bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Developmental Mechanisms for Evolutionary Novelties
Authors: Wagner Günter P.
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the developmental mechanisms underlying evolutionary novelties. It first considers the role of the environment in evolutionary innovations, with particular emphasis on how environmental perturbations result in the release of cryptic genetic variation. It then explores where the positional information for novel characters comes from before explaining derived mechanical stimuli and the origin of novelties in the avian hind limb skeleton. It also discusses the origin of character identity networks and the evolution of novel signaling centers, focusing on two novel morphological characters: the butterfly eyespot and the turtle carapace. Finally, it reflects on the developmental biology of novelties, emphasizing the complex and multifaceted nature of the evolutionary changes in the developmental mechanisms that contribute to the origin of novel body parts.
The Long Shadow of Metaphysics on Research Programs
Authors: Wagner Günter P.
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the implications of homology as a scientifically credible concept for the metaphysics of evolutionary biology, that is, the question of whether such words as “characters” can refer to real things. It first considers the relationship between philosophy and science before discussing how the notions of class, individuals, and natural kinds relate to the conceptual proposal in this book. To introduce the idea of a class, the chapter looks at the history of the concepts of acids and bases. It then describes the notion of natural kinds and emphasizes the usefulness of definitions and models in the study of character evolution and development. It concludes by arguing that characters can be understood as natural kinds, if the latter notion is appropriately modified.
Moral Perception
Authors: Audi Robert
Published: November 2017

We can see a theft, hear a lie, and feel a stabbing. These are morally important perceptions. But are they also moral perceptions—distinctively moral responses? This book develops an original account of moral perceptions, shows how they figure in human experience, and argues that they provide moral knowledge. The book offers a theory of perception as an informative representational relation to objects and events. It describes the experiential elements in perception, illustrates moral perception in relation to everyday observations, and explains how moral perception justifies moral judgments and contributes to objectivity in ethics. Moral perception does not occur in isolation. Intuition and emotion may facilitate it, influence it, and be elicited by it. The book explores the nature and variety of intuitions and their relation to both moral perception and emotion, providing the broadest and most refined statement to date of this widely discussed intuitionist view in ethics. It also distinguishes several kinds of moral disagreement and assesses the challenge it poses for ethical objectivism. Philosophically argued but interdisciplinary in scope and interest, the book advances our understanding of central problems in ethics, moral psychology, epistemology, and the theory of the emotions.
Moral Perception, Aesthetic Perception, and Intuitive Judgment
Authors: Audi Robert
Published: November 2017

This chapter provides a comparison between moral and aesthetic knowledge and other aspects of the similarity between moral and aesthetic cognition. The connections between aesthetics and ethics are especially important for understanding moral perception and moral intuition. There is aesthetic perception, as opposed to mere perception of an aesthetic object, just as there is moral perception, as opposed to mere perception of a moral phenomenon. One may also find aesthetic disagreements that, even more than moral disagreements, challenge the view that normative domains have objective standards. The chapter shows how singular moral knowledge is like singular aesthetic knowledge in resting on a response to properties which ground the truth of the normative propositions known.
Emotion and Intuition as Sources of Moral Judgment
Authors: Audi Robert
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines how moral perception is possible for virtually any normal person with an elementary mastery of moral concepts. But moral perception is by no means the only route to moral intuition or moral knowledge; reflection is another way. Moral intuitions may also arise in a quite different way: from emotion. The importance of emotional evidence in ethical matters is best appreciated when its relation to moral perception and moral intuition is taken into account. The chapter argues that people sometimes know things that they would not otherwise know, which is possible through the evidence of emotion, often where the emotion is connected with intuition.
The Place of Emotion and Moral Intuition in Normative Ethics
Authors: Audi Robert
Published: November 2017

This chapter discusses emotion and intuition, and offers an illustration of how they arise in several moral domains as well as a sketch of the place of moral imagination in bringing both to bear on the formation of moral judgments. It should be no surprise that emotion can support intuition and its propositional content. Emotion is often a discriminative response to perceptible aspects of people or of things in the environment. In some cases it can magnify, unify, or extend the work of perception and thereby provide evidence concerning the person or situation perceived. The evidence may derive its force largely from the perceptible elements that underlie emotion, but emotion may also provide a kind of evidence of its own.
Conclusion
Authors: Audi Robert
Published: November 2017

This concluding chapter explains how the theory of moral perception takes full account of the causal element in perception but does not require naturalizing moral properties. However, the theory does require that moral properties have a base in the natural world. They are anchored in the natural world in a way that makes possible moral knowledge and the ethical objectivity that goes with it. The bridge from their naturalistic base to moral judgment often has the intelligibility of the self-evident, and under some conditions it has the reliability of necessary truth. Seeing that an act or a person has a moral property may itself be a manifestation of an intuitive perceptual capacity that has considerable discriminative subtlety regarding descriptive natural properties.
Definition of Moduli Problems
Authors: Lan Kai-Wen
Published: November 2017

This chapter lays down the foundations and the definition of the moduli problems to be considered in the rest of this volume. For the purposes of proving representability and constructing compactifications, the chapter uses the definition by isomorphism classes of abelian schemes with additional structures, at the same time revealing that there is also the definition by isogeny classes of abelian schemes with additional structures. This chapter explains that there is a canonical isomorphism from each of the moduli problems defined by isomorphism classes to a canonically associated moduli problem defined by isogeny classes. Consequently, the complex fibers of these moduli problems contain (complex) Shimura varieties associated with some reductive groups as open and closed subalgebraic stacks.
Representability of Moduli Problems
Authors: Lan Kai-Wen
Published: November 2017

This chapter elaborates on the representability of the moduli problems defined in the previous chapter. The treatment here is biased towards the prorepresentability of local moduli and Artin's criterion of algebraic stacks. The geometric invariant theory or the theory of Barsotti–Tate groups has been set aside: the argument is very elementary and might be considered outdated by the experts in this area. The chapter, however, discusses the Kodaira–Spencer morphisms of abelian schemes with PEL structures, which are best understood via the study of deformation theory. It also considers the proof of the formal smoothness of local moduli functors, illustrating how the linear algebraic assumptions are used.
The Origin of the Interoceptive Pathway
Authors: Craig A. D. (Bud)
Published: November 2017

This chapter describes the functional and anatomical characteristics of interoceptive processing at the levels of the primary sensory fiber and the spinal cord. The association of the spinothalamic pathway with pain and temperature had already been described in textbooks for years. The clinical evidence indicated that a knife cut that severed the spinal cord on one side produced a loss of pain and temperature sensations only on the opposite (contralateral) side of the body, as tested with pinprick and a cold brass rod, combined with the loss of discriminative touch sensation and skeletal motor function on the same (ipsilateral) side as the injury to the spinal cord. The anatomical basis for this dissociated pattern of sensory loss is the distinctness of the two ascending somatosensory pathways to the brain-discriminative touch sensation in the uncrossed (ipsilateral) dorsal column pathway, and pain and temperature sensations in the crossed (contralateral) spinothalamic pathway.
Feelings and Emotions On Both Sides of the Brain
Authors: Craig A. D. (Bud)
Published: November 2017

This chapter addresses the different roles of the left and right anterior insular cortex (AIC). It begins by noting evidence that the left AIC and the right AIC were activated asymmetrically in many of the functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies mentioned in the preceding chapters. The chapter then details two recent reviews that document a consistent pattern of asymmetric activation of the amygdala and insular cortex, as well as the gender differences that had obscured this pattern. The accumulated evidence from years of work in psychology shows that electroencephalographic activation in the left frontal hemisphere correlates with positive affect and approach motivation, and that activation in the right frontal hemisphere correlates with negative affect, cortisol release, sympathetic arousal, and avoidance motivation. The chapter also describes evidence that supports the opponent inhibition model and the nature of emotional imbalance.
A Few More Thoughts About Feelings
Authors: Craig A. D. (Bud)
Published: November 2017

This concluding chapter addresses some of the larger issues relevant to the ideas presented in this book. These issues include the purpose of feelings, the brain structures required in order to experience feelings and which species have them, the kinds of feelings that other species might experience, why feelings seem to propel behavior, and whether Watson—the computer that won the Jeopardy game—might ever experience feelings. The chapter then examines the concept of graded sentience. This concept seems to provide the basis for graded feelings of interoceptive conditions, depending on the level of refinement of the homeostatic motor and sensory systems.
Death to Tyrants!
Authors: Teegarden David A.
Published: November 2017

This is the first comprehensive study of ancient Greek tyrant-killing legislation—laws that explicitly gave individuals incentives to “kill a tyrant.” The book demonstrates that the ancient Greeks promulgated these laws to harness the dynamics of mass uprisings and preserve popular democratic rule in the face of anti-democratic threats. It presents detailed historical and sociopolitical analyses of each law and considers a variety of issues: What is the nature of an anti-democratic threat? How would various provisions of the laws help pro-democrats counter those threats? And did the laws work? The book argues that tyrant-killing legislation facilitated pro-democracy mobilization both by encouraging brave individuals to strike the first blow against a nondemocratic regime and by convincing others that it was safe to follow the tyrant killer's lead. Such legislation thus deterred anti-democrats from staging a coup by ensuring that they would be overwhelmed by their numerically superior opponents. Drawing on modern social science models, the book looks at how the institution of public law affects the behavior of individuals and groups, thereby exploring the foundation of democracy's persistence in the ancient Greek world. It also provides the first English translation of the tyrant-killing laws from Eretria and Ilion. By analyzing crucial ancient Greek tyrant-killing legislation, the book explains how certain laws enabled citizens to draw on collective strength in order to defend and preserve their democracy in the face of motivated opposition.
Cultural Exchange
Authors: Shatzmiller Joseph
Published: November 2017

Demonstrating that similarities between Jewish and Christian art in the Middle Ages were more than coincidental, this book combines a wide range of sources to show how Jews and Christians exchanged artistic and material culture. The book focuses on communities in northern Europe, Iberia, and other Mediterranean societies where Jews and Christians coexisted for centuries, and it synthesizes the most current research to describe the daily encounters that enabled both societies to appreciate common artistic values. Detailing the transmission of cultural sensibilities in the medieval money market and the world of Jewish money lenders, the book examines objects pawned by peasants and humble citizens, sacred relics exchanged by the clergy as security for loans, and aesthetic goods given up by the Christian well-to-do who required financial assistance. The work also explores frescoes and decorations likely painted by non-Jews in medieval and early modern Jewish homes located in Germanic lands, and the ways in which Jews hired Christian artists and craftsmen to decorate Hebrew prayer books and create liturgical objects. Conversely, Christians frequently hired Jewish craftsmen to produce liturgical objects used in Christian churches. With rich archival documentation, the book sheds light on the social and economic history of the creation of Jewish and Christian art, and expands the general understanding of cultural exchange in brand-new ways.
Security for Loans
Authors: Shatzmiller Joseph
Published: November 2017

This chapter exposes members of the clergy in need of credit for their monasteries and churches. They were prepared to give as securities objects that were considered sacred. By relinquishing such objects they ignored papal and ecclesiastical councils' prohibitions. The chapter looks at how the emerging credit economy in the High Middle Ages required solid assurance and at times collaterals of great value. Church property comes immediately to mind because most artistic creativity was commissioned by ecclesiastics and religious institutions, right up to the High Renaissance period and even beyond. Despite the ire and unhappiness that occurred between the Jewish and Christian financiers, the necessities of life had the upper hand, and protesting voices were calmed.
The Decorated Home of the Rabbi of Zurich
Authors: Shatzmiller Joseph
Published: November 2017

This chapter offers a testimonial to the influence that success had on the development of the aesthetic taste of Jewish financiers. It describes the decorations in an apartment discovered in the mid-1990s in the city of Zurich. In this apartment, between the years 1320 and 1330, lived the family of the exceedingly rich Rabbi Moses ben Menahem, the spiritual leader of the city's small community who is well known today to rabbinic scholars. Today, almost all of the modern scholars' knowledge about the inner life of the Jews of medieval Germany depends on rabbinic writings and on religious objects that survived the centuries, while knowing close to nothing about other trends that were part of their culture.
Small Organisms and Neutral Morphologies
Authors: Bonner John Tyler
Published: November 2017

This chapter reviews how morphological randomness is dealt with at different size levels, beginning with eukaryotic microorganisms, where we see the greatest amount of morphological randomness in both aquatic and terrestrial forms. It suggests that microorganisms might in some circumstances have neutral morphologies. This means that there are significant differences between individual morphologies, but natural selection is blind to them. It proposes candidates for this unconventional condition for both aquatic and terrestrial forms. In particular, it considers eukaryotic microorganisms, and not bacteria and archaea. The concern here is with morphology and the degree to which it is adaptive, and bacteria and archaea have very limited morphologies; their variation exists mostly in the form of multitudinous biochemical differences.
The Evolution of the Decrease of Randomness
Authors: Bonner John Tyler
Published: November 2017

This chapter explains why randomness is curtailed in larger forms. Large organisms are unlikely to have an overall neutral morphology like small ones, and the reason is to be found in their elaborate development. The greater the size, the more developmental steps. The voyage from a single cell, a fertilized egg, to a large, mature organism with millions of cells is a process that cannot be chaotic, but must be controlled if it is to achieve a consistent ultimate shape from generation to generation. There can be no significant deviation from those set steps to get from one generation to the next.
Duress and Moral Progress
Authors: Shiffrin Seana Valentine
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines what moral obligations, if any, remain or are incurred when one promises under duress. In general, duress holds that unjustified or wrongfully exerted coercion entirely exonerates the party subjected to undue pressure from responsibility for whatever actions the duress produces. This is the dominant view, one that is powerful and attractive. The chapter explains whether and why it should matter that one's promisee is a moral criminal, the proverbial highway robber. It first draws a connection between honoring initiated promises under duress and the conditions of moral progress, taking into account issues such as those relating to third parties and contracts. It then proposes an alternative to the dominant view about promises made under duress, an alternative inspired by some remarks of Immanuel Kant and of Adam Smith. It concludes by considering some objections to the moral appropriateness of honoring promises made under duress.
What Is "Your" Race?
Authors: Prewitt Kenneth
Published: November 2017

America is preoccupied with race statistics—perhaps more than any other nation. Do these statistics illuminate social reality and produce coherent social policy, or cloud that reality and confuse social policy? Does America still have a color line? Who is on which side? Does it have a different “race” line—the nativity line—separating the native born from the foreign born? You might expect to answer these and similar questions with the government's “statistical races,” but this book observes that this is not likely and shows why the way we count by race is flawed. The book calls for radical change. The nation needs to move beyond a race classification whose origins are in discredited eighteenth-century race-is-biology science, a classification that once defined Japanese and Chinese as separate races, but now combines them as a statistical “Asian race.” One that once tried to divide the “white race” into “good whites” and “bad whites,” and that today cannot distinguish descendants of Africans brought in chains 400 years ago from children of Ethiopian parents who eagerly immigrated 20 years ago. Contrary to common sense, the classification says there are only two ethnicities in America—Hispanics and non-Hispanics. But if the old classification is cast aside, is there something better? This book clearly lays out the steps that can take the nation from where it is to where it needs to be. It is not an overnight task—particularly the explosive step of dropping today's race question from the census—but the book argues persuasively that radical change is technically and politically achievable, and morally necessary.
Imposture
Authors: Ossa-Richardson Anthony
Published: November 2017

This chapter considers the idea that the whole business of pagan oracles was a sham, perpetrated for money or political gain. It discusses the so-called “imposture thesis”—that pagan religions were built on an edifice of priestly fraud, maintained by the laity's fear of divine authority. This thesis has been widely studied as an element of the Enlightenment and its immediate precursors, especially French libertinism eérudit and English Deism. Many thinkers associated with these movements applied the imposture thesis to the pagan oracles, and indeed, the oracles slotted into their narratives as neatly as they had into those of Catholic theologians.
Enlightenment?
Authors: Ossa-Richardson Anthony
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the exchange between Fontenelle and Baltus. Fontenelle's celebrated Histoire des oracles (1686) was an adaptation of an earlier work, the Dissertationes duae de oraculis ethnicorum (1683) by the Mennonite preacher and physician, Antonie van Dale. Both argued that the oracles had been pure frauds. The chapter focuses on Fontenelle because it was the Histoire, not the Dissertationes, that Baltus attacked at length in 1707. These two, therefore, must be paired as direct interlocutors. The analytical, nonhistorical approach of this chapter suits its goal: to examine the conflict between two mentalités, and the way in which their respective assumptions about history and humanity underpinned their disagreement on the oracles. In taking Fontenelle and Baltus seriously, both in their own right and as figures in history, the chapter aims to overcome the old dichotomy between “rational” and “historical” reconstructions of past thought, that is, between anachronism and antiquarianism.
Les Lauriers sont coupés
Authors: Ossa-Richardson Anthony
Published: November 2017

This chapter focuses on Delphi, arguing that it has fallen out of our world. Since it yielded to the archaeologists, and to the tourists, it has become ashrine only to curiosity, to be approached with a disinterested wonder. In opening our minds to its mysteries, and to the beauty of its setting, we have rendered the oracle unable to tell us about ourselves. The fictions and half-fictions spun of the oracles since Petrarch and Ciriaco have both echoed and shaped our views of our own culture and history. Early modern constructions of Delphi, and of pagan religion, were, at the last count, constructions of self, even as that self changed. The oracles could have no higher calling.
Philosophy before the Greeks
Authors: Van De Mieroop Marc
Published: November 2017

There is a growing recognition that philosophy isn’t unique to the West, that it didn’t begin only with the classical Greeks, and that Greek philosophy was influenced by Near Eastern traditions. Yet even today there is a widespread assumption that what came before the Greeks was “before philosophy.” This book presents a groundbreaking argument that, for three millennia before the Greeks, one Near Eastern people had a rich and sophisticated tradition of philosophy fully worthy of the name. In the first century BC, the Greek historian Diodorus of Sicily praised the Babylonians for their devotion to philosophy. Showing the justice of Diodorus’s comment, this is the first book to argue that there were Babylonian philosophers and that they studied knowledge systematically using a coherent system of logic rooted in the practices of cuneiform script. The book uncovers Babylonian approaches to knowledge in three areas: the study of language, which in its analysis of the written word formed the basis of all logic; the art of divination, which interpreted communications between gods and humans; and the rules of law, which confirmed that royal justice was founded on truth. The result is an innovative intellectual history of the ancient Near Eastern world during the many centuries in which Babylonian philosophers inspired scholars throughout the region—until the first millennium BC, when the breakdown of this cosmopolitan system enabled others, including the Greeks, to develop alternative methods of philosophical reasoning.
Introduction
Authors: Wuthnow Robert
Published: November 2017

This book examines why many Americans choose to live in small towns—and what it means to do so. Drawing on in-depth semistructured qualitative interviews with more than 700 people currently living in small towns scattered among forty-three states—from community leaders to ordinary residents—the book offers an exceptionally rich sense of what it is like to live in a small town and the various ways in which residents find community in these places. The interviews reveal the diversity of social strata of which small communities are composed, as well as how residents of small towns construct the meaning of their community in ways that reinforce loyalty to it and one another. The book also explores the meanings of community spirit in small towns, social and political issues such as abortion and homosexuality, and the roles played in small towns by religious congregations.
Community Spirit
Authors: Wuthnow Robert
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines what residents understand as the most important sources of community spirit in their towns. It is widely believed that small towns do encourage community participation, but the meanings of community spirit or its sources in towns' activities, such as homecoming festivals and events related to athletics, have rarely been studied. The chapter considers how narratives about the goodness and decency of a community are formulated, and how they reflect special occasions in which personal or collective tragedy is overcome. A key part of community spirit is the perception that acquaintances in town are in fact good neighbors. How neighborliness is demonstrated even through small greetings and sidewalk behavior is the secret behind these perceptions. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the stories that townspeople tell to combat negative stereotypes imposed on them by city people along with tales that emphasize the relative freedom, openness, and closeness to nature that small-town life provides.
Keep Your Doors Open
Authors: Wuthnow Robert
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the future that small communities may—or may not—hold for the next generation. As residents nearly always see it, young people who grow up in small towns should go to college in order to be well prepared for whatever the future may hold. However, the reasons given along with the concerns underlying these reasons are more complex than surveys and census data reveal. Although they consider higher education critical, residents—parents and educators alike—acknowledge that there are aspects of small-town culture that make it difficult for young people to plan appropriately in order to make the most of college or university training. The chapter considers the importance of college for future planning among young people, as well as the disadvantages of living in a small town, and how community ties remain among residents.
Presidential Discretion and the Path to War
Authors: Zeisberg Mariah
Published: November 2017

This chapter pairs President Polk's entry into the Mexican War with President Roosevelt's movement toward World War II. Using the relational conception, it argues that while both Polk and Roosevelt behaved independently and made good use of the distinctive capacities of the executive branch, Roosevelt's behavior was more deeply relational in that it was more subject to legislative rebuff. Roosevelt's constitutional authority was also buttressed by a defensive security necessity. After World War II, repelling troops at the border was transparently revealed as an inadequate standard for judging whether a president was using the office's war powers “defensively.” Confronted with this transparent destabilization of the category of “defensive,” the United States embarked on a project of global institution building to reduce its vulnerabilities.
“Uniting Our Voice at the Water’s Edge”
Authors: Zeisberg Mariah
Published: November 2017

This chapter uses the relational conception to argue against the quality of the legislature's constitutional construction in the era of the Roosevelt Corollary. Applying the processual standards, it argues that the early Cold War security order was more, not less, constitutionally authoritative than that of the Roosevelt Corollary because its Congresses were able to articulate, challenge, and ultimately ratify its construction of constitutional powers. Applying the substantive standard of defensive war, it also argues that early Cold War Congresses faced a more important national threat, to which broader presidential empowerment for defensive purposes was a reasonable response. For both processual and substantive reasons, the constitutional construction of early Cold War congresses is easier to defend under the relational conception than the formally parallel, but lower quality pro-presidency construction of the congresses of the Roosevelt Corollary.
The Politics of Constitutional Authority
Authors: Zeisberg Mariah
Published: November 2017

This case studies discussed in the previous chapters advanced the relational conception against settlement accounts of constitutional war powers. But this does not mean that the relational conception denies the value of settlement. Rather, the relational conception contextualizes the value of settlement. Insofar as settlement theory claims to be an exclusive account of constitutional order, then, the relational conception dislodges its core premises. The first section engages this contextualization of settlement values. The next section explores “unsettlement,” conflict-producing accounts of constitutional authority, arguing that while the relational conception does not evade conflict, neither does it seek it. The conclusion then proceeds to interrogate the “political” qualities of the relational conception.
Tightening the Belt
Authors: Geismer Lily
Published: November 2017

This chapter places the debates over voluntary integration within the context of the Boston busing crisis and the national recession. Explorations of the dramatic events that surrounded the Boston busing crisis have often focused on the ways in which “suburban liberals” passively stood by as working-class whites and blacks in the city endured the burden of school integration. However, the residents along Boston's Route 128 belt were not as removed from the events and issues as those depictions might suggest. The discussion about METCO during this period of turmoil illuminates how the various forces of suburban politics influenced the remedies to school desegregation and racial and economic inequality.
Epilogue
Authors: Geismer Lily
Published: November 2017

This concluding chapter examines the recent trends in Massachusetts' effort to confront its image as out of touch with the rest of the country, turning to the themes of equality of opportunity and meritocratic individualism and how these had come to define liberalism. It shows that, in recent years, the Route 128 area had experienced a series of demographic changes which has since helped to lessen the pronounced whiteness in the Route 128 suburbs—but not the patterns of economic exclusivity. The chapter notes the improvements to the quality of life for Route 128's residents of color, noting however that such trends have yet to provide the solution to metropolitan, class, and racial inequities.
Children as Victims
Authors: Fassin Didier
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the politics of childhood in the context of HIV/AIDS in South Africa. It employs the concept of “moral economy” to address the ways in which the tragedy of orphanhood became crystallized as a notion; the constellation of moral sentiments within which it has become entangled; the political debates in which orphanhood has been deployed and transformed; and the interventions that have relied on it as an orienting principle. It proposes to consider moral economies as “the production, distribution, circulation, and utilization of moral sentiments, emotions and values, norms and obligations in the social space.” Understood in this way, moral economy is constructed around social issues, such as immigration, violence, poverty—and childhood—in particular historical contexts. The chapter explores the interface between the global circulation and utilization of moral sentiments with regard to children, and their local production and distribution, as part of a larger project of a moral history of the present focused on “humanitarian reason.” The politics of childhood is particularly relevant to our understanding of humanitarianism—its aspirations and its contradictions.
The Next Epidemic
Authors: Livingston Julie
Published: November 2017

This chapter looks closely at some of the more fine-grained processes of clinical care in order to suggest how cancer, as an emergent issue in African public health, forces longstanding questions of palliation to the foreground and highlights the intensely social nature of pain. It explores the conditions that facilitate the marginalization of pain and palliation in African clinical practice and in global health more widely, and examines the contemporary clinical dynamics that engender this marginalization in the specific context of oncology, where many patients suffer severe and intractable pain, as a result either of their illness or the effects of biomedical therapies. In other words, the chapter explores how and why biomedicine proceeds in Africa with so little palliation and so much compliance. The context for this ethnography is Botswana's lone cancer ward, where the author has been researching conditions of care since 2006.
The Ascetic Subject of Compliance
Authors: Whitmarsh Ian
Published: November 2017

Compliance has become a principal public health issue of the twenty-first century, and compliance posits a figure with a responsibility to continually work to discipline the self into a biomedical subject This chapter draws on fieldwork in the Caribbean and the United States on the science and medicine of the chronic diseases of asthma, diabetes, and obesity to explore this subject. Moving from scientists in the United States to health officials, doctors, and patients in Barbados and Trinidad and Tobago, it explores the ways in which biomedical science and global health become intertwined, creating particular forms of health intervention. It argues that the figure that inhabits biomedical compliance is not the familiar (neo)liberal individual found by recent social science analyses to be at the center of global science, markets, and governing.
Afterword
Authors: Fischer Michael M. J.
Published: November 2017

This chapter uses a series of orientations to make connections among the case studies in this book, as well as the author's own ethnographic research interviewing life scientists in India and the United States and doing ethnographic fieldwork in Singapore's Biopolis, to suggest how they may provide analytic insights into these epistemic shifts. The series of orientations are: mobile phone analogies (as an image or metaphor of cheap, ubiquitous, and mobile high-tech genomics that saves lives, helps stop pandemics, and promises more personalized therapies); translational research (to make new biomedical knowledge therapeutically available); shifts in moral culture and repairing the legacies of structural adjustment (the political economy of public health); forward-looking values (entering into dialogue to build civil society foundations for public health); and repetitions (as new entry points).
Music and Well-Being
Authors: Schulkin Jay
Published: November 2017

This conclusion considers the effects of music on well-being. Music evolved in the context of social contact and meaning. Music allows us to reach out to others and expand our human experience toward and with others. This process began with song and was expanded through instruments and dance. Music serves, among other things, to facilitate social cooperative and coordinated behaviors—the induction of “social harmonies.” Musical sensibility is a panoply of emotions that are inextricably linked to our cognitive, motor, and premotor resources and are expressed in everything we do, most especially in music. This conclusion also explains how music and language enhance each other with regard to cephalic function and behavioral adaptation, noting that both are essentially rooted in social contact.
Homo Curans
Authors: Hamilton John T.
Published: November 2017

This chapter focuses on one of the fables collected and revised by the Roman grammarian Hyginus (d. AD 17) that proved to be particularly relevant among later poets and philosophers. The brief tale relates how Cura—a personification of “care,” “concern,” “anxiety,” or “trouble”—formed the first human being. Although many of the narrative's details may be found in other mythic anthropogonies from a variety of cultures and traditions, Hyginus's account is the only extant version that ascribes the creative role to an allegory of Care. The fable begins with creation ends with the designation of a name, with the determination of a species. The first phase concerns being, the second involves language. With this combination of ontology and semantics or nature and convention, we obtain not only an etiological explanation for one question (Why is the word for “human being” homo in Latin?) but also a philosophical anthropology that folds one question (What is mankind?) into another (What is mankind called?).
Security on the Beach
Authors: Hamilton John T.
Published: November 2017

The infinite varieties of care and the ways to deal with them coalesce into master metaphors that organize and motivate thinking about security. Reference has already been made to some examples: the solicitous mother, the garden, the pasture, and so forth. This chapter considers one of the most enduring paradigms for expressing different attitudes toward security, the dichotomy between the land and the sea. Throughout Greco-Roman culture, the sea constituted a persistent source of concern. Any desire to quit the firmness of the land, where nature provided all that was needed for the sustenance of human life, would invariably be regarded as some kind of transgression. Even in the most justifiable cases, seafaring was believed to be somehow excessive, a departure from the norm.
Vital Instabilities
Authors: Hamilton John T.
Published: November 2017

This chapter opens with a discussion of France's own grand historian Jules Michelet and his works on the beauty and sublimity of the nonhuman world. L'Oiseau (1856), L'Insecte (1857), La Mer (1861), and La Montagne (1868) are best understood as naturalist works, belonging to the genre developed by Georges Cuvier, Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, and Jean-Baptiste Lamarck. Together, they mark out a fresh path in Michelet's publishing career and further reflect his abandonment of the urban capital, a decided departure from the realm of human history, which had hitherto been the sole object of his scholarly attentions and the basis for his illustrious career and solid reputation. The chapter then turns to Friedrich Nietzsche and his use of philology to serves as a critique of perfect security.
A Theory of Private Authority
Authors: Green Jessica F.
Published: November 2017

This chapter describes a theory of private authority, based on the notion of supply and demand, that explains when private authority emerges and why, and whether it is delegated or entrepreneurial. A theory of private authority contributes to larger discussions about institutional design and provides new insights into the mechanisms through which global cooperation might occur. The chapter first explains what authority is and why people obey it. It then defines private authority and examines its major characteristics, including why actors choose to consent to privately created rules. It argues that in contemporary politics expertise is a key engine for legitimacy and thus for consent, because it allows actors to provide benefits to others. The chapter proceeds by exploring delegated authority and entrepreneurial authority. Finally, it develops expectations about when private authority emerges in world politics—and what type of authority will likely develop.
Governors of the Market: The Evolution of Entrepreneurial Authority
Authors: Green Jessica F.
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines entrepreneurial authority from the 1950s to the present by focusing on the creation of environmental civil regulations. Private agents are most often useful for their expertise in technical matters and are delegated other tasks with little impact on state autonomy. However, they are rarely charged with potentially weightier tasks such as enforcement or rule making, and they are seldom the sole agents charged with a given task. Yet, if private actors are increasingly important in the landscape of global governance as many have claimed, the question is where and how they are projecting authority. The answer lies in the concept of entrepreneurial authority. The chapter shows that there has been a precipitous increase in the number of civil regulations since the 1950s. It also reveals that there is competition among various sources of entrepreneurial authority: different private actors are jockeying for market share in fairly narrow issue areas.
Atmospheric Police: Delegated Authority in the Clean Development Mechanism
Authors: Green Jessica F.
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines why states decided to delegate key monitoring tasks to private actors in the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) of the Kyoto Protocol. It first provides an overview of the origins of the CDM before discussing the involvement of the Global Environment Facility, the World Bank, the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change Secretariat, and the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in the CDM. It also presents three reasons behind delegated authority in the CDM, and specifically why private actors were selected to serve as the “atmospheric police” of the CDM. First, the private sector had relatively long-standing experience in the intricacies of measuring carbon offsets. Second, powerful states agreed that this market mechanism should be part of the Protocol, and that a third-party verifier was needed to monitor the quality of offset projects. Finally, there was a focal institution, the CDM Executive Board, to screen and oversee agents.
The stable parametrized h-cobordism theorem
Authors: Waldhausen Friedhelm , Jahren Bjørn , Rognes John
Published: November 2017

This chapter deals with the stable parametrized h-cobordism theorem. It begins with a discussion of the manifold part; here DIFF is written for the category of Csuperscript infinity smooth manifolds, PL for the category of piecewise-linear manifolds, and TOP for the category of topological manifolds. CAT is generically written for any one of these geometric categories. Relevant terms such as stabilization map, simple map, pullback map, PL Serre fibrations, weak homotopy equivalence, PL Whitehead space, and cofibration are also defined. The chapter proceeds by describing the non-manifold part, the algebraic K-theory of spaces, and the relevance of simple maps to the study of PL homeomorphisms of manifolds.
The manifold part
Authors: Waldhausen Friedhelm , Jahren Bjørn , Rognes John
Published: November 2017

This chapter reduces the proof of the manifold part of the stable parametrized h-cobordism theorem to a result about spaces of stably framed manifolds. Here Δ‎superscript q denotes the standard affine q-simplex. All polyhedra will be compact, and all manifolds considered will be compact PL manifolds. The chapter begins with a discussion of spaces of PL manifolds. It defines a space of manifolds as a simplicial set, with families of manifolds parametrized by Δ‎superscript q as the q-simplices. Relevant terms such as tangent microbundle, fiberwise tangent microbundle, stably framed family of manifolds, and space of stably framed n-manifolds are taken into account. The chapter also describes the spaces of thickenings and how to straighten the thickenings.
Background
Authors: Lowrie Walter
Published: November 2017

This chapter sets out the setting and dramatis personae of Kierkegaard's early life, discussing several of the prominent figures which the chapter credits as having a formative influence on the young Kierkegaard's life and work. Born in Copenhagen in 1813, Kierkegaard spent his whole life in that city and was likewise buried there after his death in 1855. The chapter reveals Kierkegaard's love for his city, and the best proof of his love for Copenhagen is the fact that he rarely left it except for carriage drives in the environs. One of his rare ventures outside of Copenhagen was to Jutland and the heath country where his father was born. From an illustration of this setting, the chapter proceeds to sketch a portrait of Kierkegaard's father, Michael Pedersen Kierkegaard, as seen through his son's eyes.
Early Youth
Authors: Lowrie Walter
Published: November 2017

This chapter describes Kierkegaard's years spent at the University of Copenhagen, dutifully following his father's wish that he become a student of theology. During Kierkegaard's first years he was as diligent as ever in studying his lessons, both because of this duty and because he rejoiced in the opportunity for broader culture which was there offered to him, or which the free life of a university student made possible. While he pursued the philosophical interests his father had encouraged, he also grasped avidly after the pleasures of literature and music. The chapter also traces the beginnings of the Journal, which Kierkegaard had begun in his third year at University, as well as the tragic deaths which befell the Kierkegaard family during this time.
At the Cross Roads
Authors: Lowrie Walter
Published: November 2017

This chapter details Kierkegaard's initial forays into young adulthood. Though the events of the Great Earthquake had crushed him, it had also liberated him from his father's dominance—and, as he would realize later on, from God. In addition, the incident had aroused the intellectual side of his nature, and allowed him to take stock of his own self in a deliberate and thorough way. He took on the Socratic maxim, “Know thyself,” to illustrate this task. The chapter goes on to furnish the reader with several excerpts of Kierkegaard's letters and deliberations, revealing the choices Kierkegaard found himself making and the sense of exhilaration he experienced in making them as he further emancipated himself from his father and from Christianity, though he would later claim that he had never given up the latter.
The Great Parenthesis
Authors: Lowrie Walter
Published: November 2017

This chapter refers to a period between 1838 and 1840, which Kierkegaard considered so uninteresting as to describe it as “the great parenthesis.” During this time he was preparing for his theological examination out of deference to his father, which he had considered a necessity despite having to put off his more interesting studies in favor of academic discipline. The chapter then explores the integration of his “active I” (which he considered his personal consciousness or his “real” self) and his “reflective I,” at the same time discussing the irony of Kierkegaard failing to likewise integrate into what he called “the universal,” i.e. society. It also recounts the beginnings of his courtship with Regina Olsen. Finally, this chapter briefly discusses the publication of a book entitled, From the Posthumous Papers of one Still Living.