bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Are Nomothetic or Ideographic Approaches Superior in Predicting Daily Exercise Behaviors?
Authors: Cheung Ying , Hsueh Pei-Yun , Qian Min , Yoon Sunmoo , Meli Laura , Diaz Keith , Schwartz Joseph , Kronish Ian , Davidson Karina
Published: October 2017

Objectives: The understanding of how stress influences health behavior can provide insights into developing healthy lifestyle interventions. This understanding is traditionally attained through observational studies that examine associations at a population level. This nomothetic approach, however, is fundamentally limited by the fact that the environment- person milieu that constitutes stress exposure and experience can vary substantially between individuals, and the modifiable elements of these exposures and experiences are individual-specific. With recent advances in smartphone and sensing technologies, it is now possible to conduct idiographic assessment in users’ own environment, leveraging the full-range observations of actions and experiences that result in differential response to naturally occurring events. The aim of this paper is to explore the hypothesis that an ideographic N-of-1 model can better capture an individual’s stress- behavior pathway (or the lack thereof) and provide useful person-specific predictors of exercise behavior.

Methods: This paper used the data collected in an observational study in 79 participants who were followed for up to a 1-year period, wherein their physical activity was continuously and objectively monitored by actigraphy and their stress experience was recorded via ecological momentary assessment on a mobile app. In addition, our analyses considered exogenous and environmental variables retrieved from public archive such as day in a week, daylight time, temperature and precipitation. Leveraging the multiple data sources, we developed prediction algorithms for exercise behavior using random forest and classification tree techniques using a nomothetic approach and an N-of-1 approach. The two approaches were compared based on classification errors in predicting personalized exercise behavior.

Results: Eight factors were selected by random forest for the nomothetic decision model, which was used to predict whether a participant would exercise on a particular day. The predictors included previous exercise behavior, emotional factors (e.g., midday stress), external factors such as weather (e.g., temperature), and self-determination factors (e.g., expectation of exercise). The nomothetic model yielded an average classification error of 36%. The ideographic N-of-1 models used on average about two predictors for each individual, and had an average classification error of 25%, which represented an improvement of 11 percentage points.

Conclusions: Compared to the traditional one-size-fits-all, nomothetic model that generalizes population-evidence for individuals, the proposed N-of-1 model can better capture the individual difference in their stressbehavior pathways. In this paper, we demonstrate it is feasible to perform personalized exercise behavior prediction, mainly made possible by mobile health technology and machine learning analytics.
Effective Management Of Patients With Amniotic Fluid Embolism In The Intensive Care Unit: Two Case Reports
Authors: Grigorakos Leonidas , Markou Nikolaos , Lazarescu Daria , Tzortzopoulou Katerina , Gkouni Magda , Papaioannou Eleni , Bikou Maria , Moles Athanasios
Published: October 2017

Amniotic Fluid Embolism (AFE) is a rare complication of the intra- and early post-partum period, which may also be encountered with cesarean delivery and during abortions. Its symptompatology includes respiratory distress with cyanosis, shock and possibly tonic-clonic seizures. Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) frequently occurs and is usually fatal. The aim of this case report is to present the positive outcome and our gained experience from two cases suffering from AFE. Thus, we analyze the case of two patients, in the second trimester of pregnancy who presented symptoms of AFE. Our study reveals that in the case of patients with AFE, early diagnosis, prompt management and proper treatment increase survival rate and may ensure complete recovery in a relatively short period of time. However, DIC is a serious aggravating factor which makes the recovery process slower.
Genome‐Wide Association and Prediction of Grain and Semolina Quality Traits in Durum Wheat Breeding Populations
Authors: Fiedler Jason D. , Salsman Evan , Liu Yuan , Michalak de Jiménez Monika , Hegstad Justin B. , Chen Bingcan , Manthey Frank A. , Chao Shiaoman , Xu Steven , Elias Elias M. , Li Xuehui
Published: October 2017

Grain yield and semolina quality traits are essential selection criteria in durum wheat breeding. However, high phenotypic screening costs limit selection to relatively few breeding lines in late generations. This selection paradigm confers relatively low selection efficiency due to the advancement of undesirable lines into expensive yield trials for grain yield and quality trait testing. Marker‐aided selection can enhance selection efficiency, especially for traits that are difficult or costly to phenotype. The aim of this study was to identify major quality trait quantitative trait loci (QTL) for marker‐assisted selection (MAS) and to explore potential application of genomic selection (GS) in a durum wheat breeding program. In this study, genome‐wide association mapping was conducted for five quality traits using 1184 lines from the North Dakota State University (NDSU) durum wheat breeding program. Several QTL associated with test weight, semolina color, and gluten strength were identified. Genomic selection models were developed and forward prediction accuracies of 0.27 to 0.66 were obtained for the five quality traits. Our results show the potential for grain and semolina quality traits to be selected more efficiently through MAS and GS with further refinement. Considerable opportunity exists to extend these techniques to other traits such as grain yield and agronomic characteristics, further improving breeding efficiency in durum cultivar development.
ACTIVITY-BASED COSTING OF CANNED AND PROCESSED FOODS BUSINESSES IN THAILAND: EFFECTS ON ORGANIZATIONAL DEVELOPMENT, BUSINESS COMPETITIVENESS AND CORPORATE SUCCESS
Authors: Ussahawanitchakit Phaprukbaramee
Published: October 2017

This study aims at investigating the relationships among activity-based costing, organizational development, business competitiveness, and corporate success of canned and processed foods businesses in Thailand. In this study, 142 canned and processed foods businesses in Thailand are the samples of the study. Structural equation model (SEM) was employed to test the research relationships. The research results indicate that activity-based costing positively leads to organizational development and business competitiveness. Also, organizational development positively relates to business competitiveness and corporate success while business competitiveness positively affects corporate success. In summary, activity-based costing plays a significant role in determining, driving and explaining firm outcomes. Accordingly, firms need to pay attention to the development and utilization of activity-based costing through the provision of competencies, capabilities, resources, and assets to its implementation. To verify the current study, future research may need to search for activity-based costing’s dimensions and components, collect data from different populations and countries and apply regression analysis, partial least squared and path analysis to prove the relationships.
Les logiques ordinaires de catégorisation de l’espace socioprofessionnel
Authors: de Verdalle Laure , Deauvieau Jérôme , Filhon Alexandra
Published: October 2017

Cet article analyse les catégorisations ordinaires de l’espace socioprofessionnel dans trois pays européens : l’Allemagne, l’Espagne et la France. Dans un contexte marqué par la mise en place d’une nomenclature socioprofessionnelle européenne, nous avons conduit une étude comparée reposant sur un dispositif méthodologique inspiré par les travaux menés par Luc Boltanski et Laurent Thévenot au début des années 1980. Après avoir explicité notre démarche expérimentale, nous revenons sur la façon dont nos enquêtés catégorisent l’espace social d’un pays à un autre en insistant sur les principales logiques qui structurent leur jugement. Les données recueillies nous permettent de mettre à jour des variations nationales dans la manière d’appréhender le monde socioprofessionnel. Alors qu’en France la qualification et le statut d’emploi apparaissent déterminants, en Allemagne c’est avant tout la détention ou non d’un diplôme professionnel qui ordonne les classements individuels. Enfin, en Espagne le niveau de formation est central pour saisir les découpages opérés.
Faire migrer les représentations
Authors: Martinache Igor
Published: October 2017

C’est peu de dire que les migrations humaines sont aujourd’hui placées bien en tête de l’agenda médiatique et politique. La « crise des réfugiés » conjuguée à la montée de l’extrême droite a ainsi mis en exergue les contradictions de l’opinion publique et de la bien mal nommée « politique d’accueil » des pays européens en la matière, mais aussi, et peut-être surtout, la grande méconnaissance qui entoure ces phénomènes en dépit de l’attention qui leur est accordée.
Randomised double blind placebo controlled trial on Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938: improvement in symptoms and bowel habit in functional constipation
Authors: Riezzo G. , Orlando A. , D’Attoma B. , Linsalata M. , Martulli M. , Russo F.
Published: October 2017

Dysbiosis may contribute to constipation and its symptoms, therefore probiotic administration could improve significantly gut health and functions. The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of a long-lasting administration ofLactobacillus reuteriDSM 17938 (LR DSM 17938) on symptoms and quality of life (QoL) score in patients with functional constipation (FC). 56 FC patients with normal colonic transit time and without anorectal disorders and pelvic floor dysfunctions completed the study. LR DSM 17938 was administered for 105 days in a randomised double-blind clinical trial (28 patients per arm). Individual and cumulative scores including the Constipaq, a modified Constipation Scoring System (CSS) that considers the patient assessment of constipation-QoL (PAC-QoL), were calculated during the preliminary visit (V0), at day 15 (end of the induction period with a LR DSM 17938 double dosage, 4×108cfu), day 60 (intermediate evaluation) and day 105 (V4) after a standard dosage (2×108cfu). At the end of treatment, the beneficial effect of LR DSM 17938 compared to placebo was significantly evident for symptoms related to gas content and dysbiosis (abdominal discomfort, pain and bloating), incomplete defecation and helps for defecation (P<0.05). At the end of the whole LR DSM 17938 treatment, a marked and positive effect on both the CSS single and the cumulative items was evident with the exception of unfruitful attempt and Bristol score. Present findings indicate that LR DSM 17938 has an effect on symptoms different from stool consistency, and they suggest that this probiotic can effectively be used in association therapy rather than as single-drug therapy in the management of FC.
Monitoring and health risk of mycotoxins in imported wines and beers consumed in Thailand
Authors: Puangkham S. , Poapolathep A. , Jermnak U. , Imsilp K. , Tanhan P. , Chokejaroenrat C. , Poapolathep S.
Published: October 2017

The presence of mycotoxins has been reported in a wide range of agricultural commodities including wine and beer. Due to the widespread consumption of these beverages, risk assessment of contamination by toxins is required for consumer health. In the present study, multi-residue analysis for the determination of mycotoxins was undertaken to survey the incidence of mycotoxins in imported wines and beers being commercialised in Thailand, and to assess the consumer health risk. Samples of red wines (100) and beers (100) were collected randomly from supermarkets and retail shops in Bangkok, Thailand and were extracted using the dispersive liquid-liquid micro-extraction procedure. The quantitation and confirmation of 19 mycotoxins were performed using liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry with an electro-spray ionisation interface in the multiple-reaction monitoring mode. The results demonstrated that the wine and beer samples were contaminated with mycotoxins at 35 and 13%, respectively. The most prominent mycotoxins found in wines wereAlternaria toxins, ochratoxin A, and fumonisins, whereas zearalenone and deoxynivalenol were the most prevalent mycotoxins found in contaminated beers. However, ochratoxin A levels were far below the maximum limits established by the European Union. As indicated by the risk assessment, mycotoxin exposure via imported wines and beers were at safe levels in the Bangkok urban area.
Heuristical Solution for Scheduling Single Stage Parallel Machines Production of Calcium Silicate Masonry Units with Sequence-Dependent Changeover Times to Improve Energy Efficiency
Authors: Baier Lukas , Donhauser Toni , Schuderer Peter , Franke Jörg
Published: October 2017

Determination of optimal production schedules is a complex combinatorial task and may be dependent on various objectives. Hence, many mathematical problem formulations and solving strategies have already been proposed each considering individually constrained applications in order to minimize non-value-adding times or other cost driving factors. Nevertheless, obtaining optimal solutions is still related to extensive computational resources and time efforts.As a result, heuristical approaches or combinations of heuristics and exact algorithms are of major importance when it comes to automatically creating optimal production schedules. Considering the manufacturing of calcium silicate masonry units (CS), this paper describes an advancement for the General Lot-Sizing Problem (GLSP) in order to allow sequence-dependent changeovers as well as multiple different machines and backlogging (GLSPPLB). For solving the GLSPPLB, a heuristical algorithm consisting of neighborhood search and threshold accepting techniques was implemented. To validate the results of the heuristic and compare required computational resources to accurate mathematical solvers, a test set of a realistic scenario has been used.The developed heuristic is able to create nearly optimal production schedules and thereby minimizing the trade off between energy demand regarding idle times of production machinery and stocks. It is transferable to every discrete single stage production with similar constraints and can be used as an input for further simulations to improve energy consumption.
Maternal High Fiber Diet during Pregnancy and Lactation Influences Regulatory T Cell Differentiation in Offspring in Mice
Authors: Nakajima Akihito , Kaga Naoko , Nakanishi Yumiko , Ohno Hiroshi , Miyamoto Junki , Kimura Ikuo , Hori Shohei , Sasaki Takashi , Hiramatsu Keiichi , Okumura Ko , Miyake Sachiko , Habu Sonoko , Watanabe Sumio
Published: October 2017

Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), the end products of dietary fiber, influence the immune system. Moreover, during pregnancy the maternal microbiome has a great impact on the development of the offspring’s immune system. However, the exact mechanisms by which maternal SCFAs during pregnancy and lactation influence the immune system of offspring are not fully understood. We investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying regulatory T cell (Treg) differentiation in offspring regulated by a maternal high fiber diet (HFD). Plasma levels of SCFAs in offspring from HFD-fed mice were higher than in those from no fiber diet–fed mice. Consequently, the offspring from HFD-fed mice had higher frequencies of thymic Treg (tTreg) and peripheral Tregs. We found that the offspring of HFD-fed mice exhibited higher autoimmune regulator (Aire) expression, a transcription factor expressed in the thymic microenvironment, suggesting SCFAs promote tTreg differentiation through increased Aire expression. Notably, the receptor for butyrate, G protein–coupled receptor 41 (GPR41), is highly expressed in the thymic microenvironment and Aire expression is not increased by stimulation with butyrate in GPR41-deficient mice. Our studies highlight the significance of SCFAs produced by a maternal HFD for Treg differentiation in the thymus of offspring. Given that Aire expression is associated with the induction of tTregs, the maternal microbiome influences Treg differentiation in the thymus of offspring through GPR41-mediated Aire expression.
A Specialist Macaque MHC Class I Molecule with HLA-B*27–like Peptide-Binding Characteristics
Authors: de Groot Natasja G. , Heijmans Corrine M. C. , de Ru Arnoud H. , Janssen George M. C. , Drijfhout Jan W. , Otting Nel , Vangenot Christelle , Doxiadis Gaby G. M. , Koning Frits , van Veelen Peter A. , Bontrop Ronald E.
Published: October 2017

In different macaque species, the MHC A2*05 gene is present in abundance, and its gene products are characterized by low cell-surface expression and a highly conserved peptide-binding cleft. We have characterized the peptide-binding motif of Mamu-A2*05:01, and elucidated the binding capacity for virus-derived peptides. The macaque A2*05 allotype prefers the basic amino acid arginine at the second position of the peptide, and hydrophobic and polar amino acids at the C-terminal end. These preferences are shared with HLA-B*27 and Mamu-B*008, molecules shown to be involved in elite control in human HIV type 1 and macaque SIV infections, respectively. In contrast, however, Mamu-A2*05 preferentially binds 8-mer peptides. Retention in the endoplasmic reticulum seems to be the cause of the lower cell-surface expression. Subsequent peptide-binding studies have illustrated that Mamu-A2*05:01 is able to bind SIV-epitopes known to evoke a strong CD8+ T cell response in the context of the Mamu-B*008 allotype in SIV-infected rhesus macaques. Thus, the macaque A2*05 gene encodes a specialized MHC class I molecule, and is most likely transported to the cell surface only when suitable peptides become available.
(Est)etica delle infezioni correlate all’assistenza / (Est)ethics of infections related to assistance
Authors: Colucci Massimiliano
Published: October 2017

Le infezioni correlate all’assistenza sono un problema mondiale. Si possono prevenire attraverso programmi di igiene e abitudini corrette, come il lavaggio delle mani. Tra le cause ci sono probabilmente le unghie artificiali e gli anelli. Anche se manca un’evidenza definitiva per sostenere il divieto di indossarli durante la prassi assistenziale, in una condizione di incertezza, la migliore presa di posizione sul piano etico è di agire secondo precauzione. Inoltre, l’estetica può essere considerata un valore in sé, ma nell’ambiente sanitario le scelte estetiche non dovrebbero rappresentare un pericolo per il paziente. L’autonomia dei professionisti sanitari andrebbe perciò bilanciata coi principi di non-maleficenza e giustizia, in una prospettiva relazionale: è una questione di responsabilità verso i pazienti, i colleghi e la comunità. Infine, il professionista sanitario ha un suo specifico essere- in-relazione, che è la relazione di cura. Se un paziente affida se stesso a un professionista sanitario, un autentico valore estetico sta nell’impegno a non diminuirne le possibilità di esistenza. Bellezza, in questo caso, significa la migliore igiene delle mani. ---------- Healthcare-associated infections are a problem worldwide. They can be prevented through hygiene programs and good habits, like hand-washing. Among causes there are probably artificial fingernails and finger rings. Even if there is not a definitive evidence to support the prohibition to wear them during healthcare practice, in a condition of uncertainty the best ethical stance is to act according to precaution. Moreover, aesthetics may be considered as a value in itself, but in a healthcare setting aesthetical choices should not pose a threat to the patient. Therefore, health care professionals’ autonomy should be balanced with non-maleficence and justice principles, in a relational perspective: it is a matter of responsibility towards patients, coworkers, and community as well. Finally, the healthcare professional has a proper being-in-relationship, that is the cure relationship. If a patient entrusts himself to a healthcare professional, an authentic aesthetic value may be the commitment to not decrease the possibilities of patients’ existence. Beauty, in this case, means the best hand hygiene.
Good practices guide: Success in building and keeping an aboriginal mapping program
Authors:   Centre for Indigenous Environmental Resources
Published: October 2017

The "Good Practices Guide - success in building and keeping an Aboriginal mapping program" profiles practices that lead to success when implementing geomatics programs in Canada.
The project team undertook a literature review including professional and scholarly research on factors for success when putting geomatics programs into operation, both in Canada and internationally. Findings were combined with the pooled knowledge of the report authors, who have over sixty years
combined experience in this sector in many communities and organizations. A list of potential success factors was developed and a survey questionnaire based upon these was written. Representatives of Aboriginal organizations across Canada that were running or had operated local mapping programs were
invited to fill out the questionnaire and participate in follow up interviews so they could share lessons they had learned while setting up and managing their programs. Their input was used to refine the list and complete a final list of good practices.
Practices and advice are grouped under six headings: getting started; gaining leadership and community support; funding and finances; human resources and training approaches; technology, data, and data networks; and support networks. Under these, specific concrete points of advice on principles for
success are provided. Additionally, examples from first hand experiences are shared in a case study format to highlight specific principles in action.
The guide is not intended to provide a single-track road to success. Aboriginal mapping programs are as diverse as the communities themselves, and some principles presented will apply to some communities more than others. Taken as a whole, the guide should be useful to leaders responsible for
setting up and managing programs, and for information technicians with responsibilities for mapping.
The Legacy of Martin Luther’s Sola Fide
Authors: Santrac Aleksandar S.
Published: October 2017

This article deals with the contemporary relevance of the Luther’s sola fide principle in the fifth centennial of the Reformation. Is sola fide really an ecumenical principle or might it become one? Moreover, how useful and relevant is Luther’s theology of faith in the midst of the 21st century Christian struggle for justice, goodness, beauty and truth? How significant and efficient is his faith-talk in our progressive combat against any form of discrimination or inequality? In order to answer these questions the article explores the nature and scope of the sola fide principle in its original historical-theological setting and through the contemporary theological debates.
A Case of Large Solitary Fibrous Tumor in the Retroperitoneum
Authors: Nomura Takeo , Satoh Ryuta , Kashima Kenji , Yamasaki Mutsushi , Hirai Kenichi , Satoh Fuminori , Mimata Hiromitsu
Published: October 2017

Solitary fibrous tumor (SFT) is a rare spindle cell neoplasm mainly originated in the pleural cavity. We report here an unusual case of a large SFT in the retroperitoneum. A 27-year-old female complaining of a palpable mass in the right flank with dull pain was admitted to our hospital with the diagnosis of right retroperitoneal tumor. Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed a large retroperitoneal tumor arising from latissimus dorsi muscle. Surgical findings revealed a partly encapsulated tumor and complete resection of tumor concomitantly with right kidney, 11th and 12th ribs, and diaphragm was performed. Pathological examination demonstrated the tumor to be composed of increased mitotic activity and cellularity of spindle cells with a collagenous matrix. Immunohistochemical staining was positive for CD34, vimentin, and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and negative for CD31, cytokeratin, desmin, S-100p, smooth muscle actin, Bc1-2, and insulin-like growth factor (IGF) with Ki-67 labeling index of 0.1%. Based on pathological features, diagnosis of SFT in the retroperitoneum was confirmed. To our knowledge, this is the first report of an SFT arising from latissimus dorsi muscle and it is important to include SFT in the differential diagnosis of retroperitoneal tumors that caused considerable diagnostic problems due to its unusual site of origin.
Rehabilitation following Surgery for Reconstruction of a Foot Defect
Authors: West Susan Faber , Pidcoe Peter E.
Published: October 2017

Background

This report illustrates the use of pressure for scar management to aid in foot re-shaping following a surgical intervention to repair an arterio-venous (AV) malformation.

Methods

This report describes the rehabilitation of a 13-year-old girl after surgical reconstruction of a defect in her left foot following the removal of an AV malformation. Early surgical attempts to repair the problem resulted in complications that required the amputation of toes 2, 3, and 4, and the use of a split thickness skin graft to cover the plantar surface of the medial longitudinal arch on the left foot. Following surgery, the patient had an antalgic gait pattern with decreased weight bearing on the left. The graft obliterated the left medial longitudinal arch and the patient would only weight bear on the heel. The patient had decreased metatarsal joint mobility on the affected side and no movement in the remaining toes. Left talocrural joint active range-of-motion (AROM) was within normal limits and gross ankle muscle force production was assessed to have a grade of 3/5.

Results

Treatment included reshaping the left foot using a pressure garment and orthotic, followed by interventions to address range-of-motion and muscle force production deficiencies. All treatment objectives were achieved and all patient goals were achieved.

Conclusions

Pressure was effective in re-shaping the foot to promote normal gait mechanics.
The Management of a Patient with a Cervical Disc Herniation: A Case Report
Authors: Tsao Sherry , Pidcoe Peter
Published: October 2017

Purpose

To present the management of a patient with a cervical disc herniation and illustrate the efficacy of cervical traction as a main form of treatment for cervical disc herniation in conjunction with a home exercise program.

Background

A 71-year-old white female diagnosed with cervical disc herniation at the levels of C5-6 and C6-7 presented to physical therapy with neck pain radiating into the left upper extremity down to the 5th digit of the left hand.

Treatment

The patient reported to outpatient physical therapy for cervical disc herniation and radiculopathy. After initial evaluation she received intermittent cervical traction and was given a home exercise program consisting of cervical lateral flexion stretch, unilateral wall stretch for pectoralis muscles and to continue with her over the door cervical traction.

Conclusion

Cervical traction and a good home exercise program have been shown to reduce cervical disc herniation and its subsequent symptoms.
Extremely Low Birthweight Infant with Wolf-Hirschhorn Syndrome: A Dilemma in Determination of the Optimal Timing of Delivery
Authors: Iijima Shigeo , Ohzeki Takehiko
Published: October 2017

Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome (WHS) is characterized by multiple malformations as well as mental and developmental defects resulting from the absence of a distal segment of the short arm of chromosome 4. We experienced an extremely low birthweight infant with WHS. The male infant (birthweight 934 g) was born at 31 weeks’ gestation by cesarean section due to intrauterine growth restriction and presented with the typical WHS phenotype. Chromosomal analysis showed a deletion: 46,XY,del(4)(p15.3 p16). Although the patient's respiratory distress syndrome resolved favourably and his subsequent condition was also stable, he had unusually severe retinopathy of prematurity and periventricular leukomalacia. We suppose that these severe complications were associated with not only prematurity but also with latent structural fragility due to WHS. Herein, we discuss the prenatal detection of WHS and the optimal timing of delivery.
Sickle Cell Disease in the Post Genomic Era: A Monogenic Disease with a Polygenic Phenotype
Authors: Driss A. , Asare K.O. , Hibbert J.M. , Gee B.E. , Adamkiewicz T.V. , Stiles J.K.
Published: October 2017

More than half a century after the discovery of the molecular basis of Sickle Cell Disease (SCD), the causes of the phenotypic heterogeneity of the disease remain unclear. This heterogeneity manifests with different clinical outcomes such as stroke, vaso-occlusive episodes, acute chest syndrome, avascular necrosis, leg ulcers, priapism and retinopathy. These outcomes cannot be explained by the single mutation in the beta-globin gene alone but may be attributed to genetic modifiers and environmental effects. Recent advances in the post human genome sequence era have opened the door for the identification of novel genetic modifiers in SCD. Studies are showing that phenotypes of SCD seem to be modulated by polymorphisms in genes that are involved in inflammation, cell–cell interaction and modulators of oxidant injury and nitric oxide biology. The discovery of genes implicated in different phenotypes will help understanding of the physiopathology of the disease and aid in establishing targeted cures. However, caution is needed in asserting that genetic modifiers are the cause of all SCD phenotypes, because there are other factors such as genetic background of the population, environmental components, socio-economics and psychology that can play significant roles in the clinical heterogeneity.
Is the Adipose Tissue the Key Road to Inflammation?
Authors: Lucas Stéphanie , Verwaerde Claudie , Wolowczuk Isabelle
Published: October 2017

It is now broadly accepted that white adipose tissue disorders, such as obesity, are associated with a chronic low-grade inflammation predisposing to the development of insulin-resistance, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular complications. In obesity, accumulation of visceral adipose tissue, rather than subcutaneous adipose tissue, is regarded as the most critical factor contributing to the pathogenesis of these metabolic diseases. Recently has emerged the notion that inflammatory response accompanying obesity corresponds to a cytokine-mediated activation of innate immunity.

The purpose of this review is to provide an update on this emerging concept and to show the reader how innate immune metabolic pathways engaged within white adipose tissue could interfere with innate inflammatory immune defense. First, adipose tissue is reported as an important in vivo source of inflammatory cytokines and adipocytes express some receptors of the innate immune system (namely the Toll-like receptors). Second, both innate and adaptive immune cells (respectively, macrophages, dendritic-like cells and T-lymphocytes) appear more and more essential to the initiation and the development of adipose tissue inflammation. More specifically, adipose tissue macrophages have recently emerged as key players in the inflammatory process of obese adipose tissue. Their number and their phenotypic switch from a non inflammatory (i.e. M2) to an inflammatory (i.e. M1) state are likely crucial in the onset of obese adipose tissue inflammation and in the development of insulin-resistance. Finally, the hormonal regulation of adipose tissue inflammation is exemplified by recent data regarding the role of glucocorticoids, both at the level of adipose cells and macrophages.

Altogether, adipose tissue might therefore be regarded as a true immune organ, at the crossroad between metabolism and immune system.
Dose-Specific Biphasic Effects of Simvastatin on the Expression of CXCL10 and CX3CL1 by Human Osteoblasts
Authors: Kasama Tsuyoshi , Isozaki Takeo , Sato Michihito , Takahashi Ryo , Wakabayashi Kuninobu , Tezuka Masakazu
Published: October 2017

Objective

To better understand the effects of simvastatin (SS) on the expression and secretion of two chemokines, CXCL10 and CX3CL1, by osteoblasts, and to test whether inhibition of isoprenoid intermediates of cholesterol biosynthesis were involved in the effects of SS.

Methods

Human osteoblasts were incubated in the presence or absence of the inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interferon gamma (IFN-γ), with and without SS (0.1–100 μM). Culture supernatants were then collected, and expression of CXCL10 and CX3CL1 mRNA in osteoblasts was examined using quantitative TaqMan real-time polymerase chain reaction. The levels of CXCL10 and CX3CL1 were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays.

Results

At a high concentration (100 μM), SS inhibited expression and secretion of the chemokines and showed cytotoxity, whereas at lower concentrations (0.1–1 μM) SS stimulated the expression and secretion of the chemokines. Expression and secretion of CXCL10 or CX3CL1 from osteoblasts were induced by stimulation with TNF-α and IFN-γ. In addition, SS exerted a biphasic effect on the evoked induction of CXCL10 and CX3CL1. Chemokine expression and secretion was also assayed in the presence of mevalonate (MEV), geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP) or farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP). MEV abolished both the inhibitory effect of high-dose SS and the stimulatory effect of low-dose SS. On the other hand, GGPP abolished only the inhibitory effects of high-dose SS, and FPP had no effect at all.

Conclusions

These findings suggest that osteoblasts are an important cellular source of CXCL10 and CX3CL1, and that statins such as SS may modulate the inflammatory process in bone tissues to inhibit bone resorption and stimulate bone formation through biphasic modulation chemokine synthesis.
Oral Tobaccco and Mortality in India
Authors: Mohan Priya , Lando Harry A.
Published: October 2017

This comprehensive review includes large-scale pan-India surveys and regional studies. Every aspect of smokeless tobacco, including variations in social, economic, demographic, gender, and education stratifiers, is presented. This evidence-based presentation thereby provides insight not only to assess the burden but can serve as a base, leading to the development and encouragement of research in closing the existing gaps in knowledge. It can also provide a track to formulate tobacco control strategies as well as to reinforce and potentially guide tobacco control policy aimed at addressing the tailored needs in the Indian context. The recommendations expand the tobacco control spectrum and are the first of their kind in the literature to focus on cessation programs as a paramedical subject to draw the attention of not only policymakers but also to integrate medical and dental educational institutions, health care professionals, and tobacco users to synergistically develop successful tobacco control measures.
Multidrug-Resistant Microorganisms Colonizing Lower Extremity Wounds in Patients in a Tertiary Care Hospital, Lima, Peru
Authors: Mendo-Lopez Rafael , Jasso Luis , Guevara Ximena , Astocondor Aurora Lizeth , Alejos Saul , Bardossy Ana C. , Prentiss Tyler , Zervos Marcus J. , Jacobs Jan , García Coralith
Published: October 2017

Multidrug-resistant organism (MDRO) infections cause high morbidity and mortality, and high costs to patients and hospitals. The study aims were to determine the frequency of MDRO colonization and associated factors in patients with lower-extremity wounds with colonization. A cross-sectional study was designed during November 2015 to July 2016 in a tertiary care hospital in Lima, Peru. A wound swab was obtained for culture and susceptibility testing. MDRO colonization was defined if the culture grew with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant enterococci, and/or extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) microorganisms. The frequency of MDRO wound colonization was 26.8% among the 97 patients enrolled. The most frequent MDRO obtained was ESBL-producing Escherichia coli, which was significantly more frequent in chronic wounds versus acute wounds (17.2% versus 0%, P < 0.05). Infection control measures should be implemented when patients with chronic lower-extremity wounds are admitted.
Revisiting the contribution of land transport and shipping emissions to tropospheric ozone
Authors: Mertens Mariano , Grewe Volker , Rieger Vanessa S. , Jöckel Patrick
Published: October 2017

Abstract. We quantify the contribution of land transport and shipping emissions to tropospheric ozone for the first time with a chemistry-climate model including an advanced tagging method, which considers not only the emissions of NOx (NO and NO2), CO or non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC) separately but the competing effects of all relevant ozone precursors. For summer conditions a contribution of land transport emissions to ground level ozone of up to 18 % in North America and South Europe is estimated, which corresponds to 12 nmol mol−1 and 10 nmol mol−1, respectively. The simulation results indicate a contribution of shipping emissions to ground level ozone during summer in the order of up to 30 % in the Northern Pacific (up to 12 nmol mol−1) and 20 % in the Northern Atlantic (12 nmol mol−1). To put these estimates in the context of literature values, we review previous studies. Most of them used the perturbation approach, in which the results from two simulations, one with all emissions and one with changed emissions for the source of interest, are compared. The comparison shows that the results strongly depend on the chosen methodology (tagging or perturbation method) and on the strength of the perturbation. A more in-depth analysis for the land transport emissions reveals that the two approaches give different results particularly in regions with large emissions (up to a factor of four for Europe). With respect to the contribution of land transport and ship traffic emissions to the tropospheric ozone burden we quantified values of 8 % and 6 % for the land transport and shipping emissions, respectively. Overall, the emissions from land transport contribute to around 20 % of the net ozone production near the source regions, while shipping emissions contribute up to 52 % to the net ozone production in the Northern Pacific. Our estimates of the radiative ozone forcing due to emissions of land transport and shipping emissions are 92 mW m−2 and 62 mW m−2, respectively. Again these results are larger by a factor of 2–3 compared to previous studies using the perturbation approach, but largely agree with previous studies which investigated the difference between the tagging and the perturbation method. Overall our results highlight the importance of differing between the perturbation and the tagging approach, as they answer two different questions. We argue that only the tagging approach can estimate the contribution of emissions, while only the perturbation approach investigates the effect of an emission change. To effectively asses mitigation options both approaches should be combined.
Recent increases in the atmospheric growth rate and emissions of HFC-23 (CHF3) and the link to HCFC-22 (CHClF2) production
Authors: Simmonds Peter G. , Rigby Matthew , McCulloch Archie , Vollmer Martin K. , Henne Stephan , Mühle Jens , O'Doherty Simon , Manning Alistair J. , Krummel Paul B. , Fraser Paul J. , Young Dickon , Weiss Ray F. , Salameh Peter K. , Harth Chris M. , Reimann Stephan , Trudinger Cathy M. , Steele Paul , Wang Ray H. J. , Ivy Diane J. , Prinn Ron G. , Mitrevski Blagoj , Etheridge David M.
Published: October 2017

Abstract. High frequency measurements of the potent hydrofluorocarbon greenhouse gas CHF3 (HFC-23), a by-product of production of the hydrochlorofluorocarbon HCFC-22 (CHClF2), at five core stations of the Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (AGAGE) network, combined with measurements of firn and Cape Grim Air Archive (CGAA) air samples, are used to explore the changing atmospheric abundance of HFC-23. These measurements are used in combination with the AGAGE 2-D atmospheric 12-box model and a Bayesian inversion methodology to determine model atmospheric mole fractions and the atmospheric history of global HFC-23 emissions. The global modelled annual mole fraction of HFC-23 in the background atmosphere was 28.9 ± 0.6 pmol mol−1 at the end of 2016, representing a 28 % increase from 22.6 ± 0.4 pmol mol−1 in 2009. Over the same time frame, the modelled mole fraction of HCFC-22 increased by 19 % from 199 ± 2 pmol mol−1 to 237 ± 2 pmol mol−1. However, the annual average HCFC-22 growth rate decelerated from 2009 to 2016 at an annual average rate of 0.5 pmol mol−1 yr−2. Our results demonstrate that, following a minimum in HFC-23 global emissions in 2009 of 9.6 ± 0.6 Gg yr−1, emissions increased to a maximum in 2014 of 14.5 ± 0.6 Gg yr−1, declining to 12.7 ± 0.6 Gg yr−1 (157 Mt  CO2-eq. yr−1) in 2016. The 2009 emissions minimum is consistent with estimates based on national reports and is likely a response to the implementation of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) to mitigate HFC-23 emissions by incineration in developing (Non-Annex 1) countries under the Kyoto Protocol. Our derived cumulative emissions of HFC-23 during 2010–2016 were 89 ± 2 Gg (1.1 ± 0.2 Gt CO2-eq), which led to an increase in radiative forcing of 1.0 ± 0.1 mW m−2. Although the CDM had reduced global HFC-23 emissions, it cannot now offset the radiative forcing of higher emissions from increasing HCFC-22 production in Non-Annex 1 countries, as the CDM was closed to new entrants in 2009. We also find that the cumulative European HFC-23 emissions from 2010 to 2016 were ~ 1.3 Gg, corresponding to just 1.5 % of cumulative global HFC-23 emissions over this same period.
Advanced characterisation of aerosol size properties from measurements of spectral optical depth using the GRASP algorithm
Authors: Torres Benjamin , Dubovik Oleg , Fuertes David , Schuster Gregory , Cachorro Victoria Eugenia , Lapyonok Tatsiana , Goloub Philippe , Blarel Luc , Barreto Africa , Mallet Marc , Toledano Carlos , Tanré Didier
Published: October 2017

Abstract. This study evaluates the potential of using aerosol optical depth (τa) measurements to characterise the microphysical and optical properties of atmospheric aerosols. With this aim, we used the recently developed GRASP (Generalized Retrieval of Aerosol and Surface Properties) code for numerical testing of six different aerosol models with different aerosol loads. The direct numerical simulations (self-consistency tests) indicate that the GRASP-AOD retrieval provides modal aerosol optical depths (fine and coarse) to within 0.01 of the input values. The retrieval of the fine-mode radius, width and volume concentration are stable and precise if the real part of the refractive index is known. The coarse-mode properties are less accurate, but they are significantly improved when additional a priori information is available. The tests with random simulated errors show that the uncertainty in the bimodal log-normal size distribution parameters increases as the aerosol load decreases. Similarly, the reduction in the spectral range diminishes the stability of the retrieved parameters. In addition to these numerical studies, we used optical depth observations at eight AERONET locations to validate our results with the standard AERONET inversion products. We found that bimodal log-normal size distributions serve as useful input assumptions, especially when the measurements have inadequate spectral coverage and/or limited accuracy, such as moon photometry. Comparisons of the mode median radii between GRASP-AOD and AERONET indicate average differences of 0.013 µm for the fine mode and typical values of 0.2–0.3 µm for the coarse mode. The dominant mode (i.e. fine or coarse) indicates a 10 % difference in mode radii between the GRASP-AOD and AERONET inversions, and the average of the difference in volume concentration is around 17 % for both modes. The retrieved values of the fine-mode τa(500) using GRASP-AOD are generally between those values obtained by the standard AERONET inversion and the values obtained by the AERONET spectral deconvolution algorithm (SDA), with differences typically lower than 0.02 between GRASP-AOD and both algorithms. Finally, we present some examples of application of GRASP-AOD inversion using moon photometry and the airborne PLASMA sun photometer during the ChArMEx summer 2013 campaign in the western Mediterranean.
The acclimative biogeochemical model of the southern North Sea
Authors: Kerimoglu Onur , Hofmeister Richard , Maerz Joeran , Riethmüller Rolf , Wirtz Kai W.
Published: October 2017

Abstract. Ecosystem models often rely on heuristic descriptions of autotrophic growth that fail to reproduce various stationary and dynamic states of phytoplankton cellular composition observed in laboratory experiments. Here, we present the integration of an advanced phytoplankton growth model within a coupled three-dimensional physical–biogeochemical model and the application of the model system to the southern North Sea (SNS) defined on a relatively high resolution (∼ 1.5–4.5 km) curvilinear grid. The autotrophic growth model, recently introduced by Wirtz and Kerimoglu (2016), is based on a set of novel concepts for the allocation of internal resources and operation of cellular metabolism. The coupled model system consists of the General Estuarine Transport Model (GETM) as the hydrodynamical driver, a lower-trophic-level model and a simple sediment diagenesis model. We force the model system with realistic atmospheric and riverine fluxes, background turbidity caused by suspended particulate matter (SPM) and open ocean boundary conditions. For a simulation for the period 2000–2010, we show that the model system satisfactorily reproduces the physical and biogeochemical states of the system within the German Bight characterized by steep salinity; nutrient and chlorophyll (Chl) gradients, as inferred from comparisons against observation data from long-term monitoring stations; sparse in situ measurements; continuous transects; and satellites. The model also displays skill in capturing the formation of thin chlorophyll layers at the pycnocline, which is frequently observed within the stratified regions during summer. A sensitivity analysis reveals that the vertical distributions of phytoplankton concentrations estimated by the model can be qualitatively sensitive to the description of the light climate and dependence of sinking rates on the internal nutrient reserves. A non-acclimative (fixed-physiology) version of the model predicted entirely different vertical profiles, suggesting that accounting for physiological flexibility might be relevant for a consistent representation of the vertical distribution of phytoplankton biomass. Our results point to significant variability in the cellular chlorophyll-to-carbon ratio (Chl : C) across seasons and the coastal to offshore transition. Up to 3-fold-higher Chl : C at the coastal areas in comparison to those at the offshore areas contribute to the steepness of the chlorophyll gradient. The model also predicts much higher phytoplankton concentrations at the coastal areas in comparison to its non-acclimative equivalent. Hence, findings of this study provide evidence for the relevance of physiological flexibility, here reflected by spatial and seasonal variations in Chl : C, for a realistic description of biogeochemical fluxes, particularly in the environments displaying strong resource gradients.