bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“Acquiescence” Response Set in Personality Inventory Items
Authors: Eysenck S. B. G. , Eysenck H. J.
Published: September 2011

Extraversion and neuroticism questionnaires were studied from the point of view of the existence of response sets, by correlating scores on congruent and incongruent sets of questions. It was found that congruent sets correlated higher than incongruent sets, but the differences were slight on the whole and suggested that response set is not a powerful determinant of personality questionnaire responses. Validation studies with the MPI (S. B. G. Eysenck, 1962) seem to be in line with this conclusion.
The Ethics of Behavior Therapy
Authors: Lomont James F.
Published: September 2011

The meaning and logical implications of determinism in the ethics of behavior therapy are discussed, and the common ethical criticisms of behavior therapy by anti-determinists are countered.
The Semantic Differential and Inferred Identification
Authors: Shell Stanley A. , O'Mally James M. , Johnsgard Keith W.
Published: September 2011

It was hypothesized that the large semantic differential D-scores which separate self concept and parental concepts in neurotic individuals do not necessarily reflect poor identification, but instead are indicative of the positive nature of parental concepts and the neurotic individual's tendency to perceive himself as different from highly valued concepts. Pretest and posttest measures were taken in a group of college students during psychotherapy and in a second group during a course in introductory psychology. It was determined that measured differences between the normal and neurotic groups could be explained in terms of a “distance from positive concept” interpretation.
Effect of UCS Duration on Classical Avoidance Learning of the Bar-Press Response
Authors: Chapman John A. , Bolles Robert C.
Published: September 2011

It was found that rats perform better in a classical avoidance situation when the maximum duration of the UCS on no-response trials is long than when it is short. Although this effect was significant, it cannot account for the generally poor performance obtained. A competing response interpretation is proposed.
Mediation and Forgetting
Authors: Adams Jack A.
Published: September 2011

An experiment was performed to test the hypothesis that the presence of mediation can reduce verbal forgetting. During original learning experimental groups acquired two classes of multiple mediators that intervened between the stimulus and response members of a paired-associate list (A-C). An AB-BC-AC paradigm was used for experimental groups. Control groups did not have the mediators and simply learned the A-C list. All groups recalled the A-C list after either three or seven days. There were 20 Ss in each group. Experimental groups were not found superior to control groups in recall, as hypothesized. One type of mediation actually produced retention inferior to that of control groups. Some implications for mediation, the interference hypothesis of forgetting, and amount recalled, were discussed.
Influence of Anterior Cortical Lesions upon the Cer to Auditory Stimulus under Non-Extinction
Authors: Elder S. Thomas
Published: September 2011

The mo:or and autonomic activity of 72 rats was observed in a grill-box under several combinations of auditory and electric shock stimulation. Post-operative observations carried out under conditions of non-extinction showed sham operations to be as effective as bilateral anterior cortical lesions in producing a change in the motor facet of the CER. In line with earlier reports, high defecation scores produced and maintained by brief electric shock to the feet did not show any apparent alteration in frequency as a result of surgery.
Multiple Descriptions of Classroom Behavior via Pupil Report
Authors: Dunn James A. , Bloom Richard D. , Morse William C.
Published: September 2011

Pupil data were gathered regarding classroom frequency of certain theoretically defined categories of behavior. The higher the incidence of particular categories, the more the class was presumed to be committed to a specific theoretical orientation. The four orientations were learning, child growth and development, mental health, and group dynamics. Homogeneous theory-commitment indices were derived and intercorrelated. The learning, mental health, and group dynamics indices were significantly correlated. The highest correlation was between learning and mental health. As far as Ss were concerned, a strong classroom commitment to learning was not associated with a drop in mental health conditions.
Irrelevant Thirst Drive and Light Aversion
Authors: Dachowski Lawrence
Published: September 2011

In two experiments satiated female albino rats learned to press a bar to turn off a bright light, and performance was measured with 0 or 24 hours thirst added on two test days. The 28 Ss of Exp. I received extinction treatment on the test days; 14 Ss of Exp. II continued dark-rewarded bar pressing on the test days. Added thirst had no over-all effect in Exp. I and decreased performance in Exp. II. Ss extinguished with the light always on performed better than those with the light always off, and the amount of decrease from the first to the second extinction day depended in a complex manner on both lighting and thirst conditions. Thus, Hull's prediction of energization by irrelevant drives is not confirmed. The data were considered in relation to Estes' stimulus theory of drive.
Resistance to Extinction of a Lever-Pulling Response in Humans as Related to Number and Pattern of Reinforcements
Authors: Carment D. W.
Published: September 2011

In this experiment, using a lever-pulling response in humans, 8, 12, and 16 reinforcements in acquisition were combined with 67% reinforcement administered either in a pattern, which was random, random with the last 4 correct responses reinforced or random with the last 6 correct responses reinforced. On the last correct response reinforcement was terminated and S allowed to continue responding as long as he wished. The total number of lever pulls and the number of correct responses made in this period were the dependent measures. It was found that the pattern of reinforcement did not significantly affect resistance to extinction as reflected by either of these measures, whereas Ss who had received 8 reinforcements were more resistant to extinction than Ss who had received either 12 or 16 reinforcements.
On Producing Random Responses
Authors: Weiss Robert L.
Published: September 2011

This paper has surveyed studies of response patterning in an attempt to illustrate the various ways in which this fact of behavior has been used in psychology. The view is expressed that response biasing takes on significance as an important dependent variable when we note that human Ss are unable to generate binary choices in a random sequence even when instructed to do so. Production of random sequences may be intimately related to processes of set and attention; success in generating responses randomly indicates ability to maintain an appropriate set for randomness. Techniques for measuring response patterning, or variability, were reviewed, and a new method was described. Data were presented to illustrate the difficulties encountered by students and psychiatric patients when instructed to generate a random sequence of binary choices. Almost nothing is known about the correlates of ability to maintain a set for randomness, yet there are marked individual differences in this ability. Generating random choices is basically a very non-stimulating task, so that differences in arousal may be of particular importance, when studying this particular kind of set.
Note on Strychnine Sulphate, General Activity and Facilitation of Learning
Authors: Carlson Kristin
Published: September 2011

Effects of three doses (.1, .3, and .7 mg/kg) of strychnine sulphate on the general activity of the rat were studied. None of the doses influenced exploration or any other aspect of spontaneous behavior. This finding restricts the generality of the view that attributes the facilitation of learning produced by strychnine to a decrease in the level of general activity.
Value Orientations of College Students: Preliminary Data and Review of the Literature
Authors: Mogar Robert E.
Published: September 2011

Structured and semi-structured questionnaire data are presented which reveal comprehensive portraits of five discriminable value orientations among college students: Privatism (males); Privatism (females); Identity-seekers (males); Identity-seekers (females); and Proletariat males. These results are interpreted in the context of (1) previous research on student value orientations and related areas, (2) theories of personality, and (3) contemporary social, political, ethical, and artistic trends.
Direct Stomach Feeding in the Pigeon
Authors: Angermeier W. F. , Locke D. , Harris A.
Published: September 2011

Four pigeons were trained to peck a key for reinforcement. Two were prepared for stomach-fistula feeding and two were sham-operated. The fistulated birds were reinforced with 7 drops of 5% dextrose solution per minute, and the sham-operated birds did not receive any reinforcement. All the birds extinguished rather rapidly. There did not seem to be any difference between the stomach-injection reinforced birds and the nonreinforced birds. This was taken to indicate the absence of a stomach-feed-back system, such as has been demonstrated in the rat.
Restriction of the Unconditioned Response and its Effect upon the Learning of an Instrumental Avoidance Response
Authors: Wagner Mervyn K.
Published: September 2011

Some theorists, particularly investigators in avoidance conditioning, have held that an intervening state of the organism, labeled fear, is the primary response conditioned when an aversive UCS is used, and have tended to minimize the importance of the similarity of the UR. To test this relationship, 60 albino rats were run in a hurdle-jumping apparatus where the CS was one which previously had been associated with various degrees of unconditioned response restriction in a conditioning phase. The results indicated that the overt response which could be made by S in response to the US was important, since the difference between the restricted and unrestricted groups was significant.
Evaluational Language Processes in the Deaf
Authors: Blanton Richard L. , Nunnally Jum C.
Published: September 2011

Locus of Control and Evaluation Scales were administered to 137 deaf Ss at the Tennessee School for the Deaf and to 302 control Ss from the public schools of Williamson County, Tennessee. The results strongly supported the hypothesis that the deaf rely very heavily on others for evaluative judgments as well as behavioral decisions. The data were consistent with the frequently made observation that the deaf adolescent is more immature and dependent both in educational level and social-emotional growth. The problem of the importance of evaluational vocabulary for evaluational judgments was discussed.
The Negative Outlook
Authors: Wilson Warner , Miller Howard
Published: September 2011

The concept of a rejection vs acceptance-support design relates not to any objective characteristic of the experimental design but only to the Theoretical orientation of the investigator. If the theory of the investigator's choice predicts no differences, the design is an acceptance-support design.
Differentiating between Low-Achievers with a Non-Verbal Pictorial Reasoning Measure: An 18-Month Follow-Up
Authors: Blumenfeld Warren S.
Published: September 2011

Predictive power of a non-verbal pictorial reasoning measure to differentiate between low-achievers in quantitative, vocabulary, and reading comprehension skills was investigated in 3 analyses in which high school groups equivalent in terms of (low) achievement scores and different (high or low) in terms of reasoning scores were followed up 18 mo. later, using an external criterion of achievement test score. For these Ss, the non-verbal reasoning measure differentiated between the low-achievers in quantitative and vocabulary skills, but did nor differentiate between the low-achievers in reading comprehension skill.
Comparison of Social Desirability Effects on the Epps in Relation to Ratings of Compatibility or Incompatibility of the Needs
Authors: Heilizer Fred , Gerdine Philip V.
Published: September 2011

The mutually facilitating or inhibiting property of the needs of the EPPS, as measured by compatibility-incompatibility (CI) ratings, is an important determinant of the need-profiles; for the nine compatible needs it is a more important determinant than is the SD property of the needs. A tendency toward different functioning of the CI and SD ratings is noticeable on the compatible needs and marked on the incompatible needs. For all Ss, regardless of group, and for each set of needs, the scores are a direct linear expression of SD and a simple curvilinear expression of CI. SD mostly determines profile differences between men and women, while CI mostly determines profile differences between college students and adults.
Stress and Consummatory Behavior in the Albino Rat
Authors: Pare William P.
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the relationship between intense chronic stress and body weight changes. Variations in food and water consumption, urine volume, and BMR were also observed. Twelve rats were subjected to tone-shock pairings 20 hr. daily for 22 days. Twelve rats received only one shock; 12 rats received neither shock nor tone; and 12 rats served as home-cage controls. Animals subjected to the tone-shock condition manifested a significant body weight loss, an inhibition of food and water intake, and a reduced urine volume, as compared to other treatment groups. Prolonged intense stress is instrumental in initiating a loss in body weight due to inhibition of consummatory behavior which is concurrent with a significant anti-diuresis.
Achievement Motivation in Canadian Indian, Middle- and Working-Class Children
Authors: Cameron Ann , Storm Thomas
Published: September 2011

Sixty-sis elementary school children from three sub-cultural groups (B. C. Indian, white middle- and white working-class) were given 50 trials on a concept learning task under conditions of material (candy) or non-material (light flash) reward. There was a significant interaction between subculture and reward condition, middle-class whites performing better than Indian or working-class white children under non-material reward but not under material reward. Two other results were obtained consistent with the hypothesis that middle-class children differ from the other two groups on measures related to achievement motivation. The middle-class child was more likely than his Indian or working-class peer to tell stories to projective stimuli containing achievement imagery and to prefer a larger, delayed reward to a small immediate one.
Predictive and Concurrent Validity of the Altus Information Inventory with High School Students
Authors: Gorsuch Richard L. , Spielberger Charles D.
Published: September 2011

The Altus Information Inventory was group-administered to high school and college students to assess its objectivity, reliability, and predictive and concurrent validity. Inter-scorer reliability was .97 for the high school Ss and .83 for the college Ss. The corrected split-half (odd-even) reliability was .76 for the high school Ss but only .28 for the college Ss. The predictive validity of the test with grade point averages was .50 for high school males, .64 for high school females, and .22 for college males. Good concurrent validity was indicated by correlations with measures of verbal aptitude for high school students. The Inventory was too easy for college students and had low predictive and concurrent validity for them.
Effects of Duration and Delay of Shock on Self-Punitive Behavior in the Rat
Authors: Melvin Kenneth B. , Athey George I. , Heasley Frederick H.
Published: September 2011

Rats were given shock-escape training in a 4-ft. runway, then divided into 4 groups of 9 Ss each. During extinction, shock was present in the 4-ft. alley, the first 1-ft. segment, or the last 1-ft. segment for 3 groups, but was never present in the start box. A control group received no shock. In general, punished Ss ran faster and longer than non-shocked Ss. The more immediate the punishment, the more vigorous and sustained was the punished act. The immediate 1-ft. shock led to very high resistance to extinction, indicating that an intermediate shock duration may yield optimal facilitation.
Opinions about Mental Illness: Hospital Differences in Attitude for Eight Occupation Groups
Authors: Cohen Jacob , Struening Elmer L.
Published: September 2011

When between-hospital ( n = 12) and within-occupation group ( n = 8) differences in attitude-opinion toward the mentally ill are studied for 4784 mental hospital employees, Authoritarianism and Benevolence do not vary among mental health professionals but do for others; the reverse obtains for Interpersonal Etiology; and Social Restrictiveness differentiates in virtually all groups and most sharply in psychiatrists.
Estimating Growth of Inbred Rats for Behavioral and Biological Study
Authors: Kaplan Michael , Kaplan Eugenie F.
Published: September 2011

Relative to the control of food deprivation and drug and surgical studies, empirical procedures are described for estimating body weight of individual rats of an inbred strain from approximately 12 through 30 wk. of age.
The Care and Feeding of Correlated Means
Authors: Lubin Ardie
Published: September 2011

Univariate analysis of variance is generally inappropriate when there are three or more measures per S. A few simple precautions concerning the appropriate use of multivariate and univariate analysis are given.
Serial-Position Curve of Verbal Learning after Prolonged Practice
Authors: Harcum E. Rae , Coppage Edwin W.
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the effect of prolonged practice on the serial-position curve of learning. Thirteen Ss learned to a criterion of two perfect recitations by the anticipation method 12 different serial lists of 10 nonsense syllables, one list being learned each day. The hypothesis was that the skewness of the serial-position curve is produced by S's span of immediate memory. The prediction was that an increase in the memory span due to practice would cause an increase in the skewness of the serial-position curve. The skewness of the serial-position curve did increase with practice as predicted, but internal relations in the data implied a causal mechanism which was unrelated to memory span. Instead, Ss improved in the use of a strategy which employed the first serial item as an anchor item for directing learning.
Real and Imagined Cost Effects Upon Human Fixed-Interval Responding
Authors: Weiner Harold
Published: September 2011

Actual occurrences of cost (point loss per response) were compared with verbal instructions to imagine occurrences of cost in terms of their relative suppression of inter-reinforcement responding under an FI 10 sec. schedule of point reinforcements. Both real and imagined cost attenuated responding. Real cost, however, produced more marked and consistent suppressive effects than imagined cost.
Comparison of Two Attitude Scaling Methods
Authors: Crawford Paul L.
Published: September 2011

Paired-comparison and equal-appearing methods of scaling attitude statements toward teaching were compared empirically, utilizing three groups of judges. The two methods appear to be comparable when expert judges are used, but the data raise some questions regarding use of students as judges in this type of study. Choice of the method of attitude scale construction may be based on economical factors, such as time and number of judges available.
A Tactical Game for the Analysis of Complex Decision Making in Individuals and Groups
Authors: Streufert Siegfried , Clardy M. A. , Driver M. J. , Karlins Marvin , Schroder H. M. , Suedfeld Peter
Published: September 2011

An experimental simulation is described as a prototype for research concerned with the analysis of human information processing characteristics in complex environments. The method employs a simulated war game environment which lends itself to the analysis of performance and perceptual characteristics of individuals and social groups. Suggestions for procedures, space requirements and measurement techniques are included.
Intertrial Proactive Inhibition in Short-Term Memory
Authors: Hofer Ricardo
Published: September 2011

Ss were given three trials of either a letter-trigram or a word-trigram. Immediately after the trigram a 3-digit number was presented from which S counted backwards by 3s for 8 sec., after which S recalled the trigram. On the fourth trial either the same kind of material as presented before was used or a different kind of material. For letter-trigrams, the recall interval in the fourth trial was either 5, 11, or 17 sec. For word-trigrams, only 11 sec. was used as the recall interval. To control for novelty, another group had letter-trigrams for four trials, but in the fourth the trigram was typed in red. Similarity of the material presented on the preceding trials interfered with recall of both letter- and word-trigrams. In addition, the hypothesis that the probability of interference of previous similar materials on the fourth trial would increase with longer recall intervals was supported for letter-trigrams. Novelty did not affect recall.
Strategy Training and Practice in Disjunctive Concept Attainment
Authors: Wells Herbert , Watson Daniel
Published: September 2011

64 Ss attained a series of three disjunctive concepts in an instance-selection procedure. Training in the appropriate strategy facilitated performance as compared with instructions which simply specified that the concept was disjunctive. A practice effect was obtained under both instructional conditions. A negative example card led to greater efficiency.
Validation of the Coleman Readability Formulas
Authors: Szalay T. G.
Published: September 2011

The following four readability formulas developed by Coleman were cross-validated: (a) X′ = 38.45 + 1.29 X1, (b) X′ = −37.95 + 1.16 X1 + 1.48 X2, (c) X′ = −34.02 + 1.07 X1 + 1.18 X2 + .76 X3, (d) X′ = −26.01 + 1.04 X1 + 1.06 X2 + .56 X3 −.36 X4, where X′ is predicted cloze score in percentage of correct insertions for a 100-word passage, X1 is its number of 1-syllable words, X2 is its number of sentences, X3 is its pronouns, and X4 its prepositions. The formulas were cross-validated by obtaining cloze scores for 7 new passages from 20 Ss matched with Coleman's original Ss. The rs between obtained cloze scores and those predicted from Formulas a, b, c, and d were .83, .88, .87, and .89.
An Analysis of Some Psycho-Social Variables Associated with Smoking Behavior in a College Sample
Authors: Zagona Salvatore V. , Zurcher Louis A.
Published: September 2011

For the purpose of deriving and formulating fruitful research hypotheses about some psycho-social aspects of smoking behavior, the authors devised and administered an exploratory questionnaire to 1,598 college freshman and sophomore students. In this paper are presented some preliminary findings of the questionnaire procedure. The data are arranged to point to certain constellations of differences among Non-smokers, Quitters, Light Smokers, and Heavy Smokers and between males and females for those four subgroups. Specific suggestions are made by the authors for further research.
Some Factors That Influence Acquisition of Free-Operant Avoidance Behavior
Authors: Stone George C.
Published: September 2011

In a series of experiments it was found that rats learn to respond on a free-operant avoidance schedule with no external discriminative stimulus somewhat more effectively when trained (1) with a shorter S∗S interval, (2) with an escape contingency, (3) with a 1-sec. as opposed to a 0.2-sec. shock, and (4) when levers are presented before the first two shocks rather than after them. In interpreting these results, the importance of pseudo-escape behavior is stressed in addition to mechanisms proposed by Sidman and by Anger.
Interrelationships of Emotions, Traits, and Diagnostic Constructs
Authors: Schaefer Earl S. , Plutchik Robert
Published: September 2011

Judgments were collected from graduate students and clinicians of the extent to which various diagnostic constructs imply a systematic sample of emotions and traits. Degree of consensus in these judgments was analyzed for students and for clinicians. Intercorrelations of emotions and traits and of diagnostic constructs were factor analyzed for clinicians. Configurations of emotions and traits and of diagnostic constructs were generated by converting factor loadings to polar coordinates. The findings support an hypothesis that circular configurations would be found for trait and emotion signs and for diagnostic constructs and that together these universes form a conceptually differentiated but highly integrated system of interconnected signs. Semantic configurations are interpreted as influencing the development of personality constructs and the organization of interpersonal perception.
Impact of Delayed Auditory Feedback on the Ipat 8-Parallel-Form Anxiety Scales
Authors: Rankin Richard J. , Balfrey William R.
Published: September 2011

The IPAT 8-Parallel-Form Anxiety Scales were insensitive to stress generated in 24 Ss under conditions of normal and delayed auditory feedback. As a follow-up, 144 Ss were tested in a 3 × 2 × 2 factorial design, varying feedback condition, anxiety, and sex. The PFAB remained insensitive to this type of stress.
Conditioning against Silences and Therapist-Directed Comments in Group Psychotherapy Using Auditory Stimulation
Authors: Wiggins Stewart L. , Salzberg Herman C.
Published: September 2011

An attempt was made to condition the number and duration of silences and the number of therapist-directed responses in group psychotherapy, using an auditory stimulus as a negative reinforcer. Two experimental and one control group of newly admitted neuropsychiatric Veterans Administration inpatients were Ss. Both silences and therapist-directed responses were reduced during the negative reinforcement procedure in the experimental groups. There were no significant changes in the control group which received no negative reinforcement. Therapist-directed responses recovered but silences remained at a low level during extinction, especially for the experimental group receiving the greater number of conditioning sessions. This finding suggests the possibility of permanently eliminating certain responses if conditioning is carried out long enough and more adaptive responses have an opportunity to emerge and become established. Proposals and speculations for future research were discussed.
Election Jokes: The Effects of Reference Group Membership
Authors: Priest Robert F.
Published: September 2011

Jokes about Gold water and Johnson were rated by 130 Ss on election day in 1964. The difference in their response to these two types of joke correlated .53 with their candidate preference, even with the differences in their understanding of the points of the jokes partialled out. The multiple correlation of differential comprehension and candidate preference with differential humor is .62. The evidence supports a reference group theory of humor.
Repetitive Psychometric Measurements: Trisecting
Authors: Mefferd Roy B. , James William E. , Wieland Betty A.
Published: September 2011

Standardization data of a new 1-min. trisecting test of the RPM Battery are presented. The test is composed of three staggered rows of 10 vertical lines each of variable length. The task is to estimate visually and mark the top third, then to bisect the remainder of as many lines as possible in 1 min. Scores of the first of the two steps, trisection, were shown to be independent of those for the second step, bisection. At least three perceptual illusions are involved in the judgments, and the speed of work influences each differently. All the scores derived for the test correlated only slightly or not at all with other tests of the RPM Battery, or with intelligence, education, or age.
Self-Enacting Response Sequences and Reinforcement: Conjecture
Authors: Roby Thornton B.
Published: September 2011

In large measure the difficulties of the principal learning theories may stem from the use of discrete, overt, responses as the units of learned behavior. Internally chained sequences of implicit responses are suggested as alternative units. The latter are assumed to result in overt behavior by a process of neurological summation. It is then proposed that the principle governing reinforcement of such sequences is that the elicitation of any initial segment of a successful sequence increases the probability that remaining elements of the sequence will be elicited. The principle is applied to habituation, classical conditioning, instrumental learning, and avoidance. Finally, points of similarity and contrast with the major theories of learning are discussed, and several general criteria for a behavior theory are listed which seem to favor a formulation of the kind proposed.
Effects of Restricted Rearing on Lashley Stand Performance
Authors: Gill John H. , Reid Larry D. , Porter Paul B.
Published: September 2011

Rats were reared from weaning to adulthood in either an isolated or enriched environment. Their efficiency at solving a visual discrimination on the Lashley jumping stand and their emotionality were measured as adults. Differences in efficiency of discrimination were slight. Isolated Ss were more timid during the early phases of the experiment but this timidity was reduced by the end of training.
Anxiety as a Correlate of Personal Problems
Authors: Nicolay Robert C. , Walker Ronald E. , Riedel Robert G.
Published: September 2011

Scores of 72 female undergraduates on an anxiety scale were compared with the number of personal problems reported on the Mooney Problem Check List. Total number of personal problems correlated positively ( p < .01) with the subtypes and total anxiety scores. No clear-cut pattern of relationships between subtypes of anxiety and problem areas emerged.
Behavioral Therapy for “Apathy” of Hospitalized Schizophrenics
Authors: Schaefer H. H. , Martin Patrick L.
Published: September 2011

20 chronic schizophrenic adult female patients in a ward of a hospital for the mentally ill were placed on schedules of reinforcement designed to establish or strengthen behaviors incompatible with the diagnostic statement “apathetic.” Another 20 patients on the same ward received standard ward therapy. 30 behavioral samples, spaced evenly in ½-hr. intervals, were obtained for each of the patients for 3 5-day periods: before, during, and on termination of the program. Apathy was defined as the degree to which a patient at the time of any of the 30 daily observations engaged in one—and only one—clearly discernible behavior. While the degree of apathy was equal for experimentals and controls at the beginning of the experiment, those patients who were subjected to the schedules of reinforcement were significantly less apathetic at the termination of the experiment than the controls who were given normal ward therapy but who were not subjected to such schedules. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Effects of Amount of Reinforcement on the Performance of Mildly Retarded Adolescent Girls
Authors: Hom George L. , Corte Enrique , Spradlin Joseph E. , Michael Jack
Published: September 2011

When two mildly mentally retarded adolescent girls were reinforced for concurrent performance on two manipulanda by two independent variable-interval schedules, one for each manipulandum, the performance of the retardates was positively related to the amount of reinforcement. This finding confirms Catania's (1963) finding with pigeons and adds to the growing list of studies demonstrating the effects of operant techniques in modifying human behavior.
Relationship between Rated Degree of Familiarity with Individual Sentences and the Extent of Recall of Connected Discourse
Authors: Mills John A. , Nicolas-Fanourakis Alan
Published: September 2011

An assessment was made of the strength and direction of the relationship between rated degree of familiarity for connected discourse and the extent of recall of such material. The experimental material consisted of two short passages of prose (a narrative and an argument) and of a rating scale containing all the sentences from these passages inserted randomly among other individual sentences selected from a wide range of sources. 20 Ss provided both recall scores for the passages (which were presented whole) and familiarity ratings for the sentences in the rating scale. When recall scores for the individual sentences were correlated with the mean ratings, a positive and significant value was found. The bearing of this finding on (he expectations of interference theory is discussed.
Dependence of Reliability of Multiple-Choice Tests Upon Number of Choices per Item: Prediction from the Spearman-Brown Formula
Authors: Zimmerman Donald W. , Williams Richard H. , Burkheimer Graham J.
Published: September 2011

An equation is derived which expresses test reliability as a function of number of item alternatives for the case in which only error due to guessing is present. This result is compared with the modified Spearman-Brown equation given by H. H. Remmers and his associates. Reliability coefficients predicted by these equations are compared with coefficients generated by a computer simulation method.
Note on the Edwards Social Desirability Scale
Authors: Lebovits Binyamin Z. , Ostfeld Adrian M.
Published: September 2011

A set of actual scores on the MMPI are compared with a set of SD-generated scores. However, the SD-generated scores are not obtained in the usual way, viz., from the mean SD score of Ss. Instead, the SD score of each S is taken separately and an MMPI profile is generated for him. 15 MMPI scales are examined. The differences between the actual means and the means of the SD-generated scores are evaluated using the t test and the Pearson product-moment correlation. The results show that for 14 of the 15 scales the differences between the means are significant ( p ≤ .01), and that 11 of the 15 correlations are significantly different from zero. However, the correlations account for only a relatively small portion of the variance. Only in the case of 4 scales does the correlation account for as much as 45 to 65% of the variance. The authors recommend, on the basis of the data and a logical analysis, that the SD-generated scores not be used as a substitute for the actual scores on the MMPI.
Behavior and 40-C/Sec. Electrical Activity in the Brain
Authors: Sheer Daniel E. , Grandstaff Netta W. , Benignus Vernon A.
Published: September 2011

A 40-c/sec. rhythmic electrical activity occurs in various rhinencephalic structures, auditory and visual cortex of the cat with the acquisition of a behavioral response during learning.
Contributions to the History of Psychology: IV. Joseph Buchanan (1785-1829) and the “Law of Exercise” (1812)
Authors: Verhave Thom
Published: September 2011

This is a discussion of the law of exercise as found in a work of a forgotten American author whose major work has been described as “the first native American treatise on physiological psychology.”
Multiple-Regression Analysis of Counselor Characteristics and Competencies
Authors: Rosen Julius
Published: September 2011

To investigate the predictive value of the counselor's personal characteristics which are associated with a counselor's initial and terminal competency 28 counselor trainees were rated on 2 counseling interviews at the beginning and 2 at the end of training on the following dimensions: Self-congruence, Unconditional Positive Regard, Accurate Empathy, and Total Competency. Their personal characteristics were measured at the beginning of training with the following: the Allport-Vernon-Lindzey Study of Values, the Social Service Group of the Strong Vocational Interest Blank for Men, the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule, the Dogmatism Scale D, the National Defense Education Act Examination in Guidance and Counseling, teaching experience, counseling experience, and age of counselors. The four best combinations of personal predictors were determined through multiple-regression analysis. It was concluded that this population of counselor trainees demonstrated no preferred characteristics in relation to competency factors.
Cognitive and Emotional Components of Test Anxiety: A Distinction and Some Initial Data
Authors: Liebert Robert M. , Morris Larry W.
Published: September 2011

This study examined the relationship between two aspects of the TAQ, identified as “worry” and “emotionality,” and performance expectancies on a college examination. For this purpose, a short Pre-examination Questionnaire was developed. As predicted, worry (W) was inversely related to performance expectancy. No relationship between expectancy and emotionality (E) was found.
Re-Examination of Ethnocentrism and Problem-Solving Rigidity
Authors: Bringmann Wolfgang G.
Published: September 2011

A series of 10 water-jar problems were completed by 122 male English students with high, moderate, and low scores on the California F scale. In contrast to previous studies, Ss with moderate scores were significantly less rigid than ethnocentric or nonethnocentric groups.
Motivational Factors in Short-Term Retention: II. Rehearsal or Arousal?
Authors: Weiner Bernard
Published: September 2011

Two experiments which investigate the effects of motivation on memory are reported. In the initial study it was demonstrated that recall instrumental to shock avoidance enhances short-term retention. By varying the difficulty of the task interpolated between stimulus onset and recall it was established that the augmented recall is not mediated by covert rehearsal. In Exp. II the motivational information (arousal) occurred at 1, 3, or 5 sec. after stimulus and response offset. Arousal after the stimulus and response terms facilitated immediate recall, although there were no significant differences in retention as a function of the time of the motivational input. The effects of arousal on retention and the relationship of motivation to trace storage and trace retrieval were discussed.
Association of Neutral Objects with Rewards: Effect of Schedules of Extinction on Verbal Evaluation and Instrumental Responses
Authors: Stevens Douglas A.
Published: September 2011

This study compared the effects of extinction schedules on instrumental responses following conditioning in which schedules of neutral stimulus and reward presentation were varied. Using a spinwheel game, children received candy reward when the pointer stopped on their “pay-off” stimulus. In a factorial design Groups A and C received 100% reward; Groups B and D received 50% reward. Groups A and B saw only pay-off stimuli; Groups C and D saw half pay-off and half non-pay-off stimuli. Results indicated that verbal evaluation of the pay-off stimulus did not show a significant decrease during the extinction period. In contrast the instrumental response decreased markedly during the extinction period. The groups presented with 50% pay-off stimuli had significantly higher verbal evaluation scores on the final acquisition measure and made more instrumental responses during extinction than did the 100% groups.
Some Problems with the Experimental Method
Authors: Dunn Bruce E.
Published: September 2011

An analysis of the relative merits of the normative and experimental approach to research shows that there is much potential confounding by unknown variables with both designs. The results of the analysis are interpreted as casting considerable doubt about the ability of experimental studies in psychology to be unaffected by unknown variables.
Effect of Electroconvulsive Shock (ECS) on Retention of a Passive Avoidance Response in Rats
Authors: Thompson Richard W. , Enter Richard , Russell Nolan
Published: September 2011

Three groups of Ss were given passive avoidance response (PAR) training in a step-down box. Group NT was given neither foot shock (FS) not electroconvulsive shock (ECS) upon stepping down, Group FS received FS but no ECS, and Group FS-ECS received FS followed by ECS. Subgroups from each of these treatment groups were tested for retention 24, 48, or 72 hr. after original treatment. PAR learning was found in all of the FS groups and in the 48-hr. FS-ECS group. There was an apparent increment in the PAR at 48 hr. for both FS and FS-ECS groups. Retrograde amnesia was apparent in the 24- and 72-hr. FS-ECS groups but was reduced in the 48-hr. group.
Differential Eyelid Conditioning to Stimulus Compounds as a Function of Temporal Relations between Stimuli
Authors: Vandament William E.
Published: September 2011

A visual intensity discrimination was added to basic auditory CSs in a differential eyelid conditioning experiment. Lowered response levels were observed to the compound CS−, suggesting increased differentiation when the CS-UCS interval of the single CS condition was maintained. Response levels to isolated elements of the compounds were related to CS-UCS and inter-CS intervals.
Language Development in Two Groups of Socially Disadvantaged Young Children
Authors: Schwartz Sol , Deutsch Cynthia P. , Weissmann Ann
Published: September 2011

Two groups of socially disadvantaged young children were studied for a 2-yr. period. The experimental children (those with 2 yr. of enrichment) and controls (no enriched schooling) were tested at the beginning of the first grade and retested at the beginning of the second grade with the ITPA. Results indicate: (1) a significant performance difference between experimental and control Ss over the 2 yr, (2) all significant subtest differences over the 2 yr. favor the experimental group, with the differences primarily a function of control group decrement; (3) both groups show similar patterns of psycholinguistic performance. These findings support the hypothesis that early enrichment helps to offset language disability related to the socially disadvantaged condition.
Grid-Relationship Scoring Used with a Rep Test Modification
Authors: Landfield A. W.
Published: September 2011

Data are presented which support the position that range of convenience of Personal Constructs should be more seriously considered by investigators. A method for eliciting information about range of convenience on the grid form of the Role Construct Repertory Test (Rep Test) is presented, together with a method for ascertaining relationships among constructs, inferred from grid rating patterns. Questions are raised about other approaches to conceptual organization, within the range of convenience of Personal Construct Theory, in which investigators try to avoid the problem of range of convenience.
Differentiation and Negative Transfer as a Function of Degree of First- and Second-List Learning
Authors: Jung John
Published: September 2011

Direct measures of interlist response differentiation were made in the A-B, A-C and A-B, C-D paradigms as a function of degree of first- and second-list learning and found to be equal and nearly perfect in all conditions. Furthermore, negative transfer was markedly increased by higher degrees of second-list learning whereas the effect of first-list degree of learning was not significant. These effects were explained on the premise that transferable intralist stimulus differentiation exists for A-B, A-C but not for the A-B, C-D control. This hypothesis can explain why negative transfer levels off with higher first-list learning but increases with higher second-list learning.
Differences in Reaction to Frustration as a Function of Need for Approval
Authors: Schill Thomas R. , Black John M.
Published: September 2011

Differences in reaction to frustration on the Rosenzweig P-F test were assessed for high and low n approval Ss (as measured by the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability scale). as compared with the low group, high n approval Ss gave significantly fewer E responses ( p < .025) but more M responses ( p < .05). No differences were found for the 1 category.
Analysis of the Dependency of Intelligence-Test Item Scores upon CA and IQ
Authors: Miyamoto Misako , Okano Kazuko
Published: September 2011

851 children were administered the Tanaka-Binet Intelligence Scale. Items dependent upon CA more than MA were those requiring motor skills and number concepts, while items related to MA rather than CA seemed to require concept formation through verbal mediation.
Analyses of DRL Behavior in Young Children
Authors: Weisberg Paul , Tragakis Christie J.
Published: September 2011

In young children, DRL 10 sec. and DRL 18 sec. schedules of snack reinforcement generated and maintained low levels of responding which, when compared to the animal and human DRL literature revealed efficient temporal responding. This low behavioral baseline was not impaired by extinction operations or by the introduction of a second response manipulandum intended to measure collateral behavior.
Anxiety and Temporal Perspective among Normals in a Stressful Life Situation
Authors: Krauss Herbert H. , Ruiz Rene A. , Mozdzierz Gerald J. , Button Jesse
Published: September 2011

The present study examines relationships between specific types of speech disruption denoting anxiety (the “non-ah” ratio; Mahl, 1959) and tense usage among normal Ss as they experience a real-life stress situation. Major findings are low positive correlations between anxiety and present tense ( r = .38, p < .05) and between anxiety and present plus future tense ( r = .43, p < .05). Since statistical controls (partial correlation) indicate that these relationships are independent of verbal productivity, it appears likely chat normal Ss respond to stress by emphasizing present time. It is tentatively suggested that this behavior may serve a coping or problem-solving function.
Factorial Structure of Social Desirability at the University Level
Authors: Anderson C. C. , Hunka S. M.
Published: September 2011

From an analysis of the response by rural high school students in Grades X, XI and XII to a questionnaire derived by Messick from items related to Murray's needs, Anderson and Traub claimed the existence of a general factor of social desirability with its psychological correlate in the form of two extroverted dimensions, social extroversion and impulsivity. Implicit in this work are two hypotheses which were tested in the current study: that this general factor would be sustained at the adult level and that its greater impact on male than on female responses would also continue. From an analysis of responses by students in the first and in the third or fourth years of a university program, no support was found for these hypotheses.
Suicide and Aggression
Authors: Eisenthal Sherman
Published: September 2011

Suicide-attempt, suicide-ideation, and non-suicidal control groups of VA neuro-psychiatric patients were divided into psychotic and neurotic subgroups ( ns = 15). Ss viewed two classes of slides, a series of death scenes and one of unpleasant scenes. Each series contained both aggressive and non-aggressive content. Analyses of this 3 × 2 × 2 factorial design, with repeated measures, were based on measures of viewing time, rated tension, and rated liking. Aggressive slides induced greater threat than non-aggressive slides to a significant degree in the death slide series and to a lesser degree in the unpleasant slide series. Suicidal patients did not manifest a consistent style of response to aggressive slides in either series. The measure of aggressive mood also was not different for suicidal and non-suicidal patients. Suicide ideators did not differentiate aggressive and non-aggressive slides but attempters and controls did. The role of anxiety level was discussed.