bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sobre el escandaloso "Llibre de les bèsties" de Ramón Llull y su audiencia
Authors: Butiñá Jiménez Julia
Published: December 2014

Las referencias a los apostólicos por parte de Ramón Llull permiten plantear el Llibre de les bésties como una crítica a los miembros de aquella secta, quietistas y antijerárquicos. Ello explicaría la inserción natural de este libro como un capítulo más de Llibre de meravelles, que anteriormente parecía una inclusión forzada. A su vez, contribuiría a interpretar su estridente inmoralidad, la cual resalta que hay que actuar aprovechando todos los recursos, de acuerdo con la ordenación de la Creación, como hacen los animales que sirven de ejemplo, activos y fieles a su rey.The references of Ramón Llull to the apostolics allows us to see the Llibre de les bésties as a criticism of the members of that sect. This explains the natural inclusión of this book just like a chapter of the Llibre de meravelles, which otherwise seemed a torced insertion. It also contributes to the interpretation of his strident immorality, which justifies itself because is necessary to act. That is, to act using all the resources in accordance with the order of Creation, as do the animáis that are exemplars, actives and loyals to his king.
Fernando IV de Castilla (1295-1312) : perfil de un reinado
Authors: González Mïnguez César
Published: December 2014

A partir del análisis de la personalidad de Fernando IV de Castilla (1295-1312) se ha pretendido hacer una interpretación de su reinado, hilvanada a través de la secuencia de tres importantes tratados, el de Alcañices (1297), el de Torrellas (1304) y el de Alcalá de Henares (1308) y del enfrentamiento permanente que el monarca mantuvo con la nobleza asi como de su política exterior.After analysing the personality of Fernando IV of Castile (1295-1312) we have tried an interpretation of his epoch following the sequence of three seminal treaties, Alcañices (1297), Torrellas (1304) and Alcalá de Henares (1308), his permanent struggles and confrontations with the nobility as his foreign policy.
Evolución del derecho cambiario bajomedieval : aportación templaria
Authors: Torre Muñoz de Morales Ignacio de la
Published: December 2014

El presente articulo aborda los diferentes contratos cambiarios surgidos desde el siglo XI, y que confluyen en el nacimiento de la letra de cambio en los siglos xiii-xiv. A partir de aquí, el trabajo analiza la aportación de la Orden del Temple a la referida evolución del derecho cambiarlo, en comparación con las aportaciones efectuadas por los italianos, para finalizar concluyendo quién aportó qué en la carrera hacia la letra de cambio.The present article approaches the different mercantile contracts arisen from the XI century, and that come together in the birth of the letter of exchange in the xiii-xiv centuries. From here, the work analyzes the contribution of the Order of the Temple to the above-mentioned evolution of mercantile law, in comparison with the advances brought by the Italian houses. The article concludes who contributed what in the career towards the letter of change.
Presentación
Authors: Cantera Montenegro Enrique
Published: December 2014

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La Hermandad de los Montes de Toledo entre los siglos XIV y XV
Authors: Sánchez Benito José María
Published: December 2014

Si la Santa Hermandad Vieja de Toledo, Talavera y Ciudad Real en su conjunto, y las dos últimas, en particular, han sido objeto de diferentes estudios, aludiendo tanto a la Edad Media como a la Moderna, la rama toledana, por el menor número de fuentes aprovectiables para su estudio, aun siendo la principal de las tres fia permanecido en una penumbra que no tiene parangón en el caso de sus dos gemelas. El presente artículo tiene como fin profundizar en sus características, organización y funciones, insistiendo en lo que tiene de peculiar, en una cronología —entre los siglos xiv y xv— que resulta especialmente interesante para comprender el proceso evolutivo de esta institución.If the Holy Oíd Brotfiertiood of Toledo, Talavera and Ciudad Real, considered as a whole, and the last two, in particular, have been the purpose of several studies that mentioned their existence both during the Middie Ages and the Modern Age, the Toledan Branch, although it was the main one of the three, has been almost ignored due to the less number of sources available to its study. This situation is incomparable with its two other twin sisters. The article deals with the study in depth of the features, organization and functions, and emphasizing its peculiarities, during the XlVth and XVth century. This is specially interesting to understand the evolution process of this institution.
Las ordenanzas municipales antiguas de 1400 de la ciudad de Toledo
Authors: Morrollón Hernández Pilar
Published: December 2014

Análisis y transcripción de las primeras Ordenanzas Municipales escritas que tuvo la ciudad de Toledo, según los manuscritos conservados en el Archivo Municipal de Toledo.The analysis and transcription of the Oíd City By-Laws of Toledo, according the manuscripts preserved in its Town Archive.
El archivo familiar de Domingo Peláez y María de Esteban e hijos, labradores de Villacete, León (1216-1233)
Authors: Casado Quintanilla Blas
Published: December 2014

Domingo Peláez y su esposa María de Esteban forman una familia de labradores en Villacete, aldea próxima a la ciudad de León. Compran tierras, solares, prados y viñas para ampliar su explotación agrícola y conservan los documentos acreditativos de su derecho de propiedad.Domingo Peláez and his wife María de Esteban form a family of farmers in Villacete, village next to the city of León. They buy land, lots, meadows and vineyards to extend their farming, and they keep documents which prove their rights of property.
Exención fiscal nobiliaria en el ámbito local bajomedieval : en torno a tres documentos de la villa de Belmonte
Authors: Díaz de la Guardia y López Luis
Published: December 2014

Fundamentado en tres documentos inéditos de la villa de Belmonte (siglos XIV, XV y XVI) y en documentación del Archivo Histórico Nacional (AHN), del Archivo General de Simancas (AGS) y de la Real Chancillería de Granada (ARChG), el autor reflexiona sobre las exenciones nobiliarias en al ámbito local en relación con la problemática de las tierras pecheras en la Corona de Castilla.Basing on three unpublished documents of the town of Belmonte (XIV-XVI c.) and the documentation of AHN (The National Historical Archive), AGS (The General Archive of Simancas) and ARChG (The Royal Chancellery Archive of Granada), the author reflects on the fiscal immunities of the nobility in the local area related to the problem of the taxable lands in the Reign of Castile.
Producción local, abastecimiento urbano y regulación municipal : el marco legal del vino en Bilbao (S. XIV-XVI)
Authors: Rivera Medina Ana María
Published: December 2014

En el presente trabajo pretendemos analizar la política intervencionista del Ayuntamiento de Bilbao, entre los siglos XIV y XVI, sobre el cultivo, producción y comercialización de vinos, tanto locales como foráneos, en un momento de transición: el paso de la Baja Edad Media al comienzo de la Modernidad. Intentaremos, igualmente, demostrar cómo el Ayuntamiento, máxima expresión del poder local, regula los distintos ámbitos de la viticultura, con el fin de proteger la producción local frente a la competencia de los vinos foráneos, con el propósito de lograr el abastecimiento de la Villa.The present article analyzes the interventionist politics of the City council of Bilbao, among the XIV and XVI centuries, on the cultivation, production and commercialization of wines, so much local as foreign, in a transition moment: the pass from the Late Middle Ages to the beginning of the Modern period. We will attempt, equally, to demonstrate how the City council, maximum expression of the local power, regulates the different environments of the viticulture, with the purpose of protecting the local production in front of the competition of the foreign wines, with the purpose of achieving the supply of the Villa.
Aproximación al suelo habitable en la Ribeira Sacra durante los siglos XIV y XV
Authors: López Sabatel José Antonio
Published: December 2014

Este estudio pretende establecer un acercamiento a la parte del espacio agrario destinada por el individuo para habitar en él, siempre en el seno del área de influencia de cinco cenobios situados a ambas márgenes del río Sil, en el tramo precedente a su desembocadura en el Miño. No será objeto de este trabajo, por consiguiente, centrarse en el hábitat derivado de la ordenación del poder sobre el espacio ocupado. Por el contrario, este estudio se orientará hacia la observación del hábitat generado por la explotación del espacio ocupado, es decir el casal, como explotación campesina familiar y sus anexos y dependencias.This study tries to establish an approach to the part of the agrarian space destined by the individual to always live in him in the area of influence of five monasteries located to both margins of the Sil river in the preceding section to its opening in the Miño. It will not be object of this work, therefore, to be centered in the habitat derived from the arrangement of the power on the occupied space. On the contrary, this study will orient towards the observation of the habitat generated by the operation of the occupied space that is to say, the country place, like operation familiar farmer and her annexed and dependencies.
La Carta de Niquinta y la "Ecclesia Aranensis" : una reflexión sobre los orígenes del catarismo en Cataluña
Authors: Gascón Chopo Carles
Published: December 2014

La carta de Niquinta es un documento controvertido que, pese a ello, contiene algunas claves que pueden ser muy útiles para establecer las líneas básicas de la penetración del catarismo en Cataluña. De este modo, la presencia de una delegación del Valle de Arán en la asamblea herética de Saint-Félix de Caraman en 1167 y la mención de «Leridam» como límite meridional de la iglesia disidente, son dos indicios que señalan la antigüedad de los primeros contactos con la herejía, así como sus principales vías de propagación.The Charter of Niquinta is a controversial document that, nevertheless, contains some keys which can be very useful to establish the fundamental bases for the penetration of Catharism in Catalonia. Thus, the presence of a delegation of the Valley of Aran in the heretical Council of Saint-Félix-de-Caraman in 1167 and the mention of «Leridam» as the southern boundary of the dissident church are two signs that show the antiquity of the first contacts with the heresy, as well as its main ways of spreading.
El origen de la Mesa Maestral en la Orden de San
Authors: López Fernández Manuel
Published: December 2014

En las páginas siguientes tratamos de analizar las circunstancias que originaron el nacimiento de la Mesa Maestral en la Orden de Santiago, así como las consecuencias inmediatas que la aparición de este organismo económico –fuente exclusiva de rentas para los maestres— tuvo en dicha Orden. El análisis lo hacemos apoyándonos en el documento correspondiente al Capítulo General donde se estableció un nuevo rumbo para el reparto de los bienes temporales de la institución santiaguista. A pesar de que dicho documento está sin datar, nuestra opinión es que corresponde al Capítulo General de 1271 y que la Mesa Maestral surgió en el seno de la Orden de Santiago como consecuencia de la presión que los comendadores ejercieron sobre el maestre Pelay Pérez Correa en los años finales de su vida.In the following pages we try to analyze the circumstances that led to the birth of the Masters Bureau in the Order of Santiago, as well as the immediate effects that the birth of this economic body, exclusive source of revenue for the Masters, was in that Order. The analysis we do to build on the document for the General Chapter, which set a new course for the temporary sharing out of property in the santiaguista. institution Although the document is not dated, our view is that belongs to the General Chapter of 1271 and that the Masters Bureau arose within the Order of Santiago as a result of the pressure exerted by the Knight commanders on the grand master Pelayo Perez Correa in the final years of his life.
Presentación
Authors: Echevarría Ana , De la Puente Cristina
Published: December 2014

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El perfil político de la reina María de Molina
Authors: González Mínguez César
Published: December 2014

Movido por la importancia que en los últimos tiempos viene alcanzando la biografía y la historia de las mujeres, se ha pretendido fundamentalmente analizar el protagonismo político de una reina singular, María de Molina, una de las figuras reales femeninas más interesantes de toda nuestra Edad Media. De manera especial se ha valorado su papel como mediadora y pacificadora, destacando su alto concepto de la dignidad real y del papel que la realeza debe y puede jugar como árbitro de la llamada «sociedad política», siguiendo una concepción política a la que da nombre, el «molinismo».In the context of the growing importance of biography and women’s history, the purpose of this article is to assess the political role of a unique queen, María de Molina, one of the most interesting female royal figures of the Hispanic Middle Ages. Specifically, her role as a mediator and a pacifier is examined, stressing her high concept of the royal dignity and of the responsibility that royalty should and must exercise as an arbiter of what is often called political society, following the political concept of «Molinism» that takes its name from this same queen.
Las huellas del miedo en la literatura de viajes medieval : una aproximación metodológica
Authors: Martín Prieto Pablo
Published: December 2014

El presente trabajo propone una aproximación metodológica al miedo como emoción ligada a los viajes y peregrinaciones en la Edad Media. Una selección de fuentes editadas de la literatura de viajes medieval sirve como base para el análisis de diversas expresiones de temor debidas a una amplia variedad de viajeros medievales. En estas fuentes, el mar, los peligros de posibles agresiones, la enfermedad, la soledad y lo desconocido prevalecen ampliamente entre los motivos de temor aducidos por los viajeros. En ellas también se señala la reacción positiva frente al miedo, manifiesta en remedios como la devoción y el conocimiento. El artículo enmarca el interés del tema dentro del ámbito y los métodos de la historia de las emociones.This study presents a methodological approach to fear as a phenomenon connected with travels and pilgrimages in the Middle Ages. A selection of published sources from medieval travel literature is used to analyse expressions of fear on the part of a wide variety of different medieval travellers. The sea, dangers of potential attacks, illness, solitude, and the unknown stand out among the most frequently confessed motives for the fear of travellers in these sources. These sources also record positive reactions to fear as evidenced by solutions found in devotion and knowledge. This study falls within the scope and method of the history of emotions.
RESEÑA de : Franco Silva, Alfonso. Los discursos políticos de la nobleza castellana en el siglo XV. Cádiz: Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Cádiz, 2012.
Authors: Fuente Pérez María Jesús
Published: December 2014

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Sibling Synergy
Authors: Lappin Terry R.J.
Published: December 2014

The sister journals Stem Cells and Stem Cells Translational Medicine have synergistic roles, although there is often considerable overlap in content between them. Whereas Stem Cells is primarily concerned with advancing basic knowledge of mechanism and function, Stem Cells Translational Medicine is geared toward the application of such advances for clinical benefit.
Ion Exchange Membranes for Electrodialysis: A Comprehensive Review of Recent Advances
Authors: Jiang Chenxiao , Hossain Md. Masem , Li Yan , Wang Yaoming , Xu Tongwen
Published: December 2014

Electrodialysis related processes are effectively applied in desalination of sea and brackish water, waste water treatment, chemical process industry, and food and pharmaceutical industry. In this process, fundamental component is the ion exchange membrane (IEM), which allows the selective transport of ions. The evolvement of an IEM not only makes the process cleaner and energy-efficient but also recovers useful effluents that are now going to wastes. However ion-exchange membranes with better selectivity, less electrical resistance, good chemical, mechanical and thermal stability are appropriate for these processes. For the development of new IEMs, a lot of tactics have been applied in the last two decades. The intention of this paper is to briefly review synthetic aspects in the development of new ion-exchange membranes and their applications for electrodialysis related processes.
Investigation of Best Operating Conditions for Treatment of Oily Wastewters with Hollow Fiber Ultrafiltartion Membranes
Authors: Abbasi Mohsen , Sebzari Mohammad Reza
Published: December 2014

This paper investigates the optimum operating conditions for treatment of oily wastewaters by application of UF process using the Taguchi method. The following operating conditions have been considered in this investigation: Back Wash time; Trans-membrane pressure (TMP); Flow rate and temperature. The optimum operating conditions of UF were found as follows: Backwash time of 5 s; TMP of 2 bar; Flow rate of 12 L min-1 and temperature of 30 °C.
Experimental results presents that the importance level of the percentage contributions of each item is: (1) TMP (98.80 %), (2) back wash time (7.85 %), (3) flow rate (1.11 %), and (4) the feed temperature (0.819 %).
Dopamine drives Drosophila sechellia adaptation to its toxic host
Authors: Lavista-Llanos Sofía , Svatoš Aleš , Kai Marco , Riemensperger Thomas , Birman Serge , Stensmyr Marcus C , Hansson Bill S
Published: December 2014

Many insect species are host-obligate specialists. The evolutionary mechanism driving the adaptation of a species to a toxic host is, however, intriguing. We analyzed the tight association of Drosophila sechellia to its sole host, the fruit of Morinda citrifolia, which is toxic to other members of the melanogaster species group. Molecular polymorphisms in the dopamine regulatory protein Catsup cause infertility in D. sechellia due to maternal arrest of oogenesis. In its natural host, the fruit compensates for the impaired maternal dopamine metabolism with the precursor l-DOPA, resuming oogenesis and stimulating egg production. l-DOPA present in morinda additionally increases the size of D. sechellia eggs, what in turn enhances early fitness. We argue that the need of l-DOPA for successful reproduction has driven D. sechellia to become an M. citrifolia obligate specialist. This study illustrates how an insect's dopaminergic system can sustain ecological adaptations by modulating ontogenesis and development.
SPECIALIZATION OF GRADED MODULES
Authors: Nhi Dam Van
Published: July 2002

The paper shows that specializations of finitely generated graded modules are also graded and that many important invariants of graded modules and ideals are preserved by specializations.

AMS 2000 Mathematics subject classification: Primary 13A02
CANOPY CHARACTERISTICS OF CONTRASTING CLONES OF CACAO (THEOBROMA CACAO)
Authors: Daymond A. J. , Hadley P. , Machado R. C. R. , Ng E.
Published: July 2002

Canopy characteristics (leaf area index, fractional light interception, extinction coefficient) of mature trees of ten clonally propagated cacao cultivars were measured over a period of 14 months at an experiment site in Bahia, Brazil. Differences in leaf area index between clones became more pronounced over time. When an approximately constant leaf area index was reached (after about nine months), the leaf area index varied between clones from 2.8 to 4.5. Clonal differences in the relationship between leaf area index and fractional light interception implied differences in canopy architecture, as reflected by the range of extinction coefficients (mean values ranged from 0.63 for the clone TSH-565 to 0.82 for CC-10). The results demonstrate the potential for breeding more photosynthetically efficient cacao canopies.
Clinal variation in Drosophila serrata for stress resistance and body size
Authors: HALLAS REBECCA , SCHIFFER MICHELE , HOFFMANN ARY A.
Published: July 2002

Clines for size and stress resistance traits have been described for several Drosophila species and replicable clines across different species may indicate climatic selection. Here we consider clines in stress resistance traits in an Australian endemic species, D. serrata, by comparing levels of variation within and among isofemale lines initiated with flies collected from the eastern coast of Australia. We also consider clinal variation in chill coma recovery, a trait that has recently been shown to exhibit high levels of variation among Drosophila species. Patterns were compared with those in the cosmopolitan species D. melanogaster from the same area. Both desiccation and starvation resistance showed no clinal pattern despite heritable variation among isofemale lines. In contrast chill coma resistance exhibited a linear cline in the anticipated direction, resistance increasing with latitude. Body size was measured as wing length and body weight. Both traits showed geographic variation and strong non-linear clines with a sharp reduction in size in the tropics. These results are discussed in the context of climatic selection and evolutionary processes limiting species borders.
Mapping of genetic loci that change pheromone discrimination in Drosophila males
Authors: McMAHON CONOR , SUREAU GILLES , FERVEUR JEAN-FRANÇOIS
Published: July 2002

Reproduction in individual animals of sexual species depends largely upon their ability to detect and distinguish specific signal(s) among those produced by various potential sexual partners. In Drosophila melanogaster males, there is a natural polymorphism for discrimination of female and male principal pheromones that segregates with chromosome 3. We have mapped two loci on chromosome 3 that change sex-pheromone discrimination in males. We successively exploited meiotic recombination, deficiencies and enhancer-trap strains; excision of the transposon in two selected enhancer-trap strains clearly reverted the discrimination phenotype. These results indicate that pheromonal discrimination is a character that can be genetically manipulated, and provide further insights into the evolution of the specific mate recognition system.
Inhibition of oxytocin release during repeated milking in unfamiliar surroundings: the importance of opioids and adrenal cortex sensitivity
Authors: MAČUHOVÁ JULIANA , TANČIN VLADIMIR , KRAETZL WOLF-DIETER , MEYER HEINRICH H. D. , BRUCKMAIER RUPERT M.
Published: July 2002

The aim of this study was to test if the opioid antagonist naloxone has a beneficial effect on normalization of oxytocin (OT) release during repeated milking of cows in unfamiliar surroundings. One control milking without naloxone treatment in all cows was performed in the familiar parlour. For four successive evening milkings, cows were transported to, and milked in, the operating theatre of the research station without (control group) or with naloxone administration (1 mg/kg BW) (naloxone group) before milking. After cessation of spontaneous milk flow, but not before 3 min of milking, vaginal stimulation was applied for 2 min. After milk flow ceased again, 10 IU of OT was injected intravenously to remove the remaining milk including residual milk. Milk flow was recorded continuously and blood samples were collected via a jugular vein cannula at 1-min intervals from 1 min before the start of milking until i.v. injection of OT. The inhibition of milk ejection and its normalization during repeated milking in unfamiliar surroundings was not influenced by naloxone treatment. Concentrations of cortisol and β-endorphin during control milking and all relocations were similar in the naloxone and control groups, although their concentrations were higher after relocations than in the control. Therefore, a role of endogenous opioids in the inhibition of milk ejection in unfamiliar surroundings could not be demonstrated. In addition, the effect of exogenous ACTH1–24 (8 IU, i.v.) on the release of cortisol related to the response of cows milked in unfamiliar surroundings was studied. Cows with totally inhibited milk ejection in response to vaginal stimulation during milking after first relocation had numerically, but not significantly lower cortisol levels (8·8±3·4 ng/ml; AUC/min) in response to ACTH than did cows with at least partial milk ejection (38·7±12·9 ng/ml). Thus animals with a higher adrenal response to ACTH seemed to have less severe inhibition of milk ejection.
On the distortion of turbulence by a progressive surface wave
Authors: TEIXEIRA M. A. C. , BELCHER S. E.
Published: July 2002

A rapid-distortion model is developed to investigate the interaction of weak turbulence
with a monochromatic irrotational surface water wave. The model is applicable when
the orbital velocity of the wave is larger than the turbulence intensity, and when
the slope of the wave is sufficiently high that the straining of the turbulence by the
wave dominates over the straining of the turbulence by itself. The turbulence suffers
two distortions. Firstly, vorticity in the turbulence is modulated by the wave orbital
motions, which leads to the streamwise Reynolds stress attaining maxima at the wave
crests and minima at the wave troughs; the Reynolds stress normal to the free surface
develops minima at the wave crests and maxima at the troughs. Secondly, over several
wave cycles the Stokes drift associated with the wave tilts vertical vorticity into the
horizontal direction, subsequently stretching it into elongated streamwise vortices,
which come to dominate the flow. These results are shown to be strikingly different
from turbulence distorted by a mean shear flow, when ‘streaky structures’ of high and
low streamwise velocity fluctuations develop. It is shown that, in the case of distortion
by a mean shear flow, the tendency for the mean shear to produce streamwise vortices
by distortion of the turbulent vorticity is largely cancelled by a distortion of the mean
vorticity by the turbulent fluctuations. This latter process is absent in distortion by
Stokes drift, since there is then no mean vorticity.

The components of the Reynolds stress and the integral length scales computed
from turbulence distorted by Stokes drift show the same behaviour as in the simulations
of Langmuir turbulence reported by McWilliams, Sullivan & Moeng (1997).
Hence we suggest that turbulent vorticity in the upper ocean, such as produced
by breaking waves, may help to provide the initial seeds for Langmuir circulations,
thereby complementing the shear-flow instability mechanism developed by Craik &
Leibovich (1976).

The tilting of the vertical vorticity into the horizontal by the Stokes drift tends
also to produce a shear stress that does work against the mean straining associated
with the wave orbital motions. The turbulent kinetic energy then increases at the
expense of energy in the wave. Hence the wave decays. An expression for the wave
attenuation rate is obtained by scaling the equation for the wave energy, and is found
to be broadly consistent with available laboratory data.
Eigenmode resonance in a two-layer stratification
Authors: KANDA ISAO , LINDEN P. F.
Published: July 2002

In this paper, we study the velocity field at the density interface of a two-layer
stratification system when the flow is forced at the mid-depth of the lower layer
by the source–sink forcing method. It is known that, in a sufficiently strong linear
stratification, the source–sink forcing in certain configurations produces a single-vortex
pattern which corresponds to the lowest eigenmode of the Helmholtz equation
(Kanda & Linden 2001). Two types of forcing configuration are used for the two-layer
experiments: one that leads to a steady single-vortex pattern in a linear stratification,
and one that results in an unsteady irregular state. Strong single-vortex patterns appear
intermittently for the former configurations despite the absence of stratification at
the forcing height. When the single-vortex pattern occurs at the density interface, a
similar flow field extends down to the forcing height. The behaviour is explained as the
coupling of the resonant eigenmode at the interface with the horizontal component of
the forcing jets. The results show that stratification can organise a flow, even though
it is forced by an apparently random three-dimensional forcing.
Deterministic and stochastic behaviour of
non-Brownian spheres in sheared suspensions
Authors: DRAZER GERMAN , KOPLIK JOEL , KHUSID BORIS , ACRIVOS ANDREAS
Published: July 2002

The dynamics of macroscopically homogeneous sheared suspensions of neutrally
buoyant, non-Brownian spheres is investigated in the limit of vanishingly small
Reynolds numbers using Stokesian dynamics. We show that the complex dynamics
of sheared suspensions can be characterized as a chaotic motion in phase space and
determine the dependence of the largest Lyapunov exponent on the volume fraction ϕ.
We also offer evidence that the chaotic motion is responsible for the loss of memory in
the evolution of the system and demonstrate this loss of correlation in phase space. The
loss of memory at the microscopic level of individual particles is also shown in terms
of the autocorrelation functions for the two transverse velocity components. Moreover,
a negative correlation in the transverse particle velocities is seen to exist at the lower
concentrations, an effect which we explain on the basis of the dynamics of two isolated
spheres undergoing simple shear. In addition, we calculate the probability distribution
function of the transverse velocity fluctuations and observe, with increasing ϕ, a
transition from exponential to Gaussian distributions.

The simulations include a non-hydrodynamic repulsive interaction between the
spheres which qualitatively models the effects of surface roughness and other irreversible
effects, such as residual Brownian displacements, that become particularly
important whenever pairs of spheres are nearly touching. We investigate, for very
dilute suspensions, the effects of such a non-hydrodynamic interparticle force on the
scaling of the particle tracer diffusion coefficients Dy and Dz, respectively, along and
normal to the plane of shear, and show that, when this force is very short-ranged,
both are proportional to ϕ2 as ϕ → 0. In contrast, when the range of the non-hydrodynamic
interaction is increased, we observe a crossover in the dependence of
Dy on ϕ, from ϕ2 to ϕ as ϕ → 0. We also estimate that a similar crossover exists for
Dz but at a value of ϕ one order of magnitude lower than that which we were able
to reach in our simulations.
The creation–conservation dilemma and presentist four-dimensionalism
Authors: VALLICELLA WILLIAM F.
Published: July 2002

On traditional theism, God is not only a creator but also a conserver. The doctrine of conservation, however, appears to face a dilemma. Either conservation is continuous re-creation with consequences inimical to diachronic identity, or conservation is an operation upon a pre-existent entity, which, because it is pre-existent, is in no clear need of conservation. This article first makes a case for the dilemma, and then proposes a way between its horns. Safe passage is possible if we adopt presentist four-dimensionalism, i.e. the conjunction of presentism, according to which temporally present items alone exist, and four-dimensionalism, the doctrine that individuals are not continuants but wholes of temporal parts.
A new family of spherical parallel manipulators
Authors: Di Gregorio Raffaele
Published: July 2002

In the literature, 3-RRPRR architectures were proposed to obtain pure translation manipulators. Moreover, the geometric conditions, which 3-RRPRR architectures must match, in order to make the end-effector (platform) perform infinitesimal (elementary) spherical motion were enunciated. The ability to perform elementary spherical motion is a necessary but not sufficient condition to conclude that the platform is bound to accomplish
finite spherical motion, i.e. that the mechanism is a spherical parallel manipulator (parallel wrist). This paper demonstrates that the 3-RRPRR architectures matching the geometric conditions for elementary spherical motion make the platform accomplish finite spherical motion, i.e. they are parallel wrists (3-RRPRR wrist), provided that some singular configurations, named translation singularities, are not reached. Moreover, it shows that 3-RRPRR wrists belong to a family of parallel wrists which share the same analytic expression of the constraints which the legs impose on the platform. Finally, the condition that identifies all the translation singularities of the mechanisms of this family is found
and geometrically interpreted. The result of this analysis is that the translation singularity locus can be represented by a surface (singularity surface) in the configuration space of the mechanism. Singularity surfaces drawn by exploiting the given condition are useful tools in designing these wrists.
Processes in language acquisition: the roles of gender, attention, and maternal encouragement of attention over time
Authors: KARRASS JAN , BRAUNGART-RIEKER JULIA M. , MULLINS JENNIFER , LEFEVER JENNIFER BURKE
Published: July 2002

This longitudinal study including 87 infant–mother dyads examined the relation between infant temperamental attention, maternal encouragement of attention, language, and the effects of gender. At ages 0;4, 0;8, and 1;0, global attention was assessed from Rothbart's (1981) IBQ; manipulative exploration was assessed with the Bayley (1969) IBR; and maternal verbal, visual and physical encouragement of attention were coded from 5 minutes of mother–infant free-play. At 1;0, language was measured using language items from the Bayley Mental Scale and parent-report items from Hendrick, Prather & Tobin's (1984) SICD-Revised. Multiple regressions indicated that gender, infants’ manipulative exploration and maternal physical encouragement of attention at 0;4, and maternal verbal encouragement of attention at 1;0, were all positively related to language at 1;0. Interactions indicated that girls high in 0;8 or 1;0 manipulative exploration had more advanced language skills than girls low in manipulative exploration or than boys, regardless of their attention level. Additionally, maternal verbal encouragement of attention appears to be particularly salient in the development of language for boys.
Optimum Choice of Beacon in Maritime DGNSS Systems
Authors: Last David , Grant Alan
Published: July 2002

Marine radiobeacons are widely used by the maritime community worldwide as an efficient means of broadcasting differential GPS data to users at sea. In Europe and North America, large numbers of these beacons now serve coastal regions, waterways, and some inland areas. Frequently there is overlapping coverage and a choice of stations. But users receive little guidance as to how to select the beacon that gives the highest quality service. Receivers that choose a beacon automatically generally select either the nearest station or the strongest signal. But the performance of the data-link is optimised by choosing the station received with the highest ratio of signal to either noise or interference. With Selective Availability set to zero, spatial dilution and time-to-alarm have become key factors. This paper compares four beacon selection strategies by means of a computer model based on well-established coverage analysis and system design techniques. We recommend a new ‘post-SA’ beacon selection method that chooses the nearest station that meets the time-to-alarm requirement. This strategy has been used to identify the ‘best beacon’ throughout the European Maritime Area, with stations operating in accordance with the new band-plan adopted last September. We also identify the alternate beacon to use if the preferred station should fail.
The Rules of Sailing Races for Hand-Held Devices
Authors: Turner Kenneth J. , Jennings Mark A.
Published: July 2002

The motivation for this paper was to provide computer support on the rules for sailing races. A brief overview is given of sailing terminology and racing rules. It is argued that a useful program for the racing rules should run on hand-held devices. The program should support an archive of rule scenarios, race training, self-learning of the rules, and analysis of rule disputes. SailRule is a freely available program intended to analyse and improve performance in applying the racing rules. The SailRule program has been implemented using the SuperWaba programming environment for hand-held devices. The user interface is described for the rules program. An explanation is given of the principles behind formalising and codifying the racing rules so that they can be efficiently implemented. Examples are given of how the program represents and analyses rule scenarios.
Finding Distance – The Haecke Rangefinder
Authors: Ifland Peter
Published: July 2002

This article is the second in a series dealing with the hand-held instruments and
techniques navigators have used to find distance.

Warships frequently steam in tight formation in order to concentrate defensive
gunfire. It is the Conning Officer's responsibility to keep his ship on station at an
assigned range and bearing from the guide ship, usually the flagship of the Senior
Officer Present Afloat. This can be an easy task when the fleet is steaming along
peacefully, but it becomes a particularly challenging responsibility when the formation
is changing course frequently under battle conditions. In such difficult situations, the
Conning Officer needs all the help he can get.

In the days before radar, and even now when radar and laser are blacked-out, the
Conning Officer had to rely on optical instruments to determine range and bearing.
Bearing always has been easy – a pelorus mounted on the wings of the bridge gives
bearing quickly and accurately. Measuring range is more difficult. Many ingenious
instruments relying on prisms or the doubly reflecting principles of the sextant have
been produced to simplify the task of finding distance (Ifland, 2002).
Differences in alarm vocalizations of sympatric populations of the whistling rats, Parotomys brantsii and P. littledalei (Rodentia: Muridae)
Authors: le Roux A. , Jackson T. P. , Cherry M. I.
Published: July 2002

The alarm vocalizations of the whistling rats Parotomys brantsii and P. littledalei were investigated at the Goegap Nature Reserve in the Northern Cape, South Africa, where they occur sympatrically. Parotomys brantsii's call is a single note vocalization, characterized by an upward frequency sweep and high frequency plateau with a dominant frequency of 10.0 ± 0.3 kHz and duration of 164 ± 11 ms. The alarm whistle of P. littledalei has three overlapping components and is both shorter (53 ± 5 ms) and lower in dominant frequency (7.7 ± 0.1 kHz) than that of P. brantsii. The frequency bandwidth of P. littledalei calls (10.2 ± 0.7 kHz) is significantly higher than that of P. brantsii (6.8 ± 0.4 kHz). These significant distinctions are attributed to habitat preferences of the two species. Our data support the acoustic adaptation hypothesis in that P. littledalei, which inhabits a more closed habitat, has calls which are lower in frequency than P. brantsii calls, but contrary to the hypothesis, P. brantsii calls do not show greater frequency modulation than those of P. littledalei. Despite these differences, the alarm calls of the two species are both high‐pitched, and may have converged in structure to be difficult for predators to locate.
Tusklessness in the elephant population of the Addo Elephant National Park, South Africa
Authors: Whitehouse Anna M.
Published: July 2002

The majority (98%) of the 174 female elephants in South Africa's Addo Elephant National Park are tuskless. Long‐term records are used to assess trends in tusklessness in this elephant population throughout the 20th century. These data are then used to test hypotheses of possible causes of this tusklessness. It is shown that attributes of the region's vegetation (structure and/or nutrient composition) and selective hunting cannot provide adequate explanations for the high frequency of tusklessness among the Addo elephants. Non‐selective genetic changes resulting from the population's isolation, small size and bottlenecks (during the 1800s and 1920s) are suggested to be primarily responsible for the observed tusklessness. The rapid increase in the frequency of tusklessness during the past 70 years provides a phenotypic indicator of underlying genetic drift.
The marginal dentition of the Australian lungfish, Neoceratodus forsteri (Osteichthyes: Dipnoi)
Authors: Kemp A.
Published: July 2002

The dentary, a component of the transient marginal dentition found in the mandible of juveniles of the living Australian lungfish Neoceratodus forsteri, is a tooth plate exactly comparable to the tooth plates with radiating ridges that make up the marginal dentitions of Devonian dipnoans like Andreyevichthys, Orlovichthys and Ichnomylax. In N. forsteri, the dentary consists of two ridges, set almost in line with each other, and growing by the addition of cusps, of increasing sizes, to the extremity of each ridge. It is therefore equivalent to two ridges of a more normal tooth plate with radiating ridges. Despite its appearance, as a long row of sharp cusps ankylosed to a slender bone, and its position, embedded in soft tissue above the anterolabial margin of Meckel's cartilage, it is a tooth plate and is not comparable to the marginal dentitions of other vertebrates. Structure and development of the transient marginal dentition of this lungfish is another indication that dipnoans may not be the sister group of tetrapods.
Reunion vigour: an experimental test of the mate guarding hypothesis in the monogamous sleepy lizard (Tiliqua rugosa)
Authors: How Travis L. , Bull C. Michael
Published: July 2002

The Australian sleepy lizard Tiliqua rugosa forms socially monogamous pair bonds for 6 to 8 weeks each spring before mating occurs. This behaviour could not be explained by any hypothesis involving males helping to rear their young, because pairs split up soon after mating, and males seem to have no contact with the offspring of their partners. Short monogamous associations in other lizard species are often interpreted as mate guarding by the male to assure paternity. The mate guarding hypothesis was tested by experimental separation of pairs at various times during the pairing season. Data from 73 trials indicated that males were more likely to return to females than vice versa, and that the tendency of males to return to females increased as the time of mating approached. Also, reunion was more likely in pairs that had a greater tendency to remain together during the season. These results are consistent with predictions that the monogamous relationship is a form of mate guarding by males. However, the incidence of females re‐uniting with males, and the long duration of pair bonds before mating occurs are not predicted by a mate guarding hypothesis. There may be additional explanations for monogamous pairing in the sleepy lizard.
On a nonlinear heat equation
with a time delay
Authors: LIU YUNKANG
Published: July 2002

A nonlinear forward-backward heat equation with a regularization term was proposed by
Barenblatt et al. [1, 2] to model the heat and mass exchange in stably stratified turbulent
shear flow. It was proven to be well-posed in the case of given initial and Neumann boundary
conditions. However, the solution was found to have an unphysical discontinuity with certain
smooth initial functions. In this paper, a nonlinear heat equation with a time delay originally
used by Barenblatt et al. [1, 2] to derive their model is investigated. The same type of
initial-boundary value problem is shown to have a unique smooth global solution when the
initial function is reasonably smooth. Numerical examples are used to demonstrate that its
solution forms step-like profiles in finite times. A semi-discretization of the initial-boundary
value problem is proved to have a unique asymptotically and globally stable equilibrium.
The Labour Party and Land Reform in the Inter-War Period
Authors: TICHELAR MICHAEL
Published: July 2002

By the outbreak of the Second World War the ‘Land Question’ had lost its power to generate acute political controversy. Yet the issue of land reform did not disappear with the failure of the 1929–31 Labour Government to reintroduce Lloyd George's land taxes. Land reform after 1914 needs to be rescued from an over-identification with the decline of Radical Liberalism. This article will trace the way Labour Party policy developed after 1914. By 1939 it had adopted a set of policies based on the economic protection of agriculture, increased domestic production and marketing. At the same time it argued for the preservation of the countryside through land-use planning. After 1918 a long-term commitment to land nationalisation began to occupy a more important position in its land reform policies, particularly after 1931. In addition, new measures appeared on the party's political agenda for the first time, including the preservation of the countryside against urban intrusion, access to mountain and moorland, and the creation of national parks.
Al-Qūhī: From Meteorology to Astronomy
Authors: Rashed Roshdi
Published: July 2002

Among the phenomena examined in the Meteorologica, some, although they are sublunar, are too distant to be accessible to direct study. To remedy this situation, it was necessary to develop procedures and methods which could allow observation, and above all the geometrical control of observations. The eventual result of this research was to detach the phenomenon under consideration from meteorology, and to insert it within optics or astronomy. Abū Sahl al-Qūhī (second half of the tenth century), composed a treatise on shooting stars in which he carries out such an insertion. In a second treatise, he deals with another type of observation, intended to measure maritime, terrestrial, and celestial surfaces. Here, the author studies al-Qūhī's contribution and gives the editio princeps of these two treatises, as well as their translation.
CALL by design: discourse, products and processes
Authors: LEVY MIKE
Published: July 2002

‘Design’ is a term that is familiar to many language teachers and
CALL practitioners. It is used regularly in relation to curriculum, syllabus, course and task
in the general literature and it occurs in all these areas and more in the CALL sphere where
instructional design, website design, interface design and screen design are just some of the
additional points of focus. This paper aims to look at CALL design in more detail. It places a
particular emphasis on describing the discourse, products and processes of design in CALL. It looks
at what we have learnt about design and points to areas that remain problematical. It also makes
connections with cognate fields whenever these links prove helpful. This study is the second in a
series of three complementary papers which look at research, design and evaluation in CALL (see
Levy, 2000). All use the same corpus of CALL work as a database and the research design and
methodology in each is the same. In this paper the description and discussion is based on 93
articles involving design published in books and journals published in 1999. The descriptive
section is followed by analysis and interpretation with special attention given to the relationship
between theory and design, and the centrality of the task and the learner in the design process.