bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium regulation in humans during consecutive days of exercise and recovery
Authors: Duhamel T. A. , Stewart R. D. , Tupling A. R. , Ouyang J. , Green H. J.
Published: July 2007

The study investigated the hypothesis that three consecutive days of prolonged cycle exercise would result in a sustained reduction in the Ca2+-cycling properties of the vastus lateralis in the absence of changes in the sarcoplasmic (endoplasmic) reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA) protein. Tissue samples were obtained at preexercise (Pre) and postexercise (Post) on day 1 (E1) and day 3 (E3) and during recovery day 1 (R1), day 2 (R2), and day 3 (R3) in 12 active but untrained volunteers (age 19.2 ± 0.27 yr; mean ± SE) and analyzed for changes (nmol·mg protein−1·min−1) in maximal Ca2+-ATPase activity ( Vmax), Ca2+uptake and Ca2+release (phase 1 and phase 2), and SERCA isoform expression (SERCA1a and SERCA2a). At E1, reductions ( P < 0.05) from Pre to Post in Vmax(150 ± 7 vs. 121 ± 7), Ca2+uptake (7.79 ± 0.28 vs. 5.71 ± 0.33), and both phases of Ca2+release (phase 1, 20.3 ± 1.3 vs. 15.2 ± 1.1; phase 2, 7.70 ± 0.60 vs. 4.99 ± 0.48) were found. In contrast to Vmax, which recovered at Pre E3 and then remained stable at Post E3 and throughout recovery, Ca2+uptake remained depressed ( P < 0.05) at E3 Pre and Post and at R1 as did phase 2 of Ca2+release. Exercise resulted in an increase ( P < 0.05) in SERCA1a (14% at R2) but not SERCA2a. It is concluded that rapidly adapting mechanisms protect Vmaxfollowing the onset of regular exercise but not Ca2+uptake and Ca2+release.
Activation of central adenosine A2Areceptors enhances superior laryngeal nerve stimulation-induced apnea in piglets via a GABAergic pathway
Authors: Abu-Shaweesh Jalal M.
Published: July 2007

Activation of the laryngeal mucosa results in apnea that is mediated through, and can be elicited via electrical stimulation of, the superior laryngeal nerve (SLN). This potent inhibitory reflex has been suggested to play a role in the pathogenesis of apnea of prematurity and sudden infant death syndrome, and it is attenuated by theophylline and blockade of GABAAreceptors. However, the interaction between GABA and adenosine in the production of SLN stimulation-induced apnea has not been previously examined. We hypothesized that activation of adenosine A2Areceptors will enhance apnea induced by SLN stimulation while subsequent blockade of GABAAreceptors will reverse the effect of A2Areceptor activation. The phrenic nerve responses to increasing levels of SLN stimulation were measured before and after sequential intracisternal administration of the adenosine A2Areceptor agonist CGS ( n = 10) and GABAAreceptor blocker bicuculline ( n = 7) in ventilated, vagotomized, decerebrate, and paralyzed newborn piglets. Increasing levels of SLN stimulation caused progressive inhibition of phrenic activity and lead to apnea during higher levels of stimulation. CGS caused inhibition of baseline phrenic activity, hypotension, and enhancement of apnea induced by SLN stimulation. Subsequent bicuculline administration reversed the effects of CGS and prevented the production of apnea compared with control at higher SLN stimulation levels. We conclude that activation of adenosine A2Areceptors enhances SLN stimulation-induced apnea probably via a GABAergic pathway. We speculate that SLN stimulation causes endogenous release of adenosine that activates A2Areceptors on GABAergic neurons, resulting in the release of GABA at inspiratory neurons and subsequent respiratory inhibition.
A new look at the evolution of avian sex chromosomes
Authors: Stiglec R. , Ezaz T. , Graves J.A.M.
Published: July 2007

Birds have a ubiquitous, female heterogametic, ZW sex chromosome system. The current model suggests that the Z chromosome and its degraded partner, the W chromosome, evolved from an ancestral pair of autosomes independently from the mammalian XY male heteromorphic sex chromosomes – which are similar in size, but not gene content (Graves, 1995; Fridolfsson et al., 1998). Furthermore the degradation of the W has been proposed to be progressive, with the basal clade of birds (the ratites) possessing virtually homomorphic sex chromosomes and the more recently derived birds (the carinates) possessing highly heteromorphic sex chromosomes (Ohno, 1967; Solari, 1993). Recent findings have suggested an alternative to independent evolution of bird and mammal chromosomes, in which an XY system took over directly from an ancestral ZW system. Here we examine recent research into avian sex chromosomes and offer alternative suggestions as to their evolution.
Sequencing and genomic annotation of the chicken (Gallus gallus) Hox clusters, and mapping of evolutionarily conserved regions
Authors: Richardson M.K. , Crooijmans R.P.M.A. , Groenen M.A.M.
Published: July 2007

Hox genes encode transcription factors that are involved in the regulation of normal development and are mutated in some diseases and malformations. Chicken HOX genes have been extensively studied in the chick limb and other developmental models. To date while the chicken HOXA cluster has been completely sequenced many other chicken HOX genes are known only from partial mRNAs or unfinished genome assemblies. Furthermore, although a finished sequence of the HOXA cluster is available, the sequence has not yet been annotated. We have therefore manually annotated the available HOX sequences and improved the sequences by sequencing PCR fragments that bridge existing gaps in the genome sequences. These sequences complement the published sequences, including the currently incomplete WashUC Gallus_gallus-2.1 build, to give an improved coverage of the cluster. We used phylogenetic footprinting to map the genomic location of 398 Ultra Conserved Regions in the HOX complex 248 of which do not overlap with any known annotated coding exon. These included the hox-related microRNAs miR-10 and miR-196. The chicken HOX clusters appear to be broadly comparable to their human counterparts. A few human orthologues were not recovered from the chicken, presumably because of incomplete sequence.
Global gene expression profile after Salmonella enterica Serovar enteritidis challenge in two F8 advanced intercross chicken lines
Authors: Zhou H. , Lamont S.J.
Published: July 2007

A chicken 13K cDNA microarray was used to profile global gene expression after Salmonella enteritidis (SE) challenge of young chickens. Two F8 advanced intercross lines (AIL), broiler by Leghorn, and broiler by Fayoumi, were studied. Day-old chicks were orally inoculated with SE, and spleens were harvested at day 7 or 8 post-inoculation. The SE bacteria burden in the spleen was quantified. The 20% high and 20% low SE burden birds within each AIL and harvest time were studied by microarray. The loop design was used for pair-comparison between high and low SE burden challenged birds and unchallenged birds, within each AIL and harvest time. The signal intensity of each gene was globally normalized and expressed on the natural log scale. A mixed model including line, treatment, time, array (random effect), dye, and all two-way interactions among treatment, time, and line was used to identify differentially expressed candidate genes at the 1% significance level. The results suggest that genetics, time, and interaction between genetics and time play important roles in gene regulation of SE infection and colonization in chickens. The differentially expressed genes identified in the current study are candidates for detailed hypothesis-driven investigation of genes determining resistance to SE in chickens.
Evolutionary conservation of alternative splicing in chicken
Authors: Katyal S. , Gao Z. , Liu R.-Z. , Godbout R.
Published: July 2007

Alternative splicing represents a source of great diversity for regulating protein expression and function. It has been estimated that one-third to two-thirds of mammalian genes are alternatively spliced. With the sequencing of the chicken genome and analysis of transcripts expressed in chicken tissues, we are now in a position to address evolutionary conservation of alternative splicing events in chicken and mammals. Here, we compare chicken and mammalian transcript sequences of 41 alternatively-spliced genes and 50 frequently accessed genes. Our results support a high frequency of splicing events in chicken, similar to that observed in mammals.
Avian genomics and the innate immune response to viruses
Authors: Jenkins K.A. , Bean A.G.D. , Lowenthal J.W.
Published: July 2007

Viral diseases pose a significant threat to the poultry industry. However, there is currently a lack of antivirals and suitable vaccine adjuvants available to the poultry industry to combat this problem. The innate immune system is now recognised to be essential in the response to viral infection. However, in contrast to mammals, the innate immune response in chickens is relatively uncharacterised. The release of the full chicken genome sequence has accelerated the identification of genes involved in the immune response. The characterisation of these genes, including Toll-like receptors and cytokines has led to the identification of potential alternate antivirals and adjuvants.
Left-right axis development: examples of similar and divergent strategies to generate asymmetric morphogenesis in chick and mouse embryos
Authors: Schlueter J. , Brand T.
Published: July 2007

Left-right asymmetry of internal organs is widely distributed in the animal kingdom. The chick and mouse embryos have served as important model organisms to analyze the mechanisms underlying the establishment of the left-right axis. In the chick embryo many genes have been found to be asymmetrically expressed in and around the node, while the same genes in the mouse show symmetric expression patterns. In the mouse there is strong evidence for an establishment of left-right asymmetry through nodal cilia. In contrast, in the chick and in many other organisms left-right asymmetry is probably generated by an early-acting event involving membrane depolarization. In both birds and mammals a conserved Nodal-Lefty-Pitx2 module exists that controls many aspects of asymmetric morphogenesis. This review also gives examples of divergent mechanisms of establishing asymmetric organ formation. Thus there is ample evidence for conserved and non-conserved strategies to generate asymmetry in birds and mammals.
Neuroendocrine and immune characteristics of aging in avian species
Authors: Ottinger M.A. , Lavoie E.
Published: July 2007

Avian species show a remarkable diversity in lifespan. The differing lifespan patterns are found across a number of birds, in spite of higher body temperature and apparent increased metabolic rate. These characteristics make study of age-related changes of great interest, especially for understanding the biology of aging associated with surprisingly long lifespan in some birds. Our studies have focused on a short-lived avian model, the Japanese quail in order to describe reproductive aging and the neuroendocrine characteristics leading to reproductive senescence. Biomarkers of aging used in mammalian species include telomere length, oxidative damage, and selected metabolic indicators. These markers provide confirming evidence that the long-lived birds appear to age more slowly. A corollary area of interest is that of immune function and aging. Immune responses have been studied in selected wild birds and there has been a range of studies that have considered the effects of stress in wild and domestic species. Our laboratory studies have specifically tested response to immune challenge relative to aging in the quail model and these studies indicate that there is an age-related change in the qualitative aspects of the response. However, there are also intriguing differences in the ability of the aging quail to respond that differ from mammalian data. Finally, another approach to understanding aging is to attempt to develop or test strategies that may extend lifespan and presumably health. One area of great interest has been to consider the effect of calorie restriction, which is a treatment shown to extend lifespan in a variety of species. This approach is routinely used in domestic poultry as a means for extending reproductive function and enhancing health. Our data indicate that moderate calorie restriction has beneficial effects, and that physiological and endocrine responses reflect these benefits.
Avian proteomics: advances, challenges and new technologies
Authors: Doherty M.K. , McLean L. , Beynon R.J.
Published: July 2007

Proteomics is defined as an analysis of the full complement of proteins of a cell or tissue under given conditions. Avian proteomics, or more specifically chicken proteomics, has focussed on the study of individual tissues and organs of interest to specific researchers. Researchers have looked at skeletal muscle and growth, and embryonic development and have performed initial studies in avian disease. Traditional proteomics involves identifying and cataloguing proteins in a cell and identifying relative changes in populations between two or more states, be that physiological or disease-induced states. Recent advances in proteomic technologies have included absolute quantification, proteome simplification and the ability to determine the turnover of individual proteins in a global context. This review discusses the current developments in this relatively new field, new technologies and how they may be applied to biological questions, and the challenges faced by researchers in this ever-expanding and exciting field.
The Metaphor of the Triangle in Theories of Human Development
Authors: Zittoun Tania , Gillespie Alex , Cornish Flora , Psaltis Charis
Published: July 2007

Developmental psychologists have a long history of using triangle metaphors to conceptualise the social constitution of psychological development. In this paper, we present a genealogy of triadic theories, to clarify their origins, distinctions between them, and to identify key themes for theoretical development. The analysis identifies three core triangle models in the developmental literature. Each theory relies on some combination of the terms subject, object, other and sign, and they can be distinguished by the core psychological dynamic which they entail. We distinguish an emotional triangle rooted in psycho-analysis, a mediational triangle rooted in the work of Vygotsky, and a sociocognitive triangle originating with Piaget. Despite their differences, the analysis reveals a common theme of the transformation from external mediation to internal mediation. Contemporary research and possible future directions are discussed in the light of the theoretical distinctions that our genealogy has revealed.
Global Patterns and Country Experiences with the Formulation and Implementation of Food-Based Dietary Guidelines
Authors: Albert Janice
Published: July 2007

Nutrition information and advice for the public must be credible from a scientific perspective and easy to understand and follow. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) has promoted the preparation and use of food-based dietary guidelines (FBDG) in Asia, the Near East, Latin America and the Caribbean and Africa. The paper is based on a survey of 28 developing countries and case studies of South Africa, India, Chile and Guatemala, which were conducted by FAO in 2004. All FBDG stress the importance of dietary variety and balance, promote fruit and vegetable consumption, discourage excessive salt, sugar and alcohol consumption, and promote physical activity. In other respects, FBDG vary according to the specific health, behavior, culture and economic conditions within a country. The steps used in developing and implementing FBDG are discussed, with country examples to illustrate achievements, mistakes and obstacles. Main areas for improvements are: (1) FBDG are mainly developed and used within the health sector, involvement of the agriculture and education sectors is needed; (2) few counties communicate to widely reach the public; (3) many messages do not motivate changes in behavior, and (4) the application of FBDG in setting policies not sufficient received attention.
Food-Based Dietary Guidelines in China – Practices and Problems
Authors: Ge Keyou , Jia Jianbin , Liu Hong
Published: July 2007

In recent decades, China has been in a rapid social and health transition. As seen in many developing countries, it is currently facing a double burden of both under- and overnutrition. The national average daily intake of energy, per reference person, was reduced from 2,328 kcal in 1992 to 2,252 kcal in 2002, but that of fat increased from 58.3 to 76.2 g. The national prevalence of growth retardation of children <5 years was 31.9% in 1992 and 14.3% in 2002. However, in these 10 years the prevalence of overweight increased by 39% and hypertension by 31% among adults. Chronic diseases induced 80.9% of the total number of deaths in 2000. Food-based dietary guidelines (FBDGs) were first developed in China in 1989, and a ‘Food Guide Pagoda’ was formulated in association with a thorough revision of FBDGs in 1997. They have been used as a powerful tool for mass education in dealing with under- and overnutrition. In order to inform consumers about having a rational diet, popularization of the FBDGs has been widely practiced. With the joint efforts of various sectors, about 20 million people have been involved directly. Despite the great efforts made, only a small proportion of the vast population has received the message. Governmental action is needed to spread and sustain mass education on food and nutrition in China. The Chinese FBDGs per se need to be revised and specific guidelines for different populations such as infants and elderly people should be developed.
Impact of Blood Loss on Outcome after Liver Resection
Authors: de Boer Marieke T. , Molenaar I. Quintus , Porte Robert J.
Published: July 2007

Partial liver resections are the treatment of choice for patients with a malignant liver or bile duct tumor. The most frequent indications for partial liver resections are colorectal metastasis, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and cholangiocarcinoma. Liver resection is the only therapy with a chance for cure in these patients. Refinements in surgical technique and increasing experience have contributed to a reduction in perioperative morbidity and mortality in recent years. Despite these improvements, partial liver resections remain a major surgical procedure and carry the risk for excessive blood loss and a subsequent need for blood transfusion. Blood transfusions have been associated with systemic side effects, such as depression of the immune system. Several studies have suggested that perioperative blood loss or transfusions have a negative impact on postoperative outcome. However, it has been debated whether this is due to a real cause-effect relationship or merely the result of more complicated surgery. We have reviewed the literature concerning studies focusing on the relationship between blood loss and blood transfusion during liver surgery for malignant tumors and postoperative outcome. Most studies were based on a retrospective analysis of single center experiences, using uni- and multivariate statistical methods. Most studies have demonstrated a significant and clinically relevant association between blood transfusion and postoperative mortality and morbidity, especially postoperative infectious complications. The effect of blood transfusions on tumor recurrence and more long-term mortality is much less clear and evidence varies depending on the type of malignancy. The strongest indication that blood transfusion may have an impact on tumor recurrence has been found for patients with early stages of HCC. However, overall, no such effect could be demonstrated for patients undergoing partial liver resection for late stages of HCC, colorectal liver metastasis or cholangiocarcinoma.
Patterns of Linkage Disequilibrium between SNPs in a Sardinian Population Isolate and the Selection of Markers for Association Studies
Authors: Angius Andrea , Hyland Fiona C.L. , Persico Ivana , Pirastu Nicola , Woodage Trevor , Pirastu Mario , De La Vega Francisco M.
Published: July 2007

Objective: In isolated populations, ‘background’ linkage disequilibrium (LD) has been shown to extend over large genetic distances. This and their reduced environmental and genetic heterogeneity has stimulated interest in their potential for association mapping. We compared LD unit map distances with pair-wise measurements of LD in a dense single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) set. Methods: We genotyped 771 SNPs in an 8 Mb segment of chromosome 22 on 101 individuals from the isolated village of Talana, Sardinia, and compared with outbred European populations. Results: Heterozygosity was remarkably similar in both populations. In contrast, the extent of LD observed was quite different. The decay of LD with distance is slower in the isolate. The differences in LD map lengths suggest that useful LD extends up to three times farther in the Sardinian population; smaller differences are seen with pairwise LD metrics. While LD map length slightly decreases with average relatedness, cryptic relatedness does not explain the decrease in LD map length. Haplotypes, block boundaries, and patterns of LD are similar in both populations, suggesting a shared distribution of recombination hotspots. Conclusions: About 15% fewer haplotype tagging SNPs need to be genotyped in the isolate, and possibly 70% fewer if selecting SNPs evenly spaced on the metric LD map.
Inhibition of Epigallocatechin Gallate on Orthotopic Colon Cancer by Upregulating the Nrf2-UGT1A Signal Pathway in Nude Mice
Authors: Yuan Jun-Hua , Li Yan-Qing , Yang Xiao-Yun
Published: July 2007

Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), a key active ingredient in green tea, has many anti-carcinogenic activities. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether EGCG could prevent the occurrence or metastases of orthotopic colon cancer and probe the underlined mechanisms. We observed the inhibition of EGCG on growth and metastases of colon tumor implanted orthotopically in the cecum of nude mice. Immunohistochemistry and Western-blotting analysis were used to detect NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) protein expressions. RT-PCR was also applied to detect the mRNA levels of Nrf2, uridine 5′-diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 1A, UGT1A8 and UGT1A10 in colon tumors. As a result, the inhibition rates on tumor growth in the 3 EGCG groups were significantly different (all p < 0.001) compared with the control group. In addition, different doses of EGCG were able to inhibit liver and pulmonary metastases to varying degrees. The protein level of Nrf2 and the mRNA levels of Nrf2, UGT1A, UGT1A8 and UGT1A10 significantly increased in EGCG-treated mice in comparison with the control group (all p < 0.01). The results demonstrated that EGCG has a preventive effect on the growth and liver and pulmonary metastases of orthotopic colon cancer in nude mice, and this anticancer effect could be partly caused by activating the Nrf2-UGT1A signal pathway.
Expression of MAC30 in Rectal Cancers with or without Preoperative Radiotherapy
Authors: Zhang Zhi-Yong , Zhao Zeng-Ren , Adell Gunnar , Jarlsfelt Ingvar , Cui Yong-Xing , Kayed Hany , Kleeff Jörg , Wang Ming-Wei , Sun Xiao-Feng
Published: July 2007

Objective: Meningioma-associated protein (MAC30) is overexpressed in several types of cancers, but its therapeutic implication in the patients has not been studied. We examined the relationship of MAC30 with clinicopathological and biological factors in rectal cancer patients with or without radiotherapy (RT). Methods: MAC30 was immunohistochemically examined in 75 distant and 91 adjacent normal mucosa specimens, 132 primary tumours and 39 lymph node metastases from rectal cancer patients participating in a clinical trial of preoperative RT. Results: In the RT group, MAC30 was or tended to be positively correlated with infiltrated growth pattern (p = 0.02), PRL (phosphatase of regenerating liver, p = 0.01) and Ki-67 expression (p = 0.06). MAC30 at the invasive margin of the metastasis was related to poor survival (p = 0.02) in the whole group of patients. MAC30 in primary tumours was not related to recurrence and survival in the non-RT or RT group. Conclusions:MAC30 expression in metastasis was an indicator for poor survival. After RT, MAC30 seemed to be more related to aggressive morphological and biological factors; however, we did not find direct evidence that MAC30 expression was related to the outcome of patients with or without RT.
A Novel Case of Bisphosphonate-Related Osteonecrosis of the Torus Palatinus in a Patient with Metastatic Breast Cancer
Authors: Goldman Matthew L. , Denduluri Neelima , Berman Arlene W. , Sausville Rebecca , Guadagnini Jean-Pierre , Kleiner David E. , Brahim Jaime S. , Swain Sandra M.
Published: July 2007

Bisphosphonates administered orally and intravenously are used for a variety of endocrine and oncologic indications. Long-term intravenous use of bisphosphonates has been shown to cause osteonecrosis of the jaw. We report a case in which a 58-year-old woman with metastatic breast cancer received 18 doses of 4 mg intravenous zoledronic acid over a period of 16 months and developed a region of osteonecrosis on the posterior edge of a large, lobular torus palatinus. Torus palatinus, a type of maxillary exostosis, is common among postmenopausal women, and is vulnerable to blunt trauma that could predispose to osteonecrosis. Sequestrum of dead bone was removed and the site healed within 4 weeks. This case demonstrates that patients with a torus palatinus may be at high risk for osteonecrosis, and reinforces the need for good oral hygiene and frequent dental examination while receiving bisphosphonate therapy.
Differential Associations of Traditional and Non-Traditional Risk Factors with Carotid Intima-Media Thickening and Plaque in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients
Authors: Wang Angela Yee-Moon , Ho Stella Sin-Yee , Liu Eric Kin-Hung , Chan Iris Hiu-Shuen , Ho Simon , Sanderson John E. , Lam Christopher Wai-Kei
Published: July 2007

Background: This study sought to examine the associations of traditional and non-traditional cardiovascular risk factors with carotid intima-media thickening and plaque in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients. Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed in 147 PD patients with carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) and plaque assessed by B-mode ultrasonography and fasting blood collected for biochemical measurements. Results: On univariate analysis, age, smoking history, fibrinogen, C-reactive protein (CRP), adiponectin, fetuin-A, lipoprotein(a) and diastolic blood pressure were associated with carotid IMT while age, smoking history, diabetes, CRP and diastolic blood pressure were associated with carotid plaque. Using multivariate analysis, elevated CRP (p = 0.015) and serum calcium (p = 0.022) were associated with carotid plaque but not with IMT. CRP and serum calcium were synergistically associated with carotid plaque in that those with CRP > median and serum calcium > median showed the highest prevalence of carotid plaque than either factor alone (p = 0.003). Conclusions: An elevated CRP appeared to be a better biomarker of presence of carotid plaque than intima-media thickening. Furthermore, CRP and serum calcium showed synergistic association with presence of carotid plaque. However, our study was limited by the cross-sectional design and baseline laboratory abnormalities were inevitably confounded by the treatment already given, resulting in difficulty to distinguish cause and effect relationship. Nevertheless, these observations warrant further investigation as it may potentially have important implications on differentiating therapeutic strategies for reducing carotid IMT and plaque progression in PD patients.
Selected Amino Acid Change Encoding Epstein-Barr Virus-Specific T Cell Epitope of the LMP2A Gene in Japanese Nasal NK/T Cell Lymphoma Patients
Authors: Nagamine Masayoshi , Kishibe Kan , Takahara Miki , Nagato Toshihiro , Ishii Hideyuki , Bandoh Nobuyuki , Ogino Takeshi , Harabuchi Yasuaki
Published: July 2007

Nasal natural killer (NK)/T cell lymphoma is a peculiar lymphoma with a unique immunophenotype. Etiologically, in 1990, the authors first demonstrated the presence of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) genomes and their products in this lymphoma. EBV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) are very important in controlling the long-term persistence of EBV infection. Amino acid changes encoding the CTL epi-tope on the lymphoma cells may result in a reduced CTL response. We focused on two major CTL epitopes SSCSSCPLSK (codon 340 to 349) and FLYALALLLL (codon 356 to 364) of the LMP2A gene and determined the sequence isolated from nasal NK/T cell lymphoma tissues. All isolates from 7 nasal NK/T cell lymphomas showed the same amino acid change from serine to threonine at codon 348 in the CTL epitope SSCSSCPLSK. Threonine or serine substitution at codon 348 was almost equally observed in peripheral blood EBV isolates from healthy individuals in various ethnic origins. The predominant threonine substitution of nasal NK/T cell lymphoma patients may represent disease-associated polymorphism rather than a geographic or race-associated polymorphism. The LMP2A strain including threonine substitution at codon 348 may be selected within tumors and play a role for tumor genesis in Japanese patients with nasal NK/T cell lymphoma through reduced immune recognition.
Association Study of MAO-A and DRD4 Genes in Schizophrenic Patients with Aggressive Behavior
Authors: Fresan Ana , Camarena Beatriz , Apiquian Rogelio , Aguilar Alejandro , Urraca Nora , Nicolini Humberto
Published: July 2007

Genes involved in dopamine neurotransmission are interesting candidates to be analyzed in schizophrenia and aggressive behavior. Therefore, we analyzed the functional polymorphisms of the dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) and monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) genes in a sample of 71 schizophrenic patients assessed with the Overt Aggression Scale to measure aggressive behavior. CLUMP analysis of the DRD4 48-bp repeat-exon III polymorphism in schizophrenic patients showed significant differences between the aggressive behavior and the nonaggressive groups (T1 = 18.77, d.f. = 6, p = 0.0046; T3 = 6.54, p = 0.0195). However, analysis of the promoter polymorphism of the MAO-A gene revealed no significant association between aggressive and nonaggressive patients. Finally, analysis of Overt Aggression Scale dimensions exhibited significant differences for the DRD4 and MAO-A genes. Our preliminary findings suggest that the DRD4 and MAO-A genes may be involved in aggressive schizophrenic patients.
Evaluation of an Independent Prestin Mouse Model Derived from the 129S1 Strain
Authors: Cheatham M.A. , Zheng J. , Huynh K.H. , Du G.G. , Edge R.M. , Anderson C.T. , Zuo J. , Ryan A.F. , Dallos P.
Published: July 2007

Studies using the prestin knockout mouse indicate that removal of the outer hair cell (OHC) motor protein is associated with loss of sensitivity, frequency selectivity and somatic electromotility. Here we provide data obtained from another prestin mouse model that was produced commercially. In vivo electrical recordings from the round window indicate that the phenotype is similar to that of the original knockout generated by the Zuo group at St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital. Hence, compound action potential (CAP) thresholds are shifted in a frequency-dependent manner and CAP tuning curves at 12 kHz are flat for masker frequencies between 3 and 18 kHz. Although CAP input-output functions at 6 kHz show a shift in sensitivity at low levels, responses approach wild-type magnitudes at high levels where the cochlear amplifier has less influence. In order to confirm that the loss of sensitivity and frequency selectivity is due to loss of prestin, we performed immunohistochemistry using a prestin antibody. Cochlear segments from homozygous mutant mice showed no fluorescence, while wild-type mice displayed a fluorescent signal targeted to the OHC’s lateral membrane. Absence of prestin protein was confirmed using LDS-PAGE/Western blot analysis. These results indicate that the loss of function phenotype is associated with loss of prestin protein. Lack of prestin protein also results in a shortening of OHC length to ∼60% of wild-type, similar to that reported previously by Liberman’s group. The linkage shown between the loss of prestin protein and abnormal cochlear function validates the original knockout and attests to the importance of OHC motor function in the auditory periphery.
Endothelin-1-Mediated Wave-Like [Ca2+]i Oscillations in Intact Rabbit Inferior Vena Cava
Authors: Dai Jiazhen , Lee Cheng-Han , Poburko Damon , Szado Tania , Kuo Kuo-Hsing , van Breemen Cornelis
Published: July 2007

Endothelin-1 (ET1) is an endogenous vasoconstrictor released by the vascular system to regulate the contractility of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). It is implicated in the pathogenesis of hypertension and diabetic vasculopathy. In rabbit inferior vena cava (IVC), 10 nM ET1 induces tonic contraction mainly via type A endothelin receptor activation. Using confocal imaging of Fluo-3 loaded in thein situ VSMC within the intact IVC, we found that ET1 elicited [Ca2+]i oscillations with an average frequency of 0.31 ± 0.01 Hz. These [Ca2+]i oscillations occurred as repetitive Ca2+ waves traveling along the longitudinal axis of the cells with an average velocity of 29 ± 3 µm/s. The Ca2+ waves were not synchronized between neighboring VSMC nor were they propagated between them. Nifedipine (10 µM) inhibited the tonic contraction by 27.0 ± 5.0% while SKF96365 (50 µM) abolished the remaining contraction. In a parallel Ca2+ study, nifedipine reduced the frequency of the oscillations to 0.22 ± 0.01 Hz while SKF96365 abolished the remaining [Ca2+]i oscillations. Subsequent application of 25 mM caffeine elicited no further Ca2+ signal. Thus, we conclude that ET1 stimulates tonic contraction in the rabbit IVC by inducing [Ca2+]i oscillations and that stimulated Ca2+ entry through both the L-type voltage-gated Ca2+ channels and a nifedipine-resistant and SKF96365-sensitive pathway is crucial for the maintenance of [Ca2+]i oscillations and tonic contraction.
Quantitative Differences in β/A4 Protein Subtypes in the Parahippocampal Gyrus and Frontal Cortex in Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Armstrong R.A.
Published: July 2007

The density of diffuse, primitive and classic β/A4 protein deposits was estimated in sulci and gyri in the frontal cortex and parahippocampal gyrus (PHG) in 8 cases of Alzheimer''s disease. Total β/A4 deposit density was similar in the frontal cortex and PHG but the ratio of primitive and classic deposits to the total was greater in the PHG compared with the frontal cortex. Total β/A4 deposit density was greater in the depths of the sulci, but the proportions of the various β/A4 subtypes were similar in sulci and gyri. Hence, increased density of primitive and classic deposits in the PHG could reflect enhanced conversion of diffuse to mature deposits whereas increased density of mature β/A4 subtypes in sulci versus gyri may reflect increased β/A4 deposition in the sulci.
Neuropsychological Follow-Up of Parkinsonian Patients with and without Cognitive Impairment
Authors: Piccirilli Massimo , D'Alessandro Patrizia , Finali Giancarlo , Piccinin Gian Luigi
Published: July 2007

In order to evaluate possible progression in the severity of their cognitive impairment, 34 parkinsonians with intellectual impairment were followed longitudinally for 7 years. Each patient was matched for age, sex, severity and duration of illness, and pharmacological treatment, with a parkinsonian patient without cognitive impairment. Results suggest that cognitive deficits are not static but rather there is a progression in the severity. Furthermore, patients suffering from severe dementia are more likely to die during the follow-up period. The prognosis of Parkinson''s disease seems to be changed substantially by the occurrence of dementia. The natural history of parkinsonian dementia does not seem to differ from the history of other forms of dementia with a progressively disabling course leading to a complete loss of autonomy.
Dementia Accompanying Motor Neuron Disease
Authors: Lopez Oscar L. , Becker James T. , DeKosky Steven T.
Published: July 2007

This study presents a structural and clinical description of a patient with dementia of motor neuron disease (D-MND), and compares and contrasts the neuropsychological characteristics of this patient with those of a group of patients with Alzheimer''s disease (AD) matched by severity of dementia. The D-MND patient as well as the AD patients performed abnormally on all tasks that assessed executive/frontal functions. However, the D-MND patient tended to be more impaired than AD patients on tasks that required high speed decisions and on shifting from one strategy to another. Deficits in memory, language, and lexical-semantic abilities were also apparent in this patient. The co-occurrence of signs and symptoms characteristics of ‘subcortical’ dementia with those of ‘cortical’ dementia suggest that the executive system dysfunction may be secondary to subcortical pathology.
Quantitative Analysis of Lipofuscin and Neurofibrillary Tangles in the Hippocampal Neurons of Alzheimer Disease Brains
Authors: Stojanovic Alex , Roher Alex E. , Ball Melvyn J.
Published: July 2007

Using computer-enhanced image analysis, the amount of lipofuscin was measured in 500 hippocampal pyramidal neurons (regions CA2 and CA3) with and without neurofibrillary tangles (NFT), in brains of 10 patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), as well as in 6 age-matched controls. The average content of lipofuscin in those cells from AD brains carrying NFT is only 10% of the total perikaryal area, whereas in the AD neurons free of NFT, and in age matched controls, lipofuscin amounted to 31 and 33% of cellular area, respectively. Measurements of lipofuscin's intrinsic autofluorescence confirmed this material to be three times more abundant in AD neurons without NFT and in controls. We propose that a breakdown in the capacity for making lipofuscin may result in the neuronal inability to store toxic waste. Such a defect could be responsible for the generation of NFT and ultimately may contribute to neuronal demise.
Neuropathological Differences between Areas B17 and B18: Implications for Visual Evoked Responses in Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Armstrong R.A.
Published: July 2007

The density of senile plaques (SP) and neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) was estimated at post-mortem in areas B17 and B18 of the visual cortex in 18 Alzheimer's disease (AD) cases which varied in disease onset and duration. The density of SP in B17 and NFT in B17 and B18 declined significantly with age at death of the patient. The density of SP and NFT was greater in B18 than B17 but only in cases of earlier onset and shorter duration. The pathological differences between B17 and B18 could explain the visual evoked responses (VER) that have been reported in AD. However, the differences were small, and changes in the afferent pathways remain the most likely explanation for the VER in AD.
Relationship between Mental Impairment and HPA Axis Activity in Dementia Disorders
Authors: Balldin Jan , Blennow Kaj , Bråne Görel , Gottfries C.G. , Karlsson Ingvar , Regland Björn , Wallin Anders
Published: July 2007

In 40 patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD, <65 years), 56 patients with senile dementia of the Alzheimer type (SDAT, ≥65 years) and 45 patients with vascular dementia (VAD), basal cortisol levels were estimated and the dexamethasone test (DST) was performed. The degree of dementia was assessed according to DSM-III-R and the GBS scale was used for quantitative measures of functional impairment. There were no significant differences in basal cortisol levels. Especially in the VAD group, scores on functional impairment correlated significantly with post-DST cortisol levels. The results indicate hypothalamic overactivity in demented patients which can be correlated to the degree of dementia. In VAD, and to a certain extent also in SDAT, there appears to be a disconnection between cortical areas, including the hippocampus and the hypothalamus.
Tacrine Treatment Modifies Cerebrospinal Fluid Neuropeptide Levels in Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Minthon L. , Edvinsson L. , Gustafson L.
Published: July 2007

Biochemical and histochemical studies have demonstrated a widespread deficit in the activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the brains of patients with Alzheimer''s disease (DAT). Multiple disturbances in several transmitter systems have been found. The most consistent neurochemical changes in DAT are reductions in the cholinergic system. The major pharmacological approach today in DAT is based on the cholinergic theory assuming that acetylcholine has a major cortical impact on cognitive processes. Tetrahydroaminoacridine (THA, tacrine) is a centrally active reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. A large number of trials have been performed in patients with DAT. This article was to evaluate whether THA treatment induced neuropeptide alteration in DAT before and after 1 year on oral THA treatment.
A Scottish Record Linkage Study of Risk Factors in Medical History and Dementia Outcome in Hospital Patients
Authors: Ryan D.H.
Published: July 2007

The relative risk (RR) of acquiring a hospital diagnosis of dementia was estimated in 101,104 patients (1 in 25 fraction) randomly selected from total admissions to Scottish general hospitals between 1968 and 1977. The patients were allocated to putative at-risk groups according to main diagnosis at time of index admission, and RR of dementia (ICD 9290) was contrasted between ten risk groups and a reference group. Record linkage was used to reduce admission episodes to individual cases, to link general and psychiatric Scottish Morbidity Records (SMR 1 and SMR 4), to identify subsequent admission diagnoses of dementia, and to establish person-years-at-risk for each case by linking to the Registrar General''s mortality file. For males, RR was significantly increased in the ''hypertensive'' risk group (RR 3.88:95% CI 2.18–9.89: p < 0.05) and was significantly reduced in the ''arterial disease'' risk group (RR 0.57:95% CI 0.34–0.95: p <0.05). There was a trend towards increased risk in the cerebrovascular category. For females, RR was significantly reduced in the ''cancer'' risk group (RR 0.46:95% CI 0.34–0.63: p < 0.05). There was no evidence of significant alteration in RR in a number of other possible risk groups (endocrine, head injury, CNS/NS disease, ischaemic heart disease, peptic ulcer). Morbidity registers provide access to large data sets of low reliability. No attempt was made to distinguish between Alzheimer''s disease and multi-infarct dementia cases, which limited scope for comparison with studies focused on Alzheimer''s disease. Previous reports of positive associations between head injury, thyroid disorder, and subsequent Alzheimer''s disease were not replicated.
A specific oblique radiography, and treatment, of a medial coronoid process fracture
Authors: Rochereau P. H. , Haudiquet P. H.
Published: July 2007

Acute traumatic fracture of the medial coronoid process is rarely reported and has previously only been described in three dogs to date. A three-year-old Schapendoes was presented for an acute non weight-bearing lameness. The definitive diagnosis of a medial coronoid process fracture was delicate and based on the disto-medial proximo-lateral oblique radiographic view (Di35M-PrLO). The surgical removal of the fragment was performed using a medial arthroscopic approach. The outcome was rapidly favourable. Lameness disappeared and the follow-up radiographs three months later revealed minimal reactions of osteoarthrosis.
Evaluation of compression generated by self compressing Orthofix bone pins and lag screws in simulated lateral humeral condylar fractures
Authors: McLaughlin R. M. , Silverman E. , Rizon J. , Daubs B. M.
Published: July 2007

A simulated lateral humeral condylar fracture was created in each of the 52 humeri collected from 26 dogs. One humerus from each pair was stabilized with a 2.0 mm cortical bone screw which was inserted in lag fashion. The other humerus from each pair was stabilized with a 2.2 mm threaded diameter Orthofix pin inserted across the condyle. Prior to each repair, an antirotational K-wire was placed and then the Pressurex Sensitive film was inserted in the osteotomy site in order to determine the compressive pressure (MPa), compressive force (KN), and area of compression (cm2) achieved during fixation. The maximum insertional torque achieved before stripping was measured for each implant. The mean compression generated by insertion of a 2.0 mm lag screw was 20.36 ± 1.51 MPa compared to 18.88 ± 1.76 MPa generated by a 2.2 mm Orthofix pin (p<0.003). The mean area of compression generated by insertion of a 2.0 mm lag screw was 2.39 ± 1.29 cm2, compared to 1.16 ± 0.84 cm2 generated by insertion of a 2.2 mm Orthofix pin (p<0.0001). The mean compressive force (compression x area compressed) generated by insertion of a 2.0 mm lag screw was 4.96 ± 2.90 Kn, compared to 2.20 ± 1.65 Kn generated by insertion of a 2.2 mm Orthofix pin (p<0.0001). The mean insertion torque to failure for the lag screws was 0.49 ± 0.07 NM, compared to 0.91 NM ± 0.18 NM generated by the Orthofix pins (P<0.0001). Both repair methods are likely to be acceptable for the repair of similar fractures in small breed dogs.
Limb alignment of pes valgus in a giant breed dog by plate-rod fixation
Authors: Owen M. R. , Burton N. J.
Published: July 2007

A 2-year-old, female, neutered Newfoundland presented with pelvic limb lameness due to a distal tibial valgus deformity. A left distal fibula ostectomy and disto-medial tibial cuneiform ostectomy were performed with reduction and stabilisation using plate-rod internal fixation. Following surgical correction of the deformity the dog regained good functional mobility of the limb.
Stifle joint luxation in the dog and cat: The use of temporary intraoperative transarticular pinning to facilitate joint reconstruction
Authors: Glyde M. , Guerin S. , Doyle R. , Keeley B.
Published: July 2007

Multiple ligament injuries of the canine and feline stifle joint which result in luxation are uncommon. Two cats and one dog, that had sustained such a joint injury were surgically treated. A rupture of the cranial and caudal cruciate ligaments, and at least one collateral ligament was observed in all of the three animals. Prosthetic reconstruction was used, as previously described, in combination with a novel technique of intraoperative placement of a temporary trans-articular pin (TTP) to maintain intra-operative anatomical reduction. TTP placement facilitated maintenance of joint alignment during surgical reconstruction and aided appropriate tensioning of the prosthetic sutures, preventing collapse of femorotibial joint compartments. The TTP was removed prior to closure of the joint allowing immediate post-operative joint mobilisation. Based on assessment by their owners, all the animals made a complete recovery. TTP was considered a relatively simple and effective adjunctive aid for surgical treatment of traumatic luxation of the stifle joint.
Bilateral pes valgus in an Anatolian Sheepdog
Authors: Ozsoy S. , Guzel O. , Altunatmaz K.
Published: July 2007

A 15-month-old, male, Anatolian Sheepdog weighing 45 kg, was admitted with uneven stance in both hindlegs, a condition it had had since the age of six months. Radiographs of both hindlimbs revealed lateral deviation of 26° in the distal metaphysis of the left tibia and 32° in the distal metaphysis of the right tibia. Corrective osteotomy was used to treat the deformity. Both tibias were aligned with the closed wedge osteotomy and a suitably curved plate was placed on both bones. In the assessment prior to the removal of both plates, it was determined that a valgus deformation of 6° was still present. However, this did not affect the gait, nor did it have an abnormal effect on the cosmetic appearance. It was concluded that if corrective osteotomy is performed before any degenerative changes have taken place, the outcome will be successful.