bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multichannel Fluorescence Spinning Disk Microscopy Reveals Early Endogenous CD4 T Cell Recruitment in Contact Sensitivity via Complement
Authors: Norman M. Ursula , Hulliger Sara , Colarusso Pina , Kubes Paul
Published: April 2014

Contact sensitivity (CS) is one of the primary in vivo models of T cell-mediated inflammation. The presence of CS-initiating CD4 T lymphocytes at the time of challenge is essential for transfer and full development of the late phase CS inflammatory response. From this observation investigators have speculated that early recruitment of CD4 T cells to the site of challenge must occur. Moreover, there must be rapid synthesis/release and disappearance of an important mediator during the first hours after hapten challenge. Using spinning disk confocal microscopy, we observed the very early effector events of the immune response. Simultaneous, real-time visualization of predominant neutrophil and extremely rare CD4 T cell trafficking in the challenged skin vasculature was noted (one rolling CD4 T cell for every 10–18 rolling and adherent neutrophils). We demonstrate that neutrophil adhesion during the early CS response was reduced in C5a receptor-deficient (C5aR−/−) mice or leukotriene B4 receptor antagonist-treated mice, whereas CD4 T cell recruitment was only inhibited in C5aR−/− mice. In line with these observations, leukocyte infiltration and the associated tissue damage were significantly reduced in C5aR−/− mice but not in leukotriene B4 receptor antagonist-treated wild-type mice 24 h after challenge. C5a receptor expression on T cells and not on tissue resident cells was important for the development of a CS response. Thus, by using spinning disk confocal microscopy we visualized the early events of an adaptive immune response and identified the rare but essential recruitment of CD4 T cells via the complement pathway.
Ex Vivo Rapamycin Generates Apoptosis-Resistant Donor Th2 Cells That Persist In Vivo and Prevent Hemopoietic Stem Cell Graft Rejection
Authors: Mariotti Jacopo , Foley Jason , Jung Unsu , Borenstein Todd , Kantardzic Nermina , Han Soo , Hanson Joshua T. , Wong Elaine , Buxhoeveden Nicole , Trepel Jane B. , Fojo Antonio Tito , Telford William , Fowler Daniel H.
Published: April 2014

Because ex vivo rapamycin generates murine Th2 cells that prevent Graft-versus-host disease more potently than control Th2 cells, we hypothesized that rapamycin would generate Th2/Tc2 cells (Th2/Tc2.R cells) that abrogate fully MHC-disparate hemopoietic stem cell rejection more effectively than control Th2/Tc2 cells. In a B6-into-BALB/c graft rejection model, donor Th2/Tc2.R cells were indeed enriched in their capacity to prevent rejection; importantly, highly purified CD4+ Th2.R cells were also highly efficacious for preventing rejection. Rapamycin-generated Th2/Tc2 cells were less likely to die after adoptive transfer, accumulated in vivo at advanced proliferative cycles, and were present in 10-fold higher numbers than control Th2/Tc2 cells. Th2.R cells had a multifaceted, apoptosis-resistant phenotype, including: 1) reduced apoptosis after staurosporine addition, serum starvation, or CD3/CD28 costimulation; 2) reduced activation of caspases 3 and 9; and 3) increased anti-apoptotic Bcl-xL expression and reduced proapoptotic Bim and Bid expression. Using host-versus-graft reactivity as an immune correlate of graft rejection, we found that the in vivo efficacy of Th2/Tc2.R cells 1) did not require Th2/Tc2.R cell expression of IL-4, IL-10, perforin, or Fas ligand; 2) could not be reversed by IL-2, IL-7, or IL-15 posttransplant therapy; and 3) was intact after therapy with Th2.R cells relatively devoid of Foxp3 expression. We conclude that ex vivo rapamycin generates Th2 cells that are resistant to apoptosis, persist in vivo, and effectively prevent rejection by a mechanism that may be distinct from previously described graft-facilitating T cells.
The Mediterranean Colaspidea (Coleoptera Chrysomelidae Eumolpinae)
Authors: Zoia S.
Published: April 2014

Mediterranean Colaspidea are reviewed with examination of type material. The following nomenclatural changes are provided: C. nitida Lucas, 1846 bona sp. resurrected from synonymy with C. globosa (Küster, 1848), Colaspidea proxima (Fairmaire, 1862) bona sp. resurrected from synonymy with C. oblonga (Fairmaire, 1862), C. juengeri Doguet, 1988 is raised to species, from subsp. of C. metallica (Rossi, 1790). The following synonymies are provided: C. oblonga (Fairmaire, 1862) n. syn. of C. nitida Lucas, 1846, C. oblonga albanica Schatzmayr, 1923 n. syn. of C. nitida Lucas, 1846. A Lectotype is designed for C. nitida Lucas, 1846, a Neotype is designed for Dia oblonga Fairmarie, 1862. The following new taxa are described: C. algarvensis n. sp. (Portugal: Algarve), C. incerta n. sp. (Algeria: Yakouren), C. dogueti n. sp. (Algeria: Massif du Djurdjura), C. pallidipes n. sp. (Morocco), C. confinis n. sp. (Algeria), C. maura n. sp. (Morocco, Algeria), C. maghrebina n. sp. (Algeria: Constantine). Morphological aspects are discussed, pointing out range of variability of aedeagic characters, here used in the discrimation of species. Distribution of each taxon is verified on the base of examined material and displayed on maps. A catalogue is provided.
Freed by trust, to believe together: Pursuing global ecumenism with Küng and Tracy
Authors: Urbaniak Jakub
Published: April 2014

In the past decades it has emerged more clearly than before that Christian religion, which has so often contributed to human oppression, has rich theological resources that can be used to restore and perfect human freedom. These resources have been reflected upon not only by liberation theologians, but also within the ecumenically oriented theology of religions which targets what Hans Küng calls global responsibility based on global ethics. World religions have an essential role to play in rendering that global humanity more humane and free. The only way to accomplish this task leads through ongoing dialogue, directed both ad intra and ad extra, in the pursuit of a ‘global ecumenism’ which the present suggests and the future demands. For those liberating and unitive resources inherent in religious theory and praxis to be activated, fundamental trust in the reality of the world and of one’s own self appears indispensable. By deepening the theological insights of Hans Küng and David Tracy, the article seeks to explore the mutual correlation between such fundamental trust in reality and religious faith in God, interpreted from a Christian perspective. Firstly, I probe the notion of fundamental trust from the existentialist and specifically Christian (theological) standpoints. Secondly, I examine both the positive and the negative consequences that fundamental (mis)trust may have for religiosity. Finally, the Christian interpretation of fundamental trust as correlated to faith in God is reflected upon in terms of global ecumenism and its response to the needs of our radically pluralistic moment.
Study of Unit Cost of Medical Intensive Care Unit at Tertiary Care Hospital in Government Set up in New Delhi
Authors: Gadpayle AK , Dangi HK , LNU Debopriya
Published: April 2014

Aim

The cost incurred on delivery of Medical Intensive Care Service to the patient varies from type of Intensive Care Unit (ICU). The present study was conducted to assess the cost of per patient per day in Medical Intensive Care Unit (MICU).

Materials and methods

It was a prospective study which was carried out at tertiary care hospital, in Government setup, Delhi from 01st January 2014 to 31st January 2014. All the Adult patients admitted in Medical ICU were taken for study. Various costs like fixed, variable, Direct and Indirect were calculate for the study period by step down approach. The unit cost was calculated.

Results

Total 32 patients were admitted in Medical ICU during the study period. The average days of admissions calculated to 171 days. The average length of stay was estimated at 5.343. The salary component amounts to 42.44% of the total cost. The equipment cost amounts to 37.00% of the total cost. The total fixed cost amounts to 81.62% and variable cost amounts to 18.38%. Out of variable cost the investigation radiology amounts to 6.35% followed by medicine 4.81% and Investigation 3.83%. The unit cost calculated amounts to 20B9 1133.29.

Conclusion

The fixed cost is a major share of the total cost incurred in Medical ICU. Out of which equipment cost stands first. The unit cost amounts to 20B9 1133.29 which is relatively less than the other studies probably due to close type of ICU and patients admitted in Medical ICU are coming from outside.

How to cite this article

Gadpayle AK, Dangi HK, Debopriya. Study of Unit Cost of Medical Intensive Care Unit at Tertiary Care Hospital in Government Set up in New Delhi. Int J Res Foundation Hosp Healthc Adm 2014;2(1):10-14.
A Cost Analysis Study of Inpatient Care Services at a Large Tertiary Care Teaching Institute at New Delhi, India
Authors: Harsvardhan Rajesh , Singh IB , Sharma DK
Published: April 2014

A study was carried out at a large tertiary care teaching institute at Delhi to estimate the cost of medicines and surgical consumables to the hospital and the out of cost to in-patients, during the course of their stay at the hospital.

The study was conducted in the year 2007 and a total of 174 cases were included in the study fulfilling the selection criteria. The total length of stay of all the patients under study was 2235 days.

Total average cost incurred on patient care in the indoor unit under study thus calculated came out to be 20B9 1861.31 per bed per day.

The final average figure arrived at for cost to the hospital/ bed/day in this study is 20B9 834.74 and cost to the patient/day came to 20B9 1026.57 on account of the Medicines, Surgical consumables and Crystalloids.

The maximum total cost toward patient care came to 20B9 10958.84 for ICU. Whereas the lowest cost of 20B9 175.46 was for the psychiatry.

This study helped us to know that how much it costs in terms of cost per bed per day to treat in-patients in selected specialties and in a general ICU as well.

How to cite this article

Harsvardhan R, Arya SK, Singh IB, Sharma DK. A Cost Analysis Study of Inpatient Care Services at a Large Tertiary Care Teaching Institute at New Delhi, India. Int J Res Foundation Hosp Healthc Adm 2014;2(1):15-18.
Monte Carlo-based calibration and uncertainty analysis of a coupled plant growth and hydrological model
Authors: Houska T. , Multsch S. , Kraft P. , Frede H.-G. , Breuer L.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. Computer simulations are widely used to support decision making and planning in the agriculture sector. On the one hand, many plant growth models use simplified hydrological processes and structures – for example, by the use of a small number of soil layers or by the application of simple water flow approaches. On the other hand, in many hydrological models plant growth processes are poorly represented. Hence, fully coupled models with a high degree of process representation would allow for a more detailed analysis of the dynamic behaviour of the soil–plant interface. We coupled two of such high-process-oriented independent models and calibrated both models simultaneously. The catchment modelling framework (CMF) simulated soil hydrology based on the Richards equation and the van Genuchten–Mualem model of the soil hydraulic properties. CMF was coupled with the plant growth modelling framework (PMF), which predicts plant growth on the basis of radiation use efficiency, degree days, water shortage and dynamic root biomass allocation. The Monte Carlo-based generalized likelihood uncertainty estimation (GLUE) method was applied to parameterize the coupled model and to investigate the related uncertainty of model predictions. Overall, 19 model parameters (4 for CMF and 15 for PMF) were analysed through 2 × 106 model runs randomly drawn from a uniform distribution. The model was applied to three sites with different management in Müncheberg (Germany) for the simulation of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in a cross-validation experiment. Field observations for model evaluation included soil water content and the dry matter of roots, storages, stems and leaves. The shape parameter of the retention curve n was highly constrained, whereas other parameters of the retention curve showed a large equifinality. We attribute this slightly poorer model performance to missing leaf senescence, which is currently not implemented in PMF. The most constrained parameters for the plant growth model were the radiation-use efficiency and the base temperature. Cross validation helped to identify deficits in the model structure, pointing out the need for including agricultural management options in the coupled model.
A European lightning density analysis using 5 years of ATDnet data
Authors: Anderson G. , Klugmann D.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. The Met Office has operated a very low frequency (VLF) lightning location network since 1987. The long-range capabilities of this network, referred to in its current form as ATDnet, allow for relatively continuous detection efficiency across Europe with only a limited number of sensors. The wide coverage and continuous data obtained by Arrival Time Differing NETwork (ATDnet) are here used to create data sets of lightning density across Europe. Results of annual and monthly detected lightning density using data from 2008–2012 are presented, along with more detailed analysis of statistics and features of interest. No adjustment has been made to the data for regional variations in detection efficiency.
The Revival of Comparative Criminology in a Globalised World: Local Variances and Indigenous Over‐representation
Authors: Tubex Hilde
Published: April 2014

In this article, I first examine the viability of comparative criminological research in a globalised world. Further, I test the validity of some global explanatory models against the local situation in countries that appear to resist the dominant trend, such as the Netherlands and Canada. I then zoom in even further to the intra-national differences in some federal nations, such as Canada and Australia, where this situation is often linked to the overrepresentation of Indigenous people and the consequences of colonialism. Finally, I discuss the future of comparative criminological research.
Decorative Justice: Deconstructing the Relationship between the Arts and Imprisonment
Authors: Cheliotis Leonidas
Published: April 2014

This article synthesises diverse material to discuss both state use of the arts for the purposes of controlling prisoners and the broader public, and the use made of the arts by prisoners and portions of the broader public as tools of resistance to penal states. The article proceeds with an analysis of the politics surrounding and underpinning the philosophy, formation, operation, effectiveness, and research evaluation of arts-in-prisons programmes in the contemporary Anglo-American world. It argues that arts-in-prisons programmes and pertinent evaluation research are often employed as means to a variety of latent ignoble ends, with ‘decorative justice’ – the function of masking the injustices and painful nature of imprisonment behind claims of fairness, benevolence and care – chief amongst these ends.
The Politics of Hate Crime: Neoliberal Vigilance, Vigilantism and the Question of Paedophilia
Authors: McDonald David
Published: April 2014

This article examines vigilantism and the question of hate crime. Broader shifts in penology have occurred in tandem with changes in the ways in which child sexual abuse has come to be understood. Using these shifts as a contextual backdrop, the article examines vigilance against the fear of crime where it manifests into vigilantism against real or perceived paedophiles. In doing so, the article attends to the politics of hate crime: namely, whether these actions belong within the confines of hate crime provisions or, alternatively, whether such provisions should expressly exclude the category of paedophilia. In its entirety, the article interrogates the dimensions of disgust associated with paedophilia, and explores issues arising from an alignment between paedophilia and hate crime.
Towards Equalisation of the Impact of the Penal Fine: Why the Wealth of the Offender Was Taken into Account
Authors: Faraldo-Cabana Patricia
Published: April 2014

Important changes in the legal regulation of the fine culminated in the implementation of the day-fine system in many European countries during the twentieth century. These changes resulted from various late nineteenth century rationalities that considered the fine a justifiable punishment. Therefore, they supported extending its application by making it affordable for people on low incomes, which meant imprisonment for fine default could mostly be avoided without undermining the end of punishment. In this paper I investigate the historical development of the penal fine as well as the changing forms of this penalty in Western European criminal systems from the end of the eighteenth century until the late nineteenth century.
Mongolia’s New Identity and Security Dilemmas
Authors: Batbayar Tsedendamba
Published: April 2014

No abstract available DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjia.v0i8-9.124 The Mongolian Journal of International Affairs; Number 8-9, 2002, Pages 3-11
National Council for Sustainable Development in Mongolia
Authors: Dagvadorj S
Published: April 2014

No abstract available DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjia.v0i8-9.131 The Mongolian Journal of International Affairs; Number 8-9, 2002, Pages 81-89
Medición de la cibercultura estudiantil, confiabilidad y validez de una escala aplicada: caso de la Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua
Authors: Romo-González José Refugio , Tarango-Ortiz Javier , Ascencio-Baca Gerardo , Murguía-Jáquez Patricia
Published: April 2014

El éxito de las comunidades de aprendizaje en la llamada sociedad del conocimiento está determinado en gran parte por el nivel de cibercultura que éstas posean. Resultando de particular interés las comunidades universitarias, pues las brechas digitales que se muestren en este nivel repercutirán de manera señalada en su desempeño profesional y por ende en el desarrollo de la sociedad en general. Se discute la necesidad de contar con una escala adecuada que permita medir la cibercultura estudiantil, para posteriormente caracterizar y mejorar sus niveles, basándose en datos objetivos y cuantitativos. En este trabajo, se presentan los resultados de la confiabilidad y validez de una escala de intervalo propuesta para medir el constructo de cibercultura estudiantil aplicada a una comunidad universitaria mexicana. La escala construida, con carácter lineal – aditiva y que considera cinco dimensiones conceptuales: uso, acceso, apropiación, empoderamiento e innovación, resultó con altos valores de confiabilidad y validez por lo que se desprende su importancia para medir y gestionar la cibercultura estudiantil en comunidades universitarias.
Propuesta metodológica de evaluación de gestores de tesauros compatibles con la web semántica
Authors: Martínez González M. Mercedes , Alvite Díez M.ª Luisa
Published: April 2014

El desarrollo de la web semántica, entendida como un espacio compartido para el intercambio de datos estructurados, ha supuesto un interés renovado por los lenguajes controlados tradicionales. Este estudio presenta una metodología evaluativa que posibilita el análisis sistemático de herramientas para la gestión de tesauros mediante la aplicación de un conjunto de criterios que tienen en cuenta el propósito, las funcionalidades de la aplicación, el mantenimiento de la integridad o coherencia del vocabulario, así como otras cuestiones cruciales referidas a la interoperabilidad, con especial atención a la compatibilidad con los estándares de la web semántica (RDF/SKOS), a la integración de estas herramientas en otros sistemas de información, la interoperabilidad de la información contenida o la habilidad para combinar tesauros procedentes de diferentes fuentes.
3‐D Reconstruction of Neurons from Multichannel Confocal Laser Scanning Image Series
Authors: Wouterlood Floris G.
Published: April 2014

A confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) collects information from a thin, focal plane and ignores out‐of‐focus information. Scanning of a specimen, with stepwise axial (Z‐) movement of the stage in between each scan, produces Z‐series of confocal images of a tissue volume, which then can be used to 3‐D reconstruct structures of interest. The operator first configures separate channels (e.g., laser, filters, and detector settings) for each applied fluorochrome and then acquires Z‐series of confocal images: one series per channel. Channel signal separation is extremely important. Measures to avoid bleaching are vital. Post‐acquisition deconvolution of the image series is often performed to increase resolution before 3‐D reconstruction takes place. In the 3‐D reconstruction programs described in this unit, reconstructions can be inspected in real time from any viewing angle. By altering viewing angles and by switching channels off and on, the spatial relationships of 3‐D‐reconstructed structures with respect to structures visualized in other channels can be studied. Since each brand of CLSM, computer program, and 3‐D reconstruction package has its own proprietary set of procedures, a general approach is provided in this protocol wherever possible. Curr. Protoc. Neurosci 67:2.8.1‐2.8.18. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Rodent Model of Activity‐Based Anorexia
Authors: Carrera Olaia , Fraga Ángela , Pellón Ricardo , Gutiérrez Emilio
Published: April 2014

Activity‐based anorexia (ABA) consists of a procedure that involves the simultaneous exposure of animals to a restricted feeding schedule, while free access is allowed to an activity wheel. Under these conditions, animals show a progressive increase in wheel running, a reduced efficiency in food intake to compensate for their increased activity, and a severe progression of weight loss. Due to the parallelism with the clinical manifestations of anorexia nervosa including increased activity, reduced food intake and severe weight loss, the ABA procedure has been proposed as the best analog of human anorexia nervosa (AN). Thus, ABA research could both allow a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying AN and generate useful leads for treatment development in AN. Curr. Protoc. Neurosci. 67:9.47.1‐9.47.11. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The 3‐NP Model of Striatal Neurodegeneration
Authors: Brouillet Emmanuel
Published: April 2014

The mitochondrial toxin 3‐nitropropionic acid (3‐NP) is an irreversible inhibitor of respiratory chain complex II. Chronic systemic administration of 3‐NP to mice, rats, and non‐human primates leads to preferential degeneration of the striatum, and produces motor and cognitive symptoms that are highly reminiscent of Huntington's disease (HD). HD is caused by a dominant inherited expansion of CAG repeats in the Huntington gene. Thus, many aspects of HD cannot be mimicked by 3‐NP. However, recent research shows that mitochondrial defects and oxidative stress may play a key role in HD pathogenesis, further supporting the potential utility of the 3‐NP model of striatal degeneration. First, a basic protocol to produce acute striatal lesions in rats using repeated intraperitoneal injection of 3‐NP is described. Second, a more complex protocol that takes advantage of the use of osmotic minipumps to steadily release 3‐NP leading to consistent lesions and motor symptoms in Lewis rats is presented. Curr. Protoc. Neurosci. 67:9.48.1‐9.48.14. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Aerosol properties and their influences on marine boundary layer cloud condensation nuclei at the ARM mobile facility over the Azores
Authors: Logan Timothy , Xi Baike , Dong Xiquan
Published: April 2014

A multiplatform data set from the Clouds, Aerosol, and Precipitation in the Marine Boundary Layer (MBL) Graciosa, Azores, 2009–2010 field campaign was used to investigate how continental aerosols can influence MBL cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) number concentration (NCCN). The seasonal variations of aerosol properties have shown that the winter and early spring months had the highest mean surface wind speed (> 5 m s−1) and greatest contribution of sea salt to aerosol optical depth (AOD), while continental fine mode aerosols were the main contributors to AOD during the warm season months (May–September). Five aerosol events consisting of mineral dust, pollution, biomass smoke, and volcanic ash particles were selected as case studies using Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) mobile facility measurements. The aerosols in Case I were found to primarily consist of coarse mode, Saharan mineral dust. For Case II, the aerosols were also coarse mode but consisted of volcanic ash. Case III had fine mode biomass smoke and pollution aerosol influences while Cases IV and V consisted of mixtures of North American pollution and Saharan dust that was advected by an extratropical cyclone to the Azores. Cases I, IV, and V exhibited weak correlations between aerosol loading and NCCN due to mineral dust influences, while Cases II and III had a strong relationship with NCCN likely due to the sulfate content in the volcanic ash and pollution particles. The permanent Eastern North Atlantic ARM facility over the Azores will aid in a future long‐term study of aerosol effects on NCCN.
Rock uplift and exhumation of continental margins by the collision, accretion, and subduction of buoyant and topographically prominent oceanic crust
Authors: Spikings Richard , Simpson Guy
Published: April 2014

Understanding the causes of rock and surface uplift is important because they control the location of mountain building, depocenters, and drainage characteristics and can influence climate. Here we combine previous thermochronological data with field observations to determine the amount of exhumation, rock, and surface uplift that occurs in the upper plate of Central and South American subduction zones during the collision, accretion, and subduction of oceanic plateaus and aseismic ridges. The collision of buoyant and topographically prominent oceanic plateaus and ridges can drive at least 5 km of rock uplift within 2 Ma. Uplift appears to be an immediate response to collision and is generally independent of the slab dip. The amount of rock uplift is controlled mainly by excess topography associated with the ridge (ultimately linked to buoyancy) and erosion, while it is also influenced by the strength of the subduction interface related to the presence of volcanic asperities and overpressured sediments in the subduction channel. The quantity of exhumation is strongly dependant on climate‐induced erosion and the lifespan over which the topography is uplifted and supported. Sediment draining into the trench may leave the elevated ridge axis sediment starved, increasing the shear stresses at the ridge subduction interface, leading to positive feedback between ridge subduction, rock uplift, and exhumation. Trench‐parallel variations in exhumation have a direct impact on exploration paradigms for porphyry‐related metalliferous deposits, and it is likely that porphyry systems are completely eroded by the impingement of plateaus and aseismic ridges within temperate and tropical climates.
Development of the Global Width Database for Large Rivers
Authors: Yamazaki Dai , O'Loughlin Fiachra , Trigg Mark A. , Miller Zachary F. , Pavelsky Tamlin M. , Bates Paul D.
Published: April 2014

River width is a fundamental parameter of river hydrodynamic simulations, but no global‐scale river width database based on observed water bodies has yet been developed. Here we present a new algorithm that automatically calculates river width from satellite‐based water masks and flow direction maps. The Global Width Database for Large Rivers (GWD‐LR) is developed by applying the algorithm to the SRTM Water Body Database and the HydroSHEDS flow direction map. Both bank‐to‐bank river width and effective river width excluding islands are calculated for river channels between 60S and 60N. The effective river width of GWD‐LR is compared with existing river width databases for the Congo and Mississippi Rivers. The effective river width of the GWD‐LR is slightly narrower compared to the existing databases, but the relative difference is within ±20% for most river channels. As the river width of the GWD‐LR is calculated along the river channels of the HydroSHEDS flow direction map, it is relatively straightforward to apply the GWD‐LR to global and continental‐scale river modeling.
Numerical investigation of internal wave‐induced sediment motion: Resuspension versus entrainment
Authors: Olsthoorn Jason , Stastna Marek
Published: April 2014

We present numerical simulations of near‐bed instability induced by internal waves shoaling over topography using a model with an explicit representation of the sediment concentration. We find that not all separation bubble‐bursting events lead to resuspension, though all lead to significant transport out of the bottom boundary layer. This transport can significantly enhance chemical exchange across the bottom boundary layer. When resuspension occurs, we find that it is largely due to two‐dimensional evolution of the separation bubble during the bursting process. Three‐dimensionalization occurs once the resuspended sediment cloud is transported out of the bottom boundary layer, and hence, redeposition is strongly influenced by three‐dimensional effects. We derive a criterion for resuspension over a linearly sloping bottom in terms of two dimensionless parameters that encapsulate the sediment properties.
Effect of Price‐discount Distribution in Multi‐unit Price Promotions on Consumers’ Willingness to Pay, Sales Value, and Retailers’ Revenue
Authors: Akaichi Faical , Nayga Rodolfo M. , Gil José M.
Published: April 2014

Using multi‐unit auctions, we examined the effect of different distributions of price discount across multiple units of a relatively new product on consumers' Willingness to Pay (WTP), sales value and retailers' revenue. We found that allowing the price discount to be increasing in the number of units increases willingness to pay, sales value and retailers' revenue and that a price discount that is uniformly distributed across units also has the potential to motivate consumers to buy more units of the product. However, multi‐unit price promotions that concentrate all the amount of price discount on the last unit only generate a weak positive effect on sales value. [EconLit Citations: C910, D120, M310].
Multichannel mixed‐conducting hollow fiber membranes for oxygen separation
Authors: Zhu Jiawei , Dong Ziye , Liu Zhengkun , Zhang Kai , Zhang Guangru , Jin Wanqin
Published: April 2014

Significance

A multichannel mixed‐conducting hollow fiber (MMCHF) membrane, 0.5 wt % Nb2O5‐doped SrCo0.8 Fe0.2O3‐δ (SCFNb), has been successfully prepared by phase inversion and sintering technique. The crystalline structure, morphology, sintering behavior, breaking load, and oxygen permeability of the MMCHF membrane were studied systematically. The MMCHF membrane with porous‐dense asymmetrical microstructure was obtained with the outer diameter of 2.46 mm and inner tetra‐bore diameter of 0.80 mm. The breaking load of the MMCHF membrane was 3–6 times that of conventional single‐channel mixed‐conducting hollow fiber membrane. The MMCHF membrane showed a high oxygen flux which was about two times that of symmetric capillary membrane at similar conditions as well as a good long‐term stability under low oxygen partial pressure atmosphere. This work proposed a new configuration for the mixed‐conducting membranes, combining advantages of multichannel tubular membrane technology and conventional hollow fibers. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 60: 1969–1976, 2014
The Divergent Synthesis of Nitrogen Heterocycles by Rhodium(II)‐Catalyzed Cycloadditions of 1‐Sulfonyl 1,2,3‐Triazoles with 1,3‐Dienes
Authors: Shang Hai , Wang Yuanhao , Tian Yu , Feng Juan , Tang Yefeng
Published: April 2014

The first rhodium(II)‐catalyzed aza‐[4+3] cycloadditions of 1‐sulfonyl 1,2,3‐triazoles with 1,3‐dienes have been developed, and enable the efficient synthesis of highly functionalized 2,5‐dihydroazepines from readily available precursors. In some cases, the reaction pathway could divert to formal aza‐[3+2] cycloadditions, thus leading to 2,3‐dihydropyrroles. In this context, the titled reaction represents a capable tool for the divergent synthesis of two types of synthetically valuable aza‐heterocycles from common rhodium(II) iminocarbene intermediates.
Visible‐Light‐Induced Formal [3+2] Cycloaddition for Pyrrole Synthesis under Metal‐Free Conditions
Authors: Xuan Jun , Xia Xu‐Dong , Zeng Ting‐Ting , Feng Zhu‐Jia , Chen Jia‐Rong , Lu Liang‐Qiu , Xiao Wen‐Jing
Published: April 2014

A photocatalytic formal [3+2] cycloaddition of 2H‐azirines with alkynes has been achieved under irradiation by visible light in the presence of organic dye photocatalysts. This transformation provides efficient access to highly functionalized pyrroles in good yields and has been applied to the synthesis of drug analogues. A primary trial of photocascade catalysis merging energy transfer and redox neutral reactions was shown to be successful.
Highly Active Electrocatalysis of the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction by Cobalt Phosphide Nanoparticles
Authors: Popczun Eric J. , Read Carlos G. , Roske Christopher W. , Lewis Nathan S. , Schaak Raymond E.
Published: April 2014

Nanoparticles of cobalt phosphide, CoP, have been prepared and evaluated as electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) under strongly acidic conditions (0.50 M H2SO4, pH 0.3). Uniform, multi‐faceted CoP nanoparticles were synthesized by reacting Co nanoparticles with trioctylphosphine. Electrodes comprised of CoP nanoparticles on a Ti support (2 mg cm−2 mass loading) produced a cathodic current density of 20 mA cm−2 at an overpotential of −85 mV. The CoP/Ti electrodes were stable over 24 h of sustained hydrogen production in 0.50 M H2SO4. The activity was essentially unchanged after 400 cyclic voltammetric sweeps, suggesting long‐term viability under operating conditions. CoP is therefore amongst the most active, acid‐stable, earth‐abundant HER electrocatalysts reported to date.
Ranking top economics and finance journals using Microsoft academic search versus Google scholar: How does the new publish or perish option compare?
Authors: Haley M. Ryan
Published: April 2014

Recently, Harzing's Publish or Perish software was updated to include Microsoft Academic Search as a second citation database search option for computing various citation‐based metrics. This article explores the new search option by scoring 50 top economics and finance journals and comparing them with the results obtained using the original Google Scholar‐based search option. The new database delivers significantly smaller scores for all metrics, but the rank correlations across the two databases for the h‐index, g‐index, AWCR, and e‐index are significantly correlated, especially when the time frame is restricted to more recent years. Comparisons are also made to the Article Influence score from eigenfactor.org and to the RePEc h‐index, both of which adjust for journal‐level self‐citations.
Copper‐Catalyzed C‐2 Arylation or Vinylation of Indole Derivatives with Iodonium Salts
Authors: Liu Chuan , Zhang Wei , Dai Li‐Xin , You Shu‐Li
Published: April 2014

Copper‐catalyzed C‐2 arylation and vinylation of indole derivatives with iodonium salts have been realized. This method, featuring a simple operational procedure, mild reaction conditions, and a wide substrate scope, provided versatile indole derivatives with direct and selective functionalization at the C‐2 position of the indole core. In the presence of excess amounts of iodonium salts, cascade C‐2 arylation and dearomatization through the C‐3 arylation reaction also proceeded smoothly.
Thermally induced increase in energy transport capacity of silkworm silks
Authors: Liu Guoqing , Xu Shen , Cao Ting‐Ting , Lin Huan , Tang Xiaoduan , Zhang Yu‐Qing , Wang Xinwei
Published: April 2014

This work reports on the first study of thermally induced effect on energy transport in single filaments of silkworm (Bombyx mori) fibroin degummed mild (type 1), moderate (type 2), to strong (type 3). After heat treatment from 140 to 220°C, the thermal diffusivity of silk fibroin type 1, 2, and 3 increases up to 37.9, 20.9, and 21.5%, respectively. Our detailed scanning electron microscopy study confirms that the sample diameter change is almost negligible before and after heat treatment. Raman analysis is performed on the original and heat‐treated (at 147°C) samples. After heat treatment at 147°C, the Raman peaks at 1081, 1230, and 1665 cm−1 become stronger and narrower, indicating structural transformation from amorphous to crystalline. A structure model composed of amorphous, crystalline, and laterally ordered regions is proposed to explain the structural change by heat treatment. Owing to the close packing of more adjacent laterally ordered regions, the number and size of the crystalline regions of Bombyx mori silk fibroin increase by heat treatment. This structure change gives the observed significant thermal diffusivity increase by heat treatment. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 101: 1029–1037, 2014.
Proximal margin length with transhiatal gastrectomy for Siewert type II and III adenocarcinomas of the oesophagogastric junction (Br J Surg 2013; 100: 1050–1054)
Authors: Polkowski W P , van Lanschot J J B
Published: April 2014

The Editors welcome topical correspondence from readers relating to articles published in the Journal. Responses should be sent electronically via the BJS website (www.bjs.co.uk). All letters will be reviewed and, if approved, appear on the website. A selection of these will be edited and published in the Journal. Letters must be no more than 250 words in length.
Mechanistic Aspects of Submol % Copper‐Catalyzed CN Cross‐Coupling
Authors: Larsson Per‐Fredrik , Wallentin Carl‐Johan , Norrby Per‐Ola
Published: April 2014

Carbonnitrogen bond formation can be catalyzed by copper in very low concentrations (≈100 ppm), with mechanistic features that are distinct from those in the high‐concentration regime. The reaction was studied by initial rate kinetics, competitive Hammett studies, and DFT calculations. The deprotonation of the model nucleophile, pyrrole, is limited by mass transfer with the heterogeneous base. The positive reaction order in dimethylethylenediamine was explained by this reagent working not only as a ligand to Cu, but also as a facilitator for mass transfer. The selectivity‐determining step in the competitive Hammett study is oxidative addition. Alternative mechanisms for this step, such as single‐electron transfer, atom transfer, or σ‐bond metathesis, can be excluded based on the observed Hammett behavior and DFT calculations.
Iridium‐Catalyzed Hydrogen Production from Hydrosilanes and Water
Authors: Garcés Karin , Fernández‐Alvarez Francisco J. , Polo Víctor , Lalrempuia Ralte , Pérez‐Torrente Jesús J. , Oro Luis A.
Published: April 2014

The iridium(III) complex [Ir(H)(CF3SO3)(NSiN)(coe)] (NSiN=fac‐coordinated bis(pyridine‐2‐yloxy)methylsilyl, coe=cyclooctene) has been proven to be an effective catalyst precursor for hydrogen production from the hydrolysis of hydrosilanes at room temperature. The reaction performance depends both on the nature of the silane and the solvent. Interestingly, high turnover frequencies of around 105 h−1 were obtained by using Et2SiH2 or (Me2HSi)2O as hydrogen sources and THF as the solvent. Moreover a mechanistic insight into this Ir‐catalyzed hydrogen generation process, based on both theoretical calculations and NMR spectroscopy, is reported. The overall catalytic cycle can be viewed as a two‐stage process that involves water‐promoted SiH bond activation followed by water splitting by a proton transfer.
Hierarchically Porous Calcium‐containing Manganese Dioxide Nanorod Bundles with Superior Photoelectrochemical Activity
Authors: Lin Yan‐Gu , Chen Ying‐Chu , Miller Jeffrey T. , Chen Li‐Chyong , Chen Kuei‐Hsien , Hsu Yu‐Kuei
Published: April 2014

Bioinspired by the composition of the oxygen evolving complex and the fundamental role of calcium for catalysis, we have synthesized calcium–manganese oxides as promising photoelectrodes. We report the first demonstration of hierarchically porous Ca‐containing MnO2 nanorod (NR) bundles as visible‐light‐sensitive photofunctional nanoelectrodes to fundamentally improve the performance of MnO2 for photoelectrochemical hydrogen generation. A substantial amount of Ca (up to 7.8 atom %) can be in situ incorporated into the MnO2 lattice by a simple electroplating technique because of the exceptionally small feature sizes of several nanorods. The maximum photocurrent could be successfully achieved as high as 0.42 mA cm−2, which is the best value for a MnO2 photoanode to date. Significantly, Ca‐containing MnO2 photoanodes illustrated striking photoelectrochemical activity in response to visible light with a high incident photon‐to‐current conversion efficiency of 7 % at a monochromatic wavelength of 450 nm. The improvement in photoactivity of photoelectrochemical response may be attributed to the enhanced visible‐light absorption, increased charge‐carrier densities, and large contact area with electrolyte owing to the synergistic effects of Ca incorporation and specific mesopore networks, thus contributing to photocatalysis. The new design of constructing highly photoactive Ca‐containing MnO2 nanorod bundles sheds light on developing high‐efficiency photoelectrodes for solar hydrogen generation.
An optimization‐based undeflated PLS (OUPLS) method to handle missing data in the training set
Authors: Puwakkatiya‐Kankanamage Eranda Harinath , García‐Muñoz Salvador , Biegler Lorenz T.
Published: April 2014

Advances in sensory systems have led to many industrial applications with large amounts of highly correlated data, particularly in chemical and pharmaceutical processes. With these correlated data sets, it becomes important to consider advanced modeling approaches built to deal with correlated inputs in order to understand the underlying sources of variability and how this variability will affect the final quality of the product.

Additional to the correlated nature of the data sets, it is also common to find missing elements and noise in these data matrices. Latent variable regression methods such as partial least squares or projection to latent structures (PLS) have gained much attention in industry for their ability to handle ill‐conditioned matrices with missing elements. This feature of the PLS method is accomplished through the nonlinear iterative PLS (NIPALS) algorithm, with a simple modification to consider the missing data. Moreover, in expectation maximization PLS (EM‐PLS), imputed values are provided for missing data elements as initial estimates, conventional PLS is then applied to update these elements, and the process iterates to convergence.

This study is the extension of previous work for principal component analysis (PCA), where we introduced nonlinear programming (NLP) as a means to estimate the parameters of the PCA model. Here, we focus on the parameters of a PLS model.

As an alternative to modified NIPALS and EM‐PLS, this paper presents an efficient NLP‐based technique to find model parameters for PLS, where the desired properties of the parameters can be explicitly posed as constraints in the optimization problem of the proposed algorithm. We also present a number of simulation studies, where we compare effectiveness of the proposed algorithm with competing algorithms. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
G‐Quadruplex Structures and Their Interaction Diversity with Ligands
Authors: Zhang Sulin , Wu Yanling , Zhang Wen
Published: April 2014

G‐Quadruplexes are distinct nucleic acid secondary structures that are formed from G‐rich DNA and RNA sequences; they are built around successive G‐tetrads of Hoogsteen hydrogen‐bonded guanine bases. The existence of G‐quadruplex structures has been confirmed in the human telomere and genome, and their biological functions have been demonstrated. Thus, the prospect of using G‐quadruplex structures as a novel target for drug design is important. This review focuses on structural polymorphism of G‐quadruplexes on the basis of the classification of the strand number of the G‐quadruplex formed and its interaction diversity with small molecules (G4‐ligands) that display high affinity and, more importantly, selectivity. Also, we outlook some future challenges for G‐quadruplex structure and ligand studies. Such information, together with the biological functions of for G‐quadruplex, will be of crucial importance for the research and development of drugs that target G‐quadruplexes formed from particular genes and human telomeres.
Simulation Analysis of Regional Temperature Effects and Battery Management Schedules for a Residential‐Scale Vanadium Redox Flow Battery System
Authors: Tang Ao , Skyllas‐Kazacos Maria
Published: April 2014

For all‐vanadium redox flow batteries, prevention of vanadium‐component precipitation and restoration of capacity loss are two critical concerns in battery operation and real applications. Previous studies at the University of New South Wales have demonstrated the usefulness of dynamic modelling in predicting capacity decay and electrolyte temperature variation under specified operating conditions, which can help in the development of advanced flow battery control systems and optimisation of battery design and operation. As an extension of previous modelling studies, this paper aims to explore electrolyte temperature variations associated with different regional temperature effects by using model predictions for a residential‐scale vanadium redox flow battery system designed for peak‐shaving purposes, and to provide deeper insights into scheduling necessary battery operation management. Three locations were selected from hot, temperate and cold climate regions, and both summer and winter seasonal temperature ranges were considered for the simulation and analysis.
Mediator and Survivor Perspectives on Screening for Intimate Partner Abuse
Authors: Bingham Shereen G. , Beldin Kerry L. , Dendinger Laura
Published: April 2014

This study illuminates how family mediators and domestic violence survivors in Nebraska perceive the process used to screen parents for intimate partner abuse prior to parenting plan mediation. In‐depth interviews and a focus group discussion were conducted and qualitatively analyzed to compare the mediators' and survivors' perspectives and suggest what the mediators might learn about screening from the standpoint of the survivors. Both similarities and differences in perspective emerged, with mediators less attentive than survivors to several concerns that appear central to screening from the survivors' standpoint. Implications for the screening practices of family mediators are discussed.
Friendly Persuasion in Civil Case Mediations
Authors: Wall James A. , Chan‐Serafin Suzanne
Published: April 2014

This study investigates why mediators' assertive strategies—evaluative and directive—did not generate high disputant dissatisfaction when they produced agreements. We thoroughly investigated the transcripts from fifty cases in which the mediators had used assertive strategies and attained agreement. We found that mediators did not irk disputants because the mediators complemented their strategies with four tactical approaches. First, they established their legitimacy, and when mediating they shifted their strategies (from assertive to neutral or vice versa) round by round. They also used a ratchet approach to nudge disputants toward agreement, and they took steps to reduce the disputants' aspirations.