bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Media Coverage of Global Financial Crisis and Formation of Societal Perceptions and Behaviors : A Qualitative Content Analysis Perspective
Authors: Mohiuddin Muhammad , Parvin Syeda Sonia , Sultana Mast Afrin , Karuranga Egide
Published: May 2017

La mesure et l’analyse des crises financières nécessitent à la fois des approches cognitives et comportementales contraintes par la rationalité limitée. Cet article décrit la perception des risques et répond à la crise financière mondiale comme elle peut être discutée par les éditorialistes dans les journaux. La recherche quantitative a déjà démontré l’influence des médias sur les comportements sociétaux. Nous suggérons, cependant, qu’il est possible d’identifier une catégorisation des perceptions du risque et des réponses en employant l’analyse du contenu des éditoriaux. Nous adoptons une approche qualitative, constructiviste illustrant cette catégorisation. Nous prouverons ainsi à la fois comment et pourquoi les médias, par la promotion de certaines catégories de la perception du risque, peuvent influencer la société en vue d’adopter divers comportements face à une crise financière mondiale. De plus, nous analysons la cohérence des réponses et des biais d’analyse de la crise financière mondiale sur la base d’une revue de la littérature. JEL Code  : G32 ; E32 ; A13.
Anti-infective effects of sugar-vaseline mixture on leg ulcers
Authors: Franceschi Claude , Bricchi Massimo , Delfrate Roberto
Published: May 2017

Fifty patients affected of resistant leg ulcers where treated exclusively with a vaseline-glucose mixture in combination with an etiologic treatment. Neither additional topical, systemic anti-infective drugs nor surgical debridement were applied. The dressing turnover rate was 6-7 days. A first bacteriological sampling was followed by a second one (40 days mean), which showed 100% sterilized ulcers. A complete scaring was achieved in 46 (92%) on average of 109 days of apply. This efficient, low cost, painless and quick treatment could proposed as a first line option.
Comparisons of ground-based tropospheric NO2 MAX-DOAS measurements to satellite observations with the aid of an air quality model over the Thessaloniki area, Greece
Authors: Drosoglou Theano , Bais Alkiviadis F. , Zyrichidou Irene , Kouremeti Natalia , Poupkou Anastasia , Liora Natalia , Giannaros Christos , Koukouli Maria Elissavet , Balis Dimitris , Melas Dimitrios
Published: May 2017

Abstract. One of the main issues arising from the comparison of ground-based and satellite measurements is the difference in spatial representativeness, which for locations with inhomogeneous spatial distribution of pollutants may lead to significant differences between the two data sets. In order to investigate the spatial variability of tropospheric NO2 within a sub-satellite pixel, a campaign which lasted for about 6 months was held in the greater area of Thessaloniki, Greece. Three multi-axial differential optical absorption spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) systems performed measurements of tropospheric NO2 columns at different sites representative of urban, suburban and rural conditions. The direct comparison of these ground-based measurements with corresponding products from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument onboard NASA's Aura satellite (OMI/Aura) showed good agreement over the rural and suburban areas, while the comparison with the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment-2 (GOME-2) onboard EUMETSAT's Meteorological Operational satellites' (MetOp-A and MetOp-B) observations is good only over the rural area. GOME-2A and GOME-2B sensors show an average underestimation of tropospheric NO2 over the urban area of about 10.51 ± 8.32  ×  1015 and 10.21 ± 8.87  × 1015 molecules cm−2, respectively. The mean difference between ground-based and OMI observations is significantly lower (6.60 ± 5.71  ×  1015 molecules cm−2). The differences found in the comparisons of MAX-DOAS data with the different satellite sensors can be attributed to the higher spatial resolution of OMI, as well as the different overpass times and NO2 retrieval algorithms of the satellites. OMI data were adjusted using factors calculated by an air quality modeling tool, consisting of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) mesoscale meteorological model and the Comprehensive Air Quality Model with Extensions (CAMx) multiscale photochemical transport model. This approach resulted in significant improvement of the comparisons over the urban monitoring site. The average difference of OMI observations from MAX-DOAS measurements was reduced to −1.68 ± 5.01  ×  1015 molecules cm−2.
Hydrology drives chemical synchronicity in subarctic tundra ponds
Authors: Morison Matthew Q. , Macrae Merrin L. , Petrone Richard M. , Fishback LeeAnn
Published: May 2017

Abstract. Climate change has implications for the capacity of the many small shallow ponds found at high latitudes to support organisms and store carbon, which in turn has important feedbacks for climate change. As carbon cycling in ponds is linked to nutrient supply, an improved understanding of pond biogeochemistry is needed. Due to logistical challenges, many studies rely on data sets collected during a single campaign that may not be representative of the entire ice-free season. This study characterized spatial and temporal patterns in water chemistry in tundra ponds to determine: (1) if temporal variability in pond chemistry exceeded spatial variability; (2) if temporal variability existed, whether all ponds (or groups of ponds) behaved in a similar temporal pattern, linked to season or hydrology; (3) if spatiotemporal variability in pond biogeochemical signatures could be used to make inferences about processes occurring within ponds and between ponds and surrounding peatlands. Six shallow ponds located in the Hudson Bay Lowlands region were monitored ~ biweekly throughout the ice-free season (May 1–October 31, 2015) for concentrations of nitrogen species and major ions. Temporal variability exceeded spatial variability (variation among ponds) in pond concentrations of most major ions and dissolved organic nitrogen, which appeared to be driven by the evapoconcentration and dilution of pond water. In contrast, the dissolved inorganic nitrogen species were not directly related to pond hydrologic conditions and were instead likely mediated by biological processes within ponds. This work provides an improved understanding of the relative controls of internal and external drivers of pond biogeochemical patterns, and highlights the importance of the highly variable seasonal hydrology. This work also provides insight for future field sampling campaigns.
Use of flow cytometry and stable isotope analysis to determine
phytoplankton uptake of wastewater derived ammonium in a
nutrient-rich river
Authors: Schmidt Calla M. , Kraus Tamara E. C. , Young Megan B. , Kendall Carol
Published: May 2017

Abstract. Anthropogenic alteration of the form and concentration of nitrogen (N) in aquatic ecosystems is widespread. Understanding availability and uptake of different N sources at the base of aquatic food webs is critical to establishment of effective nutrient management programs. Stable isotopes of N (14N, 15N) are often used to trace the sources of N fueling aquatic primary production, but effective use of this approach requires obtaining a reliable isotopic ratio for phytoplankton. In this study, we tested the use of flow cytometry to isolate phytoplankton from bulk particulate organic matter (POM) in a portion of the Sacramento River, California, during river-scale nutrient manipulation experiments that involved halting wastewater discharges high in ammonium (NH4+). Field samples were collected using a Lagrangian approach, allowing us to measure changes in phytoplankton N source in the presence and absence of wastewater derived NH4+. Comparison of δ15N-POM and δ15N-Phytoplankton (δ15N-PHY) revealed that their δ15N values followed broadly similar trends. However, after 3 days of downstream travel in the presence of wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent, δ15N-POM and δ15N-PHY in the Sacramento River differed by as much as 7 ‰. Using a stable isotope mixing model approach, we estimated that in the presence of effluent between 40 and 90 % of phytoplankton-N was derived from NH4+ after 3 days of downstream transport. An apparent gradual increase over time in the proportion of NH4+ in the phytoplankton N pool suggests that either very low phytoplankton growth rates resulted in an N turnover time that exceeded the travel time sampled during this study, or a portion of the phytoplankton community continued to access nitrate even in the presence of elevated NH4+ concentrations.
Constraints on the rheology of lower crust in a strike-slip plate boundary: Evidence from the San Quintin xenoliths, Baja California, Mexico
Authors: van der Werf Thomas , Chatzaras Vasileios , M. Kriegsman Leo , Kronenberg Andreas , Tikoff Basil , R. Drury Martyn
Published: May 2017

Abstract. The rheology of lower crust and its time-dependent behavior in active strike-slip plate boundaries remain poorly understood. To address this issue, we analyzed a suite of mafic granulite and lherzolite xenoliths from the Holocene San Quintin volcanic field, of northern Baja California, Mexico. The San Quintin volcanic field is located 20 km east of the Baja California shear zone, which accommodates the relative movement between the Pacific plate and Baja California microplate. Combining microstructural observations, geothermometry and phase equilibria modeling we constrain that crystal-plastic deformation took place at temperatures of 750–900 °C and pressures of 400–580 MPa, corresponding to 15–22 km depth. A hot crustal geothermal gradient of 40 °C/km is required to explain the estimated deformation conditions. Infrared spectroscopy shows that plagioclase in the mafic granulites is dry. Microstructural evidence suggests that the mafic granulite and peridotite xenoliths were dominantly deforming by processes transitional between dislocation creep and diffusion creep. Recrystallized grain size paleopiezometry yields similar differential stresses in both the uppermost lower crust and upper mantle. Using dry-plagioclase and dry-olivine flow laws we demonstrate that the viscosity of the lower crust and upper mantle is low (2.2 × 1018 – 1.4 × 1020 Pa s). Comparing the viscosity structure of the lithosphere constrained from the San Quintin xenoliths with results from post-seismic relaxation studies from western US, we suggest that lower crust is stronger during transient deformation (e.g., post-seismic relaxation period) while the upper mantle is stronger during long-term deformation (e.g., interseismic period).
A multiphysical ensemble system of numerical snow modelling
Authors: Lafaysse Matthieu , Cluzet Bertrand , Dumont Marie , Lejeune Yves , Vionnet Vincent , Morin Samuel
Published: May 2017

Abstract. Physically based multilayer snowpack models suffer from various modelling errors. To represent these errors, we built the new multiphysical ensemble system ESCROC (Ensemble System Crocus) by implementing new representations of different physical processes in the deterministic coupled multilayer ground/snowpack model SURFEX/ISBA/Crocus. This ensemble was driven and evaluated at Col de Porte (1325 m a.s.l., French alps) over 18 years with a high-quality meteorological and snow data set. A total number of 7776 simulations were evaluated separately, accounting for the uncertainties of evaluation data. The ability of the ensemble to capture the uncertainty associated to modelling errors is assessed for snow depth, snow water equivalent, bulk density, albedo and surface temperature. Different sub-ensembles of the ESCROC system were studied with probabilistic tools to compare their performance. Results show that optimal members of the ESCROC system are able to explain more than half of the total simulation errors. Integrating members with biases exceeding the range corresponding to observational uncertainty is necessary to obtain an optimal dispersion, but this issue can also be a consequence of the fact that meteorological forcing uncertainties were not accounted for. The ESCROC system promises the integration of numerical snow-modelling errors in ensemble forecasting and ensemble assimilation systems in support of avalanche hazard forecasting and other snowpack-modelling applications.
Active Improvement Management of by Patterns of Active Thinking
Authors: Fegh-hi Farahmand Nasser
Published: May 2017

Most likely, management by patterns of active thinking will quantify success in many ways. The importance of strategic, long-term policy and active improvement management is very clear to improvement. The importance of strategic, long-term policy and active improvement management is very clear to improvement. Active managers like to follow a similar and routine active behavioral pattern. Active improvement management, normally taken, as a part of active improvement, therefore also tends to run in cycles of around last years. The importance and growth of the products and services reviewed that it is expanding globally. Furthermore, researchers believe that the primary objective of the corporate organizational active is creation of dynamism, competitive structure and culture. Active-management behavior in organizations regarded as a tool for organizations' growth and profitability, strategic innovation, organizational and customer-oriented changes.
Image in Translated Novels from English into Persian
Authors: Parvizi Gholam-Reza
Published: May 2017

The question of image in literary studies and in recent years in Translation Studies is one of the most problematic innature. In the present study an attempt was made to define the nature of translating linguistic constructions – evokingimages in the mind of reader – in English novels and their rendered versions in Persian translations. In this studyseven types of images (visual, auditory, olfactory, gustatory, tactile, kinesthetic and organic) in two English novelsand their rendered versions in Persian were analyzed based on two theoretical frameworks, the first one is Jiang’sImage-Based Model to Literary Translation (2008) by which the nature of translation of images were examined andthe other is Chesterman’s translation strategies (1997) which help to systematize translation strategies adopted bytranslators in rewriting the images in English novels. The results have shown that in most of the cases the images thatare intended by original author have been changed in the translations, and the aesthetic experience of the ST reader isdifferent from that of the TT reader.
Textual Function of Presupposition in Business Letter Discourse
Authors: Chunmei Yu
Published: May 2017

Presupposition refers to what is assumed by the speaker when uttering a specific sentence, usually realized by the useof particular lexical items and/or linguistic constructions which are known as presupposition triggers, is an evitablerequirement for interpretation of the utterance. Based on the theme-rheme theory and thematic progression patternssuggested by Hu Zhuanglin and Zhu Yongsheng, the author adopts qualitative method to make an analysis of thetextual function of presupposition which is realized by serving as themes in clauses, helping to construct differentthematic progression patterns and transmitting information in business letter discourse. Presupposition helps toconstruct four main thematic progression patterns in business letter discourse, which can be conclude as T1→T2 (thesame theme), R1→R2 (the same rheme), R1→T2 (the rheme or part of the rheme in the previous clause becomes thetheme of the next clause) and T1+R1=T2 (both the theme and rheme of the preceding clause are encapsulated into anoun phrase functioning as the theme of the frequent clause). The author chose 30 business letters selected from theinternet and several textbooks as the object of research, and they cover almost every stage of foreign trade.
Criminele families in Noord-Brabant
Authors: Moors H. , Spapens T.
Published: May 2017

Criminal family networks in North Brabant: Generation effects in organized crime

This article on intergenerational transmission of crime in families is based on a study of seven families of which at least one member held a key position in an organized crime group. The authors retrieved information on at least three generations (preceding and succeeding this key member’s generation) to investigate whether transmissions occurred, and if so, how these might be explained. Throughout the generations the majority of family members indeed have criminal records. However, it seems to be less easy to transfer criminal leadership in organized crime from one generation to the next. Leading a criminal group seems to demand qualities that are not transferred easily. Successful successors appear to be able to establish their own networks within the deviant subcultures from which they stem. This also explains the persistence of criminal behavior: both men and women select their friends and partners from these closed communities and seem to prefer for their social and love relationships those who have already developed substantial criminal track records. Organized crime families in North Brabant took advantage of criminal opportunities that were presented to them over the years. Particularly XTC production, starting in the 1990s, allowed them to step up their criminal activities from the local to the global level. In addition, they may have capitalized on a moral economy with sentiments of subordination present in the province of North Brabant, dating back to the seventeenth century, which resulted in a more reserved attitude towards authorities than in other parts of the Netherlands. Finally, law enforcement agencies have been generally slow to respond to developments in criminal opportunities that benefited these seven families.
Drugsafval in Brabant
Authors: Schoenmakers Y.M.M. , Mehlbaum S.L.
Published: May 2017

Synthetic drug waste dumpings in Noord-Brabant

Synthetic drug waste dumpings are a growing concern in the Netherlands, particularly in the southern region. During the production process of ecstasy (MDMA) and speed (amphetamine), large quantities of chemical residue are released, that the illegal manufacturers need to get rid of. According to police statistics the chemical waste is mostly dumped in barrels in rural areas, and recovered as such by authorities. However, an unknown quantity of synthetic drug waste is also directly being discharged into sewer, soil or natural surface waters. The phenomenon embodies environmental crime as well as organized crime. From the viewpoint of environmental crime, both ecological and social harm are evident. The article also illustrates the operations of serious organized crime groups behind the scenes.
Technical Note: Determination of Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D3) in Standard Reference Material 3532 Calcium-Containing Solid Oral Dosage Form
Authors: Burdette Carolyn Q
Published: May 2017

Vitamin D is an important nutrient for many areas of human health and well-being, including improved bone strength, muscle movement, cognitive function, and immune health. The National Institute of Standards and Technology, in collaboration with the National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements, has developed SRM 3532 Calcium-Containing Solid Oral Dosage Form to help address the analytical challenges seen by the dietary supplement communities for the determination of vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) and elements. Described here is the process to assess the homogeneity and stability of the material, as well as the value assignment of the vitamin D3 levels.
High-Dose Intramuscular Vitamin D Provides Long-Lasting Moderate Increases in Serum 25-Hydroxvitamin D Levels and Shorter-Term Changes in Plasma Calcium
Authors: Gorman Shelley , Zafir Mark , Lim Ee Mun , Clarke Michael W , Dhamrait Gursimran , Fleury Naomi , Walsh John P , Kaufmann Martin , Jones Glenville , Lucas Robyn M
Published: May 2017

The best management of vitamin D deficiency, defined as a 25-hydroxyvitamin D [(25(OH)D] level <50nM, is unclear. Intramuscular (IM) injection of a large bolus of vitamin D (≥100 000 IU) is used,but its safety is uncertain. In 10 adults given an IM injection of 600 000IU vitamin D3, we measured at baseline and at 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks postinjection the serum levels of vitamin D3,25(OH)D3, 25(OH)D2, total 25(OH)D, 3-epi-25(OH)D3, and 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [24,25(OH)2D3] using a standardized LC with tandem MS (MS/MS)assay; serum levels of 25(OH)D using the Abbott ARCHITECT i2000 immunoassay; and markers of bone metabolism. Bone markers and 25(OH)D (immunoassay) were remeasured at 24 weeks. All participants had baseline total 25(OH)D levels >50 nM. Serum 25(OH)D levels increased at 3, 4, and 24 weeks postinjection, peaking at 4 weeks [mean ± SEM of 126 ± 7.9nM (immunoassay) and 100 ± 5.5 nM (LC-MS/MS)]but generally remained <125 nM, the upper limit recommended by the U.S. Institute of Medicine. Serum 24,25(OH)2D3 levels increased at 3 and 4 weeks postinjection. Serum ionized calcium levels were higher than baseline at 1, 3, and 4 weeks postinjection but remained within the clinicallynormal range. Other biochemical parameters, including other vitamin D metabolites, plasma alkaline phosphatase, and parathyroid hormone levels, were unchanged. IM injection of a large bolus of vitamin D effectively increases serum 25(OH)D levels without evidence of metabolic abnormality.
UM DIÁLOGO ENTRE A EDUCAÇÃO FÍSICA E A MÚSICA NO CURRÍCULO MEDIADO PELA TEORIA CRÍTICA ADORNIANA
Authors: Gotschalg Juliana Viana , Rodrigues Matheus Almeida
Published: May 2017

Neste texto apresentamos reflexões para os professores sobre a importância do processo educar, ensinar e formar, decorrentes de evidências empíricas de análise micrológica da sala de aula das disciplinas: Educação Física e Música, realizadas através da metodologia hermenêutica objetiva, do sociólogo alemão Ulrich Oevermann, da Universidade de Frankfurt. Aulas gravadas em áudio e transcritas na forma de protocolo de análise, segundo o método, foram submetidas à análise reconstitutiva do processo pedagógico que está presente na sala de aula, evidenciando como professores e alunos lidam com o conhecimento e como se estabelecem as relações de educação como processo sistemático de condução do aluno na realização da sua formação. Nossa referência para essas reflexões é Theodor Adorno, na sua crítica ao processo social de dominação e na sua defesa da emancipação como meta da escola. A hermenêutica objetiva materializa em termos metodológicos a teoria crítica desenvolvida por Adorno, configurando se como uma importante ferramenta para desvelar a prática social educativa.
MAPEAMENTO DAS QUESTÕES DE GÊNERO NO CURSO DE CIÊNCIAS CONTÁBEIS DA UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO SERGIPE
Authors: Pinto Mariana Dórea Figueiredo , Cruz Maria Helena Santana
Published: May 2017

Este estudo tem a finalidade de verificar a existência de desigualdade de gênero sob a percepção de mulheres e homens docentes do curso de Ciências Contábeis da Universidade Federal de Sergipe (UFS), em São Cristóvão. A pesquisa apresenta características qualitativas e quantitativas, visando compreender os fatos de maneira articulada, sem isolá-los do contexto em que se originam. O estudo de caso foi desenvolvido na UFS com um universo de 14 docentes –homens e mulheres –do curso de Ciências Contábeis, por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas. Como não podemos considerar a mulher sem pensar o homem, analisamos as percepções de ambos os sexos sobre o fenômeno em questão. Os resultados indicam que há formas sutis de discriminação e segregação das mulheres no curso de Ciências Contábeis, exigindo delas esforço adicional para terem o mesmo reconhecimento que os homens.
“QUEREMOS SER OUVIDOS”: PROPOSTA DE UM PLANO DE PROMOÇÃO DE PARTICIPAÇÃO DAS CRIANÇAS NA GESTÃO DOS ESPAÇOS PÚBLICOS
Authors: Marques Maria Claudia Da Silva , Araújo Wânia Maria De
Published: May 2017

O presente artigo traz, como proposta de produto técnico da pesquisa intitulada “A Participação das Crianças na Gestão Social do Espaço Público Destinado ao Brincar, em Nova Contagem, um plano com orientações para a promoção de participação das crianças com o objetivo de fomentar a participação infantil em questões sobre espaços púbicos destinados ao brincar. A ideia deste plano é contribuir para o desenvolvimento local em Vargem das Flores, um dos bairros da Regional Nova Contagem. A ênfase das proposições para a promoção de participação das crianças na gestão dos espaços públicos é oportunizar a elas um espaço de reflexão de questões referentes ao brincar no contexto da comunidade local.
INFÂNCIAS E CRIANÇAS RIBEIRINHAS DA AMAZÔNIA MARAJOARA: LINGUAGENS E PRÁTICAS CULTURAIS
Authors: Andrade Simei Santos , Pacheco Tatiana Do Socorro Corrêa
Published: May 2017

“Infâncias e crianças ribeirinhas da Amazônia Marajoara: linguagens e práticas culturais” faz parte de uma investigação mais abrangente sobre infâncias na Amazônia, em andamento. A pesquisa foi realizada com 20 (vinte) crianças, na faixa etária de 5 a 11 anos, residentes no município de Curralinho, distrito Vila do Piriá, estado do Pará. Nosso percurso investigativo tem como objetivo analisar a infância, quem são e como vivem as crianças ribeirinhas da Amazônia Marajoara e que práticas culturais vivenciam no seu cotidiano. A problematização consiste na seguinte indagação: que práticas culturais fazem parte do cotidiano das crianças ribeirinhas da Amazônia Marajoara? A referência teórico-metodológica centra-se na Sociologia da Infância, na Teoria Crítica e nos Estudos do Cotidiano. A pesquisa se constitui por meio de uma abordagem qualitativa focada numa etnografia com crianças. Nossa opção por esta metodologia se deu em virtude de ela responder com maior efeito às nossas expectativas no sentido de dar voz à criança e de harmonizar a pesquisa de maneira que conseguisse capturar a voz da criança-ator. O estudo possibilitou a análise da identidade, da cultura, do cotidiano, do tempo de ser criança em condições objetivas.
OS DISCURSOS SOBRE A EDUCAÇÃO DE MENINOS EM LIVRO DE LEITURA PRODUZIDO NA AMAZÔNIA NO FINAL DO SÉCULO XIX
Authors: Duarte Raimunda Dias
Published: May 2017

Neste estudo, busco analisar a política de educação de meninos na Amazônia republicana em livro didático. Para alcançar esse objetivo, tenciono entender as ideologias sobre a educação de crianças no final do século XIX e início do século XIX na Amazônia e analisar os discursos sobre a educação de meninos no livro de leitura paraense Compendio de Civilidade Cristã, de Dom Macedo Costa, publicado no final do século XIX e reeditado no início do século XX. O estudo está ancorado nos estudos de Mikhail Bakhtin (2009 e 2010). Os dados mostraram que, no final do século XIX e início do século XX, a política de educação de meninos na Amazônia republicana, revelada no livro de leitura Compendio de Civilidade Cristã, tem como principal ideologia prescrever um modelo de menino paraense nos moldes da cultura francesa, considerada o berço da civilização. O comportamento do menino paraense é valorado com base nas ideologias que legitimam os usos e costumes europeus.
The welfare of ducks during foie gras production
Authors: Rochlitz I , Broom DM
Published: May 2017

This review, which focuses on foie gras production from ducks in France, highlights welfare problems that may arise in the final (third) stage of production, when force-feeding occurs and which lasts 12 to 15 days. Welfare problems arising in the first two stages are also considered. The male mulard duck, a non-migratory hybrid between a muscovy drake (Cairina moschata) and a female domestic duck (Anas platyrhynchos), is used most frequently despite being fearful, nervous and maladapted to force-feeding conditions. During the period of force-feeding, mortality is 2 to 6%, higher than in fattening units for meat production. Welfare deteriorates markedly as ducks progress through the three production stages. Posture and gait abnormalities and wing lesions develop, and contact dermatitis is widespread and often severe. Oesophagitis and other injuries are documented. Steatosis and other liver changes are pathological and can limit duck survival. Group housing necessitates the use of crowd-gates to facilitate force-feeding of birds, which show aversive behaviour towards the force-feeder. Cages are small, with a mesh floor without litter or a rest area. Access to open water for bathing or full immersion of the head may be insufficient and make thermoregulation difficult. We conclude that forcefeeding causes very poor welfare in ducks and should not be practised. Should foie gras production without force-feeding become possible, duck livers should not reach a weight at which there are pathological effects. Inadequate housing and management conditions should be prevented by establishing limits for the prevalences of contact dermatitis (foot-pad and digits), breast lesions and gait abnormalities, which should not be exceeded prior to slaughter. Limits should also be established for the prevalence of wing and other body lesions after slaughter.
Validation of scan sampling techniques for behavioural observations of pastured lambs
Authors: Pullin AN , Pairis-Garcia MD , Campler MR , Proudfoot KL
Published: May 2017

The study of farm animal behaviour is a critical tool for assessing animal welfare. Collecting behavioural data with continuous sampling or short scan sampling intervals (eg every 60th second) is considered ideal as this provides the most complete and accurate dataset; however, these methods are also time and labour intensive. Longer sampling intervals provide an alternative in order to increase efficiency, but these require validation to ensure accurate estimation of the data. This study aims to validate scan sampling intervals for lambs (Ovis aries) housed on pasture. Grazing, lying, standing, drinking, locomotion, and mineral consumption were evaluated from six pens of crossbred lambs (six lambs per pen) for 15 h. Data from 1-min instantaneous scan sampling were compared with data from instantaneous scan sampling intervals of 5, 10, 15, and 20 min in two statistical tests: generalised linear mixed model and regression analysis. Using the mixed model, the percentage of time each behaviour was performed did not differ amongst sampling intervals for all behaviours except grazing, which was statistically different at 20-min intervals. Using regression analysis, lying and grazing estimations were accurate up to 20-min intervals, and standing was accurate at 10- and 20-min intervals only. Locomotion, mineral consumption, and drinking demonstrated poor associations for all tested intervals. The results from this study suggest that a 10-min instantaneous scan sampling interval will accurately estimate lying, grazing, and standing behaviour for lambs on pasture. This validation will assist with the efficiency of future data collection in lamb behaviour and welfare research.
Vers une poéthique acadienne : l’exemple d’Herménégilde Chiasson
Authors: Brophy Michael
Published: May 2017

Voulant préciser la portée existentielle de la notion de « poétique », Jean-Claude Pinson déclare : « Il ne s’agit plus tant que la vie soit, par la littérature, mieux connue ; il s’agit qu’elle soit “mieux”vécue. » Autrement dit, comment la poésie peut-elle influer sur la réalité vécue, voire changer celle-ci envraie vie (Rimbaud) ? C’est sous cet angle que Michael Brophy examinera l’émergence de la poésie acadienne comme action et pratique au cours des années 1970. Cependant, pour tester l’hypothèse de la « longue décennie », il faudrait aussi en déterminer les limites. À cet égard, il privilégiera l’oeuvre d’Herménégilde Chiasson, oeuvrede longue haleine, qui accompagnera l’éclosion de nouvelles voix poétiques dans les décennies suivantes, alors que, dès la première parution en 1974, elle pose la question de la fin ainsi que celle du séjour, de l’ethos, de l’être de finitude :Mourir à Scoudouc. Ce titre, qui insiste sur le travail du négatif, est déjà incontestablement prospectif plutôt que rétrospectif, le choix du toponyme ne servant qu’à faire valoir par homophonie l’interrogatif « où ? » qui s’y joue en filigrane.
A Revolução Russa de Outubro de 1917 e os primórdios do regime comunista: aspectos da recepção pública e da dinâmica política em Portugal (1917-1926)
Authors: Castro Leal Ernesto
Published: May 2017

How did the Russian Revolution of October 1917 affect the political and ideological mentality in Portugal? What images of Soviet Russia were transmitted by the first political and intellectual travelers? These are the questions that this article aims to solve. With respect to methodology, after a review of the bibliography, the study focuses on a critical analysis of primary bibliographical sources (political and literary texts) and on certain historical dynamics. By way of conclusion, it shows the confrontation between politics of memory (communism, anticommunism) and the dissemination of new, postrevolutionary experiences (symbols, politics, education, spirituality, society), in the works of the first travelers.
El encuentro de la izquierda cubana con la Revolución Rusa: el Partido Comunista y la Comintern
Authors: Jeifets Víctor , Jeifets Lazar
Published: May 2017

This article analyzes the background and evolution of the affiliation of the Cuban left with the Comintern (Communist International), from their first contacts with the Bolshevik Revolution until the end of the 1920s. The authors recover a little-known history in historiography to show that, despite a series of disagreements between Moscow and Cuban communism, Comintern influence was by no means considered unfavorable to interests for Cuba’s communist movement. In fact, it helped to strengthen the left in that nation.
La política chilena en la postguerra del Pacífico: poder, influencia y relaciones con Ecuador
Authors: Tapia Figueroa Claudio
Published: May 2017

How was South American politics transformed at the end of the war in the Pacific? What role did Ecuador play in that scenario? These questions establish the objective of this article: the study of Chile’s foreign policy once the war in the Pacific was over and the consequent reordering took place. It thus seeks to demonstrate that post-war Chile moved from the use of hard power (military force) to a policy of influence (soft power), the most evident case being the exertion of its power over Ecuador. Primary sources -mainly diplomatic documents and discourses- and secondary sources were used for this purpose.
Digitizing mass spectrometry data to explore the chemical diversity and distribution of marine cyanobacteria and algae
Authors: Luzzatto-Knaan Tal , Garg Neha , Wang Mingxun , Glukhov Evgenia , Peng Yao , Ackermann Gail , Amir Amnon , Duggan Brendan M , Ryazanov Sergey , Gerwick Lena , Knight Rob , Alexandrov Theodore , Bandeira Nuno , Gerwick William H , Dorrestein Pieter C
Published: May 2017

Natural product screening programs have uncovered molecules from diverse natural sources with various biological activities and unique structures. However, much is yet underexplored and additional information is hidden in these exceptional collections. We applied untargeted mass spectrometry approaches to capture the chemical space and dispersal patterns of metabolites from an in-house library of marine cyanobacterial and algal collections. Remarkably, 86% of the metabolomics signals detected were not found in other available datasets of similar nature, supporting the hypothesis that marine cyanobacteria and algae possess distinctive metabolomes. The data were plotted onto a world map representing eight major sampling sites, and revealed potential geographic locations with high chemical diversity. We demonstrate the use of these inventories as a tool to explore the diversity and distribution of natural products. Finally, we utilized this tool to guide the isolation of a new cyclic lipopeptide, yuvalamide A, from a marine cyanobacterium.
Opinions of Turkish as a Foreign Language Learners on Academic Turkish
Authors: Yılmaz İsa
Published: May 2017

The purpose of this study is to determine whether the language skills of the international students attending different Turkish language centers are sufficient to understand their departmental courses. The research was carried out through focus group interviews which are among the qualitative data collection techniques. For this purpose, 14 students studying at two different universities at different levels were selected on a voluntary basis. A semi-structured interview form was created with the help of three experts and was used to collect data for the study. The content analysis technique was used. Responses from 14 students were transcribed and analyzed both individually and entirely. It was detected that the level of Turkish taught at the Turkish language centers remained inadequate for the students to understand their departmental courses. The students had difficulties in understanding the concepts, terms, and sample texts related to their field. It is suggested that the students should be introduced with relevant academic concepts before starting their studies.
Cells tile a flat plane by controlling geometries during morphogenesis of Pyropia thalli
Authors: Xu Kai , Xu Yan , Ji Dehua , Chen Ting , Chen Changsheng , Xie Chaotian
Published: May 2017

Background

Pyropia haitanensis thalli, which are made of a single layer of polygonal cells, are a perfect model for studying the morphogenesis of multi-celled organisms because their cell proliferation process is an excellent example of the manner in which cells control their geometry to create a two-dimensional plane.

Methods

Cellular geometries of thalli at different stages of growth revealed by light microscope analysis.

Results

This study showed the cell division transect the middle of the selected paired-sides to divide the cell into two equal portions, thus resulting in cell sides ≥4 and keeping the average number of cell sides at approximately six even as the thallus continued to grow, such that more than 90% of the cells in thalli longer than 0.08 cm had 5–7 sides. However, cell division could not fully explain the distributions of intracellular angles. Results showed that cell-division-associated fast reorientation of cell sides and cell divisions together caused 60% of the inner angles of cells from longer thalli to range from 100–140°. These results indicate that cells prefer to form regular polygons.

Conclusions

This study suggests that appropriate cell-packing geometries maintained by cell division and reorientation of cell walls can keep the cells bordering each other closely, without gaps.
Downscaling wind and wavefields for 21st century coastal flood hazard projections in a region of complex terrain
Authors: O'Neill A. C. , Erikson L. H. , Barnard P. L.
Published: May 2017

While global climate models (GCMs) provide useful projections of near‐surface wind vectors into the 21st century, resolution is not sufficient enough for use in regional wave modeling. Statistically downscaled GCM projections from Multivariate Adaptive Constructed Analogues provide daily averaged near‐surface winds at an appropriate spatial resolution for wave modeling within the orographically complex region of San Francisco Bay, but greater resolution in time is needed to capture the peak of storm events. Short‐duration high wind speeds, on the order of hours, are usually excluded in statistically downscaled climate models and are of key importance in wave and subsequent coastal flood modeling. Here we present a temporal downscaling approach, similar to constructed analogues, for near‐surface winds suitable for use in local wave models and evaluate changes in wind and wave conditions for the 21st century. Reconstructed hindcast winds (1975–2004) recreate important extreme wind values within San Francisco Bay. A computationally efficient method for simulating wave heights over long time periods was used to screen for extreme events. Wave hindcasts show resultant maximum wave heights of 2.2 m possible within the Bay. Changes in extreme over‐water wind speeds suggest contrasting trends within the different regions of San Francisco Bay, but 21th century projections show little change in the overall magnitude of extreme winds and locally generated waves
Variability in the mechanisms controlling Southern Ocean phytoplankton bloom phenology in an ocean model and satellite observations
Authors: Rohr Tyler , Long Matthew C. , Kavanaugh Maria T. , Lindsay Keith , Doney Scott C.
Published: May 2017

A coupled global numerical simulation (conducted with the Community Earth System Model) is used in conjunction with satellite remote sensing observations to examine the role of top‐down (grazing pressure) and bottom‐up (light, nutrients) controls on marine phytoplankton bloom dynamics in the Southern Ocean. Phytoplankton seasonal phenology is evaluated in the context of the recently proposed “disturbance‐recovery” hypothesis relative to more traditional, exclusively “bottom‐up” frameworks. All blooms occur when phytoplankton division rates exceed loss rates to permit sustained net population growth; however, the nature of this decoupling period varies regionally in Community Earth System Model. Regional case studies illustrate how unique pathways allow blooms to emerge despite very poor division rates or very strong grazing rates. In the Subantarctic, southeast Pacific small spring blooms initiate early cooccurring with deep mixing and low division rates, consistent with the disturbance‐recovery hypothesis. Similar systematics are present in the Subantarctic, southwest Atlantic during the spring but are eclipsed by a subsequent, larger summer bloom that is coincident with shallow mixing and the annual maximum in division rates, consistent with a bottom‐up, light limited framework. In the model simulation, increased iron stress prevents a similar summer bloom in the southeast Pacific. In the simulated Antarctic zone (70°S–65°S) seasonal sea ice acts as a dominant phytoplankton‐zooplankton decoupling agent, triggering a delayed but substantial bloom as ice recedes. Satellite ocean color remote sensing and ocean physical reanalysis products do not precisely match model‐predicted phenology, but observed patterns do indicate regional variability in mechanism across the Atlantic and Pacific.
Potential rise in iron deficiency due to future anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions
Authors: Smith M. R. , Golden C. D. , Myers S. S.
Published: May 2017

Iron deficiency reduces capacity for physical activity, lowers IQ, and increases maternal and child mortality, impacting roughly a billion people worldwide. Recent studies have shown that certain highly consumed crops—C3 grains (e.g., wheat, rice, and barley), legumes, and maize—have lower iron concentrations of 4–10% when grown under increased atmospheric CO2 concentrations (550 ppm). We examined diets in 152 countries globally (95.5% of the population) to estimate the percentage of lost dietary iron resulting from anthropogenic CO2 emissions between now and 2050, specifically among vulnerable age‐sex groups: children (1–5 years) and women of childbearing age (15–49 years), holding diets constant. We also cross‐referenced these with the current prevalence of anemia to identify most at‐risk countries. We found that 1.4 billion children aged 1–5 and women of childbearing age (59% of global total for these groups) live in high‐risk countries, where the prevalence of anemia exceeds 20% and modeled loss in dietary iron would be in the most severe tertile (>3.8%). The countries with the highest anemia prevalence also derive their iron from the fewest number of foods, even after excluding countries consuming large amounts of unaccounted wild‐harvest foods. The potential risk of increased iron deficiency adds greater incentive for mitigating anthropogenic CO2 emissions and highlights the need to address anticipated health impacts via improved health delivery systems, dietary behavioral changes, or agricultural innovation. Because these are effects on content rather than yield, it is unlikely that consumers will perceive this health threat and adapt to it without education.
Coronal and heliospheric magnetic flux circulation and its relation to open solar flux evolution
Authors: Lockwood Mike , Owens Mathew J. , Imber Suzanne M. , James Matthew K. , Bunce Emma J. , Yeoman Timothy K.
Published: May 2017

Solar cycle 24 is notable for three features that can be found in previous cycles but which have been unusually prominent: (1) sunspot activity was considerably greater in the northern/southern hemisphere during the rising/declining phase; (2) accumulation of open solar flux (OSF) during the rising phase was modest, but rapid in the early declining phase; (3) the heliospheric current sheet (HCS) tilt showed large fluctuations. We show that these features had a major influence on the progression of the cycle. All flux emergence causes a rise then a fall in OSF, but only OSF with foot points in opposing hemispheres progresses the solar cycle via the evolution of the polar fields. Emergence in one hemisphere, or symmetric emergence without some form of foot point exchange across the heliographic equator, causes poleward migrating fields of both polarities in one or both (respectively) hemispheres which temporarily enhance OSF but do not advance the polar field cycle. The heliospheric field observed near Mercury and Earth reflects the asymmetries in emergence. Using magnetograms, we find evidence that the poleward magnetic flux transport (of both polarities) is modulated by the HCS tilt, revealing an effect on OSF loss rate. The declining phase rise in OSF was caused by strong emergence in the southern hemisphere with an anomalously low HCS tilt. This implies the recent fall in the southern polar field will be sustained and that the peak OSF has limited implications for the polar field at the next sunspot minimum and hence for the amplitude of cycle 25.
Kinetic simulation of asymmetric magnetic reconnection with cold ions
Authors: Dargent J. , Aunai N. , Lavraud B. , Toledo‐Redondo S. , Shay M. A. , Cassak P. A. , Malakit K.
Published: May 2017

At the dayside magnetopause, the magnetosphere often contains a cold ion population of ionospheric origin. This population is not always detectable by particle instruments due to its low energy, despite having an important contribution to the total ion density and therefore an impact on key plasma processes such as magnetic reconnection. The exact role and implications of this low‐temperature population are still not well known and has not been addressed with numerical simulation before. We present 2‐D fully kinetic simulations of asymmetric magnetic reconnection with and without a cold ion population on the magnetospheric side of the magnetopause, but sharing the same total density, temperature, and magnetic field profiles. The comparison of the simulations suggests that cold ions directly impact signatures recently suggested as a good marker of the X line region: the Larmor electric field. Our simulations reveal that this electric field, initially present all along the magnetospheric separatrix, is related to the bounce of magnetosheath ions at the magnetopause magnetic field reversal through Speiser‐like orbits. Once reconnection widens the current sheet away from the X line, the bouncing stops and the electric field signature remains solely confined near the X line. When cold ions are present, however, their very low temperature enables them to E × B drift in the electric field structure. If their density is large enough compared to other ions, their contribution to the momentum equation is capable of maintaining the signature away from the X line. This effect must be taken into account when analyzing in situ spacecraft measurements.