bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Historical and Physical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics
Authors: Golub Robert , Lamoreaux Steve
Published: April 2023

Following the path by which humanity learned quantum mechanics can lead to an improved understanding of the theory and the origins of its perceived limitations. Our goal is to retrace the development by investigating primary sources, including original published papers and letters, with attention to their timing and influence. Quantum mechanics began in 1900 with the introduction of Planck’s constant, which lead to the “old” quantum theory and Bohr’s model of the atom. With the introduction of matter waves in 1924, a second more intense period began. By 1928 the complete fundamental structure of quantum mechanics was established with the introduction of the Schrödinger equation, the proof of its equivalence to Heisenberg’s matrix mechanics, and the introduction of the relativistic Dirac equation. The theory retains the same essential form today, fueling the technological revolution that began in the last century. We culminate with an introduction to quantum information and computing. This completely new physical scientific paradigm was developed largely in Germany during a period of enormous social, economic, and political upheaval—in a hostile intellectual environment—that parallels the overturning of classical physics. It is striking that all the problems debated today were immediately recognized by the founders of the theory and instructive to see how they dealt with the various issues. We emphasize the centrality of the often neglected second quantization form of the theory for questions of interpretation and give a detailed examination of von Neumann’s widely misunderstood hidden variable theorem.
Properties of the quantum world: indeterminacy, interference, superposition, entanglement
Authors: Golub Robert , Lamoreaux Steven K.
Published: April 2023

In this chapter, we review several experimental results which demonstrate so-called “quantum weirdness.” These results have shaped the development of, and the present form of, the quantum theory. We introduce the question of wave-particle duality. The importance of the Bohm-Aharonov effect for the consistency of the theory is emphasized. The relation between quantum mechanics and precision measurements is discussed. Quantum theory, despite the central role of uncertainty, allows measurements of with classically impossible precision.
The origin of quantum theory in the crisis of classical physics
Authors: Golub Robert , Lamoreaux Steven K.
Published: April 2023

With the failure of classical physics to explain the experimentally observed black body radiation spectrum, the photoelectric effect and the existence of narrow spectral lines in the light emitted by excited atoms, physicists were forced to reach out for new ideas. Following Planck’s initial “drastic hypothesis” of light “quanta”, Einstein led the way in exploring some of the myriad implications of this idea. In particular, the study of fluctuations led to a new understanding of the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with atoms. Einstein invented the photon by showing, through fluctuation studies, that light emitted by atoms must be in the form of plane waves. These ideas led to the first notions regarding the quantization of matter and its dynamics.
Further steps to quantum mechanics: the old quantum mechanics of Bohr and Sommerfeld
Authors: Golub Robert , Lamoreaux Steven K.
Published: April 2023

We review the Bohr atomic model, where certain conditions (quantum conditions) were used to select certain “allowed” circular orbits for the electrons in an atom. Sommerfeld realized that a more generalized condition, applied to the action variables, would be consistent with the Bohr condition and also allow elliptical orbits. This condition amounted to the quantization of the phase space occupied by an orbit. This had independently been suggested by Planck. We also discuss the similarities between classical mechanics and the geometric optics limit of a wave theory.
Schrödinger and the development of wave mechanics
Authors: Golub Robert , Lamoreaux Steven K.
Published: April 2023

While, as Feynman said, nobody can really understand the origin of the Schrödinger equation, we investigate several lines of thought leading to such an equation. We show some simple applications of the equation. An important application was Schrödinger’s solution for the hydrogen atom. This provided a theoretical basis for Bohr’s ad hoc model. We conclude with Schrödinger’s demonstration of the equivalence of his wave mechanics with Heisenberg’s matrix mechanics.
Quantum statistics and the origin of wave mechanics
Authors: Golub Robert , Lamoreaux Steven K.
Published: April 2023

Planck’s original introduction of the quantum idea was based on a statistical mechanical treatment of black body radiation. S. Bose, a physicist working in India, found a new way of deriving Planck’s law. Einstein applied Bose’s method to a gas of massive particles. This led to the prediction of a new physical effect (Bose-Einstein condensation). With the introduction of the exclusion principle by Pauli, Fermi, and Dirac independently introduced a new kind of statistics. Considerations by Einstein and Schrödinger introduced a preliminary form of second quantization.
Dirac and Jordan commit “sin squared”: second quantization and the beginning of quantum field theory
Authors: Golub Robert , Lamoreaux Steven K.
Published: April 2023

We continue the discussion of the abstract transformation theory which led to the development of second quantization. Jordan had already suggested (in the foundational papers on matrix mechanics by Heisenberg, Born, and himself) that the electromagnetic field should be represented by a matrix, i.e., quantized. Dirac eventually took up this idea and proposed quantizing the field by treating the field as an operator. Jordan (with others) showed how the same technique could be applied to Bosons and then Fermions. This established the roots of quantum field theory. It also cleared up some of the interpretational issues of the time.
Von Neumann’s mathematical foundations of quantum mechanics: redux
Authors: Golub Robert , Lamoreaux Steven K.
Published: April 2023

Von Neumann’s book, The Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics, is reviewed in its entirety. The absence of the Dirac delta function in von Neumann’s treatment of quantum mechanics is understood from the historical perspective. Basically, the delta function was not on a firm mathematical foundation at the time. Von Neumann introduced the concept of the density matrix and we discuss its application to his proof of “no hidden parameters (variables)” in quantum mechanics. His proof is often maligned as being incorrect. Von Neumann showed that the existence of hidden parameters would require a reworking of the entire structure of quantum mechanics.
Einstein and Schrödinger renew the assault on quantum mechanics
Authors: Golub Robert , Lamoreaux Steven K.
Published: April 2023

“EINSTEIN ATTACKS QUANTUM MECHANICS” stated the headline in the New York Times, much to the chagrin of Einstein. He deplored Podolsky’s release of the Einstein, Podolsky, Rosen (EPR) paradox paper to the general public prior to its scientific review. We see how Einstein’s ideas developed both before and after the EPR paper, in which the formulation did not exactly please him. We follow the reactions of the physics community to EPR. EPR eventually led to Bell’s inequalities, meant to challenge the current form of quantum theory. Instead, it led to the experimental confirmation of its most enigmatic effect—the entanglement of two spatially separated particles.
Further development of the interpretation of quantum theory
Authors: Golub Robert , Lamoreaux Steven K.
Published: April 2023

After the excellent agreement between the theory and experimental observations was established, many workers, partly in response to EPR, returned to consider the physical meaning of the theory. Several workers, e.g., London and Bauer, Wigner, and von Neumann, believed conscious observers played a key role. The failure to observe superposition states at the macroscopic level meant that superpositions had to be destroyed (collapse) at some level. This was called the Heisenberg or von Neumann cut and played a role in the interpretation. In more modern times David Bohm resuscitated de Broglie’s pilot wave theory and Hugh Everett proposed the “many worlds interpretation.” Other modern interpretation attempts include the theory of decoherence, promoted by Zurek, and spontaneous collapse theories. These discussions should be conducted in the framework of second quantization, the most refined form of the theory, which provides a solution to the 3N dimensional problem and insights into wave-particle duality.
Operator techniques and the algebraic solutions of problems
Authors: Golub Robert , Lamoreaux Steven K.
Published: April 2023

Modern applications of quantum mechanics are illustrated, and the simplifications offered by operator and algebraic techniques are highlighted. The various "pictures" (Schrödinger, Heisenberg, and Interaction or Dirac) are discussed and their origins are motivated. It is shown that operator techniques simplify the harmonic oscillator and angular momentum through the use of ladder operators. The WKB approximation boundary conditions are developed through the use of complex number algebra. Other topics that benefit from these techniques are discussed, including the squeezing of optical fields and various alternative solutions to the hydrogen atom.
Spin-1/2 and two-level systems
Authors: Golub Robert , Lamoreaux Steven K.
Published: April 2023

The treatment of spin-1/2 is separated from other angular momentum states because of its unique features, its application to general two-level systems, and its near equivalence to a classical magnetic moment due to a current loop. Larmor’s theorem is reviewed, followed by the development of the algebra of spinors. The effects of weak and strong oscillating fields are elucidated. The relaxation effects of weak perturbations are developed through the density matrix. Two fictitious spin-1/2 (two-level systems) are studied in detail: the ammonia molecule in an electric field, and two-component neutrino oscillations.
Negative Concord is syntactic agreement
Authors: Zeijlstra Hedde
Published: April 2023

In many languages, elements that can independently induce a semantic negation jointly yield only one semantic negation, a phenomenon known as Negative Concord (NC). Italian Non ha telefonato nessuno (Not has called nobody), for example, means ‘Nobody called’. The existence of NC leads to (at least) two questions: why is it that the two negative elements do not yield a reading with two semantic negations being present (as would be expected, given compositionality); and what constrains the range of variation that can cross-linguistically be attested with respect to NC? This chapter focuses on the first question, and argues that NC items are semantically non-negative, but carry a syntactic feature that has to agree with a possibly covert negative operator. The chapter also discusses the empirical and theoretical consequences of this proposal, and identifies some follow-up questions which arise out of the proposal and which will be addressed in detail in the subsequent chapters.
Strong vs weak Negative Polarity Items
Authors: Zeijlstra Hedde
Published: April 2023

This chapter discusses the distinction between weak and strong NPIs, arguing that only a modified version of the approaches by Chierchia (2006, 2013) and Gajewski (2002, 2011) can properly account for this distinction: exhaustification of strong NPIs takes place in the syntax; exhaustification of weak NPIs in pragmatics. This explains the differences between strong and weak NPI-licensing in terms of syntactic locality, and leads us to a better understanding of these types of NPIs in the first place. What makes an NPI an element that must appear in a context that is Downward Entailing (DE) is simply the obligatory introduction of domain alternatives and does not necessitate the existence of particular syntactic features—the latter only play a role in the licensing of strong NPIs. The final part of the chapter zooms in on the relation between domain-wideners and NPIs that originally formed the basis of exhaustification approaches to NPI-hood.
Universal Quantifier PPIs
Authors: Zeijlstra Hedde
Published: April 2023

Negative Polarity Items (NPIs) that denote lower scalar end points, such as any or ever, are only fine in Downward Entailing (DE) contexts, since, outside such contexts, their semantics would give rise to a contradiction. Following this line of reasoning, it should be expected that elements with similar properties that denote the highest end point of a scale, such as universal quantifiers, are Positive Polarity Items (PPIs). Indeed, universal quantifier PPIs have been attested in the domain of modals (quantifiers over possible worlds)—English must and should are good examples of such universal quantifier PPIs (cf. Iatridou and Zeijlstra 2010, 2013; Homer 2015)—but not in the domain of quantifiers over individuals. The chapter argues that PPIs that are universal quantifiers over individuals actually do exist, albeit it in disguise. Universal quantifier PPIs may surface under negation, but may not reconstruct under negation once they appear above it.
Negation and clause types
Authors: Zeijlstra Hedde
Published: April 2023

The question arises whether there are PPIs that lack an NPI mirror image. This chapter discusses such PPIs, namely those with features encoding the illocutionary force of a speech act. The chapter shows that both the ban on TNIs that is attested in many languages and the ban on sole NMs in sentence-initial position in V-to-C languages can be explained once it is assumed, following Han (2001), that features encoding the illocutionary force of a speech act take scope from matrix C° and may not be outscoped by negation, essentially an instance of PPI-hood. Consequently, a morphosyntactically negative element can appear in a position in C° or Spec, CP only if it is semantically non-negative or if it can reconstruct to a lower position.
Avenues for further research
Authors: Zeijlstra Hedde
Published: April 2023

The conclusions of this book concerning negation and negative dependencies also have repercussions for other areas of syntax, semantics, and the interface between them. For instance, the way feature checking works here (where the checker c-commands the checkee) is different from how it does in more standard versions of Chomksyan Agree. Also, the way grammaticalization works from the perspective of the FFFH should apply not only to negation. And finally, if NC is an example of a grammaticalized semantic dependency, more instances of such dependencies should be attested. This chapter first argues that the proposed feature-checking mechanism, known as Upward Agree (UA), applies to syntactic theory in general, and demonstrates that a general labelling algorithm can be derived from it as well. Second, the chapter presents two case studies relating the FFFH and the analysis of universal PPIs to verbal movement. And, finally, the chapter shows how this analysis compares to Sequence-of-Tense, pro-drop and null subjects, and modal concord.
Selectivity in lexical access in bilinguals
Authors: Jiang Nan
Published: April 2023

A distinction between a weak version and a strong version of the nonselective access hypothesis is differentiated. The former asserts that bilinguals cannot ignore a language in the input or environment even when it is irrelevant to the current task. The latter proposes that both of bilingual speakers’ languages are always active and may affect their linguistic performance even when both the task and input are monolingual in nature. Research evidence obtained from the interference paradigm and the priming paradigm is quite consistent in supporting the weak version of the hypothesis. However, the findings regarding the strong version are complicated. The bilingual interactive activation model and its successors played a significant role in driving this research, including research involving different-script bilinguals.
Introduction
Authors: Barrett Anthony A. , Yardley J. C.
Published: April 2023

The assassination of Julius Caesar in 44 bc led to the rise of Augustus and ultimately to the establishment of the imperial system. In the absence of a direct successor Augustus adopted his wife Livia’s son, Tiberius, who succeeded in ad 14, to be succeeded in turn by Caligula in ad 37. Caligula started out as a responsible ruler, but seems to have detected an early conspiracy and grew increasingly paranoid and dictatorial. He was assassinated in ad 41 by members of the Praetorian guard and succeeded by his uncle Claudius. The account of Caligula written by the most important historical writer for this period, Tacitus, is missing, and we are obliged to turn to the far less reliable biography of Suetonius and the late history in Greek by Cassius Dio, along with more limited items of information from writers like Seneca, Philo, and Josephus. We can supplement their accounts with coins and inscriptions.
Tensions
Authors: Barrett Anthony A. , Yardley J. C.
Published: April 2023

Late in ad 37 there seems to have been a shift in the mood of the new reign. Three prominent people are put to death, Tiberius’ grandson, Gemellus, who had been adopted by Caligula, Marcus Silanus, a prominent figure in the senate and father of Caligula’s first wife, and most significantly, Macro, Caligula’s chief supporter. No clear indication emerges of why they should have died, but one assumes some sort of conspiracy. In the following year, ad 38, Caligula’s favourite sister, Drusilla, died. He was grief-stricken and had her declared a goddess. Caligula seems to have courted popular support by reforming the election procedures and abolishing the sales tax. Tensions became serious in the following year, ad 39. At some point Caligula entered the senate and denounced the members. He also reinstituted the hated treason trials. The consuls in office in August of that year were dismissed, A number of prominent figures were put to death, the most notable being Gaetulicus, a powerful military commander on the Rhine, who was executed in October for plotting against the emperor. Most extraordinary was the implication of Caligula’s two surviving sisters, Agrippina the Younger and Julia Livilla, along with Lepidus, husband of the third late sister Drusilla. Lepidus was executed and the other two were exiled. Whether Lepidus was involved in a plot with Gaetulicus is far from clear.
Asian Classics on the Victorian Bookshelf
Authors: Bubb Alexander
Published: April 2023

Asian Classics on the Victorian Bookshelf focusses on the mass-translation of Asian literature for consumption by the late Victorian reading public. It aims to invert our established understanding of orientalism, by showing how texts like the Quran, the Ramayana and the Shahnameh were not appropriated exclusively by a cadre of scholars, who subjected them to Western aesthetic norms and moral standards. In fact, their dissemination in the West was due largely to amateur translators pursuing an incongruous variety of political, religious, and commercial goals. It explains the whole process whereby popular translations were written, published, distributed to bookshops and libraries, and ultimately consumed by readers. The book argues that amateur translators or ‘popularizers’, in spite of their typically limited knowledge of the source-language, produced versions more respectful of the complexity, cultural difference, and fundamental untranslatability of Asian texts than the professional orientalists whose work they were often adapting. The reception of these texts by contemporary readers, likewise, frequently deviated from interpretive norms, and the book proposes that this combination of eccentric translators and unorthodox readers triggered ‘flights of translation’ whereby historical individuals can be seen to escape the hegemony of orientalist forms of knowledge.
Economic Theories of Caste Discrimination
Authors: Thorat Sukhadeo , Madheswaran S. , Vani B.P.
Published: April 2023

A review of the theories of economic discrimination indeed provides useful insights into labour market discrimination, mainly with regard to race and gender in the context of Western societies. This chapter discusses the economic theories of caste discrimination in the Indian context by concentrating on Ambedkar’s perspective on economics of caste system. Ambedkar’s views on features of caste system, sources, and motives behind the caste system and discrimination are extensively discussed in this chapter. There are very few attempts in the theorization of the caste system from the perspective of market discrimination. This chapter bridges the gap in this context.
Aristocratic Power in the Spanish Monarchy
Authors: Weber Samuel
Published: April 2023

Aristocratic Power in the Spanish Monarchy uses the Borromeo family from Milan as a lens through which to study the transformation of aristocratic power in the composite Spanish monarchy of the seventeenth century. It details the Borromeos’ growing entanglement with the Spanish monarchy in the seventeenth century and the ways in which this Milanese family negotiated that transition. In Italy, the Borromeos have long been held up as a rare example of paternalist aristocrats who withstood the temptations of self-enrichment so many of their peers fell for. This monograph challenges this myth and explains how it came about. Based on research in the previously inaccessible Borromeo private papers, the volume charts the family’s increasing involvement with, and dependence on, the patronage of the Spanish crown over the course of the seventeenth century. At the center of the analysis are the ways in which this representative family sought to rationalize and conceal this rapprochement in the face of popular opposition to their pay-to-play. As their self-seeking behavior came under scrutiny, the erstwhile clients of successive minister-favorites reinvented themselves as courtiers committed to delivering good governance for the subject populations who had contested their rule. The book offers new answers to old questions: through a case study of a representative noble family, it explains a major shift in aristocratic power in the seventeenth century, uncovering how dissimulation and subterfuge became central to the preservation of social privilege in an age of unprecedented threats to established power from below.
The Pitfalls of Patronage
Authors: Weber Samuel
Published: April 2023

This chapter examines how Giovanni Borromeo used his appointment as commissioner-general of the army in Lombardy to cushion the impact of prolonged warfare on Milan’s civilians. When he took office in 1646, ordinary Milanese were staging protests against the practice of placing Spanish troops in private homes. Keen to preempt open revolt, Borromeo introduced a system whereby the government outsourced the provisioning of billeting services to private individuals, who were supposed to provide food and shelter. Since many of these providers pocketed the government money without delivering the services, the army soon reverted to occupying the homes of ordinary Milanese who were now forced to pay a billeting tax on top of enduring the indignities of uncoordinated troop allocations. This gave rise to a reinvigorated protest movement, which imposed a new narrative of Borromeo's patronage system: profitable for a few cronies, it ultimately worsened the living conditions of most. By questioning Borromeo’s commitment to the collective good, protesters ushered in his downfall.
Pining for Stability
Authors: Weber Samuel
Published: April 2023

This chapter features the youngest Borromeo brother, Antonio Renato, and his attempt to immortalize Federico’s “nonmaterial legacy” as a public servant in a bid to make it serviceable to himself and future generations of the family. He availed himself of the techniques that successive papal families had used to perpetuate and extend their rule. Tutored by Federico, Antonio Renato resorted to patronage of the arts to portray the clan’s long-standing tradition of service to Milan’s rulers. Standing at the end of the upward trajectory reconstructed in this book, Antonio Renato’s art collection depicting the family’s close ties to the Spanish Habsburgs proved a more convincing way to reconcile dynastic aspirations and the collective good: it allowed the Borromeos to pose as members of an elite whose interests dovetailed with those of the monarch and, therefore, with the commonwealth. This “nonmaterial legacy” was leveraged by subsequent generations of the family to reproduce inherited social privilege.
Introduction
Authors: Hartmann Frederik
Published: April 2023

This chapter presents a discussion and history of research into Germanic cladistics, outlining the problems and criticisms of current viewpoints. It explains the motivation for a computational examination using well-known phylogenetic methods as well as introducing a novel wave model-based approach to early Germanic diversification. The linguistic theories about different subgroupings and the history of individual proposals are discussed here, alongside an overview of their research histories. The outline of the previously proposed groupings contains, among the more well-known clades of East, North, and West Germanic, earlier proposals such as Gotho-Nordic. Lastly, this chapter discusses the wave and tree models and their implications. In particular, this chapter lays the foundation for the computational implementation later on.
Data
Authors: Hartmann Frederik
Published: April 2023

This chapter lays out the provenance and composition of the innovation dataset used in this study. It is a dataset record of individual innovations in the history of Germanic along with which languages have undergone a particular innovation. These innovations serve as a basis for the computational methods presented in this study. The models used later in the study are tasked with finding the most likely pathways from the common protolanguage to the various innovations in the daughter languages. Further, this chapter presents the various advantages and disadvantages of such innovation datasets, contrasting them with other data approaches commonly used in phylogenetic studies.
Tree-based phylogenetics
Authors: Hartmann Frederik
Published: April 2023

This major subchapter introduces tree-based phylogenetic methods and their history before applying the method to early Germanic, detailing every step in the modelling process. The main intermediate results of this chapter are that only few ‘hard’ splits between Germanic subclades can be established, most prominently between West and North Germanic. Within West Germanic, however, no robust inference can be made about any further subgroupings, rendering this method inadequate for this part of the tree. Moreover, the East Germanic languages are likewise problematic to place in a tree as they are clearly distinct from Northwest Germanic, yet their relation to one another is indeterminable with this method.
A wave model implementation
Authors: Hartmann Frederik
Published: April 2023

The computational wave model approach in the form of an agent-based model (ABM) is introduced in this chapter by outlining how such ABM simulations can model gradual diversifications of speech communities. Further, the model and the underlying computational concepts are explained in detail. The model results are presented, highlighting the large variety of ways in which ABMs can be examined. The main findings include that, as suggested by the earlier phylogenetic approach, it is indeed the case that East and West Germanic cannot be seen as abrupt splits, but rather that each region gradually diversifies from the core area. Specifically, the East Germanic languages diversify isochronically in the eastern part of the Germanic-speaking area, maintaining the same linguistic distance from one another as they do to the rest of the area, suggesting that they do not form a common protolanguage.
Computational tree and wave models—final remarks
Authors: Hartmann Frederik
Published: April 2023

In this last chapter, the computational models are revisited and compared as to what benefits and disadvantages each approach has. Both the computational wave and tree-based model are examined and compared. It revisits the question of Germanic dissolution and how each model type is able to contribute to the question of Germanic diversification. Specifically, which model captures which aspect of this complex process. The chapter argues that the quantitative approaches need to be philologically informed to be reliable, but that they can be a valuable addition to a historical linguist’s toolbox when they are applied sensibly and build on existing qualitative research.
The Story of Creation and the Covenant of Accountability
Authors: Torrance Andrew B.
Published: April 2023

This chapter focuses on a core theological theme for thinking about accountability to God: God’s covenantal relationship with humanity. To narrow the focus of the discussion, a view of covenant is adopted based on what Rolf Rendtorff refers to as the covenant formula: “I am your God and you are my people.” Before looking specifically at covenant, however, the chapter opens with a prolegomenal discussion of the purpose, distinctiveness, and pedagogical significance of theological narrative. It then turns to focus on five areas relating to covenant that are relevant to our theology of accountability: (1) promise and covenant; (2) the particular moral framework of covenant(s); (3) the particular place of covenant history; (4) the relationship between creation and covenant; and (5) the metaphysics of covenantal existence.
Impact Assessment of Three Indian FTAs
Authors: Seshadri V. S.
Published: April 2023

This chapter provides a detailed analysis of the impact of three of India’s comprehensive FTAs—with Singapore, the Republic of Korea, and Japan. It analyses the impact in relation to trade in goods, trade in services and investment. While the assessments given in the chapter have been largely based on the earlier individual studies undertaken by the author these have been updated and references also made to results from other similar studies. The utilization rates of the three FTAs have been dwelt upon based on available data. The products and sectors that benefitted from the tariff concessions in these FTAs have been identified. Further, the areas/sectors in which India’s exports could have done better with deeper concessions, more appropriate rules of origin or regulatory reliefs from the FTAs have been pointed out. The lack of adequate progress on certain in-built agenda items in the FTAs has been further identified.
The Republic of Korea and Its FTA Network
Authors: Seshadri V. S.
Published: April 2023

This chapter examines how the rules governing merchandise trade have evolved in the FTAs concluded by the Republic of Korea. Korea is taken as a case study since its FTAs provide a rich variety. Its bilateral FTA partners include the EU, the United States, China, and the ASEAN. The chapter focuses mainly on market access, the rules of origin, trade remedies and regulatory standards drawing also comparisons. Korea’s strategy has been to preserve and promote trade with its principal partners through FTAs, showing flexibility to accept FTA templates of its partners and trying to gain an early mover advantage. Studying its FTAs also provides an understanding of the different templates of the key partners.
The Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership
Authors: Seshadri V. S.
Published: April 2023

The 15-member Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) agreement, comprising the 10 ASEAN member countries and five of its dialogue partners—Australia, China, Japan, Korea, and New Zealand—was signed on 15 November 2020. It came into force on 1 January 2022. This chapter examines what provided the momentum for this yet another mega-regional FTA and how its negotiations evolved over time. The chapter analyses the salient features of RCEP that has 20 chapters covering trade in goods, trade in services, investment, e-commerce, IPR, competition and government procurement apart from economic and technical cooperation. Comparisons are also drawn with CPTPP that has several common members with RCEP. Finally, the possible reasons behind India’s decision to pull out of the negotiations at an advanced stage in 2019 are analysed.
On the Margins of Paduan Medical Lectures: Self-reflection and Critical Attitude in the Notes of Jan Brożek (1585–1652)
Authors: Bielak Alicja
Published: April 2023

This chapter discusses the self-reflection and critical attitude surrounding the notes of Polish polymath Jan Brożek’s studies in Padua. It points out increasing interest in the study of student note-taking. The interpretation of notes as a source has been neglected due to their eclectic nature, improper storage, and cataloguing. The chapter looks at the academic history of Brożek, stating how he continued taking notes which proved to be useful for the reconstruction of his fields of interest and daily events during his studies in Padua. Brożek’s codex, now preserved in the Jagiellonian Library, takes the form of a sammelband with blank folios and printed materials.
Newman’s Idea and its Shadow
Authors: Stroupe Craig
Published: April 2023

This chapter examines John Henry Newman’s The Idea of a University, which has become the point of reference for debates about the nature and mission of university and liberal education in the nineteenth century. Shadow university discourse indicates how the usage of language in analysing universities marginalises the first-person experience of learning on the physical campus. Additionally, Newman abruptly presents the university in literary language and personal terms and suggests a theory of learning that necessarily operates in embodied space and time. The chapter also looks into how Newman’s Oriel pages shift to a more humanistic, experiential style that reframes and transforms the interactions of language, space, identity, and knowledge. It explains that charismatic spaces and physical experiences still matter despite the subsequent debates about university liberal education and shadow university.
The Peace of Augustus, the Equinox, and the Centre of the World
Authors: Schmid Alfred
Published: April 2023

This concluding chapter starts with the paradoxical undertaking of the transformation of a society into a micro-cosmos. The transformation becomes possible since Rome’s ruling class becoming more global became a political identity. In addition to the factors of transformation, the Civil War and its trauma made Romans more ready for a symbolism that imparted meaning with a fresh intensity. The chapter then looks into the discoveries and mistakes of Edmund Buchner, which included the prediction that Augustus’ official birthdate would fall under the Equinox. It also covers the spherical model view of the world in Greek cosmology and astronomy, which was a comparable construction of centrality or the centre as it enabled the fulcrum of the human habitat.
Addressing the Risk Paradox: Exploring the Demand Requirements around Risk and Uncertainty and the Supply Side Limitations of Calculative Practices
Authors: Fischbacher-Smith Denis
Published: April 2023

This chapter argues that there is a paradox facing the use of risk analysis, whereby the demand for accurate assessments of risk can be seen to exceed the ability to supply effective calculative practices that have sufficient predictive validity needed to support policy decisions. This problem is exacerbated by the various meanings that are often ascribed to risk in a practical sense. The issue of risk—as measurable uncertainty—has proved to be especially problematic during the Covid-19 pandemic, when the tensions between policymakers and technical experts has led to public disagreements about the nature of the hazards associated with the virus and the associated strategies for mitigation. The chapter concludes by arguing that the paradox at the core of risk analysis can only be addressed if organizations and policy makers both accept and acknowledge the inherent uncertainties that often lie at the core of their attempts to quantify radical forms of uncertainty.
Expertise and the State: From Planning to Future Research
Authors: Andersson Jenny
Published: April 2023

This chapter examines the role of forms of future planning in contemporary statist systems of knowledge creation. It suggests that forms of foresight and future anticipation have replaced older planning logics, while reiterating a statist concern with governmental knowledge and legibility of space and time. Future experts appear to be centrally involved in the constitution of the category of the “future,” a category that itself appears indiscernible and unknowable without certain synthetic, overarching, or conjuring forms of analysis. It has been suggested that the catastrophic charge and the call to urgency are what lend authority to particular forms of futuristic expertise. The chapter proposes, instead, that advanced capitalist societies make use of particular forms of future governance in which forms of expertise on and about the future play the role of preserving capitalist structures and management logics in the face of disturbing and undesired evolutions. Future expertise is thus involved in a governmental stabilization of the present, and oftentimes, its potential role as a basis for constructive social action is swallowed up by what appears as a deeply conservative function.
The Political Climate and Climate Politics—Expert Knowledge and Democracy
Authors: Stehr Nico , Ruser Alexander
Published: April 2023

What role should, what role can climate science play in democratic decision-making? Despite the paramount importance of climate science in identifying and describing the challenge of climate change, climate policies cannot be “read off” scientific research, nor can expertise replace democratic debate. However, given the built-in opportunities it provides for voicing dissent and the need to compromise to pass legislation, democracy itself might become an obstacle to taking the bold action needed to tackle an unprecedented challenge like anthropogenic climate change. This chapter probes the intersection between science and decision-making by focusing on the role of experts in modern democracies. It outlines three conceptualizations of scientific expertise—informative, communicative, and competitive—and discusses their respective implications for democratic participation on climate politics; it also highlights the possible tension between appropriate political action and legitimate political action.
Mistrust of Experts by Populists and Politicians
Authors: Crease Robert P.
Published: April 2023

This chapter reviews sources of the mistrust of experts, expert advice, and the associated institutions as it pertains to populist and other groups that mistrust or reject mainstream sources of expertise. It focuses on the scientific-technological domain, though similar issues arise in other domains. It considers three models of expertise: the call-and-response model, consisting of an intentional relationship between a producer and consumer of expertise; the architectural model, which seeks to assemble the right kinds of experts and even institutions; and the acoustical model, where the movement of expertise occurs in a nonneutral hermeneutical (sense-making) space in which voices are heard and interpreted differentially. Experts do not speak from nowhere to just anyone; their acoustics are correlated with an audience that has a particular set of preexisting commitments and connections with the experts. Mistrust of experts can happen via what Miranda Fricker has called “hermeneutical injustice,” in which gaps or flaws in our tools of social interpretation result in the production of impoverished social meanings. Understanding the mistrust of experts requires investigating the relation between expert counsel and the hermeneutical space that is already in place before the expert findings are presented, as well as the nonneutrality and sometimes deliberate distortions that can affect that space.
Pharmacy-Based Treatment Options for Opioid Use Disorder
Authors: Cheetham Ali , Nielsen Suzanne
Published: April 2023

Community pharmacists can play in addressing opioid-related harm. Community pharmacists are one of the most accessible health care professionals, with 90% of the US population within 3 km (2 miles) of a community pharmacy, and similarly, in regional areas of Australia, 72% of people are within 2.5 km of a pharmacy. This chapter will conduct a narrative review of the history of the delivery of harm reduction interventions in community pharmacy, and more recent innovations in pharmacy settings which can contribute to the identification and treatment of opioid use disorders. Models of delivering opioid agonist therapy within a pharmacy, strengths and challenges with pharmacy-delivered treatment, and evolving pharmacy-led and collaborative care models for the treatment of opioid use disorder (OUD) are reviewed. Additional considerations include other roles that pharmacists may play in the management of OUD, including brief screenings for prescription opioid-related problems, overdose education, naloxone provision, the delivery of injectable opioid agonist treatments, and infectious disease screening are also discussed.
Social Learning and Culture in the Great Apes
Authors: Whiten Andrew
Published: April 2023

Studies of our closest living animal relatives, the great apes, have played a leading role in the research field devoted to social learning and culture in non-human species. The scale of these studies, most particularly on chimpanzees but also orangutans, far outstrips that available for any other species except our own. The research literature for bonobos and gorillas is relatively meagre, but growing. This chapter provides an overview of what is now a very rich corpus of research discoveries, based on field studies spanning scores of great ape populations, and over 120 years of behavioural experiments with captive subjects. A plethora of complementary methods has been developed, yielding increasingly rigorous and compelling conclusions about the scope of social learning and culture in the great apes, particularly the most studied species.
Social Learning and Religion
Authors: Lesage Kirsten A. , Ghossainy Maliki E. , Richert Rebekah A. , Corriveau Kathleen H.
Published: April 2023

Many religious concepts, such as belief in the existence of God, cannot be learned through first-hand observation alone. How do young learners come to develop a sense of belief in religion and the supernatural? This chapter takes a social-interactionist perspective to this question and argues that children’s belief is dependent on the particular cultural input to which they are exposed in their environment. The chapter highlights research showing the impact of learning via interaction with family, peers, and the larger environment. Within these contexts, children learn both via the verbal testimonial information to which they are exposed, as well as through participating in rituals, and imitating other cultural group members. The chapter indicates specific mechanisms that aid in the transmission of belief such as the credibility of the informant, the quality of the explanation posed to the child, and the saliency of the ritual. Such mechanisms can shed light on important ways in which to present novel information to learners across the lifespan.
The Cultural Evolution of Language
Authors: Bailes Rachael , Cuskley Christine
Published: April 2023

Language is one of only a handful of human cultural systems that is both unique to our species, and universal. This chapter will focus on the cultural evolution of language, situating this alongside the phylogenetic and developmental timescales which also feed into the evolution of language. The chapter begins by outlining the relationship between the emergence of human language and the language faculty and the more rapid, ongoing processes of language change, which are often framed as predominantly cultural. In particular, previous work has emphasized how these timescales interact, and how cultural factors in particular shape which aspects of language exhibit broad cross-cultural variation or stability. This is followed by detailed evidence for this relationship from three domains, focusing on the role of cultural evolution in language as observed in natural language (both historical corpora and cross-linguistic data), the cultural evolution of language in agent-based models, and finally, experimental studies of the cultural evolution of language. The chapter concludes that the study of the cultural evolution of language forms an important data-rich model for the study of the evolution of cultural systems more generally, while also providing key insights into the specific dynamics of this uniquely human behaviour.
RADIATION DOSE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY PROCEDURES: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
Authors: Garba Idris , Engel-Hills Penelope , Davidson Florence , Ismail Anas
Published: April 2023

A systematic literature review was carried out to explore articles that reported the use of radiation dose management systems (RDMSs) in computed tomography (CT). The preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis flow chart were used to screen articles in PubMed, EBSCOhost, Web of Science, SCOPUS and Cochrane Library. A total of 1041 articles were retrieved and screened. After evaluation against criteria, 38 articles were selected and synthesised narratively. The results revealed that several RDMSs have been used in CT. The review also indicated that the use of RDMSs has promoted the implementation of diagnostic reference levels for dose optimisation. A RDMS, such as DoseWatch, is associated with compatibility challenges and failure in data transmission, while manual RDMSs are cumbersome and prone to data entry errors. Thus, a robust automated RDMS that is compatible with the different CT systems would provide efficient CT dose management.