bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Absolutely right and relatively good: Consequentialists see bioethical disagreement in a relativist light
Authors: Viciana Hugo , Hannikainen Ivar Rodríguez , Rodríguez-Arias David
Published: March 2021

Background: Contemporary societies are rife with moral disagreement, resulting in recalcitrant disputes on matters of public policy. In the context of ongoing bioethical controversies, are uncompromising attitudes rooted in beliefs about the nature of moral truth? Methods: To answer this question, we conducted both exploratory and confirmatory studies, with both a convenience and a nationally representative sample (total N = 1501), investigating the link between people’s beliefs about moral truth (their metaethics) and their beliefs about moral value (their normative ethics). Results: Across various bioethical issues (e.g.,medically-assisted death, vaccine hesitancy, surrogacy, mandatory organ conscription, or genetically modified crops), consequentialist attitudes were associated with weaker beliefs in an objective moral truth. This association was not explained by domain-general reflectivity, theism, personality, normative uncertainty, or subjective knowledge. Conclusions: We find a robust link between the way people characterize prescriptive disagreements and their sensibility to consequences. In addition, both societal consensus and personal conviction contributed to objectivist beliefs, but these effects were asymmetric, i.e., stronger for opposition than for approval.
Imagining the Commoning Library: Alter-Neoliberal Pedagogy in Informational Capitalism
Authors: Soudias Dimitris
Published: March 2021

The ascent of neoliberalism and informational capitalism has been largely successful in privatizing and re-regulating state-subject-market relations in ways that treat them “as if” they are a market situation. Here, we observe both the increasing commodification of digital forms of knowledge, as well as the commodification of the access to this knowledge. As predominantly non-commercial spaces, libraries serve the vital function of deflecting these developments. In this article, I argue for going one step further and imagining libraries as institutionalized and pedagogical spaces that can negotiate and transgress their institutional limits vis-à-vis public and private resources, discourses, policies, and technologies for the purpose of furthering the commons. In so doing, libraries serve as alter-neoliberal pedagogies, which democratize the construction and deconstruction of knowledge, as well as the access to them. Here, alternative literacies, ways of learning, and ways of being can be prefigured in practice. In imagining these conceptual potentialities of academic and public libraries, this article sets forth an initial agenda toward the commoning library.
Mach running performance in Brazilian professional soccer players: comparisons between successful and unsuccessful teams
Authors: Aquino Rodrigo , Gonçalves Luiz Guilherme , Galgaro Marcos , Maria Thiago Santi , Rostaiser Eduardo , Garcia Gabriel Rodrigues , Neto Maxwell Viana Moraes , Nakamura Fábio Yuzo
Published: March 2021

This study aimed to compare the match running performance between bottom- and top-ranked teams in professional soccer players. In addition, this study verified the independent and interactive effects of playing position and contextual factors on running outputs between these teams. Forty-eight professional male outfield soccer players participated in this study (top-ranked team, n=24; bottom-ranked team, n=24). The distance- and accelerometry-based measures were recorded during 69 matches using a global position system (10 Hz) integrated with an accelerometer (400 Hz). The top-ranked team covered greater total distance and high-acceleration than the bottom-ranked team in home and away matches, mainly for external defenders and midfielders (p < 0.05, effect size [ES]=moderate). The matches against top-level opponents required high values of running outputs only for the top-ranked team (p < 0.05, ES=small). In general, the match outcome (loss vs. draw vs. win) was not influenced by running performance for both bottom- and top-ranked teams (p > 0.05; ES=small), with exception for Player Load (bottom-ranked team: win > draw = loss; p < 0.05, ES=small). These findings should be taken into account when the coaches and practitioners interpret the match running outputs and when evaluating the effects of training intervention on these performance indicators.
Penerapan Model View Controller untuk Membangun Aplikasi Data Dasar Keluarga Desa Somagede
Authors: Wijanarko Andik , Kuncoro Adam Prayogo , Wuryantoro Naufal Dzaki
Published: March 2021

Saat ini teknologi sudah banyak digunakan di berbagai sektor kehidupan, baik itu dibidang ekonomi, pendidikan, dan pemerintahan. Dengan perkembangan teknologi yang sangat pesat, instansi-instansi pemerintah dituntut untuk menerapkan sebuah pengolahan data yang terkompeterisasi sehingga dapat memberikan informasi yang tepat dan akurat. Salah satu contoh instansi pemerintahan adalah pemerintah desa. Pemerintahan Desa adalah penyelenggaraan urusan pemerintahan dan kepentingan masyarakat setempat dalam sistem pemerintahan Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia. Setiap desa memiliki catatan penduduk dan juga data dasar keluarga. Balai desa Somagede sudah memiliki sistem informasi pendataan data dasar keluarga desa Somagede. Pada saat petugas menggunakan sistem informasi pendataan data dasar keluarga Somagede, petugas mempunyai beberapa kendala yaitu, jaringan wifi di kantor desa tidak selalu ada, yang menyebabkan petugas merasa kesulitan untuk menginputkan data dasar keluarga Somagede dan menyajikan data dasar keluarga desa Somagede, kepada orang yang membutuhkan data dasar keluarga desa Somagede. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengembangkan aplikasi pendataan data data dasar keluarga Somagede yang dapat diakses mempermudah petugas desa untuk melakukan pendataan data data dasar keluarga desa Somagede, tujuan lainnya adalah mengembangkan database aplikasi pendataan data dasar keluarga Somagede dari yang sederhana menjadi kompleks. Metode pengembangan perangkat lunak yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah extreme programming dengan pengujian menggunakan blackbox testing. Hasil dari aplikasi pendataan data dasar keluarga berbasis website ini adalah dapat memudahkan petugas dalam melakukan pendataan data dasar keluarga Somagede.
Simple Queue Untuk Manajemen User dan Bandwidth di Jaringan Hotspot Menggunakan Mikrotik
Authors: Simpony Bambang Kelana
Published: March 2021

Penggunaan bandwidth di jaringan hotspot seringkali kurang dimanfaatkan secara optimal dikarenakan ada beberapa user yang menggunakan layanan internet secara berlebihan sehingga menghabiskan kapasitas bandwidth. Layanan hotspot internet di hotel contohnya sering terjadi tarik menarik bandwidth antar user, terutama layanan internet yang hanya mengandalkan router modem dari penyedia jasa internet. Untuk mengatasai masalah maka  perlu dipasang router secara khusus untuk mengatur bandwidth, dalam hal ini menggunakan routerboard dari mikrotik. Dan konfigurasi dengan metode simple queue untuk membagi bandwidth menggunakan winbox. Manajemen bandwidth disesuaikan berdasarkan user yang sudah didaftarkan di router, sehingga koneksi internet lebih stabil. Tidak terjadi lagi tarik menarik bandwidth antar user hotspot. Dampaknya admin jaringan pun dimudahkan dalam memantau akses internet yang dilakukan oleh setiap user.
Women and Crime in Later Mediaeval England: An Examination of the Evidence of the Courts of Gaol Delivery, 1388 to 1409
Authors: Garay Kathleen E.
Published: March 2021

For more than a century now criminologists have been giving some attention to the phenomenon of female involvement in criminal activity. However, the female criminals of earlier eras, particularly those of the later mediaeval period, have not been the subjects of such scrutiny. Indeed, if we are to give credence to the romance literature of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, the woman was the meek, self-effacing and virtuous helpmeet of her husband. We cannot imagine, for example, that the daughters of the Knight of La Tour Landry would ever fall foul of the law or even be suspected of the most trivial offence. Yet the legal evidence of the period makes it clear that women could and did appear before the courts as accused as well as accusers. They are found to such an extent that a Victorian interpreter of the court records has concluded that the women of the later mediaeval period were, "except in the very highest rank, almost as brutal as their husbands or paramours," that they were, indeed, "such as the circumstances in which they lived had made them — strong in muscle but hard of heart - more fit to be the mothers of brigands than to rear gentle daughters or honest sons."
The Iconography of the Felix Culpa
Authors: Haines Victor Y.
Published: March 2021

It is still some hours before dawn. In the dark church the congregation assembles for the crowning moment of the Christian year. The Easter liturgy of the mediaeval Church is beginning. In the churchyard outside a small group looks on as fire is struck from a flint to light a flame. At the church door the priests take up their place to receive the new flame, which is blessed in remembrance of the pillar of fire that led Moses out of Egypt, of the light of the world, and of the eternal glory of heaven. The flame is used to ignite the paschal candle, which moves to the front of the church in procession. The light from this candle breaks the darkness like the new light from the risen Christ. The deacon begins to chant the Exultet: "Exultet iam angelica turba. . . ." In the hymn he proclaims this night as the night our fathers were led out of Egypt. This is the night the pillar of fire dispelled the darkness of sin. This is the night in which Christians, separated from the murk of sin, are restored to grace. This holy night dispels all evil. Let this Easter candle mingle with the lights of heaven to dispel the darkness of this night. At the climax of the hymn, in the midst of such exalted paradoxes he exclaims:
Adrift on the Seven Seas: The Mediaeval Topos of Exile at Sea
Authors: Hares-Stryker Carolyn
Published: March 2021

Readers of mediaeval literature may wonder at the frequency of encountering in the romance genre the motif of a hero, though most often a heroine, set adrift in a boat. In fact, so frequently does the motif appear that many critics write of it in an off-hand, if not disparaging, manner and have traditionally limited themselves to the superficial details of the image alone.
Lyric Voice and the Feminine in Some Ancient and Mediaeval Frauenlieder
Authors: Klinck Anne L.
Published: March 2021

In the study of mediaeval European literature, especially that of France and Germany, the terms chanson de femme and Frauenlied have come to be conventional designations for a distinct type of poem—more broadly defined than a genre: a female-voice love-lyric in a popular rather than a courtly mode. To use the language of Pierre Bec, femininity here is “textual” rather than “genetic.” Most of these “women’s songs” are attributed to male authors, although there has been a tendency to trace the type back to preliterate songs actually composed by women. Goethe, Jakob Grimm, and others saw in the early German and Balkan Frauenlieder and Frauenstrophen the traces of “das älteste Volkspoesie.” The use of this terminology to designate a lyric in the female voice—irrespective of its authorship—goes back to Alfred Jeanroy, at the end of the last century, who defined chanson de femme as a woman’s monologue, usually sad, relating to love (158). Theodor Frings, whose description of the Frauenlied is probably the one that has been the most influential, makes clear that it is a universal, not merely a mediaeval, type. Although he focusses on Middle High German, Provençal, and Old French poetry, he includes examples ranging from Greek to Chinese.
Chaucer's Wife of Midas Reconsidered: Oppositions and Poetic Judgment in the Wife of Bath's Tale
Authors: Pelen Marc M.
Published: March 2021

By the sheer vitality of her personality and the defiant aggressivity of her temperament, Chaucer's Wife of Bath has recently attracted a variety of critical assessments that emphasize her capacity to conduct an original argument along the lines of a "gendered" vocabulary, as much as they make of her a significant emblem of social protest that typifes an individual, or subjective, reaction to social and literary convention. Other approaches suggest that the Wife has a point of view that merits a unique kind of critical attention, somewhat different from what can be attributed to Chaucer's other moral or social dissidents (male or female). However, in this article, I wish to return to a somewhat more traditional, if unresolved, critical problem, which addresses the nature of Chaucer's poetic attitude toward the quality of poetic statement sustained by one of his most brilliant personae.
The Best-Text/Best-Book of Canterbury: The Dialogic of the Fragments
Authors: Portnoy Phyllis
Published: March 2021

Geoffrey Chaucer’s final utterance is so un-Chaucerian in sentiment that several ingenious theories have evolved over the years to account for its textual persistence. The Retraction has been read as a real confession by Chaucer the poet in the face of imminent death; as a realistic confession by Chaucer the Pilgrim in response to the Parson’s sermon; and as an ironic parody of both confession and retraction in keeping with the Manciple’s cynical counsel to silence.
Review Essay
Authors: Jennings Margaret
Published: March 2021

In St Katherine of Alexandria: The Late Middle English Prose Legend in Southwell Minster MS 7 , Professors Saara Nevanlinna and Irma Taavitsainen have produced an almost flawless model for editors of hagiographical material. With the exception of an initial, somewhat disjointed commentary on Katherine’s cult, the Legenda aurea, and the vast topic of “Saints’ Lives in Medieval Literature,” the introduction provides a thorough and eminently readable survey of English versions of the St Katherine story, emphasizing other late Middle English prose texts and focussing especially on that in Southwell Ms 7. A concluding twelve-page description of the manuscript clearly merits the label “tour de force.” This carefully edited text is surrounded by helpful explanatory notes, glossary, bibliography, index of proper names, and index of words and forms with their frequencies.
The Purification of Women After Childbirth: A Window Onto Medieval Perceptions of Women
Authors: Lee Becky R.
Published: March 2021

In the second quarter of the thirteenth century Bishop Roger Niger found it necessary to issue a statute in the archdeaconry of London regarding the rite known as the Purification of Women after Childbirth, more commonly spoken of today as churching. This blessing of a recently delivered mother took place at the church door and usually marked her first appearance in church since her confinement. It had come to the bishop’s attention that women were seeking this sacramental in parishes other than their own. They were fleeing their home parishes out of “hatred or fear of the curate, or in order to avoid injury or scandal” after having become pregnant (Powicke and Cheney 336 # 16).
Transforming Lovers and Memorials in Ovid and Marie de France
Authors: Gertz SunHee Kim
Published: March 2021

Late medieval authors were fascinated by classical literature, by what for all practical purposes functioned as the literary canon for readers and writers of the twelfth through the fourteenth centuries. As made clear by earlier scholarship — which often, however, interpreted medieval reception of classical literature as badly understood — medieval writers did not simply honour or completely authorize their predecessors. Indeed, more comfortable with the idea of tradition than slavish imitators are, medieval poets transformed classical texts in any number of ways, often feeling at liberty to change even critical narrative elements in the process. They did so, apparently, for different purposes, but one of the most interesting, it seems to me, was to explore what writing meant in their own literary circles.
Vestiges des Bestiaires dans la Phraséologie Française
Authors: Dawes Elizabeth
Published: March 2021

Les bestiaires français, comme les versions grecques et latines du Physiologus qui les ont précédés, reposent sur la tradition des compilations encyclopédiques des naturalistes anciens qui décrivaient les propriétés des animaux. Mais à la différence des encyclopédies, les bestiaires avaient comme but d'établir les correspondances entre le monde physique et le monde spirituel. Aux descriptions des animaux et de leurs comportements s'ajoutent leur symbolisme moral et religieux ainsi que les leçons que les Chrétiens doivent en tirer. Jouant sur les principes complémentaires du zoomorphisme et de l'anthropomorphisme, les bestiaires mettent constamment en parallèle les hommes et les animaux.
Nodo unitatis et caritatis: The Structure and Argument of Augustine's De doctrina christiana
Authors: Hannam Walter A.
Published: March 2021

Much work has been done in the last half-century to shed some light upon the historical background of (and the intellectual motivation for) St Augustine's composition of his great hermeneutical treatise the De doctrina Christiana. In particular, the reason for the work's interruption and its subsequent completion some thirty years later has been the subject of some debate. Perhaps the most useful examination of this problem, as well as the most convincing conclusion, is found in the essay by Charles Kannengiesser. “The Interrupted De doctrina christiana," a paper delivered at the international colloquium entitled "De doctrina christiana: A Classic of Western Culture" held at the University of Notre Dame in 1991. Professor Kannengiesser argues that the interruption of the De doctrina christiana was a direct result of a confusion in Augustine's own hermeneutic, precipitated by his investigation of the hermeneutic of the Donatist Tychonius (whose Liber regularis Augustine examines in the conclusion to book III of De doctrina Christiana, under the title of Liber regularum). While this insightful and important article postulates answers to many questions about the Bishop of Hippo's intellectual motivation, both for the interruption of his work and for its resumption, it implicitly raises a further question of no little significance—namely, given the interruption of the work and Augustine's personal intellectual development in the intervening years between its interruption and completion, does the De doctrina christiana present a unified argument or a coherent philosophical understanding of the work of doctrina? For the purposes of this paper historical references will be secondary, as I will examine the De doctrina christiana solely in terms of its structure and argument, as well as its place in the Augustin ian philosophy of which it is a part.
High-Tech Feudalism: Warrior Culture and Science Fiction TV
Authors: Knight Graham , Smith Jennifer
Published: March 2021

"Richard III with aliens" is how Cornell (102) describes "Sins of the Father," an episode of Star Trek: The Next Generation (hereafter TNG) in which the Klingon warrior Worf, son of Mogh, seeks to restore his family's honour by exposing and challenging those responsible for falsely accusing his dead father of treason to the Klingon Empire. Worf is only pardy successful in his quest, and he remains a perpetually marginal figure whose identity is divided by his Klingon heritage, his childhood as a Klingon orphan raised by humans, and his current status as the only Klingon in Starfleet, the military arm of the Federation of Planets, an alliance of Earth and other worlds whose relationship with the Klingon Empire is marked by tension, suspicion and, at times, open hostility. As a result of these divisions and struggles, Worf's family is eventually stripped of its wealth and rank on the Klingon home-world, and Worf's brother Kurn seeks a ritual death as the only way to absolve his own and his family's disgrace.
The Maghrib and the Mediterranean in the Early Middle Ages
Authors: Wells Colin M.
Published: March 2021

For some three thousand years the political, social, and economic relationships of the Maghrib have depended largely on the Mediterranean, on whether the sea was friendly or hostile, whether it might at any given moment bring friends or enemies, traders or raiders. Phoenicians sailing via Cyprus founded Carthage at the end of the ninth century B.C., and the earliest treaties between Carthage and Rome, conventionally dated to 509 and 348 B.C., envisage Carthaginian raids by sea on central Italy as a normal event. Raiding and trading reinforced each other. Archeological evidence shows Carthage importing pottery and luxury goods from Greece and exporting her own manufactures and agricultural surpluses, particularly to Spain and southern Italy. Punic vessels sailed out through the Straits of Gibraltar to travel north and south along the Atlantic coasts. The sea routes throughout Antiquity far outweighed in commercial importance the land routes along the coast or into and across the Sahara, and when Carthage fell to the Vandals in A.D. 439, it was the first but not the last time that it succumbed to an army unsupported by a fleet.
Coincidence, Convention or Copycat Crime? A Curious Case of the Twelfth Century
Authors: Rigg A. G.
Published: March 2021

One of the worst things that can befall an academic—and I hope it has never happened to our honorand—is to lose the sole copy of one's current research. The result is at best a delay and at worst the abandonment of the project (I have known two cases of the latter). If the loss is the result of theft, our sense of outrage knows no bounds; fortunately, such events are rare. It is remarkable, therefore, to observe two occurrences of the theft of unique copies of work-in-progress within a few years of each other, in the middle of the twelfth century. Neither case, as far as we know, was ever solved—but both had happy endings.
Prophetical Traditions in Northern Europe: Introduction
Authors: Toswell M. J.
Published: March 2021

British Library MS Stowe 944 is a well-known eleventh-century manuscript, containing most notably the Liber Vitae of the New Minster at Winchester and the will of King Alfred. Written possibly in 1031 but certainly after Ælfwine was made abbot at the New Minster, the manuscript is a miscellany of lists of saints' resting places, kings' names, relics, and chronological commonplaces. The materials found in it are practical, historical, and could even be described as straightforward. On f. 40rv there appears a twelfth-century addition on an originally blank leaf, a text commonly known as the "Vision of Eadwine." In some fifty lines, the monk Eadwine apparently sees Cuthbert while lying in his cell at noon, and thereafter leaves the monastery, in defiance of abbot Ælfwine's order, in order to visit the saint's shrine. Upon his return he rejoices in the leniency of his reception by the other monks, and comments at some length upon the agreement between the two minsters at Winchester, "clarifying" the absolute equality of the two houses. This spurious vision is generally taken as a twelfth-century forgery, an attempt by the monks of the New Minster to establish their title and authority with respect to the Old Minster. They wished to establish that title and authority by way of this prophetic vision, a vision in the biblical and early Christian tradition of the revelatory dream-vision. Today, attempts to establish land claims and ecclesiastical authority would take place by way of arguments from documents, testimony from individuals, and careful historical investigation. A dream-vision by an employee of one of the involved parties would be unlikely to have much evidentiary value, though it is possible that were the text of the eleventh century, as this one purports to be, it might establish an historical pattern of belief (or spurious belief). How much value the "Vision of Eadwine" had in the medieval version of such proceedings is hard to determine.
Speech and Power in Old English Conversion Narratives
Authors: Abdou Angela
Published: March 2021

Conversion is perhaps the dominant topic of Old English texts. Not only do many of the poems of Anglo-Saxon England represent large groups of heathens being converted to the Christian way of life, but they also encourage individual listeners and readers to turn back towards God after having fallen briefly away through sin. These two types of conversion, macro and micro, are similar in that they both involve a negating of all that is not Christian. Because that negation is gradual and always in need of being re-accomplished, Karl Morrison describes conversion as always being a work in progress, rather than an instantaneous transformation. Morrison argues that conversion is as much process as it is a moment of stupendous insight or absolute discovery. Rather, conversion—especially as it is represented in conversion narratives—involves constant reappraisal, and remains "part of a strategy for survival."' The macro-conversion, the instantaneous moment in which often an entire group converts, occurs in such Old English poems as Andreas, while the micro-conversion, the individual process of constant re-evaluation and re-conversion, occurs in poems such as Guthiac. The goal of both types of conversion is unity with God, an "empathetic participation in which the and 'you' bec[o]me one" (Morrison 85). This unity has two dimensions: a divine and mystical union with God and the secular and political unity of people into a Christian community. The process of both conversions involved a negotiation between Christian belief and doctrine, as embodied in biblical texts, and the application of that belief in the lives of individuals throughout what would later be called Christendom. The Anglo-Saxon use of vernacular poetry as one site of that negotiation offers an opportunity to investigate the ways in which prophetical traditions are transposed and recreated in one early medieval group of kingdoms.
Turning Adam's Disobedience into Opportunity: The Acquisition of Property and Identity in Sir John Fortescue's Theory of Natural Law
Authors: Harris E. Kay
Published: March 2021

Waged by Lancastrian and Yorkist dynasties in the second half of the fifteenth century the English civil wars known as the Wars of the Roses counterposed two royal lines of succession. Through a statute enacted decades before the outbreak of civil strife, Henry IV, the first Lancastrian king, sought to guarantee the English throne for his heirs. This 1406 statute "ordained and established, That the inheritance of the Crown, and of the Realms of England and France, and of all other Dominions of our Lord the King beyond the Sea, with all the Appurtenances, shall be settled and remain in the Person of the same our Lord the King, and in the Heirs of his Body begotten...." The statute was eventually challenged during the reign of Henry VI, the grandson of Henry IV.
Christine de Pizan's Lady Reason and the Book in Beinecke MS 427
Authors: McWebb Christine
Published: March 2021

Johan Huizinga describes the waning Middle Ages as an epoch saturated with symbols and images. The numerous cathedrals and monuments from this period confirm the point, with their multitude of allegorical scenes depicted in murals and on pillars inside and out. The same can be said of those illuminated manuscripts so lavishly and carefully done that they transmit the message of the text on a pictorial level. During the Middle Ages, the image seemed to occupy a central role with regard to the perception of a given manuscript. In fact, the prestige of a manuscript was often tied to the quality and quantity of the illuminations and miniatures it contained, pointing to the wealth of the patron who commissioned it. The value and the popularity of a specific work can thus be judged, to a certain extent at least, by the number and the quality of its miniatures. A case in point, for instance, is the second manuscript "edition" of Christine de Pizan's collected works dating, as has been proven, from between 1410 and 1415, British Library, MS Harley 4431, prepared for Isabeau de Baviere, one of Christine's patrons. This manuscript is today one of the British Library's treasures, with twenty-nine individual works in prose and poetry, as well as one hundred and thirty miniatures of sumptuous quality.
Pervenimus Edessam: The Origins of a Great Christian Centre Outside the Familiar Mediaeval World
Authors: Lane D. J.
Published: March 2021

Unde denuo proficiscens, pervenimus in nomine Christi Dei nostri Edessam:1 a paper such as this commits its reader to a journey like that made by the fourth-century abbess from Aquitaine, Egeria. It is to leave the familiar "frog pond" world of the Mediterranean and to arrive, in the name of Christ our God, at that Mesopotamian Christian city which once was second only to Antioch. Christian Antioch has gone; Christian Edessa has also gone. It remains only as a small place with a Turkish mayor, and is known under the name of Urfa. By Syriac speakers it was known as Orhay, lying on the banks of the Daisan, a small and troublesome tributary of the Balikh, which in turn flows from the North into the Euphrates. Hence its site is in the more easily defended high ground some way to the North of Harran, in an area which dominates the crossing of routes where the road from Armenia and the North leaves the high ground for the plain to follow the Balikh southwards, and where the road from China through Iran crosses the Euphrates to lead either South through Syria or West through the Gates of Cilicia. This is the meeting place of the western and eastern worlds, for near here passed the movements between Palestine and Mesopotamia associated with Abraham, near here the Assyrians made their last stand after their capital fell in 610 B.C., and near here Crassus ill-advised attempt to press eastwards came to an end. The Seleucids intended the site to replace Harran as the fortress to dominate the area: indeed, the name Edessa reflects that of the Macedonian capital as well as the presence of its many springs. It is not surprising that successive local kings first befriended and then betrayed Rome, nor that for some hundred years after Trajan's campaigns it was a client kingdom of Rome until Caracalla made it a colonia in 216. Nor is it surprising that in still later times Edessa was regarded not only as important in itself, but its possession, also, as an omen for the Crusaders' possession of Jerusalem.
The Juxtaposition of the Ridiculous and the Sublime in Martianus Capella
Authors: Westra H.J.
Published: March 2021

Martianus Capella's De Nuptiis Philologiae et Mercurii is a difficult work, often misunderstood. One way of approaching it is by an analysis in terms of genre. From this point of view Martianus was faced with a unique problem: how to combine an educational ideal with a practical, systematic handbook of learning. Here his model may have been Varro's Disciplinae, an encyclopaedia of the seven liberal arts of which only fragments survive. It is far more likely, however, that his solution was a unique one, and that his "pondering of some original composition unimagined hitherto" (nescio quid inopinum intactumque moliens) may not be a mere topos.
Roman-Barbarian Marriages in the Late Empire
Authors: Blockley R. C.
Published: March 2021

In 1964 Rosario Soraci published a study of conubia between Romans and Germans from the fourth to the sixth century A.D.Although the title of the work might suggest that its concern was to be with such marriages throughout the period, in fact its aim was much more restricted. Beginning with a law issued by Valentinian I in 370 or 373 to the magister equitum Theodosius (C.Th. 3.14.1), which banned on pain of death all marriages between Roman provincials and barbarae or gentiles, Soraci, after assessing the context and intent of the law, proceeded to discuss its influence upon the practices of the Germanic kingdoms which succeeded the Roman Empire in the West. The text of the law reads:
Foreigners in the Histories of Gregory of Tours
Authors: Goffart Walter
Published: March 2021

In the year 590, the senior Frankish king decided that something had to be done to punish the Bretons for several years of plundering across their borders. So he raised an army and set two commanders at its head, one of whom was called Beppolen; and the army was sent to ravage Brittany. A Frankish queen, however, hated Beppolen for having deserted her service. She therefore ordered some of her subjects, who lived near the war zone, to cut their hair in the Breton fashion and to put on Breton clothes: thus disguised, they were to join in the fighting and fall upon Beppolen's detachment. The queen's stratagem worked. Beppolen was brought to battle and perished in the fighting (10.9).
Ovidius, Doctor Amoris: The Changing Attitudes Towards Ovid's Eroticism in the Middle Ages as Seen in the Three Old French Adaptations of the Remedia Amoris
Authors: Hyatte Reginald
Published: March 2021

Ovid composed the Remedia Amoris with the stated intention of curing the lovesickness which he had produced in some readers of his earlier work, the Ars Amatoria. Many of the remedies which he prescribed — hunting, study, travel, farming — turn the lover's attention from his lady. Other remedies which involve love itself as the cure are not essentially different from the causes of the illness — for example, he advised the lovesick to indulge in the amorous act to such an extent that they become physically exhausted and, therefore, are incapable of loving.
Theory and Context of the Didactic Poem: Some Classical, Mediaeval, and Later Continuities
Authors: Schuler Robert M. , Fitch John G.
Published: March 2021

"The ancients have left us no rules or observations concerning this species of poetry," begins Joseph Warton's "Reflections on Didactic Poetry," which he appended to his translation of Virgil's Georgies in 1753. By the time Warton was writing, England had entered a new age of scientific thought and was witnessing both a remarkable burgeoning of scientific poetry and a corresponding interest in the genre by literary theorists. It was, of course, to the classical Didactic poets -- Hesiod, Aratus, Lucretius, Virgil, Manilius, and others — that the neo-classical poets turned for models. As for critics like Addison and Warton, they too had to rely on the practice of classical poets in order to discover the "rules” for the Didactic genre, since there was no well-defined body of critical canons on it. No Poetics devoted to the Lehrgedicht has emerged from the sands of Egypt or the ashes of Herculaneum, nor is likely to. But ancient critics are more forthcoming on the general question of the relationship between poetry and truth, which is a central issue for Didactic poetry. Occasionally, too, these critics make judgments about particular practitioners of Didactic, and so reveal their opinion of the nature of such poetry. One purpose of this essay is to piece together the evidence of these clues. It will also be instructive to study, if only cursorily, some of the more general cultural attitudes — about education, about science, about literature — which implicitly fostered the writing of this kind of poetry.
Praesentium Signorum Munera: The Cult of the Saints in the World of Gregory of Tours
Authors: Corbett John H.
Published: March 2021

The Story of Florentius, The Legate from Spain My grandfather, many years ago, had built a basilica in honour of blessed Martin the priest. When it was finished and decorated with choice workmanship, he sent some clerics in holy orders to Tours to seek out relics of the priest . . . . When that had been done he carne every day, and prostrating himself alone with his wife, he s ought the help of the holy priest. Some time after this child was born. But when it was only three months old, it was stricken with a fever and so weakened that it was unable to suck the teat or take any food at all. All this time, as the disease progressed, the baby refused to eat, but kept struggling for breath; nothing remained but to await its death. And it was not long before the baby breathed its last. Then its mother, grief-stricken at the death of her only and first-born child, together with the grandmother, took the little body in their arms and placed it already lifeless before the altar of the blessed Martin. But their hope never failed. And, as if they could see the saint with their own eyes, grandfather spoke up and said: "Our hope was very great, most blessed confessor, when we brought your relics here, relics by which diseases are driven 44 45 away, fevers extinguished, the darkness put to flight (and other infirmities cured). For we had read many accounts concerning you, of deeds which you had done while still alive or deeds which you worked after your passing. We heard that you raised the dead by your prayer, drove away leprosy with your kiss, cured the possessed by a word, constrained infection with your finger -- and many other things as well. Here too your holy power (virtus) will appear, if even now, respolling to our faith, you will revive this little one. But if you do not do so we will not bend our necks h e r e again, we will not light a lamp, nor will we give you any honour by our grateful support (gratiam)." So saying, they left the infant before the altar, and went away. When morning came they returned and found him turned towards the altar. In amazement, his mother took him up in her arms and, seeing that he had begun to breathe again, she put him to her breast; straightway he drank up her milk and grew strong. Then his mother with his father and the whole household raised their voices to the heavens, blessed God, and said: "Now we know that you, God, are indeed great and you alone work wonders, for you have restored to us our little child, by the prayer of your holy confessor." And they showed even greater reverence at that place than they had done before (Gregory of Tours, De Virtutibus S. Martini 3,8).
The Abduction of Women in Barbaric Law
Authors: Colman Rebecca V.
Published: March 2021

Among the most disturbing aspects of very early law are the glimpses we sometimes receive of a remote and, by civilised standards, savage time, the period that Georges Simenon once referred to as "bygone epochs of life in the forests." It is largely because of these spectres from the past that there is a reluctance to accept evidence of practices we understandably abhor. Rudolph Huebner, writing before much anthropology had softened our reactions, shuddered at the "cold-blooded and brutal character" of bride-purchase, which he thought appeared nowhere in "more repulsive form than in some of the Anglo-Saxon laws." Evidence of the abduction of women has inspired similar revulsion, although in this case, the Anglo-Saxon codes are not alone in their explicitness. As is the case with all points of primitive law, the challenge lies in understanding its context, and in matters of such rudimentary concern as mating, we have also to allow for socio-biological factors which in more sophisticated legal systems are less shockingly obtrusive.
Amicitia Jocosa: Peter of Celle and John of Salisbury
Authors: Pepin Ronald E.
Published: March 2021

Jests and laughter often characterize the best friendships. They signal a comfortable affection and mutual trust, usually developed between two individuals over a period of time. In fact, occasions of laughter, whether rooted in prosperity or adversity, sometimes become the fondest recollection of close friends, and the evocation of such memories is one of friendship’s highest delights. The correspondence of Peter of Celle and John of Salisbury rewards its reader with a glimpse of such a joyous relationship. In deeply troubled times these two men evidenced, through humour and good cheer, the warmth of that true friendship which, for Cicero, was heaven's finest, blessing.
The Copenhagen Continuation of Prosper: A Translation
Authors: Muhlberger Steven
Published: March 2021

This translation is based primarily on Mommsen's text of the Continuatio Havnzensjs Prosperi, which is included in his edition of the Consularia ltalica in volume one of the Chronioa Nznora Cnonumenta Germanlae Historica, Auctores Antiguzssimi, Ix [Berlin 1892] 249-3397. Nommsen's emendations of the unique, often corrupt manuscript (Copenhagen Kongelige Bibliotek Ns. 454) have generally been adopted. Deviations from Hommsen's text are noted.
Animal Imagery in the Drn and the Aeneid
Authors: Saylor Charles
Published: March 2021

The DRN and the Aeneid have been compared on certain main features. Pastoral society, the Golden Age, the role of Venus, and political ethics are some of these. Yet one feature that has not been studied is the way that animals are used in both epics. This is surprising because there is a large number of animals in both works. It is also surprising because animals play an essential role in the characterization of the hero in both. As this essay is designed to show, destruction of animals in both works is used to indicate the hero's loss of personal character, or of the good, instinctual self akin to animal nature. As corollary, purely violent animals represent the character of the hero changed for the worse (leaving until later the question of who might be considered the hero of the DRN).
Eutropius and Festus: Some Reflections on the Empire and Imperial Policy in A.D. 369/370
Authors: Bird H. W.
Published: March 2021

By A.D.369 the eastern emperor Valens had been campaigning against the Goths in the region of the lower Danube for three years. After somewhat desultory fighting he was finally successful in reducing them to such straits that they were compelled to send several suppliant deputations to him to beg for pardon and peace. This was granted and, probably towards the end of that year, Valens was able to return to Constantinople where with some justification he celebrated a triumph and assumed the title Gothicus Maximus) It is likely that Eutropius, the emperor's magister memoriae ,chose this moment to present Valens with his Breviarium of Roman History. The work was apparently commissioned by and dedicated to the emperor and well-received, for it seems that Eutropius was subsequently appointed proconsul of Asia, a uch coveted post.
The Heroic Profile of Bilbo Baggins
Authors: Hodge James L.
Published: March 2021

As a fairy tale, The Hobbit lacks nothing. Bilbo, while not exactly a stepchild, is a "Took-Baggins" and not a "Sackville-Baggins," ergo he is not quite respectable. The greedy behaviour of the Sackville-Bagginses at the conclusion of The Hobbit also supports their identity as wicked step-siblings. Bilbo's mother, "the fabulous Belladonna Took," is only a name in the background, like the lost, beloved mother of a fairy tale orphan. One day, this ordinary fellow, whose only skills are accuracy in stone-throwing and silence in running and walking, is chosen by a sort of fairy god-father to "go out into the world and seek his fortune."
Дешифрирование аэрокосмических снимков: учебник, [электронное издание сетевого распространения] / Е.А. Балдина, И.А. Лабутина. – 2-е изд., переработанное и дополненное. – М.: «КДУ», «Добросвет», 2021. – 269 с.
Authors: Е.А. Балдина , И.А. Лабутина
Published: March 2021

Второе издание учебного пособия (первое – в 2004 г.) подготовлено в соответствии с программой курса «Дешифрирование аэрокосмических снимков» для бакалавров, обучающихся по специальности «Картография и геоинформатика». Учебник переработан и дополнен с учетом существенных изменений, произошедших в количестве и качестве доступных для пользователей материалов космических съемок и методах их анализа в последнее десятилетие. Рассмотрены факторы, влияющие на формирование аэрокосмического изображения, основные виды материалов съёмок (полученных в оптическом, тепловом инфракрасном и радиоволновом диапазонах), дешифровочные признаки, методы визуального и компьютерного дешифрирования природных и антропогенных географических объектов на снимках в разных спектральных диапазонах, использования разновременных снимков при изучении динамики, вопросы оценки качества дешифрирования. Учебник предназначен для студентов географических специальностей университетов, а также специалистов смежных отраслей знания. Он может быть также полезен для специалистов, применяющих аэрокосмические снимки для решения научных и практических задач, в географических исследованиях и при создании карт.
Laparoscopic Approach for Esophagojejunal Anastomotic Leak in Patients Requiring Re-Look Intervention: How We Do It
Authors: T F Chan Steven , Bui Hai T , T F Chan Steven
Published: March 2021

Background: Esophagojejunal anastomotic leak (EJAL) is a serious and often a life-threatening complication following total gastrectomy. There is no standard management strategy, and the optimal approach remains controversial. Whilst non-operative approach (with or without percutaneous drainage), endoscopic approach (stents, clips, and vacuum devices) is the preferred initial management, and there remains a subset of EJAL patients that require operative intervention because of the uncontrolled leak with sepsis and potential high mortality.
Methods: We present early clinical results of a minimally invasive novel surgical technique (continuous suction isoperistaltic jejuno-esophagostomy tube, SIJET) to divert saliva and enteric secretions away from the anastomotic area thus creating a hypothesised concept of “no leak” scenario. The details of this technique are described and illustrated.
Results: This is the first clinical report of a laparoscopic technique for insertion of SIJET in two patients with esophagojejunal anastomotic leaks managed successfully. Both patients had failed to progress on non-operative management because of the uncontrolled leak with sepsis.
Conclusion: The absolute prerequisite for complete healing of an anastomotic leak is adequate drainage of undrained fluid collections and diversion of luminal fluid away from the anastomotic defect. Laparoscopic SIJET provides a minimally invasive option for the management of esophagojejunal leak following total gastrectomy in patients with uncontrolled leak with sepsis.
A temporal study of the responsiveness of foreign private investment to exchange rate in Nigeria, 1981 – 2018
Authors: Nkwocha Callistus Ikechukwu , Anyanwaokoro Mike , Idika Awa Kalu , Kalu Ebere Ume
Published: March 2021

This study examined the response of foreign private investment flows to fluctuations in foreign exchange rates in Nigeria. The empirical analysis was conducted using ordinary least square Multiple Regression on E-view 10 Econometric model for the period 1981 to 2018. Preliminary analysis was carried out with Jarque Bera normality test and Johnson’s transformation test to confirm normal distribution of data and the transformation is effective. A negative relationship between foreign exchange fluctuation and foreign private investment is found. Also, that Bank lending interest rate, market capitalization, external debts and trade openness have a significant effect on the foreign private capital flows in Nigeria while foreign exchange rate fluctuation does not significantly affect private investment. From the findings of the study, we recommend i) That policymakers in Nigeria should seek and implement appropriate exchange rate that will boost foreign private investment; ii) Ensure enlarge trade relationship by allowing international organizations and citizens of other countries access to the financial market in the domestic economy; iii) They should discourage external borrowing to significantly reduce debt service burden.