bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
‘Herald of a new future’
Authors: Reynolds K D , Matthew H C G
Published: November 2023

queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and empress of India, was born on 24 May 1819 at Kensington Palace, London. She was the only legitimate child of the fourth son of King George III, Edward Augustus, duke of Kent (1767–1820), who in 1818 had abandoned Julie de St Laurent, his mistress of many years, in order to join his brothers in the attempt to provide an heir to the throne. His wife was a young widow: born Princess Victoire of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld (1786–1861), she had married the prince of Leiningen, with whom she had two children, Prince Charles and Princess Feodore, before his death in 1814.
‘The burdens of majesty’
Authors: Reynolds K D , Matthew H C G
Published: November 2023

King William IV survived for another month, before finally succumbing on 20 June 1837. Lord Conyngham (the lord chamberlain) and William Howley (the archbishop of Canterbury) were dispatched at once to Kensington Palace to bring the news to the new queen. Victoria was summoned from her bed by her mother at six in the morning to receive them, which she did ‘(only in my dressing gown), and alone’ (Girlhood, 1.196). That characteristic emphasis pointed to the total and immediate failure of the Kensington system as far as it concerned the ambitions of its progenitors: Conroy was immediately banished from the royal presence, and although the duchess was regularly called upon to attend her daughter in public, she was systematically excluded from all the new queen’s decisions and counsels.
Victoria and Albert
Authors: Reynolds K D , Matthew H C G
Published: November 2023

Since marriage with a commoner was thought undesirable (though not, in Britain, illegal) the pool of Victoria’s possible spouses was restricted to the protestant princes of Germany, the Netherlands, and Scandinavia, and (a remote possibility) the Orthodox princes of Russia. A great dynastic marriage was unnecessary, even unwanted: by 1840 uniting disparate countries by marriage between their hereditary rulers was a thing of the past. Possible consorts had been suggested for her since she was a tiny child, among them her cousins Prince George of Cambridge and Prince George of Cumberland. King Leopold had long ago determined to promote another Coburg alliance—between Victoria and her cousin Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (1819–1861)— and had been supervising the education of his motherless nephew as a potential consort.
The quest for political stability
Authors: Reynolds K D , Matthew H C G
Published: November 2023

The fall of the Melbourne government in 1841 was a personal and political blow to the queen. Under Melbourne she had developed from an isolated, quietly rebellious child into an eager, imperious young woman. She had thoroughly established her independence from her mother and her mother’s agents: by 1841 she was beginning to forgive the duchess of Kent for her childhood, and to establish a more amicable relationship with her.
Family and tragedy
Authors: Reynolds K D , Matthew H C G
Published: November 2023

While politics, government, and foreign aﬀairs dominated Victoria’s and Albert’s oﬃcial, but largely unobserved, life, the aﬀairs of their family dominated public perceptions of the royal couple. The public image of a domestic family enjoying bourgeois pursuits (albeit on a regal scale) belied the reality of the long periods of separation of the parents from their children, whose regular companions were tutors and governesses, as in most upper-class families. Victoria was not a cold, distant mother: like many mothers, she had mixed feelings towards her children.
Ending seclusion
Authors: Reynolds K D , Matthew H C G
Published: November 2023

Victoria was soon drawn back to foreign aﬀairs through the letters of her daughter Vicky: now crown princess of Germany, Vicky was an impotent witness to Bismarck ‘s policy of uniting Germany through ‘blood and iron ‘. With Albert ‘s dearest hopes and plans for a liberal Germany unravelling fast, the queen had to acknowledge that her initial vow to follow his wishes and policy in everything was impossible to fulfil: by 1880 the world he had known had been completely transformed, and Victoria was wise enough to know he would not have tolerated many of the inevitable changes,‘which might have done him harm’ (Darling Child, 239).
Monarchy restored and remembered
Authors: Reynolds K D , Matthew H C G
Published: November 2023

Lytton Strachey captured perfectly the sense of dismay which swept the country as news of Victoria’s failing health was announced: It appeared as if some monstrous reversal of the course of nature was about to take place. The vast majority of her subjects had never known a time when Queen Victoria had not been reigning over them. She had become an indissoluble part of their whole scheme of things, and that they were about to lose her appeared a scarcely possible thought.
Death and image
Authors: Butler Marilyn
Published: November 2023

After completing Persuasion in August 1816, Jane Austen wrote a preface for Northanger Abbey, describing the previous attempt to publish. Henry had bought back the original manuscript of ‘Susan’—now renamed ‘Catherine’—from Benjamin Crosby that year. But Austen again put it aside: ‘Miss Catherine is put upon the Shelve for the present, and I do not know that she will ever come out’ (Letters, 333). She had suffered back pain during the summer of 1816, and that autumn fell ill with a variety of symptoms: nausea, diarrhoea, muscle weakness, and fatigue.
Polemicist and teacher
Authors: Campbell Gordon
Published: November 2023

On returning to London, Milton took lodgings at the house of a tailor called Russell in St Bride’s Churchyard (near Fleet Street), where he inaugurated his career as a schoolmaster by assuming responsibility for the education of his nephews Edward and John Phillips. He soon moved to a large house in Aldersgate Street, where he was able to take on additional pupils. Milton’s life in the 1640s was divided between his duties as a teacher and his avocation as a polemicist involved in the controversy about church government and initiating a debate about divorce.
Milton’s Paradise
Authors: Campbell Gordon
Published: November 2023

The restoration of Charles II was proclaimed on 8 May 1660, and Milton went into hiding at the house of an unidentified friend in Bartholomew Close (West Smithfield). On 16 June an order for Milton’s arrest was issued, and on 13 August a proclamation ordering books by Milton to be called in for burning was published; on 27 August copies of his books were duly burnt by the public executioner at the Old Bailey. Milton’s life hung in the balance until 29 August, when the Act of Free and General Pardon, Indemnity and Oblivion was given the royal assent; Milton was not named as an exception to the general pardon, so he escaped the death penalty, while none the less remaining liable to arrest and assassination.
Structural Irrationality
Authors: Scanlon T M
Published: November 2023

Many normative claims are substantive claims about reasons—claims, for example, about the reasons that a person in certain circumstances has to do or to believe something. But not all normative claims are substantive claims about reasons. In particular, some claims about what it would be irrational for someone to do are normative claims, but not claims about the reasons that person has. Here are some examples.
Introduction
Authors: Aarts Bas
Published: November 2023

Eubulides of Megara’s celebrated Paradox of the Sorites (or Heap) brings to the fore the problems we face in setting up boundaries in the world around us: when can we call a collection of grains a heap? When we have one or ten or fifty? Is there a cut-off point such that a certain number of grains of sand form a heap, but n– grains do not? What about a man with three hairs; is he bald? What if he has one thousand hairs? And again, is there a point at which we can say ‘a man with n hairs is bald, but a man with n+1 hairs is not’? Similarly, if we line up the Mona Lisa in the Louvre with ninety-nine faithful copies that differ only minutely from each other, such that the original painting ML is virtually indistinguishable from ML+1, and ML+1 is virtually indistinguishable from ML 2 etc., can we then identify a particular painting in the line-up where we must say, ‘this painting bears no resemblance to the Mona Lisa’? Philosophers have often struggled with the problem of delimitation, and with the setting-up of boundaries.
Modelling Syntactic Gradience
Authors: Aarts Bas
Published: November 2023

In previous chapters we have looked at two ways in which grammar can be said to display gradience. Form classes can be subsectively gradient in displaying intra-categorial prototype effects, such that we can speak of typical nouns, adjectives, and verbs, or they can be intersectively gradient in exhibiting convergence between categories. It is important to reiterate the point I made in Chapter 6 that the existence and extent of pervasiveness of Intersective Gradience are a function of the categories of the adopted framework: if it is claimed that there is gradience between two categories a and b, then it must first be established that a and b actually exist as word classes.
Collecting Rhythms: Typological Methods in Archaeology and Anthropology
Authors: Gosden Chris , Larson Frances , Petch Alison
Published: November 2023

All modern disciplines have ancestors, and Pitt Rivers and Tylor are regularly given ancestral status. Pitt Rivers is claimed by archaeologists; while Tylor, partly through the work of Stocking (1987, 1995), is seen as an anthropological ancestor. There is some sense in this—Pitt Rivers spent the last two decades of his life excavating sites on his family estates of Cranborne Chase in Dorset, pioneering archaeological techniques and bringing a degree of precision to fieldwork that would later become standard in archaeology (Bowden 1991). Tylor is remembered as a the ‘founding father’ of British anthropology because of his work on marriage systems, myth, religion, and the nature of ‘primitive’ thought, all mainstays of the later discipline. But there is a presentism contained in both these claims.
Material Anthropology: Generating Knowledge at the Pitt Rivers Museum
Authors: Gosden Chris , Larson Frances , Petch Alison
Published: November 2023

What is knowledge? One view of knowledge is as a storehouse of information, residing in memory, including images, words, and representations, to be supplemented by experience and thinking. This set of mental images can be manipulated by the mind to reveal new aspects of the world which then set the pattern for new forms of action. Thought precedes action and helps to determine it. In long-held views in the west people are thinking beings first and foremost. But this is a rather static and disembodied view, emphasizing mental operations and relegating both the human body and the objects it engages with to secondary positions. Different views are possible. Consider the following scenario. You arrive in a city you once knew well, but which you have only visited rarely in recent years. You leave the train station and set off to walk to a destination some 20 minutes away. At the station you are not able to create a full and accurate mental map of your route, but as you walk you recognize landmarks you once knew well which prompt you to go down this street rather than that. Quite easily, you arrive at your destination.
Concluding Thoughts
Authors: Gosden Chris , Larson Frances , Petch Alison
Published: November 2023

Edward Burnett Tylor’s brother, Alfred, published an article in 1877 on the possibility that objects might give rise to forms of thought. The article begins: ‘No writer has, I think, yet referred to the evidence that the sources of early thoughts and inventions have been principally derived from objects, and that some of the most valuable new thoughts also have an object-origin’ (A. Tylor 1877: 125). Tylor’s is a mixed bag of an article, with examples drawn from many times and places, designed to show that people’s ideas about the world derive from the experiences they have of their bodies acting within it. So, for example, abstract conceptions of number were derived from the practice of counting on the fingers.
Descartes on Thought
Authors: Cottingham John
Published: November 2023

In a famous passage in the Second Meditation Descartes asks, ‘What am I then? A thing that thinks. What is that? A thing that doubts, understands, affirms, denies, is willing, is unwilling, and also imagines and has sensory perceptions.’ On the face of it, the gloss Descartes offers on ‘a thing that thinks’ (res cogitans) is quite extraordinary. Doubting and understanding are evidently kinds of thinking. But it is far from obvious that affirming, denying and willing (affirmans, negans, volens) are to be classified in this way. And as for sentiens (which denotes ‘feeling’, ‘sensing’, ‘having sensory perceptions’), this is, in any normal sense, something entirely different from thinking. In this short discussion I want to look at the reasons behind Descartes’s startling employment of the term ‘thought’ (cogitatio, la pensée). I shall first reject some widely accepted accounts of it, and then propose an alternative solution.
Introduction: Redistricting in Comparative Perspective
Authors: Grofman Bernard , Handley Lisa
Published: November 2023

Redistricting, also known as boundary delimitation, is the process by which lines on maps get drawn partitioning a territory into a set of discrete electoral constituencies from which one or more representatives are to be elected. Redistricting appears to be an esoteric topic. Most textbooks on American politics devote at most a handful of pages to it. Most textbooks on comparative politics do not mention it at all. Why a whole book, and why should anyone care? As to why an entire book on the topic: there is really a lot to say about boundary delimitation, especially in comparative perspective.
From Gerrymanders to Independence: District Boundary Readjustments in Canada
Authors: Courtney John C
Published: November 2023

The beginnings of the present-day Canada can be traced to the Confederation agreement of 1867 reached by three British colonies in North America: Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and the Province of Canada (soon to become Ontario and Quebec). Out of this union was created a system of government fashioned on what is often now referred to as “the Westminster Model,” which is to say parliamentary in structure. It was composed of two houses of parliament, the elected House of Commons and the appointed Senate, and the Governor General who was the embodiment of the executive power and who was to serve as the Queen’s representative. In addition to being parliamentary, Canada was also created as a federal union. This combination of British parliamentarianism and a variant of American federalism
From Politics to Technicalities: Mexican Redistricting in Historical Perspective
Authors: Lujambio Alonso , Vives Horacio
Published: November 2023

The history of electoral boundary delimitation in Mexico is intimately tied to the evolution of the electoral system. The key factor in the emergence of the present redistricting process has been the decline in the hegemony of the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) and the democratization process that took place from 1988 to 2000. Until these developments, redistricting was explained by the nature and features of a noncompetitive system controlled by a single, hegemonic party.
Some cognitive abilities of animals
Authors: Heine Bernd , Kuteva Tania
Published: November 2023

One of the questions raised in the introduction to this book was: Can language genesis be related to the behavior of non-human animals? This question forms the main subject of the present chapter. There is also fairly wide agreement that apes and other non-human animals lack language and that the emergence of language was a hallmark in human evolution. In a number of works it has been argued that early language can be traced back to animal communication, but this view is not uncontroversial. The problem that we are confronted with in this chapter is not whether animals ‘ ‘ have language’ ‘ but rather whether they show cognitive and/or communicative abilities that are a requirement for developing something corresponding in any significant way to human language abilities.
Clause subordination
Authors: Heine Bernd , Kuteva Tania
Published: November 2023

If there is one question that has excited students of language genesis and language evolution perhaps more than any others then it is the one that we listed in Chapter 1 as (1n), namely: How did the properties believed to be restricted to modern human languages arise, in particular syntax and the recursive use of language structures? We will deal with this question in more detail, devoting the present chapter to syntax (more precisely, morph syntax) and the next chapter to recursion.
Australian Literature, Race, and the Politics of Location
Authors: Huggan Graham
Published: November 2023

One of the most popular Australian writers, both within and outside the country, is the turn-of-the-century bush poet, A. B. (‘Banjo’) Paterson. It’s worth comparing the endings of two of Paterson’s most famous ballads, ‘The Man from Snowy River’ and ‘Saltbush Bill’, for what they imply about the continuing history of Australian literature. In the first ballad, the legendary exploits of the eponymous horseman are passed down from generation to generation: ‘And where around the Overflow the reed-beds sweep and sway / To the breezes, and the rolling plains are wide, / The Man from Snowy River is a household word today, / And the stockmen tell the story of his ride’ (Paterson, in Heseltine 1972: 82). In the second, the drover Saltbush Bill, self-appointed King of the Overland, gets into a fight with his new chum rival, the English Jackaroo, and loses.
Revival
Authors: Faraone Christopher A
Published: November 2023

In the Hellenistic period poets often compose elegiac verse, not only in the popular miniaturist form known as ‘ epigram’ , but also in longer genres, such as hymns, epinicia, and historical narratives. They seem to do so, however, after a signiWcant hiatus in elegiac production in the middle of the fourth century, a hiatus that serves as a convenient caesura between the orally composed and improvised elegies of the archaic and classical periods and the written and selfconsciously literary poems of the Hellenistic period, which begin to appear in at the end of the fourth century, for example, the famous (lost) elegiac Hymn to Demeter by Philetas of Cos.
Instruments and Apparatus: Tools for Experimenting
Authors: Harré Rom
Published: November 2023

Around 380 bc Aristotle took a clutch of fertilized eggs and by opening one every day for a month observed the daily stages in the development of the chick. Thus began the systematic study of embryology. Since then scientists have been using living beings as experimental apparatus in a vast array of studies in many different research Welds. Sometimes there was an inorganic alternative. A coil of wire hanging by a thread can detect electric Welds. So can a pair of frog’s legs, though by the standards of early researchers, the legs were an instrument of greater sensitivity. Sometimes it seems that only living beings will do. Evolution is an organic process.
Measuring: The Bodies of Kings, Fossils, Lichen, and Pollen Grains
Authors: Harré Rom
Published: November 2023

Among the most important pieces of equipment in the instrumentarium are devices which are used to measure various properties of material things and natural processes. Shape, size, weight and mass, speed of movement, the time a process takes to completion, temperature, and many other aspects of material things, substances, and systems need to be measured. There are two fundamental aspects to measurement: the fluxing of units so that standardized scales can be constructed, and the invention and construction of devices by means of which measurements can reliably be made. Living beings have been used in both roles. Until the past two centuries or so the official measures of length, area, and weight were related directly or indirectly to the shapes and sizes of organic beings.
Extending an Established Domain: Dogs, Horses, Frogs, and Trees
Authors: Harré Rom
Published: November 2023

Scientific research programmes have often been directed to a kind of exploration of a material system. The aim is to discover the structure of the system, its constituents, and the details of whatever processes occur in it. The long struggle to understand the system of the Sun and the planets began in antiquity and is still actively pursued today. Over the centuries new questions have arisen on the back of solutions to old ones, and new equipment and techniques have been invented and developed to answer them.
Exploring a New Domain: A Bald Mouse, Two Chimpanzees, and Some People
Authors: Harré Rom
Published: November 2023

Sometimes explorations are undertaken into domains of nature about which almost nothing is known. In this chapter we will look first at the apparently sci-W idea of creating artificial organs to replace any that have been damaged or diseased. This project was taken up by the Vacanti brothers in their attempt to create the cartilaginous structure of the outer part of an ear. The second of the exploratory experimental studies to be reported here was an attempt to bring up a chimpanzee capable of using meaningful signs in much the same way as human beings use words.
Modelling Worlds: Voles, Peas, Fruit Flies, Finches, and Deep Oceanic Worms
Authors: Harré Rom
Published: November 2023

In the last chapter the models were narrowly focused on individual things and processes taken out of the world as a whole. In this chapter we will look at various models which attempt to represent the material basis of large-scale natural processes. The Oxford biologist John Clarke created two model mammalian worlds. In these miniature and enclosed worlds creatures lived out their lives in environments similar to those in which their feral cousins live. The great geneticist Theodosius Dobzhansky created insect models that represented the whole organic universe.
Stick to What You Know Best
Authors: Finlayson Clive
Published: November 2023

IT is hard to imagine while strenuously walking in the heart of an equatorial rain forest, gasping for every breath in a stifling humid sauna, how people could have ever adapted to life under these conditions. It is not just the oppressive climate—the tall forest itself is dark, little light reaching the floor from the canopy, and you do not see any animals. It is a complete contrast to the herbivore-rich dry savannahs of tropical Africa. Yet there are many animals here, evident by the loud, continual noise of large cryptic insects and the constant threat of stepping on a deadly king cobra. This was my first impression of the rain forest in Borneo. I was in Borneo on a UNESCO mission to look at a cave in the heart of the rain forest. Each morning I would wake up within a patch of relatively open vegetation, a clearing that housed the headquarters of the Niah National Park, 31 square kilometres of lowland forest situated 16 kilometres from the coast. Here amidst large, colourful butterflies and hornbills I got a reprieve from the claustrophobia of the prison of buttressed giants that made up the forest beyond. There is something in our nature that seems to crave for open landscapes, distant views of the horizon, and patchworks of trees and open spaces. Where we have not had access to these we have created them.
One Small Step for Man . . .
Authors: Finlayson Clive
Published: November 2023

THE kinds of rapid environmental changes that Neanderthals had been experiencing across Eurasia, on either side of the mid-latitude mountainous belt, since at least 50 thousand years ago also affected the newly arrived Ancestors. We saw in Chapter 6 how diﬃcult it was to distinguish the makers of the different technologies springing up here and there across this vast stretch of land; we were unable to confirm the presence of Ancestors anywhere north of these mountains before 36 thousand years ago. Even then there was some argument as to how ‘modern’ these people really were as they revealed features in their bodies that some anthropologists interpreted as indicating that they were mating freely with the Neanderthals. It is after 30 thousand years ago that we find a clear and unequivocal signal of the Ancestors across the plains of Europe and beyond. These people, descended from those that had entered the plains via Central Asia, were by then adept at making a living in an alien, treeless, landscape. They had managed to tear themselves away from the manacles that trees had imposed on all who had come before them and, indeed, on many others who were their contemporaries in other parts of the world. We could make a case for similar incursions away from woodland and savannah among other humans of common ancestry with these plains Eurasians, for example in Australia or parts of tropical Africa, but the divorce was most absolute and complete in the steppe–tundra of Eurasia.
The Pawn Turned Player
Authors: Finlayson Clive
Published: November 2023

IN the previous chapter we saw how people sought refuge from the Ice Age in the south of Europe. They were descendants of the Gravettian people that had spread right across the Eurasian steppe– tundra at a time when increasingly cold and dry conditions were opening up many areas formerly taken up by woodland. The genetic mutations that allowed us to trace the spread of these people from Central Asia also show that an offshoot of these people penetrated southwards across the great mountain ranges of the Caucasus, Zagros, and Hindu Kush into India and western Asia, including the Middle East, some time around 30 thousand years ago. These people who settled south of the mid-latitude belt of mountains had a common heritage with those of the steppe–tundra to the north of these ranges. In the Middle East they may have met the descendants of the early pioneers that had made tentative incursions into Europe but by this time the Neanderthals were long gone. The Middle East between 30 thousand years ago and the height of the Ice Age around 22 thousand years ago was a junction between peoples from different regions, although the picture provided by the archaeology is far from clear. The people who had been making the Aurignacian in Europe appear to have entered the region too around this time but we cannot be certain who they were or what they looked like; and then there may have been others who had been living there since the early incursions from the expansion that led people to Australia.
Introduction
Authors: Erskine Andrew
Published: November 2023

I sing of arms and of the man, fated to be an exile1 who long since left the land of Troy and came to Italy to the shores of Lavinium; and a great pounding he took by land and sea at the hands of the heavenly gods because of the fierce and unforgetting anger of Juno. Great too were his sufferings in war before he could found his city and carry his gods into Latiurn. This was the beginning of the Latin race, the Alban fathers and the high walls of Rome.
The Persian Wars and the Denigration of the Trojans
Authors: Erskine Andrew
Published: November 2023

In Euripides’ Andromache Hermione, the wife of Neoptolemos, delivers an angry tirade against her Trojan rival:

There is no Hektor here, nor Priam with his gold, but instead it is a Greek city. Yet you have reached such a depth of ignorance, you wretched woman, that you can bear to sleep with the son of the man who killed your husband and to have children by the murderers of your kin. The whole barbarian race is like that. Fathers have sex with daughters, sons with mothers, sisters with brothers, the nearest and dearest murder each other, and law prevents none of this. Do not introduce such things here.
The Modalities of European Union Governance
Authors: Jones Alun , Clark Julian
Published: November 2023

Against a backcloth of changing political geometries of European integration, there has been a burgeoning academic interest in the nature and functioning of the European Union (EU) polity. It has been in the field of political science that the greatest theoretical developments on the nature and dynamics of EU integration processes have taken place. Hix (1998: 54) notes for example: ‘Never before in the study of the EU has there been such explicit ... debate on so many levels of analysis.’ In sharp relief to political geography, political science is now awash with ontological, methodological, and epistemological debates over the nature of European integration and governance (Marks et al. 1996; Risse-Kappen 1996; Armstrong and Bulmer 1998; Moravcsik 1998; Puchala 1999; Rosamond 2000). These debates have not, unfortunately, transcended the disciplinary boundaries between political geography and political science (see e.g. Taylor and Flint 2000). Our aim in this book, therefore, is to present to (though not exclusively) the political geography community a theoretically informed interpretation of EU political processes using the empirical canvas of the initiation, development, and implementation of agri-environment policy, in the context of the EU’s reforming Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). We deploy both policy network analysis and new institutionalism from political science to explore the mechanisms and procedures of EU governance in this policy area, approaches that have recently attracted considerable interest among geographers working in other substantive contexts (Martin 2000). These approaches highlight issues of scale and territorial identity, agenda formation and deliberative process, scalar flows of knowledge and ideas, and embedded institutional norms and values—all of which, unquestionably, are profoundly relevant to geographical enquiry.
The Intentional Structure of Consciousness
Authors: Crane Tim
Published: November 2023

Newcomers to the philosophy of mind are sometimes resistant to the idea that pain is a mental state. If asked to defend their view, they might say something like this: pain is a physical state, it is a state of the body. One feels a pain in one’s leg to be in the leg, not in the mind. After all, sometimes people distinguish pain which is ‘all in the mind’ from a genuine pain, sometimes because the second is ‘physical’ while the first is not. And we also distinguish mental pain (which is normally understood as some kind of emotional distress) from the physical pain one feels in one’s body.
Theories of Consciousness
Authors: Papineau David
Published: November 2023

There are many theories of consciousness around, and my view is that they are all misconceived. Consciousness is not a normal scientific subject, and needs to be handled with special care. It is foolhardy to jump straight in and start building a theory, as if consciousness were just like electricity or chemical valency. We will do much better to reflect explicitly on our methodology first. When we do this, we will see that theories of consciousness are trying to answer a question that isn’t there.
Extreme Experiences and Religious Cognitions
Authors: Little Wood Roland
Published: November 2023

In these lectures I propose to deal with certain associations between personal physical experience and established religious cosmologies, looking at how each reflects on the other and how we might go about considering this relationship. How ‘natural’ is religion? Could it be derived from our bodily experience? Let me start with an apparently easy —and once fashionable —question: may extreme personal experiences like insanity contribute to new religious formations? First a quotation from W H. R. Rivers, the early twentieth-century anthropologist and psychiatrist (who has recently obtained popular fame through a series of novels about his treatment of shell-shock in the First World War): We have, I think, reason to believe that the person who has attained perfection of balance in the control of his instinctive tendencies, in whom the processes of suppression and sublimation have become wholly effective, may thereby become completely adapted to his environment and attain a highly peaceful and stable existence.
Therapeutics of the Divine: Healing as a Hasidic Religious Idiom
Authors: Little Wood Roland
Published: November 2023

While Western monotheisms radically distinguish the sensible world from its ultrahuman reality, an explicit image of ‘healing’ has been common to the restoration of the body to health and safety, to the deliverance of a ‘wounded spirit’, and to indeed the preservation or redemption of a whole community (compare Greek soteria, Latin salvus). Prophets and the founders of new religious dispensations commonly engage in, or are recorded by later hagiographers as having employed, miracles of healing. They assert a double cosmological register—physical and spiritual—usually enhancing the very separation, yet at the same time they show that it may be mediated by certain individuals; indeed their very authority appears to be justified through their tapping higher realities to heal sickness and insanity, as well as to predict or avert other misfortunes, evil forces, or disasters to the community. The expectations on a prophet to reconcile the two worlds through healing-and his occasional resistance to these-are well demonstrated for Jesus in the Christian Gospels (Mathew 4: 23, 8: 16, 9: 32, 12: 22; Mark 5: 25), together with his use of the idiom of healing for an increased turning of the troubled spirit to the spiritual, through confession and absolution, with conversion of the sick soul to a fundamentally new perspective.
Preamble
Authors: Layton Robert
Published: November 2023

In the autumn of 1968 I joined Professor Freddy Bailey’s SSRC-funded project to study social change in the Circum-Alpine region of Europe. The Jura was one of the regions not yet studied by a member of Bailey’s team and it was enthusiastically recommended to me by Phyllis Kaberry, my M.Phil. supervisor. I spent several weeks in the library of the Royal Geographical Society in London, finding out what French geographers had written about the Jura, and selected a district whose thriving dairy farming and forestry would promise villages that had not suffered serious depopulation. Early in November I went by train to Pontarlier, where I hired a bike and spent a couple of days cycling through some of the villages I had been reading about.
Introduction: Aristotle on the Foundations of Sublunary Physics
Authors: Burnyeat M F
Published: November 2023

The first book of Aristotle’s De Generatione et Corruptione is hardly a work for beginners. The second book is a straightforward exposition of his theory of the four elements and their transformations, together with an account of why coming to be and passing away never fail. But “straightforward’ is the last adjective one would apply to the knotty, abstract, dialectical argumentation of book I. Our difficulties begin at the very first sentence, which announces a programme that goes far beyond earth, air, fire, and water.
On Generation and Corruption I. 7: Aristotle on poiein and paschein
Authors: Wildberg Christian
Published: November 2023

The seventh chapter of the first book of On Generation and Corruption opens with a laconic statement. ‘Affecting and being affected must be discussed next’, Aristotle writes, and the first task is to remind ourselves why he is turning, apparently with a certain amount of urgency, to just this topic.
On Generation and Corruption I. 6
Authors: Ali Carlo Nat
Published: November 2023

The medieval translators have unified in one chapter two different texts. The first covers GC 322b1-26 and has the function of a general introduction to what follows: the rest of book I, or the entire work, according to different interpreters. In this first section Aristotle claims that it is necessary to define some preliminary notions, before entering into the study of the elements. The second text, from 322b26 (or 29)2 to 323a34, presents the discussion of the first preliminary notion, ‘contact’ (d.< p ). So, chapter I. 6 does not have a conceptual unity, but it is the juxta¬ position of two distinct discussions, a methodological premiss and a conceptual analysis.
The Syntax of Sluicing
Authors: Merchant Jason
Published: November 2023

In this chapter I examine the structural conditions on sluicing and investigate its external and internal syntax. The first issue, the external syntax, is by far the easier to tackle, and the answer reached there is straightforward: the ‘sluice’ is a CP. The second, which requires investigating the structure of ellipsis—that is, the syntax of silence—can be approached only by more indirect means and is, therefore, much more difficult; the answer defended here is that the ellipsis site contains syntactic structures of the kind familiar from overt syntax. This chapter proceeds roughly in order of analytic difficulty. I begin with the simpler task, identifying the category of the sluice by looking at what the external distribution of sluiced wh-phrases is. The conclusion is unambiguous: sluices behave as CPs. This leads to the hypothesis that the sluice consists of a CP in which the sentential part, the IP, has gone missing. With this in mind, I turn to the more difficult question of what mechanisms in the grammar license this silent IP. We will see that the conditions are fairly parochial, being limited to certain feature combinations on the C sister to the null IP. To capture these, I propose a mechanism for triggering deletion at PF based on feature movement to C. I conclude by tackling a vexing analytic question raised by a novel generalization established in §2.2.2: nothing but the wh-phrase itself can appear overtly in the COMP domain under sluicing. I suggest that this fact is related to other, probably prosodic, limitations on the kinds of null elements that can immediately follow complementizers.
Kanaim à: Shamanism and Ritual Death in the Pakaraima Mountains, Guyana
Authors: Whitehead Neil
Published: November 2023

This chapter presents materials on the cultural practice and social consequences of modes of assassination and physical mutilation among the indigenous peoples of the Pakaraima mountains, Guyana, in particular the Patamuna and Makushi. It will be argued that the shamanic death-cult known as Kanaima illustrates the way in which violence may be used to establish a field of social and cultural power that continuously challenges, and so allows the renegotiation of, the organization of society. The chapter by Butt Colson in this volume also deals with Kanaima as practised by the northern neighbours of the Patamuna, the Akawaio and Pemon. In that contribution Butt Colson also shows how Kanaima is a force for ‘anti-structure’, dissolving both kin and political units through both the actual killing and the fear that such assassination engenders.
Representations
Authors: Gentilcore David
Published: November 2023

During life ‘man is a prisoner of death ’. He is a ‘slave to physicians, afflicted by diets, assassinated by medicines, vexed by syrups, troubled by clysters, deprived of wine, robbed of all happiness, made nauseous from broths ’. From birth the infant is assailed by an ‘importunate band of infirmities ’. With ‘the advance of years’ new diseases come along. Puberty brings ‘wretched hectic fevers and pallid wasting disorders and falling sickness ’; young adulthood ‘the sharp thunderbolts of pleurisy, lung inflammations, fluxes and dysenteries ’; maturity ‘that pain of colic so terrible, that gout so troublesome, pestilential fevers and petechiae ’; and old age ‘urinary heat, urethral growths, stone, cough, distillation, kidney sores, dizziness, apoplexy, weak vision, bad hearing ’. But, from all this, ‘medicine frees us ’.
Self-Presentation
Authors: Gentilcore David
Published: November 2023

In the civic registry of Verona for 1603 we find one Giacomo Bonvesino, originally from Sant ‘Ambrogio in the Valpolicella, resident in the San Tomio quarter with his wife, Isabetta, her mother, and their four daughters. Bonvesino listed himself as zaratano, charlatan in the Veneto dialect. He was by no means alone in doing so. When they referred to their occupation, in a variety of contexts—tax censuses (catasti) and registries, letters and petitions to higher authorities, criminal proceedings and wills—they invariably put down ciarlatano or its equivalents.
Materia Medica
Authors: Gentilcore David
Published: November 2023

On 14 January 1760 the Florentine charlatan Giovanni Greci, calling himself ‘il Cosmopolita’, was licensed in nearby Siena to sell his Balsamo simpatico (sympathetic balm), Gocciole di salute (health drops), and Pillole cattoliche (catholic pills), as well as a plaster for intestinal ruptures, a specific for urethral growths, a coleyrium for eye pustules, and various pastilles, powders, and waters for teeth. His Gocciole di salute alone contained sixteen ingredients—among them balsam of Mecca, powdered coffee, and something called ‘English water ’—and was to be prepared by placing the ingredients in a flask, burying this in horse manure for four months, followed by a month under the hottest sun possible.
Times and Places
Authors: Gentilcore David
Published: November 2023

Leonardo Fioravanti was in many ways the prototype of the wandering charlatan, although he was by no means the first or the only one to take to the road. He left his native Bologna, he later wrote, with the intention to go wandering the world (andare caminando il mondo) in order to acquire knowledge of natural philosophy, so that I could practise physic and surgery better than when I first began to undertake them. And thus I wandered through various and diverse provinces, always practising my art wherever I was, and never did I tire of studying and searching for the most goodly experiences, whether from the most learned physicians or from simple empirics and every other sort of people, like peasants, shepherds, soldiers, churchmen, simple women, and every other type.
Performance
Authors: Gentilcore David
Published: November 2023

In a sort of Milanese understatement, that city ’s protophysician Giovanni Onorato Castiglione wrote that charlatans were not averse to a bit of publicity. He noted the way charlatans operated in the open: Charlatans are not the sort of people who dislike the light, given that at midday they appear on stage in the public squares, and in the evening they make themselves known with the help of torches, and in order for their presence in town be better known they put up invitations, publicize their names, promulgate with printed handbills the recipes of their secrets, and call the people together to the sound of trumpets, and sometimes with the rumbling of marching drums.
The Sense of Agency: Awareness and Ownership of Action
Authors: Marcel Anthony
Published: November 2023

All four quotations cited above connect action and self, or self consciousness, and as such are in a long tradition. But the first and second pairs pull in opposite I am the author of this chapter in that I wrote it. However, certain other people are part agents of it, in that they played causal roles in its production and its content, and therefore must take partial responsibility, whether they intended the result or not. Johannes Roessler and Naomi Eilan organized and invited me to the workshop where this started. Johannes persisted in aiding and abetting the execution and inclusion of this chapter. He has also failed to decline to converse with me over several years. Naomi Eilan has failed to decline to converse with me for a much longer period, and has helped to clarify the chapter. They are clearly accessories both before and after the fact. John Campbell has said much that has affected the content. Christopher Peacocke has even more directly contributed, though I have failed to profit from many of his comments. Others that have perhaps unwittingly played a causal role in conversation (though ignorance is no excuse) are Jonathan Miller, Jim Russell, Chris Frith, Nick Humphrey, Sergio Della Sala, and Jonathan Cole. For their part, I plead as Portia that mercy may mitigate justice; for my part, I declare as Shylock responds to her, ‘my deeds upon my head’.
Children’s Action Control and Awareness: Comment on Frye and Zelazo
Authors: Hornsby Jennifer
Published: November 2023

Frye and Zelazo present findings that uncover a particular developmental change in young children’s capacities for intentional action. They bring these findings within the purview of two theoretical models-the Cognitive Complexity and Control account (CCC), and the Levels of Consciousness account (LOC). The two models have been claimed to help to explain not only the change discussed in detail in their chapter but a wide range of other findings besides. The special interest of the authors’ present contribution, signalled in its conjunctive title ‘Control’ and ‘Awareness’, resides in its claim to harmonize the two models. LOC postulates four major developmental changes, occurring at around 9 to 12, 21, 30, and 48 months; CCC focuses on changes between 3 and 5 years of age. Frye and Zelazo suggest now that the LOC’s account of a child’s development through infancy meshes with the CCC’s account of development at the pre-school stage.
The Sense of Ownership: An Analogy between Sensation and Action
Authors: Dokic Jérôme
Published: November 2023

In his ground-breaking work on the will, O’Shaughnessy observes that ‘we relate epistemologically to bodily tryings as we do generally to (bodily) sensations’ (1980, ii: 81). In this chapter, I am interested in a close analogy, between action and sensation. More precisely, I want to compare the intimate knowledge we have of our own actions, and the distinctive way we know of our bodily sensations, like pains, itches, and sensations of contact. Two aspects of the analogy will be particularly emphasized.
The Epistemology of Physical Action
Authors: Shaughnessy Brian O’
Published: November 2023

In my book The Will I put forward a dual aspect theory of physical action along the following lines. The theory begins with the claim that whenever we perform an action an event of the type ‘will’ occurs, and that the act in question is identical with that event. Before this particular assertion can be determinate we need to know the sense with which ‘will’ is used. The ordinary language term that is generally invoked to explicate the concept is ‘try’. However, there is no reason why we should be fixated on this term: a series of other expressions would serve just as well to characterize the event in question. Thus, ‘strive’, ‘attempt’, ‘have a shot at’-even merely the term ‘do’ (understood in a special active but highly familiar sense). And so this first part of the theory could be expressed by saying that all physical acts of any kind, whether successful or not, are one and the same thing as a trying or striving or doing.