bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Congenital cytomegalovirus infection with brainstem hemorrhage and polymicrogyria: Necropsic and histopathological findings
Authors: Arredondo Montero Javier , Bronte Anaut Mónica , Caballero Martínez María Cristina , Fernández Seara Maria Pilar , Martín‐Calvo Nerea
Published: August 2022

Congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection can cause severe neurological sequelae or even fetal death. We present a 17‐year‐old pregnant woman with fetal CMV infection, leading to voluntary termination of pregnancy. Fetopsy demonstrated a brainstem hemorrhage and focal polymicrogyria. CMV inclusions were observed in the lung, liver, thyroid, pancreas, kidneys, adrenal, placenta, and central nervous system. Intracranial hemorrhage is a rare finding in the context of congenital CMV infection, with isolated brainstem hemorrhage being an exceptional form of presentation. Polymicrogyria appears to be a more frequent finding, although its actual incidence is unknown. Future studies are needed to determine the causal association.
Sex‐specific shifts in morphology and diet in a frog after 50 years of anthropogenic habitat fragmentation
Authors: Wu Qiang , Aubret Fabien , Wu Lingbing , Ding Ping
Published: August 2022

Aim

Phenotypic shifts are commonly observed when animals face insular habitat change and may reflect ongoing stresses on individuals. However, the generality and the driving processes of this ‘island rule’ remain equivocal, notably in amphibians. Here, we investigate both morphological and dietary shifts in a frog using a mosaic of human‐created islands to assess the potential operating mechanisms underlying these phenotypic responses.

Location

Thousand Island Lake, China.

Taxon

The Chinese piebald odorous frog,Odorrana schmackeri.

Methods

We compared body size between insular and mainland populations and between sexes. We examined the potential underlying mechanisms regarding body size shifts using structural equation modelling (SEM). Finally, we analysed changes in diet composition and compared intersexual diet overlap between islands and mainland sites.

Results

We found insular dwarfism in female but not male frogs. Meanwhile, insular females also had smaller gape widths than mainland females after accounting for snout‐vent lengths (SVLs). According to SEMs, resource availability had a direct positive effect on body size. Finally, diet composition differed between the island and mainland populations but only in females. Males and females on islands exhibited greater overlaps in the diet.

Main conclusions

In contrast with most studies in amphibians, we found insular dwarfism rather than gigantism in females. The smaller gape width after accounting for SVL in insular females suggests potential changes in prey utilization or food availability on these human‐created islands. This notion is further supported by the differentiation of diet composition between island and mainland females. The higher diet overlap between sexes implies stronger intersexual competition for food resources after habitat fragmentation. Overall, we found rapid shifts in morphology and diet in frogs, which might result from habitat fragmentation in only 50 years and underscore the need to consider intersexual differences when assessing responses of species to anthropogenic disturbances.
Qualidade dos instrumentos que avaliam Atividade e Participação de pessoas com distrofia muscular: uma revisão sistemática de medidas de resultado relatadas pelos pacientes
Authors: Andrade Keysy K. S. , Soares Luana A. , Macedo Caik C. , Bispo Nelcilaine R. , Sousa Junior Ricardo R. , Oliveira Vinícius C. , Leite Hércules R. , Gaiad Thaís P.
Published: August 2022

Objetivo

Identificar os instrumentos de avaliação para pessoas com distrofia muscular e investigar a qualidade/nível de evidência de suas propriedades de medidas.

Métodos

Uma revisão sistemática de medidas de resultado relatadas pelos pacientes foi conduzida nas bases de dados MEDLINE, Embase, AMED, DiTA e PsycINFO em agosto de 2020. Foram incluídos estudos psicométricos que investigaram a validade, confiabilidade e responsividade de instrumentos de medida que avaliam atividade e participação para distrofia muscular de qualquer tipo (Duchenne, becker, cinturas, facioescapuloumeral, congênita e miotônica) e idade. Dois revisores independentes selecionaram os estudos, extraíram dados e avaliaram a qualidade e nível de evidência dos instrumentos de medida seguindo o checklist COnsensus‐based Standards for the Selection of health status Measurement INstruments (COSMIN).

Resultados

A busca identificou 6675 referências; um total de 46 estudos com 28 instrumentos de medida de condição‐específica ou genéricos foram incluídos. As propriedades de medidas da maioria dos instrumentos tiveram resultados suficientes (68.8%) ou indeterminados (25.7%) de acordo com o COSMIN. A qualidade da evidência das propriedades de medidas foi moderada (23.8%) ou baixa (22.6%) de acordo com o Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE).

Interpretação

Existem poucos instrumentos de medida de alta qualidade que tiveram suas propriedades adequadamente medidas. O instrumento com maior qualidade é o Muscular Dystrophy Functional Rating Scale. O Motor Function Measure (instrumento genérico), Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Upper‐limb Patient‐reported Outcome Measure, North Star Ambulatory Assessment e Myotonic Dystrophy Type 1 Activity and Participation Scale for Clinical Use (específicos) também são recomendados.
Non‐canonical binding of the Chaetomium thermophilumPolD4 N‐terminal PIP motif to PCNA involves Q‐pocket and compact 2‐fork plug interactions but no 310 helix
Authors: Yang Dongxiao , Alphey Magnus S. , MacNeill Stuart A.
Published: August 2022

DNA polymerase δ (Pol δ) is a key enzyme for the maintenance of genome integrity in eukaryotic cells, acting in concert with the sliding clamp processivity factor PCNA (proliferating cell nuclear antigen). Three of the four subunits of human Pol δ interact directly with the PCNA homotrimer via a short, conserved protein sequence known as a PCNA interacting protein (PIP) motif. Here, we describe the identification of a PIP motif located towards the N terminus of the PolD4 subunit of Pol δ (equivalent to human p12) from the thermophilic filamentous fungus Chaetomium thermophilum and present the X‐ray crystal structure of the corresponding peptide bound to PCNA at 2.45 Å. Like human p12, the fungal PolD4 PIP motif displays non‐canonical binding to PCNA. However, the structures of the human p12 and fungal PolD4 PIP motif peptides are quite distinct, with the fungal PolD4 PIP motif lacking the 310 helical segment that characterises most previously identified PIP motifs. Instead, the fungal PolD4 PIP motif binds PCNA via conserved glutamine that inserts into the Q‐pocket on the surface of PCNA and with conserved leucine and phenylalanine sidechains forming a compact 2‐fork plug that inserts into the hydrophobic pocket on PCNA. Despite the unusual binding mode of the fungal PolD4, isothermal calorimetry (ITC) measurements show that its affinity for PCNA is similar to that of its human orthologue. These observations add to a growing body of information on how diverse proteins interact with PCNA and highlight how binding modes can vary significantly between orthologous PCNA partner proteins.
C‐mannosylation regulates stabilization of RAMP1 protein and RAMP1‐mediated cell migration
Authors: Mizuta Hayato , Takakusaki Ayane , Suzuki Takehiro , Otake Keisuke , Dohmae Naoshi , Simizu Siro
Published: August 2022

C‐mannosylation is a unique type of protein glycosylation via C‐C linkage between an α‐mannose and a tryptophan residue. This modification has been identified in about 30 proteins and regulates several functions, such as protein secretion and intracellular localization, as well as protein stability. About half of C‐mannosylated proteins are categorized as proteins containing thrombospondin type 1 repeat domain or type I cytokine receptors. To evaluate whether C‐mannosylation broadly affects protein functions regardless of protein domain or family, we have sought to identify other types of C‐mannosylated protein and analyse their functions. In this study, we focused on receptor activity modifying protein 1, which neither contains thrombospondin type 1 repeat domain nor belongs to the type I cytokine receptors. Our mass spectrometry analysis demonstrated that RAMP1 is C‐mannosylated at Trp56. It has been shown that RAMP1 transports to the plasma membrane after dimerization with calcitonin receptor‐like receptor and is important for ligand‐dependent downstream signalling activation. Our results showed that C‐mannosylation has no effect on this transport activity. On the other hand, C‐mannosylation did enhance protein stability and cell migration activity. Our data may provide new insight into both C‐mannosylation research and novel RAMP1 analysis.
Interplay between abiotic and microbial biofilm‐mediated processes for travertine formation: Insights from a thermal spring (Piscine Carletti, Viterbo, Italy)
Authors: Venturi Stefania , Crognale Simona , Di Benedetto Francesco , Montegrossi Giordano , Casentini Barbara , Amalfitano Stefano , Baroni Tommaso , Rossetti Simona , Tassi Franco , Capecchiacci Francesco , Vaselli Orlando , Fazi Stefano
Published: August 2022

Active hydrothermal travertine systems are ideal environments to investigate how abiotic and biotic processes affect mineralization mechanisms and mineral fabric formation. In this study, a biogeochemical characterization of waters, dissolved gases, and microbial mats was performed together with a mineralogical investigation on travertine encrustations occurring at the outflow channel of a thermal spring. The comprehensive model, compiled by means of TOUGHREACT computational tool from measured parameters, revealed that mineral phases were differently influenced by either abiotic conditions or microbially driven processes. Microbial mats are shaped by light availability and temperature gradient of waters flowing along the channel. Mineralogical features were homogeneous throughout the system, with euhedral calcite crystals, related to inorganic precipitation induced by CO2 degassing, and calcite shrubs associated with organomineralization processes, thus indicating an indirect microbial participation to the mineral deposition (microbially influenced calcite). The microbial activity played a role in driving calcite redissolution processes, resulting in circular pits on calcite crystal surfaces possibly related to the metabolic activity of sulfur‐oxidizing bacteria found at a high relative abundance within the biofilm community. Sulfur oxidation might also explain the occurrence of gypsum crystals embedded in microbial mats, since gypsum precipitation could be induced by a local increase in sulfate concentration mediated by S‐oxidizing bacteria, regardless of the overall undersaturated environmental conditions. Moreover, the absence of gypsum dissolution suggested the capability of microbial biofilm in modulating the mobility of chemical species by providing a protective envelope on gypsum crystals.
Compliance with government policies during emergencies: Trust, participation and protective actions
Authors: Mizrahi Shlomo , Cohen Nissim , Vigoda‐Gadot Eran , Krup Dana Natan
Published: August 2022

When and why do citizens comply with government policies and restrictions during emergencies? We investigate possible answers to this question. We propose a mediation model where trust in government and emergency organizations as well as perceived government effectiveness mediate the relationships between participation in decision making and the willingness to comply. We also utilize the protective action decision‐making model where perceptions about protective actions and threats can add to the explanation. Using a national survey distributed to a representative sample of the Israeli population during the wake of a second wave of the spread of Covid‐19, we found that the willingness to comply during emergencies is related to these research variables. Participation in decision‐making appears to be the main variable, but it is negatively related to the willingness to comply. We conclude that the public sector should develop and improve communication and participatory mechanisms with citizens specifically for emergencies.
Influence of eight debridement techniques on three different titanium surfaces: A laboratory study
Authors: Tran Carol , Khan Ambereen , Meredith Neil , Walsh Laurence J.
Published: August 2022

Objectives

Debridement methods may damage implant surfaces. This in vitro study investigated eight debridement protocols across three implant surfaces to assess both biofilm removal and surface alterations.

Material and Methods

One hundred sixty commercially pure titanium discs were treated to simulate commercially available titanium implant surfaces—smooth, abraded and abraded and etched. Following inoculation with whole human saliva to create a mixed species biofilm, the surfaces were treated with eight debridement methods currently used for clinical peri‐implantitis (n = 10). This included air abrasion using powders of glycine, sodium bicarbonate and calcium carbonate; conventional mechanical methods—piezoelectric scaler, carbon and stainless steel scalers; and a chemical protocol using 40% citric acid. Following treatment, remaining biofilm was analysed using scanning electron microscopy and crystal violet assays. For statistical analysis, ANOVA was applied (p < 0.05).

Results

All debridement techniques resulted in greater than 80% reduction in biofilm compared with baseline, irrespective of the surface type. Glycine powder delivered through an air polishing system eliminated the most biofilm. Mechanical instruments were the least effective at eliminating biofilm across all surfaces and caused the greatest surface alterations. Citric acid was comparable with mechanical debridement instruments in terms of biofilm removal efficacy. Titanium surfaces were least affected by air abrasion protocols and most affected by mechanical methods.

Conclusions

Mechanical protocols for non‐surgical debridement should be approached with caution. Glycine powder in an air polisher and 40% citric acid application both gave minimal alterations across all implant surfaces, with glycine the superior method in terms of biofilm removal.
Effects of electrolytic manganese residue (EMR) to co‐sintering mechanism of ceramic aggregate
Authors: Ye Dongdong , Xu Zifang , Fu Yuhao , Zhao Yifan
Published: August 2022

The influences of co‐sintering temperature on the physical properties of EMR (electrolytic manganese residue) ceramic aggregate were investigated over the gradient of co‐sintering by EMR, CFA (coal fly ash), and P (perlite) that were used as raw materials. Seven EMR samples were prepared to sinter at different temperatures that were decided by the data of a thermal mass spectrometer, and four ceramic aggregate embryos were sintered at 1120, 1140, 1160, and 1180°C. The mechanisms of co‐sintering temperature action on performance were determined by means of X‐ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy with energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy. The optimal temperature of 1160°C and the temperature increment lead to an enhancement of cylinder compressive strength and a damping of 1‐h water absorption, softening coefficient, and grain shape coefficient was discovered. Gypsum of EMR dissolved and exhausted gas during co‐sintering resulted in CaO. The crystalline transformation of wollastonite and gehlenite produced anorthite, which boosts the strength of aggregate and the content of anorthite, was proportional to the co‐sintering temperature and the pressure strength of cylinder. The liquid phase of “overfiring”‐coated crystal contributed to the further improvement of strength, but the aggregate sphere deformation generated a reduction of comprehensive performance. The formation of bustamite calcian in co‐sintered ceramic aggregate realized the solidification of Mn, and the solidification rate of leaching toxicity test was 99.92%, and the absence of radioactivity was demonstrated.
High‐temperature near‐IR spectral properties and thermal radiation conductivity of (un)colored silicate glass melts
Authors: Faber Anne Jans , Rongen Mathi , De Sousa Meneses Domingos
Published: August 2022

Using an emittance technique with a fast CO2 laser heating of glass samples, the high‐temperature absorption spectra in the near‐infrared region of ultrapure and colored (Co‐, Cu‐, Mn‐, and Ni‐doped) glasses are measured. The effects of higher glass temperatures on these absorption spectra are explained in the framework of the ligand field theory. Thus, the temperature‐dependent absorption bands of the previous transition metal ions are assigned to electronic transitions among the ligand field energy levels of these ions. In particular, spectral shifts, spectral broadening, and changes in absorption strength are ascribed to changes in the structural symmetry of the ionic sites in the glass matrix and to changes of the ligand field strength at increasing temperatures.

Besides, the temperature‐dependent Rosseland mean absorptions of the sulfate fined soda lime silicate glass melts, colored with the previous transition metal ions, are derived from the absorption spectra. Combining all the data, semiempirical correlations are derived, which predict the Rosseland thermal radiation properties as a function of glass temperature and of glass redox chemistry. The latter property involves the temperature‐dependent concentration of the specific valency of the coloring ions, determined independently, e.g. by a Gibbs minimization redox calculation tool.
Clinical validation of a smartphone application for automated wound measurement in patients with venous leg ulcers
Authors: Fong Khi Yung , Lai Tina Peiting , Chan Kai Siang , See Isabel Jia Le , Goh Cheng Cheng , Muthuveerappa Sivakami , Tan Audrey Huimin , Liang Shanying , Lo Zhiwen Joseph
Published: August 2022

Chronic wounds are associated with significant clinical, economic and quality‐of‐life burden. Despite the variety of wound imaging systems available in the market for wound assessment and surveillance, few are clinically validated among patients of Asian ethnicity. We aimed to clinically validate the accuracy of a smartphone wound application (Tissue Analytics [TA], Net Health Systems Inc, Florida, USA), versus conventional wound measurements (visual approximation and paper rulers), in patients of Asian ethnicity with venous leg ulcers (VLU). A prospective cohort study of patients presenting with VLU to a specialist wound nurse clinic over a 5‐week duration was conducted. Each patient received seven wound measurements: one by a trained wound nurse clinician, and three separate wound measurements using TA on each of the iOS and Android operating systems. Inter‐rater and intra‐rater reliability between clinical and TA‐based measurements were analysed using intra‐class correlation statistics, with values of <0.5, 0.5 to 0.75, 0.75 to 0.9, and >0.9 indicating poor, moderate, good and excellent reliability, respectively. 82 patients (51% males), with a mean age at 65.8 years, completed the 5‐week study duration. 25 (30%) had underlying diabetes mellitus. Chinese, Malay and Indian ethnicity comprised 68%, 12% and 11%, respectively. The VLU healed in 26 (32%) of patients within the study period. In total, 358 wound episodes with 2334 wound images were analysed. Inter‐rater reliability for length, width and area between wound nurse measurements and TA application measurements was good (range 0.799‐0.919,P < 0.001). Separate measurements of intra‐rater reliability for length, width and area within the iOS or Android systems were excellent (range 0.967‐0.985 and range 0.977‐0.984 respectively,P < 0.001). Inter‐rater reliability between TA used on the iOS and Android systems was also excellent (0.987‐0.989,P < 0.001). Tissue Analytics, a smartphone wound application, is a useful adjunct for wound assessment and surveillance in VLU patients of Asian ethnicity.
Nurses as bridge builders: Advancing nursing through the diffusion of knowledge
Authors: Johnson Joyce E. , Stellwag Lorelei G.
Published: August 2022

Aims

In 2001, the Institute of Medicine concluded that the American healthcare system failed in translating new knowledge into practice and applying for new technological advances. The Institute of Medicine suggested that knowledge dissemination in healthcare systems may never reach clinicians or patients because the available tools and incentives do not promote rapid dissemination efforts that improve clinical outcomes. This article describes a practical strategy that can bring the benefits of medical science and technology to all healthcare systems in the US and abroad. This involves building the capacity of thousands of new nurse doctors to use social network analysis and work as bridge builders in healthcare systems.

Background

Nurses have been working in research on evidence‐based practice since the time of Florence Nightingale. Since then, there have been many challenges that have limited progress in disseminating nursing knowledge from research to practice. One limitation has been the underutilization of social network analysis, an inter‐disciplinary approach used to leverage social structures and the linkages between “actors.”

Design

The article includes a literature review of social network analysis in healthcare and dissertation formats used in nursing programs.

Methods

Literature review and analysis.

Results

Although the use of social network analysis in healthcare dates back to 1957, research has found that reference to social network analysis was rare in the nursing literature and that there was poor knowledge diffusion about social network analysis in the nursing profession. This represents an untapped potential to improve the dissemination of new knowledge in nursing.

Conclusions

The use of social network analysis can help nurses advance care delivery, create more efficient healthcare facilities, and improve clinical outcomes. Nurse bridges represent ideal users of social network analysis because nurses enjoy a high level of interaction with patients, families, hospital personnel, and providers. To successfully build nursing's capacity as bridge builders, the nursing profession will need to change the traditional dissertation format to a publication format, build a new curriculum for nurses who will work as bridges in healthcare, and create a national academic‐practice campaign focused on the diffusion of new knowledge in nursing.
On the identity of the banded gourami Trichogaster fasciata with notes on the taxonomic status of Trichopodus bejeus (Teleostei: Perciformes: Osphronemidae)
Authors: Knight J. D. Marcus , Nallathambi Moulitharan , Vijayakrishnan Balaji , Jayasimhan Praveenraj
Published: August 2022

Based on its original description and putative topotypes, the identity of the banded gourami Trichogaster fasciata is resolved. Trichogaster lalia is a synonym of T. fasciata, and the name Trichogaster bejeus is applied to the species hitherto identified as T. fasciata. T. fasciata is distinguished from its congeners in the shape of caudal fin, colouration, lip morphology and meristic and mensural characters.
Innervation and structure of the adipose fin of a lanternfish
Authors: Buckland‐Nicks John , Reimchen Thomas E.
Published: August 2022

Adipose fins of teleost fishes have been shown to function as mechanosensory organs that respond to minute bending forces created by turbulence in fast‐flowing streams. Nonetheless, adipose fins also exist in some fishes that occupy still waters, including lanternfish (Myctophidae) in the deep sea. The authors examined adipose fin structure in northern lampfish, Stenobrachius leucopsarus, from coastal British Columbia. After fixation, embedding and sectioning of the adipose and supporting tissue, it was evident that lanternfish adipose fins are stiffened by compound actinotrichia, acting like fin rays, that would create a higher aspect ratio. The actinotrichia converge at the base of the fin in a hinge point complex that anteriorly interacts with a cartilaginous endoskeletal rod, controlled by skeletal muscles. Afferent nerves enter the fin at this point and form fine branches as they track deeper alongside actinotrichia. The authors propose that the vertical nightly migration to surface waters, as well as predator evasion within large schools, results in microturbulence. In these circumstances, the adipose fin acts as a mechanosensor providing feedback to the caudal fin, as it occurs in salmonids and catfish.
Ultrasonic‐assisted extraction and purification of xylo‐oligosaccharides from wheat bran
Authors: Wang Lidong , Li Zhenjiang , Liu Ying
Published: August 2022

This study was to produce functional xylo‐oligosaccharides (XOS) from wheat bran via ultrasonic‐assisted extraction, enzymatic hydrolysis, and purification. Optimal extraction conditions were ultrasonic frequency of 72 kHz, sonication time of 20 min, solid/liquid ratio of 1:21(w/v), 100°C, and extraction time of 2.25 h. Under these conditions, XOS extraction rate of 60.27% was obtained. Optimal enzymatic hydrolysis conditions were 10% for substrate concentration, 800 U/g for enzyme concentration, 55°C, and 4 h for hydrolysis time. Under these conditions, a hydrolysate with 25.52% of XOS content, DP = 2.68. In addition, the hydrolysate solution was decolorized using anion‐exchange resin D392 and the highest decolorization rate (89.26%) was obtained at elution volume of 1 ml/min and 50°C. Decolorized XOS hydrolysate was purified using cation‐exchange resin under optimized conditions of 1.5 ml/min elution volume, 11 ml injection volume, and 35% concentration at 75°C. The concentration of XOS increased from 64.41% to 75.63% after purification.
Phytochemical screening and in vitro radical scavenging activities of “Gola” guava fruit and leaf extracts
Authors: Shahid Arashi , Inam‐Ur‐Raheem Muhammad , Aadil Rana Muhammad , Israr Beenish
Published: August 2022

This study aimed to investigate the chemical and antioxidant characteristics of 50% and 70% hydroethanolic Gola guava fruit (GF) and guava leaf (GL) extracts by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Total phenolic content (TPC) was determined by Folin–Ciocalteu reagent. The ability to scavenge free radicals was evaluated using DPPH (2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl), H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide), and ABTS+ (2,2′‐azino‐bis (3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid)) in vitro assay. Fours hydroethanolic Gola GF and GL extracts (GF50%, GF70%, GL50%, and GL70%): 50% hydroethanolic leaves extract showed the highest TPC (299.06 ± 2.69 mg GAE/g dry extract) and TFC (31.05 ± 1.67 mg CE/g). GL50% (299.06 ± 2.69 mg GAE/g dry extract) showed high TPC than GL70%. While GL50% and GL70%’s antioxidant potential was higher than GF extracts. TPC showed a highly positive correlation with DPPH, H2O2, and a moderately positive correlation with ABTS·+. HPLC analysis indicated the presence of flavonoid compounds including quercetin and kaempferol as well as phenolic acids like gallic, syringic, m‐coumaric, p‐coumaric, vanillic, ferulic, benzoic, caffeic, chlorogenic, cinnamic, sinapic, and ascorbic acids. A high number of phenolic compounds was identified in GL50% followed by GF50% through HPLC. The extraction of bioactive compounds was more efficient with 50% hydroethanolic solvent. The FTIR spectrograms showed changes in the chemical groups and determined the extracts' functional groups. In conclusion, findings support the use of phenolic compounds extracted from GF and GL, not only for their antioxidant activity, but also provide an important basis for potential use of phenolic compounds as crosslinking agents of sulfated and non‐sulfated glycosaminoglycan.

Novelty impact statement

This study manifests the best extraction solvent for optimized recovery of all antioxidant compounds of Gola GF and GL at maximum potential and provides an insight into the chemical profile of extracts. The chemical characterization by HPLC and FTIR pave the way for the possible natural antioxidant's formulation and development of functional food with a specific investigation to elucidate the action of mechanism at the cellular and organism level to evaluate the pharmacological potential of extracts.
Pastoral community's vulnerability under extreme floodings accelerated by rangeland degradation among Turkmen transhumant, Northern Iran
Authors: Azimi Mojgansadat , Sharifian Abolfazl , Riazinia Vahideh , Arzani Hossein , Abbaspour Karim C.
Published: August 2022

Flood disaster is considered a significant natural hazard due to their devastating effects. The 2019 flood in Northern Iran drastically affected the lives of Indigenous Turkmen pastoralists. This work assesses the vulnerability of the pastoral families living in flood regions. We used the Geographical Information System, Multi‐Criteria Decision Analysis, and semi‐structured interviews to analyze the flood vulnerable areas. Initially, we interviewed 20 individuals and then formulated a questionnaire completed by 69 pastoralists in rangelands affected by floods in Golestan province. Result showed that 91% of the participants thought road networks and 76% thought livestock were the most affected components of the rangeland ecosystems in the 2019 flood. Moreover, we found supplementary feeding, watering costs, and forage quantity to be the most affected items in the economy of pastoral families. The main rangeland degrading factors were overgrazing, climate change, drought, and water shortages. The main reasons for overgrazing were the high prices of supplementary feeding, low forage productivity of the rangelands, and financial difficulties of pastoralists. We indicated that pastoral communities in the semi‐arid rangeland of Northern Golestan were highly vulnerable to flood. Hence, proper management of rangelands and building pastoral family resilience requires the attention of nature conservationists and management organizations at the national level.
Mediation effects of diabetes and inflammation on the relationship of obesity to cognitive impairment in African Americans
Authors: Abi Saleh Rola , Lirette Seth T. , Benjamin Emelia J. , Fornage Myriam , Turner Stephen T. , Hammond Pamela I. , Mosley Thomas H. , Griswold Michael E. , Windham B. Gwen
Published: August 2022

Background

Whether diabetes and adipokine‐driven inflammation explain the association of obesity to cognitive impairment is unknown.

Methods

Structural equation models estimated the total effects of waist circumference on cognitive outcomes among African American participants cross‐sectionally (index exam) and longitudinally. Total effects were deconstructed into direct pathways of waist circumference to cognitive impairment and indirect mediation pathways through leptin, soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 (sTNFR2), and diabetes. Waist circumference, leptin, and sTNFR2 were standardized. Cognitive impairment was defined as MMSE <21 or a z‐score < −1.5 standard deviation (SD). Incident cognitive impairment was defined among those without cognitive impairment at the index exam as follow‐up MMSE<21, z‐ score < −1.5, MMSE decline >1 point/year, or z‐score decline of >0.1 SD/year.

Results

Among 1008 participants (70% women, mean age 62.9 years, 14.5% with obesity, 26% with diabetes), 132 (13%) had baseline cognitive impairment. Each SD higher waist circumference was associated with higher odds of cognitive impairment, odds ratio (OR) = 1.63; (95% confidence interval: 1.17, 2.24), with mediating pathways explaining 65% of the total effect (58% from diabetes; 7% from inflammation). At follow‐up (mean 6.8 years), 106 of 535 (19.8%) had developed cognitive impairment. Each SD higher waist circumference was associated with higher odds of developing cognitive impairment (OR = 1.87; 95%CI: 1.18, 2.74); the direct effect of waist circumference explained 37% of the total effect and mediating pathways explained 63% (61% from diabetes; 2% from inflammation), although individual pathways were not statistically supported in the smaller sample.

Conclusion

Diabetes, and to a lesser degree, adiposity‐driven inflammation, appear to explain a substantial proportion of abdominal adiposity relationships with cognitive impairment. The impact of preventing and treating obesity on cognitive outcomes merits study.
Let's make a plan for when to reinstate do not resuscitate orders following TAVR
Authors: Knoepke Christopher E.
Published: August 2022

This editorial comments on the article by Bernacki et al. in this issue.
An in vitro model of glucose transporter 1 deficiency syndrome at the blood–brain barrier using induced pluripotent stem cells
Authors: Pervaiz Iqra , Zahra Fatema Tuz , Mikelis Constantinos Marios , Al‐Ahmad Abraham Jacob
Published: August 2022

Glucose is an important source of energy for the central nervous system. Its uptake at the blood–brain barrier (BBB) is mostly mediated via glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1), a facilitated transporter encoded by theSLC2A1gene. GLUT1 Deficiency Syndrome (GLUT1DS) is a haploinsufficiency characterized by mutations in theSLC2A1gene, resulting in impaired glucose uptake at the BBB and clinically characterized by epileptic seizures and movement disorder. A major limitation is an absence of in vitro models of the BBB reproducing the disease. This study aimed to characterize an in vitro model of GLUT1DS using human pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Two GLUT1DS clones were generated (GLUT1‐iPSC) from their original parental clone iPS(IMR90)‐c4 by CRISPR/Cas9 and differentiated into brain microvascular endothelial cells (iBMECs). Cells were characterized in terms ofSLC2A1expression, changes in the barrier function, glucose uptake and metabolism, and angiogenesis. GLUT1DS iPSCs and iBMECs showed comparable phenotype to their parental control, with exception of reduced GLUT1 expression at the protein level. Although no major disruption in the barrier function was reported in the two clones, a significant reduction in glucose uptake accompanied by an increase in glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration was reported in both GLUT1DS‐iBMECs. Finally, impaired angiogenic features were reported in such clones compared to the parental clone. Our study provides the first documented characterization of GLUT1DS‐iBMECs generated by CRISPR‐Cas9, suggesting that GLUT1 truncation appears detrimental to brain angiogenesis and brain endothelial bioenergetics, but maybe not be detrimental to iBMECs differentiation and barriergenesis. Our future direction is to further characterize the functional outcome of such truncated product, as well as its impact on other cells of the neurovascular unit.

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Sphingosine‐1‐phosphate receptor modulators in stroke treatment
Authors: Zhang Wanzhou , Li Yudi , Li Fangming , Ling Li
Published: August 2022

Sphingosine‐1‐phosphate (S1P) is a bioactive lysophospholipid that can influence a broad range of biological processes through its binding to five distinct G‐protein‐coupled receptors. S1P receptor modulators are a new group of immunosuppressive agents currently used in the immunotherapy of multiple sclerosis. Inflammation following stroke can exacerbate neuronal injury. Given that S1P signaling is linked to multiple immune processes, therapies targeting the S1P axis may be suitable for treating stroke. In this review, we outline S1P metabolism and S1P receptors, discuss the mechanisms of action of S1P receptor modulators in lymphocyte migration and their direct action on cells of the central nervous system, and provide a concise summary of the efficacy of S1P receptor modulators in animal studies and clinical trials on treatments for stroke.

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A Theory of Equivalent Expectation Measures for Contingent Claim Returns
Authors: NAWALKHA SANJAY K. , ZHUO XIAOYANG
Published: August 2022

This paper introduces a dynamic change of measure approach for computing analytical solutions of expected future prices (and therefore, expected returns) of contingent claims over a finite horizon. The new approach constructs hybrid probability measures called equivalent expectation measures (EEMs) that provide the physical expectation of the claim's future price before the horizon date, and serve as pricing measures on or after the horizon date. The EEM theory can be used for empirical investigations of both the cross‐section and the term structure of returns of contingent claims, such as Treasury bonds, corporate bonds, and financial derivatives.
The Afterlives of Meir Kahane: A Response
Authors: Magid Shaul
Published: August 2022

In this response to the essays in the symposium on my bookMeir Kahane: The Public Life and Political Thought of an American Jewish RadicalI tried to clarify and expand some of the thoughtful and astute themes in the remarks of my interlocutors, especially about how the book was not intended to be about one figure but rather an intervention into postwar American and Israeli Judaism through the lens of a maligned figure who is ignored by most American Jews and demonized by most Israeli Jews. Meir Kahane remains present because he never went away. And he never went away because he offered solutions that, while unpopular and egregious, continue to resonate when Jews begin to feel unstable about their place in America or Israel. He is the dark underside of the modern Jewish project that will not go away.
Spawning migration of Labeobarbus species of Lake Tana across the Gilgel Abay River Weir, Ethiopia: The challenges to fish spawning migration and proposed management solutions
Authors: Mequanent Dagnew , Mingist Minwyelet , Getahun Abebe , Anteneh Wassie
Published: August 2022

Lake Tana is one of the largest freshwater bodies in East Africa, with its 18 Labeobarbus species being the world's last remaining Cyprinid species flock. Many of them feed and grow in Lake Tana and migrate to the tributaries of the lake to reproduce. The construction of irrigation structures is increasing in the tributary rivers, however, without due attention being given to the spawning migration routes and critical spawning habitats. The present study examined the impacts of the Gilgel Abay Weir on the spawning migration of these species and discusses possible interactions with other human‐related impacts and potential mitigation measures. Fish samples were taken twice monthly from July to November 2019, both below and above the weir with gillnets. No spawning migration to the upstream of the weir has occurred since its construction, with the weir being a barrier to their spawning migration route of Lake Tana fisheries. Of the 11 species caught, only Labeobarbus intermedius (a habitat generalist) was observed above the weir, with the species diversity being significantly higher below the weir (p < 0.05) than above it. The total number of species observed during the present study was also lower, compared with previous reports. The fisheries impacts may also have been exacerbated by other contributing factors such as habitat destruction, river system degradation, destructive fishing practices and weed infestation, a situation which may lead to the collapse of Lake Tana fisheries and ultimately the lake's ecology. Reversing this situation is crucial, noting the implementation of such measures as habitat restoration and improvement, replacing the weir with environmentally friendly technologies, prohibition of illegal fishing, and construction of fish ladders could definitely alleviate the observed negative impacts of the Gilgel Abay Weir on the fisheries.
Talking to the Populist Radical Right: A Comparative Analysis of Parliamentary Debates
Authors: Schwalbach Jan
Published: August 2022

In many Western European states, right‐wing populist parties made it into national parliaments. This presents the established parties with the challenge of how to behave towards the new party. While the scholarly literature has focused more on the interaction with the populist radical right in the electoral arena, we know little about how it functions in an institutionally constrained arena such as parliament. This study asks in what way these structures affect the position taking and confrontation in speeches. Using different text‐as‐data approaches, I analyze parliamentary debates in four Western European parliaments after the entry of right‐wing populist parties. The results show that government‐opposition dynamics continue to structure parliamentary debates by and large, but right‐wing populist parties succeed in polarizing debates on immigration. They also become the center of attention in these debates. These results have important implications for the analysis of strategic party interaction in the parliamentary context.
Hierarchical Bayesian modeling for knowledge transfer across engineering fleets via multitask learning
Authors: Bull L. A. , Di Francesco D. , Dhada M. , Steinert O. , Lindgren T. , Parlikad A. K. , Duncan A. B. , Girolami M.
Published: August 2022

A population‐level analysis is proposed to address data sparsity when building predictive models for engineering infrastructure. Utilizing an interpretable hierarchical Bayesian approach and operational fleet data, domain expertise is naturally encoded (and appropriately shared) between different subgroups, representing (1) use‐type, (2) component, or (3) operating condition. Specifically, domain expertise is exploited to constrain the model via assumptions (and prior distributions) allowing the methodology to automatically share information between similar assets, improving the survival analysis of a truck fleet (15% and 13% increases in predictive log‐likelihood of hazard) and power prediction in a wind farm (up to 82% reduction in the standard deviation of maximum output prediction). In each asset management example, a set of correlated functions is learnt over the fleet, in a combined inference, to learn a population model. Parameter estimation is improved when subfleets are allowed to share correlated information at different levels in the hierarchy; the (averaged) reduction in standard deviation for interpretable parameters in the survival analysis is 70%, alongside 32% in wind farm power models. In turn, groups with incomplete data automatically borrow statistical strength from those that are data‐rich. The statistical correlations enable knowledge transfer via Bayesian transfer learning, and the correlations can be inspected to inform which assets share information for which effect (i.e., parameter). Successes in both case studies demonstrate the wide applicability in practical infrastructure monitoring, since the approach is naturally adapted between interpretable fleet models of different in situ examples.
Cetacean acoustic occurrence on theUSAtlantic Outer Continental Shelf from 2017 to 2020
Authors: Kowarski Katie A. , Martin S. Bruce , Maxner Emily E. , Lawrence Carmen B. , Delarue Julien J.‐Y. , Miksis‐Olds Jennifer L.
Published: August 2022

Long‐term distribution data for cetaceans are lacking, inhibiting the ability of management bodies to assess trends and react appropriately. Such is true even along the US Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) where previous passive acoustic monitoring programs have laid the groundwork for monitoring cetacean occurrence over a multidecadal scale. Here, we continue and expand the scope of previous acoustic programs, providing a synopsis of the monthly cetacean acoustic occurrence from late 2017 to late 2020. Acoustic data were collected using bottom‐mounted autonomous recorders located at seven stations along the OCS in depths of 212–900 m. Automated cetacean vocalization detector‐classifiers were applied, and the resulting automated detections directed the manual review of a subset of the data by analysts. Only manual detections informed the occurrence results. Six baleen whale species and at least eight toothed whale species occurred in the region with diversity increasing in winter. In considering previous monitoring program results, we found evidence that some mysticete whales are spending less time in the region annually, confirmed that some species occur farther offshore than previously reported, and identified two previously unreported areas utilized by beaked whales. For effective species management, these findings must be considered, and monitoring programs continued.
Sulforaphane, a secondary metabolite in crucifers, inhibits the oxidative stress adaptation and virulence of Xanthomonas by directly targeting OxyR
Authors: Wang Bo , Li Kaihuai , Wu Guichun , Xu Zhizhou , Hou Rongxian , Guo Baodian , Zhao Yancun , Liu Fengquan
Published: August 2022

Plant secondary metabolites perform numerous functions in the interactions between plants and pathogens. However, little is known about the precise mechanisms underlying their contribution to the direct inhibition of pathogen growth and virulence in planta. Here, we show that the secondary metabolite sulforaphane (SFN) in crucifers inhibits the growth, virulence, and ability of Xanthomonas species to adapt to oxidative stress, which is essential for the successful infection of host plants by phytopathogens. The transcription of oxidative stress detoxification‐related genes (catalase [katA and katG] and alkylhydroperoxide‐NADPH oxidoreductase subunit C [ahpC]) was substantially inhibited by SFN in Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc), and this phenomenon was most obvious in sax gene mutants sensitive to SFN. By performing microscale thermophoresis (MST) and electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), we observed that SFN directly bound to the virulence‐related redox‐sensing transcription factor OxyR and weakened the ability of OxyR to bind to the promoters of oxidative stress detoxification‐related genes. Collectively, these results illustrate that SFN directly targets OxyR to inhibit the bacterial adaptation to oxidative stress, thereby decreasing bacterial virulence. Interestingly, this phenomenon occurs in multiple Xanthomonas species. This study provides novel insights into the molecular mechanisms by which SFN limits Xanthomonas adaptation to oxidative stress and virulence, and the findings will facilitate future studies on the use of SFN as a biopesticide to control Xanthomonas.
Philosophy of Street Art: Identity, Value, and the Law
Authors: Baldini Andrea Lorenzo
Published: August 2022

We are living in the era of street art. Since Nick Riggle’s pivotal work on the definition of street art, several philosophers have addressed issues in the philosophy of street art. The goal of this paper is to summarize the literature. I consider the following matters, which have been at the core of philosophical discussions on street art: demarcation, value, illegality, and the ethical foundation of intellectual property (IP) protection. In answering the question ‘What is street art?,’ philosophers have generally resisted skeptical approaches by developing a wide range of real and essentialist definitions of street art (Section 2). When considering street art’s value, I distinguish between aesthetic and non‐aesthetic centered accounts. If the former focus on the aesthetic side of our experience of street art, the latter generally place emphasis on its activist nature and political significance (Section 3). In discussing the relationship between street art and illegality, I canvas different takes on the issue. If for some scholars illegality is either a necessary or sufficient condition for street art, philosophers tend to agree that it is neither, while not denying its relevance at the level of identity and authenticity (Section 4). Finally, I consider matters of IP protection of street art. On the one hand, copyright optimists defend the view that current IP legislations may very well have a positive impact on the promotion and preservation of street art. Pessimists, on the other hand, argue that an extension of copyright privileges to works of street art is likely to jeopardize the counter‐cultural and rebellious nature of this urban art kind (Section 5).