bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Association between Compliance Level on Fixed-Dose Combination Antiretroviral Drug and CD4 Level among HIV Patients
Authors:   Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional Veteran, Jakarta, Mustafa Fadhil Ilham , Bustamam Nurfitri ,   Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional Veteran, Jakarta, Pramesyanti Andri ,   Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional Veteran, Jakarta
Published: February 2021

Background: People living with HIV / AIDS (PLWHA) have weak immune systems and are prone to infection. Therefore, PLWHA must take antiretroviral (ARV) to maintain their immunity. This study aimed to determine the relationship between the level of adherence to taking ARV fixed-dose combination (FDC) drugs and CD4 levels of HIV patients. Subjects and Method: This was a cross-sectional study conducted at Pengayoman Cipinang Hospital, Indonesia, in 2018. Total of 91 HIV patient over 17 years of age, had or had received FDC ARV therapy for at least 1 year, and did not experience drug-induced hepatitis were enrolled in this study. The dependent variable was CD4 level. The independent variable was level of adherence to taking ARV fixed-dose combination (FDC). The data were taken from the Voluntary Counseling and Testing Poli Pengayoman Cipinang Hospital. This study used secondary data from the Overview of HIV Care and ARV Therapy. The data were analyzed using Chi-square. Results: A total of 65.93% HIV patients had a good level of medication adherence and 79.12% had an increase of CD4 levels. There was a significant relationship between adherence to taking FDC ARV drugs and CD4 levels (OR = 6.50; 95% CI = 2.15 to 19.62; p<0.001), and it was statistically significant. Conclusion: There is a significant relationship between the level of adherence to taking FDC ARV drugs and CD4 levels. Therefore, patients must receive education and support to improve adherence to taking ARV drugs. Keywords: antiretroviral, CD4, fixed-dose combination, adherence to taking medication, people with HIV / AIDS Correspondence: Fadhil Ilham Mustafa. Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional Veteran, Jakarta. Jl. RS Fatmawati, Pondok Labu, South Jakarta. Email: fadhilimn@gmail.com. Mobile: 081283681755. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.02.03
Family's Role on Stunting among Children in Bojong Jaya Village, Tangerang, Banten
Authors:   Academy of Midwifery Karya Bunda Husada, Djannah Roichatul , Maisaroh Siti ,   Academy of Midwifery Karya Bunda Husada
Published: February 2021

Background: In 2015, the prevalence of stunting among children under five years old in Indonesia was 36.4%. It means that more than a third or around 8.8 million children under five years old height is below the standard for their age. This stunting is above the threshold set by WHO of 20%. The prevalence of stunting / stunting for Indonesian under five is the second largest in the Southeast Asia region after Laos, which reached 43.8%. This study aimed to determine the effect of family role on stunting among children under five years old. Subjects and Method: A cross-sectional was enrolled by 242 of 615 families with children under five years old in Bojong Jaya Village, Karawaci, Tangerang, Banten. The dependent variable was stunting. The independent variables were knowledge, family income and parenting style. The data collection was carried out by measuring height, in-depth interview, and questionnaire. The data were analyzed using Chi-square test. Results: The percentage of the stunting incidence was 20.2%. Family income (OR= 2.31; 95% CI= 1.19 to 4.47; p= 0.012) and parenting style (OR= 2.68; 95% CI= 1.36 to 5.31; p= 0.004) were associated with stunting incidence and they were statistically significant. There was a significant relationship between knowledge on the incidence of stunting (OR= 2.80; 95% CI 1.41 to 5.53; p= 0.002), and it was statistically significant. Conclusion: There is a relationship between family income, parenting style, and knowledge on the incidence of stunting among children under five years old. There needs to be a comprehensive program in building family resilience and multisector empowerment to increase family income, maternal education and knowledge of maternal nutrition to reduce the incidence of stunting. Keywords: empowerment, family, stunting Correspondence: Roichatul Djannah. Academy of midwifery Karya Bunda Husada. Jl. Imam Bonjol No 77 RT02 / RW01, Bojong Jaya Village, Karawaci District, Tangerang City, Banten, Indonesia, Email: atunhanifa@yahoo.com. Mobile: 081290257780 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.02.07
Association between Pocket Money Availability and Frequency of Fast-Food Consumption toward Overnutrition Case among Junior High School Student, South Jakarta
Authors:   Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional “Veteran”, Jakarta, Mawarni Dias Puspitaning , Safira Lisa ,   Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional “Veteran”, Jakarta, Aprilia Citra Ayu ,   Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional “Veteran”, Jakarta
Published: February 2021

Background: As adults, over-nutrition in children due to fast food intake becomes a major issue because it raises the risk of different diseases. Previous studies. A correlation between spending money on consumption patterns is stated, but further study of the correlation to over-nutrition is required. This study aimed to analysis the association between pocket money and the frequency of fast-food consumption toward overnutrition among junior high school students. Subjects and Method: This was a cross-sectional study carried out at Junior High School 98, South Jakarta, Indonesia. This location had a strategic location for fast-food traders. A total of 216 students’ grade-8 (13-15 years old) were selected for this study. Variables in this study were pocket money, fast food frequency, and overnutrition. The data were collected using data Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ), Body Mass Index (BMI) measurements, and questionnaire. The data were analyzed based on the z-score table from World Health Organization (WHO). Results: There was a significant correlation between pocket money and overnutrition, and it was statistically significant. Pocket money ≤ IDR 20.000 had a greater indicated overnutrition which is influenced by several conditions. However, there is no significant correlation between the frequency of fast-food consumption and overnutrition. Conclusions: Pocket money is correlate with overnutrition among junior high students. Keywords: fast-food, frequency of consumption, overnutrition, pocket money Correspondence: Dias Puspitaning Mawarni. Universitas Pembangunan Nasional “Veteran’, South Jakarta 12450, Indonesia. Email: diaspuspita@icloud.com. Mobile: +6282298476420. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.02.08
Should we focus on human or organizational factors?
Authors: Terwel Karel
Published: February 2021

When structural failures occur, usually the first, and sometimes the only focus is on technical
causes of failure. However, from several researches it is known that 90-95% of failures stems from
procedural origins, or so called human and organizational factors.
This paper will first define human and organizational. Furthermore, critical human and
organizational factors influencing structural safety will be highlighted. Critical factors are those
factors that make a difference in successful or not successful projects regarding structural safety.
Finally, suggestions are given with measures to improve human and organizational factors. E.g. a
risk analysis approach should be elaborated that focuses on structural failures, and not primarily
on planning and budget issues.
Structural Safety Assessment of a Suspension Bridge using Analysis Model Updating
Authors: Park JunYong , Jung Woong-Hee , Kim Sunjoong , Kim Ho-Kyung
Published: February 2021

A reduction in concrete compressive strength is detected in the main tower of a suspension
bridge. Since this strength is below the design strength, structural safety assessment is required.
Ambient vibration tests (AVTs) were performed to identify current dynamic of the bridge with 56
dense installation point of accelerometers. Manual tuning method is applied to update analysis
model based on measured dynamic properties. As a result, errors between the analysis and
measurement of the natural frequencies are reduced from 9% to 4%. Automated model updating
method with sensitivity-based optimization is additionally applied to update analysis model.
Finally, update model has errors of natural frequencies below 2%. Utilizing the updated model,
structural safety assessment is performed considering live load, wind load and seismic load.
Estimation of Structural Safety for Internally Grouted Post-tensioned External Tendons
Authors: Park Yeun Chul , Kim Ho-Kyung , Yoo Chul-Hwan , Bong Suk-Hee
Published: February 2021

In February, 2016, one of the external tendons in pre‐stressed concrete (PSC) box girder bridge in
Seoul was failed due to corrosion after 17 years of service. The failure was found during the thawing
season regular inspection. Since it was the first tendon failure occurred in South Korea, in‐depth
investigation was performed and found that multiple tendons were corroded at many different
locations. Seoul City had been preparing for the maintenance of PSC box girder bridges, but the draft
maintenance guideline considered overall condition of the bridge and little attention was paid to
the condition of tendons. The bridge was evaluated as per the draft guideline and rated as ‘Medium
Risk’ although one external tendon was failed. The indices for the evaluation should be properly
weighted to prevent failure of tendons.
Structural Failure Studies
Authors: Bujnak Jan , Bujnakova Petra
Published: February 2021

Case studies of structure failures due to accidental actions are presented in the paper. Bad design
does not mean only errors of computation, but incorrect theories or confidence in inaccurate data.
The bridge structure failure during concrete pouring due to combination of the above reasons
proves this statement. The next example of a sufficiently designed and constructed temporary
platform illustrates importance of proper operations. Even an excellently constructed hall could
not stand on bad foundations. Some failures are not the result of poor project, but the consequence of
unforeseen events that create uncommon loads on structures. But, the main goal of the paper is to help
construction engineers, workers, project managers, and regulatory bodies identify problems in
construction design, project execution and management of field engineering practise.
Check bridges on vitality
Authors: Vasilyev Aleksander
Published: February 2021

Taking place in different countries the collapses of buildings due to natural and man-made impacts
or terrorist attacks have put the issue of survivability of buildings, that is, vitality – the safety of their
total integrity in case of failure of individual bearing elements. The present report discusses the possible cases of failure of the individual bearing elements in the bridge constructions for various constructive systems and the considerations on the calculated checking on vitality.
Evaluation of load model for crowd-induced vibrations of footbridges
Authors: Zäll Emma , Ülker-Kaustell Mahir , Andersson Andreas , Karoumi Raid
Published: February 2021

Due to a trend in designing light and slender structures, many modern footbridges are prone to excessive vibrations. Severely vibrating footbridges can give rise to discomfort for the pedestrians. Therefore, during the last decades, pedestrian-induced vibrations of footbridges have become a subject of great interest. In this study, the performance of a coupled crowd-structure model, where the bridge is described using its first two modes of vibrations and each pedestrian is described as a moving mass-spring-damper system, in combination with a walking load, is evaluated. The model is used to estimate vertical deck accelerations of a real footbridge which is known to be susceptible to vibrations, and the results are then compared to measurements. The model performs satisfactory in the time domain, but poorly in the frequency domain, which is concluded to be mainly due to discrepancies in the simulated load compared to the measured load.
Estimation of ship bridge collision probability by use of Monte Carlo simulations
Authors: Andersson Axel , Forsman Björn , Wilske Erland
Published: February 2021

This paper suggests a new method for risk assessment in maritime environment. The method is developed in close collaboration between SSPA and the Norwegian Public Road Administration for application to the planned fixed crossing of the Bjørnafjord in Norway. The method is based on principles from big data analysis and inspired by the Monte Carlo simulation technique. The basic idea is to simulate millions of representative vessel movements with stochastic failures in four degrees of freedom aiming to get a geometric distribution of the collision locations and probabilities.
Effect of Short Term Rust on Low Cycle Fatigue Strength of Welded Joints
Authors: Hauge Geir Tuntland , Kakay Samdar , Siriwardane Sudath
Published: February 2021

The corrosion induced rusting may develop micro-pits in welded area and finally surface roughness may increase. This localized micro-pits may reduce the cyclic load capacity, which is a necessary parameter for lifting operations in installation phase of construction process of majority of offshore installations. However, the effect of this short-term rust induced micro-pits in cyclic load capacity has not been properly studied. To overcome this problem to some extent, this paper presents a study of low cyclic fatigue tests of rusted welded joints. The sample welded joints were allowed for rusting in two different corrosive environments and two different time durations. The specimens were subjected to low cycle fatigue tests on three different stress levels. The specimen surfaces and fracture surfaces were investigated using a scanning electron microscope. The results show that the rusted specimens fail considerably lower cycles than the non-corroded specimens. The pictures obtained from the microscope hasve showed over 20 individual pits formed over a period of four weeks. This shows the rapid formation and initiation of micro-pits in the surface, and it is reasonable to state that the effects of this type of corrosion may play a significant role on cyclic load capacity of welded steel joints, which are subjected plastic stresses.
Suicide Prevention for High Bridges
Authors: Vogel Thomas
Published: February 2021

Jumps from bridges constitute a large portion of suicides in industrialized countries. Public opinion has changed in a way that bridge owners are evaluating to take action, even if no third parties are endangered by falling bodies. Research on the sequence of suicidal actions shows that countermeasures exist and prevention is possible. Options for both, non-constructive and constructive measures are presented in a systematic way and illustrated with examples.
Innovative Uses of Marine Mud for Construction
Authors: Leung Pak Wai
Published: February 2021

Soft and bouncy marine mud was successfully converted into eco-friendly and inexpensive Cement-Stabilized Marine Mud (CSMM) for earthwork, and also Marine Mud Made Materials (MMMM) for blockwork in a public housing development project in Hong Kong. These green initiatives were the first of their kinds in Hong Kong and resulted in a saving of about HK$6M (SEK 6.6M or US$ 0.8M) in the project.
Innovative High Strength Steel Construction by Mixed Connections
Authors: Spiegler Jennifer , Kleiner Andreas , Kuhlmann Ulrike
Published: February 2021

In addition to the common mild steels, nowadays high performance steels with good weldability and high ductility are available for the construction industry. By using steels with higher re- sistance/weight material ratio savings can be obtained especially in the case of heavy construc- tions such as bridges, wide spanning roofs and high-rised buildings. However for the particular situation of joining high strength steel (HSS) and mild carbon steel (MCS) elements used in dual- steel connections the present design rules, e.g. in EN 1993-1-8 [1] in many cases are inadequate because recent rules and safety margins are developed traditionally for standard steels and then transferred to high strength steels. In the frame of some recent research projects the aim is to develop a realistic and coherent design model for the determination of the load carrying capacity of these welded dual-steel connections made of Mild Carbon and High Strength Steel.
An Interactive Construction Deployment Planning Model for the SKA Project
Authors: Rens Johannes , Wium Jan Andries
Published: February 2021

TheSquare Kilometre Array (SKA)is a global project to build the world’s largest telescope that stretches over at least 3000 km. This paper presents an interactive decision support tool which can be used for the planning of the construction of 190 (Phase 1) and 2400 (Phase 2) antenna foundations and other infrastructure. A simulation-based site layout planning (SLP) model is presented. The SLP model facilitates the manual optimization of the site layout through a series of “what if” analyses during the layout of temporary construction facilities in order to minimize site transportation cost/time, site establishment cost and improve the efficiency of material handling on site. The model uses unique concepts to facilitate integration of site layout planning, material supply and project scheduling. The model provides a graphical user interface and 2D visual communication during planning. It can also be applied to other repetitive construction projects such as the vertical construction of a multi-story building, or the linear construction of a road section.
Integrated project teams in early design stages – Key variables influencing cost effectiveness in bridge building
Authors: Ekström Daniel , Rempling Rasmus , Simonsson Peter , Plos Mario
Published: February 2021

The construction industry is usually regarded as a complex, multidisciplinary and project focused environment. It is also regularly identified as a one-of-a-kind nature, hence focus is on the uniqueness of projects rather than in similarities. The results presented in this article are based on questionnaire addressed to clients, contractors, and designers, mainly active within the Swedish infrastructure sector. The purpose is to highlight key-variables influencing cost effectiveness for the organization of integrated project teams, designing of projects, and construction at site. The results indicate that more attention needs to be paid to the actual project setting if to fully gain the benefits from integrated project teams. Further, the results indicates that it is mainly project culture; collaboration and social relationships, and project competence, the ability to solve mutual issues, that needs to be developed.
Load-carrying capacity of two 110 year old steel portal frame bridges
Authors: Van Bogaert Philippe
Published: February 2021

The load-carrying capacity of two old steel portal frame bridges, built in 1907 and 1912 has been determined, using FE-models and taking into account the damage due to corrosion, found during inspection. For this, adequate real traffic models have been used. The capacity of both bridges proved to be insufficient, mainly due to corrosion of the outside portals. The frame cross-sections are asymmetrical, since reduction of the area is considered for tension and not for compressed parts. Two alternatives are considered for refurbishment. Replacing corroded plates and profiles on site being impossible, the alternative to reduce dead weight seems more feasible.
Retrofitting of AYALA Bridge, an historic steel bridge in Manilla (Philippines)
Authors: Buchin-Roulie Vanessa , Kaczkowski Nicolas , Gros Alexandre , Tesson Fabien
Published: February 2021

Ayala Bridge, in the center of Manilla, is a steel arch bridge built in the 1950s. It is comprised of 2 simply supported steel bridges constructed with 3 trusses connected together. The bridge has to be retrofitted for conformity to new codes (traffic and seismic) and lifted by 70 cm for conformity to regulatory clearance. The retrofitting solution designed by Freyssinet was chosen because of its economy when considering both deck and foundations: it consists of minimizing the current seismic loads on piers and abutments, to get them lower than actual loads seen in the past under historic seismic and typhoon. Longitudinally, the 2 decks are linked together and extended with beams and new piles: the overall structure is working as a frame. Transversally, some seismic devices are placed. The overall steel structure is then strengthened using additional steel profiling and prestressing. Major parts of the work has been done with no traffic interruption at all.
Innovation: Key to Structures of Tomorrow
Authors: Menétrey Philippe
Published: February 2021

Load carrying structures are increasingly complex and require constant improvements, sometimes by applying innovation. Furthermore, each structure being a prototype, there are many possibilities for innovation, whether in the shape of the structure, or in the way materials, construction methods or analysis methods are used. Finally, tools to implement innovation are available, as experimental tests and numerical simulations can confirm that the innovation is suitable. Therefore, innovation is the key to the structures of tomorrow. These statements are shown in this paper through various projects in which the author was deeply involved.
Lessons from collapse of a 3-storey building in Sweden
Authors: Thelandersson Sven , Danewid Robert
Published: February 2021

The Swedish system for public quality control of structural design of buildings is one of the most liberal in the world. The full responsibility for this is given to the client in a building project. Consequences of this system are discussed in this paper via a case study of a recent collapse of a three-storey building. A number of gross errors in design and execution are described followed by a discussion about what went wrong in the design and construction process. The event can also be used to evaluate the efficiency of current requirements for robust design of buildings. The learnings drawn from this event are summarized.
ASCE/SEI 37-14 Design Loads on Structures During Construction Standardi
Authors: Ratay Robert T. , Duntemann John F.
Published: February 2021

Standards by themselves do not eliminate construction failures, they do not substitute for experience, good judgment and care, but do provide minimum criteria for desired performance and safety. ASCE/SEI 37,Design Loads on Structures During Construction Standardspecifies design loads, load combinations and safety factors to be used in the analysis and design of structures during transient stages of construction, as well as of temporary structures used in construction operations. This paper is a brief presentation of the purpose, substance, and selected details of the Standard that has been developed and in use in the United States.
Sustainable Engineering Decisions in Disaster Recovery
Authors: Parsons Gregory
Published: February 2021

This article describes a simple method for considering sustainability aspects when making engineering related disaster recovery decisions. The method is applied to the recovery decisions of an unprecedented storm in Columbia SC USA, where a canal dike failure threatened the city’s drinking water supply and disabled their hydroelectric power plant.
Evaluation of Fracture Critical Bridges in the US using System Redundancy
Authors: Di Bernardo Salvatore
Published: February 2021

As a consequence of past bridge failure and the aging of existing infrastructures, Fracture Critical (FC) bridges in the United States are currently subject to stringent inspection requirements. The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) has recently identified new criteria to classify Fracture Critical bridges using the concept of System Redundancy. This paper reports the results of an ongoing investigation for the Illinois Department of Transportation (IDOT) on bridges with Fracture Critical Members (FCMs). The intent of the study is to evaluate System Redundant Member (SRM) through structural analysis and to declassify as many of the FCM as possible and allow less frequent inspections of the bridges.

The work was organized in various phases: we first outlined a procedure to evaluate SRM in bridges, we then divided the bridges in categories based on the type of FCM details, and we finally performed Finite Element analyses to load rate the bridges based on the criteria identified. In order to prove redundancy we calculated target reliability indexes for the different limit states: ultimate, functionality and damaged. The indexes are calculated in a model that includes all the structural members and their connection plus non structural elements that contribute to load redistribution because of their stiffness.

The investigation resulted in several bridges being either removed from the Fracture Critical list for inspection or having less members listed as FCM. The paper will presents the details of the analysis guidelines and some case studies grouped by type of details that can be of interest to owners and designers that deal with similar type of structures.
Wind effects of a pedestrian arch bridge with complex shape
Authors: Argentini Tommaso , Diana Giorgio , Giappino Stefano , Muggiasca Sara , Rocchi Daniele , Cosentino Nicola , Majowiecki Massimo
Published: February 2021

The pedestrian bridge over the Swan River in Perth (Australia) is designed to be a three-span arch structure. A unique feature of this bridge is that each span has two crossed arches with triangular cross-sections that vary dimensions along the arch. In addition, two cantilever extensions are connected to the crown of the central arch for aesthetic purposes. For this kind of unique structures, with complex shape and bluff sections, wind effects are challenging and their effects should be studied by wind tunnel tests, as required by most design codes. Both static and dynamic wind loads were studied in wind tunnel using scale models of the full bridge (rigid model in 1:50 scale), of portions of the arches (two aeroelastic sectional models in 1:15 scale), and of the deck (one aeroelastic sectional model in 1:10 scale). Experimental results are analysed and a procedure to assess wind effects on the whole structure is outlined.
Influence of Aerodynamic Model Assumptions on the Wind-Vehicle-Bridge Interaction
Authors: Kavrakov Igor , Camara Alfredo , Morgenthal Guido
Published: February 2021

Wind-induced vibrations are commonly the leading action in the ultimate and serviceability state of the long-span bridges. There is a multitude of aerodynamic models for simulating wind action on a bridge deck based on various theories. Within this study, the influence of the implied assumptions in the aerodynamic models is studied regarding the Wind-Vehicle-Bridge Interaction (WVBI). As a reference object, a suspension bridge under gusty wind is chosen, for which the aerodynamic models are evaluated based on accident and comfort criteria. Different aspects of the WVBI are also included such as road roughness and wind forces on the vehicle.
Structural Concrete Repair against mechanical and thermal loads
Authors: Reddy Harinadh , Ramaswamy Ananth
Published: February 2021

The study presents applications of different material systems for repair that have evolved in recent years for application to structural concrete elements as a means of rehabilitation or retrofit. Both fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) of glass, or carbon in the form of a laminate or wrap with epoxy binding and fibre reinforced concrete with chopped short wire fibres that are mixed into a concrete matrix, even with a self-compacting concrete consistency at the time of casting as an alternate form of a repair system is discussed. Experimental results and analytical/numerical procedures that have been developed to predict the capacity of the variously (strengthened) reinforced structural elements is presented to illustrate the merit of different approaches. A model to predict thermos-mechanical damage is briefly discussed. Possible repair and protection against thermal damage is also briefly discussed.
Strengthening of unreinforced masonry structures using Ultra High Performance Fibre Reinforced Concrete (UHPFRC)
Authors: Lampropoulos Andreas , Tsioulou Ourania , Paschalis Spyridon , Dritsos Stephanos
Published: February 2021

The majority of existing unreinforced masonry structures are prone to weathering and catastrophic events such as earthquakes. The collapse of non-engineering masonry structures after strong earthquakes is one of the greatest causes of serious injuries and fatalities worldwide and especially in low and middle income countries. The repair and/or strengthening of unreinforced masonry structures is a challenging task and there is an urgent need for the protection of these structures. In the current study, the application of Ultra High Performance Fibre Reinforcement Concrete (UHPFRC) has been examined for the improvement of the structural performance of existing masonry structures. ATENA software has been used for the finite element analyses and the behaviour of UHPFRC has been simulated using experimental results of direct tensile and compressive tests. A parametric study has been conducted using two different joint thicknesses while the effectiveness of an additional UHPFRC in contact with the masonry walls alongside with UHPFRC repointing has been investigated. The results presented in the current study indicate that the replacement of conventional mortar with UHPFRC leads to considerably improved strength and stiffness. Considerably higher values of both strength and stiffness have been achieved in case of specimens with UHPFRC joints alongside with UHPFRC layers.
Application of GFRP for Bridge Inspection Way
Authors: Furuya Yoshiyasu , Hirose Takeshi , Nakamura Hitoshi , Ishii Yuya , Koizumi Kousuke
Published: February 2021

This paper reports on the results of tests conducted to verify the applicability of bridge inspection way using glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP). The process of setting the Japanese expressway standards for fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) bridge inspection way is also described in this paper.

The proposed bridge inspection way adopts lightweight and highly anti-corrosive GFRP. The bridge inspection way consists of GFRP slab panels that sandwich hard urethane foam and truss girders that serve for railings to further reduce its own weight.

Nippon Expressway Company Limited (NEXCO) have also established standards for FRP bridge inspection way installed on Japanese expressway bridges, based on the knowledge obtained from development of bridge inspection way, literature reviews and case studies in Japan.
Design of a 120 m high GFRP Landmark tower
Authors: Tromp Liesbeth , Klamer Ernst , Van Ijselmuijden Kees , Boeters Ton
Published: February 2021

As an entrance gate to Jeddah (Saudi Arabia), at the new separated junction on the King Abdul Aziz Square, an architectural landmark structure has been designed with a record height of 120 m. The structure consists of two tall curved pylons at each side of the road that are connected at approximately 20 m from the top. The cross section has an airfoil shape and is designed as a stiffened shell structure. Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) is used as the main construction material. GFRP is a durable and sustainable construction material. Using GFRP the weight of the towers is minimised, saving substantial material and costs in the foundation. More importantly, using GFRP rather than steel, the maintenance of the structure is minimized, thus preventing hindrance of traffic. In this paper the reference design of the Landmark is described and choices that have been made in the design and the design method are explained.
Design of an Experimental Arch Pedestrian Bridge Made of UHPC
Authors: Tej Petr , Kněž Petr , Mourek Jan
Published: February 2021

This paper presents the design of an experimental arch pedestrian bridge made of ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC). The structure is designed as a permanent single-span bridge. The span of the bridge structure is 10.00 m, the total width of shell structure is 0.03 m, and the clearance width of the bridge is 1.50 m. The main structure of the bridge is one prefabricated arch shell structure made of UHPC with dispersed steel fibers without conventional reinforcement. Simultaneously with the designing of the bridge, computer analyses were created in which optimization of the material and geometric parameters of the structure were carried out. The presentation on the conference will contain also production and assembly of the pedestrian bridge. The presentation will include also long-term monitoring of the specimen of the shell structure in 1:1 scale and finally experimentally obtained load bearing capacity of the specimen. Production and testing of the bridge is scheduled for July 2016.
Innovative System for the Construction and Management of Student Residences – Frameup System
Authors: Pimenta de Andrade Pedro António , Lagerqvist Ove , Veljkovic Milan , Simões Rui , Lundholm John
Published: February 2021

Sweden has a strong demand on the construction of student accommodations and consequently significant efforts have been taken to increase and streamline construction methods. In addition, the fluctuation on the number of students admitted at each year, in each university, lead to periods of house shortage or, in opposition to that, to eventual surplus on the housing market. For these reasons urges finding a fast execution process in construction to fulfil the market needs, together with a housing mechanism of control which balances the students’ needs with the housing availability. FRAMEUP system arises thus to solve both problems by combining a modular construction with an innovative execution process. The FRAMEUP buildings uses a steel frame in combination with prefabricated 3D modules (fully equipped and suitable for student accommodations) which are assembled by starting from the roof to the 1st floor. The existence of a lifting system permits the erection of the building, promoting each time the building is lifted, a clearance of one floor height, at ground level, for the assembly of a new floor. The procedure is repeated several times, according to the number of floors, until the 1st floor of the building, the last floor of the execution sequence, is assembled. Alongside with its advantage on the fast execution, the FRAMEUP system allows to efficiently increase or decrease the number of the floors and consequently its permutability with other buildings of the same nature. Thus, assuming a net of FRAMEUP buildings at each university, its permutability system would create the necessary conditions so that the number of floors at each campus would follow the fluctuations of the students’ population among the different universities on different periods of time, so to suppress the needs for housing or to avoid the surplus on construction.
Bridges and Special Structures: Towards an Innovative and Sustainable Built Environment
Authors: Reis Antonio José
Published: February 2021

Design of bridges and special structures like long span roofs, is not only a structural exercise. Integration and aesthetics are a challenge for structural engineers towards a sustainable and innovative built environment. Structural engineers are facing new architectural demands for geometrical shapes. Bridges have a multifunction social use, being part of human life and should be interpret as such. Author´s design experience worldwide, for more than 40 years, is reflected and illustrated by design cases in this paper.
Development and Construction of Non-Metal Bridge
Authors: Ogata Tatsuo , Ohshiro Takeshi , Fukuda Masato , Kasuga Akio , Asai Hiroshi , Nagamoto Naoki
Published: February 2021

The Non-Metal Bridge was developed to completely eliminate the use of steel members such as steel reinforcements and prestressing steel and it is expected to be able to reduce future maintenance costs. Aramid FRP rods were used as prestressing tendons to provide tensile force reinforcement. To eliminate the need for shear reinforcement, high strength fiber reinforced concrete with high shear strength was developed. That structure was conducted by wheel load running tests to verify the fatigue durability. After that, a half scale butterfly girder structure was built by using segmental method and tested to confirm that the structure of the joints between segments was sufficiently durable. Based on those results, the actual experimental bridge was built. This experimental bridge is part of a temporally road and its structural type is simple beam with 14 m of span length. The bridge was constructed by precast segmental method and has been used as a construction road since September of 2015.
Two-way walls with cut-out openings strengthened by fiber-reinforced polymers
Authors: Popescu Cosmin , Sas Gabriel , Blanksvärd Thomas , Täljsten Björn
Published: February 2021

In refurbishment projects structural modifications may be required such as the addition of new openings. These openings are a source of weakness and can reduce the structures’ stiffness and load-bearing capacity. As a result repairing may be necessary to restore their initial performances. The paper presents results of an experimental program performed to investigate the effectiveness of FRP-based strengthening for restoring the axial capacity of a solid reinforced concrete wall after cutting door openings. Nine half scale concrete walls with and without cut-out openings subjected to a uniformly distributed axial load with a small eccentricity were tested to failure. Increases in axial strength, ductility, steel reinforcement and FRP strain utilization were measured and presented in this paper. The application of the FRP confinement increases the capacity and the stiffness of the specimens with cut-out openings. The axial strengths were between 85-94.8% and 56.5-63.4% for specimens having a small and large opening, respectively, of that of a solid wall.
Bio-based composite moveable bridge
Authors: Claassen Wouter
Published: February 2021

This paper describes the methodological process for designing a 17 metre span, moveable bio- based bridge in Ritsumalsyl in the Netherlands. The bridge consists of 100% natural fibres and a bio-based resin. At the time of writing we are still engaged in design stages and it is likely that the design will continue to evolve as we learn more through the project.
Evaluation of damage severity and load carrying capacity of steel girder-end using local vibration modes
Authors: Khatri Thaneshwor , Nagayama Tomonori , Di Su
Published: February 2021

Corrosion at girder-ends is a major deterioration pattern of steel bridges. The severity needs to be quantified though the evaluation is not trivial. As an alternative, this paper proposes to use Local Vibration Modes (LVM). The existence of LVMs and the sensitivity of their frequencies to damage are examined. The damage severity is then quantified using a superposition method. This method calculates LVM frequencies under various damage severities and shapes using database of LVM of a limited number of fundamental damage patterns, which is prepared in advance by finite element analysis (FEA). The result is then used to evaluate damage severity from the measured LVM frequencies. Furthermore, relationship between LVM and load carrying capacity, prepared by FEA on various corrosion patterns, is used to evaluate the load carrying capacity from measured LVM frequencies. The developed methods are examined on a FE model of a steel bridge girder end.
Defining a Bridge Maintenance Strategy – Some Practical Constraints
Authors: Schellenberg Kristian , Hess Reto , Müller Riet , Huber Heribert
Published: February 2021

In order to maintain approximately 1500 engineering structures, the road office of Grisons in Switzerland has to repair or replace between 30 and 50 structures each year. Timing and scope of interventions is mainly driven by the condition state of the structures and options to coordinate construction works with fulfilling other requirements on the same road. A sustainable maintenance plan has not only to ensure structural safety and serviceability in the long term; but a high road availability and a reduction of overall maintenance costs are of similar high priority and further issues to consider. This contribution shows also, how budget, capacities, structural condition as well as changes of road geometry requirements and load bearing capacities influenced the definition of the asset specific bridge maintenance strategy.
The MCrack-TLS method for assessing cracks on concrete bridges based on image processing and laser scanning
Authors: Valença Jónatas , Puente Iván , Júlio Eduardo , González-Jorge Higinio
Published: February 2021

Assessing and monitoring the structural behaviour of concrete bridges is fundamental to define maintenance strategies and to decide interventions. Therefore, crack identification and characterization plays an extremely important role. However, current evaluation techniques are work-intensive and prone to human error. In this context, the development of automatic methods based on image processing and laser scanning, for assessing and monitoring cracks in concrete bridges, shows important benefits. Besides the aforementioned limitations, current methods also require the use of extremely expensive inspection platforms, such as underbridge trucks. In this paper, a new method, herein named ‘MCrack-TLS’, is proposed, for automatically detecting and monitoring cracks in concrete bridges, based on image processing and laser scanning. The application of MCrack-TLS to a real structure, performed in the scope of the validation phase, is also included, the latter being a concrete viaduct of the IC2 road in Rio Maior, Portugal. Results prove the viability of MCrack-TLS and its advantages compared to traditional methods, such as increased productivity and reduced exposure of bridge inspectors to risky situations.
Bridges Piers’ replacement due to alkali-silica reaction pathologies
Authors: Perry da Câmara António , Vieira Carlos
Published: February 2021

The solution for the piers replacement of three bridges, integrated into the road network of Aguieira’s dam in Portugal is presented. The piers’ shafts and footings had severe pathologies due to concrete alkali-silica reactions, namely extensive longitudinal cracking, therefore making it necessary to repair or replace the piers.

The works were performed in very particular conditions. These constraints have been overcome with the construction of new hollow section pier shafts, jacketing the old ones. The use of prefabricated footings and pier shafts with a sliding technic allowed to avoid the construction of cofferdams. The new footings were supported on micropiles.

This construction method has proven to be an economical, low-intrusive and easy to implement solution, enabling the maintenance of traffic over the bridges during the construction period.
Assessment of the residual stress distribution of a welded stiffener-to-deck plate connection of an orthotropic steel deck using hole-drilling
Authors: Nagy Wim , Van Puymbroeck Evy , Van Bogaert Philippe , De Backer Hans
Published: February 2021

Manufacturing processes such as welding operations cause residual stresses which are present in most civil structures. They create plastic deformations without any external loads and therefore are often overlooked during design. Nevertheless, residual stresses can have profound influences on the fatigue life. This is also true for orthotropic steel decks. Unfortunately, for these bridges, little is known about the real distribution of residual stresses due to welding. Therefore, a semi- destructive experimental test setup is developed: hole-drilling. It became clear that near the weld region, the overall conclusions confirm the widely assumed tensile yield stresses. Further away from the weld region, the residual stresses decrease to almost zero. In conclusion, with the hole- drilling technique, it is possible to achieve a clear pattern of the existing residual stresses near welded locations without really damaging the structure. This knowledge can highly improve future fatigue calculations.
Effect of transverse bending moments on the shear resistance of concrete bridges
Authors: Karagiannis Dimosthenis , Kaufmann Walter
Published: February 2021

Transverse bending moments may strongly affect the shear strength of hollow-box bridge girder webs. Hence, the interaction of longitudinal shear and transverse bending should be considered, particularly in the safety evaluation of existing bridges with low stirrup reinforcement ratios susceptible to brittle web-crushing failures. However, existing models for combined loading were developed over 30 years ago, based on very limited experimental evidence and with the aim of ensuring ductile failures. If these potentially conservative models are applied in the safety evaluation of existing bridges, many of them would have to be strengthened. For these reasons, a research project including theoretical modelling and large-scale experiments is currently being carried out by the authors. In the present paper, an overview of the experimental campaign, including testing facility and instrumentation is given along with some preliminary results of the theoretical investigations.
Effect of Strand Corrosion on Corrosion-induced Cracking of PC Structures
Authors: Wang Lei , Dai Lizhao , Ma Yafei , Zhang Jianren
Published: February 2021

A model for corrosion-induced cracking in prestressed concrete (PC) structures was developed in this study. The prestress and geometric properties of the strand have been incorporated into the prediction. Corrosion-induced cracking in PC structures was predicted based on the three stages: micro-crack formation, cover cracking initiation, and crack width growth. Five PC beams were designed and accelerated toward corrosion-induced cracking. Observing the strands supported visual evidence of pitting corrosion and crevice corrosion. The proposed model has been verified by the experimental results and this work presents the effects of parameters on corrosion-induced cracking. The results show that prestress has an adverse effect on corrosion-induced cracking. Prestress leads to a decrease in the critical corrosion loss at the three stages. The critical corrosion loss of strand at the three stages increases with the increase of the concrete tensile strength and concrete cover, while it decreases with the increase of the strand diameter and rust expansion ratio. The movement of corrosive liquid between crevices could lead to corrosion extension along the beam length and could accelerate the corrosion rate of the strand. Slight corrosion loss would induce the cover cracking of PC structures due to the effects of prestress and diameter of strand.
Bond Performance between Corroded Strand and Concrete
Authors: Zhang Jianren , Yi Ju , Zhang Xuhui , Wang Lei , Ma Yafei
Published: February 2021

The bond between strand and concrete plays an important role in determining the bearing capacity of prestressed concrete structures especially for pre-tensioned ones, while the corrosion of strand changes the contact conditions between them, which result in changing of structure performances. For the purpose of studying the effect of corrosion on bond performance between strand and concrete, 12 un-tensioned strand bonding specimens were made in this paper, which including 2 un-corroded and 10 corroded ones. On the basis of accelerated corrosion test and pull-out test, the distribution of corrosion cracks on the specimen surface、the distribution of concrete strain and curve of bond stress-slip of each specimen were obtained. The experimental results show that the distribution of bond stress along the embedment length was nonuniform, the peak stress value drops with the growth of corrosion crack width. On the other side, both the average bond strength of initial slip occurred at free end and maximum pull-out force declined obviously with the increasing of corrosion-induced crack width; The corrosion-induced crack has an obvious effect on the initial linear section of bond stress-slip curves.