bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Migration as a Consumption Activity
Authors: Wallace Suzanne B. , DeLorme, Jr. Charles D. , Kamerschen David R.
Published: March 2003

While a generalized utility maximization approach to migration decision‐making is not innovative, the principal extensions of this paper involve the search for an instrument capable of measuring changes in utility levels consistent with all preferences (i.e., with all forms of utility functions), requiring only data on observed behaviour. Our approach is to construct a Location‐Specific Utility Index (LSUI), whose component variables serve as proxies for the arguments in households’ utility functions. The LSUI is calculated for households at two times (before and after the migration decision) and then compared to produce a utility change index (the Delta Index) for each household. The approach is distinctive in that the Delta Index measures only the direction of the change in a household’s utility level due to its migration. The ordinal nature of utility rankings thus is not violated through aggregation over housholds or cross‐sectional comparisons of utility levels.

Our database is the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), a longitudinal nation‐wide sample survey conducted by the University of Michigan’s Institute for Social Research. It provides information on more than two hundred variables per household per year. The objective is to test empirically whether migration is appropriately modelled as utility‐generating behaviour. The testable hypothesis is formulated as follows:

Assuming constant household preferences and expansion of the household’s feasible set over time, the household’s utility level is greater following the migration decision.

Stepwise discriminate analysis is used to measure the contributions of the component variables to the move decision. The conclusion reached through the stepwise discriminate analysis is that the LSUI and the Delta Index must be revised to include only six components: quality of life, proximity to relatives and cultural roots, net present value of future earnings, real household consumption activity by households to maximize utility.
The Fertility of Migrants Before and After Crossing the Border: The Ethnic German Population from the Former Soviet Union as a Case Study
Authors: Dinkel R.H. , Lebok U.H.
Published: March 2003

Empirical data on persons of German ethnic origin migrating to Germany from the former Soviet Union are used to calculate their relative ferility levels before and after arriving in their new host country. Despite small numbers in the survey , a suitable method was used to effecitvely compare fertility before and after crossing the border with an index measure of national fertility rates. A relatively strong fertility decline was observed for German origin migrants (Aussiedler) from the former Soviet Union during their first years in Germany.

More interesting, we consider, is how and to what extent the change in living conditions affected reproductive behaviour after arrival in Germany.

Surprisingly, the fertility of this former high‐fertility population fell to a level much lower than the already low German fertility. The extraordinarily high fertility levels of certain religious groups within the former Soviet Union fell even more rapidly after arrival in their new home country.

The results of the study may shed light on another development in Germany: that immediately after reunification the total fertility rate in the former GDR fell to the extremely low level of about 0.6 in 1993 and 1994. The experience of the former East German population is therefore similar to that of German‐origin migrants from the former Soviet Union.
Releasing the Development Potential of Return Migration: The Case of Senegal
Authors: Diatta Marie Angelique , Mbow Ndiaga
Published: March 2003

Migration has long been a permanent part of Senegal’s history. Indeed, as a land of migrants and immigrants, Senegal has always been an important pole of West African immigration because of its colonial heritage, political stability and economic growth which, until the mid‐seventies, had been relatively good.

Nonetheless, events of the past few decades have induced changes in migration. Continuing desertification, globalization of the economy and accelerated pauperization have intensified the human exodus. The emergence of world markets has stimulated demand for both cheap and highly skilled labour. In general, Senegalese who left the country did so in search of work. These migrations have not been limited to a South‐North direction but also, and increasingly, to a South‐South one. France, Côte d’Ivoire and Gabon have long been countries of call for Senegalese workers.

This article seeks to evaluate the manner in which Senegal has undertaken to develop the potential of its returning migrants, to better assess the effects of the return and reinsertion of these migrants within the present context of restrictions on the flow of migrants.

The first section presents the profile of Senegalese migrants and then evaluates what may be described as the "French‐Senegalese" experience. The latter offers an example of concerted efforts to ensure the reintegration and participation of returning migrants in the economic development of their country of origin.

The second section reviews Senegal’s official policies for the protection and promotion of Senegalese living abroad and assesses the Programme of Support to Migrant Workers.

The third section presents recommendations for actions which could accompany migrants returning to their countries of origin and facilitate their reinsertion in the current economic and social environment.
Refugee Women in Europe: Some Aspects of the Legal and Policy Dimensions
Authors: Bloch Alice , Galvin Treasa , Harrell‐Bond Barbara
Published: March 2003

This article presents an overview of the legal and policy issues affecting refugee and asylum‐seeking women in European host societies. First, it explores the unique types of persecution experienced by women and shows that the asylum determination process, along with the status of women relative to men, mitigates against the effective protection of women. The legal basis for asylum, the evidential requirements and the procedural norms all reduce the protection which is likely to be conferred upon asylum‐seeking women. Second, the article provides an overview of responses to female refugees and asylum‐seekers in European countries of asylum. Although there are differences between countries, there is also a large degree of uniformity. For example, there is a lack of recognition and understanding of the diversity and the range of experiences which refugees bring with them, including different social and cultural norms. Moreover, European policies do not provide special provisions to facilitate the settlement of refugee women and instead place barriers to their social and economic participation. Third, the article examines policies for family reunion in different countries and shows that such unfavourable and unsympathetic policies mitigate against the settlement of refugee women. Finally, the article argues that if refugee and asylum‐seeking women are to have their cases recognized and to be successfully settled, then there needs to be a complete rethink of legislation and policy in Europe.
Best Practice Options: Turkey
Authors: Martin Philip , Midgley Elizabeth , Teitelbaum Michael
Published: March 2003

At the ninth Migration Dialogue seminar, held 29–31 March 2001 in Istanbul, Turkey, opinion leaders discussed the major immigration and integration issues facing emigration, transit, and immigration countries. Several major issues regarding Turkey were discussed.

First, the effect of the Turkish Government’s modernization effort, which began in the 1920s. In the 1960s the government began to promote the export of surplus labour, with the hope that sending workers abroad from less– developed parts of the country would bring remittances and returned workers with skills needed for modernization. Among the governments of labour–exporting countries, Turkey’s has been unique in its high hopes for recruitment, remittances, and returns. They were expected to bring about a transformation of the country. These high expectations help explain the widespread frustration with migration’s actual effects.

Second, the Turkish Government’s current goal of gaining full membership in the European Union (EU). Ankara stresses that the EU should embrace full Turkish membership for a variety of reasons, including the country’s strategic position between Europe and Asia, and to send a signal to other Muslim societies, such as those of North Africa, that the EU will include Muslim societies that are secular and democratic.

Third, Turkey’s fear that EU membership would lead to another wave of migration. Many Europeans fear that Turkish EU membership would lead to another wave of migration. Turkey hopes that admission to the EU will bring EU assistance and foreign direct investment (FDI) that creates jobs and pushes up wages, thus making migration insignificant.

Finally, Turkey’s position as an emigration, transit, and immigration country. There are 3 to 4 million Turks abroad, 3 to 4 million foreigners living in Turkey (perhaps half Iranians), and tens of thousands who move through Turkey to Europe. Turkey is revising its asylum law in a manner that will allow persons fleeing persecution outside Europe to be considered refugees in Turkey, to establish for the first time a support system for refugees.
Migration Trends and Migration Policy in Europe
Authors: Stalker Peter
Published: March 2003

This paper summarizes the latest information on both stocks and flows of migrants in Europe, focusing specifically on arrivals from developing countries. It starts out by setting this into its historical context by showing how flows of labour migrants were followed by flows of family members, and later by asylum seekers and refugees. Then it looks more closely at recent migration data, though it finds these to be frequently incomplete and inconsistent.

The most comparable cross–national data come from the OECD and Eurostat, which indicate that Germany had the largest flows of migrants in the 1990s followed by the United Kingdom. In addition to these arrivals there are probably between 2 and 3 million undocumented immigrants in Europe – accounting for 10 to 15 per cent of the total population of foreigners. The paper also traces the countries from where immigrants are leaving. Sources vary considerably from one immigration country to another, reflecting a number of factors, of which the most important are former colonial links, previous areas of labour recruitment, and ease of entry from neighbouring countries. In recent years, however, immigrants have been coming from a wider range of countries and particularly from lower–income countries.

The paper also examines changes in immigration policy. National policies were fairly liberal during the 1950s and 1960s, before becoming restrictive from the 1970s on. Recently, however, a number of governments have been revising their policies to take better account of employment and demographic needs. The paper also traces the emergence of a cross–national European response to immigration, as European Union (EU) countries have become more concerned about their common external frontier.

Thus far European countries have done little to try to control migration through cooperation with sending countries. They could, for example, direct Official Development Assistance to those countries most likely to send immigrants, though few appear to have done so in a deliberate fashion.

The paper concludes that in the future immigration to the EU is likely to increase, both as a result of the demand for labour and because of low birth rates in the EU. In the short and medium term many of these requirements are likely to be met by flows from Eastern Europe, particularly following the eastward expansion of the EU. But, the longer–term picture will probably involve greater immigration from developing countries.
Excess Risk Premia of Asian Banks
Authors: Mei Jianping (J.P.) , Wang Zheng
Published: March 2003

This paper develops a framework for gauging the risks of emerging market banks by using stock market data. Employing a multifactor asset pricing model that allows for time‐varying risk premia, we find the presence of large excess risk premia on Asian bank stocks, especially in those markets affected by the Asian financial crisis. We find that the excess risk premia appear to be negatively related to the degree of economic freedom of a country but positively related to its corruption level. Thus, our findings are consistent with the view that crony capitalism in Asia may have distorted the market mechanism or the systematic risk exposure of banks. This suggests that the excess risk premium provides useful information on risk exposure for opaque banking systems where quality accounting information is not available.
Recent Trends and Major Issues in International Migration: Central and East European Perspectives
Authors: Okólski Marek
Published: March 2003

Until the late 1980s Central and Eastern Europe was a region relatively isolated from the other parts of the world. Flows of people between the countries, even inside the region, were rather small and sporadic, due to administrative restrictions on foreign travel. Contrary to what was feared in the West around 1990, it has not been flooded by East Europeans newly equipped with the freedom of movement. Indeed, the out‐flow of groups such as ethnic minorities, political opponents, and elites, has diminished. Nevertheless, at least three very dramatic and partly unexpected migration movements have occurred in the region. First: an unprecedented intensification of international flows within the region. Second: an influx of people from outside the region. Third: westbound transit. These three phenomena have a direct and sometimes con‐siderable impact on the countries undergoing the migration flows, provoking in them particular political responses.
Recent Migration Trends in the Commonwealth of Independent States
Authors: Zayonchkovskaya Zhanna
Published: March 2003

The article, based on official data and the results of research, examines changes in migration patterns in the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), following the disintegration of the former USSR in the early 1990s. It also considers the factors bringing about these changes. The article covers migrations between the CIS countries, as well as between them and the rest of the world. Attention is given, inter alia, to repatriation of ethnic Russians and of other ethnic groups, forced migration of refugees and displaced persons, labour migrant flows, irregular migrations, and the repatriation of former deportees.
Introduction: Drug Trafficking, Organised Crime, and Public Policy for Drug Control
Authors: Schiray Michel
Published: March 2003

This introduction to studies carried out mainly in Brazil, India, and China aims to show the importance, for an understanding of the drug trade and its consequences, of research that compensates for the limitations of information available either in the media or from official specialist institutions. It sketches an overview of current academic activity around the world, noting the undeniable pre‐eminence of the United States but also the exceptional efforts made by researchers in some closely involved countries, including Colombia and Italy, and, by contrast, the astonishing lack of engagement on the part of academic circles in most other countries. It selects for discussion some of the results of the various studies which might point the way for further research. It observes that the questions which arise vary considerably depending on the level considered – local, national or international; and identifies some of these. It demonstrates that the drug trade is linked to other criminal activities, and seeks to analyse the forms of organisation which control it. Lastly, it puts forward some basic questions about the potential contribution of research to national and international public policy for control.
Introduction: Drug Trafficking and the State
Authors: Geffray Christian
Published: March 2003

In this article we seek to highlight two generic patterns of state delinquency connected to drug trafficking: on the one hand, corruption through the neutralisation of the state's power, when the initiative is in the hands of drug traffickers, and, on the other, corruption through abuse of power when the initiative lies with civil servants. The studies presented in this chapter suggest, indeed, that the predominance of one or the other form of corruption is greatly dependent upon the history of the state and the balance of power between public institutions and drug trafficking networks. For example, the case of Mexico, where the various administrations remained for a long time under the de facto tutelage of a single party, may bear a greater similarity in this respect to the case of China than to that of Brazil, India, or Colombia. Beyond the differences, and regardless of the extent to which traffickers are independent of the power of the state, we raise the political question of clientelism.
Scientists and Policy‐makers: Towards a New Partnership
Authors: Wiltshire Kenneth
Published: March 2003

There is an urgent need to link social science research with policy making to address many key issues confronting countries across the globe. Policy makers need the benefit of social science research which is relevant, timely, trans‐disciplinary, methodologically capable of capturing global and local trends, swift to respond to fundamental issues, and offering findings which are clearly articulated, effectively disseminated, and oriented to outcomes. For this a new partnership is needed between social scientists and policy makers. We can gain a clearer picture of the nature of this desired partnership by probing the dichotomy between the world of science and the world of policy making. The experience of UNESCO and its programme Management of Social Transformations provides some valuable lessons.
The changing urban discourse of the multilateral aid institutions
Authors: De Ponte Giulia
Published: March 2003

In the 1980s multilateral development aid organisations seemed to be almost unanimous in structuring their urban policy around the ideas of urban management and partnership. It was clear, however, that there was continuing wide–ranging uncertainty over the exact meaning attributed to these terms by such organisations. As a result, the debate was confined either to an excessively vague theoretical analysis or to a mere discussion of the empirical results of the programmes carried out. In these circumstances the commentators from outside the multilateral agencies have often undertaken the task of interpreting the two terms in question by trying to extrapolate a definition of them on the basis of the texts in which they have appeared. Without denying the usefulness of such approaches, an attempt will be made here to suggest a different path, retracing the historical development of the ideas from which these terms have sprung. Attention will be focused in particular on the relations of transmission and continuity — or conversely, of rupture — which have characterised this development, with a view to understanding in which of these relations the meaning of the terms in question is rooted.
Fundamental Decisions for the Reform of Pension Systems
Authors: Schmähl Winfried
Published: March 2003

This paper outlines the fundamental options for the design of pension systems in any country. The financing and benefits structure is described, with particular reference to distribution policy objectives. The need for thorough preparation to back up decision‐making is emphasized, together with the need to take into account the many and varied interactions with other institutions and fields, particularly the long‐term effects of changes and the prevailing conditions in the country concerned. Reforms often involve long‐term transitional arrangements, so that different forms of pension provision should not be compared in isolation, although this is often done when comparing pay‐as‐you‐go financing and capital funding. Moreover, a close link can be established between contributions and the subsequent pension in state pay‐as‐you‐go schemes as well as private, funded pension provision. Finally, in the decision‐making process, more attention needs to be paid to the flow of information to decision‐makers, citizens and the media in order to increase the acceptability of reform measures.
A New Social Security Reform Consensus? The ISSA’s Stockholm Initiative
Authors: Scherman K. G.
Published: March 2003

At a meeting of the ISSA Bureau in Stockholm in 1996, theInternational Social Security Association under the author’s presidency launched what became known as the Stockholm Initiative, under the title “The social security reform debate: In search of a new consensus”. The objective was to bring together the often contrasting views of national and international experts involved in the social security reform debate, in a first phase with particular regard to public pensions. A broad consensus emerged among specialists about the need to balance social goals and macroeconomic requirements when designing and implementing reforms. This article reviews the background to the Initiative, outlines its achievements and surveys the issues which need to be faced.
Banken zwischen Politik und Markt: Worin besteht die volkswirtschaftliche Verantwortung der Banken?
Authors: Hellwig Martin
Published: March 2003

The paper studies the changing relations between political systems and banking systems. After a brief survey of traditional mechanisms of protection for banks from competition combined with subsidized finance for selected worthy purposes, the paper sketches the structural change that has taken place in the financial sector and considers its implications for the workability of these mechanisms. For the future, the paper claims, the ``economic responsibility“ of banks lies in the avoidance of excessive risks burdening the community rather than in the subsidization of selected purposes.
Ach Europa: Einige kritische polito Èkonomische Notizen zum Thema „Europa“
Authors: Rothschild Kurt W.
Published: March 2003

The project „Europe“ has two aspects: a political and an economic one. While the political aspect - a peaceful Europe - can count on universal consent, the economic „constitution“ necessarily invites controversies. In national politics such controversies are „solved“ in a democratic process. The delay in political unification has prevented the emergence of such a process on a European scale. The paper discusses some difficulties which arise from this fact. Attention is drawn to the dogmatic nature of some EU economic policies. It is suggested that in the transition to a more unified European framework a flexible economic policy leaving more room for subsidiarity should be adopted.
Conflict resolution and procedural fairness in Japanese work organizations
Authors: Imazai Kei‐Ichiro , Ohbuchi Ken‐Ichi
Published: March 2003

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine short‐term and long‐term effects of perceived fairness, and to examine relational factors’ effects of procedural fairness in organizational conflicts between employees and supervisors among the Japanese. We asked 154 Japanese employees working in companies to rate their perception of conflicts as well as attitudes towards their own companies. We found that both perception of procedural and distributive fairness produced short‐term effects (satisfaction with outcome of conflicts) and long‐term effects (positive organizational attitudes). Perceived procedural fairness was increased by appropriate treatment of the supervisors, but our prediction that this effect would be moderated by the employees’ identification with organizations was not supported.
Effects of social networks on cross‐cultural adjustment
Authors: Tanaka Tomoko , Takai Jiro , Kohyama Takaya , Fujihara Takehiro , Minami Hirofumi
Published: March 2003

A total of 221 responses were obtained from a survey of international students in Japan, regarding the facilitative effects of social network formation on their adjustment. Regression analyses were conducted to explore the relationships among four types of adjustment revealed in a preceding study (“general adjustment,”“self‐control,”“affiliative” and “dependent”), network size, demographic variables, expected social support, etc. For each adjustment type, predictive variables were identified. Two of the variables that showed network effects on adjustment were Japanese language proficiency and race (Asians vs. Westerners). From these results, it would appear that social network formation does facilitate adjustment, and insight into the effect of adjustment type and demographic variables on network functions was obtained. Furthermore, the actual conditions regarding network formation of international students in Japan were revealed.
Response Stereotypy in Humans Maintained by Response‐Contingent Events
Authors: Ono Koichi
Published: March 2003

The present study examined stereotyped behaviors developed during human performances that were generated by response‐dependent intermittent schedules of reinforcement. Thirty university students were assigned to either fixed‐interval 30‐s or fixed‐ratio 30‐s schedules in which points or monetary reinforcers were produced only by presses on the number keys of a 41‐key computer keyboard. Behavior patterns developed by all subjects were classified into four categories: optimal, random, unique, and general stereotypes. The general stereotypes category was further subdivided into five idiosyncratic types: connection, order, shift, repeat, and restriction. Analysis of the data demonstrated the role of contiguity: Whatever behavior happened to precede reinforcers was repeated even though reinforcers did not depend on that behavior. These findings support the argument that much of idiosyncratic and stereotyped human behavior is produced and maintained by contingencies of reinforcement, rather than schedule‐induced or adjunctive behavior.
Signaled reinforcement effects on fixed‐interval performance of rats with lever depressing or releasing as a target response
Authors: Kitaguchi Katsuya , Nakajima Sadahiko
Published: March 2003

The effect of a diffuse auditory signal filling a brief delay between a response and reinforcement depends upon the nature of the trained target response. Rats in a signaled condition responded slower than rats in an unsignaled condition if the target response was lever release. If the target response was lever depression, however, rats in the signaled condition responded faster than rats in the unsignaled condition at the end of training
Visual evoked potentials to the geometric forms in the randomized presentation
Authors: Ito Motoo , Kuwabara Hiroshi , Sugata Tatsuya , Suzuki Kazuya , Kawai Yuko
Published: March 2003

Two outlined geometric figures, an equilateral triangle and a circle, of equal contour length, were randomly presented at a fixed position in the lower or upper part of the visual field (LVF and UVF). Transient visual evoked potentials (VEPs) were recorded monopolarly from the inion (I), 5, 10, 15 cm above it (I5, I10, I15) and Fz, for 12 subjects. Grand‐averaged VEPs were computed. A negative (N) wave (averaged peak latency 155 ms) was identified in the LVF and a positive (P) wave (130 ms) in the UVF. In the LVF, the N amplitude of the triangle was significantly larger than that of the circle at I5 and I. Regarding the P wave in the UVF, the triangle was of a significantly longer latency than the circle at I15, I10 and I5. The enhancement of the N amplitude for the triangle in the LVF is not attributable to the arousal caused by the preparatory state for the figure, since the subject could not predict the figure to be presented next or its position.
Is the “hot‐hands” phenomenon a misperception of random events?
Authors: Miyoshi Hiroto
Published: March 2003

T. Gilovich, R. Vallone, and A. Tversky (1985) asked whether the so‐called hot‐hands phenomenon – a temporary elevation of the probability of successful shots – actually exists in basketball. They concluded that hot‐hands are misperceived random events. This paper re‐examines the truth of their conclusion. The present study's main concern was the sensitivity of the statistical tests used in Gilovich et al.'s research. Simulated records of shots over a season were used. These represented many different situations and players, but they always contained at least one hot‐hand period. The issue was whether Gilovich et al.'s tests were sensitive enough to detect the hot‐hands embedded in the records. The study found that this sensitivity depends on the frequency of hot‐hand periods, the total number of shots in all hot‐hand periods, the number of shots in each hot‐hand period, and the size of the increase in the probability of successful shots in hot‐hand periods. However, when the values of those variables were set realistically, on average the tests could detect only about 12% of the hot‐hands phenomena.
Normalized pulse volume and blood volume as separate indices of ﬁnger arterial and venous vascular tone: Examination under propofol
Authors: Tanaka Gohichi , Kawana Shin , Sawada Yukihiro , Yamakoshi Ken‐ichi
Published: March 2003

Abstract: This study examined the newly proposed indices for estimating ﬁnger vascular tone, which can be obtained from near infrared transmittance photoplethysmographic recordings; normalized pulse volume (NPV) and blood volume (BV). They were recorded for seven male and two female students under continuous infusion of and recovery from propofol. Concomitant hemodynamic measurements were made with a non‐invasive impedance cardiograph and a continuous blood pressure monitor. Normalized pulse volume showed no apparent dose‐dependency and was negatively correlated with total peripheral resistance. In contrast, BV increased dose‐dependently with propofol concentration and was negatively correlated with cardiac preload index (PLI) and with stroke volume (SV) at higher concentrations. The supplementary structural equation modeling procedure effectively illustrated causal relationships between BV, PLI and SV. In conclusion, the present data suggest that NPV and BV independently reﬂect arterial and venous tone in the ﬁnger tip, respectively. Although the underlying mechanisms remain unclear, BV is more sensitive to vascular dilation under propofol anesthesia.
Catholic and Non‐Catholic Theologies of Liberation: Poverty, Self‐Improvement, and Ethics Among Small‐Scale Entrepreneurs in Guatemala City
Authors: Gooren Henri
Published: March 2003

In the late 1960s and early 1970s, Catholic liberation theology seemed poised to become a mass movement in Latin America, whereas evangelical Protestantism did not seem likely to ever receive broad popular appeal. This paper will explore possible reasons why most of the poor in Latin America preferred to join non‐Catholic churches, instead of the so‐called Christian Base Communities (CEBs) or other grassroot groups connected with liberation theology. It does so by a review of scientific literature and by presenting empirical data from field research in Guatemala City. Using a neo‐Weberian approach, I will argue that various non‐Catholic churches foster elements of asceticism and self‐improvement, which provide an important asset for the poor in Guatemala in their quest to better their lives both economically and spiritually.
Religious Fundamentalism as a Predictor of Prejudice: A Two‐Component Model
Authors: Laythe Brian , FinkeL Deborah G. , Bringle Robert G. , Kirkpatrick Lee A.
Published: March 2003

The present study aims to determine whether the empirical relationship between religious fundamentalism and prejudice can be accounted for in terms of the mutually opposing effects of Christian orthodoxy and right‐wing authoritarianism using multiple regression. Three separate samples (total n = 320) completed measures of religious fundamentalism, right‐wing authoritarianism, Christian orthodoxy, ethnic prejudice, and homosexual prejudice. Consistent with previous research, fundamentalism (1) was essentially unrelated to ethnic prejudice when considered alone; (2) was positively related to ethnic prejudice when orthodoxy was statistically controlled; and (3) was negatively related to ethnic prejudice when authoritarianism was statistically controlled. Finally, when both authoritarianism and orthodoxy were controlled simultaneously, fundamentalism was again unrelated to prejudice, whereas orthodoxy was negatively related and authoritarianism positively related. In contrast, fundamentalism was a significant positive predictor of prejudice against gays and lesbians irrespective of whether authoritarianism and/or orthodoxy were statistically controlled.
Estimating the Extent of Religious and Spiritual Activity in Australia Using Time–Budget Data
Authors: Bouma Gary D. , Lennon Dan
Published: March 2003

The amount of religious and spiritual activity in a society is usually estimated by surveys, census data, participant records, and membership data. Most of these do not provide a comparison of religious with other activities and suffer from significant halo effects. Time–budget data provide the basis for estimating religious activity as a percentage of all time and enable comparisons with other similar activities. This analysis of time–budget data from a nationally representative sample of Australians reveals that religious and spiritual activities are engaged in by 10 percent of households, constitute 0.28 percent of all activities compared with 0.26 percent for sporting and cultural attendances and 1.49 percent for sport and outdoor leisure activities.
Another Look at Reasoning Experiments: Rationality, Normative Models and Conversational Factors
Authors: Todorov Alexander
Published: March 2003

In many studies, human reasoning has been depicted as “biased” or deviating from normative models in both areas of deductive and inductive reasoning. Two criteria for evaluation of reasoning studies are proposed in this paper. The first criterion concerns the selection and application of normative models against which human performance is assessed. The second criterion concerns the role of conversational factors in the differential selection of information used in the subsequent judgment. These two criteria were applied to studies on two tasks from the fields of deductive and inductive reasoning, the Wason selection task and the base rate fallacy. In view of alternative normative systems, control of the application of the normative models used and the perceived conversational relevance of the information presented in the experimental tasks, the alleged biases have been demonstrated to be largely unsupported. The analysis is consistent with the notion that human reasoning is optimal and rational. The implications of the present account for reasoning experiments are discussed.
No Longer Complacent?: Why Israeli Women Did Not Rebel
Authors: Moore Dahlia
Published: March 2003

Why did Israeli women not fight for social equality until the late 1980s? And what changed their individual and collective willingness to act? The paper maintains that social action to improve women’s positions in society didexist before the late 1980s but it was mostly not rebellious in the sense that it was not directed against men or the existing social order. The main factor behind the in[action is the lack of feminist ideologies that affect and support gender identities. This kind of feminist gender identity was inhibited in Israel by the inter‐relations among three factors: (1) the lack of ideological pluralism, (2) the influence of traditional and religious beliefs, and (3) the effect of national, total, and masculine institutions (like the Israeli army). The same factors—or some combinations of these factors—may inhibit women’s activism in other societies as well.
Messiahs, Pariahs, and Donors: The Development of Social Representations of Organ Transplants
Authors: Moloney Gail , Walker Iain
Published: March 2003

This longitudinal, qualitative study investigated the genesis and transformation of the social representations of organ transplants. A search of the West Australian newspaper, from 1954 to 1995 found 672 articles pertaining to organ transplants. Two distinct, but conflicting, representations emerged in the analyses. In the first representation, found from 1967/68, the surgeon was paramount and organ transplants were iconised as ‘spare part surgery’. In the second representation, found from 1984/85, the role of the donor was emphasised and transplants iconised as a ‘gift of life’. Both representations were discernible in 1994/95. We consider the question whether there are now two conflicting representations or one representation with two conflicting sets of beliefs at its core. The results are discussed in terms of anchoring, objectification, transformation, and structure, as well as Moscovici’s (1993) notion of canonic themata.
Breaking the Rules When Others Do
Authors: Holley David M.
Published: March 2003

People often speak as if the behaviour of others is relevant to the question of whether they are justified in violating a rule. This paper explores three lines of argument which might be used to justify rule violation on grounds appealing to what others do. The appeal to self‐defence as a justification does not succeed, since it must expand the concept to involve a cumbersome weighing of harms. The argument that complying with a rule may involve too great a sacrifice in some cases needs to be developed by an account of when a sacrifice is morally significant. It is tempting, but problematic, to do this by weighing consequences of individual acts. An alternative approach is to argue that the behaviour of others is sometimes relevant to determining what rule is actually functioning in some context as a part of a particular moral system.
Population and Third World Assistance –A Comment on Hardin’s Lifeboat Ethics
Authors: Ryberg Jesper
Published: March 2003

Many philosophers have defended the view that well‐off people or nations have an obligation to assist people who suffer from famine in less developed areas of the world. However, in contrast to this outlook, some theorists have claimed that it is ethically wrong to provide this kind of assistance. In this article the non‐assistance view is discussed. It is argued that even if a neo‐Malthusian population theory is correct and if we accept a maximizing policy which allows the relevant weighing of evils, there may still be an obligation to assist the victims of starvation in poor countries.
On Defining Illness
Authors: McKnight Christopher
Published: March 2003

K. W. M. Fulford argues that illness can be defined as action failure where someone finds themselves unable to do something which they would normally ‘just get on and do’ though there is no external impediment. Thus a paralysed person intends to raise their arm but finds that they cannot or an alcoholic intends to stop drinking but is unable to. I argue that such people are ill whether or not they have the relevant intentions and that their illness may consist in the fact that even if they had had those intentions they would have been unable to act on them.
Nationality, Distributive Justice and the Use of Force
Authors: Caney Simon
Published: March 2003

To whom do we owe obligations of distributive justice? In the last decade a number of distinguished political theorists — such as David Miller and Yael Tamir — have defended a nationalist account of our distributive obligations. This paper examines their account of distributive justice. In particular, it analyses their contention (a) that individuals owe special obligations to fellow‐nationals, (b) that these obligations are obligations of distributive justice and (c) that these obligations are enforceable. Miller and Tamir's justifications, I argue, do not support these claims. Moreover, I argue, (a) and (c) should only be accepted in a greatly qualified form and (b) should be rejected altogether. The paper thus concludes that the nationalists' preferred account of distributive justice is untenable.
Smokers' Rights to Health Care: Why the ‘Restoration Argument’ is a Moralising Wolf in a Liberal Sheep's Clothing
Authors: Wilkinson Stephen
Published: March 2003

Do people who cause themselves to be ill (e.g. by smoking) forfeit some of their rights to healthcare? This paper examines one argument for the view that they do, the restoration argument.

It goes as follows. Smokers need more health‐resources than non‐smokers. Given limited budgets, we must choose between treating everyone equally (according to need) or reducing smokers' entitlements. If we choose the former, non‐smokers will be harmed by others' smoking, because there will be less resources available for them than if no‐one smoked. This is unfair: why should non‐smokers suffer because of others' unhealthy lifestyle choices? We should therefore choose the latter and reduce smokers' entitlements.

This paper criticises the restoration argument on the following grounds. In order to avoid generating unpalatable conclusions elsewhere, it must be combined with a principle according to which activities which are sufficiently ‘socially valuable’ (e.g. parenting) are immune from restoration claims. This however means that what was supposed to be one of the argument's most attractive features, its compatibility with ‘liberal neutrality’ with respect to the value of different lifestyles, doesn't really exist. Hence, the restoration argument is nowhere near as attractive as it at first appears to be.
Towards a Liberal Environment?
Authors: Hailwood Simon A.
Published: March 2003

It is widely supposed that liberal political theory must exclude direct concern for nature, that its anthropocentric individualism can allow only indirect, instrumental value to the non‐human world. This is perhaps thought to be especially true of contractarian versions of liberalism. In this paper I try to show that this is not so by outlining an argument based on an analogy between the ‘neutrality’ of Rawls' political liberalism and the ‘otherness’ of external nature. I consider some possible objections to the argument, and try to explain why I think that the analogy is strong enough to justify modifying the Rawlsian approach to encompass direct concern for external nature (as other). If I am right then it is not necessary completely to abandon that approach in order to construct a more adequately ecocentric political theory.
On Apologies
Authors: Davis Paul
Published: March 2003

There is a morally questionable laxity in our practices of apologising. A genuine apology involves substantially more than regret about offence caused by one’s behaviour. I argue that it is in fact possible to unpack a normative paradigm (or essence) underlying the practice of apologising. This essence involves doxastic, affective, and dispositional elements, related at the moral phenomenological level. The Consummate apologiser believes that he has transgressed because of identifiable moral saliences of his conduct, feels reproachful towards himself as a result, and as a result resolves to avoid repetition of the same conduct. The latter might require the cultivation of new dispostions or the sharpening of existing ones. It is rational to accept an apology insofar as the preceding doxastic, affective, and dispositional elements are believed to be present and rational in the apologiser. In accepting an apology, the recipient agrees to the attempt at normalisation of relations with the transgressor.
Just How Unlawful is “Euthanasia”?
Authors: Tur Richard H. S.
Published: March 2003

Those who campaign for law reform to permit “euthanasia” may seek different things and at least some of what they seek may already be permissible under the criminal law of England and Wales. In this paper I examine one means whereby the criminal law delivers outcomes acceptable to the euthanasia lobby, that is the curious notion of “causation” deployed by the law, which adds a value override to the more usual notion of factual causation such that, for example, if medical treatment falls within the acceptable range as normal and proper, the pre–existing injury or illness is treated as exclusively the cause of death and the doctor escapes criminal liability, even where the medical treatment will shorten life to the certain knowledge, possibly even the wish, of the doctor. Thus the law may already be delivering a range of outcomes — euthanasia in a weak sense — acceptable to the euthanasia lobby. If so, it achieves this by stealth. That is inappropriate to the doctor–patient relationship, which is one of trust. So there is a strong case for greater transparency. Moreover, there are limits to the acceptable outcomes which an unreformed criminal law can deliver and in a range of cases the criminal law condemns the doctor to impotence and the patient to a prolonged, miserable and undignified death. So there is also a case for going beyond the current law and legalising euthanasia in a strong sense.
Art, Design and Environment: A Programme for Teacher Education
Authors: Adams Eileen , Chisholm Tony
Published: March 2003

This account of a programme for PGCE Art/Design students at University College Bretton Hall, Wakefield (UK) describes an attempt in initial teacher training to develop a course of study which links art, design, environment and education. It seeks to develop a range of perceptions of the built environment, including those of the artist, the critic and the designer. The ideas and methods of working developed on this programme support students’ work in schools. The paper explains the rationale and describes the intensive workshop programme, which includes streetwork, studio sessions and critique. It reports on students’ research and their work in schools. Issues include the place of built environment studies in the Art/Design curriculum, the use of the environment as an educational resource and learning methods and teaching strategies. It comments on the satisfactions and frustrations of developing such a programme in initial teacher education. It presents the work at Bretton Hall as a case study in a wider range of work currently being developed by students, tutors and teachers involved in other courses. They have come together through the ‘Site Specific Project’ to create a research network to support curriculum innovation and teachers’ professional development.
Critical Enquiry in Art in the Primary School
Authors: Cox Sue
Published: March 2003

This article considers how primary teachers might introduce children to critical studies, in the light of an examination of recent developments in art theory, to show how these can inform our approach. It looks at the work of one teacher, Caron Ementon, to show how this relates to contemporary art theory. Thus, practice is contextualised within theory and vice versa. Some procedural principles are suggested which, in responding to developments in art theory, can provide an approach to critical enquiry that is educationally enriching. This approach can enable children to relate to the work of other artists in ways that are appropriate to their own level of development. It also lays the foundations for later learning, in terms of procedural knowledge both for interpreting art works, and, ultimately, for understanding that theory itself. Furthermore, the metacognitive dimension of critical enquiry, implicit both in the theory and the concomitant processes of learning described, opens up rich possibilities for developing critical thinking.
The Guernica Children's Peace Mural Project
Authors: Anderson Tom
Published: March 2003

This is an exploration of the international Guernica Children's Peace Mural Project, particularly in terms of its theoretical underpinnings and possible impact as a paradigm for ‘real life’ art education.