bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Altiplano comestible earths: Prehistoric and historic geophagy of Highland Peru and Bolivia
Authors: Browman David L. , Gundersen James N.
Published: February 2007

Research on comestible earths utilized in the Andes indicates that they have a history of use of at least 2500 years. A hypothesis proposed for the origin of geophagy suggests a considerably greater time depth. Comestible earths discussed involve those with physiological, cultural, or medicinal components. This analysis includes 27 indigenously recognized earths. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Holocene landscape evolution and the development of models for human interaction with the environment: An example from the mississippi headwaters region
Authors: Mooers Howard D. , Dobbs Clark A.
Published: February 2007

Integration of a record of Holocene landscape evolution with the cultural record from a multicomponent archaeological site in northern Minnesota has fostered the development of a regional model of human interaction with the changing physical environment. Excavation of 21‐CA‐169 near Nushka Lake revealed two components, an aceramic Archaic zone where processing of large mammals was the major activity and an upper zone with artifacts suggestive of wild rice processing. Seasonal occupation of the lower zone occurred during a period of falling regional lake levels resulting from natural stream network evolution. The upper zone represents human occupation in a physical and biological setting that was quite different than during earlier occupation. Integration of the geomorphic history of the region along with an interpretation of the types of cultural activities occurring on the changing landscape have provided a model to understand land use and to predict the location of other sites. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
An analysis of prehistoric greenstone artifacts in Northeast Alabama
Authors: Vaughn Danny M.
Published: February 2007

Lithic artifacts consisting of celts, atlatls, pipes, knives, scrapers, and ceremonial placards were excavated from 54 archaeological sites throughout four counties of northeast Alabama. An analysis of mineralogy, texture, and structure of the lithic implements was employed. Samples were studied visually and microscopically by thin section. Rock samples indigenous to the study area were also examined and compared to the artifacts to determine similarities and differences. All artifacts analyzed were formed from meta‐morphic rock types derived from outcrops ranging from less than 1 km to 60 km away from a respective archaeological site. Variance in mineralogy was notable; however, the most significant difference was in the texture and internal structure of the minerals within the artifacts. A total of 50 lithic samples were ultimately accepted as actual worked artifacts. Forty‐one (82%) exhibit a texture, structure, and mineralogy indicative of the Hillabee (Greenstone Schist) Formation, while nine (18%) exhibit physical characteristics indicative of the Heflin Phyllite. Trade and migration routes with minimum distances to known outcrops hosting rocktypes most indicative of the artifacts collected from these prehistoric camps and villages are inferred. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Geomorphology of tell 'Atij, Northern Syria
Authors: Blackburn Michel , Fortin Michel
Published: February 2007

Succint results of recent geomorphological research conducted by a Canadian team from Université Laval (Quebec city) in the Khabur valley of northeastern Syria confirms the hypothesis put forward by one of the authors concerning the function of the tell 'Atij site during the Early Bronze Age period (3000–2500 B. C.). The detailed study of a stratigraphically controlled cross section of 25 m × 6 m, on the abrupt western side of the main tell of the site, combined with observations made in a trench linking the principal tell to the secondary one showed that these two tells, now forming 'Atij, were small islands on the ancient Khabur River. At the time of their occupation, i. e., the first half of the 3rd millenium, the Khabur was wider, deeper and navigable. Another investigation trench, 400 m N. E. of the main tell, disproved the suggested existence of an ancient irrigation canal in the area. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A nomogram to evaluate time/cost, grid size, and survey interval for archaeological investigations
Authors: Ellwood Brooks B.
Published: February 2007

A simple nomogram, which facilitates rapid time/cost estimates for archaeological and archaeometry surveys, is presented and discussed. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Lateglacial, early and middle holocene environments, human occupation, and resource use in the Atacama (Northern Chile)
Authors: Grosjean Martin , Núñez A. Lautaro
Published: February 2007

Paleoenvironmental data from the Atacama Altiplano (21°–24°S) indicate that water, vegetation and animal resources were more abundant during lateglacial and early Holocene times than today. The rate of precipitation increased above 4000 m elevation to 400–500 mm/yr compared to the present 200 mm/yr. Dry conditions prevailed below 3500 m. Evidence of Paleoindian habitation is still missing, even though there is no evidence for environmental prohibitors during lateglacial time. The early Archaic hunters (10,820 yr B.P.‐ca. 8500 yr B.P.) inhabited the Altiplano (high Puna) and its western slope, where water was available due to higher river runoff from the Altiplano, and the resources in different elevation zones were accessible. Natural resources decreased significantly during the middle Archaic period (8500‐ca. 5000 yr B.P.). Lakes receded to today's levels, pedogenesis in the Altiplano terminated, and human activities were restricted to the most stable sites in the Río Lao and the Río Purifica catchments north of 23°S. The less stable oases south of 23°S (Salar de Atacama and Punta Negra) were abandoned. The climatic changes are best explained by shifts of the (sub)tropical circulation. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The diring paleolithic site, Eastern Siberia: Review of geoarchaeological studies
Authors: Kuzmin Yaroslav V. , Krivonogov Sergei K.
Published: February 2007

Geoarchaeological studies using geomorphological, lithological, cryolithological, palynological, paleomagnetic, thermoluminescent, and plant macrofossil analyses have been conducted on the Diring site, eastern Siberia. Mochanov (1988a, 1988b) assumed that the sediments which overlay the Diring cultural layer are synchronous with the Tabaga terrace of the Lena River (Upper Pliocene) and dated the cultural layer 1.8–3.2 My ago. Alekseev et al. (1990b) concluded that the cultural layer could not have dated earlier than the Late Eopleistocene, i.e., 0.8–1.8 My ago. Ranov and Tseitlin (1991) assumed that the cultural layer is of Middle Pleistocene age, 250–300 Ky ago. Based on a review of the geoarcheological analyses and new examination of the site in 1990, it is concluded that the cultural layer at Diring is of Late Pleistocene age. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A method for determination of volcanic glass concentrations in sedimentary sequences and its application to quaternary studies
Authors: Takemura Keiji , Danhara Tohru
Published: February 2007

A method for determination of volcanic glass concentration in sedimentary sequences is presented. This method consists of two steps: (1) systematic extraction of volcanic glass particles from samples taken at close intervals in a sedimentary section, and the determination of their concentration; (2) precise measurement of the refractive indices of the separated glass particles. A recently developed measuring system (RIMS 86) based on the thermal immersion method permits quick and accurate measurement of the refractive index of a large number of grains within samples. Based on these kinds of data, we typically recognize five types of concentration of volcanic glass shards in sedimentary sequences. The method proposed here enables the simultaneous determination of the refractive index of glass shards and the proportion of glass shards in a sample, which makes it possible to recognize certain ash‐fall‐horizons, even those undetectable through visual observation of a sedimentary column. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Seismic tomography: Application for archaeological purposes
Authors: Merlanti Fulvio , Musante Barbara
Published: February 2007

Work on the excavations at the ancient Etruscan settlement of Marzabotto (Bologna) restarted in 1988. These excavations, as they were worked, brought to light a complete urban layout represented primarily by foundations, courtyards, roads and wells. The site has been the focus of intensive experimentation to assess the feasibility of geophysical remote sensing in exploration archaeology. Different geophysical techniques have been tested at this site: geoelectric, electromagnetic, magnetic, and seismic methods. One of the methods tested was geophysical seismic tomography. This method utilizes straightray algorithms to map subsurface properties by analyzing the first signal arrival time. Seismic tomography treats the problem of identifying a buried structure as a wave propagation process by inverting the linearized wave equation to compute the spatial distribution of the slowness of the velocity. The purpose of our tomographic study is to further test the method and to guide archaeologists in their future excavations by locating and identifying buried structures. In particular, analyses are performed on the geometries, signal characteristics, discretization of the area, and constraints of the inversion algorithm in order to enhance the effectiveness of the tomographic reconstruction process and to reduce costs. A controlled experiment is presented for a typical Marzabotto buried structure with which it is possible to verify the effectiveness of the applied technique. It is demonstrated how proper field measures and an inversion test can provide reliable information that can be used to guide excavation work. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Geoarchaeologic analysis of South Platte River terraces: Kersey, Colorado
Authors: McFaul Michael , Traugh Karen Lynn , Smith Grant D. , Doering William , Zier Christian J.
Published: February 2007

Soil‐sediment records and radiometric dating allow the development of environmental histories of three South Platte River alluvial terraces in the vicinity of Kersey, Colorado. These advocate a correlation with Holocene glacial records for the Colorado Front Range (Benedict, 1981, 1985). The archaeological potential of the Kersey fill, the Kuner strath, and the Hardin fill depends upon their age and sediment context. The oldest and most extensive terrace is the Kersey fill. The position of cultural components on the Kersey terrace implies an association of older Paleoindian sites (11,500–10,000 B.P.) with channel banks and bars on the terrace, younger Paleoindian sites (<10,000 B.P.) with terrace margins near the river, and Archaic and younger sites with eolian deposits on the terrace. An association of Clovis components with both Kersey alluvium and adjacent eolian dune fields indicates that eolian deposition began prior to 11,000 B.P. and that sediment availability influenced early Holocene eolian deposition. Examination of 150 cores and 75 backhoe test units along an 8‐km study corridor demonstrates that Paleoindian sites are not as abundant on the Kersey terrace as previous researchers have proposed. Although the incision of the Kuner strath began earlier than 9600 B.P., we propose that its greatest potential is to yield cultural components that postdate ca. 7250 B.P. In turn, the Hardin fill may yield cultural components dating to the Kuner abandonment (ca. 6380 B.P.). However, Hardin sediment and soil records recommend that this fill terrace's highest potential is to yield in situ cultural components dating from ca. 1900 to 120 B.P. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Phytolith analysis of an archaeological site (longshan period) in Zhumadian City, Henan Province, China: Paleoenvironmental and cultural implications
Authors: Jiang Qinhua , Piperno Dolores
Published: February 2007

With phytolith analysis of an archaeological site (Longshan Culture Period, 4800‐4000 B. P.) in Zhumadian City of Henan Province, environmental and cultural information have been obtained. Phytolith assemblages both from the site and from a nearby ancient lake deposit of the same period indicate a warm and wet climate. Since this area is in an environment outside the natural distribution of wild rice, abundant “scooped” bilobate and special glume epidermal phytoliths found in all of the cultural layers and two samples of the lake deposits suggest that rice was cultivated in this region by the local people. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Archaeological geophysics investigation of the Wright Brothers 1910 hangar site
Authors: Butler Dwain K. , Simms Janet E. , Cook Daryl S.
Published: February 2007

An archaeological geophysics investigation was conducted at the site of the Wright Brothers' 1910 hangar near Dayton, Ohio. The hangar was destroyed as part of base renovation during the buildup to World War II, and its exact location is unknown. The purpose of the investigation is to confirm the exact location of the hangar and to locate any buried artifacts from the Wright Brothers occupation of the site. Ground penetrating radar (GPR), electromagnetic, and magnetic surveys were conducted over a 68 × 100 m area, approximately centered on the suspected location of the hangar. Localized anomalies as well as areal anomalies are identified in the geophysical data. Rectangular anomalous areas are identified that are generally consistent with the suspected location of the hangar. A 1924 aerial photograph showing the hangar was digitally scanned and georeferenced to the site survey area. Two of the rectangular geophysical anomalous areas are consistent with the hangar location from the aerial photograph location. A third rectangular area, defined from GPR survey data, is immediately adjacent to the aerial photograph location. It is postulated that base engineers may have bulldozed the hangar debris onto an area adjacent to its original location and either burned it there or buried it in a trench. A prioritized exploratory program is proposed for investigating the sources of the geophysical anomalies. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Geologic weathering and its implications on the age of the sphinx
Authors: Lal Gauri K. , Sinai John J. , Bandyopadhyay Jayanta K.
Published: February 2007

The Great Sphinx of Giza is considered by Egyptologists to have been excavated by the Pharaoh Kephren nearly 4500 years ago. Schoch and West (1991) have suggested that the Sphinx is much older, based primarily upon the rounded profile of the strata of the Sphinx thorax and the deep channels present in the walls surrounding the Sphinx ditch. These features, according to them, are due to “precipitation‐induced weathering” formed when the Sahara still experienced a humid climate at least 7000 years ago. In this article we show how weathering in an arid environment can produce the rounded profile given the gradual change in lithology of the alternating hard and soft limestone strata. We show further that the channels are actually the pre‐Pliocene karst features formed by underground water and exposed due to the excavation of the Sphinx ditch. We propose therefore that, for now, the Sphinx may still be regarded as of pharaonic origin. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Geoarchaeological investigations of henson creek: A low‐order tributary in Central Texas
Authors: Nordt Lee C.
Published: February 2007

A complex late Quaternary alluvial history was documented along Henson Creek, a low order tributary on the Fort Hood Military Reservation in central Texas. Three Quaternary alluvial landforms were recognized: terrace 2 (T2), terrace 1 (T1), and the modern floodplain (T0). The late Pleistocene T2 terrace may contain an array of sites spanning the entire known cultural record, while T1 may have sites spanning the last 5000 years only. Five fluvial units, three colluvial facies, two alluvial fan facies, and two buried paleosols were also recognized. Fluvial deposition was occurring approximately 15,000 yr B.P., 10,000‐8000 yr B.P., 7000–4800 yr B.P., 1650‐600 yr B.P., and during the last 400 years. Colluvial deposition was ongoing mainly in the early and middle Holocene, while alluvial fan aggradation was proceeding primarily in the middle Holocene. Because of erosional unconformities, there is minimal potential for recovering buried sites dating to intervals between depositional eposides for most of the drainage basin. Preservation potentials for buried sites are greatest in fine‐grained fluvial deposits dating to the late Pleistocene, early Holocene, and parts of the late Holocene, and in fine‐grained colluvial deposits dating to the early and middle Holocene. This investigation demonstrates that within the study area, and perhaps throughout much of central Texas, a greater continuum of sediments and preservation potentials exists in late Quaternary alluvial deposits of rivers than in low‐order tributaries.
AMS 14C age constraints on geoglyphs in the lower colorado river region, arizona and california
Authors: Werlhof Jay Von , Casey Harry , Dorn Ronald I. , Jones Glenn A.
Published: February 2007

Giant ground figures are widespread in the lower Colorado River area of southwestern North America, yet their chronology has remained unconstrained by numerical ages. Thirteen AMS 14C measurements reported here indicate that geoglyphs were made from before ˜A. D. 1200 to before ˜900 B. C. We account for potential contamination from prior organics in weathering rinds. All other potential errors point to 14C dates being minimum‐limiting ages for the manufacturing of geoglyphs. Although these ages indicate considerable chronological complexity among geoglyphs, our data are consistent with the linguistic hypothesis that the Yuman people in the desert of southeastern California migrated from Baja California—rather than from the north. These results must, however, be placed under the cloud of uncertainty that hangs over the entire field of AMS dating of rock art: the untested assumption surrounding contemporeneity of organics in a surface context. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Artifact size and spatial process: Macro‐ and microartifacts in a mississippian house
Authors: Sherwood Sarah C. , Simek Jan F. , Polhemus Richard R.
Published: February 2007

Despite their evident utility in archaeological analysis, microartifacts (those artifacts smaller than 2 mm) have, as a class, been used only sparingly by archaeologists and then only as if they were larger artifacts. This article explores the variable information microartifacts contain, using a case study from the Loy Site, a Mississippian village in East Tennessee. We show that microartifacts provide different information from that obtained from macroartifacts. We also demonstrate that comparisons among different size classes provide new information on dynamic aspects of artifact deposition. Especially in spatial analysis, comparing distributions of different size artifacts enhances our interpretative capabilities over any single artifact size class.
Holocene landscape evolution and its impact on the neolithic and bronze age sites in the Shangqiu area, Northern China
Authors: Jing Zhichun , Rapp George (Rip) , Gao Tianlin
Published: February 2007

The Shangqiu area, situated on the alluvial plain of the lower Yellow River, is traditionally considered the center of the predynastic and early Shang culture. Archaeologic remains dating to predynastic and dynastic Shang periods, however, have remained elusive. The current pattern of Neolithic and Bronze Age sites is characterized by their upland settings; and it has been often assumed that the area had the same landscape from the Neolithic through recent historic time. The potential impact of geomorphic processes on these early sites has been hardly considered in developing archaeologic models of temporal and spatial distribution of these sites. This article first presents a reconstruction of the Holocene floodplain history in the archaeologically significant area. On the basis of stratigraphy and sedimentology, a Holocene landscape evolution model is constructed to explore the interrelationship between evolving landscape and archaeologic record of the Neolithic and Bronze Age. The prolonged landscape stability from very late Pleistocene or early Holocene to 2000 yr B. P. provided potential Neolithic and Bronze Age human occupation with a favorable physical environment. After 2000 yr B. P., the hydrologic regime changed and the floodplain experienced 2‐3 m of gradual vertical accretion during the following millennium. In response to the dramatic change of hydro‐logic regime after the early 12th century A. D., a new floodplain formed by dominantly overbank deposition, and the old floodplain surfaces are covered by as much as ten meters of the younger alluvium. As a result, a pronounced effect has been imposed on the preservation, visibility, and discovery of the Neolithic and Bronze Age sites, including those sites of predynastic and early Shang phases. Thus, much difficulty has been imparted to our understanding of the configuration of these early archaeologic sites. This study demonstrates the usefulness of landscape reconstruction in developing settlement models of Neolithic and Bronze age sites in the area.
Vertical Distribution of Bacteria and Algae in a Tropical Lake
Authors: Schmidt Gottfried W.
Published: February 2007

In another paper (SCHMIDT, 1969b) the relations between the numbers of bacteria and phytoplankton in the surface layers of some waters near Manaus (Amazonas) were reported. As a stratification of phytoplankton is not possible, due to the strong turbulence in the Rio Solimões (Amazon River), and since current was also present in the Rio Negro off the bays and littoral regions, the vertical distribution of bacteria and algae was of special interest in the Lago do Castanho, the third of the waterbodies investigated in the paper mentioned above. In the present study, two important fractions of bacteria, their total number, and the fraction of saprophyta (estimated by the number of bacterial colonies), were also differentiated.
Beitrag zur Kenntnis der europäischen Branchiobdelliden (Clitellata, Branchiobdelloidea)
Authors: Karaman S. Mladen
Published: February 2007

Contribution ot the Knowledge of European Branchiobdellids (Clitellata, Branchiobdelloidea)
Untersuchungen zur ökologischen Bedeutung des Seegangs für das Plankton mit besonderer Berücksichtigung mariner Kieselalgen
Authors: Schöne Heinz
Published: February 2007

Studies on the Motion of the Sea as an Ecological Factor for Plankton Organisms with Special Regard to Marine Diatoms
Die Korallenriffe Kubas. I. Genese und Evolution
Authors: Kühlmann Dietrich H. H.
Published: February 2007

The Coral Reefs of Cuba. I. Genesis and Evolution Los arrecifes de corales de Cuba. I. Genesis y evolución
Experimentelle Untersuchungen zur Salzadaptation verschiedener Rassen des Dreistachligen Stichlings (Gasterosteus aculeatusL.)
Authors: Gutz Manfred
Published: February 2007

Experimental Studies on Adaptation to Salinity Shown by the Different Races of the Three‐Spined Stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatusL.)
Wasserpflanzengesellschaften im östlichen Niedersachsen (I.)
Authors: Weber‐Oldecop Dieter Wilhelm
Published: February 2007

Water Plant Communities in Eastern Lower Saxony (I.)
The Development of Plankton Communities in Strip‐Mine Lakes of the Cologne Lignite District
Authors: Trahms Karl‐Jürgen
Published: February 2007

In former brown‐coal areas in the process of being returned to agriculture and forestation, there are holes left from the mining which are filled with groundwater. Three such strip‐mine lakes in the Cologne Lignite District were chosen for research purposes (i. e. the redevelopment by nature herself of plankton organisms). Despite a short research period (21/2 years) the analysis undertaken on lakes of different ages (40 years, 20 years and from the start) covers a span of 40 years. The main criteria of these waters are (1) extreme chemical conditions (sulphates = 400–500 mg/1, total alkalinity = 40–50° dH, permanent alkalinity: carbonate alkalinity max. 11:1), (2) poor in dissolved nutrient, phosphates non existent, (3) the lake form is not ideal (steep banks, no littoral) and (4) the unstable conditions. Comparison of the three lake ages shows an amelioration of the extreme chemical parameters, an increase in the number of the species of phyto‐ und zooplankton (tab. 4) and an increase of productivity running parallel with the ages. The waterborne inflow of organisms into these three lakes is more important than the transport by wind, birds, etc. as most of the lakes of the area are connected with one another (the same species and the same dominant species). The general conditions have been checked with other stripmine lakes, dams and reservoirs.
Über ein sessiles Rädertier aus Amazonien, Ptygura elsteri n. sp., mit Bemerkungen zur Taxonomie des Artkomplexes Ptygura melicerta (EHRENBERG) 1832
Authors: Koste Walter
Published: February 2007

Concerning a Sessile Rotifer from the Amazon, Ptygura elsteri n.sp., with Observations on the Taxonomy of the Species Complex Ptygura melicerta (EHRENBERG) 1832
The Density and Production of Fish Populations in the Klíčava Reservoir (Czechoslovakia) and their Changes During the Period 1957‐1970
Authors: Holčík Juraj , Pivnička Karel
Published: February 2007

The results of 14 years of observations are reported concerning the species composition, ichthyomass (standing crop), total and available production, harvestable yield and balance of the fish population in the Klíčava reservoir (67 ha of area) in central Bohemia. Two stages of the reservoir development with regard to its fish are recognized and characterized. Some phenomena concerning the course of the ichthyomass and production, and the reasons for their fluctuations are discussed.
Prognose des Stoffhaushaltes von Staugewässern mit Hilfe kontinuierlicher und semikontinuierlicher biologischer Modelle. II. Prüfung der Prognosegenauigkeit. Prediction of the Balance of Matter in Storage Reservoirs by Means of Continuous or Semicontinuous Biological Models. II. Reliability of the Prediction Method
Authors: Benndorf Jürgen
Published: February 2007

The phosphate removal in small, completely mixed storage reservoirs (preimpoundment basins) mainly is a function of the production of biomass by the phytoplankton. The knowledge of the critical detention time of the water is the most important premise to the prediction. The critical detention time t̄ is computed from the equation: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \overline t _c = \frac{1}{{\mu ^* - 0,1}} $\end{document} and the growth rate μ* at a given combination of the light intensity J, temperature T and phosphate concentration P is computed from: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \mu ^* = \frac{{\mu T \cdot \mu J \cdot \mu P}}{{\mu \max ^2 }}\mu \max \cdot \frac{P}{{K_p + P}}\frac{J}{{K_j + J}}\frac{T}{{T_{opt} }}, $\end{document} (μmax = maximum possible growth rate of the dominant species; Kp, Kj and Topt are constants computed from batch cultures).

The quotient \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \frac{{\bar t_{act.} }}{{\bar t_c }}(\bar t_{act.} = {\rm actual detention time in the water body)} $\end{document} enables prediction of the phosphate removal.

A comparison of the predicted results from semicontinuous cultures and from the preimpoundment basin of the Weida reservoir revealed a satisfactory degree of conformity.
Detrimental Effects of Toxical Charge by Heavy Metals or Phenol on Submerged Water Plants (Fontinalis antipyretica L.)
Authors: Auerbach S. , Prüfer P. , Weise G.
Published: February 2007

The water moss Fontinalis antipyretica L. is well suited for measuring CO2 exchange by infrared gas analysis (IRGA), as only CO2 is used for assimilation. Both in a state of full activity and of reduced activity in the course of a toxical charge the ratio of net primary productivity to respiration related to intermittent illumination is used as a bioassay. Three types regarding the proportion of net assimilation (AN) to respiration (RD) are refered to the toxical charge (phenol, HgCl2, CuSO4, CdCl2). In the case of displacing the balance of AN/RD in the diurnal cycle to the side of respiration, photosynthetic oxygenation in the water ecosystem decreases. The combination of measuring CO2 exchange by IRGA with a cyto‐physiological investigation by determining the time of deplasmolysis of leaves is used for the prediction of vitality long before damage including lethal effects are to be recognizend morphologically.
Chemistry of Tasmanian Inland Waters
Authors: Buckney R. T. , Tyler P. A.
Published: February 2007

A few of Tasmania's several thousand lakes and rivers have been sampled in a preliminary survey of water chemistry. They range in concentration from extremely dilute glacial lakes (TDS < 10 ppm) to hypersaline lagoons (TDS > 85%), the majority being dilute (TDS < 50 ppm). The 3 mechanisms controlling water chemistry proposed by GIBBS (1970) are seen to operate and the 3 terminal water types showing precipitation‐dominance, rock‐dominance and solubility‐limited composition are found, together with a range of intermediates. The majority of waters have seawater ionic composition or moderate geochemical modification of this.
Lakes Sorell and Crescent—A Tasmanian Paradox
Authors: Cheng D. M. H. , Tyler P. A.
Published: February 2007

Lakes Sorell and Crescent are closely adjacent shallow lakes on the Tasmanian Central Plateau. They have similar morphometry and similar climate, geology, soils and vegetation in their catchments. They are polymictic, oxygen‐saturated and colourless but turbid. They have soft water with major ions Na, Ca, Mg, Cl, HCO3present in almost equi‐ionic quantities, and a slightly alkaline reaction. Chemically they are alike, the major difference being a 20% higher salinity in Crescent from 1967–69. During 1969–71 heavy rains reduced this difference. Water frequently flows from Sorell to Crescent in any year.

Despite these similarities their phytoplankton populations differ markedly in every respect—species composition, population structure, population stability and total biomass. Lake Crescent has a standing crop 10 X that of Sorell. The former is eutrophic, the latter mesotrophic. Well marked seasonal cycles do not occur but sporadic fluctuations of biomass are brought about by hydrologic or other events.

The pronounced differences in every aspect of plankton populations in two so similar and connected lakes cannot yet be explained. They remain a limnological paradox.
Degenerative and constructive features of a phylogeneticcaly young cave form of Poecilia sphenops (Pisces, Poeciliidae)
Authors: Peters Nicolaus , Peters Gabriele , Parzefall Jakob , Wilkens Horst
Published: February 2007

DARWIN's statement, that rudimentary parts of organisms are apt to be highly variable, is also true for the regressive structures of cavernicolous animals. On the other hand, adaptive traits develop under cave conditions, the variability of which is lowered rather than increased, compared to that of their precursors in the epigean population. These differences in the genetically controlled variability of constructive and degenerative features indicate action and nonaction of natural selection.
Site Variation in Littoral Periphyton Populations: Correlation and Regression with Environmental Factors
Authors: Brown S‐D.
Published: February 2007

Over a six month period, littoral periphyton communities on vertically oriented glass slides were quantitatively sampled from four stations in Elk Lake, British Columbia. Correlation and multiple regression analyses were employed to assess the temporal interrelationships between 15 environmental variables, concurrently measured, and the periphyton populations, expressed as total cell counts and species diversity, for the complete data set of each station. At all stations there was a statistically significant increase in total cell populations with increasing length of slide exposure; positive correlations also occurred with pH, temperature, nitrite, nitrate and copper, while negative ones occurred with oxygen, orthophosphate and hardness (magnesium and total). At all but one station there was a significant decrease in species diversity with increasing slide exposure duration, a decrease attributed to the simultaneous increase in standing crop resulting in intensified competition for diminishing substrate area suitable for cell colonization. Multiple stepwise regression analyses demonstrated that greater than 80% of the variation in periphyton total cells at all four stations could be reliably predicted or described in terms of length of slide exposure, phosphate (ortho and total), and hardness (calcium and total). On the other hand, exposure duration and total cell populations were the most important variables associated with changes in species diversity at three of the four stations. In general, correlations and regressions between standing crop and environmental variables were more statistically reliable and consistent between stations than comparable analyses with species diversity. Use of multiple regression and correlation disclosed the importance of small, non statistically significant variation in ecologically relevant variables and permitted objective comparison of stations.
Faunistic‐Ecological Investigations on the Fresh Water Fauna of Subterranean Biotopes and Gypsum Caves in the Southern Harz and Kyffhäuser Mountains
Authors: Laminger Hilde
Published: February 2007

A list of the subterranean fauna of the river basin and cave waters of the southern Harz Mountains and Kyffhäuser Mountains is given.

Both the chemistry of the subterranean waters and the food chain relationships of the subterranean fauna are considered. The biota of the caves is compared to other subterranean fresh water biotopes, and the geographic distribution of the observed species is noted.
Die Verbreitung der Grünalge Chaetophora incrassata im Raum südlich der Ostsee
Authors: Pankow Helmut , Trampe Hartwig
Published: February 2007

The green alga Chaetophora incrassata, which LUTHER describes as alkaliphile, occurs in Lake Kraaz in the northern part of the G. R. D., although it is situated in a sandy region. The appearane can be explained by the special ecological conditions, especially the high input of nutrients and the pH value of 7.4.
Studies on the Regulatory Behaviour of Aquatic Ecosystems and its Significance for the Biological Phosphate Removal
Authors: Benndorf Jürgen , Stelzer Wolfgang
Published: February 2007

Aquatic ecosystems have the ability to compensate for oscillations of the inputs (substrate concentration, dilution rate, temperature). The mechanisms of this buffering capacity are studied in this paper (see fig. 7). The inputs exert an influence on the biomass and the activity of the organisms (activity = specific rate of RNA‐synthesis or specific P‐removal rate [μ/mg biomass day]). The activity is regulated either directly by the inputs and/or indirectly by the biomass. The activity decreases with an increase of the biomass (see fig. 5 and 6). The product of biomass and activity determines the transient response (= effective performance) of the system which is better buffered than biomass or activity alone.

Considering the theory developed in this paper the effect of shock loadings on the phosphate removal in preimpoundment basins of drinking water reservoirs is discussed.
Limnological Investigations in Lakes of the Pokhara Valley, Nepal
Authors: Maeda Osamu , Ichimura Shun‐Ei
Published: February 2007

Four subtropical mountain lakes in western Nepal were investigated for their plankton content and hydrographical conditions. Phytoplankton species composition, vertical distribution and seasonal variations were studied, and physical (temperature, visibility, electrical conductivity) and chemical (pH‐value, alkalinity) properties of the lakes measured. The lakes rank among the subtropical monomictic type with thermal stratification and have a very low electrical conductivity. The phytoplankton (made up of diatom‐desmid and dinoflagellate associations) comprised a mixture of species from tropical, Indo‐Malayan and temperate regions; species from temperate regions, however, predominated.
Penilia avirostris DANA in the Indian Ocean (Cladocera)
Authors: Croce Norberto Della
Published: February 2007

The records of the marine cladoceran Penilia avirostris DANA in the Indian Ocean are discussed as a further contribution to studies on the features of its world distribution. The review has pointed out different aspects of the life cycle of the species and the influence of biological and environmental factors upon the mechanisms of the cycle itself. Production of P. avirostris is considered on a trophic basis. Observations carried out elsewhere are also discussed.
Investigations Concerning the Influence of Hydrostatic Pressure upon the O2‐exchange of Marine Benthic Algae
Authors: Shameel Mustafa
Published: February 2007

The after effects of non‐ecological hydrostatic pressures were studied upon the rates of respiration and photosynthesis of certain benthic algae from the Baltic Sea, North Sea and the Mediterranean Sea. The influences of different pressure intensities and the different durations of pressure were analyzed. It was observed how different parts of the same thallus are effected in their gas exchange by the same pressure. The interrelationships between hydrostatic pressure and the different ecofactors e. g. temperature, salinity, pH and O2‐concentration of the external medium were also studied. Furthermore the seasonal variations, the behaviour of shallow and deep water algae, the comparison of different ecotypes and the differences in taxonomically closely related algae were observed in regard to their pressure resistance.
Species Diversity of Periphyton Communities in the Littoral of a Temperate Lake
Authors: Brown Sharon‐Dale
Published: February 2007

Species diversity of littoral periphyton sampled from Elk Lake (B. C., Canada) was dependent on station location and period of substrate exposure. Site differences were not statistically related to physico‐chemical variables. However, diversity was negatively correlated with age of the communities and standing crop, and appeared to be associated with biological interaction or competition for available substrate surface. Further investigation revealed that the Shannon‐Weaver index, as commonly applied, was inappropriate for data summarization since it reflected only the changes in evenness of the most abundant species. Components of the diversity index, as illustrated by the periphyton, were discussed.
A Limnological Survey of Lake Mainit, Philippines
Authors: Lewis William M.
Published: February 2007

Morphology, bathymetry and climate are described for Lake Mainit, one of the principal lakes of Southeast Asia. Thermal and water chemistry data show that the lake is not meromictic, despite its great depth, and that the water is dilute. Primary production is high but standing crop and diversity of phytoplankton and zooplankton range from moderate to low. The species composition of plankton and other biota is discussed.
Production and Utilization of Dissolved Organic Carbon During in situ Phytoplankton Photosynthesis Measurements
Authors: Allen Harold L.
Published: February 2007

Rates of phytoplankton photosynthesis, extracellular release of dissolved organic carbon, and production or utilization of dissolved organic carbon during in situ incubation were measured in a soft‐water Vermont lake during summer thermal stratification.

Phytoplankton photosynthesis rates were frequently in the range of 300–600 mg C m−2 of lake surface day−1; extracellular release of previously fixed organic carbon was generally in the range of 20–75% of the carbon incorporated into cell biomass, as determined by gas‐phase radio‐analysis. Rates of increase or decrease in total dissolved organic carbon occurring in light and dark incubated phytoplankton samples, during brief (4 hour) in situ measurements, indicate that a significant fraction of the total dissolved organic carbon „pool”︁ is probably labile and rapidly being cycled.
Feeding Mechanisms and Comparative Functional Morphology of Macrothricidae (Crustacea : Cladocera)
Authors: Sergeev V. N.
Published: February 2007

Feeding of the Macrothricidae is accomplished b y two principal methods: active collection of food from the substrate surface and filtration of suspended particles. As differentiated from Ilyocryptus sordidus and Lathonura rectirostris, Ophryoxus gracilis is equipped with the most universal set of limbs allowing catching of food along with filtratory feeding. They are described in detail.

Lathonura rectirostris is a highly specialized species, an inhabitant of plant thickets, since i t adapted to feeding on epiphytic algae and particles at the plant surface. Feeding is accomplished only by scraping or catching food by means of complexes of setae of the II pair of limbs. Filtratory feeding and appropriate structures are lacking.

The structure and action of the limb apparatus of Ilyocryptus sordidus rule out active catching of food particles.
On the Fluorescence Microscopy of Cnidaria Nematocysts
Authors: Kabisch Klaus
Published: February 2007

Fresh Cnidaria nematocysts are stained well with the fluorochromes Acridinorange, Coriphosphine, and Pseudoisocyanine. On paraffin sections they can only be demonstrated with Pseudoisocyanine after acid oxydation.
Decomposition of Dissolved Carbohydrates Derived from Diatoms of Lake Yuno‐ko
Authors: Ogura Norio , Gotoh Tadashi
Published: February 2007

The aerobic decomposition of freshwater phytoplankton was monitored over a 10 day period to determine rates of production and microbial utilization of total dissolved organic carbon and dissolved carbohydrates. Following molecular weight fractionation of the total dissolved organic and carbohydrate carbon produced, it was found that each component contained a highly labile as well as a partially refractory fraction. Specific decomposition rate constants were determined for both fractions. Molecular weight retention characteristics of the ultrafilter used were also evaluated.
Food of White Catfish, Ictalurus catus (LINN.) (Ictaluridae) Stocked in Farm Ponds
Authors: Devaraj K. V.
Published: February 2007

Stomach contents of 124 white catfish, Ictalurus catus, ranging from 51 to 431 mm collected from farm ponds of Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama were examined. Fishes in these ponds were given supplemental feed six days a week. Juvenile catfish below 100 mm fed more actively on a variety of food items than larger fish. White catfish measuring 201 mm and above preferred dipterans to other natural food items. In all size groups supplemental feed occupied a dominant position when compared to other food items. Other food items present in the stomachs in varying quantities included detritus, micro‐crustaceans, trichopterans, fish remains and miscellaneous items, thus indicating the omnivorous feeding of white catfish.
The Effects of Hydrostatic Pressure on Living Aquatic Organisms II. Pressure Chambers, Apparatus and Experimental Methods Used in the Florida State University Hyperbaric Ecology Program (1970–73)
Authors: Menzies Robert J. , George Robert Y. , Avent Robert M.
Published: February 2007

The methods and pressure chambers used in the experiments are described. Special attention is paid to standardization of results, to problems of operation, adiabatic heating, safety procedures, and philosophy of operation of the pressure systems in the exploration of the problem.
The Effects of Hydrostatic Pressure on Living Aquatic Organisms VIII. Behavioral and Metabolic Responses of Uca pugilator to Variations in Hydrostatic Pressure and Temperature
Authors: Avent Robert M.
Published: February 2007

In systematic examination of the pressure responses of a broad spectrum of organic life, it is very important to know the range of variation exhibited by a single species. As a consequence of extensive observations on the effects of pressure and temperature on behavioral responses, lethality, and metabolic responses, it is clear that the range of variation in pressure required to induce a response diminishes as the species taxon is approached. The rate of exposure to pressure does not influence the pressure required for reversible behavioral responses. In contrast, the duration of pressure dramatically influences the pressure required to achieve death with the shorter time periods requiring much higher pressure levels than the longer time periods. Notwithstanding this relationship there appears some evidence suggesting that short term acclimation to pressure does occur.
Electron Microscope Observations on the Fine Structure of the Chloroplasts of Algae. II. The Chloroplasts of Caulerpa (Chlorophyceae)
Authors: Hori Terumitsu
Published: February 2007

The plastid ultrastructure of 12 species of Caulerpa (Chlorophyceae) was investigated by the electron microscope. A simpler pyrenoid structure was demonstrated in one species. The conspicuous concentric lamellar bodies, which are characteristic of algae with heteroplasty, were present both in the chloroplasts and the amyloplasts of all the species examined. The possible function and taxonomical value of the bodies were discussed.
Der Vitaminbedarf der Regenbogenforelle (Salmo gairdneri)
Authors: Steffens Werner
Published: February 2007

The Vitamin Requirements of Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)

A sufficient supply of vitamins is of major importance in Salmonidae feeding. Therefore considerable amounts of vitamins must be added to complete mixed feed for rainbow trout. The author gives a survey of the function of the various vitamins in the organism and describes the vitamin deficiency symptoms found on Salmonidae, especially on rainbow trout. Finally, recommendations are given for the vitaminization of mixed feed for rainbow trout.
Die Korallenriffe Kubas III. Riegelriff und Korallenterrasse, zwei verwandte Erscheinungen des Bankriffes
Authors: Kühlmann Dietrich H. H.
Published: February 2007

The Coral Reefs of Cuba. III. Cross‐bar Reef and Coral Terrace, Two Related Phenomenona of the Bank Reef Los arrecifes de corales de Cuba. III. Arrecife de tranca y terraza de corales, dos fenomenos parientes del arrecife banco

Aqualungs were used for the study of the coral reefs of Cuba, about which comparatively little has been known so far. Their small dimensions and their position close to the coastline or in the central part of the island plateau, instead of along the shelf edge, can be attributed to the inhibiting and delaying influence of glacial periods. The different types of reefs and other coral habitats originated as a result of geological, hydrological and biological factors, while the formation of coral associations was dependent on the prevailing physical and chemical features of the environment. The following is a description of the cross‐bar reef and the coral terrace, two coral habitats. The present work continues earlier articles related to the subject and published in this periodical.
Limnological Features of a Tropical Impoundment, Bhavanisagar Reservoir (Tamil Nadu), India
Authors: Sreenivasan A.
Published: February 2007

In the Bhavanisagar Reservoir a stable thermal stratification did not occur, but the thermal stability was fairly high. Oxygen deficits occurred frequently as well as complete anoxic conditions. Influx of flood waters improved the bottom oxygen conditions. This together with other factors indicates a high level of metabolic activity and productivity. Primary production rates were fairly high. There has been a change in fish population; some introduced species (like Catla and Labeo calbasu) have increased in the catches. It is felt that more fish could be exploited from this reservoir.