bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (FDG‐PET/CT) imaging in the staging and prognosis of inflammatory breast cancer
Authors: Alberini Jean‐Louis , Lerebours Florence , Wartski Myriam , Fourme Emmanuelle , Le Stanc Elise , Gontier E. , Madar O. , Cherel P. , Pecking A. P.
Published: July 2009

BACKGROUND:

To prospectively assess fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (FDG‐PET/CT) staging and prognosis value in patients with suspected inflammatory breast cancer (IBC).

METHODS:

Sixty‐two women (mean age 50.7 ± 11.4 years) presenting with unilateral inflammatory breast tumors (59 invasive carcinomas; 3 mastitis) underwent a PET/CT scan before biopsy.

RESULTS:

PET/CT scan was positive for the primary malignant tumor in 100% and false positive in 2 of 3 benign mastitis. In 59 IBC patients, FDG nodal foci were detected in axillary (90%; n = 53) and extra‐axillary areas (56%; n = 33) ipsilateral to the cancer. Compared with clinical examination, the axillary lymph node status by PET/CT was upstaged and downstaged in 35 and 5 patients, respectively. In 7 of 9 N0 patients, the axillary lymph node positivity on PET/CT was correct, as revealed by pathological postsurgery assessment (not available in the 2 remaining patients). The nodal foci were compared with preoperative fine needle aspiration and/or pathological postchemotherapy findings available in 44 patients and corresponded to 38 true positive, 4 false‐negative, and 2 false‐positive cases. In 18 of 59 IBC patients (31%), distant lesions were found. On the basis of a univariate analysis of the first enrolled patients (n = 42), among 28 patients who showed intense tumoral uptake (standard uptake valuemax>5), the 11 patients with distant lesions had a worse prognosis than the 17 patients without distant lesions (P = .04).

CONCLUSIONS:

FDG‐PET/CT imaging provides additional invaluable information regarding nodal status or distant metastases in IBC patients and should be considered in the initial staging. It seems also that some prognostic information can be derived from FDG uptake characteristics. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
Age‐specific physical activity and prostate cancer risk among white men and black men
Authors: Moore Steven C. , Peters Tricia M. , Ahn Jiyoung , Park Yikyung , Schatzkin Arthur , Albanes Demetrius , Hollenbeck Albert , Leitzmann Michael F.
Published: July 2009

BACKGROUND:

The relation of physical activity across the lifespan to risk of prostate cancer has not been thoroughly investigated, particularly among black men. The authors investigated physical activity, including activity during different age periods and of various intensities, in relation to prostate cancer incidence among white men and black men.

METHODS:

In total, 160,006 white men and 3671 black men ages 51 years to 72 years who were enrolled in the National Institutes of Health‐AARP Diet and Health Study reported their time spent per week engaging in physical activity during ages 15 to 18 years, 19 years to 29 years, 35 years to 39 years, and during the past 10 years. Cox regression models were used to examine physical activity, categorized by intensity (moderate or vigorous, light, and total), in relation to prostate cancer risk.

RESULTS:

During 7 years of follow‐up, 9624 white men and 371 black men developed prostate cancer. Among white men, physical activity had no association with prostate cancer regardless of age period or activity intensity. Among black men, engaging in ≥4 hours of moderate/vigorous intensity physical activity versus infrequent activity during ages 19 years to 29 years was related to a 35% lower risk of prostate cancer (relative risk, 0.65; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.43‐0.99 [Ptrend = .01]). Frequent moderate/vigorous physical activity at ages 35 years to 39 years also potentially was related to reduced prostate cancer risk (relative risk, 0.59; 95% CI, 0.36‐0.96 [Ptrend = .15]).

CONCLUSIONS:

Regular physical activity may reduce prostate cancer risk among black men, and activity during young adulthood may yield the greatest benefit. This novel finding needs confirmation in additional studies. Cancer 2009. Published 2009 by the American Cancer Society.
A Bistable Molecular Switch Driven by Photoinduced Hydrogen‐Atom Transfer
Authors: Lapinski Leszek , Nowak Maciej J. , Nowacki Jacek , Rode Michat F. , Sobolewski Andrzej L.
Published: July 2009

The occurrence of photoinduced hydrogen atom transfer between two remote spots of a molecule is experimentally demonstrated. This photoprocess involves the intermediacy of an intramolecular “crane”. In an experimental case study, 7‐hydroxy‐4‐methylquinoline‐8‐carbaldehyde monomers isolated in low‐temperature Ar matrices are investigated. On UV (λ>295 nm) irradiation, a hydrogen atom is transferred from the O7H group to the N1 atom of the quinoline ring. Subsequent irradiation with UV (λ>360 nm) light reveals that the phototransformation is partially photoreversible. In the studied hydrogen‐atom‐transfer process, the exocyclic carbaldehyde group plays the role of an intramolecular crane. The possible application of systems analogous to 7‐hydroxy‐4‐methylquinoline‐8‐carbaldehyde as optically driven molecular switches is discussed.
DFT Study of Small Palladium Clusters Pdn and Their Interaction with a CO Ligand (n = 1–9)
Authors: Zanti Giuseppe , Peeters Daniel
Published: July 2009

This paper presents a theoretical study of palladium clusters Pdn of low nuclearity, ranging from 1 to 9, completed by their interactions with a carbonyl ligand (PdnCO). The simulations were performed at the DFT (B3LYP–Lanl2DZ) level. Small palladium clusters are deltahedral structures characterized by a triplet ground state (Pd2 to Pd7) or a quintet ground state for larger nuclearities (Pd8 and Pd9). Various electronic states relatively close in energy are present. These states have close geometries but differ by their electron density distribution. A significant electronic population of the 5s orbital is needed to explain the existence and cohesion of palladium–palladium bonds. These latter are formed by the combination of sd hybrid orbitals and get stronger as the 5s character increases. The relative stability of palladium clusters increases with their nuclearity and the study of fragmentation reactions shows a particular stability of Pd4, Pd6 and Pd9 clusters. The adsorption of the CO ligand goes through a back‐bonding interaction favoured by a high 4d and a low 5s atomic population. This interaction therefore affects the metal–metal bond and the ground state of the cluster becomes a singlet for the first members of the series. The favoured coordination mode is one that maximizes the back‐bonding interaction, i.e. the capped position (μ3) on a cluster's face. However, stabilization provided by the presence of one ligand at the expense of a large number of metal–metal bonds is not sufficient and, in the case of larger clusters, a triplet ground state remains.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Microalgal bioreactors: Challenges and opportunities
Authors: Xu Ling , Weathers Pamela J. , Xiong Xue‐Rong , Liu Chun‐Zhao
Published: July 2009

Cultivating and harvesting of products from microalgae has led to increasing commercial interest in their use for producing valuable substances for food, feed, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and biodiesel, as well as for mitigation of pollution and rising CO2 in the environment. This review outlines different bioreactors and their current status, and points out their advantages and disadvantages. Compared with open‐air systems, there are distinct advantages to using closed systems, but technical challenges still remain. In view of potential applications, development of a more controllable, economical, and efficient closed culturing system is needed. Further developments still depend on continued research in the design of photobioreactors and break‐throughs in microalgal culturing technologies.
The air‐lift photobioreactors with flow patterning for high‐density cultures of microalgae and carbon dioxide removal
Authors: Chiu Sheng‐Yi , Tsai Ming‐Ta , Kao Chien‐Ya , Ong Seow‐Chin , Lin Chih‐Sheng
Published: July 2009

A photobioreactor containing microalgae is a highly efficient system for converting carbon dioxide (CO2) into biomass. Using a microalgal photobioreactor as a CO2 mitigation system is a practical approach to the problem of CO2 emission from waste gas. In this study, a marine microalga, Chlorella sp. NCTU‐2, was applied to assess biomass production and CO2 removal. Three types of photobioreactors were designed and used: (i) without inner column (i.e. a bubble column), (ii) with a centric‐tube column and (iii) with a porous centric‐tube column. The specific growth rates (μ) of the batch cultures in the bubble column, the centric‐tube and the porous centric‐tube photobioreactor were 0.180, 0.226 and 0.252 day−1, respectively. The porous centric‐tube photobioreactor, operated in semicontinuous culture mode with 10% CO2 aeration, was evaluated. The results show that the maximum biomass productivity was 0.61 g/L when one fourth of the culture broth was recovered every 2 days. The CO2 removal efficiency was also determined by measuring the influent and effluent loads at different aeration rates and cell densities of Chlorella sp. NCTU‐2. The results show that the CO2 removal efficiency was related to biomass concentration and aeration rate. The maximum CO2 removal efficiency of the Chlorella sp. NCTU‐2 culture was 63% when the biomass was maintained at 5.15 g/L concentration and 0.125 vvm aeration (volume gas per volume broth per min; 10% CO2 in the aeration gas) in the porous centric‐tube photobioreactor.
Scale up production of isoflavonoids in cell suspension cultures of Pueraria tuberosa grown in shake flasks and bioreactor
Authors: Sharma Varsha , Goyal Shaily , Ramawat Kishan Gopal
Published: July 2009

Cell cultures of Pueraria tuberosa were grown in vessels of different sizes and 2L stirred tank bioreactor containing modified MS medium with morphactin (0.1 mg l−1) and 2iP (5.0 mg l−1) and 20% inoculum. Stable growth and total isoflavonoid yield of 76.6 mg l−1 were recorded in the cultures during scale up. This was in concordance with the persistent yield of the individual isoflavonoids regardless of the vessel size.
Bioreactor for cultivation of red beet hairy roots and in situ recovery of primary and secondary metabolites
Authors: Neelwarne Bhagyalakshmi , Thimmaraju Rudrappa
Published: July 2009

To arrive at an appropriate bioreactor design and in situ recovery of the products, red beet hairy roots were used as a model system where the levels of betalain pigments (betacyanins and betaxanthins) were followed as secondary metabolite and the peroxidase enzyme as primary metabolite. Medium volume and other kinetic parameters were found to play significant roles by way of directly affecting the biomass yield rather than a specific metabolite. The hydrodynamic stress created on the roots by large culture volume could be minimized by pulse‐feeding of medium in shake‐flasks; and by separating the biomass chamber from the aerated medium reservoir in circulatory fed‐batch bioreactor. Accordingly the bioreactor was modified to provide anchorage and air‐enrichment chamber which resulted in higher formation of both the metabolites than in shake‐flasks. Various down‐stream processing aspects such as in situ release of pigments by non‐destructive methods, followed by adsorption through a column and recovery by desorption were optimized for betalains. A strategy for simultaneous recovery of pigment and peroxidase was worked out using aqueous two phase extraction (ATPE).
Design principles of photo‐bioreactors for cultivation of microalgae
Authors: Posten Clemens
Published: July 2009

The present hype in microalgae biotechnology has shown that the topic of photo‐bioreactors has to be revisited with respect to availability in really large scale measured in hectars footprint area, minimization of cost, auxiliary energy demand as well as maintenance and life span. This review gives an overview about present designs and the basic limiting factors which include light distribution to avoid saturation kinetics, mixing along the light gradient to make use of light/dark cycles, aeration and mass transfer along the vertical or horizontal main axis for carbon dioxide supply and oxygen removal and last but not least the energy demand necessary to fulfil these tasks. To make comparison of the performance of different designs easier, a commented list of performance parameters is given. Based on these critical points recent developments in the areas of membranes for gas transfer and optical structures for light transfer are discussed. The fundamental starting point for the optimization of photo‐bioprocesses is a detailed understanding of the interaction between the bioreactor in terms of mass and light transfer as well as the microalgae physiology in terms of light and carbon uptake kinetics and dynamics.
Body image in gay and straight men: A qualitative study
Authors: Morgan John F , Arcelus Jon
Published: July 2009

Objective

Recent research has emphasized vulnerability to eating disorders in gay men, with calls for research on causality, cultural factors and focus on a younger age cohort. This study aimed to examine body image and related eating behaviours in younger gay and straight men.

Method

Qualitative study using a sample of gay and straight male university students, applying audiotaped and transcribed depth interview subjected to interpretative phenomenological analysis.

Results

Fifteen young men (18–24) with a spectrum of sexual orientation (gay, straight and bisexual) agreed to participate. Five dominant categories emerged: body image ideal, external influences, perception of body image, dieting, mechanisms for modification (diet, exercise, cosmetics) and sexual orientation.

Conclusion

Health and aesthetic ideals appear less divorced for young men than women, offering some degree of protection from eating disorders. Nonetheless there is widespread body dissatisfaction. Media and social influences are powerful, particularly for single gay men, but the study suggests fewer differences than similarities between gay and straight men. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Reaction of N‐thioamido amidines with phosphoramide derivatives: Synthesis of 2‐substituted‐1,3,5,2‐triazaphosphorines
Authors: Raouafi Noureddine , Khlifi Akila , Boujlel Khaled , Benkhoud Mohamed Lamine
Published: July 2009

The reaction of N‐thioamido amidines 1 with tris(dimethylamino)phosphine or bis(diethylamino)phenylphosphine in refluxing toluene leads to the 1,3,5,2λ3‐triazaphosphorines 2 and 3, respectively. The condensation results in the release of two molecules of dialkylamine. The sulfuration of the trivalent phosphorus atoms was achieved by the reaction with elemental sulfur, followed by heating in toluene. The structure of the triazaphosphorines 2 and 3 and their thione derivatives 4 and 5 were readily elucidated by means of 1H, 13C, and 31P NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 20:272–277, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20546
Inequality of opportunity in health: evidence from a UK cohort study
Authors: Rosa Dias Pedro
Published: July 2009

This paper proposes an empirical implementation of the concept of inequality of opportunity in health and applies this to data from the UK National Child Development Study. Drawing on the distinction between circumstance and effort variables in John Roemer's work on equality of opportunity, circumstances are proxied by parental socio‐economic status and childhood health; effort is proxied by health‐related lifestyles and educational attainment. Stochastic dominance tests are used to detect inequality of opportunity in the conditional distributions of self‐assessed health in adulthood. Two alternative approaches are used to measure inequality of opportunity. Econometric models are estimated to illuminate and quantify the triangular relationship between circumstances, effort and health. The results indicate the existence of a considerable and persistent inequality of opportunity in health. Circumstances affect health in adulthood both directly and through effort factors such as educational attainment. This indicates that, while the influence of some unjust circumstances can only be tackled during childhood, the implementation of complementary educational policies may be of paramount importance. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effects of an incentive program on quality of care in diabetes management
Authors: Scott Anthony , Schurer Stefanie , Jensen Paul H. , Sivey Peter
Published: July 2009

An incentive program for general practitioners to encourage systematic and igh‐quality care in chronic disease management was introduced in Australia in 1999. There is little empirical evidence and ambiguous theoretical guidance on which effects to expect. This paper evaluates the impact of the incentive program on quality of care in diabetes, as measured by the probability of ordering an HbA1c test. The empirical analysis is conducted with a unique data set and a bivariate probit model to control for the self‐selection process of practices into the program. The study finds that the incentive program increased the probability of an HbA1c test being ordered by 20 percentage points and that participation in the program is facilitated by the support of Divisions of General Practice. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A prospective study on the natural course of low‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesions and the presence of HPV16 E2‐, E6‐ and E7‐specific T‐cell responses
Authors: Woo Yin Ling , van den Hende Muriel , Sterling Jane C. , Coleman Nicholas , Crawford Robin A.F. , Kwappenberg Kitty M.C. , Stanley Margaret A. , van der Burg Sjoerd H.
Published: July 2009

This study investigates the clinical course of low grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL), HPV status and HPV16‐specific immune response in a large prospective study of 125 women with LSIL followed cytologically, virologically and histologically. Women with low‐grade abnormal smears were recruited and followed‐up for one year. Colposcopy, cervical biopsy for histology and brushings for HPV typing was performed at recruitment, 6 months (no biopsy) and upon completion of the study at one year. HPV16‐specific T‐cell responses were analysed by interferon‐γ ELISPOT at entry, 6 and 12 months. Infection with multiple HPV types was detected in 70% of all patients, HPV16 was found in 42% of the patients. LSIL lesions progressed to HSIL in 24%, persisted in 60% and regressed to normal in 16% of the patients. No difference was observed in the clearance rate of infections with single or multiple HPV types among the groups with a different histological outcome. HPV16‐specific type 1 T‐cell responses were detected in only half of the patients with an HPV16+ LSIL, and predominantly reactive to HPV16 E2 and E6. Interestingly, the presence of HPV16 E2‐specific T‐cell responses correlated with absence of progression of HPV16+ lesions (p = 0.005) while the detection of HPV16 E6 specific reactivity was associated with persistence (p = 0.05). This large prospective study showed that the majority of LSIL persisted or progressed within the first year.This was paralleled by immune failure as most of the patients with an HPV16+ LSIL failed to react to peptides of HPV16 E2, E6 or E7.
The metabolic component of cellular refractivity and its importance for optical cytometry
Authors: Tychinsky V.
Published: July 2009

Initially, it has been shown that the phase thickness and refractivity (the latter interpreted as the difference of the refractivity indices of an object and surrounding medium) depend on the functional state of mitochondria. The refractivity of various objects decreased in response to energy depletion. This dependence was then demonstrated for other biological objects such as cyanobacteria, chloroplasts and human cells. This general response brought about the hypothesis of a certain “universal” factor that links the variable (or metabolic) component of refractivity with the object's functional state. However, the origin of this phenomenon remains unknown. Our hypothesis is founded on the dependence of polarization of bound water molecules and the activity of metabolic processes. Here, we show the results of measurements of metabolic component of refractivity different bio‐objects (mitochondria, chloroplasts, spores, cancer cells) obtained using the Coherent Phase Microscope “Airyscan”. Estimations indicated high (up to n ≅ 1.41–1.45) values for the equivalent refractive index of structured water in cells. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Use of capillary electrophoresis with UV detection to compare the phenolic profiles of extra‐virgin olive oils belonging to Spanish and Italian PDOs and their relation to sensorial properties
Authors: Carrasco‐Pancorbo Alegría , Gómez‐Caravaca Ana María , Segura‐Carretero Antonio , Cerretani Lorenzo , Bendini Alessandra , Fernández‐Gutiérrez Alberto
Published: July 2009

BACKGROUND: There is much interest in foods that belong to Protected Designations of Origin (PDO) because the quality and other essential and exclusive characteristics are guaranteed because of a particular geographical environment. We have used a capillary electrophoretic method for the simple, rapid and simultaneous characterization and quantification of the polyphenolic fraction of extra‐virgin olive oil from different PDOs (18 compounds in less than 7 min). To demonstrate the usefulness of this method, we have analyzed 16 samples of a Spanish PDO and nine other samples belonging to an Italian PDO (n = 5).

RESULTS: In this way, it was possible to compare the phenolic profiles of the oils of different zones of the same PDO, as well as the phenolic profiles of Spanish and Italian extra‐virgin olive oils. Univariate statistics were used for differentiating the oils produced in each PDO. Furthermore, the correlations among several of the phenolic compounds present in the extracts of olive oil and its sensorial properties were checked. decarboxylated oleuropein aglycon (DOA) (b) (peak 6) was the compound more related to the bitterness of the oils, Ac Pin (peak number 4) and the unidentified peak with tmig 4.025 min played an important role in the pungent taste of the oils, and these two latter compounds and the peak 13 seemed to be related to the fruitiness of the oils.

CONCLUSIONS: The electrophoretic method described in the current work has the ability to detect and quantify simultaneously 18 phenolic compounds (belonging to five different families) in less than 7 min. This technique could improve the characterization of this polar fraction and determine the geographical origin of olive oils or detect possible ‘PDO markers’. In fact, capillary electrophoresis coupled to statistical analysis enabled discrimination among olive oils belonging to two different PDOs considering eight phenolic compounds present in the extracts, and also identification of the phenolic compounds which could have more influence on several sensory attributes such as bitterness, pungency and fruitiness. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Nonresponse to a population‐based postdisaster postal questionnaire study
Authors: Hussain Ajmal , Weisaeth Lars , Heir Trond
Published: July 2009

We examined nonparticipation in a 2‐year postdisaster mail survey of Norwegian tourists evacuated from countries affected by the 2004 tsunami. One hundred seventy‐one persons out of a random sample of 330 nonparticipants were telephone interviewed concerning disaster exposure, current posttraumatic stress reactions, and reasons for not participating. Fewer nonparticipants than participants had been in a place directly affected by the tsunami. Nonparticipants reported less perceived threat of death and lower levels of posttraumatic stress reactions. Reasons for not participating were “lack of interest or time” (39.2%), “lack of relevant experiences” (32.2%), and “too personal or emotionally disturbing” (15.2%). Our findings suggest that postdisaster studies may be biased in the direction of more severe disaster exposure and pronounced posttraumatic stress reactions.
Effect of Solvent Characteristics on the Ultrasonic Degradation of Poly(vinylpyrrolidone) Studied by On‐line Monitoring
Authors: Akyüz Ali , Catalgil‐Giz Huceste , Giz Ahmet
Published: July 2009

Ultrasonic degradation of high molecular weight poly(vinylpyrrolidone) is monitored on‐line, by light scattering. Degradations are performed in water/methanol mixtures of various compositions at room temperature. The evolutions of the weight average molecular weight and the radius of gyration are monitored. The dependence of the radius of gyration on the molecular weight is found. The second virial coefficients (A2) of polymer samples in each solvent are found using Zimm plots. These mixtures are found to be close to theta solvents for poly(vinylpyrrolidone). Degradation rate constants and limit molecular weights are correlated with the radii of gyration and A2 coefficients of the polymer in the solvents studied. It is found that degradation is more effective in better solvents.

The dependence of the degradation parameters on solvent characteristics (e.g., the enthalpy of vaporization, solvent viscosity and surface tension) was also investigated and found to be much less significant than for the parameters above.

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Arbitrary visuomotor mapping during object manipulation in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Nowak Dennis A. , Ameli Mitra , Kemper Friederike , Sarfeld Anna‐Sophia , Bensmail Djamel , Konczak Jürgen , Fink Gereon R.
Published: July 2009

The objective of this study is to investigate whether subjects with Parkinson's disease are able to use arbitrary color cues linked to the mass of an object to be lifted allowing for the predictive selection of appropriate grip forces. Fourteen patients with Parkinson's disease used a precision grip to lift two objects of different masses (400 and 600 g) in random order. In a “no cue” condition, a noninformative neutral visual stimulus was presented before each lift, thereby not allowing any judgement about which mass to be lifted. In a “cue” condition an arbitrary color cue provided advance information about which of the two masses patients would have to lift in the subsequent trial. Patients performed the conditions with either hand and by both on and off drugs. In the “no cue” trials patients scaled the predictive grip force output according to the perceived mass of the preceding lift. In the “cue” experiment patients scaled grip force in a predictive manner to mass based on the provided color cues. The ability of arbitrary visuomotor mapping was evident at either hand and not influenced by medication on/off. The precision of arbitrary visuomotor mapping correlated negatively with age, but not with disease duration, severity of motor disability on and off drug, severity of cognitive impairment on and off drug, or the amount of levodopa equivalent daily dosage of dopaminergic drugs. These data imply that Parkinson's disease does not preclude the ability of visuomotor mapping in the grip‐lift task. © 2009 Movement Disorder Society
Atypical antipsychotic use and risk of fracture in persons with Parkinsonism
Authors: Dore David D. , Trivedi Amal N. , Mor Vincent , Friedman Joseph H. , Lapane Kate L.
Published: July 2009

Our objective was to estimate the effect of atypical antipsychotics (AAs) on the rate of fractures in a parkinsonism population. We conducted an age‐ and state‐matched nested case‐control study in five states (CA, FL, NY, OH, IL) using the Medicaid analytic extract from 2001 to 2002. Eligible participants had a diagnosis of parkinsonism, excluding persons with secondary parkinsonism, bone cancer, bone infections, schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, and those who used conventional antipsychotics. The primary outcome was the occurrence of a fracture of the femur, ankle, fibula, tibia, humerus, radius, or ulna (N = 851). Risk‐set sampling defined controls (N = 4220). We used conditional‐logistic regression to derive adjusted odds ratios (AOR) and 95% confidence intervals of the association between fracture and use of quetiapine, risperidone, or olanzapine in the 60 days before the index date compared to nonuse. After adjustment for confounding, use of quetiapine (AOR 2.4; 95% CI 1.5–3.8), risperidone (AOR 1.2; 95% CI 0.9–1.7), or olanzapine (AOR 1.7; 95% CI 1.2–2.4) was associated with a higher rate of fracture. Use of an AA was associated with a higher rate of fracture in persons with parkinsonism. Prescribers must be cautious when using these agents in elderly persons with parkinsonism. © 2009 Movement Disorder Society
Metabolic characterization of primary and metastatic ovarian cancer by 1H‐MRS in vivo at 3T
Authors: McLean Mary A. , Priest Andrew N. , Joubert Ilse , Lomas David J. , Kataoka Masako Y. , Earl Helena , Crawford Robin , Brenton James D. , Griffiths John R. , Sala Evis
Published: July 2009

1H‐MRS was performed on 12 women (age range 45–72) with ovarian cancer of FIGO stage 3 or above using a 3T MRI system with an 8‐channel cardiac receive coil. Respiratory‐triggered PRESS‐localized spectra (TE = 144 ms) were obtained separately from an ovarian mass and from metastatic disease. Peak areas were quantified relative to unsuppressed water using LCModel and spectra were discarded if LCModel reported signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) < 3 or if no metabolites were reported with standard deviation (SD) < 30%. The cystic fraction of each voxel was estimated by thresholding T2‐weighted images, and this was used both to correct the reported metabolite concentrations and to calculate an expected SNR of choline using the measured SNR of water. Choline was detected in 10/12 primary tumors and 5/11 metastatic lesions (range 2.0–16.6 mM). Of the 8/23 failures, 7 had a predicted choline SNR < 2, confirming that the failure to detect choline could be explained by technical problems. Glycine was observed in one benign lesion. 1H‐MRS can be used to quantify choline in primary and metastatic masses in ovarian cancer, but the moderately high rate of failure to detect choline necessitates careful recording of data quality parameters to discriminate true from false negatives. Magn Reson Med, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Automatic high‐order shimming using parallel columns mapping (PACMAP)
Authors: Zhang Yan , Li Shizhe , Shen Jun
Published: July 2009

This work presents a new automatic high‐order shimming method that maps the B0 field using a group of parallel columns. We found that a pair of four columns in two separate slices could determine an optimal correction field comprising the spherical harmonic terms up to the third‐order. The technique of multiple stimulated echoes was incorporated into the method, allowing the use of at least eight shots to accomplish field mapping. The shim currents were first determined in the logic frame by assuming that the slices were in axial planes, and then uniquely converted into the physical frame where the slices could be at any oblique angle, by using a spherical harmonics rotation transformation. This method thus works regardless of slice orientation. It was demonstrated on a 3T scanner equipped with a complete set of second‐order harmonic shim coils. Both phantom and in vivo experiments showed that this newly introduced high‐order shimming method is an effective and efficient way to reduce field inhomogeneity for a region of imaging slices. Magn Reson Med, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A RYR1 mutation associated with recessive congenital myopathy and dominant malignant hyperthermia in Asian families
Authors: Carpenter Danielle , Ismail Azzam , Robinson Rachel L. , Ringrose Christopher , Booms Patrick , Iles David E. , Halsall P. Jane , Steele Derek , Shaw Marie‐Anne , Hopkins Philip M.
Published: July 2009

In this study we present 3 families with malignant hyperthermia (MH), all of Indian subcontinent descent. One individual from each of these families was fully sequenced for RYR1 and presented with the non‐synonymous change c.11315G>A/p.R3772Q. When present in the homozygous state c.11315*A is associated with myopathic symptoms. Muscle Nerve, 2009
Survey of SNMP performance analysis studies
Authors: Andrey Laurent , Festor Olivier , Lahmadi Abdelkader , Pras Aiko , Schönwälder Jürgen
Published: July 2009

This paper provides a survey of Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)‐related performance studies. Over the last 10 years, a variety of such studies have been published. Performance benchmarking of SNMP, like all benchmarking studies, is a non‐trivial task that requires substantial effort to be performed well and achieve its purpose. In many cases, existing studies have employed different techniques, metrics, scenarios and parameters. The reason for this diversity is the absence of a common framework for SNMP performance analysis. Without such a framework, results of SNMP‐related performance studies cannot easily be compared, extended or reused. It is therefore important to start a research activity to define such a framework. Such research activity should start from analysing previous studies on this topic to reveal their employed methods. In this survey we examine these studies by classifying and discussing them. We present techniques, approaches and metrics employed by these studies to quantify the performance of SNMP‐based applications. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The mechanism for fracture resistance in β‐nucleated isotactic polypropylene
Authors: Xu Linli , Xu Kai , Zhang Xiuju , Liu Feiyue , Chen Mingcai
Published: July 2009

The effects of molecular weight (MW) of isotactic polypropylene (iPP), the content of β‐PP, the size of its spherulites and the morphology of its α‐phase and β‐phase (α‐ and β‐PP) on the impact strength, with different contents of β‐nucleating agent, were investigated by two ways. The results show that the impact strength of iPPs increased initially, and then decreased with the content of β‐nucleating agent (maximum at 0.1 wt%). The impact strength was related to the size of β‐spherulites and had no apparent correlation with the content of β‐PP. The morphology of the bundle shape and intercrossing boundaries of β‐spherulites were dominant in improving impact strength with low content of β‐nucleating agent, while the MW of iPP was dominant with high content of β‐nucleating agent. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antibody microarray analysis of serum glycans in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cases and controls
Authors: Shao Changxia , Chen Songming , Chen Lixia , Cobos Everardo , Wang Jia‐Sheng , Haab Brian B. , Gao Weimin
Published: July 2009

The objective of this study was to characterize specific serum glycan profile in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) cases and matched controls. A recently developed lectin‐based antibody array was applied to detect various cancer‐associated glycotopes in sera from 23 cases and 23 controls. Glycan levels were highly expressed in sera of ESCC patients as compared with controls. These included fucosylation level on interleukin (IL) 8; mannose level on haptoglobin; N‐acetylglucosamine levels on IL6, mucin (MUC)1, and von Willebrand factor (vWf); sialyl Lewis a (sLea) levels on blood group Lewis X, IL6, IL10, MUC1, and serum amyloid A (SAA); sialyl Tn antigen (sTn) levels on cathepsin D, gelsolin, IL10, and vWf; T antigen levels on IL8, IL10, blood group Lewis X, vitronectin, and vWf (p<0.05). In addition, receiver‐operating characteristics (ROC) analysis showed significantly discriminal improvement between cases and controls as measured by area under ROC curve. The highest sum of sensitivity and specificity was 1.52 for carbohydrate antigen 19‐9 detection on both MUC1 and SAA, with area under ROC curves of 0.73 and 0.71, respectively. Taken together, this lectin‐based antibody microarray allows efficient profiling of variations in specific glycans on proteins in ESCC cases as compared with controls, some of which might be useful for clinical diagnosis, early detection, and/or treatment.
Diagnosis and recommended management of endometriosis
Authors: Swanton Alex , McVeigh Enda
Published: July 2009

The choice of treatment in endometriosis depends upon a number of factors, including whether the patient wishes to conceive. Our Drug review describes the diagnosis and medical and surgical treatment options, followed by sources of further information. Copyright © 2009 Wiley Interface Ltd.
Selectivity in radical alkylation of substituted pyrroles
Authors: Iuga Cristina , Uribe Simón Olguín , Miranda Luis D. , Vivier‐Bunge Annik
Published: July 2009

The theoretical study of a highly regioselective intermolecular oxidative free‐radical substitution of 2‐ and 3‐formylpyrroles that yields 2,5‐ and 2,3‐disubstituted pyrroles, respectively, is described. A mechanistic and kinetic study was carried out using quantum chemical methods and classical transition state theory. Rate constants were obtained at 298 K and atmospheric pressure. All possible channels were considered and branching ratios were obtained. The selectivity predicted using theoretical methods agrees very‐well with experimental results. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2010
CHAMBER: Comprehensive support for CHARMM force fields within the AMBER software
Authors: Crowley Michael F. , Williamson Mark J. , Walker Ross C.
Published: July 2009

The similarity of the AMBER force field's energy functional form with that of the CHARMM force field, gives the potential for direct translation of common bonding and nonbonding terms, along with their parameters, present in CHARMM topology and parameter files, with the intent of evaluation within the AMBER software; specifically the SANDER and PMEMD dynamics engines. To this extent, we have created a tool, CHAMBER, which can take a CHARMM protein structure file (PSF), coordinate file (COR) and associated forcefield files, and convert these to an AMBER topology file (prmtop) and associated coordinate file (inpcrd). CHAMBER opens a conversion route which enables the simulation of CHARMM parameterized models using AMBER's PMEMD engine; thus providing improved serial efficiency as well as parallel efficiency over large numbers of CPUs. Significant effort has been expended in ensuring a true representation of the CHARMM force field in AMBER providing energies and forces that are the same to the limits of machine precision. This software will be released in the upcoming version 1.3 of the free AMBERTools suite.1© 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2009
Estimation of effective exchange integral value of polyradical systems based on the band calculation
Authors: Nakanishi Yasuyuki , Kitagawa Yasutaka , Saito Toru , Kataoka Yusuke , Matsui Toru , Kawakami Takashi , Okumura Mitsutaka , Yamaguchi Kizashi
Published: July 2009

Effective exchange integral (Jab) values calculated by cluster models were compared with values calculated under the periodic boundary conditions. So far, to estimate the Jab value of a macro system, we have considered that of the corresponding to cluster one. However, they will get absolutely nothing out of it if a cluster model and the periodic boundary conditions method give different results to us. The main aim of this report is to give an opinion to this issue using a one‐dimensional polyhydrogen system as example. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2009
Consensus of multiple double‐integrator agents with intermittent measurement
Authors: Gao Yanping , Wang Long
Published: July 2009

This paper is concerned with consensus problems in directed networks of multiple agents with double‐integrator dynamics. It is assumed that each agent adjusts its state based on the information of its states relative to its neighbors at discrete times and the interaction topology among agents is time‐varying. Both synchronous and asynchronous cases are considered. The synchrony means that each agent's update times, at which it obtains new control signals, are the same as the others', and the asynchrony implies that each agent's update times are independent of the others'. In the synchronous case, the consensus problem is proved to be equivalent to the asymptotic stability problem of a discrete‐time switched system. By analyzing the asymptotic stability of the discrete‐time switched system, it is shown that consensus can be reached if the update time intervals are small sufficiently, and an allowable upper bound of update time intervals is obtained. In the asynchronous case, the consensus problem is transformed into the global asymptotic stability problem of a continuous‐time switched system with time‐varying delays. In virtue of a linear matrix inequality method, it is proved that consensus can be reached if the delays are small enough, and an admissible upper bound of delays is derived. Simulations are provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the theoretical results. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Disturbance and riverine benthic communities: What has it contributed to general ecological theory?
Authors: Death Russell G.
Published: July 2009

Disturbance from floods and/or low flows is a pervading force in almost all benthic riverine communities around the world. As such the study of disturbance effects on benthic communities has been a dominant theme of research in benthic river ecology. Many of these studies have been phenomenological or have evaluated hypotheses developed in other areas of ecology. These studies have provided considerable weight to move the common view of ecological communities in general as deterministically structured, to one where stochastic disturbances can be the dominant structuring force in many communities. Benthic river studies investigating the link between disturbance and diversity have generally failed to find support for single variable hypotheses, such as the intermediate disturbance hypothesis, from other areas of ecology, however, river ecologists have been among the first to embrace multivariate models of diversity. The highly mobile, larval life history stage of many riverine invertebrates makes many of the hypotheses generated in general ecology inappropriate for benthic river communities; however, the recently popularized neutral models may prove to be good descriptors of these communities. Food web structure studies indicate riverine webs respond differently to disturbance from the way predicted by ecological theory. The contribution of studies of disturbance in benthic ecology to general ecology has to date been rather limited with some notable exceptions. However, the ubiquity of floods in rivers worldwide offers fertile ground for future contributions that could substantially advance this area of ecology. Benthic river ecologists need to resist the temptation to simply show general ecological models often do not work in streams, and need to develop their own models, which in turn may feed back to wider ecology. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Controlled Intracellular Release of Peptides from Microcapsules Enhances Antigen Presentation on MHC Class I Molecules
Authors: Palankar Raghavendra , Skirtach André G. , Kreft Oliver , Bédard Matthieu , Garstka Malgorzata , Gould Keith , Möhwald Helmuth , Sukhorukov Gleb B. , Winterhalter Matthias , Springer Sebastian
Published: July 2009

To understand the time course of action of any small molecule inside a single cell, one would deposit a defined amount inside the cell and initiate its activity at a defined moment. An elegant way to achieve this is to encapsulate the molecule in a micrometer‐sized reservoir, introduce it into a cell, remotely open its wall by a laser pulse, and then follow the biological response by microscopy. The validity of this approach is validated here using microcapsules with defined walls that are doped with metallic nanoparticles so as to enable them to be opened with an infrared laser. The capsules are loaded with a fluorescent antigenic peptide and introduced into mammalian cultured cells where, upon laser‐induced release, the peptide binds to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I proteins and elicits their cell surface transport. The concept of releasing a drug inside a cell and following its action is applicable to many problems in cell biology and medicine.
User‐level operating system transactions
Authors: Spinellis Diomidis
Published: July 2009

User‐level operating system transactions allow system administrators and ordinary users to perform a sequence of file operations and then commit them as a group, or abort them without leaving any trace behind. Such a facility can aid many system administration and software development tasks. The snapshot isolation concurrency control mechanism allows transactions to be implemented without locking individual system calls; conflicts are detected when the transaction is ready to commit. Along these lines we have implemented a user‐space transaction monitor that is based on ZFS snapshots and a file system event monitor. Transactions are committed through a robust and efficient algorithm that merges the operations performed on a file system's clone back to its parent. Both the performance impact and the implementation cost of the transaction monitor we describe are fairly small. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of infill walls on base responses and roof drift of reinforced concrete buildings under time‐history loading
Authors: Kose M. Metin , Karslioglu Ozge
Published: July 2009

In this study, the effects of infill walls on base reaction and roof drift of reinforced concrete frames were investigated. These effects were studied using 3D finite element method on 216 building models. Number of floors, number of bays, ratio of shear walls and ratio of infilled bays were selected as parameters. Sensitivity analysis was performed to determine the effect of each parameter on base shear, normal base reaction and roof drift. Based on the sensitivity analysis, the percentage of shear walls was the most important parameter affecting base shear, normal base reaction and roof drift. The effect of infill walls on base shear, normal base reaction and roof drift decreased when the percentage of the shear walls increased. The models without any infill walls had minimal normal base reaction under time‐history loading. However, an increase in the percentage of infill walls led to an increase in normal base reaction. The roof drift of the models was not critical. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Perineural (Tarlov) cysts mimicking adnexal masses: a report of three cases
Authors: H'ng M. W. C. , Wanigasiri U. I. D. K. , Ong C. L.
Published: July 2009

Perineural (Tarlov) cysts are usually incidental findings during magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) performed for low back pain. However, in a tertiary women's hospital, they may present as incidental findings on gynecological ultrasound imaging. Approximately 40 000 pelvic scans are performed annually in our department. Tarlov cysts were identified in three women between August 2007 and September 2008. In two patients (Cases 1 and 3), these cysts were initially misdiagnosed as hydrosalpinges on ultrasound examination, the latter having a differential diagnosis of an ovarian cyst. Two patients (Cases 1 and 2) were symptomatic, although Case 2 had symptoms that could not entirely be accounted for by the location of the cyst. Although asymptomatic, Case 3 underwent laparoscopy with a view to salpingectomy/cystectomy. In these patients, confirmation of Tarlov cysts was subsequently made on either computed tomography (CT) or MRI. All three patients were managed conservatively. Here we describe their clinical presentation, the appearance of the cysts on ultrasound imaging and on CT or MRI, and their eventual outcomes. Copyright © 2009 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.