bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Individual and Societal Well-Being
Authors: Oishi Shigehiro , Heintzleman Samantha J.
Published: October 2018

This chapter highlights the contributions that have been made by personality and social psychology, respectively and together, to the science of well-being. Since its humble beginning in the 1930s, the science of well-being has grown to become one of the most vibrant research topics in psychological science today. The personality tradition of well-being research has shown that it is possible to measure well-being reliably, that self-reported well-being predicts important life outcomes, and that well-being has nontrivial genetic origins. The social psychology tradition has illuminated that there are various cultural meanings of well-being, that responses to well-being questions involve multiple cognitive processes, that happiness is experienced often in relationship contexts, and that it is possible to improve one’s well-being. Finally, there are recent methodological integrations of the personality and social psychology perspectives that delineate person–situation interactions.
Forensic Personality and Social Psychology
Authors: Kassin Saul , Bull Kovera Margaret
Published: October 2018

Forensic psychology is a term used to describe a broad range of research topics and applications that address human behavior in the legal system. Personality and social psychologists are among those who have contributed to our understanding of individual differences in performance (e.g., among liars and lie detectors, crime suspects, witnesses, and jurors) and situational influences (e.g., effects of training on lie detection, the false evidence ploy on false confessions, police feedback on eyewitnesses, and inadmissible testimony on jurors) as well as the role that psychologists have played within the legal system. This chapter discusses how individual difference and situational variables contribute to the reliability of different types of evidence (e.g., confessions, eyewitnesses, alibis) introduced in court as well as how jurors make decisions about the evidence presented at trial.
Team Reflexivity
Authors: Schippers Michaéla C. , Edmondson Amy C. , West Michael A.
Published: October 2018

Many teams face the problem of process loss, or suboptimal functioning, with sometimes serious consequences, such as medical errors. Team reflexivity—a deliberate process of discussing team goals, processes, or outcomes—can aid in optimizing team performance. In the current chapter, we build on a conceptualization of teams as information-processing systems and highlight reflexivity as a critical information processing activity. Specifically, we describe the relationship of team reflexivity to team and organizational learning and emphasize the dynamic, self-regulatory process aspect of team reflexivity as well as the role of goal setting. Furthermore, we describe the antecedents and outcomes of team reflexivity, the role of motivated information processing, the important role of team reflexivity in problem identification and problem solving, and how team reflexivity can be stimulated. Finally, we discuss the implications of our review and identify avenues for future research.
Bucktown vs. 'G' Thang
Authors: McIntosh Andrew
Published: October 2018

This chapter explores one of American popular music’s most polarizing moments in the late 20th century, the ideological and aesthetic divide between East and West Coast hip hop cultural practices. In both public press and recorded music of the era, a persistent dialectic emerged, one where East Coast authenticity was contrasted against West Coast artifice. This chapter explores how, by rooting the identity of artists to their location, whether urban or suburban, such gestures served to create a distinction in the growing market for rap music in the 1990s. In addition to examining these professed differences, the chapter investigates underappreciated similarities in the origins of East and West Coast hip hop practices stemming from Jamaican Sound System culture.
Groove
Authors: Câmara Guilherme Schmidt , Danielsen Anne
Published: October 2018

This chapter provides an overview of the concept of groove, investigating musical and sonic components of grooves as well as aspects related to pleasure, process, and affect. It starts out by addressing three distinct general understandings of groove: (1) pattern and performance; (2) pleasure and “wanting to move”; and (3) a state of being. The authors then propose a set of typical (rhythmic) features that seem to be common to a wide range of groove-based styles, exploring five main categories: pulse or regular beat; subdivision of the beat; syncopation; counter-rhythm; and microrhythm. Finally, the chapter presents some viable approaches to the analysis of groove, focusing on swing and anticipated beats in James Brown’s “Get Up (I Feel Like Being A) Sex Machine” (1970), aspects of counter-rhythm in Jackie Wilson’s “(Your Love Keeps Lifting Me) Higher and Higher” (1967), and the extending of beats into beat bins in D’Angelo’s “Left & Right” (2000) and Rihanna’s “Needed Me” (2016).
Global Health and International Development
Authors: Harmer Andrew , Kennedy Jonathan
Published: October 2018

This chapter explores the relationship between international development and global health. Contrary to the view that development implies ‘good change’, this chapter argues that the discourse of development masks the destructive and exploitative practices of wealthy countries at the expense of poorer ones. These practices, and the unregulated capitalist economic system that they are part of, have created massive inequalities between and within countries, and potentially catastrophic climate change. Both of these outcomes are detrimental to global health and the millennium development goals and sustainable development goals do not challenge these dynamics. While the Sustainable Development Goals acknowledge that inequality and climate change are serious threats to the future of humanity, they fail to address the economic system that created them. Notwithstanding, it is possible that the enormity and proximity of the threat posed by inequality and global warming will energise a counter movement to create what Kate Raworth terms ‘an ecologically safe and socially just space’ for the global population while there is still time.
Globalisation and the Politics of Global Health
Authors: Sparke Matthew
Published: October 2018

This chapter examines how the politics of global health have been shaped by globalisation. This means evaluating its effects on both the material level of political-economic integration and on the ideational level of political-cultural discourse. The former is conventionally tied through a focus on trade and travel to global public health security, and the latter is often associated with global humanitarian care. Going beyond this dualistic divide, however, this chapter argues that globalisation has spun a connective thread running through both regimes. This connective thread is the pro-market neo-liberal governance that sutures globalisation’s integrative and ideational dynamics with powerful binding implications for health. Due to these ties that bind, processes of neo-liberalisation deeply influence global health, creating global health vulnerabilities and problems through structural violence while also shaping and steering the delivery of global health responses. Global health governance remains influenced by other international and postcolonial health regimes that continue to inspire alternatives to the global expansion of neo-liberal norms. However, the same market forces that have made globalisation a synonym for processes of neo-liberalisation have also now become the dominant transnational influence shaping the ‘global’ in global health politics.
Studying Political Consumerism
Authors: Boström Magnus , Micheletti Michele , Oosterveer Peter
Published: October 2018

The Oxford Handbook of Political Consumerism addresses the study of political consumerism. It discusses how production and consumption affect broader societal affairs at home and abroad, and how the phenomenon of political consumerism has developed in different directions—geographically, conceptually, and methodologically—and in multiple sectors, at multiple levels, and involving multiple disciplines. Its varieties create challenges for scholars to make sense of the phenomenon. Critical questions arise about its appropriate conceptual framing and methodologies. This introductory chapter defines and elaborates upon political consumerism and its four forms (boycotts, buycotts, discursive actions, and lifestyle endeavors). It offers an overview of the Handbook’s six thematic parts: political consumerism’s history, its theory and research design, its presence in major industry sectors, its global geographic spread and practice, its democratic paradoxes and challenges, and its problem-solving potential. This chapter also provides summaries and reviews of the Handbook’s thirty-nine chapters.
Timbre Before Timbre
Authors: Loughridge Deirdre
Published: October 2018

Organ stops, violin mutes, piano pedals: these are devices for altering an instrument’s sound, and one way to understand how these devices transform sound is that they change the timbre. Already in use and objects of discussion in the seventeenth century, organ stops and violin mutes, however, pre-date the idea of timbre modification, originating in what Emily Dolan has called a “time before timbre.” These devices thus provide a way into the history of timbre before timbre—that is, into ways of conceiving and discussing tone qualities before “timbre” existed as a discrete concept. This essay examines the history of organ stops, violin mutes, and piano pedals so as to illuminate how (what we would consider) timbral dimensions of sound interacted with pitch, loudness, instruments, and musical meaning in the “time before timbre,” as well as the historical processes through which timbre came to be perceived and handled as a distinct musical parameter. It demonstrates that absence of a timbre concept did not mean inattention to instrumental sonority. Rather, before musicians developed timbral perception, it was more common to engage mimetic perception, drawing comparisons to familiar instruments to make sense of variations in sound quality. Tone-modifying devices are central to timbre’s history because they work to hold many aspects of the performer-musical instrument encounter constant, thereby isolating for comparison those qualities that go into distinctions like that between dull and bright sound.
Claiming Ka Mate
Authors: Sweetman Lauren E. , Zemke Kirsten
Published: October 2018

This chapter unpacks the sociocultural and legal issues surrounding the Māori haka (chant/dance) “Ka Mate” authored by Ngāti Toa chief Te Rauparaha in the 1820s. In Aotearoa New Zealand, this beloved haka has become a symbolic display of biculturalism and is integral to the national imaginary. Historical associations and usages in wartime and sport, particularly rugby, have exacerbated associations with aggression and masculinity with essential meanings becoming diluted and erased with each further layer of appropriation. Important dialogues emerge from Ka Mate’s complex location at the intersection of Indigenous cultural property, the public imagination, the nation-state, and global appropriation. Ka Mate’s contentious legal history, including its recent repatriation to Ngāti Toa as an “intangible” taonga (treasure), highlights the problematics that the circulation of music and dance have for Indigenous custodial guardians, underscoring that repatriation must include an acknowledgment of history, context, and mana (integrity/power).
Family as a Naturally Occurring Stressor: Race, Psychosocial Factors, and Daily Health
Authors: Cichy Kelly E. , Lee Jeong Eun
Published: October 2018

Racial disparities in health are substantial and well documented. Differential exposure and reactivity to psychological stressors provide one way through which African Americans’ health is disadvantaged. Although supportive family networks buffer African Americans from the harmful effects of stressors, a growing body of work emphasizes the physical and psychological costs associated with African Americans’ family ties. This chapter summarizes research on racial disparities in health and well-being and illustrates the advantages of daily diary methods for examining links between race, psychosocial stressors, and daily health by describing Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) research on racial differences in the health implications of stressful experiences involving family relationships. Together, findings provide insights into how and when family stressors and social support demands compromise African Americans’ health and well-being. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the broader implications of the MIDUS findings and directions for future research on race and health.
Biopsychosocial Patterning of Multimorbidity and Its Consequences
Authors: Friedman Elliot , LeBreton Beth , Fuzzell Lindsay , Wehrpsann Elizabeth
Published: October 2018

By many estimates the majority of adults over age 65 have two or more chronic medical conditions (multimorbidity) and are consequently at increased risk of adverse functional outcomes. Nonetheless, many older adults with multimorbidity are able to maintain high levels of function and retain good quality of life. Research presented here is designed to understand the influences that help ensure better functional outcomes in these older adults. This chapter presents findings that draw on data from the Midlife in the United States study. The independent and interactive contributions of diverse factors to multimorbidity and changes in multimorbidity over time are reviewed. The degree that multimorbidity increases risk of cognitive impairment and disability is examined. The role of inflammation as a mediator is considered. Multimorbidity is increasingly the norm for older adults, so better understanding of factors contributing to variability in multimorbidity-related outcomes can lead to improved quality of life.
Psychosocial Consequences of Body Weight and Obesity
Authors: Carr Deborah , Tsenkova Vera K.
Published: October 2018

The body weight of U.S. adults and children has risen markedly over the past three decades. The physical health consequences of obesity are widely documented, and emerging research from the Midlife in the United States study and other large-scale surveys reveals the harmful impact of obesity on adults’ psychosocial and interpersonal well-being. This chapter synthesizes recent research on the psychosocial implications of body weight, with attention to explanatory mechanisms and subgroup differences in these patterns. A brief statistical portrait of body weight is provided, documenting rates and correlates of obesity, with a focus on race, gender, and socioeconomic status disparities. The consequences of body weight for three main outcomes are described: institutional and everyday discrimination, interpersonal relationships, and psychological well-being. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the ways that recent integrative health research on the psychosocial consequences of overweight and obesity inform our understanding of population health.
Psychosocial Life Histories and Biological Pathways to Bone Health
Authors: Karlamangla Arun S. , Binkley Neil , Crandall Carolyn J.
Published: October 2018

Low-trauma fractures of the hip and spine are a major cause of morbidity, disability, and early mortality in older Americans. The ability to resist fractures in later life is determined by accrual of bone mass during the growing years, its maintenance in adulthood, and rates of decline in older ages. Psychosocial and biological factors in each of these life stages can influence the risk of osteoporosis in later life. This chapter summarizes findings from The Study of Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) on associations of life-course socioeconomic conditions, social relationship histories, and psychological profiles with adult bone health. It then presents MIDUS evidence of links between physiological dysregulation and low bone strength and concludes with a description of research needed to infer and explicate the potentially causal roles for life-course psychosocial profiles in adult bone health and osteoporosis.
Biopsychosocial Pathways to Prediabetes and Diabetes
Authors: Tsenkova Vera K. , Carr Deborah , Coe Christopher L. , Karlamangla Arun S. , Ryff Carol D.
Published: October 2018

Type 2 diabetes is a significant problem worldwide, accounting for substantial morbidity and premature mortality. Understanding why some people remain healthy while others progress to insulin resistance and diabetes requires an integrative approach. Models of diabetes have focused on excess weight and physical inactivity as key targets for reducing diabetes risk. Obesity is a risk factor for developing Type 2 diabetes, yet most obese persons do not develop diabetes, suggesting moderation by other influences. This chapter highlights Midlife in the United States studies that employed multidomain assessments of the interplay between established risk factors and psychosocial influences on diabetes. The chapter reviews evidence that depression, anger, perceived weight discrimination, and neuroticism exacerbate the association between obesity and diabetes. The conclusion that psychosocial processes are major risk factors underscores the need for assessing mental health and promoting psychological well-being to complement traditional prevention efforts.
Cognition at Midlife: Antecedents and Consequences
Authors: Agrigoroaei Stefan , Robinson Stephanie A. , Hughes Matthew L. , Rickenbach Elizabeth H. , Lachman Margie E.
Published: October 2018

Some key aspects of cognitive performance begin to decline in middle age. Emerging evidence indicates midlife cognitive functioning may hold clues about cognitive impairment and neurocognitive disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease. The Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) study provides an opportunity to explore antecedents and consequences of cognitive health. Cognitive performance was measured with the Brief Test of Adult Cognition by Telephone (BTACT). Psychosocial and behavioral factors identified as protective for cognitive functioning are considered. These findings provide evidence of factors that can reduce or delay cognitive declines and attenuate social disparities in cognitive aging. The relationship between cognition and physical health is also considered. Cognitive abilities are examined as a resource with implications for subjective age and resilience in the face of adversity and challenge (e.g., stress). Next steps include charting trajectories of cognitive aging and identifying patterns and mechanisms that lead to optimal functioning in later life.
Culture, Emotion, and Health
Authors: Yoo Jiah , Miyamoto Yuri
Published: October 2018

Emotion plays central roles in health via numerous pathways; how these linkages vary by cultural contexts is beginning to be understood. Studies have demonstrated that culturally shared ideas, values, practices, and norms influence health implications of emotions. This chapter summarizes differences in beliefs, values, and norms about emotion between Western and East Asian cultures. Self-construal theory and dialecticism provide theoretical frameworks for the investigations that follow. Studies are reviewed demonstrating cultural differences in the associations between emotions and health, highlighting the idea of cultural fit along the way. The health outcomes include mental health, self-rated physical health and physical symptoms, and physiological systems. Considered are possible psychosocial and behavioral processes through which culturally appropriate emotions affect health. Future directions are suggested. The overarching message is that culture needs to be considered in building a full understanding of how emotion and health are linked.
The Educational Gradient in Physiological Dysregulation: A Cross-Country Investigation
Authors: Glei Dana A. , Goldman Noreen , Weinstein Maxine
Published: October 2018

The chapter first reviews extant literature on educational gradients in physiological dysregulation. Prior studies suggested there is an inverse relationship between education and risk, although the association may be weaker at the oldest ages and stronger among whites than blacks; the educational gradient may differ by country; and sex differences in the educational gradient may depend on the context. The chapter then presents new comparative analyses of the relationship between physiological dysregulation and education based on data from five countries (United States, England, Russia, Costa Rica, and Taiwan). Large educational differences were found in dysregulation in Russia, US white men, US black women, and English white women. The finding that the educational differential among US women is larger for blacks than for whites appears to be sensitive to how one defines “high” education. Using race-specific cutoffs, the education gradient did not differ significantly between black and white women.
Gender, Early Life Adversity, and Adult Health
Authors: Lee Chioun , Ryff Carol D. , Coe Christopher L.
Published: October 2018

There is considerable evidence that stressful experiences in early life affect a wide array of physical health problems in adulthood. Although social demographic characteristics, such as gender, are important determinants of exposure and vulnerability to early life adversities, relatively little attention has been given to the role of gender in the associations between early adversity and adult health. This review summarizes theoretical and empirical studies that explore various gender differences in these relationships. A conceptual model is proposed outlining potential pathways that explain how and under what conditions early experiences might compromise the health of women relative to men in adulthood. Then, recent empirical work is presented to illustrate the conceptual model. Finally, ideas for future work are suggested to investigate different aspects of this model using multiple waves from the Midlife in the US study.
Determinants and Implications of Subjective Age Across Adulthood and Old Age
Authors: Stephan Yannick , Sutin Angelina R. , Terracciano Antonio
Published: October 2018

Subjective age (how old or young individuals feel relative to their chronological age) is gaining popularity in gerontology and related disciplines because of its relation with biopsychosocial processes of aging. Evidence from Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) and other cohorts is reviewed on the predictors and outcomes of subjective age. An older subjective age is predicted by age discrimination, negative changes in one’s social and family networks, lower well-being and perceived control, poor physical conditions and more chronic health problems. Subjective age is also predictive of a range of crucial outcomes. Indeed, feeling younger is related to better physical and mental health, cognition, more favorable personality changes, lower risk of incident hospitalization, and longevity. These findings suggest that the subjective experience of age is a biopsychosocial marker of aging with promise as a predictor of crucial age-related outcomes, beyond chronological age.
The Lifelong Health Effects of Parenting a Child With Developmental or Mental Health Problems
Authors: Song Jieun , Mailick Marsha R. , Greenberg Jan S. , Hong Jinkuk
Published: October 2018

Parenting a child with developmental or mental health problems is a lifelong process with unique challenges and adjustments. Parents of children with these conditions often experience chronic stress and an elevated risk of mental and physical health problems and cognitive decline in later life, although profiles of resilience have been noted. This chapter reviews Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) studies that have examined the lifelong effects of parenting children with developmental or mental health problems. MIDUS research has found that midlife and older parents of children with these conditions have poorer physical and mental health profiles and poorer cognitive functioning in later life than counterparts whose children do not have such conditions, and that mental and physical health disparities increase as parents age. Possible mechanisms underlying these differences have been examined in studies utilizing the multidisciplinary data of MIDUS, which include a variety of psychosocial, cognitive, and biological assessments.
Reflections on Latina/o Theater
Authors: Castillo Debra
Published: October 2018

“Theatre,” modified by the adjective “Latina/o”, like any other genre of human expression, is extraordinarily rich. It includes the legacy, and continuing vitality of varied and often conflicting aesthetic projects. This article discusses the vexed definitional problem of what is theater by, about, and for Latinas and Latinos, both in terms of production of plays and the academic study of theater. It provides a historical timeline that focuses on the 1960s to the present, a commentary on play production, an overview of academic discussions, and conclusions drawn from a survey of course syllabi. It uses the examples of Lin Manuel Miranda’s Hamilton and works by the Coatlicue Theater Company to challenge simplistic understandings of what Latina/o theater is and does.
Transcolonial Gothic and Decolonial Satire in Ramón Emeterio Betances
Authors: García Ivonne M.
Published: October 2018

This entry examines Ramón Emeterio Betances’s The Virgin of Borinquen, not previously translated into English, and The Travels of Escaldado, also not yet in a full English translation, to show how they exemplify the transcolonial gothic and decolonial satire, respectively. Situating Betances within the transamerican tradition in Latinx studies emerging from the nineteenth-century confrontation among empires, the chapter introduces Betances’s works to an Anglophone audience unfamiliar with how the author engaged with US authors, such as Edgar Allan Poe and Benjamin Franklin, to provide a counternarrative of the colonial experience at a moment of competing and interconnected empires to critique imperialism across different geopolitical contexts.
Spanglish
Authors: Betti Silvia , Enghels Renata
Published: October 2018

This article studies a series of important issues concerning Spanglish as a hybrid language. It discusses why Spanglish has constituted a growing topic of interest ever since it first attracted the attention of specialists, be it from a linguistic, literary, or social-cultural perspective. The study also discusses the main challenges Spanglish is expected to be confronted with in the (near) future given that, more than ever, the identity of its speakers is at stake. A final part argues in favor of the maintenance of Spanglish as a unique form of bilingualism. By adopting a cognitive and functional viewpoint on language, it is shown that the analysis of Spanglish grammar offers insights into the main characteristics of human language, including basic principles such as iconicity, economy, creativity, and productivity.
The Grammar of Capital
Authors: Holloway John
Published: October 2018

Karl Marx’s Capital does not start with the commodity, it starts with wealth. This has enormous consequences, both theoretically and politically. To start with the commodity leads into the analysis of capitalism as a system of domination. To start with wealth and its movement in-against-and-beyond the commodity form takes the reader into a world of struggle. In Capital there are two antagonistic categorial series. The familiar series of the forms of domination: commodity, value, abstract labor, money, person, capital, profit, interest, rent. These forms have their own grammar: a positive logic that imposes itself on the flow of life. But there is also a series of subversive categories rebelling against the logical chain of derivation: wealth, use value, concrete labor or doing, anti-person, and so on. Here is a negative, defetishizing, detotalizing grammar that moves against the rigid cohesion of the first series.
Bourdieu, Distinction, and Aesthetic Consumption
Authors: Lizardo Omar
Published: October 2018

This chapter argues that rather than being focused on the higher levels of consumption of aesthetic goods on the part of the educated class, Pierre Bourdieu’s main hypothesis in Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste was concerned with how differences in class fractions as defined by total educational endowment (parental and individual) predict the extent to which individuals consume more artistically legitimate versus less artistically legitimate cultural forms. This argument leads naturally to Bourdieu’s understanding of the difference between the consumption styles of the educated (and less educated) classes as built from his understanding of differences in the formative experiences of different classes. The chapter develops the implications of this for contemporary debates regarding a more illuminating explanation of the omnivore taste phenomenon and other forms of aestheticized consumption.
Play, Game, and Sport in American Folklore and Folklife
Authors: Orejuela Fernando
Published: October 2018

Play, game, and sport are ambiguous terms important to the study of folklore and folklife. Taken separately or together, they are universal acts of structured and unstructured forms most often occurring as recreation, but they have the potential to be understood as labor or duty. In this chapter I discuss situated activities, ranging from the free, unstructured practice of leisure and entertainment to the structured institutionalization of sport with respect to the intersections of participant–spectator relationships, public–private spaces, race, ethnicity, sex, gender, age, class, ability, and location. This chapter will begin with a brief presentation of early conceptual frameworks. The rest of the chapter will outline the contents of key concepts and approaches to the study of play, game, and sport and how they address concerns for future research that folklorists share with social scientists and cultural studies specialists.
Descending Auditory Pathways and Plasticity
Authors: Schofield Brett R. , Beebe Nichole L.
Published: October 2018

Descending auditory pathways originate from multiple levels of the auditory system and use a variety of neurotransmitters, including glutamate, GABA, glycine, acetylcholine, and dopamine. Targets of descending projections include cells that project to higher or lower centers, setting up circuit loops and chains that provide top-down modulation of many ascending and descending circuits in the auditory system. Descending pathways from the auditory cortex can evoke plasticity in subcortical centers. Such plasticity relies, at least in part, on brainstem cholinergic systems that are closely tied to descending cortical projections. Finally, the ventral nucleus of the trapezoid body, a component of the superior olivary complex, is a major target of descending projections from the cortex and midbrain. Through its complement of different neurotransmitter phenotypes, and its wide array of projections, the ventral nucleus of the trapezoid body is positioned to serve as a hub in the descending auditory system.
Molecular and Structural Changes in the Cochlear Nucleus in Response to Hearing Loss
Authors: Rubio Maria E.
Published: October 2018

Hearing loss is the third most common health problem in the United States. It can affect the quality of life and relationships. About 48 million Americans have lost some hearing. Age, illness, and genetics contribute to the generation of hearing loss. During development, auditory synaptic circuitries are highly plastic and able to adapt to fluctuations in auditory experience. Whether this is so for mature auditory nerve synapses and circuitries within nuclei along the central auditory pathway is less understood. Daily fluctuations in auditory experience can lead to hearing deficits, including hearing loss and/or deafness, Therefore, understanding the cellular mechanisms that occur in mature central auditory synaptic circuitries that lead and/or contribute to hearing loss is important. This chapter focuses on published studies using animal models describing structural and molecular changes that occur in the cochlear nucleus in response to hearing loss, the first gateway of sound processing in the brain.
Framing the Syrian Refugee
Authors: Abdelhady Dalia
Published: October 2018

Focusing on the construction of the “refugee crisis” in mainstream daily newspapers in Sweden, Jordan, and Turkey in 2015, this chapter disentangles the crisis discourse into its specific components. Newspapers in the three countries focused on the “refugee crisis” as a source of concern for policy and politics at the local, national, and global levels. In comparing the discourses in the three contexts, despite their many differences, the analysis shows that the “refugee crisis” is constructed around uncertainties and inabilities to fathom the demands and consequences of such inflows of large numbers of people. Such uncertainties provide the basis on which a sense of moral, communal, or institutional crises become understood as a refugee crisis in different settings.
The Myth of a Migration Crisis in France
Authors: Rigoni Isabelle
Published: October 2018

France is an old immigration country but has been slow to recognize itself as such. Since 2000, the Western security context has produced a new stage in migration and asylum policies. The tragic and traumatic nature of terrorist attacks in France and other European countries has legitimized the strengthening of national security laws, fueled more conservative attitudes regarding cultural and ethnic diversity, and fed into debates on communitarianism, multiculturalism, and universalism. This chapter analyzes how migratory dynamics have been constructed as a crisis in contemporary France and examines the initiatives of civil society towards what politics and media consider to be a migration crisis. Finally, it analyzes the modes of action used by various social and institutional actors in the context of an imagined migration crisis.
“Refugee Crisis” in the Southeastern European Countries
Authors: Župarić-Iljić Drago , Valenta Marko
Published: October 2018

This chapter discusses the rise and fall of the West Balkan corridor that made it possible, albeit only briefly, for a large influx of non-European refugees and migrants to enter Western Europe in 2015 and 2016 in what has frequently been labeled a “refugee crisis.” The focus is on the nexus of local authorities’ responses in southeastern European countries, the local public’s constructions of the crisis, and the roles of individual countries in managing transit migration. It suggests that these responses and constructions should be linked to the prevailing local political and socioeconomic factors and the larger European political structures. Authorities of southeastern European countries seemed more concerned with avoiding becoming migrant hotspots than providing refugees with access to protection systems and integration into local communities.
Climate Change and Migration Crisis in Africa
Authors: Zickgraf Caroline
Published: October 2018

The conventional narrative on the crisis of climate change and its links to migration sees the physical impacts of climate change—such as sea-level rise, drought, soil salinization, and floods—as driving massive human migration, increasing existing flows from the Global South to the Global North as people flee disasters and famine. Yet contradictory evidence demonstrates that the relationship between climate change and migration is not so simple. Africa is indeed the most vulnerable content to these impacts, but this extreme vulnerability arises from physical exposure and because of the interplay of numerous social, political, economic, and environmental factors. Moreover, migration dynamics related to the climate change crisis manifest in nonlinear, heterogeneous ways across subregions and countries. Thus, this chapter outlines the varying and multidimensional relationships between human mobility and climate change in Africa. It considers the threat of climate change to African settlement dynamics both presently and in the century to come, before providing an overview of climate change–migration dynamics and challenges throughout the continent.
Narratives of Crisis Migration and the Power of Visual Culture
Authors: Tazreiter Claudia
Published: October 2018

This chapter explores the phenomenon of crisis migration through focusing on the power of its visualization. It is argued that recent events labeled “migration crises” ought to be understood as crises of democratic politics rather than being existential threats alluded to by the crisis narratives, they instead reflect communication and language used by political leaders and parts of the global media in relation to the flow of refugees and irregular migrants. This claim is explored through the case of asylum-seeker arrivals in Australia and their treatment in offshore detention as a “crisis” response. Australia is an important case study to explore as a “settler” society that has benefited from large waves of immigration, particularly from the 1950s onward, including significant numbers of people from a refugee background. Focusing on the punitive arrangements and conditions for asylum-seekers sent to Nauru and Manus Island, the case study points to the important role of affect in building sentiment and public opinion on outsiders and marginalized people. Visual and material cultural markers and artifacts are examples of the deployment of affect, utilized by those empathetic to the circumstances of asylum-seekers and also by those wishing to demonize them, notably states.
Syrian Refugees and Turkey
Authors: Bélanger Danièle , Saracoglu Cenk
Published: October 2018

In academic literature on Syrian refugee migration in Turkey, the situation has generally been portrayed as yet another “refugee crisis” or a “migration crisis” that the international community and the Turkish state must manage efficiently. This chapter argues that the word “crisis” might be better applied to the larger social and political dynamics that induced the forced migration from Syria and continue to shape the living conditions of Syrian refugees in Turkey today. The chapter discusses three crises: Turkey’s neo-Ottomanist foreign policy in the Middle East, the EU–Turkey relations, and the domestic political crisis unfolding in Turkey. Together, these crises prepared a convenient ground for the rise of xenophobic sentiments in Turkish cities. Such crises pose a structural obstacle to the development of a coherent and sustainable programme to successfully manage and incorporate Syrians in Turkey.
Migration Crises
Authors: Menjívar Cecilia , Ruiz Marie , Ness Immanuel
Published: October 2018

This chapter introduces the two interrelated aspects of migration crises that animate this volume. It summarizes the range of historical, economic, social, political, and environmental conditions that generate migration crises around the globe which the contributions in the book address. The chapter challenges the term “crisis” as overused and normalized today, offers conceptual explanations of migration perceived as crisis, and questions the influence of nation-state ideologies as well as the reasons why some migrant groups are framed as crises and others are not, mainly based on ethnicity and economic arguments. Finally, the chapter introduces the wide variety of case studies from historical contexts, conflicts, climate change, transit countries, policy responses, the media, gender issues, as well as integration and multiculturalism to account for the global construction of migration crises.
Visceral Pain
Authors: Bulmer David C. , Roza Carolina
Published: October 2018

Visceral pain is qualitatively distinct from other pain types; it is poorly localized, difficult to quantify, and accompanied by marked autonomic changes. Acute visceral pain may be an indication of a medical emergency requiring urgent surgical or clinical intervention. However, chronic visceral pain, which contributes significantly to lifelong morbidity, occurs most frequently in the absence of any distinct pathology making it difficult to treat. This article reviews our current understanding of how visceral pain is detected in the periphery, and processed within the spinal cord and central nervous system. It focuses on recent work that has identified pro-nociceptive changes in the bowel of patients with chronic visceral pain and discuss how these findings could lead to the development of novel viscero-specific analgesics. Finally, the article considers how the microbiota can act locally to shape the detection of pain in the periphery and centrally to modulate our perception of visceral pain.
Water Memory and the Art of Preserving
Authors: Sanders Julie
Published: October 2018

‘Water memory’ was a phrase coined in the late twentieth century to refer to the supposed ability of water to retain a memory of previously dissolved substances even after numerous dilutions. Though now a disproven scientific theory, ‘water memory’ is, as metaphor, a powerful conceptual tool for understanding Shakespeare’s comedies and their engagement with cultures of memory. Plays such as The Comedy of Errors, Twelfth Night, and All’s Well That Ends Well presage later dramas in the canon, including Pericles and The Winter’s Tale, with their narratives of grief, remembrance and preservation. This essay considers these topics in relation to everyday household practices of pickling and preserving foodstuffs and the deeper traces of customary practice and religious rite in post-Reformation England.
The Laws of Comedy
Authors: Sale Carolyn
Published: October 2018

Much of the pleasure of Shakespeare’s comedy for early modern audiences derived from its invitation to them to understand the English common law as a law of ‘common reason’ arising from the people in their aggregate. The Comedy of Errors appeals to the audience to construe the ‘errors’ of the law in order to affirm the collective rationality of audiences as law-maker, while The Merchant of Venice’s trial scene affirms the importance of the ideals of common law jurisprudence by showing them abused. And in Measure for Measure’s extended spectacle of judicial authority in Act 5, the audience experiences the importance of the common law as a ‘discoursive’ phenomenon dependent upon the participation of the community for its vitality. Together the plays put audiences into active relation to law as it appeals to them as the common law’s makers.
Encountering the Past I
Authors: Miola Robert
Published: October 2018

Commentators have long noted Shakespeare’s indebtedness to New Comedy throughout his career. Passages and plays of Plautus and Terence contributed characters, configurations, plots, and dramatic devices to Shakespeare, who transformed them into new creations. But classical comedy depicted also human lust, folly, and vice, especially as read by later Christian generations. Three points of dissonance between classical comedy and Christian reading claim our attention as Shakespeare refigures New Comedic rage, prostitution, and rape in his comedies. In Shakespeare’s receptions the rage of the senex iratus, ‘angry old man’, becomes variously expressed and interrogated, wholly integrated into the thematic and moral schemes of his plays. Comedic prostitution supplies Shakespeare’s depictions of gender conflicts and becomes a central and pervasive metaphor for the human condition in Troilus and Cressida. Finally, Shakespeare transforms New Comedic rape in a number of plays, rewriting the ancient paradigm to disempower the men and empower the women.
Imagining Shakespeare’s Audience
Authors: Lopez Jeremy
Published: October 2018

In this essay I focus on some discrete instances and problems of laughter in order to define the total experience of Shakespearean comedy, and to make two arguments about ‘Shakespeare’s audience’, that is, both the audience he could have imagined and the audience he could not. The first argument is that Shakespeare’s comedies ask an audience—any audience—to reflect upon itself: to wonder, and often to worry, whether it is the audience that the playwright has imagined. The urge to laugh, or the resistance to laughter arises from a desire to repair a misalignment between what the play demands and what the audience can comprehend. The second argument is that for the audiences Shakespeare could not have imagined—especially the audiences of today—both the self-reflection and the urge or resistance to laughter derive from a desire to bridge the ever widening gap between present and past.
Adapting Shakespeare’s Comedies
Authors: Scheil Katherine
Published: October 2018

This chapter focuses on the ways that Shakespeare’s comedies have been reshaped over the last 400 years, in response to various cultural, historical, and social changes, and in reaction to various aesthetic concerns, including theatre personnel, literary fashions, and stage features. The topic of adaptation raises a number of theoretical questions. First, what is ‘Shakespeare’? Is ‘Shakespeare’ a set of plots, characters, stories, or poetry? If one of these items is removed or drastically changed, can the work still be called ‘Shakespeare’s play’? If a work has the same characters as Shakespeare’s original text, but in a modern setting, is it an adaptation? What if the language is modernized, but the plot and characters remain exactly the same? What if some characters are omitted, and others are added? These are some of the questions that this chapter will address as it chronicles more than three centuries of reshaping the comedies.
Shakespearean Comedy on Screen
Authors: Lanier Douglas M.
Published: October 2018

The cinematic medium is not immediately conducive to Shakespearean comedy. Issues of medium, frames of reference, and cultural politics pose challenges for Shakespearean comedy on film. Much of Shakespearean comedy is language-driven, whereas mainstream film tends to privilege the visual; the historically or culturally specific references or assumptions upon which much Shakespearean humour depends does not easily square with the contemporary frames of reference of much film comedy; because of the politics, it is difficult to treat plays like The Taming of the Shrew as straightforward film comedies without the risk of alienating portions of the target audience. This chapter surveys a number of strategies filmmakers have adopted to meet these and other challenges of transposing Shakespearean comedy to film. The chapter addresses not only so-called ‘faithful adaptations’, but also ‘free adaptations’, arguing that the latter tend to illuminate particularly well the challenges of translating Shakespearean comedy to the screen.
Queer Comedy
Authors: Orvis David L.
Published: October 2018

This chapter argues that all Shakespearean comedy is queer comedy, and thus that ‘queer comedy’ is itself a terminological redundancy. Insofar as they share a constitutive capaciousness, ‘queer’ and ‘comedy’ mobilize anti-normalizing strategies, the effect of which is to unsettle, and in so doing demythologize, dominant ideas in favor recurrent excess and abundant multiplicity. The at-once deconstructive and generative force of such procedures, which on the stage collude to puncture fantasies of love and desire, perform an excess in love and desire that obtain despite, or rather because of, comedy’s endlessly shifting investments and arcs. Although typically understood as one of Shakespeare’s starkest depictions of violent patriarchal heterosociality, Much Ado About Nothing deploys queer-comic procedures that facilitate playgoers’ encounters with the full range of contradictions and vicissitudes inherent in, and indeed constitutive of, what is termed humanity.