburst as inferred from unique data of a dense GPS network located around the final part of the meteoroid atmospheric path. Well‐pronounced TEC disturbances with an average period of about 10 min and amplitude of 0.07–0.5 TECU (total electron content unit, 1 TECU = 1016 el m−2) were detected. These disturbances were initiated by an ionospheric source activated about 5–6 min after the airburst. The disturbance velocity damping with time and distance from the airburst was revealed using a GPS interferometric technique. Several modes of TEC disturbances with propagation velocities ranging from 250 to 660 m/s were distinguished through the distance‐time diagram analysis. The estimated position of ionospheric source of TEC disturbances is shifted 36 km southwestward from the airburst, which is most likely to be associated with the conjoint influence of TEC data errors, damping and anisotropy of TID propagation velocity.
Numerical simulation of an elve modulated by a gravity wave
Authors: Marshall R. A. , Yue Jia , Lyons Walter A.
Published: July 2015

Recent video observations have shown that elves—the visible manifestation of the lightning electromagnetic pulse (EMP) interacting with the lower ionosphere—can be modulated by neutral density fluctuations at lower ionosphere altitudes due to gravity waves. The elve emissions thus illuminate the gravity wave structure. Here we use a finite difference time domain (FDTD) model of the lightning EMP to simulate elve emissions in the presence of neutral density fluctuations representative of gravity waves. We show that observable elve striations can be generated by gravity waves with a neutral density perturbation of as low as 5% at elve altitudes near 85 km. Higher perturbations lead to more pronounced striations. The depth of the optical signature perturbation is found to be similar in magnitude to the neutral density perturbation at elve altitudes, although the relationship depends on viewing geometry, gravity wave geometry, and the elve‐causative lightning peak current moment.
Stratospheric intrusions, the Santa Ana winds, and wildland fires in Southern California
Authors: Langford A. O. , Pierce R. B. , Schultz P. J.
Published: July 2015

The Santa Ana winds of Southern California have long been associated with wildland fires that can adversely affect air quality and lead to loss of life and property. These katabatic winds are driven primarily by thermal gradients but can be exacerbated by northerly flow associated with upper level troughs passing through the western U.S. In this paper, we show that the fire danger associated with the passage of upper level troughs can be further increased by the formation of deep tropopause folds that transport extremely dry ozone‐rich air from the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere to the surface. Stratospheric intrusions can thus increase surface ozone both directly through transport and indirectly through their influence on wildland fires. We illustrate this situation with the example of the Springs Fire, which burned nearly 25,000 acres in Ventura County during May 2013.
Improved outer boundary conditions for outer radiation belt data assimilation using THEMIS‐SST data and the Salammbo‐EnKF code
Authors: Maget V. , Sicard‐Piet A. , Bourdarie S. , Lazaro D. , Turner D. L. , Daglis I. A. , Sandberg I.
Published: July 2015

Over the last decade, efforts have been made in the radiation belt community to develop data assimilation tools in order to improve the accuracy of radiation belts models. In this paper we present a new method to correctly take into account the outer boundary conditions at L* = 8 in such an enhanced model of the radiation belts. To do that we based our work on the Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms/Solid State Telescope data set. Statistics are developed to define a consistent electron distribution at L* = 8 (in both equatorial pitch angle and energy), and a variance‐covariance matrix is estimated in order to more realistically drive the Monte Carlo sampling required by the Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF). Data processing is first described as well as caveats avoided, and then the use of these information in a machinery such as the EnKF is described. It is shown that the way the Monte Carlo simulations are performed is of great importance to realistically reproduced outer boundary distribution needed by the physic‐based Salammbô model. Finally, EnKF simulations are performed and compared during September 2011 in order to analyze the improvements gained using this new method of defining outer boundary conditions. In particular, we highlight in this study that such a method provides great improvement in the reconstruction of the dynamics observed at geosynchronous orbit, both during quiet and active magnetic conditions.
A numerical study of the effects of migrating tides on thermosphere midnight density maximum
Authors: Ruan Haibing , Du Jian , Cook Matt , Wang Wenbin , Yue Jia , Gan Quan , Dou Xiankang , Lei Jiuhou
Published: July 2015

In this study, we employed the National Center for Atmospheric Research Thermosphere Ionosphere Electrodynamics General Circulation Model (TIEGCM) and the extended Canadian Middle Atmosphere Model (eCMAM) to investigate the role of the migrating terdiurnal tide on the formation and variation of the thermosphere midnight temperature maximum (MTM) and midnight mass density maximum (MDM). The migrating terdiurnal tide from the eCMAM was applied at the TIEGCM's lower boundary, along with the migrating diurnal and semidiurnal tides from the Global‐Scale Wave Model. Several numerical experiments with different combinations of tidal forcing at the TIEGCM's lower boundary were carried out to determine the contribution of each tide to MTM/MDM. We found that the interplay between diurnal, semidiurnal, and terdiurnal tides determines the formation of MTM/MDM and their structure in the upper thermosphere. The decrease of thermospheric mass density after MDM reaches its maximum at ~02:00 local time is mainly controlled by the terdiurnal tide. Furthermore, we examined the generation mechanisms of the migrating terdiurnal tide in the upper thermosphere and found that they come from three sources: upward propagation from the lower thermosphere, in situ generation via nonlinear interaction, and thermal excitation.
The Dst index underestimates the solar cycle variation of geomagnetic activity
Authors: Temerin Michael , Li Xinlin
Published: July 2015

It is known that the correction of the Kyoto Dst index for the secular variation of the Earth's internal field produces a discontinuity in the Kyoto Dst index at the end of each year. We show that this secular correction also introduces a significant baseline error to the Kyoto Dst index that leads to an underestimate of the solar cycle variation of geomagnetic activity and of the strength of the ring current as measured by the Kyoto Dst index. Thus, the average value of the Kyoto Dst index would be approximately 13 nT more negative for the active year 2003 compared to quiet years 2006 and 2009 if the Kyoto Dst index properly measured the effects of the ring current and other currents that influence the Dst observatories. Discontinuities in the Kyoto Dst index at the end of each year have an average value of about 5 nT, but the discontinuity at the end of year 2002 was approximately 12 nT, and the discontinuity at the end of year 1982 may have been as large as 20 nT.
Ammonia and methane dairy emission plumes in the San Joaquin Valley of California from individual feedlot to regional scales
Authors: Miller David J. , Sun Kang , Tao Lei , Pan Da , Zondlo Mark A. , Nowak John B. , Liu Zhen , Diskin Glenn , Sachse Glen , Beyersdorf Andreas , Ferrare Richard , Scarino Amy Jo
Published: July 2015

Agricultural ammonia (NH3) emissions are highly uncertain, with high spatiotemporal variability and a lack of widespread in situ measurements. Regional NH3 emission estimates using mass balance or emission ratio approaches are uncertain due to variable NH3 sources and sinks as well as unknown plume correlations with other dairy source tracers. We characterize the spatial distributions of NH3 and methane (CH4) dairy plumes using in situ surface and airborne measurements in the Tulare dairy feedlot region of the San Joaquin Valley, California, during the NASA Deriving Information on Surface conditions from Column and Vertically Resolved Observations Relevant to Air Quality 2013 field campaign. Surface NH3 and CH4 mixing ratios exhibit large variability with maxima localized downwind of individual dairy feedlots. The geometric mean NH3:CH4 enhancement ratio derived from surface measurements is 0.15 ± 0.03 ppmv ppmv−1. Individual dairy feedlots with spatially distinct NH3 and CH4 source pathways led to statistically significant correlations between NH3 and CH4 in 68% of the 69 downwind plumes sampled. At longer sampling distances, the NH3:CH4 enhancement ratio decreases 20–30%, suggesting the potential for NH3 deposition as a loss term for plumes within a few kilometers downwind of feedlots. Aircraft boundary layer transect measurements directly above surface mobile measurements in the dairy region show comparable gradients and geometric mean enhancement ratios within measurement uncertainties, even when including NH3 partitioning to submicron particles. Individual NH3 and CH4 plumes sampled at close proximity where losses are minimal are not necessarily correlated due to lack of mixing and distinct source pathways. Our analyses have important implications for constraining NH3 sink and plume variability influences on regional NH3 emission estimates and for improving NH3 emission inventory spatial allocations.
The microphysical pathway to contrail formation
Authors: Kärcher B. , Burkhardt U. , Bier A. , Bock L. , Ford I. J.
Published: July 2015

A conceptual framework to predict microphysical and optical properties of contrail particles within a wingspan behind the source aircraft is developed. Results from two decades of contrail observations and numerical simulations are reviewed forming the basis of theoretical model development. The model utilizes cloud theory applied to the dynamics and thermodynamics of jet aircraft exhaust plumes in upper tropospheric conditions. Droplet nuclei include soot particles emitted from aircraft engines and atmospheric particles entrained into the plume. These precursor particles activate into copious homogeneously freezing water droplets as the plume relative humidity rises beyond liquid water saturation. A unimodal size spectrum of ice particles develops wherein ice particles grow to micrometer mean sizes. Contrail particle formation is analyzed over a wide range of soot emissions relating to conventional jet fuels as well as to alternative aviation fuels producing much less soot and volatile particle emissions. For current aviation fuels and propulsion technology, the number of contrail ice particles scales roughly in proportion to the number of emitted soot particles that act as water condensation nuclei despite their poor hygroscopicity. Close to the contrail formation threshold, only few plume particles can be water activated and freeze. Implications for effects of alternative fuels on contrails, an arena for future scientific exploration, are outlined.
Accounting for aerosol scattering in the CLARS retrieval of column averaged CO2 mixing ratios
Authors: Zhang Qiong , Natraj Vijay , Li King‐Fai , Shia Run‐Lie , Fu Dejian , Pongetti Thomas J. , Sander Stanley P. , Roehl Coleen M. , Yung Yuk L.
Published: July 2015

The California Laboratory for Atmospheric Remote Sensing Fourier transform spectrometer (CLARS‐FTS) deployed at Mount Wilson, California, has been measuring column abundances of greenhouse gases in the Los Angeles (LA) basin in the near‐infrared spectral region since August 2011. CLARS‐FTS measures reflected sunlight and has high sensitivity to absorption and scattering in the boundary layer. In this study, we estimate the retrieval biases caused by aerosol scattering and present a fast and accurate approach to correct for the bias in the CLARS column averaged CO2 mixing ratio product, XCO2. The high spectral resolution of 0.06 cm−1 is exploited to reveal the physical mechanism for the bias. We employ a numerical radiative transfer model to simulate the impact of neglecting aerosol scattering on the CO2 and O2 slant column densities operationally retrieved from CLARS‐FTS measurements. These simulations show that the CLARS‐FTS operational retrieval algorithm likely underestimates CO2 and O2 abundances over the LA basin in scenes with moderate aerosol loading. The bias in the CO2 and O2 abundances due to neglecting aerosol scattering cannot be canceled by ratioing each other in the derivation of the operational product of XCO2. We propose a new method for approximately correcting the aerosol‐induced bias. Results for CLARS XCO2 are compared to direct‐Sun XCO2 retrievals from a nearby Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON) station. The bias‐correction approach significantly improves the correlation between the XCO2 retrieved from CLARS and TCCON, demonstrating that this approach can increase the yield of useful data from CLARS‐FTS in the presence of moderate aerosol loading.
Alcohol as a Processing Solvent of Polymeric Semiconductors to Fabricate Environmentally Benign and High Performance Polymer Field Effect Transistors
Authors: Cheon Kwang Hee , Ahn Hyungju , Cho Jangwhan , Yun Hui‐Jun , Lim Byung Tack , Yun Dong Jin , Lee Han‐Koo , Kwon Soon‐Ki , Kim Yun‐Hi , Chung Dae Sung
Published: July 2015

Here, a novel strategy is reported to develop polymer field effect transistors using ethanol, propanol, and butanol—the most environmentally benign solvent except water—as processing solvents. From such environmentally benign processes, for the first time high‐mobility (>1 cm2 V−1 s−1) polymer field effect transistors are demonstrated. These mobility values realized from “really green solvents” exceed those of conventional hydrogenated amorphous silicon semiconductors. To achieve this 1) stable sub‐microparticles of conjugated polymers dispersed in alcohols are fabricated, 2) an aldehyde‐assisted surface tension‐depression methodology is developed to successfully form thin films from alcohol, and 3) the structural information of alcohol‐dispersed sub‐microparticles of semiconducting polymers is carefully characterized.
Marginal groups in marginal times: Gypsy and Traveller parents and home education in England, UK
Authors: Bhopal Kalwant , Myers Martin
Published: July 2015

This article examines the experiences of home education for Gypsy and Traveller groups in England, UK. We argue that home education is perceived in a particular historical ‘moment’ characterised in the media and more generally throughout society by ‘risk’. Against this backdrop this article considers Gypsy and Traveller experiences of home education and their relationships with local education authorities. Drawing on case study data with 10 Gypsy and Traveller families living on the south coast of England we argue that the marginal status of Gypsy and Traveller families exposes them to particular vulnerabilities associated with failure, incompetence and lack of concern regarding the education of their children. This is further heightened in present day ‘risk society’. Drawing on the work of Ulrich Beck, we suggest home education is both a reaction to the risks associated with modernisation and also a perceived risk in itself when equated with issues of child protection and welfare. Despite maintaining community networks and longstanding traditions of home education, Gypsy and Traveller lifestyles are still perceived as being at risk within a ‘moment’ in which home education is under scrutiny.
Fast accessing Web3D contents using lightweight progressive meshes
Authors: Wen Laixiang , Xie Ning , Jia Jinyuan
Published: July 2015

Accessing Web3D contents is relatively slow through Internet under limited bandwidth. Preprocessing of 3D models can certainly alleviate the problem, such as 3D compression and progressive meshes (PM). But none of them considers the similarity between components of a 3D model, so that we could take advantage of this to further improve the efficiency. This paper proposes a similarity‐aware data reduction method together with PM, called lightweight progressive meshes (LPM). LPM aims to excavate similar components in a 3D model, generates PM representation of each component left after removing redundant components, and organizes all the processed data using a structure called lightweight scene graph. The proposed LPM possesses four significant advantages. First, it can minimize the file size of 3D model dramatically without almost any precision loss. Because of this, minimal data is delivered. Second, PM enables the delivery to be progressive, so called streaming. Third, when rendering at client side, due to lightweight scene graph, decompression is not necessary and instanced rendering is fully exerted. Fourth, it is extremely efficient and effective under very limited bandwidth, especially when delivering large 3D scenes. Performance on real data justifies the effectiveness of our LPM, which improves the state‐of‐the‐art in accessing Web3D contents. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gab1 amplifies signaling in response to low‐intensity stimulation by HGF
Authors: Aasrum Monica , Ødegård John , Thoresen Gunn Hege , Brusevold Ingvild J. , Sandnes Dagny L. , Christoffersen Thoralf
Published: July 2015

The receptor tyrosine kinases EGFR and Met induce phosphorylation of the docking protein Gab1, and there is evidence that Gab1 may have a role in the signaling from these receptors. Studying hepatocytes, we previously found that although Gab1 mechanistically interacted in different ways with EGFR and Met, it was involved in mitogenic signaling induced by both EGF and HGF. It has been reported that in EGFR, Gab1 is required particularly at a low dose of EGF. Whether this also applies to HGF/Met signaling has not been investigated. We have studied the role of Gab1 in activation of the Akt and ERK pathways at low‐ and high‐intensity stimulation with EGF and HGF in cultured hepatocytes. In cells where Gab1 was depleted by a specific Gab1‐directed siRNA, the EGF‐induced phosphorylation of ERK was lowered and HGF‐induced phosphorylation of both ERK and Akt was substantially reduced. These effects were more marked at low‐dose HGF stimulation. The inhibitory consequence of Gab1 depletion was particularly pronounced for HGF‐induced Akt phosphorylation. The results suggest that Gab1 is an important signal amplifier for low‐intensity stimulation by HGF.
Acute polyhydramnios after maternal status epilepticus
Authors: Shindo Ryosuke , Aoki Shigeru , Kasai Michi , Takahashi Tsuneo , Hirahara Fumiki
Published: July 2015

Key Clinical Message

Maternal status epilepticus can cause fetal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy that in turn results in acute polyhydramnios caused by fetal dysphagia; thus, acute polyhydramnios is a symptom that should lead to a suspicion of fetal dysphagia caused by hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy.
Polymyositis and fatal interstitial pneumonia following pelvic irradiation that led to unexpectedly severe adverse effects: a case report
Authors: Oike Takahiro , Ohno Tatsuya , Shirai Katsuyuki , Inoue Takashi , Nakano Takashi
Published: July 2015

Key Clinical Message

Interstitial pneumonia (IP) sometimes precedes collagen vascular disease (CVD) onset. A patient with bladder cancer and mild IP received pelvic irradiation and experienced unexpectedly severe urinary toxicity followed by polymyositis onset and fatal IP exacerbation. Careful observation for “alarm adverse effects” of radiotherapy in IP patients may help predicting CVD onset.
Spatiotemporal relationships between the cell shape and the actomyosin cortex of periodically protruding cells
Authors: Driscoll Meghan K. , Losert Wolfgang , Jacobson Ken , Kapustina Maryna
Published: July 2015

We investigate the dynamics of cell shape and analyze the actin and myosin distributions of cells exhibiting cortical density traveling waves. These waves propagate by repeated cycles of cortical compression (folding) and dilation (unfolding) that lead to periodic protrusions (oscillations) of the cell boundary. The focus of our detailed analysis is the remarkable periodicity of this phenotype, in which both the overall shape transformation and distribution of actomyosin density are repeated from cycle to cycle even though the characteristics of the shape transformation vary significantly for different regions of the cell. We show, using correlation analysis, that during traveling wave propagation cortical actin and plasma membrane densities are tightly coupled at each point along the cell periphery. We also demonstrate that the major protrusion appears at the wave trailing edge just after the actin cortex density has reached a maximum. Making use of the extraordinary periodicity, we employ latrunculin to demonstrate that sequestering actin monomers can have two distinct effects: low latrunculin concentrations can trigger and enhance traveling waves but higher concentrations of this drug retard the waves. The fundamental mechanism underlying this periodically protruding phenotype, involving folding and unfolding of the cortex‐membrane couple, is likely to hold important clues for diverse phenomena including cell division and amoeboid‐type migration. © 2015 The Authors. Cytoskeleton Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.