bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Blind Reasoning
Authors: Boghossian Paul A
Published: November 2023

abstract The paper asks under what conditions deductive reasoning transmits justification from its premises to its conclusion. It argues that both standard externalist and standard internalist accounts of this phenomenon fail. The nature of this failure is taken to indicate the way forward: basic forms of deductive reasoning must justify by being instances of ‘blind but blameless’ reasoning. Finally, the paper explores the suggestion that an inferentialist account of the logical constants can help explain how such reasoning is possible.
Physicalist Theories of Color
Authors: Boghossian Paul A , Velleman J David
Published: November 2023

The dispute between realists about color and anti-realists is actually a dispute about the nature of color properties. The disputants do not disagree over what material objects are like. Rather, they disagree over whether any of the uncontroversial facts about material objects—their powers to cause visual experiences, their dispositions to reflect incident light, their atomic makeup, and so on—amount to their having colors. The disagreement is thus about which properties colors are and, in particular, whether colors are any of the properties in a particular set that is acknowledged on both sides to exhaust the properties of material objects.
Feminist Distributive Justice and the Relevance of Equal Relations
Authors: Barclay Linda
Published: November 2023

What should feminists expect from a theory of distributive justice? While there are some powerful feminist critiques of distributive justice, there are few welldeveloped, feminist-inspired alternatives (Fraser 1995; Phillips 2004; Young 1990). Elizabeth Anderson’s ‘democratic equality’ stands as one of the most significant conceptions of distributive justice congenial from, and partly motivated by, a feminist perspective (1999).
Liberty, Liability, and Contractualism
Authors: Williams Andrew
Published: November 2023

Most egalitarians accept that a just society would not only require its members to share fairly in each other’s fortunes and misfortunes but also empower them to decide various aspects of their lives for themselves. Egalitarians face consequent questions about the relevant types of luck as well as the contours of the pertinent decision-making liberties. They also face questions about how to assign liability for the costs and benefits generated when individuals exercise those liberties. For illustration, consider some issues concerning luck, liberty, and liability raised by procreation. Egalitarians need to decide whether treatment for involuntarily infertile individuals should be publicly funded because of its impact on their welfare, or resources, or capabilities. They also need to decide whether there are any limits on parents’ rights to decide the size of their families, and the extent to which the costs of reproductive choices should be borne by parents alone (Casal and Williams 2004).
‘Cambridge At Last!’ Jackson and the Architecture of Science
Authors: Whyte William
Published: November 2023

Jackson’s public-school practice was undoubtedly important for him. It took him out of Oxford and widened his reputation. His contemporaries, however, were well aware that he might yet do more. ‘He ought to have been an architect in the 17th century, at Rome’, wrote John Willis Clark. ‘What Palaces he would have built for Papal Nephews!’ Oxford had made his name, but it had also limited his appeal. Nor did work outside the city do much to shake this association, at least at first. Town halls, houses, and offices came and went, with seemingly little effect.
Religious Obedience and Moral Autonomy
Authors: Quinn Philip L
Published: November 2023

It has become fashionable to try to prove the impossibility of there being a God. Findlay’s celebrated ontological disproof has in the past quarter century given rise to vigorous controversy.¹ More recently James Rachels has offered a moral argument intended to show that there could not be a being worthy of worship.² In this paper I shall examine the position Rachels is arguing for in some detail. I shall endeavor to show that his argument is unsound and, more interestingly, that the genuine philosophical perplexity which motivates it can be dispelled without too much difficulty.
Christian Atonement and Kantian Justification
Authors: Quinn Philip L
Published: November 2023

Why did God become man? The soteriological question is distinctively Christian, and answers to it are central to Christian theology. A traditional answer has it that atonement was one thing God accomplished by becoming man; Christ’s incarnation, suffering, death, and resurrection are supposed to have effected, or at least to have played an important part in effecting, the reconciliation of sinful humanity with God. But why is vicarious atonement necessary? It may be that God will forgive our sins only if we repent of them; however, it does not seem obvious that divine mercy is so constrained that God can forgive our sins only if Christ’s suffering and death substitute for or supplement our own efforts toward reconciliation. And how is vicarious atonement possible? Sin appears to be a personal failure that creates a non-transferable liability, and so it is hard to see how one person’s atonement could stand in or go proxy for another’s. Theories of vicarious atonement should contain the resources to answer questions like these in a coherent and plausible fashion.
The ‘Glorious Firsts of June ‘
Authors: Jenks Timothy
Published: November 2023

The extacy of joy displayed by the public on receiving the news of Lord Howe ‘s glorious victory, proves how much more Britons are delighted by success at sea than on land. The sea is our protecting element, and as long as Britannia rules the waves nothing can hurt us. A victory at sea must ever give us more heart-felt pleasure than twenty victories on the Continent. Such lines were neither self-confident hyperbole nor simple panegyric. Rather, the observation of the St. James ‘s Chronicle on the naval victory of Lord Howe (the ‘Glorious First of June ‘, 29 May-1 June 1794) suggests just how destabilizing and problematic Britain ‘s war with the Revolution was in the early summer of 1794. For one thing, Britain did not have twenty victories to speak of, whether on land or sea.
Lord Cochrane in Radical Westminster
Authors: Jenks Timothy
Published: November 2023

Lord Cochrane was, after the death of Nelson, the greatest naval commander of that age of glory. Equal to his great predecessor in personal gallantry, enthusiastic ardour, and devotion to his country, he was perhaps his superior in original genius, inventive power, and inexhaustible resources. It was his misfortune to arrive at manhood and high command only towards the dose of the war, when the enemy ‘s fleets had disappeared from the ocean More truly than Alexander the Great, he might have wept that there no longer remained a world to conquer. His coolness in danger was almost unparalleled, even in the English navy, and in the days of Nelson and Collingwood; his men, nevertheless, had such confidence in his judgement and resources, that they would have followed wherever he led, even to the cannon ‘s mouth.
The United Nations, The Security Council, And The Korean War
Authors: Stueck William
Published: November 2023

On 25 June 1950 North Korea launched a conventional military attack on South Korea. As an active participant in the creation of the now threatened Republic of Korea (ROK), the United Nations faced the first test of its capacity as an instrument of collective security. Although in important ways it passed that test, the experience of the Korean War that followed reflected the limitations of the United Nations at least as much as its potential strength.
The Subset Principle in phonology
Authors: Hale Mark , Reiss Charles
Published: November 2023

This chapter is an extended explication with relevance to phonological theory of the following quotation: “In any computational theory, ‘learning ‘ can consist only of creating novel combinations of primitives alrady innately available” (Jackendo 1990: 40). We refer to this position as the Innateness of Primitives Principle (IofPP). This position has been formulated and defended most eloquently by Jerry Fodor (e.g. 1975); however, an earlier formulation is in Pylyshyn (1973). Karl Popper (1962) has made essentially the same point, for all knowledge, including conscious scientific reasoning. In more or less explicit forms, the argument appears to be an ancient one that has never been completely refuted by connectionists or any other anti-nativist school. We will demonstrate the logical necessity of IofPP with a set of model languages, then show how a great deal of work on the acquisition of phonological inventories is inconsistent with IofPP. We then propose an alternate theory which is consistent with IofPP, which, we assume, lies at the core of the Innateness Hypothesis.
Competence and performance in phonological acquisition
Authors: Hale Mark , Reiss Charles
Published: November 2023

This chapter draws on the generative literature in phonological acquisition, as well as on the work of phoneticians and psycholinguists, in an attempt to propose a unified view of the acquisition of phonological competence. In an oft-quoted passage Chomsky (1965) characterizes the goals of linguistic theory as follows: Linguistic theory is concerned primarily with an ideal speaker listener, in a completely homogeneous speech community, who knows its language perfectly and is unaffected by such grammatically irrelevant conditions as memory limitations, distractions, shifts of attention and interest, and errors (random or characteristic) in applying his knowledge of the language in actual performance. This seems to me to have been the position of the founders of modern general linguistics, and no cogent reason for modifying it has been offered. To study actual linguistic performance, we must consider the interaction of a variety of factors, of which the underlying competence of the speaker-hearer is only one. In this respect, study of language is no different from empirical investigation of other complex phenomena. (Emphasis added.)
Against constraints
Authors: Hale Mark , Reiss Charles
Published: November 2023

Many linguists, especially phonologists, have assumed that both Universal Grammar and particular grammars contain constraints, qua prohibitions on grammatical structures.1 However, such prohibitions cannot be learned by positive evidence (an infinite number of well-formed structures are absent from the PLD—we may find a supposed ill-formed structure in the next sentence we encounter). Therefore, these prohibitions could only be learned via negative evidence. However, it is generally accepted that negative evidence is neither supplied to the child with suﬃcient regularity, nor attended to suﬃciently by the child when supplied, to play a significant role in language learning. Therefore, since the prohibitions cannot be learned via positive evidence (for reasons of logic), nor through negative evidence (according to the empirical data), they must be innate.
A principled solution to Catalan
Authors: Hale Mark , Reiss Charles
Published: November 2023

Some readers of the manuscript version of this book have taken it to be an extended critique of Optimality Theory, at least in some of its manifestations. While we have presented what we feel are methodological shortcomings of certain aspects of OT, including fairly fundamental aspects, the real purpose of our work here is much broader. Our reading of the generative literature on phonology finds therein a strong tendency for a knee-jerk reaction to recalcitrant data: expansion of the computational power of the phonology, often in formally ill-defined or even incoherent ways. The best science, in our view, results when, rather than bloat theories with machinery which makes possible highly accurate data-matching, we adopt a critical attitude towards the alleged data itself. Does it truly fall within the purview of a theory of phonology as computation? Surrendering overly readily (and sometimes without explicit acknowledgement of the surrender) fundamental assumptions which underlie the pursuit of scientific phonology is a last-resort move, and we are far from having a suﬃciently rich understanding of the nature of phonology for such drastic moves to be necessary. Optimality Theory has certainly expanded the explicitness with which certain fundamental aspects of building a theory of phonological computation are being treated (e.g. learning-theoretic issues, as well the nature of phonological UG). Our target is thus not a particular theory of phonology, but a particular practice.
Essays on Being
Authors: Kahn Charles H
Published: November 2023

This volume presents a series of essays published by Charles Kahn over a period of forty years, in which he seeks to explicate the ancient Greek concept of Being. He addresses two distinct but intimately related problems, one linguistic and one historical and philosophical. The linguistic problem concerns the theory of the Greek verb einai, ‘to be’: how to replace the conventional but misleading distinction between copula and existential verb with a more adequate theoretical account. The philosophical problem is in principle quite distinct: to understand how the concept of Being became the central topic in Greek philosophy from Parmenides to Aristotle. But these two problems converge on what Kahn calls the veridical use of einai. In the earlier papers he takes that connection between the verb and the concept of truth to be the key to the central role of Being in Greek philosophy. In the later papers he interprets the veridical in terms of a more general semantic function of the verb, which comprises the notions of existence and instantiation as well as truth.
Word Classes
Authors: Aikhenvald Alexandra Y , Ala Jacklyn Yuamali , Agnes Pauline , Laki Yuaneng Luma
Published: November 2023

All nouns have grammatical categories of gender (Chapter 5), number (Chapter 6), and case (Chapter 7). Syntactically, a noun can be both head and dependent in possessive constructions (Chapter 8), head and modifier in an NP, and head of predicate (see §4.3 and §4.4). Derivation and compounding are discussed in Chapter 9. The types of noun phrases and their features (including word order) are addressed in Chapter 20, within the context of other multiword constituents. Nouns divide into a number of subclasses, in terms of their morphophonological properties (§,4.1.1) and in terms of semantics and correlating grammatical properties of their referents (§4.1.2).
Issues in Semantics and Features of Lexicon
Authors: Aikhenvald Alexandra Y , Ala Jacklyn Yuamali , Agnes Pauline , Laki Yuaneng Luma
Published: November 2023

Throughout this grammar we have dwelt upon the semantic content of various word classes, including nouns (§4.1.2), verbs (§4.2.2), the two classes of adjectives (§4.3.3), and adverbs (§4.4). This chapter focuses on a number of salient features of the Manambu lexicon in general. Speakers often conceive of their languages in terms of lexicon, putting primary value on the knowledge of words. In the Manambu tradition, knowledge—viewed in terms of lexicon, especially the totemic names—is tantamount to monetary riches. In other words, the more names one knows the richer one is: these include personal names, terms of address, and denominations of culturally important items owned by different clans in general. The issue of name ownership acquires particular importance at name debates (saki). A man’s oratorical skill plainly depends not so much on his eloquence but on his knowledge of names—in other words, nouns par excellence. Knowledge of totemic names belonging to a clan (and of their ‘shadowy’ equivalents: see §22.3) plays a role for both men and women when it comes to songs. Laments of foiled marriages, namay and sui, are sung by both men and women.
Genetic and Areal Relationships, and New Developments in the Language
Authors: Aikhenvald Alexandra Y , Ala Jacklyn Yuamali , Agnes Pauline , Laki Yuaneng Luma
Published: November 2023

All languages of the Ndu family show uniformity in their pronominal paradigms (see Appendix 22.1), and in a large part of their nominal and verbal lexicon. All the Ndu languages have cases for core and peripheral arguments. Verbal categories vary in their marking and semantics. The Ndu languages are predominantly suffixing, with few prefixes, such as the imperative a-, and the causative-manipulative kay-, both attested in Manambu. They are strictly nominative-accusative, with pronominal cross-referencing for A/S recently evolved out of pronouns. Only Manambu and Gala cross-reference more than one argument. A reconstruction of Proto-Ndu phonology and morphology is in Aikhenvald (forthcoming b).
Setting objectives in field studies
Authors: Cog˘alniceanu Dan , Miaud Claude
Published: November 2023

Basic concepts for a good start Considerable financial and human resources may be wasted due to poor research design and implementation. In addition, poor planning can result in taking non-repeatable or unreliable data that are of no or limited use, and leads to the paradox of “data-rich, information-poor.” Rigorous study planning and the definition of clear and realistic goals can help avoid wasted effort. Before undertaking field studies, biologists first must define their objectives and then assess the availability of resources necessary to accomplish them. This is a key stage, and any uncertainty or vagueness at this point could prove detrimental to the success and usefulness of the study.
Larval sampling
Authors: Skelly David K , Richardson Jonathan L
Published: November 2023

Most amphibian species are metamorphic, and among those, the majority have larvae that are fully aquatic (Duellman and Trueb 1986). These larvae are found in an enormous variety of contexts ranging from bromeliads and tree holes, to brackish pools and the largest rivers and lakes (Duellman and Trueb 1986). Add to this mix of environments the fact that amphibian larvae differ dramatically in their microhabitat use, from the water surface to benthic mud, and researchers sampling larval amphibians are confronted with a non-trivial challenge of matching techniques with study goals and logistic limits. Fortunately, there is a wealth of experience that can be tapped when making decisions about where, when, and how to sample (Shaffer et al. 1994; Olson et al. 1997). Why sample larvae? The reasons to sample amphibian larvae are many, but most emphasize either strategic or logistic considerations. From the strategic perspective, larvae represent a critical life history stage. Many of the reasons that motivate scientists to study amphibians are related to the dynamics and fate of their populations. Monitoring of larval cohorts can provide critical information regarding the trajectory of a population and the factors that may affect abundance and distribution. Larvae also represent concrete evidence of breeding. While many studies of anurans use male calling as an index of breeding distribution, males can call from wetlands where no breeding takes place. Larval surveys are less likely to overestimate breeding distribution.
Dietary assessments of larval amphibians
Authors: Whiles Matt R , Altig Ronald
Published: November 2023

Diet analyses of larval amphibians provide information on foraging patterns, nutritional requirements, and trophic interactions in aquatic food webs, information that is critical for successful conservation and management. Numerous amphibian species around the globe are declining or presumed extinct (Stuart et al. 2004). Thus, there is an urgent need for detailed information on larval diets so that we can understand whether food-related factors are limiting wild populations and facilitate successful rearing of species in captivity. Some species of all three orders of living amphibians have free-living, feeding, larval forms. Larval caecilians and salamanders, both of which occur in a variety of lentic and lotic habitats, are all carnivores that eat small aquatic organisms by suction-feeding, and their diets and trophic status are thus relatively easily assessed. Anuran larvae (tadpoles) occur in almost every conceivable type of freshwater habitat and show great diversity in feeding modes. As such, morphological diversity of the oral structures, which glean materials from substrata, and the buccopharyngeal apparatus, which selectively captures food particles, of tadpoles is large.
Water-quality criteria for amphibians
Authors: Sparling Donald W
Published: November 2023

Most amphibian species spend portions or even their entire life cycle in water. Whether their habitats are streams, wetlands, vernal ponds, farm ponds, or larger bodies of water, amphibians are directly affected by several natural and anthropogenic chemical and physical characteristics. Dissolved oxygen, temperature, pH, salinity and water conductivity, organic carbons, and pollutants are important factors of their habitats that can affect survival, growth, maturation, and physical development. In addition to direct effects, these characteristics interact with other factors such as predators, prey, parasites, and competitors to affect populations. Just as one example, the incidence of infestation of tadpoles by Ribeioria ondatrae, a trematode parasite that causes limb malformations, has been linked to the nutrient status of ponds (Johnson and Chase 2004). Field studies of amphibians should at least include a description of naturally occurring environmental conditions. In some cases, this description should also include analysis of environmental contaminants. This chapter discusses chemical and physical factors that are most important to aquatic life stages of amphibians and directs the reader to reviews for more complicated issues dealing with water quality.
Selection of Species and Sampling Areas: the Importance to Inference
Authors: Corn Paul Stephen
Published: November 2023

Inductive inference, the process of drawing general conclusions from specific observations, is fundamental to the scientific method. Platt (1964) termed conclusions obtained through rigorous application of the scientific c method as “strong inference” and noted the following basic steps: generating alternative hypotheses; devising experiments, the results of which will exclude one or more hypotheses; conducting the experiment to get a “clean result”; and repeating the process with revision based on the information obtained. Every student is exposed to these basics in introductory courses, and a considerable proportion of a modern graduate education in the sciences is devoted to acquiring the analytic (statistical) skills necessary to apply the scientific method. Not even considering the field of mathematical statistics or applied statistics in disciplines such as social sciences, library shelves groan under the weight of texts on applied statistics, ranging from introductory (Hayek and Buzas 1997) to advanced (Williams et al. 2002), for conducting research in ecology, and new works are published every year. Much effort is currently devoted to the mechanisms of analysis and the issues involved in choosing among statistical methods; specifically, traditional hypothesis testing versus information-theoretic or Bayesian approaches (Hobbs and Hilborn 2006). This chapter does not address these topics, but instead discusses some of the issues related to selection of study sites and species necessary to obtain a “clean result.” Regardless of the method of analysis, successful inference relies on correctly designed data collection, meaning that the observations represent the population of interest.
Understanding Development And Prevention Of Chronic Physical Aggression: Towards Experimental Epigenetic Studies
Authors: Tremblay Richard E
Published: November 2023

The preceding citation comes from a heated debate that Quatrefages had with one of his colleagues at the Anthropological Society in Paris after he read a letter he had solicited from Charles Darwin in July 1863. The nature-nurture debate has always been a central issue among naturalists, but it was also central to moral philosophers. The first phrase of Rousseau’s masterpiece on children’s education is a good example: ‘Everything is good as it leaves the hands of the author of things; everything degenerates in the hands of man.’ (Rousseau, 1762 , 1762/1979 ) A century later, Charles Darwin took a diametrically opposite view. In his autobiography, he writes: ‘ I can say in my own favour that I was as a boy humane, but I owed this entirely to the instruction and example of my sisters. I doubt indeed whether humanity is a natural or innate quality .’ (Darwin, 1876/1983 ; p. 11)
As well as words: Congo Pygmy hunting, mimicry, and play
Authors: Lewis Jerome
Published: November 2023

In the dense equatorial forest of the Congo Basin, seeing is useful for following events close by, but only hearing reveals what is further away. As Mbendjele hunter-gatherers in northern Congo-Brazzaville move about their forest they are hypersensitive to the sounds around them. All members of the party, children included, react instantly to a crack, a low rumble, or an animal call by stopping mid-step, balancing on one leg if necessary. Silent and motionless, they strain to hear any follow-up sounds that will tell them whether to run for their lives, chase after their supper, or just continue onwards.
Herewith please Find three rolls of chocolate foil
Authors: Larson Frances
Published: November 2023

In the summer of 1880, Henry Wellcome arrived in London to join his friend, Silas Burroughs, in partnership selling pharmaceuticals. Wellcome was 26 years old, almost 27, and had left behind a promising career as a salesman for one of America’s largest drugs companies in New York. He had no capital, and would have to borrow heavily from his new partner in order to establish himself. It was a risky venture, but Burroughs had been in England for two years already and knew that with superior American products and a creative approach to marketing they could effectively exploit the lacklustre British market. The two young Americans were ambitious: Wellcome would consolidate and expand their business in Britain, while Burroughs planned a world tour to launch the company abroad.
Fellow feeling as a collector
Authors: Larson Frances
Published: November 2023

Daniel Davidson wanted his mortar back. It was an early English example, dated 1560; a heavy, straight-sided, flower-pot-shaped metal container, with relief decoration and an inscription around the rim that gave the name Philip Palmer. To the untrained eye it was a modest object. The metal pot had been used to crush and mix medicines hundreds of years ago, but it was one of the most unusual mortars that Davidson, who was himself a pharmacist, had ever acquired. And now Wellcome had it and he was refusing to return it. Sending the mortar to Wellcome in the first place had been a mistake, but Davidson had not appreciated the nature of the organization he was dealing with when he had packed up his prized collection of mortars in three large barrels filled with wood wool and despatched them to London as agreed.
The whole of india should be ransacked
Authors: Larson Frances
Published: November 2023

Wellcome had begun his career, in the 1870s, as a travelling representative in the pharmaceuticals trade. He explored the American continent, from Canada to Peru, picking up artefacts of interest and souvenirs along the way, and travel became part of his identity. In the summer of 1879 he had spent some weeks researching the production of cinchona bark in central Ecuador, trekking into the mountainous forests on mules (Figure 13), and, when the terrain became too dangerous, on foot, accompanied by local cascarilleros (bark hunters) and a convoy of carriers. The sheer cliff faces and narrow trails through the vegetation made for slow progress, and the chasms below were littered with the skeletons of cascarilleros who had stumbled under the weight of the 150-pound bark bales on their backs. Wellcome’s own journey was not without incident. While travelling on horseback along the Guayllabamba River in northern Ecuador, apparently alone, he was injured in a landslide. He was already suffering from malaria, but he managed to reach a nearby village where he ‘collapsed’, and the villagers spent a week nursing him back to strength.
An impossible man to deal with
Authors: Larson Frances
Published: November 2023

Soon after his arrival in India, Paira Mall warned that it would become increasingly difficult to find good value manuscripts there: ‘Americans and Germans’, he said, ‘have ransacked the whole place, and paid exorbitant prices.’ Although Wellcome was unconcerned by Mall’s warning in 1911, and simply advised him ‘not to lose his head’, over the course of the next twenty years the perceived threat from wealthy American collectors would justify much of Wellcome’s own greed. He became a British citizen in 1910, and he increasingly saw it as his task to secure antiquities before they could be ‘carried away to America from whence they will never be returned’. Thompson had regularly detected ‘American buyers’ lurking in the background during his transactions, and by the late 1920s Wellcome’s senior collecting staff had become obsessed with the presence of ‘the Americans’, whose new money, it was implied, tarnished their discernment as collectors. Wellcome’s own American roots and self-made fortune seem to have been counterbalanced by his social and economic investment in Europe. Most importantly, however, the objects he acquired were destined to remain in London, so he could present himself as a champion of European history, acting on Europe’s behalf. In this regard the collecting world was split in two by the Atlantic Ocean, and Wellcome congratulated himself that his money was buttressing Old World glory.
Nicomachean Ethics VII. 3: Varieties of akrasia
Authors: Charles David
Published: November 2023

NE (EE) VII (VI). 3 is a brilliant and much studied chapter. A substantial book could be written on its reception by Greek, medieval, Renaissance, and nineteenth- and twentieth-century scholars and philosophers. Since I cannot attempt even a sketch of all these differing interpretations, I shall comment on only a few, selected in a relatively unsystematic manner.
Nicomachean Ethics VII. 5-6: Beastliness, Irascibility, akrasia
Authors: Natali Carlo
Published: November 2023

This part of book VII of the NE can be divided into three separate sections: a first one (A), 1148b15– 1149a24, about th¯eriot¯es, akrasia th¯erio¯d¯es, and similar forms; a second one (B), 1149a25– b26, on akrasia tou thoumou; and a third one (C), 1149b26– 1150a8, on the comparison between the various species of akrasia from the point of view of their badness. The division into chapters in modern editions does not mirror this situation: Bekker and Susemihl put (A) together with the preceding passage, 1147b19– 1148b15, in a single chapter, VII. 6; Zell and Bywater, instead, consider it, more correctly, an individual chapter, VII. 5. Both of them, then, unite (C) and (B) in a single chapter (VII. 7 in the first case, VII. 6 in the second).
Nicomachean Ethics VII. 13–14(1154a21): Pleasure and eudaimonia
Authors: Rapp Christof
Published: November 2023

Chapter 12 of NE VII began with the reply to the anti-hedonistic statements. Although the purpose of this chapter was mainly critical, it revealed some of Aristotle ‘s own theoretical preferences; above all, it briefly sketched a positive account of what pleasure is. Chapter 13 makes use of this account, but since the refutation of the anti-hedonistic arguments listed at the beginning was still incomplete at the end of chapter 12, the main purpose of chapter 14 is to continue the critical discussion of anti-hedonism. The most pressing question that has yet to be discussed is whether or not the supreme good can be pleasure.
Causal Structuralism, Dispositional Actualism, and Counterfactual Conditionals
Authors: Eagle Antony
Published: November 2023

It is a truism that objects act as they do at least in part because of how they are. Though there may be outside forces that influence how the object behaves, the most significant determiners of that behaviour are the intrinsic properties that the object itself possesses. The role of properties in determining behaviour is so important that we frequently individuate properties by the characteristic behaviours to which they give rise. This is most obvious in the case of dispositions: fragility, for example, just is that property which contributes the characteristic behaviour of breaking when appropriately struck to its possessors.
How is Scientific Analysis Possible?
Authors: Corry Richard
Published: November 2023

One of the most powerful tools available to science is the analytic method. The method involves studying fairly simple systems in relative isolation, and then applying our knowledge of these systems to explain and predict the behaviour of more complex systems. Not only does this method give us a foothold in our understanding of complex systems, it allows us to extend our understanding to new systems, and to unify our understanding of different systems. Furthermore, it is this same analytic method that allows us to put together complex systems from parts that we understand in order to produce useful and predictable technologies.
Muscovite Russia 1450–1598
Authors: Kollmann Nancy Shields
Published: November 2023

Russia’s sixteenth century, like that of the Mediterranean in Fernand Braudel’s eyes, was a ‘long sixteenth century’. The hundred and fifty years from 1450 to the death of Tsar Fedor Ivanovich in 1598 was a cohesive era shaped by the tension between the interventionist policies of a state desperate to control its people and the nagging realities of geography, limited resources, and cultural diversity.
The Age of Enlightenment 1740–1801
Authors: Marker Gary
Published: November 2023

After Peter’s death in 1725 and another fifteen years of troubled and ill-defined rule, the next six decades witnessed a self- conscious reassertion of the Petrine legacy. For the remainder of the century, indeed of the old regime, legitimacy was linked to the name and achievements of Peter, officially canonized both as the founder of the All-Russian Empire and its great Europeanizer. Ironically, this epitome of masculine authority, this father of the fatherland, was enshrined and succeeded by strong female rulers, first his daughter Elizabeth (1741–61) and, after the brief reign of Peter III (1761–2), Catherine the Great (1762–96).
The New Economic Policy (NEP) and the Revolutionary Experiment 1921–1929
Authors: Husband William B
Published: November 2023

Once the Bolsheviks had consolidated their victory in the Russian civil war, the revolutionary experiment in socialism could begin in earnest. The defeat of principal military enemies in conjunction with the use of mass mobilization and repressive force seriously impaired those rivals not completely driven from the political arena. By that time, the Bolsheviks had already undertaken a broad programme of social and economic change. They attempted to co-ordinate all economic life by creating the Supreme Council of the National Economy in 1917, soon thereafter nationalized factories, and outlawed private trade.
The Great Fatherland War and Late Stalinism 1941–1953
Authors: Fuller William C
Published: November 2023

At four a.m. (Moscow time) on 22 June 1941, several thousand pieces of German ordnance simultaneously thundered into Soviet territory. Operation Barbarossa had begun, initiating four years of the most brutal and destructive war in history. From the very beginning the Soviet–German conflict was waged with a ferocity and savagery that was unparalleled in modern times. When Hitler announced his move against Russia to his highest officers (30 March 1941), he made it absolutely clear that he expected his troops to discard every principle of humanity, chivalry, or international law. This was, he said, to be a war ‘of extermination’.
From Stalinism to Stagnation 1953–1985
Authors: Freeze Gregory L
Published: November 2023

After decades of personalized tyranny, news of Stalin’s illness had a traumatic impact on the population. Recalling the recent ‘doctors’ plot’ (with transparent anti-Semitic overtones), some contemporaries suspected that ‘the doctors are involved in this. If that is confirmed, then the people will be still more outraged against the Jews.’ Many found the idea of life without the all-knowing Vozhd´ (Leader) unthinkable. Hope of instantaneous justice was gone.
Economy 1500 – 1800
Authors: Clark Peter
Published: November 2023

The early modern period saw a long term maturing and consolidation of the European urban economy in a traditional world still largely dominated until the eighteenth century by agriculture and the rural sector. There was an expansion of institutional regulation of the urban economy (largely engineered by the state). Building on late medieval developments, urban services multiplied, and internationalization had a mounting effect on trade, production, and consumption.
The Semantics of Clause Linking in Typological Perspective
Authors: Dixon R M W
Published: November 2023

This study aims to examine the different grammatical means that languages employ to represent a general set of semantic relations between clauses.
The Semantics of Clause Linking in Martuthunira
Authors: Dench Alan
Published: November 2023

Martuthunira is an Australian language originally spoken in the Pilbara region of Western Australia. Within the Pilbara region, it is useful to distinguish three typologically distinct, geographically delimited groups of languages. Martuthunira sits on the border between the Central Pilbara languages and the Southern Pilbara languages and shows some features of both. All of the languages can be characterized as highly agglutinating (suffixing), dependent marking languages. Words can generally be grouped into two major word classes, nominal and verb; there is no formal distinction between adjective, (manner) adverb, and noun. There are a number of minor nominal subclasses with distinct inflectional paradigms; pronoun, demonstrative, compass term, and inherent locative adverbial nominals. Verbs are inflected for tense, aspect, and mood and verb inflections may also code dependency status and switch reference.
Susceptibility testing of anaerobic bacteria
Authors: Rosenblatt Jone.
Published: November 2023

The importance of anaerobes as causes of significant infections is now widely recognized. The medical journals are replete with articles devoted to the diagnosis and treatment of these infections. In particular, studies in patients and experimental animals have documented the benefit of specific antimicrobials directed against anaerobes in the prophylaxis and therapy of infections involving these organisms (I, 2). Such benefits have been recognized even though bacteria other than anaerobes arc also often isolated from these infections. A decline of 45% in the number of anaerobic bacteraemias at the Mayo Clinic between 1974 and 1988 has, at least in part, been attributed to specific antimicrobial prophylaxis and therapy (3).
Protein structure prediction—principles and approaches
Authors: Sternberg Michael J E
Published: November 2023

Anyone who examines the atomic structure of even the smallest globular protein cannot but marvel at the convoluted path of the polypeptide main chain and the complex packing arrangements of main and side chain atoms. Surely then it must be a misguided attempt with today’s understanding of physical chemistry and the available computational power to try to predict theoretically protein structure from sequence? It is the aim of this book to give a practical approach towards a limited achievement of this ambitious goal.
Analyzing the barriers to green supply chain management implementation: a case study of the Vietnamese agriculture sector
Authors: Do Manh-Hoang , Huang Yung-Fu , Phan Vu-Dung-Van
Published: November 2023

Purpose

This research study aims to identify and rank the most substantial barriers to implementing green supply chain management (GSCM) in the Vietnamese agriculture industry.

Design/methodology/approach

The Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) techniques have been employed for this work to rank the critical GSCM barriers. The rankings were determined based on the expertise and input of ten experts from Vietnamese agriculture firms who participated as respondents.

Findings

This study has identified seven clusters of barriers, which encompass a total of 19 sub-barriers. Among these obstacles, the categories of financial costs and external stakeholders have emerged as the top priority barriers that require immediate attention and resolution. Meanwhile, the technology and strategic management clusters have a relatively weaker impact on GSCM implementation.

Practical implications

These findings provide valuable guidelines for the top managers in this sector to consider before systematically deciding on the GSCM implementation problems to improve performance and competitive advantage.

Originality/value

This work focuses on considering GSCM barriers for the Vietnamese agriculture industry; hence, it enriches the GSCM literature by offering perspectives from a transitional market, which results in variations in the barriers, categorization and importance ranking.
Respiratory effects of pressure support ventilation in spontaneously breathing patients under anaesthesia: Randomised controlled trial
Authors: Sudy Roberta , Dereu Domitille , Lin Na , Pichon Isabelle , Petak Ferenc , Habre Walid , Albu Gergely
Published: November 2023

Background

Lung volume loss is a major risk factor for postoperative respiratory complications after general anaesthesia and mechanical ventilation. We hypothesise that spontaneous breathing without pressure support may enhance the risk for atelectasis development. Therefore, we aimed at characterising whether pressure support prevents changes in lung function in patients breathing spontaneously through laryngeal mask airway.

Methods

In this randomised controlled trial, adult female patients scheduled for elective gynaecological surgery in lithotomy position were randomly assigned to the continuous spontaneous breathing group (CSB, n = 20) or to the pressure support ventilation group (PSV, n = 20) in a tertiary university hospital. Lung function measurements were carried out before anaesthesia and 1 h postoperatively by a researcher blinded to the group allocation. Lung clearance index calculated from end‐expiratory lung volume turnovers as primary outcome variable was assessed by the multiple‐breath nitrogen washout technique (MBW). Respiratory mechanics were measured by forced oscillations to assess parameters reflecting the small airway function and respiratory tissue stiffness.

Results

MBW was successfully completed in 18 patients in both CSB and PSV groups. The decrease in end‐expiratory lung volume was more pronounced in the CSB than that in the PSV group (16.6 ± 6.6 [95% CI] % vs. 7.6 ± 11.1%, p = .0259), with no significant difference in the relative changes of the lung clearance index (−0.035 ± 7.1% vs. −0.18 ± 6.6%, p = .963). The postoperative changes in small airway function and respiratory tissue stiffness were significantly lower in the PSV than in the CSB group (p < .05 for both).

Conclusions

These results suggest that pressure support ventilation protects against postoperative lung‐volume loss without affecting ventilation inhomogeneity in spontaneously breathing patients with increased risk for atelectasis development.

Trial Registration

NCT02986269.
Newly developed preclinical models reveal broad‐spectrum CDK inhibitors as potent drugs for CRPC exhibiting primary resistance to enzalutamide
Authors: Matsuoka Takashi , Sugiyama Aiko , Miyawaki Yoshifumi , Hidaka Yusuke , Okuno Yukiko , Sakai Hiroaki , Tanaka Hiroki , Yoshikawa Kiyotsugu , Fukui Tomohiro , Mizuno Kei , Sumiyoshi Takayuki , Goto Takayuki , Inoue Takahiro , Akamatsu Shusuke , Kobayashi Takashi , Nakamura Eijiro
Published: November 2023

Androgen‐deprivation therapy is a standard treatment for advanced prostate cancer. However, most patients eventually acquire resistance and progress to castration‐resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). In this study, we established new CRPC cell lines, AILNCaP14 and AILNCaP15, from LNCaP cells under androgen‐deprived conditions. Unlike most pre‐existing CRPC cell lines, both cell lines expressed higher levels of androgen receptor (AR) and prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) than parental LNCaP cells. Moreover, these cells exhibited primary resistance to enzalutamide. Since AR signaling plays a significant role in the development of CRPC, PSA promoter sequences fused with GFP were introduced into AILNCaP14 cells to conduct GFP fluorescence‐based chemical screening. We identified flavopiridol, a broad‐spectrum CDK inhibitor, as a candidate drug that could repress AR transactivation of CRPC cells, presumably through the inhibition of phosphorylation of AR on the serine 81 residue (pARSer81). Importantly, this broad‐spectrum CDK inhibitor inhibited the proliferation of AILNCaP14 cells both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, a newly developed liver metastatic model using AILNCaP15 cells revealed that the compound attenuated tumor growth of CRPC harboring highly metastatic properties. Finally, we developed a patient‐derived xenograft (PDX) model of CRPC and DCaP CR from a patient presenting therapeutic resistance to enzalutamide, abiraterone, and docetaxel. Flavopiridol successfully suppressed the tumor growth of CRPC in this PDX model. Since ARSer81 was found to be phosphorylated in clinical CRPC samples, our data suggested that broad‐spectrum CDK inhibitors might be a potent candidate drug for the treatment of CRPC, including those exhibiting primary resistance to enzalutamide.
Youth provisioning in low‐income families: Reconsidering theories of poor attachment
Authors: Caragata Lea
Published: November 2023

This paper explores the relationships between low‐income single mothers and their adolescent and early adult children utilizing qualitative interview and focus group data with youth from three Canadian cities. The research explored youth provisioning roles in these families. Provisioning, a concept widely understood in the global south, refers to labour used to sustain low‐income families and includes emotional labour, care work, trade and exchange and paid labour. Findings from this study identified strong expressions of positive attachment and close relationships between youth and their family members. The paper queries whether positive attachment may be built through roles where youth see themselves as integral parts of a family team and where their contributions are acknowledged. These findings invite us to explore and perhaps challenge the oft‐reported correlations between living in a low‐income, lone mother‐led family and poor childhood outcomes and poor attachment. Can these outcomes be mediated and can the provisioning roles youth undertake possibly be such mediators?