bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sorption dynamics in fixed‐beds of inert core spherical adsorbents including axial dispersion and Langmuir isotherm
Authors: Koocheksarayi M. Khosravi , Shams K. , Liu Y. Z.
Published: June 2009

The effects of axial dispersion and Langmuir isotherm on transient behavior of sorption and intraparticle diffusion in fixed‐beds packed with monodisperse shell‐type/inert core spherical sorbents are studied. The system of partial differential equations of the mathematical model is solved numerically using finite difference methods. Results are presented in the form of breakthrough curves for adsorption and desorption processes. Results reveal that the shape of the breakthrough curves is influenced by both hydrodynamic and kinetic factors. Hydrodynamic factor is governed by axial dispersion and is controlled by changes of Peclet number. Simulation results reveal that when linear adsorption isotherm is used, the effect of axial dispersion on breakthrough curves of the system is important for Peclet numbers smaller than 50, whereas, for Langmuir isotherm axial dispersion is considerable for Peclet numbers less than 80. In addition, effects of type of adsorption isotherms and size of adsorbents on breakthrough curves are investigated, and results are compared with existing reports in the pertinent literature. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009
Updated: A master checklist for drafting contract clauses in transnational matters
Authors: McLaughlin Joseph T. , Scanlon Kathleen M.
Published: June 2009

Joseph T. McLaughlin and Kathleen M. Scanlon, of New York, revisit, revise and expand their checklist for drafting effective conflict resolution contract provisions in transactions that cross borders.
Suprapolymer Structures from Nanostructured Polymer Particles
Authors: Higuchi Takeshi , Tajima Atsunori , Motoyoshi Kiwamu , Yabu Hiroshi , Shimomura Masatsugu
Published: June 2009

Vernetzen und Auflösen: Einzigartige Suprapolymerstrukturen wurden aus Polymernanopartikeln mit phasenseparierten, aus Blockcopolymeren oder Homopolymerblends erzeugten Strukturen erhalten. Die Überstrukturen entstehen, indem man ein Polymersegment vernetzt und ein anderes auflöst (siehe Schema; PI=Polyisopren, PSt=Polystyrol).

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Hydrogen Evolution at Liquid–Liquid Interfaces
Authors: Hatay Imren , Su Bin , Li Fei , Partovi‐Nia Raheleh , Vrubel Heron , Hu Xile , Ersoz Mustafa , Girault Hubert H.
Published: June 2009

„Seifenblasen“: Protonen werden an einer weichen Grenzfläche zwischen Wasser und 1,2‐Dichlorethan (DCE) unter Wasserstoffentwicklung durch [(C5Me5)2Fe] reduziert. Dabei folgt auf einen durch [(C5Me5)2Fe] unterstützten Protonentransfer durch die Grenzfläche die Reduktion der Protonen in DCE. Die Grenzfläche dient vorrangig als Protonenpumpe, mit deren Hilfe bei der Wasserstoffentwicklung direkt auf die wässrigen Protonen zugegriffen werden kann.

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Structural Basis and Enzymatic Mechanism of the Biosynthesis of C9‐ from C10‐Monoterpenoid Indole Alkaloids
Authors: Yang Liuqing , Hill Marco , Wang Meitian , Panjikar Santosh , Stöckigt Joachim
Published: June 2009

Cutting carbons: The three‐dimensional structure of polyneuridine aldehyde esterase (PNAE) gives insight into the enzymatic mechanism of the biosynthesis of C9‐ from C10‐monoterpenoid indole alkaloids (see scheme). PNAE is a very substrate‐specific serine esterase. It harbors the catalytic triad S87‐D216‐H244, and is a new member of the α/β‐fold hydrolase superfamily. Its novel function leads to the diversification of alkaloid structures.

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The Thermodynamic Influence of Trapped Water Molecules on a Protein–Ligand Interaction
Authors: Stegmann Christian M. , Seeliger Daniel , Sheldrick George M. , de Groot Bert L. , Wahl Markus C.
Published: June 2009

Water molecules doing time: Atomic‐resolution crystal structures of the PPIase domain of cyclophilin G, alone and in complex with cyclosporin A, and together with MD simulations and calorimetry, reveal how trapped water molecules influence the thermodynamic profile of a protein–ligand interaction.

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Cover Picture: Toroidal Micelles of Uniform Size from Diblock Copolymers (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 25/2009)
Authors: Huang Haiying , Chung Bonghoon , Jung Jueun , Park Hae‐Woong , Chang Taihyun
Published: June 2009

Pure toroidal micelles of highly uniform shape and size are presented by T. Chang et al. in their Communication on page 4594 ff. The donut‐shaped micelles are prepared by spontaneous self‐assembly of a polyisoprene‐block‐poly(2‐vinylpyridine) copolymer, and are stable enough to act as a template for the growth of gold nanoparticles along the ring surface.

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Inside Cover: Multicompartmental Microcylinders (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 25/2009)
Authors: Bhaskar Srijanani , Hitt Jonathon , Chang Sei‐Won Laura , Lahann Joerg
Published: June 2009

Multicompartmental microcylinders can be produced by a combination of electrohydrodynamic co‐spinning and microsectioning, as described by J. Lahann et al. in their Communication on page 4589 ff. The number of individual compartments, relative compartment orientation, chemical composition and functionality, and aspect ratio can be precisely tuned. Each color in the longitudinal and cross‐sectional micrograph images depicts an individual compartment.

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Effect of the degree of clay delamination on the phase morphology, surface chemical aspects, and properties of hydrolyzable polyurethanes for periodontal regeneration
Authors: Pereira I. M. , Carvalho S. , Pereira M. M. , Leite M. F. , Oréfice R. L.
Published: June 2009

In recent years, there has been increased interest in biodegradable polyurethanes for use in regenerative medicine because of their versatility and biocompatibility. Nevertheless, these polymers are usually produced using organic solvents that can lead to the release of toxic components. In this work, polyurethane/montmorillonite nanocomposites were designed to work as guided tissue regeneration membranes to treat periodontal diseases. Polyurethanes were synthesized in an aqueous environment. The composition, morphology, and mechanical properties of the biomaterials were evaluated. The cellular viability, proliferation, and morphology changes of rat culture cementoblasts were also investigated using a montmorillonite assay. Small‐angle X‐ray scattering, X‐ray diffraction, and infrared spectroscopy results showed that the degree of clay delamination within the polymer was able to tailor the phase morphology of the polymer, the chemical aspects of the surface, the mechanical properties, and the kinetics of hydrolysis of the materials. The produced scaffolds provided a good environment for the adhesion and proliferation of cementoblasts and thus can be considered suitable biomaterials for participating in procedures associated with periodontal regeneration. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Polymer electrolyte membranes having sulfoalkyl grafts into ETFE film prepared by radiation‐induced copolymerization of methyl acrylate and methyl methacrylate
Authors: Hanh Truong Thi , Takahashi Shuichi , Chen Jinhua , Sawada Shin‐ichi , Maekawa Yasunari
Published: June 2009

Polymer electrolyte membranes (PEMs) containing alkylsulfonic acid grafts can be prepared by radiation‐induced graft copolymerization of methyl acrylate (MA) and methyl methacrylate (MMA) into a poly(ethylene‐co‐tetrafluoroethylene) film followed by sulfonation of the MA units in the copolymer grafts using an equimolar complex of chlorosulfonic acid and 1,4‐dioxane (ClSO3H‐Complex). PEMs with MA/MMA copolymer grafts that are 33%–79% MA units were prepared by preirradiation with a dose of 20 kGy and grafting in bulk comonomers at 60°C. The grafted films are treated with ClSO3H‐Complex to obtain PEMs with ion exchange capacity of 0.36‐0.81 mmol/g (sulfonation degrees of 20%–40%) and proton conductivity of 0.04‐0.065 S/cm. These values can be controlled by changing the MA content the sulfonation occurring at an α‐carbonyl carbon. The PEMs with higher MMA content showed higher durability in water (80°C) and under oxidative conditions (3% H2O2) at 60°C. This is because the PMMA grafts in the PEMs have no proton at an α‐carbonyl carbon, which is considered to be a trigger of the degradation of grafting polymers. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Dependence of biodegradation and release behavior on physical properties of poly(caprolactone)‐based polyurethanes
Authors: Watanabe Atsushi , Takebayashi Yoshihiro , Ohtsubo Toshiro , Furukawa Mutsuhisa
Published: June 2009

Simultaneous pursuit of long accurate release control and high biodegradation rate is required as the membrane of controlled‐release devices in agriculture. The effect of the physical properties of poly(caprolactone) based polyurethanes as a polymer membrane on their biodegradation characteristics and the release profile was evaluated. The soil burial test at 28°C resulted that the biodegradation rate of the polyurethanes increased as the number of average molecular weight (Mn) of poly(caprolactone) diol used increased from 500 to 1000, whereas it decreased as the Mn of poly(caprolactone) diol increased from 1200 to 2000. The biodegradation behavior was different when the Mn of poly(caprolactone) diols was used because of the recrystallization of long straight poly(caprolactone) chains. Poly(caprolactone) triol prevented recrystallization and led the high degradation ratio. The release rate of urea from the polyurethane‐coated granules decreased as the Mn of poly(caprolactone) polyol decreased. These results indicated that the release profile was affected by the urethane content, and the biodegradation characteristic was affected by the glass transition temperature and the recrystallization of polyurethane membrane. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Chemical recycling of polymers from Waste Electric and Electronic Equipment
Authors: Achilias D.S. , Antonakou E.V. , Koutsokosta E. , Lappas A.A.
Published: June 2009

This research is focused on the recycling of three types of polymers, namely polycarbonate (PC), poly(acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene) (PABS), and polystyrene (PS) from Waste Electric and Electronic Equipment (WEEE). Initially, the chemical structure of each polymeric material in a variety of WEEE was identified by Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR) spectroscopy and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). The potential recycling of these polymers from these wastes was examined by employing two different approaches, the dissolution/reprecipitation method and the more challenging technique of pyrolysis. During the first, the polymer is separated and recycled through a solvent/non‐solvent system. It is a simple and economic technique leading to high recovery of pure polymer. Both, model polymers and plastic parts from WEEEs were studied and optimum experimental conditions, including dissolution temperature and time, polymer concentration and type of solvent were proposed to achieve significant recovery of the polymer (>90 wt %). Furthermore, pyrolysis of waste Compact Disks (CD) was investigated and compared with model poly(bisphenol A carbonate) (PC) through a laboratory‐scale fixed bed reactor. The appropriate pyrolysis temperature was selected after measuring the thermal degradation of model PC by Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). A large amount of oil was measured, together with a smaller amount of gaseous product, leaving also a solid residue. For both samples, the gaseous fraction consisted mainly of CO2 and CO whereas in the liquid fraction a large amount of different phenolic compounds, including the monomer bisphenol A, was measured. It seems that recycling of used CDs by pyrolysis is a very promising technique having the potential of producing useful high‐value chemicals, which may find applications in the petrochemical industry. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Catalytic conversion of postconsumer PE/PP waste into hydrocarbons using the FCC process with an equilibrium FCC commercial catalyst
Authors: Yang M.‐H. , Lin Y.‐H.
Published: June 2009

A mixture of postconsumer polyolefin waste (PE/PP) was pyrolyzed over cracking catalysts using a fluidizing reaction system similar to the fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) process operating isothermally at ambient pressure. Experiments carried out with various catalysts gave good yields of valuable hydrocarbons with differing selectivity in the final products dependent on reaction conditions. Greater product selectivity was observed with a commercial FCC equilibrium catalyst (Ecat‐F1) with more than 50 wt % olefins products in the C3‐C6 range. A kinetic model based on a lumping reaction scheme for the observed products and catalyst coking deactivations has been investigated. The model gave a good representation of experiment results. Moreover, this model provides the benefits of lumping product selectivity, in each reaction step, in relation to the performance of the FCC equilibrium catalyst used, the effect of reaction temperature, and the particle size selected. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Trophic mass balanced models and dynamic simulations of benthic communities from La Rinconada Marine Reserve off northern Chile: network properties and multispecies harvest scenario assessments
Authors: Ortiz Marco , Avendaño Miguel , Cantillañez Marcela , Berrios Fernando , Campos Leonardo
Published: June 2009

Mass balanced trophic models and dynamic simulations of two benthic ecological systems from La Rinconada Marine Reserve (Antofagasta Bay, SE Pacific) were constructed.

The scallop Argopecten purpuratus is the most important benthic resource in La Rinconada Marine Reserve, followed by the carnivorous snail Thais chocolata, and the filter‐feeder bivalves Tagelus dombeii and Transennella pannosa.

Information on biomass, P/B ratios, catches, food spectrum, consumption, and dynamics of commercial and non‐commercial species was obtained and examined using Ecopath with an Ecosim software package.

The bivalves A. purpuratus and T. dombeii represented the most abundant compartments in the studied subsystems. Of the carnivores, the snail T. chocolata was dominant, followed by the crabs Cancer spp. and the functional group of large epifauna.

The two subsystems presented similar values of system throughput. The mean trophic level of their fisheries also reached similar magnitudes (2.0), showing that the harvests in each system concentrated on secondary producers. Likewise, both subsystems presented similar A/C ratios (29.9 and 30.3), suggesting that they were immature.

The results obtained using mixed trophic impact (MTI) and Ecosim (increasing the fishing mortality Fi by four times) showed that only four species propagated the highest direct and indirect effects. Coincidentally, these species are the most economically important and the changes produced by the scallop A. purpuratus are noteworthy.

With regard to the system recovery time (SRT) estimates, only three species or functional groups presented the highest magnitudes, from highest to lowest: the sea star Luidia magallanica, the scallop A. purpuratus, and the crabs Cancer spp.

The topological keystone indexes of Jordán and Libralato had divergent results. According to Jordán's index, the keystone species were L. magallanica, Cancer spp., and detritus; whereas Libralato's index showed phytoplankton to be the keystone species.

Based on the results obtained, it is concluded that trophic mass balanced models and simulated management scenarios have considerable value for planning interventions and manipulations or for planning more sustainable management strategies in La Rinconada Marine Reserve. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A need for logical and consistent anatomical nomenclature for cutaneous nerves of the limbs
Authors: Gest Thomas R. , Burkel William E. , Cortright Gerald W.
Published: June 2009

The system of anatomical nomenclature needs to be logical and consistent. However, variations in translation to English of the Latin and Greek terminology used in Nomina Anatomica and Terminologia Anatomica have led to some inconsistency in the nomenclature of cutaneous nerves in the limbs. An historical review of cutaneous nerve nomenclature reveals that there are two general naming conventions: one primarily American and one primarily British. The American convention presents cutaneous nerves of the limbs in the format “medial brachial cutaneous nerve,” while the British convention presents the same nerve as “medial cutaneous nerve of the arm,” thereby translating “brachii” to “of the arm.” If logically and consistently applied throughout the body, the British convention would rename the sural nerve to the “nerve of the calf,” the brachial artery would become the “artery of the arm,” the femoral nerve would be “nerve of the thigh,” and femur would be “bone of the thigh” or “thigh bone.” The British convention leads to many other nomenclatural inconsistencies, which would seem to make learning anatomy more difficult for the beginning student. In this era of contracting anatomy curricula, every effort should be made to keep anatomical nomenclature simple, logical, and consistent. Anat Sci Ed 2:126–134, 2009. © 2009 American Association of Anatomists.
Situating logic and information in information science
Authors: Karamuftuoglu Murat
Published: June 2009

Information Science (IS) is commonly said to study collection, classification, storage, retrieval, and use of information. However, there is no consensus on what information is. This article examines some of the formal models of information and informational processes, namely, Situation Theory and Shannon's Information Theory, in terms of their suitability for providing a useful framework for studying information in IS. It is argued that formal models of information are concerned with mainly ontological aspects of information, whereas IS, because of its evaluative role with respect to semantic content, needs an epistemological conception of information. It is argued from this perspective that concepts of epistemological/aesthetic/ethical information are plausible, and that information science needs to rise to the challenge of studying many different conceptions of information embedded in different contexts. This goal requires exploration of a wide variety of tools from philosophy and logic.
Optimization of dependently controlled jump rates of JLQG problem
Authors: Xu Yankai , Chen Xi
Published: June 2009

The Jump Linear Quadratic Gaussian (JLQG) model is well studied due to its wide applications. However, JLQG with controlled jump rates are rarely researched, while the existing studies usually impose an assumption that jump rates are independent and separately controlled. In practical systems, their jump rates may not be independent of each other. In this paper, we consider a continuous‐time JLQG model with dependently controlled jump rates and formulate it as a two‐level control problem. The low‐level problem is a standard JLQG problem, thus we focus on solution of high‐level problem. We propose a Markov decision process‐based approach to calculate performance gradient with respect to jump rates control variable and develop a gradient‐based optimization algorithm. We present an application of manufacturing system to illustrate the main results of this paper. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley and Sons Asia Pte Ltd and Chinese Automatic Control Society
The role of atmosphere feedbacks during ENSO in the CMIP3 models
Authors: Lloyd James , Guilyardi Eric , Weller Hilary , Slingo Julia
Published: June 2009

Several studies using ocean‐atmosphere GCMs suggest that the atmospheric component plays a dominant role in the modelled ENSO. To help elucidate these findings, the two main atmosphere feedbacks relevant to ENSO, the Bjerknes positive feedback (µ) and the heat flux negative feedback (α), are analysed here in 12 coupled GCMs.

We find that the models generally underestimate both feedbacks, leading to an error compensation. The strength of α is inversely related to the ENSO amplitude in the models and the latent heat and shortwave flux components of this feedback dominate. Furthermore, the shortwave component could help explain the model diversity in both overall α and ENSO amplitude. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society and Crown copyright.
Enhancement of the hydrolysis activity of F0F1‐ATPases using 60 Hz magnetic fields
Authors: Chen Chuanfang , Cui Yuanbo , Yue Jiachang , Huo Xiaolin , Song Tao
Published: June 2009

The effects of extremely low frequency (ELF) magnetic fields on membrane F0F1‐ATPase activity have been studied. When the F0F1‐ATPase was exposed to 60 Hz magnetic fields of different magnetic intensities, 0.3 and 0.5 mT magnetic fields enhanced the hydrolysis activity, whereas 0.1 mT exposure caused no significant changes. Even if the F0F1‐ATPase was inhibited by N,N‐dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, its hydrolysis activity was enhanced by a 0.5 mT 60 Hz magnetic field. Moreover, when the chromatophores which were labeled with F‐DHPE were exposed to a 0.5 mT, 60 Hz magnetic field, it was found that the pH of the outer membrane of the chromatophore was unchanged, which suggested that the magnetic fields used in this work did not affect the activity of F0. Taken together, our results show that the effects of magnetic fields on the hydrolysis activity of the membrane F0F1‐ATPases were dependent on magnetic intensity and the threshold intensity is between 0.1 and 0.3 mT, and suggested that the F1 part of F0F1‐ATPase may be an end‐point affected by magnetic fields. Bioelectromagnetics 30:663–668, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chondrogenesis on BMP‐6 loaded chitosan scaffolds in stationary and dynamic cultures
Authors: Tığlı R. Seda , Gümüşderelioğlu Menemşe
Published: June 2009

We originally investigated the suitability of chitosan scaffolds loaded with bone morphogenetic protein 6 (BMP‐6) in both stationary and dynamic conditions for cartilage tissue engineering. In the first part of the present study, ATDC5 murine chondrogenic cells were seeded in chitosan and BMP‐6 loaded chitosan scaffolds and cultured for 28 days under static conditions. In the following part, we examined the influence of dynamic cultivation conditions over BMP‐6 loaded chitosan scaffolds by using rotating bioreactor with perfusion (RCMW™). Tissue engineered constructs were characterized by 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyl‐tetrazoliumbromide (MTT) assay, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and biochemical assays for glycosaminoglycans (GAG) deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and collagen Type II quantification. At the end of 4 weeks static incubation period high levels of GAG (21.22 mg/g dry weight), DNA amounts (1.37 mg/g dry weight) and collagen Type II amounts (1.94 µg/g dry weight) were achieved for BMP‐6 loaded chitosan scaffolds compared to chitosan scaffolds. However, the results obtained from morphological observations suggested hypertrophic differentiation of ATDC5 cells in the presence of BMP‐6 under stationary conditions. The influence of mechanical stimulation appeared significantly with differentiated cells, cultured under dynamic conditions, showing the effect of retaining their phenotypes without hypertrophy. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2009; 104: 601–610 © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Exploring multiplicity conditions in enzymatic reaction networks
Authors: Otero‐Muras Irene , Banga Julio R. , Alonso Antonio A.
Published: June 2009

In this work, a novel algorithmic approach to detect multiplicity of steady states in enzymatic reaction networks is presented. The method exploits the structural properties of networks derived from the Chemical Reaction Network Theory. In first instance, the space of parameters is divided in different regions according to the qualitative behavior induced by the parameters in the long term dynamics of the network. Once the regions are identified, a condition for the appearance of multiplicities is checked in the different regions by solving a given optimization problem. In this way, the method allows the characterization of the whole parameter space of biochemical networks in terms of the appearance or not of multistability. The approach is illustrated through a well‐known case of enzymatic catalysis with substrate inhibition. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2009
Maximizing power production in a stack of microbial fuel cells using multiunit optimization method
Authors: Woodward Lyne , Tartakovsky Boris , Perrier Michel , Srinivasan Bala
Published: June 2009

This study demonstrates real‐time maximization of power production in a stack of two continuous flow microbial fuel cells (MFCs). To maximize power output, external resistances of two air–cathode membraneless MFCs were controlled by a multiunit optimization algorithm. Multiunit optimization is a recently proposed method that uses multiple similar units to optimize process performance. The experiment demonstrated fast convergence toward optimal external resistance and algorithm stability during external perturbations (e.g., temperature variations). Rate of the algorithm convergence was much faster than in traditional maximum power point tracking algorithms (MPPT), which are based on temporal perturbations. A power output of 81–84 mW/LA (A = anode volume) was achieved in each MFC. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2009
Robust parameter estimation during logistic modeling of batch and fed‐batch culture kinetics
Authors: Goudar Chetan T. , Konstantinov Konstantinov B. , Piret James M.
Published: June 2009

Methods for robust logistic modeling of batch and fed‐batch mammalian cell cultures are presented in this study. Linearized forms of the logistic growth, logistic decline, and generalized logistic equation were derived to obtain initial estimates of the parameters by linear least squares. These initial estimates facilitated subsequent determination of refined values by nonlinear optimization using three different algorithms. Data from BHK, CHO, and hybridoma cells in batch or fed‐batch cultures at volumes ranging from 100 mL–300 L were tested with the above approach and solution convergence was obtained for all three nonlinear optimization approaches for all data sets. This result, despite the sensitivity of logistic equations to parameter variation because of their exponential nature, demonstrated that robust estimation of logistic parameters was possible by this combination of linearization followed by nonlinear optimization. The approach is relatively simple and can be implemented in a spreadsheet to robustly model mammalian cell culture batch or fed‐batch data. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2009
Characterization and design of chemically selective cationic displacers using a robotic high‐throughput screen
Authors: Morrison Christopher J. , Cramer Steven M.
Published: June 2009

A robotic high‐throughput displacer screen was developed and employed to identify chemically selective displacers for several protein pairs in cation exchange chromatography. This automated screen enabled the evaluation of a wide range of experimental conditions in a relatively short period of time. Displacers were evaluated at multiple concentrations for these protein pairs, and DC‐50 plots were constructed. Selectivity pathway plots were also constructed and different regimes were established for selective and exclusive separations. Importantly, selective displacement was found to be conserved for multiple protein pairs, demonstrating the technique to be applicable for a range of protein systems. Although chemically selective displacers were able to separate protein pairs that had similar retention in ion exchange but different surface hydrophobicities, they were not able to distinguish protein pairs with similar surface hydrophobicities. This corroborates that displacer‐protein hydrophobic interactions play an important role for this class of selective displacers. Important functional group moieties were established and efficient displacers were identified. These results demonstrate that the design of chemically selective displacers requires a delicate balance between the abilities to displace proteins from the resin and to bind to a selected protein. The use of robotic screening of displacers will enable the extension of chemically selective displacement chromatography beyond hydrophobic displacer‐protein interactions to other secondary interactions and more selective displacement systems. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2009
Second international conference on accelerating biopharmaceutical development
Authors: Reichert Janice M. , Jacob Nitya M. , Amanullah Ashraf
Published: June 2009

The Second International Conference on Accelerating Biopharmaceutical Development was held in Coronado, California. The meeting was organized by the Society for Biological Engineering (SBE) and the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE); SBE is a technological community of the AIChE. Bob Adamson (Wyeth) and Chuck Goochee (Centocor) were co‐chairs of the event, which had the theme “Delivering cost‐effective, robust processes and methods quickly and efficiently.” The first day focused on emerging disruptive technologies and cutting‐edge analytical techniques. Day two featured presentations on accelerated cell culture process development, critical quality attributes, specifications and comparability, and high throughput protein formulation development. The final day was dedicated to discussion of technology options and new analysis methods provided by emerging disruptive technologies; functional interaction, integration and synergy in platform development; and rapid and economic purification process development. © This meeting report was written for and published by Landes Bioscience in the journal, mAbs. Reichert JM, Jacob N, Amanullah A. Second International Conference on Accelerating Biopharmaceutical Development: March 9–12, 2009, Coronado, CA USA. mAbs 2009 1(3); http://www. landesbioscience.com/journals/mabs/article/8491 Biotechnol. Prog., 2009
Heterohexanuclear (Cu3Fe3) Complexes of Substituted Hexaazatrinaphthylene (HATN) Ligands: Twofold BF4− Association in the Solid and Stepwise Oxidation (3e) or Reduction (2e) to Spectroelectrochemically Characterized Species
Authors: Roy Sayak , Sarkar Biprajit , Duboc Carole , Fiedler Jan , Sarper Orkan , Lissner Falk , Mobin Shaikh M. , Lahiri Goutam Kumar , Kaim Wolfgang
Published: June 2009

New tris(ferrocenylcopper) compounds [(μ3‐dqp){Cu(dppf)}3][X]3 (dppf=1,1′‐bis(diphenylphosphinoferrocene), dqp=hexamethyl‐, hexachloro‐ or un‐substituted diquinoxalino[2,3‐a:2′,3′‐c]phenazine=hexaazatrinaphthylene (HATN), X−=BF4− or PF6−) undergo at least two different, reversible one‐electron reductions and three very closely spaced one‐electron oxidations. While the latter are attributed to the stepwise ferrocene→ferrocenium conversions, the first electron addition occurs in the ligand bridge to yield EPR detectable radical complexes. X‐band EPR measurements at 9.5 GHz showed a partially resolved hyperfine structure, while high‐frequency EPR measurements at 95 or 115 GHz revealed a small but variable axial g tensor anisotropy. All reversible steps were investigated by optically transparent thin‐layer electrode (OTTLE) spectroelectrochemistry (UV/Vis/NIR regions), revealing very low energy transitions for the reduced forms in agreement with the frontier MO arrangement. A crystal structure of the compound with unsubstituted dqp shows notable deviation from the trigonal symmetry and the close association of two tetrafluoroborate anions with the complex trication along the quasi‐trigonal axis to yield [(μ3‐dqp){Cu(dppf)}3(BF4)2]BF4.
Nucleic Acid Templated Reactions: Consequences of Probe Reactivity and Readout Strategy for Amplified Signaling and Sequence Selectivity
Authors: Grossmann Tom N. , Seitz Oliver
Published: June 2009

Making the right signals: Reactions in which the DNA target acts as a catalyst allow amplified signaling in the detection of DNA. The reactivity of the peptide nucleic acid (PNA) probes determines whether a given probe set provides high sensitivity or high selectivity. The careful adjustment of reactivity, probe affinity, and the use of a product‐selective readout method allows improvements in the sensitive analyses of single‐base mutations in DNA with little background interference.

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DNA‐ and RNA‐templated chemical reactions can serve as a diagnostic means for the detection of nucleic acids. Reaction schemes that allow amplified detection are of high interest for polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐free DNA and RNA diagnosis. These reactions typically draw upon the catalytic activity of the template, which is able to trigger the conversion of many signaling molecules per template molecule. However, the design of reactive probes that allow both sensitive and selective nucleic acid detection is a challenge and requires insight into three major parameters: a) reactivity of functional groups involved, b) affinity of probes for the template, and c) the readout system. In this study we used peptide nucleic acid (PNA)‐based probes to investigate in detail the signaling power and the selectivity of a transfer reaction derived from a native chemical ligation. We show that subtle variations of the thioesters involved had a tremendous impact on the sensitivity and selectivity of the reaction system. The results suggest that reactions at turnover conditions require low rates of non‐templated reaction pathways to provide high target selectivity and sensitivity. On the other hand, very high rates of templated reactions should be avoided to allow mismatched probe–template complexes to dissociate prior to bond formation. Furthermore, the temperature dependence of the DNA‐catalyzed transfer reaction was studied and provided insight into crucial strand‐exchange processes. Further improvements of selective signaling were achieved through a new readout based on pyrene‐transfer reactions. This method reduces background signals and enables significant increases in the signaling rates compared with previous fluorescence‐based methods.
Multifunctional Hydroxyapatite Nanofibers and Microbelts as Drug Carriers
Authors: Hou Zhiyao , Yang Piaoping , Lian Hongzhou , Wang Lili , Zhang Cuimiao , Li Chunxia , Chai Ruitao , Cheng Ziyong , Lin Jun
Published: June 2009

Luminescent, mesoporous, and bioactive europium‐doped hydroxyapatite (HAp:Eu3+) nanofibers and microbelts have been prepared by a combination of sol–gel and electrospinning processes with a cationic surfactant as template. The obtained multifunctional hydroxyapatite nanofibers and microbelts, which have mesoporous structure and red luminescence, were tested as drug carriers by investigating their drug‐storage/release properties with ibuprofen (IBU) as model drug. X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high‐resolution (HR) TEM, FTIR spectroscopy, N2 adsorption/desorption, photoluminescence (PL) spectra, and UV/Vis spectroscopy were used to characterize the structural, morphological, textural, and optical properties of the resulting samples. The results reveal that the multifunctional hydroxyapatites exhibit irregular mesostructure, and have fiberlike and beltlike morphologies with sizes of several hundred nanometers in width and several millimeters in length. The IBU‐loaded HAp:Eu3+ system shows red luminescence of Eu3+ (5D0–7F0,1,2) under UV irradiation and controlled release of IBU. In addition, the emission intensity of Eu3+ in the drug carrier system varies with the released amount of IBU, and thus drug release can be easily tracked and monitored by the change in luminescence intensity.
Modulated Morphology in the Self‐Organization of a Rectangular Amphiphile
Authors: García Fátima , Fernández Gustavo , Sánchez Luis
Published: June 2009

Molecular construction: Concentration and/or solvent polarity changes modify the subtle balance of the attractive non‐covalent forces involved in the self‐assembly of a rectangular amphiphile. These changes allow the construction of supramolecular architectures ranging from hollow vesicles of different sizes to toroids and wire‐like micelles (see figure).

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The rectangular oligo(phenylene ethynylene) amphiphile 1 has been synthesized to investigate its self‐assembling features in solution and onto surfaces. Concentration‐dependent and variable‐temperature NMR experiments firstly demonstrate the influence of the solvent in the stabilization of the non‐covalent forces involved in the association of 1, namely, π–π stacking interactions between the aromatic fragments and van der Waals, hydrogen‐bonding and/or solvophobic forces between the triethyleneglycol chains. This subtle balance of non‐covalent interactions also conditions the thermodynamics of the self‐assembly process and concentration‐dependent UV/Vis investigations show a linear correlation between the polarity of the solvent and the Ka values (Ka≈5.2×105 M−1 for CH3CN/H2O mixtures and 4.4×104 M−1 for benzene). Moreover, these UV/Vis studies prove the organization of this compound following the indefinite self‐association model. Microscopy techniques reveal that the morphology and dimensionality of the assemblies formed from 1 can be finely modulated. Although polar solvents yield hollow vesicles or toroidal 3D objects, depending upon concentration, the utilization of non‐polar benzene results in the formation of unimolecular wires that can grow to form networks upon increasing concentration. These findings support the direct relationship existing between the self‐assembling features of this amphiphile in solution and onto surfaces.
Synthesis and Reactivity of Functionalized Binary and Ternary Thiometallate Complexes [(RT)4S6], [(RSn)3S4]2−, [(RT)2(CuPPh3)6S6], and [(RSn)6(OMe)6Cu2S6]4− (R=C2H4COOH, CMe2CH2COMe; T=Ge, Sn)
Authors: Fard Zohreh Hassanzadeh , Xiong Lin , Müller Christian , Hołyńska Małgorzata , Dehnen Stefanie
Published: June 2009

Caged chalcogens: A series of novel, functionalized TnSm cages (T=Ge, Sn; n/m=4:6, 3:4) with terminal COO(H) or COMe groups were synthesized and show further reactivity toward CuI complexes (an example of which is shown here) and to hydrazines. This led to the generation of functionalized Cu/T/S clusters or the formation of Schiff bases at the CO groups, respectively, with or without further fragmentation of the T/S core.

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A series of compounds comprising functionalized thiometallate cages [(RT)4S6] (R terminated by COO(H) or COR groups), based on adamantane (T=Ge) or double‐decker (T=Sn) type structures or [(RSn)3S4]2− anionic defect heterocubanes were synthesized and their reactions with 1) transition‐metal compounds and 2) hydrazine derivatives were explored. Hence it was possible to generate functionalized ternary CuSnS or CuGeS clusters and to transfer COR ligands into CR(N‐NH2) or CR(N‐NHPh) terminal groups, respectively. The report provides the proof‐of‐principle for a directed functionalization and derivatization of chalcogenidometallate cages with respect to the formation of chalcogenidometallate–organic hybrid compounds containing M/E semiconductor nodes, as an alternative to the so far most prominent M/O combination in metal–organic frameworks. DFT investigations deliver further insight in the peculiarities of Ge/S versus Sn/S precursors and their products.
1,2,4‐Diazaphospholide Complexes of Tin(II): From Nitride Stannylene to Stannylenated Ammonium Ions
Authors: Pi Chengfu , Elguero José , Wan Li , Alkorta Ibon , Zheng Wenjun , Weng Linhong , Chen Zhenxia , Wu Limin
Published: June 2009

Tin knows its oniums! An unusual nitride tetrastannylene and a stannylenated ammonium ion stabilized by a samarium tetradiazaphospholido counterion are the first examples of a tris(organostannylenyl)amine derivative and a divalent tin coordinate onium ion that incorporates 1,2,4‐diazaphospholide ligand (see figure).

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ChemInform Abstract: Site Occupation Reversal in the C14 Laves Phase Nb(Cr1‐xCox)2.
Authors: Kerkau Alexander , Gruener Daniel , Ormeci Alim , Prots Yurii , Borrmann Horst , Schnelle Walter , Bischoff Ewald , Grin Yurii , Kreiner Guido
Published: June 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Photoluminescence Properties of Eu3+: MgAl2O4 Powder Phosphor.
Authors: Omkaram I. , Rao B. Vengala , Buddhudu S.
Published: June 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: [Cu(H2O)(C5H14N2)2] [VO3]2 — A Metavanadate Containing Right‐ and Left‐Handed Helical Chains.
Authors: Wutkowski Adam , Naether Christian , Bensch Wolfgang
Published: June 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Mixed‐Valence Ferrite with a Cubic Structure, YBaFe4O7: Spin‐Glass‐Like Behavior.
Authors: Caignaert V. , Abakumov A. M. , Pelloquin D. , Pralong V. , Maignan A. , Van Tendeloo G. , Raveau B.
Published: June 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Tetrahedral Cobalt(II) and Zinc(II) Chloride with Tetravanadate Through a Tripod Coordination Mode.
Authors: Kurata Taisei , Hayashi Yoshihito , Isobe Kiyoshi
Published: June 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Rhodium(I)‐Catalyzed Intramolecular Carbonylative [2 + 2 + 1] Cycloaddition of Bis(allene)s: Bicyclo[6.3.0]undecadienones and Bicyclo[5.3.0]decadienones.
Authors: Inagaki Fuyuhiko , Narita Syu , Hasegawa Takuma , Kitagaki Shinji , Mukai Chisato
Published: June 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: NHC‐Catalyzed Ring Expansion of Oxacycloalkane‐2‐carboxaldehydes: A Versatile Synthesis of Lactones.
Authors: Wang Li , Thai Karen , Gravel Michel
Published: June 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Tetra‐n‐butylammonium Fluoride‐Catalyzed Eschenmoser—Claisen [3,3]‐Sigmatropic Rearrangement.
Authors: Lingam V. S. Prasada Rao , Vinodkumar Ramanatham , Mukkanti Khagga , Thomas Abraham , Gopalan Balasubramanian
Published: June 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A Simple and Highly Effective Method for Hydrogenation of Arenes by [Rh(COD)Cl]2.
Authors: Wang Da‐Wei , Lu Sheng‐Mei , Zhou Yong‐Gui
Published: June 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Substitution of Ketone or Aldehyde Bearing Aryl Triflates by Amines or Amides.
Authors: Tao Xiaochun , Dai Chunya , Cao Xiongjie , Cai Lisheng , Pike Victor W.
Published: June 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Triselenium Dicyanide (TSD) as a New Cyanation Reagent: Synthesis of Cyano Pterins and Quinoxalines Along with Library of Cyano N‐Heterocyclic Compounds.
Authors: Goswami Shyamaprosad , Maity Annada C. , Das Nirmal K. , Sen Debabrata , Maity Sibaprasad
Published: June 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Route to N‐Acyl‐N′‐formyl Aminal
Authors: Yue Hong , Zhang Hongmei , Wang Meiling , Huang Wenhua
Published: June 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Organoactinide‐Mediated Hydrothiolation of Terminal Alkynes with Aliphatic, Aromatic, and Benzylic Thiols.
Authors: Weiss Charles J. , Wobser Stephen D. , Marks Tobin J.
Published: June 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Iodination of Alcohols under Microwave Irradiation Using KI in the Presence of a Catalytic Amount of Ionic Liquid Triethylammonium Hydrogensulfate ([Et3NH]+HSO4‐).
Authors: Hajipour Abdol R. , Azizi Ghobad , Ruoho Arnold E.
Published: June 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Bakers′ Yeast‐Catalyzed Ring Opening of Benzofuroxans: An Efficient Green Synthesis of Aryl‐1,2‐diamines.
Authors: Borah Harsha , Prajapati Dipak , Boruah Romesh C.
Published: June 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: An Unusual Peroxide‐Mediated Amination of Cycloalkanes with Nitroarenes.
Authors: Deng Guojun , Chen Wenwen , Li Chao‐Jun
Published: June 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.