bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aminosilanes Grafted to Basic Alumina as CO2 Adsorbents—Role of Grafting Conditions on CO2 Adsorption Properties
Authors: Bali Sumit , Leisen Johannes , Foo Guo Shiou , Sievers Carsten , Jones Christopher W.
Published: September 2014

Solid oxide‐supported amine sorbents for CO2 capture are amongst the most rapidly developing classes of sorbent materials for CO2 capture. Herein, basic γ supports are used as hosts for amine sites through the grafting of 3‐aminopropyltrimethoxysilane to the alumina surface under a variety of conditions, yielding the expected surface‐grafted alkylamine groups, as demonstrated by FTIR spectroscopy and 29Si and 13C cross‐polarization magic‐angle spinning (CPMAS NMR) spectroscopy. Grafting amine sites on the surface in the presence of water leads to a high density of amine sites on the surface whereas simultaneously creating a unique type of aluminum species on the surface, as demonstrated by both 1D and 2D 27Al MAS NMR spectroscopy. The thus prepared sorbents result in higher CO2 adsorption capacities and amine efficiencies compared to sorbents prepared in the absence of water or similar amine loading sorbents prepared using silica supports. In situ FTIR spectra of the sorbents exposed to CO2 at various pressures show no distinct difference in the nature of the adsorbed CO2 species on alumina‐ versus silica‐supported amines, whereas water adsorption isotherms show that the improved performance of the amine‐grafted alumina support is not a consequence of retained water on the more hydrophobic aminoalumina materials. The findings demonstrate that amine‐grafted, basic alumina materials can be tuned to be more efficient than the corresponding silica‐supported materials at comparable amine loadings, further demonstrating that the properties of amine sites can be tuned by controlling or adjusting the support surface properties.
The role of Zic genes in inner ear development in the mouse: Exploring mutant mouse phenotypes
Authors: Chervenak Andrew P. , Bank Lisa M. , Thomsen Nicole , Glanville‐Jones Hannah C. , Jonathan Skibo , Millen Kathleen J. , Arkell Ruth M. , Barald Kate F.
Published: September 2014

Background: Murine Zic genes (Zic1–5) are expressed in the dorsal hindbrain and in periotic mesenchyme (POM) adjacent to the developing inner ear. Zic genes are involved in developmental signaling pathways in many organ systems, including the ear, although their exact roles haven't been fully elucidated. This report examines the role of Zic1, Zic2, and Zic4 during inner ear development in mouse mutants in which these Zic genes are affected. Results: Zic1/Zic4 double mutants don't exhibit any apparent defects in inner ear morphology. By contrast, inner ears from Zic2kd/kd and Zic2Ku/Ku mutants have severe but variable morphological defects in endolymphatic duct/sac and semicircular canal formation and in cochlear extension in the inner ear. Analysis of otocyst patterning in the Zic2Ku/Ku mutants by in situ hybridization showed changes in the expression patterns of Gbx2 and Pax2. Conclusions: The experiments provide the first genetic evidence that the Zic genes are required for morphogenesis of the inner ear. Zic2 loss‐of‐function doesn't prevent initial otocyst patterning but leads to molecular abnormalities concomitant with morphogenesis of the endolymphatic duct. Functional hearing deficits often accompany inner ear dysmorphologies, making Zic2 a novel candidate gene for ongoing efforts to identify the genetic basis of human hearing loss. Developmental Dynamics 243:1487–1498, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis of exo‐Enamides from Protected Lactams Using a Modified Julia Olefination Reaction: Application to the Synthesis of Spiroaminal Fragments
Authors: Gigant Nicolas , Habib Samuel , Medoc Marie , Goekjian Peter G. , Gueyrard David , Gillaizeau Isabelle
Published: September 2014

A modified Julia olefination (Julia–Kocienski) reaction involving lactams has been developed, which gives the corresponding substituted exo‐enamides in moderate to good yields. An application of this versatile transformation in the synthesis of spiroaminal fragments is also demonstrated.
Ferrocenes Bearing Highly Extended π Systems with Nitrile, Nitro, and Dimethylamino End Groups
Authors: Krauße Nico , Butenschön Holger
Published: September 2014

Oligophenylene‐ethynylenes are a popular class of molecular wires for molecular electronics. Replacement of some, not all, of the 1,4‐phenylene units by 1,1′‐ferrocenylene moieties generates less rigid entities with a limited conformational flexibility. Within this concept, the syntheses of some 1,1′‐disubstituted ferrocenes that bear arylethynyl or 4‐(arylethynyl)phenyl substituents is presented. In contrast to related compounds with sulfur end groups that were prepared previously, the versions presented here have nitrile end groups, which, according to reported precedence, may serve as points of attachment to gold surfaces. A crystal structure analysis of an unusual diferrocenylethyne derivative is included. In addition, one representative with a push‐pull disubstitution that has a nitro and a dimethylamino end group is presented. Many of the prepared compounds have been characterized by cyclic voltammetry.
GEMAS: Prediction of solid-solution partitioning coefficients (Kd) for cationic metals in soils using mid-infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy
Authors: Janik Leslie J. , Forrester Sean T. , Soriano-Disla José M. , Kirby Jason K. , McLaughlin Michael J. , Reimann Clemens ,   The GEMAS Project Team
Published: September 2014

Partial least squares regression (PLSR) models, using mid-infrared (MIR) diffuse reflectance Fourier-transformed (DRIFT) spectra, were used to predict distribution coefficient (Kd) values for selected added soluble metal cations (Ag+, Co2+, Cu2+, Mn2+, Ni2+, Pb2+, Sn4+, and Zn2+) in 4813 soils of the Geochemical Mapping of Agricultural Soils (GEMAS) program. For the development of the PLSR models, approximately 500 representative soils were selected based on the spectra, and Kd values were determined using a single-point soluble metal or radioactive isotope spike. The optimum models, using a combination of MIR–DRIFT spectra and soil pH, resulted in good predictions for log Kd+1 for Co, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn (R2 ≥ 0.83) but poor predictions for Ag, Cu, and Sn (R2 < 0.50). These models were applied to the prediction of log Kd+1 values in the remaining 4313 unknown soils. The PLSR models provide a rapid and inexpensive tool to assess the mobility and potential availability of selected metallic cations in European soils. Further model development and validation will be needed to enable the prediction of log Kd+1 values in soils worldwide with different soil types and properties not covered in the existing model. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;9999:1–11. © 2014 SETAC
Unrecognized chronic hepatitis C virus infection among baby boomers in the emergency department
Authors: Galbraith James W. , Franco Ricardo A. , Donnelly John P. , Rodgers Joel B. , Morgan Jordan M. , Viles Andres F. , Overton Edgar T. , Saag Michael S. , Wang Henry E.
Published: September 2014

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and U.S. Preventive Services Task Force have highlighted public screening as an essential strategy for increasing hepatitis C virus (HCV) detection in persons born between 1945 and 1965 (“baby boomers”). Because earlier HCV screening efforts have not targeted emergency department (ED) baby boomer patients, we describe early experience with integrated opt‐out HCV antibody (Ab) screening of medically stable baby boomers presenting to an urban academic ED. We performed HCV Ab testing 24 hours per day and confirmed positive test results using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The primary outcome was prevalence of unrecognized HCV infection. Among 2,325 unique HCV‐unaware baby boomers, 289 (12.7%) opted out of HCV screening. We performed HCV Ab tests on 1,529 individuals, of which 170 (11.1%) were reactive. Among Ab reactive cases, follow‐up PCR was performed on 150 (88.2%), of which 102 (68.0%) were confirmed RNA positive. HCV Ab reactivity was more likely in males compared to females (14.7% vs. 7.4%; P < 0.001), African Americans compared to whites (13.3% vs. 8.8%; P = 0.010), and underinsured/ uninsured patients compared to insured patients (16.8%/16.9% vs. 5.0%; P = 0.001). Linkage‐to‐care service activities were recorded for 100 of the 102 confirmed cases. Overall, 54 (54%) RNA‐positive individuals were successfully contacted by phone within five call‐back attempts. We confirmed initial follow‐up appointments for 38 (70.4%) RNA‐positive individuals successfully contacted, and 21 (55.3%) individuals with confirmed appointments attended their initial visit with a liver specialist; 3 (7.9%) are awaiting an upcoming scheduled appointment. Conclusion: We observed high prevalence of unrecognized chronic HCV infection in this series of baby boomers presenting to the ED, highlighting the ED as an important venue for high‐impact HCV screening and linkage to care. (Hepatology 2015;61:776–782)
Carnosic acid induces autophagic cell death through inhibition of the Akt/mTOR pathway in human hepatoma cells
Authors: Gao Qilong , Liu Huaimin , Yao Yamin , Geng Liang , Zhang Xinfeng , Jiang Lifeng , Shi Bian , Yang Feng
Published: September 2014

The therapeutic goal of cancer treatment is now geared towards triggering tumour‐selective cell death with autophagic cell death being required for the chemotherapy of apoptosis‐resistant cancer. In this study, Carnosic acid (CA), a polyphenolic diterpene isolated from Rosemary (Rosemarinus officinalis), significantly induced autophagic cell death in HepG2 cells. Ca treatment caused the formation of autophagic vacuoles produced an increasing ratio of LC3‐II to LC3‐I in a time‐ and dose‐dependent manner but had no effect on the levels of autophagy‐related protein ATG6 and ATG13 expression. Autophagy inhibitors, 3‐methyladenine (3‐MA), chloroquine and bafilomycin A1, or ATG genes silencing in HepG2 cells significantly inhibited CA‐induced autophagic cell death. The CA treatment decreased the levels of phosphorylated Akt and mTOR without any effects on PI3K or PTEN. Most importantly, overexpression of Akt and knockdown of PTEN attenuated autophagy induction in CA‐treated cells. Taken together, our results indicated that CA induced autophagic cell death through inhibition of the Akt/mTOR pathway in human hepatoma cells. These findings suggest that CA has a great potential for the treatment of hepatoma via autophagic induction. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electronic spectra and intersystem spin‐orbit coupling in 1,2‐ and 1,3‐squaraines
Authors: Alberto Marta E. , Mazzone Gloria , Quartarolo Angelo D. , Sousa Flavio Fortes Ramos , Sicilia Emilia , Russo Nino
Published: September 2014

The main photophysical properties of a series of recently synthetized 1,2‐ and 1,3‐squaraines, including absorption electronic spectra, singlet‐triplet energy gaps, and spin‐orbit matrix elements, have been investigated by means of density functional theory (DFT) and time‐dependent DFT approaches. A benchmark of three exchange‐correlation functionals has been performed in six different solvent environments. The investigated 1,2 squaraines have been found to possess two excited triplet states (T1 and T2) that lie below the energy of the excited singlet one (S1). The radiationless intersystem spin crossing efficiency is thus enhanced in both the studied systems and both the transitions could contribute to the excited singlet oxygen production. Moreover, they have a singlet‐triplet energy gap higher than that required to generate the cytotoxic singlet oxygen species. According to our data, these compounds could be used in photodynamic therapy applications that do not require high tissue penetration. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ultrasonographic visualization of bleeding sites can help control postpartum hemorrhage using intrauterine balloon tamponade
Authors: Kondoh Eiji , Konishi Mitsunaga , Kariya Yoshitaka , Konishi Ikuo
Published: September 2014

Identification of precise bleeding sites is generally important to control hemorrhage. Nevertheless, the optimal technique to detect the bleeding sites has not yet been fully defined for patients with life‐threatening post partum hemorrhage. We describe that ultrasonographic visualization of bleeding sites can help control post partum hemorrhage using intrauterine balloon tamponade. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 43:23–25, 2015
Positive hepatitis B virus core antibody in HIV infection—false positive or evidence of previous infection?
Authors: Pallawela S. N. S. , Sonnex C. , Mabayoje D. , Bloch E. , Chaytor S. , Johnson M. A. , Carne C. , Webster D. P.
Published: September 2014

Isolated HBV core antibody (anti‐HBc) is defined as the presence of anti‐HBc with a negative HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) and HBV surface antibody (anti‐HBs <10 IU/l). In patients infected with HIV with isolated anti‐HBc, the aim was to determine:

The prevalence of isolated positive anti‐HBc;

The most effective method of identifying which patients have had previous Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) infection;

The prevalence of false positive anti‐HBc.

HBV serology results were identified from 539 patients infected with HIV sampled between January 2010 and December 2012. In those with an isolated anti‐HBc and negative anti‐HBe, a second anti‐HBc test was carried out using a different assay. Samples were also screened for HBV DNA. The anti‐retroviral regimens at time of screening were documented. 101/539 had an isolated anti‐HBc. Of these, 32 (32%) had a positive anti‐HBe (including 1 equivocal) and 69(68%) were anti‐HBe negative. Of those negative for anti‐HBe, 32 were tested for both DNA and a second anti‐HBc. Of these 26 (81%) were on cART at time of HBV testing, with 25 (78%) on ART with anti‐HBV activity. The prevalence of isolated anti‐HBc was 19%. Only 32% were also anti‐HBe positive, whereas 97% of those anti‐HBe negative were positive on a second anti‐HBc assay suggesting lack of utility of anti‐HBe in resolving serological quandaries. One subject (3%) had a false positive anti‐HBc. There was no evidence of chronic HBV but 78% patients were on HBV‐suppressive combination anti‐retroviral therapy. J. Med. Virol. 87:208–212, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Atmospheric circulation types in Marmara Region (NW Turkey) and their influence on precipitation
Authors: Baltacı H. , Göktürk O. M. , Kındap T. , Ünal A. , Karaca M.
Published: September 2014

In this study, circulation types, their long‐term mean occurrence frequencies and relationships with precipitation are investigated for the region Marmara, which is the most populated, agriculturally developed and industrialized area in Turkey. Automated Lamb Weather Types classification method is applied on NCEP/NCAR daily mean sea level pressure data to determine the circulation types. Northeasterly (NE) and easterly (E) types are found to be the most frequent both on the annual basis and during winter (DJF, the wettest season in the region). Circulation types with the highest rainfall potential, namely the cyclonic (C) and the northerly (N), are among the least frequent; therefore they are not the dominant ‘rainfall modes’. Instead, NE and E have the greatest contribution to the regionally averaged rainfall amount, although they do not have the highest potential to create precipitation. This shows that Marmara Region receives a substantial amount of precipitation from northerly and easterly maritime trajectories, implying a profound influence of the Black Sea on the rainfall regime in this area. However, rainfall at the stations that are far away or less affected by the Black Sea (especially at the ones in the west) occurs during types with a southerly component (S, SW and SE). Our results reveal that, in Marmara Region, the response of precipitation to atmospheric circulation is rather complex and spatially inhomogeneous; in line with the complex topography of the area. Therefore, water management policies should be adopted accordingly, taking all local characteristics into account.
Exact solutions of nonlinear time fractional partial differential equations by sub‐equation method
Authors: Bekir Ahmet , Aksoy Esin , Cevikel Adem C.
Published: September 2014

In this article, the sub‐equation method is presented for finding the exact solutions of a nonlinear fractional partial differential equations. For this, the fractional complex transformation method has been used to convert fractional‐order partial differential equation to ordinary differential equation. The fractional derivatives are described in Jumarie's the modified Riemann–Liouville sense. We apply to this method for the nonlinear time fractional differential equations. With the aid of symbolic computation, a variety of exact solutions for them are obtained. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Betanin—A food colorant with biological activity
Authors: Esatbeyoglu Tuba , Wagner Anika E. , Schini‐Kerth Valérie B. , Rimbach Gerald
Published: September 2014

Betalains are water‐soluble nitrogen‐containing pigments that are subdivided in red‐violet betacyanins and yellow‐orange betaxanthins. Due to glycosylation and acylation betalains exhibit a huge structural diversity. Betanin (betanidin‐5‐O‐β‐glucoside) is the most common betacyanin in the plant kingdom. According to the regulation on food additives betanin is permitted quantum satis as a natural red food colorant (E162). Moreover, betanin is used as colorant in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. Recently, potential health benefits of betalains and betalain‐rich foods (e.g. red beet, Opuntia sp.) have been discussed. Betanin is a scavenger of reactive oxygen species and exhibits gene‐regulatory activity partly via nuclear factor (erythroid‐derived 2)‐like 2‐(Nrf2) dependent signaling pathways. Betanin may induce phase II enzymes and antioxidant defense mechanisms. Furthermore, betanin possibly prevents LDL oxidation and DNA damage. Potential blood pressure lowering effects of red beet seem to be mainly mediated by dietary nitrate rather than by betanin per se.
Examination of amber and related materials by NMR spectroscopy
Authors: Lambert Joseph B. , Santiago‐Blay Jorge A. , Wu Yuyang , Levy Allison J.
Published: September 2014

Examination of the solid‐state 13C and solution 1H NMR spectra of fossilized resins (ambers) has generated five groupings of materials based on spectral characteristics. The worldwide Group A is associated with the botanical family of the Araucariaceae. The worldwide Group B is associated with the Dipterocarpaceae. Baltic amber or succinite (Group C) is related to Group A but with a disputed conifer source. Amber from Latin America, the Caribbean, and Africa is associated with the Fabaceae, the genus Hymenaea in particular. The minor Group E contains the rare fossil polystyrene. The spectra of jet indicate that it is a coal‐like material with a rank between lignite and sub‐bituminous coal. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reduced dimensionality (3,2)D NMR experiments and their automated analysis: implications to high‐throughput structural studies on proteins
Authors: Reddy Jithender G. , Kumar Dinesh , Hosur Ramakrishna V.
Published: September 2014

Protein NMR spectroscopy has expanded dramatically over the last decade into a powerful tool for the study of their structure, dynamics, and interactions. The primary requirement for all such investigations is sequence‐specific resonance assignment. The demand now is to obtain this information as rapidly as possible and in all types of protein systems, stable/unstable, soluble/insoluble, small/big, structured/unstructured, and so on. In this context, we introduce here two reduced dimensionality experiments – (3,2)D‐hNCOcanH and (3,2)D‐hNcoCAnH – which enhance the previously described 2D NMR‐based assignment methods quite significantly. Both the experiments can be recorded in just about 2–3 h each and hence would be of immense value for high‐throughput structural proteomics and drug discovery research. The applicability of the method has been demonstrated using alpha‐helical bovine apo calbindin‐D9k P43M mutant (75 aa) protein. Automated assignment of this data using AUTOBA has been presented, which enhances the utility of these experiments. The backbone resonance assignments so derived are utilized to estimate secondary structures and the backbone fold using Web‐based algorithms. Taken together, we believe that the method and the protocol proposed here can be used for routine high‐throughput structural studies of proteins. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Phosphate — mehr als Dünger und Reiniger
Authors: Staffel Thomas
Published: September 2014

Phosphate sind nicht nur essenziell für Pflanzen und Tiere, sondern sie verbessern auch technische Prozesse sowie die Produktqualität. Neben der Hauptanwendung als Düngemittel dienen sie beispielsweise als Säurequelle für Backpulver und als Dispergiermittel bei der Farbherstellung.
Silber für Ethylenoxid — Gold für Propylenoxid?
Authors: Offermanns Heribert
Published: September 2014

Neue Verfahren zur Herstellung von Propylenoxid zeigen die Fortschritte der technischen Chemie und der Verfahrenstechnik im Hinblick auf Selektivität, Umweltverträglichkeit und Wirtschaftlichkeit.
Krise 2009 adieu
Authors: Bug Thorsten
Published: September 2014

Chemieunternehmen weltweit spüren Rückenwind: Wachstum bei Umsatz und Profiten. Mit zweistelligen operativen Margen und dem steigenden chinesischen Konsum stehen die Zeichen weiter auf Gewinnwachstum.
Aus einem Forschungsinstitut ins eigene Unternehmen
Authors: Fahrenberg Jens , Gottwald Eric , Haug Peter
Published: September 2014

Im Jahr 2013 beschließen zwei Forscher am Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, ein Unternehmen zu gründen. Dabei unterstützen sie die Helmholtz‐Gemeinschaft mit einem Förderprogramm und das Institut mit der entsprechenden Infrastruktur.
Die Stimme der Doktoranden
Authors: Leusmann Eliza
Published: September 2014

In ganz Deutschland engagieren sich Doktoranden, um die Promotionsbedingungen zu verbessern, ihre Interessen zu bündeln und vor Gremien zu vertreten. In Jena gibt es jetzt den ersten Doktorandenrat für Promovierende aller Fakultäten.
Adaptive large neighborhood search for the periodic capacitated arc routing problem with inventory constraints
Authors: Riquelme‐Rodríguez Juan‐Pablo , Langevin André , Gamache Michel
Published: September 2014

This article describes the problem in which the edges of a network represent customers, and a quantity of material is delivered to them so that each one achieves a desired inventory level while finding the lowest‐cost route of delivery. Routing and inventory decisions are made at the same time. An example of an application of this problem is dust suppression in open‐pit mines. A fleet of trucks spray water along the roads of a mine. Humidity increases the effectiveness of dust‐particle retention. Because the level of humidity decreases, replenishment is done periodically. Other examples of applications include dust suppression in forest roads and plants watering in street medians and sidewalks. We develop a mathematical model that combines two objectives: An inventory objective that minimizes the penalty for the lack of humidity and a routing objective that minimizes watering and traversing costs. Due to the complexity of the mathematical model, we developed an adaptive large neighborhood search algorithm that combines several destroy and repair operators dynamically. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, Vol. 64(2), 125–139 2014
Wenn selbst Öl abperlt
Authors: Vollmer Doris , Papadopoulos Periklis , Butt Hans‐Jürgen
Published: September 2014

Selbstreinigende Oberflächen und Membranen, die nicht mehr verstopfen, sind für viele Anwendungen interessant. Für wässrige Substanzen gibt es schon gut funktionierende Beschichtungen, nicht aber für organische Flüssigkeiten. Ganz selten sind solche Beschichtungen gleichzeitig abweisend für Öle, Wasser, Seifen‐ und Proteinlösungen. Nicht nur Öle, sondern auch Blut oder Rotwein würden von diesen Oberflächen abperlen, ohne Flecken zu hinterlassen. Dank neuer Einsichten in die Physik der mikroskopischen Benetzung gelang es, erste superamphiphobe Beschichtungen zu entwickeln. Sie ermöglichen zudem neuartige Membranen, die besonders effizient und robust in Herz‐Lungen‐Maschinen Blut oxygenieren oder in Kraftwerken CO2 abtrennen können.
Das Higgs‐Boson als Tor zur Dunklen Materie?
Authors: Blumenschein Ulla
Published: September 2014

Wenn Higgs‐Bosonen als Vermittler zwischen normaler und Dunkler Materie fungieren, könnte Dunkle Materie in unsichtbaren Zerfällen des Higgs‐Bosons nachgewiesen werden. Am LHC wurde nach diesen Zerfällen gesucht – bislang ohne Erfolg.
Behavioral effects of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor allosteric modulator ORG27569 in rats
Authors: Ding Yuanyuan , Qiu Yanyan , Jing Li , Thorn David A. , Zhang Yanan , Li Jun‐Xu
Published: September 2014

The cannabinoid CB1 receptor system is involved in feeding behaviors and the CB1 receptor antagonist SR141716A is an effective antiobesity drug. However, SR141716A also has serious side effects, which prompted the exploration of alternative strategies to modulate this important drug target. Recently a CB1 receptor allosteric modulating site has been discovered and the allosteric modulating activity of several modulators including ORG27569 has been characterized in vitro. Yet, little is known of the in vivo pharmacological effects of ORG27569. This study examined the behavioral pharmacology of ORG27569 in rats. ORG27569 (3.2–10 mg/kg, i.p.) selectively attenuated the hypothermic effects of CB1 receptor agonists CP55940 (0.1–1 mg/kg) and anandamide (3.2–32 mg/kg). In contrast, SR141716A only attenuated the hypothermic effects of CP55940 but not anandamide. SR141716A but not ORG27569 blocked CP55940‐induced catalepsy and antinociception. In addition, ORG27569 did not modify SR141716A‐elicited grooming and scratching behaviors. In feeding studies, ORG27569 decreased palatable and plain food intake which was partially blocked by CP55940. The hypophagic effect of ORG27569 developed tolerance after 4 days of daily 5.6 mg/kg treatment; however, the effect on body weight gain outlasted the drug treatment for 10 days. These data suggest that ORG27569 may not function as a CB1 receptor allosteric modulator in vivo, although its hypophagic activity still has potential therapeutic utility.
Chemical challenges during the synthesis of MWCNT‐based inorganic nanocomposite materials
Authors: Nemeth Zoltan , Reti Balazs , Pallai Zoltan , Berki Peter , Major Judit , Horvath Endre , Magrez Arnaud , Forro Laszlo , Hernadi Klara
Published: September 2014

Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were successfully covered with metal oxides – such as TiO2, ZnO, Al2O3, SnO2, and In2O3 nanoparticles – with different preparation methods under solvent conditions. The applied synthesis techniques were impregnation, a hydrothermal process and a ball‐milling method. As‐prepared inorganic coverage layers were characterized by TEM, HRTEM, SEM, SEM‐EDX, and X‐ray diffraction techniques. Results revealed that the choice of synthesis technique affects the quality and the layer structure of the deposited inorganic particles on the surface of carbon nanotubes. These materials might be suitable for nanotechnology applications.
Characterization of in vitro metabolites of TM‐2, a potential antitumor drug, in rat, dog and human liver microsomes using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Men Lei , Zhao Yunli , Lin Hongli , Yang Mingjing , Liu Hui , Tang Xing , Yu Zhiguo
Published: September 2014

RATIONALE

TM‐2 (13‐(N‐Boc‐3‐i‐butylisoserinoyl‐4,10‐β‐diacetoxy‐2‐α‐benzoyloxy‐5‐β,20‐epoxy‐1,13‐α‐dihydroxy‐9‐oxo‐19‐norcyclopropa[g]tax‐11‐ene) is a novel semi‐synthetic taxane derivative. Our previous study demonstrated that it is a promising taxane derivative. The in vitro comparative metabolic profile of a drug between animals and humans is a key issue that should be investigated at early stages of drug development to better select drug candidates. In this study, the in vitro metabolic pathways of TM‐2 in rat, dog and human liver microsomes were established and compared.

METHODS

TM‐2 was incubated with liver microsomes in the presence of NADPH. Two different types of mass spectrometers – a hybrid linear trap quadrupole orbitrap (LC/LTQ‐Orbitrap) mass spectrometer and a triple‐quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer (LC/QqQ) were employed to acquire structural information of TM‐2 metabolites. Accurate mass measurement using LC/LTQ‐Orbitrap was used to determine the accurate mass data and elemental compositions of metabolites thereby confirming the proposed structures of the metabolites. For the chemical inhibition study, selective P450 inhibitors were added to incubations to initially characterize the cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes involved in the metabolism of TM‐2.

RESULTS

A total of 12 components (M1–M12) were detected and identified as the metabolites of TM‐2 in vitro. M1–M5 were formed by hydroxylation of the taxane ring or the lateral chain. Hydroxylated products can be further oxidized to the dihydroxylated metabolites M6–M10. M11 was a trihydroxylated metabolite. M12 was tentatively identified as a carboxylic acid derivative. The metabolism of TM‐2 is much the same in all three species with some differences. The chemical inhibition study initially demonstrated that the formation of M2, the major metabolite of TM‐2, is mainly mediated by CYP3A4.

CONCLUSIONS

Hydroxylation is the major biotransformation of the TM‐2 pathway in vitro. CYP3A4 may play a dominant role in the formation of M2 in liver microsomes. The knowledge of the metabolic pathways of TM‐2 is important to support further research of TM‐2. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of the Sulfur Content on the Sintering Behavior and the Mechanical Properties of a CrMnNi‐TWIP‐Steel
Authors: Decker Sabine , Lange Katja , Krüger Lutz , Dubberstein Tobias
Published: September 2014

The aim of the present study is the investigation of the influence of the sulfur content within the range of 0.02–0.1 wt% and the combined decrease of the particle size on the mechanical properties of a highly alloyed TWIP‐steel (TWinning Induced Plasticity; 16% Cr, 7% Mn, 9% Ni). Samples were processed by spark plasma sintering (SPS) and tested by quasi‐static compressive deformation (10−3 s−1). An increase of the surface‐active sulfur in TWIP‐steel is decreasing the surface tension (σ) of the liquid steel phase at a constant spraying parameter. The surface tension as a thermo‐physical property has a major impact on the particle size distribution of a metal powder in atomization. With a decrease in σ, the mass median particle size (d50) in steel powder is shifted to finer particles. Through the increased sulfur content, the compressive yield strength increases slightly about 40 MPa. A sulfur content of 0.05 wt% within the steel turned out to be optimal for the compressive properties by causing a high strength and work hardening through a fine grained microstructure, while the sulfur precipitations showed no pronounced negative influence. The mechanical properties were not negatively affected due to the increase of the sulfur content within the samples.
Lernen mit dem Stahlbau‐Wiki der TU Darmstadt
Authors: Merle Heiko , Lange Jörg
Published: September 2014

Die Theorie II. Ordnung und die Stabilitätstheorie zählen aufgrund ihrer theoretischen Herkunft und ihrer komplexen Zusammenhänge zu den anspruchsvollsten Themen in der Lehre des Stahlbaus. Aus diesem Grund fällt es Bauingenieurstudierenden seit jeher schwer, die Inhalte zu erlernen, zu verstehen und anwenden zu können. Ausgehend von dem in Lernprozessen oftmals verwendeten Normalkonzept, bestehend aus Vorlesungen, Übungsphasen und Prüfungsereignis, wird ein Lehr‐Lern‐Konzept entwickelt, welches mit Hilfe von Computerunterstützungen die Lernenden aktiviert, eigenständiges Lernen unter den Aspekten von Reflexions‐ und Interaktionsformen zu entwickeln. Dieses auf Basis der Lerntheorie des Konstruktivismus entwickelte Konzept wurde in den vergangenen sechs Jahren an der Technischen Universität Darmstadt durchgeführt sowie intensiv untersucht und evaluiert. Die Ergebnisse zeigen einen signifikanten Wissenszuwachs bei den Studierenden zu den Inhalten der Theorie II. Ordnung und der Stabilitätstheorie sowie deren Zusammenhänge.

Learning with the Stahlbau‐Wiki of the TU Darmstadt – A constructionistic teaching and learning system aided by computers. Due to their theoretical basics and complex relationships the second order theory and the theory of stability belong to the most ambitious subjects of the education of steel construction. Therefore most civil engineering students have severe problems to learn, to understand and to apply these topics. Based on the “Normalkonzept“ that consists of lectures, exercises and examinations a newcomputer supported teaching‐learning‐concept is developed. This constructivistic concept activates self‐contained learning processes under the aspects of reflection and social interaktion. It was applied six times at the Technische Universität Darmstadt. Thereby it was analysed and evaluated intensively. The results showed significant increases of knowledge to the content of the second order theory and the theory of stability by students.
Neugestaltung und Überdachung des Bahnhofplatzes in Winterthur
Authors: Blank Lukas , Kern Urs
Published: September 2014

Im Zentrum der Stadt Winterthur wurde im Sommer 2013 der neu gestaltete Bahnhofplatz eröffnet. Eine flügelförmige Dachkonstruktion, exzentrisch auf einem Auflager abgestützt, überspannt die Wartestellen der örtlichen Busbetriebe und bildet das zentrale Gestaltungselement des urbanen Zentrums direkt am Eingang zur Winterthurer Altstadt. Die von den Architekten Stutz Bolt Partner entworfene Konstruktion aus Metall stellt eine außergewöhnliche Konstruktion dar, welche von den Planern und Unternehmungen ebenso außergewöhnliche Lösungen forderte. Durch intensive Zusammenarbeit aller Beteiligten und das gemeinsame Ziehen an einem Strick konnte die Überdachung in sehr hoher Präzision und kurzer Bauzeit erstellt werden.

Redesign and new roofing of the train station in Winterthur, Suisse. In the summer of 2013 the redesigned square in front of the train station in Winterthur was reopened. An arrow‐like canopy, eccentrically supported on one spatial column, spans over the bus terminals and forms the major architectural element in front of the entrance of the old town of Winterthur. The extraordinary metal construction, designed by Stutz Bolt Partner Architects, required extraordinary solutions from the designers and contractors. An intense collaboration of all parties involved and a clear collective sense of direction enabled this highly precise structure to be built in a short period of time.
Cross‐sectional capacity and flexural buckling resistance under fire conditions
Authors: Knobloch Markus , Pauli Jacqueline , Somaini Diego , Frangi Andrea
Published: September 2014

This paper presents an experimental study on the cross‐sectional capacity and flexural buckling resistance under fire conditions. Steady state stub and slender column tests were carried out at ambient and elevated temperatures on square and rectangular hollow sections as well as H‐sections. In addition, transient state slender column tests were performed on H‐section test specimens. The compressive load was applied centrically or eccentrically to the test specimens. The paper presents the testing programme, the geometry of the test specimens including initial geometrical imperfection measurements, elevated temperature material properties, test setup, the execution and the results of the stub and slender column tests.

Querschnitts‐ und Knickwiderstand im Brandfall – Experimentelle Untersuchungen. Der Beitrag analysiert mit Hilfe experimenteller Methoden den Querschnitts‐ und Knickwiderstand im Brandfall. Die stationären Versuche zum Widerstand gedrungener und schlanker Stützen unter Druck‐ sowie kombinierter Druck‐ und Biegebeanspruchung bei Normaltemperatur und erhöhten Temperaturen wurden an Hohlprofilen sowie H‐Querschnitten durchgeführt. Zusätzlich wurden schlanke Stützen unter transienten Versuchsbedingungen analysiert. Der Beitrag stellt das Versuchsprogramm, die Geometrie der Versuchskörper einschließlich geometrischer Imperfektionen, die Materialeigenschaften bei erhöhten Temperaturen, die Versuchseinrichtung sowie ‐durchführung und die Ergebnisse der Versuche zum Querschnitts‐ und Knickwiderstand dar.
A study on a theoretical relationship between strain hardening of steel and plastic region length in a steel beam subjected to fire
Authors: Ozaki Fuminobu
Published: September 2014

This paper presents a relationship between strain hardening of steel and plastic region length in a steel beam subjected to fire. A theoretical simple fire response analysis is proposed to investigate elasto‐plastic behavior of the statically indeterminate heated beam. From observation of parametric calculations, it is clarified that large plastic region length in the beam, which is induced by the large strain hardening, is effective to avoiding strain concentration. This contributes to the robust attenuation of the thermal stress at the fire.

Theoretische Beziehung zwischen Verfestigung von Stahl und Länge der plastischen Zone von brandbeanspruchten Stahlträgern. Die Veröffentlichung stellt die Beziehung zwischen der Verfestigung von Stahl und der Länge der plastischen Zone von Stahlträgern im Brandfall dar. Mit Hilfe eines analytischen Modells wird das elastisch‐plastische Verhalten statisch unbestimmter Träger bei Erwärmung untersucht. Eine Parameterstudie zeigt, dass Dehnungskonzentrationen und hohe thermische Spannungen durch ausgedehnte plastische Zonen vermieden werden.
Adhesive bonded joints in steel structures
Authors: Ciupack Yvonne , Pasternak Hartmut , Schiel Manuel , Ince Erdeniz
Published: September 2014

While classic joining techniques in steel construction have undergone advancements, fundamental problems still remain. The utilisation of structural bonding can remedy the situation, but despite having many advantages, has not been able to establish itself in civil engineering and specifically steel construction. The reason for this are doubts by engineers, architects and contractors regarding the verifiability, durability and load bearing capacity of bonded steel constructions. In order to facilitate the use of the innovative joining technique in construction, it is necessary to process bonded joints close to standardisation.
The new steel‐glass architecture of railway stations in Japan
Authors: Kido Ewa Maria , Cywiński Zbigniew
Published: September 2014

The accelerating needs of communication have led to many modern railway stations made of steel and glass being built or upgraded all over the world during the last two decades. That trend, influenced by local architectural traditions, is clearly evident in Japan, too. This paper, focusing on that trend, is a continuation of the authors’ previous publication [1].
A novel nonlinear macromodeling using time piecewise volterra series representation
Authors: Jia Yunfeng , Ma Chao , Xie Shuguo
Published: September 2014

Accurate and effective nonlinear system‐level macromodeling has played a very important role in solving electromagnetic compatibility problems in modern circuit and system design. The technique based on Volterra series expansions provides the possibility to approximate complex nonlinear circuit models. However, the traditional Volterra series macromodel has limited ability to illustrate strong nonlinearities, resulting from the inconsistency between the complex nature and the required computing cost. In this paper, a novel nonlinear macromodeling scheme using time piecewise Volterra series representations is proposed. In this method, the whole training time series is first divided into several piecewise time series according to the nonlinear characteristics and the model fidelity required. We then process each piecewise time series by the lower order Volterra series, and collect the piecewise Volterra kernels by the Volterra kernel set. Finally, we obtain the output result by combining the Volterra kernel set and the weight function. This approach, which combines the piecewise idea with Volterra series methods, strives to deliver a macromodel that can describe strong and weak nonlinearities simultaneously. Computational results and performance data are presented for the examples of a memristor and selected nonlinear circuits. These examples demonstrate that the proposed method is efficient and precise. © 2014 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Analytic partitioning of honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) flight activity at nest entrance: adaptation and behavioural inertia in a changing environment
Authors: Rodet Guy , Henry Mickaël
Published: September 2014

Ecology of bees (Hymenoptera, Apiformes) is entirely constrained by the centralized exchange between the nest and its environment. Herein, we investigate the ecological meaning of the flight activity of honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) at the entrance of the nest, and assessed whether this simple metric can be used as a proxy to infer on the colony state (population size and foraging activity). Theory predicts that flight activity of a colony should increase (1) with population size (density‐dependence hypothesis), (2) with floral resource availability (optimal foraging hypothesis), and (3) with the flight activity during previous hours or days, due to a temporal autocorrelation (behavioural inertia hypothesis). We built and compared series of explanatory models for the flight activity measured at the entrance of hives, and its two visible components, namely bees with and without pollen loads. Data were collected on 26 honeybee colonies, both before and after a translocation into a new environment with controlled floral resource availability in order to distinguish among the respective contributions of explanatory factors. Current flight activity was consistently and positively influenced by previous flight activity as well as by the current resource availability. To our knowledge, this represents the first characterization of behavioural inertia in the context of a collective behaviour. Population size only influenced flight activity of bees without pollen loads. We discuss the limits of using simple counts of flying bees at the hive entrance to infer the colony state.
Micro-sociology of mass rampage killings
Authors: Coluns Randall
Published: September 2014

Spectacular but very rare violent events such as mass killings by habituai non-criminals cannot be explained by factors which are very widespread, such as possession of firearms, being a victim of bullying, an introvert, or a career failure. A stronger clue is clandestine preparation of attack by one or two individuals, against randomly chosen representatives of a hated collective identity. Mass killers develop a deep back-stage, obsessed with planning their attack, overcoming social inferiority and isolation by an emotion of clandestine excitement.
Brief report: Self‐reported psychopathic‐like features among Finnish community youth: Investigation of the factor structure of the antisocial personality screening device
Authors: Laajasalo Taina , Saukkonen Suvi , Kivivuori Janne , Salmi Venla , Lipsanen Jari , Aronen Eeva T.
Published: September 2014

The Antisocial Process Screening Device‐ Self‐Report (APSD‐SR) is a self‐report measure for assessment of psychopathic traits in adolescents. The present study aimed to investigate the factor structure and internal consistency of the APSD‐SR in a sample of 4855 Finnish community adolescents. A three‐factor structure with factors representing impulsivity (IMP), narcissism (NAR) and callous‐unemotional (CU) features was found. Internal consistency indices ranged from moderate to good. The findings provide promising data on applicability of the APSD‐SR instrument to Scandinavian youth. Results have implications for researchers and clinicians interested in measuring adolescent psychopathy.
Shock wave–boundary layer interactions in rectangular inlets: three-dimensional separation topology and critical points
Authors: Eagle W. Ethan , Driscoll James F.
Published: September 2014

The interaction between two separated flow regions was studied for the fundamental problem of a shock wave–boundary layer interaction (SBLI) within a rectangular inlet. One motivation is that the inlet of an engine on a supersonic aircraft may contain separation zones on the sidewalls and the bottom wall; if one region separates first it can alter the flow on the other wall and lead to engine unstart. In our work an oblique shock wave was generated by a wedge suspended from the upper wall of a Mach 2.75 wind tunnel. Stereo particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements were recorded in 25 planes that include all three possible orthogonal orientations. The lateral velocity and vorticity measurements help to explain the underlying flow structure and these quantities were not measured previously for this problem. It is concluded that the sidewall and bottom wall separation zones interact due to an underlying flow structure that is similar to the two types of 3-D separation patterns previously described by Tobak & Peake (Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech., vol. 14, 1982, pp. 61–85). Separation first occurs at an upstream location where the shock interacts with the sidewall. Lateral velocities direct flow toward the centreline to cause separation on the bottom wall. This causes significant curvature of the shock wave, so that even the region near the tunnel centreline cannot be explained by conventional 2-D concepts. A number of critical points (saddle points, nodes, focus points) were identified. Results are consistent with the general ideas of Burton & Babinsky (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 707, 2012, pp. 287–306) and help to provide details of how the sidewalls redistribute the adverse pressure gradient in space.
Longitudinal–transverse aerodynamic force in viscous compressible complex flow
Authors: Liu L. Q. , Shi Y. P. , Zhu J. Y. , Su W. D. , Zou S. F. , Wu J. Z.
Published: September 2014

We report our systematic development of a general and exact theory for diagnosis of total force and moment exerted on a generic body moving and deforming in a calorically perfect gas. The total force and moment consist of a longitudinal part (L-force) due to compressibility and irreversible thermodynamics, and a transverse part (T-force) due to shearing. The latter exists in incompressible flow but is now modulated by the former. The theory represents a full extension of a unified incompressible diagnosis theory of the same type developed by J. Z. Wu and coworkers to compressible flow, with Mach number ranging from low-subsonic to moderate-supersonic flows. Combined with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation, the theory permits quantitative identification of various complex flow structures and processes responsible for the forces, and thereby enables rational optimal configuration design and flow control. The theory is confirmed by a numerical simulation of circular-cylinder flow in the range of free-stream Mach number$\def \xmlpi #1{}\def \mathsfbi #1{\boldsymbol {\mathsf {#1}}}\let \le =\leqslant \let \leq =\leqslant \let \ge =\geqslant \let \geq =\geqslant \def \Pr {\mathit {Pr}}\def \Fr {\mathit {Fr}}\def \Rey {\mathit {Re}}M_{\infty }$between 0.2 and 2.0. The L-drag and T-drag of the cylinder vary with$M_{\infty }$in different ways, the underlying physical mechanisms of which are analysed. Moreover, each L-force and T-force integrand contains a universal factor of local Mach number$M$. Our preliminary tests suggest that the possibility of finding new similarity rules for each force constituent could be quite promising.