bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Corneal and superficial conjunctival pigmentation in Eskimos, Mongols, and Caucasians
Authors: Norn Mogens S.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Pigmentation was noticed on or round the cornea in 44% of 257 Eskimos (East Greenland) and 25% of 189 Mongols (Japan), but no more than 4% of 795 Caucasians in Denmark. Superficial pigmentation on the bulbar conjunctiva was seen in 58% of Eskimos, 48% of Mongols and 10% of Caucasians. In Eskimos it is in most cases localized nasally (54%). In Caucasians the inferior and superior sites predominate (39% and 30%, respectively). The prevalence in both groups was found to rise with increasing age and to be significantly highest among men. Pigmentation of the cornea alone was most frequent among Mongols (22%). Then followed Eskimos (14%) and Caucasians (2%) in decreasing order. The pigmentation on or round the cornea is independent of iris colour in Caucasians, but is related to melanosis of the bulbar conjunctiva, the caruncle and the plica semilunaris.
Human tear enzyme changes as indicators of the corneal response to anterior hypoxia
Authors: Fullard Roderick J. , Carney Leo G.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. A non‐invasive biochemical technique for quantifying the effects of anterior corneal hypoxia on the in vivo corneal epithelium of the human eye is described. Following short‐term exposure of the cornea to low atmospheric oxygen pressures, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and malate dehydrogenase (MDH) activities in tears are altered so that the tear LDH/MDH ratio is elevated. The degree of elevation of the ratio and its timing are related to the severity of hypoxia. Possible explanations for the elevation of the tear LDH/MDH ratio include unbinding of intracellular LDH and increased cell membrane permeability. For severe hypoxia, de novo LDH synthesis may also contribute. These changes suggest that control mechanisms within the corneal epithelium may be responding to optimize the efficiency of anaerobic metabolism during conditions of environmental stress, and offer the prospect of a noninvasive technique for monitoring epithelial metabolic stress.
The longitudinal horopter in exotropia
Authors: Reading R. W.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. The method of repeated measures was applied to a group of 4 exotropes in order to test the hypothesis that irregularities in their day‐to‐day longitudinal horopter findings were caused by random horizontal vergence eye movements. Determining the mean of several sets of replications smoothed out the horopter. Horopters in exotropes appear to be very similar to those found in normal binocular subjects.
Iridology
Authors: Berggren Lennart
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Iridology has existed for more than 100 years and has now aroused new interest in the age of alternative medicine. The conception that disorders in different organs of the body are projected in the iris by the appearance of a variety of signs and spots has repeatedly been rejected by medical science, apparently with little success. Supporters of iridology pretend that their critics have a professional unwillingness to accept unorthodox ideas and that future research will demonstrate the true value of iridology. An evaluation of the concepts of iridology and of controlled scientific reports has, however, established the following points: The basis of iridology and the different iris signs are explained by physiological variations of the normal human iris; controlled clinical trials and experiments conclusively show that iridology has no ability to detect disorders in other parts of the body; there are sufficient proofs that iridology is purely conjectural. Iridology is of no medical value and might even be a potential danger to people seeking medical care. It should be exposed as a medical fraud.
The role of microfilaments in the healing of the corneal endothelium
Authors: Olsen Erling Grønvold , Davanger Martin , Moen Torolf
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Actin microfilaments are presumed to play a role in cell locomotion. The function of these filaments may be selectively suppressed by cytochalasin. A dose‐dependent delay of the repair of a corneal endothelial defect by the application of cytochalasin in tissue culture has been observed by SEM. This observation confirms that the actin microfilaments are important for the endothelial repair.
Changes in the rabbit corneal stroma caused by UV‐radiation
Authors: Ringvold Amund , Davanger Martin
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Three days after UV‐irradiation of the rabbit cornea, there was epithelial loss and stromal oedema, which was most prominent in the anterior 1/4. Many of the keratocytes in this region were killed. The inner 3/4 of the stroma showed a large number of round or oval cells with nuclear fragmentation and abnormal inclusions. These cells were taken to be seriously, though reversibly harmed keratocytes. The tissue structure was normalized within one week, and the UV‐induced changes seem to refer to the 290–350 nm interval.
Photographic screening for strabismus among mentally retarded children
Authors: Philipsen Anders , Hobolth Inger
Published: May 2009

Abstract The prevalence of squint among mentally retarded children is much higher than in the general population. A photographic screening method based on the positioning of the 1st and 4th Purkinje image was applied to 80 mentally retarded children. The method was validated against orthoptic examination of the children. Totally 320 exposures were taken. Fourth Purkinje image was visible on 73% of these. Five children were not evaluable from the 4th Purkinje image. The photographic technique was simple and easy to handle, but comparison between the clinical and photographic diagnoses were inconsistent in 12 out of 80 cases, which made the method unreliable. In some cases the clinical assessments also varied from time to time. A combination of clinical orthoptic assessment and the photographic method is suggested.
Diabetic retinopathy after one year of improved metabolic control obtained by continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII)
Authors: Olsen T. , Ehlers N. , Nielsen C. B. , Beck‐Nielsen H.
Published: May 2009

Abstract Twentyfour insulin dependent juvenile diabetics, with no or minimal background retinopathy, were randomly allocated to conventional insulin therapy (CIT) or continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) administrated by means of a portable pump. The metabolic control was significantly improved in the CSII group as compared to the CIT group. After one year, a progression of diabetic retinopathy (criterion: development of more than 2 microaneurysms) was observed in 3 of 12 patients in the CSII group and in 4 of 12 patients in the CIT group (P > 0.05). A tendency to more severe progression was observed in the CIT group. None developed soft exudates or retinal proliferations. Although no significant beneficial effect of pump treatment could be demonstrated, it seems safe to conclude that pump treatment does not accelerate progression of diabetic retinopathy in patients with no or minimal background retinopathy.
Spatial characteristics of the oscillatory potentials of the electroretinogram
Authors: Wachtmeister Lillemor
Published: May 2009

Abstract The spatial properties of the trans‐ and intra‐retinal oscillatory potentials (OPs), a‐ and b‐waves of the mudpuppy electroretinogram (ERG) were analyzed. A comparison of the intra‐retinal potentials was made with the proximal negative response (PNR), an extracellular response, predominantly from amacrine cells. The spatial characteristics of the OPs differed from the a‐ and b‐waves and the PNR. The OPs integrated spatially up to full field illumination. They seem to represent summated neuronal activity over broader areas than that of the PNR and the a‐ and b‐waves. The results indicate that the OPs reflect activity of second order neurons to which visual information converge from the whole retina. These neurons may be the bipolar cells. No evidence that the OPs orginate in the laterally extending amacrines was obtained. The b‐wave data further suggested a centre‐surround organization for the neurons indirectly involved in the b‐wave generation.
Objective evaluation of binocular function with pattern reversal VER
Authors: Katsumi Osamu , Tanino Tsuyoshi , Hirose Tatsuo
Published: May 2009

Abstract The effect of central and peripheral stimulus field on monocular and binocular amplitude and binocular summation of the pattern reversal VER were investigated. When the central stimulus field size was smaller than 2.0° × 2.0°, there was no significant difference between the amplitudes of the monocular and binocular VER, but when it was equal to or larger than 2.4°, the binocular VER amplitude was significantly larger than the monocular. The value of the binocular summation was highest at the central stimulus field size of 4.0° × 4.0°; at larger sizes, there were no significant changes in the value. Use of a central stimulus field size larger than 2.4° × 2.4° was therefore considered a prerequisite for the effective assessment of visual function, especially binocular function using the pattern reversal VER. Regarding the effect of peripheral stimulus field, both the monocular and binocular VER, but particularly the latter, were found to be sensitive to the central scotoma produced by covering the center of the full‐field stimulus. The value of the binocular summation showed a significant reduction with the small central scotoma. We concluded that the pattern reversal VER is very sensitive to a central scotoma and that binocular function is mediated mainly through the central part of the stimulus field.
Ultrastructural changes to corneal stromal cells due to ophthalmic preservatives
Authors: Collin H. Barry
Published: May 2009

Abstract Normal and keratectomised rabbit corneas received drops containing preservatives over a two day period. All preservatives investigated caused some change in the morphology of the stromal keratocytes, particularly in the absence of the anterior epithelial barrier. Thimerosal (0.004%) or disodium ethylenedia‐minetetraacetate (0.1% Na2 EDTA) producted only minimum change. Chlorbutanol (0.5%) applied to intact corneas resulted in swelling of the cytoplasm and occasionally breaks in the external cell membrane, whilst in the keratectomised corneas some mitochondria showed swelling and distortion of cristae. In the normal cornea, benzalkonium chloride (0.02%, or 0.01% with 0.1% Na2 EDTA) resulted in intra and extracellular oedema and contraction of keratocytes. On removal of the superficial layers, there was extensive disruption of mitochondria, other organelles and outer cell membranes resulting in total destruction of some cells. Benzalkonium chloride should not be used on corneas with abnormalities of the epithelium —
The laser power needed for optimum results in argon laser trabeculoplasty
Authors: Rouhiainen Harri , Teräsvirta Markku
Published: May 2009

Abstract Ninety‐five successive argon laser trabeculoplasties to as many patients were followed 6 to 18 (mean 8) months. Forty‐eight eyes had capsular glaucoma and 35 simple glaucoma. The power used ranged from 100 mW to 1000 mW and the total energy from 1.0 J to 5.0 J. The success rates between groups were tested with a x2‐test. With laser power of more than 500 mW and energy level more than 3.0 J, the success rates were maximal (77% and 75%).
Study of tear film flow and break up time (BUT) in trachoma
Authors: Moudgil S. S. , Singh M. , Parmar I. P. S. , Khurana A. K.
Published: May 2009

Abstract Tear film flow and stability studies were carried out in patients suffering from cicatrizing trachoma by Schirmer test I and tear film break‐up‐time (BUT) measurements, respectively. Both Schirmer test I and BUT values were decreased significantly (t‐test, P < 0.001) depicting aqueous as well as mucin deficiency and hence, an unstable tear film in this condition.
Morphological changes after extracapsular cataract extraction with implantation of posterior chamber lenses
Authors: Næser Kristian , Rask Karen L. , Hansen Tom E.
Published: May 2009

Abstract Morphological changes and lens position were examined in 66 patients 3 to 5.5 (mean 4) months after extracapsular cataract extraction with intended implantation of posterior chamber lenses in the ciliary sulcus. Important findings were: capsulotomy‐requiring secondary cataract (3%), iris‐lens synecchiae (18%), iris‐capsule synecchiae (14%), pupillar capture (2%) and haptic‐malposition (17%). The lens optic was slightly decentered in 33%. The internal anterior chamber depth was measured with optical pachymetry and averaged 3.5 mm (range 2.3–4.5 mm). The central distance between the posterior lens surface and the posterior capsule (LPCD) was measured pachymetrically and averaged 0.14 mm (range 0‐0.6 mm).
Epinephrine, norepinephrine, and isoproterenol dose‐outflow facility response relationships in cynomolgus monkey eyes with and without ciliary muscle retrodisplacement
Authors: Kaufman Paul L
Published: May 2009

AbstractIntracameral slowly mixed bolus doses of 10 μg of 1‐epinephrine or 1‐norepinephrine bitartrate significantly increased total outflow facility by similar percentages in ciliary muscle disinserted and non‐disinserted living cynomolgus monkey eyes (˜ 20% for epinephrine, 30% for norepinephrine); smaller or larger bolus doses (0.1, 1, 50 μg) either had no effect or tended to decrease facility. Bolus doses of dl‐isoproterenol sulphate (0.1, 0.2, 10, 50 μg) or I‐isoproterenol hydrochloride (0.1, 1, 10 μg) had no effect in either type of eye. Rapidly mixed relatively maintained intracameral concentrations of dl(0.1, 1 μg/ml)‐ or 1(0.1, 1, 10 μg/ml)‐isoproterenol had no effect in surgically untouched eyes. All catecholamine solutions were stable under the experimental conditions.
Tear film flow and stability in herpes simplex keratitis and chronic blepharitis
Authors: Moudgil S. S. , Singh Mohinder , Parmar I. P. S. , Khurana A. K.
Published: May 2009

Abstract Tear film flow and stability studies were carried out in patients suffering from herpes simplex keratitis and chronic blepharitis by performing Schirmer test I and tear film break‐up‐time (BUT) measurements. In herpes simplex keratitis the values of BUT were within normal limits. Values of Schirmer test I were significantly higher (t‐test, P < 0.001) in these patients and are considered to be due to reflex hypersecretion of tears. Schirmer test I was found to be unaffected, whereas the values of BUT seen were significantly lower (t‐test, P < 0.001) in patients suffering from chronic blepharitis. These lower values of BUT can perhaps be attributed to the altered resurfacing of precorneal tear film as a result of changes in the lid margins.
Visual acuity in a diabetic population
Authors: Jerneld Bengt , Algvere Peep
Published: May 2009

Abstract In a population study of all insulin‐treated diabetics and a random sample of those treated with oral antihyperglycaemic agents (OHA) in Gotland, Sweden, the visual acuity (VA) was determined. The prevalence rates of visual impairment (VA 0.1–0.2) and blindness (VA < 0.1) in the insulin‐treated group were 4.9 and 4.4%, respectively, and in OHA‐treated diabetics 7.2 and 1.4%. The impairment and blindness were due to diabetic retinopathy (Rp) in 72% of the insulin‐treated group, but only in 14% of the OHA‐treated diabetics in whom cataract and age‐related maculopathy were the predominant causes. Blindness was four times more frequent among insulin‐treated females than males. On simple logistic regression test VA correlated with Rp, age at examination, age at onset of diabetes, duration of diabetes and sex. However, on multiple logistic regression analysis the only significant relationships with VA were 1) in the insulin‐treated group, a correlation with Rp and age; and 2) in the OHA‐treated group, a correlation with age only. Thus the higher frequency of blindness in insulin‐treated women was explained by Rp and age. When standardizing for age, the fraction of blind patients was found to be significantly higher among the insulin‐treated than in the OHA‐treated diabetics (6.7 vs 1.4%).
Diabetic retinopathy after 3 years' treatment with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII)
Authors: Olsen T. , Ehlers N. , Richelsen B. , Beck‐Nielsen H.
Published: May 2009

Abstract Twenty‐four insulin‐dependent juvenile diabetics with no or minimal background retinopathy were randomly allocated to conventional insulin therapy (CIT) or continuous sc insulin infusion (CSII) administrated by a portable pump. At the present 3 year follow‐up, there was one drop‐out in the CSII group. Although the metabolic control was significantly better in the CSII patients, both groups improved significantly in metabolic control during the observation period. After 3 years, the HbA1c level was 7.4% ± 1.2 (± SD) in the CSII patients and 8.6% ± 1.6 in the CIT patients (P < 0.01). As compared to the status at the beginning of the study, a progression of diabetic retinopathy (criteria: development of more than 2 microaneurysms) was observed in 4 of 11 in the CSII group and in 5 of 12 in the CIT group (P > 0.05). None of the patients were seen to develop soft exudates or neovascularisations. This study confirms the impression gained from a previous one‐year follow‐up of similar progression of retinopathy in patients on CSII and CIT.
Autosomal recessive inheritance in ‘senile’ retinitis pigmentosa
Authors: Gröndahl Jan
Published: May 2009

Abstract A Norwegian family is reported in which two sisters and one brother all had retinitis pigmentosa with unusually late onset of clinical symptoms. The proband was a 64 year old woman who had experienced progressive visual field defect since the age of 57. She had near normal dark adaptation and an extinguished eiectroretinogram. Her affected sister, 61 years old, and her brother, aged 57, had no or mild subjective symptoms, respectively. Fundus photographs and the results of electrophysiological tests, together with family data indicating autosomal recessive inheritance, are presented.
Effect of methyl cellulose on tear film break‐up‐time in health and disease
Authors: Moudgil S. S. , Khurana A. K. , Singh M. , Parmar I. P. S. , Ahluwalia B. K.
Published: May 2009

Abstract Methyl cellulose instillation enhanced the values of BUT in healthy individuals, as well as in patients with trachoma stage III and chronic conjunctivitis, while no effect was observed in patients with squamous blepharitis.
Visualization of ouabain binding in bovine cornea
Authors: Midelfart Anna
Published: May 2009

AbstractIn these experiments, the binding of ouabain, a specific inhibitor of NA,K‐ATPase is visualized in bovine cornea using an immunohistochemical method. Due to cross‐reactivity between ouabain and digitoxin antiserum, the ouabain binding is demonstrated after an immunological labelling with fluorescein. As shown in the corneal tissue sections and in the epithelial and endothelial cell preparations, a bright fluorescence of the endothelial cell membranes is observed in corneae incubated in 10‐5‐10‐3mol/l ouabain. In the epithelium, only a weak binding of the ouabain is observed at the basolateral membrane after incubation in 10‐3mol/l ouabain.
Intraocular lens calculation
Authors: Fledelius Hans C. , Alsbirk Poul Helge , Goldschmidt Ernst
Published: May 2009

Abstract Intraocular lens power prediction and final astigmatism were evaluated in 100 consecutive cataract patients (age 57–92 years, mainly with intracapsular extraction) 4–13 months after insertion of a 3M type 78 anterior chamber lens. The analysis was based on refractive recordings from the referring ophthalmologists who took care of post‐operative controls. Ninety‐two patients were accepted for the study. A Sonometrics DBR 400 ultrasound equipment and a Haag‐Streit keratometer had been used for measuring eye length and corneal power, the Binkhorst programme and SRK formula for selecting IOL power, resulting in an IOL range of +12 to +23 D. Mainly, low myopia was intended. Nearly 50% fell within 0.5 D from predicted value; 90% were within ± 1.5 D, by both calculating methods. SRK predictions appeared unaffected by eye size, while axial length (x) significantly influenced Binkhorst prediction (y): y = 8.08–0.35x (r = –0.40), the deviation being most marked in very short eyes. For eyes of midsize the two methods did not differ. Regarding astigmatism, 3 patients ended with values above 3D. In 83% it was < 2 D. Eighty per cent obtained a visual acuity of 0.5 or better. All things considered we feel that the calculation procedure should be standard when performing cataract surgery with IOL implantation.
Schirmers‐I test with and without modifications
Authors: Jonasdottir E.
Published: May 2009

Abstract The lacrimation rate of 12 persons was measured by the Schirmer‐I test and by two modifications of the test. The modifications used were: 1. the use of lipid extracted standardized Halberg paper (in a mixture of chloroform and ethanol), 2. replacement of the test paper in the conjunctival sac if no lacrimation was observed within 2 min. We could not detect any change in the variation of results between the different modifications or set‐ups, and consequently the modifications were considered as being of little clinical value compared to the original test.
The effects of thymoxamine, phenylephrine and cyclopentolate on the accommodative process in man
Authors: Zetterström Charlotta
Published: May 2009

Abstract Accommodation of the eye was measured in a cross‐over study in 11 healthy volunteers (20–35 years). In 5 subjects the near point was determined before and after topical instillation of 5 μl of 0.1% and 0.5%, and 5 × 5 μl 0.5% thymoxamine, 5 μl of 2% and 10%, and 5 × 5 μl 10% phenylephrine and 5 μl of 0.04%, 0.2%, and 1% cyclopentolate. All concentrations of thymoxamine increased the accommodative amplitude by about 1.5 dioptres. Accommodation decreased by about 0.5 dioptre after instillation of 5 × 5 μl 10% phenylephrine. The cycloplegic effects of 0.2% and 1% cyclopentolate were similar. Accommodation was also determined after application of 5 μl 1% cyclopentolate followed by either 5 × 5 μl 0.5% thymoxamine or 10% phenylephrine. Addition of thymoxamine did not alter the cycloplegic response of cyclopentolate alone. Addition of phenylephrine caused a more prolonged but similar maximum response compared to that of cyclopentolate alone. In the 6 other test subjects, the accommodation was compared before and after topical instillation of 5 μl of 0.2% and 1% and 40 μl (one standard eye‐drop) of 1% cyclopentolate and followed during 6 h. There was no difference between the maximum value of 5 μl and 40 μl 1% cyclopentolate. We conclude from these data that alpha‐stimulation by phenylephrine decreases and alpha‐inhibition by thymoxamine increases the accommodative amplitude in man. Furthermore, the results indicate that a smaller drop volume or weaker solution of cyclopentolate than routinely used in clinical practice produces a similar cycloplegic effect.
Diagnostic value of bronchoalveolar lavage in ocular sarcoidosis
Authors: Bienfait M. F. , Hoogsteden H. C. , Baarsma G. S. , Adriaansen H. J. , Verheijen‐Breemhaar L.
Published: May 2009

Abstract Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) is an investigation which has already proven its value in the diagnosis and follow‐up of patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis. It also appears to be a valuable contribution to the diagnosis of patients presenting with ocular sarcoidosis. We evaluated the findings in BAL in 16 cases with suspected ocular sarcoidosis (14 cases of uveitis, one with eyelid‐swelling and one with an inflammatory process of the lacrimal gland). BAL was positive in 11 cases e.g. showed a lymphocytosis with predominantly T4+ helper lymphocytes. There was one patient with ocular signs very suspect for sarcoidosis (a perivasculitis with candle wax infiltrates) with a normal percentage T lymphocytes (2%) in BAL. In two cases BAL was positive and showed a subclinical alveolitis, whereas no changes were seen on the chest X‐ray and in Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) level.
The concentration of lysozyme and secretory IgA in tears from healthy persons with and without contact lens use
Authors: Vinding Troels , Eriksen Jens Sindberg , Nielsen Niels Vesti
Published: May 2009

Abstract. A comparison of tear lysozyme and tear secretory IgA, determined by micropipette sampling and immunoassay technique, between 18 long‐term contact lens wearers (median age 35 years, median lysozyme concentration 1.93 g/l, median IgA concentration 0.72 g/l) and 42 non‐contact lens wearers (median age 41 years, median lysozyme concentration 2.21 g/l, median IgA concentration 2.42 g/l) disclosed a significant decrease (P < 0.01) of secretory IgA in the contact lens group. The decrease of secretory IgA was associated (P < 0.01) with the presence of deposits on lens surface. No differences in lysozyme concentration was found between the two groups (P > 0.05). The duration of lens wear was 8.5 years in average ranging from 1 to 23 years. These findings of decreased secretory IgA might partly explain the fact that contact lens wearers are more exposed to infectious corneal and conjunctival complications than non‐contact lens wearers.
Concentration of angiotensin‐converting enzyme in tears of patients with sarcoidosis
Authors: Immonen Ilkka , Friberg Kalevi , Sorsila Rainer , Fyhrquist Frej
Published: May 2009

Abstract. The concentration of angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) was studied in 39 patients with sarcoidosis, 6 of whom had active uveitis, 7 patients with non‐sarcoid uveitis and 36 healthy controls. ACE concentration in tears was also compared with total protein concentration in tears in order to exclude the effect of varying dilution of tears at sampling. Mean tear ACE concentration and ACE/protein ratio were higher in patients with sarcoidosis than in controls. There were no significant differences in tear ACE concentration or ACE/protein ratio between sarcoidosis patients with uveitis and those with no eye involvement. Tear ACE concentration and ACE/protein ratio did not correlate significantly with serum ACE concentration. It is concluded that the mean concentration of tear ACE and ACE/protein ratio are elevated in sarcoidosis, but that this elevation is independent of any eye involvement.
Effects of yellow filter glasses on colour discrimination of normal observers and on the illumination level
Authors: Aarnisalo Eero
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Ten healthy young persons wearing yellow filter glasses were examined with the Farnsworth‐Munsell 100‐hue test using a Macbeth daylight illuminator. Results obtained with (Schott) filters GG 400, GG 420, GG 435 and GG 455 were within normal limits. Using filters GG 475, GG 495 and OG 515 the mean total error score was 123.9, 203.8 and 226.9, respectively, and the test diagram showed a tritan error axis. Illumination of the Macbeth daylight illuminator measured without filters was 1800 lux. Using yellow filters the illumination varied from 1650 to 1500 lux.
Quantitative tear ferning Methodologic and experimental investigations
Authors: Norn Mogens
Published: May 2009

Abstract. The reproducibility of different tear‐ferning methods has been investigated by double tests on 122 subjects. Rough grading according to Rolando gives identical recovery in only 42 to 50%. Quantitative test (mmz ferning per 1 μ) of conjunctival fluid drawn with a glass rod according to Rolando gave a coefficient of variation of 99 to 128%. Aspiration with a quantitative pipette acc. to Norn 79%, and 55% for a standardized dilution (2.5 μ of water) in the same pipette. The coefficient of variation was lower between tear samples aspirated through a thin capillary tube (1 mm = 0.5 μ) from the lateral part of the tear meniscus (35%), and with a standardized tear volume (2.5 μ) only 6.4%. Ferning is obstructed by ointment, fat emulsion dropped on the conjunctiva and mucous thread, but not by a glass slide rubbed with stearin. A quantitative test with a capillary tube (2.5 μ of aspirated lacrimal fluid) showed reduced ferning 30 sec after instillation of methylcellu‐lose (2.5%) and arachis oil, and after expression of meibomian gland secretion. No significant alteration was observed after instillation of water or stimulation of the tear secretion by nasal inhalation of NH4OH.
Atopic conjunctivitis
Authors: Kari O.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Tarsal conjunctival scrapings of the lower and upper eyelids of 21 atopic, pollen allergic patients with conjunctivitis were examined three times; during a symptom‐free period, during a challenge test and during the pollen season. Eosinophils were also counted from the conjunctival fluid of 17 patients, but only of 12 patients during the challenge. The controls were 10 atopic patients without conjunctivitis (K0), 31 normal persons (K1), who were examined routinely in the course of a spectacle prescription and 45 patients with acute conjunctivitis (K2) of other than allergic origin. A statistically significant difference in the occurrence of eosinophils in the scrapings was found between the pollen allergic patients and the normal control patients but not between patients with atopic or non‐atopic conjunctivitis. During the challenge test, the occurrence of eosinophils in the scrapings increased for at least an hour after the challenge had become positive. In the pollen allergic patients eosinophils were equally abundant during the symptom‐free and pollen seasons. It is concluded that the occurrence of eosinophils in the conjunctival scraping is not a reliable clinical indicator of allergy.
Tear urea nitrogen and creatinine levels in renal patients
Authors: Kang John , Fulop George , Friedman Alan H.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Tear and blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, and glucose levels were quantitatively analyzed by an enzymatic method in 30 normal patients and in 10 patients with end stage renal disease. The tear and blood samples collected from the end stage renal patients before and after hemodialysis showed that the change in urea nitrogen and creatinine levels in the tears correlated with the change in blood urea nitrogen and creatinine. Tear samples may serve as an alternative, less invasive indicator of serum metabolites in renal patients.
Immunoreactive opsin and glial fibrillary acidic protein in persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous
Authors: Hara Satoshi , Mito Takezo , Takahashi Mitchiko , Ohmura Makoto , Mizuno Katsuyoshi , Masuda Takayuki
Published: May 2009

Abstract. An 8‐month‐old boy had an anterior type of persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous in the right eye. Results of needle biopsy, performed because of elevated intraocular pressure, disclosed clusters of blastic cells. The eye was enucleated on the suspicion of retinoblastoma. Histological examination showed retrolental fibrovascular tissue and retinal dysplasia. Immunoreactive opsin was detected in the innermost structures and in photoreceptor‐like cells of rosettes. We conclude that photoreceptor cells differentiated to express opsin, even when neighbouring cells were abnormally arranged. An immunocytochemical study of glial fibrillary acidic protein demonstrated glial proliferation in the inner layer of the retina but not in the preretinal space.
Treatment of diabetic neovascular glaucoma by panretinal ablation and trabeculectomy
Authors: Fernández‐Vigo J. , Castro J. , Cordido M. , Fernández‐Sabugal J.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. The efficacy of treating diabetic neovascular glaucoma by panretinal cryotherapy and trabeculectomy was studied over post‐operative periods of 6–24 months in 26 selected eyes (8 acute cases and 18 chronic cases). The only complications attributable to surgery were slight hyphemas. Mean pre‐operative intraocular pressure (IOP) among the acute cases was 48.8 ± 9.9 mmHg. After 1 year, IOP was under control (IOP ≤ 22 mmHg) in 6 eyes (75%) (2 patients needed hypotensive drugs and another required surgery again). Among the chronic cases, pre‐operative IOP was 30.1 ± 2.1, while a year after surgery IOP was under control (IOP ≤ 22 mmHg) in 14 patients (77%) (5 of these needed hypotensive medication and 2 a second operation). The visual acuity (VA) of 66% of the chronic cases was unaltered a year after surgery. The VA of 63% of the acute cases was better a year after surgery. The VA of the 8 patients re‐examined 2 years after surgery had deteriorated in spite of their IOP being under control.
Double vital staining of corneal epithelium after corneal transplantation with a rose bengal‐fluorescein mixture
Authors: Norn Mogens
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Longitudinal double vital staining with 1% rose bengal (RB) and 1% fluorescein (Flu) has been carried out on 33 eyes subjected to penetrating corneal transplantation. At the conclusion of the operation pronounced desiccation of both donor's and recipient's epithelium was seen in a scant 50%, but abrasion in only 8%. The desiccation subsided during the first post‐operative day, but the donor's epithelium was rejected in the majority (91%). Healing started on the third day, manifesting itself by Flu‐punctate whorl‐shaped epithelium invading or gliding across the wound. By the fifth day nearly complete healing had occurred. In 9% no renewal of epithelium was noticed. Subsequent control examinations revealed loose sutures (RB‐stained mucous adhesions), evanescent cicatricial defects, and open suture canals (Flu). Graft rejection occurred in 8 cases. In 5 of these, well‐defined massive peripheral staining of donor epithelium was seen (RB most widespread and sharply outlined), and in the remaining 3, uncharacteristic, diffuse, punctate staining.
Tear film flow and stability in seropositive patients of rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Khurana A. K. , Moudgil S. S.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Tear film flow and stability studies were carried out in 25 serologically positive patients with rheumatoid arthritis, who were without ocular symptoms, by performing Schirmer test I and break‐up time (BUT) measurements. The values of BUT and Schirmer in 25 cases were decreased significantly when compared with 25 matched controls. Further, an inverse relation was observed between the values of these tear function tests and the serum immunoglobulin levels, thereby depicting that higher values of serum immunoglobulins in rheumatoid arthritis may be helpful in segregating the cases who may eventually develop dry eyes.
Study of Duane's retraction syndrome
Authors: Ahluwalia B. K. , Gupta N. C. , Goel S. R. , Khurana A. K.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. The clinical observations made on 20 patients (24 eyes) of Duane's retraction syndrome are presented. A modification of Huber's classification of the syndrome is suggested in order to make it more clinically orientated.
Treatment of age‐related macular degeneration by laser photocoagulation
Authors: Nielsen Niels Vesti , Frost‐Larsen Kim , Gregersen Eilif , Scherfig Erik
Published: May 2009

Abstract Laser treatment with blue‐green argon, green argon and/or krypton red was performed on 578 eyes in 443 patients with neovascular age‐related macular degeneration (AMD). The visual acuity was examined in all eyes 2 to 8 weeks after initial treatment and in 204 eyes in 167 patients 2 to 4 years after initial treatment. The short term results were as follow: 91/578 eyes (16%) had improved ( 2 lines on Snellen's chart or equivalent steps), 445/578 eyes (77%) remained unchanged and 42/578 eyes (7%) had deteriorated visual acuity ( 2 lines on Snellen's chart or equivalent steps). The reduction in visual acuity, may in about half of the 42 eyes be caused by too intensive laser application in the beginning of this study in 1983 and 1984 where treatment was applied with blue‐green argon, which has now been abandoned. In the group with an observation time of 2 to 4 years, 42/204 eyes (21%) had improved, 119/204 eyes (58%) remained unchaged and 43/204 eyes (21%) had a deteriorated visual acuity. In the 204 eyes the subretinal neovascular lesion(s) were located extrafoveally in 52 eyes, juxtafoveally in 114 eyes and subfoveally in 38 eyes. It is to be pointed out, that even patients with a pre‐laser visual acuity of 6/60 or worse obtained an improvement of visual acuity in 12/27 eyes. About 40% of the eyes needed re‐treatment from 1 to 8 times. It is unknown whether the obtained results are to be considered marginal or more substantial. Reports from abroad indicate that about 75% of eyes with neovascular AMD go blind within one to two years. Controlled long term clinical studies are required of the natural history and of the post‐laser course. ‐
Iris fluorescein angiography and fluorescein gonioscopic photography after implantation of Choyce Mk IX anterior chamber lenses
Authors: Krause U. , Eriksen H. L.
Published: May 2009

Abstract Patients underwent intracapsular cataract extraction and implantation of a Choyce Mk IX anterior chamber intraocular lens. At fluorescein angiography (FAG) at a mean of 8 months post‐operatively, 9 showed leaking from the iridal vessels, and 3 were normal: Three cases were excluded because of factors affecting the iris FAG. At a mean of 37 months 5 still had a slight degree of leakage. No primarily negative iris FAG changed to positive later. Fluorescein gonioscopic photography (FGP) revealed leakage in 29.5% of the tips of the foot plates at a mean of 37 months. No correlation was observable between FGP and gonioscopy. The pupillary deformation quotient DQ (greatest: smallest pupillary diameter) was significantly greater at a mean of 8 months in the eyes with leakage in iris FAG than in eyes without leakage (P = 0.0145). Individually a change both in direction against normalisation and in elongation was recorded during the observation time.
Peripheral refractive correction and automated perimetric profiles
Authors: Wild J. M. , Wood J. M. , Crews S. J.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. The effect of peripheral refractive error correction on the automated perimetric sensitivity profile was investigated on a sample of 10 clinically normal, experienced observers. Peripheral refractive error was determined at eccentricities of 0°, 20° and 40° along the temporal meridian of the right eye using the Canon Autoref R‐1, an infra‐red automated refractor, under the parametric conditions of the Octopus automated perimeter. Perimetric sensitivity was then undertaken at these eccentricities (stimulus sizes 0 and III) with and without the appropriate peripheral refractive correction using the Octopus 201 automated perimeter. Within the measurement limits of the experimental procedures employed, perimetric sensitivity was not influenced by peripheral refractive correction.
The effect of cryotherapy on oxygen‐induced retinopathy in the newborn kitten
Authors: Kremer I. , Kissunz R. , Nissenkorn I. , Ben‐Sira I. , Garner A.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Partial cryotherapy was performed in the right eye of 14 kittens with experimental oxygen‐induced retinopathy, while the left eye remained untreated as a control. Subsequent funduscopic examination and histopathological studies of all kittens showed no significant difference between the treated and untreated eyes with respect to the amount of neovascular proliferation. We attribute this negative result mainly to the fact that the cryoablation of the kittens' retina was incomplete, leaving a considerable amount of residual ischemic retina.
Attempts to define the minimal serum level of vitamin A required for normal visual function in a patient with severe fat malabsorption
Authors: Wachtmeister Lillemor , Björkhem Ingemar , Diczfalusy Ulf , Emami Ali
Published: May 2009

Abstract. A case with severe malabsorption of fat soluble vitamins is described. The malabsorption developed after an intestinal bypass operation due to morbid obesity. Night blindness occurred as the first symptom of vitamin A deficiency. The cone visual sensory threshold was elevated about one log unit and the rod threshold abot two and a half log units. No changes of the a‐ and b‐waves of the electroretinogram (ERG) was observed. However, during the initial phase of very low serum reninol level (0.21 μmol/l) the summed amplitudes of the oscillatory potentials (OPs) were lower. After parenteral therapy with vitamin A the night blindness disappeared and the dark‐adapted rod and cone threshold sensitivity recovered to normal. However, the time‐course of rod adaptation first reached normal levels after 5 months. The amplitudes of the OPs of the ERG response returned to normal when the serum retinol level had increased close to normal. Serum retinol levels of 0.7 μmol/l or higher were always associated with normal or close to normal dark‐adapted rod sensitivity. However, a normal serum retinol level (>0.95 μmol/l) and a normal dark‐adapted rod threshold sensitivity were not always associated with a normal time‐course of the rod adaptation. It is concluded, that the maintenance dosage of vitamin A must be individualized and that patients who have undergone jejunoilea bypass surgery must be carefully monitored for vitamin A deficiency by both serum levels and dark adaptation measurements.
Light microscopical and scanning electron microscopical examinations of deposits on disposable constant wear lenses
Authors: Prause Jan U. , Brincker Peter , Dreyer Viggo , Vangsted Peter
Published: May 2009

Abstract. An inexpensive, disposable soft contact lens for extended wear (DanaLens) has been developed. The lens is polymerized moulded in the wet state from hydroxyethyl methylacrylate and hydroxyethyl acrylate. Twenty‐two pairs of the lens have in an open study been worn permanently from 1 to 43 days. light microscopical and scanning electron microscopical examinations of the used lenses showed: superficial deposits on the front surfaces of the lenses of a mucous‐like, easily removable material. Neither bacteria nor fungi were demonstrated.
Effects of topical pre‐treatment with dexamethasone on the immediate and late phases of topically induced ocular anaphylaxis in the rat
Authors: Trocmé Stefan D. , Bonini Stefano , Barney Neal P. , Bloch Kurt J. , Allansmith Mathea R.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. We tested the effects of pre‐treatment with dexamethasone on topically induced ocular anaphylaxis in the rat. Rats were immunized with dinitrophenylated Ascaris suum extract and challenged with di‐DNP‐lysine. Dexamethasone was administered topically once (24, 6, or 1 h before challenge) or three times (6, 4, and 2 h before challenge). A single pre‐treatment given at 24 or 6 h had no significant effect. A single pre‐treatment 1 h before challenge reduced the extent of edema assessed histologically but not clinically, and had no significant effect on the eosinophil count in conjunctival tissue examined 6 h after challenge. Eyes pre‐treated with dexamethasone 6, 4, and 2 h before challenge showed a significant reduction in conjunctival edema assessed histologically and clinically 1 h after challenge. In addition, 6 h after challenge the number of eosinophils was significantly reduced. We conclude that repeated pre‐treatment with dexamethasone can suppress both the immediate phase and the cellular late phase of topically induced ocular anaphylaxis.
Extracellular volume in the bovine corneal epithelium
Authors: Midelfart Anna
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Three different substances, [14C]inulin, [14C]polyethylenglycol (PEG, molecular weight 4000) and [3H]sucrose have been examined for suitability as markers for determination of the extracellular volume (ECV) in the bovine corneal epithelium and stroma. In both tissues, sucrose was the best marker reaching equilibrium of distribution within 90 min. Inulin and 4000 PEG have been found to be unacceptable because of a slow rate of penetration of the ECV. In addition, both inulin and 4000 PEG gave considerably lower values for the ECV than sucrose. Using the value for ECV determined with sucrose as a marker in the bovine corneal epithelium, i.e. 21.6 ± 1.4% of tissue water, and the results obtained previously by the chemical analysis of this tissue (Midelfart 1987) the intracellular concentrations of 34.4 ± 8.6 mmol Na/kg H2O and 154.3 ± 11.1 mmol K/kg H2O were determined. These results were compared with the results obtained by other methods in corneae from other species.
Unilateral intraocular lens
Authors: Aarnisalo Eero
Published: May 2009

Abstract. A combination of yellow and neutral filters was placed in front of an eye with IOL in order to find a colour and brightness match with the healthy phakic fellow eye. A Munsell standard blue pigment colour target was used as a test. Nine persons with a unilateral IOL were examined. The yellow Schott filter GG 420 was chosen by 2 observers, GG 435 by 5 and GG 455 by the remaining 2. In combination with the yellow filter a Schott neutral filter 0.1 NG was preferred by 3 observers, and each of the neutral filters 0.3 NG, 0.45 NG and 0.6 NG was chosen by 2 observers. The luminance of the coloured test target was measured to be 120 cd/m2 without filters and 86 to 31 cd/m2 as measured through the selected filter combinations.
Endothelial pump function in rabbit corneas kept under eye bank conditions
Authors: Medin Walther , Davanger Martin
Published: May 2009

AbstractEndothelial pump activity of rabbit corneas kept under eye bank conditions was examined. Different swelling rates for medium with and without ouabain were used for the calculation of endothelial pump rate. After an initial weight increase during 24 h, the control corneas kept approximately constant weight for 1 week. The ouabain‐treated corneas increased continually, and during the time interval 24–48 h the increase was 41% of start weight. This corresponds to a pump activity of 2.3% of the weight of the normal corneal stroma per h, or to 9 μm of the corneal thickness per h. Each endothelial cell pumped fluid corresponding to 200–300% of the cell volume per h between day 1 (24 h) and day 8. The pump activity was gradually reduced after 8 days. The average weight was the same in both groups after 7 weeks.
The prognosis of patients with hysterical visual impairment
Authors: Sletteberg Odd , Bertelsen Torstein , Høvding Gunnar
Published: May 2009

Abstract. During the period 1962–1986, 54 patients received the diagnosis hysterical visual impairment, i.e. 1 out of every 631 patients admitted to our department. Isolated visual acuity impairment was the most common symptom, followed by combined visual acuity impairment and visual field constriction, whereas isolated visual field constriction occurred most infrequently. The mean age of the patients in the first group was significantly lower than that of the patients in the latter group. A questionnaire sent to all patients in 1987 was answered by 41 patients. Twenty‐one of these (51%) felt that their visual function now was good, whereas 20 (49%) claimed that their visual function was still poor. Nine patients (22%) were disabled because of their visual problems. Twenty‐nine of the patients who answered the questionnaire were re‐examined. Sixteen of these (55%) still showed visual impairment at the follow‐up, while 13 (45%) showed complete disappearance of visual complaints. The younger patients appeared to have a better prognosis than the older ones.
Simultaneous bilateral primary choroidal melanoma
Authors: Eide Nils
Published: May 2009

Abstract. The first published case from Norway of primary bilateral malignant melanoma of the choroid is presented. On the admission of a 73‐year‐old woman for a choroidal melanoma of the left eye, an asymptomatic tumour was detected in the periphery of her right eye. The left eye was enucleated. Histology confirmed the presence of a choroidal melanoma of the mixed type. After 3 1/2 years with regular follow‐ups growth of the asymptomatic tumour was noticed. The fast growth was accompanied by a haemorrhage in the vitreous and a secondary retinal detachment. External radiation with a dose of 33.6 Gy resulted in a regression of the tumour, improvement of visual acuity to 0.5 and re‐attachment of the retina, lasting the remaining 8 months of life. Multiple metastasis to the liver caused her death.