bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
APPLICATION OF THE DIAPER USE RATING SCALE IN A MEDICAL CLINIC OF A UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL
Authors: Araújo Felippe Sales Freitas , Di Piero Karina Chamma , Cardinelli Camila Castanho
Published: October 2021

Objectives:apply the evaluation scale for the use of diapers and absorbent products (AUFA Scale) in patients admitted to the medical clinic; identify and analyze the results of this application, the sociodemographic profile of patients in vogue as well as repercussions on the skin related to the use of sanitary pads and diapers. Method: observational, cross-sectional, descriptive and exploratory study, carried out in the medical clinic sector of the University Hospital Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho (HUCFF/UFRJ), from November 2019 to February 2020, with a convenience sample of 46 patients. There was application of a form to survey general data and, later, the application of the AUFA scale, which identified the following variables: skin conditions, skin aging, cognitive ability, motor skills and incontinence. Results: all 46 patients were using diapers, half women and the other half men, mostly elderly and without a diagnosis of incontinence. In view of the application and analysis of the AUFA scale, only 18 patients (39.14%) were indicated for diaper use. With the inappropriate use of diapers, 27 patients had skin lesions resulting from moisture, a situation that was justified by the absence of systematic care observation for the prevention and treatment of dermatitis associated with incontinence in the evaluated patients. Conclusion:the use of the AUFA scale is indicated to identify patients who need to wear diapers, delimiting care with their management and thus preventing complications and worsening of incontinence.
APLICAÇÃO DA ESCALA DE AVALIAÇÃO DO USO DE FRALDAS EM UMA CLÍNICA MÉDICA DE UM HOSPITAL UNIVERSITÁRIO
Authors: Araújo Felippe Sales Freitas , Di Piero Karina Chamma , Cardinelli Camila Castanho
Published: October 2021

Objetivos:aplicar a escala de avaliação do uso fraldas e absorventes (AUFA) nos pacientes internados na clínica médica; identificar e analisar os resultados dessa aplicação, o perfil sociodemográfico dos pacientes em vogo bem como repercussões à pele relacionadas ao uso de absorventes e fraldas. Método: estudo observacional transversal, descritivo e exploratório, realizado no setor de clínica médica do Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho (HUCFF/UFRJ), no período de novembro de 2019 a fevereiro de 2020, com amostra por conveniência de 46 pacientes. Ocorreu aplicação de ficha para levantamento de dados gerais e, após, a AUFA, que identificou as seguintes variáveis: condições da pele, envelhecimento da pele, capacidade cognitiva, capacidade motora e incontinências. Resultados: todos os 46 pacientes encontravam-se em uso de fralda, sendo metade mulheres e a outra metade homens, em grande maioria composta de idosos e sem diagnóstico de incontinência. Diante da aplicação e análise da AUFA, apenas 18 pacientes (39,14%) tinham indicação para uso de fraldas. Com o uso inadequado da fralda, 27 pacientes apresentaram lesão de pele decorrente de umidade, situação que se justificou pela ausência da observação de cuidados sistematizados para prevenção e tratamento de dermatite associada à incontinência nos pacientes avaliados. Conclusão: indica-se o uso da escala AUFA para identificar os pacientes que necessitam usar fralda, delimitando cuidados com seu manejo e prevenindo, assim, complicações e agravamentos da incontinência.
Purity, Pottery, and Judaean Ethnicity in the Hasmonean Period
Authors: Regev Eyal
Published: October 2021

Three distinct cultural phenomena emerged in the Hasmonean period (152–37 BCE): the concept of Gentile impurity, full body immersion in a ritual bath, and (relative) abstinence from the use of imported foreign pottery. This article examines the historical and archaeological evidence for these three traits: their chronology, geographical distribution, and interrelationship. All three relate to the contact between Judaeans and non-Judaeans. They symbolize social boundaries that were created to foster the ethnic identity of the Judaeans vis-à-vis local Gentiles. The creation of these ethnic boundaries was encouraged by the Hasmonean state both because they corresponded to the Hasmonean ideology and political aims, and because state formation usually contributes to the development of ethnic identity.
State Regulation of Organized Civil Society in Hybrid Regimes: A Systematic Assessment of Cross-National Variations in the Regulation of Civil Society Organizations in Seven Post-Soviet Countries
Authors: Beimenbetov Serik
Published: October 2021

How do the post-Soviet countries differ in their regulatory approaches to organized civil society? This study provides a systematic and comprehensive assessment of relative differences and similarities in the regulation of civil society organizations in seven post-Soviet countries: Armenia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, and Ukraine. Empirically, the study offers a regulatory index that makes it possible to map and compare relative differences and similarities between these countries’ regulatory approaches to civil society. The findings show that post-Soviet authoritarian countries do not use similar levels of repression against organized civil society. The study provides an account of how different political configurations explain relative differences in the extent to which post-Soviet authoritarian countries repress their respective civil societies.
Pseudostarlike and pseudoconvex solutions of a differential equation with exponential coefficients
Authors: Sheremeta M.M.
Published: October 2021

Dirichlet series $F(s)=e^{s}+\sum_{k=1}^{\infty}f_ke^{s\lambda_k}$ with the exponents $1<\lambda_k\uparrow+\infty$ and the abscissa of absolute convergence $\sigma_a[F]\ge 0$ is said to be pseudostarlike of order $\alpha\in [0,\,1)$ and type $\beta \in (0,\,1]$ if$\left|\dfrac{F'(s)}{F(s)}-1\right|<\beta\left|\dfrac{F'(s)}{F(s)}-(2\alpha-1)\right|$\ for all\ $s\in \Pi_0=\{s\colon \,\text{Re}\,s<0\}$. Similarly, the function $F$ is said to be pseudoconvex of order $\alpha\in [0,\,1)$ and type $\beta \in (0,\,1]$ if$\left|\dfrac{F''(s)}{F'(s)}-1\right|<\beta\left|\dfrac{F''(s)}{F'(s)}-(2\alpha-1)\right|$\ for all\ $s\in \Pi_0$. Some conditions are found on the parameters $b_0,\,b_1,\,c_0,\,c_1,\,\,c_2$ and the coefficients $a_n$, under which the differential equation $\dfrac{d^2w}{ds^2}+(b_0e^{s}+b_1)\dfrac{dw}{ds}+(c_0e^{2s}+c_1e^{s}+c_2)w=\sum\limits_{n=1}^{\infty}a_ne^{ns}$has an entire solution which is pseudostarlike or pseudoconvex of order $\alpha\in [0,\,1)$ and type $\beta \in (0,\,1]$. It is proved that by some conditions for such solution the asymptotic equality holds  $\ln\,\max\{|F(\sigma+it)|\colon t\in {\mathbb R}\}=\dfrac{1+o(1)}{2}\left(|b_0|+\sqrt{|b_0|^2+4|c_0|}\right)$ as $\sigma \to+\infty$.
On the value distribution of a differential monomial and some normality criteria
Authors: Lü W. , CHAKRABORTY B.
Published: October 2021

The aim of this paper is to study the zero distribution of the differential polynomial $\displaystyle af^{q_{0}}(f')^{q_{1}}...(f^{(k)})^{q_{k}}-\varphi,$where $f$ is a transcendental meromorphic function and $a=a(z)(\not\equiv 0,\infty)$ and $\varphi(\not\equiv 0,\infty)$ are small functions of $f$. Moreover, using this value distribution result, we prove the following normality criterion for family of analytic functions:\\ {\it Let $\mathscr{F}$ be a family of analytic functions on a domain $D$ and let $k \geq1$, $q_{0}\geq 2$, $q_{i} \geq 0$ $(i=1,2,\ldots,k-1)$, $q_{k}\geq 1$ be positive integers. If for each $f\in \mathscr{F}$: i.\ $f$ has only zeros of multiplicity at least $k$,\ ii.\ $\displaystyle f^{q_{0}}(f')^{q_{1}}\ldots(f^{(k)})^{q_{k}}\not=1$,then $\mathscr{F}$ is normal on domain $D$.
Realizing the problem wasn’t necessarily me": The meaning of childhood adversity and resilience in the lives of autistic adults
Authors: Heselton Gabrielle A. , Rempel Gwen R. , Nicholas David B
Published: October 2021

Interview Data
There is ample evidence that childhood adversity
correlates negatively with physical and mental health outcomes across the
lifespan. Resilience results when internal and external protective factors in
childhood mitigate the effects of adversity and mental and physical health
outcomes are improved. However, the phenomena of childhood adversity and
resilience among autistic children are understudied and not well understood. In
this study, we engaged members of the autism community to advise on the
research question, research design, and analysis. Following the engagement
phase, three autistic young women and one nonbinary young adult, aged 19-27,
participated in semi-structured interviews via phone, video conference, and
online chat;. credibility checking interviews followed data analysis. Through
interpretative phenomenological analysis we identified themes related to
negative effects of adversity, including social disconnection, mental
and emotional well-being, sense of self, and development into
young adulthood. Resilience was developed in places of refuge and identity,
and was evident in their transitions into young adulthood. These
findings provide direction for fostering resilience in children and adolescents
on the autism spectrum and planning and implementing mental health supports to
autistic individuals across the lifespan.
Food security, where is thy fifth dimension? A comparative analysis of the four dimensions food security framework from the lens of West African smallholder farmers
Authors: Santuah Niagia , Abazaami Joseph , Amikuzuno Joseph , Millar Kaunza Nu-Dem
Published: October 2021

This
study consists of a comprehensive literature review and a qualitative field
research to gather empirical data through key informant interviews and focus
groups. Using both scientific and indigenous methodologies the study assessed
the suitability of the FAO inspired four dimensions food security framework
smallholder farmers in Kasem-speaking people in contiguous communities between
northern Ghana and southern Burkina Faso. Indigenous
methodologies included gathering of wise sayings, proverbs, poems, songs, and
riddles. The use of indigenous methodologies was justified because the analysis
of Kasem proverbs, expressions and songs give insights into the deeper meanings
of cultural concepts and images, which inform their daily practices (Cassiman, 2006).
Appreciative Inquiry technique of data
collection was used, as it builds on the strengths of the existing system and
also emphasizes the practical use of the results of research (Wilson, 2008). Scientific
methodologies are inadequate for accessing knowledge in the metaphysical realm
which is a key aspect of the worldview of indigenous people. Privacy of
participants and confidentiality of information was protected throughout the
research. To further protect the confidentiality and also obviate the need for documentation
of names of study participants, the study opted for verbal informed consent and
assent instead of written. Verbal consent was obtained from participants before
interviews were conducted. Identification numbers were assigned to transcripts
for organizational purposes only; to indicate the data source category and
date. Any potential research participants who chose not to participate, or
withdrew their participation during the interview, were cordially thanked for
their time and excused. Though a purely qualitative study, data were analysed
quantitatively to
generate graphs and tables to assess the distribution of opinion on key
variables while verbatim quotations were used to support the quantitative
information.
The Moderating Role of Institutional Quality in Developed Countries on the Strategic Asset Seeking (SAS) Inward FDI from China: A De-globalization Perspective
Authors: Rahman Saif Ur , Shurong Zhao
Published: October 2021

Purpose –This study investigates how institutional
quality in developed markets moderate the relationship between the strategic
assets (SAs) and the inward foreign direct investment (IFDI) coming from emerging
markets (EM) firms.

 Design/methodology/approach – The authors
build upon resource based theory and institutional theory to investigate the
impacts of Institutional frameworks on the strategic asset seeking (SAS) IFDI
from China in 31 developed countries (OECD) for a period from 2013-2018. A
stepwise general linear regression is used to test the hypothesis. The study
uses process macros to validate the moderation results obtained from regression
modelling. We also conduct multiple robustness tests to ensure that the data is
free from idiosyncrasies related to time series data.

Findings – The results demonstrate that the institutional quality in
developed countries is not associated with inward FDI from China; however, it
negatively moderates the relationship between SAs and IFDI. The results also
indicate that IFDI from China is strongly associated with SAs and insignificantly
associated with natural resource endowments in host countries.

Practical Implications – The study has managerial implications for
EM firm’s SAS drive during the current wave of anti-globalization.

Originality/value – The role of institutional quality on IFDI
disaggregated by the sectors of the economy is least understood in literature. Our study attempts to bridge this gap by bringing a cross sectional view
of Institutional quality at various levels— while interacting with SAS IFDI, at
a time, when the World is heading towards de-globalization.
Simulated Computer Adaptive Testing Administration with Remote Proctoring for Offsite Assessment in Mathematics
Authors: Oladele Jumoke , Ndlovu Mdutshekelwa
Published: October 2021

This study examines remote proctoring as emerging practice
for ascertaining the validity of offsite test administration regarding test
security. While Computer Adaptive Testing (CAT) has the potentials for greater
precision in determining examinees ability level, its gains can be jeopardized
with off-site testing if the test is not ensured. This study simulated CAT
assessment while focusing on item administration, varying the option of using pre-test
items and how it impacts students' ability estimation and item exposure.
Monte-Carlo simulation was employed to generate data for answering the research
questions raised for the study. The study's findings revealed that CAT
administration was more consistent with no pre-test items once tightly controlled
at ±2theta level, upon which recommendations were made. This finding is
particularly germane, with more institutions moving their assessments online
and rapidly becoming a new normal as an aftermath of the Covid-19 pandemic.

The data for this study were generated from computer simulations using SimulCAT, a free software package designed by Dr. K. C. T. Han of Graduate Management Admission Council.
डॉ. बाबासाहेब आंबेडकरांचा बौद्ध धम्म
Authors: Maheshkar Priyraj
Published: October 2021

Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar's Buddha Dhamma
Incorporating Ensemble approach into Automated Machine Learning in an attempt to predict Cerebral Infarction in patients presenting with Subarachnoid Hemorrhage : Secondary analysis of a novel exploration
Authors: Haider Bangash Ali , Ullah Tauseef , Khan Inayat Ullah , Fatima Arshiya , Zehra Saiqa
Published: October 2021

Automated machine learning is explored to develop a sensitive risk predictor for cerebral infarction in patients presenting with subarachnoid haemorrhage.
Generalizing with equity: the Busara research agenda on contextualisation and cross-cultural measurement in the Global South
Authors: Tang Chang , Owsley Nicholas Calbraith , Wein Tom , Busara Lab Busara Lab
Published: October 2021

The events of recent years have made especially plain the inequities between Global North and South. One such inequality is in the way some social groups are often missing from the data, so that knowledge, policies, services and products do not take proper account of them. This bias exists strongly in the conceptual development of the behavioral sciences, and it makes the research base fragile, with papers making claims of universality that do not stand up to scrutiny. In order to deal with concerns about replication, external validity and the strength of this research base, there are now many initiatives to improve experimentation in the social sciences. However, truly generalizable findings come about when institutions are present in the long term to aggregate across studies. That works even better when those institutions have a deep understanding of the contexts in which they seek to generalise from and to. Busara was founded as an institution to apply context-specific behavioral science literature, and this work has been a constant throughout our history. We now propose to launch a structured three-year Open Science investigation of the gaps in the understanding of canonical patterns of behavior, cognitive processes, preferences, beliefs, and decision-making processes in the Global South, comparing our work in multiple contexts and exploring variance across time, place, and demography. At the conclusion of this project, we will begin integrating our findings into wider theories of global cultural, psychological and microeconomic heterogeneity.
Answering questions about the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP): Analogies to whales and sharks miss the boat
Authors: DeYoung Colin G. , Kotov Roman , Krueger Robert , Cicero David C , Conway Christopher C , Eaton Nicholas R , Forbes Miriam K. , Hallquist Michael , Jonas Katherine , Latzman Robert D , Rodriguez-Seijas Craig Anthony , Ruggero Camilo , Simms Leonard , Waldman Irwin , Waszczuk Monika , Widiger Thomas A. , Wright Aidan G.C.
Published: October 2021

This commentary discusses questions and misconceptions about HiTOP raised by Haeffel et al. (2021). We explain what the system classifies and why it is descriptive and atheoretical, highlighting benefits and limitations of this approach. We clarify why the system is organized according to patterns of covariation or comorbidity among signs and symptoms of psychopathology, and we discuss how it is designed to be falsifiable and revised in a manner that is responsive to data. We refer to the body of evidence for HiTOP’s external validity and for its scientific and clinical utility. We further describe how the system is currently used in clinics. In sum, many of Haeffel et al.’s concerns about HiTOP are unwarranted, and for those concerns that reflect real current limitations of HiTOP, our consortium is working to address them, with the aim of creating a nosology that is comprehensive and useful to both scientists and clinicians.
Does wording matter? Examining the effect of phrasing on memory for negated political fact-checks
Authors: Pillai Raunak , Brown-Schmidt Sarah , Fazio Lisa
Published: October 2021

After encountering negated messages, people may remember the core claim while forgetting the negative evaluation. These memory errors are of particular concern for fact checks on social media, which often use brief affirmations or negations to help the public learn the truth behind questionable claims. Across three experiments, we examined whether these memory errors could be minimized by placing evaluations before the entire claim is stated (e.g., “No, X did not do Y, as A claims”), rather than after (e.g., “A claims X did Y. No, this is false”). Participants remembered whether fact-checked political claims were affirmed or negated immediately (Experiment 1) and one week later (Experiment 2). While participants began to forget these fact-checks after three weeks, this forgetting was similar for before- and after-claim evaluations, contrary to our predictions (Experiment 3). These results suggest that there are multiple, equally memorable formats for communicating affirmations and negations.
A qualitative examination of the motivations behind vegan, vegetarian, and omnivore diets in an Australian population.
Authors: North Madelon , Klas Anna , Ling Mathew , Kothe Emily Jane
Published: October 2021

There is a growing shift towards meat reducing diets, especially in Western nations, in the last decade. Whilst research has examined the potential motivations in adopting meat reducing diets, there are a limited number of studies which directly compare diet-related motivations across dietary groups, especially comparing meat reducing diet groups to omnivores. As such, it is unclear whether these dietary groups have distinctly different motivations for adopting their diets. This study aimed to examine the motivations that underlie people’s dietary choices, and to compare these across three dietary groups; vegan, vegetarian, omnivore. A sample of 701 participants participated in the study (Mage = 30.09, SDage = 10.91). Participants were asked to self-describe the diet they follow and provide a written response as to why they choose to follow this diet. A content analysis indicated that the participants' motivations were similar across the three dietary groups. Similar reasons included health and environment, with the health reason common across all three groups. For vegan and vegetarians the most common was animal welfare. However, taste and enjoyment for diet was most common for omnivores. The overlap in responses across the dietary groups suggests that dietary motivations are similar across these three groups. Therefore, rather than simply employing motivations to encourage reduced meat diets, it may be better to develop more personalised interventions to achieve this.
Reviews zur Organisationsentwicklung in Bildungseinrichtungen. Zur Methodik und Diskussion von Bias in Reviewverfahren der Bildungsforschung
Authors: Wilmers Annika , Keller Carolin , Anda Carolin
Published: October 2021

Für die Umsetzung von Konzepten zur digitalen Bildung spielt der Prozess der Organisationsentwicklung eine entscheidende Rolle. Der folgende Beitrag führt unter Berücksichtigung aktueller Entwicklungen im Zuge der Covid-19-Pandemie in das Thema Digitalisierung und Organisationsentwicklung von Bildungsinstitutionen ein und stellt einige der bildungspolitischen Konzepte und Strategien in diesem Umfeld vor. Anschließend werden die Methodik und der Arbeitsprozess der Reviewerstellung erläutert, die diesem Band zu Grunde liegen. Um eine umfassende Menge an aktuellen Studien zu identifizieren, wurde eine systematische Literaturrecherche mit deutschen und englischen Suchwörtern für den Suchzeitraum 2010, bzw. 2016 bis 2020 durchgeführt. Für die verschiedenen Bildungssektoren wurden jeweils eigene Datenbanksuchen und erweiterte Suchstrategien angewandt. Abschließend wird in diesem Kapitel diskutiert, welche Formen von Bias in Reviewverfahren auftreten können. Dabei lässt sich aufzeigen, dass Bias zwar nie ganz ausgeschlossen werden kann, aber auch kürzer angelegte Reviewverfahren von bestimmten Arbeitsschritten im Reviewprozess wie Transparenz, Dokumentation und Data-Sharing profitieren können.
Maßnahmen für die curriculare Verankerung mediendidaktischer Kompetenzen im Lehramtsstudium: Ein Critical Review
Authors: Capparozza Marcel
Published: October 2021

In diesem Critical Review werden Maßnahmen für die curriculare Verankerung mediendidaktischer Kompetenzen in Lehramtsstudiengängen in den Blick genommen. Die Grundlage bildete eine Literaturrecherche in den Datenbanken FIS Bildung, Education Resources Information Center (ERIC), Education Research Complete (ERC), Web of Science und LearnTechLib mit 1816 Suchergebnissen (01/2016–05/2020). Im Auswahlprozess wurden Studien berücksichtigt, die auf der Hochschulebene durchgeführt wurden (z. B. Quer- und Längsschnittstudien). Insgesamt erfüllten 24 Studien die Aufnahmekriterien. Auf Grundlage der Analyse dieser Studien konnten fünf Maßnahmen für die curriculare Verankerung mediendidaktischer Kompetenzen in Lehramtsstudiengängen identifiziert werden: (1) Bereitstellung personeller und finanzieller Ressourcen, (2) Kontinuierliche Förderung mediendidaktischer Kompetenzen, (3) Verzahnung von Theorie und Praxis, (4) Berücksichtigung der Heterogenität unter den Lehramtsstudierenden sowie (5) Gezielte Umgestaltung des Curriculums. Abschließend werden Implikationen der Ergebnisse für weitere Forschung und die Hochschulentwicklung in Lehramtsstudiengängen diskutiert.
Exploring the impact of gender-specific challenges during and after military service on female UK Veterans
Authors: Baumann Julia , Williamson Charlotte , Murphy Dominic
Published: October 2021

LAY SUMMARY

Currently, research on the experiences and challenges of being female in the UK Armed Forces is lacking. The current study aimed to explore some of the challenges and obstacles women have experienced both during their military service and as Veterans. In total, 750 female Veterans from the army were surveyed on their experiences during their military service and as Veterans and on their current physical and mental health problems. The results indicate that women experience several gender-based challenges, such as sexism and discrimination, during military service and as Veterans, and these challenges are linked to current physical and mental health difficulties.
History and Sociological Imagining
Authors: Tilly Charles
Published: October 2021

Sociology without history resembles a Hollywood set: great scenes, sometimes brilliantly painted, with nothing and nobody behind them. Seen only as the science of the present or, worse yet, of the timeless, sociology misses its vocation to fix causation in time. It thereby vitiates its vital influence on historical thinking, its influence as the study of social mechanisms operating continuously in specific times and places. Although after years of living in the borderland of the two disciplines little lectures on the complementarity of sociology and history burst from me as easily as bubbles escape from champagne, that pleasant cohabitation will not be my subject here.
Le politique et le national
Authors: Schnapper Dominique
Published: October 2021

La spécificité de la nation moderne consiste à intégrer toutes les populations en une communauté de citoyens et à légitimer l'action de l'État, qui est son instrument, par celte communauté; elle implique donc le principe du suffrage universel – participation de tous les citoyens pour choisir les gouvernants et juger des modes d'exercice du pouvoir – et la conscription – participation de tous les citoyens à l'action extérieure. Cette double participation est sans doute réelle, mais elle est d'abord symbolique du principe de la légitimité politique. Elle constitue à la fois la logique et l'idéal de la nation démocratique.
In Memoriam Raymond Aron 1905-1983
Authors: Riesman David
Published: October 2021

Raymond Aron, President of the French section of the Tocqueville Society, died on October 17th, 1983. He collapsed after testifying on behalf of Bertrand de Jouvenel in a defamation suit which the latter had brought against an Israeli historian who had described him as having contributed to the development of fascist ideology. Raymond Aron was also defending France against what he regarded as extravagant Zionist accusations of embedded anti-Semitism. Raymond Aron’s first loyalty was to the truth, which he knew consisted of imprecise and shifting approximations; his second loyalty was that of a patriot, bound to France, its language, culture, immanent and transcendent values, and history.
Using Ontologies in Failure Analysis
Authors: Safont-Andreu Anna , Burmer Christian , Schekotihin Konstantin
Published: October 2021

Fault analysis is a complex task that requires engineers to perform various analyses to detect and localize physical defects in semiconductor devices. The process is knowledge intensive and must be precisely documented. In order to ensure unambiguous documentation, engineers must agree on a clearly defined terminology specifying methods, tools, physical faults and their electrical signatures among other things, and it must be stored in a way that is usable for both engineers and software. One possible solution to this challenge is to formalize domain knowledge as an ontology, a knowledge base designed to store terminological definitions. This paper discusses the development of an ontology for electronic device failure analysis that uses a logic-based representation. The latter ensures that terms are interpreted the same way by engineers and software systems, facilitating the automation of tasks such as text classification, information retrieval, and workflow verification.
Semiconductor Failure Analysis in the Automotive Industry at BMW: From X-Ray Microscopy to ToF-SIMS Measurements on a STEM Lamella
Authors: Braun D. , Diez S. , Kopitzke J.
Published: October 2021

This paper provides an overview of the semiconductor analysis process at BMW. It explains how it was developed and how it differs from the failure analysis process used in semiconductor fabs. It describes the general process flow from first analyses through descending levels of localization at different length scales. It discusses sample preparation procedures, test methods and equipment, and advanced techniques. In the work presented here, the authors explain how they combined ToF-SIMS with STEM lamella preparation in a FIB-SEM, which allowed them to correlate concentration variances in an underlying layer with surface anomalies discovered during light microscope inspection.
High Aspect Ratio Vertical Bipolar Junction Transistor NPN Device Fault Isolation and Analysis Techniques
Authors: Distelhurst Kevin , Bader Dan
Published: October 2021

Analog components are still an important aspect of our society's electronic portfolio. They play a role in the emerging and expanding 5G electronic industry, for instance. NPN bipolar junction transistors (BJTs) are the foundation of many analog circuits and have continually evolved to meet more demanding specifications. Certain embodiments of these NPNs, however, pose difficulties in failure analysis. Vertical NPN BJTs, with nanometer thick junctions extending several microns in length, are one such example. Although the high aspect ratio dimensions of these devices provide desired performance improvements, a subtle nanometer-scale defect anywhere along their length can cause electrical shifts detrimental to analog circuits. This paper examines the nature of these defects and explains how to isolate them using common failure analysis tools and special techniques.
EC-Seg: Electronic Component Segmentation for PCB Assurance and Counterfeit Avoidance
Authors: Sathiaseelan Mukhil Azhagan Mallaiyan , Agrawal Sudarshan , Vutukuru Manoj Yasaswi , Asadizanjani Navid
Published: October 2021

PCB assurance currently relies on manual physical inspection, which is time consuming, expensive and prone to error. In this study, we propose a novel automated segmentation algorithm to detect and isolate PCB components called EC-Seg. Component segmentation and localization is a vital preprocessing step in the automation of component identification and authentication as well as the detection of logos and text markings. As test results indicate, EC-Seg is an efficient solution to automate quality assurance toolchains and also aid bill-of-material (BoM) extraction in PCBs. It also has the potential to be used as a region proposal algorithm for object detection networks and to facilitate sensor fusion involving artifact removal in PCB X-ray tomography.
Failure Localization Techniques for 7nm and 16nm Process Nodes in Monolithic and 2.5D SSIT Packages using OBIRCH, LVP, and Advanced Die Thinning
Authors: Nuez Daniel , Tan Phoumra , Lu Daisy , Zhang Benhai , Miller Joshua , Lynaugh Mark , Harper Tom , DiBattista Michael , Silverman Scott
Published: October 2021

Sub-nanometer fabrication processes and advanced packaging solutions such as 2.5D stacked silicon interconnect technology (SSIT) facilitate the production of high-performance ICs, but make physical failure analysis and debugging more difficult. For example, at 16nm, most diagnostic tools reach their limitations in terms of spatial resolution and signal sensitivity and require complex modifications and adjustments. In addition, a higher level of precision and uniformity is required for sample preparation. This paper describes a fault isolation technique that combines solid immersion lens (SIL) technology with precision die thinning. Two failure analysis case studies are presented to demonstrate the method, one a low level negative current leakage failure caused by ESD testing, the other a scan chain failure traced to the input of a delay buffer circuit. In both cases, success is attributed to the resolution and sensitivity of the SIL lens and the ability to precisely control die thickness.
Heterogeneous Industry Collaboration and System CAD Navigation for Advanced Package Failure Analysis
Authors: Bhattacherjee Arpan , Shankar Anand , Singh Arshdeep , Singla Mehak
Published: October 2021

The emergence of heterogenous integration driven by system-in-package (SiP) technology not only increases the complexity of semiconductor failure analysis, but also makes it more difficult to protect intellectual property because of the growing need to share design information to facilitate fault isolation in assembly and test. One way to address these challenges is through a computer-aided design (CAD) database that can be navigated across multiple components without exposing sensitive information. This paper describes the development and use of such a resource and how it enables safe and secure data sharing among supply chain partners.
Thickness Control and Targeting in Large Scale Automated XTEM Lamella Preparation
Authors: Dixit Vikas , Gauntt Bryan , Lee Taehun
Published: October 2021

The automation of TEM imaging and lamella preparation using focused ion beam (FIB) technology has gained significant momentum, particularly in the development of microprocessors. A key requirement of automating TEM sample preparation is ensuring consistent thickness control and accurate targeting of features of interest in the ultra-thin lamella. This work examines the factors that impact both metrics. It explains how FIB pattern calibration requires milling to be divided into steps to minimize the effects of drift, how the height of the protective cap on the ion-beam tip influences sample thickness, and how FIB aperture erosion has little impact on lamella thickness until it reaches a certain point where the lamella profile cannot be reliably maintained. It was also found that the tail of the ion beam remains invariant during aperture degradation in the operable range and that it plays a prominent role in determining the cross-sectional thickness of the TEM lamella.
Accurate Sub-micron Device Delayering of Plan View TEM Specimens By Ar Ion Milling
Authors: Bonifacio C.S. , Nowakowski P. , Li R. , Ray M.L. , Fischione P.E.
Published: October 2021

This paper describes an accurate and controllable delayering process to target defects in new materials and device structures. The workflow is a three-step process consisting of bulk device delayering by broad Ar ion beam milling, followed by plan view specimen preparation using a focused ion beam, then site-specific delayering via concentrated Ar ion beam milling. The end result is a precisely delayered device without sample preparation-induced artifacts suitable for identifying defects during physical failure analysis.
Quantitative Study of Photoelectric Laser Stimulation for Logic State Imaging in Embedded SRAM
Authors: Chef S. , Chua C.T. , Tay J.Y. , Gan C.L
Published: October 2021

The use of optical techniques for attacking integrated circuits (ICs) is increasingly being reported, particularly the nefarious extraction data from embedded SRAM. Such attacks can provide access to highly sensitive information such as encryption keys and bypass various security measures. Attackers usually exploit one of several interactions between light and semiconductors to generate logic-state images that reflect data in memory. Thermal laser stimulation (TLS) and laser probing via electro-optical frequency mapping (EOFM) have been reported in the literature, but photoelectric laser stimulation (PLS) gets little attention. Considering the potential advantages of PLS over other techniques (e.g., less power is required to generate current-voltage changes and the effect can be triggered at shorter wavelengths, which can lead to improved spatial resolution), the authors set out to determine if logic state images can be generated from various types of devices with PLS and assess the strengths and limitations for each case. The results of the investigation are presented in this paper.
Low Angle Annular Dark Field Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy Analysis of Phase Change Material
Authors: Li J. , Brew K. , Cheng K. , Chan V. , Arnold N. , Gasasira A. , Pujari R. , Demarest J. , Iwatake M. , Tierney L. , Ogundipe O. , Toole K. , Li N.
Published: October 2021

In this work, we investigate mushroom type phase-change material (PCM) memory cells based on Ge2Sb2Te5. We use low-angle annular dark field (LAADF) STEM imaging and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) to study changes in microstructure and elemental distributions in the PCM cells before and after SET and RESET conditions. We describe the microscope settings required to reveal the amorphous dome in the RESET state and present an application example involving the failure analysis of a PCM test array made with devices fabricated at IBM’s Albany AI Hardware Research Center.
Application and Optimization of Automated ECCI Mapping to the Analysis of Lowly Defective Epitaxial Films on Blanket or Patterned Wafers
Authors: Han Han , Hantschel Thomas , Lagrain Pieter , Porret Clement , Loo Roger , Baryshnikova Marina , Kunert Bernardette , Strakos Libor , Vystavel Tomas
Published: October 2021

Although the physical limits of CMOS scaling should have been reached years ago, the process is still ongoing due to continuous improvements in material quality and analytical techniques. This paper describes one such technique, electron channeling contrast imaging (ECCI), explaining how it is used to analyze nanoscale features and defects. ECCI allows for fast, nondestructive characterization and has the potential for extremely low detection limits. The detection of low-level defects requires measurements over large areas (usually with the help of automation) to obtain statistically relevant data. For example, automated ECCI mapping routines have been shown to quantify crystal defect densities as low as 1 x 105 cm-2 in epitaxially grown Si0.75Ge0.25. The paper presents various methods to reduce measurement time without compromising sensitivity. It also explains how the mapping routine can be optimized to detect extended crystalline defects in III/V layers, selectively grown on shallow trench isolation patterned Si wafers.
Accelerate Your 3D X-ray Failure Analysis by Deep Learning High Resolution Reconstruction
Authors: Gu Allen , Andreyev Andriy , Terada Masako , Zee Bernice , Mohammad-Zulkifli Syahirah , Yang Yanjing
Published: October 2021

3D X-ray tomography plays a critical role in electronic device failure analysis, but it can take several hours to overnight to get sufficient resolution in fault regions to detect and identify defects. In this paper, we propose a machine learning based reconstruction technique that can speed up data acquisition by a factor of four or more, while maintaining image quality. The method, which uses neural networks, extracts signals from low-dose data more efficiently than the conventional Feldkamp-Davis-Kress (FDK) approach, which is sensitive to noise and prone to aliasing errors. Several semiconductor packages and a commercial smartwatch battery module are analyzed using the new technique and the results compared with those obtained using conventional methods. The neural network can be trained on as little as one tomography image and the only requirement for the training data is that the sample or region of interest is well represented with all characteristic features in the field-of-view.
SCM Application and Failure Analysis Procedure for Ion-Implantation Issues in Power Devices
Authors: Ho Kuang-Tse , Li Cheng-Che
Published: October 2021

This paper discusses the steps involved in the failure analysis of power semiconductor devices in which leakage currents are observed and can be traced to doping-profile variations in ion-implanted layers. The discovery and assessment of such defects takes knowledge and skill in sample preparation, fault isolation, and the use of advanced inspection techniques, particularly scanning capacitance microscopy, as explained in the paper. Several diodes, MOSFETs, and IGBTs were examined using the proposed approach and the results are presented along with SCM images showing incomplete and poorly shaped ion-implanted structures determined to be the root cause of failure in each case.
SRAM Bitcell Defect Identification Methodology Using Electrical Failure Analysis Data
Authors: Kim Hyungtae , Kim Geonho , Li Yunrong , Jeong Jinyong , Kim Youngdae
Published: October 2021

This paper presents a fast and accurate method for identifying defects responsible for SRAM bitcell failures. The steps involved in the process include functional testing, current-voltage measurements, and defect classification based on electrical failure analysis data. The entire procedure takes less than two hours and works for both hard and soft defects as well as reliability failures. A case study is included in the paper to demonstrate the efficiency of the nondestructive technique.
FA Approach on MIM (Metal-Insulator-Metal) Capacitor Failures
Authors: Lee Kuang Shien , Kuan Lai Khei
Published: October 2021

Defects associated with metal-insulator-metal (MIM) capacitor failures can be difficult to locate using conventional fault isolation techniques because the capacitors are usually buried within a stack of back-end metal layers. In this paper, the authors explain, step by step, how they determined the cause of MIM capacitor failures, in one case, in an overvoltage protection device, and in another, a high-speed digital isolator circuit. The process begins with a preliminary fault isolation study based on OBIRCH or PEM imaging followed by more detailed analyses involving focused ion beam (FIB) cross-sectioning and delayering, micro- or nano-probing, resistive or voltage contrast imaging, and other such techniques.
Universal Application of Load Board (L/B) and Socket with Direct Current Tester (DCT) for Various Packages
Authors: Lin Yi-Sheng , Hsiao Yu-Hsiang , Tseng Pei-Yu , Chang Yu-Jen , Liu Cheng-Hsin , Lin Yu-Ting
Published: October 2021

This paper discusses the development of an electrical failure analysis workflow that uses a multifunction direct current tester (DCT) to map the location of defects associated with open and short circuits as well as leakage current. It explains how software and tooling were designed to accommodate a wide range of package types and sizes and how they were verified by testing. It also presents two case studies showing the accuracy of the defect mapping function for sockets with 0.8 and 1.0 mm ball pitch.
Commonality Analysis for Multiple Chain Integrity Failures
Authors: Merassi Angelo Antonio , Medda Matteo
Published: October 2021

This paper presents an alternative approach for analyzing complex scan chain failures in which there are multiple candidates that could be the root cause. It demonstrates the approach on an automotive IC with several failing flip-flops. An analysis of the interconnections shared by the failing devices reveals a common clock branch where the root cause is likely to reside. Photo-emission microscopy (PEM) is then used to verify the existence of a defect which, based on passive voltage contrast, is determined to be an open path.
Non-Visual Defect Identification by Dopant Analysis Method in FinFET Devices
Authors: Son Seungjun , Penley Christopher , Hurst Jeffrey , Michon Chris , Guo Yong , Lainez Rafael , Reifsnider Jason
Published: October 2021

This paper explains how tunneling atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to determine the cause of leakage in FinFETs along the boundary of SRAM cells. The leaking devices were electrically isolated using photoemission microscopy, but conventional FA techniques, including SEM and TEM imaging, found no structural abnormalities. Suspecting that the failures may be due to dopant-related issues, the authors obtained cross sections of both good and bad devices and scanned them in a tunneling AFM. The paper describes the sample preparation process and includes cross-sectional images showing the difference between good and bad transistors. In SRAM areas where no leakage occurred, the fins are well defined and evenly spaced. However, in the area where an emission spot was observed, two of the fins appear to be overlapping, the result of n-well implants that merged.
Wafer Pattern Recognition for Detecting Process Abnormalities in NAND Flash Memory Manufacturing
Authors: Choe Jeongin , Kim Taehyeon , Yoon Saetbyeol , Yoon Sangyong , Song Ki-Whan , Song Jai Hyuk , Kim Myungsuk , Choi Woo Young
Published: October 2021

We have adopted various defect detection systems in the front stage of manufacturing in order to effectively manage the quality of flash memory products. In this paper, we propose an intelligent pattern recognition methodology which enables us to discriminate abnormal wafer automatically in the course of NAND flash memory manufacturing. Our proposed technique consists of the two steps: pre-processing and hybrid clustering. The pre-processing step based on process primitives efficiently eliminates noisy data. Then, the hybrid clustering step dramatically reduces the total amount of computing, which makes our technique practical for the mass production of NAND flash memory.
Dielectric Film Thickness Measurement Via a Convolutional Neural Network for Integrated Circuit Delayering End Point Detection
Authors: Scholl Jonathan , Darby Nick , Baur Josh , Patel Yash , Boona Isabel , Wickey Kurtis , Schley Jeremiah
Published: October 2021

Integrated circuit (IC) delayering workflows are highly reliant on operator experience to determine processing end points. The current method of end point detection during IC delayering uses qualitative correlations between the thickness and color of dielectric films observed via optical microscopy. The goal of this work is to quantify this relationship using computer vision. As explained in the paper, the authors trained a convolutional neural network to estimate the thickness of dielectric films based on images and measurements recorded during processing. The trained vision model explained 39% of the variance in dielectric film thickness with a mean absolute error of approximately 47 nm. The paper describes the entire workflow, including verification testing, and addresses the primary sources of error.
Focused Ion Beam (FIB) for Chip Circuit Edit and Fault Isolation
Authors: Herschbein Steven , Tan Shida , Livengood Richard , Wong Michael
Published: October 2021

This presentation introduces the practice of focused ion beam (FIB) chip editing and its power and versatility as a problem-solving tool. It begins with a review of the features and functions of FIB systems, the role of gas chemistry in milling, etching, and deposition, and the use of IR imaging for navigation and targeting. It goes on to identify challenges due to packaging materials, chip-package interactions, and other factors, and in each case, provide alternate approaches and procedures to circumvent potential problems. It also covers advanced practices and methods and assesses potential future advancements.