bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Regionale Akteursnetzwerke
Authors: Fürst Dietrich , Schubert Herbert
Published: March 2010

Unter Fortentwicklung der Theorie der Netzwerke als „intermediärer Strukturen” zur Bearbeitung regionalwirtschaftlicher Entwicklungsprobleme wird in dem Beitrag der Frage nachgegangen, wann und warum Netzwerke die an sie gestellten Erwartungen nicht erfüllen. Nach einem Überblick über den Stand der Diskussion zur Funktionsfähigkeit der Netzwerke werden die Begriffe „Clique”, „soziale Zirkel” und „zentrale Zirkel” sowie „gerichtete” und „ungerichtete Netzwerke” als Teil von „Netzwerken der Netzwerke” eingeführt, um die vielschichtige Systemlogik von Netzwerken deutlich zu machen. Diese vielschichtige Systemlogik kann Schwächen haben, welche die Wirkungen der Netzwerke behindern. Es kann dann zu strukturkonservierenden Wirkungen kommen, auf die im zweiten Teil des Beitrags eingegangen wird. Daraus werden empirisch meßbare Merkmale für Schwächen in „Netzwerken der Netzwerke” abgeleitet, die Gegenstand einer Untersuchung sind, die von den Autoren zur Zeit in der Region Hannover durchgeführt wird.
Im Verkehrsschatten der Schnellbahnstrecken
Authors: Köhler Stefan , Drewnick Oliver
Published: March 2010

Die rund 120 000 Einwohner zählende Großstadt Heilbronn gilt als markantes Fallbeispiel dafür, daß Städte und Regionen von dem Ausbau des Hochgeschwindigkeitsnetzes der Bahn nicht nur profitieren, sondern hierdurch auch in den „Verkehrsschatten” geraten können. Verantwortlich für letztere Entwicklung ist im Falle von Heilbronn vor allem eine ungünstige Trassierung des Schienennetzes in den mäandrierenden Tallagen des Neckars und seiner Zuflüsse, die historische Entwicklung in Deutschland mit zwischenzeitlicher Teilung und späterer Wiedervereinigung sowie die Konzentration von Investitionen zum Bau von Schnellbahnstrecken in anderen Teilräumen der Bundesrepublik.
Regionalplanung in den ostdeutschen Länder
Authors: Müller Bernhard
Published: March 2010

Die Landes-und Regionalplanung hat sich in einem relativ kurzen Zeitraum in den ostdeutschen Ländern etabliert. In diesem Zeitraum ist es ihr gelungen, geeignete institutionelle Strukturen für die regionale Planung und wichtige inhaltliche Grundlagen für die Gestaltung räumlicher Entwicklungsprozesse zu schaffen. Vor diesem Hintergrund befaßt sich der folgende Beitrag mit einer kritischen Auseinandersetzung mit der Regionalplanung in Ostdeutschland. Dabei werden die Ausgangsbedingungen der Regionalplanung dargestellt, Organisation und Stand der Planung skizziert, Inhalte, Methodik und Erfahrungen diskutiert sowie Perspektiven für ihre Weiterentwicklung aufgezeigt. Dabei wird deutlich, daß die Regionalplanung in Ostdeutschland nach einer Phase eher ordnungsorientierter Planungsansätze in der Zukunft eines Wandels hin zu einem offensiveren Aufgreifen von entwicklungsorientierten Konzepten bedarf.
Investitionen in die Verkehrsinfrastruktur begünstigen die Wirtschaftsansiedlung in Ostdeutschland
Authors: Laschke Bärbel
Published: March 2010

Die regionale und noch stärker die überregionale Verkehrsanbindung gelten als wichtige Voraussetzungen für die regionale Wirtschaftsentwicklung. Nach der Vereinigung 1990 wurden in den neuen Bundesländern bei den überregionalen Verkehrsanbindungen erhebliche Defizite sichtbar. Transfergestützte massive Investitionen in die Verkehrsinfrastruktur sollten diese in kurzer Frist beseitigen und damit gute Voraussetzungen für die Gewinnung von Investoren schaffen. Im Rahmen eines Projektes des BMWi1 konnte ein Einfluß des Niveaus von Verkehrsanbindungen auf die Wirtschaftsansiedlung in den neuen Bundesländern nachgewiesen werden. In Abhängigkeit von der Verkehrsinfrastruktur bilden sich auch regionale Branchenunterschiede heraus. Allerdings ist bei der Wertung der Ergebnisse zu berücksichtigen, daß die Verkehrslage nur ein und nicht in jedem Fall der wichtigste Einflußfaktor auf die Standortwahl für Investitionen ist.
Indikatorfunktion von Patentanmeldungen für regionalanalytische Zwecke in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland
Authors: Giese Ernst , Stoutz von Reinhard
Published: March 2010

Im Patentwesen steht ein Instrument zur Beobachtung und Analyse der Erfindungstätigkeit zur Verfügung. Die Aussagekraft von Patentdaten zur Erfassung und Bewertung der Forschungs- und Erfindungstätigkeit ist aus verschiedenen Gründen aber eingeschränkt. Deshalb wird zu ermitteln versucht, welche Aussagekraft Patentdaten für eine Regionalanalyse der Erfindungstätigkeit in Deutschland besitzen. Zu diesem Zweck wurde eine Unternehmensbefragung patentanmeldender Unternehmen durchgeführt. Dabei wurde u.a. nach den Gründen gefragt, die das unterschiedliche Patentierungsverhalten der Unternehmen und damit indirekt auch der Regionen erklären lassen. Die Ergebnisse der Analyse erlauben, Empfehlungen für die Durchführung entsprechender Regionalanalysen auszusprechen.
Die eigene und die fremde Soziologie
Authors: Waldhoff Hans-Peter
Published: March 2010

This article describes the reconstruction of an experiment undertaken within a sociological analysis of the history of spatial planning and spatial research in Germany. This discrepancy between the tendency among members of the study group in spatial planning to lay claim to omnicompetence and the inversely proportional level of achievement which spatial planning has effected in the past — a matter which newcomers to sociology initially have some trouble comprehending — has developed increasingly into a source of irritation. It is only the more recent realisation that the intensity of this irritation can at least partly be explained by the fact that it has exposed deficits in sociology itself albeit unwittingly, which has led to some particularly interesting insights into the effects of thinking on civilisation in spatial research and spatial planning.
Hochwasserschutz in der räumlichen Planung
Authors: Greiving Stefan
Published: March 2010

Spatial planning exerts a major influence on local land-use policy, as well as co-ordinating sectoral plans at regional level.

In recent years the instance of regional planning has employed much more sharply formulated spatial-planning targets than used to be the case. In the past it used to be the sectoral plan for water management which provided the instruments to thwart demands for ever more of the floodplain to be released for development. At local-authority level there continues to be little awareness of the need for flood-protection measures to be conceived as a concern of the entire municipality, rather than concentrating solely on those areas adjacent to the main water body directly threatened by flooding.

Taking the River Lenne as an example case, a river-basin-based strategy of preventive flood protection is developed. This strategy takes account of all relevant spatial plans and is tailored to reflect the topography and settlement structures prevailing in specific sections of the river's course.
Konsolidieren statt liquidieren
Authors: Ziegler Astrid , Hochmuth Elke , Bruch-Krumbein Waltraud
Published: March 2010

More and more companies in Germany are running into economic difficulties. Whilst consolidation for small and medium-sized enterprises have been put in place in eastern Germany both by the national government and by the Länder (the federal states) — e.g. the consolidation fund and consolidation programmes introduced in the Länder to promote co-financing, there is in western Germany no immediately apparent sigh of a coherent basis for consolidation policy to set alongside the more traditional programmes geared to promoting economic development. This is all the more surprising in the light of the fact that it is much easier, as far as financial policy is concerned, to save existing jobs than to create new ones. On the other hand, an offensive policy of consolidation has to contend with very real regulatory obstacles, which tend to create a situation in which those wielding political power prefer to adopt a policy of covert consolidation. The regulatory models and paradigms in place in the various Länder vary considerably in the detail to which they have been elaborated (and this quite independently of the colour of the party in government). Consequently, there are similarly quite striking differences in respect of both the concrete content of consolidation policies and the manner in which they are presented to the outside world.
Räumliche Planung und nachhaltige Siedlungsentwicklung
Authors: Priebs Axel
Published: March 2010

This article discusses the significance of the classical instruments of planning for sustainable settlement development and the current political context of planning actions. The author argues that the only viable course for the future to ensure settlement development of a type which takes full account of the interests of society in general, which includes being fully committed to the principle of sustainable development, is to persist in the use of legally binding planning instruments. In addition to the need for planning instruments to be subjected to continuous review and adjustment, there is also the need for more informal companions to the formal instruments of planning, and equally for them to be supplemented by the use of economic instruments and contractual agreements.
Zur Zukunftstauglichkeit des planungsrechtlichen Instrumentariums für eine nachhaltige Siedlungsentwicklung
Authors: Runkel Peter
Published: March 2010

Ensuring that the instruments of planning law are a suitable means of contributing to the aim of sustainable settlement development requires that these instruments should be revised and improved continuously to incorporate the merits of instruments which have proved their worth. The demands now being made of spatial planning and plan implementation and which need to be taken into account are explored from eight different perspectives. The instruments created by the 1998 Federal Regional Planning Act (ROG) are attested to have future utility; the author insists that it is now vital for the federal states in Germany to follow up on this initial step by showing an equal level of commitment in translating this legislative framework into concrete provisions in state planning legislation.
Desurbanisierung durch unkoordinierte Wohnbaulandausweisung
Authors: Schubert Herbert
Published: March 2010

Taking as an example the situation pertaining in Lower Saxony between 1992 and 1997 regarding the designation of land for residential developments, this article shows that in particular outside urban regions and on the fringes of rural regions the consumption of land for settlement purposes is taking place in an uncoordinated fashion. Consequently, in the century before us we can look forward to a continuation of the desuburbanisation process in urban regions. The effect of this is that rural areas now need to promote co-operative, network-based and process-orientated procedural models of regional planning. These will allow us to establish to what extent the municipalities in rural regions are pursuing the principle of poly-centric concentration and are displaying an orientation towards a mid-ranking regional centre, or are choosing for orientation the metropolitan centres of more distant urban regions.
Welche Beiträge kann die Regionalplanung zur Umsetzung einer „nachhaltigen” Rohstoffsicherung leisten?
Authors: Mühl Gerald
Published: March 2010

Kurzfassung

Derzeitige Leitvorstellung der Raumordnung und Landesplanung ist eine nachhaltige Raumentwicklung. Zu ihren Aufgaben gehört die Steuerung des Abbaus und die Sicherung oberflächennaher Rohstoffe. Im Zusammenhang mit dieser sehr konfliktträchtigen Aufgabe werden Regeln für den Umgang mit Naturgütern diskutiert. Zunehmend wird akzeptiert, daß natürliche Ressourcen in irgendeiner Form bewirtschaftet werden müssen. Da der Auftrag der Raumplanung in der Ordnung und Sicherung von Raumnutzungen (Flächennutzungen) besteht, erscheint ihr möglicher Beitrag zu einer Ressourcenbewirtschaftung zwar sehr gering, aber bei bestimmten Rohstoffen (Sand und Kies) verfügt sie über ein nennenswertes Handlungspotential.
Zur Bedeutung der höherwertigen unternehmensorientierten Dienstleistungen für die Entwicklung der Metropolregionen Westdeutschlands
Authors: Motzkus Arnd
Published: March 2010

With the advancing internationalisation of economic relations, high-value, business-orientated services are coming increasingly to represent the economic base for metropolitan regions. In an environment characterised by a division of labour and regional networks of complementary services, the metropolises, as centres performing global functions, exert impulses on the areas around them. At the same time, the integration of service networks within regional partnerships is coming to be a vital prerequisite for regions to compete successfully on the international stage. The dynamic growth of complementary services is currently leading to the emergence of new economic centres in metropolitan regions which are altering the traditional hierarchical relationships between metropolises and their hinterlands, hitherto defined in terms of dependency. A regional planning strategy should address the new types of interaction between functionally specialised locations and centres within the metropolitan regions.
Regionenmarketing im Kontext regionaler Entwicklungskonzepte
Authors: Mielke Bernd
Published: March 2010

In the face of increasing competition between regions, the mobilisation of regional potentials is gaining importance. The concept of the marketing of regions can complement other development initiatives at the regional level. For this to be achieved, the marketing initiatives have to find their specific role within the development process. They have both to delimit themselves from existing institutions and initiatives and to co-operate with these actors. In particular, co-operation between the spatial planning authorities and the marketing initiatives seems to be desirable.
Probleme und Ansätze zur Raumentwicklung in der europäischen Grenzregion Saarland — Lothringen — Luxemburg — Rheinland-Pfalz — Wallonien
Authors: Moll Peter
Published: March 2010

In the border region where Germany, France, Luxembourg and Belgium meet the orientation towards Europe has a long tradition. Even before the term ‘the Europe of the regions’ was coined, institutions were established in this area to foster cross-border co-ordination in representing regional issues in a Europe which was already growing together. It is now a political objective to create a ‘new architecture’ for the partnerships at various levels. The geographical contours for this have yet to be determined, as has the appropriate administrative and decision-making structure. Alongside these issues, one question which arises is that of the status of this region, which sees itself as a major European border-region, vis-á-vis the metropolitan regions in the vicinity in north-western Europe. What problems and lessons does this situation hold for comprehensive regional planning? How can it contribute towards bringing together the various regional interests? How can a balanced development strategy be arrived at for the entire region against the background of the differences in the structures currently in place? This article shows the unique point of departure in this region which calls for customised solutions to be sought and adopted by the co-operating regional partners. ein Modellraum zu sein für eine die Grenzen aufhebende interregionale Kooperation unterhalb der nationalstaatlichen Ebene. Die beteiligten Staaten müssen sich aber einig sein, dies zu wollen. Die einzelnen Regionen würden sich dann untereinander schon verständigen, wie sie ihr kooperatives Netzwerk organisieren müssten. Ein „Interregionaler Rat der Exekutiven im Saar Lorlux-Raum” ist bereits angedancht.
Exploring Adoption with Clients: The Need for Adoption Education Within the Genetic Counseling Profession
Authors: Perry Cassandra L. , Henry Martha J.
Published: March 2010

Genetic counselors and other health professionals may encounter adoption during any counseling session. They must be skilled in using appropriate language and understand how to approach and discuss this topic with clients. A thorough knowledge of adoption as an option for clients facing a prenatal or postnatal diagnosis is necessary when presenting individuals with non‐biased information needed for informed decision‐making. However, three preliminary studies have demonstrated an absence of graduate education and lack of a professional knowledge base regarding this option (Mates 2008; Oksala 2007; Perry 2003). We discuss the impact of medical professionals’ preconceptions on client decision‐making, increasing early identification of fetal anomalies, deficiency of adoption knowledge and resources, and the resulting need for genetic counselors and other health professionals to develop their skills in discussing adoption with clients.
Randomized controlled trial comparing above- and below-elbow plaster casts for distal forearm fractures in children
Authors: Paneru S. R. , Rijal Raju , Shrestha B. P. , Nepal P. , Khanal G. P. , Karn N. K. , Singh M. P. , Rai P.
Published: March 2010

Purpose

Long arm cast is the method of immobilization after closed reduction of the fracture of the distal third of the forearm, although short arm cast has been used to immobilize the forearm by some orthopedic surgeons. We conducted this study to evaluate the rate of displacement, union time, complication, and cost of treatment between the above-elbow and below-elbow plaster cast groups.

Methods

We designed a prospective randomized controlled trial to compare above- and below-elbow casts for patients of distal forearm fracture aged 4–12 years. One hundred and one patients were presented to our institution during the period from 1st June 2007 to 31st May 2008. Twelve patients were excluded from the study. Eighty-nine patients were randomized into two groups. Four patients were lost to follow up. Hence, 85 patients, 42 in the above-elbow group and 43 in the below-elbow group, were analyzed. Informed consent was obtained prior to participation in the trial. The parameters to be studied were defined before treatment and noted in the pilot-tested pro forma and follow up was done.

Results

Among the 85 patients analyzed, randomization was successful. Pain and swelling on the next day and at one week following cast application was significantly higher ( P = 0.000) in the above-elbow group. Three cases in the above-elbow group needed slitting of the plaster cast. Remanipulation was needed more often in the above-elbow group (9.5%). Although the cast index was not statistically significant ( P = 0.054) between the groups, those who needed remanipulation had a larger cast index (0.80). The total cost of the treatment and the number of school days lost was significantly higher ( P = 0.000) in the above-elbow group.

Conclusion

Below-elbow cast treatment was comparable in terms of redisplacement, union time, and movement of the wrist to the above-elbow treatment. The complications rate and total cost was higher in the above-elbow plaster group, which could be a cost benefit if a below-elbow cast is used.
Uncoupling protein UCP2: When mitochondrial activity meets immunity
Authors: Emre Yalin , Nübel Tobias
Published: March 2010

Uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) belongs to the family of mitochondrial carriers. Here, we highlight recent findings regarding UCP2 function in the immune system. UCP2 controls immune cell activation by modulating MAPK pathways and the production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species. In several models of infection, inflammation and autoimmunity, a regulatory impact of UCP2 was demonstrated by its direct implication in the production of cytokines and nitric oxide and in cell migration. In addition, UCP2 is reported as a key protein for oxidation of fatty acids, glutamine and glucose. Therefore we present a model of how the regulation of nutrient oxidation by UCP2 promotes immune cell activation.
Crystal structure of the HIV‐1 integrase core domain in complex with sucrose reveals details of an allosteric inhibitory binding site
Authors: Wielens Jerome , Headey Stephen J. , Jeevarajah Dharshini , Rhodes David I. , Deadman John , Chalmers David K. , Scanlon Martin J. , Parker Michael W.
Published: March 2010

MINT‐7713125: IN (uniprotkb:P04585) and IN (uniprotkb:P04585) bind (MI:0407) by X‐ray crystallography (MI:0114)
Efficacy of mifepristone in reducing intermenstrual vaginal bleeding in users of the levonorgestrel intrauterine system
Authors: Lal Suman , Kriplani Alka , Kulshrestha Vidushi , Sharma Meenakshi , Agarwal Nutan
Published: March 2010

Objective

To evaluate the efficacy of mifepristone to reduce intermenstrual bleeding in levonorgestrel intrauterine system (LNG‐IUS) users.

Method

In this prospective, open‐label, comparative study, 36 women using the LNG‐IUS for menorrhagia received 100 mg of mifepristone every 30 days for 3 months (group 1). Fifty age‐matched LNG‐IUS users who did not receive any drugs were used as the comparison group (group 2). Menstrual bleeding days, pictorial blood loss assessment chart (PBAC) score, and intermenstrual bleeding/spotting days were compared between the 2 groups at 3 months (during treatment) and at 6 months (3 months post treatment).

Results

Baseline characteristics were comparable between the groups. At 3 months, median duration and episodes of intermenstrual bleeding/spotting were significantly lower in group 1 compared with group 2 (6 vs 12.5 days, P = 0.01; 2.5 vs 3, P = 0.05, respectively). More women were satisfied with the LNG‐IUS in the mifepristone group compared with the control group (75% vs 44%; P = 0.004). At 6 months, the median duration of intermenstrual bleeding/spotting was significantly lower in group 1 compared with group 2 (6 vs 15 days; P = 0.008).

Conclusion

Mifepristone was effective in reducing the number of episodes and duration of intermenstrual bleeding/spotting in LNG‐IUS users.
Intestinal strangulation after elective ovariohysterectomy
Authors: Kuan SY , Ticehurst K , Hoffmann KL , Crosby D , Barrs VR
Published: March 2010

A 6-month-old female spayed domestic shorthair cat was presented with an acute onset of vomiting and marked lethargy. The cat had undergone elective ovariohysterectomy via a small midline incision 2 weeks prior to presentation. Intestinal strangulation through a mesenteric rent was diagnosed via abdominal ultrasound and exploratory laparotomy. Intestinal resection and anastamosis resulted in a good clinical outcome despite excision of 60% of the small intestine.
Helicobacter species detection and histopathological changes in stray cats from Niterói, Brazil
Authors: Araujo Isabela C. , Mota Simone B. , de Aquino Maria Helena C. , Ferreira Ana Maria R.
Published: March 2010

Tightly coiled bacteria are common inhabitants of the gastric mucosae of cats and there is considerable debate whether feline helicobacters are commensal or pathogenic organisms. To determine the prevalence of Helicobacter species and gastric histopathological findings, gastric mucosa samples of 56 stray cats were collected from cardia, fundus, body, antrum and pylorus at necropsy. The samples were examined by urease test, cytology, histopathology and culture. Helicobacter species were detected in 53 cats (94.6%) by at least one detection method. Urease test results were positive in gastric samples from 50 (89.3%) cats. Cytological and histological evaluations revealed Helicobacter species in 52 (92.8%) and 50 (89.2%) cats, respectively. Helicobacter species organisms were not cultured from any cat. Regardless of the presence of gastric bacteria, most of the cats had mild to moderate gastritis. These data reveal a high prevalence of Helicobacter species in stray cats from Niterói, Brazil.
Congenital hypothyroidism in a kitten resulting in decreased IGF-I concentration and abnormal liver function tests
Authors: Quante Saskia , Fracassi Federico , Gorgas Daniela , Kircher Patrick R. , Boretti Felicitas S. , Ohlerth Stefanie , Reusch Claudia E.
Published: March 2010

A 7-month-old male kitten was presented with chronic constipation and retarded growth. Clinical examination revealed disproportional dwarfism with mild skeletal abnormalities and a palpable thyroid gland. The presumptive diagnosis of congenital hypothyroidism was confirmed by low serum total thyroxine (tT4) concentration prior to and after the administration of thyroid stimulation hormone (TSH), increased endogenous TSH concentration and abnormal thyroid scintigraphic scan. The kitten had abnormal liver function tests and decreased insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) concentration, both of which returned to normal in correspondence with an improvement of the clinical signs after 6 weeks of thyroxine therapy. Congenital hypothyroidism is a rare disease that may present with considerable variation in clinical manifestation. In cases in which clinical signs are ambiguous, disorders such as portosystemic shunt and hyposomatotropism have to be taken into account as differential diagnosis. As hypothyroidism may be associated with abnormal liver function tests and low IGF-1 concentrations, test results have to be interpreted carefully.
Comparative Expression Profiles of mRNAs and microRNAs Among Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells Derived From Breast, Face, and Abdominal Adipose Tissues
Authors: Wang Kai‐Hung , Kao An‐Pei , Singh Sher , Yu Sung‐Liang , Kao Li‐Pin , Yun Tsai Zong , Lin Sin‐Daw , Li Steven Shoei‐Lung
Published: March 2010

We determined the expression of both mRNAs and microRNAs (miRNAs) from human mesenchymal stem cells BM19, FM30, and AM3, which is derived from breast, face, and abdominal adipose tissues, respectively. BM19, FM30, and AM3 cells exhibited considerably similar mRNA profiles, and their 1,038 abundantly common genes were involved in regulating six cell adhesion and three cytoskeleton remodeling processes among the top ten GeneGo canonical pathway maps. The 39 most abundant miRNAs in AM3 cells were expressed at very similar levels in BM19 cells. However, seven abundant miRNAs (miR‐19b, miR‐320, miR‐186, miR‐199a, miR‐339, miR‐99a, and miR‐152) in AM3 cells were expressed at much lower levels than that in FM30 cells, and 38 genes targeted by these miRNAs were consequently upregulated more than 3‐fold in FM30 cells compared with AM3 cells. Therefore, autologous abdominal adipose‐derived mesenchymal stem cells are suitable for tissue engineering of breast reconstruction because of very similar expression profiles of mRNAs and miRNAs between AM3 and BM19 cells. Conversely, abdominal AM3 cells might not be suitable for facial rejuvenation, since the 38 highly expressed genes targeted by miRNAs in FM30 cells might play an important role(s) in the development of facial tissue.
Anterior Approach for Posteromedial Tibial Plateau Fractures
Authors: Hsieh Chih‐Hsin , Huang Hsuan‐Ti , Liu Ping‐Cheng , Lu Cheng‐Chang , Chen Jian‐Chih , Lin Gau‐Tyan
Published: March 2010

Fractures of the posteromedial tibial plateau are rare and their treatment is not well established. Between January 2004 and December 2008, eight patients with fractures of the posteromedial tibia plateau were identified. All patients were treated with fracture reduction using an anterior approach. After a mean follow‐up of 21 months, the average range of knee motion was 0–123° of flexion. Seven patients had been injured in motor‐scooter accidents, in which the protective front plate of the scooter had hit the knee while it was in the 90°‐flexion position. At the final follow‐up, 87.5% (7/8) patients had satisfactory reductions of the articular surface, and all patients had acceptable alignments. There were no neural or vascular injuries following surgery, and no superficial or deep infections. The average Hospital for Special Surgery Knee Score was 89. In conclusion, fracture reduction using the anterior approach is associated with fewer complications than the posterior approach, and good functional recovery can be expected.
The early land plants from the Armorican Massif: sedimentological and palynological considerations on age and environment
Authors: STRULLU-DERRIEN CHRISTINE , DUCASSOU CÉLINE , BALLÈVRE MICHEL , DABARD MARIE-PIERRE , GERRIENNE PHILIPPE , LARDEUX HUBERT , LE HÉRISSÉ ALAIN , ROBIN CÉCILE , STEEMANS PHILIPPE , STRULLU DÉSIRÉ-GEORGES
Published: March 2010

The Châteaupanne Unit belongs to the South Armorican domain of the Armorican Massif (France), which is part of the Variscan belt. This unit includes two Lower Devonian plant levels and one of them corresponds to the Basal Member of the Chalonnes Formation. A sedimentological and palaeontological analysis of these fossiliferous deposits from the Châteaupanne quarry (Montjean/Loire, Maine et Loire, France) is presented here for the first time. The age determination based on palynology indicates that the locality records the earliest occurrence of plant megafossils in the Armorican Massif. Their presence suggests an emergence event that has never been described before. Our study highlights the promising potential of the Basal Member of the Chalonnes Formation to aid in understanding these occurrences, and provides new insights into the history of the Variscan belt.
Acoustic correlates of stress in Turkish Kabardian
Authors: Gordon Matthew , Applebaum Ayla
Published: March 2010

This paper reports results of an acoustic study of stress in the Turkish dialect of the Northwest Caucasian language, Kabardian. Stressed syllables were found to have consistently higher fundamental frequency and characteristically greater duration and intensity than unstressed syllables. No evidence was found for secondary stresses. Schwa and, to a lesser extent, /ɐ/ were shown to undergo slight raising as their duration in unstressed syllables decreased. This gradient raising is likely due to coarticulatory overlap with adjacent consonants rather than a categorical shift in vowel quality. Considerations of articulatory effort rather than perceptual dispersion predict both the categorical alternation between stressed /aː/ and unstressed /ɐ/ in Kabardian and the non-categorical raising of schwa and /ɐ/ in unstressed syllables.
Goizueta Basque
Authors: Hualde José Ignacio , Lujanbio Oihana , Zubiri Juan Joxe
Published: March 2010

Goizueta is a small town in northwestern Navarre, Spain, bordering Gipuzkoa. According to the most recent official figures, it has slightly over 800 inhabitants, about 95% of whom speak Basque (2001, Instituto de Estadística de Navarra). All inhabitants (except for young children) also speak Spanish. In the school system standard Basque and, to a lesser extent, Spanish are used. Older speakers (those born before 1970 or so) were educated exclusively in Spanish. The local Basque dialect, however, enjoys very high prestige among its speakers, and this is the linguistic variety that is most commonly used in everyday interaction within the town.
What exactly is a front rounded vowel? An acoustic and articulatory investigation of thenursevowel in South Wales English
Authors: Mayr Robert
Published: March 2010

Descriptive reports of South Wales English indicate front rounded realizations of thenursevowel (e.g. Wells 1982; Collins & Mees 1990; Mees & Collins 1999; Walters 1999, 2001). However, the specific phonetic properties of the vowel are not depicted uniformly in these studies. In addition, they have relied entirely on auditory descriptions, rather than instrumental measurements. The study presented here is the first to provide a systematic acoustic and articulatory investigation of thenursevowel in South Wales English, and to explore its relationship to realizations of Standard Southern British English /ɜː/ and Standard German /øː/. The results indicate systematic differences between the three vowels, with the South Wales English vowel produced with an open rounded lip posture, yet the acoustic characteristics of an unrounded front vowel. Implications for the notion of ‘front-rounding’ are discussed.
Road development and market access on Nicaragua's Atlantic coast: implications for household fishing and farming practices
Authors: SCHMITT KRISTEN M. , KRAMER DANIEL B.
Published: March 2010

The simplistic portrayal of road development as a classic environment versus development debate may be because the indirect pathways connecting road building with environmental change are poorly understood. Recent road development in previously remote regions of Nicaragua provides an opportunity to investigate these pathways. This paper examines the effects of increased market access on household resource use on the Atlantic coast of Nicaragua. Specifically, it looks at shifting market flow and price changes for natural resources and corresponding fishing and farming decisions in communities with varying degrees of market access before and after road completion. Fisheries markets were more responsive to market access increases than agricultural markets. With increased access, fishers increasingly sold to non-local buyers, overall export of fisheries' products increased and markets for new products emerged. Prices of fisheries goods were higher with proximity to markets and availability of non-local export outlets, and prices for some were more stable after the road was completed. There were no observed changes in household fishing and farming investments during the year-long study, and therefore the environmental implications of increased market access remain uncertain. Longer-term studies and additional biological monitoring are needed to determine the full environmental consequences of market access.
Looks count: Computing and constructing visually expressive mass customized housing
Authors: Knight Terry , Sass Lawrence
Published: March 2010

This paper introduces new research that seeks to develop low-cost, high quality, mass customizable building assembly systems that provide visually rich design variations for housing or other small structures. The building systems are intended to be tailored for particular cultures and communities by incorporating vernacular decorative design into the assembly design. Two complementary research areas are brought together in this work: shape grammars and digital fabrication. The visual, aesthetic aspects of the research are explored through shape grammars. The physical design and manufacturing aspects are explored through advanced digital design and fabrication technologies, and in particular, build on recent work on monomaterial assemblies with interlocking components that can be fabricated with computer numerical control machines and assembled easily by hand. The long-term objective of this research is the development of formal, visual–physical grammars with rules that generate complete computer-assisted design/computer-assisted manufacturing data for fabrication of full-scale components for assembly design variations. This paper reports on the first phase of this research: pilot studies for prototype assembly systems that incorporate vernacular languages from different parts of the world. The results of these studies are very promising, and demonstrate a spectrum of strategies for embedding visual properties in structural systems. Important next steps in this research are outlined. If successful, this work will lead to new solutions for low-cost, easily manufactured housing, which is especially critical in developing countries and for postdisaster environments. These new housing solutions will not only provide shelter but also support important cultural values through the integration of familiar visual design features. Beyond the specific context of housing and building assemblies, the research has the potential to impact the design and manufacture of designed artifacts on many scales and in many domains, especially in domains where visual aesthetics need to be considered jointly with physical, structural, or material requirements, and where design customization and variation is important.
PRE-TERM PRE-LABOUR RUPTURE OF MEMBRANES AND THE ROLE OF AMNIOCENTESIS
Authors: KENYON ANNA P , ABI-NADER KHALIL N , PANDYA PRANAV P
Published: March 2010

Pre-labour premature rupture of membranes (PPROM) is defined as rupture of membranes more than 1 hour prior to the onset of labour at <37 weeks gestation. PPROM occurs in approximately 3% of pregnancies and is responsible for a third of all preterm births. Once membranes are ruptured prolonging the pregnancy has no maternal physical advantage but fetal morbidity and mortality are improved daily at early gestations: 19% of those infants born <25 weeks develop cerebral palsy (CP) and 28% have severe motor disability. Those infants born extremely pre term (<28 weeks) cost the public sector £75835 (95% CI £27906–145508) per live birth not to mention the emotional cost to the family. To prolong gestation is therefore the suggested goal: however how and why might we delay birth in those at risk?
Explaining individual variation in L2 perception: Rounded vowels in English learners of German
Authors: MAYR ROBERT , ESCUDERO PAOLA
Published: March 2010

Most empirical research in L2 vowel perception focuses on the development of groups of learners. However, recent studies indicate that individual learners' developmental paths in L2 vowel perception may not be uniform (e.g., Escudero, 2001; Escudero and Boersma, 2004; Morrison, 2009). The aim of the present study is to add to this line of research by investigating (1) whether individual English learners of German follow different paths in their perceptual development of six rounded German vowels, and (2) whether the observed patterns are explicable on the basis of Escudero's (2005)Second-Language Linguistic Perception(L2LP) model. A cross-language perceptual assimilation experiment revealed that learners’ assimilation of L2 sounds to native categories is indeed highly diverse, yet systematic. Importantly, these cross-language mapping patterns largely predict the learners’ further development in L2 vowel perception, as assessed in a forced-choice identification task. Implications for explanatory frameworks in second-language speech research are discussed.
First principles determination of the structure and elasticity of hydrous ringwoodite
Authors: Panero Wendy R.
Published: March 2010

The mechanism by which hydrogen is incorporated in ringwoodite affects the density, composition, and elasticity of the mineral, with implications on the seismic velocities of Earth's transition zone. This study uses density functional theory to calculate the structure, elasticity, and energetics of each of three possible defect mechanisms for the incorporation of hydrogen in ringwoodite. Relative energetics of the defects predict that the three defects exist in ratios of 64:10:25 for the VMg″ + 2H**, MgSi″ + 2H**, and VSi″″ + 4H**** defects, respectively. Results of a least squares fit to existing experimental data on hydrous ringwoodite produce a best fit model, including each of the three defects in ratios of 75:11:14. Therefore 51–66% of the hydrogen in hydrous ringwoodite is associated with VMg″ defects, 8–10% is associated with MgSi″ defects, and 24–41% is associated with VSi″″ defects. One wt % H2O decreases seismic wave velocities by an amount equivalent to ∼200–350 K temperature increase. The seismic parameter dlnvs/dlnvp owing to hydration is twice that owing to temperature and reduces the impedance contrast at the 520 km boundary, allowing for the separation of the effects of water and temperature in the lower transition zone.
Modeling of the hydroacoustic signal and tsunami wave generated by seafloor motion including a porous seabed
Authors: Chierici Francesco , Pignagnoli Luca , Embriaco Davide
Published: March 2010

Within the framework of a 2‐D compressible tsunami generation model with a flat porous seabed, acoustic waves are generated and travel outward from the source area. The effects of the porous seabed during tsunami generation and propagation processes include wave amplitude attenuation and low‐pass filtering of both the hydroacoustic signal and tsunami wave. The period of the acoustic wave generated by the seafloor motion depends on water depth over the source area and is given by four times the period of time required for sound to travel from the seabed to the surface. These waves carry information about seafloor motion. The semianalytical solution of the 2‐D compressible water layer model overlying a porous seabed is presented and discussed. Furthermore, to include the effects generated by the coupling between compressible porous sedimentary and water layers, a simplified two‐layer model with the sediment modeled as a compressible viscous fluid is presented.
Mesoscale eddies northeast of the Hawaiian archipelago from satellite altimeter observations
Authors: Chen Shuiming , Qiu Bo
Published: March 2010

Enhanced mesoscale eddy activity northeast of the Hawaiian archipelago was investigated by using the high‐pass filtered satellite altimetric sea surface height (SSH) data of the past 16 years. The level of eddy kinetic energy (EKE) shows significant interannual variations, which appear well correlated to the large‐scale atmospheric wind forcing associated with the Pacific Decadal Oscillation index; the EKE levels in the area along the Subtropical Front zone in 1997–1998 and 2003–2005, for example, were three times as large as those in the low EKE years. Spectral analyses in the 3° latitude by 5° longitude subregions revealed the dominant mesoscale periods ranging from 90 days near 18°N to 180 days near 36°N. A 3‐layer quasi‐geostrophic model constrained by World Ocean Atlas 2005 climatologies was used to explore instability of the regional circulation. The analysis shows a geographical match between baroclinic instability strength and the observed RMS SSH variability and a temporal match between seasonally varying instability strength and the observed seasonal EKE modulation, and suggests that baroclinic instability by the vertically sheared, regional mean circulation provides the energy source for the enhanced eddy variability northeast of the Hawaiian archipelago.
Characterization of emissions from South Asian biofuels and application to source apportionment of carbonaceous aerosol in the Himalayas
Authors: Stone Elizabeth A. , Schauer James J. , Pradhan Bidya Banmali , Dangol Pradeep Man , Habib Gazala , Venkataraman Chandra , Ramanathan V.
Published: March 2010

This study focuses on improving source apportionment of carbonaceous aerosol in South Asia and consists of three parts: (1) development of novel molecular marker–based profiles for real‐world biofuel combustion, (2) application of these profiles to a year‐long data set, and (3) evaluation of profiles by an in‐depth sensitivity analysis. Emissions profiles for biomass fuels were developed through source testing of a residential stove commonly used in South Asia. Wood fuels were combusted at high and low rates, which corresponded to source profiles high in organic carbon (OC) or high in elemental carbon (EC), respectively. Crop wastes common to the region, including rice straw, mustard stalk, jute stalk, soybean stalk, and animal residue burnings, were also characterized. Biofuel profiles were used in a source apportionment study of OC and EC in Godavari, Nepal. This site is located in the foothills of the Himalayas and was selected for its well‐mixed and regionally impacted air masses. At Godavari, daily samples of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) were collected throughout the year of 2006, and the annual trends in particulate mass, OC, and EC followed the occurrence of a regional haze in South Asia. Maximum concentrations occurred during the dry winter season and minimum concentrations occurred during the summer monsoon season. Specific organic compounds unique to aerosol sources, molecular markers, were measured in monthly composite samples. These markers implicated motor vehicles, coal combustion, biomass burning, cow dung burning, vegetative detritus, and secondary organic aerosol as sources of carbonaceous aerosol. A molecular marker–based chemical mass balance (CMB) model provided a quantitative assessment of primary source contributions to carbonaceous aerosol. The new profiles were compared to widely used biomass burning profiles from the literature in a sensitivity analysis. This analysis indicated a high degree of stability in estimates of source contributions to OC when different biomass profiles were used. The majority of OC was unapportioned to primary sources and was estimated to be of secondary origin, while biomass combustion was the next‐largest source of OC. The CMB apportionment of EC to primary sources was unstable due to the diversity of biomass burning conditions in the region. The model results suggested that biomass burning and fossil fuel were important contributors to EC, but could not reconcile their relative contributions.
Atmosphere‐ocean relationship in the midlatitude North Pacific: Seasonal dependence and east‐west contrast
Authors: Wu Renguang , Kinter James L.
Published: March 2010

The present study documents the relationship between the surface heat flux and sea surface temperature (SST) and estimates the contribution of different processes to SST changes in the midlatitude North Pacific. It is found that the atmosphere‐ocean relationship displays pronounced differences between winter and summer and between the western and central basins of the North Pacific. In the western basin, the shortwave radiation change associated with a positive cloud‐SST feedback is a dominant factor for the development of SST anomalies in boreal summer. In boreal winter, surface latent heat flux anomalies develop in response to SST and in turn damp the SST anomalies. The meridional advection induced by anomalous geostrophic currents near the coast and by anomalous Ekman currents away from the coast has important contributions to the SST changes. In the central basin, the latent heat flux change is a dominant factor for the development of SST anomalies, and the shortwave radiation mainly responds passively to SST anomalies in boreal summer. Both latent heat flux and meridional advection contribute to the SST changes in boreal winter. The wind changes over the North Pacific play an important role for the SST changes both in winter and summer through their impacts on cloud, surface wind speed, advection of atmospheric boundary layer moisture, and Ekman transport.
Effect of orbital‐scale climate cycling and meltwater drainage on ice sheet grounding line migration
Authors: Parizek B. R. , Alley R. B. , Dupont T. K. , Walker R. T. , Anandakrishnan S.
Published: March 2010

Ice shelf response to climate cycling introduces hysteretic behavior in outlet glaciers, with the evolution of meltwater drainage networks enhancing this effect. The 2002 collapse of the Larsen B ice shelf (one of the floating extensions formed from glaciers flowing off the Antarctic Peninsula into the Weddell Sea) followed the development of widespread, poorly drained surface melt ponds during the atypical warmth of the 2001–2002 summer melt season. Yet, for at least the past half century, the floating termini of outlet glaciers in Greenland did not collapse despite being exposed to summer mean temperatures and melt rates that far exceed those recorded in 2001–2002 on the Antarctic Peninsula. We suggest that this paradox can be explained by the advection of well‐developed englacial drainage networks within Greenland's extensive ablation zone. The efficiency of this plumbing system limits meltwater ponding within crevasses and the subsequent ice shelf failure observed on the Antarctic Peninsula. Whether progressive or abrupt, ice shelf removal leads to near‐synchronous glacier retreat. Conversely, glaciation of fjords is delayed during ice shelf formation. Ultimately, the relatively rapid loss and gradual establishment of ice shelf buttressing amid climate cycling leads to an asymmetric response in outlet glacier dynamics. This asymmetry may have implications for the future of existing and recently calved ice shelves, eustatic sea level, and the hysteretic behavior of ice sheets.