bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genetic effect of zirconium oxide coating on osteoblast‐like cells
Authors: Sollazzo Vincenzo , Palmieri Annalisa , Pezzetti Furio , Bignozzi Carlo Alberto , Argazzi Roberto , Massari Leo , Brunelli Giorgio , Carinci Francesco
Published: July 2007

Zirconium is widely used as material for prosthetic devices because its good mechanical and chemical properties. When exposed to oxygen, zirconium becomes zirconium oxide (ZrO2), which is biocompatible. ZrO2 can be also prepared as a colloidal suspension and then used to coat surfaces. Zirconium oxide coating (ZrO2C) can potentially have specific biologic effects, and among them is bone formation related to implant osseointegration. How this biomaterial alters osteoblast activity to promote bone formation is poorly understood. We therefore attempted to address this question by using microarray techniques to identify genes that are differently regulated in osteoblasts exposed to ZrO2C. By using DNA microarrays containing 20,000 genes, we identified in osteoblast‐like cell lines (MG‐63) cultured with ZrO2C several genes whose expression was significantly upregulated or downregulated. The differentially expressed genes cover a broad range of functional activities: (a) cell cycle regulation, (b) signal transduction, (c) immunity, and (d) cytoskeleton component. The data reported are, to our knowledge, the first genetic portrait of ZrO2C effects. They can be relevant to better understand the molecular mechanism of bone regeneration and as a model for comparing other materials with similar clinical effects. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2008
Usefulness of color doppler sonography and 99mTc‐RBC scintigraphy for preoperative diagnosis of a venous malformation of the small intestine in a 2‐year‐old child
Authors: Sugito Kiminobu , Kusafuka Takeshi , Hoshino Mayumi , Inoue Mikiya , Ikeda Taro , Hagiwara Noritsugu , Koshinaga, Tsugumichi
Published: July 2007

Venous malformations of the small intestine are rare in children, and the preoperative diagnosis of a venous malformation in the small bowel can be very difficult. We report the case of a 2‐year‐old girl with a solitary cavernous venous malformation of the small intestine that caused gastrointestinal bleeding and anemia and review the usefulness of the combination of color Doppler sonography and 99mTc‐RBC scintigraphy for the diagnosis of venous malformation of the small intestine. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound, 2008
Systematically implementing enterprise‐wide strategies: Integrated enabling planning
Authors: Motikler Robert J.
Published: July 2007

This paper discusses a general approach to integrating overallcompany and departmental strategic planning, as well as some tools for overcoming problems often encountered in effectively achieving such integration and in implementing enterprise‐wide strategies. The discussion is in two parts: (a) An integrated situational approach— assessing critical factors; (b) the integration and implementation of enterprise‐wide strategies and departmental enabling strategies in light of these critical situation factors.
Food shopping: The leisurely way forward?
Authors: McHugh Marie , Greenan Kate
Published: July 2007

As the 21st century beckons, the competitive terrain of the United Kingdom food retailing industry is set to change. A host of forces signal the need for food retailers to embark upon programmes of strategic change in order to find a defendable position within an increasingly competitive industry. This paper highlights the dominance of females within the population and the associated implications for food shopping. Thus, some of the opportunities available to food retailers are identified, together with suggestions for their exploitation through focusing on leisurely shopping.
Employee involvement and communication Strategies for managing change
Authors: Caldwell Raymond
Published: July 2007

During the 1980s, many companies embarked on ‘culture change’ programmes that were designed to achieve a shift from traditional command and control models of management to more open, participative styles founded on employee involvement. New employee relations initiatives designed to communicate change and get closer to employees were a fundamental feature of this transformation. Here, Dr Caldwell proposes a model of employee involvement and communication, which helps to clarify the nature of the shift from the closed to the open organization of the future.
On the vulnerability of interdisciplinary programmes of strategic change to functional interests: A case study
Authors: Brandon J. A.
Published: July 2007

The implementation of any realistic programme of strategic change will require a co‐operative effort by a range of functional specialists. The paper discusses the general issues involved and presents a case study where the dramatic success of one functional group led to the demotivation and withdrawal of other functional stakeholders in the strategic change process.
A model for stress and plastic strain induced nonlinear, hyperelastic anisotropy in soils
Authors: Gajo A. , Bigoni D.
Published: July 2007

The experimental evidence that cohesive and granular soils possess an elastic range in which the elasticity is both nonlinear and anisotropic—with stiffness and directional characteristics strongly dependent on stress and plastic strain (the so‐called ‘stress history’)—is given a formulation based on hyperelasticity. This is accomplished within the framework of elastoplastic coupling, through a new proposal of elastic potentials and a combined use of a plastic‐strain‐dependent fabric tensor and nonlinear elasticity. When used within a simple elastoplastic framework, the proposed model is shown to yield very accurate simulations of the evolution of elastic properties from initial directional stiffening to final isotropic degradation. Within the proposed constitutive framework, it is shown that predictions of shear band formation and evolution become closer to the existing experimental results, when compared to modelling
in which elasticity does not evolve. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Initial testing (stage 1) of the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin by the pediatric preclinical testing program
Authors: Houghton Peter J. , Morton Christopher L. , Kolb E. Anders , Gorlick Richard , Lock Richard , Carol Hernan , Reynolds C. Patrick , Maris John M. , Keir Stephen T. , Billups Catherine A. , Smith Malcolm A.
Published: July 2007

Background

Rapamycin is a highly specific inhibitor of mTOR, a serine/threonine kinase that controls cap‐dependent translation. Here we report the activity of rapamycin against the in vitro and in vivo panels of the Pediatric Preclinical Testing Program (PPTP).

Procedures

Rapamycin was tested against the in vitro panel at concentrations from 0.01 to 100 nM and was tested against the in vivo tumor panels by i.p. administration daily × 5 for 6 consecutive weeks at a dose of 5 mg/kg.

Results

Rapamycin variably inhibited growth of the cell lines in the PPTP in vitro panel, with maximal inhibition values ranging from 19% to 85% (median 49%) and a median EC50 of 0.7 nM. Ten of 23 cell lines achieved at least 50% growth inhibition. Against the in vivo panels, rapamycin induced significant differences in EFS distribution in 27 of 36 solid tumor xenografts and in 5 of 8 ALL xenografts. Using the time to event activity measure, rapamycin had intermediate or high activity against 14 of 31 evaluable solid tumor xenografts and 5 of 8 ALL xenografts. Objective responses were observed in several panels, including: rhabdoid tumor (1PR), rhabdomyosarcoma (2PR), and osteosarcoma (1 maintained CR). Two T‐cell ALL xenografts had objective responses (1PR, 1 maintained CR).

Conclusions

Rapamycin demonstrated broad antitumor activity against the PPTP's in vivo tumor panels, with particularly noteworthy activity for selected sarcoma and ALL xenografts. Future work will evaluate the molecular characteristics of responding models and the activity of combinations of rapamycin with other anticancer agents. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2008;50:799–805. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Guadalupe Cultural Arts Center: A community arts success
Authors: Martínez Max
Published: July 2007

A small, nonprofit Latino arts and cultural organization faces a series of critical decisions regarding a diversification of funding sources and a reassessment of its artistic mission to create a balance between the needs of the local community and those of the larger, more diverse Latino community in the United States.
Horizon Hospice: From zero to $2.7 million a year
Authors: Flanagan Joan
Published: July 2007

In 1977, four volunteers started a new organization to care for terminally ill patients. Today, Horizon Hospice is an established institution with an annual operating budget of $2.7 million and an endowment of $730,000, and it is about to launch its first capital campaign. It is the kind of well‐managed nonprofit organization with diversified fundraising that makes a better society for all of us.
Conclusion
Authors: Seltzer Michael
Published: July 2007

The eight organizations profiled in this volume offer important lessons on how to conduct successful fundraising endeavors.
Women, money, and political clout
Authors: Stone Karen D. , Rice Susan F. , Angel Judith C.
Published: July 2007

Women's participation in the political process has evolved from their serving only as volunteers to their leveraging their financial philanthropy to influence the selection and election of candidates. Coordinated philanthropic efforts on behalf of women's political interests suggest a new avenue for women's power and influence.
The power of who we are: Organizational culture in the nonprofit setting
Authors: Deal Terrence E. , Baluss Casey Smith
Published: July 2007

Organizational culture can exert an extraordinary influence on organizational effectiveness. Decisions that threaten organizational culture can precipitate powerful responses.
Selling the institutional soul: The heart of development
Authors: Deal Terrence E. , Baluss Casey Smith
Published: July 2007

The further nonprofit organizations allow their cultural values to shift away from the responsibility to contribute ideas, services, and human capital that improve society, the more difficult fundraising becomes. Fundraising professionals should help nonprofit institutions renew their symbolic cores and strengthen their links to donors and beneficiaries.
Ethical dilemmas of retained search for nonprofit organizations
Authors: Zivic Janis M.
Published: July 2007

Executive Search, unlike other professional services, is not regulated; therefore, ethical behavior is defined by its own practitioners. Although complex and subjective, guidelines do exist.
Different cities, different trustees: Geographic variation in the composition of the fundraising board
Authors: Abzug Rikki
Published: July 2007

Contrary to the belief that there is “one best way” to compose a board, the author's research supports the view that geography matters. Local differences persist over time, and fundraising strategy needs to take this diversity into account.
Motivations for volunteering and giving: A functional approach
Authors: Clary E. Gil , Snyder Mark
Published: July 2007

The authors apply their research on the motivations for volunteering to motivations for giving. They identify six personal and social motives that underlie giving decisions. These motives—or—functions—can help fundraisers understand different individual and cultural motivations for giving.
Private funds for California's public schools
Authors: Howard James , Sweeney Susan , Swanson Lois
Published: July 2007

Faced with severe economic problems, the public schools in California turned to the pursuit of philanthropic support for public education.
Philanthropy and Americans outdoors: The national parks
Authors: Ross John M.
Published: July 2007

The author shows how acquisition and support of our national parks and public open spaces are some of the oldest examples of public‐private partnerships and discusses how the pending changes in public support may affect private fundraising efforts in this realm.
Quality communication in achieving fundraising excellence
Authors: Ragsdale J. D.
Published: July 2007

Interpersonal communication—essential to fundraising—requires relational skills not usually associated with other types of communication. An understanding of relational communication skills can help fundraisers achieve greater success.
Between the lines: Intricacies of major donor communication
Authors: Tobin Gary A.
Published: July 2007

Donors assent to fundraising requests and change their minds. Donors decline well‐thought‐out and clearly articulated requests. It is useful to follow some of the internal emotional and intellectual processes that underlie donors' reactions to fundraisers' behaviors.
Maintaining legitimacy and reputation through impression management
Authors: Tschirhart Mary
Published: July 2007

This chapter explores the reputational and legitimacy challenges that stakeholders of nonprofits may bring as these organizations seek alternative income sources.
Charitable gaming: The North Dakota example
Authors: Hersrud Cher
Published: July 2007

Charitable gaming funds may be one form of a diverse revenue stream for nonprofits.
Fundraising auctions: The professional approach
Authors: Miller Hugh B. , Miller Wendy A.
Published: July 2007

Fundraising auctions, professionally run, present special opportunities for raising revenue.
The psychology of irrevocable gifts
Authors: Strapp Nancy Herrold
Published: July 2007

This chapter presents an analysis of psychological factors that donors may encounter when contemplating an irrevocable charitable gift, with strategies gift planners can use to assist donors in coming to resolution. The psychological framework is illustrated by case studies involving actual planned gift solicitations.
Developing institutional resources: A CEO's perspective
Authors: Anderson Loren J.
Published: July 2007

“True financial success is built on vision, planning, and teamwork, not on an overriding concern for the bottom line,” says this successful CEO.
Technology of electrostatic spinning for the production of polyurethane tissue engineering scaffolds
Authors: Andrews Kirstie D , Hunt John A , Black Richard A
Published: July 2007

Electrostatic spinning was investigated as an alternative to electrospinning to establish the potential of the technique for the production of a range of microfibrous polyurethane scaffolds with a variety of structures and properties related to the fabrication conditions. Tecoflex® SG‐80A polyurethane was spun, systematically altering the spinning parameters, and the resulting scaffolds were characterised using scanning electron microscopy. Inter‐fibre separation was significantly affected by flow rate, spray distance and grid and mandrel voltages; fibre diameter by flow rate and mandrel voltage; void fraction by flow rate; fibre orientation by traverse speed and mandrel speed; and thickness by flow rate. Thus, scaffold (three‐dimensional) architecture may be controlled through manipulation of the electric fields and the fibre deposition (spinning parameters of flow rate and grid and mandrel voltages); and by spray movement and direction (spinning parameters of relative spray height, spray distance, traverse speed and mandrel speed). There were significant differences between the internal and external scaffold surfaces, due in part to the manner in which the surface of the mandrels was prepared. We conclude that the process may be used to produce a range of polyurethane scaffolds for use in many tissue engineering applications. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
High resolution X‐ray crystallographic structure of bovine heart cytochrome c and its application to the design of an electron transfer biosensor
Authors: Mirkin Nurit , Jaconcic Jean , Stojanoff Vivian , Moreno Abel
Published: July 2007

Cytochrome c is one of the most studied proteins probably due to its electron‐transfer properties in aerobic and anaerobic respiration. Particularly, cytochrome c from bovine heart is a small protein, Mr 12,230 Da, globular (hydrodynamic diameter of 3.4 nm), soluble in different buffer solutions, and commercially available. Despite being a quite well‐studied protein and relatively easy to manipulate from the biochemical and electrochemical viewpoint, its 3D structure has never been published. In this work, the purification, crystallization and 3D structure of one of the cytochrome c isoforms is presented to 1.5 Å resolution. It is also shown how the presence of isoforms made both the purification and crystallization steps difficult. Finally, a new approach for protein electrocrystallization and design of biosensors is presented. Proteins 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Structure and quantum chemical analysis of NAD+‐dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase: Hydride transfer and co‐factor specificity
Authors: Imada Katsumi , Tamura Takashi , Takenaka Ryo , Kobayashi Issei , Namba Keiichi , Inagaki Kenji
Published: July 2007

The crystal structure of Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans isocitrate dehydrogenase complexed with NAD+ and citrate has been solved to a resolution of 1.9 Å. The protein fold of this NAD+‐dependent enzyme shares a high similarity with those of NADP+‐dependent bacterial ICDHs. The NAD+ and the citrate are clearly identified in the active site cleft with a well‐defined electron density. Asp‐357 is the direct cofactor‐specificity determinant that interacts with 2′‐OH and 3′‐OH of the adenosine ribose. The adenosine ribose takes a C2′‐endo puckering conformation as previously reported for an NAD+‐specific isopropylmalate dehydrogenase. The nicotinamide moiety of NAD+ has the amide NH2 group oriented in cis conformation with respect to the C4 carbon of the nicotinamide ring, slanted toward the bound citrate molecule with a dihedral angle of −21°. The semi‐empirical molecular orbital calculation suggests that the pro‐R hydrogen atom at C4 of NADH would bear the largest negative charge when the amide NH2 group is in such conformation, suggesting that the amide group has a catalytically significant role in stabilizing the transition state as NADH is being formed during the hydride transfer catalysis. Proteins 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Photoabsorption of the fullerene ions C and C
Authors: Belyaev A. K. , Ivanov V. K. , Polozkov R. G. , Tiukanov A. S. , Solovyov A. V. , Greiner W.
Published: July 2007

The photoionization cross sections of the fullerene positive ions C and C are calculated within the photon energy range from the ionization thresholds up to 80 eV and compared with the recent experimental data (Scally et al., Phys Rev Lett 2005, 94, 065503). The main features of the theoretical framework had been developed by us earlier (Ivanov et al., J Phys B: At Mol Opt Phys, 2001, 34, L669) and applied for the description of photoionzation of C60 and C (Ivanov et al., J Phys B: At Mol Opt Phys, 2001, 34, L669; Ivanov et al., J Exp Theor Phys, 2003, 96, 658; Polozkov et al., J Phys B: At Mol Opt Phys, 2005, 38, 4341). In the present work, the theoretical approach has been improved by means of using more accurate exchange‐correlation energy functional (Perdew and Wang, Phys Rev B, 1992, 45, 13244). The location and the shape of the giant resonance in the photoionization spectrum of C and C are determined. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2007
Modelling and measurements of power losses and turbulence intensity in wind turbine wakes at Middelgrunden offshore wind farm
Authors: Barthelmie R. J. , Frandsen S. T. , Nielsen M. N. , Pryor S. C. , Rethore P.‐E. , Jørgensen H. E.
Published: July 2007

Understanding of power losses and turbulence increase due to wind turbine wake interactions in large offshore wind farms is crucial to optimizing wind farm design. Power losses and turbulence increase due to wakes are quantified based on observations from Middelgrunden and state‐of‐the‐art models. Observed power losses due solely to wakes are approximately 10% on average. These are relatively high for a single line of wind turbines due in part to the close spacing of the wind farm. The wind farm model Wind Analysis and Application Program (WAsP) is shown to capture wake losses despite operating beyond its specifications for turbine spacing. The paper describes two methods of estimating turbulence intensity: one based on the mean and standard deviation (SD) of wind speed from the nacelle anemometer, the other from mean power output and its SD. Observations from the nacelle anemometer indicate turbulence intensity which is around 9% higher in absolute terms than those derived from the power measurements. For comparison, turbulence intensity is also derived from wind speed and SD from a meteorological mast at the same site prior to wind farm construction. Despite differences in the measurement height and period, overall agreement is better between the turbulence intensity derived from power measurements and the meteorological mast than with those derived from data from the nacelle anemometers. The turbulence in wind farm model indicates turbulence increase of the order 20% in absolute terms for flow directly along the row which is in good agreement with the observations. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Separation and quantitation of hydroxy and epoxy fatty acid by high‐performance liquid chromatography with an evaporative light‐scattering detector
Authors: Gérard Hervé C. , Moreau Robert A. , Fett William F. , Osman Stanley F.
Published: July 2007

A new high‐performance liquid chromatography technique with an evaporative light‐scattering detector (ELSD) has been developed for the separation and quantitative analysis of hydroxy and epoxy fatty acids. This method employs a gradual binary gradient (hexane/isopropanol) and ELSD detection. The minimum limit of detection is about 1 µg and ratio of mass to signal is essentially linear in the range of 10 to 200 µg. This high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) technique is able to separate various positional isomers of mono‐hydroxy and dihydroxy fatty acids and can also discriminate between monohydroxy, epoxy, epoxyhydroxy, dihydroxy and trihydroxy fatty acids.
Antioxidative action of Maillard reaction volatiles: Influence of Maillard solution browning level
Authors: Elizalde B. E. , Bressa F. , Rosa M. Dalla
Published: July 2007

Maillard reaction volatile compounds were prepared by heating a glucose‐glycine solution. The antioxidant effect of the volatiles was tested in soybean oil (SBO) thermoxidation. Volatile compounds were transferred from the heated Maillard solution to the oil with a gas‐tight syringe after removing the same volume of oil headspace (air). Standard accelerated oxidation was performed by heating the SBO at 90°C. Antioxidant activity was evaluated through peroxide value and headspace gas chromatographic analysis of oil volatile compounds. Furthermore, some indices, such as protection factor and oxidation kinetic rate, were used to measure the antioxidant effect. Maillard volatile effectiveness was related to browning level of glucose‐glycine solution. The maximum antioxidant effect was obtained with volatiles from 12–18 hr of heating the glucose‐glycine solution. This result is related to the quantity of Maillard volatiles transferred into the oil atmosphere and to the reduction power of the browned Maillard solution.
Derivatization of keto fatty acids: Part XIII—Synthesis of methyl hexahydro‐3‐alkyl‐6‐thioxo‐1,2,4,5‐tetrazine‐3‐alkanoates
Authors: Saeed M. T. , Mustafa J. , Rauf A. , Osman S. M.
Published: July 2007

Hexahydrothioxotetrazine fatty derivatives have been prepared by the reaction of thiocarbohydrazide with oxo fatty esters. Methyl 10‐oxoundecanoate (I), methyl 9‐oxooctadecanoate (II) and methyl 12‐oxooctadecanoate (III) on treatment with thiocarbohydrazide furnish methyl hexahydro‐3‐methyl‐6‐thioxo‐1,2,4,5‐tetrazine‐3‐nonanoate (IV), methyl hexahydro‐3‐nonyl‐6‐thioxo‐1,2,4,5‐tetrazine‐3‐octanoate (V) and methyl hexahydro‐3‐hexyl‐6‐thioxo‐1,2,4,5‐tetrazine‐3‐undecanoate (VI), respectively, in fairly good yields. The structural assignments of the hexahydrothioxotetrazine fatty derivatives are based on microanalysis, infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry data.
Cottonseed and peanut meal glues. Resistance of plywood bonds to chemical reagents
Authors: Hogan Joseph T. , Arthur Jett C.
Published: July 2007

The resistance of cottonseed and peanut meal and casein birch plywood glue bonds to organic and inorganic reagents for periods ranging from 1 to 14 days was determined. It was suggested that the principal attractive forces involved in the protein bonds were ionic or valence forces and that differences observed in the resistance of the glues to chemical reagents were probably due to variations in the amino acid constitution of the proteins.
Bleaching with alternative layered minerals: A comparison with acid‐activated montmorillonite for bleaching soybean oil
Authors: Taylor Dennis R. , Jenkins Dennis B. , Ungermann Charles B.
Published: July 2007

An extensive series of layered minerals including montmorillonite was studied to determine if the fundamental physicochemical properties responsible for pigment adsorption could be identified. Samples were subjected to a uniform preparation regimen to eliminate such secondary effects as particle size, moisture content, level of activation and degree of washing. By doing so, it has been possible to show that both carotene and chlorophyll adsorptions can be described by a rather simple model that employs both surface acidity and pore volume as key variables. Further, it was found that this model provides an adequate fit to the actual data only when specific regions for these variables are considered (i.e., concentration of sites of strong surface acidity, not just total surface acidity; pore volume in region 50\s‐200 Å, not just total pore volume).
Processing and analysis of onionseed (Allium cepa) and its fixed oil
Authors: Narasimha P. , Azeemoddin Reddy G. , Thirumala Rao S. D.
Published: July 2007

The characteristics of onionseed (Allium cepa) and its fixed oil are reported. The component fatty acids of the oil by GLC are: palmitic, 7.2%; stearic, 1.2%; oleic, 33.5% and linoleic, 58.1%. The oil was refined and bleached to a light color.
Soymilk and tofu properties as influenced by soybean storage conditions
Authors: Thomas R. , deMan J. M. , deMan L.
Published: July 2007

Soybeans were stored at two temperatures, 20°C and 30°C, and two relative humidities, 65% and 85%. The amount of protein extracted into soymilk decreased by about 14% of the initial extractability in all cases after eight months of storage. The decline in protein extract‐ability could not be explained by decreases in pH, nor by loss of solubility of certain protein components. Tofu made from beans that were stored at 85% relative humidity became less uniform in microstructure toward the end of the storage period. The volume of whey produced increased with bean storage time.
Aqueous isopropyl alcohol for extraction of free fatty acids from oils
Authors: Shah Kamlesh J. , Venkatesan T. K.
Published: July 2007

Liquid‐liquid extraction of fatty acids from a vegetable oil is accomplished by aqueous isopropyl alcohol in the ratio of 1:1 in two‐stage extractions at 30±2°C. The mixtures studied contained 0 to 50 fatty acids in groundnut oil, and aqueous isopropyl alcohol solutions were of 75, 80, 85, 95 and 99% concentrations. Phase separation depends on (i) the fatty acids content in the model mixture, and (ii) the concentration of aqueous isopropyl alcohol. Selective fatty acid separation and phase separation could be achieved by use of aqueous (75 and 80%) isopropyl alcohol over the whole range of fatty acid content in the model mixture.
Preparation of 1,3‐diacylglycerols and 1‐alkyl‐3‐acylglycerols in the presence of quaternary ammonium salt
Authors: Ikeda I. , Gu X. P. , Miyamoto I. , Okahara M.
Published: July 2007

A series of symmetrical and racemic 1,3‐diacylglycerols and 1‐alkyl‐3‐acylglycerols were prepared simply, and in high yields, by the reaction of carboxylic acids with glycidyl esters or glycidyl ethers in the presence of quaternary ammonium salt. The effect of reaction conditions on the yield, the ratio of 1,3‐ and 1,2‐diacylglycerols, and the stability of 1,3‐diglycerides are also discussed.
Syntheses of sodium 2‐(N‐alkyl‐N‐methylamino)ethanephosphates and their physicochemical properties
Authors: Tsubone Kazuyuki , Uchida Noriko , Niwase Hideaki , Honda Keiichi
Published: July 2007

A series of new amphoteric surfactants, sodium salts of 2‐(N‐alkyl‐N‐methylamino)ethanephosphates (alkyl: n‐dodecyl, n‐tetradecyl and n‐hexadecyl) were prepared by reacting alkylbromides with N‐methylaminoethanol, followed by addition of phosphoric acid groups and neutralization with sodium hydroxide. The structures of these compounds were confirmed by spectroscopy and elemental analysis. Physical properties such as Krafft point, isoelectric point, critical micelle concentration, occupation area of molecule at surface, foaming power and the effect of pH on surface activity were evaluated. These surfactants were found to exhibit zwitterionic characteristics in the pH range from approximately 5 to 9 and demonstrated good surface‐active properties over a wide pH range (pH 4~10). Large occupation areas of the molecule at a surface in comparison with sodium dodecyl sulfate was noted as a characteristic feature of these surfactants.
Mechanical pressing
Authors: Bredeson Dean K.
Published: July 2007

The major current movement of screw presses into the U.S. vegetable oil field is as prepresses. Except for highly industrialized nations outside the U.S., the screw press retains a major part of the oilseed processing market. The three essential requirements for efficient extraction are discussed, including operating parameters for various oilseeds. The trend is toward larger capacity screw presses.
Viscosity of cottonseed protein dispersions
Authors: Cheng F. W. , Arthur Jett C.
Published: July 2007

Tacky and viscous cottonseed protein dispersions can be prepared from proteins isolated from hexane‐extracted meals, deglanded‐hexane‐extracted meals, and isopropanol‐extracted meals by means of sodium hydroxide and trichloracetate ion. The addition of sugars increases the viscosity of the dispersions, and dextrose significantly decreases the rate of change in the relative viscosity. Proteins isolated from hexane‐extracted meals seem to be less modified than those isolated from deglanded‐hexane‐extracted meals, as indicated by the higher viscosity and stability of the dispersions.
Fats in relation to caloric efficiency
Authors: Swift R. W. , Black Alex
Published: July 2007

The efficiency of utilization of diets containing amounts of fat varying from 2 to 30% has been investigated in a series of metabolism studies using male albino rats as experimental subjects.

All diets were compounded in a manner to make them equicaloric and to contain the same amounts of protein, vitamins, and minerals.

Statistically significant results were obtained for body gains of fat and energy, and decrease in heat production, in the order of increasing fat content of the diets in two 70‐day body balance experiments in comparisons made between litter‐mate animals.

The energy expense of utilization (heat increment) of diets containing from 2 to 30% fat varied from 36 to 16%, respectively, of the gross energy of the diets as determined in two experiments involving the Haldane respiratory quotient procedure. The fat content of the diet had little effect on nitrogen utilization, caused slight decreases in metabolizable energy, but was responsible for larger decreases in heat production as the level of fat in the diet increased. The fat therefore conferred economy of utilization of food energy. The time of day which the heat increments were measured was eliminated as a possible factor in the determination of results.

Decreasing the protein content of the diets from the usual 22% level to 7% did not change previous results and again indicated a better utilization of the high fat diets as determined by the body balance method. Increased weight gains, including increased gains of fat and energy, and decreased heat production were associated with the high fat diet.

The portion of the heat production due to normal voluntary activity was found to vary in a reciprocal manner with the heat increment—the lower heat increment of the high fat diets being associated with more activity.

A study was made of the variations in heat production and activity throughout the day.
De‐oiling contaminated bleaching clay by high‐pressure extraction
Authors: Waldmann C. , Eggers R.
Published: July 2007

The disposal and re‐use of spent bleaching clay from the vegetable oil processing industry is a problem of growing importance.

Although today the only practical way of removal of the spent material is disposal, extraction with organic solvents is a well‐known method of de‐oiling contaminated bleaching clay. In our investigations we compare the extractibility of two different types of bleaching clays with CO2 as a solvent. All experiments were carried out with a high‐pressure extraction plant. The extraction and separation conditions, temperature and pressure, as well as the CO2 mass flow, were varied during experiments. The aim of our investigations was a complete separation of the oil from the adsorbent. The latter should then be re‐used as bleaching clay. The oil and the bleaching clay were analyzed and tested, respectively. The results show that oil of good quality can be recovered and the bleaching clay still has an activity approximately 50% of fresh clay.
Enzymatic methylation of canola oil deodorizer distillate
Authors: Ramamurthi Suresh , Bhirud Prakash R. , McCurdy Alan R.
Published: July 2007

Methylation of canola oil deodorizer distillate catalyzed by a nonspecific lipase was investigated. The conversion of fatty acids to methyl esters has been optimized by using a statistical design. Up to 96.5% conversion of fatty acids to their methyl esters has been achieved without the aid of vacuum or any water‐removing agent. The effects of temperature, ratio of the reactants (methanol: fatty acids in the deodorizer distillate) and enzyme concentration on the equilibrium conversion were studied. The temperature and ratio of the reactants showed a significant effect on the conversion of fatty acids to methyl esters and they exhibited a strong interactive effect. Enzyme concentration in the range of 2.7% to 4.3% did not show a significant effect on the equilibrium conversion of fatty acids. Greater than 95% conversion of fatty acids to methyl esters was achieved at temperatures around 50°C and at a ratio of the reactants between 1.8 and 2.0. The inhibitory effect of hydrophilic methanol on the enzyme activity was largely reduced by working at the lower temperature range (around 50°C).
Analysis of neutral lipids and glycerolysis products from olive oil by liquid chromatography
Authors: Yang Baokang , Chen Jyhping
Published: July 2007

A simple method was developed to separate model triglycerides, 1,3‐diglycerides, 1,2‐diglycerides, monoglycerides and free fatty acids and products generated in enzymatic glycerolysis of olive oil by high‐performance liquid chromatography with a laser light‐scattering detector. The separation was carried out with a silica column at 30°C. A gradient elution with mobile phase A (hex‐ane/chloroform/formic acid) and mobile phase B (hex‐ane/acetone/chloroform) can separate the compounds into distinct peaks in less than 20 min.
The effect of temperature on the induction time of a stabilized oil
Authors: Reynhout Greg
Published: July 2007

Soybean oil was fortified with the antioxidants BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene), BHA (butylated hydroxyanisole), TBHQ (tertiary butylhydroquinone), rosemary extract (Herbalox® Seasoning) and tocopherol. Induction times were determined against a control on each sample in a Metrohm Rancimat over a temperature range of 80°C to 180°C. A linear effect of the data was obtained when the log of induction time was plotted against temperature. The Metrohm Rancimat was found to be capable of determining induction times within the range of 0.5 to 70 hr.
Separation of natural polyunsaturated fatty acids by means of lodolactonization
Authors: Gaiday N. V. , Lmbs A. B. , Kuklev D. V. , Latyshev N. A.
Published: July 2007

Conditions of the iodolactonization reaction (ILreaction) were optimized as a method for separation of natural polyunsaturated fatty acids. The effects of the solvent, temperature and the ratio of components of the iodizing complex KI/I2 upon the rate of the synthesis of several iodolactones (ILs) in the IL‐reaction are described. It was shown that the rate of formation of γ‐ILs was significantly higher than that for δ‐ILs. This offers opportunity for obtaining pure docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) from fatty acid (FA) concentrates. The possibility for selective reduction of δ‐ILs in the presence of γ‐ILs to yield pure arachidonic acid (AA) or eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) or fatty acid concentrates has been demonstrated. Preparation of pure AA from a mixture of AA, DHA and other FAs by the IL‐reaction without Chromatographie procedures is described.
Lipase‐catalyzed triglyceride hydrolysis in organic solvent
Authors: Bilyk Alexander , Bistline Raymond G. , Haas Michael J. , Feairheller Stephen H.
Published: July 2007

An investigation of lipases fromRhizomucor miehei,Candida rug osa and porcine pancreas revealed that these enzymes hydrolyzed triglycerides in an organic solvent system. The presence of secondary amines,i.e., diethylamine,N‐methylbutylamine, or the tertiary amine, Methylamine, greatly increased the extent of hydrolysis. The lipolysis of tallow took place under mild conditions,e.g., room temperature, moderate shaking and within 20 hr. At 45°C, complete hydrolysis of tallow was obtained in 6 hr. Vegetable oils and a fish oil (cod liver oil) were also hydrolyzed at 20°C byR. miehei lipase in the presence of iV‐methylbutylamine for 20 hr. The lipases were recovered for reuse with some loss of activity. Optimum yields of free fatty acids were obtained by usingR. miehei lipase as catalyst.
Synthesis of surfactants from 1‐olefins wo bromoalkoxylation reaction
Authors: Okahara Mitsuo , Nakatsuji Yohji , Miyakoshi Masanori
Published: July 2007

Alkyl β‐bromoalkyl ether derivatives (I) (isomeric mixture) were prepared by the bromoalkoxylation reaction of olefins withN‐bromosuccinimide (NBS) and appropriate alcohols. A series of nonionic surfactants was obtained by the reaction of I with glycols or ethanolamines. The distribution of two isomers (Markovnikov‐type and anti‐Markovnikov‐type) in products was found to be slightly different from that in the starting material (I). Surface properties of several nonionic surfactants, which were prepared from I, were presented and discussed based on the difference in the structures.
Compositions of commercial corn and soybean lecithins
Authors: Weber E. J.
Published: July 2007

The lipid and fatty acid compositions of commercial corn and soybean lecithins were compared. The types of lipids were similar, but the proportions varied. The ratio of glycolipids to phospholipids was 0.36 for corn lecithin and 0.14 for soybean. Phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylinositol were major phospholipids in both lecithins. In soybean lecithin, the percentage of phosphatidyleth‐anolamine equaled that of phosphatidylinositol, but in corn, the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine was only about one‐fourth the percentage of phosphatidylinositol. High levels of phosphatidic acid in both the corn and soybean preparations indicated some degradation of the phospholipids during processing. The major differences in fatty acid compositions were a higher percentage of oleic acid and lower percentages of stearic and linolenic acids in corn compared to soybean. The lower level of linolenic acid should give corn lecithin greater resistance toward autoxidation and the development of off‐flavors.
Sunflower Lecithin
Authors: Morrison W. H.
Published: July 2007

Because of the increased domestic production of sunflower seed oil, by‐products of oil processing such as meal and lecithin will be in greater supply. Lecithin content varies according to the type of sunflower seed produced. Removal of this material is greatly affected by seed condition and processing conditions. Conditions which favor optimal removal of phospholipids are also those for optimal oil quality. This review will cover some of the properties and processing details of lecithin production.
Colored components of processed palm oil
Authors: Fraser M. S. , Frankl G.
Published: July 2007

The compounds responsible for the colors of palm oils at various stages of processing have been isolated by gel permeation chro matography. The isolated colored compounds have been characterized by visible spectroscopy and, in some cases, further fractionated by high performance liquid chromatography. All palm oils studied contained colored compounds of both higher and lower molecular weight than triglycerides. Oils at different stages of processing contained different proportions of these high and low molecular weight, colored compounds. While the color of crude palm oils was primarily due to the low molecular weight carotenoids, the color of finished oils was due to compounds other than carotenoids. High molecular weight compounds were significant, sometimes predominant, contributors to finished oil colors. These results demonstrate the importance of high molecular weight, colored compounds to the color of finished palm oils. Further, these results suggest that the difficulties associated with decolorization of certain crude palm oils may be due either to the presence of high molecular weight, colored compounds or to the presence of precursors capable of generating these compounds during the decolorization process.
High performance liquid chromatography of oxygenated cholesterols and related compounds
Authors: Tsai Lee‐Shin , Hudson C. A.
Published: July 2007

Twenty‐four oxygenated cholesterols and structurally related compounds were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography with silicic acid column and various mobile phases. Hexane–propanol was superior to hexane/tetrahydrofuran and hexane/ethyl acetate for the separation of oxygenated cholesterols. The retention volumes of oxygenated cholesterols depended on the characteristics of the substituting group, its position of substitution, as well as its orientation. The effect of various functional groups at different positions on cholesterol molecules, in general order of decreasing retention volumes, were: hydroxy on the ring, carbonyl on the ring, epoxy on the ring, hydroxy on the side chain, and carbonyl on the side chain. Synergistic effect of multiple hydroxyl substitutions on cholesterol was observed.
Determination of volatile N‐nitroso compounds in various samples of edible vegetable oils and margarine (commercially available products)
Authors: Hedler L. , Schurr C. , Marquardt P.
Published: July 2007

The examination of samples of various commer‐cially available vegetable oils (olive oil, sunflower oil, thistle oil, linseed oil, plant germ oil, etc.) and of various samples of margarine for the presence of vola‐tile N‐nitroso‐compounds yielded the following results. By means of the above mentioned procedure (gas liquid chromatography — AFID gas liquid chromatography — TEA), N‐nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) was found to be present in 21 of 61 dif‐ferent samples of vegetable oil, in concentrations ranging from < 1 μg/kg to 23 μg/kg. 18 samples con‐tained N‐nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) in concentra‐tions varying between < 1μg/kg and 27.8 μg/kg. 37 out of 107 different samples of margarine were shown to contain N‐nitroso compounds. N‐nitroso‐dimethylamine was found to be present in 15 samples. The range of concentrations determined was between < 1 μg/kg and 5.8 μg/kg. 33 samples con‐tained N‐nitrosodiethylamine in concentrations varying between < 1 μg/kg and 7.5 μg/kg.
Concentration of tocopherols from soybean sludge by supercritical carbon dioxide
Authors: Lee H. , Chung B. H. , Park Y. H.
Published: July 2007

A supercritical fluid extraction method has been applied to test the feasibility of tocopherol concentration from soybean sludge with carbon dioxide at temperatures and pressures ranging from 35 to 70°C and 200 to 400 bar, respectively. The supercritical solubility of the esterified soybean sludge was over 4–6 times greater than that of the original soybean sludge. By a simple batch‐type one‐stage method the tocopherols in the esterified soybean sludge could be concentrated up to 40 wt%. The overall results of the present study show that soybean sludge initially containing about 13–14 wt% tocopherols may require a countercurrent multistage column to be highly and effectively concentrated.
Influence of hydrophobe type and extent of branching on environmental response factors of nonionic surfactants
Authors: Kravetz L. , Salanitro J. P. , Dorn P. B. , Guin K. F.
Published: July 2007

A number of ethoxylated nonionic surfactants differing in hydrophobe branching and chainlengths have been evaluated for environmental responses. Screening biodegradation tests show that those nonionics having more than one methyl group per hydrophobe degrade considerably slower than those having less extensive branching. Continuous flow‐through activated sludge tests, simulating actual waste treatment, show that the more highly branched nonionics biodegrade more slowly and less extensively than those with less hydrophobe branching. In addition, treated effluents originating from influents containing the more highly branched nonionics tend to be more surface active and more toxic to aquatic species than those originating from influents containing surfactants with less hydrophobe branching. Under conditions simulating plant stress, such as high surfactant concentrations in the influent or low temperature, biodegradation of the highly branched nonionics was considerably less extensive, while biodegradation of the linear nonionics was not affected to any measurable degree compared to more normal operating conditions.
NMR study on sulfonation of internal olefins
Authors: Yoshimura Haruo , Endo Yoshihisa , Hashimoto Shigeru
Published: July 2007

Terminal olefins can be converted into the corresponding sulfonates by sulfonation with SO3 followed by hydrolysis, the products are used as detergent ingredients. Although internal olefins were also expected to be good feed stocks, it was difficult to convert them into the corresponding sulfonates with as good of a yield as that of terminal olefins under the same synthesis conditions.

Our studies have been carried out in order to clarify the reason for poorer conversion of the internal olefins. It was found by a nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic study that the major components of the sulfonated intermediate of internal olefins wereβ‐sultones, the amounts of which were usually very small in sulfonated terminal olefins. A portion of theseβ‐sultones was desulfonated, depending on temperature, to the original olefins and the corresponding sulfate salts during alkaline hydrolysis. The prevention of desulfonation of theβ‐sultones in the hydrolysis process was one of the most important aspects for the production of internal olefin sulfonates.

Finally, by keeping the hydrolysis temperature below 35°C, the conversion of internal olefins into sulfonates was achieved with the same yield as that of conventional terminal olefins.
Phospholipids of six seed oils of malvaceae
Authors: Fiad Seham
Published: July 2007

The phospholipid fractions of six seed oils of the Malvaceae family—Gossypium barbadense (Egyptian cotton),Hibiscus cannabinus (kenaf),Hibiscus sabdarifa (roselle), two varieties ofHibiscus esculentus (okra) andAlthea rosea (ketmia, hollyhock or Egyptian hemp)—have been isolated by silicic acid chromatography. Thin‐layer chromatography of these phospholipid fractions revealed that the common phosphatides were cephalins, lecithin (phosphatidylcholine) and some of their lysoforms. There were also some nonpolar constituents, especially phosphatidic acid. Phospholipid fatty acids were prepared by transesterification. Different proportions of three common fatty acids, palmitic, oleic and linoleic, have been found in the six glycerophospholipids.