bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Recent Developments in the Synthesis of Iron-Based Nanostructures by Laser Pyrolysis: Integrating Structural Analysis with the Experimental Method
Authors: Alexandrescu R. , Morjan I. , Dumitrache F. , Voicu I. , Soare I. , Sandu I. , Fleaca C.T.
Published: March 2009

The paper briefly reviews some fundamental and applicative characteristics of the laser pyrolysis technique. Recent developments of this method for the synthesis of iron-based nanostructures are emphasized. By varying the precursor gas mixture, iron/carbon nanocomposites (core-shell structures) and gamma iron oxide nanopowders were obtained and characterized. Novel structural features of the synthesized titanium-doped nano iron oxides are described.
New Type of Paramagnetic Silver Cluster in Sodalite: Ag87+
Authors: Sadło J. , Michalik J. , Yamada Hirohisa , Michiue Y. , Shimomura S.
Published: March 2009

Silver sodalite crystals with hydroxyl guest anion and silver loading higher than 7.9 per unit cell were investigated. EPR spectra of sodalite, recorded just afer g-irradiation at 77K, shows a 9-line, near isotropic signal with giso=1.987 and hyperfine splitting of 8.3 mT. The signal decays completely above 200K. We assign the multiplet to silver octamer Ag8 n+ cluster and tentatively postulate that the cluster charge is +7.
Size Effects in Dynamics of Dipolar Planar Nanosystems
Authors: Puszkarski H. , Lévy J.-C.S. , Krawczyk M.
Published: March 2009

The equations of motion are derived for a magnetic planar system with dipolar interactions taken into account. Magnetostatic waves propagating perpendicularly to the sample surface and dipolar field static and dynamic components are calculated for the case when saturating field is applied perpendicularly to the sample surface. The corresponding frequency spectra and mode profiles are computed numerically with emphasis laid on size effects. It is established that two lowest-frequency modes are surface-localized modes. These modes preserve their surface-localized character with growing sample dimensions.
Structure and Electrical Properties of Nanocrystalline CdS0.2 Se0.8 Films Sputtered on Substrates with a Silver Sublayer
Authors: Fedotov A.K. , Saad Anis M. , Mazanik A.V. , Stukalov O. , Petrov A.F. , Fink D. , Figielski T. , Frantskevich A.V.
Published: March 2009

The paper presents the study of CdS0.2Se0.8 n-type films 0.50-0.65 µm thick manufactured by the RF sputtering technique and their electro-optical properties. The effects of the substrate texturing on the structure and properties of the films are discussed. Recrystallization of the films sputtered onto glass substrates coated with a continuous or island-like silver sublayer resulted in the formation of a nanosized grain structure with higher photosensivity than films deposited onto aluminium oxide ceramics.
CdS-PbS Multilayer Thin Films Grown by the SILAR Method
Authors: Lindroos S. , Puišo J. , Tamulevičius Sigitas , Leskelä Markku
Published: March 2009

The successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) technique was used to grow double layer structures of CdS-PbS. The growth of thin films by the SILAR technique from diluted aqueous solutions was achieved, ionic layer by ionic layer, at room temperature and normal pressure. The thin films on silicon were characterized by XRD, AFM, XPS. It was established that a double layer could be grown on crystalline silicon and that the morphology and crystallinity of the films could be controlled by changing the lead precursor.
Molecular Adsorption on GaAs Studied by HREELS
Authors: Botelho do Rego A.M. , Ferrari Anna Maria , Rei Vilar M. , El Beghdadi J. , Naaman R.
Published: March 2009

Gallium arsenide coating by molecular layers is a of increasing interest both for its surface passivation and for its use as a chemical or biochemical sensor. The surface state of GaAs and the nature of the molecular functionality to be bound to the surface are very important to assure good and durable adhesion. This work, using both the vibrational and the electronic energy loss range of high resolution electron energy loss spectra, showed that the water content in the solvent – acetonitrile – has a dramatic effect on the amount of phenylphosphonic acid molecules adsorbed on the GaAs substrate. There is a poor molecular adsorption for water contents ranging from 0 to 4% volume: HREELS spectrum is always a combination of the substrate and the adsorbed molecule spectra. For a water content of 5% there is an abrupt jump in the HREELS spectra shape: they become typical of phenyl groups in the electronic region. In the vibrational region, the typical C-H stretching peaks of aliphatic chains disappear showing that the extreme surface is exclusively covered by phenyl functions. Also for the samples, where a large adsorption occurs, surfaces become negatively charged under electron irradiation showing the existence of a large number of traps for incident electrons. Sonication of such well covered substrates destroys intermolecular bonds but keeps molecules that are chemically bound to the substrate.
Microstructure and Spectroscopy of Lu2O3:Eu Prepared Using Various Synthesis Techniques
Authors: Zych E. , Trojan-Piegza J. , Kępiński L. , Dorenbos P.
Published: March 2009

Nanocrystalline powders of Lu2O3:Eu with activator content varying between 0.2%-10% were prepared using four different methods of synthesis. The products differed in their microstructure and crystallites sizes. Combustion of Lu(NO3)3 with urea produced strongly agglomerated material, most probably with significantly non-uniform distribution of the Eu3+ dopant. Replacing urea with glycine for the combustion produced only slightly agglomerated, voluminous, fluffy powder. Applying the Pechini technique resulted in significantly agglomerated powder while the homogeneous precipitation of Lu(OH)3 with urea at 90 °C and its subsequent
decomposition to Lu2O3 at 650 °C resulted in a powder of perfectly spherical particles with a uniform size of about 130 nm with very low agglomeration. The efficiency of X-ray excited luminescence of our nanocrystalline Lu2O3:5%Eu was compared to that of the commercial microcrystalline Gd2O2S:Eu. It was found that the commercial phosphor performed four times more efficiently than our nanocrystalline powder. We consider this to be rather encouraging as the
fabrication of our powder is not optimized yet. It seems that Lu2O3:Eu, even in nanocrystalline form, can perform much more efficiently which would make it a promising X-ray phosphor.
Arc Plasma Synthesis of (Fe-Nd-B) - Containing Carbon Encapsulates
Authors: Bystrzejewski M. , Huczko A. , Lange H. , Baranowski P. , Kozubowski J. , Woźniak M. , Leonowicz Marcin , Kaszuwara W.
Published: March 2009

The formation of novel carbon nanostructures containing Fe-Nd-B nanocrystallites is reported. Tests were performed in a DC arc plasma reactor under He atmosphere using (Fe-Nd-B)- filled anodes. The influence of the operational parameters pressure and anode composition on the product morphology was studied. The products were analyzed by HR TEM, MFM and magnetic measurements. Emission spectroscopy was performed to determine the temperature and C2 radical distribution in the arc.
Si Nanocrystals and Erbium Co-Doped Glasses for Optical Amplifiers
Authors: Borsella Elisabetta
Published: March 2009

The paper presents a review of the results of the synthesis and characterization of Si nanoclusters and Er co-doped glasses for optical amplifiers obtained in the framework of the EC IST-SINERGIA Project.
Luminescence Properties of a Multi-Component Glass Co-Implanted with Si and Er
Authors: Enrichi F. , Mattei G. , Sada C. , Trave E. , Borsella Elisabetta , Pacifici D. , Franzò G. , Priolo F. , Iacona F. , Prassas M.
Published: March 2009

The incorporation of Si-nc in Er doped silica is known to strongly enhance the infrared luminescence of Er3+ at 1.54µm. The enhancement is believed to be due to an energy transfer process from Si-nc to Er. In this work we investigate the formation of Si nano-aggregates and their role in the energy transfer process to Er3+ ions for a multi-component glass host. These materials can offer better performances than silica in terms of Er solubility and band broadness for integrated
Er-doped optical amplifiers and investigation is therefore very interesting for optoelectronic applications. Si and Er were co-implanted by choosing the implantation energies in order to optimize the overlap between the concentration profiles. The precipitation of Si and the enhancement of the 1.54 µm Er emission were studied for different post-implantation annealing temperatures. In particular the optical properties of the glass were investigated by means of photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy and the results are discussed in relation to a standard silica
substrate. These data are presented and related to the structural properties of the material. Moreover the implications on the future development of an Er doped optical amplifier are discussed.
Growth of InAs Quantum Dots on a Low Lattice-Mismatched AlGaSb Layer Prepared on GaAs (001) Substrates
Authors: Yamamoto N. , Akahane K. , Gozu S. , Ohtani Noboru
Published: March 2009

Optical communication wavelength emissions from the quantum dots (QDs) structures prepared on (001)-oriented GaAs substrates are discussed. A new growth technique of low-stressed InAs QDs on the AlGaSb layer in a low lattice-mismatched (1.3%) InAs/AlGaSb system is presented. The average height and diameter of the 4-ML InAs QDs on AlGaSb are evaluated to 5.8 nm and 45.2 nm respectively with an average density of 2.18 x 1010 /cm2 using atomic force microscope (AFM) measurements. There is structural selectivity between the QDs layer and the flat hetero-interface under changing growth conditions in the InAs/AlGaSb system. Long-wavelength PL emissions around 1.3 µm and 1.55 µm can be achieved by embedding InAs QDs in AlGaSb layers. Therefore it is expected that low-stressed InAs QDs grown on a AlGaSb layer prepared on a GaAs substrate will be useful in the fabrication of novel QDs devices for optical-communication networks.
Overview: Engineering Transgenic Constructs and Mice
Authors: Haruyama Naoto , Cho Andrew , Kulkarni Ashok B.
Published: March 2009

Cell biology research encompasses everything from single cells to whole animals. Recent discoveries concerning particular gene functions can be applied to the whole animal for understanding genotype‐phenotype relationships underlying disease mechanisms. For this reason, genetically manipulated mouse models are now considered essential to correctly understand disease processes in whole animals. This unit reviews the basic mouse technologies used to generate conventional transgenic mice, which represent a gain‐of‐function approach. First, an overview of transgenic construct design is presented. This unit then explains basic strategies for the identification and establishment of independent transgenic mouse lines, followed by comments on historical and emerging techniques. It then describes typical problems that are encountered when researchers start to generate transgenic mice. Curr. Protoc. Cell Biol. 42:19.10.1‐19.10.9. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Visualization of Cellular Phosphoinositide Pools with GFP‐Fused Protein‐Domains
Authors: Balla Tamas , Várnai Péter
Published: March 2009

This unit describes the method of following phosphoinositide dynamics in live cells. Inositol phospholipids have emerged as universal signaling molecules present in virtually every membrane of eukaryotic cells. Phosphoinositides are present in only tiny amounts as compared to structural lipids, but they are metabolically very active as they are produced and degraded by the numerous inositide kinase and phosphatase enzymes. Phosphoinositides control the membrane recruitment and activity of many membrane protein signaling complexes in specific membrane compartments, and they have been implicated in the regulation of a variety of signaling and trafficking pathways. It has been a challenge to develop methods that allow detection of phosphoinositides at the single‐cell level. The only available technique in live cell applications is based on the use of the same protein domains selected by evolution to recognize cellular phosphoinositides. Some of these isolated protein modules, when fused to fluorescent proteins, can follow dynamic changes in phosphoinositides. While this technique can provide information on phosphoinositide dynamics in live cells with subcellular localization, and it has rapidly gained popularity, it also has several limitations that must be taken into account when interpreting the data. This unit summarizes the design and practical use of these constructs and also reviews important considerations for interpretation of the data obtained by this technique.Curr. Protoc. Cell Biol. 42:24.4.1‐24.4.27. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Fabrication and Application of Nanofibrous Scaffolds in Tissue Engineering
Authors: Li Wan‐Ju , Tuan Rocky S.
Published: March 2009

Nanofibers fabricated by electrospinning are morphological mimics of fibrous components of the native extracellular matrix, making nanofibrous scaffolds ideal for three‐dimensional cell culture and tissue engineering applications. Although electrospinning is not a conventional technique in cell biology, the experimental setup may be constructed in a relatively straightforward manner, and the procedure can be carried out by individuals with limited engineering experience. Here, we detail a protocol for electrospinning of nanofibers and provide relevant specific details concerning the optimization of fiber formation (Basic Protocol 1). The protocol also includes conditions required for preparing biodegradable polymer solutions for the fabrication of nonwoven and aligned nanofibrous scaffolds suitable for various cell/tissue applications. In addition, information on effective cell loading into nanofibrous scaffolds and cellular constructs grown in a bioreactor is provided (Basic Protocol 2). Instructions for building the electrospinning apparatus are also included (see the Support Protocol). Curr. Protoc. Cell Biol. 42:25.2.1‐25.2.12. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Policy Development
Authors: Hunker Jeffrey
Published: March 2009

This article discusses issues in the policy development practices relating to Homeland Security, and particularly terrorism. Needs, benefits, and relevant processes for developing policies will be described. Examples will be provided. Effective and consistent policy development for Homeland Security is challenged on many fronts. Factors influencing or impacting the effectiveness of this process—working with high levels of organizational complexity, defining and prioritizing threats, establishing meaningful metrics to gage progress, and clarifying roles for the preexisting National Security Community—are all paramount.
Memetics for Threat Reduction in Risk Management
Authors: Finkelstein Robert , Ayyub Bilal M.
Published: March 2009

The
meme
, defined as a self‐reproducing and propagating information structure analogous to a gene in biology, and its potential uses to control and reduce risks caused by humans within a homeland security framework, are discussed in this article. Memetics promises to reduce homeland security risks by reducing the number of adversaries, increasing the awareness of the risk to the public, and enhancing the training of first responders. Further research is needed to enhance our understanding of the nature of memes and their attributes, and develop simulation methods and environments, that is, sandboxes, which would enable analysts to explore their development and examine their performance effectiveness with quantifiable metrics and submetrics.
Security Assessment Methodologies For
U
.
S
. Ports and Waterways
Authors: Peterman D. Brian , DiRenzo III Joseph , Doane Christopher W.
Published: March 2009

This article describes the challenges associated with protecting critical infrastructure within the US Maritime Domain and the use of risk assessments to prioritize maritime security efforts. Current methods for assessing maritime risk and applying these assessments in the conduct of maritime security operations are described and critiqued. Recommendations for continued improvement are offered.
The Sensor Web: Advanced Technology for Situational Awareness
Authors: Delin Kevin A. , Small Edward
Published: March 2009

The Sensor Web is a wireless sensor infrastructure for collecting, synthesizing, distributing, viewing, and reacting to information. While the Sensor Web is well suited to collecting data in hazardous or inhospitable locations, the system has considerable value when situational monitoring must be accomplished over an extended area. The Sensor Web can provide situational awareness in many types of applications including disaster preparedness and recovery, emergency response, health and safety, infrastructure protection, homeland security, and national defense. Uses of the Sensor Web are virtually limitless since different types of sensors can be connected to the system for different functionalities. Here, the primary application focus will be that related to emergency services and rescue operations. Actual deployments will also be discussed.
Large‐Scale Electricity Transmission Grids: Lessons Learned from the European Electricity Blackouts
Authors: Glavitsch Hans
Published: March 2009

After an introduction to the electric power system, in particular the transmission system, and its basic mechanism, the European interconnected system is described. Its origin goes back to the need to assist regional systems in mastering problems of reserve, surplus, disturbances, and regulation. Introducing deregulation has led to a platform of power exchange on a commercial basis. On September 28, 2003, the Italian network has been disconnected due to overloads on the cross‐border circuits to Switzerland, which have been identified as a consequence of disregarding rules for arranging flows and lacking of sense of urgency of the need to counteract. On November 4, 2006, the European system was separated into three parts due to cascading openings of circuits caused by a planned opening of a transmission line in the North of Germany. However, the transmission system operators did not coordinate and check the operation close enough. The failures have been identified as a lack of applying necessary on‐line simulation techniques based on information to be drawn from outside the own control area.
Harden Security of High‐Risk and Critical Supply Chains
Authors: Harrison Glen
Published: March 2009

This article focuses on the security risk in the container supply chain. It provides an overview of the technical and policy initiatives that are being implemented by international organizations, governments, and the private sector to enhance security in the container supply chain.
Transportation Security Performance Measures
Authors: Lee Russell
Published: March 2009

It is important to assess the expected value of transportation security systems before they are commercialized and deployed. This article describes a framework that organizations can use to prospectively evaluate the technical and operational performance, benefits, resource needs, and impacts of alternative systems. Illustrations of the application of the framework are given for studies on radiation detection systems and screening for pandemic influenza at airports.
Importation of Foreign Dengue Virus Presents Low Risk to
US
Homeland; Spread Will Not Parallel that of West Nile Virus
Authors: Carpenter Terry , Clark Kathryn L. , Kevin Hanson R. , Sardelis Michael
Published: March 2009

This case study describes the technical assessment of the risk of importation of a foreign infectious disease to the Homeland. The analysis illustrates the essential need for collaboration among federal agencies such as the Defense Intelligence Agency, the Department of Homeland Security, and the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The spread of infectious diseases often highlights the interconnectedness of the United States with the rest of the world. Within the issue of disease importation, the judiciousness of continuously surveying and understanding foreign health security cannot be overemphasized.
Biodefense Workforce
Authors: Berger Kavita M.
Published: March 2009

Since 2001, the United States has significantly increased investments in civilian as well as military biodefense activities. These activities vary from select agent research and engaging the scientific community on responsible conduct and biosafety training to threat characterization to bioterrorism and public health preparedness. Building and maintaining a complementary and cooperative workforce among the various biodefense activities requires that the needs of each are assessed and training programs are developed to address those needs, standard curricula and evaluation criteria are developed, and the education programs are sustained. This article provides a brief overview of current biodefense training programs followed by a case study evaluating the educational requirements of the workforce that is responsible for determining whether emerging biotechnologies pose threats to national security. Developing the workforce to accurately assess biological threat, especially for emerging biotechnologies, requires cross‐disciplinary training in the life sciences, epidemiology and outbreak response, and cultural anthropology and theology. The case study uses synthetic biology, a rapidly advancing biotechnology, as a model for evaluating the skills of the workforce needed to accurately assess the potential national and international security risks of the technology.
Drinking Water Supply, Treatment and Distribution Practice in the United States
Authors: Hasit Yakir J. , Gist Forrest , Hesner Rex , Thompson Ken
Published: March 2009

This article discusses the state of water system security practices in the United Sates and covers physical security, cyber security, and contamination warning systems (CWSs).

An effective physical security or protection system (PPS) must include elements of deterrence, detection, delay, and response. To effectively identify appropriate physical protection measures and systems, a systematic methodology is necessary. Because providing equal protection to all utility assets is not feasible, it is necessary to identify the assets that are critical for the system to continue functioning and then prioritize security upgrades and/or modify policies and operational procedures to mitigate identified risks. In this fashion, a balanced security program can be developed with the most appropriate resources allocated where they are most needed. The American Society of Industrial Security (ASIS) has a risk‐based approach which is recommended for use by utilities, and many US utilities are currently using this approach in developing their security master plans.

Cyber security is the protection of utility enterprise information systems from outside or inside attackers. The primary goal of outside attackers is unauthorized entry; their motivation is thrill‐seeking, criminal opportunity, or political goals. These intruders typically gain access to an enterprise network via the internet, telephone system, or wireless. Measures for internet, telephone, and Wi‐Fi intrusion are discussed in the article. Inside attackers goal is to disrupt enterprise operations; their motivation is personal gain or vengeance. Measures against inside attackers are also included in the article.

CWS has been defined by Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as “a proactive approach to managing threat warnings that uses advanced monitoring technologies/strategies and enhanced surveillance activities to collect, integrate, analyze, and communicate information to provide a timely warning of potential water contamination incidents and initiate response actions to minimize public health and economic impacts.” In addition to on‐line water quality monitors, this definition of CWS also includes information sources such as public health agencies, consumer complaints, physical security alerts, and laboratory analyses. This article focuses primarily on on‐line contaminant monitoring systems, including contaminants, selection of sensors, where to locate them, and data transfer and interpretation.
Understanding the Implications of Critical Infrastructure Interdependencies for Water
Authors: Zimmerman Rae
Published: March 2009

Direct terror attacks on water infrastructure will have implications not only for water or wastewater systems but also for other interdependent systems (e.g. fire protection and other emergency services, manufacturing, and food production). At the same time, attacks on other infrastructures (e.g. power production, chemicals production, transportation, and communications) may have an impact that would impair or debilitate the operation of water and wastewater systems. Although broad system interdependencies are covered earlier in the Handbook, this article will discuss the water‐specific interdependencies and what infrastructure managers can do to understand, quantify, and hence plan for the implications of infrastructure failures beyond their direct control.
Decontamination Methods for Wastewater and Stormwater Collection and Treatment Systems
Authors: Biwer Bruce M. , Chen S.Y. , Monette Frederick A. , MacKinney John , Janke Robert
Published: March 2009

Contamination of wastewater or stormwater systems may be one consequence of a terror attack involving chemical, biological, or radioactive agents.Such agents could enter the system through a contaminated water supply, runoff from a contaminated landscape, or effluent from decontamination operations. Once in a wastewater treatment plant, these agents may be removed or inactivated by conventional processes, but treatment residuals and collection system equipment, including piping, tanks, pumps, and related equipment, may themselves require decontamination or special treatment. This article discusses available information, technology, and methods for decontamination of wastewater and stormwater systems following a contaminating event.
System and Sector Interdependencies: An Overview
Authors: Peerenboom James P. , Fisher Ronald E.
Published: March 2009

This introductory article provides a foundation for the remaining articles of this handbook by defining infrastructure interdependencies and introducing basic terminology, analytical approaches, research and development needs, and the range of interdisciplinary skills required for a comprehensive analysis of infrastructure and interdependencies. Traditional analysis of interdependencies involves the characterization of infrastructure‐to‐infrastructure linkages to identify the key infrastructure components that, if lost or degraded, could adversely affect the performance of other infrastructures. Such analysis is motivated by the recognition that a series of incidents could interact (cascade) across critical infrastructures to degrade the services upon which all depend. From a more comprehensive risk assessment and management perspective, interdependencies analysis must also involve the identification and characterization of a wide range of threats (natural and accidental, systems related, and intentional), vulnerabilities (physical, cyber, and human), and consequences of loss (e.g. health and safety, economic, national security, environmental, and sociopolitical). Such an all‐hazards approach provides a framework for making defensible, cost‐effective infrastructure protection and operation decisions to ensure the security and resilience of the interdependent systems that underpin our society.
President's Commission on Critical Infrastructure Protection and Presidential Decision Directive 63
Authors: Jones David A. , Greene Brenton C. , Pikus Irwin M. , Peerenboom James P.
Published: March 2009

Historical perspective on threats and challenges: the President's Commission on Critical Infrastructure Protection (PCCIP) and Presidential Decision Directive (PDD) 63.

In recognition of threats to our national infrastructures, President Clinton signed the Executive Order 13010 on July 15, 1996, establishing the PCCIP. The Commission was chartered to conduct a comprehensive review and recommend a national policy for protecting critical infrastructures and assuring their continued operation. The Commission's landmark report—Critical Foundations: Protecting America's Infrastructures—is discussed along with the case and strategy for action in terms of infrastructure interdependencies. An overview of the subsequent PDD 63 is covered, along with research and development needs.
Water Infrastructure Interdependencies
Authors: Grigg Neil S.
Published: March 2009

In addition to direct threats from natural and human‐caused sources, water system managers must plan for interdependencies in their water supply chains and in their relationships with other infrastructure systems such as electric power and transportation. Supply chain interdependencies include integration issues such as a utility's dependence on raw water inputs and shared responsibility to protect water quality in river basins. These interdependencies require water system managers to recognize internal and external supply chain relationships and to coordinate their security plans. Coordination is more difficult with other types of infrastructures, and water system managers must consider failures in them as uncontrolled threats. When failures in their own systems threaten others, water system managers must inform the other system managers and prepare coordinated plans. Whether threats from failures arise from within or outside of the water industry, they can be included in vulnerability analyses.
Object‐Oriented Approaches for Integrated Analysis of Interdependent Energy Networks
Authors: Palma‐Behnke Rodrigo , Vargas Luis S.
Published: March 2009

This article discusses methodologies based on object‐oriented approaches, which are designed to study the energy sector and its interactions with other sectors, such as hydro reservoir system, transport, and environment, in an integrated fashion. The main motivation of this work comes from the fact that energy and transport policies require a sensible coordination with environmental policies, as they are the main sources of air and noise pollution in modern economies. A methodology, based on an object‐oriented model, which identifies and simulates the interdependencies of transportation and energy networks is presented. The proposed approach is oriented toward strategic planning studies with a time horizon of 10 years. The design of the software considers the development of activity models for each sector and provides the basis for studying their effects in an integrated approach. An example of an information platform software code development using Java technology is presented.
File Forensics and Conversion
Authors: Carrier Brian D.
Published: March 2009

Computers and digital storage devices frequently contain data that is relevant to a military operation or criminal investigation. File forensics focuses on the analysis of the allocated and deleted user files and has some of the largest digital forensics challenges. This article describes the file forensics' process and its challenges.
Spectrally Adaptive Nanoscale Quantum Dot Sensors
Authors: Jang Woo‐Yong , Paskaleva Biliana , Hayat Majeed M. , Krishna Sanjay
Published: March 2009

The potential use of nanotechnology for hyperspectral (HS) and multispectral (MS) sensing and imaging is described in this article. It is noted how HS and MS sensors/imagers have great potential for a variety of applications important to the intelligence community; such applications range from monitoring chemical agent production to identifying geographical terrain. It is also noted that, by sensing the spectrum of reflectance/transmittance of the agents in different wavelength bands—as can be done with HS/MS systems—image analysis capability and detection probability can be greatly improved. However, traditional MS/HS systems are fairly bulky and expensive. The work described concerns advances in nanotechnology, which offer potential solutions to these drawbacks. In particular, the creation of spectrally adaptive focal plane arrays, based upon nanoscale quantum dots (QDs) in the midinfrared regime (3–14 µm), hold promise of producing compact and relatively inexpensive systems. Such sensors use electro‐optics and, thus, do not involve moving parts. The spectral adaptability is mainly attributed to the quantum‐confined Stark effect that results from the QDs being placed in asymmetrical quantum potential wells. As a result, QD detectors can sense information over different spectrally overlapping bands as the electrical bias applied across the detector is judiciously varied. Signal‐processing‐based algorithms are then developed and utilized to maximally exploit the bias‐dependent and diverse spectral response of the QD detectors for the purpose of target‐spectrum reconstruction and target classification. Examples of these applications are also given in this article.
Speech and Video Processing for Homeland Security
Authors: Maybury Mark
Published: March 2009

Advances in automated processing of spoken language and video promise new capabilities and methods to enhance homeland security. This article summarizes the challenges posed by searching conversational speech and large‐scale video collections. We conclude by outlining some promising opportunities for future research and the potential benefits that could be derived to enhance homeland security.
Classification and Clustering for Homeland Security Applications
Authors: Han Jiawei , Li Xiaolei
Published: March 2009

This article introduces the basic concepts in classification and clustering and discusses their applications in homeland security. Both topics have been extensively studied in the fields of machine learning and data mining. As a result, many algorithms and heuristics have been developed to derive high‐level knowledge from raw data. However, these algorithms are not magic black boxes that can automatically make decisions about complex problems and replace human beings. They require careful formulation of the real‐world problem and tuning of parameters in order to be effective. While they might never replace a human being for making complex decisions, they are quite effective at modeling at well‐formed problems. This article explores what are well‐formed problems, what classification and clustering algorithms are capable of, and how can one use them effectively in the context of homeland security.
Mitigating Public Health Risks from an Agroterror Attack
Authors: Hedberg Craig
Published: March 2009

The list of potential agents that could be used in an agroterror attack on crops and vegetation is quite broad. Although food monitoring has theoretical potential to prevent an outbreak of disease due to the natural or intentional contamination of foods, many practical issues make it unfeasible to build a robust monitoring program to safeguard the supply of fresh fruits and vegetables. Given our limited ability to detect contaminated food products before they enter commerce, the interval between the occurrence of a food system event, its detection, and the subsequent response by the public health system is a key determinant of the potential impact. Although most foodborne outbreaks are localized and are investigated and controlled by local or state public health authorities, multi jurisdictional events may be large, widespread and require coordination between multiple state and federal agencies. However, strong leadership by individual states in multi state investigations will promote faster and better targeted mitigation strategies. Following an attack on the food system, the size, scope, and severity of the event will be the key elements involved in the move from response to recovery. The speed with which such an attack is recognized and controlled will affect all these measures. In this regard, enhancing the capacity of our foodborne disease surveillance system to rapidly investigate all foodborne disease outbreaks will be critical to positioning our food system for a rapid recovery from an agroterrorism event.
Mitigating Consequences of Pathogen Inoculation into Processed Food
Authors: Dickson James S.
Published: March 2009

There is a very real possibility of a deliberate contamination event with processed foods. Although the results of such an event may conceivably be severe, the processes of identifying and recovering the affected foods, as well as the subsequent disposal of the product, are similar to those that routinely occur with naturally contaminated foods. As with any potential bioterrorism threat, understanding the nature of the affected product and the potential agents that may be involved is essential to either potentially preventing the occurrence or rapidly resolving the consequences of such an event. Developing a planned response in advance of any such potential event will aid in the rapid resolution of a crisis.
The Role of Food Safety in Food Security/Defense
Authors: Kastner Justin J. , Nutsch Abbey L. , Kastner Curtis L.
Published: March 2009

Modern approaches to food safety management significantly help address food security/defense challenges. Whether a contamination of the food supply is accidental or intentional, food safety related strategies to isolate, identify, and eliminate food hazard(s) will prove helpful. The historical development of preventive, process‐oriented food control approaches includes the Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) food safety system, which incidentally can help food professionals ensure food security. As one situation‐ and commodity‐specific example further illustrates, food safety systems can contribute to broader food security/defense goals in the agricultural and food industry.
Decontamination and Disposal of Contaminated Foods
Authors: Doyle M. Ellin , Lee Seung Hak , Benson Craig H. , Pariza Michael W.
Published: March 2009

Challenges related to disposal of foods intentionally contaminated with terrorist agents were investigated during a series of three meetings with representatives from government agencies, food companies, and disposal facilities. Technical issues were discussed along with potential economic, political, and social ramifications of different disposal strategies. Modeling was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of managing intentionally contaminated foods using conventional pollution control technologies for solid and liquid waste. The intent of this modeling was to identify factors that may affect risks associated with disposal of solid and liquid foods contaminated with terrorist agents. An extensive literature review was conducted to describe the existing knowledge on disposal of contaminated foods and other terrorist agents.
Trusted Platforms: The Root of Security
Authors: Kay Roger L.
Published: March 2009

Trusted base computing is a technical reality. The mathematical problem of trusted computing has been solved in a satisfactory and cost‐effective manner, and solutions are in mass deployment. However, adoption and usage by the target population is still limited. This article explores the current state of trusted base computing, describes the forces and parties at work, and concludes that the standard now broadly accepted by the industry will be adopted more widely by the user population in the near future, as the need for a standard solution becomes clearer and the software that controls trusted computing becomes more usable.
High Assurance: Provably Secure Systems and Architectures
Authors: DeLong Rance J.
Published: March 2009

Critical cyber‐physical systems, whose failure or compromise could have severe consequences, require a priori assurance that they will not fail, due to either natural causes or willful attacks by malicious agents. Unlike conventional systems, which historically are replete with exploitable flaws and which require conscientious patching to correct discovered vulnerabilities, critical systems must be developed in a way that provides a basis for confidence that they are free from vulnerabilities before deployment. High assurance system development involves rigorous design and implementation checking, and discipline that goes beyond even the best commercial development practices. A provably secure system is one whose security mechanisms can be proven to be correctly implemented and to enforce the desired security policy.
Wireless Security
Authors: Sexton Matthew , Smith Edward , Eydt Bernie
Published: March 2009

Wireless networks have undoubtedly proliferated into many aspects of daily life, both personal and professional. Although many wireless networks exist, ranging from cellular networks to Wireless Fidelity (Wi‐Fi), they can be divided into two primary categories: data‐centric and voice‐centric. Data‐centric wireless networks primarily provide extensions of the existing Internet Protocol (IP)‐centric networks and evolved from wired IP‐centric networks providing security similar to that of wired networks. Voice‐centric wireless networks evolved as extensions of the legacy wireline telephony networks and focus security on end user issues, such as cloning, billing fraud, and other forms of subscriber‐based attacks. This end user fraud protection focus, although valid for an extension of the wireline voice network, offers weaker security architecture for data services added to the voice network as enhancements to user services.
Industrial Process Control System Security
Authors: Susanto Ivan , Jackson Rich , Paul Donald L.
Published: March 2009

Process control systems that control the operation of industries are at risk because they were not designed with widespread connectivity in mind. Some lack even basic information security measures. These control systems are not only critical to specific industries but also to a nation's infrastructure because they control operations such as refineries, pipelines, manufacturing, power utilities, and water plants. This study illustrates control system cyber security risks and shows how an industry can work together with government, control system vendors, and security technology vendors to address common challenges.

Linking Oil and Gas Industry to Improve Cyber security

(
LOGIIC
) is a partnership of the
Oil and Gas
(
O&G
) Industry with the US
Department of Homeland Security
(
DHS
). In a collaborative effort, participants from private industry, the government, vendors, and the research community all joined together to reach a common solution to cyber security issues in control system.
ISA Security Compliance Institute
(
ISCI
), a leading, global, nonprofit organization, is another industry partnership that plans to provide baseline security certifications and is helping to provide security compliance “out of the box”. LOGIIC and ISA will be referenced in many of the examples included in this article.
2D‐to‐3DFace Recognition Systems
Authors: Miller Michael I. , Vaillant Marc , Hoffman William , Schuepp Paul
Published: March 2009

We present developments for generating 3D geometric models from one or more photographs via 2D‐to‐3D technologies for building pose and lighting invariant face recognition (FR) systems. These systems extend legacy FR systems from their controlled application in access control and document verification to the uncontrolled settings of surveillance and passive identity management. The technologies described extend techniques from the field of computational anatomy to accommodate the projective geometry associated with video imagery. By integrating facial information from 2D projective photographs taken from arbitrary positions and pose via the 3D generated models, we demonstrate results from fully pose‐invariant face recognition systems, Animetrics90 which is shown to perform ID up to −45° and +45° of pose and Animetrics180 operating on full profile.

We present recent developments for generating 3D geometric models from one or more photographs via 2D‐to‐3D technologies for building pose and lighting invariantface recognition(FR) systems. These systems can in principle extend legacy FR systems from their relatively controlled application in access control and document verification to the uncontrolled settings of surveillance and passive identity management. By integrating facial information from 2D projective photographs taken from arbitrary positions and pose via the 3D generated models, fully pose‐invariant FR systems can be demonstrated. Such systems can performidentification(ID) up to −45° and +45° of pose and offer the potential of fully integrated profile ID systems as well.
Network Flow Approaches for Analyzing and Managing Disruptions to Interdependent Infrastructure Systems
Authors: Lee Earl E. , Mitchell John E. , Wallace William A.
Published: March 2009

Modern society relies upon the complex interactions of the civil infrastructure systems, such as transportation, electric power, telecommunications, and water. These systems are highly dependent on one another in order to provide service. Failures in one system can have far‐reaching, potentially cascading impacts on the services provided by other infrastructures. This article will present an overview of research which explicitly models these systems and more importantly, their interconnectedness. The model and its associated decision support system, developed in this research, can be used by those responsible for responding to disruptions or for evaluating vulnerability with the capability to look outside the boundaries of a single system and evaluate the system of systems.
A Tandem Mobility Spectrometer for Chemical Agent and Toxic Industrial Chemical Monitoring
Authors: Niu H. William , Burchfield David E. , Szumlas Andrew W. , Anderson Andrew
Published: March 2009

Sensitivity, selectivity, and speed are the most important analytical parameters in sensing chemical warfare agents (CWAs) and toxic industrial chemicals (TICs). For homeland security applications, where protection from chemical releases in public facilities such as at airports or subway stations is desired, selectivity becomes even more critical since false alarms can cause costly societal disruptions and trigger public panic. Currently, ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) has been widely deployed in the battlefield for CWA detection because of its excellent sensitivity and speed. However, IMS alone has suffered from low selectivity, especially for lower molecular weight TICs, which results in false alarms. This article describes an emerging technology that combines differential mobility spectrometry (DMS) and IMS in one package. In this configuration, the DMS serves as an ion filter for the IMS, prescreening targets from background with a separation mechanism that is complementary to the IMS. The tandem analyzer consists of a microfabricated DMS and two miniaturized IMS detectors arranged in an orthogonal configuration, enabling the detection of positive and negative ions simultaneously. The combination of these two technologies can significantly reduce false alarm rates. The tandem DMS–IMS provides a real‐time, powerful technology to counter terrorist threats in infrastructure protection scenarios.