bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Einheitliche Basisversorgung von Kindern und Jugendlichen mit Long COVID
Authors: Töpfner Nicole ,   Deutsche Gesellschaft für Pädiatrische Infektiologie e. V. (DGPI), Alberer Martin , Ankermann Tobias ,   Gesellschaft für Pädiatrische Pneumologie e. V. (GPP), Bender Stephan ,   Deutsche Gesellschaft für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie, Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie e. V. (DGKJP), Berner Reinhard , de Laffolie Jan ,   Gesellschaft für Pädiatrische Gastroenterologie und Ernährung e. V. (GPGE), Dingemann Jens ,   Deutsche Gesellschaft für Kinderchirurgie e. V. (DGKCH), Heinicke Dirk ,   Bündnis Kinder- und Jugendreha e. V. (BKJR), Haas Johannes Peter ,   Gesellschaft für Kinder- und Jugendrheumatologie (GKJR), Hufnagel Markus , Hummel Thomas ,   Deutsche Gesellschaft für Hals-Nasen-Ohren-Heilkunde, Kopf- und Hals-Chirurgie e. V. (DGHNO-KHC), Huppertz Hans-Iko ,   Deutsche Akademie für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin (DAKJ), Knuf Markus , Kobbe Robin , Lücke Thomas ,   Gesellschaft für Neuropädiatrie e. V. (GNP), Riedel Joachim ,   Deutsche Gesellschaft für Sozialpädiatrie und Jugendmedizin (DGSPJ), Rosenecker Josef ,   Deutsche Gesellschaft für Pädiatrische Rehabilitation und Prävention e. V. (DGpRP), Wölfle Joachim ,   Deutsche Gesellschaft für Kinderendokrinologie und -diabetologie e. V. (DGKED), Schneider Barbara ,   Deutsche Gesellschaft für Schlafforschung und Schlafmedizin e. V. (DGSM), Schneider Dominik ,   Deutsche Gesellschaft für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin e. V. (DGKJ), Schriever Valentin ,   Deutsche Gesellschaft für Hals-Nasen-Ohren-Heilkunde, Kopf- und Hals-Chirurgie e. V. (DGHNO-KHC), Schroeder Anne ,   Gesellschaft für Neuropsychologie (GNP), Stojanov Silvia , Tenenbaum Tobias , Trapp Stefan ,   Berufsverband der Kinder- und Jugendärzte e. V. (BVKJ), Vilser Daniel ,   Deutsche Gesellschaft für Pädiatrische Kardiologie und Angeborene Herzfehler e. V. (DGPK), Brinkmann Folke , Behrends Uta
Published: May 2022

Das vorliegende Konsensuspapier bietet in Ergänzung zur AWMF-S1-Leitlinie eine Übersicht über die verschiedenen klinischen Aspekte vonLong COVIDim Kindes- und Jugendalter. Es wurde von Vertreter:innen aus 19 Fachgesellschaften des DGKJ-Konvents und kooperierenden Fachgesellschaften erstellt und bietet Expertenempfehlungen für die Praxis auf Grundlage der bisherigen, noch geringen studienbasierten Evidenz zuLong COVIDim Kindes- und Jugendalter. Es enthält Screeningfragen zuLong COVIDsowie einen Vorschlag zur strukturierten, standardisierten pädiatrischen Anamnese und zur diagnostischen Evaluation bei V. a.Long COVID. Dazu werden ein zeit- und ressourcensparender Erfassungsbogen, der die Komplexität des Krankheitsbildes berücksichtigt, über die Internetseiten der DGKJ und DGPI zur Verfügung gestellt und weitere Fragebögen zur Abklärung von spezifischen neurokognitiven und/oder psychischen Störungen sowie post-exertioneller Malaise (PEM) und myalgischer Enzephalomyelitis/chronischem Fatigue-Syndrom (ME/CFS) benannt. Anhand der jeweiligen anamnestisch und klinisch ermittelten Hauptsymptome werden ein gestuftes, diagnostisches Vorgehen und eine multidisziplinäre Betreuung empfohlen.
A machine learning approach to detecting fraudulent job types
Authors: Naudé Marcel , Adebayo Kolawole John , Nanda Rohan
Published: May 2022

Job seekers find themselves increasingly duped and misled by fraudulent job advertisements, posing a threat to their privacy, security and well-being. There is a clear need for solutions that can protect innocent job seekers. Existing approaches to detecting fraudulent jobs do not scale well, function like a black-box, and lack interpretability, which is essential to guide applicants’ decision-making. Moreover, commonly used lexical features may be insufficient as the representation does not capture contextual semantics of the underlying document. Hence, this paper explores to what extent different categorizations of fraudulent jobs can be classified. In addition, this paper seeks to find what type of features are most relevant in classifying the type of fraudulent job. In this paper, we develop and validate a machine learning system for identifying identity theft, corporate identity theft and multi-level marketing amongst fraudulent job advertisements. We utilized four classes of features: empirical rule set-based features, bag-of-word models, most recent state-of-the-art word embeddings and transformer models for various machine learning classifiers. The machine learning models were validated by evaluating them on a publicly available job description dataset. Our results indicate that the word embeddings and transformer-based features consistently outperformed the handcrafted rule-set based features class. Ultimately, a Gradient Boosting classifier with a combination of empirical rule-set based features, parts-of-speech tags and bag-of-words vectors achieved the best performance with an F1-score of 0.88.
Visual odometry algorithm based on geometric prior for dynamic environments
Authors: Xu Gang , Yu Ze , Xing Guangxin , Zhang Xingyu , Pan Feng
Published: May 2022

Simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) is considered to be an important way for some smart devices to perform automatic path planning, and many successful SLAM systems have been developed in the past few years. Most existing approaches rely heavily on static world assumptions, and such strong assumptions limit the application of most vSLAM (visual SLAM) in complex dynamic reality environments, where dynamic objects often lead to incorrect data association in tracking, which reduces the overall accuracy and robustness of the system and causes tracking crashes. The dynamic objects in the map may change over time; thus, distinguishing dynamic information in a scene is challenging. In order to solve the interference problem of dynamic objects, most point-based visual odometry algorithms have concentrated on feature matching or direct pixel intensity matching, disregarding an ordinary but crucial image entity: geometric information. In this article, we put forward a novel visual odometry algorithm based on dynamic point detection methods called geometric prior and constraints. It removes the moving objects by combining the spatial geometric information of the image and depends on the remaining features to estimate the position of the camera. To the best of our knowledge, our proposed algorithm achieves superior performance over existing methods on a variety of public datasets.
Heat Transfer Through Grass: A Diffusive Approach
Authors: van der Linden Steven J. A. , Kruis Maarten T. , Hartogensis Oscar K. , Moene Arnold F. , Bosveld Fred C. , van de Wiel Bas J. H.
Published: May 2022

Heat transport through short and closed vegetation such as grass is modelled by a simple diffusion process. The grass is treated as a homogeneous ‘sponge layer’ with uniform thermal diffusivity and conductivity, placed on top of the soil. The temperature and heat-flux dynamics in both vegetation and soil are described using harmonic analysis. All thermal properties have been determined by optimization against observations from the Haarweg climatological station in The Netherlands. Our results indicate that both phase and amplitude of soil temperatures can be accurately reproduced from the vegetation surface temperature. The diffusion approach requires no specific tuning to, for example, the daily cycle, but instead responds to all frequencies present in the input data, including quick changes in cloud cover and day–night transitions. The newly determined heat flux at the atmosphere–vegetation interface is compared with the other components of the surface energy balance at this interface. The budget is well-closed, particularly in the most challenging cases with varying cloud cover and during transition periods. We conclude that the diffusion approach (either implemented analytically or numerically) is a physically consistent alternative to more ad hoc methods, like ‘skin resistance’ approaches for vegetation and bulk correction methods for upper soil heat storage. However, more work is needed to evaluate parameter variability and robustness under different climatological conditions. From a numerical perspective, the present representation of vegetation allows for both slow and rapid feedbacks between the atmosphere and the surface. As such, it would be interesting to couple the present surface parametrization to turbulence-resolving models, such as large-eddy simulations.
Hydrophobisation of lignocellulosic materials part I: physical modification
Authors: Rodríguez-Fabià Sandra , Torstensen Jonathan , Johansson Lars , Syverud Kristin
Published: May 2022

This review is the first part of a comprehensive review of hydrophobisation of lignocellulosic materials. The purpose of this review has been to compare physical hydrophobisation methods of lignocellulosic materials. We have compared molecular physical adsorption with plasma etching and grafting. Adsorption methods are facile and rely upon the simple mixing or coating of the substrate with the hydrophobing agent. However, none of the surfactant-based methods reviewed here reach contact angles above 90°, making them unsuitable for applications where a high degree of hydrophobisation is required. Nevertheless, surfactant based methods are well suited for compatibilising the lignocellulosic material with a hydrophobic matrix/polymer in cases where only a slight decrease in the hydrophilicity of the lignocellulosic substrate is required. On the other hand, wax- and lignin-based coatings can provide high hydrophobicity to the substrates. Plasma etching requires a more complex set-up but is relatively cheap. By physically etching the surface with or without the deposition of a hydrophobic coating, the material is rendered hydrophobic, reaching contact angles well above 120°. A major drawback of this method is the need for a plasma etching set-up, and some researchers co-deposit fluorine-based layers, which have a negative environmental impact. An alternative is plasma grafting, where single molecules are grafted on, initiated by radicals formed in the plasma. This method also requires a plasma set-up, but the vast majority of hydrophobic species can be grafted on. Examples include fatty acids, silanes and alkanes. Contact angles well above 110° are achieved by this method, and both fluorine and non-toxic species may be used for grafting.

Graphical abstract
Bringing the home into school: learning and connecting through mathematics education during the time of a pandemic
Authors: Hunter Jodie , Hunter Roberta , Tupouniua John , Leach Generosa
Published: May 2022

The COVID-19 pandemic brought with it a new way of being in a changed and uncertain world. Aotearoa/New Zealand took a well-being approach and in turn, we share the positive outcomes which resulted for some low socio-economic schools and communities in relation to teacher learning and relationships with families. In this article, we report on how teachers and schools connected with diverse students and their families during the period of remote learning. We draw on the responses from 20 teachers and school leaders who participated in interviews. Following the wider government focus, schools took a well-being first approach which led to increased connections and positive home/school relationships. The results highlight how a disruptive event such as COVID-19 can also be a time to focus on strengths of diverse communities and gain insights. We demonstrate that while focusing on mathematics, teachers and school leaders gained insights related to their students’ funds of knowledge and saw opportunities for learning for students, parents, and the teachers themselves.
Sedentary behavior and cancer–an umbrella review and meta-analysis
Authors: Hermelink Rafael , Leitzmann Michael F. , Markozannes Georgios , Tsilidis Kostas , Pukrop Tobias , Berger Felix , Baurecht Hansjörg , Jochem Carmen
Published: May 2022

Several systematic reviews and meta-analyses have summarized the association between sedentary behavior (SB) and cancer. However, the level of evidence and the potential for risk of bias remains unclear. This umbrella review summarized the current data on SB in relation to cancer incidence and mortality, with a particular emphasis on assessing the risk of bias. We searched PubMed, Web of Science and Cochrane Database for systematic reviews and meta-analyses on the association between SB and cancer incidence and mortality. We also searched for recent observational studies not yet included in existing meta-analyses. We re-calculated summary risk estimates for cancer incidence and mortality using random effects models. We included 14 meta-analyses covering 17 different cancer sites from 77 original studies. We found that high SB levels increase the risk for developing ovarian, endometrial, colon, breast, prostate, and rectal cancers, with relative risks of 1.29 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.08–1.56), 1.29 (95% CI = 1.16–1.45), 1.25 (95% CI = 1.16–1.33), 1.08 (95% CI = 1.04–1.11), 1.08 (95% CI = 1.00–1.17), and 1.07 (95% CI = 1.01–1.12), respectively. Also, we found an increased risk of cancer mortality of 1.18 (95% CI = 1.09–1.26). Most associations between SB and specific cancer sites were supported by a “suggestive” level of evidence. High levels of SB are associated with increased risk of several types of cancer and increased cancer mortality risk.
Aggressive behaviour in the skyhoppers of the Australian Alps
Authors: Muschett Giselle E. , Painting Christina J. , Herberstein Marie E. , Umbers Kate D. L.
Published: May 2022

The evolution of male-male aggression is of interest because at its extreme it can be very energetically costly, leave males vulnerable to preadtors, and give rise to weaponry such as exaggerated traits. In grasshoppers (Acrididae), one group stands out as exceptionally aggressive, the skyhoppers (Kosciuscola) in which males bite, kick, mandible flare, and wrestle each other for access to females or when females are laying eggs. In this study we asked whether there is variation in aggressive behaviour among four skyhopper species and aimed to determine whether the traits used in fighting bear signatures of sexual selection in their size, variability, and allometric scaling. We found clear differences in the numbers and types of aggressive behaviours among species. Kosciuscola tristis and K. usitatus were the most aggressive, K. cognatus was the least aggressive, and K. tristis was the only species that performed the ‘mandible flare’ behaviour. Mandible size was larger among the three species that showed aggressive behaviour, all except K. cognatus, and was negatively allometric for all species possibly suggesting a functional size constraint. Pronotum size was different among most species and K. tristis’ pronotum was the largest and borderline positively allometric perhaps suggesting that pronotum size is related to aggressive behaviour but the nature of that relationship remains obscured. Our study suggests that further work investigates skyhoppers’ aggressive behaviour and how it varies with ecology, and paves the way for establishing them as a model system in the evolution of aggressive behaviour.
Oxygen consumption in relation to current velocity and morphology in the highly invasive crayfish Procambarus clarkii
Authors: Rubio-Gracia Francesc , Galobart Cristina , Benejam Lluís , Martí Bernat , Rubio Angel , Vila-Gispert Anna
Published: May 2022

The red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) is the most widely spread freshwater crayfish worldwide. Competing physiological traits can influence invasion success in any given environment by limiting the available scope for aerobically demanding activities. While high flows have been associated with reduced crayfish movement upstream, the effects of flow alteration on their metabolic demands have been largely overlooked. In this study, we estimated routine metabolic rate (RMR) at rest and oxygen consumption rates of crayfish under different current velocities in a flume respirometer, while maximum metabolic rate (MMR) was determined using the exhaustive chase protocol. We also measured some morphometric variables in males and females of crayfish. Oxygen uptake substantially increased with crayfish size and current velocity due to increased energy expenditure to overcome drag and hold a stationary position. Sexual dimorphism in morphological traits did not lead to sexual differences in oxygen uptake. Moreover, we found that individuals operated close to their maximum aerobic capacity at elevated current velocities (≥ 25 cm s−1). This suggested that the high flow-driven energetic demand may compromise the energy available for reproduction, growth and dispersal, thereby affecting overall fitness. These metabolic constraints could partly explain the failed invasions of invasive crayfish in fast-flowing waters.
On the function of saṁhitā in the Saṁhitā Upaniṣad
Authors: Majcher Stephanie A.
Published: May 2022

The Saṁhitā Upaniṣad [SU] is a little-known Vedic text that presents ‘typical’ Upaniṣadic teachings on the truth of identity alongside seemingly out-of-place descriptions of rites used to protect oneself against enemies and even against death. The difference between these contents is striking, but what it has to tell us about the SU’s main concerns is vulnerable to historical and text critical methods that rely on structure, style, and linguistic archaism to divide texts into discrete strata. What if the modern text critical practice of individually identifying and classifying textual contents obscures the use and meaning of the word saṁhitā in the SU? Is it possible that the SU’s diverse contents are intrinsically related? This article explores these questions through a close examination of a sequence of passages illustrating the contrast that has led previous scholars to see the SU as miscellaneous in character and lacking internal coherence. Through this examination, I identify a wider context for saṁhitā in the specific relationship the SU depicts between the person (puruṣa) and speech (vāc). I argue that the SU’s treatment of saṁhitā draws upon an understanding of recitation in the perspective of one’s vulnerability and the dynamics involved in developments of personhood. These findings allow the SU to emerge as an intriguing and coherent text that merits closer examination and establishes a promising approach for the study of the R̥gvedic Āraṇyakas.
Biopolymer treatment of ammonium-rich industrial effluents for the mass cultivation of microalgae
Authors: Refaay Dina A. , Hussein Mervat H. , Abdel-Hamid Mohmmed I. , Shabaan Sami A. , Mohammad Doaa M.
Published: May 2022

Although wastewater reutilization for microalgae culturing can meet the dual goals of wastewater treatment and biomass production, some effluents with high contaminant concentrations are toxic to microalgae, necessitating pretreatment protocols to lower the toxicity before bioremediation. The present study aimed to bioremediate the industrial effluents of El Delta Co. for Fertilizers and Chemical Industries (Mansoura, Egypt), using sodium alginate as a pretreatment to enable reuse as a growth medium for microalgae culturing. Various water quality parameters signified the inferior state of the effluent with an ammonia-N concentration of 185.76 mg L−1. Toxicity investigations of the raw industrial effluents revealed toxicity to Chlorella sorokiniana, Scenedesmus vacuolatus and Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata. Effluent bioremediation was adopted using different concentrations of the biopolymer sodium alginate, and 1.0 g L−1 sodium alginate resulted in the highest removal of both ammonia-N and heavy metals. Chlorella sorokiniana and S. vacuolatus successfully grew in the 1.0 g L−1 alginate-treated effluent. Chlorella sorokiniana removed 87.8% of the ammonia-N, 75% of the copper, and 100% of the phosphorus. Scenedesmus vacuolatus consumed 85.7% of the ammonia-N, 66.7% of the copper, and 100% of the phosphorus. Adjusting the N:P mass ratio to 9.9 resulted in high tolerance of C. sorokiniana and S. vacuolatus to the effluent toxicity, with an EC50 > 100%. The 1.0 g L−1 sodium alginate-treated effluent stimulated C. sorokiniana and S. vacuolatus growth relative to the control. Additionally, C. sorokiniana and S. vacuolatus had the highest biomass production and protein content, reaching 1.42 and 0.74 g L−1 and 57.04 ± 0.04% and 52.19 ± 0.02%, respectively, in the treated effluent. Therefore, it was concluded that this bioremediation approach using the 1.0 g L−1 alginate pretreatment followed by microalgal cultivation (C. sorokiniana and S. vacuolatus) successfully treated the industrial effluent, representing a promising protocol for bioremediation practices.
Moment magnitude (Mw) from hydrophone records of low energy volcanic quakes
Authors: Guardato Sergio , Donnarumma Gian Paolo , Riccio Rosario , Del Pezzo Edoardo , Iannaccone Giovanni
Published: May 2022

Earthquake magnitude calibration using hydrophone records has been carried out at Campi Flegrei caldera, an active area close to the highly populated area of Naples city, partly undersea. Definite integrals of the hydrophone records amplitude spectra, between the limits of 1 and 20 Hz, were calculated on a set of small volcano-tectonic earthquakes with moment magnitudes ranging from 1 to 3.3. The coefficients of a linear relationship between the logarithm of these integrals and the magnitude were obtained by linear optimization, thus defining a useful equation to calculate the moment magnitude from the hydrophone record spectra. This method could be easily exported to other volcanic areas, where submerged volcanoes are monitored by networks of hydrophones and seismic sensors on land. The proposed approach allows indeed magnitude measurements of small magnitude earthquakes occurring at sea, thus adding useful information to the seismicity of these volcanoes.
Enhancing Title V Workforce Capacity to Address Complex Challenges: Impact of the National Maternal and Child Health Workforce Development Center
Authors: Coffey Alexandria M. , Powis Laura , Mullenix Amy , Rivero Vanessa , Evans Shara , Fatima Hiba , Fleming W. Oscar , Lich Kristen Hassmiller , Orton Stephen , Cilenti Dorothy , Margolis Lewis
Published: May 2022

Introduction

The National Maternal and Child Health Workforce Development Center provides training, coaching, and consultation to Title V programs. The flagship experience is the Cohort program, a 6-8-month leadership development program where Title V programs convene a multisector team to address a pre-selected state/jurisdictional challenge related to health systems transformation. The overall objective of this paper is to demonstrate the impact of skills developed via the Cohort program on state/jurisdictional capacities to address complex challenges.

Methods

Qualitative, post-Cohort evaluation data were analyzed using inductive and deductive coding and the “Sort and Sift, Think and Shift” method. Themes and supporting text were summarized using episode profiles for each team and subsequently organized using the EvaluLEAD methodology for identifying and documenting impact.

Results

Teams brought an array of challenges related to health systems transformation and 94% of teams reported achieving progress on their challenge six-months after the Cohort program. Teams described how the Cohort program improved workforce skills in strategic thinking, systems thinking, adaptive leadership, and communication. Teams also reported the Cohort program contributed to stronger partnerships, improved sustainability of their project, produced mindset shifts, and increased confidence. The Cohort program has also led to improved population health outcomes.

Discussion

Through working with the Center, Title V leaders and their teams achieved episodic, developmental, and transformative results through application of Center tools and skills to complex challenges. Investment in the MCH workforce through skill development is critical for achieving transformative results and solving “wicked” public health problems.
Preprint citation practice in PLOS
Authors: Bertin Marc , Atanassova Iana
Published: May 2022

The role of preprints in the scientific production and their part in citations have been growing over the past 10 years. In this paper we study preprint citations in several different aspects: the progression of preprint citations over time, their relative frequencies in relation to the IMRaD structure of articles, their distributions over time, per preprint database and per PLOS journal. We have processed the PLOS corpus that covers 7 journals and a total of about 240,000 articles up to January 2021, and produced a dataset of 8460 preprint citation contexts that cite 12 different preprint databases. Our results show that preprint citations are found with the highest frequency in the Method section of articles, though small variations exist with respect to journals. The PLOS Computational Biology journal stands out as it contains more than three times more preprint citations than any other PLOS journal. The relative parts of the different preprint databases are also examined. While ArXiv and bioRxiv are the most frequent citation sources, bioRxiv’s disciplinary nature can be observed as it is the source of more than 70% of preprint citations in PLOS Biology, PLOS Genetics and PLOS Pathogens. We have also compared the lexical content of preprint citation contexts to the citation content to peer-reviewed publications. Finally, by performing a lexicometric analysis, we have shown that preprint citation contexts differ significantly from citation contexts of peer-reviewed publications. This confirms that authors make use of different lexical content when citing preprints compared to the rest of citations.
Theory of Cosmic Ray Transport in the Heliosphere
Authors: Engelbrecht N. Eugene , Effenberger F. , Florinski V. , Potgieter M. S. , Ruffolo D. , Chhiber R. , Usmanov A. V. , Rankin J. S. , Els P. L.
Published: May 2022

Modelling the transport of cosmic rays (CRs) in the heliosphere represents a global challenge in the field of heliophysics, in that such a study, if it were to be performed from first principles, requires the careful modelling of both large scale heliospheric plasma quantities (such as the global structure of the heliosphere, or the heliospheric magnetic field) and small scale plasma quantities (such as various turbulence-related quantities). Here, recent advances in our understanding of the transport of galactic cosmic rays are reviewed, with an emphasis on new developments pertaining to their transport coefficients, with a special emphasis on novel theoretical and numerical simulation results, as well as the CR transport studies that employ them. Furthermore, brief reviews are given of recent progress in CR focused transport modelling, as well as the modelling of non-diffusive CR transport.
Feature-oriented clone and pull operations for distributed development and evolution
Authors: Hinterreiter Daniel , Linsbauer Lukas , Prähofer Herbert , Grünbacher Paul
Published: May 2022

Software companies frequently customize and extend product lines in multiple projects concurrently to quickly deliver solutions to customers. Engineers use a distributed and feature-oriented development process, commonly supported by version control systems to track implementation-level changes. For instance, feature branches are widely used to add new or modify existing features. However, when merging back features to the product line, the information about feature-to-code mappings is usually lost. Furthermore, the granularity of merging is limited to branches, making it hard to extract and merge selected individual features from one product to another. This paper thus presents feature-oriented clone and pull operations for distributed development, which are implemented in the FORCE2 platform. Our evaluation uses variants of the ArgoUML product line to investigate the correctness and performance of our approach. The results show that the feature-oriented operations work with high precision and recall for different cases of feature interactions, also when feature implementations are scattered across many locations in the source code. The performance measurements demonstrate that the operations can be integrated in the typical workflows of engineers.
The node-wise Pseudo-marginal method: model selection with spatial dependence on latent graphs
Authors: Thesingarajah Denishrouf , Johansen Adam M.
Published: May 2022

Motivated by problems from neuroimaging in which existing approaches make use of “mass univariate” analysis which neglects spatial structure entirely, but the full joint modelling of all quantities of interest is computationally infeasible, a novel method for incorporating spatial dependence within a (potentially large) family of model-selection problems is presented. Spatial dependence is encoded via a Markov random field model for which a variant of the pseudo-marginal Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm is developed and extended by a further augmentation of the underlying state space. This approach allows the exploitation of existing unbiased marginal likelihood estimators used in settings in which spatial independence is normally assumed thereby facilitating the incorporation of spatial dependence using non-spatial estimates with minimal additional development effort. The proposed algorithm can be realistically used for analysis of moderately sized data sets such as 2D slices of whole 3D dynamic PET brain images or other regions of interest. Principled approximations of the proposed method, together with simple extensions based on the augmented spaces, are investigated and shown to provide similar results to the full pseudo-marginal method. Such approximations and extensions allow the improved performance obtained by incorporating spatial dependence to be obtained at negligible additional cost. An application to measured PET image data shows notable improvements in revealing underlying spatial structure when compared to current methods that assume spatial independence.
Psychosocial risks and benefits of exposure to heavy metal music with aggressive themes: Current theory and evidence
Authors: Olsen Kirk N. , Terry Josephine , Thompson William Forde
Published: May 2022

Concerns have been raised that prolonged exposure to heavy metal music with aggressive themes can increase the risk of aggression, anger, antisocial behaviour, substance use, suicidal ideation, anxiety and depression in community and psychiatric populations. Although research often relies on correlational evidence for which causal inferences are not possible, it is often claimed that music with aggressive themes can cause psychological and behavioural problems. This narrative review of theory and evidence suggests the issues are more complicated, and that fans typically derive a range of emotional and social benefits from listening to heavy metal music, including improved mood, identity formation, and peer affiliation. In contrast, non-fans of heavy metal music — who are often used as participants in experimental research on this topic — invariably report negative psychological experiences. Our review considers a comprehensive set of empirical findings that inform clinical strategies designed to identify fans for whom heavy metal music may confer psychological and behavioural risks, and those for whom this music may confer psychosocial benefits.
Molecules with a TEMPO-based head group as high-performance organic friction modifiers
Authors: Hou Jinchi , Tsukamoto Masaki , Hor Seanghai , Chen Xingyu , Yang Juntao , Zhang Hedong , Koga Nobuaki , Yasuda Koji , Fukuzawa Kenji , Itoh Shintaro , Azuma Naoki
Published: May 2022

High-performance organic friction modifiers (OFMs) added to lubricating oils are crucial for reducing energy loss and carbon footprint. To establish a new class of OFMs, we measured the friction and wear properties of N-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-oxyl-4-piperidinyl)dodecaneamide referred to as C12Amide-TEMPO. The effect of its head group chemistry, which is characterized by a rigid six-membered ring sandwiched by an amide group and a terminal free oxygen radical, was also investigated with both experiments and quantum mechanical (QM) calculations. The measurement results show that C12Amide-TEMPO outperforms the conventional OFMs of glyceryl monooleate (GMO) and stearic acid, particularly for load-carrying capacity, wear reduction, and stability of friction over time. The friction and wear reduction effect of C12Amide-TEMPO is also greatly superior to those of C12Ester-TEMPO and C12Amino-TEMPO, in which ester and amino groups replace the amide group, highlighting the critical role of the amide group. The QM calculation results suggest that, in contrast to C12Ester-TEMPO, C12Amino-TEMPO, and the conventional OFMs of GMO and stearic acid, C12Amide-TEMPO can form effective boundary films on iron oxide surfaces with a unique double-layer structure: a strong surface adsorption layer owing to the chemical interactions of the amide oxygen and free radical with iron oxide surfaces, and an upper layer owing to the interlayer hydrogen-bonding between the amide hydrogen and free radical or between the amide hydrogen and oxygen. Moreover, the intralayer hydrogen-bonding in each of the two layers is also possible. We suggest that in addition to strong surface adsorption, the interlayer and intralayer hydrogen-bonding also increases the strength of the boundary films by enhancing the cohesion strength, thereby resulting in the high tribological performance of C12Amide-TEMPO. The findings in this study are expected to provide new hints for the optimal molecular design of OFMs.
Bioinspired Strategies for Excellent Mechanical Properties of Composites
Authors: Peng Xianchang , Zhang Binjie , Wang Ze , Su Wenbo , Niu Shichao , Han Zhiwu , Ren Luquan
Published: May 2022

Developing high-performance composite materials is of great significance as a strong support for high-end manufacturing. However, the design and optimization of composite materials lack a theoretical basis and guidance scheme. Compared with traditional composite materials, natural materials are composed of relatively limited components but exhibit better mechanical properties through ingenious and reasonable synthetic strategies. Based on this, learning from nature is considered to be an effective way to break through the bottleneck of composite design and preparation. In this review, the recent progress of natural composites with excellent properties is presented. Multiple factors, including structures, components and interfaces, are first summarized to reveal the strategies of natural materials to achieve outstanding mechanical properties. In addition, the manufacturing technologies and engineering applications of bioinspired composite materials are introduced. Finally, some scientific challenges and outlooks are also proposed to promote next-generation bioinspired composite materials.
Rethinking data infrastructure and its ethical implications in the face of automated digital content generation
Authors: Israel Maria Joseph , Amer Ahmed
Published: May 2022

Recent AI developments have made it possible for AI to auto-generate content—text, image, and sound. Highly realistic auto-generated content raises the question of whether one can differentiate between what is AI-generated and human-generated, and assess its origin and authenticity. When it comes to the processes of digital scholarship and publication in the presence of automated content generation technology, the evolution of data storage and presentation technologies demand that we rethink basic processes, such as the nature of anonymity and the mechanisms of attribution. We propose to consider these issues in light of emerging digital storage technologies that may better support the mechanisms of attribution (and fulfilling broader goals of accountability, transparency, and trust). We discuss the scholarship review and publication process in a revised context, specifically the possibility of synthetically generated content and the availability of a digital storage infrastructure that can track data provenance while offering: immutability of stored data; accountability and attribution of authorship; and privacy-preserving authentication mechanisms. As an example, we consider theMetaScribesystem architecture, which supports these features, and we believe such features allow us to reconsider the nature of identity and anonymity in this domain, and to broaden the ethical discussion surrounding new technology. Considering such technological options, in an underlying storage infrastructure, means that we could discuss the epistemological relevance of published media more generally.
Future scenarios for housing (re)settlements in Ecuador
Authors: Iuorio Ornella , Russo Mirko
Published: May 2022

Post-earthquake (re)settlements are too often the results of political decisions, driven by the urgency of housing survivors in emergency. There is very limited evidence of strategic decisions made for the long-term wellbeing of the displaced communities. This has certainly been the case, for the post-earthquake reconstructions developed in the aftermath of the 2016 Muisne earthquake in Ecuador. Previous research has indeed demonstrated, through qualitative empirical research, the failure of the developed resettlements from both a technical and a social perspective. This paper aims to re-think the way to conceive (re)settlements with the aim to co-produce with local experts and inhabitants possible future scenarios. A first pilot case, that adopts design solutions at the urban and housing unit level, which are strongly connected to the local geographic and cultural context, is discussed. This paper presents and discusses the design evolution of the proposed pilot case, posing the attention to the urban development and the housing design, articulated imagining the (re)settlement as a new neighbourhood of the city, with a combination of private and public spaces, that will grow and be fully integrated to the consolidated city as population grow.
Protective roles of inorganic nitrate in health and diseases
Authors: Qin Lizheng , Wang Songlin
Published: May 2022

Various beneficial biological activities of inorganic nitrate have been revealed in recent decades. Oral bacteria can reduce nitrate to nitrite, which is further reduced to nitric oxide (NO) in the body; this process is known as the nitrate-nitrite-NO pathway. Sialin is a mammalian membrane nitrate transporter that transports nitrate to the salivary glands and secretes it into the oral cavity through the saliva. Recent studies have indicated that nitrate has a protective effect on the salivary glands and other organs by regulating the expression of sialin and maintaining microbial homeostasis. Through the nitrate-nitrite-NO pathway, nitrate can act as a reservoir of NO in vivo and perform a variety of NO-like bioactivities, such as promoting exercise performance, protecting the digestive system, lowering blood pressure, and assisting in tumor treatment. This paper reviews the sources, functions, and possible mechanisms of inorganic nitrate, and discusses the protective role that nitrate promises to play in health and diseases.
dbDEMC 3.0: Functional Exploration of Differentially Expressed miRNAs in Cancers of Human and Model Organisms
Authors: Xu Feng , Wang Yifan , Ling Yunchao , Zhou Chenfen , Wang Haizhou , Teschendorff Andrew E. , Zhao Yi , Zhao Haitao , He Yungang , Zhang Guoqing , Yang Zhen
Published: May 2022

M  icroRNAs (miRNAs) are important regulators in gene expression. The dysregulation of miRNA expression is widely reported in the transformation from physiological to pathological states of cells. A large number of differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs) have been identified in various human cancers by using high-throughput technologies, such as microarray and miRNA-seq. Through mining of published studies with high-throughput experiment information, the database of DEMs in human cancers (dbDEMC) was constructed with the aim of providing a systematic resource for the storage and query of the DEMs. Here we report an update of the dbDEMC to version 3.0, which contains two-fold more data entries than the second version and now includes also data from mice and rats. The dbDEMC 3.0 contains 3268 unique DEMs in 40 different cancer types. The current datasets for differential expression analysis have expanded to 9 generalized categories. Moreover, the current release integrates functional annotations of DEMs obtained by using experimentally validated targets. The annotations can be of great benefit to the intensive analysis of the roles of DEMs in cancer. In summary, dbDEMC 3.0 provides a valuable resource for characterizing molecular functions and regulatory mechanisms of DEMs in human cancers. The dbDEMC 3.0 is freely accessible at https://www.biosino.org/dbDEMC.
Genome Assembly and Population Resequencing Reveal the Geographical Divergence of Shanmei (Rubus Corchorifolius)
Authors: Yang Yinqing , Zhang Kang , Xiao Ya , Zhang Lingkui , Huang Yile , Li Xing , Chen Shumin , Peng Yansong , Yang Shuhua , Liu Yongbo , Cheng Feng
Published: May 2022

Rubus corchorifolius (Shanmei or mountain berry, 2n = 14) is widely distributed in China, and its fruits possess high nutritional and medicinal values. Here, we reported a high-quality chromosome-scale genome assembly of Shanmei, with contig size of 215.69 Mb and 26,696 genes. Genome comparison among Rosaceae species showed that Shanmei and Fupenzi (Rubus chingii Hu) were most closely related, followed by blackberry (Rubus occidentalis), and that environmental adaptation-related genes were expanded in the Shanmei genome. Further resequencing of 101 samples of Shanmei collected from four regions in the provinces of Yunnan, Hunan, Jiangxi, and Sichuan in China revealed that among these samples, the Hunan population of Shanmei possessed the highest diversity and represented the more ancestral population. Moreover, the Yunnan population underwent strong selection based on the nucleotide diversity, linkage disequilibrium, and historical effective population size analyses. Furthermore, genes from candidate genomic regions that showed strong divergence were significantly enriched in the flavonoid biosynthesis and plant hormone signal transduction pathways, indicating the genetic basis of adaptation of Shanmei to the local environment. The high-quality assembled genome and the variome dataset of Shanmei provide valuable resources for breeding applications and for elucidating the genome evolution and ecological adaptation of Rubus species.
Explicit and Implicit Learning in Second Language Acquisition
Authors: VanPatten Bill , Smith Megan
Published: May 2022

This Element explores the roles of explicit and implicit learning in second language acquisition. The authors lay out some key issues that they take to underlie the debate on the extent to which second language acquisition involves explicit learning, implicit learning, or both. They also discuss what they take to be an oversight in the field: namely, the lack of clear definitions of key constructs. Taking a generative perspective on the nature of language, while addressing alternative approaches at key points, they refocus the discussion of explicit and implicit learning by first asking what must be learned (i.e., what is this mental representation we call “language” that all functioning humans possess?) The discussion and research reviewed leads to the conclusion that second language acquisition is largely if not exclusively implicit in nature and that explicit learning plays a secondary role in how learners grapple with meaning.
Credibility Enhancing Displays, religious scandal and the decline of Irish Catholic orthodoxy
Authors: Turpin Hugh D. , Willard Aiyana K.
Published: May 2022

Credibility Enhancing Displays have been shown to be an important component in the transmission of empirically unverifiable cultural content such as religious beliefs. Decreased Credibility Enhancing Displays are a major predictor of religious decline. However, because declines in belief are often paired with the decreasing importance of religious institutions, existing research has not yet shown the effect of Credibility Enhancing Displays as separate from this institutional decline. Here, we assess the role of past Credibility Enhancing Display exposure among the baptised Catholic population of Ireland in predicting who retains a Catholic identity and religious beliefs among those who reject the Catholic Church. We find that leaving Catholicism outright (i.e. ‘ex-Catholicism’) is predicted by low Credibility Enhancing Display exposure, but rejecting the Church while retaining a Catholic identity (i.e. ‘liminal Catholicism’) and theistic belief is not. High perceived prevalence of clerical paedophiles (i.e. religious hypocrisy) predicts both groups similarly. Higher exposure to Credibility Enhancing Displays predicts higher orthodox Catholic beliefs and Catholic morality among Catholics, but with inconsistent and even negative effects among the other groups. High perceived prevalence of clerical paedophiles predicts the rejection of orthodox Catholic beliefs, but not the rejection of theism or a Catholic identity.
Scientists Are Epistemic Consequentialists about Imagination
Authors: Stuart Michael T.
Published: May 2022

Scientists imagine for epistemic reasons, and these imaginings can be better or worse. But what does it mean for an imagining to be epistemically better or worse? There are at least three metaepistemological frameworks that offer different answers to this question: epistemological consequentialism, deontic epistemology, and virtue epistemology. This paper presents empirical evidence that scientists adopt each of these different epistemic frameworks with respect to imagination, but argues that the way they do this is best explained if scientists are fundamentally epistemic consequentialists about imagination.
Trouble with Hubble: Status of the Big Bang Models
Authors: Smeenk Chris
Published: May 2022

Cosmologists take the $\Lambda$CDM model to be a permanent contribution to our knowledge of the universe, based on the success of precision cosmology. Consistent, independent determinations of the parameters in this model encourage physicists to take it seriously. This stance incurs an obligation to resolve any discrepancies by reanalyzing measurements or adding further complexity. Recent observations in cosmology indicate a tension between “local” and “global” determinations of the Hubble constant. Here I argue that this tension illustrates one of the benefits of taking the model seriously and consider the challenges to making a case for the permanence of $\Lambda$CDM.
Participatory Interactive Objectivity in Psychiatry
Authors: Tekin Şerife
Published: May 2022

This paper challenges the exclusion of patients from epistemic practices in psychiatry by examining the creation and revision processes of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), a document produced by the American Psychiatric Association that identifies the properties of mental disorders and thereby guides research, diagnosis, treatment, and various administrative tasks. It argues there are epistemic—rather than exclusively social/political—reasons for including patients in the DSM revision process. Individuals with mental disorders are indispensable resources to enhance psychiatric epistemology, especially in the context of the crisis, controversy, and uncertainty surrounding mental health research and treatment.