bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Acute effects of ultraviolet‐B irradiation on the corneal surface of the pigmented rabbit studied by quantitative scanning electron microscopy
Authors: Clarke Shirley M. , Doughty Michael J. , Cullen Anthony P.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. The eyes of female pigmented rabbits were exposed to a single dose of UV‐B (300 + 9 nm, 0.05 J/cm2 total dose) between 13.30 and 15.00 h. The average irradiance was 225 + 36 μW/cm2 delivered over 191 to 264 s. At various time periods thereafter (24, 48, 72 and 96 h post‐irradiation), the animals were euthanized by pentobarbital overdose and the eyes fixed with 2% glutaraldehyde in 80 mM cacodylate buffer (pH 7.4, total osmolarity of 330–340 mOsm/L). Corneal quadrants were examined by high resolution scanning electron microscopy at 100 × and 500 × at‐stage magnification at central, mid‐peripheral and peripheral sites. The micographs from the central cornea were subjected to a quantitative analysis using a computer based digitization system. A peak effect was observed at 48 h at which cellular exfoliation was noted at the corneal apex. In the region immediately adjacent to the exfoliating cells, the number of light and dark electron reflex cells decreased to 48 h while the numbers of medium‐reflex cells decreased after 48 h. The relative surface area of all cells was also decreased at 48 h compared to unirradiated controls. Significant recovery was observed by 96 h. Mid‐peripheral and peripheral sites were largely unaffected by this just supra‐threshold irradiation.
Chlamydial conjunctivitis in neonates and adults History, clinical findings and follow‐up
Authors: Stenberg K. , Mårdh P.‐A.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. This study presents data from 73 neonatal and 60 adult patients with chlamydial conjunctivitis who were studied by culture, enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunofluorescence (IF) tests. All patients had visited three or more doctors before the diagnosis was established. Fourteen of the adults had consulted an ophthalmological emergency unit complaining of a foreign body sensation in the eye. The symptoms started monocularly in all 133 cases, however, the fellow eye was affected after 2–7 days in 54 of the neonates and in 5–30 days in 20 of the adult patients. The duration of symptoms before the etiological diagnosis was established was 5–198 days (mean 24 and median 15 days) in the neonates and 7–120 (mean 29 and median 22 days) in the adults. The conjunctivitis was mild, moderate and severe in 7, 72 and 48 of the neonatal eyes, when the etiological diagnosis was established. The corresponding figures for severity of conjunctivitis in the adult group were 9, 57 and 14. Nasopharyngeal colonization occurred in 56 (77%) of the children and in 35 (58%) of the adults. In the adults, only two males complained of symptoms of genital infection. In 46 (77%) adults one or more of the chlamydial diagnostic tests performed on genital samples was positive for Chlamydia trachomatis. Forty‐five of the neonates were treated with erythromycin 40–50 mg per kg body weight divided in four daily doses for 14 days, while 35 of the adults were given 250 mg × 4 times 14 of erythromycin. At follow‐up, approximately two weeks later, one neonate and one adult still had culture‐positive nasopharyngeal samples. After a further course of treatment with the same drug, samples had become negative. Check‐up of 29 neonates and 23 adults after one year did not reveal any ocular sequelae.
Retinal nerve fiber layer abnormalities and high‐pass resolution perimetry
Authors: Airaksinen P. Juhani , Tuulonen Anja , Välimäki Juha , Alanko Hannu I.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. The purpose of this study was to compare high‐pass resolution perimetry (HRP) test results with clinical optic disc measurements and semi‐quantitative retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) estimates. HRP reflects the separation of functional ganglion cells in the retina, and estimates a ‘Functional Channel Fraction (FCF)’ index that expresses the number of functional ganglion cells relative to average normal. FCF was statistically highly significantly correlated both with the overall and diffuse RNFL score (r = ‐0.63, P<0.0001) and with the neuroretinal rim area (r = 0.44; P<0.001). This suggests that HRP is a useful psychophysical test to assess optic nerve integrity in glaucoma.
Pseudoexfoliative glaucoma in patients with open‐angle glaucoma in the Northwest of Spain
Authors: Moreno‐Montañés J. , Serna A. Alvarez , Paredes A. Alcolea
Published: May 2009

Abstract. A prospective study of pseudoexfoliative (PSX) glaucoma was carried out in the Northwest of Spain. In 546 examined eyes with open‐angle glaucoma, PSX glaucoma was found in 243 (44.5%). The mean age in eyes with PSX glaucoma was 72.4 years as opposed to 68.2 of the glaucomas without PSX. Intraocular pressure (IOP) and visual field defects were higher in the PSX glaucomas than in the non‐PSX (P<0.0001), and within PSX glaucomas was higher in males than in females (P<0.001). We found no relation between the IOP of one eye and the contralateral in the bilateral PSX glaucomas, while there was a certain relation to the rest of bilateral glaucomas. In 83.9% of the unilateral glaucomas there was PSX. In 68.4% of the eyes with alteration of the field defect degree 3–4, PSX‐glaucomas were observed. Finally, 59.6% of the eyes with glaucoma and cataract showed PSX.
Pigmentation of the anterior chamber angle in normal and pseudoexfoliative eyes
Authors: Rouhiainen Harri , Teräsvirta Markku
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Anterior chamber angle pigmentation was gonioscopically graded in 833 persons recruited for the KEYS (Kuopio Eye Survey) during 1989. Pseudoexfoliation was observed in 8.5% in either eye from those born in 1924, the figure being 13.2% for those born in 1914. Anterior chamber angle pigmentation was found to be significantly heavier in eyes with pseudoexfoliation.
Effects of long‐term chloroquine exposure on the phospholipid metabolism in retina and pigment epithelium of the mouse
Authors: Hallberg Anders , Naeser Peter , Andersson Arne
Published: May 2009

Abstract The influence of 6 month's treatment of normal mice with chloroquine on neuroretina and retinal pigment epithelium has been investigated biochemically and morphologically. All classes of neuroretinal phospholipids, except lysophosphatidylcholine, showed increased 14C‐glucose incorporation after chloroquine treatment. No metabolic changes were observed in the pigment epithelium after the chloroquine treatment. Morphological signs of phospholipidosis were only evident in the ganglion cells of the neuroretina. It is concluded that long‐term treatment with chloroquine does not affect pigment epithelium phospholipid metabolism but leads to morphological and biochemical signs of phospholipidosis in the neuroretina.
Evaluation of patients with obvious or suspected degenerative and dystrophic disorders of the retina, pigment epithelium and choroids
Authors: Skoog Klas‐Olav , Textorius Ola , Nilsson Sven Erik G.
Published: May 2009

Abstract Between August 1, 1982, and December 31, 1988, 487 patients with clinically established or suspected diagnosis of a hereditary degenerative or dystrophic disorder of the ocular fundus or of a disorder of the optic pathways were evaluated with an extensive set of clinical and electrophysiological tests, 67% of the patients were referred from other eye departments. In order of magnitude the most frequently encountered diagnoses were: 1) ‘functional’ disturbances (18%), 2) disorders of the optic nerve (9%), 3) retinitis pigmentosa (8%), 4), 5) and 6) progressive cone dystrophy, disorders of the central optic pathways, and fundus flavimaculatus/Stargardt's disease (5% each), and 7) choriocapillaris atrophy (4%). Choriocapillaris atrophy affected older patients than retinitis pigmentosa (P < 0.001). A male preponderance was observed for juvenile retinoschisis (P < 0.005) and congenital stationary night blindness (P < 0.05), and a female dominance in the group of patients with ‘functional’ symptoms (P < 0.01). A specific diagnosis was established in 469 patients. After exclusion of 16 patients referred because of a known hereditary disposition, 196 (43%) of the remaining 453 patients were referred under the same diagnosis as our final diagnosis, 153 (34%) under a different diagnosis and 104 (23%) without any clear diagnosis. Obviously, there is a need for regional centers specialized in these disorders.
A new glare test based on low contrast letters — Evaluation in cataract patients
Authors: Hård Anna‐Lena , Abrahamsson Maths , Sjöstrand Johan
Published: May 2009

Abstract A new simple glare test was designed and evaluated regarding clinical usefulness and reproducibility. The ability to recognize letters of equal size and varying contrast was determined with the absence and presence of glare sources above and below the letters. Ten patients with cataract, visual acuity of at least 0.3 and glare problems, and three age matched controls were tested, as well as one patient with glare complaints and exophoria, one with lens subluxation and one with cataract and no glare problem. The test was found to be cheap and simple to produce and useful for clinical testing. Normal eyes had no detectable reduction of letter contrast sensibility with glare. All cataractous eyes had a letter contrast sensivitity without glare that was well below that of the controls and under glare conditions they all had a drop in visual function that was unrelated to their visual acuity. The reproducibility was of a magnitude similar to that of other low contrast letter tests. Our conclusion is that this test will be a valuable tool in the evaluation of cataract patients providing information not only about glare‐induced visual loss but also about contrast sensitivity, separating eyes with increased intraocular light scattering from normal eyes.
Measurement of wettability of the corneal epithelium
Authors: Tiffany John M.
Published: May 2009

Abstract Adult rabbit corneas were saline‐rinsed, mucolytic‐rinsed, or wiped to remove mucus. The corneas were allowed to dry in air; sessile droplets of saline were placed on the surface at various drying times, and their equilibrium contact angle θ measured. Several stages of drying can be distinguished: 1) an initial period when excess water is present, with either complete spreading of droplets or very low value of θ; 2) a ‘plateau’ region lasting about 20–25 min in which θ is low and changes slowly with time, and reflects the intrinsic wettability of the surface; 3) a region when more severe drying takes place and θ rises sharply. Computed tables are used with known values of θ and the surface tension of the saline drops, to give the surface tension of the corneal surface and the interfacial tension between cornea and saline. Acetylcysteine‐washed corneas showed a plateau value of about 16° and corneal surface tension of 69.3 mN/m. Rinsed corneas remained fully wettable (θ = 0°) for longer than 90 min; hence the plateau value must also be near zero and corneal surface tension about 72 mN/m. Mechanically‐wiped corneas dried more rapidly and θ rose continuously with no marked plateau value, indicating much lower wettability due to cellular damage (about 40 mN/m).
Ocular features other than retinopathy of prematurity in the pre‐term infant
Authors: Fledelius Hans C.
Published: May 2009

Abstract 218 premature infants born 1985–87 in Frederiksborg County were followed in the eye clinic, mainly due to the risk of developing retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). The median gestational age was 33 weeks, the median birth weight 1.750 g. ROP being analysed elsewhere, emphasis is on a) retinal haemorrhages (long‐standing in 11) and vitreous bleeding (3 cases); b) the oval shape of the pre‐term optic disc, considered a true finding and not merely an optical artifact; c) the pre‐term presence of the optic disc cup, otherwise considered of about‐term development; and d) refractive state, with myopia as a prevailing finding at post‐conceptional ages shorter than 40 weeks. A shift towards hypermetropia became obvious after 2–3 months. Only 4 cases deserved the label myopia of prematurity, the criteria being early recording of ROP and persistant myopia (for more than 18–24 months).
Pathological findings in eyes enucleated because of perforating injury
Authors: Punnonen Eeva
Published: May 2009

Abstract Forty‐eight eyes enucleated after a perforating eye injury (PEI) in 1980–86 (15% of all PEIs) were examined. The time between injury and enucleation varied from 0 to 1145 days. The lens had been damaged or lost in all eyes and 94% had an uveal tract injury. In 83% the retina was detached, in 15% it was totally prolapsed in injury. The inflammatory signs were most marked in eyes with a corneoscleral or double perforation. Proliferation of the retinal pigment epithelial cells or fibrous proliferation from the wound or ciliary body was found 9–10 days after trauma and epiretinal membranes from the optic nerve head or from the surface of the retina after 1 month. Massive fibrous proliferation was seen in 94% of eyes enucleated 1 month or later after injury. One case of post‐traumatic purulent endophthalmitis was detected, but signs of sympathetic ophthalmia were not observed.
Culture of iris tissue from human eyes with and without Pseudoexfoliation
Authors: Ringvold A. , Nicolaissen B.
Published: May 2009

Abstract Samples of iris tissue were removed from human eyes with and without Pseudoexfoliation syndrome and maintained in vitro for several weeks. The samples were cultured on tissue culture plastic as well as on biological basement membranes. The morphology of the cultures was examined by phase contrast‐, scanning electron‐, and transmission electron microscopy. Outgrowth of cells with similar shapes was observed from normal iris as well as from pathological tissue on both types of substrate. In sections the outgrowing cells formed multilayered structures. In these areas the individual cells were separated by spaces containing extracellular material. The PE positive specimens revealed typical PE aggregates both within the native tissue and between the outgrown cells. Production of viable cell cultures from human eyes with Pseudoexfoliation may facilitate the search for morphological and biochemical abnormalities in this syndrome.
Hudson‐Stähli's iron line in the cornea
Authors: Norn Mogens
Published: May 2009

Abstract Examination of 700 persons in 1968 showed presence of Hudson‐Stähli's iron line in 29%. A similar examination by the same author 20 years later revealed a significantly lower occurrence (18%) and fewer cases of binocular occurrence (70% against 43%). The line is most often horizontal. If oblique, it generally passes from the upper nasal to the lower temporal region.
Cell mediated immunity in herpes simplex keratitis in man
Authors: Saini Jagjit Singh , Datta Usha , Pradhan Damodar
Published: May 2009

Abstract Varied manifestations of herpes simplex keratitis are postulated to be related to alterations or paucity of protective immune response to the virus. In this study lymphocyte subpopulations and marcophage inhibition factor (MIF) assay are investigated in herpes simplex keratitis. Active T‐lymphocytes are detected to be significantly low in active keratitis as compared to the healed stage (P < 0.001) and normal control subjects (P < 0.01). Active T‐cells are also lower in bilateral keratitis than in unilateral keratitis (P < 0.01), and in stromal keratitis than in epithelial keratitis (P < 0.05). Total E‐rosette‐forming cells and leucocyte migration inhibition factor (MIF) assay demonstrates significantly lower values in bilateral keratitis than in unilateral keratitis, and in stromal keratitis than in epithelial keratitis. On healing, total E‐RFC, active T‐cells and MIF values improved and are comparable to those found in normal subjects. Enumeration of absolute lymphocyte counts and EAC rosette‐forming cells (B‐lymphocyte cells) did not yield any differences. Our observations demonstrate paucity of cell‐mediated immune response in stromal keratitis. More marked deficiency is demonstrable in bilateral keratitis. Manifestations of herpes simplex keratitis and their healing is observed to be relatable to the level of cell mediated immune response.
Fibrovascular response to retinal tacks in the rabbit and monkey eye
Authors: Algvere Peep , Jahnberg Peder
Published: May 2009

Abstract In order to evaluate the tissue response to metal retinal tacks experiments were carried out on 4 monkey eyes and compared to those on 4 rabbits. Nonmagnetic retinal tacks (Grieshaber, Switzerland) and tacks made of 24 carat gold (our own brand) were inserted into the ocular fundus under microscopic control. The animals were kept for 3 months. In monkey eyes, histological examination disclosed a considerable fibrovascular proliferation around the retinal tack canal, including an inflammatory response, formation of collagenous tissue and glial proliferation. There was a local intra‐retinal and epi‐retinal neovascularization. In the rabbit retina, only a slight inflammation and thin collagenous tissue developed. Thus the tissue response was much more severe in the primate eye than in the avascular rabbit retina.
Retinal detachment following intracapsular cataract extraction
Authors: Sørensen Knud Erik , Baggesen Kirsten
Published: May 2009

Abstract A retrospective investigation of aphakic retinal detachments following intracapsular cataract extraction during a 12‐year period was performed. A total of 8350 eyes had intracapsular cataract extraction in the study period and 118 eyes developed aphakic retinal detachment. The occurrence of retinal detachment is related to age, sex, intraoperative complications, myopia, hyperopia, and pseudophakia. Age and myopia were significantly associated with aphakic retinal detachment. Previous aphakic retinal detachment in the one eye was a strong predictor for the other eye.
Standard and long duration repeat argon laser trabeculoplasty
Authors: Hugkulstone Charles E.
Published: May 2009

Abstract A retrospective survey was performed on 22 patients with chronic simple glaucoma who had undergone a single repetition of argon laser trabeculoplasty. Two groups were identified who had received treatment with either 0.1 or 0.2 sec duration. The 0.2 sec group showed a reduction in the medications used, in addition to a comparable fall in intra‐ocular pressure to the 0.1 sec group, and had a lower rate of drainage surgery. These findings may have arisen because of the higher energy delivered as a result of the longer duration employed. However, there are risks of repeating argon laser trabeculoplasty: one patient in the 0.2 sec group developed a rise in intra‐ocular pressure of 15 mmHg following the repeat treatment, and required drainage surgery one month later.
Argon laser trabeculoplasty with standard and long duration
Authors: Hugkulstone Charles E.
Published: May 2009

Abstract A prospective study of 0.1 sec and 0.2 sec duration argon laser trabeculoplasty was undertaken in 33 patients with chronic simple glaucoma. Patients were randomly allocated to receive 0.1 sec trabeculoplasty to one eye and 0.2 sec trabeculoplasty to the other. No difference was found in the fall in intra‐ocular pressure or in glaucoma control between the two durations over the six months of the study. However, 0.2 sec argon laser trabeculoplasty was reported to be more uncomfortable by 60% of patients.
A quantitative animal model of traumatic iridodialysis
Authors: Kumar Sanjiv , Miller David , Atebara Neal , Blance Ernesto
Published: May 2009

Abstract The impact velocities and kinetic energies necessary to create a particular form of ocular injury, traumatic iridodialysis, were quantitatively studied by experimentally traumatizing enucleate porcine eyes. Thicknesses and tensile strengths of porcine and human iris tissue were measured in order to allow for predictions of human results to be made from the animal model. Application of blunt trauma at an impact angle of 30–35° with respect to the iris plane with striking of the eye at the corneolimbal junction was found to optimize tearing of the iris from the root. Using this vector, the minimum velocity for the creation of an iridodialysis at least 6 mm in length in the human eye is predicted to be 14 m/sec for impact with a projectile of 13.4 g with a 6 mm diameter tip.
Multiple scleral abscesses with recurrent bacterial endophthalmitis eight months following cataract surgery
Authors: Ram Jagat , Sharma Ashok , Gupta Amod
Published: May 2009

Abstract Scleral involvement in association with endophthalmitis is unusual. We report a case of recurrent bacterial endophthalmitis and mulitple scleral abscesses occurring 8 months following cataract extraction. Culture of pus from scleral abscesses first grew Pseudomonas aeruginosa; and klebsiella pneumoniae on recurrence. The patient responded to intensive topical and systemic antibiotic therapy and recovered visual acuity of 20/60.
Permanent results of pleoptic treatment
Authors: Koskela Pentti U. , Mikkola Taimi , Laatikainen Leila
Published: May 2009

Abstract The value of pleoptic treatment was assessed by a long‐term follow‐up of patients treated 15–22 years ago, employing a questionnaire sent to 232 patients and a clinical examination of a sample of 44 of these. Answers were received from 157 persons with different occupations and educational levels who were fairly representative of the population of Northern Finland as a whole. The treatment was considered beneficial by 62% of these. The primary improvement in the mean visual acuity (VA) from 0.33 to 0.86 among the 44 persons examined proved to be partly transitory, the final mean value being 0.61. The poorest results were found in the combined stabismic and anisometropic amblyopia group. The final VA correlated positively with the initial VA and negatively with age at the time of treatment. Binocular single vision improved the prognosis. Altogether 1/4 of the patients achieved a VA of 1.0 or better, about one half experienced no permanent increase in VA and the remainder were distributed evenly between these two extremes.
Topical indomethacin for vernal keratoconjunctivitis
Authors: Gupta S. , Khurana A. K. , Ahluwalia B. K. , Gupta N. C.
Published: May 2009

Abstract Twenty‐five patients with vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) were treated with 1% indomethacin eyedrops and were followed for 5 weeks. Apart from 4 patients all of them showed marked improvement. The possible mechanism of the role of indomethacin in VKC is discussed.
Listeria monocytogenes endophthalmitis
Authors: Duch Susana T. , Quintana Manuel C. , Pujol Octavio G.
Published: May 2009

Abstract Listeria endophthalmitis developed in an otherwise healthy woman. Early identification of the microorganism after anterior chamber paracentesis and aggressive treatment with specific antibiotics through the intravitreal route resulted in complete recovery of visual acuity.
Occurrence of pseudoexfoliative material in parabulbar structures in pseudoexfoliation syndrome
Authors: Küchle Michael , Schlötzer‐Schrehardt Ursula , Naumann Gottfried O. H.
Published: May 2009

Abstract The blind and painful left eye of a 88‐year‐old woman was enucleated and examined by light and transmission electron microscopy. Three years earlier, after unilateral pseudoexfoliation syndrome with advanced open angle glaucoma of the left eye had been diagnosed, argon laser trabeculoplasty and pars plicata diathermy were performed. Light microscopy showed deposits of typical pseudoexfoliative material in the anterior segment and endothelialization of the chamber angle. By transmission electron microscopy we demonstrated pseudoexfoliative fibers not only at the typical intraocular locations and in the bulbar conjunctiva but also ultrastructurally identical material in hitherto not described extraocular locations such as extraocular rectus and oblique muscles, vortex veins and the optic nerve sheaths. Ultrastructurally, the fibers showed all the characteristic features of pseudoexfoliative material. Our findings are another strong indication that pseudoexfoliation syndrome is not a purely intraocular disorder but represents a more widespread disease.
Long‐term prognosis of pigmentary glaucoma
Authors: Lehto Ilkka
Published: May 2009

Abstract Outcome, prognosis and course of pigmentary glaucoma were studied in 38 patients (75 eyes). The mean age of the subjects at the time of diagnosis was 34.0 years and at the time of the study 44.1 years. The follow‐up time ranged from 2 to 30 years with a mean follow‐up time of 10.1 years. At the time of the study eighty‐nine percent of the eyes had normal vision (0.7 or better), 3% slight impairment of vision (0.6–0.3), 5% low vision (0.2–0.05) and 3% were blind. Visual field defects were mild in 78%, moderate in 13% and severe in 8% of the eyes. One eye (1%) had normal fields. In 8 patients the stage of the field defects was asymmetrical between the two eyes. All were able to read at least monocularly with glasses. No one was blind, retired early or professionally limited because of pigmentary glaucoma. Thirty‐nine eyes were on topical treatment. Fifteen eyes had additionally been treated with laser trabeculoplasty when the glaucoma could not be stabilized with topical treatment combined with systemic acetazolamide. Further twenty eyes had undergone trabeculectomy, 18 of them when medical treatment had failed and 2 following LTP. The non‐involved eye of a patient suffering from a monocular disease was without treatment. The mean intraocular pressure at the time of the diagnosis was 33.5 mmHg (sd 10.4 mmHg) and at the final visit 17.5 mmHg (sd 3.4 mmHg). Four eyes were operated for cataracts and one for retinal detachment. The outcome of pigmentary glaucoma in this study was that two patients (5% of the patients) were visually impaired in a socio‐economic sense because of field defects, one had cataract after trabeculectomy and one patient treated with pilocarpin for eight years had retinal detachment. One subject who had been treated with timolol for six years retired early due to asthma. The course and prognosis of pigmentary glaucoma seems to be quite favourable.
Computerized patient record system for the glaucoma ward
Authors: Holmin Catharina , Krakau C. E. T. , Ström B.
Published: May 2009

Abstract A system for computerized glaucoma patient record, developed from a data base called ‘Advanced Revelation’, is described. The record is made up from free text as well as from choices among listed alternatives. All data are stored on magnetic media and also printed out on paper in a well disposed and easily surveyable form. Apart from saving personnel and time in the clinical routine, the main advantages of the system is a powerful tool for clinical research. Data retrieval occurs on ‘list’, ‘count’, or ‘sort’ orders, facilitating retrospective studies. The system has been used for over a year at a glaucoma ward (Lund) to increasing satisfaction.
Trabeculectomies
Authors: Törnqvist Göran , Drolsum Liv Kari
Published: May 2009

Abstract This study comprises 277 primary open‐angle glaucomas in 239 patients followed up to 10 years after trabeculectomy. Sixty‐four per cent had capsular glaucoma and 36% simple glaucoma. The number of cases showing no progression of glaucoma damage and not needing additional medical therapy decreased slowly with time. Seventy‐five per cent showed no progress after one year, 70% after 2 years, 57% after 5 years and 42% after 10 years. There was a significant trend that fewer capsular glaucomas progressed than simple glaucomas. High pressure levels before trabeculectomy did not indicate a bad prognosis. Cases with advanced or moderate glaucomatous damage seemed to have the same prognosis. Cataract was a common complication; a 50% reduction of preoperative visual acuity was found in 37% of eyes after 5 years of follow‐up.
Immunohistochemical demonstration of cellular fibronectin and tenascin in human epiretinal membranes
Authors: Immonen Ilkka , Laatikainen Leila , Tervo Timo , Tervo Kaarina , Virtanen Ismo
Published: May 2009

Abstract The occurrence of fibronectin, cellular fibronectin and tenascin was studied immunohistochemically in epiretinal membranes from 5 patients with retinal detachment and 3 patients with macular pucker, and in preretinal membranes from 3 patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Positive immunofluorescence for these proteins was seen in all specimens studied. The presence of cellular fibronectin suggests that local production of fibronectin occurs in these membranes. The expression of tenascin, an extracellular matrix glycoprotein, originally found to modulate organosenesis in tendinous and glial tissue, suggests that this glycoprotein also participates in the regulation of cellular growth in these membranes.
Iris vasculopathy in exfoliation syndrome
Authors: Konstas A. G. P. , Marshall G. E. , Lee W. R.
Published: May 2009

Abstract Samples of control iris tissue obtained from seven enucleated eyes and nine exfoliative iridectomy specimens were prepared for an immunocytochemical study of the matrix in the walls of iris vessels. The distribution of collagen types I, IV and laminin was studied in normal and exfoliative vessels. Laminin was an integral component of exfoliation material and was present mainly in the matrix of the outer surface of normal vascular cohort cells. The laminin content in the latter location was reduced in vessels in which exfoliation aggregates were not visible. Collagen type IV was absent from exfoliation material. While type I was present in the deposits, it was considered to represent a residue of native normal tissue. Exfoliation deposits appeared to stimulate the synthesis of collagen types I and IV at an early stage of the disease.
Increased magnesium in aqueous humour from patients with senile cataract
Authors: Ringvold Amund , Sagen Erling , Bjerve Kristian S. , Følling Ivar
Published: May 2009

Abstract A previous observation of increased aqueous magnesium in eyes with senile cataract has been re‐examined in a totally different material. The serum and aqueous level of calcium and magnesium from 34 patients with senile cataract were tested against comparable values from 4 patients with choroidal melanoma. In contrast to calcium, the magnesium aqueous/serum ratio was significantly higher in the cataract group. Possible explanations are suggested.
Occult haemolacria in females
Authors: Ottovay Eva , Norn Mogens
Published: May 2009

Abstract A series of 125 healthy subjects were examined by the stix method (chemical response) for occult occurrence of blood in tears. Blood was found in 18% of fertile women, definitely most often in the menstrual phase (in 39% of 51 samples within the first week, reckoned from the first day of menstruation). The incidence was independent of use of the contraceptive pill. On the other hand, occult haemolacria was observed in no more than 7% (= 30) of pregnant women and in none at the menopause (N = 7). Among males the phenomenon was noticed in 8% (N = 24). Occult haemolacria in fertile women thus seems to be induced by hormons, whereas haemolacria most often is provoked by local factors (bacterial conjunctivitis, environmental damage, injuries).
Recurrent corneal epithelial erosions in Alport's syndrome
Authors: Burke John P. , Talbot John F. , Clearkin Louis G.
Published: May 2009

Abstract Alport's syndrome is a heritable disorder of uncertain aetiology characterized by nephritis, sensori‐neural deafness and ocular abnormalities. Bilateral corneal epithelial erosions are a previously unreported finding which support the hypothesis that Alport's syndrome is a disorder of selected basement membranes.
Regeneration of the rat corneal epithelium after injury
Authors: Sandvig Kjell U. , Haaskjold Erling , Bjerknes Rolf
Published: May 2009

Abstract Central corneal epithelial defects with diameter 3.5 mm were made with n‐heptanol in the right eyes of rats. Erosions of the same size were made by mechanical scraping in the left eyes of the same animals. All the erosions were covered by epithelium after one day. After one day the mitotic rate and the labelling index were higher in the n‐heptanol treated corneas compared to the mechanically abraded ones. Both methods produced similar mitotic rates and labelling indexes after 3 and 12 days. The results from wound healing studies using n‐heptanol or mechanical scraping are therefore not entirely comparable because of the different regenerative responses after one day. However, the n‐heptanol method is easier to perform and to standardize, and is therefore preferable.
Outgrowth of cells from human conjunctival explants onto cornea in vitro
Authors: Nicolaissen B. , Eidal K. , Haaskjold E. , Harsem T. , Näss O.
Published: May 2009

Abstract The epithelium was removed from human corneas, and samples of conjunctival tissue were cultured as explants on the denuded corneal surface for 1 and 2 weeks. Cells migrating from the conjunctival explants onto the corneal surface produced a multilayer where cells on the surface generally showed a flattened appearance. The apical membrane of these cells demonstrated villi as well as microplicae. Surface projections were also detected on cells in the deeper layers of the epithelium. Neighbouring cells were connected by junctional complexes. After 2 weeks, however, a lack of intercellular junctions in some areas resulted in the formation of intraepithelial cystoid spaces. Basal cells were connected to the underlying basement membrane by hemidesmo‐somes. Although transdifferentiation of the cells into a corneal epithelium was not observed within the 2 weeks, the present system provides a tool for studies on factors affecting reepithelialization of corneal epithelial defects by conjunctival cells.
High myopia with cone dysfunction
Authors: Mäntyjärvi Maija , Katajakunnas Markku , Vänttinen Sinikka
Published: May 2009

Abstract. All 3 children, 2 boys and 1 girl (the probands), in a family had high myopia and subnormal visual acuities. The boys had high myopia in both eyes, the girl had high myopia in 1 eye and low myopia in the other eye. Both of the boys had a protanomalous colour vision defect. The colour vision testing of the high myopic eye of the girl was not successful, the other eye had normal colour vision. In the electroretinogram examination, both cone and rod responses were decreased in 2 of the children. In the family study, results of an eye examination of 30 relatives were available. No other cases of high myopia or subnormal visual acuities were found. The father of the children, 1 of the paternal relatives, and 5 of the maternal relatives had low myopia. One maternal male cousin of the probands had a protanomalous colour vision defect. In the genealogical stydy, no relationship was found between the families of the father and the mother of the probands going back to the fifth generation. The heredity of this disorder is difficult to define. It could be autosomal dominant or recessive if the myopia only are taken into consideration. If the high myopias and cone dysfunction are considered to be parts of the same syndrome, the heredity could be x‐chromosomal recessive or autosomal recessive.
Electroretinographic studies of families with dominant retinitis pigmentosa
Authors: Andréasson Sten
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Full‐field electroretinograms were recorded from four different families with dominant retinitis pigmentosa. Two different types of the disease were recognizable and consistent within each pedigree, one with normal cone b‐wave implicit times (one pedigree) and the other with prolonged cone b‐wave implicit times (three pedigrees). The cone b‐wave amplitude was found to decrease with age, but the implicit time did not, suggesting that the amplitude is useful for monitoring the progression of the disease whereas the implicit time seems more suitable for distinguishing different types of the disease. The progression rate was analyzed in a large pedigree, spanning six generations, three of which were examined in detail. The recently described Pro23His gene was not detected in the families.
Ultrasonographic, three‐dimensional scanning for determination of intraocular tumor volume
Authors: Jensen Peter Koch , Hansen Michael Kjær
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Important prognostic information may be gained from knowing the volume of intraocular tumors, such as choroidal melanomas. To measure such volume, we developed an ultrasonographic 3‐D scanning system, which operates by an axial, back and forth, half‐turn rotation of a commercial sector scanning transducer, applied directly onto a closed eyelid. Control of movement, data acquisition, and image analysis are accomplished by means of a microcomputer and application‐specific software. The elapsed time for scanning and digitizing 11 cross‐sectional images across a human eyeball, is 4 sec. Outlines of specific structures are traced manually. The system was tested through repeated, in vitro measurements of known volumes of meat; the mean variation coefficient of these measurements was 2.8%. While accurate estimates were obtained on volumes between 0.01–0.25 ml, these are linearly dependent on gain setting. A patient with a choroidal melanoma was scanned repetitively. The procedures of scanning and tracing contributed about equally to the total variance. This method of scanning allows repeatable, reliable, and easily generated measurements of a tumor's volume and, thus, has great potential for use in the diagnosis and treatment of malignant, intraocular tumors.
Changes in the vitreous body pH of pigs after retinal xenon photocoagulation
Authors: Andersen Mads Varis Nis
Published: May 2009

Abstract. In an unpaired study, in vivo measurements of pH in vitreous were performed on normal pig eyes and pig eyes treated with retinal xenon photocoagulation. In one group (n = 7) the mean vitreal pH was 7.29 at a mean arterial pH of 7.41. In the other group (n = 8) two to three weeks after retinal xenon photocoagulation, a significant increase in mean vitreal pH of 0.06 to 7.35 (P<0.01) was observed at a similar arterial pH. Induced hypercapnia resulted in a decrease in pH vitr. and induced hypocapnia in an increase, with similar changes in pH art. The respiratory pH changes were similar in the two groups. These findings allow one to assume that, as a result of retinal photocoagulation, a change in the retinal metabolism is induced, either by a change in the relationship between aerobic and anaerobic metabolism or as a result of a general reduction of the metabolic activity.
Factors influencing the formation of posterior capsular opacities after extracapsular cataract extraction with posterior chamber lens implant
Authors: Westling Agneta K. , Calissendorff Berit M.
Published: May 2009

Abstract This study was designed to determine whether different factors could influence the formation of posterior capsular opacities. The study group comprised 271 patients who had undergone an extracapsular cataract extraction with implantation of a posterior chamber lens either with or without laser ridge. Between 12 and 25 months after surgery, a statistically significant difference was found with a lower rate of secondary cataract in the laser ridge group, but with respect to advanced secondary cataract, i.e. eyes which needed YAG capsulotomy, no statistically significant difference was found (P‐value 0.99). No association was found between age or sex of patients, different surgeons or complications during or after surgery and the risk of getting a secondary cataract.
Necrosis and lymphocytic infiltration in choroidal melanomas
Authors: Kremer Israel , Gilad Emil , Kahan Ernesto , Derazne Estela , Bar‐lshak Robert
Published: May 2009

Abstract Patient survival, tumor lymphocytic infiltration and tumor necrosis were studied and evaluated in 43 enucleated eyes with the same histological diagnosis of spindle ‘B’ malignant melanoma of the choroid. A significant difference (P < 0.05) was found between the survival rate of melanoma patients with no evidence of lymphocytic infiltration and/or necrosis in the tumor, compared to those with any evidence of of lymphocytic infiltration and/or tumor necrosis.
Long‐term changes in the outer part of the eye in welders
Authors: Norn Mogens , Franck Carsten
Published: May 2009

Abstract Biomicroscopical examination of possible cumulative changes in the outer part of the eye in 217 male welders with variable welding exposure time showed conjunctival spheroid degeneration in 24% of the welders. The prevalence of changes was significantly increased in welders with the higher exposure time in an age‐matched reduced material (98 × 2 eyes; respectively, over and under 40 h y (number of daily hours of welding multiplied by number of years of welding), welders with stays abroad over one year being withdrawn. The prevalence was also increased in the latter group (41%, N = 40, against 21%, N= 177). Pinguecula was present in 57% of the welders, with a tendency towards larger area with increasing welding exposure. The frequency was increased as compared with that in a control material examined on a previous occasion (41%). Pterygium proper was found in only one subject, pseudopterygium in 5%. Corneal cicatrices were present in about one half of the subjects. The prevalence increased with increasing welding exposure (24% in subjects with short, 42% in those with long exposure; 98 × 2 eyes). Acute welding light keratopathy was experienced by 73%. The mean number of attacks in the 217 welders was 6.4. The frequency was highest in subjects with long welding exposure. The risk of chronic impairment of sight owing to cumulative welding light injuries is very little in the present material, since only 2% had spheroid degeneration on the cornea (only discrete, peripherally located); there was no preponderance of pterygium. On the other hand, the many foreign bodies on the cornea (cicatrices) constitute a risk that apparently does not decrease with increasing welding experience nor repeated attacks of welding light keratopathy.
Serum beta‐2 microglobulin and C‐reactive protein levels in acute adenovirus conjunctivits
Authors: Gupta A. K. , Sarin G. S. , Mathur M. D. , Grover A. K.
Published: May 2009

Abstract Serum beta‐2 microglobulin and C‐reactive protein levels were measured in 52 patients with acute adenovirus conjunctivitis and 58 healthy subjects, by ELISA technique. Serum beta‐2 microglobulin levels were found to be significantly increased while there was no change in C‐reactive protein levels. Serum beta‐2 microglobulin levels closely paralleled the severity of the disease. The increased beta‐2 microglobulin level in serum showed a significant fall to normal level on clinical improvement. There was no difference in the serum beta‐2 microglobulin levels in virus‐isolation positive and negative patients.
Pseudo‐exfoliation, IOP and glaucoma
Authors: Davanger Martin , Ringvold Amund , Blika Sigmund
Published: May 2009

Abstract On the basis of a glaucoma survey in a total population ≥ 65 years of age, the IOP in eyes with and without pseudo‐exfoliation (PE) has been compared. The average IOP was 22.2 mmHg in eyes with PE versus 17.4 in eyes without. The corresponding averages in eyes without glaucomatous damage were 18.6 and 17.1 mmHg, and in eyes with glaucoma 31.5 and 25.5 mmHg. The IOP elevation connected with the PE process was 4.8, 1.5, and 6.0 mmHg in the total, normal and glaucomatous population, respectively. The IOP frequency distribution curves of these 3 groups were compared. The right shift of the distribution curves of the PE groups was more pronounced at high pressure levels. The PE process seems to elevate the IOP particularly in eyes with a high IOP, which is in correspondance with hydrodynamical laws. At a certain IOP, the probability of having glaucomatous damage was higher in eyes with PE than in those without, indicating an increased vulnerability of PE eyes to an elevated IOP. PE may be a glaucoma risk factor also on its own, i.e. independent of the pressure elevation connected with this syndrome.
Image analysis of changes in drusen area
Authors: Sebag Mikael , Peli Eli , Lahav Moshe
Published: May 2009

Abstract Computerized image processing was used to analyze color fundus photographs of 11 patients (22 eyes) with macular drusen who were followed for more than 2 years (mean follow‐up, 4.7 years). Significant changes over time (more than ± 20% of baseline area) were measured in the surface area of macular drusen in 18 of 22 (82%) eyes. An increase in the drusen area was associated significantly with eyes with mostly hard drusen and an initially smaller drusen area; but a decrease was associated with eyes with mostly soft drusen and an initially larger drusen area (P<0.01). The mean absolute rate of change in the drusen area was more than twice as great in eyes with mostly soft drusen compared with those with mostly hard drusen (P<0.05). All eye pairs studied showed a concomitant increase or decrease in the drusen area.
Digitizing 35 mm colour slides for computerized general image handling in ophthalmology
Authors: Holm Anders , Holm Olle
Published: May 2009

Abstract Standard personal computers with appropriate graphic user interfaces can now be configured for work with near photographic quality colour image handling. Advantages and limitations of digitized colour image work, including cost considerations, are discussed in relation to some common ophthalmic photography situations. Practical methods are briefly described. Future developments are outlined, particularly methods for direct acquisition of high quality colour images and image compression/reduction.
Secondary IOL power calculation
Authors: Krag Susanne , Olsen Thomas
Published: May 2009

Abstract In 40 aphakic eyes undergoing secondary IOL implantation, the axial length was calculated optically as well as measured by ultrasound, and the two methods of axial length determination were compared to evaluate the accuracy in the calculation of secondary IOL power. The mean refractive prediction error (± sd) was 0.18 diopters (± 0.96) and ‐0.37 diopters (± 0.83) using the optical and the biometric method, respectively. The difference in mean value was significant, whereas the variation around the mean value was not found to be significantly different between the two methods. A calculated axial length may offer a valuable alternative to biometry in the aphakic eye, increasing die accuracy of secondary IOL power calculation.
Dyslexia; ophthalmological aspects 1991
Authors: Lennerstrand Gunnar , Ygge Jan
Published: May 2009

Abstract Dyslexia or specific reading disability is an important and frequent handicap afficting 5–10% of the population. It is basically a disorder of acquisition of written language, probably due to a poorly developed phonological awarness, which in turn may be neurologically related. As anatomical correlates symmetry of the planum temporale and ectopies in the cerebral cortex have been suggested. Functional correlates are discovered with brain electrical mapping and stimulation of brain structures during neuro surgery. From an ophthalmological point of view there are no relations between dyslexia and ocular problems including refractive errors and accommodation, problems of binocular control and stereopsis, eye dominance instability etc. However, contrast sensitivity seems to be reduced in dyslexics for the middle range of spatial frequencies, which may be related to impaired function of the ‘transient’ visual system. With regard to eye movements, there is no firm experimental proof for any disturbances in dyslexia, be it with the different movement systems or in the best movement direction. ‘Backward saccades’ or regressions are typical not only for dyslexic reading but in all types of reading when comprehension is poor. Although there is no treatment for dyslexia itself that can be based on ophthalmological findings, the ophthalmologist must after careful examination discover and treat any ocular, orthoptic or neuroophthalmological problem that may make reading difficult for the dyslexic child. The ophthalmologist must explain to the child and the parents that dyslexia usually has no ophthalmological or visual cause but is a disability with a neurobiological background, still unknown, in which the only efficient treatment is within the area of pedagogy.